A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z +

##### Webster's Dictionary 1913 (ver. 2.0)

## Table of Contents

A

> A - Abasedly - Abdest - Abet - Abirritate - Ablepsy - Abolitionism - Abovedeck - Abrupt - Absolute - Absterge - Absurdity - Academism - Accede - Acceptor - Acclimatation - Accompt - Accourt - Accusation - Acerbity - Acetous - Acicular - Acock - Acquainted - Acrita - Acroteleutic - Actionless - Acuminate - Adaptiveness - Addle - Adenotomy - Adiaphorist - Adjourn - Ad libitum - Admit - Adoption - Adscript - Adustion - Adversary - Adward - Aërodynamics - AEstheticism - Affectional - Affixion - Affriction - Aforehand - Aftermost - Agate - Aggrace - Agiotage - Agonic - Agriculturism - Ahriman - Air brake - Ajar - Alarmable - Albumenize - Alcoholize - Alectorides - Alexipyretic - Alicant - Alineation - All - Allegretto - Alliterate - Allopathy - Allurer - Almsdeed - Alow - Alterant - Altogether - Alveoliform - Amate - Ambergris - Ambon - Ameer - Amerciament - Amiss - Amontillado - Amphibia - Amphipoda - Ampyx - Anabaptism - Anaërobic - Analogist - Anapophysis - Anatto - Ancistroid - Anele - Angelically - Anglican - Angulation - Animal - Anisopleura - Annihilator - Annularry - Anomalously - Answerable - Anteact - Antepast - Anthography - Anthropologist - Antibrachial - Antidotal - Antimasonry - Antiphlogistian - Antique - Antitypy - Any - Apehood - Aphis lion - Aplanatism - Apograph - Aporia - Apozemical - Appeasement - Appete - Applique - Appreciator - Appropinquation - April - Aquapuncture - Araby - Arbitrable - Arc - Archdiocese - Archimedean - Arcograph - Arenilitic - Argillaceous - Arian - Arithmetician - Armor - Arquebusade - Arrestive - Arsenate - Arthrodynia - Artillerist - Asbestine - Ascript - Ask - Asperne - Asquint - Assemble - Assiduity - Assizer - Assumably - Asteriated - Astrakhan - Astrophotography - Atazir - -ation - Atone - Attack - Attendance - Attitudinize - Atween - Auditorship - Augustly - Auriculars - Austral - Autochthonism - Autoplasty - Avaunce - Averruncate - Avocado - Await - Awl - Axunge - Azygous

B

> Babyism - Back - Backsight - Bad - Baggager - Bairn - Baldachin - Ballad - Balmify - Band - Banian - Banteng - Barbary - Barebacked - Bark - Barometrograph - Barrier - Basanite - Basil - Basset - Bat - Batlet - Battle - Bawl - Beached - Bean caper - Beaten - Bechance - Bedcord - Bed screw - Beem - Befriendment - Begrave - Behoove - Beleper - Bellicose - Belonging - Bemuse - Benefice - Bennet - Bequeathment - Bernouse - Beseemly - Bespatter - Bestraught - Betrap - Bewail - Bez-antler - Bibliographer - Biceps - Biddery ware - Bifurcate - Bilaciniate - Bill - Bimanous - Binocular - Biotic - Birder - Birth - Bishop's cap - Bitake - Bittock - Blackball - Blackly - Blame - Blarney - Blatter - Bleb - Blessing - Blissless - Block tin - Bloody sweat - Blower - Blue-eyed - Blunging - Boarding - Bobbinet - Bodily - Bohun upas - Bolis - Bombard - Bond - Bonmot - Bookholder - Boon - Boracite - Born - Bosomed - Bother - Boudoir - Boundary - Bovate - Bowl - Boxfish - Brachioganoid - Bractlet - Braiser - Branchlet - Brassart - Bray - Break - Breather - Brere - Bribe - Bridgetree - Bright's disease - Briony - Broaden - Broider - Brompicrin - Brooklime - Brownian - Brunonian - Bryology - Buck - Bud - Buffle - Building - Bullbeggar - Bullyrock - Bunchy - Buoyancy - Burghmote - Burner - Burster - Busky - Butterbump - Butylene - By-lane

C

> Caas - Cablelaid - Cacodylic - Cadi - Cage - Calamander wood - Calcify - Calculus - Calidity - Calligraphist - Calorimetric - Camail - Camis - Camphor - Cancellarean - Candlewaster - Cannabis - Canonry - Canthus - Canzonet - Capful - Caple - Caproate - Capulin - Carbohydrate - Carceral - Careen - Cark - Carnification - Carpathian - Carrom - Cartoon - Case-bay - Casse Paper - Castillan - Casus - Catapeltic - Catchpoll - Cater - Catholicism - Caudal - Causidical - Cavernulous - Cedilla - Cellarist - Cenozoic - Centigrade - Centurial - Cerasinous - Cerebrology - Cerotene - Cess - C. G. S. - Chagrin - Chalkcutter - Champ - Changeable - Chapeless - Charcoal - Charmel - Chase - Chatter - Cheatable - Cheerfulness - Chely - Cherubin - Cheveril - Chicken-breasted - Childed - Chimango - Chinned - Chiroplast - Chlamydate - Chlorosis - Cholecystotomy - Chooser - Chore - Chowder - Chromate - Chromule - Chrysotype - Churchgoing - Chyluria - Cierge - Cineraria - Circinate - Circumcise - Circummeridian - Circumvection - Ciselure - Cittern - Claimless - Clangorous - Claritude - Claude Lorraine glass - Clayey - Cleat - Cleric - Cliff - Clingy - Cloakedly - Close - Clotter - Club - Cluster - Coadaptation - Coal - Coat - Cobwebby - Cockateel - Cockroach - Codist - Coeternity - Cogitable - Coheiress - Coinhere - Cold-short - Collar bone - Collegian - Collocation - Colon - Colossean - Columelliform - Combinate - Cometographer - Commark - Commentate - Committee - Commorant - Compact - Compartner - Compensate - Complement - Compliment - Composure - Compromiser - Comtist - Conceive - Concertino - Concinnity - Concordantly - Concupy - Condite - Conductor - Confederative - Configuration - Conflictive - Confucianist - Conger - Congregationalist - Conjecturable - Conjure - Connotatively - Conscript - Conservant - Consilience - Consopite - Constellation - Constructiveness - Consummate - Contemplate - Conterminable - Continuation - Contractility - Contrariness - Contrive - Convalescent - Conversable - Convexness - Convolution - Coolly - Coparceny - Copperish - Copyhold - Coralwort - Core - Cornamute - Cornish - Coroniform - Corradiate - Corrie - Corrumpable - Coruscation - Cosmogonist - Coster - Cotqueanity - Couching - Counter - Counterfleury - Counter-roll - Country - Course - Cousin - Covert - Cowcatcher - Coxcombry - Crack - Crakeberry - Crank - Crastination - Cream - Creaturely - Creeper - Crepusculine - Crevice - Criminally - Crinkly - Critic - Crocodility - Crop - Crossette - Crosswise - Crowberry - Croziered - Crumbcloth - Crustacean - Cryptogamia - Cub - Cucquean - Culiciform - Cultirostres - Cumshaw - Cupper - Curdiness - Curmurring - Curt - Curvirostral - Customer - Cutty - Cycle - Cylindroid - Cypress - Cytode

D

> Dactylioglyph - Daglock - Dalliance - Damnable - Dander - Danubian - Darkly - Dastard - Daughterliness - Daylight - Deadlihood - Dear-bought - Debarrass - Debituminize - Decameron - Deceitful - Decertation - Decisory - Declined - Decorement - Decrew - Dedicatee - Deeply - Defatigation - Defensible - Definable - Deflowerer - Degenerate - Dehydrate - Dejeune - Delegate - Deliciousness - Deliracy - Delphinus - Dematerialize - Demigroat - Demogorgon - Demonstration - Denay - Denominative - Dentifrice - Deodorant - Depeculation - Deplorable - Depositary - Depressed - Deracination - Derm - Derogative - Desecate - Design - Desitive - Despicability - Despumate - Desuete - Deteriority - Dethronization - Detur - Developer - Devise - Devourer - Dextroglucose - Diaglyph - Dialogue - Diapasm - Diaster - Dicastery - Dicta - Didelphid - Dietetics - Difform - Digestive - Digression - Dilative - Diluvial - Diminutiveness - Dingy - Dioristic - Diplomate - Direct - Dirtily - Disagree - Disarmature - Disbecome - Discern - Disclamation - Discommodity - Discontinuer - Discovenant - Discruciate - Disedify - Disenfranchise - Disfavorer - Disgraduate - Disheveled - Disingenuous - Disjunctive - Dismast - Disord - Dispart - Disperseness - Dispone - Disprince - Dispute - Disreputation - Dissemble - Disship - Dissolubleness - Distantial - Distinct - Distrainable - Disturb - Ditcher - Diuturnal - Diversion - Divinator - Divulgation - Dock - Dodecahedral - Dog-faced - Dogtooth - Dolomitic - Domiciliar - Donator - Doorplane - Dorrhawk - Dote - Double-handed - Douche - Dow - Downpour - Drabbet - Draglink - Dramseller - Drawer - Dream - Drent - Driftway - Drivel - Dronte - Drover - Drum - Dry nurse - Duchess - Dueful - Dulcino - Dump - Dunnish - Durably - Dust - Dwine - Dynastidan

E

> Eagle-winged - Earn - Earthliness - East Indian - Ebrillade - Ecclesiasticus - Eclampsy - Ectasia - Edder - Edifier - Edulious - Effeminate - Effluvium - Eger - Egotize - Eightieth - Elaboration - Elate - Elect - Electro-bioscopy - Electrophone - Elegiacal - Elevation - Elix - Eloignate - Eluxate - Emarginate - Embattle - Embodiment - Embracer - Embryoniform - Emeto-cathartic - Emollescence - Emphasize - Empower - Emulatory - Enamorment - Encense - Enclave - Encrinite - Endearing - Endochondral - Endorsement - Endure - Enfire - Engendrure - Engrailed - Enjoin - Enmity - Enouncement - Enscale - Ensue - Entermewer - Enthusiastic - Entomotomist - Entreatment - Envelop - Eophytic - Ephemeral - Epichorial - Epidermose - Epilogism - Epipodiale - Epistler - Epitomizer - Equality - Equilibrium - Equitation - Erasure - Ergotized - Erpetology - Eruptional - Escapement - Escrod - Especialness - Essoiner - Estrangle - Eternity - Ethnically - Etymologicon - Eugenol - Euphorbium - Euterpe - Evangelism - Event - Evibrate - Evolutility - Exaggerating - Exantlate - Exceed - Excerptor - Excito-nutrient - Excrement - Excussion - Exemplify - Exhaust - Exigency - Exogen - Exosmotic - Expectative - Experient - Expiscate - Explore - Expression - Exscript - Extend - Externalistic - Extortioner - Extraregular - Extrusion - Exuviate - Eyesight

F

> Fabrile - Factitious - Faëry - Fair - Falconry - Falser - Famoused - Fangleness - Farce - Farmost - Fascicularly - Fat - Fatigue - Faun - Fawn - Feateous - Feces - Feel - Fell - Felting - Fendliche - Ferdness - Ferrandine - Ferry - Festination - Fetterless - Fewel - Fibroin - Fidelity - Fifth - Figurine - Filiciform - Filthiness - Fine - Finished - Firebird - Firmer-chisel - Fishing - Fistulate - Fix - Flag - Flam - Flap - Flat-headed - Flavored - Fledge - Fleshiness - Flickeringly - Flippant - Flobert - Flop - Flosculous - Flowen - Fluent - Fluorated - Flutemouth - Fly-catching - Foe - Foiningly - Folium - Fontanel - Footfall - For - Force - Forebear - Foregleam - Forelock - Foresay - Forestick - Forfeitable - Fork - Forme - Forold - Forthgoing - Forty - Fossoria - Founder - Fourth - Fozy - Fraise - Franklinic - Fray - Freemasonic - Frenzy - Frett - Friendly - Fringent - Frize - Frondlet - Frostless - Fructification - Frush - Fuddler - Fulgidity - Full-sailed - Fumid - Fundus - Funny - Furnishment - Fusee - Future

G

> Gabionnade - Gag - Gaited - Galilean - Gallic - Gallowglass - Gamashes - Gammoning - Ganoine - Garden - Garnish - Gaseous - Gastro- - Gat - Gauge - Gayal - Geckotian - Gelidness - Gemmosity - Generalship - Geniculate - Gentilism - Geognosis - Geotropic - Germination - Gestureless - Ghostology - Giblets - Giggler - Gimp - Girder - Giving - Glaire - Glassful - Glazier - Gliadin - Glitteringly - Gloom - Glossiness - Glucinum - Glutinous - Glyoxaline - Gneissoid - Gob - Godly - Goldfinch - Gondolet - Goodliness - Gordiacea - Gory - Gouge - Gowden - Gradual - Grains - Grampus - Grangerize - Graphically - Grate - Gravely - Graze - Gree - Greenshank - Gret - Grilse - Grip - Grizelin - Gros - Grouse - Grudge - Gryphaea - Guardianless - Guest - Guilloched - Gully - Gunnie - Gust - Guy - Gym'norhinal - Gypsy

H

> Haaf - Hacienda - Haemad - Haematosin - Hagberry - Hail - Hake - Half-fish - Hall - Halsening - Hamlet - Handcloth - Hand-tight - Hanuman - Hard - Hardware - Harmaline - Harpooner - Harvestry - Hatcheler - Haulse - Having - Hay - Head - Headstrong - Hearsay - Heart-spoon - Heavenliness - Hebrew - Hedging bill - Heir - Heliogravure - Hellenize - Helper - Hematocrystallin - Hemin - Hempy - Henxman - Heptine - Herbivore - Hereford - Hermaphroditism - Herr - Hesychast - Heterographic - Heterotropal - Hexangular - Hiccius doctius - Hieromartyr - Highland - Hig-taper - Hindgut - Hippophagi - Hissing - Hit - Hoax - Hocus-pocus - Hogpen - Holethnic - Holocryptic - Homage - Homespun - Homogangliate - Homoousian - Honeybird - Hoodwink - Hope - Hornbeak - Horologist - Horseknop - Hosier - Hot-blooded - Housage - Hovel - Hübner - Huguenot - Humanize - Humite - Hunchbacked - Hurds - Husband - Huzza - Hydra - Hydrobromic - Hydroguret - Hydropiper - Hydrus - Hyloism - Hyomandibular - Hypercritic - Hypertrophy - Hypochondriasm - Hypophyllous - Hypural

I

> Ibidem - Ichthyography - Iconology - Identically - Idiotcy - I. e. - Ignote - Illacrymable - Illimitable - Illumine - Imager - Imbellic - Imbrutement - Immateriality - Immerse - Immodest - Impacable - Impartance - Impeach - Impeople - Imperiousness - Impetrate - Impleasing - Impoliticly - Imposement - Imprecate - Impreventability - Improvable - Impulse - Inabstracted - Inamorate - Inarching - Incagement - Incase - Incerative - Incidental - Incle - Incognitant - Incommutability - Inconcinnous - Inconsistence - Inconvincible - Incorruption - Incrustate - Incurable - Indeciduate - Indelectable - Indesirable - Indicia - Indignation - Indispensably - Individualize - Indoor - Indulgence - Inedited - Ineptitude - Inevitability - Inexpensive - Infallibility - Infect - Infester - Infix - Inflorescence - Infract - Infula - Ingenerabillty - Ingraff - Inhabit - Inhibitory-motor - Initiator - Inkstand - Innative - Innyard - Inorganity - Inquisitorious - Inscient - Insemination - Insidious - Insociate - Inspirational - Instigation - Instrument - Insulse - Intail - Intelligentiary - Intensifier - Interaxal - Interchapter - Intercutaneous - Interfretted - Interlining - Intermediate - Intermobility - Interorbital - Interpret - Interscapular - Intertexture - Interweave - Intolerance - Intramural - Intricately - Introspection - Intwist - Invalidness - Inverse - Invigorate - Involucellate - Iodhydrin - Irenarch - Ironheads - Irreconcilable - Irreligiously - Irresolution - Irritableness - Ischiocapsular - Isocheim - Isomorph - Isotonic - Itch - Ivory-bill

J

> Jack - Jactation - Jakwood - Jansenism - Jargonelle - Jaw - Jejune - Jerkinhead - Jetter - Jill-flirt - Jocular - Joint - Joseph's flower - Jovian - Judge - Jugular - Juncite - Jurdon - Justle

K

> Kahani - Kamala - Kat - Keelfat - Kelson - Keratogenous - Ket - Kiang - Kieselguhr - Kind - Kingless - Kirk - Kittel - Knappish - Knell - Knobbed - Know - Kokoon - Kreutzer - Kydde

L

> Labially - Labyrinthibranch - Lacinia - Lacteal - Laddie - Lady's seal - Lagune - Lambale - Lamentin - Lampoon - Landgraviate - Langsyne - Lanolin - Lapidescence - Larboard - Lark - Lascivious - Latchstring - Latibulize - Latter-day saint - Launch - Lave - Lawsuit - Lea - Leaguerer - Learner - Leaviness - Leech - Legalize - Legislation - Leme - Lenity - Lepadite - Leptus - Letch - Leucaniline - Levation - Levir - Ley - Liberalizer - Licentious - Lieberkühn - Lifemate - Lighte - Lignify - Lill - Limehound - Limp - Linearensate - Linguist - Lionism - Liquefy - List - Literatus - Lithograph - Litigant - Lived - Lixivious - Loaves - Locate - Loculament - Log - Logroll - Lone - Longirostral - Loof - Loosener - Lorcha - Lose - Lounge - Lovesome - Lowly - Lucent - Luculently - Lumberer - Lunet - Lurch - Lustre - Luxation - Lye - Lyricism

M

> Macassar oil - Mackle - Macroura - Madegassy - Magazinist - Magnase black - Magniloquence - Maiden - Main-gauche - Majorcan - Malacology - Malayalam - Maletreat - Mallecho - Maltworm - Mammonite - Mand - Maneless - Manhead - Manipulator - Mansard roof - Manual - Many - Marbrinus - Margarin - Marinership - Marlin - Marriageable - Mart - Marvelousness - Masquerade - Masterly - Masula boat - Materialization - Matrimoine - Matureness - Mauveïne - Mayduke - Meadowy - Measure - Mechitarist - Mediate - Medioxumous - Meerschaum - Megastome - Melanin - Meliorate - Mellowness - Membrane - Mendable - Mense - Meracious - Mercurialize - Merit - Merrymaker - Mesially - Mesomyodous - Mess - Metachrosis - Metalloid - Metaphysical - Mete - Methane - Metric - Mew - Mice - Microlite - Microweber - Midnight - Migrant - Militiate - Millet - Mimetene - Mineral - Minim - Mino bird - Miohippus - Misadvertence - Misbehavior - Mischoose - Miscovet - Misease - Misfortuned - Misinformer - Mismanagement - Mispolicy - Misrepresent - Missive - Mister - Mistune - Mitigative - Mnemosyne - Mockable - Moderatress - Modus - Moistness - Molinist - Molybdenum - Monarchial - Moneyless - Monkeytail - Monocystic - Monogyny - Monopodial - Monothelitic - Monte - Moonblind - Moorband - Mora - Mordication - Morion - Morpheus - Mortalness - Moselle - Mothered - Mottle - Mountenaunce - Movability - Much - Mucronulate - Mug - Mull - Multidigitate - Multiplicatively - Mum - Munerary - Murexide - Murtherer - Muscularize - Muskat - Mustaiba - Mutism - Mycothrix - Myolemma - Myriophyllous - Mytacism

N

> Naevose - Namby-pamby - Napkin - Narratory - Nastiness - Nativism - Nauscopy - Nay - neatness - necklaced - Nedder - Negation - Nehiloth - Nemophilist - Neoplasia - Nepotism - Ness - Neuralgy - Neurosensiferous - Newfangledness - Nibble - Nictate - Niggle - Nihilist - Ninetieth - Nitrated - Nitrous - Nocake - Node - Nolle prosequi - Nominee - Noncombatant - Nones - Nonobservance - Nonslaveholding - Noon-flower - Northeast - Nosesmart - Note - Nototherium - Novelism - Noyful - Nucule - Numberer - Nuncius - Nutjobber - Nymphish

O

> Oathbreaking - Obeyingly - Oblati - Oblongly - Obsequent - Obstacle - Obtrectation - Occasionalism - Occurse - Octander - Octopede - Odelet - Odorant - Of - Officiate - Ogygian - Old-maidism - Oligarchal - Omagra - Omniparous - Onagga - Onirocritic - Onychia - Opacity - Operation - Ophiuran - Opinionable - Opposability - Optics - Orangeat - Orbitosphenoid - Ordeal - Oread - Organoleptic - Origenist - Ornate - Orphanotrophy - Orthodromy - Ortolan - Osculate - Ossicle - Osteocranium - Ostracize - Otological - Ouranographist - Outbreaking - Outermost - Outjet - Out-of-door - Outrider - Outspeak - Outwalk - Ovarium - Overbend - Overcolor - Overexcite - Overglad - Overinfluence - Overlip - Overmount - Overpress - Overrunner - Oversman - Overtalk - Overvalue - Ovicell - Owher - Oxanilic - Oxyacetic - Oxytoluene

P

> Pacated - Packer - Padishah - Pah - Pair - Palatine - Paleolithic - Palinodial - Pallidity - Palmitic - Palterer - Pan - Pander - Panhellenist - Pansophy - Panto- - Paparchy - Pappiform - Paracelsist - Paraglossa - Parallelogram - Para nut - Parastichy - Pardon - Parget - Parity - Paromology - Parry - Partibility - Partitive - Pasque - Passional - Pastorale - Patela - Pathognomy - Patriotism - Pattypan - Paviage - Pay - Peak - Peba - Pectolite - Pedant - Pediculati - Peel - Pegroots - Pellet - Penalize - Pendulousness - Penk - Pensionary - Pentahedron - Pentice - Peppercorn - Perbromic - Percolate - Perennially - Perforce - Perichaeth - Perilymph - Peripatus - Peristeromorphous - Perk - Permute - Perpetuable - Persevering - Perspective - Perterebration - Perversely - Pesterment - Peterel - Petrol - Pew - Phalanstere - Pharmaceutist - Phebe - Philander - Philomath - Phlegmon - Phonascetics - Phospham - Photo-engraving - Photoscope - Phrensy - Phyllocyst - Physico- - Phytochemical - Pianette - Pick - Picoline - Piecemeal - Pigeon-breasted - Pike-devant - Pilgrim - Pilocarpine - Pinax - Pinfeathered - Pinnacle - Pioneer - Pippin - Pisces - Pistole - Pithsome - Place - Plage - Plaining - Planetarium - Plantable - Plasmogen - Platform - Platting - Playmate - Plebeian - Plenilune - Plethoretic - Plexus - Plot - Plumbery - Plunge - Plutus - Pneumonitic - Pococurantism - Pœcile - Point-blank - Poky - Polemoscope - Politicaster - Pollucite - Polybasite - Polyfoil - Polyhistor - Polyonymous - Polyprotodonta - Polytungstic - Pomona - Ponent - Pool - Popper - Porifera - Port - Porteress - Portreeve - Possessival - Postentry - Posting - Postscript - Potassamide - Pothook - Poulder - Pourlieu - Powwow - Praecornu - Praiser - Pray - Preappointment - Preceptor - Precoces - Precursorship - Prediastolic - Predorsal - Prefectorial - Pregnantly - Prelatically - Premiership - Prenunciation - Preponder - Presagious - Presensation - President - Prestation - Pretender - Pretorium - Preventively - Pricksong - Prill - Primitial - Princesse - Prise - Prizable - Probity - Processionalist - Procrustean - Prodigiousness - Profanity - Profligately - Prognosticator - Proleg - Prolonge - Prompt - Pronounce - Propend - Propine - Proportionateness - Prorector - Prosencephalic - Prosper - Protectiveness - Prothallus - Protopope - Protureter - Providential - Prowl - Prunelle - Pseudaesthesia - Pseudopodial - Psychiatric - Pterophore - Pubis - Puddle - Pug - Pull - Pulpous - Puma - Punctilious - Punkin - Puppy - Purging - Purposedly - Pursue - Put - Putty - Pyla - Pyriform - Pyrolusite - Pyroxanthin

Q

> Quab - Quadri- - Quadrivalence - Quaintness - Quantify - Quartenylic - Quass - Quebrith - Quercitin - Questmonger - Quickstep - Quilter - Quinoxyl - Quip - Quiver - Quote

R

> Rabdoidal - Raciness - Raddock - Radii - Rag - Rain - Rakish - Ramequin - Ramson - Range - Rap - Rapport - Rase - Rate - Rat-tail - Ravel - Ray grass - Read - Realgar - Reapplication - Reassessment - Rebellow - Recant - Recent - Reciprocal - Reclinate - Re-collect - Reconciler - Recorporification - Recross - Recto-vesical - Red - Redemptible - Redistrict - Red-tailed - Reedbird - Reëncourage - Reëxpulsion - Reflectent - Reformalize - Refresh - Refut - Regenerateness - Registry - Regular - Reillume - Reins - Reiterative - Relapse - Relent - Relik - Remand - Remenant - Remodification - Remuneration - Renegado - Renowned - Rep - Repeal - Repetitor - Repolish - Re-presentation - Reproachful - Republish - Requirement - Rescription - Reservance - Residual - Resistless - Resound - Respondent - Restitute - Result - Retail - Rethor - Retired - Retrench - Retrospect - Revealability - Reverdure - Revest - Revivalist - Revolvement - Rhabdopleura - Rheometric - Rhinoceros - Rhodammonium - Rhumb - Ribaldry - Ricinolein - Ridgebone - Rig - Right whale - Rimer - Ringneck - Ripple - Ritualist - Road - Robinia - Rock shaft - Roguery - Romance - Ronco - Roomless - Ropish - Rosemary - Rostellate - Rotgut - Rough-footed - Round-arm - Rout - Rowen - Rubella - Rubywood - Rudity - Rugging - Rumble - Run - Rupture - Russian - Rutilate

S

> Sabbathless - Saccharin - Sack - Sacrificial - Safe - Sagination - Sain - Salagane - Salient - Sallowish - Saltarello - Salute - Samian - Sanctuary - Saneness - Sanity - Saphenous - Sappodilla - Sarcophagan - Saros - Satellitious - Saturnalian - Saurognathous - Saving - Saw-toothed - Scab - Scale - Scamblingly - Scape - Scare - Scatter - Schade - Schismless - Scholium - Sciatic - Sciot - Scleroderm - Scolecomorpha - Scorch - Scotch - Scow - Scrat - Screw-driver - Scriptorium - Scruff - Scull - Scurrile - Scutum - Sea bean - Sea crow - Sea gudgeon - Sea louse - Sea otter - Search - Seasonage - Sea wolf - Secondarily - Sectarist - Security - Seedcake - Seeress - Seigniory - Seld - Self-accused - Self-considering - Self-esteem - Self-knowing - Self-reproved - Sell - Semiannular - Semidiatessaron - Seminate - Semisavage - Sempstressy - Sennight - Sensualism - Sepal - Septaemia - Septilateral - Sequoiëne - Serially - Serpentiform - Servant - Sesquitone - Sett - Severable - Sexavalent - Sfumato - Shady - Shallon - Shampoo - Sharewort - Shawl - Sheathy - Sheepsplit - Sheltery - Shiah - Shine - Shipper - Shoad - Shoggle - Shopwoman - Shortsighted - Shovelboard - Shrewd - Shriver - Shuffle - Sib - Sickless - Sidesman - Sighting - Signer - Silenus - Silk - Silverback - Simitar - Simulator - Sinewish - Singularize - Sinuate - Siphonostomatous - Sirvente - Siththen - Size - Skein - Skewer - Skinbound - Skit - Skurry - Slake - Slat - Slavering - Sleepiness - Slewed - Slighty - Slipshod - Slopeness - Slow - Sluicy - Smacking - Smeared - Smilet - Smoke - Smudge - Snakestone - Snaw - Snide - Snod - Snowdrop - So - Soboliferous - Socotrine - Soft-hearted - Solace - Sole - Solfeggiare - Solipsism - Solvible - Somnambulism - Son-in-law - Soothness - Sorb - Sorghum - Sortition - Sough - Soup - Southeaster - Sowar - Spadix - Spangler - Spargefaction - Spary - Spatula - Specialize - Spectre - Speedy - Spendthrift - Spermidium - Sphene - Sphingid - Spicy - Spinal - Spinozism - Spiritousness - Spitalhouse - Splatter - Splenography - Spoilful - Sponson - Sporification - Spousal - Sprent - Sprit - Spunky - Sputterer - Squamaceous - Squashy - Squilgee - Stabat Mater - Stag - Stainer - Stall - Stance - Stank - Starchedness - Star-spangled - Stateful - Statua - Staysail - Stearolic - Steeple - Steingale - Stenchy - Stepping-stone - Stereostatic - Sternpost - Stewpan - Stick-tight - Still - Stimulus - Stipendiary - Stitchwort - Stoichiology - Stomatode - Stonily - Storage - Stot - Straggling - Straiten - Strany - Strawed - Strength - Strich - Stringboard - Stroke - Strophic - Struthio - Stud-horse - Stumpiness - Sturiones - Stylohyal - Sub- - Subbeadle - Subdean - Subepiglottic - Subintestinal - Subligation - Submersion - Subordinate - Subrigid - Subsist - Substractor - Subtilize - Subvariety - Successless - Suchwise - Sudra - Suffraganship - Suggillation - Sullen - Sulphonate - Sultanship - Sumpter - Sunlight - Superaltar - Superfecundation - Superintend - Superparticular - Supersphenoidal - Suppage - Supplicatory - Suppurative - Suprastapedial - Surculation - Surgery - Surprisement - Survey - Suspend - Susurringly - Swaggerer - Swap - Swashy - Sweeper - Swellish - Swimming - Swingtree - Swoop - Sycock - Sylphid - Sympathetical - Synanthesis - Syncopize - Synochal - Synthetize - Systematically

T

> Tabetic - Tac - Tadpole - Tail - Take-up - Tallower - Tamely - Tangence - Tanrec - Tapetum - Tarditation - Tarrier - Tartary - Tasteful - Tauntingly - Tawer - Teacher - Teated - Tedder - Teetotum - Teleologist - Tellership - Temperate - Temporo-auricular - Tendance - Tenesmic - Tent - Tenuous - Terebinth - Terminal - Terrace - Terrorist - Testamentation - Testy - Tetradactylous - Tetrarch - Teuton - Thalamus - Thankworthy - Theban - Theobromic - Theorem - Thereunto - Thermomultiplier - Thick - Thin - Third-penny - Thomsonite - Thoroughpaced - Thraw - Three-score - Thrittene - Through - Thuggee - Thundrous - Thymene - Ticement - Tidiness - Tigerish - Tillandsia - Timbrel - Tinchel - Tinkling - Tippled - Tisic - Titleless - Toadish - Toe - Tolerable - Tomahawk - Tone - Tonsilar - Toothpick - Topiarian - Torc - Torpent - Tortion - Tosto - Touchily - Tout - Towpath - Traceable - Trackscout - Traditionally - Train - Tramp - Transcendentality - Transflux - Translate - Transmute - Transportment - Trap - Traumatism - Treachery - Treblet - Tren - Tressful - Triangulation - Trichiniasis - Trickment - Triennial - Trigintal - Trillo - Trine - Tripang - Triplicostate - Trisplanchnic - Triumph - Trochilic - Tromp - Trothless - Truage - True-hearted - Truncheoneer - Truth-lover - Tubercle - Tubulibranchian - Tug - Tumorous - Tunhoof - Turbillion - Turion - Turnip-shell - Tuscan - Tut-work - Twelfthtide - Twin - Twisting - Tydy - Typewrite - Tyrian

U

> Ugsome - Ultima - Umbelliferous - Un- - Unanimate - Unbag - Unbereaven - Unbraid - Unce - Uncircumcised - Uncomfortable - Uncontrovertible - Uncurably - Undeify - Undercrest - Undergown - Underlie - Underproduction - Undersold - Undervalue - Undirectly - Undull - Unessential - Unfellow - Unfrequent - Ungraceful - Unhasp - Uniaxially - Unilabiate - Unisexual - Universally - Unlace - Unlook - Unmerciful - Unnun - Unpeace - Unpoised - Unproselyte - Unregeneracy - Unrivaled - Unseal - Unshed - Unsoldiered - Unstring - Untempter - Untraded - Unveracity - Unwind - Upbind - Upheaval - Uprear - Upspurner - Urachus - Urbicolous - Urinarium - Urology - Usage - Usurper - Utter

V

> Vaccination - Vagarious - Vairy - Valhalla - Valved - Vang - Vaporific - Variegate - Vascularity - Vaticine - Vedro - Veinal - Velvet - Venenation - Vent - Venturine - Verbosity - Verisimilitude - Vernacular - Versed - Verticity - Vespertilionine - Veteranize - Vibrant - Viciate - Viduage - Vileyns - Vinaceous - Vinnewed - Violin - Virgularian - Vis-a-vis - Visite - Vitiosity - Vituperative - Vizcacha - Voiceful - Volcano - Volumescope - Vomitory - Vowel - Vulnerary

W

> Wade - Wagon - Waistcoateer - Walkable - Waltron - Wankle - War - Wares - Warning - Warworn - Wastebasket - Water-bearer - Water cress - Water gruel - Water mint - Water rail - Water-tight - Wavelet - Way-going - Weal - Weary - Web - Weed - Weft - Welcomeness - Well-known - Wend - West - Whacker - Wheatbird - Whenceever - Whet - While - Whinny - Whirling - Whit - Whitethorn - Whitwall - Whorish - Widegap - Wig - Wilk - Wimple - Windlace - Wing-handed - Winterweed - Wishedly - With - Withvine - Wo - Womanish - Wont - Woodmonger - Woolliness - Workday - Worm-shell - Worthiness - Wrangle - Wreck - Wrinkle - Wrongous

X

> Xanthelasma - Xenomi - Xylo-

Y

> Yachtman - Yare - Yea - Yellowfish - Yesterday - -yl - Yote - Ythrowe

Z

> Zamia - Zebrawood - Zeus - Zinziberaceous - Zonaria - Zoön - Zouave - Zythem

Newly added words

> Adrenaline - Agrotechny - Alloy steel - Amylogen - Anoetic - Apocodeine - Asemia - Auto- - Aviator - Bandeau - Battle range - Bermuda lily - Black Spanish - Bordereau - Brioche - Busk - Candle power - Cassava wood - Chalazogamy - Chinook State - Clairaudient - Collectivity - Confectioners' sugar - Corinthian - Cover crop - Crown colony - Cymoscope - Delta - Dionysia - Doss - Dysprosium - Endemic - Evagination - Feck - Flair - Flyaway - Frazzle - Gaekwar - Genre - Goody - Guide rope - Heel - Hobble skirt - Husky - Independence Day - Intervocalic - Jerry-builder - Keel - Knickerbocker - Labret - Lester - Lofter - Malaria parasite - Match game - Metallophone - Mitrailleur - Morris-chair - Multiplane - Ne'er-do-well - Niggle - Oddment - Oroheliograph - Pacifico - Pará rubber - Pay Cerps - Percaline - Philharmonic - Phototopography - Pintsch gas - Plunk - Postgraduate - Produce race - Puttee - Radiator - Recall - Reserve city - Roman calendar - Samaj - Screamer - Servo-motor - Shunt valve - Skyman - Sneak current - Spark gap - Spotlight - Step-up - Subsistence Department - Syndical - Tailor-made - Tattersall's - Telemetrograph - Terminal - Thermotank - Tipstock - Topek - Touring car - Transition zone - Trolley car - Tupian - Ultragaseous - Van't Hoff's law - Vickers' gun - Volunteers of America - Washed sale - Wellington boot - Wide - Xanthochroism - Zapatera - Zarf - Zastrugi - Zebrinny - Zeeman effect - Zeitgeist - Zemstvo - Zeppelin - Zikkurat - Zimocca - Zincograph - Zionism - Zip - Zip - Zircon light - Zizith - Zoism - Zolaesque - Zolaism - Zöllner's lines - Zone - Zoölogize - Zulu - Zulu-Kaffir - Zuñian - Zwieback - Zwinglian - Zymolysis - Zymoscope

A (named a in the English, and most commonly ä in other languages). The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old Latin A, which was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this was made from the first letter of the Phœnician alphabet, the equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and itself from the Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek articulation; and the Greeks took it to represent their vowel Alpha with the ä sound, the Phœnician alphabet having no vowel symbols. This letter, in English, is used for several different vowel sounds. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 43-74. The regular long a, as in fate, etc., is a comparatively modern sound, and has taken the place of what, till about the early part of the 17th century, was a sound of the quality of ä (as in far). 2. (Mus.) The name of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in C), or the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. The second string of the violin is tuned to the A in the treble staff. — A sharp (A&sharp;) is the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B. — A flat (A&flat;) is the name of a tone intermediate between A and G. A per se (L. per se by itself), one preëminent; a nonesuch. [Obs.] “O fair Creseide, the flower and A per se
Of Troy and Greece.
Chaucer.”

A (a emph. a). 1. [Shortened form of an. AS. an one. See One.] An adjective, commonly called the indefinite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. ´At a birth´; ´In a word´; ´At a blow´. Shak. It is placed before nouns of the singular number denoting an individual object, or a quality individualized, before collective nouns, and also before plural nouns when the adjective few or the phrase great many or good many is interposed; as a dog, a house, a man; a color; a sweetness; a hundred, a fleet, a regiment; a few persons, a great many days. It is used for an, for the sake of euphony, before words beginning with a consonant sound [for exception of certain words beginning with h, see An]; as a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a ewe, a oneness, such a one, etc. Formally an was used both before vowels and consonants. 2. [Originally the preposition a (an, on).] In each; to or for each; as ´twenty leagues a day´, ´a hundred pounds a year´, ´a dollar a yard´, etc.

A (a), prep. [Abbreviated form of an (AS. on). See On.] 1. In; on; at; by. [Obs.] ´A God’s name.´ ´Torn a pieces.´ ´Stand a tiptoe.´ ´A Sundays´ Shak. ´Wit that men have now a days.´ Chaucer. ´Set them a work.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. In process of; in the act of; into; to; — used with verbal substantives in -ing which begin with a consonant. This is a shortened form of the preposition an (which was used before the vowel sound); as in a hunting, a building, a begging. ´Jacob, when he was a dying´ Heb. xi. 21. ´We’ll a birding together.´ ´ It was a doing.´ Shak. ´He burst out a laughing.´ Macaulay. The hyphen may be used to connect a with the verbal substantive (as a-hunting, a-building) or the words may be written separately. This form of expression is now for the most part obsolete, the a being omitted and the verbal substantive treated as a participle.

A. [From AS. of off, from. See Of.] Of. [Obs.] ´The name of John a Gaunt.´ ´What time a day is it ?´ Shak. ´It’s six a clock.´ B. Jonson.

A. A barbarous corruption of have, of he, and sometimes of it and of they. ´So would I a done´ ´A brushes his hat.´ Shak.

A. An expletive, void of sense, to fill up the meter “A merry heart goes all the day,
Your sad tires in a mile-a.
Shak.”

A-. A, as a prefix to English words, is derived from various sources. (1) It frequently signifies on or in (from an, a forms of AS. on), denoting a state, as in afoot, on foot, abed, amiss, asleep, aground, aloft, away (AS. onweg), and analogically, ablaze, atremble, etc. (2) AS. of off, from, as in adown (AS. ofdune off the dun or hill). (3) AS. a- (Goth. us-, ur-, Ger. er-), usually giving an intensive force, and sometimes the sense of away, on, back, as in arise, abide, ago. (4) Old English y- or i- (corrupted from the AS. inseparable particle ge- , cognate with OHG. ga-, gi-, Goth. ga-), which, as a prefix, made no essential addition to the meaning, as in aware. (5) French à (L. ad to), as in abase, achieve. (6) L. a, ab, abs, from, as in avert. (7) Greek insep. prefix α without, or privative, not, as in abyss, atheist; akin to E. un-. Besides these, there are other sources from which the prefix a takes its origin.

A 1 (a wun). A registry mark given by underwriters (as at Lloyd’s) to ships in first-class condition. Inferior grades are indicated by A 2 and A 3. A 1 is also applied colloquially to other things to imply superiority; prime; first-class; first-rate.

Aam (am or äm), n. [D. aam, fr. LL. ama; cf. L. hama a water bucket, Gr. ] A Dutch and German measure of liquids, varying in different cities, being at Amsterdam about 41 wine gallons, at Antwerp 36½, at Hamburg 38¼. [Written also Aum and Awm.]

Aard´-vark (ärd´värk•), n. [D., earth-pig.] (Zoöl.) An edentate mammal, of the genus Orycteropus, somewhat resembling a pig, common in some parts of Southern Africa. It burrows in the ground, and feeds entirely on ants, which it catches with its long, slimy tongue.

Aard´-wolf (ärd´woolf), n. [D, earth-wolf] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous quadruped (Proteles Lalandii), of South Africa, resembling the fox and hyena. See Proteles. { Aa•ron´ic (a•ron´ik), Aa•ron´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. Pertaining to Aaron, the first high priest of the Jews.

Aar´on’s rod (âr´unz rod•). [See Exodus vii. 9 and Numbers xvii. 8] 1. (Arch.) A rod with one serpent twined around it, thus differing from the caduceus of Mercury, which has two. 2. (Bot.) A plant with a tall flowering stem; esp. the great mullein, or hag-taper, and the golden-rod.

Ab- (ab). [Latin prep., etymologically the same as E. of, off. See Of.] A prefix in many words of Latin origin. It signifies from, away , separating, or departure, as in abduct, abstract, abscond. See A-(6).

Ab (ab), n. [Of Syriac origin.] The fifth month of the Jewish year according to the ecclesiastical reckoning, the eleventh by the civil computation, coinciding nearly with August. W. Smith.

Ab´a•ca (ab´a•ka), n. [The native name.] The Manila-hemp plant (Musa textilis); also its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila.

A•bac´i•nate (a•bas´i•nat), v. t. [LL. abacinatus, p. p. of abacinare; ab off + bacinus a basin.] To blind by a red-hot metal plate held before the eyes. [R.]

A•bac•i•na´tion (a•bas•i•na´shun), n. The act of abacinating. [R.]

Ab•a•cis´cus (ab•a•sis´kus), n. [Gr. ’abaki•skos, dim of ’a•bax. See Abacus.] (Arch.) One of the tiles or squares of a tessellated pavement; an abaculus.

Ab´a•cist (ab´a•sist), n. [LL abacista, fr. abacus.] One who uses an abacus in casting accounts; a calculator.

A•back´ (a•bak´), adv. [Pref. a- + back; AS. on baec at, on, or toward the back. See Back.] 1. Toward the back or rear; backward. ´Therewith aback she started.´ Chaucer. 2. Behind; in the rear. Knolles. 3. (Naut.) Backward against the mast; — said of the sails when pressed by the wind. Totten. To be taken aback. (a) To be driven backward against the mast; — said of the sails, also of the ship when the sails are thus driven. (b) To be suddenly checked, baffled, or discomfited. Dickens.

Ab´ack (ab´ak), n. An abacus. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ab•ac´ti•nal (ab•ak´ti•nal), a. [L. ab + E. actinal.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the surface or end opposite to the mouth in a radiate animal; — opposed to actinal. ´The aboral or abactinal area.´ L. Agassiz.

Ab•ac´tion (ab•ak´shun), n. Stealing cattle on a large scale. [Obs.]

Ab•ac´tor (-ter), n. [L., fr. abigere to drive away; ab + agere to drive.] (Law) One who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds or droves. [Obs.]

A•bac´u•lus (ab•ak´u•lus), n.; pl. Abaculi (-li). [L., dim. of abacus.] (Arch.) A small tile of glass, marble, or other substance, of various colors, used in making ornamental patterns in mosaic pavements. Fairholt.

Ab´a•cus (ab´a•kus), n.; E. pl. Abacuses ; L. pl. Abaci (-si). [L. abacus, abax, Gr. ’a•bax] 1. A table or tray strewn with sand, anciently used for drawing, calculating, etc. [Obs.] 2. A calculating table or frame; an instrument for performing arithmetical calculations by balls sliding on wires, or counters in grooves, the lowest line representing units, the second line, tens, etc. It is still employed in China. 3. (Arch.) (a) The uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, immediately under the architrave. See Column. (b) A tablet, panel, or compartment in ornamented or mosaic work. 4. A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments, for holding cups, bottles, or the like; a kind of cupboard, buffet, or sideboard. Abacus harmonicus (Mus.), an ancient diagram showing the structure and disposition of the keys of an instrument. Crabb.

Ab´a•da (ab´a•da), n. [Pg., the female rhinoceros.] The rhinoceros. [Obs.] Purchas.

A•bad´don (a•bad´dun), n. [Heb. abaddon destruction, abyss, fr. abad to be lost, to perish.] 1. The destroyer, or angel of the bottomless pit; — the same as Apollyon and Asmodeus. 2. Hell; the bottomless pit. [Poetic] “In all her gates, Abaddon rues
Thy bold attempt.
Milton.”

A•baft´ (a•baft´), prep. [Pref. a- on + OE. baft, baften, biaften, AS. beaeftan; be by + aeftan behind. See After, Aft, By.] (Naut.) Behind; toward the stern from; as abaft the wheelhouse. Abaft the beam. See under Beam.

A•baft´, adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern; aft; as to go abaft.

A•bai´sance (a•ba´sans), n. [For obeisance; confused with F. abaisser, E. abase.] Obeisance. [Obs.] Jonson.

A•bai´ser (a•ba´ser), n. Ivory black or animal charcoal. Weale.

A•baist´ (a•bast´), p. p. Abashed; confounded; discomfited. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ab•al´ien•ate (ab•al´yen•at; 94, 106), v. t. [L. abalienatus, p. p. of abalienare; ab + alienus foreign, alien. See Alien.] 1. (Civil Law) To transfer the title of from one to another; to alienate. 2. To estrange; to withdraw. [Obs.] 3. To cause alienation of (mind). Sandys.

Ab•al•ien•a´tion (-al•yen•a´shun), n. [L. abalienatio: cf. F. abalienation.] The act of abalienating; alienation; estrangement. [Obs.]

Ab•a•lo´ne (ab•a•lo´ne), n. (Zoöl.) A univalve mollusk of the genus Haliotis. The shell is lined with mother-of-pearl, and used for ornamental purposes; the sea-ear. Several large species are found on the coast of California, clinging closely to the rocks.

A•band´ (a•band´), v. t. [Contracted from abandon.] 1. To abandon. [Obs.] 1. To abandon. [Obs.] “ Enforced the kingdom to aband.
Spenser.” 2. To banish; to expel. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

A•ban´don (a•ban´dun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abandoned (- dund); p. pr. & vb. n. Abandoning.] [OF. abandoner, F. abandonner; a (L. ad) + bandon permission, authority, LL. bandum, bannum, public proclamation, interdiction, bannire to proclaim, summon: of Germanic origin; cf. Goth. bandwjan to show by signs, to designate OHG. ban proclamation. The word meant to proclaim, put under a ban, put under control; hence, as in OE., to compel, subject, or to leave in the control of another, and hence, to give up. See Ban.] 1. To cast or drive out; to banish; to expel; to reject. [Obs.] “That he might … abandon them from him.
Udall.” “Being all this time abandoned from your bed.
Shak.” 2. To give up absolutely; to forsake entirely ; to renounce utterly; to relinquish all connection with or concern on; to desert, as a person to whom one owes allegiance or fidelity; to quit; to surrender. “Hope was overthrown, yet could not be abandoned.
I. Taylor.” 3. Reflexively: To give (one’s self) up without attempt at self-control; to yield (one’s self) unrestrainedly; — often in a bad sense. “He abandoned himself … to his favorite vice.
Macaulay.” 4. (Mar. Law) To relinquish all claim to; — used when an insured person gives up to underwriters all claim to the property covered by a policy, which may remain after loss or damage by a peril insured against. Syn. — To give up; yield; forego; cede; surrender; resign; abdicate; quit; relinquish; renounce; desert; forsake; leave; retire; withdraw from. — To Abandon, Desert, Forsake. These words agree in representing a person as giving up or leaving some object, but differ as to the mode of doing it. The distinctive sense of abandon is that of giving up a thing absolutely and finally; as to abandon one’s friends, places, opinions, good or evil habits, a hopeless enterprise, a shipwrecked vessel. Abandon is more widely applicable than forsake or desert. The Latin original of desert appears to have been originally applied to the case of deserters from military service. Hence, the verb, when used of persons in the active voice, has usually or always a bad sense, implying some breach of fidelity, honor, etc., the leaving of something which the person should rightfully stand by and support; as to desert one’s colors, to desert one’s post, to desert one’s principles or duty. When used in the passive, the sense is not necessarily bad; as the fields were deserted, a deserted village, deserted halls. Forsake implies the breaking off of previous habit, association, personal connection, or that the thing left had been familiar or frequented; as to forsake old friends, to forsake the paths of rectitude, the blood forsook his cheeks. It may be used either in a good or in a bad sense.

A•ban´don, n. [F. abandon. fr. abandonner. See Abandon, v.] Abandonment; relinquishment. [Obs.]

A•ban•don´ (a•bäN•dôN´), n. [F. See Abandon.] A complete giving up to natural impulses; freedom from artificial constraint; careless freedom or ease.

A•ban´doned (a•ban´dund), a. 1. Forsaken, deserted. ´Your abandoned streams.´ Thomson. 2. Self-abandoned, or given up to vice; extremely wicked, or sinning without restraint; irreclaimably wicked ; as an abandoned villain. Syn. — Profligate; dissolute; corrupt; vicious; depraved; reprobate; wicked; unprincipled; graceless; vile. — Abandoned, Profligate, Reprobate. These adjectives agree in expressing the idea of great personal depravity. Profligate has reference to open and shameless immoralities, either in private life or political conduct; as a profligate court, a profligate ministry. Abandoned is stronger, and has reference to the searing of conscience and hardening of heart produced by a man’s giving himself wholly up to iniquity; as a man of abandoned character. Reprobate describes the condition of one who has become insensible to reproof, and who is morally abandoned and lost beyond hope of recovery. “God gave them over to a reprobate mind.
Rom. i. 28.”

A•ban´doned•ly, adv. Unrestrainedly.

A•ban•don•ee´ (a•ban•dun•e´), n. (Law) One to whom anything is legally abandoned.

A•ban´don•er (a•ban´dun•er), n. One who abandons. Beau. & Fl.

A•ban´don•ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abandonnement.] 1. The act of abandoning, or the state of being abandoned; total desertion; relinquishment. “The abandonment of the independence of Europe.
Burke.” 2. (Mar. Law) The relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may remain of the property insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against. 3. (Com. Law) (a) The relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege, as to mill site, etc. (b) The voluntary leaving of a person to whom one is bound by a special relation, as a wife, husband, or child; desertion. 4. Careless freedom or ease; abandon. [R.] Carlyle.

A•ban´dum (a•ban´dum), n. [LL. See Abandon.] (Law) Anything forfeited or confiscated.

Ab´a•net (ab´a•net), n. See Abnet.

A•ban´ga (a•ban´ga), n. [Name given by the negroes in the island of St. Thomas.] A West Indian palm; also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used as a remedy for diseases of the chest. { Ab•an•na´tion (ab•an•na´shun), Ab•an•nition (ab•an•nish´un), } n. [LL. abannatio; ad + LL. bannire to banish.] (Old Law) Banishment. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•ar•tic•u•la´tion (acr/b•är•tik•u•la´shun), n. [L. ab + E. articulation : cf. F. abarticulation. See Article.] (Anat.) Articulation, usually that kind of articulation which admits of free motion in the joint; diarthrosis. Coxe.

A•base´ (a•bas´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abased (a•bast´); p. pr. & vb. n. Abasing.] [F. abaisser, LL. abassare, abbassare ; ad + bassare, fr. bassus low. See Base, a.] 1. To lower or depress; to throw or cast down; as to abase the eye. [Archaic] Bacon. “Saying so, he abased his lance.
Shelton.” 2. To cast down or reduce low or lower, as in rank, office, condition in life, or estimation of worthiness; to depress; to humble; to degrade. “Whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased.
Luke xiv. ll.” Syn. — To Abase, Debase, Degrade. These words agree in the idea of bringing down from a higher to a lower state. Abase has reference to a bringing down in condition or feelings; as to abase the proud, to abase one’s self before God. Debase has reference to the bringing down of a thing in purity, or making it base. It is, therefore, always used in a bad sense, as to debase the coin of the kingdom, to debase the mind by vicious indulgence, to debase one’s style by coarse or vulgar expressions. Degrade has reference to a bringing down from some higher grade or from some standard. Thus, a priest is degraded from the clerical office. When used in a moral sense, it denotes a bringing down in character and just estimation; as degraded by intemperance, a degrading employment, etc. ´Art is degraded when it is regarded only as a trade.´

A•based´ (a•bast´), a. 1. Lowered; humbled. 2. (Her.) [F. abaisse.] Borne lower than usual, as a fess; also having the ends of the wings turned downward towards the point of the shield.

A•bas´ed•ly (a•bas´ed•ly), adv. Abjectly; downcastly.

A•base´ment (a•bas´ment), n. [Cf. F. abaissement.] The act of abasing, humbling, or bringing low; the state of being abased or humbled; humiliation.

A•bas´er (a•bas´er), n. He who, or that which, abases.

A•bash´ (a•bash´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abashed (a•basht´); p. pr. & vb. n. Abashing.] [OE. abaissen, abaisshen, abashen, OF. esbahir, F. ebahir, to astonish, fr. L. ex + the interjection bah, expressing astonishment. In OE. somewhat confused with abase. Cf. Finish.] To destroy the self-possession of; to confuse or confound, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, mistake, or inferiority; to put to shame; to disconcert; to discomfit. “Abashed, the devil stood,
And felt how awful goodness is.
Milton.” “He was a man whom no check could abash.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To confuse; confound; disconcert; shame. — To Abash, Confuse, Confound. Abash is a stronger word than confuse, but not so strong as confound. We are abashed when struck either with sudden shame or with a humbling sense of inferiority; as Peter was abashed by the look of his Master. So a modest youth is abashed in the presence of those who are greatly his superiors. We are confused when, from some unexpected or startling occurrence, we lose clearness of thought and self- possession. Thus, a witness is often confused by a severe cross- examination; a timid person is apt to be confused in entering a room full of strangers. We are confounded when our minds are overwhelmed, as it were, by something wholly unexpected, amazing, dreadful, etc., so that we have nothing to say. Thus, a criminal is usually confounded at the discovery of his guilt. “Satan stood
Awhile as mute, confounded what to say.
Milton.”

A•bash´ed•ly (-ed•ly), adv. In an abashed manner.

A•bash´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. ebahissement.] The state of being abashed; confusion from shame. { A•bas´si (a•bas´si), A•bas´sis (a•bas´sis), } n. [Ar. & Per. abasi, belonging to Abas (a king of Persia).] A silver coin of Persia, worth about twenty cents.

A•bat´a•ble (a•bat´a•b’l), a. Capable of being abated; as an abatable writ or nuisance.

A•bate´ (a•bat´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abated, p. pr. & vb. n. Abating.] [OF. abatre to beat down, F. abattre, LL. abatere; ab or ad + batere, battere (popular form for L. batuere to beat). Cf. Bate, Batter.] 1. To beat down; to overthrow. [Obs.] “The King of Scots … sore abated the walls.
Edw. Hall.” 2. To bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, number, or degree; to lessen; to diminish; to contract; to moderate; to cut short; as to abate a demand; to abate pride, zeal, hope. “His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.
Deut. xxxiv. 7.” 3. To deduct; to omit; as to abate something from a price. “Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds.
Fuller.” 4. To blunt. [Obs.] “To abate the edge of envy.
Bacon.” 5. To reduce in estimation; to deprive. [Obs.] “She hath abated me of half my train.
Shak.” 6. (Law) (a) To bring entirely down or put an end to; to do away with; as to abate a nuisance, to abate a writ. (b) (Eng. Law) To diminish; to reduce. Legacies are liable to be abated entirely or in proportion, upon a deficiency of assets. To abate a tax, to remit it either wholly or in part.

A•bate´ (a•bat´), v. i. [See Abate, v. t.] 1. To decrease, or become less in strength or violence; as pain abates, a storm abates. “The fury of Glengarry … rapidly abated.
Macaulay.” 2. To be defeated, or come to naught; to fall through; to fail; as a writ abates. To abate into a freehold, To abate in lands (Law), to enter into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir takes possession. See Abatement, 4. Syn. — To subside; decrease; intermit; decline; diminish; lessen. — To Abate, Subside. These words, as here compared, imply a coming down from some previously raised or excited state. Abate expresses this in respect to degrees, and implies a diminution of force or of intensity; as the storm abates, the cold abates, the force of the wind abates; or, the wind abates, a fever abates. Subside (to settle down) has reference to a previous state of agitation or commotion; as the waves subside after a storm, the wind subsides into a calm. When the words are used figuratively, the same distinction should be observed. If we conceive of a thing as having different degrees of intensity or strength, the word to be used is abate. Thus we say, a man’s anger abates, the ardor of one’s love abates, ´Winter’s rage abates´. But if the image be that of a sinking down into quiet from preceding excitement or commotion, the word to be used is subside; as the tumult of the people subsides, the public mind subsided into a calm. The same is the case with those emotions which are tumultuous in their nature; as his passion subsides, his joy quickly subsided, his grief subsided into a pleasing melancholy. Yet if, in such cases, we were thinking of the degree of violence of the emotion, we might use abate; as his joy will abate in the progress of time; and so in other instances.

A•bate (a•bat´), n. Abatement. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•bate´ment (-ment), n. [OF. abatement, F. abattement.] 1. The act of abating, or the state of being abated; a lessening, diminution, or reduction; removal or putting an end to; as the abatement of a nuisance is the suppression thereof. 2. The amount abated; that which is taken away by way of reduction; deduction; decrease; a rebate or discount allowed. 3. (Her.) A mark of dishonor on an escutcheon. 4. (Law) The entry of a stranger, without right, into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone. Defense in abatement, Plea in abatement, (Law), plea to the effect that from some formal defect (e.g. misnomer, want of jurisdiction) the proceedings should be abated.

A•bat´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, abates. { Ab´a•tis , Aba´t•tis } (ab´a•tis; French a•ba•te´) n. [F. abatis, abattis, mass of things beaten or cut down, fr. abattre. See Abate.] (Fort.) A means of defense formed by felled trees, the ends of whose branches are sharpened and directed outwards, or against the enemy.

Ab´a•tised (ab´a•tist), a. Provided with an abatis.

A•ba´tor (a•bat´er), n. (Law) (a) One who abates a nuisance. (b) A person who, without right, enters into a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone.

A•bat•toir´ (a•bat•twär´), n.; pl. Abattoirs (- twärz´). [F., fr. abattre to beat down. See Abate.] A public slaughterhouse for cattle, sheep, etc.

Ab´a•ture (ab´a•tur; 135), n. [F. abatture, fr. abattre. See Abate.] Grass and sprigs beaten or trampled down by a stag passing through them. Crabb.

A•bat•voix´ (a•ba•vwä´), n. [F. abattre to beat down + voix voice.] The sounding- board over a pulpit or rostrum.

Ab•awed´ (ab•ad´), p. p. [Perh. p. p. of a verb fr. OF. abaubir to frighten, disconcert, fr. L. ad + balbus stammering.] Astonished; abashed. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Ab•ax´i•al (ab•aks´i•al), Ab•ax´ile (ab•aks´il),} a. [L. ab + axis axle.] (Bot.) Away from the axis or central line; eccentric. Balfour.

A•bay´ (a•ba´), n. [OF. abay barking.] Barking; baying of dogs upon their prey. See Bay. [Obs.]

Abb (ab), n. [AS. aweb, ab; pref. a- + web. See Web.] Among weavers, yarn for the warp. Hence, abb wool is wool for the abb.

Ab´ba (ab´ba), n. [Syriac abba father. See Abbot.] Father; religious superior; — in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by the bishops to the patriarch.

Ab´ba•cy (ab´ba•sy), n.; pl. Abbacies (-siz). [L. abbatia, fr. abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbey.] The dignity, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot.

Ab•ba´tial (ab•ba´shal), a. [LL. abbatialis : cf. F. abbatial.] Belonging to an abbey; as abbatial rights.

Ab•bat´ic•al (ab•bat´i•kal), a. Abbatial. [Obs.]

Ab´be (ab´ba•), n. [F. abbe. See Abbot.] The French word answering to the English abbot, the head of an abbey; but commonly a title of respect given in France to every one vested with the ecclesiastical habit or dress. After the 16th century, the name was given, in social parlance, to candidates for some priory or abbey in the gift of the crown. Many of these aspirants became well known in literary and fashionable life. By further extension, the name came to be applied to unbeneficed secular ecclesiastics generally. Littre.

Ab´bess (ab´bes), n. [OF. abaesse, abeesse, F. abbesse, L. abbatissa, fem. of abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbot.] A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks. See Abbey.

Ab´bey (ab´by), n.; pl. Abbeys (-biz). [OF. abaïe, abbaïe, F. abbaye, L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot. See Abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons of either sex, secluded from the world and devoted to religion and celibacy; also the monastic building or buildings. The men are called monks, and governed by an abbot; the women are called nuns, and governed by an abbess. 2. The church of a monastery. In London, the Abbey means Westminster Abbey, and in Scotland, the precincts of the Abbey of Holyrood. The name is also retained for a private residence on the site of an abbey; as Newstead Abbey, the residence of Lord Byron. Syn. — Monastery; convent; nunnery; priory; cloister. See Cloister.

Ab´bot , n. [AS. abbod, abbad, L. abbas, abbatis, Gr. ’abba^s, fr. Syriac abba father. Cf. Abba, Abbe.] 1. The superior or head of an abbey. 2. One of a class of bishops whose sees were formerly abbeys. Encyc. Brit. Abbot of the people. a title formerly given to one of the chief magistrates in Genoa. — Abbot of Misrule (or Lord of Misrule, in mediaeval times, the master of revels, as at Christmas; in Scotland called the Abbot of Unreason. Encyc. Brit.

Ab´bot•ship , n. [Abbot + - ship.] The state or office of an abbot.

Ab•bre´vi•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abbreviated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abbreviating.] [L. abbreviatus, p. p. of abbreviare; ad + breviare to shorten, fr. brevis short. See Abridge.] 1. To make briefer; to shorten; to abridge; to reduce by contraction or omission, especially of words written or spoken. “It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cutting off.
Bacon.” 2. (Math.) To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction.

Ab•bre´vi•ate , a. [L. abbreviatus, p. p.] 1. Abbreviated; abridged; shortened. [R.] ´The abbreviate form.´ Earle. 2. (Biol.) Having one part relatively shorter than another or than the ordinary type.

Ab•bre´vi•ate, n. An abridgment. [Obs.] Elyot.

Ab•bre´vi•a•ted , a. Shortened; relatively short; abbreviate.

Ab•bre•vi•a´tion , n. [LL. abbreviatio: cf. F. abbreviation.] 1. The act of shortening, or reducing. 2. The result of abbreviating; an abridgment. Tylor. 3. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction and omission; a letter or letters, standing for a word or phrase of which they are a part; as Gen. for Genesis; U.S.A. for United States of America. 4. (Mus.) One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, dividing it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or demi-semiquavers. Moore.

Ab•bre´vi•a•tor , n. [LL.: cf. F. abbreviateur.] 1. One who abbreviates or shortens. 2. One of a college of seventy-two officers of the papal court whose duty is to make a short minute of a decision on a petition, or reply of the pope to a letter, and afterwards expand the minute into official form.

Ab•bre´vi•a•to•ry , a. Serving or tending to abbreviate; shortening; abridging.

Ab•bre´vi•a•ture , n. 1. An abbreviation; an abbreviated state or form. [Obs.] 2. An abridgment; a compendium or abstract. “This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole duty of a Christian.
Jer. Taylor.”

Abb´ wool (ab´ wool). See Abb.

A B C´ (a be se´). 1. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for the whole alphabet. 2. A primer for teaching the alphabet and first elements of reading. [Obs.] 3. The simplest rudiments of any subject; as the A B C of finance. A B C book, a primer. Shak.

Ab´dal , n. [Ar. badil, pl. abdal, a substitute, a good, religious man, saint, fr. badala to change, substitute.] A religious devotee or dervish in Persia.

Ab•de´ri•an , a. [From Abdera, a town in Thrace, of which place Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher, was a native.] Given to laughter; inclined to foolish or incessant merriment.

Ab•de´rite , n. [L. Abderita, Abderites, fr. Gr. ’Abdhri•ths.] An inhabitant of Abdera, in Thrace. The Abderite, Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher.

Ab´dest , n. [Per. abdast; ab water + dast hand.] Purification by washing the hands before prayer; — a Mohammedan rite. Heyse.

Ab´di•ca•ble , a. Capable of being abdicated.

Ab´di•cant , a. [L. abdicans, p. pr. of abdicare.] Abdicating; renouncing; — followed by of. “Monks abdicant of their orders.
Whitlock.”

Ab´di•cant, n. One who abdicates. Smart.

Ab´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abdicated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abdicating.] [L. abdicatus, p. p. of abdicare; ab + dicare to proclaim, akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To surrender or relinquish, as sovereign power; to withdraw definitely from filling or exercising, as a high office, station, dignity; as to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy. The word abdicate was held to mean, in the case of James II., to abandon without a formal surrender. “The cross-bearers abdicated their service.
Gibbon.” 2. To renounce; to relinquish; — said of authority, a trust, duty, right, etc. “He abdicates all right to be his own governor.
Burke.” “The understanding abdicates its functions.
Froude.” 3. To reject; to cast off. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Civil Law) To disclaim and expel from the family, as a father his child; to disown; to disinherit. Syn. — To give up; quit; vacate; relinquish; forsake; abandon; resign; renounce; desert. — To Abdicate, Resign. Abdicate commonly expresses the act of a monarch in voluntary and formally yielding up sovereign authority; as to abdicate the government. Resign is applied to the act of any person, high or low, who gives back an office or trust into the hands of him who conferred it. Thus, a minister resigns, a military officer resigns, a clerk resigns. The expression, ´The king resigned his crown,´ sometimes occurs in our later literature, implying that he held it from his people. — There are other senses of resign which are not here brought into view.

Ab´di•cate , v. i. To relinquish or renounce a throne, or other high office or dignity. “Though a king may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate for the monarchy.
Burke.”

Ab•di•ca´tion , n. [L. abdicatio: cf. F. abdication.] The act of abdicating; the renunciation of a high office, dignity, or trust, by its holder; commonly the voluntary renunciation of sovereign power; as abdication of the throne, government, power, authority.

Ab´di•ca•tive , a. [L. abdicativus.] Causing, or implying, abdication. [R.] Bailey.

Ab´di•ca•tor , n. One who abdicates.

Ab´di•tive , a. [L. abditivus, fr. abdere to hide.] Having the quality of hiding. [R.] Bailey.

Ab´di•to•ry , n. [L. abditorium.] A place for hiding or preserving articles of value. Cowell.

Ab•do´men , n. [L. abdomen (a word of uncertain etymol.): cf. F. abdomen.] 1. (Anat.) The belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis. also the cavity of the belly, which is lined by the peritoneum, and contains the stomach, bowels, and other viscera. In man, often restricted to the part between the diaphragm and the commencement of the pelvis, the remainder being called the pelvic cavity. 2. (Zoöl.) The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, and other Arthropoda.

Ab•dom´i•nal , a. [Cf. F. abdominal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the abdomen; ventral; as the abdominal regions, muscles, cavity. 2. (Zoöl.) Having abdominal fins; belonging to the Abdominales; as abdominal fishes. Abdominal ring (Anat.), a fancied ringlike opening on each side of the abdomen, external and superior to the pubes; — called also inguinal ring.

Ab•dom´i•nal, n.; E. pl. Abdominals, L. pl. Abdominales. A fish of the group Abdominales.

Ab•dom•i•na´les , n. pl. [NL., masc. pl.] (Zoöl.) A group including the greater part of fresh- water fishes, and many marine ones, having the ventral fins under the abdomen behind the pectorals.

Ab•dom•i•na´li•a , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.] (Zoöl.) A group of cirripeds having abdominal appendages.

Ab•dom•i•nos´co•py , n. [L. abdomen + Gr. to examine.] (Med.) Examination of the abdomen to detect abdominal disease.

Ab•dom•i•no•tho•rac´ic , a. Relating to the abdomen and the thorax, or chest.

Ab•dom´i•nous , a. Having a protuberant belly; pot-bellied. “Gorgonius sits, abdominous and wan,
Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.
Cowper.”

Ab•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abduced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abducing.] [L. abducere to lead away; ab + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Abduct.] To draw or conduct away; to withdraw; to draw to a different part. [Obs.] “If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate.
Sir T. Browne.”

Ab•duct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abducted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abducting.] [L. abductus, p. p. of abducere. See Abduce.] 1. To take away surreptitiously by force; to carry away (a human being) wrongfully and usually by violence; to kidnap. 2. To draw away, as a limb or other part, from its ordinary position.

Ab•duc´tion , n. [L. abductio: cf. F. abduction.] 1. The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; a carrying away. Roget. 2. (Physiol.) The movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body. 3. (Law) The wrongful, and usually the forcible, carrying off of a human being; as the abduction of a child, the abduction of an heiress. 4. (Logic) A syllogism or form of argument in which the major is evident, but the minor is only probable.

Ab•duc´tor , n. [NL.] 1. One who abducts. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out, or form the median line of the body; as the abductor oculi, which draws the eye outward.

A•beam´ , adv. [Pref. a- + beam.] (Naut.) On the beam, that is, on a line which forms a right angle with the ship’s keel; opposite to the center of the ship’s side.

A•bear´ , v. t. [AS. aberan; pref. a- + beran to bear.] 1. To bear; to behave. [Obs.] “So did the faery knight himself abear.
Spenser.” 2. To put up with; to endure. [Prov.] Dickens.

A•bear´ance , n. Behavior. [Obs.] Blackstone.

A•bear´ing, n. Behavior. [Obs.] Sir. T. More.

A•be•ce•da´ri•an , n. [L. abecedarius. A word from the first four letters of the alphabet.] 1. One who is learning the alphabet; hence, a tyro. 2. One engaged in teaching the alphabet. Wood. { A•be•ce•da´ri•an , A•be•ce´da•ry } a. Pertaining to, or formed by, the letters of the alphabet; alphabetic; hence, rudimentary. Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., compositions in which (like the 119th psalm in Hebrew) distinct portions or verses commence with successive letters of the alphabet. Hook.

A•be•ce´da•ry , n. A primer; the first principle or rudiment of anything. [R.] Fuller.

A•bed´ , adv. [Pref. a- in, on + bed.] 1. In bed, or on the bed. “Not to be abed after midnight.
Shak.” 2. To childbed (in the phrase ´brought abed,´ that is, delivered of a child). Shak.

A•beg´ge . Same as Aby. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•bele´ , n. [D. abeel (abeel- boom), OF. abel, aubel, fr. a dim. of L. albus white.] The white poplar (Populus alba). “Six abeles i’ the churchyard grow.
Mrs. Browning.” { A•bel´i•an , A´bel•ite , A•bel•o´ni•an } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in Africa (4th century), mentioned by St. Augustine, who states that they married, but lived in continence, after the manner, as they pretended, of Abel.

A´bel•mosk , n. [NL. abelmoschus, fr. Ar. abu-l-misk father of musk, i. e., producing musk. See Musk.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Hibiscus — formerly Abelmoschus — moschatus), of the East and West Indies and Northern Africa, whose musky seeds are used in perfumery and to flavor coffee; — sometimes called musk mallow.

Ab•er-de-vine´ (#), n. (Zoöl.) The European siskin (Carduelis spinus), a small green and yellow finch, related to the goldfinch.

Ab•err´ , v. i. [L. aberrare. See Aberrate.] To wander; to stray. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. { Ab•er´rance , Ab•er´ran•cy } n. State of being aberrant; a wandering from the right way; deviation from truth, rectitude, etc. Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form.

Ab•er´rant , a. [L. aberrans, -rantis, p. pr. of aberrare. See Aberr.] 1. Wandering; straying from the right way. 2. (Biol.) Deviating from the ordinary or natural type; exceptional; abnormal. “The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms which, on my theory, have been exterminated.
Darwin.”

Ab´er•rate , v. i. [L. aberratus, p. pr. of aberrare; ab + errare to wander. See Err.] To go astray; to diverge. [R.] “Their own defective and aberrating vision.
De Quincey.”

Ab•er•ra´tion , n. [L. aberratio: cf. F. aberration. See Aberrate.] 1. The act of wandering; deviation, especially from truth or moral rectitude, from the natural state, or from a type. ´The aberration of youth.´ Hall. ´Aberrations from theory.´ Burke. 2. A partial alienation of reason. ´Occasional aberrations of intellect.´ Lingard. “Whims, which at first are the aberrations of a single brain, pass with heat into epidemic form.
I. Taylor.” 3. (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer; called annual aberration, when the observer’s motion is that of the earth in its orbit, and daily or diurnal aberration, when of the earth on its axis; amounting when greatest, in the former case, to 20.4’’, and in the latter, to 0.3’’. Planetary aberration is that due to the motion of light and the motion of the planet relative to the earth. 4. (Opt.) The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from one and the same point, or the deviation of such rays from a single focus; called spherical aberration, when due to the spherical form of the lens or mirror, such form giving different foci for central and marginal rays; and chromatic aberration, when due to different refrangibilities of the colored rays of the spectrum, those of each color having a distinct focus. 5. (Physiol.) The passage of blood or other fluid into parts not appropriate for it. 6. (Law) The producing of an unintended effect by the glancing of an instrument, as when a shot intended for A glances and strikes B. Syn. — Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; mania; dementia; hallucination; illusion; delusion. See Insanity.

Ab•er•ra´tion•al , a. Characterized by aberration.

Ab•e•run´cate , v. t. [L. aberuncare, for aberruncare. See Averruncate.] To weed out. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•e•run´ca•tor , n. A weeding machine.

A•bet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abetting.] [OF. abeter; a (L. ad) + beter to bait (as a bear), fr. Icel. beita to set dogs on, to feed, originally, to cause to bite, fr. Icel. bita to bite, hence to bait, to incite. See Bait, Bet.] 1. To instigate or encourage by aid or countenance; — used in a bad sense of persons and acts; as to abet an ill-doer; to abet one in his wicked courses; to abet vice; to abet an insurrection. ´The whole tribe abets the villany.´ South. “Would not the fool abet the stealth,
Who rashly thus exposed his wealth?
Gay.” 2. To support, uphold, or aid; to maintain; — in a good sense. [Obs.]. “Our duty is urged, and our confidence abetted.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. (Law) To contribute, as an assistant or instigator, to the commission of an offense. Syn. — To incite; instigate; set on; egg on; foment; advocate; countenance; encourage; second; uphold; aid; assist; support; sustain; back; connive at.

A•bet´ , n. [OF. abet, fr. abeter.] Act of abetting; aid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•bet´ment (-ment), n. The act of abetting; as an abetment of treason, crime, etc.

A•bet´tal , n. Abetment. [R.] { A•bet´ter , A•bet•tor } , n. One who abets; an instigator of an offense or an offender. The form abettor is the legal term and also in general use. Syn. — Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. These words denote different degrees of complicity in some deed or crime. An abettor is one who incites or encourages to the act, without sharing in its performance. An accessory supposes a principal offender. One who is neither the chief actor in an offense, nor present at its performance, but accedes to or becomes involved in its guilt, either by some previous or subsequent act, as of instigating, encouraging, aiding, or concealing, etc., is an accessory. An accomplice is one who participates in the commission of an offense, whether as principal or accessory. Thus in treason, there are no abettors or accessories, but all are held to be principals or accomplices.

Ab•e•vac´u•a´tion , n. [Pref. ab- + evacuation.] (Med.) A partial evacuation. Mayne.

A•bey´ance , n. [OF. abeance expectation, longing; a (L. ad) + baer, beer, to gape, to look with open mouth, to expect, F. bayer, LL. badare to gape.] 1. (Law) Expectancy; condition of being undetermined. When there is no person in existence in whom an inheritance (or a dignity) can vest, it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in expectation; the law considering it as always potentially existing, and ready to vest whenever a proper owner appears. Blackstone. 2. Suspension; temporary suppression. “Keeping the sympathies of love and admiration in a dormant state, or state of abeyance.
De Quincey.”

A•bey´an•cy , n. Abeyance. [R.] Hawthorne.

A•bey´ant , a. Being in a state of abeyance.

Ab´hal , n. The berries of a species of cypress in the East Indies.

Ab•hom´i•na•ble , a. Abominable. [A false orthography anciently used; h was foisted into various words; hence abholish, for abolish, etc.] “This is abhominable, which he [Don Armado] would call abominable.
Shak. Love’s Labor’s Lost, v. 1.”

Ab•hom•i•nal , a. [L. ab away from + homo, hominis, man.] Inhuman. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ab•hor´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abhorred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abhorring.] [L. abhorrere; ab + horrere to bristle, shiver, shudder: cf. F. abhorrer. See Horrid.] 1. To shrink back with shuddering from; to regard with horror or detestation; to feel excessive repugnance toward; to detest to extremity; to loathe. “Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good.
Rom. xii. 9.” 2. To fill with horror or disgust. [Obs.] “It doth abhor me now I speak the word.
Shak.” 3. (Canon Law) To protest against; to reject solemnly. [Obs.] “I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul
Refuse you for my judge.
Shak.” Syn. — To hate; detest; loathe; abominate. See Hate.

Ab•hor´, v. i. To shrink back with horror, disgust, or dislike; to be contrary or averse; — with from. [Obs.] ´To abhor from those vices.´ Udall. “Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law.
Milton.”

Ab•hor´rence , n. Extreme hatred or detestation; the feeling of utter dislike.

Ab•hor´ren•cy , n. Abhorrence. [Obs.] Locke.

Ab•hor´rent , a. [L. abhorens, -rentis, p. pr. of abhorrere.] 1. Abhorring; detesting; having or showing abhorrence; loathing; hence, strongly opposed to; as abhorrent thoughts. “The persons most abhorrent from blood and treason.
Burke.” “The arts of pleasure in despotic courts
I spurn abhorrent.
Clover.” 2. Contrary or repugnant; discordant; inconsistent; — followed by to. ´Injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to our stricter principles.´ Gibbon. 3. Detestable. ´Pride, abhorrent as it is.´ I. Taylor.

Ab•hor´rent•ly, adv. With abhorrence.

Ab•hor´rer , n. One who abhors. Hume.

Ab•hor´ri•ble , a. Detestable. [R.]

Ab•hor´ring , n. 1. Detestation. Milton. 2. Object of abhorrence. Isa. lxvi. 24.

A´bib , n. [Heb. abib, lit. an ear of corn. The month was so called from barley being at that time in ear.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corresponding nearly to our April. After the Babylonish captivity this month was called Nisan. Kitto.

A•bid´ance , n. The state of abiding; abode; continuance; compliance (with). “The Christians had no longer abidance in the holy hill of Palestine.
Fuller.” “A judicious abidance by rules.
Helps.”

A•bide´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abode , formerly Abid; p. pr. & vb. n. Abiding .] [AS. abidan; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + bidan to bide. See Bide.] 1. To wait; to pause; to delay. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To stay; to continue in a place; to have one’s abode; to dwell; to sojourn; — with with before a person, and commonly with at or in before a place. “Let the damsel abide with us a few days.
Gen. xxiv. 55.” 3. To remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to continue; to remain. “Let every man abide in the same calling.
1 Cor. vii. 20.” Followed by by: To abide by. (a) To stand to; to adhere; to maintain. “The poor fellow was obstinate enough to abide by what he said at first.
Fielding.” (b) To acquiesce; to conform to; as to abide by a decision or an award.

A•bide´, v. t. 1. To wait for; to be prepared for; to await; to watch for; as I abide my time. ´I will abide the coming of my lord.´ Tennyson. [[Obs.], with a personal object. “Bonds and afflictions abide me.
Acts xx. 23.” 2. To endure; to sustain; to submit to. “[Thou] shalt abide her judgment on it.
Tennyson.” 3. To bear patiently; to tolerate; to put up with. “She could not abide Master Shallow.
Shak.” 4. [Confused with aby to pay for. See Aby.] To stand the consequences of; to answer for; to suffer for. “Dearly I abide that boast so vain.
Milton.”

A•bid´er , n. 1. One who abides, or continues. [Obs.] ´Speedy goers and strong abiders.´ Sidney. 2. One who dwells; a resident. Speed.

A•bid´ing, a. Continuing; lasting.

A•bid´ing•ly, adv. Permanently. Carlyle.

A´bi•es , n. [L., fir tree.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, properly called Fir, as the balsam fir and the silver fir. The spruces are sometimes also referred to this genus.

Ab´i•e•tene , n. [L. abies, abietis, a fir tree.] A volatile oil distilled from the resin or balsam of the nut pine (Pinus sabiniana) of California.

Ab•i•et´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the fir tree or its products; as abietic acid, called also sylvic acid. Watts. { Ab´i•e•tin , Ab´i•e•tine } , n. [See Abietene.] (Chem.) A resinous obtained from Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling point), in strong acetic acid, and in ether. Watts.

Ab•i•e•tin´ic , a. Of or pertaining to abietin; as abietinic acid.

Ab´i•e•tite , n. (Chem.) A substance resembling mannite, found in the needles of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies pectinata). Eng. Cyc.

Ab´i•gail , n. [The proper name used as an appellative.] A lady’s waiting-maid. Pepys. “Her abigail reported that Mrs. Gutheridge had a set of night curls for sleeping in.
Leslie.”

A•bil´i•ment (a•bil´i•ment), n. Habiliment. [Obs.]

A•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Abilities. [F. habilete, earlier spelling habilite (with silent h), L. habilitas aptitude, ability, fr. habilis apt. See Able.] The quality or state of being able; power to perform, whether physical, moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal; capacity; skill or competence in doing; sufficiency of strength, skill, resources, etc.; — in the plural, faculty, talent. “Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren.
Acts xi. 29.” “Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study.
Bacon.” “The public men of England, with much of a peculiar kind of ability.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Capacity; talent; cleverness; faculty; capability; efficiency; aptitude; aptness; address; dexterity; skill. Ability, Capacity. These words come into comparison when applied to the higher intellectual powers. Ability has reference to the active exercise of our faculties. It implies not only native vigor of mind, but that ease and promptitude of execution which arise from mental training. Thus, we speak of the ability with which a book is written, an argument maintained, a negotiation carried on, etc. It always something to be done, and the power of doing it. Capacity has reference to the receptive powers. In its higher exercises it supposes great quickness of apprehension and breadth of intellect, with an uncommon aptitude for acquiring and retaining knowledge. Hence it carries with it the idea of resources and undeveloped power. Thus we speak of the extraordinary capacity of such men as Lord Bacon, Blaise Pascal, and Edmund Burke. ´Capacity,´ says H. Taylor, ´is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a great enterprise.´ The word abilities, in the plural, embraces both these qualities, and denotes high mental endowments.

A•bime´ A•byme´ (#), n. [F. abîme. See Abysm.] A abyss. [Obs.]

Ab•i•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + life + , origin, birth.] (Biol.) The supposed origination of living organisms from lifeless matter; such genesis as does not involve the action of living parents; spontaneous generation; — called also abiogeny, and opposed to biogenesis. “I shall call the … doctrine that living matter may be produced by not living matter, the hypothesis of abiogenesis.
Huxley, 1870.”

Ab•i•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to abiogenesis. Ab•i•o•ge•net´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ab•i•og´e•nist , n. (Biol.) One who believes that life can be produced independently of antecedent. Huxley.

Ab•i•og´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Produced by spontaneous generation.

Ab•i•og´e•ny , n. (Biol.) Same as Abiogenesis.

Ab•i•o•log´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + E. biological.] Pertaining to the study of inanimate things.

Ab•ir´ri•tant , n. (Med.) A medicine that diminishes irritation.

Ab•ir´ri•tate , v. t. [Pref. ab- + irritate.] (Med.) To diminish the sensibility of; to debilitate.

Ab•ir•ri•ta´tion , n. (Med.) A pathological condition opposite to that of irritation; debility; want of strength; asthenia.

Ab•ir´ri•ta•tive , a. (Med.) Characterized by abirritation or debility.

A•bit´ , 3d sing. pres. of Abide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ab´ject , a. [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to throw away; ab + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Cast down; low- lying. [Obs.] “From the safe shore their floating carcasses
And broken chariot wheels; so thick bestrown
Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood.
Milton.” 2. Sunk to a law condition; down in spirit or hope; degraded; servile; groveling; despicable; as abject posture, fortune, thoughts. ´Base and abject flatterers.´ Addison. ´An abject liar.´ Macaulay. “And banish hence these abject, lowly dreams.
Shak.” Syn. — Mean; groveling; cringing; mean-spirited; slavish; ignoble; worthless; vile; beggarly; contemptible; degraded.

Ab•ject´ , v. t. [From Abject, a.] To cast off or down; hence, to abase; to degrade; to lower; to debase. [Obs.] Donne.

Ab´ject , n. A person in the lowest and most despicable condition; a castaway. [Obs.] “Shall these abjects, these victims, these outcasts, know any thing of pleasure?
I. Taylor.”

Ab•ject´ed•ness , n. A very abject or low condition; abjectness. [R.] Boyle.

Ab•jec´tion , n. [F. abjection, L. abjectio.] 1. The act of bringing down or humbling. ´The abjection of the king and his realm.´ Joe. 2. The state of being rejected or cast out. [R.] “An adjection from the beatific regions where God, and his angels and saints, dwell forever.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. A low or downcast state; meanness of spirit; abasement; degradation. “That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or servility, is it credible?
Hooker.”

Ab´ject•ly , adv. Meanly; servilely.

Ab´ject•ness, n. The state of being abject; abasement; meanness; servility. Grew.

Ab•judge´ , v. t. [Pref. ab- + judge, v. Cf. Abjudicate.] To take away by judicial decision. [R.]

Ab•ju´di•cate , v. t. [L. abjudicatus, p. p. of abjudicare; ab + judicare. See Judge, and cf. Abjudge.] To reject by judicial sentence; also to abjudge. [Obs.] Ash.

Ab•ju•di•ca´tion , n. Rejection by judicial sentence. [R.] Knowles.

Ab´ju•gate , v. t. [L. abjugatus, p. p. of abjugare.] To unyoke. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•junc´tive , a. [L. abjunctus, p. p. of abjungere; ab + jungere to join.] Exceptional. [R.] “It is this power which leads on from the accidental and abjunctive to the universal.
I. Taylor.”

Ab•ju•ra´tion , n. [L. abjuratio: cf. F. abjuration.] 1. The act of abjuring or forswearing; a renunciation upon oath; as abjuration of the realm, a sworn banishment, an oath taken to leave the country and never to return. 2. A solemn recantation or renunciation; as an abjuration of heresy. Oath of abjuration, an oath asserting the right of the present royal family to the crown of England, and expressly abjuring allegiance to the descendants of the Pretender. Brande & C.

Ab•ju´ra•to•ry , a. Containing abjuration.

Ab•jure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abjured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abjuring .] [L. abjurare to deny upon oath; ab + jurare to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law; cf. F. abjurer. See Jury.] 1. To renounce upon oath; to forswear; to disavow; as to abjure allegiance to a prince. To abjure the realm, is to swear to abandon it forever. 2. To renounce or reject with solemnity; to recant; to abandon forever; to reject; repudiate; as to abjure errors. ´Magic I here abjure.´ Shak. Syn. — See Renounce.

Ab•jure´, v. i. To renounce on oath. Bp. Burnet.

Ab•jure´ment (-ment), n. Renunciation. [R.]

Ab•jur´er , n. One who abjures.

Ab•lac´tate , v. t. [L. ablactatus, p. p. of ablactare; ab + lactare to suckle, fr. lac milk.] To wean. [R.] Bailey.

Ab•lac•ta´tion . n. 1. The weaning of a child from the breast, or of young beasts from their dam. Blount. 2. (Hort.) The process of grafting now called inarching, or grafting by approach.

Ab•la´que•ate , v. t. [L. ablaqueatus, p. p. of. ablaqueare; fr. ab + laqueus a noose.] To lay bare, as the roots of a tree. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•la•que•a´tion , n. [L. ablaqueatio.] The act or process of laying bare the roots of trees to expose them to the air and water. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Ab•las•tem´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + growth.] (Biol.) Non-germinal.

Ab•la´tion , n. [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus p. p. of auferre to carry away; ab + latus, p. p. of ferre carry: cf. F. ablation. See Tolerate.] 1. A carrying or taking away; removal. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Extirpation. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) Wearing away; superficial waste. Tyndall.

Ab•la•ti´tious , a. Diminishing; as an ablatitious force. Sir J. Herschel.

Ab´la•tive , a. [F. ablatif, ablative, L. ablativus fr. ablatus. See Ablation.] 1. Taking away or removing. [Obs.] “Where the heart is forestalled with misopinion, ablative directions are found needful to unteach error, ere we can learn truth.
Bp. Hall.” 2. (Gram.) Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, — the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away.

Ab´la•tive, (Gram.) The ablative case. ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a noun in the ablative case has a participle (either expressed or implied), agreeing with it in gender, number, and case, both words forming a clause by themselves and being unconnected, grammatically, with the rest of the sentence; as Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras venit, i. e., Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came.

Ab´laut , n. [Ger., off-sound; ab off + laut sound.] (Philol.) The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation; as get, gat, got; sing, song; hang, hung. Earle.

A•blaze´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blaze.] 1. On fire; in a blaze, gleaming. Milman. “All ablaze with crimson and gold.
Longfellow.” 2. In a state of glowing excitement or ardent desire. “The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos.
Carlyle.”

A´ble , a. [Comp. Abler ; superl. Ablest .] [OF. habile, L. habilis that may be easily held or managed, apt, skillful, fr. habere to have, hold. Cf. Habile and see Habit.] 1. Fit; adapted; suitable. [Obs.] “A many man, to ben an abbot able.
Chaucer.” 2. Having sufficient power, strength, force, skill, means, or resources of any kind to accomplish the object; possessed of qualifications rendering competent for some end; competent; qualified; capable; as an able workman, soldier, seaman, a man able to work; a mind able to reason; a person able to be generous; able to endure pain; able to play on a piano. 3. Specially: Having intellectual qualifications, or strong mental powers; showing ability or skill; talented; clever; powerful; as the ablest man in the senate; an able speech. “No man wrote abler state papers.
Macaulay.” 4. (Law) Legally qualified; possessed of legal competence; as able to inherit or devise property. Able for, is Scotticism. ´Hardly able for such a march.´
Robertson. Syn. — Competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; capable; skillful; clever; vigorous; powerful.

A´ble, v. t. [See Able, a.] [Obs.] 1. To make able; to enable; to strengthen. Chaucer. 2. To vouch for. ´I ’ll able them.´ Shak.

-a•ble (-a•b’l). [F. -able, L. -abilis.] An adjective suffix now usually in a passive sense; able to be; fit to be; expressing capacity or worthiness in a passive sense; as movable, able to be moved; amendable, able to be amended; blamable, fit to be blamed; salable. The form -ible is used in the same sense. It is difficult to say when we are not to use -able instead of -ible. ´Yet a rule may be laid down as to when we are to use it. To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-Saxon, to all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substantives, whencesoever sprung, we annex -able only.´ Fitzed. Hall.

A•ble-bod´ied , a. Having a sound, strong body; physically competent; robust. ´Able-bodied vagrant.´ Froude. — A•ble-bod´ied•ness, n..

Ab´le•gate , v. t. [L. ablegatus, p. p. of ablegare; ab + legare to send with a commission. See Legate.] To send abroad. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab´le•gate , n. (R. C. Ch.) A representative of the pope charged with important commissions in foreign countries, one of his duties being to bring to a newly named cardinal his insignia of office.

Ab•le•ga´tion , n. [L. ablegatio.] The act of sending abroad. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

A•ble-mind´ed (#), a. Having much intellectual power. — A•ble-mind´ed•ness, n.

A´ble•ness , n. Ability of body or mind; force; vigor. [Obs. or R.]

Ab´lep•sy , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to see.] Blindness. [R.] Urquhart.

A´bler , a., comp. of Able. — A´blest , a., superl. of Able.

Ab´let , Ab´len [F. ablet, ablette, a dim. fr. LL. abula, for albula, dim. of albus white. Cf. Abele.] (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water fish (Leuciscus alburnus); the bleak.

Ab´li•gate , v. t. [L. ab + ligatus, p. p. of ligare to tie.] To tie up so as to hinder from. [Obs.]

Ab•lig•u•ri´tion , n. [L. abligurito, fr. abligurire to spend in luxurious indulgence; ab + ligurire to be lickerish, dainty, fr. lingere to lick.] Prodigal expense for food. [Obs.] Bailey.

A´blins , adv. [See Able.] Perhaps. [Scot.]

A•bloom´ , adv. [Pref. a- + bloom.] In or into bloom; in a blooming state. Masson.

Ab•lude´ , v. t. [L. abludere; ab + ludere to play.] To be unlike; to differ. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ab´lu•ent , a. [L. abluens, p. pr. of. abluere to wash away; ab + luere (lavere, lavare). See Lave.] Washing away; carrying off impurities; detergent. — n. (Med.) A detergent.

A•blush´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blush.] Blushing; ruddy.

Ab•lu•tion , n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere: cf. F. ablution. See Abluent.] 1. The act of washing or cleansing; specifically, the washing of the body, or some part of it, as a religious rite. 2. The water used in cleansing. ´Cast the ablutions in the main.´ Pope. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A small quantity of wine and water, which is used to wash the priest’s thumb and index finger after the communion, and which then, as perhaps containing portions of the consecrated elements, is drunk by the priest.

Ab•lu´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to ablution.

Ab•lu´vi•on , n. [LL. abluvio. See Abluent.] That which is washed off. [R.] Dwight.

A´bly , adv. In an able manner; with great ability; as ably done, planned, said.

-a•bly. A suffix composed of -able and the adverbial suffix -ly; as favorably.

Ab´ne•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abnegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abnegating.] [L. abnegatus,p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny. See Deny.] To deny and reject; to abjure. Sir E. Sandys. Farrar.

Ab•ne•ga´tion , n. [L. abnegatio: cf. F. abnegation.] a denial; a renunciation. “With abnegation of God, of his honor, and of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court.
Knox.”

Ab´ne•ga•tive , a. [L. abnegativus.] Denying; renouncing; negative. [R.] Clarke.

Ab´ne•ga•tor , n. [L.] One who abnegates, denies, or rejects anything. [R.]

Ab´net , n. [Heb.] The girdle of a Jewish priest or officer.

Ab´no•date , v. t. [L. abnodatus, p. p. of abnodare; ab + nodus knot.] To clear (tress) from knots. [R.] Blount.

Ab•no•da´tion , n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. [R.] Crabb.

Ab•nor´mal , a. [For earlier anormal.F. anormal, LL. anormalus for anomalus, Gr. . Confused with L. abnormis. See Anomalous, Abnormous, Anormal.] Not conformed to rule or system; deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. ´That deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. ´ Froude.

Ab•nor•mal´i•ty , n.; pl. Abnormalities . 1. The state or quality of being abnormal; variation; irregularity. Darwin. 2. Something abnormal.

Ab•nor´mal•ly , adv. In an abnormal manner; irregularly. Darwin.

Ab•nor´mi•ty , n.; pl. Abnormities . [LL. abnormitas. See Abnormous.] Departure from the ordinary type; irregularity; monstrosity. ´An abnormity … like a calf born with two heads.´ Mrs. Whitney.

Ab•nor´mous , a. [L. abnormis; ab + norma rule. See Normal.] Abnormal; irregular. Hallam. “A character of a more abnormous cast than his equally suspected coadjutor.
State Trials.”

A•board´ , adv. [Pref. a- on, in + board.] 1. On board; into or within a ship or boat; hence, into or within a railway car. 2. Alongside; as close aboard. Naut.: To fall aboard of, to strike a ship’s side; to fall foul of. — To haul the tacks aboard, to set the courses. — To keep the land aboard, to hug the shore. — To lay (a ship) aboard, to place one’s own ship close alongside of (a ship) for fighting.

A•board´, prep. 1. On board of; as to go aboard a ship. 2. Across; athwart. [Obs.] “Nor iron bands aboard
The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast.
Spenser.”

A•bod´ance , n. [See Bode.] An omen; a portending. [Obs.]

A•bode´ , pret. of Abide.

A•bode´, n. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.] 1. Act of waiting; delay. [Obs.] Shak. “And with her fled away without abode.
Spenser.” 2. Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn. “He waxeth at your abode here.
Fielding.” 3. Place of continuance, or where one dwells; abiding place; residence; a dwelling; a habitation. “Come, let me lead you to our poor abode.
Wordsworth.”

A•bode´, n. [See Bode, v. t.] An omen. [Obs.] “High-thundering Juno’s husband stirs my spirit with true abodes.
Chapman.”

A•bode´, v. t. To bode; to foreshow. [Obs.] Shak.

A•bode´, v. i. To be ominous. [Obs.] Dryden.

A•bode´ment (-ment), n. A foreboding; an omen. [Obs.] ´Abodements must not now affright us.´ Shak.

A•bod´ing , n. A foreboding. [Obs.]

A•bol´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abolished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abolishing.] [F. abolir, L. abolere, aboletum; ab + olere to grow. Cf. Finish.] 1. To do away with wholly; to annul; to make void; — said of laws, customs, institutions, governments, etc.; as to abolish slavery, to abolish folly. 2. To put an end to, or destroy, as a physical objects; to wipe out. [Archaic] “And with thy blood abolish so reproachful blot.
Spenser.” “His quick instinctive hand
Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him.
Tennyson.” Syn. — To Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Revoke, Annul, Nullify, Cancel. These words have in common the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent nature, such as institutions, usages, customs, etc.; as to abolish monopolies, serfdom, slavery. Repeal describes the act by which the legislature of a state sets aside a law which it had previously enacted. Abrogate was originally applied to the repeal of a law by the Roman people; and hence, when the power of making laws was usurped by the emperors, the term was applied to their act of setting aside the laws. Thus it came to express that act by which a sovereign or an executive government sets aside laws, ordinances, regulations, treaties, conventions, etc. Revoke denotes the act of recalling some previous grant which conferred, privilege, etc.; as to revoke a decree, to revoke a power of attorney, a promise, etc. Thus, also we speak of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Annul is used in a more general sense, denoting simply to make void; as to annul a contract, to annul an agreement. Nullify is an old word revived in this country, and applied to the setting of things aside either by force or by total disregard; as to nullify an act of Congress. Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a deliberate exercise of power, something which has operative force.

A•bol´ish•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. abolissable.] Capable of being abolished.

A•bol´ish•er , n. One who abolishes.

A•bol´ish•ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abolissement.] The act of abolishing; abolition; destruction. Hooker.

Ab´o•li´tion , n. [L. abolitio, fr. abolere: cf. F. abolition. See Abolish.] The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction; as the abolition of slavery or the slave trade; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, customs, taxes, debts, etc. The application of this word to persons is now unusual or obsolete

Ab•o•li´tion•ism , n. The principles or measures of abolitionists. Wilberforce.

Ab•o•li´tion•ist, n. A person who favors the abolition of any institution, especially negro slavery.

Ab•o•li•tion•ize , v. t. To imbue with the principles of abolitionism. [R.] Bartlett.

A•bo´ma , n. (Zoöl.) A large South American serpent (Boa aboma). { Ab•o•ma´sum , Ab•o•ma´sus } n. [NL., fr. L. ab + omasum (a Celtic word).] (Anat.) The fourth or digestive stomach of a ruminant, which leads from the third stomach omasum. See Ruminantia.

A•bom´i•na•ble , a. [F. abominable. L. abominalis. See Abominate.] 1. Worthy of, or causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen; odious in the utmost degree; very hateful; detestable; loathsome; execrable. 2. Excessive; large; — used as an intensive. [Obs.] Juliana Berners … informs us that in her time [15th c.], ´abomynable syght of monkes´ was elegant English for ´a large company of friars.´ G. P. Marsh.

A•bom´i•na•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being abominable; odiousness. Bentley.

A•bom´i•na•bly , adv. In an abominable manner; very odiously; detestably.

A•bom´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] [L. abominatus, p. p. or abominari to deprecate as ominous, to abhor, to curse; ab + omen a foreboding. See Omen.] To turn from as ill-omened; to hate in the highest degree, as if with religious dread; loathe; as to abominate all impiety. Syn. — To hate; abhor; loathe; detest. See Hate.

A•bom•i•na´tion , n. [OE. abominacioun, -cion, F. abominatio. See Abominate.] 1. The feeling of extreme disgust and hatred; abhorrence; detestation; loathing; as he holds tobacco in abomination. 2. That which is abominable; anything hateful, wicked, or shamefully vile; an object or state that excites disgust and hatred; a hateful or shameful vice; pollution. “Antony, most large in his abominations.
Shak.” 3. A cause of pollution or wickedness. Syn. — Detestation; loathing; abhorrence; disgust; aversion; loathsomeness; odiousness. Sir W. Scott.

A•boon´ , prep. and adv. Above. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “Aboon the pass of Bally-Brough.
Sir W. Scott.” “The ceiling fair that rose aboon.
J. R. Drake.”

Ab•o´ral , a. [L. ab. + E. oral.] (Zoöl.) Situated opposite to, or away from, the mouth.

A•bord´ , n. [F.] Manner of approaching or accosting; address. Chesterfield.

A•bord´ , v. t. [F. aborder, à (L. ad) + bord rim, brim, or side of a vessel. See Border, Board.] To approach; to accost. [Obs.] Digby.

Ab•o•rig´i•nal , a. [See Aborigines.] 1. First; original; indigenous; primitive; native; as the aboriginal tribes of America. ´Mantled o’er with aboriginal turf.´ Wordsworth. 2. Of or pertaining to aborigines; as a Hindoo of aboriginal blood.

Ab•o•rig´i•nal, n. 1. An original inhabitant of any land; one of the aborigines. 2. An animal or a plant native to the region. “It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aboriginal of these islands.
Darwin.”

Ab•o•rig•i•nal´i•ty , n. The quality of being aboriginal. Westm. Rev.

Ab•o•rig´i•nal•ly , adv. Primarily.

Ab•o•rig´i•nes (-rij´i•nez), n. pl. [L. Aborigines; ab + origo, especially the first inhabitants of Latium, those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or Italy. See Origin.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants of a country; native races. 2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area

A•borse´ment (a•bôrs´ment), n. Abortment; abortion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

A•bor´sive (a•bôr´siv), a. Abortive. [Obs.] Fuller.

A•bort´ (a•bôrt´), v. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of aboriri; ab + oriri to rise, to be born. See Orient.] 1. To miscarry; to bring forth young prematurely. 2. (Biol.) To become checked in normal development, so as either to remain rudimentary or shrink away wholly; to become sterile.

A•bort´, n. [L. abortus, fr. aboriri.] 1. An untimely birth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. An aborted offspring. [Obs.] Holland.

A•bort´ed, a. 1. Brought forth prematurely. 2. (Biol.) Rendered abortive or sterile; undeveloped; checked in normal development at a very early stage; as spines are aborted branches. “The eyes of the cirripeds are more or less aborted in their mature state.
Owen.”

A•bor´ti•cide (a•bôr´ti•sid), n. [L. abortus + caedere to kill. See Abort.] (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the womb; feticide.

A•bor•ti•fa´cient (a•bôr•ti•fa´shent), a. [L. abortus (see Abort, v.) + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Producing miscarriage. — n. A drug or an agent that causes premature delivery.

A•bor´tion (a•bôr´shun), n. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri. See Abort.] 1. The act of giving premature birth; particularly, the expulsion of the human fetus prematurely, or before it is capable of sustaining life; miscarriage. It is sometimes used for the offense of procuring a premature delivery, but strictly the early delivery is the abortion, ´causing or procuring abortion´ is the full name of the offense. Abbott. 2. The immature product of an untimely birth. 3. (Biol.) Arrest of development of any organ, so that it remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed. 4. Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which in its progress, before it is matured or perfect; a complete failure; as his attempt proved an abortion.

A•bor´tion•al , a. Pertaining to abortion; miscarrying; abortive. Carlyle.

A•bor´tion•ist, n. One who procures abortion or miscarriage.

A•bor´tive , a. [L. abortivus, fr. aboriri. See Abort, v.] 1. Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as an abortive child. [R.] 2. Made from the skin of a still-born animal; as abortive vellum. [Obs.] 3. Rendering fruitless or ineffectual. [Obs.] ´Plunged in that abortive gulf.´ Milton. 4. Coming to naught; failing in its effect; miscarrying; fruitless; unsuccessful; as an abortive attempt. ´An abortive enterprise.´ Prescott. 5. (Biol.) Imperfectly formed or developed; rudimentary; sterile; as an abortive organ, stamen, ovule, etc. 6. (Med.) (a) Causing abortion; as abortive medicines. Parr. (b) Cutting short; as abortive treatment of typhoid fever.

A•bor´tive, n. 1. That which is born or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A fruitless effort or issue. [Obs.] 3. A medicine to which is attributed the property of causing abortion. Dunglison.

A•bor´tive•ly, adv. In an abortive or untimely manner; immaturely; fruitlessly.

A•bor´tive•ness, n. The quality of being abortive.

A•bort´ment (a•bôrt´ment), n. Abortion. [Obs.]

A•bought´ , imp. & p. p. of Aby. [Obs.]

A•bound´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abounding.] [OE. abounden, F. abonder, fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound; ab + unda wave. Cf. Undulate.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be very prevalent; to be plentiful. “The wild boar which abounds in some parts of the continent of Europe.
Chambers.” “Where sin abounded grace did much more abound.
Rom. v. 20.” 2. To be copiously supplied; — followed by in or with. To abound in, to possess in such abundance as to be characterized by. — To abound with, to be filled with; to possess in great numbers. “Men abounding in natural courage.
Macaulay.” “A faithful man shall abound with blessings.
Prov. xxviii. 20.” “It abounds with cabinets of curiosities.
Addison.”

A•bout´ , prep. [OE. aboute, abouten, abuten; AS. abutan, onbutan; on + butan, which is from be by + utan outward, from ut out. See But, Out.] 1. Around; all round; on every side of. ´Look about you.´ Shak. ´Bind them about thy neck.´ Prov. iii. 3. 2. In the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place; by or on (one’s person). ´Have you much money about you?´ Bulwer. 3. Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout. “Lampoons … were handed about the coffeehouses.
Macaulay.” “Roving still about the world.
Milton.” 4. Near; not far from; — determining approximately time, size, quantity. ´To-morrow, about this time.´ Exod. ix. 18. ´About my stature.´ Shak. “He went out about the third hour.
Matt. xx. 3.” This use passes into the adverbial sense. 5. In concern with; engaged in; intent on. “I must be about my Father’s business.
Luke ii. 49.” 6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive: On the point or verge of; going; in act of. “Paul was now aboutto open his mouth.
Acts xviii. 14.” 7. Concerning; with regard to; on account of; touching. ´To treat about thy ransom.´ Milton. “She must have her way about Sarah.
Trollope.”

A•bout´, adv. 1. On all sides; around. “’Tis time to look about.
Shak.” 2. In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; as a mile about, and a third of a mile across. 3. Here and there; around; in one place and another. “Wandering about from house to house.
1 Tim. v. 13.” 4. Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence, in quality, manner, degree, etc.; as about as cold; about as high; — also of quantity, number, time. ´There fell … about three thousand men.´ Exod. xxii. 28. 5. To a reserved position; half round; in the opposite direction; on the opposite tack; as to face about; to turn one’s self about. To bring about, to cause to take place; to accomplish. — To come about, to occur; to take place. See under Come. — To go about, To set about, to undertake; to arrange; to prepare. ´Shall we set about some revels?´ Shak. — Round about, in every direction around.

A•bout´-sledge´ , n. The largest hammer used by smiths. Weale.

A•bove´ , prep. [OE. above, aboven, abuffe, AS. abufon; an (or on) on + be by + ufan upward; cf. Goth. uf under. rad.199. See Over.] 1. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface; over; — opposed to below or beneath. “Fowl that may fly above the earth.
Gen. i. 20.” 2. Figuratively, higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; beyond; higher in measure or degree than; as things above comprehension; above mean actions; conduct above reproach. ´Thy worth … is actions above my gifts.´ Marlowe. “I saw in the way a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun.
Acts xxxvi. 13.” 3. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than; as above a hundred. (Passing into the adverbial sense. See Above, adv., 4.) above all, before every other consideration; chiefly; in preference to other things. Over and above, prep. or adv., besides; in addition to.

A•bove´ , adv. 1. In a higher place; overhead; into or from heaven; as the clouds above. 2. Earlier in order; higher in the same page; hence, in a foregoing page. ´That was said above.´ Dryden. 3. Higher in rank or power; as he appealed to the court above. 4. More than; as above five hundred were present. Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word mentioned, quoted, or the like; as the above observations, the above reference, the above articles. — Above is also used substantively. ´The waters that come down from above.´ Josh. iii. 13. It is also used as the first part of a compound in the sense of before, previously; as above-cited, above- described, above-mentioned, above-named, abovesaid, abovespecified, above-written, above-given.

A•bove´board , adv. Above the board or table. Hence: in open sight; without trick, concealment, or deception. ´Fair and aboveboard.´ Burke. This expression is said by Johnson to have been borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change their cards, put their hands under the table.

A•bove´-cit•ed , a. Cited before, in the preceding part of a book or writing.

A•bove´deck , a. On deck; and hence, like aboveboard, without artifice. Smart.

A•bove´-men•tioned , A•bove´-named, a. Mentioned or named before; aforesaid.

A•bove´said , a. Mentioned or recited before.

A•box´ , adv. & a. (Naut.) Braced aback.

Ab•ra•ca•dab´ra , n. [L. Of unknown origin.] A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon.

Ab•ra´dant , n. A material used for grinding, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc.

Ab•rade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrading.] [L. abradere, abrasum, to scrape off; ab + radere to scrape. See Rase, Raze.] To rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction; as to abrade rocks. Lyell.

A•brade´ , v. t. Same as Abraid. [Obs.]

A•bra•ham´ic , a. Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch; as the Abrachamic covenant.

A•bra•ham•it´ic , •ic•al, a. Relating to the patriarch Abraham.

A´bra•ham-man• or A´bram-man, n. [Possibly in allusion to the parable of the beggar Lazarus in Luke xvi. Murray (New Eng. Dict. ).] One of a set of vagabonds who formerly roamed through England, feigning lunacy for the sake of obtaining alms. Nares. To sham Abraham, to feign sickness. Goldsmith.

A•braid´ , v. t. & i. [OE. abraiden, to awake, draw (a sword), AS. abredgan to shake, draw; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bregdan to shake, throw. See Braid.] To awake; to arouse; to stir or start up; also to shout out. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•bran´chi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Abranchiate.

A•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ’a priv. + , pl., the gills of fishes.] (Zoöl.) A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration.

A•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Without gills.

Ab•rase´ , a. [L. abrasus, p. p. of abradere. See Abrade.] Rubbed smooth. [Obs.] ´An abrase table.´ B. Jonson.

Ab•ra´sion , n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere. See Abrade.] 1. The act of abrading, wearing, or rubbing off; the wearing away by friction; as the abrasion of coins. 2. The substance rubbed off. Berkeley. 3. (Med.) A superficial excoriation, with loss of substance under the form of small shreds. Dunglison.

Ab•ra´sive , a. Producing abrasion. Ure.

A•braum´ or A•braum´ salts , n. [Ger., fr. abräumen to remove.] A red ocher used to darken mahogany and for making chloride of potassium.

A•brax´as , n. [A name adopted by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides, containing the Greek letters α, β, ρ, α, ξ, α, σ, which, as numerals, amounted to 365. It was used to signify the supreme deity as ruler of the 365 heavens of his system.] A mystical word used as a charm and engraved on gems among the ancients; also a gem stone thus engraved.

A•bray´ , v. [A false form from the preterit abraid, abrayde.] See Abraid. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•breast´ , adv. [Pref. a- + breast.] 1. Side by side, with breasts in a line; as ´Two men could hardly walk abreast.´ Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) Side by side; also opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel’s beam; — with of. 3. Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced; as to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science. 4. At the same time; simultaneously. [Obs.] “Abreast therewith began a convocation.
Fuller.”

A•breg´ge , v. t. See Abridge. [Obs.]

Ab•re•nounce´ , v. t. [L. abrenuntiare; ab + renuntiare. See Renounce.] To renounce. [Obs.] ´They abrenounce and cast them off.´ Latimer.

Ab•re•nun•ci•a´tion , n. [LL. abrenuntiatio. See Abrenounce.] Absolute renunciation or repudiation. [Obs.] “An abrenunciation of that truth which he so long had professed, and still believed.
Fuller.”

Ab•rep´tion , n. [L. abreptus, p. p. of abripere to snatch away; ab + rapere to snatch.] A snatching away. [Obs.]

A•breu•voir´ , n. [F., a watering place.] (Masonry) The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar. Gwilt.

A´bri•cock , n. See Apricot. [Obs.]

A•bridge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abridged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abridging.] [OE. abregen, OF. abregier, F. abreger, fr. L. abbreviare; ad + brevis short. See Brief and cf. Abbreviate.] 1. To make shorter; to shorten in duration; to lessen; to diminish; to curtail; as to abridge labor; to abridge power or rights. ´The bridegroom … abridged his visit.´ Smollett. “She retired herself to Sebaste, and abridged her train from state to necessity.
Fuller.” 2. To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense; to epitomize; to condense; as to abridge a history or dictionary. 3. To deprive; to cut off; — followed by of, and formerly by from; as to abridge one of his rights.

A•bridg´er , n. One who abridges.

A•bridg´ment (-brij´ment), n. [OE. abregement. See Abridge.] 1. The act of abridging, or the state of being abridged; diminution; lessening; reduction or deprivation; as an abridgment of pleasures or of expenses. 2. An epitome or compend, as of a book; a shortened or abridged form; an abbreviation. “Ancient coins as abridgments of history.
Addison.” 3. That which abridges or cuts short; hence, an entertainment that makes the time pass quickly. [Obs.] “What abridgment have you for this evening? What mask? What music?
Shak.” Syn. — Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract, Synopsis. An abridgment is made by omitting the less important parts of some larger work; as an abridgment of a dictionary. A compendium is a brief exhibition of a subject, or science, for common use; as a compendium of American literature. An epitome corresponds to a compendium, and gives briefly the most material points of a subject; as an epitome of history. An abstract is a brief statement of a thing in its main points. A synopsis is a bird’s-eye view of a subject, or work, in its several parts.

A•broach´ , v. t. [OE. abrochen, OF. abrochier. See Broach.] To set abroach; to let out, as liquor; to broach; to tap. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•broach´, adv. [Pref. a- + broach.] 1. Broached; in a condition for letting out or yielding liquor, as a cask which is tapped. “Hogsheads of ale were set abroach.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Hence: In a state to be diffused or propagated; afoot; astir. ´Mischiefs that I set abroach.´ Shak.

A•broad´ , adv. [Pref. a- + broad.] 1. At large; widely; broadly; over a wide space; as a tree spreads its branches abroad. “The fox roams far abroad.
Prior.” 2. Without a certain confine; outside the house; away from one’s abode; as to walk abroad. “I went to St. James’, where another was preaching in the court abroad.
Evelyn.” 3. Beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign countries; as we have broils at home and enemies abroad. ´Another prince … was living abroad.´ Macaulay. 4. Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; widely. “He went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze abroad the matter.
Mark i. 45.” To be abroad. (a) To be wide of the mark; to be at fault; as you are all abroad in your guess. (b) To be at a loss or nonplused.

Ab´ro•ga•ble , a. Capable of being abrogated.

Ab´ro•gate , a. [L. abrogatus, p. p.] Abrogated; abolished. [Obs.] Latimer.

Ab´ro•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abrogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrogating.] [L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare; ab + rogare to ask, require, propose. See Rogation.] 1. To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his successor; to repeal; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc. “Let us see whether the New Testament abrogates what we so frequently see in the Old.
South.” “Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persian, they can not alter or abrogate.
Burke.” 2. To put an end to; to do away with. Shak. Syn. — To abolish; annul; do away; set aside; revoke; repeal; cancel; annihilate. See Abolish.

Ab•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. abrogatio, fr. abrogare: cf. F. abrogation.] The act of abrogating; repeal by authority. Hume.

Ab´ro•ga•tive , a. Tending or designed to abrogate; as an abrogative law.

Ab´ro•ga•tor , n. One who repeals by authority.

A•brood´ , adv. [Pref. a- + brood.] In the act of brooding. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

A•brook´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + brook, v.] To brook; to endure. [Obs.] Shak.

Ab•rupt´ , a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere to break off; ab + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Broken off; very steep, or craggy, as rocks, precipices, banks; precipitous; steep; as abrupt places. ´Tumbling through ricks abrupt,´ Thomson. 2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious. ´The cause of your abrupt departure.´ Shak. 3. Having sudden transitions from one subject to another; unconnected. “The abrupt style, which hath many breaches.
B. Jonson.” 4. (Bot.) Suddenly terminating, as if cut off. Gray. Syn. — Sudden; unexpected; hasty; rough; curt; unceremonious; rugged; blunt; disconnected; broken.

Ab•rupt´ , n. [L. abruptum.] An abrupt place. [Poetic] “´Over the vast abrupt.´
Milton.”

Ab•rupt´, v. t. To tear off or asunder. [Obs.] ´Till death abrupts them.´ Sir T. Browne.

Ab•rup´tion , n. [L. abruptio, fr. abrumpere: cf. F. abruption.] A sudden breaking off; a violent separation of bodies. Woodward.

Ab•rupt´ly, adv. 1. In an abrupt manner; without giving notice, or without the usual forms; suddenly. 2. Precipitously. Abruptly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate without an odd leaflet, or other appendage, at the end. Gray.

Ab•rupt´ness, n. 1. The state of being abrupt or broken; craggedness; ruggedness; steepness. 2. Suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence; as abruptness of style or manner.

Ab´scess , n.; pl. Abscesses . [L. abscessus a going away, gathering of humors, abscess, fr. abscessus, p. p. of absedere to go away; ab, abs + cedere to go off, retire. See Cede.] (Med.) A collection of pus or purulent matter in any tissue or organ of the body, the result of a morbid process. Cold abscess, an abscess of slow formation, unattended with the pain and heat characteristic of ordinary abscesses, and lasting for years without exhibiting any tendency towards healing; a chronic abscess.

Ab•sces´sion , n. [L. abscessio a separation; fr. absedere. See Abscess.] A separating; removal; also an abscess. [Obs.] Gauden. Barrough.

Ab•scind´ , v. t. [L. absindere; ab + scindere to rend, cut. See Schism.] To cut off. [R.] ´Two syllables … abscinded from the rest.´ Johnson.

Ab•sci´sion , n. [L. abscisio.] See Abscission.

Ab´sciss , n.; pl. Abscisses . See Abscissa.

Ab•scis´sa , n.; E. pl. Abscissas, L. pl. Abscissae. [L., fem. of abscissus, p. p. of absindere to cut of. See Abscind.] (Geom.) One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coördinate axes. When referred to two intersecting axes, one of them called the axis of abscissas or of X, and the other the axis of ordinates, or of Y, the abscissa of the point is the distance cut off from the axis of X by a line drawn through it and parallel to the axis of Y. When a point in space is referred to three axes having a common intersection, the abscissa may be the distance measured parallel to either of them, from the point to the plane of the other two axes. Abscissas and ordinates taken together are called coördinates. — OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, the intersecting lines OX and OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and the point O their origin.

Ab•scis´sion , n. [L. abscissio. See Abscind.] 1. The act or process of cutting off. ´Not to be cured without the abscission of a member.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being cut off. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech employed when a speaker having begun to say a thing stops abruptly: thus, ´He is a man of so much honor and candor, and of such generosity — but I need say no more.´

Ab•scond´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Absconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Absconding.] [L. abscondere to hide; ab, abs + condere to lay up; con + dare (only in comp.) to put. Cf. Do.] 1. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed. “The marmot absconds all winter.
Ray.” 2. To depart clandestinely; to steal off and secrete one’s self; — used especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal process; as an absconding debtor. “That very homesickness which, in regular armies, drives so many recruits to abscond.
Macaulay.”

Ab•scond´, v. t. To hide; to conceal. [Obs.] Bentley.

Ab•scond´ence , n. Fugitive concealment; secret retirement; hiding. [R.] Phillips.

Ab•scond´er , n. One who absconds.

Ab´sence , n. [F., fr. L. absentia. See Absent.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn from a place or from companionship; — opposed to presence. “Not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence.
Phil. ii. 12.” 2. Want; destitution; withdrawal. ´In the absence of conventional law.´ Kent. 3. Inattention to things present; abstraction (of mind); as absence of mind. ´Reflecting on the little absences and distractions of mankind.´ Addison. “To conquer that abstraction which is called absence.
Landor.”

Ab´sent , a. [F., fr. absens, absentis, p. pr. of abesse to be away from; ab + esse to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. Being away from a place; withdrawn from a place; not present. ´Expecting absent friends.´ Shak. 2. Not existing; lacking; as the part was rudimental or absent. 3. Inattentive to what is passing; absent-minded; preoccupied; as an absent air. “What is commonly called an absent man is commonly either a very weak or a very affected man.
Chesterfield.” Syn. — Absent, Abstracted. These words both imply a want of attention to surrounding objects. We speak of a man as absent when his thoughts wander unconsciously from present scenes or topics of discourse; we speak of him as abstracted when his mind (usually for a brief period) is drawn off from present things by some weighty matter for reflection. Absence of mind is usually the result of loose habits of thought; abstraction commonly arises either from engrossing interests and cares, or from unfortunate habits of association.

Ab•sent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absented; p. pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] [Cf. F. absenter.] 1. To take or withdraw (one’s self) to such a distance as to prevent intercourse; — used with the reflexive pronoun. “If after due summons any member absents himself, he is to be fined.
Addison.” 2. To withhold from being present. [Obs.] ´Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more.´ Milton.

Ab•sen•ta´ne•ous , a. [LL. absentaneus. See absent] Pertaining to absence. [Obs.]

Ab•sen•ta´tion , n. The act of absenting one’s self. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ab•sen•tee´ , n. One who absents himself from his country, office, post, or duty; especially, a landholder who lives in another country or district than that where his estate is situated; as an Irish absentee. Macaulay.

Ab•sen•tee´ism , n. The state or practice of an absentee; esp. the practice of absenting one’s self from the country or district where one’s estate is situated.

Ab•sent´er , n. One who absents one’s self.

Ab´sent•ly , adv. In an absent or abstracted manner.

Ab•sent´ment (ab•sent´ment), n. The state of being absent; withdrawal. [R.] Barrow.

Ab•sent-mind´ed, a. Absent in mind; abstracted; preoccupied. — Ab•sent-mind´ed•ness, n. — Ab•sent-mind´ed•ly, adv.

Ab´sent•ness , n. The quality of being absent-minded. H. Miller.

Ab´sey-book, n. An A-B-C book; a primer. [Obs.] Shak. { Ab´sinth• , Ab´sinthe• } , n. [F. absinthe. See Absinthium.] 1. The plant absinthium or common wormwood. 2. A strong spirituous liqueur made from wormwood and brandy or alcohol.

Ab´sin´thate , n. (Chem.) A combination of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical.

Ab•sin´thi•al , a. Of or pertaining to wormwood; absinthian.

Ab•sin´thi•an , n. Of the nature of wormwood. ´Absinthian bitterness.´ T. Randolph.

Ab´sin´thi•ate , v. t. [From L. absinthium: cf. L. absinthiatus, a.] To impregnate with wormwood.

Ab•sin´thi•a•ted , a. Impregnated with wormwood; as absinthiated wine.

Ab•sin´thic , a. (Chem.) Relating to the common wormwood or to an acid obtained from it.

Ab•sin´thin , n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Watts.

Ab´sin•thism , n. The condition of being poisoned by the excessive use of absinth.

Ab•sin´thi•um , n. [L., from Gr. .] (Bot.) The common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), an intensely bitter plant, used as a tonic and for making the oil of wormwood.

Ab´sis , n. See Apsis.

Ab•sist´ , v. i. [L. absistere, p. pr. absistens; ab + sistere to stand, causal of stare.] To stand apart from; top leave off; to desist. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Ab•sist´ence , n. A standing aloof. [Obs.]

Ab´so•lute , a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere: cf. F. absolu. See Absolve.] 1. Loosed from any limitation or condition; uncontrolled; unrestricted; unconditional; as absolute authority, monarchy, sovereignty, an absolute promise or command; absolute power; an absolute monarch. 2. Complete in itself; perfect; consummate; faultless; as absolute perfection; absolute beauty. “So absolute she seems,
And in herself complete.
Milton.” 3. Viewed apart from modifying influences or without comparison with other objects; actual; real; — opposed to relative and comparative; as absolute motion; absolute time or space. Absolute rights and duties are such as pertain to man in a state of nature as contradistinguished from relative rights and duties, or such as pertain to him in his social relations. 4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any other being; self-existent; self-sufficing. In this sense God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also applied by the Pantheist to the universe, or the total of all existence, as only capable of relations in its parts to each other and to the whole, and as dependent for its existence and its phenomena on its mutually depending forces and their laws. 5. Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone; unconditioned; non-relative. It is in dispute among philosopher whether the term, in this sense, is not applied to a mere logical fiction or abstraction, or whether the absolute, as thus defined, can be known, as a reality, by the human intellect. “To Cusa we can indeed articulately trace, word and thing, the recent philosophy of the absolute.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 6. Positive; clear; certain; not doubtful. [R.] “I am absolute ’t was very Cloten.
Shak.” 7. Authoritative; peremptory. [R.] “The peddler stopped, and tapped her on the head,
With absolute forefinger, brown and ringed.
Mrs. Browning.” 8. (Chem.) Pure; unmixed; as absolute alcohol. 9. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government; as the case absolute. See Ablative absolute, under Ablative. Absolute curvature (Geom.), that curvature of a curve of double curvature, which is measured in the osculating plane of the curve. — Absolute equation (Astron.), the sum of the optic and eccentric equations. — Absolute space (Physics), space considered without relation to material limits or objects. — Absolute terms. (Alg.), such as are known, or which do not contain the unknown quantity. Davies & Peck. — Absolute temperature (Physics), the temperature as measured on a scale determined by certain general thermo-dynamic principles, and reckoned from the absolute zero. — Absolute zero (Physics), the be ginning, or zero point, in the scale of absolute temperature. It is equivalent to -273° centigrade or - 459.4° Fahrenheit. Syn. — Positive; peremptory; certain; unconditional; unlimited; unrestricted; unqualified; arbitrary; despotic; autocratic.

Ab´so•lute , n. (Geom.) In a plane, the two imaginary circular points at infinity; in space of three dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity.

Ab´so•lute•ly, adv. In an absolute, independent, or unconditional manner; wholly; positively.

Ab´so•lute•ness, n. The quality of being absolute; independence of everything extraneous; unlimitedness; absolute power; independent reality; positiveness.

Ab•so•lu´tion , n. [F. absolution, L. absolutio, fr. absolvere to absolve. See Absolve.] 1. An absolving, or setting free from guilt, sin, or penalty; forgiveness of an offense. ´Government … granting absolution to the nation.´ Froude. 2. (Civil Law) An acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring and accused person innocent. [Obs.] 3. (R. C. Ch.) The exercise of priestly jurisdiction in the sacrament of penance, by which Catholics believe the sins of the truly penitent are forgiven. In the English and other Protestant churches, this act regarded as simply declaratory, not as imparting forgiveness. 4. (Eccl.) An absolving from ecclesiastical penalties, — for example, excommunication. P. Cyc. 5. The form of words by which a penitent is absolved. Shipley. 6. Delivery, in speech. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Absolution day (R. C. Ch.), Tuesday before Easter.

Ab´so•lu•tism , n. 1. The state of being absolute; the system or doctrine of the absolute; the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government; despotism. “The element of absolutism and prelacy was controlling.
Palfrey.” 2. (Theol.) Doctrine of absolute decrees. Ash.

Ab´so•lu•tist , n. 1. One who is in favor of an absolute or autocratic government. 2. (Metaph.) One who believes that it is possible to realize a cognition or concept of the absolute. Sir. W. Hamilton.

Ab´so•lu•tist, a. Of or pertaining to absolutism; arbitrary; despotic; as absolutist principles.

Ab•so•lu•tis´tic , a. Pertaining to absolutism; absolutist.

Ab•sol´u•to•ry , a. [L. absolutorius, fr. absolvere to absolve.] Serving to absolve; absolving. ´An absolutory sentence.´ Ayliffe.

Ab•solv´a•ble , a. That may be absolved.

Ab•solv´a•to•ry , a. Conferring absolution; absolutory.

Ab•solve´ (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absolved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absolving.] [L. absolvere to set free, to absolve; ab + solvere to loose. See Assoil, Solve.] 1. To set free, or release, as from some obligation, debt, or responsibility, or from the consequences of guilt or such ties as it would be sin or guilt to violate; to pronounce free; as to absolve a subject from his allegiance; to absolve an offender, which amounts to an acquittal and remission of his punishment. “Halifax was absolved by a majority of fourteen.
Macaulay.” 2. To free from a penalty; to pardon; to remit (a sin); — said of the sin or guilt. “In his name I absolve your perjury.
Gibbon.” 3. To finish; to accomplish. [Obs.] “The work begun, how soon absolved.
Milton.” 4. To resolve or explain. [Obs.] ´We shall not absolve the doubt.´ Sir T. Browne. Syn. — To Absolve, Exonerate, Acquit. We speak of a man as absolved from something that binds his conscience, or involves the charge of wrongdoing; as to absolve from allegiance or from the obligation of an oath, or a promise. We speak of a person as exonerated, when he is released from some burden which had rested upon him; as to exonerate from suspicion, to exonerate from blame or odium. It implies a purely moral acquittal. We speak of a person as acquitted, when a decision has been made in his favor with reference to a specific charge, either by a jury or by disinterested persons; as he was acquitted of all participation in the crime.

Ab•solv´ent , a. [L. absolvens, p. pr. of absolvere.] Absolving. [R.] Carlyle.

Ab•solv´ent, n. An absolver. [R.] Hobbes.

Ab•solv´er , n. One who absolves. Macaulay.

Ab´so•nant , a. [L. ab + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Discordant; contrary; — opposed to consonant. ´Absonant to nature.´ Quarles.

Ab´so•nous , a. [L. absonus; ab + sonus sound.] Discordant; inharmonious; incongruous. [Obs.] ´Absonous to our reason.´ Glanvill.

Ab•sorb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absorbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing.] [L. absorbere; ab + sorbere to suck in, akin to Gr. : cf. F. absorber.] 1. To swallow up; to engulf; to overwhelm; to cause to disappear as if by swallowing up; to use up; to include. ´Dark oblivion soon absorbs them all.´ Cowper. “The large cities absorb the wealth and fashion.
W. Irving.” 2. To suck up; to drink in; to imbibe; as a sponge or as the lacteals of the body. Bacon. 3. To engross or engage wholly; to occupy fully; as absorbed in study or the pursuit of wealth. 4. To take up by cohesive, chemical, or any molecular action, as when charcoal absorbs gases. So heat, light, and electricity are absorbed or taken up in the substances into which they pass. Nichol. p. 8 Syn. — To Absorb, Engross, Swallow up, Engulf. These words agree in one general idea, that of completely taking up. They are chiefly used in a figurative sense and may be distinguished by a reference to their etymology. We speak of a person as absorbed (lit., drawn in, swallowed up) in study or some other employment of the highest interest. We speak of a person as ebgrossed (lit., seized upon in the gross, or wholly) by something which occupies his whole time and thoughts, as the acquisition of wealth, or the attainment of honor. We speak of a person (under a stronger image) as swallowed up and lost in that which completely occupies his thoughts and feelings, as in grief at the death of a friend, or in the multiplied cares of life. We speak of a person as engulfed in that which (like a gulf) takes in all his hopes and interests; as engulfed in misery, ruin, etc. “That grave question which had begun to absorb the Christian mind — the marriage of the clergy.
Milman.” “Too long hath love engrossed Britannia’s stage,
And sunk to softness all our tragic rage.
Tickell.” “Should not the sad occasion swallow up
My other cares?
Addison.” “And in destruction’s river
Engulf and swallow those.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Ab•sorb•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being absorbable. Graham (Chemistry).

Ab•sorb´a•ble, a. [Cf. F. absorbable.] Capable of being absorbed or swallowed up. Kerr.

Ab•sorb´ed•ly, adv. In a manner as if wholly engrossed or engaged.

Ab•sorb´en•cy , n. Absorptiveness.

Ab•sorb´ent , a. [L. absorbens, p. pr. of absorbere.] Absorbing; swallowing; absorptive. Absorbent ground (Paint.), a ground prepared for a picture, chiefly with distemper, or water colors, by which the oil is absorbed, and a brilliancy is imparted to the colors.

Ab•sorb´ent, n. 1. Anything which absorbs. “The ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat.
Darwin.” 2. (Med.) Any substance which absorbs and neutralizes acid fluid in the stomach and bowels, as magnesia, chalk, etc.; also a substance e. g., iodine) which acts on the absorbent vessels so as to reduce enlarged and indurated parts. 3. pl. (Physiol.) The vessels by which the processes of absorption are carried on, as the lymphatics in animals, the extremities of the roots in plants.

Ab•sorb´er , n. One who, or that which, absorbs.

Ab•sorb´ing, a. Swallowing, engrossing; as an absorbing pursuit. — Ab•sorb´ing, adv.

Ab•sor•bi´tion , n. Absorption. [Obs.]

Ab•sorpt , a. [L. absorptus, p. p.] Absorbed. [Arcahic.] ´Absorpt in care.´ Pope.

Ab•sorp´tion , n. [L. absorptio, fr. absorbere. See Absorb.] 1. The act or process of absorbing or sucking in anything, or of being absorbed and made to disappear; as the absorption of bodies in a whirlpool, the absorption of a smaller tribe into a larger. 2. (Chem. & Physics) An imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action; as the absorption of light, heat, electricity, etc. 3. (Physiol.) In living organisms, the process by which the materials of growth and nutrition are absorbed and conveyed to the tissues and organs. 4. Entire engrossment or occupation of the mind; as absorption in some employment.

Ab•sorp´tive , a. Having power, capacity, or tendency to absorb or imbibe. E. Darwin.

Ab•sorp´tive•ness, n. The quality of being absorptive; absorptive power.

Ab•sorp•tiv´i•ty , n. Absorptiveness.

Ab•squat´u•late , v. i. To take one’s self off; to decamp. [A jocular word. U. S.]

Abs´que hoc . [L., without this.] (Law) The technical words of denial used in traversing what has been alleged, and is repeated.

Ab•stain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abstained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstaining.] [OE. absteynen, abstenen, OF. astenir, abstenir, F. abstenir, fr. L. abstinere, abstentum, v. t. & v. i., to keep from; ab, abs + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] To hold one’s self aloof; to forbear or refrain voluntarily, and especially from an indulgence of the passions or appetites; — with from. “Not a few abstained from voting.
Macaulay.” “Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?
Shak.” Syn. — To refrain; forbear; withhold; deny one’s self; give up; relinquish.

Ab•stain´, v. t. To hinder; to withhold. “Whether he abstain men from marrying.
Milton.”

Ab•stain´er , n. One who abstains; esp., one who abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors.

Ab•ste´mi•ous , a. [L. abstemius; ab, abs + root of temetum intoxicating drink.] 1. Abstaining from wine. [Orig. Latin sense.] “Under his special eye
Abstemious I grew up and thrived amain.
Milton.” 2. Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks; temperate; abstinent; sparing in the indulgence of the appetite or passions. “Instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemious.
Arbuthnot.” 3. Sparingly used; used with temperance or moderation; as an abstemious diet. Gibbon. 4. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence; as an abstemious life. ´One abstemious day.´ Pope. 5. Promotive of abstemiousness. [R.] “Such is the virtue of the abstemious well.
Dryden.”

Ab•ste´mi•ous•ness, n. The quality of being abstemious, temperate, or sparing in the use of food and strong drinks. It expresses a greater degree of abstinence than temperance.

Ab•sten´tion , a. [F. See Abstain.] The act of abstaining; a holding aloof. Jer. Taylor.

Ab•sten´tious , a. Characterized by abstinence; self-restraining. Farrar.

Ab•sterge , v. t. [L. abstergere, abstersum; ab, abs + tergere to wipe. Cf. F absterger.] To make clean by wiping; to wipe away; to cleanse; hence, to purge. [R.] Quincy.

Ab•ster´gent , a. [L. abstergens, p. pr. of abstergere.] Serving to cleanse, detergent.

Ab•ster´gent, n. A substance used in cleansing; a detergent; as soap is an abstergent.

Ab•sterse´ , v. t. To absterge; to cleanse; to purge away. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab•ster´sion , n. [F. abstersion. See Absterge.] Act of wiping clean; a cleansing; a purging. “The task of ablution and abstersion being performed.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ab•ster´sive , a. [Cf. F. abstersif. See Absterge.] Cleansing; purging. Bacon.

Ab•ster´sive, n. Something cleansing. “The strong abstersive of some heroic magistrate.
Milton.”

Ab•ster´sive•ness, n. The quality of being abstersive. Fuller.

Ab´sti•nence , n. [F. abstinence, L. abstinentia, fr. abstinere. See Abstain.] 1. The act or practice of abstaining; voluntary forbearance of any action, especially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or from customary gratifications of animal or sensual propensities. Specifically, the practice of abstaining from intoxicating beverages, — called also total abstinence. “The abstinence from a present pleasure that offers itself is a pain, nay, oftentimes, a very great one.
Locke.” 2. The practice of self-denial by depriving one’s self of certain kinds of food or drink, especially of meat. “Penance, fasts, and abstinence,
To punish bodies for the soul’s offense.
Dryden.”

Ab´sti•nen•cy , n. Abstinence. [R.]

Ab´sti•nent , a. [F. abstinent, L. abstinens, p. pr. of abstinere. See Abstain.] Refraining from indulgence, especially from the indulgence of appetite; abstemious; continent; temperate. Beau. & Fl.

Ab´sti•nent, n. 1. One who abstains. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect who appeared in France and Spain in the 3d century.

Ab´sti•nent•ly, adv. With abstinence.

Ab•stort´ed , a. [As if fr. abstort, fr. L. ab, abs + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist.] Wrested away. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab´stract (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw. See Trace.] 1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.] “The more abstract … we are from the body.
Norris.” 2. Considered apart from any application to a particular object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only; as abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal; abstruse; difficult. 3. (Logic) (a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed apart from the other properties which constitute it; — opposed to concrete; as honesty is an abstract word. J. S. Mill. (b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction; general as opposed to particular; as ´reptile´ is an abstract or general name. Locke. “A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression ´abstract name´ to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.
J. S. Mill.” 4. Abstracted; absent in mind. ´Abstract, as in a trance.´ Milton. An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a complex object, or from other ideas which naturally accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated apart from its color or figure. — Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a combination of similar qualities. — Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as 6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete. — Abstract or Pure mathematics. See Mathematics.

Ab•stract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.] 1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away. “He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as his was wholly abstracted by other objects. “The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
Blackw. Mag.” 3. To separate, as ideas by the operation of the mind; to consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a quality or attribute. Whately. 4. To epitomize; to abridge. Franklin. 5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as to abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till. “Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.
W. Black.” 6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts of a substance, by distillation or other chemical processes. In this sense extract is now more generally used.

Ab•stract´, v. t. To perform the process of abstraction. [R.] “I own myself able to abstract in one sense.
Berkeley.”

Ab´stract , n. [See Abstract, a.] 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief. “An abstract of every treatise he had read.
Watts.” “Man, the abstract
Of all perfection, which the workmanship
Of Heaven hath modeled.
Ford.” 2. A state of separation from other things; as to consider a subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated things. 3. An abstract term. “The concretes ´father´ and ´son´ have, or might have, the abstracts ´paternity´ and ´filiety.´
J. S. Mill.” 4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion that one part of the abstract represents two parts of the original substance. Abstract of title (Law), an epitome of the evidences of ownership. Syn. — Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See Abridgment.

Ab•stract´ed , a. 1. Separated or disconnected; withdrawn; removed; apart. “The evil abstracted stood from his own evil.
Milton.” 2. Separated from matter; abstract; ideal. [Obs.] 3. Abstract; abstruse; difficult. [Obs.] Johnson. 4. Inattentive to surrounding objects; absent in mind. ´An abstracted scholar.´ Johnson.

Ab•stract´ed•ly, adv. In an abstracted manner; separately; with absence of mind.

Ab•stract´ed•ness, n. The state of being abstracted; abstract character.

Ab•stract´er , n. One who abstracts, or makes an abstract.

Ab•strac´tion , n. [Cf. F. abstraction. See Abstract, a.] 1. The act of abstracting, separating, or withdrawing, or the state of being withdrawn; withdrawal. “A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of the community.
J. S. Mill.” 2. (Metaph.) The act process of leaving out of consideration one or more properties of a complex object so as to attend to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any particular objects. Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which things are arranged in genera and species. We separate in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of the same kind, from others which are different, in each, and arrange the objects having the same properties in a class, or collected body. “Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the negative of attention.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical nature; as to fight for mere abstractions. 4. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; as a hermit’s abstraction. 5. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects. 6. The taking surreptitiously for one’s own use part of the property of another; purloining. [Modern] 7. (Chem.) A separation of volatile parts by the act of distillation. Nicholson.

Ab•strac´tion•al , a. Pertaining to abstraction.

Ab•strac´tion•ist, n. An idealist. Emerson.

Ab•strac•ti´tious , a. Obtained from plants by distillation. [Obs.] Crabb.

Ab•strac´tive , a. [Cf. F. abstractif.] Having the power of abstracting; of an abstracting nature. ´The abstractive faculty.´ I. Taylor.

Ab•strac´tive•ly, adv. In a abstract manner; separately; in or by itself. Feltham.

Ab•strac´tive•ness, n. The quality of being abstractive; abstractive property.

Ab´stract•ly (#; 277), adv. In an abstract state or manner; separately; absolutely; by itself; as matter abstractly considered.

Ab´stract•ness, n. The quality of being abstract. ´The abstractness of the ideas.´ Locke.

Ab•stringe´ , v. t. [L ab + stringere, strictum, to press together.] To unbind. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab•strude´ , v. t. [L. abstrudere. See Abstruse.] To thrust away. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ab•struse´ , a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere to thrust away, conceal; ab, abs + trudere to thrust; cf. F. abstrus. See Threat.] 1. Concealed or hidden out of the way. [Obs.] “The eternal eye whose sight discerns
Abstrusest thoughts.
Milton.” 2. Remote from apprehension; difficult to be comprehended or understood; recondite; as abstruse learning. “Profound and abstruse topics.
Milman.”

Ab•struse´ly, adv. In an abstruse manner.

Ab•struse´ness, n. The quality of being abstruse; difficulty of apprehension. Boyle.

Ab•stru´sion , n. [L. abstrusio. See Abstruse.] The act of thrusting away. [R.] Ogilvie.

Ab•stru´si•ty (ab•stru´si•ty), n. Abstruseness; that which is abstruse. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab•sume´ (ab•sum´), v. t. [L. absumere, absumptum; ab + sumere to take.] To consume gradually; to waste away. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ab•sump´tion (ab•sump´shun; 215), n. [L. absumptio. See Absume.] Act of wasting away; a consuming; extinction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab•surd´ (ab•sûrd´), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding; ab + (prob) a derivative fr. a root svar to sound; not connected with surd: cf. F. absurde. See Syringe.] Contrary to reason or propriety; obviously and flatly opposed to manifest truth; inconsistent with the plain dictates of common sense; logically contradictory; nonsensical; ridiculous; as an absurd person, an absurd opinion; an absurd dream. “This proffer is absurd and reasonless.
Shak.” “’This phrase absurd to call a villain great.
Pope. p. 9” Syn. — Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous; inconsistent; incongruous. — Absurd, Irrational, Foolish, Preposterous. Of these terms, irrational is the weakest, denoting that which is plainly inconsistent with the dictates of sound reason; as an irrational course of life. Foolish rises higher, and implies either a perversion of that faculty, or an absolute weakness or fatuity of mind; as foolish enterprises. Absurd rises still higher, denoting that which is plainly opposed to received notions of propriety and truth; as an absurd man, project, opinion, story, argument, etc. Preposterous rises still higher, and supposes an absolute inversion in the order of things; or, in plain terms, a ´putting of the cart before the horse;´ as a preposterous suggestion, preposterous conduct, a preposterous regulation or law.

Ab•surd´ (ab•sûrd´), n. An absurdity. [Obs.] Pope.

Ab•surd´i•ty (-i•ty), n.; pl. Absurdities (-tiz). [L. absurditas: cf. F. absurdite.] 1. The quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. ´The absurdity of the actual idea of an infinite number.´ Locke. 2. That which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction. “His travels were full of absurdities.
Johnson.”

Ab•surd´ly, adv. In an absurd manner.

Ab•surd´ness, n. Absurdity. [R.]

A•bu´na (a•boo´na), n. [Eth. and Ar., our father.] The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church.

A•bun´dance (a•bun´dans), n. [OE. (h)abundaunce, abundance, F. abondance, L. abundantia, fr. abundare. See Abound.] An overflowing fullness; ample sufficiency; great plenty; profusion; copious supply; superfluity; wealth: — strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes used of number. “It is lamentable to remember what abundance of noble blood hath been shed with small benefit to the Christian state.
Raleigh.” Syn. — Exuberance; plenteousness; plenty; copiousness; overflow; riches; affluence; wealth. — Abundance, Plenty, Exuberance. These words rise upon each other in expressing the idea of fullness. Plenty denotes a sufficiency to supply every want; as plenty of food, plenty of money, etc. Abundance express more, and gives the idea of superfluity or excess; as abundance of riches, an abundance of wit and humor; often, however, it only denotes plenty in a high degree. Exuberance rises still higher, and implies a bursting forth on every side, producing great superfluity or redundance; as an exuberance of mirth, an exuberance of animal spirits, etc.

A•bun´dant , a. [OE. (h)abundant, aboundant, F. abondant, fr. L. abudans, p. pr. of abundare. See Abound.] Fully sufficient; plentiful; in copious supply; — followed by in, rarely by with. ´Abundant in goodness and truth.´ Exod. xxxiv. 6. Abundant number (Math.), a number, the sum of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, the aliquot parts of 12, make the number 16. This is opposed to a deficient number, as 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the sum of which is 10; and to a perfect number, which is equal to the sum of its aliquot parts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2., 3. Syn. — Ample; plentiful; copious; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; rich; teeming; profuse; bountiful; liberal. See Ample.

A•bun´dant•ly, adv. In a sufficient degree; fully; amply; plentifully; in large measure.

A•burst´ , adv. [Pref. a- + burst.] In a bursting condition.

A•bus´a•ble , a. That may be abused.

A•bus´age , n. Abuse. [Obs.] Whately (1634).

A•buse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abused ; p. pr. & vb. n. Abusing.] [F. abuser; L. abusus, p. p. of abuti to abuse, misuse; ab + uti to use. See Use.] 1. To put to a wrong use; to misapply; to misuse; to put to a bad use; to use for a wrong purpose or end; to pervert; as to abuse inherited gold; to make an excessive use of; as to abuse one’s authority. “This principle (if one may so abuse the word) shoots rapidly into popularity.
Froude.” 2. To use ill; to maltreat; to act injuriously to; to punish or to tax excessively; to hurt; as to abuse prisoners, to abuse one’s powers, one’s patience. 3. To revile; to reproach coarsely; to disparage. “The … tellers of news abused the general.
Macaulay.” 4. To dishonor. ´Shall flight abuse your name?´ Shak. 5. To violate; to ravish. Spenser. 6. To deceive; to impose on. [Obs.] “Their eyes red and staring, cozened with a moist cloud, and abused by a double object.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To maltreat; injure; revile; reproach; vilify; vituperate; asperse; traduce; malign.

A•buse´ , n. [F. abus, L. abusus, fr. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] 1. Improper treatment or use; application to a wrong or bad purpose; misuse; as an abuse of our natural powers; an abuse of civil rights, or of privileges or advantages; an abuse of language. “Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty, as well as by the abuses of power.
Madison.” 2. Physical ill treatment; injury. ´Rejoice … at the abuse of Falstaff.´ Shak. 3. A corrupt practice or custom; offense; crime; fault; as the abuses in the civil service. “Abuse after disappeared without a struggle..
Macaulay.” 4. Vituperative words; coarse, insulting speech; abusive language; virulent condemnation; reviling. “The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of abuse, came to blows.
Macaulay.” 5. Violation; rape; as abuse of a female child. [Obs.] “Or is it some abuse, and no such thing?
Shak.” Abuse of distress (Law), a wrongful using of an animal or chattel distrained, by the distrainer. Syn. — Invective; contumely; reproach; scurrility; insult; opprobrium. — Abuse, Invective. Abuse is generally prompted by anger, and vented in harsh and unseemly words. It is more personal and coarse than invective. Abuse generally takes place in private quarrels; invective in writing or public discussions. Invective may be conveyed in refined language and dictated by indignation against what is blameworthy. C. J. Smith.

A•buse´ful , a. Full of abuse; abusive. [R.] ´Abuseful names.´ Bp. Barlow.

A•bus´er , n. One who abuses [in the various senses of the verb].

A•bu´sion , n. [OE. abusion, abusioun, OF. abusion, fr. L. abusio misuse of words, f. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] Evil or corrupt usage; abuse; wrong; reproach; deception; cheat. Chaucer.

A•bu´sive , a. [Cf. F. abusif, fr. L. abusivus.] 1. Wrongly used; perverted; misapplied. “I am … necessitated to use the word Parliament improperly, according to the abusive acceptation thereof.
Fuller.” 2. Given to misusing; also full of abuses. [Archaic] ´The abusive prerogatives of his see.´ Hallam. 3. Practicing abuse; prone to ill treat by coarse, insulting words or by other ill usage; as an abusive author; an abusive fellow. 4. Containing abuse, or serving as the instrument of abuse; vituperative; reproachful; scurrilous. ´An abusive lampoon.´ Johnson. 5. Tending to deceive; fraudulent; cheating. [Obs.] ´An abusive treaty.´ Bacon. Syn. — Reproachful; scurrilous; opprobrious; insolent; insulting; injurious; offensive; reviling.

A•bu´sive•ly, adv. In an abusive manner; rudely; with abusive language.

A•bu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being abusive; rudeness of language, or violence to the person. “Pick out mirth, like stones out of thy ground,
Profaneness, filthiness, abusiveness.
Herbert.”

A•but´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abutting.] [OF. abouter, aboter; cf. F. aboutir, and also abuter; a (L. ad) + OF. boter, buter, to push: cf. F. bout end, and but end, purpose.] To project; to terminate or border; to be contiguous; to meet; — with on, upon, or against; as his land abuts on the road.

A•bu´ti•lon , n. [Ar. aubutilun.] (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants of many species, found in the torrid and temperate zones of both continents; — called also Indian mallow.

A•but´ment (a•but´ment), n. 1. State of abutting. 2. That on or against which a body abuts or presses; as (a) (Arch.) The solid part of a pier or wall, etc., which receives the thrust or lateral pressure of an arch, vault, or strut. Gwilt. (b) (Mech.) A fixed point or surface from which resistance or reaction is obtained, as the cylinder head of a steam engine, the fulcrum of a lever, etc. (c) In breech-loading firearms, the block behind the barrel which receives the pressure due to recoil.

A•but´tal , n. The butting or boundary of land, particularly at the end; a headland. Spelman.

A•but´ter , n. One who, or that which, abuts. Specifically, the owner of a contiguous estate; as the abutters on a street or a river.

A•buzz´ , a. [Pref. a- + buzz.] In a buzz; buzzing. [Colloq.] Dickens. { A•by´ , A•bye´ } , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Abought .] [AS. abycgan to pay for; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bycgan to buy. See Buy, and cf. Abide.] 1. To pay for; to suffer for; to atone for; to make amends for; to give satisfaction. [Obs.] “Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear.
Shak.” 2. To endure; to abide. [Obs.] “But nought that wanteth rest can long aby.
Spenser.”

A•bysm´ , n. [OF. abisme; F. abime, LL. abyssimus, a superl. of L. abyssus; Gr. . See Abyss.] An abyss; a gulf. ´The abysm of hell.´ Shak.

A•bys´mal , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss; bottomless; unending; profound. “Geology gives one the same abysmal extent of time that astronomy does of space.
Carlyle.”

A•bys´mal•ly, adv. To a fathomless depth; profoundly. ´Abysmally ignorant.´ G. Eliot.

A•byss´ , n. [L. abyssus a bottomless gulf, fr. Gr. bottomless; ’a priv. + depth, bottom.] 1. A bottomless or unfathomed depth, gulf, or chasm; hence, any deep, immeasurable, and, specifically, hell, or the bottomless pit. “Ye powers and spirits of this nethermost abyss.
Milton.” “The throne is darkness, in the abyss of light.
Dryden.” 2. Infinite time; a vast intellectual or moral depth. “The abysses of metaphysical theology.
Macaulay.” “In unfathomable abysses of disgrace.
Burke.” 3. (Her.) The center of an escutcheon. This word, in its leading uses, is associated with the cosmological notions of the Hebrews, having reference to a supposed illimitable mass of waters from which our earth sprung, and beneath whose profound depths the wicked were punished. Encyc. Brit.

A•byss´al , a. [Cf. Abysmal.] Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss; unfathomable. Abyssal zone (Phys. Geog.), one of the belts or zones into which Sir E. Forbes divides the bottom of the sea in describing its plants, animals, etc. It is the one furthest from the shore, embracing all beyond one hundred fathoms deep. Hence, abyssal animals, plants, etc.

Ab•ys•sin´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Abyssinia. Abyssinian gold, an alloy of 90.74 parts of copper and 8.33 parts of zink. Ure.

Ab•ys•sin´i•an, n. 1. A native of Abyssinia. 2. A member of the Abyssinian Church.

A•ca´ci•a , n. (Antiq.) A roll or bag, filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a memento of mortality. It is represented on medals.

A•ca´cia , n.; pl. E. Acacias , L. Acaciae . [L. from Gr. ; orig. the name of a thorny tree found in Egypt; prob. fr. the root ak to be sharp. See Acute.] 1. A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very few are found in temperate climates. 2. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of acacia; — called also gum acacia, and gum arabic.

Ac´a•cin , Ac´a•cine , n. Gum arabic.

Ac•a•deme´ , n. [L. academia. See Academy.] An academy. [Poetic] Shak.

Ac•a•de´mi•al , a. Academic. [R.]

Ac•a•de´mi•an , n. A member of an academy, university, or college. { Ac•a•dem´ic , Ac•a•dem´ic•al } a. [L. academicus: cf. F. academigue. See Academy.] 1. Belonging to the school or philosophy of Plato; as the Academic sect or philosophy. 2. Belonging to an academy or other higher institution of learning; scholarly; literary or classical, in distinction from scientific. ´Academic courses.´ Warburton. ´Academical study.´ Berkeley.

Ac•a•dem´ic, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of Socrates and Plato; a Platonist. Hume. 2. A member of an academy, college, or university; an academician.

Ac•a•dem•ic•al•ly, adv. In an academical manner.

Ac•a•dem´ic•als , n. pl. The articles of dress prescribed and worn at some colleges and universities.

Ac•a•de•mi´cian (#; 277), n. [F. academicien. See Academy.] 1. A member of an academy, or society for promoting science, art, or literature, as of the French Academy, or the Royal Academy of arts. 2. A collegian. [R.] Chesterfield.

Ac•a•dem´i•cism , n. 1. A tenet of the Academic philosophy. 2. A mannerism or mode peculiar to an academy.

A•cad´e•mism , n. The doctrines of the Academic philosophy. [Obs.] Baxter.

A•cad´e•mist , n. [F. academiste.] 1. An Academic philosopher. 2. An academician. [Obs.] Ray.

A•cad´e•my , n.; pl. Academies . [F. academie, L. academia. Cf. Academe.] 1. A garden or grove near Athens (so named from the hero Academus), where Plato and his followers held their philosophical conferences; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato was head. 2. An institution for the study of higher learning; a college or a university. Popularly, a school, or seminary of learning, holding a rank between a college and a common school. 3. A place of training; a school. ´Academies of fanaticism.´ Hume. 4. A society of learned men united for the advancement of the arts and sciences, and literature, or some particular art or science; as the French Academy; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; academies of literature and philology. 5. A school or place of training in which some special art is taught; as the military academy at West Point; a riding academy; the Academy of Music. Academy figure (Paint.), a drawing usually half life-size, in crayon or pencil, after a nude model.

A•ca´di•an , a. Of or pertaining to Acadie, or Nova Scotia. ´Acadian farmers.´ Longfellow. — n. A native of Acadie. Acadian epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the beginning of the American paleozoic time, and including the oldest American rocks known to be fossiliferous. See Geology. — Acadian owl (Zoöl.), a small North American owl (Nyctule Acadica); the saw-whet.

Ac´a•jou , n. [F. See Cashew.] (Bot.) (a) The cashew tree; also its fruit. See Cashew. (b) The mahogany tree; also its timber. { Ac´a•leph , Ac•a•le´phan } n.; pl. Acalephs , Acalephans . [See Acalephae.] (Zoöl.) One of the Acalephae.

Ac•a•le´phae , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , a nettle.] A group of Cœlenterata, including the Medusae or jellyfishes, and hydroids; — so called from the stinging power they possess. Sometimes called sea nettles.

Ac•ale´phoid , a. [Acaleph + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to or resembling the Acalephae or jellyfishes.

A•cal´y•cine , Ac•a•lys•i•nous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + calyx.] (Bot.) Without a calyx, or outer floral envelope.

A•canth´ , n. Same as Acanthus.

A•can´tha , n. [Gr. thorn, fr. point. See Acute.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle. 2. (Zoöl.) A spine or prickly fin. 3. (Anat.) The vertebral column; the spinous process of a vertebra. Dunglison.

Ac´an•tha´ceous , a. 1. Armed with prickles, as a plant. 2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the acanthus is the type.

A•can´thine , a. [L. acanthinus, Gr. , thorny, fr. . See Acanthus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant acanthus.

A•can•tho•car´pous , a. [Gr. thorn + fruit.] (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with spines.

A•can•tho•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a spine, thorn + head.] (Zoöl.) A group of intestinal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved spines.

A•can•tho•ceph´a•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Having a spiny head, as one of the Acanthocephala.

Ac•an•thoph´o•rous , a. [Gr. , fr. spine + to bear.] Spine-bearing. Gray.

A•can•tho•po´di•ous , a. [Gr. thorn + , , foot.] (Bot.) Having spinous petioles.

Ac•an•thop´ter•i , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. thorn + wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) A group of teleostean fishes having spiny fins. See Acanthopterygii.

Ac•an•thop´ter•ous , a. [Gr. spine + wing.] 1. (Zoöl.) Spiny- winged. 2. (Zoöl.) Acanthopterygious.

Ac•an•thop•ter•yg´i•an , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the order of fishes having spinose fins, as the perch. — n. A spiny-finned fish.

Ac•an•thop•ter•yg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. thorn + fin, dim. fr. wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes having some of the rays of the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins unarticulated and spinelike, as the perch.

Ac•an•thop•ter•yg´i•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Having fins in which the rays are hard and spinelike; spiny-finned.

A•can´thus , n.; pl. E. Acanthuses , L. Acanthi . [L., from Gr. . Cf. Acantha.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous prickly plants, found in the south of Europe, Asia Minor, and India; bear’s- breech. 2. (Arch.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus (Acanthus spinosus); — used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders.

A cap•pel´la . [It. See Chapel.] (Mus.) (a) In church or chapel style; — said of compositions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment; as a mass a capella, i. e., a mass purely vocal. (b) A time indication, equivalent to alla breve.

A•cap´su•lar , a. [Pref. a- not + capsular.] (Bot.) Having no capsule.

A•car´di•ac , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + heart.] Without a heart; as an acardiac fetus.

A•car´i•dan , n. [See Acarus.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of arachnids, including the mites and ticks.

Ac•a•ri´na , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a mite.] (Zoöl.) The group of Arachnida which includes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic, and cause diseases like the itch and mange.

Ac´a•rine , a. (Med.) Of or caused by acari or mites; as acarine diseases.

Ac´a•roid , a. [NL., acarus a mite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like or resembling a mite.

Ac•ar•pel´lous , a. [Pref. a- not + carpel.] (Bot.) Having no carpels.

A•car´pous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + fruit.] (Bot.) Not producing fruit; unfruitful.

Ac´a•rus , n.; pl. Acari . [NL., from Gr. the cheese mite, tick.] (Zoöl.) A genus including many species of small mites.

A•cat•a•lec´tic , a. [L. acatalecticus, Gr. , not defective at the end; ’a priv. + to cease.] (Pros.) Not defective; complete; as an acatalectic verse. — n. A verse which has the complete number of feet and syllables.

A•cat´a•lep•sy , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to seize, comprehend.] Incomprehensibility of things; the doctrine held by the ancient Skeptic philosophers, that human knowledge never amounts to certainty, but only to probability.

A•cat•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. .] Incapable of being comprehended; incomprehensible.

A•ca´ter , n. See Caterer. [Obs.]

A•cates´ , n. pl. See Cates. [Obs.]

A•cau´date , a. [Pref. a- not + caudate.] Tailless.

Ac•au•les´cent , a. [Pref. a- not + caulescent.] (Bot.) Having no stem or caulis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground. Gray.

A•cau´line , a. [Pref. a- not + cauline.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent. { A•cau´lose , A•cau´lous } a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + stalk or L. caulis stalk. See Cole.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent.

Ac•ca´di•an , a. [From the city Accad. See Gen. x. 10.] Pertaining to a race supposed to have lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest. — Ac•ca´di•an, n., Ac´cad , n. Sayce.

Ac•cede´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Acceding.] [L. accedere to approach, accede; ad + cedere to move, yield: cf. F. accedere. See Cede.] 1. To approach; to come forward; — opposed to recede. [Obs.] T. Gale. 2. To enter upon an office or dignity; to attain. “Edward IV., who had acceded to the throne in the year 1461.
T. Warton.” “If Frederick had acceded to the supreme power.
Morley.” 3. To become a party by associating one’s self with others; to give one’s adhesion. Hence, to agree or assent to a proposal or a view; as he acceded to my request. “The treaty of Hanover in 1725 … to which the Dutch afterwards acceded.
Chesterfield.” Syn. — To agree; assent; consent; comply; acquiesce; concur.

Ac•ced´ence , n. The act of acceding.

Ac•ced´er , n. One who accedes.

Ac•cel•er•an´do , a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually accelerating the movement.

Ac•cel´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accelerated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accelerating.] [L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerare; ad + celerare to hasten; celer quick. See Celerity.] 1. To cause to move faster; to quicken the motion of; to add to the speed of; — opposed to retard. 2. To quicken the natural or ordinary progression or process of; as to accelerate the growth of a plant, the increase of wealth, etc. 3. To hasten, as the occurence of an event; as to accelerate our departure. Accelerated motion (Mech.), motion with a continually increasing velocity. — Accelerating force, the force which causes accelerated motion. Nichol. Syn. — To hasten; expedite; quicken; dispatch; forward; advance; further.

Ac•cel•er•a´tion , n. [L. acceleratio: cf. F. acceleration.] The act of accelerating, or the state of being accelerated; increase of motion or action; as a falling body moves toward the earth with an acceleration of velocity; — opposed to retardation. “A period of social improvement, or of intellectual advancement, contains within itself a principle of acceleration.
I. Taylor.” (Astr. & Physics.) Acceleration of the moon, the increase of the moon’s mean motion in its orbit, in consequence of which its period of revolution is now shorter than in ancient times. - - Acceleration and retardation of the tides. See Priming of the tides, under Priming. — Diurnal acceleration of the fixed stars, the amount by which their apparent diurnal motion exceeds that of the sun, in consequence of which they daily come to the meridian of any place about three minutes fifty-six seconds of solar time earlier than on the day preceding. — Acceleration of the planets, the increasing velocity of their motion, in proceeding from the apogee to the perigee of their orbits.

Ac•cel´er•a•tive , a. Relating to acceleration; adding to velocity; quickening. Reid.

Ac•cel´er•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, accelerates. Also as an adj.; as accelerator nerves.

Ac•cel´er•a•to•ry , a. Accelerative.

Ac•cel´er•o•graph , n. [Accelerate + -graph.] (Mil.) An apparatus for studying the combustion of powder in guns, etc.

Ac•cel•er•om´e•ter , n. [Accelerate + -meter.] An apparatus for measuring the velocity imparted by gunpowder.

Ac•cend´ , v. t. [L. accendere, accensum, to kindle; ad + candere to kindle (only in compounds); rel. to candere to be white, to gleam. See Candle.] To set on fire; to kindle. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Ac•cend•i•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of being kindled, or of becoming inflamed; inflammability.

Ac•cend´i•ble , a. Capable of being inflamed or kindled; combustible; inflammable. Ure.

Ac•cen´sion , n. The act of kindling or the state of being kindled; ignition. Locke.

Ac•cen´sor , n. [LL., from p. p. accensus. See Accend.] (R. C. Ch.) One of the functionaries who light and trim the tapers.

Ac´cent , n. [F. accent, L. accentus; ad + cantus a singing, canere to sing. See Cant.] 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon some particular syllable of a word or a phrase, distinguishing it from the others. Many English words have two accents, the primary and the secondary; the primary being uttered with a greater stress of voice than the secondary; as in as′pira\’b6tion, where the chief stress is on the third syllable, and a slighter stress on the first. Some words, as an′tiap′o-plec\’b6tic, in- com′pre-hen′si-bil\’b6i-ty, have two secondary accents. See Guide to Pron., t=t= 30-46. 2. A mark or character used in writing, and serving to regulate the pronunciation; esp.: (a) a mark to indicate the nature and place of the spoken accent; (b) a mark to indicate the quality of sound of the vowel marked; as the French accents. In the ancient Greek the acute accent (′) meant a raised tone or pitch, the grave (•), the level tone or simply the negation of accent, the circumflex ( ~ or ^) a tone raised and then depressed. In works on elocution, the first is often used to denote the rising inflection of the voice; the second, the falling inflection; and the third (^), the compound or waving inflection. In dictionaries, spelling books, and the like, the acute accent is used to designate the syllable which receives the chief stress of voice. 3. Modulation of the voice in speaking; manner of speaking or pronouncing; peculiar or characteristic modification of the voice; tone; as a foreign accent; a French or a German accent. ´Beguiled you in a plain accent.´ Shak. ´A perfect accent.´ Thackeray. “The tender accent of a woman’s cry.
Prior.” 4. A word; a significant tone; (pl.) expressions in general; speech. “Winds! on your wings to Heaven her accents bear,
Such words as Heaven alone is fit to hear.
Dryden.” 5. (Pros.) Stress laid on certain syllables of a verse. 6. (Mus.) (a) A regularly recurring stress upon the tone to mark the beginning, and, more feebly, the third part of the measure. (b) A special emphasis of a tone, even in the weaker part of the measure. (c) The rhythmical accent, which marks phrases and sections of a period. (d) The expressive emphasis and shading of a passage. J. S. Dwight. 7. (Math.) (a) A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a similar kind expressed by the same letter, but differing in value, as y′, y″. (b) (Trigon.) A mark at the right hand of a number, indicating minutes of a degree, seconds, etc.; as 12′27″, i. e., twelve minutes twenty seven seconds. (c) (Engin.) A mark used to denote feet and inches; as 6′ 10″ is six feet ten inches.

Ac•cent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accented; p. pr. & vb. n. Accenting.] [OF. accenter, F. accentuer.] 1. To express the accent of (either by the voice or by a mark); to utter or to mark with accent. 2. To mark emphatically; to emphasize.

Ac´cent•less , a. Without accent.

Ac•cen´tor , n. [L. ad. + cantor singer, canere to sing.] 1. (Mus.) One who sings the leading part; the director or leader. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of European birds (so named from their sweet notes), including the hedge warbler. In America sometimes applied to the water thrushes.

Ac•cen´tu•a•ble , a. Capable of being accented.

Ac•cen´tu•al , a. Of or pertaining to accent; characterized or formed by accent.

Ac•cen•tu•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being accentual.

Ac•cen´tu•al•ly , adv. In an accentual manner; in accordance with accent.

Ac•cen´tu•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accentuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accentuating.] [LL. accentuatus, p. p. of accentuare, fr. L. accentus: cf. F. accentuer.] 1. To pronounce with an accent or with accents. 2. To bring out distinctly; to make prominent; to emphasize. “In Bosnia, the struggle between East and West was even more accentuated.
London Times.” 3. To mark with the written accent.

Ac•cen•tu•a´tion , n. [LL. accentuatio: cf. F. accentuation.] Act of accentuating; applications of accent. Specifically (Eccles. Mus.), pitch or modulation of the voice in reciting portions of the liturgy.

Ac•cept´ (ak•sept´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accepting.] [F. accepter, L. acceptare, freq. of accipere; ad + capere to take; akin to E. heave.] 1. To receive with a consenting mind (something offered); as to accept a gift; — often followed by of. “If you accept them, then their worth is great.
Shak.” “To accept of ransom for my son.
Milton.” “She accepted of a treat.
Addison.” 2. To receive with favor; to approve. “The Lord accept thy burnt sacrifice.
Ps. xx. 3.” “Peradventure he will accept of me.
Gen. xxxii. 20.” 3. To receive or admit and agree to; to assent to; as I accept your proposal, amendment, or excuse. 4. To take by the mind; to understand; as How are these words to be accepted? 5. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to pay; as to accept a bill of exchange. Bouvier. 6. In a deliberate body, to receive in acquittance of a duty imposed; as to accept the report of a committee. [This makes it the property of the body, and the question is then on its adoption.] To accept a bill (Law), to agree (on the part of the drawee) to pay it when due. — To accept service (Law), to agree that a writ or process shall be considered as regularly served, when it has not been. — To accept the person (Eccl.), to show favoritism. ´God accepteth no man’s person.´ Gal. ii. 6. Syn. — To receive; take; admit. See Receive.

Ac•cept´, a. Accepted. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•cept•a•bil´i•ty , n. [LL. acceptabilitas.] The quality of being acceptable; acceptableness. ´Acceptability of repentance.´ Jer. Taylor.

Ac•cept´a•ble (-sept´a•b’l; 277), a. [F. acceptable, L. acceptabilis, fr. acceptare.] Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted or received with pleasure; pleasing to a receiver; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; as an acceptable present, one acceptable to us.

Ac•cept´a•ble•ness (ak•sept´a•b’l•nes), n. The quality of being acceptable, or suitable to be favorably received; acceptability.

Ac•cept´a•bly, adv. In an acceptable manner; in a manner to please or give satisfaction.

Ac•cept´ance , n. 1. The act of accepting; a receiving what is offered, with approbation, satisfaction, or acquiescence; esp., favorable reception; approval; as the acceptance of a gift, office, doctrine, etc. “They shall come up with acceptance on mine altar.
Isa. lx. 7.” 2. State of being accepted; acceptableness. ´Makes it assured of acceptance.´ Shak. 3. (Com.) (a) An assent and engagement by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. (b) The bill itself when accepted. 4. An agreeing to terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and the parties are bound; the reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking possession as owner. 5. (Law) An agreeing to the action of another, by some act which binds the person in law. What acts shall amount to such an acceptance is often a question of great nicety and difficulty. Mozley & W. In modern law, proposal and acceptance are the constituent elements into which all contracts are resolved. Acceptance of a bill of exchange, check, draft, or order, is an engagement to pay it according to the terms. This engagement is usually made by writing the word ´accepted´ across the face of the bill. Acceptance of goods, under the statute of frauds, is an intelligent acceptance by a party knowing the nature of the transaction. 6. Meaning; acceptation. [Obs.] Acceptance of persons, partiality, favoritism. See under Accept.

Ac•cept´an•cy , n. Acceptance. [R.] “Here’s a proof of gift,
But here’s no proof, sir, of acceptancy.
Mrs. Browning.”

Ac•cept´ant , a. Accepting; receiving.

Ac•cept´ant, n. An accepter. Chapman.

Ac•cep•ta´tion , n. 1. Acceptance; reception; favorable reception or regard; state of being acceptable. [Obs.] “This is saying worthy of all acceptation.
1 Tim. i. 15.” “Some things … are notwithstanding of so great dignity and acceptation with God.
Hooker.” 2. The meaning in which a word or expression is understood, or generally received; as term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. “My words, in common acceptation,
Could never give this provocation.
Gay.”

Ac•cept´ed•ly , adv. In a accepted manner; admittedly.

Ac•cept´er , n. 1. A person who accepts; a taker. 2. A respecter; a viewer with partiality. [Obs.] “God is no accepter of persons.
Chillingworth.” 3. (Law) An acceptor.

Ac•cep•ti•la´tion , n. [L. acceptilatio entry of a debt collected, acquittance, fr. p. p. of accipere (cf. Accept) + latio a carrying, fr. latus, p. p. of ferre to carry: cf. F. acceptilation.] (Civil Law) Gratuitous discharge; a release from debt or obligation without payment; free remission.

Ac•cep´tion , n. [L. acceptio a receiving, accepting: cf. F. acception.] Acceptation; the received meaning. [Obs.] “Here the word ´baron´ is not to be taken in that restrictive sense to which the modern acception hath confined it.
Fuller.” Acception of persons or faces (Eccl.), favoritism; partiality. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Ac•cept´ive , a. 1. Fit for acceptance. 2. Ready to accept. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ac•cept´or (#; 277), n. [L.] One who accepts; specifically (Law & Com.), one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange; a drawee after he has accepted.

Ac•cess´ (#; 277), n. [F. accès, L. accessus, fr. accedere. See Accede.] 1. A coming to, or near approach; admittance; admission; accessibility; as to gain access to a prince. “I did repel his letters, and denied
His access to me.
Shak.” 2. The means, place, or way by which a thing may be approached; passage way; as the access is by a neck of land. ´All access was thronged.´ Milton. 3. Admission to sexual intercourse. “During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed, unless the contrary be shown.
Blackstone.” 4. Increase by something added; addition; as an access of territory. [In this sense accession is more generally used.] “I, from the influence of thy looks, receive
Access in every virtue.
Milton.” 5. An onset, attack, or fit of disease. “The first access looked like an apoplexy.
Burnet.” 6. A paroxysm; a fit of passion; an outburst; as an access of fury. [A Gallicism]

Ac•ces´sa•ri•ly , adv. In the manner of an accessary.

Ac•ces´sa•ri•ness, n. The state of being accessary.

Ac•ces´sa•ry (#; 277), a. Accompanying, as a subordinate; additional; accessory; esp., uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See Accessory. “To both their deaths thou shalt be accessary.
Shak.” “Amongst many secondary and accessary causes that support monarchy, these are not of least reckoning.
Milton.”

Ac•ces´sa•ry (277), n.; pl. Accessaries . [Cf. Accessory and LL. accessarius.] (Law) One who, not being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense. Accessary before the fact (Law), one who commands or counsels an offense, not being present at its commission. — Accessary after the fact, one who, after an offense, assists or shelters the offender, not being present at the commission of the offense. This word, as used in law, is spelt accessory by Blackstone and many others; but in this sense is spelt accessary by Bouvier, Burrill, Burns, Whishaw, Dane, and the Penny Cyclopedia; while in other senses it is spelt accessory. In recent text-books on criminal law the distinction is not preserved, the spelling being either accessary or accessory.

Ac•cess•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. accessibilitas: cf. F. accessibilite.] The quality of being accessible, or of admitting approach; receptibility. Langhorne.

Ac•cess´i•ble , a. [L. accessibilis, fr. accedere: cf. F. accessible. See Accede.] 1. Easy of access or approach; approachable; as an accessible town or mountain, an accessible person. 2. Open to the influence of; — with to. ´Minds accessible to reason.´ Macaulay. 3. Obtainable; to be got at. “The best information … at present accessible.
Macaulay.”

Ac•cess´i•bly , adv. In an accessible manner.

Ac•ces´sion , n. [L. accessio, fr. accedere: cf. F. accession. See Accede.] 1. A coming to; the act of acceding and becoming joined; as a king’s accession to a confederacy. 2. Increase by something added; that which is added; augmentation from without; as an accession of wealth or territory. “The only accession which the Roman empire received was the province of Britain.
Gibbon.” 3. (Law) (a) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species). Thus, the owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. (b) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers. Kent. 4. The act of coming to or reaching a throne, an office, or dignity; as the accession of the house of Stuart; — applied especially to the epoch of a new dynasty. 5. (Med.) The invasion, approach, or commencement of a disease; a fit or paroxysm. Syn. — Increase; addition; augmentation; enlargement.

Ac•ces´sion•al , a. Pertaining to accession; additional. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ac•ces´sive , a. Additional.

Ac•ces•so´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an accessory; as accessorial agency, accessorial guilt.

Ac•ces´so•ri•ly , adv. In the manner of an accessory; auxiliary.

Ac•ces´so•ri•ness, n. The state of being accessory, or connected subordinately.

Ac•ces´so•ry (#; 277), a. [L. accessorius. See Access, and cf. Accessary.] Accompanying as a subordinate; aiding in a secondary way; additional; connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal; contributing or contributory; said of persons and things, and, when of persons, usually in a bad sense; as he was accessory to the riot; accessory sounds in music. Ash accents the antepenult; and this is not only more regular, but preferable, on account of easiness of pronunciation. Most orhoëpists place the accent on the first syllable. Syn. — Accompanying; contributory; auxiliary; subsidiary; subservient; additional; acceding.

Ac•ces´so•ry, n.; pl. Accessories . 1. That which belongs to something else deemed the principal; something additional and subordinate. ´The aspect and accessories of a den of banditti.´ Carlyle. 2. (Law) Same as Accessary, n. 3. (Fine Arts) Anything that enters into a work of art without being indispensably necessary, as mere ornamental parts. Elmes. Syn. — Abettor; accomplice; ally; coadjutor. See Abettor.

Ac•ciac•ca•tu´ra , n. [It., from acciaccare to crush.] (Mus.) A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; — used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura.

Ac´ci•dence , n. [A corruption of Eng. accidents, pl. of accident. See Accident, 2.] 1. The accidents, of inflections of words; the rudiments of grammar. Milton. 2. The rudiments of any subject. Lowell.

Ac´ci•dent , n. [F. accident, fr. L. accidens, -dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen; ad + cadere to fall. See Cadence, Case.] 1. Literally, a befalling; an event that takes place without one’s foresight or expectation; an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event; chance; contingency; often, an undesigned and unforeseen occurrence of an afflictive or unfortunate character; a casualty; a mishap; as to die by an accident. “Of moving accidents by flood and field.
Shak.” “Thou cam’st not to thy place by accident:
It is the very place God meant for thee.
Trench.” 2. (Gram.) A property attached to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, case. 3. (Her.) A point or mark which may be retained or omitted in a coat of arms. 4. (Log.) (a) A property or quality of a thing which is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper; an attribute. (b) A quality or attribute in distinction from the substance, as sweetness, softness. 5. Any accidental property, fact, or relation; an accidental or nonessential; as beauty is an accident. “This accident, as I call it, of Athens being situated some miles from the sea.
J. P. Mahaffy.” 6. Unusual appearance or effect. [Obs.] Chaucer. Accident, in Law, is equivalent to casus, or such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation.

Ac•ci•den´tal , a. [Cf. F. accidentel, earlier accidental.] 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly; taking place not according to the usual course of things; casual; fortuitous; as an accidental visit. 2. Nonessential; not necessary belonging; incidental; as are accidental to a play. Accidental chords (Mus.), those which contain one or more tones foreign to their proper harmony. — Accidental colors (Opt.), colors depending on the hypersensibility of the retina of the eye for complementary colors. They are purely subjective sensations of color which often result from the contemplation of actually colored bodies. — Accidental point (Persp.), the point in which a right line, drawn from the eye, parallel to a given right line, cuts the perspective plane; so called to distinguish it from the principal point, or point of view, where a line drawn from the eye perpendicular to the perspective plane meets this plane. — Accidental lights (Paint.), secondary lights; effects of light other than ordinary daylight, such as the rays of the sun darting through a cloud, or between the leaves of trees; the effect of moonlight, candlelight, or burning bodies. Fairholt. Syn. — Casual; fortuitous; contingent; occasional; adventitious. — Accidental, Incidental, Casual, Fortuitous, Contingent. We speak of a thing as accidental when it falls out as by chance, and not in the regular course of things; as an accidental meeting, an accidental advantage, etc. We call a thing incidental when it falls, as it were, into some regular course of things, but is secondary, and forms no essential part thereof; as an incremental remark, an incidental evil, an incidental benefit. We speak of a thing as casual, when it falls out or happens, as it were, by mere chance, without being prearranged or premeditated; as a casual remark or encounter; a casual observer. An idea of the unimportant is attached to what is casual. Fortuitous is applied to what occurs without any known cause, and in opposition to what has been foreseen; as a fortuitous concourse of atoms. We call a thing contingent when it is such that, considered in itself, it may or may not happen, but is dependent for its existence on something else; as the time of my coming will be contingent on intelligence yet to be received.

Ac•ci•den´tal , n. 1. A property which is not essential; a nonessential; anything happening accidentally. “He conceived it just that accidentals … should sink with the substance of the accusation.
Fuller.” 2. pl. (Paint.) Those fortuitous effects produced by luminous rays falling on certain objects so that some parts stand forth in abnormal brightness and other parts are cast into a deep shadow. 3. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music as the signature, but before a particular note.

Ac•ci•den´tal•ism , n. Accidental character or effect. Ruskin.

Ac•ci•den•tal´i•ty , n. The quality of being accidental; accidentalness. [R.] Coleridge.

Ac•ci•den´tal•ly , adv. In an accidental manner; unexpectedly; by chance; unintentionally; casually; fortuitously; not essentially.

Ac•ci•den´tal•ness, n. The quality of being accidental; casualness.

Ac´ci•die , n. [OF. accide, accidie, LL. accidia, acedia, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + care.] Sloth; torpor. [Obs.] ´The sin of accidie.´ Chaucer.

Ac•ci•pen´ser , n. See Acipenser.

Ac•cip´i•ent , n. [L. accipiens, p. pr. of accipere. See Accept.] A receiver. [R.] Bailey

Ac•cip´i•ter , n.; pl. E. Accipiters . L. Accipitres . [L., hawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of rapacious birds; one of the Accipitres or Raptores. 2. (Surg.) A bandage applied over the nose, resembling the claw of a hawk.

Ac•cip´i•tral , n. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a falcon or hawk; hawklike. Lowell.

Ac•cip´i•tres , n. pl. [L., hawks.] (Zoöl.) The order that includes rapacious birds. They have a hooked bill, and sharp, strongly curved talons. There are three families, represented by the vultures, the falcons or hawks, and the owls.

Ac•cip´i•trine (#; 277), a. [Cf. F. accipitrin.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Accipitres; raptorial; hawklike.

Ac•cis´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Rhet.) Affected refusal; coyness.

Ac•cite´ , v. t. [L. accitus, p. p. of accire, accere, to call for; ad + ciere to move, call. See Cite.] To cite; to summon. [Obs.] “Our heralds now accited all that were
Endamaged by the Elians.
Chapman.”

Ac•claim´ , v. t. [L. acclamare; ad + clamare to cry out. See Claim, Clamor.] [R.] 1. To applaud. ´A glad acclaiming train.´ Thomson. 2. To declare by acclamations. “While the shouting crowd
Acclaims thee king of traitors.
Smollett.” 3. To shout; as to acclaim my joy.

Ac•claim´, v. i. To shout applause.

Ac•claim´, n. Acclamation. [Poetic] Milton.

Ac•claim´er , n. One who acclaims.

Ac•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. acclamatio: cf. F. acclamation.] 1. A shout of approbation, favor, or assent; eager expression of approval; loud applause. “On such a day, a holiday having been voted by acclamation, an ordinary walk would not satisfy the children.
Southey.” 2. (Antiq.) A representation, in sculpture or on medals, of people expressing joy. Acclamation medals are those on which laudatory acclamations are recorded. Elmes.

Ac•clam´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or expressing approval by, acclamation.

Ac•cli´ma•ta•ble , a. Capable of being acclimated.

Ac•cli•ma•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. acclimation. See Acclimate.] Acclimatization.

Ac•cli´mate (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating.] [F. acclimater; à (l. ad) + climat climate. See Climate.] To habituate to a climate not native; to acclimatize. J. H. Newman.

Ac•cli´mate•ment (-ment), n. Acclimation. [R.]

Ac•cli•ma´tion , n. The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or habituated to a new climate; acclimatization.

Ac•cli´ma•ti•za•ble , a. Capable of being acclimatized.

Ac•cli´ma•ti•za´tion (ak•kli´ma•ti•za´shun), n. The act of acclimatizing; the process of inuring to a new climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin.

Ac•cli´ma•tize (ak•kli´ma•tiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimatized (-tizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizing (- ti•zing).] To inure or habituate to a climate different from that which is natural; to adapt to the peculiarities of a foreign or strange climate; said of man, the inferior animals, or plants.

Ac•cli´ma•ture (#; 135), n. The act of acclimating, or the state of being acclimated. [R.] Caldwell.

Ac•clive´ , a. Acclivous. [Obs.]

Ac•cliv´i•tous , a. Acclivous. I. Taylor.

Ac•cliv´i•ty, n.; pl. Acclivities . [L. acclivitas, fr. acclivis, acclivus, ascending; ad + clivus a hill, slope, fr. root kli to lean. See Lean.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or descending; an upward slope; ascent.

Ac•cli´vous (#; 277), a. [L. acclivis and acclivus.] Sloping upward; rising as a hillside; — opposed to declivous.

Ac•cloy´ (-kloi´), v. t. [OF. encloyer, encloer, F. enclouer, to drive in a nail, fr. L. in + clavus nail.] To fill to satiety; to stuff full; to clog; to overload; to burden. See Cloy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•coast´ (-kost´), v. t. & i. [See Accost, Coast.] To lie or sail along the coast or side of; to accost. [Obs.] “Whether high towering or accoasting low.
Spenser.”

Ac•coil´ , v. t. [OE. acoillir to receive, F. accueillir; L. ad + colligere to collect. See Coil.] 1. To gather together; to collect. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Naut.) To coil together. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Ac•co•lade´ (ak•ko•lad´ or -lad´; 277), n. [F. accolade, It. accolata, fr. accollare to embrace; L. ad + collum neck.] 1. A ceremony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting of an embrace, and a slight blow on the shoulders with the flat blade of a sword. 2. (Mus.) A brace used to join two or more staves.

Ac•com•bi•na´tion , n. [L. ad + E. combination.] A combining together. [R.]

Ac•com´mo•da•ble , a. [Cf. F. accommodable.] That may be accommodated, fitted, or made to agree. [R.] I. Watts.

Ac•com´mo•dable•ness, n. The quality or condition of being accommodable. [R.] Todd.

Ac•com´mo•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accommodated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accommodating .] [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare; ad + commodare to make fit, help; con- + modus measure, proportion. See Mode.] 1. To render fit, suitable, or correspondent; to adapt; to conform; as to accommodate ourselves to circumstances. ´They accommodate their counsels to his inclination.´ Addison. 2. To bring into agreement or harmony; to reconcile; to compose; to adjust; to settle; as to accommodate differences, a dispute, etc. 3. To furnish with something desired, needed, or convenient; to favor; to oblige; as to accommodate a friend with a loan or with lodgings. 4. To show the correspondence of; to apply or make suit by analogy; to adapt or fit, as teachings to accidental circumstances, statements to facts, etc.; as to accommodate prophecy to events. Syn. — To suit; adapt; conform; adjust; arrange.

Ac•com´mo•date, v. i. To adapt one’s self; to be conformable or adapted. [R.] Boyle.

Ac•com´mo•date , a. [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare.] Suitable; fit; adapted; as means accommodate to end. [Archaic] Tillotson.

Ac•com´mo•date•ly, adv. Suitably; fitly. [R.]

Ac•com´mo•date•ness, n. Fitness. [R.]

Ac•com´mo•da•ting , a. Affording, or disposed to afford, accommodation; obliging; as an accommodating man, spirit, arrangement.

Ac•com•mo•da´tion , n. [L. accommodatio, fr. accommodare: cf. F. accommodation.] 1. The act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being fitted or adapted; adaptation; adjustment; — followed by to. ´The organization of the body with accommodation to its functions.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. Willingness to accommodate; obligingness. 3. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenience; anything furnished which is desired or needful; — often in the plural; as the accommodations — that is, lodgings and food — at an inn. Sir W. Scott. 4. An adjustment of differences; state of agreement; reconciliation; settlement. ´To come to terms of accommodation.´ Macaulay. 5. The application of a writer’s language, on the ground of analogy, to something not originally referred to or intended. “Many of those quotations from the Old Testament were probably intended as nothing more than accommodations.
Paley.” 6. (Com.) (a) A loan of money. (b) An accommodation bill or note. Accommodation bill, or note (Com.), a bill of exchange which a person accepts, or a note which a person makes and delivers to another, not upon a consideration received, but for the purpose of raising money on credit. — Accommodation coach, or train, one running at moderate speed and stopping at all or nearly all stations. — Accommodation ladder (Naut.), a light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway, useful in ascending from, or descending to, small boats.

Ac•com´mo•da•tor , n. He who, or that which, accommodates. Warburton.

Ac•com´pa•na•ble , a. Sociable. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ac•com´pa•ni•er , n. He who, or that which, accompanies. Lamb.

Ac•com´pa•ni•ment (-ment), n. [F. accompagnement.] That which accompanies; something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added to give greater completeness to the principal thing, or by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. Specifically: (Mus.) A part performed by instruments, accompanying another part or parts performed by voices; the subordinate part, or parts, accompanying the voice or a principal instrument; also the harmony of a figured bass. P. Cyc.

Ac•com´pa•nist , n. The performer in music who takes the accompanying part. Busby.

Ac•com´pa•ny , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accompanied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accompanying ] [OF. aacompaignier, F. accompagner, to associate with, fr. OF. compaign, compain, companion. See Company.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion or associate; to keep company with; to go along with; — followed by with or by; as he accompanied his speech with a bow. “The Persian dames, …
In sumptuous cars, accompanied his march.
Glover.” “They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts.
Sir P. Sidney.” “He was accompanied by two carts filled with wounded rebels.
Macaulay.” 2. To cohabit with. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. Syn. — To attend; escort; go with. — To Accompany, Attend, Escort. We accompany those with whom we go as companions. The word imports an equality of station. We attend those whom we wait upon or follow. The word conveys an idea of subordination. We escort those whom we attend with a view to guard and protect. A gentleman accompanies a friend to some public place; he attends or escorts a lady.

Ac•com´pa•ny, v. i. 1. To associate in a company; to keep company. [Obs.] Bacon. “Men say that they will drive away one another, … and not accompany together.
Holland.” 2. To cohabit (with). [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Mus.) To perform an accompanying part or parts in a composition.

Ac•com´ple•tive , a. [L. ad + complere, completum, to fill up.] Tending to accomplish. [R.]

Ac•com´plice , n. [Ac- (perh. for the article a or for L. ad) + E. complice. See Complice.] 1. A cooperator. [R.] “Success unto our valiant general,
And happiness to his accomplices!
Shak.” 2. (Law) An associate in the commission of a crime; a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an accessory. ´And thou, the cursed accomplice of his treason.´ Johnson. It is followed by with or of before a person and by in (or sometimes of) before the crime; as A was an accomplice with B in the murder of C. Dryden uses it with to before a thing. ´Suspected for accomplice to the fire.´ Dryden. Syn. — Abettor; accessory; assistant; associate; confederate; coadjutor; ally; promoter. See Abettor.

Ac•com´plice•ship , n. The state of being an accomplice. [R.] Sir H. Taylor.

Ac•com•plic´i•ty , n. The act or state of being an accomplice. [R.]

Ac•com´plish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accomplished , p. pr. & vb. n. Accomplishing.] [OE. acomplissen, OF. accomplir, F. accomplir; L. ad + complere to fill up, complete. See Complete, Finish.] 1. To complete, as time or distance. “That He would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem.
Dan. ix. 2.” “He had accomplished half a league or more.
Prescott.” 2. To bring to an issue of full success; to effect; to perform; to execute fully; to fulfill; as to accomplish a design, an object, a promise. “This that is written must yet be accomplished in me.
Luke xxii. 37.” 3. To equip or furnish thoroughly; hence, to complete in acquirements; to render accomplished; to polish. “The armorers accomplishing the knights.
Shak.” “It [the moon] is fully accomplished for all those ends to which Providence did appoint it.
Wilkins.” “These qualities … go to accomplish a perfect woman.
Cowden Clarke.” 4. To gain; to obtain. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To do; perform; fulfill; realize; effect; effectuate; complete; consummate; execute; achieve; perfect; equip; furnish. — To Accomplish, Effect, Execute, Achieve, Perform. These words agree in the general idea of carrying out to some end proposed. To accomplish (to fill up to the measure of the intention) generally implies perseverance and skill; as to accomplish a plan proposed by one’s self, an object, a design, an undertaking. ´Thou shalt accomplish my desire.´ 1 Kings v. 9. “He … expressed his desire to see a union accomplished between England and Scotland.
Macaulay.” To effect (to work out) is much like accomplish. It usually implies some degree of difficulty contended with; as he effected or accomplished what he intended, his purpose, but little. ´What he decreed, he effected.´ Milton. “To work in close design by fraud or guile
What force effected not.
Milton.” To execute (to follow out to the end, to carry out, or into effect) implies a set mode of operation; as to execute the laws or the orders of another; to execute a work, a purpose, design, plan, project. To perform is much like to do, though less generally applied. It conveys a notion of protracted and methodical effort; as to perform a mission, a part, a task, a work. ´Thou canst best perform that office.´ Milton. “The Saints, like stars, around his seat
Perform their courses still.
Keble.” To achieve (to come to the end or arrive at one’s purpose) usually implies some enterprise or undertaking of importance, difficulty, and excellence.

Ac•com´plish•a•ble , a. Capable of being accomplished; practicable. Carlyle.

Ac•com´plished , a. 1. Completed; effected; established; as an accomplished fact. 2. Complete in acquirements as the result usually of training; — commonly in a good sense; as an accomplished scholar, an accomplished villain. “They … show themselves accomplished bees.
Holland.” “Daughter of God and man, accomplished Eve.
Milton.”

Ac•com´plish•er , n. One who accomplishes.

Ac•com´plish•ment (-ment), n. [F. accomplissement, fr. accomplir.] 1. The act of accomplishing; entire performance; completion; fulfillment; as the accomplishment of an enterprise, of a prophecy, etc. 2. That which completes, perfects, or equips thoroughly; acquirement; attainment; that which constitutes excellence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by education or training. ´My new accomplishment of dancing.´ Churchill. ´Accomplishments befitting a station.´ Thackeray. “Accomplishments have taken virtue’s place,
And wisdom falls before exterior grace.
Cowper.”

Ac•compt´ (#; formerly #), n. See Account. Accompt, accomptant, etc., are archaic forms.

Ac•compt´a•ble , a. See Accountable.

Ac•compt´ant , n. See Accountant.

Ac•cord´ , n. [OE. acord, accord, OF. acort, acorde, F. accord, fr. OF. acorder, F. accorder. See Accord, v. t.] 1. Agreement or concurrence of opinion, will, or action; harmony of mind; consent; assent. “A mediator of an accord and peace between them.
Bacon.” “These all continued with one accord in prayer.
Acts i. 14.” 2. Harmony of sounds; agreement in pitch and tone; concord; as the accord of tones. “Those sweet accords are even the angels’ lays.
Sir J. Davies.” 3. Agreement, harmony, or just correspondence of things; as the accord of light and shade in painting. 4. Voluntary or spontaneous motion or impulse to act; — preceded by own; as of one’s own accord. “That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap.
Lev. xxv. 5.” “Of his own accord he went unto you.
2 Cor. vii. 17.” 5. (Law) An agreement between parties in controversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. Blackstone. With one accord, with unanimity. “They rushed with one accord into the theater.
Acts xix. 29.”

Ac•cord´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accorded; p. pr. & vb. n. According.] [OE. acorden, accorden, OF. acorder, F. accorder, fr. LL. accordare; L. ad + cor, cordis, heart. Cf. Concord, Discord, and see Heart.] 1. To make to agree or correspond; to suit one thing to another; to adjust; — followed by to. [R.] “Her hands accorded the lute’s music to the voice.
Sidney.” 2. To bring to an agreement, as persons; to reconcile; to settle, adjust, harmonize, or compose, as things; as to accord suits or controversies. “When they were accorded from the fray.
Spenser.” “All which particulars, being confessedly knotty and difficult can never be accorded but by a competent stock of critical learning.
South.” 3. To grant as suitable or proper; to concede; to award; as to accord to one due praise. ´According his desire.´ Spenser.

Ac•cord´, v. i. 1. To agree; to correspond; to be in harmony; — followed by with, formerly also by to; as his disposition accords with his looks. “My heart accordeth with my tongue.
Shak.” “Thy actions to thy words accord.
Milton.” 2. To agree in pitch and tone.

Ac•cord´a•ble , a. [OF. acordable, F. accordable.] 1. Agreeing. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Reconcilable; in accordance.

Ac•cord´ance , n. [OF. acordance.] Agreement; harmony; conformity. ´In strict accordance with the law.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Harmony; unison; coincidence.

Ac•cord´an•cy , n. Accordance. [R.] Paley.

Ac•cord´ant , a. [OF. acordant, F. accordant.] Agreeing; consonant; harmonious; corresponding; conformable; — followed by with or to. “Strictly accordant with true morality.
Darwin.” “And now his voice accordant to the string.
Coldsmith.”

Ac•cord´ant•ly, adv. In accordance or agreement; agreeably; conformably; — followed by with or to.

Ac•cord´er , n. One who accords, assents, or concedes. [R.]

Ac•cord´ing, p. a. Agreeing; in agreement or harmony; harmonious. ´This according voice of national wisdom.´ Burke. ´Mind and soul according well.´ Tennyson. “According to him, every person was to be bought.
Macaulay.” “Our zeal should be according to knowledge.
Sprat.” According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but strictly speaking, according is a participle in the sense of agreeing, acceding, and to alone is the preposition. According as, precisely as; the same as; corresponding to the way in which. According as is an adverbial phrase, of which the propriety has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. See According, adv. “Is all things well,
According as I gave directions?
Shak.” “The land which the Lord will give you according as he hath promised.
Ex. xii. 25.”

Ac•cord´ing , adv. Accordingly; correspondingly. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•cord´ing•ly, adv. 1. Agreeably; correspondingly; suitably; in a manner conformable. “Behold, and so proceed accordingly.
Shak.” 2. In natural sequence; consequently; so. Syn. — Consequently; therefore; wherefore; hence; so. — Accordingly, Consequently, indicate a connection between two things, the latter of which is done on account of the former. Accordingly marks the connection as one of simple accordance or congruity, leading naturally to the result which followed; as he was absent when I called, and I accordingly left my card; our preparations were all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently marks a closer connection, that of logical or causal sequence; as the papers were not ready, and consequently could not be signed.

Ac•cor´di•on , n. [See Accord.] (Mus.) A small, portable, keyed wind instrument, whose tones are generated by play of the wind upon free metallic reeds.

Ac•cor´di•on•ist, n. A player on the accordion.

Ac•cord´ment (ak•kôrd´ment), n. [OF. acordement. See Accord, v.] Agreement; reconcilement. [Obs.] Gower.

Ac•cor´po•rate , v. t. [L. accorporare; ad + corpus, corporis, body.] To unite; to attach; to incorporate. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac•cost´ (#; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accosting.] [F. accoster, LL. accostare to bring side by side; L. ad + costa rib, side. See Coast, and cf. Accoast.] 1. To join side to side; to border; hence, to sail along the coast or side of. [Obs.] ´So much [of Lapland] as accosts the sea.´ Fuller. 2. To approach; to make up to. [Archaic] Shak. 3. To speak to first; to address; to greet. ´Him, Satan thus accosts.´ Milton.

Ac•cost´, v. i. To adjoin; to lie alongside. [Obs.] ´The shores which to the sea accost.´ Spenser.

Ac•cost´, n. Address; greeting. [R.] J. Morley.

Ac•cost´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. accostable.] Approachable; affable. [R.] Hawthorne.

Ac•cost´ed, a. (Her.) Supported on both sides by other charges; also side by side.

Ac•couche´ment (#; 277), n. [F., fr. accoucher to be delivered of a child, to aid in delivery, OF. acouchier orig. to lay down, put to bed, go to bed; L. ad + collocare to lay, put, place. See Collate.] Delivery in childbed

Ac•cou•cheur´ , n. [F., fr. accoucher. See Accouchement.] A man who assists women in childbirth; a man midwife; an obstetrician.

Ac•cou•cheuse´ , n. [F.., fem. of accoucher.] A midwife. [Recent] Dunglison.

Ac•count´ , n. [OE. acount, account, accompt, OF. acont, fr. aconter. See Account, v. t., Count, n., 1.] 1. A reckoning; computation; calculation; enumeration; a record of some reckoning; as the Julian account of time. “A beggarly account of empty boxes.
Shak.” 2. A registry of pecuniary transactions; a written or printed statement of business dealings or debts and credits, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or review; as to keep one’s account at the bank. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, grounds, etc., explanatory of some event; as no satisfactory account has been given of these phenomena. Hence, the word is often used simply for reason, ground, consideration, motive, etc.; as on no account, on every account, on all accounts. 4. A statement of facts or occurrences; recital of transactions; a relation or narrative; a report; a description; as an account of a battle. ´A laudable account of the city of London.´ Howell. 5. A statement and explanation or vindication of one’s conduct with reference to judgment thereon. “Give an account of thy stewardship.
Luke xvi. 2.” 6. An estimate or estimation; valuation; judgment. ´To stand high in your account.´ Shak. 7. Importance; worth; value; advantage; profit. ´Men of account.´ Pope. ´To turn to account.´ Shak. Account current, a running or continued account between two or more parties, or a statement of the particulars of such an account. — In account with, in a relation requiring an account to be kept. — On account of, for the sake of; by reason of; because of. — On one’s own account, for one’s own interest or behalf. — To make account, to have an opinion or expectation; to reckon. [Obs.] “This other part … makes account to find no slender arguments for this assertion out of those very scriptures which are commonly urged against it.
Milton.” — To make account of, to hold in estimation; to esteem; as he makes small account of beauty. — To take account of, or to take into account, to take into consideration; to notice. ´Of their doings, God takes no account.´ Milton. — A writ of account (Law), a writ which the plaintiff brings demanding that the defendant shall render his just account, or show good cause to the contrary; — called also an action of account. Cowell. Syn. — Narrative; narration; relation; recital; description; explanation; rehearsal. — Account, Narrative, Narration, Recital. These words are applied to different modes of rehearsing a series of events. Account turns attention not so much to the speaker as to the fact related, and more properly applies to the report of some single event, or a group of incidents taken as whole; as an account of a battle, of a shipwreck, etc. A narrative is a continuous story of connected incidents, such as one friend might tell to another; as a narrative of the events of a siege, a narrative of one’s life, etc. Narration is usually the same as narrative, but is sometimes used to describe the mode of relating events; as his powers of narration are uncommonly great. Recital denotes a series of events drawn out into minute particulars, usually expressing something which peculiarly interests the feelings of the speaker; as the recital of one’s wrongs, disappointments, sufferings, etc.

Ac•count´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accounting.] [OE. acounten, accompten, OF. aconter, à (L. ad) + conter to count. F. conter to tell, compter to count, L. computare. See Count, v. t.] 1. To reckon; to compute; to count. [Obs.] “The motion of … the sun whereby years are accounted.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. To place to one’s account; to put to the credit of; to assign; — with to. [R.] Clarendon. 3. To value, estimate, or hold in opinion; to judge or consider; to deem. “Accounting that God was able to raise him up.
Heb. xi. 19.” 4. To recount; to relate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•count´, v. i. 1. To render or receive an account or relation of particulars; as an officer must account with or to the treasurer for money received. 2. To render an account; to answer in judgment; — with for; as we must account for the use of our opportunities. 3. To give a satisfactory reason; to tell the cause of; to explain; — with for; as idleness accounts for poverty. To account of, to esteem; to prize; to value. Now used only in the passive. ´I account of her beauty.´ Shak. “Newer was preaching more accounted of than in the sixteenth century.
Canon Robinson.”

Ac•count•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being accountable; liability to be called on to render an account; accountableness. ´The awful idea of accountability.´ R. Hall.

Ac•count´a•ble , a. 1. Liable to be called on to render an account; answerable; as every man is accountable to God for his conduct. 2. Capable of being accounted for; explicable. [R.] “True religion … intelligible, rational, and accountable, — not a burden but a privilege.
B. Whichcote.” Syn. — Amenable; responsible; liable; answerable.

Ac•count´a•ble ness, n. The quality or state of being accountable; accountability.

Ac•count´a•bly, adv. In an accountable manner.

Ac•count´an•cy , n. The art or employment of an accountant.

Ac•count´ant , n. [Cf. F. accomptant, OF. acontant, p. pr.] 1. One who renders account; one accountable. 2. A reckoner. 3. One who is skilled in, keeps, or adjusts, accounts; an officer in a public office, who has charge of the accounts. Accountatn general, the head or superintending accountant in certain public offices. also formerly, an officer in the English court of chancery who received the moneys paid into the court, and deposited them in the Bank of England.

Ac•count´ant, a. Accountable. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•count´ant•ship , n. [Accountant + -ship.] The office or employment of an accountant.

Ac•count´ book . A book in which accounts are kept. Swift.

Ac•cou´ple , v. t. [OF. acopler, F. accoupler. See Couple.] To join; to couple. [R.] “The Englishmen accoupled themselves with the Frenchmen.
Hall.”

Ac•cou´ple•ment (-kup´’l•ment), n. [Cf. F. accouplement.] 1. The act of coupling, or the state of being coupled; union. [R.] Caxton. 2. That which couples, as a tie or brace. [R.]

Ac•cour´age , v. t. [OF. acoragier; à (L. ad) + corage. See Courage.] To encourage. [Obs.]

Ac•court´ (-kort´), v. t. [Ac-, for L. ad. See Court.] To treat courteously; to court. [Obs.] Spenser. { Ac•cou´ter , Ac•cou´tre } (ak•koo´ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accoutered or Accoutred (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Accoutering or Accoutring.] [F. accouter, OF. accoutrer, accoustrer; à (L. ad) + perh. LL. custor, for custos guardian, sacristan (cf. Custody), or perh. akin to E. guilt.] To furnish with dress, or equipments, esp. those for military service; to equip; to attire; to array. “Both accoutered like young men.
Shak.” “For this, in rags accoutered are they seen.
Dryden.” “Accoutered with his burden and his staff.
Wordsworth.” { Ac•cou´ter•ments , Ac•cou´tre•ments } , n. pl. [F. accoutrement, earlier also accoustrement, earlier also accoustrement. See Accouter.] Dress; trappings; equipment; specifically, the devices and equipments worn by soldiers. “How gay with all the accouterments of war!
A. Philips.”

Ac•coy´ (ak•koi´), v. t. [OF. acoyer; ac-, for L. ad. See Coy.] 1. To render quiet; to soothe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To subdue; to tame; to daunt. [Obs.] “Then is your careless courage accoyed.
Spenser.”

Ac•cred´it (ak•kred´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Accrediting.] [F. accrediter; à (L. ad) + credit credit. See Credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit; to invest with credit or authority; to sanction. “His censure will … accredit his praises.
Cowper.” “These reasons … which accredit and fortify mine opinion.
Shelton.” 2. To send with letters credential, as an ambassador, envoy, or diplomatic agent; to authorize, as a messenger or delegate. “Beton … was accredited to the Court of France.
Froude.” 3. To believe; to credit; to put trust in. “The version of early Roman history which was accredited in the fifth century.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” “He accredited and repeated stories of apparitions and witchcraft.
Southey.” 4. To credit; to vouch for or consider (some one) as doing something, or (something) as belonging to some one. To accredit (one) with (something), to attribute something to him; as Mr. Clay was accredited with these views; they accredit him with a wise saying.

Ac•cred•i•ta´tion , n. The act of accrediting; as letters of accreditation.

Ac•cre•men•ti´tial , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to accremention.

Ac•cre•men•ti´tion , n. [See Accresce, Increment.] (Physiol.) The process of generation by development of blastema, or fission of cells, in which the new formation is in all respect like the individual from which it proceeds.

Ac•cresce´ , v. i. [L. accrescere. See Accrue.] 1. To accrue. [R.] 2. To increase; to grow. [Obs.] Gillespie.

Ac•cres´cence , n. [LL. accrescentia.] Continuous growth; an accretion. [R.] “The silent accrescence of belief from the unwatched depositions of a general, never contradicted hearsy.
Coleridge.”

Ac•cres´cent , a. [L. accrescens, -entis, p. pr. of accrescere; ad + crescere to grow. See Crescent.] 1. Growing; increasing. Shuckford. 2. (Bot.) Growing larger after flowering. Gray.

Ac•crete´ , v. i. [From L. accretus, p. p. of accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow together. 2. To adhere; to grow (to); to be added; — with to.

Ac•crete´, v. t. To make adhere; to add. Earle.

Ac•crete´, a. 1. Characterized by accretion; made up; as accrete matter. 2. (Bot.) Grown together. Gray.

Ac•cre´tion , n. [L. accretio, fr. accrescere to increase. Cf. Crescent, Increase, Accrue.] 1. The act of increasing by natural growth; esp. the increase of organic bodies by the internal accession of parts; organic growth. Arbuthnot. 2. The act of increasing, or the matter added, by an accession of parts externally; an extraneous addition; as an accretion of earth. “A mineral … augments not by grown, but by accretion.
Owen.” “To strip off all the subordinate parts of his as a later accretion.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 3. Concretion; coherence of separate particles; as the accretion of particles so as to form a solid mass. 4. A growing together of parts naturally separate, as of the fingers toes. Dana. 5. (Law) (a) The adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a right to another; generally, gain of land by the washing up of sand or sail from the sea or a river, or by a gradual recession of the water from the usual watermark. (b) Gain to an heir or legatee, failure of a coheir to the same succession, or a co- legatee of the same thing, to take his share. Wharton. Kent.

Ac•cre´tive , a. Relating to accretion; increasing, or adding to, by growth. Glanvill.

Ac•crim´i•nate , v. t. [L. ac- (for ad to) + criminari.] To accuse of a crime. [Obs.] — Ac•crim•i•na´tion , n. [Obs.]

Ac•croach´ , v. t. [OE. acrochen, accrochen, to obtain, OF. acrochier, F. accrocher; à (L. ad) + croc hook (E. crook).] 1. To hook, or draw to one’s self as with a hook. [Obs.] 2. To usurp, as jurisdiction or royal prerogatives. “They had attempted to accroach to themselves royal power.
Stubbs.”

Ac•croach´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. accrochement.] An encroachment; usurpation. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ac•cru´al , n. Accrument. [R.]

Ac•crue´ (ak•kru´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Accrued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accruing.] [See Accrue, n., and cf. Accresce, Accrete.] 1. To increase; to augment. “And though power failed, her courage did accrue.
Spenser.” 2. To come to by way of increase; to arise or spring as a growth or result; to be added as increase, profit, or damage, especially as the produce of money lent. ´Interest accrues to principal.´ Abbott. “The great and essential advantages accruing to society from the freedom of the press.
Junius.”

Ac•crue´, n. [F. accrû, OF. acreü, p. p. of accroitre, OF. acroistre to increase; L. ad + crescere to increase. Cf. Accretion, Crew. See Crescent.] Something that accrues; advantage accruing. [Obs.]

Ac•cru´er (ak•kru´er), n. (Law) The act of accruing; accretion; as title by accruer.

Ac•cru´ment (-ment), n. The process of accruing, or that which has accrued; increase. Jer. Taylor.

Ac•cu•ba´tion , n. [L. accubatio, for accubitio, fr. accubare to recline; ad + cubare to lie down. See Accumb.] The act or posture of reclining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals.

Ac•cumb´ (ak•kumb´), v. i. [L. accumbere; ad + cumbere (only in compounds) to lie down.] To recline, as at table. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ac•cum´ben•cy (ak•kum´ben•sy), n. The state of being accumbent or reclining. [R.]

Ac•cum´bent (-bent), a. 1. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients did at their meals. “The Roman … accumbent posture in eating.
Arbuthnot.” 2. (Bot.) Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf against another leaf. Gray. “Accumbent cotyledons have their edges placed against the caulicle.
Eaton.”

Ac•cum´bent, n. One who reclines at table.

Ac•cum´ber (-ber), v. t. To encumber. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•cu´mu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accumulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accumulating.] [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare; ad + cumulare to heap. See Cumulate.] To heap up in a mass; to pile up; to collect or bring together; to amass; as to accumulate a sum of money. Syn. — To collect; pile up; store; amass; gather; aggregate; heap together; hoard.

Ac•cu´mu•late (ak•ku´mu•lat), v. i. To grow or increase in quantity or number; to increase greatly. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay.
Goldsmith.”

Ac•cu´mu•late (-lat), a. [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare.] Collected; accumulated. Bacon.

Ac•cu•mu•la´tion , n. [L. accumulatio; cf. F. accumulation.] 1. The act of accumulating, the state of being accumulated, or that which is accumulated; as an accumulation of earth, of sand, of evils, of wealth, of honors. 2. (Law) The concurrence of several titles to the same proof. Accumulation of energy or power, the storing of energy by means of weights lifted or masses put in motion; electricity stored. — An accumulation of degrees (Eng. Univ.), the taking of several together, or at smaller intervals than usual or than is allowed by the rules.

Ac•cu´mu•la•tive , a. Characterized by accumulation; serving to collect or amass; cumulative; additional. — Ac•cu´mu•la•tive•ly, adv. — Ac•cu´mu•la•tive•ness, n.

Ac•cu´mu•la•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, accumulates, collects, or amasses. 2. (Mech.) An apparatus by means of which energy or power can be stored, such as the cylinder or tank for storing water for hydraulic elevators, the secondary or storage battery used for accumulating the energy of electrical charges, etc. 3. A system of elastic springs for relieving the strain upon a rope, as in deep-sea dredging.

Ac´cu•ra•cy (#; 277), n. [See Accurate.] The state of being accurate; freedom from mistakes, this exemption arising from carefulness; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; precision; exactness; nicety; correctness; as the value of testimony depends on its accuracy. “The professed end [of logic] is to teach men to think, to judge, and to reason, with precision and accuracy.
Reid.” “The accuracy with which the piston fits the sides.
Lardner.”

Ac´cu•rate , a. [L. accuratus, p. p. and a., fr. accurare to take care of; ad + curare to take care, cura care. See Cure.] 1. In exact or careful conformity to truth, or to some standard of requirement, the result of care or pains; free from failure, error, or defect; exact; as an accurate calculator; an accurate measure; accurate expression, knowledge, etc. 2. Precisely fixed; executed with care; careful. [Obs.] “Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate influences upon these things below.
Bacon.” Syn. — Correct; exact; just; nice; particular. — Accurate, Correct, Exact, Precise. We speak of a thing as correct with reference to some rule or standard of comparison; as a correct account, a correct likeness, a man of correct deportment. We speak of a thing as accurate with reference to the care bestowed upon its execution, and the increased correctness to be expected therefrom; as an accurate statement, an accurate detail of particulars. We speak of a thing as exact with reference to that perfected state of a thing in which there is no defect and no redundance; as an exact coincidence, the exact truth, an exact likeness. We speak of a thing as precise when we think of it as strictly conformed to some rule or model, as if cut down thereto; as a precise conformity instructions; precisely right; he was very precise in giving his directions.

Ac´cu•rate•ly, adv. In an accurate manner; exactly; precisely; without error or defect.

Ac´cu•rate•ness, n. The state or quality of being accurate; accuracy; exactness; nicety; precision.

Ac•curse´ , v. t. [OE. acursien, acorsien; pref. a + cursien to curse. See Curse.] To devote to destruction; to imprecate misery or evil upon; to curse; to execrate; to anathematize. “And the city shall be accursed.
Josh. vi. 17.” “Thro’ you, my life will be accurst.
Tennyson.” { Ac•cursed´ , Ac•curst´ } p. p. & a. Doomed to destruction or misery; cursed; hence, bad enough to be under the curse; execrable; detestable; exceedingly hateful; - - as an accursed deed. Shak. — Ac•curs´ed•ly, adv. — Ac•curs´ed•ness, n.

Ac•cus´a•ble , a. [L. accusabilis: cf. F. accusable.] Liable to be accused or censured; chargeable with a crime or fault; blamable; — with of.

Ac•cus´al , n. Accusation. [R.] Byron.

Ac•cus´ant , n. [L. accusans, p. pr. of accusare: cf. F. accusant.] An accuser. Bp. Hall.

Ac•cu•sa´tion , n. [OF. acusation, F. accusation, L. accusatio, fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. The act of accusing or charging with a crime or with a lighter offense. “We come not by the way of accusation
To taint that honor every good tongue blesses.
Shak.” 2. That of which one is accused; the charge of an offense or crime, or the declaration containing the charge. “[They] set up over his head his accusation.
Matt. xxvii. 37.” Syn. — Impeachment; crimination; censure; charge.

Ac•cu•sa•ti´val , a. Pertaining to the accusative case.

Ac•cu´sa•tive , a. [F. accusatif, L. accusativus (in sense 2), fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. Producing accusations; accusatory. ´This hath been a very accusative age.´ Sir E. Dering. 2. (Gram.) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb terminates, or the immediate object of motion or tendency to, expressed by a preposition. It corresponds to the objective case in English.

Ac•cu´sa•tive, n. (Gram.) The accusative case.

Ac•cu´sa•tive•ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner. 2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar.

Ac•cu•sa•to´ri•al , a. Accusatory.

Ac•cu•sa•to´ri•al•ly, adv. By way accusation.

Ac•cu´sa•to•ry , a. [L. accusatorius, fr. accusare.] Pertaining to, or containing, an accusation; as an accusatory libel. Grote.

Ac•cuse´ , n. Accusation. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•cuse´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accused ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] [OF. acuser, F. accuser, L. accusare, to call to account, accuse; ad + causa cause, lawsuit. Cf. Cause.] 1. To charge with, or declare to have committed, a crime or offense; (Law) to charge with an offense, judicially or by a public process; — with of; as to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor. “Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me.
Acts xxiv. 13.” “We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to lay down their arms.
Macaulay.” 2. To charge with a fault; to blame; to censure. “Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another.
Rom. ii. 15.” 3. To betray; to show. [L.] Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — To charge; blame; censure; reproach; criminate; indict; impeach; arraign. — To Accuse, Charge, Impeach, Arraign. These words agree in bringing home to a person the imputation of wrongdoing. To accuse is a somewhat formal act, and is applied usually (though not exclusively) to crimes; as to accuse of treason. Charge is the most generic. It may refer to a crime, a dereliction of duty, a fault, etc.; more commonly it refers to moral delinquencies; as to charge with dishonesty or falsehood. To arraign is to bring (a person) before a tribunal for trial; as to arraign one before a court or at the bar public opinion. To impeach is officially to charge with misbehavior in office; as to impeach a minister of high crimes. Both impeach and arraign convey the idea of peculiar dignity or impressiveness.

Ac•cused´ , a. Charged with offense; as an accused person. Commonly used substantively; as the accused, one charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case.

Ac•cuse´ment (-kuz´ment), n. [OF. acusement. See Accuse.] Accusation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac•cus´er , n. [OE. acuser, accusour; cf. OF. acuseor, fr. L. accusator, fr. accusare.] One who accuses; one who brings a charge of crime or fault.

Ac•cus´ing•ly, adv. In an accusing manner.

Ac•cus´tom , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accustomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Accustoming.] [OF. acostumer, acustumer, F. accoutumer; à (L. ad) + OF. costume, F. coutume, custom. See Custom.] To make familiar by use; to habituate, familiarize, or inure; — with to. “I shall always fear that he who accustoms himself to fraud in little things, wants only opportunity to practice it in greater.
Adventurer.” Syn. — To habituate; inure; exercise; train.

Ac•cus´tom, v. i. 1. To be wont. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To cohabit. [Obs.] “We with the best men accustom openly; you with the basest commit private adulteries.
Milton.”

Ac•cus´tom, n. Custom. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac•cus´tom•a•ble , a. Habitual; customary; wonted. ´Accustomable goodness.´ Latimer.

Ac•cus´tom•a•bly, adv. According to custom; ordinarily; customarily. Latimer.

Ac•cus´tom•ance , n. [OF. accoustumance, F. accoutumance.] Custom; habitual use. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ac•cus´tom•a•ri•ly , adv. Customarily. [Obs.]

Ac•cus´tom•a•ry , a. Usual; customary. [Archaic] Featley.

Ac•cus´tomed , a. 1. Familiar through use; usual; customary. ´An accustomed action.´ Shak. 2. Frequented by customers. [Obs.] ´A well accustomed shop.´ Smollett.

Ac•cus´tomed•ness, n. Habituation. “Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart.
Bp. Pearce.”

Ace , n.; pl. Aces . [OE. as, F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage. Cf. As.] 1. A unit; a single point or spot on a card or die; the card or die so marked; as the ace of diamonds. 2. Hence: A very small quantity or degree; a particle; an atom; a jot. “I ’ll not wag an ace further.
Dryden.” To bate an ace, to make the least abatement. [Obs.] — Within an ace of, very near; on the point of. W. Irving.

A•cel´da•ma , n. [Gr. , fr. Syr. okel damo the field of blood.] The potter’s field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed. “The system of warfare … which had already converted immense tracts into one universal aceldama.
De Quincey.”

A•cen´tric , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + a point, a center.] Not centered; without a center.

Ac´e•phal , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + head: cf. F. acephale, LL. acephalus.] (Zoöl.) One of the Acephala.

A•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , adj. neut. pl., headless. See Acephal.] (Zoöl.) That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; — so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca.

A•ceph´a•lan , n. Same as Acephal.

A•ceph´a•lan, a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Acephala.

A•ceph´a•li , n. pl. [LL., pl. of acephalus. See Acephal.] 1. A fabulous people reported by ancient writers to have heads. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A Christian sect without a leader. (b) Bishops and certain clergymen not under regular diocesan control. 3. A class of levelers in the time of K. Henry I.

A•ceph´a•list , n. One who acknowledges no head or superior. Dr. Gauden.

A•ceph´a•lo•cyst , n. [Gr. ’ake•falos without a head + ky•stis bladder.] (Zoöl.) A larval entozoön in the form of a subglobular or oval vesicle, or hydatid, filled with fluid, sometimes found in the tissues of man and the lower animals; — so called from the absence of a head or visible organs on the vesicle. These cysts are the immature stages of certain tapeworms. Also applied to similar cysts of different origin.

A•ceph•a•lo•cys´tic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the acephalocysts.

A•ceph´a•lous , a. [See Acephal.] 1. Headless. 2. (Zoöl.) Without a distinct head; — a term applied to bivalve mollusks. 3. (Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries. 4. Without a leader or chief. 5. Wanting the beginning. “A false or acephalous structure of sentence.
De Quincey.” 6. (Pros.) Deficient and the beginning, as a line of poetry. Brande.

Ac´er•ate , n. [See Aceric.] (Chem.) A combination of aceric acid with a salifiable base.

Ac´er•ate, a. Acerose; needle- shaped.

A•cerb´ , a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. acerbe. See Acrid.] Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, as unripe fruit; sharp and harsh.

A•cerb´ate , v. t. [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acerbare, fr. acerbus.] To sour; to imbitter; to irritate.

A•cerb´ic , a. Sour or severe.

A•cerb´i•tude , n. [L. acerbitudo, fr. acerbus.] Sourness and harshness. [Obs.] Bailey.

A•cerb´i•ty , n. [F. acerbite, L. acerbitas, fr. acerbus. See Acerb.] 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness and astringency, like that of unripe fruit. 2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity; as acerbity of temper, of language, of pain. Barrow.

A•cer´ic , a. [L. acer maple.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the maple; as aceric acid. Ure.

Ac´er•ose , a. [(a) L. acerosus chaffy, fr. acus, gen. aceris, chaff; (b) as if fr. L. acus needle: cf. F. acereux.] (Bot.) (a) Having the nature of chaff; chaffy. (b) Needle-shaped, having a sharp, rigid point, as the leaf of the pine.

Ac´er•ous , a. Same as Acerose.

Ac´er•ous, a. [Gr. α priv. + ke•ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of tentacles, as certain mollusks. (b) Without antennae, as some insects.

A•cer´val , a. [L. acervalis, fr. acervus heap.] Pertaining to a heap. [Obs.]

A•cer´vate , v. t. [L. acervatus, p. p. of acervare to heap up, fr. acervus heap.] To heap up. [Obs.]

A•cer´vate , a. Heaped, or growing in heaps, or closely compacted clusters.

Ac•er•va´tion , n. [L. acervatio.] A heaping up; accumulation. [R.] Johnson.

A•cer´va•tive , a. Heaped up; tending to heap up.

A•cer´vose , a. Full of heaps. [R.] Bailey.

A•cer´vu•line , a. Resembling little heaps. { A•ces´cence , A•ces´cen•cy } n. [Cf. F. acescence. See Acescent.] The quality of being acescent; the process of acetous fermentation; a moderate degree of sourness. Johnson.

A•ces´cent , a. [L. acescens, -entis, p. pr. of acescere to turn sour; inchoative of acere to be sour: cf. F. acescent. See Acid.] Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid; slightly sour. Faraday.

A•ces´cent, n. A substance liable to become sour.

Ac´e•ta•ble , n. An acetabulum; or about one eighth of a pint. [Obs.] Holland.

Ac•e•tab´u•lar , a. Cup-shaped; saucer-shaped; acetabuliform.

Ac•e•tab•u•lif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Acetabuliferous.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda.

Ac•e•tab•u•lif´er•ous , a. [L. acetablum a little cup + -ferous.] Furnished with fleshy cups for adhering to bodies, as cuttlefish, etc.

Ac•e•tab´u•li•form , a. [L. acetabulum + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a shallow cup; saucer-shaped; as an acetabuliform calyx. Gray.

Ac•e•tab´u•lum , n. [L., a little saucer for vinegar, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A vinegar cup; socket of the hip bone; a measure of about one eighth of a pint, etc. 2. (Anat.) (a) The bony cup which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) The cavity in which the leg of an insect is inserted at its articulation with the body. (c) A sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals. (d) The large posterior sucker of the leeches. (e) One of the lobes of the placenta in ruminating animals.

Ac´e•tal , n. [Acetic + alcohol.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, inflammable liquid from the slow oxidation of alcohol under the influence of platinum black.

Ac•et•al´de•hyde , n. Acetic aldehyde. See Aldehyde.

Ac•et•am´ide , n. [Acetyl + amide.] (Chem.) A white crystalline solid, from ammonia by replacement of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyl.

Ac•et•an´i•lide , n. [Acetyl + anilide.] (Med.) A compound of aniline with acetyl, used to allay fever or pain; — called also antifebrine.

Ac•e•ta´ri•ous , a. [L. acetaria, n. pl., salad, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] Used in salads; as acetarious plants.

Ac´e•ta•ry , n. [L. acetaria salad plants.] An acid pulp in certain fruits, as the pear. Grew.

Ac´e•tate , n. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a base or positive radical; as acetate of lead, acetate of potash.

Ac´e•ta•ted , a. Combined with acetic acid.

A•ce´tic (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) (a) Of a pertaining to vinegar; producing vinegar; producing vinegar; as acetic fermentation. (b) Pertaining to, containing, or derived from, acetyl, as acetic ether, acetic acid. The latter is the acid to which the sour taste of vinegar is due.

A•cet•i•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of making acetous or sour; the process of converting, or of becoming converted, into vinegar.

A•cet´i•fi•er , n. An apparatus for hastening acetification. Knight.

A•cet´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acetified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying .] [L. acetum vinegar + -fly.] To convert into acid or vinegar.

A•cet´i•fy, v. i. To turn acid. Encyc. Dom. Econ.

Ac•e•tim´e•ter , n. [L. acetum vinegar + -meter: cf. F. acetimètre.] An instrument for estimating the amount of acetic acid in vinegar or in any liquid containing acetic acid.

Ac•e•tim´e•try , n. The act or method of ascertaining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure.

Ac´e•tin , n. (Chem.) A combination of acetic acid with glycerin. Brande & C.

Ac´e•tize , v. i. To acetify. [R.]

Ac•e•tom´e•ter , n. Same as Acetimeter. Brande & C.

Ac´e•tone , n. [See Acetic.] (Chem.) A volatile liquid consisting of three parts of carbon, six of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; pyroacetic spirit, — obtained by the distillation of certain acetates, or by the destructive distillation of citric acid, starch, sugar, or gum, with quicklime. The term in also applied to a number of bodies of similar constitution, more frequently called ketones. See Ketone.

Ac•e•ton´ic , a. Of or pertaining to acetone; as acetonic bodies.

Ac´e•tose , a. Sour like vinegar; acetous.

Ac•e•tos´i•ty , n. [LL. acetositas. See Acetous.] The quality of being acetous; sourness.

A•ce´tous (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. Having a sour taste; sour; acid. ´An acetous spirit.´ Boyle. ´A liquid of an acetous kind.´ Bp. Lowth. 2. Causing, or connected with, acetification; as acetous fermentation. Acetous acid, a name formerly given to vinegar.

Ac´e•tyl , n. [L. acetum vinegar + Gr. substance. See -yl.] (Chem.) A complex, hypothetical radical, composed of two parts of carbon to three of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Its hydroxide is acetic acid.

A•cet´y•lene , n. (Chem.) A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a colorless gas with a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is produced for use as an illuminating gas in a number of ways, but chiefly by the action of water on calcium carbide. Its light is very brilliant. Watts. { Ach , Ache } , n. [F. ache, L. apium parsley.] A name given to several species of plants; as smallage, wild celery, parsley. [Obs.] Holland. { A•chae´an , A•cha´ian } a. [L. Achaeus, Achaius; Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Achaia in Greece; also Grecian. — n. A native of Achaia; a Greek.

A•char´ne•ment , n. [F.] Savage fierceness; ferocity.

Ach´ate , n. An agate. [Obs.] Evelyn.

A•chate´ , n. [F. achat purchase. See Cates.] 1. Purchase; bargaining. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. pl. Provisions. Same as Cates. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ach•a•ti´na , n. [NL., from Gr. agate.] (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa.

A•cha•tour´ , n. [See Cater.] Purveyor; acater. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ache , n. [OE. ache, AS. aece, ece, fr. acan to ache. See Ache, v. i.] Continued pain, as distinguished from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. ´Such an ache in my bones.´ Shak. Often used in composition, as a headache, an earache, a toothache.

Ache , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aching .] [OE. aken, AS. acan, both strong verbs, AS. acan, imp. oc, p. p. acen, to ache; perh. orig. to drive, and akin to agent.] To suffer pain; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain; to be distressed. ´My old bones ache.´ Shak. “The sins that in your conscience ache.
Keble.”

A•che´an , a. & n. See Achaean, Achaian. { A•chene´ , A•che´ni•um. } n. [Gr. ’a priv. + to gape.] (Bot.) A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup; — called a naked seed by the earlier botanists. [Written also akene and achaenium.]

A•che´ni•al , a. Pertaining to an achene.

Ach´e•ron , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Myth.) A river in the Nether World or infernal regions; also the infernal regions themselves. By some of the English poets it was supposed to be a flaming lake or gulf. Shak.

Ach•e•ron´tic , a. Of or pertaining to Acheron; infernal; hence, dismal, gloomy; moribund.

A•chiev´a•ble , a. Capable of being achieved. Barrow.

A•chiev´ance , n. [Cf. OF. achevance.] Achievement. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

A•chieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achieved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Achieving .] [OE. acheven, OF. achever, achiever, F. achever, to finish; à (L. ad) + OF. chief, F. chef, end, head, fr. L. caput head. See Chief.] 1. To carry on to a final close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish; to perform; — as to achieve a feat, an exploit, an enterprise. “Supposing faculties and powers to be the same, far more may be achieved in any line by the aid of a capital, invigorating motive than without it.
I. Taylor.” 2. To obtain, or gain, as the result of exertion; to succeed in gaining; to win. “Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Shak.” “Thou hast achieved our liberty.
Milton.” [[Obs]., with a material thing as the aim.] “Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved.
Prior.” “He hath achieved a maid
That paragons description.
Shak.” 3. To finish; to kill. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To accomplish; effect; fulfill; complete; execute; perform; realize; obtain. See Accomplish.

A•chieve´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. achèvement, E. Hatchment.] 1. The act of achieving or performing; an obtaining by exertion; successful performance; accomplishment; as the achievement of his object. 2. A great or heroic deed; something accomplished by valor, boldness, or praiseworthy exertion; a feat. “[The exploits] of the ancient saints … do far surpass the most famous achievements of pagan heroes.
Barrow.” “The highest achievements of the human intellect.
Macaulay.” 3. (Her.) An escutcheon or ensign armorial; now generally applied to the funeral shield commonly called hatchment. Cussans.

A•chiev´er , n. One who achieves; a winner.

Ach•il•le´an , a. Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible.

A•chil´les’ ten´don , n. [L. Achillis tendo.] (Anat.) The strong tendon formed of the united tendons of the large muscles in the calf of the leg, an inserted into the bone of the heel; — so called from the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel when dipped in the River Styx.

A•chi´lous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + lip.] (Bot.) Without a lip.

Ach´ing , a. That aches; continuously painful. See Ache. — Ach´ing•ly, adv. “The aching heart, the aching head.
Longfellow.”

A•chi•o´te , n. [Sp. achiote, fr. Indian achiotl.] Seeds of the annotto tree; also the coloring matter, annotto.

A•chlam´y•date , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + . . a short cloak.] (Zoöl.) Not possessing a mantle; — said of certain gastropods.

Ach•la•myd´e•ous , a. (Bot.) Naked; having no floral envelope, neither calyx nor corolla.

A•cho´li•a , n. [NL., from Gr. ; ’a priv. + bile.] (Med.) Deficiency or want of bile.

Ach´o•lous , a. (Med.) Lacking bile.

Ach•ro•mat´ic , a. [Gr. colorless; ’a priv. + , , color: cf. F. achromatique.] 1. (Opt.) Free from color; transmitting light without decomposing it into its primary colors. 2. (Biol.) Uncolored; not absorbing color from a fluid; — said of tissue. Achromatic lens (Opt.), a lens composed usually of two separate lenses, a convex and concave, of substances having different refractive and dispersive powers, as crown and flint glass, with the curvatures so adjusted that the chromatic aberration produced by the one is corrected by other, and light emerges from the compound lens undecomposed. — Achromatic prism. See Prism. — Achromatic telescope, or microscope, one in which the chromatic aberration is corrected, usually by means of a compound or achromatic object glass, and which gives images free from extraneous color.

Ach•ro•mat´ic•al•ly , adv. In an achromatic manner.

Ach•ro•ma•tic´i•ty , n. Achromatism.

A•chro´ma•tin , n. (Biol.) Tissue which is not stained by fluid dyes. W. Flemming.

A•chro´ma•tism , n. [Cf. F. achromatisme.] The state or quality of being achromatic; as the achromatism of a lens; achromaticity. Nichol.

A•chro•ma•ti•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. achromatisation.] The act or process of achromatizing.

A•chro´ma•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achromatized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Achromatizing .] [Gr. ’a priv. + color.] To deprive of color; to make achromatic.

A•chro´ma•top´sy , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + color + sight.] Color blindness; inability to distinguish colors; Daltonism.

A•chron´ic , a. See Acronyc.

Ach•ro•ö•dex´trin , n. [Gr. colorless + E. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Dextrin not colorable by iodine. See Dextrin.

Ach´ro•ous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + color.] Colorless; achromatic.

A•chy´lous , a. [Gr. without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyle.

A•chy´mous , a. [Gr. without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyme.

A•cic´u•la , n.; pl. Aciculae . [L., a small needle, dimin. of acus needle.] (Nat. Hist.) One of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some animals and plants; also a needlelike crystal.

A•cic´u•lar , a. Needle-shaped; slender like a needle or bristle, as some leaves or crystals; also having sharp points like needles. A•cic´u•lar•ly, adv.. { A•cic´u•late , A•cic´u•la´ted } a. (Nat. Hist.) (a) Furnished with aciculae. (b) Acicular. (c) Marked with fine irregular streaks as if scratched by a needle. Lindley.

A•cic´u•li•form , a. [L. acicula needle + -form.] Needle-shaped; acicular.

A•cic´u•lite , n. (Min.) Needle ore. Brande & C.

Ac´id , a. [L. acidus sour, fr. the root ak to be sharp: cf. F. acide. Cf. Acute.] 1. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; having the taste of vinegar: as acid fruits or liquors. Also fig.: Sour- tempered. “He was stern and his face as acid as ever.
A. Trollope.” 2. Of or pertaining to an acid; as acid reaction.

Ac´id, n. 1. A sour substance. 2. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds, generally but not always distinguished by their sour taste, solubility in water, and reddening of vegetable blue or violet colors. They are also characterized by the power of destroying the distinctive properties of alkalies or bases, combining with them to form salts, at the same time losing their own peculiar properties. They all contain hydrogen, united with a more negative element or radical, either alone, or more generally with oxygen, and take their names from this negative element or radical. Those which contain no oxygen are sometimes called hydracids in distinction from the others which are called oxygen acids or oxacids. In certain cases, sulphur, selenium, or tellurium may take the place of oxygen, and the corresponding compounds are called respectively sulphur acids or sulphacids, selenium acids, or tellurium acids. When the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, a salt is formed, and hence acids are sometimes named as salts of hydrogen; as hydrogen nitrate for nitric acid, hydrogen sulphate for sulphuric acid, etc. In the old chemistry the name acid was applied to the oxides of the negative or nonmetallic elements, now sometimes called anhydrides.

A•cid´ic , a. (Min.) Containing a high percentage of silica; — opposed to basic.

Ac•id•if´er•ous , a. [L. acidus sour + -ferous.] Containing or yielding an acid.

A•cid´i•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being acidified, or converted into an acid.

Ac•id•if´ic , a. Producing acidity; converting into an acid. Dana.

A•cid•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. acidification.] The act or process of acidifying, or changing into an acid.

A•cid´i•fi•er , n. (Chem.) A simple or compound principle, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.

A•cid´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acidifying .] [L. acidus sour, acid + -fy: cf. F. acidifier.] 1. To make acid; to convert into an acid; as to acidify sugar. 2. To sour; to imbitter. “His thin existence all acidified into rage.
Carlyle.”

Ac•id•im´e•ter , n. [L. acidus acid + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids. Ure.

Ac•id•im´e•try , n. [L. acidus acid + -metry.] (Chem.) The measurement of the strength of acids, especially by a chemical process based on the law of chemical combinations, or the fact that, to produce a complete reaction, a certain definite weight of reagent is required. — Ac•id•i•met´ric•al , a.

A•cid´i•ty , n. [L. acidites, fr. acidus: cf. F. acidite. See Acid.] The quality of being sour; sourness; tartness; sharpness to the taste; as the acidity of lemon juice.

Ac´id•ly , adv. Sourly; tartly.

Ac´id•ness , n. Acidity; sourness.

A•cid´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acidulating .] [Cf. F. aciduler. See Acidulous.] To make sour or acid in a moderate degree; to sour somewhat. Arbuthnot.

A•cid´u•lent , a. Having an acid quality; sour; acidulous. ´With anxious, acidulent face.´ Carlyle.

A•cid´u•lous , a. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus. See Acid.] Slightly sour; sub-acid; sourish; as an acidulous tincture. E. Burke. Acidulous mineral waters, such as contain carbonic anhydride.

Ac•i•er•age , n. [F. acierage, fr. acier steel.] The process of coating the surface of a metal plate (as a stereotype plate) with steellike iron by means of voltaic electricity; steeling.

Ac´i•form , a. [L. acus needle + -form.] Shaped like a needle.

Ac´i•na´ceous , a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone.] (Bot.) Containing seeds or stones of grapes, or grains like them.

A•cin´a•ces , n. [L., from Gr. .] (Anc. Hist.) A short sword or saber.

Ac•i•nac´i•form (as•i•nas´i•fôrm), a. [L. acinaces a short sword + -form: cf. F. acinaciforme.] (Bot.) Scimeter-shaped; as an acinaciform leaf.

Ac•i•ne´si•a (as•i•ne´si•a), n. (Med.) Same as Akinesia.

Ac•i•ne´tae (as•i•ne´te), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’akinhtos immovable.] (Zoöl.) A group of suctorial Infusoria, which in the adult stage are stationary. See Suctoria.

Ac•i•net´i•form , a. [Acinetae + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the Acinetae.

A•cin´i•form , a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone + -form: cf. F. acinoforme.] 1. Having the form of a cluster of grapes; clustered like grapes. 2. Full of small kernels like a grape. { Ac´i•nose• , Ac´i•nous } a. [L. acinosus, fr. acinus grapestone.] Consisting of acini, or minute granular concretions; as acinose or acinous glands. Kirwan.

Ac´i•nus , n.; pl. Acini . [L., grape, grapestone.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the small grains or drupelets which make up some kinds of fruit, as the blackberry, raspberry, etc. (b) A grapestone. 2. (Anat.) One of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas; also one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose gland. Quain.

Ac•i•pen´ser , n. [L., the name of a fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons, having the body armed with bony scales, and the mouth on the under side of the head. See Sturgeon.

Ac´i•ur•gy , n. [Gr. a point + work.] Operative surgery.

Ac•know´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + know; AS. oncnawan.] 1. To recognize. [Obs.] ´You will not be acknown, sir.´ B. Jonson. 2. To acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] Chaucer. To be acknown (often with of or on), to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] “We say of a stubborn body that standeth still in the denying of his fault, This man will not acknowledge his fault, or, He will not be acknown of his fault.
Sir T. More.”

Ac•knowl´edge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acknowledged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acknowledging .] [Prob. fr. pref. a- + the verb knowledge. See Knowledge, and cf. Acknow.] 1. To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one’s belief in; as to acknowledge the being of a God. “I acknowledge my transgressions.
Ps. li. 3.” “For ends generally acknowledged to be good.
Macaulay.” 2. To own or recognize in a particular character or relationship; to admit the claims or authority of; to give recognition to. “In all thy ways acknowledge Him.
Prov. iii. 6.” “By my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee.
Shak.” 3. To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter. “They his gifts acknowledged none.
Milton.” 4. To own as genuine; to assent to, as a legal instrument, to give it validity; to avow or admit in legal form; as to acknowledgea deed. Syn. — To avow; proclaim; recognize; own; admit; allow; concede; confess. — Acknowledge, Recognize. Acknowledge is opposed to keep back, or conceal, and supposes that something had been previously known to us (though perhaps not to others) which we now feel bound to lay open or make public. Thus, a man acknowledges a secret marriage; one who has done wrong acknowledges his fault; and author acknowledges his obligation to those who have aided him; we acknowledge our ignorance. Recognize supposes that we have either forgotten or not had the evidence of a thing distinctly before our minds, but that now we know it (as it were) anew, or receive and admit in on the ground of the evidence it brings. Thus, we recognize a friend after a long absence. We recognize facts, principles, truths, etc., when their evidence is brought up fresh to the mind; as bad men usually recognize the providence of God in seasons of danger. A foreign minister, consul, or agent, of any kind, is recognized on the ground of his producing satisfactory credentials. See also Confess.

Ac•knowl´edged•ly , adv. Confessedly.

Ac•knowl´edg•er , n. One who acknowledges.

Ac•knowl´edg•ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of acknowledging; admission; avowal; owning; confession. ´An acknowledgment of fault.´ Froude. 2. The act of owning or recognized in a particular character or relationship; recognition as regards the existence, authority, truth, or genuineness. “Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the Christian faith, the eunuch was baptized by Philip.
Hooker.” 3. The owning of a benefit received; courteous recognition; expression of thanks. Shak. 4. Something given or done in return for a favor, message, etc. Smollett. 5. A declaration or avowal of one’s own act, to give it legal validity; as the acknowledgment of a deed before a proper officer. also the certificate of the officer attesting such declaration. Acknowledgment money, in some parts of England, a sum paid by copyhold tenants, on the death of their landlords, as an acknowledgment of their new lords. Cowell. Syn. — Confession; concession; recognition; admission; avowal; recognizance.

A•clin´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + to incline.] (Physics.) Without inclination or dipping; - - said the magnetic needle balances itself horizontally, having no dip. The aclinic line is also termed the magnetic equator. Prof. August.

Ac´me , n. [Gr. point, top.] 1. The top or highest point; the culmination. “The very acme and pitch of life for epic poetry.
Pope.” “The moment when a certain power reaches the acme of its supremacy.
I. Taylor.” 2. (Med.) The crisis or height of a disease. 3. Mature age; full bloom of life. B. Jonson.

Ac´ne , n. [NL., prob. a corruption of Gr. ] (Med.) A pustular affection of the skin, due to changes in the sebaceous glands.

Ac•no´dal , a. Pertaining to acnodes.

Ac´node , n. [L. acus needle + E. node.] (Geom.) An isolated point not upon a curve, but whose coördinates satisfy the equation of the curve so that it is considered as belonging to the curve.

A•cock´ , adv. [Pref. a- + cock.] In a cocked or turned up fashion.

A•cock´bill , adv. [Prefix a- + cock + bill: with bills cocked up.] (Naut.) (a) Hanging at the cathead, ready to let go, as an anchor. (b) Topped up; having one yardarm higher than the other.

A•cold´ , a. [Prob. p. p. of OE. acolen to grow cold or cool, AS. acolian to grow cold; pref. a- (cf. Goth. er-, orig. meaning out) + colian to cool. See Cool.] Cold. [Obs.] ´Poor Tom’s acold.´ Shak.

Ac•o•log´ic , a. Pertaining to acology.

A•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. remedy + - logy.] Materia medica; the science of remedies.

A•col´o•thist , n. See Acolythist.

Ac•o•lyc´tine , n. [From the name of the plant.] (Chem.) An organic base, in the form of a white powder, obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum. Eng. Cyc.

Ac•o•lyte , n. [LL. acolythus, acoluthus, Gr. following, attending: cf. F. acolyte.] 1. (Eccl.) One who has received the highest of the four minor orders in the Catholic church, being ordained to carry the wine and water and the lights at the Mass. 2. One who attends; an assistant. ´With such chiefs, and with James and John as acolytes.´ Motley.

Ac´o•lyth , n. Same as Acolyte.

A•col´y•thist , n. An acolyte. [Obs.] { A•cond´dy•lose• , A•con´dy•lous } a. [Gr. ’a priv. + joint.] (Nat. Hist.) Being without joints; jointless.

Ac•o•ni´tal , a. Of the nature of aconite.

Ac´o•nite , n. [L. aconitum, Gr. : cf. F. aconit.] 1. (Bot.) The herb wolfsbane, or monkshood; — applied to any plant of the genus Aconitum (tribe Hellebore), all the species of which are poisonous. 2. An extract or tincture obtained from Aconitum napellus, used as a poison and medicinally. Winter aconite, a plant (Eranthis hyemalis) allied to the aconites.

Ac•o•ni´ti•a , n. (Chem.) Same as Aconitine.

Ac•o•nit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to aconite.

A•con´i•tine , n. (Chem.) An intensely poisonous alkaloid, extracted from aconite.

Ac•o•ni´tum , n. [L. See Aconite.] The poisonous herb aconite; also an extract from it. “Strong
As aconitum or rash gunpowder.
Shak.”

A•con´ti•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a little dart.] (Zoöl.) Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidae), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniae when irritated.

A•con´ti•as , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. , dim. dart.] (Zoöl.) Anciently, a snake, called dart snake; now, one of a genus of reptiles closely allied to the lizards.

A•cop´ic , a. [Gr. priv. + striking. weariness, to strike.] (Med.) Relieving weariness; restorative.

A´corn , n. [AS. aecern, fr. aecer field, acre; akin to D. aker acorn, Ger. ecker, Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, Goth. akran fruit, akrs field; — orig. fruit of the field. See Acre.] 1. The fruit of the oak, being an oval nut growing in a woody cup or cupule. 2. (Naut.) A cone-shaped piece of wood on the point of the spindle above the vane, on the mast-head. 3. (Zoöl.) See Acorn- shell.

A´corn cup . The involucre or cup in which the acorn is fixed.

A´corned , a. 1. Furnished or loaded with acorns. 2. Fed or filled with acorns. [R.] Shak.

A´corn-shell , n. (Zoöl.) One of the sessile cirripeds; a barnacle of the genus Balanus. See Barnacle.

A•cos´mism , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + world.] A denial of the existence of the universe as distinct from God.

A•cos´mist , n. [See Acosmism.] One who denies the existence of the universe, or of a universe as distinct from God. G. H. Lewes.

A•cot•y•le´don (#; 277), n. [Gr. ’a priv. + anything cup-shaped. See Cotyledon.] (Bot.) A plant which has no cotyledons, as the dodder and all flowerless plants.

A•cot•y•led´on•ous (#; 277), a. Having no seed lobes, as the dodder; also applied to plants which have no true seeds, as ferns, mosses, etc.

A•cou´chy , n. [F. acouchi, from the native name Guiana.] (Zoöl.) A small species of agouti (Dasyprocta acouchy).

A•cou´me•ter , n. [Gr. to hear + -meter.] (Physics.) An instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. Itard.

A•cou´me•try , n. [Gr. to hear + -metry.] The measuring of the power or extent of hearing.

A•cous´tic (#; 277), a. [F. acoustique, Gr. relating to hearing, fr. to hear.] Pertaining to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sounds; auditory. Acoustic duct, the auditory duct, or external passage of the ear. — Acoustic telegraph, a telegraph making audible signals; a telephone. — Acoustic vessels, brazen tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used in ancient theaters to propel the voices of the actors, so as to render them audible to a great distance.

A•cous´tic, n. A medicine or agent to assist hearing.

A•cous´tic•al , a. Of or pertaining to acoustics.

A•cous´tic•al•ly , adv. In relation to sound or to hearing. Tyndall.

Ac•ous•ti´cian , n. One versed in acoustics. Tyndall.

A•cous´tics (#; 277), n. [Names of sciences in -ics, as acoustics, mathematics, etc., are usually treated as singular. See -ics.] (Physics.) The science of sounds, teaching their nature, phenomena, and laws. “Acoustics, then, or the science of sound, is a very considerable branch of physics.
Sir J. Herschel.” The science is, by some writers, divided, into diacoustics, which explains the properties of sounds coming directly from the ear; and catacoustica, which treats of reflected sounds or echoes.

Ac•quaint´ , a. [OF. acoint. See Acquaint, v. t.] Acquainted. [Obs.]

Ac•quaint´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquainting.] [OE. aqueinten, acointen, OF. acointier, LL. adcognitare, fr. L. ad + cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con- + noscere to know. See Quaint, Know.] 1. To furnish or give experimental knowledge of; to make (one) to know; to make familiar; — followed by with. “Before a man can speak on any subject, it is necessary to be acquainted with it.
Locke.” “A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief.
Isa. liii. 3.” 2. To communicate notice to; to inform; to make cognizant; — followed by with (formerly, also by of), or by that, introducing the intelligence; as to acquaint a friend with the particulars of an act. “Acquaint her here of my son Paris’ love.
Shak.” “I must acquaint you that I have received
New dated letters from Northumberland.
Shak.” 3. To familiarize; to accustom. [Obs.] Evelyn. To be acquainted with, to be possessed of personal knowledge of; to be cognizant of; to be more or less familiar with; to be on terms of social intercourse with. Syn. — To inform; apprise; communicate; advise.

Ac•quaint´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. acointable]. Easy to be acquainted with; affable. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Ac•quaint´ance , n. [OE. aqueintance, OF. acointance, fr. acointier. See Acquaint.] 1. A state of being acquainted, or of having intimate, or more than slight or superficial, knowledge; personal knowledge gained by intercourse short of that of friendship or intimacy; as I know the man; but have no acquaintance with him. “Contract no friendship, or even acquaintance, with a guileful man.
Sir W. Jones.” 2. A person or persons with whom one is acquainted. “Montgomery was an old acquaintance of Ferguson.
Macaulay.” In this sense the collective term acquaintance was formerly both singular and plural, but it is now commonly singular, and has the regular plural acquaintances. To be of acquaintance, to be intimate. — To take acquaintance of or with, to make the acquaintance of. [Obs.] Syn. — Familiarity; intimacy; fellowship; knowledge. — Acquaintance, Familiarity, Intimacy. These words mark different degrees of closeness in social intercourse. Acquaintance arises from occasional intercourse; as our acquaintance has been a brief one. We can speak of a slight or an intimate acquaintance. Familiarity is the result of continued acquaintance. It springs from persons being frequently together, so as to wear off all restraint and reserve; as the familiarity of old companions. Intimacy is the result of close connection, and the freest interchange of thought; as the intimacy of established friendship. “Our admiration of a famous man lessens upon our nearer acquaintance with him.
Addison.” “We contract at last such a familiarity with them as makes it difficult and irksome for us to call off our minds.
Atterbury.” “It is in our power to confine our friendships and intimacies to men of virtue.
Rogers.”

Ac•quaint´ance•ship, n. A state of being acquainted; acquaintance. Southey.

Ac•quaint´ant , n. [Cf. F. acointant, p. pr.] An acquaintance. [R.] Swift.

Ac•quaint´ed, a. Personally known; familiar. See To be acquainted with, under Acquaint, v. t.

Ac•quaint´ed•ness, n. State of being acquainted; degree of acquaintance. [R.] Boyle.

Ac•quest´ (#), n. [OF. aquest, F. acquêt, fr. LL. acquestum, acquisitum, for L. acquisitum, p. p. (used substantively) of acquirere to acquire. See Acquire.] 1. Acquisition; the thing gained. [R.] Bacon. 2. (Law) Property acquired by purchase, gift, or otherwise than by inheritance. Bouvier.

Ac•qui•esce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acquiesced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiescing ] [L. acquiescere; ad + quiescere to be quiet, fr. quies rest: cf. F. acquiescer. See Quiet.] 1. To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without opposition and discontent (usually implying previous opposition or discontent); to accept or consent by silence or by omitting to object; — followed by in, formerly also by with and to. “They were compelled to acquiesce in a government which they did not regard as just.
De Quincey.” 2. To concur upon conviction; as to acquiesce in an opinion; to assent to; usually, to concur, not heartily but so far as to forbear opposition. Syn. — To submit; comply; yield; assent; agree; consent; accede; concur; conform; accept tacitly.

Ac•qui•es´cence , n. [Cf. F. acquiescence.] 1. A silent or passive assent or submission, or a submission with apparent content; — distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, from opposition or open discontent; quiet satisfaction. 2. (Crim. Law) (a) Submission to an injury by the party injured. (b) Tacit concurrence in the action of another. Wharton.

Ac•qui•es´cen•cy , n. The quality of being acquiescent; acquiescence.

Ac•qui•es´cent , a. [L. acquiescens, -centis; p. pr.] Resting satisfied or submissive; disposed tacitly to submit; assentive; as an acquiescent policy.

Ac•qui•es´cent•ly, adv. In an acquiescent manner.

Ac•qui´et , v. t. [LL. acquietare; L. ad + quies rest. See Quiet and cf. Acquit.] To quiet. [Obs.] “Acquiet his mind from stirring you against your own peace.
Sir A. Sherley.”

Ac•quir´a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being acquirable; attainableness. [R.] Paley.

Ac•quir´a•ble , a. Capable of being acquired.

Ac•quire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiring .] [L. acquirere, acquisitum; ad + quarere to seek for. In OE. was a verb aqueren, fr. the same, through OF. aquerre. See Quest..] To gain, usually by one’s own exertions; to get as one’s own; as to acquire a title, riches, knowledge, skill, good or bad habits. “No virtue is acquired in an instant, but step by step.
Barrow.” “Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his ancestor, acquires his estate, by right of representation, as his heir at law.
Blackstone.” Syn. — To obtain; gain; attain; procure; win; earn; secure. See Obtain.

Ac•quire´ment (-ment), n. The act of acquiring, or that which is acquired; attainment. ´Rules for the acquirement of a taste.´ Addison. “His acquirements by industry were … enriched and enlarged by many excellent endowments of nature.
Hayward.” Syn. — Acquisition, Acquirement. Acquirement is used in opposition to a natural gift or talent; as eloquence, and skill in music and painting, are acquirements; genius is the gift or endowment of nature. It denotes especially personal attainments, in opposition to material or external things gained, which are more usually called acquisitions; but this distinction is not always observed.

Ac•quir´er , n. A person who acquires.

Ac•quir´y , n. Acquirement. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ac´qui•site , a. [L. acquisitus, p. p. of acquirere. See Acquire.] Acquired. [Obs.] Burton.

Ac•qui•si´tion , n. [L. acquisitio, fr. acquirere: cf. F. acquisition. See Acquire.] 1. The act or process of acquiring. “The acquisition or loss of a province.
Macaulay.” 2. The thing acquired or gained; an acquirement; a gain; as learning is an acquisition. Syn. — See Acquirement.

Ac•quis´i•tive , a. 1. Acquired. [Obs.] “He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil.
Wotton.” 2. Able or disposed to make acquisitions; acquiring; as an acquisitive person or disposition.

Ac•quis´i•tive•ly, adv. In the way of acquisition.

Ac•quis´i•tive•ness, n. 1. The quality of being acquisitive; propensity to acquire property; desire of possession. 2. (Phren.) The faculty to which the phrenologists attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. Combe.

Ac•quis´i•tor , n. One who acquires.

Ac•quist´ , n. [Cf. Acquest.] Acquisition; gain. Milton.

Ac•quit´ , p. p. Acquitted; set free; rid of. [Archaic] Shak.

Ac•quit´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquitting.] [OE. aquiten, OF. aquiter, F. acquitter; (L. ad) + OF. quiter, F. quitter, to quit. See Quit, and cf. Acquiet.] 1. To discharge, as a claim or debt; to clear off; to pay off; to requite. “A responsibility that can never be absolutely acquitted.
I. Taylor.” 2. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation or charge; — now followed by of before the charge, formerly by from; as the jury acquitted the prisoner; we acquit a man of evil intentions. 4. Reflexively: (a) To clear one’s self. Shak. (b) To bear or conduct one’s self; to perform one’s part; as the soldier acquitted himself well in battle; the orator acquitted himself very poorly. Syn. — To absolve; clear; exonerate; exonerate; exculpate; release; discharge. See Absolve.

Ac•quit´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. aquitement.] Acquittal. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac•quit´tal , n. 1. The act of acquitting; discharge from debt or obligation; acquittance. 2. (Law) A setting free, or deliverance from the charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. Bouvier.

Ac•quit´tance , n. [OF. aquitance, fr. aquiter. See Acquit.] 1. The clearing off of debt or obligation; a release or discharge from debt or other liability. 2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand. “You can produce acquittances
For such a sum, from special officers.
Shak.”

Ac•quit´tance, v. t. To acquit. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•quit´ter , n. One who acquits or releases.

A•cra´ni•a , n. [NL., from Gr. ’a priv. + skull.] 1. (Physiol.) Partial or total absence of the skull. 2. pl. (Zoöl.) The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists.

A•cra´ni•al , a. Wanting a skull. { A•crase´ , A•craze´ } , v. t. [Pref. a- + crase; or cf. F. ecraser to crush. See Crase, Craze.] 1. To craze. [Obs.] Grafton. 2. To impair; to destroy. [Obs.] Hacket. { A•cra´si•a , Ac´ra•sy } n. [Gr. akrasia.] Excess; intemperance. [Obs. except in Med.] Farindon.

A•cras´pe•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + border.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora.

A´cre , n. [OE. aker, AS. aecer; akin to OS. accar, OHG. achar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. åker, Dan. ager, Goth. akrs, L. ager, Gr. , Skr. ajra. rad.2, 206.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture land. [Obs.] 2. A piece of land, containing 160 square rods, or 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. This is the English statute acre. That of the United States is the same. The Scotch acre was about 1.26 of the English, and the Irish 1.62 of the English. The acre was limited to its present definite quantity by statutes of Edward I., Edward III., and Henry VIII. Broad acres, many acres, much landed estate. [Rhetorical] — God’s acre, God’s field; the churchyard. “I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls
The burial ground, God’s acre.
Longfellow.”

A´cre•a•ble , a. Of an acre; per acre; as the acreable produce.

A´cre•age , n. Acres collectively; as the acreage of a farm or a country.

A´cred , a. Possessing acres or landed property; — used in composition; as large-acred men.

Ac´rid , a. [L. acer sharp; prob. assimilated in form to acid. See Eager.] 1. Sharp and harsh, or bitter and not, to the taste; pungent; as acrid salts. 2. Causing heat and irritation; corrosive; as acrid secretions. 3. Caustic; bitter; bitterly irritating; as acrid temper, mind, writing. Acrid poison, a poison which irritates, corrodes, or burns the parts to which it is applied. { A•crid´i•ty , Ac´rid•ness } n. The quality of being acrid or pungent; irritant bitterness; acrimony; as the acridity of a plant, of a speech.

Ac´rid•ly , adv. In an acid manner.

Ac´ri•mo´ni•ous , a. [Cf. LL. acrimonious, F. acrimonieux.] 1. Acrid; corrosive; as acrimonious gall. [Archaic] Harvey. 2. Caustic; bitter-tempered’ sarcastic; as acrimonious dispute, language, temper.

Ac•ri•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. In an acrimonious manner.

Ac•ri•mo´ni•ous•ness, n. The quality of being acrimonious; asperity; acrimony.

Ac´ri•mo•ny , n.; pl. Acrimonies . [L. acrimonia, fr. acer, sharp: cf. F. acrimonie.] 1. A quality of bodies which corrodes or destroys others; also a harsh or biting sharpness; as the acrimony of the juices of certain plants. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper; irritating bitterness of disposition or manners. “John the Baptist set himself with much acrimony and indignation to baffle this senseless arrogant conceit of theirs.
South.” Syn. — Acrimony, Asperity, Harshness, Tartness. These words express different degrees of angry feeling or language. Asperity and harshness arise from angry feelings, connected with a disregard for the feelings of others. Harshness usually denotes needless severity or an undue measure of severity. Acrimony is a biting sharpness produced by an imbittered spirit. Tartness denotes slight asperity and implies some degree of intellectual readiness. Tartness of reply; harshness of accusation; acrimony of invective. “In his official letters he expressed, with great acrimony, his contempt for the king’s character.
Macaulay.” “It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
Johnson.” “A just reverence of mankind prevents the growth of harshness and brutality.
Shaftesbury.” { A•cris´i•a , Ac´ri•sy } n. [LL. acrisia, Gr. ; ’a priv. + to separate, to decide.] 1. Inability to judge. 2. (Med.) Undecided character of a disease. [Obs.]

Ac´ri•ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. indiscernible; ’a priv. + to distinguish.] (Zoöl.) The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed.

Ac´ri•tan , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Acrita. — n. An individual of the Acrita.

Ac´rite , a. (Zoöl.) Acritan. Owen.

A•crit´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + critical.] (Med.) Having no crisis; giving no indications of a crisis; as acritical symptoms, an acritical abscess.

Ac•ri•to•chro´ma•cy , n. [Gr. undistinguishable; ’a priv. + to separate, distinguish + color.] Color blindness; achromatopsy.

Ac´ri•tude , n. [L. acritudo, from acer sharp.] Acridity; pungency joined with heat. [Obs.]

Ac´ri•ty , n. [L. acritas, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. âcrete.] Sharpness; keenness. [Obs.] { Ac•ro•a•mat´ic , Ac•ro•a•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to hear.] Communicated orally; oral; — applied to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, those intended for his genuine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, which were adapted to outsiders or the public generally. Hence: Abstruse; profound.

Ac•ro•at´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. to hear.] Same as Acroamatic.

Ac´ro•bat , n. [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft; high + to go.] One who practices rope dancing, high vaulting, or other daring gymnastic feats.

Ac•ro•bat´ic , a. [Cf. F. acrobatique.] Pertaining to an acrobat. — Ac•ro•bat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ac´ro•bat•ism , n. Feats of the acrobat; daring gymnastic feats; high vaulting.

Ac•ro•car´pous , a. [Gr. extreme, highest + fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having a terminal fructification; having the fruit at the end of the stalk. (b) Having the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy stem, as in certain mosses.

Ac•ro•ce•phal´ic , a. [Gr. highest + . See Cephalic.] Characterized by a high skull.

Ac•ro•ceph´a•ly , n. Loftiness of skull.

Ac•ro•ce•rau´ni•an , a. [L. acroceraunius, fr. Gr. high, n. pl. heights + thunderbolt.] Of or pertaining to the high mountain range of ´thunder- smitten´ peaks (now Kimara), between Epirus and Macedonia. Shelley.

Ac•ro•dac´tyl•um , n. [NL., from Gr. topmost + finger.] (Zoöl.) The upper surface of the toes, individually.

Ac´ro•dont , n. [Gr. ’a•kros summit + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of lizards having the teeth immovably united to the top of the alveolar ridge. — a. Of or pertaining to the acrodonts.

Ac´ro•gen , n. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme, high + -gen.] (Bot.) A plant of the highest class of cryptogams, including the ferns, etc. See Cryptogamia. The Age of Acrogens (Geol.), the age of coal plants, or the carboniferous era.

Ac•rog´e•nous , a. (Bot.) Increasing by growth from the extremity; as an acrogenous plant.

A•cro´le•in , n. [L. acer sharp + olere to smell.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, highly volatile liquid, obtained by the dehydration of glycerin, or the destructive distillation of neutral fats containing glycerin. Its vapors are intensely irritating. Watts.

Ac´ro•lith , n. [L. acrolthus, Gr. ’akroli•qos with the ends made of stone; ’a•kros extreme + li•qos stone.] (Arch. & Sculp.) A statue whose extremities are of stone, the trunk being generally of wood. Elmes. { A•crol´i•than , Ac•ro•lith´ic } a. Pertaining to, or like, an acrolith.

Ac•ro•meg´a•ly , n. [NL. acromegalia, fr. Gr. ’a•kron point, peak + , , big.] (Med.) Chronic enlargement of the extremities and face.

A•cro´mi•al , a. [Cf. F. acromial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the acromion. Dunglison.

A•cro´mi•on , n. [Gr. ; ’a•kros extreme + shoulder: cf. F. acromion.] (Anat.) The outer extremity of the shoulder blade.

Ac•ro•mon•o•gram•mat´ic , a. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme + alone + a letter.] Having each verse begin with the same letter as that with which the preceding verse ends. { A•cron´yc , A•cron´ych•al } a. [Gr. ’akro•nychos at nightfall; ’a•kros + ny•x night.] (Astron.) Rising at sunset and setting at sunrise, as a star; — opposed to cosmical. The word is sometimes incorrectly written acronical, achronychal, acronichal, and acronical.

A•cron´yc•al•ly, adv. In an acronycal manner as rising at the setting of the sun, and vice versa.

Ac´ro•nyc´tous , a. [Gr. ’akro•nyktos; ’a•kros + ny•x, nykto•s, night.] (Astron.) Acronycal.

A•crook´ , adv. Crookedly. [R.] Udall.

A•crop´e•tal , a. [Gr. ’a•kros summit + L. petere to seek.] (Bot.) Developing from below towards the apex, or from the circumference towards the center; centripetal; — said of certain inflorescence.

A•croph´o•ny , n. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme + sound.] The use of a picture symbol of an object to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name of the object.

Ac•ro•po´di•um , n. [Gr. ’a•kros topmost + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The entire upper surface of the foot.

A•crop´o•lis , n. [Gr. ’akro•polis; ’a•kros extreme + po•lis city.] The upper part, or the citadel, of a Grecian city; especially, the citadel of Athens.

Ac´ro•pol´i•tan , a. Pertaining to an acropolis.

Ac´ro•spire , n. [Gr. + anything twisted.] (Bot.) The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate; the plumule in germination; — so called from its spiral form.

Ac´ro•spire, v. i. To put forth the first sprout.

Ac´ro•spore , n. [Gr. + fruit.] (Bot.) A spore borne at the extremity of the cells of fructification in fungi.

Ac´ro•spor´ous , a. Having acrospores.

A•cross´ (#; 115), prep. [Pref. a- + cross: cf. F. en croix. See Cross, n.] From side to side; athwart; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length; quite over; as a bridge laid across a river. Dryden. To come across, to come upon or meet incidentally. Freeman. — To go across the country, to go by a direct course across a region without following the roads.

A•cross´, adv. 1. From side to side; crosswise; as with arms folded across. Shak. 2. Obliquely; athwart; amiss; awry. [Obs.] “The squint-eyed Pharisees look across at all the actions of Christ.
Bp. Hall.”

A•cros´tic , n. [Gr. ; extreme + order, line, verse.] 1. A composition, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letters of the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a name, word, phrase, or motto. 2. A Hebrew poem in which the lines or stanzas begin with the letters of the alphabet in regular order (as Psalm cxix.). See Abecedarian. Double acrostic, a species of enigma, in which words are to be guessed whose initial and final letters form other words. { A•cros´tic , A•cros´tic•al } n. Pertaining to, or characterized by, acrostics.

A•cros´tic•al•ly, adv. After the manner of an acrostic.

Ac•ro•tar´si•um , n. [NL., from Gr. topmost + tarsus.] (Zoöl.) The instep or front of the tarsus.

Ac•ro•te•leu´tic (ak•ro•te•lu´tik), n. [Gr. ’a•kros extreme + teley•th end.] (Eccles.) The end of a verse or psalm, or something added thereto, to be sung by the people, by way of a response.

Ac´ro•ter (ak•ro•ter or a•kro•ter), n. [F. acrotère. See Acroterium.] (Arch.) Same as Acroterium.

Ac•ro•te´ri•al (ak•ro•te´ri•al), a. Pertaining to an acroterium; as acroterial ornaments. P. Cyc.

Ac•ro•te•ri•um (-um), n.; pl. Acroteria . [L., fr. Gr. ’akrwth•rion summit, fr. ’a•kros topmost.] (Arch.) (a) One of the small pedestals, for statues or other ornaments, placed on the apex and at the basal angles of a pediment. Acroteria are also sometimes placed upon the gables in Gothic architecture. J. H. Parker. (b) One of the pedestals, for vases or statues, forming a part roof balustrade.

A•crot´ic , a. [Gr. an extreme, fr. .] (Med.) Pertaining to or affecting the surface.

Ac´ro•tism (ak´ro•tiz’m), n. [Gr. ’a priv. + kro•tos a rattling, beating.] (Med.) Lack or defect of pulsation.

A•crot´o•mous , a. [Gr. ’akro•tomos cut off sharp; ’a•kros extreme + te•mnein to cut.] (Min.) Having a cleavage parallel with the base.

A•cryl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or containing acryl, the hypothetical radical of which acrolein is the hydride; as acrylic acid.

Act (akt), n. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do: cf. F. acte. See Agent.] 1. That which is done or doing; the exercise of power, or the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; a performance; a deed. “That best portion of a good man’s life,
His little, nameless, unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love.
Wordsworth.” Hence, in specific uses: (a) The result of public deliberation; the decision or determination of a legislative body, council, court of justice, etc.; a decree, edit, law, judgment, resolve, award; as an act of Parliament, or of Congress. (b) A formal solemn writing, expressing that something has been done. Abbott. (c) A performance of part of a play; one of the principal divisions of a play or dramatic work in which a certain definite part of the action is completed. (d) A thesis maintained in public, in some English universities, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student. 2. A state of reality or real existence as opposed to a possibility or possible existence. [Obs.] “The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what they afterward grow to be.
Hooker.” 3. Process of doing; action. In act, in the very doing; on the point of (doing). ´In act to shoot.´ Dryden. “This woman was taken … in the very act.
John viii. 4.” Act of attainder. (Law) See Attainder. — Act of bankruptcy (Law), an act of a debtor which renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt. — Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.) See Auto-da-Fe. — Act of God (Law), an inevitable accident; such extraordinary interruption of the usual course of events as is not to be looked for in advance, and against which ordinary prudence could not guard. — Act of grace, an expression often used to designate an act declaring pardon or amnesty to numerous offenders, as at the beginning of a new reign. — Act of indemnity, a statute passed for the protection of those who have committed some illegal act subjecting them to penalties. Abbott. — Act in pais, a thing done out of court (anciently, in the country), and not a matter of record. Syn. — See Action.

Act, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acting.] [L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do; but influenced by E. act, n.] 1. To move to action; to actuate; to animate. [Obs.] “Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul.
Pope.” 2. To perform; to execute; to do. [Archaic] “That we act our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than our necessity.
Jer. Taylor.” “Industry doth beget by producing good habits, and facility of acting things expedient for us to do.
Barrow.” “Uplifted hands that at convenient times
Could act extortion and the worst of crimes.
Cowper.” 3. To perform, as an actor; to represent dramatically on the stage. 4. To assume the office or character of; to play; to personate; as to act the hero. 5. To feign or counterfeit; to simulate. “With acted fear the villain thus pursued.
Dryden.” To act a part, to sustain the part of one of the characters in a play; hence, to simulate; to dissemble. — To act the part of, to take the character of; to fulfill the duties of.

Act, v. i. 1. To exert power; to produce an effect; as the stomach acts upon food. 2. To perform actions; to fulfill functions; to put forth energy; to move, as opposed to remaining at rest; to carry into effect a determination of the will. “He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest.
Pope.” 3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices; to bear or deport one’s self; as we know not why he has acted so. 4. To perform on the stage; to represent a character. “To show the world how Garrick did not act.
Cowper.” To act as or for, to do the work of; to serve as. — To act on, to regulate one’s conduct according to. — To act up to, to equal in action; to fulfill in practice; as he has acted up to his engagement or his advantages.

Act´a•ble , a. Capable of being acted. Tennyson.

Ac´ti•nal , a. [Gr. , , ray.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal which contains the mouth. L. Agassiz.

Ac•ti•na´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , , ray.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not.

Act´ing , a. 1. Operating in any way. 2. Doing duty for another; officiating; as an acting superintendent.

Ac•tin´i•a , n.; pl. L. Actiniae , E. Actinias . [Latinized fr. Gr. , , ray.] (Zoöl.) (a) An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinidae. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.]. (b) A genus in the family Actinidae.

Ac•tin´ic , a. Of or pertaining to actinism; as actinic rays.

Ac•tin´i•form , a. [Gr. , , ray + -form.] Having a radiated form, like a sea anemone.

Ac´tin•ism , n. [Gr. , ray.] The property of radiant energy (found chiefly in solar or electric light) by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography.

Ac•tin´i•um , n. [Gr. , , ray.] (Chem.) A supposed metal, said by Phipson to be contained in commercial zinc; — so called because certain of its compounds are darkened by exposure to light.

Ac•ti•no-chem´is•try , n. Chemistry in its relations to actinism. Draper.

Ac•tin´o•graph , n. [Gr. , , ray + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the variations in the actinic or chemical force of rays of light. Nichol.

Ac´tin•oid , a. [Gr. , , ray + -oid.] Having the form of rays; radiated, as an actinia.

Ac•tin´o•lite , n. [Gr. , , ray + -lite.] (Min.) A bright green variety of amphibole occurring usually in fibrous or columnar masses.

Ac•tin•o•lit´ic , a. (Min.) Of the nature of, or containing, actinolite.

Ac•ti•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , ray + -logy.] The science which treats of rays of light, especially of the actinic or chemical rays.

Ac•tin´o•mere , n. [Gr. , , ray + part.] (Zoöl.) One of the radial segments composing the body of one of the Cœlenterata.

Ac•ti•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , ray + -meter] (a) An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of the sun’s rays. (b) An instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light.

Ac•ti•no•met´ric , a. Pertaining to the measurement of the intensity of the solar rays, either (a) heating, or (b) actinic.

Ac•ti•nom´e•try , n. 1. The measurement of the force of solar radiation. Maury. 2. The measurement of the chemical or actinic energy of light. Abney.

Ac•ti•noph´o•rous , a. [Gr. , , ray + to bear.] Having straight projecting spines.

Ac•tin´o•some , n. [Gr. ray + body.] (Zoöl.) The entire body of a cœlenterate.

Ac´tin•ost , n. [Gr. , , ray + bone.] (Anat.) One of the bones at the base of a paired fin of a fish.

Ac•tin´o•stome , n. [Gr. , , a ray + mouth.] (Zoöl.) The mouth or anterior opening of a cœlenterate animal.

Ac•ti•not´ro•cha , n. pl. [NL.; Gr. , , a ray + a ring.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having a circle of ciliated tentacles.

Ac´ti•no•zo´a , n. pl. [Gr. , , ray + zw^on animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of Cœlenterata, comprising the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea anemone, or actinia, is a familiar example.

Ac•ti•no•zo´al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Actinozoa.

Ac´ti•no•zo´ön , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Actinozoa.

Ac•tin´u•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a ray.] (Zoöl.) A kind of embryo of certain hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form.

Ac´tion , n. [OF. action, L. actio, fr. agere to do. See Act.] 1. A process or condition of acting or moving, as opposed to rest; the doing of something; exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another; the effect of power exerted on one body by another; agency; activity; operation; as the action of heat; a man of action. “One wise in council, one in action brave.
Pope.” 2. An act; a thing done; a deed; an enterprise. (pl.): Habitual deeds; hence, conduct; behavior; demeanor. “The Lord is a Good of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed.
1 Sam. ii. 3.” 3. The event or connected series of events, either real or imaginary, forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition; the unfolding of the drama of events. 4. Movement; as the horse has a spirited action. 5. (Mech.) Effective motion; also mechanism; as the breech action of a gun. 6. (Physiol.) Any one of the active processes going on in an organism; the performance of a function; as the action of the heart, the muscles, or the gastric juice. 7. (Orat.) Gesticulation; the external deportment of the speaker, or the suiting of his attitude, voice, gestures, and countenance, to the subject, or to the feelings. 8. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position of the several parts of the body as expressive of the sentiment or passion depicted. 9. (Law) (a) A suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right in a court of justice; in a broad sense, a judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. (b) A right of action; as the law gives an action for every claim. 10. (Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company, or in the public funds; hence, in the plural, equivalent to stocks. [A Gallicism] [Obs.] “The Euripus of funds and actions.
Burke.” 11. An engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water; a battle; a fight; as a general action, a partial action. 12. (Music) The mechanical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the player’s finger is transmitted to the strings of a pianoforte or to the valve of an organ pipe. Grove. Chose in action. (Law) See Chose. — Quantity of action (Physics), the product of the mass of a body by the space it runs through, and its velocity. Syn. — Action, Act. In many cases action and act are synonymous; but some distinction is observable. Action involves the mode or process of acting, and is usually viewed as occupying some time in doing. Act has more reference to the effect, or the operation as complete. “To poke the fire is an act, to reconcile friends who have quarreled is a praiseworthy action.”
C. J. Smith.

Ac´tion•a•ble , a. [Cf. LL. actionabilis. See Action.] That may be the subject of an action or suit at law; as to call a man a thief is actionable.

Ac´tion•a•bly, adv. In an actionable manner. { Ac´tion•a•ry , Ac´tion•ist } n. [Cf. F. actionnaire.] (Com.) A shareholder in joint-stock company. [Obs.]

Ac´tion•less, a. Void of action.

Ac´ti•vate , v. t. To make active. [Obs.]

Ac´tive , a. [F. actif, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting; causing change; communicating action or motion; acting; — opposed to passive, that receives; as certain active principles; the powers of the mind. 2. Quick in physical movement; of an agile and vigorous body; nimble; as an active child or animal. “Active and nervous was his gait.
Wordsworth.” 3. In action; actually proceeding; working; in force; — opposed to quiescent, dormant, or extinct; as active laws; active hostilities; an active volcano. 4. Given to action; constantly engaged in action; energetic; diligent; busy; — opposed to dull, sluggish, indolent, or inert; as an active man of business; active mind; active zeal. 5. Requiring or implying action or exertion; — opposed to sedentary or to tranquil; as active employment or service; active scenes. 6. Given to action rather than contemplation; practical; operative; — opposed to speculative or theoretical; as an active rather than a speculative statesman. 7. Brisk; lively; as an active demand for corn. 8. Implying or producing rapid action; as an active disease; an active remedy. 9. (Gram.) (a) Applied to a form of the verb; — opposed to passive. See Active voice, under Voice. (b) Applied to verbs which assert that the subject acts upon or affects something else; transitive. (c) Applied to all verbs that express action as distinct from mere existence or state. Active capital, Active wealth, money, or property that may readily be converted into money. Syn. — Agile; alert; brisk; vigorous; nimble; lively; quick; sprightly; prompt; energetic.

Ac´tive•ly, adv. 1. In an active manner; nimbly; briskly; energetically; also by one’s own action; voluntarily, not passively. 2. (Gram.) In an active signification; as a word used actively.

Ac´tive•ness, n. The quality of being active; nimbleness; quickness of motion; activity.

Ac•tiv´i•ty , n.; pl. Activities . [Cf. F. activite, LL. activitas.] The state or quality of being active; nimbleness; agility; vigorous action or operation; energy; active force; as an increasing variety of human activities. ´The activity of toil.´ Palfrey. Syn. — Liveliness; briskness; quickness.

Act´less , a. Without action or spirit. [R.]

Ac´ton , n. [OF. aketon, auqueton, F. hoqueton, a quilted jacket, fr. Sp. alcoton, algodon, cotton. Cf. Cotton.] A stuffed jacket worn under the mail, or (later) a jacket plated with mail. [Spelled also hacqueton.] [Obs.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott.

Ac´tor , n. [L. actor, fr. agere to act.] 1. One who acts, or takes part in any affair; a doer. 2. A theatrical performer; a stageplayer. “After a well graced actor leaves the stage.
Shak.” 3. (Law) (a) An advocate or proctor in civil courts or causes. Jacobs. (b) One who institutes a suit; plaintiff or complainant.

Ac•tress , n. [Cf. F. actrice.] 1. A female actor or doer. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. A female stageplayer; a woman who acts a part.

Ac´tu•al (#; 135), a. [OE. actuel, F. actuel, L. actualis, fr. agere to do, act.] 1. Involving or comprising action; active. [Obs.] “Her walking and other actual performances.
Shak.” “Let your holy and pious intention be actual; that is … by a special prayer or action, … given to God.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Existing in act or reality; really acted or acting; in fact; real; — opposed to potential, possible, virtual, speculative, conceivable, theoretical, or nominal; as the actual cost of goods; the actual case under discussion. 3. In action at the time being; now exiting; present; as the actual situation of the country. Actual cautery. See under Cautery. — Actual sin (Theol.), that kind of sin which is done by ourselves in contradistinction to ´original sin.´ Syn. — Real; genuine; positive; certain. See Real.

Ac´tu•al , n. (Finance) Something actually received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts. [Cant] “The accounts of revenues supplied … were not real receipts: not, in financial language, ´actuals,´ but only Egyptian budget estimates.
Fortnightly Review.”

Ac´tu•al•ist, n. One who deals with or considers actually existing facts and conditions, rather than fancies or theories; — opposed to idealist. J. Grote.

Ac•tu•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Actualities . The state of being actual; reality; as the actuality of God’s nature. South.

Ac•tu•al•i•za´tion , n. A making actual or really existent. [R.] Emerson.

Ac´tu•al•ize , v. t. To make actual; to realize in action. [R.] Coleridge.

Ac´tu•al•ly, adv. 1. Actively. [Obs.] ´Neither actually … nor passively.´ Fuller. 2. In act or in fact; really; in truth; positively.

Ac´tu•al•ness, n. Quality of being actual; actuality.

Ac•tu•a´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to actuaries; as the actuarial value of an annuity.

Ac´tu•a•ry , n.; pl. Actuaries . [L. actuarius copyist, clerk, fr. actus, p. p. of agere to do, act.] 1. (Law) A registrar or clerk; — used originally in courts of civil law jurisdiction, but in Europe used for a clerk or registrar generally. 2. The computing official of an insurance company; one whose profession it is to calculate for insurance companies the risks and premiums for life, fire, and other insurances.

Ac´tu•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Actuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Actuating .] [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actus act.] 1. To put into action or motion; to move or incite to action; to influence actively; to move as motives do; — more commonly used of persons. “Wings, which others were contriving to actuate by the perpetual motion.
Johnson.” “Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition; and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least actuated by it.
Addison.” 2. To carry out in practice; to perform. [Obs.] ´To actuate what you command.´ Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To move; impel; incite; rouse; instigate; animate.

Ac´tu•ate , a. [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare.] Put in action; actuated. [Obs.] South.

Ac•tu•a´tion , n. [Cf. LL. actuatio.] A bringing into action; movement. Bp. Pearson.

Ac´tu•a•tor , n. One who actuates, or puts into action. [R.] Melville.

Ac´tu•ose , a. [L. actuosus.] Very active. [Obs.]

Ac•tu•os´i•ty , n. Abundant activity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ac´ture , n. Action. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac•tu´ri•ence , n. [A desid. of L. agere, actum, to act.] Tendency or impulse to act. [R.] “Acturience, or desire of action, in one form or another, whether as restlessness, ennui, dissatisfaction, or the imagination of something desirable.
J. Grote.”

Ac´u•ate , v. t. [L. acus needle.] To sharpen; to make pungent; to quicken. [Obs.] ´[To] acuate the blood.´ Harvey.

Ac´u•ate , a. Sharpened; sharp- pointed.

Ac•u•a´tion , n. Act of sharpening. [R.]

Ac•u•i´tion , n. [L. acutus, as if acuitus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen.] The act of sharpening. [Obs.]

A•cu´i•ty , n. [LL. acuitas: cf. F. acuite.] Sharpness or acuteness, as of a needle, wit, etc.

A•cu´le•ate , a. [L. aculeatus, fr. aculeus, dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having a sting; covered with prickles; sharp like a prickle. 2. (Bot.) Having prickles, or sharp points; beset with prickles. 3. Severe or stinging; incisive. [R.] Bacon.

A•cu´le•a•ted , a. Having a sharp point; armed with prickles; prickly; aculeate.

A•cu´le•i•form , a. Like a prickle.

A•cu´le•o•late , a. [L. aculeolus little needle.] (Bot.) Having small prickles or sharp points. Gray.

A•cu´le•ous , a. Aculeate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•cu´le•us , n.; pl. Aculei . [L., dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle growing on the bark, as in some brambles and roses. Lindley. 2. (Zoöl.) A sting.

A•cu´men , n. [L. acumen, fr. acuere to sharpen. Cf. Acute.] Quickness of perception or discernment; penetration of mind; the faculty of nice discrimination. Selden. Syn. — Sharpness; sagacity; keenness; shrewdness; acuteness.

A•cu´mi•nate , a. [L. acuminatus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen, fr. acumen. See Acumen.] Tapering to a point; pointed; as acuminate leaves, teeth, etc.

A•cu´mi•nate , v. t. To render sharp or keen. [R.] ´To acuminate even despair.´ Cowper.

A•cu´mi•nate, v. i. To end in, or come to, a sharp point. ´Acuminating in a cone of prelacy.´ Milton.

A•cu•mi•na´tion , n. A sharpening; termination in a sharp point; a tapering point. Bp. Pearson.

A•cu´mi•nose , a. Terminating in a flat, narrow end. Lindley.

A•cu´mi•nous , a. Characterized by acumen; keen. Highmore.

Ac•u•pres´sure , n. [L. acus needle + premere, pressum, to press.] (Surg.) A mode of arresting hemorrhage resulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing under the divided vessel a needle, the ends of which are left exposed externally on the cutaneous surface. Simpson.

Ac•u•punc•tu•ra´tion , n. See Acupuncture.

Ac•u•punc´ture , n. [L. acus needle + punctura a pricking, fr. pungere to prick: cf. F. acuponcture.] Pricking with a needle; a needle prick. Specifically (Med.): The insertion of needles into the living tissues for remedial purposes.

Ac•u•punc´ture , v. t. To treat with acupuncture.

A•cus´tum•aunce , n. See Accustomance. [Obs.]

A•cut´an•gu•lar , a. Acute- angled.

A•cute´ , a. [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen, fr. a root ak to be sharp. Cf. Ague, Cute, Edge.] 1. Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp point; pointed; — opposed to blunt or obtuse; as an acute angle; an acute leaf. 2. Having nice discernment; perceiving or using minute distinctions; penetrating; clever; shrewd; — opposed to dull or stupid; as an acute observer; acute remarks, or reasoning. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility; susceptible to slight impressions; acting keenly on the senses; sharp; keen; intense; as a man of acute eyesight, hearing, or feeling; acute pain or pleasure. 4. High, or shrill, in respect to some other sound; — opposed to grave or low; as an acute tone or accent. 5. (Med.) Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and coming speedily to a crisis; — opposed to chronic; as an acute disease. Acute angle (Geom.), an angle less than a right angle. Syn. — Subtile; ingenious; sharp; keen; penetrating; sagacious; sharp-witted; shrewd; discerning; discriminating. See Subtile.

A•cute´, v. t. To give an acute sound to; as he acutes his rising inflection too much. [R.] Walker.

A•cute´-an•gled (-an´g’ld), a. Having acute angles; as an acute-angled triangle, a triangle with every one of its angles less than a right angle.

A•cute´ly, adv. In an acute manner; sharply; keenly; with nice discrimination.

A•cute´ness, n. 1. The quality of being acute or pointed; sharpness; as the acuteness of an angle. 2. The faculty of nice discernment or perception; acumen; keenness; sharpness; sensitiveness; — applied to the senses, or the understanding. By acuteness of feeling, we perceive small objects or slight impressions: by acuteness of intellect, we discern nice distinctions. “Perhaps, also he felt his professional acuteness interested in bringing it to a successful close.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. Shrillness; high pitch; — said of sounds. 4. (Med.) Violence of a disease, which brings it speedily to a crisis. Syn. — Penetration; sagacity; keenness; ingenuity; shrewdness; subtlety; sharp-wittedness.

A•cu•ti•fo´li•ate , a. [L. acutus sharp + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having sharp-pointed leaves.

A•cu•ti•lo´bate , a. [L. acutus sharp + E. lobe.] (Bot.) Having acute lobes, as some leaves.

Ad- . [A Latin preposition, signifying to. See At.] As a prefix ad- assumes the forms ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, assimilating the d with the first letter of the word to which ad- is prefixed. It remains unchanged before vowels, and before d, h, j, m, v. Examples: adduce, adhere, adjacent, admit, advent, accord, affect, aggregate, allude, annex, appear, etc. It becomes ac- before qu, as in acquiesce.

Ad•act´ , v. t. [L. adactus, p. p. of adigere.] To compel; to drive. [Obs.] Fotherby. { A•dac´tyl , A•dac´tyl•ous } a. [Gr. ’a priv. + finger.] (Zoöl.) (a) Without fingers or without toes. (b) Without claws on the feet (of crustaceous animals).

Ad´age , n. [F. adage, fr. L. adagium; ad + the root of L. aio I say.] An old saying, which has obtained credit by long use; a proverb. “Letting ´I dare not´ wait upon ´I would,´
Like the poor cat i’ the adage.
Shak.” Syn. — Axiom; maxim; aphorism; proverb; saying; saw; apothegm. See Axiom.

A•da´gi•al , a. Pertaining to an adage; proverbial. ´Adagial verse.´ Barrow.

A•da´gio , a. & adv. [It. adagio; ad (L. ad) at + agio convenience, leisure, ease. See Agio.] (Mus.) Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow.

A•da´gio, n. A piece of music in adagio time; a slow movement; as an adagio of Haydn.

Ad´am , n. 1. The name given in the Bible to the first man, the progenitor of the human race. 2. (As a symbol) ´Original sin;´ human frailty. “And whipped the offending Adam out of him.
Shak.” Adam’s ale, water. [Coll.] — Adam’s apple. 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of banana (Musa paradisiaca). It attains a height of twenty feet or more. Paxton. (b) A species of lime (Citris limetta). 2. The projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck. It is particularly prominent in males, and is so called from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit (an apple) sticking in the throat of our first parent. — Adam’s flannel (Bot.), the mullein (Verbascum thapsus). — Adam’s needle (Bot.), the popular name of a genus (Yucca) of liliaceous plants.

Ad´a•mant (ad´a•mant), n. [OE. adamaunt, adamant, diamond, magnet, OF. adamant, L. adamas, adamantis, the hardest metal, fr. Gr. ’ada•mas, -antos; ’a priv. + dama^,n to tame, subdue. In OE., from confusion with L. adamare to love, be attached to, the word meant also magnet, as in OF. and LL. See Diamond, Tame.] 1. A stone imagined by some to be of impenetrable hardness; a name given to the diamond and other substances of extreme hardness; but in modern mineralogy it has no technical signification. It is now a rhetorical or poetical name for the embodiment of impenetrable hardness. “Opposed the rocky orb
Of tenfold adamant, his ample shield.
Milton.” 2. Lodestone; magnet. [Obs.] ´A great adamant of acquaintance.´ Bacon. “As true to thee as steel to adamant.
Greene.”

Ad•a•man•te´an , a. [L. adamanteus.] Of adamant; hard as adamant. Milton.

Ad•a•man´tine , a. [L. adamantinus, Gr. .] 1. Made of adamant, or having the qualities of adamant; incapable of being broken, dissolved, or penetrated; as adamantine bonds or chains. 2. (Min.) Like the diamond in hardness or luster.

Ad•am•bu•la´cral , a. [L. ad + E. ambulacral.] (Zoöl.) Next to the ambulacra; as the adambulacral ossicles of the starfish. { A•dam´ic , A•dam´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to Adam, or resembling him. Adamic earth, a name given to common red clay, from a notion that Adam means red earth.

Ad´am•ite , n. [From Adam.] 1. A descendant of Adam; a human being. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of visionaries, who, professing to imitate the state of Adam, discarded the use of dress in their assemblies.

Ad´am’s ap´ple . See under Adam.

A•dance´ , adv. Dancing. Lowell.

A•dan´gle , adv. Dangling. Browning.

Ad•an•so´ni•a , n. [From Adanson, a French botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of great trees related to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digitata, the baobab or monkey-bread of Africa and India, and A. Gregorii, the sour gourd or cream-of-tartar tree of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height, but of enormous diameter, and a wide-spreading head. The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp. The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the natives for making ropes and cloth. D. C. Eaton.

A•dapt´ , a. Fitted; suited. [Obs.] Swift.

A•dapt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adapted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adapting.] [L. adaptare; ad + aptare to fit; cf. F. adapter. See Apt, Adept.] To make suitable; to fit, or suit; to adjust; to alter so as to fit for a new use; — sometimes followed by to or for. “For nature, always in the right,
To your decays adapts my sight.
Swift.” “Appeals adapted to his [man’s] whole nature.
Angus.” “Streets ill adapted for the residence of wealthy persons.
Macaulay.” { A•dapt•a•bil´i•ty , A•dapt´a•ble•ness } n. The quality of being adaptable; suitableness. ´General adaptability for every purpose.´ Farrar.

A•dapt´a•ble , a. Capable of being adapted.

Ad•ap•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. adaptation, LL. adaptatio.] 1. The act or process of adapting, or fitting; or the state of being adapted or fitted; fitness. ´Adaptation of the means to the end.´ Erskine. 2. The result of adapting; an adapted form.

A•dapt´a•tive , a. Adaptive. Stubbs.

A•dapt´ed•ness , n. The state or quality of being adapted; suitableness; special fitness.

A•dapt´er , n. 1. One who adapts. 2. (Chem.) A connecting tube; an adopter.

A•dap´tion , n. Adaptation. Cheyne.

A•dapt´ive , a. Suited, given, or tending, to adaptation; characterized by adaptation; capable of adapting. Coleridge. — A•dapt´ive•ly, adv.

A•dapt´ive•ness, n. The quality of being adaptive; capacity to adapt.

A•dapt´ly, adv. In a suitable manner. [R.] Prior.

A•dapt´ness, n. Adaptedness. [R.]

Ad•ap•to´ri•al , a. Adaptive. [R.]

A´dar , n. [Heb. adär.] The twelfth month of the Hebrew ecclesiastical year, and the sixth of the civil. It corresponded nearly with March.

A•dar´ce , n. [L. adarce, adarca, Gr. .] A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in marshy grounds in Galatia. It is soft and porous, and was formerly used for cleansing the skin from freckles and tetters, and also in leprosy. Dana.

Ad´a•tis , n. A fine cotton cloth of India.

A•daunt´ , v. t. [OE. adaunten to overpower, OF. adonter; à (L. ad) + donter, F. dompter. See Daunt.] To daunt; to subdue; to mitigate. [Obs.] Skelton.

A•daw´ , v. t. [Cf. OE. adawe of dawe, AS. of dagum from days, i. e., from life, out of life.] To subdue; to daunt. [Obs.] “The sight whereof did greatly him adaw.
Spenser.”

A•daw´, v. t. & i. [OE. adawen to wake; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-) + dawen, dagon, to dawn. See Daw.] To awaken; to arouse. [Obs.] “A man that waketh of his sleep
He may not suddenly well taken keep
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly
Till that he be adawed verily.
Chaucer.”

A•days´ , adv. [Pref. a- (for on) + day; the final s was orig. a genitive ending, afterwards forming adverbs.] By day, or every day; in the daytime. [Obs.] Fielding.

Ad cap•tan´dum . [L., for catching.] A phrase used adjectively sometimes of meretricious attempts to catch or win popular favor.

Add , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Added; p. pr. & vb. n. Adding.] [L. addere; ad + dare to give, put. Cf. Date, Do.] 1. To give by way of increased possession (to any one); to bestow (on). “The Lord shall add to me another son.
Gen. xxx. 24.” 2. To join or unite, as one thing to another, or as several particulars, so as to increase the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magnitude, or so as to form into one aggregate. Hence: To sum up; to put together mentally; as to add numbers; to add up a column. “Back to thy punishment,
False fugitive, and to thy speed add wings.
Milton.” “As easily as he can add together the ideas of two days or two years.
Locke.” 3. To append, as a statement; to say further. “He added that he would willingly consent to the entire abolition of the tax.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To Add, Join, Annex, Unite, Coalesce. We add by bringing things together so as to form a whole. We join by putting one thing to another in close or continuos connection. We annex by attaching some adjunct to a larger body. We unite by bringing things together so that their parts adhere or intermingle. Things coalesce by coming together or mingling so as to form one organization. To add quantities; to join houses; to annex territory; to unite kingdoms; to make parties coalesce.

Add , v. i. 1. To make an addition. To add to, to augment; to increase; as it adds to our anxiety. ´I will add to your yoke.´ 1 Kings xii. 14. 2. To perform the arithmetical operation of addition; as he adds rapidly.

Add´a•ble , a. [Add, v. + - able.] Addible.

Ad´dax , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) One of the largest African antelopes (Hippotragus, or Oryx, nasomaculatus). It is now believed to be the Strepsiceros (twisted horn) of the ancients. By some it is thought to be the pygarg of the Bible.

Ad•deem´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + deem.] To award; to adjudge. [Obs.] ´Unto him they did addeem the prise.´ Spenser.

Ad•den´dum , n.; pl. Addenda . [L., fr. addere to add.] A thing to be added; an appendix or addition. Addendum circle (Mech.), the circle which may be described around a circular spur wheel or gear wheel, touching the crests or tips of the teeth. Rankine.

Add´er , n. [See Add.] One who, or that which, adds; esp., a machine for adding numbers.

Ad´der, n. [OE. addere, naddere, eddre, AS. naedre, adder, snake; akin to OS. nadra, OHG. natra, natara, Ger. natter, Goth. nadrs, Icel. naðr, masc., naðra, fem.: cf. W. neidr, Gorn. naddyr, Ir. nathair, L. natrix, water snake. An adder is for a nadder.] 1. A serpent. [Obs.] ´The eddre seide to the woman.´ Wyclif. Gen. iii. 4.) 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small venomous serpent of the genus Vipera. The common European adder is the Vipera (or Pelias) berus. The puff adders of Africa are species of Clotho. (b) In America, the term is commonly applied to several harmless snakes, as the milk adder, puffing adder, etc. (c) Same as Sea Adder. In the sculptures the appellation is given to several venomous serpents, — sometimes to the horned viper (Cerastles).

Ad´der fly . A dragon fly.

Ad´der’s-tongue , n. (Bot.) (a) A genus of ferns (Ophioglossum), whose seeds are produced on a spike resembling a serpent’s tongue. (b) The yellow dogtooth violet. Gray.

Ad´der•wort , n. (Bot.) The common bistort or snakeweed (Polygonum bistorta).

Add•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quantity of being addible; capability of addition. Locke.

Add´i•ble , a. Capable of being added. ´Addible numbers.´ Locke.

Ad´dice , n. See Adze. [Obs.] Moxon.

Ad•dict´ , p. p. Addicted; devoted. [Obs.]

Ad•dict´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Addicting.] [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to adjudge, devote; ad + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To apply habitually; to devote; to habituate; — with to. ´They addict themselves to the civil law.´ Evelyn. “He is addicted to his study.
Beau. & Fl.” “That part of mankind that addict their minds to speculations.
Adventurer.” “His genius addicted him to the study of antiquity.
Fuller.” “A man gross … and addicted to low company.
Macaulay.” 2. To adapt; to make suitable; to fit. [Obs.] “The land about is exceedingly addicted to wood, but the coldness of the place hinders the growth.
Evelyn.” Syn. — Addict, Devote, Consecrate, Dedicate. Addict was formerly used in a good sense; as addicted to letters; but is now mostly employed in a bad sense or an indifferent one; as addicted to vice; addicted to sensual indulgence. ´Addicted to staying at home.´ J. S. Mill. Devote is always taken in a good sense, expressing habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some favorite object; as devoted to science. Consecrate and dedicate express devotion of a higher kind, involving religious sentiment; as consecrated to the service of the church; dedicated to God.

Ad•dict´ed•ness, n. The quality or state of being addicted; attachment.

Ad•dic´tion , n. [Cf. L. addictio an adjudging.] The state of being addicted; devotion; inclination. ´His addiction was to courses vain.´ Shak.

Ad´di•son’s dis•ease´ . [Named from Thomas Addison, M. D., of London, who first described it.] (Med.) A morbid condition causing a peculiar brownish discoloration of the skin, and thought, at one time, to be due to disease of the suprarenal capsules (two flat triangular bodies covering the upper part of the kidneys), but now known not to be dependent upon this causes exclusively. It is usually fatal.

Ad•dit´a•ment (ad•dit´a•ment), n. [L. additamentum, fr. additus, p. p. of addere to add.] An addition, or a thing added. Fuller. “My persuasion that the latter verses of the chapter were an additament of a later age.
Coleridge.”

Ad•di´tion , n. [F. addition, L. additio, fr. addere to add.] 1. The act of adding two or more things together; — opposed to subtraction or diminution. ´This endless addition or addibility of numbers.´ Locke. 2. Anything added; increase; augmentation; as a piazza is an addition to a building. 3. (Math.) That part of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers. 4. (Mus.) A dot at the right side of a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened one half. [R.] 5. (Law) A title annexed to a man’s name, to identify him more precisely; as John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.; Robert Dale, Mason; Thomas Way, of New York; a mark of distinction; a title. 6. (Her.) Something added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honor; — opposed to abatement. Vector addition (Geom.), that kind of addition of two lines, or vectors, AB and BC, by which their sum is regarded as the line, or vector, AC. Syn. — Increase; accession; augmentation; appendage; adjunct.

Ad•di´tion•al , a. Added; supplemental; in the way of an addition.

Ad•di´tion•al, n. Something added. [R.] Bacon.

Ad•di´tion•al•ly, adv. By way of addition.

Ad•di´tion•a•ry , a. Additional. [R.] Herbert.

Ad•di•ti´tious , a. [L. addititius, fr. addere.] Additive. [R.] Sir J. Herschel.

Ad´di•tive , a. [L. additivus.] (Math.) Proper to be added; positive; — opposed to subtractive.

Ad´di•to•ry , a. Tending to add; making some addition. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Ad´dle , n. [OE. adel, AS. adela, mud.] 1. Liquid filth; mire. [Obs.] 2. Lees; dregs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ad´dle, a. Having lost the power of development, and become rotten, as eggs; putrid. Hence: Unfruitful or confused, as brains; muddled. Dryden.

Ad´dle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Addled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Addling .] To make addle; to grow addle; to muddle; as he addled his brain. ´Their eggs were addled.´ Cowper.

Ad´dle, v. t. & i. [OE. adlen, adilen, to gain, acquire; prob. fr. Icel. öðlask to acquire property, akin to oðal property. Cf. Allodial.] 1. To earn by labor. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. 2. To thrive or grow; to ripen. [Prov. Eng.] “Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more.
Tusser.” { Ad´dle-brain• , Ad´dle-head• , Ad´dle- pate } n. A foolish or dull-witted fellow. [Colloq.] { Ad´dle-brained• , Ad´dle-head•ed , Ad´dle-pa•ted } a. Dull-witted; stupid. ´The addle-brained Oberstein.´ Motley. “Dull and addle-pated.
Dryden.”

Ad´dle-pa•ted•ness , n. Stupidity.

Ad´dlings , n. pl. [See Addle, to earn.] Earnings. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ad•doom´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + doom.] To adjudge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad•dorsed´ , a. [L. ad + dorsum, back: cf. F. adosse.] (Her.) Set or turned back to back.

Ad•dress´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addressed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Addressing.] [OE. adressen to raise erect, adorn, OF. adrecier, to straighten, address, F. adresser, fr. à (L. ad) + OF. drecier, F. dresser, to straighten, arrange. See Dress, v.] 1. To aim; to direct. [Obs.] Chaucer. “And this good knight his way with me addrest.
Spenser.” 2. To prepare or make ready. [Obs.] “His foe was soon addressed.
Spenser.” “Turnus addressed his men to single fight.
Dryden.” “The five foolish virgins addressed themselves at the noise of the bridegroom’s coming.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Reflexively: To prepare one’s self; to apply one’s skill or energies (to some object); to betake. “These men addressed themselves to the task.
Macaulay.” 4. To clothe or array; to dress. [Archaic] “Tecla … addressed herself in man’s apparel.
Jewel.” 5. To direct, as words (to any one or any thing); to make, as a speech, petition, etc. (to any one, an audience). “The young hero had addressed his players to him for his assistance.
Dryden.” 6. To direct speech to; to make a communication to, whether spoken or written; to apply to by words, as by a speech, petition, etc., to speak to; to accost. “Are not your orders to address the senate?
Addison.” “The representatives of the nation addressed the king.
Swift.” 7. To direct in writing, as a letter; to superscribe, or to direct and transmit; as he addressed a letter. 8. To make suit to as a lover; to court; to woo. 9. (Com.) To consign or intrust to the care of another, as agent or factor; as the ship was addressed to a merchant in Baltimore. To address one’s self to. (a) To prepare one’s self for; to apply one’s self to. (b) To direct one’s speech or discourse to.

Ad•dress´ , v. i. 1. To prepare one’s self. [Obs.] ´Let us address to tend on Hector’s heels.´ Shak. 2. To direct speech. [Obs.] “Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest.
Dryden.” The intransitive uses come from the dropping out of the reflexive pronoun.

Ad•dress, n. [Cf. F. adresse. See Address, v. t.] 1. Act of preparing one’s self. [Obs.] Jer Taylor. 2. Act of addressing one’s self to a person; verbal application. 3. A formal communication, either written or spoken; a discourse; a speech; a formal application to any one; a petition; a formal statement on some subject or special occasion; as an address of thanks, an address to the voters. 4. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed. 5. Manner of speaking to another; delivery; as a man of pleasing or insinuating address. 6. Attention in the way one’s addresses to a lady. Addison. 7. Skill; skillful management; dexterity; adroitness. Syn. — Speech; discourse; harangue; oration; petition; lecture; readiness; ingenuity; tact; adroitness.

Ad•dress•ee´ , n. One to whom anything is addressed.

Ad•dres´sion , n. The act of addressing or directing one’s course. [Rare & Obs.] Chapman.

Ad•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adduced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adducing .] [L. adducere, adductum, to lead or bring to; ad + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Adduct.] To bring forward or offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which bears on a statement or case; to cite; to allege. “Reasons … were adduced on both sides.
Macaulay.” “Enough could not be adduced to satisfy the purpose of illustration.
De Quincey.” Syn. — To present; allege; advance; cite; quote; assign; urge; name; mention.

Ad•du´cent , a. [L. addunces, p. pr. of adducere.] (Physiol.) Bringing together or towards a given point; — a word applied to those muscles of the body which pull one part towards another. Opposed to abducent.

Ad•du´cer , n. One who adduces.

Ad•du´ci•ble , a. Capable of being adduced. “Proofs innumerable, and in every imaginable manner diversified, are adducible.
I. Taylor.”

Ad•duct´ , v. t. [L. adductus, p. p. of adducere. See Adduce.] (Physiol.) To draw towards a common center or a middle line. Huxley.

Ad•duc´tion , n. [Cf. F. adduction. See Adduce.] 1. The act of adducing or bringing forward. “An adduction of facts gathered from various quarters.
I. Taylor.” 2. (Physiol.) The action by which the parts of the body are drawn towards its axis]; — opposed to abduction. Dunglison.

Ad•duc´tive , a. Adducing, or bringing towards or to something.

Ad•duc´tor , n. [L., fr. adducere.] (Anat.) A muscle which draws a limb or part of the body toward the middle line of the body, or closes extended parts of the body; — opposed to abductor; as the adductor of the eye, which turns the eye toward the nose. “In the bivalve shells, the muscles which close the values of the shell are called adductor muscles.
Verrill.”

Ad•dulce´ , v. t. [Like F. adoucir; fr. L. ad. + dulcis sweet.] To sweeten; to soothe. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•deem´ , v. t. [L. adimere. See Ademption.] (Law) To revoke, as a legacy, grant, etc., or to satisfy it by some other gift.

A•de•lan•ta•dil´lo , n. [Sp.] A Spanish red wine made of the first ripe grapes.

A•de•lan•ta´do , n. [Sp., prop. p. of adelantar to advance, to promote.] A governor of a province; a commander. Prescott.

Ad•e•las´ter , n. [Gr. not manifest + a star.] (Bot.) A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus.

Ad´el•ing , n. Same as Atheling.

A•del•o•co•don´ic , a. [Gr. invisible + a bell.] (Zoöl.) Applied to sexual zooids of hydroids, that have a saclike form and do not become free; — opposed to phanerocodonic.

A•del´o•pod , n. [Gr. invisible + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) An animal having feet that are not apparent.

A•del´phi•a , n. [Gr. ’adelfo•s brother.] (Bot.) A ´brotherhood,´ or collection of stamens in a bundle; — used in composition, as in the class names, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, etc.

A•del´phous , a. [Gr. ’adelfo•s brother.] (Bot.) Having coalescent or clustered filaments; — said of stamens; as adelphous stamens. Usually in composition; as monadelphous. Gray.

A•dempt´ (a•demt´; 215), p. p. [L. ademptus, p. p. of adimere to take away.] Takes away. [Obs.] “Without any sinister suspicion of anything being added or adempt.
Latimer.”

A•demp´tion (a•demp´shun), n. [L. ademptio, fr. adimere, ademptum, to take away; ad + emere to buy, orig. to take.] (Law) The revocation or taking away of a grant donation, legacy, or the like. Bouvier.

Aden- Adeno-. [Gr. , , gland.] Combining forms of the Greek word for gland; — used in words relating to the structure, diseases, etc., of the glands. { Ad•e•nal´gi•a , Ad´e•nal•gy } n. [Gr. + pain.] (Med.) Pain in a gland.

A•den´i•form , a. [Aden- + - form.] Shaped like a gland; adenoid. Dunglison.

Ad•e•ni´tis , n. [Aden- + - itis.] (Med.) Glandular inflammation. Dunglison.

Ad•e•no•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to adenography.

Ad•e•nog´ra•phy , n. [Adeno- + -graphy.] That part of anatomy which describes the glands. { Ad´e•noid , Ad•e•noid´al } a. Glandlike; glandular.

Ad•e•no•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to adenology.

Ad•e•nol´o•gy , n. [Adeno- + - logy.] The part of physiology that treats of the glands.

Ad•e•noph´o•rous , a. [Adeno- + Gr. bearing.] (Bot.) Producing glands.

Ad•e•noph´yl•lous , a. [Adeno- + Gr. leaf.] (Bot.) Having glands on the leaves.

Ad´e•nose ( 277), a. Like a gland; full of glands; glandulous; adenous.

Ad•e•no•tom´ic , a. Pertaining to adenotomy.

Ad•e•not´o•my , n. [Adeno- + Gr. a cutting, to cut.] (Anat.) Dissection of, or incision into, a gland or glands.

Ad´e•nous , a. Same as Adenose.

Ad´eps , n. [L.] Animal fat; lard.

A•dept´ , n. [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem), he who has obtained an art, p. p. of adipsci to arrive at, to obtain; ad + apisci to pursue. See Apt, and cf. Adapt.] One fully skilled or well versed in anything; a proficient; as adepts in philosophy.

A•dept´, a. Well skilled; completely versed; thoroughly proficient. “Beaus adept in everything profound.
Cowper.”

A•dep´tion , n. [L. adeptio. See Adept, a.] An obtaining; attainment. [Obs.] “In the wit and policy of the capitain consisteth the chief adeption of the victory.
Grafton.”

A•dept´ist, n. A skilled alchemist. [Obs.]

A•dept´ness, n. The quality of being adept; skill.

Ad´e•qua•cy , n. [See Adequate.] The state or quality of being adequate, proportionate, or sufficient; a sufficiency for a particular purpose; as the adequacy of supply to the expenditure.

Ad´e•quate , a. [L. adaequatus, p. p. of adaequare to make equal to; ad + aequare to make equal, aequus equal. See Equal.] Equal to some requirement; proportionate, or correspondent; fully sufficient; as powers adequate to a great work; an adequate definition. “Ireland had no adequate champion.
De Quincey.” Syn. — Proportionate; commensurate; sufficient; suitable; competent; capable.

Ad´e•quate , v. t. [See Adequate, a.] 1. To equalize; to make adequate. [R.] Fotherby. 2. To equal. [Obs.] “It [is] an impossibility for any creature to adequate God in his eternity.
Shelford.”

Ad´e•quate•ly , adv. In an adequate manner.

Ad´e•quate•ness, n. The quality of being adequate; suitableness; sufficiency; adequacy.

Ad•e•qua´tion , n. [L. adaequatio.] The act of equalizing; act or result of making adequate; an equivalent. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.

A•des´my , n. [Gr. unfettered; ’a priv. + a fetter.] (Bot.) The division or defective coherence of an organ that is usually entire.

Ad•es•se•na´ri•an , n. [Formed fr. L. adesse to be present; ad + esse to be.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who held the real presence of Christ’s body in the eucharist, but not by transubstantiation.

Ad•fect´ed , a. [L. adfectus or affectus. See Affect, v.] (Alg.) See Affected, 5.

Ad•fil´i•a•ted , a. See Affiliated. [Obs.]

Ad•fil•i•a´tion , n. See Affiliation. [Obs.]

Ad•flux´ion , n. See Affluxion.

Ad•ha´mant , a. [From L. adhamare to catch; ad + hamus hook.] Clinging, as by hooks.

Ad•here´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adhered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adhering .] [L. adhaerere, adhaesum; ad + haerere to stick: cf. F. adherer. See Aghast.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a glutinous substance does; to become joined or united; as wax to the finger; the lungs sometimes adhere to the pleura. 2. To hold, be attached, or devoted; to remain fixed, either by personal union or conformity of faith, principle, or opinion; as men adhere to a party, a cause, a leader, a church. 3. To be consistent or coherent; to be in accordance; to agree. ´Nor time nor place did then adhere.´ ´Every thing adheres together.´ Shak. Syn. — To attach; stick; cleave; cling; hold

Ad•her´ence , n. [Cf. F. adherence, LL. adhaerentia.] 1. The quality or state of adhering. 2. The state of being fixed in attachment; fidelity; steady attachment; adhesion; as adherence to a party or to opinions. Syn. — Adherence, Adhesion. These words, which were once freely interchanged, are now almost entirely separated. Adherence is no longer used to denote physical union, but is applied, to mental states or habits; as a strict adherence to one’s duty; close adherence to the argument, etc. Adhesion is now confined chiefly to the physical sense, except in the phrase ´To give in one’s adhesion to a cause or a party.´

Ad•her´en•cy , n. 1. The state or quality of being adherent; adherence. [R.] 2. That which adheres. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ad•her´ent , a. [L. adhaerens, -entis, p. pr.: cf. F. adherent.] 1. Sticking; clinging; adhering. Pope. 2. Attached as an attribute or circumstance. 3. (Bot.) Congenitally united with an organ of another kind, as calyx with ovary, or stamens with petals.

Ad•her´ent, n. 1. One who adheres; one who adheres; one who follows a leader, party, or profession; a follower, or partisan; a believer in a particular faith or church. 2. That which adheres; an appendage. [R.] Milton. Syn. — Follower; partisan; upholder; disciple; supporter; dependent; ally; backer.

Ad•her´ent•ly, adv. In an adherent manner.

Ad•her´er , n. One who adheres; an adherent.

Ad•he´sion , n. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere: cf. F. adhesion.] 1. The action of sticking; the state of being attached; intimate union; as the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, or the like. 2. Adherence; steady or firm attachment; fidelity; as adhesion to error, to a policy. “His adhesion to the Tories was bounded by his approbation of their foreign policy.
De Quincey.” 3. Agreement to adhere; concurrence; assent. “To that treaty Spain and England gave in their adhesion.
Macaulay.” 4. (Physics) The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in contact. See Cohesion. 5. (Med.) Union of surface, normally separate, by the formation of new tissue resulting from an inflammatory process. 6. (Bot.) The union of parts which are separate in other plants, or in younger states of the same plant. Syn. — Adherence; union. See Adherence.

Ad•he´sive , a. [Cf. F. adhesif.] 1. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous substances. 2. Apt or tending to adhere; clinging. Thomson. Adhesive attraction. (Physics) See Attraction. — Adhesive inflammation (Surg.), that kind of inflammation which terminates in the reunion of divided parts without suppuration. — Adhesive plaster, a sticking; a plaster containing resin, wax, litharge, and olive oil.

Ad•he´sive•ly, adv. In an adhesive manner.

Ad•he´sive•ness, n. 1. The quality of sticking or adhering; stickiness; tenacity of union. 2. (Phren.) Propensity to form and maintain attachments to persons, and to promote social intercourse.

Ad•hib´it , v. t. [L. adhibitus, p. p. of adhibere to hold to; ad + habere to have.] 1. To admit, as a person or thing; to take in. Muirhead. 2. To use or apply; to administer. Camden. 3. To attach; to affix. Alison.

Ad•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. adhibitio.] The act of adhibiting; application; use. Whitaker.

Ad hom´i•nem . [L., to the man.] A phrase applied to an appeal or argument addressed to the principles, interests, or passions of a man.

Ad•hort´ , v. t. [L. adhortari. See Adhortation.] To exhort; to advise. [Obs.] Feltham.

Ad•hor•ta´tion , n. [L. adhortatio, fr. adhortari to advise; ad + hortari to exhort.] Advice; exhortation. [Obs.] Peacham.

Ad•hor´ta•to•ry , a. Containing counsel or warning; hortatory; advisory. [Obs.] Potter.

Ad•i•a•bat´ic , a. [Gr. not passable; ’a priv. + through + to go.] (Physics) Not giving out or receiving heat. — Ad•i•a•bat•ic•al•ly, adv. Adiabatic line or curve, a curve exhibiting the variations of pressure and volume of a fluid when it expands without either receiving or giving out heat. Rankine.

Ad•i•ac•tin´ic , a. [Pref. a- not + diactinic.] (Chem.) Not transmitting the actinic rays.

Ad•i•an´tum , n. [L., fr. Gr. , maidenhair; ’a priv. + to wet.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns, the leaves of which shed water; maidenhair. also the black maidenhair, a species of spleenwort.

Ad•i•aph´o•rism , n. Religious indifference.

Ad•i•aph´o•rist , n. [See Adiaphorous.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the German Protestants who, with Melanchthon, held some opinions and ceremonies to be indifferent or nonessential, which Luther condemned as sinful or heretical. Murdock.

Ad•i•aph•o•ris´tic , a. Pertaining to matters indifferent in faith and practice. Shipley.

Ad•i•aph´o•rite , n. Same as Adiaphorist.

Ad•i•aph´o•rous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + different; through + to bear.] 1. Indifferent or neutral. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Incapable of doing either harm or good, as some medicines. Dunglison.

Ad•i•aph´o•ry, n. [Gr. .] Indifference. [Obs.]

Ad•i•a•ther´mic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + through + heat.] Not pervious to heat.

A•dieu´ , interj. & adv. [OE. also adew, adewe, adue, F. dieu, fr. L. ad to + deus God.] Good-by; farewell; an expression of kind wishes at parting.

A•dieu´, n.; pl. Adieus . A farewell; commendation to the care of God at parting. Shak.

A•dight´ , v. t. [p. p. Adight.] [Pref. a- (intensive) + OE. dihten. See Dight.] To set in order; to array; to attire; to deck, to dress. [Obs.]

Ad in•fi•ni´tum . [L., to infinity.] Without limit; endlessly.

Ad in´ter•im [L.] Meanwhile; temporary.

Ad•i•pes´cent , a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + -escent.] Becoming fatty.

A•dip´ic , a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fatty or oily substances; — applied to certain acids obtained from fats by the action of nitric acid.

Ad•i•poc´er•ate , v. t. To convert into adipocere.

Ad•i•poc•er•a´tion , n. The act or process of changing into adipocere.

Ad´i•po•cere , n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + cera wax: cf. F. adipocere.] A soft, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light brown color, into which the fat and muscle tissue of dead bodies sometimes are converted, by long immersion in water or by burial in moist places. It is a result of fatty degeneration.

Ad•i•po•cer´i•form , a. [Adipocere + -form.] Having the form or appearance of adipocere; as an adipoceriform tumor.

Ad•i•poc´er•ous , a. Like adipocere.

Ad´i•pose ( 277), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat, grease.] Of or pertaining to animal fat; fatty. Adipose fin (Zoöl.), a soft boneless fin. — Adipose tissue (Anat.), that form of animal tissue which forms or contains fat. { Ad´i•pose•ness , Ad•i•pos´i•ty } n. The state of being fat; fatness.

Ad´i•pous , a. Fatty; adipose. [R.]

A•dip´sous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + , thirst.] Quenching thirst, as certain fruits.

Ad´ip•sy , n. [Gr. not thirsty; ’a priv. + thirst.] (Med.) Absence of thirst.

Ad´it , n. [L. aditus, fr. adire, aitum, to go to; ad + ire to go.] 1. An entrance or passage. Specifically: The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is entered, or by which water and ores are carried away; — called also drift and tunnel. 2. Admission; approach; access. [R.] “Yourself and yours shall have
Free adit.
Tennyson.” { Ad´ja´cence , Ad•ja´cen•cy } [Cf. LL. adjacentia.] 1. The state of being adjacent or contiguous; contiguity; as the adjacency of lands or buildings. 2. That which is adjacent. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad•ja´cent , a. [L. adjacens, -centis, p. pr. of adjacere to lie near; ad + jacere to lie: cf. F. adjacent.] Lying near, close, or contiguous; neighboring; bordering on; as a field adjacent to the highway. ´The adjacent forest.´ B. Jonson. Adjacent or contiguous angle. (Geom.) See Angle. Syn. — Adjoining; contiguous; near. — Adjacent, Adjoining, Contiguous. Things are adjacent when they lie close each other, not necessary in actual contact; as adjacent fields, adjacent villages, etc. “I find that all Europe with her adjacent isles is peopled with Christians.
Howell.” Things are adjoining when they meet at some line or point of junction; as adjoining farms, an adjoining highway. What is spoken of as contiguous should touch with some extent of one side or the whole of it; as a row of contiguous buildings; a wood contiguous to a plain.

Ad•ja´cent, n. That which is adjacent. [R.] Locke.

Ad•ja´cent•ly, adv. So as to be adjacent.

Ad•ject´ , v. t. [L. adjectus, p. p. of adjicere to throw to, to add to; ad + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To add or annex; to join. Leland.

Ad•jec´tion , n. [L. adjectio, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjection. See Adject.] The act or mode of adding; also the thing added. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ad•jec´tion•al , a. Pertaining to adjection; that is, or may be, annexed. [R.] Earle.

Ad•jec•ti´tious , [L. adjectitius.] Added; additional. Parkhurst.

Ad•jec•ti´val , a. Of or relating to the relating to the adjective; of the nature of an adjective; adjective. W. Taylor (1797)

Ad•jec•ti´val•ly, adv. as or in the manner of, an adjective; adjectively.

Ad´jec•tive (ad´jek•tiv), a. [See Adjective, n.] 1. Added to a substantive as an attribute; of the nature of an adjunct; as an adjective word or sentence. 2. Not standing by itself; dependent. Adjective color, a color which requires to be fixed by some mordant or base to give it permanency. 3. Relating to procedure. ´The whole English law, substantive and adjective.´ Macaulay.

Ad´jec•tive, n. [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), neut. of adjectivus that is added, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjectif. See Adject.] 1. (Gram.) A word used with a noun, or substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or describe a thing, as distinct from something else. Thus, in phrase, ´a wise ruler,´ wise is the adjective, expressing a property of ruler. 2. A dependent; an accessory. Fuller.

Ad´jec•tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjectived ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjectiving .] To make an adjective of; to form or change into an adjective. [R.] “Language has as much occasion to adjective the distinct signification of the verb, and to adjective also the mood, as it has to adjective time. It has … adjectived all three.
Tooke.”

Ad´jec•tive•ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective; as a word used adjectively.

Ad•join´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjoined ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjoining.] [OE. ajoinen, OF. ajoindre, F. adjoindre, fr. L. adjungere; ad + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Adjunct.] To join or unite to; to lie contiguous to; to be in contact with; to attach; to append. “Corrections … should be, as remarks, adjoined by way of note.
Watts.”

Ad•join´ (ad•join´), v. i. 1. To lie or be next, or in contact; to be contiguous; as the houses adjoin. “When one man’s land adjoins to another’s.
Blackstone.” The construction with to, on, or with is obsolete or obsolescent. 2. To join one’s self. [Obs.] “She lightly unto him adjoined side to side.
Spenser.”

Ad•join´ant , a. Contiguous. [Obs.] Carew.

Ad•join´ing, a. Joining to; contiguous; adjacent; as an adjoining room. ´The adjoining fane.´ Dryden. “Upon the hills adjoining to the city.
Shak.” Syn. — Adjacent; contiguous; near; neighboring; abutting; bordering. See Adjacent.

Ad´joint , n. An adjunct; a helper. [Obs.]

Ad•journ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjourned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjourning .] [OE. ajornen, OF. ajoiner, ajurner, F. ajourner; OF. a (L. ad) + jor, jur, jorn, F. jour, day, fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. Cf. Journal, Journey.] To put off or defer to another day, or indefinitely; to postpone; to close or suspend for the day; — commonly said of the meeting, or the action, of convened body; as to adjourn the meeting; to adjourn a debate. “It is a common practice to adjourn the reformation of their lives to a further time.
Barrow.” “’Tis a needful fitness
That we adjourn this court till further day.
Shak.” Syn. — To delay; defer; postpone; put off; suspend. — To Adjourn, Prorogue, Dissolve. These words are used in respect to public bodies when they lay aside business and separate. Adjourn, both in Great Britain and this country, is applied to all cases in which such bodies separate for a brief period, with a view to meet again. Prorogue is applied in Great Britain to that act of the executive government, as the sovereign, which brings a session of Parliament to a close. The word is not used in this country, but a legislative body is said, in such a case, to adjourn sine die. To dissolve is to annul the corporate existence of a body. In order to exist again the body must be reconstituted.

Ad•journ´, v. i. To suspend business for a time, as from one day to another, or for a longer period, or indefinitely; usually, to suspend public business, as of legislatures and courts, or other convened bodies; as congress adjourned at four o’clock; the court adjourned without day.

Ad•journ´al , n. Adjournment; postponement. [R.] ´An adjournal of the Diet.´ Sir W. Scott.

Ad•journ´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. f. adjournement, OF. ajornement. See Adjourn.] 1. The act of adjourning; the putting off till another day or time specified, or without day. 2. The time or interval during which a public body adjourns its sittings or postpones business.

Ad•judge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging .] [OE. ajugen, OF. ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare; ad + judicare to judge. See Judge, and cf. Adjudicate.] 1. To award judicially in the case of a controverted question; as the prize was adjudged to the victor. 2. To determine in the exercise of judicial power; to decide or award judicially; to adjudicate; as the case was adjudged in the November term. 3. To sentence; to condemn. “Without reprieve, adjudged to death
For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth.
Milton.” 4. To regard or hold; to judge; to deem. “He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship.
Knolles.” Syn. — To decree; award; determine; adjudicate; ordain; assign.

Ad•judg´er , n. One who adjudges.

Ad•judg´ment (-ment), n. The act of adjudging; judicial decision; adjudication. Sir W. Temple.

Ad•ju´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudicated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudicating ] [L. adjudicatus, p. p. of adjudicare. See Adjudge.] To adjudge; to try and determine, as a court; to settle by judicial decree.

Ad•ju´di•cate, v. i. To come to a judicial decision; as the court adjudicated upon the case.

Ad•ju•di•ca´tion , n. [L. adjudicatio: cf. F. adjudication.] 1. The act of adjudicating; the act or process of trying and determining judicially. 2. A deliberate determination by the judicial power; a judicial decision or sentence. ´An adjudication in favor of natural rights.´ Burke. 3. (Bankruptcy practice) The decision upon the question whether the debtor is a bankrupt. Abbott. 4. (Scots Law) A process by which land is attached security or in satisfaction of a debt.

Ad•ju´di•ca•tive , a. Adjudicating.

Ad•ju´di•ca•tor , n. One who adjudicates.

Ad•ju´di•ca•ture , n. Adjudication.

Ad´ju•gate , v. t. [L. adjugatus, p. p. of adjugare; ad + jugum a yoke.] To yoke to. [Obs.]

Ad´ju•ment (ad´ju•ment), n. [L. adjumentum, for adjuvamentum, fr. adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help.] Help; support; also a helper. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

Ad´junct , a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere. See Adjoin.] Conjoined; attending; consequent. “Though that my death were adjunct to my act.
Shak.” Adjunct notes (Mus.), short notes between those essential to the harmony; auxiliary notes; passing notes.

Ad´junct, n. 1. Something joined or added to another thing, but not essentially a part of it. “Learning is but an adjunct to our self.
Shak.” 2. A person joined to another in some duty or service; a colleague; an associate. Wotton. 3. (Gram.) A word or words added to quality or amplify the force of other words; as the History of the American Revolution, where the words in italics are the adjunct or adjuncts of ´History.´ 4. (Metaph.) A quality or property of the body or the mind, whether natural or acquired; as color, in the body, judgment in the mind. 5. (Mus.) A key or scale closely related to another as principal; a relative or attendant key. [R.] See Attendant keys, under Attendant, a.

Ad•junc´tion , n. [L. adjunctio, fr. adjungere: cf. F. adjonction, and see Adjunct.] The act of joining; the thing joined or added.

Ad•junc´tive , a. [L. adjunctivus, fr. adjungere. See Adjunct.] Joining; having the quality of joining; forming an adjunct.

Ad•junc´tive, n. One who, or that which, is joined.

Ad•junc´tive•ly, adv. In an adjunctive manner.

Ad•junct´ly , adv. By way of addition or adjunct; in connection with.

Ad•ju•ra´tion , n. [L. adjuratio, fr. adjurare: cf. F. adjuration. See Adjure.] 1. The act of adjuring; a solemn charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse; an earnest appeal. “What an accusation could not effect, an adjuration shall.
Bp. Hall.” 2. The form of oath or appeal. “Persons who … made use of prayer and adjurations.
Addison.”

Ad•ju´ra•to•ry , a. [L. adjuratorius.] Containing an adjuration.

Ad•jure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjuring ]. [L. adjurare, adjurdium, to swear to; later, to adjure: cf. F. adjurer. See Jury.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath, or under the penalty of a curse; to appeal to in the most solemn or impressive manner; to entreat earnestly. “Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho.
Josh. vi. 26.” “The high priest … said … I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ.
Matt. xxvi. 63.” “The commissioners adjured them not to let pass so favorable an opportunity of securing their liberties.
Marshall.”

Ad•jur´er , n. One who adjures.

Ad•just´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjusting.] [OF. ajuster, ajoster (whence F. ajouter to add), LL. adjuxtare to fit; fr. L. ad + juxta near; confused later with L. ad and justus just, right, whence F. ajuster to adjust. See Just, v. t. and cf. Adjute.] 1. To make exact; to fit; to make correspondent or conformable; to bring into proper relations; as to adjust a garment to the body, or things to a standard. 2. To put in order; to regulate, or reduce to system. “Adjusting the orthography.
Johnson.” 3. To settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so that parties are agreed in the result; as to adjust accounts; the differences are adjusted. 4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of an instrument; to regulate for use; as to adjust a telescope or microscope. Syn. — To adapt; suit; arrange; regulate; accommodate; set right; rectify; settle.

Ad•just´a•ble , a. Capable of being adjusted.

Ad•just´age , n. [Cf. Ajutage.] Adjustment. [R.]

Ad•just´er , n. One who, or that which, adjusts.

Ad•just´ive , a. Tending to adjust. [R.]

Ad•just´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. ajustement. See Adjust.] 1. The act of adjusting, or condition of being adjusted; act of bringing into proper relations; regulation. “Success depends on the nicest and minutest adjustment of the parts concerned.
Paley.” 2. (Law) Settlement of claims; an equitable arrangement of conflicting claims, as in set-off, contribution, exoneration, subrogation, and marshaling. Bispham. 3. The operation of bringing all the parts of an instrument, as a microscope or telescope, into their proper relative position for use; the condition of being thus adjusted; as to get a good adjustment; to be in or out of adjustment. Syn. — Suiting; fitting; arrangement; regulation; settlement; adaptation; disposition.

Ad´ju•tage , n. Same as Ajutage.

Ad´ju•tan•cy , n. [See Adjutant.] 1. The office of an adjutant. 2. Skillful arrangement in aid; assistance. “It was no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy of definition and division.
Burke.”

Ad´ju•tant , n. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adjutare to help. See Aid.] 1. A helper; an assistant. 2. (Mil.) A regimental staff officer, who assists the colonel, or commanding officer of a garrison or regiment, in the details of regimental and garrison duty. Adjutant general (a) (Mil.), the principal staff officer of an army, through whom the commanding general receives communications and issues military orders. In the U. S. army he is brigadier general. (b) (Among the Jesuits), one of a select number of fathers, who resided with the general of the order, each of whom had a province or country assigned to his care. 3. (Zoöl.) A species of very large stork (Ciconia argala), a native of India; — called also the gigantic crane, and by the native name argala. It is noted for its serpent-destroying habits.

Ad´ju•ta•tor , n. (Eng. Hist.) A corruption of Agitator.

Ad•jute´ , v. t. [F. ajouter; confused with L. adjutare.] To add. [Obs.]

Ad•ju´tor , n. [L., fr. adjuvare. See Aid.] A helper or assistant. [Archaic] Drayton.

Ad•ju´to•ry , a. [L. adjutorius.] Serving to help or assist; helping. [Obs.]

Ad•ju´trix , n. [L. See Adjutor.] A female helper or assistant. [R.]

Ad´ju•vant (ad´ju•vant), a. [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of adjuvare to aid: cf. F. adjuvant. See Aid.] Helping; helpful; assisting. [R.] ´Adjuvant causes.´ Howell.

Ad´ju•vant, n. 1. An assistant. [R.] Yelverton. 2. (Med.) An ingredient, in a prescription, which aids or modifies the action of the principal ingredient.

Ad•le•ga´tion , n. [L. adlegatio, allegatio, a sending away; fr. adlegare, allegare, to send away with a commission; ad in addition + legare to send as ambassador. Cf. Allegation.] A right formerly claimed by the states of the German Empire of joining their own ministers with those of the emperor in public treaties and negotiations to the common interest of the empire. Encyc. Brit.

Ad lib´i•tum . At one’s pleasure; as one wishes.

Ad•lo•cu´tion , n. See Allocution. [Obs.]

Ad•mar´gin•ate , v. t. [Pref. ad- + margin.] To write in the margin. [R.] Coleridge.

Ad•max´il•la•ry , a. [Pref. ad- + maxillary.] (Anat.) Near to the maxilla or jawbone.

Ad•meas´ure ( 135), v. t. [Cf. OF. amesurer, LL. admensurare. See Measure.] 1. To measure. 2. (Law) To determine the proper share of, or the proper apportionment; as to admeasure dower; to admeasure common of pasture. Blackstone. 2. The measure of a thing; dimensions; size. 3. (Law) Formerly, the adjustment of proportion, or ascertainment of shares, as of dower or pasture held in common. This was by writ of admeasurement, directed to the sheriff.

Ad•meas´ur•er , n. One who admeasures.

Ad•men•su•ra´tion , n. [LL. admensuratio; L. ad + mensurare to measure. See Mensuration.] Same as Admeasurement.

Ad•min´i•cle , n. [L. adminculum support, orig., that on which the hand rests; ad + manus hand + dim. ending -culym.] 1. Help or support; an auxiliary. Grote. 2. (Law) Corroborative or explanatory proof. In Scots law, any writing tending to establish the existence or terms of a lost deed. Bell.

Ad•mi•nic´u•lar , a. Supplying help; auxiliary; corroborative; explanatory; as adminicular evidence. H. Spencer.

Ad•mi•nic´u•la•ry , a. Adminicular.

Ad•min´is•ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Administered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Administering.] [OE. aministren, OF. aministrer, F. administer, fr. L. administrare; ad + ministrare to serve. See Minister.] 1. To manage or conduct, as public affairs; to direct or superintend the execution, application, or conduct of; as to administer the government or the state. “For forms of government let fools contest:
Whate’er is best administered is best.
Pope.” 2. To dispense; to serve out; to supply; execute; as to administer relief, to administer the sacrament. “[Let zephyrs] administer their tepid, genial airs.
Philips.” “Justice was administered with an exactness and purity not before known.
Macaulay.” 3. To apply, as medicine or a remedy; to give, as a dose or something beneficial or suitable. Extended to a blow, a reproof, etc. “A noxious drug had been administered to him.
Macaulay.” 4. To tender, as an oath. “Swear … to keep the oath that we administer.
Shak.” 5. (Law) To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or whose will fails of an executor. Syn. — To manage; conduct; minister; supply; dispense; give out; distribute; furnish.

Ad•min´is•ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid or supplies; to conduce; to minister. “A fountain … administers to the pleasure as well as the plenty of the place.
Spectator.” 2. (Law) To perform the office of administrator; to act officially; as A administers upon the estate of B.

Ad•min´is•ter, n. Administrator. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad•min•is•te´ri•al , a. Pertaining to administration, or to the executive part of government.

Ad•min´is•tra•ble , a. Capable of being administered; as an administrable law.

Ad•min´is•trant , a. [F., p. pr. of administrer. See Administer.] Executive; acting; managing affairs. — n. One who administers.

Ad•min´is•trate , v. t. [L. administratus, p. p. of administrare.] To administer. [R.] Milman.

Ad•min•is•tra´tion ( 277), n. [OE. administracioun, L. administratio: cf. F. administration.] 1. The act of administering; government of public affairs; the service rendered, or duties assumed, in conducting affairs; the conducting of any office or employment; direction; management. “His financial administration was of a piece with his military administration.
Macaulay.” 2. The executive part of government; the persons collectively who are intrusted with the execution of laws and the superintendence of public affairs; the chief magistrate and his cabinet or council; or the council, or ministry, alone, as in Great Britain. “A mild and popular administration.
Macaulay.” “The administration has been opposed in parliament.
Johnson.” 3. The act of administering, or tendering something to another; dispensation; as the administration of a medicine, of an oath, of justice, or of the sacrament. 4. (Law) (a) The management and disposal, under legal authority, of the estate of an intestate, or of a testator having no competent executor. (b) The management of an estate of a deceased person by an executor, the strictly corresponding term execution not being in use. Administration with the will annexed, administration granted where the testator has appointed no executor, or where his appointment of an executor for any cause has failed, as by death, incompetency, refusal to act, etc. Syn. — Conduct; management; direction; regulation; execution; dispensation; distribution.

Ad•min´is•tra•tive , a. [L. administrativus: cf. F. administratif.] Pertaining to administration; administering; executive; as an administrative body, ability, or energy. — Ad•min´is•tra•tive•ly, adv.

Ad•min•is•tra´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who administers affairs; one who directs, manages, executes, or dispenses, whether in civil, judicial, political, or ecclesiastical affairs; a manager. 2. (Law) A man who manages or settles the estate of an intestate, or of a testator when there is no competent executor; one to whom the right of administration has been committed by competent authority.

Ad•min•is•tra´tor•ship, n. The position or office of an administrator.

Ad•min•is•tra´trix , n. [NL.] A woman who administers; esp., one who administers the estate of an intestate, or to whom letters of administration have been granted; a female administrator.

Ad•mi•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [L. admirabilitac.] Admirableness. [R.] Johnson.

Ad´mi•ra•ble , a. [L. admirabilis: cf. F. admirable.] 1. Fitted to excite wonder; wonderful; marvelous. [Obs.] “In man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance and weakness.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Having qualities to excite wonder united with approbation; deserving the highest praise; most excellent; — used of persons or things. ´An admirable machine.´ ´Admirable fortitude.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Wonderful; marvelous; surprising; excellent; delightful; praiseworthy.

Ad´mi•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality of being admirable; wonderful excellence.

Ad´mi•ra•bly, adv. In an admirable manner.

Ad´mi•ral , n. [OE. amiral, admiral, OF. amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. amir-al- bahr commander of the sea; Ar. amir is commander, al is the Ar. article, and amir-al, heard in different titles, was taken as one word. Early forms of the word show confusion with L. admirabilis admirable, fr. admirari to admire. It is said to have been introduced into Europe by the Genoese or Venetians, in the 12th or 13th century. Cf. Ameer, Emir.] 1. A naval officer of the highest rank; a naval officer of high rank, of which there are different grades. The chief gradations in rank are admiral, vice admiral, and rear admiral. The admiral is the commander in chief of a fleet or of fleets. 2. The ship which carries the admiral; also the most considerable ship of a fleet. “Like some mighty admiral, dark and terrible, bearing down upon his antagonist with all his canvas straining to the wind, and all his thunders roaring from his broadsides.
E. Everett.” 3. (Zoöl.) A handsome butterfly (Pyrameis Atalanta) of Europe and America. The larva feeds on nettles. Admiral shell (Zoöl.), the popular name of an ornamental cone shell (Conus admiralis). Lord High Admiral, a great officer of state, who (when this rare dignity is conferred) is at the head of the naval administration of Great Britain.

Ad´mi•ral•ship, n. The office or position oaf an admiral; also the naval skill of an admiral.

Ad´mi•ral•ty , n.; pl. Admiralties . [F. amiraute, for an older amiralte, office of admiral, fr. LL. admiralitas. See Admiral.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of an admiral. Prescott. 2. The department or officers having authority over naval affairs generally. 3. The court which has jurisdiction of maritime questions and offenses. In England, admiralty jurisdiction was formerly vested in the High Court of Admiralty, which was held before the Lord High Admiral, or his deputy, styled the Judge of the Admiralty; but admiralty jurisdiction is now vested in the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the High Justice. In America, there are no admiralty courts distinct from others, but admiralty jurisdiction is vested in the district courts of the United States, subject to revision by the circuit courts and the Supreme Court of the United States. Admiralty jurisprudence has cognizance of maritime contracts and torts, collisions at sea, cases of prize in war, etc., and in America, admiralty jurisdiction is extended to such matters, arising out of the navigation of any of the public waters, as the Great Lakes and rivers. 4. The system of jurisprudence of admiralty courts. 5. The building in which the lords of the admiralty, in England, transact business.

Ad•mir´ance , n. [Cf. OF. admirance.] Admiration. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad•mi•ra´tion , n. [F., fr. L. admiratio. See Admire.] 1. Wonder; astonishment. [Obs.] “Season your admiration for a while.
Shak.” 2. Wonder mingled with approbation or delight; an emotion excited by a person or thing possessed of wonderful or high excellence; as admiration of a beautiful woman, of a landscape, of virtue. 3. Cause of admiration; something to excite wonder, or pleased surprise; a prodigy. “Now, good Lafeu, bring in the admiration.
Shak.” Note of admiration, the mark (!), called also exclamation point. Syn. — Wonder; approval; appreciation; adoration; reverence; worship.

Ad•mir´a•tive , a. Relating to or expressing admiration or wonder. [R.] Earle.

Ad•mire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Admiring .] [F. admirer, fr. L. admirari; ad + mirari to wonder, for smirari, akin to Gr. to smile, Skr. smi, and E. smile.] 1. To regard with wonder or astonishment; to view with surprise; to marvel at. [Archaic] “Examples rather to be admired than imitated.
Fuller.” 2. To regard with wonder and delight; to look upon with an elevated feeling of pleasure, as something which calls out approbation, esteem, love, or reverence; to estimate or prize highly; as to admire a person of high moral worth, to admire a landscape. “Admired as heroes and as gods obeyed.
Pope.” Admire followed by the infinitive is obsolete or colloquial; as I admire to see a man consistent in his conduct. Syn. — To esteem; approve; delight in.

Ad•mire´, v. i. To wonder; to marvel; to be affected with surprise; — sometimes with at. “To wonder at Pharaoh, and even admire at myself.
Fuller.”

Ad•mired´ , a. 1. Regarded with wonder and delight; highly prized; as an admired poem. 2. Wonderful; also admirable. [Obs.] ´Admired disorder.´ ´ Admired Miranda.´ Shak.

Ad•mir´er , n. One who admires; one who esteems or loves greatly. Cowper.

Ad•mir´ing, a. Expressing admiration; as an admiring glance. — Ad•mir´ing•ly, adv. Shak.

Ad•mis•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. admissibilite.] The quality of being admissible; admissibleness; as the admissibility of evidence.

Ad•mis´si•ble , a. [F. admissible, LL. admissibilis. See Admit.] Entitled to be admitted, or worthy of being admitted; that may be allowed or conceded; allowable; as the supposition is hardly admissible. — Ad•mis´si•ble•ness, n. — Ad•mis´si•bly, adv.

Ad•mis´sion , n. [L. admissio: cf. F. admission. See Admit.] 1. The act or practice of admitting. 2. Power or permission to enter; admittance; entrance; access; power to approach. “What numbers groan for sad admission there!
Young.” 3. The granting of an argument or position not fully proved; the act of acknowledging something serted; acknowledgment; concession. “The too easy admission of doctrines.
Macaulay.” 4. (Law) Acquiescence or concurrence in a statement made by another, and distinguishable from a confession in that an admission presupposes prior inquiry by another, but a confession may be made without such inquiry. 5. A fact, point, or statement admitted; as admission made out of court are received in evidence. 6. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Declaration of the bishop that he approves of the presentee as a fit person to serve the cure of the church to which he is presented. Shipley. Syn. — Admittance; concession; acknowledgment; concurrence; allowance. See Admittance.

Ad•mis´sive , a. Implying an admission; tending to admit. [R.] Lamb.

Ad•mis´so•ry , a. Pertaining to admission.

Ad•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Admitting.] [OE. amitten, L. admittere, admissum; ad + mittere to send: cf. F. admettre, OF. admettre, OF. ametre. See Missile.] 1. To suffer to enter; to grant entrance, whether into a place, or into the mind, or consideration; to receive; to take; as they were into his house; to admit a serious thought into the mind; to admit evidence in the trial of a cause. 2. To give a right of entrance; as a ticket admits one into a playhouse. 3. To allow (one) to enter on an office or to enjoy a privilege; to recognize as qualified for a franchise; as to admit an attorney to practice law; the prisoner was admitted to bail. 4. To concede as true; to acknowledge or assent to, as an allegation which it is impossible to deny; to own or confess; as the argument or fact is admitted; he admitted his guilt. 5. To be capable of; to permit; as the words do not admit such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or may be omitted. “Both Houses declared that they could admit of no treaty with the king.
Hume.”

Ad•mit´ta•ble , a. Admissible. Sir T. Browne.

Ad•mit´tance , n. 1. The act of admitting. 2. Permission to enter; the power or right of entrance; also actual entrance; reception. “To gain admittance into the house.
South.” “He desires admittance to the king.
Dryden.” “To give admittance to a thought of fear.
Shak.” 3. Concession; admission; allowance; as the admittance of an argument. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 4. Admissibility. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Eng. Law) The act of giving possession of a copyhold estate. Bouvier. Syn. — Admission; access; entrance; initiation. — Admittance, Admission. These words are, to some extent, in a state of transition and change. Admittance is now chiefly confined to its primary sense of access into some locality or building. Thus we see on the doors of factories, shops, etc. ´No admittance.´ Its secondary or moral sense, as ´admittance to the church,´ is almost entirely laid aside. Admission has taken to itself the secondary or figurative senses; as admission to the rights of citizenship; admission to the church; the admissions made by one of the parties in a dispute. And even when used in its primary sense, it is not identical with admittance. Thus, we speak of admission into a country, territory, and other larger localities, etc., where admittance could not be used. So, when we speak of admission to a concert or other public assembly, the meaning is not perhaps exactly that of admittance, viz., access within the walls of the building, but rather a reception into the audience, or access to the performances. But the lines of distinction on this subject are one definitely drawn.

Ad•mit•ta´tur , n. [L., let him be admitted.] The certificate of admission given in some American colleges.

Ad•mit´ted , a. Received as true or valid; acknowledged. — Ad•mit´ted•ly adv. Confessedly.

Ad•mit´ter , n. One who admits.

Ad•mix´ , v. t. [Pref. ad- + mix: cf. L. admixtus, p. p. of admiscere. See Mix.] To mingle with something else; to mix. [R.]

Ad•mix´tion ( 106), n. [L. admixtio.] A mingling of different things; admixture. Glanvill.

Ad•mix´ture ( 135), n. [L. admiscere, admixtum, to admix; ad + miscere to mix. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing; mixture. 2. The compound formed by mixing different substances together. 3. That which is mixed with anything.

Ad•mon´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admonished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Admonishing.] [OE. amonesten, OF. amonester, F. admonester, fr. a supposed LL. admonesstrare, fr. L. admonere to remind, warn; ad + monere to warn. See Monition.] 1. To warn or notify of a fault; to reprove gently or kindly, but seriously; to exhort. ´Admonish him as a brother.´ 2 Thess. iii. 15. 2. To counsel against wrong practices; to cation or advise; to warn against danger or an offense; — followed by of, against, or a subordinate clause. “Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns.
Col. iii. 16.” “I warned thee, I admonished thee, foretold
The danger, and the lurking enemy.
Milton.” 3. To instruct or direct; to inform; to notify. “Moses was admonished of God, when he was about to make the tabernacle.
Heb. viii. 5.”

Ad•mon´ish•er , n. One who admonishes.

Ad•mon´ish•ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. amonestement, admonestement.] Admonition. [R.] Shak.

Ad•mo•ni´tion , n. [OE. amonicioun, OF. amonition, F. admonition, fr. L. admonitio, fr. admonere. See Admonish.] Gentle or friendly reproof; counseling against a fault or error; expression of authoritative advice; friendly caution or warning. Syn. — Admonition, Reprehension, Reproof. Admonition is prospective, and relates to moral delinquencies; its object is to prevent further transgression. Reprehension and reproof are retrospective, the former being milder than the latter. A person of any age or station may be liable to reprehension in case of wrong conduct; but reproof is the act of a superior. It is authoritative fault-finding or censure addressed to children or to inferiors.

Ad•mo•ni´tion•er , n. Admonisher. [Obs.]

Ad•mon´i•tive , a. Admonitory. [R.] Barrow. — Ad•mon´i•tive•ly, adv.

Ad•mon´i•tor , n. [L.] Admonisher; monitor. “Conscience is at most times a very faithful and prudent admonitor.
Shenstone.”

Ad•mon•i•to´ri•al , a. Admonitory. [R.] ´An admonitorial tone.´ Dickens.

Ad•mon´i•to•ry , a. [LL. admonitorius.] That conveys admonition; warning or reproving; as an admonitory glance. — Ad•mon´i•to•ri•ly, , adv.

Ad•mon´i•trix , n. [L.] A female admonitor.

Ad•mor•ti•za´tion , n. [LL. admortizatio. Cf. Amortization.] (Law) The reducing or lands or tenements to mortmain. See Mortmain.

Ad•move´ , v. t. [L. admovere. See Move.] To move or conduct to or toward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad•nas´cent , a. [L. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci to be born, grow.] Growing to or on something else. ´An adnascent plant.´ Evelyn.

Ad´nate , a. [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci. See Adnascent, and cf. Agnate.] 1. (Physiol.) Grown to congenitally. 2. (Bot.) Growing together; — said only of organic cohesion of unlike parts. “An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament.
Gray.” 3. (Zoöl.) Growing with one side adherent to a stem; — a term applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other compound animals.

Ad•na´tion , n. (Bot.) The adhesion or cohesion of different floral verticils or sets of organs.

Ad•nom´i•nal , a. [L. ad + nomen noun.] (Gram.) Pertaining to an adnoun; adjectival; attached to a noun. Gibbs. — Ad•nom´i•nal•ly, adv.

Ad´noun , n. [Pref. ad- + noun.] (Gram.) An adjective, or attribute. [R.] Coleridge.

Ad•nu´bi•la•ted , a. [L. adnubilatus, p. p. of adnubilare.] Clouded; obscured. [R.]

A•do´ (a•doo´), (1) v. inf., (2) n. [OE. at do, northern form for to do. Cf. Affair.] 1. To do; in doing; as there is nothing ado. ´What is here ado?´ J. Newton. 2. Doing; trouble; difficulty; troublesome business; fuss; bustle; as to make a great ado about trifles. “With much ado, he partly kept awake.
Dryden.” “Let’s follow to see the end of this ado.
Shak.”

A•do´be (a•do´ba), n. [Sp.] An unburnt brick dried in the sun; also used as an adjective, as an adobe house, in Texas or New Mexico.

Ad•o•les´cence , n. [Fr., fr. L. adolescentia.] The state of growing up from childhood to manhood or womanhood; youth, or the period of life between puberty and maturity, generally considered to be, in the male sex, from fourteen to twenty-one. Sometimes used with reference to the lower animals.

Ad•o•les´cen•cy , n. The quality of being adolescent; youthfulness.

Ad•o•les´cent (ad•o•les´sent), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr. of adolescere to grow up to; ad + the inchoative olescere to grow: cf. F. adolescent. See Adult.] Growing; advancing from childhood to maturity. “Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong,
Detain their adolescent charge too long.
Cowper.”

Ad•o•les´cent, n. A youth.

Ad•o•ne´an (-ne´an), a. [L. Adoneus.] Pertaining to Adonis; Adonic. ´Fair Adonean Venus.´ Faber.

A•don´ic , a. [F. adonique: cf. L. Adonius.] Relating to Adonis, famed for his beauty. - - n. An Adonic verse. Adonic verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and spondee (— &ssmile; &ssmile; | — —).

A•do´nis (a•do´nis), n. [L., gr. Gr. ’A•dwnis.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A youth beloved by Venus for his beauty. He was killed in the chase by a wild boar. 2. A preëminently beautiful young man; a dandy. 3. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the family Ranunculaceae, containing the pheasant’s eye (Adonis autumnalis); — named from Adonis, whose blood was fabled to have stained the flower.

A•do´nist (a•do´nist), n. [Heb. adonai my Lords.] One who maintains that points of the Hebrew word translated ´Jehovah´ are really the vowel points of the word ´Adonai.´ See Jehovist.

Ad´o•nize (ad´o•niz), v. t. [Cf. F. adoniser, fr. Adonis.] To beautify; to dandify. “I employed three good hours at least in adjusting and adonozing myself.
Smollett.” { A•door , A•doors } At the door; of the door; as out adoors. Shak. “I took him in adoors.
Vicar’s Virgil (1630).”

A•dopt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adopted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adopting.] [L. adoptare; ad + optare to choose, desire: cf. F. adopter. See Option.] 1. To take by choice into relationship, as child, heir, friend, citizen, etc.; esp. to take voluntarily (a child of other parents) to be in the place of, or as one’s own child. 2. To take or receive as one’s own what is not so naturally; to select and take or approve; as to adopt the view or policy of another; these resolutions were adopted.

A•dopt´a•ble , a. Capable of being adopted.

A•dopt´ed , a. Taken by adoption; taken up as one’s own; as an adopted son, citizen, country, word. — A•dopt´ed•ly, adv.

A•dopt´er , n. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chem.) A receiver, with two necks, opposite to each other, one of which admits the neck of a retort, and the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distillations, to give more space to elastic vapors, to increase the length of the neck of a retort, or to unite two vessels whose openings have different diameters. [Written also adapter.]

A•dop´tion , n. [L. adoptio, allied to adoptare to adopt: cf. F. adoption.] 1. The act of adopting, or state of being adopted; voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be the same as one’s own child. 2. Admission to a more intimate relation; reception; as the adoption of persons into hospitals or monasteries, or of one society into another. 3. The choosing and making that to be one’s own which originally was not so; acceptance; as the adoption of opinions. Jer. Taylor.

A•dop´tion•ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect which maintained that Christ was the Son of God not by nature but by adoption.

A•dop´tious , a. Adopted. [Obs.]

A•dopt´ive , a. [L. adoptivus: cf. F. adoptif.] Pertaining to adoption; made or acquired by adoption; fitted to adopt; as an adoptive father, an child; an adoptive language. — A•dopt´ive•ly, adv.

A•dor•a•bil´i•ty , n. Adorableness.

A•dor´a•ble , a. [L. adorabilis, fr. adorare: cf. F. adorable.] 1. Deserving to be adored; worthy of divine honors. “The adorable Author of Christianity.
Cheyne.” 2. Worthy of the utmost love or respect.

A•dor´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being adorable, or worthy of adoration. Johnson.

A•dor´a•bly, adv. In an adorable manner.

Ad•o•ra´tion , n. [L. adoratio, fr. adorare: cf. F. adoration.] 1. The act of playing honor to a divine being; the worship paid to God; the act of addressing as a god. “The more immediate objects of popular adoration amongst the heathens were deified human beings.
Farmer.” 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem; profound veneration; intense regard and love; fervent devotion. 3. A method of electing a pope by the expression of homage from two thirds of the conclave. “[Pole] might have been chosen on the spot by adoration.
Froude.”

A•dore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adoring .] [OE. aouren, anouren, adoren, OF. aorer, adorer, F. adorer, fr. L. adorare; ad + orare to speak, pray, os, oris, mouth. In OE. confused with honor, the French prefix a- being confused with OE. a, an, on. See Oral.] 1. To worship with profound reverence; to pay divine honors to; to honor as deity or as divine. “Bishops and priests, … bearing the host, which he [James .] publicly adored.
Smollett.” 2. To love in the highest degree; to regard with the utmost esteem and affection; to idolize. “The great mass of the population abhorred Popery and adored Montouth.
Macaulay.”

A•dore´, v. t. To adorn. [Obs.] “Congealed little drops which do the morn adore.
Spenser.”

A•dore´ment (-ment), n. The act of adoring; adoration. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•dor´er , n. One who adores; a worshiper; one who admires or loves greatly; an ardent admirer. ´An adorer of truth.´ Clarendon. “I profess myself her adorer, not her friend.
Shak.”

A•dor´ing•ly, adv. With adoration.

A•dorn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adorned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adorning.] [OE. aournen, anournen, adornen, OF. aorner, fr. L. aaornare; ad + ornare to furnish, embellish. See Adore, Ornate.] To deck or dress with ornaments; to embellish; to set off to advantage; to render pleasing or attractive. “As a bride adorneth herself with her jewels.
Isa. lxi. 10.” “At church, with meek and unaffected grace,
His looks adorned the venerable place.
Goldsmith.” Syn. — To deck; decorate; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace; dignify; exalt; honor. — To Adorn, Ornament, Decorate, Embellish. We decorate and ornament by putting on some adjunct which is attractive or beautiful, and which serves to heighten the general effect. Thus, a lady’s head-dress may be ornament or decorated with flowers or jewelry; a hall may be decorated or ornament with carving or gilding, with wreaths of flowers, or with hangings. Ornament is used in a wider sense than decorate. To embellish is to beautify or ornament richly, not so much by mere additions or details as by modifying the thing itself as a whole. It sometimes means gaudy and artificial decoration. We embellish a book with rich engravings; a style is embellished with rich and beautiful imagery; a shopkeeper embellishes his front window to attract attention. Adorn is sometimes identical with decorate, as when we say, a lady was adorned with jewels. In other cases, it seems to imply something more. Thus, we speak of a gallery of paintings as adorned with the works of some of the great masters, or adorned with noble statuary and columns. Here decorated and ornamented would hardly be appropriate. There is a value in these works of genius beyond mere show and ornament. Adorn may be used of what is purely moral; as a character adorned with every Christian grace. Here neither decorate, nor ornament, nor embellish is proper.

A•dorn´, n. Adornment. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•dorn´, a. Adorned; decorated. [Obs.] Milton.

Ad•or•na´tion , n. Adornment. [Obs.]

A•dorn´er , n. He who, or that which, adorns; a beautifier.

A•dorn´ing•ly, adv. By adorning; decoratively.

A•dorn´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. adornement. See Adorn.] An adorning; an ornament; a decoration.

Ad•os´cu•la´tion , n. [L. adosculari, adosculatum, to kiss. See Osculate.] (Biol.) Impregnation by external contact, without intromission.

A•down´ , adv. [OE. adun, adoun, adune. AS. of dune off the hill. See Down.] From a higher to a lower situation; downward; down, to or on the ground. [Archaic] ´Thrice did she sink adown.´ Spenser.

A•down´, prep. Down. [Archaic & Poetic] “Her hair adown her shoulders loosely lay displayed.
Prior.”

Ad•press´ , v. t. [L. adpressus, p. p. of adprimere.] See Appressed. — Ad•pressed´, , a.

A•drad´ , p. a. [P. p. of adread.] Put in dread; afraid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ad´ra•gant , n. [F., a corruption of tragacanth.] Gum tragacanth. Brande & C.

A•dread´ , v. t. & i. [AS. andraedan, ondrae; pref. a- (for and against) + draeden to dread. See Dread.] To dread. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

A•dreamed´ , p. p. Visited by a dream; — used in the phrase, To be adreamed, to dream. [Obs.]

Ad•re´nal , a. [Pref. ad- + renal.] (Anat.) Suprarenal.

A´dri•an , a. [L. Hadrianus.] Pertaining to the Adriatic Sea; as Adrian billows.

A•dri•at´ic , a. [L. Adriaticus, Hadriaticus, fr. Adria or Hadria, a town of the Veneti.] Of or pertaining to a sea so named, the northwestern part of which is known as the Gulf of Venice.

A•drift´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- (for on) + drift.] Floating at random; in a drifting condition; at the mercy of wind and waves. Also fig. “So on the sea shall be set adrift.
Dryden.” “Were from their daily labor turned adrift.
Wordsworth.”

A•drip´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- in + drip.] In a dripping state; as leaves all adrip. D. G. Mitchell.

Ad´ro•gate , v. t. [See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) To adopt (a person who is his own master).

Ad•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. adrogatio, arrogatio, fr. adrogare. See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) A kind of adoption in ancient Rome. See Arrogation.

A•droit´ , a. [F. adroit; à (L. ad) = droit straight, right, fr. L. directus, p. p. of dirigere. See Direct.] Dexterous in the use of the hands or in the exercise of the mental faculties; exhibiting skill and readiness in avoiding danger or escaping difficulty; ready in invention or execution; — applied to persons and to acts; as an adroit mechanic, an adroit reply. ´Adroit in the application of the telescope and quadrant.´ Horsley. ´He was adroit in intrigue.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Dexterous; skillful; expert; ready; clever; deft; ingenious; cunning; ready-witted.

A•droit´ly, adv. In an adroit manner.

A•droit´ness, n. The quality of being adroit; skill and readiness; dexterity. “Adroitness was as requisite as courage.
Motley.” Syn. — See Skill.

A•dry´ , a. [Pref. a- (for on) + dry.] In a dry or thirsty condition. ´A man that is adry.´ Burton.

Ad•sci•ti´tious , a. [L. adscitus, p. p. of adsciscere, asciscere, to take knowingly; ad + sciscere to seek to know, approve, scire to know.] Supplemental; additional; adventitious; ascititious. ´Adscititious evidence.´ Bowring. — Ad•sci•ti´tious•ly, adv.

Ad´script , a. [L. adscriptus, p. p. of adscribere to enroll. See Ascribe.] Held to service as attached to the soil; — said of feudal serfs.

Ad´script , n. One held to service as attached to the glebe or estate; a feudal serf. Bancroft.

Ad•scrip´tive , a. [L. adscriptivus. See Adscript.] Attached or annexed to the glebe or estate and transferable with it. Brougham.

Ad•sig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. Additional signification. [R.] Tooke.

Ad•sig´ni•fy , v. t. [L. adsignificare to show.] To denote additionally. [R.] Tooke.

Ad•strict´ , v. t. — Ad•stric´tion, n. See Astrict, and Astriction.

Ad•stric´to•ry , a. See Astrictory.

Ad•strin´gent , a. See Astringent.

Ad•u•la´ri•a , n. [From Adula, a mountain peak in Switzerland, where fine specimens are found.] (Min.) A transparent or translucent variety of common feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opalescent reflections; — called by lapidaries moonstone.

Ad´u•late , v. t. [L. adulatus, p. p. of adulari.] To flatter in a servile way. Byron.

Ad•u•la´tion , n. [F. adulation, fr. L. adulatio, fr. adulari, adulatum, to flatter.] Servile flattery; praise in excess, or beyond what is merited. “Think’st thou the fiery fever will go out
With titles blown from adulation?
Shak.” Syn. — Sycophancy; cringing; fawning; obsequiousness; blandishment. — Adulation, Flattery, Compliment. Men deal in compliments from a desire to please; they use flattery either from undue admiration, or a wish to gratify vanity; they practice adulation from sordid motives, and with a mingled spirit of falsehood and hypocrisy. Compliment may be a sincere expression of due respect and esteem, or it may be unmeaning; flattery is apt to become gross; adulation is always servile, and usually fulsome.

Ad´u•la•tor , n. [L., fr. adulari: cf. F. adulateur.] A servile or hypocritical flatterer. Carlyle.

Ad´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. adulatorius, fr. adulari: cf. OF. adulatoire.] Containing excessive praise or compliment; servilely praising; flattering; as an adulatory address. “A mere rant of adulatory freedom.
Burke.”

Ad´u•la•tress , n. A woman who flatters with servility.

A•dult´ , a. [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere, akin to alere to nourish: cf. F. adulte. See Adolescent, Old.] Having arrived at maturity, or to full size and strength; matured; as an adult person or plant; an adult ape; an adult age.

A•dult´, n. A person, animal, or plant grown to full size and strength; one who has reached maturity. In the common law, the term is applied to a person who has attained full age or legal majority; in the civil law, to males after the age of fourteen, and to females after twelve.

A•dul´ter , v. i. [L. adulterare.] To commit adultery; to pollute. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

A•dul´ter•ant , n. [L. adulterans, p. pr. of adulterare.] That which is used to adulterate anything. — a. Adulterating; as adulterant agents and processes.

A•dul´ter•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adulterated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adulterating .] [L. adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare, fr. adulter adulterer, prob. fr. ad + alter other, properly one who approaches another on account of unlawful love. Cf. Advoutry.] 1. To defile by adultery. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admixture of a foreign or a baser substance; as to adulterate food, drink, drugs, coin, etc. “The present war has … adulterated our tongue with strange words.
Spectator.” Syn. — To corrupt; defile; debase; contaminate; vitiate; sophisticate.

A•dul´ter•ate, v. i. To commit adultery. [Obs.]

A•dul´ter•ate , a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. Debased by the admixture of a foreign substance; adulterated; spurious. — A•dul´ter•ate•ly, adv. — A•dul´ter•ate•ness, n.

A•dul•ter•a´tion , n. [L. adulteratio.] 1. The act of adulterating; corruption, or debasement (esp. of food or drink) by foreign mixture. “The shameless adulteration of the coin.
Prescott.” 2. An adulterated state or product.

A•dul´ter•a•tor , n. [L.] One who adulterates or corrupts. [R.] Cudworth.

A•dul´ter•er , n. [Formed fr. the verb adulter, with the E. ending -er. See Advoutrer.] 1. A man who commits adultery; a married man who has sexual intercourse with a woman not his wife. 2. (Script.) A man who violates his religious covenant. Jer. ix. 2.

A•dul´ter•ess , n. [Fem. from L. adulter. Cf. Advoutress.] 1. A woman who commits adultery. 2. (Script.) A woman who violates her religious engagements. James iv. 4.

A•dul´ter•ine , a. [L. adulterinus, fr. adulter.] Proceeding from adulterous intercourse. Hence: Spurious; without the support of law; illegal. “When any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such were called adulterine guilds.
Adam Smith.”

A•dul´ter•ine, n. An illegitimate child. [R.]

A•dul´ter•ize , v. i. To commit adultery. Milton.

A•dul´ter•ous , a. 1. Guilty of, or given to, adultery; pertaining to adultery; illicit. Dryden. 2. Characterized by adulteration; spurious. ´An adulterous mixture.´ [Obs.] Smollett.

A•dul´ter•ous•ly, adv. In an adulterous manner.

A•dul´ter•y , n.; pl. Adulteries. [L. adulterium. See Advoutry.] 1. The unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; sexual intercourse by a married man with another than his wife, or voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another than her husband. It is adultery on the part of the married wrongdoer. The word has also been used to characterize the act of an unmarried participator, the other being married. In the United States the definition varies with the local statutes. Unlawful intercourse between two married persons is sometimes called double adultery; between a married and an unmarried person, single adultery. 2. Adulteration; corruption. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Script.) (a) Lewdness or unchastity of thought as well as act, as forbidden by the seventh commandment. (b) Faithlessness in religion. Jer. iii. 9. 4. (Old Law) The fine and penalty imposed for the offense of adultery. 5. (Eccl.) The intrusion of a person into a bishopric during the life of the bishop. 6. Injury; degradation; ruin. [Obs.] “You might wrest the caduceus out of my hand to the adultery and spoil of nature.
B. Jonson.”

A•dult´ness , n. The state of being adult.

Ad•um´brant , a. [L. adumbrans, p. pr. of adumbrare.] Giving a faint shadow, or slight resemblance; shadowing forth.

Ad•um´brate , v. t. [L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrare; ad + umbrare to shade; umbra shadow.] 1. To give a faint shadow or slight representation of; to outline; to shadow forth. “Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible universe the invisible God is adumbrated.
L. Taylor.” 2. To overshadow; to shade.

Ad•um•bra´tion , n. [L. adumbratio.] 1. The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth. 2. A faint sketch; an outline; an imperfect portrayal or representation of a thing. “Elegant adumbrations of sacred truth.
Bp. Horsley.” 3. (Her.) The shadow or outlines of a figure.

Ad•um´bra•tive , a. Faintly representing; typical. Carlyle.

Ad•u•na´tion , n. [L. adunatio; ad + unus one.] A uniting; union. Jer. Taylor. { A•dunc´ , A•dunque´ } , a. (Zoöl.) Hooked; as a parrot has an adunc bill.

A•dun´ci•ty , n. [L. aduncitas. See Aduncous.] Curvature inwards; hookedness. “The aduncity of the beaks of hawks.
Pope.”

A•dun´cous , a. [L. aduncus; ad + uncus hooked, hook.] Curved inwards; hooked.

A•dure´ , v. t. [L. adurere; ad + urere to burn.] To burn up. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•dust´ , a. [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere: cf. F. aduste.] 1. Inflamed or scorched; fiery. ´The Libyan air adust.´ Milton. 2. Looking as if or scorched; sunburnt. “A tall, thin man, of an adust complexion.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. (Med.) Having much heat in the constitution and little serum in the blood. [Obs.] Hence: Atrabilious; sallow; gloomy.

A•dust´ed, a. Burnt; adust. [Obs.] Howell.

A•dust´i•ble , a. That may be burnt. [Obs.]

A•dus´tion ( 106), n. [L. adustio, fr. adurere, adustum: cf. F. adustion.] 1. The act of burning, or heating to dryness; the state of being thus heated or dried. [Obs.] Harvey. 2. (Surg.) Cauterization. Buchanan.

Ad va•lo´rem . [L., according to the value.] (Com.) A term used to denote a duty or charge laid upon goods, at a certain rate per cent upon their value, as stated in their invoice, — in opposition to a specific sum upon a given quantity or number; as an ad valorem duty of twenty per cent.

Ad•vance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advancing (#).] [OE. avancen, avauncen, F. avancer, fr. a supposed LL. abantiare; ab + ante (F. avant) before. The spelling with d was a mistake, a- being supposed to be fr. L. ad. See Avaunt.] 1. To bring forward; to move towards the van or front; to make to go on. 2. To raise; to elevate. [Archaic] “They … advanced their eyelids.
Shak.” 3. To raise to a higher rank; to promote. “Ahasueres … advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes.
Esther iii. 1.” 4. To accelerate the growth or progress; to further; to forward; to help on; to aid; to heighten; as to advance the ripening of fruit; to advance one’s interests. 5. To bring to view or notice; to offer or propose; to show; as to advance an argument. “Some ne’er advance a judgment of their own.
Pope.” 6. To make earlier, as an event or date; to hasten. 7. To furnish, as money or other value, before it becomes due, or in aid of an enterprise; to supply beforehand; as a merchant advances money on a contract or on goods consigned to him. 8. To raise to a higher point; to enhance; to raise in rate; as to advance the price of goods. 9. To extol; to laud. [Obs.] “Greatly advancing his gay chivalry.
Spenser.” Syn. — To raise; elevate; exalt; aggrandize; improve; heighten; accelerate; allege; adduce; assign.

Ad•vance´, v. i. 1. To move or go forward; to proceed; as he advanced to greet me. 2. To increase or make progress in any respect; as to advance in knowledge, in stature, in years, in price. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence; to be preferred or promoted. “Advanced to a level with ancient peers.
Prescott.”

Ad•vance´, n. [Cf. F. avance, fr. avancer. See Advance, v.] 1. The act of advancing or moving forward or upward; progress. 2. Improvement or progression, physically, mentally, morally, or socially; as an advance in health, knowledge, or religion; an advance in rank or office. 3. An addition to the price; rise in price or value; as an advance on the prime cost of goods. 4. The first step towards the attainment of a result; approach made to gain favor, to form an acquaintance, to adjust a difference, etc.; an overture; a tender; an offer; — usually in the plural. “[He] made the like advances to the dissenters.
Swift.” 5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is received (as money or goods), towards a capital or stock, or on loan; payment beforehand; the money or goods thus furnished; money or value supplied beforehand. “I shall, with pleasure, make the necessary advances.
Jay.” “The account was made up with intent to show what advances had been made.
Kent.” In advance (a) In front; before. (b) Beforehand; before an equivalent is received. (c) In the state of having advanced money on account; as A is in advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds.

Ad•vance´ , a. Before in place, or beforehand in time; — used for advanced; as an advance guard, or that before the main guard or body of an army; advance payment, or that made before it is due; advance proofs, advance sheets, pages of a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time of publication.

Ad•vanced´ , a. 1. In the van or front. 2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or ideas; as advanced opinions, advanced thinkers. 3. Far on in life or time. “A gentleman advanced in years, with a hard experience written in his wrinkles.
Hawthorne.” Advanced guard, a detachment of troops which precedes the march of the main body.

Ad•vance´ment (ad•vans´ment), n. [OE. avancement, F. avancement. See Advance, v. t.] 1. The act of advancing, or the state of being advanced; progression; improvement; furtherance; promotion to a higher place or dignity; as the advancement of learning. “In heaven … every one (so well they love each other) rejoiceth and hath his part in each other’s advancement.
Sir T. More.” “True religion … proposes for its end the joint advancement of the virtue and happiness of the people.
Horsley.” 2. An advance of money or value; payment in advance. See Advance, 5. 3. (Law) Property given, usually by a parent to a child, in advance of a future distribution. 4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad•van´cer , n. 1. One who advances; a promoter. 2. A second branch of a buck’s antler. Howell.

Ad•van´cive , a. Tending to advance. [R.]

Ad•van´tage ( 61, 48), n. [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf. Vantage.] 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end; benefit; as the enemy had the advantage of a more elevated position. “Give me advantage of some brief discourse.
Shak.” “The advantages of a close alliance.
Macaulay.” 2. Superiority; mastery; — with of or over. “Lest Satan should get an advantage of us.
2 Cor. ii. 11.” 3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit; as the advantage of a good constitution. 4. Interest of money; increase; overplus (as the thirteenth in the baker’s dozen). [Obs.] “And with advantage means to pay thy love.
Shak.” Advantage ground, vantage ground. [R.] Clarendon. — To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowledge. ´You have the advantage of me; I don’t remember ever to have had the honor.´ Sheridan. — To take advantage of, to profit by; (often used in a bad sense) to overreach, to outwit. Syn. — Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Beneficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial, when it is simply productive of good; as the benefits of early discipline; the beneficial effects of adversity. We speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous, when it affords us the means of getting forward, and places us on a ´vantage ground´ for further effort. Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the advantages of early education; between a beneficial and an advantageous investment of money.

Ad•van´tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advantaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging .] [F. avantager, fr. avantage. See Advance.] To give an advantage to; to further; to promote; to benefit; to profit. “The truth is, the archbishop’s own stiffness and averseness to comply with the court designs, advantaged his adversaries against him.
Fuller.” “What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away?
Luke ix. 25.” To advantage one’s self of, to avail one’s self of. [Obs.]

Ad•van´tage•a•ble , a. Advantageous. [Obs.]

Ad•van•ta´geous , a. [F. avantageux, fr. avantage.] Being of advantage; conferring advantage; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial; as an advantageous position; trade is advantageous to a nation. “Advabtageous comparison with any other country.
Prescott.” “You see … of what use a good reputation is, and how swift and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes.
Chesterfield.”

Ad•van•ta´geous•ly, adv. Profitably; with advantage.

Ad•van•ta´geous•ness, n. Profitableness.

Ad•vene´ , v. i. [L. advenire; ad + venire to come: cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.] To accede, or come (to); to be added to something or become a part of it, though not essential. [R.] “Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient.
Coleridge.”

Ad•ven´ient , a. [L. adviens, p. pr.] Coming from outward causes; superadded. [Obs.]

Ad•vent , n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.] 1. (Eccl.) The period including the four Sundays before Christmas. Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew (Now. 30). Shipley. 2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ. 3. Coming; any important arrival; approach. “Death’s dreadful advent.
Young.” “Expecting still his advent home.
Tennyson.”

Ad´vent•ist , n. One of a religious body, embracing several branches, who look for the proximate personal coming of Christ; — called also Second Adventists. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

Ad•ven•ti´tious , a. [L. adventitius.] 1. Added extrinsically; not essentially inherent; accidental or causal; additional; supervenient; foreign. “To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious idea of terror, they become without comparison greater.
Burke.” 2. (Nat. Hist.) Out of the proper or usual place; as adventitious buds or roots. 3. (Bot.) Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a country or district; not fully naturalized; adventive; — applied to foreign plants. 4. (Med.) Acquired, as diseases; accidental. — Ad•ven•ti´tious•ly, adv. — Ad•ven•ti´tious•ness, n.

Ad•ven´tive , a. 1. Accidental. 2. (Bot.) Adventitious. Gray.

Ad•ven´tive, n. A thing or person coming from without; an immigrant. [R.] Bacon.

Ad•ven´tu•al ( 135), a. Relating to the season of advent. Sanderson.

Ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. [OE. aventure, aunter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire, adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages took the sense of ´to happen, befall.´ See Advene.] 1. That which happens without design; chance; hazard; hap; hence, chance of danger or loss. “Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at all adventures, be fastened upon him individually.
Milton.” 2. Risk; danger; peril. [Obs.] “He was in great adventure of his life.
Berners.” 3. The encountering of risks; hazardous and striking enterprise; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen events; a daring feat. “He loved excitement and adventure.
Macaulay.” 4. A remarkable occurrence; a striking event; a stirring incident; as the adventures of one’s life. Bacon. 5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard; a venture; a shipment by a merchant on his own account. A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that the goods shipped are at the owner’s risk. Syn. — Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event.

Ad•ven´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adventured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Adventuring .] [OE. aventuren, auntren, F. aventurer, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. To risk, or hazard; jeopard; to venture. “He would not adventure himself into the theater.
Acts xix. 31.” 2. To venture upon; to run the risk of; to dare. “Yet they adventured to go back.
Bunyan.” “Discriminations might be adventured.
J. Taylor.”

Ad•ven´ture, v. i. To try the chance; to take the risk. “I would adventure for such merchandise.
Shak.”

Ad•ven´ture•ful , a. Given to adventure.

Ad•ven´tur•er , n. [Cf. F. aventurier.] 1. One who adventures; as the merchant adventurers; one who seeks his fortune in new and hazardous or perilous enterprises. 2. A social pretender on the lookout for advancement.

Ad•ven´ture•some , a. Full of risk; adventurous; venturesome. — Ad•ven´ture•some•ness, n.

Ad•ven´tur•ess , n. A female adventurer; a woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means.

Ad•ven´tur•ous , a. [OE. aventurous, aunterous, OF. aventuros, F. aventureux, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. Inclined to adventure; willing to incur hazard; prone to embark in hazardous enterprise; rashly daring; — applied to persons. “Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve.
Milton.” 2. Full of hazard; attended with risk; exposing to danger; requiring courage; rash; — applied to acts; as an adventurous undertaking, deed, song. Syn. — Rash; foolhardy; presumptuous; enterprising; daring; hazardous; venturesome. See Rash.

Ad•ven´tur•ous•ly, adv. In an adventurous manner; venturesomely; boldly; daringly.

Ad•ven´tur•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being adventurous; daring; venturesomeness.

Ad´verb , n. [L. adverbium; ad + verbum word, verb: cf. F. adverbe.] (Gram.) A word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it; as he writes well; paper extremely white.

Ad•ver´bi•al , a. [L. adverbialis: cf. F. adverbial.] Of or pertaining to an adverb; of the nature of an adverb; as an adverbial phrase or form.

Ad•ver•bi•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being adverbial. Earle.

Ad•ver´bi•al•ize , v. t. To give the force or form of an adverb to.

Ad•ver´bi•al•ly, adv. In the manner of an adverb.

Ad•ver•sa´ri•a , n. pl. [L. adversaria (sc. scripta), neut. pl. of adversarius.] A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also commentaries or notes. “These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul’s adversaria.
Bp. Bull.”

Ad•ver•sa´ri•ous , a. Hostile. [R.] Southey.

Ad•ver•sa•ry , n.; pl. Adversaries . [OE. adversarie, direct fr. the Latin, and adversaire, fr. OF. adversier, aversier, fr. L. adversarius (a.) turned toward, (n.) an adversary. See Adverse.] One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe. “His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries.
Shak.” “Agree with thine adversary quickly.
Matt. v. 25.” “It may be thought that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary.
Beattie.” The Adversary, The Satan, or the Devil. Syn. — Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist. Enemy is the only one of these words which necessarily implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be adversaries, antagonists, or opponents to each other in certain respects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity. An adversary may be simply one who is placed for a time in a hostile position, as in a lawsuit, an argument, in chess playing, or at fence. An opponent is one who is ranged against another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side; as a political opponent, an opponent in debate. An antagonist is one who struggles against another with active effort, either in a literal fight or in verbal debate.

Ad´ver•sa•ry , a. 1. Opposed; opposite; adverse; antagonistic. [Archaic] Bp. King. 2. (Law) Having an opposing party; not unopposed; as an adversary suit.

Ad•ver´sa•tive , a. [L. adversativus, fr. adversari.] Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis; as an adversative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc. ); an adversative force. — Ad•ver´sa•tive•ly, adv.

Ad•ver´sa•tive, n. An adversative word. Harris.

Ad´verse , a. [OE. advers, OF. avers, advers, fr. L. adversus, p. p. advertere to turn to. See Advert.] 1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction; opposed; contrary; opposite; conflicting; as adverse winds; an adverse party; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste. 2. Opposite. ´Calpe’s adverse height.´ Byron. 3. In hostile opposition to; unfavorable; unpropitious; contrary to one’s wishes; unfortunate; calamitous; afflictive; hurtful; as adverse fates, adverse circumstances, things adverse. “Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune.
Southey.” Adverse possession (Law), a possession of real property avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another person. Abbott. Syn. — Averse; reluctant; unwilling. See Averse.

Ad•verse´ , v. t. [L. adversari: cf. OF. averser.] To oppose; to resist. [Obs.] Gower.

Ad´verse•ly (277), adv. In an adverse manner; inimically; unfortunately; contrariwise.

Ad´verse•ness, n. The quality or state of being adverse; opposition. { Ad•ver•si•fo´li•ate , Ad•ver•si•fo´li•ous } a. [L. adversus opposite + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having opposite leaves, as plants which have the leaves so arranged on the stem.

Ad•ver´sion , n. [L. adversio] A turning towards; attention. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ad•ver´si•ty , n.; pl. Adversities. [OE. adversite, F. adversite, fr. L. adversitas.] 1. Opposition; contrariety. [Obs.] Wyclif. “Adversity is not without comforts and hopes.
Bacon.” Syn. — Affliction; distress; misery; disaster; trouble; suffering; trial.

Ad•vert´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn: cf. F. avertir. See Advertise.] To turn the mind or attention; to refer; to take heed or notice; — with to; as he adverted to what was said. “I may again advert to the distinction.
Owen.” Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer. { Ad•vert´ence , Ad•vert´en•cy } [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness. “To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation.
J. S. Mill.”

Ad•vert´ent , a. [L. advertens, -entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. — Ad•vert´ent•ly, adv.

Ad•ver•tise´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising .] [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement. See Advert.] To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; — often followed by of before the subject of information; as to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] “I will advertise thee what this people shall do.
Num. xxiv. 14.” 4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting. Syn. — To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish.

Ad•ver´tise•ment (ad•ver´tiz•ment or ad•ver•tiz´ment; 277), n. [F. avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] “An advertisement of danger.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.] “Therefore give me no counsel:
My griefs cry louder than advertisement.
Shak.” 3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as a newspaper containing many advertisements.

Ad•ver•tis´er , n. One who, or that which, advertises.

Ad•vice´ , n. [OE. avis, F. avis; + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel. “We may give advice, but we can not give conduct.
Franklin.” 2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.] “How shall I dote on her with more advice,
That thus without advice begin to love her?
Shak.” 3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as late advices from France; — commonly in the plural. In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; — used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as a letter of advice. McElrath. 4. (Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act. Wharton. Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. — To take advice. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others. Syn. — Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice.

Ad•vis•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being advisable; advisableness.

Ad•vis´a•ble , a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent. “Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day.
South.” 2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South. Syn. — Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting.

Ad•vis´a•ble-ness, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability.

Ad•vis´a•bly, adv. With advice; wisely.

Ad•vise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advising .] [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. ´I shall no more advise thee.´ Milton. 2. To give information or notice to; to inform; — with of before the thing communicated; as we were advised of the risk. To advise one’s self, to bethink one’s self; to take counsel with one’s self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.] “Bid thy master well advise himself.
Shak.” Syn. — To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint.

Ad•vise´, v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.] “Advise if this be worth attempting.
Milton.” 2. To take counsel; to consult; — followed by with; as to advise with friends.

Ad•vis´ed•ly , adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak. 2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. ´Advisedly undertaken.´ Suckling.

Ad•vis´ed•ness n. Deliberate consideration; prudent procedure; caution.

Ad•vise´ment (ad•viz´ment), n. [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advice; information. [Archaic] “And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep.
Daniel.” 2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation. “Tempering the passion with advisement slow.
Spenser.”

Ad•vis´er , n. One who advises.

Ad•vis´er•ship, n. The office of an adviser. [R.]

Ad•vi´so , n. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Advice; counsel; suggestion; also a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad•vi´so•ry , a. Having power to advise; containing advice; as an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory. “The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches.
Trumbull.”

Ad´vo•ca•cy , n. [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia. See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession.

Ad´vo•cate , n. [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one’s aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor. In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as ´counsel,´ ´counselor,´ or ´barrister.´ In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as ´counsel´ at the common law. 2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth. 3. Christ, considered as an intercessor. “We have an Advocate with the Father.
1 John ii. 1.” Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh. — Lord advocate (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. — Judge advocate. See under Judge.

Ad´vo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating .] [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly. “To advocate the cause of thy client.
Bp. Sanderson (1624).” “This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated.
Burke.” “Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause.
Mitford.”

Ad´vo•cate, v. i. To act as advocate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ad´vo•cate•ship, n. Office or duty of an advocate.

Ad•vo•ca´tion , n. [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation. See Advowson.] 1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic] “The holy Jesus … sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Advowson. [Obs.] “The donations or advocations of church livings.
Sanderson.” 3. (Scots Law) The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell.

Ad´vo•ca•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.]

Ad•voke´ , v. t. [L. advocare. See Advocate.] To summon; to call. [Obs.] “Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome.
Fuller.”

Ad•vo•lu´tion , n. [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.] A rolling toward something. [R.]

Ad•vou´trer , n. [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] An adulterer. [Obs.]

Ad•vou´tress , n. An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon. { Ad•vou´try , Ad•vow´try } , n. [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium. Cf. Adultery.] Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad•vow•ee´ , n. [OE. avowe, F. avoue, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] One who has an advowson. Cowell.

Ad•vow´son ( 277), n. [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avoëson, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law) The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.] The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer. Cyc.

Ad•voy´er , n. See Avoyer. [Obs.]

Ad•ward´ , n. Award. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad•y•na´mi•a , n. [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. want of strength; priv + power, strength.] (Med.) Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison.

Ad•y•nam´ic , a. [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak. 2. (Physics) Characterized by the absence of power or force. Adynamic fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility.

A•dyn´a•my , n. Adynamia. [R.] Morin.

Ad´y•tum , n. Adyta (#). [L., fr. Gr. , n., fr. , a., not to be entered; ’a priv. + to enter.] The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum. { Adz , Adze } , n. [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] A carpenter’s or cooper’s tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle. It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood.

Adz, v. t. To cut with an adz. [R.] Carlyle.

AE Ae. A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The Anglo-Saxon short ae was generally replaced by a, the long ae by e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E.

AE•cid´i•um , n.; pl. AEcidia . [NL., dim. of Gr. injury.] (Bot.) A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants.

AE´dile , n. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.] A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer.

AE´dile•ship, n. The office of an aedile. T. Arnold.

AE•ge´an , a. [L. Aegeus; Gr. .] Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago.

AE•gi•cra´ni•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , goat + , n. pl., heads.] (Arch.) Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams’ heads or skulls.

AEg´i•lops , n. [L. aegilopis, Gr. , fr. , gen. , goat + eye.] 1. (Med.) An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye. 2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild-oat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants, called also hardgrass.

AE´gis , n. [L. aegis, fr. Gr. a goat skin, a shield, goat, or fr. to rush.] A shield or protective armor; — applied in mythology to the shield of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig.: A shield; a protection.

AE•goph´o•ny , n. Same as Egophony.

AE•gro´tat , n. [L., he is sick.] (Camb. Univ.) A medical certificate that a student is ill.

AE•ne´id , n. [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis, or -dos: cf. F. enede.] The great epic poem of Virgil, of which the hero is AEneas.

A•ë´ne•ous , a. [L. aëneus.] (Zoöl.) Colored like bronze.

AE•o´li•an , a. [L. Aeolius, Gr. .] 1. Of or pertaining to AEolia or AEolis, in Asia Minor, colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants; aeolic; as the AEolian dialect. 2. Pertaining to AEolus, the mythic god of the winds; pertaining to, or produced by, the wind; aërial. “Viewless forms the aeolian organ play.
Campbell.” AEolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the volume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the strings. Moore. — AEolian harp, AEolian lyre, a musical instrument consisting of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; - - usually placed at an open window. Moore. — AEolian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek and early ecclesiastical modes.

AE•ol´ic (e•ol´ik), a. [L. Aeolicus; Gr. A’ioliko•s.] AEolian, 1; as the AEolic dialect; the AEolic mode. { AE•ol´i•pile , AE•ol´i•pyle } , n. [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus god of the winds + pila a ball, or Gr. gate (i. e., doorway of AEolus); cf. F. eolipyle.] An apparatus consisting chiefly of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting bent tubes, through which steam is made to pass from the vessel, causing it to revolve. [Written also eolipile.] Such an apparatus was first described by Hero of Alexandria about 200 years b. c. It has often been called the first steam engine.

AE•o•lo•trop´ic , a. [Gr. changeful + a turning, to turn.] (Physics) Exhibiting differences of quality or property in different directions; not isotropic. Sir W. Thomson.

AE•o•lot´ro•py , n. (Physics) Difference of quality or property in different directions.

AE´o•lus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) The god of the winds.

AE´on , n. A period of immeasurable duration; also an emanation of the Deity. See Eon.

AE•o´ni•an , a. [Gr. .] Eternal; everlasting. ´AEonian hills.´ Tennyson.

AE•py•or´nis , n. [Gr. high + bird.] A gigantic bird found fossil in Madagascar.

A´ër•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aërated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aërating .] [Cf. F. aerer. See Air, v. t.] 1. To combine or charge with gas; usually with carbonic acid gas formerly called fixed air. “His sparkling sallies bubbled up as from aërated natural fountains.
Carlyle.” 2. To supply or impregnate with common air; as to aërate soil; to aërate water. 3. (Physiol.) To expose to the chemical action of air; to oxygenate (the blood) by respiration; to arterialize. Aërated bread, bread raised by charging dough with carbonic acid gas instead of generating the gas in the dough by fermentation.

A•ër•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. aeration.] 1. Exposure to the free action of the air; airing; as aëration of soil, of spawn, etc. 2. (Physiol.) A change produced in the blood by exposure to the air in respiration; oxygenation of the blood in respiration; arterialization. 3. The act or preparation of charging with carbonic acid gas or with oxygen.

A´ër•a•tor , n. That which supplies with air; esp. an apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water.

A•ë´ri•al , a. [L. aërius. See Air.] 1. Of or pertaining to the air, or atmosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air; as aërial regions or currents. ´Aërial spirits.´ Milton. ´Aërial voyages.´ Darwin. 2. Consisting of air; resembling, or partaking of the nature of air. Hence: Unsubstantial; unreal. 3. Rising aloft in air; high; lofty; as aërial spires. 4. Growing, forming, or existing in the air, as opposed to growing or existing in earth or water, or underground; as aërial rootlets, aërial plants. Gray. 5. Light as air; ethereal. Aërial acid, carbonic acid. [Obs.] Ure. — Aërial perspective. See Perspective.

A•ë•ri•al´i•ty , n. The state of being aërial; unsubstantiality. [R.] De Quincey.

A•ë´ri•al•ly , adv. Like, or from, the air; in an aërial manner. ´A murmur heard aërially.´ Tennyson.

Ae´rie ( 277), n. [OE. aire, eire, air, nest, also origin, descent, OF. aire, LL. area, aera, nest of a bird of prey, perh. fr. L. area an open space (for birds of prey like to build their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high rocks). Cf. Area.] The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; also a brood of such birds; eyrie. Shak. Also fig.: A human residence or resting place perched like an eagle’s nest.

A•ër•if´er•ous , a. [L. aër air + -ferous: cf. F. aerifère.] Conveying or containing air; air- bearing; as the windpipe is an aëriferous tube.

A•ër•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. aerification. See Arify.] 1. The act of combining air with another substance, or the state of being filled with air. 2. The act of becoming aërified, or of changing from a solid or liquid form into an aëriform state; the state of being aëriform.

A´ër•i•form ( 277), a. [L. aër air + -form: cf. F. aeriforme.] Having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid; gaseous. Hence fig.: Unreal.

A´ër•i•fy , v. t. [L. aër air + -fly.] 1. To infuse air into; to combine air with. 2. To change into an aëriform state.

A´ër•o-. [Gr. , , air.] The combining form of the Greek word meaning air.

A´ër•o•bies , n. pl. [Aëro- + Gr. life.] (Biol.) Microörganisms which live in contact with the air and need oxygen for their growth; as the microbacteria which form on the surface of putrefactive fluids.

A•ër•o•bi•ot´ic ( 101), a. (Biol.) Related to, or of the nature of, aërobies; as aërobiotic plants, which live only when supplied with free oxygen.

A´ër•o•cyst , n. [Aëro- + cyst.] (Bot.) One of the air cells of algals.

A´ër•o•dy•nam´ic , a. Pertaining to the force of air in motion.

A•ër•o•dy•nam´ics , n. [Aëro- + dynamics: cf. F. aerodynamique.] The science which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects.

A•ër•og´no•sy , n. [Aëro- + Gr. knowing, knowledge: cf. F. aerognosie.] The science which treats of the properties of the air, and of the part it plays in nature. Craig.

A•ër•og´ra•pher , n. One versed in aëography: an aërologist. { A•ër•o•graph´ic , A•ër•o•graph´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to aërography; aërological.

A•ër•og´ra•phy , n. [Aëro- + -graphy: cf. F. aerographie.] A description of the air or atmosphere; aërology.

A•ër•o•hy•dro•dy•nam´ic , a. [Aëro- + hydrodynamic.] Acting by the force of air and water; as an aërohydrodynamic wheel.

A´ër•o•lite , n. [Aëro- + -lite: cf. F. aerolithe.] (Meteor.) A stone, or metallic mass, which has fallen to the earth from distant space; a meteorite; a meteoric stone. Some writers limit the word to stony meteorites.

A´ër•o•lith , n. Same as Arolite.

A•ër•o•li•thol´o•gy , n. [Aëro- + lithology.] The science of aërolites.

A•ër•o•lit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to aërolites; meteoric; as aërolitic iron. Booth. { A•ër•o•log´ic , A•ër•o•log´ic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to aërology.

A•ër•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in aërology.

A•ër•ol´o•gy , n. [Aëro- + -logy: cf. F. aerologie.] That department of physics which treats of the atmosphere.

A´ër•o•man•cy , n. [Aëro- + -mancy: cf. F. aeromancie.] Divination from the state of the air or from atmospheric substances; also forecasting changes in the weather.

A•ër•om´e•ter , n. [Aëro- + -meter: cf. F. eromètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air and gases.

A•ër•o•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to aërometry; as aërometric investigations.

A•ër•om´e•try , n. [Aëro- + -metry: cf. F. erometrie.] The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation; pneumatics.

A´ër•o•naut ( 277), n. [F. aeronaute, fr. Gr. air + sailor. See Nautical.] An aërial navigator; a balloonist. { A•ër•o•naut´ic , A•ër•o•naut´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. aeronauitique.] Pertaining to aëronautics, or aërial sailing.

A•ër•o•naut´ics , n. The science or art of ascending and sailing in the air, as by means of a balloon; aërial navigation; ballooning. { A•ër•o•pho´bi•a , A•ër•oph´o•by , } n. [Aëro- + Gr. fear: cf. F. aerophobie.] (Med.) Dread of a current of air.

A´ër•o•phyte , n. [Aëro- + Gr. plant, to grow: cf. F. aerophyte.] (Bot.) A plant growing entirely in the air, and receiving its nourishment from it; an air plant or epiphyte.

A´ër•o•plane , n. [Aëro- + plane.] A flying machine, or a small plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it.

A´ër•o•scope , n. [Aëro- + Gr. to look out.] (Biol.) An apparatus designed for collecting spores, germs, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air.

A•ër•os´co•py , n. [Aëro- + Gr. a looking out; to spy out.] The observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere.

AE•rose´ , a. [L. aerosus, fr. aes, aeris, brass, copper.] Of the nature of, or like, copper; brassy. [R.]

A•ër•o•sid´er•ite , n. [Aëro- + siderite.] (Meteor.) A mass of meteoric iron.

A´ër•o•sphere , n. [Aëro- + sphere: cf. F. aerosphère.] The atmosphere. [R.]

A´ër•o•stat , n. [F. aerostat, fr. Gr. air + placed. See Statics.] 1. A balloon. 2. A balloonist; an aëronaut. {A•ër•o•stat´ic , A•ër•o•stat´ic•al ,} a. [Aëro- + Gr. : cf. F. aerostatique. See Statical, Statics.] 1. Of or pertaining to aërostatics; pneumatic. 2. Aëronautic; as an aërostatic voyage.

A•ër•o•stat´ics , n. The science that treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained in them. Hence it includes aëronautics.

A•ër•os•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. aerostation the art of using aërostats.] 1. Aërial navigation; the art of raising and guiding balloons in the air. 2. The science of weighing air; aërostatics. [Obs.]

AE•ru´gi•nous , a. [L. aeruginosus, fr. aerugo rust of copper, fr. aes copper: cf. F. erugineux.] Of the nature or color of verdigris, or the rust of copper.

AE•ru´go , n. [L. aes brass, copper.] The rust of any metal, esp. of brass or copper; verdigris.

Ae´ry , n. An aerie.

A´ër•y , a. [See Air.] Aërial; ethereal; incorporeal; visionary. [Poetic] M. Arnold.

AEs•cu•la´pi•an , a. Pertaining to AEsculapius or to the healing art; medical; medicinal.

AEs•cu•la´pi•us , n. [L. Aesculapius, Gr. .] (Myth.) The god of medicine. Hence, a physician.

AEs´cu•lin , n. Same as Esculin.

AE•so´pi•an , E•so´pi•an , a. [L. Aesopius, from Gr. , fr. the famous Greek fabulist AEsop .] Of or pertaining to AEsop, or in his manner.

AE•sop´ic , E•sop´ic , a. [L. Aesopicus, Gr. .] Same as AEsopian.

AEs•the´si•a , n. [Gr. sensation, fr. to perceive.] (Physiol.) Perception by the senses; feeling; — the opposite of anaesthesia.

AEs•the•si•om´e•ter , Es•the•si•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. (see AEsthesia) + -meter.] An instrument to measure the degree of sensation, by determining at how short a distance two impressions upon the skin can be distinguished, and thus to determine whether the condition of tactile sensibility is normal or altered.

AEs•the´´sis , n. [Gr. .] Sensuous perception. [R.] Ruskin.

AEs•the•sod´ic , a. [Gr. sensation + a way; cf. F. esthesodique.] (Physiol.) Conveying sensory or afferent impulses; — said of nerves.

AEs´thete , n. [Gr. one who perceives.] One who makes much or overmuch of aesthetics. [Recent] {AEs•thet´ic , AEs•thet´ic•al } a. Of or Pertaining to aesthetics; versed in aesthetics; as aesthetic studies, emotions, ideas persons, etc. — AEs•thet´ic•al•ly, adv.

AEs•the•ti´can , n. One versed in aesthetics.

AEs•thet´i•cism , n. The doctrine of aesthetics; aesthetic principles; devotion to the beautiful in nature and art. Lowell.

AEs•thet´ics , Es•thet´ics ( 277), n. [Gr. perceptive, esp. by feeling, fr. to perceive, feel: cf. G. ästhetik, F. esthetique.] The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful in nature and art; esp. that which treats of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art.

AEs•tho-phys•i•ol´o•gy, n. [Gr. to perceive + E. physiology.] The science of sensation in relation to nervous action. H. Spenser.

AEs´ti•val , a. [L. aestivalis, aestivus, fr. aestas summer.] Of or belonging to the summer; as aestival diseases. [Spelt also estival.]

AEs´ti•vate , v. i. [L. aestivare, aestivatum.] 1. To spend the summer. 2. (Zoöl.) To pass the summer in a state of torpor. [Spelt also estivate.]

AEs•ti•va´tion , n. 1. (Zoöl.) The state of torpidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer, as in certain snails; — opposed to hibernation. 2. (Bot.) The arrangement of the petals in a flower bud, as to folding, overlapping, etc.; prefloration. Gray. [Spelt also estivation.]

AEs´tu•a•ry ( 135), n. & a. See Estuary.

AEs´tu•ous , a. [L. aestuosus, fr. aestus fire, glow.] Glowing; agitated, as with heat.

A•ë•the•og´a•mous , a. [Gr. unusual (’a priv. + custom) + marriage.] (Bot.) Propagated in an unusual way; cryptogamous.

AE´ther , n. See Ether.

AE´thi•ops min´er•al . (Chem.) Same as Ethiops mineral. [Obs.]

AEth´o•gen , n. [Gr. fire, light + -gen.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and boro, which, when heated before the blowpipe, gives a brilliant phosphorescent; boric nitride.

AE´thri•o•scope , n. [Gr. clear + to observe.] An instrument consisting in part of a differential thermometer. It is used for measuring changes of temperature produced by different conditions of the sky, as when clear or clouded.

AE•ti•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to aetiology; assigning a cause. — AE•ti•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

AE•ti•ol´o•gy , n. [L. aetologia, Gr. ; cause + description: cf. F. etiologie.] 1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any disease; the science of the origin and development of things. 2. The assignment of a cause.

A•ë•ti´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. (sc. ) stone, fr. eagle.] See Eaglestone.

A•far´ , adv. [Pref. a- (for on or of) + far.] At, to, or from a great distance; far away; — often used with from preceding, or off following; as he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. “The steep where Fame’s proud temple shines afar.
Beattie.”

A•feard´ (a•ferd´), p. a. [OE. afered, AS. afaered, p. p. of afaeran to frighten; a- (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + faeran to frighten. See Fear.] Afraid. [Obs.] “Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises.
Shak.”

A´fer , n. [L.] The southwest wind. Milton.

Af•fa•bil´i•ty , n. [L. affabilitas: cf. F. affabilite.] The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; courteousness in receiving others and in conversation; complaisant behavior. “Affability is of a wonderful efficacy or power in procuring love.
Elyot”

Af´fa•ble , a. [F. affable, L. affabilis, fr. affari to speak to; ad + fari to speak. See Fable.] 1. Easy to be spoken to or addressed; receiving others kindly and conversing with them in a free and friendly manner; courteous; sociable. “An affable and courteous gentleman.
Shak.” “His manners polite and affable.
Macaulay.” 2. Gracious; mild; benign. “A serene and affable countenance.
Tatler.” Syn. — Courteous; civil; complaisant; accessible; mild; benign; condescending.

Af´fa•ble•ness, n. Affability.

Af´fa•bly, adv. In an affable manner; courteously.

Af´fa•brous (af•fa´brus), a. [L. affaber workmanlike; ad + faber.] Executed in a workmanlike manner; ingeniously made. [R.] Bailey.

Af•fair´ (af•fâr´), n. [OE. afere, affere, OF. afaire, F. affaire, fr. a faire to do; L.. ad + facere to do. See Fact, and cf. Ado.] 1. That which is done or is to be done; matter; concern; as a difficult affair to manage; business of any kind, commercial, professional, or public; — often in the plural. ´At the head of affairs.´ Junius. ´A talent for affairs.´ Prescott. 2. Any proceeding or action which it is wished to refer to or characterize vaguely; as an affair of honor, i. e., a duel; an affair of love, i. e., an intrigue. 3. (Mil.) An action or engagement not of sufficient magnitude to be called a battle. 4. Action; endeavor. [Obs.] “And with his best affair
Obeyed the pleasure of the Sun.
Chapman.” 5. A material object (vaguely designated). “A certain affair of fine red cloth much worn and faded.
Hawthorne.”

Af•fam´ish (af•fam´ish), v. t. & i. [F. affamer, fr. L. ad + fames hunger. See Famish.] To afflict with, or perish from, hunger. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fam´ish•ment (-ment), n. Starvation. Bp. Hall.

Af•fat´u•ate , v. t. [L. ad + fatuus foolish.] To infatuate. [Obs.] Milton.

Af•fear´ , v. t. [OE. aferen, AS. afran. See Afeard.] To frighten. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fect´ (af•fekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affected; p. pr. & vb. n. Affecting.] [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to affect by active agency; ad + facere to make: cf. F. affectere, L. affectare, freq. of afficere. See Fact.] 1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon. “As might affect the earth with cold heat.
Milton.” “The climate affected their health and spirits.
Macaulay.” 2. To influence or move, as the feelings or passions; to touch. “A consideration of the rationale of our passions seems to me very necessary for all who would affect them upon solid and pure principles.”
Burke. 3. To love; to regard with affection. [Obs.] “As for Queen Katharine, he rather respected than affected, rather honored than loved, her.
Fuller.” 4. To show a fondness for; to like to use or practice; to choose; hence, to frequent habitually. “For he does neither affect company, nor is he fit for it, indeed.
Shak.” “Do not affect the society of your inferiors in rank, nor court that of the great.
Hazlitt.” 5. To dispose or incline. “Men whom they thought best affected to religion and their country’s liberty.
Milton.” 6. To aim at; to aspire; to covet. [Obs.] “This proud man affects imperial way.
Dryden.” 7. To tend to by affinity or disposition. “The drops of every fluid affect a round figure.
Newton.” 8. To make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume; as to affect ignorance. “Careless she is with artful care,
Affecting to seem unaffected.
Congreve.” “Thou dost affect my manners.
Shak.” 9. To assign; to appoint. [R.] “One of the domestics was affected to his special service.
Thackeray.” Syn. — To influence; operate; act on; concern; move; melt; soften; subdue; overcome; pretend; assume.

Af•fect´, n. [L. affectus.] Affection; inclination; passion; feeling; disposition. [Obs.] Shak.

Af•fec•ta´tion , n. [L. affectatio: cf. F. affectation.] 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false display; artificial show. ´An affectation of contempt.´ Macaulay. “Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural what is natural.
Locke.” 2. A striving after. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 3. Fondness; affection. [Obs.] Hooker.

Af•fec•ta´tion•ist, n. One who exhibits affectation. [R.] Fitzed. Hall.

Af•fect´ed (af•fekt´ed), p. p. & a. 1. Regarded with affection; beloved. [Obs.] “His affected Hercules.
Chapman.” 2. Inclined; disposed; attached. “How stand you affected to his wish?
Shak.” 3. Given to false show; assuming or pretending to possess what is not natural or real. “He is … too spruce, too affected, too odd.
Shak.” 4. Assumed artificially; not natural. “Affected coldness and indifference.
Addison.” 5. (Alg.) Made up of terms involving different powers of the unknown quantity; adfected; as an affected equation.

Af•fect´ed•ly, adv. 1. In an affected manner; hypocritically; with more show than reality. 2. Lovingly; with tender care. [Obs.] Shak.

Af•fect´ed•ness, n. Affectation.

Af•fect´er , n. One who affects, assumes, pretends, or strives after. ´Affecters of wit.´ Abp. Secker.

Af•fect•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being affectible. [R.]

Af•fect´i•ble , a. That may be affected. [R.] “Lay aside the absolute, and, by union with the creaturely, become affectible.
Coleridge.”

Af•fect´ing, a. 1. Moving the emotions; fitted to excite the emotions; pathetic; touching; as an affecting address; an affecting sight. “The most affecting music is generally the most simple.
Mitford.” 2. Affected; given to false show. [Obs.] “A drawling; affecting rouge.
Shak.”

Af•fect´ing•ly , adv. In an affecting manner; is a manner to excite emotions.

Af•fec´tion , n. [F. affection, L. affectio, fr. afficere. See Affect.] 1. The act of affecting or acting upon; the state of being affected. 2. An attribute; a quality or property; a condition; a bodily state; as figure, weight, etc. , are affections of bodies. ´The affections of quantity.´ Boyle. “And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less,
An old and strange affection of the house.
Tennyson.” 3. Bent of mind; a feeling or natural impulse or natural impulse acting upon and swaying the mind; any emotion; as the benevolent affections, esteem, gratitude, etc.; the malevolent affections, hatred, envy, etc.; inclination; disposition; propensity; tendency. “Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality.
Cogan.” 4. A settled good will; kind feeling; love; zealous or tender attachment; — often in the pl. Formerly followed by to, but now more generally by for or towards; as filial, social, or conjugal affections; to have an affection for or towards children. “All his affections are set on his own country.
Macaulay.” 5. Prejudice; bias. [Obs.] Bp. Aylmer. 6. (Med.) Disease; morbid symptom; malady; as a pulmonary affection. Dunglison. 7. The lively representation of any emotion. Wotton. 8. Affectation. [Obs.] ´Spruce affection.´ Shak. 9. Passion; violent emotion. [Obs.] “Most wretched man,
That to affections does the bridle lend.
Spenser.” Syn. — Attachment; passion; tenderness; fondness; kindness; love; good will. See Attachment; Disease.

Af•fec´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to the affections; as affectional impulses; an affectional nature.

Af•fec´tion•ate , a. [Cf. F. affectionne.] 1. Having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; as an affectionate brother. 2. Kindly inclined; zealous. [Obs.] Johson. “Man, in his love God, and desire to please him, can never be too affectionate.
Sprat.” 3. Proceeding from affection; indicating love; tender; as the affectionate care of a parent; affectionate countenance, message, language. 4. Strongly inclined; — with to. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — Tender; attached; loving; devoted; warm; fond; earnest; ardent.

Af•fec´tion•a•ted, a. Disposed; inclined. [Obs.] “Affectionated to the people.
Holinshed.”

Af•fec´tion•ate•ly, adv. With affection; lovingly; fondly; tenderly; kindly.

Af•fec´tion•ate•ness, n. The quality of being affectionate; fondness; affection.

Af•fec´tioned , a. 1. Disposed. [Archaic] “Be kindly affectioned one to another.
Rom. xii. 10.” 2. Affected; conceited. [Obs.] Shak.

Af•fec´tive , a. [Cf. F. affectif.] 1. Tending to affect; affecting. [Obs.] Burnet. 2. Pertaining to or exciting emotion; affectional; emotional. Rogers.

Af•fec´tive•ly, adv. In an affective manner; impressively; emotionally.

Af•fec´tu•ous ( 135), a. [L. affectuous: cf. F. affectueux. See Affect.] Full of passion or emotion; earnest. [Obs.] — Af•fec´tu•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Af•feer´ , v. t. [OF. aforer, afeurer, to tax, appraise, assess, fr. L. ad + forum market, court of justice, in LL. also meaning price.] 1. To confirm; to assure. [Obs.] ´The title is affeered.´ Shak. 2. (Old Law) To assess or reduce, as an arbitrary penalty or amercement, to a certain and reasonable sum. “Amercements … were affeered by the judges.
Blackstone.” { Af•feer´er , Af•feer´or } n. [OF. aforeur, LL. afforator.] (Old Law) One who affeers. Cowell.

Af•feer´ment , n. [Cf. OF. aforement.] (Old Law) The act of affeering. Blackstone.

Af´fer•ent , a. [L. afferens, p. pr. of afferre; ad + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) Bearing or conducting inwards to a part or organ; — opposed to efferent; as afferent vessels; afferent nerves, which convey sensations from the external organs to the brain.

Af•fet•tu•o´so , adv. [It.] (Mus.) With feeling.

Af•fi´ance , n. [OE. afiaunce trust, confidence, OF. afiance, fr. afier to trust, fr. LL. affidare to trust; ad + fidare to trust, fr. L. fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Affidavit, Affy, Confidence.] 1. Plighted faith; marriage contract or promise. 2. Trust; reliance; faith; confidence. “Such feelings promptly yielded to his habitual affiance in the divine love.
Sir J. Stephen.” “Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom I have
Most joy and most affiance.
Tennyson.”

Af•fi´ance, v. t. [imp. p. p. Affianced ; p. pr. vb. n. Affiancing .] [Cf. OF. afiancier, fr. afiance.] 1. To betroth; to pledge one’s faith to for marriage, or solemnly promise (one’s self or another) in marriage. “To me, sad maid, he was affianced.
Spenser.” 2. To assure by promise. [Obs.] Pope.

Af•fi´an•cer , n. One who makes a contract of marriage between two persons.

Af•fi´ant , n. [From p. pr. of OF. afier, LL. affidare. See Affidavit.] (Law) One who makes an affidavit. [U. S.] Burrill. Syn. — Deponent. See Deponent.

Af•fi•da´vit , n. [LL. affidavit he has made oath, perfect tense of affidare. See Affiance, Affy.] (Law) A sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized magistrate. Bouvier. Burrill. It is always made ex parte, and without cross-examination, and in this differs from a deposition. It is also applied to written statements made on affirmation. Syn. — Deposition. See Deposition.

Af•file´ , v. t. [OF. afiler, F. affiler, to sharpen; a (L. ad) + fil thread, edge.] To polish. [Obs.]

Af•fil´i•a•ble , a. Capable of being affiliated to or on, or connected with in origin.

Af•fil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affiliated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Affiliating .] [LL. adfiliare, affiliare, to adopt as son; ad + filius son: cf. F. affilier.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son; hence, to bring or receive into close connection; to ally. “Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in rebellion?
I. Taylor.” 2. To fix the paternity of; — said of an illegitimate child; as to affiliate the child to (or on or upon) one man rather than another. 3. To connect in the way of descent; to trace origin to. “How do these facts tend to affiliate the faculty of hearing upon the aboriginal vegetative processes?
H. Spencer.” 4. To attach (to) or unite (with); to receive into a society as a member, and initiate into its mysteries, plans, etc.; — followed by to or with. Affiliated societies, societies connected with a central society, or with each other.

Af•fil´i•ate, v. i. To connect or associate one’s self; — followed by with; as they affiliate with no party.

Af•fil•i•a´tion , n. [F. affiliation, LL. affiliatio.] 1. Adoption; association or reception as a member in or of the same family or society. 2. (Law) The establishment or ascertaining of parentage; the assignment of a child, as a bastard, to its father; filiation. 3. Connection in the way of descent. H. Spencer.

Af•fi´nal , a. [L. affinis.] Related by marriage; from the same source.

Af•fine´ , v. t. [F. affiner to refine; (L. ad) + fin fine. See Fine.] To refine. [Obs.] Holland.

Af•fined´ , a. [OF. afine related, p. p., fr. LL. affinare to join, fr. L. affinis neighboring, related to; ad + finis boundary, limit.] Joined in affinity or by any tie. [Obs.] ´All affined and kin.´ Shak.

Af•fin´i•ta•tive , a. Of the nature of affinity. — Af•fin´i•ta•tive•ly, adv.

Af•fin´i•tive, a. Closely connected, as by affinity.

Af•fin´i•ty , n.; pl. Affinities. [OF. afinite, F. affinite, L. affinites, fr. affinis. See Affined.] 1. Relationship by marriage (as between a husband and his wife’s blood relations, or between a wife and her husband’s blood relations); — in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relationship by blood; — followed by with, to, or between. “Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh.
1 Kings iii. 1.” 2. Kinship generally; close agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages. “There is a close affinity between imposture and credulity.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 2. Companionship; acquaintance. [Obs.] “About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer.
Burton.” 4. (Chem.) That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds; chemism; chemical or elective affinity or attraction. 5. (Nat. Hist.) A relation between species or highe groups dependent on resemblance in the whole plan of structure, and indicating community of origin. 6. (Spiritualism) A superior spiritual relationship or attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp. persons of the opposite sex; also the man or woman who exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction.

Af•firm´ (af•ferm´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affirmed (-fermd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Affirming.] [OE. affermen, OF. afermer, F. affirmer, affermir, fr. L. affirmare; ad + firmare to make firm, firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm; to confirm, or ratify; esp. (Law), to assert or confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, brought before an appellate court for review. 2. To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; to maintain as true; — opposed to deny. “Jesus, … whom Paul affirmed to be alive.
Acts xxv. 19.” 3. (Law) To declare, as a fact, solemnly, under judicial sanction. See Affirmation, 4. Syn. — To assert; aver; declare; asseverate; assure; pronounce; protest; avouch; confirm; establish; ratify. — To Affirm, Asseverate, Aver, Protest. We affirm when we declare a thing as a fact or a proposition. We asseverate it in a peculiarly earnest manner, or with increased positiveness as what can not be disputed. We aver it, or formally declare it to be true, when we have positive knowledge of it. We protest in a more public manner and with the energy of perfect sincerity. People asseverate in order to produce a conviction of their veracity; they aver when they are peculiarly desirous to be believed; they protest when they wish to free themselves from imputations, or to produce a conviction of their innocence.

Af•firm´, v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively. “Not that I so affirm, though so it seem
To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth.
Milton.” 2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration, before an authorized magistrate or tribunal, under the penalties of perjury; to testify by affirmation.

Af•firm´a•ble , a. Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or declared; — followed by of; as an attribute affirmable of every just man.

Af•firm´ance , n. [Cf. OF. afermance.] 1. Confirmation; ratification; confirmation of a voidable act. “This statute … in affirmance of the common law.
Bacon.” 2. A strong declaration; affirmation. Cowper.

Af•firm´ant (af•ferm´ant), n. [L. affirmans, -antis, p. pr. See Affirm.] 1. One who affirms or asserts. 2. (Law) One who affirms, instead of taking an oath.

Af•fir•ma´tion , n. [L. affirmatio: cf. F. affirmation.] 1. Confirmation of anything established; ratification; as the affirmation of a law. Hooker. 2. The act of affirming or asserting as true; assertion; — opposed to negation or denial. 3. That which is asserted; an assertion; a positive statement; an averment; as an affirmation, by the vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality. 4. (Law) A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. Bouvier.

Af•firm´a•tive , a. [L. affirmativus: cf. F. affirmatif.] 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as an act affirmative of common law. 2. That affirms; asserting that the fact is so; declaratory of what exists; answering ´yes´ to a question; — opposed to negative; as an affirmative answer; an affirmative vote. 3. Positive; dogmatic. [Obs.] J. Taylor. “Lysicles was a little by the affirmative air of Crito.
Berkeley.” 4. (logic) Expressing the agreement of the two terms of a proposition. 5. (Alg.) Positive; — a term applied to quantities which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such as are to be subtracted.

Af•firm´a•tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed to that which denies; an affirmative proposition; that side of question which affirms or maintains the proposition stated; — opposed to negative; as there were forty votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative. “Whether there are such beings or not, ’t is sufficient for my purpose that many have believed the affirmative.
Dryden.” 2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent; as yes, that is so, etc.

Af•firm´a•tive•ly, adv. In an affirmative manner; on the affirmative side of a question; in the affirmative; — opposed to negatively.

Af•firm´a•to•ry , a. Giving affirmation; assertive; affirmative. Massey.

Af•firm´er , n. One who affirms.

Af•fix´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affixare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to; ad + figere to fasten: cf. OE. affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere. See Fix.] 1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end; to append to; to fix to any part of; as to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument; to affix one’s name to a writing. 2. To fix or fasten in any way; to attach physically. “Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food.
Ray.” 3. To attach, unite, or connect with; as names affixed to ideas or ideas affixed to things; to affix a stigma to a person; to affix ridicule or blame to any one. 4. To fix or fasten figuratively; — with on or upon; as eyes affixed upon the ground. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite.

Af´fix , n.; pl. Affixes (#). [L. affixus, p. p. of affigere: cf. F. affixe.] That which is affixed; an appendage; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at the end of a word; a suffix; a postfix.

Af•fix´ion , n. [L. affixio, fr. affigere.] Affixture. [Obs.] T. Adams.

Af•fix´ture ( 135), n. The act of affixing, or the state of being affixed; attachment.

Af•fla´tion , n. [L. afflatus, p. p. of afflare to blow or breathe on; ad + flare to blow.] A blowing or breathing on; inspiration.

Af•fla´tus , n. [L., fr. afflare. See Afflation.] 1. A breath or blast of wind. 2. A divine impartation of knowledge; supernatural impulse; inspiration. “A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet without his afflatus.
Spence.”

Af•flict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of affigere to cast down, deject; ad + fligere to strike: cf. OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or cast down; to overthrow. [Obs.] ´Reassembling our afflicted powers.´ Milton. 2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing continued pain or mental distress; to trouble grievously; to torment. “They did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens.
Exod. i. 11.” “That which was the worst now least afflicts me.
Milton.” 3. To make low or humble. [Obs.] Spenser. “Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted truth.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; torment; wound; hurt.

Af•flict´, p. p. & a. [L. afflictus, p. p.] Afflicted. [Obs.] Becon.

Af•flict´ed•ness, n. The state of being afflicted; affliction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Af•flict´er , n. One who afflicts.

Af•flict´ing, a. Grievously painful; distressing; afflictive; as an afflicting event. — Af•flict´ing•ly, adv.

Af•flic´tion , n. [F. affliction, L. afflictio, fr. affligere.] 1. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc.; an instance of grievous distress; a pain or grief. “To repay that money will be a biting affliction.
Shak.” 2. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief. “Some virtues are seen only in affliction.
Addison.” Syn. — Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; adversity; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; trouble; hardship. — Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Affliction and sorrow are terms of wide and general application; grief and distress have reference to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger term. The suffering lies deeper in the soul, and usually arises from some powerful cause, such as the loss of what is most dear — friends, health, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness or pain as ´an affliction,´ though one who suffers from either is said to be afflicted; but deprivations of every kind, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are called afflictions, showing that term applies particularly to prolonged sources of suffering. Sorrow and grief are much alike in meaning, but grief is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffering for some definite cause, as grief for the death of a dear friend; sorrow is more reflective, and is tinged with regret, as the misconduct of a child is looked upon with sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative; sorrow deep and brooding. Distress implies extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. In its higher stages, it denotes pain of a restless, agitating kind, and almost always supposes some struggle of mind or body. Affliction is allayed, grief subsides, sorrow is soothed, distress is mitigated.

Af•flic´tion•less , a. Free from affliction.

Af•flic´tive , a. [Cf. F. afflictif.] Giving pain; causing continued or repeated pain or grief; distressing. ´Jove’s afflictive hand.´ Pope. “Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain.
Prior.”

Af•flic´tive•ly, adv. In an afflictive manner.

Af´flu•ence , n. [F. affluence, L. affluentia, fr. affluens, p. pr. of affluere to flow to; ad + fluere to flow. See Flux.] 1. A flowing to or towards; a concourse; an influx. “The affluence of young nobles from hence into Spain.
Wotton.” “There is an unusual affluence of strangers this year.
Carlyle.” 2. An abundant supply, as of thought, words, feelings, etc.; profusion; also abundance of property; wealth. “And old age of elegance, affluence, and ease.
Coldsmith.” Syn. — Abundance; riches; profusion; exuberance; plenty; wealth; opulence.

Af´flu•en•cy , n. Affluence. [Obs.] Addison.

Af´flu•ent , a. [Cf. F. affluent, L. affluens, -entis, p. pr. See Affluence.] 1. Flowing to; flowing abundantly. ´Affluent blood.´ Harvey. 2. Abundant; copious; plenteous; hence, wealthy; abounding in goods or riches. “Language … affluent in expression.
H. Reed.” “Loaded and blest with all the affluent store,
Which human vows at smoking shrines implore.
Prior.”

Af´flu•ent, n. A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; a tributary stream.

Af´flu•ent•ly, adv. Abundantly; copiously.

Af•flu•ent•ness, n. Great plenty. [R.]

Af´flux , n. [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere: cf. F. afflux. See Affluence.] A flowing towards; that which flows to; as an afflux of blood to the head.

Af•flux´ion , n. The act of flowing towards; afflux. Sir T. Browne.

Af´fo•dill , n. Asphodel. [Obs.]

Af•force´ , v. t. [OF. afforcier, LL. affortiare; ad + fortiare, fr. L. fortis strong.] To reënforce; to strengthen. Hallam.

Af•force´ment , n. [OF.] 1. A fortress; a fortification for defense. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. A reënforcement; a strengthening. Hallam.

Af•for´ci•a•ment , n. See Afforcement. [Obs.]

Af•ford´ (af•ford´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afforded; p. pr. & vb. n. Affording.] [OE. aforthen, AS. geforðian, forðian, to further, accomplish, afford, fr. forð forth, forward. The prefix ge- has no well defined sense. See Forth.] 1. To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result, fruit, or issue; as grapes afford wine; olives afford oil; the earth affords fruit; the sea affords an abundant supply of fish. 2. To give, grant, or confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural result; to provide; to furnish; as a good life affords consolation in old age. “His tuneful Muse affords the sweetest numbers.
Addison.” “The quiet lanes … afford calmer retreats.
Gilpin.” 3. To offer, provide, or supply, as in selling, granting, expending, with profit, or without loss or too great injury; as A affords his goods cheaper than B; a man can afford a sum yearly in charity. 4. To incur, stand, or bear without serious detriment, as an act which might under other circumstances be injurious; — with an auxiliary, as can, could, might, etc.; to be able or rich enough. “The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits.
Hamilton.” “He could afford to suffer
With those whom he saw suffer.
Wordsworth.”

Af•ford´a•ble , a. That may be afforded.

Af•ford´ment , n. Anything given as a help; bestowal. [Obs.]

Af•for´est , v. t. [LL. afforestare; ad + forestare. See Forest.] To convert into a forest; as to afforest a tract of country.

Af•for•es•ta´tion , n. The act of converting into forest or woodland. Blackstone.

Af•form´a•tive , n. An affix.

Af•fran´chise , v. t. [F. affranchir; (L. ad) + franc free. See Franchise and Frank.] To make free; to enfranchise. Johnson.

Af•fran´chise•ment , n. [Cf. F. affranchissement.] The act of making free; enfranchisement. [R.]

Af•frap´ , v. t. & i. [Cf. It. affrappare, frappare, to cut, mince, F. frapper to strike. See Frap.] To strike, or strike down. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fray´ , v. t. [p. p. Affrayed.] [OE. afraien, affraien, OF. effreer, esfreer, F. effrayer, orig. to disquiet, put out of peace, fr. L. ex + OHG. fridu peace (akin to E. free). Cf. Afraid, Fray, Frith inclosure.] [Archaic] 1. To startle from quiet; to alarm. “Smale foules a great heap
That had afrayed [affrayed] me out of my sleep.
Chaucer.” 2. To frighten; to scare; to frighten away. “That voice doth us affray.
Shak.”

Af•fray´ , n. [OE. afrai, affrai, OF. esfrei, F. effroi, fr. OF. esfreer. See Affray, v. t.] 1. The act of suddenly disturbing any one; an assault or attack. [Obs.] 2. Alarm; terror; fright. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A tumultuous assault or quarrel; a brawl; a fray. ´In the very midst of the affray.´ Motley. 4. (Law) The fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the terror of others. Blackstone. A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray. Syn. — Quarrel; brawl; scuffle; encounter; fight; contest; feud; tumult; disturbance.

Af•fray´er , n. One engaged in an affray.

Af•fray´ment , n. Affray. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•freight´ , v. t. [Pref. ad- + freight: cf. F. affreter. See Freight.] To hire, as a ship, for the transportation of goods or freight.

Af•freight´er , n. One who hires or charters a ship to convey goods.

Af•freight´ment , n. [Cf. F. affretement.] The act of hiring, or the contract for the use of, a vessel, or some part of it, to convey cargo.

Af•fret´ , n. [Cf. It. affrettare to hasten, fretta haste.] A furious onset or attack. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af•fric´tion , n. [L. affricare to rub on. See Friction.] The act of rubbing against. [Obs.]

Af•friend´ed , p. p. Made friends; reconciled. [Obs.] ´Deadly foes … affriended.´ Spenser.

Af•fright´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affrighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affrighting.] [Orig. p. p.; OE. afright, AS. afyrhtan to terrify; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fyrhto fright. See Fright.] To impress with sudden fear; to frighten; to alarm. “Dreams affright our souls.
Shak.” “A drear and dying sound
Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.
Milton.” Syn. — To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall; scare; startle; daunt; intimidate.

Af•fright´, p. a. Affrighted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Af•fright´, n. 1. Sudden and great fear; terror. It expresses a stronger impression than fear, or apprehension, perhaps less than terror. “He looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair.
Goldsmith.” 2. The act of frightening; also a cause of terror; an object of dread. B. Jonson.

Af•fright´ed•ly, adv. With fright. Drayton.

Af•fright´en , v. t. To frighten. [Archaic] ´Fit tales … to affrighten babes.´ Southey.

Af•fright´er , n. One who frightens. [Archaic]

Af•fright´ful , a. Terrifying; frightful. — Af•fright´ful•ly, adv. [Archaic] “Bugbears or affrightful apparitions.
Cudworth.”

Af•fright´ment , n. Affright; the state of being frightened; sudden fear or alarm. [Archaic] “Passionate words or blows … fill the child’s mind with terror and affrightment.
Locke.”

Af•front´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] [OF. afronter, F. affronter, to confront, LL. affrontare to strike against, fr. L. ad + frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To front; to face in position; to meet or encounter face to face. [Obs.] “All the sea-coasts do affront the Levant.
Holland.” “That he, as ’t were by accident, may here
Affront Ophelia.
Shak.” 2. To face in defiance; to confront; as to affront death; hence, to meet in hostile encounter. [Archaic] 3. To offend by some manifestation of disrespect; to insult to the face by demeanor or language; to treat with marked incivility. “How can any one imagine that the fathers would have dared to affront the wife of Aurelius?
Addison.” Syn. — To insult; abuse; outrage; wound; illtreat; slight; defy; offend; provoke; pique; nettle.

Af•front´, n. [Cf. F. affront, fr. affronter.] 1. An encounter either friendly or hostile. [Obs.] “I walked about, admired of all, and dreaded
On hostile ground, none daring my affront.
Milton.” 2. Contemptuous or rude treatment which excites or justifies resentment; marked disrespect; a purposed indignity; insult. “Offering an affront to our understanding.
Addison.” 3. An offense to one’s self-respect; shame. Arbuthnot. Syn. — Affront, Insult, Outrage. An affront is a designed mark of disrespect, usually in the presence of others. An insult is a personal attack either by words or actions, designed to humiliate or degrade. An outrage is an act of extreme and violent insult or abuse. An affront piques and mortifies; an insult irritates and provokes; an outrage wounds and injures. “Captious persons construe every innocent freedom into an affront. When people are in a state of animosity, they seek opportunities of offering each other insults. Intoxication or violent passion impels men to the commission of outrages.
Crabb.”

Af•fron•te´ , a. [F. affronte, p. p.] (Her.) Face to face, or front to front; facing.

Af•front´ed•ly , adv. Shamelessly. [Obs.] Bacon.

Af•fron•tee´, n. One who receives an affront. Lytton.

Af•front´er , n. One who affronts, or insults to the face.

Af•front´ing•ly, adv. In an affronting manner.

Af•front´ive , a. Tending to affront or offend; offensive; abusive. “How affrontive it is to despise mercy.
South.”

Af•front´ive•ness (af•frunt´iv•nes), n. The quality that gives an affront or offense. [R.] Bailey.

Af•fuse´ (af•fuz´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affused (-fuzd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Affusing .] [L. affusus, p. p. of affundere to pour to; ad + fundere. See Fuse.] To pour out or upon. [R.] “I first affused water upon the compressed beans.
Boyle.”

Af•fu´sion (af•fu´zhun), n. [Cf. F. affusion.] The act of pouring upon, or sprinkling with a liquid, as water upon a child in baptism. Specifically: (Med) The act of pouring water or other fluid on the whole or a part of the body, as a remedy in disease. Dunglison.

Af•fy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affied ; p. pr. Affying.] [OF. afier, LL. affidare. Cf. Affiance.] 1. To confide (one’s self to, or in); to trust. [Obs.] 2. To betroth or espouse; to affiance. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To bind in faith. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Af•fy´, v. i. To trust or confide. [Obs.] Shak.

Af´ghan , a. Of or pertaining to Afghanistan.

Af´ghan, n. 1. A native of Afghanistan. 2. A kind of worsted blanket or wrap.

A•field´ , adv. [Pref. a- + field.] 1. To, in, or on the field. ´We drove afield.´ Milton. “How jocund did they drive their team afield!
Gray.” 2. Out of the way; astray. “Why should he wander afield at the age of fifty- five!
Trollope.”

A•fire´ (a•fir´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + fire.] On fire.

A•flame´ (a•flam´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flame.] In flames; glowing with light or passion; ablaze. G. Eliot.

A•flat´ (a•flat´), adv. [Pref. a- + flat.] Level with the ground; flat. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•flaunt´ (a•flant´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flaunt.] In a flaunting state or position. Copley.

A•flick´er (a•flik´er), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flicker.] In a flickering state.

A•float´ (a•flot´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + float.] 1. Borne on the water; floating; on board ship. “On such a full sea are we now afloat.
Shak.” 2. Moving; passing from place to place; in general circulation; as a rumor is afloat. 3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control; adrift; as our affairs are all afloat.

A•flow´ (a•flo´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flow.] Flowing. “Their founts aflow with tears.
R. Browning.”

A•flush´ (a•flush´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flush, n.] In a flushed or blushing state.

A•flush´, adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flush, a.] On a level. “The bank is … aflush with the sea.
Swinburne.”

A•flut´ter , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flutter.] In a flutter; agitated.

A•foam´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + foam.] In a foaming state; as the sea is all afoam.

A•foot´ , adv. [Pref. a- + foot.] 1. On foot. “We ’ll walk afoot a while.
Shak.” 2. Fig.: In motion; in action; astir; in progress. “The matter being afoot.
Shak.”

A•fore´ , adv. [OE. afore, aforn, AS. onforan or aetforan; pref. a- + fore.] 1. Before. [Obs.] “If he have never drunk wine afore.
Shak.” 2. (Naut.) In the fore part of a vessel.

A•fore´, prep. 1. Before (in all its senses). [Archaic] 2. (Naut.) Before; in front of; farther forward than; as afore the windlass. Afore the mast, among the common sailors; — a phrase used to distinguish the ship’s crew from the officers.

A•fore´cit•ed , a. Named or quoted before.

A•fore´go•ing , a. Going before; foregoing.

A•fore´hand adv. Beforehand; in anticipation. [Archaic or Dial.] “She is come aforehand to anoint my body.
Mark xiv. 8.”

A•fore´hand, a. Prepared; previously provided; — opposed to behindhand. [Archaic or Dial.] “Aforehand in all matters of power.
Bacon.”

A•fore´men•tioned , a. Previously mentioned; before-mentioned. Addison.

A•fore´named , a. Named before. Peacham.

A•fore´said , a. Said before, or in a preceding part; already described or identified.

A•fore´thought , a. Premeditated; prepense; previously in mind; designed; as malice aforethought, which is required to constitute murder. Bouvier.

A•fore´thought, n. Premeditation.

A•fore´time , adv. In time past; formerly. ´He prayed … as he did aforetime.´ Dan. vi. 10.

A for•ti•o´ri . [L.] (Logic & Math.) With stronger reason.

A•foul´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + foul.] In collision; entangled. Totten. To run afoul of, to run against or come into collision with, especially so as to become entangled or to cause injury.

A•fraid´ , p. a. [OE. afrayed, affraide, p. p. of afraien to affray. See Affray, and cf. Afeard.] Impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear; apprehensive. [Afraid comes after the noun it limits.] ´Back they recoiled, afraid.´ Milton. This word expresses a less degree of fear than terrified or frightened. It is followed by of before the object of fear, or by the infinitive, or by a dependent clause; as to be afraid of death. ´I am afraid to die.´ ´I am afraid he will chastise me.´ ´Be not afraid that I your hand should take.´ Shak. I am afraid is sometimes used colloquially to soften a statement; as I am afraid I can not help you in this matter. Syn. — Fearful; timid; timorous; alarmed; anxious.

Af´reet , n. Same as Afrit.

A•fresh´ , adv. [Pref. a- + fresh.] Anew; again; once more; newly. “They crucify … the Son of God afresh.
Heb. vi. 6.”

Af´ric , a. African. — n. Africa. [Poetic]

Af´ri•can , a. [L. Africus, Africanus, fr. Afer African.] Of or pertaining to Africa. African hemp, a fiber prepared from the leaves of the Sanseviera Guineensis, a plant found in Africa and India. - - African marigold, a tropical American plant (Tagetes erecta). — African oak or African teak, a timber furnished by Oldfieldia Africana, used in ship building.

Af´ri•can, n. A native of Africa; also one ethnologically belonging to an African race.

Af•ri•can´der , n. One born in Africa, the offspring of a white father and a ´colored´ mother. also and now commonly in Southern Africa, a native born of European settlers.

Af´ri•can•ism , n. A word, phrase, idiom, or custom peculiar to Africa or Africans. ´The knotty Africanisms … of the fathers.´ Milton.

Af´ri•can•ize , v. t. To place under the domination of Africans or negroes. [Amer.] Bartlett.

Af´rit , Af´rite, Af´reet, n. [Arab. ’ifrit.] (Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee, demon, or monstrous giant.

A•front´ , adv. [Pref. a- + front.] In front; face to face. — prep. In front of. Shak.

Aft (aft), adv. & a. [AS. aeftan behind; orig. superl. of of, off. See After.] (Naut.) Near or towards the stern of a vessel; astern; abaft.

Aft´er (aft´ter), a. [AS. aefter after, behind; akin to Goth. aftaro, aftra, backwards, Icel. aptr, Sw. and Dan. efter, OHG. aftar behind, Dutch and LG. achter, Gr. ’apwte•rw further off. The ending -ter is an old comparative suffix, in E. generally -ther (as in other), and after is a compar. of of, off. rad.194. See Of; cf. Aft.] 1. Next; later in time; subsequent; succeeding; as an after period of life. Marshall. In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly combined with the following noun, by means of a hyphen, as after-ages, after- act, after-days, after-life. For the most part the words are properly kept separate when after has this meaning. 2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) To ward the stern of the ship; — applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel; as the after cabin, after hatchway. It is often combined with its noun; as after-bowlines, after-braces, after-sails, after-yards, those on the mainmasts and mizzenmasts. After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat, or middle part.

Aft´er, prep. 1. Behind in place; as men in line one after another. ´Shut doors after you.´ Shak. 2. Below in rank; next to in order. Shak. “Codrus after Phbus sings the best.
Dryden.” 3. Later in time; subsequent; as after supper, after three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly that was interposed between it and the clause. “After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.
Matt. xxvi. 32.” 4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as after what you have said, I shall be careful. 5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as after all our advice, you took that course. 6. Moving toward from behind; following, in search of; in pursuit of. “Ye shall not go after other gods.
Deut. vi. 14.” “After whom is the king of Israel come out?
1 Sam. xxiv. 14.” 7. Denoting the aim or object; concerning; in relation to; as to look after workmen; to inquire after a friend; to thirst after righteousness. 8. In imitation of; in conformity with; after the manner of; as to make a thing after a model; a picture after Rubens; the boy takes after his father. To name or call after, to name like and reference to. “Our eldest son was named George after his uncle.
Goldsmith.” 9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity with the nature of; as he acted after his kind. “He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes.
Isa. xi. 3.” “They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh.
Rom. viii. 5.” 10. According to the direction and influence of; in proportion to; befitting. [Archaic] “He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency, and not after their intrinsic value.
Bacon.” After all, when everything has been considered; upon the whole. — After (with the same noun preceding and following), as wave after wave, day after day, several or many (waves, etc.) successively. — One after another, successively. — To be after, to be in pursuit of in order to reach or get; as he is after money.

Aft´er, adv. Subsequently in time or place; behind; afterward; as he follows after. “It was about the space of three hours after.
Acts. v. 7.” After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival; as in after- described, after- dinner, after-part. The hyphen is sometimes needlessly used to connect the adjective after with its noun. See Note under After, a., 1.

Aft´er•birth , n. (Med.) The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which come away after delivery.

Aft´er•cast , n. A throw of dice after the game in ended; hence, anything done too late. Gower.

Aft´er•clap , n. An unexpected subsequent event; something disagreeable happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser.

Aft´er•crop , n. A second crop or harvest in the same year. Mortimer.

Aft´er damp .An irrespirable gas remaining after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke damp. See Carbonic acid.

Aft´er-din•ner, n. The time just after dinner. ´An after-dinner’s sleep.´ Shak. [Obs.] — a. Following dinner; post-prandial; as an after-dinner nap.

Aft´er-eat•age, n. Aftergrass.

Aft´er•eye , v. t. To look after. [Poetic] Shak.

Aft´er•game , n. A second game; hence, a subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton. Aftergame at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resembling backgammon. Beau. & Fl.

Aft´er-glow, n. A glow of refulgence in the western sky after sunset.

Aft´er•grass , n. The grass that grows after the first crop has been mown; aftermath.

Aft´er•growth , n. A second growth or crop, or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill.

Aft´er•guard , n. (Naut.) The seaman or seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to attend the after-sails. Totten.

Aft´er-im•age, n. The impression of a vivid sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause has been removed; also extended to impressions left of tones, smells, etc.

Aft´er•ings , n. pl. The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. [Obs.] Grose.

Aft´er•math , n. [After + math. See Math.] A second moving; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; rowen. Holland.

Aft´er-men•tioned, a. Mentioned afterwards; as persons after-mentioned (in a writing).

Aft´er•most , a. superl. [OE. eftemest, AS. aeftemest,akin to Gothic aftumist and aftuma, the last, orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings -te, -me, -st.] 1. Hindmost; — opposed to foremost. 2. (Naut.) Nearest the stern; most aft.

Aft´er•noon´ , n. The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening.

Aft´er-note, n. (Mus.) One of the small notes occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, taking their time from the preceding note.

Aft´er•pains , n. pl. (Med.) The pains which succeed childbirth, as in expelling the afterbirth.

Aft´er•piece , n. 1. A piece performed after a play, usually a farce or other small entertainment. 2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder.

Aft´er-sails, n. pl. (Naut.) The sails on the mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and mizzenmast. Totten.

Aft´er•shaft , n. (Zoöl.) The hypoptilum.

Aft´er•taste , n. A taste which remains in the mouth after eating or drinking.

Aft´er•thought , n. Reflection after an act; later or subsequent thought or expedient. { Aft´er•wards , Aft´er•ward } adv. [AS. aefteweard, a., behind. See Aft, and -ward (suffix). The final s in afterwards is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending.] At a later or succeeding time.

Aft´er•wise , a. Wise after the event; wise or knowing, when it is too late.

Aft´er-wit (#), n. Wisdom or perception that comes after it can be of use. ´After-wit comes too late when the mischief is done.´ L’Estrange.

Aft´er-wit•ted , a. Characterized by after-wit; slow-witted. Tyndale.

Aft´most , a. (Naut.) Nearest the stern.

Aft´ward , adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern.

A•ga´ A•gha´ (#), n. [Turk. adha a great lord, chief master.] In Turkey, a commander or chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect.

A•gain´ ( 277), adv. [OE. agein, agayn, AS. ongegn, ongeán, against, again; on + geán, akin to Ger. gegewn against, Icel. gegn. Cf. Gainsay.] 1. In return, back; as bring us word again. 2. Another time; once more; anew. “If a man die, shall he live again?
Job xiv. 14.” 3. Once repeated; — of quantity; as as large again, half as much again. 4. In any other place. [Archaic] Bacon. 5. On the other hand. ´The one is my sovereign … the other again is my kinsman.´ Shak. 6. Moreover; besides; further. “Again, it is of great consequence to avoid, etc.
Hersche.” Again and again, more than once; often; repeatedly. — Now and again, now and then; occasionally. — To and again, to and fro. [Obs.] De Foe. Again was formerly used in many verbal combinations, as again-witness, to witness against; again-ride, to ride against; again-come, to come against, to encounter; again- bring, to bring back, etc. { A•gain´ , A•gains´ } prep. Against; also towards (in order to meet). [Obs.] “Albeit that it is again his kind.
Chaucer.”

A•gain´buy , v. t. To redeem. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A•gain´say , v. t. To gainsay. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A•gainst´ ( 277), prep. [OE. agens, ageynes, AS. ongegn. The s is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending. See Again.] 1. Abreast; opposite to; facing; towards; as against the mouth of a river; — in this sense often preceded by over. “Jacob saw the angels of God come against him.
Tyndale.” 2. From an opposite direction so as to strike or come in contact with; in contact with; upon; as hail beats against the roof. 3. In opposition to, whether the opposition is of sentiment or of action; on the other side; counter to; in contrariety to; hence, adverse to; as against reason; against law; to run a race against time. “The gate would have been shut against her.
Fielding.” “An argument against the use of steam.
Tyndale.” 4. By of before the time that; in preparation for; so as to be ready for the time when. [Archaic or Dial.] “Urijah the priest made it, against King Ahaz came from Damascus.
2 Kings xvi. 11.” Against the sun, in a direction contrary to that in which the sun appears to move.

A•gain´stand , v. t. To withstand. [Obs.]

A•gain´ward , adv. Back again. [Obs.] { Ag•a•lac´ti•a (ag•a•lak´ti•a), Ag´a•lax•y(ag´a•lak•sy), } n. [Gr. ’agalakti•a; ’a priv. + ga•la, gala•ktos, milk.] (Med.) Failure of the due secretion of milk after childbirth.

Ag•a•lac´tous , a. Lacking milk to suckle with.

A•gal-a´gal , n. Same as Agar- agar. { Ag´al•loch , A•gal´lo•chum } n. [Gr. , of Eastern origin: cf. Skr. aguru, Heb. pl. ahalim.] A soft, resinous wood (Aquilaria Agallocha) of highly aromatic smell, burnt by the orientals as a perfume. It is called also agalwood and aloes wood. The name is also given to some other species.

Ag•al•mat´o•lite , n. [Gr. , , image, statue + -lite: cf. F. agalmatolithe.] (Min.) A soft, compact stone, of a grayish, greenish, or yellowish color, carved into images by the Chinese, and hence called figure stone, and pagodite. It is probably a variety of pinite.

Ag´a•ma , n.; pl. Agamas . [From the Caribbean name of a species of lizard.] (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards, one of the few which feed upon vegetable substances; also one of these lizards.

Ag´a•mi , n.; pl. Agamis . [F. agex>, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American bird (Psophia crepitans), allied to the cranes, and easily domesticated; — called also the gold- breasted trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant. See Trumpeter.

A•gam´ic , a. [Agamous.] (a) (Biol.) Produced without sexual union; as agamic or unfertilized eggs. (b) Not having visible organs of reproduction, as flowerless plants; agamous.

A•gam´ic•al•ly , adv. In an agamic manner.

Ag´a•mist , n. [See Agamous.] An unmarried person; also one opposed to marriage. Foxe.

Ag•a•mo•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. unmarried (’a priv. + marriage) + reproduction.] (Biol.) Reproduction without the union of parents of distinct sexes: asexual reproduction.

Ag•a•mo•ge•net´ic , n. (Biol.) Reproducing or produced without sexual union. — Ag•a•mo•ge•net´ic•al•ly , adv. “All known agamogenetic processes end in a complete return to the primitive stock.
Huxley.”

Ag´a•mous , a. [Gr. ’a•gamos unmarried; ’a priv. + ga•mos marriage.] (Biol.) Having no visible sexual organs; asexual. In Bot., cryptogamous.

A•gan•gli•o´nic , a. [Pref. a- not + ganglionic.] (Physiol.) Without ganglia.

A•gape´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gape.] Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager attention. “Dazzles the crowd and sets them all agape.
Milton.”

Ag´a•pe , n.; pl. Agapae (#). [Gr. ’aga•ph love, pl. ’aga•pai.] The love feast of the primitive Christians, being a meal partaken of in connection with the communion.

A•gar-a´gar , n. [Ceylonese local name.] A fucus or seaweed much used in the East for soups and jellies; Ceylon moss (Gracilaria lichenoides).

Ag´a•ric ( 277), n. [L. agaricum, Gr. , said to be fr. Agara, a town in Sarmatia.] 1. (Bot.) A fungus of the genus Agaricus, of many species, of which the common mushroom is an example. 2. An old name for several species of Polyporus, corky fungi growing on decaying wood. The ´female agaric´ (Polyporus officinalis) was renowned as a cathartic; the ´male agaric´ (Polyporus igniarius) is used for preparing touchwood, called punk or German tinder. Agaric mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of lime, sometimes called rock milk, formed in caverns or fissures of limestone.

A•gasp´ , adv. & a. [. a- + gasp.] In a state of gasping. Coleridge.

A•gast´ A•ghast´ , v. t. To affright; to terrify. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

A•gast´ , p. p. & a. See Aghast.

A•gas´tric , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + stomach.] (Physiol.) Having to stomach, or distinct digestive canal, as the tapeworm.

A•gate´ , adv. [Pref. a- on + gate way.] On the way; agoing; as to be agate; to set the bells agate. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Ag´ate , n. [F. agate, It. agata, L. achates, fr. Gr. .] 1. (Min.) A semipellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, presenting various tints in the same specimen. Its colors are delicately arranged in stripes or bands, or blended in clouds. The fortification agate, or Scotch pebble, the moss agate, the clouded agate, etc., are familiar varieties. 2. (Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil; in England called ruby. This line is printed in the type called agate. 3. A diminutive person; so called in allusion to the small figures cut in agate for rings and seals. [Obs.] Shak. 4. A tool used by gold-wire drawers, bookbinders, etc.; — so called from the agate fixed in it for burnishing.

Ag•a•tif´er•ous , a. [Agate + -ferous.] Containing or producing agates. Craig.

Ag´a•tine , a. Pertaining to, or like, agate.

Ag´a•tize , v. t. [Usually p. p. Agatized.] To convert into agate; to make resemble agate. Dana.

Ag´a•ty , a. Of the nature of agate, or containing agate.

A•ga´ve , n. [L. Agave, prop. name, fr. Gr. , fem. of illustrious, noble.] (bot.) A genus of plants (order Amaryllidaceae) of which the chief species is the maguey or century plant (A. Americana), wrongly called Aloe. It is from ten to seventy years, according to climate, in attaining maturity, when it produces a gigantic flower stem, sometimes forty feet in height, and perishes. The fermented juice is the pulque of the Mexicans; distilled, it yields mescal. A strong thread and a tough paper are made from the leaves, and the wood has many uses.

A•gazed´ , p. p. [Only in p. p.; another spelling for aghast.] Gazing with astonishment; amazed. [Obs.] “The whole army stood agazed on him.
Shak.”

Age (aj), n. [OF. aage, eage, F. âge, fr. L. aetas through a supposed LL. aetaticum. L. aetas is contracted fr. aevitas, fr. aevum lifetime, age; akin to E. aye ever. Cf. Each.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other kind; lifetime. “Mine age is as nothing before thee.
Ps. xxxix. 5.” 2. That part of the duration of a being or a thing which is between its beginning and any given time; as what is the present age of a man, or of the earth? 3. The latter part of life; an advanced period of life; seniority; state of being old. “Nor wrong mine age with this indignity.
Shak.” 4. One of the stages of life; as the age of infancy, of youth, etc. Shak. 5. Mature age; especially, the time of life at which one attains full personal rights and capacities; as to come of age; he (or she) is of age. Abbott. In the United States, both males and females are of age when twenty-one years old. 6. The time of life at which some particular power or capacity is understood to become vested; as the age of consent; the age of discretion. Abbott. 7. A particular period of time in history, as distinguished from others; as the golden age, the age of Pericles. ´The spirit of the age.´ Prescott. “Truth, in some age or other, will find her witness.
Milton.” Archeological ages are designated as three: The Stone age (the early and the later stone age, called paleolithic and neolithic), the Bronze age, and the Iron age. During the Age of Stone man is supposed to have employed stone for weapons and implements. See Augustan, Brazen, Golden, Heroic, Middle. 8. A great period in the history of the Earth. The geologic ages are as follows: 1. The Archaean, including the time when was no life and the time of the earliest and simplest forms of life. 2. The age of Invertebrates, or the Silurian, when the life on the globe consisted distinctively of invertebrates. 3. The age of Fishes, or the Devonian, when fishes were the dominant race. 4. The age of Coal Plants, or Acrogens, or the Carboniferous age. 5. The Mesozoic or Secondary age, or age of Reptiles, when reptiles prevailed in great numbers and of vast size. 6. The Tertiary age, or age of Mammals, when the mammalia, or quadrupeds, abounded, and were the dominant race. 7. The Quaternary age, or age of Man, or the modern era. Dana. 9. A century; the period of one hundred years. “Fleury … apologizes for these five ages.
Hallam.” 10. The people who live at a particular period; hence, a generation. ´Ages yet unborn.´ Pope. “The way which the age follows.
J. H. Newman.” “Lo! where the stage, the poor, degraded stage,
Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age.
C. Sprague.” 11. A long time. [Colloq.] ´He made minutes an age.´ Tennyson. Age of a tide, the time from the origin of a tide in the South Pacific Ocean to its arrival at a given place. — Moon’s age, the time that has elapsed since the last preceding conjunction of the sun and moon. Age is used to form the first part of many compounds; as agelasting, age-adorning, age-worn, age- enfeebled, agelong. Syn. — Time; period; generation; date; era; epoch.

Age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aging .] To grow aged; to become old; to show marks of age; as he grew fat as he aged. “They live one hundred and thirty years, and never age for all that.
Holland.” “I am aging; that is, I have a whitish, or rather a light-colored, hair here and there.
Landor.”

Age, v. t. To cause to grow old; to impart the characteristics of age to; as grief ages us.

A´ged , a. 1. Old; having lived long; having lived almost to or beyond the usual time allotted to that species of being; as an aged man; an aged oak. 2. Belonging to old age. ´Aged cramps.´ Shak. 3. (a´jed or ajd) Having a certain age; at the age of; having lived; as a man aged forty years.

A´ged•ly, adv. In the manner of an aged person.

A´ged•ness, n. The quality of being aged; oldness. “Custom without truth is but agedness of error.
Milton.”

Age´less , a. Without old age limits of duration; as fountains of ageless youth.

A•gen´ , adv. & prep. See Again. [Obs.]

A´gen•cy , n.; pl. Agencies . [agentia, fr. L. agens, agentis: cf. F. agence. See Agent.] 1. The faculty of acting or of exerting power; the state of being in action; action; instrumentality. “The superintendence and agency of Providence in the natural world.
Woodward.” 2. The office of an agent, or factor; the relation between a principal and his agent; business of one intrusted with the concerns of another. 3. The place of business of am agent. Syn. — Action; operation; efficiency; management.

A´gend , n. See Agendum. [Obs.]

A•gen´dum , n.; pl. Agenda . [L., neut. of the gerundive of agere to act.] 1. Something to be done; in the pl., a memorandum book. 2. A church service; a ritual or liturgy. [In this sense, usually Agenda.]

Ag•e•nes´ic , a. [See Agensis.] (Physiol.) Characterized by sterility; infecund.

A•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + birth.] (Physiol.) Any imperfect development of the body, or any anomaly of organization.

Ag•en•ne´sis , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + an engendering.] (Physiol.) Impotence; sterility.

A´gent , a. [L. agens, agentis, p. pr. of agere to act; akin to Gr. to lead, Icel. aka to drive, Skr. aj. rad.2.] Acting; — opposed to patient, or sustaining, action. [Archaic] ´The body agent.´ Bacon.

A´gent, n. 1. One who exerts power, or has the power to act; an actor. “Heaven made us agents, free to good or ill.
Dryden.” 2. One who acts for, or in the place of, another, by authority from him; one intrusted with the business of another; a substitute; a deputy; a factor. 3. An active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect; as a physical, chemical, or medicinal agent; as heat is a powerful agent.

A•gen´tial , a. Of or pertaining to an agent or an agency. Fitzed. Hall.

A´gent•ship , n. Agency. Beau. & Fl.

A•ger´a•tum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a sort of plant; ’a priv. + old age.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, one species of which (A. Mexicanum) has lavender- blue flowers in dense clusters.

Ag•gen•er•a´tion , n. [L. aggenerare to beget in addition. See Generate.] The act of producing in addition. [Obs.] T. Stanley.

Ag´ger , n. [L., a mound, fr. aggerere to bear to a place, heap up; ad + gerere to bear.] An earthwork; a mound; a raised work. [Obs.] Hearne.

Ag´ger•ate , v. t. [L. aggeratus, p. p. of aggerare. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs.] Foxe.

Ag•ger•a´tion , n. [L. aggeratio.] A heaping up; accumulation; as aggerations of sand. [R.]

Ag•ger•ose´ , a. In heaps; full of heaps.

Ag•gest´ , v. t. [L. aggestus, p. p. of aggerere. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs.] “The violence of the waters aggested the earth.
Fuller.”

Ag•glom´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglomerated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglomerating .] [L. agglomeratus, p. p. of agglomerare; ad + glomerare to form into a ball. See Glomerate.] To wind or collect into a ball; hence, to gather into a mass or anything like a mass. “Where he builds the agglomerated pile.
Cowper.”

Ag•glom´er•ate, v. i. To collect in a mass. { Ag•glom´er•ate , Ag•glom´er•a•ted } a. 1. Collected into a ball, heap, or mass. 2. (Bot.) Collected into a rounded head of flowers.

Ag•glom´er•ate , n. 1. A collection or mass. 2. (Geol.) A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; — distinguished from conglomerate.

Ag•glom•er•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. agglomeration.] 1. The act or process of collecting in a mass; a heaping together. “An excessive agglomeration of turrets.
Warton.” 2. State of being collected in a mass; a mass; cluster.

Ag•glom´er•a•tive , a. Having a tendency to gather together, or to make collections. “Taylor is eminently discursive, accumulative, and (to use one of his own words) agglomerative.
Coleridge.”

Ag•glu´ti•nant , a. [L. agglutinans, -antis, p. pr. of agglutinare.] Uniting, as glue; causing, or tending to cause, adhesion. — n. Any viscous substance which causes bodies or parts to adhere.

Ag•glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglutinated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglutinating.] [L. agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue or cement to a thing; ad + glutinare to glue; gluten glue. See Glue.] To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances.

Ag•glu´ti•nate , a. 1. United with glue or as with glue; cemented together. 2. (physiol.) Consisting of root words combined but not materially altered as to form or meaning; as agglutinate forms, languages, etc. See Agglutination, 2.

Ag•glu•ti•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. agglutination.] 1. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance; the state of being thus united; adhesion of parts. 2. (Physiol.) Combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning. See Agglutinative, 2.

Ag•glu´ti•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. agglutinatif.] 1. Pertaining to agglutination; tending to unite, or having power to cause adhesion; adhesive. 2. (Philol.) Formed or characterized by agglutination, as a language or a compound. “In agglutinative languages the union of words may be compared to mechanical compounds, in inflective languages to chemical compounds.
R. Morris.” “Cf. man-kind, heir-loom, war-like, which are agglutinative compounds. The Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, the Tamul, etc., are agglutinative languages.
R. Morris.” “Agglutinative languages preserve the consciousness of their roots.
Max Müller.”

Ag•grace´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + grace: cf. It. aggraziare, LL. aggratiare. See Grace.] To favor; to grace. [Obs.] ´That knight so much aggraced.´ Spenser.

Ag•grace´ , n. Grace; favor. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ag´gran•di´za•ble , a. Capable of being aggrandized.

Ag•gran•di•za´tion , n. Aggrandizement. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

Ag´gran•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrandized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrandizing .] [F. agrandir; à (L. ad) + grandir to increase, L. grandire, fr. grandis great. See Grand, and cf. Finish.] 1. To make great; to enlarge; to increase; as to aggrandize our conceptions, authority, distress. 2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or wealth; — applied to persons, countries, etc. “His scheme for aggrandizing his son.
Prescott.” 3. To make appear great or greater; to exalt. Lamb. Syn. — To augment; exalt; promote; advance.

Ag´gran•dize, v. i. To increase or become great. [Obs.] “Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize.
J. Hall.”

Ag•gran´dize•ment ( 277), n. [Cf. F. agrandissement.] The act of aggrandizing, or the state of being aggrandized or exalted in power, rank, honor, or wealth; exaltation; enlargement; as the emperor seeks only the aggrandizement of his own family. Syn. — Augmentation; exaltation; enlargement; advancement; promotion; preferment.

Ag´gran•di•zer , n. One who aggrandizes, or makes great.

Ag•grate´ , v. t. [It. aggratare, fr. L. ad + gratus pleasing. See Grate, a.] To please. [Obs.] “Each one sought his lady to aggrate.
Spenser.”

Ag´gra•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggravated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggravating.] [L. aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare. See Aggrieve.] 1. To make heavy or heavier; to add to; to increase. [Obs.] ´To aggravate thy store.´ Shak. 2. To make worse, or more severe; to render less tolerable or less excusable; to make more offensive; to enhance; to intensify. ´To aggravate my woes.´ Pope. “To aggravate the horrors of the scene.
Prescott.” “The defense made by the prisoner’s counsel did rather aggravate than extenuate his crime.
Addison.” 3. To give coloring to in description; to exaggerate; as to aggravate circumstances. Paley. 4. To exasperate; to provoke; to irritate. [Colloq.] “If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sister do mine.
Richardson (Clarissa).” Syn. — To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify; exaggerate; provoke; irritate; exasperate.

Ag´gra•va•ting , a. 1. Making worse or more heinous; as aggravating circumstances. 2. Exasperating; provoking; irritating. [Colloq.] “A thing at once ridiculous and aggravating.
J. Ingelow.”

Ag´gra•va•ting•ly, adv. In an aggravating manner.

Ag•gra•va´tion , n. [LL. aggravatio: cf. F. aggravation.] 1. The act of aggravating, or making worse; — used of evils, natural or moral; the act of increasing in severity or heinousness; something additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or injurious consequences. 2. Exaggerated representation. “By a little aggravation of the features changed it into the Saracen’s head.
Addison.” 3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident which increases the guilt of a crime or the misery of a calamity. 4. Provocation; irritation. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Ag´gra•va•tive , a. Tending to aggravate. — n. That which aggravates.

Ag´gre•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggregated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggregating.] [L. aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock or herd; ad + gregare to collect into a flock, grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] 1. To bring together; to collect into a mass or sum. ´The aggregated soil.´ Milton. 2. To add or unite, as a person, to an association. “It is many times hard to discern to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated.
Wollaston.” 3. To amount in the aggregate to; as ten loads, aggregating five hundred bushels. [Colloq.] Syn. — To heap up; accumulate; pile; collect.

Ag´gre•gate , a. [L. aggregatus, p. p.] 1. Formed by a collection of particulars into a whole mass or sum; collective. “The aggregate testimony of many hundreds.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. (Anat.) Formed into clusters or groups of lobules; as aggregate glands. 3. (Bot.) Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry. 4. (Min. & Geol.) Having the several component parts adherent to each other only to such a degree as to be separable by mechanical means. 5. (Zoöl.) United into a common organized mass; — said of certain compound animals. Corporation aggregate. (Law) See under Corporation.

Ag´gre•gate, n. 1. A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; as a house is an aggregate of stone, brick, timber, etc. In an aggregate the particulars are less intimately mixed than in a compound. 2. (Physics) A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles; — in distinction from a compound, formed by the union of heterogeneous particles. In the aggregate, collectively; together.

Ag´gre•gate•ly, adv. Collectively; in mass.

Ag•gre•ga´tion , n. [Cf. LL. aggregatio, F. agregation.] The act of aggregating, or the state of being aggregated; collection into a mass or sum; a collection of particulars; an aggregate. “Each genus is made up by aggregation of species.
Carpenter.” “A nation is not an idea only of local extent and individual momentary aggregation, but … of continuity, which extends in time as well as in numbers, and in space.
Burke.”

Ag´gre•ga•tive , a. [Cf. Fr. agregatif.] 1. Taken together; collective. 2. Gregarious; social. [R.] Carlyle.

Ag´gre•ga•tor , n. One who aggregates.

Ag•grege´ , v. t. [OF. agreger. See Aggravate.] To make heavy; to aggravate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ag•gress´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aggressed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggressus, p. p. of aggredi to go to, approach; ad + gradi to step, go, gradus step: cf. OF. aggresser. See Grade.] To commit the first act of hostility or offense; to begin a quarrel or controversy; to make an attack; — with on.

Ag•gress´, v. t. To set upon; to attack. [R.]

Ag•gress´, n. [L. aggressus.] Aggression. [Obs.] “Their military aggresses on others.
Sir M. Hale.”

Ag•gres´sion , n. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredi: cf. F. agression.] The first attack, or act of hostility; the first act of injury, or first act leading to a war or a controversy; unprovoked attack; assault; as a war of aggression. ´Aggressions of power.´ Hallam Syn. — Attack; offense; intrusion; provocation.

Ag•gres´sive , a. [Cf. F. agressif.] Tending or disposed to aggress; characterized by aggression; making assaults; unjustly attacking; as an aggressive policy, war, person, nation. — Ag•gres´sive•ly, adv. — Ag•gres´sive•ness, n. “No aggressive movement was made.
Macaulay.”

Ag•gres´sor , n. [L.: cf. F. agresseur.] The person who first attacks or makes an aggression; he who begins hostility or a quarrel; an assailant. “The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to the tameness of the sufferer.
Ames.”

Ag•griev´ance , n. [OF. agrevance, fr. agrever. See Aggrieve.] Oppression; hardship; injury; grievance. [Archaic]

Ag•grieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrieved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrieving .] [OE. agreven, OF. agrever; a (L. ad) + grever to burden, injure, L. gravare to weigh down, fr. gravis heavy. See Grieve, and cf. Aggravate.] To give pain or sorrow to; to afflict; hence, to oppress or injure in one’s rights; to bear heavily upon; — now commonly used in the passive TO be aggrieved. “Aggrieved by oppression and extortion.
Macaulay.”

Ag•grieve´, v. i. To grieve; to lament. [Obs.]

Ag•group´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrouped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrouping.] [F. agrouper; à (L. ad) + groupe group. See Group..] To bring together in a group; to group. Dryden.

Ag•group´ment , n. Arrangement in a group or in groups; grouping.

Ag´gry , Ag´gri , a. Applied to a kind of variegated glass beads of ancient manufacture; as aggry beads are found in Ashantee and Fantee in Africa.

A•ghast´ , v. t. See Agast, v. t. [Obs.]

A•ghast´ , a. & p. p. [OE. agast, agasted, p. p. of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + gstan to terrify, torment: cf. Goth. usgaisjan to terrify, primitively to fix, to root to the spot with terror; akin to L. haerere to stick fast, cling. See Gaze, Hesitate.] Terrified; struck with amazement; showing signs of terror or horror. “Aghast he waked; and, starting from his bed,
Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o’erspread.
Dryden.” “The commissioners read and stood aghast.
Macaulay.”

Ag´i•ble , a. [Cf. LL. agibilis, fr. L. agere to move, do.] Possible to be done; practicable. [Obs.] ´Fit for agible things.´ Sir A. Sherley.

Ag´ile , a. [F. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to move. See Agent.] Having the faculty of quick motion in the limbs; apt or ready to move; nimble; active; as an agile boy; an agile tongue. “Shaking it with agile hand.
Cowper.” Syn. — Active; alert; nimble; brisk; lively; quick.

Ag´ile•ly, adv. In an agile manner; nimbly.

Ag´ile•ness, n. Agility; nimbleness. [R.]

A•gil´i•ty , n. [F. agilie, L. agilitas, fr. agilis.] 1. The quality of being agile; the power of moving the limbs quickly and easily; nimbleness; activity; quickness of motion; as strength and agility of body. “They … trust to the agility of their wit.
Bacon.” “Wheeling with the agility of a hawk.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Activity; powerful agency. [Obs.] “The agility of the sun’s fiery heat.
Holland.”

Ag´i•o , n.; pl. Agios . [It. aggio exchange, discount, premium, the same word as agio ease. See Ease.] (Com.) The premium or percentage on a better sort of money when it is given in exchange for an inferior sort. The premium or discount on foreign bills of exchange is sometimes called agio.

Ag´i•o•tage , n. [F. agiotage, fr. agioter to practice stockjobbing, fr. agio.] Exchange business; also stockjobbing; the maneuvers of speculators to raise or lower the price of stocks or public funds. “Vanity and agiotage are to a Parisian the oxygen and hydrogen of life.
Landor.”

A•gist´ , v. t. [OF. agister; à (L. ad) + gister to assign a lodging, fr. giste lodging, abode, F. gîte, LL. gistum, gista, fr. L. jacitum, p. p. of jacre to lie: cf. LL. agistare, adgistare. See Gist.] (Law) To take to graze or pasture, at a certain sum; — used originally of the feeding of cattle in the king’s forests, and collecting the money for the same. Blackstone.

Ag•is•ta´tor , n. [LL.] See Agister. { A•gist´er , A•gist´or } , n. [Anglo-Norman agistour.] (Law) (a) Formerly, an officer of the king’s forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and collected the money for the same; — hence called gisttaker, which in England is corrupted into guest- taker. (b) Now, one who agists or takes in cattle to pasture at a certain rate; a pasturer. Mozley & W.

A•gist´ment , n. [OF. agistement. See Agist.] (Law) (a) Formerly, the taking and feeding of other men’s cattle in the king’s forests. (b) The taking in by any one of other men’s cattle to graze at a certain rate. Mozley & W. (c) The price paid for such feeding. (d) A charge or rate against lands; as an agistment of sea banks, i. e., charge for banks or dikes.

Ag´i•ta•ble , a. [L. agitabilis: cf. F. agitable.] Capable of being agitated, or easily moved. [R.]

Ag´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agitated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agitating .] [L. agitatus, p. p. of agitare to put in motion, fr. agere to move: cf. F. agiter. See Act, Agent.] 1. To move with a violent, irregular action; as the wind agitates the sea; to agitate water in a vessel. ´Winds … agitate the air.´ Cowper. 2. To move or actuate. [R.] Thomson. 3. To stir up; to disturb or excite; to perturb; as he was greatly agitated. “The mind of man is agitated by various passions.
Johnson.” 4. To discuss with great earnestness; to debate; as a controversy hotly agitated. Boyle. 5. To revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects; to contrive busily; to devise; to plot; as politicians agitate desperate designs. Syn. — To move; shake; excite; rouse; disturb; distract; revolve; discuss; debate; canvass.

Ag´i•ta•ted•ly, adv. In an agitated manner.

Ag•i•ta´tion , n. [L. agitatio: cf. F. agitation.] 1. The act of agitating, or the state of being agitated; the state of being moved with violence, or with irregular action; commotion; as the sea after a storm is in agitation. 2. A stirring up or arousing; disturbance of tranquillity; disturbance of mind which shows itself by physical excitement; perturbation; as to cause any one agitation. 3. Excitement of public feeling by discussion, appeals, etc.; as the antislavery agitation; labor agitation. ´Religious agitations.´ Prescott. 4. Examination or consideration of a subject in controversy, or of a plan proposed for adoption; earnest discussion; debate. “A logical agitation of the matter.
L’Estrange.” “The project now in agitation.
Swift.” Syn. — Emotion; commotion; excitement; trepidation; tremor; perturbation. See Emotion.

Ag´i•ta•tive , a. Tending to agitate.

A•gi•ta´to , a. [It., agitated.] (Mus.) Sung or played in a restless, hurried, and spasmodic manner.

Ag´i•ta•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who agitates; one who stirs up or excites others; as political reformers and agitators. 2. (Eng. Hist.) One of a body of men appointed by the army, in Cromwell’s time, to look after their interests; - - called also adjutators. Clarendon. 3. An implement for shaking or mixing.

A•gleam´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gleam.] Gleaming; as faces agleam. Lowell. { Ag´let (ag´let), Aig´let (ag´let), } n. [F. aiguillette point, tagged point, dim. of aiguilee needle, fr. LL. acucula for acicula, dim. of L. acus needle, pin; cf. OF. agleter to hook on. See Acute, and cf. Aiguillette.] 1. A tag of a lace or of the points, braids, or cords formerly used in dress. They were sometimes formed into small images. Hence, ´aglet baby´ (Shak.), an aglet image. 2. (Haberdashery) A round white staylace. Beck.

A•gley´ , adv. Aside; askew. [Scotch] Burns.

A•glim´mer , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glimmer.] In a glimmering state. Hawthorne.

A•glit´ter , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glitter.] Glittering; in a glitter.

A•glos´sal , a. [Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Without tongue; tongueless.

A•glow´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glow.] In a glow; glowing; as cheeks aglow; the landscape all aglow.

Ag•lu•ti´tion , n. [Pref. a- not + L. glutire to swallow.] (Med.) Inability to swallow.

Ag´mi•nal , a. [L. agminalis; agmen, agminis, a train.] Pertaining to an army marching, or to a train. [R.] { Ag´mi•nate , Ag´mi•na•ted } a. [L. agmen, agminis, a train, crowd.] (Physiol.) Grouped together; as the agminated glands of Peyer in the small intestine.

Ag´nail , n. [AS. angnaegl; ange vexation, trouble + naegel nail. Cf. Hangnail.] 1. A corn on the toe or foot. [Obs.] 2. An inflammation or sore under or around the nail; also a hangnail.

Ag´nate , a. [L. agnatus, p. p. of agnasci to be born in addition to; ad + nasci (for gnasci) to be born. Cf. Adnate.] 1. Related or akin by the father’s side; also sprung from the same male ancestor. 2. Allied; akin. ´Agnate words.´ Pownall. “Assume more or less of a fictitious character, but congenial and agnate with the former.
Landor.”

Ag´nate, n. [Cf. F. agnat.] (Civil Law) A relative whose relationship can be traced exclusively through males.

Ag•nat´ic , a. [Cf. F. agnatique.] Pertaining to descent by the male line of ancestors. ´The agnatic succession.´ Blackstone.

Ag•na´tion , n. [L. agnatio: cf. F. agnation.] 1. (Civil Law) Consanguinity by a line of males only, as distinguished from cognation. Bouvier.

Ag•ni´tion (ag•nish´un), n. [L. agnitio, fr. agnoscere. See Notion.] Acknowledgment. [Obs.] Grafton.

Ag•nize´ (ag•niz´), v. t. [Formed like recognize, fr. L. agnoscere.] To recognize; to acknowledge. [Archaic] “I do agnize a natural and prompt alacrity.
Shak.”

Ag•noi•ol´o•gy (ag•noi•ol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ’a•gnoia ignorance + -logy.] (Metaph.) The doctrine concerning those things of which we are necessarily ignorant.

Ag•no´men (ag•no´men), n. [L.; ad + nomen name.] 1. An additional or fourth name given by the Romans, on account of some remarkable exploit or event; as Publius Caius Scipio Africanus. 2. An additional name, or an epithet appended to a name; as Aristides the Just.

Ag•nom´i•nate (ag•nom´i•nat), v. t. To name. [Obs.]

Ag•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. agnominatio. See Agnomen.] 1. A surname. [R.] Minsheu. 2. Paronomasia; also alliteration; annomination.

Ag•nos´tic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + knowing, to know.] Professing ignorance; involving no dogmatic; pertaining to or involving agnosticism. — Ag•nos´tic•al•ly , adv.

Ag•nos´tic, n. One who professes ignorance, or denies that we have any knowledge, save of phenomena; one who supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity, a future life, etc.

Ag•nos´ti•cism , n. That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies. Specifically: (Theol.) The doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by physical and physical data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of Herbert Spencer); — opposed alike dogmatic skepticism and to dogmatic theism.

Ag´nus , n.; pl. E. Agnuses ; L. Agni . [L., a lamb.] Agnus Dei.

Ag´nus cas´tus . [Gr. a willowlike tree, used at a religious festival; confused with holy, chaste.] (Bot.) A species of Vitex (V. agnus castus); the chaste tree. Loudon. “And wreaths of agnus castus others bore.
Dryden.”

Ag´nus De´i . [L., lamb of God.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag. (b) A cake of wax stamped with such a figure. It is made from the remains of the paschal candles and blessed by the Pope. (c) A triple prayer in the sacrifice of the Mass, beginning with the words ´Agnus Dei.´

A•go´ , a. & adv. [OE. ago, agon, p. p. of agon to go away, pass by, AS. agan to pass away; a- (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + gan to go. See Go.] Past; gone by; since; as ten years ago; gone long ago.

A•gog´ , a. & adv. [Cf. F. gogue fun, perhaps of Celtic origin.] In eager desire; eager; astir. “All agog to dash through thick and thin.
Cowper.”

A•go´ing , adv. [Pref. a- + p. pr. of go.] In motion; in the act of going; as to set a mill agoing.

Ag´on , n.; pl. Agones . [Gr. , fr. to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) A contest for a prize at the public games.

A•gone´ , a. & adv. Ago. [Archaic> & Poet.] “Three days agone I fell sick.
1 Sam. xxx. 13.”

A´gone , n. [See Agonic.] Agonic line.

A•gon´ic , a. [Gr. without angles; ’a priv. + an angle.] Not forming an angle. Agonic line (Physics), an imaginary line on the earth’s surface passing through those places where the magnetic needle points to the true north; the line of no magnetic variation. There is one such line in the Western hemisphere, and another in the Eastern hemisphere.

Ag´o•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to contend for a prize, fr. . See Agon.] Contention for a prize; a contest. [Obs.] Blount.

Ag´o•nist , n. [Gr. .] One who contends for the prize in public games. [R.] { Ag•o•nis´tic , Ag•o•nis´tic•al } a. [Gr. . See Agonism.] Pertaining to violent contests, bodily or mental; pertaining to athletic or polemic feats; athletic; combative; hence, strained; unnatural. “As a scholar, he [Dr. Parr] was brilliant, but he consumed his power in agonistic displays.
De Quincey.”

Ag•o•nis´tic•al•ly, adv. In an agonistic manner.

Ag•o•nis´tics , n. The science of athletic combats, or contests in public games.

Ag´o•nize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agonized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agonizing .] [F. agoniser, LL. agonizare, fr. Gr. . See Agony.] 1. To writhe with agony; to suffer violent anguish. “To smart and agonize at every pore.
Pope.” 2. To struggle; to wrestle; to strive desperately.

Ag´o•nize, v. t. To cause to suffer agony; to subject to extreme pain; to torture. “He agonized his mother by his behavior.
Thackeray.”

Ag´o•ni•zing•ly , adv. With extreme anguish or desperate struggles.

Ag´o•no•thete , n. [Gr. ; + to set. appoint.] [Antiq.] An officer who presided over the great public games in Greece.

Ag•o•no•thet´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to the office of an agonothete.

Ag´o•ny , n.; pl. Agonies . [L. agonia, Gr. , orig. a contest, fr. : cf. F. agonie. See Agon.] 1. Violent contest or striving. “The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations.
Macaulay.” 2. Pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, similar to those made in the athletic contests in Greece; and hence, extreme pain of mind or body; anguish; paroxysm of grief; specifically, the sufferings of Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. “Being in an agony he prayed more earnestly.
Luke xxii. 44.” 3. Paroxysm of joy; keen emotion. “With cries and agonies of wild delight.
Pope.” 4. The last struggle of life; death struggle. Syn. — Anguish; torment; throe; distress; pangs; suffering. — Agony, Anguish, Pang. These words agree in expressing extreme pain of body or mind. Agony denotes acute and permanent pain, usually of the whole system., and often producing contortions. Anguish denotes severe pressure, and, considered as bodily suffering, is more commonly local (as anguish of a wound), thus differing from agony. A pang is a paroxysm of excruciating pain. It is severe and transient. The agonies or pangs of remorse; the anguish of a wounded conscience. ´Oh, sharp convulsive pangs of agonizing pride!´ Dryden.

A•good(a•good´), adv. [Pref. a- + good.] In earnest; heartily. [Obs.] ´I made her weep agood.´ Shak.

Ag´o•ra (ag´o•ra), n. [Gr. ’agora•.] An assembly; hence, the place of assembly, especially the market place, in an ancient Greek city.

A•gou´a•ra , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found in the tropical parts of America.

A•gou´ta , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small insectivorous mammal (Solenodon paradoxus), allied to the moles, found only in Hayti. { A•gou´ti , A•gou´ty } (a•goo´ti), n. [F. agouti, acouti, Sp. aguti, fr. native name.] (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, about the size of a rabbit, peculiar to South America and the West Indies. The most common species is the Dasyprocta agouti.

A•grace´ , n. & v. See Aggrace. [Obs.]

A•graffe´ , n. [F. agrafe, formerly agraffe, OF. agrappe. See Agrappes.] 1. A hook or clasp. “The feather of an ostrich, fastened in her turban by an agraffe set with brilliants.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A hook, eyelet, or other device by which a piano wire is so held as to limit the vibration.

A•gram´ma•tist , n. [Gr. illiterate; ’a priv. + letters, fr. to write.] A illiterate person. [Obs.] Bailey.

A•graph´i•a , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + to write.] The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia.

A•graph´ic , a. Characterized by agraphia.

A•grappes´ , n. pl. [OF. agrappe, F. agrafe; a + grappe (see Grape) fr. OHG. krapfo hook.] Hooks and eyes for armor, etc. Fairholt.

A•gra´ri•an , a. [L. agrarius, fr. ager field.] 1. Pertaining to fields, or lands, or their tenure; esp., relating to an equal or equitable division of lands; as the agrarian laws of Rome, which distributed the conquered and other public lands among citizens. “His Grace’s landed possessions are irresistibly inviting to an agrarian experiment.
Burke.” 2. (Bot.) Wild; — said of plants growing in the fields.

A•gra´ri•an, n. 1. One in favor of an equal division of landed property. 2. An agrarian law. [R.] “An equal agrarian is perpetual law.
Harrington.”

A•gra´ri•an•ism , n. An equal or equitable division of landed property; the principles or acts of those who favor a redistribution of land.

A•gra´ri•an•ize , v. t. To distribute according to, or to imbue with, the principles of agrarianism. { A•gre´ , A•gree´ } , adv. [F. à gre. See Agree.] In good part; kindly. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

A•gree´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agreed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Agreeing.] [F. agreer to accept or receive kindly, fr. à gre; à (L. ad) + gre good will, consent, liking, fr. L. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grateful.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action; to be in unison or concord; to be or become united or consistent; to concur; as all parties agree in the expediency of the law. “If music and sweet poetry agree.
Shak.” “Their witness agreed not together.
Mark xiv. 56.” “The more you agree together, the less hurt can your enemies do you.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. To yield assent; to accede; — followed by to; as to agree to an offer, or to opinion. 3. To make a stipulation by way of settling differences or determining a price; to exchange promises; to come to terms or to a common resolve; to promise. “Agree with thine adversary quickly.
Matt. v. 25.” “Didst not thou agree with me for a penny ?
Matt. xx. 13.” 4. To be conformable; to resemble; to coincide; to correspond; as the picture does not agree with the original; the two scales agree exactly. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects; to do well; as the same food does not agree with every constitution. 6. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. The auxiliary forms of to be are often employed with the participle agreed. ´The jury were agreed.´ Macaulay. ´Can two walk together, except they be agreed ?´ Amos iii. 3. The principal intransitive uses were probably derived from the transitive verb used reflexively. ´I agree me well to your desire.´ Ld. Berners. Syn. — To assent; concur; consent; acquiesce; accede; engage; promise; stipulate; contract; bargain; correspond; harmonize; fit; tally; coincide; comport.

A•gree´ , v. t. 1. To make harmonious; to reconcile or make friends. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To admit, or come to one mind concerning; to settle; to arrange; as to agree the fact; to agree differences. [Obs.]

A•gree•a•bil´i•ty , n. [OF. agreablete.] 1. Easiness of disposition. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The quality of being, or making one’s self, agreeable; agreeableness. Thackeray.

A•gree´a•ble , a. [F. agreable.] 1. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses; pleasant; grateful; as agreeable manners or remarks; an agreeable person; fruit agreeable to the taste. “A train of agreeable reveries.
Goldsmith.” 2. Willing; ready to agree or consent. [Colloq.] “These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that they may enter into the said town.
Latimer.” 3. Agreeing or suitable; conformable; correspondent; concordant; adapted; — followed by to, rarely by with. “That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many times contrary to the nature of another.
L’Estrange.” 4. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance; — in this sense used adverbially for agreeably; as agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report. Syn. — Pleasing; pleasant; welcome; charming; acceptable; amiable. See Pleasant.

A•gree´a•ble•ness, n. 1. The quality of being agreeable or pleasing; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses. “That author … has an agreeableness that charms us.
Pope.” 2. The quality of being agreeable or suitable; suitableness or conformity; consistency. “The agreeableness of virtuous actions to human nature.
Pearce.” 3. Resemblance; concordance; harmony; — with to or between. [Obs.] “The agreeableness between man and the other parts of the universe.
Grew.”

A•gree´a•bly, adv. 1. In an agreeably manner; in a manner to give pleasure; pleasingly. ´Agreeably entertained.´ Goldsmith. 2. In accordance; suitably; consistently; conformably; — followed by to and rarely by with. See Agreeable, 4. “The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent, agreeably to the maxim above laid down.
Paley.” 3. Alike; similarly. [Obs.] “Both clad in shepherds’ weeds agreeably.
Spenser.”

A•gree´ing•ly, adv. In an agreeing manner (to); correspondingly; agreeably. [Obs.]

A•gree´ment , n. [Cf. F. agrement.] 1. State of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character; concurrence; concord; conformity; as a good agreement subsists among the members of the council. “What agreement hath the temple of God with idols ?
2 Cor. vi. 16.” “Expansion and duration have this further agreement.
Locke.” 2. (Gram.) Concord or correspondence of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person. 3. (Law) (a) A concurrence in an engagement that something shall be done or omitted; an exchange of promises; mutual understanding, arrangement, or stipulation; a contract. (b) The language, oral or written, embodying reciprocal promises. Abbott. Brande & C. Syn. — Bargain; contract; compact; stipulation.

A•gre´er , n. One who agrees.

A•gres´tic , a. [L. agrestis, fr. ager field.] Pertaining to fields or the country, in opposition to the city; rural; rustic; unpolished; uncouth. ´Agrestic behavior.´ Gregory.

A•gres´tic•al , a. Agrestic. [Obs.]

A•gric•o•la´tion , n. [L., agricolatio.] Agriculture. [Obs.] Bailey.

A•gric´o•list , n. A cultivator of the soil; an agriculturist. Dodsley.

Ag´ri•cul•tor , n. [L., fr. ager field + cultor cultivator.] An agriculturist; a farmer. [R.]

Ag•ri•cul´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to agriculture; connected with, or engaged in, tillage; as the agricultural class; agricultural implements, wages, etc. — Ag•ri•cul´tur•al•ly, adv. Agricultural ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant which gathers and stores seeds of grasses, for food. The remarkable species (Myrmica barbata) found in Texas clears circular areas and carefully cultivates its favorite grain, known as ant rice.

Ag•ri•cul´tur•al•ist, n. An agriculturist (which is the preferred form.)

Ag´ri•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. agricultura; ager field + cultura cultivation: cf. F. agriculture. See Acre and Culture.] The art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of live stock; tillage; husbandry; farming.

Ag•ri•cul´tur•ism , n. Agriculture. [R.]

Ag•ri•cul´tur•ist, n. One engaged or skilled in agriculture; a husbandman. “The farmer is always a practitioner, the agriculturist may be a mere theorist.
Crabb.”

A•grief´ , adv. [Pref. a- + grief.] In grief; amiss. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ag´ri•mo•ny , n. [OE. agremoyne, OF. aigremoine, L. agrimonia for argemonia, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Rose family. (b) The name is also given to various other plants; as hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum); water agrimony (Bidens). The Agrimonia eupatoria, or common agrimony, a perennial herb with a spike of yellow flowers, was once esteemed as a medical remedy, but is now seldom used.

A•grin´ (a•grin´), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + grin.] In the act of grinning. ´His visage all agrin.´ Tennyson.

Ag•ri•ol´o•gist (ag•ri•ol´o•jist), n. One versed or engaged in agriology.

Ag•ri•ol´o•gy (ag•ri•ol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ’a•grios wild, savage + -logy.] Description or comparative study of the customs of savage or uncivilized tribes.

A•grise´ , v. i. [AS. agrisan to dread; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + grisan, for grsan (only in comp.), akin to OHG. grisn, G. grausen, to shudder. See Grisly.] To shudder with terror; to tremble with fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•grise´, v. t. 1. To shudder at; to abhor; to dread; to loathe. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To terrify; to affright. [Obs.] “His manly face that did his foes agrise.
Spenser.”

A´grom , n. [Native name.] (Med.) A disease occurring in Bengal and other parts of the East Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves. { Ag•ro•nom´ic , Ag•ro•nom´ic•al } [Cf. F. agronomique.] Pertaining to agronomy, of the management of farms.

Ag•ro•nom´ics , n. The science of the distribution and management of land.

A•gron´o•mist , n. One versed in agronomy; a student of agronomy.

A•gron´o•my , n. [Gr. rural; as a noun, an overseer of the public lands; field + usage, to deal out, manage: cf. F. agronomie.] The management of land; rural economy; agriculture.

A•grope´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + grope.] In the act of groping. Mrs. Browning.

A•gros´tis , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] A genus of grasses, including species called in common language bent grass. Some of them, as redtop (Agrostis vulgaris), are valuable pasture grasses. { A•gros•to•graph´ic , A•gros•to•graph´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. agrostographique.] Pertaining to agrostography.

Ag•ros•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. + - graphy.] A description of the grasses. { A•gros•to•log´ic , A•gros•to•log´ic•al } a. Pertaining to agrostology.

Ag•ros•tol´o•gist , n. One skilled in agrostology.

Ag•ros•tol´ogy , n. [Gr. + - logy.] That part of botany which treats of the grasses.

A•ground´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + ground.] On the ground; stranded; — a nautical term applied to a ship when its bottom lodges on the ground. Totten.

A•group´ment , n. See Aggroupment.

Ag•ryp•not´ic , n. [Gr. sleepless; to chase, search for + sleep: cf. F. agrypnotique.] Anything which prevents sleep, or produces wakefulness, as strong tea or coffee.

A•guar•di•en´te , n. [Sp., contr. of agua ardiente burning water (L. aqua water + ardens burning).] 1. A inferior brandy of Spain and Portugal. 2. A strong alcoholic drink, especially pulque. [Mexico and Spanish America.]

A´gue , n. [OE. agu, ague, OF. agu, F. aigu, sharp, OF. fem. ague, LL. (febris) acuta, a sharp, acute fever, fr. L. acutus sharp. See Acute.] 1. An acute fever. [Obs.] ´Brenning agues.´ P. Plowman. 2. (Med.) An intermittent fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. 3. The cold fit or rigor of the intermittent fever; as fever and ague. 4. A chill, or state of shaking, as with cold. Dryden. Ague cake, an enlargement of the spleen produced by ague. — Ague drop, a solution of the arsenite of potassa used for ague. — Ague fit, a fit of the ague. Shak. — Ague spell, a spell or charm against ague. Gay. — Ague tree, the sassafras — sometimes so called from the use of its root formerly, in cases of ague. [Obs.]

A´gue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agued .] To strike with an ague, or with a cold fit. Heywood.

A•guilt´ , v. t. To be guilty of; to offend; to sin against; to wrong. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•guise´ , n. Dress. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

A•guise´, v. t. [Pref a- + guise.] To dress; to attire; to adorn. [Obs.] “Above all knights ye goodly seem aguised.
Spenser.”

A´gu•ish , a. 1. Having the qualities of an ague; somewhat cold or shivering; chilly; shaky. “Her aguish love now glows and burns.
Granville.” 2. Productive of, or affected by, ague; as the aguish districts of England. T. Arnold. — A´gu•ish•ness, n.

A•gush´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gush.] In a gushing state. Hawthorne.

Ag´y•nous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + gynh• woman.] (Bot.) Without female organs; male.

Ah , interj. [OE. a: cf. OF. a, F. ah, L. ah, Gr. , Sk. a, Icel. ae, OHG. a, Lith. á, áá.] An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, complaint, entreaty, contempt, threatening, delight, triumph, etc., according to the manner of utterance.

A•ha´ , interj. [Ah, interj. + ha.] An exclamation expressing, by different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise.

A•ha´, n. A sunk fence. See Ha- ha. Mason.

A•head´ , adv. [Pref. a- + head.] 1. In or to the front; in advance; onward. “The island bore but a little ahead of us.
Fielding.” 2. Headlong; without restraint. [Obs.] L’Estrange. To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on onward. (c) To push on in an enterprise. [Colloq] — To get ahead of. (a) To get in advance of. (b) To surpass; to get the better of. [Colloq.]

A•heap´ , adv. [Pref. a- + heap.] In a heap; huddled together. Hood.

A•height´ , adv. [Pref. a- + height.] Aloft; on high. [Obs.] ´Look up aheight.´ Shak.

A•hem´ , interj. An exclamation to call one’s attention; hem.

A•hey´ , interj. Hey; ho.

A•high´ , adv. On high. [Obs.] Shak.

A•hold´ , adv. [Pref. a- + hold.] Near the wind; as to lay a ship ahold. [Obs.] Shak.

A•horse´back , adv. On horseback. “Two suspicious fellows ahorseback.
Smollet.”

A•hoy´ , interj. [OE. a, interj. + hoy.] (Naut.) A term used in hailing; as ´Ship ahoy.´

Ah´ri•man , n. [Per.] The Evil Principle or Being of the ancient Persians; the Prince of Darkness as opposer to Ormuzd, the King of Light.

A´hu , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Asiatic gazelle.

A•hull´ , adv. [Pref. a- + hull.] (Naut.) With the sails furled, and the helm lashed alee; — applied to ships in a storm. See Hull, n.

A•hun´gered , a. [Pref. a- + hungered.] Pinched with hunger; very hungry. C. Bronte.

A´i , n.; pl. Ais . [Braz. aï, haï, from the animal’s cry: cf. F. aï.] (Zoöl.) The three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) of South America. See Sloth.

Ai´blins , A´blins , adv. [See Able.] Perhaps; possibly. [Scotch] Burns.

Aich’s met´al . A kind of gun metal, containing copper, zinc, and iron, but no tin.

Aid , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aided ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aiding.] [F. aider, OF. aidier, fr. L. adjutare to help, freq. of adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help. Cf. Adjutant.] To support, either by furnishing strength or means in coöperation to effect a purpose, or to prevent or to remove evil; to help; to assist. “You speedy helpers …
Appear and aid me in this enterprise.
Shak.” Syn. — To help; assist; support; sustain; succor; relieve; befriend; coöperate; promote. See Help.

Aid, n. [F. aide, OF. aïde, aïe, fr. the verb. See Aid, v. t.] 1. Help; succor; assistance; relief. “An unconstitutional mode of obtaining aid.
Hallam.” 2. The person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; a helper; an assistant. “It is not good that man should be alone; let us make unto him an aid like unto himself.
Tobit viii. 6.” 3. (Eng. Hist.) A subsidy granted to the king by Parliament; also an exchequer loan. 4. (Feudal Law) A pecuniary tribute paid by a vassal to his lord on special occasions. Blackstone. 5. An aid-de-camp, so called by abbreviation; as a general’s aid. Aid prayer (Law), a proceeding by which a defendant beseeches and claims assistance from some one who has a further or more permanent interest in the matter in suit. — To pray in aid, to beseech and claim such assistance.

Aid´ance , n. [Cf. OF. aidance.] Aid. [R.] “Aidance ’gainst the enemy.
Shak.”

Aid´ant , a. [Cf. F. aidant, p. pr. of aider to help.] Helping; helpful; supplying aid. Shak.

Aid´-de-camp , n.; pl. Aids-de-camp. . [F. aide de camp (literally) camp assistant.] (Mil.) An officer selected by a general to carry orders, also to assist or represent him in correspondence and in directing movements.

Aid´er , n. One who, or that which, aids.

Aid´ful , a. Helpful. [Archaic.] Bp. Hall.

Aid´less, a. Helpless; without aid. Milton.

Aid´-ma•jor , n. The adjutant of a regiment.

Ai´el , n. See Ayle. [Obs.]

Aig´let , n. Same as Aglet.

Ai´gre , a. [F. See Eager.] Sour. [Obs.] Shak.

Ai´gre•more , n. [F. origin unknown.] Charcoal prepared for making powder. { Ai´gret , Ai•grette } n. [F., a sort of white heron, with a tuft of feathers on its head; a tuft of feathers; dim. of the same word as heron. See Heron, and cf. Egret, Egrette.] 1. (Zoöl.) The small white European heron. See Egret. 2. A plume or tuft for the head composed of feathers, or of gems, etc. Prescott. 3. A tuft like that of the egret. (Bot.) A feathery crown of seed; egret; as the aigrette or down of the dandelion or the thistle.

Ai•guille´ , n. [F., a needle. See Aglet.] 1. A needle-shaped peak. 2. An instrument for boring holes, used in blasting.

Ai•guil•lette´ , n. [F. See Aglet.] 1. A point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace; an aglet. 2. One of the ornamental tags, cords, or loops on some military and naval uniforms.

Ai´gu•let , n. See Aglet. Spenser.

Ail (al), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ailed (ald); p. pr. & vb. n. Ailing.] [OE. eilen, ailen, AS. eglan to trouble, pain; akin to Goth. us-agljan to distress, agls troublesome, irksome, aglo, aglitha, pain, and prob. to E. awe. rad.3.] To affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental; to trouble; to be the matter with; — used to express some uneasiness or affection, whose cause is unknown; as what ails the man? I know not what ails him. “What aileth thee, Hagar?
Gen. xxi. 17.” It is never used to express a specific disease. We do not say, a fever ails him; but, something ails him.

Ail, v. i. To be affected with pain or uneasiness of any sort; to be ill or indisposed or in trouble. “When he ails ever so little … he is so peevish.
Richardson.”

Ail, n. Indisposition or morbid affection. Pope.

Ai•lan´thus , n. Same as Ailantus.

Ai•lan´tus , n. [From aylanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the name of the tree in the Moluccas.] (Bot.) A genus of beautiful trees, natives of the East Indies. The tree imperfectly diœcious, and the staminate or male plant is very offensive when blossom.

Ai•lette , n. [F. ailette, dim. of aile wing, L. ala.] A small square shield, formerly worn on the shoulders of knights, — being the prototype of the modern epaulet. Fairholt.

Ail´ment , n. Indisposition; morbid affection of the body; — not applied ordinarily to acute diseases. ´Little ailments.´ Landsdowne.

Ai•lu•roid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cat + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of the Carnivora, which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas.

Aim , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aiming.] [OE. amen, aimen, eimen, to guess at, to estimate, to aim, OF. esmer, asmer, fr. L. aestimare to estimate; or perh. fr. OF. aesmer; (L. ad) + esmer. See Estimate.] 1. To point or direct a missile weapon, or a weapon which propels as missile, towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it; as to aim at a fox, or at a target. 2. To direct the indention or purpose; to attempt the accomplishment of a purpose; to try to gain; to endeavor; — followed by at, or by an infinitive; as to aim at distinction; to aim to do well. “Aim’st thou at princes?
Pope.” 3. To guess or conjecture. [Obs.] Shak.

Aim, v. t. To direct or point, as a weapon, at a particular object; to direct, as a missile, an act, or a proceeding, at, to, or against an object; as to aim a musket or an arrow, the fist or a blow (at something); to aim a satire or a reflection (at some person or vice).

Aim, n. [Cf. OF. esme estimation, fr. esmer. See Aim, v. i.] 1. The pointing of a weapon, as a gun, a dart, or an arrow, in the line of direction with the object intended to be struck; the line of fire; the direction of anything, as a spear, a blow, a discourse, a remark, towards a particular point or object, with a view to strike or affect it. “Each at the head leveled his deadly aim.
Milton.” 2. The point intended to be hit, or object intended to be attained or affected. “To be the aim of every dangerous shot.
Shak.” 3. Intention; purpose; design; scheme. “How oft ambitious aims are crossed!
Pope.” 4. Conjecture; guess. [Obs.] “What you would work me to, I have some aim.
Shak.” To cry aim (Archery), to encourage. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — End; object; scope; drift; design; purpose; intention; scheme; tendency; aspiration.

Aim´er , n. One who aims, directs, or points.

Aim´less, a. Without aim or purpose; as an aimless life. — Aim´less•ly, adv. — Aim´less•ness, n.

Ai´no , n. [Said to be the native name for man.] One of a peculiar race inhabiting Yesso, the Kooril Islands etc., in the northern part of the empire of Japan, by some supposed to have been the progenitors of the Japanese. The Ainos are stout and short, with hairy bodies.

Ain’t . A contraction for are not and am not; also used for is not. [Colloq. or illiterate speech]. See An’t.

Air (âr), n. [OE. air, eir, F. air, L. aër, fr. Gr. ’ah•r, air, mist, for ’a&digamma;hr, fr. root ’a&digamma; to blow, breathe, probably akin to E. wind. In sense 10 the French has taking a meaning fr. It. aria atmosphere, air, fr. the same Latin word; and in senses 11, 12, 13 the French meaning is either fr. L. aria, or due to confusion with F. aire, in an older sense of origin, descent. Cf. Aëry, Debonair, Malaria, Wind.] 1. The fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth; the atmosphere. It is invisible, inodorous, insipid, transparent, compressible, elastic, and ponderable. By the ancient philosophers, air was regarded as an element; but modern science has shown that it is essentially a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, with a small amount of carbon dioxide, the average proportions being, by volume: oxygen, 20.96 per cent.; nitrogen, 79.00 per cent.; carbon dioxide, 0.04 per cent. These proportions are subject to a very slight variability. Air also always contains some vapor of water. 2. Symbolically: Something unsubstantial, light, or volatile. ´Charm ache with air.´ Shak. “He was still all air and fire.” [Air and fire being the finer and quicker elements as opposed to earth and water.] Macaulay. 3. A particular state of the atmosphere, as respects heat, cold, moisture, etc., or as affecting the sensations; as a smoky air, a damp air, the morning air, etc. 4. Any aëriform body; a gas; as oxygen was formerly called vital air. [Obs.] 5. Air in motion; a light breeze; a gentle wind. “Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play.
Pope.” 6. Odoriferous or contaminated air. 7. That which surrounds and influences. “The keen, the wholesome air of poverty.
Wordsworth.” 8. Utterance abroad; publicity; vent. “You gave it air before me.
Dryden.” 9. Intelligence; information. [Obs.] Bacon. 10. (Mus.) (a) A musical idea, or motive, rhythmically developed in consecutive single tones, so as to form a symmetrical and balanced whole, which may be sung by a single voice to the stanzas of a hymn or song, or even to plain prose, or played upon an instrument; a melody; a tune; an aria. (b) In harmonized chorals, psalmody, part songs, etc., the part which bears the tune or melody — in modern harmony usually the upper part — is sometimes called the air. 11. The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a person; mien; demeanor; as the air of a youth; a heavy air; a lofty air. ´His very air.´ Shak. 12. Peculiar appearance; apparent character; semblance; manner; style. “It was communicated with the air of a secret.
Pope.” 12. pl. An artificial or affected manner; show of pride or vanity; haughtiness; as it is said of a person, he puts on airs. Thackeray. 14. (Paint.) (a) The representation or reproduction of the effect of the atmospheric medium through which every object in nature is viewed. New Am. Cyc. (b) Carriage; attitude; action; movement; as the head of that portrait has a good air. Fairholt. 15. (Man.) The artificial motion or carriage of a horse. Air is much used adjectively or as the first part of a compound term. In most cases it might be written indifferently, as a separate limiting word, or as the first element of the compound term, with or without the hyphen; as air bladder, air-bladder, or airbladder; air cell, air-cell, or aircell; air-pump, or airpump. Air balloon. See Balloon. — Air bath. (a) An apparatus for the application of air to the body. (b) An arrangement for drying substances in air of any desired temperature. — Air castle. See Castle in the air, under Castle. — Air compressor, a machine for compressing air to be used as a motive power. — Air crossing, a passage for air in a mine. — Air cushion, an air-tight cushion which can be inflated; also a device for arresting motion without shock by confined air. — Air fountain, a contrivance for producing a jet of water by the force of compressed air. — Air furnace, a furnace which depends on a natural draft and not on blast. — Air line, a straight line; a bee line. Hence Air-line, adj.; as air-line road. — Air lock (Hydr. Engin.), an intermediate chamber between the outer air and the compressed-air chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Knight. — Air port (Nav.), a scuttle or porthole in a ship to admit air. — Air spring, a spring in which the elasticity of air is utilized. — Air thermometer, a form of thermometer in which the contraction and expansion of air is made to measure changes of temperature. — Air threads, gossamer. — Air trap, a contrivance for shutting off foul air or gas from drains, sewers, etc.; a stench trap. — Air trunk, a pipe or shaft for conducting foul or heated air from a room. — Air valve, a valve to regulate the admission or egress of air; esp. a valve which opens inwardly in a steam boiler and allows air to enter. — Air way, a passage for a current of air; as the air way of an air pump; an air way in a mine. — In the air. (a) Prevalent without traceable origin or authority, as rumors. (b) Not in a fixed or stable position; unsettled. (c) (Mil.) Unsupported and liable to be turned or taken in flank; as the army had its wing in the air. — To take air, to be divulged; to be made public. — To take the air, to go abroad; to walk or ride out.

Air (âr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aired (ârd); p. pr. & vb. n. Airing.] [See Air, n., and cf. Aërate.] 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, refreshing, or purifying; to ventilate; as to air a room. “It were good wisdom … that the jail were aired.
Bacon.” “Were you but riding forth to air yourself.
Shak.” 2. To expose for the sake of public notice; to display ostentatiously; as to air one’s opinion. “Airing a snowy hand and signet gem.
Tennyson.” 3. To expose to heat, for the purpose of expelling dampness, or of warming; as to air linen; to air liquors.

Air´ bed . A sack or matters inflated with air, and used as a bed.

Air´ blad•der . 1. (Anat.) An air sac, sometimes double or variously lobed, in the visceral cavity of many fishes. It originates in the same way as the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates, and in the adult may retain a tubular connection with the pharynx or esophagus. 2. A sac or bladder full of air in an animal or plant; also an air hole in a casting.

Air´ brake . (Mach.) A railway brake operated by condensed air. Knight.

Air´-built , a. Erected in the air; having no solid foundation; chimerical; as an air-built castle.

Air´ cell . 1. (Bot.) A cavity in the cellular tissue of plants, containing air only. 2. (Anat.) A receptacle of air in various parts of the system; as a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the air tubes of the lungs; the air sac of birds; a dilatation of the air vessels in insects.

Air´ cham•ber . 1. A chamber or cavity filled with air, in an animal or plant. 2. A cavity containing air to act as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in a pump or other hydraulic machine.

Air´ cock . A faucet to allow escape of air.

Air´-drawn´ , a. Drawn in air; imaginary. “This is the air-drawn dagger.
Shak.”

Air´ drill . A drill driven by the elastic pressure of condensed air; a pneumatic drill. Knight.

Air´ engine . An engine driven by heated or by compressed air. Knight.

Air´er , n. 1. One who exposes to the air. 2. A frame on which clothes are aired or dried.

Air´ gas . See under Gas.

Air´ gun (gun•). A kind of gun in which the elastic force of condensed air is used to discharge the ball. The air is powerfully compressed into a reservoir attached to the gun, by a condensing pump, and is controlled by a valve actuated by the trigger.

Air´ hole (hol•). 1. A hole to admit or discharge air; specifically, a spot in the ice not frozen over. 2. (Founding) A fault in a casting, produced by a bubble of air; a blowhole.

Air´i•ly (âr´i•ly), adv. In an airy manner; lightly; gaily; jauntily; flippantly.

Air´i•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being airy; openness or exposure to the air; as the airiness of a country seat. 2. Lightness of spirits; gayety; levity; as the airiness of young persons.

Air´ing (âr´ing), n. 1. A walk or a ride in the open air; a short excursion for health’s sake. 2. An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, drying, etc.; as the airing of linen, or of a room.

Air´ jack•et . A jacket having air-tight cells, or cavities which can be filled with air, to render persons buoyant in swimming.

Air´less , a. Not open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air, or communication with the open air.

Air´ lev•el . Spirit level. See Level.

Air´like , a. Resembling air.

Air´ling , n. A thoughtless, gay person. [Obs.] ´Slight airlings.´ B. Jonson.

Air•om´e•ter , n. [Air + - meter.] A hollow cylinder to contain air. It is closed above and open below, and has its open end plunged into water.

Air´ pipe . A pipe for the passage of air; esp. a ventilating pipe.

Air´ plant . (Bot.) A plant deriving its sustenance from the air alone; an aërophyte. The ´Florida moss´ (Tillandsia), many tropical orchids, and most mosses and lichens are air plants. Those which are lodged upon trees, but not parasitic on them, are epiphytes.

Air´ poise . [See Poise.] An instrument to measure the weight of air.

Air´ pump . 1. (Physics) A kind of pump for exhausting air from a vessel or closed space; also a pump to condense air or force it into a closed space. 2. (Steam Engines) A pump used to exhaust from a condenser the condensed steam, the water used for condensing, and any commingled air.

Air´ sac . (Anat.) One of the spaces in different parts of the bodies of birds, which are filled with air and connected with the air passages of the lungs; an air cell.

Air´ shaft . A passage, usually vertical, for admitting fresh air into a mine or a tunnel.

Air´-slacked , a. Slacked, or pulverized, by exposure to the air; as air-slacked lime.

Air´ stove . A stove for heating a current of air which is directed against its surface by means of pipes, and then distributed through a building.

Air´-tight , a. So tight as to be impermeable to air; as an air-tight cylinder.

Air´-tight, n. A stove the draft of which can be almost entirely shut off. [Colloq. U. S.]

Air´ ves•sel . A vessel, cell, duct, or tube containing or conducting air; as the air vessels of insects, birds, plants, etc.; the air vessel of a pump, engine, etc. For the latter, see Air chamber. The air vessels of insects are called tracheae, of plants spiral vessels. { Air´ward , Air´wards } adv. Toward the air; upward. [R.] Keats.

Air´y , a. 1. Consisting of air; as an airy substance; the airy parts of bodies. 2. Relating or belonging to air; high in air; aërial; as an airy flight. ´The airy region.´ Milton. 3. Open to a free current of air; exposed to the air; breezy; as an airy situation. 4. Resembling air; thin; unsubstantial; not material; airlike. ´An airy spirit.´ Shak. 5. Relating to the spirit or soul; delicate; graceful; as airy music. 6. Without reality; having no solid foundation; empty; trifling; visionary. ´Airy fame.´ Shak. “Empty sound, and airy notions.
Roscommon.” 7. Light of heart; vivacious; sprightly; flippant; superficial. ´Merry and airy.´ Jer. Taylor. 8. Having an affected manner; being in the habit of putting on airs; affectedly grand. [Colloq.] 9. (Paint.) Having the light and aërial tints true to nature. Elmes.

Aisle , n. [OF. ele, F. aile, wing, wing of a building, L. ala, contr. fr. axilla.] (Arch.) (a) A lateral division of a building, separated from the middle part, called the nave, by a row of columns or piers, which support the roof or an upper wall containing windows, called the clearstory wall. (b) Improperly used also for the have; — as in the phrases, a church with three aisles, the middle aisle. (c) Also (perhaps from confusion with alley), a passage into which the pews of a church open.

Aisled , a. Furnished with an aisle or aisles.

Ais´less , a. Without an aisle.

Ait , n. [AS. , , perh. dim. of ieg, ig, island. See Eyot.] An islet, or little isle, in a river or lake; an eyot. “The ait where the osiers grew.
R. Hodges (1649).” “Among green aits and meadows.
Dickens.”

Ait , n. Oat. [Scot.] Burns.

Aitch , n. The letter h or H.

Aitch´bone , n. [For nachebone. For loss of n, cf. Adder. See Natch.] The bone of the rump; also the cut of beef surrounding this bone. [Spelt also edgebone.]

Ai•ti•ol´o•gy , n. See AEtiology.

A•jar´ , adv. [OE. on char ajar, on the turn; AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, akin to G. kehren to turn, and to D. akerre. See Char.] Slightly turned or opened; as the door was standing ajar.

A•jar´ , adv. [Pref. a- + jar.] In a state of discord; out of harmony; as he is ajar with the world.

A•jog´ , adv. [Pref. a- + jog.] On the jog.

Aj´u•tage , n. [F. ajutage, for ajoutage, fr. ajouter to add, LL. adjuxtare, fr. L. ad + juxta near to, nigh. Cf. Adjutage, Adjustage, Adjust.] A tube through which water is discharged; an efflux tube; as the ajutage of a fountain.

Ake , n. & v. See Ache.

A•kene´ , n. (Bot.) Same as Achene.

Ak´e•ton , n. [Obs.] See Acton.

A•kim´bo , a. [Etymology unknown. Cf. Kimbo.] With a crook or bend; with the hand on the hip and elbow turned outward. ´With one arm akimbo.´ Irving.

A•kin´ , a. [Pref. a- (for of) + kin.] 1. Of the same kin; related by blood; — used of persons; as the two families are near akin. 2. Allied by nature; partaking of the same properties; of the same kind. ´A joy akin to rapture.´ Cowper. “The literary character of the work is akin to its moral character.
Jeffrey.” This adjective is used only after the noun.

Ak•i•ne´si•a , n. [Gr. quiescence; ’a priv. + motion.] (Med.) Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of movement. Foster.

Ak•i•ne´sic , a. (Med.) Pertaining to akinesia.

A•knee´ , adv. On the knee. [R.] Southey.

Ak•now´ . Earlier form of Acknow. [Obs.] To be aknow, to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.]

Al , a. All. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al-. A prefix. (a) [AS. eal.] All; wholly; completely; as almighty, almost. (b) [L. ad.] To; at; on; — in OF. shortened to a-. See Ad-. (c) The Arabic definite article answering to the English the; as Alkoran, the Koran or the Book; alchemy, the chemistry.

Al. conj. Although; if. [Obs.] See All, conj.

A´la , n.; pl. Alae . [L., a wing.] (Biol.) A winglike organ, or part.

Al•a•ba´ma pe´ri•od . (Geol.) A period in the American eocene, the lowest in the tertiary age except the lignitic.

Al´a•bas´ter , n. [L. alabaster, Gr. , said to be derived fr. Alabastron, the name of a town in Egypt, near which it was common: cf. OF. alabastre, F. albâtre.] 1. (Min.) (a) A compact variety or sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and usually white and translucent, but sometimes yellow, red, or gray. It is carved into vases, mantel ornaments, etc. (b) A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime, somewhat translucent, or of banded shades of color; stalagmite. The name is used in this sense by Pliny. It is sometimes distinguished as oriental alabaster. 2. A box or vessel for holding odoriferous ointments, etc.; — so called from the stone of which it was originally made. Fosbroke.

Al•a•bas´tri•an , a. Alabastrine.

Al•a•bas´trine , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, alabaster; as alabastrine limbs.

Al•a•bas´trum , n.; pl. Alabastra . [NL.] (Bot.) A flower bud. Gray.

A•lack´ , interj. [Prob. from ah! lack! OE. lak loss, failure, misfortune. See Lack.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow. [Archaic. or Poet.] Shak.

A•lack´a•day , interj. [For alack the day. Cf. Lackaday.] An exclamation expressing sorrow. Shakespeare has ´alack the day´ and ´alack the heavy day.´ Compare ´woe worth the day.´

A•lac´ri•fy , v. t. [L. alacer, alacris, lively + -fly.] To rouse to action; to inspirit.

A•lac´ri•ous , a. [L. alacer, alacris.] Brisk; joyously active; lively. “’T were well if we were a little more alacrious.
Hammond.”

A•lac´ri•ous•ly, adv. With alacrity; briskly.

A•lac´ri•ous•ness, n. Alacrity. [Obs.] Hammond.

A•lac´ri•ty , n. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively, eager, prob. akin to Gr. to drive, Goth. aljan zeal.] A cheerful readiness, willingness, or promptitude; joyous activity; briskness; sprightliness; as the soldiers advanced with alacrity to meet the enemy. “I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have.
Shak.”

A•lad´in•ist , n. [From Aladin, for Ala Eddin, i. e., height of religion, a learned divine under Mohammed II. and Bajazet II.] One of a sect of freethinkers among the Mohammedans.

Al•a•lon´ga , or Al•i•lon´ghi , n. (Zoöl.) The tunny. See Albicore.

A•la•mi´re , n. [Compounded of a la mi re, names of notes in the musical scale.] The lowest note but one in Guido Aretino’s scale of music.

Al•a•mo•dal´i•ty , n. The quality of being à la mode; conformity to the mode or fashion; fashionableness. [R.] Southey.

Al´a•mode , adv. & a. [F. à la mode after the fashion.] According to the fashion or prevailing mode. ´Alamode beef shops.´ Macaulay.

Al´a•mode, n. A thin, black silk for hoods, scarfs, etc.; — often called simply mode. Buchanan.

Al•a•mort´ , a. [F. à la mort to the death. Cf. Amort.] To the death; mortally.

A•lan´ (a•lan´), n. [OF. alan, alant; cf. Sp. alano.] A wolfhound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•land´ , adv. [Pref. a- + land.] On land; to the land; ashore. ´Cast aland.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Al´a•nine , n. [Aldehyde + the ending -ine. The -n- is a euphonic insertion.] (Chem.) A white crystalline base, C3H7NO2, derived from aldehyde ammonia.

A•lan´tin , n. [G. alant elecampane, the Inula helenium of Linnaeus.] (Chem.) See Inulin.

A´lar , a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing: cf. F. alaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having, wings. 2. (Bot.) Axillary; in the fork or axil. Gray.

A•larm´ (a•lärm´), n. [F. alarme, It. all’ arme to arms ! fr. L. arma, pl., arms. See Arms, and cf. Alarum.] 1. A summons to arms, as on the approach of an enemy. “Arming to answer in a night alarm.
Shak.” 2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger; a warning sound to arouse attention; a warning of danger. “Sound an alarm in my holy mountain.
Joel ii. 1.” 3. A sudden attack; disturbance; broil. [R.] ´These home alarms.´ Shak. “Thy palace fill with insults and alarms.
Pope.” 4. Sudden surprise with fear or terror excited by apprehension of danger; in the military use, commonly, sudden apprehension of being attacked by surprise. “Alarm and resentment spread throughout the camp.
Macaulay.” 5. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep, or rousing their attention; an alarum. Alarm bell, a bell that gives notice on danger. — Alarm clock or watch, a clock or watch which can be so set as to ring or strike loudly at a prearranged hour, to wake from sleep, or excite attention. — Alarm gauge, a contrivance attached to a steam boiler for showing when the pressure of steam is too high, or the water in the boiler too low. — Alarm post, a place to which troops are to repair in case of an alarm. Syn. — Fright; affright; terror; trepidation; apprehension; consternation; dismay; agitation; disquiet; disquietude. — Alarm, Fright, Terror, Consternation. These words express different degrees of fear at the approach of danger. Fright is fear suddenly excited, producing confusion of the senses, and hence it is unreflecting. Alarm is the hurried agitation of feeling which springs from a sense of immediate and extreme exposure. Terror is agitating and excessive fear, which usually benumbs the faculties. Consternation is overwhelming fear, and carries a notion of powerlessness and amazement. Alarm agitates the feelings; terror disorders the understanding and affects the will; fright seizes on and confuses the sense; consternation takes possession of the soul, and subdues its faculties. See Apprehension.

A•larm´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alarmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alarming.] [Alarm, n. Cf. F. alarmer.] 1. To call to arms for defense; to give notice to (any one) of approaching danger; to rouse to vigilance and action; to put on the alert. 2. To keep in excitement; to disturb. 3. To surprise with apprehension of danger; to fill with anxiety in regard to threatening evil; to excite with sudden fear. “Alarmed by rumors of military preparation.
Macaulay.”

A•larm´a•ble , a. Easily alarmed or disturbed.

A•larmed´ , a. Aroused to vigilance; excited by fear of approaching danger; agitated; disturbed; as an alarmed neighborhood; an alarmed modesty. “The white pavilions rose and fell
On the alarmed air.
Longfellow.”

A•larm´ed•ly , adv. In an alarmed manner.

A•larm´ing, a. Exciting, or calculated to excite, alarm; causing apprehension of danger; as an alarming crisis or report. — A•larm´ing•ly, adv.

A•larm´ist, n. [Cf. F. alarmiste.] One prone to sound or excite alarms, especially, needless alarms. Macaulay.

A•lar´um ( 277), n. [OE. alarom, the same word as alarm, n.] See Alarm. [Now Poetic] The variant form alarum is now commonly restricted to an alarm signal or the mechanism to sound an alarm (as in an alarm clock.)

Al´a•ry , a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing.] Of or pertaining to wings; also wing- shaped. “The alary system of insects.
Wollaston.”

A•las´ , interj. [OE. alas, allas, OF. alas, F. helas; a interj. (L. ah.) + las wretched (that I am), L. lassus weary, akin to E. late. See Late.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil; — in old writers, sometimes followed by day or white; alas the day, like alack a day, or alas the white.

A•late´ , adv. [Pref. a- + late.] Lately; of late. [Archaic] “There hath been alate such tales spread abroad.
Latimer.” { A´late , A´la•ted } a. [L. alatus, from ala wing.] Winged; having wings, or side appendages like wings. { Al´a•tern , Al•a•ter´nus } n. [L. ala wing + terni three each.] (Bot.) An ornamental evergreen shrub (Rhamnus alaternus) belonging to the buckthorns.

A•la´tion , n. [F., fr. L. alatus winged.] The state of being winged.

A•launt´ , n. See Alan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Alb , n. [OE. albe, LL. alba, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Album and Aube.] A vestment of white linen, reaching to the feet, an enveloping the person; — in the Roman Catholic church, worn by those in holy orders when officiating at mass. It was formerly worn, at least by clerics, in daily life.

Al´ba•core , n. (Zoöl.) See Albicore.

Al´ban , n. [L. albus white.] (Chem.) A white crystalline resinous substance extracted from gutta-percha by the action of alcohol or ether.

Al•ba´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Albania, a province of Turkey. — n. A native of Albania.

Al•ba´ta , n. [L. albatus, p. p. of albare to make white, fr. albus white.] A white metallic alloy; which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British plate or German silver. See German silver, under German.

Al´ba•tross , n. [Corrupt. fr. Pg. alcatraz cormorant, albatross, or Sp. alcatraz a pelican: cf. Pg. alcatruz, Sp. arcaduz, a bucket, fr. Ar. al- qadus the bucket, fr. Gr. ka•dos, a water vessel. So an Arabic term for pelican is water-carrier, as a bird carrying water in its pouch.] (Zoöl.) A web-footed bird, of the genus Diomedea, of which there are several species. They are the largest of sea birds, capable of long-continued flight, and are often seen at great distances from the land. They are found chiefly in the southern hemisphere. { Al•be´ , Al•bee´ } , conj. [See Albeit.] Although; albeit. [Obs.] “Albe Clarissa were their chiefest founderess.
Spenser.”

Al•be´do , n. [L., fr. albus white.] Whiteness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total light falling upon that surface.

Al•be´it , conj. [OE. al be although it be, where al is our all. Cf. Although.] Even though; although; notwithstanding. Chaucer. “Albeit so masked, Madam, I love the truth.
Tennyson.”

Al´bert•ite , n. (Min.) A bituminous mineral resembling asphaltum, found in the county of A. bert, New Brunswick.

Al´ber•type , n. [From the name of the inventor, Albert, of Munich.] A picture printed from a kind of gelatine plate produced by means of a photographic negative.

Al•bes´cence , n. The act of becoming white; whitishness.

Al•bes´cent , a. [L. albescens, p. pr. of albescere to grow white, fr. albus white.] Becoming white or whitish; moderately white.

Al´bi•cant , a. [L. albicans, p. pr. of albicare, albicatum, to be white, fr. albus white.] Growing or becoming white.

Al•bi•ca´tion , n. The process of becoming white, or developing white patches, or streaks.

Al´bi•core , n. [F. albicore (cf. Sp. albacora, Pg. albacor, albacora, albecora), fr. Ar. bakr, bekr, a young camel, young cow, heifer, and the article al: cf. Pg. bacoro a little pig.] (Zoöl.) A name applied to several large fishes of the Mackerel family, esp. Orcynus alalonga. One species (Orcynus thynnus), common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, is called in New England the horse mackerel; the tunny. [Written also albacore.]

Al•bi•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. albification: L. albus white + ficare (only in comp.), facere, to make.] The act or process of making white. [Obs.] { Al•bi•gen´ses , Al•bi•geois´ } n. pl. [From Albi and Albigeois, a town and its district in the south of France, in which the sect abounded.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of reformers opposed to the church of Rome in the 12th centuries. The Albigenses were a branch of the Catharists (the pure). They were exterminated by crusades and the Inquisition. They were distinct from the Waldenses.

Al•bi•gen´sian , a. Of or pertaining to the Albigenses.

Al•bi´ness , n. A female albino. Holmes.

Al´bi•nism , n. The state or condition of being an albino: abinoism; leucopathy.

Al•bi•nis´tic , a. Affected with albinism.

Al•bi´no ( 277), n.; pl. Albinos . [Sp. or Pg. albino, orig. whitish, fr. albo white, L. albus.] A person, whether negro, Indian, or white, in whom by some defect of organization the substance which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes is deficient or in a morbid state. An albino has a skin of a milky hue, with hair of the same color, and eyes with deep red pupil and pink or blue iris. The term is also used of the lower animals, as white mice, elephants, etc.; and of plants in a whitish condition from the absence of chlorophyll. Amer. Cyc. The term was originally applied by the Portuguese to negroes met with on the coast of Africa, who were mottled with white spots.

Al•bi´no•ism , n. The state or condition of being an albino; albinism.

Al•bi•not´ic , a. Affected with albinism.

Al´bi•on , n. [Prob. from the same root as Gael. alp a height or hill. ´It may have been bestowed on the land lying behind the white cliffs visible from the coast of Gaul. Albany, the old name of Scotland, means probably the ´hilly land.´ I. Taylor.] An ancient name of England, still retained in poetry. “In that nook-shotten isle of Albion.
Shak.”

Al´bite , n. [L. albus white.] (Min.) A mineral of the feldspar family, triclinic in crystallization, and in composition a silicate of alumina and soda. It is a common constituent of granite and of various igneous rocks. See Feldspar.

Al´bo•lith , n. [L. albus white + -lith.] A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting chiefly of magnesia and silica; — called also albolite.

Al´bo•rak ( 277), n. [Ar. al- buraq, fr. baraqa to flash, shine.] The imaginary milk-white animal on which Mohammed was said to have been carried up to heaven; a white mule.

Al•bu•gin´e•ous , a. [See Albugo.] Of the nature of, or resembling, the white of the eye, or of an egg; albuminous; — a term applied to textures, humors, etc., which are perfectly white.

Al•bu´go , n.; pl. Albugines . [L., whiteness, fr. albus white.] (Med.) Same as Leucoma.

Al´bum , n. [L., neut. of albus white: cf. F. album. Cf. Alb.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A white tablet on which anything was inscribed, as a list of names, etc. 2. A register for visitors’ names; a visitors’ book. 3. A blank book, in which to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing of friends, photographs, etc.

Al•bu´men , n. [L., fr. albus white.] 1. The white of an egg. 2. (Bot.) Nourishing matter stored up within the integuments of the seed in many plants, but not incorporated in the embryo. It is the floury part in corn, wheat, and like grains, the oily part in poppy seeds, the fleshy part in the cocoanut, etc. 3. (Chem.) Same as Albumin.

Al•bu´men•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Albumenized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Albumenizing.] To cover or saturate with albumen; to coat or treat with an albuminous solution; as to albumenize paper.

Al´bum Grae´cum . [L., Greek white.] Dung of dogs or hyenas which becomes white by exposure to air. It is used in dressing leather, and was formerly used in medicine.

Al•bu´min , n. (Chem.) A thick, viscous nitrogenous substance, which is the chief and characteristic constituent of white of eggs and of the serum of blood, and is found in other animal substances, both fluid and solid, also in many plants. It is soluble in water and is coagulated by heat and by certain chemical reagents. Acid albumin, a modification of albumin produced by the action of dilute acids. It is not coagulated by heat. — Alkali albumin, albumin as modified by the action of alkaline substances; — called also albuminate.

Al•bu´mi•nate , n. (Chem.) A substance produced by the action of an alkali upon albumin, and resembling casein in its properties; also a compound formed by the union of albumin with another substance.

Al•bu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [L. albumen + -ferous.] Supplying albumen.

Al•bu•mi•nim´e•ter , n. [L. albumen, albuminis + -meter: cf. F. albuminimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of albumen in a liquid.

Al•bu´mi•nin , n. (Chem.) The substance of the cells which inclose the white of birds’ eggs.

Al•bu•mi•nip´a•rous , a. [L. albumen + parere to bear, bring forth.] Producing albumin.

Al•bu´mi•noid , a. [L. albumen + -oid.] (Chem.) Resembling albumin. — n. One of a class of organic principles (called also proteids) which form the main part of organized tissues. Brunton.

Al•bu•mi•noid´al , a. (Chem.) Of the nature of an albuminoid.

Al•bu´mi•nose , n. (Chem.) A diffusible substance formed from albumin by the action of natural or artificial gastric juice. See Peptone. { Al•bu´mi•nous , Al•bu´mi•nose• } a. [Cf. F. albumineux.] Pertaining to, or containing, albumen; having the properties of, or resembling, albumen or albumin. — Al•bu´mi•nous•ness, n.

Al•bu•mi•nu´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. albumen + Gr. urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which albumin is present in the urine.

Al´bu•mose , n. [From albumin.] (Chem.) A compound or class of compounds formed from albumin by dilute acids or by an acid solution of pepsin. Used also in combination, as antialbumose, hemialbumose.

Al´burn , n. [L. alburnus, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Auburn.] (Zoöl.) The bleak, a small European fish having scales of a peculiarly silvery color which are used in making artificial pearls.

Al•bur´nous , a. Of or pertaining to alburnum; of the alburnum; as alburnous substances.

Al•bur´num , n. [L., fr. albus white.] (Bot.) The white and softer part of wood, between the inner bark and the hard wood or duramen; sapwood.

Al´byn , n. [See Albion.] Scotland; esp. the Highlands of Scotland. T. Cambell.

Al•cade´ (ak•kad´), n. Same as Alcaid.

Al´ca•hest , n. Same as Alkahest.

Al•ca´ic , a. [L. Alcaïcus, Gr. .] Pertaining to Alcaeus, a lyric poet of Mitylene, about 6000 b. c. — n. A kind of verse, so called from Alcaeus. One variety consists of five feet, a spondee or iambic, an iambic, a long syllable, and two dactyls.

Al•caid´ , Al•cayde´ (ak•kad´; Sp. äl•kä•e´da), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al-qaid governor, fr. qada to lead, govern.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Moors. 2. The warden, or keeper of a jail.

Al•cal´de , n. [Sp. alcalde, fr. Ar. al-qadi judge, fr. qada to decide, judge. Hence, the cadi of the Turks. Cf. Cadi.] A magistrate or judge in Spain and in Spanish America, etc. Prescott. Sometimes confounded with Alcaid.

Al•ca•lim´e•ter, n. See Alkalimeter.

Al•can´na , n. [Sp. alcana, alhea, fr. Ar. al-hinna. See Henna, and cf. Alkanet.] (Bot.) An oriental shrub (Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained.

Al•car•ra´za , n.; pl. Alcarrazas. [Sp., from Ar. al-kurraz earthen vessel.] A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids by evaporation from the exterior surface.

Al•cayde´ (al•kad´), n. Same as Alcaid.

Al•ca´zar , n. [ fr. Ar. al the + qacr (in pl.) a castle.] A fortress; also a royal palace. Prescott.

Al•ce´do , n. [L., equiv. to Gr. . See Halcyon.] (Zoöl.) A genus of perching birds, including the European kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). See Halcyon. { Al•chem´ic , Al•chem´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. alchimique.] Of or relating to alchemy.

Al•chem´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy.

Al´che•mist , n. [Cf. OF. alquemiste, F. alchimiste.] One who practices alchemy. “You are alchemist; make gold.
Shak.” { Al•che•mis´tic , Al•che•mis´tic•al } a. Relating to or practicing alchemy. “Metaphysical and alchemistical legislators.
Burke.”

Al´che•mis•try , n. Alchemy. [Obs.]

Al´che•mize , v. t. To change by alchemy; to transmute. Lovelace.

Al´che•my , n. [OF. alkemie, arquemie, F. alchimie, Ar. al-kimia, fr. late Gr. , for , a mingling, infusion, juice, liquid, especially as extracted from plants, fr. to pour; for chemistry was originally the art of extracting the juices from plants for medicinal purposes. Cf. Sp. alquimia, It. alchimia. Gr. is prob. akin to L. fundere to pour, Goth. guitan, AS. geótan, to pour, and so to E. fuse. See Fuse, and cf. Chemistry.] 1. An imaginary art which aimed to transmute the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or universal remedy for diseases, etc. It led the way to modern chemistry. 2. A mixed metal composed mainly of brass, formerly used for various utensils; hence, a trumpet. [Obs.] “Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy.
Milton.” 3. Miraculous power of transmuting something common into something precious. “Kissing with golden face the meadows green,
Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy.
Shak.”

Al•chym´ic , a., Al´chy•mist , n., Al•chy•mis´tic , a., Al´chy•my , n. See Alchemic, Alchemist, Alchemistic, Alchemy.

Al´co , n. A small South American dog, domesticated by the aborigines. { Al´co•ate , Al´co•hate } n. Shortened forms of Alcoholate.

Al´co•hol (al´ko•hol), n. [Cf. F. alcool, formerly written alcohol, Sp. alcohol alcohol, antimony, galena, OSp. alcofol; all fr. Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony or galena, to paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterwards applied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly rectified spirits, a signification unknown in Arabia. The Sp. word has both meanings. Cf. Alquifou.] 1. An impalpable powder. [Obs.] 2. The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Boyle. 3. Pure spirit of wine; pure or highly rectified spirit (called also ethyl alcohol); the spirituous or intoxicating element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. It is extracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have undergone vinous fermentation. As used in the U. S. ´Pharmacopœia,´ alcohol contains 91 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 9 per cent of water; and diluted alcohol (proof spirit) contains 45.5 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 54.5 per cent of water. 4. (Organic Chem.) A class of compounds analogous to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C2H5.OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C5H11.OH) or fusel oil, etc.

Al´co•hol•ate , n. [Cf. F. alcolaie.] (Chem.) A crystallizable compound of a salt with alcohol, in which the latter plays a part analogous to that of water of crystallization. Graham.

Al•co•hol´a•ture , n. [Cf. F. alcoolature.] (Med.) An alcoholic tincture prepared with fresh plants. New Eng. Dict.

Al•co•hol´ic , a. [Cf. F. alcolique.] Of or pertaining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities; derived from, or caused by, alcohol; containing alcohol; as alcoholic mixtures; alcoholic gastritis; alcoholic odor.

Al•co•hol´ic, n. 1. A person given to the use of alcoholic liquors. 2. pl. Alcoholic liquors.

Al´co•hol•ism , n. [Cf. F. alcoolisme.] (Med.) A diseased condition of the system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors.

Al•co•hol•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. alcoolisation.] 1. The act of reducing a substance to a fine or impalpable powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. The act rectifying spirit. 3. Saturation with alcohol; putting the animal system under the influence of alcoholic liquor.

Al´co•hol•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alcoholized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alcoholizing.] [Cf. F. alcooliser.] 1. To reduce to a fine powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To convert into alcohol; to rectify; also to saturate with alcohol. { Al•co•hol•om´e•ter , Al•co•hol´me•ter } n. [Alcohol + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated so as to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol, either by weight or volume. It is usually a form of hydrometer with a special scale.

Al•co•hol•o•met´ric , Al•co•hol•o•met´ric•al , Al•co•hol•met´ric•al , a. Relating to the alcoholometer or alcoholometry. “The alcoholometrical strength of spirituous liquors.
Ure.”

Al•co•hol´om´e•try , n. The process or method of ascertaining the proportion of pure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain.

Al•co•hom´e•ter , n., Al•co•ho•met´ric a. Same as Alcoholometer Alcoholometric.

Al•co•öm´e•try , n. See Alcoholometry. The chemists say alcomètre, alcoomètrie, doubtless by the suppression of a syllable in order to avoid a disagreeable sequence of sounds. (Cf. Idolatry.) Littre.

Al´co•ran ( 277), n. [alcoran, fr. Ar. al-qoran, orig. the reading, the book, fr. qaraa to read. Cf. Koran.] The Mohammedan Scriptures; the Koran (now the usual form). [Spelt also Alkoran.]

Al•co•ran´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Koran.

Al•co•ran´ist, n. One who adheres to the letter of the Koran, rejecting all traditions.

Al´cove ( 277), n. [F. alcôve, Sp. or Pg. alcoba, from Ar. al-quobbah arch, vault, tent.] 1. (Arch.) A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one; especially, a recess to contain a bed; a lateral recess in a library. 2. A small ornamental building with seats, or an arched seat, in a pleasure ground; a garden bower. Cowper. 3. Any natural recess analogous to an alcove or recess in an apartment. “The youthful wanderers found a wild alcove.
Falconer.”

Al´cy•on , n. See Halcyon.

Al•cy•o•na´ce•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Al•cy•o•na´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea.

Al•cy´o•nes , n. pl. [L., pl. of Alcyon.] (Zoöl.) The kingfishers.

Al•cy•on´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Alcyonaria.

Al•cy•o´ni•um , n. [Gr. a zoöphyte, so called from being like the halcyon’s nest.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fleshy Alcyonaria, its polyps somewhat resembling flowers with eight fringed rays. The term was also formerly used for certain species of sponges.

Al´cy•o•noid , a. [Gr. + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. — n. A zoöphyte of the order Alcyonaria.

Al´day , adv. Continually. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•deb´a•ran , n. [Ar. al- debaran, fr. dabar to follow; so called because this star follows upon the Pleiades.] (Astron.) A red star of the first magnitude, situated in the eye of Taurus; the Bull’s Eye. It is the bright star in the group called the Hyades. “Now when Aldebaran was mounted high
Above the shiny Cassiopeia’s chair.
Spenser.”

Al´de•hyde , n. [Abbrev. fr. alcohol dehydrogenatum, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Chem.) A colorless, mobile, and very volatile liquid obtained from alcohol by certain processes of oxidation. The aldehydes are intermediate between the alcohols and acids, and differ from the alcohols in having two less hydrogen atoms in the molecule, as common aldehyde (called also acetic aldehyde or ethyl aldehyde), C2H4O; methyl aldehyde, CH2O. Aldehyde ammonia (Chem.), a compound formed by the union of aldehyde with ammonia.

Al•de•hy´dic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to aldehyde; as aldehydic acid. Miller.

Al´der (al´der), n. [OE. aldir, aller, fr. AS. alr, aler, alor, akin to D. els, G. erle, Icel. erlir, erli, Swed. al, Dan. elle, el, L. alnus, and E. elm.] (Bot.) A tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc.; the bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees. Black alder. (a) A European shrub (Rhamnus frangula); Alder buckthorn. (b) An American species of holly (Ilex verticillata), bearing red berries. { Al´der (al´der), Al´ler (al´ler), } a. [From ealra, alra, gen. pl. of AS. eal. The d is excrescent.] Of all; — used in composition; as alderbest, best of all, alderwisest, wisest of all. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•der-lief´est (al•der•lef´est), a. [For allerliefest dearest of all. See Lief.] Most beloved. [Obs.] Shak.

Al´der•man (al´der•man), n.; pl. Aldermen . [AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor an elder + man. See Elder, n.] 1. A senior or superior; a person of rank or dignity. [Obs.] The title was applied, among the Anglo-Saxons, to princes, dukes, earls, senators, and presiding magistrates; also to archbishops and bishops, implying superior wisdom or authority. Thus Ethelstan, duke of the East-Anglians, was called Alderman of all England; and there were aldermen of cities, counties, and castles, who had jurisdiction within their respective districts. 3. One of a board or body of municipal officers next in order to the mayor and having a legislative function. They may, in some cases, individually exercise some magisterial and administrative functions.

Al´der•man•cy , n. The office of an alderman.

Al´der•man´ic , a. Relating to, becoming to, or like, an alderman; characteristic of an alderman.

Al•der•man´i•ty , n. 1. Aldermen collectively; the body of aldermen. 2. The state of being an alderman. [Jocular]

Al•der•man•like , a. Like or suited to an alderman.

Al´der•man•ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman.

Al´der•man•ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman. ´An aldermanly discretion.´ Swift.

Al´der•man•ry , n. 1. The district or ward of an alderman. 2. The office or rank of an alderman. [R.] B. Jonson.

Al´der•man•ship, n. The condition, position, or office of an alderman. Fabyan.

Al´dern , a. Made of alder.

Al´der•ney , n. One of a breed of cattle raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands. Alderneys are of a dun or tawny color and are often called Jersey cattle. See Jersey, 3.

Al´dine ( 277), a. (Bibliog.) An epithet applied to editions (chiefly of the classics) which proceeded from the press of Aldus Manitius, and his family, of Venice, for the most part in the 16th century and known by the sign of the anchor and the dolphin. The term has also been applied to certain elegant editions of English works.

Ale (al), n. [AS. ealu, akin to Icel., Sw., and Dan. öl, Lith. alus a kind of beer, OSlav. olu beer. Cf. Ir. ol drink, drinking.] 1. An intoxicating liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation and the addition of a bitter, usually hops. The word ale, in England and the United States, usually designates a heavier kind of fermented liquor, and the word beer a lighter kind. The word beer is also in common use as the generic name for all malt liquors. 2. A festival in English country places, so called from the liquor drunk. ´At wakes and ales.´ B. Jonson.´On ember eves and holy ales.´ Shak.

A•leak´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + leak.] In a leaking condition.

A´le•a•to•ry , a. [L. aleatorius, fr. alea chance, die.] (Law) Depending on some uncertain contingency; as an aleatory contract. Bouvier.

Ale´bench , n. A bench in or before an alehouse. Bunyan.

Ale´ber•ry , n. [OE. alebery, alebrey; ale + bre broth, fr. AS. briw pottage.] A beverage, formerly made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread. “Their aleberries, caudles, possets.
Beau. & Fl.”

A•lec´i•thal , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + yelk.] (Biol.) Applied to those ova which segment uniformly, and which have little or no food yelk embedded in their protoplasm. Balfour.

Ale´con•ner , n. [/Ale + con, OE. cunnen to test, AS. cunnian to test. See Con.] Orig., an officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale and beer; also one of the officers chosen by the liverymen of London to inspect the measures used in public houses. But the office is a sinecure. [Also called aletaster.] [Eng.]

Ale´cost , n. [Ale + L. costus an aromatic plant: cf. Costmary.] (Bot.) The plant costmary, which was formerly much used for flavoring ale.

Al•ec•tor´i•des , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a cock.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds including the common fowl and the pheasants.

A•lec•to•rom´a•chy , n. [Gr. cock + fight.] Cockfighting.

A•lec´to•ro•man•cy , n. See Alectryomancy.

A•lec•try•om’a•chy , n. [Gr. cock + fight.] Cockfighting.

A•lec´try•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. cock + -mancy.] Divination by means of a cock and grains of corn placed on the letters of the alphabet, the letters being put together in the order in which the grains were eaten. Amer. Cyc.

A•lee´ , adv. [Pref. a- + lee.] (Naut.) On or toward the lee, or the side away from the wind; the opposite of aweather. The helm of a ship is alee when pressed close to the lee side. Hard alee, or Luff alee, an order to put the helm to the lee side.

Al´e•gar , n. [Ale + eager sour, F. aigre. Cf. Vinegar.] Sour ale; vinegar made of ale. Cecil.

Al´e•ger , a. [F. allègre, earlier alègre, fr. L. alacer.] Gay; cheerful; sprightly. [Obs.] Bacon.

A•legge´ , v. t. [OE. aleggen, alegen, OF. alegier, F. alleger, fr. LL. alleviare, for L. allevare to lighten; ad + levis light. Cf. Alleviate, Allay, Allege.] To allay or alleviate; to lighten. [Obs.] “That shall alegge this bitter blast.
Spenser.”

Ale´hoof (al´hoof•), n. [AS. hofe ground ivy; the first part is perh. a corruption: cf. OE. heyhowe hedgehove, ground ivy, ´in old MSS. heyhowe, heyoue, haihoue, halehoue.´ Prior.] Ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma).

Ale´house , n. A house where ale is retailed; hence, a tippling house. Macaulay.

Ale´-knight , n. A pot companion. [Obs.]

Al•e•man´nic , a. Belonging to the Alemanni, a confederacy of warlike German tribes.

Al•e•man´nic, n. The language of the Alemanni. “The Swabian dialect … is known as the Alemannic.
Amer. Cyc.”

A•lem´bic (a•lem´bik), n. [F. alambic (cf. Sp. alambique), Ar. al-anbiq, fr. Gr. ’a•mbix cup, cap of a still. The cap or head was the alembic proper. Cf. Limbec.] An apparatus formerly used in distillation, usually made of glass or metal. It has mostly given place to the retort and worm still.
Used also metaphorically.
“The alembic of a great poet’s imagination.
Brimley.”

A•lem´broth (-broth), n. [Origin uncertain.] The salt of wisdom of the alchemists, a double salt composed of the chlorides of ammonium and mercury. It was formerly used as a stimulant. Brande & C.

A•len•çon´ lace´ . See under Lace.

A•length´ (a•length´), adv. [Pref. a- + length.] At full length; lengthwise. Chaucer.

A•lep´i•dote, a. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , a scale.] (Zoöl.) Not having scales. — n. A fish without scales.

Ale´pole , n. A pole set up as the sign of an alehouse. [Obs.]

A•lert´ (a•lert´), a. [F. alerte, earlier à l’erte on the watch, fr. It. all’ erta on the watch, prop. (standing) on a height, where one can look around; erta a declivity, steep, erto steep, p. p. of ergere, erigere, to erect, raise, L. erigere. See Erect.] 1. Watchful; vigilant; active in vigilance. 2. Brisk; nimble; moving with celerity. “An alert young fellow.
Addison.” Syn. — Active; agile; lively; quick; prompt.

A•lert´, n. (Mil.) An alarm from a real or threatened attack; a sudden attack; also a bugle sound to give warning. ´We have had an alert.´ Farrow. On the alert, on the lookout or watch against attack or danger; ready to act.

A•lert´ly, adv. In an alert manner; nimbly.

A•lert´ness, n. The quality of being alert or on the alert; briskness; nimbleness; activity.

Ale´ sil•ver . A duty payable to the lord mayor of London by the sellers of ale within the city.

Ale´stake , n. A stake or pole projecting from, or set up before, an alehouse, as a sign; an alepole. At the end was commonly suspended a garland, a bunch of leaves, or a ´bush.´ [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ale´tast•er , n. See Aleconner. [Eng.]

A•le•thi•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. truth + -logy.] The science which treats of the nature of truth and evidence. Sir W. Hamilton.

A•leth´o•scope , n. [Gr. true + to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natural proportions and relations.

A•leu´ro•man•cy , n. [Gr. wheaten flour + -mancy: cf. F. aleuromancie.] Divination by means of flour. Encyc. Brit.

Al•eu•rom´e•ter , n. [Gr. flour + -meter.] An instrument for determining the expansive properties, or quality, of gluten in flour. Knight.

A•leu´rone , n. [Gr. flour.] (Bot.) An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains (´protein granules´) in maturing seeds and tubers; — supposed to be a modification of protoplasm.

Al•eu•ron´ic , a. (Bot.) Having the nature of aleurone. D. C. Eaton. { A•leu´tian , A•leu´tic } a. [Said to be from the Russ. aleut a bold rock.] Of or pertaining to a chain of islands between Alaska and Kamtchatka; also designating these islands.

Al´e•vin , n. [F. alevin, OF. alever to rear, fr. L. ad + levare to raise.] Young fish; fry.

A•lew´ , n. Halloo. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ale´wife , n.; pl. Alewives . A woman who keeps an alehouse. Gay.

Ale´wife, n.; pl. Alewives. [This word is properly aloof, the Indian name of a fish. See Winthrop on the culture of maize in America, ´Phil Trans.´ No. 142, p. 1065, and Baddam’s ´Memoirs,´ vol. ii. p. 131.] (Zoöl.) A North American fish (Clupea vernalis) of the Herring family. It is called also ellwife, ellwhop, branch herring. The name is locally applied to other related species.

Al•ex•an´ders , Al•i•san´ders , n. [OE. alisaundre, OF. alissandere, fr. Alexander or Alexandria.] (Bot) A name given to two species of the genus Smyrnium, formerly cultivated and used as celery now is; — called also horse parsely.

Al•ex•an´dri•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexandria in Egypt; as the Alexandrian library. 2. Applied to a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, n.

Al•ex•an´drine ( 277), a. Belonging to Alexandria; Alexandrian. Bancroft.

Al•ex•an´drine , n. [F. alexandrin.] A kind of verse consisting in English of twelve syllables. “The needless Alexandrine ends the song,
That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.
Pope.” { A•lex•i•phar´mac , A•lex•i•phar´ma•cal } a. & n. [See Alexipharmic.] Alexipharmic. [Obs.] { A•lex•i•phar´mic , A•lex•i•phar´mic•al } a. [Gr. keeping off poison; to keep off + drug, poison: cf. F. alexipharmaque.] (Med.) Expelling or counteracting poison; antidotal.

A•lex•i•phar´mic , n. (Med.) An antidote against poison or infection; a counterpoison.

A•lex•i•py•ret´ic , a. [Gr. + burning heat, fever, fire.] (Med.) Serving to drive off fever; antifebrile. — n. A febrifuge. { A•lex•i•ter´ic , A•lex•i•ter´ic•al } a. [Gr. fit to keep off or help, fr. one who keeps off, helper; to keep off: cf. F. alexitère.] (Med.) Resisting poison; obviating the effects of venom; alexipharmic.

A•lex•i•ter´ic, n. [Gr. a remedy, an amulet: cf. F. alexitère, LL. alexiterium.] (Med.) A preservative against contagious and infectious diseases, and the effects of poison in general. Brande & C.

Al´fa or Al´fa grass´ , n. A plant (Macrochloa tenacissima) of North Africa; also its fiber, used in paper making.

Al•fal´fa , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) The lucern (Medicago sativa); — so called in California, Texas etc.

Al´fe•nide , n. (Metal.) An alloy of nickel and silver electroplated with silver.

Al•fe´res , n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al- fars knight.] An ensign; a standard bearer. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Al´fet, n. [LL. alfetum, fr. AS. alfaet a pot to boil in; al burning + faet vat.] A caldron of boiling water into which an accused person plunged his forearm as a test of innocence or guilt.

Al•fil•a•ri´a , n. (Bot.) The pin grass (Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California.

Al•fi•o´ne , n. (Zoöl.) An edible marine fish of California (Rhacochilus toxotes).

Al•fres´co , adv. & a. [It. al fresco in or on the fresh.] In the open-air. Smollett.

Al´ga , n.; pl. Algae . [L., seaweed.] (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; pl. the class of cellular cryptogamic plants which includes the black, red, and green seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and fresh water confervae, etc.

Al´gal , a., (Bot.) Pertaining to, or like, algae.

Al•ga•ro´ba , n. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. al-kharrbah. Cf. Carob.] (Bot.) (a) The Carob, a leguminous tree of the Mediterranean region; also its edible beans or pods, called St. John’s bread. (b) The Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a small tree found from California to Buenos Ayres; also its sweet, pulpy pods. A valuable gum, resembling gum arabic, is collected from the tree in Texas and Mexico. { Al´ga•rot , Al´ga•roth } n. [F. algaroth, fr. the name of the inventor, Algarotti.] (Med.) A term used for the Powder of Algaroth, a white powder which is a compound of trichloride and trioxide of antimony. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic.

Al•ga•ro•vil´la , n. The agglutinated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree (Inga Marthae). It is valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye. { Al´gate , Al´gates } adv. [All + gate way. The s is an adverbial ending. See Gate.] 1. Always; wholly; everywhere. [Obs.] “Ulna now he algates must forego.
Spenser.” Still used in the north of England in the sense of ´everywhere.´ 2. By any or means; at all events. [Obs.] Fairfax. 3. Notwithstanding; yet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al´ga•zel , n. [Ar. al the + ghazal.] (Zoöl.) The true gazelle.

Al´ge•bra , n. [LL. algebra, fr. Ar. al-jebr reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, fr. jabara to bind together, consolidate; al-jebr w’almuqabalah reduction and comparison (by equations): cf. F. algèbre, It. & Sp. algebra.] 1. (Math.) That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of every kind of magnitude. 2. A treatise on this science. { Al•ge•bra´ic , Al•ge•bra´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to algebra; containing an operation of algebra, or deduced from such operation; as algebraic characters; algebraical writings. Algebraic curve, a curve such that the equation which expresses the relation between the coördinates of its points involves only the ordinary operations of algebra; — opposed to a transcendental curve.

Al•ge•bra´ic•al•ly, adv. By algebraic process.

Al´ge•bra•ist , n. One versed in algebra.

Al´ge•bra•ize , v. t. To perform by algebra; to reduce to algebraic form.

Al•ge´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Algeria. — n. A native of Algeria.

Al•ge•rine´ , a. Of or pertaining to Algiers or Algeria.

Al•ge•rine´, n. A native or one of the people of Algiers or Algeria. also a pirate.

Al´gid , a. [L. algidus cold, fr. algere to be cold: cf. F. algide.] Cold; chilly. Bailey. Algid cholera (Med.), Asiatic cholera.

Al•gid´i•ty , n. Chilliness; coldness; especially (Med.), coldness and collapse.

Al´gid•ness , n. Algidity. [Obs.]

Al•gif´ic , a. [L. algificus, fr. algus cold + facere to make.] Producing cold.

Al´goid , a. [L. alga + - oid.] Of the nature of, or resembling, an alga.

Al´gol , n. [Ar. al-ghul destruction, calamity, fr. ghala to take suddenly, destroy.] (Astron.) A fixed star, in Medusa’s head, in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its periodic variation in brightness.

Al•go•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to algology; as algological specimens.

Al•gol´o•gist , n. One learned about algae; a student of algology.

Al•gol´o•gy , n. [L. alga seaweed + -logy.] (Bot.) The study or science of algae or seaweeds. { Al•gon´quin , Al•gon´kin } n. One of a widely spread family of Indians, including many distinct tribes, which formerly occupied most of the northern and eastern part of North America. The name was originally applied to a group of Indian tribes north of the River St. Lawrence.

Al´gor , n. [L.] (Med.) Cold; chilliness. { Al´go•rism , Al´go•rithm } n. [OE. algorism, algrim, augrim, OF. algorisme, F. algorithme (cf. Sp. algoritmo, OSp. alguarismo, LL. algorismus), fr. the Ar. al- Khowarezmi of Khowarezm, the modern Khiwa, surname of Abu Ja’far Mohammed ben Musa, author of a work on arithmetic early in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin, such books bearing the name algorismus. The spelling with th is due to a supposed connection with Gr. number.] 1. The art of calculating by nine figures and zero. 2. The art of calculating with any species of notation; as the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.

Al´gous , a. [L. algosus, fr. alga seaweed.] Of or pertaining to the algae, or seaweeds; abounding with, or like, seaweed.

Al•gua•zil´ , n. [Sp. alguacil, fr. Ar. alwazir the vizier. Cf. Vizier.] An inferior officer of justice in Spain; a warrant officer; a constable. Prescott.

Al´gum , n. Same as Almug (and etymologically preferable). 2 Chron. ii. 8.

Al•ham´bra , n. [Ultimately fr. Ar. al the + hamra red; i. e., the red (sc. house).] The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada. { Al•ham•bra´ic , Al•ham•bresque´ ( 277), } a. Made or decorated after the fanciful style of the ornamentation in the Alhambra, which affords an unusually fine exhibition of Saracenic or Arabesque architecture.

Al•hen´na , n. See Henna.

A´li•as , adv. [L., fr. alius. See Else.] (Law) (a) Otherwise; otherwise called; — a term used in legal proceedings to connect the different names of any one who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful; as Smith, alias Simpson. (b) At another time.

A´li•as, n.; pl. Aliases . [L., otherwise, at another time.] (Law) (a) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (b) Another name; an assumed name.

Al´i•bi , n. [L., elsewhere, at another place. See Alias.] (Law) The plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove that he was in another place when the alleged act was committed; as to set up an alibi; to prove an alibi.

Al•i•bil´i•ty , n. Quality of being alible.

Al´i•ble , a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] Nutritive; nourishing.

Al´i•cant , n. A kind of wine, formerly much esteemed; — said to have been made near Alicant, in Spain. J. Fletcher.

Al´i•dade , n. [LL. alidada, alhidada, fr. Ar. al-’idada a sort of rule: cf. F. alidade.] The portion of a graduated instrument, as a quadrant or astrolabe, carrying the sights or telescope, and showing the degrees cut off on the arc of the instrument Whewell.

Al´ien , a. [OF. alien, L. alienus, fr. alius another; properly, therefore, belonging to another. See Else.] 1. Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign; as alien subjects, enemies, property, shores. 2. Wholly different in nature; foreign; adverse; inconsistent (with); incongruous; — followed by from or sometimes by to; as principles alien from our religion. “An alien sound of melancholy.
Wordsworth.” Alien enemy (Law), one who owes allegiance to a government at war with ours. Abbott.

Al´ien, n. 1. A foreigner; one owing allegiance, or belonging, to another country; a foreign-born resident of a country in which he does not possess the privileges of a citizen. Hence, a stranger. See Alienage. 2. One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged; as aliens from God’s mercies. “Aliens from the common wealth of Israel.
Ephes. ii. 12.”

Al´ien, v. t. [F. aliener, L. alienare.] To alienate; to estrange; to transfer, as property or ownership. [R.] ´It the son alien lands.´ Sir M. Hale. “The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of … the marriage.
Clarendon.”

Al•ien•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being alienated. ´The alienability of the domain.´ Burke.

Al´ien•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. alienable.] Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another; as land is alienable according to the laws of the state.

Al´ien•age , n. [Cf. OF. alienage.] 1. The state or legal condition of being an alien. The disabilities of alienage are removable by naturalization or by special license from the State of residence, and in some of the United States by declaration of intention of naturalization. Kent. Wharton. “Estates forfeitable on account of alienage.
Story.” 2. The state of being alienated or transferred to another. Brougham.

Al´ien•ate (al´yen•at), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare, fr. alienus. See Alien, and cf. Aliene.] Estranged; withdrawn in affection; foreign; — with from. “O alienate from God.
Milton.”

Al´ien•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alienated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alienating.] 1. To convey or transfer to another, as title, property, or right; to part voluntarily with ownership of. 2. To withdraw, as the affections; to make indifferent of averse, where love or friendship before subsisted; to estrange; to wean; — with from. “The errors which … alienated a loyal gentry and priesthood from the House of Stuart.
Macaulay.” “The recollection of his former life is a dream that only the more alienates him from the realities of the present.
I. Taylor.”

Al´ien•ate , n. A stranger; an alien. [Obs.]

Al•ien•a´tion , n. [F. alienation, L. alienatio, fr. alienare, fr. alienare. See Alienate.] 1. The act of alienating, or the state of being alienated. 2. (Law) A transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of property to another. 3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the affections. “The alienation of his heart from the king.
Bacon.” 4. Mental alienation; derangement of the mental faculties; insanity; as alienation of mind. Syn. — Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; delirium; frenzy; dementia; monomania. See Insanity.

Al´ien•a´tor , n. One who alienates.

Al•iene , v. t. To alien or alienate; to transfer, as title or property; as to aliene an estate.

Al´ien•ee´ , n. (Law) One to whom the title of property is transferred; — opposed to alienor. “It the alienee enters and keeps possession.
Blackstone.”

Al´ien•ism , n. 1. The status or legal condition of an alien; alienage. “The law was very gentle in the construction of the disability of alienism.
Kent.” 2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind.

Al´ien•ist , n. [F. alieniste.] One who treats diseases of the mind. Ed. Rev.

Al•ien•or´ , n. [OF. alieneur.] One who alienates or transfers property to another. Blackstone. { Al•i•eth´moid , Al•i•eth•moid´al } a. [L. ala wing + E. ethomoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the ethmoid bone or cartilage.

A•life´ , adv. [Cf. lief dear.] On my life; dearly. [Obs.] ´I love that sport alife.´ Beau. & Fl.

A•lif´er•ous , a. [L. ala wing + -ferous.] Having wings, winged; aligerous. [R.]

Al´i•form , a. [L. ala wing + -form.] Wing-shaped; winglike.

A•lig´er•ous , a. [L. aliger; ala wing + gerere to carry.] Having wings; winged. [R.]

A•light´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted sometimes Alit ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alighting.] [OE. alihten, fr. AS. alihtan; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lihtan, to alight, orig. to render light, to remove a burden from, fr. liht, leoht, light. See Light, v. i.] 1. To spring down, get down, or descend, as from on horseback or from a carriage; to dismount. 2. To descend and settle, lodge, rest, or stop; as a flying bird alights on a tree; snow alights on a roof. 3. To come or chance (upon). [R.]

A•light´, a. [Pref. a- + light.] Lighted; lighted up; in a flame. ´The lamps were alight.´ Dickens.

A•lign´ , v. t. [F. aligner; à (L. ad) + ligne (L. linea) line. See Line, and cf. Allineate.] To adjust or form to a line; to range or form in line; to bring into line; to aline.

A•lign´, v. t. To form in line; to fall into line.

A•lign´ment , n. [F. alignement.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line; arrangement in a line or lines; the state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line; also the line of adjustment; esp., an imaginary line to regulate the formation of troops or of a squadron. 2. (Engin.) The ground-plan of a railway or other road, in distinction from the grades or profile.

A•like´ (a•lik), a. [AS. onlic, gelic; pref. a + like.] Having resemblance or similitude; similar; without difference. [Now used only predicatively.] “The darkness and the light are both alike to thee.
Ps. cxxxix. 12.”

A•like´, adv. [AS. gelice, onlice.] In the same manner, form, or degree; in common; equally; as we are all alike concerned in religion.

A•like´-mind•ed , a. Like- minded. [Obs.]

Al´i•ment , n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to nourish; akin to Goth. alan to grow, Icel. ala to nourish: cf. F. aliment. See Old.] 1. That which nourishes; food; nutriment; anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth. Hence: The necessaries of life generally: sustenance; means of support. “Aliments of their sloth and weakness.
Bacon.” 2. An allowance for maintenance. [Scot.]

Al´i•ment, v. t. 1. To nourish; to support. 2. To provide for the maintenance of. [Scot.]

Al•i•men´tal , a. Supplying food; having the quality of nourishing; furnishing the materials for natural growth; as alimental sap.

A•li•men´tal•ly, adv. So as to serve for nourishment or food; nourishing quality. Sir T. Browne.

Al•i•men´ta•ri•ness , n. The quality of being alimentary; nourishing quality. [R.]

Al•i•men´ta•ry , a. [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum: cf. F. alimentaire.] Pertaining to aliment or food, or to the function of nutrition; nutritious; alimental; as alimentary substances. Alimentary canal, the entire channel, extending from the mouth to the anus, by which aliments are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts ejected.

Al•i•men•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. alimentation, LL. alimentatio.] 1. The act or process of affording nutriment; the function of the alimentary canal. 2. State or mode of being nourished. Bacon.

Al•i•men´tive•ness , n. The instinct or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.]

Al•i•mo´ni•ous , a. Affording food; nourishing. [R.] ´Alimonious humors.´ Harvey.

Al´i•mo•ny , n. [L. alimonia, alimonium, nourishment, sustenance, fr. alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance; means of living. 2. (Law) An allowance made to a wife out of her husband’s estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or legal separation from him, or during a suit for the same. Wharton. Burrill.

Al•i•na´sal , a. [L. ala wing + E. nasal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the nasal bone or cartilage.

A•line´ , v. t. To range or place in a line; to bring into line; to align. Evelyn.

A•lin•e•a´tion , n. See Allineation.

A•line´ment , n. Same as Alignment. [The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad spelling of the French]. New Eng. Dict. (Murray).

A•lin´er , n. One who adjusts things to a line or lines or brings them into line. Evelyn.

Al´i•oth , n. [Ar. alyat the tail of a fat sheep.] (Astron.) A star in the tail of the Great Bear, the one next the bowl in the Dipper.

Al´i•ped , a. [L. alipes; ala wing + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. alipède.] (Zoöl.) Wing-footed, as the bat. — n. An animal whose toes are connected by a membrane, serving for a wing, as the bat.

Al´i•quant , a. [L. aliquantus some, moderate; alius other + quantus how great: cf. F. aliquante.] (Math.) An aliquant part of a number or quantity is one which does not divide it without leaving a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16. Opposed to aliquot.

Al´i•quot , a. [L. aliquot some, several; alius other + quot how many: cf. F. aliquote.] (Math.) An aliquot part of a number or quantity is one which will divide it without a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquot part of 15. Opposed to aliquant.

Al•i•sep´tal , a. [L. ala wing + E. septal.] (Anat.) Relating to expansions of the nasal septum.

Al´ish , a. Like ale; as an alish taste. { Al•i•sphe´noid , Al•i•sphe•noid´al } a. [L. ala wing + E. sphenoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to or forming the wing of the sphenoid; relating to a bone in the base of the skull, which in the adult is often consolidated with the sphenoid; as alisphenoid bone; alisphenoid canal.

Al•i•sphe´noid, n. (Anat.) The alisphenoid bone.

Al´i•trunk , n. [L. ala wing + truncus trunk.] (Zoöl.) The segment of the body of an insect to which the wings are attached; the thorax. Kirby.

Al•i•tur´gic•al , a. [Pref. a- + liturgical.] (Eccl.) Applied to those days when the holy sacrifice is not offered. Shipley.

A•li•un´de , adv. & a. [L.] (Law) From another source; from elsewhere; as a case proved aliunde; evidence aliunde.

A•live´ , a. [OE. on live, AS. on life in life; life being dat. of lif life. See Life, and cf. Live, a.] 1. Having life, in opposition to dead; living; being in a state in which the organs perform their functions; as an animal or a plant which is alive. 2. In a state of action; in force or operation; unextinguished; unexpired; existent; as to keep the fire alive; to keep the affections alive. 3. Exhibiting the activity and motion of many living beings; swarming; thronged. “The Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, was alive with muskets and green boughs.
Macaulay.” 4. Sprightly; lively; brisk. Richardson. 5. Having susceptibility; easily impressed; having lively feelings, as opposed to apathy; sensitive. “Tremblingly alive to nature’s laws.
Falconer.” 6. Of all living (by way of emphasis). “Northumberland was the proudest man alive.
Clarendon.” Used colloquially as an intensive; as man alive! Alive always follows the noun which it qualifies.

A•li•za´ri , n. [Perh. fr. Ar. ’açarah juice extracted from a plant, fr. ’açara to press.] (Com.) The madder of the Levant. Brande & C.

A•liz´a•rin , n. [F. alizarine, fr. alizari.] (Chem.) A coloring principle, C14H6O2(OH)2, found in madder, and now produced artificially from anthracene. It produces the Turkish reds.

Al´ka•hest , n. [LL. alchahest, F. alcahest, a word that has an Arabic appearance, but was probably arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] The fabled ´universal solvent´ of the alchemists; a menstruum capable of dissolving all bodies. — Al•ka•hes´tic , a.

Al•kal•am´ide , n. [Alkali + amide.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds that may be regarded as ammonia in which a part of the hydrogen has been replaced by basic, and another part by acid, atoms or radicals. { Al•ka•les•cence , Al•ka•les´cen•cy } n. A tendency to become alkaline; or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to predominant. Ure.

Al•ka•les´cent , a. [Cf. F. alcalescent.] Tending to the properties of an alkali; slightly alkaline.

Al´ka•li ( 277), n.; pl. Alkalis or Alkalies . [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. alqali ashes of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast in a pan, fry.] 1. Soda ash; caustic soda, caustic potash, etc. 2. (Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, potash, ammonia, and lithia, whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue. Fixed alkalies, potash and soda. — Vegetable alkalies. Same as Alkaloids. — Volatile alkali, ammonia, so called in distinction from the fixed alkalies.

Al´ka•li•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. alcalifiable.] Capable of being alkalified, or converted into an alkali.

Al´ka•li•fy ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalifying.] [Alkali + -fly: cf. F. alcalifier.] To convert into an alkali; to give alkaline properties to.

Al´ka•li•fy, v. i. To become changed into an alkali.

Al•ka•lim´e•ter , n. [Alkali + -meter. cf. F. alcalimètre.] An instrument to ascertain the strength of alkalies, or the quantity of alkali in a mixture. { Al•ka•li•met´ric , Al•ka•li•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to alkalimetry.

Al•ka•lim´e•try , n. [Cf. F. alcalimètrie.] (Chem.) The art or process of ascertaining the strength of alkalies, or the quantity present in alkaline mixtures.

Al´ka•line ( 277), a. [Cf. F. alcalin.] Of or pertaining to an alkali or to alkalies; having the properties of an alkali. Alkaline earths, certain substances, as lime, baryta, strontia, and magnesia, possessing some of the qualities of alkalies. — Alkaline metals, potassium, sodium, caesium, lithium, rubidium. — Alkaline reaction, a reaction indicating alkalinity, as by the action on limits, turmeric, etc.

Al•ka•lin´i•ty , n. The quality which constitutes an alkali; alkaline property. Thomson.

Al•ka´li•ous , a. Alkaline. [Obs.]

Al´ka•li•zate , a. Alkaline. [Obs.] Boyle.

Al´ka•li••zate , v. t. To alkalizate. [R.] Johnson.

Al•ka•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. alcalisation.] The act rendering alkaline by impregnating with an alkali; a conferring of alkaline qualities.

Al´ka•lize (al´ka•liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalizing .] [Cf. F. alcaliser.] To render alkaline; to communicate the properties of an alkali to. { Al´ka•loid (al´ka•loid), Al•ka•loid´al (al•ka•loid´al), } a. [Alkali + -oid: cf. F. alcaloïde.] Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, alkali.

Al´ka•loid (al´ka•loid), n. (Chem.) An organic base, especially one of a class of substances occurring ready formed in the tissues of plants and the bodies of animals. Alkaloids all contain nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, and many of them also contain oxygen. They include many of the active principles in plants; thus, morphine and narcotine are alkaloids found in opium.

Al´ka•net , n. [Dim. of Sp. alcana, alheña, in which al is the Ar. article. See Henna, and cf. Orchanet.] 1. (Chem.) A dyeing matter extracted from the roots of Alkanna tinctoria, which gives a fine deep red color. 2. (Bot.) (a) A boraginaceous herb (Alkanna tinctoria) yielding the dye; orchanet. (b) The similar plant Anchusa officinalis; bugloss; also the American puccoon.

Al•kar´gen , n. [Alkarsin + oxygen.] (Chem.) Same as Cacodylic acid.

Al•kar´sin , n. [Alkali + arsenic + -in.] (Chem.) A spontaneously inflammable liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of cacodyl and its oxidation products; — called also Cadel’s fuming liquid.

Al•ka´zar . See Alcazar.

Al•ke•ken´gi , n. [Cf. F. alkekenge, Sp. alquequenje, ultimately fr. Ar. al- kakanj a kind of resin from Herat.] (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Physalis alkekengi) and its fruit, which is a well flavored berry, the size of a cherry, loosely inclosed in a enlarged leafy calyx; — also called winter cherry, ground cherry, and strawberry tomato. D. C. Eaton.

Al•ker´mes , n. [Ar. al-qirmiz kermes. See Kermes.] (Old Pharmacy) A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, deriving its name from the kermes insect, its principal ingredient.

Al´ko•ran ( 277), n. The Mohammedan Scriptures. Same as Alcoran and Koran.

Al•ko•ran´ic , a. Same as Alcoranic.

Al•ko•ran´ist, n. Same as Alcoranist.

All , a. [OE. al, pl. alle, AS. eal, pl. ealle, Northumbrian alle, akin to D. & OHG. al, Ger. all, Icel. allr. Dan. al, Sw. all, Goth. alls; and perh. to Ir. and Gael. uile, W. oll.] 1. The whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, quality, or degree of; the whole; the whole number of; any whatever; every; as all the wheat; all the land; all the year; all the strength; all happiness; all abundance; loss of all power; beyond all doubt; you will see us all (or all of us). “Prove all things: hold fast that which is good.
1 Thess. v. 21.” 2. Any. [Obs.] ´Without all remedy.´ Shak. When the definite article ´the,´ or a possessive or a demonstrative pronoun, is joined to the noun that all qualifies, all precedes the article or the pronoun; as all the cattle; all my labor; all his wealth; all our families; all your citizens; all their property; all other joys. This word, not only in popular language, but in the Scriptures, often signifies, indefinitely, a large portion or number, or a great part. Thus, all the cattle in Egypt died, all Judea and all the region round about Jordan, all men held John as a prophet, are not to be understood in a literal sense, but as including a large part, or very great numbers. 3. Only; alone; nothing but. “I was born to speak all mirth and no matter.
Shak.” All the whole, the whole (emphatically). [Obs.] ´All the whole army.´ Shak.

All, adv. 1. Wholly; completely; altogether; entirely; quite; very; as all bedewed; my friend is all for amusement. ´And cheeks all pale.´ Byron. In the ancient phrases, all too dear, all too much, all so long, etc., this word retains its appropriate sense or becomes intensive. 2. Even; just. (Often a mere intensive adjunct.) [Obs. or Poet.] “All as his straying flock he fed.
Spenser.” “A damsel lay deploring
All on a rock reclined.
Gay.” All to, or All-to. In such phrases as ´all to rent,´ ´all to break,´ ´all-to frozen,´ etc., which are of frequent occurrence in our old authors, the all and the to have commonly been regarded as forming a compound adverb, equivalent in meaning to entirely, completely, altogether. But the sense of entireness lies wholly in the word all (as it does in ´all forlorn,´ and similar expressions), and the to properly belongs to the following word, being a kind of intensive prefix (orig. meaning asunder and answering to the LG. ter-, HG. zer-). It is frequently to be met with in old books, used without the all. Thus Wyclif says, ´The vail of the temple was to rent:´ and of Judas ´He was hanged and to-burst the middle:´ i. e., burst in two, or asunder. - - All along. See under Along. — All and some, individually and collectively, one and all. [Obs.] ´Displeased all and some.´ Fairfax. — All but. (a) Scarcely; not even. [Obs.] Shak. (b) Almost; nearly. ´The fine arts were all but proscribed.´ Macaulay. — All hollow, entirely, completely; as to beat any one all hollow. [Low] — All one, the same thing in effect; that is, wholly the same thing. — All over, over the whole extent; thoroughly; wholly; as she is her mother all over. [Colloq.] — All the better, wholly the better; that is, better by the whole difference. — All the same, nevertheless. ´There they [certain phenomena] remain rooted all the same, whether we recognize them or not.´ J. C. Shairp. ´But Rugby is a very nice place all the same.´ T. Arnold. — See also under All, n.

All , n. The whole number, quantity, or amount; the entire thing; everything included or concerned; the aggregate; the whole; totality; everything or every person; as our all is at stake. “Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all.
Shak.” “All that thou seest is mine.
Gen. xxxi. 43.” All is used with of, like a partitive; as all of a thing, all of us. After all, after considering everything to the contrary; nevertheless. — All in all, a phrase which signifies all things to a person, or everything desired; (also adverbially) wholly; altogether. “Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee,
Forever.
Milton.” “Trust me not at all, or all in all.
Tennyson.” — All in the wind (Naut.), a phrase denoting that the sails are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to shake. — All told, all counted; in all. — And all, and the rest; and everything connected. ´Bring our crown and all.´ Shak. — At all. (a) In every respect; wholly; thoroughly. [Obs.] ´She is a shrew at al(l).´ Chaucer. (b) A phrase much used by way of enforcement or emphasis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signifying in any way or respect; in the least degree or to the least extent; in the least; under any circumstances; as he has no ambition at all; has he any property at all? ´Nothing at all.´ Shak. ´If thy father at all miss me.´ 1 Sam. xx. 6. — Over all, everywhere. [Obs.] Chaucer. All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely incorporated into words, and its final consonant is dropped, as in almighty, already, always: but, in most instances, it is an adverb prefixed to adjectives or participles, but usually with a hyphen, as all-bountiful, all-glorious, allimportant, all- surrounding, etc. In others it is an adjective; as allpower, all-giver. Anciently many words, as alabout, alaground, etc., were compounded with all, which are now written separately.

All, conj. [Orig. all, adv., wholly: used with though or if, which being dropped before the subjunctive left all as if in the sense although.] Although; albeit. [Obs.] “All they were wondrous loth.
Spenser.”

Al•la bre´ve . [It., according to the breve.] (Old Church Music) With one breve, or four minims, to measure, and sung faster like four crotchets; in quick common time; — indicated in the time signature by .

Al´lah , n. [ contr. fr. the article al the + ilah God.] The name of the Supreme Being, in use among the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally.

All•-a-mort´ , a. See Alamort.

Al´lan•ite , n. [From T. Allan, who first distinguished it as a species.] (min.) A silicate containing a large amount of cerium. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is related to epidote in form and composition.

Al•lan•to´ic , a. [Cf. F. allantoïque.] Pertaining to, or contained in, the allantois. Allantoic acid. (Chem.) See Allantoin. { Al•lan´toid , Al•lan•toid´al } a. [Gr. shaped like a sausage; sausage + form.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the allantois.

Al•lan•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The division of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an allantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Al•lan´to•in , n. (Chem.) A crystalline, transparent, colorless substance found in the allantoic liquid of the fetal calf; — formerly called allantoic acid and amniotic acid. { Al•lan´to•is , Al•lan´toid } n.. (Anat.) A membranous appendage of the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, — in mammals serving to connect the fetus with the parent; the urinary vesicle.

Al´la•trate , v. i. [L. allatrare. See Latrate.] To bark as a dog. [Obs.] Stubbes.

Al•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allaying.] [OE. alaien, aleggen, to lay down, put down, humble, put an end to, AS. alecgan; a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lecgan to lay; but confused with old forms of allege, alloy, alegge. See Lay.] 1. To make quiet or put at rest; to pacify or appease; to quell; to calm; as to allay popular excitement; to allay the tumult of the passions. 2. To alleviate; to abate; to mitigate; as to allay the severity of affliction or the bitterness of adversity. “It would allay the burning quality of that fell poison.
Shak.” Syn. — To alleviate; check; repress; assuage; appease; abate; subdue; destroy; compose; soothe; calm; quiet. See Alleviate.

Al•lay´ , v. t. To diminish in strength; to abate; to subside. ´When the rage allays.´ Shak.

Al•lay´, n. Alleviation; abatement; check. [Obs.]

Al•lay´, n. Alloy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•lay´, v. t. To mix (metals); to mix with a baser metal; to alloy; to deteriorate. [Archaic] Fuller.

Al•lay´er , n. One who, or that which, allays.

Al•lay´ment , n. An allaying; that which allays; mitigation. [Obs.] “The like allayment could I give my grief.
Shak.”

Al´le•cret , n. [OF. alecret, halecret, hallecret.] A kind of light armor used in the sixteenth century, esp. by the Swiss. Fairholt.

Al•lect´ , v. t. [L. allectare, freq. of allicere, allectum.] To allure; to entice. [Obs.]

Al•lec•ta´tion , n. [L. allectatio.] Enticement; allurement. [Obs.] Bailey.

Al•lec´tive , a. [LL. allectivus.] Alluring. [Obs.]

Al•lec´tive, n. Allurement. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Al•ledge´ , v. t. See Allege. [Obs.] This spelling, corresponding to abridge, was once the prevailing one.

Al•le•ga´tion , n. [L. allegatio, fr. allegare, allegatum, to send a message, cite; later, to free by giving reasons; ad + legare to send, commission. Cf. Allege and Adlegation.] 1. The act of alleging or positively asserting. 2. That which is alleged, asserted, or declared; positive assertion; formal averment “I thought their allegation but reasonable.
Steele.” 3. (Law) A statement by a party of what he undertakes to prove, — usually applied to each separate averment; the charge or matter undertaken to be proved.

Al•lege´ (al•lej´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleged (-lejd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Alleging.] [OE. aleggen to bring forward as evidence, OF. esligier to buy, prop. to free from legal difficulties, fr. an assumed LL. exlitigare; L. ex + litigare to quarrel, sue (see Litigate). The word was confused with L. allegare (see Allegation), and lex law. Cf. Allay.] 1. To bring forward with positiveness; to declare; to affirm; to assert; as to allege a fact. 2. To cite or quote; as to allege the authority of a judge. [Archaic] 3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, or excuse; as he refused to lend, alleging a resolution against lending. Syn. — To bring forward; adduce; advance; assign; produce; declare; affirm; assert; aver; predicate.

Al•lege´, v. t. [See Allay.] To alleviate; to lighten, as a burden or a trouble. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Al•lege´a•ble , a. Capable of being alleged or affirmed. “The most authentic examples allegeable in the case.
South.”

Al•lege´ance , n. Allegation. [Obs.]

Al•lege´ment , n. Allegation. [Obs.] “With many complaints and allegements.
Bp. Sanderson.”

Al•leg´er , n. One who affirms or declares.

Al•legge´ , v. t. See Alegge and Allay. [Obs.]

Al•le´giance , n. [OE. alegeaunce; pref. a- + OF. lige, liege. The meaning was influenced by L. ligare to bind, and even by lex, legis, law. See Liege, Ligeance.] 1. The tie or obligation, implied or expressed, which a subject owes to his sovereign or government; the duty of fidelity to one’s king, government, or state. 2. Devotion; loyalty; as allegiance to science. Syn. — Loyalty; fealty. — Allegiance, Loyalty. These words agree in expressing the general idea of fidelity and attachment to the ´powers that be.´ Allegiance is an obligation to a ruling power. Loyalty is a feeling or sentiment towards such power. Allegiance may exist under any form of government, and, in a republic, we generally speak of allegiance to the government, to the state, etc. In well conducted monarchies, loyalty is a warm-hearted feeling of fidelity and obedience to the sovereign. It is personal in its nature; and hence we speak of the loyalty of a wife to her husband, not of her allegiance. In cases where we personify, loyalty is more commonly the word used; as loyalty to the constitution; loyalty to the cause of virtue; loyalty to truth and religion, etc. “Hear me, recreant, on thine allegiance hear me!
Shak.” “So spake the Seraph Abdiel, faithful found, …
Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified,
His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.
Milton.”

Al•le´giant , a. Loyal. Shak. { Al•le•gor´ic , Al•le•gor´ic•al } a. [F. allegorique, L. allegorius, fr. Gr. . See Allegory.] Belonging to, or consisting of, allegory; of the nature of an allegory; describing by resemblances; figurative. ´An allegoric tale.´ Falconer. ´An allegorical application.´ Pope. “Allegorical being … that kind of language which says one thing, but means another.
Max Miller.” Al•le•gor´ic•al•ly, adv. — Al•le•gor´ic•al•ness, n.

Al´le•go•rist , n. [Cf. F. allegoriste.] One who allegorizes; a writer of allegory. Hume.

Al•le•gor´i•za´tion , n. The act of turning into allegory, or of understanding in an allegorical sense.

Al´le•go•rize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allegorized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allegorizing.] [Cf. F. allegoriser, fr. L. allegorizare.] 1. To form or turn into allegory; as to allegorize the history of a people. 2. To treat as allegorical; to understand in an allegorical sense; as when a passage in a writer may understood literally or figuratively, he who gives it a figurative sense is said to allegorize it.

Al´le•go•rize, v. t. To use allegory. Holland.

Al´le•go•ri•zer , n. One who allegorizes, or turns things into allegory; an allegorist.

Al´le•go•ry , n.; pl. Allegories . [L. allegoria, Gr. , description of one thing under the image of another; other + to speak in the assembly, harangue, place of assembly, fr. to assemble: cf. F. allegorie.] 1. A figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is described by another subject resembling it in its properties and circumstances. The real subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the writer or speaker by the resemblance of the secondary to the primary subject. 2. Anything which represents by suggestive resemblance; an emblem. 3. (Paint. & Sculpt.) A figure representation which has a meaning beyond notion directly conveyed by the object painted or sculptured. Syn. — Metaphor; fable. — Allegory, Parable. ´An allegory differs both from fable and parable, in that the properties of persons are fictitiously represented as attached to things, to which they are as it were transferred… . A figure of Peace and Victory crowning some historical personage is an allegory. ´I am the Vine, ye are the branches´ [John xv. 1-6] is a spoken allegory. In the parable there is no transference of properties. The parable of the sower [Matt. xiii. 3-23] represents all things as according to their proper nature. In the allegory quoted above the properties of the vine and the relation of the branches are transferred to the person of Christ and His apostles and disciples.´ C. J. Smith. An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. Bunyan’s ´Pilgrim’s Progress´ and Spenser’s ´Faërie Queene´ are celebrated examples of the allegory.

Al•le•gresse´ , n. [F. allegresse, fr. L. alacer sprightly.] Joy; gladsomeness.

Al•le•gret´to , a. [It., dim. of allegro.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. — n. A movement in this time.

Al•le´gro , a. [It., merry, gay, fr. L. alacer lively. Cf. Aleger.] (Mus.) Brisk, lively. — n. An allegro movement; a quick, sprightly strain or piece. { Al•le•lu´ia , Al•le•lu´iah } , n. [L. alleluia, Gr. , fr. Heb. hallelu-yah. See Hallelujah.] An exclamation signifying Praise ye Jehovah. Hence: A song of praise to God. See Hallelujah, the commoner form. “I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia.
Rev. xix. 1.”

Al´le•mande´ , n. [F., fr. allemand German.] 1. (Mus.) A dance in moderate twofold time, invented by the French in the reign of Louis XIV.; - - now mostly found in suites of pieces, like those of Bach and Handel. 2. A figure in dancing.

Al•le•man´nic , a. See Alemannic.

Al•len´ar•ly , adv. [All + anerly singly, fr. ane one.] Solely; only. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Al´ler , a. [For ealra, the AS. gen. pl. of eal all.] Same as Alder, of all. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•le´ri•on , n. [F. alerion, LL. alario a sort of eagle; of uncertain origin.] (Her.) Am eagle without beak or feet, with expanded wings. Burke.

Al•le´vi•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alleviating.] [LL. alleviare, fr. L. ad + levis light. See Alegge, Levity.] 1. To lighten or lessen the force or weight of. [Obs.] “Should no others join capable to alleviate the expense.
Evelyn.” “Those large bladders … conduce much to the alleviating of the body [of flying birds].
Ray.” 2. To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles); to mitigate, or make easier to be endured; as to alleviate sorrow, pain, care, etc. ; — opposed to aggravate. “The calamity of the want of the sense of hearing is much alleviated by giving the use of letters.
Bp. Horsley.” 3. To extenuate; to palliate. [R.] “He alleviates his fault by an excuse.
Johnson.” Syn. — To lessen; diminish; soften; mitigate; assuage; abate; relieve; nullify; allay. — To Alleviate, Mitigate, Assuage, Allay. These words have in common the idea of relief from some painful state; and being all figurative, they differ in their application, according to the image under which this idea is presented. Alleviate supposes a load which is lightened or taken off; as to alleviate one’s cares. Mitigate supposes something fierce which is made mild; as to mitigate one’s anguish. Assuage supposes something violent which is quieted; as to assuage one’s sorrow. Allay supposes something previously excited, but now brought down; as to allay one’s suffering or one’s thirst. To alleviate the distresses of life; to mitigate the fierceness of passion or the violence of grief; to assuage angry feeling; to allay wounded sensibility.

Al•le•vi•a´tion , n. [LL. alleviatio.] 1. The act of alleviating; a lightening of weight or severity; mitigation; relief. 2. That which mitigates, or makes more tolerable. “I have not wanted such alleviations of life as friendship could supply.
Johnson.”

Al•le´vi•a•tive , a. Tending to alleviate. — n. That which alleviates.

Al•le´vi•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, alleviates.

Al•le´vi•a•to•ry , a. Alleviative. Carlyle.

Al´ley , n.; pl. Alleys . [OE. aley, alley, OF. alee, F. allee, a going, passage, fr. OE. aler, F. aller, to go; of uncertain origin: cf. Prov. anar, It. andare, Sp. andar.] 1. A narrow passage; especially a walk or passage in a garden or park, bordered by rows of trees or bushes; a bordered way. “I know each lane and every alley green.
Milton.” 2. A narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct from a public street. Gay. 3. A passageway between rows of pews in a church. 4. (Persp.) Any passage having the entrance represented as wider than the exit, so as to give the appearance of length. 5. The space between two rows of compositors’ stands in a printing office.

Al´ley, n.; pl. Alleys . [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was originally made.] A choice taw or marble. Dickens.

Al´leyed , a. Furnished with alleys; forming an alley. ´An alleyed walk.´ Sir W. Scott.

Al´ley•way n. An alley.

All´ Fools’ Day . The first day of April, a day on which sportive impositions are practiced. “The first of April, some do say,
Is set apart for All Fools’ Day.
Poor Robin’s Almanack (1760).”

All•fours´ . [All + four (cards).] A game at cards, called ´High, Low, Jack, and the Game.´

All• fours´ [formerly, All• four´.] All four legs of a quadruped; or the two legs and two arms of a person. To be, go, or run, on all fours (Fig.), to be on the same footing; to correspond (with) exactly; to be alike in all the circumstances to be considered. ´This example is on all fours with the other.´ ´No simile can go on all fours.´ Macaulay.

All• hail´ . [All + hail, interj.] All health; — a phrase of salutation or welcome.

All•-hail´, v. t. To salute; to greet. [Poet.] “Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-hailed me ´Thane of Cawdor.´
Shak.”

All•hal´lond , n. Allhallows. [Obs.] Shak. { All•hal´low , All•hal´lows } n. 1. All the saints (in heaven). [Obs.] 2. All Saints’ Day, November 1st. [Archaic]

All•hal´low eve (ev•). The evening before Allhallows. See Halloween.

All•hal´low•mas , n. The feast of All Saints.

All•hal´lown , a. Of or pertaining to the time of Allhallows. [Obs.] ´Allhallown summer.´ Shak. (i. e., late summer; ´Indian Summer´).

All•hal´low•tide , n. [AS. tid time.] The time at or near All Saints, or November 1st.

All´heal , n. A name popularly given to the officinal valerian, and to some other plants.

Al•li´a•ble , a. Able to enter into alliance.

Al•li•a´ceous , a. Of or pertaining to the genus Allium, or garlic, onions, leeks, etc.; having the smell or taste of garlic or onions.

Al•li´ance , n. [OE. aliaunce, OF. aliance, F. alliance, fr. OF. alier, F. allier. See Ally, and cf. LL. alligantia.] 1. The state of being allied; the act of allying or uniting; a union or connection of interests between families, states, parties, etc., especially between families by marriage and states by compact, treaty, or league; as matrimonial alliances; an alliance between church and state; an alliance between France and England. 2. Any union resembling that of families or states; union by relationship in qualities; affinity. “The alliance of the principles of the world with those of the gospel.
C. J. Smith.” “The alliance … between logic and metaphysics.
Mansel.” 3. The persons or parties allied. Udall. Syn. — Connection; affinity; union; confederacy; confederation; league; coalition.

Al•li´ance, v. t. To connect by alliance; to ally. [Obs.]

Al•li´ant , n. [Cf. F. alliant, p. pr.] An ally; a confederate. [Obs. & R.] Sir H. Wotton. { Al´lice , Al´lis } , n. (Zoöl.) The European shad (Clupea vulgaris); allice shad. See Alose.

Al•li´cien•cy , n. Attractive power; attractiveness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Al•li´cient , a. [L. alliciens, p. pr. of allicere to allure; ad + lacere to entice.] That attracts; attracting. — n. That attracts. [Rare or Obs.]

Al•lied´ , a. United; joined; leagued; akin; related. See Ally.

Al•li•gate , v. t. [L. alligatus, p. p. of alligare. See Ally.] To tie; to unite by some tie. “Instincts alligated to their nature.
Sir M. Hale.”

Al•li•ga´tion , n. [L. alligatio.] 1. The act of tying together or attaching by some bond, or the state of being attached. [R.] 2. (Arith.) A rule relating to the solution of questions concerning the compounding or mixing of different ingredients, or ingredients of different qualities or values. The rule is named from the method of connecting together the terms by certain ligature-like signs. Alligation is of two kinds, medial and alternate; medial teaching the method of finding the price or quality of a mixture of several simple ingredients whose prices and qualities are known; alternate, teaching the amount of each of several simple ingredients whose prices or qualities are known, which will be required to make a mixture of given price or quality.

Al´li•ga•tor , n. [Sp. el lagarto the lizard (el lagarto de Indias, the cayman or American crocodile), fr. L. lacertus, lacerta, lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large carnivorous reptile of the Crocodile family, peculiar to America. It has a shorter and broader snout than the crocodile, and the large teeth of the lower jaw shut into pits in the upper jaw, which has no marginal notches. Besides the common species of the southern United States, there are allied species in South America. 2. (Mech.) Any machine with strong jaws, one of which opens like the movable jaw of an alligator; as (a) (Metal Working) a form of squeezer for the puddle ball; (b) (Mining) a rock breaker; (c) (Printing) a kind of job press, called also alligator press. Alligator apple (Bot.), the fruit of the Anona palustris, a West Indian tree. It is said to be narcotic in its properties. Loudon. — Alligator fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of northwestern America (Podothecus acipenserinus). — Alligator gar (Zoöl.), one of the gar pikes (Lepidosteus spatula) found in the southern rivers of the United States. The name is also applied to other species of gar pikes. — Alligator pear (Bot.), a corruption of Avocado pear. See Avocado. — Alligator snapper, Alligator tortoise, Alligator turtle (Zoöl.), a very large and voracious turtle (Macrochelys lacertina) inhabiting the rivers of the southern United States. It sometimes reaches the weight of two hundred pounds. Unlike the common snapping turtle, to which the name is sometimes erroneously applied, it has a scaly head and many small scales beneath the tail. This name is sometimes given to other turtles, as to species of Trionyx. — Alligator wood, the timber of a tree of the West Indies (Guarea Swartzii).

Al•lign´ment , n. See Alignment.

Al•lin´e•ate , v. t. [L. ad + lineatus, p. p. of lineare to draw a line.] To align. [R.] Herschel. { Al•lin•e•a´tion , A•lin•e•a´tion } n. Alignment; position in a straight line, as of two planets with the sun. Whewell. “The allineation of the two planets.
C. A. Young.”

Al•li´sion , n. [L. allisio, fr. allidere, to strike or dash against; ad + laedere to dash against.] The act of dashing against, or striking upon. “The boisterous allision of the sea.
Woodward.”

Al•lit´er•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by alliteration.

Al•lit´er•ate , v. t. To employ or place so as to make alliteration. Skeat.

Al•lit´er•ate, v. i. To compose alliteratively; also to constitute alliteration.

Al•lit•er•a´tion , n. [L. ad + litera letter. See Letter.] The repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; as in the following lines: - “Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved
His vastness.
Milton.” “Fly o’er waste fens and windy fields.
Tennyson.” The recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words is also called alliteration. Anglo-Saxon poetry is characterized by alliterative meter of this sort. Later poets also employed it. “In a somer seson whan soft was the sonne,
I shope me in shroudes as I a shepe were.
P. Plowman.”

Al•lit´er•a•tive ( 277), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, alliteration; as alliterative poetry. — Al•lit´er•a•tive•ly, adv. — Al•lit´er•a•tive•ness, n.

Al•lit´er•a•tor , n. One who alliterates.

Al´li•um , n. [L., garlic.] (bot.) A genus of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc.

All´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) The angler.

All´ness , n. Totality; completeness. [R.] “The allness of God, including his absolute spirituality, supremacy, and eternity.
R. Turnbull.”

All´night , n. Light, fuel, or food for the whole night. [Obs.] Bacon.

Al´lo•cate , v. t. [LL. allocatus, p. p. of allocare, fr. L. ad + locare to place. See Allow.] 1. To distribute or assign; to allot. Burke. 2. To localize. [R.]

Al•lo•ca´tion , n. [LL. allocatio: cf. F. allocation.] 1. The act of putting one thing to another; a placing; disposition; arrangement. Hallam. 2. An allotment or apportionment; as an allocation of shares in a company. “The allocation of the particular portions of Palestine to its successive inhabitants.
A. R. Stanley.” 3. The admission of an item in an account, or an allowance made upon an account; — a term used in the English exchequer.

Al•lo•ca´tur , n. [LL., it is allowed, fr. allocare to allow.] (Law) ´Allowed.´ The word allocatur expresses the allowance of a proceeding, writ, order, etc., by a court, judge, or judicial officer.

Al•lo•chro´ic , a. Changeable in color.

Al•loch´ro•ite , n. (Min.) See Garnet.

Al•loch´ro•ous , a. [Gr. changed in color, fr. other + color.] Changing color.

Al•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. allocuto, fr. alloqui to speak to; ad + loqui to speak: cf. F. allocution.] 1. The act or manner of speaking to, or of addressing in words. 2. An address; a hortatory or authoritative address as of a pope to his clergy. Addison.

Al´lod , n. See Allodium.

Al•lo´di•al , a. [LL. allodialis, fr. allodium: cf. F. allodial. See Allodium.] (Law) Pertaining to allodium; freehold; free of rent or service; held independent of a lord paramount; — opposed to feudal; as allodial lands; allodial system. Blackstone.

Al•lo´di•al, a. Anything held allodially. W. Coxe.

Al•lo´di•al•ism , n. The allodial system.

Al•lo´di•al•ist, n. One who holds allodial land.

Al•lo´di•al•ly, adv. By allodial tenure.

Al•lo´di•a•ry , n. One who holds an allodium.

Al•lo´di•um , n. [LL. allodium, alodium, alodis, alaudis, of Ger. origin; cf. OHG. al all, and t (AS. ead) possession, property. It means, therefore, entirely one’s property.] (Law) Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner; real estate held in absolute independence, without being subject to any rent, service, or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus opposed to feud. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Al•log´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by allogamy.

Al•log´a•my n. [Gr. other + marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of the pistil of a plant by pollen from another of the same species; cross-fertilization.

Al•lo•ge´ne•ous , a. [Gr. .] Different in nature or kind. [R.]

Al´lo•graph , n. [Gr. another + - graph.] A writing or signature made by some person other than any of the parties thereto; — opposed to autograph.

Al•lom´er•ism , n. [Gr. other + part.] (Chem.) Variability in chemical constitution without variation in crystalline form.

Al•lom´er•ous , a. (Chem.) Characterized by allomerism.

Al´lo•morph , n. [Gr. other + form.] (Min.) (a) Any one of two or more distinct crystalline forms of the same substance; or the substance having such forms; — as carbonate of lime occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite. (b) A variety of pseudomorph which has undergone partial or complete change or substitution of material; — thus limonite is frequently an allomorph after pyrite. G. H. Williams.

Al•lo•mor´phic , a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to allomorphism.

Al•lo•mor´phism , n. (Min.) The property which constitutes an allomorph; the change involved in becoming an allomorph.

Al•longe´ , n. [F. allonge, earlier alonge, a lengthening. See Allonge, v., and cf. Lunge.] 1. (Fencing) A thrust or pass; a lunge. 2. A slip of paper attached to a bill of exchange for receiving indorsements, when the back of the bill itself is already full; a rider. [A French usage] Abbott.

Al•longe´, v. i. [F. allonger; à (L. ad) + long (L. longus) long.] To thrust with a sword; to lunge.

Al´lo•nym , n. [F. allonyme, fr. Gr. other + name.] 1. The name of another person assumed by the author of a work. 2. A work published under the name of some one other than the author.

Al•lon´y•mous , a. Published under the name of some one other than the author.

Al•loo´ , v. t. or i. [See Halloo.] To incite dogs by a call; to halloo. [Obs.]

Al´lo•path , n. [Cf. F. allopathe.] An allopathist. Ed. Rev.

Al•lo•path´ic , a. [Cf. F. allopathique.] Of or pertaining to allopathy.

Al•lo•path´ic•al•ly , adv. In a manner conformable to allopathy; by allopathic methods.

Al•lop´a•thist , n. One who practices allopathy; one who professes allopathy.

Al•lop´a•thy , n. [Gr. other + suffering, , , to suffer: cf. G. allopathie, F. allopathie. See Pathos.] That system of medical practice which aims to combat disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the special disease treated; — a term invented by Hahnemann to designate the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. { Al•lo•phyl´ic , Al•lo•phyl´i•an } a. [Gr. of another tribe; other + class or tribe.] Pertaining to a race or a language neither Aryan nor Semitic. J. Prichard.

Al´lo•quy , n. [L. alloquim, fr. alloqui.] A speaking to another; an address. [Obs.]

Al•lot´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Allotting.] [OF. aloter, F. allotir; a (L. ad) + lot lot. See Lot.] 1. To distribute by lot. 2. To distribute, or parcel out in parts or portions; or to distribute to each individual concerned; to assign as a share or lot; to set apart as one’s share; to bestow on; to grant; to appoint; as let every man be contented with that which Providence allots him. “Ten years I will allot to the attainment of knowledge.
Johnson.”

Al´lo•the•ism , n. [Gr. other + god.] The worship of strange gods. Jer. Taylor.

Al•lot´ment , n. [Cf. OF. alotement, F. allotement.] 1. The act of allotting; assignment. 2. That which is allotted; a share, part, or portion granted or distributed; that which is assigned by lot, or by the act of God; anything set apart for a special use or to a distinct party. “The alloments of God and nature.
L’Estrange.” “A vineyard and an allotment for olives and herbs.
Broome.” 3. (law) The allowance of a specific amount of scrip or of a particular thing to a particular person. Cottage allotment, an allotment of a small portion of land to a country laborer for garden cultivation. [Eng.]

Al•lo•tri•oph´a•gy (al•lo•tri•of´a•jy), n. [Gr. ’allo•trios strange + fagei^n to eat: cf. F. allotriophagie.] (Med.) A depraved appetite; a desire for improper food. { Al•lo•trop´ic (al•lo•trop´ik), Al•lo•trop´ic•al (-ik•al), } a. [Cf. F. allotropique.] Of or pertaining to allotropism. — Al•lo•trop´ic•al•ly, adv. Allotropic state, the several conditions which occur in a case of allotropism.

Al•lot•ro•pic´i•ty , n. Allotropic property or nature. { Al•lot´ro•pism , Al•lot´ro•py } n. [Gr. other + direction, way, to turn: cf. F. allotropie.] (Chem.) The property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. Thus, carbon occurs crystallized in octahedrons and other related forms, in a state of extreme hardness, in the diamond; it occurs in hexagonal forms, and of little hardness, in black lead; and again occurs in a third form, with entire softness, in lampblack and charcoal. In some cases, one of these is peculiarly an active state, and the other a passive one. Thus, ozone is an active state of oxygen, and is distinct from ordinary oxygen, which is the element in its passive state.

Al•lot´ro•pize , v. t. To change in physical properties but not in substance. [R.]

Al•lot´ta•ble , a. Capable of being allotted.

Al•lot•tee´ , n. One to whom anything is allotted; one to whom an allotment is made.

Al•lot´ter , n. One who allots.

Al•lot´ter•y , n. Allotment. [Obs.] Shak.

Al•low´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allowing.] [OE. alouen, OF. alouer, aloer, aluer, F. allouer, fr. LL. allocare to admit as proved, to place, use; confused with OF. aloer, fr. L. allaudare to extol; ad + laudare to praise. See Local, and cf. Allocate, Laud.] 1. To praise; to approve of; hence, to sanction. [Obs. or Archaic] “Ye allow the deeds of your fathers.
Luke xi. 48.” “We commend his pains, condemn his pride, allow his life, approve his learning.
Fuller.” 2. To like; to be suited or pleased with. [Obs.] “How allow you the model of these clothes?
Massinger.” 3. To sanction; to invest; to intrust. [Obs.] “Thou shalt be … allowed with absolute power.
Shak.” 4. To grant, give, admit, accord, afford, or yield; to let one have; as to allow a servant his liberty; to allow a free passage; to allow one day for rest. “He was allowed about three hundred pounds a year.
Macaulay.” 5. To own or acknowledge; to accept as true; to concede; to accede to an opinion; as to allow a right; to allow a claim; to allow the truth of a proposition. “I allow, with Mrs. Grundy and most moralists, that Miss Newcome’s conduct … was highly reprehensible.
Thackeray.” 6. To grant (something) as a deduction or an addition; esp. to abate or deduct; as to allow a sum for leakage. 7. To grant license to; to permit; to consent to; as to allow a son to be absent. Syn. — To allot; assign; bestow; concede; admit; permit; suffer; tolerate. See Permit.

Al•low´, v. i. To admit; to concede; to make allowance or abatement. “Allowing still for the different ways of making it.
Addison.” To allow of, to permit; to admit. Shak.

Al•low´a•ble , a. [F. allouable.] 1. Praiseworthy; laudable. [Obs.] Hacket. 2. Proper to be, or capable of being, allowed; permissible; admissible; not forbidden; not unlawful or improper; as a certain degree of freedom is allowable among friends.

Al•low´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being allowable; permissibleness; lawfulness; exemption from prohibition or impropriety. South.

Al•low´a•bly, adv. In an allowable manner.

Al•low´ance , n. [OF. alouance.] 1. Approval; approbation. [Obs.] Crabbe. 2. The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admitting; authorization; permission; sanction; tolerance. “Without the king’s will or the state’s allowance.
Shak.” 3. Acknowledgment. “The censure of the which one must in your allowance o’erweigh a whole theater of others.
Shak.” 4. License; indulgence. [Obs.] Locke. 5. That which is allowed; a share or portion allotted or granted; a sum granted as a reimbursement, a bounty, or as appropriate for any purpose; a stated quantity, as of food or drink; hence, a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. “I can give the boy a handsome allowance.
Thackeray.” 6. Abatement; deduction; the taking into account of mitigating circumstances; as to make allowance for the inexperience of youth. “After making the largest allowance for fraud.
Macaulay.” 7. (com.) A customary deduction from the gross weight of goods, different in different countries, such as tare and tret.

Al•low´ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowancing .] [See Allowance, n.] To put upon a fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink); to supply in a fixed and limited quantity; as the captain was obliged to allowance his crew; our provisions were allowanced.

Al•low´ed•ly adv. By allowance; admittedly. Shenstone.

Al•low´er , n. 1. An approver or abettor. [Obs.] 2. One who allows or permits.

Al•lox´an , n. [Allantoin + oxalic, as containing the elements of allantion and oxalic acid.] (Chem.) An oxidation product of uric acid. It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or alcohol.

Al•lox´a•nate , n. (Chem.) A combination of alloxanic acid and a base or base or positive radical.

Al•lox•an´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to alloxan; — applied to an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on alloxan.

Al•lox•an´tin , n. (Chem.) A substance produced by acting upon uric with warm and very dilute nitric acid.

Al•loy´, n. [OE. alai, OF. alei, F. aloyer, to alloy, alier to ally. See Alloy, v. t.] 1. Any combination or compound of metals fused together; a mixture of metals; for example, brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. But when mercury is one of the metals, the compound is called an amalgam. 2. The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or silver; fineness. 3. A baser metal mixed with a finer. “Fine silver is silver without the mixture of any baser metal. Alloy is baser metal mixed with it.
Locke.” 4. Admixture of anything which lessens the value or detracts from; as no happiness is without alloy. ´Pure English without Latin alloy.´ F. Harrison.

Al•loy´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alloying.] [F. aloyer, OF. alier, allier, later allayer, fr. L. aligare. See Alloy, n., Ally, v. t., and cf. Allay.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable substance; as to alloy gold with silver or copper, or silver with copper. 2. To mix, as metals, so as to form a compound. 3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture; to allay; as to alloy pleasure with misfortunes.

Al•loy´, v. t. To form a metallic compound. “Gold and iron alloy with ease.
Ure.”

Al•loy´age , n. [F. aloyage.] The act or art of alloying metals; also the combination or alloy.

All•-pos•sessed´ , a. Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions; wild. [Colloq.] { All´ Saints• , All´ Saints’ } The first day of November, called, also Allhallows or Hallowmas; a feast day kept in honor of all the saints; also the season of this festival.

All´ Souls’ Day . The second day of November; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church, on which supplications are made for the souls of the faithful dead.

All´spice , n. The berry of the pimento (Eugenia pimenta), a tree of the West Indies; a spice of a mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic; Jamaica pepper; pimento. It has been supposed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves; and hence the name. The name is also given to other aromatic shrubs; as the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus); wild allspice (Lindera benzoin), called also spicebush, spicewood, and feverbush.

All•thing , adv. [For in all (= every) thing.] Altogether. [Obs.] Shak.

Al•lude´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluding.] [L. alludere to play with, to allude; ad + ludere to play.] To refer to something indirectly or by suggestion; to have reference to a subject not specifically and plainly mentioned; — followed by to; as the story alludes to a recent transaction. “These speeches … do seem to allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in use.
Hooker.” Syn. — To refer; point; indicate; hint; suggest; intimate; signify; insinuate; advert. See Refer.

Al•lude´, v. t. To compare allusively; to refer (something) as applicable. [Obs.] Wither.

Al•lu•mette , n. [F., from allumer to light.] A match for lighting candles, lamps, etc.

Al•lu´mi•nor , n. [OF. alumineor, fr. L. ad + liminare. See Luminate.] An illuminator of manuscripts and books; a limner. [Obs.] Cowell.

Al•lur´ance , n. Allurement. [R.]

Al•lure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alluded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluring.] [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a (L. ad) + leurre lure. See Lure.] To attempt to draw; to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable; to entice; to attract. “With promised joys allured them on.
Falconer.” “The golden sun in splendor likest Heaven
Allured his eye.
Milton.” Syn. — To attract; entice; tempt; decoy; seduce. — To Allure, Entice, Decoy, Seduce. These words agree in the idea of acting upon the mind by some strong controlling influence, and differ according to the image under which is presented. They are all used in a bad sense, except allure, which has sometimes (though rarely) a good one. We are allured by the prospect or offer (usually deceptive) of some future good. We are commonly enticed into evil by appeals to our passions. We are decoyed into danger by false appearances or representations. We are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rectitude. What allures draws by gentle means; what entices leads us by promises and persuasions; what decoys betrays us, as it were, into a snare or net; what seduces deceives us by artful appeals to the passions.

Al•lure´, n. Allurement. [R.] Hayward.

Al•lure´ , n. [F.; aller to go.] Gait; bearing. “The swing, the gait, the pose, the allure of these men.
Harper’s Mag.”

Al•lure´ment , n. 1. The act alluring; temptation; enticement. “Though Adam by his wife’s allurement fell.
Milton.” 2. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth, or operating, as a motive to action; as the allurements of pleasure, or of honor.

Al•lur´er , n. One who, or that which, allures.

Al•lur´ing, a. That allures; attracting; charming; tempting. — Al•lur´ing•ly, adv. — Al•lur´ing•ness, n.

Al•lu´sion , n. [L. allusio, fr. alludere to allude: cf. F. allusion.] 1. A figurative or symbolical reference. [Obs.] 2. A reference to something supposed to be known, but not explicitly mentioned; a covert indication; indirect reference; a hint.

Al•lu´sive , a. 1. Figurative; symbolical. 2. Having reference to something not fully expressed; containing an allusion.

Al•lu´sive•ly, adv. Figuratively [Obs.]; by way of allusion; by implication, suggestion, or insinuation.

Al•lu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being allusive.

Al•lu´so•ry , a. Allusive. [R.] Warburton.

Al•lu´vi•al , a. [Cf. F. alluvial. See Alluvion.] Pertaining to, contained in, or composed of, alluvium; relating to the deposits made by flowing water; washed away from one place and deposited in another; as alluvial soil, mud, accumulations, deposits.

Al•lu´vi•on , n. [F. alluvion, L. alluvio, fr. alluere to wash against; ad + luere, equiv. to lavare, to wash. See Lave.] 1. Wash or flow of water against the shore or bank. 2. An overflowing; an inundation; a flood. Lyell. 3. Matter deposited by an inundation or the action of flowing water; alluvium. “The golden alluvions are there [in California and Australia] spread over a far wider space: they are found not only on the banks of rivers, and in their beds, but are scattered over the surface of vast plains.
R. Cobden.” 4. (Law) An accession of land gradually washed to the shore or bank by the flowing of water. See Accretion.

Al•lu´vi•ous , n. [L. alluvius. See Alluvion.] Alluvial. [R.] Johnson.

Al•lu´vi•um , n.; pl. E. Alluviums, L. Alluvia . [L., neut. of alluvius. See Alluvious.] (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not permanently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. Lyell.

All´where , adv. Everywhere. [Archaic]

All´work , n. Domestic or other work of all kinds; as a maid of allwork, that is, a general servant.

Al•ly´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Allying.] [OE. alien, OF. alier, F. alier, fr. L. alligare to bind to; ad + ligare to bind. Cf. Alligate, Alloy, Allay, Ligament.] 1. To unite, or form a connection between, as between families by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league, or confederacy; — often followed by to or with. “O chief! in blood, and now in arms allied.
Pope.” 2. To connect or form a relation between by similitude, resemblance, friendship, or love. “These three did love each other dearly well,
And with so firm affection were allied.
Spenser.” “The virtue nearest to our vice allied.
Pope.” Ally is generally used in the passive form or reflexively.

Al•ly´ , n.; pl. Allies . [See Ally, v.] 1. A relative; a kinsman. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One united to another by treaty or league; — usually applied to sovereigns or states; a confederate. “The English soldiers and their French allies.
Macaulay.” 3. Anything associated with another as a helper; an auxiliary. “Science, instead of being the enemy of religion, becomes its ally.
Buckle.” 4. Anything akin to another by structure, etc.

Al´ly , n. See Alley, a marble or taw.

Al´lyl , n. [L. allium garlic + -yl.] (Chem.) An organic radical, C3H5, existing especially in oils of garlic and mustard.

Al´ly•lene , n. (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H4, homologous with acetylene; propine.

Al´ma , Al´mah , n. Same as Alme.

Al•ma•can´tar , n. (Astron.) (a) Same as Almucantar. (b) A recently invented instrument for observing the heavenly bodies as they cross a given almacantar circle. See Almucantar. { Al•ma•di´a , Al´ma•die } n. [F. almadie (cf. Sp. & Pg. almadia), fr. Ar. alma’diyah a raft, float.] (Naut.) (a) A bark canoe used by the Africans. (b) A boat used at Calicut, in India, about eighty feet long, and six or seven broad.

Al´ma•gest , n. [F. almageste, LL. almageste, Ar. al-majisti, fr. Gr. (sc. ), the greatest composition.] The celebrated work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, which contains nearly all that is known of the astronomical observations and theories of the ancients. The name was extended to other similar works.

Al•ma´gra , n. [Sp. almagra, almagre, fr. Ar. al-maghrah red clay or earth.] A fine, deep red ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil atticum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red it is used for polishing glass and silver. { Al´main (al´man), Al´mayne (- man), Al´man (-man), } n. [OF. Aleman, F. Allemand, fr. L. Alemanni, ancient Ger. tribes.] [Obs.] 1. A German. Also adj., German. Shak. 2. The German language. J. Foxe. 3. A kind of dance. See Allemande. Almain rivets, Almayne rivets, or Alman rivets, a sort of light armor from Germany, characterized by overlapping plates, arranged to slide on rivets, and thus afford great flexibility.

Al´ma Ma´ter . [L., fostering mother.] A college or seminary where one is educated.

Al´ma•nac ( 277), n. [LL. almanac, almanach: cf. F. almanach, Sp. almanaque, It. almanacco, all of uncertain origin.] A book or table, containing a calendar of days, and months, to which astronomical data and various statistics are often added, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, etc. Nautical almanac, an almanac, or year book, containing astronomical calculations (lunar, stellar, etc.), and other information useful to mariners.

Al´man•dine , n. [LL. almandina, alamandina, for L. alabandina a precious stone, named after Alabanda, a town in Caria, where it was first and chiefly found: cf. F. almandine.] (Min.) The common red variety of garnet. { Al´me , Al´meh } , n. [Ar. ’almah (fem.) learned, fr. ’alama to know: cf. F. almee.] An Egyptian dancing girl; an Alma. “The Almehs lift their arms in dance.
Bayard Taylor.”

Al•men•dron´ , n. [Sp., fr. almendra almond.] The lofty Brazil-nut tree.

Al´mer•y , n. See Ambry. [Obs.]

Alm´esse , n. See Alms. [Obs.] { Al•might´ful , Al•might´i•ful } a. All-powerful; almighty. [Obs.] Udall.

Al•might´i•ly, adv. With almighty power.

Al•might´i•ness, n. Omnipotence; infinite or boundless power; unlimited might. Jer. Taylor.

Al•might´y (al•mit´y), a. [AS. ealmihtig, aelmihtig; eal (OE. al) all + mihtig mighty.] 1. Unlimited in might; omnipotent; all-powerful; irresistible. “I am the Almighty God.
Gen. xvii. 1.” 2. Great; extreme; terrible. [Slang] “Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, — so that he is in an almighty fix.
De Quincey.” The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8.

Alm´ner , n. An almoner. [Obs.] Spenser.

Alm´ond (ä´mund), n. [OE. almande, almaunde, alemaunde, F. amande, L. amygdala, fr. Gr. ’amygda•lh: cf. Sp. almendra. Cf. Amygdalate.] 1. The fruit of the almond tree. The different kinds, as bitter, sweet, thin-shelled, thick- shelled almonds, and Jordan almonds, are the products of different varieties of the one species, Amygdalus communis, a native of the Mediterranean region and western Asia. 2. The tree that bears the fruit; almond tree. 3. Anything shaped like an almond. Specifically: (Anat.) One of the tonsils. Almond oil, fixed oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds. — Oil of bitter almonds, a poisonous volatile oil obtained from bitter almonds by maceration and distillation; benzoic aldehyde. — Imitation oil of bitter almonds, nitrobenzene. — Almond tree (Bot.), the tree bearing the almond. — Almond willow (Bot.), a willow which has leaves that are of a light green on both sides; almond-leaved willow (Salix amygdalina). Shenstone.

Al´mond fur•nace . [Prob. a corruption of Almain furnace, i. e., German furnace. See Almain.] A kind of furnace used in refining, to separate the metal from cinders and other foreign matter. Chambers.

Al´mon•dine , n. See Almandine

Al´mon•er , n. [OE. aumener, aulmener, OF. almosnier, aumosnier, F. aumônier, fr. OF. almosne, alms, L. eleemosyna. See Alms.] One who distributes alms, esp. the doles and alms of religious houses, almshouses, etc.; also one who dispenses alms for another, as the almoner of a prince, bishop, etc.

Al´mon•er•ship, n. The office of an almoner.

Al´mon•ry , n.; pl. Almonries . [OF. aumosnerie, F. aumônerie, fr. OF. aumosnier. See Almoner.] The place where an almoner resides, or where alms are distributed.

Al´mose , n. Alms. [Obs.] Cheke.

Al´most , adv. [AS. ealmaest, aelmaest, quite the most, almost all; eal (OE. al) all + mst most.] Nearly; well nigh; all but; for the greatest part. “Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.
Acts xxvi. 28.” Almost never, scarcely ever. — Almost nothing, scarcely anything.

Alm´ry , n. See Almonry. [Obs.]

Alms , n. sing. & pl. [OE. almes, almesse, AS. aelmysse, fr. L. eleemosyna, Gr. mercy, charity, alms, fr. to pity. Cf. Almonry, Eleemosynary.] Anything given gratuitously to relieve the poor, as money, food, or clothing; a gift of charity. “A devout man … which gave much alms to the people.
Acts x. 2.” “Alms are but the vehicles of prayer.
Dryden.” Tenure by free alms. See Frankalmoign. Blackstone. This word alms is singular in its form (almesse), and is sometimes so used; as ´asked an alms.´ Acts iii. 3.´Received an alms.´ Shak. It is now, however, commonly a collective or plural noun. It is much used in composition, as almsgiver, almsgiving, alms bag, alms chest, etc.

Alms´deed , n. An act of charity. Acts ix. 36.

Alms´folk , n. Persons supported by alms; almsmen. [Archaic] Holinshed.

Alms´giv•er , n. A giver of alms.

Alms´giv•ing , n. The giving of alms.

Alms´house , n. A house appropriated for the use of the poor; a poorhouse.

Alms´man , n.; fem. Almswoman. 1. A recipient of alms. Shak. 2. A giver of alms. [R.] Halliwell.

Al•mu•can´tar , n. [F. almucantarat, almicantarat, ultimately fr. Ar. al- muqantarat, pl., fr. qantara to bend, arch.] (Astron.) A small circle of the sphere parallel to the horizon; a circle or parallel of altitude. Two stars which have the same almucantar have the same altitude. See Almacantar. [Archaic] Almucanter staff, an ancient instrument, having an arc of fifteen degrees, formerly used at sea to take observations of the sun’s amplitude at the time of its rising or setting, to find the variation of the compass.

Al´muce , n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.

Al•mude´ , n. [Pg. almude, or Sp. almud, a measure of grain or dry fruit, fr. Ar. al-mudd a dry measure.] A measure for liquids in several countries. In Portugal the Lisbon almude is about 4.4, and the Oporto almude about 6.6, gallons U. S. measure. In Turkey the ´almud´ is about 1.4 gallons. { Al´mug , Al´gum } n. [Heb., perh. borrowed fr. Skr. valguka sandalwood.] (Script.) A tree or wood of the Bible (2 Chron. ii. 8; 1 K. x. 11). Most writers at the present day follow Celsius, who takes it to be the red sandalwood of China and the Indian Archipelago. W. Smith.

Al´nage (al´naj), n., [OF. alnage, aulnage, F. aunage, fr. OF. alne ell, of Ger. origin: cf. OHG. elina, Goth. aleina, cubit. See Ell.] (O. Eng. Law) Measurement (of cloth) by the ell; also a duty for such measurement.

Al´na•ger , n. [See Alnage.] A measure by the ell; formerly a sworn officer in England, whose duty was to inspect and measure woolen cloth, and fix upon it a seal.

Al´oe (al´no), n.; pl. Aloes (-oz). [L. aloë, Gr. ’alo•h, aloe: cf. OF. aloe, F. aloès.] 1. pl. The wood of the agalloch. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. (Bot.) A genus of succulent plants, some classed as trees, others as shrubs, but the greater number having the habit and appearance of evergreen herbaceous plants; from some of which are prepared articles for medicine and the arts. They are natives of warm countries. 3. pl. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purgative. [Plural in form but syntactically singular.] American aloe, Century aloe, the agave. See Agave.

Al´oes wood . See Agalloch.

Al•o•et´ic , a. [Cf. F. aloetique.] Consisting chiefly of aloes; of the nature of aloes.

Al•o•et´ic, n. A medicine containing chiefly aloes.

A•loft´ ( 115), adv. [Pref. a- + loft, which properly meant air. See Loft.] 1. On high; in the air; high above the ground. ´He steers his flight aloft.´ Milton. 2. (Naut.) In the top; at the mast head, or on the higher yards or rigging; overhead; hence (Fig. and Colloq.), in or to heaven.

A•loft´, prep. Above; on top of. [Obs.] “Fresh waters run aloft the sea.
Holland.”

A•lo´gi•an , n. [LL. Alogiani, Alogii, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + word.] (Eccl.) One of an ancient sect who rejected St. John’s Gospel and the Apocalypse, which speak of Christ as the Logos. Shipley.

Al´o•gy , n. [L. alogia, Gr. , fr. ’a priv. + reason.] Unreasonableness; absurdity. [Obs.]

Al´o•in , n. (Chem.) A bitter purgative principle in aloes.

Al´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. , salt + - mancy: cf. F. alomancie, halomancie.] Divination by means of salt. [Spelt also halomancy.] Morin.

A•lone´ , a. [All + one. OE. al one all allone, AS. an one, alone. See All, One, Lone.] 1. Quite by one’s self; apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; solitary; — applied to a person or thing. “Alone on a wide, wide sea.
Coleridge.” “It is not good that the man should be alone.
Gen. ii. 18.” 2. Of or by itself; by themselves; without any thing more or any one else; without a sharer; only. “Man shall not live by bread alone.
Luke iv. 4.” “The citizens alone should be at the expense.
Franklin.” 3. Sole; only; exclusive. [R.] “God, by whose alone power and conversation we all live, and move, and have our being.
Bentley.” 4. Hence; Unique; rare; matchless. Shak. The adjective alone commonly follows its noun. To let or leave alone, to abstain from interfering with or molesting; to suffer to remain in its present state.

A•lone´, adv. Solely; simply; exclusively.

A•lone´ly, adv. Only; merely; singly. [Obs.] “This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but unto all his heirs and posterity.
Latimer.”

A•lone´ly, a. Exclusive. [Obs.] Fabyan.

A•lone´ness, n. A state of being alone, or without company; solitariness. [R.] Bp. Montagu.

A•long´ ( 115), adv. [OE. along, anlong, AS. andlang, along; pref. and- (akin to OFris. ond-, OHG. ant-, Ger. ent-, Goth. and-, anda-, L. ante, Gr. , Skr. anti, over against) + lang long. See Long.] 1. By the length; in a line with the length; lengthwise. “Some laid along … on spokes of wheels are hung.
Dryden.” 2. In a line, or with a progressive motion; onward; forward. “We will go along by the king’s highway.
Numb. xxi. 22.” “He struck with his o’ertaking wings,
And chased us south along.
Coleridge.” 3. In company; together. “He to England shall along with you.
Shak.” All along, all through the course of; during the whole time; throughout. ´I have all along declared this to be a neutral paper.´ Addison. — To get along, to get on; to make progress, as in business. ´She ’ll get along in heaven better than you or I.´ Mrs. Stowe.

A•long´, prep. By the length of, as distinguished from across. ´Along the lowly lands.´ Dryden. “The kine … went along the highway.
1 Sam. vi. 12.”

A•long´. [AS. gelang owing to.] (Now heard only in the prep. phrase along of.) Along of, Along on, often shortened to Long of, prep. phr., owing to; on account of. [Obs. or Low. Eng.] ´On me is not along thin evil fare.´ Chaucer. ´And all this is long of you.´ Shak. ´This increase of price is all along of the foreigners.´ London Punch.

A•long´shore , adv. Along the shore or coast.

A•long´shore•man , n. See Longshoreman.

A•long´side , adv. Along or by the side; side by side with; — often with of; as bring the boat alongside; alongside of him; alongside of the tree.

A•longst´ ( 115), prep. & adv. [Formed fr. along, like amongst fr. among.] Along. [Obs.]

A•loof´ , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Alewife.

A•loof´, adv. [Pref. a- + loof, fr. D. loef luff, and so meaning, as a nautical word, to the windward. See Loof, Luff.] 1. At or from a distance, but within view, or at a small distance; apart; away. “Our palace stood aloof from streets.
Dryden.” 2. Without sympathy; unfavorably. “To make the Bible as from the hand of God, and then to look at it aloof and with caution, is the worst of all impieties.
I. Taylor.”

A•loof´ , prep. Away from; clear from. [Obs.] “Rivetus … would fain work himself aloof these rocks and quicksands.
Milton.”

A•loof´ness, n. State of being aloof. Rogers (1642). “The … aloofness of his dim forest life.
Thoreau.” { Al•o•pe´ci•a (al•o•pe´shi•a), A•lop´e•cy (a•lop´e•sy), } n. [L. alopecia, Gr. ’alwpeki•a, fr. ’alw•phx fox, because loss of the hair is common among foxes.] (Med.) Loss of the hair; baldness.

A•lop´e•cist , n. A practitioner who tries to prevent or cure baldness.

A•lose´ , v. t. [OE. aloser.] To praise. [Obs.]

A´lose , n. [F., fr. L. alosa or alausa.] (Zoöl.) The European shad (Clupea alosa); — called also allice shad or allis shad. The name is sometimes applied to the American shad (Clupea sapidissima). See Shad.

Al•ou•atte´ , n. [Of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) One of the several species of howling monkeys of South America. See Howler, 2.

A•loud´ , adv. [Pref. a- + loud.] With a loud voice, or great noise; loudly; audibly. “Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice.
Isa. lviii. 1.”

A•low´ , adv. [Pref. a- + low.] Below; in a lower part. ´Aloft, and then alow.´ Dryden.

Alp , n. [L. Alpes the Alps, said to be of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. alp a high mountain, Ir. ailp any huge mass or lump: cf. F. Alpes.] 1. A very high mountain. Specifically, in the plural, the highest chain of mountains in Europe, containing the lofty mountains of Switzerland, etc. “Nor breath of vernal air from snowy alp.
Milton.” “Hills peep o’er hills, and alps on alps arise.
Pope.” 2. Fig.: Something lofty, or massive, or very hard to be surmounted. The plural form Alps is sometimes used as a singular. ´The Alps doth spit.´ Shak.

Alp, n. A bullfinch. Rom. of R.

Al•pac´a , n. [Sp. alpaca, fr. the original Peruvian name of the animal. Cf. Paco.] 1. (Zoöl.) An animal of Peru (Lama paco), having long, fine, wooly hair, supposed by some to be a domesticated variety of the llama. 2. Wool of the alpaca. 3. A thin kind of cloth made of the wooly hair of the alpaca, often mixed with silk or with cotton.

Al´pen , a. Of or pertaining to the Alps. [R.] ´The Alpen snow.´ J. Fletcher.

Al´pen•stock , n. [G.; Alp, gen. pl. Alpen + stock stick.] A long staff, pointed with iron, used in climbing the Alps. Cheever.

Al•pes´trine , a. [L. Alpestris.] Pertaining to the Alps, or other high mountains; as Alpestrine diseases, etc.

Al´pha , n. [L. alpha, Gr. ’a•lfa, from Heb. aleph, name of the first letter in the alphabet, also meaning ox.] The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning. “In am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.
Rev. xxii. 13.” Formerly used also denote the chief; as Plato was the alpha of the wits. In cataloguing stars, the brightest star of a constellation in designated by Alpha (α); as α Lyrae.

Al´pha•bet , n. [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr. + , the first two Greek letters; Heb. aleph and beth: cf. F. alphabet.] 1. The letters of a language arranged in the customary order; the series of letters or signs which form the elements of written language. 2. The simplest rudiments; elements. “The very alphabet of our law.
Macaulay.” Deaf and dumb alphabet. See Dactylology.

Al´pha•bet, v. t. To designate by the letters of the alphabet; to arrange alphabetically. [R.]

Al•pha•bet•a´ri•an , n. A learner of the alphabet; an abecedarian. Abp. Sancroft. { Al•pha•bet´ic , Al•pha•bet´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. alphabetique.] 1. Pertaining to, furnished with, expressed by, or in the order of, the letters of the alphabet; as alphabetic characters, writing, languages, arrangement. 2. Literal. [Obs.] ´Alphabetical servility.´ Milton.

Al•pha•bet´ic•al•ly, adv. In an alphabetic manner; in the customary order of the letters.

Al•pha•bet´ics , n. The science of representing spoken sounds by letters.

Al´pha•bet•ism , n. The expression of spoken sounds by an alphabet. Encyc. Brit.

Al´pha•bet•ize , v. t. 1. To arrange alphabetically; as to alphabetize a list of words. 2. To furnish with an alphabet.

Al-phit´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. barley meal + -mancy: cf. F. alphitomancie.] Divination by means of barley meal. Knowles.

Al•phon´sine (al•fon´sin), a. Of or relating to Alphonso X., the Wise, King of Castile (1252-1284). Alphonsine tables, astronomical tables prepared under the patronage of Alphonso the Wise. Whewell.

Al´pi•gene (al´pi•jen), a. [L. Alpes Alps + -gen.] Growing in Alpine regions.

Al´pine , a. [L. Alpinus, fr. Alpes the Alps: cf. F. Alpin.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain; as Alpine snows; Alpine plants. 2. Like the Alps; lofty. ´Gazing up an Alpine height.´ Tennyson.

Al´pin•ist , n. A climber of the Alps. { Al´pist , Al´pi•a } n. [F.: cf. Sp. & Pg. alpiste.] The seed of canary grass (Phalaris Canariensis), used for feeding cage birds.

Al´qui•fou , n. [Equiv. to arquifoux, F. alquifoux, Sp. alquifól, fr. the same Arabic word as alcohol. See Alcohol.] A lead ore found in Cornwall, England, and used by potters to give a green glaze to their wares; potter’s ore.

Al•read´y , adv. [All (OE. al) + ready.] Prior to some specified time, either past, present, or future; by this time; previously. ´Joseph was in Egypt already.´ Exod. i. 5. “I say unto you, that Elias is come already.
Matt. xvii. 12.” It has reference to past time, but may be used for a future past; as when you shall arrive, the business will be already completed, or will have been already completed.

Als , adv. 1. Also. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. As. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al•sa´tian , a. Pertaining to Alsatia.

Al•sa´tian, n. An inhabitant of Alsatia or Alsace in Germany, or of Alsatia or White Friars (a resort of debtors and criminals) in London.

Al• se´gno . [It., to the mark or sign.] (Mus.) A direction for the performer to return and recommence from the sign .

Al´sike , n. [From Alsike, in Sweden.] A species of clover with pinkish or white flowers; Trifolium hybridum.

Al´so , adv. & conj. [All + so. OE. al so, AS. ealswa, alsw, aelswae; eal, al, ael, all + swa so. See All, So, As.] 1. In like manner; likewise. [Obs.] 2. In addition; besides; as well; further; too. “Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven … for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
Matt. vi. 20.” 3. Even as; as; so. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Also, Likewise, Too. These words are used by way of transition, in leaving one thought and passing to another. Also is the widest term. It denotes that what follows is all so, or entirely like that which preceded, or may be affirmed with the same truth; as ´If you were there, I was there also;´ ´If our situation has some discomforts, it has also many sources of enjoyment.´ Too is simply less formal and pointed than also; it marks the transition with a lighter touch; as ´I was there too;´ ´a courtier yet a patriot too.´ Pope. Likewise denotes literally ´in like manner,´ and hence has been thought by some to be more specific than also. ´It implies,´ says Whately, ´some connection or agreement between the words it unites. We may say, • He is a poet, and likewise a musician; ’ but we should not say, • He is a prince, and likewise a musician,’ because there is no natural connection between these qualities.´ This distinction, however, is often disregarded.

Alt , a. & n. [See Alto.] (Mus.) The higher part of the scale. See Alto. To be in alt, to be in an exalted state of mind.

Al•ta´ian , Al•ta´ic , a. [Cf. F. altaïque.] Of or pertaining to the Altai, a mountain chain in Central Asia.

Al´tar , n. [OE. alter, auter, autier, fr. L. altare, pl. altaria, altar, prob. fr. altus high: cf. OF. alter, autier, F. autel. Cf. Altitude.] 1. A raised structure (as a square or oblong erection of stone or wood) on which sacrifices are offered or incense burned to a deity. “Noah builded an altar unto the Lord.
Gen. viii. 20.” 2. In the Christian church, a construction of stone, wood, or other material for the celebration of the Holy Eucharist; the communion table. Altar is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as altar bread or altar-bread. Altar cloth or Altar-cloth, the cover for an altar in a Christian church, usually richly embroidered. — Altar cushion, a cushion laid upon the altar in a Christian church to support the service book. — Altar frontal. See Frontal. — Altar rail, the railing in front of the altar or communion table. — Altar screen, a wall or partition built behind an altar to protect it from approach in the rear. — Altar tomb, a tomb resembling an altar in shape, etc. — Family altar, place of family devotions. — To lead (as a bride) to the altar, to marry; — said of a woman.

Al´tar•age , n. [Cf. OF. auterage, autelage.] 1. The offerings made upon the altar, or to a church. 2. The profit which accrues to the priest, by reason of the altar, from the small tithes. Shipley.

Al´tar•ist , n. [Cf. LL. altarista, F. altariste.] (Old Law) (a) A chaplain. (b) A vicar of a church.

Al´tar•piece , n. The painting or piece of sculpture above and behind the altar; reredos.

Al´tar•wise , adv. In the proper position of an altar, that is, at the east of a church with its ends towards the north and south. Shipley.

Alt•az´i•muth , n. [Alltude + azimuth.] (Astron.) An instrument for taking azimuths and altitudes simultaneously.

Al´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Altered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Altering.] [F. alterer, LL. alterare, fr. L. alter other, alius other. Cf. Else, Other.] 1. To make otherwise; to change in some respect, either partially or wholly; to vary; to modify. ´To alter the king’s course.´ ´To alter the condition of a man.´ ´No power in Venice can alter a decree.´ Shak. “It gilds all objects, but it alters none.
Pope.” “My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips.
Ps. lxxxix. 34.” 2. To agitate; to affect mentally. [Obs.] Milton. 3. To geld. [Colloq.] Syn. — Change, Alter. Change is generic and the stronger term. It may express a loss of identity, or the substitution of one thing in place of another; alter commonly expresses a partial change, or a change in form or details without destroying identity.

Al´ter, v. i. To become, in some respects, different; to vary; to change; as the weather alters almost daily; rocks or minerals alter by exposure. ´The law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not.´ Dan. vi. 8.

Al•ter•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. alterabilite.] The quality of being alterable; alterableness.

Al´ter•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. alterable.] Capable of being altered. “Our condition in this world is mutable and uncertain, alterable by a thousand accidents.
Rogers.”

Al´ter•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being alterable; variableness; alterability.

Al´ter•a•bly, adv. In an alterable manner.

Al´ter•ant , a. [LL. alterans, p. pr.: cf. F. alterant.] Altering; gradually changing. Bacon.

Al´ter•ant, n. An alterative. [R.] Chambers.

Al•ter•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. alteration.] 1. The act of altering or making different. “Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it incoveniences.
Hooker.” 2. The state of being altered; a change made in the form or nature of a thing; changed condition. “Ere long might perceive
Strange alteration in me.
Milton.” “Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations, that council degenerated into a most corrupt.
Swift.”

Al´ter•a•tive , a. [L. alterativus: cf. F. alteratif.] Causing ateration. Specifically: Gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid state of the functions into one of health. Burton.

Al´ter•a•tive, n. A medicine or treatment which gradually induces a change, and restores healthy functions without sensible evacuations.

Al´ter•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Altercated; p. pr. & vb. n. Altercating.] [L. altercatus, p. p. of altercare, altercari, fr. alter another. See Alter.] To contend in words; to dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; to wrangle.

Al•ter•ca´tion ( 277), n. [F. altercation, fr. L. altercatio.] Warm contention in words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; wrangle; wordy contest. ´Stormy altercations.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Altercation, Dispute, Wrangle. The term dispute is in most cases, but not necessarily, applied to a verbal contest; as a dispute on the lawfulness of war. An altercation is an angry dispute between two parties, involving an interchange of severe language. A wrangle is a confused and noisy altercation. “Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling and altercation.
Hakewill.”

Al´ter•ca•tive , a. Characterized by wrangling; scolding. [R.] Fielding.

Al•ter´i•ty , n. [F. alterite.] The state or quality of being other; a being otherwise. [R.] “For outness is but the feeling of otherness (alterity) rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented.
Coleridge.”

Al´tern , a. [L. alternus, fr. alter another: cf. F. alterne.] Acting by turns; alternate. Milton. Altern base (Trig.), a second side made base, in distinction from a side previously regarded as base.

Al•ter´na•cy , n. Alternateness; alternation. [R.] Mitford.

Al•ter´nant , a. [L. alternans, p. pr.: cf. F. alternant. See Alternate, v. t.] (Geol.) Composed of alternate layers, as some rocks.

Al•ter´nate ( 277), a. [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternate, fr. alternus. See Altern, Alter.] 1. Being or succeeding by turns; one following the other in succession of time or place; by turns first one and then the other; hence, reciprocal. “And bid alternate passions fall and rise.
Pope.” 2. Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second; as the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. ; read every alternate line. 3. (Bot.) Distributed, as leaves, singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence. Gray. Alternate alligation. See Alligation. — Alternate angles (Geom.), the internal and angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. It the parallels AB, CD, are cut by the line EF, the angles AGH, GHD, as also the angles BGH and GHC, are called alternate angles. — Alternate generation. (Biol.) See under Generation.

Al•ter´nate ( 277), n. 1. That which alternates with something else; vicissitude. [R.] “Grateful alternates of substantial.
Prior.” 2. A substitute; one designated to take the place of another, if necessary, in performing some duty. 3. (Math.) A proportion derived from another proportion by interchanging the means.

Al´ter•nate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alternated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternating.] [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternare. See Altern.] To perform by turns, or in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to interchange regularly. “The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this life, for sundry wise ends alternates the disposition of good and evil.
Grew.”

Al´ter•nate, v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time; — followed by with; as the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other. “Rage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast.
J. Philips.” “Different species alternating with each other.
Kirwan.” 2. To vary by turns; as the land alternates between rocky hills and sandy plains.

Al•ter´nate•ly , adv. 1. In reciprocal succession; succeeding by turns; in alternate order. 2. (Math.) By alternation; when, in a proportion, the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and consequent.

Al•ter´nate•ness, n. The quality of being alternate, or of following by turns.

Al•ter•na´tion , n. [L. alternatio: cf. F. alternation.] 1. The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear. 2. (Math.) Permutation. 3. The response of the congregation speaking alternately with the minister. Mason. Alternation of generation. See under Generation.

Al•ter´na•tive , a. [Cf. F. alternatif.] 1. Offering a choice of two things. 2. Disjunctive; as an alternative conjunction. 3. Alternate; reciprocal. [Obs.] Holland.

Al•ter´na•tive, n. [Cf. F. alternative, LL. alternativa.] 1. An offer of two things, one of which may be chosen, but not both; a choice between two things, so that if one is taken, the other must be left. “There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction or unreformed existence.
Burke.” 2. Either of two things or propositions offered to one’s choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives. “Having to choose between two alternatives, safety and war, you obstinately prefer the worse.
Jowett (Thucyd.).” 3. The course of action or the thing offered in place of another. “If this demand is refused the alternative is war.
Lewis.” “With no alternative but death.
Longfellow.” 4. A choice between more than two things; one of several things offered to choose among. “My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these alternatives.
Gladstone.”

Al•ter´na•tive•ly, adv. In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things.

Al•ter´na•tive•ness, n. The quality of being alternative, or of offering a choice between two.

Al•ter´ni•ty , n. [LL. alternitas.] Succession by turns; alternation. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { Al•thae´a , Al•the´a } , n. [althaea, Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks. (b) An ornamental shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family.

Al•the´ine , n. (Chem.) Asparagine.

Al•tho´ , conj. Although. [Reformed spelling]

Alt´horn , n. [Alt + horn.] (Mus.) An instrument of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in military music, often replacing the French horn. Grove.

Al•though´ , conj. [All + though; OE. al thagh.] Grant all this; be it that; supposing that; notwithstanding; though. “Although all shall be offended, yet will not I.
Mark xiv. 29.” Syn. — Although, Though. Although, which originally was perhaps more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with it in the sense given above. Euphonic consideration determines the choice.

Al•til´o•quence , n. Lofty speech; pompous language. [R.] Bailey.

Al•til´o•quent , a. [L. altus (adv. alte) high + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] High-sounding; pompous in speech. [R.] Bailey.

Al•tim´e•ter , n. [LL. altimeter; altus high + metrum, Gr. , measure: cf. F. altimètre.] An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. Knight.

Al•tim´e•try , n. [Cf. F. altimetrie.] The art of measuring altitudes, or heights.

Al•tin´car , n. See Tincal.

Al´ti•scope , n. [L. altus high + Gr. to view.] An arrangement of lenses and mirrors which enables a person to see an object in spite of intervening objects.

Al•tis´o•nant (al•tis´o•nant), a. [L. altus high + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] High-sounding; lofty or pompous. Skelton.

Al•tis´o•nous (-nus), a. [L. altisonus.] Altisonant.

Al•tis´si•mo , n. [It.; superl. of alto.] (Mus.) The part or notes situated above F in alt.

Al´ti•tude , n. [L. altitudo, fr. altus high. Cf. Altar, Haughty, Enhance.] 1. Space extended upward; height; the perpendicular elevation of an object above its foundation, above the ground, or above a given level, or of one object above another; as the altitude of a mountain, or of a bird above the top of a tree. 2. (Astron.) The elevation of a point, or star, or other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and the horizon. It is either true or apparent; true when measured from the rational or real horizon, apparent when from the sensible or apparent horizon. 3. (Geom.) The perpendicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit, or to the side parallel to the base; as the altitude of a triangle, pyramid, parallelogram, frustum, etc. 4. Height of degree; highest point or degree. “He is [proud] even to the altitude of his virtue.
Shak.” 5. Height of rank or excellence; superiority. Swift. 6. pl. Elevation of spirits; heroics; haughty airs. [Colloq.] Richardson. “The man of law began to get into his altitude.
Sir W. Scott.” Meridian altitude, an arc of the meridian intercepted between the south point on the horizon and any point on the meridian. See Meridian, 3.

Al•ti•tu´di•nal , a. Of or pertaining to height; as altitudinal measurements.

Al•ti•tu•di•na´ri•an , a. Lofty in doctrine, aims, etc. [R.] Coleridge.

Al•tiv´o•lant , a. [L. altivolans. See Volant.] Flying high. [Obs.] Blount.

Al´to , n.; pl. Altos . [It. alto high, fr. L. altus. Cf. Alt.] 1. (Mus.) Formerly the part sung by the highest male, or counter-tenor, voices; now the part sung by the lowest female, or contralto, voices, between in tenor and soprano. In instrumental music it now signifies the tenor. 2. An alto singer. Alto clef (Mus.) the counter-tenor clef, or the C clef, placed so that the two strokes include the middle line of the staff. Moore.

Al•to•geth´er (#), adv. [OE. altogedere; al all + togedere together. See Together.] 1. All together; conjointly. [Obs.] “Altogether they went at once.
Chaucer.” 2. Without exception; wholly; completely. “Every man at his best state is altogether vanity.
Ps. xxxix. 5.”

Al•tom´e•ter , n. [L. altus high + -meter.] A theodolite. Knight.

Al´to-re•lie´vo , n. Alto- rilievo.

Al´to-ri•lie•vo , n.; pl. Alto-rilievos . [It.] (Sculp.) High relief; sculptured work in which the figures project more than half their thickness; as this figure is an alto-rilievo or in alto- rilievo. When the figure stands only half out, it is called mezzo- rilievo, demi-rilievo, or medium relief; when its projection is less than one half, basso-rilievo, bas-relief, or low relief.

Al´tri•cal , a. (Zoöl.) Like the articles.

Al•tri´ces , n. pl. [L., nourishes, pl. of altrix.] (Zoöl.) Nursers, — a term applied to those birds whose young are hatched in a very immature and helpless condition, so as to require the care of their parents for some time; — opposed to praecoces.

Al´tru•ism , n. [F. altruisme (a word of Comte’s), It. altrui of or to others, fr. L. alter another.] Regard for others, both natural and moral; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness; — opposed to egoism or selfishness. [Recent] J. S. Mill.

Al´tru•ist, n. One imbued with altruism; — opposed to egoist.

Al•tru•is´tic , a. [Cf. F. altruiste, a. See Altruism..] Regardful of others; beneficent; unselfish; — opposed to egoistic or selfish. Bain. — Al•tru•is´tic•al•ly, adv.

Al´u•del , n. [F. & Sp. aludel, fr. Ar. aluthal.] (Chem.) One of the pear-shaped pots open at both ends, and so formed as to be fitted together, the neck of one into the bottom of another in succession; — used in the process of sublimation. Ure.

Al´u•la , n. [NL., dim. of L. ala a wing.] (Zoöl.) A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard.

Al´u•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the alula.

Al´um , n. [OE. alum, alom, OF. alum, F. alun, fr. L. alumen alum.] (Chem.) A double sulphate formed of aluminium and some other element (esp. an alkali metal) or of aluminium. It has twenty-four molecules of water of crystallization. Common alum is the double sulphate of aluminium and potassium. It is white, transparent, very astringent, and crystallizes easily in octahedrons. The term is extended so as to include other double sulphates similar to alum in formula.

Al´um , v. t. To steep in, or otherwise impregnate with, a solution of alum; to treat with alum. Ure.

A•lu´men , n. [L.] (Chem.) Alum.

A•lu´mi•na , n. [L. alumen, aluminis. See Alum.] (Chem.) One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three of oxygen, Al2O3. It is the oxide of the metal aluminium, the base of aluminous salts, a constituent of a large part of the earthy siliceous minerals, as the feldspars, micas scapolites, etc., and the characterizing ingredient of common clay, in which it exists as an impure silicate with water, resulting from the decomposition of other aluminous minerals. In its natural state, it is the mineral corundum.

A•lu•mi•nate , n. (Chem.) A compound formed from the hydrate of aluminium by the substitution of a metal for the hydrogen.

A•lu´mi•na•ted . a. Combined with alumina.

Al´u•mine (al´u•min), n. [F.] Alumina. Davy.

Al•u•min´ic (al•u•min´il), a. Of or containing aluminium; as aluminic phosphate.

A•lu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [L. alumen alum + -ferous: cf. F. aluminifère.] Containing alum.

A•lu´mi•ni•form , a. [L. alumen + -form.] Having the form of alumina.

Al•u•min´i•um (al•u•min´i•um), n. [L. alumen. See Alum.] (Chem.) The metallic base of alumina. This metal is white, but with a bluish tinge, and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation, and for its lightness, having a specific gravity of about 2.6. Atomic weight 27.08. Symbol Al. Aluminium bronze or gold, a pale gold-colored alloy of aluminium and copper, used for journal bearings, etc.

A•lu´mi•nize (a•lu•mi•niz), v. t. To treat or impregnate with alum; to alum.

A•lu´mi•nous (a•lu•mi•nus), a. [L. aluminosus, fr. alumen alum: cf. F. alumineux.] Pertaining to or containing alum, or alumina; as aluminous minerals, aluminous solution.

A•lu´mi•num (a•lu•mi•num), n. See Aluminium.

Al´um•ish , a. Somewhat like alum.

A•lum´na , n. fem.; pl. Alumnae . [L. See Alumnus.] A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college.

A•lum´nus , n.; pl. Alumni . [L., fr. alere to nourish.] A pupil; especially, a graduate of a college or other seminary of learning.

Al´um root . (Bot.) A North American herb (Heuchera Americana) of the Saxifrage family, whose root has astringent properties. { Al´um schist´ , Al´um shale´ } (Min.) A variety of shale or clay slate, containing iron pyrites, the decomposition of which leads to the formation of alum, which often effloresces on the rock.

Al´um stone . (Min.) A subsulphate of alumina and potash; alunite.

Al´u•nite , n. (Min.) Alum stone.

A•lu´no•gen , n. [F. alun alum + -gen.] (Min.) A white fibrous mineral frequently found on the walls of mines and quarries, chiefly hydrous sulphate of alumina; — also called feather alum, and hair salt.

Al´ure , n. [OF. alure, aleure, walk, gait, fr. aler (F. aller) to go.] A walk or passage; — applied to passages of various kinds. “The sides of every street were covered with fresh alures of marble.
T. Warton.”

Al´u•ta´ceous , a. [L. alutacius, fr. aluta soft leather.] 1. Leathery. 2. Of a pale brown color; leather-yellow. Brande.

Al•u•ta´tion , n. [See Alutaceous.] The tanning or dressing of leather. [Obs.] Blount.

Al´ve•a•ry , n.; pl. Alvearies . [L. alvearium, alveare, beehive, fr. alveus a hollow vessel, beehive, from alvus belly, beehive.] 1. A beehive, or something resembling a beehive. Barret. 2. (Anat.) The hollow of the external ear. Quincy.

Al´ve•a•ted , a. [L. alveatus hollowed out.] Formed or vaulted like a beehive.

Al´ve•o•lar ( 277), a. [L. alveolus a small hollow or cavity: cf. F. alveolaire.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli or little cells, sacs, or sockets. Alveolar processes, the processes of the maxillary bones, containing the sockets of the teeth.

Al´ve•o•la•ry , a. Alveolar. [R.]

Al´ve•o•late , a. [L. alveolatus, fr. alveolus.] (Bot.) Deeply pitted, like a honeycomb.

Al´ve•ole , n. Same as Alveolus.

Al•ve´o•li•form (al•ve´o•li•fôrm), a. [L. alveolus + -form.] Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets, cells, or cavities.

Al•ve´o•lus (al•ve´o•lus), n.; pl. Alveoli (-li). [L., a small hollow or cavity, dim. of alveus: cf. F. alveole. See Alveary.] 1. A cell in a honeycomb. 2. (Zoöl.) A small cavity in a coral, shell, or fossil 3. (Anat.) A small depression, sac, or vesicle, as the socket of a tooth, the air cells of the lungs, the ultimate saccules of glands, etc.

Al´ve•us , n.; pl. Alvei . [L.] The channel of a river. Weate.

Al´vine , a. [L. alvus belly: cf. F. alvin.] Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines; as alvine discharges; alvine concretions.

Al´way , adv. Always. [Archaic or Poetic] “I would not live alway.
Job vii. 16.”

Al´ways , adv. [All + way. The s is an adverbial (orig. a genitive) ending.] 1. At all times; ever; perpetually; throughout all time; continually; as God is always the same. “Even in Heaven his [Mammon’s] looks and thoughts.
Milton.” 2. Constancy during a certain period, or regularly at stated intervals; invariably; uniformly; — opposed to sometimes or occasionally. “He always rides a black galloway.
Bulwer.”

A•lys´sum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , name of a plant, perh. fr. ’a priv. + raging madness.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants; madwort. The sweet alyssum (A. maritimum), cultivated for bouquets, bears small, white, sweet-scented flowers.

Am . [AS. am, eom, akin to Gothic im, Icel. em, Olr. am, Lith. esmi, L. sum., Gr. , Zend ahmi, Skr. asmi, fr. a root as to be. . See Are, and cf. Be, Was.] The first person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mode, present tense. See Be. “God said unto Moses, I am that am.
Exod. iii. 14.”

Am•a•bil´i•ty , n. [L. amabilitas.] Lovableness. Jer. Taylor. The New English Dictionary (Murray) says this word is ´usefully distinct from Amiability.´

Am•a•crat´ic , a. [Gr. together + power.] (Photog.) Amasthenic. Sir J. Herschel.

Am•a•da•vat´ , n. [Indian name. From Ahmedabad, a city from which it was imported to Europe.] (Zoöl.) The strawberry finch, a small Indian song bird (Estrelda amandava), commonly caged and kept for fighting. The female is olive brown; the male, in summer, mostly crimson; — called also red waxbill. [Written also amaduvad and avadavat.]

Am´a•dou , n. [F. amadou tinder, prop. lure, bait, fr. amadouer to allure, caress, perh. fr. Icel. mata to feed, which is akin to E. meat.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from fungus (Boletus and Polyporus) which grows on old trees; German tinder; punk. It has been employed as a styptic by surgeons, but its common use is as tinder, for which purpose it is prepared by soaking it in a strong solution of niter. Ure.

A•main´ , adv. [Pref. a- + main. See 2d Main, n.] 1. With might; with full force; vigorously; violently; exceedingly. “They on the hill, which were not yet come to blows, perceiving the fewness of their enemies, came down amain.
Milton.” “That striping giant, ill-bred and scoffing, shouts amain.
T. Parker.” 2. At full speed; in great haste; also at once. ´They fled amain.´ Holinshed.

A•main´, v. t. [F. amener. See Amenable.] (Naut.) To lower, as a sail, a yard, etc.

A•main´, v. i. (Naut.) To lower the topsail, in token of surrender; to yield.

A•mal´gam , n. [F. amalgame, prob. fr. L. malagma, Gr. , emollient, plaster, poultice, fr. to make soft, fr. soft.] 1. An alloy of mercury with another metal or metals; as an amalgam of tin, bismuth, etc. Medalists apply the term to soft alloys generally. 2. A mixture or compound of different things. 3. (Min.) A native compound of mercury and silver.

A•mal´gam, v. t. i. [Cf. F. amalgamer] To amalgamate. Boyle. B. Jonson.

A•mal´ga•ma , n. Same as Amalgam. “They divided this their amalgama into a number of incoherent republics.
Burke.”

A•mal´ga•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amalgamated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amalgamating.] 1. To compound or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal; to unite, combine, or alloy with mercury. 2. To mix, so as to make a uniform compound; to unite or combine; as to amalgamate two races; to amalgamate one race with another. “Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues compacted and amalgamated into one.
Burke.”

A•mal´ga•mate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam; to blend with another metal, as quicksilver. 2. To coalesce, as a result of growth; to combine into a uniform whole; to blend; as two organs or parts amalgamate. { A•mal´ga•mate , A•mal´ga•ma•ted } a. Coalesced; united; combined.

A•mal•ga•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. amalgamation.] 1. The act or operation of compounding mercury with another metal; — applied particularly to the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by mixing them with mercury. Ure. 2. The mixing or blending of different elements, races, societies, etc.; also the result of such combination or blending; a homogeneous union. Macaulay.

A•mal´ga•ma•tive , a. Characterized by amalgamation.

A•mal´ga•ma•tor , n. One who, or that which, amalgamates. Specifically: A machine for separating precious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in contact with a body of mercury with which they form an amalgam.

A•mal´ga•mize , v. t. To amalgamate. [R.]

A•man´dine , n. [F. amande almond. See Almond.] 1. The vegetable casein of almonds. 2. A kind of cold cream prepared from almonds, for chapped hands, etc.

A•man´i•tine , n. [Gr. a sort of fungus.] The poisonous principle of some fungi.

A•man•u•en´sis , n.; pl. Amanuenses . [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] A person whose employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what another has written.

A•mar´a•cus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] A fragrant flower. Tennyson.

Am´a•rant , n. Amaranth, 1. [Obs.] Milton.

Am•a•ran•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the amaranth is the type.

Am´a•ranth , n. [L. amarantus, Gr. , unfading, amaranth; ’a priv. + to quench, cause to wither, fr. a root meaning to die, akin to E. mortal; — so called because its flowers do not soon wither: cf. F. amarante. The spelling with th seems to be due to confusion with Gr. flower.] 1. An imaginary flower supposed never to fade. [Poetic] 2. (Bot.) A genus of ornamental annual plants (Amaranthus) of many species, with green, purplish, or crimson flowers. 2. A color inclining to purple.

Am•a•ran´thine , a. 1. Of or pertaining to amaranth. ´Amaranthine bowers.´ Pope. 2. Unfading, as the poetic amaranth; undying. “They only amaranthine flower on earth
Is virtue.
Cowper.” 3. Of a purplish color. Buchanan. { Am•a•ran´thus (am•a•ran´thus), Am•a•ran´tus (am•a•ran´tus), } n. Same as Amaranth.

Am´a•rine , n. [L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A characteristic crystalline substance, obtained from oil of bitter almonds.

A•mar´i•tude , n. [L. amaritudo, fr. amarus bitter: cf. OF. amaritude.] Bitterness. [R.] { Am•a•ryl•li•da´ceous , Am•a•ryl•lid´e•ous , } a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants differing from the lily family chiefly in having the ovary below the petals. The narcissus and daffodil are members of this family.

Am•a•ryl´lis , n. [L. Amaryllis, Gr. , , the name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] 1. A pastoral sweetheart. “To sport with Amaryllis in the shade.
Milton.” 2. (bot.) (a) A family of plants much esteemed for their beauty, including the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, agave, and others. (b) A genus of the same family, including the Belladonna lily.

A•mass´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amassing.] [F. ambusher, LL. amassare; L. ad + massa lump, mass. See Mass.] To collect into a mass or heap; to gather a great quantity of; to accumulate; as to amass a treasure or a fortune; to amass words or phrases. “The life of Homer has been written by amassing all the traditions and hints the writers could meet with.
Pope.” Syn. — To accumulate; heap up; pile.

A•mass´, n. [OF. amasse, fr. ambusher.] A mass; a heap. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

A•mass´a•ble , a. Capable of being amassed.

A•mass´er , n. One who amasses.

A•mas•sette´ , n. [F. See Amass.] An instrument of horn used for collecting painters’ colors on the stone in the process of grinding.

A•mass´ment , n. [Cf. OF. amassement.] An amassing; a heap collected; a large quantity or number brought together; an accumulation. “An amassment of imaginary conceptions.
Glanvill.”

Am•as•then´ic , a. [Gr. together + force.] (Photog.) Uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens; amacratic.

A•mate´ , v. t. [OF. amater, amatir.] To dismay; to dishearten; to daunt. [Obs. or Archaic] “The Silures, to amate the new general, rumored the overthrow greater than was true.
Milton.”

A•mate´, v. t. [Pref. a- + mate.] To be a mate to; to match. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am•a•teur´ , n. [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or science as to music or painting; esp. one who cultivates any study or art, from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

Am•a•teur´ish, a. In the style of an amateur; superficial or defective like the work of an amateur. — Am•a•teur´ish•ly, adv. — Am•a•teur´ish•ness, n.

Am´a•teur•ism , n. The practice, habit, or work of an amateur.

Am´a•teur•ship, n. The quality or character of an amateur.

Am´a•tive , a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Full of love; amatory.

Am´a•tive•ness, n. (Phren.) The faculty supposed to influence sexual desire; propensity to love. Combe.

Am•a•to´ri•al , a. [See Amatorious.] Of or pertaining to a lover or to love making; amatory; as amatorial verses.

Am•a•to´ri•al•ly, adv. In an amatorial manner.

Am•a•to´ri•an , a. Amatory. [R.] Johnson.

Am•a•to´ri•ous , a. [L. amatorius, fr. amare to love.] Amatory. [Obs.] ´Amatorious poem.´ Milton.

Am´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, producing, or expressing, sexual love; as amatory potions.

Am•au•ro´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. dark, dim.] (Med.) A loss or decay of sight, from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any perceptible external change in the eye; — called also gutta serena, the ´drop serene´ of Milton.

Am•au•rot´ic , a. Affected with amaurosis; having the characteristics of amaurosis.

A•maze´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amazing.] [Pref. a- + maze.] 1. To bewilder; to stupefy; to bring into a maze. [Obs.] “A labyrinth to amaze his foes.
Shak.” 2. To confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise; to overwhelm with wonder; to astound; to astonish greatly. ´Amazing Europe with her wit.´ Goldsmith. “And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David?
Matt. xii. 23.” Syn. — To astonish; astound; confound; bewilder; perplex; surprise. — Amaze, Astonish. Amazement includes the notion of bewilderment of difficulty accompanied by surprise. It expresses a state in which one does not know what to do, or to say, or to think. Hence we are amazed at what we can not in the least account for. Astonishment also implies surprise. It expresses a state in which one is stunned by the vastness or greatness of something, or struck with some degree of horror, as when one is overpowered by the normity of an act, etc.

A•maze´, v. i. To be astounded. [Archaic] B. Taylor.

A•maze´, v. t. Bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder; amazement. [Chiefly poetic] “The wild, bewildered
Of one to stone converted by amaze.
Byron.”

A•maz´ed•ly , adv. In amazement; with confusion or astonishment. Shak.

A•maz´ed•ness, n. The state of being amazed, or confounded with fear, surprise, or wonder. Bp. Hall.

A•maze´ful , a. Full of amazement. [R.]

A•maze´ment , n. 1. The condition of being amazed; bewilderment [Obs.]; overwhelming wonder, as from surprise, sudden fear, horror, or admiration. “His words impression left
Of much amazement.
Milton.” 2. Frenzy; madness. [Obs.] Webster (1661).

A•maz´ing , a. Causing amazement; very wonderful; as amazing grace. — A•maz´ing•ly, adv.

Am´a•zon , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. One of a fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia; hence, a female warrior. 2. A tall, strong, masculine woman; a virago. 3. (Zoöl.) A name numerous species of South American parrots of the genus Chrysotis Amazon ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant (Polyergus rufescens), of Europe and America. They seize by conquest the larvae and nymphs of other species and make slaves of them in their own nests.

Am•a•zo´ni•an , a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an Amazon; of masculine manners; warlike. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America, or to its valley. { Am´a•zon•ite , Am´a•zon stone• } n. [Named from the river Amazon.] (Min.) A variety of feldspar, having a verdigris-green color.

Amb- , Am•bi-. [L. prefix ambi-, amb-, akin to Gr. , Skr. abhi, AS. embe, emb, OHG. umbi, umpi, G. um, and also L. ambo both. Cf. Amphi-, Both, By.] A prefix meaning about, around; — used in words derived from the Latin.

Am•ba´ges , n. pl. [L. (usually in pl.); pref. ambi-, amb- + agere to drive: cf. F. ambage.] A circuit; a winding. Hence: Circuitous way or proceeding; quibble; circumlocution; indirect mode of speech. “After many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is.
Burton.”

Am•bag´i•nous , a. Ambagious. [R.]

Am•ba´gious , a. [L. ambagiosus.] Circumlocutory; circuitous. [R.]

Am•bag´i•to•ry , a. Ambagious. [R.]

Am´bas•sade , Em´bas•sade , n. [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] 1. The mission of an ambassador. [Obs.] Carew. 2. An embassy. [Obs.] Strype.

Am•bas´sa•dor , Em•bas´sa•dor , n. [See Embassador.] 1. A minister of the highest rank sent to a foreign court to represent there his sovereign or country. Ambassadors are either ordinary [or resident] or extraordinary, that is, sent upon some special or unusual occasion or errand. Abbott. 2. An official messenger and representative.

Am•bas•sa•do´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an ambassador. H. Walpole.

Am•bas•sa•dor•ship , n. The state, office, or functions of an ambassador.

Am•bas´sa•dress , n. A female ambassador; also the wife of an ambassador. Prescott.

Am´bas•sage , n. Same as Embassage. [Obs. or R.] Luke xiv. 32.

Am´bas•sy , n. See Embassy, the usual spelling. Helps.

Am´ber, n. [OE. aumbre, F. ambre, Sp. ámbar, and with the Ar. article, alámbar, fr. Ar. ’anbar ambergris.] 1. (Min.) A yellowish translucent resin resembling copal, found as a fossil in alluvial soils, with beds of lignite, or on the seashore in many places. It takes a fine polish, and is used for pipe mouthpieces, beads, etc., and as a basis for a fine varnish. By friction, it becomes strongly electric. 2. Amber color, or anything amber-colored; a clear light yellow; as the amber of the sky. 3. Ambergris. [Obs.] “You that smell of amber at my charge.
Beau. & Fl.” 4. The balsam, liquidambar. Black amber, and old and popular name for jet.

Am´ber, a. 1. Consisting of amber; made of amber. ´Amber bracelets.´ Shak. 2. Resembling amber, especially in color; amber- colored. ´The amber morn.´ Tennyson.

Am´ber, v. t. [p. p. & p. a. Ambered .] 1. To scent or flavor with ambergris; as ambered wine. 2. To preserve in amber; as an ambered fly.

Am´ber fish . (Zoöl.) A fish of the southern Atlantic coast (Seriola Carolinensis.)

Am´ber•grease , n. See Ambergris.

Am´ber•gris , n. [F. ambre gris, i. e., gray amber; F. gris gray, which is of German origin: cf. OS. grîs, G. greis, gray-haired. See Amber.] A substance of the consistence of wax, found floating in the Indian Ocean and other parts of the tropics, and also as a morbid secretion in the intestines of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which is believed to be in all cases its true origin. In color it is white, ash- gray, yellow, or black, and often variegated like marble. The floating masses are sometimes from sixty to two hundred and twenty-five pounds in weight. It is wholly volatilized as a white vapor at 212° Fahrenheit, and is highly valued in perfumery. Dana.

Am´ber room A room formerly in the Czar’s Summer Palace in Russia, which was richly decorated with walls and fixtures made from amber. The amber was removed by occupying German troops during the Second World War and has as of 1997, never been recovered. The room is being recreated from old photographs by Russian artisans. PJC

Am´ber seed . Seed of the Hibiscus abelmoschus, somewhat resembling millet, brought from Egypt and the West Indies, and having a flavor like that of musk; musk seed. Chambers.

Am´ber tree . A species of Anthospermum, a shrub with evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, emit a fragrant odor.

Ambes´-as , n. Ambs-ace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Am´bi•dex´ter , a. [LL., fr. L. ambo both + dexter right, dextra (sc. manus) the right hand.] Using both hands with equal ease. Smollett.

Am•bi•dex´ter, n. 1. A person who uses both hands with equal facility. 2. Hence: A double-dealer; one equally ready to act on either side in party disputes. “The rest are hypocrites, ambidexters, so many turning pictures — a lion on one side, a lamb on the other.
Burton.” 3. (Law) A juror who takes money from both parties for giving his verdict. Cowell.

Am´bi•dex•ter´i•ty , n. 1. The quality of being ambidextrous; the faculty of using both hands with equal facility. Hence: Versatility; general readiness; as ambidexterity of argumentation. Sterne. “Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent powers, as regarded speed, force, and ambidexterity.
De Quincey.” 2. Double-dealing. (Law) A juror’s taking of money from the both parties for a verdict.

Am•bi•dex´tral , a. Pertaining equally to the right-hand side and the left-hand side. Earle.

Am•bi•dex´trous , a. 1. Having the faculty of using both hands with equal ease. Sir T. Browne. 2. Practicing or siding with both parties. “All false, shuffling, and ambidextrous dealings.
L’Estrange.”

Am´bi•dex´trous•ly, adv. In an ambidextrous manner; cunningly.

Am•bi•dex´trous•ness , n. The quality of being ambidextrous; ambidexterity.

Am´bi•ent , a. [L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire to go around; amb- + ire to go.] Encompassing on all sides; circumfused; investing. ´Ambient air.´ Milton. ´Ambient clouds.´ Pope.

Am´bi•ent, n. Something that surrounds or invests; as air … being a perpetual ambient. Sir H. Wotton.

Am•big´e•nous , a. [L. ambo both + genus kind.] Of two kinds. (Bot.) Partaking of two natures, as the perianth of some endogenous plants, where the outer surface is calycine, and the inner petaloid.

Am´bi•gu , n. [F., fr. ambigu doubtful, L. ambiquus. See Ambiguous.] An entertainment at which a medley of dishes is set on at the same time.

Am•bi•gu´i•ty , n.; pl. Ambiguities . [L. ambiguitas, fr. ambiguus: cf. F. ambiguite.] The quality or state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly as to the signification of language, arising from its admitting of more than one meaning; an equivocal word or expression. “No shadow of ambiguity can rest upon the course to be pursued.
I. Taylor.” “The words are of single signification, without any ambiguity.
South.”

Am•big´u•ous , a. [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigere to wander about, waver; amb- + agere to drive.] Doubtful or uncertain, particularly in respect to signification; capable of being understood in either of two or more possible senses; equivocal; as an ambiguous course; an ambiguous expression. “What have been thy answers? What but dark,
Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding?
Milton.” Syn. — Doubtful; dubious; uncertain; unsettled; indistinct; indeterminate; indefinite. See Equivocal.

Am•big´u•ous•ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner; with doubtful meaning.

Am•big´u•ous•ness, n. Ambiguity.

Am•bi•le´vous , a. [L. ambo both + laevus left.] Left-handed on both sides; clumsy; — opposed to ambidexter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Am•bil´o•quy , n. Doubtful or ambiguous language. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am•bip´a•rous , a. [L. ambo both + parere to bring forth.] (Bot.) Characterized by containing the rudiments of both flowers and leaves; — applied to a bud.

Am´bit , n. [L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient.] Circuit or compass. “His great parts did not live within a small ambit.
Milward.”

Am•bi´tion , n. [F. ambition, L. ambitio a going around, especially of candidates for office is Rome, to solicit votes (hence, desire for office or honor fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient, Issue.] 1. The act of going about to solicit or obtain an office, or any other object of desire; canvassing. [Obs.] “[I] used no ambition to commend my deeds.
Milton.” 2. An eager, and sometimes an inordinate, desire for preferment, honor, superiority, power, or the attainment of something. “Cromwell, I charge thee, fling a way ambition:
By that sin fell the angels.
Shak.” “The pitiful ambition of possessing five or six thousand more acres.
Burke.”

Am•bi´tion, v. t. [Cf. F. ambitionner.] To seek after ambitiously or eagerly; to covet. [R.] “Pausanias ambitioning the sovereignty of Greece, bargains with Xerxes for his daughter in marriage.
Trumbull.”

Am•bi´tion•ist, n. One excessively ambitious. [R.]

Am•bi´tion•less, a. Devoid of ambition. Pollok.

Am•bi´tious , a. [L. ambitiosus: cf. F. ambitieux. See Ambition.] 1. Possessing, or controlled by, ambition; greatly or inordinately desirous of power, honor, office, superiority, or distinction. “Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,
And Brutus is an honorable man.
Shak.” 2. Strongly desirous; — followed by of or the infinitive; as ambitious to be or to do something. “I was not ambitious of seeing this ceremony.
Evelyn.” “Studious of song, and yet ambitious not to sing in vain.
Cowper.” 3. Springing from, characterized by, or indicating, ambition; showy; aspiring; as an ambitious style. “A giant statue …
Pushed by a wild and artless race,
From off wide, ambitious base.
Collins.”

Am•bi´tious•ly, adv. In an ambitious manner.

Am•bi´tious•ness (am•bish´us•nes), n. The quality of being ambitious; ambition; pretentiousness.

Am´bi•tus (am´bi•tus), n. [L. See Ambit, Ambition.] 1. The exterior edge or border of a thing, as the border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve shell. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A canvassing for votes.

Am´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambling .] [F. ambler to amble, fr. L. ambulare to walk, in LL., to amble, perh. fr. amb-, ambi-, and a root meaning to go: cf. Gr. to go, E. base. Cf. Ambulate.] 1. To go at the easy gait called an amble; — applied to the horse or to its rider. 2. To move somewhat like an ambling horse; to go easily or without hard shocks. “The skipping king, he ambled up and down.
Shak.” “Sir, your wit ambles well; it goes easily.
Shak.”

Am´ble, n. 1. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both legs on the same side are moved at the same time, alternating with the legs on the other side. ´A fine easy amble.´ B. Jonson. 2. A movement like the amble of a horse.

Am´bler , n. A horse or a person that ambles.

Am´bling•ly, adv. With an ambling gait.

Am•blot´ic , a. [Gr. , , fr. an abortion.] Tending to cause abortion.

Am´bly•gon , n. [Gr. obtuse + angle: cf. F. amblygone.] (Geom.) An obtuse-angled figure, esp. and obtuse-angled triangle. [Obs.]

Am•blyg´o•nal , a. Obtuse- angled. [Obs.] Hutton. { Am•bly•o´pi•a , Am´bly•o•py } n. [Gr. ; blunt, dim + eye: cf. F. amblyopie.] (Med.) Weakness of sight, without and opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye; the first degree of amaurosis.

Am´bly•op´ic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amblyopy. Quain.

Am•blyp´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. blunt + , , foot.] (Paleon.) A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States.

Am´bo , n.; pl. Ambos . [LL. ambo, Gr. , any rising, a raised stage, pulpit: cf. F. ambon.] A large pulpit or reading desk, in the early Christian churches. Gwilt.

Am´bon , n. Same as Ambo.

Am•boy´na wood . A beautiful mottled and curled wood, used in cabinetwork. It is obtained from the Pterocarpus Indicus of Amboyna, Borneo, etc.

Am´bre•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of ambreic acid with a base or positive radical.

Am•bre´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to ambrein; — said of a certain acid produced by digesting ambrein in nitric acid.

Am´bre•in , n. [Cf. F. ambreine. See Amber.] (Chem.) A fragrant substance which is the chief constituent of ambergris.

Am´brite , n. [From amber.] A fossil resin occurring in large masses in New Zealand.

Am´brose , n. A sweet-scented herb; ambrosia. See Ambrosia, 3. Turner.

Am•bro´sia ( 277), n. [L. ambrosia, Gr. , properly fem. of , fr. immortal, divine; ’a priv. + mortal (because it was supposed to confer immortality on those who partook of it). stands for , akin to Skr. mrita, L. mortuus, dead, and to E. mortal.] 1. (Myth.) (a) The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it. (b) An unguent of the gods. “His dewy locks distilled ambrosia.
Milton.” 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell. Spenser. 3. Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc.

Am´bro´si•ac , a. [L. ambrosiacus: cf. F. ambrosiaque.] Having the qualities of ambrosia; delicious. [R.]´Ambrosiac odors.´ B. Jonson.

Am•bro´sial , a. [L. ambrosius, Gr. .] 1. Consisting of, or partaking of the nature of, ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious. ´Ambrosial food.´ ´Ambrosial fragrance.´ Milton. 2. Divinely excellent or beautiful. ´Shakes his ambrosial curls.´ Pope.

Am•bro´sial•ly, adv. After the manner of ambrosia; delightfully. ´Smelt ambrosially.´ Tennyson.

Am•bro´sian , a. Ambrosial. [R.] . Jonson.

Am•bro´sian, a. Of or pertaining to St. Ambrose; as the Ambrosian office, or ritual, a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose. Ambrosian chant, the mode of signing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrose in the 4th century.

Am´bro•sin , n. [LL. Ambrosinus nummus.] An early coin struck by the dukes of Milan, and bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback.

Am´bro•type (-tip), n. [Gr. ’a•mbrotos immortal + -type.] (Photog.) A picture taken on a plate of prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and the shades are produced by a dark background visible through the unsilvered portions of the glass.

Am´bry , n.; pl. Ambries . [OE. aumbry, almery, OF. almarie, armarie, aumaire, F. armoire, LL. armarium chest, cupboard, orig. a repository for arms, fr. L. arama arms. The word has been confused with almonry. See Armory.] 1. In churches, a kind of closet, niche, cupboard, or locker for utensils, vestments, etc. 2. A store closet, as a pantry, cupboard, etc. 3. Almonry. [Improperly so used]

Ambs´-ace , n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both (fr. L. ambo) + as ace. See Ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw of all at dice. Hence: Bad luck; anything of no account or value.

Am•bu•la´cral , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to ambulacra; avenuelike; as the ambulacral ossicles, plates, spines, and suckers of echinoderms.

Am•bu•la´cri•form , a. [Ambulacrum + -form] (Zoöl.) Having the form of ambulacra.

Am•bu•la´crum , n.; pl. Ambulacra . [L., an alley or covered way.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radical zones of echinoderms, along which run the principal nerves, blood vessels, and water tubes. These zones usually bear rows of locomotive suckers or tentacles, which protrude from regular pores. In star fishes they occupy the grooves along the under side of the rays. (b) One of the suckers on the feet of mites.

Am´bu•lance , n. [F. ambulance, hôpital ambulant, fr. L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] (Mil.) (a) A field hospital, so organized as to follow an army in its movements, and intended to succor the wounded as soon as possible. Often used adjectively; as an ambulance wagon; ambulance stretcher; ambulance corps. (b) An ambulance wagon or cart for conveying the wounded from the field, or to a hospital.

Am´bu•lant , a. [L. ambulans, p. pr. of ambulare to walk: cf. F. ambulant.] Walking; moving from place to place. Gayton.

Am´bu•late , v. i. [L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] To walk; to move about. [R.] Southey.

Am•bu•la´tion , n. [L. ambulatio.] The act of walking. Sir T. Browne.

Am´bu•la•tive , a. Walking. [R.]

Am´bu•la•tor , n. 1. One who walks about; a walker. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A beetle of the genus Lamia. (b) A genus of birds, or one of this genus. 3. An instrument for measuring distances; — called also perambulator. Knight.

Am•bu•la•to´ri•al , a. Ambulatory; fitted for walking. Verrill.

Am´bu•la•to•ry , a. [L. ambulatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to walking; having the faculty of walking; formed or fitted for walking; as an ambulatory animal. 2. Accustomed to move from place to place; not stationary; movable; as an ambulatory court, which exercises its jurisdiction in different places. “The priesthood … before was very ambulatory, and dispersed into all families.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Pertaining to a walk. [R.] “The princess of whom his majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels.
Sir H. Wotton.” 4. (Law) Not yet fixed legally, or settled past alteration; alterable; as the dispositions of a will are ambulatory until the death of the testator.

Am´bu•la•to•ry, n.; pl. Ambulatories . [Cf. LL. ambulatorium.] (Arch.) A place to walk in, whether in the open air, as the gallery of a cloister, or within a building.

Am´bur•ry , n. Same as Anbury.

Am•bus•cade´ , n. [F. embuscade, fr. It. imboscata, or Sp. emboscada, fr. emboscar to ambush, fr. LL. imboscare. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise. Hence: A lying in wait, and concealed in any situation, for a like purpose; a snare laid for an enemy; an ambush. 2. A place in which troops lie hid, to attack an enemy unexpectedly. [R.] Dryden. 3. (Mil.) The body of troops lying in ambush.

Am•bus•cade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambuscaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambuscading .] 1. To post or conceal in ambush; to ambush. 2. To lie in wait for, or to attack from a covert or lurking place; to waylay.

Am•bus•cade´, v. i. To lie in ambush.

Am•bus•ca´do , n. Ambuscade. [Obs.] Shak.

Am•bus•ca´doed , p. p. Posted in ambush; ambuscaded. [Obs.]

Am´bush (am´boosh), n. [F. embûche, fr. the verb. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A disposition or arrangement of troops for attacking an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. Hence: Unseen peril; a device to entrap; a snare. “Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege
Or ambush from the deep.
Milton.” 2. A concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. “Bold in close ambush, base in open field.
Dryden.” 3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for attacking by surprise; liers in wait. [Obs.] “The ambush arose quickly out of their place.
Josh. viii. 19.” To lay an ambush, to post a force in ambush.

Am´bush (am´boosh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambushed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambushing.] [OE. enbussen, enbushen, OF. embushier, embuissier, F. embûcher, embusquer, fr. LL. imboscare; in + LL. boscus, buscus, a wood; akin to G. bush, E. bush. See Ambuscade, Bush.] 1. To station in ambush with a view to surprise an enemy. “By ambushed men behind their temple laid,
We have the king of Mexico betrayed.
Dryden.” 2. To attack by ambush; to waylay.

Am´bush, v. i. To lie in wait, for the purpose of attacking by surprise; to lurk. “Nor saw the snake that ambushed for his prey.
Trumbull.”

Am´bush•er , n. One lying in ambush.

Am´bush•ment , n. [OF. embuschement. See Ambush, v. t.] An ambush. [Obs.] 2 Chron. xiii. 13.

Am•bus´tion ( 106), n. [L. ambustio.] (Med.) A burn or scald. Blount.

Am•e•be´an , a. (Zoöl.) See Ambean.

A•meer´ , A•mir´ , n. [See Emir.] 1. Emir. [Obs.] 2. One of the Mohammedan nobility of Afghanistan and Scinde.

Am´el , n. [OE. amell, OF. esmail, F. email, of German origin; cf. OHG. smelzi, G. schmelz. See Smelt, v. t.] Enamel. [Obs.] Boyle.

Am´el, v. t. [OE. amellen, OF. esmailler, F. emailler, OF. esmail, F. email.] To enamel. [Obs.] “Enlightened all with stars,
And richly ameled.
Chapman.”

Am´el•corn , n. [Ger. amelkorn: cf. MHG. amel, amer, spelt, and L. amylum starch, Gr. .] A variety of wheat from which starch is produced; — called also French rice.

A•mel´io•ra•ble , a. Capable of being ameliorated.

A•mel´io•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ameliorated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ameliorating.] [L. ad + meliorare to make better: cf. F. ameliorer. See Meliorate.] To make better; to improve; to meliorate. “In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition.
Macaulay.”

A•mel´io•rate, v. i. To grow better; to meliorate; as wine ameliorates by age.

A•mel•io•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. amelioration.] The act of ameliorating, or the state of being ameliorated; making or becoming better; improvement; melioration. ´Amelioration of human affairs.´ J. S. Mill.

A•mel´io•ra•tive , a. Tending to ameliorate; producing amelioration or improvement; as ameliorative remedies, efforts.

A•mel´io•ra•tor , n. One who ameliorates.

A•men´ ( 277), interj., adv., & n. [L. amen, Gr. ’amh•n, Heb. amen certainly, truly.] An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it is equivalent to truly, verily. It is used as a noun, to denote: (a) concurrence in belief, or in a statement; assent; (b) the final word or act; (c) Christ as being one who is true and faithful. “And let all the people say, Amen.
Ps. cvi. 48.” “Amen, amen, I say to thee, except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God.
John ii. 3. Rhemish Trans.” To say amen to, to approve warmly; to concur in heartily or emphatically; to ratify; as I say Amen to all.

A•men´, v. t. To say Amen to; to sanction fully.

A•me•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being amenable; amenableness. Coleridge.

A•me´na•ble , a. [F. amener to lead; (L. ad) = mener to lead, fr. L. minare to drive animals (properly by threatening cries), in LL. to lead; L. minari, to threaten, minae threats. See Menace.] 1. (Old Law) Easy to be led; governable, as a woman by her husband. [Obs.] Jacob. 2. Liable to be brought to account or punishment; answerable; responsible; accountable; as amenable to law. “Nor is man too diminutive … to be amenable to the divine government.
I. Taylor.” 3. Liable to punishment, a charge, a claim, etc. 4. Willing to yield or submit; responsive; tractable. “Sterling … always was amenable enough to counsel.
Carlyle.”

A•me´na•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being amenable; liability to answer charges; answerableness.

A•me´na•bly, adv. In an amenable manner.

Am´e•nage , v. t. [OF. amesnagier. See Manage.] To manage. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am´e•nance , n. [OF. See Amenable.] Behavior; bearing. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•mend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amended; p. pr. & vb. n. Amending.] [F. amender, L. emendare; e (ex) + mendum, menda, fault, akin to Skr. minda personal defect. Cf. Emend, Mend.] To change or modify in any way for the better; as (a) by simply removing what is erroneous, corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the like; (b) by supplying deficiencies; (c) by substituting something else in the place of what is removed; to rectify. “Mar not the thing that can not be amended.
Shak.” “An instant emergency, granting no possibility for revision, or opening for amended thought.
De Quincey.” “We shall cheer her sorrows, and amend her blood, by wedding her to a Norman.
Sir W. Scott.” To amend a bill, to make some change in the details or provisions of a bill or measure while on its passage, professedly for its improvement. Syn. — To Amend, Emend, Correct, Reform, Rectify. These words agree in the idea of bringing things into a more perfect state. We correct (literally, make straight) when we conform things to some standard or rule; as to correct proof sheets. We amend by removing blemishes, faults, or errors, and thus rendering a thing more a nearly perfect; as to amend our ways, to amend a text, the draft of a bill, etc. Emend is only another form of amend, and is applied chiefly to editions of books, etc. To reform is literally to form over again, or put into a new and better form; as to reform one’s life. To rectify is to make right; as to rectify a mistake, to rectify abuses, inadvertencies, etc.

A•mend´ (a•mend´), v. i. To grow better by rectifying something wrong in manners or morals; to improve. ´My fortune … amends.´ Sir P. Sidney.

A•mend´a•ble , a. Capable of being amended; as an amendable writ or error. — A•mend´a•ble•ness, n.

A•mend´a•to•ry , a. Supplying amendment; corrective; emendatory. Bancroft.

A•mende´ , n. [F. See Amend.] A pecuniary punishment or fine; a reparation or recantation. Amende honorable . (Old French Law) A species of infamous punishment in which the offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, and a lighted torch in his hand, begged pardon of his God, the court, etc. In popular language, the phrase now denotes a public apology or recantation, and reparation to an injured party, for improper language or treatment.

A•mend´er , n. One who amends.

A•mend´ful , a. Much improving. [Obs.]

A•mend´ment , n. [F. amendement, LL. amendamentum.] 1. An alteration or change for the better; correction of a fault or of faults; reformation of life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies; Any alternation made or proposed to be made in a bill or motion by adding, changing, substituting, or omitting. 3. (Law) Correction of an error in a writ or process. Syn. — Improvement; reformation; emendation.

A•mends´ , n. sing. & pl. [F. amendes, pl. of amende. Cf. Amende.] Compensation for a loss or injury; recompense; reparation. [Now const. with sing. verb.] ´An honorable amends.´ Addison. “Yet thus far fortune maketh us amends.
Shak.”

A•men´i•ty , n.; pl. Amenities . [F. amenite, L. amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] The quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition; pleasantness; civility; suavity; gentleness. “A sweetness and amenity of temper.
Buckle.” “This climate has not seduced by its amenities.
W. Howitt.”

A•men•or•rhœ´a , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + month + to flow: cf. F. amenorrhee.] (Med.) Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge.

A•men•or•rhœ´al , a. Pertaining to amenorrhœa.

A men´sa et tho´ro . [L., from board and bed.] (Law) A kind of divorce which does not dissolve the marriage bond, but merely authorizes a separate life of the husband and wife. Abbott.

Am´ent , n. [L. amentum thong or strap.] (Bot.) A species of inflorescence; a catkin. “The globular ament of a buttonwood.
Coues.”

Am•en•ta´ceous , a. [LL. amentaceus.] (Bot.) (a) Resembling, or consisting of, an ament or aments; as the chestnut has an amentaceous inflorescence. (b) Bearing aments; having flowers arranged in aments; as amentaceous plants.

A•men´ti•a , n. [L.] (Med.) Imbecility; total want of understanding.

Am•en•tif´er•ous , a. [L. amentum + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing catkins. Balfour.

A•men´ti•form , a. [L. amentum + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a catkin.

A•men´tum , n.; pl. Amenta . Same as Ament.

Am´e•nuse , v. t. [OF. amenuisier. See Minute.] To lessen. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•merce´ (a•mers´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amerced (a•merst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Amercing.] [OF. amercier, fr. a merci at the mercy of, liable to a punishment. See Mercy.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion of the court; as the court amerced the criminal in the sum of one hundred dollars. The penalty or fine may be expressed without a preposition, or it may be introduced by in, with, or of. 2. To punish, in general; to mulct. “Millions of spirits for his fault amerced
Of Heaven.
Milton.” “Shall by him be amerced with penance due.
Spenser.”

A•merce´a•ble , a. Liable to be amerced.

A•merce´ment , n. [OF. amerciment.] The infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court; also a mulct or penalty thus imposed. It differs from a fine,in that the latter is, or was originally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statute for an offense; but an amercement is arbitrary. Hence, the act or practice of affeering. [See Affeer.] Blackstone. This word, in old books, is written amerciament. Amercement royal, a penalty imposed on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office. Jacobs.

A•mer´cer , n. One who amerces.

A•mer´cia•ment , n. [LL. amerciamentum.] Same as Amercement. Mozley & W.

A•mer´i•can (a•mer´i•kan), a. [Named from Americus Vespucius.] 1. Of or pertaining to America; as the American continent: American Indians. 2. Of or pertaining to the United States. ´A young officer of the American navy.´ Lyell. American ivy. See Virginia creeper. — American Party (U. S. Politics), a party, about 1854, which opposed the influence of foreign-born citizens, and those supposed to owe allegiance to a foreign power. — Native american Party (U. S. Politics), a party of principles similar to those of the American party. It arose about 1843, but soon died out.

A•mer´i•can (a•mer´i•kan), n. A native of America; — originally applied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but now applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America, and especially to the citizens of the United States. “The name American must always exalt the pride of patriotism.
Washington.”

A•mer´i•can•ism , n. 1. Attachment to the United States. 2. A custom peculiar to the United States or to America; an American characteristic or idea. 3. A word or phrase peculiar to the United States.

A•mer•i•can•i•za´tion (a•mer•i•kan•i•za´shun), n. The process of Americanizing.

A•mer´i•can•ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Americanizer ; p. pr. & vb. n. Americanizing.] To render American; to assimilate to the Americans in customs, ideas etc.; to stamp with American characteristics.

Ames´-ace , n. Same as Ambs- ace.

Am´ess , n. (Eccl.) Amice, a hood or cape. See 2d Amice.

Am•e•tab´o•la , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis. [Written also Ametabolia.]

A•met•a•bo´li•an , a. [Gr. unchangeable; ’a priv. + changeable, to change.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to insects that do undergo any metamorphosis. { A•met•a•bol´ic , Am•e•tab´o•lous } a. (Zoöl.) Not undergoing any metamorphosis; as ametabolic insects.

A•meth´o•dist , n. [Pref. a- not + methodist.] One without method; a quack. [Obs.]

Am´e•thyst , [F. ametiste, amatiste, F. amethyste, L. amethystus, fr. Gr. without drunkenness; as a noun, a remedy for drunkenness, the amethyst, supposed to have this power; ’a priv. + to be drunken, strong drink, wine. See Mead.] 1. (Min.) A variety of crystallized quartz, of a purple or bluish violet color, of different shades. It is much used as a jeweler’s stone. Oriental amethyst, the violet-blue variety of transparent crystallized corundum or sapphire. 2. (Her.) A purple color in a nobleman’s escutcheon, or coat of arms.

Am•e•thys´tine , a. [L. amethystinus, Gr. .] 1. Resembling amethyst, especially in color; bluish violet. 2. Composed of, or containing, amethyst.

Am•e•tro´pi•a , n. [Gr. irregular + , , eye.] (Med.) Any abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the eye. — Am•e•trop´ic , a.

Am•har´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Amhara, a division of Abyssinia; as the Amharic language is closely allied to the Ethiopic. — n. The Amharic language (now the chief language of Abyssinia).

Am´i•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. a kind of tunny.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water ganoid fishes, exclusively confined to North America; called bowfin in Lake Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South Carolina, etc. See Bowfin.

A•mi•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being amiable; amiableness; sweetness of disposition. “Every excellency is a degree of amiability.
Jer. Taylor.”

A´mi•a•ble , a. [F. amiable, L. amicabilis friendly, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. The meaning has been influenced by F. aimable, L. amabilis lovable, fr. amare to love. Cf. Amicable, Amorous, Amability.] 1. Lovable; lovely; pleasing. [Obs. or R.] “So amiable a prospect.
Sir T. Herbert.” 2. Friendly; kindly; sweet; gracious; as an amiable temper or mood; amiable ideas. 3. Possessing sweetness of disposition; having sweetness of temper, kind-heartedness, etc., which causes one to be liked; as an amiable woman. 4. Done out of love. [Obs.] “Lay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford’s wife.
Shak.”

A•mi•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being amiable; amiability.

A´mi•a•bly, adv. In an amiable manner.

Am´i•anth , n. See Amianthus. [Poetic]

Am•i•an´thi•form , a. [Amianthus + -form.] Resembling amianthus in form.

Am•i•an´thoid , a. [Amianthus + -oid: cf. F. amiantoïde.] Resembling amianthus.

Am•i•an´thus , n. [L. amiantus, Gr. (lit., unsoiled stone) a greenish stone, like asbestus; ’a priv. + to stain, to defile; so called from its incombustibility.] (Min.) Earth flax, or mountain flax; a soft silky variety of asbestus.

Am´ic , a. [L. ammonia + - ic.] (Chem.) Related to, or derived, ammonia; — used chiefly as a suffix; as amic acid; phosphamic acid. Amic acid (Chem.), one of a class of nitrogenized acids somewhat resembling amides.

Am•i•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being amicable; friendliness; amicableness. Ash.

Am´i•ca•ble , a. [L. amicabilis, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendly; proceeding from, or exhibiting, friendliness; after the manner of friends; peaceable; as an amicable disposition, or arrangement. “That which was most remarkable in this contest was … the amicable manner in which it was managed.
Prideoux.” Amicable action (Law.), an action commenced and prosecuted by amicable consent of the parties, for the purpose of obtaining a decision of the court on some matter of law involved in it. Bouvier. Burrill. — Amicable numbers (Math.), two numbers, each of which is equal to the sum of all the aliquot parts of the other. Syn. — Friendly; peaceable; kind; harmonious. — Amicable, Friendly. Neither of these words denotes any great warmth of affection, since friendly has by no means the same strength as its noun friendship. It does, however, imply something of real cordiality; while amicable supposes very little more than that the parties referred to are not disposed to quarrel. Hence, we speak of amicable relations between two countries, an amicable adjustment of difficulties. ´Those who entertain friendly feelings toward each other can live amicably together.´

Am´i•ca•ble•ness , n. The quality of being amicable; amicability.

Am´i•ca•bly, adv. In an amicable manner.

Am´ice , n. [OE. amyse, prob. for amyt, OF. amit, ameit, fr. L. amictus cloak, the word being confused with amice, almuce, a hood or cape. See next word.] A square of white linen worn at first on the head, but now about the neck and shoulders, by priests of the Roman Catholic Church while saying Mass.

Am´ice, n. [OE. amuce, amisse, OF. almuce, aumuce, F. aumusse, LL. almucium, almucia, aumucia: of unknown origin; cf. G. mütze cap, prob. of the same origin. Cf. Mozetta.] (Eccl.) A hood, or cape with a hood, made of lined with gray fur, formerly worn by the clergy; — written also amess, amyss, and almuce.

A•mid´ , prep. See Amidst.

Am´ide ( 277), n. [Ammonia + - ide.] (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of amidogen with an acid element or radical. It may also be regarded as ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an acid atom or radical. Acid amide, a neutral compound formed by the substitution of the amido group for hydroxyl in an acid.

Am´i•din , n. [Cf. F. amidine, fr. amido starch, fr. L. amylum, Gr. fine meal, neut. of not ground at the mill, — hence, of the finest meal; ’a priv. + , , mill. See Meal.] (Chem.) Start modified by heat so as to become a transparent mass, like horn. It is soluble in cold water.

A•mi´do , a. [From Amide.] (Chem.) Containing, or derived from, amidogen. Amido acid, an acid in which a portion of the nonacid hydrogen has been replaced by the amido group. The amido acids are both basic and acid. — Amido group, amidogen, NH2.

A•mid´o•gen , n. [Amide + - gen.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH2, not yet obtained in a separate state, which may be regarded as ammonia from the molecule of which one of its hydrogen atoms has been removed; — called also the amido group, and in composition represented by the form amido.

A•mid´ships , adv. (Naut.) In the middle of a ship, with regard to her length, and sometimes also her breadth. Totten. { A•midst´ , A•mid´ } prep. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a later addition, as in whilst, amongst, alongst. See Mid.] In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. ´This fair tree amidst the garden.´ ´Unseen amid the throng.´ ´Amidst thick clouds.´ Milton. ´Amidst acclamations.´ ´Amidst the splendor and festivity of a court.´ Macaulay. “But rather famish them amid their plenty.
Shak.” Syn. — Amidst, Among. These words differ to some extent from each other, as will be seen from their etymology. Amidst denotes in the midst or middle of, and hence surrounded by; as this work was written amidst many interruptions. Among denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects; as ´He fell among thieves.´ ´Blessed art thou among women.´ Hence, we say, among the moderns, among the ancients, among the thickest of trees, among these considerations, among the reasons I have to offer. Amid and amidst are commonly used when the idea of separate or distinguishable objects is not prominent. Hence, we say, they kept on amidst the storm, amidst the gloom, he was sinking amidst the waves, he persevered amidst many difficulties; in none of which cases could among be used. In like manner, Milton speaks of Abdiel, — “The seraph Abdiel, faithful found;
Among the faithless faithful only he,”
because he was then considered as one of the angels. But when the poet adds, —
“From amidst them forth he passed,”
we have rather the idea of the angels as a collective body.
“Those squalid cabins and uncleared woods amidst which he was born.
Macaulay. ”

Am´ine ( 277), n. [Ammonia + - ine.] (Chem.) One of a class of strongly basic substances derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical.

Am´i•oid , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Amioidei. — n. One of the Amioidei.

Am•i•oi´de•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Amia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes of which Amia is the type. See Bowfin and Ganoidei.

A•mir´ , n. Same as Ameer.

A•miss´ , adv. [Pref. a- + miss.] Astray; faultily; improperly; wrongly; ill. “What error drives our eyes and ears amiss?
Shak.” “Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss.
James iv. 3.” To take (an act, thing) amiss, to impute a wrong motive to (an act or thing); to take offense at; to take unkindly; as you must not take these questions amiss.

A•miss´ (a•mis´), a. Wrong; faulty; out of order; improper; as it may not be amiss to ask advice. [Used only in the predicate.] Dryden. “His wisdom and virtue can not always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances.
Wollaston.”

A•miss´, n. A fault, wrong, or mistake. [Obs.] “Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss.
Shak.”

A•mis•si•bil´i•ty , [Cf. F. amissibilite. See Amit.] The quality of being amissible; possibility of being lost. [R.] “Notions of popular rights and the amissibility of sovereign power for misconduct were alternately broached by the two great religious parties of Europe.
Hallam.”

A•mis´si•ble , a. [L. amissibilis: cf. F. amissible.] Liable to be lost. [R.]

A•mis´sion , n. [L. amissio: cf. F. amission.] Deprivation; loss. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A•mit´ , v. t. [L. amittere, amissum, to lose; a (ab) + mittere to send. See Missile.] To lose. [Obs.] “A lodestone fired doth presently amit its proper virtue.
Sir T. Browne.”

Am´i•ty , n.; pl. Amities . [F. amitie, OF. amistie, amiste, fr. an assumed LL. amisitas, fr. L. amicus friendly, from amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or nations; friendly relations; good understanding; as a treaty of amity and commerce; the amity of the Whigs and Tories. “To live on terms of amity with vice.
Cowper.” Syn. — Harmony; friendliness; friendship; affection; good will; peace.

Am´ma , n. [LL. amma, prob. of interjectional or imitative origin: cf. Sp. ama, G. amme, nurse, Basque ama mother, Heb. m, Ar. immun, ummun.] An abbes or spiritual mother.

Am´me•ter , n. (Physics) A contraction of amperometer or ampèremeter.

Am´mi•ral , n. An obsolete form of admiral. ´The mast of some great ammiral.´ Milton.

Am´mite (am´mit), n. [Gr. ’ammi•ths, ’ammi•tis, sandstone, fr. ’a•mmos or ´a•mmos sand.] (Geol.) Oölite or roestone; — written also hammite. [Obs.]

Am´mo•dyte , n. [L. ammodytes, Gr. sand burrower, a kind of serpent; ’a•mmos sand + diver, to dive.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of a genus of fishes; the sand eel. (b) A kind of viper in southern Europe. [Obs.]

Am•mo´ni•a , n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first obtaining near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning camel’s dung. See Ammoniac.] (Chem.) A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH3, with a pungent smell and taste: — often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn. { Am•mo´ni•ac , Am•mo•ni´a•cal } a. Of or pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its properties; as an ammoniac salt; ammoniacal gas. Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the vapor of ammonia is used as the motive force. — Sal ammoniac [L. sal ammoniacus], the salt usually called chloride of ammonium, and formerly muriate of ammonia.

Am•mo´ni•ac (or Gum• am•mo´ni•ac , n. [L. Ammoniacum, Gr. a resinous gum, said to distill from a tree near the temple of Jupiter Ammon cf. F. ammoniac. See Ammonite.] (Med.) The concrete juice (gum resin) of an umbelliferous plant the Dorema ammoniacum. It is brought chiefly from Persia in the form of yellowish tears which occur singly or are aggregated into masses. It has a peculiar smell and a nauseous sweet taste followed by a bitter one. It is inflammable partially soluble in water and in spirit of wine and is used in medicine as an expectorant and resolvent and for the formation of certain plasters.

Am•mo´ni•a•ted , a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with ammonia.

Am•mo´nic , a. Of or pertaining to ammonia.

Am´mon•ite , n. [L. cornu Ammonis born of Ammon; L. Ammon, Gr. an appellation of Jupiter, as represented with the horns of a ram. It was originally the name of an. Egyptian god, Amun.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod shell related to the nautilus. There are many genera and species, and all are extinct, the typical forms having existed only in the Mesozoic age, when they were exceedingly numerous. They differ from the nautili in having the margins of the septa very much lobed or plaited, and the siphuncle dorsal. Also called serpent stone, snake stone, and cornu Ammonis.

Am•mon•i•tif´er•ous , a. [Ammonite + -ferous.] Containing fossil ammonites.

Am•mon•i•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Ammonite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic rocks. See Ammonite.

Am•mo´ni•um , n. [See Ammonia.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH4, having the chemical relations of a strongly basic element like the alkali metals.

Am•mu•ni´tion , n. [F. amunition, for munition, prob. caused by taking la munition as l’amunition. See Munition.] 1. Military stores, or provisions of all kinds for attack or defense. [Obs.] 2. Articles used in charging firearms and ordnance of all kinds; as powder, balls, shot, shells, percussion caps, rockets, etc. 3. Any stock of missiles, literal or figurative. Ammunition bread, shoes, etc., such as are contracted for by government, and supplied to the soldiers. [Eng.]

Am•mu•ni´tion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ammunitioned ; p pr. & vb. n. Ammunitioning.] To provide with ammunition.

Am•ne´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + to remember.] (Med.) Forgetfulness; also a defect of speech, from cerebral disease, in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in the place of those he wishes to employ. Quian.

Am•ne´sic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amnesia. ´Amnesic or coördinate defects.´ Quian.

Am•nes´tic , a. Causing loss of memory.

Am´nes•ty , n. [L. amnestia, Gr. , a forgetting, fr. forgotten, forgetful; ’a priv. + to remember: cf. F. amnistie, earlier amnestie. See Mean, v.] 1. Forgetfulness; cessation of remembrance of wrong; oblivion. 2. An act of the sovereign power granting oblivion, or a general pardon, for a past offense, as to subjects concerned in an insurrection.

Am´nes•ty, v. t. [imp. p. p. Amnestied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amnestying.] To grant amnesty to.

Am•nic´o•list , n. [L. amnicola, amnis a river + colere to dwell.] One who lives near a river. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am•nig´e•nous , a. [L. amnigena; amnis a river + root gen of gignere to beget.] Born or bred in, of, or near a river. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am´ni•on , n. [Gr. the membrane round the fetus, dim. of lamb.] (Anat.) A thin membrane surrounding the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Am´ni•os , n. Same as Amnion.

Am•ni•o´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Amnion.] (Zoöl.) That group of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.

Am•ni•ot´ic , a. [Cf. F. amniotique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the amnion; characterized by an amnion; as the amniotic fluid; the amniotic sac. Amniotic acid. (Chem.) [R.] See Allantoin.

A•mœ´ba , n.; pl. L. Amœbae ; E. Amœbas . [NL., fr. Gr. change.] (Zoöl.) A rhizopod. common in fresh water, capable of undergoing many changes of form at will. See Rhizopoda.

Am•œ•bae´um , n. [L. amœbaeus, Gr. , alternate; L. amoebaeum carmen, Gr. , a responsive song, fr. change.] A poem in which persons are represented at speaking alternately; as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil.

Am•œ•be´a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) That division of the Rhizopoda which includes the amœba and similar forms.

Am•œ•be´an , a. Alternately answering.

A•mœ´bi•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amœbea. { A•mœ´bi•form , A•mœ´boid } a. [Amœba + -form or -oid.] (Biol.) Resembling an amœba; amœba-shaped; changing in shape like an amœba. Amœboid movement, movement produced, as in the amœba, by successive processes of prolongation and retraction.

A•mœ´bous , a. Like an amœba in structure.

Am•o•li´tion , n. [L. amolitio, fr. amoliri to remove; a (ab) + moliri to put in motion.] Removal; a putting away. [Obs.] Bp. Ward (1673).

A•mo´mum , n. [L., fr. Gr. an Indian spice plant.] (Bot.) A genus of aromatic plants. It includes species which bear cardamoms, and grains of paradise.

A•mon´este , v. t. To admonish. [Obs.] { A•mong´ , A•mongst´ } prep. [OE. amongist, amonges, amonge, among, AS. onmang, ongemang, gemang, in a crowd or mixture. For the ending -st see Amidst. See Mingle.] 1. Mixed or mingled; surrounded by. “They heard,
And from his presence hid themselves among
The thickest trees.
Milton.” 2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the number of; in the number or class of. “Blessed art thou among women.
Luke i. 28.” 3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution, etc.; also a relation of reciprocal action. “What news among the merchants?
Shak.” “Human sacrifices were practiced among them.
Hume.” “Divide that gold amongst you.
Marlowe.” “Whether they quarreled among themselves, or with their neighbors.
Addison.” Syn. — Amidst; between. See Amidst, Between.

A•mon•til•la´do , n. [Sp.] A dry kind of cherry, of a light color. Simmonds.

Am´o•ret , n. [OF. amorette, F. amourette, dim. of amour.] 1. An amorous girl or woman; a wanton. [Obs.] J. Warton. 2. A love knot, love token, or love song. (pl.) Love glances or love tricks. [Obs.] 3. A petty love affair or amour. [Obs.]

Am´o•rette´ , n. An amoret. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Am´o•rist , n. [L. armor love. See Amorous.] A lover; a gallant. [R.] Milton. “It was the custom for an amorist to impress the name of his mistress in the dust, or upon the damp earth, with letters fixed upon his shoe.
Southey.”

A-morn´ings , adv. [See Amorwe. The -s is a genitival ending. See -wards.] In the morning; every morning. [Obs.] “And have such pleasant walks into the woods
A-mornings.
J. Fletcher.”

Am•o•ro´sa , n. [It. amoroso, fem. amorosa.] A wanton woman; a courtesan. Sir T. Herbert.

Am•o•ros´i•ty , n. The quality of being amorous; lovingness. [R.] Galt.

Am•o•ro´so , n. [It. amoroso, LL. amorosus.] A lover; a man enamored.

Am•o•ro´so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a soft, tender, amatory style.

Am´o•rous , a. [OF. amoros, F. amoreux, LL. amorosus, fr. L. amor love, fr. amare to love.] 1. Inclined to love; having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment; loving; fond; affectionate; as an amorous disposition. 2. Affected with love; in love; enamored; — usually with of; formerly with on. “Thy roses amorous of the moon.
Keats.” “High nature amorous of the good.
Tennyson.” “Sure my brother is amorous on Hero.
Shak.” 3. Of or relating to, or produced by, love. ´Amorous delight.´ Milton. ´Amorous airs.´ Waller. Syn. — Loving; fond; tender; passionate; affectionate; devoted; ardent.

Am´o•rous•ly, adv. In an amorous manner; fondly.

Am´o•rous•ness, n. The quality of being amorous, or inclined to sexual love; lovingness.

A•mor´pha , n.; pl. Amorphas . [Gr. shapeless.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous shrubs, having long clusters of purple flowers; false or bastard indigo. Longfellow.

A•mor´phism , n. [See Amorphous.] A state of being amorphous; esp. a state of being without crystallization even in the minutest particles, as in glass, opal, etc. There are stony substances which, when fused, may cool as glass or as stone; the glass state is spoken of as a state of amorphism.

A•mor´phous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + form.] 1. Having no determinate form; of irregular; shapeless. Kirwan. 2. Without crystallization in the ultimate texture of a solid substance; uncrystallized. 3. Of no particular kind or character; anomalous. “Scientific treatises … are not seldom rude and amorphous in style.
Hare.” — A•mor´phous•ly, adv. — A•mor´phous•ness, n.

A•mor•pho•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. shapeless; ’a priv. + form + animal.] (Zoöl.) Animals without a mouth or regular internal organs, as the sponges.

A•mor•pho•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amorphozoa.

A•mor´phy , n. [Gr. : cf. F. amorphie. See Amorphous.] Shapelessness. [Obs.] Swift.

A•mort´ , a. [Pref. a- + F. mort death, dead; all amort is for alamort.] As if dead; lifeless; spiritless; dejected; depressed. Shak.

A•mor´tise , v., A•mor•ti•sa´tion , n., A•mor´tis•a•ble , a., A•mor´tise•ment , n. Same as Amortize, Amortization, etc.

A•mor´tiz•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. amortissable.] Capable of being cleared off, as a debt.

A•mor•ti•za´tion , n. [LL. amortisatio, admortizatio. See Amortize, and cf. Admortization.] 1. (Law) The act or right of alienating lands to a corporation, which was considered formerly as transferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain. 2. The extinction of a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund; also the money thus paid. Simmonds.

A•mor´tize , v. t. [OE. amortisen, LL. amortisare, admortizare, F. amortir to sell in mortmain, to extinguish; L. ad + mors death. See Mortmain]. 1. To make as if dead; to destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to convey to a corporation. See Mortmain. 3. To clear off or extinguish, as a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund.

A•mor´tize•ment , n. [F. amortissement.] Same as Amortization.

A•mor´we , adv. [Pref. a- on + OE. morwe. See Morrow.] 1. In the morning. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. On the following morning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•mo´tion , n. [L. amotio. See Amove.] 1. Removal; ousting; especially, the removal of a corporate officer from his office. 2. Deprivation of possession.

A•mo´tus , a. [L., withdrawn (from itplace).] (Zoöl.) Elevated, — as a toe, when raised so high that the tip does not touch the ground.

A•mount´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Amounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Amounting.] [OF. amonter to increase, advance, ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the mountain) upward, F. amont up the river. See Mount, n.] 1. To go up; to ascend. [Obs.] “So up he rose, and thence amounted straight.
Spenser.” 2. To rise or reach by an accumulation of particular sums or quantities; to come (to) in the aggregate or whole; — with to or unto. 3. To rise, reach, or extend in effect, substance, or influence; to be equivalent; to come practically (to); as the testimony amounts to very little.

A•mount´, v. t. To signify; to amount to. [Obs.]

A•mount´, n. 1. The sum total of two or more sums or quantities; the aggregate; the whole quantity; a totality; as the amount of 7 and 9 is 16; the amount of a bill; the amount of this year’s revenue. 2. The effect, substance, value, significance, or result; the sum; as the amount of the testimony is this. “The whole amount of that enormous fame.
Pope.”

A•mour´ , n. [F., fr. L. amor love.] 1. Love; affection. [Obs.] 2. Love making; a love affair; usually, an unlawful connection in love; a love intrigue; an illicit love affair. In amours with, in love with. [Obs.]

A´mour• pro´pre (a´moor• pro´pr’). [F.] Self-love; self-esteem.

A•mov•a•bil´i•ty , n. Liability to be removed or dismissed from office. [R.] T. Jefferson.

A•mov´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. amovible.] Removable.

A•move´ , v. t. [L. amovere; a- (ab) + movere to move: cf. OF. amover.] 1. To remove, as a person or thing, from a position. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Law) To dismiss from an office or station.

A•move´, v. t. & i. [OE. amovir, L. admovere to move to, to excite; ad + movere.] To move or be moved; to excite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am´pe•lite (am´pe•lit), n. [L. ampelitis, Gr. ’ampeli^tis, fr. ’a•mpelos vine.] (Min.) An earth abounding in pyrites, used by the ancients to kill insects, etc., on vines; — applied by Brongniart to a carbonaceous alum schist. { Am•père´ (äN•pâr´), Am•pere´ (am•par´), } n. [From the name of a French electrician.] (Elec.) The unit of electric current; — defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by U. S. Statute as one tenth of the unit of current of the C. G. S. system of electro-magnetic units, or the practical equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a standard solution of nitrate of silver in water, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 grams per second. Called also the international ampère. { Am•père´me•ter , Am•pe•rom´e•ter , } n. [Ampère + meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the strength of an electrical current in ampères.

Am´per•sand , n. [A corruption of and, per se and, i. e., & by itself makes and.] A word used to describe the character , , or &. Halliwell.

Am•phi-. [Gr. ’amfi•.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying both, of both kinds, on both sides, about, around.

Am•phi•ar•thro´di•al , a. [Pref. amphi- + arthrodial.] Characterized by amphiarthrosis.

Am•phi•ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + a joining, a joint.] (Anat.) A form of articulation in which the bones are connected by intervening substance admitting slight motion; symphysis.

Am´phi•as•ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + ’asth•r a star.] (Biol.) The achromatic figure, formed in mitotic cell-division, consisting of two asters connected by a spindle-shaped bundle of rodlike fibers diverging from each aster, and called the spindle.

Am•phib´i•a , n. pl. [See Amphibium.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of vertebrates. The Amphibia are distinguished by having usually no scales, by having eggs and embryos similar to those of fishes, and by undergoing a complete metamorphosis, the young having gills. There are three living orders: (1) The tailless, as the frogs (Anura); (2) The tailed (Urodela), as the salamanders, and the siren group (Sirenoidea), which retain the gills of the young state (hence called Perennibranchiata) through the adult state, among which are the siren, proteus, etc.; (3) The Cœcilians, or serpentlike Amphibia (Ophiomorpha or Gymnophiona), with minute scales and without limbs. The extinct Labyrinthodonts also belonged to this class. The term is sometimes loosely applied to both reptiles and amphibians collectively.

Am•phib´i•al (-al), a. & n. Amphibian. [R.]

Am•phib´i•an (-an), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphibia; as amphibian reptiles.

Am•phib´i•an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amphibia.

Am•phib•i•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to amphibiology.

Am•phib•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. amphibious + -logy: cf. F. amphibiologie.] A treatise on amphibious animals; the department of natural history which treats of the Amphibia.

Am•phib•i•ot´i•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + biwtiko•s pertaining to life.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects having aquatic larvae.

Am•phib´i•ous , a. [Gr. ’amfi•bios living a double life, i. e., both on land in water; ’amfi• + bi•os life.] 1. Having the ability to live both on land and in water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and some plants. 2. Pertaining to, adapted for, or connected with, both land and water. “The amphibious character of the Greeks was already determined: they were to be lords of land and sea.
Hare.” 3. Of a mixed nature; partaking of two natures. “Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious subordinate class of villein socage.
Blackstone.”

Am•phib´i•ous•ly, adv. Like an amphibious being.

Am•phib´i•um , n.; pl. L. Amphibia ; E. Amphibiums . [NL., fr. Gr. (sc. an animal). See Amphibious.] An amphibian.

Am•phi•blas´tic (am•fi•blas´tik), a. [Gr. ’amfi• + blastiko•s tending to sprout.] (Biol.) Segmenting unequally; — said of telolecithal ova with complete segmentation.

Am´phi•bole (am´fi•bol), n. [Gr. ’amfi•bolos doubtful, equivocal, fr. ’amfiba•llein to throw round, to doubt: cf. F. amphibole. Haüy so named the genus from the great variety of color and composition assumed by the mineral.] (Min.) A common mineral embracing many varieties varying in color and in composition. It occurs in monoclinic crystals also massive generally with fibrous or columnar structure. The color varies from white to gray, green, brown, and black. It is a silicate of magnesium and calcium, with usually aluminium and iron. Some common varieties are tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, edenite, hornblende (the last name being also used as a general term for the whole species). Amphibole is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, as syenite, diorite, most varieties of trachyte, etc. See Hornblende.

Am•phi•bol´ic (am•fi•bol´ic), a. 1. Of or pertaining to amphiboly; ambiguous; equivocal. 2. Of or resembling the mineral amphibole.

Am•phib•o•log´ic•al (am•fib•o•loj´i•kal), a. Of doubtful meaning; ambiguous. ´Amphibological expressions.´ Jer. Taylor. — Am•phib•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Am•phi•bol´o•gy (am•fi•bol´o•jy), n.; pl. Amphibologies (- jiz). [L. amphibologia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr. ’amfiboli•a, with the ending -logia as if fr. Gr. ’amfi•bolos ambiguous + lo•gos speech: cf. F. amphibologie. See Amphiboly.] A phrase, discourse, or proposition, susceptible of two interpretations; and hence, of uncertain meaning. It differs from equivocation, which arises from the twofold sense of a single term.

Am•phib´o•lous , a. [L. amphibolus, Gr. thrown about, doubtful. See Amphibole.] 1. Ambiguous; doubtful. [Obs.] “Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel — both parties declaring themselves for the king.
Howell.” 2. (Logic) Capable of two meanings. “An amphibolous sentence is one that is capable of two meanings, not from the double sense of any of the words, but from its admitting of a double construction; e. g., ´The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose.´
Whately.”

Am•phib´o•ly , n.; pl. Amphibolies . [L. amphibolia, Gr. : cf. OE. amphibolie. See Amphibolous.] Ambiguous discourse; amphibology. “If it oracle contrary to our interest or humor, we will create an amphiboly, a double meaning where there is none.
Whitlock.”

Am´phi•brach (am´fi•brak), n. [L. , Gr. short at both ends; ’amfi• + brachy•s short.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short (&ssmile; — &ssmile;); as habere. In modern prosody the accented syllable takes the place of the long and the unaccented of the short; as pro-phet\’b6ic. { Am•phi•car´pic , Am•phi•car´pous } a. [Gr. ’amfi• + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Producing fruit of two kinds, either as to form or time of ripening.

Am•phi•chro´ic , a. [Gr. ’amfi• + color.] (Chem.) Exhibiting or producing two colors, as substances which in the color test may change red litmus to blue and blue litmus to red. { Am•phi•cœ´li•an , Am•phi•cœ´lous , } a. [Gr. hollowed all round; ’amfi• + hollow.] (Zoöl.) Having both ends concave; biconcave; — said of vertebrae.

Am´phi•come , n. [Gr. with hair all round; ’amfi• + hair.] A kind of figured stone, rugged and beset with eminences, anciently used in divination. [Obs.] Encyc. Brit.

Am•phic•ty•on´ic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to the Amphictyons or their League or Council; as an Amphictyonic town or state; the Amphictyonic body. W. Smith.

Am•phic´ty•ons , n. pl. [L. Amphictyones, Gr. . Prob. the word was orig. dwellers around, neighbors.] (Grecian Hist.) Deputies from the confederated states of ancient Greece to a congress or council. They considered both political and religious matters.

Am•phic´ty•o•ny , n.; pl. Amphictyonies . [Gr. .] (Grecian Hist.) A league of states of ancient Greece; esp. the celebrated confederation known as the Amphictyonic Council. Its object was to maintain the common interests of Greece.

Am´phid , n. [Gr. ’a•mfw both: cf. F. amphide.] (Chem.) A salt of the class formed by the combination of an acid and a base, or by the union of two oxides, two sulphides, selenides, or tellurides, as distinguished from a haloid compound. [R.] Berzelius.

Am´phi•disc , n. [Gr. ’amfi• + di•skos a round plate.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar small siliceous spicule having a denticulated wheel at each end; — found in freshwater sponges.

Am•phi•drom´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’amfi•dromos running about or around.] Pertaining to an Attic festival at the naming of a child; — so called because the friends of the parents carried the child around the hearth and then named it.

Am•phig´a•mous , a. [Gr. + marriage.] (Bot.) Having a structure entirely cellular, and no distinct sexual organs; — a term applied by De Candolle to the lowest order of plants.

Am•phi•ge´an , a. [Gr. + , , the earth.] Extending over all the zones, from the tropics to the polar zones inclusive.

Am´phi•gen , n. [Gr. + -gen: cf. F. amphigène.] (Chem.) An element that in combination produces amphid salt; — applied by Berzelius to oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. [R.]

Am´phi•gene , n. (Min.) Leucite.

Am•phi•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. + generation.] (Biol.) Sexual generation; amphigony.

Am•phig´e•nous , a. (Bot.) Increasing in size by growth on all sides, as the lichens.

Am•phi•gon´ic , a. Pertaining to amphigony; sexual; as amphigonic propagation. [R.]

Am•phig´o•nous , a. [Gr. + a begetting.] Relating to both parents. [R.]

Am•phig´o•ny , n. Sexual propagation. [R.]

Am•phi•gor´ic , a. [See Amphigory.] Nonsensical; absurd; pertaining to an amphigory.

Am´phi•go•ry , n. [F. amphigouri, of uncertain derivation; perh. fr. Gr. + a circle.] A nonsense verse; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning, which on further attention proves to be meaningless. [Written also amphigouri.] { Am•phil´o•gism , Am•phil´o•gy } n. [Gr. + -logy.] Ambiguity of speech; equivocation. [R.]

Am•phim´a•cer , n. [L. amphimacru, Gr. ; on both sides + long.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as in casttas. Andrews.

Am•phi•neu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. + sinew, nerve.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mollusca remarkable for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and the arrangement of the nerves.

Am•phi•ox´us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + sharp.] (Zoöl.) A fishlike creature (Amphioxus lanceolatus), two or three inches long, found in temperature seas; — also called the lancelet. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest and most generalized of the vertebrates, having neither brain, skull, vertebrae, nor red blood. It forms the type of the group Acrania, Leptocardia, etc.

Am•phip´neust , n. [Gr. + one who breathes, to breathe.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of Amphibia, which have both lungs and gills at the same time, as the proteus and siren.

Am´phi•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amphipoda. { Am´phi•pod , Am•phip´o•dan } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda.

Am•phip´o•da , n. pl. [NL., FR. Gr. + , foot.] (Zoöl.) A numerous group of fourteen — footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The body is usually compressed laterally, and the anterior pairs or legs are directed downward and forward, but the posterior legs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach flea is an example. See Tetradecapoda and Arthrostraca.

Am•phip´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda.

Am•phip´ro•style , a. [L. amphiprostylos, Gr. having a double prostyle: cf. F. amphiprostyle. See Prostyle.] (Arch.) Doubly prostyle; having columns at each end, but not at the sides. — n. An amphiprostyle temple or edifice.

Am•phi•rhi´na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. + , , nose.] (Zoöl.) A name applied to the elasmobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double.

Am•phis•bae´na , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; on both ends + to go.] 1. A fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either way. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to move either way. See Illustration in Appendix. The Gordius aquaticus, or hairworm, has been called an amphisbaena; but it belongs among the worms.

Am•phis•bae´noid , a. [NL., fr. L. amphisbaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the lizards of the genus Amphisbaena. { Am•phis´ci•i , Am•phis´cians } n. pl. [Gr. throwing a shadow both ways; + shadow.] The inhabitants of the tropic, whose shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, and in the other to the south, according as the sun is south or north of their zenith.

Am•phis´to•mous , a. [Gr. + mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having a sucker at each extremity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they adhere.

Am•phi•sty´lic , a. [Gr. + pillar, support.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated with the hyoid arch and the cranium, as in the cestraciont sharks; — said of a skull. { Am•phi•the´a•ter , Am•phi•the´a•tre } , n. [L. amphitheatrum, fr. Gr. ; + theater: cf. F. amphitheâtre. See Theater.] 1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an open space called the arena. The Romans first constructed amphitheaters for combats of gladiators and wild beasts. 2. Anything resembling an amphitheater in form; as a level surrounded by rising slopes or hills, or a rising gallery in a theater.

Am•phi•the´a•tral , a. [L. amphitheatralis: cf. F. amphitheâtral.] Amphitheatrical; resembling an amphitheater. { Am•phi•the•at´ric , Am•phi•the•at´ric•al , } a. [L. amphitheatricus.] Of, pertaining to, exhibited in, or resembling, an amphitheater.

Am•phi•the•at´ric•al•ly, adv. In the form or manner of an amphitheater.

Am•phit´ro•cha (am•fit´roka), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’amfi• + trocho•s a wheel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of annelid larva having both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia. { Am•phit´ro•pal (-pal), Am•phit´ro•pous (- pus), } a. [Gr. ’amfi• + tre•pein to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted, but with the attachment near the middle of one side; half anatropous.

Am•phi•u´ma (am•fi•u´ma), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of amphibians, inhabiting the Southern United States, having a serpentlike form, but with four minute limbs and two persistent gill openings; the Congo snake.

Am•pho•pep´tone , n. [Gr. + E. peptone.] (Physiol.) A product of gastric digestion, a mixture of hemipeptone and antipeptone.

Am´pho•ra , n.; pl. Amophorae . [L., fr. Gr. , , a jar with two handles; + bearer, to bear. Cf. Ampul.] Among the ancients, a two-handled vessel, tapering at the bottom, used for holding wine, oil, etc.

Am´pho•ral , a. [L. amphoralis.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an amphora.

Am•phor´ic , a. (Med.) Produced by, or indicating, a cavity in the lungs, not filled, and giving a sound like that produced by blowing into an empty decanter; as amphoric respiration or resonance.

Am•pho•ter´ic , a. [Gr. both.] Partly one and partly the other; neither acid nor alkaline; neutral. [R.] Smart.

Am´ple , a. [F. ample, L. amplus, prob. for ambiplus full on both sides, the last syllable akin to L. plenus full. See Full, and cf. Double.] Large; great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk; spacious; roomy; widely extended. “All the people in that ample house
Did to that image bow their humble knees.
Spenser.” 2. Fully sufficient; abundant; liberal; copious; as an ample fortune; ample justice. 3. Not contracted of brief; not concise; extended; diffusive; as an ample narrative. Johnson. Syn. — Full; spacious; extensive; wide; capacious; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; copious; bountiful; rich; liberal; munificent. — Ample, Copious, Abundant, Plenteous. These words agree in representing a thing as large, but under different relations, according to the image which is used. Ample implies largeness, producing a sufficiency or fullness of supply for every want; as ample stores or resources, ample provision. Copious carries with it the idea of flow, or of collection at a single point; as a copious supply of materials. ´Copious matter of my song.´ Milton. Abundant and plenteous refer to largeness of quantity; as abundant stores; plenteous harvests.

Am•plec´tant , a. [L. amplecti to embrace.] (Bot.) Clasping a support; as amplectant tendrils. Gray.

Am´ple•ness , n. The state or quality of being ample; largeness; fullness; completeness.

Am•plex•a´tion , n. [L. amplexari to embrace.] An embrace. [Obs.] “An humble amplexation of those sacred feet.
Bp. Hall.”

Am•plex´i•caul , a. [L. amplexus, p. p. of amplecti to encircle, to embrace + caulis stem: cf. F. amplexicaule.] (Bot.) Clasping or embracing a stem, as the base of some leaves. Gray.

Am´pli•ate , v. t. [L. ampliatus, p. p. of ampliare to make wider, fr. amplus. See Ample.] To enlarge. [R.] “To maintain and ampliate the external possessions of your empire.
Udall.”

Am´pli•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer edge prominent; said of the wings of insects.

Am•pli•a´tion , n. [L. ampliatio: cf. F. ampliation.] 1. Enlargement; amplification. [R.] 2. (Civil Law) A postponement of the decision of a cause, for further consideration or re-argument.

Am´pli•a•tive , a. (Logic) Enlarging a conception by adding to that which is already known or received. “´All bodies possess power of attraction´ is an ampliative judgment; because we can think of bodies without thinking of attraction as one of their immediate primary attributes.
Abp. W. Thomson.”

Am•plif´i•cate , v. t. [L. amplificatus, p. p. of amplificare.] To amplify. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am•pli•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. amplificatio.] 1. The act of amplifying or enlarging in dimensions; enlargement; extension. 2. (Rhet.) The enlarging of a simple statement by particularity of description, the use of epithets, etc., for rhetorical effect; diffuse narrative or description, or a dilating upon all the particulars of a subject. “Exaggeration is a species of amplification.
Brande & C.” “I shall summarily, without any amplification at all, show in what manner defects have been supplied.
Sir J. Davies.” 3. The matter by which a statement is amplified; as the subject was presented without amplifications.

Am•plif´i•ca•tive , a. Amplificatory.

Am•plif´i•ca•to•ry , a. Serving to amplify or enlarge; amplificative. Morell.

Am´pli•fi•er , n. One who or that which amplifies.

Am´pli•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amplified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Amplifying.] [F. amplifier, L. amplificare. See Ample, -fy.] 1. To render larger, more extended, or more intense, and the like; — used especially of telescopes, microscopes, etc. 2. (Rhet.) To enlarge by addition or discussion; to treat copiously by adding particulars, illustrations, etc.; to expand; to make much of. “Troilus and Cressida was written by a Lombard author, but much amplified by our English translator.
Dryden.”

Am´pli•fy , v. i. 1. To become larger. [Obs.] “Strait was the way at first, withouten light,
But further in did further amplify.
Fairfax.” 2. To speak largely or copiously; to be diffuse in argument or description; to dilate; to expatiate; — often with on or upon. Watts. “He must often enlarge and amplify upon the subject he handles.
South.”

Am´pli•tude , n. [L. amplitudo, fr. amplus: cf. F. amplitude. See Ample.] 1. State of being ample; extent of surface or space; largeness of dimensions; size. “The cathedral of Lincoln … is a magnificent structure, proportionable to the amplitude of the diocese.
Fuller.” 2. Largeness, in a figurative sense; breadth; abundance; fullness. (a) Of extent of capacity or intellectual powers. ´Amplitude of mind.´ Milton. ´Amplitude of comprehension.´ Macaulay. (b) Of extent of means or resources. ´Amplitude of reward.´ Bacon. 3. (Astron.) (a) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the center of the sun, or a star, at its rising or setting. At the rising, the amplitude is eastern or ortive: at the setting, it is western, occiduous, or occasive. It is also northern or southern, when north or south of the equator. (b) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the foot of the vertical circle passing through any star or object. 4. (Gun.) The horizontal line which measures the distance to which a projectile is thrown; the range. 5. (Physics) The extent of a movement measured from the starting point or position of equilibrium; — applied especially to vibratory movements. 6. (math.) An angle upon which the value of some function depends; — a term used more especially in connection with elliptic functions. Magnetic amplitude, the angular distance of a heavenly body, when on the horizon, from the magnetic east or west point as indicated by the compass. The difference between the magnetic and the true or astronomical amplitude (see 3 above) is the ´variation of the compass.´

Am´ply , adv. In an ample manner.

Am´pul , n. [AS. ampella, ampolla, L. ampulla: cf. OF. ampolle, F. ampoule.] Same as Ampulla, 2.

Am•pul´la, n.; pl. Ampullae . [L. ] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow-necked vessel having two handles and bellying out like a jug. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A cruet for the wine and water at Mass. (b) The vase in which the holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation is kept. Shipley. 3. (Biol.) Any membranous bag shaped like a leathern bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or duct; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals of the ear.

Am•pul•la´ceous , a. [L. ampullaceus, fr. ampulla.] Like a bottle or inflated bladder; bottle-shaped; swelling. Kirby. Ampullaceous sac (Zoöl.), one of the peculiar cavities in the tissues of sponges, containing the zooidal cells. { Am´pul•lar , Am•pul•la•ry } a. Resembling an ampulla. { Am´pul•late , Am´pul•la•ted } a. Having an ampulla; flask-shaped; bellied.

Am•pul´li•form , a. [Ampulla + -form.] Flask-shaped; dilated.

Am´pu•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amputated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amputating.] [L. amputatus, p. p. of amputare: amb- + putare to prune, putus clean, akin to E. pure. See Putative.] 1. To prune or lop off, as branches or tendrils. 2. (Surg.) To cut off (a limb or projecting part of the body). Wiseman.

Am•pu•ta´tion , n. [L. amputatio: cf. F. amputation.] The act of amputating; esp. the operation of cutting off a limb or projecting part of the body.

Am´pu•ta´tor , n. One who amputates.

Am´pyx , n. [Gr. .] (Greek Antiq.) A woman’s headband (sometimes of metal), for binding the front hair.

Am•ri´ta , n. [Skr. amrita.] (Hind. Myth.) Immortality; also the nectar conferring immortality. — a. Ambrosial; immortal.

Am´sel , Am´zel , n. [Ger. See Ousel.] (Zoöl.) The European ring ousel (Turdus torquatus).

A•muck´ (a•muk´), a. & adv. [Malay amoq furious.] In a frenzied and reckless manner. To run amuck, to rush out in a state of frenzy, as the Malays sometimes do under the influence of ´bhang,´ and attack every one that comes in the way; to assail recklessly and indiscriminately. “Satire’s my weapon, but I’m too discreet
To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet.
Pope.”

Am´u•let , n. [L. amuletum: cf. F. amulette.] An ornament, gem, or scroll, or a package containing a relic, etc., worn as a charm or preservative against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witchcraft, and generally inscribed with mystic forms or characters. [Also used figuratively.]

Am•u•let´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an amulet; operating as a charm.

A•mur´cous , a. [LL. amurcosus, L. amurca the dregs of olives, Gr. ’amo•rghs, fr. ’ame•rgein to pluck.] Full off dregs; foul. [R.] Knowles.

A•mus´a•ble (a•muz´a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. amusable.] Capable of being amused.

A•muse´ (a•muz´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amused (a•muzd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Amusing.] [F. amuser to make stay, to detain, to amuse, à (L. ad) + OF. muser. See Muse, v.] 1. To occupy or engage the attention of; to lose in deep thought; to absorb; also to distract; to bewilder. [Obs.] “Camillus set upon the Gauls when they were amused in receiving their gold.
Holland.” “Being amused with grief, fear, and fright, he could not find the house.
Fuller.” 2. To entertain or occupy in a pleasant manner; to stir with pleasing or mirthful emotions; to divert. “A group of children amusing themselves with pushing stones from the top [of the cliff], and watching as they plunged into the lake.
Gilpin.” 3. To keep in expectation; to beguile; to delude. “He amused his followers with idle promises.
Johnson.” Syn. — To entertain; gratify; please; divert; beguile; deceive; occupy. — To Amuse, Divert, Entertain. We are amused by that which occupies us lightly and pleasantly. We are entertained by that which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as conversation, or a book. We are diverted by that which turns off our thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sportive nature, as a humorous story, or a laughable incident. “Whatever amuses serves to kill time, to lull the faculties, and to banish reflection. Whatever entertains usually awakens the understanding or gratifies the fancy. Whatever diverts is lively in its nature, and sometimes tumultuous in its effects.
Crabb.”

A•muse´, v. i. To muse; to mediate. [Obs.]

A•mused´ , a. 1. Diverted. 2. Expressing amusement; as an amused look.

A•muse´ment , n. [Cf. F. amusement.] 1. Deep thought; muse. [Obs.] “Here I … fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in my mind, with great perplexity, the amazing change of our affairs.
Fleetwood.” 2. The state of being amused; pleasurable excitement; that which amuses; diversion. “His favorite amusements were architecture and gardening.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Diversion; entertainment; recreation; relaxation; pastime; sport.

A•mus´er (-er), n. One who amuses.

Am•u•sette´ , n. [F.] A light field cannon, or stocked gun mounted on a swivel.

A•mus´ing , a. Giving amusement; diverting; as an amusing story. — A•mus´ing•ly, adv.

A•mu´sive ( 277), a. Having power to amuse or entertain the mind; fitted to excite mirth. [R.] — A•mu´sive•ly, adv. — A•mu´sive•ness, n.

A•my´ , n. [F. ami, fr. L. amicus.] A friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•my´e•lous , a. [Gr. without marrow.] (Med.) Wanting the spinal cord.

A•myg•da•la´ceous , a. (Bot.) Akin to, or derived from, the almond.

A•myg´da•late , a. [L. amygdala, amygdalum, almond, Gr. , . See Almond.] Pertaining to, resembling, or made of, almonds.

A•myg´da•late, n. 1. (Med.) An emulsion made of almonds; milk of almonds. Bailey. Coxe. 2. (Chem.) A salt amygdalic acid.

Am•yg•dal´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to almonds; derived from amygdalin; as amygdalic acid.

A•myg•da•lif´er•ous , a. [L. amygdalum almond + -ferous.] Almond-bearing.

A•myg´da•lin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from bitter almonds as a white, crystalline substance.

A•myg´da•line , a. [L. amygdalinus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, almonds.

A•myg´da•loid , n. [Gr. almond + -oid: cf. F. amygdaloïde.] (Min.) A variety of trap or basaltic rock, containing small cavities, occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of different minerals, esp. agates, quartz, calcite, and the zeolites. When the imbedded minerals are detached or removed by decomposition, it is porous, like lava. { A•myg´da•loid , A•myg•da•loid´al } a. 1. Almond-shaped. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, the rock amygdaloid.

Am´yl , n. [L. amylum starch + -yl. Cf. Amidin.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, C5H11, of the paraffine series found in amyl alcohol or fusel oil, etc.

Am•y•la´ceous , a. [L. amylum starch, Gr. . See Amidin.] Pertaining to starch; of the nature of starch; starchy.

Am´y•late , n. (Chem.) A compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and a positive atom or radical.

Am´y•lene , n. (Chem.) One of a group of metameric hydrocarbons, C5H10, of the ethylene series. The colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called amylene is a mixture of different members of the group.

A•myl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, amyl; as amylic ether. Amylic alcohol (Chem.), one of the series of alcohols, a transparent, colorless liquid, having a peculiar odor. It is the hydroxide of amyl. — Amylic fermentation (Chem.), a process of fermentation in starch or sugar in which amylic alcohol is produced. Gregory.

Am•y•lo•bac´ter, n. [L. amylum starch + NL. bacterium. See Bacterium.] (Biol.) A microörganism (Bacillus amylobacter) which develops in vegetable tissue during putrefaction. Sternberg. { Am´y•loid , Am•y•loid´al } a. [L. amylum starch + -oid.] Resembling or containing amyl; starchlike. Amyloid degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition of various organs of the body, produced by the deposit of an albuminous substance, giving a blue color with iodine and sulphuric acid; - - called also waxy or lardaceous degeneration.

Am´y•loid (am´y•loid), n. 1. A non-nitrogenous starchy food; a starchlike substance. 2. (Med.) The substance deposited in the organs in amyloid degeneration.

Am•y•lo•ly´tic , a. [Gr. starch + solvent; to dissolve.] (Physiol.) Effecting the conversion of starch into soluble dextrin and sugar; as an amylolytic ferment. Foster.

Am•y•lose´ , n. (Chem.) One of the starch group (C6H10O5)n of the carbohydrates; as starch, arabin, dextrin, cellulose, etc.

Am´y•ous (am´i•us), a. [Gr. ’a•myos.] (Med.) Wanting in muscle; without flesh.

Am´yss (am´is), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.

An (an). [AS. an one, the same word as the numeral. See One, and cf. A.] This word is properly an adjective, but is commonly called the indefinite article. It is used before nouns of the singular number only, and signifies one, or any, but somewhat less emphatically. In such expressions as ´twice an hour,´ ´once an age,´ a shilling an ounce (see 2d A, 2), it has a distributive force, and is equivalent to each, every. An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as an enemy, an hour. It in also often used before h sounded, when the accent of the word falls on the second syllable; as an historian, an hyena, an heroic deed. Many writers use a before h in such positions. Anciently an was used before consonants as well as vowels.

An, conj. [Shortened fr. and, OE. an., and, sometimes and if, in introducing conditional clauses, like Icel. enda if, the same word as and. Prob. and was originally pleonastic before the conditional clause.] If; — a word used by old English authors. Shak. “Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe.
B. Jonson.” An if, and if; if.

An´a-. [Gr. ’ana• on; in comp., on, up, upwards.] A prefix in words from the Greek, denoting up, upward, throughout, backward, back, again, anew.

A´na (a´na), adv. [Gr. ’ana• (used distributively).] (Med.) Of each; an equal quantity; as wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), ij., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces. “An apothecary with a … long bill of anas.
Dryden.”

-a´na . [The neut. pl. ending of Latin adjectives in - anus.] A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc. Used also as a substantive; as the French anas. “It has been said that the table-talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent.
Hallam.”

An•a•bap´tism , n. [L. anabaptismus, Gr. ’anabaptismo•s: cf. F. anabaptisme. See Anabaptize.] The doctrine of the Anabaptists.

An•a•bap´tist , n. [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as if ’anabaptisth•s: cf. F. anabaptiste.] A name sometimes applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is necessary for those baptized in infancy. In church history, the name Anabaptists usually designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the Reformation period. In more modern times the name has been applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real and valid baptism. { An•a•bap•tis´tic , An•a•bap•tis´tic•al } a. Relating or attributed to the Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton. Bp. Bull.

An•a•bap´tist•ry , n. The doctrine, system, or practice, of Anabaptists. [R.] “Thus died this imaginary king; and Anabaptistry was suppressed in Munster.
Pagitt.”

An•a•bap•tize´ , v. t. [Gr. , fr. again + to baptize. See Baptize.] To rebaptize; to rechristen; also to rename. [R.] Whitlock.

An´a•bas , n. [Gr. , p. p. of to advance.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, remarkable for their power of living long out of water, and of making their way on land for considerable distances, and for climbing trees; the climbing fishes.

A•nab´a•sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to go up; up + to go.] 1. A journey or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his work called ´The Anabasis.´ “The anabasis of Napoleon.
De Quincey.” 2. (Med.) The first period, or increase, of a disease; augmentation. [Obs.]

An•a•bat´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to anabasis; as an anabatic fever. [Obs.]

An•a•bol´ic , a. [Gr. something heaped up; + a stroke.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to anabolism; an anabolic changes, or processes, more or less constructive in their nature.

A•nab´o•lism , n. (Physiol.) The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism.

An•a•camp´tic , a. [Gr. to bend back; back + to bend.] Reflecting of reflected; as an anacamptic sound (and echo). The word was formerly applied to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. See Catoptrics.

An•a•camp´tic•al•ly , adv. By reflection; as echoes are sound produced anacamptically. Hutton.

An•a•camp´tics , n. 1. The science of reflected light, now called catoptrics. 2. The science of reflected sounds. { An•a•can´thi•ni , An´a•canths } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + thorny, fr. thorn.] (Zoöl.) A group of teleostean fishes destitute of spiny fin-rays, as the cod.

An•a•can´thous , a. Spineless, as certain fishes.

An•a•car´di•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of sumac are well known examples.

An•a•car´dic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the cashew nut; as anacardic acid.

An•a•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. similar to + heart; — the fruit of this plant being thought to resemble the heart of a bird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew.

An•a•ca•thar´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to cleanse upward, i. e., by vomiting; + . See Cathartic.] (Med.) Producing vomiting or expectoration. — n. An anacathartic medicine; an expectorant or an emetic.

An•ach´a•ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. up + grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the frog’s-bit family (Hydrocharidaceae), native to America. Transferred to England it became an obstruction to navigation. Called also waterweed and water thyme.

An•ach´o•ret , n. An•ach•o•ret´ic•al a. See Anchoret Anchoretic. [Obs.]

An•ach´o•rism , n. [Gr. + place.] An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing; a referring something to a wrong place. [R.]

An•a•chron´ic , An•a•chron´ic•al , a. Characterized by, or involving, anachronism; anachronistic.

An•ach´ro•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to refer to a wrong time, to confound times; + time: cf. F. anachronisme.] A misplacing or error in the order of time; an error in chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to each other, esp. one by which an event is placed too early; falsification of chronological relation.

An•ach•ro•nis´tic , a. Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. T. Warton.

An•ach´ro•nize , v. t. [Gr. .] To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. [R.] Lowell.

An•ach´ro•nous , a. Containing an anachronism; anachronistic. — An•ach´ro•nous•ly, adv.

An•a•clas´tic , a. [Gr. to bend back and break; to reflect (light); + to break.] 1. (Opt.) Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as anaclastic curves. 2. Springing back, as the bottom of an anaclastic glass. Anaclastic glass, a glass or phial, shaped like an inverted funnel, and with a very thin convex bottom. By sucking out a little air, the bottom springs into a concave form with a smart crack; and by breathing or blowing gently into the orifice, the bottom, with a like noise, springs into its former convex form.

An•a•clas´tics , n. (Opt.) That part of optics which treats of the refraction of light; — commonly called dioptrics. Encyc. Brit.

An•a•cœ•no´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. , to communicate; up + to make common, common.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker appeals to his hearers or opponents for their opinion on the point in debate. Walker.

An•a•co•lu´thic , a. Lacking grammatical sequence. — An•a•co•lu´thic•al•ly , adv.

An•a•co•lu´thon , n. [Gr. , , not following, wanting sequence; ’an priv. + following.] (Gram.) A want of grammatical sequence or coherence in a sentence; an instance of a change of construction in a sentence so that the latter part does not syntactically correspond with the first part.

An•a•con´da , n. [Of Ceylonese origin?] (Zoöl.) A large South American snake of the Boa family (Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied to a similar large serpent (Python tigris) of Ceylon.

A•nac•re•on´tic , a. [L. Anacreonticus.] Pertaining to, after the manner of, or in the meter of, the Greek poet Anacreon; amatory and convivial. De Quincey.

A•nac•re•on´tic, n. A poem after the manner of Anacreon; a sprightly little poem in praise of love and wine.

An•a•crot´ic , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to anachronism.

A•nac´ro•tism , n. [Gr. , up, again + a stroke.] (Physiol.) A secondary notch in the pulse curve, obtained in a sphygmographic tracing.

An•a•cru´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to push up or back; + to strike.] (Pros.) A prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to a verse properly beginning with an accented syllable.

An´a•dem , n. [L. anadema, Gr. , fr. to wreathe; up + to bind.] A garland or fillet; a chaplet or wreath. Drayton. Tennyson.

An•a•di•plo´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; + to double, , , twofold, double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last word or any prominent word in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea; as ´He retained his virtues amidst all his misfortunes — misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent.´

An´a•drom , n. [Cf. F. anadrome.] (Zoöl.) A fish that leaves the sea and ascends rivers.

A•nad´ro•mous , a. [Gr. running upward; + a running, to run.] 1. (Zoöl.) Ascending rivers from the sea, at certain seasons, for breeding, as the salmon, shad, etc. 2. (Bot.) Tending upwards; — said of terns in which the lowest secondary segments are on the upper side of the branch of the central stem. D. C. Eaton.

A•nae´mi•a (a•ne´mi•a), a. [NL., fr. Gr. ’anaimi•a; ’an priv. + a’i^ma blood.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity.

A•naem´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anaemia.

An•a•ë•rob´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to, or like, anaërobies; anaërobiotic.

An•a´ër•o•bies , n. pl. [Gr. ’an priv. + , , air + bi•os life.] (Biol.) Microörganisms which do not require oxygen, but are killed by it. Sternberg.

An•a•ër•o•bi•ot´ic , a. (Anat.) Related to, or of the nature of, anaërobies.

An•aes•the´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’an priv. + feeling, to feel: cf. F. anesthesie. See AEsthetics.] (Med.) Entire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation; a state of general or local insensibility produced by disease or by the inhalation or application of an anaesthetic.

An•aes•the´sis , n. See Anaesthesia.

An•aes•thet´ic , a. (Med.) (a) Capable of rendering insensible; as anaesthetic agents. (b) Characterized by, or connected with, insensibility; as an anaesthetic effect or operation.

An•aes•thet´ic, n. (Med.) That which produces insensibility to pain, as chloroform, ether, etc.

An•aes•the•ti•za´tion , n. The process of anaesthetizing; also the condition of the nervous system induced by anaesthetics.

An•aes´the•tize , v. t. (Med.) To render insensible by an anaesthetic. Encyc. Brit.

An´a•glyph , n. [Gr. wrought in low relief, embossed work; + to engrave.] Any sculptured, chased, or embossed ornament worked in low relief, as a cameo. { An•a•glyph´ic , An•a•glyph´ic•al } a. Pertaining to the art of chasing or embossing in relief; anaglyptic; — opposed to diaglyptic or sunk work.

An•a•glyph´ic, n. Work chased or embossed relief.

An•a•glyp´tic , a. [L. anaglypticus, Gr. , . See Anaglyph.] Relating to the art of carving, enchasing, or embossing in low relief.

An•a•glyp´tics , n. The art of carving in low relief, embossing, etc.

An•a•glyp´to•graph , n. [Gr. + - graph.] An instrument by which a correct engraving of any embossed object, such as a medal or cameo, can be executed. Brande & C.

An•a•glyp•to•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anaglyptography; as anaglyptographic engraving.

An•a•glyp•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. embossed + -graphy.] The art of copying works in relief, or of engraving as to give the subject an embossed or raised appearance; — used in representing coins, bas-reliefs, etc.

An•ag•nor´i•sis , n. [Latinized fr. Gr. ; + to recognize.] The unfolding or denouement. [R.] De Quincey.

An•a•go´ge , n. [Gr. a leading up; + a leading, to lead.] 1. An elevation of mind to things celestial. 2. The spiritual meaning or application; esp. the application of the types and allegories of the Old Testament to subjects of the New. { An•a•gog´ic , An•a•gog´ic•al } a. Mystical; having a secondary spiritual meaning; as the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical sense, signifies the repose of the saints in heaven; an anagogical explication. — An•a•gog´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•a•gog´ics , n. pl. Mystical interpretations or studies, esp. of the Scriptures. L. Addison.

An´a•go•gy , n. Same as Anagoge.

An´a•gram , n. [F. anagramme, LL. anagramma, fr. Gr. back, again + to write. See Graphic.] Literally, the letters of a word read backwards, but in its usual wider sense, the change or one word or phrase into another by the transposition of its letters. Thus Galenus becomes angelus; William Noy (attorney-general to Charles I., and a laborious man) may be turned into I moyl in law.

An´a•gram, v. t. To anagrammatize. “Some of these anagramed his name, Benlowes, into Benevolus.
Warburton.” { An•a•gram•mat´ic , An•a•gram•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. anagramtique.] Pertaining to, containing, or making, an anagram. — An•a•gram•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•a•gram´ma•tism , n. [Gr. : cf. F. anagrammatisme.] The act or practice of making anagrams. Camden.

An•a•gram´ma•tist, n. [Cf. F. anagrammatiste.] A maker anagrams.

An•a•gram´ma•tize , v. t. [Gr. cf. F. anagrammatiser.] To transpose, as the letters of a word, so as to form an anagram. Cudworth.

An´a•graph , n. [Gr. a writing out, fr. to write out, to record; + to write.] An inventory; a record. [Obs.] Knowles. { An´a•kim , A´naks } n. pl. [Heb.] (Bibl.) A race of giants living in Palestine.

A´nal , a. [From Anus.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus; as the anal fin or glands.

A•nal´cime , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’a•lkimos strong, ’alkh• strength: cf. F. analcime.] (Min.) A white or flesh-red mineral, of the zeolite family, occurring in isometric crystals. By friction, it acquires a weak electricity; hence its name.

A•nal´cite (-sit), n. [Gr. ’analkh•s weak.] Analcime.

An•a•lec´tic (an•a•lek´tik), a. Relating to analects; made up of selections; as an analectic magazine. { An´a•lects (an´a•lekts), An•a•lec´ta (an•a•lek´ta), } n. pl. [Gr. ’ana•lekta fr. ’anale•gein to collect; ’ana• + le•gein to gather.] A collection of literary fragments.

An•a•lem´ma (-lem´ma), n. [L. analemma a sun dial on a pedestal, showing the latitude and meridian of a place, Gr. ’ana•lhmma a support, or thing supported, a sun dial, fr. ’analamba•nein to take up; ’ana• + lamba•nein to take.] 1. (Chem.) An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon. 2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; — formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems. 3. A scale of the sun’s declination for each day of the year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe. { An•a•lep´sis (an•a•lep´sis), An´a•lep´sy (an´a•lep•sy), } [Gr. a taking up, or again, recovery, from . See Analemma.] (Med.) (a) Recovery of strength after sickness. (b) A species of epileptic attack, originating from gastric disorder.

An•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. restorative: cf. F. analeptique. See Analepsis.] (Med.) Restorative; giving strength after disease. — n. A restorative.

An•al•ge´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’analghsi•a; ’an priv. + ’a•lghsis sense of pain.] (Med.) Absence of sensibility to pain. Quain.

An•al•lag•mat´ic , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + a change.] (Math.) Not changed in form by inversion. Anallagmatic curves, a class of curves of the fourth degree which have certain peculiar relations to circles; — sometimes called bicircular quartics. — Anallagmatic surfaces, a certain class of surfaces of the fourth degree.

An•al•lan•to´ic , a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an allantois.

An•al•lan•toid´e•a , n. pl. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. allantoidea.] (Zoöl.) The division of Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It includes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms.

A•nal´o•gal , a. Analogous. [Obs.] Donne.

An•a•log´ic , a. [See Analogous.] Of or belonging to analogy. Geo. Eliot.

An•a•log´ic•al , a. 1. Founded on, or of the nature of, analogy; expressing or implying analogy. “When a country which has sent out colonies is termed the mother country, the expression is analogical.
J. S. Mill.” 2. Having analogy; analogous. Sir M. Hale.

An•a•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In an analogical sense; in accordance with analogy; by way of similitude. “A prince is analogically styled a pilot, being to the state as a pilot is to the vessel.
Berkeley.”

An•a•log´ic•al•ness, n. Quality of being analogical.

A•nal´o•gism , n. [Gr. course of reasoning, fr. to think over, to calculate] 1. Logic an argument from the cause to the effect; an a priori argument. Johnson. 2. Investigation of things by the analogy they bear to each other. Crabb.

A•nal´o•gist , n. One who reasons from analogy, or represent, by analogy. Cheyne.

A•nal´o•gize, v. i. To employ, or reason by, analogy.

A•nal´o•gon , n. [Gr. .] Analogue.

A•nal´o•gous , a. [L. analogous, Gr. according to a due ratio, proportionate; + ratio, proportion. See Logic.] Having analogy; corresponding to something else; bearing some resemblance or proportion; — often followed by to. “Analogous tendencies in arts and manners.
De Quincey.” “Decay of public spirit, which may be considered analogous to natural death.
J. H. Newman.” nalogous pole (Pyroelect.), that pole of a crystal which becomes positively electrified when heated. Syn. — Correspondent; similar; like. — A•nal´o gous•ly, adv. — A•nal´o•gous•ness, n.

An´a•logue ( 115), n. [F. , fr. Gr. .] 1. That which is analogous to, or corresponds with, some other thing. “The vexatious tyranny of the individual despot meets its analogue in the insolent tyranny of the many.
I. Taylor.” 2. (Philol.) A word in one language corresponding with one in another; an analogous term; as the Latin ´pater´ is the analogue of the English ´father.´ 3. (Nat. Hist.) (a) An organ which is equivalent in its functions to a different organ in another species or group, or even in the same group; as the gill of a fish is the analogue of a lung in a quadruped, although the two are not of like structural relations. (b) A species in one genus or group having its characters parallel, one by one, with those of another group. (c) A species or genus in one country closely related to a species of the same genus, or a genus of the same group, in another: such species are often called representative species, and such genera, representative genera. Dana.

A•nal´o•gy , n.; pl. Analogies . [L. analogia, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. analogie. See Analogous.] 1. A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Thus, learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden. Followed by between, to, or with; as there is an analogy between these objects, or one thing has an analogy to or with another. Analogy is very commonly used to denote similarity or essential resemblance; but its specific meaning is a similarity of relations, and in this consists the difference between the argument from example and that from analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere similarity of two things; in the latter, from the similarity of their relations. Karslake. 2. (Biol.) A relation or correspondence in function, between organs or parts which are decidedly different. 3. (Geom.) Proportion; equality of ratios. 4. (Gram.) Conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language; similarity of origin, inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as opposed to anomaly. Johnson.

An´a•lyse , v., An´a•ly•ser , n., etc. Same as Analyze, Analyzer, etc.

A•nal´y•sis , n.; pl. Analyses . [Gr. , fr. to unloose, to dissolve, to resolve into its elements; up + to loose. See Loose.] 1. A resolution of anything, whether an object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or original elements; an examination of the component parts of a subject, each separately, as the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is opposed to synthesis. 2. (Chem.) The separation of a compound substance, by chemical processes, into its constituents, with a view to ascertain either (a) what elements it contains, or (b) how much of each element is present. The former is called qualitative, and the latter quantitative analysis. 3. (Logic) The tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles. 4. (Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations. 5. (a) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a discourse, disposed in their natural order. (b) A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of a science. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis. 6. (Nat. Hist.) The process of ascertaining the name of a species, or its place in a system of classification, by means of an analytical table or key. Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Volumetric analysis. (Chem.) See under Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, etc.

An´a•lyst , n. [F. analyste. See Analysis.] One who analyzes; formerly, one skilled in algebraical geometry; now commonly, one skilled in chemical analysis. { An•a•lyt´ic , An•a•lyt´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. analytique. See Analysis.] Of or pertaining to analysis; resolving into elements or constituent parts; as an analytical experiment; analytic reasoning; — opposed to synthetic. Analytical or coördinate geometry. See under Geometry. — Analytic language, a noninflectional language or one not characterized by grammatical endings. — Analytical table (Nat. Hist.), a table in which the characteristics of the species or other groups are arranged so as to facilitate the determination of their names.

An•a•lyt´ic•al•ly, adv. In an analytical manner.

An•a•lyt´ics , n. The science of analysis.

An´a•ly•za•ble , a. That may be analyzed.

An•a•ly•za´tion , n. The act of analyzing, or separating into constituent parts; analysis.

An´a•lyze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] [Cf. F. analyser. See Analysis.] To subject to analysis; to resolve (anything complex) into its elements; to separate into the constituent parts, for the purpose of an examination of each separately; to examine in such a manner as to ascertain the elements or nature of the thing examined; as to analyze a fossil substance; to analyze a sentence or a word; to analyze an action to ascertain its morality. “No one, I presume, can analyze the sensations of pleasure or pain.
Darwin.”

An´a•ly•zer , n. 1. One who, or that which, analyzes. 2. (Opt.) The part of a polariscope which receives the light after polarization, and exhibits its properties.

An•a•mese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Anam, to southeastern Asia. — n. A native of Anam.

An•am•ne´sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to remind, recall to memory; + to put in mind.] (Rhet.) A recalling to mind; recollection.

An•am•nes´tic , a. [Gr. .] Aiding the memory; as anamnestic remedies.

An•am•ni•ot´ic , a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an amnion.

An•a•mor´phism , n. [Gr. again + form.] 1. A distorted image. 2. (Biol.) A gradual progression from one type to another, generally ascending. Huxley.

An•a•mor´pho•sis , n. [Gr. , fr. to form anew; again + to form; form.] 1. (Persp.) A distorted or monstrous projection or representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, when viewed from a certain point, or as reflected from a curved mirror or through a polyhedron, appears regular and in proportion; a deformation of an image. 2. (Biol.) Same as Anamorphism, 2. 3. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration.

An•a•mor´pho•sy , n. Same as Anamorphosis.

A•nan´ , interj. [See Anon.] An expression equivalent to What did you say? Sir? Eh? [Obs.] Shak.

A•na´nas , n. [Sp. ananas, from the native American name.] (Bot.) The pineapple (Ananassa sativa).

An•an´drous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’andh•r a man.] (Bot.) Destitute of stamens, as certain female flowers.

An•an´gu•lar , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. angular.] Containing no angle. [R.]

An•an´ther•ous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. anther.] (Bot.) Destitute of anthers. Gray.

An•an´thous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’a•nqos a flower.] (Bot.) Destitute of flowers; flowerless.

An•a•paest , An•a•paes´tic Same as Anapest, Anapestic.

An´a•pest , n. [L. anapaestus, Gr. an anapest, i.e., a dactyl reserved, or, as it were, struck back; fr. ; back + to strike.] 1. (Pros.) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short, or unaccented, the last long, or accented (&ssmile; &ssmile; -); the reverse of the dactyl. In Latin de- i-tas, and in English in-ter-vene\’b6, are examples of anapests. 2. A verse composed of such feet.

An•a•pes´tic , a. [L. anapaesticus, Gr. .] Pertaining to an anapest; consisting of an anapests; as an anapestic meter, foot, verse. — n. Anapestic measure or verse.

An•a•pes´tic•al , a. Anapestic.

A•naph´o•ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to carry up or back; + to carry.] (Rhet.) A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses.

An•aph•ro•dis´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + sexual pleasure, the goddess of love.] (Med.) Absence of sexual appetite.

An•aph•ro•dis´i•ac , a. & n. [Gr. ’an priv. + pertaining to venery.] (Med.) Same as Antaphrodisiac. Dunglison.

An•aph•ro•dit´ic , a. [Gr. without love.] (Biol.) Produced without concourse of sexes.

An•a•plas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to anaplasty.

An•a•plas•ty , n. [Gr. again + to form: cf. F. anaplastie.] (Surg.) The art of operation of restoring lost parts or the normal shape by the use of healthy tissue.

An•a•ple•rot´ic , a. [L. anapleroticus, fr. Gr. to fill up; + to fill.] (Med.) Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers. — n. A remedy which promotes such granulation.

A•nap´no•graph , n. [Gr. respiration + -graph.] A form of spirometer.

An•ap•no´ic , a. [Gr. respiration.] (Med.) Relating to respiration.

An•ap•o•deic´tic , a. [Gr. ; ’an priv. + . See Apodeictic.] Not apodeictic; undemonstrable. [R.]

An•a•poph´y•sis , n. [Gr. back + offshoot.] (Anat.) An accessory process in many lumbar vertebrae.

An•ap•tot´ic , a. [Gr. back + belonging to case.] Having lost, or tending to lose, inflections by phonetic decay; as anaptotic languages.

An•ap´ty•chus , n.; pl. Anaptichi . [NL., fr. Gr. unfolding; back + to fold.] (Paleon.) One of a pair of shelly plates found in some cephalopods, as the ammonites.

An´arch , n. [Gr. without head or chief; ’an priv. + beginning, the first place, magistracy, government.] The author of anarchy; one who excites revolt. Milton. “Imperial anarchs doubling human woes.
Byron.”

A•nar´chal , a. Lawless; anarchical. [R.] “We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men anarchal which are in a state of effervescence.
Landor.” { A•nar´chic , A•nar´chic•al } a. [Cf. F. anarchique.] Pertaining to anarchy; without rule or government; in political confusion; tending to produce anarchy; as anarchic despotism; anarchical opinions.

An´arch•ism , n. [Cf. F. anarchisme.] The doctrine or practice of anarchists.

An´arch•ist , n. [Cf. F. anarchiste.] An anarch; one who advocates anarchy of aims at the overthrow of civil government.

An´arch•ize , v. t. To reduce to anarchy.

An´arch•y , n. [Gr. : cf. F. anarchie. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the state of society where there is no law or supreme power; a state of lawlessness; political confusion. “Spread anarchy and terror all around.
Cowper.” 2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general. “There being then … an anarchy, as I may term it, in authors and their rekoning of years.
Fuller.”

An•ar•throp´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. without joints + -poda. See Anarthrous.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; — opposed to Arthropoda.

An•ar•throp´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Having no jointed legs; pertaining to Anarthropoda.

An•ar´throus , a. [Gr. ’a•narqros without joints, without the article; ’an priv. + ’a•rqron joint, the article.] 1. (Gr. Gram.) Used without the article; as an anarthrous substantive. 2. (Zoöl.) Without joints, or having the joints indistinct, as some insects.

A´nas , n. [L., duck.] (Zoöl.) A genus of water fowls, of the order Anseres, including certain species of fresh-water ducks.

An•a•sar´ca , n. [NL., from Gr. throughout + , , flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin.

An•a•sar´cous , a. Belonging, or affected by, anasarca, or dropsy; dropsical. Wiseman.

An•a•stal´tic (-stal´tik), a. & n. [Gr. ’anastaltiko•s fitted for checking, fr. ’ana• + ste•llein to send.] (Med.) Styptic. [Obs.] Coxe.

An´a•state , n. [Gr. up + to make to stand.] (Physiol.) One of a series of substances formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic processes, in the production of protoplasm; — opposed to katastate. Foster.

An•a•stat´ic , a. [Gr. up + to make to stand: cf. causing to stand.] Pertaining to a process or a style of printing from characters in relief on zinc plates. In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of any kind is transferred to a zinc plate; the parts not covered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief to be printed from.

A•nas´to•mose , v. i. [imp. p. p. Anastomozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anastomosing.] [Cf. F. anastomoser, fr. anastomose. See Anastomosis.] (Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate; to intercommunicate by anastomosis, as the arteries and veins. “The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its vessels.
I. Taylor.”

A•nas•to•mo´sis , n.; pl. Anastomoses . [NL., fr. Gr. opening, fr. to furnish with a mouth or opening, to open; + sto•ma mouth: cf. F. anastomose.] (Anat. & Bot.) The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication between two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross communication between arteries or veins.

A•nas•to•mot´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anastomosis.

A•nas´tro•phe , n. [Gr. , fr. to turn up or back; + to turn.] (Rhet. & Gram.) An inversion of the natural order of words; as echoed the hills, for, the hills echoed.

A•nath´e•ma , n.; pl. Anathemas . [L. anathma, fr. Gr. anything devoted, esp. to evil, a curse; also L. anathma, fr. Gr. a votive offering; all fr. to set up as a votive gift, dedicate; up + to set. See Thesis.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed. “[They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers.
Priestley.” 2. An imprecation; a curse; a malediction. “Finally she fled to London followed by the anathemas of both [families].
Thackeray.” 3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority. “The Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction. St. Paul … says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself.
Locke.” Anathema Maranatha (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22), an expression commonly considered as a highly intensified form of anathema. Maran atha is now considered as a separate sentence, meaning, ´Our Lord cometh.´

A•nath•e•mat´ic , A•nath•e•mat´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an anathema. — A•nath•e•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

A•nath´e•ma•tism , n. [Gr. a cursing; cf. F. anathematisme.] Anathematization. [Obs.] “We find a law of Justinian forbidding anathematisms to be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists.
J. Taylor.”

A•nath•e•ma•ti•za´tion , n. [LL. anathematisatio.] The act of anathematizing, or denouncing as accursed; imprecation. Barrow.

A•nath´e•ma•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anathematized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anathematizing.] [L. anathematizare, Gr. to devote, make accursed: cf. F. anathematiser.] To pronounce an anathema against; to curse. Hence: To condemn publicly as something accursed. Milton.

A•nath´e•ma•ti•zer , n. One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond.

A•nat´i•fa , n.; pl. Anatifae . [NL., contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatiferous.] (Zoöl.) An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia. The term Anatifae, in the plural, is often used for the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds.

A•nat´i•fer, , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Anatifa.

An•a•tif´er•ous , a. [L. anas, anatis, a duck + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Producing ducks; — applied to Anatifae, under the absurd notion of their turning into ducks or geese. See Barnacle.

An´a•tine , a. [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis, a duck.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ducks; ducklike.

A•nat´o•cism , n. [L. anatocismus, Gr. ; again + to lend on interest.] (Law) Compound interest. [R.] Bouvier. { An•a•tom´ic , An•a•tom´ic•al } a. [L. anatomicus, Gr. : cf. F. anatomique. See Anatomy.] Of or relating to anatomy or dissection; as the anatomic art; anatomical observations. Hume.

An•a•tom´ic•al•ly, adv. In an anatomical manner; by means of dissection.

A•nat´o•mism , n. [Cf. F. anatomisme.] 1. The application of the principles of anatomy, as in art. “The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e., the French] great figure painters.
The London Spectator.” 2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life.

A•nat´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. anatomiste.] One who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection.

A•nat•o•mi•za´tion , n. The act of anatomizing.

A•nat´o•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anatomized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] [Cf. F. anatomiser.] 1. To dissect; to cut in pieces, as an animal vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or examining the structure and use of the several parts. 2. To discriminate minutely or carefully; to analyze. “If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect.
Hume.”

A•nat´o•mi•zer , n. A dissector.

A•nat´o•my , n.; pl. Anatomies . [F. anatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. dissection, fr. to cut up; + to cut.] 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; dissection. 2. The science which treats of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization. “Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, according to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy.
Dryden.” ´Animal anatomy´ is sometimes called zomy; ´vegetable anatomy,´ phytotomy; ´human anatomy,´ anthropotomy. Comparative anatomy compares the structure of different kinds and classes of animals. 3. A treatise or book on anatomy. 4. The act of dividing anything, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; analysis; as the anatomy of a discourse. 5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or which has the appearance of being so. “The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereof, is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature.
Fuller.” “They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-faced villain,
A mere anatomy.
Shak.”

An•a•trep´tic , a. [overturning, fr. to turn up or over; + too turn.] Overthrowing; defeating; — applied to Plato’s refutative dialogues. Enfield.

An´a•tron , n. [F. anatron, natron, Sp. anatron, natron, fr. Ar. al- natrun. See Natron, Niter.] [Obs.] 1. Native carbonate of soda; natron. 2. Glass gall or sandiver. 3. Saltpeter. Coxe. Johnson. { A•nat´ro•pal , A•nat´ro•pous } a. [Gr. up + to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted at an early period in its development, so that the chalaza is as the apparent apex; — opposed to orthotropous. Gray.

A•nat´to , n. Same as Annotto.

An´bur•y , Am´bur•y , n. [AS. ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein: cf. Prov. E. amper a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) A soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen. 2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc.; — called also fingers and toes.

-ance. [F. -ance, fr. L. -antia and also fr. - entia.] A suffix signifying action; also quality or state; as assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See -ancy. All recently adopted words of this class take either -ance or -ence, according to the Latin spelling.

An´ces•tor , n. [OE. ancestre, auncestre, also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. ancêtre, fr. the L. nom. antessor one who goes before; the last form fr. OF. ancessor, fr. L. acc. antecessorem, fr. antecedere to go before; ante before + cedere to go. See Cede, and cf. Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father’s or mother’s side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father. 2. (Biol.) An earlier type; a progenitor; as this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse. 3. (Law) One from whom an estate has descended; — the correlative of heir.

An•ces•to´ri•al , a. Ancestral. Grote.

An•ces•to´ri•al•ly, adv. With regard to ancestors.

An•ces´tral ( 277), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as an ancestral estate. ´Ancestral trees.´ Hemans.

An´ces•tress , n. A female ancestor.

An´ces•try , n. [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See Ancestor.] 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral lineage; hence, birth or honorable descent. “Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ill one more contemptible.
Addison.” 2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural descent.

An´chor (an´ker), n. [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, sometimes spelt anchora, fr. Gr. ’a•gkyra, akin to E. angle: cf. F. ancre. See Angle, n.] 1. A iron instrument which is attached to a ship by a cable (rope or chain), and which, being cast overboard, lays hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and thus retains the ship in a particular station. The common anchor consists of a straight bar called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called a stock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the other end the crown, from which branch out two or more arms with flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle to enter the ground. Formerly the largest and strongest anchor was the sheet anchor (hence, Fig., best hope or last refuge), called also waist anchor. Now the bower and the sheet anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and the small bower (so called from being carried on the bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of the bower anchor. Kedges or kedge anchors are light anchors used in warping. 2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose like that of a ship’s anchor, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast; a contrivance to hold the end of a bridge cable, or other similar part; a contrivance used by founders to hold the core of a mold in place. 3. Fig.: That which gives stability or security; that on which we place dependence for safety. “Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul.
Heb. vi. 19.” 4. (Her.) An emblem of hope. 5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together. (b) Carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor or arrowhead; — a part of the ornaments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg-and- anchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and-tongue) ornament. 6. (Zoöl.) One of the anchor-shaped spicules of certain sponges; also one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta. Anchor ice. See under Ice. — Anchor ring. (Math.) Same as Annulus, 2 (b). — Anchor stock (Naut.), the crossbar at the top of the shank at right angles to the arms. — The anchor comes home, when it drags over the bottom as the ship drifts. — Foul anchor, the anchor when it hooks, or is entangled with, another anchor, or with a cable or wreck, or when the slack cable entangled. — The anchor is acockbill, when it is suspended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be let go. — The anchor is apeak, when the cable is drawn in do tight as to bring to ship directly over it. — The anchor is atrip, or aweigh, when it is lifted out of the ground. — The anchor is awash, when it is hove up to the surface of the water. — At anchor, anchored. — To back an anchor, to increase the holding power by laying down a small anchor ahead of that by which the ship rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its coming home. — To cast anchor, to drop or let go an anchor to keep a ship at rest. — To cat the anchor, to hoist the anchor to the cathead and pass the ring- stopper. — To fish the anchor, to hoist the flukes to their resting place (called the bill-boards), and pass the shank painter. — To weigh anchor, to heave or raise the anchor so as to sail away.

An´chor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anchored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchoring.] [Cf. F. ancrer.] 1. To place at anchor; to secure by an anchor; as to anchor a ship. 2. To fix or fasten; to fix in a stable condition; as to anchor the cables of a suspension bridge. “Till that my nails were anchored in thine eyes.
Shak.”

An´chor, v. i. 1. To cast anchor; to come to anchor; as our ship (or the captain) anchored in the stream. 2. To stop; to fix or rest. “My invention … anchors on Isabel.
Shak.”

An´chor, n. [OE. anker, ancre, AS. ancra, fr. L. anachoreta. See Anchoret.] An anchoret. [Obs.] Shak.

An´chor•a•ble , a. Fit for anchorage.

An´chor•age , n. 1. The act of anchoring, or the condition of lying at anchor. 2. A place suitable for anchoring or where ships anchor; a hold for an anchor. 3. The set of anchors belonging to a ship. 4. Something which holds like an anchor; a hold; as the anchorages of the Brooklyn Bridge. 5. Something on which one may depend for security; ground of trust. 6. A toll for anchoring; anchorage duties. Johnson.

An´cho•rage , n. Abode of an anchoret.

An´chor•ate , a. Anchor- shaped.

An´chored , a. 1. Held by an anchor; at anchor; held safely; as an anchored bark; also shaped like an anchor; forked; as an anchored tongue. 2. (Her.) Having the extremities turned back, like the flukes of an anchor; as an anchored cross. [Sometimes spelt ancred.]

An´cho•ress , n. A female anchoret. “And there, a saintly anchoress, she dwelt.
Wordsworth.”

An´cho•ret , An´cho•rite , n. [F. anachorète, L. anachoreta, fr. Gr. , fr. to go back, retire; + to give place, retire, place; perh. akin to Skr. ha to leave. Cf. Anchor a hermit.] One who renounces the world and secludes himself, usually for religious reasons; a hermit; a recluse. [Written by some authors anachoret.] “Our Savior himself … did not choose an anchorite’s or a monastic life, but a social and affable way of conversing with mortals.
Boyle.” { An•cho•ret´ic , An•cho•ret´ic•al } a. [Cf. Gr. .] Pertaining to an anchoret or hermit; after the manner of an anchoret.

An´cho•ret•ish , a. Hermitlike.

An´cho•ret•ism , n. The practice or mode of life of an anchoret.

An´chor-hold , n. 1. The hold or grip of an anchor, or that to which it holds. 2. Hence: Firm hold: security.

An´cho•rite , n. Same as Anchoret.

An´cho•ri•tess , n. An anchoress. [R.]

An´chor•less , a. Without an anchor or stay. Hence: Drifting; unsettled.

An•cho´vy (an•cho´vy), n. [Sp. anchoa, anchova, or Pg. anchova, prob. of Iberian origin, and lit. a dried or pickled fish, fr. Bisc. antzua dry: cf. D. anchovis, F. anchois.] (Zoöl.) A small fish, about three inches in length, of the Herring family (Engraulis encrasicholus), caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and pickled for exportation. The name is also applied to several allied species.

An•cho´vy pear (an•cho´vy pâr•). (Bot.) A West Indian fruit like the mango in taste, sometimes pickled; also the tree (Grias cauliflora) bearing this fruit.

An´chu•sin , n. [L. anchusa the plant alkanet, Gr. .] (Chem.) A resinoid coloring matter obtained from alkanet root.

An´chy•lose , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Anchylosed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchylosing.] [Cf. F. ankyloser.] To affect or be affected with anchylosis; to unite or consolidate so as to make a stiff joint; to grow together into one. [Spelt also ankylose.] Owen.

An•chy•lo´sis , An•ky•lo´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , fr. to crook, stiffen, fr. crooked: cf. F. ankylose.] 1. (Med.) Stiffness or fixation of a joint; formation of a stiff joint. Dunglison. 2. (Anat.) The union of two or more separate bones to from a single bone; the close union of bones or other structures in various animals.

An•chy•lot´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anchylosis.

An´cient , a. [OE. auncien, F. ancien, LL. antianus, fr. L. ante before. See Ante- , pref.] 1. Old; that happened or existed in former times, usually at a great distance of time; belonging to times long past; specifically applied to the times before the fall of the Roman empire; — opposed to modern; as ancient authors, literature, history; ancient days. “Witness those ancient empires of the earth.
Milton.” “Gildas Albanius … much ancienter than his namesake surnamed the Wise.
Fuller.” 2. Old; that has been of long duration; of long standing; of great age; as an ancient forest; an ancient castle. ´Our ancient bickerings.´ Shak. “Remove not the ancient landmarks, which thy fathers have set.
Prov. xxii. 28.” “An ancient man, strangely habited, asked for quarters.
Scott.” 3. Known for a long time, or from early times; — opposed to recent or new; as the ancient continent. “A friend, perhaps, or an ancient acquaintance.
Barrow.” 4. Dignified, like an aged man; magisterial; venerable. [Archaic] “He wrought but some few hours of the day, and then would he seem very grave and ancient.
Holland.” 5. Experienced; versed. [Obs.] “Though [he] was the youngest brother, yet he was the most ancient in the business of the realm.
Berners.” 6. Former; sometime. [Obs.] “They mourned their ancient leader lost.
Pope.” Ancient demesne (Eng. Law), a tenure by which all manors belonging to the crown, in the reign of William the Conqueror, were held. The numbers, names, etc., of these were all entered in a book called Domesday Book. — Ancient lights (Law), windows and other openings which have been enjoined without molestation for more than twenty years. In England, and in some of the United States, they acquire a prescriptive right. Syn. — Old; primitive; pristine; antique; antiquated; old- fashioned; obsolete. — Ancient, Antiquated, Obsolete, Antique, Antic, Old. — Ancient is opposed to modern, and has antiquity; as an ancient family, ancient landmarks, ancient institutions, systems of thought, etc. Antiquated describes that which has gone out of use or fashion; as antiquated furniture, antiquated laws, rules, etc. Obsolete is commonly used, instead of antiquated, in reference to language, customs, etc.; as an obsolete word or phrase, an obsolete expression. Antique is applied, in present usage, either to that which has come down from the ancients; as an antique cameo, bust, etc. ; or to that which is made to imitate some ancient work of art; as an antique temple. In the days of Shakespeare, antique was often used for ancient; as ´an antique song,´ ´an antique Roman;´ and hence, from singularity often attached to what is ancient, it was used in the sense of grotesque; as ´an oak whose antique root peeps out; ´ and hence came our present word antic, denoting grotesque or ridiculous. We usually apply both ancient and old to things subject to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an ancient record; but never, the old stars, an old river or mountain. In general, however, ancient is opposed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing that existed formerly, which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient; as ancient republics, ancient heroes; and not old republics, old heroes. But when the thing which began or existed in former times is still in existence, we use either ancient or old; as ancient statues or paintings, or old statues or paintings; ancient authors, or old authors, meaning books.

An´cient, n. 1. pl. Those who lived in former ages, as opposed to the moderns. 2. An aged man; a patriarch. Hence: A governor; a ruler; a person of influence. “The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of his people, and the princes thereof.
Isa. iii. 14.” 3. A senior; an elder; a predecessor. [Obs.] “Junius and Andronicus … in Christianity … were his ancients.
Hooker.” 4. pl. (Eng. Law) One of the senior members of the Inns of Court or of Chancery. Council of Ancients (French Hist.), one of the two assemblies composing the legislative bodies in 1795. Brande.

An´cient, n. [Corrupted from ensign.] 1. An ensign or flag. [Obs.] “More dishonorable ragged than an old-faced ancient.
Shak.” 2. The bearer of a flag; an ensign. [Obs.] “This is Othello’s ancient, as I take it.
Shak.”

An´cient•ly, adv. 1. In ancient times. 2. In an ancient manner. [R.]

An´cient•ness, n. The quality of being ancient; antiquity; existence from old times.

An´cient•ry , n. 1. Antiquity; what is ancient. “They contain not word of ancientry.
West.” 2. Old age; also old people. [R.] “Wronging the ancientry.
Shak.” 3. Ancient lineage; ancestry; dignity of birth. “A gentleman of more ancientry than estate.
Fuller.”

An´cient•y , n. [F. anciennete, fr. ancien. See Ancient.] 1. Age; antiquity. [Obs.] Martin. 2. Seniority. [Obs.]

An•ci´le , n. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The sacred shield of the Romans, said to have-fallen from heaven in the reign of Numa. It was the palladium of Rome.

An´cil•la•ry , a. [L. ancillaris, fr. ancilla a female servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid; auxiliary. “The Convocation of York seems to have been always considered as inferior, and even ancillary, to the greater province.
Hallam.”

An•cille´ , n. [OF. ancelle, L. ancilla.] A maidservant; a handmaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. { An•cip´i•tal , An•cip´i•tous } a. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two-headed, double; an- for amb- on both sides + caput head.] (Bot.) Two-edged instead of round; — said of certain flattened stems, as those of blue grass, and rarely also of leaves.

An•cis´troid , a. [Gr. ; a hook + shape.] Hook-shaped.

An´cle , n. See Ankle.

An´come (an´kum), n. [AS. ancuman, oncuman, to come.] A small ulcerous swelling, coming suddenly; also a whitlow. [Obs.] Boucher.

An´con (an´kom), n.; L. pl. Ancones . [L., fr. Gr. ’agkw•n the bent arm, elbow; any hook or bend.] (Anat.) The olecranon, or the elbow. Ancon sheep (Zoöl.), a breed of sheep with short crooked legs and long back. It originated in Massachusetts in 1791; — called also the otter breed. { An´con , An´cone } n. [See Ancon, above.] (Arch.) (a) The corner or quoin of a wall, cross-beam, or rafter. [Obs.] Gwilt. (b) A bracket supporting a cornice; a console. { An´co•nal , An•co´ne•al } a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ancon or elbow. ´The olecranon on anconeal process.´ Flower.

An•co´ne•us , n. [NL., fr. L. ancon elbow.] (Anat.) A muscle of the elbow and forearm.

An´co•noid , a. Elbowlike; anconal.

An´co•ny , n. [Origin unknown.] (Iron Work) A piece of malleable iron, wrought into the shape of a bar in the middle, but unwrought at the ends.

-an•cy. [L. -antia.] A suffix expressing more strongly than -ance the idea of quality or state; as constancy, buoyancy, infancy.

And , conj. [AS. and; akin to OS. endi, Icel. enda, OHG. anti, enti, inti, unti, G. und, D. en, OD. ende. Cf, An if, Ante-.] 1. A particle which expresses the relation of connection or addition. It is used to conjoin a word with a word, a clause with a clause, or a sentence with a sentence. (a) It is sometimes used emphatically; as ´there are women and women,´ that is, two very different sorts of women. (b) By a rhetorical figure, notions, one of which is modificatory of the other, are connected by and; as ´the tediousness and process of my travel,´ that is, the tedious process, etc.; ´thy fair and outward character,´ that is, thy outwardly fair character, Schmidt’s Shak. Lex. 2. In order to; — used instead of the infinitival to, especially after try, come, go. “At least to try and teach the erring soul.
Milton.” 3. It is sometimes, in old songs, a mere expletive. “When that I was and a little tiny boy.
Shak.” 4. If; though. See An, conj. [Obs.] Chaucer. “As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.
Bacon.” And so forth, and others; and the rest; and similar things; and other things or ingredients. The abbreviation, etc. (et cetera), or &c., is usually read and so forth.

An´da•ba•tism , n. [L. andabata a kind of Roman gladiator, who fought hoodwinked.] Doubt; uncertainty. [Obs.] Shelford.

An•da•lu´site , n. (Min.) A silicate of aluminium, occurring usually in thick rhombic prisms, nearly square, of a grayish or pale reddish tint. It was first discovered in Andalusia, Spain.

An•dan´te , a. [It. andante, p. pr. of andare to go.] (Mus.) Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing; quicker than larghetto, and slower than allegretto. — n. A movement or piece in andante time.

An•dan•ti´no , a. [It., dim. of andante.] (Mus.) Rather quicker than andante; between that allegretto. Some, taking andante in its original sense of ´going,´ and andantino as its diminutive, or ´less going,´ define the latter as slower than andante.

An´da•rac , n. [A corruption of sandarac.] Red orpiment. Coxe.

An•de´an, a. Pertaining to the Andes.

An´des•ine , n. (Min.) A kind of triclinic feldspar found in the Andes.

An´des•ite , n. (Min.) An eruptive rock allied to trachyte, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar, with pyroxene, hornblende, or hypersthene.

An´dine , a. Andean; as Andine flora.

And´i•ron , n. [OE. anderne, aunderne, aundyre, OF. andier, F. landier, fr. LL. andena, andela, anderia, of unknown origin. The Eng. was prob. confused with brand-iron, AS. brand- isen.] A utensil for supporting wood when burning in a fireplace, one being placed on each side; a firedog; as a pair of andirons.

An•dra•nat´o•my , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + : cf. F. andranatomie. See Anatomy, Androtomy.] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male; androtomy. Coxe.

An•drœ´ci•um , n. [NL., from Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + house.] (bot.) The stamens of a flower taken collectively.

An´dro•gyne , n. 1. An hermaphrodite. 2. (Bot.) An androgynous plant. Whewell. { An•drog´y•nous , An•drog´y•nal } a. [L. androgynus, Gr. ; ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + gynh• woman: cf. F. androgyne.] 1. Uniting both sexes in one, or having the characteristics of both; being in nature both male and female; hermaphroditic. Owen. “The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous.
Coleridge.” 2. (Bot.) Bearing both staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers in the same cluster. { An•drog´y•ny , An•drog´y•nism } n. Union of both sexes in one individual; hermaphroditism. { An´droid (an´droid), An•droi´des (an•droi´dez), } n. [Gr. ’androeidh•s of man’s form; ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + e’i^dos form.] A machine or automaton in the form of a human being.

An´droid, a. Resembling a man.

An•drom´e•da , n. [L., fr. Gr. , the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia. When bound to a rock and exposed to a sea monster, she was delivered by Perseus.] 1. (Astron.) A northern constellation, supposed to represent the mythical Andromeda. 2. (bot.) A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of northern climates, of which the original species was found growing on a rock surrounded by water.

An´dron , n. [L. andron, Gr. , fr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man.] (Gr. & Rom. Arch.) The apartment appropriated for the males. This was in the lower part of the house.

An•dro•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + leaf.] (Bot.) Produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as double flowers, like the garden ranunculus. Brande.

An•droph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + to eat.] Cannibals; man-eaters; anthropophagi. [R.]

An•droph´a•gous , a. Anthropophagous.

An´dro•phore , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + to bear.] 1. (Bot.) A support or column on which stamens are raised. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) The part which in some Siphonophora bears the male gonophores.

An´dro•sphinx , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + sphinx.] (Egypt. Art.) A man sphinx; a sphinx having the head of a man and the body of a lion.

An´dro•spore , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man + a seed.] (Bot.) A spore of some algae, which has male functions.

An•drot´o•mous , a. (Bot.) Having the filaments of the stamens divided into two parts.

An•drot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man + a cutting. Cf. Anatomy.] Dissection of the human body, as distinguished from zoötomy; anthropotomy. [R.]

•an´drous . [Gr. ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man.] (Bot.) A terminal combining form: Having a stamen or stamens; staminate; as monandrous, with one stamen; polyandrous, with many stamens.

A•near´ , prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + near.] Near. [R.] ´It did not come anear.´ Coleridge. “The measure of misery anear us.
I. Taylor.”

A•near´, v. t. & i. To near; to approach. [Archaic]

A•neath´ , prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + neath for beneath.] Beneath. [Scot.]

An´ec•do•tage , n. Anecdotes collectively; a collection of anecdotes. “All history, therefore, being built partly, and some of it altogether, upon anecdotage, must be a tissue of lies.
De Quincey.”

An´ec•do•tal , a. Pertaining to, or abounding with, anecdotes; as anecdotal conversation.

An´ec•dote , n. [F. anecdote, fr. Gr. not published; ’an priv. + given out, to give out, to publish; out + to give. See Dose, n.] 1. pl. Unpublished narratives. Burke. 2. A particular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature; a biographical incident or fragment; a single passage of private life. { An•ec•dot´ic , An•ec•dot´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or addicted to, anecdotes. ´Anecdotical traditions.´ Bolingbroke.

An´ec•do´tist , n. One who relates or collects anecdotes.

An´e•lace , n. Same as Anlace.

A•nele´ , v. t. [OE. anelien; an on + AS. ele oil, L. oleum. See Oil, Anoil.] 1. To anoint. Shipley. 2. To give extreme unction to. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

An•e•lec´tric , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. electric.] (Physics) Not becoming electrified by friction; — opposed to idioelectric. — n. A substance incapable of being electrified by friction. Faraday.

An•e•lec´trode , n. [Gr. up + E. electrode.] (Elec.) The positive pole of a voltaic battery.

An•e•lec•trot´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. up + E. electrotonus.] (Physiol.) The condition of decreased irritability of a nerve in the region of the positive electrode or anode on the passage of a current of electricity through it. Foster.

A•nem´o•gram , n. [Gr. wind + - gram.] A record made by an anemograph.

A•nem´o•graph (-graf), n. [Gr. wind + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the direction and force of the wind. Knight.

A•nem•o•graph´ic (a•nem•o•graf´ik), a. Produced by an anemograph; of or pertaining to anemography.

An•e•mog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. wind + -graphy.] 1. A description of the winds. 2. The art of recording the direction and force of the wind, as by means of an anemograph.

An•e•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. wind + - logy.] The science of the wind.

An•e•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. wind + - meter.] An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of the wind; a wind gauge. { An•e•mo•met´ric , An•e•mo•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to anemometry.

An•e•mo•met´ro•graph , n. [Anemometer + -graph.] An anemograph. Knight.

An•e•mom´e•try , n. The act or process of ascertaining the force or velocity of the wind.

A•nem´o•ne , n. [L. anemone, Gr. , fr. wind.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Ranunculus or Crowfoot family; windflower. Some of the species are cultivated in gardens. 2. (Zoöl.) The sea anemone. See Actinia, and Sea anemone. This word is sometimes pronounced an•e•mo´ne, especially by classical scholars.

An•e•mon´ic , a. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from, the anemone, or from anemonin.

A•nem´o•nin , n. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from some species of anemone.

A•nem´o•ny , n. See Anemone. Sandys.

An•e•morph´i•lous , a. [Gr. ’a•nemos wind + fi•los lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of the wind; — said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by the wind; wind-Fertilized. Lubbock.

A•nem´o•scope , n. [Gr. wind + - scope: cf. F. anemoscope.] An instrument which shows the direction of the wind; a wind vane; a weathercock; — usually applied to a contrivance consisting of a vane above, connected in the building with a dial or index with pointers to show the changes of the wind. { An•en•ce•phal´ic , An•en•ceph´a•lous } a. [Gr. , priv. + the brain: cf. Encephalon.] (Zoöl.) Without a brain; brainless. Todd & B. { A•nenst´ , A•nent´ } prep. [OE. anent, anentis, anence, anens, anents, AS. onefen, onemn; an, on, on + efen even, equal; hence meaning, on an equality with, even with, beside. See Even, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Over against; as he lives anent the church. 2. About; concerning; in respect; as he said nothing anent this particular.

An•en´ter•ous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + intestine, within, in.] (Zoöl.) Destitute of a stomach or an intestine. Owen.

An´e•roid , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + nhro•s wet, moist + -oid: cf. F. aneroïde.] Containing no liquid; — said of a kind of barometer. Aneroid barometer, a barometer the action of which depends on the varying pressure of the atmosphere upon the elastic top of a metallic box (shaped like a watch) from which the air has been exhausted. An index shows the variation of pressure.

An´e•roid, n. An aneroid barometer.

Anes (anz), adv. Once. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

An•es•the´si•a , n., An•es•thet´ic a. Same as Anaesthesia, Anaesthetic.

An´et , n. [F. aneth, fr. L. anethum, Gr. ’a•nhqon. See Anise.] The herb dill, or dillseed.

An´e•thol , n. [L. anethum (see Anise) + -ol.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the volatile oils of anise, fennel, etc., in the form of soft shining scales; — called also anise camphor. Watts.

A•net´ic , a. [L. aneticus, Gr. relaxing; back + to send.] (Med.) Soothing.

An´eu•rism , n. [Gr. , , a widening, an opening; up + wide.] (Med.) A soft, pulsating, hollow tumor, containing blood, arising from the preternatural dilation or rupture of the coats of an artery. [Written also aneurysm.]

An•eu•ris´mal , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to an aneurism; as an aneurismal tumor; aneurismal diathesis. [Written also aneurysmal.]

A•new´ , adv. [Pref. a- + new.] Over again; another time; in a new form; afresh; as to arm anew; to create anew. Dryden.

An•frac´tu•ose ( 135), a. [See Anfractuous.] Anfractuous; as anfractuose anthers.

An•frac•tu•os´i•ty , n.; pl. Anfractuosities (#). [Cf. F. anfractuosite.] 1. A state of being anfractuous, or full of windings and turnings; sinuosity. “The anfractuosities of his intellect and temper.
Macaulay.” 2. (Anat.) A sinuous depression or sulcus like those separating the convolutions of the brain.

An•frac´tu•ous , a. [L. anfractuosus, fr. anfractus a turning, a winding, fr. the unused anfringere to wind, bend; an-, for amb- + fractus, p. p. of frangere to break: cf. F. anfractueux.] Winding; full of windings and turnings; sinuous; tortuous; as the anfractuous spires of a born. — An•frac´tu•ous•ness, n.

An•frac´ture , n. A mazy winding.

An•ga´ri•a´tion , n. [LL. angariatio, fr. L. angaria service to a lord, villenage, fr. angarius, Gr. ’a•ggaros (a Persian word), a courier for carrying royal dispatches.] Exaction of forced service; compulsion. [Obs.] Speed.

An•gei•ol´o•gy , n., An•gei•ot´o•my, etc. Same as Angiology, Angiotomy, etc.>

An´gel , n. [AS. aengel, engel, influenced by OF. angele, angle, F. ange. Both the AS. and the OF. words are from L. angelus, Gr. ’a•ggelos messenger, a messenger of God, an angel.] 1. A messenger. [R.] “The dear good angel of the Spring,
The nightingale.
B. Jonson.” 2. A spiritual, celestial being, superior to man in power and intelligence. In the Scriptures the angels appear as God’s messengers. “O, welcome, pure-eyed Faith, white-handed Hope,
Thou hovering angel, girt with golden wings.
Milton.” 3. One of a class of ´fallen angels;´ an evil spirit; as the devil and his angels. 4. A minister or pastor of a church, as in the Seven Asiatic churches. [Archaic] “Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write.
Rev. ii. 1.” 5. Attendant spirit; genius; demon. Shak. 6. An appellation given to a person supposed to be of angelic goodness or loveliness; a darling. “When pain and anguish wring the brow,
A ministering angel thou.
Sir W. Scott.” 7. (Numis.) An ancient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in value from 6s. 8d. to 10s. Amer. Cyc. Angel is sometimes used adjectively; as angel grace; angel whiteness. Angel bed, a bed without posts. — Angel fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of shark (Squatina angelus) from six to eight feet long, found on the coasts of Europe and North America. It takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally like wings when spread. (b) One of several species of compressed, bright colored fishes warm seas belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. — Angel gold, standard gold. [Obs.] Fuller. — Angel shark. See Angel fish. — Angel shot (Mil.), a kind of chain shot. — Angel water, a perfumed liquid made at first chiefly from angelica; afterwards containing rose, myrtle, and orange-flower waters, with ambergris, etc. [Obs.]

An´gel•age , n. Existence or state of angels.

An´gel•et , n. [OF. angelet.] A small gold coin formerly current in England; a half angel. Eng. Cyc.

An´gel fish. See under Angel.

An´gel•hood , n. The state of being an angel; angelic nature. Mrs. Browning. { An•gel´ic , An•gel´ic•al } a. [L. angelicus, Gr. : cf. F. angelique.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, angels; resembling, characteristic of, or partaking of the nature of, an angel; heavenly; divine. ´Angelic harps.´ Thomson.´Angelical actions.´ Hooker. “The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patience.
Macaulay.” Angelic Hymn, a very ancient hymn of the Christian Church; — so called from its beginning with the song of the heavenly host recorded in Luke ii. 14. Eadie.

An•gel´ic, a. [From Angelica.] (Chem.) Of or derived from angelica; as angelic acid; angelic ether. Angelic acid, an acid obtained from angelica and some other plants.

An•gel´i•ca , n. [NL. See Angelic.] (Bot.) 1. An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic. 2. The candied leaf stalks of angelica. Angelica tree, a thorny North American shrub (Aralia spinosa), called also Hercules’ club.

An•gel´ic•al•ly , adv. Like an angel.

An•gel´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being angelic; excellence more than human.

An•gel´i•fy , v. t. To make like an angel; to angelize. [Obs.] Farindon (1647).

An´gel•ize , v. t. To raise to the state of an angel; to render angelic. “It ought not to be our object to angelize, nor to brutalize, but to humanize man.
W. Taylor.”

An´gel•like , a. & adv. Resembling an angel.

An•gel•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. angel + service, worship.] Worship paid to angels.

An•gel•ol´o•gy , n. [L. angelus, Gr. + -logy.] A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels. “The same mythology commanded the general consent; the same angelology, demonology.
Milman.”

An•gel•oph´a•ny , n. [Gr. angel + to appear.] The actual appearance of an angel to man.

An´ge•lot , n. [F. angelot, LL. angelotus, angellotus, dim. of angelus. See Angel.] 1. A French gold coin of the reign of Louis XI., bearing the image of St. Michael; also a piece coined at Paris by the English under Henry VI. [Obs.] 2. An instrument of music, of the lute kind, now disused. Johnson. R. Browning. 3. A sort of small, rich cheese, made in Normandy.

An´ge•lus , n. [L.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A form of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated. It is said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell. (b) The Angelus bell. Shipley.

An´ger (an´ger), n. [OE. anger, angre, affliction, anger, fr. Icel. angr affliction, sorrow; akin to Dan. anger regret, Swed. ånger regret, AS. ange oppressed, sad, L. angor a strangling, anguish, angere to strangle, Gr. ’a•gchein to strangle, Skr. amhas pain, and to E. anguish, anxious, quinsy, and perh. awe, ugly. The word seems to have orig. meant to choke, squeeze. rad.3.] 1. Trouble; vexation; also physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. [Obs.] “I made the experiment, setting the moxa where … the greatest anger and soreness still continued.
Temple.” 2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or antagonism, excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to one’s self or others, or by the intent to do such injury. “Anger is like
A full hot horse, who being allowed his way,
Self-mettle tires him.
Shak.” Syn. — Resentment; wrath; rage; fury; passion; ire gall; choler; indignation; displeasure; vexation; grudge; spleen. — Anger, Indignation, Resentment, Wrath, Ire, Rage, Fury. Anger is a feeling of keen displeasure (usually with a desire to punish) for what we regard as wrong toward ourselves or others. It may be excessive or misplaced, but is not necessarily criminal. Indignation is a generous outburst of anger in view of things which are indigna, or unworthy to be done, involving what is mean, cruel, flagitious, etc., in character or conduct. Resentment is often a moody feeling, leading one to brood over his supposed personal wrongs with a deep and lasting anger. See Resentment. Wrath and ire (the last poetical) express the feelings of one who is bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of anger; and fury is an excess of rage, amounting almost to madness. Warmth of constitution often gives rise to anger; a high sense of honor creates indignation at crime; a man of quick sensibilities is apt to cherish resentment; the wrath and ire of men are often connected with a haughty and vindictive spirit; rage and fury are distempers of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence.

An´ger , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Angered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Angering.] [Cf. Icel. angra.] 1. To make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame. [Obs.] “He … angereth malign ulcers.
Bacon.” 2. To excite to anger; to enrage; to provoke. “Taxes and impositions … which rather angered than grieved the people.
Clarendon.”

An´ger•ly, adv. Angrily. [Obs. or Poetic] “Why, how now, Hecate! you look angerly.
Shak.”

An´ge•vine , a. [F. Angevin.] Of or pertaining to Anjou in France. — n. A native of Anjou.

An•gi•en´chy•ma , n. [Gr. receptacle + . Formed like Parenchyma.] (Bot.) Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels, dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels.

An•gi´na , n. [L., fr. angere to strangle, to choke. See Anger, n.] (Med.) Any inflammatory affection of the throat or faces, as the quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath. Angina pectoris , a peculiarly painful disease, so named from a sense of suffocating contraction or tightening of the lower part of the chest; — called also breast pang, spasm of the chest. { An´gi•nous , An´gi•nose• } a. (Med.) Pertaining to angina or angina pectoris.

An´gi•o- (an´ji•o-). [Gr. ’aggei^on vessel receptacle.] A prefix, or combining form, in numerous compounds, usually relating to seed or blood vessels, or to something contained in, or covered by, a vessel.

An•gi•o•car´pous (an•ji•o•kär´pus), a. [Angio- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having fruit inclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; as the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. Brande & C. (b) Having the seeds or spores covered, as in certain lichens. Gray.

An•gi•og´ra•phy , n. [Angio- + -graphy: cf. F. angiographie.] (Anat.) A description of blood vessels and lymphatics.

An•gi•ol´o•gy (-ol´o•jy), n. [Angio- + -logy.] (Anat.) That part of anatomy which treats of blood vessels and lymphatics.

An•gi•o´ma (-o´ma), n. [Angio- + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels.

An•gi•o•mon•o•sper´mous (an•ji•o•mon•o•sper´mus), a. [Angio- + monospermous.] (Bot.) Producing one seed only in a seed pod.

An´gi•o•scope (an´ji•o•skop), n. [Angio- + -scope.] An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of animals and plants. Morin.

An´gi•o•sperm (-an´ji•o•sperm), n. [Angio- + Gr. , , seed.] (Bot.) A plant which has its seeds inclosed in a pericarp. The term is restricted to exogenous plants, and applied to one of the two grand divisions of these species, the other division including gymnosperms, or those which have naked seeds. The oak, apple, beech, etc., are angiosperms, while the pines, spruce, hemlock, and the allied varieties, are gymnosperms.

An•gi•o•sper´ma•tous (an•ji•o•sper´ma•tus), a. (Bot.) Same as Angiospermous.

An•gi•o•sper´mous , a. (Bot.) Having seeds inclosed in a pod or other pericarp.

An•gi•os´po•rous , a. [Angio- + spore.] (Bot.) Having spores contained in cells or thecae, as in the case of some fungi.

An•gi•os´to•mous , a. [Angio- + Gr. mouth.] (Zoöl.) With a narrow mouth, as the shell of certain gastropods.

An•gi•ot´o•my , n. [Angio- + Gr. a cutting.] (Anat.) Dissection of the blood vessels and lymphatics of the body. Dunglison.

An´gle (an´g’l), n. [F. angle, L. angulus angle, corner; akin to uncus hook, Gr. ’agky•los bent, crooked, angular, ’a•gkos a bend or hollow, AS. angel hook, fish-hook, G. angel, and F. anchor.] 1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines meet; a corner; a nook. “Into the utmost angle of the world.
Spenser.” “To search the tenderest angles of the heart.
Milton.” 2. (Geom.) (a) The figure made by. two lines which meet. (b) The difference of direction of two lines. In the lines meet, the point of meeting is the vertex of the angle. 3. A projecting or sharp corner; an angular fragment. “Though but an angle reached him of the stone.
Dryden.” 4. (Astrol.) A name given to four of the twelve astrological ´houses.´ [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. [AS. angel.] A fishhook; tackle for catching fish, consisting of a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod. “Give me mine angle: we ’ll to the river there.
Shak.” “A fisher next his trembling angle bears.
Pope.” Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than 90°. — Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg common to both angles. — Alternate angles. See Alternate. — Angle bar. (a) (Carp.) An upright bar at the angle where two faces of a polygonal or bay window meet. Knight. (b) (Mach.) Same as Angle iron. — Angle bead (Arch.), a bead worked on or fixed to the angle of any architectural work, esp. for protecting an angle of a wall. — Angle brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypothenuse and securing the two side pieces together. Knight. — Angle iron (Mach.), a rolled bar or plate of iron having one or more angles, used for forming the corners, or connecting or sustaining the sides of an iron structure to which it is riveted. — Angle leaf (Arch.), a detail in the form of a leaf, more or less conventionalized, used to decorate and sometimes to strengthen an angle. — Angle meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for ascertaining the dip of strata. — Angle shaft (Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often having a capital or base, or both. — Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines. — External angles, angles formed by the sides of any right-lined figure, when the sides are produced or lengthened. — Facial angle. See under Facial. — Internal angles, those which are within any right- lined figure. — Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved line. — Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to a right angle. — Obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than 90°. — Optic angle. See under Optic. — Rectilineal or Right-lined angle, one formed by two right lines. — Right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90° (measured by a quarter circle). — Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. — Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or sphere. — Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. — For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction, see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection, Refraction, etc.

An´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Angling .] 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line. 2. To use some bait or artifice; to intrigue; to scheme; as to angle for praise. “The hearts of all that he did angle for.
Shak.”

An´gle, v. t. To try to gain by some insinuating artifice; to allure. [Obs.] ´He angled the people’s hearts.´ Sir P. Sidney.

An´gled , a. Having an angle or angles; — used in compounds; as right-angled, many-angled, etc. “The thrice three-angled beechnut shell.
Bp. Hall.”

An´gle•me•ter , n. [Angle + - meter.] An instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists to measure the dip of strata.

An´gler , n. 1. One who angles. 2. (Zoöl.) A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and America, having a large, broad, and depressed head, with the mouth very large. Peculiar appendages on the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. Called also fishing frog, frogfish, toadfish, goosefish, allmouth, monkfish, etc.

An´gles , n. pl. [L. Angli. See Anglican.] (Ethnol.) An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla-land (Angleland or England). The Angles probably came from the district of Angeln (now within the limits of Schleswig), and the country now Lower Hanover, etc.

An´gle•site , n. [From the Isle of Anglesea.] (Min.) A native sulphate of lead. It occurs in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals.

An´gle•wise , adv. [Angle + wise, OE. wise manner.] In an angular manner; angularly.

An´gle•worm , n. (Zoöl.) A earthworm of the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for bait. See Earthworm.

An´gli•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Angles. — n. One of the Angles.

An´glic , a. Anglian.

An´gli•can , a. [Angli the Angles, a Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.] 1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English nation; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the established church of England; as the Anglican church, doctrine, orders, ritual, etc. 2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high church party of the Church of England.

An´gli•can , n. 1. A member of the Church of England. “Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists.
Burke.” 2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in the Church of England.

An´gli•can•ism , n. 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of the Church of England. 2. The principles of the established church of England; also in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by the high-church party. 3. Attachment to England or English institutions.

An´gli•ce , adv. [NL.] In English; in the English manner; as Livorno, Anglice Leghorn.

An•glic´i•fy , v. t. [NL. Anglicus English + -fly.] To anglicize. [R.]

An´gli•cism , n. [Cf. F. anglicisme.] 1. An English idiom; a phrase or form language peculiar to the English. Dryden. 2. The quality of being English; an English characteristic, custom, or method.

An•glic´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being English.

An•gli•ci•za´tion , n. The act of anglicizing, or making English in character.

An´gli•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To make English; to English; to anglify; render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies.

An´gli•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglifying.] [L. Angli + -fly.] To convert into English; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin.

An´gling , n. The act of one who angles; the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton.

An´glo- [NL. Anglus English. See Anglican.] A combining form meaning the same as English; or English and, or English conjoined with; as Anglo-Turkish treaty, Anglo-German, Anglo-Irish. Anglo-American, . Of or pertaining to the English and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in America. — n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America, or the United States. Anglo-Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Danes, or to the Danes who settled in England. Anglo-Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or languages. — n. One of the Anglo- Indian race born or resident in the East Indies. Anglo-Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. — n. One of the English Normans, or the Normans who conquered England. Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon in the Vocabulary.

An´glo-Cath´o•lic, a., Of or pertaining to a church modeled on the English Reformation; Anglican; — sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of England.

An´glo-Cath´o•lic, n. A member of the Church of England who contends for its catholic character; more specifically, a High Churchman.

An´glo•ma´ni•a , n. [Anglo’cf + mania.] A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc.

An•glo•ma´ni•ac, n. One affected with Anglomania.

An•glo•pho´bi•a , n. [Anglo- + Gr. fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. — An´glo•phobe , n.

An´glo-Sax´on , n. [L. Angli- Saxones English Saxons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain, that is, an English Saxon, or one the Saxons who settled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or ´Old´) Saxon. 2. pl. The Teutonic people (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) of England, or the English people, collectively, before the Norman Conquest. “It is quite correct to call AEthelstan ´King of the Anglo-Saxons,´ but to call this or that subject of AEthelstan ´an Anglo-Saxon´ is simply nonsense.
E. A. Freeman.” 3. The language of the English people before the Conquest (sometimes called Old English). See Saxon. 4. One of the race or people who claim descent from the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic tribes who settled in England; a person of English descent in its broadest sense.

An´glo-Sax´on, a. Of or pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons or their language.

An´glo-Sax´on•dom , n. The Anglo- Saxon domain (i. e., Great Britain and the United States, etc.); the Anglo- Saxon race.

An´glo-Sax´on•ism , n. 1. A characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race; especially, a word or an idiom of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. M. Arnold. 2. The quality or sentiment of being Anglo-Saxon, or English in its ethnological sense.

An•go´la , n. [A corruption of Angora.] A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat.

An•go´la pea . (Bot.) A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; — so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea.

An´gor (an´gor), n. [L. See Anger.] (Med.) Great anxiety accompanied by painful constriction at the upper part of the belly, often with palpitation and oppression.

An•go´ra (an•go´ra), n. A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc. Angora cat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic cat with very long and silky hair, generally of the brownish white color. Called also Angola cat. See Cat. — Angora goat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic goat, reared for its long silky hair, which is highly prized for manufacture.

An•gos•tu´ra bark (än•gos•too´ra bärk•). [From Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a tonic, obtained from a South American of the rue family (Galipea cusparia, or officinalis). U. S. Disp.

An•gou•mois´ moth´ ( 115). [So named from Angoumois in France.] (Zoöl.) A small moth (Gelechia cerealella) which is very destructive to wheat and other grain. The larva eats out the interior of the grain, leaving only the shell.

An´gri•ly , adv. In an angry manner; under the influence of anger.

An´gri•ness, n. The quality of being angry, or of being inclined to anger. “Such an angriness of humor that we take fire at everything.
Whole Duty of Man.”

An´gry , a. [Compar. Angrier ; superl. Angriest.] [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome; vexatious; rigorous. [Obs.] “God had provided a severe and angry education to chastise the forwardness of a young spirit.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore. 3. Touched with anger; under the emotion of anger; feeling resentment; enraged; — followed generally by with before a person, and at before a thing. “Be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves.
Gen. xlv. 5.” “Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice?
Eccles. v. 6.” 4. Showing anger; proceeding from anger; acting as if moved by anger; wearing the marks of anger; as angry words or tones; an angry sky; angry waves. ´An angry countenance.´ Prov. xxv. 23. 5. Red. [R.] “Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave.
Herbert.” 6. Sharp; keen; stimulated. [R.] “I never ate with angrier appetite.
Tennyson.” Syn. — Passionate; resentful; irritated; irascible; indignant; provoked; enraged; incensed; exasperated; irate; hot; raging; furious; wrathful; wroth; choleric; inflamed; infuriated.

An´gui•form , a. [L. angius snake + -form.] Snake-shaped.

An•guil´li•form , a. [L. anguilla eel (dim. of anguis snake) + -form.] Eel- shaped. The ´Anguillaeformes´ of Cuvier are fishes related to thee eel.

An´guine , a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake or serpent. ´The anguine or snakelike reptiles.´ Owen.

An•guin´e•al , a. Anguineous.

An•guin´e•ous , a. [L. anguineus.] Snakelike.

An´guish , n. [OE. anguishe, anguise, angoise, F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together. See Anger.] Extreme pain, either of body or mind; excruciating distress. “But they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage.
Ex. vi. 9.” “Anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child.
Jer. iv. 31.” Rarely used in the plural: - “Ye miserable people, you must go to God in anguishes, and make your prayer to him.”
Latimer. Syn. — Agony; pang; torture; torment. See Agony.

An´guish, v. t. [Cf. F. angoisser, fr. L. angustiare.] To distress with extreme pain or grief. [R.] Temple.

An´gu•lar , a. [L. angularis, fr. angulus angle, corner. See Angle.] 1. Relating to an angle or to angles; having an angle or angles; forming an angle or corner; sharp-cornered; pointed; as an angular figure. 2. Measured by an angle; as angular distance. 3. Fig.: Lean; lank; raw-boned; ungraceful; sharp and stiff in character; as remarkably angular in his habits and appearance; an angular female. Angular aperture, Angular distance. See Aperture, Distance. — Angular motion, the motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body. — Angular point, the point at which the sides of the angle meet; the vertex. — Angular velocity, the ratio of anuglar motion to the time employed in describing.

An´gu•lar, n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes.

An•gu•lar´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being angular; angularness.

An´gu•lar•ly , adv. In an angular manner; with of at angles or corners. B. Jonson.

An´gu•lar•ness, n. The quality of being angular. { An´gu•late , An´gu•la•ted } a. [L. angulatus, p. p. of angulare to make angular.] Having angles or corners; angled; as angulate leaves.

An´gu•late , v. t. To make angular.

An•gu•la´tion , n. A making angular; angular formation. Huxley.

An´gu•lo-den´tate, a.. [L. angulus angle + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Bot.) Angularly toothed, as certain leaves.

An´gu•lom´e•ter , n. [L. angulus angle + -meter.] An instrument for measuring external angles.

An´gu•lose , a. Angulous. [R.]

An•gu•los´i•ty , n. A state of being angulous or angular. [Obs.]

An´gu•lous , a. [L. angulosus: cf. F. anguleux.] Angular; having corners; hooked. [R.] “Held together by hooks and angulous involutions.
Glanvill.”

An•gust´ , a. [L. angustus. See Anguish.] Narrow; strait. [Obs.]

An•gus´tate , a. [L. angustatus, p. p. of angustare to make narrow.] Narrowed.

An•gus•ta´tion , n. The act of making narrow; a straitening or contacting. Wiseman. { An•gus•ti•fo´li•ate (an•gus•ti•fo´li•at), An•gus•ti•fo´li•ous (an•gus•ti•fo´li•us), } a. [L. angustus narrow (see Anguish) + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having narrow leaves. Wright.

An•gus•tu´ra bark . See Angostura bark.

An•gwan•ti´bo , n. (Zoöl.) A small lemuroid mammal (Arctocebus Calabarensis) of Africa. It has only a rudimentary tail.

An•hang´ , v. t. [AS. onhangian.] To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An•har•mon´ic , a. [F. anharmonique, fr. Gr. ’an priv. + harmonic.] (Math.) Not harmonic. The anharmonic function or ratio of four points abcd on a straight line is the quantity (ac/ad):(bc/bd), where the segments are to be regarded as plus or minus, according to the order of the letters.

An•he•la´tion , n. [L. anhelatio, fr. anhelare to pant; an (perh. akin to E. on) + halare to breathe: cf. F. anhelation.] Short and rapid breathing; a panting; asthma. Glanvill.

An•hele´ , v. i. [Cf. OF. aneler, anheler. See Anhelation.] To pant; to be breathlessly anxious or eager (for). [Obs.] “They anhele … for the fruit of our convocation.
Latimer.”

An´he•lose , a. Anhelous; panting. [R.]

An•he´lous , a. [L. anhelus.] Short of breath; panting.

An´hi•ma , n. [Brazilian name.] A South American aquatic bird; the horned screamer or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). See Kamichi.

An•hin´ga , n. [Pg.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga); the darter, or snakebird.

An•his´tous , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ´isto•s web, tissue: cf. F. anhiste.] (Biol.) Without definite structure; as an anhistous membrane.

An•hun´gered , a. Ahungered; longing. [Archaic]

An•hy´dride , n. [See Anhydrous.] (Chem.) An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with the elements of water; — so called because it may be formed from an acid by the abstraction of water.

An•hy´drite , n. [See Anhydrous.] (Min.) A mineral of a white or a slightly bluish color, usually massive. It is anhydrous sulphate of lime, and differs from gypsum in not containing water (whence the name).

An•hy´drous , a. [Gr. wanting water; ’an priv. + ´y•dwr water.] Destitute of water; as anhydrous salts or acids.

A´ni or A´no , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A black bird of tropical America, the West Indies and Florida (Crotophaga ani), allied to the cuckoos, and remarkable for communistic nesting.

An´i•cut , An´ni•cut , n. [Tamil anai kattu dam building.] A dam or mole made in the course of a stream for the purpose of regulating the flow of a system of irrigation. [India] Brande & C.

An•id•i•o•mat´ic•al , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. idiomatical.] Not idiomatic. [R.] Landor. { An´i•ent , An•i•en´tise } v. t. [OF. anientir, F. aneantir.] To frustrate; to bring to naught; to annihilate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•nigh´ , prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + nigh.] Nigh. [Archaic] { A•night´ , A•nights´ } adv. [OE. on niht.] In the night time; at night. [Archaic] “Does he hawk anights still?
Marston.”

An´il , n. [F. anil, Sp. anil, or Pg. anil; all fr. Ar. an-nil, for al-nil the indigo plant, fr. Skr. nila dark blue, nili indigo, indigo plant. Cf. Lilac.] (Bot.) A West Indian plant (Indigofera anil), one of the original sources of indigo; also the indigo dye.

An´ile , a. [L. anilis, fr. anus an old woman.] Old-womanish; imbecile. ´Anile ideas.´ Walpole.

An´ile•ness , n. Anility. [R.]

An•il´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, anil; indigotic; — applied to an acid formed by the action of nitric acid on indigo. [R.]

An´i•lide , n. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds which may be regarded as amides in which more or less of the hydrogen has been replaced by phenyl.

An´i•line ( 277), n. [See Anil.] (Chem.) An organic base belonging to the phenylamines. It may be regarded as ammonia in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by the radical phenyl. It is a colorless, oily liquid, originally obtained from indigo by distillation, but now largely manufactured from coal tar or nitrobenzene as a base from which many brilliant dyes are made.

An´i•line, a. Made from, or of the nature of, aniline.

A•nil´i•ty , n. [L. anilitas. See Anile.] The state of being and old woman; old-womanishness; dotage. ´Marks of anility.´ Sterne.

An•i•mad•ver´sal , n. The faculty of perceiving; a percipient. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

An•i•mad•ver´sion , n. [L. animadversio, fr. animadvertere: cf. F. animadversion. See Animadvert.] 1. The act or power of perceiving or taking notice; direct or simple perception. [Obs.] “The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadversion and sense, properly so called.
Glanvill.” 2. Monition; warning. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. Remarks by way of criticism and usually of censure; adverse criticism; reproof; blame. “He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp animadversions.
Clarendon.” 4. Judicial cognizance of an offense; chastisement; punishment. [Archaic] ´Divine animadversions.´ Wesley. Syn. — Stricture; criticism; censure; reproof; blame; comment.

An•i•mad•ver´sive , a. Having the power of perceiving; percipient. [Archaic] Glanvill. “I do not mean there is a certain number of ideas glaring and shining to the animadversive faculty.
Coleridge.”

An•i•mad•vert´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Animadverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Animadverting.] [L. animadvertere; animus mind + advertere to turn to; ad to + vertere to turn.] 1. To take notice; to observe; — commonly followed by that. Dr. H. More. 2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or censure; to express censure; — with on or upon. “I should not animadvert on him … if he had not used extreme severity in his judgment of the incomparable Shakespeare.
Dryden.” 3. To take cognizance judicially; to inflict punishment. [Archaic] Grew. Syn. — To remark; comment; criticise; censure.

An•i•mad•vert´er , n. One who animadverts; a censurer; also [Obs.], a chastiser.

An´i•mal , n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul: cf. F. animal. See Animate.] 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and the power of voluntary motion, and also characterized by taking its food into an internal cavity or stomach for digestion; by giving carbonic acid to the air and taking oxygen in the process of respiration; and by increasing in motive power or active aggressive force with progress to maturity. 2. One of the lower animals; a brute or beast, as distinguished from man; as men and animals.

An´i•mal, a. [Cf. F. animal.] 1. Of or relating to animals; as animal functions. 2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part; as the animal passions or appetites. 3. Consisting of the flesh of animals; as animal food. Animal magnetism. See Magnetism and Mesmerism. — Animal electricity, the electricity developed in some animals, as the electric eel, torpedo, etc. — Animal flower (Zoöl.), a name given to certain marine animals resembling a flower, as any species of actinia or sea anemone, and other Anthozoa, hydroids, starfishes, etc. — Animal heat (Physiol.), the heat generated in the body of a living animal, by means of which the animal is kept at nearly a uniform temperature. — Animal spirits. See under Spirit. — Animal kingdom, the whole class of beings endowed with animal life. It embraces several subkingdoms, and under these there are Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Species, and sometimes intermediate groupings, all in regular subordination, but variously arranged by different writers. The following are the grand divisions, or subkingdoms, and the principal classes under them, generally recognized at the present time: —
Vertebrata, including Mammalia or Mammals, Aves or Birds, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces or Fishes, Marsipobranchiata (Craniota); and Leptocardia (Acrania). Tunicata, including the Thaliacea, and Ascidioidea or Ascidians. Articulata or Annulosa, including Insecta, Myriapoda, Malacapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Merostomata, Crustacea (Arthropoda); and Annelida, Gehyrea (Anarthropoda).
Helminthes or Vermes, including Rotifera, Chaetognatha, Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Nemertina, Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Mesozea. Molluscoidea, including Brachiopoda and Bryozoa. Mollusca, including Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, Lamellibranchiata or Acephala. Echinodermata, including Holothurioidea, Echinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea. Cœlenterata, including Anthozoa or Polyps, Ctenophora, and Hydrozoa or Acalephs. Spongiozoa or Porifera, including the sponges.
Protozoa, including Infusoria and Rhizopoda. For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary. { An•i•mal´cu•lar , An•i•mal´cu•line } a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, animalcules. ´Animalcular life.´ Tyndall.

An•i•mal´cule , n. [As if fr. a L. animalculum, dim. of animal.] 1. A small animal, as a fly, spider, etc. [Obs.] Ray. 2. (Zoöl.) An animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. See Infusoria. Many of the so-called animalcules have been shown to be plants, having locomotive powers something like those of animals. Among these are Volvox, the Desmidiacae, and the siliceous Diatomaceae. Spermatic animalcules. See Spermatozoa.

An•i•mal´cu•lism , n. [Cf. F. animalculisme.] (Biol.) The theory which seeks to explain certain physiological and pathological phenomena by means of animalcules.

An•i•mal´cu•list , n. [Cf. F. animalculiste.] 1. One versed in the knowledge of animalcules. Keith. 2. A believer in the theory of animalculism.

An•i•mal´cu•lum , n.; pl. Animalcula . [NL. See Animalcule.] An animalcule. Animalculae, as if from a Latin singular animalcula, is a barbarism.

An´i•mal•ish , a. Like an animal.

An´i•mal•ism , n. [Cf. F. animalisme.] The state, activity, or enjoyment of animals; mere animal life without intellectual or moral qualities; sensuality.

An•i•mal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. animalite.] Animal existence or nature. Locke.

An•i•mal•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. animalisation.] 1. The act of animalizing; the giving of animal life, or endowing with animal properties. 2. Conversion into animal matter by the process of assimilation. Owen.

An´i•mal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animalized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Animalizing.] [Cf. F. animaliser.] 1. To endow with the properties of an animal; to represent in animal form. Warburton. 2. To convert into animal matter by the processes of assimilation. 3. To render animal or sentient; to reduce to the state of a lower animal; to sensualize. “The unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet on the animalizing tendency of his own philosophy.
Coleridge.”

An´i•mal•ly, adv. Physically. G. Eliot.

An´i•mal•ness, n. Animality. [R.]

An•i•mas´tic , a. [L. anima breath, life.] Pertaining to mind or spirit; spiritual.

An•i•mas´tic, n. Psychology. [Obs.]

An´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animated; p. pr. & vb. n. Animating.] [L. animatus, p. p. of animare, fr. anima breath, soul; akin to animus soul, mind, Gr. wind, Skr. an to breathe, live, Goth. us-anan to expire (us- out), Icel. önd breath, anda to breathe, OHG. ando anger. Cf. Animal.] 1. To give natural life to; to make alive; to quicken; as the soul animates the body. 2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of; as to animate a lyre. Dryden. 3. To give spirit or vigor to; to stimulate or incite; to inspirit; to rouse; to enliven. “The more to animate the people, he stood on high … and cried unto them with a loud voice.
Knolles.” Syn. — To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken; gladden.

An´i•mate , a. [L. animatus, p. p.] Endowed with life; alive; living; animated; lively. “The admirable structure of animate bodies.
Bentley.”

An´i•ma•ted , a. Endowed with life; full of life or spirit; indicating animation; lively; vigorous. ´Animated sounds.´ Pope. ´Animated bust.´ Gray. ´Animated descriptions.´ Lewis.

An´i•ma•ted•ly, adv. With animation.

An´i•ma•ter , n. One who animates. De Quincey.

An´i•ma´ting, a. Causing animation; life-giving; inspiriting; rousing. ´Animating cries.´ Pope. — An´i•ma•ting•ly, adv.

An•i•ma´tion , n. [L. animatio, fr. animare.] 1. The act of animating, or giving life or spirit; the state of being animate or alive. “The animation of the same soul quickening the whole frame.
Bp. Hall.” “Perhaps an inanimate thing supplies me, while I am speaking, with whatever I possess of animation.
Landor.” 2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and vigor; vivacity; spiritedness; as he recited the story with great animation. Suspended animation, temporary suspension of the vital functions, as in persons nearly drowned. Syn. — Liveliness; vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; airiness; sprightliness; promptitude; enthusiasm; ardor; earnestness; energy. See Liveliness.

An´i•ma•tive , a. Having the power of giving life or spirit. Johnson.

An´i•ma•tor , n. [L. animare.] One who, or that which, animates; an animater. Sir T. Browne.

A´ni•me , a. [F., animated.] (Her.) Of a different tincture from the animal itself; — said of the eyes of a rapacious animal. Brande & C.

A´ni•me , n. [F. anime animated (from the insects that are entrapped in it); or native name.] A resin exuding from a tropical American tree (Hymenaea courbaril), and much used by varnish makers. Ure.

An´i•mism , n. [Cf. F. animisme, fr. L. anima soul. See Animate.] 1. The doctrine, taught by Stahl, that the soul is the proper principle of life and development in the body. 2. The belief that inanimate objects and the phenomena of nature are endowed with personal life or a living soul; also in an extended sense, the belief in the existence of soul or spirit apart from matter. Tylor.

An´i•mist , n. [Cf. F. animiste.] One who maintains the doctrine of animism.

An•i•mis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to animism. Huxley. Tylor. { An•i•mose´ , An´i•mous } a. [L. animosus, fr. animus soul, spirit, courage.] Full of spirit; hot; vehement; resolute. [Obs.] Ash.

An•i•mose´ness , n. Vehemence of temper. [Obs.]

An•i•mos´i•ty , n.; pl. Animosities . [F. animosite, fr. L. animositas. See Animose, Animate, v. t.] 1. Mere spiritedness or courage. [Obs.] Skelton. “Such as give some proof of animosity, audacity, and execution, those she [the crocodile] loveth.
Holland.” 2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition; active enmity; energetic dislike. Macaulay. Syn. — Enmity; hatred; opposition. — Animosity, Enmity. Enmity be dormant or concealed; animosity is active enmity, inflamed by collision and mutual injury between opposing parties. The animosities which were continually springing up among the clans in Scotland kept that kingdom in a state of turmoil and bloodshed for successive ages. The animosities which have been engendered among Christian sects have always been the reproach of the church. “Such [writings] as naturally conduce to inflame hatreds and make enmities irreconcilable.
Spectator.” “[These] factions … never suspended their animosities till they ruined that unhappy government.
Hume.”

An´i•mus , n.; pl. Animi . [L., mind.] Animating spirit; intention; temper. nimus furandi [L.] (Law), intention of stealing.

An´i•on , n. [Gr. , neut. , p. pr. of to go up; up + to go.] (Chem.) An electro- negative element, or the element which, in electro-chemical decompositions, is evolved at the anode; — opposed to cation. Faraday.

An´ise (an´is), n. [OE. anys, F. anis, L. anisum, anethum, fr. Gr. ’a•nison, ’a•nhqon.] 1. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella anisum) growing naturally in Egypt, and cultivated in Spain, Malta, etc., for its carminative and aromatic seeds. 2. The fruit or seeds of this plant.

An´i•seed , n. The seed of the anise; also a cordial prepared from it. ´Oil of aniseed.´ Brande & C.

An•i•sette´ , n. [F.] A French cordial or liqueur flavored with anise seeds. De Colange.

A•nis´ic , a. Of or derived from anise; as anisic acid; anisic alcohol. { An•i•so•dac´ty•la , An•i•so•dac´tyls } n. pl. [NL. anisodactyla, fr. Gr. ’a•nisos unequal (’an priv. + ’i•sos equal) + da•ktylos finger.] (Zoöl.) (a) A group of herbivorous mammals characterized by having the hoofs in a single series around the foot, as the elephant, rhinoceros, etc. (b) A group of perching birds which are anisodactylous.

An•i•so•dac´ty•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by unequal toes, three turned forward and one backward, as in most passerine birds.

An•i•so•mer´ic , a. [Gr. unequal + part.] (Chem.) Not isomeric; not made of the same components in the same proportions.

An•i•som´er•ous , a. [See Anisomeric.] (Bot.) Having the number of floral organs unequal, as four petals and six stamens.

An•i•so•met´ric , a. [Gr. ’an priv. + E. isometric.] Not isometric; having unsymmetrical parts; — said of crystals with three unequal axes. Dana.

An•i•so•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. unequal + leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal petals.

An•i•soph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. unequal + leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal leaves.

An•i•so•pleu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. unequal + side.] (Zoöl.) A primary division of gastropods, including those having spiral shells. The two sides of the body are unequally developed.

An•i•sop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. unequal + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of Crustacea, which, in some its characteristics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda.

An•i•so•stem´o•nous , a. [Gr. unequal + warp, thread; to stand.] (Bot.) Having unequal stamens; having stamens different in number from the petals.

An•i•so•sthen´ic , a. [Gr. unequal + strength.] Of unequal strength. { An´i•so•trope• , An•i•so•trop´ic } a. [Gr. unequal + a turning, to turn.] (Physics) Not isotropic; having different properties in different directions; thus, crystals of the isometric system are optically isotropic, but all other crystals are anisotropic.

An•i•sot´ro•pous , a. Anisotropic.

An´ker , n. [D. anker: cf. LL. anceria, ancheria.] A liquid measure in various countries of Europe. The Dutch anker, formerly also used in England, contained about 10 of the old wine gallons, or 8½ imperial gallons.

An´ker•ite , n. [So called from Prof. Anker of Austria: cf. F. ankerite, G. ankerit.] (Min.) A mineral closely related to dolomite, but containing iron.

An´kle (an´k’l), n. [OE. ancle, anclow, AS. ancleow; akin to Icel. ökkla, ökli, Dan. and Sw. ankel, D. enklaauw, enkel, G. enkel, and perh. OHG. encha, ancha thigh, shin: cf. Skr. anga limb, anguri finger. Cf. Haunch.] The joint which connects the foot with the leg; the tarsus. Ankle bone, the bone of the ankle; the astragalus.

An´kled , a. Having ankles; — used in composition; as well-ankled. Beau. & Fl.

An´klet , n. An ornament or a fetter for the ankle; an ankle ring.

An´ky•lose , v. t. & i. Same as Anchylose.

An•ky•lo´sis , n. Same as Anchylosis.

An´lace , n. [Origin unknown.] A broad dagger formerly worn at the girdle. [Written also anelace.] { Ann , An´nat } n. [LL. annata income of a year, also of half a year, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annate annats.] (Scots Law) A half years’s stipend, over and above what is owing for the incumbency, due to a minister’s heirs after his decease.

An´na , n. [Hindi ana.] An East Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about 2 cents.

An´nal , n. See Annals.

An´nal•ist, n. [Cf. F. annaliste.] A writer of annals. “The monks … were the only annalists in those ages.
Hume.”

An•nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or after the manner of, an annalist; as the dry annalistic style.´A stiff annalistic method.´ Sir G. C. Lewis.

An´nal•ize , v. t. To record in annals. Sheldon.

An´nals , n. pl. [L. annalis (sc. liber), and more frequently in the pl. annales (sc. libri), chronicles, fr. annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. A relation of events in chronological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened. ´Annals the revolution.´ Macaulay. ´The annals of our religion.´ Rogers. 2. Historical records; chronicles; history. “The short and simple annals of the poor.
Gray.” “It was one of the most critical periods in our annals.
Burke.” 3. sing. The record of a single event or item. ´In deathless annal.´ Young. 4. A periodic publication, containing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, etc.; as ´Annals of Science.´ Syn. — History. See History. { An´nats , An´nates } n. pl. [See Ann.] (Eccl. Law) The first year’s profits of a spiritual preferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope; first fruits. In England, they now form a fund for the augmentation of poor livings.

An•neal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annealing.] [OE. anelen to heat, burn, AS. anlan; an on + lan to burn; also OE. anelen to enamel, prob. influenced by OF. neeler, nieler, to put a black enamel on gold or silver, F. nieller, fr. LL. nigellare to blacken, fr. L. nigellus blackish, dim. of niger black. Cf. Niello, Negro.] 1. To subject to great heat, and then cool slowly, as glass, cast iron, steel, or other metal, for the purpose of rendering it less brittle; to temper; to toughen. 2. To heat, as glass, tiles, or earthenware, in order to fix the colors laid on them.

An•neal´er , n. One who, or that which, anneals.

An•neal´ing, n. 1. The process used to render glass, iron, etc., less brittle, performed by allowing them to cool very gradually from a high heat. 2. The burning of metallic colors into glass, earthenware, etc.

An•nec´tent , a. [L. annectere to tie or bind to. See Annex.] Connecting; annexing. Owen. { An•ne•lid , An•nel´i•dan } a. [F. annelide, fr. anneler to arrange in rings, OF. anel a ring, fr. L. anellus a ring, dim. of annulus a ring.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annelida. — n. One of the Annelida.

An•nel´i•da , n. pl. [NL. See Annelid.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Articulata, having the body formed of numerous rings or annular segments, and without jointed legs. The principal subdivisions are the Chaetopoda, including the Oligochaeta or earthworms and Polychaeta or marine worms; and the Hirudinea or leeches. See Chaetopoda.

An•nel´i•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of the nature of an annelid.

An•nel•la´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Annelida.

An´ne•loid , n. [F. annele ringed + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An animal resembling an annelid.

An•nex´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annexed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annexing.] [F. annexer, fr. L. annexus, p. p. of annectere to tie or bind to; ad + nectere to tie, to fasten together, akin to Skr. nah to bind.] 1. To join or attach; usually to subjoin; to affix; to append; — followed by to. ´He annexed a codicil to a will.´ Johnson. 2. To join or add, as a smaller thing to a greater. “He annexed a province to his kingdom.
Johnson.” 3. To attach or connect, as a consequence, condition, etc.; as to annex a penalty to a prohibition, or punishment to guilt. Syn. — To add; append; affix; unite; coalesce. See Add.

An•nex´, v. i. To join; to be united. Tooke.

An•nex´ , n. [F. annexe, L. annexus, neut. annexum, p. p. of annectere.] Something annexed or appended; as an additional stipulation to a writing, a subsidiary building to a main building; a wing.

An•nex•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. annexation. See Annex, v. t.] 1. The act of annexing; process of attaching, adding, or appending; the act of connecting; union; as the annexation of Texas to the United States, or of chattels to the freehold. 2. (a) (Law) The union of property with a freehold so as to become a fixture. Bouvier. (b) (Scots Law) The appropriation of lands or rents to the crown. Wharton.

An•nex•a´tion•ist, n. One who favors annexation.

An•nex´er , n. One who annexes.

An•nex´ion , n. [L. annexio a tying to, connection: cf. F. annexion.] Annexation. [R.] Shak.

An•nex´ion•ist, n. An annexationist. [R.]

An•nex´ment , n. The act of annexing, or the thing annexed; appendage. [R.] Shak.

An•ni´hi•la•ble , a. Capable of being annihilated.

An•ni´hi•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annihilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annihilating.] [L. annihilare; ad + nihilum, nihil, nothing, ne hilum (filum) not a thread, nothing at all. Cf. File, a row.] 1. To reduce to nothing or nonexistence; to destroy the existence of; to cause to cease to be. “It impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated.
Bacon.” 2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive properties of, so that the specific thing no longer exists; as to annihilate a forest by cutting down the trees. ´To annihilate the army.´ Macaulay. 3. To destroy or eradicate, as a property or attribute of a thing; to make of no effect; to destroy the force, etc., of; as to annihilate an argument, law, rights, goodness.

An•ni´hi•late (an•ni´hi•lat), a. Annihilated. [Archaic] Swift.

An•ni•hi•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. annihilation.] 1. The act of reducing to nothing, or nonexistence; or the act of destroying the form or combination of parts under which a thing exists, so that the name can no longer be applied to it; as the annihilation of a corporation. 2. The state of being annihilated. Hooker.

An•ni•hi•la´tion•ist, n. (Theol.) One who believes that eternal punishment consists in annihilation or extinction of being; a destructionist.

An•ni´hi•la•tive , a. Serving to annihilate; destructive.

An•ni´hi•la•tor , n. One who, or that which, annihilates; as a fire annihilator.

An•ni´hi•la•to•ry , a. Annihilative.

An•ni•ver´sa•ri•ly , adv. Annually. [R.] Bp. Hall.

An•ni•ver´sa•ry , a. [L. anniversarius; annus year + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. anniversaire.] Returning with the year, at a stated time; annual; yearly; as an anniversary feast. Anniversary day (R. C. Ch.). See Anniversary, n., 2. — Anniversary week, that week in the year in which the annual meetings of religious and benevolent societies are held in Boston and New York. [Eastern U. S.]

An•ni•ver´sa•ry, n.; pl. Anniversaries . [Cf. F. anniversaire.] 1. The annual return of the day on which any notable event took place, or is wont to be celebrated; as the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The day on which Mass is said yearly for the soul of a deceased person; the commemoration of some sacred event, as the dedication of a church or the consecration of a pope. 3. The celebration which takes place on an anniversary day. Dryden.

An´ni•verse , n. [L. anni versus the turning of a year.] Anniversary. [Obs.] Dryden.

An´no•da•ted , a. [L. ad to + nodus a knot.] (Her.) Curved somewhat in the form of the letter S. Cussans.

An´no Dom´i•ni . [L., in the year of [our] Lord [Jesus Christ]; usually abbrev. a. d.] In the year of the Christian era; as a. d. 1887.

An•nom´i•nate , v. t. To name. [R.]

An•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. annominatio. See Agnomination.] 1. Paronomasia; punning. 2. Alliteration. [Obs.] Tyrwhitt.

An´no•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annotating.] [L. annotatus; p. p. of annotare to annotate; ad + notare to mark, nota mark. See Note, n.] To explain or criticize by notes; as to annotate the works of Bacon.

An´no•tate, v. i. To make notes or comments; — with on or upon.

An•no•ta´tion , n. [L. annotatio: cf. F. annotation.] A note, added by way of comment, or explanation; — usually in the plural; as annotations on ancient authors, or on a word or a passage.

An•no•ta´tion•ist, n. An annotator. [R.]

An´no•ta•tive , a. Characterized by annotations; of the nature of annotation.

An´no•ta•tor , n. [L.] A writer of annotations; a commentator.

An•no´ta•to•ry , a. Pertaining to an annotator; containing annotations. [R.]

An´no•tine , n. [L. annotinus a year old.] (Zoöl.) A bird one year old, or that has once molted.

An•not´i•nous , a. [L. annotinus, fr. annus year.] (Bot.) A year old; in Yearly growths.

An•not´to , Ar•not´to , n. [Perh. the native name.] A red or yellowish-red dyeing material, prepared from the pulp surrounding the seeds of a tree (Bixa orellana) belonging to the tropical regions of America. It is used for coloring cheese, butter, etc. [Written also Anatto, Anatta, Annatto, Annotta, etc.]

An•nounce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Announced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Announcing .] [OF. anoncier, F. annoncer, fr. L. annuntiare; ad + nuntiare to report, relate, nuntius messenger, bearer of news. See Nuncio, and cf. Annunciate.] 1. To give public notice, or first notice of; to make known; to publish; to proclaim. “Her [Q. Elizabeth’s] arrival was announced through the country by a peal of cannon from the ramparts.
Gilpin.” 2. To pronounce; to declare by judicial sentence. “Publish laws, announce
Or life or death.
Prior.” Syn. — To proclaim; publish; make known; herald; declare; promulgate. — To Publish, Announce, Proclaim, Promulgate. We publish what we give openly to the world, either by oral communication or by means of the press; as to publish abroad the faults of our neighbors. We announce what we declare by anticipation, or make known for the first time; as to announce the speedy publication of a book; to announce the approach or arrival of a distinguished personage. We proclaim anything to which we give the widest publicity; as to proclaim the news of victory. We promulgate when we proclaim more widely what has before been known by some; as to promulgate the gospel.

An•nounce´ment , n. The act of announcing, or giving notice; that which announces; proclamation; publication.

An•noun´cer , n. One who announces.

An•noy´ (an•noi´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annoyed (an•noid´); p. pr. & vb. n. Annoying.] [OE. anoien, anuien, OF. anoier, anuier, F. ennuyer, fr. OF. anoi, anui, enui, annoyance, vexation, F. ennui. See Annoy, n.] To disturb or irritate, especially by continued or repeated acts; to tease; to ruffle in mind; to vex; as I was annoyed by his remarks. “Say, what can more our tortured souls annoy
Than to behold, admire, and lose our joy?
Prior.” 2. To molest, incommode, or harm; as to annoy an army by impeding its march, or by a cannonade. Syn. — To molest; vex; trouble; pester; embarrass; perplex; tease.

An•noy´ , n. [OE. anoi, anui, OF. anoi, anui, enui, fr. L. in odio hatred (esse alicui in odio, Cic.). See Ennui, Odium, Noisome, Noy.] A feeling of discomfort or vexation caused by what one dislikes; also whatever causes such a feeling; as to work annoy. “Worse than Tantalus’ is her annoy.
Shak.”

An•noy´ance , n. [OF. anoiance, anuiance.] 1. The act of annoying, or the state of being annoyed; molestation; vexation; annoy. “A deep clay, giving much annoyance to passengers.
Fuller.” “For the further annoyance and terror of any besieged place, they would throw into it dead bodies.
Wilkins.” 2. That which annoys. “A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair,
Any annoyance in that precious sense.
Shak.”

An•noy´er , n. One who, or that which, annoys.

An•noy´ful , a. Annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An•noy´ing, a. That annoys; molesting; vexatious. — An•noy´ing•ly, adv.

An•noy´ous , a. [OF. enuius, anoios.] Troublesome; annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An´nu•al ( 135), a. [OE. annuel, F. annuel, fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year. Cf. Annals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year; returning every year; coming or happening once in the year; yearly. “The annual overflowing of the river [Nile].
Ray.” 2. Performed or accomplished in a year; reckoned by the year; as the annual motion of the earth. “A thousand pound a year, annual support.
Shak.” 2. Lasting or continuing only one year or one growing season; requiring to be renewed every year; as an annual plant; annual tickets. Bacon.

An´nu•al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning yearly; esp. a literary work published once a year. 2. Anything, especially a plant, that lasts but one year or season; an annual plant. “Oaths … in some sense almost annuals; … and I myself can remember about forty different sets.
Swift.” 3. (R. C. Ch.) A Mass for a deceased person or for some special object, said daily for a year or on the anniversary day.

An´nu•al•ist, n. One who writes for, or who edits, an annual. [R.]

An´nu•al•ly, adv. Yearly; year by year.

An´nu•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. annuaire.] Annual. [Obs.] — n. A yearbook.

An´nu•el•er , n. A priest employed in saying annuals, or anniversary Masses. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An´nu•ent , a. [L. annuens, p. pr. of annuere; ad + nuere to nod.] Nodding; as annuent muscles (used in nodding).

An•nu´i•tant , n. [See Annuity.] One who receives, or its entitled to receive, an annuity. Lamb.

An•nu´i•ty , n.; pl. Annuities . [LL. annuitas, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annuite.] A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever; an annual allowance.

An•nul´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annulled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Annulling.] [F. annuler, LL. annullare, annulare, fr. L. ad to + nullus none, nullum, neut., nothing. See Null, a.] 1. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate. “Light, the prime work of God, to me’s extinct.
And all her various objects of delight
Annulled.
Milton.” 2. To make void or of no effect; to nullify; to abolish; to do away with; — used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, and the like, which are made void by component authority. “Do they mean to annul laws of inestimable value to our liberties?
Burke.” Syn. — To abolish; abrogate; repeal; cancel; reverse; rescind; revoke; nullify; destroy. See Abolish.

An´nu•lar , a. [L. annularis, fr. annulis ring: cf. F. annulaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a ring; forming a ring; ringed; ring-shaped; as annular fibers. 2. Banded or marked with circles. Annular eclipse (Astron.), an eclipse of the sun in which the moon at the middle of the eclipse conceals the central part of the sun’s disk, leaving a complete ring of light around the border.

An•nu•lar´i•ty , n. Annular condition or form; as the annularity of a nebula. J. Rogers.

An´nu•lar•ry, adv. In an annular manner.

An´nu•la•ry , a. [L. annularis. See Annular.] Having the form of a ring; annular. Ray.

An•nu•la´ta , n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. annulatus ringed.] (Zoöl.) A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida.

An´nu•late , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulata. { An´nu•late , An´nu•la•ted } a. [L. annulatus.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings; ringed; surrounded by rings of color. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulata.

An•nu•la´tion , n. A circular or ringlike formation; a ring or belt. Nicholson.

An´nu•let , n. [Dim. of annulus.] 1. A little ring. Tennyson. 2. (Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, etc., used by itself, or with other moldings. It is used, several times repeated, under the Doric capital. 3. (Her.) A little circle borne as a charge. 4. (Zoöl.) A narrow circle of some distinct color on a surface or round an organ.

An•nul´la•ble , a. That may be Annulled.

An•nul´ler , n. One who annuls. [R.]

An•nul´ment , n. [Cf. F. annulement.] The act of annulling; abolition; invalidation.

An´nu•loid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annuloida.

An•nu•loid´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. annulus ring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allied groups; sometimes made to include also the helminths and echinoderms. [Written also Annuloidea.]

An´nu•lo´sa , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zoölogists it is applied to the former only.

An•nu•lo´san , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulosa.

An´nu•lose (; 277), a. [L. annulus ring.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike segments; ringed. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulosa.

An´nu•lus , n.; pl. Annuli . [L.] 1. A ring; a ringlike part or space. 2. (Geom.) (a) A space contained between the circumferences of two circles, one within the other. (b) The solid formed by a circle revolving around a line which is the plane of the circle but does not cut it. 3. (Zoöl.) Ring-shaped structures or markings, found in, or upon, various animals.

An•nu´mer•ate , v. t. [L. annumeratus, p. p. of annumerare. See Numerate.] To add on; to count in. [Obs.] Wollaston.

An•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [L. annumeratio.] Addition to a former number. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

An•nun´ci•a•ble , a. That may be announced or declared; declarable. [R.]

An•nun´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annunciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annunciating.] [L. annuntiare. See Announce.] To announce.

An•nun´ci•ate , p. p. & a. Foretold; preannounced. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An•nun•ci•a´tion ( 277), n. [L. annuntiatio: cf. F. annonciation.] 1. The act of announcing; announcement; proclamation; as the annunciation of peace. 2. (Eccl.) (a) The announcement of the incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary. (b) The festival celebrated (March 25th) by the Church of England, of Rome, etc., in memory of the angel’s announcement, on that day; Lady Day.

An•nun´ci•a•tive , a. Pertaining to annunciation; announcing. [R.] Dr. H. More.

An•nun´ci•a•tor , n. [L. annuntiator.] 1. One who announces. Specifically: An officer in the church of Constantinople, whose business it was to inform the people of the festivals to be celebrated. 2. An indicator (as in a hotel) which designates the room where attendance is wanted.

An•nun´ci•a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or containing, announcement; making known. [R.]

A•noa´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small wild ox of Celebes (Anoa depressicornis), allied to the buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns.

An´ode , n. [Gr. up + way.] (Elec.) The positive pole of an electric battery, or more strictly the electrode by which the current enters the electrolyte on its way to the other pole; — opposed to cathode.

An´o•don , n. [NL., fr. Gr. toothless; ’an priv. + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water bivalves, having no teeth at the hinge. [Written also Anodonta.]

An´o•dyne (an´o•din), a. [L. anodynus, Gr. free from pain, stilling pain; ’an priv. + pain: cf. F. anodin.] Serving to assuage pain; soothing. “The anodyne draught of oblivion.
Burke.” ´The word [in a medical sense] in chiefly applied to the different preparations of opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, and lettuce.´ Am. Cyc.

An´o•dyne, n. [L. anodynon. See Anodyne, a.] Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or narcotic; anything that soothes disturbed feelings.

An´o•dy•nous , a. Anodyne.

A•noil´ , v. t. [OF. enoilier.] To anoint with oil. [Obs.] Holinshed.

A•noint´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Anointing.] [OF. enoint, p. p. of enoindre, fr. L. inungere; in + ungere, unguere, to smear, anoint. See Ointment, Unguent.] 1. To smear or rub over with oil or an unctuous substance; also to spread over, as oil. “And fragrant oils the stiffened limbs anoint.
Dryden.” “He anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay.
John ix. 6.” 2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, etc., as a sacred rite, especially for consecration. “Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his [Aaron’s] head and anoint him.
Exod. xxix. 7.” “Anoint Hazael to be king over Syria.
1 Kings xix. 15.” The Lord’s Anointed, Christ or the Messiah; also a Jewish or other king by ´divine right.´ 1 Sam. xxvi. 9.

A•noint´, p. p. Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•noint´er , n. One who anoints.

A•noint´ment , n. The act of anointing, or state of being anointed; also an ointment. Milton.

A•no´lis , n. [In the Antilles, anoli, anoalli, a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards which belong to the family Iguanidae. They take the place in the New World of the chameleons in the Old, and in America are often called chameleons.

A•nom´al , n. Anything anomalous. [R.] { A•nom´a•li•ped (#), A•nom´a•li•pede } a. [L. anomalus irregular + pes, pedis, foot.] Having anomalous feet.

A•nom´a•li•ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of a group of perching birds, having the middle toe more or less united to the outer and inner ones.

A•nom´a•lism , n. An anomaly; a deviation from rule. Hooker. { A•nom•a•lis´tic , A•nom•a•lis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. anomalistique.] 1. Irregular; departing from common or established rules. 2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the anomaly, or angular distance of a planet from its perihelion. Anomalistic month. See under Month. — Anomalistic revolution, the period in which a planet or satellite goes through the complete cycles of its changes of anomaly, or from any point in its elliptic orbit to the same again. — Anomalistic, or Periodical year. See under Year.

A•nom•a•lis´tic•al•ly, adv. With irregularity.

A•nom•a•lo•flo´rous , a. [L. anomalus irregular + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having anomalous flowers.

A•nom´a•lous , a. [L. anomalus, Gr. uneven, irregular; ’an priv. + even, same. See Same, and cf. Abnormal.] Deviating from a general rule, method, or analogy; abnormal; irregular; as an anomalous proceeding.

A•nom´a•lous•ly, adv. In an anomalous manner.

A•nom´a•lous•ness, n. Quality of being anomalous.

A•nom´a•ly , n.; pl. Anomalies . [L. anomalia, Gr. . See Anomalous.] 1. Deviation from the common rule; an irregularity; anything anomalous. “We are enabled to unite into a consistent whole the various anomalies and contending principles that are found in the minds and affairs of men.
Burke.” “As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that can not fly.
Darwin.” 2. (Astron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the sun. This is the true anomaly. The eccentric anomaly is a corresponding angle at the center of the elliptic orbit of the planet. The mean anomaly is what the anomaly would be if the planet’s angular motion were uniform. (b) The angle measuring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Any deviation from the essential characteristics of a specific type.

A•no´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. irregular; ’a priv. + no’mos law.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment.

An•o•moph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. irregular + leaf.] (Bot.) Having leaves irregularly placed. { An•o•mu´ra , An•o•mou´ra } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lawless + tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example. { An•o•mu´ral , An•o•mu´ran } a. Irregular in the character of the tail or abdomen; as the anomural crustaceans. [Written also anomoural, anomouran.]

An•o•mu´ran, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Anomura.

An´o•my , n. [Gr. . See Anomia.] Disregard or violation of law. [R.] Glanvill.

A•non´ , adv. [OE. anoon, anon, anan, lit., in one (moment), fr. AS. on in + an one. See On and One.] 1. Straightway; at once. [Obs.] “The same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it.
Matt. xiii. 20.” 2. Soon; in a little while. “As it shall better appear anon.
Stow.” 3. At another time; then; again. “Sometimes he trots, … anon he rears upright.
Shak.” Anon right, at once; right off. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often. “A pouncet box, which ever and anon
He gave his nose.
Shak.”

A•no´na, n. [NL. Cf. Ananas.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonaceae, including the soursop.

An•o•na´ceous, a. Pertaining to the order of plants including the soursop, custard apple, etc.

An´o•nym , n. [F. anonyme. See Anonymous.] 1. One who is anonymous; also sometimes used for ´pseudonym.´ 2. A notion which has no name, or which can not be expressed by a single English word. [R.] J. R. Seeley.

An•o•nym´i•ty, n. The quality or state of being anonymous; anonymousness; also that which anonymous. [R.] “He rigorously insisted upon the rights of anonymity.
Carlyle.”

A•non´y•mous, a. [Gr. without name; ’an priv. + , Eol. for name. See Name.] Nameless; of unknown name; also of unknown or unavowed authorship; as an anonymous benefactor; an anonymous pamphlet or letter.

A•non´y•mous•ly (a•non´i•mus•ly), adv. In an anonymous manner; without a name. Swift.

A•non´y•mous•ness, n. The state or quality of being anonymous. Coleridge.

An´o•phyte (an´o•fit), n. [Gr. ’a•nw upward (fr. ’ana• up) + fyto•n a plant, fy•ein to grow.] (Bot.) A moss or mosslike plant which cellular stems, having usually an upward growth and distinct leaves.

An´o•pla (an´o•pla), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•noplos unarmed.] (Zoöl.) One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina.

An•op´lo•there (an•op´lo•ther), An•o•plo•the´ri•um (an•o•plo•the´ri•um), n. [From Gr. ’a•noplos unarmed (’an priv. + ’o•plon an implement, weapon) + qhri•on beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct quadrupeds of the order Ungulata whose were first found in the gypsum quarries near Paris characterized by the shortness and feebleness of their canine teeth (whence the name).

An•o•plu´ra (an•o•plu´ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + ’o•plon weapon, sting + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of insects which includes the lice. { A•nop´si•a (a•nop´si•a), An´op•sy (an´op•sy), } a. [Gr. ’an priv. + ’o•psis sight.] (Med.) Want or defect of sight; blindness. { An•o•rex´i•a , An´o•rex•y } n. [Gr. ; ’an priv. + desire, appetite, desire.] (Med.) Want of appetite, without a loathing of food. Coxe.

A•nor´mal , a. [F. anormal. See Abnormal, Normal.] Not according to rule; abnormal. [Obs.]

A•norn , v. t. [OF. aörner, aöurner, fr. L. adornare to adorn. The form a- ourne was corrupted into anourne.] To adorn. [Obs.] Bp. Watson.

A•nor´thic , a. [See Anorthite.] (Min.) Having unequal oblique axes; as anorthic crystals.

A•nor´thite , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + straight ( sc. right angle); not in a right angle.] A mineral of the feldspar family, commonly occurring in small glassy crystals, also a constituent of some igneous rocks. It is a lime feldspar. See Feldspar.

A•nor´tho•scope , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + straight + -scope.] (Physics) An optical toy for producing amusing figures or pictures by means of two revolving disks, on one of which distorted figures are painted.

A•nos´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + smell.] (Med.) Loss of the sense of smell.

An•oth´er , pron. & a. [An a, one + other.] 1. One more, in addition to a former number; a second or additional one, similar in likeness or in effect. “Another yet! — a seventh! I ’ll see no more.
Shak.” “Would serve to scale another Hero’s tower.
Shak.” 2. Not the same; different. “He winks, and turns his lips another way.
Shak.” 3. Any or some; any different person, indefinitely; any one else; some one else. “Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth.
Prov. xxvii. 2.” “While I am coming, another steppeth down before me.
John v. 7.” As a pronoun another may have a possessive another’s, pl. others, poss. pl. other’. It is much used in opposition to one; as one went one way, another another. It is also used with one, in a reciprocal sense; as ´love one another,´ that is, let each love the other or others. ´These two imparadised in one another’s arms.´ Milton.

An•oth´er-gaines , a. [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Of another kind. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

An•oth´er-gates , a. [Another + gate, or gait, way. Cf. Algates.] Of another sort. [Obs.] ´Another-gates adventure.´ Hudibras.

An•oth´er-guess , a. [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Of another sort. [Archaic] “It used to go in another-guess manner.
Arbuthnot.”

A•not´ta , n. See Annotto.

An•ou´ra ( 277), n. See Anura.

An•ou´rous , a. See Anurous.

An´sa , n.; pl. Ansae . [L., a handle.] (Astron.) A name given to either of the projecting ends of Saturn’s ring.

An´sa•ted , a. [L. ansatus, fr. ansa a handle.] Having a handle. Johnson.

An´ser•a•ted , a. (Her.) Having the extremities terminate in the heads of eagles, lions, etc.; as an anserated cross.

An´se•res , n. pl. [L., geese.] (Zoöl.) A Linnaean order of aquatic birds swimming by means of webbed feet, as the duck, or of lobed feet, as the grebe. In this order were included the geese, ducks, auks, divers, gulls, petrels, etc.

An•se•ri•for´mes , n. pl. (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the geese, ducks, and closely allied forms.

An´ser•ine , a. [L. anserinus, fr. anser a goose.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or the skin of a goose. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Anseres.

An´ser•ous , a. [L. anser a goose.] Resembling a goose; silly; simple. Sydney Smith.

An´swer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Answered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Answering.] [OE. andswerien, AS. andswerian, andswarian, to answer, fr. andswaru, n., answer. See Answer, n.] 1. To speak in defense against; to reply to in defense; as to answer a charge; to answer an accusation. 2. To speak or write in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a speech, declaration, argument, or the like; to reply to (a question, remark, etc.); to respond to. “She answers him as if she knew his mind.
Shak.” “So spake the apostate angel, though in pain: …
And him thus answered soon his bold compeer.
Milton.” 3. To respond to satisfactorily; to meet successfully by way of explanation, argument, or justification, and the like; to refute. “No man was able to answer him a word.
Matt. xxii. 46.” “These shifts refuted, answer thine appellant.
Milton.” “The reasoning was not and could not be answered.
Macaulay.” 4. To be or act in return or response to. Hence: (a) To be or act in compliance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, obligation, demand; as he answered my claim upon him; the servant answered the bell. “This proud king … studies day and night
To answer all the debts he owes unto you.
Shak.” (b) To render account to or for. “I will … send him to answer thee.
Shak.” (c) To atone; to be punished for. “And grievously hath Caezar answered it.
Shak.” (d) To be opposite to; to face. “The windows answering each other, we could just discern the glowing horizon them.
Gilpin.” (e) To be or act an equivalent to, or as adequate or sufficient for; to serve for; to repay. [R.] “Money answereth all things.
Eccles. x. 19.” (f) To be or act in accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to; to correspond to; to suit. “Weapons must needs be dangerous things, if they answered the bulk of so prodigious a person.
Swift.”

An´swer, v. i. 1. To speak or write by way of return (originally, to a charge), or in reply; to make response. “There was no voice, nor any that answered.
1 Kings xviii. 26.” 2. To make a satisfactory response or return. Hence: To render account, or to be responsible; to be accountable; to make amends; as the man must answer to his employer for the money intrusted to his care. “Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law.
Shak.” 3. To be or act in return. Hence: (a) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, reciprocation, or satisfaction; to serve the purpose; as gypsum answers as a manure on some soils. “Do the strings answer to thy noble hand?
Dryden.” (b) To be opposite, or to act in opposition. (c) To be or act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient; as a very few will answer. (d) To be or act in conformity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, relation, or proportion; to conform; to correspond; to suit; — usually with to. “That the time may have all shadow and silence in it, and the place answer to convenience.
Shak.” “If this but answer to my just belief,
I ’ll remember you.
Shak.” “As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man.
Pro. xxvii. 19.”

An´swer, n. [OE. andsware, AS. andswaru; and against + swerian to swear. , . See Anti-, and Swear, and cf. 1st un-.] 1. A reply to a change; a defense. “At my first answer no man stood with me.
2 Tim. iv. 16.” 2. Something said or written in reply to a question, a call, an argument, an address, or the like; a reply. “A soft answer turneth away wrath.
Prov. xv. 1.” “I called him, but he gave me no answer.
Cant. v. 6.” 3. Something done in return for, or in consequence of, something else; a responsive action. “Great the slaughter is
Here made by the Roman; great the answer be
Britons must take.
Shak.” 4. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation; as the answer to a problem. 5. (Law) A counter-statement of facts in a course of pleadings; a confutation of what the other party has alleged; a responsive declaration by a witness in reply to a question. In Equity, it is the usual form of defense to the complainant’s charges in his bill. Bouvier. Syn. — Reply; rejoinder; response. See Reply.

An´swer•a•ble , a. 1. Obliged to answer; liable to be called to account; liable to pay, indemnify, or make good; accountable; amenable; responsible; as an agent is answerable to his principal; to be answerable for a debt, or for damages. “Will any man argue that … he can not be justly punished, but is answerable only to God?
Swift.” 2. Capable of being answered or refuted; admitting a satisfactory answer. “The argument, though subtle, is yet answerable.
Johnson.” 3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. “What wit and policy of man is answerable to their discreet and orderly course?
Holland.” “This revelation … was answerable to that of the apostle to the Thessalonians.
Milton.” 4. Proportionate; commensurate; suitable; as an achievement answerable to the preparation for it. 5. Equal; equivalent; adequate. [Archaic] “Had the valor of his soldiers been answerable, he had reached that year, as was thought, the utmost bounds of Britain.
Milton.”

An´swer•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent.

An´swer•a•bly , adv. In an answerable manner; in due proportion or correspondence; suitably.

An´swer•er , n. One who answers.

An´swer•less , a. Having no answer, or impossible to be answered. Byron.

An ’t . An it, that is, and it or if it. See An, conj. [Obs.]

An’t . A contraction for are and am not; also used for is not; — now usually written ain’t. [Colloq. & illiterate speech.]

Ant-. See Anti-, prefix.

-ant. [F. -ant, fr. L. -antem or -entem, the pr. p. ending; also sometimes directly from L. -antem.] A suffix sometimes marking the agent for action; as merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant, etc. Cf. - ent.

Ant , n. [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS. aemete akin to G. ameise. Cf. Emmet.] (Zoöl.) A hymenopterous insect of the Linnaean genus Formica, which is now made a family of several genera; an emmet; a pismire. Among ants, as among bees, there are neuter or working ants, besides the males and females; the former are without wings. Ants live together in swarms, usually raising hillocks of earth, variously chambered within, where they maintain a perfect system of order, store their provisions, and nurture their young. There are many species, with diverse habits, as agricultural ants, carpenter ants, honey ants, foraging ants, amazon ants, etc. The white ants or Termites belong to the Neuroptera. Ant bird (Zoöl.), one of a very extensive group of South American birds (Formicariidae), which live on ants. The family includes many species, some of which are called ant shrikes, ant thrushes, and ant wrens. — Ant rice (Bot.), a species of grass (Aristida oligantha) cultivated by the agricultural ants of Texas for the sake of its seed.

An´ta , n.; pl. Antae . [L.] (Arch.) A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base. Porches, when columns stand between two antae, are called in Latin in antis.

Ant•ac´id , n. [Pref. anti- + acid.] (Med.) A remedy for acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. — a. Counteractive of acidity.

Ant•ac´rid , a. [Pref. anti- + acrid.] Corrective of acrimony of the humors.

An•tae´an , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to Antaeus, a giant athlete slain by Hercules.

An•tag´o•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to struggle against; against + to contend or struggle, contest: cf. F. antagonisme. See Agony.] Opposition of action; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles. We speak of antagonism between two things, to or against a thing, and sometimes with a thing.

An•tag´o•nist , n. [L. antagonista, Gr. ; against + combatant, champion, fr. : cf. F. antagoniste. See Antagonism.] 1. One who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; an opponent. “Antagonist of Heaven’s Almigthy King.
Milton.” “Our antagonists in these controversies.
Hooker.” 2. (Anat.) A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it. 3. (Med.) A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the blood or tissues. Syn. — Adversary; enemy; opponent; toe; competitor. See Adversary.

An•tag´o•nist, a. Antagonistic; opposing; counteracting; as antagonist schools of philosophy. { An•tag•o•nis´tic , An•tag•o•nis´tic•al } a. Opposing in combat, combating; contending or acting against; as antagonistic forces. — An•tag•o•nis´tic•al•ly, adv. “They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic.
Milman.”

An•tag´o•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antagonized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonozing.] [Gr. . See Antagonism.] To contend with; to oppose actively; to counteract.

An•tag´o•nize, v. i. To act in opposition.

An•tag´o•ny , n. [Gr. ; + contest: cf. F. (16th century) antagonie. See Antagonism.] Contest; opposition; antagonism. [Obs.] “Antagony that is between Christ and Belial.
Milton.”

An•tal´gic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. pain: cf. F. antalgique.] (Med.) Alleviating pain. — n. A medicine to alleviate pain; an anodyne. [R.]

Ant•al´ka•li ( 277), Ant•al´ka•line , n. [Pref. anti- + alkali.] Anything that neutralizes or that counteracts an alkaline tendency in the system. Hooper.

Ant•al´ka•line, a. Of power to counteract alkalies.

Ant•am•bu•la´cral (ant•am•bu•la´kral), a. (Zoöl.) Away from the ambulacral region.

Ant•an•a•cla´sis , n. [Gr. ; + a bending back and breaking. See Anaclastic.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure which consists in repeating the same word in a different sense; as Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft. (b) A repetition of words beginning a sentence, after a long parenthesis; as Shall that heart (which not only feels them, but which has all motions of life placed in them), shall that heart, etc.

Ant•an•a•go´ge , n. [Pref. anti- + anagoge.] (Rhet.) A figure which consists in answering the charge of an adversary, by a counter charge.

Ant•aph•ro•dis´i•ac , a. [Pref. anti- + aphrodisiac.] (Med.) Capable of blunting the venereal appetite. — n. Anything that quells the venereal appetite.

Ant•aph•ro•dit´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. Aphrodite: cf. F. antaphroditique.] (Med.) 1. Antaphrodisiac. 2. Antisyphilitic. [R.]

Ant•aph•ro•dit´ic, n. An antaphroditic medicine.

Ant•ap•o•plec´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + apoplectic.] (Med.) Good against apoplexy. — n. A medicine used against apoplexy.

Ant•ar´chism , n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. government.] Opposition to government in general. [R.]

Ant•ar´chist , n. One who opposes all government. [R.] { Ant•ar•chis´tic , Ant•ar•chis´tic•al } a. Opposed to all human government. [R.]

Ant•arc´tic , a. [OE. antartik, OF. antartique, F. antarctique, L. antarcticus, fr. Gr. ; + bear. See Arctic.] Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 23° 28&min;. Thus we say the antarctic pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc.

An•ta´res , n. [Gr. ; similar to + Mars. It was thought to resemble Mars in color.] The principal star in Scorpio: — called also the Scorpion’s Heart.

Ant•ar•thrit´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + arthritic.] (Med.) Counteracting or alleviating gout. — n. A remedy against gout.

Ant•asth•mat´ic (? or see Asthma; 277), a. [Pref. anti- + asthmatic.] (Med.) Opposing, or fitted to relieve, asthma. — n. A remedy for asthma.

Ant´-bear , n. (Zoöl.) An edentate animal of tropical America (the Tamanoir), living on ants. It belongs to the genus Myrmecophaga.

Ant´ bird , (Zoöl.) See Ant bird, under Ant, n.

Ant´-cat•tle , n. pl. (Zoöl.) Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended by ants for the sake of the honeydew which they secrete. See Aphips.

An´te- (an´te-). A Latin preposition and prefix; akin to Gr. ’anti•, Skr. anti, Goth. and-, anda- (only in comp.), AS. and-, ond-, (only in comp.: cf. Answer, Along), G. ant-, ent- (in comp.). The Latin ante is generally used in the sense of before, in regard to position, order, or time, and the Gr. ’anti• in that of opposite, or in the place of.

An´te, n. (Poker Playing) Each player’s stake, which is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins.

An´te, v. t. & i. To put up (an ante).

An´te•act , n. A preceding act.

An´te•al , a. [antea, ante, before. Cf. Ancient.] Being before, or in front. [R.] J. Fleming.

Ant´-eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon ants. See Ant-bear, Pangolin, Aard-vark, and Echidna.

An•te•ce•da´ne•ous , a. [See Antecede.] Antecedent; preceding in time. ´Capable of antecedaneous proof.´ Barrow.

An•te•cede´ , v. t. & i. [L. antecedere; ante + cedere to go. See Cede.] To go before in time or place; to precede; to surpass. Sir M. Hale.

An•te•ced´ence , n. 1. The act or state of going before in time; precedence. H. Spenser. 2. (Astron.) An apparent motion of a planet toward the west; retrogradation.

An•te•ced´en•cy , n. The state or condition of being antecedent; priority. Fothherby.

An•te•ced´ent , a. [L. antecedens, -entis, p. pr. of antecedere: cf. F. antecedent.] 1. Going before in time; prior; anterior; preceding; as an event antecedent to the Deluge; an antecedent cause. 2. Presumptive; as an antecedent improbability. Syn. — Prior; previous; foregoing.

An•te•ced´ent, n. [Cf. F. antecedent.] 1. That which goes before in time; that which precedes. South. “The Homeric mythology, as well as the Homeric language, has surely its antecedents.
Max Miller.” 2. One who precedes or goes in front. [Obs.] “My antecedent, or my gentleman usher.
Massinger.” 3. pl. The earlier events of one’s life; previous principles, conduct, course, history. J. H. Newman. “If the troops … prove worthy of their antecedents, the victory is surely ours.
Gen. G. McClellan.” 4. (Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers; as in the sentence ´Solomon was the prince who built the temple,´ prince is the antecedent of who. 5. (Logic) (a) The first or conditional part of a hypothetical proposition; as If the earth is fixed, the sun must move. (b) The first of the two propositions which constitute an enthymeme or contracted syllogism; as Every man is mortal; therefore the king must die. 6. (Math.) The first of the two terms of a ratio; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. In the ratio a:b, a is the antecedent, and b the consequent.

An•te•ced´ent•ly , adv. Previously; before in time; at a time preceding; as antecedently to conversion. Barrow.

An•te•ces´sor , n. [L., fr. antecedere, antecessum. See Antecede, Ancestor.] 1. One who goes before; a predecessor. “The successor seldom prosecuting his antecessor’s devices.
Sir E. Sandys.” 2. An ancestor; a progenitor. [Obs.]

An´te•cham•ber , n. [Cf. F. antichambre.] 1. A chamber or apartment before the chief apartment and leading into it, in which persons wait for audience; an outer chamber. See Lobby. 2. A space viewed as the outer chamber or the entrance to an interior part. “The mouth, the antechamber to the digestive canal.
Todd & Bowman.”

An´te•chap•el , n. The outer part of the west end of a collegiate or other chapel. Shipley.

An•te´cians , n. pl. See Antœcians.

An•te•com•mun´ion , n. A name given to that part of the Anglican liturgy for the communion, which precedes the consecration of the elements.

An•te•cur´sor , n. [L., fr. antecurrere to run before; ante + currere to run.] A forerunner; a precursor. [Obs.]

An´te•date , n. 1. Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date. 2. Anticipation. [Obs.] Donne.

An´te•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antedated; p. pr. & vb. n. Antedating.] 1. To date before the true time; to assign to an earlier date; thus, to antedate a deed or a bond is to give it a date anterior to the true time of its execution. 2. To precede in time. 3. To anticipate; to make before the true time. “And antedate the bliss above.
Pope.” “Who rather rose the day to antedate.
Wordsworth.”

An•te•di•lu´vi•al , a. [Pref. ante- + diluvial.] Before the flood, or Deluge, in Noah’s time.

An•te•di•lu´vi•an , a. Of or relating to the period before the Deluge in Noah’s time; hence, antiquated; as an antediluvian vehicle. — n. One who lived before the Deluge.

An´te•fact , n. Something done before another act. [Obs.]

An´te•fix , n.; pl. E. Antefixes ; L. Antefixa . [L. ante + fixus fixed.] (Arch.) (a) An ornament fixed upon a frieze. (b) An ornament at the eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof. (c) An ornament of the cymatium of a classic cornice, sometimes pierced for the escape of water.

An•te•flex´ion , n. (Med.) A displacement forward of an organ, esp. the uterus, in such manner that its axis is bent upon itself. T. G. Thomas.

Ant´ egg . One of the small white egg-shaped pupae or cocoons of the ant, often seen in or about ant-hills, and popularly supposed to be eggs.

An´te•lope (an´te•lop), n. [OF. antelop, F. antilope, from Gr. ’anqo•lops, -lopos, Eustathius, ´Hexaëm.,´ p. 36, the origin of which is unknown.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of ruminant quadrupeds, intermediate between the deer and the goat. The horns are usually annulated, or ringed. There are many species in Africa and Asia. “The antelope and wolf both fierce and fell.
Spenser.” The common or bezoar antelope of India is Antilope bezoartica. The chamois of the Alps, the gazelle, the addax, and the eland are other species. See Gazelle. The pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra Americana) is found in the Rocky Mountains. See Pronghorn.

An•te•lu´can , a. [L. antelucanus; ante + lux light.] Held or being before light; — a word applied to assemblies of Christians, in ancient times of persecution, held before light in the morning. ´Antelucan worship.´ De Quincey.

An•te•me•rid´i•an , a. [L. antemeridianus; ante + meridianus belonging to midday or noon. See Meridian.] Being before noon; in or pertaining to the forenoon. (Abbrev. a. m.)

Ant•e•met´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + emetic.] (Med.) Tending to check vomiting. — n. A remedy to check or allay vomiting.

An•te•mo•sa´ic , a. Being before the time of Moses.

An•te•mun´dane , a. Being or occurring before the creation of the world. Young.

An•te•mu´ral , n. [L. antemurale: ante + murus wall. See Mural.] An outwork of a strong, high wall, with turrets, in front of the gateway (as of an old castle), for defending the entrance.

An•te•na´tal , a. Before birth. Shelley.

An•te•ni´cene , a. [L.] Of or in the Christian church or era, anterior to the first council of Nice, held a. d. 325; as antenicene faith.

An•ten´na , n.; pl. Antennae . [L. antenna sail-yard; NL., a feeler, horn of an insect.] (Zoöl.) A movable, articulated organ of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. There are two in the former, and usually four in the latter. They are used as organs of touch, and in some species of Crustacea the cavity of the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. The term in also applied to similar organs on the heads of other arthropods and of annelids.

An•ten´nal , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the antennae. Owen.

An•ten•nif´er•ous , a. [Antenna + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing or having antennae.

An•ten´ni•form , a. [Antenna + -form.] Shaped like antennae.

An•ten´nule , n. [Dim. of antenna.] (Zoöl.) A small antenna; — applied to the smaller pair of antennae or feelers of Crustacea.

An•te•num´ber , n. A number that precedes another. [R.] Bacon.

An•te•nup´tial , a. Preceding marriage; as an antenuptial agreement. Kent.

An•te•or´bit•al , a. & n. (Anat.) Same as Antorbital.

An•te•pas´chal , a. Pertaining to the time before the Passover, or before Easter.

An´te•past , n. [Pref. ante- + L. pastus pasture, food. Cf. Repast.] A foretaste. “Antepasts of joy and comforts.
Jer. Taylor.”

An•te•pen´di•um , n. [LL., fr. L. ante + pendere to hang.] (Eccl.) The hangings or screen in front of the altar; an altar cloth; the frontal. Smollett. { An•te•pe´nult , An•te•pe•nult´i•ma } n. [L. antepaenultima (sc. syllaba) antepenultimate; ante before + paenultimus the last but one; paene almost + ultimus last.] (Pros.) The last syllable of a word except two, as -syl- in monosyllable.

An•te•pe•nult´i•mate , a. Of or pertaining to the last syllable but two. — n. The antepenult.

Ant•eph•i•al´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. nightmare.] (Med.) Good against nightmare. — n. A remedy nightmare. Dunglison.

Ant•ep•i•lep´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + epileptic.] (Med.) Good against epilepsy. — n. A medicine for epilepsy.

An´te•pone , v. t. [L. anteponere.] To put before; to prefer. [Obs.] Bailey.

An´te•port , n. [Cf. LL. anteporta.] An outer port, gate, or door.

An•te•por´ti•co , n. An outer porch or vestibule.

An•te•po•si´tion , n. [Cf. LL. antepositio. See Position.] (Gram.) The placing of a before another, which, by ordinary rules, ought to follow it.

An•te•pran´di•al , a. Preceding dinner.

An•te•pre•dic´a•ment , n. (Logic) A prerequisite to a clear understanding of the predicaments and categories, such as definitions of common terms. Chambers.

An•te´ri•or , a. [L. anterior, comp. of ante before.] 1. Before in time; antecedent. “Antigonus, who was anterior to Polybius.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 2. Before, or toward the front, in place; as the anterior part of the mouth; — opposed to posterior. In comparative anatomy, anterior often signifies at or toward the head, cephalic; and in human anatomy it is often used for ventral. Syn. — Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; former; foregoing.

An•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. [LL. anterioritas.] The state of being anterior or preceding in time or in situation; priority. Pope.

An•te´ri•or•ly , adv. In an anterior manner; before.

An´te•ro- . A combining form meaning anterior, front; as, antero-posterior, front and back; antero-lateral, front side, anterior and at the side.

An´te•room , n. A room before, or forming an entrance to, another; a waiting room.

An´tes , n. pl. Antae. See Anta.

An•te•stat´ure , n. (Fort.) A small intrenchment or work of palisades, or of sacks of earth.

An´te•stom•ach , n. A cavity which leads into the stomach, as in birds. Ray.

An´te•tem•ple , n. The portico, or narthex in an ancient temple or church.

An•te•ver´sion , n. [Pref. ante- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] (Med.) A displacement of an organ, esp. of the uterus, in such manner that its whole axis is directed further forward than usual.

An•te•vert´ , v. t. [L. antevertere; ante + vertere to turn.] 1. To prevent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) To displace by anteversion.

Ant•hel´ion ( 277, 106), n.; pl. Anthelia . [Pref. anti + Gr. sun.] (Meteor.) A halo opposite the sun, consisting of a colored ring or rings around the shadow of the spectator’s own head, as projected on a cloud or on an opposite fog bank.

Ant´he•lix (ant´he•liks), n. (Anat.) Same as Antihelix.

An•thel•min´tic (an•thel•min´tik), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. ´e•lmins, - inqos, worm, esp. a tapeworm, or mawworm..] (Med.) Good against intestinal worms. — n. An anthelmintic remedy. [Written also anthelminthic.]

An´them (an´them), n. [OE. antym, antefne, AS. antefen, fr. LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. ’anti•fwna, neut. pl. of ’anti•fwnon antiphon, or anthem, n. neut., from ’anti•fwnos sounding contrary, returning a sound; ’anti• over against + fwnh• sound, voice: the anthem being sung by the choristers alternately, one half-choir answering the other: cf. OF. anthaine, anteine, antieune, F. antienne. See Antiphon.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung in alternate parts, in present usage, a selection from the Psalms, or other parts of the Scriptures or the liturgy, set to sacred music. 2. A song or hymn of praise. Milton.

An´them, v. t. To celebrate with anthems. [Poet.] “Sweet birds antheming the morn.
Keats.” An•the´mi•on [ fr. Gr. ’anqemi•s flower.] A floral ornament. See Palmette.

An´the•mis , n. [Gr. ’anqemi•s, equiv. to ’a•nqos flower; an herb like our chamomile.] (Bot.) Chamomile; a genus of composite, herbaceous plants.

An´them•wise , adv. Alternately. [Obs.] Bacon.

An´ther , n. [F. anthère, L. anthera a medicine composed of flowers, fr. Gr. flowery, fr. ’anqei^n to bloom, ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) That part of the stamen containing the pollen, or fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is emitted for the impregnation of the ovary. — An´ther•al , a.

An•ther•id´i•um , n.; pl. Antheridia . [Anther + (a Gr. diminutive ending).] (Bot.) The male reproductive apparatus in the lower plants, consisting of a cell or other cavity in which spermatozoids are produced; — called also spermary. — An•ther•id´i•al , a.

An•ther•if´er•ous , a. [Anther + -ferous.] (Bot.) (a) Producing anthers, as plants. (b) Supporting anthers, as a part of a flower. Gray.

An•ther´i•form , a. [Anther + -form.] Shaped like an anther; anther-shaped.

An•ther•og´e•nous , a. [Anther + -genous.] (Bot.) Transformed from anthers, as the petals of a double flower.

An´ther•oid , a. [Anther + - oid.] Resembling an anther. { An•ther•o•zoid , An•ther•o•zoo´id } n. [Gr. flowery + animal + -oid. See Zooid.] (Bot.) One of the mobile male reproductive bodies in the antheridia of cryptogams.

An•the´sis , n. [Gr. bloom, fr. ’anqei^n to bloom, ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) The period or state of full expansion in a flower. Gray.

Ant´-hill , n. (Zoöl.) A mound thrown up by ants or by termites in forming their nests.

An•tho´bi•an , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + bi•os life.] (Zoöl.) A beetle which feeds on flowers.

An•tho•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•nqos flower + gills, n. pl.] (Zoöl.) A division of nudibranchiate Mollusca, in which the gills form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the back. See Nudibranchiata, and Doris.

An•tho•car´pous , a. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Having some portion of the floral envelopes attached to the pericarp to form the fruit, as in the checkerberry, the mulberry, and the pineapple.

An•tho•cy´a•nin , n. Same as Anthokyan.

An•tho´di•um , n. [NL., from Gr. like flowers, flowery; ’a•nqos flower + form.] (Bot.) The inflorescence of a compound flower in which many florets are gathered into a involucrate head.

An•thog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + -graphy.] A description of flowers.

An´thoid , a. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + -oid.] Resembling a flower; flowerlike.

An•tho•ky´an , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + ky•anos blue.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of certain flowers. Same as Cyanin.

An´tho•lite , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant, like a petrified flower.

An•tho•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to anthology; consisting of beautiful extracts from different authors, especially the poets. “He published a geographical and anthological description of all empires and kingdoms … in this terrestrial globe.
Wood.”

An•thol´o•gist , n. One who compiles an anthology.

An•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , fr. ’anqolo•gos flower gathering; ’a•nqos flower + le•gein to gather.] 1. A discourse on flowers. [R.] 2. A collection of flowers; a garland. [R.] 3. A collection of flowers of literature, that is, beautiful passages from authors; a collection of poems or epigrams; — particularly applied to a collection of ancient Greek epigrams. 4. (Gr. Ch.) A service book containing a selection of pieces for the festival services.

An•tho•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + mani•a madness.] A extravagant fondness for flowers. [R.]

An´tho•ny’s Fire . See Saint Anthony’s Fire, under Saint.

An•thoph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating flowers; — said of certain insects.

An´tho•phore , n. [Gr. bearing flowers; ’a•nqos flower + bearing, to bear.] (Bot.) The stipe when developed into an internode between calyx and corolla, as in the Pink family. Gray.

An•thoph´o•rous , a. Flower bearing; supporting the flower.

An•thoph´yl•lite , n. [NL. anthophyllum clove.] A mineral of the hornblende group, of a yellowish gray or clove brown color. — An•tho•phyl•lit´ic , a.

An´tho•rism , n. [Gr. ; + to bound, define.] (Rhet.) A description or definition contrary to that which is given by the adverse party. [R.]

An´tho•tax•y , n. [Gr. ’a•nqos flower + order.] (Bot.) The arrangement of flowers in a cluster; the science of the relative position of flowers; inflorescence.

An•tho•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•nqos flower + animal.] (Zoöl.) The class of the Cœlenterata which includes the corals and sea anemones. The three principal groups or orders are Acyonaria, Actinaria, and Madreporaria.

An•tho•zo´an , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Anthozoa. — n. One of the Anthozoa.

An´tho•zo´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Anthozoa.

An´thra•cene , n. [Gr. coal.] (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2H2. C6H4, which accompanies naphthalene in the last stages of the distillation of coal tar. Its chief use is in the artificial production of alizarin. [Written also anthracin.]

An•thrac´ic , a. Of or relating to anthrax; as anthracic blood.

An•thra•cif´er•ous , a. [Gr. coal + -ferous.] (Min.) Yielding anthracite; as anthraciferous strata.

An´thra•cite , n. [L. anthracites a kind of bloodstone; fr. Gr. like coals, fr. , , coal or charcoal. Cf. Anthrax.] A hard, compact variety of mineral coal, of high luster, differing from bituminous coal in containing little or no bitumen, in consequence of which it burns with a nearly non luminous flame. The purer specimens consist almost wholly of carbon. Also called glance coal and blind coal.

An´thra•cit´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, anthracite; as anthracitic formations.

An´thra•coid , a. [Anthrax + - oid.] (Biol.) Resembling anthrax in action; of the nature of anthrax; as an anthracoid microbe.

An´thra•co•man•cy , n. [Gr. , , coal + -mancy.] Divination by inspecting a burning coal.

An•thra•com´e•ter , n. [Gr. coal, carbon + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of carbonic acid in a mixture.

An•thra•co•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to an anthracometer.

An•thrac´o•nite , n. [See Anthracite.] (Min.) A coal-black marble, usually emitting a fetid smell when rubbed; — called also stinkstone and swinestone.

An•thra•qui´none , n. [Anthracene + quinone.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2O2. C6H4, subliming in shining yellow needles. It is obtained by oxidation of anthracene.

An´thrax , n. [L., fr. Gr. coal, carbuncle.] 1. (Med.) (a) A carbuncle. (b) A malignant pustule. 2. (Biol.) A microscopic, bacterial organism (Bacillus anthracis), resembling transparent rods. [See Illust. under Bacillus.] 3. An infectious disease of cattle and sheep. It is ascribed to the presence of a rod-shaped bacterium (Bacillus anthracis), the spores of which constitute the contagious matter. It may be transmitted to man by inoculation. The spleen becomes greatly enlarged and filled with bacteria. Called also splenic fever.

An•thre´nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a hornet.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, several of which, in the larval state, are very destructive to woolen goods, fur, etc. The common ´museum pest´ is A. varius; the carpet beetle is A. scrophulariae. The larvae are commonly confounded with moths. { An•throp´ic , An•throp´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. man.] (Zoöl.) Like or related to man; human. [R.] Owen.

An•throp´i•dae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. man.] (Zoöl.) The group that includes man only.

An•thro•po•cen´tric , a. [Gr. man + center.] Assuming man as the center or ultimate end; — applied to theories of the universe or of any part of it, as the solar system. Draper.

An•thro•po•gen´ic , a. Of or pertaining to anthropogeny.

An•thro•pog´e•ny , n. [Gr. man + birth.] The science or study of human generation, or the origin and development of man.

An•throp´o•glot , n. [Gr. ; man + , , tongue.] (Zoöl.) An animal which has a tongue resembling that of man, as the parrot.

An•thro•pog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. man + -graphy.] That branch of anthropology which treats of the actual distribution of the human race in its different divisions, as distinguished by physical character, language, institutions, and customs, in contradistinction to ethnography, which treats historically of the origin and filiation of races and nations. P. Cyc.

An´thro•poid , a. [Gr. man + - oid.] Resembling man; — applied especially to certain apes, as the ourang or gorilla. — n. An anthropoid ape.

An•thro•poid´al , a. Anthropoid.

An•thro•poid´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Anthropoid.] (Zoöl.) The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man.

An•thro•pol´a•try , n. [Gr. man + worship.] Man worship.

An•throp´o•lite , n. [Gr. man + - lite.] (Paleon.) A petrifaction of the human body, or of any portion of it. { An•thro•po•log´ic , An•thro•po•log´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to anthropology; belonging to the nature of man. ´Anthropologic wisdom.´ Kingsley. — An•thro•po•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•thro•pol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in anthropology.

An•thro•pol´o•gy , n. [Gr. man + -logy.] 1. The science of the structure and functions of the human body. 2. The science of man; — sometimes used in a limited sense to mean the study of man as an object of natural history, or as an animal. 3. That manner of expression by which the inspired writers attribute human parts and passions to God.

An´thro•po•man•cy , n. [Gr. man + -mancy.] Divination by the entrails of human being. { An•thro•po•met´ric , An•thro•po•met´ric•al , } a. Pertaining to anthropometry.

An•thro•pom´e•try , n. [Gr. man + -mercy.] Measurement of the height and other dimensions of human beings, especially at different ages, or in different races, occupations, etc. Dunglison.

An•thro•po•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL. See Anthropomorphism.] (Zoöl.) The manlike, or anthropoid, apes.

An•thro•po•mor´phic , a. Of or pertaining to anthropomorphism. Hadley. — An•thro•po•mor´phic•al•ly , adv.

An•thro•po•mor´phism , n. [Gr. of human form; man + form.] 1. The representation of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, under a human form, or with human attributes and affections. 2. The ascription of human characteristics to things not human.

An•thro•po•mor´phist , n. One who attributes the human form or other human attributes to the Deity or to anything not human.

An•thro•po•mor´phite , n. One who ascribes a human form or human attributes to the Deity or to a polytheistic deity. Taylor. Specifically, one of a sect of ancient heretics who believed that God has a human form, etc. Tillotson.

An•thro•po•mor•phit´ic , a. (Biol.) to anthropomorphism. Kitto.

An•thro•po•mor´phi•tism , n. Anthropomorphism. Wordsworth.

An•thro•po•mor´phize , v. t. & i. To attribute a human form or personality to. “You may see imaginative children every day anthropomorphizing.
Lowell.”

An•thro•po•mor•phol´o•gy , n. [Gr. + -logy. See Anthropomorphism.] The application to God of terms descriptive of human beings.

An•thro•po•mor´pho•sis , n. Transformation into the form of a human being.

An•thro•po•mor´phous , a. Having the figure of, or resemblance to, a man; as an anthropomorphous plant. ´Anthropomorphous apes.´ Darwin. { An•thro•po•path´ic , An•thro•po•path´ic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to anthropopathy. [R.] — An•thro•po•path´ic•al•ly, adv. “The daring anthropopathic imagery by which the prophets often represent God as chiding, upbraiding, threatening.
H. Rogers.” { An•thro•pop´a•thism , An•thro•pop´a•thy , } n. [Gr. ; man + suffering, affection, passion, , , to suffer.] The ascription of human feelings or passions to God, or to a polytheistic deity. “In its recoil from the gross anthropopathy of the vulgar notions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute apathy.
Hare.”

An•thro•poph´a•gi , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. eating men; man + + to eat.] Man eaters; cannibals. Shak. { An•thro•po•phag´ic , An•thro•po•phag´ic•al , } a. Relating to cannibalism or anthropophagy.

An•thro•poph•a•gin´i•an , n. One who east human flesh. [Ludicrous] Shak.

An•thro•poph´a•gite , n. A cannibal. W. Taylor.

An•thro•poph´a•gous , a. Feeding on human flesh; cannibal.

An•thro•poph´a•gy , n. [Gr. .] The eating of human flesh; cannibalism.

An•thro•poph´u•ism (an•thro•pof´u•iz’m), n. [Gr. ’anqrwpofyh•s of man’s nature; ’a•nqrwpos a man + fyh• nature.] Human nature. [R.] Gladstone.

An•thro•pos´co•py (-pos´ko•py), n. [Gr. ’a•nqrwpos man + -scopy.] The art of discovering or judging of a man’s character, passions. and inclinations from a study of his visible features. [R.]

An•thro•pos´o•phy , n. [Gr. man + wisdom, knowledge.] Knowledge of the nature of man; hence, human wisdom.

An•thro•po•tom´ic•al , a. Pertaining to anthropotomy, or the dissection of human bodies.

An•thro•pot´o•mist , n. One who is versed in anthropotomy, or human anatomy.

An•thro•pot´o•my , n. [Gr. man + a cutting.] The anatomy or dissection of the human body; androtomy. Owen.

Ant•hyp•not´ic . See Antihypnotic.

Ant•hyp•o•chon´dri•ac , a. & n. See Antihypochondriac.

Ant•hys•ter´ic , a. & n. See Antihysteric.

An´ti . [Gr. against. See Ante.] A prefix meaning against, opposite or opposed to, contrary, or in place of; — used in composition in many English words. It is often shortened to ant-; as antacid, antarctic.

An´ti•ae , n. pl. [L., forelock.] (Zoöl.) The two projecting feathered angles of the forehead of some birds; the frontal points.

An•ti•al•bu´mid , n. [Pref. anti- + -albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body formed from albumin by pancreatic and gastric digestion. It is convertible into antipeptone.

An•ti•al´bu•mose , n. (Physiol.) See Albumose.

An•ti-A•mer´i•can , a. Opposed to the Americans, their aims, or interests, or to the genius of American institutions. Marshall.

An•ti•aph•ro•dis´i•ac , a. & n. Same as Antaphrodisiac.

An•ti•ap•o•plec´tic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antapoplectic.

An´ti•ar , n. [Jav. antjar.] A Virulent poison prepared in Java from the gum resin of one species of the upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria).

An•ti•a•rin , n. (Chem.) A poisonous principle obtained from antiar. Watts.

An•ti•asth•mat´ic , a. & n. Same as Antasthmatic.

An•ti•at•tri´tion , n. Anything to prevent the effects of friction, esp. a compound lubricant for machinery, etc., often consisting of plumbago, with some greasy material; antifriction grease.

An•ti•bac•chi´us , n. [L., fr. Gr. + . See Bacchius.] (Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the first two long, and the last short (#).

An•ti•bil´lous , a. Counteractive of bilious complaints; tending to relieve biliousness.

An•ti•brach´i•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the antibrachium, or forearm.

An•ti•brach´i•um , n. [NL.] (Anat.) That part of the fore limb between the brachium and the carpus; the forearm.

An•ti•bro´mic , n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. a stink.] An agent that destroys offensive smells; a deodorizer.

An•ti•burgh´er , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who seceded from the Burghers (1747), deeming it improper to take the Burgess oath.

An´tic , a. [The same word as antique; cf. It. antico ancient. See Antique.] 1. Old; antique. [Obs.] ´Lords of antic fame.´ Phaer. 2. Odd; fantastic; fanciful; grotesque; ludicrous. “The antic postures of a merry- andrew.”
Addison. “The Saxons … worshiped many idols, barbarous in name, some monstrous, all antic for shape.”
Fuller.

An´tic, n. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew; one that practices odd gesticulations; the Fool of the old play. 2. An odd imagery, device, or tracery; a fantastic figure. “Woven with antics and wild imagery.
Spenser.” 3. A grotesque trick; a piece of buffoonery; a caper. “And fraught with antics as the Indian bird
That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage.
Wordsworth.” 4. (Arch.) A grotesque representation. [Obs.] 5. An antimask. [Obs. or R.] “Performed by knights and ladies of his court
In nature of an antic.
Ford.”

An´tic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticked , Antickt.] To make appear like a buffoon. [Obs.] Shak.

An´tic, v. i. To perform antics.

An•ti•ca•tarrh•al , a. (Med.) Efficacious against catarrh. — n. An anticatarrhal remedy.

An•ti•cath´ode , n. (Phys.) The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. Upon it the cathode rays impinge.

An•ti•cau•sod´ic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Anticausotic.

An•ti•cau•sot´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. fever, to burn.] (Med.) Good against an inflammatory fever. — n. A remedy for such a fever.

An´ti•cham•ber, n. [Obs.] See Antechamber.

An´ti•chlor , n. [Pref. anti- + chlorine.] (Chem.) Any substance (but especially sodium hyposulphite) used in removing the excess of chlorine left in paper pulp or stuffs after bleaching.

An´ti•christ , n. [L. Antichristus, Gr. ; against + .] A denier or opponent of Christ. Specif.: A great antagonist, person or power, expected to precede Christ’s second coming.

An•ti•chris´tian ( 106), a. Opposed to the Christian religion. { An•ti•chris´tian•ism , An•ti•chris•tian´i•ty , } n. Opposition or contrariety to the Christian religion.

An•ti•chris´tian•ly , adv. In an antichristian manner.

An•ti•chron´ic•al , a. Deviating from the proper order of time. — An•ti•chron´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•tich´ro•nism , n. [Gr. ; against + time.] Deviation from the true order of time; anachronism. [R.] Selden.

An•tich´thon , n.; pl. Antichthones . [Gr. ; against + the earth.] 1. A hypothetical earth counter to ours, or on the opposite side of the sun. Grote. 2. pl. Inhabitants of opposite hemispheres. Whewell.

An•tic´i•pant , a. [L. anticipans, p. pr. of anticipare.] Anticipating; expectant; — with of. “Wakening guilt, anticipant of hell.
Southey.”

An•tic´i•pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticipated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Anticipating .] [L. anticipatus, p. p. of anticipare to anticipate; ante + capere to make. See Capable.] 1. To be before in doing; to do or take before another; to preclude or prevent by prior action. “To anticipate and prevent the duke’s purpose.
R. Hall.” “He would probably have died by the hand of the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not been anticipated by the populace.
Macaulay.” 2. To take up or introduce beforehand, or before the proper or normal time; to cause to occur earlier or prematurely; as the advocate has anticipated a part of his argument. 3. To foresee (a wish, command, etc.) and do beforehand that which will be desired. 4. To foretaste or foresee; to have a previous view or impression of; as to anticipate the pleasures of a visit; to anticipate the evils of life. Syn. — To prevent; obviate; preclude; forestall; expect. — To Anticipate, Expect. These words, as here compared, agree in regarding some future event as about to take place. Expect is the stringer. It supposes some ground or reason in the mind for considering the event as likely to happen. Anticipate is, literally, to take beforehand, and here denotes simply to take into the mind as conception of the future. Hence, to say, ´I did not anticipate a refusal,´ expresses something less definite and strong than to say, ´ did not expect it.´ Still, anticipate is a convenient word to be interchanged with expect in cases where the thought will allow. “Good with bad
Expect to hear; supernal grace contending
With sinfulness of men.
Milton.” “I would not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor feel the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives.
Spectator.” “Timid men were anticipating another civil war.
Macaulay.”

An•tic•i•pa´tion , n. [L. anticipatio: cf. F. anticipation.] 1. The act of anticipating, taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, or before the proper time in natural order. “So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery.
Shak.” 2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen; instinctive prevision; foretaste; antepast; as the anticipation of the joys of heaven. “The happy anticipation of renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just.
Thodey.” 3. Hasty notion; intuitive preconception. “Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations of their minds.
Locke.” 4. (Mus.) The commencing of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a momentary discord. Syn. — Preoccupation; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation; antepast; pregustation; preconception; expectation; foresight; forethought.

An•tic´i•pa•tive , a. Anticipating, or containing anticipation. ´Anticipative of the feast to come.´ Cary. — An•tic´i•pa•tive•ly, adv.

An•tic´i•pa•tor , n. One who anticipates.

An•tic´i•pa•to•ry , a. Forecasting; of the nature of anticipation. Owen. “Here is an anticipatory glance of what was to be.
J. C. Shairp.”

An•ti•civ´ic , n. Opposed to citizenship.

An•ti•civ´ism , n. Opposition to the body politic of citizens. [Obs.] Carlyle.

An•ti•clas´tic , a. [Pref. anti- = Gr. to break.] Having to opposite curvatures, that is, curved longitudinally in one direction and transversely in the opposite direction, as the surface of a saddle.

An•ti•cli´max , n. (Rhet.) A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at the close; — the opposite of climax. It produces a ridiculous effect. Example: “Next comes Dalhousie, the great god of war,
Lieutenant-colonel to the Earl of Mar.”

An•ti•cli´nal (-kli´nal), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. kli•nein to incline.] Inclining or dipping in opposite directions. See Synclinal. Anticlinal line, Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line from which strata dip in opposite directions, as from the ridge of a roof. — Anticlinal vertebra (Anat.), one of the dorsal vertebrae, which in many animals has an upright spine toward which the spines of the neighboring vertebrae are inclined.

An•ti•cli´nal, n. (Geol.) The crest or line in which strata slope or dip in opposite directions.

An•ti•cli•no´ri•um , n.; pl. Anticlinoria . [NL., fr. Gr. against + kli•nein to incline + ’o•ros mountain.] (Geol.) The upward elevation of the crust of the earth, resulting from a geanticlinal.

An´tic•ly , adv. Oddly; grotesquely.

An´tic-mask , n. An antimask. B. Jonson.

An´tic•ness, n. The quality of being antic. Ford.

An•ti•con•sti•tu´tion•al , a. Opposed to the constitution; unconstitutional.

An•ti•con•ta´gious , a. (Med.) Opposing or destroying contagion.

An•ti•con•vul´sive , a. (Med.) Good against convulsions. J. Floyer.

An´ti•cor , n. [Pref. anti- + L. cor heart; cf. F. anticur.] (Far.) A dangerous inflammatory swelling of a horse’s breast, just opposite the heart.

An•ti´cous , a. [L. anticus in front, foremost, fr. ante before.] (Bot.) Facing toward the axis of the flower, as in the introrse anthers of the water lily.

An´ti•cy•clone (an´ti•si•klon), n. (Meteorol.) A movement of the atmosphere opposite in character, as regards direction of the wind and distribution of barometric pressure, to that of a cyclone. — An•ti•cy•clon´ic , a. — An•ti•cy•clon´ic•al•ly , adv.

An´ti•do•tal (an´ti•do•tal) a. Having the quality an antidote; fitted to counteract the effects of poison. Sir T. Browne. — An´ti•do•tal•ly, adv.

An´ti•do•ta•ry (-do•ta•ry), a. Antidotal. — n. An antidote; also a book of antidotes.

An´ti•dote (an´ti•dot), n. [L. antidotum, Gr. ’anti•doton (sc. fa•rmakon), fr. ’anti•dotos given against; ’anti• against + dido•nai to give: cf. F. antidote. See Dose, n.] 1. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, or of anything noxious taken into the stomach; — used with against, for, or to; as an antidote against, for, or to, poison. 2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous effects, or to counteract evil which something else might produce.

An´ti•dote, v. t. 1. To counteract or prevent the effects of, by giving or taking an antidote. “Nor could Alexander himself … antidote … the poisonous draught, when it had once got into his veins.
South.” 2. To fortify or preserve by an antidote.

An•ti•dot´ic•al (an•ti•dot´i•kal), a. Serving as an antidote. — An•ti•dot´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•tid´ro•mous (an•tid´ro•mus), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. dro•mos a running.] (Bot.) Changing the direction in the spiral sequence of leaves on a stem.

An•ti•dys•en•ter´ic , a. (Med.) Good against dysentery. — n. A medicine for dysentery.

An•ti•e•met´ic , a. n. (Med.) Same as Antemetic.

An•ti•eph•i•al´tic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antephialtic.

An•ti•ep•i•lep´tic , a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antepileptic.

An•ti•fe´brile , a. & n. (Med.) Febrifuge.

An•ti•feb´rine , n. (Med.) Acetanilide.

An•ti-fed´er•al•ist , n. One of party opposed to a federative government; — applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States. Pickering.

An•ti•fric´tion , n. Something to lessen friction; antiattrition. — a. Tending to lessen friction.

An•ti•ga•las´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. , , milk.] Causing a diminution or a suppression of the secretion of milk.

An•ti-Gal´li•can , a. Opposed to what is Gallic or French.

An´ti•graph , n. [Gr. a transcribing: cf. F. antigraphe.] A copy or transcript.

An•ti•gug´gler n. [Pref. anti- + guggle or gurgle.] A crooked tube of metal, to be introduced into the neck of a bottle for drawing out the liquid without disturbing the sediment or causing a gurgling noise.

An•ti•he´lix , n. (Anat.) The curved elevation of the cartilage of the ear, within or in front of the helix. See Ear.

An•ti•hem•or•rhag´ic , a. (Med.) Tending to stop hemorrhage. — n. A remedy for hemorrhage.

An•ti•hy•dro•phob´ic , a. (Med.) Counteracting or preventing hydrophobia. — n. A remedy for hydrophobia.

An•ti•hy•drop´ic , a. (Med.) Good against dropsy. — n. A remedy for dropsy.

An•ti•hyp•not´ic , a. (Med.) Tending to prevent sleep. — n. An antihypnotic agent.

An•ti•hyp•o•chon´dri•ac , a. (Med.) Counteractive of hypochondria. — n. A remedy for hypochondria.

An•ti•hys•ter´ic , a. (Med.) Counteracting hysteria. — n. A remedy for hysteria.

An•ti•ic•ter´ic , a. (Med.) Good against jaundice. — n. A remedy for jaundice.

An•ti•le•gom´e•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. against + to speak; part. pass. .] (Eccl.) Certain books of the New Testament which were for a time not universally received, but which are now considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epistle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and the Revelation. The undisputed books are called the Homologoumena.

An•ti•li•bra´tion , n. A balancing; equipoise. [R.] De Quincey.

An•ti•lith´ic , a. (Med.) Tending to prevent the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when formed. — n. An antilithic medicine.

An•ti•log´a•rithm , n. (Math.) The number corresponding to a logarithm. The word has been sometimes, though rarely, used to denote the complement of a given logarithm; also the logarithmic cosine corresponding to a given logarithmic sine. — An•ti•log•a•rith´mic , a.

An•til´o•gous (an•til´o•gus), a. Of the contrary name or character; — opposed to analogous. Antilogous pole (Eccl.), that pole of a crystal which becomes negatively electrified when heated.

An•til´o•gy (an•til´o•jy), n.; pl. Antilogies (an•til´o•jiz). [Gr. ’antilogi•a, fr. ’anti•logos contradictory; ’anti• against + le•gein to speak.] A contradiction between any words or passages in an author. Sir W. Hamilton.

An•ti•loi´mic (an•ti•loi´mik), n. (Med.) A remedy against the plague. Brande & C.

An•til´o•pine , a. Of or relating to the antelope.

An•til´o•quist , n. A contradicter. [Obs.]

An•til´o•quy , n. [Pref. anti- + L. loqui to speak.] Contradiction. [Obs.]

An•ti•lys´sic , a. & n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. rage, madness.] (Med.) Antihydrophobic.

An•ti•ma•cas´sar , n. A cover for the back or arms of a chair or sofa, etc., to prevent them from being soiled by macassar or other oil from the hair.

An•ti•ma•gis´tric•al , a. [Pref. anti- + magistrical for magistratical.] Opposed to the office or authority of magistrates. [Obs.] South.

An•ti•ma•la´ri•al , a. Good against malaria.

An´ti•mask , n. A secondary mask, or grotesque interlude, between the parts of a serious mask. [Written also antimasque.] Bacon.

An•ti•ma´son , n. One opposed to Freemasonry. — An•ti•ma•son´ic , a.

An•ti•ma´son•ry , n. Opposition to Freemasonry.

An•ti•me•phit´ic , a. (Med.) Good against mephitic or deleterious gases. — n. A remedy against mephitic gases. Dunglison.

An´ti•mere , n. [. anti- + - mere.] (Biol.) One of the two halves of bilaterally symmetrical animals; one of any opposite symmetrical or homotypic parts in animals and plants.

An•ti•me•tab´o•le , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Rhet.) A figure in which the same words or ideas are repeated in transposed order.

An•ti•me•tath´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Rhet.) An antithesis in which the members are repeated in inverse order.

An•tim´e•ter , n. [Gr. like + measure.] A modification of the quadrant, for measuring small angles. [Obs.] { An•ti•mo•nar´chic , An•ti•mo•nar´chic•al , } Opposed to monarchial government. Bp. Benson. Addison.

An•ti•mon´arch•ist , n. An enemy to monarchial government.

An•ti•mo´nate , n. (Chem.) A compound of antimonic acid with a base or basic radical. [Written also antimoniate.]

An•ti•mo´ni•al , a. Of or pertaining to antimony. — n. (Med.) A preparation or medicine containing antimony. Antimonial powder, a consisting of one part oxide of antimony and two parts phosphate of calcium; — also called James’s powder.

An•ti•mo´ni•a•ted , a. Combined or prepared with antimony; as antimoniated tartar.

An•ti•mon´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; — said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has its highest equivalence; as antimonic acid.

An•ti•mo´ni•ous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; — said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has an equivalence next lower than the highest; as antimonious acid.

An´ti•mo•nite , n. 1. (Chem.) A compound of antimonious acid and a base or basic radical. 2. (Min.) Stibnite.

An•ti•mo´ni•u•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Combined with or containing antimony; as antimoniureted hydrogen. [Written also antimoniuretted.]

An´ti•mo•ny ( 112), n. [LL. antimonium, of unknown origin.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, resembling a metal in its appearance and physical properties, but in its chemical relations belonging to the class of nonmetallic substances. Atomic weight, 120. Symbol, Sb. It is of tin-white color, brittle, laminated or crystalline, fusible, and vaporizable at a rather low temperature. It is used in some metallic alloys, as type metal and bell metal, and also for medical preparations, which are in general emetics or cathartics. By ancient writers, and some moderns, the term is applied to native gray ore of antimony, or stibnite (the stibium of the Romans, and the sti•mmi of the Greeks, a sulphide of antimony, from which most of the antimony of commerce is obtained. Cervantite, senarmontite, and valentinite are native oxides of antimony.

An•ti•na´tion•al , a. Antagonistic to one’s country or nation, or to a national government.

An•ti•ne•phrit´ic , a. (Med.) Counteracting, or deemed of use in, diseases of the kidneys. — n. An antinephritic remedy.

An•ti•no´mi•an , a. [See Antimony.] Of or pertaining to the Antinomians; opposed to the doctrine that the moral law is obligatory.

An•ti•no´mi•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who maintains that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or obligation, but that faith alone is necessary to salvation. The sect of Antinomians originated with John Agricola, in Germany, about the year 1535. Mosheim.

An•ti•no´mi•an•ism , n. The tenets or practice of Antinomians. South.

An•tin´o•mist , n. An Antinomian. [R.] Bp. Sanderson.

An•tin´o•my ( 277), n.; pl. Antinomies . [L. antinomia, Gr. ; against + law.] 1. Opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule. “Different commentators have deduced from it the very opposite doctrines. In some instances this apparent antinomy is doubtful.
De Quincey.” 2. An opposing law or rule of any kind. “As it were by his own antinomy, or counterstatute.
Milton.” 3. (Metaph.) A contradiction or incompatibility of thought or language; — in the Kantian philosophy, such a contradiction as arises from the attempt to apply to the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes which are appropriate only to the facts or the concepts of experience.

An•ti•o´chi•an , a. 1. Pertaining to Antiochus, a contemporary with Cicero, and the founder of a sect of philosophers. 2. Of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, in Syria. Antiochian epoch (Chron.), a method of computing time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48.

An•ti•o•don•tal´gic , a. (Med.) Efficacious in curing toothache. — n. A remedy for toothache.

An•ti•or•gas´tic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. to swell, as with lust.] (Med.) Tending to allay venereal excitement or desire; sedative.

An•ti•pa´pal , a. Opposed to the pope or to popery. Milton.

An•ti•par´al•lel , a. Running in a contrary direction. Hammond.

An•ti•par´al•lels , n. pl. (Geom.) Straight lines or planes which make angles in some respect opposite in character to those made by parallel lines or planes.

An•ti•par•a•lyt´ic , a. (Med.) Good against paralysis. — n. A medicine for paralysis.

An•ti•par•a•lyt´ic•al , a. Antiparalytic. { An•ti•pa•thet´ic , An•ti•pa•thet´ic•al } a. Having a natural contrariety, or constitutional aversion, to a thing; characterized by antipathy; — often followed by to. Fuller.

An•ti•path´ic , a. [NL. antipathicus, Gr. of opposite feelings.] (Med.) Belonging to antipathy; opposite; contrary; allopathic.

An•tip´a•thist , n. One who has an antipathy. [R.] ´Antipathist of light.´ Coleridge.

An•tip´a•thize , v. i. To feel or show antipathy. [R.]

An•tip´a•thous , a. Having a natural contrariety; adverse; antipathetic. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

An•tip´a•thy , n.; pl. Antipathies . [L. antipathia, Gr. ; against + to suffer. Cf. F. antipathie. See Pathos.] 1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling; settled aversion or dislike; repugnance; distaste. “Inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments to others, are to be avoided.
Washington.” 2. Natural contrariety; incompatibility; repugnancy of qualities; as oil and water have antipathy. “A habit is generated of thinking that a natural antipathy exists between hope and reason.
I. Taylor.” Antipathy is opposed to sympathy. It is followed by to, against, or between; also sometimes by for. Syn. — Hatred; aversion; dislike; disgust; distaste; enmity; ill will; repugnance; contrariety; opposition. See Dislike.

An•ti•pep´tone , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A product of gastric and pancreatic digestion, differing from hemipeptone in not being decomposed by the continued action of pancreatic juice.

An•ti•pe•ri•od´ic , n. (Med.) A remedy possessing the property of preventing the return of periodic paroxysms, or exacerbations, of disease, as in intermittent fevers.

An•ti•per•i•stal´tic , a. (Med.) Opposed to, or checking motion; acting upward; — applied to an inverted action of the intestinal tube.

An•ti•pe•ris´ta•sis , n. [Gr. ; against + a standing around, fr. to stand around; around + to stand.] Opposition by which the quality opposed asquires strength; resistance or reaction roused by opposition or by the action of an opposite principle or quality.

An•ti•per•i•stat´ic , a. Pertaining to antiperistasis.

An•ti•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. anti- + petal.] (Bot.) Standing before a petal, as a stamen.

An•ti•phar´mic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. poison.] (Med.) Antidotal; alexipharmic.

An•ti•phlo•gis´tian , n. An opposer of the theory of phlogiston.

An•ti•phlo•gis´tic , a. 1. (Chem.) Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston. 2. (Med.) Counteracting inflammation.

An•ti•phlo•gis´tic, n. (Med.) Any medicine or diet which tends to check inflammation. Coxe.

An´ti•phon , n. [LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. . See Anthem.] 1. A musical response; alternate singing or chanting. See Antiphony, and Antiphone. 2. A verse said before and after the psalms. Shipley.

An•tiph´o•nal , a. Of or pertaining to antiphony, or alternate singing; sung alternately by a divided choir or opposite choirs. Wheatly. — An•tiph´o•nal•ly, adv.

An•tiph´o•nal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems.

An•tiph´o•na•ry , n. [LL. antiphonarium. See Antiphoner.] A book containing a collection of antiphons; the book in which the antiphons of the breviary, with their musical notes, are contained.

An´ti•phone , n. (Mus.) The response which one side of the choir makes to the other in a chant; alternate chanting or signing.

An•tiph´o•ner , n. [F. antiphonaire. See Antiphon.] A book of antiphons. Chaucer.

An•ti•phon´ic , a. Antiphonal.

An•tiph´o•ny , n.; pl. Antiphonies . [See Antiphon.] 1. A musical response; also antiphonal chanting or signing. 2. An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or congregation divided into two parts. Also figuratively. “O! never more for me shall winds intone,
With all your tops, a vast antiphony.
R. Browning.”

An•tiph´ra•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to express by antithesis or negation.] (Rhet.) The use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning; as when a court of justice is called a court of vengeance. { An•ti•phras´tic , An•ti•phras´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to antiphrasis. — An•ti•phras´tic•al•ly, adv.

An•ti•phthis´ic , a. (Med.) Relieving or curing phthisis, or consumption. — n. A medicine for phthisis.

An•ti•phys´ic•al , a. [Pref. anti- + physical.] Contrary to nature; unnatural.

An•ti•phys´ic•al, a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. to inflate.] (Med.) Relieving flatulence; carminative.

An•ti•plas´tic , a. 1. Diminishing plasticity. 2. (Med.) Preventing or checking the process of healing, or granulation.

An•ti•po•dag´ric , a. (Med.) Good against gout. — n. A medicine for gout.

An•tip´o•dal , a. 1. Pertaining to the antipodes; situated on the opposite side of the globe. 2. Diametrically opposite. ´His antipodal shadow.´ Lowell.

An´ti•pode , n. One of the antipodes; anything exactly opposite. “In tale or history your beggar is ever the just antipode to your king.
Lamb.” The singular, antipode, is exceptional in formation, but has been used by good writers. Its regular English plural would be an´ti•podes, the last syllable rhyming with abodes, and this pronunciation is sometimes heard. The plural form (originally a Latin word without a singular) is in common use, and is pronounced, after the English method of Latin, an•tip´o•dez.

An•ti•po´de•an , a. Pertaining to the antipodes, or the opposite side of the world; antipodal.

An•tip´o•des , n. [L. pl., fr. Gr. with the feet opposite, pl. ; against + , , foot.] 1. Those who live on the side of the globe diametrically opposite. 2. The country of those who live on the opposite side of the globe. Latham. 3. Anything exactly opposite or contrary. “Can there be a greater contrariety unto Christ’s judgment, a more perfect antipodes to all that hath hitherto been gospel?
Hammond.”

An´ti•pole , n. The opposite pole; anything diametrically opposed. Geo. Eliot.

An´ti•pope , n. One who is elected, or claims to be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen; esp. applied to those popes who resided at Avignon during the Great Schism.

An•tip•sor´ic , a. (Med.) Of use in curing the itch. — n. An antipsoric remedy.

An•tip•to´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; against + a falling, a case, to fall.] (Gram.) The putting of one case for another. { An•ti•pu•tre•fac´tive , An•ti•pu•tres´cent , } a. Counteracting, or preserving from, putrefaction; antiseptic.

An•ti•py´ic , a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. , , pus.] (Med.) Checking or preventing suppuration. — n. An antipyic medicine.

An•ti•py•re´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. against + to be feverish, fr. fire.] (Med.) The condition or state of being free from fever.

An•ti•py•ret´ic , a. (Med.) Efficacious in preventing or allaying fever. — n. A febrifuge.

An•ti•py´rine , n. (Med.) An artificial alkaloid, believed to be efficient in abating fever.

An•ti•py•rot´ic , a. (Med.) Good against burns or pyrosis. — n. Anything of use in preventing or healing burns or pyrosis.

An•ti•qua´ri•an , a. [See Antiquary]. Pertaining to antiquaries, or to antiquity; as antiquarian literature.

An•ti•qua´ri•an, n. 1. An antiquary. 2. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n.

An•ti•qua´ri•an•ism , n. Character of an antiquary; study or love of antiquities. Warburton.

An•ti•qua´ri•an•ize , v. i. To act the part of an antiquary. [Colloq.]

An´ti•qua•ry , a. [L. antiquarius, fr. antiquus ancient. See Antique.] Pertaining to antiquity. [R.] ´Instructed by the antiquary times.´ Shak.

An´ti•qua•ry, n.; pl. Antiquaries . One devoted to the study of ancient times through their relics, as inscriptions, monuments, remains of ancient habitations, statues, coins, manuscripts, etc.; one who searches for and studies the relics of antiquity.

An´ti•quate , v. t. [L. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, fr. antiquus ancient.] To make old, or obsolete; to make antique; to make old in such a degree as to put out of use; hence, to make void, or abrogate. “Christianity might reasonably introduce new laws, and antiquate or abrogate old one.
Sir M. Hale.”

An´ti•qua•ted , a. Grown old. Hence: Bygone; obsolete; out of use; old-fashioned; as an antiquated law. ´Antiquated words.´ Dryden. “Old Janet, for so he understood his antiquated attendant was denominated.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — Ancient; old; antique; obsolete. See Ancient.

An´ti•qua•ted•ness, n. Quality of being antiquated.

An´ti•quate•ness , n. Antiquatedness. [Obs.]

An•ti•qua´tion , n. [L. antiquatio, fr. antiquare.] The act of making antiquated, or the state of being antiquated. Beaumont.

An•tique´ , a. [F., fr. L. antiquus old, ancient, equiv. to anticus, from ante before. Cf. Antic.] 1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity; as an antique statue. In this sense it usually refers to the flourishing ages of Greece and Rome. “For the antique world excess and pride did hate.
Spenser.” 2. Old, as respects the present age, or a modern period of time; of old fashion; antiquated; as an antique robe. ´Antique words.´ Spenser. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity; as the antique style of Thomson’s ´Castle of Indolence.´ 4. Odd; fantastic. [In this sense, written antic.] Syn. — Ancient; antiquated; obsolete; antic; old-fashioned; old. See Ancient.

An•tique´ , n. [F. See Antique, a. ] In general, anything very old; but in a more limited sense, a relic or object of ancient art; collectively, the antique, the remains of ancient art, as busts, statues, paintings, and vases. “Misshapen monuments and maimed antiques.
Byron.”

An•tique´ly, adv. In an antique manner.

An•tique´ness, n. The quality of being antique; an appearance of ancient origin and workmanship. “We may discover something venerable in the antiqueness of the work.
Addison.”

An´ti•quist , n. An antiquary; a collector of antiques. [R.] Pinkerton.

An•tiq•ui•ta´ri•an , n. An admirer of antiquity. [Used by Milton in a disparaging sense.] [Obs.]

An•tiq´ui•ty , n.; pl. Antiquities . [L. antiquitas, fr. antiquus: cf. F. antiquite. See Antique.] 1. The quality of being ancient; ancientness; great age; as a statue of remarkable antiquity; a family of great antiquity. 2. Old age. [Obs.] “It not your voice broken? … and every part about you blasted with antiquity?
Shak.” 3. Ancient times; former ages; times long since past; as Cicero was an eloquent orator of antiquity. 4. The ancients; the people of ancient times. “That such pillars were raised by Seth all antiquity has vowed.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 5. An old gentleman. [Obs.] “You are a shrewd antiquity, neighbor Clench.
B. Jonson.” 6. A relic or monument of ancient times; as a coin, a statue, etc.; an ancient institution. [In this sense, usually in the plural.] ´Heathen antiquities.´ Bacon.

An•ti•ra•chit´ic , a. (Med.) Good against the rickets.

An•ti•rent´er , n. One opposed to the payment of rent; esp. one of those who in 1840-47 resisted the collection of rents claimed by the patroons from the settlers on certain manorial lands in the State of New York. — An•ti•rent´ism , n.

An•ti•sab•ba•ta´ri•an , n. (Eccl.) One of a sect which opposes the observance of the Christian Sabbath.

An•ti•sac•er•do´tal , a. Hostile to priests or the priesthood. Waterland. { An•tis´cians , An•tis´ci•i } n. pl. [L. antiscii, Gr. , pl.; against + shadow.] The inhabitants of the earth, living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon are cast in opposite directions. “The inhabitants of the north and south temperate zones are always Antiscians.
Brande & C.” { An•ti•sco•let´ic , An•ti•scol´ic } a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. a worm.] (Med.) Anthelmintic.

An•ti•scor•bu´tic , a. (Med.) Counteracting scurvy. — n. A remedy for scurvy.

An•ti•scor•bu´tic•al , a. (Med.) Antiscorbutic.

An•ti•scrip´tur•al , a. Opposed to, or not in accordance with, the Holy Scriptures.

An•ti•sep´al•ous , a. [Pref. anti- + sepal.] (Bot.) Standing before a sepal, or calyx leaf. { An•ti•sep´tic , An•ti•sep´tic•al } a. Counteracting or preventing putrefaction, or a putrescent tendency in the system; antiputrefactive. Antiseptic surgery, that system of surgical practice which insists upon a systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the dressing of wounds.

An•ti•sep´tic, n. A substance which prevents or retards putrefaction, or destroys, or protects from, putrefactive organisms; as salt, carbolic acid, alcohol, cinchona.

An•ti•sep´tic•al•ly , adv. By means of antiseptics.

An•ti•slav´er•y , a. Opposed to slavery. — n. Opposition to slavery.

An•ti•so´cial , a. Tending to interrupt or destroy social intercourse; averse to society, or hostile to its existence; as antisocial principles.

An•ti•so´cial•ist, n. One opposed to the doctrines and practices of socialists or socialism.

An•ti•so´lar , a. Opposite to the sun; — said of the point in the heavens 180° distant from the sun.

An•ti•spas•mod´ic , a. (Med.) Good against spasms. — n. A medicine which prevents or allays spasms or convulsions.

An´ti•spast , n. [L. antispastus, Gr. , fr. to draw the contrary way; against + to draw.] (Pros.) A foot of four syllables, the first and fourth short, and the second and third long (#).

An•ti•spas´tic , a. [Gr. . See Antispast.] (Med.) (a) Believed to cause a revulsion of fluids or of humors from one part to another. [Obs.] (b) Counteracting spasms; antispasmodic. — n. An antispastic agent.

An•ti•splen´e•tic (; see Splenetic, 277), a. Good as a remedy against disease of the spleen. — n. An antisplenetic medicine.

An•tis´tro•phe , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to turn to the opposite side; against + to turn. See Strophe.] 1. In Greek choruses and dances, the returning of the chorus, exactly answering to a previous strophe or movement from right to left. Hence: The lines of this part of the choral song. “It was customary, on some occasions, to dance round the altars whilst they sang the sacred hymns, which consisted of three stanzas or parts; the first of which, called strophe, was sung in turning from east to west; the other, named antistrophe, in returning from west to east; then they stood before the altar, and sang the epode, which was the last part of the song.
Abp. Potter.” 2. (Rhet.) (a) The repetition of words in an inverse order; as the master of the servant and the servant of the master. (b) The retort or turning of an adversary’s plea against him.

An•ti•stroph´ic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to an antistrophe.

An•tis´tro•phon , n. [Gr. turned opposite ways.] (Rhet.) An argument retorted on an opponent. Milton.

An•ti•stru´mat´ic , a. (Med.) Antistrumous. — n. A medicine for scrofula.

An•ti•stru´mous , a. (Med.) Good against scrofulous disorders. Johnson. Wiseman.

An•ti•syph•i•lit´ic , a. (Med.) Efficacious against syphilis. — n. A medicine for syphilis.

An•ti•the´ism , n. The doctrine of antitheists. — An•ti•the•is´tic , a.

An•ti•the´ist, n. A disbeliever in the existence of God.

An•tith´e•sis , n.; pl. Antitheses. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to set against, to oppose; against + to set. See Thesis.] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence; as ´The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself.´ ´He had covertly shot at Cromwell; he how openly aimed at the Queen.´ 2. The second of two clauses forming an antithesis. 3. Opposition; contrast.

An´ti•thet , n. [L. antitheton, fr. Gr. , , antithetic.] An antithetic or contrasted statement. Bacon. { An•ti•thet´ic , An•ti•thet´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to antithesis, or opposition of words and sentiments; containing, or of the nature of, antithesis; contrasted.

An•ti•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. By way antithesis. { An•ti•tox´in , An•ti•tox´ine } , n. [Pref. anti- + toxin.] A substance (sometimes the product of a specific micro-organism and sometimes naturally present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of producing immunity from certain diseases, or of counteracting the poisonous effects of pathogenic bacteria.

An´ti-trade , n. A tropical wind blowing steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind.

An•tit´ra•gus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Anat.) A prominence on the lower posterior portion of the concha of the external ear, opposite the tragus. See Ear.

An•ti•tro•chan´ter , n. (Anat.) An articular surface on the ilium of birds against which the great trochanter of the femur plays. { An•tit´ro•pal , An•tit´ro•pous } a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. turn, to turn.] (Bot.) At the extremity most remote from the hilum, as the embryo, or inverted with respect to the seed, as the radicle. Lindley.

An´ti•ty•pal , a. Antitypical. [R.]

An´ti•type (-tip), n. [Gr. of corresponding form; against + type, figure. See Type.] That of which the type is the pattern or representation; that which is represented by the type or symbol.

An•ti•typ´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to an antitype; explaining the type. — An•ti•typ´ic•al•ly, adv.

An•tit´y•pous , a. [Gr. .] Resisting blows; hard. [Obs.] Cudworth.

An•tit´y•py , n. [Gr. .] Opposition or resistance of matter to force. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

An•ti•vac•ci•na´tion , n. Opposition to vaccination. London Times.

An•ti•vac•ci•na´tion•ist, n. An antivaccinist.

An•ti•vac´ci•nist, n. One opposed to vaccination.

An•ti•va•ri´o•lous , a. Preventing the contagion of smallpox.

An•ti•ve•ne´re•al , a. Good against venereal poison; antisyphilitic.

An•ti•viv•i•sec´tion , n. Opposition to vivisection.

An•ti•viv•i•sec´tion•ist, n. One opposed to vivisection

An•ti•zym´ic , a. Preventing fermentation.

An•ti•zy•mot´ic , a. (Med.) Preventing fermentation or decomposition. — n. An agent so used.

Ant´ler , n. [OE. auntelere, OF. antoillier, andoiller, endouiller, fr. F. andouiller, fr. an assumed LL. antocularis, fr. L. ante before + oculus eye. See Ocular.] (Zoöl.) The entire horn, or any branch of the horn, of a cervine animal, as of a stag. “Huge stags with sixteen antlers.
Macaulay.” The branch next to the head is called the brow antler, and the branch next above, the bez antler, or bay antler. The main stem is the beam, and the branches are often called tynes. Antlers are deciduous bony (not horny) growths, and are covered with a periosteum while growing. See Velvet. Antler moth (Zoöl.), a destructive European moth (Cerapteryx graminis), which devastates grass lands.

Ant´lered , a. Furnished with antlers. “The antlered stag.
Cowper.”

Ant´li•a , n.; pl. Antilae . [L., a pump, Gr, hold of a ship] (Zoöl.) The spiral tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidoptera.

Ant´-li•on , n. (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect, the larva of which makes in the sand a pitfall to capture ants, etc. The common American species is Myrmeleon obsoletus, the European is M. formicarius.

An•tœ´ci (an•te´si), An•tœ´cians (-shanz), n. pl. [NL. antoeci, fr. Gr. pl. ’a•ntoiki ’anti• opposite + o’ikei^n to live.] Those who live under the same meridian but on opposite parallels of latitude, north and south of the equator.

An•to•no•ma´si•a ( 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to name instead; + to name, name.] (Rhet.) The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dignity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the person; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an eminent orator a Cicero.

An•to•no•mas´tic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, antonomasia. — An•to•no•mas´tic•al•ly , adv.

An•ton´o•ma•sy , n. Antonomasia.

An´to•nym , n. [Gr. a word used in substitution for another; + , , a word.] A word of opposite meaning; a counterterm; — used as a correlative of synonym. [R.] C. J. Smith.

Ant•or´bit•al , a. [Pref. anti- + orbital.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated in, the region of the front of the orbit. — n. The antorbital bone.

Ant•or•gas´tic , a. See Antiorgastic.

Ant•o´zone , n. [Pref. anti- + ozone.] (Chem.) A compound formerly supposed to be modification of oxygen, but now known to be hydrogen dioxide; — so called because apparently antagonistic to ozone, converting it into ordinary oxygen.

An´tral , a. (Anat.) Relating to an antrum.

An´tre , n. [F. antre, L. antrum, fr. Gr. .] A cavern. [Obs.] Shak.

An•trorse´ (an•trôrs´), a. [From L. ante + versun turned; apparently formed in imitation of retrorse.] (Bot.) Forward or upward in direction. Gray.

An•tro•vert´ , v. t. To bend forward. [R.] Owen.

An´trum , n.; pl. Antra . [L., fr. Gr. .] A cavern or cavity, esp. an anatomical cavity or sinus. Huxley.

An•trus´tion , n. [F., fr. LL. antrustio.] A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes in their enterprises.

Ant´ thrush . (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of tropical birds, of the Old World, of the genus Pitta, somewhat resembling the thrushes, and feeding chiefly on ants. (b) See Ant bird, under Ant.

A•nu´bis , n. [L.] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits, represented by a human figure with the head of a dog or fox.

A•nu´ra (a•nu´ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’an priv. + o’yra• a tail.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Written also anoura.]

A•nu´rous , a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Also written anourous.]

An´u•ry , n. [Gr. ’an priv. + o’y^ron urine.] (Med.) Nonsecretion or defective secretion of urine; ischury.

A´nus , n. [L., prob. for asnus: cf. Gr. to sit, Skr. as.] (Anat.) The posterior opening of the alimentary canal, through which the excrements are expelled.

An´vil , n. [OE. anvelt, anfelt, anefelt, AS. anfilt, onfilt; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. anafalz, D. aanbeld.] 1. An iron block, usually with a steel face, upon which metals are hammered and shaped. 2. Anything resembling an anvil in shape or use. Specifically (Anat.), the incus. See Incus. To be on the anvil, to be in a state of discussion, formation, or preparation, as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured. Swift.

An´vil, v. t. To form or shape on an anvil; to hammer out; as anviled armor. Beau. & Fl.

Anx•i´e•tude , n. [L. anxietudo.] The state of being anxious; anxiety. [R.]

Anx•i´e•ty , n.; pl. Anxieties . [L. anxietas, fr. anxius: cf. F. anxiete. See Anxious.] 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some thing or event, future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, and keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness. 2. Eager desire. J. D. Forbes 3. (Med.) A state of restlessness and agitation, often with general indisposition and a distressing sense of oppression at the epigastrium. Dunglison. Syn. — Care; solicitude; foreboding; uneasiness; perplexity; disquietude; disquiet; trouble; apprehension; restlessness. See Care.

Anx´ious (ank´shus), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to cause pain, choke; akin to Gr. ’a•gchein to choke. See Anger.] 1. Full of anxiety or disquietude; greatly concerned or solicitous, esp. respecting something future or unknown; being in painful suspense; — applied to persons; as anxious for the issue of a battle. 2. Accompanied with, or causing, anxiety; worrying; — applied to things; as anxious labor. “The sweet of life, from which
God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares.
Milton.” 3. Earnestly desirous; as anxious to please. “He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve and at those who are eager for reform.
Macaulay.” Anxious is followed by for, about, concerning, etc., before the object of solicitude. Syn. — Solicitous; careful; uneasy; unquiet; restless; concerned; disturbed; watchful.

Anx´ious•ly, adv. In an anxious manner; with painful uncertainty; solicitously.

Anx´ious•ness, n. The quality of being anxious; great solicitude; anxiety.

A´ny , a. & pron. [OE. aeni&yogh;, aeni, eni, ani, oni, AS. aenig, fr. an one. It is akin to OS. enig, OHG. einic, G. einig, D. eenig. See One.] 1. One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or whatsoever it may be. Any is often used in denying or asserting without limitation; as this thing ought not be done at any time; I ask any one to answer my question. “No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son.
Matt. xi. 27.” 2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number; as are there any witnesses present? are there any other houses like it? ´Who will show us any good?´ Ps. iv. 6. It is often used, either in the singular or the plural, as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood; anybody; anyone; (pl.) any persons. “If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, … and it shall be given him.
Jas. i. 5.” “That if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem.
Acts ix. 2.” At any rate, In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow.

A´ny, adv. To any extent; in any degree; at all. “You are not to go loose any longer.
Shak.” “Before you go any farther.
Steele.”

A´ny•bod•y , n. 1. Any one out of an indefinite number of persons; anyone; any person. “His Majesty could not keep any secret from anybody.
Macaulay.” 2. A person of consideration or standing. [Colloq.] “All the men belonged exclusively to the mechanical and shopkeeping classes, and there was not a single banker or anybody in the list.
Lond. Sat. Rev.”

A´ny•how , adv. In any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event. “Anyhow, it must be acknowledged to be not a simple selforiginated error.
J. H. Newman.” “Anyhow, the languages of the two nations were closely allied.
E. A. Freeman.”

A´ny•one , n. One taken at random rather than by selection; anybody. [Commonly written as two words.]

A´ny•thing , n. 1. Any object, act, state, event, or fact whatever; thing of any kind; something or other; aught; as I would not do it for anything. “Did you ever know of anything so unlucky?
A. Trollope.” “They do not know that anything is amiss with them.
W. G. Sumner.” 2. Expressing an indefinite comparison; — with as or like. [Colloq. or Lowx] “I fear your girl will grow as proud as anything.
Richardson.” Any thing, written as two words, is now commonly used in contradistinction to any person or anybody. Formerly it was also separated when used in the wider sense. ´Necessity drove them to undertake any thing and venture any thing.´ De Foe. Anything but, not at all or in any respect. ´The battle was a rare one, and the victory anything but secure.´ Hawthorne. — Anything like, in any respect; at all; as I can not give anything like a fair sketch of his trials.

A´ny•thing, adv. In any measure; anywise; at all. “Mine old good will and hearty affection towards you is not … anything at all quailed.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).”

A•ny•thing•a´ri•an , n. One who holds to no particular creed or dogma. { A´ny•way , A´ny•ways } adv. Anywise; at all. Tennyson. Southey.

A´ny•where , adv. In any place. Udall.

A´ny•whith•er , adv. To or towards any place. [Archaic] De Foe.

A´ny•wise , adv. In any wise or way; at all. ´Anywise essential.´ Burke.

A•o´ni•an (a•o´ni•an), a. [From Aonia, a part of Bœotia, in Greece.] Pertaining to Aonia, in Bœotia, or to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there. Aonian fount, the fountain of Aganippe, at the foot of Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to the Muses.

A´o•rist (a´o•rist), n. [Gr. ’ao•ristos indefinite; ’a priv. + ´ori•zein to define, boundary, limit.] (Gram.) A tense in the Greek language, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate.

A•o•ris´tic , a. [Gr. ’aoristiko•s.] Indefinite; pertaining to the aorist tense.

A•or´ta , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to lift, heave.] (Anat.) The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system. In fishes and the early stages of all higher vertebrates the aorta divides near its origin into several branches (the aortic arches) which pass in pairs round the œsophagus and unite to form the systemic aorta. One or more pairs of these arches persist in amphibia and reptiles, but only one arch in birds and mammals, this being on the right side in the former, and on the left in the latter.

A•or´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the aorta.

A•or•ti´tis , n. [Aorta + - itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the aorta.

A´ou•dad , n. [The Moorish name.] (Zoöl.) An African sheeplike quadruped (the Ammotragus tragelaphus) having a long mane on the breast and fore legs. It is, perhaps, the chamois of the Old Testament.

A•pace´ , adv. [Pref. a- + pace. OE. a pas at a walk, in which a is the article. See Pace.] With a quick pace; quick; fast; speedily. “His dewy locks did drop with brine apace.
Spenser.” “A visible triumph of the gospel draws on apace.
I. Taylor.”

A•pa´ches , n. pl.; sing. Apache . (Ethnol.) A group of nomadic North American Indians including several tribes native of Arizona, New Mexico, etc.

Ap•a•go´ge , n. [Gr. a leading away, fr. to lead away; from + to lead.] (Logic) An indirect argument which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or absurdity of the contrary. { Ap•a•gog´ic , Ap•a•gog´ic•al } a. Proving indirectly, by showing the absurdity, or impossibility of the contrary. Bp. Berkeley.

A•paid´ , a. Paid; pleased. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•pair´ , v. t. & i. To impair or become impaired; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap•a•la´chi•an, a. See Appalachian.

Ap´an•age, n. Same as Appanage.

A•pan´thro•py , n. [Gr. ; from + man.] An aversion to the company of men; a love of solitude.

A´par , A´pa•ra , n. [Native name apara.] (Zoöl.) See Mataco.

A•pa•re´jo , n. [Sp.] A kind of pack saddle used in the American military service and among the Spanish Americans. It is made of leather stuffed with hay, moss, or the like.

Ap•a•rith´me•sis ( 277), n. [Gr. , from to count off or over.] (Rhet.) Enumeration of parts or particulars.

A•part´ , adv. [F. à part; (L. ad) + part part. See Part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside. “Others apart sat on a hill retired.
Milton.” “The Lord hath set apart him that is godly for himself.
Ps. iv. 3.” 2. In a state of separation, of exclusion, or of distinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of thought; separately; independently; as consider the two propositions apart. 3. Aside; away. ´Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness.´ Jas. i. 21. “Let Pleasure go, put Care apart.
Keble.” 4. In two or more parts; asunder; to piece; as to take a piece of machinery apart.

A•part´ment , n. [F. appartement; cf. It. appartamento, fr. appartare to separate, set apart; all fr. L. ad + pars, partis, part. See Apart.] 1. A room in a building; a division in a house, separated from others by partitions. Fielding. 2. A set or suite of rooms. De Quincey. 3. A compartment. [Obs.] Pope.

A•part´ness , n. The quality of standing apart.

Ap•as´tron , n. [Gr. from + star.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a double star where the smaller star is farthest from its primary.

Ap•a•thet´ic , Ap•a•thet´ic•al a. [See Apathy.] Void of feeling; not susceptible of deep emotion; passionless; indifferent.

Ap•a•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. In an apathetic manner.

Ap´a•thist , n. [Cf. F. apathiste.] One who is destitute of feeling.

Ap•a•this´tic•al , a. Apathetic; une motional. [R.]

Ap´a•thy , n.; pl. Apathies . [L. apathia, Gr. ; ’a priv. + , fr. , , to suffer: cf. F. apathie. See Pathos.] Want of feeling; privation of passion, emotion, or excitement; dispassion; — applied either to the body or the mind. As applied to the mind, it is a calmness, indolence, or state of indifference, incapable of being ruffled or roused to active interest or exertion by pleasure, pain, or passion. ´The apathy of despair.´ Macaulay. “A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him … to leave events to take their own course.
Prescott.” “According to the Stoics, apathy meant the extinction of the passions by the ascendency of reason.
Fleming.” In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term to express a contempt of earthly concerns. Syn. — Insensibility; unfeelingness; indifference; unconcern; stoicism; supineness; sluggishness.

Ap´a•tite , n. [Gr. deceit, fr. to deceive; it having been often mistaken for other minerals.] (Min.) Native phosphate of lime, occurring usually in six-sided prisms, color often pale green, transparent or translucent.

A•pau•me´ , n. See Appaume.

Ape (ap), n. [AS. apa; akin to D. aap, OHG. affo, G. affe, Icel. api, Sw. apa, Dan. abe, W. epa.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadrumanous mammal, esp. of the family Simiadae, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, and possessing neither a tail nor cheek pouches. The name is applied esp. to species of the genus Hylobates, and is sometimes used as a general term for all Quadrumana. The higher forms, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and ourang, are often called anthropoid apes or man apes. The ape of the Old Testament was probably the rhesus monkey of India, and allied forms. 2. One who imitates servilely (in allusion to the manners of the ape); a mimic. Byron. 3. A dupe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aped; p. pr. & vb. n. Aping.] To mimic, as an ape imitates human actions; to imitate or follow servilely or irrationally. ´How he apes his sire.´ Addison. “The people of England will not ape the fashions they have never tried.
Burke.”

A•peak´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + peak. Cf. F. à pic vertically.] (Naut.) In a vertical line. The anchor in apeak, when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to bring the ship over it, and the ship is them said to be hove apeak. [Spelt also apeek.]

Ape´hood , n. The state of being an ape.

A•pel´lous , a. [Pref. a- not + L. pellis skin.] Destitute of skin. Brande & C.

Ap´en•nine , a. [L. Apenninus, fr. Celtic pen, or ben, peak, mountain.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Apennines, a chain of mountains extending through Italy.

A•pep´sy , n. [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. , fr. uncooked, undigested; ’a priv. + cooked, to cook, digest.] (Med.) Defective digestion, indigestion. Coxe.

Ap´er , n. One who apes.

A•pe´re•a , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea).

A•pe´ri•ent , a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire to uncover, open; ab + parire, parere, to bring forth, produce. Cf. Cover, Overt.] (Med.) Gently opening the bowels; laxative. — n. An aperient medicine or food. Arbuthnot.

A•per´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. aperitif, fr. L. aperire.] Serving to open; aperient. Harvey.

A•pert´ , a. [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire. See Aperient, and cf. Pert, a.] Open; evident; undisguised. [Archaic] Fotherby.

A•pert´, adv. Openly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•per´tion , n. [L. apertio.] The act of opening; an opening; an aperture. [Archaic] Wiseman.

A•pert´ly, adv. Openly; clearly. [Archaic]

A•pert´ness, n. Openness; frankness. [Archaic]

Ap´er•ture ( 135), n. [L. apertura, fr. aperire. See Aperient.] 1. The act of opening. [Obs.] 2. An opening; an open space; a gap, cleft, or chasm; a passage perforated; a hole; as an aperture in a wall. “An aperture between the mountains.
Gilpin.” “The back aperture of the nostrils.
Owen.” 3. (Opt.) The diameter of the exposed part of the object glass of a telescope or other optical instrument; as a telescope of four-inch aperture. The aperture of microscopes is often expressed in degrees, called also the angular aperture, which signifies the angular breadth of the pencil of light which the instrument transmits from the object or point viewed; as a microscope of 100° aperture.

Ap´er•y , n.; pl. Aperies. 1. A place where apes are kept. [R.] Kingsley. 2. The practice of aping; an apish action. Coleridge.

A•pet´al•ous (a•pet´al•us), a. [Pref. a- not + petal.] (Bot.) Having no petals, or flower leaves. [See Illust. under Anther].

A•pet´al•ous•ness, n. The state of being apetalous.

A´pex , n.; pl. E. Apexes ; L. Apices . [L.] 1. The tip, top, point, or angular summit of anything; as the apex of a mountain, spire, or cone; the apex, or tip, of a leaf. 2. (Mining) The end or edge of a vein nearest the surface. [U.S.] Apex of the earth’s motion (Astron.), that point of the heavens toward which the earth is moving in its orbit.

A•phaer´e•sis ( 277), n. [L.] Same as Apheresis.

A•pha´ki•a , n. [NL.; Gr. ’a priv. + seed of a lentil.] (Med.) An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of powerful convex lenses. Dunglison.

A•pha´ki•al , a. (Med.) Pertaining to aphakia; as aphakial eyes.

Aph•a•nip´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. invisible (’a priv. + to appear) + a wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of wingless insects, of which the flea in the type. See Flea.

Aph•a•nip´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Aphaniptera.

Aph´a•nite , n. [Gr. invisible; ’a priv. + to appear.] (Min.) A very compact, dark-colored ock, consisting of hornblende, or pyroxene, and feldspar, but neither of them in perceptible grains.

Aph•a•nit´ic , a. (Min.) Resembling aphanite; having a very fine-grained structure. { A•pha´si•a , Aph´a•sy } n. [NL. aphasia, Gr. , fr. not spoken; ’a priv. + to speak: cf. F. aphasie.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speech, or of the appropriate use of words, the vocal organs remaining intact, and the intelligence being preserved. It is dependent on injury or disease of the brain.

A•pha´sic , a. Pertaining to, or affected by, aphasia; speechless.

A•phel´ion ( 277), n.; pl. Aphelia . [Gr. + sun.] (Astron.) That point of a planet’s or comet’s orbit which is most distant from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion.

A•phe•li•o•trop´ic , a. [Gr. + sun + belonging to a turning.] Turning away from the sun; — said of leaves, etc. Darwin.

A•phe•li•ot´ro•pism , n. The habit of bending from the sunlight; — said of certain plants.

A•phe´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + voice.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of writing; — a disorder of cerebral origin.

A•pher´e•sis ( 277), n. [L. aphaeresis, Gr. , fr. to take away; + to take.] 1. (Gram.) The dropping of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; e. g., cute for acute. 2. (Surg.) An operation by which any part is separated from the rest. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Aph´e•sis , n. [Gr. a letting go; + to let go.] The loss of a short unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word; — the result of a phonetic process; as squire for esquire. New Eng. Dict.

A•phet´ic , a. [Gr. letting go, fr. to let go.] Shortened by dropping a letter or a syllable from the beginning of a word; as an aphetic word or form. — A•phet´ic•al•ly, adv. New Eng. Dict.

Aph´e•tism , n. An aphetized form of a word. New Eng. Dict.

Aph´e•tize , v. t. To shorten by aphesis. “These words … have been aphetized.
New Eng. Dict.”

A´phid , n. (Zoöl.) One of the genus Aphis; an aphidian.

Aph´i•des , n. pl. (Zoöl.) See Aphis.

A•phid´i•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Aphidae. — n. One of the aphides; an aphid.

Aph•i•div´o•rous . [Aphis + L. vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Devouring aphides; aphidophagous.

Aph•i•doph´a•gous , a. [Aphis + Gr. to eat.] (Zoöl.) Feeding upon aphides, or plant lice, as do beetles of the family Coccinellidae.

Aph•i•lan´thro•py , n. [Gr. not loving man; ’a priv. + to love + man.] Want of love to mankind; — the opposite of philanthropy. Coxe.

A´phis , n.; pl. Aphides . [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera and family Aphidae, including numerous species known as plant lice and green flies. Besides the true males and females, there is a race of wingless asexual individuals which have the power of producing living young in rapid succession, and these in turn may produce others of the same kind for several generations, before sexual individuals appear. They suck the sap of plants by means of a tubular proboscis, and owing to the wonderful rapidity of their reproduction become very destructive to vegetation. Many of the Aphidae excrete honeydew from two tubes near the end of the body.

A´phis li´on . (Zoöl.) The larva of the lacewinged flies (Chrysopa), which feeds voraciously upon aphids. The name is also applied to the larvae of the ladybugs (Coccinella).

Aph•lo•gis´tic , a. [Gr. not inflammable; ’a priv. + set on fire. See Phlogiston.] Flameless; as an aphlogistic lamp, in which a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued ignition by alcohol, without flame. { A•pho´ni•a , Aph´o•ny } n. [NL. aphonia, Gr. , fr. voiceless; ’a priv. + voice: cf. F. aphonie.] (Med.) Loss of voice or vocal utterance. { A•phon´ic , Aph´o•nous } a. Without voice; voiceless; nonvocal.

Aph´o•rism , n. [F. aphorisme, fr. Gr. definition, a short, pithy sentence, fr. to mark off by boundaries, to define; from + to separate, part. See Horizon.] A comprehensive maxim or principle expressed in a few words; a sharply defined sentence relating to abstract truth rather than to practical matters. “The first aphorism of Hippocrates is, ´Life is short, and the art is long.´
Fleming.” Syn. — Axiom; maxim; adage; proverb; apothegm; saying; saw; truism; dictum. See Axiom. { Aph•o•ris•mat´ic , Aph•o•ris´mic } a. Pertaining to aphorisms, or having the form of an aphorism.

Aph•o•ris´mer n. A dealer in aphorisms. [Used in derogation or contempt.] Milton.

Aph´o•rist, n. A writer or utterer of aphorisms. { Aph•o•ris´tic , Aph•o•ris´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] In the form of, or of the nature of, an aphorism; in the form of short, unconnected sentences; as an aphoristic style. “The method of the book is aphoristic.
De Quincey.”

Aph•o•ris´tic•al•ly, adv. In the form or manner of aphorisms; pithily.

Aph´o•rize , v. i. To make aphorisms.

Aph´rite , n. (Min.) See under Calcite. { Aph•ro•dis´i•ac , Aph•ro•di•si´a•cal } a. [Gr. pertaining to sensual love, fr. . See Aphrodite.] Exciting venereal desire; provocative to venery.

Aph•ro•dis´i•ac, n. That which (as a drug, or some kinds of food) excites to venery.

Aph•ro•dis´i•an , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to Aphrodite or Venus. ´Aphrodisian dames´ [that is, courtesans]. C. Reade.

Aph•ro•di´te , n. [Gr. .] 1. (Classic Myth.) The Greek goddess of love, corresponding to the Venus of the Romans. 2. (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid, covered with long, lustrous, golden, hairlike setae; the sea mouse. 3. (Zoöl.) A beautiful butterfly (Argunnis Aphrodite) of the United States.

Aph•ro•dit´ic , a. Venereal. [R.] Dunglison.

Aph´tha , n. [Sing. of Aphthae.] (Med.) (a) One of the whitish specks called aphthae. (b) The disease, also called thrush.

Aph´thae , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. (mostly in pl. , Hipp.) an eruption, thrush, fr. to set on fire, inflame.] (Med.) Roundish pearl-colored specks or flakes in the mouth, on the lips, etc., terminating in white sloughs. They are commonly characteristic of thrush.

Aph´thoid, a. [Aphtha + -oid.] Of the nature of aphthae; resembling thrush.

Aph´thong ( 277), n. [Gr. silent; ’a priv. + voice, sound, fr. to sound.] A letter, or a combination of letters, employed in spelling a word, but in the pronunciation having no sound. — Aph•thon´gal , a.

Aph´thous a. [Cf. F. aphtheux.] Pertaining to, or caused by, aphthae; characterized by aphtae; as aphthous ulcers; aphthous fever.

Aph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + leaf.] (Bot.) Destitute of leaves, as the broom rape, certain euphorbiaceous plants, etc.

A•pi•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Umbelliferous.

A´pi•an , a. Belonging to bees.

A•pi•a´ri•an , a. Of or relating to bees.

A´pi•a•rist , n. One who keeps an apiary.

A´pi•a•ry , n. [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] A place where bees are kept; a stand or shed for bees; a beehouse.

Ap´ic•al , a. [L. apex, apicis, tip or summit.] At or belonging to an apex, tip, or summit. Gray.

Ap´i•ces , n. pl. See Apex.

A•pi´cian , a. [L. Apicianus.] Belonging to Apicius, a notorious Roman epicure; hence applied to whatever is peculiarly refined or dainty and expensive in cookery. H. Rogers.

A•pic´u•lar, a. [NL. apiculus, dim. of L. apex, apicis.] Situated at, or near, the apex; apical. { A•pic´u•late , A•pic´u•la•ted } a. [See Apicular.] (Bot.) Terminated abruptly by a small, distinct point, as a leaf.

Ap´i•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. apis bee + E. culture.] Rearing of bees for their honey and wax.

A•piece´ , adv. [Pref. a- + piece.] Each by itself; by the single one; to each; as the share of each; as these melons cost a shilling apiece. ´Fined … a thousand pounds apiece.´ Hume.

A•pie´ces , adv. In pieces or to pieces. [Obs.] ´Being torn apieces.´ Shak.

A•pik´ed , a. Trimmed. [Obs.] “Full fresh and new here gear apiked was.
Chaucer.”

A´pi•ol , n. [L. apium parsley + -ol.] (Med.) An oily liquid derived from parsley.

A•pi•ol´o•gist , n. [L. apis bee + -logist (see -logy).] A student of bees. [R.] Emerson.

A´pis , n. [L., bee.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera, including the common honeybee (Apis mellifica) and other related species. See Honeybee.

Ap´ish , a. Having the qualities of an ape; prone to imitate in a servile manner. Hence: Apelike; fantastically silly; foppish; affected; trifling. “The apish gallantry of a fantastic boy.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ap´ish•ly, adv. In an apish manner; with servile imitation; foppishly.

Ap´ish•ness, n. The quality of being apish; mimicry; foppery.

A•pit´pat, adv. [Pref. a- + pitpat.] With quick beating or palpitation; pitapat. Congreve.

Ap•la•cen´tal, a. [Pref. a- + placental.] Belonging to the Aplacentata; without placenta.

Ap•la•cen•ta´ta, n. pl. [Pref. a- not + placenta.] (Zoöl.) Mammals which have no placenta.

Ap•la•coph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a flat cake + to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Amphineura in which the body is naked or covered with slender spines or setae, but is without shelly plates.

Ap•la•nat´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + disposed to wander, wandering, to wander.] (Opt.) Having two or more parts of different curvatures, so combined as to remove spherical aberration; — said of a lens. Aplanatic focus of a lens (Opt.), the point or focus from which rays diverging pass the lens without spherical aberration. In certain forms of lenses there are two such foci; and it is by taking advantage of this fact that the best aplanatic object glasses of microscopes are constructed.

A•plan´a•tism , n. Freedom from spherical aberration.

A•plas´tic , a. [Pref. a- not + plastic.] Not plastic or easily molded.

A•plomb´ , n. [F., lit. perpendicularity; to + plomb lead. See Plumb.] Assurance of manner or of action; self-possession.

A•plot´o•my , n. [Gr. simple + a cutting.] (Surg.) Simple incision. Dunglison.

A•plus´tre , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Rom. Antiq.) An ornamental appendage of wood at the ship’s stern, usually spreading like a fan and curved like a bird’s feather. Audsley.

A•plys´i•a , n. [Gr. a dirty sponge, fr. unwashed; ’a priv. + to wash.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine mollusks of the order Tectibranchiata; the sea hare. Some of the species when disturbed throw out a deep purple liquor, which colors the water to some distance. See Illust. in Appendix.

Ap•neu´mo•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + , , a lung.] (Zoöl.) An order of holothurians in which the internal respiratory organs are wanting; — called also Apoda or Apodes.

Ap•nœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + , , breath, to breathe, blow.] (Med.) Partial privation or suspension of breath; suffocation.

Ap´o . [Gr. . See Ab-.] A prefix from a Greek preposition. It usually signifies from, away from, off, or asunder, separate; as in apocope (a cutting off), apostate, apostle (one sent away), apocarpous.

A•poc´a•lypse , n. [L. apocalypsis, Gr. , fr. to uncover, to disclose; from + to cover, conceal: cf. F. apocalypse.] 1. The revelation delivered to St. John, in the isle of Patmos, near the close of the first century, forming the last book of the New Testament. 2. Anything viewed as a revelation; a disclosure. “The new apocalypse of Nature.
Carlyle.” { A•poc•a•lyp´tic , A•poc•a•lyp´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to a revelation, or, specifically, to the Revelation of St. John; containing, or of the nature of, a prophetic revelation. Apocalyptic number, the number 666, mentioned in Rev. xiii. 18. It has been variously interpreted.

A•poc•a•lyp´tic (a•pok•a•lip´tik), A•poc•a•lyp´tist, n. The writer of the Apocalypse.

A•poc•a•lyp´tic•al•ly , adv. By revelation; in an apocalyptic manner.

Ap•o•car´pous, a. [Pref. apo- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Either entirely or partially separate, as the carpels of a compound pistil; — opposed to syncarpous. Lindley.

A•poc´o•pate , v. t. [LL. apocopatus, p. p. of apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocore. See Apocope.] (Gram.) To cut off or drop; as to apocopate a word, or the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. { A•poc´o•pate , A•poc´o•pa•ted } a. Shortened by apocope; as an apocopate form.

A•poc•o•pa´tion , n. Shortening by apocope; the state of being apocopated.

A•poc´o•pe, n. [L., fr. Gr. a cutting off, fr. to cut off; from + to cut.] 1. The cutting off, or omission, of the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. 2. (Med.) A cutting off; abscission. { Ap•o•cris´i•a•ry , Ap•o•cris•i•a´ri•us , } n. [L. apocrisiarius, apocrisarius, fr. Gr. answer, fr. to answer; from + to separate.] (Eccl.) A delegate or deputy; especially, the pope’s nuncio or legate at Constantinople.

Ap•o•crus´tic , a. [Gr. able to drive off, fr. to drive off.] (Med.) Astringent and repellent. — n. An apocrustic medicine.

A•poc´ry•pha , n. pl., but often used as sing. with pl. Apocryphas . [L. apocryphus apocryphal, Gr. hidden, spurious, fr. to hide; from + to hide.] 1. Something, as a writing, that is of doubtful authorship or authority; — formerly used also adjectively. [Obs.] Locke. 2. Specif.: Certain writings which are received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but are rejected by others. Fourteen such writings, or books, formed part of the Septuagint, but not of the Hebrew canon recognized by the Jews of Palestine. The Council of Trent included all but three of these in the canon of inspired books having equal authority. The German and English Reformers grouped them in their Bibles under the title Apocrypha, as not having dogmatic authority, but being profitable for instruction. The Apocrypha is now commonly mitted from the King James’s Bible.

A•poc´ry•phal , a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. 2. Not canonical. Hence: Of doubtful authority; equivocal; mythic; fictitious; spurious; false. “The passages … are, however, in part from apocryphal or fictitious works.
Sir G. C. Lewis.”

A•poc´ry•phal•ist, n. One who believes in, or defends, the Apocrypha. [R.]

A•poc´ry•phal•ly, adv. In an apocryphal manner; mythically; not indisputably.

A•poc´ry•phal•ness, n. The quality or state of being apocryphal; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness.

A•poc•y•na´ceous , Ap•o•cyn´e•ous , a. [Gr. dogbane; from + dog.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family of plants, of which the dogbane (Apocynum) is the type.

A•poc´y•nin , n. [From Apocynum, the generic name of dogbane.] (Chem.) A bitter principle obtained from the dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum). { Ap´od , Ap´o•dal } a. [See Apod, n.] 1. Without feet; footless. 2. (Zoöl.) Destitute of the ventral fin, as the eels. { Ap´od , Ap´ode } n.; pl. Apods or Apodes . [Gr. , , footless; ’a priv. + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) One of certain animals that have no feet or footlike organs; esp. one of certain fabulous birds which were said to have no feet. The bird of paradise formerly had the name Paradisea apoda, being supposed to have no feet, as these were wanting in the specimens first obtained from the East Indies.

Ap´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , . See Apod, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A group of cirripeds, destitute of footlike organs. (b) An order of Amphibia without feet. See Ophiomorpha. (c) A group of worms without appendages, as the leech.

Ap´o•dan , a. (Zoöl.) Apodal. { Ap´o•deic´tic , Ap•o•dic´tic , Ap•o•deic´tic•al , Ap•o•dic´tic•al } a. [L. apodicticus, Gr. , fr. to point out, to show by argument; from + to show.] Self-evident; intuitively true; evident beyond contradiction. Brougham. Sir Wm. Hamilton.

Ap•o•deic´tic•al•ly , Ap•o•dic´tic•al•ly, adv. So as to be evident beyond contradiction.

Ap´o•deme , n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. body.] (Zoöl.) One of the processes of the shell which project inwards and unite with one another, in the thorax of many Crustacea.

Ap´o•des , n. pl. [NL., masc. pl. See Apoda.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of fishes without ventral fins, including the eels. (b) A group of holothurians destitute of suckers. See Apneumona.

Ap•o•dic´tic , a. Same as Apodeictic.

Ap•o•dix´is , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. .] Full demonstration.

A•pod´o•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to give back; from, back again + to give.] (Gram.) The consequent clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the result, and thus distinguished from the protasis or clause which expresses a condition. Thus, in the sentence, ´Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him,´ the former clause is the protasis, and the latter the apodosis. Some grammarians extend the terms protasis and apodosis to the introductory clause and the concluding clause, even when the sentence is not conditional.

Ap´o•dous (#), a. (Zoöl.) Apodal; apod.

A•pod•y•te´ri•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to strip one’s self.] (Anc. Arch.) The apartment at the entrance of the baths, or in the palestra, where one stripped; a dressing room.

Ap•o•ga´ic , a. [Gr. far from the earth.] Apogean.

Ap•o•gam´ic , a. Relating to apogamy.

A•pog´a•my , n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. marriage.] (Bot.) The formation of a bud in place of a fertilized ovule or oöspore. De Bary.

Ap•o•ge´al , a. (Astron.) Apogean.

Ap•o•ge´an , a. Connected with the apogee; as apogean (neap) tides, which occur when the moon has passed her apogee.

Ap´o•gee , n. [Gr. from the earth; from + , , earth: cf. F. apogee.] 1. (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from the earth. Formerly, on the hypothesis that the earth is in the center of the system, this name was given to that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, which was supposed to be at the greatest distance from the earth. 2. Fig.: The farthest or highest point; culmination.

Ap•o•ge•o•trop´ic , a. [Pref. apo- + Gr. earth + turning.] (Bot.) Bending away from the ground; — said of leaves, etc. Darwin.

Ap´o•ge•ot´ro•pism , n. The apogeotropic tendency of some leaves, and other parts.

Ap´o•graph , n. [Gr. ; from + to write: cf. F. apographe.] A copy or transcript. Blount.

Ap•o•hy´al , a. [Pref. apo- + the Gr. letter Y.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a portion of the horn of the hyoid bone.

A•poise´ , adv. [Pref. a- + poise.] Balanced.

A•po´lar , a. [Pref. a- + polar.] (Biol.) Having no radiating processes; — applied particularly to certain nerve cells.

Ap•o•laus´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to enjoy.] Devoted to enjoyment.

A•pol•li•na´ri•an , a. [L. Apollinaris, fr. Apollo.] (Rom. Antiq.) In honor of Apollo; as the Apollinarian games.

A•pol•li•na´ri•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea in the fourth century, who denied the proper humanity of Christ.

A•pol•li•na´ris wa´ter . An effervescing alkaline mineral water used as a table beverage. It is obtained from a spring in Apollinarisburg, near Bonn.

A•pol´lo , n. [L. Apollo, - linis, Gr. .] (Classic Myth.) A deity among the Greeks and Romans. He was the god of light and day (the ´sun god´), of archery, prophecy, medicine, poetry, and music, etc., and was represented as the model of manly grace and beauty; — called also Phebus. The Apollo Belvedere, a celebrated statue of Apollo in the Belvedere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome, esteemed of the noblest representations of the human frame.

Ap•ol•lo´ni•an , Ap•ol•lon´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Apollo.

A•pol´ly•on , n. [Gr. destroying, fr. , , to destroy utterly; from, entirely + to destroy.] The Destroyer; — a name used (Rev. ix. 11) for the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew Abaddon.

A•pol´o•ger , n. A teller of apologues. [Obs.] { A•pol•o•get´ic , A•pol•o•get´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to speak in defense of; from + speech, to say, to speak. See Logic.] Defending by words or arguments; said or written in defense, or by way of apology; regretfully excusing; as an apologetic essay. ´To speak in a subdued and apologetic tone.´ Macaulay.

A•pol•o•get´ic•al•ly, adv. By way of apology.

A•pol•o•get´ics , n. That branch of theology which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their divine authority.

A•pol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. apologiste.] One who makes an apology; one who speaks or writes in defense of a faith, a cause, or an institution; especially, one who argues in defense of Christianity.

A•pol´o•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apologized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apologizing.] [Cf. F. apologiser.] 1. To make an apology or defense. Dr. H. More. 2. To make an apology or excuse; to make acknowledgment of some fault or offense, with expression of regret for it, by way of amends; — with for; as, my correspondent apologized for not answering my letter. “To apologize for his insolent language.
Froude.”

A•pol´o•gize, v. t. To defend. [Obs.] “The Christians … were apologized by Plinie.
Dr. G. Benson.”

A•pol´o•gi•zer , n. One who makes an apology; an apologist.

Ap´o•logue , n. [L. apologous, Gr. ; from + speech, to speak: cf. F. apologue.] A story or relation of fictitious events, intended to convey some moral truth; a moral fable. An apologue differs from a parable in this;: the parable is drawn from events which take place among mankind, and therefore requires probability in the narrative; the apologue is founded on supposed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and therefore is not limited by strict rules of probability. AEsop’s fables are good examples of apologues.

A•pol´o•gy , n.; pl. Apologies. [L. apologia, Gr. ; from + : cf. F. apologie. See Apologetic.] 1. Something said or written in defense or justification of what appears to others wrong, or of what may be liable to disapprobation; justification; as Tertullian’s Apology for Christianity. “It is not my intention to make an apology for my poem; some will think it needs no excuse, and others will receive none.
Dryden.” 2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for some improper or injurious remark or act; an admission to another of a wrong or discourtesy done him, accompanied by an expression of regret. 3. Anything provided as a substitute; a makeshift. “He goes to work devising apologies for window curtains.
Dickens.” Syn. — Excuse. An apology, in the original sense of the word, was a pleading off from some charge or imputation, by explaining and defending one’s principles or conduct. It therefore amounted to a vindication. One who offers an apology, admits himself to have been, at least apparently, in the wrong, but brings forward some palliating circumstance, or tenders a frank acknowledgment, by way of reparation. We make an apology for some breach of propriety or decorum (like rude expressions, unbecoming conduct, etc.), or some deficiency in what might be reasonably expected. We offer an excuse when we have been guilty of some breach or neglect of duty; and we do it by way of extenuating our fault, and with a view to be forgiven. When an excuse has been accepted, an apology may still, in some cases, be necessary or appropriate. ´An excuse is not grounded on the claim of innocence, but is rather an appeal for favor resting on some collateral circumstance. An apology mostly respects the conduct of individuals toward each other as equals; it is a voluntary act produced by feelings of decorum, or a desire for the good opinion of others.´ Crabb.

A•pol´o•gy , v. i. To offer an apology. [Obs.] “For which he can not well apology.
J. Webster.”

Ap•o•me•com´e•ter, n. An instrument for measuring the height of objects. Knight.

Ap•o•me•com´e•try, n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. length + -metry.] The art of measuring the distance of objects afar off. [Obs. or R.] { Ap•o•mor´phi•a , Ap•o•mor´phine } n. [Pref. apo- + morphia, morphine.] (Chem.) A crystalline alkaloid obtained from morphia. It is a powerful emetic.

Ap•o•neu•ro´sis , n.; pl. Aponeuroses . [Gr. , fr. to pass into a tendon; from + to strain the sinews, sinew, tendon, nerve.] (Anat.) Any one of the thicker and denser of the deep fasciae which cover, invest, and the terminations and attachments of, many muscles. They often differ from tendons only in being flat and thin. See Fascia.

Ap•o•neu•rot´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to an aponeurosis.

Ap•o•neu•rot´o•my , n. [Aponeurosis + Gr. a cutting.] Dissection of aponeuroses.

Ap•o•pemp´tic (-pemp´tik), a. [Gr. ’apopemptiko•s, fr. ’apope•mpein to send off or away; ’apo• from + pe•mpein to send.] Sung or addressed to one departing; valedictory; as apopemptic songs or hymns.
[1913 Webster]

A•poph´a•sis (a•pof´a•sis), n. [Gr. ’apo•fasis denial, fr. ’apofa•nai to speak out, to deny.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker formally declines to take notice of a favorable point, but in such a manner as to produce the effect desired. [For example, see Mark Antony’s oration. Shak., Julius Caesar, iii. 2.]

Ap•o•phleg•mat´ic , a. [Gr. ; from + full of phlegm. See Phlegmatic.] (Med.) Designed to facilitate discharges of phlegm or mucus from mouth or nostrils. — n. An apophlegmatic medicine.

Ap•o•phleg´ma•tism, n. [Gr. , Galen.] 1. (Med.) The action of apophlegmatics. 2. An apophlegmatic. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ap•o•phleg•mat´i•zant , n. (Med.) An apophlegmatic. [Obs.]

Ap•oph•thegm , n. See Apothegm.

Ap•oph•theg•mat´ic , Ap•oph•theg•mat´ic•al , a. Same as Apothegmatic.

A•poph´y•ge , n. [Gr. ’apofygh• escape, in arch. the curve with which the shaft escapes into its base or capital, fr. ’apofey•gein to flee away; ’apo• from + fey•gein to flee: cf. F. apophyge.] (Arch.) The small hollow curvature given to the top or bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the fillet; — called also the scape. Parker.

A•poph´yl•lite , n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. leaf; so called from its foliated structure or easy cleavage.] (Min.) A mineral relating to the zeolites, usually occurring in square prisms or octahedrons with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. It is a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium.

A•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. -ses. [NL., fr. Gr. offshoot, process of a bone, fr. to grow from; from + , , to grow.] 1. (Anat.) A marked prominence or process on any part of a bone. 2. (Bot.) An enlargement at the top of a pedicel or stem, as seen in certain mosses. Gray. { Ap•o•plec´tic (#) Ap•o•plec´tic•al } a. [L. apoplecticus, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. apoplectique. See Apoplexy.] Relating to apoplexy; affected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apoplexy; as an apoplectic person, medicine, habit or temperament, symptom, fit, or stroke.

Ap•o•plec´tic, n. One liable to, or affected with, apoplexy.

Ap•o•plec´ti•form , Ap•o•plec´toid , a. [Apoplectic + -form, -oid.] Resembling apoplexy.

Ap´o•plex , n. Apoplexy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ap•o•plexed (-plekst), a. Affected with apoplexy. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap´o•plex•y (ap´o•pleks•y), n. [OE. poplexye, LL. poplexia, apoplexia, fr. Gr. ’apoplhxi•a, fr. ’apoplh•ssein to cripple by a stroke; ’apo• from + plh•ssein to strike: cf. F. apoplexie. See Plague.] (Med.) Sudden diminution or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain. The term is now usually limited to cerebral apoplexy, or loss of consciousness due to effusion of blood or other lesion within the substance of the brain; but it is sometimes extended to denote an effusion of blood into the substance of any organ; as apoplexy of the lung.

Ap•o•ret´ic•al , a. [Gr. . See Aporia.] Doubting; skeptical. [Obs.] Cudworth.

A•po´ri•a , n.; pl. Aporias . [L., doubt, Gr. , fr. without passage, at a loss; ’a priv. + passage.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue, where to begin to end, what to say, etc.

Ap•o•ro´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Aporia.] (Zoöl.) A group of corals in which the coral is not porous; — opposed to Perforata.

Ap•o•rose´ , a. (Zoöl.) Without pores.

A•port´ , adv. [Pref. a- + port.] (Naut.) On or towards the port or left side; — said of the helm.

Ap•o•si•o•pe´sis ( 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. , from to be quite silent.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the speaker breaks off suddenly, as if unwilling or unable to state what was in his mind; as ´I declare to you that his conduct — but I can not speak of that, here.´

Ap•o•sit´ic, a. [Gr. ; from + food.] (Med.) Destroying the appetite, or suspending hunger.

A•pos´ta•sy , n.; pl. Apostasies . [OE. apostasie, F. apostasie, L. apostasia, fr. Gr. a standing off from, a defection, fr. to stand off, revolt; from + to stand. See Off and Stand.] An abandonment of what one has voluntarily professed; a total desertion of departure from one’s faith, principles, or party; esp., the renunciation of a religious faith; as Julian’s apostasy from Christianity.

A•pos´tate , n. [L. apostata, Gr. , fr. . See Apostasy.] 1. One who has forsaken the faith, principles, or party, to which he before adhered; esp., one who has forsaken his religion for another; a pervert; a renegade. 2. (R. C. Ch.) One who, after having received sacred orders, renounces his clerical profession.

A•pos´tate, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, apostasy; faithless to moral allegiance; renegade. “So spake the apostate angel.
Milton.” “A wretched and apostate state.
Steele.”

A•pos´tate, v. i. [L. apostatare.] To apostatize. [Obs.] “We are not of them which apostate from Christ.
Bp. Hall.”

Ap•o•stat´ic , a. [L. apostaticus, Gr. .] Apostatical. [R.]

Ap•o•stat´ic•al , a. Apostate. “An heretical and apostatical church.
Bp. Hall.”

A•pos´ta•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apostatized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostatizing.] [LL. apostatizare.] To renounce totally a religious belief once professed; to forsake one’s church, the faith or principles once held, or the party to which one has previously adhered. “He apostatized from his old faith in facts, took to believing in emblances.
Carlyle.”

A•pos´te•mate , v. i. [See Aposteme.] To form an abscess; to swell and fill with pus. Wiseman.

A•pos•te•ma´tion , n. [LL. apostematio: cf. F. apostemation.] (Med.) The formation of an aposteme; the process of suppuration. [Written corruptly imposthumation.] Wiseman.

Ap•os•tem´a•tous , a. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme.

Ap´os•teme , n. [L. apostema, Gr. the separation of corrupt matter into an ulcer, fr. to stand off: cf. F. apostème. See Apostasy.] (Med.) An abscess; a swelling filled with purulent matter. [Written corruptly imposthume.]

A• pos•te•ri•o´ri . [L. a (ab) + posterior latter.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which derives propositions from the observation of facts, or by generalizations from facts arrives at principles and definitions, or infers causes from effects. This is the reverse of a priori reasoning. 2. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge which is based upon or derived from facts through induction or experiment; inductive or empirical. { A•pos´til , A•pos´tille } n. [F. apostille. See Postil.] A marginal note on a letter or other paper; an annotation. Motley.

A•pos´tle , n. [OE. apostle, apostel, postle, AS. apostol, L. apostolus, fr. Gr. messenger, one sent forth or away, fr. to send off or away; from + to send; akin to G. stellen to set, E. stall: cf. F. apôtre, Of. apostre, apostle, apostele, apostole.] 1. Literally: One sent forth; a messenger. Specifically: One of the twelve disciples of Christ, specially chosen as his companions and witnesses, and sent forth to preach the gospel. “He called unto him his disciples, and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles.
Luke vi. 13.” The title of apostle is also applied to others, who, though not of the number of the Twelve, yet were equal with them in office and dignity; as ´Paul, called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ.´ 1 Cor. i. 1. In Heb. iii. 1, the name is given to Christ himself, as having been sent from heaven to publish the gospel. In the primitive church, other ministers were called apostles (Rom. xvi. 7). 2. The missionary who first plants the Christian faith in any part of the world; also one who initiates any great moral reform, or first advocates any important belief; one who has extraordinary success as a missionary or reformer; as Dionysius of Corinth is called the apostle of France, John Eliot the apostle to the Indians, Theobald Mathew the apostle of temperance. 3. (Civ. & Admiralty Law) A brief letter dimissory sent by a court appealed from to the superior court, stating the case, etc.; a paper sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. Wharton. Burrill. Apostles’ creed, a creed of unknown origin, which was formerly ascribed to the apostles. It certainly dates back to the beginning of the sixth century, and some assert that it can be found in the writings of Ambrose in the fourth century. — Apostle spoon (Antiq.), a spoon of silver, with the handle terminating in the figure of an apostle. One or more were offered by sponsors at baptism as a present to the godchild. B. Jonson.

A•pos´tle•ship , n. The office or dignity of an apostle.

A•pos´to•late , n. [L. apostolatus, fr. apostolus. See Apostle.] 1. The dignity, office, or mission, of an apostle; apostleship. “Judas had miscarried and lost his apostolate.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. The dignity or office of the pope, as the holder of the apostolic see. { Ap•os•tol´ic , Ap•os•tol´ic•al } a. [L. apostolicus, Gr. : cf. F. apostolique.] 1. Pertaining to an apostle, or to the apostles, their times, or their peculiar spirit; as an apostolical mission; the apostolic age. 2. According to the doctrines of the apostles; delivered or taught by the apostles; as apostolic faith or practice. 3. Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy; papal. Apostolical brief. See under Brief. — Apostolic canons, a collection of rules and precepts relating to the duty of Christians, and particularly to the ceremonies and discipline of the church in the second and third centuries. — Apostolic church, the Christian church; — so called on account of its apostolic foundation, doctrine, and order. The churches of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem were called apostolic churches. — Apostolic constitutions, directions of a nature similar to the apostolic canons, and perhaps compiled by the same authors or author. — Apostolic fathers, early Christian writers, who were born in the first century, and thus touched on the age of the apostles. They were Polycarp, Clement, Ignatius, and Hermas; to these Barnabas has sometimes been added. — Apostolic king (or majesty, a title granted by the pope to the kings of Hungary on account of the extensive propagation of Christianity by St. Stephen, the founder of the royal line. It is now a title of the emperor of Austria in right of the throne of Hungary. — Apostolic see, a see founded and governed by an apostle; specifically, the Church of Rome; — so called because, in the Roman Catholic belief, the pope is the successor of St. Peter, the prince of the apostles, and the only apostle who has successors in the apostolic office. — Apostolical succession, the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial authority by a succession of bishops from the apostles to any subsequent period. Hook.

Ap•os•tol´ic, n. [L. apostolicus.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of one of certain ascetic sects which at various times professed to imitate the practice of the apostles.

Ap•os•tol´ic•al•ly, adv. In an apostolic manner.

Ap•os•tol´ic•al•ness, n. Apostolicity. Dr. H. More. { Ap•os•tol´i•cism , A•pos•to•lic´i•ty } n. The state or quality of being apostolical.

A•pos´tro•phe , n. [(1) L., fr. Gr. a turning away, fr. to turn away; from + to turn. (2) F., fr. L. apostrophus apostrophe, the turning away or omitting of a letter, Gr. .] 1. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which the orator or writer suddenly breaks off from the previous method of his discourse, and addresses, in the second person, some person or thing, absent or present; as Milton’s apostrophe to Light at the beginning of the third book of ´Paradise Lost.´ 2. (Gram.) The contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by the character [’] placed where the letter or letters would have been; as call’d for called. 3. The mark [’] used to denote that a word is contracted (as in ne’er for never, can’t for can not), and as a sign of the possessive, singular and plural; as a boy’s hat, boys’ hats. In the latter use it originally marked the omission of the letter e. The apostrophe is used to mark the plural of figures and letters; as two 10’s and three a’s. It is also employed to mark the close of a quotation.

Ap•os•troph´ic , a. Pertaining to an apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical.

A•pos´tro•phize , v. t., [imp. & p. p. Apostrophized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostrophizing.] 1. To address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters; also to mark with an apostrophe (’) or apostrophes.

A•pos´tro•phize, v. i. To use the rhetorical figure called apostrophe.

Ap´os•tume , n. See Aposteme. [Obs.]

Ap•o•tac´tite , n. [LL. pl. apotactitae, Gr. , fr. set apart; from + to arrange, ordain.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in supposed imitation of the first believers, renounced all their possessions.

A•pot´e•lesm , n. [See Apotelesmatic.] 1. The result or issue. [Obs.] 2. (Astrol.) The calculation and explanation of a nativity. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ap•o•tel•es•mat´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. effect of the stars on human destiny, fr. to complete; from + to end, end.] 1. Relating to the casting of horoscopes. [Archaic] Whewell. 2. Relating to an issue of fulfillment. “In this way a passage in the Old Testament may have, or rather comprise, an apotelesmatic sense, i. e., one of after or final accomplishment.
M. Stuart.”

A•poth´e•ca•ry , n.; pl. Apothecaries. [OE. apotecarie, fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. apo, fr. to put away; from + to put: cf. F. apothicaire, OF. apotecaire. See Thesis.] One who prepares and sells drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes. In England an apothecary is one of a privileged class of practitioners — a kind of sub-physician. The surgeon apothecary is the ordinary family medical attendant. One who sells drugs and makes up prescriptions is now commonly called in England a druggist or a pharmaceutical chemist. Apothecaries’ weight, the system of weights by which medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. The pound and ounce are the same as in Troy weight; they differ only in the manner of subdivision. The ounce is divided into 8 drams, 24 scruples, 480 grains. See Troy weight.

Apo••the´ci•um, n.; pl. Apothecia . [NL.] (Bot.) The ascigerous fructification of lichens, forming masses of various shapes. { Ap´o•thegm , Ap´oph•thegm } , n. [Gr. ’apo•fqegma thing uttered, apothegm, from ’apofqe•ggesqai to speak out; ’apo• from + fqe•ggesqai to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying; a terse remark, conveying some important truth; a sententious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the prevalent spelling in the United States.] { Ap•o•theg•mat´ic , Ap•o•theg•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’apofqegmatiko•s.] Pertaining to, or in the manner of, an apothegm; sententious; pithy.

Ap•o•theg´ma•tist , n. A collector or maker of apothegms. Pope.

Ap•o•theg´ma•tize , v. i. To utter apothegms, or short and sententious sayings.

Ap´o•them , n. [Gr. + that which is placed, to place.] 1. (Math.) The perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a regular polygon. 2. A deposit formed in a liquid extract of a vegetable substance by exposure to the air.

Ap•o•the´o•sis ( 277), n. pl. Apotheoses . [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to deify; from + to deify, a god.] 1. The act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and placing him among, ´the gods;´ deification. 2. Glorification; exaltation. ´The apotheosis of chivalry.´ Prescott. ´The noisy apotheosis of liberty and machinery.´ F. Harrison.

Ap•o•the´o•size , v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a deity; to declare to be a god; to deify; to glorify.

A•poth´e•sis , n. [Gr. a putting back or away, fr. . See Apothecary.] (Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books, vestments, etc. Weale. (b) A dressing room connected with a public bath.

A•pot´o•me , n. [Gr. a cutting off, fr. to cut off; from + to cut.] 1. (Math.) The difference between two quantities commensurable only in power, as between rad.2 and 1, or between the diagonal and side of a square. 2. (Mus) The remaining part of a whole tone after a smaller semitone has been deducted from it; a major semitone. [Obs.]

Ap´o•zem , n. [L. apozema, Gr. , fr. to extract by boiling; from + boil.] (Med.) A decoction or infusion. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Ap•o•zem´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a decoction. [Obs.] J. Whitaker.

Ap•pair´ , v. t. & i. [OF. empeirier, F. empire. See Impair.] To impair; to grow worse. [Obs.]

Ap•pa•la´chi•an , a. Of or pertaining to a chain of mountains in the United States, commonly called the Allegheny mountains. The name Appalachian was given to the mountains by the Spaniards under De Soto, who derived it from the neighboring Indians. Am. Cyc.

Ap•pall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appalled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appalling.] [OF. appalir to grow pale, make pale; a (L. ad) + pâlir to grow pale, to make pale, pâle pale. See Pale, a., and cf. Pall.] 1. To make pale; to blanch. [Obs.] “The answer that ye made to me, my dear, …
Hath so appalled my countenance.
Wyatt.” 2. To weaken; to enfeeble; to reduce; as an old appalled wight. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Wine, of its own nature, will not congeal and freeze, only it will lose the strength, and become appalled in extremity of cold.
Holland.” 3. To depress or discourage with fear; to impress with fear in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness; to overcome with sudden terror or horror; to dismay; as the sight appalled the stoutest heart. “The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this alarum.
Clarendon.” Syn. — To dismay; terrify; daunt; frighten; affright; scare; depress. See Dismay.

Ap•pall´, v. i. 1. To grow faint; to become weak; to become dismayed or discouraged. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To lose flavor or become stale. [Obs.]

Ap•pall´, n. Terror; dismay. [Poet.] Cowper.

Ap•pall´ing, a. Such as to appall; as an appalling accident. — Ap•pall´ing•ly, adv.

Ap•pall´ment , n. Depression occasioned by terror; dismay. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ap´pa•nage , n. [F. apanage, fr. OF. apaner to nourish, support, fr. LL. apanare to furnish with bread, to provision; L. ad + pains bread.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. 2. A dependency; a dependent territory. 3. That which belongs to one by custom or right; a natural adjunct or accompaniment. ´Wealth … the appanage of wit.´ Swift.

Ap•pan´a•gist (ap•pan´a•jist), n. [F. apanagiste.] A prince to whom an appanage has been granted.

Ap•par´ail•lyng , n. [See Apparel, n. & v.] Preparation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap´pa•ratus , n.; pl. Apparatus, also rarely Apparatuses . [L., from apparare, apparatum, to prepare; ad + prepare to make ready.] 1. Things provided as means to some end. 2. Hence: A full collection or set of implements, or utensils, for a given duty, experimental or operative; any complex instrument or appliance, mechanical or chemical, for a specific action or operation; machinery; mechanism. 3. (Physiol.) A collection of organs all of which unite in a common function; as the respiratory apparatus.

Ap•par´el , n. [OE. apparel, apareil, OF. apareil, appareil, preparation, provision, furniture, OF. apareiller to match, prepare, F. appareiller; OF. a (L. ad) + pareil like, similar, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See Pair.] 1. External clothing; vesture; garments; dress; garb; external habiliments or array. “Fresh in his new apparel, proud and young.
Denham.” “At public devotion his resigned carriage made religion appear in the natural apparel of simplicity.
Tatler.” 2. A small ornamental piece of embroidery worn on albs and some other ecclesiastical vestments. 3. (Naut.) The furniture of a ship, as masts, sails, rigging, anchors, guns, etc. Syn. — Dress; clothing; vesture; garments; raiment; garb; costume; attire; habiliments.

Ap•par´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appareled, or Apparelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appareling, or Apparelling.] [OF. apareiller.] 1. To make or get (something) ready; to prepare. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To furnish with apparatus; to equip; to fit out. “Ships … appareled to fight.
Hayward.” 3. To dress or clothe; to attire. “They which are gorgeously appareled, and live delicately, are in kings’ courts.
Luke vii. 25.” 4. To dress with external ornaments; to cover with something ornamental; to deck; to embellish; as trees appareled with flowers, or a garden with verdure. “Appareled in celestial light.
Wordsworth.”

Ap•par´ence , n. [OF. aparence.] Appearance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap•par´en•cy , n. 1. Appearance. [Obs.] 2. Apparentness; state of being apparent. Coleridge. 3. The position of being heir apparent.

Ap•par´ent , a. [F. apparent, L. apparens, -entis, p. pr. of apparere. See Appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to the eye; within sight or view. “The moon … apparent queen.
Milton.” 2. Clear or manifest to the understanding; plain; evident; obvious; known; palpable; indubitable. “It is apparent foul play.
Shak.” 3. Appearing to the eye or mind (distinguished from, but not necessarily opposed to, true or real); seeming; as the apparent motion or diameter of the sun. “To live on terms of civility, and even of apparent friendship.
Macaulay.” “What Berkeley calls visible magnitude was by astronomers called apparent magnitude.
Reid.” Apparent horizon, the circle which in a level plain bounds our view, and is formed by the apparent meeting of the earth and heavens, as distinguished from the rational horizon. — Apparent time. See Time. — Heir apparent (Law), one whose to an estate is indefeasible if he survives the ancestor; — in distinction from presumptive heir. See Presumptive. Syn. — Visible; distinct; plain; obvious; clear; certain; evident; manifest; indubitable; notorious.

Ap•par´ent, n. An heir apparent. [Obs.] “I’ll draw it [the sword] as apparent to the crown.
Shak.”

Ap•par´ent•ly, adv. 1. Visibly. [Obs.] Hobbes. 2. Plainly; clearly; manifestly; evidently. “If he should scorn me so apparently.
Shak.” 3. Seemingly; in appearance; as a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious in heart.

Ap•par´ent•ness, n. Plainness to the eye or the mind; visibleness; obviousness. [R.] Sherwood.

Ap•pa•ri´tion , n. [F. apparition, L. apparitio, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of becoming visible; appearance; visibility. Milton. “The sudden apparition of the Spaniards.
Prescott.” “The apparition of Lawyer Clippurse occasioned much speculation in that portion of the world.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. The thing appearing; a visible object; a form. “Which apparition, it seems, was you.
Tatler.” 3. An unexpected, wonderful, or preternatural appearance; a ghost; a specter; a phantom. ´The heavenly bands … a glorious apparition.´ Milton. “I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
Shak.” 4. (Astron.) The first appearance of a star or other luminary after having been invisible or obscured; — opposed to occultation. Circle of perpetual apparition. See under Circle.

Ap•pa•ri´tion•al , a. Pertaining to an apparition or to apparitions; spectral. ´An apparitional soul.´ Tylor.

Ap•par´i•tor , n. [L., fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. Formerly, an officer who attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. “Before any of his apparitors could execute the sentence, he was himself summoned away by a sterner apparitor to the other world.
De Quincey.” 2. (Law) A messenger or officer who serves the process of an ecclesiastical court. Bouvier.

Ap•pau•me´ , n. [F. appaume; (l. ad) + paume the palm, fr. L. palma.] (Her.) A hand open and extended so as to show the palm.

Ap•pay´ , v. t. [OF. appayer, apaier, LL. appacare, appagare, fr. L. ad + pacare to pacify, pax, pacis, peace. See Pay, Appease.] To pay; to satisfy or appease. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ap•peach´ , v. t. [OE. apechen, for empechen, OF. empeechier, F. empêcher, to hinder. See Impeach.] To impeach; to accuse; to asperse; to inform against; to reproach. [Obs.] “And oft of error did himself appeach.
Spenser.”

Ap•peach´er, n. An accuser. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Ap•peach´ment , n. Accusation. [Obs.]

Ap•peal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appealing.] [OE. appelen, apelen, to appeal, accuse, OF. appeler, fr. L. appellare to approach, address, invoke, summon, call, name; akin to appellere to drive to; ad + pellere to drive. See Pulse, and cf. Peal.] 1. (Law) (a) To make application for the removal of (a cause) from an inferior to a superior judge or court for a rehearing or review on account of alleged injustice or illegality in the trial below. We say, the cause was appealed from an inferior court. (b) To charge with a crime; to accuse; to institute a private criminal prosecution against for some heinous crime; as to appeal a person of felony. 2. To summon; to challenge. [Archaic] “Man to man will I appeal the Norman to the lists.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. To invoke. [Obs.] Milton.

Ap•peal´, v. t. 1. (Law) To apply for the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for the purpose of reëxamination of for decision. Tomlins. “I appeal unto Caesar.
Acts xxv. 11.” 2. To call upon another to decide a question controverted, to corroborate a statement, to vindicate one’s rights, etc.; as I appeal to all mankind for the truth of what is alleged. Hence: To call on one for aid; to make earnest request. “I appeal to the Scriptures in the original.
Horsley.” “They appealed to the sword.
Macaulay.”

Ap•peal´, n. [OE. appel, apel, OF. apel, F. appel, fr. appeler. See Appeal, v. t.] 1. (Law) (a) An application for the removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or court for reëxamination or review. (b) The mode of proceeding by which such removal is effected. (c) The right of appeal. (d) An accusation; a process which formerly might be instituted by one private person against another for some heinous crime demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered, rather than for the offense against the public. (e) An accusation of a felon at common law by one of his accomplices, which accomplice was then called an approver. See Approvement. Tomlins. Bouvier. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. Dryden. 3. A call upon a person or an authority for proof or decision, in one’s favor; reference to another as witness; a call for help or a favor; entreaty. “A kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of wonders.
Bacon.” 4. Resort to physical means; recourse. “Every milder method is to be tried, before a nation makes an appeal to arms.
Kent.”

Ap•peal´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being appealed against; that may be removed to a higher tribunal for decision; as the cause is appealable. 2. That may be accused or called to answer by appeal; as a criminal is appealable for manslaughter. [Obs.]

Ap•peal´ant , n. An appellant. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap•peal´er , n. One who makes an appeal.

Ap•peal´ing, a. That appeals; imploring. — Ap•peal´ing•ly, adv. — Ap•peal´ing•ness, n.

Ap•pear´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appearing.] [OE. apperen, aperen, OF. aparoir, F. apparoir, fr. L. apparre to appear + parreto come forth, to be visible; prob. from the same root as parre to produce. Cf. Apparent, Parent, Peer, v. i.] 1. To come or be in sight; to be in view; to become visible. “And God … said, Let … the dry land appear.
Gen. i. 9.” 2. To come before the public; as a great writer appeared at that time. 3. To stand in presence of some authority, tribunal, or superior person, to answer a charge, plead a cause, or the like; to present one’s self as a party or advocate before a court, or as a person to be tried. “We must all appear before the judgment seat.
Cor. v. 10.” “One ruffian escaped because no prosecutor dared to appear.
Macaulay.” 4. To become visible to the apprehension of the mind; to be known as a subject of observation or comprehension, or as a thing proved; to be obvious or manifest. “It doth not yet appear what we shall be.
1 John iii. 2.” “Of their vain contest appeared no end.
Milton.” 5. To seem; to have a certain semblance; to look. “They disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast.
Matt. vi. 16.” Syn. — To seem; look. See Seem.

Ap•pear´, n. Appearance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Ap•pear´ance , n. [F. apparence, L. apparentia, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye; as his sudden appearance surprised me. 2. A thing seed; a phenomenon; a phase; an apparition; as an appearance in the sky. 3. Personal presence; exhibition of the person; look; aspect; mien. “And now am come to see …
It thy appearance answer loud report.
Milton.” 4. Semblance, or apparent likeness; external show. pl. Outward signs, or circumstances, fitted to make a particular impression or to determine the judgment as to the character of a person or a thing, an act or a state; as appearances are against him. “ There was upon the tabernacle, as it were, the appearance of fire.
Num. ix. 15.” “For man looketh on the outward appearance.
1 Sam. xvi. 7.” “Judge not according to the appearance.
John. vii. 24.” 5. The act of appearing in a particular place, or in society, a company, or any proceedings; a coming before the public in a particular character; as a person makes his appearance as an historian, an artist, or an orator. “Will he now retire,
After appearance, and again prolong
Our expectation?
Milton.” 6. Probability; likelihood. [Obs.] “There is that which hath no appearance.
Bacon.” 7. (Law) The coming into court of either of the parties; the being present in court; the coming into court of a party summoned in an action, either by himself or by his attorney, expressed by a formal entry by the proper officer to that effect; the act or proceeding by which a party proceeded against places himself before the court, and submits to its jurisdiction. Burrill. Bouvier. Daniell. To put in an appearance, to be present; to appear in person. — To save appearances, to preserve a fair outward show. Syn. — Coming; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; air; look; manner; mien; figure; aspect.

Ap•pear´er , n. One who appears. Sir T. Browne.

Ap•pear´ing•ly, adv. Apparently. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ap•peas´a•ble , a. Capable of being appeased or pacified; placable. — Ap•peas´a•ble•ness, n.

Ap•pease´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appeasing.] [OE. apesen, apaisen, OF. apaisier, apaissier, F. apaiser, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. pais peace, F. paix, fr. L. pax, pacis. See Peace.] To make quiet; to calm; to reduce to a state of peace; to still; to pacify; to dispel (anger or hatred); as to appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the passions; to appease hunger or thirst. Syn. — To pacify; quiet; conciliate; propitiate; assuage; compose; calm; allay; hush; soothe; tranquilize.

Ap•pease´ment , n. The act of appeasing, or the state of being appeased; pacification. Hayward.

Ap•peas´er , n. One who appeases; a pacifier.

Ap•pea´sive , a. Tending to appease.

Ap•pel´la•ble , a. Appealable.

Ap•pel´lan•cy , n. Capability of appeal.

Ap•pel´lant , a. [L. appellans, p. pr. of appellare; cf. F. appelant. See Appeal.] Relating to an appeal; appellate. ´An appellant jurisdiction.´ Hallam. Party appellant (Law), the party who appeals; appellant; — opposed to respondent, or appellee. Tomlins.

Ap•pel´lant, n. 1. (Law) (a) One who accuses another of felony or treason. [Obs.] (b) One who appeals, or asks for a rehearing or review of a cause by a higher tribunal. 2. A challenger. [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who appealed to a general council against the bull Unigenitus. 4. One who appeals or entreats.

Ap•pel´late , a. [L. appelatus, p. p. of appellare.] Pertaining to, or taking cognizance of, appeals. ´Appellate jurisdiction.´ Blackstone. ´Appellate judges.´ Burke. Appelate court, a court having cognizance of appeals.

Ap•pel´late, n. A person or prosecuted for a crime. [Obs.] See Appellee.

Ap•pel•la´tion , n. [L. appellatio, fr. appellare: cf. F. appellation. See Appeal.] 1. The act of appealing; appeal. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The act of calling by a name. 3. The word by which a particular person or thing is called and known; name; title; designation. “They must institute some persons under the appellation of magistrates.
Hume.” Syn. — See Name.

Ap•pel´la•tive , a. [L. appellativus, fr. appellare: cf. F. appelatif. See Appeal.] 1. Pertaining to a common name; serving as a distinctive denomination; denominative; naming. Cudworth. 2. (Gram.) Common, as opposed to proper; denominative of a class.

Ap•pel´la•tive, n. [L. appelativum, sc. nomen.] 1. A common name, in distinction from a proper name. A common name, or appellative, stands for a whole class, genus, or species of beings, or for universal ideas. Thus, tree is the name of all plants of a particular class; plant and vegetable are names of things that grow out of the earth. A proper name, on the other hand, stands for a single thing; as Rome, Washington, Lake Erie. 2. An appellation or title; a descriptive name. “God chosen it for one of his appellatives to be the Defender of them.
Jer. Taylor.”

Ap•pel´la•tive•ly, adv. After the manner of nouns appellative; in a manner to express whole classes or species; as Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man.

Ap•pel´la•tive•ness, n. The quality of being appellative. Fuller.

Ap•pel´la•tory , a. [L. appellatorius, fr. appellare.] Containing an appeal. “An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party appellant.
Ayliffe.”

Ap•pel•lee´, n. [F. appele, p. p. of appeler, fr. L. appellare.] (Law) (a) The defendant in an appeal; — opposed to appellant. (b) The person who is appealed against, or accused of crime; — opposed to appellor. Blackstone.

Ap•pel•lor´ (ap•pel•lôr´), n. [OF. apeleur, fr. L. appellator, fr. appellare.] (Law) (a) The person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Blackstone. (b) One who confesses a felony committed and accuses his accomplices. Blount. Burrill. This word is rarely or never used for the plaintiff in appeal from a lower court, who is called the appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor.

Ap´pen•age, n. See Appanage.

Ap•pend´ (ap•pend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appended; p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] [L. appendere or F. appendre: cf. OE. appenden, apenden, to belong, OF. apendre, F. appendre, fr. L. appendere, v. i., to hang to, appendere, v. t., to hang to; ad + pendere, v. i., to hang, pendere, v. t., to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended; as a seal appended to a record; the inscription was appended to the column. 2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to annex; as notes appended to this chapter. “A further purpose appended to the primary one.
I. Taylor.”

Ap•pend´age, n. 1. Something appended to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house. “Modesty is the appendage of sobriety.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. (Biol.) A subordinate or subsidiary part or organ; an external organ or limb, esp. of the articulates. “Antennae and other appendages used for feeling.
Carpenter.” Syn. — Addition; adjunct; concomitant.

Ap•pend´aged, a. Furnished with, or supplemented by, an appendage.

Ap•pend´ance, n. [F.] Something appendant.

Ap•pend´ant, a. [F. appendant, p. pr. of appendre. See Append, v. t.] 1. Hanging; annexed; adjunct; concomitant; as a seal appendant to a paper. “As they have transmitted the benefit to us, it is but reasonable we should suffer the appendant calamity.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. (Law) Appended by prescription, that is, a personal usage for a considerable time; — said of a thing of inheritance belonging to another inheritance which is superior or more worthy; as an advowson, common, etc. , which may be appendant to a manor, common of fishing to a freehold, a seat in church to a house. Wharton. Coke.

Ap•pend´ant, n. 1. Anything attached to another as incidental or subordinate to it. 2. (Law) A inheritance annexed by prescription to a superior inheritance. { Ap•pend´ence , Ap•pend´en•cy } n. State of being appendant; appendance. [Obs.]

Ap•pend´i•cal , a. Of or like an appendix.

Ap•pend´i•cate , v. t. To append. [Obs.]

Ap•pend•i•ca´tion , n. An appendage. [Obs.]

Ap•pend•i•ci´tis , n. (Med.) Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.

Ap•pend´i•cle , n. [L. appendicula, dim. of. appendix.] A small appendage.

Ap•pen•dic´u•lar , a. Relating to an appendicle; appendiculate. [R.]

Ap•pen•dic•u•la´ri•a , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larvae of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ap•pen•dic•u•la´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of annelids; the Polychaeta.

Ap•pen•dic´u•late , a. [See Appendicle.] Having small appendages; forming an appendage. Appendiculate leaf, a small appended leaf. Withering.

Ap•pen´dix , n.; pl. E. Appendixes , L. Appendices . [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appendere. See Append.] 1. Something appended or added; an appendage, adjunct, or concomitant. “Normandy became an appendix to England.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Any literary matter added to a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness, and thus distinguished from supplement, which is intended to supply deficiencies and correct inaccuracies. Syn. — See Supplement.

Ap•pen´sion , n. The act of appending. [Obs.]

Ap•per•ceive´ , v. t. [F. apercevoir, fr. L. ad + percipere, perceptum, to perceive. See Perceive.] To perceive; to comprehend. Chaucer.

Ap•per•cep´tion , n. [Pref. ad- + perception: cf. F. apperception.] (Metaph.) The mind’s perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states; perception that reflects upon itself; sometimes, intensified or energetic perception. Leibnitz. Reid. “This feeling has been called by philosophers the apperception or consciousness of our own existence.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Ap•per´il , n. Peril. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap•per•tain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appertained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] [OE. apperteinen, apertenen, OF. apartenir, F. appartenir, fr. L. appertinere; ad + pertinere to reach to, belong. See Pertain.] To belong or pertain, whether by right, nature, appointment, or custom; to relate. “Things appertaining to this life.
Hooker.” “Give it unto him to whom it appertaineth.
Lev. vi. 5.”

Ap•per•tain´ment, n. That which appertains to a person; an appurtenance. [Obs. or R.] Shak. { Ap•per´ti•nance , Ap•per´ti•nence } n. See Appurtenance.

Ap•per´ti•nent , a. Belonging; appertaining. [Now usually written appurtenant.] Coleridge.

Ap•per´ti•nent, n. That which belongs to something else; an appurtenant. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap•pete´ , v. t. [L. appetere: cf. F. appeter. See Appetite.] To seek for; to desire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap´pe•tence , n. [Cf. F. appetence. See Appetency.] A longing; a desire; especially an ardent desire; appetite; appetency.

Ap´pe•ten•cy , n.; pl. Appetencies . [L. appetentia, fr. appetere to strive after, long for. See Appetite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire; esp. natural desire; a craving; an eager appetite. “They had a strong appetency for reading.
Merivale.” 2. Specifically: An instinctive inclination or propensity in animals to perform certain actions, as in the young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into water and to swim; the tendency of an organized body to seek what satisfies the wants of its organism. “These lacteals have mouths, and by animal selection or appetency the absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their palate.
E. Darwin.” 3. Natural tendency; affinity; attraction; — used of inanimate objects.

Ap´pe•tent , a. [L. appetens, p. pr. of appetere.] Desiring; eagerly desirous. [R.] “Appetent after glory and renown.
Sir G. Buck.”

Ap•pe•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. appetibilite.] The quality of being desirable. Bramhall.

Ap´pe•ti•ble , a. [L. appetibilis, fr. appetere: cf. F. appetible.] Desirable; capable or worthy of being the object of desire. Bramhall.

Ap´pe•tite , n. [OE. appetit, F. appetit, fr. L. appetitus, fr. appetere to strive after, long for; ad + petere to seek. See Petition, and cf. Appetence.] 1. The desire for some personal gratification, either of the body or of the mind. “The object of appetite it whatsoever sensible good may be wished for; the object of will is that good which reason does lead us to seek.
Hooker.” 2. Desire for, or relish of, food or drink; hunger. “Men must have appetite before they will eat.
Buckle.” 3. Any strong desire; an eagerness or longing. “It God had given to eagles an appetite to swim.
Jer. Taylor.” “To gratify the vulgar appetite for the marvelous.
Macaulay.” 4. Tendency; appetency. [Obs.] “In all bodies there as an appetite of union.
Bacon.” 5. The thing desired. [Obs.] “Power being the natural appetite of princes.
Swift.” In old authors, appetite is followed by to or of, but regularly it should be followed by for before the object; as an appetite for pleasure. Syn. — Craving; longing; desire; appetency; passion.

Ap•pe•ti´tion , n. [L. appetitio: cf. F. appetition.] Desire; a longing for, or seeking after, something. Holland.

Ap´pe•ti´tive , a. [Cf. F. appetitif.] Having the quality of desiring gratification; as appetitive power or faculty. Sir M. Hale.

Ap´pe•tize , v. t. To make hungry; to whet the appetite of. Sir W. Scott.

Ap´pe•ti•zer , n. Something which creates or whets an appetite.

Ap´pe•ti•zing , a. [Cf. F. appetissant.] Exciting appetite; as appetizing food. “The appearance of the wild ducks is very appetizing.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ap´pe•ti•zing, adv. So as to excite appetite.

Ap´pi•an , a. [L. Appius, Appianus.] Of or pertaining to Appius. Appian Way, the great paved highway from ancient Rome trough Capua to Brundisium, now Brindisi, constructed partly by Appius Claudius, about 312 b. c.

Ap•plaud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Applauding.] [L. applaudere; ad + plaudere to clash, to clap the hands: cf. F. applaudir. Cf. Explode.] 1. To show approval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign. “I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That should applaud again.
Shak.” 2. To praise by words; to express approbation of; to commend; to approve. “By the gods, I do applaud his courage.
Shak.” Syn. — To praise; extol; commend; cry up; magnify; approve. See Praise.

Ap•plaud´, v. i. To express approbation loudly or significantly.

Ap•plaud´er , n. One who applauds.

Ap•plaus´a•ble , a. Worthy of applause; praiseworthy. [Obs.]

Ap•plause´ , n. [L. applaudere, applausum. See Applaud.] The act of applauding; approbation and praise publicly expressed by clapping the hands, stamping or tapping with the feet, acclamation, huzzas or other means; marked commendation. “The brave man seeks not popular applause.
Dryden.” Syn. — Acclaim; acclamation; plaudit; commendation; approval.

Ap•plau´sive , a. [LL. applausivus.] Expressing applause; approbative. — Ap•plau´sive•ly, adv.

Ap´ple (ap´p’l), n. [OE. appel, eppel, AS. aeppel, aepl; akin to Fries. & D. appel, OHG, aphul, aphol, G. apfel, Icel. epli, Sw. äple, Dan. aeble, Gael. ubhall, W. afal, Arm. aval, Lith. ob&uring;lys, Russ. iabloko; of unknown origin.] 1. The fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus malus) cultivated in numberless varieties in the temperate zones. The European crab apple is supposed to be the original kind, from which all others have sprung. 2. (bot.) Any tree genus Pyrus which has the stalk sunken into the base of the fruit; an apple tree. 3. Any fruit or other vegetable production resembling, or supposed to resemble, the apple; as apple of love, or love apple (a tomato), balsam apple, egg apple, oak apple. 4. Anything round like an apple; as an apple of gold. Apple is used either adjectively or in combination; as apple paper or apple-paper, apple-shaped, apple blossom, apple dumpling, apple pudding. Apple blight, an aphid which injures apple trees. See Blight, n. — Apple borer (Zoöl.), a coleopterous insect (Saperda candida or bivittata), the larva of which bores into the trunk of the apple tree and pear tree. — Apple brandy, brandy made from apples. — Apple butter, a sauce made of apples stewed down in cider. Bartlett. — Apple corer, an instrument for removing the cores from apples. — Apple fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect, the larva of which burrows in apples. Apple flies belong to the genera Drosophila and Trypeta. — Apple midge (Zoöl.) a small dipterous insect (Sciara mali), the larva of which bores in apples. — Apple of the eye, the pupil. — Apple of discord, a subject of contention and envy, so called from the mythological golden apple, inscribed ´For the fairest,´ which was thrown into an assembly of the gods by Eris, the goddess of discord. It was contended for by Juno, Minerva, and Venus, and was adjudged to the latter. — Apple of love, or Love apple, the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). — Apple of Peru, a large coarse herb (Nicandra physaloides) bearing pale blue flowers, and a bladderlike fruit inclosing a dry berry. — Apples of Sodom, a fruit described by ancient writers as externally of fair appearance but dissolving into smoke and ashes when plucked; Dead Sea apples. The name is often given to the fruit of Solanum Sodomaeum, a prickly shrub with fruit not unlike a small yellow tomato. — Apple sauce, stewed apples. [U. S.] — Apple snail or Apple shell (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, operculated, spiral shell of the genus Ampullaria. — Apple tart, a tart containing apples. — Apple tree, a tree which naturally bears apples. See Apple, 2. — Apple wine, cider. — Apple worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) which burrows in the interior of apples. See Codling moth. — Dead Sea Apple. (a) pl. Apples of Sodom. Also Fig. ´To seek the Dead Sea apples of politics.´ S. B. Griffin. (b) A kind of gallnut coming from Arabia. See Gallnut.

Ap´ple (ap´p’l), v. i. To grow like an apple; to bear apples. Holland.

Ap´ple-faced , a. Having a round, broad face, like an apple. ´Apple-faced children.´ Dickens.

Ap´ple-jack , n. Apple brandy. [U.S.]

Ap´ple-john, n.. A kind of apple which by keeping becomes much withered; — called also Johnapple. Shak.

Ap´ple pie . A pie made of apples (usually sliced or stewed) with spice and sugar. Apple-pie bed, a bed in which, as a joke, the sheets are so doubled (like the cover of an apple turnover) as to prevent any one from getting at his length between them. Halliwell Conybeare. — Apple-pie order, perfect order or arrangement. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Ap´ple-squire , n. A pimp; a kept gallant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Ap•pli´a•ble , a. [See Apply.] Applicable; also compliant. [Obs.] Howell.

Ap•pli´ance , n. 1. The act of applying; application; [Obs.] subservience. Shak. 2. The thing applied or used as a means to an end; an apparatus or device; as to use various appliances; a mechanical appliance; a machine with its appliances.

Ap•pli•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being applicable or fit to be applied.

Ap´pli•ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. aplicable, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied; fit or suitable to be applied; having relevance; as this observation is applicable to the case under consideration. — Ap´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. — Ap´pli•ca•bly, adv.

Ap´pli•can•cy , n. The quality or state of being applicable. [R.]

Ap´pli•cant , n. [L. applicans, p. pr. of applicare. See Apply.] One who apples for something; one who makes request; a petitioner. “The applicant for a cup of water.
Plumtre.” “The court require the applicant to appear in person.
Z. Swift.”

Ap´pli•cate , a. [L. applicatus, p. p. of applicare. See Apply.] Applied or put to some use. “Those applicate sciences which extend the power of man over the elements.
I. Taylor.” Applicate number (Math.), one which applied to some concrete case. — Applicate ordinate, right line applied at right angles to the axis of any conic section, and bounded by the curve.

Ap´pli•cate , v. i. To apply. [Obs.] “The act of faith is applicated to the object.
Bp. Pearson.”

Ap•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. applicatio, fr. applicare: cf. F. application. See Apply.] 1. The act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense; as the application of emollients to a diseased limb. 2. The thing applied. “He invented a new application by which blood might be stanched.
Johnson.” 3. The act of applying as a means; the employment of means to accomplish an end; specific use. “If a right course … be taken with children, there will not be much need of the application of the common rewards and punishments.
Locke.” 4. The act of directing or referring something to a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or disagreement, fitness, or correspondence; as I make the remark, and leave you to make the application; the application of a theory. 5. Hence, in specific uses: (a) That part of a sermon or discourse in which the principles before laid down and illustrated are applied to practical uses; the ´moral´ of a fable. (b) The use of the principles of one science for the purpose of enlarging or perfecting another; as the application of algebra to geometry. 6. The capacity of being practically applied or used; relevancy; as a rule of general application. 7. The act of fixing the mind or closely applying one’s self; assiduous effort; close attention; as to injure the health by application to study. “Had his application been equal to his talents, his progress might have been greater.
J. Jay.” 8. The act of making request of soliciting; as an application for an office; he made application to a court of chancery. 9. A request; a document containing a request; as his application was placed on file.

Ap´pli•ca•tive (ap´pli•ka•tiv), a. [Cf. F. applicatif, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied or used; applying; applicatory; practical. Bramhall. — Ap´pli•ca•tive•ly, adv.

Ap´pli•ca•to•ri•ly , adv. By way of application.

Ap´pli•ca•to•ry, a. Having the property of applying; applicative; practical. — n. That which applies.

Ap•pli´ed•ly , adv. By application. [R.]

Ap•pli´er , n. He who, or that which, applies.

Ap•pli´ment , n. Application. [Obs.] Marston

Ap•pli•que´ ( 277), a. [F., fr. appliquer to put on.] Ornamented with a pattern (which has been cut out of another color or stuff) applied or transferred to a foundation; as applique lace; applique work.

Ap•plot´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Applotting.] [Pref. ad- + plot.] To divide into plots or parts; to apportion. Milton.

Ap•plot´ment , n. Apportionment.

Ap•ply´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Applying.] [OF. aplier, F. appliquer, fr. L. applicare to join, fix, or attach to; ad + plicare to fold, to twist together. See Applicant, Ply.] 1. To lay or place; to put or adjust (one thing to another); — with to; as to apply the hand to the breast; to apply medicaments to a diseased part of the body. “He said, and the sword his throat applied.
Dryden.” 2. To put to use; to use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a particular case; to appropriate; to devote; as to apply money to the payment of a debt. 3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable, fitting, or relative; as to apply the testimony to the case; to apply an epithet to a person. “Yet God at last
To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied.
Milton.” 4. To fix closely; to engage and employ diligently, or with attention; to attach; to incline. “Apply thine heart unto instruction.
Prov. xxiii. 12.” 5. To direct or address. [R.] “Sacred vows … applied to grisly Pluto.
Pope.” 6. To betake; to address; to refer; — used reflexively. “I applied myself to him for help.
Johnson.” 7. To busy; to keep at work; to ply. [Obs.] “She was skillful in applying his ´humors.´
Sir P. Sidney.” 8. To visit. [Obs.] “And he applied each place so fast.
Chapman.” Applied chemistry. See under Chemistry. — Applied mathematics. See under Mathematics.

Ap•ply´, v. i. 1. To suit; to agree; to have some connection, agreement, or analogy; as this argument applies well to the case. 2. To make request; to have recourse with a view to gain something; to make application. (to); to solicit; as to apply to a friend for information. 3. To ply; to move. [R.] “I heard the sound of an oar applying swiftly through the water.
T. Moore.” 4. To apply or address one’s self; to give application; to attend closely (to).

Ap•pog•gia•tu´ra , n. [It., fr. appogiarre to lean, to rest; ap- (L. ad) + poggiare to mount, ascend, poggio hill, fr. L. podium an elevated place.] (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an essential tone, and borrowing the time it occupies from that; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above or below the principal note unless it be of the same harmony; — generally indicated by a note of smaller size, as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part of the harmony.

Ap•point´ (ap•point´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Appointing.] [OE. appointen, apointen, OF. apointier to prepare, arrange, lean, place, F. appointer to give a salary, refer a cause, fr. LL. appunctare to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a controversy, or the points in an agreement; L. ad + punctum a point. See Point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness; to establish; to mark out. “When he appointed the foundations of the earth.
Prov. viii. 29.” 2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, or mutual agreement; to constitute; to ordain; to prescribe; to fix the time and place of. “Thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint.
2 Sam. xv. 15.” “He hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness.
Acts xvii. 31.” “Say that the emperor request a parley … and appoint the meeting.
Shak.” 3. To assign, designate, or set apart by authority. “Aaron and his shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service.
Num. iv. 19.” “These were cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them.
Josh. xx. 9.” 4. To furnish in all points; to provide with everything necessary by way of equipment; to equip; to fit out. “The English, being well appointed, did so entertain them that their ships departed terribly torn.
Hayward.” 5. To point at by way, or for the purpose, of censure or commendation; to arraign. [Obs.] “Appoint not heavenly disposition.
Milton.” 6. (Law) To direct, designate, or limit; to make or direct a new disposition of, by virtue of a power contained in a conveyance; — said of an estate already conveyed. Burrill. Kent. To appoint one’s self, to resolve. [Obs.] Crowley.

Ap•point´ (ap•point´), v. i. To ordain; to determine; to arrange. “For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithophel.
2 Sam. xvii. 14.”

Ap•point´a•ble , a. Capable of being appointed or constituted.

Ap•point•ee´ , n. [F. appointe, p. p. of appointer. See Appoint, v. t.] 1. A person appointed. “The commission authorizes them to make appointments, and pay the appointees.
Circular of Mass. Representatives (1768).” 2. (law) A person in whose favor a power of appointment is executed. Kent. Wharton.

Ap•point´er , n. One who appoints, or executes a power of appointment. Kent.

Ap•point´ive , a. Subject to appointment; as an appointive office. [R.]

Ap•point´ment , n. [Cf. F. appointement.] 1. The act of appointing; designation of a person to hold an office or discharge a trust; as he erred by the appointment of unsuitable men. 2. The state of being appointed to som service or office; an office to which one is appointed; station; position; an, the appointment of treasurer. 3. Stipulation; agreement; the act of fixing by mutual agreement. Hence:: Arrangement for a meeting; engagement; as they made an appointment to meet at six. 4. Decree; direction; established order or constitution; as to submit to the divine appointments. “According to the appointment of the priests.
Ezra vi. 9.” 5. (Law) The exercise of the power of designating (under a ´power of appointment´) a person to enjoy an estate or other specific property; also the instrument by which the designation is made. 6. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship or an army; whatever is appointed for use and management; outfit; (pl.) the accouterments of military officers or soldiers, as belts, sashes, swords. “The cavaliers emulated their chief in the richness of their appointments.
Prescott.” “I’ll prove it in my shackles, with these hands
Void of appointment, that thou liest.
Beau. & Fl.” 7. An allowance to a person, esp. to a public officer; a perquisite; — properly only in the plural. [Obs.] “An expense proportioned to his appointments and fortune is necessary.
Chesterfield.” 8. A honorary part or exercise, as an oration, etc., at a public exhibition of a college; as to have an appointment. [U.S.] Syn. — Designation; command; order; direction; establishment; equipment.

Ap•point•or´ , n. (Law) The person who selects the appointee. See Appointee, 2.

Ap•por´ter , n. [Cf. F. apporter to bring in, fr. L. apportare; ad + portare to bear.] A bringer in; an importer. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Ap•por´tion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apportioned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apportioning.] [OF. apportionner, LL. apportionare, fr. L. ad + portio. See Portion.] To divide and assign in just proportion; to divide and distribute proportionally; to portion out; to allot; as to apportion undivided rights; to apportion time among various employments.

Ap•por´tion•ate•ness , n. The quality of being apportioned or in proportion. [Obs. & R.]

Ap•por´tion•er , n. One who apportions.

Ap•por´tion•ment , n. [Cf. F. apportionnement, LL. apportionamentum.] The act of apportioning; a dividing into just proportions or shares; a division or shares; a division and assignment, to each proprietor, of his just portion of an undivided right or property. A. Hamilton.

Ap•pose´ , v. t. [F. apposer to set to; (L. ad) + poser to put, place. See Pose.] 1. To place opposite or before; to put or apply (one thing to another). “The nymph herself did then appose,
For food and beverage, to him all best meat.
Chapman.” 2. To place in juxtaposition or proximity.

Ap•pose´, v. t. [For oppose. See Oppose.] To put questions to; to examine; to try. [Obs.] See Pose. “To appose him without any accuser, and that secretly.
Tyndale.”

Ap•posed´ , a. Placed in apposition; mutually fitting, as the mandibles of a bird’s beak.

Ap•pos´er , n. An examiner; one whose business is to put questions. Formerly, in the English Court of Exchequer, an officer who audited the sheriffs’ accounts.

Ap´po•site , a. [L. appositus, p. p. of apponere to set or put to; ad + ponere to put, place.] Very applicable; well adapted; suitable or fit; relevant; pat; — followed by to; as this argument is very apposite to the case. — Ap´po•site•ly, adv. — Ap´po•site•ness, n.

Ap•po•si´tion , n. [L. appositio, fr. apponere: cf. F. apposition. See Apposite.] 1. The act of adding; application; accretion. “It grows … by the apposition of new matter.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The putting of things in juxtaposition, or side by side; also the condition of being so placed. 3. (Gram.) The state of two nouns or pronouns, put in the same case, without a connecting word between them; as I admire Cicero, the orator. Here, the second noun explains or characterizes the first. Growth by apposition (Physiol.), a mode of growth characteristic of non vascular tissues, in which nutritive matter from the blood is transformed on the surface of an organ into solid unorganized substance.

Ap•po•si´tion•al , a. Pertaining to apposition; put in apposition syntactically. Ellicott.

Ap•pos´i•tive , a. Of or relating to apposition; in apposition. — n. A noun in apposition. — Ap•pos´i•tive•ly, adv. “Appositive to the words going immediately before.
Knatchbull.”

Ap•prais´a•ble , a. Capable of being appraised.

Ap•prais´al , n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizal.] A valuation by an authorized person; an appraisement.

Ap•praise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appraised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appraising.] [Pref. ad- + praise. See Praise, Price, Apprize, Appreciate.] 1. To set a value; to estimate the worth of, particularly by persons appointed for the purpose; as to appraise goods and chattels. 2. To estimate; to conjecture. “Enoch … appraised his weight.
Tennyson.” 3. To praise; to commend. [Obs.] R. Browning. “Appraised the Lycian custom.
Tennyson.” In the United States, this word is often pronounced, and sometimes written, apprize.

Ap•praise´ment , n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizement.] The act of setting the value; valuation by an appraiser; estimation of worth.

Ap•prais´er , n. [See Appraise, Apprizer.] One who appraises; esp., a person appointed and sworn to estimate and fix the value of goods or estates.

Ap•pre•ca´tion, n. [L. apprecari to pray to; ad + precari to pray, prex, precis, prayer.] Earnest prayer; devout wish. [Obs.] “A solemn apprecation of good success.
Bp. Hall.”

Ap´pre•ca•to•ry , a. Praying or wishing good. [Obs.]´Apprecatory benedictions.´ Bp. Hall.

Ap•pre´ci•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. appreciable.] Capable of being appreciated or estimated; large enough to be estimated; perceptible; as an appreciable quantity. — Ap•pre´ci•a•bly, adv.

Ap•pre´ci•ant , a. Appreciative. [R.]

Ap•pre´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appreciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Appreciating.] [L. appretiatus, p. p. of appretiare to value at a price, appraise; ad + pretiare to prize, pretium price. Cf. Appraise.] 1. To set a price or value on; to estimate justly; to value. “To appreciate the motives of their enemies.
Gibbon.” 3. To raise the value of; to increase the market price of; — opposed to depreciate. [U.S.] “Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money.
Ramsay.” 4. To be sensible of; to distinguish. “To test the power of bees to appreciate color.
Lubbock.” Syn. — To Appreciate, Estimate, Esteem. Estimate is an act of judgment; esteem is an act of valuing or prizing, and when applied to individuals, denotes a sentiment of moral approbation. See Estimate. Appreciate lies between the two. As compared with estimate, it supposes a union of sensibility with judgment, producing a nice and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it denotes a valuation of things according to their appropriate and distinctive excellence, and not simply their moral worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (delicate perception), an able writer says. ´Women have a truer appreciation of character than men;´ and another remarks, ´It is difficult to appreciate the true force and distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using.´ So, also we speak of the difference between two things, as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the latter of these (that of valuation as the result of a nice perception), we say, ´It requires a peculiar cast of character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth;´ ´He who has no delicacy himself, can not appreciate it in others;´ ´The thought of death is salutary, because it leads us to appreciate worldly things aright.´ Appreciate is much used in cases where something is in danger of being overlooked or undervalued; as when we speak of appreciating the difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an undertaking. So Lord Plunket, referring to an ´ominous silence´ which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says, ´If you knew how to appreciate that silence, it is more formidable than the most clamorous opposition.´ In like manner, a person who asks some favor of another is apt to say, ´I trust you will appreciate my motives in this request.´ Here we have the key to a very frequent use of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appreciate looks on the favorable side of things. we never speak of appreciating a man’s faults, but his merits. This idea of regarding things favorably appears more fully in the word appreciative; as when we speak of an appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, meaning one that manifests a quick perception and a ready valuation of excellence.

Ap•pre´ci•ate, v. i. To rise in value. [See note under Rise, v. i.] J. Morse.

Ap•pre´ci•a•ting•ly , adv. In an appreciating manner; with appreciation.

Ap•pre•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. appreciation.] 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, worth, weight, etc.; recognition of excellence. 2. Accurate perception; true estimation; as an appreciation of the difficulties before us; an appreciation of colors. “His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry’s character.
J. R. Green.” 3. A rise in value; — opposed to depreciation.

Ap•pre´ci•a•tive , a. Having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception; as an appreciative audience. — Ap•pre´ci•a•tive•ly, adv.

Ap•pre´ci•a•tive•ness, n. The quality of being appreciative; quick recognition of excellence.

Ap•pre´ci•a•tor , n. One who appreciates.

Ap•pre´ci•a•to•ry , a. Showing appreciation; appreciative; as appreciatory commendation. — Ap•pre´ci•a•to•ri•ly , adv.

Ap•pre•hend´ (ap•pre•hend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprehending.] [L. apprehendere; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize; prae before + -hendere (used only in comp.); akin to Gr. chanda•nein to hold, contain, and E. get: cf. F. apprehender. See Prehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize; to take hold of. [Archaic] “We have two hands to apprehend it.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Hence: To take or seize (a person) by legal process; to arrest; as to apprehend a criminal. 3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to conceive in the mind; to become cognizant of; to understand; to recognize; to consider. “This suspicion of Earl Reimund, though at first but a buzz, soon got a sting in the king’s head, and he violently apprehended it.
Fuller.” “The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them.
Gladstone.” 4. To know or learn with certainty. [Obs.] “G. You are too much distrustful of my truth.
E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend
The means and manner how.
Beau. & Fl.” 5. To anticipate; esp., to anticipate with anxiety, dread, or fear; to fear. “The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehend violence.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To catch; seize; arrest; detain; capture; conceive; understand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. — To Apprehend, Comprehend. These words come into comparison as describing acts of the mind. Apprehend denotes the laying hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the embracing or understanding it in all its compass and extent. We may apprehended many truths which we do not comprehend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be apprehended, though not comprehended, by rational beings. ´We may apprehended much of Shakespeare’s aim and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear; but few will claim that they have comprehended all that is embraced in these characters.´ Trench.

Ap•pre•hend´, v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion; to understand; to suppose. 2. To be apprehensive; to fear. “It is worse to apprehend than to suffer.
Rowe.”

Ap•pre•hend´er , n. One who apprehends.

Ap•pre•hen•si•bi´i•ty , n. The quality of being apprehensible. [R.] De Quincey.

Ap•pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. apprehensibilis. See Apprehend.] Capable of being apprehended or conceived. ´Apprehensible by faith.´ Bp. Hall. — Ap••pre•hen´si•bly, adv.

Ap•pre•hen´sion , n. [L. apprehensio: cf. F. apprehension. See Apprehend.] 1. The act of seizing or taking hold of; seizure; as the hand is an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest; as the felon, after his apprehension, escaped. 3. The act of grasping with the intellect; the contemplation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment; intellection; perception. “Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul’s naked intellection of an object.
Glanvill.” 4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; idea. In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but insufficient to induce certainty; as in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue. “To false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension.
South.” 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived; understanding; as a man of dull apprehension. 6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. “After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life.
Addison.” Syn. — Apprehension, Alarm. Apprehension springs from a sense of danger when somewhat remote, but approaching; alarm arises from danger when announced as near at hand. Apprehension is calmer and more permanent; alarm is more agitating and transient.

Ap•pre•hen´sive , a. [Cf. F. apprehensif. See Apprehend.] 1. Capable of apprehending, or quick to do so; apt; discerning. “It may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and apprehensive … friend, is listening to our talk.
Hawthorne.” 2. Knowing; conscious; cognizant. [R.] “A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and folly, and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Relating to the faculty of apprehension. “Judgment … is implied in every apprehensive act.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 4. Anticipative of something unfavorable’ fearful of what may be coming; in dread of possible harm; in expectation of evil. “Not at all apprehensive of evils as a distance.
Tillotson.” “Reformers … apprehensive for their lives.
Gladstone.” 5. Sensible; feeling; perceptive. [R.] “Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings,
Mangle my apprehensive, tenderest parts.
Milton.”

Ap•pre•hen´sive•ly, adv. In an apprehensive manner; with apprehension of danger.

Ap•pre•hen´sive•ness, n. The quality or state of being apprehensive.

Ap•pren´tice , n. [OE. apprentice, prentice, OF. aprentis, nom. of aprentif, fr. apprendare to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to take hold of (by the mind), to comprehend. See Apprehend, Prentice.] 1. One who is bound by indentures or by legal agreement to serve a mechanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him. 2. One not well versed in a subject; a tyro. 3. (Old law) A barrister, considered a learner of law till of sixteen years’ standing, when he might be called to the rank of serjeant. [Obs.] Blackstone.

Ap•pren´tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprenticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprenticing.] To bind to, or put under the care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in a trade or business.

Ap•pren´tice•age, n. [F. apprentissage.] Apprenticeship. [Obs.]

Ap•pren´tice•hood, n. Apprenticeship. [Obs.]

Ap•pren´tice•ship, n. 1. The service or condition of an apprentice; the state in which a person is gaining instruction in a trade or art, under legal agreement. 2. The time an apprentice is serving (sometimes seven years, as from the age of fourteen to twenty-one). { Ap•pressed´ , Ap•prest´ }, a. [p. p. appress, which is not in use. See Adpress.] (Bot.) Pressed close to, or lying against, something for its whole length, as against a stem. Gray.

Ap•prise´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprising.] [F. appris, fem. apprise, p. p. apprendre to learn, to teach, to inform. Cf. Apprehend, Apprentice.] To give notice, verbal or written; to inform; — followed by of; as we will apprise the general of an intended attack; he apprised the commander of what he had done.

Ap•prise´, n. Notice; information. [Obs.] Gower.

Ap•priz´al, n. See Appraisal.

Ap•prize´, v. t. [The same as Appraise, only more accommodated to the English form of the L. pretiare.] To appraise; to value; to appreciate.

Ap•prize´ment, n. Appraisement.

Ap•priz´er, n. 1. An appraiser. 2. (Scots Law) A creditor for whom an appraisal is made. Sir W. Scott.

Ap•proach´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Approached; p. pr. & vb. n. Approaching.] [OE. approchen, aprochen, OF. approcher, LL. appropriare, fr. L. ad + propiare to draw near, prope near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time; to draw nigh; to advance nearer. “Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city?
2 Sam. xi. 20.” “But exhorting one another; and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching.
Heb. x. 25.” 2. To draw near, in a figurative sense; to make advances; to approximate; as he approaches to the character of the ablest statesman.

Ap•proach´, v. t. 1. To bring near; to cause to draw near; to advance. [Archaic] Boyle. 2. To come near to in place, time, or character; to draw nearer to; as to approach the city; to approach my cabin; he approached the age of manhood. “He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have approached Homer.
Temple.” 3. (Mil.) To take approaches to.

Ap•proach´, n. [Cf. F. approche. See Approach, v. i.] 1. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near. ´The approach of summer.´ Horsley. “A nearer approach to the human type.
Owen.” 2. A access, or opportunity of drawing near. “The approach to kings and principal persons.
Bacon.” 3. pl. Movements to gain favor; advances. 4. A way, passage, or avenue by which a place or buildings can be approached; an access. Macaulay. 5. pl. (Fort.) The advanced works, trenches, or covered roads made by besiegers in their advances toward a fortress or military post. 6. (Hort.) See Approaching.

Ap•proach•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being approachable; approachableness.

Ap•proach´a•ble , a. Capable of being approached; accessible; as approachable virtue.

Ap•proach´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being approachable; accessibility.

Ap•proach´er , n. One who approaches.

Ap•proach´ing, n. (Hort.) The act of ingrafting a sprig or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting it from the parent stock; — called, also inarching and grafting by approach.

Ap•proach´less, a. Impossible to be approached.

Ap•proach´ment , n. [Cf. F. approachement.] Approach. [Archaic] Holland.

Ap´pro•bate , a. [L. approbatus, p. p. of approbare to approve.] Approved. [Obs.] Elyot.

Ap´pro•bate , v. t. To express approbation of; to approve; to sanction officially. “I approbate the one, I reprobate the other.
Sir W. Hamilton.” This word is obsolete in England, but is occasionally heard in the United States, chiefly in a technical sense for license; as a person is approbated to preach; approbated to keep a public house. Pickering (1816).

Ap•pro•ba´tion , n. [L. approbatio: cf. F. approbation. See Approve to prove.] 1. Proof; attestation. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The act of approving; an assenting to the propriety of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction; approval; sanction; commendation. “Many … joined in a loud hum of approbation.
Macaulay.” “The silent approbation of one’s own breast.
Melmoth.” “Animals … love approbation or praise.
Darwin.” 3. Probation or novitiate. [Obs.] “This day my sister should the cloister enter,
And there receive her approbation.
Shak.” Syn. — Approval; liking; sanction; consent; concurrence. — Approbation, Approval. Approbation and approval have the same general meaning, assenting to or declaring as good, sanction, commendation; but approbation is stronger and more positive. ´We may be anxious for the approbation of our friends; but we should be still more anxious for the approval of our own consciences.´ ´He who is desirous to obtain universal approbation will learn a good lesson from the fable of the old man and his ass.´ ´The work has been examined by several excellent judges, who have expressed their unqualified approval of its plan and execution.´

Ap´pro•ba•tive , a. [Cf. F. approbatif.] Approving, or implying approbation. Milner.

Ap´pro•ba•tive•ness, n. 1. The quality of being approbative. 2. (Phren.) Love of approbation.

Ap´pro•ba•tor , n. [L.] One who approves. [R.]

Ap´pro•ba•to•ry , a. Containing or expressing approbation; commendatory. Sheldon.

Ap•promt´ ( 215), v. t. [Pref. ad- + promt.] To quicken; to prompt. [Obs.] “To appromt our invention.
Bacon.”

Ap•proof´ , n. [See Approve, and Proof.] 1. Trial; proof. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Approval; commendation. Shak.

Ap•pro•pin´quate , v. i. [L. appropinquatus, p. p. of appropinquare; ad + prope near.] To approach. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.

Ap•pro•pin•qua´tion , n. [L. appropinquatio.] A drawing nigh; approach. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ap•pro•pin´qui•ty , n. [Pref. ad- + propinquity.] Nearness; propinquity. [R.] J. Gregory.

Ap•pro´pre , v. t. [OE. appropren, apropren, OF. approprier, fr. L. appropriare. See Appropriate.] To appropriate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ap•pro´pri•a•ble , a. [See Appropriate.] Capable of being appropriated, set apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively to a particular use. Sir T. Browne.

Ap•pro´pri•a•ment , n. What is peculiarly one’s own; peculiar qualification. [Obs.] “If you can neglect
Your own appropriaments.
Ford.”

Ap•pro´pri•ate , a. [L. appropriatus, p. p. of appropriare; ad + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one’s own, proper. See Proper.] Set apart for a particular use or person. Hence: Belonging peculiarly; peculiar; suitable; fit; proper. “In its strict and appropriate meaning.
Porteus.” “Appropriate acts of divine worship.
Stillingfleet.” “It is not at all times easy to find words appropriate to express our ideas.
Locke.”

Ap•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appropriated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating .] 1. To take to one’s self in exclusion of others; to claim or use as by an exclusive right; as let no man appropriate the use of a common benefit. 2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or use, in exclusion of all others; — with to or for; as a spot of ground is appropriated for a garden; to appropriate money for the increase of the navy. 3. To make suitable; to suit. [Archaic] Paley. 4. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To annex, as a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property. Blackstone.

Ap•pro´pri•ate , n. A property; attribute. [Obs.]

Ap•pro´pri•ate•ly, adv. In an appropriate or proper manner; fitly; properly.

Ap•pro´pri•ate•ness, n. The state or quality of being appropriate; peculiar fitness. Froude.

Ap•pro•pri•a´tion , n. [L. appropriatio: cf. F. appropriation.] 1. The act of setting apart or assigning to a particular use or person, or of taking to one’s self, in exclusion of all others; application to a special use or purpose, as of a piece of ground for a park, or of money to carry out some object. 2. Anything, especially money, thus set apart. “The Commons watched carefully over the appropriation.
Macaulay.” 3. (Law) (a) The severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation. Blackstone. (b) The application of payment of money by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which are due from the former to the latter. Chitty.

Ap•pro´pri•a•tive , a. Appropriating; making, or tending to, appropriation; as an appropriative act. — Ap•pro´pri•a•tive•ness, n.

Ap•pro´pri•a•tor , n. 1. One who appropriates. 2. (Law) A spiritual corporation possessed of an appropriated benefice; also an impropriator.

Ap•prov´a•ble , a. Worthy of being approved; meritorious. — Ap•prov´a•ble•ness, n.

Ap•prov´al , n. Approbation; sanction. “A censor … without whose approval n capital sentences are to be executed.
Temple.” Syn. — See Approbation.

Ap•prov´ance , n. Approval. [Archaic] Thomson.

Ap•prove´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] [OE. aproven, appreven, to prove, OF. aprover, F. approuver, to approve, fr. L. approbare; ad + probare to esteem as good, approve, prove. See Prove, and cf. Approbate.] 1. To show to be real or true; to prove. [Obs.] “Wouldst thou approve thy constancy? Approve
First thy obedience.
Milton.” 2. To make proof of; to demonstrate; to prove or show practically. “Opportunities to approve … worth.
Emerson.” “ He had approved himself a great warrior.
Macaulay.” “’T is an old lesson; Time approves it true.
Byron.” “His account … approves him a man of thought.
Parkman.” 3. To sanction officially; to ratify; to confirm; as to approve the decision of a court-martial. 4. To regard as good; to commend; to be pleased with; to think well of; as we approve the measured of the administration. 5. To make or show to be worthy of approbation or acceptance. “The first care and concern must be to approve himself to God.
Rogers.” This word, when it signifies to be pleased with, to think favorably (of), is often followed by of. “They had not approved of the deposition of James.
Macaulay.” “They approved of the political institutions.
W. Black.”

Ap•prove´ (ap•proov´), v. t. [OF. aprouer; a (L. ad) + a form apparently derived fr. the pro, prod, in L. prodest it is useful or profitable, properly the preposition pro for. Cf. Improve.] (Eng. Law) To make profit of; to convert to one’s own profit; — said esp. of waste or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor.

Ap•prov´ed•ly , adv. So as to secure approbation; in an approved manner.

Ap•prove´ment , n. [Obs.] 1. Approbation. “I did nothing without your approvement.
Hayward.” 2. (Eng. Law) a confession of guilt by a prisoner charged with treason or felony, together with an accusation of his accomplish and a giving evidence against them in order to obtain his own pardon. The term is no longer in use; it corresponded to what is now known as turning king’s (or queen’s) evidence in England, and state’s evidence in the United States. Burrill. Bouvier.

Ap•prove´ment, n. (Old Eng. Law) Improvement of common lands, by inclosing and converting them to the uses of husbandry for the advantage of the lord of the manor. Blackstone.

Ap•prov´er , n. 1. One who approves. Formerly, one who made proof or trial. 2. An informer; an accuser. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. (Eng. Law) One who confesses a crime and accuses another. See 1st Approvement, 2.

Ap•prov´er, n. [See 2d Approve, v. t.] (Eng. Law) A bailiff or steward; an agent. [Obs.] Jacobs.

Ap•prov´ing, a. Expressing approbation; commending; as an approving smile. — Ap•prov´ing•ly, adv.

Ap•prox´i•mate , a. [L. approximatus, p. p. of approximare to approach; ad + proximare to come near. See Proximate.] 1. Approaching; proximate; nearly resembling. 2. Near correctness; nearly exact; not perfectly accurate; as approximate results or values. Approximate quantities (Math.), those which are nearly, but not, equal.

Ap•prox´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approximated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approximating.] 1. To carry or advance near; to cause to approach. “To approximate the inequality of riches to the level of nature.
Burke.” 2. To come near to; to approach. “The telescope approximates perfection.
J. Morse.”

Ap•prox´i•mate, v. i. To draw; to approach.

Ap•prox´i•mate•ly , adv. With approximation; so as to approximate; nearly.

Ap•prox•i•ma´tion . n. [Cf. F. approximation, LL. approximatio.] 1. The act of approximating; a drawing, advancing or being near; approach; also the result of approximating. “The largest capacity and the most noble dispositions are but an approximation to the proper standard and true symmetry of human nature.
I. Taylor.” 2. An approach to a correct estimate, calculation, or conception, or to a given quantity, quality, etc. 3. (Math.) (a) A continual approach or coming nearer to a result; as to solve an equation by approximation. (b) A value that is nearly but not exactly correct.

Ap•prox´i•ma•tive , a. [Cf. F. approximatif.] Approaching; approximate. — Ap•prox´i•ma•tive•ly, adv. — Ap•prox´i•ma•tive•ness, n.

Ap•prox´i•ma•tor , n. One who, or that which, approximates.

Ap•pui´ , n. [F., fr. L. ad + podium foothold, Gr. , dim. of , , foot.] A support or supporter; a stay; a prop. [Obs.] “If a vine be to climb trees that are of any great height, there would be stays and appuies set to it.
Holland.” Point d’appui . [F., a point of support.] (Mil.) (a) A given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which are marched in line or column. (b) An advantageous defensive support, as a castle, morass, wood, declivity, etc.

Ap´pulse ( 277), n. [L. appulsus, fr. appellere, appulsum, to drive to; ad + pellere to drive: cf. F. appulse.] 1. A driving or running towards; approach; impulse; also the act of striking against. “In all consonants there is an appulse of the organs.
Holder.” 2. (Astron.) The near approach of one heavenly body to another, or to the meridian; a coming into conjunction; as the appulse of the moon to a star, or of a star to the meridian.

Ap•pul´sion , n. A driving or striking against; an appulse.

Ap•pul´sive , a. Striking against; impinging; as the appulsive influence of the planets. P. Cyc.

Ap•pul´sive•ly, adv. By appulsion.

Ap•pur´te•nance , n. [OF. apurtenaunce, apartenance, F. appartenance, LL. appartenentia, from L. appertinere. See Appertain.] That which belongs to something else; an adjunct; an appendage; an accessory; something annexed to another thing more worthy; in common parlance and legal acceptation, something belonging to another thing as principal, and which passes as incident to it, as a right of way, or other easement to land; a right of common to pasture, an outhouse, barn, garden, or orchard, to a house or messuage. In a strict legal sense, land can never pass as an appurtenance to land. Tomlins. Bouvier. Burrill. “Globes … provided as appurtenances to astronomy.
Bacon.” “The structure of the eye, and of its appurtenances.
Reid.”

Ap•pur´te•nant , a. [F. appartenant, p. pr. of appartenir. See Appurtenance.] Annexed or pertaining to some more important thing; accessory; incident; as a right of way appurtenant to land or buildings. Blackstone. Common appurtenant. (Law) See under Common, n.

Ap•pur´te•nant, n. Something which belongs or appertains to another thing; an appurtenance. “Mysterious appurtenants and symbols of redemption.
Coleridge.”

Ap´ri•cate , v. t. & i. [L. apricatus, p. p. of apricare, fr. apricus exposed to the sun, fr. aperire to uncover, open.] To bask in the sun. Boyle.

Ap•ri•ca´tion, n. Basking in the sun. [R.]

A´pri•cot, n. [OE. apricock, abricot, F. abricot, fr. Sp. albaricoque or Pg. albricoque, fr. Ar. albirquq, al-burquq. Though the E. and F. form abricot is derived from the Arabic through the Spanish, yet the Arabic word itself was formed from the Gr. praiko•kia, pl. (Diosc. c. 100) fr. L. praecoquus, praecox, early ripe. The older E. form apricock was prob. taken direct from Pg. See Precocious, Cook.] (Bot.) A fruit allied to the plum, of an orange color, oval shape, and delicious taste; also the tree (Prunus Armeniaca of Linnaeus) which bears this fruit. By cultivation it has been introduced throughout the temperate zone.

A´pril , n. [L. Aprilis. OE. also Averil, F. Avril, fr. L. Aprilis.] 1. The fourth month of the year. 2. Fig.: With reference to April being the month in which vegetation begins to put forth, the variableness of its weather, etc. “The April’s her eyes; it is love’s spring.
Shak.” April fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others on the first day of April.

A• pri•o´ri . [L. a (ab) + prior former.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causes previously known; deductive or deductively. The reverse of a posteriori. 3. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge and conceptions assumed, or presupposed, as prior to experience, in order to make experience rational or possible. “A priori that is form these necessities of the mind or forms of thinking which, though first revealed to us by experience must yet have preëxisted in order to make experience possible.
Coleridge.”

A•pri•o´rism , n. [Cf. F. apriorisme.] An a priori principle.

A•pri•or´i•ty , n. The quality of being innate in the mind, or prior to experience; a priori reasoning.

A•proc´ta (a•prok´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + prwkto•s anus.] (Zoöl.) A group of Turbellaria in which there is no anal aperture.

A•proc´tous (-tus), a. (Zoöl.) Without an anal orifice.

A´pron (a´purn or a´prun; 277), n. [OE. napron, OF. naperon, F. napperon, dim. of OF. nape, F. nappe, cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa, napkin, table napkin. See Map.] 1. An article of dress, of cloth, leather, or other stuff, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, to defend them from injury, or as a covering. It is commonly tied at the waist by strings. 2. Something which by its shape or use suggests an apron; as (a) The fat skin covering the belly of a goose or duck. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. (b) A piece of leather, or other material, to be spread before a person riding on an outside seat of a vehicle, to defend him from the rain, snow, or dust; a boot. ´The weather being too hot for the apron.´ Hughes. (c) (Gun.) A leaden plate that covers the vent of a cannon. (d) (Shipbuilding) A piece of carved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Totten. (e) A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock gates are shut. (f) A flooring of plank before a dam to cause the water to make a gradual descent. (g) (Mech.) The piece that holds the cutting tool of a planer. (h) (Plumbing) A strip of lead which leads the drip of a wall into a gutter; a flashing. (i) (Zoöl.) The infolded abdomen of a crab.

A´proned , a. Wearing an apron. “A cobbler aproned, and a parson gowned.
Pope.”

A´pron•ful , n.; pl. Apronfuls . The quantity an apron can hold.

A´pron•less, a. Without an apron.

A´pron man . A man who wears an apron; a laboring man; a mechanic. [Obs.] Shak.

A´pron string . The string of an apron. To be tied to a wife’s or mother’s apron strings, to be unduly controlled by a wife or mother. “He was so made that he could not submit to be tied to the apron strings even of the best of wives.
Macaulay.”

Ap´ro•pos (ap´ro•po•), a. & adv. [F. à propos; à (L. ad) + propos purpose, L. proposium plan, purpose, fr. proponere to propose. See Propound.] 1. Opportunely or opportune; seasonably or seasonable. “A tale extremely apropos.
Pope.” 2. By the way; to the purpose; relevant; suitably to the place or subject; — a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occasion, though not strictly belonging to the narration.

Apse (aps), n.; pl. Apses (- sez). [See Apsis.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, having in the plan a polygonal or semicircular termination, and, most often, projecting from the east end. In early churches the Eastern apse was occupied by seats for the bishop and clergy. Hence: (b) The bishop’s seat or throne, in ancient churches. 2. A reliquary, or case in which the relics of saints were kept. This word is also written apsis and absis.

Ap´si•dal (ap´si•dal), a. 1. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the apsides of an orbit. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the apse of a church; as the apsidal termination of the chancel.

Ap´si•des (ap´si•dez), n. pl. See Apsis.

Ap´sis (ap´sis), n.; pl. Apsides (ap´si•dez). See Apse. [L. apsis, absis, Gr. ´apsi•s, ´apsi^dos, a tying, fastening, the hoop of a wheel, the wheel, a bow, arch, vault, fr. ´a•ptein to fasten.] 1. (Astron.) One of the two points of an orbit, as of a planet or satellite, which are at the greatest and least distance from the central body, corresponding to the aphelion and perihelion of a planet, or to the apogee and perigee of the moon. The more distant is called the higher apsis; the other, the lower apsis; and the line joining them, the line of apsides. 2. (Math.) In a curve referred to polar coördinates, any point for which the radius vector is a maximum or minimum. 3. (Arch.) Same as Apse.

Apt , a. [F. apte, L. aptus, fr. obsolete apere to fasten, to join, to fit, akin to apisci to reach, attain: cf. Gr. to fasten, Skr. apta fit, fr. ap to reach attain.] 1. Fit or fitted; suited; suitable; appropriate. “They have always apt instruments.
Burke.” “A river … apt to be forded by a lamb.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Having an habitual tendency; habitually liable or likely; — used of things. “My vines and peaches … were apt to have a soot or smuttiness upon their leaves and fruit.
Temple.” “This tree, if unprotected, is apt to be stripped of the leaves by a leaf-cutting ant.
Lubbock.” 3. Inclined; disposed customarily; given; ready; — used of persons. “Apter to give than thou wit be to ask.
Beau. & Fl.” “That lofty pity with which prosperous folk are apt to remember their grandfathers.
F. Harrison.” 4. Ready; especially fitted or qualified (to do something); quick to learn; prompt; expert; as a pupil apt to learn; an apt scholar. ´An apt wit.´ Johnson. “Live a thousand years,
I shall not find myself so apt to die.
Shak.” “I find thee apt … Now, Hamlet, hear.
Shak.” Syn. — Fit; meet; suitable; qualified; inclined; disposed; liable; ready; quick; prompt.

Apt, v. t. [L. aptare. See Aptate.] To fit; to suit; to adapt. [Obs.] ´ To apt their places.´ B. Jonson. “That our speech be apted to edification.
Jer. Taylor.”

Apt´a•ble , a. [LL. aptabilis, fr. L. aptare.] Capable of being adapted. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Ap´tate , v. t. [L. aptatus, p. p. of aptare. See Apt.] To make fit. [Obs.] Bailey

Ap´te•ra , n. pl. [NL. aptera, fr. Gr. without wings; ’a priv. + wing, to fly.] (Zoöl.) Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linnaen order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders.

Ap´ter•al , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Apterous. 2. (Arch.) Without lateral columns; — applied to buildings which have no series of columns along their sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and opposed to peripteral. R. Cyc.

Ap´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Aptera.

Ap•te´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Aptera.] (Zoöl.) Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryliae.

Ap´ter•ous , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Destitute of wings; apteral; as apterous insects. 2. (Bot.) Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole; — opposed to alate.

Ap•ter´y•ges , n. pl. [NL. See Apteryx.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the genus Apteryx.

Ap´te•ryx , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + pte•ryx wing. Cf. Aptera.] (Zoöl.) A genus of New Zealand birds about the size of a hen, with only short rudiments of wings, armed with a claw and without a tail; the kiwi. It is allied to the gigantic extinct moas of the same country. Five species are known.

Apt´i•tude , n. [F. aptitude, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus. See Apt, and cf. Attitude.] 1. A natural or acquired disposition or capacity for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect; as oil has an aptitude to burn. “He seems to have had a peculiar aptitude for the management of irregular troops.
Macaulay.” 2. A general fitness or suitableness; adaptation. “That sociable and helpful aptitude which God implanted between man and woman.
Milton.” 3. Readiness in learning; docility; aptness. “He was a boy of remarkable aptitude.
Macaulay.”

Apt•i•tu´di•nal , a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.]

Apt´ly , adv. In an apt or suitable manner; fitly; properly; pertinently; appropriately; readily.

Apt´ness, n. 1. Fitness; suitableness; appropriateness; as the aptness of things to their end. “The aptness of his quotations.
J. R. Green.” 2. Disposition of the mind; propensity; as the aptness of men to follow example. 3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; docility; as an aptness to learn is more observable in some children than in others. 4. Proneness; tendency; as the aptness of iron to rust.

Ap´tote (ap´tot), n. [L. aptotum, Gr. indeclinable; ’a priv. + fallen, declined, to fall.] (Gram.) A noun which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun.

Ap•tot´ic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as aptotic languages.

Ap´ty•chus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + , , fold.] (Zoöl.) A shelly plate found in the terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors consider them to be jaws; others, opercula.

A´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Apode, n.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water phyllopod crustaceans. See Phyllopod.

Ap•y•ret´ic , a. [Pref. a not + pyretic.] (Med.) Without fever; — applied to days when there is an intermission of fever. Dunglison. { Ap•y•rex´i•a , Ap•y•rex•y } n. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + to be feverish, fr. fire: cf. F. apyrexie.] (Med.) The absence or intermission of fever.

Ap•y•rex´i•al , a. (Med.) Relating to apyrexy. ´Apyrexial period.´ Brande & C.

Ap´y•rous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + fire.] Incombustible; capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration of form or properties.

A´qua , n. [L. See Ewer.] Water; — a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed. Aqua ammoniae, the aqueous solution of ammonia; liquid ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. — Aqua marine , or Aqua marina . Same as Aquamarine. — Aqua regia . [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the ´royal´ metal. — Aqua Tofana , a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. — Aqua vitae [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak.

A•qua for´tis . [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Nitric acid. [Archaic]

A•qua•ma•rine´ , n. (Min.) A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl.

A•qua•punc´ture , n. [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain.

Aq•ua•relle´ , n. [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr. acqua water, L. aqua.] A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also the mode of painting in such colors.

Aq•ua•rel´list , n. A painter in thin transparent water colors. { A•qua´ri•al , A•qua´ri•an } a. Of or pertaining to an aquarium.

A•qua´ri•an, n. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord’s Supper.

A•qua´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Aquariums , L. Aquaria . [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept.

A•qua´ri•us , n. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a water-carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.) (a) The Water-bearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; — so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus.

A•quat´ic , a. [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique. See Aqua.] Pertaining to water; growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as aquatic plants and fowls.

A•quat•ic, n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant. 2. pl. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water.

A•quat´ic•al , a. Aquatic. [R.]

Aq´ua•tile , a. [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.] Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { A´qua•tint , A•qua•tin´ta } n. [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also the engraving produced by this method.

Aq´ue•duct , n. [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.] 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water. The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge. 2. (Anat.) A canal or passage; as the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

A•que´i•ty , n. Wateriness. [Obs.]

A´que•ous , a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery. “The aqueous vapor of the air.
Tyndall.” 2. Made from, or by means of, water. “An aqueous deposit.
Dana.” Aqueous extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. — Aqueous humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) — Aqueous rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; — called also sedimentary rocks.

A•que•ous•ness, n. Wateriness.

A•quif´er•ous , a. [L. aqua water + -ferous.] Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system.

A´qui•form , a. [L. aqua water + -form.] Having the form of water.

Aq´ui•la , n.; pl. Aquilae . [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of eagles. 2. (Astron.) A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle. Aquila alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel. Brande & C.

Aq´ui•la•ted , a. (Her.) Adorned with eagles’ heads.

Aq´ui•line ( 277), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle. 2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; — applied particularly to the nose “Terribly arched and aquiline his nose.
Cowper.”

Aq´ui•lon , n. [L. aquilo, - lonis: cf. F. aquilon.] The north wind. [Obs.] Shak.

A•quip´a•rous , a. [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Secreting water; — applied to certain glands. Dunglison.

Aq•ui•ta´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony.

A•quose´ , a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey.

A•quos´i•ty , n. [LL. aquositas.] The condition of being wet or watery; wateriness. Huxley. “Very little water or aquosity is found in their belly.
Holland.”

Ar , conj. Ere; before. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A´ra , n. [L.] (Astron.) The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion.

A´ra , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America.

Ar´ab ( 277), n. [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. arabah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab, Heb. arabi, arbi, arbim: cf. F. Arabe, L. Arabs, Gr. .] One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia, and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc. Street Arab, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a city, particularly and outcast boy or girl. Tylor. “The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in damp doorways.
Lond. Sat. Rev. ”

Ar•a•besque´ , n. [F. arabesque, fr. It. arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together. It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco- Roman work.

Ar•a•besque´, a. 1. Arabian. [Obs.] 2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament called arabesque; as arabesque frescoes.

Ar•a•besqued´ , a. Ornamented in the style of arabesques.

A•ra´bi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. Arabian bird, the phenix. Shak.

A•ra´bi•an, n. A native of Arabia; an Arab.

Ar´a•bic , a. [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.] Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians. Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. — Gum arabic. See under Gum.

Ar´a•bic, n. The language of the Arabians. The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa.

A•rab´ic•al , a. Relating to Arabia; Arabic. — A•rab´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ar´a•bin , n. 1. (Chem.) A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic, from which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance. 2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic.

Ar´a•bin•ose , n. (Chem.) A sugar of the composition C5H10O5, obtained from cherry gum by boiling it with dilute sulphuric acid.

Ar´a•bism , n. [Cf. F. Arabisme.] An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language. Stuart.

Ar•a•bist , n. [Cf. F. Arabiste.] One well versed in the Arabic language or literature; also formerly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery.

Ar´a•ble , a. [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr. , E. ear, to plow. See Earable.] Fit for plowing or tillage; — hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled.

Ar´a•ble, n. Arable land; plow land.

Ar´a•by , n. The country of Arabia. [Archaic & Poetic]

Ar•a•ca•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Aracan, a province of British Burmah. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aracan.

A•ra•ça´ri , n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius, allied to the toucans. There are several species.

A•race´ , v. t. [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix a- is perh. due to L. ab. See Eradicate.] To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt.

A•ra´ceous , a. [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type.

A•rach´nid , n. An arachnidan. Huxley.

A•rach´ni•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. spider.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix. They have four pairs of legs, no antennae nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxillae or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by trancheae or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrogastra, including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina, or mites and ticks.

A•rach´ni•dan , n. [Gr. spider.] (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnida.

Ar•ach•nid´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium.

Ar•ach•nid´i•um , n. [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zoöl.) The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted.

Ar•ach•ni´tis , n. [Gr. + .] (Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.

A•rach´noid , a. [Gr. like a cobweb; spider, spider’s web + form.] 1. Resembling a spider’s web; cobweblike. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater. 3. (Bot.) Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby.

A•rach´noid, n. 1. (Anat.) The arachnoid membrane. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnoidea.

Ar•ach•noid´al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid.

Ar•ach•noid´e•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Arachnida.

A•rach•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to arachnology.

Ar•ach•nol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology.

Ar•ach•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. spider + -logy.] The department of zoölogy which treats of spiders and other Arachnida.

A•rae•om´e•ter ( 277). See Areometer.

A•rae´o•style , a. & n. [L. araeostylos, Gr. ; at intervals + pillar, column.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.

A•rae•o•sys´tyle , a. & n. [Gr. as intervals + . See Systyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.

Ar•a•go•nese , a. Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain.

A•rag´o•nite , n. [From Aragon, in Spain.] (Min.) A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters.

A•ra•gua´to , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler (Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, n., 2.

A•raise´´ , v. t. To raise. [Obs.] Shak.

Ar´ak , n. Same as Arrack. { Ar•a•maean , Ar•a•me´an } , a. [L. Aramaeus, Gr. , fr. Heb. Aram, i. e. Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. — n. A native of Aram.

Ar•a•ma´ic , a. [See Aramaean, a.] Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aramaean; — specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. — n. The Aramaic language.

Ar•a•ma´ism , n. An idiom of the Aramaic. { Ar•a•ne´i•da , Ar•a•ne•oid´e•a } n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Araneina.

Ar•a•ne´i•dan , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders. — n. One of the Araneina; a spider.

Ar•a•ne´i•form a. [L. aranea spider + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form of a spider. Kirby.

A•ra•ne•i´na (a•ra•ne•i´na), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zoöl.) The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders. They have mandibles, modified as poison fangs, leglike palpi, simple eyes, abdomen without segments, and spinnerets for spinning a web. They breathe by pulmonary sacs and tracheae in the abdomen. See Illustration in Appendix.

A•ra´ne•ose (a•ra´ne•os•), a. [L. araneosus.] Of the aspect of a spider’s web; arachnoid.

A•ra´ne•ous (-us), a. [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider’s web.] Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham.

A•ran´go (a•ran´go), n.; pl. Arangoes (-goz). [The native name.] A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the African slave trade. McCulloch.

A•ra•pai´ma , n. [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) A large fresh-water food fish of South America.

A•ra´ra , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus).

A•ra´tion , n. [L. aratio, fr. arare to plow.] Plowing; tillage. [R.] “Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage.
Brande.”

Ar´a•to•ry , a. [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.] Contributing to tillage.

Ar•au•ca´ri•a , n. [Araucania, a territory south of Chili.] (Bot.) A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.

Ar•au•ca´ri•an , a. Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly Araucarian. Dana. { Ar´ba•lest , Ar´ba•list } n. [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista.] (Antiq.) A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke. { Ar´ba•lest•er , Ar´ba•list•er } n. [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.] A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed.

Ar´bi•ter , n. [L. arbiter; ar- (for ad) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them. In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word. 2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited. “For Jove is arbiter of both to man.
Cowper.” Syn. — Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor.

Ar´bi•ter, v. t. To act as arbiter between. [Obs.]

Ar´bi•tra•ble , a. [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See Arbitrate, v. t.] Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic] Bp. Hall.

Ar´bi•trage , n. [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari.] 1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic] 2. (Com) A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange); also a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets.

Ar´bi•tral , a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.]

Ar•bit´ra•ment , n. [LL. arbitramentum.] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration. “The arbitrament of time.
Everett.” “Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. The award of arbitrators. Cowell.

Ar´bi•tra•ri•ly , adv. In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely.

Ar´bi•tra•ri•ness, n. The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny. Bp. Hall.

Ar•bi•tra´ri•ous , a. [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.] Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] — Ar•bi•tra´ri•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Ar´bi•tra•ry , a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.] 1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment. “It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so.
Jer. Taylor.” “Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things.
Landor.” 2. Exercised according to one’s own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power. “Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness.
Washington.” 3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden. Arbitrary constant, Arbitrary function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. — Arbitrary quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure.

Ar´bi•trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitrated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating .] [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.] 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as to choose to arbitrate a disputed case. 2. To decide, or determine generally. South. “There shall your swords and lances arbitrate
The swelling difference of your settled hate.
Shak.”

Ar´bi•trate , v. i. 1. To decide; to determine. Shak. 2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as to arbitrate upon several reports; to arbitrate in disputes among neighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit.

Ar•bi•tra´tion , n. [F. arbitration, L. arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.] The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties. This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called the award. Bouvier Arbitration bond, a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an arbitration. — Arbitration of Exchange, the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such arbitration through the medium of one or more intervening currencies.

Ar´bi•tra•tor , n. [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.] 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration. 2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor. “Though Heaven be shut,
And Heaven’s high Arbitrators sit secure.
Milton.” “Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace.
Addison.” Syn. — Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge.

Ar´bi•tra•trix , n. [L., fem. of arbitrator.] A female who arbitrates or judges.

Ar´bi•tress , n. [From Arbiter.] A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton.

Ar´blast , n. A crossbow. See Arbalest.

Ar´bor , n. [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney.

Ar´bor, n. [Written also arbour.] [L., a tree, a beam.] 1. (Bot.) A tree, as distinguished from a shrub. 2. [Cf. F. arbre.] (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a wheel or opinion. (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight. Arbor Day, a day appointed for planting trees and shrubs. [U.S.]

Ar´bo•ra•ry , a. [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.] Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal.

Ar´bo•ra•tor , n. [L., fr. arbor tree.] One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Ar´bor Di•a´nae . [L., the tree of Diana, or silver.] (Chem.) A precipitation of silver, in a beautiful arborescent form.

Ar•bo´re•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tree, or to trees; of nature of trees. Cowley. 2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting, woods or trees; as arboreal animals. “Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal.
Darwin.”

Ar´bored , a. Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. ´An arboreal walk.´ Pollok.

Ar•bo´re•ous , a. [L. arboreous, fr. arbor tree.] 1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon. 2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees; as arboreous moss. Quincy.

Ar•bo•res´cence , n. The state of being arborescent; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form; as the arborescence produced by precipitating silver.

Ar•bo•res´cent , a. [L. arborescens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming woody in stalk; dendritic; having crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs of a tree. ´Arborescent hollyhocks.´ Evelyn.

Ar´bo•ret , n. [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree, L. arbor] A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] Spenser. “Among thick-woven arborets, and flowers
Imbordered on each bank.
Milton.”

Ar•bo•re´tum , n.; pl. Arboreta . [L., a place grown with trees.] A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes.

Ar•bor´ic•al , a. Relating to trees. [Obs.]

Ar•bor´i•cole , a. [L. arbor + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Tree-inhabiting; — said of certain birds.

Ar•bor•i•cul´tur•al , a. Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon.

Ar•bor•i•cul´ture ( 135), n. [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.] The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes.

Ar•bor•i•cul´tur•ist, n. One who cultivates trees.

Ar•bor´i•form , a. Treelike in shape.

Ar´bor•ist , n. [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor tree.] One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell.

Ar•bor•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. arborisation, fr. L. arbor tree.] The appearance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils; a dendrite.

Ar´bor•ized , a. Having a treelike appearance. ´An arborized or moss agate.´ Wright.

Ar´bor•ous , a. Formed by trees. [Obs.] “From under shady, arborous roof.
Milton.”

Ar´bor vine . A species of bindweed.

Ar´bor vi´tae . [L., tree of life.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus Thuja. The American species is the T. occidentalis. 2. (Anat.) The treelike disposition of the gray and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a vertical section.

Ar´bus•cle , n. [L. arbuscula small tree, shrub, dim. of arbor tree.] A dwarf tree, one in size between a shrub and a tree; a treelike shrub. Bradley.

Ar•bus´cu•lar , a. Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa.

Ar•bus´tive , a. [L. arbustivus, fr. arbustum place where trees are planted.] Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs. Bartram. { Ar´bu•tus , Ar´bute } n. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor tree.] The strawberry tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry externally resembling the strawberry; the arbute tree. Trailing arbutus (Bot.), a creeping or trailing plant of the Heath family (Epigaea repens), having white or usually rose-colored flowers with a delicate fragrance, growing in small axillary clusters, and appearing early in the spring; in New England known as mayflower; — called also ground laurel. Gray.

Arc , n. [F. arc, L. arcus bow, arc. See Arch, n.] 1. (Geom.) A portion of a curved line; as the arc of a circle or of an ellipse. 2. A curvature in the shape of a circular arc or an arch; as the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley’s quadrant. 3. An arch. [Obs.] “Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs.
Milton.” 4. The apparent arc described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night. Electric arc, Voltaic arc. See under Voltaic.

Ar•cade´ , n. [F. arcade, Sp. arcada, LL. arcata, fr. L. arcus bow, arch.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A series of arches with the columns or piers which support them, the spandrels above, and other necessary appurtenances; sometimes open, serving as an entrance or to give light; sometimes closed at the back (as in the cut) and forming a decorative feature. (b) A long, arched building or gallery. 2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue.

Ar•cad´ed , a. Furnished with an arcade.

Ar•ca´di•a , n. [L. Arcadia, Gr. .] 1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness. 2. Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet. “Where the cow is, there is Arcadia.
J. Burroughs.” { Ar•ca´di•an , Ar•ca´dic } a. [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr. Arcadia: cf. F. Arcadien, Arcadique.] Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as Arcadian simplicity or scenery.

Ar•cane´ , a. [L. arcanus.] Hidden; secret. [Obs.] ´The arcane part of divine wisdom.´ Berkeley.

Ar•ca´num , n.; pl. Arcana . [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.] 1. A secret; a mystery; — generally used in the plural. “Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead.
Warburton.” 2. (Med.) A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison.

Arc••bou•tant´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) A flying buttress. Gwilt.

Arch , n. [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.] 1. (Geom.) Any part of a curved line. 2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedge-shaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising in a curve. Scientifically considered, the arch is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust. 3. Any place covered by an arch; an archway; as to pass into the arch of a bridge. 4. Any curvature in the form of an arch; as the arch of the aorta. ´Colors of the showery arch.´ Milton. Triumphal arch, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph.

Arch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.] 1. To cover with an arch or arches. 2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch. “The horse arched his neck.
Charlesworth.”

Arch, v. i. To form into an arch; to curve.

Arch- (ärch-, except in archangel and one or two other words). [L. arch-, Gr. . See Arch-.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend.

Arch (ärch), a. [See Arch-, pref.] 1. Chief; eminent; greatest; principal. “The most arch act of piteous massacre.
Shak.” 2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as an arch look, word, lad. “[He] spoke his request with so arch a leer.
Tatler.”

Arch, n. [See Arch-, pref.] A chief. [Obs.] “My worthy arch and patron comes to-night.
Shak.”

-arch . [Gr. ’archo•s chief, commander, ’a•rchein to rule. See Arch, a.] A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler).

Ar•chae´an , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient, fr. ’archh• beginning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history.

Ar•chae´an, n. (Geol.) The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life. This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson.

Ar•chae•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ancient + -graphy.] A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities.

Ar•chae•o•lith´ic , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + liqiko•s pertaining to a stone.] (Archaeol.) Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; — applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age.

Ar•chae•o•lo´gi•an , n. An archaeologist. { Ar•chae•o•log´ic , Ar•chae•o•log´ic•al } Relating to archaeology, or antiquities; as archaeological researches. — Ar••chae•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ar•chae•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in archaeology; an antiquary. Wright.

Ar•chae•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; ’archai^os ancient (fr. ’archh• beginning) + discourse, to speak.] The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc.

Ar•chae•op´te•ryx , n. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + pte•ryx wing.] (Paleon.) A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebrae with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics.

Ar•chae•o•stom´a•tous , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + sto•ma mouth.] (Biol.) Applied to a gastrula when the blastopore does not entirely close up.

Ar•chae•o•zo´ic , a. [Gr. ’archai^os ancient + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life.

Ar•cha´ic , a. [Gr. ’archai:ko•s old-fashioned, fr. ’archai^os ancient.] Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent.

Ar•cha´ic•al , a. Archaic. [R.] — Ar•cha´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ar´cha•ism , n. [Gr. ’archai:smo•s, fr. ’archai^os ancient, fr. ’archh• beginning: cf. F. archaïsme. See Arch, a.] 1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use. 2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness. “A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary.
De Quincey.”

Ar´cha•ist, n. 1. Am antiquary. 2. One who uses archaisms.

Ar•cha•is´tic , a. Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism.

Ar´cha•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. ’archai:•zein.] To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy.

Arch•an´gel , n. [L. archangelus, Gr. ’archa•ggelos: cf. OF. archangel, F. archange. See Arch-, pref., and Angel.] 1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton. 2. (Bot.) A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.).

Arch•an•gel´ic , a. [Cf. F. archangelique.] Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton.

Arch•bish´op , n. [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. ’archiepi•skopos. See Bishop.] A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.

Arch•bish´op•ric , n. [AS. arcebiscoprice. See -ric.] The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority.

Arch´ brick . A wedge-shaped brick used in the building of an arch.

Arch•but´ler , n. [Pref. arch- + butler.] A chief butler; — an officer of the German empire.

Arch•cham´ber•lain , n. [Cf. G. erzkämmerer. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chamberlain; — an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England.

Arch•chan´cel•lor , n. [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chancellor; — an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court.

Arch•chem´ic , a. Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] ´The archchemic sun.´ Milton.

Arch•dea´con , n. [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. . See Arch-, pref., and Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone.

Arch•dea´con•ry, n. The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See Benefice. “Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries.
Blackstone.”

Arch•dea´con•ship, n. The office of an archdeacon.

Arch•di´o•cese , n. [Pref. arch- + diocese.] The diocese of an archbishop.

Arch•du´cal , a. Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy.

Arch•duch´ess , n. [Pref. arch- + duchess.] The consort of an archduke; also a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke.

Arch•duch´y, n. The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash.

Arch•duke´ , n. [Pref. arch- + duke.] A prince of the imperial family of Austria. Formerly this title was assumed by the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now appropriated to the descendants of the imperial family of Austria through the make line, all such male descendants being styled archduke, and all such female descendants archduchesses.

Arch•duke´dom , n. An archduchy.

Ar•che•bi•o´sis , n. [Pref. arche- = archi- + Gr. bi•wsis, bi•os, life.] The origination of living matter from non-living. See Abiogenesis. Bastian.

Arched , a. Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as an arched door.

Ar•che•go´ni•al , a. Relating to the archegonium.

Ar•che•go´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the first of a race.] (Bot.) The pistillidium or female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corresponding to the pistil in flowering plants.

Ar•cheg´o•ny , n. [See Archegonium.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis.

Ar•chel´o•gy , n. [Gr. an element or first principle + -logy.] The science of, or a treatise on, first principles. Fleming.

Ar•chen•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. + the brain.] (Zoöl.) The division that includes man alone. R. Owen.

Arch•en´e•my , n. [Pref. arch- + enemy.] A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. Milton.

Arch•en•ter´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to the archenteron; as archenteric invagination.

Arch•en´ter•on, n. [Pref. arch- + Gr. intestine.] (Biol.) The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination.

Ar•che•ol´o•gy , n., Ar•che•o•log•ic•al , a. Same as Archaeology, etc.

Arch´er , n. [archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n.] A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow.

Arch´er•ess , n. A female archer. Markham.

Arch´er fish . (Zoöl.) A small fish (Toxotes jaculator), of the East Indies; — so called from its ejecting drops of water from its mouth at its prey. The name is also applied to Chaetodon rostratus.

Arch´er•ship, n. The art or skill of an archer.

Arch´er•y , n. [OE. archerie.] 1. The use of the bow and arrows in battle, hunting, etc.; the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows. 2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively. “Let all our archery fall off
In wings of shot a-both sides of the van.
Webster (1607).”

Arch´es , pl. of Arch, n. Court of arches, or Arches Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. Mary-le-Bow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W.

Ar´che•ty•pal , a. Of or pertaining to an archetype; consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original. ´One archetypal mind.´ Gudworth. Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation.

Ar´che•ty•pal•ly, adv. With reference to the archetype; originally. ´Parts archetypally distinct.´ Dana.

Ar´che•type (är´ke•tip), n. [L. archetypum, Gr. ’arche•typon, fr. ’arche•typos stamped first and as model; ’arche = ’archi + ty•pos stamp, figure, pattern, ty•ptein to strike: cf. F. archetype. See Arch- , pref.] 1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed. “The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet.
Macaulay.” “Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world.
South.” 2. (Coinage) The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted. 3. (Biol.) The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as the vertebrate archetype.

Ar•che•typ´ic•al , a. Relating to an archetype; archetypal.

Ar•che´us , n. [LL. archeus, Gr. ’archai^os ancient, primeval, fr. ’archh• beginning. See Archi-, pref.] The vital principle or force which (according to the Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ar´chi- . [L., archi-, Gr. ’archi-, a prefix which is from the same root as ’a•rchein to be first, to begin; ’archh the first place, beginning; ’archo•s chief. Cf. AS. arce-, erce-, OHG. erzi-, G. erz- .] A prefix signifying chief, arch; as architect, archiepiscopal. In Biol. and Anat. it usually means primitive, original, ancestral; as archipterygium, the primitive fin or wing.

Ar•chi•an•nel´i•da , n. pl. [NL.; pref. archi- + annelida.] (Zoöl.) A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions.

Ar´chi•a•ter , n. [L. archiatrus, Gr. ; pref. + physician, to heal.] Chief physician; — a term applied, on the continent of Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to the first physician of some cities. P. Cyc.

Ar•chi•blas´tu•la , n. [Pref. archi + blastula.] (Biol.) A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a cœloblastula.

Ar´chi•cal , a. [Gr. able to govern, fr. beginning, government. See Arch-, pref.] Chief; primary; primordial. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Ar•chi•di•ac´o•nal , a. [L. archidiaconus, Gr. , equiv. to E. archdeacon.] Of or pertaining to an archdeacon. “This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation.
Johnson.”

Ar•chi•e•pis´co•pa•cy , n. [Pref. archi- + episcopacy.] 1. That form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops. 2. The state or dignity of an archbishop.

Ar•chi•e•pis´co•pal , a. [Pref. archi- + episcopal.] Of or pertaining to an archbishop; as Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see.

Ar•chi•e•pis•co•pal´i•ty , n. The station or dignity of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy. Fuller.

Ar•chi•e•pis´co•pate , n. [Pref. archi- + episcopate.] The office of an archbishop; an archbishopric.

Ar•chi´e•rey , n. [Russ. archierei, fr. Gr. ; pref. (E. arch-) + priest.] The higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton.

Ar´chil ( 277), n. [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.] 1. A violet dye obtained from several species of lichen (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson. 2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.]

Ar•chi•lo´chi•an , a. [L. Archilochius.] Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus; as Archilochian meter. { Ar´chi•mage , Ar•chi•ma´gus } n. [NL.; pref. archi- + L. magus, Gr. , a Magian.] 1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire. 2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser.

Ar•chi•man´drite , n. [L. archimandrita, LGr. ; pref. (E. arch-) + an inclosed space, esp. for cattle, a fold, a monastery.] (Gr. Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic church. (b) A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church.

Ar•chi•me•de´an , a. [L. Archimedeus.] Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher; constructed on the principle of Archimedes’ screw; as Archimedean drill, propeller, etc. Archimedean screw, or Archimedes’ screw, an instrument, said to have been invented by Archimedes, for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. When the screw is placed in an inclined position, and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve, the water is raised to the upper end. Francis.

Ar•chi•me´des , n. (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Bryzoa characteristic of the subcarboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a screw.

Arch´ing , n. 1. The arched part of a structure. 2. (Naut.) Hogging; — opposed to sagging.

Ar•chi•pe•lag´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an archipelago.

Ar•chi•pel´a•go, n.; pl. - goes or -gos . [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref + sea, perh. akin to blow, and expressing the beating of the waves. See Plague.] 1. The Grecian Archipelago, or AEgean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands. 2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands.

Ar•chip•te•ryg´i•um (är•kip•te•rij´i•um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ’archi- (E. arch- ) + ptery•gion wing, fin.] (Anat.) The primitive form of fin, like that of Ceratodus.

Ar´chi•tect (är´ki•tekt), n. [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. chief artificer, master builder; pref. ’archi- (E. archi- ) + workman, akin to art, skill, to produce: cf. F. architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.] 1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed. 2. A contriver, designer, or maker. “The architects of their own happiness.
Milton.” “A French woman is a perfect architect in dress.
Coldsmith.”

Ar•chi•tec´tive , a. Used in building; proper for building. Derham. { Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic , Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic•al , } a. [L. architectonicus, Gr. . See Architect.] 1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. ´Architectonic wisdom.´ Boyle. “These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged.
J. C. Shairp.” 2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge.

Ar•chi•tec•ton´ic, n. [Cf. F. architectonique.] 1. The science of architecture. 2. The act of arranging knowledge into a system.

Ar•chi•tec•ton´ics, n. The science of architecture.

Ar´chi•tec•tor , n. An architect. [Obs.] North.

Ar´chi•tec•tress , n. A female architect.

Ar•chi•tec´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to the art of building; conformed to the rules of architecture. — Ar•chi•tec´tur•al•ly, adv.

Ar´chi•tec•ture ( 135), n. [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.] 1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; — often called civil architecture. “Many other architectures besides Gothic.
Ruskin.” 3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure; workmanship. “The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees.
Tyndall.” “The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine architecture.
Burnet.” Military architecture, the art of fortifications. — Naval architecture, the art of building ships.

Ar•chi•teu´this , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. + , , a kind of squid.] (Zoöl.) A genus of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in the North Atlantic and about New Zealand.

Ar´chi•trave , n. [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archi- + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form.

Ar´chi•traved , a. Furnished with an architrave. Cowper.

Ar´chi•val , a. Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke.

Ar´chive , n.; pl. Archives . [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. government house, archives, fr. the first place, government. See Archi-, pref.] 1. pl. The place in which public records or historic documents are kept. “Our words … . become records in God’s court, and are laid up in his archives as witnesses.
Gov. of Tongue.” 2. pl. Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as the archives of a country or family. [Rarely used in sing.] “Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press.
Lamb.” Syn. — Registers; records; chronicles.

Ar´chi•vist , n. [F. archiviste.] A keeper of archives or records. [R.]

Ar´chi•volt , n. [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged. { Arch´lute , Arch´i•lute } n. [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.] (Mus.) A large theorbo, or double-necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison.

Arch´ly , adv. In an arch manner; with attractive slyness or roguishness; slyly; waggishly. “Archly the maiden smiled.
Longfellow.”

Arch•mar´shal , n. [G. erzmarschall. See Arch-, pref.] The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony.

Arch´ness, n. The quality of being arch; cleverness; sly humor free from malice; waggishness. Goldsmith.

Ar´chon , n. [L. archon, Gr. , , ruler, chief magistrate, p. pr. of to be first, to rule.] (Antiq.) One of the chief magistrates in ancient Athens, especially, by preëminence, the first of the nine chief magistrates. — Ar•chon´tic , a.

Ar´chon•ship, n. The office of an archon. Mitford.

Ar´chon•tate , n. [Cf. F. archontat.] An archon’s term of office. Gibbon.

Ar´chonts , n. pl. [Gr. ’a•rchwn, p. pr. See Archon.] (Zoöl.) The group including man alone.

Arch•prel´ate , n. [Pref. arch- + prelate.] An archbishop or other chief prelate.

Arch•pres´by•ter , n. Same as Archpriest.

Arch•pres´by•ter•y , n. [Pref. arch- + presbytery.] The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton.

Arch•priest´ , n. A chief priest; also a kind of vicar, or a rural dean.

Arch•pri´mate , n. [Pref. arch- + primate.] The chief primate. Milton.

Arch´ stone . A wedge-shaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir.

Arch•trai´tor , n. [Pref. arch- + traitor.] A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts.

Arch•treas´ur•er ( 135), n. [Pref. arch- + treasurer.] A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great treasurer of the German empire.

Arch´way , n. A way or passage under an arch.

Arch•wife´ , n. [Pref. arch- + wife.] A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Arch´wise , adv. Arch- shaped.

Arch´y , a. Arched; as archy brows.

•ar´chy . [Gr. , fr. chief. See Arch-, pref.] A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in monarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. -arch.

Ar´ci•form , a. [L. arcus bow + -form.] Having the form of an arch; curved.

Arc´o•graph , n. [L. arcus (E. arc) + -graph.] An instrument for drawing a circular arc without the use of a central point; a cyclograph.

Arc•ta´tion , n. [L. arctus shut in, narrow, p. p. of arcere to shut in: cf. F. arctation.] (Med.) Constriction or contraction of some natural passage, as in constipation from inflammation.

Arc´tic , a. [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr. , fr. a bear, also a northern constellation so called; akin to L. ursus bear, Skr. ksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature. The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23° 28′ from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone.

Arc´tic, n. 1. The arctic circle. 2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.]

Arc•tis´ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bear.] (Zoöl.) A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix.

Arc•to•ge´al , a. [Gr. the north + , , country.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as the arctogeal fauna.

Arc•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bear + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

Arc•tu´rus , n. [L. Arcturus, Gr. bearward, equiv. to ; bear + ward, guard. See Arctic.] (Anat.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Boötes. Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major. “Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: ´the Bear with her train´].
Job xxxviii. 32.”

Arc´u•al , a. Of or pertaining to an arc. Arcual measure of an angle (Math.), that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle. { Arc´u•ate , Arc´u•a•ted (#), } a. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. ´Arcuate stalks.´ Gray.

Arc´u•ate•ly , adv. In the form of a bow.

Arc•u•a´tion , n. [L. arcuatio.] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness. Coxe. 2. (Hort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers.

Ar´cu•ba•list , n. [See Arbalist.] A crossbow. Fosbroke.

Ar•cu•bal´ist•er , n. [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden.

Ar´cu•bus , n. See Arquebus. [Obs.]

-ard , -art. The termination of many English words; as coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as braggart, sluggard.

Ar•das´sine , n. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk.

Ar´den•cy , n. 1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as the ardency of love or zeal.

Ar´dent , a. [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever. 2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as ardent eyes. Dryden. 3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper. “An ardent and impetuous race.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate.

Ar´dent•ly , adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately.

Ar´dent•ness, n. Ardency. [R.]

Ar´dor , n. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.] 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as the ardor of the sun’s rays. 2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor. 3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.] Syn. — Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor.

Ar´du•ous ( 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb. “Those arduous paths they trod.
Pope.” 2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as an arduous employment, task, or enterprise. Syn. — Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. — Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as an arduous task, an arduous duty. ´It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others.´

Ar´du•ous•ly, adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness.

Ar´du•ous•ness, n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution.

Ar´du•rous , a. Burning; ardent. [R.] “Lo! further on,
Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.
Cary.”

Are . [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. , Skr. smas; all from a root as. See Am and Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as.

Are , n. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards.

A´re•a (a´re•a; 277), n.; pl. Areas (-az) . [L. area a broad piece of level ground. Cf. Are, n.] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building. “The Alban lake … looks like the area of some vast amphitheater.
Addison.” 2. The inclosed space on which a building stands. 3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building. 4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth’s surface; a region; as vast uncultivated areas. 5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as the area of a square or a triangle. 6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space; as the germinative area. 7. Extent; scope; range; as a wide area of thought. “The largest area of human history and man’s common nature.
F. Harrison.” Dry area. See under Dry. { A•read´ , A•reed´ } , v. t. [OE. areden, AS. araedan to interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.] “Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case.
Spenser.” 2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton. 3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct. “But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt!
Milton.” 4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.

A´re•al , a. [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.] Of or pertaining to an area; as areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves).

A•rear´ , v. t. & i. [AS. araeran. See Rear.] To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.]

A•rear´, adv. [See Arrear, adv.] Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser.

A•re´ca , n. [Canarese adiki: cf. Pg. & Sp. areca.] (Bot.) A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime.

A•reek´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + reek.] In a reeking condition. Swift.

Ar•e•fac´tion , n. [L. arefacere to dry.] The act of drying, or the state of growing dry. “The arefaction of the earth.
Sir M. Hale.”

Ar´e•fy , v. t. [L. arere to be dry + -fly.] To dry, or make dry. Bacon.

A•re´na , n.; pl. E. Arenas ; L. Arenae . [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; — so called because it was covered with sand. 2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as the arenaof debate; the arena of life. 3. (Med.) ´Sand´ or ´gravel´ in the kidneys.

Ar•e•na´ceous , a. [L. arenaceus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as arenaceous limestone.

Ar•e•na´ri•ous , a. [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; as arenarious soil.

Ar•e•na´tion (ar•e•na´shun), n. [L. arenatio, fr. arena sand.] (Med.) A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body. Dunglison.

Ar•en•da´tor , n. [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues. A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke.

A•reng´ , A•ren´ga , n. [Malayan.] A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm.

Ar•e•nic´o•lite , n. [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana.

A•ren•i•lit´ic , a. [L. arena sand + Gr. li•qos stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone; as arenilitic mountains. Kirwan.

Ar´e•nose , a. [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; full of sand. Johnson.

A•ren´u•lous , a. [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena.] Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.]

A•re´o•la , n.; pl. Areolae . [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. areole. See Area.] 1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect’s wing. 2. (Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.

A•re´o•lar , a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areolae. reolar tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areolae, between them. { A•re´o•late , A•re´o•la•ted } a. [L. areola: cf. F. areole.] Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers.

A•re•o•la´tion , n. 1. Division into areolae. Dana. 2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola.

A´re•ole , n. Same as Areola.

A•re´o•let , n. [Dim. of L. areola.] (Zoöl.) A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins.

A•re•om´e•ter ( 277), n. [Gr. ’araio•s thin, rare + -meter: cf. F. areomètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer. { A•re•o•met´ric , A•re•o•met´ric•al } a. Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer.

A•re•om´e•try , n. [Gr. ’araio•s thin, rare + -metry.] The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids.

Ar•e•op´a•gist , n. See Areopagite.

Ar•e•op´a•gite , n. [L. Areopagites, Gr. .] A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34.

Ar•e•op•a•git´ic , a. [L. Areopagiticus, Gr. .] Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford.

Ar•e•op´a•gus, n. [L., fr. Gr. , and , hill of Ares (Mars’ Hill).] The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars’ Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal

A•re´o•style , a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Araeostyle.

A•re•o•sys´tyle , a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Araeosystyle.

A•rere´ , v. t. & i. See Arear. [Obs.] Ellis.

A•rest´ , n. A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•ret´ , v. t. [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. ad) + OF. reter, L. reputare. See Repute.] To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar•e•ta´ics , n. [Gr. virtue.] The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; — contrasted with eudemonics. J. Grote.

Ar•e•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; virtue + discourse, to speak: cf. F. aretologie.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.

A•rew´. adv. [See Arow, Row.] In a row. [Obs.] ´All her teeth arew.´ Spenser.

Ar´gal , n. Crude tartar. See Argol.

Ar´gal, adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak. { Ar´gal , Ar´ga•li } n. [Mongolian.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild sheep (Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia. The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn.

Ar´ga•la , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The adjutant bird.

Ar´gand lamp . [Named from the inventor, Aime Argand of Geneva.] A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame. Argand burner, a burner for an Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied.

Ar´gas , n. A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas also called Miana bug, is A. Persicus; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje.

Ar•ge´an , a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo.

Ar´gent , n. [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. ’a•rgyros silver, ’argo•s, ’argh•s, white, bright, Skr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.] 1. Silver, or money. [Archaic] 2. (Fig. & Poet.) Whiteness; anything that is white. “The polished argent of her breast.
Tennyson.” 3. (Her.) The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; — represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale.

Ar´gent, a. Made of silver; of a silvery color; white; shining. “Yonder argent fields above.
Pope.”

Ar•gen´tal , a. Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver.

Ar´gen•tan, n. An alloy of nickel with copper and zinc; German silver.

Ar´gen•tate, a. [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.) Silvery white. Gray.

Ar•gen•ta´tion, n. [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson.

Ar•gen´tic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, silver; — said of certain compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest proportion; as argentic chloride.

Ar•gen•tif´er•ous , a. [L. argentum silver + -ferous: cf. F. argentifère.] Producing or containing silver; as argentiferous lead ore or veins.

Ar´gen•tine ( in the 2d sense, commonly ?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver; made of, or sounding like, silver; silvery. “Celestial Dian, goddess argentine.
Shak.” 2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South America.

Ar´gen•tine, n. [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum silver.] 1. (Min.) A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbonate of lime, having a silvery-white, pearly luster, and a waving or curved lamellar structure. 2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds. 3. (Zoöl.) A fish of Europe (Maurolicus Pennantii) with silvery scales. The name is also applied to various fishes of the genus Argentina. 4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic.

Ar´gen•tite , n. [L. argentum silver.] (Min.) Sulphide of silver; — also called vitreous silver, or silver glance. It has a metallic luster, a lead-gray color, and is sectile like lead.

Ar•gen´tous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, silver; — said of certain silver compounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in argentic compounds; as argentous chloride.

Ar´gent•ry , n. [F. argenterie, fr. argent silver, L. argentum.] Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.] “Bowls of frosted argentry.
Howell.”

Ar´gil , n. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. or argil, white. See Argent.] (Min.) Clay, or potter’s earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See Clay.

Ar•gil•la´ceous , a. [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.] Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey. Argillaceous sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. — Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone. — Argillaceous schist or state. See Argillite.

Ar•gil•lif´er•ous , a. [L. argilla white clay + -ferous.] Producing clay; — applied to such earths as abound with argil. Kirwan.

Ar´gil•lite , n. [Gr. clay + - lite.] (Min.) Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. — Ar•gil•lit´ic, a.

Ar•gil•lo-are•e•na´ceous , a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil.

Ar•gil•lo-cal•ca´re•ous , a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth.

Ar•gil•lo-fer•ru´gi•nous , a. Containing clay and iron.

Ar•gil´lous , a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne.

Ar´give , a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.] Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece. — n. A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek.

Ar´go , n. [L. Argo, Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Astron.) A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela.

Ar•go´an , a. Pertaining to the ship Argo.

Ar´goile , n. Potter’s clay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar´gol , n. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure.

Ar•gol´ic , a. [L. Argolicus, Gr. .] Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus.

Ar´gon , n. [Gr. inactive.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay.

Ar´go•naut , n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. ; + sailor, ship. See Argo.] 1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta.

Ar•go•nau´ta , n. (Zoöl.) A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor. The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See Hectocotylus.

Ar´go•naut´ic , a. [L. Argonauticus.] Of or pertaining to the Argonauts.

Ar´go•sy , n.; pl. Argosies . [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.] A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size. “Where your argosies with portly sail …
Do overpeer the petty traffickers.
Shak.”

Ar•got´ , n. [F. Of unknown origin.] A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash.

Ar´gu•a•ble , a. Capable of being argued; admitting of debate.

Ar´gue , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason. “I argue not
Against Heaven’s hand or will.
Milton.” 2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; - - followed by with; as you may argue with your friend without convincing him.

Ar´gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued. 2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning. “So many laws argue so many sins.
Milton.” 3. To persuade by reasons; as to argue a man into a different opinion. 4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.] “Thoughts and expressions … which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality.
Dryden.” Syn. — to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. — To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one’s cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments. “Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth.
Crabb.” “Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud,
Bold without caution, without honors proud.
Falconer.” “Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate.
Dryden.”

Ar´gu•er , n. One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant.

Ar´gu•fy , v. t. & i. [Argue + -fy.] 1. To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell. 2. To signify. [Colloq.]

Ar´gu•lus , n. [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura.

Ar´gu•ment , n. [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.] “There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity.
Ray.” “Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion?
South.” 2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it. 3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation. “The argument is about things, but names.
Locke.” 4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem. “You and love are still my argument.
Shak.” “The abstract or argument of the piece.
Jeffrey.” “[Shields] with boastful argument portrayed.
Milton.” 5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.] “Sheathed their swords for lack of argument.
Shak.” 6. (Astron.) The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as the altitude is the argument of the refraction. 7. (Math.) The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C.

Ar´gu•ment (ar´gu•ment), v. i. [L. argumentari.] To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower.

Ar•gu•men´ta•ble (-men´ta•b’l), a. [L. argumentabilis.] Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers.

Ar•gu•men´tal , a. [L. argumentalis.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative.

Ar•gu•men•ta´tion , n. [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.] 1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. “Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is, … every man that hath with perceiveth.
Tyndale.” 2. Debate; discussion. Syn. — Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning.

Ar•gu•men´ta•tive , a. 1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as an argumentative discourse. 2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator. [Obs.] 3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as an argumentative writer. —Ar•gu•men´ta•tive•ly, adv. — Ar•gu•men´ta•tive•ness, n.

Ar´gu•men•tize , v. i. To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood.

Ar´gus , n. [L. Argus, Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock’s tail. 2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo.

Ar´gus-eyed , a. Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted.

Ar´gus shell . (Zoöl.) A species of shell (Cypraea argus), beautifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock’s tail.

Ar•gu•ta´tion , n. [L. argutatio. See Argue.] Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.]

Ar•gute´ , a. [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.] 1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd. “The active preacher … the argue schoolman.
Milman.”

Ar•gute´ly, adv. In a subtle; shrewdly.

Ar•gute´ness, n. Acuteness. Dryden.

A•rhi´zal , A•rhi´zous , A•rhyth´mic , A•rhyth´mous a. See Arrhizal Arrhizous, Arrhythmic Arrhythmous.

A´ri•a , n. [It., fr. L. aër. See Air.] (Mus.) An air or song; a melody; a tune. The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas oratorios, cantatas anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes.

Ar´ian , a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan.

A´ri•an , a. [L. Arianus.] Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. — n. One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim.

A´ri•an•ism , n. The doctrines of the Arians.

A´ri•an•ize , v. i. To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian.

A´ri•an•ize, v. t. To convert to Arianism.

Ar´i•cine , n. [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark.

Ar´id , a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.] Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. ´An arid waste.´ Thomson.

A•rid´i•ty , n.; pl. Aridities . [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness. 2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris.

Ar´id•ness , n. Aridity; dryness.

A´ri•el n. or A´ri•el ga•zelle´ [Ar. aryil ayyil stag.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of the gazelle (Antilope or Gazella dorcas) found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrel-like Australian marsupial a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel).

A´ri•es, n. [L.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A battering-ram.

Ar´i•e•tate , v. i. [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.] To butt, as a ram. [Obs.]

Ar•i•e•ta´tion , n. [L. arietatio.] 1. The act of butting like a ram; act of using a battering-ram. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Act of striking or conflicting. [R.] Glanvill. { A•ri•et´ta , Ar•i•ette´ } n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria; F. ariette.] (Mus.) A short aria, or air. ´A military ariette.´ Sir W. Scott.

A•right´ , adv. [Pref. a- + right.] Rightly; correctly; in a right way or form; without mistake or crime; as to worship God aright.

Ar´il , A•ril´lus , n. [From LL. arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry: cf. F,. arille.] (Bot.) A exterior covering, forming a false coat or appendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing the seed of the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg is also an aril. Gray.

Ar´il•late . Ar´l•la•ted , Ar´iled a. [Cf. NL. arillatus F. arille.] Having an aril.

A´ri•man , n. See Ahriman.

Ar•i•o•la´tion , n. [L. ariolatio, hariolatio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.] A soothsaying; a foretelling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ar´i•ose , a. [It. arioso, fr. aria.] Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony. “Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs is harmonic.
Foreign Quart. Rev.”

A•ri•o´so , adv. & a. [It.] (Mus.) In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose.

A•rise´ (a•riz´), v. i. [imp. Arose (-roz´); p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen (- riz´’n).]. [AS. arisan; a (equiv. to Goth. us-, ur-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + risan to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.] 1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one’s bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning. 2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise. “There arose up a new king … which knew not Joseph.
Ex. i. 8.” “The doubts that in his heart arose.
Milton.” 3. To proceed; to issue; to spring. “Whence haply mention may arise
Of something not unseasonable to ask.
Milton.”

A•rise´, n. Rising. [Obs.] Drayton.

A•rist´ , 3d sing. pres. of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•ris´ta , n. [L.] (Bot.) An awn. Gray.

Ar´is•tarch , n. [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.] A severe critic. Knowles.

Ar•is•tar´chi•an , a. Severely critical.

Ar´is•tar•chy , n. Severely criticism.

Ar´is•tar•chy , n. Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

A•ris´tate , a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.] 1. (Bot.) Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip.

Ar•is•toc´ra•cy , n.; pl. Aristocracies . [Gr. ; best + to be strong, to rule, strength; is perh. from the same root as E. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr. .] 1. Government by the best citizens. 2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.] “In the Senate
Right not our quest in this, I will protest them
To all the world, no aristocracy.
B. Jonson.” 3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy. “The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach.
Swift.” 4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect.

A•ris´to•crat ( 277), n. [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.] 1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble. 2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person. “A born aristocrat, bred radical.
Mrs. Browning.” 3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern. “His whole family are accused of being aristocrats.
Romilly.” { Ar•is•to•crat´ic , Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. aristocratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as an aristocratic constitution. 2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. - - Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Ar•is•to•crat´ic•al•ness, n.

Ar´is•to•crat•ism , n. 1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly. 2. Aristocrats, collectively. [R.]

Ar•is•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. dinner + -logy.] The science of dining. Quart. Rev.

Ar•is•to•phan´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet.

Ar•is•to•te´li•an ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384-322 b. c.). — n. A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic.

Ar•is•to•te´li•an•ism . The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy.

Ar•is•to•tel´ic , a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. ´Aristotelic usage.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Ar´is•to•tle’s lan´tern . (Zoöl.) The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins.

A•ris´tu•late ( 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.) Having a short beard or awn. Gray.

Ar´ith•man•cy , n. [Gr. number + -mancy.] Divination by means of numbers.

A•rith´me•tic , n. [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. (sc. ), fr. arithmetical, fr. to number, fr. number, prob. fr. same root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures. 2. A book containing the principles of this science. Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. — Political arithmetic, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. — Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra.

Ar•ith•met´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. — Arithmetical mean. See Mean. — Arithmetical progression. See Progression. — Arithmetical proportion. See Proportion.

Ar•ith•met´ic•al•ly, adv. Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic.

A•rith•me•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. arithmeticien.] One skilled in arithmetic.

A•rith´mo•man´cy , n. Arithmancy.

Ar•ith•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. number + -meter: cf. F. arithmomètre.] A calculating machine.

Ark , n. [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS. arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr. to keep off.] 1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.] “Bearing that precious relic in an ark.
Spenser.” 2. (Jewish Hist.) The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant. 3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge. 4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market.

Ark´ite , a. Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber.

Ark´ shell . (Zoöl.) A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies.

Arles , n. pl. [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.] An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.] Arles penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey.

Arm , n. [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. joining, joint, shoulder, fr. the root to join, to fit together; cf. Slav. rame. . See Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also the corresponding limb of a monkey. 2. Anything resembling an arm; as (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc. 3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as the secular arm; the arm of the law. “To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?
Isa. lii. 1.” Arm’s end, the end of the arm; a good distance off. Dryden. — Arm’s length, the length of the arm. — Arm’s reach, reach of the arm; the distance the arm can reach. — To go (or walk arm in arm, to go with the arm or hand of one linked in the arm of another. ´When arm in armwe went along.´ Tennyson. — To keep at arm’s length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. — To work at arm’s length, to work disadvantageously.

Arm, n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; — commonly in the pl.

Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.] 1. To take by the arm; to take up in one’s arms. [Obs.] “And make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave: come, arm him.
Shak.” “Arm your prize;
I know you will not lose him.
Two N. Kins.” 2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.] “His shoulders broad and strong,
Armed long and round.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as to arm soldiers; to arm the country. “Abram … armed his trained servants.
Gen. xiv. 14.” 4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling. 5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense. “Arm yourselves … with the same mind.
1 Pet. iv. 1.” To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature.

Arm, v. i. To provide one’s self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. ´ ’Tis time to arm.´ Shak.

Ar•ma´da (är•ma´da or är•mä´da), n. [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.] A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558.

Ar•ma•dil´lo (är•ma•dil´lo), n.; pl. Armadillos (-loz). [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. So called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypidae, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) is found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball.

Ar•ma´do (är•ma´do), n. Armada. [Obs.]

Ar´ma•ment , n. [L. armamenta, pl., utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm: cf. LL. armamentum, F. armement.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war; — used of a land or naval force. ´The whole united armament of Greece.´ Glover. 2. (Mil. & Nav.) All the cannon and small arms collectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or a fortification. 3. Any equipment for resistance.

Ar•ma•men´ta•ry , n. [L. armamentarium, fr. armamentum: cf. F. armamentaire.] An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [R.]

Ar´ma•ture , n. [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.] 1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants. 2. (Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force. 3. (Arch.) Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss.

Arm´chair , n. A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson.

Armed , a. 1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. ´And armed host.´ Dryden. 2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency. “A distemper eminently armed from heaven.
De Foe.” 3. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc; - - said of beasts and birds of prey. Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed cap-à- pie. Cussans. — Armed en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute. — Armed magnet, a magnet provided with an armature. — Armed neutrality. See under Neutrality.

Ar•me´ni•an , a. [Cf. F. Armenien, L. Armenias, fr. Armenia.] Of or pertaining to Armenia. Armenian bole, a soft clayey earth of a bright red color found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc. — Armenian stone. (a) The commercial name of lapis lazuli. (b) Emery.

Ar•me´ni•an, n. 1. A native or one of the people of Armenia; also the language of the Armenians. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of the Armenian Church, an organization similar in some doctrines and practices to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic.

Arm´et , n. [F., dim. of arme arm, or corrupted for healmet helmet.] A kind of helmet worn in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

Arm´ful , n.; pl. Armfulus . As much as the arm can hold.

Arm´gaunt , a. With gaunt or slender legs. ´An armgaunt steed.´ Shak. This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its meaning has not yet been satisfactorily explained.

Arm´-gret , a. Great as a man’s arm. [Obs.] “A wreath of gold, arm-gret.
Chaucer.”

Arm´hole , n. [Arm + hole.] 1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. Bacon. 2. A hole for the arm in a garment.

Ar•mif´er•ous , a. [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.] Bearing arms or weapons. [R.]

Ar´mi•ger , n. [L. armiger armor bearer; arma arms + gerere to bear.] Formerly, an armor bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield and rendered other services. In later use, one next in degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob.

Ar•mig´er•ous , a. Bearing arms. [R.] “They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and were entitled to write themselves Esquire.
De Quincey.”

Ar´mil , n. [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. OF. armille.] 1. A bracelet. [Obs.] 2. An ancient astronomical instrument. When composed of one ring placed in the plane of the equator for determining the time of the equinoxes, it is called an equinoctial armil; when of two or more rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell.

Ar•mil´la , n.; pl. E. Armillas , L. Armillae . [L., a bracelet.] 1. An armil. 2. (Zoöl.) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.

Ar´mil•la•ry , a. [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles. Armillary sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol.

Arm´ing , n. 1. The act of furnishing with, or taking, arms. “The arming was now universal.
Macaulay.” 2. (Naut.) A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells, etc., of the sea bottom. Totten. 3. pl. (Naut.) Red dress cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside of a ship’s upper works on holidays. Arming press (Bookbinding), a press for stamping titles and designs on the covers of books.

Ar•min´i•an ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n.

Ar•min´i•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609). The Arminian doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace.

Ar•min´i•an•ism , n. The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.

Ar•mip´o•tence , n. [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.] Power in arms. [R.] Johnson.

Ar•mip´o•tent , a. [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle. “The temple stood of Mars armipotent.
Dryden.” { Ar•mis´o•nant , Ar•mis´o•nous } a. [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.] Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.]

Ar´mis•tice , n. [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, -stitum), to stand still.] A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce.

Arm´less , a. 1. Without any arm or branch. 2. Destitute of arms or weapons.

Arm´let , n. [Arm + -let.] 1. A small arm; as an armlet of the sea. Johnson. 2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm. 3. Armor for the arm.

Ar•mo´ni•ac , a. Ammoniac. [Obs.]

Ar´mor , n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.] 1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one’s person in battle. In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide. 2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. — Submarine, a water- tight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine.

Ar´mor-bear•er , n. One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54.

Ar´mored , a. Clad with armor.

Ar´mor•er , n. [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms. 2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak. 3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc.

Ar•mo´ri•al , a. [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family. “Figures with armorial signs of race and birth.
Wordsworth.” Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4. { Ar•mor´ic , Ar•mor´i•can } a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.] Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. — n. The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times.

Ar•mor´i•can, n. A native of Armorica.

Ar´mor•ist , n. [F. armoriste.] One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans.

Ar´mor-plat•ed , a. Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war; steel-clad. “This day will be launched … the first armor- plated steam frigate in the possession of Great Britain.
Times (Dec. 29, 1860).”

Ar´mo•ry , n.; pl. Armories . [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.] 1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping. 2. Armor; defensive and offensive arms. “Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears.
Milton.” 3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.] 4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spenser. 5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor. “The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin.
Cussans.” { Ar•mo•zeen´ , Ar•mo•zine´ } , n. [armosin, armoisin.] A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds.

Arm´pit , n. [Arm + pit.] The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla.

Arm´rack , n. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms.

Arms , n. pl. [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.] 1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense. “He lays down his arms, but not his wiles.
Milton.” “Three horses and three goodly suits of arms.
Tennyson.” 2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. ´Arms and the man I sing.´ Dryden. 3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone. 4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son. 5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell. Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. — In arms, armed for war; in a state of hostility. — Small arms, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. — A stand of arms, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. — To arms! a summons to war or battle. — Under arms, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade. Arm’s end, Arm’s length, Arm’s reach. See under Arm.

Ar´mure , n. [F. See Armor.] 1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface.

Ar´my , n. [F. armee, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.] 1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers. 2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as the Blue Ribbon Army. 3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host. “An army of good words.
Shak.” Standing army, a permanent army of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers.

Ar´my worm . (Zoöl.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small two-winged fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton.

Ar´na , Ar´nee , n. (Zoöl.) The wild buffalo of India (Bos, or Bubalus, arni), larger than the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns.

Ar•nat´to , n. See Annotto.

Ar´ni•ca , n. [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; also the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc.

Ar´ni•cin , n. [See Arnica.] (Chem.) An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin.

Ar´ni•cine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the arnica plant. { Ar´not , Ar´nut } n. [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthut.] The earthnut. [Obs.]

Ar•not´to , n. Same as Annotto.

A´roid , A•roid´e•ous , a. [Arum + -oid.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum family of plants.

A•roint´ (a•roint´), interj. [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. ryman to make room or way, fr. rum room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.] Stand off, or begone. [Obs.] “Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries.
Shak.”

A•roint´, v. t. To drive or scare off by some exclamation. [R.] ´Whiskered cats arointed flee.´ Mrs. Browning.

A•ro´ma , n. [L. aroma, Gr. : cf. OE. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.] 1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as the aroma of coffee. 2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as the subtile aroma of genius. { Ar•o•mat´ic , Ar•o•mat´ic•al } a. [L. aromaticus, Gr. : cf. F. aromatique. See Aroma.] Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strong-scented; odoriferous; as aromatic balsam. Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C6H6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. — Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar.

Ar•o•mat´ic (ar•o•mat´ik), n. A plant, drug, or medicine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon, spices.

Ar•o•mat•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. aromatisation.] The act of impregnating or secting with aroma.

A•ro´ma•tize ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aromatized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aromatizing.] [L. aromatizare, Gr. : cf. F. aromatiser.] To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon.

A•ro´ma•ti•zer , n. One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn.

A•ro´ma•tous , a. Aromatic. [Obs.] Caxton.

Ar´oph , n. [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.] A barbarous word used by the old chemists to designate various medical remedies. [Obs.]

A•rose´ . The past or preterit tense of Arise.

A•round´ , adv. [Pref. a- + round.] 1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round. 2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as to travel around from town to town. 3. Near; in the neighborhood; as this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.] See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used.

A•round´, prep. 1. On all sides of; encircling; encompassing; so as to make the circuit of; about. “A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows.
Dryden.” 2. From one part to another of; at random through; about; on another side of; as to travel around the country; a house standing around the corner. [Colloq. U. S.]

A•rous´al , n. The act of arousing, or the state of being aroused. “Whatever has associated itself with the arousal and activity of our better nature.
Hare.”

A•rouse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aroused ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.] [Pref. a- + rouse.] To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties. “Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse
His brother, mighty sovereign on the host.
Cowper.” “No suspicion was aroused.
Merivale.”

A•row´ , adv. [Pref. a- + row.] In a row, line, or rank; successively; in order. Shak. “And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow.
Dryden.”

A•roynt´ , interj. See Aroint.

Ar•peg´gio , n. [It., fr. arpeggiare to play on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.) The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the harp, and not simultaneously; a strain thus played. { Ar´pent , Ar´pen } n. [F. arpent, fr. L. arepennis, arapennis. According to Columella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a Roman jugerum.] Formerly, a measure of land in France, varying in different parts of the country. The arpent of Paris was 4,088 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of an English acre. The woodland arpent was about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch, English.

Ar•pen•ta´tor , n. [See Arpent.] The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor. [R.]

Ar´pine , n. An arpent. [Obs.] Webster (1623).

Ar´qua•ted , a. Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.] { Ar´que•bus , Ar´que•buse } ( 277), n. [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr. D. haak-bus; cf. G. hakenbüchse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.]

Ar•que•bus•ade´ , n. [F. arquebusade shot of an arquebus; eau d’arquebusade a vulnerary for gunshot wounds.] 1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash. 2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants, as rosemary, millefoil, etc.; — originally used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr.

Ar•que•bus•ier , n. [F. arquebusier.] A soldier armed with an arquebus. “Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination, appear to have been called arquebusiers.
E. Lodge.”

Ar´qui•foux , n. Same as Alquifou.

Ar´rach , n. See Orach.

Ar´rack ( 277), n. [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.] A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc.

Ar•rag´o•nite , n. See Aragonite.

Ar•raign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. ad + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.] 1. (Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone. 2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. “They will not arraign you for want of knowledge.
Dryden.” “It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world.
I. Taylor.” Syn. — To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce. See Accuse.

Ar•raign´, n. Arraignment; as the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. Macaulay.

Ar•raign´ , v. t. [From OF. aramier, fr. LL. adhramire.] (Old Eng. Law) To appeal to; to demand; as to arraign an assize of novel disseizin.

Ar•raign´er , n. One who arraigns. Coleridge.

Ar•raign´ment , n. [Cf. OF. arraynement, aresnement.] 1. (Law) The act of arraigning, or the state of being arraigned; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or complaint. 2. A calling to an account to faults; accusation. “In the sixth satire, which seems only an Arraignment of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition.
Dryden.”

Ar•rai´ment , Ar•ray´ment , n. [From Array, v. t.] Clothes; raiment. [Obs.]

Ar•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging .] [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as troops arranged for battle. “So [they] came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets.
Berners.” “[They] were beginning to arrange their hampers.
Boswell.” “A mechanism previously arranged.
Paley.” 2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking. Syn. — Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify.

Ar•range´ment , n. [Cf. F. arrangement.] 1. The act of arranging or putting in an orderly condition; the state of being arranged or put in order; disposition in suitable form. 2. The manner or result of arranging; system of parts disposed in due order; regular and systematic classification; as arrangement of one’s dress; the Linnaean arrangement of plants. 3. Preparatory proceeding or measure; preparation; as we have made arrangement for receiving company. 4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a satisfactory arrangement. 5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not originally written. (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription; as a pianoforte arrangement of Beethoven’s symphonies; an orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like.

Ar•ran´ger , n. One who arranges. Burke.

Ar´rant , a. [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.] Notoriously or preëminently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as an arrant rogue or coward. “I discover an arrant laziness in my soul.
Fuller.” 2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.] “An arrant honest woman.
Burton.”

Ar´rant•ly, adv. Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully. L’Estrange.

Ar´ras , n. [From Arras the capital of Artois, in the French Netherlands.] Tapestry; a rich figured fabric; especially, a screen or hangings of heavy cloth with interwoven figures. “Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread.
Cowper.” “Behind the arras I’ll convey myself.
Shak.”

Ar´ras, v. t. To furnish with an arras. Chapman.

Ar•ras•ene´ , n. [From Arras.] A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery.

Ar•ras´tre , n. [Sp.] A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold.

Ar´ras•wise• , Ar´ras•ways, adv. [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; — said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans.

Ar•raught´ . [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raught.] Obtained; seized. Spenser.

Ar•ray´ , n. [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. reiði rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.] 1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as drawn up in battle array. “Wedged together in the closest array.
Gibbon.” 2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers. “A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers.
Prescott.” 3. An imposing series of things. “Their long array of sapphire and of gold.
Byron.” 4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden. 5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court. To challenge the array (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. — Commission of array (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone.

Ar•ray´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.] [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal. “By torch and trumpet fast arrayed,
Each horseman drew his battle blade.
Campbell.” “These doubts will be arrayed before their minds.
Farrar.” 2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; — applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind. “Pharaoh … arrayed him in vestures of fine linen.
Gen. xli..” “In gelid caves with horrid gloom arrayed.
Trumbull.” 3. (Law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. To array a panel, to set forth in order the men that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins. Syn. — To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order.

Ar•ray´er, n. One who arrays. In some early English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of the soldiers’ armor, and who saw them duly accoutered.

Ar•rear´ , adv. [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arrière, fr. L. ad + retro backward. See Rear.] To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar•rear´, n. That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due; esp. a remainder, or balance which remains due when some part has been paid; arrearage; — commonly used in the plural, as arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke. “For much I dread due payment by the Greeks
Of yesterday’s arrear.
Cowper.” “I have a large arrear of letters to write.
J. D. Forbes.” In arrear or In arrears, behind; backward; behindhand; in debt.

Ar•rear´age , n. [F. arrerage, fr. arrière, OF. arere. See Arrear.] That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part; arrears. “The old arrearages … being defrayed.
Howell.” { Ar•rect´ , Ar•rect´ed } a. [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; ad + regere to lead straight, to direct.] 1. Lifted up; raised; erect. 2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.] “God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect.
Smalridge.”

Ar•rect´, v. t. 1. To direct. [Obs.] “My supplication to you I arrect.
Skelton.” 2. [See Aret.] To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Ar•rect´a•ry , n. [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.] An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ar•re•not´o•kous , a. [Gr. bearing males; a male + a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) Producing males from unfertilized eggs, as certain wasps and bees.

Ar•ren•ta´tion . [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law) A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent.

Ar•rep´tion , n. [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; ad + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.] The act of taking away. [Obs.] ´This arreption was sudden.´ Bp. Hall.

Ar•rep•ti´tious , a. [L. arreptitius.] Snatched away; seized or possessed, as a demoniac; raving; mad; crack-brained. [Obs.] “Odd, arreptitious, frantic extravagances.
Howell.”

Ar•rest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arrêter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. ad + restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.] 1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses. “Nor could her virtues the relentless hand
Of Death arrest.
Philips.” 2. (Law) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as to arrest one for debt, or for a crime. After this word Shakespeare uses of (´I arrest thee of high treason´) or on; the modern usage is for. 3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster. 4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.] “We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of.

Ar•rest´, v. i. To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar•rest´, n. [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arrêt, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arrt.] 1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as an arrest of development. “As the arrest of the air showeth.
Bacon.” 2. (Law) The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. also a decree, mandate, or warrant. “William … ordered him to be put under arrest.
Macaulay.” “[Our brother Norway] sends out arrests
On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys.
Shak.” An arrest may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the arrest. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property. 3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral. “The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc., … were sad arrests to his troubled spirit.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; — also named rat-tails. White. Arrest of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment.

Ar•res•ta´tion , n. [F. arrestation, LL. arrestatio.] Arrest. [R.] “The arrestation of the English resident in France was decreed by the National Convention.
H. M. Williams.”

Ar•res•tee´ , n. [See Arrest, v.] (Scots Law) The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment.

Ar•rest´er , n. 1. One who arrests. 2. (Scots Law) The person at whose suit an arrestment is made. [Also written arrestor.]

Ar•rest´ing (ar•rest´ing), a. Striking; attracting attention; impressive. “This most solemn and arresting occurrence.
J. H. Newman.”

Ar•rest´ive (-iv), a. Tending to arrest. McCosh.

Ar•rest´ment, n. [OF. arrestement.] 1. (Scots Law) The arrest of a person, or the seizure of his effects; esp., a process by which money or movables in the possession of a third party are attached. 2. A stoppage or check. Darwin.

Ar•rêt , n. [F. See Arrest, n.] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure.

Ar•ret´ , v. t. Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar•rha•phos´tic , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to sew together.] Seamless. [R.] { Ar•rhi´zal , Ar•rhi´zous } a. [Gr. not rooted; ’a priv. + a root.] (Bot.) Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant. { Ar•rhyth´mic , Ar•rhyth´mous } a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + rhythm.] (Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse.

Ar´rhyt•my , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + rhythm.] Want of rhythm. [R.]

Ar•ride´ , v. t. [L. arridere; ad + ridere to laugh.] To please; to gratify. [Archaic] B. Jonson. “Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me are thy repositories of moldering learning.
Lamb.”

Ar•riere´ , n. [F. arrière. See Arrear.] ´That which is behind´; the rear; — chiefly used as an adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate. Arriere fee, Arriere fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. — Arriere vassal, the vassal of a vassal.

Ar•riere´-ban , n. [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arrière-ban, though arrière has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.] A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France.

Ar´ris , n. [OF. areste, F. arête, fr. L. arista the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.] (Arch.) The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved; - - applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column. P. Cyc. Arris fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off the rain. Gwilt. — Arris gutter, a gutter of a V form fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt.

Ar´rish , n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.] [Written also arish, ersh, etc.] “The moment we entered the stubble or arrish.
Blackw. Mag.”

Ar´ris•wise , adv. Diagonally laid, as tiles; ridgewise.

Ar•riv´al , n. [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land. “Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes,
Expect his swift arrival.
Dryden.” 2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected. 3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as news brought by the last arrival. “Another arrival still more important was speedily announced.
Macaulay.” 4. An approach. [Obs.] “The house has a corner arrival.
H. Walpole.”

Ar•riv´ance , n. Arrival. [Obs.] Shak.

Ar•rive´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; — followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. ´Arrived in Padua.´ Shak. “[AEneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived … and landed in the country of Laurentum.
Holland.” “There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich.
Macaulay.” 2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. To arrive at, or attain to. “When he arrived at manhood.
Rogers.” “We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts.
McCosh.” “If at great things thou wouldst arrive.
Milton.” 3. To come; said of time; as the time arrived. 4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] “Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives.
Waller.”

Ar•rive´, v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.] “And made the sea-trod ship arrive them.
Chapman.” 2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic] “Ere he arrive the happy isle.
Milton.” “Ere we could arrive the point proposed.
Shak.” “Arrive at last the blessed goal.
Tennyson.”

Ar•rive´, n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer. “How should I joy of thy arrive to hear!
Drayton.”

Ar•riv´er , n. One who arrives.

Ar•ro´ba , n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar-rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir. 2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

Ar´ro•gance , n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption. “I hate not you for her proud arrogance.
Shak.” Syn. — Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness.

Ar´ro•gan•cy , n. Arrogance. Shak.

Ar´ro•gant , a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one’s self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; — applied to persons. “Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate.
Shak.” 2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; — applied to things; as arrogant pretensions or behavior. Syn. — Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial.

Ar´ro•gant•ly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance.

Ar´ro•gant•ness, n. Arrogance. [R.]

Ar´ro•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating .] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one’s self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one’s own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as the pope arrogated dominion over kings. “He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine.
Macaulay.”

Ar•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall. 2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age.

Ar´ro•ga•tive , a. Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Ar•ron•disse•ment´ , n. [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] A subdivision of a department. [France] The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes.

Ar•rose´ , v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.] “The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you.
Two N. Kins.”

Ar•ro´sion , n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ar´row , n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.

Ar´row grass , n. (Bot.) An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads.

Ar´row•head , n. 1. The head of an arrow. 2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp. S. sagittifolia, — named from the shape of the leaves.

Ar´row•head•ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow; cuneiform. Arrowheaded characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; — hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform.

Ar´row•root , n. 1. (Bot.) A west Indian plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arundinacea, now cultivated in many hot countries. It said that the Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds made by poisoned arrows. 2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for children an invalids; also a similar starch obtained from other plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma.

Ar´row•wood , n. A shrub (Viburnum dentatum) growing in damp woods and thickets; — so called from the long, straight, slender shoots.

Ar´row•worm, n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta.

Ar´row•y , a. 1. Consisting of arrows. “How quick they wheeled, and flying, behind them shot
Sharp sleet of arrowy showers.
Milton.” 2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resembling, an arrow; swift; darting; piercing. ´His arrowy tongue.´ Cowper. “By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone.
Byron.” “With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities.
Carlyle.”

Ar•roy´o , n.; pl. Arroyos . [Sp., fr. LL. arrogium; cf. Gr. river, stream, fr. to flow.] 1. A water course; a rivulet. 2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S.]

Ar´schin , n. See Arshine.

Arse, n. [AS. ears; aers; akin to OHG. ars. G. arsch, D. aars, Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr. (cf. tail).] The buttocks, or hind part of an animal; the posteriors; the fundament; the bottom.

Ar´se•nal, n. [Sp. & F. arsenal arsenal, dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenale (cf. It. & darsena dock); all fr. Ar. darina’a house of industry or fabrication; dar house + ina art, industry.] A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service.

Ar´se•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of arsenic acid.

Ar•se´ni•ate, n. See Arsenate. [R.]

Ar´se•nic (är´se•nik; 277), n. [L. arsenicum, Gr. ’arseniko•n, ’arreniko•n, yellow orpiment, perh. fr. ’arseniko•s or better Attic ’arreniko•s masculine, ’a•rrhn male, on account of its strength, or fr. Per. zernikh: cf. F. arsenic.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steel- gray color and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 356° Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, antimony, or sulphur. Orpiment and realgar are two of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true arsenicum of the ancients. The element and its compounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9. Atomic weight 75. Symbol As. 2. (Com.) Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; — called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane.

Ar•sen´ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic; — said of those compounds of arsenic in which this element has its highest equivalence; as arsenic acid.

Ar•sen´ic•al, a. Of or pertaining to, or containing, arsenic; as arsenical vapor; arsenical wall papers. Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic.

Ar•sen´i•cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arsenicating.] To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic.

Ar•sen´i•cism, n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic.

Ar´sen•ide , n. (Chem.) A compound of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical; — formerly called arseniuret.

Ar•sen•if´er•ous , a. [Arsenic + -ferous.] Containing or producing arsenic.

Ar•se´ni•ous , a. [Cf. F. arsenieux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic; as arsenious powder or glass. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic, when having an equivalence next lower than the highest; as arsenious acid.

Ar´sen•ite , n. [Cf. F. arsenite.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base.

Ar•se•ni´u•ret , n. (Chem.) See Arsenide.

Ar•se•ni´u•ret•ed, a. (Chem.) Combined with arsenic; — said some elementary substances or radicals; as arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.]

Ar•sen•o•pyr´ite , n. [Arsenic + pyrite.] (Min.) A mineral of a tin-white color and metallic luster, containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron; — also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel.

Arse´smart , n. Smartweed; water pepper. Dr. Prior.

Ar´shine (är´shen), n. [Russ. arshin, of Turkish-Tartar origin; Turk. arshin, arshun, ell, yard.] A Russian measure of length = 2 ft. 4.246 inches.

Ar´sine (är´sin or -sen), n. [From Arsenic.] (Chem.) A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas having an odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen.

Ar´sis (är´sis), n. [L. arsis, Gr. ’a•rsis a raising or lifting, an elevation of the voice, fr. a’i•rein to raise or lift up. Its ordinary use is the result of am early misapprehension; originally and properly it denotes the lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] 1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent. It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined. 2. (Mus.) The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; — opposed to thesis. Moore.

Ars•met´rike (ärz•met´rik), n. [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring art.] Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar´son (är´s’n; 277), n. [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law) The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton. The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of arson has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of arson have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill.

Art (ärt). The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending -t, as in thou shalt, wilt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style.

Art (ärt), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes. “Blest with each grace of nature and of art.
Pope.” 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; — often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation. “Science is systematized knowledge … Art is knowledge made efficient by skill.
J. F. Genung.” 3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. also an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill. “The fishermen can’t employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea.
Addison.” 4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as he prefers art to literature. 5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as master of arts. “In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts.
Pope.” “Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation.
Goldsmith.” 6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic] “So vast is art, so narrow human wit.
Pope.” 7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; as a man has the art of managing his business to advantage. 8. Skillful plan; device. “They employed every art to soothe … the discontented warriors.
Macaulay.” 9. Cunning; artifice; craft. “Madam, I swear I use no art at all.
Shak.” “Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength.
Crabb.” 10. The black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity. The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination and taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, — grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts. “In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity.
Irving.” Syn. — Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science.

Ar•te´mi•a (är•te´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’A•rtemis, a Greek goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.

Ar•te•mi´si•a (ärte´mizh´i•a or ärte´mish´i•a), n. [L. Artemisia, Gr. ’Artemisi•a.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region.

Ar•te´ri•ac , a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. . See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe.

Ar•te´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. arteriel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as arterial action; the arterial system. 2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad. Arterial blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs.

Ar•te•ri•al•i•za´tion , n. (Physiol.) The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; — called also aëration and hematosis.

Ar•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial.

Ar•te•ri•og´ra•phy, n. [Gr. + - graphy.] A systematic description of the arteries.

Ar•te´ri•ole , n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. arteriole.] A small artery.

Ar•te•ri•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. + - logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries.

Ar•te•ri•ot´o•my , n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr. ; + a cutting.] 1. (Med.) The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. 2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries.

Ar•te•ri´tis , n. [Artery + -etis.] Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison.

Ar´ter•y , n.; pl. Arteries . [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. .] 1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] ´Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach.´ Holland. 2. (Anat.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries. In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins. 3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as arteries of trade or commerce.

Ar•te´sian , a. [F. artesien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.] Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. Artesian wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth.

Art´ful , a. [From Art.] 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] ´Artful strains.´ ´Artful terms.´ Milton. 2. Artificial; imitative. Addison. 3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful. “He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order.
Dryden.” 4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as an artful boy. [The usual sense.] “Artful in speech, in action, and in mind.
Pope.” “The artful revenge of various animals.
Darwin.” Syn. — Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning.

Art´ful•ly, adv. In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily.

Art´ful•ness, n. The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft.

Ar´then , a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.] ´An arthen pot.´ Holland. { Ar•thrit´ic , Ar•thrit´ic•al } a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. ’arqritiko•s. See Arthritis.] 1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper.

Ar•thri´tis (är•thri´tis), n. [L., fr. Gr. ’arqri^tis (as if fem. of ’arqri•tis belonging to the joints, sc. no•sos disease) gout, fr. ’a•rqron a joint.] (Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout.

Ar´thro•derm , n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + ’derm.] (Zoöl.) The external covering of an Arthropod.

Ar•thro´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. well articulated; ’a•rqron a joint + shape.] (Anat.) A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket. { Ar•thro´di•al , Ar•throd´ic } a. Of or pertaining to arthrodia.

Ar•thro•dyn´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + ’ody•nh pain.] (Med.) An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease.

Ar•thro•dyn´ic, a. Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic.

Ar•thro•gas´tra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + stomach.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi.

Ar•throg´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -graphy.] The description of joints.

Ar•throl´o•gy, n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints.

Ar´thro•mere , n. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard.

Ar•thro•pleu´ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + the side.] (Zoöl.) The side or limb-bearing portion of an arthromere.

Ar´thro•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Arthropoda.

Ar•throp´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea. — Ar•throp´o•dal , a.

Ar•thro•pom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + lid.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda.

Ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. ’a•rqron joint.] (Anat.) Articulation.

Ar•thros´tra•ca, n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a•rqron joint + a shell.] (Zoöl.) One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda.

Ar•thro•zo´ic , a. [Gr. ’a•rqron joint + animal, fr. an animal.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate.

Ar´ti•ad , a. [Gr. even, fr. exactly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd; — said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder.

Ar´ti•choke , n. [It. articiocco, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. al-harshaf, al-kharshuf.] (Bot.) 1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food. 2. See Jerusalem artichoke.

Ar´ti•cle , n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. , fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art, n.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as articles of agreement. 2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia. 3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.] “A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding.
Addison.” “This last article will hardly be believed.
De Foe.” 4. A distinct part. ´Upon each article of human duty.´ Paley. ´Each article of time.´ Habington. “The articles which compose the blood.
E. Darwin.” 5. A particular one of various things; as an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article. “They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food.
Landor.” 6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic] “This fatal news coming to Hick’s Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell’s trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice.
Evelyn.” 7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article. 8. (Zoöl.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. — Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. — Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. — In the article of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. — Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. — The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England.

Ar´ti•cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Articling .] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n., Articulate.] 1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars. “If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. “He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty.
Stat. 33 Geo. III.” 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as to article an apprentice to a mechanic.

Ar´ti•cle, v. i. To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant. [R.] “Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased.
Selden.”

Ar´ti•cled , a. Bound by articles; apprenticed; as an articled clerk.

Ar•tic´u•lar , a. [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n.] Of or pertaining to the joints; as an articular disease; an articular process. { Ar•tic´u•lar , Ar•tic´u•la•ry } n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

Ar•tic´u•lar•ly (är•tik´u•ler•ly), adv. In an articular or an articulate manner.

Ar•tic•u•la´ta (är•tik•u•la´ta), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of a series of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Malacopoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms. 2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge. 3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea.

Ar•tic´u•late , a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as articulate animals or plants. 3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as articulate speech, sounds, words. “Total changes of party and articulate opinion.
Carlyle.”

Ar•tic´u•late, n. (Zoöl.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata.

Ar•tic´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating ]. 1. To utter articulate sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly. 2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To join or be connected by articulation.

Ar•tic´u•late, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints. 2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.] 3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as to articulate letters or language. ´To articulate a word.´ Ray. 4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. “Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church.
Bibliotheca Sacra.” “To … articulate the dumb, deep want of the people.
Carlyle.”

Ar•tic´u•la•ted , a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as an articulated skeleton. 2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced.

Ar•tic´u•late•ly , adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint. 2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. “I had articulately set down in writing our points.
Fuller.” 3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds.

Ar•tic´u•late•ness, n. Quality of being articulate.

Ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc. 2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley. 3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] “That definiteness and articulation of imagery.
Coleridge.” 5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as a distinct articulation. 6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant.

Ar•tic´u•la•tive , a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush.

Ar•tic´u•la•tor , n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering.

Ar•tic´u•lus n.; pl. Articuli . [L. See Article.] (Zoöl.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.

Ar´ti•fice , n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.] 2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. “The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist.
Cudworth.” 3. Artful or skillful contrivance. “His [Congreve’s] plots were constructed without much artifice.
Craik.” 4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.] “Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry.
Macaulay.”

Ar•tif´i•cer , n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith. 2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. ´Artificer of fraud.´ Milton. “The great Artificer of all that moves.
Cowper.” 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory. Syn. — Artisan; artist. See Artisan.

Ar•ti•fi´cial , a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. “Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life.
Shak.” 2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. ´Artificial tears.´ Shak. 3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as artificial grasses. Gibbon. Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. — Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as ´the artificial system´ in botany, which is the same as the Linnaean system. — Artificial horizon. See under Horizon. Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. — Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. — Artificial numbers, logarithms. — Artificial person (Law). See under Person. — Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural sines, tangents, etc. Hutton.

Ar•ti•fi•ci•al´i•ty , n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial.

Ar•ti•fi´cial•ize , v. t. To render artificial.

Ar•ti•fi´cial•ly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature. 2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] “The spider’s web, finely and artificially wrought.
Tillotson.” 3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] “Sharp dissembled so artificially.
Bp. Burnet.”

Ar•ti•fi´cial•ness, n. The quality of being artificial.

Ar•ti•fi´cious , a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson.

Art´i•lize , v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.] “If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature.
Bolingbroke.”

Ar•til´ler•ist , n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman.

Ar•til´ler•y , n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] “And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad.
1 Sam. xx. 40.” 2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of artillery. 3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of artillery are confided. 4. The science of artillery or gunnery. Campbell. Artillery park, or Park of artillery. (a) A collective body of siege or field artillery, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the artillery is encamped or collected. — Artillery train, or Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching.

Ar•til´ler•y•man , n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing.

Ar•ti•o•dac´ty•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. even + finger or toe.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; — opposed to Perissodactyla.

Ar•ti•o•dac´tyle , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Artiodactyla.

Ar•ti•o•dac´ty•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Even-toed.

Ar´ti•san ( 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.] 2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. “This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can … compensate his additional toil and fatigue.
Hume.” Syn. — Artificer; artist. — Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist.

Art´ist , n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] “How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
Instruct the articles and reward their.
Waller.” 2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes. 3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope. 4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.] Syn. — Artisan. See Artisan.

Ar•tiste´ , n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. { Ar•tis´tic , Ar•tis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. — Ar•tis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Art´ist•ry , n. 1. Works of art collectively. 2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey. 3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy.

Art´less , a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. “Artless of stars and of the moving sand.
Dryden.” 2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] “Artless and massy pillars.
T. Warton.” 3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as an artless mind; an artless tale. “They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them.
Porteus.” “O, how unlike the complex works of man,
Heaven’s easy, artless, unencumbered plan!
Cowper.” Syn. — Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid.

Art´less•ly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope.

Art´less•ness, n. The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity.

Art´ly, adv. With art or skill. [Obs.] { Ar•to•car´pe•ous , Ar•to•car´pous } a. [Gr. bread + fruit.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus.

Ar´to•type , n. [Art + type.] A kind of autotype.

Ar•to•ty´rite , n. [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. bread + cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord’s Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.]

Ar´tow . A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Arts´man , n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon.

Art• un´ion . An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists.

A´rum, n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. .] A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example. “Our common arums — the lords and ladies of village children.
Lubbock.” The American ´Jack in the pulpit´ is now separated from the genus Arum.

Ar•un•del´ian , a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624.

Ar•un•dif´er•ous, a. [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes.

A•run•di•na´ceous , a. [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane.

Ar•un•din´e•ous , a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy.

A•rus´pex , n.; pl. Aruspices . [L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods.

A•rus´pice , n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.]

A•rus´pi•cy , n. [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice.

Ar´val , n. [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arföl; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. öl ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose.

Ar´vi•cole , n. [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species.

Ar´yan (är´yan or ar´i•an), n. [Skr. arya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo Koosh and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races; one of that ethnological division of mankind called also Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. 2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.]

Ar´yan (är´yan or ar´i•an), a. Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; Indo-European; Indo-Germanic; as the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages.

Ar´yan•ize, v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston.

A•ryt´e•noid , a. [Gr. shaped like a ladle; a ladle + form.] (Anat.) Ladle-shaped; — applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords.

As (az), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal swa, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. “His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren.
Macaulay.” As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. ´Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do.´ Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest. 2. In the idea, character, or condition of, — limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. “The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king.
Dewey.” 3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as he trembled as he spoke. “As I return I will fetch off these justices.
Shak.” 4. Because; since; it being the case that. “As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms … they were not indifferently prepared.
Sir W. Scott.” [See Synonym under Because.] 5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). “We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited.
Macaulay.” 6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such. [Obs.] “I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee.
Rowe.” So as, so that. [Obs.] “The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination.
Bacon. ” 7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] “He lies, as he his bliss did know.
Waller.” 8. For instance; by way of example; thus; — used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations. 9. Than. [Obs. & R.] “The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors.
Fuller.” 10. Expressing a wish. [Obs.] ´As have,´ i. e., may he have. Chaucer. As . . as. See So . . as, under So. — As far as, to the extent or degree. ´As far as can be ascertained.´ Macaulay. — As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer. — As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. — As good as, not less than; not falling short of. — As good as one’s word, faithful to a promise. — As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. — As it were (as if it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. — As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer. — As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer. — As well, also; too; besides. Addison. — As well as, equally with, no less than. ´I have understanding as well as you.´ Job xii. 3. — As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now.

As , n. [See Ace.] An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ambes-as, double aces.

As , n.; pl. Asses . [L. as. See Ace.] 1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces. 2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce.

As´a , n. [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. aza mastic, Ar. asa healing, isa remedy.] An ancient name of a gum. { As•a•fet´i•da , As•a•fœt´i•da } , n. [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.] The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asafœtida) of Persia and the East Indies. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assafœtida.]

As´a•phus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. indistinct, uncertain.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation. See Illust. in Append.

As•a•ra•bac´ca , n. [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.] (Bot.) An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europaeum), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs.

As´a•rone , n. [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. ’a•saron] (Chem.) A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europaeum; — called also camphor of asarum.

As•bes´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine.

As•bes´ti•form , a. [L. asbestus + -form.] Having the form or structure of asbestus.

As•bes´tine , a. Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic.

As•bes´tous , a. Asbestic. { As•bes´tus , As•bes´tos ( 277), } n. [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. (prop. an adj.) inextinguishable; ’a priv. + to extinguish.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or green-gray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine. The finer varieties have been wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen’s clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron safes, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana.

As´bo•lin , n. [Gr. soot.] (Chem.) A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot.

As´ca•rid , n.; pl. Ascarides or Ascarids. [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine, and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons.

As•cend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; — opposed to descend. “Higher yet that star ascends.
Bowring.” “I ascend unto my father and your father.
John xx. 17.” Formerly used with up. “The smoke of it ascended up to heaven.
Addison.” 2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor. Syn. — To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower.

As•cend´, v. t. To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne.

As•cend´a•ble , a. Capable of being ascended. { As•cend´an•cy , As•cend´ance } n. Same as Ascendency.

As•cend´ant , n. [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.] 1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.] “Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant.
Temple.” 2. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the moment of one’s birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person’s life and fortune. Hence the phrases To be in the ascendant, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ascendant, one who has possession of such power or influence; as to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke. 3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as one man has the ascendant over another. “Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent.
Robertson.” 4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; — opposed to descendant. Ayliffe. { As•cend´ant , As•cend´ent } a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon. “The constellation … about that time ascendant.
Browne.” 2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin. 3. Superior; surpassing; ruling. “An ascendant spirit over him.
South.” “The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth.
J. S. Mill.” “Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, … no man could possibly hold an ascendent position.
Grote.”

As•cend´en•cy , n. Governing or controlling influence; domination; power. “An undisputed ascendency.
Macaulay.” “Custom has an ascendency over the understanding.
Watts.” Syn. — Control; authority; influence; sway; dominion; prevalence; domination.

As•cend´i•ble , a. [L. ascendibilis.] Capable of being ascended; climbable.

As•cend´ing, a. Rising; moving upward; as an ascending kite. — As•cend´ing•ly, adv. Ascending latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. — Ascending line (Geneol.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one’s ancestors. One’s father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. — Ascending node having, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. — Ascending series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ascending powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. — Ascending signs, signs east of the meridian.

As•cen´sion, n. [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent. 2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) also Ascension Day. 3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation. “Vaporous ascensions from the stomach.
Sir T. Browne.” Ascension Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior’s ascension into heaven after his resurrection; — called also Holy Thursday. — Right ascension (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; — expressed either in degrees or in time. — Oblique ascension (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy.

As•cen´sion•al , a. Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as the ascensional power of a balloon. Ascensional difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; — used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o’clock, or six hours from its meridian passage.

As•cen´sive , a. [See Ascend.] 1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen. 2. (Gram.) Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott.

As•cent´ . [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth. “To him with swift ascent he up returned.
Milton.” 2. The way or means by which one ascends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as a road has an ascent of five degrees.

As•cer•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See Certain.] 1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.] “When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained.
Jer. Taylor.” “Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects.
Robertson.” 2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic] “The divine law … ascertaineth the truth.
Hooker.” “The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation.
Jer. Taylor.” “The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority … persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers.
Smollett.” “The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation.
Gibbon.” 3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal. “He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable.
Macaulay.”

As•cer•tain´a•ble , a. That may be ascertained. — As•cer•tain´a•ble•ness, n. — As•cer•tain´a•bly, adv.

As•cer•tain´er , n. One who ascertains.

As•cer•tain´ment , n. The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery. “The positive ascertainment of its limits.
Burke.”

As•ces´san•cy , n. As•ces´sant a. See Acescency Acescent. [Obs.]

As•cet´ic a. [Gr. , fr. to exercise, to practice gymnastics.] Extremely rigid in self-denial and devotions; austere; severe. “The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline.
Sir W. Scott.”

As•cet´ic, n. In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme self-denial, and self-mortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self-denial in religious things. “I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts.
Norris.” Ascetic theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc.

As•cet´i•cism , n. The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics.

As´cham , n. [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.] A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery.

As´ci, n. pl. See Ascus.

As´cian, n. One of the Ascii.

As•cid´i•an , n. [Gr. bladder, pouch.] (Zoöl.) One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an adj.

As•cid•i•a´ri•um , n. [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian.

As•cid´i•form, a. [Gr. a pouch + - form.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like an ascidian.

As•cid•i•oid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. ascidium + -oid. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two-necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

As•cid•i•o•zo´oid (as•sid•i•o•zo´oid), n. [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zoöl.) One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See Ascidioidea.

As•cid´i•um (as•sid´i•um), n.; pl. Ascidia (-a). [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) A pitcher-shaped, or flask-shaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia). 2. pl. (Zoöl.) A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata.

As•cig´er•ous , a. [Ascus + - gerous.] (Bot.) Having asci. Loudon. { As´ci•i , As´cians } n. pl. [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr. without shadow; ’a priv. + shadow.] Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; — applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun.

As•ci´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. (sc. disease), fr. bladder, belly.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison. { As•cit´ic , As•cit´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical.

As•ci•ti´tious , a. [See Adscititious.] Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed. “Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name.
Pope.”

As•cle´pi•ad , n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus.

As•cle•pi•a•da´ceous, a. [See Asclepias.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family.

As•cle´pi•as, n. [L., fr. Gr. , named from Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties. Asclepias butterfly (Zoöl.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias.

As•co•coc´cus , n.; pl. Ascococci . [NL., fr. Gr. ’asko•s bladder, bag + kernel.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci.

As´co•spore , n. [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.) One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi. [See Illust. of Ascus.]

As•crib´a•ble , a. Capable of being ascribed; attributable.

As•cribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write: cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author. “The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem.
Addison.” 2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong. Syn. — To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ascribe something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view. “More than good-will to me attribute naught.
Spenser.” “Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit.
Pope.” “And fairly quit him of the imputed blame.
Spenser.”

As´cript , a. See Adscript. [Obs.]

As•crip´tion , n. [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.] The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also that which is ascribed.

As•crip•ti´tious , a. [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed. 2. Added; additional. [Obs.] “An ascriptitious and supernumerary God.
Farindon.”

As´cus , n.; pl. Asci . [NL., fr. Gr. a bladder.] (Bot.) A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi.

A-sea, adv. [Pref. a- + sea.] On the sea; at sea; toward the sea.

A•sep´tic , a. [Pref. a- not + septic.] Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent. — n. An aseptic substance.

A•sex´u•al ( 135), a. [Pref. a- not + sexual.] (Biol.) Having no distinct sex; without sexual action; as asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation.

A•sex´u•al•ly , adv. In an asexual manner; without sexual agency.

Ash (ash), n. [OE. asch, esh, AS. aesc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ash (Rhus venenata) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. — Mountain ash. See Roman tree, and under Mountain. 2. The tough, elastic wood of the ash tree. Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc.

Ash, n., sing. of Ashes. Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ash-grey, ash-colored, pearlash, potash. Bone ash, burnt powered; bone earth. — Volcanic ash. See under Ashes.

Ash, v. t. To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell.

A•shame , v. t. [Pref. a- + shame: cf. AS. ascamian to shame (where a- is the same as Goth. us-, G. er-, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.] To shame. [R.] Barrow.

A•shamed´ , a. [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.] Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. ´I am ashamed to beg.´ Wyclif. “All that forsake thee shall be ashamed.
Jer. xvii. 13.” “I began to be ashamed of sitting idle.
Johnson.” “Enough to make us ashamed of our species.
Macaulay.” “An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present.
Darwin.” Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated.

A•sham´ed•ly , adv. Bashfully. [R.]

Ash•an•tee´ , n.; pl. Ashantees . A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa.

Ash•an•tee´, a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee.

Ash´-col•ored , a. Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray.

Ash´en , a. [See Ash, the tree.] Of or pertaining to the ash tree. ´Ashen poles.´ Dryden.

Ash´en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray. “The ashen hue of age.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ash´en , n., obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer.

Ash´er•y , n. 1. A depository for ashes. 2. A place where potash is made.

Ash´es , n. pl. [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, aesce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth. azgo.] 1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when ´returned to dust´ by natural decay. “Their martyred blood and ashes sow.
Milton.” “The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds.
Macaulay.” 3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness. “The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame.
Byron.” In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble expression of grief or repentance; — from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. — Volcanic ashes, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes.

Ash´-fire, n. A low fire used in chemical operations.

Ash´-fur•nace , Ash´-ov•en , n. A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making.

A•shine´ , a. Shining; radiant. { Ash´lar , Ash´ler } , n. [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also masonry made of squared or hewn stone. “Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammer-dressed it is known as common ashlar.
Knight.” (b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. Knight. { Ash´lar•ing , Ash´ler•ing } n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C. 3. (Carp.) The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2.

A•shore´ , adv. [Pref. a- + shore.] On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); — sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat. “Here shall I die ashore.
Shak.” “I must fetch his necessaries ashore.
Shak.”

Ash´to•reth , n.; pl. Ashtaroth . The principal female divinity of the Phœnicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith.

Ash• Wednes´day (ash• wenz´da). The first day of Lent; — so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents.

Ash´weed , n. (Bot.) [A corruption of ache-weed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).] Goutweed.

Ash´y , a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ashes; filled, or strewed with, ashes. 2. Ash-colored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak. Ashy pale, pale as ashes. Shak.

A´sian , a. [L. Asianus, Gr. , fr. , L. Asia.] Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. ´Asian princes.´ Jer. Taylor. — n. An Asiatic.

A´si•arch , n. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. ; + ruler.] One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner.

A•si•at´ic , a. [L. Asiaticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants. — n. A native, or one of the people, of Asia.

A•si•at´i•cism , n. Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics.

A•side´ , adv. [Pref. a- + side.] 1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart. “Thou shalt set aside that which is full.
2 Kings iv. 4.” “But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king.
Shak.” “The flames were blown aside.
Dryden.” 2. Out of one’s thoughts; off; away; as to put aside gloomy thoughts. ´Lay aside every weight.´ Heb. xii. 1. 3. So as to be heard by others; privately. “Then lords and ladies spake aside.
Sir W. Scott.” To set aside (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as to set aside a verdict or a judgment.

A•side´, n. Something spoken aside; as a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear.

A•si´lus , n. [L., a gadfly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large and voracious two-winged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly. { As•i•ne´go , As•si•ne´go } , n. [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.] A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

As´i•nine , a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.] Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. ´Asinine nature.´ B. Jonson. ´Asinine feast.´ Milton.

As•i•nin´i•ty , n. The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy.

A•si´phon•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; — said of many bivalve shells. — n. An asiphonate mollusk. { As•i•pho´ne•a , A•si•pho•na´ta , As•i•phon´i•da } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a tube.] (Zoöl.) A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks.

A•si´ti•a , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + food.] (Med.) Want of appetite; loathing of food.

Ask , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. ascian, acsian; akin to OS. escon, OHG. eiscon, Sw. aska, Dan. aeske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. jëskóti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. rad.5.] 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; — often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed. “Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God.
Judg. xviii. 5.” “If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you.
John xv. 7.” 2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as what price do you ask? “Ask me never so much dowry.
Gen. xxxiv. 12.” “To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more.
Luke xii. 48.” “An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity.
Addison.” 3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question. “He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself.
John ix. 21.” “He asked the way to Chester.
Shak.” 4. To invite; as to ask one to an entertainment. 5. To publish in church for marriage; — said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller. Syn. — To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg.

Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; — usually followed by for; as to ask for bread. “Ask, and it shall be given you.
Matt. vii. 7.” 2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; — sometimes followed by after. “Wherefore … dost ask after my name?
Gen. xxxii. 29.”

Ask , n. [See 2d Asker.] (Zoöl.) A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.] { A•skance´ , A•skant´ } adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or suspicion. “They dart away; they wheel askance.
Beattie.” “My palfrey eyed them askance.
Landor.” “Both … were viewed askance by authority.
Gladstone.”

A•skance´, v. t. To turn aside. [Poet.] “O, how are they wrapped in with infamies
That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes!
Shak.”

Ask´er, n. One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak.

Ask´er, n. [A corruption of AS. aexe lizard, newt.] (Zoöl.) An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.]

A•skew´, adv. & a. [Pref. a- + skew.] Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; — sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser.

Ask´ing, n. 1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow. 2. The publishing of banns.

A•slake´ (a•slak´), v. t. & i. [AS. aslacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf. Slake.] To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish. [Archaic] Chaucer.

A•slant´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slant.] Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely. “[The shaft] drove through his neck aslant.
Dryden.”

A•slant´, prep. In a slanting direction over; athwart. “There is a willow grows aslant a brook.
Shak.”

A•sleep´, a. & adv. [Pref. a- + sleep.] 1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant. “Fast asleep the giant lay supine.
Dryden.” “By whispering winds soon lulled asleep.
Milton.” 2. In the sleep of the grave; dead. “Concerning them which are asleep … sorrow not, even as others which have no hope.
1 Thess. iv. 13.” 3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall. “Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep.
Bacon.”

A•slope´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slope.] Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. ´Set them not upright, but aslope.´ Bacon.

A•slug´ , adv. [Pref. a- + slug to move slowly.] Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby.

A•smear´ , a. [Pref. a- + smear.] Smeared over. Dickens.

As•mo•ne´an , a. Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmonaean.]

As•mo•ne´an, n. One of the Asmonean family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c.

A•soak´ , a. [Pref. a- + soak.] Soaking.

A•so´ma•tous , a. [L. asomatus, Gr. ; ’a priv. + body.] Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd.

As´o•nant , a. [Pref. a- not + sonant.] Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton.

Asp , n. (Bot.) Same as Aspen. ´Trembling poplar or asp.´ Martyn.

Asp (asp), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. ’aspi•s: cf. OF. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zoöl.) A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje.
As•pal´a•thus , n. [L. aspalathus, Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosae. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

As•par´a•gine , n. [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.) A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C4H8N2O3+H2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus. It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; — called also altheine.

As•pa•rag´i•nous , a. Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as asparaginous vegetables.

As•par´a•gus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , ; cf. to swell with sap or juice, and Zend paregha prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceae, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens. 2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and well-known article of food. This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people. Asparagus beetle (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to asparagus.

As•par´tic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as aspartic acid.

As´pect , n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] ´The basilisk killeth by aspect.´ Bacon. “His aspect was bent on the ground.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. ´Serious in aspect.´ Dryden. “[Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head.
Pope.” 3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. ´The aspect of affairs.´ Macaulay. “The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish.
T. Burnet.” 4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south. 5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.] “This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended.
Evelyn.” 6. (Astrol.) The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton. The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile, , when the planets are 60° apart; quartile, or quadrate, , when their distance is 90° or the quarter of a circle; trine, , when the distance is 120°; opposition, , when the distance is 180°, or half a circle; and conjunction, , when they are in the same degree. Astrology taught that the aspects of the planets exerted an influence on human affairs, in some situations for good and in others for evil. 7. (Astrol.) The influence of the stars for good or evil; as an ill aspect. Shak. “The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects.
Bacon.” Aspect of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane.

As•pect´ , v. t. [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See Aspect, n.] To behold; to look at. [Obs.]

As•pect´a•ble , a. [L. aspectabilis.] Capable of being; visible. ´The aspectable world.´ Ray. ´Aspectable stars.´ Mrs. Browning.

As•pect´ant , a. (Her.) Facing each other.

As•pect´ed, a. Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

As•pec´tion , n. [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.] The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.] { Asp´en (as´pen), Asp (asp), } n. [AS. aesp, aeps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. ösp, Dan. aesp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, äspe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.) One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air.

Asp´en (as´pen), a. Of or pertaining to the aspen, or resembling it; made of aspen wood. “Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze.
Gay.”

As´per (as´per), a. [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. âpre, fr. L. asper rough.] Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] ´An asper sound.´ Bacon.

As´per (as´per), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathing; a mark (&asper;) placed over an initial vowel sound or over ρ to show that it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with h before it; thus ´ws, pronounced hos, ´rh•twr, pronounced hra´tor.

As´per, n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. ’a•spron, ’a•spros, white (prob. from the whiteness of new silver coins).] A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster.

As´per•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper rough.] To make rough or uneven. “The asperated part of its surface.
Boyle.”

As•per•a´tion , n. The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey.

As•per´ges , n. [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. { As´per•gill , As•per•gil´lum } n. [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t.] 1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.] 2. (Zoöl.) See Wateringpot shell.

As•per•gil´li•form , a. [Aspergillum + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling the aspergillum in form; as an aspergilliform stigma. Gray. { As•per•i•fo´li•ate , As•per•i•fo´li•ous , } a. [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having rough leaves. By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginaceae or borageworts.

As•per´i•ty , n.; pl. Asperities . [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. asperite.] 1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; — opposed to smoothness. ´The asperities of dry bodies.´ Boyle. 2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity. 3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness. 4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; — opposed to mildness. ´Asperity of character.´ Landor. “It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
Johnson.” 5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty. “The acclivities and asperities of duty.
Barrow.” Syn. — Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness. See Acrimony.

A•sper´ma•tous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , seed.] (Bot.) Aspermous.

A•sper´mous, a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds; aspermatous.

A•sperne´ , v. t. [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.] To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

As´per•ous , a. [See Asper, a.] Rough; uneven. Boyle.

As•perse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad + spargere to strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood. 2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man’s character. “With blackest crimes aspersed.
Cowper.” Syn. — To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. — To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man’s honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man’s injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes.

As•persed´ , a. 1. (Her.) Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans. 2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley.

As•pers´er , n. One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another.

As•per´sion , n. [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense. “Behold an immersion, not and aspersion.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny. “Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers.
Grote.” “Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue.
Dryden.”

As•pers´ive , a. Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous. — As•pers´ive•ly, adv.

As•per•soir´ , n. [F.] An aspergill.

As•per•so´ri•um , n.; pl. Aspersoria . [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches. 2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. { As´phalt , As•phal´tum } n. [Gr. , of eastern origin: cf. F. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews’ pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen. 2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a water-proof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc. Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt.

As´phalt, v. t. To cover with asphalt; as to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets.

As•phalte´ , n. [F. See Asphalt.] Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2.

As•phal´tic , a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. ´Asphaltic pool.´ ´Asphaltic slime.´ Milton.

As•phal´tite , a. Asphaltic.

As•phal´tite , a. Asphaltic. Bryant.

As•phal´tus, n. See Asphalt.

As´pho•del , n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. . See Daffodil.] (Bot.) A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. The name is also popularly given to species of other genera. The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Dr. Prior. “Pansies, and violets, and asphodel.
Milton.”

As•phyc´tic , a. Pertaining to asphyxia. { As•phyx´i•a , As•phyx´y } n. [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + to throb, beat.] (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases.

As•phyx´i•al , a. Of or relating to asphyxia; as asphyxial phenomena.

As•phyx´i•ate , v. t. To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate. [Used commonly in the past pple.]

As•phyx´i•a•ted , As•phyx´ied , p. p. In a state of asphyxia; suffocated.

As•phyx•i•a´tion , n. The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia.

As´pic , n. [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson. 2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.]

As´pic, n. [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. epi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike.

As´pic, n. [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray.

As•pi•do•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , shield + gills.] (Zoöl.) A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets.

As•pir´ant ( 277), a. [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Aspiring.

As•pir´ant, n. [Cf. F. aspirant.] One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of attainment. “In consequence of the resignations … the way to greatness was left clear to a new set of aspirants.
Macaulay.”

As´pi•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating .] [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf. Aspire.] To pronounce with a breathing, an aspirate, or an h sound; as we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant.

As´pi•rate , n. 1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound. 2. A mark of aspiration (&asper;) used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley. 3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as f, th in thin, etc. { As´pi•rate (as´pi•rat), As´pi•ra´ted (-ra´ted), } a. [L. aspiratus, p. p.] Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath. “But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h.
Holder.”

As•pi•ra´tion , n. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.] 1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound. “If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing.
Wilkins.” 2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration. 3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. ´Aspirations after virtue.´ Johnson. “Vague aspiration after military renown.
Prescott.”

As´pi•ra•tor , n. 1. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction. 2. (Med.) An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood.

As•pir´a•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air

As•pire´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; — followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality. “Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell;
Aspiring to be angels, men rebel.
Pope.” 2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar. “My own breath still foments the fire,
Which flames as high as fancy can aspire.
Waller.”

As•pire´, v. t. To aspire to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.] “That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds.
Shak.”

As•pire´, n. Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman.

As•pire´ment , n. Aspiration. [Obs.]

As•pir´er , n. One who aspires.

As•pir´ing, a. That aspires; as an Aspiring mind. — As•pir´ing•ly, adv. — As•pir´ing•ness, n.

Asp´ish , a. Pertaining to, or like, an asp.

As•por•ta´tion , n. [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law) The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited. It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone.

A•sprawl´ , adv. & a. Sprawling.

A•squat´ , adv. & a. Squatting.

A•squint´ , adv. [Cf. Askant, Squint.] With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as to look asquint.

Ass , n. [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn, L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. ; also to AS. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus, Dan. aesel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. athn she ass. Cf. Ease.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ass is patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swift-footed. 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak. Asses’ Bridge. [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, ´The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another.´ [Sportive] ´A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses’ Bridge.´ F. Harrison. — To make an ass of one’s self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd.

As•sa•fœt´i•da , n. Same as Asafetida.

As´sa•gai , As´se•gai , n. [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin.

As•sa´i . [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.) A direction equivalent to very; as adagio assai, very slow.

As•sail´ (as•sal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed (-sald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir; a (L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as to assail a man with blows; to assail a city with artillery. “No rude noise mine ears assailing.
Cowper.” “No storm can now assail
The charm he wears within.
Keble.” 2. To encounter or meet purposely with the view of mastering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like. “The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail.
Pope.” 3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce changes in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like. “The papal authority … assailed.
Hallam.” “They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack.

As•sail´a•ble , a. Capable of being assailed.

As•sail´ant , a. [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.] Assailing; attacking. Milton.

As•sail´ant, n. [F. assaillant.] One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assailer. “An assailant of the church.
Macaulay.”

As•sail´er , n. One who assails.

As•sail´ment , n. The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.] “His most frequent assailment was the headache.
Johnson.”

As´sa•mar , n. [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown.

As•sam•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Assam.

As•sa•pan´ , As•sa•pan´ic , n. [Prob. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella).

As•sart´ (as•särt´), n. [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] 1. (Old Law) The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the thickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell. 2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash. Assart land, forest land cleared of woods and brush.

As•sart´, v. t. To grub up, as trees; to commit an assart upon; as to assart land or trees. Ashmole.

As•sas´sin , n. [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. •hashishin one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh al-Jabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.] One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense.

As•sas´sin, v. t. To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet.

As•sas´sin•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating .] [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence. “Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated.
Dryden.” 2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic] “Your rhymes assassinate our fame.
Dryden.” “Such usage as your honorable lords
Afford me, assassinated and betrayed.
Milton.” Syn. — To kill; murder; slay. See Kill.

As•sas´sin•ate , n. [F. assassinat.] 1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.] “If I had made an assassinate upon your father.
B. Jonson.” 2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden.

As•sas•si•na´tion , n. The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence.

As•sas´si•na•tor , n. An assassin.

As•sas´sin•ous , a. Murderous. Milton.

As•sas´tion , n. [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.] Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

As•sault´ , n. [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town. “The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault.
Prescott.” “Unshaken bears the assault
Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest.
Wordsworth.” 2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon. 3. (Law) An apparently violent attempt, or willful offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton. “Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery.
Mozley & W.” Syn. — Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm.

As•sault´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaulting.] [From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL. assaltare.] 1. To make an assault upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces. “Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound.
Milton.” 2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as to assault a reputation or an administration. “Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn, …
Assault his ears.
Dryden.” In the latter sense, assail is more common. Syn. — To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack.

As•sault´a•ble , a. Capable of being assaulted.

As•sault´er , n. One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall.

As•say´ , n. [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer. “I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance.
Milton.” 2. Examination and determination; test; as an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.] “This can not be, by no assay of reason.
Shak.” 3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.] “Through many hard assays which did betide.
Spenser.” 4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.] “With gold and pearl of rich assay.
Spenser.” 5. (Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin. 6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure. Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay. Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as assay balance, assay furnace. Assay master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. — Assay ton, a weight of 29,166&frac23; grams.

As•say´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.] [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic] “To-night let us assay our plot.
Shak.” “Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed.
Milton.” 2. To affect. [Obs.] “When the heart is ill assayed.
Spenser.” 3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.] 4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition.

As•say´, v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is now commonly used.] “She thrice assayed to speak.
Dryden.”

As•say´a•ble , a. That may be assayed.

As•say´er, n. One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver.

As•say´ing, n. The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal.

Asse , n. (Zoöl.) A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur.

As•se•cu•ra´tion , n. [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.] Assurance; certainty. [Obs.]

As•se•cure´ , v. t. [LL. assecurare.] To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker.

As•se•cu´tion , n. [F. assecution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.] An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

As´se•gai , n. Same as Assagai.

As•sem´blage, n. [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state of being assembled; association. “In sweet assemblage every blooming grace.
Fenton.” 2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas. Syn. — Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest.

As•sem´blance, n. [Cf. OF. assemblance.] 1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.] “Care I for the … stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man? Give me the spirit.
Shak.” 2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.] “To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance.
Spenser.”

As•sem´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling .] [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. at the same time, and E. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.] To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. “Thither he assembled all his train.
Milton.” “All the men of Israel assembled themselves.
1 Kings viii. 2.”

As•sem´ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden. “The Parliament assembled in November.
W. Massey.”

As•sem´ble, v. i. To liken; to compare. [Obs.] “Bribes may be assembled to pitch.
Latimer.”

As•sem´bler , n. One who assembles a number of individuals; also one of a number assembled.

As•sem´bly , n.; pl. Assemblies . [F. assemblee, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment. 2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell. 3. (Mil.) A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble. In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland. Assembly room, a room in which persons assemble, especially for dancing. — Unlawful assembly (Law), a meeting of three or more persons on a common plan, in such a way as to cause a reasonable apprehension that they will disturb the peace tumultuously. — Westminster Assembly, a convocation, consisting chiefly of divines, which, by act of Parliament, assembled July 1, 1643, and remained in session some years. It framed the ´Confession of Faith,´ the ´Larger Catechism,´ and the ´Shorter Catechism,´ which are still received as authority by Presbyterians, and are substantially accepted by Congregationalists. Syn. — See Assemblage.

As•sem´bly•man (as•sem´bly•man), n.; pl. Assemblymen (- men). A member of an assembly, especially of the lower branch of a state legislature.

As•sent´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assented; p. pr. & vb. n. Assenting.] [F. assentir, L. assentire, assentiri; ad + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] To admit a thing as true; to express one’s agreement, acquiescence, concurrence, or concession. “Who informed the governor … And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so.
Acts xxiv. 9.” “The princess assented to all that was suggested.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To yield; agree; acquiesce; concede; concur.

As•sent´ , n. [OE. assent, fr. assentir. See Assent, v.] The act of assenting; the act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to anything; concurrence with approval; consent; agreement; acquiescence. “Faith is the assent to any proposition, on the credit of the proposer.
Locke.” “The assent, if not the approbation, of the prince.
Prescott.” “Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and admiration.
Macaulay.” Royal assent, in England, the assent of the sovereign to a bill which has passed both houses of Parliament, after which it becomes law. Syn. — Concurrence; acquiescence; approval; accord. — Assent, Consent. Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the will or feelings. We assent to the views of others when our minds come to the same conclusion with theirs as to what is true, right, or admissible. We consent when there is such a concurrence of our will with their desires and wishes that we decide to comply with their requests. The king of England gives his assent, not his consent, to acts of Parliament, because, in theory at least, he is not governed by personal feelings or choice, but by a deliberate, judgment as to the common good. We also use assent in cases where a proposal is made which involves but little interest or feeling. A lady may assent to a gentleman’s opening the window; but if he offers himself in marriage, he must wait for her consent.

As•sen•ta´tion , n. [L. assentatio. See Assent, v.] Insincere, flattering, or obsequious assent; hypocritical or pretended concurrence. “Abject flattery and indiscriminate assentation degrade as much as indiscriminate contradiction and noisy debate disgust.
Ld. Chesterfield.”

As•sen•ta´tor, n. [L., fr. assentari to assent constantly.] An obsequious; a flatterer. [R.]

As•sent´a•to•ry , a. Flattering; obsequious. [Obs.] — As•sent´a•to•ri•ly, adv. [Obs.]

As•sent´er , n. One who assents.

As•sen´tient, a. Assenting.

As•sent´ing , a. Giving or implying assent. — As•sent´ing•ly, adv.

As•sent´ive , a. Giving assent; of the nature of assent; complying. — As•sent´ive•ness, n.

As•sent´ment, n. Assent; agreement. [Obs.]

As•sert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Asserting.] [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to join or fasten to one’s self, claim, maintain; ad + serere to join or bind together. See Series.] 1. To affirm; to declare with assurance, or plainly and strongly; to state positively; to aver; to asseverate. “Nothing is more shameful … than to assert anything to be done without a cause.
Ray.” 2. To maintain; to defend. [Obs. or Archaic] “That … I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justify the ways of God to men.
Milton.” “I will assert it from the scandal.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. To maintain or defend, as a cause or a claim, by words or measures; to vindicate a claim or title to; as to assert our rights and liberties. To assert one’s self, to claim or vindicate one’s rights or position; to demand recognition. Syn. — To affirm; aver; asseverate; maintain; protest; pronounce; declare; vindicate. — To Assert, Affirm, Maintain, Vindicate. To assert is to fasten to one’s self, and hence to claim. It is, therefore, adversative in its nature. We assert our rights and privileges, or the cause of tree institutions, as against opposition or denial. To affirm is to declare as true. We assert boldly; we affirm positively. To maintain is to uphold, and insist upon with earnestness, whatever we have once asserted; as to maintain one’s cause, to maintain an argument, to maintain the ground we have taken. To vindicate is to use language and measures of the strongest kind, in defense of ourselves and those for whom we act. We maintain our assertions by adducing proofs, facts, or arguments; we are ready to vindicate our rights or interests by the utmost exertion of our powers.

As•sert´er , n. One who asserts; one who avers pr maintains; an assertor. “The inflexible asserter of the rights of the church.
Milman.”

As•ser´tion , n. [L. assertio, fr. asserere.] 1. The act of asserting, or that which is asserted; positive declaration or averment; affirmation; statement asserted; position advanced. “There is a difference between assertion and demonstration.
Macaulay.” 2. Maintenance; vindication; as the assertion of one’s rights or prerogatives.

As•sert´ive , a. Positive; affirming confidently; affirmative; peremptory. “In a confident and assertive form.
Glanvill.” As•sert´ive•ly, adv. — As•sert´ive•ness, n.

As•sert´or , n. [L., fr. asserere.] One who asserts or avers; one who maintains or vindicates a claim or a right; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator; a defender; an asserter. “The assertors of liberty said not a word.
Macaulay.” “Faithful assertor of thy country’s cause.
Prior.”

As•ser•to´ri•al , a. Asserting that a thing is; — opposed to problematical and apodeictical.

As•sert´o•ry , a. [L. assertorius, fr. asserere.] Affirming; maintaining. “Arguments … assertory, not probatory.
Jer. Taylor.” “An assertory, not a promissory, declaration.
Bentham.” “A proposition is assertory, when it enounces what is known as actual.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

As•sess´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assessed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assessing.] [OF. assesser to regulate, settle, LL. assessare to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere, supine as if assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court, in LL. to assess, tax. Cf. Assize, v., Cess.] 1. To value; to make a valuation or official estimate of for the purpose of taxation. 2. To apportion a sum to be paid by (a person, a community, or an estate), in the nature of a tax, fine, etc.; to impose a tax upon (a person, an estate, or an income) according to a rate or apportionment. 3. To determine and impose a tax or fine upon (a person, community, estate, or income); to tax; as the club assessed each member twenty-five cents. 4. To fix or determine the rate or amount of. “This sum is assessed and raised upon individuals by commissioners in the act.
Blackstone.”

As•sess´a•ble , a. Liable to be assessed or taxed; as assessable property.

As•sess•ee´ , n. One who is assessed.

As•ses´sion , n. [L. assessio, fr. assidre to sit by or near; ad + sedre to sit. See Sit.] A sitting beside or near.

As•sess´ment , n. [LL. assessamentum.] 1. The act of assessing; the act of determining an amount to be paid; as an assessment of damages, or of taxes; an assessment of the members of a club. 2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for the purpose of taxation; such valuation and an adjudging of the proper sum to be levied on the property; as an assessment of property or an assessment on property. An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum certain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the property of those who are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay. Blackstone. Burrill. 3. The specific sum levied or assessed. 4. An apportionment of a subscription for stock into successive installments; also one of these installments (in England termed a ´call´). [U. S.]

As•sess´or, n. [L., one who sits beside, the assistant of a judge, fr. assidre. See Assession. LL., one who arranges of determines the taxes, fr. assidre. See Assess, v., and cf. Cessor.] 1. One appointed or elected to assist a judge or magistrate with his special knowledge of the subject to be decided; as legal assessors, nautical assessors. Mozley & W. 2. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser; an associate in office. “Whence to his Son,
The assessor of his throne, he thus began.
Milton.” “With his ignorance, his inclinations, and his fancy, as his assessors in judgment.
I. Taylor.” 3. One appointed to assess persons or property for the purpose of taxation. Bouvier.

As•ses•so´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. assessorial, fr. L. assessor.] Of or pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of assessors. Coxe.

As•sess´or•ship , n. The office or function of an assessor.

As´set , n. Any article or separable part of one’s assets.

As´sets , n. pl. [OF. asez enough, F. assez, fr. L. ad + satis, akin to Gr. enough, Goth. saps full. Cf. Assai, Satisfy.] 1. (Law) (a) Property of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and legacies; - - called assets because sufficient to render the executor or administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so far as such goods or estate may extend. Story. Blackstone. (b) Effects of an insolvent debtor or bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts. 2. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a person, a corporation, or an estate; as the assets of a merchant or a trading association; — opposed to liabilities. In balancing accounts the assets are put on the Cr. side and the debts on the Dr. side.

As•sev´er , v. t. [Cf. OF. asseverer, fr. L. asseverare.] See Asseverate. [Archaic]

As•sev´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseverated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Asseverating .] [L. asseveratus, p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously or earnestly; ad + severus. See Severe.] To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity. Syn. — To affirm; aver; protest; declare. See Affirm.

As•sev•er•a´tion , n. [L. asseveratio.] The act of asseverating, or that which is asseverated; positive affirmation or assertion; solemn declaration. “Another abuse of the tongue I might add, — vehement asseverations upon slight and trivial occasions.
Ray.”

As•sev´er•a•tive, a. Characterized by asseveration; asserting positively.

As•sev´er•a•to•ry, a. Asseverative.

As•sib´i•late, v. t. [L. assibilatus, p. p. of assibilare to hiss out; ad + sibilare to hiss.] To make sibilant; to change to a sibilant. J. Peile.

As•sib•i•la´tion, n. Change of a non- sibilant letter to a sibilant, as of -tion to -shun, duke to ditch.

As•si•de´an, n. [Heb. khasad to be pious.] One of a body of devoted Jews who opposed the Hellenistic Jews, and supported the Asmoneans.

As´si•dent , a. [L. assidens, p. pr. of assidre to sit by: cf. F. assident. See Assession.] (Med.) Usually attending a disease, but not always; as assident signs, or symptoms.

As•sid´u•ate , a. [L. assiduatus, p. p. of assiduare to use assiduously.] Unremitting; assiduous. [Obs.] ´Assiduate labor.´ Fabyan.

As•si•du´i•ty , n.; pl. Assiduities . [L. assiduitas: cf. F. assiduite. See Assiduous.] 1. Constant or close application or attention, particularly to some business or enterprise; diligence. “I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a nomenclator.
Addison.” 2. Studied and persevering attention to a person; - - usually in the plural.

As•sid´u•ous , a. [L. assiduus, fr. assidre to sit near or close; ad + sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. Constant in application or attention; devoted; attentive; unremitting. “She grows more assiduous in her attendance.
Addison.” 2. Performed with constant diligence or attention; unremitting; persistent; as assiduous labor. “To weary him with my assiduous cries.
Milton.” Syn. — Diligent; attentive; sedulous; unwearied; unintermitted; persevering; laborious; indefatigable. As•sid´u•ous•ly, adv. — As•sid´u•ous•ness, n.

As•siege´ , v. t. [OE. asegen, OF. asegier, F. assieger, fr. LL. assediare, assidiare, to besiege. See Siege.] To besiege. [Obs.] ´Assieged castles.´ Spenser.

As•siege´, n. A siege. [Obs.] Chaucer.

As•si•en´tist, n. [Cf. F. assientiste, Sp. asentista.] A shareholder of the Assiento company; one of the parties to the Assiento contract. Bancroft.

As•si•en´to , n. [Sp. asiento seat, contract or agreement, fr. asentar to place on a chair, to adjust, to make an agreement; a (L. ad) + sentar, a participial verb; as if there were a L. sedentare to cause to sit, fr. sedens, sedentis, p. pr. of sedre to sit.] A contract or convention between Spain and other powers for furnishing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in America, esp. the contract made with Great Britain in 1713.

As•sign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assigned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assigning.] [OE. assignen, asignen, F. assigner, fr. L. assignare; ad + signare to mark, mark out, designate, signum mark, sign. See Sign.] 1. To appoint; to allot; to apportion; to make over. “In the order I assign to them.
Loudon.” “The man who could feel thus was worthy of a better station than that in which his lot had been assigned.
Southey.” “He assigned to his men their several posts.
Prescott.” 2. To fix, specify, select, or designate; to point out authoritatively or exactly; as to assign a limit; to assign counsel for a prisoner; to assign a day for trial. “All as the dwarf the way to her assigned.
Spenser.” “It is not easy to assign a period more eventful.
De Quincey.” 3. (Law) To transfer, or make over to another, esp. to transfer to, and vest in, certain persons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. To assign dower, to set out by metes and bounds the widow’s share or portion in an estate. Kent.

As•sign´, n. [From Assign, v.] A thing pertaining or belonging to something else; an appurtenance. [Obs.] “Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdles, hangers, and so.
Shak.”

As•sign´, n. [See Assignee.] (Law) A person to whom property or an interest is transferred; as a deed to a man and his heirs and assigns.

As•sign•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being assignable.

As•sign´a•ble , a. Capable of being assigned, allotted, specified, or designated; as an assignable note or bill; an assignable reason; an assignable quantity.

As•si•gnat´ ( 277), n. [F. assignat, fr. L. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] One of the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the revolutionary government of France (1790-1796), and based on the security of the lands of the church and of nobles which had been appropriated by the state.

As•sig•na´tion , n. [L. assignatio, fr. assignare: cf. F. assignation.] 1. The act of assigning or allotting; apportionment. “This order being taken in the senate, as touching the appointment and assignation of those provinces.
Holland.” 2. An appointment of time and place for meeting or interview; — used chiefly of love interviews, and now commonly in a bad sense. “While nymphs take treats, or assignations give.
Pope.” 3. A making over by transfer of title; assignment. House of assignation, a house in which appointments for sexual intercourse are fulfilled.

As•sign•ee´, n. [F. assigne, p. p. of assigner. See Assign, v., and cf. Assign an assignee.] (Law) (a) A person to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed by another to do some act, perform some business, or enjoy some right, privilege, or property; as an assignee of a bankrupt. See Assignment (c). An assignee may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by jaw; as an executor. Cowell. Blount. (b) pl. In England, the persons appointed, under a commission of bankruptcy, to manage the estate of a bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors.

As•sign´er (as•sin´er), n. One who assigns, appoints, allots, or apportions.

As•sign´ment , n. [LL. assignamentum: cf. OF. assenement.] 1. An allotting or an appointment to a particular person or use; or for a particular time, as of a cause or causes in court. 2. (Law) (a) A transfer of title or interest by writing, as of lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange; a transfer of the whole of some particular estate or interest in lands. (b) The writing by which an interest is transferred. (c) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors. Assignment of dower, the setting out by metes and bounds of the widow’s thirds or portion in the deceased husband’s estate, and allotting it to her. Assignment is also used in law as convertible with specification; assignment of error in proceedings for review being specification of error; and assignment of perjury or fraud in indictment being specifications of perjury or fraud.

As•sign•or´ , n. [L. assignator. Cf. Assigner.] (Law) An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest; as the assignor of a debt or other chose in action.

As•sim•i•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being assimilable. [R.] Coleridge.

As•sim´i•la•ble , a. That may be assimilated; that may be likened, or appropriated and incorporated.

As•sim´i•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assimilated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assimilating .] [L. assimilatus, p. p. of assimilare; ad + similare to make like, similis like. See Similar, Assemble, Assimilate.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity; to cause a resemblance between. Sir M. Hale. “To assimilate our law to the law of Scotland.
John Bright.” “Fast falls a fleecy; the downy flakes
Assimilate all objects.
Cowper.” 2. To liken; to compae. [R.] 3. To appropriate and transform or incorporate into the substance of the assimilating body; to absorb or appropriate, as nourishment; as food is assimilated and converted into organic tissue. “Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nourishment.
Sir I. Newton.” “His mind had no power to assimilate the lessons.
Merivale.”

As•sim´i•late, v. i. 1. To become similar or like something else. [R.] 2. To change and appropriate nourishment so as to make it a part of the substance of the assimilating body. “Aliment easily assimilated or turned into blood.
Arbuthnot.” 3. To be converted into the substance of the assimilating body; to become incorporated; as some kinds of food assimilate more readily than others. “I am a foreign material, and cannot assimilate with the church of England.
J. H. Newman.”

As•sim•i•la´tion , n. [L. assimilatio: cf. F. assimilation.] 1. The act or process of assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or identity; also the state of being so assimilated; as the assimilation of one sound to another. “To aspire to an assimilation with God.
Dr. H. More.” “The assimilation of gases and vapors.
Sir J. Herschel.” 2. (Physiol.) The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals. “Not conversing the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation.
Sir T. Browne.” The term assimilation has been limited by some to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and organs.

As•sim´i•la•tive , a. [Cf. LL. assimilativus, F. assimilatif.] Tending to, or characterized by, assimilation; that assimilates or causes assimilation; as an assimilative process or substance.

As•sim´i•la•to•ry , a. Tending to assimilate, or produce assimilation; as assimilatory organs.

As•sim´u•late , v. t. [L. assimulatus, p. p. of assimulare, equiv. to assimilare. See Assimilate, v. t.] 1. To feign; to counterfeit; to simulate; to resemble. [Obs.] Blount. 2. To assimilate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

As•sim•u•la´tion , n. [L. assimulatio, equiv. to assimilatio.] Assimilation. [Obs.] Bacon.

As•si•ne´go , n. See Asinego.

Ass´ish , a. Resembling an ass; asinine; stupid or obstinate. “Such … appear to be of the assich kind …
Udall.”

As•sist´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assisting.] [L. assistere; ad + sistere to cause to stand, to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. assister. See Stand.] To give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress; to help; to aid; to succor. “Assist me, knight. I am undone!
Shak.” Syn. — To help; aid; second; back; support; relieve; succor; befriend; sustain; favor. See Help.

As•sist´, v. i. 1. To lend aid; to help. “With God not parted from him, as was feared,
But favoring and assisting to the end.
Milton.” 2. To be present as a spectator; as to assist at a public meeting. [A Gallicism] Gibbon. Prescott.

As•sist´ance , n. [Cf. F. assistance.] 1. The act of assisting; help; aid; furtherance; succor; support. “Without the assistance of a mortal hand.
Shak.” 2. An assistant or helper; a body of helpers. [Obs.] “Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth, the lord mayor of London, and his assistance, … John Cavendish.
Fuller.” 3. Persons present. [Obs. or a Gallicism]

As•sist´ant , a. [Cf. F. assistant, p. pr. of assister.] 1. Helping; lending aid or support; auxiliary. “Genius and learning … are mutually and greatly assistant to each other.
Beattie.” 2. (Mil.) Of the second grade in the staff of the army; as an assistant surgeon. [U.S.] In the English army it designates the third grade in any particular branch of the staff. Farrow.

As•sist´ant , n. 1. One who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary; a means of help. “Four assistants who his labor share.
Pope.” “Rhymes merely as assistants to memory.
Mrs. Chapone.” 2. An attendant; one who is present. Dryden.

As•sist´ant•ly, adv. In a manner to give aid. [R.]

As•sist´er, n. An assistant; a helper.

As•sist´ful , a. Helpful.

As•sist´ive , a. Lending aid, helping.

As•sist´less, a. Without aid or help. [R.] Pope.

As•sist´or , n. (Law) A assister.

As•sith´ment , n. See Assythment. [Obs.]

As•size´ , n. [OE. assise, asise, OF. assise, F. assises, assembly of judges, the decree pronounced by them, tax, impost, fr. assis, assise, p. p. of asseoir, fr. L. assidre to sit by; ad + sedere to sit. See Sit, Size, and cf. Excise, Assess.] 1. An assembly of knights and other substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public business. [Obs.] 2. (Law) (a) A special kind of jury or inquest. (b) A kind of writ or real action. (c) A verdict or finding of a jury upon such writ. (d) A statute or ordinance in general. Specifically: (1) A statute regulating the weight, measure, and proportions of ingredients and the price of articles sold in the market; as the assize of bread and other provisions; (2) A statute fixing the standard of weights and measures. (e) Anything fixed or reduced to a certainty in point of time, number, quantity, quality, weight, measure, etc.; as rent of assize. Glanvill. Spelman. Cowell. Blackstone. Tomlins. Burrill. [This term is not now used in England in the sense of a writ or real action, and seldom of a jury of any kind, but in Scotch practice it is still technically applied to the jury in criminal cases. Stephen. Burrill. Erskine.] (f) A court, the sitting or session of a court, for the trial of processes, whether civil or criminal, by a judge and jury. Blackstone. Wharton. Encyc. Brit. (g) The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England for the purpose of administering justice in the trial and determination of civil and criminal cases; — usually in the plural. Brande. Wharton. Craig. Burrill. (h) The time or place of holding the court of assize; — generally in the plural, assizes. 3. Measure; dimension; size. [In this sense now corrupted into size.] “An hundred cubits high by just assize.
Spenser.” [Formerly written, as in French, assise.]

As•size´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assizing.] [From Assize, n.: cf. LL. assisare to decree in assize. Cf. Asses, v.] 1. To assess; to value; to rate. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or regulation of authority. [Obs.]

As•siz´er , n. An officer who has the care or inspection of weights and measures, etc.

As•siz´or , n. (Scots Law) A juror.

As•so´ber , v. t. [Pref. ad- + sober. Cf. Ensober.] To make or keep sober. [Obs.] Gower.

As•so•cia•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being associable, or capable of association; associableness. ´The associability of feelings.´ H. Spencer.

As•so´cia•ble , a. [See Associate.] 1. Capable of being associated or joined. “We know feelings to be associable only by the proved ability of one to revive another.
H. Spencer.” 2. Sociable; companionable. [Obs.] 3. (Med.) Liable to be affected by sympathy with other parts; — said of organs, nerves, muscles, etc. “The stomach, the most associable of all the organs of the animal body.
Med. Rep.”

As•so´cia•ble•ness, n. Associability.

As•so´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Associated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Associating .] [L. associatus, p. p. of associare; ad + sociare to join or unite, socius companion. See Social.] 1. To join with one, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate; as to associate others with us in business, or in an enterprise. 2. To join or connect; to combine in acting; as particles of gold associated with other substances. 3. To connect or place together in thought. “He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some names which will last as long as our language.
Macaulay.” 4. To accompany; to keep company with. [Obs.] “Friends should associate friends in grief and woe.
Shak.”

As•so´ci•ate, v. i. 1. To unite in company; to keep company, implying intimacy; as congenial minds are disposed to associate. 2. To unite in action, or to be affected by the action of a different part of the body. E. Darwin.

As•so´ci•ate , a. [L. associatus, p. p.] 1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office; sharing responsibility or authority; as an associate judge. “While I descend … to my associate powers.
Milton.” 2. Admitted to some, but not to all, rights and privileges; as an associate member. 3. (Physiol.) Connected by habit or sympathy; as associate motions, such as occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions. E. Darwin.

As•so´ci•ate, n. 1. A companion; one frequently in company with another, implying intimacy or equality; a mate; a fellow. 2. A partner in interest, as in business; or a confederate in a league. 3. One connected with an association or institution without the full rights or privileges of a regular member; as an associate of the Royal Academy. 4. Anything closely or usually connected with another; an concomitant. “The one [idea] no sooner comes into the understanding, than its associate appears with it.
Locke.” Syn. — Companion; mate; fellow; friend; ally; partner; coadjutor; comrade; accomplice.

As•so´ci•a•ted , a. Joined as a companion; brought into association; accompanying; combined. Associated movements (Physiol.), consensual movements which accompany voluntary efforts without our consciousness. Dunglison.

As•so´ci•ate•ship , n. The state of an associate, as in Academy or an office.

As•so•ci•a´tion ( 277), n. [Cf. F. association, LL. associatio, fr. L. associare.] 1. The act of associating, or state of being associated; union; connection, whether of persons of things. ´Some … bond of association.´ Hooker. “Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God.
Boyle.” 2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked or associated with a thing. “Words … must owe their powers association.
Johnson.” “Why should … the holiest words, with all their venerable associations, be profaned?
Coleridge.” 3. Union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose; as the American Association for the Advancement of Science; a benevolent association. Specifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society, consisting of a number of ministers, generally the pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of religion and the harmony of the churches. Association of ideas (Physiol.), the combination or connection of states of mind or their objects with one another, as the result of which one is said to be revived or represented by means of the other. The relations according to which they are thus connected or revived are called the law of association. Prominent among them are reckoned the relations of time and place, and of cause and effect. Porter.

As•so•ci•a´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to association, or to an association. 2. Pertaining to the theory held by the associationists.

As•so•ci•a´tion•ism , n. (Philos.) The doctrine or theory held by associationists.

As•so•ci•a´tion•ist, n. (Philos.) One who explains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas; e. g., Hartley, J. C. Mill.

As•so´ci•a•tive , a. Having the quality of associating; tending or leading to association; as the associative faculty. Hugh Miller.

As•so´ci•a•tor , n. An associate; a confederate or partner in any scheme. “How Pennsylvania’s air agrees with Quakers,
And Carolina’s with associators.
Dryden.”

As•soil´ , v. t. [OF. assoiler, absoiler, assoldre, F. absoudre, L. absolvere. See Absolve.] 1. To set free; to release. [Archaic] “Till from her hands the spright assoiled is.
Spenser.” 2. To solve; to clear up. [Obs.] “Any child might soon be able to assoil this riddle.
Bp. Jewel.” 3. To set free from guilt; to absolve. [Archaic] “Acquitted and assoiled from the guilt.
Dr. H. More.” “Many persons think themselves fairly assoiled, because they are … not of scandalous lives.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. To expiate; to atone for. [Archaic] Spenser. “Let each act assoil a fault.
E. Arnold.” 5. To remove; to put off. [Obs.] “She soundly slept, and careful thoughts did quite assoil.
Spenser.”

As•soil´, v. t. [Pref. ad- + soil.] To soil; to stain. [Obs. or Poet.] Beau. & Fl. “Ne’er assoil my cobwebbed shield.
Wordsworth.”

As•soil´ment , n. Act of assoiling, or state of being assoiled; absolution; acquittal.

As•soil´ment, n. A soiling; defilement.

As•soil´zie , As•soil´yie, v. t. [Old form assoil&yogh;e. See Assoil.] (Scots Law) To absolve; to acquit by sentence of court. “God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed.
Sir W. Scott.”

As´so•nance , n. [Cf. F. assonance. See Assonant.] 1. Resemblance of sound. ´The disagreeable assonance of •sheath’ and •sheathed.’´ Steevens. 2. (Pros.) A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the last acce•ted vow•l and tnose whioh follow it in one word correspond in sound with the vowels of another word, while the consonants of the two words are unlike in sound; as calamo and platano, baby and chary. “The assonance is peculiar to the Spaniard.
Hallam.” 3. Incomplete correspondence. “Assonance between facts seemingly remote.
Lowell.”

As´so•nant , a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to sound to, to correspond to in sound; ad + sonare to sound, sonus sound: cf. F. assonant. See Sound.] 1. Having a resemblance of sounds. 2. (Pros.) Pertaining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance; not consonant.

As•so•nan´tal , a. Assonant.

As´so•nate , v. i. [L. assonare, assonatum, to respond to.] To correspond in sound.

As•sort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assorting.] [F. assortir; (L. ad) + sortir to cast or draw lots, to obtain by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot. See Sort.] 1. To separate and distribute into classes, as things of a like kind, nature, or quality, or which are suited to a like purpose; to classify; as to assort goods. [Rarely applied to persons.] “They appear … no ways assorted to those with whom they must associate.
Burke.” 2. To furnish with, or make up of, various sorts or a variety of goods; as to assort a cargo.

As•sort´, v. i. To agree; to be in accordance; to be adapted; to suit; to fall into a class or place. Mitford.

As•sort´ed (as•sôrt´ed), a. Selected; culled.

As•sort´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. assortiment.] 1. Act of assorting, or distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes. 2. A collection or quantity of things distributed into kinds or sorts; a number of things assorted. 3. A collection containing a variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes; as an assortment of goods.

As•sot´ , v. t. [OF. asoter, F. assoter; (L. ad) + sot stupid. See Sot.] To besot; to befool; to beguile; to infatuate. [Obs.] “Some ecstasy assotted had his sense.
Spenser.”

As•sot´, a. Dazed; foolish; infatuated. [Obs.] “Willie, I ween thou be assot.
Spenser.”

As•suage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assuaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuaging .] [OE. asuagen, aswagen, OF. asoagier, asuagier, fr. assouagier, fr. L. ad + suavis sweet. See Sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense; to allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as heat, pain, or grief; to appease or pacify, as passion or tumult; to satisfy, as appetite or desire. “Refreshing winds the summer’s heat assuage.
Addison.” “To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man
Burke.” “The fount at which the panting mind assuages
Her thirst of knowledge.
Byron.” Syn. — To alleviate; mitigate; appease; soothe; calm; tranquilize; relieve. See Alleviate.

As•suage´, v. i. To abate or subside. [Archaic] ´The waters assuaged.´ Gen. vii. 1. “The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to assuage.
De Foe.”

As•suage´ment , n. [OF. assouagement, asuagement.] Mitigation; abatement.

As•sua´ger , n. One who, or that which, assuages.

As•sua´sive , a. [From assuage, as if this were fr. a supposed L. assuadere to persuade to; or from E. pref. ad + -suasive as in persuasive.] Mitigating; tranquilizing; soothing. [R.] “Music her soft assuasive voice applies.
Pope.”

As•sub´ju•gate , v. t. [Pref. ad- + subjugate.] To bring into subjection. [Obs.] Shak.

As•sue•fac´tion , n. [L. assuefacere to accustom to; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accustom to) + facere to make; cf. OF. assuefaction.] The act of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed; habituation. [Obs.] “Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by assuefaction introduce a nature.
Jer. Taylor.”

As´sue•tude , n. [L. assuetudo, fr. assuetus accustomed.] Accustomedness; habit; habitual use. “Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt.
Bacon.”

As•sum´a•ble , a. That may be assumed.

As•sum´a•bly, adv. By way of assumption.

As•sume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + emere to take, buy: cf. F. assumer. See Redeem.] 1. To take to or upon one’s self; to take formally and demonstratively; sometimes, to appropriate or take unjustly. “Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne.
Pope.” “The god assumed his native form again.
Pope.” 2. To take for granted, or without proof; to suppose as a fact; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively. “The consequences of assumed principles.
Whewell.” 3. To pretend to possess; to take in appearance. “Ambition assuming the mask of religion.
Porteus.” “Assume a virtue, if you have it not.
Shak.” 4. To receive or adopt. “The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower rank, assumed into that honorable company.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — To arrogate; usurp; appropriate.

As•sume´, v. i. 1. To be arrogant or pretentious; to claim more than is due. Bp. Burnet. 2. (Law) To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill.

As•sumed´ , a. 1. Supposed. 2. Pretended; hypocritical; make-believe; as an assumed character.

As•sum´ed•ly , adv. By assumption.

As•sum´ent , n. [L. assumentum, fr. ad + suere to sew.] A patch; an addition; a piece put on. [Obs.] John Lewis (1731).

As•sum´er , n. One who assumes, arrogates, pretends, or supposes. W. D. Whitney.

As•sum´ing, a. Pretentious; taking much upon one’s self; presumptuous. Burke.

As•sump´sit ( 215), n. [L., he undertook, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] (Law) (a) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal. It may be express or implied. (b) An action to recover damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not under seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought for the most part on an implied promise. Special assumpsit is founded on an express promise or undertaking. Wharton.

As•sumpt´ ( 215), v. t. [L. assumptus, p. p. of assumere. See Assume.] To take up; to elevate; to assume. [Obs.] Sheldon.

As•sumpt´, n. [L. assumptum, p. p. neut. of assumere.] That which is assumed; an assumption. [Obs.] “The sun of all your assumpts is this.
Chillingworth.”

As•sump´tion ( 215), n. [OE. assumpcioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr. assumere: cf. F. assomption. See Assume.] 1. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon one’s self; the act of taking up or adopting. “The assumption of authority.
Whewell.” 2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition; unwarrantable claim. “This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of the body.
Thodey.” “That calm assumption of the virtues.
W. Black.” 3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed; a supposition. “Hold! says the Stoic; your assumption’s wrong.
Dryden.” 4. (Logic) The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism. 5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence: (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven.

As•sump´tive , a. [L. assumptivus, fr. assumptus, fr. assumere.] Assumed, or capable of being assumed; characterized by assumption; making unwarranted claims. — As•sump´tive•ly, adv. Assumptive arms (Her.), originally, arms which a person had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit; now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds’ College. Percy Smith.

As•sur´ance , n. [OE. assuraunce, F. assurance, fr. assurer. See Assure.] 1. The act of assuring; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence; that which is designed to give confidence. “Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.
Acts xvii. 31.” “Assurances of support came pouring in daily.
Macaulay.” 2. The state of being assured; firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certainty. “Let us draw with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience.
Heb. x. 22.” 3. Firmness of mind; undoubting, steadiness; intrepidity; courage; confidence; self-reliance. “Brave men meet danger with assurance.
Knolles.” “Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and assurance.
Locke.” 4. Excess of boldness; impudence; audacity; as his assurance is intolerable. 5. Betrothal; affiance. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 6. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. Recently, assurance has been used, in England, in relation to life contingencies, and insurance in relation to other contingencies. It is called temporary assurance, in the time within which the contingent event must happen is limited. See Insurance. 7. (Law) Any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a conveyance; a deed. In England, the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common assurances of the kingdom. Blackstone.

As•sure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuring.] [OF. aseürer, F. assurer, LL. assecurare; L. ad + securus secure, sure, certain. See Secure, Sure, and cf. Insure.] 1. To make sure or certain; to render confident by a promise, declaration, or other evidence. “His promise that thy seed shall bruise our foe …
Assures me that the bitterness of death
Is past, and we shall live.
Milton.” 2. To declare to, solemnly; to assert to (any one) with the design of inspiring belief or confidence. “I dare assure thee that no enemy
Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus.
Shak.” 3. To confirm; to make certain or secure. “And it shall be assured to him.
Lev. xxvii. 19.” “And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him.
1 John iii. 19.” 4. To affiance; to betroth. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Law) To insure; to covenant to indemnify for loss, or to pay a specified sum at death. See Insure. Syn. — To declare; aver; avouch; vouch; assert; asseverate; protest; persuade; convince.

As•sured´ , a. Made sure; safe; insured; certain; indubitable; not doubting; bold to excess.

As•sured´, n. One whose life or property is insured.

As•sur´ed•ly , adv. Certainly; indubitably. ´The siege assuredly I’ll raise.´ Shak.

As•sur´ed•ness, n. The state of being assured; certainty; full confidence.

As•sur´er , n. 1. One who assures. Specifically: One who insures against loss; an insurer or underwriter. 2. One who takes out a life assurance policy.

As•sur´gen•cy , n. Act of rising. “The … assurgency of the spirit through the body.
Coleridge.”

As•sur´gent , a. [L. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere; ad + surgere to rise.] Ascending; (Bot.) rising obliquely; curving upward. Gray.

As•sur´ing , a. That assures; tending to assure; giving confidence. — As•sur´ing•ly, adv.

As•swage´, v. See Assuage.

As•syr´i•an , a. [L. Assyrius.] Of or pertaining to Assyria, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Assyria; the language of Assyria.

As•syr•i•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to Assyriology; as Assyriological studies.

As•syr•i•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in Assyriology; a student of Assyrian archaeology.

As•syr•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Assyria + -logy.] The science or study of the antiquities, language, etc., of ancient Assyria.

As•syth´ment , n. [From OF. aset, asez, orig. meaning enough. See Assets.] Indemnification for injury; satisfaction. [Chiefly in Scots law]

As´ta•cus , n. [L. astacus a crab, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of crustaceans, containing the crawfish of fresh-water lobster of Europe, and allied species of western North America. See Crawfish.

A•star´board , adv. (Naut.) Over to the starboard side; — said of the tiller.

A•start´ , v. t. & i. Same as Astert. [Obs.]

As•tar´te , n. [Gr. a Phœnician goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve mollusks, common on the coasts of America and Europe.

A•state´ , n. Estate; state. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•stat´ic , a. [Pref. a- not + static.] (Magnetism) Having little or no tendency to take a fixed or definite position or direction: thus, a suspended magnetic needle, when rendered astatic, loses its polarity, or tendency to point in a given direction. Astatic pair (Magnetism), a pair of magnetic needles so mounted as to be nearly or quite astatic, as in some galvanometers.

A•stat´ic•al•ly , adv. In an astatic manner.

A•stat´i•cism , n. The state of being astatic.

A•stay´ , adv. (Naut.) An anchor is said to be astay, when, in heaving it, an acute angle is formed between the cable and the surface of the water.

As´te•ism , n. [Gr. refined and witty talk, fr. of the town, polite, witty, fr. city: cf. F. asteisme.] (Rhet.) Genteel irony; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another.

As´tel (as´tel), n. [OE. astelle piece of wood, OF. astele splinter, shaving, F. attelle, astelle: cf. L. astula, dim. of assis board.] (Mining) An arch, or ceiling, of boards, placed over the men’s heads in a mine.

As´ter (as´ter), n. [L. aster aster, star, Gr. ’asth•r star. See Star.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbs with compound white or bluish flowers; starwort; Michaelmas daisy. 2. (Floriculture) A plant of the genus Callistephus. Many varieties (called China asters, German asters, etc.) are cultivated for their handsome compound flowers.

As•te´ri•as , n. [NL., fr. Gr. starred, fr. ’asth•r star.] (Zoöl.) A genus of echinoderms. Formerly the group of this name included nearly all starfishes and ophiurans. Now it is restricted to a genus including the commonest shore starfishes.

As•te´ri•a•ted , a. [See Asterias.] Radiated, with diverging rays; as asteriated sapphire.

As•ter•id´i•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Asterioidea. — n. A starfish; one of the Asterioidea. { As•te•ri•oid´e•a , As•ter•id´e•a } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’asteri•as + -oid. See Asterias.] (Zoöl.) A class of Echinodermata including the true starfishes. The rays vary in number and always have ambulacral grooves below. The body is star-shaped or pentagonal.

As•te´ri•on , n. [Gr. ’aste•rion starry.] (Anat.) The point on the side of the skull where the lambdoid, parieto-mastoid and occipito-mastoid sutures.

As•ter•is´cus , n. [L., an asterisk. See Asterisk.] (Anat.) The smaller of the two otoliths found in the inner ear of many fishes.

As´ter•isk , n. [L. asteriscus, Gr. , dim. of ’asth•r star. See Aster.] The figure of a star, thus, , used in printing and writing as a reference to a passage or note in the margin, to supply the omission of letters or words, or to mark a word or phrase as having a special character.

As•ter•ism , n. [Gr. , fr. ’asth•r star; cf. F. asterisme.] 1. (Astron.) (a) A constellation. [Obs.] (b) A small cluster of stars. 2. (Printing) (a) An asterisk, or mark of reference. [R.] (b) Three asterisks placed in this manner, &asterism;, to direct attention to a particular passage. 3. (Crystallog.) An optical property of some crystals which exhibit a star-shaped by reflected light, as star sapphire, or by transmitted light, as some mica.

A•stern´ , adv. [Pref. a- + stern.] (Naut.) 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship; toward the hinder part, or stern; backward; as to go astern. 2. Behind a ship; in the rear. ´A gale of wind right astern.´ De Foe. ´Left this strait astern.´ Drake. To bake astern, to go stern foremost. — To be astern of the reckoning, to be behind the position given by the reckoning. — To drop astern, to fall or be left behind. — To go astern, to go backward, as from the action of currents or winds.

A•ster´nal , a. [Pref. a- not + sternal.] (Anat.) Not sternal; — said of ribs which do not join the sternum.

As´ter•oid , n. [Gr. starlike, starry; ’asth•r star + form: cf. F. asteroïde. See Aster.] A starlike body; esp. one of the numerous small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter; — called also planetoids and minor planets.

As•ter•oid´al , a. Of or pertaining to an asteroid, or to the asteroids.

As•te•rol´e•pis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’asth•r star + scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of fishes, some of which were eighteen or twenty feet long, found in a fossil state in the Old Red Sandstone. Hugh Miller.

As•ter•oph´yl•lite (as•ter•of´il•lit), n. [Gr. ’asth•r star + fy•llon leaf.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant from the coal formations of Europe and America, now regarded as the branchlets and foliage of calamites.

A•stert , v. t. [Pref. a- + start; OE. asterten, asturten.] To start up; to befall; to escape; to shun. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•stert´, v. i. To escape. [Obs.] Chaucer. { As•the•ni´a , As´the•ny } n. [NL. asthenia, Gr. ’asqe•nia; ’a priv. + sqe•nos strength.] (Med.) Want or loss of strength; debility; diminution of the vital forces.

As•then´ic , a. [Gr. ’asqeniko•s; ’a priv. + sqe•nos strength.] (Med.) Characterized by, or pertaining to, debility; weak; debilitating.

As•the•no´pi•a , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + sqe•nos strength + ’w•ps eye.] Weakness of sight. Quain. — As•the•nop´ic , a.

Asth´ma ( 277), n. [Gr. short-drawn breath, fr. to blow, for : cf. Skr. va, Goth. waian, to blow, E. wind.] (Med.) A disease, characterized by difficulty of breathing (due to a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at intervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration. { Asth•mat´ic , Asth•mat´ic•al } a. [L. asthmaticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to asthma; as an asthmatic cough; liable to, or suffering from, asthma; as an asthmatic patient. — Asth•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Asth•mat´ic, n. A person affected with asthma.

As•tig•mat´ic , a. (Med. & Opt.) Affected with, or pertaining to, astigmatism; as astigmatic eyes; also remedying astigmatism; as astigmatic lenses.

A•stig´ma•tism , n. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , a prick of a pointed instrument, a spot, fr. to prick: cf. F. astigmatisme.] (Med. & Opt.) A defect of the eye or of a lens, in consequence of which the rays derived from one point are not brought to a single focal point, thus causing imperfect images or indistinctness of vision. The term is applied especially to the defect causing images of lines having a certain direction to be indistinct, or imperfectly seen, while those of lines transverse to the former are distinct, or clearly seen.

As•tip´u•late , v. i. [L. astipulari; ad + stipulari to stipulate.] To assent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

As•tip•u•la´tion , n. [L. astipulatio.] Stipulation; agreement. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

A•stir´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + stir.] Stirring; in a state of activity or motion; out of bed. { A•stom´a•tous , As´to•mous } a. [Gr. ’a priv. + , , mouth.] Not possessing a mouth. { As•ton´ , As•tone´ } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astoned, Astond, or Astound.] [See Astonish.] To stun; to astonish; to stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

As•ton´ied , p. p. Stunned; astonished. See Astony. [Archaic] “And I astonied fell and could not pray.
Mrs. Browning.”

As•ton´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonishing.] [OE. astonien, astunian, astonen, OF. estoner, F. etonner, fr. L. ex out + tonare to thunder, but perhaps influenced by E. stun. See Thunder, Astound, Astony.] 1. To stun; to render senseless, as by a blow. [Obs.] “Enough, captain; you have astonished him. [Fluellen had struck Pistol].
Shak.” “The very cramp-fish [i. e., torpedo] … being herself not benumbed, is able to astonish others.
Holland.” 2. To strike with sudden fear, terror, or wonder; to amaze; to surprise greatly, as with something unaccountable; to confound with some sudden emotion or passion. “Musidorus … had his wits astonished with sorrow.
Sidney.” “I, Daniel … was astonished at the vision.
Dan. viii. 27.” Syn. — To amaze; astound; overwhelm; surprise. — Astonished, Surprised. We are surprised at what is unexpected. We are astonished at what is above or beyond our comprehension. We are taken by surprise. We are struck with astonishment. C. J. Smith. See Amaze.

As•ton´ish•ed•ly , adv. In an astonished manner. [R.] Bp. Hall.

As•ton´ish•ing, a. Very wonderful; of a nature to excite astonishment; as an astonishing event. Syn. — Amazing; surprising; wonderful; marvelous. As•ton´ish•ing•ly, adv. — As•ton´ish•ing•ness, n.

As•ton´ish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. estonnement, F. etonnement.] 1. The condition of one who is stunned. Hence: Numbness; loss of sensation; stupor; loss of sense. [Obs.] “A coldness and astonishment in his loins, as folk say.
Holland.” 2. Dismay; consternation. [Archaic] Spenser. 3. The overpowering emotion excited when something unaccountable, wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the mind; an intense degree of surprise; amazement. “Lest the place
And my quaint habits breed astonishment.
Milton.” 4. The object causing such an emotion. “Thou shalt become an astonishment.
Deut. xxviii. 37.” Syn. — Amazement; wonder; surprise.

As•ton´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonying. See Astone.] To stun; to bewilder; to astonish; to dismay. [Archaic] “The captain of the Helots … strake Palladius upon the side of his head, that he reeled astonied.
Sir P. Sidney.” “This sodeyn cas this man astonied so,
That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking.
Chaucer.”

A•stoop´ , adv. [Pref. a- + stoop.] In a stooping or inclined position. Gay.

As•tound´ , a. [OE. astouned, astound, astoned, p. p. of astone. See Astone.] Stunned; astounded; astonished. [Archaic] Spenser. “Thus Ellen, dizzy and astound.
As sudden ruin yawned around.
Sir W. Scott.”

As•tound´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astounded, [Obs.] Astound; p. pr. & vb. n. Astounding.] [See Astound, a.] 1. To stun; to stupefy. “No puissant stroke his senses once astound.
Fairfax.” 2. To astonish; to strike with amazement; to confound with wonder, surprise, or fear. “These thoughts may startle well, but not astound
The virtuous mind.
Milton.”

As•tound´ing, a. Of a nature to astound; astonishing; amazing; as an astounding force, statement, or fact. — As•tound´ing•ly, adv.

As•tound´ment , n. Amazement. Coleridge.

As•tra•chan´ , a. & n. See Astrakhan.

A•strad´dle , adv. [Pref. a- + straddle.] In a straddling position; astride; bestriding; as to sit astraddle a horse.

As•trae´an , a. [Gr. starry.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the genus Astraea or the family Astraeidae. — n. A coral of the family Astraeidae; a star coral.

As´tra•gal , n. [L. astragalus, Gr. the ankle bone, a molding in the capital of the Ionic column.] 1. (Arch.) A convex molding of rounded surface, generally from half to three quarters of a circle. 2. (Gun.) A round molding encircling a cannon near the mouth.

As•trag´a•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the astragalus.

As•trag´a•loid , a. [Astragalus + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the astragalus in form.

As•trag´a•lo•man•cy , n. [Gr. ankle bone, die + -mancy.] Divination by means of small bones or dice.

As•trag´a•lus , n. [L. See Astragal.] 1. (Anat.) The ankle bone, or hock bone; the bone of the tarsus which articulates with the tibia at the ankle. 2. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the tribe Galegeae, containing numerous species, two of which are called, in English, milk vetch and licorice vetch. Gum tragacanth is obtained from different oriental species, particularly the A. gummifer and A. verus. 3. (Arch.) See Astragal, 1.

As•tra•khan´ , a. Of or pertaining to Astrakhan in Russia or its products; made of an Astrakhan skin. - - n. The skin of stillborn or young lambs of that region, the curled wool of which resembles fur.

As´tral , a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. : cf. F. astral. See Star.] Pertaining to, coming from, or resembling, the stars; starry; starlike. “Shines only with an astral luster.
I. Taylor.” “Some astral forms I must invoke by prayer.
Dryden.” Astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no shadow is cast upon the table by the flattened ring-shaped reservoir in which the oil is contained. — Astral spirits, spirits formerly supposed to live in the heavenly bodies or the aërial regions, and represented in the Middle Ages as fallen angels, spirits of the dead, or spirits originating in fire.

A•strand´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + strand.] Stranded. Sir W. Scott.

A•stray´ , adv. & a. [See Estray, Stray.] Out of the right, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering; as to lead one astray. “Ye were as sheep going astray.
1 Pet. ii. 25.”

As•trict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Astricting.] [L. astrictus, p. p. of astringere. See Astringe.] 1. To bind up; to confine; to constrict; to contract. “The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted.
Arbuthnot.” 2. To bind; to constrain; to restrict; to limit. [R.] “The mind is astricted to certain necessary modes or forms of thought.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. (Scots Law) To restrict the tenure of; as to astrict lands. See Astriction, 4. Burrill.

As•trict´, a. Concise; contracted. [Obs.] Weever.

As•tric´tion , n. [L. astrictio.] 1. The act of binding; restriction; also obligation. Milton. 2. (Med.) (a) A contraction of parts by applications; the action of an astringent substance on the animal economy. Dunglison. (b) Constipation. Arbuthnot. 3. Astringency. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Scots Law) An obligation to have the grain growing on certain lands ground at a certain mill, the owner paying a toll. Bell. The lands were said to be astricted to the mill.

As•tric´tive , a. Binding; astringent. — n. An astringent. — As•tric´tive•ly, adv.

As•tric´to•ry , a. Astrictive. [R.]

A•stride´ , adv. [Pref. a- + stride.] With one leg on each side, as a man when on horseback; with the legs stretched wide apart; astraddle. “Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade.
Sir W. Scott.” “Glasses with horn bows sat astride on his nose.
Longfellow.”

As•trif´er•ous (acr/s•trif´er•us), a. [L. astrifer; astrum star + ferre to bear.] Bearing stars. [R.] Blount.

As•tringe´ (as•trinj´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astringed (-trinjd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Astringing (-jing).] [L. astringere; ad + stringere to draw tight. Cf. Astrict, and see Strain, v. t.] 1. To bind fast; to constrict; to contract; to cause parts to draw together; to compress. “Which contraction … astringeth the moisture of the brain and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes.
Bacon.” 2. To bind by moral or legal obligation. Wolsey.

As•trin´gen•cy (as•trin´jen•sy), n. The quality of being astringent; the power of contracting the parts of the body; that quality in medicines or other substances which causes contraction of the organic textures; as the astringency of tannin.

As•trin´gent (-jent), a. [L. astringens, p. pr. of astringere: cf. F. astringent. See Astringe.] 1. Drawing together the tissues; binding; contracting; — opposed to laxative; as astringent medicines; a butter and astringent taste; astringent fruit. 2. Stern; austere; as an astringent type of virtue.

As•trin´gent, n. A medicine or other substance that produces contraction in the soft organic textures, and checks discharges of blood, mucus, etc. “External astringents are called styptics.
Dunglison.”

As•trin´gent•ly, adv. In an astringent manner.

As•trin´ger , n. [OE. ostreger, OF. ostrucier, F. autoursier, fr. OF. austour, ostor, hawk, F. autour; cf. L. acceptor, for accipiter, hawk.] A falconer who keeps a goshawk. [Obs.] Shak. Cowell. [Written also austringer.]

As´tro- . The combining form of the Greek word ’a•stron, meaning star. { As´tro•fel , As´tro•fell } , n. A bitter herb, probably the same as aster, or starwort. Spenser.

As•trog´e•ny , n. [Astro- + Gr. birth.] The creation or evolution of the stars or the heavens. H. Spencer.

As•trog´no•sy , n. [Astro- + Gr. knowledge.] The science or knowledge of the stars, esp. the fixed stars. Bouvier.

As•trog´o•ny , n. Same as Astrogeny. — As••tro•gon´ic , a.

As•trog´ra•phy , n. [Astro’cf + -graphy.] The art of describing or delineating the stars; a description or mapping of the heavens.

As´tro•ite , n. [L. astroites: cf. F. astroite.] A radiated stone or fossil; star-stone. [Obs.] [Written also astrite and astrion.]

As´tro•labe (as´tro•lab), n. [OE. astrolabie, astrilabe, OF. astrelabe, F. astrolabe, LL. astrolabium, fr. Gr. ’astrola•bon; ’a•stron star + , , to take.] 1. (Astron.) An instrument for observing or showing the positions of the stars. It is now disused. Among the ancients, it was essentially the armillary sphere. A graduated circle with sights, for taking altitudes at sea, was called an astrolabe in the 18th century. It is now superseded by the quadrant and sextant. 2. A stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of a great circle, as the equator, or a meridian; a planisphere. Whewell.

As•trol´a•ter , n. A worshiper of the stars. Morley.

As•trol´a•try , n. [Astro- + Gr. service, worship: cf. F. astrolâtrie.] The worship of the stars.

As•tro•li•thol´o•gy , n. [Astro- + lithology.] The science of aërolites.

As•trol´o•ger , n. [See Astrology.] 1. One who studies the stars; an astronomer. [Obs.] 2. One who practices astrology; one who professes to foretell events by the aspects and situation of the stars.

As•tro•lo´gi•an , n. [OF. astrologien.] An astrologer. [Obs.] { As•tro•log´ic , As•tro•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’astrologiko•s.] Of or pertaining to astrology; professing or practicing astrology. ´Astrologic learning.´ Hudibras. ´Astrological prognostication.´ Cudworth. — As•tro•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

As•trol´o•gize , v. t. & i. To apply astrology to; to study or practice astrology.

As•trol´o•gy (as•trol´o•jy), n. [F. astrologie, L. astrologia, fr. Gr. ’astrologi•a, fr. ’astrolo•gos astronomer, astrologer; ’asth•r star + lo•gos discourse, le•gein to speak. See Star.] In its etymological signification, the science of the stars; among the ancients, synonymous with astronomy; subsequently, the art of judging of the influences of the stars upon human affairs, and of foretelling events by their position and aspects. Astrology was much in vogue during the Middle Ages, and became the parent of modern astronomy, as alchemy did of chemistry. It was divided into two kinds: judicial astrology, which assumed to foretell the fate and acts of nations and individuals, and natural astrology, which undertook to predict events of inanimate nature, such as changes of the weather, etc.

As•tro•man´tic , a. [Gr. astrology.] Of or pertaining to divination by means of the stars; astrologic. [R.] Dr. H. More.

As•tro•me•te•or•ol´o•gy , n. [Astro- + meteorology.] The investigation of the relation between the sun, moon, and stars, and the weather. — As••tro•me•te•or•o•log´ic•al , a. — As•tro•me•te•or•ol´o•gist , n.

As•trom´e•ter , n. [Astro- + meter.] An instrument for comparing the relative amount of the light of stars.

As•trom´e•try , n. [Astro- + metry.] The art of making measurements among the stars, or of determining their relative magnitudes.

As•tron´o•mer , n. [See Astronomy.] 1. An astrologer. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One who is versed in astronomy; one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the principles by which their motions are regulated, with their various phenomena. “An undevout astronomer is mad.
Young.”

As•tro•no´mi•an , n. [OE. & OF. astronomien. See Astronomy.] An astrologer. [Obs.]

As•tro•nom´ic , a. Astronomical.

As•tro•nom´ic•al (-i•kal), a. [L. astronomicus, Gr. ’astronomiko•s: cf. F. astronomique.] Of or pertaining to astronomy; in accordance with the methods or principles of astronomy. — As•tro•nom´ic•al•ly, adv. Astronomical clock. See under Clock. - - Astronomical day. See under Day. — Astronomical fractions, Astronomical numbers. See under Sexagesimal.

As•tron´o•mize, v. i. [Gr. .] To study or to talk astronomy. [R.] “They astronomized in caves.
Sir T. Browne.”

As•tron´o•my , n. [OE. astronomie, F. astronomie, L. astronomia, fr. Gr. , fr. astronomer; ’asth•r star + to distribute, regulate. See Star, and Nomad.] 1. Astrology. [Obs.] “Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck;
And yet methinks I have astronomy.
Shak.” 2. The science which treats of the celestial bodies, of their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, constitution, physical condition, and of the causes of their various phenomena. 3. A treatise on, or text-book of, the science. Physical astronomy. See under Physical.

As´tro•phel , n. See Astrofel. [Obs.]

As•tro•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. [Astro- + photography.] The application of photography to the delineation of the sun, moon, and stars.

As•tro•phys´ic•al , a. Pertaining to the physics of astronomical science.

As•troph´y•ton , n. [Astro- + Gr. fyton a plant.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ophiurans having the arms much branched.

As´tro•scope , n. [Astro- + scope.] An old astronomical instrument, formed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations were delineated.

As•tros´co•py , n. Observation of the stars. [Obs.]

As•tro•the•ol´o•gy , n. [Astro- + theology.] Theology founded on observation or knowledge of the celestial bodies. Derham.

A•struc´tive , a. [L. astructus, p. p. of astruere to build up; ad + struere to build.] Building up; constructive; — opposed to destructive. [Obs.]

A•strut´ , a. & adv. 1. Sticking out, or puffed out; swelling; in a swelling manner. [Archaic] “Inflated and astrut with self-conceit.
Cowper.” 2. In a strutting manner; with a strutting gait.

As•tu´cious , a. [F. astucieux. See Astute.] Subtle; cunning; astute. [R.] Sir W. Scott. — As•tu´cious•ly, adv. [R.]

As•tu´ci•ty , n. [See Astucious.] Craftiness; astuteness. [R.] Carlyle.

A•stun´ , v. t. [See Astony, Stun.] To stun. [Obs.] ´Breathless and astunned.´ Somerville.

As•tu´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Asturias in Spain. — n. A native of Asturias.

As•tute´ , a. [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cunning; perh. cognate with E. acute.] Critically discerning; sagacious; shrewd; subtle; crafty. Syn. — Keen; eagle-eyed; penetrating; skilled; discriminating; cunning; sagacious; subtle; wily; crafty. As•tute´ly, adv. — As•tute´ness, n.

A•sty´lar , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + pillar.] (arch.) Without columns or pilasters. Weale.

A•styl´len , n. (Mining) A small dam to prevent free passage of water in an adit or level.

A•sun´der , adv. [Pref. a- + sunder.] Apart; separate from each other; into parts; in two; separately; into or in different pieces or places. “I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder.
Zech. xi. 10.” “As wide asunder as pole and pole.
Froude.”

A•su´ra , n. (Hind. Myth.) An enemy of the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants.

As´wail , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The sloth bear (Melursus labiatus) of India.

A•sweve´ , v. t. [AS. aswebban; a + swebban. See Sweven.] To stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•swing´ , adv. In a state of swinging.

A•swoon´ , adv. In a swoon. Chaucer.

A•swooned´ , adv. In a swoon.

A•sy´lum , n.; pl. E. Asylums , L. Asyla . [L. asylum, Gr. , fr. exempt from spoliation, inviolable; ’a priv. + right of seizure.] 1. A sanctuary or place of refuge and protection, where criminals and debtors found shelter, and from which they could not be forcibly taken without sacrilege. “So sacred was the church to some, that it had the right of an asylum or sanctuary.
Ayliffe.” The name was anciently given to temples, altars, statues of the gods, and the like. In later times Christian churches were regarded as asylums in the same sense. 2. Any place of retreat and security. “Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold bosom.
Southey.” 3. An institution for the protection or relief of some class of destitute, unfortunate, or afflicted persons; as an asylum for the aged, for the blind, or for the insane; a lunatic asylum; an orphan asylum.

A•sym´me•tral , a. Incommensurable; also unsymmetrical. [Obs.] D. H. More. { As•ym•met´ric , As•ym•met´ri•cal } a. [See Asymmetrous.] 1. Incommensurable. [Obs.] 2. Not symmetrical; wanting proportion; esp., not bilaterally symmetrical. Huxley.

A•sym´me•trous , a. [Gr. .] Asymmetrical. [Obs.] Barrow.

A•sym´me•try , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + symmetry.] 1. Want of symmetry, or proportion between the parts of a thing, esp. want of bilateral symmetry. 2. (Math.) Incommensurability. [Obs.] Barrow.

As´ymp•tote ( 215), n. [Gr. not falling together; ’a priv. + to fall together; with + to fall. Cf. Symptom.] (Math.) A line which approaches nearer to some curve than assignable distance, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. Asymptotes may be straight lines or curves. A rectilinear asymptote may be conceived as a tangent to the curve at an infinite distance.

A•syn´ar•tete , a. [Gr. not united, disconnected; ’a priv. + with + to fasten to.] Disconnected; not fitted or adjusted. — A•syn´ar•tet´ic , a. Asynartete verse (Pros.), a verse of two members, having different rhythms; as when the first consists of iambuses and the second of trochees.

As•yn•det´ic , a. [See Asyndeton.] Characterized by the use of asyndeton; not connected by conjunctions. — As•yn•det´ic•al•ly, adv.

A•syn´de•ton , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. unconnected; ’a priv. + bound together, fr. ; with + to bind.] (Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective; as I came, I saw, I conquered. It stands opposed to polysyndeton.

A•sys´to•le , n. [Pref. a- not + systole.] (Physiol.) A weakening or cessation of the contractile power of the heart.

A•sys´to•lism , n. The state or symptoms characteristic of asystole.

At , prep. [AS. aet; akin to OHG. az, Goth., OS., & Icel. at, Sw. åt, Dan. & L. ad.] Primarily, this word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in place or time, or direction toward; as at the ninth hour; at the house; to aim at a mark. It is less definite than in or on; at the house may be in or near the house. From this original import are derived all the various uses of at. It expresses: - 1. A relation of proximity to, or of presence in or on, something; as at the door; at your shop; at home; at school; at hand; at sea and on land. 2. The relation of some state or condition; as at war; at peace; at ease; at your service; at fault; at liberty; at risk; at disadvantage. 3. The relation of some employment or action; occupied with; as at engraving; at husbandry; at play; at work; at meat (eating); except at puns. 4. The relation of a point or position in a series, or of degree, rate, or value; as with the thermometer at 80°; goods sold at a cheap price; a country estimated at 10,000 square miles; life is short at the longest. 5. The relations of time, age, or order; as at ten o’clock; at twenty-one; at once; at first. 6. The relations of source, occasion, reason, consequence, or effect; as at the sight; at this news; merry at anything; at this declaration; at his command; to demand, require, receive, deserve, endure at your hands. 7. Relation of direction toward an object or end; as look at it; to point at one; to aim at a mark; to throw, strike, shoot, wink, mock, laugh at any one. At all, At home, At large, At last, At length, At once, etc. See under All, Home, Large, Last (phrase and syn.), Length, Once, etc. — At it, busily or actively engaged. — At least. See Least and However. — At one. See At one, in the Vocabulary. Syn. — In, At. When reference to the interior of any place is made prominent in is used. It is used before the names of countries and cities (esp. large cities); as we live in America, in New York, in the South. At is commonly employed before names of houses, institutions, villages, and small places; as Milton was educated at Christ’s College; money taken in at the Customhouse; I saw him at the jeweler’s; we live at Beachville. At may be used before the name of a city when it is regarded as a mere point of locality. ´An English king was crowned at Paris.´ Macaulay. ´Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, June, 28, 1712.´ J. Morley. In regard to time, we say at the hour, on the day, in the year; as at 9 o’clock, on the morning of July 5th, in the year 1775.

At´a•bal , n. [Sp. atabal, fr. Ar. at-tabl the drum, tabala to beat the drum. Cf. Tymbal.] A kettledrum; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. Croly.

A•tac´a•mite , n. [From the desert of Atacama, where found.] (Min.) An oxychloride of copper, usually in emerald-green prismatic crystals.

At•aft´er , prep. After. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At´a•ghan , n. See Yataghan.

A•take´ , v. t. To overtake. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At´a•man , n. [Russ. ataman’: cf. Pol. hetman, G. hauptmann headman, chieftain. Cf. Hetman.] A hetman, or chief of the Cossacks. { At•a•rax´i•a , At´a•rax•y } n. [NL. ataraxia, Gr. ’ataraxi•a; ’a priv. + tarakto•s disturbed, tara•ssein to disturb.] Perfect peace of mind, or calmness. { A•taunt´ , A•taunt´o } adv. [F. autant as much (as possible).] (Naut.) Fully rigged, as a vessel; with all sails set; set on end or set right.

A•tav´ic , a. [Cf. F. atavique.] Pertaining to a remote ancestor, or to atavism.

At´a•vism , n. [L. atavus an ancestor, fr. avus a grandfather.] (a) The recurrence, or a tendency to a recurrence, of the original type of a species in the progeny of its varieties; resemblance to remote rather than to near ancestors; reversion to the original form. (b) (Biol.) The recurrence of any peculiarity or disease of an ancestor in a subsequent generation, after an intermission for a generation or two. “Now and then there occur cases of what physiologists call atavism, or reversion to an ancestral type of character.
J. Fiske” { A•tax´i•a , At´ax•y } n. [NL. ataxia, Gr. , fr. out of order; ’a priv. + ordered, arranged, to put in order: cf. F. ataxie.] 1. Disorder; irregularity. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) (a) Irregularity in disease, or in the functions. (b) The state of disorder that characterizes nervous fevers and the nervous condition. Locomotor ataxia. See Locomotor.

A•tax´ic , a. [Cf. F. ataxique. See Ataxia.] (Med.) Characterized by ataxy, that is, (a) by great irregularity of functions or symptoms, or (b) by a want of coordinating power in movements. Ataxic fever, malignant typhus fever. Pinel.

At•a•zir´ , n. [OF., fr. Ar. al- tasir influence.] (Astron.) The influence of a star upon other stars or upon men. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ate ( 277), the preterit of Eat.

A´te , n. [Gr. .] (Greek. Myth.) The goddess of mischievous folly; also in later poets, the goddess of vengeance.

-ate . [From the L. suffix -atus, the past participle ending of verbs of the 1st conj.] 1. As an ending of participles or participial adjectives it is equivalent to - ed; as situate or situated; animate or animated. 2. As the ending of a verb, it means to make, to cause, to act, etc.; as to propitiate (to make propitious); to animate (to give life to). 3. As a noun suffix, it marks the agent; as curate, delegate. It also sometimes marks the office or dignity; as tribunate. 4. In chemistry it is used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end -ic (excepting binary or halogen acids); as sulphate from sulphuric acid, nitrate from nitric acid, etc. It is also used in the case of certain basic salts.

A•tech´nic , a. [Pref. a- not + technic.] Without technical or artistic knowledge. “Difficult to convey to the atechnic reader.
Etching & Engr.”

At´e•les , n. [Gr. incomplete; ’a priv. + completion.] (Zoöl.) A genus of American monkeys with prehensile tails, and having the thumb wanting or rudimentary. See Spider monkey, and Coaita.

A•te•lier´ n. [F.] A workshop; a studio.

A•tel´lan , a. [L. Atellanus, fr. Atella, an ancient town of the Osci, in Campania.] Of or pertaining to Atella, in ancient Italy; as Atellan plays; farcical; ribald. — n. A farcical drama performed at Atella.

A•thal´a•mous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + nuptial bed.] (Bot.) Not furnished with shields or beds for the spores, as the thallus of certain lichens.

Ath´a•maunt , n. Adamant. [Obs.] “Written in the table of athamaunt.
Chaucer.”

Ath•a•na´sian ( 277), a. Of or pertaining to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria in the 4th century. Athanasian creed, a formulary, confession, or exposition of faith, formerly supposed to have been drawn up by Athanasius; but this opinion is now rejected, and the composition is ascribed by some to Hilary, bishop of Arles (5th century). It is a summary of what was called the orthodox faith.

Ath´a•nor , n. [F., fr. Ar. at- tannur, fr. Heb. tannur an oven or furnace.] A digesting furnace, formerly used by alchemists. It was so constructed as to maintain uniform and durable heat. Chambers.

Ath•e•ca´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + chest, box.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea in which the zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a capsule. See Tubularian.

A´the•ism , n. [Cf. F. atheisme. See Atheist.] 1. The disbelief or denial of the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. “Atheism is a ferocious system, that leaves nothing above us to excite awe, nor around us to awaken tenderness.
R. Hall.” “Atheism and pantheism are often wrongly confounded.
Shipley.” 2. Godlessness.

A´the•ist, n. [Gr. without god; ’a priv. + god: cf. F. atheiste.] 1. One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. 2. A godless person. [Obs.] Syn. — Infidel; unbeliever. See Infidel. { A•the•is´tic , A•the•is´tic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to, implying, or containing, atheism; — applied to things; as atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books. “Atheistical explications of natural effects.
Barrow.” 2. Disbelieving the existence of a God; impious; godless; — applied to persons; as an atheistic writer. — A•the•is´tic•al•ly, adv. — A•the•is´tic•al•ness, n.

A´the•ize , v. t. To render atheistic or godless. [R.] “They endeavored to atheize one another.
Berkeley.”

A´the•ize, v. i. To discourse, argue, or act as an atheist. [R.] — A´the•i•zer , n. Cudworth.

Ath´el•ing (ath´el•ing), n. [AS. aeðeling noble, fr. aeðele noble, akin to G. adel nobility, edel noble. The word aeðel, E. ethel, is in many AS. proper names, as Ethelwolf, noble wolf; Ethelbald, noble bold; Ethelbert, noble bright.] An Anglo-Saxon prince or nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal family. [Written also Adeling and AEtheling.]

Ath•e•ne´um , Ath•e•nae´um , n.; pl. E. Atheneums , L. Athenaea . [L. Athenaeum, Gr. ’Aqhn•aion a temple of Minerva at Athens, fr. ’Aqhna^, contr. fr. ’Aqhna•a, ’Aqhnai•a, in Homer ’Aqh•nh, ’Aqhnai•n, Athene (called Minerva by the Romans), the tutelary goddess of Athens.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A temple of Athene, at Athens, in which scholars and poets were accustomed to read their works and instruct students. 2. A school founded at Rome by Hadrian. 3. A literary or scientific association or club. 4. A building or an apartment where a library, periodicals, and newspapers are kept for use.

A•the´ni•an , a. [Cf. F. Athenien.] Of or pertaining to Athens, the metropolis of Greece. — n. A native or citizen of Athens.

A•the•o•log´ic•al , a. Opposed to theology; atheistic. Bp. Montagu.

A•the•ol´o•gy , n. [Pref. a- not + theology.] Antagonism to theology. Swift.

A´the•ous , a. [Gr. without God. See Atheist.] 1. Atheistic; impious. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Without God, neither accepting nor denying him. “I should say science was atheous, and therefore could not be atheistic.
Bp. of Carlisle.”

Ath´er•ine , n. [NL. atherina, fr. Gr. a kind of smelt.] (Zoöl.) A small marine fish of the family Atherinidae, having a silvery stripe along the sides. The European species (Atherina presbyter) is used as food. The American species (Menidia notata) is called silversides and sand smelt. See Silversides.

A•ther´man•cy (a•ther´man•sy), n. [See Athermanous.] Inability to transmit radiant heat; impermeability to heat. Tyndall.

A•ther´ma•nous , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + qermai•nein to heat, qe•rma heat: cf. F. athermane.] (Chem.) Not transmitting heat; — opposed to diathermanous.

A•ther´mous , a. (Chem.) Athermanous.

Ath´er•oid , a. [Gr. , , a beard, or an ear, of grain + -oid.] Shaped like an ear of grain.

Ath•e•ro´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , , fr. grats, meal.] (Med.) (a) An encysted tumor containing curdy matter. (b) A disease characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of the inner coat of the arteries.

Ath•e•rom´a•tous , a. (Med.) Of, pertaining to, or having the nature of, atheroma. Wiseman.

Ath•e•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. not fixed; ’a priv. + to set.] (Med.) A variety of chorea, marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes.

A•think´ , v. t. To repent; to displease; to disgust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•thirst´ , a. [OE. ofthurst, AS. ofpyrsted, p. p. of ofpyrstan; pref. of-, intensive + pyrstan to thirst. See Thirst.] 1. Wanting drink; thirsty. 2. Having a keen appetite or desire; eager; longing. ´Athirst for battle.´ Cowper.

Ath´lete , n. [L. athleta, Gr. prizefighter, fr. to contend for a prize, , Hom. , contest, prize; fr. the same root as E. wed: cf. F. athlète.] 1. (Antiq.) One who contended for a prize in the public games of ancient Greece or Rome. 2. Any one trained to contend in exercises requiring great physical agility and strength; one who has great activity and strength; a champion. 3. One fitted for, or skilled in, intellectual contests; as athletes of debate.

Ath•let´ic , a. [L. athleticus, Gr. . See Athlete.] 1. Of or pertaining to athletes or to the exercises practiced by them; as athletic games or sports. 2. Befitting an athlete; strong; muscular; robust; vigorous; as athletic Celts. ´Athletic soundness.´ South. — Ath•let´ic•al•ly , adv.

Ath•let´i•cism , n. The practice of engaging in athletic games; athletism.

Ath•let´ics , n. The art of training by athletic exercises; the games and sports of athletes.

Ath´le•tism , n. The state or practice of an athlete; the characteristics of an athlete.

A•thwart´ , prep. [Pref. a- + thwart.] 1. Across; from side to side of. “Athwart the thicket lone.
Tennyson.” 2. (Naut.) Across the direction or course of; as a fleet standing athwart our course. Athwart hawse, across the stem of another vessel, whether in contact or at a small distance. — Athwart ships, across the ship from side to side, or in that direction; — opposed to fore and aft.

A•thwart´, adv. 1. Across, especially in an oblique direction; sidewise; obliquely. “Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him straight.
Spenser.” 2. Across the course; so as to thwart; perversely. “All athwart there came
A post from Wales loaden with heavy news.
Shak.”

A•tilt´ , adv. [Pref. a- + tilt.] 1. In the manner of a tilter; in the position, or with the action, of one making a thrust. ´To run atilt at men.´ Hudibras. 2. In the position of a cask tilted, or with one end raised. [In this sense sometimes used as an adjective.] “Abroach, atilt, and run
Even to the lees of honor.
Beau. & Fl.”

At´i•my , n. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + honor.] (Gr. Antiq.) Public disgrace or stigma; infamy; loss of civil rights. Mitford.

-a´tion . [L. -ationem. See -tion.] A suffix forming nouns of action, and often equivalent to the verbal substantive in -ing. It sometimes has the further meanings of state, and that which results from the action. Many of these nouns have verbs in -ate; as alliterate -ation, narrate -ation; many are derived through the French; as alteration, visitation; and many are formed on verbs ending in the Greek formative -ize (Fr. -ise); as civilization, demoralization.

A-tip´toe , adv. On tiptoe; eagerly expecting. “We all feel a-tiptoe with hope and confidence.
F. Harrison.”

At•lan´ta , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swimming at the surface in mid ocean. See Heteropod.

At•lan´tal , a. (Anat.) (a) Relating to the atlas. (b) Anterior; cephalic. Barclay.

At•lan•te´an , a. [L. Atlantus.] 1. Of or pertaining to the isle Atlantis, which the ancients allege was sunk, and overwhelmed by the ocean. 2. Pertaining to, or resembling, Atlas; strong. “With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies.
Milton.”

At•lan´tes , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. , pl. of . See Atlas.] (Arch.) Figures or half figures of men, used as columns to support an entablature; — called also telamones. See Caryatides. Oxf. Gloss.

At•lan´tic , a. [L. Atlanticus, fr. Atlas. See Atlas and Atlantes.] 1. Of or pertaining to Mt. Atlas in Libya, and hence applied to the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west; as the Atlantic Ocean (called also the Atlantic); the Atlantic basin; the Atlantic telegraph. 2. Of or pertaining to the isle of Atlantis. 3. Descended from Atlas. “The seven Atlantic sisters.
Milton.”

At•lan´ti•des , n. pl. [L. See Atlantes.] The Pleiades or seven stars, fabled to have been the daughters of Atlas.

At´las , n.; pl. Atlases . [L. Atlas, -antis, Gr. , , one of the older family of gods, who bears up the pillars of heaven; also Mt. Atlas, in W. Africa, regarded as the pillar of heaven. It is from the root of to bear. See Tolerate.] 1. One who sustains a great burden. 2. (Anat.) The first vertebra of the neck, articulating immediately with the skull, thus sustaining the globe of the head, whence the name. 3. A collection of maps in a volume; — supposed to be so called from a picture of Atlas supporting the world, prefixed to some collections. This name is said to have been first used by Mercator, the celebrated geographer, in the 16th century. 4. A volume of plates illustrating any subject. 5. A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular from or arrangement; as an historical atlas. 6. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of maps; — called also atlas folio. 7. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n. Atlas powder, a nitroglycerin blasting compound of pasty consistency and great explosive power.

At´las, n. [Ar., smooth.] A rich kind of satin manufactured in India. Brande & C.

At•mi•dom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , smoke, vapor + -meter; cf. F. atmidomètre.] An instrument for measuring the evaporation from water, ice, or snow. Brande & C.

At´mo , n. [Contr. fr. atmosphere.] (Physics) The standard atmospheric pressure used in certain physical measurements calculations; conventionally, that pressure under which the barometer stands at 760 millimeters, at a temperature of 0° Centigrade, at the level of the sea, and in the latitude of Paris. Sir W. Thomson. { At•mo•log´ic , At•mo•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to atmology. ´Atmological laws of heat.´ Whewell.

At•mol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in atmology.

At•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. vapor + - logy.] (Physics) That branch of science which treats of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. Whewell.

At•mol´y•sis , n. [Gr. vapor + a loosing, to loose.] (Chem.) The act or process of separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibility by transmission through porous substances.

At•mol•y•za´tion, n. (Chem.) Separation by atmolysis.

At´mo•lyze , v. t. (Chem.) To subject to atmolysis; to separate by atmolysis.

At´mo•ly•zer , n. (Chem.) An apparatus for effecting atmolysis.

At•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. smoke, vapor + -meter: cf. F. atmomètre.] An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface; an evaporometer. Huxley.

At´mos•phere , n. [Gr. vapor (akin to Skr. atman breath, soul, G. athem breath) + sphere: cf. F. atmosphère. See Sphere.] 1. (Physics) (a) The whole mass of aëriform fluid surrounding the earth; — applied also to the gaseous envelope of any celestial orb, or other body; as the atmosphere of Mars. (b) Any gaseous envelope or medium. “An atmosphere of cold oxygen.
Miller.” 2. A supposed medium around various bodies; as electrical atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to surround electrical bodies. Franklin. 3. The pressure or weight of the air at the sea level, on a unit of surface, or about 14.7 Ibs. to the sq. inch. “Hydrogen was liquefied under a pressure of 650 atmospheres.
Lubbock.” 4. Any surrounding or pervading influence or condition. “The chillest of social atmospheres.
Hawthorne.” 5. The portion of air in any locality, or affected by a special physical or sanitary condition; as the atmosphere of the room; a moist or noxious atmosphere. { At•mos•pher´ic , At•mos•pher´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. atmospherique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the atmosphere; of the nature of, or resembling, the atmosphere; as atmospheric air; the atmospheric envelope of the earth. 2. Existing in the atmosphere. “The lower atmospheric current.
Darwin.” 3. Caused, or operated on, by the atmosphere; as an atmospheric effect; an atmospheric engine. 4. Dependent on the atmosphere. [R.] “In am so atmospherical a creature.
Pope.” Atmospheric engine, a steam engine whose piston descends by the pressure of the atmosphere, when the steam which raised it is condensed within the cylinder. Tomlinson. — Atmospheric line (Steam Engin.), the equilibrium line of an indicator card. Steam is expanded ´down to the atmosphere´ when its pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. (See Indicator card.) — Atmospheric pressure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, not merely downwards, but in every direction. In amounts to about 14.7 Ibs. on each square inch. — Atmospheric railway, one in which pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force. — Atmospheric tides. See under Tide.

At•mos•pher´ic•al•ly , adv. In relation to the atmosphere.

At•mos•phe•rol´o•gy , n. [Atmosphere + -logy.] The science or a treatise on the atmosphere.

At´o•kous , a. [Gr. barren; ’a priv. + offspring.] (Zoöl.) Producing only asexual individuals, as the eggs of certain annelids.

A•toll´ , n. [The native name in the Indian Ocean.] A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island.

At´om , n. [L. atomus, Gr. , uncut, indivisible; ’a priv. + , verbal adj. of to cut: cf. F. atome. See Tome.] 1. (Physics) (a) An ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (b) An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible; a molecule. (c) A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to be made up of subordinate particles. These three definitions correspond to different views of the nature of the ultimate particles of matter. In the case of the last two, the particles are more correctly called molecules. Dana. 2. (Chem.) The smallest particle of matter that can enter into combination; one of the elementary constituents of a molecule. 3. Anything extremely small; a particle; a whit. “There was not an atom of water.
Sir J. Ross.”

At´om, v. t. To reduce to atoms. [Obs.] Feltham. { A•tom´ic , A•tom´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. atomique.] 1. Of or pertaining to atoms. 2. Extremely minute; tiny. Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which, assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion, accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things. This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was developed by Democritus, and afterward improved by Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean philosophy. — Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of definite proportions (Chem.), teaches that chemical combinations take place between the supposed ultimate particles or atoms of bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one to one, two to three, or some other, always expressible in whole numbers. — Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight of the atom of an element as compared with the weight of the atom of hydrogen, taken as a standard.

A•tom´ic•al•ly, adv. In an atomic manner; in accordance with the atomic philosophy.

At•o•mi´cian , n. An atomist. [R.]

A•tom´i•cism , n. Atomism. [Obs.]

At•o•mic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. atomicite.] (Chem.) Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence.

At´om•ism , n. [Cf. F. atomisme.] The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.

At´om•ist, n. [Cf. F. atomiste.] One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory. Locke.

At•om•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to atoms; relating to atomism. [R.] “It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with synartesis.
Coleridge.”

At•om•i•za´tion, n. 1. The act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles; or the state of being so reduced. 2. (Med.) The reduction of fluids into fine spray.

At´om•ize, v. t. To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray. “The liquids in the form of spray are said to be pulverized, nebulized, or atomized.
Dunglison.”

At´om•i•zer (at´um•i•zer), n. One who, or that which, atomizes; esp., an instrument for reducing a liquid to spray for disinfecting, cooling, or perfuming.

At•om•ol´o•gy (at•um•ol´o•jy), n. [Atom + -logy.] The doctrine of atoms. Cudworth.

At´om•y (at´um•y), n. An atom; a mite; a pigmy.

At´o•my , n. [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.] A skeleton. [Ludicrous] Shak.

A•ton´a•ble , a. Admitting an atonement; capable of being atoned for; expiable.

At one´ . [OE. at on, atone, atoon, attone.] 1. In concord or friendship; in agreement (with each other); as to be, bring, make, or set, at one, i. e., to be or bring in or to a state of agreement or reconciliation. “If gentil men, or othere of hir contree
Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoon.
Chaucer.” 2. Of the same opinion; agreed; as on these points we are at one. 3. Together. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•tone´ (a•ton´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Atoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Atoning.] [From at one, , i. e., to be, or cause to be, at one. See At one.] 1. To agree; to be in accordance; to accord. [Obs.] “He and Aufidius can no more atone
Than violentest contrariety.
Shak.” 2. To stand as an equivalent; to make reparation, compensation, or amends, for an offense or a crime. “The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood.
Pope.” “The ministry not atoning for their former conduct by any wise or popular measure.
Junius.”

A•tone´, v. t. 1. To set at one; to reduce to concord; to reconcile, as parties at variance; to appease. [Obs.] “I would do much
To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio.
Shak.” 2. To unite in making. [Obs. & R.] “The four elements … have atoned
A noble league.
Ford.” 3. To make satisfaction for; to expiate. “Or each atone his guilty love with life.
Pope.”

A•tone´ment , n. 1. (Literally, a setting at one.) Reconciliation; restoration of friendly relations; agreement; concord. [Archaic] “By whom we have now received the atonement.
Rom. v. 11.” “He desires to make atonement
Betwixt the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers.
Shak.” 2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing of suffering that which will be received in satisfaction for an offense or injury; expiation; amends; — with for. Specifically, in theology: The expiation of sin made by the obedience, personal suffering, and death of Christ. “When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement be can make for it is, to warn others.
Spectator.” “The Phocians behaved with, so much gallantry, that they were thought to have made a sufficient atonement for their former offense.
Potter.”

A•ton´er , n. One who makes atonement.

At•ones , adv. [See At one.] [Obs.] “Down he fell atones as a stone.
Chaucer.”

A•ton´ic , a. [Cf. F. atonique. See Atony.] 1. (Med.) Characterized by atony, or want of vital energy; as an atonic disease. 2. (Gram.) Unaccented; as an atonic syllable. 3. Destitute of tone vocality; surd. Rush.

A•ton´ic, n. 1. (Gram.) A word that has no accent. 2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, or produced by the breath alone; a nonvocal or surd consonant; a breathing. Rush. 3. (Med.) A remedy capable of allaying organic excitement or irritation. Dunglison.

At´o•ny , n. [Gr. slackness; ’a priv. + tone, strength, to stretch: cf. F. atonie.] (Med.) Want of tone; weakness of the system, or of any organ, especially of such as are contractile.

A•top´ , adv. On or at the top. Milton. { At•ra•bi•la´ri•an , At•ra•bi•la´ri•ous } a. [LL. atrabilarius, fr. L. atra bilis black bile: cf. F. atrabilaire, fr. atrabile.] Affected with melancholy; atrabilious. Arbuthnot.

At•ra•bi•la´ri•an, n. A person much given to melancholy; a hypochondriac. I. Disraeli.

At•ra•bil´iar , a. Melancholy; atrabilious.

At•ra•bil´ia•ry , a. 1. Of or pertaining to atra bilis or black bile, a fluid formerly supposed to be produced by the kidneys. 2. Melancholic or hypohondriac; atrabilious; — from the supposed predominance of black bile, to the influence of which the ancients attributed hypochondria, melancholy, and mania. Atrabiliary arteries, capsules, and veins (Anat.), those pertaining to the kidney; — called also renal arteries, capsules, and veins.

At•ra•bil´ious , a. Melancholic or hypochondriac; atrabiliary. Dunglision. “A hard-faced, atrabilious, earnest-eyed race.
Lowell.” “He was constitutionally atrabilious and scornful.
Froude.”

At•ra•men•ta´ceous , a. [L. atramentum ink, fr. ater black.] Black, like ink; inky; atramental. [Obs.] Derham. { At•ra•men´tal , At•ra•men´tous } a. Of or pertaining to ink; inky; black, like ink; as atramental galls; atramentous spots.

At•ra•men•ta´ri•ous , a. [Cf. F. atramentaire. See Atramentaceous.] Like ink; suitable for making ink. Sulphate of iron (copperas green vitriol) is called atramentarious, as being used in making ink.

At•rede , v. t. [OE. at (AS. aet) out + rede.] To surpass in council. [Obs.] “Men may the olde atrenne, but hat atrede.
Chaucer.”

At•renne´ , v. t. [OE. at + renne to run.] To outrun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•tre´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. not perforated.] (Med.) Absence or closure of a natural passage or channel of the body; imperforation.

A´tri•al, a. Of or pertaining to an atrium.

A•trip´ , adv. [Pref. a- + trip.] (Naut.) (a) Just hove clear of the ground; — said of the anchor. (b) Sheeted home, hoisted taut up and ready for trimming; — said of sails. (c) Hoisted up and ready to be swayed across; — said of yards.

A´tri•um , n.; pl. Atria . [L., the fore court of a Roman house.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A square hall lighted from above, into which rooms open at one or more levels. (b) An open court with a porch or gallery around three or more sides; especially at the entrance of a basilica or other church. The name was extended in the Middle Ages to the open churchyard or cemetery. 2. (Anat.) The main part of either auricle of the heart as distinct from the auricular appendix. also the whole articular portion of the heart. 3. (Zoöl.) A cavity in ascidians into which the intestine and generative ducts open, and which also receives the water from the gills. See Ascidioidea.

At•ro•cha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a circle.] (Zoöl.) A kind of chaetopod larva in which no circles of cilia are developed.

A•tro´cious , a. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel, fierce: cf. F. atroce.] 1. Extremely heinous; full of enormous wickedness; as atrocious quilt or deeds. 2. Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity. “Revelations … so atrocious that nothing in history approaches them.
De Quincey.” 3. Very grievous or violent; terrible; as atrocious distempers. [Obs.] Cheyne. Syn. — Atrocious, Flagitious, Flagrant. Flagitious points to an act as grossly wicked and vile; as a flagitious proposal. Flagrant marks the vivid impression made upon the mind by something strikingly wrong or erroneous; as a flagrant misrepresentation; a flagrant violation of duty. Atrocious represents the act as springing from a violent and savage spirit. If Lord Chatham, instead of saying ´the atrocious crime of being a young man,´ had used either of the other two words, his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson. — A•tro´cious•ly, adv. — A•tro´cious•ness, n.

A•troc´i•ty , n.; pl. Atrocities . [F. atrocite, L. atrocitas, fr. atrox, atrocis, cruel.] 1. Enormous wickedness; extreme heinousness or cruelty. 2. An atrocious or extremely cruel deed. “The atrocities which attend a victory.
Macaulay.”

A•troph´ic, a. Relating to atrophy.

At´ro•phied , p. a. Affected with atrophy, as a tissue or organ; arrested in development at a very early stage; rudimentary.

At´ro•phy , n. [L. atrophia, Gr. ; ’a priv. + to nourish: cf. F. atrophie.] A wasting away from want of nourishment; diminution in bulk or slow emaciation of the body or of any part. Milton.

At´ro•phy, v. t. [p. p. Atrophied .] To cause to waste away or become abortive; to starve or weaken.

At´ro•phy, v. i. To waste away; to dwindle.

A•tro´pi•a , n. Same as Atropine.

At´ro•pine , n. [Gr. inflexible; hence , one of the three Parcae; ’a priv. + to turn.] (Chem.) A poisonous, white, crystallizable alkaloid, extracted from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly nightshade, and the Datura Stramonium, or thorn apple. It is remarkable for its power in dilating the pupil of the eye. Called also daturine.

At´ro•pism , n. (Med.) A condition of the system produced by long use of belladonna.

At´ro•pous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + to turn.] (Bot.) Not inverted; orthotropous.

A´trous , a. [L. ater.] Coal-black; very black.

A•try´pa , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’a priv. + a hole.] (Paleon.) A extinct genus of Branchiopoda, very common in Silurian limestones.

At´ta•bal , n. See Atabal.

At•tac´ca . [It., fr. attaccare to tie, bind. See Attach.] (Mus.) Attack at once; — a direction at the end of a movement to show that the next is to follow immediately, without any pause.

At•tach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attaching.] [OF. atachier, F. attacher, to tie or fasten: cf. Celt. tac, tach, nail, E. tack a small nail, tack to fasten. Cf. Attack, and see Tack.] 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or connect; to make fast or join; as to attach one thing to another by a string, by glue, or the like. “The shoulder blade is … attached only to the muscles.
Paley.” “A huge stone to which the cable was attached.
Macaulay.” 2. To connect; to place so as to belong; to assign by authority; to appoint; as an officer is attached to a certain regiment, company, or ship. 3. To win the heart of; to connect by ties of love or self-interest; to attract; to fasten or bind by moral influence; — with to; as attached to a friend; attaching others to us by wealth or flattery. “Incapable of attaching a sensible man.
Miss Austen.” “God … by various ties attaches man to man.
Cowper.” 4. To connect, in a figurative sense; to ascribe or attribute; to affix; — with to; as to attach great importance to a particular circumstance. “Top this treasure a curse is attached.
Bayard Taylor.” 5. To take, seize, or lay hold of. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To take by legal authority: (a) To arrest by writ, and bring before a court, as to answer for a debt, or a contempt; — applied to a taking of the person by a civil process; being now rarely used for the arrest of a criminal. (b) To seize or take (goods or real estate) by virtue of a writ or precept to hold the same to satisfy a judgment which may be rendered in the suit. See Attachment, 4. “The earl marshal attached Gloucester for high treason.
Miss Yonge.” Attached column (Arch.), a column engaged in a wall, so that only a part of its circumference projects from it. Syn. — To affix; bind; tie; fasten; connect; conjoin; subjoin; annex; append; win; gain over; conciliate.

At•tach´ , v. i. 1. To adhere; to be attached. “The great interest which attaches to the mere knowledge of these facts cannot be doubted.
Brougham.” 2. To come into legal operation in connection with anything; to vest; as dower will attach. Cooley.

At•tach´, n. An attachment. [Obs.] Pope.

At•tach´a•ble , a. Capable of being attached; esp., liable to be taken by writ or precept.

At•ta•che´ , n. [F., p. p. of attacher. See Attach, v. t.] One attached to another person or thing, as a part of a suite or staff. Specifically: One attached to an embassy.

At•tach´ment , n. [F. attachment.] 1. The act attaching, or state of being attached; close adherence or affection; fidelity; regard; an passion of affection that binds a person; as an attachment to a friend, or to a party. 2. That by which one thing is attached to another; connection; as to cut the attachments of a muscle. “The human mind … has exhausted its forces in the endeavor to rend the supernatural from its attachment to this history.
I. Taylor.” 3. Something attached; some adjunct attached to an instrument, machine, or other object; as a sewing machine attachment (i. e., a device attached to a sewing machine to enable it to do special work, as tucking, etc.). 4. (Giv. Law) (a) A seizure or taking into custody by virtue of a legal process. (b) The writ or percept commanding such seizure or taking. The term is applied to a seizure or taking either of persons or property. In the serving of process in a civil suit, it is most generally applied to the taking of property, whether at common law, as a species of distress, to compel defendant’s appearance, or under local statutes, to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover in the action. The terms attachment and arrest are both applied to the taking or apprehension of a defendant to compel an appearance in a civil action. Attachments are issued at common law and in chancery, against persons for contempt of court. In England, attachment is employed in some cases where capias is with us, as against a witness who fails to appear on summons. In some of the New England States a writ of attachment is a species of mesne process upon which the property of a defendant may be seized at the commencement of a suit and before summons to him, and may be held to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover. In other States this writ can issue only against absconding debtors and those who conceal themselves. See Foreign, Garnishment, Trustee process. Bouvier. Burrill. Blackstone. Syn. — Attachment, Affection. The leading idea of affection is that of warmth and tenderness; the leading idea of attachment is that of being bound to some object by strong and lasting ties. There is more of sentiment (and sometimes of romance) in affection, and more of principle in preserving attachment. We speak of the ardor of the one, and the fidelity of the other. There is another distinction in the use and application of these words. The term attachment is applied to a wider range of objects than affection. A man may have a strong attachment to his country, to his profession, to his principles, and even to favorite places; in respect to none of these could we use the word affection.

At•tack´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attacked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attacking.] [F. attaquer, orig. another form of attacher to attack: cf. It. attacare to fasten, attack. See Attach, Tack a small nail.] 1. To fall upon with force; to assail, as with force and arms; to assault. ´Attack their lines.´ Dryden. 2. To assail with unfriendly speech or writing; to begin a controversy with; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by criticism or satire; to censure; as to attack a man, or his opinions, in a pamphlet. 3. To set to work upon, as upon a task or problem, or some object of labor or investigation. 4. To begin to affect; to begin to act upon, injuriously or destructively; to begin to decompose or waste. “On the fourth of March he was attacked by fever.
Macaulay.” “Hydrofluoric acid … attacks the glass.
B. Stewart.” Syn. — To Attack, Assail, Assault, Invade. These words all denote a violent onset; attack being the generic term, and the others specific forms of attack. To attack is to commence the onset; to assail is to make a sudden and violent attack, or to make repeated attacks; to assault (literally, to leap upon) is to attack physically by a had-to-hand approach or by unlawful and insulting violence; to invade is to enter by force on what belongs to another. Thus, a person may attack by offering violence of any kind; he may assail by means of missile weapons; he may assault by direct personal violence; a king may invade by marching an army into a country. Figuratively, we may say, men attack with argument or satire; they assail with abuse or reproaches; they may be assaulted by severe temptations; the rights of the people may be invaded by the encroachments of the crown.

At•tack´, v. i. To make an onset or attack.

At•tack´, n. [Cf. F. attaque.] 1. The act of attacking, or falling on with force or violence; an onset; an assault; — opposed to defense. 2. An assault upon one’s feelings or reputation with unfriendly or bitter words. 3. A setting to work upon some task, etc. 4. An access of disease; a fit of sickness. 5. The beginning of corrosive, decomposing, or destructive action, by a chemical agent.

At•tack´a•ble , a. Capable of being attacked.

At•tack´er , n. One who attacks. { At´ta•gas , At´ta•gen } n. [L. attagen a kind of bird, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) A species of sand grouse (Syrrghaptes Pallasii) found in Asia and rarely in southern Europe.

At´ta•ghan (at´ta•gan), n. See Yataghan.

At•tain´ (at•tan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attained (-tand´); p. pr. & vb. n. Attaining.] [Of. atteinen, atteignen, atainen, OF. ateindre, ataindre, F. atteindre, fr. L. attingere; ad + tangere to touch, reach. See Tangent, and cf. Attinge, Attaint.] 1. To achieve or accomplish, that is, to reach by efforts; to gain; to compass; as to attain rest. “Is he wise who hopes to attain the end without the means?
Abp. Tillotson.” 2. To gain or obtain possession of; to acquire. [Obs. with a material object.] Chaucer. 3. To get at the knowledge of; to ascertain. [Obs.] “Not well attaining his meaning.
Fuller.” 4. To reach or come to, by progression or motion; to arrive at. ´Canaan he now attains.´ Milton. 5. To overtake. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. To reach in excellence or degree; to equal. Syn. — To Attain, Obtain, Procure. Attain always implies an effort toward an object. Hence it is not synonymous with obtain and procure, which do not necessarily imply such effort or motion. We procure or obtain a thing by purchase or loan, and we obtain by inheritance, but we do not attain it by such means.

At•tain´, v. i. 1. To come or arrive, by motion, growth, bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place, object, state, etc.; to reach. “If by any means they might attain to Phenice.
Acts xxvii. 12.” “Nor nearer might the dogs attain.
Sir W. Scott.” “To see your trees attain to the dignity of timber.
Cowper.” “Few boroughs had as yet attained to power such as this.
J. R. Green.” 2. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind. “Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I can not attain unto it.
Ps. cxxxix. 6.”

At•tain´, n. Attainment. [Obs.]

At•tain•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being attainable; attainableness.

At•tain´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being attained or reached by efforts of the mind or body; capable of being compassed or accomplished by efforts directed to the object. “The highest pitch of perfection attainable in this life.
Addison.” 2. Obtainable. [Obs.] “General Howe would not permit the purchase of those articles [clothes and blankets] in Philadelphia, and they were not attainable in the country.
Marshall.”

At•tain´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being attainable; attainability.

At•tain´der , n. [OF. ataindre, ateindre, to accuse, convict. Attainder is often erroneously referred to F. teindre tie stain. See Attaint, Attain.] 1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; the extinction of the civil rights and capacities of a person, consequent upon sentence of death or outlawry; as an act of attainder. Abbott. Formerly attainder was the inseparable consequence of a judicial or legislative sentence for treason or felony, and involved the forfeiture of all the real and personal property of the condemned person, and such ´corruption of blood´ that he could neither receive nor transmit by inheritance, nor could he sue or testify in any court, or claim any legal protection or rights. In England attainders are now abolished, and in the United States the Constitution provides that no bill of attainder shall be passed; and no attainder of treason (in consequence of a judicial sentence) shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 2. A stain or staining; state of being in dishonor or condemnation. [Obs.] “He lived from all attainder of suspect.
Shak.” Bill of attainder, a bill brought into, or passed by, a legislative body, condemning a person to death or outlawry, and attainder, without judicial sentence.

At•tain´ment , n. 1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts. “The attainment of every desired object.
Sir W. Jones.” 2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion; acquirement; acquisition; (pl.), mental acquirements; knowledge; as literary and scientific attainments.

At•taint´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attainting.] [OE. atteynten to convict, fr. atteynt, OF. ateint, p. p. of ateindre, ataindre. The meanings 3, 4, 5, and 6 were influenced by a supposed connection with taint. See Attain, Attainder.] 1. To attain; to get act; to hit. [Obs.] 2. (Old Law) To find guilty; to convict; — said esp. of a jury on trial for giving a false verdict. [Obs.] “Upon sufficient proof attainted of some open act by men of his own condition.
Blackstone.” 3. (Law) To subject (a person) to the legal condition formerly resulting from a sentence of death or outlawry, pronounced in respect of treason or felony; to affect by attainder. “No person shall be attainted of high treason where corruption of blood is incurred, but by the oath of two witnesses.
Stat. 7 & 8 Wm. III.” 4. To accuse; to charge with a crime or a dishonorable act. [Archaic] 5. To affect or infect, as with physical or mental disease or with moral contagion; to taint or corrupt. “My tender youth was never yet attaint
With any passion of inflaming love.
Shak.” 6. To stain; to obscure; to sully; to disgrace; to cloud with infamy. “For so exceeding shone his glistring ray,
That Phbus’ golden face it did attaint.
Spenser.” “Lest she with blame her honor should attaint.
Spenser.”

At•taint´, p. p. Attainted; corrupted. [Obs.] Shak.

At•taint´, n. [OF. attainte. See Attaint, v.] 1. A touch or hit. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Far.) A blow or wound on the leg of a horse, made by overreaching. White. 3. (Law) A writ which lies after judgment, to inquire whether a jury has given a false verdict in any court of record; also the convicting of the jury so tried. Bouvier. 4. A stain or taint; disgrace. See Taint. Shak. 5. An infecting influence. [R.] Shak.

At•taint´ment , n. Attainder; attainture; conviction.

At•tain´ture , n. Attainder; disgrace.

At´tal , n. Same as Attle.

At•tame´ , v. t. [OF. atamer, from Latin. See Attaminate.] 1. To pierce; to attack. [Obs.] 2. To broach; to begin. “And right anon his tale he hath attamed.
Chaucer.”

At•tam´i•nate , v. t. [L. attaminare; ad + root of tangere. See Contaminate.] To corrupt; to defile; to contaminate. [Obs.] Blount.

At´tar , n. [Per. ’atar perfume, essence, Ar. ’itr, fr. ’atara to smell sweet. Cf. Otto.] A fragrant essential oil; esp., a volatile and highly fragrant essential oil obtained from the petals of roses. [Also written otto and ottar.]

At•task´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + task.] To take to task; to blame. Shak.

At•taste , v. t. [Pref. a- + taste.] To taste or cause to taste. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At´te . At the. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tem´per , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempering.] [OF. atemprer, fr. L. attemperare; ad + temperare to soften, temper. See Temper, and cf. Attemperate.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mixture; to temper; to regulate, as temperature. “If sweet with bitter … were not attempered still.
Trench.” 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate; to soothe; to temper; as to attemper rigid justice with clemency. 3. To mix in just proportion; to regulate; as a mind well attempered with kindness and justice. 4. To accommodate; to make suitable; to adapt. “Arts … attempered to the lyre.
Pope.” This word is now not much used, the verb temper taking its place.

At•tem´per•a•ment , n. [OF. attemprement.] A tempering, or mixing in due proportion.

At•tem´per•ance , n. [Cf. OF. atemprance.] Temperance; attemperament. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tem´per•ate , a. [L. attemperatus, p. p. of attemperare. See Attemper.] Tempered; proportioned; properly adapted. “Hope must be … attemperate to the promise.
Hammond.”

At•tem´per•ate , v. t. To attemper. [Archaic]

At•tem•per•a´tion , n. The act of attempering or regulating. [Archaic] Bacon.

At•tem´per•ly, adv. Temperately. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tem´per•ment , n. Attemperament.

At•tempt´ ( 215), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempting.] [OF. atenter, also spelt atempter, F. attenter, fr. L. attentare to attempt; ad + tentare, temptare, to touch, try, v. intens. of tendere to stretch. See Tempt, and cf. Attend.] 1. To make trial or experiment of; to try; to endeavor to do or perform (some action); to assay; as to attempt to sing; to attempt a bold flight. “Something attempted, something done,
Has earned a night’s repose.
Longfellow.” 2. To try to move, by entreaty, by afflictions, or by temptations; to tempt. [Obs. or Archaic] “It made the laughter of an afternoon
That Vivien should attempt the blameless king.
Thackeray.” 3. To try to win, subdue, or overcome; as one who attempts the virtue of a woman. “Dear sir, of force I must attempt you further:
Take some remembrance of us, as a tribute.
Shak.” 4. To attack; to make an effort or attack upon; to try to take by force; as to attempt the enemy’s camp. “Without attempting his adversary’s life.
Motley.” Syn. — See Try.

At•tempt´, v. i. To make an attempt; — with upon. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

At•tempt´, n. A essay, trial, or endeavor; an undertaking; an attack, or an effort to gain a point; esp. an unsuccessful, as contrasted with a successful, effort. “By his blindness maimed for high attempts.
Milton.” Attempt to commit a crime (Law), such an intentional preparatory act as will apparently result, if not extrinsically hindered, in a crime which it was designed to effect. Wharton. Syn. — Attempt, Endeavor, Effort, Exertion, Trial. These words agree in the idea of calling forth our powers into action. Trial is the generic term; it denotes a putting forth of one’s powers with a view to determine what they can accomplish; as to make trial of one’s strength. An attempt is always directed to some definite and specific object; as ´The attempt, and not the deed, confounds us.´ Shak. An endeavor is a continued attempt; as ´His high endeavor and his glad success.´ Cowper. Effort is a specific putting forth of strength in order to carry out an attempt. Exertion is the putting forth or active exercise of any faculty or power. ´It admits of all degrees of effort and even natural action without effort.´ C. J. Smith. See Try.

At•tempt´a•ble , a. Capable of being attempted, tried, or attacked. Shak.

At•tempt´er ( 215), n. 1. One who attempts; one who essays anything. 2. An assailant; also a temper. [Obs.]

At•tempt´ive , a. Disposed to attempt; adventurous. [Obs.] Daniel.

At•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attended; p. pr. & vb. n. Attending.] [OE. atenden, OF. atendre, F. attendre, to expect, to wait, fr. L. attendre to stretch, (sc. animum), to apply the mind to; ad + tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. To direct the attention to; to fix the mind upon; to give heed to; to regard. [Obs.] “The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth not attend the unskillful words of the passenger.
Sir P. Sidney.” 2. To care for; to look after; to take charge of; to watch over. 3. To go or stay with, as a companion, nurse, or servant; to visit professionally, as a physician; to accompany or follow in order to do service; to escort; to wait on; to serve. “The fifth had charge sick persons to attend.
Spenser.” “Attends the emperor in his royal court.
Shak.” “With a sore heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to attend William thither.
Macaulay.” 4. To be present with; to accompany; to be united or consequent to; as a measure attended with ill effects. “What cares must then attend the toiling swain.
Dryden.” 5. To be present at; as to attend church, school, a concert, a business meeting. 6. To wait for; to await; to remain, abide, or be in store for. [Obs.] “The state that attends all men after this.
Locke.” “Three days I promised to attend my doom.
Dryden.” Syn. — To Attend, Mind, Regard, Heed, Notice. Attend is generic, the rest are specific terms. To mind is to attend so that it may not be forgotten; to regard is to look on a thing as of importance; to heed is to attend to a thing from a principle of caution; to notice is to think on that which strikes the senses. Crabb. See Accompany.

At•tend´ , v. i. 1. To apply the mind, or pay attention, with a view to perceive, understand, or comply; to pay regard; to heed; to listen; — usually followed by to. “Attend to the voice of my supplications.
Ps. lxxxvi. 6.” “Man can not at the same time attend to two objects.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To accompany or be present or near at hand, in pursuance of duty; to be ready for service; to wait or be in waiting; — often followed by on or upon. “He was required to attend upon the committee.
Clarendon.” 3. (with to) To take charge of; to look after; as to attend to a matter of business. 4. To wait; to stay; to delay. [Obs.] “For this perfection she must yet attend,
Till to her Maker she espoused be.
Sir J. Davies.” Syn. — To Attend, Listen, Hearken. We attend with a view to hear and learn; we listen with fixed attention, in order to hear correctly, or to consider what has been said; we hearken when we listen with a willing mind, and in reference to obeying.

At•tend´ance , n. [OE. attendance, OF. atendance, fr. atendre, F. attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Attention; regard; careful application. [Obs.] “Till I come, give attendance to reading.
1 Tim. iv. 13.” 2. The act of attending; state of being in waiting; service; ministry; the fact of being present; presence. “Constant attendance at church three times a day.
Fielding.” 3. Waiting for; expectation. [Obs.] “Languishing attendance and expectation of death.
Hooker.” 4. The persons attending; a retinue; attendants. “If your stray attendance by yet lodged.
Milton.”

At•tend´an•cy , n. The quality of attending or accompanying; attendance; an attendant. [Obs.]

At•tend´ant , a. [F. attendant, p. pr. of attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Being present, or in the train; accompanying; in waiting. “From the attendant flotilla rang notes triumph.
Sir W. Scott.” “Cherub and Seraph … attendant on their Lord.
Milton.” 2. Accompanying, connected with, or immediately following, as consequential; consequent; as intemperance with all its attendant evils. “The natural melancholy attendant upon his situation added to the gloom of the owner of the mansion.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. (Law) Depending on, or owing duty or service to; as the widow attendant to the heir. Cowell. Attendant keys (Mus.), the keys or scales most nearly related to, or having most in common with, the principal key; those, namely, of its fifth above, or dominant, its fifth below (fourth above), or subdominant, and its relative minor or major.

At•tend´ant, n. 1. One who attends or accompanies in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, servant, agent, or suitor. ´A train of attendants.´ Hallam. 2. One who is present and takes part in the proceedings; as an attendant at a meeting. 3. That which accompanies; a concomitant. “[A] sense of fame, the attendant of noble spirits.
Pope.” 4. (Law) One who owes duty or service to, or depends on, another. Cowell.

At•tend´e•ment , n. Intent. [Obs.] Spenser.

At•tend´er , n. One who, or that which, attends.

At•tend´ment , n. [Cf. OF. atendement.] An attendant circumstance. [Obs.] “The uncomfortable attendments of hell.
Sir T. Browne.”

At•tent´ , a. [L. attentus, p. p. of attendere. See Attend, v. t.] Attentive; heedful. [Archaic] “Let thine ears be attent unto the prayer.
2 Chron. vi. 40.”

At•tent´, n. Attention; heed. [Obs.] Spenser. { At•ten´tate , At•ten´tat } n. [L. attentatum, pl. attentata, fr. attentare to attempt: cf. F. attentat criminal attempt. See Attempt.] 1. An attempt; an assault. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Law) (a) A proceeding in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed. (b) Any step wrongly innovated or attempted in a suit by an inferior judge.

At•ten´tion , n. [L. attentio: cf. F. attention.] 1. The act or state of attending or heeding; the application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought; notice; exclusive or special consideration; earnest consideration, thought, or regard; obedient or affectionate heed; the supposed power or faculty of attending. “They say the tongues of dying men
Enforce attention like deep harmony.
Shak.” Attention is consciousness and something more. It is consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of limitations, to some determinate object; it is consciousness concentrated. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. An act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort and pleasure of others; as attentions paid to a stranger. To pay attention to, To pay one’s attentions to, to be courteous or attentive to; to wait upon as a lover; to court. Syn. — Care; heed; study; consideration; application; advertence; respect; regard.

At•ten´tive (at•ten´tiv), a. [Cf. F. attentif.] 1. Heedful; intent; observant; regarding with care or attention. Attentive is applied to the senses of hearing and seeing, as an attentive ear or eye; to the application of the mind, as in contemplation; or to the application of the mind, in every possible sense, as when a person is attentive to the words, and to the manner and matter, of a speaker at the same time. 2. Heedful of the comfort of others; courteous. Syn. — Heedful; intent; observant; mindful; regardful; circumspect; watchful. — At•ten´tive•ly, adv. — At•ten´tive•ness, n.

At•tent´ly, adv. Attentively. [Obs.] Barrow.

At•ten´u•ant , a. [L. attenuans, p. pr. of attenuare: cf. F. attenuant. See Attenuate.] Making thin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less dense and viscid; diluent. — n. (Med.) A medicine that thins or dilutes the fluids; a diluent.

At•ten´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attenuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attenuating .] [L. attenuatus, p. p. of attenuare; ad + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. To make thin or slender, as by mechanical or chemical action upon inanimate objects, or by the effects of starvation, disease, etc., upon living bodies. 2. To make thin or less consistent; to render less viscid or dense; to rarefy. Specifically: To subtilize, as the humors of the body, or to break them into finer parts. 3. To lessen the amount, force, or value of; to make less complex; to weaken. “To undersell our rivals … has led the manufacturer to … attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to an extreme point.
I. Taylor.” “We may reject and reject till we attenuate history into sapless meagerness.
Sir F. Palgrave.”

At•ten´u•ate, v. i. To become thin, slender, or fine; to grow less; to lessen. “The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts.
Coleridge.” { At•ten´u•ate , At•ten´u•a•ted } a. [L. attenuatus, p. p.] 1. Made thin or slender. 2. Made thin or less viscid; rarefied. Bacon.

At•ten•u•a´tion , n. [L. attenuatio: cf. F. attenuation.] 1. The act or process of making slender, or the state of being slender; emaciation. 2. The act of attenuating; the act of making thin or less dense, or of rarefying, as fluids or gases. 3. The process of weakening in intensity; diminution of virulence; as the attenuation of virus.

At´ter , n. [AS. aetter.] Poison; venom; corrupt matter from a sore. [Obs.] Holland.

At´ter•cop , n. [AS. attercoppa a spider; aetter poison + coppa head, cup.] 1. A spider. [Obs.] 2. A peevish, ill-natured person. [North of Eng.]

At•ter•rate , v. t. [It. atterrare (cf. LL. atterrare to cast to earth); L. ad + terra earth, land.] To fill up with alluvial earth. [Obs.] Ray.

At•ter•ra´tion , n. The act of filling up with earth, or of forming land with alluvial earth. [Obs.]

At´test´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attested; p. pr. & vb. n. Attesting.] [L. attestari; ad + testari to bear witness: cf. F. attester.] 1. To bear witness to; to certify; to affirm to be true or genuine; as to attest the truth of a writing, a copy of record. “Facts … attested by particular pagan authors.
Addison.” 2. To give proof of; to manifest; as the ruins of Palmyra attest its ancient magnificence. 3. To call to witness; to invoke. [Archaic] “The sacred streams which Heaven’s imperial state
Attests in oaths, and fears to violate.
Dryden.”

At•test´, n. Witness; testimony; attestation. [R.] “The attest of eyes and ears.
Shak.”

At•tes•ta´tion , n. [L. attestatio: cf. F. attestation.] The act of attesting; testimony; witness; a solemn or official declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact; evidence. The truth appears from the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper officer. The subscription of a name to a writing as a witness, is an attestation.

At•test´a•tive , a. Of the nature of attestation. { At•test´er , At•test´or } n. One who attests.

At•test´ive , a. Attesting; furnishing evidence.

At´tic , a. [L. Atticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to Athens, its principal city; marked by such qualities as were characteristic of the Athenians; classical; refined. Attic base (Arch.), a peculiar form of molded base for a column or pilaster, described by Vitruvius, applied under the Roman Empire to the Ionic and Corinthian and ´Roman Doric´ orders, and imitated by the architects of the Renaissance. — Attic faith, inviolable faith. — Attic purity, special purity of language. — Attic salt, Attic wit, a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the Athenians. — Attic story. See Attic, n. — Attic style, a style pure and elegant.

At´tic, n. [In sense (a) from F. attique, orig. meaning Attic. See Attic, a.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A low story above the main order or orders of a facade, in the classical styles; — a term introduced in the 17th century. Hence: (b) A room or rooms behind that part of the exterior; all the rooms immediately below the roof. 2. An Athenian; an Athenian author.

At´tic•al , a. Attic. [Obs.] Hammond.

At´ti•cism , n. [Gr. .] 1. A favoring of, or attachment to, the Athenians. 2. The style and idiom of the Greek language, used by the Athenians; a concise and elegant expression.

At´ti•cize , v. t. [Gr. .] To conform or make conformable to the language, customs, etc., of Attica.

At´ti•cize, v. i. 1. To side with the Athenians. 2. To use the Attic idiom or style; to conform to the customs or modes of thought of the Athenians.

At•tig´u•ous , a. [L. attiguus, fr. attingere to touch. See Attain.] Touching; bordering; contiguous. [Obs.] — At•tig´u•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

At•tinge´ , v. t. [L. attingere to touch. See Attain.] To touch lightly. [Obs.] Coles.

At•tire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attiring.] [OE. atiren to array, dispose, arrange, OF. atirier; à (L. ad) + F. tire rank, order, row; of Ger. origin: cf. As. tier row, OHG. ziari, G. zier, ornament, zieren to adorn. Cf. Tire a headdress.] To dress; to array; to adorn; esp., to clothe with elegant or splendid garments. “Finely attired in a robe of white.
Shak.” “With the linen miter shall he be attired.
Lev. xvi. 4.”

At•tire´, n. 1. Dress; clothes; headdress; anything which dresses or adorns; esp., ornamental clothing. “Earth in her rich attire.
Milton.” “I ’ll put myself in poor and mean attire.
Shak.” “Can a maid forget her ornament, or a bride her attire?
Jer. ii. 32.” 2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag or buck. 3. (Bot.) The internal parts of a flower, included within the calyx and the corolla. [Obs.] Johnson.

At•tired´ , p. p. (Her.) Provided with antlers, as a stag.

At•tire´ment , n. Attire; adornment.

At•tir´er , n. One who attires.

At´ti•tude , n. [It. attitudine, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus suited, fitted: cf. F. attitude. Cf. Aptitude.] 1. (Paint. & Sculp.) The posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue. 2. The posture or position of a person or an animal, or the manner in which the parts of his body are disposed; position assumed or studied to serve a purpose; as a threatening attitude; an attitude of entreaty. 3. Fig.: Position as indicating action, feeling, or mood; as in times of trouble let a nation preserve a firm attitude; one’s mental attitude in respect to religion. “The attitude of the country was rapidly changing.
J. R. Green.” To strike an attitude, to take an attitude for mere effect. Syn. — Attitude, Posture. Both of these words describe the visible disposition of the limbs. Posture relates to their position merely; attitude refers to their fitness for some specific object. The object of an attitude is to set forth exhibit some internal feeling; as attitude of wonder, of admiration, of grief, etc. It is, therefore, essentially and designedly expressive. Its object is the same with that of gesture; viz., to hold forth and represent. Posture has no such design. If we speak of posture in prayer, or the posture of devotion, it is only the natural disposition of the limbs, without any intention to show forth or exhibit. “’T is business of a painter in his choice of attitudes (positurae) to foresee the effect and harmony of the lights and shadows.
Dryden.” “Never to keep the body in the same posture half an hour at a time.
Bacon.”

At•ti•tu´di•nal , a. Relating to attitude.

At•ti•tu•di•na´ri•an , n. One who attitudinizes; a posture maker.

At•ti•tu•di•na´ri•an•ism , n. A practicing of attitudes; posture making.

At•ti•tu´di•nize , v. i. To assume affected attitudes; to strike an attitude; to pose. “Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to attitudinize at the harp.
Hannah More.”

At•ti•tu´di•ni•zer , n. One who practices attitudes.

At´tle , n. [Cf. Addle mire.] (Mining) Rubbish or refuse consisting of broken rock containing little or no ore. Weale.

At•tol´lent , a. [L. attollens, p. pr. of attollere; ad + tollere to lift.] Lifting up; raising; as an attollent muscle. Derham.

At•tonce´ , adv. [At + once.] At once; together. [Obs.] Spenser.

At•tone´ , adv. See At one. [Obs.]

At•torn´ , v. i. [OF. atorner, aturner, atourner, to direct, prepare, dispose, attorn (cf. OE. atornen to return, adorn); à (L. ad) + torner to turn; cf. LL. attornare to commit business to another, to attorn; ad + tornare to turn, L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to round off. See Turn, v. t.] 1. (Feudal Law) To turn, or transfer homage and service, from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants, upon the alienation of the estate. Blackstone. 2. (Modern Law) To agree to become tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted.

At•tor´ney , n.; pl. Attorneys . [OE. aturneye, OF. atorne, p. p. of atorner: cf. LL. atturnatus, attornatus, fr. attornare. See Attorn.] 1. A substitute; a proxy; an agent. [Obs.] “And will have no attorney but myself.
Shak.” 2. (Law) (a) One who is legally appointed by another to transact any business for him; an attorney in fact. (b) A legal agent qualified to act for suitors and defendants in legal proceedings; an attorney at law. An attorney is either public or private. A private attorney, or an attorney in fact, is a person appointed by another, by a letter or power of attorney, to transact any business for him out of court; but in a more extended sense, this class includes any agent employed in any business, or to do any act in pais, for another. A public attorney, or attorney at law, is a practitioner in a court of law, legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such court, on the retainer of clients. Bouvier. - - The attorney at law answers to the procurator of the civilians, to the solicitor in chancery, and to the proctor in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, and all of these are comprehended under the more general term lawyer. In Great Britain and in some states of the United States, attorneys are distinguished from counselors in that the business of the former is to carry on the practical and formal parts of the suit. In many states of the United States however, no such distinction exists. In England, since 1873, attorneys at law are by statute called solicitors. A power, letter, or warrant, of attorney, a written authority from one person empowering another to transact business for him.

At•tor´ney , v. t. To perform by proxy; to employ as a proxy. [Obs.] Shak.

At•tor´ney-gen´er•al , n.; (pl. Attorney-generals or Attorneys-general). (Law) The chief law officer of the state, empowered to act in all litigation in which the law- executing power is a party, and to advise this supreme executive whenever required. Wharton.

At•tor´ney•ism , n. The practice or peculiar cleverness of attorneys.

At•tor´ney•ship, n. The office or profession of an attorney; agency for another. Shak.

At•torn´ment , n. [OF. attornement, LL. attornamentum. See Attorn.] (Law) The act of a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he consents, upon the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and transfers to him his homage and service; the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate as his landlord. Burrill. Blackstone.

At•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attracting.] [L. attractus, p. p. of attrahere; ad + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t.] 1. To draw to, or cause to tend to; esp. to cause to approach, adhere, or combine; or to cause to resist divulsion, separation, or decomposition. “All bodies and all parts of bodies mutually attract themselves and one another.
Derham.” 2. To draw by influence of a moral or emotional kind; to engage or fix, as the mind, attention, etc.; to invite or allure; as to attract admirers. “Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze.
Milton.” Syn. — To draw; allure; invite; entice; influence.

At•tract´, n. Attraction. [Obs.] Hudibras.

At•tract•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or fact of being attractable. Sir W. Jones.

At•tract´a•ble , a. Capable of being attracted; subject to attraction. — At•tract´a•ble•ness, n.

At•tract´er , n. One who, or that which, attracts.

At•tract´ile , a. Having power to attract.

At•tract´ing, a. That attracts. - - At•tract´ing•ly, adv.

At•trac´tion , n. [L. attractio: cf. F. attraction.] 1. (Physics) An invisible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself; the power in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting separation. Attraction is exerted at both sensible and insensible distances, and is variously denominated according to its qualities or phenomena. Under attraction at sensible distances, there are, — (1.) Attraction of gravitation, which acts at all distances throughout the universe, with a force proportional directly to the product of the masses of the bodies and inversely to the square of their distances apart. (2.) Magnetic, diamagnetic, and electrical attraction, each of which is limited in its sensible range and is polar in its action, a property dependent on the quality or condition of matter, and not on its quantity. Under attraction at insensible distances, there are, — (1.) Adhesive attraction, attraction between surfaces of sensible extent, or by the medium of an intervening substance. (2.) Cohesive attraction, attraction between ultimate particles, whether like or unlike, and causing simply an aggregation or a union of those particles, as in the absorption of gases by charcoal, or of oxygen by spongy platinum, or the process of solidification or crystallization. The power in adhesive attraction is strictly the same as that of cohesion. (3.) Capillary attraction, attraction causing a liquid to rise, in capillary tubes or interstices, above its level outside, as in very small glass tubes, or a sponge, or any porous substance, when one end is inserted in the liquid. It is a special case of cohesive attraction. (4.) Chemical attraction, or affinity, that peculiar force which causes elementary atoms, or groups of atoms, to unite to form molecules. 2. The act or property of attracting; the effect of the power or operation of attraction. Newton. 3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting, or engaging; an attractive quality; as the attraction of beauty or eloquence. 4. That which attracts; an attractive object or feature. Syn. — Allurement; enticement; charm.

At•tract´ive , a. [Cf. F. attractif.] 1. Having the power or quality of attracting or drawing; as the attractive force of bodies. Sir I. Newton. 2. Attracting or drawing by moral influence or pleasurable emotion; alluring; inviting; pleasing. ´Attractive graces.´ Milton. ´Attractive eyes.´ Thackeray. “Flowers of a livid yellow, or fleshy color, are most attractive to flies.
Lubbock.” — At•tract´ive•ly, adv. — At•tract´ive•ness, n.

At•tract´ive, n. That which attracts or draws; an attraction; an allurement. “Speaks nothing but attractives and invitation.
South.”

At•trac•tiv´i•ty (at•trak•tiv´i•ty), n. The quality or degree of attractive power.

At•tract´or (at•trakt´er), n. One who, or that which, attracts. Sir T. Browne

At´tra•hent , a. [L. attrahens, p. pr. of attrahere. See Attract, v. t.] Attracting; drawing; attractive.

At´tra•hent, n. 1. That which attracts, as a magnet. “The motion of the steel to its attrahent”. Glanvill. 2. (Med.) A substance which, by irritating the surface, excites action in the part to which it is applied, as a blister, an epispastic, a sinapism.

At•trap´ , v. t. [F. attraper to catch; à (L. ad) + trappe trap. See Trap (for taking game).] To entrap; to insnare. [Obs.] Grafton.

At•trap´, v. t. [Pref. ad + trap to adorn.] To adorn with trapping; to array. [Obs.] “Shall your horse be attrapped … more richly?
Holland.”

At•trec•ta´tion , n. [L. attrectatio; ad + tractare to handle.] Frequent handling or touching. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

At•trib´u•ta•ble , a. Capable of being attributed; ascribable; imputable. “Errors … attributable to carelessness.
J. D. Hooker.”

At•trib´ute (at´tri•but), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Attributing.] [L. attributus, p. p. of attribuere; ad + tribuere to bestow. See Tribute.] To ascribe; to consider (something) as due or appropriate (to); to refer, as an effect to a cause; to impute; to assign; to consider as belonging (to). “We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or contradiction in it.
Abp. Tillotson.” “The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and exact performer.
Shak.” Syn. — See Ascribe.

At´tri•bute , n. [L. attributum.] 1. That which is attributed; a quality which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in, a person or thing; an essential or necessary property or characteristic. “But mercy is above this sceptered away; …
It is an attribute to God himself.
Shak.” 2. Reputation. [Poetic] Shak. 3. (Paint. & Sculp.) A conventional symbol of office, character, or identity, added to any particular figure; as a club is the attribute of Hercules. 4. (Gram.) Quality, etc., denoted by an attributive; an attributive adjunct or adjective.

At•tri•bu´tion , n. [L. attributio: cf. F. attribution.] 1. The act of attributing or ascribing, as a quality, character, or function, to a thing or person, an effect to a cause. 2. That which is ascribed or attributed.

At•trib´u•tive , a. [Cf. F. attributif.] Attributing; pertaining to, expressing, or assigning an attribute; of the nature of an attribute.

At•trib´u•tive, n., (Gram.) A word that denotes an attribute; esp. a modifying word joined to a noun; an adjective or adjective phrase.

At•trib´u•tive•ly, adv. In an attributive manner.

At•trite´ , a. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub. See Trite.] 1. Rubbed; worn by friction. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Repentant from fear of punishment; having attrition of grief for sin; — opposed to contrite.

At•tri´tion , n. [L. attritio: cf. F. attrition.] 1. The act of rubbing together; friction; the act of wearing by friction, or by rubbing substances together; abrasion. “Effected by attrition of the inward stomach.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The state of being worn. Johnson. 3. (Theol.) Grief for sin arising only from fear of punishment or feelings of shame. See Contrition. Wallis.

At´try , a. [See Atter.] Poisonous; malignant; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At•tune´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attuned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Attuning.] [Pref. ad- + tune.] 1. To tune or put in tune; to make melodious; to adjust, as one sound or musical instrument to another; as to attune the voice to a harp. 2. To arrange fitly; to make accordant. “Wake to energy each social aim,
Attuned spontaneous to the will of Jove.
Beattie.”

A•twain´ , adv. [OE. atwaine, atwinne; pref. a- + twain.] In twain; asunder. [Obs. or Poetic] ´Cuts atwain the knots.´ Tennyson.

A•tween´ , adv. or prep. [See Atwain, and cf. Between.] Between. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson.

A•twirl´ , a. & adv. [Pref. a- + twist.] Twisted; distorted; awry. [R.] Halliwell.

A•twite´ , v. t. [OE. attwyten, AS. aetwitan. See Twit.] To speak reproachfully of; to twit; to upbraid. [Obs.]

A•twixt´ , adv. Betwixt. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•two´ , adv. [Pref. a- + two.] In two; in twain; asunder. [Obs.] Chaucer. { A•typ´ic , A•typ´ic•al } a. [Pref. a- not + typic, typical.] That has no type; devoid of typical character; irregular; unlike the type.

Au•bade´ , n. [F., fr. aube the dawn, fr. L. albus white.] An open air concert in the morning, as distinguished from an evening serenade; also a pianoforte composition suggestive of morning. Grove. “The crowing cock …
Sang his aubade with lusty voice and clear.
Longfellow.”

Au•baine´ , n. [F., fr. aubain an alien, fr. L. alibi elsewhere.] Succession to the goods of a stranger not naturalized. Littre. Droit d’aubaine , the right, formerly possessed by the king of France, to all the personal property of which an alien died possessed. It was abolished in 1819. Bouvier.

Aube , n. [See Ale.] An alb. [Obs.] Fuller.

Au•berge´ , n. [F.] An inn. Beau. & Fl.

Au´bin , n. [F.] A broken gait of a horse, between an amble and a gallop; — commonly called a Canterbury gallop.

Au´burn , a. [OE. auburne blonde, OF. alborne, auborne, fr. LL. alburnus whitish, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Alburn.] 1. Flaxen- colored. [Obs.] Florio. 2. Reddish brown. “His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed.
Dryden.”

Au•che´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. the neck.] (Zoöl.) The part of the neck nearest the back.

Auc´ta•ry , n. [L. auctarium.] That which is superadded; augmentation. [Obs.] Baxter.

Auc´tion , n. [L. auctio an increasing, a public sale, where the price was called out, and the article to be sold was adjudged to the last increaser of the price, or the highest bidder, fr. L. augere, auctum, to increase. See Augment.] 1. A public sale of property to the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed and authorized for the purpose; a vendue. 2. The things sold by auction or put up to auction. “Ask you why Phryne the whole auction buys ?
Pope.” In the United States, the more prevalent expression has been ´sales at auction,´ that is, by an increase of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is preferable. Dutch auction, the public offer of property at a price beyond its value, then gradually lowering the price, till some one accepts it as purchaser. P. Cyc.

Auc´tion, v. t. To sell by auction.

Auc´tion•a•ry , a. [L. auctionarius.] Of or pertaining to an auction or an auctioneer. [R.] “ With auctionary hammer in thy hand.
Dryden.”

Auc•tion•eer´ , n. A person who sells by auction; a person whose business it is to dispose of goods or lands by public sale to the highest or best bidder.

Auc•tion•eer´, v. t. To sell by auction; to auction. “Estates … advertised and auctioneered away.
Cowper.”

Au•cu•pa´tion , n. [L. aucupatio, fr. auceps, contr. for aviceps; avis bird + capere to take.] Birdcatching; fowling. [Obs.] Blount.

Au•da´cious , a. [F. audacieux, as if fr. LL. audaciosus (not found), fr. L. audacia audacity, fr. audax, -acis, bold, fr. audere to dare.] 1. Daring; spirited; adventurous. “As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides
Audacious.
Milton.” 2. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or decorum; bold in wickedness; presumptuous; impudent; insolent. ´ Audacious traitor.´ Shak. ´ Such audacious neighborhood.´ Milton. 3. Committed with, or proceedings from, daring effrontery or contempt of law, morality, or decorum. ´Audacious cruelty.´ ´Audacious prate.´ Shak.

Au•da´cious•ly, adv. In an audacious manner; with excess of boldness; impudently.

Au•da´cious•ness, n. The quality of being audacious; impudence; audacity.

Au•dac´i•ty , n. 1. Daring spirit, resolution, or confidence; venturesomeness. “The freedom and audacity necessary in the commerce of men.
Tatler.” 2. Reckless daring; presumptuous impudence; — implying a contempt of law or moral restraints. “With the most arrogant audacity.
Joye.”

Au•di•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being audible; power of being heard; audible capacity.

Au´di•ble , a. [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire, auditum, to hear: cf. Gr. ear, L. auris, and E. ear.] Capable of being heard; loud enough to be heard; actually heard; as an audible voice or whisper.

Au´di•ble, n. That which may be heard. [Obs.] “Visibles are swiftlier carried to the sense than audibles.
Bacon.”

Au´di•ble•ness, n. The quality of being audible.

Au´di•bly, adv. So as to be heard.

Au´di•ence , n. [F. audience, L. audientia, fr. audire to hear. See Audible, a.] 1. The act of hearing; attention to sounds. “Thou, therefore, give due audience, and attend.
Milton.” 2. Admittance to a hearing; a formal interview, esp. with a sovereign or the head of a government, for conference or the transaction of business. “According to the fair play of the world,
Let me have audience: I am sent to speak.
Shak.” 3. An auditory; an assembly of hearers. Also applied by authors to their readers. “Fit audience find, though few.
Milton.” “He drew his audience upward to the sky.
Dryden.” Court of audience, or Audience court (Eng.), a court long since disused, belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury; also one belonging to the Archbishop of York. Mozley & W. — In general (or open audience, publicly. — To give audience, to listen; to admit to an interview.

Au´di•ent , a. [L. audiens, p. pr. of audire. See Audible, a.] Listening; paying attention; as audient souls. Mrs. Browning.

Au´di•ent, n. A hearer; especially a catechumen in the early church. [Obs.] Shelton.

Au•di•om´e•ter , n. [L. audire to hear + -meter.] (Acous.) An instrument by which the power of hearing can be gauged and recorded on a scale.

Au´di•phone , n. [L. audire to hear + Gr. sound.] An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve and enables the deaf to hear more or less distinctly; a dentiphone.

Au´dit , n. [L. auditus a hearing, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. An audience; a hearing. [Obs.] “He appeals to a high audit.
Milton.” 2. An examination in general; a judicial examination. Specifically: An examination of an account or of accounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper officers, or persons appointed for that purpose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and state the result. 3. The result of such an examination, or an account as adjusted by auditors; final account. “Yet I can make my audit up.
Shak.” 4. A general receptacle or receiver. [Obs.] “It [a little brook] paid to its common audit no more than the revenues of a little cloud.
Jer. Taylor.” Audit ale, a kind of ale, brewed at the English universities, orig. for the day of audit. — Audit house, Audit room, an appendage to a cathedral, for the transaction of its business.

Au´dit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Audited; p. pr. & vb. n. Auditing.] To examine and adjust, as an account or accounts; as to audit the accounts of a treasure, or of parties who have a suit depending in court.

Au´dit, v. i. To settle or adjust an account. “Let Hocus audit; he knows how the money was disbursed.
Arbuthnot.”

Au•di´ta que•re´la . [L., the complaint having been heard.] (Law) A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment. Wharton.

Au•di´tion , n. [L. auditio.] The act of hearing or listening; hearing. “Audition may be active or passive; hence the difference between listening and simple hearing.
Dunglison.”

Au´di•tive , a. [Cf. F. auditif.] Of or pertaining to hearing; auditory. [R.] Cotgrave.

Au´di•tor , n. [L. auditor, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. A hearer or listener. Macaulay. 2. A person appointed and authorized to audit or examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance. 3. One who hears judicially, as in an audience court. In the United States government, and in the State governments, there are auditors of the treasury and of the public accounts. The name is also applied to persons employed to check the accounts of courts, corporations, companies, societies, and partnerships.

Au•di•to´ri•al , a. Auditory. [R.]

Au•di•to´ri•um , n. [L. See Auditory, n.] The part of a church, theater, or other public building, assigned to the audience. In ancient churches the auditorium was the nave, where hearers stood to be instructed; in monasteries it was an apartment for the reception of strangers.

Au´di•tor•ship , n. The office or function of auditor.

Au´di•to•ry , a. [L. auditorius.] Of or pertaining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing; as the auditory nerve. See Ear. Auditory canal (Anat.), the tube from the auditory meatus or opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane.

Au´di•to•ry, n. [L. auditorium.] 1. An assembly of hearers; an audience. 2. An auditorium. Udall.

Au´di•tress , n. A female hearer. Milton.

Au•dit´u•al , a. Auditory. [R.] Coleridge.

Auf (af), n. [OE. auph, aulf, fr. Icel. alfr elf. See Elf.] [Also spelt oaf, ouphe.] A changeling or elf child, — that is, one left by fairies; a deformed or foolish child; a simpleton; an oaf. [Obs.] Drayton.

Au• fait´ (o• fa´). [F. Lit., to the deed, act, or point. Fait is fr. L. factum. See Fact.] Expert; skillful; well instructed.

Au•ge´an , a. 1. (Class. Myth.) Of or pertaining to Augeus, king of Elis, whose stable contained 3000 oxen, and had not been cleaned for 30 years. Hercules cleansed it in a single day. 2. Hence: Exceedingly filthy or corrupt. Augean stable (Fig.), an accumulation of corruption or filth almost beyond the power of man to remedy.

Au´ger , n. [OE. augoure, nauger, AS. nafegar, fr. nafu, nafa, nave of a wheel + gar spear, and therefore meaning properly and originally a nave-bore. See Nave (of a wheel) and 2d Gore, n.] 1. A carpenter’s tool for boring holes larger than those bored by a gimlet. It has a handle placed crosswise by which it is turned with both hands. A pod auger is one with a straight channel or groove, like the half of a bean pod. A screw auger has a twisted blade, by the spiral groove of which the chips are discharge. 2. An instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks, for determining the quality of soils, or the nature of the rocks or strata upon which they lie, and for obtaining water. Auger bit, a bit with a cutting edge or blade like that of an anger.

Au•get´ , n. [F., dim. of auge trough, fr. L. alveus hollow, fr. alvus belly.] (Mining) A priming tube connecting the charge chamber with the gallery, or place where the slow match is applied. Knight. { Aught , Aucht } , n. [AS. ht, fr. agan to own, p. p. ahte.] Property; possession. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Aught , n. [OE. aught, ought, awiht, AS. awiht, a ever + wiht. rad.136. See Aye ever, and Whit, Wight.] Anything; any part. [Also written ought.] “There failed not aught of any good thing which the Lord has spoken.
Josh. xxi. 45” “But go, my son, and see if aught be wanting.
Addison.”

Aught (at), adv. At all; in any degree. Chaucer.

Au´gite (a´jit), n. [L. augites, Gr. a’ygi•ths, fr. a’ygh• brightness: cf. F. augite.] A variety of pyroxene, usually of a black or dark green color, occurring in igneous rocks, such as basalt; — also used instead of the general term pyroxene.

Au•git´ic (a•jit´ik), a. Pertaining to, or like, augite; containing augite as a principal constituent; as augitic rocks.

Aug•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Augmented; p. pr. & vb. n. Augmenting.] [L. augmentare, fr. augmentum an increase, fr. augere to increase; perh. akin to Gr. , , E. wax, v., and eke, v.: cf. F. augmenter.] 1. To enlarge or increase in size, amount, or degree; to swell; to make bigger; as to augment an army by reëforcements; rain augments a stream; impatience augments an evil. “But their spite still serves
His glory to augment.
Milton.” 2. (Gram.) To add an augment to.

Aug•ment´, v. i. To increase; to grow larger, stronger, or more intense; as a stream augments by rain.

Aug´ment , n. [L. augmentum: cf. F. augment.] 1. Enlargement by addition; increase. 2. (Gram.) A vowel prefixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel, to mark past time, as in Greek and Sanskrit verbs. In Greek, the syllabic augment is a prefixed , forming an intial syllable; the temporal augment is an increase of the quantity (time) of an initial vowel, as by changing to .

Aug•ment´a•ble , a. Capable of augmentation. Walsh.

Aug•men•ta´tion , n. [LL. augmentatio: cf. F. augmentation.] 1. The act or process of augmenting, or making larger, by addition, expansion, or dilation; increase. 2. The state of being augmented; enlargement. 3. The thing added by way of enlargement. 4. (Her.) A additional charge to a coat of arms, given as a mark of honor. Cussans. 5. (Med.) The stage of a disease in which the symptoms go on increasing. Dunglison. 6. (Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of twice the original length. Augmentation court (Eng. Hist.), a court erected by Stat. 27 Hen. VIII., to augment the revenues of the crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was long ago dissolved. Encyc. Brit. Syn. — Increase; enlargement; growth; extension; accession; addition.

Aug•ment´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. augmentatif.] Having the quality or power of augmenting; expressing augmentation. — Aug•ment´a•tive•ly, adv.

Aug•ment´a•tive, n. (Gram.) A word which expresses with augmented force the idea or the properties of the term from which it is derived; as dullard, one very dull. Opposed to diminutive. Gibbs.

Aug•ment´er , n. One who, or that which, augments or increases anything.

Au´grim , n. See Algorism. [Obs.] Chaucer. Augrim stones, pebbles formerly used in numeration. — Noumbres of Augrim, Arabic numerals. Chaucer.

Au´gur , n. [L. Of uncertain origin: the first part of the word is perh. fr. L. avis bird, and the last syllable, gur, equiv. to the Skr. gar to call, akin to L. garrulus garrulous.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An official diviner who foretold events by the singing, chattering, flight, and feeding of birds, or by signs or omens derived from celestial phenomena, certain appearances of quadrupeds, or unusual occurrences. 2. One who foretells events by omens; a soothsayer; a diviner; a prophet. “Augur of ill, whose tongue was never found
Without a priestly curse or boding sound.
Dryden.”

Au´gur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Augured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Auguring.] 1. To conjecture from signs or omens; to prognosticate; to foreshow. “My auguring mind assures the same success.
Dryden.” 2. To anticipate, to foretell, or to indicate a favorable or an unfavorable issue; as to augur well or ill.

Au´gur, v. t. To predict or foretell, as from signs or omens; to betoken; to presage; to infer. “It seems to augur genius.
Sir W. Scott.” “I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met with.
J. F. W. Herschel.” Syn. — To predict; forebode; betoken; portend; presage; prognosticate; prophesy; forewarn.

Au´gu•ral , a. [L. auguralis.] Of or pertaining to augurs or to augury; betokening; ominous; significant; as an augural staff; augural books. ´Portents augural.´ Cowper.

Au´gu•rate , v. t. & i. [L. auguratus, p. p. of augurari to augur.] To make or take auguries; to augur; to predict. [Obs.] C. Middleton.

Au´gu•rate , n. The office of an augur. Merivale.

Au•gu•ra´tion , n. [L. auguratio.] The practice of augury.

Au´gur•er , n. An augur. [Obs.] Shak.

Au•gu´ri•al , a. [L. augurialis.] Relating to augurs or to augury. Sir T. Browne.

Au´gu•rist , n. An augur. [R.]

Au´gur•ize , v. t. To augur. [Obs.] Blount.

Au´gu•rous , a. Full of augury; foreboding. [Obs.] ´Augurous hearts.´ Chapman.

Au´gur•ship , n. The office, or period of office, of an augur. Bacon.

Au´gu•ry , n.; pl. Auguries . [L. aucurium.] 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by observing the actions of birds, etc.; divination. 2. An omen; prediction; prognostication; indication of the future; presage. “From their flight strange auguries she drew.
Drayton.” “He resigned himself … with a docility that gave little augury of his future greatness.
Prescott.” 3. A rite, ceremony, or observation of an augur.

Au•gust´ , a. [L. augustus; cf. augere to increase; in the language of religion, to honor by offerings: cf. F. auguste. See Augment.] Of a quality inspiring mingled admiration and reverence; having an aspect of solemn dignity or grandeur; sublime; majestic; having exalted birth, character, state, or authority. ´Forms august.´ Pope. ´August in visage.´ Dryden. ´To shed that august blood.´ Macaulay. “So beautiful and so august a spectacle.
Burke.” “To mingle with a body so august.
Byron.” Syn. — Grand; magnificent; majestic; solemn; awful; noble; stately; dignified; imposing.

Au´gust , n. [L. Augustus. See note below, and August, a.] The eighth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. The old Roman name was Sextilis, the sixth month from March, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, began the year. The name was changed to August in honor of Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of Rome, on account of his victories, and his entering on his first consulate in that month.

Au•gus´tan , a. [L. Augustanus, fr. Augustus. See August, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Augustus Caesar or to his times. 2. Of or pertaining to the town of Augsburg. Augustan age of any national literature, the period of its highest state of purity and refinement; — so called because the reign of Augustus Caesar was the golden age of Roman literature. Thus the reign of Louis XIV. (b. 1638) has been called the Augustan age of French literature, and that of Queen Anne (b. 1664) the Augustan age of English literature. — Augustan confession (Eccl. Hist.), or confession of Augsburg, drawn up at Augusta Vindelicorum, or Augsburg, by Luther and Melanchthon, in 1530, contains the principles of the Protestants, and their reasons for separating from the Roman Catholic church. { Au•gus´tine , Au•gus•tin´i•an } n. (Eccl.) A member of one of the religious orders called after St. Augustine; an Austin friar.

Au•gus•tin´i•an, a. Of or pertaining to St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa (b. 354 — d. 430), or to his doctrines. Augustinian canons, an order of monks once popular in England and Ireland; — called also regular canons of St. Austin, and black canons. — Augustinian hermits or Austin friars, an order of friars established in 1265 by Pope Alexander IV. It was introduced into the United States from Ireland in 1790. — Augustinian nuns, an order of nuns following the rule of St. Augustine. — Augustinian rule, a rule for religious communities based upon the 109th letter of St. Augustine, and adopted by the Augustinian orders.

Au•gus•tin´i•an, n. One of a class of divines, who, following St. Augustine, maintain that grace by its nature is effectual absolutely and creatively, not relatively and conditionally. { Au•gus•tin´i•an•ism , Au•gus´tin•ism }, n. The doctrines held by Augustine or by the Augustinians.

Au•gust´ly, adv. In an august manner.

Au•gust´ness, n. The quality of being august; dignity of mien; grandeur; magnificence.

Auk , n. [Prov. E. alk; akin to Dan. alke, Icel. & Sw. alka.] (Zoöl.) A name given to various species of arctic sea birds of the family Alcidae. The great auk, now extinct, is Alca (or Plautus) impennis. The razor-billed auk is A. torda. See Puffin, Guillemot, and Murre.

Auk´ward , a. See Awkward. [Obs.]

Au•la´ri•an , a. [L. aula hall. Cf. LL. aularis of a court.] Relating to a hall.

Au•la´ri•an, n. At Oxford, England, a member of a hall, distinguished from a collegian. Chalmers.

Auld , a. [See Old.] Old; as Auld Reekie (old smoky), i. e., Edinburgh. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Auld• lang syne´ . A Scottish phrase used in recalling recollections of times long since past. ´The days of auld lang syne.´

Au•let´ic , a. [L. auleticus, Gr. , fr. flute.] Of or pertaining to a pipe (flute) or piper. [R.] Ash.

Au´lic, a. [L. aulicus, Gr. , fr. hall, court, royal court.] Pertaining to a royal court. “Ecclesiastical wealth and aulic dignities.
Landor.” Aulic council (Hist.), a supreme court of the old German empire; properly the supreme court of the emperor. It ceased at the death of each emperor, and was renewed by his successor. It became extinct when the German empire was dissolved, in 1806. The term is now applied to a council of the war department of the Austrian empire, and the members of different provincial chanceries of that empire are called aulic councilors. P. Cyc.

Au´lic, n. The ceremony observed in conferring the degree of doctor of divinity in some European universities. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, who then receives the cap, and presides at the disputation (also called the aulic).

Auln , n. An ell. [Obs.] See Aune. { Aul´nage , Aul´na•ger } n. See Alnage and Alnager.

Aum , n. Same as Aam.

Au•mail´ , v. t. [OE. for amel, enamel.] To figure or variegate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Aum´bry , n. Same as Ambry.

Au´me•ry , n. A form of Ambry, a closet; but confused with Almonry, as if a place for alms.

Aun´cel , n. A rude balance for weighing, and a kind of weight, formerly used in England. Halliwell.

Aun´cet•ry , n. Ancestry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Aune , n. [F. See Alnage.] A French cloth measure, of different parts of the country (at Paris, 0.95 of an English ell); — now superseded by the meter.

Aunt (änt), n. [OF. ante, F. tante, L. amita father’s sister. Cf. Amma.] 1. The sister of one’s father or mother; — correlative to nephew or niece. Also applied to an uncle’s wife. Aunt is sometimes applied as a title or term of endearment to a kind elderly woman not thus related. 2. An old woman; and old gossip. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A bawd, or a prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. Aunt Sally, a puppet head placed on a pole and having a pipe in its mouth; also a game, which consists in trying to hit the pipe by throwing short bludgeons at it.

Aun´ter , n. Adventure; hap. [Obs.] In aunters, perchance. { Aun´ter , Aun´tre } , v. t. [See Adventure.] To venture; to dare. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Aunt´ie , Aunt´y } , n. A familiar name for an aunt. In the southern United States a familiar term applied to aged negro women.

Aun´trous , a. Adventurous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Au´ra , n.; pl. Aurae . [L. aura air, akin to Gr. .] 1. Any subtile, invisible emanation, effluvium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, etc. 2. (Med.) The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics. Electric aura, a supposed electric fluid, emanating from an electrified body, and forming a mass surrounding it, called the electric atmosphere. See Atmosphere, 2.

Au´ral , a. [L. aura air.] Of or pertaining to the air, or to an aura.

Au´ral, a. [L. auris ear.] Of or pertaining to the ear; as aural medicine and surgery.

Au•ran•ti•a´ceous , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Aurantiaceae, an order of plants (formerly considered natural), of which the orange is the type.

Au´rate , n. [L. auratus, p. p. of aurare to gild, fr. aurum gold: cf. F. aurate.] (Chem.) A combination of auric acid with a base; as aurate or potassium.

Au´ra•ted , a. [See Aurate.] 1. Resembling or containing gold; gold-colored; gilded. 2. (Chem.) Combined with auric acid.

Au´ra•ted , a. Having ears. See Aurited.

Au´re•ate , a. [L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, fr. aurum gold.] Golden; gilded. Skelton.

Au•re´li•a ( 106), n. [NL., fr. L. aurum gold: cf. F. aurelie. Cf. Chrysalis.] (Zoöl.) (a) The chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies. (b) A genus of jellyfishes. See Discophora.

Au•re´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to the aurelia.

Au•re´li•an, n. An amateur collector and breeder of insects, esp. of butterflies and moths; a lepidopterist. { Au•re´o•la , Au´re•ole } n. [F. aureole, fr. L. aureola, (fem adj.) of gold (sc. corona crown), dim. of aureus. See Aureate, Oriole.] 1. (R. C. Theol.) A celestial crown or accidental glory added to the bliss of heaven, as a reward to those (as virgins, martyrs, preachers, etc.) who have overcome the world, the flesh, and the devil. 2. The circle of rays, or halo of light, with which painters surround the figure and represent the glory of Christ, saints, and others held in special reverence. Limited to the head, it is strictly termed a nimbus; when it envelops the whole body, an aureola. Fairholt. 3. A halo, actual or figurative. “The glorious aureole of light seen around the sun during total eclipses.
Proctor.” “The aureole of young womanhood.
O. W. Holmes.” 4. (Anat.) See Areola, 2.

Au´ric , a. [L. aurum gold.] 1. Of or pertaining to gold. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; — said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its higher valence; as auric oxide; auric chloride.

Au•ri•chal´ce•ous , a. [L. aurichalcum, for orichalcum brass.] (Zoöl.) Brass-colored.

Au•ri•chal´cite , n. [See Aurichalceous.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of copper and zinc, found in pale green or blue crystalline aggregations. It yields a kind of brass on reduction.

Au´ri•cle , n. [L. auricula, dim. of auris ear. See Ear.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The external ear, or that part of the ear which is prominent from the head. (b) The chamber, or one of the two chambers, of the heart, by which the blood is received and transmitted to the ventricle or ventricles; — so called from its resemblance to the auricle or external ear of some quadrupeds. See Heart. 2. (Zoöl.) An angular or ear-shaped lobe. 3. An instrument applied to the ears to give aid in hearing; a kind of ear trumpet. Mansfield.

Au´ri•cled , a. Having ear-shaped appendages or lobes; auriculate; as auricled leaves.

Au•ric´u•la , n.; pl. L. Auriculae , E. Auriculas . [L. auricula. See Auricle.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of Primula, or primrose, called also from the shape of its leaves, bear’s-ear. (b) (b) A species of Hirneola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also auricula Judae, or Jew’s-ear. P. Cyc. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of air-breathing mollusks mostly found near the sea, where the water is brackish (b) One of the five arched processes of the shell around the jaws of a sea urchin.

Au•ric´u•lar (a•rik´u•ler), a. [LL. auricularis: cf. F. auriculaire. See Auricle.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing; as auricular nerves. 2. Told in the ear, i. e., told privately; as auricular confession to the priest. “This next chapter is a penitent confession of the king, and the strangest … that ever was auricular.
Milton.” 3. Recognized by the ear; known by the sense of hearing; as auricular evidence. ´Auricular assurance.´ Shak. 4. Received by the ear; known by report. ´Auricular traditions.´ Bacon. 5. (Anat.) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. Auricular finger, the little finger; so called because it can be readily introduced into the ear passage.

Au•ric•u•la´ri•a , n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. LL. auricularis.] (Zoöl.) A kind of holothurian larva, with soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix.

Au•ric´u•lar•ly, adv. In an auricular manner.

Au•ric´u•lars , n. pl. (Zoöl.) A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds. { Au•ric´u•late , Au•ric´u•la•ted } a. [See Auricle.] (Biol.) Having ears or appendages like ears; eared. Esp.: (a) (Bot.) Having lobes or appendages like the ear; shaped like the ear; auricled. (b) (Zoöl.) Having an angular projection on one or both sides, as in certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gastropods, etc. Auriculate leaf, one having small appended leaves or lobes on each side of its petiole or base.

Au•rif´er•ous , a. [L. aurifer; aurum gold + ferre to bear: cf. F. aurifère.] Gold-bearing; containing or producing gold. “Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays.
Thomson.” Auriferous pyrites, iron pyrites (iron disulphide), containing some gold disseminated through it.

Au´ri•flamme , n. See Oriflamme.

Au´ri•form , a. [L. auris ear + -form.] Having the form of the human ear; ear-shaped.

Au•ri´ga , n. [L., charioteer.] (Anat.) The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini. It contains the bright star Capella.

Au•ri´gal , a. [L. aurigalis.] Of or pertaining to a chariot. [R.]

Au•ri•ga´tion , n. [L. aurigatio, fr. aurigare to be a charioteer, fr. auriga.] The act of driving a chariot or a carriage. [R.] De Quincey.

Au•rig´ra•phy , n. [L. aurum gold + -graphy.] The art of writing with or in gold.

Au´rin (a´rin), n. [L. aurum gold.] (Chem.) A red coloring matter derived from phenol; — called also in commerce, yellow corallin.

Au•ri•phryg´i•ate (a•ri•fri´ji•at), a. [LL. auriphrigiatus; L. aurum gold + LL. phrygiare to adorn with Phrygian needlework, or with embroidery; perhaps corrupted from some other word. Cf. Orfrays.] Embroidered or decorated with gold. [R.] Southey.

Au•ri•pig´ment (a•ri•pig´ment), n. See Orpiment. [Obs.]

Au´ri•scalp (a´ri•skalp), n. [L. auris ear + scalpere to scrape.] An earpick.

Au´ri•scope (-skop), n. [L. auris + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for examining the condition of the ear.

Au•ris´co•py (a•ris´ko•py), n. Examination of the ear by the aid of the auriscope.

Au´rist (a´rist), n. [L. auris ear.] One skilled in treating and curing disorders of the ear.

Au´ri•ted , a. [L. auritus, fr. auris ear.] (Zoöl.) Having lobes like the ear; auriculate.

Au•riv´o•rous , a. [L. aurum gold + vorare to devour.] Gold-devouring. [R.] H. Walpole.

Au•ro•ceph´a•lous , a. [Aurum + cephalous.] (Zoöl.) Having a gold-colored head.

Au•ro•chlo´ride , n. [Aurum + chloride.] (Chem.) The trichloride of gold combination with the chloride of another metal, forming a double chloride; — called also chloraurate.

Au´rochs (a´roks), n. [G. auerochs, OHG. urohso; ur (cf. AS. ur) + ohso ox, G. ochs. Cf. Owre, Ox.] (Zoöl.) The European bison (Bison bonasus, or Europaeus), once widely distributed, but now nearly extinct, except where protected in the Lithuanian forests, and perhaps in the Caucasus. It is distinct from the Urus of Caesar, with which it has often been confused.

Au•ro•cy´a•nide , n. [Aurum + cyanide.] (Chem.) A double cyanide of gold and some other metal or radical; — called also cyanaurate.

Au•ro´ra , n.; pl. E. Auroras , L. (rarely used) Aurorae . [L. aurora, for ausosa, akin to Gr. , , dawn, Skr. ushas, and E. east.] 1. The rising light of the morning; the dawn of day; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises. 2. The rise, dawn, or beginning. Hawthorne. 3. (Class. Myth.) The Roman personification of the dawn of day; the goddess of the morning. The poets represented her a rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. 4. (Bot.) A species of crowfoot. Johnson. 5. The aurora borealis or aurora australis (northern or southern lights). Aurora borealis , i. e., northern daybreak; popularly called northern lights. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, visible only at night, and supposed to be of electrical origin. This species of light usually appears in streams, ascending toward the zenith from a dusky line or bank, a few degrees above the northern horizon; when reaching south beyond the zenith, it forms what is called the corona, about a spot in the heavens toward which the dipping needle points. Occasionally the aurora appears as an arch of light across the heavens from east to west. Sometimes it assumes a wavy appearance, and the streams of light are then called merry dancers. They assume a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color. The Aurora australis is a corresponding phenomenon in the southern hemisphere, the streams of light ascending in the same manner from near the southern horizon.

Au•ro´ral , a. Belonging to, or resembling, the aurora (the dawn or the northern lights); rosy. “Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush.
Longfellow.”

Au´rous , a. 1. Containing gold. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; — said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its lower valence; as aurous oxide.

Au´rum , n. [L.] Gold. Aurum fulminans . See Fulminate. — Aurum mosaicum . See Mosaic.

Aus•cult´ , v. i. & t. To auscultate.

Aus´cul•tate , v. i. & t. To practice auscultation; to examine by auscultation.

Aus•cul•ta´tion , n. [L. ausculcatio, fr. auscultare to listen, fr. a dim. of auris, orig. ausis, ear. See Auricle, and cf. Scout, n.] 1. The act of listening or hearkening to. Hickes. 2. (Med.) An examination by listening either directly with the ear (immediate auscultation) applied to parts of the body, as the abdomen; or with the stethoscope (mediate auscultation), in order to distinguish sounds recognized as a sign of health or of disease.

Aus´cul•ta•tor , n. One who practices auscultation.

Aus•cul´ta•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to auscultation. Dunglison.

Au•so´ni•an , a. [L. Ausonia, poetic name for Italy.] Italian. Milton.

Aus´pi•cate , a. [L. auspicatus, p. p. of auspicari to take auspices, fr. auspex a bird seer, an augur, a contr. of avispex; avis bird + specere, spicere, to view. See Aviary, Spy.] Auspicious. [Obs.] Holland.

Aus´pi•cate , v. t. 1. To foreshow; to foretoken. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To give a favorable turn to in commencing; to inaugurate; — a sense derived from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before undertaking any important business. “They auspicate all their proceedings.
Burke.”

Aus´pice , n.; pl. Auspices . [L. auspicium, fr. auspex: cf. F. auspice. See Auspicate, a.] 1. A divining or taking of omens by observing birds; an omen as to an undertaking, drawn from birds; an augury; an omen or sign in general; an indication as to the future. 2. Protection; patronage and care; guidance. “Which by his auspice they will nobler make.
Dryden.” In this sense the word is generally plural, auspices; as under the auspices of the king.

Aus•pi´cial , a. Of or pertaining to auspices; auspicious. [R.]

Aus•pi´cious , a. [See Auspice.] 1. Having omens or tokens of a favorable issue; giving promise of success, prosperity, or happiness; predicting good; as an auspicious beginning. “Auspicious union of order and freedom.
Macaulay.” 2. Prosperous; fortunate; as auspicious years. ´Auspicious chief.´ Dryden. 3. Favoring; favorable; propitious; — applied to persons or things. ´Thy auspicious mistress.´ Shak. ´Auspicious gales.´ Pope. Syn. — See Propitious. — Aus•pi´cious•ly, adv. — Aus•pi´cious•ness, n.

Aus´ter , n. [L. auster a dry, hot, south wind; the south.] The south wind. Pope.

Aus•tere´ , [F. austère, L. austerus, fr. Gr. , fr. to parch, dry. Cf. Sear.] 1. Sour and astringent; rough to the state; having acerbity; as an austere crab apple; austere wine. 2. Severe in modes of judging, or living, or acting; rigid; rigorous; stern; as an austere man, look, life. “From whom the austere Etrurian virtue rose.
Dryden.” 3. Unadorned; unembellished; severely simple. Syn. — Harsh; sour; rough; rigid; stern; severe; rigorous; strict.

Aus•tere´ly, adv. Severely; rigidly; sternly. “A doctrine austerely logical.
Macaulay.”

Aus•tere´ness, n. 1. Harshness or astringent sourness to the taste; acerbity. Johnson. 2. Severity; strictness; austerity. Shak.

Aus•ter´i•ty , n.; pl. Austerities . [F. austerite, L. austerias, fr. austerus. See Austere.] 1. Sourness and harshness to the taste. [Obs.] Horsley. 2. Severity of manners or life; extreme rigor or strictness; harsh discipline. “The austerity of John the Baptist.
Milton.” 3. Plainness; freedom from adornment; severe simplicity. “Partly owing to the studied austerity of her dress, and partly to the lack of demonstration in her manners.
Hawthorne.”

Aus´tin , a. Augustinian; as Austin friars.

Aus´tral , a. [L. australis, fr. auster: cf. F. austral.] Southern; lying or being in the south; as austral land; austral ocean. Austral signs (Astron.), the last six signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator.

Aus•tral•a´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Australasia; as Australasian regions. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Australasia.

Aus•tra´li•an , a. [From L. Terra Australis southern land.] Of or pertaining to Australia. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Australia.

Aus´tral•ize , v. i. [See Austral.] To tend toward the south pole, as a magnet. [Obs.] “They [magnets] do septentrionate at one extreme, and australize at another.
Sir T. Browne.”

Aus´tri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Austria, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Austria.

Aus´trine , n. [L. austrinus, from auster south.] Southern; southerly; austral. [Obs.] Bailey.

Aus´tro-Hun•ga´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the monarchy composed of Austria and Hungary.

Aus´tro•man•cy , n. [L. auster south wind + -mancy.] Soothsaying, or prediction of events, from observation of the winds.

Au´tar•chy , n. [Gr. independence; a’yto•s self + ’arkei^n to be sufficient.] Self- sufficiency. [Obs.] Milton.

Au•then´tic , a. [OE. autentik, OF. autentique, F. authentique, L. authenticus coming from the real author, of original or firsthand authority, from Gr. , fr. suicide, a perpetrator or real author of any act, an absolute master; a’yto•s self + a form ´enths (not found), akin to L. sons and perh. orig. from the p. pr. of e’i^nai to be, root as, and meaning the one it really is. See Am, Sin, n., and cf. Effendi.] 1. Having a genuine original or authority, in opposition to that which is false, fictitious, counterfeit, or apocryphal; being what it purports to be; genuine; not of doubtful origin; real; as an authentic paper or register. “To be avenged
On him who had stole Jove’s authentic fire.
Milton.” 2. Authoritative. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Of approved authority; true; trustworthy; credible; as an authentic writer; an authentic portrait; authentic information. 4. (Law) Vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. 5. (Mus.) Having as immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction from plagal, which has a correspondent relation to the dominant in the octave below the tonic. Syn. — Authentic, Genuine. These words, as here compared, have reference to historical documents. We call a document genuine when it can be traced back ultimately to the author or authors from whom it professes to emanate. Hence, the word has the meaning, ´not changed from the original, uncorrupted, unadulterated:´ as a genuine text. We call a document authentic when, on the ground of its being thus traced back, it may be relied on as true and authoritative (from the primary sense of ´having an author, vouched for´); hence its extended signification, in general literature, of trustworthy, as resting on unquestionable authority or evidence; as an authentic history; an authentic report of facts. “A genuine book is that which was written by the person whose name it bears, as the author of it. An authentic book is that which relates matters of fact as they really happened. A book may be genuine without being, authentic, and a book may be authentic without being genuine.
Bp. Watson.” It may be said, however, that some writers use authentic (as an authentic document) in the sense of ´produced by its professed author, not counterfeit.´

Au•then´tic, n. An original (book or document). [Obs.] ´Authentics and transcripts.´ Fuller.

Au•then´tic•al , a. Authentic. [Archaic]

Au•then´tic•al•ly, adv. In an authentic manner; with the requisite or genuine authority.

Au•then•tic•al•ness, n. The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Barrow.

Au•then´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authenticated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Authenticating .] [Cf. LL. authenticare.] 1. To render authentic; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or formalities required by law, or sufficient to entitle to credit. “The king serves only as a notary to authenticate the choice of judges.
Burke.” 2. To prove authentic; to determine as real and true; as to authenticate a portrait. Walpole.

Au•then•tic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. authenticite.] 1. The quality of being authentic or of established authority for truth and correctness. 2. Genuineness; the quality of being genuine or not corrupted from the original. In later writers, especially those on the evidences of Christianity, authenticity is often restricted in its use to the first of the above meanings, and distinguished from qenuineness.

Au•then´tic•ly , adv. Authentically.

Au•then´tic•ness, n. The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Hammond.

Au•then´tics , n. (Ciwil Law) A collection of the Novels or New Constitutions of Justinian, by an anonymous author; — so called on account of its authenticity. Bouvier.

Au´thor (a´ther), n. [OE. authour, autour, OF. autor, F. auteur, fr. L. auctor, sometimes, but erroneously, written autor or author, fr. augere to increase, to produce. See Auction, n.] 1. The beginner, former, or first mover of anything; hence, the efficient cause of a thing; a creator; an originator. “Eternal King; thee, Author of all being.
Milton.” 2. One who composes or writes a book; a composer, as distinguished from an editor, translator, or compiler. “The chief glory of every people arises from its authors.
Johnson.” 3. The editor of a periodical. [Obs.] 4. An informant. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Au´thor (a´ther), v. t. 1. To occasion; to originate. [Obs.] “Such an overthrow … I have authored.
Chapman.” 2. To tell; to say; to declare. [Obs.] “More of him I dare not author.
Massinger.”

Au´thor•ess, n. A female author. Glover. The word is not very much used, author being commonly applied to a female writer as well as to a male.

Au•tho´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an author. ´The authorial we.’´ Hare.

Au´thor•ism (a´ther•iz’m), n. Authorship. [R.]

Au•thor´i•ta•tive , a. 1. Having, or proceeding from, due authority; entitled to obedience, credit, or acceptance; determinate; commanding. “The sacred functions of authoritative teaching.
Barrow.” 2. Having an air of authority; positive; dictatorial; peremptory; as an authoritative tone. “The mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the other.
Swift.” — Au•thor´i•ta•tive•ly, adv. — Au•thor´i•ta•tive•ness, n.

Au•thor´i•ty , n.; pl. Authorities . [OE. autorite, auctorite, F. autorite, fr. L. auctoritas, fr. auctor. See Author, n.] 1. Legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act; power exercised buy a person in virtue of his office or trust; dominion; jurisdiction; authorization; as the authority of a prince over subjects, and of parents over children; the authority of a court. “Thus can the demigod, Authority,
Make us pay down for our offense.
Shak.” “By what authority doest thou these things ?
Matt. xxi. 23.” 2. Government; the persons or the body exercising power or command; as the local authorities of the States; the military authorities. [Chiefly in the plural.] 3. The power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem; influence of character, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, and the like; claim to be believed or obeyed; as an historian of no authority; a magistrate of great authority. 4. That which, or one who, is claimed or appealed to in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. Hence: (a) Testimony; witness. ´And on that high authority had believed.´ Milton. (b) A precedent; a decision of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent. (c) A book containing such a statement or opinion, or the author of the book. (d) Justification; warrant. “Wilt thou be glass wherein it shall discern
Authority for sin, warrant for blame.
Shak.”

Au´thor•i•za•ble , a. [LL. authorisabilis.] Capable of being authorized. Hammond.

Au•thor•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. autorisation.] The act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant. “The authorization of laws.
Motley.” “A special authorization from the chief.
Merivale.”

Au´thor•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authorized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Authorizing.] [OE. autorize, F. autoriser, fr. LL. auctorizare, authorisare. See Author.] 1. To clothe with authority, warrant, or legal power; to give a right to act; to empower; as to authorize commissioners to settle a boundary. 2. To make legal; to give legal sanction to; to legalize; as to authorize a marriage. 3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public opinion; to sanction; as idioms authorized by usage. 4. To sanction or confirm by the authority of some one; to warrant; as to authorize a report. “A woman’s story at a winter’s fire,
Authorized by her grandam.
Shak.” 5. To justify; to furnish a ground for. Locke. To authorize one’s self, to rely for authority. [Obs.] “Authorizing himself, for the most part, upon other histories.
Sir P. Sidney. ”

Au´thor•ized , a. 1. Possessed of or endowed with authority; as an authorized agent. 2. Sanctioned by authority. The Authorized Version of the Bible is the English translation of the Bible published in 1611 under sanction of King James I. It was ´appointed to be read in churches,´ and has been the accepted English Bible. The Revised Version was published in a complete form in 1855.

Au´thor•i•zer , n. One who authorizes.

Au´thor•less, a. Without an author; without authority; anonymous.

Au´thor•ly, a. Authorial. [R.] Cowper.

Au´thor•ship, n. 1. The quality or state of being an author; function or dignity of an author. 2. Source; origin; origination; as the authorship of a book or review, or of an act, or state of affairs.

Au´tho•type , n. A type or block containing a facsimile of an autograph. Knight.

Au´to- . [Gr. self.] A combining form, with the meaning of self, one’s self, one’s own, itself, its own.

Au•to•bi•og´ra•pher , n. [Auto- + biographer.] One who writers his own life or biography. { Au•to•bi•o•graph´ic , Au•to•bi•o•graph´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to, or containing, autobiography; as an autobiographical sketch. ´Such traits of the autobiographic sort.´ Carlyle. — Au•to•bi•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Au•to•bi•og´ra•phist , n. One who writes his own life; an autobiographer. [R.]

Au•to•bi•og´ra•phy , n.; pl. Autobiographies . [Auto- + biography.] A biography written by the subject of it; memoirs of one’s life written by one’s self. { Au•to•car´pous , Au•to•car´pi•an } a. [Auto- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Consisting of the ripened pericarp with no other parts adnate to it, as a peach, a poppy capsule, or a grape.

Au•to•ceph´a•lous , a. [Gr. independent; self + head.] (Eccl. Hist.) Having its own head; independent of episcopal or patriarchal jurisdiction, as certain Greek churches.

Au•to•chron´o•graph , n. [Auto- + chronograph.] An instrument for the instantaneous self- recording or printing of time. Knight.

Au•toch´thon , n.; pl. E. Authochthons , L. Autochthones . [L., fr. Gr. , pl. , from the land itself; a’yto•s self + earth, land.] 1. One who is supposed to rise or spring from the ground or the soil he inhabits; one of the original inhabitants or aborigines; a native; — commonly in the plural. This title was assumed by the ancient Greeks, particularly the Athenians. 2. That which is original to a particular country, or which had there its origin. { Au•toch´tho•nal , Au•thoch•thon´ic , Au•toch´tho•nous } a. Aboriginal; indigenous; native.

Au•toch´tho•nism , n. The state of being autochthonal.

Au•toch´tho•ny, n. An aboriginal or autochthonous condition.

Au´to•clave , n. [F., fr. Gr. a’yto•s self + L. clavis key.] A kind of French stewpan with a steam-tight lid. Knight.

Au•toc´ra•cy , n.; pl. Autocracies. [Gr. : cf. F. autocratie. See Autocrat.] 1. Independent or self-derived power; absolute or controlling authority; supremacy. “The divine will moves, not by the external impulse or inclination of objects, but determines itself by an absolute autocracy.
South.” 2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited authority, or right of governing in a single person, as of an autocrat. 3. Political independence or absolute sovereignty (of a state); autonomy. Barlow. 4. (Med.) The action of the vital principle, or of the instinctive powers, toward the preservation of the individual; also the vital principle. [In this sense, written also autocrasy.] Dunglison.

Au´to•crat , n. [Gr. ; self + strength, strong: cf. F. autocrate. See Hard, a.] 1. An absolute sovereign; a monarch who holds and exercises the powers of government by claim of absolute right, not subject to restriction; as Autocrat of all the Russias (a title of the Czar). 2. One who rules with undisputed sway in any company or relation; a despot. “The autocrat of the breakfast table.
Holmes.” { Au•to•crat´ic , Au•to•crat´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to autocracy or to an autocrat; absolute; holding independent and arbitrary powers of government. — Au•to•crat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Au•toc´ra•tor , n. [Gr. .] An autocrat. [Archaic]

Au•to•cra•tor´ic•al , a. Pertaining to an autocrator; absolute. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Au•toc´ra•trix , n. [NL.] A female sovereign who is independent and absolute; — a title given to the empresses of Russia.

Au´to•crat•ship , n. The office or dignity of an autocrat.

Au´to-da-fe´ , n.; pl. Autos-da-fe . [Pg., act of the faith; auto act, fr. L. actus + da of the + fe faith, fr. L. fides.] 1. A judgment of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal condemning or acquitting persons accused of religious offenses. 2. An execution of such sentence, by the civil power, esp. the burning of a heretic. It was usually held on Sunday, and was made a great public solemnity by impressive forms and ceremonies. 3. A session of the court of Inquisition.

Au´to-de-fe´ , n.; pl. Autos-de-fe. [Sp., act of faith.] Same as Auto- da-fe.

Au´to•di•dact , n. [Gr. self- taught.] One who is self-taught; an automath.

Au•to•dy•nam´ic , a. [Auto- + dynamic.] Supplying its own power; — applied to an instrument of the nature of a water-ram.

Au•to•fec•un•da´tion , n. [Auto- + fecundation.] (Biol.) Self-impregnation. Darwin.

Au•tog´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by autogamy; self-fertilized.

Au•tog´a•my , n. [Auto- + Gr. marriage.] (Bot.) Self-fertilization, the fertilizing pollen being derived from the same blossom as the pistil acted upon.

Au•to•ge´ne•al , a. Self-produced; autogenous.

Au•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Auto- + genesis.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation.

Au•to•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to autogenesis; self-generated.

Au•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. ; self + root of to be born.] 1. (Biol.) Self- generated; produced independently. 2. (Anat.) Developed from an independent center of ossification. Owen. Autogenous soldering, the junction by fusion of the joining edges of metals without the intervention of solder.

Au•tog´e•nous•ly , adv. In an autogenous manner; spontaneously.

Au´to•graph , n. [F. autographe, fr. Gr. autographic; self + to write.] That which is written with one’s own hand; an original manuscript; a person’s own signature or handwriting.

Au´to•graph , a. In one’s own handwriting; as an autograph letter; an autograph will.

Au•tog´ra•phal , a. Autographic. [Obs.] { Au•to•graph´ic , Au•to•graph´ic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to an autograph, or one’s own handwriting; of the nature of an autograph. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, the process of autography; as autographic ink, paper, or press.

Au•tog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. autographie.] 1. The science of autographs; a person’s own handwriting; an autograph. 2. A process in lithography by which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone. Ure.

Au•tol´a•try , n. [Auto- + Gr. worship.] Self-worship. Farrar.

Au´to•math , n. [Gr. ; self + , , to learn.] One who is self-taught. [R.] Young. { Au•to•mat´ic , Au•to•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. automatique. See Automaton.] 1. Having an inherent power of action or motion. “Nothing can be said to be automatic.
Sir H. Davy.” 2. Pertaining to, or produced by, an automaton; of the nature of an automaton; self-acting or self-regulating under fixed conditions; — esp. applied to machinery or devices in which certain things formerly or usually done by hand are done by the machine or device itself; as the automatic feed of a lathe; automatic gas lighting; an automatic engine or switch; an automatic mouse. 3. Not voluntary; not depending on the will; mechanical; as automatic movements or functions. “Unconscious or automatic reasoning.
H. Spenser.” Automatic arts, such economic arts or manufacture as are carried on by self-acting machinery. Ure.

Au•to•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In an automatic manner.

Au•tom´a•tism , n. The state or quality of being automatic; the power of self-moving; automatic, mechanical, or involuntary action. (Metaph.) A theory as to the activity of matter.

Au•tom´a•ton , n.; pl. L. Automata , E. Automatons . [L. fr. Gr. , neut. of self-moving; self + a root ma, man, to strive, think, cf. to strive. See Mean, v. i.] 1. Any thing or being regarded as having the power of spontaneous motion or action. Huxley. “So great and admirable an automaton as the world.
Boyle.” “These living automata, human bodies.
Boyle.” 2. A self-moving machine, or one which has its motive power within itself; — applied chiefly to machines which appear to imitate spontaneously the motions of living beings, such as men, birds, etc.

Au•tom´a•tous , a. [L. automatus, Gr. . See Automaton.] Automatic. [Obs.] ´Automatous organs.´ Sir T. Browne.

Au•to•mor´phic , a. [Auto- + Gr. for, shape.] Patterned after one’s self. “The conception which any one frames of another’s mind is more or less after the pattern of his own mind, — is automorphic.
H. Spenser.”

Au•to•mor´phism , n. Automorphic characterization. H. Spenser.

Au•to•nom´a•sy , n. [Auto- + Gr. a name, fr. a name; or for E. antonomasia.] (Rhet.) The use of a word of common or general signification for the name of a particular thing; as ´He has gone to town,´ for, ´He has gone to London.´

Au•to•nom´ic , a. Having the power of self-government; autonomous. Hickok.

Au´ton´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. automiste. See Autonomy.] One who advocates autonomy.

Au•ton´o•mous , a. [Gr. ; self + to assign, hold, sway.] 1. Independent in government; having the right or power of self-government. 2. (Biol.) Having independent existence or laws.

Au•ton´o•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. autonomie. See Autonomous.] 1. The power or right of self-government; self-government, or political independence, of a city or a state. 2. (Metaph.) The sovereignty of reason in the sphere of morals; or man’s power, as possessed of reason, to give law to himself. In this, according to Kant, consist the true nature and only possible proof of liberty. Fleming.

Au•toph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. self + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Birds which are able to run about and obtain their own food as soon as hatched.

Au•toph´o•by , n. [Auto- + Gr. fear.] Fear of one’s self; fear of being egotistical. [R.] Hare.

Au•toph´o•ny , n. [Auto- + Gr. a sound.] (Med.) An auscultatory process, which consists in noting the tone of the observer’s own voice, while he speaks, holding his head close to the patient’s chest. Dunglison.

Au•to•plas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to autoplasty.

Au´to•plas•ty , n. [Auto- + - plasty.] (Surg.) The process of artificially repairing lesions by taking a piece of healthy tissue, as from a neighboring part, to supply the deficiency caused by disease or wounds. { Au•top´sic , Au•top´sic•al } a. Pertaining to autopsy; autoptical. [Obs.]

Au•top´so•rin , n. [Auto- + Gr. the itch.] (Med.) That which is given under the doctrine of administering a patient’s own virus.

Au´top•sy , n. [Gr. , fr. seen by one’s self; self + seen: cf. F. autopsie. See Optic, a.] 1. Personal observation or examination; seeing with one’s own eyes; ocular view. “By autopsy and experiment.
Cudworth.” 2. (Med.) Dissection of a dead body, for the purpose of ascertaining the cause, seat, or nature of a disease; a post- mortem examination. { Au•top´tic (a•top´tik), Au•top´tic•al (-tik•al), } a. [Gr. a’ytoptiko•s: cf. F. autoptique.] Seen with one’s own eyes; belonging to, or connected with, personal observation; as autoptic testimony or experience.

Au•top´tic•al•ly (a•top´ti•kal•ly), adv. By means of ocular view, or one’s own observation. Sir T. Browne. { Au•to•sche•di•as´tic (a•to•ske•di•as´tik), Au•to•sche•di•as´tic•al (-as´ti•kal), } a. [Auto- + Gr. schedia•zein to do hastily. See Schediasm.] Extemporary; offhand. [R.] Dean Martin.

Au•to•styl´ic , a. [Auto- + Gr. sty^los pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated directly to the cranium, as in the skulls of the Amphibia.

Au´to•the•ism , n. [Auto- + theism.] 1. The doctrine of God’s self- existence. [R.] 2. Deification of one’s self; self-worship. [R.]

Au´to•the•ist, n. One given to self- worship. [R.]

Au´to•type , n. [Auto- + - type: cf. F. autotype.] 1. A facsimile. 2. A photographic picture produced in sensitized pigmented gelatin by exposure to light under a negative; and subsequent washing out of the soluble parts; a kind of picture in ink from a gelatin plate.

Au•to•ty•pog´ra•phy , n. [Auto- + typography.] A process resembling ´nature printing,´ by which drawings executed on gelatin are impressed into a soft metal plate, from which the printing is done as from copperplate.

Au•tot´y•py , n. The art or process of making autotypes.

Au´tumn , n. [L. auctumnus, autumnus, perh. fr. a root av to satisfy one’s self: cf. F. automne. See Avarice.] 1. The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter, often called ´the fall.´ Astronomically, it begins in the northern temperate zone at the autumnal equinox, about September 23, and ends at the winter solstice, about December 23; but in popular language, autumn, in America, comprises September, October, and November. In England, according to Johnson, autumn popularly comprises August, September, and October. In the southern hemisphere, the autumn corresponds to our spring. 2. The harvest or fruits of autumn. Milton. 3. The time of maturity or decline; latter portion; third stage. “Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn of the duke’s favor.
Fuller.” “Life’s autumn past, I stand on winter’s verge.
Wordsworth.”

Au•tum´nal , a. [L. auctumnalis, autumnalis: cf. F. automnal.] 1. Of, belonging to, or peculiar to, autumn; as an autumnal tint; produced or gathered in autumn; as autumnal fruits; flowering in autumn; as an autumnal plant. “Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks
In Vallombrosa.
Milton.” 2. Past the middle of life; in the third stage. “An autumnal matron.
Hawthorne.” Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the equator, as it proceeds southward, or when it passes the autumnal point. — Autumnal point, the point of the equator intersected by the ecliptic, as the sun proceeds southward; the first point of Libra. — Autumnal signs, the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the sun passes between the autumnal equinox and winter solstice.

Aux•a•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. to cause to increase + -meter.] An instrument to measure the growth of plants. Goodale.

Aux•e´sis , n. [NL., Gr. increase, fr. , , to increase.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a grave and magnificent word is put for the proper word; amplification; hyperbole.

Aux•et´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, or containing, auxesis; amplifying.

Aux•il´iar ( 106), a. [L. auxiliaris: cf. F. auxiliaire. See Auxiliary.] Auxiliary. [Archaic] “The auxiliar troops and Trojan hosts appear.
Pope.”

Aux•il´iar, n. An auxiliary. [Archaic] Milton.

Aux•il´iar•ly, adv. By way of help. Harris.

Aux•il´ia•ry ( 106), a. [L. auxiliarius, fr. auxilium help, aid, fr. augere to increase.] Conferring aid or help; helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary; as auxiliary troops. Auxiliary scales (Mus.), the scales of relative or attendant keys. See under Attendant, a. — Auxiliary verbs (Gram.). See Auxiliary, n., 3.

Aux•il´ia•ry, n.; pl. Auxiliaries . 1. A helper; an assistant; a confederate in some action or enterprise. 2. (Mil.) pl. Foreign troops in the service of a nation at war; (rarely in sing.), a member of the allied or subsidiary force. 3. (Gram.) A verb which helps to form the voices, modes, and tenses of other verbs; — called, also an auxiliary verb; as have, be, may, can, do, must, shall, and will, in English; être and avoir, in French; avere and essere, in Italian; estar and haber, in Spanish. 4. (Math.) A quantity introduced for the purpose of simplifying or facilitating some operation, as in equations or trigonometrical formulae. Math. Dict.

Aux•il´ia•to•ry , a. Auxiliary; helping. [Obs.]

A´va , n. Same as Kava. Johnston.

Av•a•da•vat´ , n. Same as Amadavat.

A•vail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Availed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Availing.] [OE. availen, fr. F. (L. ad) + valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be worth. See Valiant.] 1. To turn to the advantage of; to be of service to; to profit; to benefit; to help; as artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of judgment. “O, what avails me now that honor high !
Milton.” 2. To promote; to assist. [Obs.] Pope. To avail one’s self of, to make use of; take advantage of. “Then shall they seek to avail themselves of names.
Milton.” “I have availed myself of the very first opportunity.
Dickens.”

A•vail´, v. i. To be of use or advantage; to answer the purpose; to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient to accomplish the object; as the plea in bar must avail, that is, be sufficient to defeat the suit; this scheme will not avail; medicines will not avail to check the disease. ´What signs avail ?´ Milton. “Words avail very little with me, young man.
Sir W. Scott.”

A•vail´ , n. 1. Profit; advantage toward success; benefit; value; as labor, without economy, is of little avail. “The avail of a deathbed repentance.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. pl. Proceeds; as the avails of a sale by auction. “The avails of their own industry.
Stoddard.” Syn. — Use; benefit; utility; profit; service.

A•vail´, v. t. & i. See Avale, v. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•vail•a•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Availabilities . 1. The quality of being available; availableness. The word is sometimes used derogatively in the sense of ´mere availableness,´ or capability of success without regard to worthiness. “He was … nominated for his availability.
Lowell.” 2. That which is available.

A•vail´a•ble , a. 1. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy, for the object; effectual; valid; as an available plea. [Obs.] “Laws human are available by consent.
Hooker.” 2. Such as one may avail one’s self of; capable of being used for the accomplishment of a purpose; usable; profitable; advantageous; convertible into a resource; as an available measure; an available candidate. “Struggling to redeem, as he did, the available months and days out of so many that were unavailable.
Carlyle.” “Having no available funds with which to pay the calls on new shares.
H. Spenser.”

A•vail´a•ble•ness, n. 1. Competent power; validity; efficacy; as the availableness of a title. [Obs.] 2. Quality of being available; capability of being used for the purpose intended. Sir M. Hale.

A•vail´a•bly, adv. In an available manner; profitably; advantageously; efficaciously.

A•vail´ment , n. Profit; advantage. [Obs.]

Av´a•lanche ( 277), n. [F. avalanche, fr. avaler to descend, to let down, from aval down, downward; (L. ad) + val, L. vallis, valley. See Valley.] 1. A large mass or body of snow and ice sliding swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice. 2. A fall of earth, rocks, etc., similar to that of an avalanche of snow or ice. 3. A sudden, great, or irresistible descent or influx of anything.

A•vale´ , v. t. & i. [F. avaler to descend, to let down. See Avalanche.] 1. To cause to descend; to lower; to let fall; to doff. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bring low; to abase. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. (v. i.) To descend; to fall; to dismount. [Obs.] “And from their sweaty courses did avale.
Spenser.”

A•vant´ , n. [For avant-guard. Cf. Avaunt, Van.] The front of an army. [Obs.] See Van.

A•vant´-cou•ri•er , n. [F., fr. avant before + courrier. See Avaunt, and Courier.] A person dispatched before another person or company, to give notice of his or their approach.

A•vant´-guard ( rad.277), n. [F. avant before + E. guard, F. avant-garde. See Avaunt.] The van or advanced body of an army. See Vanguard.

Av´a•rice (av´a•ris), n. [F. avaritia, fr. avarus avaricious, prob. fr. avere to covet, fr. a root av to satiate one’s self: cf. Gr. ’a•menai, ’a^sai, to satiate, Skr. av to satiate one’s self, rejoice, protect.] 1. An excessive or inordinate desire of gain; greediness after wealth; covetousness; cupidity. “To desire money for its own sake, and in order to hoard it up, is avarice.
Beattie.” 2. An inordinate desire for some supposed good. “All are taught an avarice of praise.
Goldsmith.”

Av•a•ri´cious , a. [Cf. F. avaricieux.] Actuated by avarice; greedy of gain; immoderately desirous of accumulating property. Syn. — Greedy; stingy; rapacious; griping; sordid; close. — Avaricious, Covetous, Parsimonious, Penurious, Miserly, Niggardly. The avaricious eagerly grasp after it at the expense of others, though not of necessity with a design to save, since a man may be covetous and yet a spendthrift. The penurious, parsimonious, and miserly save money by disgraceful self- denial, and the niggardly by meanness in their dealing with others. We speak of persons as covetous in getting, avaricious in retaining, parsimonious in expending, penurious or miserly in modes of living, niggardly in dispensing. — Av•a•ri´cious•ly, adv. — Av•a•ri´cious•ness, n.

Av´a•rous , a. [L. avarus.] Avaricious. [Obs.]

A•vast´ , interj. [Corrupted from D. houd vast hold fast. See Hold, v. t., and Fast, a.] (Naut.) Cease; stop; stay. ´Avast heaving.´ Totten.

Av•a•tar´ , n. [Skr. avatâra descent; ava from + root tr to cross, pass over.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) The descent of a deity to earth, and his incarnation as a man or an animal; — chiefly associated with the incarnations of Vishnu. 2. Incarnation; manifestation as an object of worship or admiration.

A•vaunce´ , v. t. & i. [See Advance.] To advance; to profit. Chaucer.

A•vaunt´ , interj. [F. avant forward, fr. L. ab + ante before. Cf. Avant, Advance.] Begone; depart; — a word of contempt or abhorrence, equivalent to the phrase ´Get thee gone.´

A•vaunt´, v. t. & i. 1. To advance; to move forward; to elevate. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To depart; to move away. [Obs.] Coverdale.

A•vaunt´, v. t. & i. [OF. avanter; à (L. ad) + vanter. See Vaunt.] To vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vaunt´, n. A vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vaunt´our , n. [OF. avanteur.] A boaster. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A´ve , n. [L., hail.] 1. An ave Maria. “He repeated Aves and Credos.
Macaulay.” 2. A reverential salutation. “Their loud applause and aves vehement.
Shak.”

A•vel , v. t. [L. avellere.] To pull away. [Obs.] “Yet are not these parts avelled.
Sir T. Browne.”

A•vel´lane , a. [Cf. It. avellana a filbert, fr. L. Avella or Abella a city of Campania.] (Her.) In the form of four unhusked filberts; as an avellane cross. { A´ve Ma•ri´a , A´ve Ma´ry . } [From the first words of the Roman Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary; L. ave hail, Maria Mary.] 1. A salutation and prayer to the Virgin Mary, as mother of God; — used in the Roman Catholic church. “To number Ave Maries on his beads.
Shak.” 2. A particular time (as in Italy, at the ringing of the bells about half an hour after sunset, and also at early dawn), when the people repeat the Ave Maria. “Ave Maria ! blessed be the hour !
Byron.”

A•ve´na , n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including the common oat (Avena sativa); the oat grasses.

Av•e•na´ceous , a. [L. avenaceus, fr. avena oats.] Belonging to, or resembling, oats or the oat grasses.

Av´e•nage , n. [F. avenage, fr. L. avena oats.] (Old Law) A quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent. Jacob.

Av´e•ner , n. [OF. avenier, fr. aveine, avaine, avoine, oats, F. avoine, L. avena.] (Feud. Law) An officer of the king’s stables whose duty it was to provide oats for the horses. [Obs.]

A•venge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avenged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avenging .] [OF. avengier; L. ad + vindicare to lay claim to, to avenge, revenge. See Vengeance.] 1. To take vengeance for; to exact satisfaction for by punishing the injuring party; to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on a wrongdoer. “He will avenge the blood of his servants.
Deut. xxxii. 43.” “Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones
Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold.
Milton.” “He had avenged himself on them by havoc such as England had never before seen.
Macaulay.” 2. To treat revengefully; to wreak vengeance on. [Obs.] “Thy judgment in avenging thine enemies.
Bp. Hall.” Syn. — To Avenge, Revenge. To avenge is to inflict punishment upon evil doers in behalf of ourselves, or others for whom we act; as to avenge one’s wrongs; to avenge the injuries of the suffering and innocent. It is to inflict pain for the sake of vindication, or retributive justice. To revenge is to inflict pain or injury for the indulgence of resentful and malicious feelings. The former may at times be a duty; the latter is one of the worst exhibitions of human character. “I avenge myself upon another, or I avenge another, or I avenge a wrong. I revenge only myself, and that upon another.
C. J. Smith.”

A•venge´, v. i. To take vengeance. Levit. xix. 18.

A•venge´, n. Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•venge´ance , n. Vengeance. [Obs.]

A•venge´ful , a. Vengeful. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•venge´ment , n. The inflicting of retributive punishment; satisfaction taken. [R.] Milton.

A•ven´ger , n. 1. One who avenges or vindicates; as an avenger of blood. 2. One who takes vengeance. [Obs.] Milton.

A•ven´ger•ess, n. A female avenger. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•ve´ni•ous , a. [Pref. a- + L. vena a vein.] (Bot.) Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants.

Av´e•nor , n. See Avener. [Obs.]

Av´ens , n. [OF. avence.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Geum, esp. Geum urbanum, or herb bennet.

Av´en•tail , n. [OF. esventail. Cf. Ventail.] The movable front to a helmet; the ventail.

Av´en•tine , a. Pertaining to Mons Aventinus, one of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bryant.

Av´en•tine, n. A post of security or defense. [Poetic] “Into the castle’s tower,
The only Aventine that now is left him.
Beau. & Fl.”

A•ven´tre , v. t. To thrust forward (at a venture), as a spear. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•ven´ture ( 135), n. [See Adventure, n.] 1. Accident; chance; adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Old Law) A mischance causing a person’s death without felony, as by drowning, or falling into the fire.

A•ven´tu•rine , n. [F. aventurine: cf. It. avventurino.] 1. A kind of glass, containing gold-colored spangles. It was produced in the first place by the accidental (par aventure) dropping of some brass filings into a pot of melted glass. 2. (Min.) A variety of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica. Aventurine feldspar, a variety of oligoclase with internal firelike reflections due to the presence of minute crystals, probably of hematite; sunstone.

Av´e•nue , n. [F. avenue, fr. avenir to come to, L. advenire. See Advene.] 1. A way or opening for entrance into a place; a passage by which a place may by reached; a way of approach or of exit. ´The avenues leading to the city by land.´ Macaulay. “On every side were expanding new avenues of inquiry.
Milman.” 2. The principal walk or approach to a house which is withdrawn from the road, especially, such approach bordered on each side by trees; any broad passageway thus bordered. “An avenue of tall elms and branching chestnuts.
W. Black.” 3. A broad street; as the Fifth Avenue in New York.

A´ver (a´ver), n. [OF. aver domestic animal, whence LL. averia, pl. cattle. See Habit, and cf. Average.] A work horse, or working ox. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

A•ver´ (a•ver´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averred (a•verd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Averring.] [F. averer, LL. adverare, averare; L. ad + versus true. See Verity.] 1. To assert, or prove, the truth of. [Obs.] 2. (Law) To avouch or verify; to offer to verify; to prove or justify. See Averment. 3. To affirm with confidence; to declare in a positive manner, as in confidence of asserting the truth. “It is sufficient that the very fact hath its foundation in truth, as I do seriously aver is the case.
Fielding.” “Then all averred I had killed the bird.
Coleridge.” Syn. — To assert; affirm; asseverate. See Affirm.

Av´er•age , n. [OF. average, LL. averagium, prob. fr. OF. aver, F. avoir, property, horses, cattle, etc.; prop. infin., to have, from L. habere to have. Cf. F. average small cattle, and avarie (perh. of different origin) damage to ship or cargo, port dues. The first meaning was perh. the service of carting a feudal lord’s wheat, then charge for carriage, the contribution towards loss of things carried, in proportion to the amount of each person’s property. Cf. Aver, n., Avercorn, Averpenny.] 1. (OLd Eng. Law) That service which a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the work beasts of the tenant, as the carriage of wheat, turf, etc. 2. [Cf. F. avarie damage to ship or cargo.] (Com.) (a) A tariff or duty on goods, etc. [Obs.] (b) Any charge in addition to the regular charge for freight of goods shipped. (c) A contribution to a loss or charge which has been imposed upon one of several for the general benefit; damage done by sea perils. (d) The equitable and proportionate distribution of loss or expense among all interested. General average, a contribution made, by all parties concerned in a sea adventure, toward a loss occasioned by the voluntary sacrifice of the property of some of the parties in interest for the benefit of all. It is called general average, because it falls upon the gross amount of ship, cargo, and freight at risk and saved by the sacrifice. Kent. — Particular average signifies the damage or partial loss happening to the ship, or cargo, or freight, in consequence of some fortuitous or unavoidable accident; and it is borne by the individual owners of the articles damaged, or by their insurers. — Petty averages are sundry small charges, which occur regularly, and are necessarily defrayed by the master in the usual course of a voyage; such as port charges, common pilotage, and the like, which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne partly by the ship and partly by the cargo. In the clause commonly found in bills of lading, ´primage and average accustomed,´ average means a kind of composition established by usage for such charges, which were formerly assessed by way of average. Arnould. Abbott. Phillips. 3. A mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made out of unequal sums or quantities; an arithmetical mean. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C 16, the sum is 30, and the average 10. 4. Any medial estimate or general statement derived from a comparison of diverse specific cases; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, etc. ´The average of sensations.´ Paley. 5. pl. In the English corn trade, the medial price of the several kinds of grain in the principal corn markets. On an average, taking the mean of unequal numbers or quantities.

Av´er•age , a. 1. Pertaining to an average or mean; medial; containing a mean proportion; of a mean size, quality, ability, etc.; ordinary; usual; as an average rate of profit; an average amount of rain; the average Englishman; beings of the average stamp. 2. According to the laws of averages; as the loss must be made good by average contribution.

Av´er•age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Averaging.] 1. To find the mean of, when sums or quantities are unequal; to reduce to a mean. 2. To divide among a number, according to a given proportion; as to average a loss. 3. To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an average.

Av´er•age, v. i. To form, or exist in, a mean or medial sum or quantity; to amount to, or to be, on an average; as the losses of the owners will average twenty five dollars each; these spars average ten feet in length.

A´ver•corn , n. [Aver, n. + corn.] (Old Eng. Law) A reserved rent in corn, formerly paid to religious houses by their tenants or farmers. Kennet.

A•ver´ment , n. [Cf. OF. averement, LL. averamentum. See Aver, v. t.] 1. The act of averring, or that which is averred; affirmation; positive assertion. “Signally has this averment received illustration in the course of recent events.
I. Taylor.” 2. Verification; establishment by evidence. Bacon. 3. (Law) A positive statement of facts; an allegation; an offer to justify or prove what is alleged. In any stage of pleadings, when either party advances new matter, he avers it to be true, by using this form of words: ´and this he is ready to verify.´ This was formerly called an averment. It modern pleading, it is termed a verification. Blackstone. { A•ver´nal , A•ver´ni•an } a. Of or pertaining to Avernus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, famous for its poisonous vapors, which ancient writers fancied were so malignant as to kill birds flying over it. It was represented by the poets to be connected with the infernal regions.

Av´er•pen•ny , n. [Aver, n. + penny.] (Old Eng. Law) Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the service of average.

A•ver´ro•ism , n. The tenets of the Averroists.

A•ver´ro•ist, n. One of a sect of peripatetic philosophers, who appeared in Italy before the restoration of learning; so denominated from Averroes, or Averrhoes, a celebrated Arabian philosopher. He held the doctrine of monopsychism.

Av•er•run´cate , v. t. [L. averruncare to avert; a, ab, off + verruncare to turn; formerly derived from ab and eruncare to root out. Cf. Aberuncate.] 1. To avert; to ward off. [Obs.] Hudibras. 2. To root up. [Obs.] Johnson.

Av•er•run•ca´tion , n. [Cf. OF. averroncation.] 1. The act of averting. [Obs.] 2. Eradication. [R.] De Quincey.

Av•er•run•ca´tor , n. [Cf. Aberuncator.] An instrument for pruning trees, consisting of two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on the end of a long rod.

Av•er•sa´tion , n. [L. aversatio, fr. aversari to turn away, v. intens. of avertere. See Avert.] A turning from with dislike; aversion. [Obs.or Archaic] “Some men have a natural aversation to some vices or virtues, and a natural affection to others.
Jer. Taylor.”

A•verse´ , a. [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere. See Avert.] 1. Turned away or backward. [Obs.] “The tracks averse a lying notice gave,
And led the searcher backward from the cave.
Dryden.” 2. Having a repugnance or opposition of mind; disliking; disinclined; unwilling; reluctant. “Averse alike to flatter, or offend.
Pope.” “Men who were averse to the life of camps.
Macaulay.” “Pass by securely as men averse from war.
Micah ii. 8.” The prevailing usage now is to employ to after averse and its derivatives rather than from, as was formerly the usage. In this the word is in agreement with its kindred terms, hatred, dislike, dissimilar, contrary, repugnant, etc., expressing a relation or an affection of the mind to an object. Syn. — Averse, Reluctant, Adverse. Averse expresses an habitual, though not of necessity a very strong, dislike; as averse to active pursuits; averse to study. Reluctant, a term of the of the will, implies an internal struggle as to making some sacrifice of interest or feeling; as reluctant to yield; reluctant to make the necessary arrangements; a reluctant will or consent. Adverse denotes active opposition or hostility; as adverse interests; adverse feelings, plans, or movements; the adverse party.

A•verse´, v. t. & i. To turn away. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

A•verse´ly, adv. 1. Backward; in a backward direction; as emitted aversely. 2. With repugnance or aversion; unwillingly.

A•verse´ness, n. The quality of being averse; opposition of mind; unwillingness.

A•ver´sion , n. [L. aversio: cf. F. aversion. See Avert.] 1. A turning away. [Obs.] “Adhesion to vice and aversion from goodness.
Bp. Atterbury.” 2. Opposition or repugnance of mind; fixed dislike; antipathy; disinclination; reluctance. “Mutual aversion of races.
Prescott.” “His rapacity had made him an object of general aversion.
Macaulay.” It is now generally followed by to before the object. [See Averse.] Sometimes towards and for are found; from is obsolete. “A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection.
Addison.” “His aversion towards the house of York.
Bacon.” “It is not difficult for a man to see that a person has conceived an aversion for him.
Spectator.” “The Khasias … have an aversion to milk.
J. D. Hooker.” 3. The object of dislike or repugnance. “Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire.
Pope.” Syn. — Antipathy; dislike; repugnance; disgust. See Dislike.

A•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averted; p. pr. & vb. n. Averting.] [L. avertere; a, ab + vertere to turn: cf. OF. avertir. See Verse, n.] To turn aside, or away; as to avert the eyes from an object; to ward off, or prevent, the occurrence or effects of; as how can the danger be averted? ´To avert his ire.´ Milton. “When atheists and profane persons do hear of so many discordant and contrary opinions in religion, it doth avert them from the church.
Bacon.” “Till ardent prayer averts the public woe.
Prior.”

A•vert´, v. i. To turn away. [Archaic] “Cold and averting from our neighbor’s good.
Thomson.”

A•vert´ed, a. Turned away, esp. as an expression of feeling; also offended; unpropitious. “Who scornful pass it with averted eye.
Keble.”

A•vert´er , n. One who, or that which, averts.

A•vert´i•ble , a. Capable of being averted; preventable.

A•ver´ti•ment , n. Advertisement. [Obs.]

A´ves , n. pl. [L., pl. of avis bird.] (Zoöl.) The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds. Aves, or birds, have a complete double circulation, oviparous, reproduction, front limbs peculiarly modified as wings; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have a horny beak, without teeth; but some Mesozoic fossil birds (Odontornithes) had conical teeth inserted in both jaws. The principal groups are: Carinatae, including all existing flying birds; Ratitae, including the ostrich and allies, the apteryx, and the extinct moas; Odontornithes, or fossil birds with teeth. The ordinary birds are classified largely by the structure of the beak and feet, which are in direct relation to their habits. See Beak, Bird, Odontonithes.

A•ves´ta , n. The Zoroastrian scriptures. See Zend-Avesta.

A´vi•an , a. Of or instrument to birds.

A´vi•a•ry , n.; pl. Aviaries . [L. aviarium, fr. aviarius pertaining to birds, fr. avis bird, akin to Gr, , Skr. vi.] A house, inclosure, large cage, or other place, for keeping birds confined; a bird house. “Lincolnshire may be termed the aviary of England.
Fuller.”

A•vi•a´tion , n. The art or science of flying.

A´vi•a•tor , n. (a) An experimenter in aviation. (b) A flying machine.

A•vic´u•la , n. [L., small bird.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, allied to the pearl oyster; — so called from a supposed resemblance of the typical species to a bird.

A•vic´u•lar , a. [L. avicula a small bird, dim. of avis bird.] Of or pertaining to a bird or to birds.

A•vic•u•la´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Avicular.] (Zoöl.) See prehensile processes on the cells of some Bryozoa, often having the shape of a bird’s bill.

A´vi•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. avis bird + cultura culture.] (Zoöl.) Rearing and care of birds.

Av´id , a. [L. avidus, fr. avre to long: cf. F. avide. See Avarice.] Longing eagerly for; eager; greedy. ´Avid of gold, yet greedier of renown.´ Southey.

A•vid´i•ous , a. Avid.

A•vid´i•ous•ly, adv. Eagerly; greedily.

A•vid´i•ty , n. [L. aviditas, fr. avidus: cf. F. avidite. See Avid.] Greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; intenseness of desire; as to eat with avidity. “His books were received and read with avidity.
Milward.”

A•vie´ , adv. [Pref. a- + vie.] Emulously. [Obs.]

A•vi•fau´na , n. [NL., fr. L. avis bird + E. fauna.] (Zoöl.) The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region.

Av•i•ga´to , n. See Avocado.

A•vignon´ ber´ry . (Bot.) The fruit of the Rhamnus infectorius, eand of other species of the same genus; — so called from the city of Avignon, in France. It is used by dyers and painters for coloring yellow. Called also French berry.

A•vile´ , v. t. [OF. aviler, F. avilir; a (L. ad) + vil vile. See Vile.] To abase or debase; to vilify; to depreciate. [Obs.] “Want makes us know the price of what we avile.
B. Jonson.”

A•vis´ , n. [F. avis. See Advice.] Advice; opinion; deliberation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vise´ , v. t. [F. aviser. See Advise, v. t.] 1. To look at; to view; to think of. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] Shak. To avise one’s self, to consider with one’s self, to reflect, to deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Now therefore, if thou wilt enriched be,
Avise thee well, and change thy willful mood.
Spenser.”

A•vise´, v. i. To consider; to reflect. [Obs.]

A•vise´ful , a. Watchful; circumspect. [Obs.] “With sharp, aviseful eye.
Spenser.”

A•vise´ly, adv. Advisedly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vise´ment , n. Advisement; observation; deliberation. [Obs.]

A•vi´sion , n. Vision. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vi´so , n. [Sp.] 1. Information; advice. 2. An advice boat, or dispatch boat.

Av•o•ca´do , n. [Corrupted from the Mexican ahuacatl: cf. Sp. aguacate, F. aguacate, avocat, G. avogadobaum.] The pulpy fruit of Persea gratissima, a tree of tropical America. It is about the size and shape of a large pear; — called also avocado pear, alligator pear, midshipman’s butter.

Av•o•cat , n. [F.] An advocate.

Av´o•cate , v. t. [L. avocatus, p. p. of avocare; a, ab + vocare to call. Cf. Avoke, and see Vocal, a.] To call off or away; to withdraw; to transfer to another tribunal. [Obs. or Archaic] “One who avocateth his mind from other occupations.
Barrow.” “He, at last, … avocated the cause to Rome.
Robertson.”

Av•o•ca´tion , n. [L. avocatio.] 1. A calling away; a diversion. [Obs. or Archaic] “Impulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin.
South.” 2. That which calls one away from one’s regular employment or vocation. “Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly employments avocations.
Fuller.” “By the secular cares and avocations which accompany marriage the clergy have been furnished with skill in common life.
Atterbury.” In this sense the word is applied to the smaller affairs of life, or occasional calls which summon a person to leave his ordinary or principal business. Avocation (in the singular) for vocation is usually avoided by good writers. 3. pl. Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one’s time; usual employment; vocation. “There are professions, among the men, no more favorable to these studies than the common avocations of women.
Richardson.” “In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his standard, and returned to their ordinary avocations.
Macaulay.” “An irregularity and instability of purpose, which makes them choose the wandering avocations of a shepherd, rather than the more fixed pursuits of agriculture.
Buckle.”

A•vo´ca•tive (a•vo´ka•tiv), a. Calling off. [Obs.]

A•vo´ca•tive, n. That which calls aside; a dissuasive. { Av´o•cet , Av´o•set } (av´o•set), n. [F. avocette: cf. It. avosetta, Sp. avoceta.] (Zoöl.) A grallatorial bird, of the genus Recurvirostra; the scooper. The bill is long and bend upward toward the tip. The American species is R. Americana. [Written also avocette.]

A•void´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avoided; p. pr. & vb. n. Avoiding.] [OF. esvuidier, es (L. ex) + vuidier, voidier, to empty. See Void, a.] 1. To empty. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To emit or throw out; to void; as to avoid excretions. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. To quit or evacuate; to withdraw from. [Obs.] “Six of us only stayed, and the rest avoided
the room.
Bacon.” 4. To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute. “How can these grants of the king’s be avoided?
Spenser.” 5. To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as to avoid the company of gamesters. “What need a man forestall his date of grief.
And run to meet what he would most avoid ?
Milton.” “He carefully avoided every act which could goad them into open hostility.
Macaulay.” 6. To get rid of. [Obs.] Shak. 7. (Pleading) To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant’s plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter. Blackstone. Syn. — To escape; elude; evade; eschew. — To Avoid, Shun. Avoid in its commonest sense means, to keep clear of, an extension of the meaning, to withdraw one’s self from. It denotes care taken not to come near or in contact; as to avoid certain persons or places. Shun is a stronger term, implying more prominently the idea of intention. The words may, however, in many cases be interchanged. “No man can pray from his heart to be kept from temptation, if the take no care of himself to avoid it.
Mason.” “So Chanticleer, who never saw a fox,
Yet shunned him as a sailor shuns the rocks.
Dryden.”

A•void´, v. i. 1. To retire; to withdraw. [Obs.] “David avoided out of his presence.
1 Sam. xviii. 11.” 2. (Law) To become void or vacant. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

A•void´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being vacated; liable to be annulled or made invalid; voidable. “The charters were not avoidable for the king’s nonage.
Hale.” 2. Capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped.

A•void´ance , n. 1. The act of annulling; annulment. 2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being vacant; — specifically used for the state of a benefice becoming void by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent. “Wolsey, … on every avoidance of St. Peter’s chair, was sitting down therein, when suddenly some one or other clapped in before him.
Fuller.” 3. A dismissing or a quitting; removal; withdrawal. 4. The act of avoiding or shunning; keeping clear of. ´The avoidance of pain.´ Beattie. 5. The courts by which anything is carried off. “Avoidances and drainings of water.
Bacon.”

A•void´er , n. 1. The person who carries anything away, or the vessel in which things are carried away. Johnson. 2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes.

A•void´less, a. Unavoidable; inevitable.

Av•oir•du•pois´ (av•er•du•poiz´), n. & a. [OE. aver de peis, goods of weight, where peis is fr. OF. peis weight, F. poids, L. pensum. See Aver, n., and Poise, n.] 1. Goods sold by weight. [Obs.] 2. Avoirdupois weight. 3. Weight; heaviness; as a woman of much avoirdupois. [Colloq.] Avoirdupois weight, a system of weights by which coarser commodities are weighed, such as hay, grain, butter, sugar, tea. The standard Avoirdupois pound of the United States is equivalent to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches, and the water weighed in the air with brass weights. In this system of weights 16 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound, 25 pounds 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 hundred weight, and 20 hundred weight 1 ton. The above pound contains 7,000 grains, or 453.54 grams, so that 1 pound avoirdupois is equivalent to 1 31-144 pounds troy. (See Troy weight.) Formerly, a hundred weight was reckoned at 112 pounds, the ton being 2,240 pounds (sometimes called a long ton).

A•voke´ , v. t. [Cf. Avocate.] To call from or back again. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Av´o•late , v. i. [L. avolare; a (ab) + volare to fly.] To fly away; to escape; to exhale. [Obs.]

Av•o•la´tion , n. [LL. avolatio.] The act of flying; flight; evaporation. [Obs.]

Av´o•set , n. Same as Avocet.

A•vouch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avouched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] [OF. avochier, LL. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, fr. L. advocare to call to; ad + vocare to call. Cf. Avow to declare, Advocate, and see Vouch, v. t.] 1. To appeal to; to cite or claim as authority. [Obs.] “They avouch many successions of authorities.
Coke.” 2. To maintain a just or true; to vouch for. “We might be disposed to question its authenticity, it if were not avouched by the full evidence.
Milman.” 3. To declare or assert positively and as matter of fact; to affirm openly. “If this which he avouches does appear.
Shak.” “Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish.
Spenser.” 4. To acknowledge deliberately; to admit; to confess; to sanction. “Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God.
Deut. xxvi. 17.”

A•vouch´ , n. Evidence; declaration. [Obs.] “The sensible and true avouch
Of mine own eyes.
Shak.”

A•vouch´a•ble , a. Capable of being avouched.

A•vouch´er , n. One who avouches.

A•vouch´ment , n. The act of avouching; positive declaration. [Obs.] Milton.

A•vou´trer , n. See Advoutrer. [Obs.]

A•vou´trie , n. [OF.] Adultery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•vow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Avowing.] [F. avouver, fr. L. advocare to call to (whence the meanings, to call upon as superior; recognize as lord, own, confess); ad + vocare to call. See Advocate, Avouch.] 1. To declare openly, as something believed to be right; to own or acknowledge frankly; as a man avows his principles or his crimes. “Which I to be the of Israel’s God
Avow, and challenge Dagon to the test.
Milton.” 2. (Law) To acknowledge and justify, as an act done. See Avowry. Blackstone. Syn. — To acknowledge; own; confess. See Confess.

A•vow´, n. [Cf. F. aveu.] Avowal. [Obs.] Dryden.

A•vow´, v. t. & i. [OF. avouer, fr. LL. votare to vow, fr. L. votun. See Vote, n.] To bind, or to devote, by a vow. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A•vow´, n. A vow or determination. [Archaic]

A•vow´a•ble , a. Capable of being avowed, or openly acknowledged, with confidence. Donne.

A•vow´al , n. An open declaration; frank acknowledgment; as an avowal of such principles. Hume.

A•vow´ance , n. 1. Act of avowing; avowal. 2. Upholding; defense; vindication. [Obs.] “Can my avowance of king-murdering be collected from anything here written by me?
Fuller.”

A•vow´ant , n. (Law) The defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies the taking. Cowell.

A•vowed´ , a. Openly acknowledged or declared; admitted. — A•vow´ed•ly , adv.

A•vow•ee´ , n. [F. avoue. Cf. Advowee, Advocate, n.] The person who has a right to present to a benefice; the patron; an advowee. See Advowson.

A•vow´er , n. One who avows or asserts.

A•vow´ry , n. [OE. avouerie protection, authority, OF. avouerie. See Avow to declare.] 1. An advocate; a patron; a patron saint. [Obs.] “Let God alone be our avowry.
Latimer.” 2. The act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. Blackstone. When an action of replevin is brought, the distrainer either makes avowry, that is, avours taking the distress in his own right, or the right of his wife, and states the reason if it, as for arrears of rent, damage done, or the like; or makes cognizance, that is, acknowledges the taking, but justifies in an another’s right, as his bailiff or servant.

A•vow´try, v. t. Adultery. See Advoutry.

A•voy´er , n. [F.] A chief magistrate of a free imperial city or canton of Switzerland. [Obs.]

A•vulse´ , v. t. [L. avulsus, p. p. of avellere to tear off; a (ab) + vellere to pluck.] To pluck or pull off. Shenstone.

A•vul´sion , n. [L. avulsio.] 1. A tearing asunder; a forcible separation. “The avulsion of two polished superficies.
Locke.” 2. A fragment torn off. J. Barlow. 3. (Law) The sudden removal of lands or soil from the estate of one man to that of another by an inundation or a current, or by a sudden change in the course of a river by which a part of the estate of one man is cut off and joined to the estate of another. The property in the part thus separated, or cut off, continues in the original owner. Wharton. Burrill.

A•vun´cu•lar , a. [L. avunculus uncle.] Of or pertaining to an uncle. “In these rare instances, the law of pedigree, whether direct or avuncular, gives way.
I. Taylor.”

A•wait´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awaited; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaiting.] [OF. awaitier, agaitier; (L. ad) + waitier, gaitier to watch, F. guetter. See Wait.] 1. To watch for; to look out for. [Obs.] 2. To wait on, serve, or attend. [Obs.] 3. To wait for; to stay for; to expect. See Expect. “Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat,
Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night.
Milton.” 4. To be in store for; to be ready or in waiting for; as a glorious reward awaits the good. “O Eve, some farther change awaits us night.
Milton.”

A•wait´, v. i. 1. To watch. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To wait (on or upon). [Obs.] 3. To wait; to stay in waiting. Darwin.

A•wait´, n. A waiting for; ambush; watch; watching; heed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•wake´ , v. t. [imp. Awoke , Awaked ; p. p. Awaked; (Obs.) Awaken, Awoken; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaking. The form Awoke is sometimes used as a p. p.] [AS. awaecnan, v. i. (imp. awoc), and awacian, v. i. (imp. awacode). See Awaken, Wake.] 1. To rouse from sleep; to wake; to awaken. “Where morning’s earliest ray … awake her.
Tennyson.” “And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us; we perish.
Matt. viii. 25.” 2. To rouse from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity., or inaction; to put into action; to give new life to; to stir up; as to awake the dead; to awake the dormant faculties. “I was soon awaked from this disagreeable reverie.
Goldsmith.” “It way awake my bounty further.
Shak.” “No sunny gleam awakes the trees.
Keble.”

A•wake´ , v. i. To cease to sleep; to come out of a state of natural sleep; and, figuratively, out of a state resembling sleep, as inaction or death. “The national spirit again awoke.
Freeman.” “Awake to righteousness, and sin not.
1 Cor. xv. 34.”

A•wake´, a. [From awaken, old p. p. of awake.] Not sleeping or lethargic; roused from sleep; in a state of vigilance or action. “Before whom awake I stood.
Milton.” “She still beheld,
Now wide awake, the vision of her sleep.
Keats.” “He was awake to the danger.
Froude.”

A•wak´en , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Awakened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Awakening.] [OE. awakenen, awaknen, AS. awaecnan, awaecnian, v. i.; pref. on- + waecnan to wake. Cf. Awake, v. t.] To rouse from sleep or torpor; to awake; to wake. “[He] is dispatched
Already to awaken whom thou nam’st.
Cowper.” “Their consciences are thoroughly awakened.
Tillotson.” Syn. — To arouse; excite; stir up; call forth.

A•wak´en•er , n. One who, or that which, awakens.

A•wak´en•ing, a. Rousing from sleep, in a natural or a figurative sense; rousing into activity; exciting; as the awakening city; an awakening discourse; the awakening dawn. — A•wak´en•ing•ly, adv.

A•wak´en•ing, n. The act of awaking, or ceasing to sleep. Specifically: A revival of religion, or more general attention to religious matters than usual.

A•wak´en•ment , n. An awakening. [R.]

A•want´ing , a. [Pref. a- + wanting.] Missing; wanting. [Prov. Scot. & Eng.] Sir W. Hamilton.

A•ward´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Awarding.] [OF. eswarder to look at, consider, decide, judge; es (L. ex) + warder, garder, to observe, take heed, keep, fr. OHG. warten to watch, guard. See Ward.] To give by sentence or judicial determination; to assign or apportion, after careful regard to the nature of the case; to adjudge; as the arbitrators awarded damages to the complainant. “To review
The wrongful sentence, and award a new.
Dryden.”

A•ward´, v. i. To determine; to make an award.

A•ward´, n. [Cf. OF. award, awart, esgart. See Award, v. t.] 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decision. Specifically: The decision of arbitrators in a case submitted.´Impatient for the award.´ Cowper. “An award had been given against.
Gilpin.” 2. The paper containing the decision of arbitrators; that which is warded. Bouvier.

A•ward´er , n. One who awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination; a judge.

A•ware´ , a. [OE. iwar, AS. gewaer, fr. waer wary. The pref. ge- orig. meant together, completely. . See Wary.] 1. Watchful; vigilant or on one’s guard against danger or difficulty. 2. Apprised; informed; cognizant; conscious; as he was aware of the enemy’s designs. “Aware of nothing arduous in a task
They never undertook.
Cowper.”

A•warn´ , v. t. [Pref. a- + warn, AS. gewarnian. See Warn, v. t.] To warn. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•wash´ , a. [Pref. a- + wash.] Washed by the waves or tide; — said of a rock or strip of shore, or (Naut.) of an anchor, etc., when flush with the surface of the water, so that the waves break over it.

A•way´ , adv. [AS. aweg, anweg, onweg; on on + weg way.] 1. From a place; hence. “The sound is going away.
Shak.” “Have me away, for I am sore wounded.
2 Chron. xxxv. 23.” 2. Absent; gone; at a distance; as the master is away from home. 3. Aside; off; in another direction. “The axis of rotation is inclined away from the sun.
Lockyer.” 4. From a state or condition of being; out of existence. “Be near me when I fade away.
Tennyson.” 5. By ellipsis of the verb, equivalent to an imperative: Go or come away; begone; take away. “And the Lord said … Away, get thee down.
Exod. xix. 24.” 6. On; in continuance; without intermission or delay; as sing away. [Colloq.] It is much used in phrases signifying moving or going from; as go away, run away, etc.; all signifying departure, or separation to a distance. Sometimes without the verb; as whither away so fast ? ´Love hath wings, and will away.´ Waller. It serves to modify the sense of certain verbs by adding that of removal, loss, parting with, etc.; as to throw away; to trifle away; to squander away, etc. Sometimes it has merely an intensive force; as to blaze away. Away with, bear, abide. [Obs. or Archaic] ´The calling of assemblies, I can not away with.´ (Isa. i. 13), i. e., ´I can not bear or endure [it].´ — Away with one, signifies, take him away. ´Away with him, crucify him.´ John xix. 15. — To make away with. (a) To kill or destroy. (b) To carry off.

A•way´-go´ing (a•wa´go´ing), a. (Law) Sown during the last years of a tenancy, but not ripe until after its expiration; — said of crops. Wharton.

A•way´ward (a•wa´werd), adv. Turned away; away. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Awe (a), n. [OE. a&yogh;e, aghe, fr. Icel. agi; akin to AS. ege, oga, Goth. agis, Dan. ave chastisement, fear, Gr. ’a•chos pain, distress, from the same root as E. ail. rad.3. Cf. Ugly.] 1. Dread; great fear mingled with respect. [Obs. or Obsolescent] “His frown was full of terror, and his voice
Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe.
Cowper.” 2. The emotion inspired by something dreadful and sublime; an undefined sense of the dreadful and the sublime; reverential fear, or solemn wonder; profound reverence. “There is an awe in mortals’ joy,
A deep mysterious fear.
Keble.” “To tame the pride of that power which held the Continent in awe.
Macaulay.” “The solitude of the desert, or the loftiness of the mountain, may fill the mind with awe — the sense of our own littleness in some greater presence or power.
C. J. Smith.” To stand in awe of, to fear greatly; to reverence profoundly. Syn. — See Reverence.

Awe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Awing.] To strike with fear and reverence; to inspire with awe; to control by inspiring dread. “That same eye whose bend doth awe the world.
Shak.” “His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted the bystanders.
Macaulay.”

A•wea´ried , p. p. Wearied. [Poetic]

A•wea´ry , a. [Pref. a- + weary.] Weary. [Poetic] ´I begin to be aweary of thee.´ Shak.

A•weath´er , adv. [Pref. a- + weather.] (Naut.) On the weather side, or toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows; — opposed to alee; as helm aweather! Totten.

A•weigh´ , adv. [Pref. a- + weigh.] (Naut.) Just drawn out of the ground, and hanging perpendicularly; atrip; — said of the anchor. Totten.

Awe´less , a. See Awless.

Awe´some , a. 1. Causing awe; appalling; awful; as an awesome sight. Wright. 2. Expressive of awe or terror. “An awesome glance up at the auld castle.
Sir W. Scott.”

Awe´some•ness, n. The quality of being awesome.

Awe´-strick•en , a. Awe- struck.

Awe´-struck , a. Struck with awe. Milton.

Aw´ful , a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror; appalling; terrible; as an awful scene. ´The hour of Nature’s awful throes.´ Hemans. 2. Inspiring awe; filling with profound reverence, or with fear and admiration; fitted to inspire reverential fear; profoundly impressive. “Heaven’s awful Monarch.
Milton.” 3. Struck or filled with awe; terror- stricken. [Obs.] “A weak and awful reverence for antiquity.
I. Watts.” 4. Worshipful; reverential; law-abiding. [Obs.] “Thrust from the company of awful men.
Shak.” 5. Frightful; exceedingly bad; great; — applied intensively; as an awful bonnet; an awful boaster. [Slang] Syn. — See Frightful.

Aw´ful•ly, adv. 1. In an awful manner; in a manner to fill with terror or awe; fearfully; reverently. 2. Very; excessively. [Slang]

Aw´ful•ness, n. 1. The quality of striking with awe, or with reverence; dreadfulness; solemnity; as the awfulness of this sacred place. “The awfulness of grandeur.
Johnson.” 2. The state of being struck with awe; a spirit of solemnity; profound reverence. [Obs.] “Producing in us reverence and awfulness.
Jer. Taylor.”

A•whape´ , v. t. [Cf. whap blow.] To confound; to terrify; to amaze. [Obs.] Spenser.

A•while´ , adv. [Adj. a + while time, interval.] For a while; for some time; for a short time.

A•wing´ , adv. [Pref. a- + wing.] On the wing; flying; fluttering. Wallace.

Awk (ak), a. [OE. auk, awk (properly) turned away; (hence) contrary, wrong, from Icel. öfigr, öfugr, afigr, turning the wrong way, fr. af off, away; cf. OHG. abuh, Skr. apac turned away, fr. apa off, away + a root ak, a&uor;k, to bend, from which come also E. angle, anchor.] 1. Odd; out of order; perverse. [Obs.] 2. Wrong, or not commonly used; clumsy; sinister; as the awk end of a rod (the but end). [Obs.] Golding. 3. Clumsy in performance or manners; unhandy; not dexterous; awkward. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Awk, adv. Perversely; in the wrong way. L’Estrange.

Awk´ly, adv. 1. In an unlucky (left-handed) or perverse manner. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Awkwardly. [Obs.] Fuller.

Awk´ward (ak´weerd), a. [Awk + -ward.] 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments; not dexterous; without skill; clumsy; wanting ease, grace, or effectiveness in movement; ungraceful; as he was awkward at a trick; an awkward boy. “And dropped an awkward courtesy.
Dryden.” 2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing. “A long and awkward process.
Macaulay.” “An awkward affair is one that has gone wrong, and is difficult to adjust.
C. J. Smith.” 3. Perverse; adverse; untoward. [Obs.] ´Awkward casualties.´ ´Awkward wind.´ Shak. “O blind guides, which being of an awkward religion, do strain out a gnat, and swallow up a cancel.
Udall.” Syn. — Ungainly; unhandy; clownish; lubberly; gawky; maladroit; bungling; inelegant; ungraceful; unbecoming. — Awkward, Clumsy, Uncouth. Awkward has a special reference to outward deportment. A man is clumsy in his whole person, he is awkward in his gait and the movement of his limbs. Clumsiness is seen at the first view. Awkwardness is discovered only when a person begins to move. Hence the expressions, a clumsy appearance, and an awkward manner. When we speak figuratively of an awkward excuse, we think of a want of ease and grace in making it; when we speak of a clumsy excuse, we think of the whole thing as coarse and stupid. We apply the term uncouth most frequently to that which results from the want of instruction or training; as uncouth manners; uncouth language. — Awk´ward•ly (ak´weerd•ly), adv. — Awk´ward•ness, n.

Awl (al), n. [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. ael, awel; akin to Icel. alr, OHG. ala, G. ahle, Lith. yla, Skr. ara.] A pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood; used by shoemakers, saddlers, cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler’s awl, shoemaker’s awl, etc.

Aw´less (a´les), a. 1. Wanting reverence; void of respectful fear. ´Awless insolence.´ Dryden. 2. Inspiring no awe. [Obs.] ´The awless throne.´ Shak. [Written also aweless]

Aw´less•ness, n. The quality of being awless.

Awl´-shaped (al´shapt•), a. 1. Shaped like an awl. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Subulate. See Subulate. Gray.

Awl´wort (al´wûrt•), n. [Awl + wort.] (Bot.) A plant (Subularia aquatica), with awl-shaped leaves.

Awm (am), n. See Aam.

Awn (an), n. [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. ögn, pl. agnir; akin to Sw. agn, Dan. avne, Goth. ahana, OHG. agana, G. agen, ahne, chaff, Gr. ’a•chnh, AS. egla; prob. from same root as E. acute. See 3d Ear.] 1. (Bot.) The bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc., or any similar bristlelike appendage; arista. Gray.

Awned (and), a. (Bot.) Furnished with an awn, or long bristle-shaped tip; bearded. Gray.

Awn´ing , n. [Origin uncertain: cf. F. auvent awing, or Pers. awan, awang, anything suspended, or LG. havening a place sheltered from wind and weather, E. haven.] 1. A rooflike cover, usually of canvas extended over or before any place as a shelter from the sun, rain, or wind. 2. (Naut.) That part of the poop deck which is continued forward beyond the bulkhead of the cabin.

Awn´inged , a. Furnished with an awning.

Awn´less, a. Without awns or beard.

Awn´y , a. Having awns; bearded.

A•work´ , adv. [Pref. a- + work.] At work; in action. ´Set awork.´ Shak.

A•work´ing, adv. [Pref. a- + working.] At work; in action. [Archaic or Colloq.] Spenser. { A•wreak´ , A•wreke´ } , v. t. & i. To avenge. [Obs.] See Wreak.

A•wrong´ , adv. [Pref. a- + wrong.] Wrongly. Ford.

A•wry´ , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side; not in a straight or true direction, or position; out of the right course; distorted; obliquely; asquint; with oblique vision; as to glance awry. ´Your crown’s awry.´ Shak. “Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry.
Into the devious air.
Milton.” 2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason; unreasonable or unreasonably; perverse or perversely. “Or by her charms
Draws him awry, enslaved.
Milton.” “Nothing more awry from the law of God and nature than that a woman should give laws to men.
Milton.”

Aw´some , a. Same as Awesome. { Ax , Axe } , n. [OE. ax, axe, AS. eax, aex, acas; akin to D. akse, OS. accus, OHG. acchus, G. axt, Icel. öx, öxi, Sw. yxe, Dan. ökse, Goth. aqizi, Gr. , L. ascia; not akin to E. acute.] A tool or instrument of steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling trees, chopping and splitting wood, hewing timber, etc. It is wielded by a wooden helve or handle, so fixed in a socket or eye as to be in the same plane with the blade. The broadax, or carpenter’s ax, is an ax for hewing timber, made heavier than the chopping ax, and with a broader and thinner blade and a shorter handle. The ancient battle-ax had sometimes a double edge. The word is used adjectively or in combination; as axhead or ax head; ax helve; ax handle; ax shaft; ax-shaped; axlike. This word was originally spelt with e, axe; and so also was nearly every corresponding word of one syllable: as flaxe, taxe, waxe, sixe, mixe, pixe, oxe, fluxe, etc. This superfluous e is not dropped; so that, in more than a hundred words ending in x, no one thinks of retaining the e except in axe. Analogy requires its exclusion here. ´The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late become prevalent.´ New English Dict. (Murray).

Ax , v. t. & i. [OE. axien and asken. See Ask.] To ask; to inquire or inquire of. This word is from Saxon, and is as old as the English language. Formerly it was in good use, but now is regarded as a vulgarism. It is still dialectic in England, and is sometimes heard among the uneducated in the United States. ´And Pilate axide him, Art thou king of Jewis?´ ´Or if he axea fish.´ Wyclif. ’bdThe king axed after your Grace’s welfare.´ Pegge.

Ax´al , a. [See Axial.] [R.] { Axe , Axe´man , etc.} See Ax, Axman.

Ax´i•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to an axis; of the nature of, or resembling, an axis; around an axis. “To take on an axial, and not an equatorial, direction.
Nichol.” 2. (Anat.) Belonging to the axis of the body; as the axial skeleton; or to the axis of any appendage or organ; as the axial bones. Axial line (Magnetism), the line taken by the magnetic force in passing from one pole of a horseshoe magnet to the other. Faraday.

Ax´i•al•ly , adv. In relation to, or in a line with, an axis; in the axial (magnetic) line.

Ax´il , n. [L. axilla. Cf. Axle.] (Bot.) The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. Gray.

Ax´ile , a. Situated in the axis of anything; as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Gray.

Ax•il´la , n.; pl. Axillae . [L.] (Anat.) The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder. 2. (Bot.) An axil.

Ax´il•lar , a. Axillary. { Ax´il•la•ries , Ax´il•lars } n. pl. (Zoöl.) Feathers connecting the under surface of the wing and the body, and concealed by the closed wing.

Ax´il•la•ry , a. [See Axil.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the axilla or armpit; as axillary gland, artery, nerve. 2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, an axil; of or pertaining to an axil. ´Axillary buds.´ Gray.

Ax´i•nite , n. [Named in allusion to the form of the crystals, fr. Gr. an ax.] (Min.) A borosilicate of alumina, iron, and lime, commonly found in glassy, brown crystals with acute edges.

Ax•in´o•man•cy , n. [L. axinomantia, Gr. ax + -mancy.] A species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet.

Ax´i•om , n. [L. axioma, Gr. that which is thought worthy, that which is assumed, a basis of demonstration, a principle, fr. to think worthy, fr. worthy, weighing as much as; cf. to lead, drive, also to weigh so much: cf F. axiome. See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) A self-evident and necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident as first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted; as ´The whole is greater than a part;´ ´A thing can not, at the same time, be and not be.´ 2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received; as the axioms of political economy. Syn. — Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom is a self-evident truth which is taken for granted as the basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sentence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth or sentiment. An adage is a saying of long-established authority and of universal application. { Ax•i•o•mat´ic , Ax•i•o•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to an axiom; having the nature of an axiom; self-evident; characterized by axioms. ´Axiomatical truth.´ Johnson. “The stores of axiomatic wisdom.
I. Taylor.”

Ax•i•o•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. By the use of axioms; in the form of an axiom.

Ax´is , n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The spotted deer (Cervus axis or Axis maculata) of India, where it is called hog deer and parrah (Moorish name).

Ax´is , n.; pl. Axes . [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.] A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged. 2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center. 3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. Gray. 4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon. 5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded. 6. (Fine Arts) The primary or secondary central line of any design. Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. — Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. — Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; — called also axis band, axial fiber, and cylinder axis. — Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. — Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a principal axis, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the major axis and the minor axis, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the transverse axis and the conjugate axis. — Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its center and perpendicular to its surfaces. — Axis of a telescope or microscope, the straight line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses which compose it. — Axes of coördinates in a plane, two straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position: they are either rectangular or oblique. — Axes of coördinates in space, the three straight lines in which the coördinate planes intersect each other. — Axis of a balance, that line about which it turns. — Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration. — Axis of polarization, the central line around which the prismatic rings or curves are arranged. Brewster. — Axis of revolution (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the several points of the line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution. — Axis of symmetry (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other part. — Axis of the equator, ecliptic, horizon (or other circle considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Hutton. — Axis of the Ionic capital (Arch.), a line passing perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. - - Neutral axis (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. - - Optic axis of a crystal, the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial. — Optic axis, Visual axis (Opt.), the straight line passing through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the surface of the eye. — Radical axis of two circles (Geom.), the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles shall be equal to each other. — Spiral axis (Arch.), the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. - - Axis of abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa.

Ax´le (aks´’l), n. [OE. axel, exel, shoulder, AS. eaxl; akin to AS. eax axle, Sw. & Dan. axel shoulder, axle, G. achse axle, achsel shoulder, L. axis axle, Gr. ’a•xwn, Skr. aksha, L. axilla shoulder joint: cf. F. essieu, axle, OF. aissel, fr. dim. of L. axis. rad.205. Cf. 2d Axis.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage; an axletree. 3. An axis; as the sun’s axle. “Had from her axle torn
The steadfast earth.
Milton.” Railway axles are called leading and trailing from their position in the front or in the rear of a car or truck respectively.

Ax´le box . 1. A bushing in the hub of a wheel, through which the axle passes. 2. The journal box of a rotating axle, especially a railway axle. In railway construction, the axle guard, or pedestal, with the superincumbent weight, rests on the top of the box (usually with a spring intervening), and holds it in place by flanges. The box rests upon the journal bearing and key, which intervene between the inner top of the box and the axle.

Ax´led , a. Having an axle; — used in composition. “Merlin’s agate-axled car.
T. Warton.”

Ax´le guard . The part of the framing of a railway car or truck, by which an axle box is held laterally, and in which it may move vertically; — also called a jaw in the United States, and a housing in England.

Ax´le•tree , n. [Cf. Icel. öxultr.] 1. A bar or beam of wood or iron, connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the ends of which the wheels revolve. 2. A spindle or axle of a wheel. [Obs.]

Ax´man , n.; pl. Axmen . One who wields an ax.

Ax´min•ster , n. An Axminster carpet, an imitation Turkey carpet, noted for its thick and soft pile; — so called from Axminster, Eng.

Ax´o•lotl , n. [The native name.] (Zoöl.) An amphibian of the salamander tribe found in the elevated lakes of Mexico; the siredon. When it breeds in captivity the young develop into true salamanders of the genus Amblystoma. This also occurs naturally under favorable conditions, in its native localities; although it commonly lives and breeds in a larval state, with persistent external gills. See Siredon.

Ax´stone , n. (Min.) A variety of jade. It is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the South Sea Islands, for making axes or hatchets.

Ax´tree , n. Axle or axletree. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ax´unge , n. [F. axonge, L. axungia; axis wheel + ungere to grease.] Fat; grease; esp. the fat of pigs or geese; usually (Pharm.), lard prepared for medical use.

Ay , interj. Ah! alas! ´Ay me! I fondly dream •Had ye been there.’´ Milton.

Ay , adv. Same as Aye.

A´yah , n. [Pg. aia, akin to Sp. aya a governess, ayo a tutor.] A native nurse for children; also a lady’s maid. [India] { Aye , Ay } , adv. [Perh. a modification of yea, or from the interjection of admiration or astonishment, OE. ei, ey, why, hey, ay, well, ah, ha. Cf. MHG. & G. ei, Dan. ej. Or perh. akin to aye ever.] Yes; yea; — a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question. It is much used in viva voce voting in legislative bodies, etc. This word is written I in the early editions of Shakespeare and other old writers.

Aye , n. An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as ´To call for the ayes and noes;´ ´The ayes have it.´ { Aye , Ay } , adv. [Icel. ei, ey; akin to AS. a, awa, always, Goth. aiws an age, Icel. aefi, OHG, wa, L. aevum, Gr. an age, , , ever, always, G. je, Skr. va course. , . Cf. Age, v., Either, a., Or, conj.] Always; ever; continually; for an indefinite time. “For his mercies aye endure.
Milton.” For aye, always; forever; eternally.

Aye´-aye , n. [From the native name, prob. from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A singular nocturnal quadruped, allied to the lemurs, found in Madagascar (Cheiromys Madagascariensis), remarkable for its long fingers, sharp nails, and rodent-like incisor teeth.

Aye´green , n. [Aye ever + green.] (Bot.) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum). Halliwell. { A•yen´ , A•yein´ , A•yeins´ }, adv. & prep. [OE. , . See Again.] Again; back against. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A•yen´ward , adv. Backward. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ayle , n. [OE. ayel, aiel, OF. aiol, aiel, F. aïeul, a dim. of L. avus grandfather.] A grandfather. [Obs.] Writ of Ayle, an ancient English writ which lay against a stranger who had dispossessed the demandant of land of which his grandfather died seized.

Ay´me , n. [Cf. F. ahi interj.] The utterance of the ejaculation ´Ay me !´ [Obs.] See Ay, interj. ´Aymees and hearty heigh-hoes.´ J. Fletcher.

A•yond´ , prep. & adv. Beyond. [North of Eng.]

A•yont´ , prep. & adv. Beyond. [Scot.] { A´y•rie , A´y•ry } , n. See Aerie. Drayton.

Ayr´shire , n. (Agric.) One of a superior breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshires are notable for the quantity and quality of their milk.

A•yun•ta•mi•en´to , n. [Sp., fr. OSp. ayuntar to join.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in cities and towns, corresponding to mayor and aldermen.

A•za´le•a ( 97), n.; pl. Azaleas . [NL., fr. Gr. dry, — so called because supposed to grow best in dry ground.] (Bot.) A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron.

Az´a•role , n. [F. azerole, the name of the fruit, fr. Ar. az-zo’rr: cf. It. azzeruolo, Sp. acerolo.] (Bot.) The Neapolitan medlar (Crataegus azarolus), a shrub of southern Europe; also its fruit.

A•zed´a•rach , n. [F. azedarac, Sp. acederaque, Pers. azaddirakht noble tree.] 1. (Bot.) A handsome Asiatic tree (Melia azedarach), common in the southern United States; — called also Pride of India, Pride of China, and Bead tree. 2. (Med.) The bark of the roots of the azedarach, used as a cathartic and emetic.

Az´i•muth , n. [OE. azimut, F. azimut, fr. Ar. as-sumt, pl. of as-samt a way, or perh., a point of the horizon and a circle extending to it from the zenith, as being the Arabic article: cf. It. azzimutto, Pg. azimuth, and Ar. samt-al-ra’s the vertex of the heaven. Cf. Zenith.] (Astron. & Geodesy) (a) The quadrant of an azimuth circle. (b) An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying. In trigonometrical surveying, it is customary to reckon the azimuth of a line from the south point of the horizon around by the west from 0° to 360°. Azimuth circle, or Vertical circle, one of the great circles of the sphere intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. Hutton. — Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner’s compass, but having the card divided into degrees instead of rhumbs, and having vertical sights; used for taking the magnetic azimuth of a heavenly body, in order to find, by comparison with the true azimuth, the variation of the needle. — Azimuth dial, a dial whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. Hutton. — Magnetic azimuth, an arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object and the magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an azimuth compass.

Az´i•muth•al , a. Of or pertaining to the azimuth; in a horizontal circle. Azimuthal error of a transit instrument, its deviation in azimuth from the plane of the meridian.

Az´o- . [See Azote.] (Chem.) A combining form of azote; (a) Applied loosely to compounds having nitrogen variously combined, as in cyanides, nitrates, etc. (b) Now especially applied to compounds containing a two atom nitrogen group uniting two hydrocarbon radicals, as in azobenzene, azobenzoic, etc. These compounds furnish many artificial dyes. See Diazo-.

Az•o•ben´zene , n. [Azo- + benzene.] (Chem.) A substance (C6H5.N2.C6H5) derived from nitrobenzene, forming orange red crystals which are easily fusible.

A•zo´ic , a. [Gr. ’a priv. + life, from to live.] Destitute of any vestige of organic life, or at least of animal life; anterior to the existence of animal life; formed when there was no animal life on the globe; as the azoic. rocks. Azoic age (Geol.), the age preceding the existence of animal life, or anterior to the paleozoic tome. Azoic is also used as a noun, age being understood. See Archaean, and Eozoic.

Az•o•le´ic , a. [Azo- + oleic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid produced by treating oleic with nitric acid. [R.]

A•zon´ic , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + zone, region.] Confined to no zone or region; not local.

A•zo´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Azores. — n. A native of the Azores.

Az´ote ( 277), n. [F. azote, fr. Gr. ’a priv. + life; — so named by Lavoisier because it is incapable of supporting life.] Same as Nitrogen. [R.]

Az´oth , n. [LL. azoch, azoth, fr. Ar. az-zauq mercury.] (Alchemy) (a) The first principle of metals, i. e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in all metals, and to be extractable from them. (b) The universal remedy of Paracelsus.

A•zot´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; nitric; as azotic gas; azotic acid. [R.] Carpenter.

Az´o•tite , n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of azotous, or nitrous, acid with a base; a nitrite. [R.]

Az´o•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Azotized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Azotizing .] To impregnate with azote, or nitrogen; to nitrogenize.

Az•o•tom´e•ter , n. [Azote + - meter.] (Chem.) An apparatus for measuring or determining the proportion of nitrogen; a nitrometer.

A•zo´tous , a. Nitrous; as azotous acid. [R.]

Az´tec , a. Of or relating to one of the early races in Mexico that inhabited the great plateau of that country at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519. — n. One of the Aztec race or people.

Az´ure ( 277), a. [F. & OSp. azur, Sp. azul, through Ar. from Per. lajaward, or lajuward, lapis lazuli, a blue color, lajawardi, lajuwardi, azure, cerulean, the initial l having been dropped, perhaps by the influence of the Ar. azr-aq azure, blue. Cf. G. lasur, lasurstein, azure color, azure stone, and NL. lapis lazuli.] Sky-blue; resembling the clear blue color of the unclouded sky; cerulean; also cloudless. Azure stone (Min.), the lapis lazuli; also the lazulite.

Az´ure, n. 1. The lapis lazuli. [Obs.] 2. The clear blue color of the sky; also a pigment or dye of this color. ´In robes of azure.´ Wordsworth. 3. The blue vault above; the unclouded sky. “Not like those steps
On heaven’s azure.
Milton.” 4. (Her.) A blue color, represented in engraving by horizontal parallel lines.

Az´ure, v. t. To color blue.

Az´ured , a. Of an azure color; sky-blue. ´The azured harebell.´ Shak.

A•zu´re•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of a fine blue color; azure.

Az´u•rine , a. [Cf. Azurn.] Azure.

Az´u•rine, n. (Zoöl.) The blue roach of Europe (Leuciscus caeruleus); — so called from its color.

Az´u•rite , n. (Min.) Blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite.

Az´urn , a. [Cf. OF. azurin, asurin, LL. azurinus. See Azure, a.] Azure. [Obs.] “Thick set with agate, and the azurn sheen
Of turkis blue, and emerald green.
Milton.”

Az´y•gous , a. [Gr. ; ’a priv. + yoke.] Odd; having no fellow; not one of a pair; single; as the azygous muscle of the uvula. { Az´ym , Az´yme } , n. [F. azyme unleavened, L. azymus, fr. Gr. ; ’a priv. + leaven.] Unleavened bread.

A•zym´ic , a. Azymous.

Az´y•mite , n. [Cf. F. azymite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who administered the Eucharist with unleavened bread; — a name of reproach given by those of the Greek church to the Latins.

Az´y•mous , a. [See Azym.] Unleavened; unfermented. ´Azymous bread.´ Dunglison. B.

B (be) is the second letter of the English alphabet. (See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 196, 220.) It is etymologically related to p, v, f, w, and m, letters representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its own sound; as in Eng. bursar and purser; Eng. bear and Lat. ferre; Eng. silver and Ger. silber; Lat. cubitum and It. gomito; Eng. seven, Anglo-Saxon seofon, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Gr.´epta•, Sanskrit saptan. The form of letter B is Roman, from the Greek B (Beta), of Semitic origin. The small b was formed by gradual change from the capital B. In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in the model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the second tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor). B&flat; stands for B flat, the tone a half step , or semitone, lower than B. In German, B stands for our B&flat;, while our B natural is called H (pronounced hä).

Ba (bä), v. t. [Cf. OF. baer to open the mouth, F. bayer.] To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Baa (bä), v. i. [Cf. G. bäen; an imitative word.] To cry baa, or bleat as a sheep. “He treble baas for help, but none can get.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Baa (bä), n.; pl. Baas (bäz). [Cf. G. bä.] The cry or bleating of a sheep; a bleat.

Baa´ing, n. The bleating of a sheep. Marryat.

Ba´al (ba´al), n.; Heb. pl. Baalim (-im). [Heb. ba’al lord.] 1. (Myth.) The supreme male divinity of the Phoenician and Canaanitish nations. The name of this god occurs in the Old Testament and elsewhere with qualifying epithets subjoined, answering to the different ideas of his character; ; as Baal-berith (the Covenant Baal), Baal-zebub (Baal of the fly). 2. pl. The whole class of divinities to whom the name Baal was applied. Judges x. 6.

Ba´al•ism (-iz’m), n. Worship of Baal; idolatry. { Ba´al•ist , Ba´al•ite } n. A worshiper of Baal; a devotee of any false religion; an idolater.

Ba´ba , n. [F.] A kind of plum cake.

Bab´bitt , v. t. To line with Babbitt metal.

Bab´bitt met•al . [From the inventor, Isaac Babbitt of Massachusetts.] A soft white alloy of variable composition (as a nine parts of tin to one of copper, or of fifty parts of tin to five of antimony and one of copper) used in bearings to diminish friction.

Bab´ble (bab´b’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Babbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Babbling.] [Cf.LG. babbeln, D. babbelen, G. bappeln, bappern, F. babiller, It. babbolare; prob. orig., to keep saying ba, imitative of a child learning to talk.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelligibly; to utter inarticulate sounds; as a child babbles. 2. To talk incoherently; to utter unmeaning words. 3. To talk much; to chatter; to prate. 4. To make a continuous murmuring noise, as shallow water running over stones. “In every babbling brook he finds a friend.
Wordsworth.” Hounds are said to babble, or to be babbling, when they are too noisy after having found a good scent. Syn. — To prate; prattle; chatter; gossip.

Bab´ble, v. t. 1. To utter in an indistinct or incoherent way; to repeat, as words, in a childish way without understanding. “These [words] he used to babble in all companies.
Arbuthnot.” 2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret.

Bab´ble, n. 1. Idle talk; senseless prattle; gabble; twaddle. ´This is mere moral babble.´ Milton. 2. Inarticulate speech; constant or confused murmur. “The babble of our young children.
Darwin.” “The babble of the stream.
Tennyson.”

Bab´ble•ment , n. Babble. Hawthorne.

Bab´bler , n. 1. An idle talker; an irrational prater; a teller of secrets. “Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust.
L’Estrange.” 2. A hound too noisy on finding a good scent. 3. (Zoöl.) A name given to any one of a family (Timalinae) of thrushlike birds, having a chattering note.

Bab´ble•ry , n. Babble. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Babe (bab), n. [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, W. baban, maban.] 1. An infant; a young child of either sex; a baby. 2. A doll for children. Spenser.

Babe´hood , n. Babyhood. [R.] Udall.

Ba´bel , n. [Heb. Babel, the name of the capital of Babylonia; in Genesis associated with the idea of ´confusion.´] 1. The city and tower in the land of Shinar, where the confusion of languages took place. “Therefore is the name of it called Babel.
Gen. xi. 9.” 2. Hence: A place or scene of noise and confusion; a confused mixture of sounds, as of voices or languages. “That babel of strange heathen languages.
Hammond.” “The grinding babel of the street”. R. L. Stevenson.

Bab´er•y , n. [Perh. orig. for baboonery. Cf. Baboon, and also Babe.] Finery of a kind to please a child. [Obs.] ´Painted babery.´ Sir P. Sidney. { Ba´bi•an , Ba´bi•on } , n. [See Baboon.] A baboon. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bab´il•lard , n. [F., a babbler.] (Zoöl.) The lesser whitethroat of Europe; — called also babbling warbler.

Bab´ing•ton•ite , n. [From Dr. Babbington.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in triclinic crystals approaching pyroxene in angle, and of a greenish black color. It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and lime. { Bab•i•rous´sa , Bab•i•rus´sa} , n. [F. babiroussa, fr. Malay babi hog + rusa deer.] (Zoöl.) A large hoglike quadruped (Sus, or Porcus, babirussa) of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated; the Indian hog. Its upper canine teeth or tusks are large and recurved.

Bab´ish , a. Like a babe; a childish; babyish. [R.] ´Babish imbecility.´ Drayton. - - Bab´ish•ly, adv. — Bab´ish•ness, n. [R.]

Bab´ism , n. [From Bab (Pers. bab a gate), the title assumed by the founder, Mirza Ali Mohammed.] The doctrine of a modern religious sect, which originated in Persia in 1843, being a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish, and Parsee elements.

Bab´ist, n. A believer in Babism.

Bab´lah , n. [Cf. Per. babul a species of mimosa yielding gum arabic.] The rind of the fruit of several East Indian species of acacia; neb-neb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab. { Ba´boo , Ba´bu } (bä´boo), n. [Hind. babu.] A Hindoo gentleman; a native clerk who writes English; also a Hindoo title answering to Mr. or Esquire. Whitworth.

Bab•oon´ , n. [OE. babewin, baboin, fr. F. babouin, or LL. babewynus. Of unknown origin; cf. D. baviaan, G. pavian, baboon, F. babine lip of ape, dogs, etc., dial. G. bäppe mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Old World Quadrumana, of the genera Cynocephalus and Papio; the dog-faced ape. Baboons have dog- like muzzles and large canine teeth, cheek pouches, a short tail, and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are mostly African. See Mandrill, and Chacma, and Drill an ape.

Bab•oon´ery , n. Baboonish behavior. Marryat.

Bab•oon´ish, a. Like a baboon.

Ba´by (ba´by), n.; pl. Babies (-biz). [Dim. of babe.] An infant or young child of either sex; a babe. 2. A small image of an infant; a doll. Babies in the eyes, the minute reflection which one sees of one’s self in the eyes of another. “She clung about his neck, gave him ten kisses,
Toyed with his locks, looked babies in his eyes.
Heywood.”

Ba´by, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an infant; young or little; as baby swans. ´Baby figure´ Shak.

Ba´by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Babied (-bid); p. pr. & vb. n. Babying.] To treat like a young child; to keep dependent; to humor; to fondle. Young.

Ba´by farm . A place where the nourishment and care of babies are offered for hire.

Ba´by farm•er . One who keeps a baby farm.

Ba´by farm•ing. The business of keeping a baby farm.

Ba´by•hood , n. The state or period of infancy.

Ba´by•house , n. A place for children’s dolls and dolls’ furniture. Swift.

Ba´by•ish, a. Like a baby; childish; puerile; simple. — Ba´by•ish•ly, adv. — Ba´by•ish•ness, n.

Ba´by•ism , n. 1. The state of being a baby. 2. A babyish manner of acting or speaking.

Ba´by jump•er . A hoop suspended by an elastic strap, in which a young child may be held secure while amusing itself by jumping on the floor.

Bab•y•lo´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to the real or to the mystical Babylon, or to the ancient kingdom of Babylonia; Chaldean.

Bab•y•lo´ni•an, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia (which included Chaldea); a Chaldean. 2. An astrologer; — so called because the Chaldeans were remarkable for the study of astrology. { Bab•y•lon´ic , Bab•y•lon´ic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to Babylon, or made there; as Babylonic garments, carpets, or hangings. 2. Tumultuous; disorderly. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

Bab´y•lo•nish , a. 1. Of or pertaining to, or made in, Babylon or Babylonia. ´A Babylonish garment.´ Josh. vii. 21. 2. Pertaining to the Babylon of Revelation xiv. 8. 3. Pertaining to Rome and papal power. [Obs.] “The … injurious nickname of Babylonish. Gage.” 4. Confused; Babel-like. { Bab•y•rous´sa , Bab•y•rus´sa } , n. (Zoöl.) See Babiroussa.

Ba´by•ship , n. The quality of being a baby; the personality of an infant.

Bac , n. [F. See Back a vat.] 1. A broad, flat-bottomed ferryboat, usually worked by a rope. 2. A vat or cistern. See 1st Back.

Bac´ca•lau´re•ate , n. [NL. baccalaureatus, fr. LL. baccalaureus a bachelor of arts, fr. baccalarius, but as if fr. L. bacca lauri bayberry, from the practice of the bachelor’s wearing a garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] 1. The degree of bachelor of arts (B.A. or A.B.), the first or lowest academical degree conferred by universities and colleges. 2. A baccalaureate sermon. [U.S.]

Bac•ca•lau´re•ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a sermon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating class. { Bac•ca•ra´ , Bac•ca•rat´ } , n. [F.] A French game of cards, played by a banker and punters. { Bac•ca´re , Bac•ka´re } , interj. Stand back! give place! — a cant word of the Elizabethan writers, probably in ridicule of some person who pretended to a knowledge of Latin which he did not possess. “Baccare! you are marvelous forward.
Shak.”

Bac´cate , a. [L. baccatus, fr. L. bacca berry.] (Bot.) Pulpy throughout, like a berry; — said of fruits. Gray.

Bac´ca•ted , a. 1. Having many berries. 2. Set or adorned with pearls. [Obs.]

Bac´cha•nal (bak´ka•nal), a. [L. Bacchanalis. See Bacchanalia.] 1. Relating to Bacchus or his festival. 2. Engaged in drunken revels; drunken and riotous or noisy.

Bac´cha•nal , n. 1. A devotee of Bacchus; one who indulges in drunken revels; one who is noisy and riotous when intoxicated; a carouser. ´Tipsy bacchanals.´ Shak. 2. pl. The festival of Bacchus; the bacchanalia. 3. Drunken revelry; an orgy. 4. A song or a dance in honor of Bacchus.

Bac•cha•na´li•a (-na´li•a), n. pl. [L. Bacchanal a place devoted to Bacchus; in the pl. Bacchanalia a feast of Bacchus, fr. Bacchus the god of wine, Gr. Ba•kchos.] 1. (Myth.) A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus. 2. Hence: A drunken feast; drunken revels; an orgy.

Bac•cha•na´li•an (-na´li•an; 106), a. Of or pertaining to the festival of Bacchus; relating to or given to reveling and drunkenness. “Even bacchanalian madness has its charms.
Cowper.”

Bac•cha•na´li•an, n. A bacchanal; a drunken reveler.

Bac•cha•na´li•an•ism , n. The practice of bacchanalians; bacchanals; drunken revelry.

Bac´chant , n.; pl. E. Bacchants, L. Bacchantes. [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr. of bacchari to celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] 1. A priest of Bacchus. 2. A bacchanal; a reveler. Croly.

Bac´chant, a. Bacchanalian; fond of drunken revelry; wine-loving; reveling; carousing. Byron.

Bac´chante , n.; L. pl. Bacchantes. 1. A priestess of Bacchus. 2. A female bacchanal.

Bac•chan´tic , a. Bacchanalian. { Bac´chic , Bac´chic•al }, a. [L. Bacchicus, Gr. Bakchiko•s.] Of or relating to Bacchus; hence, jovial, or riotous, with intoxication.

Bac•chi´us , n.; pl. Bacchii . [L. Bacchius pes, Gr. ´o Bakchei^os (sc. poy•s foot).] (Pros.) A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; according to some, two long and a short.

Bac´chus , n. [L., fr. Gr. Ba•kchos.] (Myth.) The god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele.

Bac•cif´er•ous , a. [L. baccifer; bacca berry + ferre to bear.] Producing berries. ´ Bacciferous trees.´ Ray.

Bac´ci•form , a. [L. bacca berry + -form.] Having the form of a berry.

Bac•civ´o•rous , a. [L. bacca berry + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Eating, or subsisting on, berries; as baccivorous birds.

Bace , n., a., & v. See Base. [Obs.] Spenser. {Bach´a•rach , Back´a•rack } , n. A kind of wine made at Bacharach on the Rhine.

Bach´e•lor (bach´e•ler), n. [OF. bacheler young man, F. bachelier (cf. Pr. bacalar, Sp. bachiller, Pg. bacharel, It. baccalare), LL. baccalarius the tenant of a kind of farm called baccalaria, a soldier not old or rich enough to lead his retainers into battle with a banner, a person of an inferior academical degree aspiring to a doctorate. In the latter sense, it was afterward changed to baccalaureus. See Baccalaureate, n.] 1. A man of any age who has not been married. “As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound.
W. Irving.” 2. An unmarried woman. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. A person who has taken the first or lowest degree in the liberal arts, or in some branch of science, at a college or university; as a bachelor of arts. 4. A knight who had no standard of his own, but fought under the standard of another in the field; often, a young knight. 5. In the companies of London tradesmen, one not yet admitted to wear the livery; a junior member. [Obs.] 6. (Zoöl.) A kind of bass, an edible fresh-water fish (Pomoxys annularis) of the southern United States.

Bach´e•lor•dom (bach´e•ler•dum), n. The state of bachelorhood; the whole body of bachelors.

Bach´e•lor•hood (-hood), n. The state or condition of being a bachelor; bachelorship.

Bach´e•lor•ism (-iz’m), n. Bachelorhood; also a manner or peculiarity belonging to bachelors. W. Irving.

Bach´e•lor’s but´ton , (Bot.) A plant with flowers shaped like buttons; especially, several species of Ranunculus, and the cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) and globe amaranth (Gomphrena). Bachelor’s buttons, a name given to several flowers ´from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons, anciently worne in this kingdom,´ according to Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 472 (1633); but by other writers ascribed to ´a habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts.´ Dr. Prior.

Bach´e•lor•ship, n. The state of being a bachelor.

Bach´el•ry , n. [OF. bachelerie.] The body of young aspirants for knighthood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ba•cil´lar , a. [L. bacillum little staff.] (Biol.) Shaped like a rod or staff.

Bac´il•la•ri•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr.L. bacillum, dim. of baculum stick.] (Biol.) See Diatom.

Bac´il•la•ry , a. Of or pertaining to little rods; rod-shaped.

Ba•cil´li•form , a. [L. bacillum little staff + -form.] Rod-shaped.

Ba•cil´lus , n.; pl. Bacilli . [NL., for L. bacillum. See Bacillarle.] (Biol.) A variety of bacterium; a microscopic, rod-shaped vegetable organism.

Back (bak), n. [F. bac: cf. Arm. bag, bak a bark, D. bak tray, bowl.] 1. A large shallow vat; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc. Hop back, Jack back, the cistern which receives the infusion of malt and hops from the copper. — Wash back, a vat in which distillers ferment the wort to form wash. — Water back, a cistern to hold a supply of water; esp. a small cistern at the back of a stove, or a group of pipes set in the fire box of a stove or furnace, through which water circulates and is heated. 2. A ferryboat. See Bac, 1.

Back (bak), n. [AS. baec, bac; akin to Icel., Sw., & LG. bak, Dan. bag; cf. OHG. bahho ham, Skr. bhaj to turn, OSlav. begu flight. Cf. Bacon.] 1. In human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending from the neck to the end of the spine; in other animals, that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being; as the back of a horse, fish, or lobster. 2. An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge. “[The mountains] their broad bare backs upheave
Into the clouds.
Milton.” 3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part; as the back of the hand, the back of the foot, the back of a hand rail. “Methought Love pitying me, when he saw this,
Gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss.
Donne.” 4. The part opposed to the front; the hinder or rear part of a thing; as the back of a book; the back of an army; the back of a chimney. 5. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which fronts the speaker or actor; or the part out of sight, or not generally seen; as the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village. 6. The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge; as the back of a knife, or of a saw. 7. A support or resource in reserve. “This project
Should have a back or second, that might hold,
If this should blast in proof.
Shak.” 8. (Naut.) The keel and keelson of a ship. 9. (Mining) The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a horizontal underground passage. 10. A garment for the back; hence, clothing. [Obs.] “A bak to walken inne by daylight.
Chaucer.” Behind one’s back, when one is absent; without one’s knowledge; as to ridicule a person behind his back. — Full back, Half back, Quarter back (Football), players stationed behind those in the front line. — To be or lie on one’s back, to be helpless. — To put, or get, one’s back up, to assume an attitude of obstinate resistance (from the action of a cat when attacked). [Colloq.] — To see the back of, to get rid of. — To turn the back, to go away; to flee. — To turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him.

Back, a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear; distant; remote; as the back door; back settlements. 2. Being in arrear; overdue; as back rent. 3. Moving or operating backward; as back action. Back charges, charges brought forward after an account has been made up. — Back filling (Arch.), the mass of materials used in filling up the space between two walls, or between the inner and outer faces of a wall, or upon the haunches of an arch or vault. — Back pressure. (Steam Engine) See under Pressure. — Back rest, a guide attached to the slide rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work, to steady it in turning. — Back slang, a kind of slang in which every word is written or pronounced backwards; as nam for man. — Back stairs, stairs in the back part of a house; private stairs. Also used adjectively. See Back stairs, Backstairs, and Backstair, in the Vocabulary. — Back step (Mil.), the retrograde movement of a man or body of men, without changing front. — Back stream, a current running against the main current of a stream; an eddy. — To take the back track, to retrace one’s steps; to retreat. [Colloq.]

Back , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Backed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Backing.] 1. To get upon the back of; to mount. “I will back him [a horse] straight.
Shak.” 2. To place or seat upon the back. [R.] “Great Jupiter, upon his eagle backed,
Appeared to me.
Shak.” 3. To drive or force backward; to cause to retreat or recede; as to back oxen. 4. To make a back for; to furnish with a back; as to back books. 5. To adjoin behind; to be at the back of. “A garden … with a vineyard backed.
Shak.” “The chalk cliffs which back the beach.
Huxley.” 6. To write upon the back of; as to back a letter; to indorse; as to back a note or legal document. 7. To support; to maintain; to second or strengthen by aid or influence; as to back a friend. ´The Parliament would be backed by the people.´ Macaulay. “Have still found it necessary to back and fortify their laws with rewards and punishments.
South.” “The mate backed the captain manfully.
Blackw. Mag.” 8. To bet on the success of; — as to back a race horse. To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one. — To back the field, in horse racing, to bet against a particular horse or horses, that some one of all the other horses, collectively designated ´the field´, will win. — To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. — To back a rope, to put on a preventer. — To back the sails, to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. — To back up, to support; to sustain; as to back up one’s friends. — To back a warrant (Law), is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender. — To back water (Naut.), to reverse the action of the oars, paddles, or propeller, so as to force the boat or ship backward.

Back, v. i. 1. To move or go backward; as the horse refuses to back. 2. (Naut.) To change from one quarter to another by a course opposite to that of the sun; — used of the wind. 3. (Sporting) To stand still behind another dog which has pointed; — said of a dog. [Eng.] To back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that the wind strikes them alternately in front and behind, in order to keep the ship in the middle of a river or channel while the current or tide carries the vessel against the wind. Hence: (Fig.) To take opposite positions alternately; to assert and deny. [Colloq.] — To back out, To back down, to retreat or withdraw from a promise, engagement, or contest; to recede. [Colloq.] “Cleon at first … was willing to go; but, finding that he [Nicias] was in earnest, he tried to back out.
Jowett (Thucyd. )”

Back, adv. [Shortened from aback.] 1. In, to, or toward, the rear; as to stand back; to step back. 2. To the place from which one came; to the place or person from which something is taken or derived; as to go back for something left behind; to go back to one’s native place; to put a book back after reading it. 3. To a former state, condition, or station; as to go back to private life; to go back to barbarism. 4. (Of time) In times past; ago. ´Sixty or seventy years back.´ Gladstone. 5. Away from contact; by reverse movement. “The angel of the Lord … came, and rolled back the stone from the door.
Matt. xxviii. 2.” 6. In concealment or reserve; in one’s own possession; as to keep back the truth; to keep back part of the money due to another. 7. In a state of restraint or hindrance. “The Lord hath kept thee back from honor.
Numb. xxiv. 11.” 8. In return, repayment, or requital. “What have I to give you back?
Shak.” 9. In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or undertaking; as he took back the offensive words. 10. In arrear; as to be back in one’s rent. [Colloq.] Back and forth, backwards and forwards; to and fro. — To go back on, to turn back from; to abandon; to betray; as to go back on a friend; to go back on one’s professions. [Colloq.]

Back´a•rack (bak´a•rak), n. See Bacharach.

Bac•ka´re , interj. Same as Baccare.

Back´band (-band), n. [2d back, n. + band.] (Saddlery) The band which passes over the back of a horse and holds up the shafts of a carriage.

Back´bite, v. t. [2d back, n. + bite.] To wound by clandestine detraction; to censure meanly or spitefully (an absent person); to slander or speak evil of (one absent). Spenser.

Back´bite, v. i. To censure or revile the absent. “They are arrant knaves, and will backbite.
Shak.”

Back´bit•er , n. One who backbites; a secret calumniator or detractor.

Back´bit•ing , n. Secret slander; detraction. “Backbiting, and bearing of false witness.
Piers Plowman.”

Back´board , n. [2d back, n. + board.] 1. A board which supports the back when one is sitting; specifically, the board athwart the after part of a boat. 2. A board serving as the back part of anything, as of a wagon. 3. A thin stuff used for the backs of framed pictures, mirrors, etc. 4. A board attached to the rim of a water wheel to prevent the water from running off the floats or paddles into the interior of the wheel. W. Nicholson. 5. A board worn across the back to give erectness to the figure. Thackeray.

Back´bond (-bond•), n. [Back, adv. + bond.] (Scots Law) An instrument which, in conjunction with another making an absolute disposition, constitutes a trust.

Back´bone´ (-bon•), n. [2d back, n. + bone.] 1. The column of bones in the back which sustains and gives firmness to the frame; the spine; the vertebral or spinal column. 2. Anything like, or serving the purpose of, a backbone. “The lofty mountains on the north side compose the granitic axis, or backbone of the country.
Darwin.” “We have now come to the backbone of our subject.
Earle.” 3. Firmness; moral principle; steadfastness. “Shelley’s thought never had any backbone.
Shairp.” To the backbone, through and through; thoroughly; entirely. ´Staunch to the backbone.´ Lord Lytton.

Back´boned´ , a. Vertebrate.

Back´cast (-kast•), n. [Back, adv. + cast.] Anything which brings misfortune upon one, or causes failure in an effort or enterprise; a reverse. [Scot.]

Back´ door´ . A door in the back part of a building; hence, an indirect way. Atterbury.

Back´door´, a. Acting from behind and in concealment; backstairs; as backdoor intrigues.

Back´down , n. A receding or giving up; a complete surrender. [Colloq.]

Backed (bakt), a. Having a back; fitted with a back; as a backed electrotype or stereotype plate. Used in composition; as broad-backed; hump-backed.

Back´er (bak´er), n. One who, or that which, backs; especially one who backs a person or thing in a contest.

Back´fall (-fal•), n. [2d back, n. + fall.] A fall or throw on the back in wrestling.

Back´friend , n. [Back, n. or adv. + friend.] A secret enemy. [Obs.] South.

Back´gam•mon , n. [Origin unknown; perhaps fr. Dan. bakke tray + E. game; or very likely the first part is from E. back, adv., and the game is so called because the men are often set back.] A game of chance and skill, played by two persons on a ´board´ marked off into twenty-four spaces called ´points´. Each player has fifteen pieces, or ´men´, the movements of which from point to point are determined by throwing dice. Formerly called tables. Backgammon board , a board for playing backgammon, often made in the form of two rectangular trays hinged together, each tray containing two ´tables´.

Back´gam•mon, v. t. In the game of backgammon, to beat by ending the game before the loser is clear of his first ´table´.

Back´ground , n. [Back, a. + ground.] 1. Ground in the rear or behind, or in the distance, as opposed to the foreground, or the ground in front. 2. (Paint.) The space which is behind and subordinate to a portrait or group of figures. The distance in a picture is usually divided into foreground, middle distance, and background. Fairholt. 3. Anything behind, serving as a foil; as the statue had a background of red hangings. 4. A place in obscurity or retirement, or out of sight. “I fancy there was a background of grinding and waiting before Miss Torry could produce this highly finished … performance.
Mrs. Alexander.” “A husband somewhere in the background.
Thackeray.” To place in the background, to make of little consequence.

Back´hand , n. [Back, adv. + hand.] A kind of handwriting in which the downward slope of the letters is from left to right.

Back´hand, a. 1. Sloping from left to right; — said of handwriting. 2. Backhanded; indirect; oblique. [R.]

Back´hand•ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward; as a backhanded blow. 2. Indirect; awkward; insincere; sarcastic; as a backhanded compliment. 3. Turned back, or inclining to the left; as backhanded letters.

Back´hand•ed•ness, n. State of being backhanded; the using of backhanded or indirect methods.

Back´hand•er , n. A backhanded blow.

Back´house , n. [Back, a. + house.] A building behind the main building. Specifically: A privy; a necessary.

Back´ing, n. 1. The act of moving backward, or of putting or moving anything backward. 2. That which is behind, and forms the back of, anything, usually giving strength or stability. 3. Support or aid given to a person or cause. 4. (Bookbinding) The preparation of the back of a book with glue, etc., before putting on the cover.

Back´joint , n. [Back, a. or adv. + joint.] (Arch.) A rebate or chase in masonry left to receive a permanent slab or other filling.

Back´lash (-lash•), n. [Back, adv. + lash.] (Mech.) The distance through which one part of connected machinery, as a wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved without moving the connected parts, resulting from looseness in fitting or from wear; also the jarring or reflex motion caused in badly fitting machinery by irregularities in velocity or a reverse of motion.

Back´less, a. Without a back.

Back´log (-log•; 115), n. [Back, a. + log.] A large stick of wood, forming the back of a fire on the hearth. [U.S.] “There was first a backlog, from fifteen to four and twenty inches in diameter and five feet long, imbedded in the ashes.
S. G. Goodrich.” { Back´piece• , Back´plate• } n. [Back, n. or a. + piece, plate.] A piece, or plate, which forms the back of anything, or which covers the back; armor for the back. { Back´rack (bak´rak), Back´rag (bak´rag), } n. See Bacharach.

Backs (baks), n. pl. Among leather dealers, the thickest and stoutest tanned hides.

Back´saw (bak´sa•), n. [2d back, n. + saw.] A saw (as a tenon saw) whose blade is stiffened by an added metallic back.

Back´set (-set•), n. [Back, adv. + set.] 1. A check; a relapse; a discouragement; a setback. 2. Whatever is thrown back in its course, as water. “Slackwater, or the backset caused by the overflow.
Harper’s Mag.”

Back´set, v. t. To plow again, in the fall; — said of prairie land broken up in the spring. [Western U.S.]

Back´set´tler (-set´ler), n. [Back, a. + settler.] One living in the back or outlying districts of a community. “The English backsettlers of Leinster and Munster.
Macaulay.” { Back´sheesh• , Back´shish• } , n. [Pers. bakhshish, fr. bakhshidan to give.] In Egypt and the Turkish empire, a gratuity; a ´tip´.

Back´side (-sid•), n. [Back, a. + side.] The hinder part, posteriors, or rump of a person or animal. Backside (one word) was formerly used of the rear part or side of any thing or place, but in such senses is now two words.

Back´sight (-sit•), n. [Back, adv. + sight.] (Surv.) The reading of the leveling staff in its unchanged position when the leveling instrument has been taken to a new position; a sight directed backwards to a station previously occupied. Cf. Foresight, n., 3.

Back´slide´ (-slid´; 277), v. i. [imp. Backslid ; p. p. Backslidden , Backslid; p. pr. & vb. n. Backsliding.] [Back, adv. + slide.] To slide back; to fall away; esp. to abandon gradually the faith and practice of a religion that has been professed.

Back´slid´er , n. One who backslides.

Back´slid´ing, a. Slipping back; falling back into sin or error; sinning. “Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord.
Jer. iii. 14.”

Back´slid´ing, n. The act of one who backslides; abandonment of faith or duty. “Our backslidings are many.
Jer. xiv. 7.”

Back´staff , n. An instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies, but now superseded by the quadrant and sextant; — so called because the observer turned his back to the body observed.

Back´ stairs (-stârz•) n.. Stairs in the back part of a house, as distinguished from the front stairs; hence, a private or indirect way. { Back´stairs• , Back´stair• }, a. Private; indirect; secret; intriguing; — as if finding access by the back stairs. “A backstairs influence.
Burke.” “Female caprice and backstair influence.
Trevelyan.”

Back´stay (-sta•), n. [Back, a. or n. + stay.] 1. (Naut.) A rope or stay extending from the masthead to the side of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. [Often used in the plural.] 2. A rope or strap used to prevent excessive forward motion.

Back´ster , n. [See Baxter.] A baker. [Obs.]

Back´stitch , n. [Back, adv. + stitch.] A stitch made by setting the needle back of the end of the last stitch, and bringing it out in front of the end.

Back´stitch, v. t. To sew with backstitches; as to backstitch a seam.

Back´stress , n. A female baker. [Obs.]

Back´sword , n. [2d back, n. + sword.] 1. A sword with one sharp edge. 2. In England, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic amusements; also the game in which the stick is used. Also called singlestick. Halliwell. { Back´ward , Back´wards } adv. [Back, adv. + -ward.] 1. With the back in advance or foremost; as to ride backward. 2. Toward the back; toward the rear; as to throw the arms backward. 3. On the back, or with the back downward. “Thou wilt fall backward.
Shak.” 4. Toward, or in, past time or events; ago. “Some reigns backward.
Locke.” 5. By way of reflection; reflexively. Sir J. Davies. 6. From a better to a worse state, as from honor to shame, from religion to sin. “The work went backward.
Dryden.” 7. In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; contrarily; as to read backwards. “We might have … beat them backward home.
Shak.”

Back´ward, a. 1. Directed to the back or rear; as backward glances. 2. Unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; loath. “For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves.
Pope.” 3. Not well advanced in learning; not quick of apprehension; dull; inapt; as a backward child. ´The backward learner.´ South. 4. Late or behindhand; as a backward season. 5. Not advanced in civilization; undeveloped; as the country or region is in a backward state. 6. Already past or gone; bygone. [R.] “And flies unconscious o’er each backward year.
Byron.”

Back´ward, n. The state behind or past. [Obs.] “In the dark backward and abysm of time.
Shak.”

Back´ward, v. t. To keep back; to hinder. [Obs.]

Back•war•da´tion , n. [Backward, v. t. + -ation.] (Stock Exchange) The seller’s postponement of delivery of stock or shares, with the consent of the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter; — also the premium so paid. See Contango. Biddle.

Back´ward•ly , adv. 1. Reluctantly; slowly; aversely. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. Perversely; ill. [Obs.] “And does he think so backwardly of me?
Shak.”

Back´ward•ness, n. The state of being backward.

Back´wash , v. t. To clean the oil from (wool) after combing. Ash.

Back´wa•ter , n. [Back, a. or adv. + -water.] 1. Water turned back in its course by an obstruction, an opposing current, or the flow of the tide, as in a sewer or river channel, or across a river bar. 2. An accumulation of water overflowing the low lands, caused by an obstruction. 3. Water thrown back by the turning of a waterwheel, or by the paddle wheels of a steamer.

Back´woods´ , n. pl. [Back, a. + woods.] The forests or partly cleared grounds on the frontiers.

Back´woods´man , n.; pl. Backwoodsmen . A man living in the forest in or beyond the new settlements, especially on the western frontiers of the older portions of the United States. Fisher Ames.

Back´worm , n. [2d back, n. + worm.] A disease of hawks. See Filanders. Wright.

Ba´con , n. [OF. bacon, fr. OHG. bacho, bahho, flitch of bacon, ham; akin to E. back. Cf. Back the back side.] The back and sides of a pig salted and smoked; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh. Bacon beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Dermestes lardarius) which, especially in the larval state, feeds upon bacon, woolens, furs, etc. See Dermestes. — To save one’s bacon, to save one’s self or property from harm or loss. [Colloq.]

Ba•co´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy. Baconian method, the inductive method. See Induction.

Bac•te´ri•a , n. pl. See Bacterium.

Bac•te´ri•al , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacteria.

Bac•te´ri•ci•dal , a. Destructive of bacteria.

Bac•te´ri•cide (bak•te´ri•sid), n. [Bacterium + L. caedere to kill] (Biol.) Same as Germicide.

Bac•te´ri•o•log•ic•al (bak•te•ri•o•loj´i•kal), a. Of or pertaining to bacteriology; as bacteriological studies.

Bac•te´ri•ol•o•gist, n. One skilled in bacteriology.

Bac•te´ri•ol•o•gy , n. [Bacterium + -logy.] (Biol.) The science relating to bacteria.

Bac•te•ri•o•scop´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to bacterioscopy; as a bacterioscopic examination.

Bac•te•ri•os´co•pist , n. (Biol.) One skilled in bacterioscopic examinations.

Bac•te•ri•os´co•py (-os´ko•py), n. [Bacterium + -scopy.] (Biol.) The application of a knowledge of bacteria for their detection and identification, as in the examination of polluted water.

Bac•te´ri•um , n.; pl. Bacteria . [NL., fr. Gr. bakth•rion, bak•tron, a staff: cf. F. bacterie.] (Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the class Algae, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike filament, and found in putrefying organic infusions. Bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the smallest of microscopic organisms. They are very widely diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission and by spores. Certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. See Bacillus. { Bac´te•roid , Bac•te•roid´al } a. [Bacterium + -oid.] (Biol.) Resembling bacteria; as bacteroid particles.

Bac´tri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Bactria in Asia. — n. A native of Bactria. Bactrian camel, the two-humped camel.

Bac´ule , n. [F.] (Fort.) See Bascule.

Bac´u•line , a. [L. baculum staff.] Of or pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod.

Bac´u•lite , n. [L. baculum stick, staff; cf. F. baculite.] (Paleon.) A cephalopod of the extinct genus Baculites, found fossil in the Cretaceous rocks. It is like an uncoiled ammonite.

Bac•u•lom´e•try , n. [L. baculum staff + -metry.] Measurement of distance or altitude by a staff or staffs.

Bad (bad), imp. of Bid. Bade. [Obs.] Dryden.

Bad (bad), a. [Compar. Worse (wûs); superl. Worst (wûst).] [Probably fr. AS. baeddel hermaphrodite; cf. baedling effeminate fellow.] Wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral; injurious, hurtful, inconvenient, offensive, painful, unfavorable, or defective, either physically or morally; evil; vicious; wicked; — the opposite of good; as a bad man; bad conduct; bad habits; bad soil; bad air; bad health; a bad crop; bad news. Sometimes used substantively. “The strong antipathy of good to bad.
Pope.” Syn. — Pernicious; deleterious; noxious; baneful; injurious; hurtful; evil; vile; wretched; corrupt; wicked; vicious; imperfect.

Bad´der , compar. of Bad, a. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bad´der•locks , n. [Perh. for Balderlocks, fr. Balder the Scandinavian deity.] (Bot.) A large black seaweed (Alaria esculenta) sometimes eaten in Europe; — also called murlins, honeyware, and henware.

Bad´dish, a. Somewhat bad; inferior. Jeffrey.

Bade (bad). A form of the past tense of Bid.

Badge , n. [LL. bagea, bagia, sign, prob. of German origin; cf. AS. beág, beáh, bracelet, collar, crown, OS. bog- in comp., AS. bugan to bow, bend, G. biegen. See Bow to bend.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, sign, or cognizance, worn on the person; as the badge of a society; the badge of a policeman. ´Tax gatherers, recognized by their official badges.´ Prescott. 2. Something characteristic; a mark; a token. “Sweet mercy is nobility’s true badge.
Shak.” 3. (Naut.) A carved ornament on the stern of a vessel, containing a window or the representation of one.

Badge , v. t. To mark or distinguish with a badge.

Badge´less, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall.

Badg´er , n. [Of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an old verb badge to lay up provisions to sell again.] An itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food; a hawker; a huckster; — formerly applied especially to one who bought grain in one place and sold it in another. [Now dialectic, Eng.]

Badg´er, n. [OE. bageard, prob. fr. badge + -ard, in reference to the white mark on its forehead. See Badge, n.] 1. A carnivorous quadruped of the genus Meles or of an allied genus. It is a burrowing animal, with short, thick legs, and long claws on the fore feet. One species (M. vulgaris), called also brock, inhabits the north of Europe and Asia; another species (Taxidea Americana or Labradorica) inhabits the northern parts of North America. See Teledu. 2. A brush made of badgers’ hair, used by artists. Badger dog. (Zoöl.) See Dachshund.

Badg´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Badgered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Badgering.] [For sense 1, see 2d Badger; for 2, see 1st Badger.] 1. To tease or annoy, as a badger when baited; to worry or irritate persistently. 2. To beat down; to cheapen; to barter; to bargain.

Badg´er•er , n. 1. One who badgers. 2. A kind of dog used in badger baiting.

Badg´er•ing, n. 1. The act of one who badgers. 2. The practice of buying wheat and other kinds of food in one place and selling them in another for a profit. [Prov. Eng.]

Badg´er-legged , a. Having legs of unequal length, as the badger was thought to have. Shak.

Bad•i•a´ga (bad•ia´ga or bad•yä´ga), n. [Russ. badiaga.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water sponge (Spongilla), common in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises.

Ba´di•an , n. [F. badiane, fr. Per. badian anise.] (Bot.) An evergreen Chinese shrub of the Magnolia family (Illicium anisatum), and its aromatic seeds; Chinese anise; star anise.

Ba•di´geon (ba•dij´un), n. [F.] A cement or paste (as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface.

Ba•di•nage´ , n. [F., fr. badiner to joke, OF. to trifle, be silly, fr. badin silly.] Playful raillery; banter. ´He … indulged himself only in an elegant badinage.´ Warburton.

Bad´ lands´ . Barren regions, especially in the western United States, where horizontal strata (Tertiary deposits) have been often eroded into fantastic forms, and much intersected by cañons, and where lack of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of traversing the country, whence the name, first given by the Canadian French, Mauvaises Terres (bad lands).

Bad´ly, adv. In a bad manner; poorly; not well; unskillfully; imperfectly; unfortunately; grievously; so as to cause harm; disagreeably; seriously. Badly is often used colloquially for very much or very greatly, with words signifying to want or need.

Bad´min•ton , n. [From the name of the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in England.] 1. A game, similar to lawn tennis, played with shuttlecocks. 2. A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened.

Bad´ness, n. The state of being bad.

Bae´no•mere , n. [Gr. bai•nein to walk + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the somites (arthromeres) that make up the thorax of Arthropods. Packard.

Bae´no•pod , n. [Gr. bai•nein to walk + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the thoracic legs of Arthropods.

Bae´no•some , n. [Gr. bai•nein to walk + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The thorax of Arthropods. Packard.

Baff (baf), n. A blow; a stroke. [Scot.] H. Miller.

Baf´fle (baf´f’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baffled (-f’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Baffling (-fling).] [Cf. Lowland Scotch bauchle to treat contemptuously, bauch tasteless, abashed, jaded, Icel. bagr uneasy, poor, or bagr, n., struggle, baegja to push, treat harshly, OF. beffler, beffer, to mock, deceive, dial. G. bäppe mouth, beffen to bark, chide.] 1. To cause to undergo a disgraceful punishment, as a recreant knight. [Obs.] “He by the heels him hung upon a tree,
And baffled so, that all which passed by
The picture of his punishment might see.
Spenser.” 2. To check by shifts and turns; to elude; to foil. “The art that baffles time’s tyrannic claim.
Cowper.” 3. To check by perplexing; to disconcert, frustrate, or defeat; to thwart. ´A baffled purpose.´ De Quincey. “A suitable scripture ready to repel and baffle them all.
South.” “Calculations so difficult as to have baffled, until within a … recent period, the most enlightened nations.
Prescott.” “The mere intricacy of a question should not baffle us.
Locke.” Baffling wind (Naut.), one that frequently shifts from one point to another. Syn. — To balk; thwart; foil; frustrate; defeat.

Baf´fle, v. i. 1. To practice deceit. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. To struggle against in vain; as a ship baffles with the winds. [R.]

Baf´fle, n. A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns; discomfiture. [R.] ´A baffle to philosophy.´ South.

Baf´fle•ment (baf´f’l•ment), n. The process or act of baffling, or of being baffled; frustration; check.

Baf´fler (baf´fler), n. One who, or that which, baffles.

Baf´fling (baf´fling), a. Frustrating; discomfiting; disconcerting; as baffling currents, winds, tasks. — Baff´ling•ly, adv. — Baff´ling•ness, n.

Baft (baft). n. Same as Bafta.

Baf´ta (baf´ta), n. [Cf. Per. baft woven, wrought.] A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in India. also an imitation of this fabric made for export.

Bag (bag), n. [OE. bagge; cf. Icel. baggi, and also OF. bague, bundle, LL. baga.] 1. A sack or pouch, used for holding anything; as a bag of meal or of money. 2. A sac, or dependent gland, in animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance; as the bag of poison in the mouth of some serpents; the bag of a cow. 3. A sort of silken purse formerly tied about men’s hair behind, by way of ornament. [Obs.] 4. The quantity of game bagged. 5. (Com.) A certain quantity of a commodity, such as it is customary to carry to market in a sack; as a bag of pepper or hops; a bag of coffee. Bag and baggage, all that belongs to one. — To give one the bag, to disappoint him. [Obs.] Bunyan.

Bag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bagged (bagd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bagging] 1. To put into a bag; as to bag hops. 2. To seize, capture, or entrap; as to bag an army; to bag game. 3. To furnish or load with a bag or with a well filled bag. “A bee bagged with his honeyed venom.
Dryden.”

Bag, v. i. 1. To swell or hang down like a full bag; as the skin bags from containing morbid matter. 2. To swell with arrogance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To become pregnant. [Obs.] Warner. (Alb. Eng.).

Ba•gasse´ , n. [F.] Sugar cane, as it comes crushed from the mill. It is then dried and used as fuel. Also extended to the refuse of beetroot sugar.

Bag•a•telle´ (bag•a•tel´), n. [F., fr. It. bagatella; cf. Prov. It. bagata trifle, OF. bague, Pr. bagua, bundle. See Bag, n.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance. “Rich trifles, serious bagatelles.
Prior.” 2. A game played on an oblong board, having, at one end, cups or arches into or through which balls are to be driven by a rod held in the hand of the player.

Bag´gage (bag´gaj), n. [F. bagage, from OF. bague bundle. In senses 6 and 7 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute. See Bag, n.] 1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and provisions of an army. ´The term itself is made to apply chiefly to articles of clothing and to small personal effects.´ Farrow. 2. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which a traveler carries with him on a journey; luggage. “The baronet’s baggage on the roof of the coach.
Thackeray.” “We saw our baggage following below.
Johnson.” The English usually call this luggage. 3. Purulent matter. [Obs.] Barrough. 4. Trashy talk. [Obs.] Ascham. 5. A man of bad character. [Obs.] Holland. 6. A woman of loose morals; a prostitute. “A disreputable, daring, laughing, painted French baggage.
Thackeray.” 7. A romping, saucy girl. [Playful] Goldsmith.

Bag´gage mas•ter . One who has charge of the baggage at a railway station or upon a line of public travel. [U.S.]

Bag´ga•ger , n. One who takes care of baggage; a camp follower. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Bag´ga•la , n. [Ar. ´fem. of baghl a mule.´ Balfour.] (Naut.) A two-masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in the Indian Ocean.

Bag´gi•ly , adv. In a loose, baggy way.

Bag´ging, n. 1. Cloth or other material for bags. 2. The act of putting anything into, or as into, a bag. 3. The act of swelling; swelling.

Bag´ging, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Reaping peas beans, wheat, etc., with a chopping stroke. [Eng.]

Bag´gy , a. Resembling a bag; loose or puffed out, or pendent, like a bag; flabby; as baggy trousers; baggy cheeks.

Bag´man , n.; pl. Bagmen . A commercial traveler; one employed to solicit orders for manufacturers and tradesmen. Thackeray.

Bag´ net (net•). A bag-shaped net for catching fish.

Bagn´io , n. [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bain.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc.; — also in Turkey, a prison for slaves. [Obs.] 2. A brothel; a stew; a house of prostitution.

Bag´pipe , n. A musical wind instrument, now used chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland. It consists of a leather bag, which receives the air by a tube that is stopped by a valve; and three sounding pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. Two of these pipes produce fixed tones, namely, the bass, or key tone, and its fifth, and form together what is called the drone; the third, or chanter, gives the melody.

Bag´pipe, v. t. To make to look like a bagpipe. To bagpipe the mizzen (Naut.), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen rigging. Totten.

Bag´pip•er , n. One who plays on a bagpipe; a piper. Shak.

Bag´reef , n. [Bag + reef.] (Naut.) The lower reef of fore and aft sails; also the upper reef of topsails. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Bague , n. [F., a ring] (Arch.) The annular molding or group of moldings dividing a long shaft or clustered column into two or more parts. { Ba•guet´ , Ba•guette´ } , n. [F. baguette, prop. a rod It. bacchetta, fr. L. baculum, baculu stick, staff.] 1. (Arch.) A small molding, like the astragal, but smaller; a bead. 2. (Zoöl) One of the minute bodies seen in the divided nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation.

Bag´wig´ , n. A wig, in use in the 18th century, with the hair at the back of the head in a bag.

Bag´worm , n. (Zoöl.) One of several lepidopterous insects which construct, in the larval state, a baglike case which they carry about for protection. One species (Platœceticus Gloveri) feeds on the orange tree. See Basket worm.

Bah , interj. An exclamation expressive of extreme contempt. “Twenty-five years ago the vile ejaculation, Bah! was utterly unknown to the English public.
De Quincey.”

Ba•har´ , n. [Ar. bahar, from bahara to charge with a load.] A weight used in certain parts of the East Indies, varying considerably in different localities, the range being from 223 to 625 pounds.

Baigne (ban), v. t. [F. baigner to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] To soak or drench. [Obs.] Carew.

Bail (bal), n. [F. baille a bucket, pail; cf. LL. bacula, dim. of bacca a sort of vessel. Cf. Bac.] A bucket or scoop used in bailing water out of a boat. [Obs.] “The bail of a canoe … made of a human skull.
Capt. Cook.”

Bail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bailed (bald); p. pr. & vb. n. Bailing.] 1. To lade; to dip and throw; — usually with out; as to bail water out of a boat. “Buckets … to bail out the water.
Capt. J. Smith.” 2. To dip or lade water from; — often with out to express completeness; as to bail a boat. “By the help of a small bucket and our hats we bailed her out.
R. H. Dana, Jr.”

Bail, v. t. [OF. bailler to give, to deliver, fr. L. bajulare to bear a burden, keep in custody, fr. bajulus he who bears burdens.] 1. To deliver; to release. [Obs.] “Ne none there was to rescue her, ne none to bail.
Spenser.” 2. (Law) (a) To set free, or deliver from arrest, or out of custody, on the undertaking of some other person or persons that he or they will be responsible for the appearance, at a certain day and place, of the person bailed. The word is applied to the magistrate or the surety. The magistrate bails (but admits to bail is commoner) a man when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment upon bond given with sureties. The surety bails a person when he procures his release from arrest by giving bond for his appearance. Blackstone. (b) To deliver, as goods in trust, for some special object or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee, or person intrusted; as to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a garment; to bail goods to a carrier. Blackstone. Kent.

Bail, n. [OF. bail guardian, administrator, fr. L. bajulus. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Custody; keeping. [Obs.] “Silly Faunus now within their bail.
Spenser.” 2. (Law) (a) The person or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from the custody of the officer, or from imprisonment, by becoming surety for his appearance in court. “The bail must be real, substantial bondsmen.
Blackstone.” “A. and B. were bail to the arrest in a suit at law.
Kent.” (b) The security given for the appearance of a prisoner in order to obtain his release from custody of the officer; as the man is out on bail; to go bail for any one. “Excessive bail ought not to be required.
Blackstone.”

Bail, n. [OE. beyl; cf. Dan. böile a bending, ring, hoop, Sw. bögel, bygel, and Icel. beyla hump, swelling, akin to E. bow to bend.] 1. The arched handle of a kettle, pail, or similar vessel, usually movable. Forby. 2. A half hoop for supporting the cover of a carrier’s wagon, awning of a boat, etc.

Bail, n. [OF. bail, baille. See Bailey.] 1. (Usually pl.) A line of palisades serving as an exterior defense. [Written also bayle.] [Obs.] 2. The outer wall of a feudal castle. Hence: The space inclosed by it; the outer court. Holinshed. 3. A certain limit within a forest. [Eng.] 4. A division for the stalls of an open stable. 5. (Cricket) The top or cross piece (or either of the two cross pieces) of the wicket.

Bail´a•ble , a. 1. Having the right or privilege of being admitted to bail, upon bond with sureties; — used of persons. ´He’s bailable, I’m sure.´ Ford. 2. Admitting of bail; as a bailable offense. 3. That can be delivered in trust; as bailable goods.

Bail´ bond (bond•). (Law) (a) A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner’s appearance in court, at the return of the writ. (b) Special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bouvier.

Bail•ee´ (bal•e´), n. [OF. baille, p. p. of bailler. See Bail to deliver.] (Law) The person to whom goods are committed in trust, and who has a temporary possession and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the trust. Blackstone. In penal statutes the word includes those who receive goods for another in good faith. Wharton.

Bail´er , n. (Law) See Bailor.

Bail´er, n. 1. One who bails or lades. 2. A utensil, as a bucket or cup, used in bailing; a machine for bailing water out of a pit.

Bai´ley , n. [The same word as bail line of palisades; cf. LL. ballium bailey, OF. bail, baille, a palisade, baillier to inclose, shut.] 1. The outer wall of a feudal castle. [Obs.] 2. The space immediately within the outer wall of a castle or fortress. [Obs.] 3. A prison or court of justice; — used in certain proper names; as the Old Bailey in London; the New Bailey in Manchester. [Eng.] Oxf. Gloss.

Bail´ie , n. [See Bailiff.] An officer in Scotland, whose office formerly corresponded to that of sheriff, but now corresponds to that of an English alderman.

Bail´iff , n. [OF. baillif, F. bailli, custodian, magistrate, fr. L. bajulus porter. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Originally, a person put in charge of something; especially, a chief officer, magistrate, or keeper, as of a county, town, hundred, or castle; one to whom powers of custody or care are intrusted. Abbott. “Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, governed by a bailiff sent every three years from the senate.
Addison.” 2. (Eng. Law) A sheriff’s deputy, appointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, etc. In American law the term bailiff is seldom used except sometimes to signify a sheriff’s officer or constable, or a party liable to account to another for the rent and profits of real estate. Burrill. 3. An overseer or under steward of an estate, who directs husbandry operations, collects rents, etc. [Eng.]

Bail´iff•wick , n. See Bailiwick. [Obs.]

Bail´i•wick , n. [Bailie, bailiff + wick a village.] (Law) The precincts within which a bailiff has jurisdiction; the limits of a bailiff’s authority.

Bail´lie , n. 1. Bailiff. [Obs.] 2. Same as Bailie. [Scot.]

Bail´ment , n. 1. (Law) The action of bailing a person accused. “Bailment … is the saving or delivery of a man out of prison before he hath satisfied the law.
Dalton.” 2. (Law) A delivery of goods or money by one person to another in trust, for some special purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed. Blackstone. In a general sense it is sometimes used as comprehending all duties in respect to property. Story.

Bail•or´ , n. (Law) One who delivers goods or money to another in trust.

Bail´piece , n. (Law) A piece of parchment, or paper, containing a recognizance or bail bond.

Bain (ban; as F., baN), n. [F. bain, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bagnio.] A bath; a bagnio. [Obs.] Holland.

Bain•-ma•rie´ , n. [F.] A vessel for holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated without scorching its contents; — used for warming or preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations.

Bai´ram , n. [Turk. baïram.] The name of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other seventy days after the fast.

Bairn (bârn), n. [Scot. bairn, AS. bearn, fr. beran to bear; akin to Icel., OS., & Goth. barn. See Bear to support.] A child. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “Has he not well provided for the bairn?
Beau. & Fl.”

Baise´mains , n. pl. [F., fr. baiser to kiss + mains hands.] Respects; compliments. [Obs.]

Bait (bat), n. [Icel. beita food, beit pasture, akin to AS. bat food, Sw. bete. See Bait, v. t.] 1. Any substance, esp. food, used in catching fish, or other animals, by alluring them to a hook, snare, inclosure, or net. 2. Anything which allures; a lure; enticement; temptation. Fairfax. 3. A portion of food or drink, as a refreshment taken on a journey; also a stop for rest and refreshment. 4. A light or hasty luncheon. Bait bug (Zoöl.), a crustacean of the genus Hippa found burrowing in sandy beaches. See Anomura.

Bait, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baited; p. pr. & vb. n. Baiting.] [OE. baiten, beiten, to feed, harass, fr. Icel. beita, orig., to cause to bite, fr. bita. rad.87. See Bite.] 1. To provoke and harass; esp., to harass or torment for sport; as to bait a bear with dogs; to bait a bull. 2. To give a portion of food and drink to, upon the road; as to bait horses. Holland. 3. To furnish or cover with bait, as a trap or hook. “A crooked pin … baited with a vile earthworm.
W. Irving.”

Bait, v. i. To stop to take a portion of food and drink for refreshment of one’s self or one’s beasts, on a journey. “Evil news rides post, while good news baits.
Milton.” “My lord’s coach conveyed me to Bury, and thence baiting at Newmarket.
Evelyn.”

Bait, v. i. [F. battre de l’aile (or des ailes), to flap or flutter. See Batter, v. t.] To flap the wings; to flutter as if to fly; or to hover, as a hawk when she stoops to her prey. ´Kites that bait and beat.´ Shak.

Bait´er , n. One who baits; a tormentor.

Baize (baz), n. [For bayes, pl. fr. OF. baie; cf. F. bai bay-colored. See Bay a color.] A coarse woolen stuff with a long nap; — usually dyed in plain colors. “A new black baize waistcoat lined with silk.
Pepys.”

Ba•joc´co , n. [It., fr. bajo brown, bay, from its color.] A small copper coin formerly current in the Roman States, worth about a cent and a half.

Bake (bak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baked (bakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Baking.] [AS. bacan; akin to D. bakken, OHG. bacchan, G. backen, Icel. & Sw. baka, Dan. bage, Gr. fw•gein to roast.] 1. To prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone or metal; as to bake bread, meat, apples. Baking is the term usually applied to that method of cooking which exhausts the moisture in food more than roasting or broiling; but the distinction of meaning between roasting and baking is not always observed. 2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat, as to bake bricks; the sun bakes the ground. 3. To harden by cold. “The earth … is baked with frost.
Shak.” “They bake their sides upon the cold, hard stone.
Spenser.”

Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking something; as she brews, washes, and bakes. Shak. 2. To be baked; to become dry and hard in heat; as the bread bakes; the ground bakes in the hot sun.

Bake, n. The process, or result, of baking.

Bake´house (-hous•), n. [AS. baechus. See Bake, v. t., and House.] A house for baking; a bakery. { Bake´meat• (bak´met•), Baked´-meat• (bakt´-), } n. A pie; baked food. [Obs.] Gen. xl. 17. Shak.

Bak´en , p. p. of Bake. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bak´er , n. [AS. baecere. See Bake, v. t.] 1. One whose business it is to bake bread, biscuit, etc. 2. A portable oven in which baking is done. [U.S.] A baker’s dozen, thirteen. — Baker foot, a distorted foot. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Baker’s itch, a rash on the back of the hand, caused by the irritating properties of yeast. — Baker’s salt, the subcarbonate of ammonia, sometimes used instead of soda, in making bread.

Bak´er-legged , a. Having legs that bend inward at the knees.

Bak´er•y , n. 1. The trade of a baker. [R.] 2. A place for baking bread; a bakehouse.

Bak´ing, n. 1. The act or process of cooking in an oven, or of drying and hardening by heat or cold. 2. The quantity baked at once; a batch; as a baking of bread. Baking powder, a substitute for yeast, usually consisting of an acid, a carbonate, and a little farinaceous matter.

Bak´ing•ly, adv. In a hot or baking manner.

Bak´is•tre , n. [See Baxter.] A baker. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Bak´sheesh• , Bak´shish• } , n. Same as Backsheesh.

Ba´laam , n. A paragraph describing something wonderful, used to fill out a newspaper column; — an allusion to the miracle of Balaam’s ass speaking. Numb. xxii. 30. [Cant] Balaam basket or box (Print.), the receptacle for rejected articles. Blackw. Mag.

Bal´a•chong , n. [Malay balachan.] A condiment formed of small fishes or shrimps, pounded up with salt and spices, and then dried. It is much esteemed in China.

Bal•ae•noi´de•a , n. [NL., from L. balaena whale + -oid.] (Zoöl) A division of the Cetacea, including the right whale and all other whales having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baleen.

Bal´ance (bal´ans), n. [OE. balaunce, F. balance, fr. L. bilanx, bilancis, having two scales; bis twice (akin to E. two) + lanx plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus for weighing. In its simplest form, a balance consists of a beam or lever supported exactly in the middle, having two scales or basins of equal weight suspended from its extremities. Another form is that of the Roman balance, our steelyard, consisting of a lever or beam, suspended near one of its extremities, on the longer arm of which a counterpoise slides. The name is also given to other forms of apparatus for weighing bodies, as to the combinations of levers making up platform scales; and even to devices for weighing by the elasticity of a spring. 2. Act of weighing mentally; comparison; estimate. “A fair balance of the advantages on either side.
Atterbury.” 3. Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales. 4. The state of being in equipoise; equilibrium; even adjustment; steadiness. “And hung a bottle on each side
To make his balance true.
Cowper.” “The order and balance of the country were destroyed.
Buckle.” “English workmen completely lose their balance.
J. S. Mill.” 5. An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an account; as to bring one’s accounts to a balance; — also the excess on either side; as the balance of an account. ´A balance at the banker’s.´ Thackeray. “I still think the balance of probabilities leans towards the account given in the text.
J. Peile.” 6. (Horol.) A balance wheel, as of a watch, or clock. See Balance wheel (in the Vocabulary). 7. (Astron.) (a) The constellation Libra. (b) The seventh sign in the Zodiac, called Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in September. 8. A movement in dancing. See Balance, v. t., 8. Balance electrometer, a kind of balance, with a poised beam, which indicates, by weights suspended from one arm, the mutual attraction of oppositely electrified surfaces. Knight. — Balance fish. (Zoöl) See Hammerhead. — Balance knife, a carving or table knife the handle of which overbalances the blade, and so keeps it from contact with the table. — Balance of power (Politics), such an adjustment of power among sovereign states that no one state is in a position to interfere with the independence of the others; international equilibrium; also the ability (of a state or a third party within a state) to control the relations between sovereign states or between dominant parties in a state. — Balance sheet (Bookkeeping), a paper showing the balances of the open accounts of a business, the debit and credit balances footing up equally, if the system of accounts be complete and the balances correctly taken. — Balance thermometer, a thermometer mounted as a balance so that the movement of the mercurial column changes the inclination of the tube. With the aid of electrical or mechanical devices adapted to it, it is used for the automatic regulation of the temperature of rooms warmed artificially, and as a fire alarm. — Balance of torsion. See Torsion Balance. — Balance of trade (Pol. Econ.), an equilibrium between the money values of the exports and imports of a country; or more commonly, the amount required on one side or the other to make such an equilibrium. — Balance valve, a valve whose surfaces are so arranged that the fluid pressure tending to seat, and that tending to unseat, the valve, are nearly in equilibrium; esp., a puppet valve which is made to operate easily by the admission of steam to both sides. See Puppet valve. — Hydrostatic balance. See under Hydrostatic. — To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To strike a balance, to find out the difference between the debit and credit sides of an account.

Bal´ance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Balancing .] [From Balance, n.: cf. F. balancer.] 1. To bring to an equipoise, as the scales of a balance by adjusting the weights; to weigh in a balance. 2. To support on a narrow base, so as to keep from falling; as to balance a plate on the end of a cane; to balance one’s self on a tight rope. 3. To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion; to counterpoise, counterbalance, counteract, or neutralize. “One expression … must check and balance another.
Kent.” 4. To compare in relative force, importance, value, etc.; to estimate. “Balance the good and evil of things.
L’Estrange.” 5. To settle and adjust, as an account; to make two accounts equal by paying the difference between them. “I am very well satisfied that it is not in my power to balance accounts with my Maker.
Addison.” 6. To make the sums of the debits and credits of an account equal; — said of an item; as this payment, or credit, balances the account. 7. To arrange accounts in such a way that the sum total of the debits is equal to the sum total of the credits; as to balance a set of books. 8. (Dancing) To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally; as to balance partners. 9. (Naut.) To contract, as a sail, into a narrower compass; as to balance the boom mainsail. Balanced valve. See Balance valve, under Balance, n. Syn. — To poise; weigh; adjust; counteract; neutralize; equalize.

Bal´ance, v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each side; to be in equipoise; as the scales balance. 2. To fluctuate between motives which appear of equal force; to waver; to hesitate. “He would not balance or err in the determination of his choice.
Locke.” 3. (Dancing) To move toward a person or couple, and then back.

Bal´ance•a•ble , a. Such as can be balanced.

Bal´ance•ment , n. The act or result of balancing or adjusting; equipoise; even adjustment of forces. [R.] Darwin.

Bal´an•cer , n. 1. One who balances, or uses a balance. 2. (Zoöl.) In Diptera, the rudimentary posterior wing.

Bal´ance•reef , n. (Naut.) The last reef in a fore-and-aft sail, taken to steady the ship.

Bal´ance wheel . 1. (Horology) (a) A wheel which regulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chronometer, answering to the pendulum of a clock; — often called simply a balance. (b) A ratchet-shaped scape wheel, which in some watches is acted upon by the axis of the balance wheel proper (in those watches called a balance). 2. (Mach.) A wheel which imparts regularity to the movements of any engine or machine; a fly wheel.

Bal•a•nif´er•ous , a. [L. balanus acorn + -ferous.] Bearing or producing acorns.

Bal´a•nite , n. [L. balanus acorn: cf. F. balanite.] (Paleon.) A fossil balanoid shell.

Bal•a•no•glos´sus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•lanos acorn + glw^ssa tongue.] (Zoöl) A peculiar marine worm. See Enteropneusta, and Tornaria.

Bal´a•noid , a. [Gr. balanos acorn + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an acorn; — applied to a group of barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. See Acornshell, and Barnacle.

Bal´as ru•by . [OE. bales, balais, F. balais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from Badakhshan, Balashan, or Balaxiam, a place in the neighborhood of Samarcand, where this ruby is found.] (Min.) A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or inclining to orange. See Spinel.

Ba•laus´tine , n. [L. balaustium, Gr. balay•stion.] (Bot.) The pomegranate tree (Punica granatum). The bark of the root, the rind of the fruit, and the flowers are used medicinally. { Bal•bu´ti•ate , Bal•bu´ci•nate } v. i. [L. balbutire, fr. balbus stammering: cf. F. balbutier.] To stammer. [Obs.]

Bal•bu´ti•es , n. (Med.) The defect of stammering; also a kind of incomplete pronunciation.

Bal´con , n. A balcony. [Obs.] Pepys.

Bal´co•nied , a. Having balconies.

Bal´co•ny (bal´ko•ny; 277), n.; pl. Balconies (-niz). [It. balcone; cf. It. balco, palco, scaffold, fr. OHG. balcho, palcho, beam, G. balken. See Balk beam.] 1. (Arch.) A platform projecting from the wall of a building, usually resting on brackets or consoles, and inclosed by a parapet; as a balcony in front of a window. also a projecting gallery in places of amusement; as the balcony in a theater. 2. A projecting gallery once common at the stern of large ships. ´The accent has shifted from the second to the first syllable within these twenty years.´ Smart (1836).

Bald (bald), a. [OE. balled, ballid, perh. the p. p. of ball to reduce to the roundness or smoothness of a ball, by removing hair. rad.85. But cf. W. bali whiteness in a horse’s forehead.] 1. Destitute of the natural or common covering on the head or top, as of hair, feathers, foliage, trees, etc.; as a bald head; a bald oak. “On the bald top of an eminence.
Wordsworth.” 2. Destitute of ornament; unadorned; bare; literal. “In the preface to his own bald translation.
Dryden.” 3. Undisguised. ´ Bald egotism.´ Lowell. 4. Destitute of dignity or value; paltry; mean. [Obs.] 5. (Bot.) Destitute of a beard or awn; as bald wheat. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of the natural covering. (b) Marked with a white spot on the head; bald-faced. Bald buzzard (Zoöl.), the fishhawk or osprey. — Bald coot (Zoöl.), a name of the European coot (Fulica atra), alluding to the bare patch on the front of the head.

Bal´da•chin , n. [LL. baldachinus, baldechinus, a canopy of rich silk carried over the host; fr. Bagdad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia from whence these rich silks came: cf. It. baldacchino. Cf. Baudekin.] 1. A rich brocade; baudekin. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) A structure in form of a canopy, sometimes supported by columns, and sometimes suspended from the roof or projecting from the wall; generally placed over an altar; as the baldachin in St. Peter’s. 3. A portable canopy borne over shrines, etc., in procession. [Written also baldachino, baldaquin, etc.]

Bald´ ea´gle . (Zoöl.) The white-headed eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) of America. The young, until several years old, lack the white feathers on the head. The bald eagle is represented in the coat of arms, and on the coins, of the United States.

Bal´der , n. [Icel. Baldr, akin to E. bold.] (Scan. Myth.) The most beautiful and beloved of the gods; the god of peace; the son of Odin and Freya. [Written also Baldur.]

Bal´der•dash , n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. Dan. balder noise, clatter, and E. dash; hence, perhaps, unmeaning noise, then hodgepodge, mixture; or W. baldorduss a prattling, baldordd, baldorddi, to prattle.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially of liquors. “Indeed beer, by a mixture of wine, hath lost both name and nature, and is called balderdash.
Taylor (Drink and Welcome).” 2. Senseless jargon; ribaldry; nonsense; trash.

Bal´der•dash , v. t. To mix or adulterate, as liquors. “The wine merchants of Nice brew and balderdash, and even
mix it with pigeon’s dung and quicklime.
Smollett.”

Bald´-faced , a. Having a white face or a white mark on the face, as a stag.

Bald´head , n. 1. A person whose head is bald. 2 Kings ii. 23. 2. (Zoöl.) A white-headed variety of pigeon.

Bald´head•ed, a. Having a bald head.

Bald´ly, adv. Nakedly; without reserve; inelegantly.

Bald´ness, n. The state or condition of being bald; as baldness of the head; baldness of style. “This gives to their syntax a peculiar character of simplicity and baldness.
W. D. Whitney.”

Bald´pate , n. 1. A baldheaded person. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) The American widgeon (Anas Americana). { Bald´pate• , Bald´pat•ed } a. Destitute of hair on the head; baldheaded. Shak.

Bald´rib , n. A piece of pork cut lower down than the sparerib, and destitute of fat. [Eng.] Southey.

Bal´dric , n. [OE. baudric, bawdrik, through OF. (cf. F. baudrier and LL. baldringus, baldrellus), from OHG. balderich, cf. balz, palz, akin to E. belt. See Belt, n.] A broad belt, sometimes richly ornamented, worn over one shoulder, across the breast, and under the opposite arm; less properly, any belt. [Also spelt bawdrick.] “A radiant baldric o’er his shoulder tied
Sustained the sword that glittered at his side.
Pope.”

Bald´win , n. (Bot.) A kind of reddish, moderately acid, winter apple. [U.S.]

Bale , n. [OE. bale, OF. bale, F. balle, LL. bala, fr. OHG. balla, palla, pallo, G. ball, balle, ballen, ball, round pack; cf. D. baal. Cf. Ball a round body.] A bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for storage or transportation; also a bundle of straw, hay, etc., put up compactly for transportation. Bale of dice, a pair of dice. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Baling.] To make up in a bale. Goldsmith.

Bale, v. t. See Bail, v. t., to lade.

Bale (bal), n. [AS. bealo, bealu, balu; akin to OS. balu, OHG. balo, Icel. böl, Goth. balweins.] 1. Misery; calamity; misfortune; sorrow. “Let now your bliss be turned into bale.
Spenser.” 2. Evil; an evil, pernicious influence; something causing great injury. [Now chiefly poetic]

Bal•e•ar´ic (bal•e•ar´ik), a. [L. Balearicus, fr. Gr. baliarei^s the Balearic Islands.] Of or pertaining to the isles of Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, etc., in the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Valencia. Balearic crane. (Zoöl.) See Crane.

Ba•leen´ (ba•len´), n. [F. baleine whale and whalebone, L. balaena a whale; cf. Gr. fa•laina.] (Zoöl. & Com.) Plates or blades of ´whalebone,´ from two to twelve feet long, and sometimes a foot wide, which in certain whales (Balaenoidea) are attached side by side along the upper jaw, and form a fringelike sieve by which the food is retained in the mouth.

Bale´fire (bal´fir), n. [AS. baelfyr the fire of the funeral pile; bael fire, flame (akin to Icel. bal, OSlav. belu, white, Gr. falo•s bright, white, Skr. bhala brightness) + fyr, E. fire.] A signal fire; an alarm fire. “Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide
The glaring balefires blaze no more.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bale´ful (bal´ful), a. [AS. bealoful. See Bale misery.] 1. Full of deadly or pernicious influence; destructive. ´Baleful enemies.´ Shak. “Four infernal rivers that disgorge
Into the burning lake their baleful streams.
Milton.” 2. Full of grief or sorrow; woeful; sad. [Archaic]

Bale´ful•ly, adv. In a baleful manner; perniciously.

Bale´ful•ness, n. The quality or state of being baleful.

Bal´i•sa•ur (bal´i•sä•oor), n. [Hind.] (Zoöl.) A badgerlike animal of India (Arctonyx collaris).

Bal´is•ter (bal´is•ter or ba•lis´ter), n. [OF. balestre. See Ballista.] A crossbow. [Obs.] Blount.

Bal´is•toid , a. (Zoöl.) Like a fish of the genus Balistes; of the family Balistidae. See Filefish.

Bal•is•tra´ri•a , n. [LL.] (Anc. Fort.) A narrow opening, often cruciform, through which arrows might be discharged. Parker.

Ba•lize´ , n. [F. balise; cf. Sp. balisa.] A pole or a frame raised as a sea beacon or a landmark.

Balk (bak), n. [AS. balca beam, ridge; akin to Icel. balkr partition, bjalki beam, OS. balko, G. balken; cf. Gael. balc ridge of earth between two furrows. Cf. Balcony, Balk, v. t., 3d Bulk.] 1. A ridge of land left unplowed between furrows, or at the end of a field; a piece missed by the plow slipping aside. “Bad plowmen made balks of such ground.
Fuller.” 2. A great beam, rafter, or timber; esp., the tie- beam of a house. The loft above was called ´the balks.´ “Tubs hanging in the balks.
Chaucer.” 3. (Mil.) One of the beams connecting the successive supports of a trestle bridge or bateau bridge. 4. A hindrance or disappointment; a check. “A balk to the confidence of the bold undertaker.
South.” 5. A sudden and obstinate stop; a failure. 6. (Baseball) A deceptive gesture of the pitcher, as if to deliver the ball. Balk line (Billiards), a line across a billiard table near one end, marking a limit within which the cue balls are placed in beginning a game; also a line around the table, parallel to the sides, used in playing a particular game, called the balk line game.

Balk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balked (bakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Balking.] [From Balk a beam; orig. to put a balk or beam in one’s way, in order to stop or hinder. Cf., for sense 2, AS. on balcan legan to lay in heaps.] 1. To leave or make balks in. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To leave heaped up; to heap up in piles. [Obs.] “Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
Balk’d in their own blood did Sir Walter see.
Shak.” 3. To omit, miss, or overlook by chance. [Obs.] 4. To miss intentionally; to avoid; to shun; to refuse; to let go by; to shirk. [Obs. or Obsolescent] “By reason of the contagion then in London, we balked the inns.
Evelyn.” “Sick he is, and keeps his bed, and balks his meat.
Bp. Hall.” “Nor doth he any creature balk,
But lays on all he meeteth.
Drayton.” 5. To disappoint; to frustrate; to foil; to baffle; to thwart; as to balk expectation. “They shall not balk my entrance.
Byron.”

Balk, v. i. 1. To engage in contradiction; to be in opposition. [Obs.] “In strifeful terms with him to balk.
Spenser.” 2. To stop abruptly and stand still obstinately; to jib; to stop short; to swerve; as the horse balks. This has been regarded as an Americanism, but it occurs in Spenser’s ´Faërie Queene,´ Book IV., 10, xxv. “Ne ever ought but of their true loves talkt,
Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt.”

Balk, v. i. [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.] To indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore, the direction taken by the shoals of herring.

Balk´er , n. [See 2d Balk.] One who, or that which, balks.

Balk´er , n. [See last Balk.] A person who stands on a rock or eminence to espy the shoals of herring, etc., and to give notice to the men in boats which way they pass; a conder; a huer.

Balk´ing•ly, adv. In a manner to balk or frustrate.

Balk´ish, a. Uneven; ridgy. [R.] Holinshed.

Balk´y (bak´y), a. Apt to balk; as a balky horse.

Ball (bal), n. [OE. bal, balle; akin to OHG. balla, palla, G. ball, Icel. böllr, ball; cf. F. balle. Cf. 1st Bale, n., Pallmall.] 1. Any round or roundish body or mass; a sphere or globe; as a ball of twine; a ball of snow. 2. A spherical body of any substance or size used to play with, as by throwing, knocking, kicking, etc. 3. A general name for games in which a ball is thrown, kicked, or knocked. See Baseball, and Football. 4. Any solid spherical, cylindrical, or conical projectile of lead or iron, to be discharged from a firearm; as a cannon ball; a rifle ball; — often used collectively; as powder and ball. Spherical balls for the smaller firearms are commonly called bullets. 5. (Pyrotechnics & Mil.) A flaming, roundish body shot into the air; a case filled with combustibles intended to burst and give light or set fire, or to produce smoke or stench; as a fire ball; a stink ball. 6. (Print.) A leather-covered cushion, fastened to a handle called a ballstock; — formerly used by printers for inking the form, but now superseded by the roller. 7. A roundish protuberant portion of some part of the body; as the ball of the thumb; the ball of the foot. 8. (Far.) A large pill, a form in which medicine is commonly given to horses; a bolus. White. 9. The globe or earth. Pope. “Move round the dark terrestrial ball.
Addison.” Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction within certain limits. — Ball bearings, a mechanical device for lessening the friction of axle bearings by means of small loose metal balls. — Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a ball, as distinguished from a blank cartridge, containing only powder. — Ball cock, a faucet or valve which is opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in water at the end of a lever. — Ball gudgeon, a pivot of a spherical form, which permits lateral deflection of the arbor or shaft, while retaining the pivot in its socket. Knight. — Ball lever, the lever used in a ball cock. — Ball of the eye, the eye itself, as distinguished from its lids and socket; — formerly, the pupil of the eye. — Ball valve (Mach.), a contrivance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole in its bottom, operates as a valve. — Ball vein (Mining), a sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a globular form, containing sparkling particles. — Three balls, or Three golden balls, a pawnbroker’s sign or shop. Syn. — See Globe.

Ball, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balled (bald); p. pr. & vb. n. Balling.] To gather balls which cling to the feet, as of damp snow or clay; to gather into balls; as the horse balls; the snow balls.

Ball, v. t. 1. (Metal.) To heat in a furnace and form into balls for rolling. 2. To form or wind into a ball; as to ball cotton.

Ball, n. [F. bal, fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. ballare. Of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. ba•llein to toss or throw, or pa•llein, pa•llesqai, to leap, bound, balli•zein to dance, jump about; or cf. 1st Ball, n.] A social assembly for the purpose of dancing.

Bal´lad , n. [OE. balade, OF. balade, F. ballade, fr. Pr. ballada a dancing song, fr. ballare to dance; cf. It. ballata. See 2d Ball, n., and Ballet.] A popular kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing; as the ballad of Chevy Chase; esp., a sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas.

Bal´lad, v. i. To make or sing ballads. [Obs.]

Bal´lad, v. t. To make mention of in ballads. [Obs.]

Bal•lade´ , n. [See Ballad, n.] A form of French versification, sometimes imitated in English, in which three or four rhymes recur through three stanzas of eight or ten lines each, the stanzas concluding with a refrain, and the whole poem with an envoy.

Bal´lad•er , n. A writer of ballads.

Bal´lad mon•ger . [See Monger.] A seller or maker of ballads; a poetaster. Shak.

Bal´lad•ry , n. [From Ballad, n.] Ballad poems; the subject or style of ballads. ´Base balladry is so beloved.´ Drayton. { Bal´la•hoo , Bal´la•hou } (bal´la•hoo), n. A fast-sailing schooner, used in the Bermudas and West Indies.

Bal´la•rag (-rag), v. t. [Corrupted fr. bullirag.] To bully; to threaten. [Low] T. Warton.

Bal´last (bal´last), n. [D. ballast; akin to Dan. baglast, ballast, OSw. barlast, Sw. ballast. The first part is perh. the same word as E. bare, adj.; the second is last a burden, and hence the meaning a bare, or mere, load. See Bare, a., and Last load.] 1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, as stone, iron, etc., put into the hold to sink a vessel in the water to such a depth as to prevent capsizing. 2. Any heavy matter put into the car of a balloon to give it steadiness. 3. Gravel, broken stone, etc., laid in the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. 4. The larger solids, as broken stone or gravel, used in making concrete. 5. Fig.: That which gives, or helps to maintain, uprightness, steadiness, and security. “It [piety] is the right ballast of prosperity.
Barrow.” Ballast engine, a steam engine used in excavating and for digging and raising stones and gravel for ballast. — Ship in ballast, a ship carrying only ballast.

Bal´last, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ballasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ballasting.] 1. To steady, as a vessel, by putting heavy substances in the hold. 2. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with gravel, stone, etc., in order to make it firm and solid. 3. To keep steady; to steady, morally. “’T is charity must ballast the heart.
Hammond.”

Bal´last•age , n. (Law) A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast in a port or harbor.

Bal´last•ing, n. That which is used for steadying anything; ballast.

Bal´la•try , n. See Balladry. [Obs.] Milton.

Bal´let (bal´la• or bal´let; 277), n. [F., a dim. of bal dance. See 2d Ball, n.] 1. An artistic dance performed as a theatrical entertainment, or an interlude, by a number of persons, usually women. Sometimes, a scene accompanied by pantomime and dancing. 2. The company of persons who perform the ballet. 3. (Mus.) A light part song, or madrigal, with a fa la burden or chorus, — most common with the Elizabethan madrigal composers. 4. (Her.) A bearing in coats of arms, representing one or more balls, which are denominated bezants, plates, etc., according to color.

Ball´-flow•er , n. (Arch.) An ornament resembling a ball placed in a circular flower, the petals of which form a cup round it, — usually inserted in a hollow molding.

Bal•lis´ta , n.; pl. Ballistae . [L. ballista, balista, fr. Gr. ballein to throw.] An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles.

Bal´lis•ter (bal´lis•ter or bal•lis´ter), n. [L. ballista. Cf. Balister.] A crossbow. [Obs.]

Bal•lis´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ballista, or to the art of hurling stones or missile weapons by means of an engine. 2. Pertaining to projection, or to a projectile. Ballistic pendulum, an instrument consisting of a mass of wood or other material suspended as a pendulum, for measuring the force and velocity of projectiles by means of the arc through which their impact impels it.

Bal•lis´tics , n. [Cf. F. balistique. See Ballista.] The science or art of hurling missile weapons by the use of an engine. Whewell.

Bal´li•um , n. [LL.] See Bailey.

Bal•loon´ , n. [F. ballon, aug. of balle ball: cf. It. ballone. See 1st Ball, n., and cf. Pallone.] 1. A bag made of silk or other light material, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere; especially, one with a car attached for aërial navigation. 2. (Arch.) A ball or globe on the top of a pillar, church, etc., as at St. Paul’s, in London. [R.] 3. (Chem.) A round vessel, usually with a short neck, to hold or receive whatever is distilled; a glass vessel of a spherical form. 4. (Pyrotechnics) A bomb or shell. [Obs.] 5. A game played with a large inflated ball. [Obs.] 6. (Engraving) The outline inclosing words represented as coming from the mouth of a pictured figure. Air balloon, a balloon for aërial navigation. — Balloon frame (Carp.), a house frame constructed altogether of small timber. — Balloon net, a variety of woven lace in which the weft threads are twisted in a peculiar manner around the warp.

Bal•loon´, v. t. To take up in, or as if in, a balloon.

Bal•loon´, v. i. 1. To go up or voyage in a balloon. 2. To expand, or puff out, like a balloon.

Bal•looned´ , a. Swelled out like a balloon.

Bal•loon´er , n. One who goes up in a balloon; an aëronaut.

Bal•loon´ fish . (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Diodon or the genus Tetraodon, having the power of distending its body by taking air or water into its dilatable esophagus. See Globefish, and Bur fish.

Bal•loon´ing, n. 1. The art or practice of managing balloons or voyaging in them. 2. (Stock Exchange) The process of temporarily raising the value of a stock, as by fictitious sales. [U.S.]

Bal•loon´ing spi´der . (Zoöl.) A spider which has the habit of rising into the air. Many kinds (esp. species of Lycosa) do this while young by ejecting threads of silk until the force of the wind upon them carries the spider aloft.

Bal•loon´ist, n. An aëronaut.

Bal•loon´ry , n. The art or practice of ascending in a balloon; aëronautics.

Bal´lot (bal´lut), n. [F. ballotte, fr. It. ballotta. See Ball round body.] 1. Originally, a ball used for secret voting. Hence: Any printed or written ticket used in voting. 2. The act of voting by balls or written or printed ballots or tickets; the system of voting secretly by balls or by tickets. “The insufficiency of the ballot.
Dickens.” 3. The whole number of votes cast at an election, or in a given territory or electoral district. Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots.

Bal´lot (bal´lut), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Balloting.] [F. ballotter to toss, to ballot, or It. ballottare. See Ballot, n.] To vote or decide by ballot; as to ballot for a candidate.

Bal´lot, v. t. To vote for or in opposition to. “None of the competitors arriving to a sufficient number of balls, they fell to ballot some others.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Bal´lo•tade (bal´lo•täd• or - tad•), n. [F. ballottade, fr. ballotter to toss. See Ballot, v. i.] (Man.) A leap of a horse, as between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out.

Bal•lo•ta´tion , n. Voting by ballot. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Bal´lot•er , n. One who votes by ballot.

Bal´lo•tin , n. [F.] An officer who has charge of a ballot box. [Obs.] Harrington.

Bal´low , n. A cudgel. [Obs.] Shak.

Ball´proof , a. Incapable of being penetrated by balls from firearms.

Ball´room , n. A room for balls or dancing.

Balm (bäm), n. [OE. baume, OF. bausme, basme, F. baume, L. balsamum balsam, from Gr. ba•lsamon; perhaps of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. basam. Cf. Balsam.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Melissa. 2. The resinous and aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs. Dryden. 3. Any fragrant ointment. Shak. 4. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. ´Balm for each ill.´ Mrs. Hemans. Balm cricket (Zoöl.), the European cicada. Tennyson. — Balm of Gilead (Bot.), a small evergreen African and Asiatic tree of the terebinthine family (Balsamodendron Gileadense). Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic scent; and from this tree is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, or balsam of Mecca. This has a yellowish or greenish color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell. It is valued as an unguent and cosmetic by the Turks. The fragrant herb Dracocephalum Canariense is familiarly called balm of Gilead, and so are the American trees, Populus balsamifera, variety candicans (balsam poplar), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir).

Balm, v. t. To anoint with balm, or with anything medicinal. Hence: To soothe; to mitigate. [Archaic] Shak.

Balm´i•fy , v. t. [Balm + - fy.] To render balmy. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Balm´i•ly, adv. In a balmy manner. Coleridge.

Bal•mor´al , n. [From Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A long woolen petticoat, worn immediately under the dress. 2. A kind of stout walking shoe, laced in front. “A man who uses his balmorals to tread on your toes.
George Eliot.”

Balm´y , a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; odoriferous; aromatic; assuaging; soothing; refreshing; mild. ´The balmy breeze.´ Tickell. “Tired nature’s sweet restorer, balmy sleep!
Young.” 2. Producing balm. ´The balmy tree.´ Pope. Syn. — Fragrant; sweet-scented; odorous; spicy.

Bal´ne•al , a. [L. balneum bath.] Of or pertaining to a bath. Howell.

Bal´ne•a•ry , n. [L. balnearium, fr. balneum bath.] A bathing room. Sir T. Browne.

Bal•ne•a´tion , n. [LL. balneare to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] The act of bathing. [R.]

Bal´ne•a•to•ry , a. [L. balneatorius.] Belonging to a bath. [Obs.]

Bal•ne•og´ra•phy , n. [L. balneum bath + -graphy.] A description of baths.

Bal•ne•ol´o•gy , n. [L. balneum bath + -logy.] A treatise on baths; the science of bathing.

Bal•ne•o•ther´a•py , n. [L. balneum bath + Gr. qerapey•ein to heal.] The treatment of disease by baths.

Bal´o•tade (bal´lo•täd• or - tad•), n. See Ballotade.

Bal´sa , n. [Sp. or Pg. balsa.] (Naut.) A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.

Bal´sam (bal´sam), n. [L. balsamum the balsam tree or its resin, Gr. ba•lsamon. See Balm, n.] 1. A resin containing more or less of an essential or volatile oil. The balsams are aromatic resinous substances, flowing spontaneously or by incision from certain plants. A great variety of substances pass under this name, but the term is now usually restricted to resins which, in addition to a volatile oil, contain benzoic and cinnamic acid. Among the true balsams are the balm of Gilead, and the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu. There are also many pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances, possessed of a balsamic smell, to which the name balsam has been given. 2. (Bot.) (a) A species of tree (Abies balsamea). (b) An annual garden plant (Impatiens balsamina) with beautiful flowers; balsamine. 3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores. “Was not the people’s blessing a balsam to thy blood?
Tennyson.” Balsam apple (Bot.), an East Indian plant (Momordica balsamina), of the gourd family, with red or orange- yellow cucumber-shaped fruit of the size of a walnut, used as a vulnerary, and in liniments and poultices. — Balsam fir (Bot.), the American coniferous tree, Abies balsamea, from which the useful Canada balsam is derived. — Balsam of copaiba. See Copaiba. — Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. — Balsam of Peru, a reddish brown, syrupy balsam, obtained from a Central American tree (Myroxylon Pereirae and used as a stomachic and expectorant, and in the treatment of ulcers, etc. It was long supposed to be a product of Peru. — Balsam of Tolu, a reddish or yellowish brown semisolid or solid balsam, obtained from a South American tree (Myroxylon toluiferum). It is highly fragrant, and is used as a stomachic and expectorant. — Balsam tree, any tree from which balsam is obtained, esp. the Abies balsamea. — Canada balsam, Balsam of fir, Canada turpentine, a yellowish, viscid liquid, which, by time and exposure, becomes a transparent solid mass. It is obtained from the balm of Gilead (or balsam) fir (Abies balsamea) by breaking the vesicles upon the trunk and branches. See Balm.

Bal´sam , v. t. To treat or anoint with balsam; to relieve, as with balsam; to render balsamic.

Bal•sam•a´tion (bal•sam•a´shun or bal•-), n. 1. The act of imparting balsamic properties. 2. The art or process of embalming. { Bal•sam´ic (bal•sam´ik or bal-; 277), Bal•sam´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. balsamique.] Having the qualities of balsam; containing, or resembling, balsam; soft; mitigative; soothing; restorative.

Bal•sam•if´er•ous (bal•sam•if´er•us or bal•-), a. [Balsam + -ferous.] Producing balsam.

Bal´sam•ine , n. [Cf. F. balsamine, fr. Gr. balsami•nh balsam plant.] (Bot.) The Impatiens balsamina, or garden balsam.

Bal´sam•ous , a. Having the quality of balsam; containing balsam. ´A balsamous substance.´ Sterne.

Bal´ter , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Bloodboltered.] To stick together. [Obs.] Holland.

Bal´tic , a. [NL. mare Balticum, fr. L. balteus belt, from certain straits or channels surrounding its isles, called belts. See Belt.] Of or pertaining to the sea which separates Norway and Sweden from Jutland, Denmark, and Germany; situated on the Baltic Sea. { Bal´ti•more bird• . Bal´ti•more o´ri•ole . } (Zoöl.) A common American bird (Icterus galbula), named after Lord Baltimore, because its colors (black and orange red) are like those of his coat of arms; — called also golden robin.

Bal´us•ter , n. [F. balustre, It. balaustro, fr. L. balaustium the flower of the wild pomegranate, fr. Gr. balay•stion; — so named from the similarity of form.] (Arch.) A small column or pilaster, used as a support to the rail of an open parapet, to guard the side of a staircase, or the front of a gallery. See Balustrade. [Corrupted into banister.]

Bal´us•tered (-terd), a. Having balusters. Dryden.

Bal´us•trade (-trad•), n. [F. balustrade, It. balaustrata fr. balaustro. See Baluster.] (Arch.) A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building.

Bam (bam), n. [Prob. a contr. of bamboozle.] An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. Garrick. “To relieve the tedium, he kept plying them with all manner of bams.
Prof. Wilson.”

Bam, v. t. To cheat; to wheedle. [Slang] Foote.

Bam•bi´no (bäm•be´no), n. [It., a little boy, fr. bambo silly; cf. Gr. bambali•zein, bambai•nein, to chatter.] A child or baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes.

Bam•boc•ci•ade´ , n. [It. bambocciata, fr. Bamboccio a nickname of Peter Van Laer, a Dutch genre painter; properly, a child, simpleton, puppet, fr. bambo silly.] (Paint.) A representation of a grotesque scene from common or rustic life.

Bam•boo´ (bam•boo´), n. [Malay bambu, mambu.] (Bot.) A plant of the family of grasses, and genus Bambusa, growing in tropical countries. The most useful species is Bambusa arundinacea, which has a woody, hollow, round, straight, jointed stem, and grows to the height of forty feet and upward. The flowers grow in large panicles, from the joints of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close to their receptacles. Old stalks grow to five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable as to be used for building, and for all sorts of furniture, for water pipes, and for poles to support palanquins. The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, etc.

Bam•boo´, v. t. To flog with the bamboo.

Bam•boo´zle (-z’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bamboozled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bamboozling .] [Said to be of Gipsy origin.] To deceive by trickery; to cajole by confusing the senses; to hoax; to mystify; to humbug. [Colloq.] Addison. “What oriental tomfoolery is bamboozling you?
J. H. Newman.”

Bam•boo´zler (bam•boo´zler), n. A swindler; one who deceives by trickery. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot.

Ban (ban), n. A kind of fine muslin, made in the East Indies from the fiber of the banana leaf stalks.

Ban (ban), n. [AS. bann command, edict; akin to D. ban, Icel. bann, Dan. band, OHG. ban, G. bann, a public proclamation, as of interdiction or excommunication, Gr. fa•nai to say, L. fari to speak, Skr. bhan to speak; cf. F. ban, LL. bannum, of G. origin. rad.86. Cf. Abandon, Fame.] 1. A public proclamation or edict; a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory; a summons by public proclamation. 2. (Feudal & Mil.) A calling together of the king’s (esp. the French king’s) vassals for military service; also the body of vassals thus assembled or summoned. In present usage, in France and Prussia, the most effective part of the population liable to military duty and not in the standing army. 3. pl. Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in church. See Banns (the common spelling in this sense). 4. An interdiction, prohibition, or proscription. ´Under ban to touch.´ Milton. 5. A curse or anathema. ´Hecate’s ban.´ Shak. 6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes. Ban of the empire (German Hist.), an imperial interdict by which political rights and privileges, as those of a prince, city, or district, were taken away.

Ban, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banned (band); p. pr. & vb. n. Banning.] [OE. bannen, bannien, to summon, curse, AS. bannan to summon; akin to Dan. bande, forbande, to curse, Sw. banna to revile, bannas to curse. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] 1. To curse; to invoke evil upon. Sir W. Scott. 2. To forbid; to interdict. Byron.

Ban, v. i. To curse; to swear. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ban, n. [Serv. ban; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a master, lord, Per. ban.] An ancient title of the warden of the eastern marches of Hungary; now, a title of the viceroy of Croatia and Slavonia.

Ban´al , a. [F., fr. ban an ordinance.] Commonplace; trivial; hackneyed; trite.

Ba•nal´i•ty , n.; pl. Banalities . [F. banalite. See Banal.] Something commonplace, hackneyed, or trivial; the commonplace, in speech. “The highest things were thus brought down to the banalities of discourse.
J. Morley.”

Ba•na´na (ba•nä´na; 277), n. [Sp. banana, name of the fruit.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also its edible fruit. See Musa. The banana has a soft, herbaceous stalk, with leaves of great length and breadth. The flowers grow in bunches, covered with a sheath of a green or purple color; the fruit is five or six inches long, and over an inch in diameter; the pulp is soft, and of a luscious taste, and is eaten either raw or cooked. This plant is a native of tropical countries, and furnishes an important article of food. Banana bird (Zoöl.), a small American bird (Icterus leucopteryx), which feeds on the banana. — Banana quit (Zoöl.), a small bird of tropical America, of the genus Certhiola, allied to the creepers.

Ban´at , n. [Cf. F. & G. banat. See Ban a warden.] The territory governed by a ban. { Banc , Ban´cus , Bank } n. [OF. banc, LL. bancus. See Bank, n.] A bench; a high seat, or seat of distinction or judgment; a tribunal or court. In banc, In banco (the ablative of bancus), In bank, in full court, or with full judicial authority; as sittings in banc (distinguished from sittings at nisi prius).

Ban´co , n. [It. See Bank.] A bank, especially that of Venice. This term is used in some parts of Europe to indicate bank money, as distinguished from the current money, when this last has become depreciated.

Band (band), n. [OE. band, bond, Icel. band; akin to G., Sw., & D. band, OHG. bant, Goth. bandi, Skr. bandha a binding, bandh to bind, for bhanda, bhandh, also to E. bend, bind. In sense 7, at least, it is fr. F. bande, from OHG. bant. rad.90. See Bind, v. t., and cf. Bend, Bond, 1st Bandy.] 1. A fillet, strap, or any narrow ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened, or by which a number of things are tied, bound together, or confined; a fetter. “Every one’s bands were loosed.
Acts xvi. 26.” 2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of ornaments, as of carved foliage, of color, or of brickwork, etc. (b) In Gothic architecture, the molding, or suite of moldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts. 3. That which serves as the means of union or connection between persons; a tie. ´To join in Hymen’s bands.´ Shak. 4. A linen collar or ruff worn in the 16th and 17th centuries. 5. pl. Two strips of linen hanging from the neck in front as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress. 6. A narrow strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, to bind, strengthen, ornament, or complete it. ´Band and gusset and seam.´ Hood. 7. A company of persons united in any common design, especially a body of armed men. “Troops of horsemen with his bands of foot.
Shak.” 8. A number of musicians who play together upon portable musical instruments, especially those making a loud sound, as certain wind instruments (trumpets, clarinets, etc.), and drums, or cymbals. 9. (Bot.) A space between elevated lines or ribs, as of the fruits of umbelliferous plants. 10. (Zoöl.) A stripe, streak, or other mark transverse to the axis of the body. 11. (Mech.) A belt or strap. 12. A bond. [Obs.] ´Thy oath and band.´ Shak. 13. Pledge; security. [Obs.] Spenser. Band saw, a saw in the form of an endless steel belt, with teeth on one edge, running over wheels.

Band (band), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banded; p. pr. & vb. n. Banding.] 1. To bind or tie with a band. 2. To mark with a band. 3. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. ´Banded against his throne.´ Milton. Banded architrave, pier, shaft, etc. (Arch.), an architrave, pier, etc., of which the regular profile is interrupted by blocks or projections crossing it at right angles.

Band, v. i. To confederate for some common purpose; to unite; to conspire together. “Certain of the Jews banded together.
Acts xxiii. 12.”

Band, v. t. To bandy; to drive away. [Obs.]

Band, imp. of Bind. [Obs.] Spenser.

Band´age (band´aj), n. [F. bandage, fr. bande. See Band.] 1. A fillet or strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds, etc. 2. Something resembling a bandage; that which is bound over or round something to cover, strengthen, or compress it; a ligature. “Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over her eyes.
Addison.”

Band´age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandaged (-ajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bandaging (band´a•jing).] To bind, dress, or cover, with a bandage; as to bandage the eyes.

Ban•da´la , n. A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis). { Ban•dan´na , Ban•dan´a } , n. [Hind. bandhnu a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places so as to prevent the parts tied from receiving the dye. Cf. Band, n.] 1. A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form. 2. A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure. Ure.

Band´box (band´boks•), n. A light box of pasteboard or thin wood, usually cylindrical, for holding ruffs (the bands of the 17th century), collars, caps, bonnets, etc.

Ban´deau (ban´do), n.; pl. Bandeaux (ban´doz). [F.] A narrow band or fillet; a part of a head-dress. “Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather.
Sir W. Scott.” { Band´e•let , Band´let } , n. [F. bandelette, dim. of bande. See Band, n., and cf. Bendlet.] (Arch.) A small band or fillet; any little band or flat molding, compassing a column, like a ring. Gwilt.

Band´er , n. One banded with others. [R.] { Band´e•role , Band´rol } , n. [F. banderole, dim. of bandière, bannière, banner; cf. It. banderuola a little banner. See Banner.] A little banner, flag, or streamer. [Written also bannerol.] “From the extremity of which fluttered a small banderole or streamer bearing a cross.
Sir W. Scott.”

Band´ fish . (Zoöl.) A small red fish of the genus Cepola; the ribbon fish.

Ban´di•coot , n. [A corruption of the native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A species of very large rat (Mus giganteus), found in India and Ceylon. It does much injury to rice fields and gardens. (b) A ratlike marsupial animal (genus Perameles) of several species, found in Australia and Tasmania.

Band´ing plane . A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work.

Ban´dit (ban´dit), n.; pl. Bandits (ban´dits), or Banditti (ban•dit´ti). [It. bandito outlaw, p. p. of bandire to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, bannire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] An outlaw; a brigand. “No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer.
Milton.” The plural banditti was formerly used as a collective noun. “Deerstealers are ever a desperate banditti.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ban´dle , n. [Ir. bannlamh cubit, fr. bann a measure + lamh hand, arm.] An Irish measure of two feet in length.

Band´let , n. Same as Bandelet.

Band´mas•ter , n. The conductor of a musical band.

Ban´dog (ban´dog•; 115), n. [Band + dog, i.e., bound dog.] A mastiff or other large and fierce dog, usually kept chained or tied up. “The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large bloodhound, tied in a leam, or band, from which he takes his name.
Sir W. Scott.” { Ban•do•leer´ , Ban•do•lier´ } , n. [F. bandoulière (cf. It. bandoliera, Sp. bandolera), fr. F. bande band, Sp. & It. banda. See Band, n.] 1. A broad leather belt formerly worn by soldiers over the right shoulder and across the breast under the left arm. Originally it was used for supporting the musket and twelve cases for charges, but later only as a cartridge belt. 2. One of the leather or wooden cases in which the charges of powder were carried. [Obs.]

Ban´do•line , n. [Perh. allied to band.] A glutinous pomatum for the hair.

Ban´don , n. [OF. bandon. See Abandon.] Disposal; control; license. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Ban´dore ( or ), n. [Sp. bandurria, fr. L. pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three strings, fr. Gr. pandoy^ra. Cf. Pandore, Banjo, Mandolin.] A musical stringed instrument, similar in form to a guitar; a pandore.

Band´rol , n. Same as Banderole.

Ban´dy (ban´dy), n. [Telugu bandi.] A carriage or cart used in India, esp. one drawn by bullocks.

Ban´dy, n.; pl. Bandies (-diz). [Cf. F. bande, p. p. of bander to bind, to bend (a bow), to bandy, fr. bande. See Band, n.] 1. A club bent at the lower part for striking a ball at play; a hockey stick. Johnson. 2. The game played with such a club; hockey; shinney; bandy ball.

Ban´dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandied (-did); p. pr. & vb. n. Bandying.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in playing at bandy. “Like tennis balls bandied and struck upon us … by rackets from without.
Cudworth.” 2. To give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. ´To bandy hasty words.´ Shak. 3. To toss about, as from man to man; to agitate. “Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a disputation.
I. Watts.”

Ban´dy, v. i. To contend, as at some game in which each strives to drive the ball his own way. “Fit to bandy with thy lawless sons.
Shak.”

Ban´dy, a. Bent; crooked; curved laterally, esp. with the convex side outward; as a bandy leg.

Ban´dy-legged , a. Having crooked legs.

Bane (ban), n. [OE. bane destruction, AS. bana murderer; akin to Icel. bani death, murderer, OHG. bana murder, bano murderer, Goth. banja stroke, wound, Gr. foney•s murderer, fo•nos murder, OIr. bath death, benim I strike. rad.31.] 1. That which destroys life, esp. poison of a deadly quality. [Obs. except in combination, as in ratsbane, henbane, etc.] 2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] “The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their bane.
Milton.” 3. Any cause of ruin, or lasting injury; harm; woe. “Money, thou bane of bliss, and source of woe.
Herbert.” 4. A disease in sheep, commonly termed the rot. Syn. — Poison; ruin; destruction; injury; pest.

Bane, v. t. To be the bane of; to ruin. [Obs.] Fuller.

Bane´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A genus (Actaea) of plants, of the order Ranunculaceae, native in the north temperate zone. The red or white berries are poisonous.

Bane´ful , a. Having poisonous qualities; deadly; destructive; injurious; noxious; pernicious. ´Baneful hemlock.´ Garth. ´Baneful wrath.´ Chapman. — Bane´ful•ly, adv. — Bane´ful•ness, n.

Bane´wort , n. (Bot.) Deadly nightshade.

Bang , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banged; p. pr. & vb. n. Banging.] [Icel. banga to hammer; akin to Dan. banke to beat, Sw. bångas to be impetuous, G. bengel club, clapper of a bell.] 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to treat with violence; to handle roughly. “The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks.
Shak.” 2. To beat or thump, or to cause (something) to hit or strike against another object, in such a way as to make a loud noise; as to bang a drum or a piano; to bang a door (against the doorpost or casing) in shutting it.

Bang, v. i. To make a loud noise, as if with a blow or succession of blows; as the window blind banged and waked me; he was banging on the piano.

Bang, n. 1. A blow as with a club; a heavy blow. “Many a stiff thwack, many a bang.
Hudibras.” 2. The sound produced by a sudden concussion.

Bang, v. t. To cut squarely across, as the tail of a horse, or the forelock of human beings; to cut (the hair). “His hair banged even with his eyebrows.
The Century Mag.”

Bang, n. The short, front hair combed down over the forehead, esp. when cut squarely across; a false front of hair similarly worn. “His hair cut in front like a young lady’s bang.
W. D. Howells.” { Bang , Bangue } , n. See Bhang.

Bang´ing, a. Huge; great in size. [Colloq.] Forby.

Ban´gle (ban´g’l), v. t. [From 1st Bang.] To waste by little and little; to fritter away. [Obs.]

Ban´gle, n. [Hind. bangri bracelet, bangle.] An ornamental circlet, of glass, gold, silver, or other material, worn by women in India and Africa, and in some other countries, upon the wrist or ankle; a ring bracelet. Bangle ear, a loose hanging ear of a horse, like that of a spaniel.

Ban´ian (ban´yan or ban•yan´; 277), n. [Skr. banij merchant. The tree was so named by the English, because used as a market place by the merchants.] 1. A Hindoo trader, merchant, cashier, or money changer. [Written also banyan.] 2. A man’s loose gown, like that worn by the Banians. 3. (Bot.) The Indian fig. See Banyan. Banian days (Naut.), days in which the sailors have no flesh meat served out to them. This use seems to be borrowed from the Banians or Banya race, who eat no flesh.

Ban´ish (ban´ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banished (-isht); p. pr. & vb. n. Banishing.] [OF. banir, F. bannir, LL. bannire, fr. OHG. bannan to summon, fr. ban ban. See Ban an edict, and Finish, v. t.] 1. To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one’s country, by authority of the ruling power. ´We banish you our territories.´ Shak. 2. To drive out, as from a home or familiar place; — used with from and out of. “How the ancient Celtic tongue came to be banished from the Low Countries in Scotland.
Blair.” 3. To drive away; to compel to depart; to dispel. ´Banish all offense.´ Shak. Syn. — To Banish, Exile, Expel. The idea of a coercive removal from a place is common to these terms. A man is banished when he is forced by the government of a country (be he a foreigner or a native) to leave its borders. A man is exiled when he is driven into banishment from his native country and home. Thus to exile is to banish, but to banish is not always to exile. To expel is to eject or banish summarily or authoritatively, and usually under circumstances of disgrace; as to expel from a college; expelled from decent society.

Ban´ish•er , n. One who banishes.

Ban´ish•ment , n. [Cf. F. bannissement.] The act of banishing, or the state of being banished. “He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies.
Johnson.” “Round the wide world in banishment we roam.
Dryden.” Syn. — Expatriation; ostracism; expulsion; proscription; exile; outlawry.

Ban´is•ter , n. [A corruption of baluster.] A baluster; (pl.) the balustrade of a staircase. “He struggled to ascend the pulpit stairs, holding hard on the banisters. Sir W. Scott.”

Ban´jo , n. [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.] A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands.

Bank (bank), n. [OE. banke; akin to E. bench, and prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. bakki. See Bench.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth, raised above the surrounding level; hence, anything shaped like a mound or ridge of earth; as a bank of clouds; a bank of snow. “They cast up a bank against the city.
2 Sam. xx. 15.” 2. A steep acclivity, as the slope of a hill, or the side of a ravine. 3. The margin of a watercourse; the rising ground bordering a lake, river, or sea, or forming the edge of a cutting, or other hollow. “Tiber trembled underneath her banks.
Shak.” 4. An elevation, or rising ground, under the sea; a shoal, shelf, or shallow; as the banks of Newfoundland. 5. (Mining) (a) The face of the coal at which miners are working. (b) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by excavations above water level. (c) The ground at the top of a shaft; as ores are brought to bank. Bank beaver (Zoöl.), the otter. [Local, U.S.] — Bank swallow, a small American and European swallow (Clivicola riparia) that nests in a hole which it excavates in a bank.

Bank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banked(bankt); p. pr. & vb. n. Banking.] 1. To raise a mound or dike about; to inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; to embank. ´Banked well with earth.´ Holland. 2. To heap or pile up; as to bank sand. 3. To pass by the banks of. [Obs.] Shak. To bank a fire, To bank up a fire, to cover the coals or embers with ashes or cinders, thus keeping the fire low but alive.

Bank, n. [Prob. fr. F. banc. Of German origin, and akin to E. bench. See Bench.] 1. A bench, as for rowers in a galley; also a tier of oars. “Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojan sweep
Neptune’s smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep.
Waller.” 2. (Law) (a) The bench or seat upon which the judges sit. (b) The regular term of a court of law, or the full court sitting to hear arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at Nisi Prius, or a court held for jury trials. See Banc. Burrill. 3. (Printing) A sort of table used by printers. 4. (Music) A bench, or row of keys belonging to a keyboard, as in an organ. Knight.

Bank, n. [F. banque, It. banca, orig. bench, table, counter, of German origin, and akin to E. bench; cf. G. bank bench, OHG. banch. See Bench, and cf. Banco, Beach.] 1. An establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue, of money, and for facilitating the transmission of funds by drafts or bills of exchange; an institution incorporated for performing one or more of such functions, or the stockholders (or their representatives, the directors), acting in their corporate capacity. 2. The building or office used for banking purposes. 3. A fund from deposits or contributions, to be used in transacting business; a joint stock or capital. [Obs.] “Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master of his own money.
Bacon.” 4. (Gaming) The sum of money or the checks which the dealer or banker has as a fund, from which to draw his stakes and pay his losses. 5. In certain games, as dominos, a fund of pieces from which the players are allowed to draw. Bank credit, a credit by which a person who has given the required security to a bank has liberty to draw to a certain extent agreed upon. — Bank of deposit, a bank which receives money for safe keeping. — Bank of issue, a bank which issues its own notes payable to bearer.

Bank, v. t. To deposit in a bank. Johnson.

Bank, v. i. 1. To keep a bank; to carry on the business of a banker. 2. To deposit money in a bank; to have an account with a banker.

Bank´a•ble (bank´a•b’l), a. Receivable at a bank.

Bank´ bill . 1. In America (and formerly in England), a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer on demand, and used as currency; a bank note. 2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, and usually at some future specified time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency.

Bank´ book . A book kept by a depositor, in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of the depositor’s account with the bank.

Bank´er , n. [See the nouns Bank and the verbs derived from them.] 1. One who conducts the business of banking; one who, individually, or as a member of a company, keeps an establishment for the deposit or loan of money, or for traffic in money, bills of exchange, etc. 2. A money changer. [Obs.] 3. The dealer, or one who keeps the bank in a gambling house. 4. A vessel employed in the cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. Grabb. J. Q. Adams. 5. A ditcher; a drain digger. [Prov. Eng.] 6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square their work. Weale.

Bank´er•ess , n. A female banker. Thackeray.

Bank´ing, n. The business of a bank or of a banker. Banking house, an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done.

Bank´ note . 1. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand. In the United States popularly called a bank bill. 2. Formerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or banking company, payable to a specified person at a fixed date; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [Obs.] 3. A promissory note payable at a bank.

Bank´rupt , n. [F. banqueroute, fr. It. bancarotta bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank, bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench ( i.e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and Rupture, n.] 1. (Old Eng. Low) A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone. 2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts; an insolvent trader; popularly, any person who is unable to pay his debts; an insolvent person. MCulloch. 3. (Law) A person who, in accordance with the terms of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially declared to be unable to meet his liabilities. In England, until the year 1861 none but a ´trader´ could be made a bankrupt; a non-trader failing to meet his liabilities being an ´insolvent´. But this distinction was abolished by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861. The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others besides those engaged in trade.

Bank´rupt, a. 1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition of bankruptcy; unable to pay, or legally discharged from paying, one’s debts; as a bankrupt merchant. 2. Depleted of money; not having the means of meeting pecuniary liabilities; as a bankrupt treasury. 3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy. 4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once possessed, or something one should possess). ´Bankrupt in gratitude.´ Sheridan. Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person who has made a full surrender of his property, and is free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obligation of his debts. See Insolvent, a.

Bank´rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bankrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bankrupting.] To make bankrupt; to bring financial ruin upon; to impoverish.

Bank´rupt•cy , n.; pl. Bankruptcies. 1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt. 2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt. 3. Complete loss; — followed by of.

Bank´side , n. The slope of a bank, especially of the bank of a steam.

Bank´-sid•ed , a. (Naut.) Having sides inclining inwards, as a ship; — opposed to wall- sided.

Bank´ swal´low . See under 1st Bank, n.

Ban´li•eue , n. [F., fr. LL. bannum leucae, banleuca; bannum jurisdiction + leuca league.] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande & C.

Ban´ner , n. [OE. banere, OF. baniere, F. bannière, bandière, fr. LL. baniera, banderia, fr. bandum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth; cf. bindan to bind, Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band, n.] 1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle. “Hang out our banners on the outward walls.
Shak.” 2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a procession, or suspended in some conspicuous place. 3. Any flag or standard; as the star-spangled banner. Banner fish (Zoöl.), a large fish of the genus Histiophorus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad bannerlike dorsal fin; the sailfish. One species (H. Americanus) inhabits the North Atlantic.

Ban´nered , a. Furnished with, or bearing, banners. ´A bannered host.´ Milton.

Ban´ner•et , n. [OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F. banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.] 1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own banner; — commonly used as a title of rank. 2. A title of rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and hence, an order of knighthood; also the person bearing such title or rank. The usual mode of conferring the rank on the field of battle was by cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate, thereby making it a banner. 3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons. 4. A small banner. Shak.

Ban´ner•ol , n. A banderole; esp. a banner displayed at a funeral procession and set over the tomb. See Banderole.

Ban•ni´tion , n. [LL. bannitio. See Banish.] The act of expulsion. [Obs.] Abp. Laud.

Ban´nock , n. [Gael. bonnach.] A kind of cake or bread, in shape flat and roundish, commonly made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron plate, or griddle; — used in Scotland and the northern counties of England. Jamieson. Bannock fluke, the turbot. [Scot.]

Banns , n. pl. [See Ban.] Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, in order that any person may object, if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not take place.

Ban´quet (ban´kwet), n. [F., a feast, prop. a dim. of banc bench; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench, counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.] 1. A feast; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drinking; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, followed by speeches. 2. A dessert; a course of sweetmeats; a sweetmeat or sweetmeats. [Obs.] “We’ll dine in the great room, but let the music
And banquet be prepared here.
Massinger.”

Ban´quet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted; p. pr. & vb. n. Banqueting.] To treat with a banquet or sumptuous entertainment of food; to feast. “Just in time to banquet
The illustrious company assembled there.
Coleridge.”

Ban´quet, v. i. 1. To regale one’s self with good eating and drinking; to feast. “Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets,
I would not taste thy treasonous offer.
Milton.” 2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [Obs.] “Where they did both sup and banquet.
Cavendish.”

Ban´quet•er (ban´kwet•er), n. One who banquets; one who feasts or makes feasts.

Ban•quette´ (ban•ket´), n. [F. See Banquet, n.] 1. (Fort.) A raised way or foot bank, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy. 2. (Arch.) A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser. { Ban´shee , Ban´shie } , n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] A supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice under the windows of the house.

Ban´stic•kle , n. [OE. ban, bon, bone + stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, n., Stickleback.] (Zoöl.) A small fish, the three-spined stickleback.

Ban´tam , n. A variety of small barnyard fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Bantam, a district of Java.

Ban´tam work. Carved and painted work in imitation of Japan ware.

Ban´teng , n. (Zoöl.) The wild ox of Java (Bibos Banteng).

Ban´ter , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Bantered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bantering.] [Prob. corrupted fr. F. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and fro. See Badinage, and cf. Barter fr. OF. barater.] 1. To address playful good-natured ridicule to, — the person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being the subject of the jesting; to rally; as he bantered me about my credulity. “Hag-ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on
my haggard looks the next day.
W. Irving.” 2. To jest about; to ridicule in speaking of, as some trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic] “If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of them.
Chatham.” 3. To delude or trick, — esp. by way of jest. [Obs.] “We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars
with hopes of being at least his lordship’s chaplain.
De Foe.” 4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. Southern and Western U.S.]

Ban´ter, n. The act of bantering; joking or jesting; humorous or good-humored raillery; pleasantry. “Part banter, part affection.
Tennyson.”

Ban´ter•er , n. One who banters or rallies.

Ban´ting•ism , n. A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter; — so called from William Banting of London.

Bant´ling , n. [Prob. for bandling, from band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands; or cf. G. bäntling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bastard, n.] A young or small child; an infant. [Slightly contemptuous or depreciatory.] “In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings.
W. Irving.”

Banx´ring , n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia.

Ban´yan , n. [See Banian.] (Bot.) A tree of the same genus as the common fig, and called the Indian fig (Ficus Indica), whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and become additional trunks, until it may be the tree covers some acres of ground and is able to shelter thousands of men.

Ba´o•bab , n. [The native name.] (Bot.) A gigantic African tree (Adansonia digitata), also naturalized in India. See Adansonia.

Baph´o•met , n. [A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, the Arabian prophet: cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg. Mafameda.] An idol or symbolical figure which the Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites.

Bap´tism , n. [OE. baptim, baptem, OE. baptesme, batisme, F. baptême, L. baptisma, fr. Gr. , fr. to baptize, fr. to dip in water, akin to deep, Skr. gah to dip, bathe, v. i.] The act of baptizing; the application of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is performed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring.

Bap•tis´mal , a. [Cf. F. baptismal.] Pertaining to baptism; as baptismal vows. Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at baptism.

Bap•tis´mal•ly, adv. In a baptismal manner.

Bap´tist , n. [L. baptista, G. ] 1. One who administers baptism; — specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton. 2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and maintain that baptism should be administered to believers alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist. In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and moderation. Amer. Cyc. Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian in doctrine, and practice open communion. — Seventh- day Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian. The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists. { Bap´tis•ter•y , Bap´tis•try } , n.; pl. Baptisteries , -tries . [L. baptisterium, Gr. : cf. F. baptistère.] (Arch.) (a) In early times, a separate building, usually polygonal, used for baptismal services. Small churches were often changed into baptisteries when larger churches were built near. (b) A part of a church containing a font and used for baptismal services.

Bap•tis´tic , a. [Gr. ] Of or for baptism; baptismal.

Bap•tis´tic•al , a. Baptistic. [R.]

Bap•tiz´a•ble , a. Capable of being baptized; fit to be baptized. Baxter.

Bap•ti•za´tion , n. Baptism. [Obs.] “Their baptizations were null.
Jer. Taylor.”

Bap•tize´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Baptizing.] [F. baptiser, L. baptizare, fr.Gr. . See Baptism.] 1. To administer the sacrament of baptism to. 2. To christen ( because a name is given to infants at their baptism); to give a name to; to name. “I’ll be new baptized;
Henceforth I never will be Romeo.
Shak.” 3. To sanctify; to consecrate.

Bap•tize´ment , n. The act of baptizing. [R.]

Bap•tiz´er , n. One who baptizes.

Bar (bär), n. [OE. barre, F. barre, fr. LL. barra, W. bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir. barra bar. rad.91.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness, used as a lever and for various other purposes, but especially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door. “Thou shalt make bars of shittim wood.
Ex. xxvi. 26.” 2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness; as a bar of gold or of lead; a bar of soap. 3. Anything which obstructs, hinders, or prevents; an obstruction; a barrier. “Must I new bars to my own joy create?
Dryden.” 4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation. 5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall of assembly, in order to reserve a space for those having special privileges; as the bar of the House of Commons. 6. (Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court. (b) The place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence. (c) The whole body of lawyers licensed in a court or district; the legal profession. (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient answer to plaintiff’s action. 7. Any tribunal; as the bar of public opinion; the bar of God. 8. A barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed to customers; hence, the portion of the room behind the counter where liquors for sale are kept. 9. (Her.) An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occupying only one fifth part of the field. 10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe; as a bar of light; a bar of color. 11. (Mus.) A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide the staff into spaces which represent measures, and are themselves called measures. A double bar marks the end of a strain or main division of a movement, or of a whole piece of music; in psalmody, it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is very often loosely used for measure, i.e., for such length of music, or of silence, as is included between one bar and the next; as a passage of eight bars; two bars’ rest. 12. (Far.) pl. (a) The space between the tusks and grinders in the upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is placed. (b) The part of the crust of a horse’s hoof which is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side, and extends into the center of the sole. 13. (Mining) (a) A drilling or tamping rod. (b) A vein or dike crossing a lode. 14. (Arch.) (a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town. (b) A slender strip of wood which divides and supports the glass of a window; a sash bar. Bar shoe (Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog from injury. — Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball or half ball at each end; — formerly used for destroying the masts or rigging in naval combat. — Bar sinister (Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton, a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. — Bar tracery (Arch.), ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted into the forms required. — Blank bar (Law). See Blank. — Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court; a case under argument. — In bar of, as a sufficient reason against; to prevent. — Matter in bar, or Defence in bar, any matter which is a final defense in an action. — Plea in bar, a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff’s action absolutely and entirely. — Trial at bar (Eng. Law), a trial before all the judges of one the superior courts of Westminster, or before a quorum representing the full court.

Bar (bär), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barred (bärd); p. pr. & vb. n. Barring.] [ F. barrer. See Bar, n.] 1. To fasten with a bar; as to bar a door or gate. 2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; as to bar the entrance of evil; distance bars our intercourse; the statute bars my right; the right is barred by time; a release bars the plaintiff’s recovery; — sometimes with up. “He barely looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its dungeon.
Hawthorne.” 3. To except; to exclude by exception. “Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gauge me
By what we do to-night.
Shak.” 4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines. “For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have barred them singly.
Burney.”

Barb , n. [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See Beard, n.] 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in the place of it. “The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth.
Walton.” 2. A muffler, worn by nuns and mourners. [Obs.] 3. pl. Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and swollen. [Written also barbel and barble.] 4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted. Hence: Anything which stands out with a sharp point obliquely or crosswise to something else. ´Having two barbs or points.´ Ascham. 5. A bit for a horse. [Obs.] Spenser. 6. (Zoöl.) One of the side branches of a feather, which collectively constitute the vane. See Feather. 7. (Zoöl.) A southern name for the kingfishes of the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States; — also improperly called whiting. 8. (Bot.) A hair or bristle ending in a double hook.

Barb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbing.] 1. To shave or dress the beard of. [Obs.] 2. To clip; to mow. [Obs.] Marston. 3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc. “But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire.
Milton.”

Barb, n. [F. barbe, fr. Barbarie.] 1. The Barbary horse, a superior breed introduced from Barbary into Spain by the Moors. 2. (Zoöl.) A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon, originally brought from Barbary.

Barb, n. [Corrupted fr. bard.] Armor for a horse. Same as 2d Bard, n., 1.

Bar´ba•can , n. See Barbican.

Bar´ba•can•age , n. See Barbicanage.

Bar•ba´di•an , a. Of or pertaining to Barbados. — n. A native of Barbados. { Bar•ba´dos Bar•ba´does } , n. A West Indian island, giving its name to a disease, to a cherry, etc. Barbados cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West Indies (Malpighia) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling a cherry. — Barbados leg (Med.), a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. — Barbados nuts, the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant growing in South America and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut.

Bar´ba•ra , n. [Coined by logicians.] (Logic) The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives. Whately.

Bar•ba•resque´ , a. Barbaric in form or style; as barbaresque architecture. De Quincey.

Bar•ba´ri•an , n. [See Barbarous.] 1. A foreigner. [Historical] “Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me.
1 Cor. xiv. 11.” 2. A man in a rude, savage, or uncivilized state. 3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold. 4. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. ´Thou fell barbarian.´ Philips.

Bar•ba´ri•an, a. Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, barbarians; rude; uncivilized; barbarous; as barbarian governments or nations.

Bar•bar´ic (bär•bar´ik), a. [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. barbariko•s.] 1. Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; — often with reference to barbarous nations of the east. ´Barbaric pearl and gold.´ Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized person or people; barbarous; barbarian; destitute of refinement. ´Wild, barbaric music.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bar´ba•rism (bär´ba•riz’m), n. [L. barbarismus, Gr. barbarismo•s; cf. F. barbarisme.] 1. An uncivilized state or condition; rudeness of manners; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature; barbarousness. Prescott. 2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action; an outrage. “A heinous barbarism … against the honor of marriage.
Milton.” 3. An offense against purity of style or language; any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particular language. See Solecism. “The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism.
G. Campbell.”

Bar•bar´i•ty , n.; pl. Barbarities . [From Barbarous.] 1. The state or manner of a barbarian; lack of civilization. 2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity. “Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem.” Macaulay. 3. A barbarous or cruel act. 4. Barbarism; impurity of speech. [Obs.] Swift.

Bar´ba•rize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Barbarized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbarizing .] 1. To become barbarous. “The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of Trajan.” De Quincey. 2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. “The ill habit … of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms.” Milton.

Bar´ba•rize , v. t. [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.] To make barbarous. “The hideous changes which have barbarized France.
Burke.”

Bar´ba•rous , a. [L. barbarus, Gr. ba•rbaros, strange, foreign; later, slavish, rude, ignorant; akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering, outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.] 1. Being in the state of a barbarian; uncivilized; rude; peopled with barbarians; as a barbarous people; a barbarous country. 2. Foreign; adapted to a barbaric taste. [Obs.] “Barbarous gold.
Dryden.” 3. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman; merciless. “By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him.
Clarendon.” 4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language. “A barbarous expression
G. Campbell.” Syn. — Uncivilized; unlettered; uncultivated; untutored; ignorant; merciless; brutal. See Ferocious.

Bar´ba•rous•ly, adv. In a barbarous manner.

Bar´ba•rous•ness, n. The quality or state of being barbarous; barbarity; barbarism.

Bar´ba•ry , n. [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Barbary.] The countries on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence: A Barbary horse; a barb. [Obs.] also a kind of pigeon. Barbary ape (Zoöl.), an ape (Macacus innuus) of north Africa and Gibraltar Rock, being the only monkey inhabiting Europe. It is very commonly trained by showmen.

Bar´ba•stel , n. [F. barbastelle.] (Zoöl.) A European bat (Barbastellus communis), with hairy lips.

Bar´bate , a. [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard. See Barb beard.] (Bot.) Bearded; beset with long and weak hairs. Gray.

Bar´ba•ted , a. Having barbed points. “A dart uncommonly barbated.
T. Warton.”

Bar´be•cue (bä´be•ku), n. [In the language of Indians of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish are roasted or smoke-dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast. 2. A social entertainment, where many people assemble, usually in the open air, at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole. 3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun- dried.

Bar´be•cue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbecued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbecuing.] 1. To dry or cure by exposure on a frame or gridiron. “They use little or no salt, but barbecue their game and fish in the smoke.
Stedman.” 2. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or hog. “Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued.
Pope.”

Barbed (bärbd or bärb´ed), a. [See 4th Barb.] Accoutered with defensive armor; — said of a horse. See Barded (which is the proper form.) Sir W. Raleigh.

Barbed, a. Furnished with a barb or barbs; as a barbed arrow; barbed wire. Barbed wire, a wire, or a strand of twisted wires, armed with barbs or sharp points. It is used for fences.

Bar´bel (bär´bel), n. [OF. barbel, F. barbeau, dim. of L. barbus barbel, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] 1. (Zoöl.) A slender tactile organ on the lips of certain fishes. 2. (Zoöl.) A large fresh-water fish (Barbus vulgaris) found in many European rivers. Its upper jaw is furnished with four barbels. 3. pl. Barbs or paps under the tongues of horses and cattle. See 1st Barb, 3.

Bar´bel•late (-lat), a. [See 1st Barb.] (Bot.) Having short, stiff hairs, often barbed at the point. Gray.

Bar•bel´lu•late (bär•bel´lu•lat), a. (Bot.) Barbellate with diminutive hairs or barbs.

Bar´ber (bär´ber), n. [OE. barbour, OF. barbeor, F. barbier, as if fr. an assumed L. barbator, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard, and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. Barber’s itch. See under Itch. Formerly the barber practiced some offices of surgery, such as letting blood and pulling teeth. Hence such terms as barber surgeon (old form barber chirurgeon), barber surgery, etc.

Bar´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbering.] To shave and dress the beard or hair of. Shak.

Bar´ber fish. (Zoöl.) See Surgeon fish.

Bar´ber•mon•ger , n. A fop. [Obs.]

Bar´ber•ry , n. [OE. barbarin, barbere, OF. berbere.] (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Berberis, common along roadsides and in neglected fields. B. vulgaris is the species best known; its oblong red berries are made into a preserve or sauce, and have been deemed efficacious in fluxes and fevers. The bark dyes a fine yellow, esp. the bark of the root. [Also spelt berberry.]

Bar´bet , n. [F. barbet, fr. barbe beard, long hair of certain animals. See Barb beard.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of small dog, having long curly hair. (b) A bird of the family Bucconidae, allied to the Cuckoos, having a large, conical beak swollen at the base, and bearded with five bunches of stiff bristles; the puff bird. It inhabits tropical America and Africa. (c) A larva that feeds on aphides.

Bar•bette´ , n. [F. Cf. Barbet.] (Fort.) A mound of earth or a platform in a fortification, on which guns are mounted to fire over the parapet. En barbette, In barbette, said of guns when they are elevated so as to fire over the top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. — Barbette gun, or Barbette battery, a single gun, or a number of guns, mounted in barbette, or partially protected by a parapet or turret. — Barbette carriage, a gun carriage which elevates guns sufficiently to be in barbette. [See Illust. of Casemate.] { Bar´bi•can , Bar´ba•can } , n. [OE. barbican, barbecan, F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbicana, of uncertain origin: cf. Ar. barbakh aqueduct, sewer. F. barbacane also means, an opening to let out water, loophole.] 1. (Fort.) A tower or advanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city, as at a gate or bridge. It was often large and strong, having a ditch and drawbridge of its own. 2. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through which missiles were discharged upon an enemy. { Bar´bi•can•age , Bar´ba•can•age } , n. [LL. barbicanagium. See Barbican.] Money paid for the support of a barbican. [Obs.] Bouvier.

Bar´bi•cel , n. [NL. barbicella, dim. of L. barba. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) One of the small hooklike processes on the barbules of feathers.

Bar´biers , n. (Med.) A variety of paralysis, peculiar to India and the Malabar coast; — considered by many to be the same as beriberi in a chronic form.

Bar•big´er•ous , a. [L. barba a beard + -gerous.] Having a beard; bearded; hairy.

Bar´bi•ton , n. [L., fr. Gr. ba•rbiton.] (Mus.) An ancient Greek instrument resembling a lyre.

Bar•bi•tu´ric ac´id . (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, CH2(CO.NH)2.CO, derived from alloxantin, also from malonic acid and urea, and regarded as a substituted urea.

Bar´ble (bär´b’l), n. See Barbel.

Bar´bo•tine , n. [F.] A paste of clay used in decorating coarse pottery in relief.

Bar´bre (bär´ber), a. Barbarian. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar´bule , n. [L. barbula, fr. barba beard.] 1. A very minute barb or beard. Booth. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather, by which adjacent barbs interlock. See Feather.

Bar´ca•rolle , n. [F. barcarolle, fr. It. barcaruola, fr. barca bark, barge.] (Mus.) (a) A popular song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. (b) A piece of music composed in imitation of such a song.

Bar´con (-kon), n. [It. barcone, fr. barca a bark.] A vessel for freight; — used in the Mediterranean.

Bard (bärd), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. bardd, Arm. barz, Ir. & Gael. bard, and F. barde.] 1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts, whose occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and brave men. 2. Hence: A poet; as the bard of Avon. { Bard , Barde } (bärd), n. [F. barde, of doubtful origin.] 1. A piece of defensive (or, sometimes, ornamental) armor for a horse’s neck, breast, and flanks; a barb. [Often in the pl.] 2. pl. Defensive armor formerly worn by a man at arms. 3. (Cookery) A thin slice of fat bacon used to cover any meat or game.

Bard, v. t. (Cookery) To cover (meat or game) with a thin slice of fat bacon.

Bard´ed, p. a. [See Bard horse armor.] 1. Accoutered with defensive armor; — said of a horse. 2. (Her.) Wearing rich caparisons. “Fifteen hundred men … barded and richly trapped.
Stow.”

Bard´ic, a. Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry. ´The bardic lays of ancient Greece.´ G. P. Marsh.

Bard´ish, a. Pertaining to, or written by, a bard or bards. ´Bardish impostures.´ Selden.

Bard´ism (-iz’m), n. The system of bards; the learning and maxims of bards.

Bard´ling (-ling), n. An inferior bard. J. Cunningham.

Bard´ship, n. The state of being a bard.

Bare (bâr), a. [OE. bar, bare, AS. baer; akin to D. & G. baar, OHG. par, Icel. berr, Sw. & Dan. bar, OSlav. bosu barefoot, Lith. basas; cf. Skr. bhas to shine. rad.85.] 1. Without clothes or covering; stripped of the usual covering; naked; as his body is bare; the trees are bare. 2. With head uncovered; bareheaded. “When once thy foot enters the church, be bare.
Herbert.” 3. Without anything to cover up or conceal one’s thoughts or actions; open to view; exposed. “Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear!” Milton. 4. Plain; simple; unadorned; without polish; bald; meager. ´Uttering bare truth.´ Shak. 5. Destitute; indigent; empty; unfurnished or scantily furnished; — used with of (rarely with in) before the thing wanting or taken away; as a room bare of furniture. ´A bare treasury.´ Dryden. 6. Threadbare; much worn. “It appears by their bare liveries that they live by your bare words.
Shak.” 7. Mere; alone; unaccompanied by anything else; as a bare majority. ´The bare necessaries of life.´ Addison. “Nor are men prevailed upon by bare words.
South.” Under bare poles (Naut.), having no sail set.

Bare, n. 1. Surface; body; substance. [R.] “You have touched the very bare of naked truth.
Marston.” 2. (Arch.) That part of a roofing slate, shingle, tile, or metal plate, which is exposed to the weather.

Bare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bared(bârd); p. pr. & vb. n. Baring.] [AS. barian. See Bare, a.] To strip off the covering of; to make bare; as to bare the breast.

Bare. Bore; the old preterit of Bear, v.

Bare´back (bâr´bak•), adv. On the bare back of a horse, without using a saddle; as to ride bareback.

Bare´backed (-bakd•), a. Having the back uncovered; as a barebacked horse.

Bare´bone (bâr´bon•), n. A very lean person; one whose bones show through the skin. Shak.

Bare´faced (bâr´fast•), a. 1. With the face uncovered; not masked. ´You will play barefaced.´ Shak. 2. Without concealment; undisguised. Hence: Shameless; audacious. ´Barefaced treason.´ J. Baillie.

Bare´faced•ly, adv. Openly; shamelessly. Locke.

Bare´faced•ness, n. The quality of being barefaced; shamelessness; assurance; audaciousness.

Bare´foot (bâr´foot), a. & adv. With the feet bare; without shoes or stockings.

Bare´foot•ed, a. Having the feet bare.

Ba•rege´ , n. [F. barege, so called from Bareges, a town in the Pyrenees.] A gauzelike fabric for ladies’ dresses, veils, etc. of worsted, silk and worsted, or cotton and worsted.

Bare´hand•ed , n. Having bare hands. { Bare´head•ed , Bare´head }, a. & adv. Having the head uncovered; as a bareheaded girl.

Bare´legged , a. Having the legs bare.

Bare´ly, adv. 1. Without covering; nakedly. 2. Without concealment or disguise. 3. Merely; only. “R. For now his son is duke.
W. Barely in title, not in revenue.
Shak.” 4. But just; without any excess; with nothing to spare ( of quantity, time, etc.); hence, scarcely; hardly; as there was barely enough for all; he barely escaped.

Bare´necked , a. Having the neck bare.

Bare´ness, n. The state of being bare.

Bare´sark , n. [Literally, bare sark or shirt.] A Berserker, or Norse warrior who fought without armor, or shirt of mail. Hence, adverbially: Without shirt of mail or armor.

Bar´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Calico bass.

Bar´ful , a. Full of obstructions. [Obs.] Shak.

Bar´gain , n. [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF. bargaigne, bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barcaneum, fr. barca a boat which carries merchandise to the shore; hence, to traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce in general. See Bark a vessel. ] 1. An agreement between parties concerning the sale of property; or a contract by which one party binds himself to transfer the right to some property for a consideration, and the other party binds himself to receive the property and pay the consideration. “A contract is a bargain that is legally binding.
Wharton.” 2. An agreement or stipulation; mutual pledge. “And whon your honors mean to solemnize
The bargain of your faith.
Shak.” 3. A purchase; also ( when not qualified), a gainful transaction; an advantageous purchase; as to buy a thing at a bargain. 4. The thing stipulated or purchased; also anything bought cheap. “She was too fond of her most filthy bargain.
Shak.” Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by which the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then completes the purchase; i. e., the bargain vests the use, and the statute vests the possession. Blackstone. — Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated; besides. — To sell bargains, to make saucy (usually indelicate) repartees. [Obs.] Swift. — To strike a bargain, to reach or ratify an agreement. ´A bargain was struck.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement.

Bar´gain, v. i. [OE. barganien, OF. bargaigner, F. barguigner, to hesitate, fr. LL. barcaniare. See Bargain, n.] To make a bargain; to make a contract for the exchange of property or services; — followed by with and for; as to bargain with a farmer for a cow. “So worthless peasants bargain for their wives.
Shak.”

Bar´gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bargained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bargaining.] To transfer for a consideration; to barter; to trade; as to bargain one horse for another. To bargain away, to dispose of in a bargain; — usually with a sense of loss or disadvantage; as to bargain away one’s birthright. ´The heir … had somehow bargained away the estate.´ G. Eliot.

Bar•gain•ee´ , n. [OF. bargaigne, p. p. See Bargain, v. i.] (Law) The party to a contract who receives, or agrees to receive, the property sold. Blackstone.

Bar´gain•er , n. One who makes a bargain; — sometimes in the sense of bargainor.

Bar•gain•or´ , n. (Law) One who makes a bargain, or contracts with another; esp., one who sells, or contracts to sell, property to another. Blackstone.

Barge , n. [OF. barge, F. berge, fr. LL. barca, for barica (not found), prob. fr. L. baris an Egyptian rowboat, fr. Gr. , prob. fr. Egyptian: cf. Coptic bari a boat. Cf. Bark a vessel.] 1. A pleasure boat; a vessel or boat of state, elegantly furnished and decorated. 2. A large, roomy boat for the conveyance of passengers or goods; as a ship’s barge; a charcoal barge. 3. A large boat used by flag officers. 4. A double-decked passenger or freight vessel, towed by a steamboat. [U.S.] 5. A large omnibus used for excursions. [Local, U.S.]

Barge´board , n. [Perh. corrup. of vergeboard; or cf. LL. bargus a kind of gallows.] A vergeboard.

Barge´course , n. [See Bargeboard.] (Arch.) A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters, in buildings where there is a gable. Gwilt.

Bar•gee´ , n. A bargeman. [Eng.]

Barge´man , n. The man who manages a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

Barge´mast•ter , n. The proprietor or manager of a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

Bar´ger , n. The manager of a barge. [Obs.]

Bar´ghest , n. [Perh. G. berg mountain + geist demon, or bär a bear + geist.] A goblin, in the shape of a large dog, portending misfortune. [Also written barguest.]

Ba´ri•a , n. [Cf. Barium.] (Chem.) Baryta.

Bar´ic (bar´ik), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to barium; as baric oxide.

Bar´ic, a. [Gr. ba•ros weight.] (Physics) Of or pertaining to weight, esp. to the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as measured by the barometer.

Ba•ril´la (ba•ril´la), n. [Sp. barrilla.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes. 2. (Com.) (a) The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes. (b) Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp. Ure. Copper barilla (Min.), native copper in granular form mixed with sand, an ore brought from Bolivia; — called also Barilla de cobre.

Bar´il•let , n. [F., dim. of baril barrel.] A little cask, or something resembling one. Smart.

Bar´ i•ron . See under Iron.

Ba´rite , n. (Min.) Native sulphate of barium, a mineral occurring in transparent, colorless, white to yellow crystals (generally tabular), also in granular form, and in compact massive forms resembling marble. It has a high specific gravity, and hence is often called heavy spar. It is a common mineral in metallic veins.

Bar´i•tone , a. & n. See Barytone.

Ba´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bary•s heavy.] (Chem.) One of the elements, belonging to the alkaline earth group; a metal having a silver-white color, and melting at a very high temperature. It is difficult to obtain the pure metal, from the facility with which it becomes oxidized in the air. Atomic weight, 137. Symbol, Ba. Its oxide called baryta. [Rarely written barytum.] Some of the compounds of this element are remarkable for their high specific gravity, as the sulphate, called heavy spar, and the like. The oxide was called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which name was changed by Lavoisier to baryta, whence the name of the metal.

Bark (bärk), n. [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark, Icel. börkr, LG. & HG. borke.] 1. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree; the rind. 2. Specifically, Peruvian bark. Bark bed. See Bark stove (below). — Bark pit, a pit filled with bark and water, in which hides are steeped in tanning. — Bark stove (Hort.), a glazed structure for keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tanner’s bark (called a bark bed) or other fermentable matter which produces a moist heat.

Bark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barked (bärkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Barking.] 1. To strip the bark from; to peel. 2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from; as to bark one’s heel. 3. To girdle. See Girdle, v. t., 3. 4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark; as to bark the roof of a hut.

Bark, v. i. [OE. berken, AS. beorcan; akin to Icel. berkja, and prob. to E. break.] 1. To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs; — said of some animals, but especially of dogs. 2. To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries. “They bark, and say the Scripture maketh heretics.
Tyndale.” “Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
Fuller.”

Bark, n. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog; a similar sound made by some other animals. { Bark , Barque } , n. [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. LL. barca for barica. See Barge.] 1. Formerly, any small sailing vessel, as a pinnace, fishing smack, etc.; also a rowing boat; a barge. Now applied poetically to a sailing vessel or boat of any kind. Byron. 2. (Naut.) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner- rigged.

Bark´an•tine , n. Same as Barkentine.

Bark´ bee•tle . (Zoöl.) A small beetle of many species (family Scolytidae), which in the larval state bores under or in the bark of trees, often doing great damage.

Bark´bound , a. Prevented from growing, by having the bark too firm or close.

Bar´keep•er , n. One who keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liquors.

Bark´en , a. Made of bark. [Poetic] Whittier.

Bark´en•tine , n. [See Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.) A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelled also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append.

Bark´er , n. 1. An animal that barks; hence, any one who clamors unreasonably. 2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urg passers by to make purchases. [Cant, Eng.] 3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens. 4. (Zoöl.) The spotted redshank.

Bark´er, n. One who strips trees of their bark.

Bark´er’s mill . [From Dr. Barker, the inventor.] A machine, invented in the 17th century, worked by a form of reaction wheel. The water flows into a vertical tube and gushes from apertures in hollow horizontal arms, causing the machine to revolve on its axis.

Bark´er•y (-er•y), n. A tanhouse.

Bark´ing i•rons . 1. Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. Gardner. 2. A pair of pistols. [Slang]

Bark´less, a. Destitute of bark.

Bark´ louse . (Zoöl.) An insect of the family Coccidae, which infests the bark of trees and vines. The wingless females assume the shape of scales. The bark louse of the vine is Pulvinaria innumerabilis; that of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Orange scale.

Bark´y , a. Covered with, or containing, bark. ´The barky fingers of the elm.´ Shak.

Bar´ley , n. [OE. barli, barlich, AS. baerlic; bere barley + lic (which is prob. the same as E. like, adj., or perh. a form of AS. leac leek). AS. bere is akin to Icel, barr barley, Goth. barizeins made of barley, L. far spelt; cf. W. barlys barley, bara bread. 92. Cf. Farina, 6th Bear.] (Bot.) A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, genus Hordeum, used for food, and for making malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky. Barley bird (Zoöl.), the siskin. — Barley sugar, sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley) and candied. — Barley water, a decoction of barley, used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent. { Bar´ley•brake• Bar´ley•break• } (bär´ly•brak•), n. An ancient rural game, commonly played round stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the party attempt to catch others who run from a goal.

Bar´ley-bree (-bre•), n. [Lit. barley broth. See Brew.] Liquor made from barley; strong ale. [Humorous] [Scot.] Burns.

Bar´ley•corn , n. [See Corn.] 1. A grain or ´corn´ of barley. 2. Formerly , a measure of length, equal to the average length of a grain of barley; the third part of an inch. John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky.

Barm (bärm), n. [OE. berme, AS. beorma; akin to Sw. bärma, G. bärme, and prob. L. fermentum. rad.93.] Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in making bread and in brewing; yeast. Shak.

Barm, n. [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. bearm; akin to E. bear to support.] The lap or bosom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar´maid , n. A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar, as in a tavern or beershop. “A bouncing barmaid.
W. Irving.”

Bar´mas•ter , n. [Berg + master: cf. G. Bergmeister.] Formerly, a local judge among miners; now, an officer of the barmote. [Eng.]

Barm´cloth (bärm´kloth), n. Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar´me•ci•dal , a. [See Barmecide.] Unreal; illusory. ´A sort of Barmecidal feast.´ Hood.

Bar´me•cide , n. [A prince of the Barmecide family, who, as related in the ´Arabian Nights’ Tales´, pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on which the latter pretended to feast.] One who proffers some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj.: Barmecidal. ´A Barmecide feast.´ Dickens.

Bar´mote (bär´mot•), n. [Berg + mote meeting.] A court held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between miners. Blount.

Barm´y (bärm´y), a. Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. ´Barmy beer.´ Dryden.

Barn (bärn), n. [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern; bere barley + ern, aern, a close place. rad.92. See Barley.] A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables. Barn owl (Zoöl.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco flammeus, or Strix flammea), which frequents barns and other buildings. — Barn swallow (Zoöl.), the common American swallow (Hirundo horreorum), which attaches its nest of mud to the beams and rafters of barns.

Barn, v. t. To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Shak. “Men … often barn up the chaff, and burn up the grain.
Fuller.”

Barn, n. A child. [Obs.] See Bairn.

Bar´na•bite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a religious order, named from St. Barnabas.

Bar´na•cle , n. [Prob. from E. barnacle a kind of goose, which was popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish; but perh. from LL. bernacula for pernacula, dim. of perna ham, sea mussel; cf. Gr. pe•rna ham. Cf. F. bernacle, barnacle, E. barnacle a goose; and Ir. bairneach, barneach, limpet.] (Zoöl.) Any cirriped crustacean adhering to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc., esp. (a) the sessile species (genus Balanus and allies), and (b) the stalked or goose barnacles (genus Lepas and allies). See Cirripedia, and Goose barnacle. Barnacle eater (Zoöl.), the orange filefish. — Barnacle scale (Zoöl.), a bark louse (Ceroplastes cirripediformis) of the orange and quince trees in Florida. The female scale curiously resembles a sessile barnacle in form.

Bar´na•cle, n. [See Bernicle.] A bernicle goose.

Bar´na•cle, n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac, and Prov. F. (Berri) berniques, spectacles.] 1. pl. (Far.) An instrument for pinching a horse’s nose, and thus restraining him. [Formerly used in the sing.] “The barnacles … give pain almost equal to that of the switch.” Youatt. 2. pl. Spectacles; — so called from their resemblance to the barnacles used by farriers. [Cant, Eng.] Dickens.

Barn´yard , n. A yard belonging to a barn.

Ba•roc´co , a. [It.] (Arch.) See Baroque.

Bar´o•graph , n. [Gr. ba•ros weight + -graph.] (Meteor.) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of atmospheric pressure.

Ba•ro´ko (ba•ro´ko), n. [A mnemonic word.] (Logic) A form or mode of syllogism of which the first proposition is a universal affirmative, and the other two are particular negatives.

Ba•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. baros weight + -logy.] The science of weight or gravity.

Bar•o•ma•crom´e•ter , n. [Gr. baros weight + makro•s long + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument for ascertaining the weight and length of a newborn infant.

Ba•rom´e•ter , n. [Gr. baros weight + -meter: cf. F. baromètre.] An instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of the probable changes of weather, or for ascertaining the height of any ascent. The barometer was invented by Torricelli at Florence about 1643. It is made in its simplest form by filling a graduated glass tube about 34 inches long with mercury and inverting it in a cup containing mercury. The column of mercury in the tube descends until balanced by the weight of the atmosphere, and its rise or fall under varying conditions is a measure of the change in the atmospheric pressure. At the sea level its ordinary height is about 30 inches (760 millimeters). See Sympiesometer. Nichol. Aneroid barometer. See Aneroid barometer, under Aneroid. — Marine barometer, a barometer with tube contracted at bottom to prevent rapid oscillations of the mercury, and suspended in gimbals from an arm or support on shipboard. — Mountain barometer, a portable mercurial barometer with tripod support, and long scale, for measuring heights. — Siphon barometer, a barometer having a tube bent like a hook with the longer leg closed at the top. The height of the mercury in the longer leg shows the pressure of the atmosphere. — Wheel barometer, a barometer with recurved tube, and a float, from which a cord passes over a pulley and moves an index. { Bar•o•met´ric (bar•o•met´rik), Bar•o•met´ric•al (-met´ri•kal), } a. Pertaining to the barometer; made or indicated by a barometer; as barometric changes; barometrical observations.

Bar•o•met´ric•al•ly, adv. By means of a barometer, or according to barometric observations.

Bar•o•met´ro•graph (-ro•graf), n. [Gr. baros weight + me•tron measure + -graph.] A form of barometer so constructed as to inscribe of itself upon paper a record of the variations of atmospheric pressure.

Ba•rom´e•try , n. The art or process of making barometrical measurements.

Bar´o•metz , n. [Cf. Russ. baranets’ clubmoss.] (Bot.) The woolly-skinned rhizoma or rootstock of a fern (Dicksonia barometz), which, when specially prepared and inverted, somewhat resembles a lamb; — called also Scythian lamb.

Bar´on , n. [OE. baron, barun, OF. baron, accus. of ber, F. baron, prob. fr. OHG. baro (not found) bearer, akin to E. bear to support; cf. O. Frisian bere, LL. baro, It. barone, Sp. varon. From the meaning bearer (of burdens) seem to have come the senses strong man, man (in distinction from woman), which is the oldest meaning in French, and lastly, nobleman. Cf. L. baro, simpleton. See Bear to support.] 1. A title or degree of nobility; originally, the possessor of a fief, who had feudal tenants under him; in modern times, in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount. ´The tenants in chief from the Crown, who held lands of the annual value of four hundred pounds, were styled Barons; and it is to them, and not to the members of the lowest grade of the nobility (to whom the title at the present time belongs), that reference is made when we read of the Barons of the early days of England’s history… . Barons are addressed as •My Lord,’ and are styled •Right Honorable.’ All their sons and daughters are •Honorable.’´ Cussans. 2. (Old Law) A husband; as baron and feme, husband and wife. [R.] Cowell. Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder at the backbone. — Barons of the Cinque Ports, formerly members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque Ports, two for each port. — Barons of the exchequer, the judges of the Court of Exchequer, one of the three ancient courts of England, now abolished.

Bar´on•age , n. [OE. barnage, baronage, OF. barnage, F. baronnage; cf. LL. baronagium.] 1. The whole body of barons or peers. “The baronage of the kingdom.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. The dignity or rank of a baron. 3. The land which gives title to a baron. [Obs.]

Bar´on•ess , n. A baron’s wife; also a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right; as the Baroness Burdett-Coutts.

Bar´on•et , n. [Baron + - et.] A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, having precedency of all orders of knights except those of the Garter. It is the lowest degree of honor that is hereditary. The baronets are commoners. The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of a lesser baron, was in use long before. ´Baronets have the title of ’Sir’ prefixed to their Christian names; their surnames being followed by their dignity, usually abbreviated Bart. Their wives are addressed as ’Lady’ or ’Madam’. Their sons are possessed of no title beyond ’Esquire.’´ Cussans.

Bar´on•et•age , n. 1. State or rank of a baronet. 2. The collective body of baronets.

Bar´on•et•cy , n. The rank or patent of a baronet.

Ba•ro´ni•al , a. Pertaining to a baron or a barony. ´Baronial tenure.´ Hallam.

Bar´o•ny , n.; pl. Baronies . [OF. baronie, F. baronnie, LL. baronia. See Baron.] 1. The fee or domain of a baron; the lordship, dignity, or rank of a baron. 2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 252 of these baronies. In Scotland, an extensive freehold. It may be held by a commoner. Brande & C.

Ba•roque´ , a. [F.; cf. It. barocco.] (Arch.) In bad taste; grotesque; odd.

Bar´o•scope (bar´o•skop), n. [Gr. baros weight + -scope: cf. F. baroscope.] Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the atmosphere; also less appropriately, any instrument that indicates or foreshadows changes of the weather, as a deep vial of liquid holding in suspension some substance which rises and falls with atmospheric changes. { Bar•o•scop´ic , Bar•o•scop´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or determined by, the baroscope.

Ba•rouche´ , n. [G. barutsche, It. baroccio, biroccio, LL. barrotium, fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi- =bis twice + rota wheel.] A four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the outside for the driver, and two double seats on the inside arranged so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat.

Ba•rou•chet´ , n. A kind of light barouche.

Bar´post , n. A post sunk in the ground to receive the bars closing a passage into a field.

Barque , n. Same as 3d Bark, n.

Bar´ra•can , n. [F. baracan, bouracan (cf. Pr. barracan, It. baracane, Sp. barragan, Pg. barregana, LL. barracanus), fr. Ar. barrakan a kind of black gown, perh. fr. Per. barak a garment made of camel’s hair.] A thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet; — still used for outer garments in the Levant.

Bar´rack , n. [F. baraque, fr. It. baracca (cf. Sp. barraca), from LL. barra bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Mil.) A building for soldiers, especially when in garrison. Commonly in the pl., originally meaning temporary huts, but now usually applied to a permanent structure or set of buildings. “He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack, composed of dry branches and thatched with straw.
Gibbon.” 2. A movable roof sliding on four posts, to cover hay, straw, etc. [Local, U.S.]

Bar´rack, v. t. To supply with barracks; to establish in barracks; as to barrack troops.

Bar´rack, v. i. To live or lodge in barracks.

Bar´ra•clade , n. [D. baar, OD. baer, naked, bare + kleed garment, i.e., cloth undressed or without nap.] A home-made woolen blanket without nap. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

Bar´ra•coon , n. [Sp. or Pg. barraca. See Barrack.] A slave warehouse, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered temporarily. Du Chaillu. { Bar•ra•cu´da , Bar•ra•cou´ta } n. 1. (Zoöl.) A voracious, pikelike, marine fish, of the genus Sphyraena, sometimes used as food. That of Europe and our Atlantic coast is Sphyraena spet (or S. vulgaris); a southern species is S. picuda; the Californian is S. argentea. 2. (Zoöl.) A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun).

Bar´rage , n. [F., fr. barrer to bar, from barre bar.] (Engin.) An artificial bar or obstruction placed in a river or watercourse to increase the depth of water; as the barrages of the Nile.

Bar•ran´ca , n. [Sp.] A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse. [Texas & N. Mex.]

Bar´ras , n. [F.] A resin, called also galipot.

Bar´ra•tor , n. [OE. baratour, OF. barateor deceiver, fr. OF. barater, bareter, to deceive, cheat, barter. See Barter, v. i.] One guilty of barratry.

Bar´ra•trous , a. (Law) Tainted with, or constituting, barratry. — Bar´ra•trous•ly, adv. Kent.

Bar´ra•try , n. [Cf. F. baraterie, LL. barataria. See Barrator, and cf. Bartery.] 1. (Law) The practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits and quarrels. [Also spelt barretry.] Coke. Blackstone. 2. (Mar. Law) A fraudulent breach of duty or willful act of known illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo, and without his consent. It includes every breach of trust committed with dishonest purpose, as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, etc., or by embezzling the cargo. Kent. Park. 3. (Scots Law) The crime of a judge who is influenced by bribery in pronouncing judgment. Wharton.

Barred´ owl´ . (Zoöl.) A large American owl (Syrnium nebulosum); — so called from the transverse bars of a dark brown color on the breast.

Bar´rel (bar´rel), n. [OE. barel, F. baril, prob. fr. barre bar. Cf. Barricade.] 1. A round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads. 2. The quantity which constitutes a full barrel. This varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. A barrel of wine is 31½ gallons; a barrel of flour is 196 pounds. 3. A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled. 4. A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. Knight. 5. A jar. [Obs.] 1 Kings xvii. 12. 6. (Zoöl.) The hollow basal part of a feather. Barrel bulk (Com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet, used in estimating capacity, as of a vessel for freight. - - Barrel drain (Arch.), a drain in the form of a cylindrical tube. — Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part of a boiler, containing the flues. — Barrel of the ear (Anat.), the tympanum, or tympanic cavity. — Barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder. — Barrel vault. See under Vault.

Bar´rel (bar´rel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barreled (-reld), or Barrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Barreling, or Barrelling.] To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels. { Bar´reled , Bar´relled } , a. Having a barrel; — used in composition; as a double-barreled gun.

Bar´ren (bar´ren), a. [OE. barein, OF. brehaing, fem. brehaigne, baraigne, F. brehaigne; of uncertain origin; cf. Arm. brekhañ, markhañ, sterile; LL. brana a sterile mare, principally in Aquitanian and Spanish documents; Bisc. barau, baru, fasting.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring; producing no young; sterile; — said of women and female animals. “She was barren of children.” Bp. Hall. 2. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation; sterile. ´Barren mountain tracts.´ Macaulay. 3. Unproductive; fruitless; unprofitable; empty. “Brilliant but barren reveries.
Prescott.” “Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter.
Swift.” 4. Mentally dull; stupid. Shak. Barren flower, a flower which has only stamens without a pistil, or which has neither stamens nor pistils. — Barren Grounds (Geog.), a vast tract in British America northward of the forest regions. — Barren Ground bear (Zoöl.), a peculiar bear, inhabiting the Barren Grounds, now believed to be a variety of the brown bear of Europe. — Barren Ground caribou (Zoöl.), a small reindeer (Rangifer Grœnlandicus) peculiar to the Barren Grounds and Greenland.

Bar´ren, n. 1. A tract of barren land. 2. pl. Elevated lands or plains on which grow small trees, but not timber; as pine barrens; oak barrens. They are not necessarily sterile, and are often fertile. [Amer.] J. Pickering.

Bar´ren•ly, adv. Unfruitfully; unproductively.

Bar´ren•ness, n. The condition of being barren; sterility; unproductiveness. “A total barrenness of invention.
Dryden.”

Bar´ren•wort , n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the Barberry family (Epimedium alpinum), having leaves that are bitter and said to be sudorific.

Bar´ret , n. [F. barrette, LL. barretum a cap. See Berretta, and cf. Biretta.] A kind of cap formerly worn by soldiers; — called also barret cap. also the flat cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics.

Bar•ri•cade´ , n. [F. barricade, fr. Sp. barricada, orig. a barring up with casks; fr. barrica cask, perh. fr. LL. barra bar. See Bar, n., and cf. Barrel, n.] 1. (Mil.) A fortification, made in haste, of trees, earth, palisades, wagons, or anything that will obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy. It is usually an obstruction formed in streets to block an enemy’s access. 2. Any bar, obstruction, or means of defense. “Such a barricade as would greatly annoy, or absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere.
Derham.”

Bar•ri•cade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barricaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Barricading.] [Cf. F. barricader. See Barricade, n.] To fortify or close with a barricade or with barricades; to stop up, as a passage; to obstruct; as the workmen barricaded the streets of Paris. “The further end whereof [a bridge] was barricaded with barrels.
Hakluyt.”

Bar•ri•cad´er , n. One who constructs barricades.

Bar•ri•ca´do , n. & v. t. See Barricade. Shak.

Bar´ri•er , n. [OE. barrere, barere, F. barrière, fr. barre bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Fort.) A carpentry obstruction, stockade, or other obstacle made in a passage in order to stop an enemy. 2. A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a country, commanding an avenue of approach. 3. pl. A fence or railing to mark the limits of a place, or to keep back a crowd. “No sooner were the barriers opened, than he paced into the lists.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. Any obstruction; anything which hinders approach or attack. ´Constitutional barriers.´ Hopkinson. 5. Any limit or boundary; a line of separation. “’Twixt that [instinct] and reason, what a nice barrier!
Pope.” Barrier gate, a heavy gate to close the opening through a barrier. — Barrier reef, a form of coral reef which runs in the general direction of the shore, and incloses a lagoon channel more or less extensive. — To fight at barriers, to fight with a barrier between, as a martial exercise. [Obs.]

Bar•ri•gu´do , n. [Native name, fr. Sp. barrigudo big-bellied.] (Zoöl.) A large, dark- colored, South American monkey, of the genus Lagothrix, having a long prehensile tail.

Bar•ring•out´ , n. The act of closing the doors of a schoolroom against a schoolmaster; — a boyish mode of rebellion in schools. Swift.

Bar´ris•ter , n. [From Bar, n.] Counselor at law; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar, and undertake the public trial of causes, as distinguished from an attorney or solicitor. See Attorney. [Eng.]

Bar´room , n. A room containing a bar or counter at which liquors are sold.

Bar´row (bar´ro), n. [OE. barow, fr. AS. beran to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Bier.] 1. A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which heavy or bulky things can be transported by hand. See Handbarrow, and Wheelbarrow. 2. (Salt Works) A wicker case, in which salt is put to drain.

Bar´row (bar´ro), n. [OE. barow, bargh, AS. bearg, bearh; akin to Icel. börgr, OHG. barh, barug, G. barch. rad.95.] A hog, esp. a male hog castrated. Holland.

Bar´row, n. [OE. bergh, AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound; akin to G. berg mountain, Goth. bairgahei hill, hilly country, and perh. to Skr. brhant high, OIr. brigh mountain. Cf. Berg, Berry a mound, and Borough an incorporated town.] 1. A large mound of earth or stones over the remains of the dead; a tumulus. 2. (Mining) A heap of rubbish, attle, etc.

Bar´row•ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Henry Barrowe, one of the founders of Independency or Congregationalism in England. Barrowe was executed for nonconformity in 1593.

Bar´ru•let , n. [Dim. of bar, n.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth its width.

Bar´ru•ly , a. (Her.) Traversed by barrulets or small bars; — said of the field.

Bar´ry , a. (Her.) Divided into bars; — said of the field.

Barse (bärs), n. [AS. bears, baers, akin to D. baars, G. bars, barsch. Cf. 1st Bass, n.] The common perch. See 1st Bass. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bar´tend•er , n. A barkeeper.

Bar´ter (bär´ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bartered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] [OE. bartren, OF. barater, bareter, to cheat, exchange, perh. fr. Gr. pra•ttein to do, deal (well or ill), use practices or tricks, or perh. fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. brath treachery, W. brad. Cf. Barrator.] To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in which money is paid for the commodities transferred; to truck.

Bar´ter, v. t. To trade or exchange in the way of barter; to exchange (frequently for an unworthy consideration); to traffic; to truck; — sometimes followed by away; as to barter away goods or honor.

Bar´ter, n. 1. The act or practice of trafficking by exchange of commodities; an exchange of goods. “The spirit of huckstering and barter.
Burke.” 2. The thing given in exchange. Syn. — Exchange; dealing; traffic; trade; truck.

Bar´ter•er , n. One who barters.

Bar´ter•y , n. Barter. [Obs.] Camden.

Barth , n. [Etymol. unknown.] A place of shelter for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bar•thol´o•mew tide . Time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak.

Bar´ti•zan , n. [Cf. Brettice.] (Arch.) A small, overhanging structure for lookout or defense, usually projecting at an angle of a building or near an entrance gateway.

Bart´lett , n. (Bot.) A Bartlett pear, a favorite kind of pear, which originated in England about 1770, and was called Williams’ Bonchretien. It was brought to America, and distributed by Mr. Enoch Bartlett, of Dorchester, Massachusetts.

Bar´ton (bär´tun), n. [AS. beretun courtyard, grange; bere barley + tun an inclosure.] 1. The demesne lands of a manor; also the manor itself. [Eng.] Burton. 2. A farmyard. [Eng.] Southey.

Bar´tram , n. (Bot.) See Bertram. Johnson.

Bar´way , n. A passage into a field or yard, closed by bars made to take out of the posts.

Bar´wise , adv. (Her.) Horizontally.

Bar´wood (-wood•), n. A red wood of a leguminous tree (Baphia nitida), from Angola and the Gabon in Africa. It is used as a dyewood, and also for ramrods, violin bows and turner’s work.

Bar•y•cen´tric , a. [Gr. bary•s heavy + ke•ntron center.] Of or pertaining to the center of gravity. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

Ba•ryph´o•ny , n. [Gr. bary•s heavy + fwnh• a sound, voice.] (Med.) Difficulty of speech.

Ba•ry´ta , n. [Gr. bary•s heavy. Cf. Baria.] (Chem.) An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4.

Ba•ry´tes , n. [Gr. bary•s heavy: cf. Gr. bary•ths heaviness, F. baryte.] (Min.) Barium sulphate, generally called heavy spar or barite. See Barite.

Ba•ryt´ic , a. Of or pertaining to baryta.

Ba•ry´to-cal´cite , n. [Baryta + calcite.] (Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color, occurring massive or crystallized. It is a compound of the carbonates of barium and calcium. { Bar´y•tone , Bar´i•tone } , a. [Gr. bary•tonos; bary•s heavy + to•nos tone.] 1. (Mus.) Grave and deep, as a kind of male voice. 2. (Greek Gram.) Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. { Bar´y•tone , Bar´i•tone }, n. [F. baryton: cf. It. baritono.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as high as the other. (b) A person having a voice of such range. (c) The viola di gamba, now entirely disused. 2. (Greek Gram.) A word which has no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.

Ba•ry´tum , n. [NL.] (Chem.) The metal barium. See Barium. [R.]

Ba´sal , a. Relating to, or forming, the base. Basal cleavage. See under Cleavage. — Basal plane (Crystallog.), one parallel to the lateral or horizontal axis.

Ba´sal-nerved , a. (Bot.) Having the nerves radiating from the base; — said of leaves.

Ba•salt´ , n. [L. basaltes (an African word), a dark and hard species of marble found in Ethiopia: cf. F. basalte.] 1. (Geol.) A rock of igneous origin, consisting of augite and triclinic feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titanic iron, and also bottle-green particles of olivine frequently disseminated. It is usually of a greenish black color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds in some regions, and also occurs in veins or dikes cutting through other rocks. It has often a prismatic structure as at the Giant’s Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials for macadamizing roads. 2. An imitation, in pottery, of natural basalt; a kind of black porcelain.

Ba•salt´ic , a. [Cf. F. basaltique.] Pertaining to basalt; formed of, or containing, basalt; as basaltic lava.

Ba•salt´i•form , a. [Basalt + -form.] In the form of basalt; columnar.

Ba•salt´oid , a. [Basalt + - oid.] Formed like basalt; basaltiform.

Bas´an , n. Same as Basil, a sheepskin.

Bas´a•nite , n. [L. basanites lapis, Gr. ba•sanos the touchstone: cf. F. basanite.] (Min.) Lydian stone, or black jasper, a variety of siliceous or flinty slate, of a grayish or bluish black color. It is employed to test the purity of gold, the amount of alloy being indicated by the color left on the stone when rubbed by the metal.

Bas•bleu´ , n. [F., fr. bas stocking + bleu blue.] A bluestocking; a literary woman. [Somewhat derisive]

Bas´ci•net , n. [OE. bacinet, basnet, OF. bassinet, bacinet, F. bassinet, dim. of OF. bacin, F. bassin, a helmet in the form of a basin.] A light helmet, at first open, but later made with a visor. [Written also basinet, bassinet, basnet.]

Bas´cule (bas´kul), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics, an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, in which one end rises as the other falls. Bascule bridge, a counterpoise or balanced drawbridge, which is opened by sinking the counterpoise and thus lifting the footway into the air.

Base (bas), a. [OE. bass, F. bas, low, fr. LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble; cf. L. Bassus, a proper name, and W. bas shallow. Cf. Bass a part in music.] 1. Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as base shrubs. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Low in place or position. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Of humble birth; or low degree; lowly; mean. [Archaic] ´A peasant and base swain.´ Bacon. 4. Illegitimate by birth; bastard. [Archaic] “Why bastard? wherefore base?
Shak.” 5. Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold and silver, the precious metals. 6. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as base coin; base bullion. 7. Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as a base fellow; base motives; base occupations. ´A cruel act of a base and a cowardish mind.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). ´Base ingratitude.´ Milton. 8. Not classical or correct. ´Base Latin.´ Fuller. 9. Deep or grave in sound; as the base tone of a violin. [In this sense, commonly written bass.] 10. (Law) Not held by honorable service; as a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant. Base fee, formerly, an estate held at the will of the lord; now, a qualified fee. See note under Fee, n., 4. — Base metal. See under Metal. Syn. — Dishonorable; worthless; ignoble; low-minded; infamous; sordid; degraded. — Base, Vile, Mean. These words, as expressing moral qualities, are here arranged in the order of their strength, the strongest being placed first. Base marks a high degree of moral turpitude; vile and mean denote, in different degrees, the want of what is valuable or worthy of esteem. What is base excites our abhorrence; what is vile provokes our disgust or indignation; what is mean awakens contempt. Base is opposed to high-minded; vile, to noble; mean, to liberal or generous. Ingratitude is base; sycophancy is vile; undue compliances are mean.

Base, n. [F. base, L. basis, fr. Gr. ba•sis a stepping, step, a base, pedestal, fr. bai•nein to go, step, akin to E. come. Cf. Basis, and see Come.] 1. The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as the base of a statue. ´The base of mighty mountains.´ Prescott. 2. Fig.: The fundamental or essential part of a thing; the essential principle; a groundwork. 3. (Arch.) (a) The lower part of a wall, pier, or column, when treated as a separate feature, usually in projection, or especially ornamented. (b) The lower part of a complete architectural design, as of a monument; also the lower part of any elaborate piece of furniture or decoration. 4. (Bot.) That extremity of a leaf, fruit, etc., at which it is attached to its support. 5. (Chem.) The positive, or non-acid component of a salt; a substance which, combined with an acid, neutralizes the latter and forms a salt; — applied also to the hydroxides of the positive elements or radicals, and to certain organic bodies resembling them in their property of forming salts with acids. 6. (Pharmacy) The chief ingredient in a compound. 7. (Dyeing) A substance used as a mordant. Ure. 8. (Fort.) The exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which connects the salient angles of two adjacent bastions. 9. (Geom.) The line or surface constituting that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand. 10. (Math.) The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as the base of a system of logarithms. 11. [See Base low.] A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base. [Now commonly written bass.] “The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar.
Dryden.” 12. (Mil.) A place or tract of country, protected by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed, forward movements are made, supplies are furnished, etc. 13. (Mil.) The smallest kind of cannon. [Obs.] 14. (Zoöl.) That part of an organ by which it is attached to another more central organ. 15. (Crystallog.) The basal plane of a crystal. 16. (Geol.) The ground mass of a rock, especially if not distinctly crystalline. 17. (Her.) The lower part of the field. See Escutcheon. 18. The housing of a horse. [Obs.] 19. pl. A kind of skirt (often of velvet or brocade, but sometimes of mailed armor) which hung from the middle to about the knees, or lower. [Obs.] 20. The lower part of a robe or petticoat. [Obs.] 21. An apron. [Obs.] ´Bakers in their linen bases.´ Marston. 22. The point or line from which a start is made; a starting place or a goal in various games. “To their appointed base they went.
Dryden.” 23. (Surv.) A line in a survey which, being accurately determined in length and position, serves as the origin from which to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles. Lyman. 24. A rustic play; — called also prisoner’s base, prison base, or bars. ´To run the country base.´ Shak. 25. (Baseball) Any one of the four bounds which mark the circuit of the infield. Altern base. See under Altern. — Attic base. (Arch.) See under Attic. — Base course. (Arch.) (a) The first or lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones or a mass of concrete; — called also foundation course. (b) The architectural member forming the transition between the basement and the wall above. — Base hit (Baseball), a hit, by which the batsman, without any error on the part of his opponents, is able to reach the first base without being put out. — Base line. (a) A main line taken as a base, as in surveying or in military operations. (b) A line traced round a cannon at the rear of the vent. — Base plate, the foundation plate of heavy machinery, as of the steam engine; the bed plate. — Base ring (Ordnance), a projecting band of metal around the breech, connected with the body of the gun by a concave molding. H. L. Scott.

Base (bas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Based (basd); p. pr. & vb. n. Basing.] [From Base, n.] To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; — used with on or upon. Bacon.

Base, v. t. [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] 1. To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower. [Obs.] “If any … based his pike.
Sir T. North.” 2. To reduce the value of; to debase. [Obs.] “Metals which we can not base.
Bacon.”

Base´ball´ , n. 1. A game of ball, so called from the bases or bounds (four in number) which designate the circuit which each player must endeavor to make after striking the ball. 2. The ball used in this game.

Base´board , n. (Arch.) A board, or other woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touching the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering; — also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and scrubboard.

Base´born , a. 1. Born out of wedlock. Gay. 2. Born of low parentage. 3. Vile; mean. ´Thy baseborn heart.´ Shak.

Base´-burn•er , n. A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed.

Base´-court , n. [F. basse-cour. See Base, a., and Court, n.] 1. The secondary, inferior, or rear courtyard of a large house; the outer court of a castle. 2. (Law) An inferior court of law, not of record.

Based , p. p. & a. 1. Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as broad-based. 2. [See Base, n., 18-21.] Wearing, or protected by, bases. [Obs.] ´Based in lawny velvet.´ E. Hall.

Ba´se•dow’s dis•ease´ . [Named for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (Med.) A disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart; — called also exophthalmic goiter. Flint.

Bas´e•lard , n. [OF. baselarde, LL. basillardus.] A short sword or dagger, worn in the fifteenth century. [Written also baslard.] Fairholt.

Base´less, a. Without a base; having no foundation or support. ´The baseless fabric of this vision.´ Shak.

Base´ly, adv. 1. In a base manner; with despicable meanness; dishonorably; shamefully. 2. Illegitimately; in bastardy. [Archaic] Knolles.

Base´ment , n. [F. soubassement. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Base, a., Bastion.] (Arch.) The outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure. (See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence: The rooms of a ground floor, collectively. Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane composed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substratum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are disposed.

Base´ness , n. The quality or condition of being base; degradation; vileness. “I once did hold it a baseness to write fair.
Shak.”

Bas´e•net , n. See Bascinet. [Obs.]

Base´ vi•ol . See Bass viol.

Bash , v. t. & i. [OE. baschen, baissen. See Abash.] To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or put out of countenance. [Obs.] “His countenance was bold and bashed not.
Spenser.”

Ba•shaw´ , n. [See Pasha.] 1. A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha. 2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee. 3. (Zoöl.) A very large siluroid fish (Leptops olivaris) of the Mississippi valley; — also called goujon, mud cat, and yellow cat.

Bash´ful (bash´ful), a. [See Bash.] 1. Abashed; daunted; dismayed. [Obs.] 2. Very modest, or modest to excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice; indicating extreme or excessive modesty; shy; as a bashful person, action, expression. Syn. — Diffident; retiring; reserved; shamefaced; sheepish.

Bash´ful•ly, adv. In a bashful manner.

Bash´ful•ness, n. The quality of being bashful. Syn. — Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness. Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agitation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffidence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust; shyness usually arises from an excessive self-consciousness, and a painful impression that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment is becoming in all; bashfulness often gives rise to mistakes and blundering; diffidence in society frequently makes a man a burden to himself; shyness usually produces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for haughtiness.

Bash´i-ba•zouk´ (bash´i•ba•zook´), n. [Turkish, light-headed, a foolish fellow.] A soldier belonging to the irregular troops of the Turkish army.

Bash´less, a. Shameless; unblushing. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bas´hyle , n. (Chem.) See Basyle.

Ba´si- . A combining form, especially in anatomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or position at or near a base; forming a base; as, basibranchials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the branchial arches; basicranial, situated at the base of the cranium; basifacial, basitemporal, etc.

Ba´sic , a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. (b) Having the base in excess, or the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt. (c) Apparently alkaline, as certain normal salts which exhibit alkaline reactions with test paper. 2. (Min.) Said of crystalline rocks which contain a relatively low percentage of silica, as basalt. Basic salt (Chem.), a salt formed from a base or hydroxide by the partial replacement of its hydrogen by a negative or acid element or radical.

Ba•sic´er•ite (ba•sis´er•ot), n. [Basi- + Gr. ke•ras horn, antenna.] (Zoöl.) The second joint of the antennae of crustaceans.

Ba•sic´i•ty, n. (Chem.) (a) The quality or state of being a base. (b) The power of an acid to unite with one or more atoms or equivalents of a base, as indicated by the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms contained in the acid.

Ba•sid´i•o•spore , n. [Basidium + spore.] (Bot.) A spore borne by a basidium. — Ba•sid•i•o•spor´ous , a.

Ba•sid´i•um , n. [NL., dim. of Gr. ba•sis base.] (Bot.) A special oblong or pyriform cell, with slender branches, which bears the spores in that division of fungi called Basidiomycetes, of which the common mushroom is an example.

Ba´si•fi•er , n. (Chem.) That which converts into a salifiable base.

Ba•sif´u•gal , a. [Base, n. + L. fugere to flee.] (Bot.) Tending or proceeding away from the base; as a basifugal growth.

Ba´si•fy , v. t. [Base + - fy.] (Chem.) To convert into a salifiable base.

Ba•si•gyn´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. basis base + gynh woman.] (Bot.) The pedicel on which the ovary of certain flowers, as the passion flower, is seated; a carpophore or thecaphore.

Ba•si•hy´al , a. [Basi- + Gr. υ (the letter ´upsilon´); from the shape.] (Anat.) Noting two small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch.

Ba•si•hy´oid , n. [Basi- + hyoid.] (Anat.) The central tongue bone.

Bas´il (baz´il), n. [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.] The slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, as a plane, is ground. Grier.

Bas´il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Basiling.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. Moxon.

Bas´il, n. [F. basilic, fr. L. basilicus royal, Gr. basiliko•s fr. basiley•s king.] (Bot.) The name given to several aromatic herbs of the Mint family, but chiefly to the common or sweet basil (Ocymum basilicum), and the bush basil, or lesser basil (O. minimum), the leaves of which are used in cookery. The name is also given to several kinds of mountain mint (Pycnanthemum). Basil thyme, a name given to the fragrant herbs Calamintha Acinos and C. Nepeta. — Wild basil, a plant (Calamintha clinopodium) of the Mint family.

Bas´il (baz´il), n. [Corrupt. from E. basan, F. basane, LL. basanium, bazana, fr. Ar. bithana, prop., lining.] The skin of a sheep tanned with bark. { Bas´i•lar , Bas´i•la•ry } a. [F. basilaire, fr. L. basis. See Base, n.] 1. Relating to, or situated at, the base. 2. Lower; inferior; applied to impulses or springs of action. [R.] ´Basilar instincts.´ H. W. Beecher.

Ba•sil´ic , n. [F. basilique.] Basilica. { Ba•sil´ic , Ba•sil´ic•al } a. [See Basilica.] 1. Royal; kingly; also basilican. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, as the middle vein of the right arm.

Ba•sil´i•ca , n.; pl. Basilicas ; sometimes Basilicae (-se). [L. basilica, Gr. basilikh• (sc. o’iki•a or stoa• fr. basiliko•s royal, fr. basiley•s king.] 1. Originally, the palace of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose. 2. (Arch.) (a) A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached. (b) A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction.

Ba•sil´i•ca, n. A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc.

Ba•sil´i•can , a. Of, relating to, or resembling, a basilica; basilical. “There can be no doubt that the first churches in Constantinople were in the basilican form.
Milman.”

Ba•sil´i•cok , n. [OF. basilicoc.] The basilisk. [Obs.] Chaucer

Ba•sil´i•con , n. [L. basilicon, Gr. basiliko•n neut. of basiliko•s cf. F. basilicon. See Basilica.] (Med.) An ointment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive oil, lard, or other fatty substance.

Bas´i•lisk , n. [L. basiliscus, Gr. basiliskos little king, kind of serpent, dim. of basileys king; — so named from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. See Cockatrice. “Make me not sighted like the basilisk.
Shak.” 2. (Zoöl.) A lizard of the genus Basiliscus, belonging to the family Iguanidae. This genus is remarkable for a membranous bag rising above the occiput, which can be filled with air at pleasure; also for an elevated crest along the back, that can be raised or depressed at will. 3. (Mil.) A large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serpent of that name, or from its size. [Obs.]

Ba´sin , n. [OF. bacin, F. bassin, LL. bacchinus, fr. bacca a water vessel, fr. L. bacca berry, in allusion to the round shape; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac.] 1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing, and for various other uses. 2. The quantity contained in a basin. 3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials, used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for molding a hat into shape, etc. 4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a little bay. Pope 5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part of which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river. (b) The entire tract of country drained by a river, or sloping towards a sea or lake. 6. (Geol.) An isolated or circumscribed formation, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward a center; — especially applied to the coal formations, called coal basins or coal fields.

Ba´sined , a. Inclosed in a basin. ´Basined rivers.´ Young.

Bas´i•net , n. Same as Bascinet.

Ba•si•oc•cip´i•tal , a. [Basi- + occipital.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bone in the base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young. — n. The basioccipital bone.

Ba´si•on , n. [Gr. ba•sis a base.] (Anat.) The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen of the skull.

Ba•sip´o•dite , n. [Basi- + poy•s, podo•s foot.] (Anat.) The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea.

Ba•sip•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•sis a base + ptery•gion a fin.] (Anat.) A bar of cartilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes. It develops into the metapterygium. — Ba•sip•ter•yg´i•al , a.

Ba•sip•ter´y•goid , a. & n. [Basi- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Applied to a protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone.

Ba´sis (ba´sis), n.; pl. Bases (-sez). [L. basis, Gr. ba•sis. See Base, n.] 1. The foundation of anything; that on which a thing rests. Dryden. 2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [Obs.] “If no basis bear my rising name.
Pope.” 3. The groundwork; the first or fundamental principle; that which supports. “The basis of public credit is good faith.
A. Hamilton.” 4. The principal component part of a thing.

Ba•sis´o•lute (ba•sis´o•lut), a. [Basi- + solute, a.] (Bot.) Prolonged at the base, as certain leaves. { Ba•si•sphe´noid , Ba•si•sphe•noid´al } a. [Basi- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to that part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

Ba•si•sphe´noid, n. (Anat.) The basisphenoid bone.

Bask (bask), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basked (baskt); p. pr. & vb. n. Basking.] [OScand. baðask to bathe one’s self, or perh. bakask to bake one’s self, sk being reflexive. See Bath, n., Bake, v. t.] To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. “Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave.
Goldsmith.”

Bask, v. t. To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat. “Basks at the fire his hairy strength.
Milton.”

Bas´ket , n. [Of unknown origin. The modern Celtic words seem to be from the English.] 1. A vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven. ´Rude baskets … woven of the flexile willow.´ Dyer. 2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket contains; as a basket of peaches. 3. (Arch.) The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital. [Improperly so used.] Gwilt. 4. The two back seats facing one another on the outside of a stagecoach. [Eng.] Goldsmith. Basket fish (Zoöl.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophyton, having the arms much branched. See Astrophyton. — Basket hilt, a hilt with a covering wrought like basketwork to protect the hand. Hudibras. Hence, Basket-hilted, a. — Basket work, work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. — Basket worm (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of the genus Thyridopteryx and allied genera, esp. T. ephemeraeformis. The larva makes and carries about a bag or basket-like case of silk and twigs, which it afterwards hangs up to shelter the pupa and wingless adult females.

Bas´ket, v. t. To put into a basket. [R.]

Bas´ket•ful , n.; pl. Basketfuls . As much as a basket will contain.

Bas´ket•ry , n. The art of making baskets; also baskets, taken collectively.

Bask´ing shark . (Zoöl.) One of the largest species of sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), so called from its habit of basking in the sun; the liver shark, or bone shark. It inhabits the northern seas of Europe and America, and grows to a length of more than forty feet. It is a harmless species.

Bas´net , n. Same as Bascinet.

Ba•som•ma•toph´o•ra (ba•som•ma•tof´o•ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•sis base + ’o•mma eye + fe•rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails.

Ba´son (ba´s’n), n. A basin. [Obs. or Special form]

Basque (bask), a. [F.] Pertaining to Biscay, its people, or their language.

Basque (bask), n. [F.] 1. One of a race, of unknown origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France. 2. The language spoken by the Basque people. 3. A part of a lady’s dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt; — probably so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques.

Basqu´ish , a. [F. Basque Biscayan: cf. G. Baskisch.] Pertaining to the country, people, or language of Biscay; Basque [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Bas•-re•lief´ , n. [F. bas- relief; bas low + relief raised work, relever to raise: cf. It. bassorilievo.] Low relief; sculpture, the figures of which project less than half of their true proportions; — called also bass-relief and basso-rilievo. See Alto- rilievo.

Bass (bas), n.; pl. Bass, and sometimes Basses (- ez). [A corruption of barse.] (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, spiny-finned fish, esp. of the genera Roccus, Labrax, and related genera. There are many species. The common European bass is Labrax lupus. American species are: the striped bass (Roccus lineatus); white or silver bass of the lakes (R. chrysops); brass or yellow bass (R. interruptus). 2. The two American fresh-water species of black bass (genus Micropterus). See Black bass. 3. Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass. See Sea bass. 4. The southern, red, or channel bass (Sciaena ocellata). See Redfish. The name is also applied to many other fishes. See Calico bass, under Calico.

Bass, n. [A corruption of bast.] 1. (Bot.) The linden or lime tree, sometimes wrongly called whitewood; also its bark, which is used for making mats. See Bast. 2. (Pron. ) A hassock or thick mat.

Bass , n. [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.] 1. A bass, or deep, sound or tone. 2. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part in a musical composition. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, bass. [Written also base.] Thorough bass. See Thorough bass.

Bass, a. Deep or grave in tone. Bass clef (Mus.), the character placed at the beginning of the staff containing the bass part of a musical composition. [See Illust. under Clef.] — Bass voice, a deep-sounding voice; a voice fitted for singing bass.

Bass, v. t. To sound in a deep tone. [R.] Shak. { Bas´sa , Bas•saw´ } , n. See Bashaw.

Bass• drum´ . (Mus.) The largest of the different kinds of drums, having two heads, and emitting a deep, grave sound. See Bass, a.

Bas´set (bas´set or bas•set´), n. [F. bassette, fr. It. bassetta. Cf. Basso.] A game at cards, resembling the modern faro, said to have been invented at Venice. “Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget
Your piquet parties, and your dear basset.
Rowe.”

Bas´set (bas´set), a. [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low, dim. of bas low.] (Geol.) Inclined upward; as the basset edge of strata. Lyell.

Bas´set, n. (Geol.) The edge of a geological stratum at the surface of the ground; the outcrop.

Bas´set, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basseting.] (Geol.) To incline upward so as to appear at the surface; to crop out; as a vein of coal bassets.

Bas´set horn (hôrn•). [See Basset, a.] (Mus.) An instrument blown with a reed, and resembling a clarinet, but of much greater compass, embracing nearly four octaves.

Bas´set hound . [F. basset.] (Zoöl.) A small kind of hound with a long body and short legs, used as an earth dog.

Bas´set•ing, n. The upward direction of a vein in a mine; the emergence of a stratum at the surface.

Bas•set´to , n. [It., adj., somewhat low; n., counter tenor. See Basso.] (Mus.) A tenor or small bass viol.

Bass´ horn´ . (Mus.) A modification of the bassoon, much deeper in tone.

Bas´si•net , n. [Cf. F. bassinet, dim. of bassin. See Basin, and cf. Bascinet.] 1. A wicker basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. 2. See Bascinet. Lord Lytton.

Bas´so , n. [It., fr. LL. bassus. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a) The bass or lowest part; as to sing basso. (b) One who sings the lowest part. (c) The double bass, or contrabasso. Basso continuo . [It., bass continued.] (Mus.) A bass part written out continuously, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures attached to the bass; continued bass.

Bas´sock , n. A hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

Bas•soon´ , n. [F. basson, fr. basse bass; or perh. fr. bas son low sound. See Bass a part in music. ] (Mus.) A wind instrument of the double reed kind, furnished with holes, which are stopped by the fingers, and by keys, as in flutes. It forms the natural bass to the oboe, clarinet, etc. Its compass comprehends three octaves. For convenience of carriage it is divided into two parts; whence it is also called a fagot.

Bas•soon´ist, n. A performer on the bassoon. Busby. { Bas´so-ri•lie´vo , Bas´so-re•lie´vo } , n. [It. basso-rilievo.] Same as Bas- relief.

Bas´so•rin , n. [Cf. F. bassorine.] (Chem.) A constituent part of a species of gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth and some gum resins. It is one of the amyloses. Ure.

Bass´-re•lief , n. Same as Bas- relief.

Bass´ vi•ol . (Mus.) A stringed instrument of the viol family, used for playing bass. See 3d Bass, n., and Violoncello.

Bass´wood , n. (Bot.) The bass (Tilia) or its wood; especially, T. Americana. See Bass, the lime tree. “All the bowls were made of basswood,
White and polished very smoothly.
Longfellow.”

Bast , n. [AS. baest; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan., D., & G. bast, of unknown origin. Cf. Bass the tree.] 1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants; esp. of the lime tree; hence, matting, cordage, etc., made therefrom. 2. A thick mat or hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

Bas´ta , interj. [It.] Enough; stop. Shak.

Bas´tard , n. [OF. bastard, bastart, F. btard, prob. fr. OF. bast, F. bt, a packsaddle used as a bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bastum) + -ard. OF. fils de bast son of the packsaddle; as the muleteers were accustomed to use their saddles for beds in the inns. See Cervantes, ´Don Quixote,´ chap. 16; and cf.G. bankert, fr. bank bench.] 1. A ´natural´ child; a child begotten and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate child; one born of an illicit union. By the civil and canon laws, and by the laws of many of the United States, a bastard becomes a legitimate child by the intermarriage of the parents at any subsequent time. But by those of England, and of some states of the United States, a child, to be legitimate, must at least be born after the lawful marriage. Kent. Blackstone. 2. (Sugar Refining) (a) An inferior quality of soft brown sugar, obtained from the sirups that have already had several boilings. (b) A large size of mold, in which sugar is drained. 3. A sweet Spanish wine like muscadel in flavor. “Brown bastard is your only drink.
Shak.” 4. A writing paper of a particular size. See Paper.

Bas´tard , a. 1. Begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; illegitimate. See Bastard, n., note. 2. Lacking in genuineness; spurious; false; adulterate; — applied to things which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not so. “That bastard self-love which is so vicious in itself, and productive of so many vices.
Barrow.” 3. Of an unusual make or proportion; as a bastard musket; a bastard culverin. [Obs.] 4. (Print.) Abbreviated, as the half title in a page preceding the full title page of a book. Bastard ashlar (Arch.), stones for ashlar work, roughly squared at the quarry. — Bastard file, a file intermediate between the coarsest and the second cut. — Bastard type (Print.), type having the face of a larger or a smaller size than the body; e. g., a nonpareil face on a brevier body. — Bastard wing (Zoöl.), three to five quill feathers on a small joint corresponding to the thumb in some mammalia; the alula.

Bas´tard, v. t. To bastardize. [Obs.] Bacon.

Bas´tard•ism , n. The state of being a bastard; bastardy.

Bas´tard•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastardized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bastardizing.] 1. To make or prove to be a bastard; to stigmatize as a bastard; to declare or decide legally to be illegitimate. “The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock.
Blackstone.” 2. To beget out of wedlock. [R.] Shak.

Bas´tard•ly, a. Bastardlike; baseborn; spurious; corrupt. [Obs.] — adv. In the manner of a bastard; spuriously. [Obs.] Shak. Donne.

Bas´tar•dy , n. 1. The state of being a bastard; illegitimacy. 2. The procreation of a bastard child. Wharton.

Baste (bast), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basting.] [Cf. Icel. beysta to strike, powder; Sw. basa to beat with a rod: perh. akin to E. beat.] 1. To beat with a stick; to cudgel. “One man was basted by the keeper for carrying some people over on his back through the waters.
Pepys.” 2. (Cookery) To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. 3. To mark with tar, as sheep. [Prov. Eng.]

Baste, v. t. [OE. basten, OF. bastir, F. btir, prob. fr. OHG. bestan to sew, MHG. besten to bind, fr. OHG. bast bast. See Bast.] To sew loosely, or with long stitches; — usually, that the work may be held in position until sewed more firmly. Shak. { Bas•tile´ Bas•tille´ } (bas•tel´ or bas´tel; 277), n. [F. bastille fortress, OF. bastir to build, F. bâtir.] 1. (Feud. Fort.) A tower or an elevated work, used for the defense, or in the siege, of a fortified place. “The high bastiles … which overtopped the walls.
Holland.” 2. ´The Bastille´, formerly a castle or fortress in Paris, used as a prison, especially for political offenders; hence, a rhetorical name for a prison.

Bas•ti•nade´ , n. See Bastinado, n.

Bas•ti•nade´, v. t. To bastinado. [Archaic]

Bas•ti•na´do , n.; pl. Bastinadoes . [Sp. bastonada (cf. F. bastonnade), fr. baston (cf. F. bâton) a stick or staff. See Baston.] 1. A blow with a stick or cudgel. 2. A sound beating with a stick or cudgel. Specifically: A form of punishment among the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an offender on the soles of his feet.

Bas•ti•na´do, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastinadoed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bastinadoing.] To beat with a stick or cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet.

Bas´tion (bas´chun; 106), n. [F. bastion (cf. It. bastione), fr. LL. bastire to build (cf. F. bâtir, It. bastire), perh. from the idea of support for a weight, and akin to Gr. basta•zein to lift, carry, and to E. baston, baton.] (Fort.) A work projecting outward from the main inclosure of a fortification, consisting of two faces and two flanks, and so constructed that it is able to defend by a flanking fire the adjacent curtain, or wall which extends from one bastion to another. Two adjacent bastions are connected by the curtain, which joins the flank of one with the adjacent flank of the other. The distance between the flanks of a bastion is called the gorge. A lunette is a detached bastion. See Ravelin.

Bas´tioned , a. Furnished with a bastion; having bastions.

Bas´to (bas´to), n. [Sp.] The ace of clubs in quadrille and omber. Pope.

Bas´ton (bas´tun), n. [OF. baston, F. bâton, LL. basto. See Bastion, and cf. Baton, and 3d Batten.] 1. A staff or cudgel. [Obs.] ´To fight with blunt bastons.´ Holland. 2. (Her.) See Baton. 3. An officer bearing a painted staff, who formerly was in attendance upon the king’s court to take into custody persons committed by the court. Mozley & W.

Bas´yle (bas´il or bas´il), n. [Gr. ba•sis base + ´y•lh wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) A positive or nonacid constituent of a compound, either elementary, or, if compound, performing the functions of an element.

Bas´y•lous , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a basyle; electro-positive; basic; — opposed to chlorous. Graham.

Bat (bat), n. [OE. batte, botte, AS. batt; perhaps fr. the Celtic; cf. Ir. bat, bata, stick, staff; but cf. also F. batte a beater (thing), wooden sword, battre to beat.] 1. A large stick; a club; specifically, a piece of wood with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in playing baseball, cricket, etc. 2. (Mining) Shale or bituminous shale. Kirwan. 3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfortables; batting. 4. A part of a brick with one whole end. Bat bolt (Machinery), a bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to make it hold the more firmly. Knight.

Bat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Batted (bat´ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Batting.] To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat. Holland.

Bat, v. i. To use a bat, as in a game of baseball.

Bat, n. [Corrupt. from OE. back, backe, balke; cf. Dan. aften-bakke (aften evening), Sw. natt-backa (natt night), Icel. leðr- blaka (leðr leather), Icel. blaka to flutter.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cheiroptera, an order of flying mammals, in which the wings are formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. The common bats are small and insectivorous. See Cheiroptera and Vampire. “Silent bats in drowsy clusters cling.” Goldsmith. Bat tick (Zoöl.), a wingless, dipterous insect of the genus Nycteribia, parasitic on bats.

Bat´a•ble , a. [Abbrev. from debatable.] Disputable. [Obs.] The border land between England and Scotland, being formerly a subject of contention, was called batable or debatable ground.

Bat´ailled , a. Embattled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ba•tar•deau´ , n. [F.] 1. A cofferdam. Brande & C. 2. (Mil.) A wall built across the ditch of a fortification, with a sluice gate to regulate the height of water in the ditch on both sides of the wall. { Ba•ta´tas , Ba•ta´ta } n. An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipomaea batatas).

Ba•ta´vi•an , a. Of or pertaining to (a) the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe; or to (b) Batavia or Holland; as a Batavian legion. Batavian Republic, the name given to Holland by the French after its conquest in 1795.

Ba•ta´vi•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Batavia or Holland. [R.] Bancroft.

Batch , n. [OE. bache, bacche, fr. AS. bacan to bake; cf. G. gebäck and D. baksel. See Bake, v. t.] 1. The quantity of bread baked at one time. 2. A quantity of anything produced at one operation; a group or collection of persons or things of the same kind; as a batch of letters; the next batch of business. ´A new batch of Lords.´ Lady M. W. Montagu.

Bate , n. [Prob. abbrev. from debate.] Strife; contention. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bating.] [From abate.] 1. To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing; to abate; to beat down; to lower. “He must either bate the laborer’s wages, or not employ or not pay him.
Locke.” 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. “To whom he bates nothing of what he stood upon with the parliament.
South.” 3. To leave out; to except. [Obs.] “Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood,
He lies that says it.
Beau. & Fl.” 4. To remove. [Obs.] “About autumn bate the earth from about the roots of olives, and lay them bare.
Holland.” 5. To deprive of. [Obs.] “When baseness is exalted, do not bate
The place its honor for the person’s sake.
Herbert.”

Bate, v. i. 1. To remit or retrench a part; — with of. “Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine.
Dryden.” 2. To waste away. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate , v. t. To attack; to bait. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bate, imp. of Bite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bate, v. i. [F. battre des ailes to flutter. Cf. Bait to flutter.] To flutter as a hawk; to bait. [Obs.] Bacon.

Bate, n. (Jewish Antiq.) See 2d Bath.

Bate, n. [Cf. Sw. beta maceration, soaking, G. beize, and E. bite.] An alkaline solution consisting of the dung of certain animals; — employed in the preparation of hides; grainer. Knight.

Bate, v. t. To steep in bate, as hides, in the manufacture of leather.

Ba•teau´ , n.; pl. Bateaux . [F. bateau, LL. batellus, fr. battus, batus, boat, which agrees with AS. bat boat: cf. W. bad boat. See Boat, n.] A boat; esp. a flat-bottomed, clumsy boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers. [Written also but less properly, batteau.] Bateau bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux.

Bat´ed , a. Reduced; lowered; restrained; as to speak with bated breath. Macaulay.

Bate´ful , a. Exciting contention; contentious. [Obs.] ´It did bateful question frame.´ Sidney.

Bate´less, a. Not to be abated. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate´ment , n. [For Abatement. See 2d Bate.] Abatement; diminution. Moxon. Batement light (Arch.), a window or one division of a window having vertical sides, but with the sill not horizontal, as where it follows the rake of a staircase.

Bat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A name given to several species of fishes: (a) The Malthe vespertilio of the Atlantic coast. (b) The flying gurnard of the Atlantic (Cephalacanthus spinarella). (c) The California batfish or sting ray (Myliobatis Californicus.)

Bat´fowl•er , n. One who practices or finds sport in batfowling.

Bat´fowl•ing , n. [From Bat a stick.] A mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other light, and beating the bush or perch where they roost. The birds, flying to the light, are caught with nets or otherwise.

Bat´ful (bat´ful), a. [Icel. bati amelioration, batna to grow better; akin to AS. bet better. Goth. ga-batnan to profit. rad.255. Cf. Batten, v. i., Better.] Rich; fertile. [Obs.] ´Batful valleys.´ Drayton.

Bath (bath; 61), n.; pl. Baths (bathz). [AS. baeð; akin to OS. & Icel. bað, Sw., Dan., D., & G. bad, and perh. to G. bähen to foment.] 1. The act of exposing the body, or part of the body, for purposes of cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, or the like; as a cold or a hot bath; a medicated bath; a steam bath; a hip bath. 2. Water or other liquid for bathing. 3. A receptacle or place where persons may immerse or wash their bodies in water. 4. A building containing an apartment or a series of apartments arranged for bathing. “Among the ancients, the public baths were of amazing extent and magnificence.
Gwilt.” 5. (Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, ashes, steam, hot air, through which heat is applied to a body. 6. (Photog.) A solution in which plates or prints are immersed; also the receptacle holding the solution. Bath is used adjectively or in combination, in an obvious sense of or for baths or bathing; as bathroom, bath tub, bath keeper. Douche bath. See Douche. — Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood, composed of three classes, viz., knights grand cross, knights commanders, and knights companions, abbreviated thus: G. C. B., K. C. B., K. B. — Russian bath, a kind of vapor bath which consists in a prolonged exposure of the body to the influence of the steam of water, followed by washings and shampooings. — Turkish bath, a kind of bath in which a profuse perspiration is produced by hot air, after which the body is washed and shampooed. — Bath house, a house used for the purpose of bathing; — also a small house, near a bathing place, where a bather undresses and dresses.

Bath , n. [Heb.] A Hebrew measure containing the tenth of a homer, or five gallons and three pints, as a measure for liquids; and two pecks and five quarts, as a dry measure.

Bath (; 61), n. A city in the west of England, resorted to for its hot springs, which has given its name to various objects. Bath brick, a preparation of calcareous earth, in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives, polished metal, etc. — Bath chair, a kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids at Bath. ´People walked out, or drove out, or were pushed out in their Bath chairs.´ Dickens. — Bath metal, an alloy consisting of four and a half ounces of zinc and one pound of copper. — Bath note, a folded writing paper, 8 1/2 by 14 inches. — Bath stone, a species of limestone (oölite) found near Bath, used for building.

Bathe (bath), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bathed (bathd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bathing.] [OE. baðien, AS. baðian, fr. baeð bath. See 1st Bath, and cf. Bay to bathe.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath; to subject to a bath. “Chancing to bathe himself in the River Cydnus.
South.” 2. To lave; to wet. ´The lake which bathed the foot of the Alban mountain.´ T. Arnold. 3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid. “And let us bathe our hands in Caesar’s blood.
Shak.” 4. To apply water or some liquid medicament to; as to bathe the eye with warm water or with sea water; to bathe one’s forehead with camphor. 5. To surround, or envelop, as water surrounds a person immersed. ´The rosy shadows bathe me. ´ Tennyson. ´The bright sunshine bathing all the world.´ Longfellow.

Bathe , v. i. 1. To bathe one’s self; to take a bath or baths. ´They bathe in summer.´ Waller. 2. To immerse or cover one’s self, as in a bath. ´To bathe in fiery floods.´ Shak. ´Bathe in the dimples of her cheek.´ Lloyd. 3. To bask in the sun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bathe, n. The immersion of the body in water; as to take one’s usual bathe. Edin. Rev.

Bath´er (bath´er), n. One who bathes.

Ba•thet´ic , a. Having the character of bathos. [R.]

Bath´ing , n. Act of taking a bath or baths. Bathing machine, a small room on wheels, to be driven into the water, for the convenience of bathers, who undress and dress therein.

Bath´mism , n. See Vital force.

Ba•thom´e•ter , n. [Gr. ba•qos depth + -meter.] An instrument for measuring depths, esp. one for taking soundings without a sounding line.

Bat´horse , n. [F. bât packsaddle (cheval de bât packhorse) + E. horse. See Bastard.] A horse which carries an officer’s baggage during a campaign.

Ba´thos (ba´thos), n. [Gr. ba•qos depth, fr. baqy•s deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the low, in writing or speech; anticlimax.

Ba•thyb´i•us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. baqy•s deep + bi•os life] (Zoöl.) A name given by Prof. Huxley to a gelatinous substance found in mud dredged from the Atlantic and preserved in alcohol. He supposed that it was free living protoplasm, covering a large part of the ocean bed. It is now known that the substance is of chemical, not of organic, origin. { Bath•y•met´ric , Bath•y•met´ric•al } a. Pertaining to bathymetry; relating to the measurement of depths, especially of depths in the sea.

Ba•thym´e•try , n. [Gr. ba•qos depth + -metry.] The art or science of sounding, or measuring depths in the sea.

Bat´ing , prep. [Strictly p. pr. of Bate to abate.] With the exception of; excepting. “We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, bating some faint ideas of hunger and thirst.
Locke.”

Ba•tiste´ , n. [F. batiste, from the name of the alleged first maker, Baptiste of Cambrai. Littre.] Originally, cambric or lawn of fine linen; now applied also to cloth of similar texture made of cotton.

Bat´let , n. [Bat stick + - let.] A short bat for beating clothes in washing them; — called also batler, batling staff, batting staff. Shak.

Bat´man (bat´man), n. [Turk. batman.] A weight used in the East, varying according to the locality; in Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the lesser only a fourth of this; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the batman is 17 pounds. Simmonds.

Bat´man (ba´man or bat´man), n.; pl. Batmen (-men). [F. bât packsaddle + E. man. Cf. Bathorse.] A man who has charge of a bathorse and his load. Macaulay.

Ba•toi´de•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ba•tos a kind of ray + -oid.] (Zoöl.) The division of fishes which includes the rays and skates.

Bat´on (bat´un, F. bä•tôN´; 277), n. [F. bâton. See Baston.] 1. A staff or truncheon, used for various purposes; as the baton of a field marshal; the baton of a conductor in musical performances. “He held the baton of command.
Prescott.” 2. (Her.) An ordinary with its ends cut off, borne sinister as a mark of bastardy, and containing one fourth in breadth of the bend sinister; — called also bastard bar. See Bend sinister.

Ba•toon´ , n. See Baton, and Baston.

Bat´ print•ing . (Ceramics) A mode of printing on glazed ware.

Ba•tra´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. batra•cheios belonging to a frog, fr. ba•trachos frog.] (Zoöl.) The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia.

Ba•tra´chi•an , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Batrachia. — n. One of the Batrachia.

Bat´ra•choid , a. [Batrachia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Froglike. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the Batrachidae, a family of marine fishes, including the toadfish. Some have poisonous dorsal spines.

Bat•ra•cho•my•om´a•chy , n. [Gr. batrachomyomachi•a; ba•trachos frog + my^s mouse + ma•chh battle.] The battle between the frogs and mice; — a Greek parody on the Iliad, of uncertain authorship.

Bat•ra•choph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ba•trachos frog + fagei^n to eat.] Feeding on frogs. Quart. Rev.

Bats´man , n.; pl. Batsmen . The one who wields the bat in cricket, baseball, etc. {Bat’s´-wing´ or Bat´wing }, a. Shaped like a bat’s wing; as a bat’s-wing burner.

Bat´ta (bat´ta), n. [Prob. through Pg. for Canarese bhatta rice in the husk.] Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India. Whitworth.

Bat´ta (bat/´ta), n. [Hind. batta.] Rate of exchange; also the discount on uncurrent coins. [India]

Bat´ta•ble , a. [See Batful.] Capable of cultivation; fertile; productive; fattening. [Obs.] Burton.

Bat´tail•ant , a. [F. bataillant, p. pr. See Battle, v. i. ] [Obs.] Prepared for battle; combatant; warlike. Spenser. — n. A combatant. Shelton.

Bat´tail•ous , a. [OF. bataillos, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] Arrayed for battle; fit or eager for battle; warlike. [Obs.] ´In battailous aspect.´ Milton.

Bat•tal´ia (bat•tal´ya; 106), n. [LL. battalia battle, a body of troops. See Battle, n.] 1. Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action. “A drawing up the armies in battalia.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. An army in battle array; also the main battalia or body. [Obs.] Shak.

Bat•tal´ion (-tal´yun; 106), n. [F. bataillon, fr. It. battaglione. See Battalia.] 1. A body of troops; esp. a body of troops or an army in battle array. ´The whole battalion views.´ Milton. 2. (Mil.) A regiment, or two or more companies of a regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle.

Bat•tal´ion , v. t. To form into battalions. [R.]

Bat´tel , n. [Obs. form. of Battle.] (Old Eng. Law) A single combat; as trial by battel. See Wager of battel, under Wager.

Bat´tel, n. [Of uncertain etymology.] Provisions ordered from the buttery; also the charges for them; — only in the pl., except when used adjectively. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

Bat´tel, v. i. To be supplied with provisions from the buttery. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

Bat´tel, v. t. [Cf. Batful, Batten, v. i.] To make fertile. [Obs.] ´To battel barren land.´ Ray.

Bat´tel, a. Fertile; fruitful; productive. [Obs.] “A battel soil for grain, for pasture good.
Fairfax.” { Bat´tel•er , Bat´tler } , n. [See 2d Battel, n.] A student at Oxford who is supplied with provisions from the buttery; formerly, one who paid for nothing but what he called for, answering nearly to a sizar at Cambridge. Wright.

Bat´ten (bat´t’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battened (-t’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] [See Batful.] 1. To make fat by plenteous feeding; to fatten. ´Battening our flocks.´ Milton. 2. To fertilize or enrich, as land.

Bat´ten, v. i. To grow fat; to grow fat in ease and luxury; to glut one’s self. Dryden. “The pampered monarch lay battening in ease.
Garth.” “Skeptics, with a taste for carrion, who batten on the hideous facts in history, — persecutions, inquisitions.
Emerson.”

Bat´ten, n . [F. bâton stick, staff. See Baton.] A strip of sawed stuff, or a scantling; as (a) pl. (Com. & Arch.) Sawed timbers about 7 by 2 1/2 inches and not less than 6 feet long. Brande & C. (b) (Naut.) A strip of wood used in fastening the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck, also around masts to prevent chafing. (c) A long, thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc. Batten door (Arch.), a door made of boards of the whole length of the door, secured by battens nailed crosswise.

Bat´ten, v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens. To batten down, to fasten down with battens, as the tarpaulin over the hatches of a ship during a storm.

Bat´ten, n. [F. battant. See Batter, v. t.] The movable bar of a loom, which strikes home or closes the threads of a woof.

Bat´ten•ing , n. (Arch.) Furring done with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall.

Bat´ter (bat´ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Battering.] [OE. bateren, OF. batre, F. battre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to strike, beat; of unknown origin. Cf. Abate, Bate to abate.] 1. To beat with successive blows; to beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish; as to batter a wall or rampart. 2. To wear or impair as if by beating or by hard usage. ´Each battered jade.´ Pope. 3. (Metallurgy) To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly.

Bat´ter, n. [OE. batere, batire; cf. OF. bateure, bature, a beating. See Batter, v. t.] 1. A semi- liquid mixture of several ingredients, as flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten together and used in cookery. King. 2. Paste of clay or loam. Holland. 3. (Printing) A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the form.

Bat´ter, n. A backward slope in the face of a wall or of a bank; receding slope. Batter rule, an instrument consisting of a rule or frame, and a plumb line, by which the batter or slope of a wall is regulated in building.

Bat´ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward.

Bat´ter, n. One who wields a bat; a batsman.

Bat´ter•er (-ter•er), n. One who, or that which, batters.

Bat´ter•ing-ram , n. 1. (Mil.) An engine used in ancient times to beat down the walls of besieged places. It was a large beam, with a head of iron, which was sometimes made to resemble the head of a ram. It was suspended by ropes to a beam supported by posts, and so balanced as to swing backward and forward, and was impelled by men against the wall. Grose. 2. A blacksmith’s hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally.

Bat´ter•ing train . (Mil.) A train of artillery for siege operations.

Bat´ter•y , n.; pl. Batteries . [F. batterie, fr. battre. See Batter, v. t.] 1. The act of battering or beating. 2. (Law) The unlawful beating of another. It includes every willful, angry and violent, or negligent touching of another’s person or clothes, or anything attached to his person or held by him. 3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where cannon or mortars are mounted, for attack or defense. (b) Two or more pieces of artillery in the field. (c) A company or division of artillery, including the gunners, guns, horses, and all equipments. In the United States, a battery of flying artillery consists usually of six guns. Barbette battery. See Barbette. — Battery d’enfilade, or Enfilading battery, one that sweeps the whole length of a line of troops or part of a work. — Battery en echarpe, one that plays obliquely. — Battery gun, a gun capable of firing a number of shots simultaneously or successively without stopping to load. — Battery wagon, a wagon employed to transport the tools and materials for repair of the carriages, etc., of the battery. — In battery, projecting, as a gun, into an embrasure or over a parapet in readiness for firing. — Masked battery, a battery artificially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. — Out of battery, or From battery, withdrawn, as a gun, to a position for loading. 4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jars (Leyden jars) so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously. (b) An apparatus for generating voltaic electricity. In the trough battery, copper and zinc plates, connected in pairs, divide the trough into cells, which are filled with an acid or oxidizing liquid; the effect is exhibited when wires connected with the two end-plates are brought together. In Daniell’s battery, the metals are zinc and copper, the former in dilute sulphuric acid, or a solution of sulphate of zinc, the latter in a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. A modification of this is the common gravity battery, so called from the automatic action of the two fluids, which are separated by their specific gravities. In Grove’s battery, platinum is the metal used with zinc; two fluids are used, one of them in a porous cell surrounded by the other. In Bunsen’s or the carbon battery, the carbon of gas coke is substituted for the platinum of Grove’s. In Leclanche’s battery, the elements are zinc in a solution of ammonium chloride, and gas carbon surrounded with manganese dioxide in a porous cell. A secondary battery is a battery which usually has the two plates of the same kind, generally of lead, in dilute sulphuric acid, and which, when traversed by an electric current, becomes charged, and is then capable of giving a current of itself for a time, owing to chemical changes produced by the charging current. A storage battery is a kind of secondary battery used for accumulating and storing the energy of electrical charges or currents, usually by means of chemical work done by them; an accumulator. 5. A number of similar machines or devices in position; an apparatus consisting of a set of similar parts; as a battery of boilers, of retorts, condensers, etc. 6. (Metallurgy) A series of stamps operated by one motive power, for crushing ores containing the precious metals. Knight. 7. The box in which the stamps for crushing ore play up and down. 8. (Baseball) The pitcher and catcher together.

Bat´ting , n. 1. The act of one who bats; the management of a bat in playing games of ball. Mason. 2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for use in making quilts, etc.; as cotton batting.

Bat´tle , a. Fertile. See Battel, a. [Obs.]

Bat´tle, n. [OE. bataille, bataile, F. bataille battle, OF., battle, battalion, fr. L. battalia, battualia, the fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators, fr. batuere to strike, beat. Cf. Battalia, 1st Battel, and see Batter, v. t. ] 1. A general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; an engagement; a combat. 2. A struggle; a contest; as the battle of life. “The whole intellectual battle that had at its center the best poem of the best poet of that day.
H. Morley.” 3. A division of an army; a battalion. [Obs.] “The king divided his army into three battles.
Bacon.” “The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle, and on it alone depended the fate of every action.
Robertson.” 4. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear; battalia. [Obs.] Hayward. Battle is used adjectively or as the first part of a self- explaining compound; as battle brand, a ´brand´ or sword used in battle; battle cry; battlefield; battle ground; battle array; battle song. Battle piece, a painting, or a musical composition, representing a battle. — Battle royal. (a) A fight between several gamecocks, where the one that stands longest is the victor. Grose. (b) A contest with fists or cudgels in which more than two are engaged; a mêlee. Thackeray. — Drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. — To give battle, to attack an enemy. — To join battle, to meet the attack; to engage in battle. — Pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. — Wager of battle. See under Wager, n. Syn. — Conflict; encounter; contest; action. Battle, Combat, Fight, Engagement. These words agree in denoting a close encounter between contending parties. Fight is a word of less dignity than the others. Except in poetry, it is more naturally applied to the encounter of a few individuals, and more commonly an accidental one; as a street fight. A combat is a close encounter, whether between few or many, and is usually premeditated. A battle is commonly more general and prolonged. An engagement supposes large numbers on each side, engaged or intermingled in the conflict.

Bat´tle (bat´t’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Battled (-tl’d); p. pr. & vb. n. Battling.] [F. batailler, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] To join in battle; to contend in fight; as to battle over theories. “To meet in arms, and battle in the plain.
Prior.”

Bat´tle, v. t. To assail in battle; to fight. { Bat´tle-ax Bat´tle-axe• } (-aks•), n. (Mil.) A kind of broadax formerly used as an offensive weapon.

Bat´tled , p. p. Embattled. [Poetic] Tennyson.

Bat´tle•door , n. [OE. batyldour. A corrupted form of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. batallador a great combatant, he who has fought many battles, Pg. batalhador, Pr. batalhador, warrior, soldier, fr. L. battalia; or cf. Pr. batedor batlet, fr. batre to beat, fr. L. batuere. See Battle, n.] 1. An instrument, with a handle and a flat part covered with parchment or crossed with catgut, used to strike a shuttlecock in play; also the play of battledoor and shuttlecock. 2. [OE. battleder.] A child’s hornbook. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Bat´tle•ment (-ment), n. [OE. batelment; cf. OF. bataillement combat, fr. batailler, also OF. bastillier, bateillier, to fortify. Cf. Battle, n., Bastile, Bastion.] (Arch.) (a) One of the solid upright parts of a parapet in ancient fortifications. (b) pl. The whole parapet, consisting of alternate solids and open spaces. At first purely a military feature, afterwards copied on a smaller scale with decorative features, as for churches.

Bat´tle•ment•ed (-ment•ed), a. Having battlements. “A battlemented portal.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bat•tol´o•gist , n. One who battologizes.

Bat•tol´o•gize (bat•tol´lo•jiz), v. t. To keep repeating needlessly; to iterate. Sir T. Herbert.

Bat•tol´o•gy (-jy), n. [F. battologie, fr. Gr. battologi•a; ba•ttos; a stammerer + lo•gos; speech.] A needless repetition of words in speaking or writing. Milton.

Bat´ton , n. See Batten, and Baton.

Bat´tue , n. [F. battue, fr. battre to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Battuta.] (Hunting) (a) The act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for game. (b) The game itself. (c) The wanton slaughter of game. Howitt.

Bat•ture´ , n. [F., fr. battre to beat.] An elevated river bed or sea bed.

Bat•tu´ta , n. [It. battuta, fr. battere to beat.] (Mus.) The measuring of time by beating.

Bat´ty (bat´ty), a. Belonging to, or resembling, a bat. ´Batty wings.´ Shak.

Bat´ule (bat´ul or ba•tool´), n. A springboard in a circus or gymnasium; — called also batule board.

Batz (bäts), n.; pl. Batzen . [Ger. batz, batze, batzen, a coin bearing the image of a bear, Ger. bätz, betz, bear.] A small copper coin, with a mixture of silver, formerly current in some parts of Germany and Switzerland. It was worth about four cents.

Bau•bee´ , n. Same as Bawbee.

Bau´ble (ba´b’l), n. [Cf. OF. baubel a child’s plaything, F. babiole, It. babbola, LL. baubellum gem, jewel, L. babulus, a baburrus, foolish.] 1. A trifling piece of finery; a gewgaw; that which is gay and showy without real value; a cheap, showy plaything. “The ineffective bauble of an Indian pagod.
Sheridan.” 2. The fool’s club. [Obs.] ´A fool’s bauble was a short stick with a head ornamented with an ass’s ears fantastically carved upon it.´ Nares.

Bau´bling , a. See Bawbling. [Obs.]

Bau´de•kin , n. [OE. bawdekin rich silk stuff, OF. baudequin. See Baldachin.] The richest kind of stuff used in garments in the Middle Ages, the web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery: — made originally at Bagdad. [Spelt also baudkin, baudkyn, bawdekin, and baldakin.] Nares.

Bau´drick , n. A belt. See Baldric. { Bauk , Baulk } , n. & v. See Balk.

Baun´scheidt•ism , n. [From the introducer, a German named Baunscheidt.] (Med.) A form of acupuncture, followed by the rubbing of the part with a stimulating fluid. { Baux´ite , Beaux´ite } , n. [F., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Arles.] (Min.) A ferruginous hydrate of alumina. It is largely used in the preparation of aluminium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces which are exposed to intense heat.

Ba•va´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Bavaria. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria. Bavarian cream. See under Cream.

Bav´a•roy , n. [F. Bavarois Bavarian.] A kind of cloak or surtout. [Obs.] Johnson. “Let the looped bavaroy the fop embrace.
Gay.”

Ba´vi•an (ba´vi•an), n. [See Baboon.] A baboon.

Bav´in (bav´in), n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. baban tuft, tassel.] 1. A fagot of brushwood, or other light combustible matter, for kindling fires; refuse of brushwood. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] 2. Impure limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Baw•bee´ , n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. halfpenny.] A halfpenny. [Spelt also baubee.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Baw´ble , n. A trinket. See Bauble.

Baw´bling, a. Insignificant; contemptible. [Obs.]

Baw´cock , n. [From F. beau fine + E. cock (the bird); or more prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay + E. cock. Cf. Bawd.] A fine fellow; — a term of endearment. [Obs.] ´How now, my bawcock ?´ Shak.

Bawd , n. [OE. baude, OF. balt, baut, baude, bold, merry, perh. fr. OHG. bald bold; or fr. Celtic, cf. W. baw dirt. Cf. Bold, Bawdry.] A person who keeps a house of prostitution, or procures women for a lewd purpose; a procurer or procuress; a lewd person; — usually applied to a woman.

Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes.

Bawd´i•ly , adv. Obscenely; lewdly.

Bawd´i•ness, n. Obscenity; lewdness.

Bawd´rick , n. A belt. See Baldric.

Bawd´ry , n. [OE. baudery, OF. bauderie, balderie, boldness, joy. See Bawd.] 1. The practice of procuring women for the gratification of lust. 2. Illicit intercourse; fornication. Shak. 3. Obscenity; filthy, unchaste language. ´The pert style of the pit bawdry.´ Steele.

Bawd´y, a. 1. Dirty; foul; — said of clothes. [Obs.] “It [a garment] is al bawdy and to-tore also.
Chaucer.” 2. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. ´A bawdy story.´ Burke.

Baw´dy•house , n. A house of prostitution; a house of ill fame; a brothel.

Baw´horse , n. Same as Bathorse.

Bawl (bal), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bawled (bald); p. pr. & vb. n. Bawling.] [Icel. baula to low, bellow, as a cow; akin to Sw. böla; cf. AS bellan, G. bellen to bark, E. bellow, bull.] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound; to cry with vehemence, as in calling or exultation; to shout; to vociferate. 2. To cry loudly, as a child from pain or vexation.

Bawl, v. t. To proclaim with a loud voice, or by outcry, as a hawker or town-crier does. Swift.

Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry; an outcry.

Bawl´er , n. One who bawls.

Bawn (ban), n. [Ir. & Gael. babhun inclosure, bulwark.] 1. An inclosure with mud or stone walls, for keeping cattle; a fortified inclosure. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A large house. [Obs.] Swift.

Baw´rel , n. [Cf. It. barletta a tree falcon, or hobby.] A kind of hawk. [Obs.] Halliwell. { Baw´sin , Baw´son } n. [OE. bawson, baucyne, badger (named from its color), OF. bauzan, bauçant, bauchant, spotted with white, pied; cf. It. balzano, F. balzan, a white-footed horse, It. balza border, trimming, fr. L. balteus belt, border, edge. Cf. Belt.] 1. A badger. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A large, unwieldy person. [Obs.] Nares.

Bax´ter , n. [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS. baecestre, prop. fem. of baecere baker. See Baker.] A baker; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch]

Bay , a. [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, chestnut-colored; — used only of horses.] Reddish brown; of the color of a chestnut; — applied to the color of horses. Bay cat (Zoöl.), a wild cat of Africa and the East Indies (Felis aurata). — Bay lynx (Zoöl.), the common American lynx (Felis, or Lynx, rufa).

Bay, n. [F. baie, fr. LL. baia. Of uncertain origin: cf. Ir. & Gael. badh or bagh bay, harbor, creek; Bisc. baia, baiya, harbor, and F. bayer to gape, open the mouth.] 1. (Geog.) An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of the same general character. The name is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the land forms a curve; as Hudson’s Bay. The name is not restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but is used for any recess or inlet between capes or headlands; as the Bay of Biscay. 2. A small body of water set off from the main body; as a compartment containing water for a wheel; the portion of a canal just outside of the gates of a lock, etc. 3. A recess or indentation shaped like a bay. 4. A principal compartment of the walls, roof, or other part of a building, or of the whole building, as marked off by the buttresses, vaulting, mullions of a window, etc.; one of the main divisions of any structure, as the part of a bridge between two piers. 5. A compartment in a barn, for depositing hay, or grain in the stalks. 6. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeachy Bay. Sick bay, in vessels of war, that part of a deck appropriated to the use of the sick. Totten.

Bay, n. [F. baie a berry, the fruit of the laurel and other trees, fr. L. baca, bacca, a small round fruit, a berry, akin to Lith. bapka laurel berry.] 1. A berry, particularly of the laurel. [Obs.] 2. The laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Hence, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel. “The patriot’s honors and the poet’s bays.
Trumbull.” 3. A tract covered with bay trees. [Local, U. S.] Bay leaf, the leaf of the bay tree (Laurus nobilis). It has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste.

Bay, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bayed (bad); p. pr. & vb. n. Baying.] [OE. bayen, abayen, OF. abaier, F. aboyer, to bark; of uncertain origin.] To bark, as a dog with a deep voice does, at his game. “The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed.
Dryden.”

Bay , v. t. To bark at; hence, to follow with barking; to bring or drive to bay; as to bay the bear. Shak.

Bay , n. [See Bay, v. i.] 1. Deep-toned, prolonged barking. ´The bay of curs.´ Cowper. 2. [OE. bay, abay, OF. abai, F. aboi barking, pl. abois, prop. the extremity to which the stag is reduced when surrounded by the dogs, barking (aboyant); aux abois at bay.] A state of being obliged to face an antagonist or a difficulty, when escape has become impossible. “Embolden’d by despair, he stood at bay.
Dryden.” “The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by incessant efforts.
I. Taylor”

Bay, v. t. [Cf. OE. baewen to bathe, and G. bähen to foment.] To bathe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bay, n. A bank or dam to keep back water.

Bay, v. t. To dam, as water; — with up or back.

Ba´ya , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus). { Ba•yad´ , Ba•yatte´ } , n. [Ar. bayad.] (Zoöl.) A large, edible, siluroid fish of the Nile, of two species (Bagrina bayad and B. docmac).

Ba•ya•dere´ , n. [F., from Pg. bailadeira a female dancer, bailar to dance.] A female dancer in the East Indies. [Written also bajadere.]

Bay´-ant•ler , n. [See Bez- Antler.] (Zoöl.) The second tine of a stag’s horn. See under Antler.

Bay´ard , n. 1. [OF. bayard, baiart, bay horse; bai bay + -ard. See Bay, a., and -ard.] Properly, a bay horse, but often any horse. Commonly in the phrase blind bayard, an old blind horse. “Blind bayard moves the mill.
Philips.” 2. [Cf. F. bayeur, fr. bayer to gape.] A stupid, clownish fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bay´ard•ly, a. Blind; stupid. [Obs.] ´A formal and bayardly round of duties.´ Goodman.

Bay´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the bay tree or Laurus nobilis. (b) A tree of the West Indies related to the myrtle (Pimenta acris). (c) The fruit of Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle); the shrub itself; — called also candleberry tree. Bayberry tallow, a fragrant green wax obtained from the bayberry or wax myrtle; — called also myrtle wax.

Bay´bolt , n. A bolt with a barbed shank.

Bayed , a. Having a bay or bays. ´The large bayed barn.´ Drayton.

Bay´ ice . See under Ice.

Bay´ leaf . See under 3d Bay.

Bay´o•net , n. [F. bayonnette, baïonnette; — so called, it is said, because the first bayonets were made at Bayonne.] 1. (Mil.) A pointed instrument of the dagger kind fitted on the muzzle of a musket or rifle, so as to give the soldier increased means of offense and defense. Originally, the bayonet was made with a handle, which required to be fitted into the bore of the musket after the soldier had fired. 2. (Mach.) A pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or disengage parts of the machinery. Bayonet clutch. See Clutch. — Bayonet joint, a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed on the barrel of a musket. Knight.

Bay´o•net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bayoneted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bayoneting.] 1. To stab with a bayonet. 2. To compel or drive by the bayonet. “To bayonet us into submission.
Burke.”

Bay´ou , n.; pl. Bayous . [North Am. Indian bayuk, in F. spelling bayouc, bayouque.] An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, from a lake, or from a large river, sometimes sluggish, sometimes without perceptible movement except from tide and wind. [Southern U. S.] “A dark slender thread of a bayou moves loiteringly northeastward into a swamp of huge cypresses.
G. W. Cable.”

Bay´ rum´ . A fragrant liquid, used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The original bay rum, from the West Indies, is prepared, it is believed, by distillation from the leaves of the bayberry (Myrcia acris). The bay rum of the Pharmacopœia (spirit of myrcia) is prepared from oil of myrcia (bayberry), oil of orange peel, oil of pimento, alcohol, and water. { Bays , Bayze } , n. See Baize. [Obs.]

Bay´ salt . Salt which has been obtained from sea water, by evaporation in shallow pits or basins, by the heat of the sun; the large crystalline salt of commerce. Bacon. Ure.

Bay´ tree. A species of laurel. (Laurus nobilis).

Bay´ win´dow . (Arch.) A window forming a bay or recess in a room, and projecting outward from the wall, either in a rectangular, polygonal, or semicircular form; — often corruptly called a bow window.

Bay´ yarn . Woolen yarn. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. { Ba•zaar´ Ba•zar´ } (ba•zär´), n. [Per. bazar market.] 1. In the East, an exchange, marketplace, or assemblage of shops where goods are exposed for sale. 2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair. 3. A fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc., commonly for a charitable object. Macaulay.

Bdel´lium , n. [L., fr. Gr. bde•llion; cf. Heb. b’dolakh bdellium (in sense 1).] 1. An unidentified substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12, and Num. xi. 7), variously taken to be a gum, a precious stone, or pearls, or perhaps a kind of amber found in Arabia. 2. A gum resin of reddish brown color, brought from India, Persia, and Africa. Indian bdellium or false myrrh is an exudation from Balsamodendron Roxburghii. Other kinds are known as African, Sicilian, etc.

Bdel•loi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bde•lla leech + -oid.] (Zoöl.) The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea.

Bdel•lom´e•ter , n. [Gr. bde•lla leech + -meter.] (Med.) A cupping glass to which are attached a scarificator and an exhausting syringe. Dunglison.

Bdel•lo•mor´pha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bde•lla leech + morfh• form.] (Zoöl.) An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams.

Be , v. i. [imp. Was ; p. p. Been ; p. pr. & vb. n. Being.] [OE. been, beon, AS. beón to be, beóm I am; akin to OHG. bim, pim, G. bin, I am, Gael. & Ir. bu was W. bod to be, Lith. bu-ti, O. Slav. by-ti, to be, L. fu-i I have been, fu-turus about to be, fo-re to be about to be, and perh. to fieri to become, Gr. fynai to be born, to be, Skr. bhu to be. This verb is defective, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with be. The various forms, am, are, is, was, were, etc., are considered grammatically as parts of the verb ´to be´, which, with its conjugational forms, is often called the substantive verb. rad.97. Cf. Future, Physic.] 1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact; to have existence. “To be contents his natural desire.
Pope.” “To be, or not to be: that is the question.
Shak.” 2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, — whether as a reality or as a product of thought; to exist as the subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a certain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or as identical with what is specified, — a word or words for the predicate being annexed; as to be happy; to be here; to be large, or strong; to be an animal; to be a hero; to be a nonentity; three and two are five; annihilation is the cessation of existence; that is the man. 3. To take place; to happen; as the meeting was on Thursday. 4. To signify; to represent or symbolize; to answer to. “The field is the world.
Matt. xiii. 38.” “The seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches.
Rev. i. 20.” The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is used in forming the passive voice of other verbs; as John has been struck by James. It is also used with the past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a state of the subject. But have is now more commonly used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different sense; as ´Ye have come too late — but ye are come. ´ ´The minstrel boy to the war is gone.´ The present and imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which expresses necessity, duty, or purpose; as government is to be supported; we are to pay our just debts; the deed is to be signed to- morrow. Have or had been, followed by to, implies movement. ´I have been to Paris.´ Sydney Smith. ´Have you been to Franchard ?´ R. L. Stevenson. Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the indicative present. ´Ye ben light of the world.´ Wyclif, Matt. v. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in our Bible: ´They that be with us are more than they that be with them.´ 2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the old infinitive: ´To ben of such power.´ R. of Gloucester. Be is used as a form of the present subjunctive: ´But if it be a question of words and names.´ Acts xviii. 15. But the indicative forms, is and are, with if, are more commonly used. Be it so, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose it to be so; or of permission, signifying let it be so. Shak. — If so be, in case. — To be from, to have come from; as from what place are you? I am from Chicago. — To let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. ´Let be, therefore, my vengeance to dissuade.´ Spenser. Syn. — To be, Exist. The verb to be, except in a few rare cases, like that of Shakespeare’s ´To be, or not to be´, is used simply as a copula, to connect a subject with its predicate; as man is mortal; the soul is immortal. The verb to exist is never properly used as a mere copula, but points to things that stand forth, or have a substantive being; as when the soul is freed from all corporeal alliance, then it truly exists. It is not, therefore, properly synonymous with to be when used as a copula, though occasionally made so by some writers for the sake of variety; as in the phrase ´there exists [is] no reason for laying new taxes.´ We may, indeed, say, ´a friendship has long existed between them,´ instead of saying, ´there has long been a friendship between them;´ but in this case, exist is not a mere copula. It is used in its appropriate sense to mark the friendship as having been long in existence.

Be-. [AS. be, and in accented form bi, akin to OS. be and bi, OHG. bi, pi, and pi, MHG. be and bi, G. be and bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. ’amfi• about (cf. AS. beseón to look about). rad.203. Cf. By, Amb- .] A prefix, originally the same word as by; joined with verbs, it serves: (a) To intensify the meaning; as bespatter, bestir. (b) To render an intransitive verb transitive; as befall (to fall upon); bespeak (to speak for). (c) To make the action of a verb particular or definite; as beget (to get as offspring); beset (to set around). It is joined with certain substantives, and a few adjectives, to form verbs; as bedew, befriend, benight, besot; belate (to make late); belittle (to make little). It also occurs in certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, often with something of the force of the preposition by, or about; as belief (believe), behalf, bequest (bequeath); because, before, beneath, beside, between.
In some words the original force of be is obscured or lost; as in become, begin, behave, behoove, belong.

Beach (bech), n.; pl. Beaches (-ez). [Cf. Sw. backe hill, Dan. bakke, Icel. bakki hill, bank. Cf. Bank.] 1. Pebbles, collectively; shingle. 2. The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed by the waves; especially, a sandy or pebbly shore; the strand. Beach flea (Zoöl.), the common name of many species of amphipod Crustacea, of the family Orchestidae, living on the sea beaches, and leaping like fleas. — Beach grass (Bot.), a coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea), growing on the sandy shores of lakes and seas which, by its interlaced running rootstocks, binds the sand together, and resists the encroachment of the waves. — Beach wagon, a light open wagon with two or more seats. — Raised beach, an accumulation of water-worn stones, gravel, sand, and other shore deposits, above the present level of wave action, whether actually raised by elevation of the coast, as in Norway, or left by the receding waters, as in many lake and river regions.

Beach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beached (becht); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaching.] To run or drive (as a vessel or a boat) upon a beach; to strand; as to beach a ship.

Beach´ comb•er . A long, curling wave rolling in from the ocean. See Comber. [Amer.]

Beached , p. p. & a. 1. Bordered by a beach. “The beached verge of the salt flood.
Shak.” 2. Driven on a beach; stranded; drawn up on a beach; as the ship is beached.

Beach´y , a. Having a beach or beaches; formed by a beach or beaches; shingly. “The beachy girdle of the ocean.
Shak.”

Bea´con (b&mac;´k’n), n. [OE. bekene, AS. beácen, becen; akin to OS. bokan, Fries. baken, beken, sign, signal, D. baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf. Beckon.] 1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning. “No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar.
Gay.” 2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners. 3. A high hill near the shore. [Prov. Eng.] 4. That which gives notice of danger. “Modest doubt is called
The beacon of the wise.
Shak.” Beacon fire, a signal fire.

Bea´con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed (-k’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To give light to, as a beacon; to light up; to illumine. “That beacons the darkness of heaven.
Campbell.” 2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons.

Bea´con•age , n. Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon; also beacons, collectively.

Bea´con•less, a. Having no beacon.

Bead , n. [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, gebed, prayer; akin to D. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan, to ask, bid, G. bitten to ask, and perh. to Gr. pei•qein to persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf. Sp. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count. See Bid, in to bid beads, and Bide.] 1. A prayer. [Obs.] 2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament; or used in a rosary for counting prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans, whence the phrases to tell beads, to be at one’s beads, to bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer. 3. Any small globular body; as (a) A bubble in spirits. (b) A drop of sweat or other liquid. ´Cold beads of midnight dew.´ Wordsworth. (c) A small knob of metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the expression to draw a bead, for, to take aim). (d) (Arch.) A small molding of rounded surface, the section being usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or broken into short embossments. (e) (Chem.) A glassy drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe; as the borax bead; the iron bead, etc. Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges. Knight. — Bead mold, a species of fungus or mold, the stems of which consist of single cells loosely jointed together so as to resemble a string of beads. [Written also bead mould.] — Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge curved so as to make beads or beading. — Bead tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very fragrant, and berries which are poisonous.

Bead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beading.] To ornament with beads or beading.

Bead, v. i. To form beadlike bubbles. { Bead´house• , Bede´house• } , n. [OE. bede prayer + E. house. See Bead, n.] An almshouse for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors.

Bead´ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Molding in imitation of beads. 2. The beads or bead-forming quality of certain liquors; as the beading of a brand of whisky.

Bea´dle , n. [OE. bedel, bidel, budel, OF. bedel, F. bedeau, fr. OHG. butil, putil, G. büttel, fr. OHG. biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel, the same word as OHG. butil. See. Bid, v.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court; a servitor; one who cites or bids persons to appear and answer; — called also an apparitor or summoner. 2. An officer in a university, who precedes public processions of officers and students. [Eng.] In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved. 3. An inferior parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as the preservation of order in church service, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc.

Bea´dle•ry , n. Office or jurisdiction of a beadle.

Bea´dle•ship, n. The state of being, or the personality of, a beadle. A. Wood.

Bead´ proof . 1. Among distillers, a certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascertained by more accurate meters. 2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at the side of the glass, when shaken.

Bead´roll , n. (R. C. Ch.) A catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general. “On Fame’s eternal beadroll worthy to be filed.
Spenser.” “It is quite startling, on going over the beadroll of English worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male line.
Quart. Rev.” { Beads´man , Bedes´man } , n.; pl. -men . A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman. “Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto Almighty God.
Fuller.”

Bead´snake , n. (Zoöl.) A small poisonous snake of North America (Elaps fulvius), banded with yellow, red, and black. { Beads´wom•an , Bedes´wom•an } , n.; pl. -women . Fem. of Beadsman.

Bead´work , n. Ornamental work in beads.

Bead´y , a. 1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. ´Beady eyes.´ Thackeray. 2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads. 3. Characterized by beads; as beady liquor.

Bea´gle , n. [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable.

Beak (bek), n. [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael. & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varies much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal. 2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew. 3. (Antiq.) A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead. 4. (Naut.) That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee. 5. (Arch.) A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off. 6. (Bot.) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant. 7. (Far.) A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.). 8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.]

Beaked (bekt), a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak-shaped. ´Each beaked promontory.´ Milton. 2. (Biol.) Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate. Beaked whale (Zoöl.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale.

Beak´er (bek´er), n. [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. bägare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; — all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. bi^kos wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard. 2. An open-mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; — used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight.

Beak´head , n. 1. (Arch.) An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker. 2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew. (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3.

Beak´i•ron , n. [From Bickern.] A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surfaces of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil.

Beal (bel), n. [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.]

Beal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bealed ; p. pr & vb. n. Bealing.] To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.]

Be´-all , n. The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak.

Beam (bem), n. [AS. beám beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. bam tree, OS. bom, D. boom, OHG. boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. baðmr, Goth. bagms and Gr. fy^ma a growth, fy^nai to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. rad.97. See Be; cf. Boom a spar.] 1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use. 2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship. “The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks.
Totten.” 3. The width of a vessel; as one vessel is said to have more beam than another. 4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended. “The doubtful beam long nods from side to side.
Pope.” 5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches. 6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden. 7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam. 8. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it. 10. (Steam Engine) A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft; — called also working beam or walking beam. 11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as a beam of light, or of heat. “How far that little candle throws his beams!
Shak.” 12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as a beam of comfort. “Mercy with her genial beam.
Keble.” 13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; — called also beam feather. Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed. — Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. — Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; — used for drawing or describing large circles. — Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. — Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. — On the beam, in a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel. — On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind. — To be on her beam ends, to incline, as a vessel, so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position.

Beam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beaming.] To send forth; to emit; — followed ordinarily by forth; as to beam forth light.

Beam, v. i. To emit beams of light. “He beamed, the daystar of the rising age.
Trumbull.”

Beam´bird , n. (Zoöl.) A small European flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola), so called because it often nests on a beam in a building.

Beamed , a. Furnished with beams, as the head of a stag. “Tost his beamed frontlet to the sky.
Sir W. Scott.”

Beam´ful , a. Beamy; radiant.

Beam´i•ly , adv. In a beaming manner.

Beam´i•ness, n. The state of being beamy.

Beam´ing, a. Emitting beams; radiant.

Beam´ing•ly, adv. In a beaming manner; radiantly.

Beam´less, a. 1. Not having a beam. 2. Not emitting light.

Beam´let , n. A small beam of light.

Beam´ tree . [AS. beám a tree. See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree (Pyrus aria) related to the apple.

Beam´y , a. 1. Emitting beams of light; radiant; shining. ´Beamy gold.´ Tickell. 2. Resembling a beam in size and weight; massy. “His double-biting ax, and beamy spear.
Dryden.” 3. Having horns, or antlers. “Beamy stags in toils engage.
Dryden.”

Bean (ben), n. [OE. bene, AS. beán; akin to D. boon, G. bohne, OHG. pona, Icel. baun, Dan. bönne, Sw. böna, and perh. to Russ. bob, L. faba.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to the seed of certain leguminous herbs, chiefly of the genera Faba, Phaseolus, and Dolichos; also to the herbs. The origin and classification of many kinds are still doubtful. Among true beans are: the black-eyed bean and China bean, included in Dolichos Sinensis; black Egyptian bean or hyacinth bean, D. Lablab; the common haricot beans, kidney beans, string beans, and pole beans, all included in Phaseolus vulgaris; the lower bush bean, Ph. vulgaris, variety nanus; Lima bean, Ph. lunatus; Spanish bean and scarlet runner, Ph. multiflorus; Windsor bean, the common bean of England, Faba vulgaris. As an article of food beans are classed with vegetables. 2. The popular name of other vegetable seeds or fruits, more or less resembling true beans. Bean aphis (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Aphis fabae) which infests the bean plant. — Bean fly (Zoöl.), a fly found on bean flowers. — Bean goose (Zoöl.), a species of goose (Anser segetum). — Bean weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil that in the larval state destroys beans. The American species is Bruchus fabae. — Florida bean (Bot.), the seed of Mucuna urens, a West Indian plant. The seeds are washed up on the Florida shore, and are often polished and made into ornaments. — Ignatius bean, or St. Ignatius’s bean (Bot.), a species of Strychnos. — Navy bean, the common dried white bean of commerce; probably so called because an important article of food in the navy. — Pea bean, a very small and highly esteemed variety of the edible white bean; — so called from its size. — Sacred bean. See under Sacred. — Screw bean. See under Screw. — Sea bean. (a) Same as Florida bean. (b) A red bean of unknown species used for ornament. — Tonquin bean, or Tonka bean, the fragrant seed of Dipteryx odorata, a leguminous tree. — Vanilla bean. See under Vanilla.

Bean´ ca•per. (Bot.) A deciduous plant of warm climates, generally with fleshy leaves and flowers of a yellow or whitish yellow color, of the genus Zygophyllum.

Bean´ tre´foil. (Bot.) A leguminous shrub of southern Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris fœtida).

Bear (bâr), v. t. [imp. Bore (bor) (formerly Bare (bâr)); p. p. Born (bôrn), Borne (bor); p. pr. & vb. n. Bearing.] [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear, carry, produce; akin to D. baren to bring forth, G. gebären, Goth. baíran to bear or carry, Icel. bera, Sw. bära, Dan. baere, OHG. beran, peran, L. ferre to bear, carry, produce, Gr. fe•rein, OSlav. brati to take, carry, OIr. berim I bear, Skr. bhr to bear. rad.92. Cf. Fertile.] 1. To support or sustain; to hold up. 2. To support and remove or carry; to convey. “I ’ll bear your logs the while.
Shak.” 3. To conduct; to bring; — said of persons. [Obs.] “Bear them to my house.
Shak.” 4. To possess and use, as power; to exercise. “Every man should bear rule in his own house.
Esther i. 22.” 5. To sustain; to have on (written or inscribed, or as a mark), as the tablet bears this inscription. 6. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction; to wear; as to bear a sword, badge, or name. 7. To possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind; to entertain; to harbor Dryden. “The ancient grudge I bear him.
Shak.” 8. To endure; to tolerate; to undergo; to suffer. “Should such a man, too fond to rule alone,
Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne.
Pope.” “I cannot bear
The murmur of this lake to hear.
Shelley.” “My punishment is greater than I can bear.
Gen. iv. 13.” 9. To gain or win. [Obs.] “Some think to bear it by speaking a great word.
Bacon.” “She was … found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge.
Latimer.” 10. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, expense, responsibility, etc. “He shall bear their iniquities.
Is. liii. 11.” “Somewhat that will bear your charges.
Dryden.” 11. To render or give; to bring forward. ´Your testimony bear´ Dryden. 12. To carry on, or maintain; to have. ´The credit of bearing a part in the conversation.´ Locke. 13. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change. “In all criminal cases the most favorable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear.
Swift.” 14. To manage, wield, or direct. ´Thus must thou thy body bear.´ Shak. Hence: To behave; to conduct. “Hath he borne himself penitently in prison?
Shak.” 15. To afford; to be to; to supply with. “His faithful dog shall bear him company.
Pope.” 16. To bring forth or produce; to yield; as to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest. “Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore.
Dryden.” In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle. To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. ´His nose, … large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance.´ Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as to bear down an enemy. — To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.) To make haste; to be quick. — To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] ´How you were borne in hand, how crossed.´ Shak. — To bear in mind, to remember. — To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.) To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. — To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge. [Obs.] ´Caesar doth bear me hard.´ Shak. — To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. ´Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing.´ South. (b) To corroborate; to confirm. — To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. ´Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings.´ Addison. Syn. — To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft.

Bear , v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness. “This age to blossom, and the next to bear.
Dryden.” 2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden. “But man is born to bear.
Pope.” 3. To endure with patience; to be patient. “I can not, can not bear.
Dryden.” 4. To press; — with on or upon, or against. “These men bear hard on the suspected party.
Addison.” 5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as to bring matters to bear. 6. To relate or refer; — with on or upon; as how does this bear on the question? 7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect. “Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform.
Hawthorne.” 8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as the land bears N. by E. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] — To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. — To bear back, to retreat. ´Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist.´ Sir W. Scott. — To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as the fleet bore down upon the enemy. — To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as a ship bears in with the land. — To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. — To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Hamersly. - - To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. — To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as to bear up to one another. — To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish.

Bear (ber), n. A bier. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bear (bâr), n. [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. bär, Icel. & Sw. björn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. fh•r beast, Skr. bhalla bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects. The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species. 2. (Zoöl.) An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear. 3. (Astron.) One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. 4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person. 5. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market. The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear’s habit of pulling down, and the bull’s of tossing up. 6. (Mach.) A portable punching machine. 7. (Naut.) A block covered with coarse matting; — used to scour the deck. Australian bear. (Zoöl.) See Koala. — Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. — Bear caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. — Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. — Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels.

Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market. { Bear , Bere } , n. [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.) Barley; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley, commonly the former (Hordeum hexastichon or H. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.]

Bear´a•ble , a. Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. — Bear´a•bly, adv.

Bear´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond.

Bear´bind , n. (Bot.) The bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).

Beard (berd), n. [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to Fries. berd, D. baard, G. bart, Lith. barzda, OSlav. brada, Pol. broda, Russ. boroda, L. barba, W. barf. Cf. 1st Barb.] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face, chiefly of male adults. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The long hairs about the face in animals, as in the goat. (b) The cluster of small feathers at the base of the beak in some birds (c) The appendages to the jaw in some Cetacea, and to the mouth or jaws of some fishes. (d) The byssus of certain shellfish, as the muscle. (e) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster. (f) In insects, the hairs of the labial palpi of moths and butterflies. 3. (Bot.) Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn; as the beard of grain. 4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow or other instrument, projecting backward to prevent the head from being easily drawn out. 5. That part of the under side of a horse’s lower jaw which is above the chin, and bears the curb of a bridle. 6. (Print.) That part of a type which is between the shoulder of the shank and the face. 7. An imposition; a trick. [Obs.] Chaucer. Beard grass (Bot.), a coarse, perennial grass of different species of the genus Andropogon. — To one’s beard, to one’s face; in open defiance.

Beard (berd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bearded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bearding.] 1. To take by the beard; to seize, pluck, or pull the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt. 2. To oppose to the face; to set at defiance. “No admiral, bearded by these corrupt and dissolute minions of the palace, dared to do more than mutter something about a court martial.
Macaulay.” 3. To deprive of the gills; — used only of oysters and similar shellfish.

Beard´ed, a. Having a beard. ´Bearded fellow.´ Shak. ´Bearded grain.´ Dryden. Bearded vulture, Bearded eagle. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir. — Bearded tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Matamata.

Beard´ie (berd´y), n. [From Beard, n.] (Zoöl.) The bearded loach (Nemachilus barbatus) of Europe. [Scot.]

Beard´less, a. 1. Without a beard. Hence: Not having arrived at puberty or manhood; youthful. 2. Destitute of an awn; as beardless wheat.

Beard´less•ness, n. The state or quality of being destitute of beard.

Bear´er (bâr´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, or carries. ´Bearers of burdens.´ 2 Chron. ii. 18. ´The bearer of unhappy news.´ Dryden. 2. Specifically: One who assists in carrying a body to the grave; a pallbearer. Milton. 3. A palanquin carrier; also a house servant. [India] 4. A tree or plant yielding fruit; as a good bearer. 5. (Com.) One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order for the payment of money; as pay to bearer. 6. (Print.) A strip of reglet or other furniture to bear off the impression from a blank page; also a type or type-high piece of metal interspersed in blank parts to support the plate when it is shaved.

Bear´herd , n. A man who tends a bear.

Bear´hound , n. A hound for baiting or hunting bears. Carlyle.

Bear´ing (bâr´ing), n. 1. The manner in which one bears or conducts one’s self; mien; behavior; carriage. “I know him by his bearing.
Shak.” 2. Patient endurance; suffering without complaint. 3. The situation of one object, with respect to another, such situation being supposed to have a connection with the object, or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it; hence, relation; connection. “But of this frame, the bearings and the ties,
The strong connections, nice dependencies.
Pope.” 4. Purport; meaning; intended significance; aspect. 5. The act, power, or time of producing or giving birth; as a tree in full bearing; a tree past bearing. “[His mother] in travail of his bearing.
R. of Gloucester.” 6. (Arch.) (a) That part of any member of a building which rests upon its supports; as a lintel or beam may have four inches of bearing upon the wall. (b) The portion of a support on which anything rests. (c) Improperly, the unsupported span; as the beam has twenty feet of bearing between its supports. 7. (Mach.) (a) The part of an axle or shaft in contact with its support, collar, or boxing; the journal. (b) The part of the support on which a journal rests and rotates. 8. (Her.) Any single emblem or charge in an escutcheon or coat of arms — commonly in the pl. “A carriage covered with armorial bearings.
Thackeray.” 9. (Naut.) (a) The situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship’s position, as on the bow, on the lee quarter, etc.; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; as the bearing of the cape was W. N. W. (b) pl. The widest part of a vessel below the plank-sheer. (c) pl. The line of flotation of a vessel when properly trimmed with cargo or ballast. Ball bearings. See under Ball. — To bring one to his bearings, to bring one to his senses. — To lose one’s bearings, to become bewildered. — To take bearings, to ascertain by the compass the position of an object; to ascertain the relation of one object or place to another; to ascertain one’s position by reference to landmarks or to the compass; hence (Fig.), to ascertain the condition of things when one is in trouble or perplexity. Syn. — Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; manner; carriage; demeanor; port; conduct; direction; relation; tendency; influence.

Bear´ing cloth (kloth•; 115). A cloth with which a child is covered when carried to be baptized. Shak.

Bear´ing rein . A short rein looped over the check hook or the hames to keep the horse’s head up; — called in the United States a checkrein.

Bear´ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear; resembling a bear in temper or manners. Harris.

Bear´ish•ness, n. Behavior like that of a bear.

Bearn , n. See Bairn. [Obs.]

Bear’s´-breech , n. (Bot.) (a) See Acanthus, n., 1. (b) The English cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium) Dr. Prior.

Bear’s-ear (bârz´er•), n. (Bot.) A kind of primrose (Primula auricula), so called from the shape of the leaf.

Bear’s´-foot (-foot•), n. (Bot.) A species of hellebore (Helleborus fœtidus), with digitate leaves. It has an offensive smell and acrid taste, and is a powerful emetic, cathartic, and anthelmintic.

Bear´skin , n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats. 3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers.

Bear’s´-paw , n. (Zoöl.) A large bivalve shell of the East Indies (Hippopus maculatus), often used as an ornament.

Bear´ward , n. [Bear + ward a keeper.] A keeper of bears. See Bearherd. [R.] Shak.

Beast (best), n. [OE. best, beste, OF. beste, F. bête, fr. L. bestia.] 1. Any living creature; an animal; — including man, insects, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Any four-footed animal, that may be used for labor, food, or sport; as a beast of burden. “A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast.
Prov. xii. 10.” 3. As opposed to man: Any irrational animal. 4. Fig.: A coarse, brutal, filthy, or degraded fellow. 5. A game at cards similar to loo. [Obs.] Wright. 6. A penalty at beast, omber, etc. Hence: To be beasted, to be beaten at beast, omber, etc. Beast royal, the lion. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Beast, Brute. When we use these words in a figurative sense, as applicable to human beings, we think of beasts as mere animals governed by animal appetite; and of brutes as being destitute of reason or moral feeling, and governed by unrestrained passion. Hence we speak of beastly appetites; beastly indulgences, etc.; and of brutal manners; brutal inhumanity; brutal ferocity. So, also we say of a drunkard, that he first made himself a beast, and then treated his family like a brute.

Beast´hood , n. State or nature of a beast.

Beast´ings , n. pl. See Biestings.

Beast´li•head , n. [Beastly + -head state.] Beastliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beast´like´ , a. Like a beast.

Beast´li•ness, n. The state or quality of being beastly.

Beast´ly (best´ly), a. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast. “Beastly divinities and droves of gods.
Prior.” 2. Characterizing the nature of a beast; contrary to the nature and dignity of man; brutal; filthy. “The beastly vice of drinking to excess.
Swift.” 3. Abominable; as beastly weather. [Colloq. Eng.] Syn. — Bestial; brutish; irrational; sensual; degrading.

Beat (bet), v. t. [imp. Beat; p. p. Beat, Beaten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] [OE. beaten, beten, AS. beátan; akin to Icel. bauta, OHG. bzan. Cf. 1st Butt, Button.] 1. To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as to beat one’s breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the seeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum. “Thou shalt beat some of it [spices] very small.
Ex. xxx. 36.” “They did beat the gold into thin plates.
Ex. xxxix. 3.” 2. To punish by blows; to thrash. 3. To scour or range over in hunting, accompanied with the noise made by striking bushes, etc., for the purpose of rousing game. “To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey.
Prior.” 4. To dash against, or strike, as with water or wind. “A frozen continent … beat with perpetual storms.
Milton.” 5. To tread, as a path. “Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way.
Blackmore.” 6. To overcome in a battle, contest, strife, race, game, etc.; to vanquish or conquer; to surpass. “He beat them in a bloody battle.
Prescott.” “For loveliness, it would be hard to beat that.
M. Arnold.” 7. To cheat; to chouse; to swindle; to defraud; — often with out. [Colloq.] 8. To exercise severely; to perplex; to trouble. “Why should any one … beat his head about the Latin grammar who does not intend to be a critic?
Locke.” 9. (Mil.) To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc. To beat down, to haggle with (any one) to secure a lower price; to force down. [Colloq.] — To beat into, to teach or instill, by repetition. — To beat off, to repel or drive back. — To beat out, to extend by hammering. — To beat out of a thing, to cause to relinquish it, or give it up. ´Nor can anything beat their posterity out of it to this day.´ South. — To beat the dust. (Man.) (a) To take in too little ground with the fore legs, as a horse. (b) To perform curvets too precipitately or too low. — To beat the hoof, to walk; to go on foot. — To beat the wing, to flutter; to move with fluttering agitation. — To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. — To beat up, to attack suddenly; to alarm or disturb; as to beat up an enemy’s quarters. Syn. — To strike; pound; bang; buffet; maul; drub; thump; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; cudgel; belabor; conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome.

Beat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly; to inflict repeated blows; to knock vigorously or loudly. “The men of the city … beat at the door.
Judges. xix. 22.” 2. To move with pulsation or throbbing. “A thousand hearts beat happily.
Byron.” 3. To come or act with violence; to dash or fall with force; to strike anything, as rain, wind, and waves do. “Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below.
Dryden.” “They [winds] beat at the crazy casement.
Longfellow.” “The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die.
Jonah iv. 8.” “Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers.
Bacon.” 4. To be in agitation or doubt. [Poetic] “To still my beating mind.
Shak.” 5. (Naut.) To make progress against the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse. 6. To make a sound when struck; as the drums beat. 7. (Mil.) To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters. 8. (Acoustics & Mus.) To sound with more or less rapid alternations of greater and less intensity, so as to produce a pulsating effect; — said of instruments, tones, or vibrations, not perfectly in unison. A beating wind (Naut.), a wind which necessitates tacking in order to make progress. — To beat about, to try to find; to search by various means or ways. Addison. — To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously. — To beat up and down (Hunting), to run first one way and then another; — said of a stag. — To beat up for recruits, to go diligently about in order to get helpers or participators in an enterprise.

Beat , n. 1. A stroke; a blow. “He, with a careless beat,
Struck out the mute creation at a heat.
Dryden.” 2. A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse. 3. (Mus.) (a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit. (b) A transient grace note, struck immediately before the one it is intended to ornament. 4. (Acoustics & Mus.) A sudden swelling or reënforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8. 5. A round or course which is frequently gone over; as a watchman’s beat. 6. A place of habitual or frequent resort. 7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; — often emphasized by dead; as a dead beat. [Low] Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, etc. — Beat of a watch, or clock, the stroke or sound made by the action of the escapement. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the stroke is at equal or unequal intervals.

Beat, a. Weary; tired; fatigued; exhausted. [Colloq.] “Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed.
Dickens.”

Beat´en (bet´’n; 95), a. 1. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use. ´A broad and beaten way.´ Milton. ´Beaten gold.´ Shak. 2. Vanquished; conquered; baffled. 3. Exhausted; tired out. 4. Become common or trite; as a beaten phrase. [Obs.] 5. Tried; practiced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Beat´er (bet´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, beats. 2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black.

Beath (beth), v. t. [AS. beðian to foment.] To bathe; also to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [Obs.] Spenser. { Be•a•tif´ic , Be•a•tif´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. beatifique, L. beatificus. See Beatify.] Having the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment; blissful. ´The beatific vision.´ South. — Be•a•tif´ic•al•ly, adv.

Be•a•tif´i•cate , v. t. To beatify. [Obs.] Fuller.

Be•at•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. beatification.] The act of beatifying, or the state of being beatified; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one of ´the blessed,´ or has attained the second degree of sanctity, — usually a stage in the process of canonization. ´The beatification of his spirit.´ Jer. Taylor.

Be•at´i•fy (be•at´i•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beatified (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] [L. beatificare; beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) + facere to make: cf. F. beatifier. See Bounty.] 1. To pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness. “The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth.
Barrow.” 2. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. ´Beatified spirits.´ Dryden. 3. (R. C. Ch.) To ascertain and declare, by a public process and decree, that a deceased person is one of ´the blessed,´ and is to be reverenced as such, though not canonized.

Beat´ing , n. 1. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows. 2. Pulsation; throbbing; as the beating of the heart. 3. (Acoustics & Mus.) Pulsative sounds. See Beat, n. 4. (Naut.) The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in zigzag direction.

Be•at´i•tude , n. [L. beatitudo: cf. F. beatitude. See Beatify.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss. 2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beatitudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are distinguished by certain specified virtues. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Beatification. Milman. Syn. — Blessedness; felicity; happiness.

Beau (bo), n.; pl. F. Beaux (E. pron. boz), E. Beaus (boz). [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.] 1. A man who takes great care to dress in the latest fashion; a dandy. 2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; an escort; a lover.

Beau´catch•er , n. A small flat curl worn on the temple by women. [Humorous]

Beau´fet , n. [See Buffet.] A niche, cupboard, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc.; a buffet. “A beaufet … filled with gold and silver vessels.
Prescott.”

Beau´fin , n. See Biffin. Wright.

Beau´ i•de´al (bo´ i•de´al; 277). [F. beau beautiful + ideal ideal.] A conception or image of consummate beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual existence; an ideal or faultless standard or model.

Beau´ish , a. Like a beau; characteristic of a beau; foppish; fine. ´A beauish young spark.´ Byrom.

Beau• monde´ . [F. beau fine + monde world.] The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety. Prior.

Beau´pere , n. [F. beau pere; beau fair + pere father.] 1. A father. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beau•se•ant´ , n. [F. beauceant.] The black and white standard of the Knights Templars.

Beau´ship , n. The state of being a beau; the personality of a beau. [Jocular] Dryden.

Beau´te•ous , a. Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] — Beau´te•ous•ly, adv. — Beau´te•ous•ness, n.

Beau´tied , p. a. Beautiful; embellished. [Poetic] Shak.

Beau´ti•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, beautifies or makes beautiful.

Beau´ti•ful (bu´ti•ful), a. Having the qualities which constitute beauty; pleasing to the sight or the mind. “A circle is more beautiful than a square; a square is more beautiful than a parallelogram.
Lord Kames.” Syn. — Handsome; elegant; lovely; fair; charming; graceful; pretty; delightful. See Fine. — Beau´ti•ful•ly, adv. — Beau´ti•ful•ness, n.

Beau´ti•fy (bu´ti•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beautified (- fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] [Beauty + -fy.] To make or render beautiful; to add beauty to; to adorn; to deck; to grace; to embellish. “The arts that beautify and polish life.
Burke.” Syn. — To adorn; grace; ornament; deck; decorate.

Beau´ti•fy, v. i. To become beautiful; to advance in beauty. Addison.

Beau´ti•less, a. Destitute of beauty. Hammond.

Beau´ty (bu´ty), n.; pl. Beauties . [OE. beaute, beute, OF. beaute, biaute, Pr. beltat, F. beaute, fr. an assumed LL. bellitas, from L. bellus pretty. See Beau.] 1. An assemblage of graces or properties pleasing to the eye, the ear, the intellect, the aesthetic faculty, or the moral sense. “Beauty consists of a certain composition of color and figure, causing delight in the beholder.
Locke.” “The production of beauty by a multiplicity of symmetrical parts uniting in a consistent whole.
Wordsworth.” “The old definition of beauty, in the Roman school, was ´multitude in unity;´ and there is no doubt that such is the principle of beauty.
Coleridge.” 2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence; anything beautiful; as the beauties of nature. 3. A beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. “All the admired beauties of Verona.
Shak.” 4. Prevailing style or taste; rage; fashion. [Obs.] “She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty.
Jer. Taylor.” Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast.

Beaux , n., pl. of Beau.

Beaux´ite , n. (Min.) See Bauxite.

Bea´ver , n. [OE. bever, AS. beofer, befer; akin to D. bever, OHG. bibar, G. biber, Sw. bäfver, Dan. baever, Lith. bebru, Russ. bobr’, Gael. beabhar, Corn. befer, L. fiber, and Skr. babhrus large ichneumon; also as an adj., brown, the animal being probably named from its color. rad.253. See Brown.] 1. (Zoöl.) An amphibious rodent, of the genus Castor. It has palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. It is remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing its lodges or ´houses,\’ and dams across streams. It is valued for its fur, and for the material called castor, obtained from two small bags in the groin of the animal. The European species is Castor fiber, and the American is generally considered a variety of this, although sometimes called Castor Canadensis. 2. The fur of the beaver. 3. A hat, formerly made of the fur of the beaver, but now usually of silk. “A brown beaver slouched over his eyes.
Prescott.” 4. Beaver cloth, a heavy felted woolen cloth, used chiefly for making overcoats. Beaver rat (Zoöl.), an aquatic ratlike quadruped of Tasmania (Hydromys chrysogaster). — Beaver skin, the furry skin of the beaver. — Bank beaver. See under 1st Bank.

Bea´ver, n. [OE. baviere, bauier, beavoir, bever; fr. F. bavière, fr. bave slaver, drivel, foam, OF., prattle, drivel, perh. orig. an imitative word. Bavière, according to Cotgrave, is the bib put before a (slavering) child.] That piece of armor which protected the lower part of the face, whether forming a part of the helmet or fixed to the breastplate. It was so constructed (with joints or otherwise) that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink.

Bea´vered , a. Covered with, or wearing, a beaver or hat. ´His beavered brow.´ Pope.

Bea´ver•teen , n. A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. Simmonds. { Be•bee´rine, or Be•bi´rine } (be•be´rin or -ren), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid got from the bark of the bebeeru, or green heart of Guiana (Nectandra Rodiœi). It is a tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. [Written also bibirine.]

Be•bleed´ , v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Be•blood´ , Be•blood´y } , v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Sheldon.

Be•blot´ , v. t. To blot; to stain. Chaucer.

Be•blub´ber , v. t. To make swollen and disfigured or sullied by weeping; as her eyes or cheeks were beblubbered.

Be•calm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Becalmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Becalming.] 1. To render calm or quiet; to calm; to still; to appease. “Soft whispering airs … becalm the mind.
Philips.” 2. To keep from motion, or stop the progress of, by the stilling of the wind; as the fleet was becalmed.

Be•came´ , imp. of Become.

Bec´ard , n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird of the flycatcher family. (Tityra inquisetor).

Be•cause´ , conj. [OE. bycause; by + cause.] 1. By or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that. Milton. 2. In order that; that. [Obs.] “And the multitude rebuked them because they should hold their peace.
Matt. xx. 31.” Because of, by reason of, on account of. [Prep. phrase.] “Because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience.
Eph. v. 6.” Syn. — Because, For, Since, As, Inasmuch As. These particles are used, in certain connections, to assign the reason of a thing, or that ´on account of´ which it is or takes place. Because (by cause) is the strongest and most emphatic; as I hid myself because I was afraid. For is not quite so strong; as in Shakespeare, ´I hate him, for he is a Christian.´ Since is less formal and more incidental than because; as I will do it since you request me. It more commonly begins a sentence; as Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is still more incidental than since, and points to some existing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, as I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready to accept your proposal, inasmuch as I believe it is the best you can offer, we mean, it is only with this understanding that we can accept it.

Bec•ca•bun´ga , n. [NL. (cf. It. beccabunga, G. bachbunge), fr. G. bach brook + bunge, OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.] See Brooklime.

Bec•ca•fi´co , n.; pl. Beccaficos . [It., fr. beccare to peck + fico fig.] (Zoöl.) A small bird. (Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autumn, when it has fed on figs, grapes, etc.

Bech´a•mel , n. [F. bechamel, named from its inventor, Louis de Bechamel.] (Cookery) A rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream.

Be•chance´ , adv. [Pref. be- for by + chance.] By chance; by accident. [Obs.] Grafton.

Be•chance´, v. t. & i. To befall; to chance; to happen to. “God knows what hath bechanced them.
Shak.”

Be•charm´ , v. t. To charm; to captivate.

Bêche• de mer´ . [F., lit., a sea spade.] (Zoöl.) The trepang.

Be´chic , a. [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough, Gr. , fr. cough: cf. F. bechique.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Thomas. — n. A medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy.

Beck , n. See Beak. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beck, n. [OE. bek, AS. becc; akin to Icel. bekkr brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.] A small brook. “The brooks, the becks, the rills.
Drayton.”

Beck, n. A vat. See Back.

Beck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Becked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Becking.] [Contr. of beckon.] To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. [Archaic] Drayton.

Beck, v. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand; to intimate a command to. [Archaic] “When gold and silver becks me to come on.
Shak.”

Beck, n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command. “They have troops of soldiers at their beck.
Shak.”

Beck´er , n. (Zoöl.) A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise.

Beck´et , n. [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.] 1. (Naut.) A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope or metal for holding things in position, as spars, ropes, etc.; also a bracket, a pocket, or a handle made of rope. 2. A spade for digging turf. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Beck´on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beckoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.] To make a significant sign to; hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand. “His distant friends, he beckons near.
Dryden.” “It beckons you to go away with it.
Shak.”

Beck´on, n. A sign made without words; a beck. ´At the first beckon.´ Bolingbroke.

Be•clap , v. t. [OE. biclappen.] To catch; to grasp; to insnare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•clip´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclipped .] [AS. beclyppan; pref. be + clyppan to embrace.] To embrace; to surround. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Be•cloud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dimness to; to dim; to cloud. “If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye.
Quarles.”

Be•come´ , v. i. [imp. Became ; p. p. Become; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piquëman, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be-, and Come.] 1. To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character. “The Lord God … breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
Gen. ii. 7.” “That error now which is become my crime.
Milton.” 2. To come; to get. [Obs.] “But, madam, where is Warwick then become!
Shak.” To become of, to be the present state or place of; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition of. “What is then become of so huge a multitude?
Sir W. Raleigh.”

Be•come´, v. t. To suit or be suitable to; to be congruous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; — said of persons and things. “It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet.
Dryden.” “I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus actually to become the dress.
Coleridge.”

Be•com´ed , a. Proper; decorous. [Obs.] “And gave him what becomed love I might.
Shak.”

Be•com´ing, a. Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitable; graceful; befitting. “A low and becoming tone.
Thackeray.” Formerly sometimes followed by of. “Such discourses as are becoming of them.
Dryden.” Syn. — Seemly; comely; decorous; decent; proper.

Be•com´ing, n. That which is becoming or appropriate. [Obs.]

Be•com´ing•ly, adv. In a becoming manner.

Be•com´ing•ness, n. The quality of being becoming, appropriate, or fit; congruity; fitness. “The becomingness of human nature.
Grew.”

Be•crip´ple , v. t. To make a cripple of; to cripple; to lame. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Be•cu´na , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyraena spet). See Barracuda.

Be•curl´ , v. t. To curl; to adorn with curls.

Bed , n. [AS. bed, bedd; akin to OS. bed, D. bed, bedde, Icel. ber, Dan. bed, Sw. bädd, Goth. badi, OHG. betti, G. bett, bette, bed, beet a plat of ground; all of uncertain origin.] 1. An article of furniture to sleep or take rest in or on; a couch. Specifically: A sack or mattress, filled with some soft material, in distinction from the bedstead on which it is placed (as a feather bed), or this with the bedclothes added. In a general sense, any thing or place used for sleeping or reclining on or in, as a quantity of hay, straw, leaves, or twigs. “And made for him [a horse] a leafy bed.
Byron.” “I wash, wring, brew, bake, … make the beds.
Shak.” “In bed he slept not for my urging it.
Shak.” 2. (Used as the symbol of matrimony) Marriage. “George, the eldest son of his second bed.
Clarendon.” 3. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. ´Beds of hyacinth and roses.´ Milton. 4. A mass or heap of anything arranged like a bed; as a bed of ashes or coals. 5. The bottom of a watercourse, or of any body of water; as the bed of a river. “So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed.
Milton.” 6. (Geol.) A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum between layers; as a bed of coal, iron, etc. 7. (Gun.) See Gun carriage, and Mortar bed. 8. (Masonry) (a) The horizontal surface of a building stone; as the upper and lower beds. (b) A course of stone or brick in a wall. (c) The place or material in which a block or brick is laid. (d) The lower surface of a brick, slate, or tile. Knight. 9. (Mech.) The foundation or the more solid and fixed part or framing of a machine; or a part on which something is laid or supported; as the bed of an engine. 10. The superficial earthwork, or ballast, of a railroad. 11. (Printing) The flat part of the press, on which the form is laid. Bed is much used adjectively or in combination; as bed key or bedkey; bed wrench or bedwrench; bedchamber; bedmaker, etc. Bed of justice (French Hist.), the throne (F. lit bed) occupied by the king when sitting in one of his parliaments (judicial courts); hence, a session of a refractory parliament, at which the king was present for the purpose of causing his decrees to be registered. — To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child; — often followed by of; as to be brought to bed of a son. — To make a bed, to prepare a bed; to arrange or put in order a bed and its bedding. — From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bonds of matrimony. If such a divorce (now commonly called a judicial separation) be granted at the instance of the wife, she may have alimony.

Bed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedding.] 1. To place in a bed. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To make partaker of one’s bed; to cohabit with. “I’ll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her.
Shak.” 3. To furnish with a bed or bedding. 4. To plant or arrange in beds; to set, or cover, as in a bed of soft earth; as to bed the roots of a plant in mold. 5. To lay or put in any hollow place, or place of rest and security, surrounded or inclosed; to embed; to furnish with or place upon a bed or foundation; as to bed a stone; it was bedded on a rock. “Among all chains or clusters of mountains where large bodies of still water are bedded.
Wordsworth.” 6. (Masonry) To dress or prepare the surface of stone) so as to serve as a bed. 7. To lay flat; to lay in order; to place in a horizontal or recumbent position. ´Bedded hair.´ Shak.

Bed , v. i. To go to bed; to cohabit. “If he be married, and bed with his wife.
Wiseman.”

Be•dab•ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedabbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedabbling .] To dabble; to sprinkle or wet. Shak.

Be•daff´ , v. t. To make a daff or fool of. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bed´a•gat , n. The sacred books of the Buddhists in Burmah. Malcom.

Be•dag´gle , v. t. To daggle.

Be•dash´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedashed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedashing.] To wet by dashing or throwing water or other liquid upon; to bespatter. ´Trees bedashed with rain.´ Shak.

Be•daub´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedaubed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedaubing.] To daub over; to besmear or soil with anything thick and dirty. “Bedaub foul designs with a fair varnish.
Barrow.”

Be•daz´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedazzled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedazzling .] To dazzle or make dim by a strong light. ´Bedazzled with the sun.´ Shak.

Bed´bug , n. (Zoöl.) A wingless, bloodsucking, hemipterous insect (Cimex Lectularius), sometimes infesting houses and especially beds. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bed´chair , n. A chair with adjustable back, for the sick, to support them while sitting up in bed.

Bed´cham•ber , n. A chamber for a bed; an apartment form sleeping in. Shak. Lords of the bedchamber, eight officers of the royal household, all of noble families, who wait in turn a week each. [Eng.] — Ladies of the bedchamber, eight ladies, all titled, holding a similar official position in the royal household, during the reign of a queen. [Eng.]

Bed´clothes , n. pl. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, etc., for a bed. Shak.

Bed´cord , n. A cord or rope interwoven in a bedstead so as to support the bed.

Bed´ded , a. Provided with a bed; as double-bedded room; placed or arranged in a bed or beds.

Bed´ding , n. [AS. bedding, beding. See Bed.] 1. A bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; bedclothes; litter. 2. (Geol.) The state or position of beds and layers.

Bede , v. t. [See Bid, v. t.] To pray; also to offer; to proffer. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. Chaucer.

Bede, n. (Mining) A kind of pickax.

Be•deck´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedecked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedecking.] To deck, ornament, or adorn; to grace. “Bedecked with boughs, flowers, and garlands.
Pennant.” { Bed´e•guar , Bed´e•gar } , n. [F., fr. Per. bad-award, or bad-awardag, prop., a kind of white thorn or thistle.] A gall produced on rosebushes, esp. on the sweetbrier or eglantine, by a puncture from the ovipositor of a gallfly (Rhodites rosae). It was once supposed to have medicinal properties.

Bede´house , n. Same as Beadhouse. { Be´del , Be´dell } , n. Same as Beadle.

Be´del•ry , n. Beadleship. [Obs.] Blount.

Bed´en , n. (Zoöl.) The Abyssinian or Arabian ibex (Capra Nubiana). It is probably the wild goat of the Bible.

Bedes´man , n. Same as Beadsman. [Obs.]

Be•dev´il , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedevilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedeviling or Bedevilling.] 1. To throw into utter disorder and confusion, as if by the agency of evil spirits; to bring under diabolical influence; to torment. “Bedeviled and used worse than St. Bartholomew.
Sterne.” 2. To spoil; to corrupt. Wright.

Be•dev´il•ment , n. The state of being bedeviled; bewildering confusion; vexatious trouble. [Colloq.]

Be•dew´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedewing.] To moisten with dew, or as with dew. ´Falling tears his face bedew.´ Dryden.

Be•dew´er , n. One who, or that which, bedews.

Be•dew´y , a. Moist with dew; dewy. [Obs.] “Night with her bedewy wings.
A. Brewer.”

Bed´fel•low , n. One who lies with another in the same bed; a person who shares one’s couch. { Bed´fere• , Bed´phere• } , n. [Bed + AS. fera a companion.] A bedfellow. [Obs.] Chapman.

Bed´gown , n. A nightgown.

Be•dight´ , v. t. [p. p. Bedight, Bedighted.] To bedeck; to array or equip; to adorn. [Archaic] Milton.

Be•dim´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedimming.] To make dim; to obscure or darken. Shak.

Be•diz´en , v. t. To dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. “Remnants of tapestried hangings, … and shreds of pictures with which he had bedizened his tatters.
Sir W. Scott.”

Be•diz´en•ment , n. That which bedizens; the act of dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily.

Bed´key , n. An instrument for tightening the parts of a bedstead.

Bed´lam , n. [See Bethlehem.] 1. A place appropriated to the confinement and care of the insane; a madhouse. Abp. Tillotson. 2. An insane person; a lunatic; a madman. [Obs.] “Let’s get the bedlam to lead him.
Shak.” 3. Any place where uproar and confusion prevail.

Bed´lam, a. Belonging to, or fit for, a madhouse. ´The bedlam, brainsick duchess.´ Shak.

Bed´lam•ite , n. An inhabitant of a madhouse; a madman. ´Raving bedlamites.´ Beattie.

Bed´mak•er , n. One who makes beds. { Bed´-mold•ing Bed´-mould•ing} (bed´mold•ing), n. (Arch.) The molding of a cornice immediately below the corona. Oxf. Gloss.

Be•dote´ (be•dot´), v. t. To cause to dote; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bed´ou•in , n. [F. bedouin, OF. beduin, fr. Ar. bedawi rural, living in the desert, fr. badw desert, fr. bada to live in the desert, to lead a nomadic life.] One of the nomadic Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa, esp. in the deserts. — Bed´ou•in•ism , n.

Bed´ou•in, a. Pertaining to the Bedouins; nomad.

Bed´pan , n. 1. A pan for warming beds. Nares. 2. A shallow chamber vessel, so constructed that it can be used by a sick person in bed.

Bed´phere , n. See Bedfere. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Bed´piece• , Bed´plate• } n. (Mach.) The foundation framing or piece, by which the other parts are supported and held in place; the bed; — called also baseplate and soleplate.

Bed´post , n. 1. One of the four standards that support a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead. 2. Anciently, a post or pin on each side of the bed to keep the clothes from falling off. See Bedstaff. Brewer.

Bed´quilt , n. A quilt for a bed; a coverlet.

Be•drab´ble , v. t. To befoul with rain and mud; to drabble.

Be•drag´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedraggled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedraggling .] To draggle; to soil, as garments which, in walking, are suffered to drag in dust, mud, etc. Swift.

Be•drench´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedrenched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedrenching.] To drench; to saturate with moisture; to soak. Shak.

Be•drib´ble , v. t. To dribble upon. { Bed´rid• , Bed´rid•den } a. [OE. bedrede, AS. bedreda, bedrida; from bed, bedd, a bed or couch + ridda a rider; cf. OHG. pettiriso, G. bettrise. See Bed, n., and Ride, v. i. ] Confined to the bed by sickness or infirmity. ´Her decrepit, sick, and bedrid father.´ Shak. ´The estate of a bedridden old gentleman.´ Macaulay. { Bed´right• , Bed´rite• } , n. [Bed + right, rite.] The duty or privilege of the marriage bed. Shak.

Be•driz´zle , v. t. To drizzle upon.

Bed´ rock´ . (Mining) The solid rock underlying superficial formations. Also Fig.

Bed´room , n. 1. A room or apartment intended or used for a bed; a lodging room. 2. Room in a bed. [In this sense preferably bed room.] “Then by your side no bed room me deny.
Shak.”

Be•drop´ , v. t. To sprinkle, as with drops. “The yellow carp, in scales bedropped with gold.
Pope.”

Be•drug´ , v. t. To drug abundantly or excessively.

Bed´ screw . 1. (Naut.) A form of jack screw for lifting large bodies, and assisting in launching. 2. A long screw formerly used to fasten a bedpost to one of the adjacent side pieces.

Bed´side , n. The side of a bed.

Bed´site , n. A recess in a room for a bed. “Of the three bedrooms, two have fireplaces, and all are of fair size, with windows and bedsite well placed.
Quart. Rev.”

Bed´sore , n. (Med.) A sore on the back or hips caused by lying for a long time in bed.

Bed´spread , n. A bedquilt; a counterpane; a coverlet. [U. S.]

Bed´staff , n.; pl. Bedstaves . ´A wooden pin stuck anciently on the sides of the bedstead, to hold the clothes from slipping on either side.´ Johnson. “Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff.
B. Jonson.” “Say there is no virtue in cudgels and bedstaves.
Brome.”

Bed´stead , n. [Bed + stead a frame.] A framework for supporting a bed.

Bed´ steps . Steps for mounting a bed of unusual height.

Bed´stock , n. The front or the back part of the frame of a bedstead. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

Bed´straw , n. 1. Straw put into a bed. Bacon. 2. (Bot.) A genus of slender herbs, usually with square stems, whorled leaves, and small white flowers. Our Lady’s bedstraw, which has yellow flowers, is Galium verum. — White bedstraw is G. mollugo.

Bed´swerv•er , n. One who swerves from and is unfaithful to the marriage vow. [Poetic] Shak.

Bed´tick , n. A tick or bag made of cloth, used for inclosing the materials of a bed.

Bed´time , n. The time to go to bed. Shak.

Be•duck´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beducked .] To duck; to put the head under water; to immerse. ´Deep himself beducked.´ Spenser.

Bed´uin , n. See Bedouin.

Be•dung´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedunged .] To cover with dung, as for manuring; to bedaub or defile, literally or figuratively. Bp. Hall.

Be•dust´ , v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. Sherwood.

Bed´ward , adv. Towards bed.

Be•dwarf´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedwarfed .] To make a dwarf of; to stunt or hinder the growth of; to dwarf. Donne.

Be•dye´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedyeing.] To dye or stain. “Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyed.
Spenser.”

Bee , p. p. of Be; — used for been. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bee (be), n. [AS. beó; akin to D. bij and bije, Icel. b, Sw. & Dan. bi, OHG. pini, G. biene, and perh. Ir. beach, Lith. bitis, Skr. bha. rad.97.] 1. (Zoöl.) An insect of the order Hymenoptera, and family Apidae (the honeybees), or family Andrenidae (the solitary bees.) See Honeybee. There are many genera and species. The common honeybee (Apis mellifica) lives in swarms, each of which has its own queen, its males or drones, and its very numerous workers, which are barren females. Besides the A. mellifica there are other species and varieties of honeybees, as the A. ligustica of Spain and Italy; the A. Indica of India; the A. fasciata of Egypt. The bumblebee is a species of Bombus. The tropical honeybees belong mostly to Melipoma and Trigona. 2. A neighborly gathering of people who engage in united labor for the benefit of an individual or family; as a quilting bee; a husking bee; a raising bee. [U. S.] “The cellar … was dug by a bee in a single day.
S. G. Goodrich.” 3. pl. [Prob. fr. AS. beáh ring, fr. bgan to bend. See 1st Bow.] (Naut.) Pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides of the bowsprit, to reeve the fore-topmast stays through; — called also bee blocks. Bee beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Trichodes apiarius) parasitic in beehives. — Bee bird (Zoöl.), a bird that eats the honeybee, as the European flycatcher, and the American kingbird. — Bee flower (Bot.), an orchidaceous plant of the genus Ophrys (O. apifera), whose flowers have some resemblance to bees, flies, and other insects. — Bee fly (Zoöl.), a two winged fly of the family Bombyliidae. Some species, in the larval state, are parasitic upon bees. — Bee garden, a garden or inclosure to set beehives in ; an apiary. Mortimer. — Bee glue, a soft, unctuous matter, with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells; — called also propolis. — Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. — Bee killer (Zoöl.), a large two-winged fly of the family Asilidae (esp. Trupanea apivora) which feeds upon the honeybee. See Robber fly. — Bee louse (Zoöl.), a minute, wingless, dipterous insect (Braula caeca) parasitic on hive bees. — Bee martin (Zoöl.), the kingbird (Tyrannus Carolinensis) which occasionally feeds on bees. — Bee moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Galleria cereana) whose larvae feed on honeycomb, occasioning great damage in beehives. — Bee wolf (Zoöl.), the larva of the bee beetle. See Illust. of Bee beetle. — To have a bee in the head or in the bonnet. (a) To be choleric. [Obs.] (b) To be restless or uneasy. B. Jonson. (c) To be full of fancies; to be a little crazy. ´She’s whiles crack-brained, and has a bee in her head.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bee´bread , n. A brown, bitter substance found in some of the cells of honeycomb. It is made chiefly from the pollen of flowers, which is collected by bees as food for their young.

Beech , n.; pl. Beeches . [OE. beche, AS. bce; akin to D. beuk, OHG. buocha, G. buche, Icel. beyki, Dan. bög, Sw. bok, Russ. buk, L. fagus, Gr. oak, to eat, Skr. bhaksh; the tree being named originally from the esculent fruit. See Book, and cf. 7th Buck, Buckwheat.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Fagus. It grows to a large size, having a smooth bark and thick foliage, and bears an edible triangular nut, of which swine are fond. The Fagus sylvatica is the European species, and the F. ferruginea that of America. Beech drops (Bot.), a parasitic plant which grows on the roots of beeches (Epiphegus Americana). — Beech marten (Zoöl.), the stone marten of Europe (Mustela foina). — Beech mast, the nuts of the beech, esp. as they lie under the trees, in autumn. — Beech oil, oil expressed from the mast or nuts of the beech tree. — Cooper beech, a variety of the European beech with copper-colored, shining leaves.

Beech´en , a. [AS. bcen.] Consisting, or made, of the wood or bark of the beech; belonging to the beech. ´Plain beechen vessels.´ Dryden.

Beech´nut , n. The nut of the beech tree.

Beech´ tree . The beech.

Beech´y , a. Of or relating to beeches.

Bee´-eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A bird of the genus Merops, that feeds on bees. The European species (M. apiaster) is remarkable for its brilliant colors. (b) An African bird of the genus Rhinopomastes.

Beef (bef), n. [OE. boef, befe, beef, OF. boef, buef, F. bœef, fr. L. bos, bovis, ox; akin to Gr. boy^s, Skr. go cow, and E. cow. See 2d Cow.] 1. An animal of the genus Bos, especially the common species, B. taurus, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full grown state; esp., an ox or cow fattened for food. [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves (bevz).] “A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine.
Milton.” 2. The flesh of an ox, or cow, or of any adult bovine animal, when slaughtered for food. [In this sense, the word has no plural.] ´Great meals of beef.´ Shak. 3. Applied colloquially to human flesh.

Beef , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, beef. Beef tea, essence of beef, or strong beef broth.

Beef´eat•er , n. [Beef + eater; prob. one who eats another’s beef, as his servant. Cf. AS. hlafta servant, properly a loaf eater.] 1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, fleshy person. 2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. (Zoöl.) An African bird of the genus Buphaga, which feeds on the larvae of botflies hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. Two species are known.

Beef´steak , n. A steak of beef; a slice of beef broiled or suitable for broiling.

Beef´-wit•ted , n. Stupid; dull. Shak.

Beef´wood , n. An Australian tree (Casuarina), and its red wood, used for cabinetwork; also the trees Stenocarpus salignus of New South Wales, and Banksia compar of Queensland.

Beef´y, a. Having much beef; of the nature of beef; resembling beef; fleshy.

Bee´hive , n. A hive for a swarm of bees. Also used figuratively. A common and typical form of beehive was a domeshaped inverted basket, whence certain ancient Irish and Scotch architectural remains are called beehive houses.

Bee´house , n. A house for bees; an apiary.

Bee´ lark•spur . (Bot.) See Larkspur.

Beeld , n. Same as Beild. Fairfax.

Bee´ line . The shortest line from one place to another, like that of a bee to its hive when loaded with honey; an air line. ´A bee line for the brig.´ Kane.

Be•el´ze•bub , n. The title of a heathen deity to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil spirits; hence, the Devil or a devil. See Baal.

Beem (bem), n. [AS. beme, byme.] A trumpet. [Obs.]

Bee´mas•ter , n. One who keeps bees.

Been . [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See Be.] The past participle of Be. In old authors it is also the pr. tense plural of Be. See 1st Bee. “Assembled been a senate grave and stout.
Fairfax.”

Beer , n. [OE. beor, ber, AS. beór; akin to Fries. biar, Icel. bjrr, OHG. bior, D. & G. bier, and possibly E. brew. rad.93, See Brew.] 1. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, but commonly from barley malt, with hops or some other substance to impart a bitter flavor. Beer has different names, as small beer, ale, porter, brown stout, lager beer, according to its strength, or other qualities. See Ale. 2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras etc. Small beer, weak beer; (fig.) insignificant matters. ´To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer.´ Shak.

Beer´e•gar , n. [Beer + eager.] Sour beer. [Obs.]

Beer´house , n. A house where malt liquors are sold; an alehouse.

Beer´i•ness , n. Beery condition.

Beer´y , a. Of or resembling beer; affected by beer; maudlin.

Beest´ings , n. Same as Biestings.

Bees´wax , n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which their cells are constructed.

Bees´wing , n. The second crust formed in port and some other wines after long keeping. It consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the wing of a bee.

Beet (bet), n. [AS. bete, from L. beta.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial plant of the genus Beta, which produces an edible root the first year and seed the second year. 2. The root of plants of the genus Beta, different species and varieties of which are used for the table, for feeding stock, or in making sugar. There are many varieties of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). The Old ´white beet´, cultivated for its edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla). { Beete , Bete } (bet), v. t. [AS. betan to mend. See Better.] 1. To mend; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bee´tle (be´t’l), n. [OE. betel, AS. bitl, btl, mallet, hammer, fr. beátan to beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A heavy mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc. 2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process while passing over rollers, as in cotton mills; — called also beetling machine. Knight.

Bee´tle (be´t’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beetled (-t’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.] 1. To beat with a heavy mallet. 2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in a beetle or beetling machine; as to beetle cotton goods.

Bee´tle, n. [OE. bityl, bittle, AS. bitel, fr. bitan to bite. See Bite, v. t.] Any insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. See Coleoptera. Beetle mite (Zoöl.), one of many species of mites, of the family Oribatidae, parasitic on beetles. — Black beetle, the common large black cockroach (Blatta orientalis).

Bee´tle, v. i. [See Beetlebrowed.] To extend over and beyond the base or support; to overhang; to jut. “To the dreadful summit of the cliff
That beetles o’er his base into the sea.
Shak.” “Each beetling rampart, and each tower sublime.
Wordsworth.”

Bee´tle brow . An overhanging brow.

Bee´tle-browed , a. [OE. bitelbrowed; cf. OE. bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Beetle an insect.] Having prominent, overhanging brows; hence, lowering or sullen. The earlier meaning was ´Having bushy or overhanging eyebrows.´

Bee´tle•head , n. [Beetle a mallet + head.] 1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Zoöl.) The black-bellied plover, or bullhead (Squatarola helvetica). See Plover.

Bee´tle-head•ed , a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

Bee´tle•stock , n. The handle of a beetle.

Beet´ rad•ish . Same as Beetrave.

Beet´rave , n. [F. betterave; bette beet + rave radish.] The common beet (Beta vulgaris).

Beeve , n. [Formed from beeves, pl. of beef.] A beef; a beef creature. “They would knock down the first beeve they met with.
W. Irving.”

Beeves (bevz), n. plural of Beef, the animal.

Be•fall´ , v. t. [imp. Befell ; p. p. Befallen ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] [AS. befeallan; pref. be- + feallan to fall.] To happen to. “I beseech your grace that I may know
The worst that may befall me.
Shak.”

Be•fall´, v. i. To come to pass; to happen. “I have revealed … the discord which befell.
Milton.”

Be•fit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Befitting.] To be suitable to; to suit; to become. “That name best befits thee.
Milton.”

Be•fit´ting, a. Suitable; proper; becoming; fitting.

Be•fit´ting•ly, adv. In a befitting manner; suitably.

Be•flat´ter , v. t. To flatter excessively.

Be•flow´er , v. t. To besprinkle or scatter over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes.

Be•fog´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befogged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befogging .] 1. To involve in a fog; — mostly as a participle or part. adj. 2. Hence: To confuse; to mystify.

Be•fool´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befooled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] [OE. befolen; pref. be- + fol fool.] 1. To fool; to delude or lead into error; to infatuate; to deceive. “This story … contrived to befool credulous men.
Fuller.” 2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish. ´Some befooling drug.´ G. Eliot.

Be•fore´ , prep. [OE. beforen, biforen, before, AS. beforan; pref. be- + foran, fore, before. See Be-, and Fore.] 1. In front of; preceding in space; ahead of; as to stand before the fire; before the house. “His angel, who shall go
Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire.
Milton.” 2. Preceding in time; earlier than; previously to; anterior to the time when; — sometimes with the additional idea of purpose; in order that. “Before Abraham was I am.
John viii. 58.” “Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary.
Swift.” Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by that. ´Before that Philip called thee … I saw thee.´ John i. 48. 3. An advance of; farther onward, in place or time. “The golden age … is before us.
Carlyle.” 4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth; rather than. “He that cometh after me is preferred before me.
John i. 15.” “The eldest son is before the younger in succession.
Johnson.” 5. In presence or sight of; face to face with; facing. “Abraham bowed down himself before the people.
Gen. xxiii. 12.” “Wherewith shall I come before the Lord?
Micah vi. 6.” 6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of. “If a suit be begun before an archdeacon.
Ayliffe.” 7. Open for; free of access to; in the power of. “The world was all before them where to choose.
Milton.” Before the mast (Naut.), as a common sailor, — because the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast. — Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind and by its impulse; having the wind aft.

Be•fore´, adv. 1. On the fore part; in front, or in the direction of the front; — opposed to in the rear. “The battle was before and behind.
2 Chron. xiii. 14.” 2. In advance. ´I come before to tell you.´ Shak. 3. In time past; previously; already. “You tell me, mother, what I knew before.
Dryden.” 4. Earlier; sooner than; until then. “When the butt is out, we will drink water; not a drop before.
Shak.” Before is often used in self-explaining compounds; as before-cited, before-mentioned; beforesaid.

Be•fore´hand , adv. [Before + hand.] 1. In a state of anticipation ore preoccupation; in advance; — often followed by with. “Agricola … resolves to be beforehand with the danger.
Milton.” “The last cited author has been beforehand with me.
Addison.” 2. By way of preparation, or preliminary; previously; aforetime. “They may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking.
Hooker.”

Be•fore´hand, a. In comfortable circumstances as regards property; forehanded. “Rich and much beforehand.
Bacon.”

Be•fore´time , adv. Formerly; aforetime. “[They] dwelt in their tents, as beforetime.
2 Kings xiii. 5.”

Be•for´tune , v. t. To befall. [Poetic] “I wish all good befortune you.
Shak.”

Be•foul´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befouled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Befouling.] [Cf. AS. beflan; pref. be- + flan to foul. See Foul, a.] 1. To make foul; to soil. 2. To entangle or run against so as to impede motion.

Be•friend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befriended; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.] To act as a friend to; to favor; to aid, benefit, or countenance. “By the darkness befriended.
Longfellow.”

Be•friend´ment , n. Act of befriending. [R.]

Be•frill´ , v. t. To furnish or deck with a frill.

Be•fringe´ , v. t. To furnish with a fringe; to form a fringe upon; to adorn as with fringe. Fuller.

Be•fud´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befuddled ] To becloud and confuse, as with liquor.

Beg , n. [Turk. beg, pronounced bay. Cf. Bey, Begum.] A title of honor in Turkey and in some other parts of the East; a bey.

Beg , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begging.] [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian (akin to Goth. bedagwa beggar), biddan to ask. (Cf. Bid, v. t.); or cf. beghard, beguin.] 1. To ask earnestly for; to entreat or supplicate for; to beseech. “I do beg your good will in this case.
Shak.” “[Joseph] begged the body of Jesus.
Matt. xxvii. 58.” Sometimes implying deferential and respectful, rather than earnest, asking; as I beg your pardon; I beg leave to disagree with you. 2. To ask for as a charity, esp. to ask for habitually or from house to house. “Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread.
Ps. xxxvii. 25.” 3. To make petition to; to entreat; as to beg a person to grant a favor. 4. To take for granted; to assume without proof. 5. (Old Law) To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for. “Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards.
Harrington.” Hence: To beg (one) for a fool, to take him for a fool. I beg to, is an elliptical expression for I beg leave to; as I beg to inform you. — To beg the question, to assume that which was to be proved in a discussion, instead of adducing the proof or sustaining the point by argument. — To go a-begging, a figurative phrase to express the absence of demand for something which elsewhere brings a price; as grapes are so plentiful there that they go a- begging. Syn. — To Beg, Ask, Request. To ask (not in the sense of inquiring) is the generic term which embraces all these words. To request is only a polite mode of asking. To beg, in its original sense, was to ask with earnestness, and implied submission, or at least deference. At present, however, in polite life, beg has dropped its original meaning, and has taken the place of both ask and request, on the ground of its expressing more of deference and respect. Thus, we beg a person’s acceptance of a present; we beg him to favor us with his company; a tradesman begs to announce the arrival of new goods, etc. Crabb remarks that, according to present usage, ´we can never talk of asking a person’s acceptance of a thing, or of asking him to do us a favor.´ This can be more truly said of usage in England than in America.

Beg, v. i. To ask alms or charity, especially to ask habitually by the wayside or from house to house; to live by asking alms. “I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed.
Luke xvi. 3.”

Be´ga , n. See Bigha.

Be•gem´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begemmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begemming.] To adorn with gems, or as with gems. “Begemmed with dewdrops.
Sir W. Scott.” “Those lonely realms bright garden isles begem.
Shelley.”

Be•get´ , v. t. [imp. Begot , (Archaic) Begat ; p. p. Begot, Begotten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begetting.] [OE. bigiten, bigeten, to get, beget, AS. begitan to get; pref. be- + gitan. See Get, v. t. ] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate; — commonly said of the father. “Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget.
Milton.” 2. To get (with child.) [Obs.] Shak. 3. To produce as an effect; to cause to exist. “Love is begot by fancy.
Granville.”

Be•get´ter , n. One who begets; a father.

Beg´ga•ble , a. Capable of being begged.

Beg´gar , n. [OE. beggere, fr. beg.] 1. One who begs; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with humility; a petitioner. 2. One who makes it his business to ask alms. 3. One who is dependent upon others for support; — a contemptuous or sarcastic use. 4. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. Abp. Tillotson.

Beg´gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beggared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beggaring.] 1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; as he had beggared himself. Milton. 2. To cause to seem very poor and inadequate. “It beggared all description.
Shak.”

Beg´gar•hood , n. The condition of being a beggar; also the class of beggars.

Beg´gar•ism , n. Beggary. [R.]

Beg´gar•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being beggarly; meanness.

Beg´gar•ly , a. 1. In the condition of, or like, a beggar; suitable for a beggar; extremely indigent; poverty-stricken; mean; poor; contemptible. ´A bankrupt, beggarly fellow.´ South. ´A beggarly fellowship.´ Swift. ´Beggarly elements.´ Gal. iv. 9. 2. Produced or occasioned by beggary. [Obs.] “Beggarly sins, that is, those sins which idleness and beggary usually betray men to; such as lying, flattery, stealing, and dissimulation.
Jer. Taylor.”

Beg´gar•ly, adv. In an indigent, mean, or despicable manner; in the manner of a beggar.

Beg´gar’s lice . (Bot.) The prickly fruit or seed of certain plants (as some species of Echinospermum and Cynoglossum) which cling to the clothing of those who brush by them.

Beg´gar’s ticks . The bur marigold (Bidens) and its achenes, which are armed with barbed awns, and adhere to clothing and fleeces with unpleasant tenacity.

Beg´gar•y , n. [OE. beggerie. See Beggar, n.] 1. The act of begging; the state of being a beggar; mendicancy; extreme poverty. 2. Beggarly appearance. [R.] “The freedom and the beggary of the old studio.
Thackeray.” Syn. — Indigence; want; penury; mendicancy.

Beg´gar•y, a. Beggarly. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Beg´ge•stere , n. [Beg + - ster.] A beggar. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Be•ghard´ Be•guard´ } , n. [F. begard, beguard; cf. G. beghard, LL. Beghardus, Begihardus, Begardus. Prob. from the root of beguine + -ard or -hard. See Beguine.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an association of religious laymen living in imitation of the Beguines. They arose in the thirteenth century, were afterward subjected to much persecution, and were suppressed by Innocent X. in 1650. Called also Beguins.

Be•gild´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begilded or Begilt .] To gild. B. Jonson.

Be•gin´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Began , Begun ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning .] [AS. beginnan (akin to OS. biginnan, D. & G. beginnen, OHG. biginnan, Goth., du-ginnan, Sw. begynna, Dan. begynde); pref. be- + an assumed ginnan. rad.31. See Gin to begin.] 1. To have or commence an independent or first existence; to take rise; to commence. “Vast chain of being! which from God began.
Pope.” 2. To do the first act or the first part of an action; to enter upon or commence something new, as a new form or state of being, or course of action; to take the first step; to start. ´Tears began to flow.´ Dryden. “When I begin, I will also make an end.
1 Sam. iii. 12.”

Be•gin´, v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence. “Ye nymphs of Solyma ! begin the song.
Pope.” 2. To trace or lay the foundation of; to make or place a beginning of. “The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of God.
Locke.” Syn. — To commence; originate; set about; start.

Be•gin´, n. Beginning. [Poetic & Obs.] Spenser.

Be•gin´ner , n. One who begins or originates anything. Specifically: A young or inexperienced practitioner or student; a tyro. “A sermon of a new beginner.
Swift.”

Be•gin´ning , n. 1. The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of an action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a course; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or states. “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
Gen. i. 1.” 2. That which begins or originates something; the first cause; origin; source. “ I am … the beginning and the ending.
Rev. i. 8.” 3. That which is begun; a rudiment or element. “Mighty things from small beginnings grow.
Dryden.” 4. Enterprise. ´To hinder our beginnings.´ Shak. Syn. — Inception; prelude; opening; threshold; origin; outset; foundation.

Be•gird´ , v. t. [imp. Begirt , Begirded; p. p. Begirt; p. pr. & vb. n. Begirding.] [AS. begyrdan (akin to Goth. bigairdan); pref. be- + gyrdan to gird.] 1. To bind with a band or girdle; to gird. 2. To surround as with a band; to encompass.

Be•gir´dle , v. t. To surround as with a girdle.

Be•girt´ , v. t. To encompass; to begird. Milton.

Beg´ler•beg , n. [Turk. beglerbeg, fr. beg, pl. begler. See Beg, n.] The governor of a province of the Ottoman empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier.

Be•gnaw´ , v. t. [p. p. Begnawed , (R.) Begnawn .] [AS. begnagan; pref. be- + gnagan to gnaw.] To gnaw; to eat away; to corrode. “The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul.
Shak.”

Be•god´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begodded.] To exalt to the dignity of a god; to deify. [Obs.] ´Begodded saints.´ South.

Be•gone´ , interj. [Be, v. i. + gone, p. p.] Go away; depart; get you gone.

Be•gone´, p. p. [OE. begon, AS. bigan; pref. be- + gan to go.] Surrounded; furnished; beset; environed (as in woe- begone). [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

Be•go´ni•a (be•go´ni•a), n. [From Michel Begon, a promoter of botany.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors.

Be•gore´ (be•gor´), v. t. To besmear with gore.

Be•got´ (be•got´), imp. & p. p. of Beget.

Be•got´ten , p. p. of Beget.

Be•grave´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + grave; akin to G. begraben, Goth. bigraban to dig a ditch around.] To bury; also to engrave. [Obs.] Gower.

Be•grease´ , v. t. To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter.

Be•grime´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begriming.] To soil with grime or dirt deeply impressed or rubbed in. “Books falling to pieces and begrimed with dust.
Macaulay.”

Be•grim´er , n. One who, or that which, begrimes.

Be•grudge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrudged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Begrudging.] To grudge; to envy the possession of.

Be•guile´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beguiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.] 1. To delude by guile, artifice, or craft; to deceive or impose on, as by a false statement; to lure. “The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
Gen. iii. 13.” 2. To elude, or evade by craft; to foil. [Obs.] “When misery could beguile the tyrant’s rage.
Shak.” 3. To cause the time of to pass without notice; to relieve the tedium or weariness of; to while away; to divert. “Ballads … to beguile his incessant wayfaring.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; mislead; amuse; divert; entertain.

Be•guile´ment , n. The act of beguiling, or the state of being beguiled.

Be•guil´er , n. One who, or that which, beguiles.

Be•guil´ing, a. Alluring by guile; deluding; misleading; diverting. — Be•guil´ing•ly, adv.

Be•guin´ , n. [F.] See Beghard.

Be•gui•nage´ , n. [F.] A collection of small houses surrounded by a wall and occupied by a community of Beguines.

Be•guine´ , n. [F. beguine; LL. beguina, beghina; fr. Lambert le Bègue (the Stammerer) the founder of the order. (Du Cange.)] A woman belonging to one of the religious and charitable associations or communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, whose members live in beguinages and are not bound by perpetual vows.

Be´gum , n. [Per., fr. Turk., perh. properly queen mother, fr. Turk. beg (see Beg, n.) + Ar. umm mother.] In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. Malcom.

Be•gun´ , p. p. of Begin.

Be•half´ , n. [OE. on-behalve in the name of, bihalven by the side of, fr. AS. healf half, also side, part: akin to G. halb half, halber on account of. See Be-, and Half, n.] Advantage; favor; stead; benefit; interest; profit; support; defense; vindication. “In behalf of his mistress’s beauty.
Sir P. Sidney.” “Against whom he had contracted some prejudice in behalf of his nation.
Clarendon.” In behalf of, in the interest of. — On behalf of, on account of; on the part of.

Be•hap´pen , v. t. To happen to. [Obs.]

Be•have´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving.] [AS. behabban to surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one’s self); pref. be- + habban to have. See Have, v. t. ] 1. To manage or govern in point of behavior; to discipline; to handle; to restrain. [Obs.] “He did behave his anger ere ’t was spent.
Shak.” 2. To carry; to conduct; to comport; to manage; to bear; — used reflexively. “Those that behaved themselves manfully.
2 Macc. ii. 21.”

Be•have´, v. i. To act; to conduct; to bear or carry one’s self; as to behave well or ill. This verb is often used colloquially without an adverb of manner; as if he does not behave, he will be punished. It is also often applied to inanimate objects; as the ship behaved splendidly.

Be•hav´ior , n. Manner of behaving, whether good or bad; mode of conducting one’s self; conduct; deportment; carriage; — used also of inanimate objects; as the behavior of a ship in a storm; the behavior of the magnetic needle. “A gentleman that is very singular in his behavior.
Steele.” To be upon one’s good behavior, To be put upon one’s good behavior, to be in a state of trial, in which something important depends on propriety of conduct. — During good behavior, while (or so long as) one conducts one’s self with integrity and fidelity or with propriety. Syn. — Bearing; demeanor; manner. — Behavior, Conduct. Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves in the presence of others or toward them; conduct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward in the concerns of life. Behavior respects our manner of acting in particular cases; conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. We may say of soldiers, that their conduct had been praiseworthy during the whole campaign, and their behavior admirable in every instance when they met the enemy.

Be•head´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beheading.] [OE. bihefden, AS. beheáfdian; pref. be- + heáfod head. See Head.] To sever the head from; to take off the head of.

Be•head´al , n. Beheading. [Modern]

Be•held´ , imp. & p. p. of Behold.

Be´he•moth , n. [Heb. behemoth, fr. Egyptian P-ehe-maut hippopotamus.] An animal, probably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15- 24. { Be´hen , Behn } , n. [Per. & Ar. bahman, behmen, an herb, whose leaves resemble ears of corn, saffron.] (Bot.) (a) The Centaurea behen, or saw-leaved centaury. (b) The Cucubalus behen, or bladder campion, now called Silene inflata. (c) The Statice limonium, or sea lavender.

Be•hest´ , n. [OE. biheste promise, command, AS. behaes promise; pref. be- + haes command. See Hest, Hight.] 1. That which is willed or ordered; a command; a mandate; an injunction. “To do his master’s high behest.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] “The time is come that I should send it her, if I keep the behest that I have made.
Paston.”

Be•hest´, v. t. To vow. [Obs.] Paston.

Be•hete´ , v. t. See Behight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•hight´ , v. t. [imp. Behight; p. p. Behight, Behoten.] [OE. bihaten, AS. behatan to vow, promise; pref. be- + hatan to call, command. See Hight, v.] [Obs. in all its senses.] 1. To promise; to vow. “Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve.
Surrey.” 2. To give in trust; to commit; to intrust. “The keys are to thy hand behight.
Spenser.” 3. To adjudge; to assign by authority. “The second was to Triamond behight.
Spenser.” 4. To mean, or intend. “More than heart behighteth.
Mir. for Mag.” 5. To consider or esteem to be; to declare to be. “All the lookers-on him dead behight.
Spenser.” 6. To call; to name; to address. “Whom … he knew and thus behight.
Spenser.” 7. To command; to order. “He behight those gates to be unbarred.
Spenser.”

Be•hight´, n. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] Surrey.

Be•hind´ , prep. [AS. behindan; pref. be- + hindan. See Hind, a.] 1. On the side opposite the front or nearest part; on the back side of; at the back of; on the other side of; as behind a door; behind a hill. “A tall Brabanter, behind whom I stood.
Bp. Hall.” 2. Left after the departure of, whether this be by removing to a distance or by death. “A small part of what he left behind him.
Pope.” 3. Left a distance by, in progress of improvement Hence: Inferior to in dignity, rank, knowledge, or excellence, or in any achievement. “I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.
2 Cor. xi. 5.”

Be•hind´, adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. ´I shall not lag behind.´ Milton. 2. Toward the back part or rear; backward; as to look behind. 3. Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view; out of sight; remaining. “We can not be sure that there is no evidence behind.
Locke.” 4. Backward in time or order of succession; past. “Forgetting those things which are behind.
Phil. ii. 13.” 5. After the departure of another; as to stay behind. “Leave not a rack behind.
Shak.”

Be•hind´, n. The backside; the rump. [Low]

Be•hind´hand , adv. & a. [Behind + hand.] 1. In arrears financially; in a state where expenditures have exceeded the receipt of funds. 2. In a state of backwardness, in respect to what is seasonable or appropriate, or as to what should have been accomplished; not equally forward with some other person or thing; dilatory; backward; late; tardy; as behindhand in studies or in work. “In this also [dress] the country are very much behindhand.
Addison.”

Be•hith´er , prep. On this side of. [Obs.] “Two miles behither Clifden.
Evelyn.”

Be•hold´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheld (p. p. formerly Beholden , now used only as a p. a.); p. pr. & vb. n. Beholding.] [OE. bihalden, biholden, AS. behealdan to hold, have in sight; pref. be- + healdan to hold, keep; akin to G. behalten to hold, keep. See Hold.] To have in sight; to see clearly; to look at; to regard with the eyes. “When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.
Num. xxi. 9.” “Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.
John. i. 29.” Syn. — To scan; gaze; regard; descry; view; discern.

Be•hold´, v. i. To direct the eyes to, or fix them upon, an object; to look; to see. “And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne, … a lamb as it had been slain.
Rev. v. 6.”

Be•hold´en , p. a. [Old p. p. of behold, used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. “But being so beholden to the Prince.
Tennyson.”

Be•hold´er , n. One who beholds; a spectator.

Be•hold´ing, a. Obliged; beholden. [Obs.] “I was much bound and beholding to the right reverend father.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).” “So much hath Oxford been beholding to her nephews, or sister’s children.
Fuller.”

Be•hold´ing, n. The act of seeing; sight; also that which is beheld. Shak.

Be•hold´ing•ness, n., The state of being obliged or beholden. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Be•hoof´ , n. [OE. to bihove for the use of, AS. behf advantage, a word implied in behflic necessary; akin to Sw. behof, Dan. behov, G. behuf, and E. heave, the root meaning to seize, hence the meanings ´to hold, make use of.´ See Heave, v. t.] Advantage; profit; benefit; interest; use. “No mean recompense it brings
To your behoof.
Milton.”

Be•hoov´a•ble , a. Supplying need; profitable; advantageous. [Obs.] Udall.

Be•hoove´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behooved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Behooving.] [OE. bihoven, behoven, AS. behfian to have need of, fr. behf. See Behoof.] To be necessary for; to be fit for; to be meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience; — mostly used impersonally. “And thus it behooved Christ to suffer.
Luke xxiv. 46.” [Also written behove.]

Be•hoove´ , v. i. To be necessary, fit, or suitable; to befit; to belong as due. Chaucer.

Be•hoove´, n. Advantage; behoof. [Obs.] “It shall not be to his behoove.
Gower.”

Be•hoove´ful , a. Advantageous; useful; profitable. [Archaic] — Be•hoove´ful•ly, adv. — Be•hoove´ful•ness, n. [Archaic]

Be•hove´ , v., and derivatives. See Behoove, &c.

Be•hove´ly, a. & adv. Useful, or usefully. [Obs.]

Be•howl´ , v. t. To howl at. [Obs.] “The wolf behowls the moon.
Shak.”

Beige , n. [F.] Debeige.

Beild , n. [Prob. from the same root as build, v. t.] A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.] “The random beild o’ clod or stane.
Burns.”

Be´ing , p. pr. from Be. Existing. Being was formerly used where we now use having. ´Being to go to a ball in a few days.´ Miss Edgeworth. In modern usage, is, are, was or were being, with a past participle following (as built, made, etc.) indicates the process toward the completed result expressed by the participle. The form is or was building, in this passive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity, is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being built. The last form of speech is, however, sufficiently authorized by approved writers. The older expression was is, or was, a-building or in building. “A man who is being strangled.
Lamb.” “While the article on Burns was being written.
Froude.” “Fresh experience is always being gained.
Jowett (Thucyd. )”

Be´ing, n. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence; state or sphere of existence. “In Him we live, and move, and have our being.
Acts xvii. 28.” 2. That which exists in any form, whether it be material or spiritual, actual or ideal; living existence, as distinguished from a thing without life; as a human being; spiritual beings. “What a sweet being is an honest mind !
Beau. & Fl.” “A Being of infinite benevolence and power.
Wordsworth.” 3. Lifetime; mortal existence. [Obs.] “Claudius, thou
Wast follower of his fortunes in his being.
Webster (1654).” 4. An abode; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. “It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger’s servants] into little beings within my manor.
Steele.”

Be´ing, adv. Since; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.] “And being you have
Declined his means, you have increased his malice.
Beau. & Fl.”

Be•jade´ , v. t. To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton.

Be•jape´ , v. t. To jape; to laugh at; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•jaun´dice , v. t. To infect with jaundice.

Be•jew´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bejeweled or Bejewelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bejewelling.] To ornament with a jewel or with jewels; to spangle. ´Bejeweled hands.´ Thackeray.

Be•jum´ble , v. t. To jumble together.

Be´kah , n. [Heb.] Half a shekel.

Be•knave´ , v. t. To call knave. [Obs.] Pope.

Be•know´ , v. t. To confess; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bel (bel), n. The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41.

Be•la´bor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belabored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.] 1. To ply diligently; to work carefully upon. ´If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldeth corn.´ Barrow. 2. To beat soundly; to cudgel. “Ajax belabors there a harmless ox.
Dryden.”

Bel•-ac•coyle´ , n. [F. bel beautiful + accueil reception.] A kind or favorable reception or salutation. [Obs.]

Be•lace´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaced .] 1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.] 2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont. 3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright.

Be•lam´ , v. t. [See Lam.] To beat or bang. [Prov. & Low, Eng.] Todd.

Bel´a•mour , n. [F. bel amour fair love.] 1. A lover. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.] “Her snowy brows, like budded belamours.
Spenser.”

Bel´a•my , n. [F. bel ami fair friend.] Good friend; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belated; p. pr. & vb. n. Belating.] To retard or make too late. Davenant.

Be•lat´ed, a. Delayed beyond the usual time; too late; overtaken by night; benighted. ´Some belated peasant.´ Milton. — Be•lat´ed•ness, n. Milton.

Be•laud´ , v. t. To laud or praise greatly.

Be•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaid, Belayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] [For senses 1 & 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay; akin to E. pref. be-, and lay to place: for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan. See pref. Be-, and Lay to place.] 1. To lay on or cover; to adorn. [Obs.] “Jacket … belayed with silver lace.
Spenser.” 2. (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten. 3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence: to block up or obstruct. [Obs.] Dryden. Belay thee! Stop.

Be•lay´ing pin (be•la´ing pin•). (Naut.) A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed.

Belch (belch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belched (belcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] [OE. belken, AS. bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.] 1. To eject or throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct. “I belched a hurricane of wind.
Swift.” 2. To eject violently from within; to cast forth; to emit; to give vent to; to vent. “Within the gates that now
Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame.
Milton.”

Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach through the mouth; to eructate. 2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden.

Belch, n. 1. The act of belching; also that which is belched; an eructation. 2. Malt liquor; — vulgarly so called as causing eructation. [Obs.] Dennis.

Belch´er , n. One who, or that which, belches. { Bel´dam Bel´dame } , n. [Pref. bel-, denoting relationship + dame mother: cf. F. belledame fair lady, It. belladonna. See Belle, and Dame.] 1. Grandmother; — corresponding to belsire. “To show the beldam daughters of her daughter.
Shak.” 2. An old woman in general; especially, an ugly old woman; a hag. “Around the beldam all erect they hang.
Akenside.”

Be•lea´guer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beleaguered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beleaguering.] [D. belegeren (akin to G. belagern, Sw. belägra, Dan. beleire); pref. be- = E. be- + leger bed, camp, army, akin to E. lair. See Lair.] To surround with an army so as to preclude escape; to besiege; to blockade. “The wail of famine in beleaguered towns.
Longfellow.” Syn. — To block up; environ; invest; encompass.

Be•lea´guer•er , n. One who beleaguers.

Be•leave´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Beleft .] To leave or to be left. [Obs.] May.

Be•lec´ture , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belectured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belecturing.] To vex with lectures; to lecture frequently.

Be•lee´ , v. t. To place under the lee, or unfavorably to the wind. Shak.

Be•lem´nite , n. [Gr. dart, fr. dart, fr. to throw: cf. F. belemnite.] (Paleon.) A conical calcareous fossil, tapering to a point at the lower extremity, with a conical cavity at the other end, where it is ordinarily broken; but when perfect it contains a small chambered cone, called the phragmocone, prolonged, on one side, into a delicate concave blade; the thunderstone. It is the internal shell of a cephalopod related to the sepia, and belonging to an extinct family. The belemnites are found in rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. — Bel•em•nit´ic, a.

Be•lep´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belepered .] To infect with leprosy. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Bel´-es•prit´ , n.; pl. Beaux -esprits . [F., fine wit.] A fine genius, or man of wit. ´A man of letters and a bel esprit.´ W. Irving.

Bel´fry , n. [OE. berfray movable tower used in sieges, OF. berfreit, berfroit, F. beffroi, fr. MHG. bervrit, bercvrit, G. bergfriede, fr. MHG. bergen to protect (G. bergen to conceal) + vride peace, protection, G. friede peace; in compounds often taken in the sense of security, or place of security; orig. therefore a place affording security. G. friede is akin to E. free. See Burg, and Free.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) A movable tower erected by besiegers for purposes of attack and defense. 2. A bell tower, usually attached to a church or other building, but sometimes separate; a campanile. 3. A room in a tower in which a bell is or may be hung; or a cupola or turret for the same purpose. 4. (Naut.) The framing on which a bell is suspended.

Bel•gard´ , n. [It. bel guardo.] A sweet or loving look. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bel´gi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Belgium. — n. A native or inhabitant of Belgium.

Bel´gic , a. [L. Belgicus, fr. Belgae the Belgians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Belgae, a German tribe who anciently possessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. “How unlike their Belgic sires of old.
Goldsmith.” 2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands or to Belgium.

Bel•gra´vi•an , a. Belonging to Belgravia (a fashionable quarter of London, around Pimlico), or to fashionable life; aristocratic.

Be´li•al , n. [Heb. beli ya’al; beli without + ya’al profit.] An evil spirit; a wicked and unprincipled person; the personification of evil. “What concord hath Christ with Belia ?
2 Cor. vi. 15.” A son (or man) of Belial, a worthless, wicked, or thoroughly depraved person. 1 Sam. ii. 12.

Be•li´bel , v. t. [See Libel, v. t. ] To libel or traduce; to calumniate. Fuller.

Be•lie´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belying .] [OE. bilien, bilien, AS. beleógan; pref. be- + leógan to lie. See Lie, n.] 1. To show to be false; to convict of, or charge with, falsehood. “Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues.
Dryden.” 2. To give a false representation or account of. “Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts.
Shak.” 3. To tell lie about; to calumniate; to slander. “Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him.
Shak.” 4. To mimic; to counterfeit. [Obs.] Dryden. 5. To fill with lies. [Obs.] ´The breath of slander doth belie all corners of the world.´ Shak.

Be•lief´ , n. [OE. bileafe, bileve; cf. AS. geleáfa. See Believe.] 1. Assent to a proposition or affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, opinion, or assertion as real or true, without immediate personal knowledge; reliance upon word or testimony; partial or full assurance without positive knowledge or absolute certainty; persuasion; conviction; confidence; as belief of a witness; the belief of our senses. “Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion to the fullest assurance.
Reid.” 2. (Theol.) A persuasion of the truths of religion; faith. “No man can attain [to] belief by the bare contemplation of heaven and earth.
Hooker.” 3. The thing believed; the object of belief. “Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men.
Bacon.” 4. A tenet, or the body of tenets, held by the advocates of any class of views; doctrine; creed. “In the heat of persecution to which Christian belief was subject upon its first promulgation.
Hooker.” Ultimate belief, a first principle incapable of proof; an intuitive truth; an intuition. Sir W. Hamilton. Syn. — Credence; trust; reliance; assurance; opinion.

Be•lief´ful , a. Having belief or faith.

Be•liev´a•ble , a. Capable of being believed; credible. — Be•liev´a•ble•ness, n. — Be•liev•a•bil´i•ty , n.

Be•lieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Believed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Believing.] [OE. bileven (with pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gelfan, gelfan; akin to D. gelooven, OHG. gilouban, G. glauben, OS. gilbian, Goth. galaubjan, and Goth. liubs dear. See Lief, a., Leave, n.] To exercise belief in; to credit upon the authority or testimony of another; to be persuaded of the truth of, upon evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and deductions of the mind, or by circumstances other than personal knowledge; to regard or accept as true; to place confidence in; to think; to consider; as to believe a person, a statement, or a doctrine. “Our conqueror (whom I now
Of force believe almighty).
Milton.” “King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets ?
Acts xxvi. 27.” “Often followed by a dependent clause.
I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.
Acts viii. 37.” Syn. — See Expect.

Be•lieve´, v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, esp. of the truths of religion; to have a persuasion approaching to certainty; to exercise belief or faith. “Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.
Mark ix. 24.” “With the heart man believeth unto righteousness.
Rom. x. 10.” 2. To think; to suppose. “I will not believe so meanly of you.
Fielding.” To believe in. (a) To believe that the subject of the thought (if a person or thing) exists, or (if an event) that it has occurred, or will occur; — as to believe in the resurrection of the dead. ´She does not believe in Jupiter.´ J. H. Newman. (b) To believe that the character, abilities, and purposes of a person are worthy of entire confidence; — especially that his promises are wholly trustworthy. ´Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me.´ John xiv. 1. (c) To believe that the qualities or effects of an action or state are beneficial: as to believe in sea bathing, or in abstinence from alcoholic beverages. — To believe on, to accept implicitly as an object of religious trust or obedience; to have faith in.

Be•liev´er , n. 1. One who believes; one who is persuaded of the truth or reality of some doctrine, person, or thing. 2. (Theol.) One who gives credit to the truth of the Scriptures, as a revelation from God; a Christian; — in a more restricted sense, one who receives Christ as his Savior, and accepts the way of salvation unfolded in the gospel. “Thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers.
Book of Com. Prayer.” 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who was admitted to all the rights of divine worship and instructed in all the mysteries of the Christian religion, in distinction from a catechumen, or one yet under instruction.

Be•liev´ing, a. That believes; having belief. — Be•liev´ing•ly, adv.

Be•light´ , v. t. To illuminate. [Obs.] Cowley.

Be•like´ , adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + like.] It is likely or probably; perhaps. [Obs. or Archaic] — Be•like´ly, adv. “Belike, boy, then you are in love.
Shak.”

Be•lime´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belimed .] To besmear or insnare with birdlime.

Be•lit´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belittled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling.] To make little or less in a moral sense; to speak of in a depreciatory or contemptuous way. T. Jefferson.

Be•live´ , adv. [Cf. Live, a.] Forthwith; speedily; quickly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Belk , v. t. [See Belch.] To vomit. [Obs.]

Bell , n. [AS. belle, fr. bellan to bellow. See Bellow.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel, usually shaped somewhat like a cup with a flaring mouth, containing a clapper or tongue, and giving forth a ringing sound on being struck. Bells have been made of various metals, but the best have always been, as now, of an alloy of copper and tin. The Liberty Bell, the famous bell of the Philadelphia State House, which rang when the Continental Congress declared the Independence of the United States, in 1776. It had been cast in 1753, and upon it were the words ´Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof.´ 2. A hollow perforated sphere of metal containing a loose ball which causes it to sound when moved. 3. Anything in the form of a bell, as the cup or corol of a flower. ´In a cowslip’s bell I lie.´ Shak. 4. (Arch.) That part of the capital of a column included between the abacus and neck molding; also used for the naked core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within the leafage of a capital. 5. pl. (Naut.) The strikes of the bell which mark the time; or the time so designated. On shipboard, time is marked by a bell, which is struck eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o’clock. Half an hour after it has struck ´eight bells´ it is struck once, and at every succeeding half hour the number of strokes is increased by one, till at the end of the four hours, which constitute a watch, it is struck eight times. To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. Fuller. — To bear the bell, to be the first or leader; — in allusion to the bellwether or a flock, or the leading animal of a team or drove, when wearing a bell. — To curse by bell, book, and candle, a solemn form of excommunication used in the Roman Catholic church, the bell being tolled, the book of offices for the purpose being used, and three candles being extinguished with certain ceremonies. Nares. — To lose the bell, to be worsted in a contest. ´In single fight he lost the bell.´ Fairfax. — To shake the bells, to move, give notice, or alarm. Shak. Bell is much used adjectively or in combinations; as bell clapper; bell foundry; bell hanger; bell- mouthed; bell tower, etc., which, for the most part, are self- explaining. Bell arch (Arch.), an arch of unusual form, following the curve of an ogee. — Bell cage, or Bell carriage (Arch.), a timber frame constructed to carry one or more large bells. — Bell cot (Arch.), a small or subsidiary construction, frequently corbeled out from the walls of a structure, and used to contain and support one or more bells. — Bell deck (Arch.), the floor of a belfry made to serve as a roof to the rooms below. — Bell founder, one whose occupation it is to found or cast bells. — Bell foundry, or Bell foundery, a place where bells are founded or cast. — Bell gable (Arch.), a small gable-shaped construction, pierced with one or more openings, and used to contain bells. — Bell glass. See Bell jar. — Bell hanger, a man who hangs or puts up bells. — Bell pull, a cord, handle, or knob, connecting with a bell or bell wire, and which will ring the bell when pulled. Aytoun. — Bell punch, a kind of conductor’s punch which rings a bell when used. — Bell ringer, one who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for public entertainment. — Bell roof (Arch.), a roof shaped according to the general lines of a bell. — Bell rope, a rope by which a church or other bell is rung. — Bell tent, a circular conical-topped tent. — Bell trap, a kind of bell shaped stench trap.

Bell , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belling.] To put a bell upon; as to bell the cat. 2. To make bell-mouthed; as to bell a tube.

Bell, v. i. To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as hops bell.

Bell, v. t. [AS. bellan. See Bellow.] To utter by bellowing. [Obs.]

Bell, v. i. To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting time; to make a bellowing sound; to roar. “As loud as belleth wind in hell.
Chaucer.” “The wild buck bells from ferny brake.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bel•la•don´na , n. [It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful + donna lady.] (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents. Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains. Called also deadly nightshade. (b) A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

Bell´ an•i•mal´cule . (Zoöl.) An infusorian of the family Vorticellidae, common in fresh-water ponds.

Bell´ bear•er . (Zoöl.) A Brazilian leaf hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), remarkable for the four bell- shaped appendages of its thorax.

Bell´bird , n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family Cotingidae, of several species; the campanero. (b) The Myzantha melanophrys of Australia.

Bell´ crank . A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle, having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle. It is used in bell pulls and in changing the direction of bell wires at angles of rooms, etc., and also in machinery.

Belle (bel), n. [F. belle, fem. of bel, beau, beautiful, fine. See Beau.] A young lady of superior beauty and attractions; a handsome lady, or one who attracts notice in society; a fair lady.

Belled (beld), a. Hung with a bell or bells.

Belle-let´trist , n. One versed in belles-lettres.

Bel•ler´o•phon , n. (Paleon.) A genus of fossil univalve shells, believed to belong to the Heteropoda, peculiar to the Paleozoic age.

Belles-let´tres , n. pl. [F.] Polite or elegant literature; the humanities; — used somewhat vaguely for literary works in which imagination and taste are predominant. { Bel•le•tris´tic , Bel•le•tris´tic•al } a. Occupied with, or pertaining to, belles- lettres. ´An unlearned, belletristic trifler.´ M. Arnold.

Bell´-faced , a. Having the striking surface convex; — said of hammers.

Bell´flow•er , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Campanula; — so named from its bell-shaped flowers.

Bell´flow•er, n. [F. bellefleur, lit., beautiful flower.] A kind of apple. The yellow bellflower is a large, yellow winter apple. [Written also bellefleur.]

Bel´li•bone , n. [F. belle et bonne, beautiful and good.] A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness; a fair maid. [Obs.] Spenser. { Bel´lic , Bel´li•cal } a. [L. bellicus. See Bellicose.] Of or pertaining to war; warlike; martial. [Obs.] ´Bellic Caesar.´ Feltham.

Bel´li•cose , a. [L. bellicosus, fr. bellicus of war, fr. bellum war. See Duel.] Inclined to war or contention; warlike; pugnacious. “Arnold was in fact, in a bellicose vein.
W. Irving.”

Bel´li•cose•ly, adv. In a bellicose manner.

Bel´li•cous , a. Bellicose. [Obs.]

Bel´lied , a. Having (such) a belly; puffed out; — used in composition; as pot-bellied; shad- bellied. { Bel•lig´er•ence , Bel•lig´er•en•cy } n. The quality of being belligerent; act or state of making war; warfare.

Bel•lig´er•ent , a. [L. bellum war + gerens, -entis, waging, p. pr. of gerere to wage: cf. F. belligerant. See Bellicose, Jest.] 1. Waging war; carrying on war. ´Belligerent powers.´ E. Everett. 2. Pertaining, or tending, to war; of or relating to belligerents; as a belligerent tone; belligerent rights.

Bel•lig´er•ent, n. A nation or state recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in warfare.

Bel•lig´er•ent•ly, adv. In a belligerent manner; hostilely.

Bell´ing , n. [From Bell to bellow.] A bellowing, as of a deer in rutting time. Johnson.

Bel•lip´o•tent , a. [L. bellipotens; bellum war + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Mighty in war; armipotent. [R.] Blount.

Bell´ jar . (Phys.) A glass vessel, varying in size, open at the bottom and closed at the top like a bell, and having a knob or handle at the top for lifting it. It is used for a great variety of purposes; as with the air pump, and for holding gases, also for keeping the dust from articles exposed to view.

Bell´man , n. A man who rings a bell, especially to give notice of anything in the streets. Formerly, also a night watchman who called the hours. Milton.

Bell´ met•al . A hard alloy or bronze, consisting usually of about three parts of copper to one of tin; — used for making bells. Bell metal ore, a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron; the mineral stannite.

Bell´-mouthed , a. Expanding at the mouth; as a bell-mouthed gun. Byron.

Bel´lon , n. Lead colic.

Bel•lo´na , n. [L., from bellum war.] (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of war.

Bel´low , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bellowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellowing.] [OE. belwen, belowen, AS. bylgean, fr. bellan; akin to G. bellen, and perh. to L. flere to weep, OSlav. bleja to bleat, Lith. balsas voice. Cf. Bell, n. & v., Bawl, Bull.] 1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as an enraged bull. 2. To bowl; to vociferate; to clamor. Dryden. 3. To roar; as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when violent; to make a loud, hollow, continued sound. “The bellowing voice of boiling seas.
Dryden.”

Bel´low, v. t. To emit with a loud voice; to shout; — used with out. ´Would bellow out a laugh.´ Dryden.

Bel´low, n. A loud resounding outcry or noise, as of an enraged bull; a roar.

Bel´low•er , n. One who, or that which, bellows.

Bel´lows , n. sing. & pl. [OE. bely, below, belly, bellows, AS. baelg, baelig, bag, bellows, belly. Bellows is prop. a pl. and the orig. sense is bag. See Belly.] An instrument, utensil, or machine, which, by alternate expansion and contraction, or by rise and fall of the top, draws in air through a valve and expels it through a tube for various purposes, as blowing fires, ventilating mines, or filling the pipes of an organ with wind. Bellows camera, in photography, a form of camera, which can be drawn out like an accordion or bellows. — Hydrostatic bellows. See Hydrostatic. — A pair of bellows, the ordinary household instrument for blowing fires, consisting of two nearly heart-shaped boards with handles, connected by leather, and having a valve and tube.

Bel´lows fish . (Zoöl.) A European fish (Centriscus scolopax), distinguished by a long tubular snout, like the pipe of a bellows; — called also trumpet fish, and snipe fish.

Bell´ pep•per . (Bot.) A species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper (C. annuum). It is the red pepper of the gardens.

Bell´-shaped (-shapt•), a. Having the shape of a wide-mouthed bell; campanulate.

Bel´lu•ine , a. [L. belluinus, fr. bellua beast.] Pertaining to, or like, a beast; brutal. [R.] “Animal and belluine life.
Atterbury.”

Bell´weth•er , n. 1. A wether, or sheep, which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. 2. Hence: A leader. [Contemptuous] Swift.

Bell´wort´ , n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Uvularia) with yellowish bell-shaped flowers.

Bel´ly (bel´ly), n.; pl. Bellies (-liz). [OE. bali, bely, AS. belg, baelg, baelig, bag, bellows, belly; akin to Icel. belgr bag, bellows, Sw. bälg, Dan. baelg, D. & G. balg, cf. W. bol the paunch or belly, dim. boly, Ir. bolg. Cf. Bellows, Follicle, Fool, Bilge.] 1. That part of the human body which extends downward from the breast to the thighs, and contains the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen. Formerly all the splanchnic or visceral cavities were called bellies; — the lower belly being the abdomen; the middle belly, the thorax; and the upper belly, the head. Dunglison. 2. The under part of the body of animals, corresponding to the human belly. “Underneath the belly of their steeds.
Shak.” 3. The womb. [Obs.] “Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee.
Jer. i. 5.” 4. The part of anything which resembles the human belly in protuberance or in cavity; the innermost part; as the belly of a flask, muscle, sail, ship. “Out of the belly of hell cried I.
Jonah ii. 2.” 5. (Arch.) The hollow part of a curved or bent timber, the convex part of which is the back. Belly doublet, a doublet of the 16th century, hanging down so as to cover the belly. Shak. — Belly fretting, the chafing of a horse’s belly with a girth. Johnson. — Belly timber, food. [Ludicrous] Prior. — Belly worm, a worm that breeds or lives in the belly (stomach or intestines). Johnson.

Bel´ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bellied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellying.] To cause to swell out; to fill. [R.] “Your breath of full consent bellied his sails.
Shak.”

Bel´ly, v. i. To swell and become protuberant, like the belly; to bulge. “The bellying canvas strutted with the gale.
Dryden.”

Bel´ly•ache , n. Pain in the bowels; colic.

Bel´ly•band , n. 1. A band that passes under the belly of a horse and holds the saddle or harness in place; a girth. 2. A band of flannel or other cloth about the belly. 3. (Naut.) A band of canvas to strengthen a sail.

Bel´ly•bound , a. Costive; constipated.

Bel´ly•cheat , n. An apron or covering for the front of the person. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Bel´ly•cheer , n. [Perh. from F. belle chère.] Good cheer; viands. [Obs.] ´Bellycheer and banquets.´ Rowlands. ´Loaves and bellycheer.´ Milton.

Bel´ly•cheer, v. i. To revel; to feast. [Obs.] “A pack of clergymen [assembled] by themselves to bellycheer in their presumptuous Sion.
Milton.”

Bel´ly•ful , n. As much as satisfies the appetite. Hence: A great abundance; more than enough. Lloyd. “King James told his son that he would have his bellyful of parliamentary impeachments.
Johnson.”

Bel´ly-god , n. One whose great pleasure it is to gratify his appetite; a glutton; an epicure.

Bel´ly-pinched , a. Pinched with hunger; starved. ´The belly-pinched wolf.´ Shak.

Be•lock´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belocked .] [Pref. be- + lock: cf. AS. belcan.] To lock, or fasten as with a lock. [Obs.] Shak.

Bel´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ; arrow + a diviner: cf. F. belomancie.] A kind of divination anciently practiced by means of marked arrows drawn at random from a bag or quiver, the marks on the arrows drawn being supposed to foreshow the future. Encyc. Brit.

Be•long´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Belonged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Belonging.] [OE. belongen (akin to D. belangen to concern, G. belangen to attain to, to concern); pref. be- + longen to desire. See Long, v. i.] [Usually construed with to.] 1. To be the property of; as Jamaica belongs to Great Britain. 2. To be a part of, or connected with; to be appendant or related; to owe allegiance or service. “A desert place belonging to … Bethsaids.
Luke ix. 10.” “The mighty men which belonged to David.
1 Kings i. 8.” 3. To be the concern or proper business or function of; to appertain to. ´Do not interpretations belong to God ?´ Gen. xl. 8. 4. To be suitable for; to be due to. “Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age.
Heb. v. 14.” “No blame belongs to thee.
Shak.” 5. To be native to, or an inhabitant of; esp. to have a legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town. “Bastards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers belong.
Blackstone.”

Be•long´ , v. t. To be deserved by. [Obs.] “More evils belong us than happen to us.
B. Jonson.”

Be•long´ing, n. [Commonly in the pl.] 1. That which belongs to one; that which pertains to one; hence, goods or effects. ´Thyself and thy belongings.´ Shak. 2. That which is connected with a principal or greater thing; an appendage; an appurtenance. 3. Family; relations; household. [Colloq.] “Few persons of her ladyship’s belongings stopped, before they did her bidding, to ask her reasons.
Thackeray.”

Bel´o•nite , n. [Gr. a needle.] (Min.) Minute acicular or dendritic crystalline forms sometimes observed in glassy volcanic rocks. { Bel•oo´che Bel•oo´chee } , a. Of or pertaining to Beloochistan, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Beloochistan.

Be•lord´ , v. t. 1. To act the lord over. 2. To address by the title of ´lord´.

Be•love´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beloved .] [OE. bilufien. See pref. Be- , and Love, v. t.] To love. [Obs.] Wodroephe.

Be•loved´ , p. p. & a. Greatly loved; dear to the heart. “Antony, so well beloved of Caesar.
Shak.” “This is my beloved Son.
Matt. iii. 17.”

Be•lov´ed , n. One greatly loved. “My beloved is mine, and I am his.
Cant. ii. 16.”

Be•low´ , prep. [Pref. be- by + low.] 1. Under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; as below the moon; below the knee. Shak. 2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, dignity, value, amount, price, etc.; lower in quality. ´One degree below kings.´ Addison. 3. Unworthy of; unbefitting; beneath. “They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, … how below all history the persons and their actions were.
Milton.” “Who thinks no fact below his regard.
Hallam.” Syn. — Underneath; under; beneath.

Be•low´, adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any object; in a lower room; beneath. “Lord Marmion waits below.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. “The fairest child of Jove below.
Prior.” 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. “What business brought him to the realms below.
Dryden.” 4. In court or tribunal of inferior jurisdiction; as at the trial below. Wheaton. 5. In some part or page following.

Be•lowt´ , v. t. To treat as a lout; to talk abusively to. [Obs.] Camden.

Bel´sire , n. [Pref. bel- + sire. Cf. Beldam.] A grandfather, or ancestor. ´His great belsire Brute.´ [Obs.] Drayton.

Bel´swag•ger , n. [Contr. from bellyswagger.] A lewd man; also a bully. [Obs.] Dryden.

Belt (belt), n. [AS. belt; akin to Icel. belti, Sw. bälte, Dan. baelte, OHG. balz, L. balteus, Ir. & Gael. balt border, belt.] 1. That which engirdles a person or thing; a band or girdle; as a lady’s belt; a sword belt. “The shining belt with gold inlaid.
Dryden.” 2. That which restrains or confines as a girdle. “He cannot buckle his distempered cause
Within the belt of rule.
Shak.” 3. Anything that resembles a belt, or that encircles or crosses like a belt; a strip or stripe; as a belt of trees; a belt of sand. 4. (Arch.) Same as Band, n., 2. A very broad band is more properly termed a belt. 5. (Astron.) One of certain girdles or zones on the surface of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be of the nature of clouds. 6. (Geog.) A narrow passage or strait; as the Great Belt and the Lesser Belt, leading to the Baltic Sea. 7. (Her.) A token or badge of knightly rank. 8. (Mech.) A band of leather, or other flexible substance, passing around two wheels, and communicating motion from one to the other. [See Illust. of Pulley.] 9. (Nat. Hist.) A band or stripe, as of color, round any organ; or any circular ridge or series of ridges. Belt lacing, thongs used for lacing together the ends of machine belting.

Belt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belted; p. pr. & vb. n. Belting.] To encircle with, or as with, a belt; to encompass; to surround. “A coarse black robe belted round the waist.
C. Reade.” “They belt him round with hearts undaunted.
Wordsworth.” 2. To shear, as the buttocks and tails of sheep. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bel´tane , n. [Gael. bealltainn, bealltuinn.] 1. The first day of May (Old Style). “The quarter-days anciently in Scotland were Hallowmas Candlemas Beltane, and Lammas.
New English Dict.” 2. A festival of the heathen Celts on the first day of May, in the observance of which great bonfires were kindled. It still exists in a modified form in some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Belt´ed , a. 1. Encircled by, or secured with, a belt; as a belted plaid; girt with a belt, as an honorary distinction; as a belted knight; a belted earl. 2. Marked with a band or circle; as a belted stalk. 3. Worn in, or suspended from, the belt. “Three men with belted brands.
Sir W. Scott.” Belted cattle, cattle originally from Dutch stock, having a broad band of white round the middle, while the rest of the body is black; — called also blanketed cattle. { Bel´tein , Bel´tin } , n. See Beltane.

Belt´ing , n. The material of which belts for machinery are made; also belts, taken collectively.

Be•lu´ga (be•lu´ga), n. [Russ. bieluga a sort of large sturgeon, prop. white fish, fr. bieluii white.] (Zoöl.) A cetacean allied to the dolphins. The northern beluga (Delphinapterus catodon) is the white whale and white fish of the whalers. It grows to be from twelve to eighteen feet long.

Be•lute´ (be•lut´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Beluting.] [Pref. be- + L. lutum mud.] To bespatter, as with mud. [R.] Sterne.

Bel•ve•dere´ , n. [It., fr. bello, bel, beautiful + vedere to see.] (Arch.) A small building, or a part of a building, more or less open, constructed in a place commanding a fine prospect.

Bel´ze•buth , n. [From Beelzebub.] (Zoöl.) A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Brazil.

Be´ma , n. [Gr. step, platform.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A platform from which speakers addressed an assembly. Mitford. 2. (Arch.) (a) That part of an early Christian church which was reserved for the higher clergy; the inner or eastern part of the chancel. (b) Erroneously: A pulpit.

Be•mad´ , v. t. To make mad. [Obs.] Fuller.

Be•man´gle , v. t. To mangle; to tear asunder. [R.] Beaumont.

Be•mask´ , v. t. To mask; to conceal.

Be•mas´ter , v. t. To master thoroughly.

Be•maul´ , v. t. To maul or beat severely; to bruise. ´In order to bemaul Yorick.´ Sterne.

Be•maze , v. t. [OE. bimasen; pref. be- + masen to maze.] To bewilder. “Intellects bemazed in endless doubt.
Cowper.”

Be•mean´ , v. t. To make mean; to lower. C. Reade.

Be•meet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemet ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemeeting.] To meet. [Obs.] “Our very loving sister, well bemet.
Shak.”

Be•mete´ , v. t. To mete. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•min´gle , v. t. To mingle; to mix.

Be•mire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemired ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemiring.] To drag through, encumber with, or fix in, the mire; to soil by passing through mud or dirt. “Bemired and benighted in the dog.
Burke.”

Be•mist´ , v. t. To envelop in mist. [Obs.]

Be•moan´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemoaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemoaning.] [OE. bimenen, AS. bemnan; pref. be- + mnan to moan. See Moan.] To express deep grief for by moaning; to express sorrow for; to lament; to bewail; to pity or sympathize with. “Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans.
Dryden.” Syn. — See Deplore.

Be•moan´er , n. One who bemoans.

Be•mock´ , v. t. To mock; to ridicule. “Bemock the modest moon.
Shak.”

Be•moil´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + moil, fr. F. mouiller to wet; but cf. also OE. bimolen to soil, fr. AS. mal spot: cf. E. mole.] To soil or encumber with mire and dirt. [Obs.] Shak.

Be´mol (be´mol), n. [F. bemol, fr. be &flat; + mol soft.] (Mus.) The sign &flat;; the same as B flat. [Obs.]

Be•mon´ster , v. t. To make monstrous or like a monster. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•mourn´ , v. t. To mourn over. Wyclif.

Be•mud´dle , v. t. To muddle; to stupefy or bewilder; to confuse.

Be•muf´fle , v. t. To cover as with a muffler; to wrap up. “Bemuffled with the externals of religion.
Sterne.”

Be•muse´ , v. t. To muddle, daze, or partially stupefy, as with liquor. “A parson much bemused in beer.
Pope.” { Ben , Ben´ nut• } . [Ar. ban, name of the tree.] (Bot.) The seed of one or more species of moringa; as oil of ben. See Moringa.

Ben, adv. & prep. [AS. binnan; pref. be- by + innan within, in in.] Within; in; in or into the interior; toward the inner apartment. [Scot.]

Ben, n. [See Ben, adv.] The inner or principal room in a hut or house of two rooms; — opposed to but, the outer apartment. [Scot.]

Ben. An old form of the pl. indic. pr. of Be. [Obs.]

Be•name´ , v. t. [p. p. Benamed, Benempt.] To promise; to name. [Obs.]

Bench , n.; pl. Benches . [OE. bench, benk, AS. benc; akin to Sw. bänk, Dan baenk, Icel. bekkr, OS., D., & G. bank. Cf. Bank, Beach.] 1. A long seat, differing from a stool in its greater length. “Mossy benches supplied the place of chairs.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A long table at which mechanics and other work; as a carpenter’s bench. 3. The seat where judges sit in court. “To pluck down justice from your awful bench.
Shak.” 4. The persons who sit as judges; the court; as the opinion of the full bench. See King’s Bench. 5. A collection or group of dogs exhibited to the public; — so named because the animals are usually placed on benches or raised platforms. 6. A conformation like a bench; a long stretch of flat ground, or a kind of natural terrace, near a lake or river. Bench mark (Leveling), one of a number of marks along a line of survey, affixed to permanent objects, to show where leveling staffs were placed. — Bench of bishops, the whole body of English prelates assembled in council. — Bench plane, any plane used by carpenters and joiners for working a flat surface, as jack planes, long planes. — Bench show, an exhibition of dogs. — Bench table (Arch.), a projecting course at the base of a building, or round a pillar, sufficient to form a seat.

Bench , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Benching.] 1. To furnish with benches. “’T was benched with turf.
Dryden.” “Stately theaters benched crescentwise.
Tennyson.” 2. To place on a bench or seat of honor. “Whom I … have benched and reared to worship.
Shak.”

Bench, v. i. To sit on a seat of justice. [R.] Shak.

Bench´er , n. 1. (Eng. Law) One of the senior and governing members of an Inn of Court. 2. An alderman of a corporation. [Eng.] Ashmole. 3. A member of a court or council. [Obs.] Shak. 4. One who frequents the benches of a tavern; an idler. [Obs.]

Bench´ war•rant . (Law) A process issued by a presiding judge or by a court against a person guilty of some contempt, or indicted for some crime; — so called in distinction from a justice’s warrant.

Bend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bended or Bent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bending.] [AS. bendan to bend, fr. bend a band, bond, fr. bindan to bind. See Bind, v. t., and cf. 3d & 4th Bend.] 1. To strain or move out of a straight line; to crook by straining; to make crooked; to curve; to make ready for use by drawing into a curve; as to bend a bow; to bend the knee. 2. To turn toward some certain point; to direct; to incline. ´Bend thine ear to supplication.´ Milton. “Towards Coventry bend we our course.
Shak.” “Bending her eyes … upon her parent.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. To apply closely or with interest; to direct. “To bend his mind to any public business.
Temple.” “But when to mischief mortals bend their will.
Pope.” 4. To cause to yield; to render submissive; to subdue. ´Except she bend her humor.´ Shak. 5. (Naut.) To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a sail to its yard or stay; or as a cable to the ring of an anchor. Totten. To bend the brow, to knit the brow, as in deep thought or in anger; to scowl; to frown. Camden. Syn. — To lean; stoop; deflect; bow; yield.

Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a straight line; to crook or be curving; to bow. “The green earth’s end
Where the bowed welkin slow doth bend.
Milton.” 2. To jut over; to overhang. “There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully in the confined deep.
Shak.” 3. To be inclined; to be directed. “To whom our vows and wished bend.
Milton.” 4. To bow in prayer, or in token of submission. “While each to his great Father bends.
Coleridge.”

Bend, n. [See Bend, v. t., and cf. Bent, n.] 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or from the proper direction or normal position; a curve; a crook; as a slight bend of the body; a bend in a road. 2. Turn; purpose; inclination; ends. [Obs.] “Farewell, poor swain; thou art not for my bend.
Fletcher.” 3. (Naut.) A knot by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor, spar, or post. Totten. 4. (Leather Trade) The best quality of sole leather; a butt. See Butt. 5. (Mining) Hard, indurated clay; bind. 6. pl. (Med.) same as caisson disease. Usually referred to as the bends. Bends of a ship, the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more generally called wales. They have the beams, knees, and foothooks bolted to them. also the frames or ribs that form the ship’s body from the keel to the top of the sides; as the midship bend.

Bend, n. [AS. bend. See Band, and cf. the preceding noun.] 1. A band. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. [OF. bende, bande, F. bande. See Band.] (Her.) One of the honorable ordinaries, containing a third or a fifth part of the field. It crosses the field diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. Bend sinister (Her.), an honorable ordinary drawn from the sinister chief to the dexter base.

Bend´a•ble , a. Capable of being bent.

Bend´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, bends. 2. An instrument used for bending. 3. A drunken spree. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett. 4. A sixpence. [Slang, Eng.]

Bend´ing, n. The marking of the clothes with stripes or horizontal bands. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bend´let , n. [Bend + - let: cf. E. bandlet.] (Her.) A narrow bend, esp. one half the width of the bend.

Bend´wise , adv. (Her.) Diagonally.

Ben´dy , a. [From Bend a band.] (Her.) Divided into an even number of bends; — said of a shield or its charge. Cussans.

Ben´e , n. (Bot.) See Benne.

Be´ne , n. [AS. ben.] A prayer; boon. [Archaic] “What is good for a bootless bene ?
Wordsworth.” { Bene , Ben } , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A hoglike mammal of New Guinea (Porcula papuensis).

Be•neaped´ , a. (Naut.) See Neaped.

Be•neath´ , prep. [OE. benethe, bineoðen, AS. beneoðan, benyðan; pref. be- + neoðan, nyðan, downward, beneath, akin to E. nether. See Nether.] 1. Lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; hence, at the foot of. ´Beneath the mount.´ Ex. xxxii. 19. “Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies.
Pope.” 2. Under, in relation to something that is superior, or that oppresses or burdens. “Our country sinks beneath the yoke.
Shak.” 3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; as brutes are beneath man; man is beneath angels in the scale of beings. Hence: Unworthy of; unbecoming. “He will do nothing that is beneath his high station.
Atterbury.”

Be•neath´ , adv. 1. In a lower place; underneath. “The earth you take from beneath will be barren.
Mortimer.” 2. Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region or position; as in earth beneath.

Ben•e•dic´i•te , n. [L., (imperative pl.,) bless ye, praise ye.] A canticle (the Latin version of which begins with this word) which may be used in the order for morning prayer in the Church of England. It is taken from an apocryphal addition to the third chapter of Daniel.

Ben•e•dic´i•te, interj. [See Benedicite, n.] An exclamation corresponding to Bless you !. { Ben´e•dict , Ben´e•dick } n. [From Benedick, one of the characters in Shakespeare’s play of ´Much Ado about Nothing.´] A married man, or a man newly married.

Ben´e•dict, a. [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.] Having mild and salubrious qualities. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ben•e•dic´tine , a. Pertaining to the monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet.

Ben•e•dic´tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century. This order was introduced into the United States in 1846. The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Frrs which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes applied to the Benedictines.

Ben•e•dic´tion , n. [L. benedictio: cf. F. benediction. See Benison.] 1. The act of blessing. 2. A blessing; an expression of blessing, prayer, or kind wishes in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness. “So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus
Followed with benediction.
Milton.” “Homeward serenely she walked with God’s benediction upon her.
Longfellow.” Specifically: The short prayer which closes public worship; as to give the benediction. 3. (Eccl.) The form of instituting an abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe. 4. (R. C. Ch.) A solemn rite by which bells, banners, candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally dedicated to God.

Ben•e•dic´tion•al , n. A book of benedictions.

Ben•e•dic´tion•a•ry , n. A collected series of benedictions. “The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold.
G. Gurton’s Needle.”

Ben•e•dic´tive , a. Tending to bless. Gauden.

Ben•e•dic´to•ry , a. Expressing wishes for good; as a benedictory prayer. Thackeray.

Ben•e•dic´tus , n. [L., blessed. See Benedict, a.] The song of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 68); — so named from the first word of the Latin version.

Ben´e•dight , a. Blessed. [R.] Longfellow.

Ben•e•fac´tion , n. [L. benefactio, fr. benefacere to do good to one; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.] 1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson. 2. A benefit conferred; esp. a charitable donation. Syn. — Gift; present; gratuity; boon; alms.

Ben•e•fac´tor , n. [L.] One who confers a benefit or benefits. Bacon.

Ben•e•fac´tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit. “His benefactress blushes at the deed.
Cowper.”

Be•nef´ic , a. [L. beneficus. See Benefice.] Favorable; beneficent. Milton.

Ben´e•fice , n. [F. benefice, L. beneficium, a kindness , in LL. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus beneficent; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.] 1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter. 2. (Feudal Law) An estate in lands; a fief. Such an estate was granted at first for life only, and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor; but afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appellation of fief, and the term benefice became appropriated to church livings. 3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson. All church preferments are called benefices, except bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships; benefice to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives.

Ben´e•fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beneficed.] To endow with a benefice. [Commonly in the past participle.]

Ben´e•ficed , a. Possessed of a benefice or church preferment. ´Beneficed clergymen.´ Burke.

Ben´e•fice•less , a. Having no benefice. ´Beneficeless precisians.´ Sheldon.

Be•nef´i•cence , n. [L. beneficentia, fr. beneficus: cf. F. beneficence. See Benefice.] The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness. “And whose beneficence no charge exhausts.
Cowper.” Syn. — See Benevolence.

Be•nef•i•cent , a. Doing or producing good; performing acts of kindness and charity; characterized by beneficence. “The beneficent fruits of Christianity.
Prescott.” Syn. — See Benevolent.

Be•nef•i•cen´tial , a. Relating to beneficence.

Be•nef´i•cent•ly (be•nef´i•sent•ly), adv. In a beneficent manner; with beneficence.

Ben•e•fi´cial , a. [Cf. F. beneficial, LL. beneficialis.] 1. Conferring benefits; useful; profitable; helpful; advantageous; serviceable; contributing to a valuable end; — followed by to. “The war which would have been most beneficial to us.
Swift.” 2. (Law) Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advantage, use, or benefit; as the beneficial owner of an estate. Kent. 3. King. [Obs.] ´A beneficial foe.´ B. Jonson. Syn. — See Advantage.

Ben•e•fi´cial•ly, adv. In a beneficial or advantageous manner; profitably; helpfully.

Ben•e•fi´cial•ness, n. The quality of being beneficial; profitableness.

Ben•e•fi´ci•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. beneficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.] 1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another; holding under a feudal or other superior; having a dependent and secondary possession. “A feudatory or beneficiary king of England.
Bacon.” 2. Bestowed as a gratuity; as beneficiary gifts.

Ben•e•fi´ci•a•ry, n.; pl. Beneficiaries . 1. A feudatory or vassal; hence, one who holds a benefice and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe. 2. One who receives anything as a gift; one who receives a benefit or advantage; esp. one who receives help or income from an educational fund or a trust estate. “The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whose beneficiaries they are.
Jer. Taylor.”

Ben•e•fi´ci•ate , v. t. [Sp. beneficiar to benefit, to work mines.] (Mining) To reduce (ores). — Ben•e•fi•ci•a´tion , n.

Ben•e•fi´cient , a. Beneficent. [Obs.]

Ben´e•fit , n. [OE. benefet, benfeet, bienfet, F. bienfait, fr. L. benefactum; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + factum, p. p. of facere to do. See Bounty, and Fact.] 1. An act of kindness; a favor conferred. “Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
Ps. ciii. 2.” 2. Whatever promotes prosperity and personal happiness, or adds value to property; advantage; profit. “Men have no right to what is not for their benefit.
Burke.” 3. A theatrical performance, a concert, or the like, the proceeds of which do not go to the lessee of the theater or to the company, but to some individual actor, or to some charitable use. 4. Beneficence; liberality. [Obs.] Webster (1623). 5. pl. Natural advantages; endowments; accomplishments. [R.] ´The benefits of your own country.´ Shak. Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Clergy. Syn. — Profit; service; use; avail. See Advantage.

Ben´e•fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benefited; p. pr. & vb. n. Benefitting.] To be beneficial to; to do good to; to advantage; to advance in health or prosperity; to be useful to; to profit. “I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them.
Jer. xviii. 10.”

Ben´e•fit, v. i. To gain advantage; to make improvement; to profit; as he will benefit by the change.

Ben´e•fit•er , n. One who confers a benefit; — also one who receives a benefit.

Be•neme´ , v. t. [AS. benman. Cf. Benim.] To deprive (of), or take away (from). [Obs.]

Be•nempt´ , p. p. of Bename. 1. Promised; vowed. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Named; styled. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott.

Be•ne plac´i•to (be•ne plas´i•to; It. ba•na plä´che•to). [It. beneplacito pleasure, fr. L. bene well + placitus pleasing.] 1. At or during pleasure. “For our English judges there never was … any bene placito as their tenure.
F. Harrison.” 2. (Mus.) At pleasure; ad libitum.

Be•net´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benetted.] To catch in a net; to insnare. Shak.

Be•nev´o•lence , n. [OF. benevolence, L. benevolentia. See Benevolent.] 1. The disposition to do good; good will; charitableness; love of mankind, accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness. “The wakeful benevolence of the gospel.
Chalmers.” 2. An act of kindness; good done; charity given. 3. A species of compulsory contribution or tax, which has sometimes been illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England, and falsely represented as a gratuity. Syn. — Benevolence, Beneficence, Munificence. Benevolence marks a disposition made up of a choice and desire for the happiness of others. Beneficence marks the working of this disposition in dispensing good on a somewhat broad scale. Munificence shows the same disposition, but acting on a still broader scale, in conferring gifts and favors. These are not necessarily confined to objects of immediate utility. One may show his munificence in presents of pictures or jewelry, but this would not be beneficence. Benevolence of heart; beneficence of life; munificence in the encouragement of letters.

Be•nev´o•lent , a. [L. benevolens, -entis; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + volens, p. pr. of volo I will, I wish. See Bounty, and Voluntary.] Having a disposition to do good; possessing or manifesting love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; disposed to give to good objects; kind; charitable. — Be•nev´o•lent•ly, adv. Syn. — Benevolent, Beneficent. Etymologically considered, benevolent implies wishing well to others, and beneficent, doing well. But by degrees the word benevolent has been widened to include not only feelings, but actions; thus, we speak of benevolent operations, benevolent labors for the public good, benevolent societies. In like manner, beneficent is now often applied to feelings; thus, we speak of the beneficent intentions of a donor. This extension of the terms enables us to mark nicer shades of meaning. Thus, the phrase ´benevolent labors´ turns attention to the source of these labors, viz., benevolent feeling; while beneficent would simply mark them as productive of good. So, ´beneficent intentions´ point to the feelings of the donor as bent upon some specific good act; while ´benevolent intentions´ would only denote a general wish and design to do good.

Be•nev´o•lous , a. [L. benevolus.] Kind; benevolent. [Obs.] T. Puller.

Ben•gal´ , n. 1. A province in India, giving its name to various stuffs, animals, etc. 2. A thin stuff, made of silk and hair, originally brought from Bengal. 3. Striped gingham, originally brought from Bengal; Bengal stripes. Bengal light, a firework containing niter, sulphur, and antimony, and producing a sustained and vivid colored light, used in making signals and in pyrotechnics; — called also blue light. — Bengal stripes, a kind of cotton cloth woven with colored stripes. See Bengal, 3. — Bengal tiger. (Zoöl.). See Tiger. { Ben•gal´ee , Ben•gal´i } , n. The language spoken in Bengal.

Ben•gal•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Bengal. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bengal.

Ben•go´la , n. A Bengal light.

Be•night´ (be•nit´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Benighting.] 1. To involve in darkness; to shroud with the shades of night; to obscure. [Archaic] “The clouds benight the sky.
Garth.” 2. To overtake with night or darkness, especially before the end of a day’s journey or task. “Some virgin, sure, … benighted in these woods.
Milton.” 3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance; to debar from intellectual light. “Shall we to men benighted
The lamp of life deny ?
Heber.”

Be•night´ment , n. The condition of being benighted.

Be•nign´ , a. [OE. benigne, bening, OF. benigne, F. benin, fem. benigne, fr. L. benignus, contr. from benigenus; bonus good + root of genus kind. See Bounty, and Genus.] 1. Of a kind or gentle disposition; gracious; generous; favorable; benignant. “Creator bounteous and benign.
Milton.” 2. Exhibiting or manifesting kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; mild; kindly; salutary; wholesome. “Kind influences and benign aspects.
South.” 3. Of a mild type or character; as a benign disease. Syn. — Kind; propitious; bland; genial; salubrious; favorable salutary; gracious; liberal.

Be•nig´nan•cy , n. Benignant quality; kindliness.

Be•nig´nant , a. [LL. benignans, p. pr. of benignare, from L. benignus. See Benign.] Kind; gracious; favorable. — Be•nig´nant•ly, adv.

Be•nig´ni•ty , n. [OE. benignite, F. benignite, OF. benignete, fr. L. benignitas. See Benign.] 1. The quality of being benign; goodness; kindness; graciousness. ´Benignity of aspect.´ Sir W. Scott. 2. Mildness; gentleness. “The benignity or inclemency of the season.
Spectator.” 3. Salubrity; wholesome quality. Wiseman.

Be•nign´ly , adv. In a benign manner.

Be•nim´ , v. t. [AS. beniman. See Benumb, and cf. Nim.] To take away. [Obs.] “Ire … benimeth the man fro God.
Chaucer.”

Ben´i•son , n. [OE. beneysun, benesoun, OF. beneïun, beneïson, fr. L. benedictio, fr. benedicere to bless; bene (adv. of bonus good) + dicere to say. See Bounty, and Diction, and cf. Benediction.] Blessing; beatitude; benediction. Shak. “More precious than the benison of friends.
Talfourd.”

Be•ni´tier , n. [F., fr. benir to bless.] (R. C. Ch.) A holy-water stoup. Shipley.

Ben´ja•min , n. [Corrupted from benzoin.] See Benzoin.

Ben´ja•min, n. A kind of upper coat for men. [Colloq. Eng.]

Ben´ja•mite , n. A descendant of Benjamin; one of the tribe of Benjamin. Judg. iii. 15.

Ben´ne , n. [Malay bijen.] (Bot.) The name of two plants (Sesamum orientale and S. indicum), originally Asiatic; — also called oil plant. From their seeds an oil is expressed, called benne oil, used mostly for making soap. In the southern United States the seeds are used in candy.

Ben´net , n. [F. benoîte, fr. L. benedicta, fem. of benedictus, p. p., blessed. See Benedict, a.] (Bot.) The common yellow-flowered avens of Europe (Geum urbanum); herb bennet. The name is sometimes given to other plants, as the hemlock, valerian, etc.

Ben´shee , n. See Banshee.

Bent , imp. & p. p. of Bend.

Bent, a. & p. p. 1. Changed by pressure so as to be no longer straight; crooked; as a bent pin; a bent lever. 2. Strongly inclined toward something, so as to be resolved, determined, set, etc.; — said of the mind, character, disposition, desires, etc., and used with on; as to be bent on going to college; he is bent on mischief.

Bent, n. [See Bend, n. & v.] 1. The state of being curved, crooked, or inclined from a straight line; flexure; curvity; as the bent of a bow. [Obs.] Wilkins. 2. A declivity or slope, as of a hill. [R.] Dryden. 3. A leaning or bias; proclivity; tendency of mind; inclination; disposition; purpose; aim. Shak. “With a native bent did good pursue.
Dryden.” 4. Particular direction or tendency; flexion; course. “Bents and turns of the matter.
Locke.” 5. (Carp.) A transverse frame of a framed structure. 6. Tension; force of acting; energy; impetus. [Archaic] “The full bent and stress of the soul.
Norris.” Syn. — Predilection; turn. Bent, Bias, Inclination, Prepossession. These words agree in describing a permanent influence upon the mind which tends to decide its actions. Bent denotes a fixed tendency of the mind in a given direction. It is the widest of these terms, and applies to the will, the intellect, and the affections, taken conjointly; as the whole bent of his character was toward evil practices. Bias is literally a weight fixed on one side of a ball used in bowling, and causing it to swerve from a straight course. Used figuratively, bias applies particularly to the judgment, and denotes something which acts with a permanent force on the character through that faculty; as the bias of early education, early habits, etc. Inclination is an excited state of desire or appetency; as a strong inclination to the study of the law. Prepossession is a mingled state of feeling and opinion in respect to some person or subject, which has laid hold of and occupied the mind previous to inquiry. The word is commonly used in a good sense, an unfavorable impression of this kind being denominated a prejudice. ´Strong minds will be strongly bent, and usually labor under a strong bias; but there is no mind so weak and powerless as not to have its inclinations, and none so guarded as to be without its prepossessions.´ Crabb.

Bent , n. [AS. beonet; akin to OHG. pinuz, G. binse, rush, bent grass; of unknown origin.] 1. A reedlike grass; a stalk of stiff, coarse grass. “His spear a bent, both stiff and strong.
Drayton.” 2. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Agrostis, esp. Agrostis vulgaris, or redtop. The name is also used of many other grasses, esp. in America. 3. Any neglected field or broken ground; a common; a moor. [Obs.] Wright. “Bowmen bickered upon the bent.
Chevy Chase.”

Bent´ grass . (Bot.) Same as Bent, a kind of grass.

Ben´thal , a. [Gr. the depth of the sea.] Relating to the deepest zone or region of the ocean.

Ben•tham´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Bentham or Benthamism.

Ben´tham•ism , n. That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham; the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated and determined by their utility; also the theory that the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are the only motives which influence human desires and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural conceptions.

Ben´tham•ite , n. One who believes in Benthamism.

Bent´ing time´ . The season when pigeons are said to feed on bents, before peas are ripe. “Bare benting times … may come.
Dryden.”

Bent´y , a. 1. A bounding in bents, or the stalks of coarse, stiff, withered grass; as benty fields. 2. Resembling bent. Holland.

Be•numb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benumbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Benumbing.] [OE. binomen, p. p. of binimen to take away, AS. beniman; pref. be + niman to take. See Numb, a., and cf. Benim.] To make torpid; to deprive of sensation or sensibility; to stupefy; as a hand or foot benumbed by cold. “The creeping death benumbed her senses first.
Dryden.”

Be•numbed´ , a. Made torpid; numbed; stupefied; deadened; as a benumbed body and mind. — Be•numbed´ness, n.

Be•numb´ment , n. Act of benumbing, or state of being benumbed; torpor. Kirby.

Ben´zal , n. [Benzoic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C6H5.CH, of the aromatic series, related to benzyl and benzoyl; — used adjectively or in combination.

Ben•zam´ide , n. [Benzoin + amide.] (Chem.) A transparent crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.NH2, obtained by the action of ammonia upon chloride of benzoyl, as also by several other reactions with benzoyl compounds.

Ben´zene , n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) A volatile, very inflammable liquid, C6H6, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation. The name is sometimes applied also to the impure commercial product or benzole, and also but rarely, to a similar mixed product of petroleum. Benzene nucleus, Benzene ring (Chem.), a closed chain or ring, consisting of six carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom attached, regarded as the type from which the aromatic compounds are derived. This ring formula is provisionally accepted as representing the probable constitution of the benzene molecule, C6H6, and as the type on which its derivatives are formed.

Ben´zile , n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) A yellowish crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.CO.C6H5, formed from benzoin by the action of oxidizing agents, and consisting of a doubled benzoyl radical.

Ben´zine , n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) 1. A liquid consisting mainly of the lighter and more volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum or kerosene oil, used as a solvent and for cleansing soiled fabrics; — called also petroleum spirit, petroleum benzine. Varieties or similar products are gasoline, naphtha, rhigolene, ligroin, etc. 2. Same as Benzene. [R.] The hydrocarbons of benzine proper are essentially of the marsh gas series, while benzene proper is the typical hydrocarbon of the aromatic series.

Ben´zo•ate , n. [Cf. F. benzoate.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of benzoic acid with any salifiable base.

Ben•zo´ic (ben•zo´ik), a. [Cf. F. benzoïque.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, benzoin. Benzoic acid, or flowers of benzoin, a peculiar vegetable acid, C6H5.CO2H, obtained from benzoin, and some other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is also found in the urine of infants and herbivorous animals. It crystallizes in the form of white, satiny flakes; its odor is aromatic; its taste is pungent, and somewhat acidulous. — Benzoic aldehyde, oil of bitter almonds; the aldehyde, C6H5.CHO, intermediate in composition between benzoic or benzyl alcohol, and benzoic acid. It is a thin colorless liquid.

Ben•zoin´ (ben•zoin´), n. [Cf. F. benjoin, Sp. benjui, Pg. beijoin; all fr. Ar. luban-jawi incense form Sumatra (named Java in Arabic), the first syllable being lost. Cf. Benjamin.] [Called also benjamin.] 1. A resinous substance, dry and brittle, obtained from the Styrax benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant odor, and slightly aromatic taste. It is used in the preparation of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume. 2. A white crystalline substance, C14H12O2, obtained from benzoic aldehyde and some other sources. 3. (Bot.) The spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Flowers of benzoin, benzoic acid. See under Benzoic.

Ben•zoin´a•ted , a. (Med.) Containing or impregnated with benzoin; as benzoinated lard. { Ben´zole Ben´zol } , n. [Benzoin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An impure benzene, used in the arts as a solvent, and for various other purposes. See Benzene. It has great solvent powers, and is used by manufacturers of India rubber and gutta percha; also for cleaning soiled kid gloves, and for other purposes.

Ben´zo•line , n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Benzole. (b) Same as Amarine. [R.] Watts.

Ben´zoyl , n. [Benzoic + Gr. wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C6H5.CO; the base of benzoic acid, of the oil of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of compounds. [Formerly written also benzule.]

Ben´zyl , n. [Benzoic + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C6H5.CH2, related to toluene and benzoic acid; — commonly used adjectively.

Be•paint´ , v. t. To paint; to cover or color with, or as with, paint. “Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek.
Shak.”

Be•pelt´ , v. t. To pelt roundly.

Be•pinch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepinched .] To pinch, or mark with pinches. Chapman.

Be•plas´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beplastered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beplastering.] To plaster over; to cover or smear thickly; to bedaub. “Beplastered with rouge.
Goldsmith.”

Be•plumed´ , a. Decked with feathers.

Be•pom´mel , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepommeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bepommeling.] To pommel; to beat, as with a stick; figuratively, to assail or criticise in conversation, or in writing. Thackeray.

Be•pow´der , v. t. To sprinkle or cover with powder; to powder.

Be•praise´ , v. t. To praise greatly or extravagantly. Goldsmith.

Be•prose´ , v. t. To reduce to prose. [R.] ´To beprose all rhyme.´ Mallet.

Be•puffed´ , a. Puffed; praised. Carlyle.

Be•pur´ple , v. t. To tinge or dye with a purple color.

Be•queath´ (be•kweth´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bequeathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bequeathing.] [OE. biquethen, AS. becweðan to say, affirm, bequeath; pref. be- + cweðan to say, speak. See Quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will; to give by testament; — said especially of personal property. “My heritage, which my dead father did bequeath to me.
Shak.” 2. To hand down; to transmit. “To bequeath posterity somewhat to remember it.
Glanvill.” 3. To give; to offer; to commit. [Obs.] “To whom, with all submission, on my knee
I do bequeath my faithful services
And true subjection everlastingly.
Shak.” Syn. — To Bequeath, Devise. Both these words denote the giving or disposing of property by will. Devise, in legal usage, is property used to denote a gift by will of real property, and he to whom it is given is called the devisee. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will or legacy; i. e., of personal property; the gift is called a legacy, and he who receives it is called a legatee. In popular usage the word bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise; and it is sometimes so construed by courts.

Be•queath´a•ble , a. Capable of being bequeathed.

Be•queath´al , n. The act of bequeathing; bequeathment; bequest. Fuller.

Be•queath´ment , n. The act of bequeathing, or the state of being bequeathed; a bequest.

Be•quest´ , n. [OE. biquest, corrupted fr. bequide; pref. be- + AS. cwide a saying, becweðan to bequeath. The ending -est is probably due to confusion with quest. See Bequeath, Quest.] 1. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will; as a bequest of property by A. to B. 2. That which is left by will, esp. personal property; a legacy; also a gift.

Be•quest´, v. t. To bequeath, or leave as a legacy. [Obs.] ´All I have to bequest.´ Gascoigne.

Be•queth´en , old p. p. of Bequeath. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•quote´ , v. t. To quote constantly or with great frequency.

Be•rain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beraining.] To rain upon; to wet with rain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•rate´ (be•rat´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berated; p. pr. & vb. n. Berating.] To rate or chide vehemently; to scold. Holland. Motley.

Be•rat´tle (be•rat´t’l), v. t. To make rattle; to scold vociferously; to cry down. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•ray´ (be•ra´), v. t. [Pref. be + ray to defile] To make foul; to soil; to defile. [Obs.] Milton.

Berbe (berb), n. [Cf. Berber, Barb a Barbary horse.] (Zoöl.) An African genet (Genetta pardina). See Genet.

Ber´ber (ber´ber), n. [See Barbary.] A member of a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of the whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean southward into the Sahara, and who still occupy a large part of that region; — called also Kabyles. also the language spoken by this people.

Ber´ber•ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, gold thread, and other plants.

Ber´ber•ry , n. See Barberry.

Ber´dash , n. A kind of neckcloth. [Obs.] “A treatise against the cravat and berdash.
Steele.”

Bere (ber), v. t. [Cf. OIcel. berja to strike.] To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bere, n. See Bear, barley. [Scot.]

Be•reave´ (be•rev´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bereaved (be•revd´), Bereft (be•reft´); p. pr. & vb. n. Bereaving.] [OE. bireven, AS. bereáfian. See Be-, and Reave.] 1. To make destitute; to deprive; to strip; — with of before the person or thing taken away. “Madam, you have bereft me of all words.
Shak.” “Bereft of him who taught me how to sing.
Tickell.” 2. To take away from. [Obs.] “All your interest in those territories
Is utterly bereft you; all is lost.
Shak.” 3. To take away. [Obs.] “Shall move you to bereave my life.
Marlowe.” The imp. and past pple. form bereaved is not used in reference to immaterial objects. We say bereaved or bereft by death of a relative, bereft of hope and strength. Syn. — To dispossess; to divest.

Be•reave´ment , n. The state of being bereaved; deprivation; esp., the loss of a relative by death.

Be•reav´er , n. One who bereaves.

Be•reft´ (be•reft´), imp. & p. p. of Bereave.

Be•ret´ta , n. Same as Berretta.

Berg , n. [rad.95. See Barrow hill, and cf. Iceberg.] A large mass or hill, as of ice. “Glittering bergs of ice.
Tennyson.”

Ber´ga•mot (ber´ga•mot), n. [F. bergamote, fr. It. bergamotta; prob. a corruption of Turk. beg armudi a lord’s pear.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the Orange family (Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume. also the fruit. (b) A variety of mint (Mentha aquatica, var. glabrata). 2. The essence or perfume made from the fruit. 3. A variety of pear. Johnson. 4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot. “The better hand … gives the nose its bergamot.
Cowper.” 5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from flock of cotton or hemp, mixed with ox’s or goat’s hair; — said to have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. Encyc. Brit. Wild bergamot (Bot.), an American herb of the Mint family (Monarda fistulosa).

Ber´gan•der , n. [Berg, for burrow + gander a male goose? Cf. G. bergente, Dan. gravgaas.] (Zoöl.) A European duck (Anas tadorna). See Sheldrake.

Ber´ger•et , n. [OF. bergerete, F. berger a shepherd.] A pastoral song. [Obs.]

Bergh , n. [AS. beorg.] A hill. [Obs.]

Berg´mas•ter , n. See Barmaster.

Berg´meal , n. [G. berg mountain + mehl meal.] (Min.) An earthy substance, resembling fine flour. It is composed of the shells of infusoria, and in Lapland and Sweden is sometimes eaten, mixed with flour or ground birch bark, in times of scarcity. This name is also given to a white powdery variety of calcite.

Berg´mote , n. See Barmote.

Ber´go•mask , n. A rustic dance, so called in ridicule of the people of Bergamo, in Italy, once noted for their clownishness.

Ber´gylt , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The Norway haddock. See Rosefish.

Be•rhyme´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berhymed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Berhyming.] To mention in rhyme or verse; to rhyme about. [Sometimes use depreciatively.] Shak.

Be•ri•be´ri , n. [Singhalese beri weakness.] An acute disease occurring in India, characterized by multiple inflammatory changes in the nerves, producing great muscular debility, a painful rigidity of the limbs, and cachexy.

Be•rime´ , v. t. To berhyme. [The earlier and etymologically preferable spelling.]

Berke•le´ian , a. Of or relating to Bishop Berkeley or his system of idealism; as Berkeleian philosophy. — Berke´ley•ism, n.

Ber´lin , n. [The capital of Prussia] 1. A four-wheeled carriage, having a sheltered seat behind the body and separate from it, invented in the 17th century, at Berlin. 2. Fine worsted for fancy-work; zephyr worsted; — called also Berlin wool. Berlin black, a black varnish, drying with almost a dead surface; — used for coating the better kinds of ironware. Ure. — Berlin blue, Prussian blue. Ure. — Berlin green, a complex cyanide of iron, used as a green dye, and similar to Prussian blue. — Berlin iron, a very fusible variety of cast iron, from which figures and other delicate articles are manufactured. These are often stained or lacquered in imitation of bronze. — Berlin shop, a shop for the sale of worsted embroidery and the materials for such work. — Berlin work, worsted embroidery. { Berm Berme } , n. [F. berme, of German origin; cf. G. brame, bräme, border, akin to E. brim.] 1. (Fort.) A narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch. 2. (Engineering) A ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank.

Ber•mu´da grass . (Bot.) A kind of grass (Cynodon Dactylon) esteemed for pasture in the Southern United States. It is a native of Southern Europe, but is now wide-spread in warm countries; — called also scutch grass, and in Bermuda, devil grass.

Ber´na•cle , n. See Barnacle.

Ber´na fly . (Zoöl.) A Brazilian dipterous insect of the genus Trypeta, which lays its eggs in the nostrils or in wounds of man and beast, where the larvae do great injury.

Ber´nar•dine , a. Of or pertaining to St. Bernard of Clairvaux, or to the Cistercian monks. — n. A Cistercian monk.

Ber•nese´ , a. Pertaining to the city or canton of Bern, in Switzerland, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bern.

Ber´ni•cle , n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac; prob. fr. LL. bernacula for hibernicula, bernicula, fr. Hibernia; the birds coming from Hibernia or Ireland. Cf. 1st Barnacle.] A bernicle goose. [Written also barnacle.] Bernicle goose (Zoöl.), a goose (Branta leucopsis), of Arctic Europe and America. It was formerly believed that it hatched from the cirripeds of the sea (Lepas), which were, therefore, called barnacles, goose barnacles, or Anatifers. The name is also applied to other related species. See Anatifa and Cirripedia.

Ber•nouse´ , n. Same as Burnoose.

Be•rob´ , v. t. To rob; to plunder. [Obs.]

Ber´o•e , n. [L. Beroe, one of the Oceanidae Gr. : cf. F. beroe.] (Zoöl.) A small, oval, transparent jellyfish, belonging to the Ctenophora.

Ber•ret´ta , n. [It., fr. LL. birrettum, berretum, a cap, dim. of L. birrus, birrum, a cloak to keep off rain, cf. Gr. tawny, red: cf. Sp. birreta, Pg. barrete, and E. Barret.] A square cap worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal’s berretta is scarlet; that worn by other clerics is black, except that a bishop’s is lined with green. [Also spelt beretta, biretta, etc.]

Ber´ried , a. Furnished with berries; consisting of a berry; baccate; as a berried shrub.

Ber´ry , n.; pl. Berries. [OE. berie, AS. berie, berige; akin to D. bes, G. beere, OS. and OHG. beri, Icel. ber, Sw. bär, Goth. basi, and perh. Skr. bhas to eat.] 1. Any small fleshy fruit, as the strawberry, mulberry, huckleberry, etc. 2. (Bot.) A small fruit that is pulpy or succulent throughout, having seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp, as the currant, grape, blueberry. 3. The coffee bean. 4. One of the ova or eggs of a fish. Travis. In berry, containing ova or spawn.

Ber´ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Berried ; p. pr. & vb. n. Berrying.] To bear or produce berries.

Ber´ry, n. [AS. beorh. See Barrow a hill.] A mound; a hillock. W. Browne.

Ber´ry•ing, n. A seeking for or gathering of berries, esp. of such as grow wild. { Ber´serk , Ber´serk•er } n. [Icel. berserkr.] 1. (Scand. Myth.) One of a class of legendary heroes, who fought frenzied by intoxicating liquors, and naked, regardless of wounds. Longfellow. 2. One who fights as if frenzied, like a Berserker.

Bers´tle , n. See Bristle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Berth , n. [From the root of bear to produce, like birth nativity. See Birth.] [Also written birth.] 1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room. (b) A room in which a number of the officers or ship’s company mess and reside. (c) The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf. 2. An allotted place; an appointment; situation or employment. ´He has a good berth.´ Totten. 3. A place in a ship to sleep in; a long box or shelf on the side of a cabin or stateroom, or of a railway car, for sleeping in. Berth deck, the deck next below the lower gun deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — To give (the land or any object) a wide berth, to keep at a distance from it.

Berth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berthed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Berthing.] 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to lie at; to place in a berth; as she was berthed stem to stern with the Adelaide. 2. To allot or furnish berths to, on shipboard; as to berth a ship’s company. Totten.

Ber´tha , n. [F. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman’s name.] A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.

Berth´age , n. A place for mooring vessels in a dock or harbor.

Ber´thi•er•ite , n. [From Berthier, a French naturalist.] (Min.) A double sulphide of antimony and iron, of a dark steel-gray color.

Berth´ing , n. (Naut.) The planking outside of a vessel, above the sheer strake. Smyth.

Ber´tram , n. [Corrupted fr. L. pyrethrum, Gr. a hot spicy plant, fr. fire.] (Bot.) Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum).

Ber´y•coid (ber´i•koid), a. [NL. beryx, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Berycidae, a family of marine fishes.

Ber´yl (ber´il), n. [F. beryl, OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. bh•ryllos, prob. fr. Skr. vaidurya. Cf. Brilliant.] (Min.) A mineral of great hardness, and, when transparent, of much beauty. It occurs in hexagonal prisms, commonly of a green or bluish green color, but also yellow, pink, and white. It is a silicate of aluminium and glucinum (beryllium). The aquamarine is a transparent, sea-green variety used as a gem. The emerald is another variety highly prized in jewelry, and distinguished by its deep color, which is probably due to the presence of a little oxide of chromium.

Ber´yl•line , a. Like a beryl; of a light or bluish green color.

Be•ryl´li•um , n. [NL.] (Chem.) A metallic element found in the beryl. See Glucinum.

Ber´yl•loid , n. [Beryl + - oid.] (Crystallog.) A solid consisting of a double twelve- sided pyramid; — so called because the planes of this form occur on crystals of beryl. { Be•saiel´ , Be•saile´ , Be•sayle´ }, n. [OF. beseel, F. bisaïeul, fr. L. bis twice + LL. avolus, dim. of L. avus grandfather.] 1. A great-grandfather. [Obs.] 2. (Law) A kind of writ which formerly lay where a great-grandfather died seized of lands in fee simple, and on the day of his death a stranger abated or entered and kept the heir out. This is now abolished. Blackstone.

Be•saint´ , v. t. To make a saint of.

Be•sant´ , n. See Bezant.

Bes-ant´ler , n. Same as Bez- antler.

Be•scat´ter , v. t. 1. To scatter over. 2. To cover sparsely by scattering (something); to strew. ´With flowers bescattered.´ Spenser.

Be•scorn´ , v. t. To treat with scorn. ´Then was he bescorned.´ Chaucer.

Be•scratch´ , v. t. To tear with the nails; to cover with scratches.

Be•scrawl´ , v. t. To cover with scrawls; to scribble over. Milton.

Be•screen´ , v. t. To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal. Shak.

Be•scrib´ble , v. t. To scribble over. ´Bescribbled with impertinences.´ Milton. { Be•scum´ber , Be•scum´mer } v. t. [Pref. be- + scumber, scummer.] To discharge ordure or dung upon. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Be•see´ , v. t. & i. [AS. beseón; pref. be- + eón to see.] To see; to look; to mind. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Be•seech´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeching.] [OE. bisechen, biseken (akin to G. besuchen to visit); pref. be- + sechen, seken, to seek. See Seek.] 1. To ask or entreat with urgency; to supplicate; to implore. “I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts.
Shak.” “But Eve … besought his peace.
Milton.” Syn. — To beg; to crave. — To Beseech, Entreat, Solicit, Implore, Supplicate. These words agree in marking that sense of want which leads men to beg some favor. To solicit is to make a request, with some degree of earnestness and repetition, of one whom we address as a superior. To entreat implies greater urgency, usually enforced by adducing reasons or arguments. To beseech is still stronger, and belongs rather to the language of poetry and imagination. To implore denotes increased fervor of entreaty, as addressed either to equals or superiors. To supplicate expresses the extreme of entreaty, and usually implies a state of deep humiliation. Thus, a captive supplicates a conqueror to spare his life. Men solicit by virtue of their interest with another; they entreat in the use of reasoning and strong representations; they beseech with importunate earnestness; they implore from a sense of overwhelming distress; they supplicate with a feeling of the most absolute inferiority and dependence.

Be•seech´, n. Solicitation; supplication. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

Be•seech´er , n. One who beseeches.

Be•seech´ing, a. Entreating urgently; imploring; as a beseeching look. — Be•seech´ing•ly, adv. — Be•seech´ing•ness, n.

Be•seech´ment , n. The act of beseeching or entreating earnestly. [R.] Goodwin.

Be•seek´ , v. t. To beseech. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•seem´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beseemed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeming.] [Pref. be- + seem.] Literally: To appear or seem (well, ill, best, etc.) for (one) to do or to have. Hence: To be fit, suitable, or proper for, or worthy of; to become; to befit. “A duty well beseeming the preachers.
Clarendon.” “What form of speech or behavior beseemeth us, in our prayers to God ?
Hocker.”

Be•seem´, v. i. To seem; to appear; to be fitting. [Obs.] ´As beseemed best.´ Spenser.

Be•seem´ing, n. 1. Appearance; look; garb. [Obs.] “I … did company these three in poor beseeming.
Shak.” 2. Comeliness. Baret.

Be•seem´ing, a. Becoming; suitable. [Archaic] — Be•seem´ing•ly, adv. — Be•seem´ing•ness, n.

Be•seem´ly, a. Fit; suitable; becoming. [Archaic] “In beseemly order sitten there.
Shenstone.”

Be•seen´ , a. [Properly the p. p. of besee.] 1. Seen; appearing. [Obs. or Archaic] 2. Decked or adorned; clad. [Archaic] Chaucer. 3. Accomplished; versed. [Archaic] Spenser.

Be•set´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beset; p. pr. & vb. n. Besetting.] [AS. besettan (akin to OHG. bisazjan, G. besetzen, D. bezetten); pref. be- + settan to set. See Set.] 1. To set or stud (anything) with ornaments or prominent objects. “A robe of azure beset with drops of gold.
Spectator.” “The garden is so beset with all manner of sweet shrubs that it perfumes the air.
Evelyn.” 2. To hem in; to waylay; to surround; to besiege; to blockade. ´Beset with foes.´ Milton. “Let thy troops beset our gates.
Addison.” 3. To set upon on all sides; to perplex; to harass; — said of dangers, obstacles, etc. ´Adam, sore beset, replied.´ Milton. ´Beset with ills.´ Addison. ´Incommodities which beset old age.´ Burke. 4. To occupy; to employ; to use up. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — To surround; inclose; environ; hem in; besiege; encircle; encompass; embarrass; urge; press.

Be•set´ment , n. The act of besetting, or the state of being beset; also that which besets one, as a sin. ´Fearing a besetment.´ Kane.

Be•set´ter , n. One who, or that which, besets.

Be•set´ting, a. Habitually attacking, harassing, or pressing upon or about; as a besetting sin.

Be•shine´ (be•shin´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beshone; p. pr. & vb. n. Beshining.] To shine upon; to illumine.

Be•show´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large food fish (Anoplopoma fimbria) of the north Pacific coast; — called also candlefish.

Be•shrew´ , v. t. To curse; to execrate. “Beshrew me, but I love her heartily.
Shak.” Often a very mild form of imprecation; sometimes so far from implying a curse, as to be uttered coaxingly, nay even with some tenderness. Schmidt.

Be•shroud´ , v. t. To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to screen.

Be•shut´ , v. t. To shut up or out. [Obs.]

Be•side´ , prep. [OE. biside, bisiden, bisides, prep. and adv., beside, besides; pref. be- by + side. Cf. Besides, and see Side, n.] 1. At the side of; on one side of. ´Beside him hung his bow.´ Milton. 2. Aside from; out of the regular course or order of; in a state of deviation from; out of. “[You] have done enough
To put him quite beside his patience.
Shak.” 3. Over and above; distinct from; in addition to. [In this use besides is now commoner.] “Wise and learned men beside those whose names are in the Christian records.
Addison.” To be beside one’s self, to be out of one’s wits or senses. “Paul, thou art beside thyself.” Acts xxvi. 24. Syn. — Beside, Besides. These words, whether used as prepositions or adverbs, have been considered strictly synonymous, from an early period of our literature, and have been freely interchanged by our best writers. There is, however, a tendency, in present usage, to make the following distinction between them: 1. That beside be used only and always as a preposition, with the original meaning ´by the side of; ´ as to sit beside a fountain; or with the closely allied meaning ´aside from´, ´apart from´, or ´out of´; as this is beside our present purpose; to be beside one’s self with joy. The adverbial sense to be wholly transferred to the cognate word. 2. That besides, as a preposition, take the remaining sense ´in addition to´, as besides all this; besides the considerations here offered. ´There was a famine in the land besides the first famine.´ Gen. xxvi. 1. And that it also take the adverbial sense of ´moreover´, ´beyond´, etc., which had been divided between the words; as besides, there are other considerations which belong to this case. The following passages may serve to illustrate this use of the words: — “Lovely Thais sits beside thee.”
Dryden. “Only be patient till we have appeased
The multitude, beside themselves with fear.”
Shak. “It is beside my present business to enlarge on this speculation.”
Locke. “Besides this, there are persons in certain situations who are expected to be charitable.”
Bp. Porteus. “And, besides, the Moor
May unfold me to him; there stand I in much peril.”
Shak. “That man that does not know those things which are of necessity for him to know is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides.”
Tillotson. See Moreover. { Be•sides´ , Be•side´ } adv. [OE. Same as beside, prep.; the ending - s is an adverbial one, prop. a genitive sign.] 1. On one side. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. 2. More than that; over and above; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned; moreover; in addition. “The men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides ?
Gen. xix. 12.” “To all beside, as much an empty shade,
An Eugene living, as a Caesar dead.
Pope.” These sentences may be considered as elliptical.

Be•sides , prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to; other than; else than. See Beside, prep., 3, and Syn. under Beside. “Besides your cheer, you shall have sport.
Shak.”

Be•siege´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besieged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besieging.] [OE. bisegen; pref. be- + segen to siege. See Siege.] To beset or surround with armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to surrender; to lay siege to; to beleaguer; to beset. “Till Paris was besieged, famished, and lost.
Shak.” Syn. — To environ; hem in; invest; encompass.

Be•siege´ment , n. The act of besieging, or the state of being besieged. Golding.

Be•sie´ger , n. One who besieges; - - opposed to the besieged.

Be•sie´ging , a. That besieges; laying siege to. — Be•sie´ging•ly, adv.

Be•sit´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + sit.] To suit; to fit; to become. [Obs.]

Be•slab´ber , v. t. To beslobber.

Be•slave´ , v. t. To enslave. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Be•slav´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beslavered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beslavering.] To defile with slaver; to beslobber.

Be•slime´ , v. t. To daub with slime; to soil. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Be•slob´ber , v. t. To slobber on; to smear with spittle running from the mouth. Also Fig.: as to beslobber with praise.

Be•slub´ber , v. t. To beslobber.

Be•smear´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmeared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmearing.] To smear with any viscous, glutinous matter; to bedaub; to soil. “Besmeared with precious balm.
Spenser.”

Be•smear´er , n. One that besmears.

Be•smirch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmirched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmirching.] To smirch or soil; to discolor; to obscure. Hence: To dishonor; to sully. Shak.

Be•smoke´ , v. t. 1. To foul with smoke. 2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson.

Be•smut´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmutting.] [Pref. be- + smut: cf. AS. besmitan, and also OE. besmotren.] To blacken with smut; to foul with soot.

Be•snow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besnowed .] [OE. bisnewen, AS. besniwan; pref. be- + sniwan to snow.] 1. To scatter like snow; to cover thick, as with snow flakes. [R.] Gower. 2. To cover with snow; to whiten with snow, or as with snow.

Be•snuff´ , v. t. To befoul with snuff. Young.

Be•sogne´ , n. [F. bisogne.] A worthless fellow; a bezonian. [Obs.]

Be´som , n. [OE. besme, besum, AS. besma; akin to D. bezem, OHG pesamo, G. besen; of uncertain origin.] A brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom; anything which sweeps away or destroys. [Archaic or Fig.] “I will sweep it with the besom of destruction.
Isa. xiv. 23.” “The housemaid with her besom.
W. Irving.”

Be´som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besomed .] To sweep, as with a besom. [Archaic or Poetic] Cowper. “Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the plain.
Barlow.”

Be´som•er , n. One who uses a besom. [Archaic]

Be•sort´ , v. t. To assort or be congruous with; to fit, or become. [Obs.] “Such men as may besort your age.
Shak.”

Be•sort´, n. Befitting associates or attendants. [Obs.] “With such accommodation and besort
As levels with her breeding.
Shak.”

Be•sot´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besotting.] To make sottish; to make dull or stupid; to stupefy; to infatuate. “Fools besotted with their crimes.
Hudibras.”

Be•sot´ted, a. Made sottish, senseless, or infatuated; characterized by drunken stupidity, or by infatuation; stupefied. ´Besotted devotion.´ Sir W. Scott. — Be•sot´ted•ly, adv. — Be•sot´ted•ness, n. Milton.

Be•sot´ting•ly, adv. In a besotting manner.

Be•sought´ , p. p. of Beseech.

Be•span´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespangled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespangling .] To adorn with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant or glittering. “The grass … is all bespangled with dewdrops.
Cowper.”

Be•spat´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespattered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespattering.] 1. To soil by spattering; to sprinkle, esp. with dirty water, mud, or anything which will leave foul spots or stains. 2. To asperse with calumny or reproach. “Whom never faction could bespatter.
Swift.”

Be•spawl´ , v. t. To daub, soil, or make foul with spawl or spittle. [Obs.] Milton.

Be•speak´ , v. t. [imp. Bespoke , Bespake (Archaic); p. p. Bespoke, Bespoken ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeaking.] [OE. bispeken, AS. besprecan, to speak to, accuse; pref. be- + sprecan to speak. See Speak.] 1. To speak or arrange for beforehand; to order or engage against a future time; as to bespeak goods, a right, or a favor. “Concluding, naturally, that to gratify his avarice was to bespeak his favor.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To show beforehand; to foretell; to indicate. “[They] bespoke dangers … in order to scare the allies.
Swift.” 3. To betoken; to show; to indicate by external marks or appearances. “When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little the figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster.
Locke.” 4. To speak to; to address. [Poetic] “He thus the queen bespoke.
Dryden.”

Be•speak´, v. i. To speak. [Obs.] Milton.

Be•speak´, n. A bespeaking. Among actors, a benefit (when a particular play is bespoken.) ´The night of her bespeak.´ Dickens.

Be•speak´er , n. One who bespeaks.

Be•spec´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespeckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeckling.] To mark with speckles or spots. Milton.

Be•spew´ , v. t. To soil or daub with spew; to vomit on.

Be•spice´ , v. t. To season with spice, or with some spicy drug. Shak.

Be•spirt´ , v. t. Same as Bespurt.

Be•spit (be•spit´), v. t. [imp. Bespit; p. p. Bespit, Bespitten (-t’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespitting.] To daub or soil with spittle. Johnson.

Be•spoke´ (be•spok´), imp. & p. p. of Bespeak.

Be•spot´ (be•spot´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespotting.] To mark with spots, or as with spots.

Be•spread´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespread; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespreading.] To spread or cover over. “The carpet which bespread
His rich pavilion’s floor.
Glover.”

Be•sprent´ , p. p. [OE. bespreynt, p. p. of besprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan, akin to D. & G. besprengen; pref. be- + sprengan to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] Sprinkled over; strewed. “His face besprent with liquid crystal shines.
Shenstone.” “The floor with tassels of fir was besprent.
Longfellow.”

Be•sprin´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besprinkled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besprinkling .] To sprinkle over; to scatter over. “The bed besprinkles, and bedews the ground.
Dryden.”

Be•sprin´kler , n. One who, or that which, besprinkles.

Be•sprin´kling , n. The act of sprinkling anything; a sprinkling over.

Be•spurt´ , v. t. To spurt on or over; to asperse. [Obs.] Milton.

Bes´se•mer steel . Steel made directly from cast iron, by burning out a portion of the carbon and other impurities that the latter contains, through the agency of a blast of air which is forced through the molten metal; — so called from Sir Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, the inventor of the process.

Best (best), a.; superl. of Good. [AS. besta, best, contr. from betest, betst, betsta; akin to Goth. batists, OHG. pezzisto, G. best, beste, D. best, Icel. beztr, Dan. best, Sw. bäst. This word has no connection in origin with good. See Better.] 1. Having good qualities in the highest degree; most good, kind, desirable, suitable, etc.; most excellent; as the best man; the best road; the best cloth; the best abilities. “When he is best, he is a little worse than a man.
Shak.” “Heaven’s last, best gift, my ever new delight.
Milton.” 2. Most advanced; most correct or complete; as the best scholar; the best view of a subject. 3. Most; largest; as the best part of a week. Best man, the only or principal groomsman at a wedding ceremony.

Best, n. Utmost; highest endeavor or state; most nearly perfect thing, or being, or action; as to do one’s best; to the best of our ability. At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the case; under the most favorable circumstances; as life is at best very short. — For best, finally. [Obs.] ´Those constitutions … are now established for best, and not to be mended.´ Milton. — To get the best of, to gain an advantage over, whether fairly or unfairly. — To make the best of. (a) To improve to the utmost; to use or dispose of to the greatest advantage. ´Let there be freedom to carry their commodities where they can make the best of them.´ Bacon. (b) To reduce to the least possible inconvenience; as to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain.

Best, adv.; superl. of Well. 1. In the highest degree; beyond all others. ´Thou serpent! That name best befits thee.´ Milton. “He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small.
Coleridge.” 2. To the most advantage; with the most success, case, profit, benefit, or propriety. “Had we best retire? I see a storm.
Milton.” “Had I not best go to her?
Thackeray.” 3. Most intimately; most thoroughly or correctly; as what is expedient is best known to himself.

Best, v. t. To get the better of. [Colloq.]

Be•stad´ , imp. & p. p. of Bestead. Beset; put in peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•stain´ , v. t. To stain.

Be•star´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestarred .] To sprinkle with, or as with, stars; to decorate with, or as with, stars; to bestud. ´Bestarred with anemones.´ W. Black.

Be•stead´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestead or Bested, also (Obs.) Bestad. In sense 3 imp. also Besteaded.] [Pref. be- + stead a place.] 1. To put in a certain situation or condition; to circumstance; to place. [Only in p. p.] “They shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: … and curse their king and their God.
Is. viii. 21.” “Many far worse bestead than ourselves.
Barrow.” 2. To put in peril; to beset. [Only in p. p.] Chaucer. 3. To serve; to assist; to profit; to avail. Milton.

Bes´tial , a. [F. bestial, L. bestialis, fr. bestia beast. See Beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. “ Among the bestial herds to range.
Milton.” 2. Having the qualities of a beast; brutal; below the dignity of reason or humanity; irrational; carnal; beastly; sensual. Shak. Syn. — Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low; depraved; sensual; filthy.

Bes´tial, n. A domestic animal; also collectively, cattle; as other kinds of bestial. [Scot.]

Bes•tial´i•ty , n. [F. bestialite.] 1. The state or quality of being bestial. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast.

Bes´tial•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestialized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestializing.] To make bestial, or like a beast; to degrade; to brutalize. “The process of bestializing humanity.
Hare.”

Bes´tial•ly, adv. In a bestial manner.

Be•stick´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestuck ; p. pr. & vb. n. Besticking.] To stick over, as with sharp points pressed in; to mark by infixing points or spots here and there; to pierce. “Truth shall retire
Bestuck with slanderous darts.
Milton.”

Be•still´ , v. t. To make still.

Be•stir´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestirred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestirring.] To put into brisk or vigorous action; to move with life and vigor; — usually with the reciprocal pronoun. “You have so bestirred your valor.
Shak.” “Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
Milton.”

Be•storm´ , v. i. & t. To storm. Young.

Be•stow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestowing.] [OE. bestowen; pref. be- + stow a place. See Stow.] 1. To lay up in store; to deposit for safe keeping; to stow; to place; to put. ´He bestowed it in a pouch.´ Sir W. Scott. “See that the women are bestowed in safety.
Byron.” 2. To use; to apply; to devote, as time or strength in some occupation. 3. To expend, as money. [Obs.] 4. To give or confer; to impart; — with on or upon. “Empire is on us bestowed.
Cowper.” “Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor.
1 Cor. xiii. 3.” 5. To give in marriage. “I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman.
Tatler.” 6. To demean; to conduct; to behave; — followed by a reflexive pronoun. [Obs.] “How might we see Falstaff bestow himself to-night in his true colors, and not ourselves be seen ?
Shak.” Syn. — To give; grant; present; confer; accord.

Be•stow´al , n. The act of bestowing; disposal.

Be•stow´er , n. One that bestows.

Be•stow´ment , n. 1. The act of giving or bestowing; a conferring or bestowal. “If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view.
Chauncy.” 2. That which is given or bestowed. “They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to God’s own bestowments.
I. Taylor.”

Be•strad´dle , v. t. To bestride.

Be•straught´ , a. [Pref. be- + straught; prob. here used for distraught.] Out of one’s senses; distracted; mad. [Obs.] Shak.

Be•streak´ , v. t. To streak.

Be•strew´ , v. t. [imp. Bestrewed ; p. p. Bestrewed, Bestrown ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestrewing.] To strew or scatter over; to besprinkle. [Spelt also bestrow.] Milton.

Be•stride´ , v. t. [imp. Bestrode , (Obs. or R.) Bestrid ; p. p. Bestridden , Bestrid, Bestrode; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestriding.] [AS. bestridan; pref. be- + stridan to stride.] 1. To stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the legs astride; to stand over “That horse that thou so often hast bestrid.
Shak.” “Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus.
Shak.” 2. To step over; to stride over or across; as to bestride a threshold.

Be•strode´ , imp. & p. p. of Bestride.

Be•strown´ , p. p. of Bestrew.

Be•stuck´ , imp. & p. p. Bestick.

Be•stud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestudding.] To set or adorn, as with studs or bosses; to set thickly; to stud; as to bestud with stars. Milton.

Be•swike´, v. t. [AS. beswican; be- + swican to deceive, entice; akin to OS. swikan, OHG. swihhan, Icel. svikja.] To lure; to cheat. [Obs.] Gower.

Bet , n. [Prob. from OE. abet abetting, OF. abet, fr. abeter to excite, incite. See Abet.] That which is laid, staked, or pledged, as between two parties, upon the event of a contest or any contingent issue; the act of giving such a pledge; a wager. ´Having made his bets.´ Goldsmith.

Bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bet, Betted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betting.] To stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; to wager. “John a Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money on his head.
Shak.” “I’ll bet you two to one I’ll make him do it.
O. W. Holmes.”

Bet, imp. & p. p. of Beat. [Obs.]

Bet, a. & adv. An early form of Better. [Obs.] To go bet, to go fast; to hurry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be´ta•ine , n. [From beta, generic name of the beet.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, C5H11NO2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beet-root molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; — called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste.

Be•take´ , v. t. [imp. Betook ; p. p. Betaken ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betaking.] [Pref. be- + take.] 1. To take or seize. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To have recourse to; to apply; to resort; to go; — with a reflexive pronoun. “They betook themselves to treaty and submission.
Burke.” “The rest, in imitation, to like arms
Betook them.
Milton.” “Whither shall I betake me, where subsist?
Milton.” 3. To commend or intrust to; to commit to. [Obs.]

Be•taught´ , a. [p. p. of OE. bitechen, AS. betcan, to assign, deliver. See Teach.] Delivered; committed in trust. [Obs.]

Bete , v. t. To better; to mend. See Beete. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•tee´la , n. [Pg. beatilha.] An East India muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc. [Obs.]

Be•teem´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + an old verb teem to be fitting; cf. D. betamen to beseem, G. ziemen, Goth. gatiman, and E. tame. See Tame, a.] 1. To give ; to bestow; to grant; to accord; to consent. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton. 2. To allow; to permit; to suffer. [Obs.] “So loving to my mother,
That he might not beteem the winds of heaven
Visit her face too roughly.
Shak.”

Be´tel (be´t’l), n. [Pg., fr. Tamil vettilei, prop. meaning, a mere leaf.] (Bot.) A species of pepper (Piper betle), the leaves of which are chewed, with the areca or betel nut and a little shell lime, by the inhabitants of the East Indies. It is a woody climber with ovate many- nerved leaves.

Bet´el•guese (bet´el•jez), n. [F. Betelgeuse, of Arabic origin.] (Astron.) A bright star of the first magnitude, near one shoulder of Orion. [Written also Betelgeux and Betelgeuse.]

Be´tel nut . The nutlike seed of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) and shell lime.

Bête´ noire´ . [Fr., lit. black beast.] Something especially hated or dreaded; a bugbear.

Beth•ab´a•ra wood . (Bot.) A highly elastic wood, used for fishing rods, etc. The tree is unknown, but it is thought to be East Indian.

Beth´el , n. [Heb. bth-el house of God.] 1. A place of worship; a hallowed spot. S. F. Adams. 2. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.] 3. A house of worship for seamen.

Be•think´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethinking.] [AS. beþencan; pref. be- + þencan to think. See Think.] To call to mind; to recall or bring to recollection, reflection, or consideration; to think; to consider; — generally followed by a reflexive pronoun, often with of or that before the subject of thought. “I have bethought me of another fault.
Shak.” “The rest … may … bethink themselves, and recover.
Milton.” “We bethink a means to break it off.
Shak.” Syn. — To recollect; remember; reflect.

Be•think´, v. i. To think; to recollect; to consider. ´Bethink ere thou dismiss us.´ Byron.

Beth´le•hem , n. [Heb. beth- lekhem house of food; beth house + lekhem food, lakham to eat. Formerly the name of a hospital for the insane, in London, which had been the priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem. Cf. Bedlam.] 1. A hospital for lunatics; — corrupted into bedlam. 2. (Arch.) In the Ethiopic church, a small building attached to a church edifice, in which the bread for the eucharist is made. Audsley. { Beth´le•hem•ite , Beth´lem•ite } n. 1. An inhabitant of Bethlehem in Judea. 2. An insane person; a madman; a bedlamite. 3. One of an extinct English order of monks.

Be•thought´ , imp. & p. p. of Bethink.

Be•thrall´ , v. t. To reduce to thralldom; to inthrall. [Obs.] Spenser.

Be•thumb´ , v. t. To handle; to wear or soil by handling; as books. Poe.

Be•thump´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethumped , or Bethumpt; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethumping.] To beat or thump soundly. Shak.

Be•tide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betided , Obs. Betid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betiding.] [OE. bitiden; pref. bi-, be- + tiden, fr. AS. tidan, to happen, fr. tid time. See Tide.] To happen to; to befall; to come to ; as woe betide the wanderer. “What will betide the few ?
Milton.”

Be•tide´, v. i. To come to pass; to happen; to occur. “A salve for any sore that may betide.
Shak.” Shakespeare has used it with of. ´What would betide of me ?´ { Be•time´ , Be•times´ } adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + time; that is, by the proper time. The -s is an adverbial ending.] 1. In good season or time; before it is late; seasonably; early. “To measure life learn thou betimes.
Milton.” “To rise betimes is often harder than to do all the day’s work.
Barrow.” 2. In a short time; soon; speedily; forth with. “He tires betimes that spurs too fast betimes.
Shak.”

Be•ti´tle , v. t. To furnish with a title or titles; to entitle. [Obs.] Carlyle.

Be•to´ken , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betokened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betokening.] 1. To signify by some visible object; to show by signs or tokens. “A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow …
Betokening peace from God, and covenant new.
Milton.” 2. To foreshow by present signs; to indicate something future by that which is seen or known; as a dark cloud often betokens a storm. Syn. — To presage; portend; indicate; mark; note.

Be•ton´ , n. [F. beton, fr. L. bitumen bitumen.] (Masonry) The French name for concrete; hence, concrete made after the French fashion.

Be•tongue´ , v. t. To attack with the tongue; to abuse; to insult.

Bet´o•ny , n.; pl. Betonies . [OE. betony, betany, F. betoine, fr. L. betonica, vettonica.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Betonica (Linn.). The purple or wood betony (B. officinalis, Linn.) is common in Europe, being formerly used in medicine, and (according to Loudon) in dyeing wool a yellow color.

Be•took´ , imp. of Betake.

Be•torn´ , a. Torn in pieces; tattered.

Be•toss , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betossed .] To put in violent motion; to agitate; to disturb; to toss. ´My betossed soul.´ Shak.

Be•trap´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrapped .] 1. To draw into, or catch in, a trap; to insnare; to circumvent. Gower. 2. To put trappings on; to clothe; to deck. “After them followed two other chariots covered with red satin, and the horses betrapped with the same.
Stow.”

Be•tray´ (be•tra´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrayed (-trad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Betraying.] [OE. betraien, bitraien; pref. be- + OF. traïr to betray, F. trahir, fr. L. tradere. See Traitor.] 1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; to give up treacherously or faithlessly; as an officer betrayed the city. “Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men.
Matt. xvii. 22.” 2. To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust or one who trusts; to be false to; to deceive; as to betray a person or a cause. “But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me.
Johnson.” 3. To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret, or that which one is bound in honor not to make known. “Willing to serve or betray any government for hire.
Macaulay.” 4. To disclose or discover, as something which prudence would conceal; to reveal unintentionally. “Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance.
T. Watts.” 5. To mislead; to expose to inconvenience not foreseen to lead into error or sin. “Genius … often betrays itself into great errors.
T. Watts.” 6. To lead astray, as a maiden; to seduce (as under promise of marriage) and then abandon. 7. To show or to indicate; — said of what is not obvious at first, or would otherwise be concealed. “All the names in the country betray great antiquity.
Bryant.”

Be•tray´al n. The act or the result of betraying.

Be•tray´er , n. One who, or that which, betrays.

Be•tray´ment , n. Betrayal. [R.] Udall.

Be•trim´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrimming.] To set in order; to adorn; to deck, to embellish; to trim. Shak.

Be•troth´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrothed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrothing.] [Pref. be- + troth, i. e., truth. See Truth.] 1. To contract to any one for a marriage; to engage or promise in order to marriage; to affiance; — used esp. of a woman. “He, in the first flower of my freshest age,
Betrothed me unto the only heir.
Spenser.” “Ay, and we are betrothed.
Shak.” 2. To promise to take (as a future spouse); to plight one’s troth to. “What man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her?
Deut. xx. 7.” 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to consecration. Ayliffe.

Be•troth´al , n. The act of betrothing, or the fact of being betrothed; a mutual promise, engagement, or contract for a future marriage between the persons betrothed; betrothment; affiance. ´The feast of betrothal.´ Longfellow.

Be•troth´ment , n. The act of betrothing, or the state of being betrothed; betrothal.

Be•trust´ , v. t. To trust or intrust. [Obs.]

Be•trust´ment , n. The act of intrusting, or the thing intrusted. [Obs.] Chipman.

Bet´so , n. [It. bezzo.] A small brass Venetian coin. [Obs.]

Bet´ter , a.; compar. of Good. [OE. betere, bettre, and as adv. bet, AS. betera, adj., and bet, adv.; akin to Icel. betri, adj., betr, adv., Goth. batiza, adj., OHG. bezziro, adj., baz, adv., G. besser, adj. and adv., bass, adv., E. boot, and prob. to Skr. bhadra excellent. See Boot advantage, and cf. Best, Batful.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; as a better man; a better physician; a better house; a better air. “Could make the worse appear
The better reason.
Milton.” 2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. “To obey is better than sacrifice.
1 Sam. xv. 22.” “It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in princes.
Ps. cxviii. 9.” 3. Greater in amount; larger; more. 4. Improved in health; less affected with disease; as the patient is better. 5. More advanced; more perfect; as upon better acquaintance; a better knowledge of the subject. All the better. See under All, adv. — Better half, an expression used to designate one’s wife. “My dear, my better half (said he),
I find I must now leave thee.
Sir P. Sidney.” — To be better off, to be in a better condition. — Had better. (See under Had). The phrase had better, followed by an infinitive without to, is idiomatic. The earliest form of construction was ´were better´ with a dative; as ´Him were better go beside.´ (Gower.) i. e., It would be better for him, etc. At length the nominative (I, he, they, etc.) supplanted the dative and had took the place of were. Thus we have the construction now used. “By all that’s holy, he had better starve
Than but once think this place becomes thee not.
Shak. ”

Bet´ter, n. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory; — usually with of; as to get the better of an enemy. 2. One who has a claim to precedence; a superior, as in merit, social standing, etc.; — usually in the plural. “Their betters would hardly be found.
Hooker.” For the better, in the way of improvement; so as to produce improvement. ´If I have altered him anywhere for the better.´ Dryden.

Bet´ter, adv.; compar. of Well. 1. In a superior or more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, courage, virtue, advantage, or success; as Henry writes better than John; veterans fight better than recruits. “I could have better spared a better man.
Shak.” 2. More correctly or thoroughly. “The better to understand the extent of our knowledge.
Locke.” 3. In a higher or greater degree; more; as to love one better than another. “Never was monarch better feared, and loved.
Shak.” 4. More, in reference to value, distance, time, etc.; as ten miles and better. [Colloq.] To think better of (any one), to have a more favorable opinion of any one. — To think better of (an opinion, resolution, etc.), to reconsider and alter one’s decision.

Bet´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bettered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bettering.] [AS. beterian, betrian, fr. betera better. See Better, a.] 1. To improve or ameliorate; to increase the good qualities of. “Love betters what is best.
Wordsworth.” “He thought to better his circumstances.
Thackeray.” 2. To improve the condition of, morally, physically, financially, socially, or otherwise. “The constant effort of every man to better himself.
Macaulay.” 3. To surpass in excellence; to exceed; to excel. “The works of nature do always aim at that which can not be bettered.
Hooker.” 4. To give advantage to; to support; to advance the interest of. [Obs.] “Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us and worse our foes.
Milton.” Syn. — To improve; meliorate; ameliorate; mend; amend; correct; emend; reform; advance; promote.

Bet´ter, v. i. To become better; to improve. Carlyle.

Bet´ter, n. One who bets or lays a wager.

Bet´ter•ment , n. 1. A making better; amendment; improvement. W. Montagu. 2. (Law) An improvement of an estate which renders it better than mere repairing would do; — generally used in the plural. [U. S.] Bouvier.

Bet´ter•most , a. Best. [R.] ´The bettermost classes.´ Brougham.

Bet´ter•ness, n. 1. The quality of being better or superior; superiority. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. The difference by which fine gold or silver exceeds in fineness the standard.

Bet´tong , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small, leaping Australian marsupial of the genus Bettongia; the jerboa kangaroo.

Bet´tor , n. One who bets; a better. Addison.

Bet´ty , n. 1. [Supposed to be a cant word, from Betty, for Elizabeth, as such an instrument is also called Bess (i. e., Elizabeth) in the Canting Dictionary of 1725, and Jenny (i. e., Jane).] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. [Written also bettee.] “The powerful betty, or the artful picklock.
Arbuthnot.” 2. [Betty, nickname for Elizabeth.] A name of contempt given to a man who interferes with the duties of women in a household, or who occupies himself with womanish matters. 3. A pear-shaped bottle covered round with straw, in which olive oil is sometimes brought from Italy; — called by chemists a Florence flask. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Bet´u•lin , n. [L. betula birch tree.] (Chem.) A substance of a resinous nature, obtained from the outer bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), or from the tar prepared therefrom; — called also birch camphor. Watts.

Be•tum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betumbled .] To throw into disorder; to tumble. [R.] “From her betumbled couch she starteth.
Shak.”

Be•tu´tor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betutored .] To tutor; to instruct. Coleridge.

Be•tween´ , prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betweónan, betweónum; prefix be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See Twain, and cf. Atween, Betwixt.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as New York is between Boston and Philadelphia. 2. Used in expressing motion from one body or place to another; from one to another of two. “If things should go so between them.
Bacon.” 3. Belonging in common to two; shared by both. “Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them.
Locke.” 4. Belonging to, or participated in by, two, and involving reciprocal action or affecting their mutual relation; as opposition between science and religion. “An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and liberty.
Hume.” 5. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject; as to judge between or to choose between courses; to distinguish between you and me; to mediate between nations. 6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time, quantity, or degree; as between nine and ten o’clock. Between decks, the space, or in the space, between the decks of a vessel. — Between ourselves, Between you and me, Between themselves, in confidence; with the understanding that the matter is not to be communicated to others. Syn. — Between, Among. Between etymologically indicates only two; as a quarrel between two men or two nations; to be between two fires, etc. It is however extended to more than two in expressing a certain relation. “I … hope that between public business, improving studies, and domestic pleasures, neither melancholy nor caprice will find any place for entrance.
Johnson.” Among implies a mass or collection of things or persons, and always supposes more than two; as the prize money was equally divided among the ship’s crew.

Be•tween´, n. Intermediate time or space; interval. [Poetic & R.] Shak.

Be•twixt´ , prep. [OE. betwix, bitwix, rarely bitwixt, AS. betweox, betweohs, betweoh, betwih; pref. be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two. See Between.] 1. In the space which separates; between. “From betwixt two aged oaks.
Milton.” 2. From one to another of; mutually affecting. “There was some speech of marriage
Betwixt myself and her.
Shak.” Betwixt and between, in a midway position; so-so; neither one thing nor the other. [Colloq.]

Beur•re´ , n. [F., fr. beurre butter.] (Bot.) A beurre (or buttery) pear, one with the meat soft and melting; — used with a distinguishing word; as Beurre d’Anjou; Beurre Clairgeau.

Bev´el , n. [C. F. biveau, earlier buveau, Sp. baivel; of unknown origin. Cf. Bevile.] 1. Any angle other than a right angle; the angle which one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles; the slant or inclination of such surface; as to give a bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab; the bevel of a piece of timber. 2. An instrument consisting of two rules or arms, jointed together at one end, and opening to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same or a given inclination; — called also a bevel square. Gwilt.

Bev´el, a. 1. Having the slant of a bevel; slanting. 2. Hence: Morally distorted; not upright. [Poetic] “I may be straight, though they themselves be bevel.
Shak.” A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 90°. — Bevel wheel, a cogwheel whose working face is oblique to the axis. Knight.

Bev´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled or Bevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beveling or Bevelling.] To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.

Bev´el, v. i. To deviate or incline from an angle of 90°, as a surface; to slant. “Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel.
Swift.” { Bev´eled , Bev´elled } , a. 1. Formed to a bevel angle; sloping; as the beveled edge of a table. 2. (Min.) Replaced by two planes inclining equally upon the adjacent planes, as an edge; having its edges replaced by sloping planes, as a cube or other solid.

Bev´el gear . (Mech.) A kind of gear in which the two wheels working together lie in different planes, and have their teeth cut at right angles to the surfaces of two cones whose apices coincide with the point where the axes of the wheels would meet.

Bev´el•ment , n. (Min.) The replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes.

Be´ver , n. [OE. bever a drink, drinking time, OF. beivre, boivre, to drink, fr. L. bibere.] A light repast between meals; a lunch. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Be´ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bevered .] To take a light repast between meals. [Obs.]

Bev´er•age , n. [OF. bevrage, F. breuvage, fr. beivre to drink, fr. L. bibere. Cf. Bib, v. t., Poison, Potable.] 1. Liquid for drinking; drink; — usually applied to drink artificially prepared and of an agreeable flavor; as an intoxicating beverage. “He knew no beverage but the flowing stream.
Thomson.” 2. Specifically, a name applied to various kinds of drink. 3. A treat, or drink money. [Slang]

Bev´ile , n. [See Bevel.] (Her.) A chief broken or opening like a carpenter’s bevel. Encyc. Brit. { Bev´iled , Bev´illed } , a. (Her.) Notched with an angle like that inclosed by a carpenter’s bevel; — said of a partition line of a shield.

Bev´y , n.; pl. Bevies . [Perhaps orig. a drinking company, fr. OF. bevee (cf. It. beva) a drink, beverage; then, perh., a company in general, esp. of ladies; and last applied by sportsmen to larks, quails, etc. See Beverage.] 1. A company; an assembly or collection of persons, especially of ladies. “What a bevy of beaten slaves have we here !
Beau. & Fl.” 2. A flock of birds, especially quails or larks; also a herd of roes.

Be•wail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewailing.] To express deep sorrow for, as by wailing; to lament; to wail over. “Hath widowed and unchilded many a one,
Which to this hour bewail the injury.
Shak.” Syn. — To bemoan; grieve. — See Deplore.

Be•wail´, v. i. To express grief; to lament. Shak.

Be•wail´a•ble , a. Such as may, or ought to, be bewailed; lamentable.

Be•wail´er , n. One who bewails or laments.

Be•wail´ing, a. Wailing over; lamenting. — Be•wail´ing•ly, adv.

Be•wail´ment , n. The act of bewailing.

Be•wake´ , v. t. & i. To keep watch over; to keep awake. [Obs.] Gower.

Be•ware´ , v. i. [Be, imperative of verb to be + ware. See Ware, Wary.] 1. To be on one’s guard; to be cautious; to take care; — commonly followed by of or lest before the thing that is to be avoided. “Beware of all, but most beware of man !
Pope.” “Beware the awful avalanche.
Longfellow.” 2. To have a special regard; to heed. [Obs.] “Behold, I send an Angel before thee… . Beware of him, and obey his voice.
Ex. xxiii. 20, 21.” This word is a compound from be and the Old English ware, now wary, which is an adjective. ´Be ye war of false prophetis.´ Wyclif, Matt. vii. 15. It is used commonly in the imperative and infinitive modes, and with such auxiliaries (shall, should, must, etc.) as go with the infinitive.

Be•ware´ (be•wâr´), v. t. To avoid; to take care of; to have a care for. [Obs.] ´Priest, beware your beard.´ Shak. “To wish them beware the son.
Milton.”

Be•wash´ , v. t. To drench or souse with water. ´Let the maids bewash the men.´ Herrick.

Be•weep´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewept ; p. pr. & vb. n. Beweeping.] [AS. bewpan; pref. be- + weep.] To weep over; to deplore; to bedew with tears. ´His timeless death beweeping.´ Drayton.

Be•weep´, v. i. To weep. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be•wet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewet, Bewetted.] To wet or moisten. Gay.

Be•whore´ , v. t. 1. To corrupt with regard to chastity; to make a whore of. J. Fletcher. 2. To pronounce or characterize as a whore. Shak.

Be•wig´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewigged .] To cover (the head) with a wig. Hawthorne.

Be•wil´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewildered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewildering.] [Pref. be- + wilder.] To lead into perplexity or confusion, as for want of a plain path; to perplex with mazes; or in general, to perplex or confuse greatly. “Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search.
Addison.” Syn. — To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; confound; mystify; embarrass; lead astray.

Be•wil´dered , a. Greatly perplexed; as a bewildered mind.

Be•wil´dered•ness , n. The state of being bewildered; bewilderment. [R.]

Be•wil´der•ing , a. Causing bewilderment or great perplexity; as bewildering difficulties. — Be•wil´der•ing•ly, adv.

Be•wil´der•ment , n. 1. The state of being bewildered. 2. A bewildering tangle or confusion. “He … soon lost all traces of it amid bewilderment of tree trunks and underbrush.
Hawthorne.”

Be•win´ter , v. t. To make wintry. [Obs.]

Bew´it , n. [Cf. OF. buie bond, chain, fr. L. boja neck collar, fetter. Cf. Buoy.] A double slip of leather by which bells are fastened to a hawk’s legs.

Be•witch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewitched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewitching.] 1. To gain an ascendency over by charms or incantations; to affect (esp. to injure) by witchcraft or sorcery. “See how I am bewitched; behold, mine arm
Is like a blasted sapling withered up.
Shak.” 2. To charm; to fascinate; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance; to enchant. “The charms of poetry our souls bewitch.
Dryden.” Syn. — To enchant; captivate; charm; entrance.

Be•witch´ed•ness , n. The state of being bewitched. Gauden.

Be•witch´er , n. One who bewitches.

Be•witch´er•y , n. The power of bewitching or fascinating; bewitchment; charm; fascination. “There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.
South.”

Be•witch´ing, a. Having power to bewitch or fascinate; enchanting; captivating; charming. — Be•witch´ing•ly, adv. — Be•witch´ing•ness, n.

Be•witch´ment , n. 1. The act of bewitching, or the state of being bewitched. Tylor. 2. The power of bewitching or charming. Shak.

Be•won´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewondered .] 1. To fill with wonder. [Obs.] 2. To wonder at; to admire. [Obs.]

Be•wrap´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrapped .] To wrap up; to cover. Fairfax.

Be•wray´ (be•ra´), v. t. To soil. See Beray.

Be•wray´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrayed (-rad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Bewraying.] [OE. bewraien, biwreyen; pref. be- + AS. wregan to accuse, betray; akin to OS. wrogian, OHG. ruogen, G. rügen, Icel. raegja, Goth. wrohjan to accuse.] To expose; to reveal; to disclose; to betray. [Obs. or Archaic] “The murder being once done, he is in less fear, and in more hope that the deed shall not be bewrayed or known.
Robynson (More’s Utopia. )” “Thy speech bewrayeth thee.
Matt. xxvi. 73.”

Be•wray´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, bewrays; a revealer. [Obs. or Archaic] Addison.

Be•wray´ment (-ment), n. Betrayal. [R.]

Be•wreck´ , v. t. To wreck. [Obs.]

Be•wreke´ , v. t. [Pref. be- + wreak.] To wreak; to avenge. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Be•wrought´ , a. [Pref. be- + wrought, p. p. of work, v. t. ] Embroidered. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bey (ba), n. [See Beg a bey.] A governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; also in some places, a prince or nobleman; a beg; as the bey of Tunis.

Bey´lic , n. [Turk.] The territory ruled by a bey.

Be•yond´ , prep. [OE. biyonde, bi&yogh;eonde, AS. begeondan, prep. and adv.; pref. be- + geond yond, yonder. See Yon, Yonder.] 1. On the further side of; in the same direction as and further on or away than. “Beyond that flaming hill.
G. Fletcher.” 2. At a place or time not yet reached; before. “A thing beyond us, even before our death.
Pope.” 3. Past, out of the reach or sphere of; further than; greater than; as the patient was beyond medical aid; beyond one’s strength. 4. In a degree or amount exceeding or surpassing; proceeding to a greater degree than; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. ´Beyond expectation.´ Barrow. “Beyond any of the great men of my country.
Sir P. Sidney.” Beyond sea. (Law) See under Sea. — To go beyond, to exceed in ingenuity, in research, or in anything else; hence, in a bed sense, to deceive or circumvent. “That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter.
1 Thess. iv. 6.”

Be•yond´ , adv. Further away; at a distance; yonder. “Lo, where beyond he lyeth languishing.
Spenser.”

Be•zant´ , n. [See Byzant.] 1. A gold coin of Byzantium or Constantinople, varying in weight and value, usually (those current in England) between a sovereign and a half sovereign. There were also white or silver bezants. [Written also besant, byzant, etc.] 2. (Her.) A circle in or, i. e., gold, representing the gold coin called bezant. Burke. 3. A decoration of a flat surface, as of a band or belt, representing circular disks lapping one upon another.

Bez•-ant´ler , n. [L. bis twice (OF. bes) + E. antler.] The second branch of a stag’s horn.

Bez´el (bez´el), n. [From an old form of F. biseau sloping edge, prob. fr. L. bis double. See Bi-.] The rim which encompasses and fastens a jewel or other object, as the crystal of a watch, in the cavity in which it is set.

Be•zique´ (ba•zek´), n. [F. besigue.] A game at cards in which various combinations of cards in the hand, when declared, score points.

Be´zoar , n. [F. bezoard, fr. Ar. bazahr, badizahr, fr. Per. pad- zahr bezoar; pad protecting + zahr poison; cf. Pg. & Sp. bezoar.] A calculous concretion found in the intestines of certain ruminant animals (as the wild goat, the gazelle, and the Peruvian llama) formerly regarded as an unfailing antidote for poison, and a certain remedy for eruptive, pestilential, or putrid diseases. Hence: Any antidote or panacea. Two kinds were particularly esteemed, the Bezoar orientale of India, and the Bezoar occidentale of Peru. Bezoar antelope. See Antelope. — Bezoar goat (Zoöl.), the wild goat (Capra aegagrus). — Bezoar mineral, an old preparation of oxide of antimony. Ure.

Bez•o•ar´dic , a. [Cf. F. bezoardique, bezoartique.] Pertaining to, or compounded with, bezoar. — n. A medicine containing bezoar. { Bez•o•ar´tic , Bez•o•ar´tic•al } a. [See Bezoardic.] Having the qualities of an antidote, or of bezoar; healing. [Obs.]

Be•zo´ni•an , n. [Cf. F. besoin need, want, It bisogno.] A low fellow or scoundrel; a beggar. “Great men oft die by vile bezonians.
Shak.”

Bez´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bezzled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bezzling .] [OF. besillier, besiler, to maltreat, pillage; or shortened fr. embezzle. Cf. Embezzle.] To plunder; to waste in riot. [Obs.]

Bez´zle, v. i. To drink to excess; to revel. [Obs.]

Bhang , n. [Per. bang; cf. Skr. bhanga hemp.] An astringent and narcotic drug made from the dried leaves and seed capsules of wild hemp (Cannabis Indica), and chewed or smoked in the East as a means of intoxication. See Hasheesh.

Bhun´der , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An Indian monkey (Macacus Rhesus), protected by the Hindoos as sacred. See Rhesus.

Bi- . [L. bis twice, which in composition drops the -s, akin to E. two. See Bis-, Two, and cf. Di-, Dis-.] 1. In most branches of science bi- in composition denotes two, twice, or doubly; as bidentate, two- toothed; biternate, doubly ternate, etc. 2. (Chem.) In the composition of chemical names bi- denotes two atoms, parts, or equivalents of that constituent to the name of which it is prefixed, to one of the other component, or that such constituent is present in double the ordinary proportion; as bichromate, bisulphide. Be- and di- are often used interchangeably.

Bi•ac´id , a. [Pref. bi- + acid.] (Chem.) Having two hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by negative atoms or radicals to form salts; — said of bases. See Diacid.

Bi•a•cu´mi•nate , a. [Pref. bi- + acuminate.] (Bot.) Having points in two directions.

Bi•an´gu•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + angular.] Having two angles or corners. { Bi•an´gu•late , Bi•an´gu•la•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + angulate, angulated.] Biangular.

Bi•an´gu•lous , a. [Pref. bi- + angulous.] Biangular. [R.]

Bi•an•ther•if´er•ous , a. [Pref. bi- + antherigerous.] (Bot.) Having two anthers.

Bi•ar•tic´u•late , a. [Pref. bi- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Having, or consisting of, tow joints.

Bi´as (bi´as), n.; pl. Biases (-ez). [F. biasis, perh. fr. LL. bifax two-faced; L. bis + facies face. See Bi-, and cf. Face.] 1. A weight on the side of the ball used in the game of bowls, or a tendency imparted to the ball, which turns it from a straight line. “Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias within the spheroid, which will … swerve away.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A leaning of the mind; propensity or prepossession toward an object or view, not leaving the mind indifferent; bent; inclination. “Strong love is a bias upon the thoughts.
South.” “Morality influences men’s lives, and gives a bias to all their actions.
Locke.” 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of a garment (as the waist of a dress) to diminish its circumference. 4. A slant; a diagonal; as to cut cloth on the bias. Syn. — Prepossession; prejudice; partiality; inclination. See Bent.

Bi´as, a. 1. Inclined to one side; swelled on one side. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Cut slanting or diagonally, as cloth.

Bi´as, adv. In a slanting manner; crosswise; obliquely; diagonally; as to cut cloth bias.

Bi´as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Biased (bi´ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Biasing.] To incline to one side; to give a particular direction to; to influence; to prejudice; to prepossess. “Me it had not biased in the one direction, nor should it have biased any just critic in the counter direction.
De Quincey.”

Bi•au•ric´u•late , a. [Pref. bi- + auriculate.] 1. (Anat.) Having two auricles, as the heart of mammals, birds, and reptiles. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having two earlike projections at its base, as a leaf. { Bi•ax´al , Bi•ax´i•al } a. [Pref. bi- + axal, axial.] (Opt.) Having two axes; as biaxial polarization. Brewster. — Bi•ax´i•al•ly, adv.

Bib , n. [From Bib, v., because the bib receives the drink that the child slavers from the mouth.] 1. A small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast, to protect the clothes. 2. (Zoöl.) An arctic fish (Gadus luscus), allied to the cod; — called also pout and whiting pout. 3. A bibcock. { Bib , Bibbe } , v. t. [L. bibere. See Beverage, and cf. Imbibe.] To drink; to tipple. [Obs.] “This miller hath … bibbed ale.
Chaucer.”

Bib, v. i. To drink; to sip; to tipple. “He was constantly bibbing.
Locke.”

Bi•ba´cious , a. [L. bibax, bibacis, fr. bibere. See Bib.] Addicted to drinking.

Bi•bac´i•ty , n. The practice or habit of drinking too much; tippling. Blount.

Bi•ba´sic , a. [Pref. bi- + basic.] (Chem.) Having to hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by positive or basic atoms or radicals to form salts; — said of acids. See Dibasic.

Bibb (bib), n. A bibcock. See Bib, n., 3.

Bib´ber , n. One given to drinking alcoholic beverages too freely; a tippler; — chiefly used in composition; as winebibber.

Bib´ble-bab´ble , n. [A reduplication of babble.] Idle talk; babble. Shak.

Bibbs (bibz), n. pl. (Naut.) Pieces of timber bolted to certain parts of a mast to support the trestletrees.

Bib´cock (bib´kok), n. A cock or faucet having a bent down nozzle. Knight.

Bi•bi´rine , n. (Chem.) See Bebeerine.

Bib´i•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to drinking or tippling.

Bi´ble (bi´b’l), n. [F. bible, L. biblia, pl., fr. Gr. bibli•a, pl. of bibli•on, dim. of bi•blos, by•blos, book, prop. Egyptian papyrus.] 1. A book. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The Book by way of eminence, — that is, the book which is made up of the writings accepted by Christians as of divine origin and authority, whether such writings be in the original language, or translated; the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; — sometimes in a restricted sense, the Old Testament; as King James’s Bible; Douay Bible; Luther’s Bible. also the book which is made up of writings similarly accepted by the Jews; as a rabbinical Bible. 3. A book containing the sacred writings belonging to any religion; as the Koran is often called the Mohammedan Bible. Bible Society, an association for securing the multiplication and wide distribution of the Bible. — Douay Bible. See Douay Bible. — Geneva Bible. See under Geneva.

Bib´ler (bib´ler), n. [See Bib, v. t.] A great drinker; a tippler. [Written also bibbler and bibbeler.]

Bib´li•cal (bib´li•kal), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the Bible; as biblical learning; biblical authority.

Bib•li•cal´i•ty (-kal´i•ty), n. The quality of being biblical; a biblical subject. [R.]

Bib´li•cal•ly , adv. According to the Bible.

Bib´li•cism , n. [Cf. F. biblicisme.] Learning or literature relating to the Bible. [R.]

Bib´li•cist , n. One skilled in the knowledge of the Bible; a demonstrator of religious truth by the Scriptures.

Bib´li•o•graph , n. Bibliographer.

Bib•li•og´ra•pher , n. [Gr. , fr. book + to write : cf. F. bibliographe.] One who writes, or is versed in, bibliography. { Bib•li•o•graph´ic , Bib•li•o•graph´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. bibliographique.] Pertaining to bibliography, or the history of books. — Bib•li•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Bib•li•og´ra•phy n.; pl. Bibliographies . [Gr. : cf. F. bibliographie.] A history or description of books and manuscripts, with notices of the different editions, the times when they were printed, etc. { Bib•li•ol´a•ter , Bib•li•ol´a•trist } n. [See. Bibliolatry.] A worshiper of books; especially, a worshiper of the Bible; a believer in its verbal inspiration. De Quincey.

Bib•li•ol´a•try (-try), n. [Gr. bibli•on book + latrei•a service, worship, latrey•ein to serve.] Book worship, esp. of the Bible; — applied by Roman Catholic divines to the exaltation of the authority of the Bible over that of the pope or the church, and by Protestants to an excessive regard to the letter of the Scriptures. Coleridge. F. W. Newman.

Bib•li•o•log´ic•al , a. Relating to bibliology.

Bib•li•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. book + -logy.] 1. An account of books; book lore; bibliography. 2. The literature or doctrine of the Bible.

Bib´li•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. book + -mancy: cf. F. bibliomancie.] A kind of divination, performed by selecting passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing from them indications concerning future events.

Bib•li•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. book + madness: cf. F. bibliomanie.] A mania for acquiring books.

Bib•li•o•ma´ni•ac , n. One who has a mania for books. — a. Relating to a bibliomaniac.

Bib•li•o•ma•ni´ac•al , a. Pertaining to a passion for books; relating to a bibliomaniac.

Bib•li•o•peg´ic (-pej´ik), a. [Gr. bibli•on book + phgny•naito make fast.] Relating to the binding of books. [R.]

Bib•li•op´e•gist (bib•li•op´e•jist), n. A bookbinder.

Bib•li•op•e•gis´tic (-op•e•jis´tik), a. Pertaining to the art of binding books. [R.] Dibdin.

Bib•li•op´e•gy , n. [See Bibliopegic.] The art of binding books. [R.]

Bib´li•o•phile , n. [Gr. book + to love: cf. F. bibliophile.] A lover of books.

Bib•li•oph´i•lism , n. Love of books.

Bib•li•oph´i•list , n. A lover of books.

Bib•li•o•pho´bi•a , n. [Gr. book + to fear.] A dread of books. [R.]

Bib´li•o•pole , n. [L. bibliopola, Gr. ; book + to sell: cf. F. bibliopole.] One who sells books. { Bib•li•o•pol´ic , Bib•li•op´o•lar } , a. [See Bibliopole.] Of or pertaining to the sale of books. ´Bibliopolic difficulties.´ Carlyle.

Bib•li•op´o•lism , n. The trade or business of selling books.

Bib•li•op´o•list , n. Same as Bibliopole.

Bib•li•op•o•lis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to bibliopolism. Dibdin. { Bib´li•o•taph , Bib•li•ot´a•phist } n. [Gr. book + a burial.] One who hides away books, as in a tomb. [R.] Crabb.

Bib´li•o•thec , n. A librarian.

Bib•li•o•the´ca , n. [L. See Bibliotheke.] A library.

Bib•li•o•the´cal , a. [L. bibliothecalis. See Bibliotheke.] Belonging to a library. Byrom.

Bib•li•oth´e•ca•ry , n. [L. bibliothecarius: cf. F. bibliothecaire.] A librarian. [Obs.] Evelin.

Bib´li•o•theke , n. [L. bibliotheca, Gr. ; book + a case, box, fr. to place: cf. F. bibliothèque.] A library. [Obs.] Bale.

Bib´list , n. [Cf. F. bibliste. See Bible.] 1. One who makes the Bible the sole rule of faith. 2. A biblical scholar; a biblicist. I. Taylor.

Bi•brac´te•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Furnished with, or having, two bracts.

Bib´u•lous , a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink. See Bib, v. t. ] 1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture; spongy; as bibulous blotting paper. 2. Inclined to drink; addicted to tippling.

Bib´u•lous•ly, adv. In a bibulous manner; with profuse imbibition or absorption. De Quincey.

Bi•cal´ca•rate , a. [Pref. bi- + calcarate.] Having two spurs, as the wing or leg of a bird. { Bi•cal´lose , Bi•cal´lous } a. [Pref. bi- + callose, callous.] (Bot.) Having two callosities or hard spots. Gray.

Bi•cam´er•al , a. [Pref. bi- + camera.] Consisting of, or including, two chambers, or legislative branches. Bentham.

Bi•cap´su•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + capsular: cf. F. bicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Having two capsules; as a bicapsular pericarp.

Bi•car´bon•ate , n. [Pref. bi- + carbonate.] (Chem.) A carbonate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal carbonates; an acid carbonate; — sometimes called supercarbonate. {Bi•car´bu•ret•ed -ret•ted } , a. [Pref. bi- + carbureted.] (Chem.) Containing two atoms or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. [Obs. or R.]

Bi•car´i•nate , a. [Pref. bi- + carinate.] (Biol.) Having two keel-like projections, as the upper palea of grasses.

Bi•cau´dal , a. [Pref. bi- + caudal.] Having, or terminating in, two tails.

Bi•cau´date , a. [Pref. bi- + caudate.] Two-tailed; bicaudal.

Bic´ched , a. [Of unknown origin.] Pecked; pitted; notched. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bicched bones, pecked, or notched, bones; dice. { Bice , Bise } , n. [F. bis, akin to It. bigio light gray, tawny.] (Paint.) A pale blue pigment, prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt; — called also blue bice. Green bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grinding down the green carbonate of copper. Cooley. Brande & C.

Bi•cen´te•na•ry , a. [Pref. bi- + centenary.] Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. to two hundred years; as a bicentenary celebration. — n. The two hundredth anniversary, or its celebration.

Bi•cen•ten´ni•al, a. [Pref. bi- + centennial.] 1. Consisting of two hundred years. 2. Occurring every two hundred years.

Bi•cen•ten´ni•al, n. The two hundredth year or anniversary, or its celebration.

Bi•ceph´a•lous , a. [Pref. bi- + cephalous: cf. F. bicephale.] Having two heads.

Bi´ceps , n. [L., two-headed; bis twice + caput head. See Capital.] (Anat.) A muscle having two heads or origins; — applied particularly to a flexor in the arm, and to another in the thigh.

Bi•chir´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A remarkable ganoid fish (Polypterus bichir) found in the Nile and other African rivers. See Brachioganoidei.

Bi•chlo´ride , n. [Pref. bi- + chloride.] (Chem.) A compound consisting of two atoms of chlorine with one or more atoms of another element; — called also dichloride. Bichloride of mercury, mercuric chloride; — sometimes called corrosive sublimate.

Bi´cho , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) See Jigger.

Bi•chro´mate , n. [Pref. bi- + chromate.] (Chem.) A salt containing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other ingredients; as potassium bichromate; — called also dichromate.

Bi•chro´ma•tize , v. t. To combine or treat with a bichromate, esp. with bichromate of potassium; as bichromatized gelatine.

Bi•cip´i•tal , a. [L. biceps, bicipitis: cf. F. bicipital. See Biceps.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Having two heads or origins, as a muscle. (b) Pertaining to a biceps muscle; as bicipital furrows, the depressions on either side of the biceps of the arm. 2. (Bot.) Dividing into two parts at one extremity; having two heads or two supports; as a bicipital tree.

Bi•cip´i•tous , a. Having two heads; bicipital. ´Bicipitous serpents.´ Sir T. Browne.

Bick´er, n. [See Beaker.] A small wooden vessel made of staves and hoops, like a tub. [Prov. Eng.]

Bick´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bickered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bickering.] [OE. bikeren, perh. fr. Celtic; cf. W. bicra to fight, bicker, bicre conflict, skirmish; perh. akin to E. beak.] 1. To skirmish; to exchange blows; to fight. [Obs.] “Two eagles had a conflict, and bickered together.
Holland.” 2. To contend in petulant altercation; to wrangle. “Petty things about which men cark and bicker.
Barrow.” 3. To move quickly and unsteadily, or with a pattering noise; to quiver; to be tremulous, like flame. “They [streamlets] bickered through the sunny shade.
Thomson.”

Bick´er, n. 1. A skirmish; an encounter. [Obs.] 2. A fight with stones between two parties of boys. [Scot.] Jamieson. 3. A wrangle; also a noise,, as in angry contention.

Bick´er•er , n. One who bickers.

Bick´er•ing, n. 1. A skirmishing. ´Frays and bickerings.´ Milton. 2. Altercation; wrangling.

Bick´er•ment , n. Contention. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bick´ern , n. [F. bigorne. See Bicorn.] An anvil ending in a beak or point (orig. in two beaks); also the beak or horn itself.

Bi•col´li•gate , a. [L. bis twice + colligatus, p. p. See Colligate, v. t. ] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior toes connected by a basal web. { Bi´col•or , Bi´col•ored } a. [L. bicolor; bis twice + color color.] Of two colors.

Bi•con´cave , a. [Pref. bi- + concave.] Concave on both sides; as biconcave vertebrae.

Bi•con´ju•gate , a. [Pref. bi- + conjugate, a.] (Bot.) Twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice. Gray.

Bi•con´vex , a. [Pref. bi- + convex.] Convex on both sides; as a biconvex lens. { Bi´corn , Bi´corned , Bi•cor´nous , } a. [L. bicornis; bis twice + cornu horn: cf. F. bicorne. Cf. Bickern.] Having two horns; two-horned; crescentlike.

Bi•cor´po•ral , a. [Pref. bi- + corporal.] Having two bodies.

Bi•cor´po•rate , a. [Pref. bi- + corporate.] (Her.) Double-bodied, as a lion having one head and two bodies.

Bi•cos´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + costate.] (Bot.) Having two principal ribs running longitudinally, as a leaf.

Bi•cre´nate , a. [Pref. bi- + crenate.] (Bot.) Twice crenated, as in the case of leaves whose crenatures are themselves crenate.

Bi•cres•cen´tic , a. [Pref. bi- + crescent.] Having the form of a double crescent.

Bi•cru´ral , a. [Pref. bi- + crural.] Having two legs. Hooker. { Bi•cus´pid , Bi•cus´pid•ate } a. [See pref. Bi-, and Cuspidate.] Having two points or prominences; ending in two points; — said of teeth, leaves, fruit, etc.

Bi•cus´pid, n. (Anat.) One of the two double-pointed teeth which intervene between the canines (cuspids) and the molars, on each side of each jaw. See Tooth, n.

Bi•cy´a•nide , n. See Dicyanide.

Bi´cy•cle , n. [Pref. bi- + cycle.] A light vehicle having two wheels one behind the other. It has a saddle seat and is propelled by the rider’s feet acting on cranks or levers.

Bi´cy•cler , n. One who rides a bicycle.

Bi•cyc´lic , a. Relating to bicycles.

Bi´cy•cling , n. The use of a bicycle; the act or practice of riding a bicycle.

Bi´cy•clism , n. The art of riding a bicycle.

Bi´cy•clist , n. A bicycler.

Bi•cyc´u•lar , a. Relating to bicycling.

Bid (bid), v. t. [imp. Bade (bad), Bid, (Obs.) Bad; p. p. Bidden , Bid; p. pr. & vb. n. Bidding.] [OE. bidden, prop to ask, beg, AS. biddan; akin to OS. biddian, Icel. biðja, OHG. bittan, G. bitten, to pray, ask, request, and E. bead, also perh. to Gr. teiqein to persuade, L. fidere to trust, E. faith, and bide. But this word was early confused with OE. beden, beoden, AS. beódan, to offer, command; akin to Icel. bjoða, Goth. biudan (in comp.), OHG. biotan to command, bid, G. bieten, D. bieden, to offer, also to Gr. pynqa•nesqai to learn by inquiry, Skr. budh to be awake, to heed, present OSlav. budeti to be awake, E. bode, v. The word now has the form of OE. bidden to ask, but the meaning of OE. beden to command, except in ´to bid beads.´ rad.30.] 1. To make an offer of; to propose. Specifically : To offer to pay ( a certain price, as for a thing put up at auction), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done under a contract). 2. To offer in words; to declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance, etc.; as to bid one welcome; to bid good morning, farewell, etc. “Neither bid him God speed.
2. John 10.” “He bids defiance to the gaping crowd.
Granrille.” 3. To proclaim; to declare publicly; to make known. [Mostly obs.] ´Our banns thrice bid !´ Gay. 4. To order; to direct; to enjoin; to command. “That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow.
Pope” “Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee.
Matt. xiv. 28” “I was bid to pick up shells.
D. Jerrold.” 5. To invite; to call in; to request to come. “As many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage.
Matt. xxii. 9” To bid beads, to pray with beads, as the Roman Catholics; to distinguish each bead by a prayer. [Obs.] — To bid defiance to , to defy openly; to brave. — To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise; to seem likely. Syn. — To offer; proffer; tender; propose; order; command; direct; charge; enjoin.

Bid , imp. & p. p. of Bid.

Bid, n. An offer of a price, especially at auctions; a statement of a sum which one will give for something to be received, or will take for something to be done or furnished; that which is offered.

Bid, v. i. [See Bid, v. t.] 1. To pray. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To make a bid; to state what one will pay or take.

Bid´ale , n. [Bid + ale.] An invitation of friends to drink ale at some poor man’s house, and there to contribute in charity for his relief. [Prov. Eng.]

Bid´da•ble , a. Obedient; docile. [Scot.]

Bid´den , p. p. of Bid.

Bid´der , n. [AS. biddere. ] One who bids or offers a price. Burke.

Bid´der•y ware . [From Beder or Bidar a town in India.] A kind of metallic ware made in India. The material is a composition of zinc, tin, and lead, in which ornaments of gold and silver are inlaid or damascened. [Spelt also bidry, bidree, bedery, beder.]

Bid´ding, n. 1. Command; order; a proclamation or notifying. ´Do thou thy master’s bidding.´ Shak. 2. The act or process of making bids; an offer; a proposal of a price, as at an auction.

Bid´ding prayer . 1. (R. C. Ch.) The prayer for the souls of benefactors, said before the sermon. 2. (Angl. Ch.) The prayer before the sermon, with petitions for various specified classes of persons.

Bid´dy , n. [Etymology uncertain.] A name used in calling a hen or chicken. Shak.

Bid´dy, n. [A familiar form of Bridget.] An Irish serving woman or girl. [Colloq.]

Bide , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bided; p. pr. & vb. n. Biding.] [OE. biden, AS. bidan; akin to OHG. bitan, Goth. beidan, Icel. bi; perh. orig., to wait with trust, and akin to bid. See Bid, v. t., and cf. Abide.] 1. To dwell; to inhabit; to abide; to stay. “All knees to thee shall bow of them that bide
In heaven or earth, or under earth, in hell.
Milton.” 2. To remain; to continue or be permanent in a place or state; to continue to be. Shak.

Bide, v. t. 1. To encounter; to remain firm under (a hardship); to endure; to suffer; to undergo. “Poor naked wretches, wheresoe’er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm.
Shak.” 2. To wait for; as I bide my time. See Abide.

Bi´dent , n. [L. bidens, - entis, having two prongs; bis twice + dens a tooth.] An instrument or weapon with two prongs.

Bi•den´tal , a. Having two teeth. Swift.

Bi•den´tate , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having two teeth or two toothlike processes; two- toothed.

Bi•det´ , n. [F. bidet, perh. fr. Celtic; cr. Gael. bideach very little, diminutive, bidein a diminutive animal, W. bidan a weakly or sorry wretch.] 1. A small horse formerly allowed to each trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage. B. Jonson. 2. A kind of bath tub for sitting baths; a sitz bath.

Bi•dig´i•tate , a. [Pref. bi- + digitate.] Having two fingers or fingerlike projections.

Bid´ing , n. Residence; habitation. Rowe.

Bield , n. A shelter. Same as Beild. [Scot.]

Bield, v. t. To shelter. [Scot.]

Bi•en´ni•al , a. [L. biennalis and biennis, fr. biennium a space of two years; bis twice + annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. Happening, or taking place, once in two years; as a biennial election. 2. (Bot.) Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as plants which form roots and leaves the first year, and produce fruit the second.

Bi•en´ni•al, n. 1. Something which takes place or appears once in two years; esp. a biennial examination. 2. (Bot.) A plant which exists or lasts for two years.

Bi•en´ni•al•ly, adv. Once in two years.

Bier , n. [OE. baee, beere, AS. br, bre; akin to D. baar, OHG. bara, G. bahre, Icel barar, D baare, L. feretrum, Gr. , from the same bear to produce. See 1st Bear, and cf. Barrow.] 1. A handbarrow or portable frame on which a corpse is placed or borne to the grave. 2. (Weaving) A count of forty threads in the warp or chain of woolen cloth. Knight.

Bier´balk (ber´bak•), n. [See Bier, and Balk, n.] A church road (e. g., a path across fields) for funerals. [Obs.] Homilies. { Biest´ings , Beest´ings } , n. pl. [OE. bestynge, AS. bysting, fr. byst, beost; akin to D. biest, OHG. biost, G. biest; of unknown origin.] The first milk given by a cow after calving. B. Jonson. “The thick and curdy milk … commonly called biestings.
Newton. (1574).”

Bi•fa´cial , a. [Pref. bi- + facial.] Having the opposite surfaces alike.

Bi•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. bifarius; bis twice + fari to speak. Cf. Gr. twofold; twice + to say.] 1. Twofold; arranged in two rows. 2. (Bot.) Pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only on opposite sides of a branch; in two vertical rows.

Bi•fa´ri•ous•ly, adv. In a bifarious manner.

Bif´er•ous , a. [L. bifer; bis twice + ferre to bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year.

Bif´fin , n. [Cf. Beaufin.] 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. [Sometimes called beaufin; but properly beefin (it is said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] Wright. 2. A baked apple pressed down into a flat, round cake; a dried apple. Dickens.

Bi´fid , a. [L. bifidus; bis twice + root of findere to cleave or split: cf. F. bifide.] Cleft to the middle or slightly beyond the middle; opening with a cleft; divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins.

Bif´i•date , a. [L. bifidatus.] See Bifid.

Bi•fi´lar , a. [Pref. bi- + filar.] Two-threaded; involving the use of two threads; as bifilar suspension; a bifilar balance. Bifilar micrometer (often called a bifilar, an instrument form measuring minute distances or angles by means of two very minute threads (usually spider lines), one of which, at least, is movable; — more commonly called a filar micrometer.

Bi•fla•bel´late , a. [Pref. bi- + flabellate.] (Zoöl.) Flabellate on both sides.

Bi•fla•gel´late , a. [Pref. bi- + flagellate.] Having two long, narrow, whiplike appendages. { Bi•flo´rate , Bi•flo´rous } a. [L. bis twice + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Bearing two flowers; two-flowered.

Bi´fold , a. [Pref. bi- + fold.] Twofold; double; of two kinds, degrees, etc. Shak.

Bi•fo´li•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + foliate.] (Bot.) Having two leaves; two- leaved.

Bi•fo´li•o•late , a. [Pref. bi- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves.

Bif´o•rate , a. [L. bis twice + foratus, p. p. of forare to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Having two perforations.

Bif´o•rine , n. [L. biforis, biforus, having two doors; bis twice + foris door.] (Bot.) An oval sac or cell, found in the leaves of certain plants of the order Araceae. It has an opening at each end through which raphides, generated inside, are discharged.

Bi´forked , a. Bifurcate.

Bi´form , a. [L. biformis; bis twice + forma shape: cf. F. biforme.] Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Croxall.

Bi´formed , a. [Pref. bi- + form.] Having two forms. Johnson.

Bi•form´i•ty , n. A double form.

Bi•forn´ , prep. & adv. Before. [Obs.]

Bif´o•rous , a. [L. biforis having two doors; bis twice, two + foris door.] See Biforate.

Bi•front´ed , a. [Pref. bi- + front.] Having two fronts. ´Bifronted Janus.´ Massinger. { Bi•fur´cate , Bi•fur´ca•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + furcate.] Two-pronged; forked.

Bi•fur´cate , v. i. To divide into two branches.

Bi•fur•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. bifurcation.] A forking, or division into two branches.

Bi•fur´cous , a. [L. bifurcus; bis twice + furca fork.] See Bifurcate, a. [R.] Coles.

Big , a. [Compar. Bigger; superl. Biggest.] [Perh. from Celtic; cf. W. beichiog, beichiawg, pregnant, with child, fr. baich burden, Arm. beac’h; or cf. OE. bygly, Icel. biggiligr, (properly) habitable; (then) magnigicent, excellent, fr. OE. biggen, Icel. byggja, to dwell, build, akin to E. be.] 1. Having largeness of size; of much bulk or magnitude; of great size; large. ´He’s too big to go in there.´ Shak. 2. Great with young; pregnant; swelling; ready to give birth or produce; — often figuratively. “[Day] big with the fate of Cato and of Rome.
Addison.” 3. Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense; as a big heart; a big voice; big looks; to look big. As applied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride. “God hath not in heaven a bigger argument.
Jer. Taylor.” Big is often used in self-explaining compounds; as big-boned; big-sounding; big-named; big- voiced. To talk big, to talk loudly, arrogantly, or pretentiously. “I talked big to them at first.
De Foe.” Syn. — Bulky; large; great; massive; gross. { Big , Bigg }, n. [OE. bif, bigge; akin to Icel. bygg, Dan. byg, Sw. bjugg.] (Bot.) Barley, especially the hardy four-rowed kind. “´Bear interchanges in local use, now with barley, now with bigg.´
New English Dict.” { Big , Bigg }, v. t. [OE. biggen, fr. Icel. byggja to inhabit, to build, ba (neut.) to dwell (active) to make ready. See Boor, and Bound.] To build. [Scot. & North of Eng. Dial.] Sir W. Scott.

Bi´ga , n. [L.] (Antiq.) A two-horse chariot.

Big´am , n. [L. bigamus twice married: cf. F. bigame. See Bigamy.] A bigamist. [Obs.]

Big´a•mist , n. [Cf. Digamist.] One who is guilty of bigamy. Ayliffe.

Big´a•mous , a. Guilty of bigamy; involving bigamy; as a bigamous marriage.

Big´a•my , n. [OE. bigamie, fr. L. bigamus twice married; bis twice + Gr. marriage; prob. akin to Skt. jamis related, and L. gemini twins, the root meaning to bind, join: cf. F. bigamie. Cf. Digamy.] (Law) The offense of marrying one person when already legally married to another. Wharton. It is not strictly correct to call this offense bigamy: it more properly denominated polygamy, i. e., having a plurality of wives or husbands at once, and in several statutes in the United States the offense is classed under the head of polygamy. In the canon law bigamy was the marrying of two virgins successively, or one after the death of the other, or once marrying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, and for holding ecclesiastical offices. Shakespeare uses the word in the latter sense. Blackstone. Bouvier. “Base declension and loathed bigamy.
Shak. ” { Big•ar•reau´ , Big•a•roon´ } n. [F. bigarreau, fr. bigarre variegated.] (Bot.) The large white-heart cherry.

Big´-bel•lied , a. Having a great belly; as a big-bellied man or flagon; advanced in pregnancy.

Bi•gem´i•nate , a. [Pref. bi- + geminate.] (Bot.) Having a forked petiole, and a pair of leaflets at the end of each division; biconjugate; twice paired; — said of a decompound leaf.

Bi•gen´tial , a. [Pref. bi- + L. gens, gentis, tribe.] (Zoöl.) Including two tribes or races of men.

Big´eye , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Priacanthus, remarkable for the large size of the eye.

Bigg , n. & v. See Big, n. & v.

Big´gen , v. t. & i. To make or become big; to enlarge. [Obs. or Dial.] Steele.

Big´ger , a., compar. of Big.

Big´gest , a., superl. of Big.

Big´gin , n. [F. beguin, prob. from the cap worn by the Beguines. Cf. Beguine, Biggon.] A child’s cap; a hood, or something worn on the head. “An old woman’s biggin for a nightcap.
Massinger.”

Big´gin, n. A coffeepot with a strainer or perforated metallic vessel for holding the ground coffee, through which boiling water is poured; — so called from Mr. Biggin, the inventor. { Big´gin , Big´ging } n. [OE. bigging. See Big, Bigg, v. t.] A building. [Obs.] { Big´gon , Big´gon•net } n. [F. beguin and OF. beguinet, dim of beguin. See Biggin a cap.] A cap or hood with pieces covering the ears.

Big´ha , n. A measure of land in India, varying from a third of an acre to an acre.

Big´horn , n. (Zoöl.) The Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis or Caprovis montana).

Bight (bit), n. [OE. bi&yogh;t a bending; cf. Sw. & Dan. bugt bend, bay; fr. AS. byht, fr. bugan. rad.88. Cf. Bout, Bought a bend, and see Bow, v.] 1. A corner, bend, or angle; a hollow; as the bight of a horse’s knee; the bight of an elbow. 2. (Geog.) A bend in a coast forming an open bay; as the Bight of Benin. 3. (Naut.) The double part of a rope when folded, in distinction from the ends; that is, a round, bend, or coil not including the ends; a loop.

Bi•glan´du•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + glandular.] Having two glands, as a plant.

Big´ly , adv. [From Big, a.] In a tumid, swelling, blustering manner; haughtily; violently. “He brawleth bigly.
Robynson (More’s Utopia. )”

Big´ness, n. The state or quality of being big; largeness; size; bulk.

Big•no´ni•a , n. [Named from the Abbe Bignon.] (Bot.) A large genus of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus.

Big•no•ni•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the trumpet flower is an example.

Big´ot , n. [F. bigot a bigot or hypocrite, a name once given to the Normans in France. Of unknown origin; possibly akin to Sp. bigote a whisker; hombre de bigote a man of spirit and vigor; cf. It. s-bigottire to terrify, to appall. Wedgwood and others maintain that bigot is from the same source as Beguine, Beghard.] 1. A hypocrite; esp., a superstitious hypocrite. [Obs.] 2. A person who regards his own faith and views in matters of religion as unquestionably right, and any belief or opinion opposed to or differing from them as unreasonable or wicked. In an extended sense, a person who is intolerant of opinions which conflict with his own, as in politics or morals; one obstinately and blindly devoted to his own church, party, belief, or opinion. “To doubt, where bigots had been content to wonder and believe.
Macaulay.”

Big´ot, a. Bigoted. [Obs.] “In a country more bigot than ours.
Dryden.”

Big´ot•ed, a. Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion practice, or ritual; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of others. ´Bigoted to strife.´ Byron. Syn. — Prejudiced; intolerant; narrow-minded.

Big´ot•ed•ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot.

Big´ot•ry , n. [Cf. F. bigoterie.] 1. The state of mind of a bigot; obstinate and unreasoning attachment of one’s own belief and opinions, with narrow-minded intolerance of beliefs opposed to them. 2. The practice or tenets of a bigot.

Big´wig , n. [Big, a. + wig.] A person of consequence; as the bigwigs of society. [Jocose] “In our youth we have heard him spoken of by the bigwigs with extreme condescension.
Dickens.”

Big´-wigged , a. characterized by pomposity of manner. [Eng.]

Bi•hy•drog´u•ret , n. [Pref. bi- + hydroguret.] (Chem.) A compound of two atoms of hydrogen with some other substance. [Obs.]

Bi•jou´ , n.; pl. Bijoux . [F.; of uncertain origin.] A trinket; a jewel; — a word applied to anything small and of elegant workmanship.

Bi•jou´try , n. [F. bijouterie. See Bijou.] Small articles of virtu, as jewelry, trinkets, etc.

Bij´u•gate , a. [L. bis twice + jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets.

Bij´u•gous , a. [L. bijugus yoked two together; bis twice + jugum yoke, pair.] (Bot.) Bijugate.

Bike , n. [Ethymol. unknown.] A nest of wild bees, wasps, or ants; a swarm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Bikh , n. [Hind., fr. Skr. visha poison.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of a virulent poison extracted from Aconitum ferox or other species of aconite: also the plant itself.

Bi•la´bi•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + labiate.] (Bot.) Having two lips, as the corols of certain flowers.

Bi•la•cin´i•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + laciniate.] Doubly fringed.

Bi•la´lo , n. A two-masted passenger boat or small vessel, used in the bay of Manila. { Bi•lam´el•late , Bi•lam´el•la•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + lamellate.] (Bot.) Formed of two plates, as the stigma of the Mimulus; also having two elevated ridges, as in the lip of certain flowers. { Bi•lam´i•nar , Bi•lam´i•nate } a. [Pref. bi- + laminar, laminate.] Formed of, or having, two laminae, or thin plates.

Bi´land , n. A byland. [Obs.] Holland.

Bil´an•der , n. [D. bijlander; bij by + land land, country.] (Naut.) A small two-masted merchant vessel, fitted only for coasting, or for use in canals, as in Holland. “Why choose we, then, like bilanders to creep
Along the coast, and land in view to keep?
Dryden.”

Bi•lat´er•al , a. [Pref. bi- + lateral: cf. F. bilateral.] 1. Having two sides; arranged upon two sides; affecting two sides or two parties. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the two sides of a central area or organ, or of a central axis; as bilateral symmetry in animals, where there is a similarity of parts on the right and left sides of the body.

Bi•lat•er•al´i•ty , n. State of being bilateral.

Bil´ber•ry , n.; pl. Bilberries . [Cf. Dan. böllebaer bilberry, where bölle is perh. akin to E. ball.] 1. (Bot.) The European whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); also its edible bluish black fruit. “There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.
Shak.” 2. (Bot.) Any similar plant or its fruit; esp., in America, the species Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. caespitosum and V. uliginosum.

Bil´bo , n.; pl. Bilboes . 1. A rapier; a sword; so named from Bilbao, in Spain. Shak. 2. pl. A long bar or bolt of iron with sliding shackles, and a lock at the end, to confine the feet of prisoners or offenders, esp. on board of ships. “Methought I lay
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes.
Shak.”

Bil´bo•quet , n. [F.] The toy called cup and ball.

Bil´cock , n. (Zoöl.) The European water rail.

Bild´stein , n. [G., fr. bild image, likeness + stein stone.] Same as Agalmatolite.

Bile , n. [L. bilis: cf. F. bile.] 1. (Physiol.) A yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in reaction, secreted by the liver. It passes into the intestines, where it aids in the digestive process. Its characteristic constituents are the bile salts, and coloring matters. 2. Bitterness of feeling; choler; anger; ill humor; as to stir one’s bile. Prescott. The ancients considered the bile to be the ´humor´ which caused irascibility.

Bile, n. [OE. byle, bule, bele, AS. ble, bl; skin to D. buil, G. beule, and Goth. ufbauljan to puff up. Cf. Boil a tumor, Bulge.] A boil. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bi•lec´tion , n. (Arch.) That portion of a group of moldings which projects beyond the general surface of a panel; a bolection.

Bile´stone , n. [Bile + stone.] A gallstone, or biliary calculus. See Biliary. E. Darwin.

Bilge , n. [A different orthography of bulge, of same origin as belly. Cf. Belly, Bulge.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle. 2. (Naut.) That part of a ship’s hull or bottom which is broadest and most nearly flat, and on which she would rest if aground. 3. Bilge water. Bilge free (Naut.), stowed in such a way that the bilge is clear of everything; — said of a cask. — Bilge pump, a pump to draw the bilge water from the gold of a ship. — Bilge water (Naut.), water which collects in the bilge or bottom of a ship or other vessel. It is often allowed to remain till it becomes very offensive. — Bilge ways, the timbers which support the cradle of a ship upon the ways, and which slide upon the launching ways in launching the vessel.

Bilge (bilj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bilged (biljd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bilging.] 1. (Naut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. 2. To bulge.

Bilge, v. t. 1. (Naut.) To fracture the bilge of, or stave in the bottom of (a ship or other vessel). 2. To cause to bulge.

Bil´gy , a. Having the smell of bilge water.

Bil´ia•ry (bil´ya•ry; 106), a. [L. bilis bile: cf. F. biliaire.] (Physiol.) Relating or belonging to bile; conveying bile; as biliary acids; biliary ducts. Biliary calculus (Med.), a gallstone, or a concretion formed in the gall bladder or its duct.

Bil•i•a´tion , n. (Physiol.) The production and excretion of bile.

Bi•lif´er•ous , a. Generating bile.

Bil•i•fus´cin , n. [L. bilis bile + fuscus dark.] (Physiol.) A brownish green pigment found in human gallstones and in old bile. It is a derivative of bilirubin. { Bi•lim´bi , Bi•lim´bing } n. [Malay.] The berries of two East Indian species of Averrhoa, of the Oxalideae or Sorrel family. They are very acid, and highly esteemed when preserved or pickled. The juice is used as a remedy for skin diseases. [Written also blimbi and blimbing.]

Bil´i•ment , n. A woman’s ornament; habiliment. [Obs.]

Bi´lin , n. [Cf. F. biline, from L. bilis bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) A name applied to the amorphous or crystalline mass obtained from bile by the action of alcohol and ether. It is composed of a mixture of the sodium salts of the bile acids.

Bi•lin´e•ar , a. (Math.) Of, pertaining to, or included by, two lines; as bilinear coördinates.

Bi•lin´gual , a. [L. bilinguis; bis twice + lingua tongue, language.] Containing, or consisting of, two languages; expressed in two languages; as a bilingual inscription; a bilingual dictionary. — Bi•lin´gual•ly, adv.

Bi•lin´gual•ism , n. Quality of being bilingual. “The bilingualism of King’s English.
Earle.”

Bi•lin´guar , a. See Bilingual.

Bi•lin´guist , n. One versed in two languages.

Bi•lin´guous , a. [L. bilinguis.] Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. [Obs.]

Bil´ious (bil´yus), a. [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.] 1. Of or pertaining to the bile. 2. Disordered in respect to the bile; troubled with an excess of bile; as a bilious patient; dependent on, or characterized by, an excess of bile; as bilious symptoms. 3. Choleric; passionate; ill tempered. ´A bilious old nabob.´ Macaulay. Bilious temperament. See Temperament.

Bil´ious•ness, n. The state of being bilious.

Bil•i•pra´sin , n. [L. bilis bile + prasinus green.] (Physiol.) A dark green pigment found in small quantity in human gallstones.

Bil•i•ru´bin , n. [L. bilis biel + ruber red.] (Physiol.) A reddish yellow pigment present in human bile, and in that from carnivorous and herbivorous animals; the normal biliary pigment.

Bi•lit´er•al , a. [L. bis twice + littera letter.] Consisting of two letters; as a biliteral root of a Sanskrit verb. Sir W. Jones. — n. A word, syllable, or root, consisting of two letters.

Bi•lit´er•al•ism , n. The property or state of being biliteral.

Bil•i•ver´din , n. [L. bilis bile + viridis green. Cf. Verdure.] (Physiol.) A green pigment present in the bile, formed from bilirubin by oxidation.

Bilk , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bilked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bilking.] [Origin unknown. Cf. Balk.] To frustrate or disappoint; to deceive or defraud, by nonfulfillment of engagement; to leave in the lurch; to give the slip to; as to bilk a creditor. Thackeray.

Bilk, n. 1. A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by spoiling his score; a balk. 2. A cheat; a trick; a hoax. Hudibras. 3. Nonsense; vain words. B. Jonson. 4. A person who tricks a creditor; an untrustworthy, tricky person. Marryat.

Bill , n. [OE. bile, bille, AS. bile beak of a bird, proboscis; cf. Ir. & Gael. bil, bile, mouth, lip, bird’s bill. Cf. Bill a weapon.] A beak, as of a bird, or sometimes of a turtle or other animal. Milton.

Bill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Billing.] 1. To strike; to peck. [Obs.] 2. To join bills, as doves; to caress in fondness. ´As pigeons bill.´ Shak. To bill and coo, to interchange caresses; — said of doves; also of demonstrative lovers. Thackeray.

Bill, n. The bell, or boom, of the bittern “The bittern’s hollow bill was heard.
Wordsworth.”

Bill, n. [OE. bil, AS. bill, bil; akin to OS. bil sword, OHG. bill pickax, G. bille. Cf. Bill bea.] 1. A cutting instrument, with hook-shaped point, and fitted with a handle; — used in pruning, etc.; a billhook. When short, called a hand bill, when long, a hedge bill. 2. A weapon of infantry, in the 14th and 15th centuries. A common form of bill consisted of a broad, heavy, double-edged, hook-shaped blade, having a short pike at the back and another at the top, and attached to the end of a long staff. “France had no infantry that dared to face the English bows end bills.
Macaulay.” 3. One who wields a bill; a billman. Strype. 4. A pickax, or mattock. [Obs.] 5. (Naut.) The extremity of the arm of an anchor; the point of or beyond the fluke.

Bill , v. t. To work upon ( as to dig, hoe, hack, or chop anything) with a bill.

Bill, n. [OE. bill, bille, fr. LL. billa (or OF. bille), for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll; cf. F. bille a ball, prob. fr. Ger.; cf. MHG. bickel, D. bikkel, dice. Cf. Bull papal edict, Billet a paper.] 1. (Law) A declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law. 2. A writing binding the signer or signers to pay a certain sum at a future day or on demand, with or without interest, as may be stated in the document. [Eng.] In the United States, it is usually called a note, a note of hand, or a promissory note. 3. A form or draft of a law, presented to a legislature for enactment; a proposed or projected law. 4. A paper, written or printed, and posted up or given away, to advertise something, as a lecture, a play, or the sale of goods; a placard; a poster; a handbill. “She put up the bill in her parlor window.
Dickens.” 5. An account of goods sold, services rendered, or work done, with the price or charge; a statement of a creditor’s claim, in gross or by items; as a grocer’s bill. 6. Any paper, containing a statement of particulars; as a bill of charges or expenditures; a weekly bill of mortality; a bill of fare, etc. Bill of adventure. See under Adventure. — Bill of costs, a statement of the items which form the total amount of the costs of a party to a suit or action. — Bill of credit. (a) Within the constitution of the United States, a paper issued by a State, on the mere faith and credit of the State, and designed to circulate as money. No State shall ´emit bills of credit.´ U. S. Const. Peters. Wharton. Bouvier (b) Among merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a merchant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for goods or money. — Bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, a writing given by the husband to the wife, by which the marriage relation was dissolved. Jer. iii. 8. — Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at the customhouse, whether imported or intended for exportation. — Bill of exceptions. See under Exception. — Bill of exchange (Com.), a written order or request from one person or house to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designated a certain sum of money therein generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made payable to order or to bearer. So also the order generally expresses a specified time of payment, and that it is drawn for value. The person who draws the bill is called the drawer, the person on whom it is drawn is, before acceptance, called the drawee, — after acceptance, the acceptor; the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is called the payee. The person making the order may himself be the payee. The bill itself is frequently called a draft. See Exchange. Chitty. — Bill of fare, a written or printed enumeration of the dishes served at a public table, or of the dishes (with prices annexed) which may be ordered at a restaurant, etc. — Bill of health, a certificate from the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship’s company at the time of her leaving port. — Bill of indictment, a written accusation lawfully presented to a grand jury. If the jury consider the evidence sufficient to support the accusation, they indorse it ´A true bill,´ otherwise they write upon it ´Not a true bill,´ or ´Not found,´ or ´Ignoramus´, or ´Ignored.´ — Bill of lading, a written account of goods shipped by any person, signed by the agent of the owner of the vessel, or by its master, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and promising to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual for the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the bill; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by the shipper, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. — Bill of mortality, an official statement of the number of deaths in a place or district within a given time; also a district required to be covered by such statement; as a place within the bills of mortality of London. — Bill of pains and penalties, a special act of a legislature which inflicts a punishment less than death upon persons supposed to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. Bouvier. Wharton. — Bill of parcels, an account given by the seller to the buyer of the several articles purchased, with the price of each. — Bill of particulars (Law), a detailed statement of the items of a plaintiff’s demand in an action, or of the defendant’s set-off. - - Bill of rights, a summary of rights and privileges claimed by a people. Such was the declaration presented by the Lords and Commons of England to the Prince and Princess of Orange in 1688, and enacted in Parliament after they became king and queen. In America, a bill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of the several States. — Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of goods and chattels. — Bill of sight, a form of entry at the customhouse, by which goods, respecting which the importer is not possessed of full information, may be provisionally landed for examination. — Bill of store, a license granted at the customhouse to merchants, to carry such stores and provisions as are necessary for a voyage, custom free. Wharton. — Bills payable (pl.), the outstanding unpaid notes or acceptances made and issued by an individual or firm. — Bills receivable (pl.), the unpaid promissory notes or acceptances held by an individual or firm. McElrath. — A true bill, a bill of indictment sanctioned by a grand jury.

Bill, v. t. 1. To advertise by a bill or public notice. 2. To charge or enter in a bill; as to bill goods.

Bil´lage , n. ∧ v. t. & i. Same as Bilge.

Bil´lard , n. (Zoöl.) An English fish, allied to the cod; the coalfish. [Written also billet and billit.] {Bill•bee´tle , or Bill´bug• } , n. (Zoöl.) A weevil or curculio of various species, as the corn weevil. See Curculio.

Bill´board , n. 1. (Naut.) A piece of thick plank, armed with iron plates, and fixed on the bow or fore channels of a vessel, for the bill or fluke of the anchor to rest on. Totten. 2. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on which bills are posted; a bulletin board.

Bill´ book . (Com.) A book in which a person keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, etc., thus showing all that he issues and receives.

Bill´ bro•ker . One who negotiates the discount of bills.

Billed , a. Furnished with, or having, a bill, as a bird; — used in composition; as broad- billed.

Bil´let , n. [F. billet, dim. of an OF. bille bill. See Bill a writing.] 1. A small paper; a note; a short letter. ´I got your melancholy billet.´ Sterne. 2. A ticket from a public officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge; as a billet of residence.

Bil´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Billeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Billeting.] [From Billet a ticket.] (Mil.) To direct, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence: To quarter, or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses. “Billeted in so antiquated a mansion.
W. Irving.”

Bil´let, n. [F. billette, bille, log; of unknown origin; a different word from bille ball. Cf. Billiards, Billot.] 1. A small stick of wood, as for firewood. “They shall beat out my brains with billets.
Shak.” 2. (Metal.) A short bar of metal, as of gold or iron. 3. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood either square or round. 4. (Saddlery) (a) A strap which enters a buckle. (b) A loop which receives the end of a buckled strap. Knight. 5. (Her.) A bearing in the form of an oblong rectangle.

Bil•let-doux´ (bil•la•doo´), n.; pl. Billets-doux (bil•la•dooz´). [F. billet note + doux sweet, L. dulcis.] A love letter or note. “A lover chanting out a billet-doux.
Spectator.”

Bil´let•head (bil´l&ect;t•hed), n. (Naut.) A round piece of timber at the bow or stern of a whaleboat, around which the harpoon line is run out when the whale darts off.

Bill´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) A name applied to several distinct fishes: (a) The garfish (Tylosurus, or Belone, longirostris) and allied species. (b) The saury, a slender fish of the Atlantic coast (Scomberesox saurus). (c) The Tetrapturus albidus, a large oceanic species related to the swordfish; the spearfish. (d) The American fresh-water garpike (Lepidosteus osseus).

Bill´head (-hed•), n. A printed form, used by merchants in making out bills or rendering accounts.

Bill´ hold•er (bil´ hol•der). 1. A person who holds a bill or acceptance. 2. A device by means of which bills, etc., are held.

Bill´hook , n. [Bill + hook.] A thick, heavy knife with a hooked point, used in pruning hedges, etc. When it has a short handle, it is sometimes called a hand bill; when the handle is long, a hedge bill or scimiter.

Bil´liard , a. Of or pertaining to the game of billiards. ´Smooth as is a billiard ball.´ B. Jonson.

Bil´liards , n. [F. billiard billiards, OF. billart staff, cue form playing, fr. bille log. See Billet a stick.] A game played with ivory balls o a cloth-covered, rectangular table, bounded by elastic cushions. The player seeks to impel his ball with his cue so that it shall either strike (carom upon) two other balls, or drive another ball into one of the pockets with which the table sometimes is furnished.

Bill´ing , a. & n. Caressing; kissing.

Bil´lings•gate , n. 1. A market near the Billings gate in London, celebrated for fish and foul language. 2. Coarsely abusive, foul, or profane language; vituperation; ribaldry.

Bil´lion , n. [F. billion, arbitrarily formed fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million a million. See Million.] According to the French and American method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000; according to the English method, a million millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration.

Bill´man , n.; pl. Billmen . One who uses, or is armed with, a bill or hooked ax. ´A billman of the guard.´ Savile.

Bil•lon´ , n. [F. Cf. Billet a stick.] An alloy of gold and silver with a large proportion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage.

Bil´lot , n. [F. billot, dim. of bille. See Billet a stick.] Bullion in the bar or mass.

Bil´low , n. [Cf. Icel. bylgja billow, Dan. bölge, Sw. bölja; akin to MHG. bulge billow, bag, and to E. bulge. See Bulge.] 1. A great wave or surge of the sea or other water, caused usually by violent wind. “Whom the winds waft where’er the billows roll.
Cowper.” 2. A great wave or flood of anything. Milton.

Bil´low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Billowing.] To surge; to rise and roll in waves or surges; to undulate. ´The billowing snow.´ Prior.

Bil´low•y , a. Of or pertaining to billows; swelling or swollen into large waves; full of billows or surges; resembling billows. “And whitening down the many-tinctured stream,
Descends the billowy foam.
Thomson.” { Bill´post•er , Bill´stick´er } n. One whose occupation is to post handbills or posters in public places.

Bil´ly , n. 1. A club; esp., a policeman’s club. 2. (Wool Manuf.) A slubbing or roving machine.

Bil´ly•boy , n. A flat-bottomed river barge or coasting vessel. [Eng.]

Bil´ly goat . A male goat. [Colloq.]

Bi•lo´bate (bi•lo´bat or bi´lo•bat), a. [Pref. bi- + lobate.] Divided into two lobes or segments.

Bi´lobed (bi´lobd), a. [Pref. bi- + lobe.] Bilobate.

Bi•lo•ca´tion , n. [Pref. bi- + location.] Double location; the state or power of being in two places at the same instant; — a miraculous power attributed to some of the saints. Tylor.

Bi•loc´u•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + locular: cf. F. biloculaire.] Divided into two cells or compartments; as a bilocular pericarp. Gray.

Bil´sted , n. (Bot.) See Sweet gum.

Bil´tong , n. [S. African.] Lean meat cut into strips and sun-dried. H. R. Haggard.

Bi•mac´u•late , a. [Pref. bi- + maculate, a.] Having, or marked with, two spots.

Bim´a•na , n. pl. [NL. See Bimanous.] (Zoöl.) Animals having two hands; — a term applied by Cuvier to man as a special order of Mammalia.

Bim´a•nous , a. [L. bis twice + manus hand.] (Zoöl.) Having two hands; two- handed.

Bi•mar´gin•ate , a. [Pref. bi- + marginate.] Having a double margin, as certain shells.

Bi•mas´tism , n. [Pref. bi- + Gr. breast.] (Anat.) The condition of having two mammae or teats.

Bi•me´di•al , a. [Pref. bi- + medial.] (Geom.) Applied to a line which is the sum of two lines commensurable only in power (as the side and diagonal of a square).

Bi•mem´bral , a. [L. bis twice + membrum member.] (Gram.) Having two members; as a bimembral sentence. J. W. Gibbs.

Bi•men´sal , a. [Pref. bi- + mensal.] See Bimonthly, a. [Obs. or R.]

Bi•mes´tri•al , a. [L. bimestris; bis twice + mensis month.] Continuing two months. [R.]

Bi•me•tal´lic , a. [Pref. bi- + metallic: cf. F. bimetallique.] Of or relating to, or using, a double metallic standard (as gold and silver) for a system of coins or currency.

Bi•met´al•lism , n. [F. bimetalisme.] The legalized use of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed relative value; — in opposition to monometallism. The words bimetallisme and monometallisme are due to M. Cernuschi [1869]. Littre.

Bi•met´al•list , n. An advocate of bimetallism.

Bi•month´ly , a. [Pref. bi- + monthly.] Occurring, done, or coming, once in two months; as bimonthly visits; bimonthly publications. — n. A bimonthly publication.

Bi•month´ly, adv. Once in two months.

Bi•mus´cu•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + muscular.] (Zoöl.) Having two adductor muscles, as a bivalve mollusk.

Bin , n. [OE. binne, AS. binn manager, crib; perh. akin to D. ben, benne, basket, and to L. benna a kind of carriage ( a Gallic word), W. benn, men, wain, cart.] A box, frame, crib, or inclosed place, used as a receptacle for any commodity; as a corn bin; a wine bin; a coal bin.

Bin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Binned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Binning.] To put into a bin; as to bin wine.

Bin. An old form of Be and Been. [Obs.]

Bin-. A euphonic form of the prefix Bi-.

Bi´nal , a. [See Binary.] Twofold; double. [R.] ´Binal revenge, all this.´ Ford.

Bin•ar•se´ni•ate , n. [Pref. bin- + arseniate.] (Chem.) A salt having two equivalents of arsenic acid to one of the base. Graham.

Bi´na•ry , a. [L. binarius, fr. bini two by two, two at a time, fr. root of bis twice; akin to E. two: cf. F. binaire.] Compounded or consisting of two things or parts; characterized by two (things). Binary arithmetic, that in which numbers are expressed according to the binary scale, or in which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used, in lieu of ten; the cipher multiplying everything by two, as in common arithmetic by ten. Thus, 1 is one; 10 is two; 11 is three; 100 is four, etc. Davies & Peck. — Binary compound (Chem.), a compound of two elements, or of an element and a compound performing the function of an element, or of two compounds performing the function of elements. — Binary logarithms, a system of logarithms devised by Euler for facilitating musical calculations, in which 1 is the logarithm of 2, instead of 10, as in the common logarithms, and the modulus 1.442695 instead of .43429448. — Binary measure (Mus.), measure divisible by two or four; common time. — Binary nomenclature (Nat. Hist.), nomenclature in which the names designate both genus and species. — Binary scale (Arith.), a uniform scale of notation whose ratio is two. — Binary star (Astron.), a double star whose members have a revolution round their common center of gravity. — Binary theory (Chem.), the theory that all chemical compounds consist of two constituents of opposite and unlike qualities.

Bi´na•ry, n. That which is constituted of two figures, things, or parts; two; duality. Fotherby.

Bi´nate , a. [L. bini two and two.] (Bot.) Double; growing in pairs or couples. Gray.

Bin•au´ral , a. [Pref. bin- + aural.] Of or pertaining to, or used by, both ears.

Bind , v. t. [imp. Bound ; p. p. Bound, formerly Bounden ; p. pr. & vb. n. Binding.] [AS. bindan, perfect tense band, bundon, p. p. bunden; akin to D. & G. binden, Dan. binde, Sw. & Icel. binda, Goth. bindan, Skr. bandh (for bhandh) to bind, cf. Gr. (for ) cable, and L. offendix. rad.90.] 1. To tie, or confine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, etc.; to fetter; to make fast; as to bind grain in bundles; to bind a prisoner. 2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or influence of any kind; as attraction binds the planets to the sun; frost binds the earth, or the streams. “He bindeth the floods from overflowing.
Job xxviii. 11.” “Whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years.
Luke xiii. 16.” 3. To cover, as with a bandage; to bandage or dress; — sometimes with up; as to bind up a wound. 4. To make fast ( a thing) about or upon something, as by tying; to encircle with something; as to bind a belt about one; to bind a compress upon a part. 5. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural action; as certain drugs bind the bowels. 6. To protect or strengthen by a band or binding, as the edge of a carpet or garment. 7. To sew or fasten together, and inclose in a cover; as to bind a book. 8. Fig.: To oblige, restrain, or hold, by authority, law, duty, promise, vow, affection, or other moral tie; as to bind the conscience; to bind by kindness; bound by affection; commerce binds nations to each other. “Who made our laws to bind us, not himself.
Milton.” 9. (Law) (a) To bring (any one) under definite legal obligations; esp. under the obligation of a bond or covenant. Abbott. (b) To place under legal obligation to serve; to indenture; as to bind an apprentice; — sometimes with out; as bound out to service. To bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. — To bind to, to contract; as to bind one’s self to a wife. — To bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with; to absorb in. Syn. — To fetter; tie; fasten; restrain; restrict; oblige.

Bind , v. i. 1. To tie; to confine by any ligature. “They that reap must sheaf and bind.
Shak.” 2. To contract; to grow hard or stiff; to cohere or stick together in a mass; as clay binds by heat. Mortimer. 3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or natural action, as by friction. 4. To exert a binding or restraining influence. Locke.

Bind, n. 1. That which binds or ties. 2. Any twining or climbing plant or stem, esp. a hop vine; a bine. 3. (Metal.) Indurated clay, when much mixed with the oxide of iron. Kirwan. 4. (Mus.) A ligature or tie for grouping notes.

Bind´er , n. 1. One who binds; as a binder of sheaves; one whose trade is to bind; as a binder of books. 2. Anything that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or band; a bandage; — esp. the principal piece of timber intended to bind together any building.

Bind´er•y , n. A place where books, or other articles, are bound; a bookbinder’s establishment.

Bind´heim•ite , n. [From Bindheim, a German who analyzed it.] (Min.) An amorphous antimonate of lead, produced from the alteration of other ores, as from jamesonite.

Bind´ing , a. That binds; obligatory. Binding beam (Arch.), the main timber in double flooring. — Binding joist (Arch.), the secondary timber in double-framed flooring. Syn. — Obligatory; restraining; restrictive; stringent; astringent; costive; styptic.

Bind´ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, binds. 2. Anything that binds; a bandage; the cover of a book, or the cover with the sewing, etc.; something that secures the edge of cloth from raveling. 3. pl. (Naut.) The transoms, knees, beams, keelson, and other chief timbers used for connecting and strengthening the parts of a vessel.

Bind´ing•ly, adv. So as to bind.

Bind´ing•ness, n. The condition or property of being binding; obligatory quality. Coleridge.

Bind´weed , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Convolvulus; as greater bindweed (C. Sepium); lesser bindweed (C. arvensis); the white, the blue, the Syrian, bindweed. The black bryony, or Tamus, is called black bindweed, and the Smilax aspera, rough bindweed. “The fragile bindweed bells and bryony rings.
Tennyson.”

Bine , n. [Bind, cf. Woodbine.] The winding or twining stem of a hop vine or other climbing plant.

Bi•nerv´ate , a. [L. bis twice + nervus sinew, nerve.] 1. (Bot.) Two- nerved; — applied to leaves which have two longitudinal ribs or nerves. 2. (Zoöl.) Having only two nerves, as the wings of some insects.

Bing , n. [Cf. Icel. bingr, Sw. binge, G. beige, beuge. Cf. Prov. E. bink bench, and bench coal the uppermost stratum of coal.] A heap or pile; as a bing of wood. ´Potato bings.´ Burns. ´A bing of corn.´ Surrey. [Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Scot.]

Bin•i´o•dide , n. Same as Diiodide.

Bink , n. A bench. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

Bin´na•cle , n. [For bittacle, corrupted (perh. by influence of bin) fr. Pg. bitacola binnacle, fr. L. habitaculum dwelling place, fr. habitare to dwell. See Habit, and cf. Bittacle.] (Naut.) A case or box placed near the helmsman, containing the compass of a ship, and a light to show it at night. Totten.

Bin´ny , n. (Zoöl.) A large species of barbel (Barbus bynni), found in the Nile, and much esteemed for food.

Bin´o•cle , n. [F. binocle; L. bini two at a time + oculus eye.] (Opt.) A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes joining, so as to enable a person to view an object with both eyes at once; a double-barreled field glass or an opera glass.

Bin•oc´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. binoculaire. See Binocle.] 1. Having two eyes. ´Most animals are binocular.´ Derham. 2. Pertaining to both eyes; employing both eyes at once; as binocular vision. 3. Adapted to the use of both eyes; as a binocular microscope or telescope. Brewster.

Bin•oc´u•lar , n. A binocular glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope.

Bin•oc´u•lar•ly, adv. In a binocular manner.

Bin•oc´u•late , a. Having two eyes.

Bi•no´mi•al , n. [L. bis twice + nomen name: cf. F. binome, LL. binomius (or fr. bi- + Gr. distribution ?). Cf. Monomial.] (Alg.) An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (+) or minus (-); as a + b, or 7 - 3.

Bi•no´mi•al, a. 1. Consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; as a binomial root. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Having two names; — used of the system by which every animal and plant receives two names, the one indicating the genus, the other the species, to which it belongs. Binomial theorem (Alg.), the theorem which expresses the law of formation of any power of a binomial.

Bi•nom´i•nal , a. [See Binomial.] Of or pertaining to two names; binomial.

Bi•nom´i•nous , a. Binominal. [Obs.]

Bi•not´o•nous , a. [L. bini two at a time + tonus, fr. Gr. , tone.] Consisting of two notes; as a binotonous cry.

Bi´nous , a. Same as Binate.

Bin•ox´a•late , n. [Pref. bin- + oxalate.] (Chem.) A salt having two equivalents of oxalic acid to one of the base; an acid oxalate.

Bin•ox´ide , n. [Pref. bin- + oxide.] (Chem.) Same as Dioxide.

Bin´tu•rong , n. (Zoöl.) A small Asiatic civet of the genus Arctilis. { Bi•nu´cle•ar , Bi•nu´cle•ate } a. [Pref. bi- + nuclear, nucleate.] (Biol.) Having two nuclei; as binucleate cells.

Bi•nu´cle•o•late , a. [Pref. bi- + nucleolus.] (Biol.) Having two nucleoli.

Bi´o•blast , n. [Gr. life + -blast.] (Biol.) Same as Bioplast.

Bi•oc´el•late , a. [L. bis twice + ocellatus. See Ocellated.] (Zoöl.) Having two ocelli (eyelike spots); — said of a wing, etc.

Bi•o•chem´is•try , n. [Gr. life + E. chemistry.] (Biol.) The chemistry of living organisms; the chemistry of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

Bi•o•dy•nam´ics , n. [Gr. life + E. dynamics.] (Biol.) The doctrine of vital forces or energy.

Bi´o•gen , n. [Gr. life + -gen.] (Biol.) Bioplasm. { Bi•o•gen´e•sis , Bi•og´e•ny } n. [Gr. life + , , birth.] (Biol.) (a) A doctrine that the genesis or production of living organisms can take place only through the agency of living germs or parents; — opposed to abiogenesis. (b) Life development generally.

Bi•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to biogenesis.

Bi•og´e•nist , n. A believer in the theory of biogenesis.

Bi•og•no´sis , n. [Gr. life + investigation.] (Biol.) The investigation of life.

Bi•og´ra•pher , n. One who writes an account or history of the life of a particular person; a writer of lives, as Plutarch. { Bi´o•graph´ic , Bi•o•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to biography; containing biography. — Bi•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Bi•og´ra•phize , v. t. To write a history of the life of. Southey.

Bi•og´ra•phy , n.; pl. Biographies . [Gr. ; life + to write: cf. F. biographie. See Graphic.] 1. The written history of a person’s life. 2. Biographical writings in general. { Bi•o•log´ic , Bi•o•log´ic•al } a. Of or relating to biology. — Bi•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Bi•ol´o•gist , n. A student of biology; one versed in the science of biology.

Bi•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. life + -logy: cf. F. biologie.] The science of life; that branch of knowledge which treats of living matter as distinct from matter which is not living; the study of living tissue. It has to do with the origin, structure, development, function, and distribution of animals and plants.

Bi•ol´y•sis , n. [Gr. life + a dissolving.] (Biol.) The destruction of life.

Bi•o•lyt´ic , a. [Gr. life + to destroy.] Relating to the destruction of life.

Bi•o•mag•net´ic , a. Relating to biomagnetism.

Bi•o•mag´net•ism , n. [Gr. life + E. magnetism.] Animal magnetism.

Bi•om´e•try , n. [Gr. life + -metry.] Measurement of life; calculation of the probable duration of human life.

Bi´on , n. [Gr. living, p. pr. of to live.] (Biol.) The physiological individual, characterized by definiteness and independence of function, in distinction from the morphological individual or morphon.

Bi•on´o•my , n. [Gr. life + law.] Physiology. [R.] Dunglison. { Bi´o•phor , Bi´o•phore• } , n. [Gr. life + bearing, fr. to bear.] (Biol.) One of the smaller vital units of a cell, the bearer of vitality and heredity. See Pangen, in Supplement.

Bi´o•plasm (bi´o•plaz’m), n. [Gr. bi•os life + pla•sma form, mold, fr. pla•ssein to mold.] (Biol.) A name suggested by Dr. Beale for the germinal matter supposed to be essential to the functions of all living beings; the material through which every form of life manifests itself; unaltered protoplasm.

Bi•o•plas´mic (bi•o•plaz´mik), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, bioplasm.

Bi´o•plast (-plast), n. [Gr. bi•os life + pla•ssein to form.] (Biol.) A tiny mass of bioplasm, in itself a living unit and having formative power, as a living white blood corpuscle; bioblast.

Bi•o•plas´tic (bi•o•plas´tik), a. (Biol.) Bioplasmic.

Bi•or´gan , n. [Gr. life + E. organ.] (Biol.) A physiological organ; a living organ; an organ endowed with function; — distinguished from idorgan.

Bi•o•stat´ics , n. [Gr. life + . See Statics.] (Biol.) The physical phenomena of organized bodies, in opposition to their organic or vital phenomena.

Bi•o•sta•tis´tics , n. [Gr. life + E. statistics.] (Biol.) Vital statistics.

Bi´o•tax•y , n. [Gr. life + arrangement.] (Biol.) The classification of living organisms according to their structural character; taxonomy.

Bi•ot´ic , a. [Gr. pert. to life.] (Biol.) Relating to life; as the biotic principle.

Bi´o•tite , n. [From Biot, a French naturalist.] (Min.) Mica containing iron and magnesia, generally of a black or dark green color; — a common constituent of crystalline rocks. See Mica.

Bi•pal´mate , a. [Pref. bi- + palmate.] (Bot.) Palmately branched, with the branches again palmated.

Bi•pa•ri´e•tal , a. [Pref. bi- + parietal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, from one parietal fossa to the other.

Bip´a•rous , a. [L. bis twice + parere to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth.

Bi•part´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. bipartible. See Bipartite.] Capable of being divided into two parts.

Bi•par´tient , a. [L. bis twice + partiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.] Dividing into two parts. — n. A number that divides another into two equal parts without a remainder.

Bi•par´tile , a. Divisible into two parts.

Bip´ar•tite , a. [L. bipartitus, p. p. of bipartire; bis twice + partire. See Partite.] 1. Being in two parts; having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party; shared by two; as a bipartite treaty. 2. Divided into two parts almost to the base, as a leaf; consisting of two parts or subdivisions. Gray.

Bi•par•ti´tion , n. The act of dividing into two parts, or of making two correspondent parts, or the state of being so divided. { Bi•pec´ti•nate , Bi•pec´ti•na•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + pectinate.] (Biol.) Having two margins toothed like a comb.

Bi´ped , n. [L. bipes; bis twice + pes, pedis, oot: cf. F. bipède.] A two-footed animal, as man.

Bi´ped, a. Having two feet; two- footed. “By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased,
Became a helpless, naked, biped beast.
Byrom.”

Bip´e•dal , a. [L. bipedalis: cf. F. bipedal. See Biped, n.] 1. Having two feet; biped. 2. Pertaining to a biped.

Bi•pel´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + peltate.] Having a shell or covering like a double shield. { Bi•pen´nate , Bi•pen´na•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + pennate: cf. L. bipennis. Cf. Bipinnate.] Having two wings. ´Bipennated insects.´ Derham.

Bi•pen´nis , n. [L.] An ax with an edge or blade on each side of the handle.

Bi•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. bi- + petalous.] (Bot.) Having two petals.

Bi•pin•na´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. bis twice + pinna feather.] (Zoöl.) The larva of certain starfishes as developed in the free-swimming stage. { Bi•pin´nate , Bi•pin´na•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + pinnate; cf. F. bipinne. Cf. Bipennate.] Twice pinnate.

Bi•pin•nat´i•fid , a. [Pref. bi- + pinnatifid.] (Bot.) Doubly pinnatifid. A bipinnatifid leaf is a pinnatifid leaf having its segments or divisions also pinnatifid. The primary divisions are pinnae and the secondary pinnules.

Bip´li•cate , a. [Pref. bi- + plicate.] Twice folded together. Henslow.

Bi•plic´i•ty , n. The state of being twice folded; reduplication. [R.] Bailey.

Bi•po´lar , a. [Pref. bi- + polar. Cf. Dipolar.] Doubly polar; having two poles; as a bipolar cell or corpuscle.

Bi•po•lar´i•ty , n. Bipolar quality. { Bi´pont , Bi•pont´ine } , a. (Bibliog.) Relating to books printed at Deuxponts, or Bipontium (Zweibrücken), in Bavaria.

Bi•punc´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + punctate.] Having two punctures, or spots.

Bi•punc´tu•al , a. Having two points.

Bi•pu´pil•late , a. [Pref. bi- + pupil (of the eye).] (Zoöl.) Having an eyelike spot on the wing, with two dots within it of a different color, as in some butterflies.

Bi•py•ram´i•dal , a. [Pref. bi- + pyramidal.] Consisting of two pyramids placed base to base; having a pyramid at each of the extremities of a prism, as in quartz crystals.

Bi•quad´rate , n. [Pref. bi- + quadrate.] (Math.) The fourth power, or the square of the square. Thus 4x4=16, the square of 4, and 16x16=256, the biquadrate of 4.

Bi•quad•rat´ic , a. [Pref. bi- + quadratic: cf. F. biquadratique.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to the biquadrate, or fourth power. Biquadratic equation (Alg.), an equation of the fourth degree, or an equation in some term of which the unknown quantity is raised to the fourth power. — Biquadratic root of a number, the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Hutton.

Bi•quad•rat´ic, n. (Math.) (a) A biquadrate. (b) A biquadratic equation.

Bi•quin´tile , n. [Pref. bi- + quintile: cf. F. biquintile.] (Astron.) An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other by twice the fifth part of a great circle — that is, twice 72 degrees. { Bi•ra´di•ate , Bi•ra´di•a•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + radiate.] Having two rays; as a biradiate fin.

Bi•ra´mous , a. [Pref. bi- + ramous.] (Biol.) Having, or consisting of, two branches.

Birch (berch), n.; pl. Birches (-ez). [OE. birche, birk, AS. birce, beorc; akin to Icel. björk, Sw. björk, Dan. birk, D. berk, OHG. piricha, MHG. birche, birke, G. birke, Russ. bereza, Pol. brzoza, Serv. breza, Skr. bhurja. rad.254. Cf. 1st Birk.] 1. A tree of several species, constituting the genus Betula; as the white or common birch (B. alba) (also called silver birch and lady birch); the dwarf birch (B. glandulosa); the paper or canoe birch (B. papyracea); the yellow birch (B. lutea); the black or cherry birch (B. lenta). 2. The wood or timber of the birch. 3. A birch twig or birch twigs, used for flogging. The twigs of the common European birch (B. alba), being tough and slender, were formerly much used for rods in schools. They were also made into brooms. “The threatening twigs of birch.
Shak.” 4. A birch-bark canoe. Birch of Jamaica, a species (Bursera gummifera) of turpentine tree. — Birch partridge. (Zoöl.) See Ruffed grouse. — Birch wine, wine made of the spring sap of the birch. — Oil of birch. (a) An oil obtained from the bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), and used in the preparation of genuine (and sometimes of the imitation) Russia leather, to which it gives its peculiar odor. (b) An oil prepared from the black birch (B. lenta), said to be identical with the oil of wintergreen, for which it is largely sold.

Birch, a. Of or pertaining to the birch; birchen.

Birch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Birched (bercht); p. pr. & vb. n. Birching.] To whip with a birch rod or twig; to flog.

Birch´en (berch´’n), a. Of or relating to birch. “He passed where Newark’s stately tower
Looks out from Yarrow’s birchen bower.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bird (berd), n. [OE. brid, bred, bird, young bird, bird, AS. bridd young bird. rad.92.] 1. Orig., a chicken; the young of a fowl; a young eaglet; a nestling; and hence, a feathered flying animal (see 2). “That ungentle gull, the cuckoo’s bird.
Shak.” “The brydds [birds] of the aier have nestes.
Tyndale (Matt. viii. 20).” 2. (Zoöl.) A warm-blooded, feathered vertebrate provided with wings. See Aves. 3. Specifically, among sportsmen, a game bird. 4. Fig.: A girl; a maiden. “And by my word! the bonny bird
In danger shall not tarry.
Campbell.” Arabian bird, the phenix. — Bird of Jove, the eagle. — Bird of Juno, the peacock. — Bird louse (Zoöl.), a wingless insect of the group Mallophaga, of which the genera and species are very numerous and mostly parasitic upon birds. — Bird mite (Zoöl.), a small mite (genera Dermanyssus, Dermaleichus and allies) parasitic upon birds. The species are numerous. — Bird of passage, a migratory bird. — Bird spider (Zoöl.), a very large South American spider (Mygale avicularia). It is said sometimes to capture and kill small birds. — Bird tick (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect parasitic upon birds (genus Ornithomyia, and allies), usually winged.

Bird , v. i. 1. To catch or shoot birds. 2. Hence: To seek for game or plunder; to thieve. [R.] B. Jonson.

Bird´bolt , n. A short blunt arrow for killing birds without piercing them. Hence: Anything which smites without penetrating. Shak. { Bird´ cage´, or Bird´cage• } , n. A cage for confining birds.

Bird´call , n. 1. A sound made in imitation of the note or cry of a bird for the purpose of decoying the bird or its mate. 2. An instrument of any kind, as a whistle, used in making the sound of a birdcall.

Bird´catch•er , n. One whose employment it is to catch birds; a fowler.

Bird´catch•ing, n. The art, act, or occupation or catching birds or wild fowls.

Bird´ cher•ry . (Bot.) A shrub (Prunus Padus ) found in Northern and Central Europe. It bears small black cherries.

Bird´er , n. A birdcatcher.

Bird´-eyed , a. Quick-sighted; catching a glance as one goes.

Bird´ fan•ci•er . 1. One who takes pleasure in rearing or collecting rare or curious birds. 2. One who has for sale the various kinds of birds which are kept in cages.

Bird´ie , n. A pretty or dear little bird; — a pet name. Tennyson.

Bird´i•kin , n. A young bird. Thackeray.

Bird´ing, n. Birdcatching or fowling. Shak. Birding piece, a fowling piece. Shak.

Bird´let, n. A little bird; a nestling.

Bird´like , a. Resembling a bird.

Bird´lime , n. [Bird + lime viscous substance.] An extremely adhesive viscid substance, usually made of the middle bark of the holly, by boiling, fermenting, and cleansing it. When a twig is smeared with this substance it will hold small birds which may light upon it. Hence: Anything which insnares. “Not birdlime or Idean pitch produce
A more tenacious mass of clammy juice.
Dryden.” Birdlime is also made from mistletoe, elder, etc.

Bird´lime, v. t. To smear with birdlime; to catch with birdlime; to insnare. “When the heart is thus birdlimed, then it cleaves to everything it meets with.
Coodwin.”

Bird´ling, n. A little bird; a nestling.

Bird´man , n. A fowler or birdcatcher.

Bird´ of par´a•dise . (Zoöl.) The name of several very beautiful birds of the genus Paradisea and allied genera, inhabiting New Guinea and the adjacent islands. The males have brilliant colors, elegant plumes, and often remarkable tail feathers. The Great emerald (Paradisea apoda) and the Lesser emerald (P. minor) furnish many of the plumes used as ornaments by ladies; the Red is P. rubra or sanguinea; the Golden is Parotia aurea or sexsetacea; the King is Cincinnurus regius. The name is also applied to the longer-billed birds of another related group (Epimachinae) from the same region. The Twelve-wired (Seleucides alba) is one of these. See Paradise bird, and Note under Apod.

Bird´ pep•per . A species of capsicum (Capsicum baccatum), whose small, conical, coral-red fruit is among the most piquant of all red peppers.

Bird’s´-beak , n. (Arch.) A molding whose section is thought to resemble a beak.

Bird´seed , n. Canary seed, hemp, millet or other small seeds used for feeding caged birds.

Bird’s´-eye , a. 1. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; embraced at a glance; hence, general; not minute, or entering into details; as a bird’s-eye view. 2. Marked with spots resembling bird’s eyes; as bird’s-eye diaper; bird’s-eye maple.

Bird’s´-eye, n. (Bot.) A plant with a small bright flower, as the Adonis or pheasant’s eye, the mealy primrose (Primula farinosa), and species of Veronica, Geranium, etc.

Bird’s´-eye• ma´ple . See under Maple.

Bird’s´-foot , n. (Bot.) A papilionaceous plant, the Ornithopus, having a curved, cylindrical pod tipped with a short, clawlike point. Bird’s-foot trefoil. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Lotus) with clawlike pods. L. corniculatas, with yellow flowers, is very common in Great Britain. (b) the related plant, Trigonella ornithopodioides, is also European.

Bird’s-mouth , n. (Arch.) An interior angle or notch cut across a piece of timber, for the reception of the edge of another, as that in a rafter to be laid on a plate; — commonly called crow’s-foot in the United States. { Bird’s´ nest•, or Bird’s-nest } , n. 1. The nest in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young. 2. (Cookery) The nest of a small swallow (Collocalia nidifica and several allied species), of China and the neighboring countries, which is mixed with soups. The nests are found in caverns and fissures of cliffs on rocky coasts, and are composed in part of algae. They are of the size of a goose egg, and in substance resemble isinglass. See Illust. under Edible. 3. (Bot.) An orchideous plant with matted roots, of the genus Neottia (N. nidus-avis.) Bird’s-nest pudding, a pudding containing apples whose cores have been replaced by sugar. — Yellow bird’s nest, a plant, the Monotropa hypopitys.

Bird’s-nest•ing (berdz´nest•ing), n. Hunting for, or taking, birds’ nests or their contents.

Bird’s´-tongue , n. (Bot.) The knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare).

Bird´-wit•ted , a. Flighty; passing rapidly from one subject to another; not having the faculty of attention. Bacon.

Bi•rec•tan´gu•lar , a. [Pref. bi- + rectangular.] Containing or having two right angles; as a birectangular spherical triangle.

Bi´reme , n. [L. biremis; bis twice + remus oar: cf. F. birème.] An ancient galley or vessel with two banks or tiers of oars.

Bi•ret´ta , n. Same as Berretta.

Bir´gan•der , n. See Bergander.

Birk , n. [See Birch, n.] A birch tree. [Prov. Eng.] ´The silver birk.´ Tennyson.

Birk, n. (Zoöl.) A small European minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus).

Birk´en , v. t. [From 1st Birk.] To whip with a birch or rod. [Obs.]

Birk´en, a. Birchen; as birken groves. Burns.

Bir´kie , n. A lively or mettlesome fellow. [Jocular, Scot.] Burns.

Birl , v. t. & i. To revolve or cause to revolve; to spin. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Birl , v. t. & i. [AS. byrlian. rad.92.] To pour (beer or wine); to ply with drink; to drink; to carouse. [Obs. or Dial.] Skelton.

Bir´law , n. [See By-law.] (Law) A law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs; a rustic or local law or by-law. [Written also byrlaw, birlie, birley.] { Bi•ros•trate , Bi•ros´tra•ted } a. [Pref. bi- + rostrate.] Having a double beak, or two processes resembling beaks. “The capsule is bilocular and birostrated.
Ed. Encyc.”

Birr , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Birred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Birring.] [Cf. OE. bur, bir, wind, storm wind, fr. Icel. byrr wind. Perh. imitative.] To make, or move with, a whirring noise, as of wheels in motion.

Birr, n. 1. A whirring sound, as of a spinning wheel. 2. A rush or impetus; force.

Bir´rus , n. [LL., fr. L. birrus a kind of cloak. See Berretta.] A coarse kind of thick woolen cloth, worn by the poor in the Middle Ages; also a woolen cap or hood worn over the shoulders or over the head.

Birse , n. A bristle or bristles. [Scot.]

Birt (bert), n. [OE. byrte; cf. F. bertonneau. Cf. Bret, Burt.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the turbot kind; the brill. [Written also burt, bret, or brut.] [Prov. Eng.]

Birth (berth), n. [OE. burth, birth, AS. beor&edt;, gebyrd, fr. beran to bear, bring forth; akin to D. geboorte, OHG. burt, giburt, G. geburt, Icel. burðr, Skr. bhrti bearing, supporting; cf. Ir. & Gael. beirthe born, brought forth. rad.92. See 1st Bear, and cf. Berth.] 1. The act or fact of coming into life, or of being born; — generally applied to human beings; as the birth of a son. 2. Lineage; extraction; descent; sometimes, high birth; noble extraction. “Elected without reference to birth, but solely for qualifications.
Prescott.” 3. The condition to which a person is born; natural state or position; inherited disposition or tendency. “A foe by birth to Troy’s unhappy name.
Dryden.” 4. The act of bringing forth; as she had two children at a birth. ´At her next birth.´ Milton. 5. That which is born; that which is produced, whether animal or vegetable. “Poets are far rarer births than kings.
B. Jonson.” “Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth till it is able to shift for itself.
Addison.” 6. Origin; beginning; as the birth of an empire. New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life. Syn. — Parentage; extraction; lineage; race; family.

Birth, n. See Berth. [Obs.] De Foe.

Birth´day (berth´da•), n. 1. The day in which any person is born; day of origin or commencement. “Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next
The birthday of invention.
Cowper.” 2. The day of the month in which a person was born, in whatever succeeding year it may recur; the anniversary of one’s birth. “This is my birthday; as this very day
Was Cassius born.
Shak.”

Birth´day, a. Of or pertaining to the day of birth, or its anniversary; as birthday gifts or festivities.

Birth´dom , n. [Birth + - dom.] The land of one’s birth; one’s inheritance. [R.] Shak.

Birth´ing, n. (Naut.) Anything added to raise the sides of a ship. Bailey.

Birth´less, a. Of mean extraction. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Birth´mark , n. Some peculiar mark or blemish on the body at birth. “Most part of this noble lineage carried upon their body for a natural birthmark, … a snake.
Sir T. North.”

Birth´night , n. The night in which a person is born; the anniversary of that night in succeeding years. “The angelic song in Bethlehem field,
On thy birthnight, that sung thee Savior born.
Milton.”

Birth´place , n. The town, city, or country, where a person is born; place of origin or birth, in its more general sense. ´The birthplace of valor.´ Burns.

Birth´right , n. Any right, privilege, or possession to which a person is entitled by birth, such as an estate descendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution; esp. the rights or inheritance of the first born. “Lest there be any … profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright.
Heb. xii. 16.”

Birth´root , n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant (Trillium erectum), and its astringent rootstock, which is said to have medicinal properties.

Birth´wort , n. A genus of herbs and shrubs (Aristolochia), reputed to have medicinal properties.

Bis , adv. [L. bis twice, for duis, fr. root of duo two. See Two, and cf. Bi- .] Twice; — a word showing that something is, or is to be, repeated; as a passage of music, or an item in accounts.

Bis-, pref. A form of Bi-, sometimes used before s, c, or a vowel.

Bi´sa an´te•lope . (Zoöl.) See Oryx.

Bi•sac´cate , a. [Pref. bi- + saccate.] (Bot.) Having two little bags, sacs, or pouches.

Bis•cay´an , a. Of or pertaining to Biscay in Spain. — n. A native or inhabitant of Biscay.

Bis´co•tin , n. [F. biscotin. See Biscuit.] A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and eggs; a sweet biscuit.

Bis´cuit , n. [F. biscuit (cf. It. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, Pg. biscouto), fr. L. bis twice + coctus, p. p. of coquere to cook, bake. See Cook, and cf. Bisque a kind of porcelain.] 1. A kind of unraised bread, of many varieties, plain, sweet, or fancy, formed into flat cakes, and bakes hard; as ship biscuit. “According to military practice, the bread or biscuit of the Romans was twice prepared in the oven.
Gibbon.” 2. A small loaf or cake of bread, raised and shortened, or made light with soda or baking powder. Usually a number are baked in the same pan, forming a sheet or card. 3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, before it is subjected to the glazing. 4. (Sculp.) A species of white, unglazed porcelain, in which vases, figures, and groups are formed in miniature. Meat biscuit, an alimentary preparation consisting of matters extracted from meat by boiling, or of meat ground fine and combined with flour, so as to form biscuits.

Bi•scu´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + scutate.] (Bot.) Resembling two bucklers placed side by side.

Bise , n. [F.] A cold north wind which prevails on the northern coasts of the Mediterranean and in Switzerland, etc.; — nearly the same as the mistral.

Bise , n. (Paint.) See Bice.

Bi•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Bisecting.] [L. bis twice + secare, sectum, to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. (Geom.) To divide into two equal parts.

Bi•sec´tion , n. [Cf. F. bissection.] Division into two parts, esp. two equal parts.

Bi•sec´tor , n. One who, or that which, bisects; esp. (Geom.) a straight line which bisects an angle.

Bi•sec´trix , n. The line bisecting the angle between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal.

Bi•seg´ment , n. [Pref. bi- + segment.] One of tow equal parts of a line, or other magnitude.

Bi•sep´tate , a. [Pref. bi- + septate.] With two partitions or septa. Gray. { Bi•se´ri•al , Bi•se´ri•ate } a. [Pref. bi- + serial, seriate.] In two rows or series.

Bi•ser´rate , a. [Pref. bi- + serrate.] 1. (Bot.) Doubly serrate, or having the serratures serrate, as in some leaves. 2. (Zoöl.) Serrate on both sides, as some antennae. { Bi•se´tose , Bi•se´tous } a. [Pref. bi- + setose, setous.] Having two bristles.

Bi•sex´ous , a. [L. bis twice + sexus sex: cf. F. bissexe.] Bisexual. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Bi•sex´u•al , a. [Pref. bi- + sexual.] (Biol.) Of both sexes; hermaphrodite; as a flower with stamens and pistil, or an animal having ovaries and testes.

Bi•sex´u•ous , a. Bisexual.

Bi•seye´ , p. p. of Besee. [Obs.] Chaucer. Evil biseye, ill looking. [Obs.]

Bish , n. Same as Bikh.

Bish´op , n. [OE. bischop, biscop, bisceop, AS. bisceop, biscop, L. episcopus overseer, superintendent, bishop, fr. Gr. , over + inspector, fr. root of , , to look to, perh. akin to L. specere to look at. See Spy, and cf. Episcopal.] 1. A spiritual overseer, superintendent, or director. “Ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.
1 Pet. ii. 25.” “It is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion, that in the language of the New Testament the same officer in the church is called indifferently ´bishop´ ( ) and ´elder´ or ´presbyter.´
J. B. Lightfoot.” 2. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Anglican or Protestant Episcopal churches, one ordained to the highest order of the ministry, superior to the priesthood, and generally claiming to be a successor of the Apostles. The bishop is usually the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, bishopric, or see. Bishop in partibus [infidelium] (R. C. Ch.), a bishop of a see which does not actually exist; one who has the office of bishop, without especial jurisdiction. Shipley. — Titular bishop (R. C. Ch.), a term officially substituted in 1882 for bishop in partibus. — Bench of Bishops. See under Bench. 3. In the Methodist Episcopal and some other churches, one of the highest church officers or superintendents. 4. A piece used in the game of chess, bearing a representation of a bishop’s miter; — formerly called archer. 5. A beverage, being a mixture of wine, oranges or lemons, and sugar. Swift. 6. An old name for a woman’s bustle. [U. S.] “If, by her bishop, or her ´grace´ alone,
A genuine lady, or a church, is known.
Saxe.”

Bish´op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] To admit into the church by confirmation; to confirm; hence, to receive formally to favor.

Bish´op , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] [From the name of the scoundrel who first practiced it. Youatt.] (Far.) To make seem younger, by operating on the teeth; as to bishop an old horse or his teeth. The plan adopted is to cut off all the nippers with a saw to the proper length, and then with a cutting instrument the operator scoops out an oval cavity in the corner nippers, which is afterwards burnt with a hot iron until it is black. J. H. Walsh.

Bish´op•dom , n. Jurisdiction of a bishop; episcopate. ´Divine right of bishopdom.´ Milton.

Bish´op•like , a. Resembling a bishop; belonging to a bishop. Fulke.

Bish´op•ly, a. Bishoplike; episcopal. [Obs.]

Bish´op•ly, adv. In the manner of a bishop. [Obs.]

Bish´op•ric , n. [AS. bisceoprice; bisceop bishop + rice dominion. See -ric.] 1. A diocese; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends. 2. The office of a spiritual overseer, as of an apostle, bishop, or presbyter. Acts i. 20.

Bish´op’s cap . (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mitella; miterwort. Longfellow.

Bish´op sleeve . A wide sleeve, once worn by women.

Bish´op’s length . A canvas for a portrait measuring 58 by 94 inches. The half bishop measures 45 by 56.

Bish´op-stool , n. A bishop’s seat or see.

Bish´op’s-weed , n. (Bot.) (a) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Ammi. (b) Goutweed (AEgopodium podagraria).

Bish´op’s-wort , n. (Bot.) Wood betony (Stachys betonica); also the plant called fennel flower (Nigella Damascena), or devil-in-a-bush.

Bis´ie , v. t. To busy; to employ. [Obs.]

Bi•sil´i•cate , n. (Min. Chem.) A salt of metasilicic acid; — so called because the ratio of the oxygen of the silica to the oxygen of the base is as two to one. The bisilicates include many of the most common and important minerals.

Bisk , n. [F. bisque.] Soup or broth made by boiling several sorts of flesh together. King.

Bisk, n. [F. bisque.] (Tennis) See Bisque. { Bi•smare´ , Bi•smer´ } , n. [AS. bismer.] Shame; abuse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bis´mer , n. 1. A rule steelyard. [Scot.] 2. (Zoöl.) The fifteen-spined (Gasterosteus spinachia).

Bis•mil´lah , interj. [Arabic, in the name of God!] An adjuration or exclamation common among the Mohammedans. [Written also Bizmillah.]

Bis´mite , n. (Min.) Bismuth trioxide, or bismuth ocher.

Bis´muth , n. [Ger. bismuth, wismuth: cf. F. bismuth.] (Chem.) One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507° Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi. Chemically, bismuth (with arsenic and antimony is intermediate between the metals and nonmetals; it is used in thermo-electric piles, and as an alloy with lead and tin in the fusible alloy or metal. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic substance known. Bismuth glance, bismuth sulphide; bismuthinite. — Bismuth ocher, a native bismuth oxide; bismite.

Bis´muth•al , a. Containing bismuth.

Bis´muth•ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to bismuth; containing bismuth, when this element has its higher valence; as bismuthic oxide.

Bis•muth•if´er•ous , a. [Bismuth + -ferous.] Containing bismuth. { Bis´muth•ine , Bis´muth•in•ite } n. Native bismuth sulphide; — sometimes called bismuthite.

Bis´muth•ous , a. Of, or containing, bismuth, when this element has its lower valence.

Bis´muth•yl , n. (Min.) Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, an earthy mineral of a dull white or yellowish color. [Written also bismuthite.]

Bi´son (bi´son; 277), n. [L. bison, Gr. bi•swn, a wild ox; akin to OHG. wisunt, wisant, G. wisent, AS. wesend, Icel. visundr: cf. F. bison.] (Zoöl.) (a) The aurochs or European bison. (b) The American bison buffalo (Bison Americanus), a large, gregarious bovine quadruped with shaggy mane and short black horns, which formerly roamed in herds over most of the temperate portion of North America, but is now restricted to very limited districts in the region of the Rocky Mountains, and is rapidly decreasing in numbers.

Bi•spi´nose (bi•spi´nos), a. [Pref. bi- + spinose.] (Zoöl.) Having two spines.

Bisque , n. [A corruption of biscuit.] Unglazed white porcelain.

Bisque, n. [F.] A point taken by the receiver of odds in the game of tennis; also an extra innings allowed to a weaker player in croquet.

Bisque, n. [F.] A white soup made of crayfish.

Bis•sex´tile , n. [L. bissextilis annus, fr. bissextus (bis + sextus sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.] Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February on account of the excess of the tropical year (365 d. 5 h. 48 m. 46 s.) above 365 days. But one day added every four years is equivalent to six hours each year, which is 11 m. 14 s. more than the excess of the real year. Hence, it is necessary to suppress the bissextile day at the end of every century which is not divisible by 400, while it is retained at the end of those which are divisible by 400.

Bis•sex´tile, a. Pertaining to leap year.

Bis´son , a. [OE. bisen, bisne, AS. bisen, prob. for bisne; bi by + sne clear, akin to seón to see; clear when near, hence short-sighted. See See.] Purblind; blinding. [Obs.] ´Bisson rheum.´ Shak. { Bis´ter , Bis´tre } , n. [F. bistre a color made of soot; of unknown origin. Cf., however, LG. biester frowning, dark, ugly.] (Paint.) A dark brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood.

Bi•stip´uled , a. [Pref. bi- + stipule.] (Bot.) Having two stipules.

Bis´tort , n. [L. bis + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist: cf. F. bistorte.] (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the genus Polygonum, section Bistorta; snakeweed; adderwort. Its root is used in medicine as an astringent.

Bis´tou•ry , n.; pl. Bistouries . [F. bistouri.] A surgical instrument consisting of a slender knife, either straight or curved, generally used by introducing it beneath the part to be divided, and cutting towards the surface.

Bis´tre , n. See Bister.

Bi•sul´cate , a. [Pref. bi- + sulcate.] 1. Having two grooves or furrows. 2. (Zoöl.) Cloven; said of a foot or hoof.

Bi•sul´cous , a. [L. bisulcus; bis twice + sulcus furrow.] Bisulcate. Sir T. Browne.

Bi•sul´phate , n. [Pref. bi- + sulphate.] (Chem.) A sulphate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal sulphates; an acid sulphate.

Bi•sul´phide , n. [Pref. bi- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide having two atoms of sulphur in the molecule; a disulphide, as in iron pyrites, FeS2; — less frequently called bisulphuret.

Bi•sul´phite , n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphurous acid in which the base replaces but half the hydrogen of the acid; an acid sulphite.

Bi•sul´phu•ret , n. [Pref. bi- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) See Bisulphide.

Bit , n. [OE. bitt, bite, AS. bite, bite, fr. bitan to bite. See Bite, n. & v., and cf. Bit a morsel.] 1. The part of a bridle, usually of iron, which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, and having appendages to which the reins are fastened. Shak. “The foamy bridle with the bit of gold.
Chaucer.” 2. Fig.: Anything which curbs or restrains.

Bit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bitting.] To put a bridle upon; to put the bit in the mouth of.

Bit, imp. & p. p. of Bite.

Bit, n. [OE. bite, AS. bita, fr. bitan to bite; akin to D. beet, G. bissen bit, morsel, Icel. biti. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit part of a bridle.] 1. A part of anything, such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth; a morsel; a bite. Hence: A small piece of anything; a little; a mite. 2. Somewhat; something, but not very great. “My young companion was a bit of a poet.
T. Hook.” This word is used, also like jot and whit, to express the smallest degree; as he is not a bit wiser. 3. A tool for boring, of various forms and sizes, usually turned by means of a brace or bitstock. See Bitstock. 4. The part of a key which enters the lock and acts upon the bolt and tumblers. Knight. 5. The cutting iron of a plane. Knight. 6. In the Southern and Southwestern States, a small silver coin (as the real) formerly current; commonly, one worth about 12 1/2 cents; also the sum of 12 1/2 cents. Bit my bit, piecemeal. Pope.

Bit, 3d sing. pr. of Bid, for biddeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bi•take´ , v. t. [See Betake, Betaught.] To commend; to commit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bi•tan´gent , a. [Pref. bi- + tangent.] (Geom.) Possessing the property of touching at two points. — n. A line that touches a curve in two points.

Bi•tar´trate , n. (Chem.) A salt of tartaric acid in which the base replaces but half the acid hydrogen; an acid tartrate, as cream of tartar.

Bitch , n. [OE. biche, bicche, AS. bicce; cf. Icel. bikkja, G. betze, peize.] 1. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. An opprobrious name for a woman, especially a lewd woman. Pope.

Bite , v. t. [imp. Bit ; p. p. Bitten , Bit; p. pr. & vb. n. Biting.] [OE. biten, AS. bitan; akin to D. bijten, OS. bitan, OHG. bizan, G. beissen, Goth. beitan, Icel. bita, Sw. bita, Dan. bide, L. findere to cleave, Skr. bhid to cleave. rad.87. Cf. Fissure.] 1. To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip the thing seized; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the teeth; as to bite an apple; to bite a crust; the dog bit a man. “Such smiling rogues as these,
Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain.
Shak.” 2. To puncture, abrade, or sting with an organ (of some insects) used in taking food. 3. To cause sharp pain, or smarting, to; to hurt or injure, in a literal or a figurative sense; as pepper bites the mouth. ´Frosts do bite the meads.´ Shak. 4. To cheat; to trick; to take in. [Colloq.] Pope. 5. To take hold of; to hold fast; to adhere to; as the anchor bites the ground. “The last screw of the rack having been turned so often that its purchase crumbled, … it turned and turned with nothing to bite.
Dickens.” To bite the dust, To bite the ground, to fall in the agonies of death; as he made his enemy bite the dust. — To bite in (Etching), to corrode or eat into metallic plates by means of an acid. — To bite the thumb at (any one), formerly a mark of contempt, designed to provoke a quarrel; to defy. ´Do you bite your thumb at us?´ Shak. — To bite the tongue, to keep silence. Shak.

Bite , v. i. 1. To seize something forcibly with the teeth; to wound with the teeth; to have the habit of so doing; as does the dog bite? 2. To cause a smarting sensation; to have a property which causes such a sensation; to be pungent; as it bites like pepper or mustard. 3. To cause sharp pain; to produce anguish; to hurt or injure; to have the property of so doing. “At the last it [wine] biteth like serpent, and stingeth like an adder.
Prov. xxiii. 32.” 4. To take a bait into the mouth, as a fish does; hence, to take a tempting offer. 5. To take or keep a firm hold; as the anchor bites.

Bite, n. [OE. bite, bit, bitt, AS. bite bite, fr. bitan to bite, akin to Icel. bit, OS. biti, G. biss. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit.] 1. The act of seizing with the teeth or mouth; the act of wounding or separating with the teeth or mouth; a seizure with the teeth or mouth, as of a bait; as to give anything a hard bite. “I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite.
Walton.” 2. The act of puncturing or abrading with an organ for taking food, as is done by some insects. 3. The wound made by biting; as the pain of a dog’s or snake’s bite; the bite of a mosquito. 4. A morsel; as much as is taken at once by biting. 5. The hold which the short end of a lever has upon the thing to be lifted, or the hold which one part of a machine has upon another. 6. A cheat; a trick; a fraud. [Colloq.] “The baser methods of getting money by fraud and bite, by deceiving and overreaching.
Humorist.” 7. A sharper; one who cheats. [Slang] Johnson. 8. (Print.) A blank on the edge or corner of a page, owing to a portion of the frisket, or something else, intervening between the type and paper.

Bit´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, bites; that which bites often, or is inclined to bite, as a dog or fish. ´Great barkers are no biters.´ Camden. 2. One who cheats; a sharper. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Bi•ter´nate , a. [Pref. bi- + ternate.] (Bot.) Doubly ternate, as when a petiole has three ternate leaflets. — Bi•ter´nate•ly, adv. Gray.

Bi´the•ism , n. [Pref. bi- + theism.] Belief in the existence of two gods; dualism.

Bit´ing , a. That bites; sharp; cutting; sarcastic; caustic. ´A biting affliction.´ ´A biting jest.´ Shak.

Bit´ing in´ . (Etching.) The process of corroding or eating into metallic plates, by means of an acid. See Etch. G. Francis.

Bit´ing•ly, adv. In a biting manner.

Bit´less , a. Not having a bit or bridle.

Bit´stock , n. A stock or handle for holding and rotating a bit; a brace.

Bitt , n. (Naut.) See Bitts.

Bitt , v. t. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) To put round the bitts; as to bitt the cable, in order to fasten it or to slacken it gradually, which is called veering away. Totten.

Bit´ta•cle , n. A binnacle. [Obs.]

Bit´ten , p. p. of Bite.

Bit´ten , a. (Bot.) Terminating abruptly, as if bitten off; premorse.

Bit´ter , n. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) AA turn of the cable which is round the bitts. Bitter end, that part of a cable which is abaft the bitts, and so within board, when the ship rides at anchor.

Bit´ter , a. [AS. biter; akin to Goth. baitrs, Icel. bitr, Dan., Sw., D., & G. bitter, OS. bittar, fr. root of E. bite. See Bite, v. t.] 1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like that of wormwood or an infusion of hops; as a bitter medicine; bitter as aloes. 2. Causing pain or smart; piercing; painful; sharp; severe; as a bitter cold day. 3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind; calamitous; poignant. “It is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the Lord thy God.
Jer. ii. 19.” 4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; harsh; stern; virulent; as bitter reproach. “Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them.
Col. iii. 19.” 5. Mournful; sad; distressing; painful; pitiable. “The Egyptians … made their lives bitter with hard bondage.
Ex. i. 14.” Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber, Bitter gourd. (Bot.) See Colocynth. — Bitter cress (Bot.), a plant of the genus Cardamine, esp. C. amara. — Bitter earth (Min.), tale earth; calcined magnesia. — Bitter principles (Chem.), a class of substances, extracted from vegetable products, having strong bitter taste but with no sharply defined chemical characteristics. — Bitter salt, Epsom salts; magnesium sulphate. — Bitter vetch (Bot.), a name given to two European leguminous herbs, Vicia Orobus and Ervum Ervilia. — To the bitter end, to the last extremity, however calamitous. Syn. — Acrid; sharp; harsh; pungent; stinging; cutting; severe; acrimonious.

Bit´ter , n. Any substance that is bitter. See Bitters.

Bit´ter, v. t. To make bitter. Wolcott.

Bit´ter•bump , n. (Zoöl.) the butterbump or bittern.

Bit´ter•ful , a. Full of bitterness. [Obs.]

Bit´ter•ing, n. A bitter compound used in adulterating beer; bittern.

Bit´ter•ish, a. Somewhat bitter. Goldsmith.

Bit´ter•ling , n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A roachlike European fish (Rhodima amarus).

Bit´ter•ly, adv. In a bitter manner.

Bit´tern , n. [OE. bitoure, betore, bitter, fr. F. butor; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Botaurus, allied to the herons, of various species. The common European bittern is Botaurus stellaris. It makes, during the brooding season, a noise called by Dryden bumping, and by Goldsmith booming. The American bittern is B. lentiginosus, and is also called stake-driver and meadow hen. See Stake- driver. The name is applied to other related birds, as the least bittern (Ardetta exilis), and the sun bittern.

Bit´tern, n. [From Bitter, a.] 1. The brine which remains in salt works after the salt is concreted, having a bitter taste from the chloride of magnesium which it contains. 2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus Indicus, etc., used by fraudulent brewers in adulterating beer. Cooley.

Bit´ter•ness , n. [AS. biternys; biter better + -nys = -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being bitter, sharp, or acrid, in either a literal or figurative sense; implacableness; resentfulness; severity; keenness of reproach or sarcasm; deep distress, grief, or vexation of mind. “The lip that curls with bitterness.
Percival.” “I will complain in the bitterness of my soul.
Job vii. 11.” 2. A state of extreme impiety or enmity to God. “Thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity.
Acts viii. 23.” 3. Dangerous error, or schism, tending to draw persons to apostasy. “Looking diligently, … lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you.
Heb. xii. 15.”

Bit´ter•nut´, n. (Bot.) The swamp hickory (Carya amara). Its thin-shelled nuts are bitter.

Bit´ter•root , n. (Bot.) A plant (Lewisia rediviva) allied to the purslane, but with fleshy, farinaceous roots, growing in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, etc. It gives the name to the Bitter Root mountains and river. The Indians call both the plant and the river Spaet’lum.

Bit´ters , n. pl. A liquor, generally spirituous in which a bitter herb, leaf, or root is steeped.

Bit´ter spar´ . A common name of dolomite; — so called because it contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. See Dolomite.

Bit´ter•sweet , a. Sweet and then bitter or bitter and then sweet; esp. sweet with a bitter after taste; hence (Fig.), pleasant but painful.

Bit´ter•sweet, n. 1. Anything which is bittersweet. 2. A kind of apple so called. Gower. 3. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub, with oval coral-red berries (Solanum dulcamara); woody nightshade. The whole plant is poisonous, and has a taste at first sweetish and then bitter. The branches are the officinal dulcamara. (b) An American woody climber (Celastrus scandens), whose yellow capsules open late in autumn, and disclose the red aril which covers the seeds; — also called Roxbury waxwork.

Bit´ter•weed , n. (Bot.) A species of Ambrosia (A. artemisiaefolia); Roman worm wood. Gray.

Bit´ter•wood , n. A West Indian tree (Picraena excelsa) from the wood of which the bitter drug Jamaica quassia is obtained.

Bit´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) The yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), which has a very bitter taste.

Bit´tock , n. [See Bit a morsel.] A small bit of anything, of indefinite size or quantity; a short distance. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. { Bit´tor , Bit´tour } , n. [See Bittern] (Zoöl.) The bittern. Dryden.

Bitts , n. pl. [Cf. F. bitte, Icel. biti, a beam. 87.] (Naut.) A frame of two strong timbers fixed perpendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to fasten the cables as the ship rides at anchor, or in warping. Other bitts are used for belaying (belaying bitts), for sustaining the windlass (carrick bitts, winch bitts, or windlass bitts), to hold the pawls of the windlass (pawl bitts) etc.

Bi•tume´ , n. [F. See Bitumen.] Bitumen. [Poetic] May.

Bi•tumed´ , a. Smeared with bitumen. [R.] ´The hatches caulked and bitumed.´ Shak.

Bi•tu´men , n. [L. bitumen: cf. F. bitume. Cf. Beton.] 1. Mineral pitch; a black, tarry substance, burning with a bright flame; Jew’s pitch. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc. See Asphalt. 2. By extension, any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petroleums, and even the light, volatile naphthas.

Bi•tu´mi•nate (bi•tu´mi•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminating.] [L. bituminatus, p. p. of bituminare to bituminate. See Bitumen.] To treat or impregnate with bitumen; to cement with bitumen. ´Bituminated walls of Babylon.´ Feltham.

Bi•tu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [Bitumen + -ferous.] Producing bitumen. Kirwan.

Bi•tu•mi•ni•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. bituminisation.] The process of bituminizing. Mantell.

Bi•tu´mi•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminizing.] [Cf. F. bituminiser.] To prepare, treat, impregnate, or coat with bitumen.

Bi•tu´mi•nous , a. [L. bituminosus: cf. F. bitumineux.] Having the qualities of bitumen; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen. “Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed.
Milton.” Bituminous coal, a kind of coal which yields, when heated, a considerable amount of volatile bituminous matter. It burns with a yellow smoky flame. — Bituminous limestone, a mineral of a brown or black color, emitting an unpleasant smell when rubbed. That of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. — Bituminous shale, an argillaceous shale impregnated with bitumen, often accompanying coal.

Bi´u•ret , n. [Pref. bi- + urea.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C2O2N3H5, formed by heating urea. It is intermediate between urea and cyanuric acid.

Biv´a•len•cy , n. (Chem.) The quality of being bivalent.

Biv´a•lent , a. [L. bis twice + valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Equivalent in combining or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen; dyad.

Bi´valve , n. [F. bivalve; bi- (L. bis) + valve valve.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mollusk having a shell consisting of two lateral plates or valves joined together by an elastic ligament at the hinge, which is usually strengthened by prominences called teeth. The shell is closed by the contraction of two transverse muscles attached to the inner surface, as in the clam, — or by one, as in the oyster. See Mollusca. 2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which the seed case opens or splits into two parts or valves.

Bi´valve , a. [Pref. bi- + valve.] (Zoöl. & Bot.) Having two shells or valves which open and shut, as the oyster and certain seed vessels.

Bi´valved , a. Having two valves, as the oyster and some seed pods; bivalve.

Bi•val´vous , a. Bivalvular.

Bi•val´vu•lar , a. Having two valves.

Bi•vault´ed , a. [Pref. bi- + vault.] Having two vaults or arches.

Bi•vec´tor , n. [Pref. bi- + vector.] (Math.) A term made up of the two parts + 1 -1, where and 1 are vectors.

Bi•ven´tral , a. [Pref. bi- + ventral.] (Anat.) Having two bellies or protuberances; as a biventral, or digastric, muscle, or the biventral lobe of the cerebellum.

Biv´i•al , a. Of or relating to the bivium.

Biv´i•ous , a. [L. bivius; bis twice + via way.] Having, or leading, two ways. “Bivious theorems and Janus-faced doctrines.
Sir T. Browne.”

Biv´i•um , n. [L., a place with two ways. See Bivious.] (Zoöl.) One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.

Biv´ouac , n. [F. bivouac, bivac, prab. fr. G. beiwache, or beiwacht; bei by, near + wachen to watch, wache watch, guard. See By, and Watch.] (Mil.) (a) The watch of a whole army by night, when in danger of surprise or attack. (b) An encampment for the night without tents or covering.

Biv´ouac, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bivouacked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bivouacking.] (Mil.) (a) To watch at night or be on guard, as a whole army. (b) To encamp for the night without tents or covering.

Bi´week•ly , a. [Pref. bi- + weekly.] Occurring or appearing once every two weeks; fortnightly. — n. A publication issued every two weeks. — Bi´week´ly, adv.

Bi•wreye´ , v. t. To bewray; to reveal. [Obs.]

Biz´an•tine . See Byzantine.

Bi•zarre´ , a. [F. bizarre odd, fr. Sp. bizarro gallant, brave, liberal, prob. of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra beard, whence the meaning manly, brave.] Odd in manner or appearance; fantastic; whimsical; extravagant; grotesque. C. Kingsley.

Bi•zet´ , n. [Cf. Bezel.] The upper faceted portion of a brilliant-cut diamond, which projects from the setting and occupies the zone between the girdle and the table. See Brilliant, n.

Blab , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blabbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] [Cf. OE. blaberen, or Dan. blabbre, G. plappern, Gael. blabaran a stammerer; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. also Blubber, v.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or in a thoughtless manner; to publish (secrets or trifles) without reserve or discretion. Udall. “And yonder a vile physician blabbing
The case of his patient.
Tennyson.”

Blab, v. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion; to tattle; to tell tales. “She must burst or blab.
Dryden.”

Blab, n. [OE. blabbe.] One who blabs; a babbler; a telltale. ´Avoided as a blab.´ Milton. “For who will open himself to a blab or a babbler.
Bacon.”

Blab´ber , n. A tattler; a telltale.

Black , a. [OE. blak, AS. blaec; akin to Icel. blakkr dark, swarthy, Sw. bläck ink, Dan. blaek, OHG. blach, LG. & D. blaken to burn with a black smoke. Not akin to AS. blac, E. bleak pallid. 98.] 1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the color of soot or coal; of the darkest or a very dark color, the opposite of white; characterized by such a color; as black cloth; black hair or eyes. “O night, with hue so black!
Shak.” 2. In a less literal sense: Enveloped or shrouded in darkness; very dark or gloomy; as a black night; the heavens black with clouds. “I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud.
Shak.” 3. Fig.: Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like darkness; destitute of moral light or goodness; atrociously wicked; cruel; mournful; calamitous; horrible. ´This day’s black fate.´ ´Black villainy.´ ´Arise, black vengeance.´ ´Black day.´ ´Black despair.´ Shak. 4. Expressing menace, or discontent; threatening; sullen; foreboding; as to regard one with black looks. Black is often used in self-explaining compound words; as black-eyed, black-faced, black-haired, black- visaged. Black act, the English statute 9 George I, which makes it a felony to appear armed in any park or warren, etc., or to hunt or steal deer, etc., with the face blackened or disguised. Subsequent acts inflicting heavy penalties for malicious injuries to cattle and machinery have been called black acts. — Black angel (Zoöl.), a fish of the West Indies and Florida (Holacanthus tricolor), with the head and tail yellow, and the middle of the body black. — Black antimony (Chem.), the black sulphide of antimony, Sb2S3, used in pyrotechnics, etc. — Black bear (Zoöl.), the common American bear (Ursus Americanus). — Black beast. See Bête noire. — Black beetle (Zoöl.), the common large cockroach (Blatta orientalis). — Black and blue, the dark color of a bruise in the flesh, which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. ´To pinch the slatterns black and blue.´ Hudibras. — Black bonnet (Zoöl.), the black-headed bunting (Embriza Schœniclus) of Europe. — Black canker, a disease in turnips and other crops, produced by a species of caterpillar. — Black cat (Zoöl.), the fisher, a quadruped of North America allied to the sable, but larger. See Fisher. — Black cattle, any bovine cattle reared for slaughter, in distinction from dairy cattle. [Eng.] — Black cherry. See under Cherry. — Black cockatoo (Zoöl.), the palm cockatoo. See Cockatoo. — Black copper. Same as Melaconite. — Black currant. (Bot.) See Currant. — Black diamond. (Min.) See Carbonado. — Black draught (Med.), a cathartic medicine, composed of senna and magnesia. — Black drop (Med.), vinegar of opium; a narcotic preparation consisting essentially of a solution of opium in vinegar. — Black earth, mold; earth of a dark color. Woodward. — Black flag, the flag of a pirate, often bearing in white a skull and crossbones; a signal of defiance. — Black flea (Zoöl.), a flea beetle (Haltica nemorum) injurious to turnips. — Black flux, a mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with half its weight of niter. Brande & C. — Black fly. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States, a small, venomous, two-winged fly of the genus Simulium of several species, exceedingly abundant and troublesome in the northern forests. The larvae are aquatic. (b) A black plant louse, as the bean aphis (A. fabae). — Black Forest [a translation of G. Schwarzwald], a forest in Baden and Würtemburg, in Germany; a part of the ancient Hercynian forest. — Black game, or Black grouse. (Zoöl.) See Blackcock, Grouse, and Heath grouse. — Black grass (Bot.), a grasslike rush of the species Juncus Gerardi, growing on salt marshes, and making good hay. — Black gum (Bot.), an American tree, the tupelo or pepperidge. See Tupelo. — Black Hamburg (grape) (Bot.), a sweet and juicy variety of dark purple or ´black´ grape. — Black horse (Zoöl.), a fish of the Mississippi valley (Cycleptus elongatus), of the sucker family; the Missouri sucker. — Black lemur (Zoöl.), the Lemurniger of Madagascar; the acoumbo of the natives. — Black list, a list of persons who are for some reason thought deserving of censure or punishment; — esp. a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, made for the protection of tradesmen or employers. See Blacklist, v. t. — Black manganese (Chem.), the black oxide of manganese, MnO2. — Black Maria, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried to or from jail. — Black martin (Zoöl.), the chimney swift. See Swift. — Black moss (Bot.), the common so-called long moss of the southern United States. See Tillandsia. — Black oak. See under Oak. — Black ocher. See Wad. — Black pigment, a very fine, light carbonaceous substance, or lampblack, prepared chiefly for the manufacture of printers’ ink. It is obtained by burning common coal tar. — Black plate, sheet iron before it is tinned. Knight. — Black quarter, malignant anthrax with engorgement of a shoulder or quarter, etc., as of an ox. — Black rat (Zoöl.), one of the species of rats (Mus rattus), commonly infesting houses. — Black rent. See Blackmail, n., 3. — Black rust, a disease of wheat, in which a black, moist matter is deposited in the fissures of the grain. — Black sheep, one in a family or company who is unlike the rest, and makes trouble. — Black silver. (Min.) See under Silver. — Black and tan, black mixed or spotted with tan color or reddish brown; — used in describing certain breeds of dogs. — Black tea. See under Tea. — Black tin (Mining), tin ore (cassiterite), when dressed, stamped and washed, ready for smelting. It is in the form of a black powder, like fine sand. Knight. — Black walnut. See under Walnut. — Black warrior (Zoöl.), an American hawk (Buteo Harlani). Syn. — Dark; murky; pitchy; inky; somber; dusky; gloomy; swart; Cimmerian; ebon; atrocious.

Black , adv. Sullenly; threateningly; maliciously; so as to produce blackness.

Black, n. 1. That which is destitute of light or whiteness; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; as a cloth has a good black. “Black is the badge of hell,
The hue of dungeons, and the suit of night.
Shak.” 2. A black pigment or dye. 3. A negro; a person whose skin is of a black color, or shaded with black; esp. a member or descendant of certain African races. 4. A black garment or dress; as she wears black; pl. (Obs.) Mourning garments of a black color; funereal drapery. “Friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like show death terrible.
Bacon.” “That was the full time they used to wear blacks for the death of their fathers.
Sir T. North.” 5. The part of a thing which is distinguished from the rest by being black. “The black or sight of the eye.
Sir K. Digby.” 6. A stain; a spot; a smooch. “Defiling her white lawn of chastity with ugly blacks of lust.
Rowley.” Black and white, writing or print; as I must have that statement in black and white. — Blue black, a pigment of a blue black color. — Ivory black, a fine kind of animal charcoal prepared by calcining ivory or bones. When ground it is the chief ingredient of the ink used in copperplate printing. — Berlin black. See under Berlin.

Black, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blacking.] [See Black, a., and cf. Blacken.] 1. To make black; to blacken; to soil; to sully. “They have their teeth blacked, both men and women, for they say a dog hath his teeth white, therefore they will black theirs.
Hakluyt.” “Sins which black thy soul.
J. Fletcher.” 2. To make black and shining, as boots or a stove, by applying blacking and then polishing with a brush.

Black´a•moor , n. [Black + Moor.] A negro or negress. Shak.

Black´ art . The art practiced by conjurers and witches; necromancy; conjuration; magic. This name was given in the Middle Ages to necromancy, under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger black, instead of nekro•s, a dead person, and mantei•a, divination. Wright.

Black´-a-vised , a. Dark-visaged; swart.

Black´ball , n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, boots, etc.; also one for taking impressions of engraved work. 2. A ball of black color, esp. one used as a negative in voting; — in this sense usually two words.

Black´ball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackballed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackballing.] 1. To vote against, by putting a black ball into a ballot box; to reject or exclude, as by voting against with black balls; to ostracize. “He was blackballed at two clubs in succession.
Thackeray.” 2. To blacken (leather, shoes, etc.) with blacking.

Black´band , n. (Min.) An earthy carbonate of iron containing considerable carbonaceous matter; — valuable as an iron ore.

Black´ bass . (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, fresh-water fish of the United States, of the genus Micropterus. the small-mouthed kind is M. dolomiei; the large-mouthed is M. salmoides. 2. The sea bass. See Blackfish, 3.

Black´ber•ry (blak´ber•ry), n. [OE. blakberye, AS. blaecberie; blaec black + berie berry.] The fruit of several species of bramble (Rubus); also the plant itself. Rubus fruticosus is the blackberry of England; R. villosus and R. Canadensis are the high blackberry and low blackberry of the United States. There are also other kinds.

Black´bird (blak´berd), n. (Zoöl.) In England, a species of thrush (Turdus merula), a singing bird with a fin note; the merle. In America the name is given to several birds, as the Quiscalus versicolor, or crow blackbird; the Agelaeus phœniceus, or red-winged blackbird; the cowbird; the rusty grackle, etc. See Redwing.

Black´board (-bord•), n. A broad board painted black, or any black surface on which writing, drawing, or the working of mathematical problems can be done with chalk or crayons. It is much used in schools.

Black´ book (book•). 1. One of several books of a political character, published at different times and for different purposes; — so called either from the color of the binding, or from the character of the contents. 2. A book compiled in the twelfth century, containing a description of the court of exchequer of England, an official statement of the revenues of the crown, etc. 3. A book containing details of the enormities practiced in the English monasteries and religious houses, compiled by order of their visitors under Henry VIII., to hasten their dissolution. 4. A book of admiralty law, of the highest authority, compiled in the reign of Edw. III. Bouvier. Wharton. 5. A book kept for the purpose of registering the names of persons liable to censure or punishment, as in the English universities, or the English armies. 6. Any book which treats of necromancy.

Black´-browed (blak´broud•), a. Having black eyebrows. Hence: Gloomy; dismal; threatening; forbidding. Shak. Dryden.

Black•bur´ni•an war´bler . [Named from Mrs. Blackburn, an English lady.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful warbler of the United States (Dendroica Blackburniae). The male is strongly marked with orange, yellow, and black on the head and neck, and has an orange-yellow breast.

Black´cap (-kap•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European song bird (Sylvia atricapilla), with a black crown; the mock nightingale. (b) An American titmouse (Parus atricapillus); the chickadee. 2. (Cookery) An apple roasted till black, to be served in a dish of boiled custard. 3. The black raspberry.

Black´coat , n. A clergyman; — familiarly so called, as a soldier is sometimes called a redcoat or a bluecoat.

Black´cock , n. (Zoöl.) The male of the European black grouse (Tetrao tetrix, Linn.); - - so called by sportsmen. The female is called gray hen. See Heath grouse.

Black´ death . A pestilence which ravaged Europe and Asia in the fourteenth century.

Black´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackening.] [See Black, a., and cf. Black, v. t. ] 1. To make or render black. “While the long funerals blacken all the way.
Pope.” 2. To make dark; to darken; to cloud. ´Blackened the whole heavens.´ South. 3. To defame; to sully, as reputation; to make infamous; as vice blackens the character. Syn. — To denigrate; defame; vilify; slander; calumniate; traduce; malign; asperse.

Black´en, v. i. To grow black or dark.

Black´en•er , n. One who blackens.

Black´-eyed , a. Having black eyes. Dryden.

Black´-faced , a. Having a black, dark, or gloomy face or aspect.

Black´feet , n. pl. (Ethn.) A tribe of North American Indians formerly inhabiting the country from the upper Missouri River to the Saskatchewan, but now much reduced in numbers.

Black´fin , n. (Zoöl.) See Bluefin.

Black´fish , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A small kind of whale, of the genus Globicephalus, of several species. The most common is G. melas. Also sometimes applied to other whales of larger size. 2. (Zoöl.) The tautog of New England (Tautoga). 3. (Zoöl.) The black sea bass (Centropristis atrarius) of the Atlantic coast. It is excellent food fish; — locally called also black Harry. 4. (Zoöl.) A fish of southern Europe (Centrolophus pompilus) of the Mackerel family. 5. (Zoöl.) The female salmon in the spawning season. The name is locally applied to other fishes.

Black´foot , a. Of or pertaining to the Blackfeet; as a Blackfoot Indian. — n. A Blackfoot Indian.

Black´ fri•ar . (Eccl.) A friar of the Dominican order; — called also predicant and preaching friar; in France, Jacobin. also sometimes, a Benedictine.

Black´guard , n. [Black + guard.] 1. The scullions and lower menials of a court, or of a nobleman’s household, who, in a removal from one residence to another, had charge of the kitchen utensils, and being smutted by them, were jocularly called the ´black guard´; also the servants and hangers-on of an army. [Obs.] “A lousy slave, that … rode with the black guard in the duke’s carriage, ’mongst spits and dripping pans.
Webster (1612).” 2. The criminals and vagrants or vagabonds of a town or community, collectively. [Obs.] 3. A person of stained or low character, esp. one who uses scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse; a scoundrel; a rough. “A man whose manners and sentiments are decidedly below those of his class deserves to be called a blackguard.
Macaulay.” 4. A vagrant; a bootblack; a gamin. [Obs.]

Black´guard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackguarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackguarding.] To revile or abuse in scurrilous language. Southey.

Black´guard, a. Scurrilous; abusive; low; worthless; vicious; as blackguard language.

Black´guard•ism , n. The conduct or language of a blackguard; ruffianism.

Black´guard•ly, adv. & a. In the manner of or resembling a blackguard; abusive; scurrilous; ruffianly.

Black´head , n. (Zoöl.) The scaup duck.

Black´heart , n. A heart-shaped cherry with a very dark-colored skin.

Black´-heart•ed, a. Having a wicked, malignant disposition; morally bad.

Black´ hole . A dungeon or dark cell in a prison; a military lock-up or guardroom; — now commonly with allusion to the cell (the Black Hole) in a fort at Calcutta, into which 146 English prisoners were thrust by the nabob Suraja Dowla on the night of June 20, 17656, and in which 123 of the prisoners died before morning from lack of air. “A discipline of unlimited autocracy, upheld by rods, and ferules, and the black hole.
H. Spencer.”

Black´ing, n. 1. Any preparation for making things black; esp. one for giving a black luster to boots and shoes, or to stoves. 2. The act or process of making black.

Black´ish, a. Somewhat black.

Black´-jack, n. 1. (Min.) A name given by English miners to sphalerite, or zinc blende; — called also false galena. See Blende. 2. Caramel or burnt sugar, used to color wines, spirits, ground coffee, etc. 3. A large leather vessel for beer, etc. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) The Quercus nigra, or barren oak. 5. The ensign of a pirate.

Black• lead´ . Plumbago; graphite. It leaves a blackish mark somewhat like lead. See Graphite.

Black•lead´, v. t. To coat or to polish with black lead.

Black´leg , n. 1. A notorious gambler. [Colloq.] 2. A disease among calves and sheep, characterized by a settling of gelatinous matter in the legs, and sometimes in the neck. [Eng.]

Black´ let•ter . The old English or Gothic letter, in which the Early English manuscripts were written, and the first English books were printed. It was conspicuous for its blackness. See Type.

Black´-let•ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black letter; as a black-letter manuscript or book. 2. Given to the study of books in black letter; that is, of old books; out of date. “Kemble, a black-letter man!
J. Boaden.” 3. Of or pertaining to the days in the calendar not marked with red letters as saints’ days. Hence: Unlucky; inauspicious.

Black´list , v. t. To put in a black list as deserving of suspicion, censure, or punishment; esp. to put in a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, — as tradesmen and employers do for mutual protection; as to blacklist a workman who has been discharged. See Black list, under Black, a. “If you blacklist us, we will boycott you.
John Swinton.”

Black´ly, adv. In a black manner; darkly, in color; gloomily; threateningly; atrociously. ´Deeds so blackly grim and horrid.´ Feltham.

Black´mail , n. [Black + mail a piece of money.] 1. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or other thing, anciently paid, in the north of England and south of Scotland, to certain men who were allied to robbers, or moss troopers, to be by them protected from pillage. Sir W. Scott. 2. Payment of money exacted by means of intimidation; also extortion of money from a person by threats of public accusation, exposure, or censure. 3. (Eng. Law) Black rent, or rent paid in corn, flesh, or the lowest coin, a opposed to ´white rent´, which paid in silver. To levy blackmail, to extort money by threats, as of injury to one’s reputation.

Black´mail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackmailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.] To extort money from by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation, distress of mind, etc.; as to blackmail a merchant by threatening to expose an alleged fraud. [U. S.]

Black´mail•er , n. One who extorts, or endeavors to extort, money, by black mailing.

Black´mail•ing, n. The act or practice of extorting money by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation.

Black´ Mon•day . 1. Easter Monday, so called from the severity of that day in 1360, which was so unusual that many of Edward III.’s soldiers, then before Paris, died from the cold. Stow. “Then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a bleeding on Black Monday last.
Shak.” 2. The first Monday after the holidays; — so called by English schoolboys. Halliwell.

Black´ monk . A Benedictine monk.

Black´moor , n. See Blackamoor.

Black´-mouthed , a. Using foul or scurrilous language; slanderous.

Black´ness, n. The quality or state of being black; black color; atrociousness or enormity in wickedness. “They’re darker now than blackness.
Donne.”

Black´poll , n. [Black + poll head.] (Zoöl.) A warbler of the United States (Dendroica striata).

Black´ pud´ding . A kind of sausage made of blood, suet, etc., thickened with meal. “And fat black puddings, — proper food,
For warriors that delight in blood.
Hudibras.”

Black´ Rod . (a) the usher to the Chapter of the Garter, so called from the black rod which he carries. He is of the king’s chamber, and also usher to the House of Lords. [Eng.] (b) An usher in the legislature of British colonies. Cowell. “Committed to the custody of the Black Rod.
Macaulay.”

Black´root, n. (Bot.) See Colicroot.

Blacks , n. pl. 1. The name of a kind of in used in copperplate printing, prepared from the charred husks of the grape, and residue of the wine press. 2. Soot flying in the air. [Eng.] 3. Black garments, etc. See Black, n., 4.

Black´salt•er , n. One who makes crude potash, or black salts.

Black´ salts . Crude potash. De Colange.

Black´smith , n. [Black (in allusion to the color of the metal) + smith. Cf. Whitesmith.] 1. A smith who works in iron with a forge, and makes iron utensils, horseshoes, etc. “ The blacksmith may forge what he pleases.
Howell.” 2. (Zoöl.) A fish of the Pacific coast (Chromis, or Heliastes, punctipinnis), of a blackish color. { Black´ snake• (snak) or Black´snake }, n. (Zoöl.) A snake of a black color, of which two species are common in the United States, the Bascanium constrictor, or racer, sometimes six feet long, and the Scotophis Alleghaniensis, seven or eight feet long. The name is also applied to various other black serpents, as Natrix atra of Jamaica.

Black´strap (-strap), n. 1. A mixture of spirituous liquor (usually rum) and molasses. “No blackstrap to-night; switchel, or ginger pop.
Judd.” 2. Bad port wine; any common wine of the Mediterranean; — so called by sailors.

Black´tail , n. [Black + tail.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish; the ruff or pope. 2. (Zoöl.) The black-tailed deer (Cervus or Cariacus Columbianus) of California and Oregon; also the mule deer of the Rocky Mountains. See Mule deer.

Black´thorn , n. (Bot.) (a) A spreading thorny shrub or small tree (Prunus spinosa), with blackish bark, and bearing little black plums, which are called sloes; the sloe. (b) A species of Crataegus or hawthorn (C. tomentosa). Both are used for hedges.

Black´ vom´it . (Med.) A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter; or the substance so discharged; — one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever. { Black´ wash• or Black´wash }, n. 1. (Med.) A lotion made by mixing calomel and lime water. 2. A wash that blackens, as opposed to whitewash; hence, figuratively, calumny. “To remove as far as he can the modern layers of black wash, and let the man himself, fair or foul, be seen.
C. Kingsley.”

Black´wood , n. A name given to several dark-colored timbers. The East Indian black wood is from the tree Dalbergia latifolia. Balfour.

Black´work , n. Work wrought by blacksmiths; — so called in distinction from that wrought by whitesmiths. Knight.

Blad´der , n. [OE. bladder, bleddre, AS. bldre, blddre; akin to Icel. blara, SW. bläddra, Dan. blaere, D. blaar, OHG. blatara the bladder in the body of animals, G. blatter blister, bustule; all fr. the same root as AS. blawan, E. blow, to puff. See Blow to puff.] 1. (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some fluid; as the urinary bladder; the gall bladder; — applied especially to the urinary bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out and inflated with air. 2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air, or a thin, watery fluid. 3. (Bot.) A distended, membranaceous pericarp. 4. Anything inflated, empty, or unsound. ´To swim with bladders of philosophy.´ Rochester. Bladder nut, or Bladder tree (Bot.), a genus of plants (Staphylea) with bladderlike seed pods. — Bladder pod (Bot.), a genus of low herbs (Vesicaria) with inflated seed pods. — Bladdor senna (Bot.), a genus of shrubs (Colutea), with membranaceous, inflated pods. — Bladder worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any species of tapeworm (Taenia), found in the flesh or other parts of animals. See Measle, Cysticercus. — Bladder wrack (Bot.), the common black rock weed of the seacoast (Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus) — called also bladder tangle. See Wrack.

Blad´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bladdered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bladdering.] 1. To swell out like a bladder with air; to inflate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. 2. To put up in bladders; as bladdered lard.

Blad´der•wort , n. (Bot.) A genus (Utricularia) of aquatic or marshy plants, which usually bear numerous vesicles in the divisions of the leaves. These serve as traps for minute animals. See Ascidium.

Blad´der•y , a. Having bladders; also resembling a bladder.

Blade (blad), n. [OE. blade, blad, AS. blaed leaf; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. blad, Icel. blað, OHG. blat, G. blatt, and perh. to L. folium, Gr. fy•llon. The root is prob. the same as that of AS. blowan, E. blow, to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Foil leaf of metal.] 1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants. The term is sometimes applied to the spire of grasses. “The crimson dulse … with its waving blade.
Percival.” “First the blade, then ear, after that the full corn in the ear.
Mark iv. 28.” 2. The cutting part of an instrument; as the blade of a knife or a sword. 3. The broad part of an oar; also one of the projecting arms of a screw propeller. 4. The scapula or shoulder blade. 5. pl. (Arch.) The principal rafters of a roof. Weale. 6. pl. (Com.) The four large shell plates on the sides, and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell. De Colange. 7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or reckless, fellow; — a word of somewhat indefinite meaning. “He saw a turnkey in a trice
Fetter a troublesome blade.
Coleridge.”

Blade (blad), v. t. To furnish with a blade.

Blade, v. i. To put forth or have a blade. “As sweet a plant, as fair a flower, is faded
As ever in the Muses’ garden bladed.
P. Fletcher.”

Blade´bone (-bon•), n. The scapula. See Blade, 4.

Blad´ed (blad´ed), a. 1. Having a blade or blades; as a two-bladed knife. “Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass.
Shak.” 2. Divested of blades; as bladed corn. 3. (Min.) Composed of long and narrow plates, shaped like the blade of a knife.

Blade´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A long, thin, marine fish of Europe (Trichiurus lepturus); the ribbon fish.

Blade´smith , n. A sword cutler. [Obs.]

Blad´y , a. Consisting of blades. [R.] ´Blady grass.´ Drayton.

Blae , a. [See Blue.] Dark blue or bluish gray; lead-colored. [Scot.]

Blae´ber•ry , n. [Blae + berry; akin to Icel blaber, Sw. blbär, D. blaabaer. Cf. Blueberry.] The bilberry. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

Blague (blag), n. [F.] Mendacious boasting; falsehood; humbug.

Blain (blan), n. [OE. blein, bleyn, AS. blegen; akin to Dan. blegn, D. blein; perh. fr. the same root as E. bladder. See Bladder.] 1. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a bulla, pustule, or blister. “Blotches and blains must all his flesh emboss.
Milton.” 2. (Far.) A bladder growing on the root of the tongue of a horse, against the windpipe, and stopping the breath.

Blam´a•ble (blam´a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. blâmable.] Deserving of censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable; blameworthy. — Blam´a•ble•ness, n. — Blam´a•bly , adv.

Blame (blam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blamed (blamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaming.] [OE. blamen, F. blâmer, OF. blasmer, fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. also to blame, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n to speak ill, to slander, to blaspheme, fr. bla•sfhmos evil speaking, perh, for blapsi•fhmos; bla•psis injury (fr. bla•ptein to injure) + fh•mh a saying, fr. fa•nai to say. Cf. Blaspheme, and see Fame.] 1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with; to reproach. “We have none to blame but ourselves.
Tillotson.” 2. To bring reproach upon; to blemish. [Obs.] “ She … blamed her noble blood.
Spenser.” To blame, to be blamed, or deserving blame; in fault; as the conductor was to blame for the accident. “You were to blame, I must be plain with you.
Shak.”

Blame, n. [OE. blame, fr. F. blâme, OF. blasme, fr. blâmer, OF. blasmer, to blame. See Blame, v.] 1. An expression of disapprobation fir something deemed to be wrong; imputation of fault; censure. “Let me bear the blame forever.
Gen. xiiii. 9.” 2. That which is deserving of censure or disapprobation; culpability; fault; crime; sin. “Holy and without blame before him in love.
Eph. i. 4.” 3. Hurt; injury. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — Censure; reprehension; condemnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime; wrongdoing.

Blame´ful , a. 1. Faulty; meriting blame. Shak. 2. Attributing blame or fault; implying or conveying censure; faultfinding; censorious. Chaucer. — Blame´ful•ly, adv. — Blame´ful•ness, n.

Blame´less, a. Free from blame; without fault; innocent; guiltless; — sometimes followed by of. “A bishop then must be blameless.
1 Tim. iii. 2.” “Blameless still of arts that polish to deprave.
Mallet.” “We will be blameless of this thine oath.
Josh. ii. 17.” Syn. — Irreproachable; sinless; unblemished; inculpable. — Blameless, Spotless, Faultless, Stainless. We speak of a thing as blameless when it is free from blame, or the just imputation of fault; as a blameless life or character. The others are stronger. We speak of a thing as faultless, stainless, or spotless, only when we mean that it is absolutely without fault or blemish; as a spotless or stainless reputation; a faultless course of conduct. The last three words apply only to the general character, while blameless may be used in reverence to particular points; as in this transaction he was wholly blameless. We also apply faultless to personal appearance; as a faultless figure; which can not be done in respect to any of the other words.

Blame´less•ly, adv. In a blameless manner.

Blame´less•ness, n. The quality or state of being blameless; innocence.

Blam´er , n. One who blames. Wyclif.

Blame´wor•thy , a. Deserving blame; culpable; reprehensible. — Blame´wor•thi•ness, n.

Blan´card , n. [F., fr. blanc white.] A kind of linen cloth made in Normandy, the thread of which is partly blanches before it is woven.

Blanch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanching.] [OE. blanchen, blaunchen, F. blanchir, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.] 1. To take the color out of, and make white; to bleach; as to blanch linen; age has blanched his hair. 2. (Gardening) To bleach by excluding the light, as the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up or tying them together. 3. (Confectionery & Cookery) (a) To make white by removing the skin of, as by scalding; as to blanch almonds. (b) To whiten, as the surface of meat, by plunging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, so as to harden the surface and retain the juices. 4. To give a white luster to (silver, before stamping, in the process of coining.). 5. To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin. 6. Fig.: To whiten; to give a favorable appearance to; to whitewash; to palliate. “Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things.
Tillotson.” Syn. — To Blanch, Whiten. To whiten is the generic term, denoting, to render white; as to whiten the walls of a room. Usually (though not of necessity) this is supposed to be done by placing some white coloring matter in or upon the surface of the object in question. To blanch is to whiten by the removal of coloring matter; as to blanch linen. So the cheek is blanched by fear, i. e., by the withdrawal of the blood, which leaves it white.

Blanch , v. i. To grow or become white; as his cheek blanched with fear; the rose blanches in the sun. “[Bones] blanching on the grass.
Tennyson.”

Blanch, v. t. [See Blench.] 1. To avoid, as from fear; to evade; to leave unnoticed. [Obs.] “Ifs and ands to qualify the words of treason, whereby every man might express his malice and blanch his danger.
Bacon.” “I suppose you will not blanch Paris in your way.
Reliq. Wot.” 2. To cause to turn aside or back; as to blanch a deer.

Blanch, v. i. To use evasion. [Obs.] “Books will speak plain, when counselors blanch.
Bacon.”

Blanch, n. (Mining) Ore, not in masses, but mixed with other minerals.

Blanch´er , n. One who, or that which, blanches or whitens; esp., one who anneals and cleanses money; also a chemical preparation for this purpose.

Blanch´er, n. One who, or that which, frightens away or turns aside. [Obs.] “And Gynecia, a blancher, which kept the dearest deer from her.
Sir P. Sidney.” “And so even now hath he divers blanchers belonging to the market, to let and stop the light of the gospel.
Latimer.”

Blanch´ hold•ing . (Scots Law) A mode of tenure by the payment of a small duty in white rent (silver) or otherwise.

Blanch•im´e•ter , n. [1st blanch + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of chloride of lime and potash; a chlorometer. Ure.

Blanc•mange´ , n. [F. blancmanger, lit. white food; blanc white + manger to eat.] (Cookery) A preparation for desserts, etc., made from isinglass, sea moss, cornstarch, or other gelatinous or starchy substance, with mild, usually sweetened and flavored, and shaped in a mold.

Blanc•man´ger , n. [F. See Blancmange.] A sort of fricassee with white sauce, variously made of capon, fish, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bland , a. [L. blandus, of unknown origin.] 1. Mild; soft; gentle; smooth and soothing in manner; suave; as a bland temper; bland persuasion; a bland sycophant. ´Exhilarating vapor bland.´ Milton. 2. Having soft and soothing qualities; not drastic or irritating; not stimulating; as a bland oil; a bland diet.

Blan•da´tion , n. [Cf. L. blanditia, blandities, fr. blandus. See Bland.] Flattery. [Obs.]

Blan•dil´o•quence , n. [L. blandiloquentia; blandus mild + loqui to speak.] Mild, flattering speech. { Blan•dil´o•quous , Blan•di•lo´qui•ous } a. Fair-spoken; flattering.

Blan´dise , v. i. [Same word as Blandish.] To blandish any one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blan´dish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blandished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blandishing.] [OE. blaundisen, F. blandir, fr. L. blandiri, fr. blandus mild, flattering.] 1. To flatter with kind words or affectionate actions; to caress; to cajole. 2. To make agreeable and enticing. “Mustering all her wiles,
With blandished parleys.
Milton.”

Blan´dish•er , n. One who uses blandishments.

Blan´dish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. blandissement.] The act of blandishing; a word or act expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart; soft words and artful caresses; cajolery; allurement. “Cowering low with blandishment.
Milton.” “Attacked by royal smiles, by female blandishments.
Macaulay.”

Bland´ly , adv. In a bland manner; mildly; suavely.

Bland´ness, n. The state or quality of being bland.

Blank , a. [OE. blank, blonc, blaunc, blaunche, fr. F. blanc, fem. blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining, bright, white, G. blank; akin to E. blink, cf. also AS. blanc white. 98. See Blink, and cf. 1st Blanch.] 1. Of a white or pale color; without color. “To the blank moon
Her office they prescribed.
Milton.” 2. Free from writing, printing, or marks; having an empty space to be filled in with some special writing; — said of checks, official documents, etc.; as blank paper; a blank check; a blank ballot. 3. Utterly confounded or discomfited. “Adam … astonied stood, and blank.
Milton.” 4. Empty; void; without result; fruitless; as a blank space; a blank day. 5. Lacking characteristics which give variety; as a blank desert; a blank wall; destitute of interests, affections, hopes, etc.; as to live a blank existence; destitute of sensations; as blank unconsciousness. 6. Lacking animation and intelligence, or their associated characteristics, as expression of face, look, etc.; expressionless; vacant. ´Blank and horror-stricken faces.´ C. Kingsley. “The blank … glance of a half returned consciousness.
G. Eliot.” 7. Absolute; downright; unmixed; as blank terror. Blank bar (Law), a plea put in to oblige the plaintiff in an action of trespass to assign the certain place where the trespass was committed; — called also common bar. — Blank cartridge, a cartridge containing no ball. — Blank deed. See Deed. — Blank door, or Blank window (Arch.), a depression in a wall of the size of a door or window, either for symmetrical effect, or for the more convenient insertion of a door or window at a future time, should it be needed. — Blank indorsement (Law), an indorsement which omits the name of the person in whose favor it is made; it is usually made by simply writing the name of the indorser on the back of the bill. — Blank line (Print.), a vacant space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a line of quadrats. — Blank tire (Mech.), a tire without a flange. — Blank tooling. See Blind tooling, under Blind. — Blank verse. See under Verse. — Blank wall, a wall in which there is no opening; a dead wall.

Blank , n. 1. Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument; an interval void of consciousness, action, result, etc; a void. “I can not write a paper full, I used to do; and yet I will not forgive a blank of half an inch from you.
Swift.” “From this time there ensues a long blank in the history of French legislation.
Hallam.” “I was ill. I can’t tell how long — it was a blank.
G. Eliot.” 2. A lot by which nothing is gained; a ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indicated. “In Fortune’s lottery lies
A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize.
Dryden.” 3. A paper unwritten; a paper without marks or characters a blank ballot; — especially, a paper on which are to be inserted designated items of information, for which spaces are left vacant; a bland form. “The freemen signified their approbation by an inscribed vote, and their dissent by a blank.
Palfrey.” 4. A paper containing the substance of a legal instrument, as a deed, release, writ, or execution, with spaces left to be filled with names, date, descriptions, etc. 5. The point aimed at in a target, marked with a white spot; hence, the object to which anything is directed. “Let me still remain
The true blank of thine eye.
Shak.” 6. Aim; shot; range. [Obs.] “I have stood … within the blank of his displeasure
For my free speech.
Shak.” 7. A kind of base silver money, first coined in England by Henry V., and worth about 8 pence; also a French coin of the seventeenth century, worth about 4 pence. Nares. 8. (Mech.) A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a further operation, as a coin, screw, nuts. 9. (Dominoes) A piece or division of a piece, without spots; as the ´double blank´; the ´six blank.´ In blank, with an essential portion to be supplied by another; as to make out a check in blank.

Blank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanking.] [Cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To make void; to annul. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To blanch; to make blank; to damp the spirits of; to dispirit or confuse. [Obs.] “Each opposite that blanks the face of joy.
Shak.”

Blan´ket , n. [F. blanchet, OF. also blanket, a woolen waistcoat or shirt, the blanket of a printing press; prop. white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white; blanquette a kind of white pear, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing; also a similar fabric used as a robe; or any fabric used as a cover for a horse. 2. (Print.) A piece of rubber, felt, or woolen cloth, used in the tympan to make it soft and elastic. 3. A streak or layer of blubber in whales. The use of blankets formerly as curtains in theaters explains the following figure of Shakespeare. Nares. “Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark
To cry, ´Hold, hold!´
Shak.” Blanket sheet, a newspaper of folio size. — A wet blanket, anything which damps, chills, dispirits, or discourges.

Blan´ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanketing.] 1. To cover with a blanket. “I’ll … blanket my loins.
Shak.” 2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. “We’ll have our men blanket ’em i’ the hall.
B. Jonson.” 3. To take the wind out of the sails of (another vessel) by sailing to windward of her. Blanket cattle. See Belted cattle, under Belted.

Blan´ket•ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. The act or punishment of tossing in a blanket. “That affair of the blanketing happened to thee for the fault thou wast guilty of.
Smollett.”

Blank´ly , adv. 1. In a blank manner; without expression; vacuously; as to stare blankly. G. Eliot. 2. Directly; flatly; point blank. De Quincey.

Blank´ness, n. The state of being blank.

Blan•quette´ , n. [F. blanquette, from blanc white.] (Cookery) A white fricassee.

Blan•quil´lo , n. [Sp. blanquillo whitish.] (Zoöl.) A large fish of Florida and the W. Indies (Caulolatilus chrysops). It is red, marked with yellow.

Blare , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaring.] [OE. blaren, bloren, to cry, woop; cf. G. plärren to bleat, D. blaren to bleat, cry, weep. Prob. an imitative word, but cf. also E. blast. Cf. Blore.] To sound loudly and somewhat harshly. ´The trumpet blared.´ Tennyson.

Blare, v. t. To cause to sound like the blare of a trumpet; to proclaim loudly. “To blare its own interpretation.
Tennyson.”

Blare, n. The harsh noise of a trumpet; a loud and somewhat harsh noise, like the blast of a trumpet; a roar or bellowing. “With blare of bugle, clamor of men.
Tennyson.” “His ears are stunned with the thunder’s blare.
J. R. Drake.”

Blar´ney (blär´ny), n. [Blarney, a village and castle near Cork.] Smooth, wheedling talk; flattery. [Colloq.] Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney castle, Ireland, said to make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney.

Blar´ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blarneyed (-nid); p. pr. & vb. n. Blarneying.] To influence by blarney; to wheedle with smooth talk; to make or accomplish by blarney. ´Blarneyed the landlord.´ Irving. “Had blarneyed his way from Long Island.
S. G. Goodrich.”

Bla•se´ (bla•za´), a. [F., p. p. of blaser.] Having the sensibilities deadened by excess or frequency of enjoyment; sated or surfeited with pleasure; used up.

Blas•pheme´ (blas•fem´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasphemed (-femd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaspheming.] [OE. blasfemen, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n: cf. F. blasphemer. See Blame, v.] 1. To speak of, or address, with impious irreverence; to revile impiously (anything sacred); as to blaspheme the Holy Spirit. “So Dagon shall be magnified, and God,
Besides whom is no god, compared with idols,
Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn.
Milton.” “How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge thyself on all those who thus continually blaspheme thy great and all-glorious name?
Dr. W. Beveridge.” 2. Figuratively, of persons and things not religiously sacred, but held in high honor: To calumniate; to revile; to abuse. “You do blaspheme the good in mocking me.
Shak.” “Those who from our labors heap their board,
Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord.
Pope.”

Blas•pheme´, v. i. To utter blasphemy. “He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness.
Mark iii. 29.”

Blas•phem´er , n. One who blasphemes. “And each blasphemer quite escape the rod,
Because the insult’s not on man, but God ?
Pope.”

Blas´phe•mous , a. [L. blasphemus, Gr. .] Speaking or writing blasphemy; uttering or exhibiting anything impiously irreverent; profane; as a blasphemous person; containing blasphemy; as a blasphemous book; a blasphemous caricature. ´Blasphemous publications.´ Porteus. “Nor from the Holy One of Heaven
Refrained his tongue blasphemous.
Milton.” Formerly this word was accented on the second syllable, as in the above example.

Blas´phe•mous•ly, adv. In a blasphemous manner.

Blas´phe•my , n. [L. blasphemia, Gr. : cf. OF. blasphemie.] 1. An indignity offered to God in words, writing, or signs; impiously irreverent words or signs addressed to, or used in reference to, God; speaking evil of God; also the act of claiming the attributes or prerogatives of deity. When used generally in statutes or at common law, blasphemy is the use of irreverent words or signs in reference to the Supreme Being in such a way as to produce scandal or provoke violence. 2. Figuratively, of things held in high honor: Calumny; abuse; vilification. “Punished for his blasphemy against learning.
Bacon.”

-blast . [Gr. sprout, shoot.] A suffix or terminal formative, used principally in biological terms, and signifying growth, formation; as bioblast, epiblast, mesoblast, etc.

Blast (blast), n. [AS. blaest a puff of wind, a blowing; akin to Icel. blastr, OHG. blast, and fr. a verb akin to Icel. blasa to blow, OHG. blâsan, Goth. blesan (in comp.); all prob. from the same root as E. blow. See Blow to eject air.] 1. A violent gust of wind. “And see where surly Winter passes off,
Far to the north, and calls his ruffian blasts;
His blasts obey, and quit the howling hill.
Thomson.” 2. A forcible stream of air from an orifice, as from a bellows, the mouth, etc. Hence: The continuous blowing to which one charge of ore or metal is subjected in a furnace; as to melt so many tons of iron at a blast. The terms hot blast and cold blast are employed to designate whether the current is heated or not heated before entering the furnace. A blast furnace is said to be in blast while it is in operation, and out of blast when not in use. 3. The exhaust steam from and engine, driving a column of air out of a boiler chimney, and thus creating an intense draught through the fire; also any draught produced by the blast. 4. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument; strictly, the sound produces at one breath. “One blast upon his bugle horn
Were worth a thousand men.
Sir W. Scott.” “The blast of triumph o’er thy grave.
Bryant.” 5. A sudden, pernicious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals and plants; a blight. “By the blast of God they perish.
Job iv. 9.” “Virtue preserved from fell destruction’s blast.
Shak.” 6. The act of rending, or attempting to rend, heavy masses of rock, earth, etc., by the explosion of gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; also the charge used for this purpose. ´Large blasts are often used.´ Tomlinson. 7. A flatulent disease of sheep. Blast furnace, a furnace, usually a shaft furnace for smelting ores, into which air is forced by pressure. — Blast hole, a hole in the bottom of a pump stock through which water enters. — Blast nozzle, a fixed or variable orifice in the delivery end of a blast pipe; — called also blast orifice. — In full blast, in complete operation; in a state of great activity. See Blast, n., 2. [Colloq.]

Blast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blasting.] 1. To injure, as by a noxious wind; to cause to wither; to stop or check the growth of, and prevent from fruit-bearing, by some pernicious influence; to blight; to shrivel. “Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind.
Gen. xii. 6.” 2. Hence, to affect with some sudden violence, plague, calamity, or blighting influence, which destroys or causes to fail; to visit with a curse; to curse; to ruin; as to blast pride, hopes, or character. “I’ll cross it, though it blast me.
Shak.” “Blasted with excess of light.
T. Gray.” 3. To confound by a loud blast or din. “Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city’s ear.
Shak.” 4. To rend open by any explosive agent, as gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; to shatter; as to blast rocks.

Blast, v. i. 1. To be blighted or withered; as the bud blasted in the blossom. 2. To blow; to blow on a trumpet. [Obs.] “Toke his blake trumpe faste
And gan to puffen and to blaste.
Chaucer.”

Blast´ed , a. 1. Blighted; withered. “Upon this blasted heath.” Shak. 2. Confounded; accursed; detestable. “Some of her own blasted gypsies.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. Rent open by an explosive. “The blasted quarry thunders, heard remote.
Wordsworth.”

Blas•te´ma , n.; pl. Blastemata . [Gr. bud, sprout.] (Biol.) The structureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo; the primitive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows.

Blas•te´mal , a. (Biol.) Relating to the blastema; rudimentary.

Blas•te•mat´ic , a. (Biol.) Connected with, or proceeding from, the blastema; blastemal.

Blast´er , n. One who, or that which, blasts or destroys.

Blas´tide , n. [Gr. sprout, fr. to grow.] (Biol.) A small, clear space in the segments of the ovum, the precursor of the nucleus.

Blast´ing , n. 1. A blast; destruction by a blast, or by some pernicious cause. “I have smitten you with blasting and mildew.
Amos iv. 9.” 2. The act or process of one who, or that which, blasts; the business of one who blasts.

Blast´ment , n. A sudden stroke or injury produced by some destructive cause. [Obs.] Shak.

Blas•to•car´pous , a. [Gr. sprout, germ + fruit.] (Bot.) Germinating inside the pericarp, as the mangrove. Brande & C.

Blas´to•cœle , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + koi^los hollow.] (Biol.) The cavity of the blastosphere, or segmentation cavity.

Blas´to•cyst , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. cyst.] (Biol.) The germinal vesicle.

Blas´to•derm , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. derm.] (Biol.) The germinal membrane in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed. { Blas•to•der•mat´ic , Blas•to•der´mic } a. Of or pertaining to the blastoderm.

Blas•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Multiplication or increase by gemmation or budding.

Blas´toid , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Blastoidea.

Blas•toid´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. blasto•s sprout + -oid.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in paleozoic rocks; pentremites. They are so named on account of their budlike form.

Blas´to•mere , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + -mere.] (Biol.) One of the segments first formed by the division of the ovum. Balfour. { Blas•toph´o•ral , Blas•to•phor´ic } a. Relating to the blastophore.

Blas´to•phore , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + to bear.] (Biol.) That portion of the spermatospore which is not converted into spermatoblasts, but carries them.

Blas´to•pore , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. pore.] (Biol.) The pore or opening leading into the cavity of invagination, or archenteron. [See Illust. of Invagination.] Balfour.

Blas´to•sphere , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout + E. sphere.] (Biol.) The hollow globe or sphere formed by the arrangement of the blastomeres on the periphery of an impregnated ovum. [See Illust. of Invagination.]

Blas´to•style , n. [Gr. blasto•s sprout, bud + a pillar.] (Zoöl.) In certain hydroids, an imperfect zooid, whose special function is to produce medusoid buds. See Hydroidea, and Athecata.

Blast´ pipe . The exhaust pipe of a steam engine, or any pipe delivering steam or air, when so constructed as to cause a blast.

Blas´tu•la , n. [NL., dim. of Gr. blasto•s a sprout.] (Biol.) That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm.

Blas´tule , n. (Biol.) Same as Blastula.

Blast´y , a. 1. Affected by blasts; gusty. 2. Causing blast or injury. [Obs.] Boyle.

Blat , v. i. To cry, as a calf or sheep; to bleat; to make a senseless noise; to talk inconsiderately. [Low]

Blat, v. t. To utter inconsiderately. [Low] “If I have anything on my mind, I have to blat it right out.
W. D. Howells.”

Bla´tan•cy , n. Blatant quality.

Bla´tant , a. [Cf. Bleat.] Bellowing, as a calf; bawling; brawling; clamoring; disagreeably clamorous; sounding loudly and harshly. ´Harsh and blatant tone.´ R. H. Dana. “A monster, which the blatant beast men call.
Spenser.” “Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military minds like the bray of the trumpet.
W. Irving.”

Bla´tant•ly, adv. In a blatant manner.

Blath´er•skite , n. A blustering, talkative fellow. [Local slang, U. S.] Barllett.

Blat´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blattered .] [L. blaterare to babble: cf. F. blaterer to bleat.] To prate; to babble; to rail; to make a senseless noise; to patter. [Archaic] ´The rain blattered.´ Jeffrey. “They procured … preachers to blatter against me, … so that they had place and time to belie me shamefully.
Latimer.”

Blat•ter•a´tion , n. [L. blateratio a babbling.] Blattering.

Blat´ter•er , n. One who blatters; a babbler; a noisy, blustering boaster.

Blat´ter•ing, n. Senseless babble or boasting.

Blat•ter•oon´ , n. [L. blatero, -onis.] A senseless babbler or boaster. [Obs.] ´I hate such blatteroons.´ Howell.

Blau´bok , n. [D. blauwbok.] (Zoöl.) The blue buck. See Blue buck, under Blue.

Blay , n. [AS. blge, fr. blc, bleak, white; akin to Icel. bleikja, OHG. bleicha, G. bleihe. See Bleak, n. & a.] (Zoöl.) A fish. See Bleak, n.

Blaze (blaz), n. [OE. blase, AS. blaese, blase; akin to OHG. blass whitish, G. blass pale, MHG. blas torch, Icel. blys torch; perh. fr. the same root as E. blast. Cf. Blast, Blush, Blink.] 1. A stream of gas or vapor emitting light and heat in the process of combustion; a bright flame. ´To heaven the blaze uprolled.´ Croly. 2. Intense, direct light accompanied with heat; as to seek shelter from the blaze of the sun. “O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon!
Milton.” 3. A bursting out, or active display of any quality; an outburst; a brilliant display. ´Fierce blaze of riot.´ ´His blaze of wrath.´ Shak. “For what is glory but the blaze of fame?
Milton.” 4. [Cf. D. bles; akin to E. blaze light.] A white spot on the forehead of a horse. 5. A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor’s mark. “Three blazes in a perpendicular line on the same tree indicating a legislative road, the single blaze a settlement or neighborhood road.
Carlton.” In a blaze, on fire; burning with a flame; filled with, giving, or reflecting light; excited or exasperated. — Like blazes, furiously; rapidly. [Low] ´The horses did along like blazes tear.´ Poem in Essex dialect. In low language in the U. S., blazes is frequently used of something extreme or excessive, especially of something very bad; as blue as blazes. Neal. Syn. — Blaze, Flame. A blaze and a flame are both produced by burning gas. In blaze the idea of light rapidly evolved is prominent, with or without heat; as the blaze of the sun or of a meteor. Flame includes a stronger notion of heat; as he perished in the flames.

Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazing.] 1. To shine with flame; to glow with flame; as the fire blazes. 2. To send forth or reflect glowing or brilliant light; to show a blaze. “And far and wide the icy summit blazed.
Wordsworth.” 3. To be resplendent. Macaulay. To blaze away, to discharge a firearm, or to continue firing; — said esp. of a number of persons, as a line of soldiers. Also used (fig.) of speech or action. [Colloq.]

Blaze, v. t. 1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off a piece of the bark. “I found my way by the blazed trees.
Hoffman.” 2. To designate by blazing; to mark out, as by blazed trees; as to blaze a line or path. “Champollion died in 1832, having done little more than blaze out the road to be traveled by others.
Nott.”

Blaze, v. t. [OE. blasen to blow; perh. confused with blast and blaze a flame, OE. blase. Cf. Blaze, v. i., and see Blast.] 1. To make public far and wide; to make known; to render conspicuous. “On charitable lists he blazed his name.
Pollok.” “To blaze those virtues which the good would hide.
Pope.” 2. (Her.) To blazon. [Obs.] Peacham.

Blaz´er , n. One who spreads reports or blazes matters abroad. ´Blazers of crime.´ Spenser.

Blaz´ing, a. Burning with a blaze; as a blazing fire; blazing torches. Sir W. Scott. Blazing star. (a) A comet. [Obs.] (b) A brilliant center of attraction. (c) (Bot.) A name given to several plants; as to Chamaelirium luteum of the Lily family; Liatris squarrosa; and Aletris farinosa, called also colicroot and star grass.

Bla´zon , n. [OE. blason, blasoun, shield, fr. F. blason coat of arms, OF. shield, from the root of AS. blaese blaze, i. e., luster, splendor, MHG. blas torch See Blaze, n.] 1. A shield. [Obs.] 2. An heraldic shield; a coat of arms, or a bearing on a coat of arms; armorial bearings. “Their blazon o’er his towers displayed.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. The art or act of describing or depicting heraldic bearings in the proper language or manner. Peacham. 4. Ostentatious display, either by words or other means; publication; show; description; record. “Obtrude the blazon of their exploits upon the company.
Collier.” “Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, actions, and spirit,
Do give thee fivefold blazon.
Shak.”

Bla´zon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blazoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazoning .] [From blazon, n.; confused with 4th blaze: cf. F. blasonner.] 1. To depict in colors; to display; to exhibit conspicuously; to publish or make public far and wide. “Thyself thou blazon’st.
Shak.” “There pride sits blazoned on th’ unmeaning brow.
Trumbull.” “To blazon his own worthless name.
Cowper.” 2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn. “She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form.
Garth.” 3. (Her.) To describe in proper terms (the figures of heraldic devices); also to delineate (armorial bearings); to emblazon. “The coat of , arms, which I am not herald enough to blazon into English.
Addison.”

Bla´zon, v. i. To shine; to be conspicuous. [R.]

Bla´zon•er , n. One who gives publicity, proclaims, or blazons; esp., one who blazons coats of arms; a herald. Burke.

Bla´zon•ment (bla´z’n•ment), n. The act of blazoning; blazoning; emblazonment.

Bla´zon•ry, n. 1. Same as Blazon, 3. “The principles of blazonry.
Peacham.” 2. A coat of arms; an armorial bearing or bearings. “The blazonry of Argyle.
Lord Dufferin.” 3. Artistic representation or display.

Blea , n. The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood.

Blea´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) See Blaeberry.

Bleach , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] [OE. blakien, blechen, v. t. & v. i., AS. blacian, blcan, to grow pale; akin to Icel. bleikja, Sw. bleka, Dan. blege, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, AS. blac pale. See Bleak, a.] To make white, or whiter; to remove the color, or stains, from; to blanch; to whiten. “The destruction of the coloring matters attached to the bodies to be bleached is effected either by the action of the air and light, of chlorine, or of sulphurous acid.
Ure.” “Immortal liberty, whose look sublime
Hath bleached the tyrant’s cheek in every varying clime.
Smollett.”

Bleach, v. i. To grow white or lose color; to whiten.

Bleached , a. Whitened; make white. “Let their bleached bones, and blood’s unbleaching stain,
Long mark the battlefield with hideous awe.
Byron.”

Bleach´er , n. One who whitens, or whose occupation is to whiten, by bleaching.

Bleach´er•y , n.; pl. Bleacheries . A place or an establishment where bleaching is done.

Bleach´ing, n. The act or process of whitening, by removing color or stains; esp. the process of whitening fabrics by chemical agents. Ure. Bleaching powder, a powder for bleaching, consisting of chloride of lime, or some other chemical or chemicals.

Bleak , a. [OE. blac, bleyke, bleche, AS. blac, blc, pale, wan; akin to Icel. bleikr, Sw. blek, Dan. bleg, OS. blk, D. bleek, OHG. pleih, G. bleich; all from the root of AS. blican to shine; akin to OHG. blichen to shine; cf. L. flagrare to burn, Gr. to burn, shine, Skr. bhraj to shine, and E. flame. 98. Cf. Bleach, Blink, Flame.] 1. Without color; pale; pallid. [Obs.] “When she came out she looked as pale and as bleak as one that were laid out dead.
Foxe.” 2. Desolate and exposed; swept by cold winds. “Wastes too bleak to rear
The common growth of earth, the foodful ear.
Wordsworth.” “At daybreak, on the bleak sea beach.
Longfellow.” 3. Cold and cutting; cheerless; as a bleak blast. — Bleak´ish, a. — Bleak´ly, adv. — Bleak´ness, n.

Bleak, n. [From Bleak, a., cf. Blay.] (Zoöl.) A small European river fish (Leuciscus alburnus), of the family Cyprinidae; the blay. [Written also blick.] The silvery pigment lining the scales of the bleak is used in the manufacture of artificial pearls. Baird.

Bleak´y , a. Bleak. [Obs.] Dryden.

Blear , a. [See Blear, v.] 1. Dim or sore with water or rheum; — said of the eyes. “His blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin.
Dryden.” 2. Causing or caused by dimness of sight; dim. “Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion.
Milton.”

Blear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleared ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blearing.] [OE. bleren; cf. Dan. plire to blink, Sw. plira to twinkle, wink, LG. plieren; perh. from the same root as E. blink. See Blink, and cf. Blur.] To make somewhat sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim, or blur, as the sight. Figuratively: To obscure (mental or moral perception); to blind; to hoodwink. “That tickling rheums
Should ever tease the lungs and blear the sight.
Cowper.” To blear the eye of, to deceive; to impose upon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bleared , a. Dimmed, as by a watery humor; affected with rheum. — Blear´ed•ness , n. “Dardanian wives,
With bleared visages, come forth to view
The issue of the exploit.
Shak.”

Blear´eye , n. (Med.) A disease of the eyelids, consisting in chronic inflammation of the margins, with a gummy secretion of sebaceous matter. Dunglison.

Blear´-eyed , a. 1. Having sore eyes; having the eyes dim with rheum; dim- sighted. “The blear-eyed Crispin.
Drant.” 2. Lacking in perception or penetration; short- sighted; as a blear-eyed bigot.

Blear´eyed•ness, n. The state of being blear-eyed.

Blear´y , a. Somewhat blear.

Bleat , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bleated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleating.] [OE. bleten, AS. bltan; akin to D. blaten, bleeten, OHG. blazan, plazan; prob. of imitative origin.] To make the noise of, or one like that of, a sheep; to cry like a sheep or calf. “Then suddenly was heard along the main,
To low the ox, to bleat the woolly train.
Pope” “The ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baas will never answer a calf when he bleats.
Shak.”

Bleat, n. A plaintive cry of, or like that of, a sheep. “The bleat of fleecy sheep.
Chapman’s Homer.”

Bleat´er , n. One who bleats; a sheep. “In cold, stiff soils the bleaters oft complain
Of gouty ails.
Dyer.”

Bleat´ing, a. Crying as a sheep does. “Then came the shepherd back with his bleating flocks from the seaside.
Longfellow.”

Bleat´ing, n. The cry of, or as of, a sheep. Chapman.

Bleb , n. [Prov. E. bleb, bleib, blob, bubble, blister. This word belongs to the root of blub, blubber, blabber, and perh. blow to puff.] A large vesicle or bulla, usually containing a serous fluid; a blister; a bubble, as in water, glass, etc. “Arsenic abounds with air blebs.
Kirwan.”

Bleb´by , a. Containing blebs, or characterized by blebs; as blebby glass. { Bleck , Blek } , v. t. To blacken; also to defile. [Obs. or Dial.] Wyclif.

Bled , imp. & p. p. of Bleed.

Blee , n. [AS. bleó, bleóh.] Complexion; color; hue; likeness; form. [Archaic] “For him which is so bright of blee.
Lament. of Mary Magd.” “That boy has a strong blee of his father.
Forby.”

Bleed , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleeding.] [OE. bleden, AS. bldan, fr. bld blood; akin to Sw. blöda, Dan. blöde, D. bloeden, G. bluten. See Blood.] 1. To emit blood; to lose blood; to run with blood, by whatever means; as the arm bleeds; the wound bled freely; to bleed at the nose. 2. To withdraw blood from the body; to let blood; as Dr. A. bleeds in fevers. 3. To lose or shed one’s blood, as in case of a violent death or severe wounds; to die by violence. ´Caesar must bleed.´ Shak. “The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day.
Pope.” 4. To issue forth, or drop, as blood from an incision. “For me the balm shall bleed.
Pope.” 5. To lose sap, gum, or juice; as a tree or a vine bleeds when tapped or wounded. 6. To pay or lose money; to have money drawn or extorted; as to bleed freely for a cause. [Colloq.] To make the heart bleed, to cause extreme pain, as from sympathy or pity.

Bleed, v. t. 1. To let blood from; to take or draw blood from, as by opening a vein. 2. To lose, as blood; to emit or let drop, as sap. “A decaying pine of stately size, bleeding amber.
H. Miller.” 3. To draw money from (one); to induce to pay; as they bled him freely for this fund. [Colloq.]

Bleed´er , n. (Med.) (a) One who, or that which, draws blood. (b) One in whom slight wounds give rise to profuse or uncontrollable bleeding.

Bleed´ing, a. Emitting, or appearing to emit, blood or sap, etc.; also expressing anguish or compassion.

Bleed´ing, n. A running or issuing of blood, as from the nose or a wound; a hemorrhage; the operation of letting blood, as in surgery; a drawing or running of sap from a tree or plant.

Blem´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blemished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blemishing.] [OE. blemissen, blemishen, OF. blemir, blesmir, to strike, injure, soil, F. blêmir to grow pale, fr. OF. bleme, blesme, pale, wan, F. blême, prob. fr. Icel blaman the livid color of a wound, fr. blar blue; akin to E. blue. OF. blemir properly signifies to beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty. See Blue.] 1. To mark with deformity; to injure or impair, as anything which is well formed, or excellent; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. “Sin is a soil which blemisheth the beauty of thy soul.
Brathwait.” 2. To tarnish, as reputation or character; to defame. “There had nothing passed between us that might blemish reputation.
Oldys.”

Blem´ish, n.; pl. Blemishes . Any mark of deformity or injury, whether physical or moral; anything that diminishes beauty, or renders imperfect that which is otherwise well formed; that which impairs reputation. “He shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish.
Lev. xiv. 10.” “The reliefs of an envious man are those little blemishes and imperfections that discover themselves in an illustrious character.
Spectator.” Syn. — Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; disgrace.

Blem´ish•less, a. Without blemish; spotless. “A life in all so blemishless.
Feltham.”

Blem´ish•ment , n. The state of being blemished; blemish; disgrace; damage; impairment. “For dread of blame and honor’s blemishment.
Spenser.”

Blench , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blenched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blenching.] [OE. blenchen to blench, elude, deceive, AS. blencan to deceive; akin to Icel. blekkja to impose upon. Prop. a causative of blink to make to wink, to deceive. See Blink, and cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To shrink; to start back; to draw back, from lack of courage or resolution; to flinch; to quail. “Blench not at thy chosen lot.
Bryant.” “This painful, heroic task he undertook, and never blenched from its fulfillment.
Jeffrey.” 2. To fly off; to turn aside. [Obs.] “Though sometimes you do blench from this to that.
Shak.”

Blench, v. t. 1. To baffle; to disconcert; to turn away; — also to obstruct; to hinder. [Obs.] “Ye should have somewhat blenched him therewith, yet he might and would of likelihood have gone further.
Sir T. More.” 2. To draw back from; to deny from fear. [Obs.] “He now blenched what before he affirmed.
Evelyn.”

Blench, n. A looking aside or askance. [Obs.] “These blenches gave my heart another youth.
Shak.”

Blench, v. i. & t. [See 1st Blanch.] To grow or make pale. Barbour.

Blench´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, scares another; specifically, a person stationed to prevent the escape of the deer, at a hunt. See Blancher. [Obs.] 2. One who blenches, flinches, or shrinks back.

Blench´ hold•ing. (Law) See Blanch holding.

Blend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blended or Blent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blending.] [OE. blenden, blanden, AS. blandan to blend, mix; akin to Goth. blandan to mix, Icel. blanda, Sw. blanda, Dan. blande, OHG. blantan to mis; to unknown origin.] 1. To mix or mingle together; esp. to mingle, combine, or associate so that the separate things mixed, or the line of demarcation, can not be distinguished. Hence: To confuse; to confound. “Blending the grand, the beautiful, the gay.
Percival.” 2. To pollute by mixture or association; to spoil or corrupt; to blot; to stain. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To commingle; combine; fuse; merge; amalgamate; harmonize.

Blend , v. i. To mingle; to mix; to unite intimately; to pass or shade insensibly into each other, as colors. “There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that blends with our conviviality.
Irving.”

Blend, n. A thorough mixture of one thing with another, as color, tint, etc., into another, so that it cannot be known where one ends or the other begins.

Blend, v. t. [AS. blendan, from blind blind. See Blind, a.] To make blind, literally or figuratively; to dazzle; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blende , n. [G., fr. blenden to blind, dazzle, deceive, fr. blind blind. So called either in allusion to its dazzling luster; or (Dana) because, though often resembling galena, it yields no lead. Cf. Sphalerite.] (Min.) (a) A mineral, called also sphalerite, and by miners mock lead, false galena, and black-jack. It is a zinc sulphide, but often contains some iron. Its color is usually yellow, brown, or black, and its luster resinous. (b) A general term for some minerals, chiefly metallic sulphides which have a somewhat brilliant but nonmetallic luster.

Blend´er , n. One who, or that which, blends; an instrument, as a brush, used in blending.

Blend´ing, n. 1. The act of mingling. 2. (Paint.) The method of laying on different tints so that they may mingle together while wet, and shade into each other insensibly. Weale.

Blend´ous , a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, blende.

Blend´wa•ter , n. A distemper incident to cattle, in which their livers are affected. Crabb.

Blen´heim span´iel . [So called from Blenheim House, the seat of the duke of Marlborough, in England.] A small variety of spaniel, kept as a pet.

Blenk, v. i. To blink; to shine; to look. [Obs.] { Blen´ni•oid , Blen´ni•id } a. [Blenny + -oid] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the blennies.

Blen•nog´e•nous , a. [Gr. mucus + -genous.] Generating mucus.

Blen•nor•rhe´a , n. [Gr. mucus + to flow.] (Med.) (a) An inordinate secretion and discharge of mucus. (b) Gonorrhea. Dunglison.

Blen´ny , n.; pl. Blennies . [L. blennius, blendius, blendea, Gr. , fr. slime, mucus.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish of the genus Blennius or family Blenniidae; — so called from its coating of mucus. The species are numerous.

Blent , imp. & p. p. of Blend to mingle. Mingled; mixed; blended; also polluted; stained. “Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent.
Byron.”

Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to blind. Blinded. Also (Chaucer), 3d sing. pres. Blindeth. [Obs.]

Bles´bok , n. [D., fr. bles a white spot on the forehead + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African antelope (Alcelaphus albifrons), having a large white spot on the forehead.

Bless , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blessed or Blest; p. pr. & vb. n. Blessing.] [OE. blessien, bletsen, AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. bld blood; prob. originally to consecrate by sprinkling with blood. See Blood.] 1. To make or pronounce holy; to consecrate “And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it.
Gen. ii. 3.” 2. To make happy, blithesome, or joyous; to confer prosperity or happiness upon; to grant divine favor to. “The quality of mercy is … twice blest;
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes.
Shak.” “It hath pleased thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may continue forever before thee.
1 Chron. xvii. 27 (R. V. )” 3. To express a wish or prayer for the happiness of; to invoke a blessing upon; — applied to persons. “Bless them which persecute you.
Rom. xii. 14.” 4. To invoke or confer beneficial attributes or qualities upon; to invoke or confer a blessing on, — as on food. “Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them.
Luke ix. 16.” 5. To make the sign of the cross upon; to cross (one’s self). [Archaic] Holinshed. 6. To guard; to keep; to protect. [Obs.] 7. To praise, or glorify; to extol for excellences. “Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name.
Ps. ciii. 1.” 8. To esteem or account happy; to felicitate. “The nations shall bless themselves in him.
Jer. iv. 3.” 9. To wave; to brandish. [Obs.] “And burning blades about their heads do bless.
Spenser.” “Round his armed head his trenchant blade he blest.
Fairfax.” This is an old sense of the word, supposed by Johnson, Nares, and others, to have been derived from the old rite of blessing a field by directing the hands to all parts of it. ´In drawing [their bow] some fetch such a compass as though they would turn about and bless all the field.´ Ascham. Bless me! Bless us! an exclamation of surprise. Milton. — To bless from, to secure, defend, or preserve from. ´Bless me from marrying a usurer.´ Shak. “To bless the doors from nightly harm.
Milton.” — To bless with, To be blessed with, to favor or endow with; to be favored or endowed with; as God blesses us with health; we are blessed with happiness.

Bless´ed (bles´ed), a. 1. Hallowed; consecrated; worthy of blessing or adoration; heavenly; holy. “O, run; prevent them with thy humble ode,
And lay it lowly at his blessed feet.
Milton.” 2. Enjoying happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; happy; highly favored. “All generations shall call me blessed.
Luke i. 48.” “Towards England’s blessed shore.
Shak.” 3. Imparting happiness or bliss; fraught with happiness; blissful; joyful. ´Then was a blessed time.´ ´So blessed a disposition.´ Shak. 4. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness, or heavenly felicity; as the blessed in heaven. “Reverenced like a blessed saint.
Shak.” “Cast out from God and blessed vision.
Milton.” 5. (R. C. Ch.) Beatified. 6. Used euphemistically, ironically, or intensively. “Not a blessed man came to set her [a boat] free.
R. D. Blackmore.”

Bless´ed•ly, adv. Happily; fortunately; joyfully. “We shall blessedly meet again never to depart.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Bless´ed•ness, n. The state of being blessed; happiness; felicity; bliss; heavenly joys; the favor of God. “The assurance of a future blessedness.
Tillotson.” Single blessedness, the unmarried state. ´Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness.´ Shak. Syn. — Delight; beatitude; ecstasy. See Happiness.

Bless´ed this´tle . See under Thistle.

Bless´er , n. One who blesses; one who bestows or invokes a blessing.

Bless´ing, n. [AS. bletsung. See Bless, v. t.] 1. The act of one who blesses. 2. A declaration of divine favor, or an invocation imploring divine favor on some or something; a benediction; a wish of happiness pronounces. “This is the blessing, where with Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel.
Deut. xxxiii. 1.” 3. A means of happiness; that which promotes prosperity and welfare; a beneficent gift. “Nature’s full blessings would be well dispensed.
Milton.” 4. (Bib.) A gift. [A Hebraism] Gen. xxxiii. 11. 5. Grateful praise or worship.

Blest, a. Blessed. ´This patriarch blest.´ Milton. “White these blest sounds my ravished ear assail.
Trumbull.”

Blet , n. [F. blet, blette, a., soft from over ripeness.] A form of decay in fruit which is overripe.

Ble´ton•ism , n. The supposed faculty of perceiving subterraneous springs and currents by sensation; — so called from one Bleton, of France.

Blet´ting , n. A form of decay seen in fleshy, overripe fruit. Lindley.

Blew , imp. of Blow.

Bleyme , n. [F. bleime.] (Far.) An inflammation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the bone. [Obs.]

Bleyn´te , imp. of Blench. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blick´ey , n. [D. blik tin.] A tin dinner pail. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Blight (blit), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blighting.] [Perh. contr. from AS. blicettan to glitter, fr. the same root as E. bleak. The meaning ´to blight´ comes in that case from to glitter, hence, to be white or pale, grow pale, make pale, bleach. Cf. Bleach, Bleak.] 1. To affect with blight; to blast; to prevent the growth and fertility of. “[This vapor] blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is sometimes injurious even to man.
Woodward.” 2. Hence: To destroy the happiness of; to ruin; to mar essentially; to frustrate; as to blight one’s prospects. “Seared in heart and lone and blighted.
Byron.”

Blight, v. i. To be affected by blight; to blast; as this vine never blights.

Blight, n. 1. Mildew; decay; anything nipping or blasting; — applied as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to wither, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmospheric influences. 2. The act of blighting, or the state of being blighted; a withering or mildewing, or a stoppage of growth in the whole or a part of a plant, etc. 3. That which frustrates one’s plans or withers one’s hopes; that which impairs or destroys. “A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes.
Disraeli.” 4. (Zoöl.) A downy species of aphis, or plant louse, destructive to fruit trees, infesting both the roots and branches; — also applied to several other injurious insects. 5. pl. A rashlike eruption on the human skin. [U. S.]

Blight´ing, a. Causing blight.

Blight´ing•ly, adv. So as to cause blight. { Blim´bi , Blim´bing } , n. See Bilimbi, etc.

Blin , v. t. & i. [OE. blinnen, AS. blinnan; pref. be- + linnan to cease.] To stop; to cease; to desist. [Obs.] Spenser.

Blin, n. [AS. blinn.] Cessation; end. [Obs.]

Blind , a. [AS.; akin to D., G., OS., Sw., & Dan. blind, Icel. blindr, Goth. blinds; of uncertain origin.] 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defect or by deprivation; without sight. “He that is strucken blind can not forget
The precious treasure of his eyesight lost.
Shak.” 2. Not having the faculty of discernment; destitute of intellectual light; unable or unwilling to understand or judge; as authors are blind to their own defects. “But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more,
That they may stumble on, and deeper fall.
Milton.” 3. Undiscerning; undiscriminating; inconsiderate. “This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation nor to blind reprobation.
Jay.” 4. Having such a state or condition as a thing would have to a person who is blind; not well marked or easily discernible; hidden; unseen; concealed; as a blind path; a blind ditch. 5. Involved; intricate; not easily followed or traced. “The blind mazes of this tangled wood.
Milton.” 6. Having no openings for light or passage; as a blind wall; open only at one end; as a blind alley; a blind gut. 7. Unintelligible, or not easily intelligible; as a blind passage in a book; illegible; as blind writing. 8. (Hort.) Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit; as blind buds; blind flowers. Blind alley, an alley closed at one end; a cul- de-sac. — Blind axle, an axle which turns but does not communicate motion. Knight. — Blind beetle, one of the insects apt to fly against people, esp. at night. — Blind cat (Zoöl.), a species of catfish (Gronias nigrolabris), nearly destitute of eyes, living in caverns in Pennsylvania. — Blind coal, coal that burns without flame; anthracite coal. Simmonds. - - Blind door, Blind window, an imitation of a door or window, without an opening for passage or light. See Blank door or window, under Blank, a. — Blind level (Mining), a level or drainage gallery which has a vertical shaft at each end, and acts as an inverted siphon. Knight. — Blind nettle (Bot.), dead nettle. See Dead nettle, under Dead. — Blind shell (Gunnery), a shell containing no charge, or one that does not explode. — Blind side, the side which is most easily assailed; a weak or unguarded side; the side on which one is least able or disposed to see danger. Swift. — Blind snake (Zoöl.), a small, harmless, burrowing snake, of the family Typhlopidae, with rudimentary eyes. — Blind spot (Anat.), the point in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve enters, and which is insensible to light. — Blind tooling, in bookbinding and leather work, the indented impression of heated tools, without gilding; — called also blank tooling, and blind blocking. — Blind wall, a wall without an opening; a blank wall.

Blind , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinding.] 1. To make blind; to deprive of sight or discernment. ´To blind the truth and me.´ Tennyson. “A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is … a much greater.
South.” 2. To deprive partially of vision; to make vision difficult for and painful to; to dazzle. “Her beauty all the rest did blind.
P. Fletcher.” 3. To darken; to obscure to the eye or understanding; to conceal; to deceive. “Such darkness blinds the sky.
Dryden.” “The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with all his art, to blind and confound.
Stillingfleet.” 4. To cover with a thin coating of sand and fine gravel; as a road newly paved, in order that the joints between the stones may be filled.

Blind , n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; a cover; esp. a hinged screen or shutter for a window; a blinder for a horse. 2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding, or to conceal some covert deed or design; a subterfuge. 3. [Cf. F. blindes, p., fr. G. blende, fr. blenden to blind, fr. blind blind.] (Mil.) A blindage. See Blindage. 4. A halting place. [Obs.] Dryden. { Blind , Blinde } , n. See Blende.

Blind´age , n. [Cf. F. blindage.] (Mil.) A cover or protection for an advanced trench or approach, formed of fascines and earth supported by a framework.

Blind´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds. 2. (Saddlery) One of the leather screens on a bridle, to hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side; a blinker.

Blind´fish , n. A small fish (Amblyopsis spelaeus) destitute of eyes, found in the waters of the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. Related fishes from other caves take the same name.

Blind´fold , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blindfolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blindfolding.] [OE. blindfolden, blindfelden, blindfellen; AS. blind blind + prob. fellan, fyllan, to fell, strike down.] To cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; to hinder from seeing. “And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face.
Luke xxii. 64.”

Blind´fold, a. Having the eyes covered; blinded; having the mental eye darkened. Hence: Heedless; reckless; as blindfold zeal; blindfold fury. “Fate’s blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns.
Dryden.”

Blind´ing, a. Making blind or as if blind; depriving of sight or of understanding; obscuring; as blinding tears; blinding snow.

Blind´ing, n. A thin coating of sand and fine gravel over a newly paved road. See Blind, v. t., 4.

Blind´ly, adv. Without sight, discernment, or understanding; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or purpose of one’s own. “By his imperious mistress blindly led.
Dryden.”

Blind´man’s buff´ . [See Buff a buffet.] A play in which one person is blindfolded, and tries to catch some one of the company and tell who it is. “Surely he fancies I play at blindman’s buff with him, for he thinks I never have my eyes open.
Stillingfleet.”

Blind•man’s hol´i•day . The time between daylight and candle light. [Humorous]

Blind´ness , n. State or condition of being blind, literally or figuratively. Darwin. Color blindness, inability to distinguish certain color. See Daltonism.

Blind´sto•ry , n. (Arch.) The triforium as opposed to the clearstory.

Blind´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A small, burrowing, snakelike, limbless lizard (Anguis fragilis), with minute eyes, popularly believed to be blind; the slowworm; — formerly a name for the adder. “Newts and blindworms do no wrong.
Shak.”

Blink , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blinked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinking.] [OE. blenken; akin to dan. blinke, Sw. blinka, G. blinken to shine, glance, wink, twinkle, D. blinken to shine; and prob. to D. blikken to glance, twinkle, G. blicken to look, glance, AS. blican to shine, E. bleak. rad.98. See Bleak; cf. 1st Blench.] 1. To wink; to twinkle with, or as with, the eye. “One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame.
Pope” 2. To see with the eyes half shut, or indistinctly and with frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes. “Show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne.
Shak.” 3. To shine, esp. with intermittent light; to twinkle; to flicker; to glimmer, as a lamp. “The dew was falling fast, the stars began to blink.
Wordsworth.” “The sun blinked fair on pool and stream .
Sir W. Scott.” 4. To turn slightly sour, as beer, mild, etc.

Blink, v. t. 1. To shut out of sight; to avoid, or purposely evade; to shirk; as to blink the question. 2. To trick; to deceive. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Blink, n. [OE. blink. See Blink, v. i. ] 1. A glimpse or glance. “This is the first blink that ever I had of him.
Bp. Hall.” 2. Gleam; glimmer; sparkle. Sir W. Scott. “Not a blink of light was there.
Wordsworth.” 3. (Naut.) The dazzling whiteness about the horizon caused by the reflection of light from fields of ice at sea; ice blink. 4. pl. [Cf. Blencher.] (Sporting) Boughs cast where deer are to pass, to turn or check them. [Prov. Eng.]

Blink´ard , n. [Blind + - ard.] 1. One who blinks with, or as with, weak eyes. “Among the blind the one-eyed blinkard reigns.
Marvell.” 2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim star, which appears and disappears. Hakewill.

Blink´ beer Beer kept unbroached until it is sharp. Crabb.

Blink´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, blinks. 2. A blinder for horses; a flap of leather on a horse’s bridle to prevent him from seeing objects as his side hence, whatever obstructs sight or discernment. “Nor bigots who but one way see,
through blinkers of authority.
M. Green.” 3. pl. A kind of goggles, used to protect the eyes form glare, etc.

Blink´-eyed , a. Habitually winking. Marlowe.

Blirt , n. (Naut.) A gust of wind and rain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Bliss (blis), n.; pl. Blisses (blis´ez). [OE. blis, blisse, AS. blis, bliðs, fr. bliðe blithe. See Blithe.] Orig., blithesomeness; gladness; now, the highest degree of happiness; blessedness; exalted felicity; heavenly joy. “An then at last our bliss
Full and perfect is.
Milton.” Syn. — Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy; enjoyment. See Happiness.

Bliss´ful , a. Full of, characterized by, or causing, joy and felicity; happy in the highest degree. ´Blissful solitude.´ Milton. — Bliss´ful•ly, adv. — Bliss´ful•ness, n.

Bliss´less, a. Destitute of bliss. Sir P. Sidney.

Blis´som , v. i. [For blithesome: but cf. also Icel. blsma of a goat at heat.] To be lustful; to be lascivious. [Obs.]

Blis´som, a. Lascivious; also in heat; — said of ewes.

Blis´ter , n. [OE.; akin to OD. bluyster, fr. the same root as blast, bladder, blow. See Blow to eject wind.] 1. A vesicle of the skin, containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn or other injury, or by a vesicatory; a collection of serous fluid causing a bladderlike elevation of the cuticle. “And painful blisters swelled my tender hands.
Grainger.” 2. Any elevation made by the separation of the film or skin, as on plants; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on steel. 3. A vesicatory; a plaster of Spanish flies, or other matter, applied to raise a blister. Dunglison. Blister beetle, a beetle used to raise blisters, esp. the Lytta (or Cantharis) vesicatoria, called Cantharis or Spanish fly by druggists. See Cantharis. — Blister fly, a blister beetle. — Blister plaster, a plaster designed to raise a blister; — usually made of Spanish flies. — Blister steel, crude steel formed from wrought iron by cementation; - - so called because of its blistered surface. Called also blistered steel. — Blood blister. See under Blood.

Blis´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blistered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blistering.] To be affected with a blister or blisters; to have a blister form on. “Let my tongue blister.
Shak.”

Blis´ter, v. t. 1. To raise a blister or blisters upon. “My hands were blistered.
Franklin.” 2. To give pain to, or to injure, as if by a blister. “This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongue.
Shak.”

Blis´ter•y , a. Full of blisters. Hooker.

Blite (blit), n. [L. blitum, Gr. bli•ton.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Blitum>) with a fleshy calyx. Blitum capitatum is the strawberry blite.

Blithe (blith), a. [AS. bliðe blithe, kind; akin to Goth. bleiþs kind, Icel. bliðr mild, gentle, Dan. & Sw. blid gentle, D. blijd blithe, OHG. blidi kind, blithe.] Gay; merry; sprightly; joyous; glad; cheerful; as a blithe spirit. “The blithe sounds of festal music.
Prescott.” “A daughter fair,
So buxom, blithe, and debonair.
Milton.”

Blithe´ful (blith´ful), a. Gay; full of gayety; joyous.

Blithe´ly, adv. In a blithe manner.

Blithe´ness, n. The state of being blithe. Chaucer.

Blithe´some (-sum), a. Cheery; gay; merry. “The blithesome sounds of wassail gay.
Sir W. Scott.” — Blithe´some•ly, adv. — Blithe´some•ness, n.

Blive (bliv), adv. [A contraction of Belive.] Quickly; forthwith. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bliz´zard (bliz´zerd), n. [Cf. Blaze to flash. Formerly, in local use, a rattling volley; cf. ´to blaze away´ to fire away.] A gale of piercingly cold wind, usually accompanied with fine and blinding snow; a furious blast. [U. S.]

Bloat (blot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloating.] [Cf. Icel. blotna to become soft, blautr soft, wet, Sw. blöt soft, blöta to soak; akin to G. bloss bare, and AS. bleát wretched; or perh. fr. root of Eng. 5th blow. Cf. Blote.] 1. To make turgid, as with water or air; to cause a swelling of the surface of, from effusion of serum in the cellular tissue, producing a morbid enlargement, often accompanied with softness. 2. To inflate; to puff up; to make vain. Dryden.

Bloat, v. i. To grow turgid as by effusion of liquid in the cellular tissue; to puff out; to swell. Arbuthnot.

Bloat, a. Bloated. [R.] Shak.

Bloat, n. A term of contempt for a worthless, dissipated fellow. [Slang]

Bloat, v. t. To dry (herrings) in smoke. See Blote.

Bloat´ed (blot´ed), p. a. Distended beyond the natural or usual size, as by the presence of water, serum, etc.; turgid; swollen; as a bloated face. also puffed up with pride; pompous.

Bloat´ed•ness, n. The state of being bloated.

Bloat´er (-er), n. [See Bloat, Blote.] The common herring, esp. when of large size, smoked, and half dried; — called also bloat herring.

Blob (blob), n. [See Bleb.] 1. Something blunt and round; a small drop or lump of something viscid or thick; a drop; a bubble; a blister. Wright. 2. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water fish (Uranidea Richardsoni); the miller’s thumb.

Blob´ber (blob´ber), n. [See Blubber, Blub.] A bubble; blubber. [Low] T. Carew. Blobber lip, a thick, protruding lip. “His blobber lips and beetle brows commend.
Dryden.”

Blob´ber-lipped (-lipt•), a. Having thick lips. ´A blobber-lipped shell.´ Grew.

Blo•cage´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) The roughest and cheapest sort of rubblework, in masonry.

Block , n. [OE. blok; cf. F. bloc (fr. OHG.), D. & Dan. blok, Sw. & G. block, OHG. bloch. There is also an OHG. bloch, biloh; bi by + the same root as that of E. lock. Cf. Block, v. t., Blockade, and see Lock.] 1. A piece of wood more or less bulky; a solid mass of wood, stone, etc., usually with one or more plane, or approximately plane, faces; as a block on which a butcher chops his meat; a block by which to mount a horse; children’s playing blocks, etc. “Now all our neighbors’ chimneys smoke,
And Christmas blocks are burning.
Wither.” “All her labor was but as a block
Left in the quarry.
Tennyson.” 2. The solid piece of wood on which condemned persons lay their necks when they are beheaded. “Noble heads which have been brought to the block.
E. Everett.” 3. The wooden mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped. Hence: The pattern or shape of a hat. “He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever changes with the next block.
Shak.” 4. A large or long building divided into separate houses or shops, or a number of houses or shops built in contact with each other so as to form one building; a row of houses or shops. 5. A square, or portion of a city inclosed by streets, whether occupied by buildings or not. “The new city was laid out in rectangular blocks, each block containing thirty building lots. Such an average block, comprising 282 houses and covering nine acres of ground, exists in Oxford Street.
Lond. Quart. Rev.” 6. A grooved pulley or sheave incased in a frame or shell which is provided with a hook, eye, or strap, by which it may be attached to an object. It is used to change the direction of motion, as in raising a heavy object that can not be conveniently reached, and also when two or more such sheaves are compounded, to change the rate of motion, or to exert increased force; — used especially in the rigging of ships, and in tackles. 7. (Falconry) The perch on which a bird of prey is kept. 8. Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction; a stop; a hindrance; an obstacle; as a block in the way. 9. A piece of box or other wood for engravers’ work. 10. (Print.) A piece of hard wood (as mahogany or cherry) on which a stereotype or electrotype plate is mounted to make it type high. 11. A blockhead; a stupid fellow; a dolt. [Obs.] “What a block art thou !
Shak.” 12. A section of a railroad where the block system is used. See Block system, below. A block of shares (Stock Exchange), a large number of shares in a stock company, sold in a lump. Bartlett. — Block printing. (a) A mode of printing (common in China and Japan) from engraved boards by means of a sheet of paper laid on the linked surface and rubbed with a brush. S. W. Williams. (b) A method of printing cotton cloth and paper hangings with colors, by pressing them upon an engraved surface coated with coloring matter. — Block system on railways, a system by which the track is divided into sections of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric signals that no train enters a section or block before the preceding train has left it.

Block , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blocked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blocking.] [Cf. F. bloquer, fr. bloc block. See Block, n.] 1. To obstruct so as to prevent passage or progress; to prevent passage from, through, or into, by obstructing the way; — used both of persons and things; — often followed by up; as to block up a road or harbor. “With moles … would block the port.
Rowe.” “A city … besieged and blocked about.
Milton.” 2. To secure or support by means of blocks; to secure, as two boards at their angles of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to each. 3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block; as to block a hat. To block out, to begin to reduce to shape; to mark out roughly; to lay out; as to block out a plan.

Block•ade´ , n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t. ] 1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies; as the blockade of the ports of an enemy. Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing power must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port where its force can not be brought to bear. Kent. 2. An obstruction to passage. To raise a blockade. See under Raise.

Block•ade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blockading.] 1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See note under Blockade, n. ´Blockaded the place by sea.´ Gilpin. 2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress. “Till storm and driving ice blockade him there.
Wordsworth.” 3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from. “Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door.
Pope.”

Block•ad´er , n. 1. One who blockades. 2. (Naut.) A vessel employed in blockading.

Block´age , n. The act of blocking up; the state of being blocked up.

Block´ book . A book printed from engraved wooden blocks instead of movable types.

Block´head , n. [Block + head.] A stupid fellow; a dolt; a person deficient in understanding. “The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head.
Pope.”

Block´head•ed, a. Stupid; dull.

Block´head•ism , n. That which characterizes a blockhead; stupidity. Carlyle.

Block´house , n. [Block + house: cf. G. blockhaus.] 1. (Mil.) An edifice or structure of heavy timbers or logs for military defense, having its sides loopholed for musketry, and often an upper story projecting over the lower, or so placed upon it as to have its sides make an angle wit the sides of the lower story, thus enabling the defenders to fire downward, and in all directions; — formerly much used in America and Germany. 2. A house of squared logs. [West. & South. U. S.]

Block´ing, n. 1. The act of obstructing, supporting, shaping, or stamping with a block or blocks. 2. Blocks used to support (a building, etc.) temporarily.

Block´ing course . (Arch.) The finishing course of a wall showing above a cornice.

Block´ish, a. Like a block; deficient in understanding; stupid; dull. ´Blockish Ajax.´ Shak. — Block´ish•ly, adv. — Block´ish•ness, n.

Block´like , a. Like a block; stupid.

Block´ tin . See under Tin.

Bloe´dite , n. [From the chemist Blöde.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium.

Blom´a•ry , n. See Bloomery. { Blonc´ket , Blon´ket } , a. [OF. blanquet whitish, dim. of blanc white. Cf. Blanket.] Gray; bluish gray. [Obs.] “Our bloncket liveries been all too sad.
Spenser.” { Blond , Blonde } , a. [F., fair, light, of uncertain origin; cf. AS. blonden-feax gray-haired, old, prop. blended-haired, as a mixture of white and brown or black. See Blend, v. t. ] Of a fair color; light- colored; as blond hair; a blond complexion.

Blonde , n. [F.] 1. A person of very fair complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Written also blond.] 2. [So called from its color.] A kind of silk lace originally of the color of raw silk, now sometimes dyed; — called also blond lace.

Blond´ met•al . A variety of clay ironstone, in Staffordshire, England, used for making tools.

Blond´ness, n. The state of being blond. G. Eliot.

Blood (blud), n. [OE. blod, blood, AS. blod; akin to D. bloed, OHG. bluot, G. blut, Goth. bloþ, Icel. bloð, Sw. & Dan. blod; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to bloom. See Blow to bloom.] 1. The fluid which circulates in the principal vascular system of animals, carrying nourishment to all parts of the body, and bringing away waste products to be excreted. See under Arterial. The blood consists of a liquid, the plasma, containing minute particles, the blood corpuscles. In the invertebrate animals it is usually nearly colorless, and contains only one kind of corpuscles; but in all vertebrates, except Amphioxus, it contains some colorless corpuscles, with many more which are red and give the blood its uniformly red color. See Corpuscle, Plasma. 2. Relationship by descent from a common ancestor; consanguinity; kinship. “To share the blood of Saxon royalty.
Sir W. Scott.” “A friend of our own blood.
Waller.” Half blood (Law), relationship through only one parent. — Whole blood, relationship through both father and mother. In American Law, blood includes both half blood, and whole blood. Bouvier. Peters. 3. Descent; lineage; especially, honorable birth; the highest royal lineage. “Give us a prince of blood, a son of Priam.
Shak.” “I am a gentleman of blood and breeding.
Shak.” 4. (Stock Breeding) Descent from parents of recognized breed; excellence or purity of breed. In stock breeding half blood is descent showing one half only of pure breed. Blue blood, full blood, or warm blood, is the same as blood. 5. The fleshy nature of man. “Nor gives it satisfaction to our blood.
Shak.” 6. The shedding of blood; the taking of life, murder; manslaughter; destruction. “So wills the fierce, avenging sprite,
Till blood for blood atones.
Hood.” 7. A bloodthirsty or murderous disposition. [R.] “He was a thing of blood, whose every motion
Was timed with dying cries.
Shak.” 8. Temper of mind; disposition; state of the passions; — as if the blood were the seat of emotions. “When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth.
Shak.” Often, in this sense, accompanied with bad, cold, warm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion; to do it in bad blood, is to do it in anger. Warm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated. To warm or heat the blood is to excite the passions. Qualified by up, excited feeling or passion is signified; as my blood was up. 9. A man of fire or spirit; a fiery spark; a gay, showy man; a rake. “Seest thou not … how giddily ’a turns about all the hot bloods between fourteen and five and thirty?
Shak.” “It was the morning costume of a dandy or blood.
Thackeray.” 10. The juice of anything, especially if red. “He washed … his clothes in the blood of grapes.
Gen. xiix. 11.” Blood is often used as an adjective, and as the first part of self-explaining compound words; as blood-bespotted, blood- bought, blood-curdling, blood-dyed, blood-red, blood-spilling, blood-stained, blood-warm, blood- won. Blood baptism (Eccl. Hist.), the martyrdom of those who had not been baptized. They were considered as baptized in blood, and this was regarded as a full substitute for literal baptism. — Blood blister, a blister or bleb containing blood or bloody serum, usually caused by an injury. — Blood brother, brother by blood or birth. — Blood clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve mollusk of the genus Arca and allied genera, esp. Argina pexata of the American coast. So named from the color of its flesh. — Blood corpuscle. See Corpuscle. — Blood crystal (Physiol.), one of the crystals formed by the separation in a crystalline form of the haemoglobin of the red blood corpuscles; haematocrystallin. All blood does not yield blood crystals. — Blood heat, heat equal to the temperature of human blood, or about 98½ ° Fahr. — Blood horse, a horse whose blood or lineage is derived from the purest and most highly prized origin or stock. — Blood money. See in the Vocabulary. — Blood orange, an orange with dark red pulp. — Blood poisoning (Med.), a morbid state of the blood caused by the introduction of poisonous or infective matters from without, or the absorption or retention of such as are produced in the body itself; toxaemia. — Blood pudding, a pudding made of blood and other materials. — Blood relation, one connected by blood or descent. — Blood spavin. See under Spavin. — Blood vessel. See in the Vocabulary. — Blue blood, the blood of noble or aristocratic families, which, according to a Spanish prover , has in it a tinge of blue; — hence, a member of an old and aristocratic family. — Flesh and blood. (a) A blood relation, esp. a child. (b) Human nature. — In blood (Hunting), in a state of perfect health and vigor. Shak. — To let blood. See under Let. — Prince of the blood, the son of a sovereign, or the issue of a royal family. The sons, brothers, and uncles of the sovereign are styled princes of the blood royal; and the daughters, sisters, and aunts are princesses of the blood royal.

Blood , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooding.] 1. To bleed. [Obs.] Cowper. 2. To stain, smear or wet, with blood. [Archaic] “Reach out their spears afar,
And blood their points.
Dryden.” 3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or sight of blood, as in hunting or war. “It was most important too that his troops should be blooded.
Macaulay.” 4. To heat the blood of; to exasperate. [Obs.] “The auxiliary forces of the French and English were much blooded one against another.
Bacon.”

Blood´bird (blud´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian honeysucker (Myzomela sanguineolata); — so called from the bright red color of the male bird.

Blood´-bol•tered , a. [Blood + Prov. E. bolter to mat in tufts. Cf. Balter.] Having the hair matted with clotted blood. [Obs. & R.] “The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me.
Shak.”

Blood´ed, a. Having pure blood, or a large admixture or pure blood; of approved breed; of the best stock. Used also in composition in phrases indicating a particular condition or quality of blood; as cold-blooded; warm- blooded.

Blood´flow•er , n. [From the color of the flower.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, natives of Southern Africa, named Haemanthus, of the Amaryllis family. The juice of H. toxicarius is used by the Hottentots to poison their arrows.

Blood´guilt•y , a. Guilty of murder or bloodshed. ´A bloodguilty life.´ Fairfax. — Blood´guilt•i•ness , n. — Blood´guilt•less, a.

Blood´hound , n. A breed of large and powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, and remarkable for acuteness of smell. It is employed to recover game or prey which has escaped wounded from a hunter, and for tracking criminals. Formerly it was used for pursuing runaway slaves. Other varieties of dog are often used for the same purpose and go by the same name. The Cuban bloodhound is said to be a variety of the mastiff.

Blood´i•ly , adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood.

Blood´i•ness, n. 1. The state of being bloody. 2. Disposition to shed blood; bloodthirstiness. “All that bloodiness and savage cruelty which was in our nature.
Holland.”

Blood´less, a. [AS. bldleás.] 1. Destitute of blood, or apparently so; as bloodless cheeks; lifeless; dead. “The bloodless carcass of my Hector sold.
Dryden.” 2. Not attended with shedding of blood, or slaughter; as a bloodless victory. Froude. 3. Without spirit or activity. “Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood !
Shak.” — Blood´less•ly, adv. — Blood´less•ness, n.

Blood´let , v. t. [AS. bldltan; bld blood + latan to let.] bleed; to let blood. Arbuthnot.

Blood´let•ter , n. One who, or that which, lets blood; a phlebotomist.

Blood´let•ting, n. (Med.) The act or process of letting blood or bleeding, as by opening a vein or artery, or by cupping or leeches; — esp. applied to venesection.

Blood´ mon•ey . 1. Money paid to the next of kin of a person who has been killed by another. 2. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, of another’s life; — said of a reward for supporting a capital charge, of money obtained for betraying a fugitive or for committing murder, or of money obtained from the sale of that which will destroy the purchaser.

Blood´root , n. (Bot.) A plant (Sanguinaria Canadensis), with a red root and red sap, and bearing a pretty, white flower in early spring; — called also puccoon, redroot, bloodwort, tetterwort, turmeric, and Indian paint. It has acrid emetic properties, and the rootstock is used as a stimulant expectorant. See Sanguinaria. In England the name is given to the tormentil, once used as a remedy for dysentery.

Blood´shed , n. [Blood + shed] The shedding or spilling of blood; slaughter; the act of shedding human blood, or taking life, as in war, riot, or murder.

Blood´shed•der , n. One who sheds blood; a manslayer; a murderer.

Blood´shed•ding , n. Bloodshed. Shak.

Blood´shot , a. [Blood + shot, p. p. of shoot to variegate.] Red and inflamed; suffused with blood, or having the vessels turgid with blood, as when the conjunctiva is inflamed or irritated. “His eyes were bloodshot, … and his hair disheveled.
Dickens.”

Blood´-shot•ten , a. Bloodshot. [Obs.]

Blood´stick´ , n. (Far.) A piece of hard wood loaded at one end with lead, and used to strike the fleam into the vein. Youatt.

Blood´stone , n. (Min.) (a) A green siliceous stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood; hence the name; — called also heliotrope. (b) Hematite, an ore of iron yielding a blood red powder or ´streak.´

Blood´stroke , n. [Cf. F. coup de sang.] Loss of sensation and motion from hemorrhage or congestion in the brain. Dunglison.

Blood´suck•er , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal that sucks blood; esp., the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and related species. 2. One who sheds blood; a cruel, bloodthirsty man; one guilty of bloodshed; a murderer. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A hard and exacting master, landlord, or money lender; an extortioner.

Blood´thirst•y , a. Eager to shed blood; cruel; sanguinary; murderous. — Blood´thirst•i•ness , n.

Blood´ulf , n. (Zoöl.) The European bullfinch.

Blood´ ves•sel . (Anat.) Any vessel or canal in which blood circulates in an animal, as an artery or vein. { Blood´wite• , Blood´wit• } n. [AS. blwite; bld blood, + wite wite, fine.] (Anc. Law) A fine or amercement paid as a composition for the shedding of blood; also a riot wherein blood was spilled.

Blood´wood , n. (Bot.) A tree having the wood or the sap of the color of blood. Norfolk Island bloodwood is a euphorbiaceous tree (Baloghia lucida), from which the sap is collected for use as a plant. Various other trees have the name, chiefly on account of the color of the wood, as Gordonia Haematoxylon of Jamaica, and several species of Australian Eucalyptus; also the true logwood ( Haematoxylon campechianum).

Blood´wort , n. (Bot.) A plant, Rumex sanguineus, or bloody-veined dock. The name is applied also to bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis), and to an extensive order of plants (Haemodoraceae), the roots of many species of which contain a red coloring matter useful in dyeing.

Blood´y , a. [AS. blodig.] 1. Containing or resembling blood; of the nature of blood; as bloody excretions; bloody sweat. 2. Smeared or stained with blood; as bloody hands; a bloody handkerchief. 3. Given, or tending, to the shedding of blood; having a cruel, savage disposition; murderous; cruel. “Some bloody passion shakes your very frame.
Shak.” 4. Attended with, or involving, bloodshed; sanguinary; esp., marked by great slaughter or cruelty; as a bloody battle. 5. Infamous; contemptible; — variously used for mere emphasis or as a low epithet. [Vulgar] Thackeray.

Blood´y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloodied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloodying.] To stain with blood. Overbury.

Blood´y•bones , n. A terrible bugbear.

Blood´y flux . The dysentery, a disease in which the flux or discharge from the bowels has a mixture of blood. Arbuthnot.

Blood´y hand . 1. A hand stained with the blood of a deer, which, in the old forest laws of England, was sufficient evidence of a man’s trespass in the forest against venison. Jacob. 2. (Her.) A red hand, as in the arms of Ulster, which is now the distinguishing mark of a baronet of the United Kingdom.

Blood´y-mind´ed , a. Having a cruel, ferocious disposition; bloodthirsty. Dryden.

Blood´y sweat . A sweat accompanied by a discharge of blood; a disease, called sweating sickness, formerly prevalent in England and other countries.

Bloom , n. [OE. blome, fr. Icel. blm, blmi; akin to Sw. blom, Goth. blma, OS. blmo, D. bloem, OHG. bluomo, bluoma, G. blume; fr. the same root as AS. blwan to blow, blossom. See Blow to bloom, and cf. Blossom.] 1. A blossom; the flower of a plant; an expanded bud; flowers, collectively. “The rich blooms of the tropics.
Prescott.” 2. The opening of flowers in general; the state of blossoming or of having the flowers open; as the cherry trees are in bloom. ´Sight of vernal bloom.´ Milton. 3. A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor; an opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds into blossoms; as the bloom of youth. “Every successive mother has transmitted a fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty.
Hawthorne.” 4. The delicate, powdery coating upon certain growing or newly-gathered fruits or leaves, as on grapes, plums, etc. Hence: Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness; a flush; a glow. “A new, fresh, brilliant world, with all the bloom upon it.
Thackeray.” 5. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture. 6. A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well-tanned leather. Knight. 7. (Min.) A popular term for a bright-hued variety of some minerals; as the rose-red cobalt bloom.

Bloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bloomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooming.] 1. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower or be in flower. “A flower which once
In Paradise, fast by the tree of life,
Began to bloom.
Milton.” 2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers; to give promise, as by or with flowers. “A better country blooms to view,” “Beneath a brighter sky.
Logan.”

Bloom, v. t. 1. To cause to blossom; to make flourish. [R.] “Charitable affection bloomed them.
Hooker.” 2. To bestow a bloom upon; to make blooming or radiant. [R.] Milton. “While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day.
Keats.”

Bloom, n. [AS. blma a mass or lump, isenes blma a lump or wedge of iron.] (Metal.) (a) A mass of wrought iron from the Catalan forge or from the puddling furnace, deprived of its dross, and shaped usually in the form of an oblong block by shingling. (b) A large bar of steel formed directly from an ingot by hammering or rolling, being a preliminary shape for further working.

Bloom´a•ry , n. See Bloomery.

Bloom´er , n. [From Mrs. Bloomer, an American, who sought to introduce this style of dress.] 1. A costume for women, consisting of a short dress, with loose trousers gathered round ankles, and (commonly) a broad-brimmed hat. 2. A woman who wears a Bloomer costume.

Bloom´er•y , n. (Manuf.) A furnace and forge in which wrought iron in the form of blooms is made directly from the ore, or (more rarely) from cast iron.

Bloom´ing, n. (Metal.) The process of making blooms from the ore or from cast iron.

Bloom´ing, a. 1. Opening in blossoms; flowering. 2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor; indicating the freshness and beauties of youth or health.

Bloom´ing•ly, adv. In a blooming manner.

Bloom´ing•ness, n. A blooming condition.

Bloom´less, a. Without bloom or flowers. Shelley.

Bloom´y , a. 1. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing with the vigor of youth; as a bloomy spray. “But all the bloomy flush of life is fled.
Goldsmith.” 2. Covered with bloom, as fruit. Dryden.

Blooth , n. Bloom; a blossoming. [Prov. Eng.] “All that blooth means heavy autumn work for him and his hands.
T. Hardy.”

Blore , n. [Perh. a variant of blare, v. i.; or cf. Gael. & Ir. blor a loud noise.] The act of blowing; a roaring wind; a blast. [Obs.] “A most tempestuous blore.
Chapman.”

Blos´my , a. Blossomy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blos´som (blos´sum), n. [OE. blosme, blostme, AS. blosma, blostma, blossom; akin to D. bloesem, L. fios, and E. flower; from the root of E. blow to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Bloom a blossom.] 1. The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages; florescence; bloom; the flowers of a plant, collectively; as the blossoms and fruit of a tree; an apple tree in blossom. The term has been applied by some botanists, and is also applied in common usage, to the corolla. It is more commonly used than flower or bloom, when we have reference to the fruit which is to succeed. Thus we use flowers when we speak of plants cultivated for ornament, and bloom in a more general sense, as of flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers. “Blossoms flaunting in the eye of day.
Longfellow.” 2. A blooming period or stage of development; something lovely that gives rich promise. “In the blossom of my youth.
Massinger.” 3. The color of a horse that has white hairs intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs; — otherwise called peach color. In blossom, having the blossoms open; in bloom.

Blos´som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blossomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blossoming.] [AS. blstmian. See Blossom, n.] 1. To put forth blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to blow; to flower. “The moving whisper of huge trees that branched
And blossomed.
Tennyson.” 2. To flourish and prosper. “Israel shall blossom and bud, and full the face of the world with fruit.
Isa. xxvii. 6.”

Blos´som•less, a. Without blossoms.

Blos´som•y , a. Full of blossoms; flowery.

Blot , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blotting.] [Cf. Dan. plette. See 3d Blot.] 1. To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with ink. “The brief was writ and blotted all with gore.
Gascoigne.” 2. To impair; to damage; to mar; to soil. “It blots thy beauty, as frosts do bite the meads.
Shak.” 3. To stain with infamy; to disgrace. “Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood.
Rowe.” 4. To obliterate, as writing with ink; to cancel; to efface; — generally with out; as to blot out a word or a sentence. Often figuratively; as to blot out offenses. “One act like this blots out a thousand crimes.
Dryden.” 5. To obscure; to eclipse; to shadow. “He sung how earth blots the moon’s gilded wane.
Cowley.” 6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper. Syn. — To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; cancel; tarnish; disgrace; blur; sully; smear; smutch.

Blot, v. i. To take a blot; as this paper blots easily.

Blot, n. [Cf. Icel. blettr, Dan. plet.] 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur. ´Inky blots and rotten parchment bonds.´ Shak. 2. An obliteration of something written or printed; an erasure. Dryden. 3. A spot on reputation; a stain; a disgrace; a reproach; a blemish. “This deadly blot in thy digressing son.
Shak.”

Blot, n. [Cf. Dan. blot bare, naked, Sw. blott, d. bloot, G. bloss, and perh. E. bloat.] 1. (Backgammon) (a) An exposure of a single man to be taken up. (b) A single man left on a point, exposed to be taken up. “He is too great a master of his art to make a blot which may be so easily hit.
Dryden.” 2. A weak point; a failing; an exposed point or mark.

Blotch , n. [Cf. OE. blacche in blacchepot blacking pot, akin to black, as bleach is akin to bleak. See Black, a., or cf. Blot a spot.] 1. A blot or spot, as of color or of ink; especially a large or irregular spot. Also Fig.; as a moral blotch. “Spots and blotches … some red, others yellow.
Harvey.” 2. (Med.) A large pustule, or a coarse eruption. “Foul scurf and blotches him defile.
Thomson.”

Blotched , a. Marked or covered with blotches. “To give their blotched and blistered bodies ease.
Drayton.”

Blotch´y , a. Having blotches.

Blote , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloting.] [Cf. Sw. blöt-fisk soaked fish, fr. blöta to soak. See 1st Bloat.] To cure, as herrings, by salting and smoking them; to bloat. [Obs.]

Blot´less , a. Without blot.

Blot´ter (blot´ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, blots; esp. a device for absorbing superfluous ink. 2. (Com.) A wastebook, in which entries of transactions are made as they take place.

Blot•tesque´ (blot•tesk´), a. (Painting) Characterized by blots or heavy touches; coarsely depicted; wanting in delineation. Ruskin.

Blot´ting pa•per (pa•per). A kind of thick, bibulous, unsized paper, used to absorb superfluous ink from freshly written manuscript, and thus prevent blots.

Blouse (blouz; F. blooz), n. [F. blouse. Of unknown origin.] A light, loose over-garment, like a smock frock, worn especially by workingmen in France; also a loose coat of any material, as the undress uniform coat of the United States army.

Blow (blo), v. i. [imp. Blew (blu); p. p. Blown (blon); p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [OE. blowen, AS. blowan to blossom; akin to OS. blojan, D. bloeijen, OHG. pluojan, MHG. blüejen, G. blühen, L. florere to flourish, OIr. blath blossom. Cf. Blow to puff, Flourish.] To flower; to blossom; to bloom. “How blows the citron grove.
Milton.”

Blow, v. t. To cause to blossom; to put forth (blossoms or flowers). “The odorous banks, that blow
Flowers of more mingled hue.
Milton.”

Blow, n. (Bot.) A blossom; a flower; also a state of blossoming; a mass of blossoms. ´Such a blow of tulips.´ Tatler.

Blow, n. [OE. blaw, blowe; cf. OHG. bliuwan, pliuwan, to beat, G. bläuen, Goth. bliggwan.] 1. A forcible stroke with the hand, fist, or some instrument, as a rod, a club, an ax, or a sword. “Well struck ! there was blow for blow.
Shak.” 2. A sudden or forcible act or effort; an assault. “A vigorous blow might win [Hanno’s camp].
T. Arnold.” 3. The infliction of evil; a sudden calamity; something which produces mental, physical, or financial suffering or loss (esp. when sudden); a buffet. “A most poor man, made tame to fortune’s blows.
Shak.” At a blow, suddenly; at one effort; by a single vigorous act. ´They lose a province at a blow.´ Dryden. — To come to blows, to engage in combat; to fight; - - said of individuals, armies, and nations. Syn. — Stroke; knock; shock; misfortune.

Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew (blu); p. p. Blown (blon); p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [OE. blawen, blowen, AS. blawan to blow, as wind; akin to OHG. plajan, G. blähen, to blow up, swell, L. flare to blow, Gr. ’ekflai•nein to spout out, and to E. bladder, blast, inflate, etc., and perh. blow to bloom.] 1. To produce a current of air; to move, as air, esp. to move rapidly or with power; as the wind blows. “Hark how it rains and blows !
Walton.” 2. To send forth a forcible current of air, as from the mouth or from a pair of bellows. 3. To breathe hard or quick; to pant; to puff. “Here is Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing.
Shak.” 4. To sound on being blown into, as a trumpet. “There let the pealing organ blow.
Milton.” 5. To spout water, etc., from the blowholes, as a whale. 6. To be carried or moved by the wind; as the dust blows in from the street. “The grass blows from their graves to thy own.
M. Arnold.” 7. To talk loudly; to boast; to storm. [Colloq.] “You blow behind my back, but dare not say anything to my face.
Bartlett.” To blow hot and cold (a saying derived from a fable of AEsop’s), to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and to oppose. — To blow off, to let steam escape through a passage provided for the purpose; as the engine or steamer is blowing off. — To blow out. (a) To be driven out by the expansive force of a gas or vapor; as a steam cock or valve sometimes blows out. (b) To talk violently or abusively. [Low] — To blow over, to pass away without effect; to cease, or be dissipated; as the storm and the clouds have blown over. — To blow up, to be torn to pieces and thrown into the air as by an explosion of powder or gas or the expansive force of steam; to burst; to explode; as a powder mill or steam boiler blows up. ´The enemy’s magazines blew up.´ Tatler.

Blow, v. t. 1. To force a current of air upon with the mouth, or by other means; as to blow the fire. 2. To drive by a current air; to impel; as the tempest blew the ship ashore. “Off at sea northeast winds blow
Sabean odors from the spicy shore.
Milton.” 3. To cause air to pass through by the action of the mouth, or otherwise; to cause to sound, as a wind instrument; as to blow a trumpet; to blow an organ. “Hath she no husband
That will take pains to blow a horn before her?
Shak.” “Boy, blow the pipe until the bubble rise,
Then cast it off to float upon the skies.
Parnell.” 4. To clear of contents by forcing air through; as to blow an egg; to blow one’s nose. 5. To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion; - - usually with up, down, open, or similar adverb; as to blow up a building. 6. To spread by report; to publish; to disclose. “Through the court his courtesy was blown.
Dryden.” “His language does his knowledge blow.
Whiting.” 7. To form by inflation; to swell by injecting air; as to blow bubbles; to blow glass. 8. To inflate, as with pride; to puff up. “Look how imagination blows him.
Shak.” 9. To put out of breath; to cause to blow from fatigue; as to blow a horse. Sir W. Scott. 10. To deposit eggs or larvae upon, or in (meat, etc.). “To suffer
The flesh fly blow my mouth.
Shak.” To blow great guns, to blow furiously and with roaring blasts; — said of the wind at sea or along the coast. — To blow off, to empty (a boiler) of water through the blow-off pipe, while under steam pressure; also to eject (steam, water, sediment, etc.) from a boiler. — To blow one’s own trumpet, to vaunt one’s own exploits, or sound one’s own praises. — To blow out, to extinguish by a current of air, as a candle. — To blow up. (a) To fill with air; to swell; as to blow up a bladder or bubble. (b) To inflate, as with pride, self-conceit, etc.; to puff up; as to blow one up with flattery. ´Blown up with high conceits engendering pride.´ Milton. (c) To excite; as to blow up a contention. (d) To burst, to raise into the air, or to scatter, by an explosion; as to blow up a fort. (e) To scold violently; as to blow up a person for some offense. [Colloq.] “I have blown him up well — nobody can say I wink at what he does.
G. Eliot.” — To blow upon. (a) To blast; to taint; to bring into discredit; to render stale, unsavory, or worthless. (b) To inform against. [Colloq.] “How far the very custom of hearing anything spouted withers and blows upon a fine passage, may be seen in those speeches from [Shakespeare’s] Henry V. which are current in the mouths of schoolboys.
C. Lamb.” “A lady’s maid whose character had been blown upon.
Macaulay. ”

Blow , n. 1. A blowing, esp., a violent blowing of the wind; a gale; as a heavy blow came on, and the ship put back to port. 2. The act of forcing air from the mouth, or through or from some instrument; as to give a hard blow on a whistle or horn; to give the fire a blow with the bellows. 3. The spouting of a whale. 4. (Metal.) A single heat or operation of the Bessemer converter. Raymond. 5. An egg, or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh, or the act of depositing it. Chapman.

Blow´ball , n. The downy seed head of a dandelion, which children delight to blow away. B. Jonson. { Blow´en , Blow´ess } n. A prostitute; a courtesan; a strumpet. [Low] Smart.

Blow´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, blows. 2. (Mech.) A device for producing a current of air; as: (a) A metal plate temporarily placed before the upper part of a grate or open fire. (b) A machine for producing an artificial blast or current of air by pressure, as for increasing the draft of a furnace, ventilating a building or shaft, cleansing gram, etc. 3. A blowing out or excessive discharge of gas from a hole or fissure in a mine. 4. The whale; — so called by seamen, from the circumstance of its spouting up a column of water. 5. (Zoöl.) A small fish of the Atlantic coast (Tetrodon turgidus); the puffer. 6. A braggart, or loud talker. [Slang] Bartlett.

Blow´fly , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of fly of the genus Musca that deposits its eggs or young larvae (called flyblows and maggots) upon meat or other animal products.

Blow´gun , n. A tube, as of cane or reed, sometimes twelve feet long, through which an arrow or other projectile may be impelled by the force of the breath. It is a weapon much used by certain Indians of America and the West Indies; — called also blowpipe, and blowtube. See Sumpitan.

Blow´hole , n. 1. A cavern in a cliff, at the water level, opening to the air at its farther extremity, so that the waters rush in with each surge and rise in a lofty jet from the extremity. 2. A nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a whale or other cetacean. There are two spiracles or blowholes in the common whales, but only one in sperm whales, porpoises, etc. 3. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come to breathe. 4. (Founding) An air hole in a casting.

Blown , p. p. & a. 1. Swollen; inflated; distended; puffed up, as cattle when gorged with green food which develops gas. 2. Stale; worthless. 3. Out of breath; tired; exhausted. ´Their horses much blown.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. Covered with the eggs and larvae of flies; fly blown.

Blown, p. p. & a. Opened; in blossom or having blossomed, as a flower. Shak.

Blow´-off , n. 1. A blowing off steam, water, etc.; — also adj. as a blow-off cock or pipe. 2. An outburst of temper or excitement. [Colloq.]

Blow´-out , n. The cleaning of the flues of a boiler from scale, etc., by a blast of steam.

Blow´pipe , n. 1. A tube for directing a jet of air into a fire or into the flame of a lamp or candle, so as to concentrate the heat on some object. It is called a mouth blowpipe when used with the mouth; but for both chemical and industrial purposes, it is often worked by a bellows or other contrivance. The common mouth blowpipe is a tapering tube with a very small orifice at the end to be inserted in the flame. The oxyhydrogen blowpipe, invented by Dr. Hare in 1801, is an instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen, taken from separate reservoirs, in the proportions of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen, are burned in a jet, under pressure. It gives a heat that will consume the diamond, fuse platinum, and dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms, most known substances. 2. A blowgun; a blowtube. Blowpipe analysis (Chem.), analysis by means of the blowpipe. — Blowpipe reaction (Chem.), the characteristic behavior of a substance subjected to a test by means of the blowpipe.

Blow´point , n. A child’s game. [Obs.]

Blowse, n. See Blowze.

Blowth , n. [From Blow to blossom: cf. Growth.] A blossoming; a bloom. [Obs. or Archaic] ´In the blowth and bud.´ Sir W. Raleigh.

Blow´tube , n. 1. A blowgun. Tylor. 2. A similar instrument, commonly of tin, used by boys for discharging paper wads and other light missiles. 3. (Glassmaking) A long wrought iron tube, on the end of which the workman gathers a quantity of ´metal´ (melted glass), and through which he blows to expand or shape it; — called also blowing tube, and blowpipe.

Blow´ valve . (Mach.) See Snifting valve.

Blow´y , a. Windy; as blowy weather; a blowy upland.

Blowze , n. [Prob. from the same root as blush.] A ruddy, fat-faced woman; a wench. [Obs.] Shak.

Blowzed , a. Having high color from exposure to the weather; ruddy-faced; blowzy; disordered. “Huge women blowzed with health and wind.
Tennyson.”

Blowz´y , a. Coarse and ruddy- faced; fat and ruddy; high colored; frowzy.

Blub , v. t. & i. [Cf. Bleb, Blob.] To swell; to puff out, as with weeping. [Obs.]

Blub´ber , n. [See Blobber, Blob, Bleb.] 1. A bubble. “At his mouth a blubber stood of foam.
Henryson.” 2. The fat of whales and other large sea animals from which oil is obtained. It lies immediately under the skin and over the muscular flesh. 3. (Zoöl.) A large sea nettle or medusa.

Blub´ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blubbered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blubbering.] To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face; to cry in a childish manner. “She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair.
Swift.”

Blub´ber, v. t. 1. To swell or disfigure (the face) with weeping; to wet with tears. “Dear Cloe, how blubbered is that pretty face!
Prior.” 2. To give vent to (tears) or utter (broken words or cries); — with forth or out.

Blub´bered , p. p. & a. Swollen; turgid; as a blubbered lip. Spenser.

Blub´ber•ing, n. The act of weeping noisily. “He spake well save that his blubbering interrupted him.
Winthrop.”

Blub´ber•y , a. 1. Swollen; protuberant. 2. Like blubber; gelatinous and quivering; as a blubbery mass.

Blu´cher (blu´ker), n. A kind of half boot, named from the Prussian general Blücher. Thackeray.

Bludg´eon , n. [Cf. Ir. blocan a little block, Gael. plocan a mallet, W. plocyn, dim. of ploc block; or perh. connected with E. blow a stroke. Cf. Block, Blow a stroke.] A short stick, with one end loaded, or thicker and heavier that the other, used as an offensive weapon.

Blue (blu), a. [Compar. Bluer (-er); superl. Bluest.] [OE. bla, blo, blew, blue, livid, black, fr. Icel.blar livid; akin to Dan. blaa blue, Sw. blå, D. blauw, OHG. blao, G. blau; but influenced in form by F. bleu, from OHG. blao.] 1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling it, whether lighter or darker; as the deep, blue sea; as blue as a sapphire; blue violets. ´The blue firmament.´ Milton. 2. Pale, without redness or glare, — said of a flame; hence, of the color of burning brimstone, betokening the presence of ghosts or devils; as the candle burns blue; the air was blue with oaths. 3. Low in spirits; melancholy; as to feel blue. 4. Suited to produce low spirits; gloomy in prospect; as thongs looked blue. [Colloq.] 5. Severe or over strict in morals; gloom; as blue and sour religionists; suiting one who is over strict in morals; inculcating an impracticable, severe, or gloomy mortality; as blue laws. 6. Literary; — applied to women; — an abbreviation of bluestocking. [Colloq.] “The ladies were very blue and well informed.
Thackeray.” Blue asbestus. See Crocidolite. — Blue black, of, or having, a very dark blue color, almost black. — Blue blood. See under Blood. — Blue buck (Zoöl.), a small South African antelope (Cephalophus pygmaeus); also applied to a larger species (AEgoceras leucophaeus); the blaubok. — Blue cod (Zoöl.), the buffalo cod. — Blue crab (Zoöl.), the common edible crab of the Atlantic coast of the United States (Callinectes hastatus). — Blue curls (Bot.), a common plant (Trichostema dichotomum), resembling pennyroyal, and hence called also bastard pennyroyal. — Blue devils, apparitions supposed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tremens; hence, very low spirits. ´Can Gumbo shut the hall door upon blue devils, or lay them all in a red sea of claret?´ Thackeray. — Blue gage. See under Gage, a plum. — Blue gum, an Australian myrtaceous tree (Eucalyptus globulus), of the loftiest proportions, now cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions for its timber, and as a protection against malaria. The essential oil is beginning to be used in medicine. The timber is very useful. See Eucalyptus. — Blue jack, Blue stone, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. — Blue jacket, a man-of war’s man; a sailor wearing a naval uniform. — Blue jaundice. See under Jaundice. — Blue laws, a name first used in the eighteenth century to describe certain supposititious laws of extreme rigor reported to have been enacted in New Haven; hence, any puritanical laws. [U. S.] — Blue light, a composition which burns with a brilliant blue flame; — used in pyrotechnics and as a night signal at sea, and in military operations. — Blue mantle (Her.), one of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms; — so called from the color of his official robes. — Blue mass, a preparation of mercury from which is formed the blue pill. McElrath. — Blue mold, or mould, the blue fungus (Aspergillus glaucus) which grows on cheese. Brande & C. — Blue Monday, a Monday following a Sunday of dissipation, or itself given to dissipation (as the Monday before Lent). — Blue ointment (Med.), mercurial ointment. — Blue Peter (British Marine), a blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, etc. It is a corruption of blue repeater, one of the British signal flags. — Blue pill. (Med.) (a) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. (b) Blue mass. — Blue ribbon. (a) The ribbon worn by members of the order of the Garter; — hence, a member of that order. (b) Anything the attainment of which is an object of great ambition; a distinction; a prize. ´These [scholarships] were the blue ribbon of the college.´ Farrar. (c) The distinctive badge of certain temperance or total abstinence organizations, as of the Blue ribbon Army. — Blue ruin, utter ruin; also gin. [Eng. Slang] Carlyle. — Blue spar (Min.), azure spar; lazulite. See Lazulite. — Blue thrush (Zoöl.), a European and Asiatic thrush (Petrocossyphus cyaneas). — Blue verditer. See Verditer. — Blue vitriol (Chem.), sulphate of copper, a violet blue crystallized salt, used in electric batteries, calico printing, etc. — Blue water, the open ocean. — To look blue, to look disheartened or dejected. — True blue, genuine and thorough; not modified, nor mixed; not spurious; specifically, of uncompromising Presbyterianism, blue being the color adopted by the Covenanters. “For his religion …
’T was Presbyterian, true blue.
Hudibras.”

Blue (blu), n. 1. One of the seven colors into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism; the color of the clear sky, or a color resembling that, whether lighter or darker; a pigment having such color. Sometimes, poetically, the sky. 2. A pedantic woman; a bluestocking. [Colloq.] 3. pl. [Short for blue devils.] Low spirits; a fit of despondency; melancholy. [Colloq.] Berlin blue, Prussian blue. — Mineral blue. See under Mineral. — Prussian blue. See under Prussian.

Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluing.] To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to make blue by heating, as metals, etc.

Blue´back , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A trout (Salmo oquassa) inhabiting some of the lakes of Maine. (b) A salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of the Columbia River and northward. (c) An American river herring (Clupea aestivalis), closely allied to the alewife.

Blue´beard , n. The hero of a mediaeval French nursery legend, who, leaving home, enjoined his young wife not to open a certain room in his castle. She entered it, and found the murdered bodies of his former wives. — Also used adjectively of a subject which it is forbidden to investigate. “The Bluebeard chamber of his mind, into which no eye but his own must look.
Carlyle.”

Blue´bell , n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Campanula, especially the Campanula rotundifolia, which bears blue bell-shaped flowers; the harebell. (b) A plant of the genus Scilla (Scilla nutans).

Blue´berry , n. [Cf. Blaeberry.] (Bot.) The berry of several species of Vaccinium, an ericaceous genus, differing from the American huckleberries in containing numerous minute seeds instead of ten nutlets. The commonest species are V. Pennsylvanicum and V. vacillans. V. corymbosum is the tall blueberry.

Blue´bill , n. (Zoöl.) A duck of the genus Fuligula. Two American species (F. marila and F. affinis) are common. See Scaup duck.

Blue´bird , n. (Zoöl.) A small song bird (Sialia sialis), very common in the United States, and, in the north, one of the earliest to arrive in spring. The male is blue, with the breast reddish. It is related to the European robin. Pairy bluebird (Zoöl.), a brilliant Indian or East Indian bird of the genus Irena, of several species. { Blue´ bon•net Blue´-bon•net } , n. 1. A broad, flat Scottish cap of blue woolen, or one wearing such cap; a Scotchman. 2. (Bot.) A plant. Same as Bluebottle. 3. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus); the bluecap.

Blue´ book . 1. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers. [Eng.] 2. The United States official ´Biennial Register.´

Blue´bot•tle , n. 1. (Bot.) A plant (Centaurea cyanus) which grows in grain fields. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped flowers. 2. (Zoöl.) A large and troublesome species of blowfly (Musca vomitoria). Its body is steel blue.

Blue´breast , n. (Zoöl.) A small European bird; the blue-throated warbler.

Blue´cap , n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bluepoll. (b) The blue bonnet or blue titmouse. 2. A Scot; a Scotchman; — so named from wearing a blue bonnet. [Poetic] Shak.

Blue´coat , n. One dressed in blue, as a soldier, a sailor, a beadle, etc.

Blue´-eye , n. (Zoöl.) The blue-cheeked honeysucker of Australia.

Blue´-eyed , a. Having blue eyes.

Blue-eyed grass (Bot.) a grasslike plant (Sisyrinchium anceps), with small flowers of a delicate blue color.

Blue´fin , n. (Zoöl.) A species of whitefish (Coregonus nigripinnis) found in Lake Michigan.

Blue´fish , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A large voracious fish (Pomatomus saitatrix), of the family Carangidae, valued as a food fish, and widely distributed on the American coast. On the New Jersey and Rhode Island coast it is called the horse mackerel, in Virginia saltwater tailor, or skipjack. 2. A West Indian fish (Platyglossus radiatus), of the family Labridae. The name is applied locally to other species of fishes; as the cunner, sea bass, squeteague, etc.

Blue´gown , n. One of a class of paupers or pensioners, or licensed beggars, in Scotland, to whim annually on the king’s birthday were distributed certain alms, including a blue gown; a beadsman.

Blue´ grass . (Bot.) A species of grass (Poa compressa) with bluish green stems, valuable in thin gravelly soils; wire grass. Kentucky blue grass, a species of grass (Poa pratensis) which has running rootstocks and spreads rapidly. It is valuable as a pasture grass, as it endures both winter and drought better than other kinds, and is very nutritious.

Blue´ jay . (Zoöl.) The common jay of the United States (Cyanocitta, or Cyanura, cristata). The predominant color is bright blue.

Blue´-john , n. A name given to fluor spar in Derbyshire, where it is used for ornamental purposes.

Blue´ly, adv. With a blue color. Swift.

Blue´ness, n. The quality of being blue; a blue color. Boyle.

Blue´nose , n. A nickname for a Nova Scotian.

Blue´poll , n. [Blue + poll head.] (Zoöl.) A kind of salmon (Salmo Cambricus) found in Wales.

Blue´print. See under Print.

Blue´stock•ing , n. 1. A literary lady; a female pedant. [Colloq.] As explained in Boswell’s ´Life of Dr. Johnson´, this term is derived from the name given to certain meetings held by ladies, in Johnson’s time, for conversation with distinguished literary men. An eminent attendant of these assemblies was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. He was so much distinguished for his conversational powers that his absence at any time was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became common, ´We can do nothing without the blue stockings.´ Hence these meetings were sportively called bluestocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them, bluestockings. 2. (Zoöl.) The American avocet (Recurvirostra Americana).

Blue´stock•ing•ism , n. The character or manner of a bluestocking; female pedantry. [Colloq.]

Blue´stone , n. 1. Blue vitriol. Dunglison. 2. A grayish blue building stone, as that commonly used in the eastern United States.

Blue´throat , n. (Zoöl.) A singing bird of northern Europe and Asia (Cyanecula Suecica), related to the nightingales; — called also blue-throated robin and blue-throated warbler.

Blu´ets , n. [F. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu blue. See Blue, a.] (Bot.) A name given to several different species of plants having blue flowers, as the Houstonia cœrulea, the Centaurea cyanus or bluebottle, and the Vaccinium angustifolium.

Blue´-veined , a. Having blue veins or blue streaks.

Blue´wing , n. (Zoöl.) The blue-winged teal. See Teal.

Blue´y , a. Bluish. Southey.

Bluff , a. [Cf. OD. blaf flat, broad, blaffaert one with a broad face, also a boaster; or G. verblüffen to confuse, LG. bluffen to frighten; to unknown origin.] 1. Having a broad, flattened front; as the bluff bows of a ship. ´Bluff visages.´ Irving. 2. Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front. ´A bluff or bold shore.´ Falconer. “Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous aspect.
Judd.” 3. Surly; churlish; gruff; rough. 4. Abrupt; roughly frank; unceremonious; blunt; brusque; as a bluff answer; a bluff manner of talking; a bluff sea captain. ´Bluff King Hal.´ Sir W. Scott. “There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defense in a moment of surprise.
I. Taylor.”

Bluff, n. 1. A high, steep bank, as by a river or the sea, or beside a ravine or plain; a cliff with a broad face. “Beach, bluff, and wave, adieu.
Whittier.” 2. An act of bluffing; an expression of self- confidence for the purpose of intimidation; braggadocio; as that is only bluff, or a bluff. 3. A game at cards; poker. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Bluff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bluffed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluffing.] 1. (Poker) To deter (an opponent) from taking the risk of betting on his hand of cards, as the bluffer does by betting heavily on his own hand although it may be of less value. [U. S.] 2. To frighten or deter from accomplishing a purpose by making a show of confidence in one’s strength or resources; as he bluffed me off. [Colloq.]

Bluff, v. i. To act as in the game of bluff.

Bluff´-bowed , a. (Naut.) Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

Bluff´er, n. One who bluffs.

Bluff´-head•ed , a. (Naut.) Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

Bluff´ness, n. The quality or state of being bluff.

Bluff´y , a. 1. Having bluffs, or bold, steep banks. 2. Inclined to bo bluff; brusque.

Blu´ing , n. 1. The act of rendering blue; as the bluing of steel. Tomlinson. 2. Something to give a bluish tint, as indigo, or preparations used by washerwomen.

Blu´ish , a. Somewhat blue; as bluish veins. ´Bluish mists.´ Dryden. — Blu´ish•ly, adv. — Blu´ish•ness, n.

Blun´der , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blundered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blundering.] [OE. blunderen, blondren, to stir, confuse, blunder; perh. allied to blend to mix, to confound by mixture.] 1. To make a gross error or mistake; as to blunder in writing or preparing a medical prescription. Swift. 2. To move in an awkward, clumsy manner; to flounder and stumble. “I was never distinguished for address, and have often even blundered in making my bow.
Goldsmith.” “Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place,
And blunders on, and staggers every pace.
Dryden.” To blunder on. (a) To continue blundering. (b) To find or reach as if by an accident involving more or less stupidity, — applied to something desirable; as to blunder on a useful discovery.

Blun´der, v. t. 1. To cause to blunder. [Obs.] ´To blunder an adversary.´ Ditton. 2. To do or treat in a blundering manner; to confuse. “He blunders and confounds all these together.
Stillingfleet.”

Blun´der, n. 1. Confusion; disturbance. [Obs.] 2. A gross error or mistake, resulting from carelessness, stupidity, or culpable ignorance. Syn. — Blunder, Error, Mistake, Bull. An error is a departure or deviation from that which is right or correct; as an error of the press; an error of judgment. A mistake is the interchange or taking of one thing for another, through haste, inadvertence, etc.; as a careless mistake. A blunder is a mistake or error of a gross kind. It supposes a person to flounder on in his course, from carelessness, ignorance, or stupidity. A bull is a verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas.

Blun´der•buss , n. [Either fr. blunder + D. bus tube, box, akin to G. büchse box, gun, E. box; or corrupted fr. D. donderbus (literally) thunder box, gun, musket.] 1. A short gun or firearm, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow.

Blun´der•er , n. One who is apt to blunder.

Blun´der•head , n. [Blunder + head.] A stupid, blundering fellow.

Blun´der•ing, a. Characterized by blunders.

Blun´der•ing•ly, adv. In a blundering manner.

Blunge , v. t. To amalgamate and blend; to beat up or mix in water, as clay.

Blun´ger , n. [Corrupted from plunger.] A wooden blade with a cross handle, used for miing the clay in potteries; a plunger. Tomlinson.

Blun´ging , n. The process of mixing clay in potteries with a blunger. Tomlinson.

Blunt , a. [Cf. Prov. G. bludde a dull or blunt knife, Dan. blunde to sleep, Sw. & Icel. blunda; or perh. akin to E. blind.] 1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument; dull; not sharp. “The murderous knife was dull and blunt.
Shak.” 2. Dull in understanding; slow of discernment; stupid; — opposed to acute. “His wits are not so blunt.
Shak.” 3. Abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious; wanting the forms of civility; rough in manners or speech. ´Hiding his bitter jests in blunt behavior.´ ´A plain, blunt man.´ Shak. 4. Hard to impress or penetrate. [R.] “I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions.
Pope.” Blunt is much used in composition, as blunt-edged, blunt-sighted, blunt-spoken. Syn. — Obtuse; dull; pointless; curt; short; coarse; rude; brusque; impolite; uncivil.

Blunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; to make blunt. Shak. 2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of the mind; to impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility, of; as to blunt the feelings.

Blunt, n. 1. A fencer’s foil. [Obs.] 2. A short needle with a strong point. See Needle. 3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield.

Blunt´ish, a. Somewhat blunt. — Blunt´ish•ness, n.

Blunt´ly, adv. In a blunt manner; coarsely; plainly; abruptly; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility. “Sometimes after bluntly giving his opinions, he would quietly lay himself asleep until the end of their deliberations.
Jeffrey.”

Blunt´ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullness; obtuseness; want of sharpness. “The multitude of elements and bluntness of angles.
Holland.” 2. Abruptness of address; rude plainness. ´Bluntness of speech.´ Boyle.

Blunt´-wit•ted , n. Dull; stupid. “Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanor!
Shak.”

Blur (blûr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurred (blûrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blurring.] [Prob. of same origin as blear. See Blear.] 1. To render obscure by making the form or outline of confused and uncertain, as by soiling; to smear; to make indistinct and confused; as to blur manuscript by handling it while damp; to blur the impression of a woodcut by an excess of ink. “But time hath nothing blurred those lines of favor
Which then he wore.
Shak.” 2. To cause imperfection of vision in; to dim; to darken. “Her eyes are blurred with the lightning’s glare.
J. R. Drake.” 3. To sully; to stain; to blemish, as reputation. “Sarcasms may eclipse thine own,
But can not blur my lost renown.
Hudibras.” Syn. — To spot; blot; disfigure; stain; sully.

Blur (blûr), n. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; a blot, as upon paper or other substance. “As for those who cleanse blurs with blotted fingers, they make it worse.
Fuller.” 2. A dim, confused appearance; indistinctness of vision; as to see things with a blur; it was all blur. 3. A moral stain or blot. “Lest she … will with her railing set a great blur on mine honesty and good name.
Udall.”

Blur´ry (blûr´ry), a. Full of blurs; blurred.

Blurt (blûrt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blurting.] [Cf. Blare.] To utter suddenly and unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately; to ejaculate; — commonly with out. “Others … can not hold, but blurt out, those words which afterward they are forced to eat.
Hakewill.” To blurt at, to speak contemptuously of. [Obs.] Shak.

Blush (blush) v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blushed (blusht); p. pr. & vb. n. Blushing.] [OE. bluschen to shine, look, turn red, AS. blyscan to glow; akin to blysa a torch, ablysian to blush, D. blozen, Dan. blusse to blaze, blush.] 1. To become suffused with red in the cheeks, as from a sense of shame, modesty, or confusion; to become red from such cause, as the cheeks or face. “To the nuptial bower
I led her blushing like the morn.
Milton.” “In the presence of the shameless and unblushing, the young offender is ashamed to blush.
Buckminster.” “He would stroke
The head of modest and ingenuous worth,
That blushed at its own praise.
Cowper.” 2. To grow red; to have a red or rosy color. “The sun of heaven, methought, was loth to set,
But stayed, and made the western welkin blush.
Shak.” 3. To have a warm and delicate color, as some roses and other flowers. “Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
T. Gray.”

Blush, v. t. 1. To suffuse with a blush; to redden; to make roseate. [Obs.] “To blush and beautify the cheek again.
Shak.” 2. To express or make known by blushing. “I’ll blush you thanks.
Shak.”

Blush, n. 1. A suffusion of the cheeks or face with red, as from a sense of shame, confusion, or modesty. “The rosy blush of love.
Trumbull.” 2. A red or reddish color; a rosy tint. “Light’s last blushes tinged the distant hills.
Lyttleton.” At first blush, or At the first blush, at the first appearance or view. ´At the first blush, we thought they had been ships come from France.´ Hakluyt. This phrase is used now more of ideas opinions, etc., than of material things. ´All purely identical propositions, obviously, and at first blush, appear,´ etc. Locke. — To put to the blush, to cause to blush with shame; to put to shame.

Blush´er (blush´er), n. One that blushes.

Blush´et (-et), n. A modest girl. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Blush´ful (-ful), a. Full of blushes. “While from his ardent look the turning Spring
Averts her blushful face.
Thomson.”

Blush´ing, a. Showing blushes; rosy red; having a warm and delicate color like some roses and other flowers; blooming; ruddy; roseate. “The dappled pink and blushing rose.
Prior.”

Blush´ing, n. The act of turning red; the appearance of a reddish color or flush upon the cheeks.

Blush´ing•ly, adv. In a blushing manner; with a blush or blushes; as to answer or confess blushingly.

Blush´less, a. Free from blushes; incapable of blushing; shameless; impudent. “Vice now, secure, her blushless front shall raise.
Dodsley.”

Blush´y , a. Like a blush; having the color of a blush; rosy. [R.] ´A blushy color.´ Harvey.

Blus´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blustered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blustering.] [Allied to blast.] 1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind; to be windy and boisterous, as the weather. “And ever-threatening storms
Of Chaos blustering round.
Milton.” 2. To talk with noisy violence; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person; to act in a noisy, tumultuous way; to play the bully; to storm; to rage. “Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants.
Burke.”

Blus´ter, v. t. To utter, or do, with noisy violence; to force by blustering; to bully. “He bloweth and blustereth out … his abominable blasphemy.
Sir T. More.” “As if therewith he meant to bluster all princes into a perfect obedience to his commands.
Fuller.”

Blus´ter, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm; violent winds; boisterousness. “To the winds they set
Their corners, when with bluster to confound
Sea, air, and shore.
Milton.” 2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk; noisy and boastful language. L’Estrange. Syn. — Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confusion; boasting; swaggering; bullying.

Blus´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, blusters; a noisy swaggerer.

Blus´ter•ing, a. 1. Exhibiting noisy violence, as the wind; stormy; tumultuous. “A tempest and a blustering day.
Shak.” 2. Uttering noisy threats; noisy and swaggering; boisterous. ´A blustering fellow.´ L’Estrange.

Blus´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a blustering manner.

Blus´ter•ous , a. Inclined to bluster; given to blustering; blustering. Motley.

Blus´trous , a. Blusterous. Shak.

Bo , interj. [Cf. W. bw, an interj. of threatening or frightening; n., terror, fear, dread.] An exclamation used to startle or frighten. [Spelt also boh and boo.]

Bo´a (bo´a), n.; pl. Boas. [L. boa a kind of water serpent. Perh. fr. bos an ox.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of large American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier boa of Peru (B. eques). The name is also applied to related genera; as the dog-headed boa (Xiphosoma caninum). 2. A long, round fur tippet; — so called from its resemblance in shape to the boa constrictor.

Bo´a con•strict´or . [NL. See Boa, and Constrictor.] (Zoöl.) A large and powerful serpent of tropical America, sometimes twenty or thirty feet long. See Illustration in Appendix. It has a succession of spots, alternately black and yellow, extending along the back. It kills its prey by constriction. The name is also loosely applied to other large serpents which crush their prey, particularly to those of the genus Python, found in Asia and Africa.

Bo•a•ner´ges . [Gr. , fr. Heb. bne hargem sons of thunder. — an appellation given by Christ to two of his disciples (James and John). See Mark iii. 17.] Any declamatory and vociferous preacher or orator.

Boar (bor), n. [OE. bar, bor, bore, AS. bar; akin to OHG. per, MHG. ber, G. bär, boar (but not bär bear), and perh. Russ. borov’ boar.] (Zoöl.) The uncastrated male of swine; specifically, the wild hog.

Board (bord), n. [OE. bord, AS. bord board, shipboard; akin to bred plank, Icel. borð board, side of a ship, Goth. fotu-baurd footstool, D. bord board, G. brett, bort. See def. 8. rad.92.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth as compared with the thickness, — used for building, etc. When sawed thick, as over one and a half or two inches, it is usually called a plank. 2. A table to put food upon. The term board answers to the modern table, but it was often movable, and placed on trestles. Halliwell. “Fruit of all kinds …
She gathers, tribute large, and on the board
Heaps with unsparing hand.
Milton.” 3. Hence: What is served on a table as food; stated meals; provision; entertainment; — usually as furnished for pay; as to work for one’s board; the price of board. 4. A table at which a council or court is held. Hence: A council, convened for business, or any authorized assembly or meeting, public or private; a number of persons appointed or elected to sit in council for the management or direction of some public or private business or trust; as the Board of Admiralty; a board of trade; a board of directors, trustees, commissioners, etc. “Both better acquainted with affairs than any other who sat then at that board.
Clarendon.” “We may judge from their letters to the board.
Porteus.” 5. A square or oblong piece of thin wood or other material used for some special purpose, as a molding board; a board or surface painted or arranged for a game; as a chessboard; a backgammon board. 6. Paper made thick and stiff like a board, for book covers, etc.; pasteboard; as to bind a book in boards. 7. pl. The stage in a theater; as to go upon the boards, to enter upon the theatrical profession. 8. [In this use originally perh. a different word meaning border, margin; cf. D. boord, G. bord, shipboard, and G. borte trimming; also F. bord (fr. G.) the side of a ship. Cf. Border.] The border or side of anything. (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship. ´Now board to board the rival vessels row.´ Dryden. See On board, below. (b) The stretch which a ship makes in one tack. Board is much used adjectively or as the last part of a compound; as fir board, clapboard, floor board, shipboard, sideboard, ironing board, chessboard, cardboard, pasteboard, seaboard; board measure. The American Board, a shortened form of ´The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions´ (the foreign missionary society of the American Congregational churches). — Bed and board. See under Bed. — Board and board (Naut.), side by side. — Board of control, six privy councilors formerly appointed to superintend the affairs of the British East Indies. Stormonth. — Board rule, a figured scale for finding without calculation the number of square feet in a board. Haldeman. — Board of trade, in England, a committee of the privy council appointed to superintend matters relating to trade. In the United States, a body of men appointed for the advancement and protection of their business interests; a chamber of commerce. — Board wages. (a) Food and lodging supplied as compensation for services; as to work hard, and get only board wages. (b) Money wages which are barely sufficient to buy food and lodging. (c) A separate or special allowance of wages for the procurement of food, or food and lodging. Dryden. — By the board, over the board, or side. ´The mast went by the board.´ Totten. Hence (Fig.), To go by the board, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow. — To enter on the boards, to have one’s name inscribed on a board or tablet in a college as a student. [Cambridge, England.] ´Having been entered on the boards of Trinity college.´ Hallam. — To make a good board (Naut.), to sail in a straight line when close-hauled; to lose little to leeward. — To make short boards, to tack frequently. — On board. (a) On shipboard; in a ship or a boat; on board of; as I came on board early; to be on board ship. (b) In or into a railway car or train. [Colloq. U. S.] — Returning board, a board empowered to canvass and make an official statement of the votes cast at an election. [U.S.]

Board, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boarding.] 1. To cover with boards or boarding; as to board a house. ´The boarded hovel.´ Cowper. 2. [Cf. Board to accost, and see Board, n.] To go on board of, or enter, as a ship, whether in a hostile or a friendly way. “You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to receive news or make a communication.
Totten.” 3. To enter, as a railway car. [Colloq. U. S.] 4. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation; to supply with daily meals. 5. To place at board, for compensation; as to board one’s horse at a livery stable.

Board , v. i. To obtain meals, or meals and lodgings, statedly for compensation; as he boards at the hotel. “We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in the same house.
Spectator.”

Board, v. t. [F. aborder. See Abord, v. t.] To approach; to accost; to address; hence, to woo. [Obs.] “I will board her, though she chide as loud
As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack.
Shak.”

Board´a•ble , a. That can be boarded, as a ship.

Board´er , n. 1. One who has food statedly at another’s table, or meals and lodgings in his house, for pay, or compensation of any kind. 2. (Naut.) One who boards a ship; one selected to board an enemy’s ship. Totten.

Board´ing, n. 1. (Naut.) The act of entering a ship, whether with a hostile or a friendly purpose. “Both slain at one time, as they attempted the boarding of a frigate.
Sir F. Drake.” 2. The act of covering with boards; also boards, collectively; or a covering made of boards. 3. The act of supplying, or the state of being supplied, with regular or specified meals, or with meals and lodgings, for pay. Boarding house, a house in which boarders are kept. — Boarding nettings (Naut.), a strong network of cords or ropes erected at the side of a ship to prevent an enemy from boarding it. — Boarding pike (Naut.), a pike used by sailors in boarding a vessel, or in repelling an attempt to board it. Totten. — Boarding school, a school in which pupils receive board and lodging as well as instruction.

Boar´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A Mediterranean fish (Capros aper), of the family Caproidae; — so called from the resemblance of the extended lips to a hog’s snout. (b) An Australian percoid fish (Histiopterus recurvirostris), valued as a food fish.

Boar´ish, a. Swinish; brutal; cruel. “In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.
Shak.”

Boast , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boasting.] [OE. bosten, boosten, v., bost, boost, n., noise, boasting; cf. G. bausen, bauschen, to swell, pusten, Dan. puste, Sw. pusta, to blow, Sw. pösa to swell; or W. bostio to boast, bost boast, Gael. bosd. But these last may be from English.] 1. To vaunt one’s self; to brag; to say or tell things which are intended to give others a high opinion of one’s self or of things belonging to one’s self; as to boast of one’s exploits courage, descent, wealth. “By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: . . not of works, lest any man should boast.
Eph. ii. 8, 9.” 2. To speak in exulting language of another; to glory; to exult. “In God we boast all the day long.
Ps. xliv. 8” Syn. — To brag; bluster; vapor; crow; talk big.

Boast, v. t. 1. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to self-commendation; to extol. “Lest bad men should boast
Their specious deeds.
Milton.” 2. To display vaingloriously. 3. To possess or have; as to boast a name. To boast one’s self, to speak with unbecoming confidence in, and approval of, one’s self; — followed by of and the thing to which the boasting relates. [Archaic] “Boast not thyself of to-morrow.
Prov. xxvii. 1”

Boast, v. t. [Of uncertain etymology.] 1. (Masonry) To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel. Weale. 2. (Sculp.) To shape roughly as a preparation for the finer work to follow; to cut to the general form required.

Boast, n. 1. Act of boasting; vaunting or bragging. “Reason and morals? and where live they most,
In Christian comfort, or in Stoic boast!
Byron.” 2. The cause of boasting; occasion of pride or exultation, — sometimes of laudable pride or exultation. “The boast of historians.
Macaulay.”

Boast´ance , n. Boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Boast´er , n. One who boasts; a braggart.

Boast´er, n. A stone mason’s broad-faced chisel.

Boast´ful , a. Given to, or full of, boasting; inclined to boast; vaunting; vainglorious; self- praising. — Boast´ful•ly, adv. — Boast´ful•ness, n.

Boast´ing, n. The act of glorying or vaunting; vainglorious speaking; ostentatious display. “When boasting ends, then dignity begins.
Young.”

Boast´ing•ly, adv. Boastfully; with boasting. ´He boastingly tells you.´ Burke.

Boast´ive , a. Presumptuous. [R.]

Boast´less, a. Without boasting or ostentation.

Boat , n. [OE. boot, bat, AS. bat; akin to Icel. batr, Sw. båt, Dan. baad, D. & G. boot. Cf. Bateau.] 1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by cars or paddles, but often by a sail. Different kinds of boats have different names; as canoe, yawl, wherry, pinnace, punt, etc. 2. Hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion; as pilot boat, packet boat, passage boat, advice boat, etc. The term is sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest class; as the Cunard boats. 3. A vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a boat in shape; as a stone boat; a gravy boat. Boat is much used either adjectively or in combination; as boat builder or boatbuilder; boat building or boatbuilding; boat hook or boathook; boathouse; boat keeper or boatkeeper; boat load; boat race; boat racing; boat rowing; boat song; boatlike; boat-shaped. Advice boat. See under Advice. — Boat hook (Naut.), an iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. Totten. — Boat rope, a rope for fastening a boat; — usually called a painter. — In the same boat, in the same situation or predicament. [Colloq.] F. W. Newman.

Boat (bot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boated; p. pr. & vb. n. Boating.] 1. To transport in a boat; as to boat goods. 2. To place in a boat; as to boat oars. To boat the oars. See under Oar.

Boat, v. i. To go or row in a boat. “I boated over, ran my craft aground.
Tennyson.”

Boat´a•ble , a. 1. Such as can be transported in a boat. 2. Navigable for boats, or small river craft. “The boatable waters of the Alleghany.
J. Morse.”

Boat´age , n. Conveyance by boat; also a charge for such conveyance.

Boat´bill , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A wading bird (Cancroma cochlearia) of the tropical parts of South America. Its bill is somewhat like a boat with the keel uppermost. 2. A perching bird of India, of the genus Eurylaimus.

Boat´ bug . (Zoöl.) An aquatic hemipterous insect of the genus Notonecta; — so called from swimming on its back, which gives it the appearance of a little boat. Called also boat fly, boat insect, boatman, and water boatman.

Boat´ful , n.; pl. Boatfuls. The quantity or amount that fills a boat.

Boat´house , n. A house for sheltering boats. “Half the latticed boathouse hides.
Wordsworth.”

Boat´ing, n. 1. The act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement; carriage in boats. 2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by laying them on the back in a covered boat, where they are left to perish.

Bo•a´tion , n. [L. boatus, fr. boare to roar.] A crying out; a roaring; a bellowing; reverberation. [Obs.] “The guns were heard … about a hundred Italian miles, in long boations.
Derham.”

Boat´man , n.; pl. Boatmen . 1. A man who manages a boat; a rower of a boat. “As late the boatman hies him home.
Percival.” 2. (Zoöl.) A boat bug. See Boat bug.

Boat´man•ship, n. The art of managing a boat.

Boat´-shaped , a. (Bot.) See Cymbiform.

Boat´ shell . (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gastropod of the genus Crepidula. The species are numerous. It is so named from its form and interior deck. (b) A marine univalve shell of the genus Cymba.

Boats´man , n. A boatman. [Archaic]

Boat´swain , n. [Boat + swain.] 1. (Naut.) An officer who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, cordage, etc., of a ship, and who also summons the crew, and performs other duties. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The jager gull. (b) The tropic bird. Boatswain’s mate, an assistant of the boatswain. Totten.

Boat´-tail , n. (Zoöl.) A large grackle or blackbird (Quiscalus major), found in the Southern United States.

Boat´wom•an , n.; pl. Boatwomen . A woman who manages a boat.

Bob , n. [An onomatopoetic word, expressing quick, jerky motion; OE. bob bunch, bobben to strike, mock, deceive. Cf. Prov. Eng. bob, n., a ball, an engine beam, bunch, blast, trick, taunt, scoff; as a v., to dance, to courtesy, to disappoint, OF. bober to mock.] 1. Anything that hangs so as to play loosely, or with a short abrupt motion, as at the end of a string; a pendant; as the bob at the end of a kite’s tail. “In jewels dressed and at each ear a bob.
Dryden.” 2. A knot of worms, or of rags, on a string, used in angling, as for eels; formerly, a worm suitable for bait. “Or yellow bobs, turned up before the plow,
Are chiefest baits, with cork and lead enow.
Lauson.” 3. A small piece of cork or light wood attached to a fishing line to show when a fish is biting; a float. 4. The ball or heavy part of a pendulum; also the ball or weight at the end of a plumb line. 5. A small wheel, made of leather, with rounded edges, used in polishing spoons, etc. 6. A short, jerking motion; act of bobbing; as a bob of the head. 7. (Steam Engine) A working beam. 8. A knot or short curl of hair; also a bob wig. “A plain brown bob he wore.
Shenstone.” 9. A peculiar mode of ringing changes on bells. 10. The refrain of a song. “To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song.
L’Estrange.” 11. A blow; a shake or jog; a rap, as with the fist. 12. A jeer or flout; a sharp jest or taunt; a trick. “He that a fool doth very wisely hit,
Doth very foolishly, although he smart,
Not to seem senseless of the bob.
Shak.” 13. A shilling. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bobbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bobbing.] [OE. bobben. See Bob, n.] 1. To cause to move in a short, jerking manner; to move (a thing) with a bob. ´He bobbed his head.´ W. Irving. 2. To strike with a quick, light blow; to tap. “If any man happened by long sitting to sleep … he was suddenly bobbed on the face by the servants.
Elyot.” 3. To cheat; to gain by fraud or cheating; to filch. “Gold and jewels that I bobbed from him.
Shak.” 4. To mock or delude; to cheat. “To play her pranks, and bob the fool,
The shrewish wife began.
Turbervile.” 5. To cut short; as to bob the hair, or a horse’s tail.

Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion; to play to and fro, or up and down; to play loosely against anything. ´Bobbing and courtesying.´ Thackeray. 2. To angle with a bob. See Bob, n., 2 & 3. “He ne’er had learned the art to bob
For anything but eels.
Saxe.” To bob at an apple, cherry, etc. to attempt to bite or seize with the mouth an apple, cherry, or other round fruit, while it is swinging from a string or floating in a tug of water.

Bo´bac , n. (Zoöl.) The Poland marmot (Arctomys bobac).

Bo•bance´ , n. [OF. bobance, F. bombance, boasting, pageantry, fr. L. bombus a humming, buzzing.] A boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bob´ber , n. One who, or that which, bobs.

Bob´ber•y , n. [Prob. an Anglo-Indian form of Hindi bap re O thou father! (a very disrespectful address).] A squabble; a tumult; a noisy disturbance; as to raise a bobbery. [Low] Halliwell.

Bob´bin , n. [F. bobine; of uncertain origin; cf. L. bombus a humming, from the noise it makes, or Ir. & Gael. baban tassel, or E. bob.] 1. A small pin, or cylinder, formerly of bone, now most commonly of wood, used in the making of pillow lace. Each thread is wound on a separate bobbin which hangs down holding the thread at a slight tension. 2. A spool or reel of various material and construction, with a head at one or both ends, and sometimes with a hole bored through its length by which it may be placed on a spindle or pivot. It is used to hold yarn or thread, as in spinning or warping machines, looms, sewing machines, etc. 3. The little rounded piece of wood, at the end of a latch string, which is pulled to raise the latch. 4. (Haberdashery) A fine cord or narrow braid. 5. (Elec.) A cylindrical or spool-shaped coil or insulated wire, usually containing a core of soft iron which becomes magnetic when the wire is traversed by an electrical current. Bobbin and fly frame, a roving machine. — Bobbin lace, lace made on a pillow with bobbins; pillow lace.

Bob•bi•net´ , n. [Bobbin + net.] A kind of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.] “The English machine-made net is now confined to point net, warp net, and bobbin net, so called from the peculiar construction of the machines by which they are produced.
Tomlinsom.”

Bob´bin•work , n. Work woven with bobbins.

Bob´bish , a. Hearty; in good spirits. [Low, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob´by , n. A nickname for a policeman; — from Sir Robert Peel, who remodeled the police force. See Peeler. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob´-cher•ry , n. A play among children, in which a cherry, hung so as to bob against the mouth, is to be caught with the teeth.

Bob´fly , n. (Fishing) The fly at the end of the leader; an end fly.

Bob´o•link , n. (Zoöl.) An American singing bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). The male is black and white; the female is brown; — called also ricebird, reedbird, and Boblincoln. “The happiest bird of our spring is the bobolink.
W. Irving.” { Bob´sled• , Bob´sleigh• } , n. A short sled, mostly used as one of a pair connected by a reach or coupling; also the compound sled so formed. [U. S.] “The long wagon body set on bobsleds.
W. D. Howells.”

Bob´stay , n. [Bob + stay.] (Naut.) A rope or chain to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem or cutwater; — usually in the pl.

Bob´tail , n. [Bob + tail.] An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail. Rag, tag, and bobtail, the rabble.

Bob´tail, a. Bobtailed. ´Bobtail cur.´ Marryat.

Bob´tailed , a. Having the tail cut short, or naturally short; curtailed; as a bobtailed horse or dog; a bobtailed coat.

Bob´white , n. (Zoöl.) The common quail of North America (Colinus, or Ortyx, Virginianus); — so called from its note.

Bob´ wig . A short wig with bobs or short curls; — called also bobtail wig. Spectator.

Bo´cal , n. [F.] A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.

Bo•car´do , n. [A mnemonic word.] 1. (Logic) A form of syllogism of which the first and third propositions are particular negatives, and the middle term a universal affirmative. “Baroko and Bocardo have been stumbling blocks to the logicians.
Bowen.” 2. A prison; — originally the name of the old north gate in Oxford, which was used as a prison. [Eng.] Latimer.

Boc´a•sine , n. [F. bocassin, boucassin.] A sort of fine buckram.

Boc´ca , n. [It., mouth.] The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out. Craig.

Boce (bos), n. [L. box, bocis, Gr. bo•ax, bw^x.] (Zoöl.) A European fish (Box vulgaris), having a compressed body and bright colors; — called also box, and bogue.

Bock´ beer . [G. bockbier; bock a buck + bier beer; — said to be so named from its tendency to cause the drinker to caper like a goat.] A strong beer, originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck beer.]

Bock´e•let , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of long-winged hawk; — called also bockerel, and bockeret. [Obs.]

Bock´ey , n. [D. bokaal.] A bowl or vessel made from a gourd. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

Bock´ing, n. A coarse woolen fabric, used for floor cloths, to cover carpets, etc.; — so called from the town of Bocking, in England, where it was first made.

Bock´land , n. See Bookland.

Bod´dice , n. See Bodick.

Bode , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boding.] [OE. bodien, AS. bodian to announce, tell from bod command; akin to Icel. boa to announce, Sw. båda to announce, portend. rad.89. See Bid.] To indicate by signs, as future events; to be the omen of; to portend to presage; to foreshow. “A raven that bodes nothing but mischief.
Goldsmith.” “Good onset bodes good end.
Spenser.”

Bode, v. i. To foreshow something; to augur. “Whatever now
The omen proved, it boded well to you.
Dryden.” Syn. — To forebode; foreshadow; augur; betoken.

Bode, n. 1. An omen; a foreshadowing. [Obs.] “The owl eke, that of death the bode bringeth.
Chaucer.” 2. A bid; an offer. [Obs. or Dial.] Sir W. Scott

Bode, n. [AS. boda; akin to OFries. boda, AS. bodo, OHG. boto. See Bode, v. t.] A messenger; a herald. Robertson.

Bode, n. [See Abide.] A stop; a halting; delay. [Obs.]

Bode, imp. & p. p. from Bide. Abode. “There that night they bode.
Tennyson.”

Bode, p. p. of Bid. Bid or bidden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bode´ful , a. Portentous; ominous. Carlyle.

Bode´ment , n. An omen; a prognostic. [Obs.] “This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl
Makes all these bodements.
Shak.”

Bodge , n. A botch; a patch. [Dial.] Whitlock.

Bodge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodged .] To botch; to mend clumsily; to patch. [Obs. or Dial.]

Bodge, v. i. See Budge.

Bo´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) A large food fish (Diagramma lineatum), native of the East Indies.

Bod´ice , n. [This is properly the plural of body, Oe. bodise a pair of bodies, equiv. to a bodice. Cf. Corset, and see Body.] 1. A kind of under waist stiffened with whalebone, etc., worn esp. by women; a corset; stays. 2. A close-fitting outer waist or vest forming the upper part of a woman’s dress, or a portion of it. “Her bodice half way she unlaced.
Prior.”

Bod´iced , a. Wearing a bodice. Thackeray.

Bod´ied , a. Having a body; — usually in composition; as able-bodied. “A doe … not altogether so fat, but very good flesh and good bodied.
Hakluyt.”

Bod´i•less , a. 1. Having no body. 2. Without material form; incorporeal. “Phantoms bodiless and vain.
Swift.”

Bod´i•li•ness , n. Corporeality. Minsheu.

Bod´i•ly , a. 1. Having a body or material form; physical; corporeal; consisting of matter. “You are a mere spirit, and have no knowledge of the bodily part of us.
Tatler.” 2. Of or pertaining to the body, in distinction from the mind. ´Bodily defects.´ L’Estrange. 3. Real; actual; put in execution. [Obs.] “Be brought to bodily act.
Shak.” Bodily fear, apprehension of physical injury. Syn. — See Corporal.

Bod´i•ly, adv. 1. Corporeally; in bodily form; united with a body or matter; in the body. “For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily.
Col. ii. 9” 2. In respect to, or so as to affect, the entire body or mass; entirely; all at once; completely; as to carry away bodily. ´Leapt bodily below.´ Lowell.

Bod´ing (bod´ing), a. Foreshowing; presaging; ominous. — Bod´ing•ly, adv.

Bod´ing, n. A prognostic; an omen; a foreboding.

Bod´kin (bod´kin), n. [OE. boydekyn dagger; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bidog hanger, short sword, Ir. bideog, Gael. biodag.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.] “When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin.
Shak.” 2. (Needlework) An implement of steel, bone, ivory, etc., with a sharp point, for making holes by piercing; a tiletto; an eyeleteer. 3. (Print.) A sharp tool, like an awl, used for picking ut letters from a column or page in making corrections. 4. A kind of needle with a large eye and a blunt point, for drawing tape, ribbon, etc., through a loop or a hem; a tape needle. “Wedged whole ages in a bodkin’s eye.
Pope.” 5. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair. To sit, ride, or travel bodkin, to sit closely wedged between two persons. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Bod´kin, n. See Baudekin. [Obs.] Shirley.

Bo´dle , n. A small Scotch coin worth about one sixth of an English penny. Sir W. Scott.

Bod´lei•an, a. Of or pertaining to Sir Thomas Bodley, or to the celebrated library at Oxford, founded by him in the sixteenth century.

Bo•dock´ , n. [Corrupt. fr. bois d’arc.] The Osage orange. [Southwestern U.S.]

Bod´rage , n. [Prob. of Celtic origin: cf. Bordrage.] A raid. [Obs.]

Bod´y , n.; pl. Bodies . [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. rad.257. Cf. Bodice.] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the physical person. “Absent in body, but present in spirit.
1 Cor. v. 3” “For of the soul the body form doth take.
For soul is form, and doth the body make.
Spenser.” 2. The trunk, or main part, of a person or animal, as distinguished from the limbs and head; the main, central, or principal part, as of a tree, army, country, etc. “Who set the body and the limbs
Of this great sport together?
Shak.” “The van of the king’s army was led by the general; … in the body was the king and the prince.
Clarendon.” “Rivers that run up into the body of Italy.
Addison.” 3. The real, as opposed to the symbolical; the substance, as opposed to the shadow. “Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ.
Col. ii. 17.” 4. A person; a human being; — frequently in composition; as anybody, nobody. “A dry, shrewd kind of a body.
W. Irving.” 5. A number of individuals spoken of collectively, usually as united by some common tie, or as organized for some purpose; a collective whole or totality; a corporation; as a legislative body; a clerical body. “A numerous body led unresistingly to the slaughter.
Prescott.” 6. A number of things or particulars embodied in a system; a general collection; as a great body of facts; a body of laws or of divinity. 7. Any mass or portion of matter; any substance distinct from others; as a metallic body; a moving body; an aëriform body. ´A body of cold air.´ Huxley. “By collision of two bodies, grind
The air attrite to fire.
Milton.” 8. Amount; quantity; extent. 9. That part of a garment covering the body, as distinguished from the parts covering the limbs. 10. The bed or box of a vehicle, on or in which the load is placed; as a wagon body; a cart body. 11. (Print.) The shank of a type, or the depth of the shank (by which the size is indicated); as a nonpareil face on an agate body. 12. (Geom.) A figure that has length, breadth, and thickness; any solid figure. 13. Consistency; thickness; substance; strength; as this color has body; wine of a good body. Colors bear a body when they are capable of being ground so fine, and of being mixed so entirely with oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color. After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat. — Body cavity (Anat.), the space between the walls of the body and the inclosed viscera; the caelum; — in mammals, divided by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities. — Body of a church, the nave. — Body cloth; pl. Body cloths, a cloth or blanket for covering horses. — Body clothes. (pl.) 1. Clothing for the body; esp. underclothing. 2. Body cloths for horses. [Obs.] Addison. — Body coat, a gentleman’s dress coat. — Body color (Paint.), a pigment that has consistency, thickness, or body, in distinction from a tint or wash. — Body of a law (Law), the main and operative part. — Body louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Pediculus vestimenti), which sometimes infests the human body and clothes. See Grayback. — Body plan (Shipbuilding), an end elevation, showing the conbour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length. — Body politic, the collective body of a nation or state as politically organized, or as exercising political functions; also a corporation. Wharton. “As to the persons who compose the body politic or associate themselves, they take collectively the name of ´people´, or ´nation´.
Bouvier.” — Body servant, a valet. — The bodies seven (Alchemy), the metals corresponding to the planets. [Obs.] “Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe (=call), Mars yren (=iron), Mercurie quicksilver we clepe, Saturnus lead, and Jupiter is tin, and Venus coper.
Chaucer.” — Body snatcher, one who secretly removes without right or authority a dead body from a grave, vault, etc.; a resurrectionist. — Body snatching (Law), the unauthorized removal of a dead body from the grave; usually for the purpose of dissection.

Bod´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bodying.] To furnish with, or as with, a body; to produce in definite shape; to embody. To body forth, to give from or shape to mentally. “Imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown.
Shak. ”

Bod´y•guard , n. 1. A guard to protect or defend the person; a lifeguard. 2. Retinue; attendance; following. Bp. Porteus.

Bœ•o´tian , a. [L. Boeotia, Gr. , noted for its moist, thick atmosphere, and the dullness and stupidity of its inhabitants.] Of or pertaining to Bœotia; hence, stupid; dull; obtuse. — n. A native of Bœotia; also one who is dull and ignorant.

Boer , n. [D., a farmer. See Boor.] A colonist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch descent.

Bo´es , 3d sing. pr. of Behove. Behoves or behooves. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bog , n. [Ir. & Gael. bog soft, tender, moist: cf. Ir. bogach bog, moor, marsh, Gael. bogan quagmire.] 1. A quagmire filled with decayed moss and other vegetable matter; wet spongy ground where a heavy body is apt to sink; a marsh; a morass. “Appalled with thoughts of bog, or caverned pit,
Of treacherous earth, subsiding where they tread.
R. Jago.” 2. A little elevated spot or clump of earth, roots, and grass, in a marsh or swamp. [Local, U. S.] Bog bean. See Buck bean. — Bog bumper (bump, to make a loud noise), Bog blitter, Bog bluiter, Bog jumper, the bittern. [Prov.] — Bog butter, a hydrocarbon of butterlike consistence found in the peat bogs of Ireland. — Bog earth (Min.), a soil composed for the most part of silex and partially decomposed vegetable fiber. P. Cyc. — Bog moss. (Bot.) Same as Sphagnum. — Bog myrtle (Bot.), the sweet gale. — Bog ore. (Min.) (a) An ore of iron found in boggy or swampy land; a variety of brown iron ore, or limonite. (b) Bog manganese, the hydrated peroxide of manganese. — Bog rush (Bot.), any rush growing in bogs; saw grass. — Bog spavin. See under Spavin.

Bog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bogged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bogging.] To sink, as into a bog; to submerge in a bog; to cause to sink and stick, as in mud and mire. “At another time, he was bogged up to the middle in the slough of Lochend.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bog´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), which grows in boggy places.

Bo´gey , n. A goblin; a bugbear. See Bogy.

Bog´gard , n. A bogey. [Local, Eng.]

Bog´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boggled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boggling .] [ See Bogle, n.] 1. To stop or hesitate as if suddenly frightened, or in doubt, or impeded by unforeseen difficulties; to take alarm; to exhibit hesitancy and indecision. “We start and boggle at every unusual appearance.
Glanvill.” “Boggling at nothing which serveth their purpose.
Barrow.” 2. To do anything awkwardly or unskillfully. 3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble. Howell. Syn. — To doubt; hesitate; shrink; stickle; demur.

Bog´gle, v. t. To embarrass with difficulties; to make a bungle or botch of. [Local, U. S.]

Bog´gler , n. One who boggles.

Bog´glish , a. Doubtful; skittish. [Obs.]

Bog´gy , a. Consisting of, or containing, a bog or bogs; of the nature of a bog; swampy; as boggy land.

Bo´gie , n. [A dialectic word. N. of Eng. & Scot.] A four-wheeled truck, having a certain amount of play around a vertical axis, used to support in part a locomotive on a railway track.

Bo´gle , n. [Scot. and North Eng. bogle, bogill, bugill, specter; as a verb, to terrify, fr. W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bwg, bwgan, specter, hobgoblin. Cf. Bug.] A goblin; a specter; a frightful phantom; a bogy; a bugbear. [Written also boggle.]

Bog´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) The American woodcock; — so called from its feeding among the bogs.

Bog´trot•ter , n. One who lives in a boggy country; — applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. Halliwell.

Bog´trot•ting , a. Living among bogs.

Bogue , v. i. (Naut.) To fall off from the wind; to edge away to leeward; — said only of inferior craft.

Bogue , n. (Zoöl.) The boce; — called also bogue bream. See Boce.

Bo´gus , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Spurious; fictitious; sham; — a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counterfeit. [Colloq. U. S.]

Bo´gus, n. A liquor made of rum and molasses. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Bog´wood , n. The wood of trees, esp. of oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shining black or ebony color, and is largely used for making ornaments.

Bo´gy , n.; pl. Bogies . [See Bogle.] A specter; a hobgoblin; a bugbear. ´Death’s heads and bogies.´ J. H. Newman. [Written also bogey.] “There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing bogy in the history of savages.
C. Kingsley.”

Bo•hea´ , n. [From Wu-i, pronounced by the Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is grown.] Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea. The name was formerly applied to superior kinds of black tea, or to black tea in general.

Bo•he´mi•a , n. 1. A country of central Europe. 2. Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3. “She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia.
Compton Reade.”

Bo•he´mi•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian, n., 2. 2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or ´Bohemian´ (see Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and easy. [Modern] “Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five and thirty.
Blackw. Mag.” “Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and customs nowadays.
W. Black.” Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zoöl.), a small bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the waxwing. — Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality, made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.

Bo•he´mi•an , n. 1. A native of Bohemia. 2. The language of the Czechs (the ancient inhabitants of Bohemia), the richest and most developed of the dialects of the Slavic family. 3. A restless vagabond; — originally, an idle stroller or gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from Bohemia; in later times often applied to an adventurer in art or literature, of irregular, unconventional habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern] In this sense from the French bohemien, a gypsy; also a person of irregular habits. “She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from father and mother, who were both Bohemians by taste and circumstances.
Thackeray.”

Bo•he´mi•an•ism , n. The characteristic conduct or methods of a Bohemian. [Modern]

Bo´hun u´pas . See Upas.

Bo•iar´ , n. See Boyar.

Boil (boil), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled (boild); p. pr. & vb. n. Boiling.] [OE. boilen, OF. boilir, builir, F. bouillir, fr. L. bullire to be in a bubbling motion, from bulla bubble; akin to Gr. , Lith. bumbuls. Cf. Bull an edict, Budge, v., and Ebullition.] 1. To be agitated, or tumultuously moved, as a liquid by the generation and rising of bubbles of steam (or vapor), or of currents produced by heating it to the boiling point; to be in a state of ebullition; as the water boils. 2. To be agitated like boiling water, by any other cause than heat; to bubble; to effervesce; as the boiling waves. “He maketh the deep to boil like a pot.
Job xii. 31.” 3. To pass from a liquid to an aëriform state or vapor when heated; as the water boils away. 4. To be moved or excited with passion; to be hot or fervid; as his blood boils with anger. “Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath.
Surrey.” 5. To be in boiling water, as in cooking; as the potatoes are boiling. To boil away, to vaporize; to evaporate or be evaporated by the action of heat. — To boil over, to run over the top of a vessel, as liquid when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence; to be excited with ardor or passion so as to lose self-control.

Boil, v. t. 1. To heat to the boiling point, or so as to cause ebullition; as to boil water. 2. To form, or separate, by boiling or evaporation; as to boil sugar or salt. 3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid so as to produce some specific effect, as cooking, cleansing, etc.; as to boil meat; to boil clothes. “The stomach cook is for the hall,
And boileth meate for them all.
Gower.” 4. To steep or soak in warm water. [Obs.] “To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense can not inform; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will sprout sooner.
Bacon.” To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling; as to boil down sap or sirup.

Boil, n. Act or state of boiling. [Colloq.]

Boil, n. [Influenced by boil, v. See Beal, Bile.] A hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which, on suppuration, discharges pus, mixed with blood, and discloses a small fibrous mass of dead tissue, called the core. A blind boil, one that suppurates imperfectly, or fails to come to a head. — Delhi boil (Med.), a peculiar affection of the skin, probably parasitic in origin, prevailing in India (as among the British troops) and especially at Delhi.

Boil´a•ry , n. See Boilery.

Boiled , a. Dressed or cooked by boiling; subjected to the action of a boiling liquid; as boiled meat; a boiled dinner; boiled clothes.

Boil´er , n. 1. One who boils. 2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled. The word boiler is a generic term covering a great variety of kettles, saucepans, clothes boilers, evaporators, coppers, retorts, etc. 3. (Mech.) A strong metallic vessel, usually of wrought iron plates riveted together, or a composite structure variously formed, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or for heating, cooking, or other purposes. The earliest steam boilers were usually spheres or sections of spheres, heated wholly from the outside. Watt used the wagon boiler (shaped like the top of a covered wagon) which is still used with low pressures. Most of the boilers in present use may be classified as plain cylinder boilers, flue boilers, sectional and tubular boilers. Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part containing the flues. — Boiler plate, Boiler iron, plate or rolled iron of about a quarter to a half inch in thickness, used for making boilers and tanks, for covering ships, etc. — Cylinder boiler, one which consists of a single iron cylinder. — Flue boilers are usually single shells containing a small number of large flues, through which the heat either passes from the fire or returns to the chimney, and sometimes containing a fire box inclosed by water. — Locomotive boiler, a boiler which contains an inclosed fire box and a large number of small flues leading to the chimney. — Multiflue boiler. Same as Tubular boiler, below. — Sectional boiler, a boiler composed of a number of sections, which are usually of small capacity and similar to, and connected with, each other. By multiplication of the sections a boiler of any desired capacity can be built up. — Tubular boiler, a boiler containing tubes which form flues, and are surrounded by the water contained in the boiler. See Illust. of Steam boiler, under Steam. — Tubulous boiler. See under Tubulous. See Tube, n., 6, and 1st Flue.

Boil´er•y (boil´er•y), n. [Cf. F. bouillerie.] A place and apparatus for boiling, as for evaporating brine in salt making.

Boil´ing, a. Heated to the point of bubbling; heaving with bubbles; in tumultuous agitation, as boiling liquid; surging; seething; swelling with heat, ardor, or passion. Boiling point, the temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the phenomena of ebullition. This is different for different liquids, and for the same liquid under different pressures. For water, at the level of the sea, barometer 30 in., it is 212 ° Fahrenheit; for alcohol, 172.96°; for ether, 94.8°; for mercury, about 675°. The boiling point of water is lowered one degree Fahrenheit for about 550 feet of ascent above the level of the sea. — Boiling spring, a spring which gives out very hot water, or water and steam, often ejecting it with much force; a geyser. — To be at the boiling point, to be very angry. — To keep the pot boiling, to keep going on actively, as in certain games. [Colloq.]

Boil´ing, n. 1. The act of ebullition or of tumultuous agitation. 2. Exposure to the action of a hot liquid.

Boil´ing•ly, adv. With boiling or ebullition. “And lakes of bitumen rise boiling higher.
Byron.”

Bois´ d’arc´ . [F., bow wood. So called because used for bows by the Western Indians.] (Bot.) The Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca). “The bois d’arc seems to be the characteristic growth of the black prairies.
U. S. Census (1880).”

Bois´ dur•ci´ . [F., hardened wood.] A hard, highly polishable composition, made of fine sawdust from hard wood (as rosewood) mixed with blood, and pressed.

Boist , n. [OF. boiste, F. boîte, from the same root as E. box.] A box. [Obs.]

Bois´ter•ous , a. [OE. boistous; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwyst wild, savage, wildness, ferocity, bwystus ferocious.] 1. Rough or rude; unbending; unyielding; strong; powerful. [Obs.] ´Boisterous sword.´ ´Boisterous hand.´ Shak. 2. Exhibiting tumultuous violence and fury; acting with noisy turbulence; violent; rough; stormy. “The waters swell before a boisterous storm.
Shak.” “The brute and boisterous force of violent men.
Milton.” 3. Noisy; rough; turbulent; as boisterous mirth; boisterous behavior. “I like not that loud, boisterous man.
Addison.” 4. Vehement; excessive. [R.] “The heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them.
Woodward.” Syn. — Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; turbulent; furious; tumultuous; noisy; impetuous; vehement.

Bois´ter•ous•ly, adv. In a boisterous manner.

Bois´ter•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being boisterous; turbulence; disorder; tumultuousness.

Bois´tous , a. Rough or rude; coarse; strong; violent; boisterous; noisy. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Bois´tous•ly, adv. — Bois´tous•ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bo•ja´nus or´gan . [From Bojanus, the discoverer.] (Zoöl.) A glandular organ of bivalve mollusca, serving in part as a kidney.

Bo´ka•dam , n. (Zoöl.) See Cerberus.

Boke, v. t. & i. To poke; to thrust. [Obs. or Dial.]

Bo´lar , a. [See Bole clay.] Of or pertaining to bole or clay; partaking of the nature and qualities of bole; clayey.

Bo´las , n. sing. & pl. [Sp.] A kind of missile weapon consisting of one, two, or more balls of stone, iron, or other material, attached to the ends of a leather cord; — used by the Gauchos of South America, and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal.

Bold (bold), a. [OE. bald, bold, AS. bald, beald; akin to Icel. ballr, OHG. bald, MHG. balt, D. boud, Goth. balþei boldness, It. baldo. In Ger. there remains only bald, adv. soon. Cf. Bawd, n.] 1. Forward to meet danger; venturesome; daring; not timorous or shrinking from risk; brave; courageous. “Throngs of knights and barons bold.
Milton.” 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of danger; planned with courage; daring; vigorous. ´The bold design leased highly.´ Milton. 3. In a bad sense, too forward; taking undue liberties; over assuming or confident; lacking proper modesty or restraint; rude; impudent. “Thou art too wild, too rude and bold of voice.
Shak.” 4. Somewhat overstepping usual bounds, or conventional rules, as in art, literature, etc.; taking liberties in composition or expression; as the figures of an author are bold. ´Bold tales.´ Waller. “The cathedral church is a very bold work.
Addison.” 5. Standing prominently out to view; markedly conspicuous; striking the eye; in high relief. “Shadows in painting … make the figure bolder.
Dryden.” 6. Steep; abrupt; prominent. “Where the bold cape its warning forehead rears.
Trumbull.” Bold eagle, (Zoöl.) an Australian eagle (Aquila audax), which destroys lambs and even the kangaroo. — To make bold, to take liberties or the liberty; to venture. Syn. — Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; valiant; manful; audacious; stouthearted; high-spirited; adventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent.

Bold , v. t. To make bold or daring. [Obs.] Shak.

Bold, v. i. To be or become bold. [Obs.]

Bold´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boldened . ] To make bold; to encourage; to embolden. “Ready speakers, being boldened with their present abilities to say more, … use less help of diligence and study.
Ascham.”

Bold´-faced , a. 1. Somewhat impudent; lacking modesty; as a bold-faced woman. “I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of this age.
Bramhall.” 2. (Print.) Having a conspicuous or heavy face. This line is bold-faced nonpareil.

Bold´ly, adv. [AS. bealdlice.] In a bold manner.

Bold´ness, n. The state or quality of being bold. Syn. — Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness; hardihood; assurance. { Bol´do , Bol´du } n. (Bot.) A fragrant evergreen shrub of Chili (Peumus Boldus). The bark is used in tanning, the wood for making charcoal, the leaves in medicine, and the drupes are eaten.

Bole , n. [OE. bole, fr. Icel. bolr; akin to Sw. bål, Dan. bul, trunk, stem of a tree, G. bohle a thick plank or board; cf. LG. boll round. Cf. Bulge.] The trunk or stem of a tree, or that which is like it. “Enormous elm-tree boles did stoop and lean.
Tennyson.”

Bole, n. [Etym. doubtful.] An aperture, with a wooden shutter, in the wall of a house, for giving, occasionally, air or light; also a small closet. [Scot.] “Open the bole wi’speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord Geraldin.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bole, n. A measure. See Boll, n., 2. Mortimer.

Bole, n. [Gr. a clod or lump of earth: cf. F. bol, and also L. bolus morsel. Cf. Bolus.] 1. Any one of several varieties of friable earthy clay, usually colored more or less strongly red by oxide of iron, and used to color and adulterate various substances. It was formerly used in medicine. It is composed essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, or more rarely of magnesia. See Clay, and Terra alba. 2. A bolus; a dose. Coleridge. Armenian bole. See under Armenian. — Bole Armoniac, or Armoniak, Armenian bole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bo•lec´tion , n. (Arch.) A projecting molding round a panel. Same as Bilection. Gwilt.

Bo•le´ro , n. [Sp.] (Mus.) A Spanish dance, or the lively music which accompanies it.

bolete n. any fungus of the family Boletaceae.
[WordNet 1.5]

Bo•let´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the Boletus. Boletic acid, an acid obtained from the Boletus fomentarius, variety pseudo-igniarius. Same as Fumaric acid.

Bo•le´tus , n. [L. boletus, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of fungi having the under side of the pileus or cap composed of a multitude of fine separate tubes. A few are edible, and others very poisonous. { Bo´ley , Bo´lye } , n. Same as Booly.

Bo´lide , n. [F. See Bolis.] A kind of bright meteor; a bolis.

Bo´lis, n. [L., fr. Gr. missile, arrow, fr. to throw.] A meteor or brilliant shooting star, followed by a train of light or sparks; esp. one which explodes.

Bo•liv´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Bolivia. — n. A native of Bolivia.

Boll , n. [OE. bolle boll, bowl, AS. bolla. See Bowl a vessel.] 1. The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax or cotton; a pericarp of a globular form. 2. A Scotch measure, formerly in use: for wheat and beans it contained four Winchester bushels; for oats, barley, and potatoes, six bushels. A boll of meal is 140 lbs. avoirdupois. also a measure for salt of two bushels. [Sometimes spelled bole.]

Boll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bolled .] To form a boll or seed vessel; to go to seed. “The barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.
Ex. ix. 31.”

Bol´land•ists , n. pl. The Jesuit editors of the ´Acta Sanctorum´, or Lives of the Saints; — named from John Bolland, who began the work.

Bol´lard , n. [Cf. Bole the stem of a tree, and Pollard.] An upright wooden or iron post in a boat or on a dock, used in veering or fastening ropes. Bollard timber (Naut.), a timber, also called a knighthead, rising just within the stem in a ship, on either side of the bowsprit, to secure its end.

Boll´en , a. See Boln, a.

Boll´ing , n. [Cf. Bole stem of a tree, and Poll, v. t.] A tree from which the branches have been cut; a pollard.

Boll´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a moth (Heliothis armigera) which devours the bolls or unripe pods of the cotton plant, often doing great damage to the crops.

Boln , v. i. [OE. bolnen, bollen; cf. Dan. bulne. Cf. Bulge.] To swell; to puff. Holland. { Boln , Boll´en } a. Swollen; puffed out. “Thin, and boln out like a sail.
B. Jonson.”

Bo•lo´gna , n. 1. A city of Italy which has given its name to various objects. 2. A Bologna sausage. Bologna sausage [It. salsiccia di Bologna], a large sausage made of bacon or ham, veal, and pork, chopped fine and inclosed in a skin. — Bologna stone (Min.), radiated barite, or barium sulphate, found in roundish masses composed of radiating fibers, first discovered near Bologna. It is phosphorescent when calcined. — Bologna vial, a vial of unannealed glass which will fly into pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping into it a fragment of flint; whereas a bullet may be dropped into it without injury.

Bo•lo•gnese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Bologna. — n. A native of Bologna. Bolognese school (Paint.), a school of painting founded by the Carracci, otherwise called the Lombard or Eclectic school, the object of which was to unite the excellences of the preceding schools.

Bo•lo´gnian , a. & n. Bolognese. Bolognian stone. See Bologna stone, under Bologna.

Bo•lom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a stroke, ray + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring minute quantities of radiant heat, especially in different parts of the spectrum; — called also actinic balance, thermic balance. S. P. Langley.

Bol´ster , n. [AS. bolster; akin to Icel. blstr, Sw. & Dan. bolster, OHG. bolstar, polstar, G. polster; from the same root as E. bole stem, bowl hollow vessel. Cf. Bulge, Poltroon.] 1. A long pillow or cushion, used to support the head of a person lying on a bed; — generally laid under the pillows. “And here I’ll fling the pillow, there the bolster,
This way the coverlet, another way the sheets.
Shak.” 2. A pad, quilt, or anything used to hinder pressure, support any part of the body, or make a bandage sit easy upon a wounded part; a compress. “This arm shall be a bolster for thy head.
Gay.” 3. Anything arranged to act as a support, as in various forms of mechanism, etc. 4. (Saddlery) A cushioned or a piece part of a saddle. 5. (Naut.) (a) A cushioned or a piece of soft wood covered with tarred canvas placed on the trestletrees and against the mast, for the collars of the shrouds to rest on, to prevent chafing. (b) Anything used to prevent chafing. 6. A plate of iron or a mass of wood under the end of a bridge girder, to keep the girder from resting directly on the abutment. 7. A transverse bar above the axle of a wagon, on which the bed or body rests. 8. The crossbeam forming the bearing piece of the body of a railway car; the central and principal cross beam of a car truck. 9. (Mech.) the perforated plate in a punching machine on which anything rests when being punched. 10. (Cutlery) (a) That part of a knife blade which abuts upon the end of the handle. (b) The metallic end of a pocketknife handle. G. Francis. 11. (Arch.) The rolls forming the ends or sides of the Ionic capital. G. Francis. 12. (Mil.) A block of wood on the carriage of a siege gun, upon which the breech of the gun rests when arranged for transportation. [See Illust. of Gun carriage.] Bolster work (Arch.), members which are bellied or curved outward like cushions, as in friezes of certain classical styles.

Bol´ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolstered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolstering.] 1. To support with a bolster or pillow. S. Sharp. 2. To support, hold up, or maintain with difficulty or unusual effort; — often with up. “To bolster baseness.
Drayton.” “Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.
Compton Reade.”

Bol´stered , a. 1. Supported; upheld. 2. Swelled out.

Bol´ster•er , n. A supporter.

Bolt , n. [AS. bolt; akin to Icel. bolti, Dan. bolt, D. bout, OHG. bolz, G. bolz, bolzen; of uncertain origin.] 1. A shaft or missile intended to be shot from a crossbow or catapult, esp. a short, stout, blunt-headed arrow; a quarrel; an arrow, or that which resembles an arrow; a dart. “Look that the crossbowmen lack not bolts.
Sir W. Scott.” “A fool’s bolt is soon shot.
Shak.” 2. Lightning; a thunderbolt. 3. A strong pin, of iron or other material, used to fasten or hold something in place, often having a head at one end and screw thread cut upon the other end. 4. A sliding catch, or fastening, as for a door or gate; the portion of a lock which is shot or withdrawn by the action of the key. 5. An iron to fasten the legs of a prisoner; a shackle; a fetter. [Obs.] “Away with him to prison!
lay bolts enough upon him.
Shak.” 6. A compact package or roll of cloth, as of canvas or silk, often containing about forty yards. 7. A bundle, as of oziers. Bolt auger, an auger of large size; an auger to make holes for the bolts used by shipwrights. — Bolt and nut, a metallic pin with a head formed upon one end, and a movable piece (the nut) screwed upon a thread cut upon the other end. See B, C, and D, in illust. above. See Tap bolt, Screw bolt, and Stud bolt.

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] 1. To shoot; to discharge or drive forth. 2. To utter precipitately; to blurt or throw out. “I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments.
Milton.” 3. To swallow without chewing; as to bolt food. 4. (U. S. Politics) To refuse to support, as a nomination made by a party to which one has belonged or by a caucus in which one has taken part. 5. (Sporting) To cause to start or spring forth; to dislodge, as conies, rabbits, etc. 6. To fasten or secure with, or as with, a bolt or bolts, as a door, a timber, fetters; to shackle; to restrain. “Let tenfold iron bolt my door.
Langhorn.” “Which shackles accidents and bolts up change.
Shak.”

Bolt (bolt; 110), v. i. 1. To start forth like a bolt or arrow; to spring abruptly; to come or go suddenly; to dart; as to bolt out of the room. “This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt, …
And oft out of a bush doth bolt.
Drayton.” 2. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt. “His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads.
Milton.” 3. To spring suddenly aside, or out of the regular path; as the horse bolted. 4. (U.S. Politics) To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or a caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party.

Bolt, adv. In the manner of a bolt; suddenly; straight; unbendingly. “[He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon.
Thackeray.” Bolt upright. (a) Perfectly upright; perpendicular; straight up; unbendingly erect. Addison. (b) On the back at full length. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bolt, n. [From Bolt, v. i.] 1. A sudden spring or start; a sudden spring aside; as the horse made a bolt. 2. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors. “This gentleman was so hopelessly involved that he contemplated a bolt to America — or anywhere.
Compton Reade.” 3. (U. S. Politics) A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one’s party.

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] [OE. bolten, boulten, OF. buleter, F. bluter, fr. Ll. buletare, buratare, cf. F. bure coarse woolen stuff; fr. L. burrus red. See Borrel, and cf. Bultel.] 1. To sift or separate the coarser from the finer particles of, as bran from flour, by means of a bolter; to separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means. “He now had bolted all the flour.
Spenser.” “Ill schooled in bolted language.
Shak.” 2. To separate, as if by sifting or bolting; — with out. “Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things.
L’Estrange.” 3. (Law) To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law. Jacob. To bolt to the bran, to examine thoroughly, so as to separate or discover everything important. Chaucer. “This bolts the matter fairly to the bran.
Harte.” “The report of the committee was examined and sifted and bolted to the bran.
Burke.”

Bolt, n. A sieve, esp. a long fine sieve used in milling for bolting flour and meal; a bolter. B. Jonson.

Bol´tel , n. See Boultel.

Bolt´er , n. One who bolts; esp.: (a) A horse which starts suddenly aside. (b) A man who breaks away from his party.

Bolt´er, n. 1. One who sifts flour or meal. 2. An instrument or machine for separating bran from flour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer; a sieve.

Bolt´er, n. A kind of fishing line. See Boulter.

Bolt´head , n. 1. (Chem.) A long, straight-necked, glass vessel for chemical distillations; — called also a matrass or receiver. 2. The head of a bolt.

Bolt´ing, n. A darting away; a starting off or aside.

Bolt´ing, n. 1. A sifting, as of flour or meal. 2. (Law) A private arguing of cases for practice by students, as in the Inns of Court. [Obs.] Bolting cloth, wire, hair, silk, or other sieve cloth of different degrees of fineness; — used by millers for sifting flour. McElrath. — Bolting hutch, a bin or tub for the bolted flour or meal; (fig.) a receptacle.

Bol´ton•ite , n. (Min.) A granular mineral of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, Massachusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium, belonging to the chrysolite family.

Bolt´rope , n. (Naut.) A rope stitched to the edges of a sail to strengthen the sail.

Bolt´sprit , n. [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.) See Bowsprit.

Bol´ty , n. (Zoöl.) An edible fish of the Nile (genus Chromis). [Written also bulti.]

Bo´lus , n.; pl. Boluses . [L. bolus bit, morsel; cf. G. lump of earth. See Bole, n., clay.] A rounded mass of anything, esp. a large pill.

Bom , n. (Zoöl.) A large American serpent, so called from the sound it makes.

Bomb , n. [F. bombe bombshell, fr. L. bombus a humming or buzzing noise, Gr. .] 1. A great noise; a hollow sound. [Obs.] “A pillar of iron … which if you had struck, would make … a great bomb in the chamber beneath.
Bacon.” 2. (Mil.) A shell; esp. a spherical shell, like those fired from mortars. See Shell. 3. A bomb ketch. Bomb chest (Mil.), a chest filled with bombs, or only with gunpowder, placed under ground, to cause destruction by its explosion. — Bomb ketch, Bomb vessel (Naut.), a small ketch or vessel, very strongly built, on which mortars are mounted to be used in naval bombardments; — called also mortar vessel. — Bomb lance, a lance or harpoon with an explosive head, used in whale fishing. — Volcanic bomb, a mass of lava of a spherical or pear shape. ´I noticed volcanic bombs.´ Darwin.

Bomb, v. t. To bombard. [Obs.] Prior.

Bomb, v. i. [Cf. Boom.] To sound; to boom; to make a humming or buzzing sound. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bom´bace , n. [OF.] Cotton; padding. [Obs.]

Bom´bard , n. [F. bombarde, LL. bombarda, fr. L. bombus + -ard. Cf. Bumper, and see Bomb.] 1. (Gun.) A piece of heavy ordnance formerly used for throwing stones and other ponderous missiles. It was the earliest kind of cannon. “They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the air, which, falling down into the city, might break down the houses.
Knolles.” 2. A bombardment. [Poetic & R.] J. Barlow. 3. A large drinking vessel or can, or a leather bottle, for carrying liquor or beer. [Obs.] “Yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor.
Shak.” 4. pl. Padded breeches. [Obs.] Bombard phrase, inflated language; bombast. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bom´bard , n. [OE. bombarde, fr. F. bombarde.] (Mus.) See Bombardo. [Obs.]

Bom•bard´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bombarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bombarding.] To attack with bombards or with artillery; especially, to throw shells, hot shot, etc., at or into. “Next, she means to bombard Naples.
Burke.” “His fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe.
Wood.”

Bom•bar•dier´ , n. [F. bombardier.] (Mil.) (a) One who used or managed a bombard; an artilleryman; a gunner. [Archaic] (b) A noncommissioned officer in the British artillery. Bombardier beetle (Zoöl.), a kind of beetle (Brachinus crepitans), so called because, when disturbed, it makes an explosive discharge of a pungent and acrid vapor from its anal glands. The name is applied to other related species, as the B. displosor, which can produce ten or twelve explosions successively. The common American species is B. fumans.

Bom´bard•man , n. One who carried liquor or beer in a can or bombard. [Obs.] “They … made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady.
B. Jonson.”

Bom•bard´ment , n. [F. bombardement.] An attack upon a fortress or fortified town, with shells, hot shot, rockets, etc.; the act of throwing bombs and shot into a town or fortified place. { Bom•bar´do , Bom•bar´don } n. [It. bombardo.] (Mus.) Originally, a deep-toned instrument of the oboe or bassoon family; thence, a bass reed stop on the organ. The name bombardon is now given to a brass instrument, the lowest of the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide. Grove.

Bom•ba•sine´ , n. Same as Bombazine.

Bom´bast (bom´bast or bum´bast; 277), n. [OF. bombace cotton, LL. bombax cotton, bombasium a doublet of cotton; hence, padding, wadding, fustian. See Bombazine.] 1. Originally, cotton, or cotton wool. [Obs.] “A candle with a wick of bombast.
Lupton.” 2. Cotton, or any soft, fibrous material, used as stuffing for garments; stuffing; padding. [Obs.] “How now, my sweet creature of bombast!
Shak.” “Doublets, stuffed with four, five, or six pounds of bombast at least.
Stubbes.” 3. Fig.: High-sounding words; an inflated style; language above the dignity of the occasion; fustian. “Yet noisy bombast carefully avoid.
Dryden.”

Bom´bast, a. High-sounding; inflated; big without meaning; magniloquent; bombastic. “[He] evades them with a bombast circumstance,
Horribly stuffed with epithets of war.
Shak.” “Nor a tall metaphor in bombast way.
Cowley.”

Bom•bast´ (bom•bast´ or bum•bast´), v. t. To swell or fill out; to pad; to inflate. [Obs.] “Not bombasted with words vain ticklish ears to feed.
Drayton.” { Bom•bas´tic (bom•bas´tik or bum•bas´tik), Bom•bas´tic•al } , a. Characterized by bombast; high-sounding; inflated. — Bom•bas´tic•al•ly, adv. “A theatrical, bombastic, windy phraseology.
Burke.” Syn. — Turgid; tumid; pompous; grandiloquent.

Bom´bast•ry , n. Swelling words without much meaning; bombastic language; fustian. “Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar highest of all.
Swift.”

Bom´bax , n. [LL., cotton. See Bombast, n.] (Bot.) A genus of trees, called also the silkcotton tree; also a tree of the genus Bombax. { Bom•ba•zet , Bom•ba•zette´ } , n. [Cf. Bombazine.] A sort of thin woolen cloth. It is of various colors, and may be plain or twilled.

Bom•ba•zine´ , n. [F. bombasin, LL. bombacinium, bambacinium, L. bombycinus silken, bombycinum a silk or cotton texture, fr. bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. . Cf. Bombast, Bombycinous.] A twilled fabric for dresses, of which the warp is silk, and the weft worsted. Black bombazine has been much used for mourning garments. [Sometimes spelt bombasin, and bombasine.] Tomlinson.

Bom´bic , a. [L. bombyx silk, silkworm: cf. F. bombique.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the silkworm; as bombic acid.

Bom´bi•late , v. i. [LL. bombilare, for L. bombitare. See Bomb, n.] To hum; to buzz. [R.]

Bom•bi•la´tion , n. A humming sound; a booming. “To … silence the bombilation of guns.
Sir T. Browne.”

Bom´bi•nate , v. i. To hum; to boom.

Bom•bi•na´tion , n. A humming or buzzing.

Bom´bo•lo , n.; pl. Bomboloes . [Cf. It bombola a pitcher.] A thin spheroidal glass retort or flask, used in the sublimation of camphor. [Written also bumbelo, and bumbolo.]

Bomb´proof , a. Secure against the explosive force of bombs. — n. A structure which heavy shot and shell will not penetrate.

Bomb´shell , n. A bomb. See Bomb, n.

Bom•by´cid , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Bombyx, or the family Bombycidae.

Bom•byc´i•nous , a. [L. bombycinus. See Bombazine.] 1. Silken; made of silk. [Obs.] Coles. 2. Being of the color of the silkworm; transparent with a yellow tint. E. Darwin.

Bom•byl´i•ous , a. [L. bombylius a bumblebee, Gr. .] Buzzing, like a bumblebee; as the bombylious noise of the horse fly. [Obs.] Derham.

Bom´byx (bom´biks), n. [L., silkworm. See Bombazine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of moths, which includes the silkworm moth. See Silkworm.

Bon , a. [F., fr. L. bonus.] Good; valid as security for something.

Bon-ac•cord´ , n. Good will; good fellowship; agreement. [Scot.]

Bo´na fi´de . [L.] In or with good faith; without fraud or deceit; real or really; actual or actually; genuine or genuinely; as you must proceed bona fide; a bona fide purchaser or transaction.

Bo•nair´ , a. [OE., also bonere, OF. bonnaire, Cotgr., abbrev. of debonnaire. See Debonair.] Gentle; courteous; complaisant; yielding. [Obs.]

Bo•nan´za , n. [Sp., prop. calm., fair weather, prosperity, fr. L. bonus good.] In mining, a rich mine or vein of silver or gold; hence, anything which is a mine of wealth or yields a large income. [Colloq. U. S.]

Bo•na•part´e•an , a. Of or pertaining to Napoleon Bonaparte or his family.

Bo´na•part•ism , n. The policy of Bonaparte or of the Bonapartes.

Bo´na•part•ist, n. One attached to the policy or family of Bonaparte, or of the Bonapartes.

Bo´na per•i•tu´ra . [L.] (Law) Perishable goods. Bouvier.

Bo´na ro´ba . [It., prop. ´good stuff.´] A showy wanton; a courtesan. Shak { Bo•na´sus , Bo•nas´sus } , n. [L. bonasus, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) The aurochs or European bison. See Aurochs.

Bon´bon , n. [F. bonbon, fr. bon bon very good, a superlative by reduplication, fr. bon good.] Sugar confectionery; a sugarplum; hence, any dainty.

Bonce , n. [Etymol. unknown.] A boy’s game played with large marbles.

Bon•chre•tien´ , n. [F., good Christian.] A name given to several kinds of pears. See Bartlett.

Bon´ci•late , n. [Empirical trade name.] A substance composed of ground bone, mineral matters, etc., hardened by pressure, and used for making billiard balls, boxes, etc.

Bond , n. [The same word as band. Cf. Band, Bend.] 1. That which binds, ties, fastens, or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle. “Gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder,
I gained my freedom.
Shak.” 2. pl. The state of being bound; imprisonment; captivity, restraint. ´This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds.´ Acts xxvi. 3. A binding force or influence; a cause of union; a uniting tie; as the bonds of fellowship. “A people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of mankind.
Burke.” 4. Moral or political duty or obligation. “I love your majesty
According to my bond, nor more nor less.
Shak.” 5. (Law) A writing under seal, by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully perform certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a time specified, the obligation shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the whole sum. Bouvier. Wharton. 6. An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) made by a government or a corporation for purpose of borrowing money; as a government, city, or railway bond. 7. The state of goods placed in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid; as merchandise in bond. 8. (Arch.) The union or tie of the several stones or bricks forming a wall. The bricks may be arranged for this purpose in several different ways, as in English or block bond (Fig. 1), where one course consists of bricks with their ends toward the face of the wall, called headers, and the next course of bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the wall, called stretchers; Flemish bond (Fig.2), where each course consists of headers and stretchers alternately, so laid as always to break joints; Cross bond, which differs from the English by the change of the second stretcher line so that its joints come in the middle of the first, and the same position of stretchers comes back every fifth line; Combined cross and English bond, where the inner part of the wall is laid in the one method, the outer in the other. 9. (Chem.) A unit of chemical attraction; as oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often represented in graphic formulae by a short line or dash. See Diagram of Benzene nucleus, and Valence. Arbitration bond. See under Arbitration. — Bond crediter (Law), a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. Blackstone. — Bond debt (Law), a debt contracted under the obligation of a bond. Burrows. — Bond (or lap of a slate, the distance between the top of one slate and the bottom or drip of the second slate above, i. e., the space which is covered with three thicknesses; also the distance between the nail of the under slate and the lower edge of the upper slate. — Bond timber, timber worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally. Syn. — Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment.

Bond (bond), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bonded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bonding.] 1. To place under the conditions of a bond; to mortgage; to secure the payment of the duties on (goods or merchandise) by giving a bond. 2. (Arch.) To dispose in building, as the materials of a wall, so as to secure solidity.

Bond, n. [OE. bond, bonde, peasant, serf, AS. bonda, bunda, husband, bouseholder, from Icel. bondi husbandman, for buandi, fr. bua to dwell. See Boor, Husband.] A vassal or serf; a slave. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bond, a. In a state of servitude or slavery; captive. “By one Spirit are we all baptized .. whether we be Jews or Bentiles, whether we be bond or free.
1 Cor. xii. 13.”

Bond´age , n. [LL. bondagium. See Bond, a.] 1. The state of being bound; condition of being under restraint; restraint of personal liberty by compulsion; involuntary servitude; slavery; captivity. “The King, when he designed you for my guard,
Resolved he would not make my bondage hard.
Dryden.” 2. Obligation; tie of duty. “He must resolve by no means to be … brought under the bondage of onserving oaths.
South.” 3. (Old Eng. Law) Villenage; tenure of land on condition of doing the meanest services for the owner. Syn. — Thralldom; bond service; imprisonment.

Bond´a•ger , n. A field worker, esp. a woman who works in the field. [Scot.]

Bon´dar , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small quadruped of Bengal (Paradoxurus bondar), allied to the genet; — called also musk cat.

Bond´ed , a. Placed under, or covered by, a bond, as for the payment of duties, or for conformity to certain regulations. Bonded goods, goods placed in a bonded warehouse; goods, for the duties on which bonds are given at the customhouse. — Bonded warehouse, a warehouse in which goods on which the duties are unpaid are stored under bond and in the joint custody of the importer, or his agent, and the customs officers.

Bond´er , n. 1. One who places goods under bond or in a bonded warehouse. 2. (Masonry) A bonding stone or brick; a bondstone.

Bond´er, n. [Norwegian bonde.] A freeholder on a small scale. [Norway] Emerson.

Bond´hold•er , n. A person who holds the bonds of a public or private corporation for the payment of money at a certain time.

Bond´maid , n. [Bond, a. or n. + maid.] A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as distinguished from a hired servant.

Bond´man , n.; pl. Bondmen . [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. ´To enfranchise bondmen.´ Macaulay. 2. (Old Eng. Law) A villain, or tenant in villenage.

Bond´ serv•ant . A slave; one who is bound to service without wages. “If thy brother … be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant: but as an hired servant.
Lev. xxv. 39, 40.”

Bond´ serv•ice . The condition of a bond servant; service without wages; slavery. “Their children … upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond service.
1 Kings ix. 21.”

Bond´slave , n. A person in a state of slavery; one whose person and liberty are subjected to the authority of a master.

Bonds´man , n.; pl. Bondsmen. [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A slave; a villain; a serf; a bondman. “Carnal, greedy people, without such a precept, would have no mercy upon their poor bondsmen.
Derham.” 2. (Law) A surety; one who is bound, or who gives security, for another.

Bond´stone , n. [Bond, n. + stone.] (Masonry) A stone running through a wall from one face to another, to bind it together; a binding stone.

Bonds´wom•an , n. See Bondwoman.

Bon´duc , n. [F. bonduc, fr. Ar. bunduq hazel nut, filbert nut.] (Bot.) See Nicker tree.

Bond´wom•an , n.; pl. Bondwomen . [Bond, a. or n. + woman.] A woman who is a slave, or in bondage. “He who was of the bondwoman.
Gal. iv. 23.”

Bone , n. [OE. bon, ban, AS. ban; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine; as blood and bone. Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute cavities containing living matter and connected by minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals through which blood vessels ramify. 2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton; as a rib or a thigh bone; a bone of the arm or leg; also any fragment of bony substance. (pl.) The frame or skeleton of the body. 3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving bone lace. 4. pl. Two or four pieces of bone held between the fingers and struck together to make a kind of music. 5. pl. Dice. 6. Whalebone; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel for a corset. 7. Fig.: The framework of anything. A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute. — A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to busy one’s self about; a dispute to be settled (with some one). — Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; — used for making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry. - - Bone black (Chem.), the black, carbonaceous substance into which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels; - - called also animal charcoal. It is used as a decolorizing material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc., and as a black pigment. See Ivory black, under Black. — Bone cave, a cave in which are found bones of extinct or recent animals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones of man. Am. Cyc. — Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones, used as a fertilizer. — Bone earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of calcium. — Bone lace, a lace made of linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins of bone. — Bone oil, an oil obtained by, heating bones (as in the manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for containing the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and their derivatives; — also called Dippel’s oil. — Bone setter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary. — Bone shark (Zoöl.), the basking shark. — Bone spavin. See under Spavin. — Bone turquoise, fossil bone or tooth of a delicate blue color, sometimes used as an imitation of true turquoise. — Bone whale (Zoöl.), a right whale. - - To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Obs.] — To make no bones, to make no scruple; not to hesitate. [Low] — To pick a bone with, to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over a bone; to settle a disagreement. [Colloq.]

Bone , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boning.] 1. To withdraw bones from the flesh of, as in cookery. ´To bone a turkey.´ Soyer. 2. To put whalebone into; as to bone stays. Ash. 3. To fertilize with bone. 4. To steal; to take possession of. [Slang]

Bone, v. t. [F. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to sight, fr. borgne one-eyed.] To sight along an object or set of objects, to see if it or they be level or in line, as in carpentry, masonry, and surveying. Knight. “Joiners, etc., bone their work with two straight edges. W.
M. Buchanan.”

Bone´ache , n. Pain in the bones. Shak.

Bone´black , n. See Bone black, under Bone, n.

Boned , a. 1. Having (such) bones; — used in composition; as big-boned; strong-boned. “No big-boned men framed of the Cyclops’ size.
Shak.” 2. Deprived of bones; as boned turkey or codfish. 3. Manured with bone; as boned land.

Bone´dog , n. (Zoöl.) The spiny dogfish.

Bone´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Ladyfish.

Bone´less, a. Without bones. ´Boneless gums.´ Shak.

Bone´set , n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant, the thoroughwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Its properties are diaphoretic and tonic.

Bone´set•ter , n. One who sets broken or dislocated bones; — commonly applied to one, not a regular surgeon, who makes an occupation of setting bones. — Bone´set•ting, n.

Bone´shaw , n. (Med.) Sciatica. [Obs.]

Bo•net´ta , n. See Bonito. Sir T. Herbert.

Bon´fire , n. [OE. bonefire, banefire, orig. a fire of bones; bone + fire; but cf. also Prov. E. bun a dry stalk.] A large fire built in the open air, as an expression of public joy and exultation, or for amusement. “Full soon by bonfire and by bell,
We learnt our liege was passing well.
Gay.”

Bon´grace , n. [F. bon good + grâce grace, charm.] A projecting bonnet or shade to protect the complexion; also a wide-brimmed hat. [Obs.]

Bon•ho•mie´ , Bon•hom•mie´ , n. [F.] good nature; pleasant and easy manner.

Bon´i•bell , n. See Bonnibel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bon´i•face , n. [From the sleek, jolly landlord in Farquhar’s comedy of ´The Beaux’ Stratagem.´] An innkeeper.

Bon´i•form , a. [L. bonus good + -form.] Sensitive or responsive to moral excellence. Dr. H. More.

Bon´i•fy , v. t. [L. bonus good + -fy: cf. F. bonifier.] To convert into, or make, good. “To bonify evils, or tincture them with good.
Cudworth.”

Bon´i•ness , n. The condition or quality of being bony.

Bon´ing, n. [Senses 1 and 2 fr. 1st Bone, sense 3 fr. 3d Bone.] 1. The clearing of bones from fish or meat. 2. The manuring of land with bones. 3. A method of leveling a line or surface by sighting along the tops of two or more straight edges, or a range of properly spaced poles. See 3d Bone, v. t.

Bon´i•ta•ry , a. Beneficial, as opposed to statutory or civil; as bonitary dominion of land.

Bo•ni´to , n.; pl. Bonitoes . [Sp. & Pg. bonito, fr. Ar. bainit and bainith.] [Often incorrectly written bonita.] (Zoöl.) 1. A large tropical fish (Orcynus pelamys) allied to the tunny. It is about three feet long, blue above, with four brown stripes on the sides. It is sometimes found on the American coast. 2. The skipjack (Sarda Mediterranea) of the Atlantic, an important and abundant food fish on the coast of the United States, and (S. Chilensis) of the Pacific, and other related species. They are large and active fishes, of a blue color with black oblique stripes. 3. The medregal (Seriola fasciata), an edible fish of the southern of the United States and the West Indies. 4. The cobia or crab eater (Elacate canada), an edible fish of the Middle and Southern United States.

Bon´mot , n.; pl. Bonsmots . [ F. bon good + mot word.] A witty repartee; a jest.

Bonne (bon), n. (F., prop. good woman.) A female servant charged with the care of a young child.

Bonne´ bouche´ ; pl. Bonnes bouches . [F. bon, fem. bonne, good + bouche mouth.] A delicious morsel or mouthful; a tidbit.

Bon´net (bon´net), n. [OE. bonet, OF. bonet, bonete. F. bonnet fr. LL. bonneta, bonetum; orig. the name of a stuff, and of unknown origin.] 1. A headdress for men and boys; a cap. [Obs.] Milton. Shak. 2. A soft, elastic, very durable cap, made of thick, seamless woolen stuff, and worn by men in Scotland. “And pis and bonnets waving high.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. A covering for the head, worn by women, usually protecting more or less the back and sides of the head, but no part of the forehead. The shape of the bonnet varies greatly at different times; formerly the front part projected, and spread outward, like the mouth of a funnel. 4. Anything resembling a bonnet in shape or use; as (a) (Fort.) A small defense work at a salient angle; or a part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part from enfilade fire. (b) A metallic canopy, or projection, over an opening, as a fireplace, or a cowl or hood to increase the draught of a chimney, etc. (c) A frame of wire netting over a locomotive chimney, to prevent escape of sparks. (d) A roofing over the cage of a mine, to protect its occupants from objects falling down the shaft. (e) In pumps, a metal covering for the openings in the valve chambers. 5. (Naut.) An additional piece of canvas laced to the foot of a jib or foresail in moderate winds. Hakluyt. 6. The second stomach of a ruminating animal. 7. An accomplice of a gambler, auctioneer, etc., who entices others to bet or to bid; a decoy. [Cant] Bonnet head (Zoöl.), a shark (Sphyrna tiburio) of the southern United States and West Indies. — Bonnet limpet (Zoöl.), a name given, from their shape, to various species of shells (family Calyptraeidae). — Bonnet monkey (Zoöl.), an East Indian monkey (Macacus sinicus), with a tuft of hair on its head; the munga. — Bonnet piece, a gold coin of the time of James V. of Scotland, the king’s head on which wears a bonnet. Sir W. Scott. — To have a bee in the bonnet. See under Bee. — Black bonnet. See under Black. — Blue bonnet. See in the Vocabulary.

Bon´net, v. i. To take off the bonnet or cap as a mark of respect; to uncover. [Obs.] Shak.

Bon´net•ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. ´Bonneted and shawled.´ Howitt. 2. (Fort.) Protected by a bonnet. See Bonnet, 4 (a).

Bon´net•less, a. Without a bonnet.

Bon´ni•bel , n. [F. bonne et belle, good and beautiful. Cf. Bellibone.] A handsome girl. [Obs.]

Bon´nie , a. [Scot.] See Bonny, a.

Bon´ni•lass , n. [Bonny + lass.] A ´bonny lass´; a beautiful girl. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bon´ni•ly, adv. Gayly; handsomely.

Bon´ni•ness, n. The quality of being bonny; gayety; handsomeness. [R.]

Bon´ny , a. [Spelled bonnie by the Scotch.] [OE. boni, prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good, fr. L. bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Bonus, Boon.] 1. Handsome; beautiful; pretty; attractively lively and graceful. “Till bonny Susan sped across the plain.
Gay.” “Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr.
Burns.” 2. Gay; merry; frolicsome; cheerful; blithe. “Be you blithe and bonny.
Shak.” “Report speaks you a bonny monk, that would hear the matichime ere he quitted his bowl.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bon´ny, n. (Mining) A round and compact bed of ore, or a distinct bed, not communicating with a vein.

Bon´ny•clab•ber , n. [Ir. bainne, baine, milk + clabar mud, mire.] Coagulated sour milk; loppered milk; curdled milk; — sometimes called simply clabber. B. Jonson.

Bon´ Si•lène´ . [F.] (Bot.) A very fragrant tea rose with petals of various shades of pink.

Bon´spiel , n. [Scot.; of uncertain origin.] A curing match between clubs. [Scot.]

Bon´te•bok , n. [D. bont a sort of skin or fur, prop. variegated + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) The pied antelope of South Africa (Alcelaphus pygarga). Its face and rump are white. Called also nunni.

Bon´ ton´ . [F., good tone, manner.] The height of the fashion; fashionable society.

Bo´nus , n.; pl. Bonuses . [L. bonus good. Cf. Bonny.] 1. (Law) A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company; as the bank paid a bonus for its charter. Bouvier. 2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint stock company, out of accumulated profits. 3. Money paid in addition to a stated compensation.

Bon´ vi•vant´ ; pl. Bons vivants . [F. bon good + vivant, p. pr. of vivre to live.] A good fellow; a jovial companion; a free liver.

Bon´y , a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones; full of bones; pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or prominent bones. Bony fish (Zoöl.), the menhaden. — Bony pike (Zoöl.), the gar pike (Lepidosteus).

Bon´ze (bon´ze; 277), n. [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan. bozu a Buddhist priest: cf. F. bonze.] A Buddhist or Fohist priest, monk, or nun. The name was given by the Portuguese to the priests of Japan, and has since been applied to the priests of China, Cochin China, and the neighboring countries.

Boo´by (boo´by), n.; pl. Boobies (-biz). [Sp. bobo dunce, idiot; cf. L. balbus stammering, E. barbarous.] 1. A dunce; a stupid fellow. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A swimming bird (Sula fiber or S. sula) related to the common gannet, and found in the West Indies, nesting on the bare rocks. It is so called on account of its apparent stupidity. The name is also sometimes applied to other species of gannets; as S. piscator, the red-footed booby. (b) A species of penguin of the antarctic seas. Booby hatch (Naut.), a kind of wooden hood over a hatch, readily removable. — Booby hut, a carriage body put upon sleigh runners. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. — Booby hutch, a clumsy covered carriage or seat, used in the eastern part of England. Forby. — Booby trap, a schoolboy’s practical joke, as a shower bath when a door is opened.

Boo´by (boo´by), a. Having the characteristics of a booby; stupid.

Boo´by•ish, a. Stupid; dull.

Boodh , n. Same as Buddha. Malcom.

Boodh´ism , n. Same as Buddhism.

Boodh´ist, n. Same as Buddhist.

Boo´dle , n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. The whole collection or lot; caboodle. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett. 2. Money given in payment for votes or political influence; bribe money; swag. [Polit. slang, U. S.]

Boo•hoe´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boohooed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boohooing.] [An imitative word.] To bawl; to cry loudly. [Low] Bartlett.

Boo´hoo , n. (Zoöl.) The sailfish; — called also woohoo.

Book (book), n. [OE. book, bok, AS. boc; akin to Goth. boka a letter, in pl. book, writing, Icel. bok, Sw. bok, Dan. bog, OS. bok, D. boek, OHG. puoh, G. buch; and fr. AS. boc, bece, beech; because the ancient Saxons and Germans in general wrote runes on pieces of beechen board. Cf. Beech.] 1. A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound together; commonly, many folded and bound sheets containing continuous printing or writing. When blank, it is called a blank book. When printed, the term often distinguishes a bound volume, or a volume of some size, from a pamphlet. It has been held that, under the copyright law, a book is not necessarily a volume made of many sheets bound together; it may be printed on a single sheet, as music or a diagram of patterns. Abbott. 2. A composition, written or printed; a treatise. “A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life.
Milton.” 3. A part or subdivision of a treatise or literary work; as the tenth book of ´Paradise Lost.´ 4. A volume or collection of sheets in which accounts are kept; a register of debts and credits, receipts and expenditures, etc. 5. Six tricks taken by one side, in the game of whist; in certain other games, two or more corresponding cards, forming a set. Book is used adjectively or as a part of many compounds; as book buyer, bookrack, book club, book lore, book sale, book trade, memorandum book, cashbook. Book account, an account or register of debt or credit in a book. — Book debt, a debt for items charged to the debtor by the creditor in his book of accounts. — Book learning, learning acquired from books, as distinguished from practical knowledge. ´Neither does it so much require book learning and scholarship, as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false.´ Burnet. — Book louse (Zoöl.), one of several species of minute, wingless insects injurious to books and papers. They belong to the Pseudoneuroptera. — Book moth (Zoöl.), the name of several species of moths, the larvae of which eat books. — Book oath, an oath made on The Book, or Bible. — The Book of Books, the Bible. — Book post, a system under which books, bulky manuscripts, etc., may be transmitted by mail. — Book scorpion (Zoöl.), one of the false scorpions (Chelifer cancroides) found among books and papers. It can run sidewise and backward, and feeds on small insects. — Book stall, a stand or stall, often in the open air, for retailing books. — Canonical books. See Canonical. — In one’s books, in one’s favor. ´I was so much in his books, that at his decease he left me his lamp.´ Addison. — To bring to book. (a) To compel to give an account. (b) To compare with an admitted authority. ´To bring it manifestly to book is impossible.´ M. Arnold. — To curse by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell. — To make a book (Horse Racing), to lay bets (recorded in a pocket book) against the success of every horse, so that the bookmaker wins on all the unsuccessful horses and loses only on the winning horse or horses. — To speak by the book, to speak with minute exactness. — Without book. (a) By memory. (b) Without authority.

Book, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Booking.] 1. To enter, write, or register in a book or list. “Let it be booked with the rest of this day’s deeds.
Shak.” 2. To enter the name of (any one) in a book for the purpose of securing a passage, conveyance, or seat; as to be booked for Southampton; to book a seat in a theater. 3. To mark out for; to destine or assign for; as he is booked for the valedictory. [Colloq.] “Here I am booked for three days more in Paris.
Charles Reade.”

Book´bind•er , n. One whose occupation is to bind books.

Book´bind•er•y , n. A bookbinder’s shop; a place or establishment for binding books.

Book´bind•ing, n. The art, process, or business of binding books.

Book´case , n. A case with shelves for holding books, esp. one with glazed doors.

Book´craft , n. Authorship; literary skill.

Booked , a. 1. Registered. 2. On the way; destined. [Colloq.]

Book´er , n. One who enters accounts or names, etc., in a book; a bookkeeper.

Book´ful , n. As much as will fill a book; a book full. Shak. — a. Filled with book learning. [R.] ´The bookful blockhead.´ Pope.

Book´hold•er , n. 1. A prompter at a theater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. A support for a book, holding it open, while one reads or copies from it.

Book´ing clerk . A clerk who registers passengers, baggage, etc., for conveyance, as by railway or steamship, or who sells passage tickets at a booking office.

Book´ing of•fice . 1. An office where passengers, baggage, etc., are registered for conveyance, as by railway or steamship. 2. An office where passage tickets are sold. [Eng.]

Book´ish, a. 1. Given to reading; fond of study; better acquainted with books than with men; learned from books. ´A bookish man.´ Addison. ´Bookish skill.´ Bp. Hall. 2. Characterized by a method of expression generally found in books; formal; labored; pedantic; as a bookish way of talking; bookish sentences. — Book´ish•ly, adv. — Book´ish•ness, n.

Book´keep•er , n. One who keeps accounts; one who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in an office.

Book´keep•ing, n. The art of recording pecuniary or business transactions in a regular and systematic manner, so as to show their relation to each other, and the state of the business in which they occur; the art of keeping accounts. The books commonly used are a daybook, cashbook, journal, and ledger. See Daybook, Cashbook, Journal, and Ledger. Bookkeeping by single entry, the method of keeping books by carrying the record of each transaction to the debit or credit of a single account. — Bookkeeping by double entry, a mode of bookkeeping in which two entries of every transaction are carried to the ledger, one to the Dr., or left hand, side of one account, and the other to the Cr., or right hand, side of a corresponding account, in order tha the one entry may check the other; — sometimes called, from the place of its origin, the Italian method. { Book´land• , Bock´land• } , n. [AS. bcland; bc book + land land.] (O. Eng. Law) Charter land held by deed under certain rents and free services, which differed in nothing from free socage lands. This species of tenure has given rise to the modern freeholds.

Book´-learned , a. Versed in books; having knowledge derived from books. [Often in a disparaging sense.] “Whate’er these book-learned blockheads say,
Solon’s the veriest fool in all the play.
Dryden.”

Book´less, a. Without books; unlearned. Shenstone.

Book´let , n. A little book. T. Arnold.

Book´mak•er , n. 1. One who writes and publishes books; especially, one who gathers his materials from other books; a compiler. 2. (Horse Racing) A betting man who ´makes a book.´ See To make a book, under Book, n.

Book´man , n.; pl. Bookmen . A studious man; a scholar. Shak.

Book´mark , n. Something placed in a book to guide in finding a particular page or passage; also a label in a book to designate the owner; a bookplate.

Book´mate , n. [Book + mate.] A schoolfellow; an associate in study.

Book´mon•ger , n. A dealer in books.

Book´ mus•lin . 1. A kind of muslin used for the covers of books. 2. A kind of thin white muslin for ladies’ dresses.

Book´plate , n. A label, placed upon or in a book, showing its ownership or its position in a library.

Book´sell•er , n. One who sells books.

Book´sell•ing , n. The employment of selling books.

Book´shelf , n.; pl. Bookshelves . A shelf to hold books.

Book´shop , n. A bookseller’s shop. [Eng.]

Book´stall , n. A stall or stand where books are sold.

Book´stand , n. 1. A place or stand for the sale of books in the streets; a bookstall. 2. A stand to hold books for reading or reference.

Book´store , n. A store where books are kept for sale; — called in England a bookseller’s shop.

Book´work , n. 1. Work done upon a book or books (as in a printing office), in distinction from newspaper or job work. 2. Study; application to books.

Book´worm , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any larva of a beetle or moth, which is injurious to books. Many species are known. 2. A student closely attached to books or addicted to study; a reader without appreciation. “I wanted but a black gown and a salary to be as mere a bookworm as any there.
Pope.”

Book´y , a. Bookish.

Boo´ly , n.; pl. Boolies . [Ir. buachail cowherd; bo cow + giolla boy.] A company of Irish herdsmen, or a single herdsman, wandering from place to place with flocks and herds, and living on their milk, like the Tartars; also a place in the mountain pastures inclosed for the shelter of cattle or their keepers. [Obs.] [Written also boley, bolye, bouillie.] Spenser.

Boom (boom), n. [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar. See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) A long pole or spar, run out for the purpose of extending the bottom of a particular sail; as the jib boom, the studding-sail boom, etc. 2. (Mech.) A long spar or beam, projecting from the mast of a derrick, from the outer end of which the body to be lifted is suspended. 3. A pole with a conspicuous top, set up to mark the channel in a river or harbor. [Obs.] 4. (Mil. & Naval) A strong chain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river or the mouth of a harbor, to obstruct navigation or passage. 5. (Lumbering) A line of connected floating timbers stretched across a river, or inclosing an area of water, to keep saw logs, etc., from floating away. Boom iron, one of the iron rings on the yards through which the studding-sail booms traverse. — The booms, that space on the upper deck of a ship between the foremast and mainmast, where the boats, spare spars, etc., are stowed. Totten.

Boom (boom), v. t. (Naut.) To extend, or push, with a boom or pole; as to boom out a sail; to boom off a boat.

Boom (boom), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boomed , p. pr. & vb. n. Booming.] [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. bommen to hum, D. bommen to drum, sound as an empty barrel, also W. bwmp a hollow sound; aderyn y bwmp, the bird of the hollow sound, i. e., the bittern. Cf. Bum, Bump, v. i., Bomb, v. i.] 1. To cry with a hollow note; to make a hollow sound, as the bittern, and some insects. “At eve the beetle boometh
Athwart the thicket lone.
Tennyson.” 2. To make a hollow sound, as of waves or cannon. “Alarm guns booming through the night air.
W. Irving.” 3. To rush with violence and noise, as a ship under a press of sail, before a free wind. “She comes booming down before it.
Totten.” 4. To have a rapid growth in market value or in popular favor; to go on rushingly.

Boom, n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon; also the hollow cry of the bittern; a booming. 2. A strong and extensive advance, with more or less noisy excitement; — applied colloquially or humorously to market prices, the demand for stocks or commodities and to political chances of aspirants to office; as a boom in the stock market; a boom in coffee. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom, v. t. To cause to advance rapidly in price; as to boom railroad or mining shares; to create a ´boom´ for; as to boom Mr. C. for senator. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom´das , n. [D. boom tree + das badger.] (Zoöl.) A small African hyracoid mammal (Dendrohyrax arboreus) resembling the daman.

Boom´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, booms. 2. (Zoöl.) A North American rodent, so named because it is said to make a booming noise. See Sewellel. 3. (Zoöl.) A large male kangaroo. 4. One who works up a ´boom´. [Slang, U. S.]

Boom´er•ang , n. A very singular missile weapon used by the natives of Australia and in some parts of India. It is usually a curved stick of hard wood, from twenty to thirty inches in length, from two to three inches wide, and half or three quarters of an inch thick. When thrown from the hand with a quick rotary motion, it describes very remarkable curves, according to the shape of the instrument and the manner of throwing it, often moving nearly horizontally a long distance, then curving upward to a considerable height, and finally taking a retrograde direction, so as to fall near the place from which it was thrown, or even far in the rear of it.

Boom´ing, a. 1. Rushing with violence; swelling with a hollow sound; making a hollow sound or note; roaring; resounding. “O’er the sea-beat ships the booming waters roar.
Falcone.” 2. Advancing or increasing amid noisy excitement; as booming prices; booming popularity. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom´ing, n. The act of producing a hollow or roaring sound; a violent rushing with heavy roar; as the booming of the sea; a deep, hollow sound; as the booming of bitterns. Howitt.

Boom´kin , n. (Naut.) Same as Bumkin.

Boo´mo•rah , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small West African chevrotain (Hyaemoschus aquaticus), resembling the musk deer.

Boom´slang•e , n. [D. boom tree + slang snake.] (Zoöl.) A large South African tree snake (Bucephalus Capensis). Although considered venomous by natives, it has no poison fangs.

Boon (boon), n. [OE. bone, boin, a petition, fr. Icel. bon; akin to Sw. & Dan. bän, AS. ben, and perh. to E. ban; but influenced by F. bon good, fr. L. bonus. rad.86. See 2d Ban, Bounty.] 1. A prayer or petition. [Obs.] “For which to God he made so many an idle boon.
Spenser.” 2. That which is asked or granted as a benefit or favor; a gift; a benefaction; a grant; a present. “Every good gift and every perfect boon is from above.
James i. 17 (Rev. Ver. ).”

Boon, a. [F. bon. See Boon, n.] 1. Good; prosperous; as boon voyage. [Obs.] 2. Kind; bountiful; benign. “Which … Nature boon
Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.
Milton.” 3. Gay; merry; jovial; convivial. “A boon companion, loving his bottle.
Arbuthnot.”

Boon, n. [Scot. boon, bune, been, Gael. & Ir. bunach coarse tow, fr. bun root, stubble.] The woody portion flax, which is separated from the fiber as refuse matter by retting, braking, and scutching.

Boor , n. [D. boer farmer, boor; akin to AS. gebr countryman, G. bauer; fr. the root of AS. ban to inhabit, and akin to E. bower, be. Cf. Neighbor, Boer, and Big to build.] 1. A husbandman; a peasant; a rustic; esp. a clownish or unrefined countryman. 2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant; esp. a Dutch colonist in South Africa, Guiana, etc.: a boer. 3. A rude ill-bred person; one who is clownish in manners.

Boor´ish, a. Like a boor; clownish; uncultured; unmannerly. — Boor´ish•ly, adv. — Boor´ish•ness, n. “Which is in truth a gross and boorish opinion.
Milton.”

Boort , n. See Bort.

Boose , n. [AS. bos, bosig; akin to Icel. bass, Sw. bås, Dan. baas, stall, G. banse, Goth. bansts barn, Skr. bhasas stall. rad.252.] A stall or a crib for an ox, cow, or other animal. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Boose , v. i. To drink excessively. See Booze.

Boos´er , n. A toper; a guzzler. See Boozer.

Boost (boost), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boosting.] [Cf. Boast, v. i.] To lift or push from behind (one who is endeavoring to climb); to push up; hence, to assist in overcoming obstacles, or in making advancement. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boost (boost), n. A push from behind, as to one who is endeavoring to climb; help. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boot (boot), n. [OE. bot, bote, advantage, amends, cure, AS. bot; akin to Icel. bot, Sw. bot, Dan. bod, Goth. bota, D. boete, G. busse; prop., a making good or better, from the root of E. better, adj. rad.255.] 1. Remedy; relief; amends; reparation; hence, one who brings relief. “He gaf the sike man his boote.
Chaucer.” “Thou art boot for many a bruise
And healest many a wound.
Sir W. Scott.” “Next her Son, our soul’s best boot.
Wordsworth.” 2. That which is given to make an exchange equal, or to make up for the deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged. “I’ll give you boot, I’ll give you three for one.
Shak.” 3. Profit; gain; advantage; use. [Obs.] “Then talk no more of flight, it is no boot.
Shak.” To boot, in addition; over and above; besides; as a compensation for the difference of value between things bartered. “Helen, to change, would give an eye to boot.
Shak.” “A man’s heaviness is refreshed long before he comes to drunkenness, for when he arrives thither he hath but changed his heaviness, and taken a crime to boot.
Jer. Taylor.”

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To profit; to advantage; to avail; — generally followed by it; as what boots it? “What booteth it to others that we wish them well, and do nothing for them?
Hooker.” “What subdued
To change like this a mind so far imbued
With scorn of man, it little boots to know.
Byron.” “What boots to us your victories?
Southey.” 2. To enrich; to benefit; to give in addition. [Obs.] “And I will boot thee with what gift beside
Thy modesty can beg.
Shak.”

Boot, n. [OE. bote, OF. bote, F. botte, LL. botta; of uncertain origin.] 1. A covering for the foot and lower part of the leg, ordinarily made of leather. 2. An instrument of torture for the leg, formerly used to extort confessions, particularly in Scotland. “So he was put to the torture, which in Scotland they call the boots; for they put a pair of iron boots close on the leg, and drive wedges between them and the leg.
Bp. Burnet.” 3. A place at the side of a coach, where attendants rode; also a low outside place before and behind the body of the coach. [Obs.] 4. A place for baggage at either end of an old- fashioned stagecoach. 5. An apron or cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for the driving seat of a vehicle, to protect from rain and mud. 6. (Plumbing) The metal casing and flange fitted about a pipe where it passes through a roof. Boot catcher, the person at an inn whose business it was to pull off boots and clean them. [Obs.] Swift. — Boot closer, one who, or that which, sews the uppers of boots. — Boot crimp, a frame or device used by bootmakers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. — Boot hook, a hook with a handle, used for pulling on boots. — Boots and saddles (Cavalry Tactics), the trumpet call which is the first signal for mounted drill. — Sly boots. See Slyboots, in the Vocabulary.

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To put boots on, esp. for riding. “Coated and booted for it.
B. Jonson.” 2. To punish by kicking with a booted foot. [U. S.]

Boot, v. i. To boot one’s self; to put on one’s boots.

Boot, n. Booty; spoil. [Obs. or R.] Shak.

Boot´black , n. One who blacks boots.

Boot´ed , a. 1. Wearing boots, especially boots with long tops, as for riding; as a booted squire. 2. (Zoöl.) Having an undivided, horny, bootlike covering; — said of the tarsus of some birds.

Boot•ee´ , n. A half boot or short boot.

Bo•ö´tes (bo•o´tez), n. [L. Bootes, Gr. bow•ths herdsman, fr. boy^s, gen. boo•s, ox, cow.] (Astron.) A northern constellation, containing the bright star Arcturus.

Booth (booth), n. [OE. bothe; cf. Icel. buð, Dan. & Sw. bod, MHG. buode, G. bude, baude; from the same root as AS. buan to dwell, E. boor, bower, be; cf. Bohem. bauda, Pol. buda, Russ. budka, Lith. buda, W. bwth, pl. bythod, Gael. buth, Ir. both.] 1. A house or shed built of boards, boughs, or other slight materials, for temporary occupation. Camden. 2. A covered stall or temporary structure in a fair or market, or at a polling place.

Boot´hale , v. t. & i. [Boot, for booty + hale.] To forage for booty; to plunder. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Boot´hose , n. 1. Stocking hose, or spatterdashes, in lieu of boots. Shak. 2. Hose made to be worn with boots, as by travelers on horseback. Sir W. Scott.

Booth´y , n. See Bothy.

Boot´i•kin , n. [Boot + - kin.] 1. A little boot, legging, or gaiter. 2. A covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for the gout. H. Walpole.

Boot´ing, n. Advantage; gain; gain by plunder; booty. [Obs.] Sir. J. Harrington.

Boot´ing, n. 1. A kind of torture. See Boot, n., 2. 2. A kicking, as with a booted foot. [U. S.]

Boot´jack , n. A device for pulling off boots.

Boot´less , a. [From Boot profit.] Unavailing; unprofitable; useless; without advantage or success. Chaucer. “I’ll follow him no more with bootless prayers.
Shak.” — Boot´less•ly, adv. — Boot´less•ness, n.

Boot´lick , n. A toady. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

Boot´mak•er , n. One who makes boots. — Boot´mak•ing, n.

Boots , n. A servant at a hotel or elsewhere, who cleans and blacks the boots and shoes.

Boot´top•ping , n. 1. (Naut.) The act or process of daubing a vessel’s bottom near the surface of the water with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin, as a temporary protection against worms, after the slime, shells, etc., have been scraped off. 2. (Naut.) Sheathing a vessel with planking over felt.

Boot´tree , n. [Boot + tree wood, timber.] An instrument to stretch and widen the leg of a boot, consisting of two pieces, together shaped like a leg, between which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven. “The pretty boots trimly stretched on boottrees.
Thackeray.”

Boo´ty , n. [Cf. Icel. bti exchange, barter, Sw. byte barter, booty, Dan. bytte; akin to D. buit booty, G. beute, and fr. Icel. byta, Sw. byta, Dan. bytte, to distribute, exchange. The Scandinavian word was influenced in English by boot profit.] That which is seized by violence or obtained by robbery, especially collective spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. Milton. To play booty, to play dishonestly, with an intent to lose; to allow one’s adversary to win at cards at first, in order to induce him to continue playing and victimize him afterwards. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Booze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boozing.] [D. buizen; akin to G. bausen, and perh. fr. D. buis tube, channel, bus box, jar.] To drink greedily or immoderately, esp. alcoholic liquor; to tipple. [Written also bouse, and boose.] Landor. “This is better than boozing in public houses.
H. R. Haweis.”

Booze, n. A carouse; a drinking. Sir W. Scott.

Booz´er , n. One who boozes; a toper; a guzzler of alcoholic liquors; a bouser.

Booz´y , a. A little intoxicated; fuddled; stupid with liquor; bousy. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley.

Bo•peep´ , n. [Bo + peep.] The act of looking out suddenly, as from behind a screen, so as to startle some one (as by children in play), or of looking out and drawing suddenly back, as if frightened. “I for sorrow sung,
That such a king should play bopeep,
And go the fools among.
Shak.”

Bor´a•ble , a. Capable of being bored. [R.]

Bo•rach´te , n. [Sp. borracha a leather bottle for wine, borracho drunk, fr. borra a lamb.] A large leather bottle for liquors, etc., made of the skin of a goat or other animal. Hence: A drunkard. [Obs.] “You’re an absolute borachio.
Congreve.”

Bo•rac´ic , a. [Cf. F. boracique. See Borax.] Pertaining to, or produced from, borax; containing boron; boric; as boracic acid.

Bo´ra•cite , n. (Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color occurring massive and in isometric crystals; in composition it is a magnesium borate with magnesium chloride.

Bo´ra•cous , a. (Chem.) Relating to, or obtained from, borax; containing borax.

Bor´age , n. [OE. borage (cf. F. bourrache, It. borraggine, borrace, LL. borago, borrago, LGr. ), fr. LL. borra, F. bourre, hair of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] (Bot.) A mucilaginous plant of the genus Borago (B. officinalis), which is used, esp. in France, as a demulcent and diaphoretic.

Bor´age•wort , n. Plant of the Borage family.

Bo•rag•i•na´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants (Boraginaceae) which includes the borage, heliotrope, beggar’s lice, and many pestiferous plants.

Bor•a•gin´e•ous , a. (Bot.) Relating to the Borage tribe; boraginaceous.

Bor´a•mez , n. See Barometz.

Bo´rate , n. [From Boric.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical.

Bo´rax , n. [OE. boras, fr. F. borax, earlier spelt borras; cf. LL. borax, Sp. borraj; all fr. Ar. brag, fr. Pers. brah.] A white or gray crystalline salt, with a slight alkaline taste, used as a flux, in soldering metals, making enamels, fixing colors on porcelain, and as a soap. It occurs native in certain mineral springs, and is made from the boric acid of hot springs in Tuscany. It was originally obtained from a lake in Thibet, and was sent to Europe under the name of tincal. Borax is a pyroborate or tetraborate of sodium, Na2B4O7.10H2O. Borax bead. (Chem.) See Bead, n., 3.

Bor´bo•rygm , n. [F. borborygme, fr. Gr. , fr. to rumble in the bowels.] (Med.) A rumbling or gurgling noise produced by wind in the bowels. Dunglison.

Bord , n. [See Board, n.] 1. A board; a table. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Mining) The face of coal parallel to the natural fissures.

Bord , n. See Bourd. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bord´age , n. [LL. bordagium.] The base or servile tenure by which a bordar held his cottage.

Bord´ar , n. [LL. bordarius, fr. borda a cottage; of uncertain origin.] A villein who rendered menial service for his cottage; a cottier. “The cottar, the bordar, and the laborer were bound to aid in the work of the home farm.
J. R. Green.”

Bor•deaux´ , a. Pertaining to Bordeaux in the south of France. — n. A claret wine from Bordeaux. { Bor´del , Bor•del´lo } n. [F. bordel, orig. a little hut, OF. borde hut, cabin, of German origin, and akin to E. board, n. See Board, n.] A brothel; a bawdyhouse; a house devoted to prostitution. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bor•de•lais´ , a. [F.] Of or pertaining to Bordeaux, in France, or to the district around Bordeaux.

Bor´del•ler , n. A keeper or a frequenter of a brothel. [Obs.] Gower.

Bor´der , n. [OE. bordure, F. bordure, fr. border to border, fr. bord a border; of German origin; cf. MHG. borte border, trimming, G. borte trimming, ribbon; akin to E. board in sense 8. See Board, n., and cf. Bordure.] 1. The outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden, etc.; margin; verge; brink. “Upon the borders of these solitudes.
Bentham.” “In the borders of death.
Barrow.” 2. A boundary; a frontier of a state or of the settled part of a country; a frontier district. 3. A strip or stripe arranged along or near the edge of something, as an ornament or finish. 4. A narrow flower bed. Border land, land on the frontiers of two adjoining countries; debatable land; — often used figuratively; as the border land of science. — The Border, The Borders, specifically, the frontier districts of Scotland and England which lie adjacent. — Over the border, across the boundary line or frontier. Syn. — Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary; confine.

Bor´der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bordered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bordering.] 1. To touch at the edge or boundary; to be contiguous or adjacent; — with on or upon as Connecticut borders on Massachusetts. 2. To approach; to come near to; to verge. “Wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded as folly.
Abp. Tillotson.”

Bor´der, v. t. 1. To make a border for; to furnish with a border, as for ornament; as to border a garment or a garden. 2. To be, or to have, contiguous to; to touch, or be touched, as by a border; to be, or to have, near the limits or boundary; as the region borders a forest, or is bordered on the north by a forest. “The country is bordered by a broad tract called the ´hot region.´
Prescott.” “Shebah and Raamah … border the sea called the Persian gulf.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 3. To confine within bounds; to limit. [Obs.] “That nature, which contemns its origin,
Can not be bordered certain in itself.
Shak.”

Bor´der•er , n. One who dwells on a border, or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract of land; one who dwells near to a place or region. “Borderers of the Caspian.
Dyer.”

Bord´land , n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + land.] (O. Eng. Law) Either land held by a bordar, or the land which a lord kept for the maintenance of his board, or table. Spelman.

Bord´lode , n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + lode leading.] (O. Eng. Law) The service formerly required of a tenant, to carry timber from the woods to the lord’s house. Bailey. Mozley & W.

Bord´man , n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + man.] A bordar; a tenant in bordage. { Bord´rag , Bord´ra•ging } n. [Perh. from OE. bord, for border + raging. Cf. Bodrage.] An incursion upon the borders of a country; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bord´ serv•ice . [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + service.] (O. Eng. Law) Service due from a bordar; bordage.

Bor´dure , n. [F. bordure. See Border, n.] (Her.) A border one fifth the width of the shield, surrounding the field. It is usually plain, but may be charged.

Bore , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bored ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boring.] [OE. borien, AS. borian; akin to Icel. bora, Dan. bore, D. boren, OHG. porn, G. bohren, L. forare, Gr. to plow, Zend bar. rad.91.] 1. To perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning an auger, gimlet, drill, or other instrument; to make a round hole in or through; to pierce; as to bore a plank. “I’ll believe as soon this whole earth may be bored.
Shak.” 2. To form or enlarge by means of a boring instrument or apparatus; as to bore a steam cylinder or a gun barrel; to bore a hole. “Short but very powerful jaws, by means whereof the insect can bore, as with a centerbit, a cylindrical passage through the most solid wood.
T. W. Harris.” 3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort, as in boring; as to bore one’s way through a crowd; to force a narrow and difficult passage through. ´What bustling crowds I bored.´ Gay. 4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness; to tire; to trouble; to vex; to annoy; to pester. “He bores me with some trick.
Shak.” “Used to come and bore me at rare intervals.
Carlyle.” 5. To befool; to trick. [Obs.] “I am abused, betrayed; I am laughed at, scorned,
Baffled and bored, it seems.
Beau. & Fl.”

Bore, v. i. 1. To make a hole or perforation with, or as with, a boring instrument; to cut a circular hole by the rotary motion of a tool; as to bore for water or oil (i. e., to sink a well by boring for water or oil); to bore with a gimlet; to bore into a tree (as insects). 2. To be pierced or penetrated by an instrument that cuts as it turns; as this timber does not bore well, or is hard to bore. 3. To push forward in a certain direction with laborious effort. “They take their flight … boring to the west.
Dryden.” 4. (Man.) To shoot out the nose or toss it in the air; — said of a horse. Crabb.

Bore (bor), n. 1. A hole made by boring; a perforation. 2. The internal cylindrical cavity of a gun, cannon, pistol, or other firearm, or of a pipe or tube. “The bores of wind instruments.
Bacon.” “Love’s counselor should fill the bores of hearing.
Shak.” 3. The size of a hole; the interior diameter of a tube or gun barrel; the caliber. 4. A tool for making a hole by boring, as an auger. 5. Caliber; importance. [Obs.] “Yet are they much too light for the bore of the matter.
Shak.” 6. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity or dullness; a tiresome person or affair; any person or thing which causes ennui. “It is as great a bore as to hear a poet read his own verses.
Hawthorne.”

Bore, n. [Icel. bara wave: cf. G. empor upwards, OHG. bor height, burren to lift, perh. allied to AS. beran, E. 1st bear. rad.92.] (Physical Geog.) (a) A tidal flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of peculiar configuration or location, in one or more waves which present a very abrupt front of considerable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in India, and the Tsien- tang, in China. (b) Less properly, a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt, such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in the British Channel.

Bore, imp. of 1st & 2d Bear.

Bo´re•al , a. [L. borealis: cf. F. boreal. See Boreas.] Northern; pertaining to the north, or to the north wind; as a boreal bird; a boreal blast. “So from their own clear north in radiant streams,
Bright over Europe bursts the boreal morn.
Thomson.”

Bo´re•as , n. [L. boreas, Gr. .] The north wind; — usually a personification.

Bore´cole , n. [Cf. D. boerenkool (lit.) husbandman’s cabbage.] A brassicaceous plant of many varieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and are generally curled or wrinkled; kale.

Bore´dom , n. 1. The state of being bored, or pestered; a state of ennui. Dickens. 2. The realm of bores; bores, collectively.

Bo•ree´ , n. Same as Bourree. [Obs.] Swift.

Bor´el , n. See Borrel.

Bor´e•le , n. (Zoöl.) The smaller two-horned rhinoceros of South Africa (Atelodus bicornis).

Bor´er , n. 1. One that bores; an instrument for boring. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine, bivalve mollusk, of the genus Teredo and allies, which burrows in wood. See Teredo. (b) Any bivalve mollusk (Saxicava, Lithodomus, etc.) which bores into limestone and similar substances. (c) One of the larvae of many species of insects, which penetrate trees, as the apple, peach, pine, etc. See Apple borer, under Apple. (d) The hagfish (Myxine).

Bo´ric , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, boron. Boric acid, a white crystalline substance B(OH)3, easily obtained from its salts, and occurring in solution in the hot lagoons of Tuscany.

Bo´ride , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of boron with a more positive or basic element or radical; — formerly called boruret.

Bor´ing , n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks. “One of the most important applications of boring is in the formation of artesian wells.
Tomlinson.” 2. A hole made by boring. 3. pl. The chips or fragments made by boring. Boring bar, a revolving or stationary bar, carrying one or more cutting tools for dressing round holes. — Boring tool (Metal Working), a cutting tool placed in a cutter head to dress round holes. Knight.

Born (bôrn), p. p. & a. [See Bear, v. t.] 1. Brought forth, as an animal; brought into life; introduced by birth. “No one could be born into slavery in Mexico.
Prescott.” 2. Having from birth a certain character; by or from birth; by nature; innate; as a born liar. ´A born matchmaker.´ W. D. Howells. Born again (Theol.), regenerated; renewed; having received spiritual life. ´Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God.´ John iii. 3. — Born days, days since one was born; lifetime. [Colloq.]

Borne (born), p. p. of Bear. Carried; conveyed; supported; defrayed. See Bear, v. t.

Bor´ne•ol , n. [Borneo + - ol.] (Chem.) A rare variety of camphor, C10H17.OH, resembling ordinary camphor, from which it can be produced by reduction. It is said to occur in the camphor tree of Borneo and Sumatra (Dryobalanops camphora), but the natural borneol is rarely found in European or American commerce, being in great request by the Chinese. Called also Borneo camphor, Malay camphor, and camphol.

Bor´nite , n. [Named after Von Born, a mineralogist.] (Min.) A valuable ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur; — also called purple copper ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown upon the slightly tarnished surface.

Bo•ro•flu´or•ide , n. [Boron + fluoride.] (Chem.) A double fluoride of boron and hydrogen, or some other positive element, or radical; — called also fluoboride, and formerly fluoborate.

Bo´ro•glyc´er•ide , n. [Boron + glyceride.] (Chem.) A compound of boric acid and glycerin, used as an antiseptic.

Bo´ron (bo´ron), n. [See Borax.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be obtained in several different forms; viz., as a substance of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in colorless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hardness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals. Atomic weight 10.9. Symbol B.

Bo´ro•sil´i•cate , n. [Boron + silicate.] (Chem.) A double salt of boric and silicic acids, as in the natural minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc.

Bor´ough , n. [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. baúrgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or perh. from that of AS. beorg hill, mountain. rad.95. See Bury, v. t., and cf. Burrow, Burg, Bury, n., Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow, Harbor, Hauberk.] 1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine. 2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as the borough voted to lay a tax. Close borough, or Pocket borough, a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person. — Rotten borough, a name given to any borough which, at the time of the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to Parliament.

Bor´ough, n. [See Borrow.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins.

Bor´ough-Eng´lish , n. (Eng. Law) A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother. Blackstone.

Bor´ough•head , n. See Headborough. [Obs.]

Bor´ough•hold´er , n. A headborough; a borsholder.

Bor´ough•mas´ter , n. [Cf. Burgomaster.] The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough.

Bor´ough•mon´ger , n. One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs. { Bor´ough•mon´ger•ing , Bor´ough•mon´ger•y } , n. The practices of a boroughmonger.

Bor•rach´o , n. See Borachio. [Obs.]

Bor´rage , n., Bor•rag•i•na´ceous , a., etc. See Borage, n., etc.

Bor´rel , n. [OF. burel a kind of coarse woolen cloth, fr. F. bure drugget. See Bureau. Rustic and common people dressed in this cloth, which was prob. so called from its color.] 1. Coarse woolen cloth; hence, coarse clothing; a garment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool.

Bor´rel, a. [Prob. from Borrel, n.] Ignorant, unlearned; belonging to the laity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bor´row , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] [OE. borwen, AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge; akin to D. borg, G. borg; prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect. 95. See 1st Borough.] 1. To receive from another as a loan, with the implied or expressed intention of returning the identical article or its equivalent in kind; — the opposite of lend. 2. (Arith.) To take (one or more) from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the next lower; — a term of subtraction when the figure of the subtrahend is larger than the corresponding one of the minuend. 3. To copy or imitate; to adopt; as to borrow the style, manner, or opinions of another. “Rites borrowed from the ancients.
Macaulay.” “It is not hard for any man, who hath a Bible in his hands, to borrow good words and holy sayings in abundance; but to make them his own is a work of grace only from above.
Milton.” 4. To feign or counterfeit. ´Borrowed hair.´ Spenser. “The borrowed majesty of England.
Shak.” 5. To receive; to take; to derive. “Any drop thou borrowedst from thy mother.
Shak.” To borrow trouble, to be needlessly troubled; to be overapprehensive.

Bor´row, n. 1. Something deposited as security; a pledge; a surety; a hostage. [Obs.] “Ye may retain as borrows my two priests.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. The act of borrowing. [Obs.] “Of your royal presence I’ll adventure
The borrow of a week.
Shak.”

Bor´row•er , n. One who borrows. “Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
Shak.”

Bors´hold•er , n. [OE. borsolder; prob. fr. AS. borg, gen. borges, pledge + ealdor elder. See Borrow, and Elder, a.] (Eng. Law) The head or chief of a tithing, or borough (see 2d Borough); the headborough; a parish constable. Spelman.

Bort , n. Imperfectly crystallized or coarse diamonds, or fragments made in cutting good diamonds which are reduced to powder and used in lapidary work.

Bo´ru•ret , n. (Chem.) A boride. [Obs.]

Bor´we , n. Pledge; borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bos , n. [L., ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminant quadrupeds, including the wild and domestic cattle, distinguished by a stout body, hollow horns, and a large fold of skin hanging from the neck.

Bo´sa , n. [Ar. bza, Pers. bzah: cf. F. bosan.] A drink, used in the East. See Boza.

Bos´cage , n. [OF. boscage grove, F. bocage, fr. LL. boscus, buscus, thicket, wood. See 1st Bush.] 1. A growth of trees or shrubs; underwood; a thicket; thick foliage; a wooded landscape. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Food or sustenance for cattle, obtained from bushes and trees; also a tax on wood.

Bosh , n. [Cf. G. posse joke, trifle; It. bozzo a rough stone, bozzetto a rough sketch, s-bozzo a rough draught, sketch.] Figure; outline; show. [Obs.]

Bosh, n. [Turk.] Empty talk; contemptible nonsense; trash; humbug. [Colloq.]

Bosh, n.; pl. Boshes . [Cf. G. böschung a slope.] 1. One of the sloping sides of the lower part of a blast furnace; also one of the hollow iron or brick sides of the bed of a puddling or boiling furnace. 2. pl. The lower part of a blast furnace, which slopes inward, or the widest space at the top of this part. 3. In forging and smelting, a trough in which tools and ingots are cooled.

Bosh´bok , n. [D. bosch wood + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A kind of antelope. See Bush buck.

Bosh´vark , n. [D. bosch wood + varken pig.] (Zoöl.) The bush hog. See under Bush, a thicket.

Bos´jes•man , n.; pl. Bosjesmans. [D. boschjesman.] See Bushman.

Bosk , n. [See Bosket.] A thicket; a small wood. ´Through bosk and dell.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bos´kage , n. Same as Boscage. “Thridding the somber boskage of the wood.
Tennyson.” { Bos´ket , Bos´quet } , n. [F. bosquet a little wood, dim. fr. LL. boscus. See Boscage, and cf. Bouquet.] (Gardening) A grove; a thicket; shrubbery; an inclosure formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed.

Bosk´i•ness , n. Boscage; also the state or quality of being bosky.

Bosk´y , a. [Cf. Bushy.] 1. Woody or bushy; covered with boscage or thickets. Milton. 2. Caused by boscage. “Darkened over by long bosky shadows.
H. James.”

Bos´om (booz´um), n. [AS. bsm; akin to D. bozem, Fries. bsm, OHG. puosum, G. busen, and prob. E. bough.] 1. The breast of a human being; the part, between the arms, to which anything is pressed when embraced by them. “You must prepare your bosom for his knife.
Shak.” 2. The breast, considered as the seat of the passions, affections, and operations of the mind; consciousness; secret thoughts. “Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know
Wherefore they do it.
Shak.” “If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom.
Job xxxi. 33.” 3. Embrace; loving or affectionate inclosure; fold. “Within the bosom of that church.
Hooker.” 4. Any thing or place resembling the breast; a supporting surface; an inner recess; the interior; as the bosom of the earth. ´The bosom of the ocean.´ Addison. 5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast; an article, or a portion of an article, of dress to be worn upon the breast; as the bosom of a shirt; a linen bosom. “He put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.
Ex. iv. 6.” 6. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Shak. 7. A depression round the eye of a millstone. Knight.

Bos´om, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the bosom. 2. Intimate; confidential; familiar; trusted; cherished; beloved; as a bosom friend.

Bos´om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bosomed (-umd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bosoming.] 1. To inclose or carry in the bosom; to keep with care; to take to heart; to cherish. “Bosom up my counsel,
You’ll find it wholesome.
Shak.” 2. To conceal; to hide from view; to embosom. “To happy convents bosomed deep in vines.
Pope.”

Bos´omed (booz´umd), a. Having, or resembling, bosom; kept in the bosom; hidden.

Bos´om•y (-y), a. Characterized by recesses or sheltered hollows.

Bo´son (bo´s’n), n. See Boatswain. [Obs.] Dryden.

Bos•po´ri•an , a. [L. Bosporus, G. Bo•sporos, lit., ox-ford, the ox’s or heifer’s ford, on account of Io’s passage here as a heifer; fr. boy^s ox, heifer + po•ros ford.] Of or pertaining to the Thracian or the Cimmerian Bosporus. “The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them tribute and exterminated the Taurians.
Tooke.”

Bos´po•rus (bos´po•rus), n. [L.] A strait or narrow sea between two seas or a lake and a seas; as the Bosporus (formerly the Thracian Bosporus) or Strait of Constantinople, between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora; the Cimmerian Bosporus, between the Black Sea and Sea of Azof. [Written also Bosphorus.]

Bos´quet , n. See Bosket.

Boss (bos; 115), n.; pl. Bosses (-ez). [OE. boce, bose, boche, OF. boce, boche, bosse, F. bosse, of G. origin; cf. OHG. bozo tuft, bunch, OHG. bozan, MHG. bôzen, to beat. See Beat, and cf. Botch a swelling.] 1. Any protuberant part; a round, swelling part or body; a knoblike process; as a boss of wood. 2. A protuberant ornament on any work, either of different material from that of the work or of the same, as upon a buckler or bridle; a stud; a knob; the central projection of a shield. See Umbilicus. 3. (Arch.) A projecting ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat, and in other situations. 4. [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. bösse.] A wooden vessel for the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder. Gwilt. 5. (Mech.) (a) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to another. (b) A swage or die used for shaping metals. 6. A head or reservoir of water. [Obs.]

Boss (bos), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed (bost); p. pr. & vb. n. Bossing.] [OE. bocen, fr. OF. bocier. See the preceding word.] To ornament with bosses; to stud.

Boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman or superintendent; a director or manager; a political dictator. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss´age , n. [F. bossage, fr. bosse. See Boss a stud.] 1. (Arch.) A stone in a building, left rough and projecting, to be afterward carved into shape. Gwilt. 2. (Arch.) Rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Gwilt.

Bossed , a. Embossed; also bossy.

Bos´set , n. [Cf. Boss a stud.] (Zoöl.) A rudimental antler of a young male of the red deer.

Boss´ism , n. The rule or practices of bosses, esp. political bosses. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss´y , a. Ornamented with bosses; studded.

Bos´sy, n. [Dim. fr. Prov. E. boss in boss-calf, buss-calf, for boose-calf, prop., a calf kept in the stall. See 1st Boose.] A cow or calf; — familiarly so called. [U. S.]

Bos´ton , n. A game at cards, played by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each; — said to be so called from Boston, Massachusetts, and to have been invented by officers of the French army in America during the Revolutionary war.

Bos•well´i•an , a. Relating to, or characteristic of, Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson.

Bos´well•ism , n. The style of Boswell.

Bot , n. (Zoöl.) See Bots. { Bo•tan´ic , Bo•tan´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. botanique. See Botany.] Of or pertaining to botany; relating to the study of plants; as a botanical system, arrangement, textbook, expedition. — Botan´ic•al•ly, adv. Botanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of plants collected for the purpose of illustrating the science of botany. — Botanic physician, a physician whose medicines consist chiefly of herbs and roots.

Bot´a•nist , n. [Cf. F. botaniste.] One skilled in botany; one versed in the knowledge of plants.

Bot´a•nize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Botanized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Botanizing .] [Cf. F. botaniser.] To seek after plants for botanical investigation; to study plants.

Bot´a•nize, v. t. To explore for botanical purposes.

Bot´a•ni•zer , n. One who botanizes.

Bot•a•nol´o•ger , n. A botanist. [Obs.]

Bot•a•nol´o•gy , n. [Botany + -logy: cf. F. botanologie.] The science of botany. [Obs.] Bailey.

Bot´a•no•man•cy , n. [Botany + -mancy: cf. F. botanomantie.] An ancient species of divination by means of plants, esp. sage and fig leaves.

Bot´a•ny , n.; pl. Botanies . [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. botanic, fr. herb, plant, fr. to feed, graze.] 1. The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, their classification, and the terms which are employed in their description and denomination. See Plant. 2. A book which treats of the science of botany. Botany is divided into various departments; as Structural Botany, which investigates the structure and organic composition of plants; Physiological Botany, the study of their functions and life; and Systematic Botany, which has to do with their classification, description, nomenclature, etc.

Bot´a•ny Bay´ . A harbor on the east coast of Australia, and an English convict settlement there; — so called from the number of new plants found on its shore at its discovery by Cook in 1770. Hence, any place to which desperadoes resort. Botany Bay kino (Med.), an astringent, reddish substance consisting of the inspissated juice of several Australian species of Eucalyptus. — Botany Bay resin (Med.), a resin of reddish yellow color, resembling gamboge, the product of different Australian species of Xanthorrhaea, esp. the grass tree (X. hastilis).

Bo•tar´go , n. [It. bottarga, bottarica; or Sp. botarga; a kind of large sausages, a sort of wide breeches: cf. F. boutargue.] A sort of cake or sausage, made of the salted roes of the mullet, much used on the coast of the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink.

Botch , n.; pl. Botches . [Same as Boss a stud. For senses 2 & 3 cf. D. botsen to beat, akin to E. beat.] 1. A swelling on the skin; a large ulcerous affection; a boil; an eruptive disease. [Obs. or Dial.] “Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss.
Milton.” 2. A patch put on, or a part of a garment patched or mended in a clumsy manner. 3. Work done in a bungling manner; a clumsy performance; a piece of work, or a place in work, marred in the doing, or not properly finished; a bungle. “To leave no rubs nor botches in the work.
Shak.”

Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Botching.] [See Botch, n.] 1. To mark with, or as with, botches. “Young Hylas botched with stains.
Garth.” 2. To repair; to mend; esp. to patch in a clumsy or imperfect manner, as a garment; — sometimes with up. “Sick bodies … to be kept and botched up for a time.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).” 3. To put together unsuitably or unskillfully; to express or perform in a bungling manner; to spoil or mar, as by unskillful work. “For treason botched in rhyme will be thy bane.
Dryden.”

Botch´ed•ly , adv. In a clumsy manner.

Botch´er , n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. a tailor or cobbler. Shak. 2. A clumsy or careless workman; a bungler. 3. (Zoöl.) A young salmon; a grilse.

Botch´er•ly, a. Bungling; awkward. [R.]

Botch´er•y , n. A botching, or that which is done by botching; clumsy or careless workmanship.

Botch´y , a. Marked with botches; full of botches; poorly done. ´This botchy business.´ Bp. Watson.

Bote , n. [Old form of boot; — used in composition. See 1st Boot.] (Law) (a) Compensation; amends; satisfaction; expiation; as man bote, a compensation or a man slain. (b) Payment of any kind. Bouvier. (c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries. This word is still used in composition as equivalent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries; as housebote, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for fuel, sometimes called firebote; so plowbote, cartbote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry; haybote or hedgebote, wood for hedges, fences, etc. These were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the feudal system. Burrill. Bouvier. Blackstone.

Bote´less, a. Unavailing; in vain. See Bootless.

Bot´fly , n. (Zoöl.) A dipterous insect of the family (Estridae, of many different species, some of which are particularly troublesome to domestic animals, as the horse, ox, and sheep, on which they deposit their eggs. A common species is one of the botflies of the horse (Gastrophilus equi), the larvae of which (bots) are taken into the stomach of the animal, where they live several months and pass through their larval states. In tropical America one species sometimes lives under the human skin, and another in the stomach. See Gadfly.

Both , a. or pron. [OE. bothe, bae, fr. Icel. bair; akin to Dan. baade, Sw. båda, Goth. bajs, OHG. beid, bd, G. & D. beide, also AS. begen, ba, b, Goth. bai, and Gr. , L. ambo, Lith. abà , OSlav. oba, Skr. ubha. rad.310. Cf. Amb-.] The one and the other; the two; the pair, without exception of either. It is generally used adjectively with nouns; as both horses ran away; but with pronouns, and often with nous, it is used substantively, and followed by of. It frequently stands as a pronoun. “She alone is heir to both of us.
Shak.” “Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant.
Gen. xxi. 27.” “He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both.
Bolingbroke.” It is often used in apposition with nouns or pronouns. “Thy weal and woe are both of them extremes.
Shak.” “This said, they both betook them several ways.
Milton.” Both now always precedes any other attributive words; as both their armies; both our eyes. Both of is used before pronouns in the objective case; as both of us, them, whom, etc.; but before substantives its used is colloquial, both (without of) being the preferred form; as both the brothers.

Both, conj. As well; not only; equally. Both precedes the first of two coördinate words or phrases, and is followed by and before the other, both … and … ; as well the one as the other; not only this, but also that; equally the former and the latter. It is also sometimes followed by more than two coördinate words, connected by and expressed or understood. “To judge both quick and dead.
Milton.” “A masterpiece both for argument and style.
Goldsmith.” “To whom bothe heven and erthe and see is sene.
Chaucer.” “Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound.
Goldsmith.” “He prayeth well who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast.
Coleridge.”

Both´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bothered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bothering.] [Cf. Ir. buaidhirt trouble, buaidhrim I vex.] To annoy; to trouble; to worry; to perplex. See Pother. The imperative is sometimes used as an exclamation mildly imprecatory.

Both´er, v. i. To feel care or anxiety; to make or take trouble; to be troublesome. “Without bothering about it.
H. James.”

Both´er, n. One who, or that which, bothers; state of perplexity or annoyance; embarrassment; worry; disturbance; petty trouble; as to be in a bother.

Both•er•a´tion , n. The act of bothering, or state of being bothered; cause of trouble; perplexity; annoyance; vexation. [Colloq.]

Both´er•er , n. One who bothers.

Both´er•some , a. Vexatious; causing bother; causing trouble or perplexity; troublesome.

Both´-hands , n. A factotum. [R.] “He is his master’s both-hands, I assure you.
B. Jonson.”

Both´ie , n. Same as Bothy. [Scot.] { Both´ni•an , Both´nic } a. Of or pertaining to Bothnia, a country of northern Europe, or to a gulf of the same name which forms the northern part of the Baltic sea.

Both•ren´chy•ma , n. [Gr. pit + something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.) Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood. { Both´y Booth´y } n.; pl. -ies [Scottish. Cf. Booth.] A wooden hut or humble cot, esp. a rude hut or barrack for unmarried farm servants; a shepherd’s or hunter’s hut; a booth. [Scot.]

Bo•to•cu´dos , n. pl. [Pg. botoque stopple. So called because they wear a wooden plug in the pierced lower lip.] A Brazilian tribe of Indians, noted for their use of poisons; — also called Aymbores.

Bo´ tree . (Bot.) The peepul tree; esp., the very ancient tree standing at Anurajahpoora in Ceylon, grown from a slip of the tree under which Gautama is said to have received the heavenly light and so to have become Buddha. “The sacred bo tree of the Buddhists (Ficus religiosa), which is planted close to every temple, and attracts almost as much veneration as the status of the god himself… . It differs from the banyan (Ficus Indica) by sending down no roots from its branches.
Tennent.”

Bot´ry•o•gen , n. [Gr. cluster of grapes + -gen.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of iron of a deep red color. It often occurs in botryoidal form. { Bot´ry•oid , Bot•ry•oid´al } a. [Gr. cluster of grapes + -oid.] Having the form of a bunch of grapes; like a cluster of grapes, as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small spherical or spheroidal prominences.

Bot´ry•o•lite , n. [Gr. cluster of grapes + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of datolite, usually having a botryoidal structure.

Bot´ry•ose , a. (Bot.) (a) Having the form of a cluster of grapes. (b) Of the racemose or acropetal type of inflorescence. Gray.

Bots , n. pl. [Cf. Gael. botus belly worm, boiteag maggot.] (Zoöl.) The larvae of several species of botfly, especially those larvae which infest the stomach, throat, or intestines of the horse, and are supposed to be the cause of various ailments. [Written also botts.] See Illust. of Botfly.

Bot•tine´ , n. [F. See Boot (for the foot.).] 1. A small boot; a lady’s boot. 2. An appliance resembling a small boot furnished with straps, buckles, etc., used to correct or prevent distortions in the lower extremities of children. Dunglison.

Bot´tle , n. [OE. bote, botelle, OF. botel, bouteille, F. bouteille, fr. LL. buticula, dim. of butis, buttis, butta, flask. Cf. Butt a cask.] 1. A hollow vessel, usually of glass or earthenware (but formerly of leather), with a narrow neck or mouth, for holding liquids. 2. The contents of a bottle; as much as a bottle contains; as to drink a bottle of wine. 3. Fig.: Intoxicating liquor; as to drown one’s reason in the bottle. Bottle is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound. Bottle ale, bottled ale. [Obs.] Shak. — Bottle brush, a cylindrical brush for cleansing the interior of bottles. — Bottle fish (Zoöl.), a kind of deep-sea eel (Saccopharynx ampullaceus), remarkable for its baglike gullet, which enables it to swallow fishes two or three times its won size. — Bottle flower. (Bot.) Same as Bluebottle. — Bottle glass, a coarse, green glass, used in the manufacture of bottles. Ure. — Bottle gourd (Bot.), the common gourd or calabash (Lagenaria Vulgaris), whose shell is used for bottles, dippers, etc. — Bottle grass (Bot.), a nutritious fodder grass (Setaria glauca and S. viridis); — called also foxtail, and green foxtail. — Bottle tit (Zoöl.), the European long-tailed titmouse; - - so called from the shape of its nest. — Bottle tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Sterculia rupestris), with a bottle-shaped, or greatly swollen, trunk. — Feeding bottle, Nursing bottle, a bottle with a rubber nipple (generally with an intervening tube), used in feeding infants.

Bot´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottled p. pr. & vb. n. Bottling .] To put into bottles; to inclose in, or as in, a bottle or bottles; to keep or restrain as in a bottle; as to bottle wine or porter; to bottle up one’s wrath.

Bot´tle, n. [OE. botel, OF. botel, dim. of F. botte; cf. OHG. bozo bunch. See Boss stud.] A bundle, esp. of hay. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shak.

Bot´tled , a. 1. Put into bottles; inclosed in bottles; pent up in, or as in, a bottle. 2. Having the shape of a bottle; protuberant. Shak.

Bot´tle green A dark shade of green, like that of bottle glass. — Bot´tle-green•, a.

Bot´tle•head , n. (Zoöl.) A cetacean allied to the grampus; — called also bottle-nosed whale. There are several species so named, as the pilot whales, of the genus Globicephalus, and one or more species of Hyperoödon (H. bidens, etc.), found on the European coast. See Blackfish, 1.

Bot´tle•hold•er , n. 1. One who attends a pugilist in a prize fight; — so called from the bottle of water of which he has charge. 2. One who assists or supports another in a contest; an abettor; a backer. [Colloq.] “Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottleholder of oppressed states.
The London Times.”

Bot´tle-nose , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A cetacean of the Dolphin family, of several species, as Delphinus Tursio and Lagenorhyncus leucopleurus, of Europe. 2. The puffin.

Bot´tle-nosed (-nozd), a. Having the nose bottle-shaped, or large at the end. Dickens.

Bot´tler (bot´tler/), n. One who bottles wine, beer, soda water, etc.

Bot´tle•screw n. A corkscrew. Swift.

Bot´tling (bot´tling) n. The act or the process of putting anything into bottles (as beer, mineral water, etc.) and corking the bottles.

Bot´tom (bot´tum), n. [OE. botum, botme, AS. botm; akin to OS. bodom, D. bodem, OHG. podam, G. boden, Icel. botn, Sw. botten, Dan. bund (for budn), L. fundus (for fudnus), Gr. pyqmh•n (for fyqmh•n), Skr. budhna (for bhudhna), and Ir. bonn sole of the foot, W. bon stem, base. rad.257. Cf. 4th Found, Fund, n.] 1. The lowest part of anything; the foot; as the bottom of a tree or well; the bottom of a hill, a lane, or a page. “Or dive into the bottom of the deep.
Shak.” 2. The part of anything which is beneath the contents and supports them, as the part of a chair on which a person sits, the circular base or lower head of a cask or tub, or the plank floor of a ship’s hold; the under surface. “Barrels with the bottom knocked out.
Macaulay.” “No two chairs were alike; such high backs and low backs and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms.
W. Irving.” 3. That upon which anything rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense; foundation; groundwork. 4. The bed of a body of water, as of a river, lake, sea. 5. The fundament; the buttocks. 6. An abyss. [Obs.] Dryden. 7. Low land formed by alluvial deposits along a river; low-lying ground; a dale; a valley. ´The bottoms and the high grounds.´ Stoddard. 8. (Naut.) The part of a ship which is ordinarily under water; hence, the vessel itself; a ship. “My ventures are not in one bottom trusted.
Shak.” “Not to sell the teas but to return them to London in the
same bottoms in which they were shipped.
Bancroft.” Full bottom, a hull of such shape as permits carrying a large amount of merchandise. 9. Power of endurance; as a horse of a good bottom. 10. Dregs or grounds; lees; sediment. Johnson. At bottom, At the bottom, at the foundation or basis; in reality. ´He was at the bottom a good man.´ J. F. Cooper. — To be at the bottom of, to be the cause or originator of; to be the source of. [Usually in an opprobrious sense.] J. H. Newman. “He was at the bottom of many excellent counsels.
Addison.” — To go to the bottom, to sink; esp. to be wrecked. — To touch bottom, to reach the lowest point; to find something on which to rest.

Bot´tom, a. Of or pertaining to the bottom; fundamental; lowest; under; as bottom rock; the bottom board of a wagon box; bottom prices. Bottom glade, a low glade or open place; a valley; a dale. Milton. — Bottom grass, grass growing on bottom lands. — Bottom land. See 1st Bottom, n., 7.

Bot´tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bottoming.] 1. To found or build upon; to fix upon as a support; — followed by on or upon. “Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle.
Atterbury.” “Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many bottom their eternal state].
South.” 2. To furnish with a bottom; as to bottom a chair. 3. To reach or get to the bottom of. Smiles.

Bot´tom, v. i. 1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support; to be based or grounded; — usually with on or upon. “Find on what foundation any proposition bottoms.
Locke.” 2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, so as to impede free action, as when the point of a cog strikes the bottom of a space between two other cogs, or a piston the end of a cylinder.

Bot´tom, n. [OE. botme, perh. corrupt. for button. See Button.] A ball or skein of thread; a cocoon. [Obs.] “Silkworms finish their bottoms in … fifteen days.
Mortimer.”

Bot´tom, v. t. To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. [Obs.] “As you unwind her love from him,
Lest it should ravel and be good to none,
You must provide to bottom it on me.
Shak.”

Bot´tomed , a. Having at the bottom, or as a bottom; resting upon a bottom; grounded; — mostly, in composition; as sharp-bottomed; well-bottomed.

Bot´tom•less, a. Without a bottom; hence, fathomless; baseless; as a bottomless abyss. ´Bottomless speculations.´ Burke.

Bot´tom•ry , n. [From 1st Bottom in sense 8: cf.D. bodemerij. Cf. Bummery.] (Mar.Law) A contract in the nature of a mortgage, by which the owner of a ship, or the master as his agent, hypothecates and binds the ship (and sometimes the accruing freight) as security for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the ship, if she terminates her voyage successfully. If the ship is lost by perils of the sea, the lender loses the money; but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or premium stipulated, although it may, and usually does, exceed the legal rate of interest. See Hypothecation. { Bot´ton•y , Bot´to•ne } a. [F. boutonne, fr. boutonner to bud, button.] (Her.) Having a bud or button, or a kind of trefoil, at the end; furnished with knobs or buttons. Cross bottony (Her.), a cross having each arm terminating in three rounded lobes, forming a sort of trefoil.

Botts , n. pl. (Zoöl.) See Bots.

Bot´u•li•form , a. [L. botulus sausage + -form.] (Bot.) Having the shape of a sausage. Henslow.

Bouche , n. [F.] Same as Bush, a lining.

Bouche, v. t. Same as Bush, to line. { Bouche , Bouch } , n. [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] 1. A mouth. [Obs.] 2. An allowance of meat and drink for the tables of inferior officers or servants in a nobleman’s palace or at court. [Obs.]

Bou•chees´ , n. pl. [F., morsels, mouthfuls, fr. bouche mouth.] (Cookery) Small patties.

Boud , n. A weevil; a worm that breeds in malt, biscuit, etc. [Obs.] Tusser.

Bou•doir´ , n. [F., fr. bouder to pout, be sulky.] A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to receive intimate friends; a lady’s (or sometimes a gentleman’s) private room. Cowper.

Bouffe , n. [F., buffoon.] Comic opera. See Opera Bouffe.

Bou•gain•vil•lae•a , n. [Named from Bougainville, the French navigator.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Nyctoginaceae, from tropical South America, having the flowers surrounded by large bracts.

Bouge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bouged ] [Variant of bulge. Cf. Bowge.] 1. To swell out. [Obs.] 2. To bilge. [Obs.] ´Their ship bouged.´ Hakluyt.

Bouge, v. t. To stave in; to bilge. [Obs.] Holland.

Bouge, n. [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] Bouche (see Bouche, 2); food and drink; provisions. [Obs.] “ [They] made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady or two, that fainted … with fasting.
B. Jonson.”

Bou´get , n. [Cf. F. bougette sack, bag. Cf. Budget.] (Her.) A charge representing a leather vessel for carrying water; — also called water bouget.

Bough , n. [OE. bogh, AS. bog, boh, bough, shoulder; akin to Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship, Sw. bog, Dan. bov, OHG. buog, G. bug, and to Gr. ( for ) forearm, Skr. bahu (for bhaghu) arm. rad.88, 251. Cf. Bow of a ship.] 1. An arm or branch of a tree, esp. a large arm or main branch. 2. A gallows. [Archaic] Spenser.

Bought , n. [Cf. Dan. bugt bend, turning, Icel. buga. Cf. Bight, Bout, and see Bow to bend.] 1. A flexure; a bend; a twist; a turn; a coil, as in a rope; as the boughts of a serpent. [Obs.] Spenser. “The boughts of the fore legs.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. The part of a sling that contains the stone. [Obs.]

Bought , imp. & p. p. of Buy.

Bought, p. a. Purchased; bribed.

Bought´en , a. Purchased; not obtained or produced at home. Coleridge.

Bought´y , a. Bending. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Bou•gie´ , n. [F. bougie wax candle, bougie, fr. Bougie, Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles were first imported into Europe.] 1. (Surg.) A long, flexible instrument, that is introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove obstructions, or for the other purposes. It was originally made of waxed linen rolled into cylindrical form. 2. (Pharm.) A long slender rod consisting of gelatin or some other substance that melts at the temperature of the body. It is impregnated with medicine, and designed for introduction into urethra, etc.

Bou•illi´ , n. [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] (Cookery) Boiled or stewed meat; beef boiled with vegetables in water from which its gravy is to be made; beef from which bouillon or soup has been made.

Bou•illon´ , n. [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] 1. A nutritious liquid food made by boiling beef, or other meat, in water; a clear soup or broth. 2. (Far.) An excrescence on a horse’s frush or frog.

Bouk (book), n. [AS. buc belly; akin to G. bauch, Icel. bukr body.] 1. The body. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Bulk; volume. [Scot.]

Boul (bool), n. A curved handle. Sir W. Scott.

Bou•lan´ger•ite , n. [From Boulanger, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, usually in plumose masses, also compact. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead.

Boul´der (bol´der), n. Same as Bowlder.

Boul´der•y , a. Characterized by bowlders. { Boule , Boule´work• } , n. Same as Buhl, Buhlwork.

Bou´le•vard , n. [F. boulevard, boulevart, fr. G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.] 1. Originally, a bulwark or rampart of fortification or fortified town. 2. A public walk or street occupying the site of demolished fortifications. Hence: A broad avenue in or around a city.

Boule•verse•ment´ , n. [F., fr. bouleverser to overthrow.] Complete overthrow; disorder; a turning upside down.

Boult (bolt), n. Corrupted form Bolt. { Boul´tel , Boul´tin } , n. (Arch.) (a) A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the abacus in the Tuscan and Roman Doric capital; a torus; an ovolo. (b) One of the shafts of a clustered column. [Written also bowtel, boltel, boultell, etc.]

Boul´ter , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A long, stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached.

Boun , a. [See Bound ready.] Ready; prepared; destined; tending. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Boun, v. t. To make or get ready. Sir W. Scott.

Bounce , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bounced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bouncing .] [OE. bunsen; cf. D. bonzen to strike, bounce, bons blow, LG. bunsen to knock; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To strike or thump, so as to rebound, or to make a sudden noise; a knock loudly. “Another bounces as hard as he can knock.
Swift.” “Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart.
Dryden.” 2. To leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously; to bound; as she bounced into the room. “Out bounced the mastiff.
Swift.” “Bounced off his arm+chair.
Thackeray.” 3. To boast; to talk big; to bluster. [Obs.]

Bounce, v. t. 1. To drive against anything suddenly and violently; to bump; to thump. Swift. 2. To cause to bound or rebound; sometimes, to toss. 3. To eject violently, as from a room; to discharge unceremoniously, as from employment. [Collog. U. S.] 4. To bully; to scold. [Collog.] J. Fletcher.

Bounce , n. 1. A sudden leap or bound; a rebound. 2. A heavy, sudden, and often noisy, blow or thump. “The bounce burst open the door.
Dryden.” 3. An explosion, or the noise of one. [Obs.] 4. Bluster; brag; untruthful boasting; audacious exaggeration; an impudent lie; a bouncer. Johnson. De Quincey. 5. (Zoöl.) A dogfish of Europe (Scyllium catulus).

Bounce, adv. With a sudden leap; suddenly. “This impudent puppy comes bounce in upon me.
Bickerstaff.”

Boun´cer , n. 1. One who bounces; a large, heavy person who makes much noise in moving. 2. A boaster; a bully. [Collog.] Johnson. 3. A bold lie; also a liar. [Collog.] Marryat. 4. Something big; a good stout example of the kind. “The stone must be a bouncer.
De Quincey.”

Boun´cing , a. 1. Stout; plump and healthy; lusty; buxom. “Many tall and bouncing young ladies.
Thackeray.” 2. Excessive; big. ´A bouncing reckoning.´ B. & Fl. Bouncing Bet (Bot.), the common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Harper’s Mag.

Boun´cing•ly, adv. With a bounce.

Bound , n. [OE. bounde, bunne, OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, F. borne, fr. LL. bodina, bodena, bonna; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bonn boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, by which a boundary or limit could be marked. Cf. Bourne.] The external or limiting line, either real or imaginary, of any object or space; that which limits or restrains, or within which something is limited or restrained; limit; confine; extent; boundary. “He hath compassed the waters with bounds.
Job xxvi. 10.” “On earth’s remotest bounds.
Campbell.” “And mete the bounds of hate and love.
Tennyson.” To keep within bounds, not to exceed or pass beyond assigned limits; to act with propriety or discretion. Syn. — See Boundary.

Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bounding.] 1. To limit; to terminate; to fix the furthest point of extension of; — said of natural or of moral objects; to lie along, or form, a boundary of; to inclose; to circumscribe; to restrain; to confine. “Where full measure only bounds excess.
Milton.” “Phlegethon …
Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds.
Dryden.” 2. To name the boundaries of; as to bound France.

Bound, v. i. [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir, bundir, to leap, resound, fr. L. bombitare to buzz, hum, fr. bombus a humming, buzzing. See Bomb.] 1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs or leaps; as the beast bounded from his den; the herd bounded across the plain. “Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds.
Pope.” “And the waves bound beneath me as a steed
That knows his rider.
Byron.” 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball.

Bound, v. t. 1. To make to bound or leap; as to bound a horse. [R.] Shak. 2. To cause to rebound; to throw so that it will rebound; as to bound a ball on the floor. [Collog.]

Bound, n. 1. A leap; an elastic spring; a jump. “A bound of graceful hardihood.
Wordsworth.” 2. Rebound; as the bound of a ball. Johnson. 3. (Dancing) Spring from one foot to the other.

Bound, imp. & p. p. of Bind.

Bound, p. p. & a. 1. Restrained by a hand, rope, chain, fetters, or the like. 2. Inclosed in a binding or cover; as a bound volume. 3. Under legal or moral restraint or obligation. 4. Constrained or compelled; destined; certain; — followed by the infinitive; as he is bound to succeed; he is bound to fail. 5. Resolved; as I am bound to do it. [Collog. U. S.] 6. Constipated; costive. Used also in composition; as icebound, windbound, hidebound, etc. Bound bailiff (Eng. Law), a sheriff’s officer who serves writs, makes arrests, etc. The sheriff being answerable for the bailiff’s misdemeanors, the bailiff is usually under bond for the faithful discharge of his trust. — Bound up in, entirely devoted to; inseparable from.

Bound, a. [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun ready, prepared, fr. Icel. buinn, p. p. of bua to dwell, prepare; akin to E. boor and bower. See Bond, a., and cf. Busk, v.] Ready or intending to go; on the way toward; going; — with to or for, or with an adverb of motion; as a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. ´The mariner bound homeward.´ Cowper.

Bound´a•ry , n.; pl. Boundaries [From Bound a limit; cf. LL. bonnarium piece of land with fixed limits.] That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent, or marks a bound, as of a territory; a bounding or separating line; a real or imaginary limit. “But still his native country lies
Beyond the boundaries of the skies.
N. Cotton.” “ That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of Louth and Meath.
Macaulay.” “Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our thoughts.
Locke.” Syn. — Limit; bound; border; term; termination; barrier; verge; confines; precinct. Bound, Boundary. Boundary, in its original and strictest sense, is a visible object or mark indicating a limit. Bound is the limit itself. But in ordinary usage the two words are made interchangeable.

Bound´en , p. p & a. [Old. p. p. of bind.] 1. Bound; fastened by bonds. [Obs.] 2. Under obligation; bound by some favor rendered; obliged; beholden. “This holy word, that teacheth us truly our bounden duty toward our Lord God in every point.
Ridley.” 3. Made obligatory; imposed as a duty; binding. “I am much bounden to your majesty.
Shak.”

Bound´er (bound´er), n. One who, or that which, limits; a boundary. Sir T. Herbert.

Bound´ing, a. Moving with a bound or bounds. “The bounding pulse, the languid limb.
Montgomery.”

Bound´less, a. Without bounds or confines; illimitable; vast; unlimited. ´The boundless sky.´ Bryant. ´The boundless ocean.´ Dryden. ´Boundless rapacity.´ ´Boundless prospect of gain.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable; illimitable; infinite. — Bound´less•ly, adv. — Bound´less•ness, n.

Boun´te•ous , a. [OE. bountevous, fr. bounte bounty.] Liberal in charity; disposed to give freely; generously liberal; munificent; beneficent; free in bestowing gifts; as bounteous production. “But O, thou bounteous Giver of all good.
Cowper.” — Boun´te•ous•ly, adv. — Boun´te•ous•ness, n.

Boun´ti•ful , a. 1. Free in giving; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors. “God, the bountiful Author of our being.
Locke.” 2. Plentiful; abundant; as a bountiful supply of food. Syn. — Liberal; munificent; generous; bounteous. — Boun´ti•ful•ly, adv. — Boun´ti•ful•ness, n. { Boun´ti•head , Boun´ty•hood } n. Goodness; generosity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Boun´ty, n.; pl. Bounties . [OE. bounte goodness, kindness, F. bonte, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good, for older duonus; cf. Skr. duvas honor, respect.] 1. Goodness, kindness; virtue; worth. [Obs.] “Nature set in her at once beauty with bounty.
Gower.” 2. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; gracious or liberal giving; generosity; munificence. “My bounty is as boundless as the sea.
Shak.” 3. That which is given generously or liberally. ´Thy morning bounties.´ Cowper. 4. A premium offered or given to induce men to enlist into the public service; or to encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry or manufactures. Bounty jumper, one who, during the latter part of the Civil War, enlisted in the United States service, and deserted as soon as possible after receiving the bounty. [Collog.] — Queen Anne’s bounty (Eng. Hist.), a provision made in Queen Anne’s reign for augmenting poor clerical livings. Syn. — Munificence; generosity; beneficence.

Bou•quet´ , n. [F. bouquet bunch, bunch of flowers, trees, feathers, for bousquet, bosquet, thicket, a little wood, dim. of LL. boscus. See Bush thicket, and cf. Bosket, Busket.] 1. A nosegay; a bunch of flowers. 2. A perfume; an aroma; as the bouquet of wine.

Bou•que•tin´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The ibex.

Bour , n. [See Bower a chamber.] A chamber or a cottage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bour´bon , n. [From the castle and seigniory of Bourbon in central France.] 1. A member of a family which has occupied several European thrones, and whose descendants still claim the throne of France. 2. A politician who is behind the age; a ruler or politician who neither forgets nor learns anything; an obstinate conservative.

Bour´bon•ism , n. The principles of those adhering to the house of Bourbon; obstinate conservatism.

Bour´bon•ist, n. One who adheres to the house of Bourbon; a legitimist.

Bour´bon whis´ky. See under Whisky.

Bourd , n. [F. bourde fib, lie, OF. borde, bourde, jest, joke.] A jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bourd , v. i. To jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bourd´er , n. A jester. [Obs.]

Bour´don , n. [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp. one used for carrying litters. Cf. Sp. muleta a young she mule; also crutch, prop.] A pilgrim’s staff.

Bour´don , n. [F. See Burden a refrain.] (Mus.) (a) A drone bass, as in a bagpipe, or a hurdy-gurdy. See Burden (of a song.) (b) A kind of organ stop.

Bour•geois´ , n. [From a French type founder named Bourgeois, or fr. F. bourgeois of the middle class; hence applied to an intermediate size of type between brevier and long primer: cf. G. bourgeois, borgis. Cf. Burgess.] (Print.) A size of type between long primer and brevier. See Type. This line is printed in bourgeois type.

Bour•geois´ , n. [F., fr. bourg town; of German origin. See Burgess.] A man of middle rank in society; one of the shopkeeping class. [France.] a. Characteristic of the middle class, as in France.

Bour•geoi•sie´, n. [F.] The French middle class, particularly such as are concerned in, or dependent on, trade.

Bour´geon , v. i. [OE. burjoun a bud, burjounen to bud, F. bourgeon a bud, bourgeonner to bud; cf. OHG. burjan to raise.] To sprout; to put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. “Gayly to bourgeon and broadly to grow.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bou´ri , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A mullet (Mugil capito) found in the rivers of Southern Europe and in Africa. { Bourn , Bourne } , n. [OE. burne, borne, AS. burna; akin to OS. brunno spring, G. born, brunnen, OHG. prunno, Goth. brunna, Icel. brunnr, and perh. to Gr. . The root is prob. that of burn, v., because the source of a stream seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth. Cf. Torrent, and see Burn, v.] A stream or rivulet; a burn. “My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn.
Spenser.” { Bourn , Bourne } , n. [F. borne. See Bound a limit.] A bound; a boundary; a limit. Hence: Point aimed at; goal. “Where the land slopes to its watery bourn.
Cowper.” “The undiscovered country, from whose bourn
No traveler returns.
Shak.” “Sole bourn, sole wish, sole object of my song.
Wordsworth.” “To make the doctrine … their intellectual bourne.
Tyndall.”

Bourn´less, a. Without a bourn or limit.

Bour´non•ite , n. [Named after Count Bournon, a mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of a steel- gray to black color and metallic luster, occurring crystallized, often in twin crystals shaped like cogwheels (wheel ore), also massive. It is a sulphide of antimony, lead, and copper.

Bour•nous´ , n. See Burnoose.

Bour•ree , n. [F.] (Mus.) An old French dance tune in common time.

Bourse , n. [F. bourse purse, exchange, LL. bursa, fr. Gr. skin, hide, of which a purse was usually made. Cf. Purse, Burse.] An exchange, or place where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for business at certain hours; esp., the Stock Exchange of Paris.

Bouse , v. i. To drink immoderately; to carouse; to booze. See Booze.

Bouse, n. Drink, esp. alcoholic drink; also a carouse; a booze. ´A good bouse of liquor.´ Carlyle.

Bous´er , n. A toper; a boozer.

Bou•stro•phe´don , n. [Gr. turning like oxen in plowing; to turn.] An ancient mode of writing, in alternate directions, one line from left to right, and the next from right to left (as fields are plowed), as in early Greek and Hittite.

Bou•stroph•e•don´ic , a. Relating to the boustrophedon made of writing.

Bou•stroph´ic , a. [Gr. boystro•fos ox-guiding.] Boustrophedonic.

Bousy (boo´zy), a. Drunken; sotted; boozy. “In his cups the bousy poet songs.
Dryden.”

Bout (bout), n. [A different spelling and application of bought bend.] 1. As much of an action as is performed at one time; a going and returning, as of workmen in reaping, mowing, etc.; a turn; a round. “In notes with many a winding bout
Of linked sweetness long drawn out.
Milton.” “The prince … has taken me in his train, so that I am in no danger of starving for this bout.
Goldsmith.” 2. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial; a set-to at anything; as a fencing bout; a drinking bout. “The gentleman will, for his honor’s sake, have one bout with you; he can not by the duello avoid it.
Shak.”

Bou•tade´ , n. [F., fr. bouter to thrust. See Butt.] An outbreak; a caprice; a whim. [Obs.]

Boute´feu , n. [F.; bouter to thrust, put + feu fire.] An incendiary; an inciter of quarrels. [Obs.] “Animated by … John à Chamber, a very boutefeu, … they entered into open rebellion.
Bacon.”

Bou•ton•nière´ , n. [F., buttonhole.] A bouquet worn in a buttonhole.

Bouts•-ri•mes´ , n. pl. [F. bout end + rime rhymed.] Words that rhyme, proposed as the ends of verses, to be filled out by the ingenuity of the person to whom they are offered.

Bo´vate , n. [LL. bovata, fr. bos, bovis, ox.] (O.Eng.Law.) An oxgang, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year; an ancient measure of land, of indefinite quantity, but usually estimated at fifteen acres.

Bo´vey coal . (Min.) A kind of mineral coal, or brown lignite, burning with a weak flame, and generally a disagreeable odor; — found at Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, England. It is of geological age of the oölite, and not of the true coal era.

Bo´vid , a. [L. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals of which the genus Bos is the type.

Bo´vi•form , a. [L. bos, bovis, ox + -form.] Resembling an ox in form; ox- shaped. [R.]

Bo´vine , a. [LL. bovinus, fr.L. bos, bovis, ox, cow: cf. F. bovine. See Cow.] 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Bos; relating to, or resembling, the ox or cow; oxlike; as the bovine genus; a bovine antelope. 2. Having qualities characteristic of oxen or cows; sluggish and patient; dull; as a bovine temperament. “The bovine gaze of gaping rustics.
W. Black.”

Bow (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] [OE. bowen, bogen, bugen, AS. bugan (generally v. i.); akin to D. buigen, OHG. biogan, G. biegen, beugen, Icel. boginn bent, beygja to bend, Sw. böja, Dan. böie, bugne, Coth. biugan; also to L. fugere to flee, Gr. , and Skr. bhuj to bend. rad.88. Cf. Fugitive.] 1. To cause to deviate from straightness; to bend; to inflect; to make crooked or curved. “We bow things the contrary way, to make them come to their natural straightness.
Milton.” “The whole nation bowed their necks to the worst kind of tyranny.
Prescott.” 2. To exercise powerful or controlling influence over; to bend, figuratively; to turn; to incline. “Adversities do more bow men’s minds to religion.
Bacon.” “Not to bow and bias their opinions.
Fuller.” 3. To bend or incline, as the head or body, in token of respect, gratitude, assent, homage, or condescension. “They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground before him.
2 Kings ii. 15.” 4. To cause to bend down; to prostrate; to depress,; to crush; to subdue. “Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave.
Shak.” 5. To express by bowing; as to bow one’s thanks.

Bow (bou), v. i. 1. To bend; to curve. [Obs.] 2. To stop. [Archaic] “They stoop, they bow down together.
Is. xlvi. 2” 3. To bend the head, knee, or body, in token of reverence or submission; — often with down. “O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the Lord our maker.
Ps. xcv. 6.” 4. To incline the head in token of salutation, civility, or assent; to make bow. “Admired, adored by all circling crowd,
For wheresoe’er she turned her face, they bowed.
Dryden.”

Bow (bou), n. An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission; an obeisance; as a bow of deep humility.

Bow (bo), n. [OE. bowe, boge, AS. boga, fr. AS. bugan to bend; akin to D. boog, G. bogen, Icel. bogi. See Bow, v. t.] 1. Anything bent, or in the form of a curve, as the rainbow. “I do set my bow in the cloud.
Gen. ix. 13.” 2. A weapon made of a strip of wood, or other elastic material, with a cord connecting the two ends, by means of which an arrow is propelled. 3. An ornamental knot, with projecting loops, formed by doubling a ribbon or string. 4. The U-shaped piece which embraces the neck of an ox and fastens it to the yoke. 5. (Mus.) An appliance consisting of an elastic rod, with a number of horse hairs stretched from end to end of it, used in playing on a stringed instrument. 6. An arcograph. 7. (Mech. & Manuf.) Any instrument consisting of an elastic rod, with ends connected by a string, employed for giving reciprocating motion to a drill, or for preparing and arranging the hair, fur, etc., used by hatters. 8. (Naut.) A rude sort of quadrant formerly used for taking the sun’s altitude at sea. 9. (Saddlery) sing. or pl. Two pieces of wood which form the arched forward part of a saddletree. Bow bearer (O. Eng. Law), an under officer of the forest who looked after trespassers. — Bow drill, a drill worked by a bow and string. — Bow instrument (Mus.), any stringed instrument from which the tones are produced by the bow. — Bow window (Arch.) See Bay window. — To draw a long bow, to lie; to exaggerate. [Colloq.]

Bow (bo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] To play (music) with a bow. — v. i. To manage the bow.

Bow (bo), n. [Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship. See Bough.] 1. (Naut.) The bending or rounded part of a ship forward; the stream or prow. 2. (Naut.) One who rows in the forward part of a boat; the bow oar. Bow chaser (Naut.), a gun in the bow for firing while chasing another vessel. Totten. - Bow piece, a piece of ordnance carried at the bow of a ship. — On the bow (Naut.), on that part of the horizon within 45° on either side of the line ahead. Totten.

Bow´a•ble , a. Capable of being bowed or bent; flexible; easily influenced; yielding. [Obs.]

Bow´bell , n. One born within hearing distance of Bow-bells; a cockney. Halliwell.

Bow´-bells , n. pl. The bells of Bow Church in London; cockneydom. “People born within the sound of Bow-bells are usually called cockneys.
Murray’s Handbook of London.”

Bow´bent , a. Bent, like a bow. Milton.

Bow´-com•pass , n.; pl. Bow-compasses . 1. An arcograph. 2. A small pair of compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil, or a pen, for drawing circles. Its legs are often connected by a bow-shaped spring, instead of by a joint. 3. A pair of compasses, with a bow or arched plate riveted to one of the legs, and passing through the other.

Bow´el , n. [OE. bouel, bouele, OF. boel, boele, F. boyau, fr. L. botellus a small sausage, in LL. also intestine, dim. of L. botulus sausage.] 1. One of the intestines of an animal; an entrail, especially of man; a gut; — generally used in the plural. “He burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
Acts i. 18.” 2. pl. Hence, figuratively: The interior part of anything; as the bowels of the earth. “His soldiers … cried out amain,
And rushed into the bowels of the battle.
Shak.” 3. pl. The seat of pity or kindness. Hence: Tenderness; compassion. ´Thou thing of no bowels.´ Shak. “Bloody Bonner, that corpulent tyrant, full (as one said) of guts, and empty of bowels.
Fuller.” 4. pl. Offspring. [Obs.] Shak.

Bow´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boweled or Bowelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boweling or Bowelling.] To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate; to disembowel.

Bow´eled , a. [Written also bowelled.] Having bowels; hollow. ´The boweled cavern.´ Thomson.

Bow´el•less, a. Without pity. Sir T. Browne.

Bow´en•ite , n. [From G.T. Bowen, who analyzed it in 1822.] (Min.) A hard, compact variety of serpentine found in Rhode Island. It is of a light green color and resembles jade.

Bo´wer , n. [From Bow, v. & n.] 1. One who bows or bends. 2. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a ship. 3. A muscle that bends a limb, esp. the arm. [Obs.] “His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers
Were wont to rive steel plates and helmets hew.”
Spenser. Best bower, Small bower. See the Note under Anchor.

Bow´er (bou´er), n. [G. bauer a peasant. So called from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards. See Boor.] One of the two highest cards in the pack commonly used in the game of euchre. Right bower, the knave of the trump suit, the highest card (except the ´Joker´) in the game. — Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump, being the next to the right bower in value. — Best bower or Joker, in some forms of euchre and some other games, an extra card sometimes added to the pack, which takes precedence of all others as the highest card.

Bow´er, n. [OE. bour, bur, room, dwelling, AS. bur, fr. the root of AS. buan to dwell; akin to Icel. bur chamber, storehouse, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, OHG. pur room, G. bauer cage, bauer a peasant. rad.97] Cf.Boor, Byre.] 1. Anciently, a chamber; a lodging room; esp., a lady’s private apartment. “Give me my lute in bed now as I lie,
And lock the doors of mine unlucky bower.
Gascoigne.” 2. A rustic cottage or abode; poetically, an attractive abode or retreat. Shenstone. B. Johnson. 3. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with boughs of trees or vines, etc., twined together; an arbor; a shady recess.

Bow´er, v. t. To embower; to inclose. Shak.

Bow´er, v. i. To lodge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bow´er, n. [From Bough, cf. Brancher.] (Falconry) A young hawk, when it begins to leave the nest. [Obs.]

Bow´er bird . (Zoöl.) An Australian bird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus or holosericeus), allied to the starling, which constructs singular bowers or playhouses of twigs and decorates them with bright-colored objects; the satin bird. The name is also applied to other related birds of the same region, having similar habits; as the spotted bower bird (Chalmydodera maculata), and the regent bird (Sericulus melinus).

Bow´er•y , a. Shading, like a bower; full of bowers. “A bowery maze that shades the purple streams.
Trumbull.”

Bow´er•y, n.; pl. Boweries . [D. bouwerij.] A farm or plantation with its buildings. [U.S.Hist.] “The emigrants [in New York] were scattered on boweries or plantations; and seeing the evils of this mode of living widely apart, they were advised, in 1643 and 1646, by the Dutch authorities, to gather into ´villages, towns, and hamlets, as the English were in the habit of doing.´
Bancroft.”

Bow´er•y, a. Characteristic of the street called the Bowery, in New York city; swaggering; flashy.

Bow´ess , n. (Falconry) Same as Bower. [Obs.]

Bow´fin , n. (Zoöl.) A voracious ganoid fish (Amia calva) found in the fresh waters of the United States; the mudfish; — called also Johnny Grindle, and dogfish.

Bowge , v. i. To swell out. See Bouge. [Obs.]

Bowge, v. t. To cause to leak. [Obs.] See Bouge.

Bow´grace , n. (Naut.) A frame or fender of rope or junk, laid out at the sides or bows of a vessel to secure it from injury by floating ice.

Bow´ hand . 1. (Archery) The hand that holds the bow, i. e., the left hand. “Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand.
Spenser.” 2. (Mus.) The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand.

Bow´head , n. (Zoöl.) The great Arctic or Greenland whale. (Balaena mysticetus). See Baleen, and Whale.

Bow´ie knife . A knife with a strong blade from ten to fifteen inches long, and double-edged near the point; — used as a hunting knife, and formerly as a weapon in the southwestern part of the United States. It was named from its inventor, Colonel James Bowie. also by extension, any large sheath knife.

Bow´ing , n. (Mus.) 1. The act or art of managing the bow in playing on stringed instruments. “Bowing constitutes a principal part of the art of the violinist, the violist, etc.
J. W. Moore.” 2. In hatmaking, the act or process of separating and distributing the fur or hair by means of a bow, to prepare it for felting.

Bow´ing•ly , adv. In a bending manner.

Bow´knot , n. A knot in which a portion of the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, so as to be readily untied.

Bowl (bol), n. [OE. bolle, AS. bolla; akin to Icel. bolli, Dan. bolle, G. bolle, and perh. to E. boil a tumor. Cf. Boll.] 1. A concave vessel of various forms (often approximately hemispherical), to hold liquids, etc. “Brought them food in bowls of basswood.
Longfellow.” 2. Specifically, a drinking vessel for wine or other spirituous liquors; hence, convivial drinking. 3. The contents of a full bowl; what a bowl will hold. 4. The hollow part of a thing; as the bowl of a spoon.

Bowl (bol), n. [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud. Cf. Bull an edict, Bill a writing.] 1. A ball of wood or other material used for rolling on a level surface in play; a ball of hard wood having one side heavier than the other, so as to give it a bias when rolled. 2. pl. An ancient game, popular in Great Britain, played with biased balls on a level plat of greensward. “Like an uninstructed bowler, … who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it.
Sir W. Scott.” 3. pl. The game of tenpins or bowling. [U.S.]

Bowl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowling.] 1. To roll, as a bowl or cricket ball. “Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel,
And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven.
Shak.” 2. To roll or carry smoothly on, or as on, wheels; as we were bowled rapidly along the road. 3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled. “Alas I had rather be set quick i’ the earth,
And bowled to death with turnips
Shak.” To bowl (a player) out, in cricket, to put out a striker by knocking down a bail or a stump in bowling.

Bowl, v. i. 1. To play with bowls. 2. To roll a ball on a plane, as at cricket, bowls, etc. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball; as the carriage bowled along. { Bowl´der , Boul´der } n. [Cf. Sw. bullra to roar, rattle, Dan. buldre, dial. Sw. bullersteen larger kind of pebbles; perh. akin to E. bellow.] 1. A large stone, worn smooth or rounded by the action of water; a large pebble. 2. (Geol.) A mass of any rock, whether rounded or not, that has been transported by natural agencies from its native bed. See Drift. Bowlder clay, the unstratified clay deposit of the Glacial or Drift epoch, often containing large numbers of bowlders. — Bowlder wall, a wall constructed of large stones or bowlders.

Bowl´der•y , a. Characterized by bowlders.

Bow´leg , n. A crooked leg. Jer. Taylor.

Bow´-legged , a. Having crooked legs, esp. with the knees bent outward. Johnson.

Bowl´er , n. One who plays at bowls, or who rolls the ball in cricket or any other game.

Bow´less, a. Destitute of a bow.

Bow´line , n. [Cf. D. boelijn, Icel. böglïna, Dan. bovline; properly the line attached to the shoulder or side of the sail. See Bow (of a ship), and Line.] (Naut.) A rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perpendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate ropes, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is closehauled. Bowline bridles, the ropes by which the bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail. — Bowline knot. See Illust. under Knot. — On a bowline, close-hauled or sailing close to the wind; — said of a ship.

Bowl´ing , n. The act of playing at or rolling bowls, or of rolling the ball at cricket; the game of bowls or of tenpins. Bowling alley, a covered place for playing at bowls or tenpins. — Bowling green, a level piece of greensward or smooth ground for bowling, as the small park in lower Broadway, New York, where the Dutch of New Amsterdam played this game.

Bowls (bolz), n. pl. See Bowl, a ball, a game.

Bow´man , n.; pl. Bowmen . A man who uses a bow; an archer. “The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and bowmen.
Jer. iv. 29.” Bowman’s root. (Bot.) See Indian physic, under Indian.

Bow´man , n. (Naut.) The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat; the bow oar.

Bowne , v. t. [See Boun.] To make ready; to prepare; to dress. [Obs.] “We will all bowne ourselves for the banquet.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bow´ net . 1. A trap for lobsters, being a wickerwork cylinder with a funnel-shaped entrance at one end. 2. A net for catching birds. J. H. Walsh.

Bow´ oar . 1. The oar used by the bowman. 2. One who rows at the bow of a boat.

Bow´-pen , n. Bow-compasses carrying a drawing pen. See Bow-compass.

Bow´-pen•cil , n. Bow-compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil.

Bow´-saw , n. A saw with a thin or narrow blade set in a strong frame.

Bowse , v. i. [See Booze, and Bouse.] 1. To carouse; to bouse; to booze. De Quincey. 2. (Naut.) To pull or haul; as to bowse upon a tack; to bowse away, i. e., to pull all together.

Bowse, n. A carouse; a drinking bout; a booze.

Bow´shot , n. The distance traversed by an arrow shot from a bow.

Bow´sprit , n. [Bow + sprit; akin to D. boegspriet; boeg bow of a ship + spriet, E. sprit, also Sw. bogspröt, G. bugspriet.] (Naut.) A large boom or spar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other vessel, to carry sail forward.

Bows´sen , v. t. To drench; to soak; especially, to immerse (in water believed to have curative properties). [Obs.] “There were many bowssening places, for curing of mad men.
… If there appeared small amendment he was bowssened again and again.
Carew.”

Bow´string , n. 1. The string of a bow. 2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders. Bowstring bridge, a bridge formed of an arch of timber or iron, often braced, the thrust of which is resisted by a tie forming a chord of the arch. — Bowstring girder, an arched beam strengthened by a tie connecting its two ends. — Bowstring hemp (Bot.), the tenacious fiber of the Sanseviera Zeylanica, growing in India and Africa, from which bowstrings are made. Balfour.

Bow´string , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowstringed or Bowstrung ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowstringing.] To strangle with a bowstring.

Bow´stringed , p.a. 1. Furnished with bowstring. 2. Put to death with a bowstring; strangled.

Bow´tel , n. See Boultel.

Bow´wow , n. An onomatopoetic name for a dog or its bark. — a. Onomatopoetic; as the bowwow theory of language; a bowwow word. [Jocose.]

Bow´yer , n. [From Bow, like lawyer from law.] 1. An archer; one who uses bow. 2. One who makes or sells bows.

Box (boks), n. [As. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. . See Box a case.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub, flourishing in different parts of the world. The common box (Buxus sempervirens) has two varieties, one of which, the dwarf box (B. suffruticosa), is much used for borders in gardens. The wood of the tree varieties, being very hard and smooth, is extensively used in the arts, as by turners, engravers, mathematical instrument makers, etc. Box elder, the ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides), of North America. — Box holly, the butcher’s broom (Russus aculeatus). — Box thorn, a shrub (Lycium barbarum). — Box tree, the tree variety of the common box.

Box, n.; pl. Boxes [As. box a small case or vessel with a cover; akin to OHG. buhsa box, G. büchse; fr. L. buxus boxwood, anything made of boxwood. See Pyx, and cf. Box a tree, Bushel.] 1. A receptacle or case of any firm material and of various shapes. 2. The quantity that a box contain. 3. A space with a few seats partitioned off in a theater, or other place of public amusement. “Laughed at by the pit, box, galleries, nay, stage.
Dorset.” “The boxes and the pit are sovereign judges.
Dryden.” 4. A chest or any receptacle for the deposit of money; as a poor box; a contribution box. “Yet since his neighbors give, the churl unlocks,
Damning the poor, his tripple-bolted box.
J. Warton.” 5. A small country house. ´A shooting box.´ Wilson. “Tight boxes neatly sashed.
Cowper.” 6. A boxlike shed for shelter; as a sentry box. 7. (Mach) (a) An axle box, journal box, journal bearing, or bushing. (b) A chamber or section of tube in which a valve works; the bucket of a lifting pump. 8. The driver’s seat on a carriage or coach. 9. A present in a box; a present; esp. a Christmas box or gift. ´A Christmas box.´ Dickens. 10. (Baseball) The square in which the pitcher stands. 11. (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish; the bogue. Box is much used adjectively or in composition; as box lid, box maker, box circle, etc.; also with modifying substantives; as money box, letter box, bandbox, hatbox or hat box, snuff box or snuffbox. Box beam (Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as to have the form of a long box. — Box car (Railroads), a freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides to protect its contents. — Box chronometer, a ship’s chronometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper position. — Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving; sometimes with a heavy cape to carry off the rain. — Box coupling, a metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in machinery. — Box crab (Zoöl.), a crab of the genus Calappa, which, when at rest with the legs retracted, resembles a box. — Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. — Box girder (Arch.), a box beam. — Box groove (Metal Working), a closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll fitting between collars on another. R. W. Raymond. — Box metal, an alloy of copper and tin, or of zinc, lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. — Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the right and the left. — Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zoöl.), a land tortoise or turtle of the genera Cistudo and Emys; — so named because it can withdraw entirely within its shell, which can be closed by hinged joints in the lower shell. also humorously, an exceedingly reticent person. Emerson. — In a box, in a perplexity or an embarrassing position; in difficulty. (Colloq.) — In the wrong box, out of one’s place; out of one’s element; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (1554)

Box, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Boxing.] 1. To inclose in a box. 2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel. 3. (Arch.) To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form. To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for the purpose of procuring the sap. — To box off, to divide into tight compartments. — To box up. (a) To put into a box in order to save; as he had boxed up twelve score pounds. (b) To confine; as to be boxed up in narrow quarters.

Box, n. [Cf.Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf. Pash.] A blow on the head or ear with the hand. “A good-humored box on the ear.
W. Irving.”

Box, v. i. To fight with the fist; to combat with, or as with, the hand or fist; to spar.

Box, v. t. To strike with the hand or fist, especially to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head.

Box, v. t. [Cf.Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.] To boxhaul. To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either way by bracing the headyards aback. — To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two points of the compass in their order.

Box´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The wintergreen. (Gaultheria procumbens). [Local, U.S.]

Box´en (boks´’n), a. Made of boxwood; pertaining to, or resembling, the box (Buxus). [R.] “The faded hue of sapless boxen leaves.
Dryden.”

Box´er (boks´er), n. One who packs boxes.

Box´er, n. One who boxes; a pugilist.

Box´fish , n. (Zoöl.) The trunkfish.

Box´haul , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhauled .] (Naut.) To put (a vessel) on the other tack by veering her short round on her heel; — so called from the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox (i. e., sharp aback, on the wind). Totten.

Box´haul•ing, n. (Naut.) A method of going from one tack to another. See Boxhaul.

Box´ing, n. 1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a box, as for storage or transportation. 2. Material used in making boxes or casings. 3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess; a casing. 4. (Arch.) The external case of thin material used to bring any member to a required form.

Box´ing, n. The act of fighting with the fist; a combat with the fist; sparring. Blackstone. Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in sparring for exercise or amusement.

Box´-i•ron , n. A hollow smoothing iron containing a heater within.

Box´keep•er , n. An attendant at a theater who has charge of the boxes.

Box´thorn , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycium, esp. Lycium barbarum.

Box´wood , n. The wood of the box (Buxus).

Boy , n. [Cf. D. boef, Fries. boi, boy; akin to G. bube, Icel. bofi rouge.] A male child, from birth to the age of puberty; a lad; hence, a son. “My only boy fell by the side of great Dundee.
Sir W. Scott.” Boy is often used as a term of comradeship, as in college, or in the army or navy. In the plural used colloquially of members of an associaton, fraternity, or party. Boy bishop, a boy (usually a chorister) elected bishop, in old Christian sports, and invested with robes and other insignia. He practiced a kind of mimicry of the ceremonies in which the bishop usually officiated. — The Old Boy, the Devil. [Slang] — Yellow boys, guineas. [Slang, Eng.] — Boy’s love, a popular English name of Southernwood (Artemisia abrotonum); — called also lad’s love. — Boy’s play, childish amusements; anything trifling.

Boy, v. t. To act as a boy; — in allusion to the former practice of boys acting women’s parts on the stage. “I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness.
Shak.” { Bo•yar´ , Bo•yard´ } n. [Russ. boiárin’.] A member of a Russian aristocratic order abolished by Peter the Great. also one of a privileged class in Roumania. English writers sometimes call Russian landed proprietors boyars.

Boy´au , n.; pl. Boyaux or Boyaus . [F. boyau gut, a long and narrow place, and (of trenches) a branch. See Bowel.] (Fort.) A winding or zigzag trench forming a path or communication from one siegework to another, to a magazine, etc.

Boy´cott , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting.] [From Captain Boycott, a land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] To combine against (a landlord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to withhold social or business relations from him, and to deter others from holding such relations; to subject to a boycott.

Boy´cott, n. The process, fact, or pressure of boycotting; a combining to withhold or prevent dealing or social intercourse with a tradesman, employer, etc.; social and business interdiction for the purpose of coercion.

Boy´cott•er , n. A participant in boycotting.

Boy´cott•ism , n. Methods of boycotters.

Boy´de•kin , n. A dagger; a bodkin. [Obs.]

Boy´er , n. [D. boeijer; — so called because these vessels were employed for laying the boeijen, or buoys: cf. F. boyer. See Buoy.] (Naut.) A Flemish sloop with a castle at each end. Sir W. Raleigh.

Boy´hood , n. [Boy + - hood.] The state of being a boy; the time during which one is a boy. Hood.

Boy´ish, a. Resembling a boy in a manners or opinions; belonging to a boy; childish; trifling; puerile. “A boyish, odd conceit.
Baillie.”

Boy´ish•ly, adv. In a boyish manner; like a boy.

Boy´ish•ness, n. The manners or behavior of a boy.

Boy´ism , n. 1. Boyhood. [Obs.] T. Warton. 2. The nature of a boy; childishness. Dryden.

Boyle’s´ law . See under Law.

Bo´za , n. [See Bosa.] An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water. [Written also bosa, bozah, bouza.]

Bra•bant´ine , a. Pertaining to Brabant, an ancient province of the Netherlands.

Brab´ble , v. i. [D. brabbelen to talk confusedly. 95. Cf. Blab, Babble.] To clamor; to contest noisily. [R.]

Brab´ble, n. A broil; a noisy contest; a wrangle. “This petty brabble will undo us all.
Shak.”

Brab´ble•ment , n. A brabble. [R.] Holland.

Brab´bler , n. A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fellow; a wrangler. [R] Shak.

Brac´cate , a. [L. bracatus wearing breeches, fr. bracae breeches.] (Zoöl.) Furnished with feathers which conceal the feet.

Brace , n. [OF. brace, brasse, the two arms, embrace, fathom, F. brasse fathom, fr. L. bracchia the arms (stretched out), pl. of bracchium arm; cf. Gr. .] 1. That which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly; a bandage or a prop. 2. A cord, ligament, or rod, for producing or maintaining tension, as a cord on the side of a drum. “The little bones of the ear drum do in straining and relaxing it as the braces of the war drum do in that.
Derham.” 3. The state of being braced or tight; tension. “The laxness of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or tension.
Holder.” 4. (Arch. & Engin.) A piece of material used to transmit, or change the direction of, weight or pressure; any one of the pieces, in a frame or truss, which divide the structure into triangular parts. It may act as a tie, or as a strut, and serves to prevent distortion of the structure, and transverse strains in its members. A boiler brace is a diagonal stay, connecting the head with the shell. 5. (Print.) A vertical curved line connecting two or more words or lines, which are to be taken together; thus, boll, bowl; or, in music, used to connect staves. 6. (Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which the yard is moved horizontally; also a rudder gudgeon. 7. (Mech.) A curved instrument or handle of iron or wood, for holding and turning bits, etc.; a bitstock. 8. A pair; a couple; as a brace of ducks; now rarely applied to persons, except familiarly or with some contempt. ´A brace of greyhounds.´ Shak. “He is said to have shot … fifty brace of pheasants.
Addison.” “A brace of brethren, both bishops, both eminent for learning and religion, now appeared in the church.
Fuller.” “But you, my brace of lords.
Shak.” 9. pl. Straps or bands to sustain trousers; suspenders. “I embroidered for you a beautiful pair of braces.
Thackeray.” 10. Harness; warlike preparation. [Obs.] “For that it stands not in such warlike brace.
Shak.” 11. Armor for the arm; vantbrace. 12. (Mining) The mouth of a shaft. [Cornwall] Angle brace. See under Angle.

Brace , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracing.] 1. To furnish with braces; to support; to prop; as to brace a beam in a building. 2. To draw tight; to tighten; to put in a state of tension; to strain; to strengthen; as to brace the nerves. “And welcome war to brace her drums.
Campbell.” 3. To bind or tie closely; to fasten tightly. “The women of China, by bracing and binding them from their infancy, have very little feet.
Locke.” “Some who spurs had first braced on.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. To place in a position for resisting pressure; to hold firmly; as he braced himself against the crowd. “A sturdy lance in his right hand he braced.
Fairfax.” 5. (Naut.) To move around by means of braces; as to brace the yards. To brace about (Naut.), to turn (a yard) round for the contrary tack. — To brace a yard (Naut.), to move it horizontally by means of a brace. — To brace in (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by hauling in the weather brace. — To brace one’s self, to call up one’s energies. ´He braced himself for an effort which he was little able to make.´ J. D. Forbes. — To brace to (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by checking or easing off the lee brace, and hauling in the weather one, to assist in tacking. — To brace up (Naut.), to bring (a yard) nearer the direction of the keel by hauling in the lee brace. — To brace up sharp (Naut.), to turn (a yard) as far forward as the rigging will permit.

Brace, v. i. To get tone or vigor; to rouse one’s energies; — with up. [Colloq.]

Brace´let , n. [F. bracelet, dim. of OF. bracel armlet, prop. little arm, dim. of bras arm, fr. L. bracchium. See Brace, n.] 1. An ornamental band or ring, for the wrist or the arm; in modern times, an ornament encircling the wrist, worn by women or girls. 2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Johnson.

Bra´cer , n. 1. That which braces, binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage. 2. A covering to protect the arm of the bowman from the vibration of the string; also a brassart. Chaucer. 3. A medicine, as an astringent or a tonic, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. Johnson.

Brach (brak), n. [OE. brache a kind of scenting hound or setting dog, OF. brache, F. braque, fr. OHG. braccho, G. bracke; possibly akin to E. fragrant, fr. L. fragrare to smell.] A bitch of the hound kind. Shak.

Brach•el´y•tra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. short + a covering.] (Zoöl.) A group of beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles.

Brach´i•a , n. pl. See Brachium.

Brach´i•al or , a. [L. brachialis (bracch-), from bracchium (bracch-) arm: cf. F. brachial.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining or belonging to the arm; as the brachial artery; the brachial nerve. 2. Of the nature of an arm; resembling an arm.

Brach•i•a´ta , n. pl. [See Brachiate.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished with long jointed arms. See Crinoidea.

Brach´i•ate , a. [L. brachiatus (bracch-) with boughs or branches like arms, from brackium (bracch-) arm.] (Bot.) Having branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next, as in the maple and lilac.

Brach•i•og´a•noid , n. One of the Brachioganoidei.

Brach•i•o•ga•noid´e•i , n. pl. [NL., from L. brachium (bracch-) arm + NL. ganoidei.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes of which the bichir of Africa is a living example. See Crossopterygii.

Brach•i•o•la´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. brachiolum (bracch-), dim. of brachium (bracch-) arm.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar early larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral structure, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia.

Brach´i•o•pod , n. [Cf.F. brachiopode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Brachiopoda, or its shell.

Brach•i•op´o•da , n. [NL., from Gr. arm + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of Molluscoidea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, often attached by a fleshy peduncle. Within the shell is a pair of ´arms,´ often long and spirally coiled, bearing rows of ciliated tentacles by which a current of water is made to flow into the mantle cavity, bringing the microscopic food to the mouth between the bases of the arms. The shell is both opened and closed by special muscles. They form two orders; Lyopoma, in which the shell is thin, and without a distinct hinge, as in Lingula; and Arthropoma, in which the firm calcareous shell has a regular hinge, as in Rhynchonella. See Arthropomata.

Brach´i•um , n.; pl. Bracchia . [L. brachium or bracchium, arm.] (Anat.) The upper arm; the segment of the fore limb between the shoulder and the elbow.

Brach´man , n. [L. Brachmanae, pl., Gr. .] See Brahman. [Obs.]

Brach•y•cat•a•lec´tic , n. [Gr. ; brachy•s short + to leave off; cf. incomplete.] (Gr. & Last. Pros.) A verse wanting two syllables at its termination. { Brach•y•ce•phal´ic , Brach•y•ceph´a•lous }, a. [Gr. brachy•s short + head.] (Anat.) Having the skull short in proportion to its breadth; shortheaded; — in distinction from dolichocephalic. { Brach•y•ceph´a•ly , Brach•y•ceph´a•lism }, n. [Cf. F. Brachycephalie] . (Anat.) The state or condition of being brachycephalic; shortness of head.

Bra•chyc´er•al , a. [Gr. brachy•s short + horn.] (Zoöl.) Having short antennae, as certain insects.

Brach•y•di•ag´o•nal , a. [Gr. brachy•s short + E. diagonal.] Pertaining to the shorter diagonal, as of a rhombic prism. Brachydiagonal axis, the shorter lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal.

Brach•y•di•ag´o•nal, n. The shorter of the diagonals in a rhombic prism.

Brach•y•dome , n. [Gr. brachy•s short + E. dome.] (Crystallog.) A dome parallel to the shorter lateral axis. See Dome.

Bra•chyg´ra•pher , n. A writer in short hand; a stenographer. “He asked the brachygrapher whether he wrote the notes of the sermon.
Gayton.”

Bra•chyg´ra•phy , n. [Gr. brachy•s short + -graphy: cf. F. brachygraphie.] Stenography. B. Jonson.

Bra•chyl´o•gy , n. [Gr. : brachy•s short + discourse: cf. F. brachylogie.] (Rhet.) Conciseness of expression; brevity.

Brach•y•pin´a•coid , n. [Gr. brachy•s short + E. pinacoid.] (Crytallog.) A plane of an orthorhombic crystal which is parallel both to the vertical axis and to the shorter lateral (brachydiagonal) axis.

Bra•chyp´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. short-winged; brachy•s short + feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of Coleoptera having short wings; the rove beetles.

Bra•chyp´te•res , n.pl. [NL. See Brachyptera. ] (Zoöl.) A group of birds, including auks, divers, and penguins.

Bra•chyp´ter•ous , a. [Gr. : cf. F. brachyptère.] (Zoöl.) Having short wings.

Bra•chys´to•chrone , n. [Incorrect for brachistochrone, fr. Gr. bra•chistos shortest (superl. of brachy•s short) + time : cf. F. brachistochrone. ] (Math.) A curve, in which a body, starting from a given point, and descending solely by the force of gravity, will reach another given point in a shorter time than it could by any other path. This curve of quickest descent, as it is sometimes called, is, in a vacuum, the same as the cycloid.

Brach´y•ty•pous , a. [Gr. short + stamp, form.] (Min.) Of a short form.

Brach•y•u´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. brachy•s short + tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of decapod Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See Crab, and Illustration in Appendix. { Brach•y•u´ral , Brach•y•u´rous }, a. [Cf. F. brachyure.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Brachyura.

Brach•y•u´ran , n. One of the Brachyura.

Bra´cing , a. Imparting strength or tone; strengthening; invigorating; as a bracing north wind.

Bra´cing , n. 1. The act of strengthening, supporting, or propping, with a brace or braces; the state of being braced. 2. (Engin.) Any system of braces; braces, collectively; as the bracing of a truss.

Brack (brak), n. [Cf.D. braak, Dan. braek, a breaking, Sw. & Icel. brak a crackling, creaking. Cf. Breach.] An opening caused by the parting of any solid body; a crack or breach; a flaw. “Stain or brack in her sweet reputation.
J. Fletcher.”

Brack, n. [D. brak, adj., salt; cf. LG. wrak refuse, G. brack.] Salt or brackish water. [Obs.] Drayton.

Brack´en , n. [OE. braken, AS. bracce. See 2d Brake, n.] A brake or fern. Sir W. Scott.

Brack´et , n. [Cf.OF. braguette codpiece, F. brayette, Sp. bragueta, also a projecting mold in architecture; dim. fr.L. bracae breeches; cf. also OF. bracon beam, prop, support; of unknown origin. Cf. Breeches.] 1. (Arch.) An architectural member, plain or ornamental, projecting from a wall or pier, to support weight falling outside of the same; also a decorative feature seeming to discharge such an office. This is the more general word. See Brace, Cantalever, Console, Corbel, Strut. 2. (Engin. & Mech.) A piece or combination of pieces, usually triangular in general shape, projecting from, or fastened to, a wall, or other surface, to support heavy bodies or to strengthen angles. 3. (Naut.) A shot, crooked timber, resembling a knee, used as a support. 4. (Mil.) The cheek or side of an ordnance carriage. 5. (Print.) One of two characters [], used to inclose a reference, explanation, or note, or a part to be excluded from a sentence, to indicate an interpolation, to rectify a mistake, or to supply an omission, and for certain other purposes; — called also crotchet. 6. A gas fixture or lamp holder projecting from the face of a wall, column, or the like. Bracket light, a gas fixture or a lamp attached to a wall, column, etc.

Brack´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bracketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracketing] To place within brackets; to connect by brackets; to furnish with brackets.

Brack´et•ing, n. (Arch.) A series or group of brackets; brackets, collectively.

Brack´ish , a. [See Brack salt water.] Saltish, or salt in a moderate degree, as water in saline soil. “Springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish though they be.
Byron.”

Brack´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being brackish, or somewhat salt.

Brack´y , a. Brackish. Drayton.

Bract , n. [See Bractea.] (Bot.) (a) A leaf, usually smaller than the true leaves of a plant, from the axil of which a flower stalk arises. (b) Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower. Bracts are often inconspicuous, but sometimes large and showy, or highly colored, as in many cactaceous plants. The spathes of aroid plants are conspicuous forms of bracts.

Brac´te•a , n. [L., a thin plate of metal or wood, gold foil.] (Bot.) A bract.

Brac´te•al , a. [Cf.F. bracteal.] Having the nature or appearance of a bract.

Brac´te•ate , a. [Cf.L. bracteatus covered with gold plate.] (Bot.) Having a bract or bracts.

Bract´ed , a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracts.

Brac´te•o•late , a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracteoles or bractlets.

Brac´te•ole , n. [L. bracteola, dim. of bractea. See Bractea.] (Bot.) Same as Bractlet.

Bract´less, a. (Bot.) Destitute of bracts.

Bract´let , n. [Bract + - let] (Bot.) A bract on the stalk of a single flower, which is itself on a main stalk that support several flowers. Gray.

Brad , n. [Cf.OE. brod, Dan. braad prick, sting, brodde ice spur, frost nail, Sw. brodd frost nail, Icel. broddr any pointed piece of iron or stell; akin to AS. brord point, spire of grass, and perh. to E. bristle. See Bristle, n.] A thin nail, usually small, with a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head; also a small wire nail, with a flat circular head; sometimes, a small, tapering, square-bodied finishing nail, with a countersunk head.

Brad´ awl . A straight awl with chisel edge, used to make holes for brads, etc. Weale.

Bra•doon´ , n. Same as Bridoon.

Brae , n. [See Bray a hill.] A hillside; a slope; a bank; a hill. [Scot.] Burns.

Brag , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bragged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bragging.] [OE. braggen to resound, blow, boast (cf. F. braguer to lead a merry life, flaunt, boast, OF. brague merriment), from Icel. braka to creak, brak noise, fr. the same root as E. break; properly then, to make a noise, boast. 95.] To talk about one’s self, or things pertaining to one’s self, in a manner intended to excite admiration, envy, or wonder; to talk boastfully; to boast; — often followed by of; as to brag of one’s exploits, courage, or money, or of the great things one intends to do. “Conceit, more rich in matter than in words,
Brags of his substance, not of ornament.
Shak.” Syn. — To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish; talk big.

Brag, v. t. To boast of. [Obs.] Shak.

Brag, n. 1. A boast or boasting; bragging; ostentatious pretense or self glorification. “Caesar … made not here his brag
Of ´came,´ and ´saw,´ and ´overcame.´
Shak.” 2. The thing which is boasted of. “Beauty is Nature’s brag.
Milton.” 3. A game at cards similar to bluff. Chesterfield.

Brag , a. [See Brag, v. i.] Brisk; full of spirits; boasting; pretentious; conceited. [Archaic] “A brag young fellow.
B. Jonson.”

Brag, adv. Proudly; boastfully. [Obs.] Fuller.

Brag•ga•do´cio , n. [From Braggadocchio, a boastful character in Spenser’s ´Faërie Queene.´] 1. A braggart; a boaster; a swaggerer. Dryden. 2. Empty boasting; mere brag; pretension.

Brag´gard•ism , n. [See Braggart.] Boastfulness; act of bragging. Shak.

Brag´gart , n. [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, bragging. See Brag, v. i.] A boaster. “O, I could play the woman with mine eyes,
And braggart with my tongue.
Shak.”

Brag´gart, a. Boastful. — Brag´gart•ly, adv.

Brag´ger , n. One who brags; a boaster.

Brag´get , n. [OE. braket, bragot, fr. W. bragawd, bragod, fr. brag malt.] A liquor made of ale and honey fermented, with spices, etc. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Brag´ging•ly , adv. Boastingly.

Brag´less, a. Without bragging. [R.] Shak.

Brag´ly, adv. In a manner to be bragged of; finely; proudly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brah´ma , n. [See Brahman.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) The One First Cause; also one of the triad of Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer. According to the Hindoo religious books, Brahma (with the final a short), or Brahm, is the Divine Essence, the One First Cause, the All in All, while the personal gods, Brahmá (with the final a long), Vishnu, and Siva, are emanations or manifestations of Brahma the Divine Essence. 2. (Zoöl.) A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl, peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds, the dark or penciled, and the light; — called also Brahmapootra. { Brah´man , Brah´min } n.; pl. Brahmans, Brahmins. [Skr. Brahmana (cf. Brahman worship, holiness; the God Brahma, also Brahman): cf. F. Brahmane, Brachmane, Bramine, L. Brachmanae, -manes, - mani, pl., Gr. , pl.] A person of the highest or sacerdotal caste among the Hindoos. Brahman bull (Zoöl.), the male of a variety of the zebu, or Indian ox, considered sacred by the Hindoos.

Brah´man•ess , n. A Brahmani.

Brah´man•i , n. [Fem. of Brahman.] Any Brahman woman. [Written also Brahmanee.] { Brah•man´ic , -ic•al , Brah•min´ic , •ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the Brahmans or to their doctrines and worship. { Brah´man•ism , Brah´min•ism } n. The religion or system of doctrines of the Brahmans; the religion of Brahma. { Brah´man•ist , Brah´min•ist } n. An adherent of the religion of the Brahmans.

Brah´mo•ism , n. The religious system of Brahmo-somaj. Balfour.

Brah•mo-so•maj´ , n. [Bengalese, a worshiping assembly.] A modern reforming theistic sect among the Hindoos. [Written also Brama-samaj.]

Braid (brad), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Braided; p. pr. & vb. n. Braiding.] [OE. braiden, breiden, to pull, reach, braid, AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave; akin. to Icel. bregða, D. breiden to knit, OS. bregdan to weave, OHG. brettan to brandish. Cf. Broid.] 1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as three or more strands or threads; to form into a braid; to plait. “Braid your locks with rosy twine.
Milton.” 2. To mingle, or to bring to a uniformly soft consistence, by beating, rubbing, or straining, as in some culinary operations. 3. To reproach. [Obs.] See Upbraid. Shak.

Braid , n. 1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed by intertwining or weaving together different strands. “A braid of hair composed of two different colors twined together.
Scott.” 2. A narrow fabric, as of wool, silk, or linen, used for binding, trimming, or ornamenting dresses, etc.

Braid, n. [Cf.Icel. brega to move quickly.] 1. A quick motion; a start. [Obs.] Sackville. 2. A fancy; freak; caprice. [Obs.] R. Hyrde.

Braid v. i. To start; to awake. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Braid, a. [AS. braed, bred, deceit; akin to Icel. bragð trick, AS. bredan, bregdan, to braid, knit, (hence) to knit a net, to draw into a net, i. e., to deceive. See Braid, v. t.] Deceitful. [Obs.] “Since Frenchmen are so braid,
Marry that will, I live and die a maid.
Shak.”

Braid´ing, n. 1. The act of making or using braids. 2. Braids, collectively; trimming. “A gentleman enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur collars, and braiding.
Thackeray.”

Brail , n. [OE. brayle furling rope, OF. braiol a band placed around the breeches, fr.F. braies, pl., breeches, fr.L. braca, bracae, breeches, a Gallic word; cf. Arm. bragez. Cf. Breeches.] 1. (Falconry) A thong of soft leather to bind up a hawk’s wing. 2. pl. (Naut.) Ropes passing through pulleys, and used to haul in or up the leeches, bottoms, or corners of sails, preparatory to furling. 3. A stock at each end of a seine to keep it stretched.

Brail, v. t. (Naut.) To haul up by the brails; — used with up; as to brail up a sail.

Brain , n. [OE. brain, brein, AS. bragen, braegen; akin to LG. brägen, bregen, D. brein, and perh. to Gr. , the upper part of head, if =. rad.95.] 1. (Anat.) The whitish mass of soft matter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It is simply the anterior termination of the spinal cord, and is developed from three embryonic vesicles, whose cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord; the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain. In the brain of man the cerebral lobes, or largest part of the forebrain, are enormously developed so as to overhang the cerebellum, the great lobe of the hindbrain, and completely cover the lobes of the midbrain. The surface of the cerebrum is divided into irregular ridges, or convolutions, separated by grooves (the so-called fissures and sulci), and the two hemispheres are connected at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure by a great transverse band of nervous matter, the corpus callosum, while the two halves of the cerebellum are connected on the under side of the brain by the bridge, or pons Varolii. 2. (Zoöl.) The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates. 3. The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding. ´ My brain is too dull.´ Sir W. Scott. In this sense, often used in the plural. 4. The affections; fancy; imagination. [R.] Shak. To have on the brain, to have constantly in one’s thoughts, as a sort of monomania. [Low] Brain box or case, the bony on cartilaginous case inclosing the brain. — Brain coral, Brain stone coral (Zoöl), a massive reef-building coral having the surface covered by ridges separated by furrows so as to resemble somewhat the surface of the brain, esp. such corals of the genera Maeandrina and Diploria. — Brain fag (Med.), brain weariness. See Cerebropathy. — Brain fever (Med.), fever in which the brain is specially affected; any acute cerebral affection attended by fever. — Brain sand, calcareous matter found in the pineal gland.

Brain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Braining.] 1. To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat. “There thou mayst brain him.
Shak.” “It was the swift celerity of the death …
That brained my purpose.
Shak.” 2. To conceive; to understand. [Obs.] “T is still a dream, or else such stuff as madmen
Tongue, and brain not.
Shak.”

Brained , p.a. Supplied with brains. “If th’ other two be brained like us.
Shak.”

Brain´ish, a. Hot-headed; furious. [R.] Shak.

Brain´less, a. Without understanding; silly; thoughtless; witless. — Brain´less•ness, n.

Brain´pan , n. [Brain + pan.] The bones which inclose the brain; the skull; the cranium.

Brain´sick , a. Disordered in the understanding; giddy; thoughtless. — Brain´sick•ness, n.

Brain´sick•ly, adv. In a brainsick manner.

Brain´y , a. Having an active or vigorous mind. [Colloq.] { Braise , Braize } , n. [So called from its iridescent colors.] (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Pagrus vulgaris) allied to the American scup; the becker. The name is sometimes applied to the related species. [Also written brazier.] { Braise , Braize }, n. [F.] 1. Charcoal powder; breeze. 2. (Cookery) Braised meat.

Braise, v. t. [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] (Cookery) To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan. “A braising kettle has a deep cover which holds coals; consequently the cooking is done from above, as well as below.
Mrs. Henderson.”

Brais´er , n. A kettle or pan for braising.

Brait , n. [Cf.W. braith variegated, Ir. breath, breagh, fine, comely.] A rough diamond.

Braize (braz), n. See Braise.

Brake (brak), imp. of Break. [Arhaic] Tennyson.

Brake, n. [OE. brake fern; cf. AS. bracce fern, LG. brake willow bush, Da. bregne fern, G. brach fallow; prob. orig. the growth on rough, broken ground, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., cf. Bracken, and 2d Brake, n.] 1. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Pteris, esp. the P. aquilina, common in almost all countries. It has solitary stems dividing into three principal branches. Less properly: Any fern. 2. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles, with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes. “Rounds rising hillocks, brakes obscure and rough,
To shelter thee from tempest and from rain.
Shak.” “He stayed not for brake, and he stopped not for stone.
Sir W. Scott.” Cane brake, a thicket of canes. See Canebrake.

Brake (brak), n. [OE. brake; cf. LG. brake an instrument for breaking flax, G. breche, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., and cf. Breach.] 1. An instrument or machine to break or bruise the woody part of flax or hemp so that it may be separated from the fiber. 2. An extended handle by means of which a number of men can unite in working a pump, as in a fire engine. 3. A baker’s kneading though. Johnson. 4. A sharp bit or snaffle. “Pampered jades … which need nor break nor bit.
Gascoigne.” 5. A frame for confining a refractory horse while the smith is shoeing him; also an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc. “A horse … which Philip had bought … and because of his fierceness kept him within a brake of iron bars.
J. Brende.” 6. That part of a carriage, as of a movable battery, or engine, which enables it to turn. 7. (Mil.) An ancient engine of war analogous to the crossbow and ballista. 8. (Agric.) A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods after plowing; a drag. 9. A piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by friction, as of a carriage or railway car, by the pressure of rubbers against the wheels, or of clogs or ratchets against the track or roadway, or of a pivoted lever against a wheel or drum in a machine. 10. (Engin.) An apparatus for testing the power of a steam engine, or other motor, by weighing the amount of friction that the motor will overcome; a friction brake. 11. A cart or carriage without a body, used in breaking in horses. 12. An ancient instrument of torture. Holinshed. Air brake. See Air brake, in the Vocabulary. — Brake beam or Brake bar, the beam that connects the brake blocks of opposite wheels. — Brake block. (a) The part of a brake holding the brake shoe. (b) A brake shoe. — Brake shoe or Brake rubber, the part of a brake against which the wheel rubs. — Brake wheel, a wheel on the platform or top of a car by which brakes are operated. — Continuous brake . See under Continuous.

Brake´man (brak´man), n.; pl. Brakemen (-men). 1. (Railroads) A man in charge of a brake or brakes. 2. (Mining) The man in charge of the winding (or hoisting) engine for a mine.

Brak´y (brak´y), a. Full of brakes; abounding with brambles, shrubs, or ferns; rough; thorny. “In the woods and braky glens.
W. Browne.”

Bra´ma , n. See Brahma.

Bra´mah press . A hydrostatic press of immense power, invented by Joseph Bramah of London. See under Hydrostatic.

Bram´ble (bram´b’l), n. [OE. brembil, AS. bremel, brembel, braembel (akin to OHG. bramal), fr. the same root as E. broom, As. brom. See Broom.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rubus, including the raspberry and blackberry. Hence: Any rough, prickly shrub. “The thorny brambles, and embracing bushes.
Shak.” 2. (Zoöl.) The brambling or bramble finch.

Bram´ble bush (bush•). (Bot.) The bramble, or a collection of brambles growing together. “He jumped into a bramble bush
And scratched out both his eyes.
Mother Goose.”

Bram´bled , a. Overgrown with brambles. “Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor.
T. Warton.”

Bram´ble net . A net to catch birds.

Bram´bling , n. [OE. bramline. See Bramble, n.] (Zoöl.) The European mountain finch (Fringilla montifringilla); — called also bramble finch and bramble.

Bram´bly , a. Pertaining to, resembling, or full of, brambles. ´In brambly wildernesses.´ Tennyson.

Brame , n. [Cf. Breme.] Sharp passion; vexation. [Obs.] “Heart-burning brame.
Spenser.” { Bra´min , Bra•min´ic , etc.} See Brahman, Brachmanic, etc.

Bran , n. [OE. bren, bran, OF. bren, F. bran, from Celtic; cf. Armor. brenn, Ir. bran, bran, chaff.] 1. The broken coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other cereal grain, separated from the flour or meal by sifting or bolting; the coarse, chaffy part of ground grain. 2. (Zoöl.) The European carrion crow.

Bran´card , n. [F.] A litter on which a person may be carried. [Obs.] Coigrave.

Branch , n.; pl. Branches . [OE. braunche, F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw of a bird or beast of prey; cf. Armor. brank branch, bough.] 1. (Bot.) A shoot or secondary stem growing from the main stem, or from a principal limb or bough of a tree or other plant. 2. Any division extending like a branch; any arm or part connected with the main body of thing; ramification; as the branch of an antler; the branch of a chandelier; a branch of a river; a branch of a railway. “Most of the branches , or streams, were dried up.
W. Irving.” 3. Any member or part of a body or system; a distinct article; a section or subdivision; a department. ´Branches of knowledge.´ Prescott. “It is a branch and parcel of mine oath.
Shak.” 4. (Geom.) One of the portions of a curve that extends outwards to an indefinitely great distance; as the branches of an hyperbola. 5. A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock; any descendant in such a line; as the English branch of a family. “His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock.
Carew.” 6. (Naut.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot, authorizing him to pilot vessels in certain waters. Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent iron, which bear the bit, the cross chains, and the curb. — Branch herring. See Alewife. — Root and branch , totally, wholly. Syn. — Bough; limb; shoot; offshoot; twig; sprig.

Branch , a. Diverging from, or tributary to, a main stock, line, way, theme, etc.; as a branch vein; a branch road or line; a branch topic; a branch store.

Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Branched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in branches; to separate into branches; to ramify. 2. To divide into separate parts or subdivision. To branch off, to form a branch or a separate part; to diverge. — To branch out, to speak diffusively; to extend one’s discourse to other topics than the main one; also to enlarge the scope of one’s business, etc. “To branch out into a long disputation.
Spectator.”

Branch, v. t. 1. To divide as into branches; to make subordinate division in. 2. To adorn with needlework representing branches, flowers, or twigs. “The train whereof loose far behind her strayed,
Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought.
Spenser.”

Branch´er , n. 1. That which shoots forth branches; one who shows growth in various directions. 2. (Falconry) A young hawk when it begins to leave the nest and take to the branches.

Branch´er•y , n. A system of branches.

Bran´chi•a , n.; pl. Branchiae . [L., fr. Gr. , pl. of .] (Anat.) A gill; a respiratory organ for breathing the air contained in water, such as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have.

Bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to branchiae or gills. Branchial arches, the bony or cartilaginous arches which support the gills on each side of the throat of fishes and amphibians. See Illustration in Appendix. — Branchial clefts, the openings between the branchial arches through which water passes.

Bran´chi•ate , a. (Anat.) Furnished with branchiae; as branchiate segments.

Bran•chif´er•ous , a. (Anat.) Having gills; branchiate; as branchiferous gastropods.

Branch´i•ness , n. Fullness of branches.

Branch´ing, a. Furnished with branches; shooting our branches; extending in a branch or branches. “Shaded with branching palm.
Milton.”

Branch´ing, n. The act or state of separation into branches; division into branches; a division or branch. “The sciences, with their numerous branchings.
L. Watts.”

Bran•chi•o•gas•trop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. gill + E. gastropoda.] (Zoöl.) Those Gastropoda that breathe by branchiae, including the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata.

Bran•chi•om´er•ism , n. [Gr. gill + -mere.] (Anat.) The state of being made up of branchiate segments. R. Wiedersheim.

Bran´chi•o•pod , n. One of the Branchiopoda.

Bran´chi•o•poda , n. pl. [Gr. gill + -poda: cf. F. branchiopode.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca; — so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense.

Bran•chi•os´te•gal , a. [Gr. gill + to cover: cf. F. branchiostège.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the membrane covering the gills of fishes. — n. (Anat.) A branchiostegal ray. See Illustration of Branchial arches in Appendix. This term was formerly applied to a group of fishes having boneless branchiae. But the arrangement was artificial, and has been rejected.

Bran•chi•os´tege , (Anat.) The branchiostegal membrane. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bran•chi•os´te•gous , a. (Anat.) Branchiostegal.

Bran•chi•os´to•ma , n. [NL., fr., Gr. gill + mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lancelet. See Amphioxus.

Bran´chi•u´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr., Gr. gill + tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of Entomostraca, with suctorial mouths, including species parasitic on fishes, as the carp lice (Argulus).

Branch´less , a. Destitute of branches or shoots; without any valuable product; barren; naked.

Branch´let , n. [Branch + - let.] A little branch; a twig.

Branch´ pi•lot . A pilot who has a branch or commission, as from Trinity House, England, for special navigation.

Branch´y , a. Full of branches; having wide-spreading branches; consisting of branches. “Beneath thy branchy bowers of thickest gloom.
J. Scott.”

Brand , n. [OE. brand, brond, AS. brand brond brand, sword, from byrnan, beornan, to burn; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. brand brand, Icel. brandr a brand, blade of a sword. rad.32. See Burn, v. t., and cf. Brandish.] 1. A burning piece of wood; or a stick or piece of wood partly burnt, whether burning or after the fire is extinct. “Snatching a live brand from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a matted roof.
Palfrey.” 2. A sword, so called from its glittering or flashing brightness. [Poetic] Tennyson. “Paradise, so late their happy seat,
Waved over by that flaming brand.
Milton.” 3. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as upon a cask, to designate the quality, manufacturer, etc., of the contents, or upon an animal, to designate ownership; — also a mark for a similar purpose made in any other way, as with a stencil. Hence, figurately: Quality; kind; grade; as a good brand of flour. 4. A mark put upon criminals with a hot iron. Hence: Any mark of infamy or vice; a stigma. “The brand of private vice.
Channing.” 5. An instrument to brand with; a branding iron. 6. (Bot.) Any minute fungus which produces a burnt appearance in plants. The brands are of many species and several genera of the order Pucciniaei.

Brand , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Branded; p. pr. & vb. n. Branding.]. 1. To burn a distinctive mark into or upon with a hot iron, to indicate quality, ownership, etc., or to mark as infamous (as a convict). 2. To put an actual distinctive mark upon in any other way, as with a stencil, to show quality of contents, name of manufacture, etc. 3. Fig.: To fix a mark of infamy, or a stigma, upon. “The Inquisition branded its victims with infamy.
Prescott.” “There were the enormities, branded and condemned by the first and most natural verdict of common humanity.
South.” 4. To mark or impress indelibly, as with a hot iron. “As if it were branded on my mind.
Geo. Eliot.”

Brand´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, brands; a branding iron. 2. A gridiron. [Scot.]

Brand´ goose . [Prob. fr. 1st brand + goose: cf. Sw. brandgås. Cf. Brant.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) usually called in America brant. See Brant.

Bran´died , a. Mingled with brandy; made stronger by the addition of brandy; flavored or treated with brandy; as brandied peaches.

Brand´ing i••ron . An iron to brand with.

Brand´ i•ron. 1. A branding iron. 2. A trivet to set a pot on. Huloet. 3. The horizontal bar of an andiron.

Bran´dish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brandished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brandishing.] [OE. braundisen, F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, fr. OHG. brant brand. See Brand, n.] 1. To move or wave, as a weapon; to raise and move in various directions; to shake or flourish. “The quivering lance which he brandished bright.
Drake.” 2. To play with; to flourish; as to brandish syllogisms.

Bran´dish, n. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. ´Brandishes of the fan.´ Tailer.

Bran´dish•er , n. One who brandishes.

Bran´dle , v. t. & i. [F. brandiller.] To shake; to totter. [Obs.] { Brand´ling , Brand´lin }, n. (Zoöl.) Same as Branlin, fish and worm.

Brand´-new´ , a. [See Brand, and cf. Brannew.] Quite new; bright as if fresh from the forge.

Brand´ spore . (Bot.) One of several spores growing in a series or chain, and produced by one of the fungi called brand.

Bran´dy , n.; pl. Brandies . [From older brandywine, brandwine, fr. D. brandewijn, fr. p. p. of branden to burn, distill + wijn wine, akin to G. branntwein. See Brand.] A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from wine. The name is also given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the United States to that distilled from cider and peaches. In northern Europe, it is also applied to a spirit obtained from grain. Brandy fruit, fruit preserved in brandy and sugar.

Bran´dy•wine , n. Brandy. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Bran´gle , n. [Prov. E. brangled confused, entangled, Scot. brangle to shake, menace; probably a variant of wrangle, confused with brawl. rad.95.> ] A wrangle; a squabble; a noisy contest or dispute. [R.] “A brangle between him and his neighbor.
Swift.”

Bran´gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brangled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brangling .] To wrangle; to dispute contentiously; to squabble. [R.]

Bran´gle•ment , n. Wrangle; brangle. [Obs.]

Bran´gler , n. A quarrelsome person.

Bran´gling , n. A quarrel. [R.] Whitlock.

Brank , n. [Prov. of Celtic origin; cf. L. brance, brace, the Gallic name of a particularly white kind of corn.] Buckwheat. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell. { Brank , Branks } n. [Cf. Gael. brangus, brangas, a sort of pillory, Ir. brancas halter, or D. pranger fetter.] 1. A sort of bridle with wooden side pieces. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Jamieson. 2. A scolding bridle, an instrument formerly used for correcting scolding women. It was an iron frame surrounding the head and having a triangular piece entering the mouth of the scold.

Brank, v. i. 1. To hold up and toss the head; — applied to horses as spurning the bit. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. To prance; to caper. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Brank´ur•sine , n. [F. branc- ursine, branch-ursine, fr. LL. branca claw + L. ursinus belonging to a bear (fr. ursus bear), i. e., bear’s claw, because its leaves resemble the claws of a bear. Cf. Branch.] (Bot.) Bear’s-breech, or Acanthus.

Bran´lin , n. [Scot. branlie fr. brand.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon or parr, in the stage in which it has transverse black bands, as if burned by a gridiron.

Bran´lin, n. [See Brand.] A small red worm or larva, used as bait for small fresh-water fish; — so called from its red color.

Bran´-new´ , a. See Brand- new.

Bran´ny , a. Having the appearance of bran; consisting of or containing bran. Wiseman.

Bran´sle , n. [See Brawl a dance.] A brawl or dance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brant (brant), n. [Cf.Brand goose, Brent, Brenicle.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) — called also brent and brand goose. The name is also applied to other related species.

Brant, a. [See Brent.] Steep. [Prov. Eng.]

Bran´tail (bran´tal•), n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart; — so called from the red color of its tail.

Brant´-fox , n. [For brand-fox; cf. G. brandfuchs, Sw. bradräf. So called from its yellowish brown and somewhat black color. See Brand.] (Zoöl.) A kind of fox found in Sweden (Vulpes alopex), smaller than the common fox (V. vulgaris), but probably a variety of it.

Bran´u•lar , a. Relating to the brain; cerebral. I. Taylor.

Bra´sen , a. Same as Brazen.

Brash , a. [Cf. Gael. bras or G. barsch harsh, sharp, tart, impetuous, D. barsch, Sw. & Dan. barsk.] Hasty in temper; impetuous. Grose.

Brash, a. [Cf. Amer. bresk, brusk, fragile, brittle.] Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Colloq., U. S.] Bartlett.

Brash, n. [See Brash brittle.] 1. A rash or eruption; a sudden or transient fit of sickness. 2. Refuse boughs of trees; also the clippings of hedges. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 3. (Geol.) Broken and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial deposits. Lyell. 4. Broken fragments of ice. Kane. Water brash (Med.), an affection characterized by a spasmodic pain or hot sensation in the stomach with a rising of watery liquid into the mouth; pyrosis. — Weaning brash (Med.), a severe form of diarrhea which sometimes attacks children just weaned. { Bra´sier , Bra´zier } , n. [OE. brasiere, F. braise live coals. See Brass.] An artificer who works in brass. Franklin. { Bra´sier , Bra´zier }, n. [F. brasier, braisíer, fr. braise live coals. See Brass.] A pan for holding burning coals.

Brass , n.; pl. Brasses . [OE. bras, bres, AS. braes; akin to Icel. bras cement, solder, brasa to harden by fire, and to E. braze, brazen. Cf. 1st & 2d Braze.] 1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper and zinc, in variable proportion, but often containing two parts of copper to one part of zinc. It sometimes contains tin, and rarely other metals. 2. (Mach.) A journal bearing, so called because frequently made of brass. A brass is often lined with a softer metal, when the latter is generally called a white metal lining. See Axle box, Journal Box, and Bearing. 3. Coin made of copper, brass, or bronze. [Obs.] “Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, nor scrip for your journey.
Matt. x. 9.” 4. Impudence; a brazen face. [Colloq.] 5. pl. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles of brass. “The very scullion who cleans the brasses.
Hopkinson.” 6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device. Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and generally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc. 7. pl. (Mining) Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of iron, the color of which is near to that of brass. The word brass as used in Sculpture language is a translation for copper or some kind of bronze. Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as brass button, brass kettle, brass founder, brass foundry or brassfoundry. Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets, etc. - - Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin sheets; — called also Dutch gold.

Bras´sage , n. [F.] A sum formerly levied to pay the expense of coinage; — now called seigniorage.

Bras´sart , n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm. See Brace, n.] Armor for the arm; — generally used for the whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consisting, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts.

Brasse , n. [Perh. a transposition of barse; but cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen Cf. Bream.] (Zoöl.) A spotted European fish of the genus Lucioperca, resembling a perch.

Bras´sets , n. See Brassart.

Bras´si•ca , n. [L., cabbage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.

Bras•si•ca´ceous , a. [L. brassica cabbage.] (Bot.) Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family.

Brass´i•ness , n. The state, condition, or quality of being brassy. [Colloq.]

Brass´-vis´aged , a. Impudent; bold.

Brass´y , a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass. 2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.]

Brast , v. t. & i. [See Burst.] To burst. [Obs.] “And both his yën braste out of his face.
Chaucer.” “Dreadfull furies which their chains have brast.
Spenser.”

Brat (brat), n. [OE. bratt coarse garnment, AS. bratt cloak, fr. the Celtic; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael. brat cloak, apron, rag, Ir. brat cloak; properly then, a child’s bib or clout; hence, a child.] 1. A coarse garment or cloak; also coarse clothing, in general. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright. 3. A child; an offspring; — formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. ´This brat is none of mine.´ Shak. ´A beggar’s brat.´ Swift. “O Israel! O household of the Lord!
O Abraham’s brats! O brood of blessed seed!
Gascoigne.” 4. The young of an animal. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Brat , n. (Mining) A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime.

Brat´sche , n. [G., fr. It. viola da braccio viola held on the arm.] The tenor viola, or viola.

Brat´tice , n. [See Brettice.] (Mining) (a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for ventilation. (b) Planking to support a roof or wall.

Brat´tish•ing , n. 1. See Brattice, n. 2. (Arch.) Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battlement, or parapet.

Braun´ite , n. (Min.) A native oxide of manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named from a Mr. Braun of Gotha.

Bra•vade´ (bra•vad´), n. Bravado. [Obs.] Fanshawe.

Bra•va´do (bra•va´do), n., pl. Bravadoes (-doz). [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag: cf. F. bravade. See Brave.] Boastful and threatening behavior; a boastful menace. “In spite of our host’s bravado.
Irving.”

Brave (brav), a. [Compar. Braver; superl. Bravest.] [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage, prob. from. L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Bravo.] 1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; — opposed to cowardly; as a brave man; a brave act. 2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; — especially such as in conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as applied to material things.] “Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth.
Bacon.” “It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall.
Pepys.” 3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic] “Wear my dagger with the braver grace.
Shak.” “For I have gold, and therefore will be brave.
In silks I’ll rattle it of every color.
Robert Greene.” “Frog and lizard in holiday coats
And turtle brave in his golden spots.
Emerson.” Syn. — Courageous; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; magnanimous; high-spirited; stout- hearted. See Gallant.

Brave , n. 1. A brave person; one who is daring. “The star-spangled banner, O,long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
F. S. Key.” 2. Specifically, an Indian warrior. 3. A man daring beyond discretion; a bully. “Hot braves like thee may fight.
Dryden.” 4. A challenge; a defiance; bravado. [Obs.] “Demetrius, thou dost overween in all;
And so in this, to bear me down with braves.
Shak.”

Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved (bravd); p. pr. & vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and fortitude; to set at defiance; to defy; to dare. “These I can brave, but those I can not bear.
Dryden.” 2. To adorn; to make fine or showy. [Obs.] “Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved meny men; brave not me; I’ll neither be faced or braved.
Shak.”

Brave´ly adv. 1. In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly. 2. Finely; gaudily; gayly; showily. “And [she] decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men that should see her.
Judith. x. 4.” 3. Well; thrivingly; prosperously. [Colloq.]

Brave´ness, n. The quality of state or being brave.

Brav´er•y , n. [Cf. F. braverie.] 1. The quality of being brave; fearless; intrepidity. “Remember, sir, my liege, …
The natural bravery of your isle.
Shak.” 2. The act of braving; defiance; bravado. [Obs.] “Reform, then, without bravery or scandal of former times and persons.
Bacon.” 3. Splendor; magnificence; showy appearance; ostentation; fine dress. “With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery.
Shak.” “Like a stately ship …
With all her bravery on, and tackle trim.
Milton.” 4. A showy person; a fine gentleman; a beau. [Obs.] “A man that is the bravery of his age.
Beau. & Fl.” Syn. — Courage; heroism; interpidity; gallantry; valor; fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manfulness. See Courage, and Heroism.

Brav´ing , n. A bravado; a boast. “With so proud a strain
Of threats and bravings.
Chapman.”

Brav´ing•ly , adv. In a defiant manner.

Bra´vo , n.; pl. Bravoes . [I. See Brave, a.] A daring villain; a bandit; one who sets law at defiance; a professional assassin or murderer. “Safe from detection, seize the unwary prey.
And stab, like bravoes, all who come this way.
Churchill.”

Bra´vo , interj. [It. See Brave.] Well done! excellent! an exclamation expressive of applause.

Bra•vu´ra , n. [It., (properly) bravery, spirit, from bravo. See Brave.] (Mus.) A florid, brilliant style of music, written for effect, to show the range and flexibility of a singer’s voice, or the technical force and skill of a performer; virtuoso music. Aria di bravura [It.], a florid air demanding brilliant execution.

Brawl , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brawled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brawling.] [OE. braulen to quarrel, boast, brallen to cry, make a noise; cf. LG. brallen to brag, MHG. pr ulen, G. prahlen, F. brailler to cry, shout, Pr. brailar, braillar, W. bragal to vociferate, brag, Armor. bragal to romp, to strut, W. broliaw to brag, brawl boast. 95.] 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously. “Let a man that is a man consider that he is a fool that brawleth openly with his wife.
Golden Boke.” 2. To complain loudly; to scold. 3. To make a loud confused noise, as the water of a rapid stream running over stones. “Where the brook brawls along the painful road.
Wordsworth.” Syn. — To wrangle; squabble; contend.

Brawl , n. A noisy quarrel; loud, angry contention; a wrangle; a tumult; as a drunken brawl. “His sports were hindered by the brawls.
Shak.” Syn. — Noise; quarrel; uproar; row; tumult.

Brawl´er , n. One that brawls; wrangler. Common brawler (Law), one who disturbs a neighborhood by brawling (and is therefore indictable at common law as a nuisance). Wharton.

Brawl´ing, a. 1. Quarreling; quarrelsome; noisy. “She is an irksome brawling scold.
Shak.” 2. Making a loud confused noise. See Brawl, v. i., 3. “A brawling stream.
J. S. Shairp.”

Brawl´ing•ly, adv. In a brawling manner.

Brawn , n. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. HG. brto flesh, G. braten roast meat; akin to Icel. br flesh, food of beasts, AS. brde roast meat, brdan to roast, G. braten, and possibly to E. breed.] 1. A muscle; flesh. [Obs.] “Formed well of brawns and of bones.
Chaucer.” 2. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg, muscular strength; a protuberant muscular part of the body; sometimes, the arm. “Brawn without brains is thine.
Dryden.” “It was ordained that murderers should be brent on the brawn of the left hand.
E. Hall.” “And in my vantbrace put this withered brawn.
Shak.” 3. The flesh of a boar; also the salted and prepared flesh of a boar. “The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for brawn.
Mortimer.” 4. A boar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Brawned , a. Brawny; strong; muscular. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brawn´er , n. A boor killed for the table.

Brawn´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being brawny.

Brawn´y , a. Having large, strong muscles; muscular; fleshy; strong. ´Brawny limbs.´ W. Irving. Syn. — Muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky; sinewy; athletic; stalwart; powerful; robust.

Brax´y , n. [Cf. AS. breac rheum, broc sickness, Ir. bracha corruption. Jamieson.] 1. A disease of sheep. The term is variously applied in different localities. [Scot.] 2. A diseased sheep, or its mutton.

Bray , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Braying.] [OE. brayen, OF. breier, F. broyer to pound, grind, fr. OHG. brehhan to break. See Break.] To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine. “Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar, … yet will not his foolishness depart from him.
Prov. xxvii. 22.”

Bray, v. i. [OE brayen, F. braire to bray, OF. braire to cry, fr. LL. bragire to whinny; perh. fr. the Celtic and akin to E. break; or perh. of imitative origin.] 1. To utter a loud, harsh cry, as an ass. “Laugh, and they
Return it louder than an ass can bray.
Dryden.” 2. To make a harsh, grating, or discordant noise. “Heard ye the din of battle bray?
Gray.”

Bray, v. t. To make or utter with a loud, discordant, or harsh and grating sound. “Arms on armor clashing, brayed
Horrible discord.
MIlton.” “And varying notes the war pipes brayed.
Sir W. Scott.”

Bray, n. The harsh cry of an ass; also any harsh, grating, or discordant sound. “The bray and roar of multitudinous London.
Jerrold.”

Bray, n. [OE. braye, brey, brew, eyebrow, brow of a hill, hill, bank, Scot. bra, brae, bray, fr. AS. brw eyebrow, influenced by the allied Icel. br eyebrow, bank, also akin to AS. br yebrow. See Brow.] A bank; the slope of a hill; a hill. See Brae, which is now the usual spelling. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Fairfax.

Bray´er , n. An implement for braying and spreading ink in hand printing.

Bray´er, n. One that brays like an ass. Pope.

Bray´ing, a. Making a harsh noise; blaring. ´Braying trumpets.´ Shak.

Braze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brazing.] [F. braser to solder, fr. Icel. brasa to harden by fire. Cf. Brass.] 1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc; as to braze the seams of a copper pipe. 2. To harden. ´Now I am brazes to it.´ Shak.

Braze , v. t. [AS. braesian, fr. braes brass. See Brass.] To cover or ornament with brass. Chapman.

Bra´zen , a. [OE. brasen, AS. braesen. See Brass.] 1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass. 2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass. 3. Impudent; immodest; shameless; having a front like brass; as a brazen countenance. Brazen age. (a) (Myth.) The age of war and lawlessness which succeeded the silver age. (b) (Archaeol.) See under Bronze. — Brazen sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large laver of brass, placed in Solomon’s temple for the use of the priests.

Bra´zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brazened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brazening.] To carry through impudently or shamelessly; as to brazen the matter through. “Sabina brazened it out before Mrs. Wygram, but inwardly she was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect.
W. Black.”

Bra´zen-browed , a. Shamelessly impudent. Sir T. Browne.

Bra´zen•face , n. An impudent or shameless person. ´Well said, brazenface; hold it out.´ Shak.

Bra´zen•faced , a. Impudent; shameless.

Bra´zen•ly , adv. In a bold, impudent manner.

Bra´zen•ness (bra´z’n•nes), n. The quality or state of being brazen. Johnson.

Bra´zier (bra´zher), n. Same as Brasier.

Braz•i•let´to , n. [Cf. Pg. & Sp. brasilete, It. brasiletto.] See Brazil wood.

Bra•zil´ian , a. Of or pertaining to Brazil. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Brazil. Brazilian pebble. See Pebble, n., 2.

Braz´i•lin , n. [Cf. F. bresiline. See Brazil.] (Chem.) A substance contained in both Brazil wood and Sapan wood, from which it is extracted as a yellow crystalline substance which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies. [Written also brezilin.]

Bra•zil´ nut . (Bot.) An oily, three-sided nut, the seed of the Bertholletia excelsa; the cream nut. From eighteen to twenty-four of the seed or ´nuts´ grow in a hard and nearly globular shell.

Bra•zil´ wood . [OE. brasil, LL. brasile (cf. Pg. & Sp. brasil, Pr. bresil, Pr. bresil); perh. from Sp. or Pg. brasa a live coal (cf. Braze, Brasier); or Ar. vars plant for dyeing red or yellow. This name was given to the wood from its color; and it is said that King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave the name Brazil to the country in South America on account of its producing this wood.] 1. The wood of the oriental Caesalpinia Sapan; — so called before the discovery of America. 2. A very heavy wood of a reddish color, imported from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet-work, and for dyeing. The best is the heartwood of Caesalpinia echinata, a leguminous tree; but other trees also yield it. An inferior sort comes from Jamaica, the timber of C. Braziliensis and C. crista. This is often distinguished as Braziletto , but the better kind is also frequently so named.

Breach , n. [OE. breke, breche, AS. brice, gebrice, gebrece (in comp.), fr. brecan to break; akin to Dan. braek, MHG. breche, gap, breach. See Break, and cf. Brake (the instrument), Brack a break] . 1. The act of breaking, in a figurative sense. 2. Specifically: A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any obligation or tie; violation; non-fulfillment; as a breach of contract; a breach of promise. 3. A gap or opening made made by breaking or battering, as in a wall or fortification; the space between the parts of a solid body rent by violence; a break; a rupture. “Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more;
Or close the wall up with our English dead.
Shak.” 4. A breaking of waters, as over a vessel; the waters themselves; surge; surf. “The Lord hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters.
2 Sam. v. 20” A clear breach implies that the waves roll over the vessel without breaking. — A clean breach implies that everything on deck is swept away. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 5. A breaking up of amicable relations; rupture. “There’s fallen between him and my lord
An unkind breach.
Shak.” 6. A bruise; a wound. “Breach for breach, eye for eye.
Lev. xxiv. 20” 7. (Med.) A hernia; a rupture. 8. A breaking out upon; an assault. “ The Lord had made a breach upon Uzza.
1. Chron. xiii. 11” Breach of falth, a breaking, or a failure to keep, an expressed or implied promise; a betrayal of confidence or trust. — Breach of peace, disorderly conduct, disturbing the public peace. — Breach of privilege, an act or default in violation of the privilege or either house of Parliament, of Congress, or of a State legislature, as for instance, by false swearing before a committee. Mozley. Abbott. - Breach of promise, violation of one’s plighted word, esp. of a promise to marry. — Breach of trust, violation of one’s duty or faith in a matter entrusted to one. Syn. — Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; aperture; gap; break; disruption; fracture; rupture; infraction; infringement; violation; quarrel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding.

Breach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaching.] To make a breach or opening in; as to breach the walls of a city.

Breach, v. i. To break the water, as by leaping out; — said of a whale.

Breach´y , a. Apt to break fences or to break out of pasture; unruly; as breachy cattle.

Bread (bred), v. t. [AS. braedan to make broad, to spread. See Broad, a.] To spread. [Obs.] Ray.

Bread (bred), n. [AS. breád; akin to OFries. brad, OS. brod, D. brood, G. brod, brot, Icel. brauð, Sw. & Dan. bröd. The root is probably that of E. brew. rad.93. See Brew.] 1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, kneading, and baking. Raised bread is made with yeast, salt, and sometimes a little butter or lard, and is mixed with warm milk or water to form the dough, which, after kneading, is given time to rise before baking. — Cream of tartar bread is raised by the action of an alkaline carbonate or bicarbonate (as saleratus or ammonium bicarbonate) and cream of tartar (acid tartrate of potassium) or some acid. — Unleavened bread is usually mixed with water and salt only. Aërated bread. See under Aërated. Bread and butter (fig.), means of living. — Brown bread, Indian bread, Graham bread, Rye and Indian bread. See Brown bread, under Brown. — Bread tree. See Breadfruit. 2. Food; sustenance; support of life, in general. “Give us this day our daily bread.
Matt. vi. 11”

Bread, v. t. (Cookery) To cover with bread crumbs, preparatory to cooking; as breaded cutlets.

Bread´bas•ket , n. The stomach. [Humorous] S. Foote.

Bread´corn . Corn of grain of which bread is made, as wheat, rye, etc.

Bread´ed, a. Braided [Obs.] Spenser.

Bread´en , a. Made of bread. [R.]

Bread´fruit , n. (Bot.) 1. The fruit of a tree (Artocarpus incisa) found in the islands of the Pacific, esp. the South Sea islands. It is of a roundish form, from four to six or seven inches in diameter, and, when baked, somewhat resembles bread, and is eaten as food, whence the name. 2. (Bot.) The tree itself, which is one of considerable size, with large, lobed leaves. Cloth is made from the bark, and the timber is used for many purposes. Called also breadfruit tree and bread tree.

Bread´less, a. Without bread; destitute of food. “Plump peers and breadless bards alike are dull.
P. Whitehead.”

Bread•root´ , n. (Bot.) The root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta), found near the Rocky Mountains. It is usually oval in form, and abounds in farinaceous matter, affording sweet and palatable food. It is the Pomme blanche of Canadian voyageurs.

Bread´stuff , n. Grain, flour, or meal of which bread is made.

Breadth (bredth), n. [OE. brede, breede, whence later bredette, AS. braedu, fr. brad broad. See Broad, a.] 1. Distance from side to side of any surface or thing; measure across, or at right angles to the length; width. 2. (Fine Arts) The quality of having the colors and shadows broad and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to avoid to great multiplicity of details, producing an impression of largeness and simple grandeur; — called also breadth of effect. “Breadth of coloring is a prominent character in the painting of all great masters.
Weale.”

Breadth´less, a. Without breadth.

Breadth´ways (-waz), ads. Breadthwise. Whewell.

Breadth´wise (-wiz), ads. In the direction of the breadth.

Bread´win•ner (bred´win•ner), n. The member of a family whose labor supplies the food of the family; one who works for his living. H. Spencer.

Break (brak), v. t. [imp. broke (brok), (Obs. Brake); p. p. Broken (bro´k’n), (Obs. Broke); p. pr. & vb. n. Breaking.] [OE. breken, AS. brecan; akin to OS. brekan, D. breken, OHG. brehhan, G. brechen, Icel. braka to creak, Sw. braka, bräkka to crack, Dan. braekke to break, Goth. brikan to break, L. frangere. Cf. Bray to pound, Breach, Fragile.] 1. To strain apart; to sever by fracture; to divide with violence; as to break a rope or chain; to break a seal; to break an axle; to break rocks or coal; to break a lock. Shak. 2. To lay open as by breaking; to divide; as to break a package of goods. 3. To lay open, as a purpose; to disclose, divulge, or communicate. “Katharine, break thy mind to me.
Shak.” 4. To infringe or violate, as an obligation, law, or promise. “ Out, out, hyena! these are thy wonted arts …
To break all faith, all vows, deceive, betray.
Milton” 5. To interrupt; to destroy the continuity of; to dissolve or terminate; as to break silence; to break one’s sleep; to break one’s journey. “Go, release them, Ariel;
My charms I’ll break, their senses I’ll restore.”
Shak. 6. To destroy the completeness of; to remove a part from; as to break a set. 7. To destroy the arrangement of; to throw into disorder; to pierce; as the cavalry were not able to break the British squares. 8. To shatter to pieces; to reduce to fragments. “The victim broke in pieces the musical instruments with which he had solaced the hours of captivity.
Prescott.” 9. To exchange for other money or currency of smaller denomination; as to break a five dollar bill. 10. To destroy the strength, firmness, or consistency of; as to break flax. 11. To weaken or impair, as health, spirit, or mind. “An old man, broken with the storms of state.
Shak.” 12. To diminish the force of; to lessen the shock of, as a fall or blow. “I’ll rather leap down first, and break your fall.
Dryden.” 13. To impart, as news or information; to broach; - - with to, and often with a modified word implying some reserve; as to break the news gently to the widow; to break a purpose cautiously to a friend. 14. To tame; to reduce to subjection; to make tractable; to discipline; as to break a horse to the harness or saddle. ´To break a colt.´ Spenser. “Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute?
Shak.” 15. To destroy the financial credit of; to make bankrupt; to ruin. “With arts like these rich Matho, when he speaks,
Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks.
Dryden.” 16. To destroy the official character and standing of; to cashier; to dismiss. “I see a great officer broken.
Swift.” With prepositions or adverbs: — To break down. (a) To crush; to overwhelm; as to break down one’s strength; to break down opposition. (b) To remove, or open a way through, by breaking; as to break down a door or wall. — To break in. (a) To force in; as to break in a door. (b) To train; to discipline; as a horse well broken in. — To break of, to rid of; to cause to abandon; as to break one of a habit. — To break off. (a) To separate by breaking; as to break off a twig. (b) To stop suddenly; to abandon. ´Break off thy sins by righteousness.´ Dan. iv. 27. — To break open, to open by breaking. ´Open the door, or I will break it open.´ Shak. — To break out, to take or force out by breaking; as to break out a pane of glass. — To break out a cargo, to unstow a cargo, so as to unload it easily. — To break through. (a) To make an opening through, as as by violence or the force of gravity; to pass violently through; as to break through the enemy’s lines; to break through the ice. (b) To disregard; as to break through the ceremony. — To break up. (a) To separate into parts; to plow (new or fallow ground). ´Break up this capon.´ Shak. ´Break up your fallow ground.´ Jer. iv. 3. (b) To dissolve; to put an end to. ´Break up the court.´ Shak. — To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disconcert completely; to upset. [Colloq.] With an immediate object: — To break the back. (a) To dislocate the backbone; hence, to disable totally. (b) To get through the worst part of; as to break the back of a difficult undertaking. — To break bulk, to destroy the entirety of a load by removing a portion of it; to begin to unload; also to transfer in detail, as from boats to cars. — To break cover, to burst forth from a protecting concealment, as game when hunted. — To break a deer or stag, to cut it up and apportion the parts among those entitled to a share. — To break fast, to partake of food after abstinence. See Breakfast. — To break ground. (a) To open the earth as for planting; to commence excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like; as to break ground for a foundation, a canal, or a railroad. (b) Fig.: To begin to execute any plan. (c) (Naut.) To release the anchor from the bottom. — To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm (one) with grief. — To break a house (Law), to remove or set aside with violence and a felonious intent any part of a house or of the fastenings provided to secure it. — To break the ice, to get through first difficulties; to overcome obstacles and make a beginning; to introduce a subject. — To break jail, to escape from confinement in jail, usually by forcible means. — To break a jest, to utter a jest. ´Patroclus … the livelong day breaks scurril jests.´ Shak. — To break joints, to lay or arrange bricks, shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. — To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. — To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. — To break no squares, to create no trouble. [Obs.] — To break a path, road, etc., to open a way through obstacles by force or labor. — To break upon a wheel, to execute or torture, as a criminal by stretching him upon a wheel, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar; — a mode of punishment formerly employed in some countries. — To break wind, to give vent to wind from the anus. Syn. — To dispart; rend; tear; shatter; batter; violate; infringe; demolish; destroy; burst; dislocate.

Break (brak), v. i. 1. To come apart or divide into two or more pieces, usually with suddenness and violence; to part; to burst asunder. 2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from within, as a bubble, a tumor, a seed vessel, a bag. “Else the bottle break, and the wine runneth out.
Math. ix. 17.” 3. To burst forth; to make its way; to come to view; to appear; to dawn. “The day begins to break, and night is fled.
Shak.” “And from the turf a fountain broke,
and gurgled at our feet.
Wordsworth.” 4. To burst forth violently, as a storm. “ The clouds are still above; and, while I speak,
A second deluge o’er our head may break.
Dryden.” 5. To open up; to be scattered; to be dissipated; as the clouds are breaking. “At length the darkness begins to break.
Macaulay.” 6. To become weakened in constitution or faculties; to lose health or strength. “See how the dean begins to break;
Poor gentleman! he droops apace.
Swift.” 7. To be crushed, or overwhelmed with sorrow or grief; as my heart is breaking. 8. To fall in business; to become bankrupt. “He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break, and come to poverty.
Bacn.” 9. To make an abrupt or sudden change; to change the gait; as to break into a run or gallop. 10. To fail in musical quality; as a singer’s voice breaks when it is strained beyond its compass and a tone or note is not completed, but degenerates into an unmusical sound instead. also to change in tone, as a boy’s voice at puberty. 11. To fall out; to terminate friendship. “To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean and narrow-spirited.
Collier.” With prepositions or adverbs: - To break away, to disengage one’s self abruptly; to come or go away against resistance. “Fear me not, man; I will not break away.
Shak.” To break down. (a) To come down by breaking; as the coach broke down. (b) To fail in any undertaking. “He had broken down almost at the outset.
Thackeray.” — To break forth, to issue; to come out suddenly, as sound, light, etc. ´Then shall thy light break forth as the morning.´ Isa. lviii. 8; often with into in expressing or giving vent to one’s feelings. ´Break forth into singing, ye mountains.´ Isa. xliv. 23. To break from, to go away from abruptly. “This radiant from the circling crowd he broke.
Dryden.” — To break into, to enter by breaking; as to break into a house. — To break in upon, to enter or approach violently or unexpectedly. ´This, this is he; softly awhile; let us not break in upon him.´ Milton. — To break loose. (a) To extricate one’s self forcibly. ´Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell?´ Milton. (b) To cast off restraint, as of morals or propriety. — To break off. (a) To become separated by rupture, or with suddenness and violence. (b) To desist or cease suddenly. ´Nay, forward, old man; do not break off so.´ Shak. — To break off from, to desist from; to abandon, as a habit. — To break out. (a) To burst forth; to escape from restraint; to appear suddenly, as a fire or an epidemic. ´For in the wilderness shall waters break out, and stream in the desert.´ Isa. xxxv. 6 (b) To show itself in cutaneous eruptions; — said of a disease. (c) To have a rash or eruption on the akin; — said of a patient. — To break over, to overflow; to go beyond limits. — To break up. (a) To become separated into parts or fragments; as the ice break up in the rivers; the wreck will break up in the next storm. (b) To disperse. ´The company breaks up.´ I. Watts. — To break upon, to discover itself suddenly to; to dawn upon. — To break with. (a) To fall out; to sever one’s relations with; to part friendship. ´It can not be the Volsces dare break with us.´ Shak. ´If she did not intend to marry Clive, she should have broken with him altogether.´ Thackeray. (b) To come to an explanation; to enter into conference; to speak. [Obs.] ´I will break with her and with her father.´ Shak.

Break (
[1913 Webster]), n. [See Break, v. t., and cf. Brake (the instrument), Breach, Brack a crack.] 1. An opening made by fracture or disruption. 2. An interruption of continuity; change of direction; as a break in a wall; a break in the deck of a ship. Specifically: (a) (Arch.) A projection or recess from the face of a building. (b) (Elec.) An opening or displacement in the circuit, interrupting the electrical current. 3. An interruption; a pause; as a break in friendship; a break in the conversation. 4. An interruption in continuity in writing or printing, as where there is an omission, an unfilled line, etc. “All modern trash is
Set forth with numerous breaks and dashes.
Swift.” 5. The first appearing, as of light in the morning; the dawn; as the break of day; the break of dawn. 6. A large four-wheeled carriage, having a straight body and calash top, with the driver’s seat in front and the footman’s behind. 7. A device for checking motion, or for measuring friction. See Brake, n. 9 & 10. 8. (Teleg.) See Commutator.

Break´a•ble , a. Capable of being broken.

Break´age , n. 1. The act of breaking; a break; a breaking; also articles broken. 2. An allowance or compensation for things broken accidentally, as in transportation or use.

Break´bone• fe•ver . (Med.) See Dengue.

Break´-cir•cuit , n. (Elec.) A key or other device for breaking an electrical circuit.

Break´down , n. 1. The act or result of breaking down, as of a carriage; downfall. 2. (a) A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession, as among the colored people of the Southern United States, and so called, perhaps, because the exercise is continued until most of those who take part in it break down. (b) Any rude, noisy dance performed by shuffling the feet, usually by one person at a time. [U.S.] “Don’t clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a breakdown to wind up with.
New Eng. Tales.”

Break´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. “I’ll be no breaker of the law.
Shak.” 2. Specifically: A machine for breaking rocks, or for breaking coal at the mines; also the building in which such a machine is placed. 3. (Naut.) A small water cask. Totten. 4. A wave breaking into foam against the shore, or against a sand bank, or a rock or reef near the surface. “The breakers were right beneath her bows.
Longfellow.”

Break´fast , n. [Break + fast.] 1. The first meal in the day, or that which is eaten at the first meal. “A sorry breakfast for my lord protector.
Shak.” 2. A meal after fasting, or food in general. “The wolves will get a breakfast by my death.
Dryden.”

Break´fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breakfasting.] To break one’s fast in the morning; too eat the first meal in the day. “First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast.
Prior.”

Break´fast, v. t. To furnish with breakfast. Milton.

Break´man , n. See Brakeman.

Break´neck , n. 1. A fall that breaks the neck. 2. A steep place endangering the neck.

Break´neck , a. Producing danger of a broken neck; as breakneck speed.

Break´-up , n. Disruption; a separation and dispersion of the parts or members; as a break-up of an assembly or dinner party; a break-up of the government.

Break´wa•ter , n. Any structure or contrivance, as a mole, or a wall at the mouth of a harbor, to break the force of waves, and afford protection from their violence.

Bream , n. [OE. breme, brem, F. brême, OF. bresme, of German origin; cf. OHG. brahsema, brahsina, OLG. bressemo, G. brassen. Cf. Brasse.] 1. (Zoöl) A European fresh-water cyprinoid fish of the genus Abramis, little valued as food. Several species are known. 2. (Zoöl) An American fresh-water fish, of various species of Pomotis and allied genera, which are also called sunfishes and pondfishes. See Pondfish. 3. (Zoöl) A marine sparoid fish of the genus Pagellus, and allied genera. See Sea Bream.

Bream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaming.] [Cf. Broom, and G. ein schiff brennen.] (Naut.) To clean, as a ship’s bottom of adherent shells, seaweed, etc., by the application of fire and scraping.

Breast (brest), n. [OE. brest, breost, As. breóst; akin to Icel. brjost, Sw. bröst, Dan. bryst, Goth. brusts, OS. briost, D. borst, G. brust.] 1. The fore part of the body, between the neck and the belly; the chest; as the breast of a man or of a horse. 2. Either one of the protuberant glands, situated on the front of the chest or thorax in the female of man and of some other mammalia, in which milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young; a mamma; a teat. “My brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother.
Cant. viii. 1.” 3. Anything resembling the human breast, or bosom; the front or forward part of anything; as a chimney breast; a plow breast; the breast of a hill. “Mountains on whose barren breast
The laboring clouds do often rest.
Milton.” 4. (Mining) (a) The face of a coal working. (b) The front of a furnace. 5. The seat of consciousness; the repository of thought and self-consciousness, or of secrets; the seat of the affections and passions; the heart. “He has a loyal breast.
Shak.” 6. The power of singing; a musical voice; — so called, probably, from the connection of the voice with the lungs, which lie within the breast. [Obs.] “By my troth, the fool has an excellent breast.
Shak.” Breast drill, a portable drilling machine, provided with a breastplate, for forcing the drill against the work. - - Breast pang. See Angina pectoris, under Angina. — To make a clean breast, to disclose the secrets which weigh upon one; to make full confession.

Breast, v. t. [imp. & p. p.Breasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breasting.] To meet, with the breast; to struggle with or oppose manfully; as to breast the storm or waves. “The court breasted the popular current by sustaining the demurrer.
Wirt.” To breast up a hedge, to cut the face of it on one side so as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the plants.

Breast´band (-band•), n. A band for the breast. Specifically: (Naut.) A band of canvas or a rope, fastened at both ends to the rigging, to support the man who heaves the lead in sounding.

Breast´beam (brest´bem•), n. (Mach.) The front transverse beam of a locomotive.

Breast´bone (brest´bon•), n. The bone of the breast; the sternum.

Breast´-deep (brest´dep•), a. Deep as from the breast to the feet; as high as the breast. “Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him.
Shak.”

Breast´ed, a. Having a breast; — used in composition with qualifying words, in either a literal or a metaphorical sense; as a single-breasted coat. “The close minister is buttoned up, and the brave officer open-breasted, on these occasions.
Spectator.”

Breast´fast , n. (Naut.) A large rope to fasten the midship part of a ship to a wharf, or to another vessel.

Breast´height , n. The interior slope of a fortification, against which the garrison lean in firing.

Breast´-high , a. High as the breast.

Breast´hook , n. (Naut.) A thick piece of timber in the form of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows on each side. Totten.

Breast´ing, n. (Mach.) The curved channel in which a breast wheel turns. It is closely adapted to the curve of the wheel through about a quarter of its circumference, and prevents the escape of the water until it has spent its force upon the wheel. See Breast wheel.

Breast´knot (brest´not), n. A knot of ribbons worn on the breast. Addison.

Breast´pin (brest´pin•), n. A pin worn on the breast for a fastening, or for ornament; a brooch.

Breast´plate , n. 1. A plate of metal covering the breast as defensive armor. “Before his old rusty breastplate could be scoured, and his cracked headpiece mended.
Swift.” 2. A piece against which the workman presses his breast in operating a breast drill, or other similar tool. 3. A strap that runs across a horse’s breast. Ash. 4. (Jewish Antiq.) A part of the vestment of the high priest, worn upon the front of the ephod. It was a double piece of richly embroidered stuff, a span square, set with twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. See Ephod. { Breast´plow• , Breast´plough• } , n. A kind of plow, driven by the breast of the workman; — used to cut or pare turf.

Breast´rail (-ral•), n. The upper rail of any parapet of ordinary height, as of a balcony; the railing of a quarter-deck, etc.

Breast´rope (brest´rop•), n. See Breastband.

Breast´sum•mer , n. (Arch.) A summer or girder extending across a building flush with, and supporting, the upper part of a front or external wall; a long lintel; a girder; — used principally above shop windows. [Written also brestsummer and bressummer.]

Breast´wheel (brest´ hwel•), n. A water wheel, on which the stream of water strikes neither so high as in the overshot wheel, nor so low as in the undershot, but generally at about half the height of the wheel, being kept in contact with it by the breasting. The water acts on the float boards partly by impulse, partly by its weight.

Breast´work (brest´wûrk•), n. 1. (Fort.) A defensive work of moderate height, hastily thrown up, of earth or other material. 2. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter-deck and forecastle.

Breath (breth), n. [OE. breth, breeth, AS. braeð odor, scent, breath; cf. OHG. bradam steam, vapor, breath, G. brodem, and possibly E. Brawn, and Breed.] 1. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration; air which, in the process of respiration, has parted with oxygen and has received carbonic acid, aqueous vapor, warmth, etc. “Melted as breath into the wind.
Shak.” 2. The act of breathing naturally or freely; the power or capacity to breathe freely; as I am out of breath. 3. The power of respiration, and hence, life. Hood. “Thou takest away their breath, they die.
Ps. civ. 29.” 4. Time to breathe; respite; pause. “Give me some breath, some little pause.
Shak.” 5. A single respiration, or the time of making it; a single act; an instant. “He smiles and he frowns in a breath.
Dryden.” 6. Fig.: That which gives or strengthens life. “The earthquake voice of victory,
To thee the breath of life.
Byron.” 7. A single word; the slightest effort; a trifle. “A breath can make them, as a breath has made.
Goldsmith.” 8. A very slight breeze; air in gentle motion. “Calm and unruffled as a summer’s sea,
when not a breath of wind flies o’er its surface.
Addison.” 9. Fragrance; exhalation; odor; perfume. Tennison. “The breath of flowers.
Bacon.” 10. Gentle exercise, causing a quicker respiration. “An after dinner’s breath.
Shak.” Out of breath, breathless, exhausted; breathing with difficulty. — Under one’s breath, in low tones.

Breath´a•ble (breth´a•b’l), a. Such as can be breathed.

Breath´a•ble•ness, n. State of being breathable.

Breathe (breth), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Breathed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breathing.] [From Breath.] 1. To respire; to inhale and exhale air; hence;, to live. ´I am in health, I breathe.´ Shak. “Breathes there a man with soul so dead?
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To take breath; to rest from action. “Well! breathe awhile, and then to it again!
Shak.” 3. To pass like breath; noiselessly or gently; to exhale; to emanate; to blow gently. “The air breathes upon us here most sweetly.
Shak.” “There breathes a living fragrance from the shore.
Byron.”

Breathe, v. t. 1. To inhale and exhale in the process of respiration; to respire. “To view the light of heaven, and breathe the vital air.
Dryden.” 2. To inject by breathing; to infuse; — with into. “Able to breathe life into a stone.
Shak.” “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.
Gen. ii. 7.” 3. To emit or utter by the breath; to utter softly; to whisper; as to breathe a vow. “He softly breathed thy name.
Dryden.” “Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse,
A mother’s curse, on her revolting son.
Shak.” 4. To exhale; to emit, as breath; as the flowers breathe odors or perfumes. 5. To express; to manifest; to give forth. “Others articles breathe the same severe spirit.
Milner.” 6. To act upon by the breath; to cause to sound by breathing. ´They breathe the flute.´ Prior. 7. To promote free respiration in; to exercise. “And every man should beat thee. I think thou wast created for men to breathe themselves upon thee.
Shak.” 8. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural breathing; to rest; as to breathe a horse. “A moment breathed his panting steed.
Sir W. Scott.” 9. To put out of breath; to exhaust. “Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret room, a little breathed by the journey up.
Dickens.” 10. (Phonetics) To utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants. “The same sound may be pronounces either breathed, voiced, or whispered.
H. Sweet.” “Breathed elements, being already voiceless, remain unchanged [in whispering].
H. Sweet.” To breathe again, to take breath; to feel a sense of relief, as from danger, responsibility, or press of business. — To breathe one’s last, to die; to expire. — To breathe a vein, to open a vein; to let blood. Dryden.

Breath´er , n. 1. One who breathes. Hence: (a) One who lives.(b) One who utters. (c) One who animates or inspires. 2. That which puts one out of breath, as violent exercise. [Colloq.]

Breath´ful , a. Full of breath; full of odor; fragrant. [Obs.]

Breath´ing , n. 1. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air. “Subject to a difficulty of breathing.
Melmoth.” 2. Air in gentle motion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as the breathings of the Spirit. 4. Aspiration; secret prayer. ´Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state.´ Tillotson. 5. Exercising; promotion of respiration. “Here is a lady that wants breathing too;
And I have heard, you knights of Tyre
Are excellent in making ladies trip.
Shak.” 6. Utterance; communication or publicity by words. “I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose.
Shak.” 7. Breathing place; vent. Dryden. 8. Stop; pause; delay. “You shake the head at so long a breathing.
Shak.” 9. also in a wider sense, the sound caused by the friction of the outgoing breath in the throat, mouth, etc., when the glottis is wide open; aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h. 10. (Gr. Gram.) A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence. See Rough breathing, Smooth breathing, below. Breathing place. (a) A pause. ´That caesura, or breathing place, in the midst of the verse.´ Sir P. Sidney. (b) A vent. — Breathing time, pause; relaxation. Bp. Hall. — Breathing while, time sufficient for drawing breath; a short time. Shak. — Rough breathing (spiritus asper) (&spasp;). See 2d Asper, n. — Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), a mark (’) indicating the absence of the sound of h, as in ’ie•nai (ienai).

Breath´less (breth´les), a. 1. Spent with labor or violent action; out of breath. 2. Not breathing; holding the breath, on account of fear, expectation, or intense interest; attended with a holding of the breath; as breathless attention. “But breathless, as we grow when feeling most.
Byron.” 3. Dead; as a breathless body.

Breath´less•ly, adv. In a breathless manner.

Breath´less•ness, n. The state of being breathless or out of breath.

Brec´cia , n. [It., breach, pebble, fragments of stone, fr. F. brèche; of German origin. See Breach.] (Geol.) A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors. Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually fragmentary. — Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins.

Brec´ci•a•ted , a. Consisting of angular fragments cemented together; resembling breccia in appearance. “The brecciated appearance of many specimens [of meteorites].
H. A. Newton.”

Bred , imp. & p. p. of Breed. Bred out, degenerated. ´The strain of man’s bred out into baboon and monkey.´ Shak. — Bred to arms. See under Arms. — Well bred. (a) Of a good family; having a good pedigree. ´A gentleman well bred and of good name.´ Shak. [Obs., except as applied to domestic animals.] (b) Well brought up, as shown in having good manners; cultivated; refined; polite. { Brede, or Breede } , n. Breadth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brede , n. [See Braid woven cord.] A braid. [R.] “Half lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede.
Tennyson.”

Breech , n. [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of the body behind; the buttocks. 2. Breeches. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The hinder part of anything; esp., the part of a cannon, or other firearm, behind the chamber. 4. (Naut.) The external angle of knee timber, the inside of which is called the throat.

Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeching .] 1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches. “A great man … anxious to know whether the blacksmith’s youngest boy was breeched.
Macaulay.” 2. To cover as with breeches. [Poetic] “Their daggers unmannerly breeched with gore.
Shak.” 3. To fit or furnish with a breech; as to breech a gun. 4. To whip on the breech. [Obs.] “Had not a courteous serving man conveyed me away, whilst he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience, he would have breeched me.
Old Play.” 5. To fasten with breeching.

Breech´block , n. The movable piece which closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm, and resists the backward force of the discharge. It is withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge, and closed again before the gun is fired.

Breech´cloth , n. A cloth worn around the breech.

Breech´es , n. pl. [OE. brech, brek, AS. brek, pl. of broc breech, breeches; akin to Icel. brok breeches, ODan. brog, D. broek, G. bruch; cf. L. bracae, braccae, which is of Celtic origin. Cf. Brail.] 1. A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs; smallclothes. “His jacket was red, and his breeches were blue.
Coleridge.” 2. Trousers; pantaloons. [Colloq.] Breeches buoy, in the life-saving service, a pair of canvas breeches depending from an annular or beltlike life buoy which is usually of cork. This contrivance, inclosing the person to be rescued, is hung by short ropes from a block which runs upon the hawser stretched from the ship to the shore, and is drawn to land by hauling lines. — Breeches pipe, a forked pipe forming two branches united at one end. — Knee breeches, breeches coming to the knee, and buckled or fastened there; smallclothes. — To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband; — said of a wife. [Colloq.]

Breech´ing , n. 1. A whipping on the breech, or the act of whipping on the breech. “I view the prince with Aristarchus’ eyes,
Whose looks were as a breeching to a boy.
Marlowe.” 2. That part of a harness which passes round the breech of a horse, enabling him to hold back a vehicle. 3. (Naut.) A strong rope rove through the cascabel of a cannon and secured to ringbolts in the ship’s side, to limit the recoil of the gun when it is discharged. 4. The sheet iron casing at the end of boilers to convey the smoke from the flues to the smokestack.

Breech´load•er , n. A firearm which receives its load at the breech. “For cavalry, the revolver and breechloader will supersede the saber.
Rep. Sec. War (1860).”

Breech´-load•ing, a. Receiving the charge at the breech instead of at the muzzle. { Breech´ pin• , Breech´ screw• } . A strong iron or steel plug screwed into the breech of a musket or other firearm, to close the bottom of the bore.

Breech´ sight . A device attached to the breech of a firearm, to guide the eye, in conjunction with the front sight, in taking aim.

Breed , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeding.] [OE. breden, AS. bredan to nourish, cherish, keep warm, from brod brood; akin to D. broeden to brood, OHG. bruoten, G. brüten. See Brood.] 1. To produce as offspring; to bring forth; to bear; to procreate; to generate; to beget; to hatch. “Yet every mother breeds not sons alike.
Shak.” “If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog.
Shak.” 2. To take care of in infancy, and through the age of youth; to bring up; to nurse and foster. “To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed.
Dryden.” “Born and bred on the verge of the wilderness.
Everett.” 3. To educate; to instruct; to form by education; to train; — sometimes followed by up. “But no care was taken to breed him a Protestant.
Bp. Burnet.” “His farm may not remove his children too far from him, or the trade he breeds them up in.
Locke.” 4. To engender; to cause; to occasion; to originate; to produce; as to breed a storm; to breed disease. “Lest the place
And my quaint habits breed astonishment.
Milton.” 5. To give birth to; to be the native place of; as a pond breeds fish; a northern country breeds stout men. 6. To raise, as any kind of stock. 7. To produce or obtain by any natural process. [Obs.] “Children would breed their teeth with less danger.
Locke.” Syn. — To engender; generate; beget; produce; hatch; originate; bring up; nourish; train; instruct.

Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young; to reproduce or multiply itself; to be pregnant. “That they breed abundantly in the earth.
Gen. viii. 17.” “The mother had never bred before.
Carpenter.” “Ant. Is your gold and silver ewes and rams?
Shy. I can not tell. I make it breed as fast.
Shak.” 2. To be formed in the parent or dam; to be generated, or to grow, as young before birth. 3. To have birth; to be produced or multiplied. “Heavens rain grace
On that which breeds between them.
Shak.” 4. To raise a breed; to get progeny. “The kind of animal which you wish to breed from.
Gardner.” To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same stock that are closely related.

Breed, n. 1. A race or variety of men or other animals (or of plants), perpetuating its special or distinctive characteristics by inheritance. “Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England’s breed.
Shak.” “Greyhounds of the best breed.
Carpenter.” 2. Class; sort; kind; — of men, things, or qualities. “Are these the breed of wits so wondered at?
Shak.” “This courtesy is not of the right breed.
Shak.” 3. A number produced at once; a brood. [Obs.] Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species or variety to wild animals and to plants; and race to men.

Breed´bate , n. One who breeds or originates quarrels. [Obs.] ´No telltale nor no breedbate.´ Shak.

Breed´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, breeds, produces, brings up, etc. “She was a great breeder.
Dr. A. Carlyle.” “Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men.
Ascham.” 2. A cause. ´The breeder of my sorrow.´ Shak.

Breed´ing , n. 1. The act or process of generating or bearing. 2. The raising or improving of any kind of domestic animals; as farmers should pay attention to breeding. 3. Nurture; education; formation of manners. “She had her breeding at my father’s charge.
Shak.” 4. Deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life; manners; knowledge of, or training in, the ceremonies, or polite observances of society. “Delicacy of breeding, or that polite deference and respect which civility obliges us either to express or counterfeit towards the persons with whom we converse.
Hume.” 5. Descent; pedigree; extraction. [Obs.] “Honest gentlemen, I know not your breeding.
Shak.” Close breeding, In and in breeding, breeding from a male and female from the same parentage. — Cross breeding, breeding from a male and female of different lineage. — Good breeding, politeness; genteel deportment. Syn. — Education; instruction; nurture; training; manners. See Education.

Breeze , Breeze´ fly , n. [OE. brese, AS. briósa; perh. akin to OHG. brimissa, G. breme, bremse, D. brems, which are akin to G. brummen to growl, buzz, grumble, L. fremere to murmur; cf. G. brausen, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to roar, rush.] (Zoöl.) A fly of various species, of the family Tabanidae, noted for buzzing about animals, and tormenting them by sucking their blood; — called also horsefly, and gadfly. They are among the largest of two-winged or dipterous insects. The name is also given to different species of botflies. [Written also breese and brize.]

Breeze, n. [F. brise; akin to It. brezza breeze, Sp. briza, brisa, a breeze from northeast, Pg. briza northeast wind; of uncertain origin; cf. F. bise, Pr. bisa, OHG. bisa, north wind, Arm. biz northeast wind.] 1. A light, gentle wind; a fresh, soft-blowing wind. “Into a gradual calm the breezes sink.
Wordsworth.” 2. An excited or ruffed state of feeling; a flurry of excitement; a disturbance; a quarrel; as the discovery produced a breeze. [Colloq.] Land breeze, a wind blowing from the land, generally at night. — Sea breeze, a breeze or wind blowing, generally in the daytime, from the sea.

Breeze , n. [F. braise cinders, live coals. See Brasier.] 1. Refuse left in the process of making coke or burning charcoal. 2. (Brickmaking) Refuse coal, coal ashes, and cinders, used in the burning of bricks.

Breeze, v. i. To blow gently. [R.] J. Barlow. To breeze up (Naut.), to blow with increasing freshness.

Breeze´less, a. Motionless; destitute of breezes. “A stagnant, breezeless air becalms my soul.
Shenstone.”

Breez´i•ness , n. State of being breezy.

Breez´y , a. 1. Characterized by, or having, breezes; airy. ´A breezy day in May.´ Coleridge. “’Mid lawns and shades by breezy rivulets fanned.
Wordsworth.” 2. Fresh; brisk; full of life. [Colloq.]

Breg´ma , n. [Gr. the front part of the head: cf. F. bregma.] (Anat.) The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull.

Breg•mat´ic , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the bregma.

Bre´hon , n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.] An ancient Irish or Scotch judge. Brehon laws, the ancient Irish laws, — unwritten, like the common law of England. They were abolished by statute of Edward III.

Breme (brem), a. [OE. breme, brime, fierce, impetuous, glorious, AS. breme, bryme, famous. Cf. Brim, a.] 1. Fierce; sharp; severe; cruel. [Obs.] Spenser. “From the septentrion cold, in the breme freezing air.
Drayton.” 2. Famous; renowned; well known. Wright. [Written also brim and brimme.] { Bren , Bren´ne } v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Brent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brenning.] [See Burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Consuming fire brent his shearing house or stall.
W. Browne.”

Bren, n. Bran. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bren´nage , n. [OF. brenage; cf. LL. brennagium, brenagium. See Bran.] (Old Eng. Law) A tribute which tenants paid to their lord, in lieu of bran, which they were obliged to furnish for his hounds.

Bren´ning•ly, adv. Burningly; ardently. [Obs.] { Brent , Brant } , a. [AS. brant; akin to Dan. brat, Icel. brattr, steep.] 1. Steep; high. [Obs.] “Grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonderfully that ye will marvel how any man dare climb up to them.
Ascham.” 2. Smooth; unwrinkled. [Scot.] “Your bonnie brow was brent.
Burns.”

Brent, imp. & p. p. of Bren. Burnt. [Obs.]

Brent, n. [Cf. Brant.] A brant. See Brant.

Breq´uet chain . A watch-guard.

Brere , n. A brier. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Brest , 3d sing.pr. for Bursteth. [Obs.] { Brest , Breast } , n. (Arch.) A torus. [Obs.]

Bres´te , v. t. & i. [imp. Brast; p. p. Brusten, Borsten, Bursten.] To burst. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brest´sum•mer , n. See Breastsummer.

Bret , n. (Zoöl.) See Birt.

Bret´ful , a. [OE. also brerdful, fr. brerd top, brim, AS. brerd.] Brimful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Breth´ren , n.; pl. of Brother. This form of the plural is used, for the most part, in solemn address, and in speaking of religious sects or fraternities, or their members.

Bret´on , a. [F. breton.] Of or relating to Brittany, or Bretagne, in France. — n. A native or inhabitant of Brittany, or Bretagne, in France; also the ancient language of Brittany; Armorican.

Brett , n. Same as Britzska.

Bret´tice , n.; pl. Brettices . [OE. bretasce, bretage, parapet, OF. bretesche wooden tower, F. bretèche, LL. breteschia, bertresca, prob. fr. OHG. bret, G. brett board; akin to E. board. See Board, n., and cf. Bartizan.] The wooden boarding used in supporting the roofs and walls of coal mines. See Brattice.

Bret´wal•da , n. [AS. Bretwalda, brten walda, a powerful ruler.] (Eng. Hist.) The official title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their warfare against the British tribes. Brande & C.

Bret´zel , n. [G.] See Pretzel.

Breve (brev), n. [It. & (in sense 2) LL. breve, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.) A note or character of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four minims. When dotted, it is equal to three semibreves. It was formerly of a square figure (as thus: ), but is now made oval, with a line perpendicular to the staff on each of its sides; — formerly much used for choir service. Moore. 2. (Law) Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court. 3. (Print.) A curved mark is used commonly to indicate the short quantity of a vowel. 4. (Zoöl.) The great ant thrush of Sumatra (Pitta gigas), which has a very short tail.

Bre•vet´ (bre•vet´; 277), n. [F. brevet, LL. brevetum, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. A warrant from the government, granting a privilege, title, or dignity. [French usage]. 2. (Mil.) A commission giving an officer higher rank than that for which he receives pay; an honorary promotion of an officer. In the United States army, rank by brevet is conferred, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for ´gallant actions or meritorious services.´ A brevet rank gives no right of command in the particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs, and can be exercised only by special assignment of the President, or on court martial, and detachments composed of different corps, with pay of the brevet rank when on such duty.

Bre•vet´ (bre•vet´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brevetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brevetting.] (Mil.) To confer rank upon by brevet.

Bre•vet´, a. (Mil.) Taking or conferring rank by brevet; as a brevet colonel; a brevet commission.

Bre•vet´cy (bre•vet´sy), n.; pl. Brevetcies (- siz). (Mil.) The rank or condition of a brevet officer.

Bre´vi•a•ry , n.; pl. Breviaries . [F. breviarie, L. breviarium summary, abridgment, neut. noun fr. breviarius abridged, fr. brevis short. See Brief, and cf. Brevier.] 1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief account or summary. “A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots that are to be cut up or gathered.
Holland.” 2. A book containing the daily public or canonical prayers of the Roman Catholic or of the Greek Church for the seven canonical hours, namely, matins and lauds, the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours, vespers, and compline; — distinguished from the missal.

Bre´vi•ate , n. [L. breviatus, p. p. of breviare to shorten, brevis short.] 1. A short compend; a summary; a brief statement. “I omit in this breviate to rehearse.
Hakluyt.” “The same little breviates of infidelity have … been published and dispersed with great activity.
Bp. Porteus.” 2. A lawyer’s brief. [R.] Hudibras.

Bre´vi•ate , v. t. To abbreviate. [Obs.]

Bre´vi•a•ture , n. An abbreviature; an abbreviation. [Obs.] Johnson.

Bre•vier´ (bre•ver´), n. [Prob. from being originally used in printing a breviary. See Breviary.] (Print.) A size of type between bourgeois and minion. This line is printed in brevier type.

Bre•vil´o•quence , n. [L. breviloquentia.] A brief and pertinent mode of speaking. [R.]

Brev´i•ped , a. [L. brevis short + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. brevipède.] (Zoöl.) Having short legs. — n. A breviped bird.

Brev´i•pen , n. [L. brevis short + penna wing: cf. F. brevipenne.] (Zoöl.) A brevipennate bird.

Brev•i•pen´nate , a. [L. brevis short + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Short-winged; — applied to birds which can not fly, owing to their short wings, as the ostrich, cassowary, and emu. { Brev•i•ros´tral , Brev•i•ros´trate } a. [L. brevis short + E. rostral, rostrate.] (Zoöl.) Short-billed; having a short beak.

Brev´i•ty , n.; pl. Brevities . [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short: cf. F. brièvite. See Brief.] 1. Shortness of duration; briefness of time; as the brevity of human life. 2. Contraction into few words; conciseness. “Brevity is the soul of wit.
Shak.” “This argument is stated by St. John with his usual elegant brevity and simplicity.
Bp. Porteus.” Syn. — Shortness; conciseness; succinctness; terseness.

Brew , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brewing.] [OE. brewen, AS. breówan; akin to D. brouwen, OHG. priuwan, MHG. briuwen, brwen, G. brauen, Icel. brugga, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and perh. to L. defrutum must boiled down, Gr. (for ?) a kind of beer. The original meaning seems to have been to prepare by heat. rad.93. Cf. Broth, Bread.] 1. To boil or seethe; to cook. [Obs.] 2. To prepare, as beer or other liquor, from malt and hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation. ´She brews good ale.´ Shak. 3. To prepare by steeping and mingling; to concoct. “Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely.
Shak.” 4. To foment or prepare, as by brewing; to contrive; to plot; to concoct; to hatch; as to brew mischief. “Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver!
Milton.”

Brew , v. i. 1. To attend to the business, or go through the processes, of brewing or making beer. “I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour.
Shak.” 2. To be in a state of preparation; to be mixing, forming, or gathering; as a storm brews in the west. “There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest.
Shak.”

Brew , n. The mixture formed by brewing; that which is brewed. Bacon.

Brew´age , n. Malt liquor; drink brewed. ´Some well-spiced brewage.´ Milton. “A rich brewage, made of the best Spanish wine.
Macaulay.”

Brew´er , n. One who brews; one whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors.

Brew´er•y , n. A brewhouse; the building and apparatus where brewing is carried on.

Brew´house , n. A house or building appropriated to brewing; a brewery.

Brew´ing , n. 1. The act or process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale. 2. The quantity brewed at once. “A brewing of new beer, set by old beer.
Bacon.” 3. A mixing together. “I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a brewing and sophistication of them they make.
Holland.” 4. (Naut.) A gathering or forming of a storm or squall, indicated by thick, dark clouds.

Brew´is , n. [OE. brewis, brouwys, browesse, brewet, OF. brouet, - s being the OF. ending of the nom. sing. and acc. pl.; dim. of OHG. brod. rad.93. See Broth, and cf. Brose.] 1. Broth or pottage. [Obs.] “Let them of their Bonner’s ´beef´ and ´broth´ make what brewis they please for their credulous guests.
Bp. Hall.” 2. Bread soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat, milk, or water and butter.

Brews´ter•ite , n. [Named after Sir David Brewster.] A rare zeolitic mineral occurring in white monoclinic crystals with pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, baryta, and strontia.

Brez´i•lin , n. See Brazilin.

Bri´ar , n. Same as Brier.

Bri•a´re•an , a. [L. Briareius, fr. Briareus a mythological hundred-handed giant, Gr. , fr. strong.] Pertaining to, or resembling, Briareus, a giant fabled to have a hundred hands; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed.

Brib´a•ble , a. Capable of being bribed. “A more bribable class of electors.
S. Edwards.”

Bribe , n. [F. bribe a lump of bread, scraps, leavings of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), LL. briba scrap of bread; cf. OF. briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg, and OHG. bilibi food.] 1. A gift begged; a present. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or promised with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct of a judge, witness, voter, or other person in a position of trust. “Undue reward for anything against justice is a bribe.
Hobart.” 3. That which seduces; seduction; allurement. “Not the bribes of sordid wealth can seduce to leave these everblooming sweets.
Akenside.”

Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bribed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bribing.] 1. To rob or steal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To give or promise a reward or consideration to (a judge, juror, legislator, voter, or other person in a position of trust) with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct; to induce or influence by a bribe; to give a bribe to. “Neither is he worthy who bribes a man to vote against his conscience.
F. W. Robertson.” 3. To gain by a bribe; of induce as by a bribe.

Bribe, v. i. 1. To commit robbery or theft. [Obs.] 2. To give a bribe to a person; to pervert the judgment or corrupt the action of a person in a position of trust, by some gift or promise. “An attempt to bribe, though unsuccessful, has been holden to be criminal, and the offender may be indicted.
Bouvier.” “The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe.
Goldsmith.”

Bribe´less, a. Incapable of being bribed; free from bribes. “From thence to heaven’s bribeless hall.
Sir W. Raleigh.”

Brib´er , n. 1. A thief. [Obs.] Lydgate. 2. One who bribes, or pays for corrupt practices. 3. That which bribes; a bribe. “His service … were a sufficient briber for his life.
Shak.”

Brib´er•y , n.; pl. Briberies . [OE. brybery rascality, OF. briberie. See Bribe, n.] 1. Robbery; extortion. [Obs.] 2. The act or practice of giving or taking bribes; the act of influencing the official or political action of another by corrupt inducements. Bribery oath, an oath taken by a person that he has not been bribed as to voting. [Eng.]

Bric´-a brac , n. [F.] Miscellaneous curiosities and works of decorative art, considered collectively. A piece of bric-a-brac, any curious or antique article of virtu, as a piece of antiquated furniture or metal work, or an odd knickknack.

Brick , n. [OE. brik, F. brique; of Ger. origin; cf. AS. brice a breaking, fragment, Prov. E. brique piece, brique de pain, equiv. to AS. hlafes brice, fr. the root of E. break. See Break.] 1. A block or clay tempered with water, sand, etc., molded into a regular form, usually rectangular, and sun-dried, or burnt in a kiln, or in a heap or stack called a clamp. “The Assyrians appear to have made much less use of bricks baked in the furnace than the Babylonians.
Layard.” 2. Bricks, collectively, as designating that kind of material; as a load of brick; a thousand of brick. “Some of Palladio’s finest examples are of brick.
Weale.” 3. Any oblong rectangular mass; as a brick of maple sugar; a penny brick (of bread). 4. A good fellow; a merry person; as you ’re a brick. [Slang] ´He ’s a dear little brick.´ Thackeray. To have a brick in one’s hat, to be drunk. [Slang] Brick is used adjectively or in combination; as brick wall; brick clay; brick color; brick red. Brick clay, clay suitable for, or used in making, bricks. — Brick dust, dust of pounded or broken bricks. — Brick earth, clay or earth suitable for, or used in making, bricks. — Brick loaf, a loaf of bread somewhat resembling a brick in shape. — Brick nogging (Arch.), rough brickwork used to fill in the spaces between the uprights of a wooden partition; brick filling. — Brick tea, tea leaves and young shoots, or refuse tea, steamed or mixed with fat, etc., and pressed into the form of bricks. It is used in Northern and Central Asia. S. W. Williams. — Brick trimmer (Arch.), a brick arch under a hearth, usually within the thickness of a wooden floor, to guard against accidents by fire. — Brick trowel. See Trowel. — Brick works, a place where bricks are made. — Bath brick. See under Bath, a city. — Pressed brick, bricks which, before burning, have been subjected to pressure, to free them from the imperfections of shape and texture which are common in molded bricks.

Brick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bricked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] 1. To lay or pave with bricks; to surround, line, or construct with bricks. 2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on, as by smearing plaster with red ocher, making the joints with an edge tool, and pointing them. To brick up, to fill up, inclose, or line, with brick.

Brick´bat , n. A piece or fragment of a brick. See Bat, 4. Bacon.

Brick´kiln , n. A kiln, or furnace, in which bricks are baked or burnt; or a pile of green bricks, laid loose, with arches underneath to receive the wood or fuel for burning them.

Brick´lay•er , n. [Brick + lay.] One whose occupation is to build with bricks. Bricklayer’s itch. See under Itch.

Brick´lay•ing, n. The art of building with bricks, or of uniting them by cement or mortar into various forms; the act or occupation of laying bricks.

Bric´kle , a. [OE. brekil, brokel, bruchel, fr. AS. brecan, E. break. Cf. Brittle.] Brittle; easily broken. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser. “As stubborn steel excels the brickle glass.
Turbervile.”

Bric´kle•ness, n. Brittleness. [Obs.]

Brick´mak•er , n. One whose occupation is to make bricks. — Brick´mak•ing, n.

Brick´work , n. 1. Anything made of bricks. “Niches in brickwork form the most difficult part of the bricklayer’s art.
Tomlinson.” 2. The act of building with or laying bricks.

Brick´y , a. Full of bricks; formed of bricks; resembling bricks or brick dust. [R.] Spenser.

Brick´yard , n. A place where bricks are made, especially an inclosed place.

Bri•cole´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) A kind of traces with hooks and rings, with which men drag and maneuver guns where horses can not be used.

Brid , n. A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brid´al , a. [From Bride. Cf. Bridal, n.] Of or pertaining to a bride, or to wedding; nuptial; as bridal ornaments; a bridal outfit; a bridal chamber.

Brid´al, n. [OE. bridale, brudale, AS. brydealo brideale, bridal feast. See Bride, and Ale, 2.] A nuptial festival or ceremony; a marriage. “Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,
The bridal of the earth and sky.
Herbert.”

Brid´al•ty , n. Celebration of the nuptial feast. [Obs.] ´In honor of this bridalty.´ B. Jonson.

Bride (brid), n. [OE. bride, brid, brude, brud, burd, AS. bryd; akin to OFries. breid, OSax. brud, D. bruid, OHG. prut, brut, G. braut, Icel. bruðr, Sw. & Dan. brud, Goth. bruþs; cf. Armor. pried spouse, W. priawd a married person.] 1. A woman newly married, or about to be married. “Has by his own experience tried
How much the wife is dearer than the bride.
Lyttleton.” “I will show thee the bride, the Lamb’s wife.
Rev. xxi. 9.” 2. Fig.: An object ardently loved. Bride of the sea, the city of Venice.

Bride, v. t. To make a bride of. [Obs.]

Bride´-ale , n. [See Bridal.] A rustic wedding feast; a bridal. See Ale. “The man that ’s bid to bride-ale, if he ha’ cake,
And drink enough, he need not fear his stake.
B. Jonson.”

Bride´bed , n. The marriage bed. [Poetic]

Bride´cake , n. Rich or highly ornamented cake, to be distributed to the guests at a wedding, or sent to friends after the wedding.

Bride´cham•ber , n. The nuptial apartment. Matt. ix. 15.

Bride´groom (-groom•), n. [OE. bridegome, brudgume, AS. brydguma (akin to OS. brudigumo, D. bruidegom, bruigom, OHG. prutigomo, MHG. briutegome, G. bräutigam); AS. bryd bride + guma man, akin to Goth. guma, Icel. gumi, OHG. gomo, L. homo; the insertion of r being caused by confusion with groom. See Bride, and cf. Groom, Homage.] A man newly married, or just about to be married.

Bride´knot , n. A knot of ribbons worn by a guest at a wedding; a wedding favor. [Obs.]

Bride´maid , n., Bride´man , n. See Bridesmaid, Bridesman.

Brides´maid , n. A female friend who attends on a bride at her wedding.

Brides´man , n.; pl. Bridesmen . A male friend who attends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage; the ´best man.´ Sir W. Scott.

Bride´stake , n. A stake or post set in the ground, for guests at a wedding to dance round. “Divide the broad bridecake
Round about the bridestake.
B. Jonson.”

Bride´well , n. A house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons; — so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride’s (or Bridget’s) well, in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse.

Bridge , n. [OE. brig, brigge, brug, brugge, AS. brycg, bricg; akin to Fries. bregge, D. brug, OHG. brucca, G. brücke, Icel. bryggja pier, bridge, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and prob. Icel. bru bridge, Sw. & Dan. bro bridge, pavement, and possibly to E. brow.] 1. A structure, usually of wood, stone, brick, or iron, erected over a river or other water course, or over a chasm, railroad, etc., to make a passageway from one bank to the other. 2. Anything supported at the ends, which serves to keep some other thing from resting upon the object spanned, as in engraving, watchmaking, etc., or which forms a platform or staging over which something passes or is conveyed. 3. (Mus.) The small arch or bar at right angles to the strings of a violin, guitar, etc., serving of raise them and transmit their vibrations to the body of the instrument. 4. (Elec.) A device to measure the resistance of a wire or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit. 5. A low wall or vertical partition in the fire chamber of a furnace, for deflecting flame, etc.; — usually called a bridge wall. Aqueduct bridge. See Aqueduct. — Asses’ bridge, Bascule bridge, Bateau bridge. See under Ass, Bascule, Bateau. — Bridge of a steamer (Naut.), a narrow platform across the deck, above the rail, for the convenience of the officer in charge of the ship; in paddlewheel vessels it connects the paddle boxes. — Bridge of the nose, the upper, bony part of the nose. — Cantalever bridge. See under Cantalever. — Draw bridge. See Drawbridge. — Flying bridge, a temporary bridge suspended or floating, as for the passage of armies; also a floating structure connected by a cable with an anchor or pier up stream, and made to pass from bank to bank by the action of the current or other means. — Girder bridge or Truss bridge, a bridge formed by girders, or by trusses resting upon abutments or piers. — Lattice bridge, a bridge formed by lattice girders. — Pontoon bridge, Ponton bridge. See under Pontoon. — Skew bridge, a bridge built obliquely from bank to bank, as sometimes required in railway engineering. — Suspension bridge. See under Suspension. — Trestle bridge, a bridge formed of a series of short, simple girders resting on trestles. — Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or rectangular tube, with cellular walls made of iron plates riveted together, as the Britannia bridge over the Menai Strait, and the Victoria bridge at Montreal. — Wheatstone’s bridge (Elec.), a device for the measurement of resistances, so called because the balance between the resistances to be measured is indicated by the absence of a current in a certain wire forming a bridge or connection between two points of the apparatus; — invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone.

Bridge (brij), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridged (brijd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bridging.] 1. To build a bridge or bridges on or over; as to bridge a river. “Their simple engineering bridged with felled trees the streams which could not be forded.
Palfrey.” 2. To open or make a passage, as by a bridge. “Xerxes … over Hellespont
Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined.
Milton.” 3. To find a way of getting over, as a difficulty; — generally with over.

Bridge´board , n. 1. (Arch.) A notched board to which the treads and risers of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. 2. A board or plank used as a bridge.

Bridge´head , n. A fortification commanding the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy, to insure the preservation and usefulness of the bridge, and prevent the enemy from crossing; a tête-de-pont.

Bridge´less, a. Having no bridge; not bridged.

Bridge´pot , n. (Mining) The adjustable socket, or step, of a millstone spindle. Knight.

Bridge´tree , n. [Bridge + tree a beam.] (Mining) The beam which supports the spindle socket of the runner in a grinding mill. Knight.

Bridge´-ward , n. 1. A bridge keeper; a warden or a guard for a bridge. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. 2. The principal ward of a key. Knight.

Bridg´ing , n. (Arch.) The system of bracing used between floor or other timbers to distribute the weight. Bridging joist. Same as Binding joist.

Bridg´y , a. Full of bridges. [R.] Sherwood.

Bri´dle , n. [OE. bridel, AS. bridel; akin to OHG. britil, brittil, D. breidel, and possibly to E. braid. Cf. Bridoon.] 1. The head gear with which a horse is governed and restrained, consisting of a headstall, a bit, and reins, with other appendages. 2. A restraint; a curb; a check. I. Watts. 3. (Gun.) The piece in the interior of a gun lock, which holds in place the tumbler, sear, etc. 4. (Naut.) (a) A span of rope, line, or chain made fast as both ends, so that another rope, line, or chain may be attached to its middle. (b) A mooring hawser. Bowline bridle. See under Bowline. — Branches of a bridle. See under Branch. - - Bridle cable (Naut.), a cable which is bent to a bridle. See 4, above. — Bridle hand, the hand which holds the bridle in riding; the left hand. — Bridle path, Bridle way, a path or way for saddle horses and pack horses, as distinguished from a road for vehicles. — Bridle port (Naut.), a porthole or opening in the bow through which hawsers, mooring or bridle cables, etc., are passed. — Bridle rein, a rein attached to the bit. — Bridle road. (a) Same as Bridle path. Lowell. (b) A road in a pleasure park reserved for horseback exercise. — Bridle track, a bridle path. - - Scolding bridle. See Branks, 2. Syn. — A check; restrain.

Bri´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bridling .] 1. To put a bridle upon; to equip with a bridle; as to bridle a horse. “He bridled her mouth with a silkweed twist.
Drake.” 2. To restrain, guide, or govern, with, or as with, a bridle; to check, curb, or control; as to bridle the passions; to bridle a muse. Addison. “Savoy and Nice, the keys of Italy, and the citadel in her hands to bridle Switzerland, are in that consolidation.
Burke.” Syn. — To check; restrain; curb; govern; control; repress; master; subdue.

Bri´dle, v. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment; to assume a lofty manner; — usually with up. ´His bridling neck.´ Wordsworth. “By her bridling up I perceived she expected to be treated hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs. Tranquillus.
Tatler.”

Bri´dle i•ron . (Arch.) A strong flat bar of iron, so bent as to support, as in a stirrup, one end of a floor timber, etc., where no sufficient bearing can be had; — called also stirrup and hanger.

Bri´dler , n. One who bridles; one who restrains and governs, as with a bridle. Milton.

Bri•doon´ , n. [F. bridon, from bride; of German origin. See Bridle, n.] (Mil.) The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which acts independently of the bit, at the pleasure of the rider. It is used in connection with a curb bit, which has its own rein. Campbell.

Brief , a. [OE. bref, F. brief, bref, fr. L. brevis; akin to Gr. short, and perh. to Skr. barh to tear. Cf. Breve.] 1. Short in duration. “How brief the life of man.
Shak.” 2. Concise; terse; succinct. “The brief style is that which expresseth much in little.
B. Jonson.” 3. Rife; common; prevalent. [Prov. Eng.] In brief. See under Brief, n. Syn. — Short; concise; succinct; summary; compendious; condensed; terse; curt; transitory; short-lived.

Brief, adv. 1. Briefly. [Obs. or Poetic] “Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief.
Milton.” 2. Soon; quickly. [Obs.] Shak.

Brief (bref), n. [See Brief, a., and cf. Breve.] 1. A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words. “Bear this sealed brief,
With winged hastle, to the lord marshal.
Shak.” “And she told me
In a sweet, verbal brief.
Shak.” 2. An epitome. “Each woman is a brief of womankind.
Overbury.” 3. (Law) An abridgment or concise statement of a client’s case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument. “It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief.
Sir J. Stephen.” In England, the brief is prepared by the attorney; in the United States, counsel generally make up their own briefs. 4. (Law) A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2. 5. (Scots Law) A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence. 6. A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose. [Eng.] Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the secretary of briefs, dated ´a die Nativitatis,´ i. e., ´from the day of the Nativity,´ and sealed with the ring of the fisherman. It differs from a bull, in its parchment, written character, date, and seal. See Bull. — Brief of title, an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other papers constituting the chain of title to any real estate. — In brief, in a few words; in short; briefly. ´Open the matter in brief.´ Shak.

Brief, v. t. To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as to brief pleadings.

Brief´less , a. Having no brief; without clients; as a briefless barrister.

Brief´ly , adv. Concisely; in few words.

Brief´man , n. 1. One who makes a brief. 2. A copier of a manuscript.

Brief´ness , n. The quality of being brief; brevity; conciseness in discourse or writing. { Bri´er , Bri´ar } , n. [OE. brere, brer, AS. brer, braer; cf. Ir. briar prickle, thorn, brier, pin, Gael. preas bush, brier, W. prys, prysg.] 1. A plant with a slender woody stem bearing stout prickles; especially, species of Rosa, Rubus, and Smilax. 2. Fig.: Anything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings. “The thorns and briers of reproof.
Cowper.” Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia and S. Walteri; — used for tobacco pipes. — Cat brier, Green brier, several species of Smilax (S. rotundifolia, etc.) — Sweet brier (Rosa rubiginosa). See Sweetbrier. - - Yellow brier, the Rosa Eglantina.

Bri´ered , a. Set with briers. Chatterton.

Bri´er•y , a. Full of briers; thorny.

Bri´er•y, n. A place where briers grow. Huloet.

Brig (brig), n. A bridge. [Scot.] Burns.

Brig, n. [Shortened from Brigantine.] (Naut.) A two-masted, square-rigged vessel. Hermaphrodite brig, a two-masted vessel square- rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bri•gade´ , n. [F. brigade, fr. It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, originally, a contending troop, fr. briga trouble, quarrel. See Brigand.] 1. (Mil.) A body of troops, whether cavalry, artillery, infantry, or mixed, consisting of two or more regiments, under the command of a brigadier general. Two or more brigades constitute a division, commanded by a major general; two or more divisions constitute an army corps, or corps d’armee. [U.S.] 2. Any body of persons organized for acting or marching together under authority; as a fire brigade. Brigade inspector, an officer whose duty is to inspect troops in companies before they are mustered into service. — Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties.

Bri•gade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brigaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or into brigades.

Brig•a•dier´ gen´er•al . [F. brigadier, fr. brigade.] (Mil.) An officer in rank next above a colonel, and below a major general. He commands a brigade, and is sometimes called, by a shortening of his title, simple a brigadier.

Brig´and (brig´and), n. [F. brigand, OF. brigant light-armed soldier, fr. LL. brigans light-armed soldier (cf. It. brigante.) fr. brigare to strive, contend, fr. briga quarrel; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. break; cf. Goth. brikan to break, brakja strife. Cf. Brigue.] 1. A light-armed, irregular foot soldier. [Obs.] 2. A lawless fellow who lives by plunder; one of a band of robbers; especially, one of a gang living in mountain retreats; a highwayman; a freebooter. “Giving them not a little the air of brigands or banditti.
Jeffery.”

Brig´and•age (-aj), n. [F. brigandage.] Life and practice of brigands; highway robbery; plunder.

Brig´an•dine , n. [F. brigandine (cf. It. brigantina), fr. OF. brigant. See Brigand.] A coast of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, sometimes overlapping each other, generally of metal, and sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the Middle Ages. [Written also brigantine.] Jer. xlvi. 4. “Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet,
And brigandine of brass.
Milton.”

Brig´and•ish , a. Like a brigand or freebooter; robberlike.

Brig´and•ism , n. Brigandage.

Brig´an•tine , n. [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigantino, originally, a practical vessel. See Brigand, and cf. Brig] 1. A practical vessel. [Obs.] 2. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig in that she does not carry a square mainsail. 3. See Brigandine.

Brig´ge , n. A bridge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bright , v. i. See Brite, v. i.

Bright , a. [OE. briht, AS. beorht, briht; akin to OS. berht, OHG. beraht, Icel. bjartr, Goth. baírhts. rad.94.] 1. Radiating or reflecting light; shedding or having much light; shining; luminous; not dark. “The sun was bright o’erhead.
Longfellow.” “The earth was dark, but the heavens were bright.
Drake.” “The public places were as bright as at noonday.
Macaulay.” 2. Transmitting light; clear; transparent. “From the brightest wines
He ’d turn abhorrent.
Thomson.” 3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye; resplendent with charms; as bright beauty. “Bright as an angel new-dropped from the sky.
Parnell.” 4. Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent. 5. Sparkling with wit; lively; vivacious; shedding cheerfulness and joy around; cheerful; cheery. “Be bright and jovial among your guests.
Shak.” 6. Illustrious; glorious. “In the brightest annals of a female reign.
Cotton.” 7. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes; clear; evident; plain. “That he may with more ease, with brighter evidence, and with surer success, draw the bearner on.
I. Watts.” 8. Of brilliant color; of lively hue or appearance. “Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew.
Pope.” Bright is used in composition in the sense of brilliant, clear, sunny, etc.; as bright-eyed, bright-haired, bright-hued. Syn. — Shining; splending; luminous; lustrous; brilliant; resplendent; effulgent; refulgent; radiant; sparkling; glittering; lucid; beamy; clear; transparent; illustrious; witty; clear; vivacious; sunny.

Bright, n. Splendor; brightness. [Poetic] “Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear.
Milton.”

Bright, adv. Brightly. Chaucer. “I say it is the moon that shines so bright.
Shak.”

Bright´en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brightened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brightening.] [From Bright, a.] 1. To make bright or brighter; to make to shine; to increase the luster of; to give a brighter hue to. 2. To make illustrious, or more distinguished; to add luster or splendor to. “The present queen would brighten her character, if she would exert her authority to instill virtues into her people.
Swift.” 3. To improve or relieve by dispelling gloom or removing that which obscures and darkens; to shed light upon; to make cheerful; as to brighten one’s prospects. “An ecstasy, which mothers only feel,
Plays round my heart and brightens all my sorrow.
Philips.” 4. To make acute or witty; to enliven. Johnson.

Bright´en, v. i. [AS. beorhtan.] To grow bright, or more bright; to become less dark or gloomy; to clear up; to become bright or cheerful. “And night shall brighten into day.
N. Cotton.” “And, all his prospects brightening to the last,
His heaven commences ere world be past.
Goldsmith.”

Bright´-har•nessed , a. Having glittering armor. [Poetic] Milton.

Bright´ly, adv. 1. Brilliantly; splendidly; with luster; as brightly shining armor. 2. With lively intelligence; intelligently. “Looking brightly into the mother’s face.
Hawthorne.”

Bright´ness, n. [AS. beorhines. See Bright.] 1. The quality or state of being bright; splendor; luster; brilliancy; clearness. “A sudden brightness in his face appear.
Crabbe.” 2. Acuteness (of the faculties); sharpness 9wit. “The brightness of his parts … distinguished him.
Prior.” Syn. — Splendor; luster; radiance; resplendence; brilliancy; effulgence; glory; clearness.

Bright’s´ dis•ease´ . [From Dr. Bright of London, who first described it.] (Med.) An affection of the kidneys, usually inflammatory in character, and distinguished by the occurrence of albumin and renal casts in the urine. Several varieties of Bright’s disease are now recognized, differing in the part of the kidney involved, and in the intensity and course of the morbid process.

Bright´some , a. Bright; clear; luminous; brilliant. [R.] Marlowe.

Bri•gose´ , a. [LL. brigosus, It. brigoso. See Brigue, n.] Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Puller.

Brigue , n. [F. brigue, fr. LL. briga quarrel. See Brigand.] A cabal, intrigue, faction, contention, strife, or quarrel. [Obs.] Chesterfield.

Brigue, v. i. [F. briguer. See Brigue, n.] To contend for; to canvass; to solicit. [Obs.] Bp. Hurd.

Brike , n. [AS. brice.] A breach; ruin; downfall; peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brill (bril), n. [Cf. Corn. brilli mackerel, fr. brith streaked, speckled.] (Zoöl.) A fish allied to the turbot (Rhombus levis), much esteemed in England for food; — called also bret, pearl, prill. See Bret.

Bril•lan´te , adv. [It. See Brilliant, a.] (Mus.) In a gay, showy, and sparkling style.

Bril´liance (bril´yan•s), n. Brilliancy. Tennyson.

Bril´lian•cy (bril´yan•sy), n. [See Brilliant.] The quality of being brilliant; splendor; glitter; great brightness, whether in a literal or figurative sense. “With many readers brilliancy of style passes for affluence of thought.
Longfellow.”

Bril´liant (bril´yant), a. [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine or sparkle (cf. Pr. & Sp. brillar, It. brillare), fr. L. beryllus a precious stone of sea-green color, Prov. It. brill. See Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster; glittering; very bright; as a brilliant star. 2. Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; splendid; shining; as brilliant talents. “Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes than to perform brilliant exploits.
Fisher Ames.” Syn. — See Shining.

Bril´liant, n. [F. brillant. See Brilliant, a.] 1. A diamond or other gem of the finest cut, formed into faces and facets, so as to reflect and refract the light, by which it is rendered more brilliant. It has at the middle, or top, a principal face, called the table, which is surrounded by a number of sloping facets forming a bizet; below, it has a small face or collet, parallel to the table, connected with the girdle by a pavilion of elongated facets. It is thus distinguished from the rose diamond, which is entirely covered with facets on the surface, and is flat below. “This snuffbox — on the hinge see brilliants shine.
Pope.” 2. (Print.) The smallest size of type used in England printing. This line is printed in the type called Brilliant. 3. A kind of cotton goods, figured on the weaving.

Bril´liant•ly, adv. In a brilliant manner.

Bril´liant•ness, n. Brilliancy; splendor; glitter.

Brills , n. pl. [CF. G. brille spectacles, D. bril, fr. L. berillus. See Brilliant.] The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Bailey.

Brim , n. [OE. brim, brimme, AS. brymme edge, border; akin to Icel. barmr, Sw. bräm, Dan. braemme, G. brame, bräme. Possibly the same word as AS. brim surge, sea, and properly meaning, the line of surf at the border of the sea, and akin to L. fremere to roar, murmur. Cf. Breeze a fly.] 1. The rim, border, or upper edge of a cup, dish, or any hollow vessel used for holding anything. “Saw I that insect on this goblet’s brim
I would remove it with an anxious pity.
Coleridge.” 2. The edge or margin, as of a fountain, or of the water contained in it; the brink; border. “The feet of the priests that bare the ark were dipped in the brim of the water.
Josh. iii. 15.” 3. The rim of a hat. Wordsworth.

Brim, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brimming.] To be full to the brim. ´The brimming stream.´ Milton. To brim over (literally or figuratively), to be so full that some of the contents flows over the brim; as a cup brimming over with wine; a man brimming over with fun.

Brim, v. t. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. “Arrange the board and brim the glass.
Tennyson.”

Brim, a. Fierce; sharp; cold. See Breme. [Obs.]

Brim´ful , a. Full to the brim; completely full; ready to overflow. ´Her brimful eyes.´ Dryden.

Brim´less, a. Having no brim; as brimless caps.

Brimmed , a. 1. Having a brim; — usually in composition. ´Broad-brimmed hat.´ Spectator. 2. Full to, or level with, the brim. Milton.

Brim´mer , n. A brimful bowl; a bumper.

Brim´ming, a. Full to the brim; overflowing.

Brim´stone , n. [OE. brimston, bremston, bernston, brenston; cf. Icel. brennistein. See Burn, v. t., and Stone.] Sulphur; See Sulphur.

Brim´stone, a. Made of, or pertaining to, brimstone; as brimstone matches. “From his brimstone bed at break of day
A-walking the devil has gone.
Coleridge.”

Brim´sto•ny , a. Containing or resembling brimstone; sulphurous. B. Jonson.

Brin , n. [F.] One of the radiating sticks of a fan. The outermost are larger and longer, and are called panaches. Knight.

Brin´ded , a. [Cf. Icel. bröndottr brindled, fr. brandr brand; and OE. bernen, brinnen, to burn. See Brand, Burn.] Of a gray or tawny color with streaks of darker hue; streaked; brindled. ´Three brinded cows,´ Dryden. ´The brinded cat.´ Shak.

Brin´dle , n. [See Brindled.] 1. The state of being brindled. 2. A brindled color; also that which is brindled.

Brin´dle, a. Brindled.

Brin´dled , a. [A dim. form of brinded.] Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground; brinded. ´With a brindled lion played.´ Churchill.

Brine , n. [AS. bryne a burning, salt liquor, brine, fr. brinnan, brynnan, to burn. See Burn.] 1. Water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt; pickle; hence, any strong saline solution; also the saline residue or strong mother liquor resulting from the evaporation of natural or artificial waters. 2. The ocean; the water of an ocean, sea, or salt lake. “Not long beneath the whelming brine … he lay.
Cowper.” 3. Tears; — so called from their saltness. “What a deal of brine
Hath washed thy sallow cheecks for
Rosaline!
Shak.” Brine fly (Zoöl.), a fly of the genus Ephydra, the larvae of which live in artificial brines and in salt lakes. — Brine gauge, an instrument for measuring the saltness of a liquid. — Brine pan, a pit or pan of salt water, where salt is formed by cristallization. — Brine pit, a salt spring or well, from which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. — Brine pump (Marine Engin.), a pump for changing the water in the boilers, so as to clear them of the brine which collects at the bottom. — Brine shrimp, Brine worm (Zoöl.), a phyllopod crustacean of the genus Artemia, inhabiting the strong brines of salt works and natural salt lakes. See Artemia. — Brine spring, a spring of salt water. — Leach brine (Saltmaking), brine which drops from granulated salt in drying, and is preserved to be boiled again.

Brine , v. t. 1. To steep or saturate in brine. 2. To sprinkle with salt or brine; as to brine hay.

Bring , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bringing.] [OE. bringen, AS. bringan; akin to OS. brengian, D. brengen, Fries. brenga, OHG. bringan, G. bringen, Goth. briggan.] 1. To convey to the place where the speaker is or is to be; to bear from a more distant to a nearer place; to fetch. “And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread.
1 Kings xvii. 11.” “To France shall we convey you safe,
And bring you back.
Shak.” 2. To cause the accession or obtaining of; to procure; to make to come; to produce; to draw to. “There is nothing will bring you more honor … than to do what right in justice you may.
Bacon.” 3. To convey; to move; to carry or conduct. “In distillation, the water … brings over with it some part of the oil of vitriol.
Sir I. Newton.” 4. To persuade; to induce; to draw; to lead; to guide. “It seems so preposterous a thing … that they do not easily bring themselves to it.
Locke.” “The nature of the things … would not suffer him to think otherwise, how, or whensoever, he is brought to reflect on them.
Locke.” 5. To produce in exchange; to sell for; to fetch; as what does coal bring per ton? To bring about, to bring to pass; to effect; to accomplish. — To bring back. (a) To recall. (b) To restore, as something borrowed, to its owner. — To bring by the lee (Naut.), to incline so rapidly to leeward of the course, when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee side suddenly to the windward, any by laying the sails aback, expose her to danger of upsetting. — To bring down. (a) To cause to come down. (b) To humble or abase; as to bring down high looks. — To bring down the house, to cause tremendous applause. [Colloq.] — To bring forth. (a) To produce, as young fruit. (b) To bring to light; to make manifest. — To bring forward (a) To exhibit; to introduce; to produce to view. (b) To hasten; to promote; to forward. (c) To propose; to adduce; as to bring forward arguments. — To bring home. (a) To bring to one’s house. (b) To prove conclusively; as to bring home a charge of treason. (c) To cause one to feel or appreciate by personal experience. (d) (Naut.) To lift of its place, as an anchor. — To bring in. (a) To fetch from without; to import. (b) To introduce, as a bill in a deliberative assembly. (c) To return or repot to, or lay before, a court or other body; to render; as to bring in a verdict or a report. (d) To take to an appointed place of deposit or collection; as to bring in provisions or money for a specified object. (e) To produce, as income. (f) To induce to join. — To bring off, to bear or convey away; to clear from condemnation; to cause to escape. — To bring on. (a) To cause to begin. (b) To originate or cause to exist; as to bring on a disease. — To bring one on one’s way, to accompany, guide, or attend one. — To bring out, to expose; to detect; to bring to light from concealment. — To bring over. (a) To fetch or bear across. (b) To convert by persuasion or other means; to cause to change sides or an opinion. — To bring to. (a) To resuscitate; to bring back to consciousness or life, as a fainting person. (b) (Naut.) To check the course of, as of a ship, by dropping the anchor, or by counterbracing the sails so as to keep her nearly stationary (she is then said to lie to). (c) To cause (a vessel) to lie to, as by firing across her course. (d) To apply a rope to the capstan. — To bring to light, to disclose; to discover; to make clear; to reveal. — To bring a sail to (Naut.), to bend it to the yard. — To bring to pass, to accomplish to effect. ´Trust also in Him; and He shall bring it to pass.´ Ps. xxxvii. 5. — To bring under, to subdue; to restrain; to reduce to obedience. — To bring up. (a) To carry upward; to nurse; to rear; to educate. (b) To cause to stop suddenly. (c) [v. i. by dropping the reflexive pronoun] To stop suddenly; to come to a standstill. [Colloq.] — To bring up (any one) with a round turn, to cause (any one) to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] — To be brought to bed. See under Bed. Syn. — To fetch; bear; carry; convey; transport; import; procure; produce; cause; adduce; induce.

Bring´er , n. One who brings. “Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news
Hath but a losing office.
Shak.” Bringer in, one who, or that which, introduces.

Brin´i•ness , n. The state or quality of being briny; saltness; brinishness.

Brin´ish , a. Like brine; somewhat salt; saltish. ´Brinish tears.´ Shak.

Brin´ish•ness, n. State or quality of being brinish.

Brin´ja•ree , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A rough-haired East Indian variety of the greyhound.

Brink , n. [Dan. brink edge, verge; akin to Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.] The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as the brink of a chasm. Also Fig. ´The brink of vice.´ Bp. Porteus. ´The brink of ruin.´ Burke. “The plashy brink of weedy lake.
Bryant.”

Brin´y , a. [From Brine.] Of or pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine; salt; as a briny taste; the briny flood.

Bri´o•ny , n. See Bryony. Tennyson.

Brisk , a. [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael. briosg quick, lively, Ir. broisg a start, leap, jerk.] 1. Full of liveliness and activity; characterized by quickness of motion or action; lively; spirited; quick. “Cheerily, boys; be brick awhile.
Shak.” “Brick toil alternating with ready ease.
Wordworth.” 2. Full of spirit of life; effervescng, as liquors; sparkling; as brick cider. Syn. — Active; lively; agile; alert; nimble; quick; sprightly; vivacious; gay; spirited; animated.

Brisk , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bricked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] To make or become lively; to enliven; to animate; to take, or cause to take, an erect or bold attitude; — usually with up.

Bris´ket , n. [OE. bruskette, OF. bruschet, F. brechet, brichet; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brysced the breast of a slain animal, brisket, Corn. vrys breast, Armor. brusk, bruched, the front of the chest, Gael. brisgein the cartilaginous part of a bone.] That part of the breast of an animal which extends from the fore legs back beneath the ribs; also applied to the fore part of a horse, from the shoulders to the bottom of the chest. [See Illust. of Beef.]

Brisk´ly , adv. In a brisk manner; nimbly.

Brisk´ness, n. Liveliness; vigor in action; quickness; gayety; vivacity; effervescence.

Bris´tle (bris´s’l), n. [OE. bristel, brustel, AS. bristl, byrst; akin to D. borstel, OHG. burst, G. borste, Icel. burst, Sw. borst, and to Skr. bhrshti edge, point, and prob, L. fastigium extremity, Gr. ’a•flaston stern of a ship, and E. brush, burr, perh. to brad. rad.96.] 1. A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine. 2. (Bot.) A stiff, sharp, roundish hair. Gray.

Bris´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bristled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bristling .] 1. To erect the bristles of; to cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog; — sometimes with up. “Now for the bare-picked bone of majesty
Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest.
Shak.” “Boy, bristle thy courage up.
Shak.” 2. To fix a bristle to; as to bristle a thread.

Bris´tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. “His hair did bristle upon his head.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To appear as if covered with bristles; to have standing, thick and erect, like bristles. “The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets.
Thackeray.” “Ports bristling with thousands of masts.
Macaulay.” 3. To show defiance or indignation. To bristle up, to show anger or defiance.

Bris´tle-point•ed , a. (Bot.) Terminating in a very fine, sharp point, as some leaves.

Bris´tle-shaped , a. Resembling a bristle in form; as a bristle-shaped leaf.

Bris´tle•tail , n. (Zoöl.) An insect of the genera Lepisma, Campodea, etc., belonging to the Thysanura.

Bris´tli•ness , n. The quality or state of having bristles.

Bris´tly , a. Thick set with bristles, or with hairs resembling bristles; rough. “The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat bristly.
Bacon.”

Bris´tol , n. A seaport city in the west of England. Bristol board, a kind of fine pasteboard, made with a smooth but usually unglazed surface. — Bristol brick, a brick of siliceous matter used for polishing cultery; — originally manufactured at Bristol. — Bristol stone, rock crystal, or brilliant crystals of quartz, found in the mountain limestone near Bristol, and used in making ornaments, vases, etc. When polished, it is called Bristol diamond.

Bri•sure´ , n. [F.] 1. (Fort.) Any part of a rampart or parapet which deviates from the general direction. 2. (Her.) A mark of cadency or difference. { Brit , Britt } , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the common herring; also a small species of herring; the sprat. (b) The minute marine animals (chiefly Entomostraca) upon which the right whales feed.

Bri•tan´ni•a , n. [From L. Britannia Great Britain.] A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony, bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and is used for table ware. Called also Britannia metal.

Bri•tan´nic , a. [L. Britannicus, fr. Britannia Great Britain.] Of or pertaining to Great Britain; British; as her Britannic Majesty. { Brite , Bright } , v. t. To be or become overripe, as wheat, barley, or hops. [Prov. Eng.]

Brit´i•cism , n. A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Great Britain; any manner of using a word or words that is peculiar to Great Britain.

Brit´ish (brit´ish), a. [AS. Brittisc, Bryttisc.] Of or pertaining to Great Britain or to its inhabitants; — sometimes restricted to the original inhabitants. British gum, a brownish substance, very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. It corresponds, in its properties, to dextrin, and is used, in solution, as a substitute for gum in stiffering goods. — British lion, the national emblem of Great Britain. — British seas, the four seas which surround Great Britain.

Brit´ish, n. pl. People of Great Britain.

Brit´ish•er, n. An Englishman; a subject or inhabitant of Great Britain, esp. one in the British military or naval service. [Now used jocosely]

Brit´on , a. [AS. bryten Britain.] British. [Obs.] Spenser. — n. A native of Great Britain.

Brit´tle , a. [OE. britel, brutel, AS. bryttian to dispense, fr. breótan to break; akin to Icel. brytja, Sw. bryta, Dan. bryde. Cf. Brickle.] Easily broken; apt to break; fragile; not tough or tenacious. “Farewell, thou pretty, brittle piece
Of fine-cut crystal.
Cotton.” Brittle silver ore, the mineral stephanite.

Brit´tle•ly, adv. In a brittle manner. Sherwood.

Brit´tle•ness, n. Aptness to break; fragility.

Brit´tle star (brit´t’l stär•), (Zoöl.) Any species of ophiuran starfishes. See Ophiuroidea.

Britz´ska (brits´ka), n. [Russ. britshka; cf. Pol. bryczka, dim. of bryka freight wagon.] A long carriage, with a calash top, so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey.

Brize (briz), n. The breeze fly. See Breeze. Shak.

Broach , n. [OE. broche, F. broche, fr. LL. brocca; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. proc thrust, stab, Gael. brog awl. Cf. Brooch.] 1. A spit. [Obs.] “He turned a broach that had worn a crown.
Bacon.” 2. An awl; a bodkin; also a wooden rod or pin, sharpened at each end, used by thatchers. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. 3. (Mech.) (a) A tool of steel, generally tapering, and of a polygonal form, with from four to eight cutting edges, for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; sometimes made smooth or without edges, as for burnishing pivot holes in watches; a reamer. The broach for gun barrels is commonly square and without taper. (b) A straight tool with file teeth, made of steel, to be pressed through irregular holes in metal that cannot be dressed by revolving tools; a drift. 4. (Masonry) A broad chisel for stonecutting. 5. (Arch.) A spire rising from a tower. [Local, Eng.] 6. A clasp for fastening a garment. See Brooch. 7. A spitlike start, on the head of a young stag. 8. The stick from which candle wicks are suspended for dipping. Knight. 9. The pin in a lock which enters the barrel of the key.

Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Broaching.] [F. brocher, fr. broche. See Broach, n.] 1. To spit; to pierce as with a spit. “I’ll broach the tadpole on my rapier’s point.
Shak.” 2. To tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor. Hence: To let out; to shed, as blood. “Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,
He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.
Shak.” 3. To open for the first time, as stores. “You shall want neither weapons, victuals, nor aid; I will open the old armories, I will broach my store, and will bring forth my stores.
Knolles.” 4. To make public; to utter; to publish first; to put forth; to introduce as a topic of conversation. “Those very opinions themselves had broached.
Swift.” 5. To cause to begin or break out. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Masonry) To shape roughly, as a block of stone, by chiseling with a coarse tool. [Scot. & North of Eng.] 7. To enlarge or dress (a hole), by using a broach. To broach to (Naut.), to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback, and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting.

Broach´er , n. 1. A spit; a broach. “On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they turned.
Dryden.” 2. One who broaches, opens, or utters; a first publisher or promoter. “Some such broacher of heresy.
Atterbury.”

Broad , a. [Compar. Broader ; superl. Broadest.] [OE. brod, brad, AS. brad; akin to OS. bred, D. breed, G. breit, Icel. breir, Sw. & Dan. bred, Goth. braids. Cf. Breadth.] 1. Wide; extend in breadth, or from side to side; — opposed to narrow; as a broad street, a broad table; an inch broad. 2. Extending far and wide; extensive; vast; as the broad expanse of ocean. 3. Extended, in the sense of diffused; open; clear; full. ´Broad and open day.´ Bp. Porteus. 4. Fig.: Having a large measure of any thing or quality; not limited; not restrained; — applied to any subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive. “A broad mixture of falsehood.
Locke.” Hence: - 5. Comprehensive; liberal; enlarged. “The words in the Constitution are broad enough to include the case.
D. Daggett.” “In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way.
E. Everett.” 6. Plain; evident; as a broad hint. 7. Free; unrestrained; unconfined. “As broad and general as the casing air.
Shak.” 8. (Fine Arts) Characterized by breadth. See Breadth. 9. Cross; coarse; indelicate; as a broad compliment; a broad joke; broad humor. 10. Strongly marked; as a broad Scotch accent. Broad is often used in compounds to signify wide, large, etc.; as broad-chested, broad-shouldered, broad-spreading, broad-winged. Broad acres. See under Acre. — Broad arrow, originally a pheon. See Pheon, and Broad arrow under Arrow. — As broad as long, having the length equal to the breadth; hence, the same one way as another; coming to the same result by different ways or processes. “It is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or bring others down to them.
L’Estrange.” Broad pennant. See under Pennant. Syn. — Wide; large; ample; expanded; spacious; roomy; extensive; vast; comprehensive; liberal.

Broad, n. 1. The broad part of anything; as the broad of an oar. 2. The spread of a river into a sheet of water; a flooded fen. [Local, Eng.] Southey. 3. A lathe tool for turning down the insides and bottoms of cylinders. Knight. { Broad´ax• , Broad´axe• } , n. 1. An ancient military weapon; a battle-ax. 2. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing timber.

Broad´bill , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A wild duck (Aythya, or Fuligula, marila), which appears in large numbers on the eastern coast of the United States, in autumn; — called also bluebill, blackhead, raft duck, and scaup duck. See Scaup duck. 2. (Zoöl.) The shoveler. See Shoveler.

Broad´brim , n. 1. A hat with a very broad brim, like those worn by men of the society of Friends. 2. A member of the society of Friends; a Quaker. [Sportive]

Broad´-brimmed , a. Having a broad brim. “A broad-brimmed flat silver plate.
Tatler.”

Broad´cast , n. (Agric.) A casting or throwing seed in all directions, as from the hand in sowing.

Broad´cast, a. 1. Cast or dispersed in all directions, as seed from the hand in sowing; widely diffused. 2. Scattering in all directions (as a method of sowing); — opposed to planting in hills, or rows.

Broad´cast, adv. So as to scatter or be scattered in all directions; so as to spread widely, as seed from the hand in sowing, or news from the press.

Broad´ Church . (Eccl.) A portion of the Church of England, consisting of persons who claim to hold a position, in respect to doctrine and fellowship, intermediate between the High Church party and the Low Church, or evangelical, party. The term has been applied to other bodies of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship. “Side by side with these various shades of High and Low Church, another party of a different character has always existed in the Church of England. It is called by different names: Moderate, Catholic, or Broad Church, by its friends; Latitudinarian or Indifferent, by its enemies. Its distinctive character is the desire of comprehension. Its watch words are charity and toleration.
Conybeare.”

Broad´cloth , n. A fine smooth- faced woolen cloth for men’s garments, usually of double width (i.e., a yard and a half); — so called in distinction from woolens three quarters of a yard wide.

Broad´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broadened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Broadening .] [From Broad, a.] To grow broad; to become broader or wider. “The broadening sun appears.
Wordsworth.”

Broad´en, v. t. To make broad or broader; to render more broad or comprehensive.

Broad´ gauge . (Railroad) A wider distance between the rails than the ´standard´ gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. See Gauge.

Broad´-horned , a. Having horns spreading widely.

Broad´ish, a. Rather broad; moderately broad.

Broad´leaf , n. (Bot.) A tree (Terminalia latifolia) of Jamaica, the wood of which is used for boards, scantling, shingles, etc; — sometimes called the almond tree, from the shape of its fruit. { Broad´-leaved• , Broad´-leafed• } , a. Having broad, or relatively broad, leaves. Keats.

Broad´ly, adv. In a broad manner.

Broad´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Eurylaimidae, a family of East Indian passerine birds.

Broad´ness, n. [AS. bradnes.] The condition or quality of being broad; breadth; coarseness; grossness.

Broad´piece , n. An old English gold coin, broader than a guinea, as a Carolus or Jacobus.

Broad´ seal . The great seal of England; the public seal of a country or state.

Broad´seal, v. t. To stamp with the broad seal; to make sure; to guarantee or warrant. [Obs.] “Thy presence broadseals our delights for pure.
B. Jonson.”

Broad´side , n. 1. (Naut.) The side of a ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter. 2. A discharge of or from all the guns on one side of a ship, at the same time. 3. A volley of abuse or denunciation. [Colloq.] 4. (Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only; — called also broadsheet.

Broad´spread , a. Widespread.

Broad´spread•ing, a. Spreading widely.

Broad´sword , n. A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge; a claymore. “I heard the broadsword’s deadly clang.
Sir W. Scott.”

Broad´wise , adv. Breadthwise. [Archaic]

Brob , n. [Cf. Gael. brog, E. brog, n.] (Carp.) A peculiar brad-shaped spike, to be driven alongside the end of an abutting timber to prevent its slipping.

Brob•ding•nag´i•an , a. [From Brobdingnag, a country of giants in ´Gulliver’s Travels.´] Colossal; of extraordinary height; gigantic. — n. A giant. [Spelt often Brobdignagian.]

Bro•cade´ , n. [Sp. brocado (cf. It. broccato, F. brocart), fr. LL. brocare •prick, to figure (textile fabrics), to emboss (linen), to stitch. See Broach.] Silk stuff, woven with gold and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, foliage, etc.; — also applied to other stuffs thus wrought and enriched. “A gala suit of faded brocade.
W. Irving.”

Bro•cad´ed , a. 1. Woven or worked, as brocade, with gold and silver, or with raised flowers, etc. “Brocaded flowers o’er the gay mantua shine.
Gay.” 2. Dressed in brocade.

Bro´cage , n. See Brokkerage.

Broc´ard , n. [Perh. fr. Brocardica, Brocardicorum opus, a collection of ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, called, by the Italians and French, Brocard.] An elementary principle or maximum; a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics. “The legal brocard, ´Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus,´ is a rule not more applicable to other witness than to consciousness.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Bro´ca•tel , n. [F. brocatelle, fr. It. brocatello: cf. Sp. brocatel. See Brocade.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, or figured fabric, used chiefly for tapestry, linings for carriages, etc. 2. A marble, clouded and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red, in which the yellow usually prevails. It is also called Siena marble, from its locality.

Bro•ca•tel´lo , n. Same as Brocatel.

Broc´co•li , n. [It. broccoli, pl. of broccolo sprout, cabbage sprout, dim. of brocco splinter. See Broach, n.] (Bot.) A plant of the Cabbage species (Brassica oleracea) of many varieties, resembling the cauliflower. The ´curd,´ or flowering head, is the part used for food.

Broch´an•tite , n. [From Brochant de Villiers, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals.

Bro•che´ , a. [F.] Woven with a figure; as broche goods.

Broche , n. [F.] See Broach, n.

Bro•chure´ , n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch. See Broach, v. t.] A printed and stitched book containing only a few leaves; a pamphlet.

Brock , n. [AS. broc, fr. W. broch; akin to Ir. & Gael. broc, Corn. & Armor. broch; cf. Ir. & Gael. breac speckled.] (Zoöl.) A badger. “Or with pretense of chasing thence the brock.
B. Jonson.”

Brock, n. [See Brocket.] (Zoöl.) A brocket. Bailey.

Brock´et (brok´et), n. [OE. broket, F. broquart fallow deer a year old, fr. the same root as E. broach, meaning point (hence tine of a horn).] 1. (Zoöl.) A male red deer two years old; — sometimes called brock. 2. (Zoöl.) A small South American deer, of several species (Coassus superciliaris, C. rufus, and C. auritus).

Brock´ish, a. Beastly; brutal. [Obs.] Bale.

Brode´kin (brod´kin), n. [F. brodequin, OE. brossequin, fr. OD. broseken, brosekin, dim. of broos buskin, prob. fr. LL. byrsa leather, Gr. by•rsa skin, hide. Cf. Buskin.] A buskin or half-boot. [Written also brodequin.] [Obs.]

Brog (brog), n. [Gael. Cf. Brob.] A pointed instrument, as a joiner’s awl, a brad awl, a needle, or a small sharp stick.

Brog, v. t. To prod with a pointed instrument, as a lance; also to broggle. [Scot. & Prov.] Sir W. Scott.

Bro´gan , n. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogue.

Brog´gle , v. i. [Dim. of Prov. E. brog to broggle. Cf. Brog, n.] To sniggle, or fish with a brog. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Brogue , n. [Ir. & Gael. brog shoe, hoof.] 1. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogan. In the Highlands of Scotland, the ancient brogue was made of horsehide or deerskin, untanned or tenned with the hair on, gathered round the ankle with a thong. The name was afterward given to any shoe worn as a part of the Highland costume. Clouted brogues, patched brogues; also brogues studded with nails. See under Clout, v. t. 2. A dialectic pronunciation; esp. the Irish manner of pronouncing English. “Or take, Hibernis, thy still ranker brogue.
Lloyd.”

Brogues , n. pl. [Cf. Breeches.] Breeches. [Obs.] Shenstone.

Broid , v. t. To braid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Broid´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broidered .] [OE. broiden, brouden, F. broder, confused with E. braid; F. broder is either the same word as border to border (see Border), or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brathu to sting, stab, Ir. & Gael. brod goad, prickle, OE. brod a goad; and also Icel. broddr a spike, a sting, AS. brord a point.] To embroider. [Archaic] “They shall make a broidered coat.
Ex. xxviii. 4.”

Broid´er•er , n. One who embroiders. [Archaic]

Broid´er•y , n. Embroidery. [Archaic] “The golden broidery tender Milkah wove.
Tickell.”

Broil , n. [F. brouiller to disorder, from LL. brogilus, broilus, brolium, thicket, wood, park; of uncertain origin; cf. W. brog a swelling out, OHG. proil marsh, G. brühl, MHG. brogen to rise. The meaning tumult, confusion, comes apparently from tangled undergrowth, thicket, and this possibly from the meaning to grow, rise, sprout.] A tumult; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl; contention; discord, either between individuals or in the state. “I will own that there is a haughtiness and fierceness in human nature which will which will cause innumerable broils, place men in what situation you please.
Burke.” Syn. — Contention; fray; affray; tumult; altercation; dissension; discord; contest; conflict; brawl; uproar.

Broil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Broiling.] [OE. broilen, OF. bruillir, fr. bruir to broil, burn; of Ger. origin; cf. MHG. brüejen, G. brühen, to scald, akin to E. brood.] 1. To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. upon a gridiron over coals. 2. To subject to great (commonly direct) heat.

Broil, v. i. To be subjected to the action of heat, as meat over the fire; to be greatly heated, or to be made uncomfortable with heat. “The planets and comets had been broiling in the sun.
Cheyne.”

Broil´er , n. One who excites broils; one who engages in or promotes noisy quarrels. “What doth he but turn broiler, … make new libels against the church?
Hammond.”

Broil´er, n. 1. One who broils, or cooks by broiling. 2. A gridiron or other utensil used in broiling. 3. A chicken or other bird fit for broiling. [Colloq.]

Broil´ing, a. Excessively hot; as a broiling sun. — n. The act of causing anything to broil.

Bro´kage , n. See Brokerage.

Broke , v. i. [See Broker, and cf. Brook.] 1. To transact business for another. [R.] Brome. 2. To act as procurer in love matters; to pimp. [Obs.] “We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between them, Cupid said.
Fanshawe.” “And brokes with all that can in such a suit
Corrupt the tender honor of a maid.
Shak.”

Broke (brok), imp. & p. p. of Break.

Bro´ken (bro´k’n), a. [From Break, v. t.] 1. Separated into parts or pieces by violence; divided into fragments; as a broken chain or rope; a broken dish. 2. Disconnected; not continuous; also rough; uneven; as a broken surface. 3. Fractured; cracked; disunited; sundered; strained; apart; as a broken reed; broken friendship. 4. Made infirm or weak, by disease, age, or hardships. “The one being who remembered him as he been before his mind was broken.
G. Eliot.” “The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay,
Sat by his fire, and talked the night away.
Goldsmith.” 5. Subdued; humbled; contrite. “The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit.
Ps. li. 17.” 6. Subjugated; trained for use, as a horse. 7. Crushed and ruined as by something that destroys hope; blighted. ´Her broken love and life.´ G. Eliot. 8. Not carried into effect; not adhered to; violated; as a broken promise, vow, or contract; a broken law. 9. Ruined financially; incapable of redeeming promises made, or of paying debts incurred; as a broken bank; a broken tradesman. 10. Imperfectly spoken, as by a foreigner; as broken English; imperfectly spoken on account of emotion; as to say a few broken words at parting. “Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those grave senators.
Macaulay.” Broken ground. (a) (Mil.) Rough or uneven ground; as the troops were retarded in their advance by broken ground. (b) Ground recently opened with the plow. — Broken line (Geom.), the straight lines which join a number of given points taken in some specified order. — Broken meat, fragments of meat or other food. — Broken number, a fraction. — Broken weather, unsettled weather.

Bro´ken-backed , a. 1. Having a broken back; as a broken-backed chair. 2. (Naut.) Hogged; so weakened in the frame as to droop at each end; — said of a ship. Totten.

Bro´ken-bel•lied , a. Having a ruptured belly. [R.]

Bro´ken-heart•ed , a. Having the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or despair. “She left her husband almost broken-hearted.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Disconsolable; heart-broken; inconsolable; comfortless; woe-begone; forlorn.

Bro´ken•ly, adv. In a broken, interrupted manner; in a broken state; in broken language. “The pagans worship God … as it were brokenly and by piecemeal.
Cudworth.”

Bro´ken•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being broken; unevenness. Macaulay. 2. Contrition; as brokenness of heart.

Bro´ken wind . (Far.) The heaves.

Bro´ken-wind•ed, a. (Far.) Having short breath or disordered respiration, as a horse.

Bro´ker (bro´ker), n. [OE. brocour, from a word akin to broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, possess, digest, fr. AS. brucan to use, enjoy; cf. Fries. broker, F. brocanteur. See Brook, v. t.] 1. One who transacts business for another; an agent. 2. (Law) An agent employed to effect bargains and contracts, as a middleman or negotiator, between other persons, for a compensation commonly called brokerage. He takes no possession, as broker, of the subject matter of the negotiation. He generally contracts in the names of those who employ him, and not in his own. Story. 3. A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange, etc. 4. A dealer in secondhand goods. [Eng.] 5. A pimp or procurer. [Obs.] Shak. Bill broker, one who buys and sells notes and bills of exchange. — Curbstone broker or Street broker, an operator in stocks (not a member of the Stock Exchange) who executes orders by running from office to office, or by transactions on the street. [U.S.] — Exchange broker, one who buys and sells uncurrent money, and deals in exchanges relating to money. — Insurance broker, one who is agent in procuring insurance on vessels, or against fire. — Pawn broker. See Pawnbroker. — Real estate broker, one who buys and sells lands, and negotiates loans, etc., upon mortgage. - - Ship broker, one who acts as agent in buying and selling ships, procuring freight, etc. — Stock broker. See Stockbroker.

Bro´ker•age , n. 1. The business or employment of a broker. Burke. 2. The fee, reward, or commission, given or changed for transacting business as a broker.

Bro´ker•ly, a. Mean; servile. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bro´ker•y , n. The business of a broker. [Obs.] “And with extorting, cozening, forfeiting,
And tricks belonging unto brokery.
Marlowe.”

Bro´king , a. Of or pertaining to a broker or brokers, or to brokerage. [Obs.] “Redeem from broking pawn the blemished crown.
Shak.”

Bro´ma (bro´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. brw^ma food, bibrw•skein to eat.] 1. (Med.) Aliment; food. Dunglison. 2. A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the drink made from it.

Bro´mal (bro´mal), n. [Bromine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) An oily, colorless fluid, CBr3.COH, related to bromoform, as chloral is to chloroform, and obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol.

Bro´mate , n. (Chem.) A salt of bromic acid.

Bro´mate , v. t. (Med.) To combine or impregnate with bromine; as bromated camphor.

Bro•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in the science of foods.

Bro•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , food + -logy.] The science of aliments. Dunglison.

Brome , n. [F.] (Chem.) See Bromine.

Brome´ grass . [L. bromos a kind of oats, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus (Bromus) of grasses, one species of which is the chess or cheat.

Bro•me•li•a´ceous , a. [Named after Olaf Bromel, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a family of endogenous and mostly epiphytic or saxicolous plants of which the genera Tillandsia and Billbergia are examples. The pineapple, though terrestrial, is also of this family.

Bro´mic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, bromine; — said of those compounds of bromine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as bromic acid.

Bro´mide , n. (Chem.) A compound of bromine with a positive radical.

Bro´mi•nate , v. t. See Bromate, v. t.

Bro´mine , n. [Gr. bad smell, stink. Cf. Brome.] (Chem.) One of the elements, related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. Atomic weight 79.8. Symbol Br. It is a deep reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, emitting a brownish vapor at the ordinary temperature. In combination it is found in minute quantities in sea water, and in many saline springs. It occurs also in the mineral bromyrite.

Bro´mism , n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by the excessive use of bromine or one of its compounds. It is characterized by mental dullness and muscular weakness.

Bro´mize , v. t. (Photog.) To prepare or treat with bromine; as to bromize a silvered plate.

Brom´life , n. [From Bromley Hill, near Alston, Cumberland, England.] (Min.) A carbonate of baryta and lime, intermediate between witherite and strontianite; — called also alstonite.

Bro´mo•form , n. [Bromine + formyl.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, CHBr3, having an agreeable odor and sweetish taste. It is produced by the simultaneous action of bromine and caustic potash upon wood spirit, alcohol, or acetone, as also by certain other reactions. In composition it is the same as chloroform, with the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It is somewhat similar to chloroform in its effects. Watts.

Brom•pi´crin , n. [G. brompikrin; brom bromine + pikrinsäure picric acid.] (Chem.) A pungent colorless explosive liquid, CNO2Br3, analogous to and resembling chlorpicrin. [Spelt also brompikrin.]

Brom´u•ret , n. See Bromide. [Obs.]

Brom´y•rite , n. [Bromine + Gr. silver.] (Min.) Silver bromide, a rare mineral; — called also bromargyrite.

Bron´chi , n. pl. (Anat.) See Bronchus.

Bron´chi•a , n. pl. [L. , pl. Cf. Bronchus.] (Anat.) The bronchial tubes which arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdivision of the bronchi. Dunglison.

Bron´chi•al , a. [Cf. F. bronchial. See Bronchia.] (Anat.) Belonging to the bronchi and their ramifications in the lungs. Bronchial arteries, branches of the descending aorta, accompanying the bronchia in all their ramifications. — Bronchial cells, the air cells terminating the bronchia. — Bronchial glands, glands whose functions are unknown, seated along the bronchia. — Bronchial membrane, the mucous membrane lining the bronchia. — Bronchial tube, the bronchi, or the bronchia.

Bron´chic , a. (Anat.) Bronchial.

Bron´chi•ole , n. (Anat.) A minute bronchial tube.

Bron•chit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to bronchitis; as bronchitic inflammation.

Bron•chi´tis , n. [Bronchus + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the bronchial tubes or any part of them.

Bron´cho , n. [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A native or a Mexican horse of small size. [Western U.S.]

Bron´cho•cele , n. [Gr. ; windpipe + tumor.] (Med.) See Goiter.

Bron•choph´o•ny , n. [Gr. windpipe + sound.] A modification of the voice sounds, by which they are intensified and heightened in pitch; — observed in auscultation of the chest in certain cases of intro-thoracic disease.

Bron•cho-pneu•mo´ni•a , n. [Bronchus + pneumonia.] (Med.) Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs; catarrhal pneumonia.

Bron´cho•tome , n. [Gr. windpipe + to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for cutting into the bronchial tubes.

Bron•chot´o•my , n. (Surg.) An incision into the windpipe or larynx, including the operations of tracheotomy and laryngotomy.

Bron´chus , n.; pl. Bronchi . [NL., fr. Gr. windpipe. Cf. Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe; esp. one of the two primary divisions.

Bron´co , n. Same as Broncho.

Brond , n. [See Brand.] A sword. [Obs.] { Bron´to•lite , Bron´to•lith } n. [Gr. + -lite, -lith.] An aërolite. [R.]

Bron•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. thunder + -logy.] A treatise upon thunder.

Bron•to•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thunder + lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of American jurassic dinosaurs. A length of sixty feet is believed to have been attained by these reptiles.

Bron•to•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thunder + beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct mammals from the miocene strata of western North America. They were allied to the rhinoceros, but the skull bears a pair of powerful horn cores in front of the orbits, and the fore feet were four-toed. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bron•to•zo´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thunder + animal.] (Paleon.) An extinct animal of large size, known from its three-toed footprints in Mesozoic sandstone. The tracks made by these reptiles are found eighteen inches in length, and were formerly referred to gigantic birds; but the discovery of large bipedal three-toed dinosaurs has suggested that they were made by those reptiles.

Bronze , n. [F. bronze, fr. It. bronzo brown, fr. OHG. brn, G. braun. See Brown, a.] 1. An alloy of copper and tin, to which small proportions of other metals, especially zinc, are sometimes added. It is hard and sonorous, and is used for statues, bells, cannon, etc., the proportions of the ingredients being varied to suit the particular purposes. The varieties containing the higher proportions of tin are brittle, as in bell metal and speculum metal. 2. A statue, bust, etc., cast in bronze. “A print, a bronze, a flower, a root.
Prior.” 3. A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of bronze; also a pigment or powder for imitating bronze. 4. Boldness; impudence; ´brass.´ “Imbrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands.
Pope.” Aluminium bronze. See under Aluminium. — Bronze age, an age of the world which followed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of implements and ornaments of copper or bronze. — Bronze powder, a metallic powder, used with size or in combination with painting, to give the appearance of bronze, gold, or other metal, to any surface. — Phosphor bronze ∧ Silicious or Silicium bronze are made by adding phosphorus and silicon respectively to ordinary bronze, and are characterized by great tenacity.

Bronze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bronzed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bronzing.] [Cf. F. bronzer. See Bronze, n.] 1. To give an appearance of bronze to, by a coating of bronze powder, or by other means; to make of the color of bronze; as to bronze plaster casts; to bronze coins or medals. “The tall bronzed black-eyed stranger.
W. Black.” 2. To make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. “The lawer who bronzes his bosom instead of his forehead.
Sir W. Scott.” Bronzed skin disease. (Pathol.) See Addison’s disease.

Bronze´wing , n. (Zoöl.) An Australian pigeon of the genus Phaps, of several species; — so called from its bronze plumage.

Bronz´ine , n. A metal so prepared as to have the appearance of bronze. — a. Made of bronzine; resembling bronze; bronzelike.

Bronz´ing, n. 1. The act or art of communicating to articles in metal, wood, clay, plaster, etc., the appearance of bronze by means of bronze powders, or imitative painting, or by chemical processes. Tomlinson. 2. A material for bronzing.

Bronz´ist, n. One who makes, imitates, collects, or deals in, bronzes.

Bronz´ite , n. [Cf. F. bronzite.] (Min.) A variety of enstatite, often having a bronzelike luster. It is a silicate of magnesia and iron, of the pyroxene family.

Bronz´y , a. Like bronze.

Brooch (broch; 277), n. [See Broach, n.] 1. An ornament, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it to a garment; now worn at the breast by women; a breastpin. Formerly worn by men on the hat. “Honor ’s a good brooch to wear in a man’s hat.
B. Jonson.” 2. (Paint.) A painting all of one color, as a sepia painting, or an India painting.

Brooch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooched (brocht).] To adorn as with a brooch. [R.]

Brood (brood), n. [OE. brod, AS. brod; akin to D. broed, OHG. bruot, G. brut, and also to G. brühe broth, MHG. brüeje, and perh. to E. brawn, breath. Cf. Breed, v. t.] 1. The young birds hatched at one time; a hatch; as a brood of chickens. “As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings.
Luke xiii. 34.” “A hen followed by a brood of ducks.
Spectator.” 2. The young from the same dam, whether produced at the same time or not; young children of the same mother, especially if nearly of the same age; offspring; progeny; as a woman with a brood of children. “The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood.
Wordsworth.” 3. That which is bred or produced; breed; species. “Flocks of the airy brood,
(Cranes, geese or long-necked swans).
Chapman.” 4. (Mining) Heavy waste in tin and copper ores. To sit on brood, to ponder. [Poetic] Shak.

Brood, a. 1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs. 2. Kept for breeding from; as a brood mare; brood stock; having young; as a brood sow.

Brood (broch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooding.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs, as a fowl, for the purpose of warming them and hatching the young; or to sit over and cover young, as a hen her chickens, in order to warm and protect them; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding. “Birds of calm sir brooding on the charmed wave.
Milton.” 2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject; to think long and anxiously; to be in a state of gloomy, serious thought; — usually followed by over or on; as to brood over misfortunes. “Brooding on unprofitable gold.
Dryden.” “Brooding over all these matters, the mother felt like one who has evoked a spirit.
Hawthorne.” “When with downcast eyes we muse and brood.
Tennyson.”

Brood (brood), v. t. 1. To sit over, cover, and cherish; as a hen broods her chickens. 2. To cherish with care. [R.] 3. To think anxiously or moodily upon. “You’ll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne.
Dryden.”

Brood´y , a. Inclined to brood. Ray.

Brook , n. [OE. brok, broke, brook, AS. broc; akin to D. broek, LG. brok, marshy ground, OHG. pruoh, G. bruch marsh; prob. fr. the root of E. break, so as that it signifies water breaking through the earth, a spring or brook, as well as a marsh. See Break, v. t.] A natural stream of water smaller than a river or creek. “The Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water.
Deut. viii. 7.” “Empires itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters.
Shak.”

Brook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooking.] [OE. broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, digest, AS. brcan; akin to D. gebruiken to use, OHG. prhhan, G. brauchen, gebrauchen, Icel. brka, Goth. brkjan, and L. frui, to enjoy. Cf. Fruit, Broker.] 1. To use; to enjoy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bear; to endure; to put up with; to tolerate; as young men can not brook restraint. Spenser. “Shall we, who could not brook one lord,
Crouch to the wicked ten?
Macaulay.” 3. To deserve; to earn. [Obs.] Sir J. Hawkins.

Brook´ite , n. [Named from the English mineralogist, H. J. Brooke.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of titanic oxide, and hence identical with rutile and octahedrite in composition, but crystallizing in the orthorhombic system.

Brook´let , n. A small brook.

Brook´lime , n. (Bot.) A plant (Veronica Beccabunga), with flowers, usually blue, in axillary racemes. The American species is V. Americana. [Formerly written broklempe or broklympe.]

Brook´ mint . (Bot.) See Water mint.

Brook´side , n. The bank of a brook.

Brook´weed , n. (Bot.) A small white-flowered herb (Samolus Valerandi) found usually in wet places; water pimpernel.

Broom , n. [OE. brom, brome, AS. brom; akin to LG. bram, D. brem, OHG. bramo broom, thornbush, G. brombeere blackberry. Cf. Bramble, n.] 1. (Bot.) A plant having twigs suitable for making brooms to sweep with when bound together; esp., the Cytisus scoparius of Western Europe, which is a low shrub with long, straight, green, angular branches, minute leaves, and large yellow flowers. “No gypsy cowered o’er fires of furze and broom.
Wordsworth.” 2. An implement for sweeping floors, etc., commonly made of the panicles or tops of broom corn, bound together or attached to a long wooden handle; — so called because originally made of the twigs of the broom. Butcher’s broom, a plant (Ruscus aculeatus) of the Smilax family, used by butchers for brooms to sweep their blocks; — called also knee holly. See Cladophyll. — Dyer’s broom, a species of mignonette (Reseda luteola), used for dyeing yellow; dyer’s weed; dyer’s rocket. — Spanish broom. See under Spanish.

Broom, v. t. (Naut.) See Bream.

Broom´ corn . (Bot.) A variety of Sorghum vulgare, having a joined stem, like maize, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, and bearing its seeds on a panicle with long branches, of which brooms are made.

Broom´ rape . (Bot.) A genus (Orobanche) of parasitic plants of Europe and Asia. They are destitute of chlorophyll, have scales instead of leaves, and spiked flowers, and grow attached to the roots of other plants, as furze, clover, flax, wild carrot, etc. The name is sometimes applied to other plants related to this genus, as Aphyllon uniflorumand A. Ludovicianum.

Broom´staff , n. A broomstick. [Obs.] Shak.

Broom´stick , n. A stick used as a handle of a broom.

Broom´y , a. Of or pertaining to broom; overgrowing with broom; resembling broom or a broom. “If land grow mossy or broomy.
Mortimer.”

Brose , n. [CF. Gael. brothas. Cf. Brewis, Broth.] Pottage made by pouring some boiling liquid on meal (esp. oatmeal), and stirring it. It is called beef brose, water brose, etc., according to the name of the liquid (beef broth, hot water, etc.) used. [Scot.]

Brot´el , a. Brittle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brot´el•ness, n. Brittleness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Broth , n. [AS. bro; akin to OHG. brod, brot; cf. Ir. broth, Gael. brot. rad.93. Cf. Brewis, Brew.] Liquid in which flesh (and sometimes other substances, as barley or rice) has been boiled; thin or simple soup. “I am sure by your unprejudiced discourses that you love broth better than soup.
Addison.”

Broth´el , n. [OE. brothel, brodel, brethel, a prostitute, a worthless fellow, fr. AS. beróan to ruin, destroy; cf. AS. breótan to break, and E. brittle. The term brothel house was confused with bordel brothel. CF. Bordel.] A house of lewdness or ill fame; a house frequented by prostitutes; a bawdyhouse.

Broth´el•er , n. One who frequents brothels.

Broth´el•ry , n. Lewdness; obscenity; a brothel. B. Jonson.

Broth´er (bruth´er), n.; pl. Brothers (bruth´erz) or Brethren (breth´ren). See Brethren. [OE. brother, AS. broðor; akin to OS. brothar, D. broeder, OHG. pruodar, G. bruder, Icel. broðir, Sw. & Dan. broder, Goth. broþar, Ir. brathair, W. brawd, pl. brodyr, Lith. brolis, Lett. brahlis, Russ. brat’, Pol. & Serv. brat, OSlav. bratru, L. frater, Skr. bhratr, Zend bratar brother, Gr. fra•thr, fra•twr, a clansman. The common plural is Brothers; in the solemn style, Brethren, OE. pl. brether, bretheren, AS. dat. sing. breðer, nom. pl. broðor, broðru. rad.258. Cf. Friar, Fraternal.] 1. A male person who has the same father and mother with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case he is more definitely called a half brother, or brother of the half blood. “Two of us in the churchyard lie,
My sister and my brother.
Wordsworth.” 2. One related or closely united to another by some common tie or interest, as of rank, profession, membership in a society, toil, suffering, etc.; — used among judges, clergymen, monks, physicians, lawyers, professors of religion, etc. ´A brother of your order.´ Shak. “We few, we happy few, we band of brothers,
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother.
Shak.” 3. One who, or that which, resembles another in distinctive qualities or traits of character. “He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.
Prov. xviii. 9.” “That April morn
Of this the very brother.
Wordsworth.” In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kinsman by blood more remote than a son of the same parents, as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and Laban. In a more general sense, brother or brethren is used for fellow-man or fellow-men. “For of whom such massacre
Make they but of their brethren, men of men?
Milton.” Brother Jonathan, a humorous designation for the people of the United States collectively. The phrase is said to have originated from Washington’s referring to the patriotic Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, as ´Brother Jonathan.´ — Blood brother. See under Blood.

Broth´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brothered .] To make a brother of; to call or treat as a brother; to admit to a brotherhood. Sir W. Scott.

Broth´er ger´man . (Law) A brother by both the father’s and mother’s side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, one by the mother only. Bouvier.

Broth´er•hood , n. [Brother + -hood.] 1. The state of being brothers or a brother. 2. An association for any purpose, as a society of monks; a fraternity. 3. The whole body of persons engaged in the same business, — especially those of the same profession; as the legal or medical brotherhood. 4. Persons, and, poetically, things, of a like kind. “A brotherhood of venerable trees.
Wordsworth.” Syn. — Fraternity; association; fellowship; sodality.

Broth´er-in-law , n.; pl. Brothers-in-law . The brother of one’s husband or wife; also the husband of one’s sister; sometimes, the husband of one’s wife’s sister.

Broth´er•li•ness , n. The state or quality of being brotherly.

Broth´er•ly , a. Of or pertaining to brothers; such as is natural for brothers; becoming to brothers; kind; affectionate; as brotherly love. Syn. — Fraternal; kind; affectionate; tender.

Broth´er•ly, adv. Like a brother; affectionately; kindly. ´I speak but brotherly of him.´ Shak.

Broud´ed , p.a. Braided; broidered. [Obs.] “Alle his clothes brouded up and down.
Chaucer.”

Brough´am , n. A light, close carriage, with seats inside for two or four, and the fore wheels so arranged as to turn short.

Brow , n. [OE. browe, bruwe, AS. br; akin to AS. brw, breáw, eyelid, OFries. bre, D. braauw, Icel. bra, brn, OHG. prawa, G. braue, OSlav. brv, Russ. brove, Ir. brai, Ir. & Gael. abhra, Armor. abrant, Gr. , Skr. bhr. Cf. Bray a bank, Bridge.] 1. The prominent ridge over the eye, with the hair that covers it, forming an arch above the orbit. “And his arched brow, pulled o’er his eyes,
With solemn proof proclaims him wise.
Churchill.” 2. The hair that covers the brow (ridge over the eyes); the eyebrow. “’T is not your inky brows, your brack silk hair.
Shak.” 3. The forehead; as a feverish brow. “Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow.
Shak.” 4. The general air of the countenance. “To whom thus Satan with contemptuous brow.
Milton.” “He told them with a masterly brow.
Milton.” 5. The edge or projecting upper part of a steep place; as the brow of a precipice; the brow of a hill. To bend the brow, To knit the brows, to frown; to scowl.

Brow, v. t. To bound to limit; to be at, or form, the edge of. [R.] “Tending my flocks hard by i’ the hilly crofts
That brow this bottom glade.
Milton.”

Brow´beat , v. t. [imp. Browbeat; p. p. Browbeaten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Browbeating.] To depress or bear down with haughty, stern looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic assertions; to abash or disconcert by impudent or abusive words or looks; to bully; as to browbeat witnesses. “My grandfather was not a man to be browbeaten.
W. Irving.”

Brow´beat•ing, n. The act of bearing down, abashing, or disconcerting, with stern looks, supercilious manners, or confident assertions. “The imperious browbeatings and scorn of great men.
L’Estrange.”

Brow´bound (-bound•), a. Crowned; having the head encircled as with a diadem. Shak.

Browd´yng (broud´ing/), n. Embroidery. [Obs.] “Of goldsmithrye, of browdyng, and of steel.
Chaucer.”

Browed , a. Having (such) a brow; - - used in composition; as dark-browed, stern- browed.

Brow´less , a. Without shame. L. Addison.

Brown , a. [Compar. Browner ; superl. Brownest.] [OE. brun, broun, AS. brn; akin to D. bruin, OHG. brn, Icel. brnn, Sw. brun, Dan. bruun, G. braun, Lith. brunas, Skr. babhru. rad.93, 253. Cf. Bruin, Beaver, Burnish, Brunette.] Of a dark color, of various shades between black and red or yellow. “Cheeks brown as the oak leaves.
Longfellow.” Brown Bess, the old regulation flintlock smoothbore musket, with bronzed barrel, formerly used in the British army. — Brown bread (a) Dark colored bread; esp. a kind made of unbolted wheat flour, sometimes called in the United States Graham bread. ´He would mouth with a beggar though she smelt brown bread and garlic.´ Shak. (b) Dark colored bread made of rye meal and Indian meal, or of wheat and rye or Indian; rye and Indian bread. [U.S.] — Brown coal, wood coal. See Lignite. — Brown hematite or Brown iron ore (Min.), the hydrous iron oxide, limonite, which has a brown streak. See Limonite. — Brown holland. See under Holland. — Brown paper, dark colored paper, esp. coarse wrapping paper, made of unbleached materials. — Brown spar (Min.), a ferruginous variety of dolomite, in part identical with ankerite. — Brown stone. See Brownstone. — Brown stout, a strong kind of porter or malt liquor. — Brown study, a state of mental abstraction or serious reverie. W. Irving.

Brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow, resulting from the mixture of red and black, or of red, black, and yellow; a tawny, dusky hue.

Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Browning.] 1. To make brown or dusky. “A trembling twilight o’er welkin moves,
Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves.
Barlow.” 2. To make brown by scorching slightly; as to brown meat or flour. 3. To give a bright brown color to, as to gun barrels, by forming a thin coat of oxide on their surface. Ure.

Brown, v. i. To become brown.

Brown´back , n. (Zoöl.) The dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. See Dowitcher.

Brown´ bill . [Brown + bill cutting tool.] A bill or halberd of the 16th and 17th centuries. See 4th Bill. “Many time, but for a sallet, my brainpan had been cleft with a brown bill.
Shak.” The black, or as it is sometimes called, the brown bill, was a kind of halberd, the cutting part hooked like a woodman’s bill, from the back of which projected a spike, and another from the head. Grose.

Brown´i•an , a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the commonness of the motion described below. Brownian movement, the peculiar, rapid, vibratory movement exhibited by the microscopic particles of substances when suspended in water or other fluids.

Brown´ie , n. [So called from its supposed tawny or swarthy color.] An imaginary good- natured spirit, who was supposed often to perform important services around the house by night, such as thrashing, churning, sweeping. [Scot.]

Brown´ing, n. 1. The act or operation of giving a brown color, as to gun barrels, etc. 2. (Masonry) A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing coat of plaster.

Brown´ish, a. Somewhat brown.

Brown´ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The views or teachings of Robert Brown of the Brownists. Milton.

Brown´ism, n. (Med.) The doctrines of the Brunonian system of medicine. See Brunonian.

Brown´ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Brown, of England, in the 16th century, who taught that every church is complete and independent in itself when organized, and consists of members meeting in one place, having full power to elect and depose its officers.

Brown´ist, n. (Med.) One who advocates the Brunonian system of medicine.

Brown´ness, n. The quality or state of being brown. “Now like I brown (O lovely brown thy hair);
Only in brownness beauty dwelleth there.
Drayton.”

Brown´stone , n. A dark variety of sandstone, much used for building purposes.

Brown´ thrush´ . (Zoöl.) A common American singing bird (Harporhynchus rufus), allied to the mocking bird; — also called brown thrasher.

Brown´wort , n. (Bot.) A species of figwort or Scrophularia (S. vernalis), and other species of the same genus, mostly perennials with inconspicuous coarse flowers.

Brown´y , a. Brown or, somewhat brown. ´Browny locks.´ Shak.

Brow´post , n. (Carp.) A beam that goes across a building.

Browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot, F. brout browse, browsewood, prob. fr. OHG. burst, G. borste, bristle; cf. also Armor. brousta to browse. See Bristle, n., Brush, n.] The tender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals; green food. Spenser. “Sheep, goats, and oxen, and the nobler steed,
On browse, and corn, and flowery meadows feed.
Dryden.”

Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browsed (brouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Browsing.] [For broust, OF. brouster, bruster, F. brouter. See Browse, n., and cf. Brut.] 1. To eat or nibble off, as the tender branches of trees, shrubs, etc.; — said of cattle, sheep, deer, and some other animals. “Yes, like the stag, when snow the plasture sheets,
The barks of trees thou browsedst.
Shak.” 2. To feed on, as pasture; to pasture on; to graze. “Fields … browsed by deep-uddered kine.
Tennyson.”

Browse (brouz), v. i. 1. To feed on the tender branches or shoots of shrubs or trees, as do cattle, sheep, and deer. 2. To pasture; to feed; to nibble. Shak.

Brows´er (brouz´er), n. An animal that browses.

Browse´wood , n. Shrubs and bushes upon which animals browse.

Brows´ing, n. Browse; also a place abounding with shrubs where animals may browse. “Browsings for the deer.
Howell.”

Brow´spot , n. (Zoöl.) A rounded organ between the eyes of the frog; the interocular gland.

Bru•ang´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Malayan sun bear.

Bru´cine , n. [Cf. F. brucine, fr. James Bruce, a Scottish traveler.] (Chem.) A powerful vegetable alkaloid, found, associated with strychnine, in the seeds of different species of Strychnos, especially in the Nux vomica. It is less powerful than strychnine. Called also brucia and brucina.

Bru´cite , n. [Named after Dr. A. Bruce of New York.] (Min.) (a) A white, pearly mineral, occurring thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous; a native magnesium hydrate. (b) The mineral chondrodite. [R.]

Bruck´eled , a. Wet and dirty; begrimed. [Obs. or Dial.] Herrick.

Bruh , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The rhesus monkey. See Rhesus.

Bru´in , n. [D. bruin brown. In the epic poem of ´Reynard the Fox´ the bear is so called from his color. See Brown, a.] A bear; — so called in popular tales and fables.

Bruise (bruz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruised (bruzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bruising.] [OE. brusen, brisen, brosen, bresen, AS. brysan or fr. OF. bruiser, bruisier, bruser, to break, shiver, perh. from OHG. brochison. Cf. Break, v. t.] 1. To injure, as by a blow or collision, without laceration; to contuse; as to bruise one’s finger with a hammer; to bruise the bark of a tree with a stone; to bruise an apple by letting it fall. 2. To break; as in a mortar; to bray, as minerals, roots, etc.; to crush. “Nor bruise her flowerets with the armed hoofs.
Shak.” Syn. — To pulverize; bray; triturate; pound; contuse.

Bruise, v. i. To fight with the fists; to box. “Bruising was considered a fine, manly, old English custom.
Thackeray.”

Bruise, n. An injury to the flesh of animals, or to plants, fruit, etc., with a blunt or heavy instrument, or by collision with some other body; a contusion; as a bruise on the head; bruises on fruit. “From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises.
Isa. i. 6.”

Bruis´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises. 2. A boxer; a pugilist. R. Browning. “Like a new bruiser on Broughtonic sand,
Amid the lists our hero takes his stand.
T. Warton.” 3. A concave tool used in grinding lenses or the speculums of telescopes. Knight.

Bruise´wort , n. A plant supposed to heal bruises, as the true daisy, the soapwort, and the comfrey.

Bruit , n. [OE. bruit, brut, noise, bruit, F. bruit, fr. LL. brugitus; cf. L. rugire to roar; perh. influenced by the source of E. bray to make a harsh noise, Armor. brud bruit.] 1. Report; rumor; fame. “The bruit thereof will bring you many friends.
Shak.” 2. [French pron. .] (Med.) An abnormal sound of several kinds, heard on auscultation.

Bruit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruited; p. pr. & vb. n. Bruiting.] To report; to noise abroad. “I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited.
Shak.”

Bru•maire´ , n. [F., fr. L. bruma winter.] The second month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began thirty days after the autumnal equinox. See Vendemiaire.

Bru´mal , a. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma winter: cf. F. brumal.] Of or pertaining to winter. ´The brumal solstice.´ Sir T. Browne.

Brume , n. [F. brume winter season, mist, L. bruma winter.] Mist; fog; vapors. ´The drifting brume.´ Longfellow.

Brum´ma•gem , a. [Birmingham (formerly Bromwycham), Eng., ´the great mart and manufactory of gilt toys, cheap jewelry,´ etc.] Counterfeit; gaudy but worthless; sham. [Slang] ´These Brummagem gentry.´ Lady D. Hardy.

Bru´mous , a. Foggy; misty.

Brun , n. [See Broun a brook.] Same as Brun, a brook. [Scot.]

Bru•nette´ , n. [F. brunet, brunette, brownish, dim. of brun, brune, brown, fr. OHG. brn. See Brown, a.] A girl or woman with a somewhat brown or dark complexion. — a. Having a dark tint.

Brun´ion , n. [F. brugnon (cf. It. brugna, prugna), fr. L. prunum. See Prune, n.] A nectarine.

Bru•no´ni•an , a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Brown; — a term applied to a system of medicine promulgated in the 18th century by John Brown, of Scotland, the fundamental doctrine of which was that life is a state of excitation produced by the normal action of external agents upon the body, and that disease consists in excess or deficiency of excitation.

Bruns´wick black . See Japan black.

Bruns´wick green . [G. Braunschweiger grün, first made at Brunswick, in Germany.] An oxychloride of copper, used as a green pigment; also a carbonate of copper similarly employed.

Brunt (brunt), n. [OE. brunt, bront, fr. Icel. bruna to rush; cf. Icel. brenna to burn. Cf. Burn, v. t.] 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset; the strength or greatest fury of any contention; as the brunt of a battle. 2. The force of a blow; shock; collision. ´And heavy brunt of cannon ball.´ Hudibras. “It is instantly and irrecoverably scattered by our first brunt with some real affair of common life.
I. Taylor.”

Brush , n. [OE. brusche, OF. broche, broce, brosse, brushwood, F. brosse brush, LL. brustia, bruscia, fr. OHG. brusta, brust, bristle, G. borste bristle, bürste brush. See Bristle, n., and cf. Browse.] 1. An instrument composed of bristles, or other like material, set in a suitable back or handle, as of wood, bone, or ivory, and used for various purposes, as in removing dust from clothes, laying on colors, etc. Brushes have different shapes and names according to their use; as clothes brush, paint brush, tooth brush, etc. 2. The bushy tail of a fox. 3. (Zoöl.) A tuft of hair on the mandibles. 4. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood. 5. A thicket of shrubs or small trees; the shrubs and small trees in a wood; underbrush. 6. (Elec.) A bundle of flexible wires or thin plates of metal, used to conduct an electrical current to or from the commutator of a dynamo, electric motor, or similar apparatus. 7. The act of brushing; as to give one’s clothes a brush; a rubbing or grazing with a quick motion; a light touch; as we got a brush from the wheel as it passed. “[As leaves] have with one winter’s brush
Fell from their boughts.
Shak.” 8. A skirmish; a slight encounter; a shock or collision; as to have a brush with an enemy. “Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong,
And tempt not yet the brushes of the war.
Shak.” 9. A short contest, or trial, of speed. “Let us enjoy a brush across the country.
Cornhill Mag.” Electrical brush, a form of the electric discharge characterized by a brushlike appearance of luminous rays diverging from an electrified body.

Brush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brushed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brushing.] [OE. bruschen; cf. F. brosser. See Brush, n.] 1. To apply a brush to, according to its particular use; to rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. ´A’ brushes his hat o’ mornings.´ Shak. 2. To touch in passing, or to pass lightly over, as with a brush. “Some spread their sailes, some with strong oars sweep
The waters smooth, and brush the buxom wave.
Fairfax.” “Brushed with the kiss of rustling wings.
Milton.” 3. To remove or gather by brushing, or by an act like that of brushing, or by passing lightly over, as wind; — commonly with off. “As wicked dew as e’er my mother brushed
With raven’s feather from unwholesome fen.
Shak.” “And from the boughts brush off the evil dew.
Milton.” To brush aside, to remove from one’s way, as with a brush. — To brush away, to remove, as with a brush or brushing motion. — To brush up, to paint, or make clean or bright with a brush; to cleanse or improve; to renew. “You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I have done my best to brush you up like your neighbors.
Pope.”

Brush, v. i. To move nimbly in haste; to move so lightly as scarcely to be perceived; as to brush by. “Snatching his hat, he brushed off like the wind.
Goldsmith.”

Brush´er , n. One who, or that which, brushes.

Brush´i•ness , n. The quality of resembling a brush; brushlike condition; shagginess. Dr. H. More.

Brush´ing, a. 1. Constructed or used to brush with; as a brushing machine. 2. Brisk; light; as a brushing gallop.

Brush´ite , n. [From George J. Brush, an American mineralogist.] (Min.) A white or gray crystalline mineral consisting of the acid phosphate of calcium.

Brush´ tur•key . (Zoöl.) A large, edible, gregarious bird of Australia (Talegalla Lathami) of the family Megapodidae. Also applied to several allied species of New Guinea. The brush turkeys live in the ´brush,´ and construct a common nest by collecting a large heap of decaying vegetable matter, which generates heat sufficient to hatch the numerous eggs (sometimes half a bushel) deposited in it by the females of the flock.

Brush´ wheel . 1. A wheel without teeth, used to turn a similar one by the friction of bristles or something brushlike or soft attached to the circumference. 2. A circular revolving brush used by turners, lapidaries, silversmiths, etc., for polishing.

Brush´wood , n. 1. Brush; a thicket or coppice of small trees and shrubs. 2. Small branches of trees cut off.

Brush´y, a. Resembling a brush; shaggy; rough.

Brusk , a. Same as Brusque.

Brusque , a. [F. brusque, from It. brusco brusque, tart, sour, perh. fr. L. (vitis) labrusca wild (vine); or cf. OHG. bruttisc grim, fr. brutti terror.] Rough and prompt in manner; blunt; abrupt; bluff; as a brusque man; a brusque style.

Brusque´ness, n. Quality of being brusque; roughness joined with promptness; bluntness. Brit. Quar.

Brus´sels , n. A city of Belgium, giving its name to a kind of carpet, a kind of lace, etc. Brussels carpet, a kind of carpet made of worsted yarn fixed in a foundation web of strong linen thread. The worsted, which alone shows on the upper surface in drawn up in loops to form the pattern. — Brussels ground, a name given to the handmade ground of real Brussels lace. It is very costly because of the extreme fineness of the threads. — Brussels lace, an expensive kind of lace of several varieties, originally made in Brussels; as Brussels point, Brussels ground, Brussels wire ground. — Brussels net, an imitation of Brussels ground, made by machinery. — Brussels point. See Point lace. — Brussels sprouts (Bot.), a plant of the Cabbage family, which produces, in the axils of the upright stem, numerous small green heads, or ´sprouts,´ each a cabbage in miniature, of one or two inches in diameter; the thousand-headed cabbage. — Brussels wire ground, a ground for lace, made of silk, with meshes partly straight and partly arched.

Brus´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brustled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brustling .] [OE. brustlien and brastlien, AS. brastlian, fr. berstan to burst, akin to G. prasseln to crackle. See Burst, v. i.] 1. To crackle; to rustle, as a silk garment. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To make a show of fierceness or defiance; to bristle. [Obs.] To brustle up, to bristle up. [Obs.] Otway.

Brus´tle, n. A bristle. [Obs. or Prov.] Chaucer.

Brut , v. i. [F. brouter, OF. brouster. See Browse, n.] To browse. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Brut, n. (Zoöl.) See Birt.

Bru´ta , n. [NL., neuter pl., fr. L. brutus heavy, stupid.] (Zoöl.) See Edentata.

Bru´tal , a. [Cf. F. brutal. See Brute, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to a brute; as brutal nature. ´Above the rest of brutal kind.´ Milton. 2. Like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; brutish; unfeeling; merciless; gross; as brutal manners. ´Brutal intemperance.´ Macaulay.

Bru´tal•ism , n. Brutish quality; brutality.

Bru•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Brutalities . [Cf. F. brutalite.] 1. The quality of being brutal; inhumanity; savageness; pitilessness. 2. An inhuman act. “The … brutalities exercised in war.
Brougham.”

Bru•tal•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of making brutal; state of being brutalized.

Bru´tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutalized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutalizing.] [Cf. F. brutaliser.] To make brutal; beasty; unfeeling; or inhuman.

Bru´tal•ize, v. i. To become brutal, inhuman, barbarous, or coarse and beasty. [R.] “He mixed … with his countrymen, brutalized with them in their habits and manners.
Addison.”

Bru´tal•ly, adv. In a brutal manner; cruelly.

Brute (brut), a. [F. brut, nasc., brute, fem., raw, rough, rude, brutish, L. brutus stupid, irrational: cf. It. & Sp. bruto.] 1. Not having sensation; senseless; inanimate; unconscious; without intelligence or volition; as the brute earth; the brute powers of nature. 2. Not possessing reason, irrational; unthinking; as a brute beast; the brute creation. “A creature … not prone
And brute as other creatures, but endued
With sanctity of reason.
Milton.” 3. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a brute beast. Hence: Brutal; cruel; fierce; ferocious; savage; pitiless; as brute violence. Macaulay. “The influence of capital and mere brute labor.
Playfair.” 4. Having the physical powers predominating over the mental; coarse; unpolished; unintelligent. “A great brute farmer from Liddesdale.
Sir W. Scott.” 5. Rough; uncivilized; unfeeling. [R.]

Brute, n. 1. An animal destitute of human reason; any animal not human; esp. a quadruped; a beast. “Brutes may be considered as either aëral, terrestrial, aquatic, or amphibious.
Locke.” 2. A brutal person; a savage in heart or manners; as unfeeling or coarse person. “An ill-natured brute of a husband.
Franklin.” Syn. — See Beast.

Brute, v. t. [For bruit.] To report; to bruit. [Obs.]

Brute´ly, adv. In a rude or violent manner.

Brute´ness, n. 1. Brutality. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Insensibility. ´The bruteness of nature.´ Emerson.

Bru´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutified ; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutifying.] [Brute + -fy: cf. F. brutifier.] To make like a brute; to make senseless, stupid, or unfeeling; to brutalize. “Any man not quite brutified and void of sense.
Barrow.”

Bru´tish (bru´tish), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute or brutes; of a cruel, gross, and stupid nature; coarse; unfeeling; unintelligent. “O, let all provocation
Take every brutish shape it can devise.
Leigh Hunt.” “Man may … render himself brutish, but it is in vain that he would seek to take the rank and density of the brute.
I. Taylor.” Syn. — Insensible; stupid; unfeeling; savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; carnal; sensual; bestial. — Bru´tish•ly, adv. — Bru´tish•ness, n.

Bru´tism (bru´tiz’m), n. The nature or characteristic qualities or actions of a brute; extreme stupidity, or beastly vulgarity.

Brut´ting , n. Browsing. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Bry•o•log´i•cal , a. Relating to bryology; as bryological studies.

Bry•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in bryology.

Bry•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. moss + - logy.] That part of botany which relates to mosses.

Bry´o•nin , n. (Chem.) A bitter principle obtained from the root of the bryony (Bryonia alba and B. dioica). It is a white, or slightly colored, substance, and is emetic and cathartic.

Bry´o•ny (bri´o•ny), n. [L. bryonia, Gr. brywni•a, fr. bry•ein to swell, esp. of plants.] (Bot.) The common name of several cucurbitaceous plants of the genus Bryonia. The root of B. alba (rough or white bryony) and of B. dioica is a strong, irritating cathartic. Black bryony, a plant (Tamus communis) so named from its dark glossy leaves and black root; black bindweed.

Bry•oph´y•ta , n. pl. See Cryptogamia.

Bry•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. moss + animal.] (Zoöl.) A class of Molluscoidea, including minute animals which by budding form compound colonies; — called also Polyzoa. They are often coralike in form and appearance, each small cell containing an individual zooid. Other species grow in delicate, flexible, branched forms, resembling moss, whence the name. Some are found in fresh water, but most are marine. The three principal divisions are Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, and Pterobranchia. See Cyclostoma, Chilostoma, and Phylactolema.

Bry•o•zo´an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Bryozoa. — n. One of the Bryozoa.

Bry•o•zo´um , n. [NL. See Bryozoa.] (Zoöl.) An individual zooid of a bryozoan coralline, of which there may be two or more kinds in a single colony. The zoœcia usually have a wreath of tentacles around the mouth, and a well developed stomach and intestinal canal; but these parts are lacking in the other zooids (Avicularia, Oœcia, etc.).

Bu•an•su´ah , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The wild dog of northern India (Cuon primaevus), supposed by some to be an ancestral species of the domestic dog.

Bu´at , n. [Scot., of uncertain origin.] A lantern; also the moon. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Bub , n. Strong malt liquor. [Cant] Prior.

Bub, n. [Cf. 2d Bubby.] A young brother; a little boy; — a familiar term of address of a small boy.

Bub, v. t. [Abbrev. from Bubble.] To throw out in bubbles; to bubble. [Obs.] Sackville.

Bu´ba•le , n. [Cf. F. bubale. See Buffalo, n.] (Zoöl.) A large antelope (Alcelaphus bubalis) of Egypt and the Desert of Sahara, supposed by some to be the fallow deer of the Bible.

Bu´ba•line , a. (Zoöl.) Resembling a buffalo. Bubaline antelope (Zoöl.), the bubale.

Bub´ble , n. [Cf. D. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. bubbla. Cf. Blob, n.] 1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas; as a soap bubble; bubbles on the surface of a river. “Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow,
Like bubbles in a late disturbed stream.
Shak.” 2. A small quantity of air or gas within a liquid body; as bubbles rising in champagne or aërated waters. 3. A globule of air, or globular vacuum, in a transparent solid; as bubbles in window glass, or in a lens. 4. A small, hollow, floating bead or globe, formerly used for testing the strength of spirits. 5. The globule of air in the spirit tube of a level. 6. Anything that wants firmness or solidity; that which is more specious than real; a false show; a cheat or fraud; a delusive scheme; an empty project; a dishonest speculation; as the South Sea bubble. “Then a soldier …
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon’s mouth.
Shak.” 7. A person deceived by an empty project; a gull. [Obs.] ´Ganny’s a cheat, and I’m a bubble.´ Prior.

Bub´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bubbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bubbling .] [Cf. D. bobbelen, Dan. boble. See Bubble, n.] 1. To rise in bubbles, as liquids when boiling or agitated; to contain bubbles. “The milk that bubbled in the pail.
Tennyson.” 2. To run with a gurgling noise, as if forming bubbles; as a bubbling stream. Pope. 3. To sing with a gurgling or warbling sound. “At mine ear
Bubbled the nightingale and heeded not.
Tennyson.”

Bub´bler, v. t. To cheat; to deceive. “She has bubbled him out of his youth.
Addison.” “The great Locke, who was seldom outwitted by false sounds, was nevertheless bubbled here.
Sterne.”

Bub´bler , n. 1. One who cheats. “All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc.
Pope.” 2. (Zoöl.) A fish of the Ohio river; — so called from the noise it makes.

Bub´ble shell . (Zoöl.) A marine univalve shell of the genus Bulla and allied genera, belonging to the Tectibranchiata.

Bub´bling Jock (Zoöl.) The male wild turkey, the gobbler; — so called in allusion to its notes.

Bub´bly , a. Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. Nash.

Bub´by (bub´by), n. [Cf. Prov. G. bübbi, or It. poppa, Pr. popa, OF. poupe, a woman’s breast.] A woman’s breast. [Low]

Bub´by, n. [A corruption of brother.] Bub; — a term of familiar or affectionate address to a small boy.

Bu´bo (bu´bo), n.; pl. Buboes (-boz). [LL. bubo the groin, a swelling in the groin, Gr. boubw•n.] (Med.) An inflammation, with enlargement, of a lymphatic gland, esp. in the groin, as in syphilis.

Bu•bon´ic (bu•bon´ik), a. Of or pertaining to a bubo or buboes; characterized by buboes.

Bu•bon´o•cele (bu•bon´o•sel), n. [Gr. boubw•n groin + tumor: cf. F. bubonocèle.] (Med.) An inguinal hernia; esp. that incomplete variety in which the hernial pouch descends only as far as the groin, forming a swelling there like a bubo.

Bu´bu•kle , n. A red pimple. [R.] Shak.

Buc´cal , a. [L. bucca cheek: cf. F. buccal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mouth or cheeks.

Buc•ca•neer´ , n. [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner to smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins, boucan a smoking place for meat or fish, gridiron for smoking: a word of American origin.] A robber upon the sea; a pirate; — a term applied especially to the piratical adventurers who made depredations on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Written also bucanier.] Primarily, one who dries and smokes flesh or fish after the manner of the Indians. The name was first given to the French settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine.

Buc•ca•neer´, v. i. To act the part of a buccaneer; to live as a piratical adventurer or sea robber.

Buc•ca•neer´ish, a. Like a buccaneer; piratical.

Buc´ci•nal , a. [L. bucina a crooked horn or trumpet.] Shaped or sounding like a trumpet; trumpetlike.

Buc•ci•na´tor , n. [L., a trumpeter, fr. bucinare to sound the trumpet.] (Anat.) A muscle of the cheek; — so called from its use in blowing wind instruments.

Buc´ci•noid , a. [Buccinum + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the genus Buccinum, or pertaining to the Buccinidae, a family of marine univalve shells. See Whelk, and Prosobranchiata.

Buc´ci•num , n. [L., a trumpet, a trumpet shell.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large univalve mollusks abundant in the arctic seas. It includes the common whelk (B. undatum).

Bu•cen´taur , n. [Gr. boy^s ox + ke•ntayros centaur.] 1. A fabulous monster, half ox, half man. 2. [It. bucentoro.] The state barge of Venice, used by the doge in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic.

Bu´ce•ros , n. [Gr. boy•kerws horned like an ox; boy^s ox + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large perching birds; the hornbills.

Buch´ol•zite , n. [So called from Bucholz, a German chemist.] (Min.) Same as Fibrolite.

Bu´chu , n. (Bot.) A South African shrub (Barosma) with small leaves that are dotted with oil glands; also the leaves themselves, which are used in medicine for diseases of the urinary organs, etc. Several species furnish the leaves.

Buck (buk), n. [Akin to LG. büke, Dan. byg, Sw. byk, G. bauche: cf. It. bucato, Prov. Sp. bugada, F. buee.] 1. Lye or suds in which cloth is soaked in the operation of bleaching, or in which clothes are washed. 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. [Obs.] Shak.

Buck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bucked (bukt); p. pr. & vb. n. Bucking.] [OE. bouken; akin to LG. büken, Dan. byge, Sw. byka, G. bauchen, beuchen; cf. OF. buer. Cf. the preceding noun.] 1. To soak, steep, or boil, in lye or suds; — a process in bleaching. 2. To wash (clothes) in lye or suds, or, in later usage, by beating them on stones in running water. 3. (Mining) To break up or pulverize, as ores.

Buck, n. [OE. buk, bucke, AS. bucca, bua, he-goat; akin to D. bok, OHG. pocch, G. bock, Ir. boc, W. bwch, Corn. byk; cf. Zend buza, Skr. bukka. rad.256. Cf. Butcher, n.] 1. The male of deer, especially fallow deer and antelopes, or of goats, sheep, hares, and rabbits. A male fallow deer is called a fawn in his first year; a pricket in his second; a sorel in his third; a sore in his fourth; a buck of the first head in his fifth; and a great buck in his sixth. The female of the fallow deer is termed a doe. The male of the red deer is termed a stag or hart and not a buck, and the female is called a hind. Brande & C. 2. A gay, dashing young fellow; a fop; a dandy. “The leading bucks of the day.
Thackeray.” 3. A male Indian or negro. [Colloq. U.S.] The word buck is much used in composition for the names of antelopes; as bush buck, spring buck. Blue buck. See under Blue. — Water buck, a South African variety of antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). See Illust. of Antelope.

Buck (buk), v. i. 1. To copulate, as bucks and does. 2. To spring with quick plunging leaps, descending with the fore legs rigid and the head held as low down as possible; — said of a vicious horse or mule.

Buck, v. t. 1. (Mil.) To subject to a mode of punishment which consists in tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees. 2. To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2. “The brute that he was riding had nearly bucked him out of the saddle.
W. E. Norris.”

Buck, n. A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck. Buck saw, a saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawhorse.

Buck, n. [See Beech, n.] The beech tree. [Scot.] Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. Johnson.

Buck´-bas•ket , n. [See 1st Buck.] A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Shak.

Buck´ bean (ben•). (Bot.) A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) which grows in moist and boggy places, having racemes of white or reddish flowers and intensely bitter leaves, sometimes used in medicine; marsh trefoil; — called also bog bean.

Buck´board , n. A four-wheeled vehicle, having a long elastic board or frame resting on the bolsters or axletrees, and a seat or seats placed transversely upon it; — called also buck wagon.

Buck´er , n. (Mining) 1. One who bucks ore. 2. A broad-headed hammer used in bucking ore.

Buck´er, n. A horse or mule that bucks.

Buck´et , n. [OE. boket; cf. AS. buc pitcher, or Corn. buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids. “The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,
The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well.
Wordsworth.” 2. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain, etc. 3. (Mach.) One of the receptacles on the rim of a water wheel into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to revolve; also a float of a paddle wheel. 4. The valved piston of a lifting pump. Fire bucket, a bucket for carrying water to put out fires. — To kick the bucket, to die. [Low]

Buck´et shop . An office or a place where facilities are given for betting small sums on current prices of stocks, petroleum, etc. [Slang, U.S.]

Buck´et•y , n. [A corruption of buckwheat.] Paste used by weavers to dress their webs. Buchanan.

Buck´eye (buk´i•), n. 1. (Bot.) A name given to several American trees and shrubs of the same genus (AEsculus) as the horse chestnut. The Ohio buckeye, or Fetid buckeye, is AEsculus glabra. — Red buckeye is AE. Pavia. — Small buckeye is AE. paviflora. — Sweet buckeye, or Yellow buckeye, is AE. flava. 2. A cant name for a native in Ohio. [U.S.] Buckeye State, Ohio; — so called because buckeye trees abound there.

Buck´-eyed , a. Having bad or speckled eyes. ´A buck-eyed horse.´ James White.

Buck´hound , n. A hound for hunting deer. Master of the buckhounds, an officer in the royal household. [Eng.]

Buck´ie , n. (Zoöl.) A large spiral marine shell, esp. the common whelk. See Buccinum. [Scot.] Deil’s buckie, a perverse, refractory youngster. [Slang]

Buck´ing, n. 1. The act or process of soaking or boiling cloth in an alkaline liquid in the operation of bleaching; also the liquid used. Tomlinson. 2. A washing. 3. The process of breaking up or pulverizing ores. Bucking iron (Mining), a broad-faced hammer, used in bucking or breaking up ores. — Bucking kier (Manuf.), a large circular boiler, or kier, used in bleaching. — Bucking stool, a washing block.

Buck´ish, a. Dandified; foppish.

Buc´kle , n. [OE. bocle buckle, boss of a shield, OF. bocle, F. boucle, boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. buccula a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca cheek; this boss or knob resembling a cheek.] 1. A device, usually of metal, consisting of a frame with one more movable tongues or catches, used for fastening things together, as parts of dress or harness, by means of a strap passing through the frame and pierced by the tongue. 2. A distortion bulge, bend, or kink, as in a saw blade or a plate of sheet metal. Knight. 3. A curl of hair, esp. a kind of crisp curl formerly worn; also the state of being curled. “Earlocks in tight buckles on each side of a lantern face.
W. Irving.” “Lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year.
Addison.” 4. A contorted expression, as of the face. [R.] “’Gainst nature armed by gravity,
His features too in buckle see.
Churchill.”

Buc´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buckling.] [OE. boclen, F. boucler. See Buckle, n.] 1. To fasten or confine with a buckle or buckles; as to buckle a harness. 2. To bend; to cause to kink, or to become distorted. 3. To prepare for action; to apply with vigor and earnestness; — generally used reflexively. “Cartwright buckled himself to the employment.
Fuller.” 4. To join in marriage. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Buc´kle (buk´k’l), v. i. 1. To bend permanently; to become distorted; to bow; to curl; to kink. “Buckled with the heat of the fire like parchment.
Pepys.” 2. To bend out of a true vertical plane, as a wall. 3. To yield; to give way; to cease opposing. [Obs.] “The Dutch, as high as they seem, do begin to buckle.
Pepys.” 4. To enter upon some labor or contest; to join in close fight; to struggle; to contend. “The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the Lord Protector as he was with him.
Latimer.” “In single combat thou shalt buckle with me.
Shak.” To buckle to, to bend to; to engage with zeal. “To make our sturdy humor buckle thereto.
Barrow.” “Before buckling to my winter’s work.
J. D. Forbes.”

Buc´kler , n. [OE. bocler, OF. bocler, F. bouclier, a shield with a boss, from OF. bocle, boucle, boss. See Buckle, n.] 1. A kind of shield, of various shapes and sizes, worn on one of the arms (usually the left) for protecting the front of the body. In the sword and buckler play of the Middle Ages in England, the buckler was a small shield, used, not to cover the body, but to stop or parry blows. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the large, bony, external plates found on many ganoid fishes. (b) The anterior segment of the shell of trilobites. 3. (Naut.) A block of wood or plate of iron made to fit a hawse hole, or the circular opening in a half-port, to prevent water from entering when the vessel pitches. Blind buckler (Naut.), a solid buckler. — Buckler mustard (Bot.), a genus of plants (Biscutella) with small bright yellow flowers. The seed vessel on bursting resembles two bucklers or shields. — Buckler thorn, a plant with seed vessels shaped like a buckler. See Christ’s thorn. — Riding buckler (Naut.), a buckler with a hole for the passage of a cable.

Buc´kler, v. t. To shield; to defend. [Obs.] “Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree?
Shak.”

Buc´kler-head•ed , a. Having a head like a buckler.

Buc´kling , a. Wavy; curling, as hair. Latham.

Buck´ra , n. [In the language of the Calabar coast, buckra means ´demon, a powerful and superior being.´ J. L. Wilson.] A white man; — a term used by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc.

Buck´ra, a. White; white man’s; strong; good; as buckra yam, a white yam.

Buck´ram , n. [OE. bokeram, bougeren, OF. boqueran, F. bougran, MHG. buckeram, LL. buchiranus, boquerannus, fr. MHG. boc, G. bock, goat (as being made of goat’s hair), or fr. F. bouracan, by transposing the letter r. See Buck, Barracan.] 1. A coarse cloth of linen or hemp, stiffened with size or glue, used in garments to keep them in the form intended, and for wrappers to cover merchandise. Buckram was formerly a very different material from that now known by the name. It was used for wearing apparel, etc. Beck (Draper’s Dict. ). 2. (Bot.) A plant. See Ramson. Dr. Prior.

Buck´ram, a. 1. Made of buckram; as a buckram suit. 2. Stiff; precise. ´Buckram dames.´ Brooke.

Buck´ram, v. t. To strengthen with buckram; to make stiff. Cowper.

Buck’s´-horn , n. (Bot.) A plant with leaves branched somewhat like a buck’s horn (Plantago Coronopus); also Lobelia coronopifolia.

Buck´shot , n. A coarse leaden shot, larger than swan shot, used in hunting deer and large game.

Buck´skin , n. 1. The skin of a buck. 2. A soft strong leather, usually yellowish or grayish in color, made of deerskin. 3. A person clothed in buckskin, particularly an American soldier of the Revolutionary war. “Cornwallis fought as lang’s he dought,
An’ did the buckskins claw, man.
Burns.” 4. pl. Breeches made of buckskin. “I have alluded to his buckskin.
Thackeray.”

Buck´stall , n. A toil or net to take deer.

Buck´thorn , n. (Bot.) A genus (Rhamnus) of shrubs or trees. The shorter branches of some species terminate in long spines or thorns. See Rhamnus. Sea buckthorn, a plant of the genus Hippophaë.

Buck´tooth , n. Any tooth that juts out. “When he laughed, two white buckteeth protruded.
Thackeray.”

Buck´wheat , n. [Buck a beech tree + wheat; akin to D. boekweit, G. buchweizen.] 1. (Bot.) A plant (Fagopyrum esculentum) of the Polygonum family, the seed of which is used for food. 2. The triangular seed used, when ground, for griddle cakes, etc.

Bu•col´ic , a. [L. bucolicus, Gr. , fr. cowherd, herdsman; ox + (perh.) race horse; cf. Skr. kal to drive: cf. F. bucolique. See Cow the animal.] Of or pertaining to the life and occupation of a shepherd; pastoral; rustic.

Bu•col´ic, n. [L. Bucolicôn poëma.] A pastoral poem, representing rural affairs, and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds; as the Bucolics of Theocritus and Virgil. Dryden.

Bu•col´ic•al , a. Bucolic.

Bu•cra´ni•um , n.; pl. L. Bucrania . [L., fr. Gr. ox head.] A sculptured ornament, representing an ox skull adorned with wreaths, etc.

Bud , n. [OE. budde; cf. D. bot, G. butze, butz, the core of a fruit, bud, LG. butte in hagebutte, hainbutte, a hip of the dog-rose, or OF. boton, F. bouton, bud, button, OF. boter to bud, push; all akin to E. beat. See Button.] 1. (Bot.) A small protuberance on the stem or branches of a plant, containing the rudiments of future leaves, flowers, or stems; an undeveloped branch or flower. 2. (Biol.) A small protuberance on certain low forms of animals and vegetables which develops into a new organism, either free or attached. See Hydra. Bud moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of several species, which destroys the buds of fruit trees; esp. Tmetocera ocellana and Eccopsis malana on the apple tree.

Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budded; p. pr. & vb. n. Budding.] 1. To put forth or produce buds, as a plant; to grow, as a bud does, into a flower or shoot. 2. To begin to grow, or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn. 3. To be like a bud in respect to youth and freshness, or growth and promise; as a budding virgin. Shak. Syn. — To sprout; germinate; blossom.

Bud, v. t. To graft, as a plant with another or into another, by inserting a bud from the one into an opening in the bark of the other, in order to raise, upon the budded stock, fruit different from that which it would naturally bear. “The apricot and the nectarine may be, and usually are, budded upon the peach; the plum and the peach are budded on each other.
Farm. Dict.”

Bud´dha , n. [Skr. buddha wise, sage, fr. budh to know.] The title of an incarnation of self- abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

Bud´dhism , n. The religion based upon the doctrine originally taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, surnamed Buddha, ´the awakened or enlightened,´ in the sixth century b. c., and adopted as a religion by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Buddha’s teaching is believed to have been atheistic; yet it was characterized by elevated humanity and morality. It presents release from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirvâna) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms of life. Their number was estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.

Bud´dhist , n. One who accepts the teachings of Buddhism.

Bud´dhist, a. Of or pertaining to Buddha, Buddhism, or the Buddhists.

Bud•dhis´tic , a. Same as Buddhist, a.

Bud´ding , n. 1. The act or process of producing buds. 2. (Biol.) A process of asexual reproduction, in which a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent stalk or cell, at other times becoming free; gemmation. See Hydroidea. 3. The act or process of ingrafting one kind of plant upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark.

Bud´dle , n. [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose; cf. G. butteln to shake.] (Mining) An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to the action of running water so as to wash out the lighter and less valuable portions.

Bud´dle, v. i. (Mining) To wash ore in a buddle.

Bude´ burn•er . [See Bude light.] A burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied.

Bude´ light . [From Bude, in Cornwall, the residence of Sir G.Gurney, the inventor.] A light in which high illuminating power is obtained by introducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the center of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil.

Budge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] [F. bouger to stir, move (akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to boil, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.] To move off; to stir; to walk away. “I’ll not budge an inch, boy.
Shak.” “The mouse ne’er shunned the cat as they did budge
From rascals worse than they.
Shak.”

Budge, a. [See Budge, v.] Brisk; stirring; jocund. [Obs.] South.

Budge, n. [OE. bouge bag, OF. boge, bouge, fr. L. bulga a leathern bag or knapsack; a Gallic word; cf. OIr. bolc, Gael. bolg. Cf. Budge, n.] A kind of fur prepared from lambskin dressed with the wool on; — used formerly as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits.

Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. ´Budge gowns.´ Milton. 2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics. “Those budge doctors of the stoic fur.
Milton.” Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompanied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural procession. — Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel with only one head, the other end being closed by a piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service.

Budge´ness , n. Sternness; severity. [Obs.] “A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness.
Stanyhurst.”

Budg´er , n. One who budges. Shak.

budg´e•row , n. [Hindi bajra.] A large and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish boat, used for journeys on the Ganges.

Budg´et , n. [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.] 1. A bag or sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store; an accumulation; as a budget of inventions. 2. The annual financial statement which the British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Commons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a similar statement in other countries. To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the financial estimates and plans of the executive government.

Budg´y, a. [From Budge, n.] Consisting of fur. [Obs.]

Bud´let , n. [Bud + -let.] A little bud springing from a parent bud. “We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring.
E. Darwin.”

Buff (buf), n. [OE. buff, buffe, buff, buffalo, F. buffle buffalo. See Buffalo.] 1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like chamois; also the skins of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed in like manner. ´A suit of buff.´ Shak. 2. The color of buff; a light yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown. “A visage rough,
Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff.
Dryden.” 3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak. 4. (Med.) The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Buffy, a. 5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc. 6. The bare skin; as to strip to the buff. [Colloq.] “To be in buff is equivalent to being naked.
Wright.”

Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith. 2. Of the color of buff. Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defensive covering. — Buff jerkin, originally, a leather waistcoat; afterward, one of cloth of a buff color. [Obs.] Nares. — Buff stick (Mech.), a strip of wood covered with buff leather, used in polishing.

Buff, v. t. To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5.

Buff, v. t. [OF. bufer to cuff, buffet. See Buffet a blow.] To strike. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Buff, n. [See Buffet.] A buffet; a blow; — obsolete except in the phrase ´Blindman’s buff.´ “Nathless so sore a buff to him it lent
That made him reel.
Spenser.”

Buff, a. [Of uncertain etymol.] Firm; sturdy. “And for the good old cause stood buff,
’Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff.
Hudibras.”

Buf´fa , n. fem. (Mus.) [It. See Buffoon.] The comic actress in an opera. — a. Comic, farcical. Aria buffa, a droll or comic air. — Opera buffa, a comic opera. See Opera bouffe.

Buf´fa•lo , n.; pl. Buffaloes . [Sp. bufalo (cf. It. bufalo, F. buffle), fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of African stag or gazelle; also the buffalo or wild ox, fr. Gr. buffalo, prob. fr. ox. See Cow the animal, and cf. Buff the color, and Bubale.] 1. (Zoöl.) A species of the genus Bos or Bubalus (B. bubalus), originally from India, but now found in most of the warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is larger and less docile than the common ox, and is fond of marshy places and rivers. 2. (Zoöl.) A very large and savage species of the same genus (B. Caffer) found in South Africa; — called also Cape buffalo. 3. (Zoöl.) Any species of wild ox. 4. (Zoöl.) The bison of North America. 5. A buffalo robe. See Buffalo robe, below. 6. (Zoöl.) The buffalo fish. See Buffalo fish, below. Buffalo berry (Bot.), a shrub of the Upper Missouri (Sherherdia argentea) with acid edible red berries. — Buffalo bird (Zoöl.), an African bird of the genus Buphaga, of two species. These birds perch upon buffaloes and cattle, in search of parasites. — Buffalo bug, the carpet beetle. See under Carpet. — Buffalo chips, dry dung of the buffalo, or bison, used for fuel. [U.S.] — Buffalo clover (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium reflexum and T.soloniferum) found in the ancient grazing grounds of the American bison. — Buffalo cod (Zoöl.), a large, edible, marine fish (Ophiodon elongatus) of the northern Pacific coast; — called also blue cod, and cultus cod. — Buffalo fish (Zoöl.), one of several large fresh-water fishes of the family Catostomidae, of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed or brown (Ictiobus bubalus), the big-mouthed or black (Bubalichthys urus), and the small-mouthed (B. altus), are among the more important species used as food. — Buffalo fly, or Buffalo gnat (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Simulium, allied to the black fly of the North. It is often extremely abundant in the lower part of the Mississippi valley and does great injury to domestic animals, often killing large numbers of cattle and horses. In Europe the Columbatz fly is a species with similar habits. — Buffalo grass (Bot.), a species of short, sweet grass (Buchloë dactyloides), from two to four inches high, covering the prairies on which the buffaloes, or bisons, feed. [U.S.] — Buffalo nut (Bot.), the oily and drupelike fruit of an American shrub (Pyrularia oleifera); also the shrub itself; oilnut. — Buffalo robe, the skin of the bison of North America, prepared with the hair on; — much used as a lap robe in sleighs.

Buf´fel duck (buf´fel duk•). [See Buffalo.] (Zoöl.) A small duck (Charitonetta albeola); the spirit duck, or butterball. The head of the male is covered with numerous elongated feathers, and thus appears large. Called also bufflehead.

Buff´er (buf´er), n. [Prop a striker. See Buffet a blow.] 1. (Mech.) (a) An elastic apparatus or fender, for deadening the jar caused by the collision of bodies; as a buffer at the end of a railroad car. (b) A pad or cushion forming the end of a fender, which receives the blow; — sometimes called buffing apparatus. 2. One who polishes with a buff. 3. A wheel for buffing; a buff. 4. A good-humored, slow-witted fellow; — usually said of an elderly man. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Buff´er•head , n. The head of a buffer, which recieves the concussion, in railroad carriages.

Buf•fet´ (boof•fa´), n. [F. buffet, LL. bufetum; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. the same source as E. buffet a blow, the root meaning to puff, hence (cf. puffed up) the idea of ostentation or display.] 1. A cupboard or set of shelves, either movable or fixed at one side of a room, for the display of plate, china, etc., a sideboard. “Not when a gilt buffet’s reflected pride
Turns you from sound philosophy aside.
Pope.” 2. A counter for refreshments; a restaurant at a railroad station, or place of public gathering.

Buf´fet (buf´fet), n. [OE. buffet, boffet, OF. buffet a slap in the face, a pair of bellows, fr. buffe blow, cf. F. bouffer to blow, puff; prob. akin to E. puff. For the meaning slap, blow, cf. F. soufflet a slap, souffler to blow. See Puff, v. i., and cf. Buffet sidebroad, Buffoon] 1. A blow with the hand; a slap on the face; a cuff. “When on his cheek a buffet fell.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A blow from any source, or that which affects like a blow, as the violence of winds or waves; a stroke; an adverse action; an affliction; a trial; adversity. “Those planks of tough and hardy oak that used for yeas to brave the buffets of the Bay of Biscay.
Burke.” “Fortune’s buffets and rewards.
Shak.” 3. A small stool; a stool for a buffet or counter. “Go fetch us a light buffet.
Townely Myst.”

Buf´fet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buffeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Buffeting.] [OE. buffeten, OF. buffeter. See the preceding noun.] 1. To strike with the hand or fist; to box; to beat; to cuff; to slap. “They spit in his face and buffeted him.
Matt. xxvi. 67.” 2. To affect as with blows; to strike repeatedly; to strive with or contend against; as to buffet the billows. “The sudden hurricane in thunder roars,
Buffets the bark, and whirls it from the shores.
Broome.” “You are lucky fellows who can live in a dreamland of your own, instead of being buffeted about the world.
W. Black.” 3. [Cf. Buffer.] To deaden the sound of (bells) by muffling the clapper.

Buf´fet, v. i. 1. To exercise or play at boxing; to strike; to smite; to strive; to contend. “If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favors, I could lay on like a butcher.
Shak.” 2. To make one’s way by blows or struggling. “Strove to buffet to land in vain.
Tennyson.”

Buf´fet•er , n. One who buffets; a boxer. Jonson.

Buf´fet•ing, n. 1. A striking with the hand. 2. A succession of blows; continued violence, as of winds or waves; afflictions; adversity. “He seems to have been a plant of slow growth, but … fitted to endure the buffeting on the rudest storm.
Wirt.”

Buf´fin , n. [So called from resembling buff eather.] A sort of coarse stuff; as buffin gowns. [Obs.]

Buff´ing ap•pa•ra´tus . See Buffer, 1.

Buf´fle , n. [OE., from F. buffle. See Buffalo.] The buffalo. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Buf´fle, v. i. To puzzle; to be at a loss. [Obs.] Swift.

Buf´fle•head , n. [Buffle + head.] 1. One who has a large head; a heavy, stupid fellow. [Obs.] “What makes you stare so, bufflehead?
Plautus (trans. 1694).” 2. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck. See Buffel duck.

Buf´fle-head•ed, a. Having a large head, like a buffalo; dull; stupid; blundering. [Obs.] “So fell this buffle-headed giant.
Gayton.”

Buf´fo , n.masc. [It. See Buffoon.] (Mus.) The comic actor in an opera.

Buf•foon´ , n. [F. bouffon (cf. It. buffone, buffo, buffa, puff of wind, vanity, nonsense, trick), fr. bouffer to puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the amusement of the spectators. See Buffet a blow.] A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc.; a droll; a mimic; a harlequin; a clown; a merry-andrew.

Buf•foon´ , a. Characteristic of, or like, a buffoon. ´Buffoon stories.´ Macaulay. “To divert the audience with buffoon postures and antic dances.
Melmoth.”

Buf•foon´, v. i. To act the part of a buffoon. [R.]

Buf•foon´, v. t. To treat with buffoonery. Glanvill.

Buf•foon´er•y , n.; pl. Buffooneries . [F. bouffonnerie.] The arts and practices of a buffoon, as low jests, ridiculous pranks, vulgar tricks and postures. “Nor that it will ever constitute a wit to conclude a tart piece of buffoonery with a ´What makes you blush?´
Spectator.”

Buf•foon´ish, a. Like a buffoon; consisting in low jests or gestures. Blair.

Buf•foon´ism , n. The practices of a buffoon; buffoonery.

Buf•foon´ly, a. Low; vulgar. [R.] “Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse.
Goodman.”

Buff´y , a. (Med.) Resembling, or characterized by, buff. Buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red corpuscles have so settled out that the coagulum appears nearly colorless. This is common in diseased conditions where the corpuscles run together more rapidly and in denser masses than usual. Huxley.

Bu´fo , n. [L. bufo a toad.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Amphibia including various species of toads.

Bu´fon•ite , n. [L. bufo toad: cf. F. bufonite.] (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil consisting of the petrified teeth and palatal bones of fishes belonging to the family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains occur in the oölite and chalk formations; toadstone; — so named from a notion that it was originally formed in the head of a toad.

Bug , n. [OE. bugge, fr. W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, scarecrow, bugbear. Cf. Bogey, Boggle.] 1. A bugbear; anything which terrifies. [Obs.] “Sir, spare your threats:
The bug which you would fright me with I seek.
Shak.” 2. (Zoöl.) A general name applied to various insects belonging to the Hemiptera; as the squash bug; the chinch bug, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) An insect of the genus Cimex, especially the bedbug (C. lectularius). See Bedbug. 4. (Zoöl.) One of various species of Coleoptera; as the ladybug; potato bug, etc.; loosely, any beetle. 5. (Zoöl.) One of certain kinds of Crustacea; as the sow bug; pill bug; bait bug; salve bug, etc. According to present popular usage in England, and among housekeepers in America, bug, when not joined with some qualifying word, is used specifically for bedbug. As a general term it is used very loosely in America, and was formerly used still more loosely in England. ´God’s rare workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps.´ Rogers (Naaman). ´This bug with gilded wings.´ Pope. Bait bug. See under Bait. — Bug word, swaggering or threatening language. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Bug•a•boo´ , Bug´bear• } , n. [See Bug.] Something frightful, as a specter; anything imaginary that causes needless fright; something used to excite needless fear; also something really dangerous, used to frighten children, etc. ´Bugaboos to fright ye.´ Lloyd. “But, to the world no bugbear is so great
As want of figure and a small estate.
Pope.” “The bugaboo of the liberals is the church pray.
S. B. Griffin.” “The great bugaboo of the birds is the owl.
J. Burroughs.” Syn. — Hobgoblin; goblin; specter; ogre; scarecrow.

Bug´bane , n. (Bot.) A perennial white-flowered herb of the order Ranunculaceae and genus Cimiciguga; bugwort. There are several species.

Bug´bear , n. Same as Bugaboo. — a. Causing needless fright. Locke.

Bug´bear, v. t. To alarm with idle phantoms.

Bug´fish , n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden. [U.S.]

Bug´ger , n. [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus, a Bulgarian, and also a heretic; because the inhabitants of Bulgaria were infected with heresy. Those guilty of the crime of buggery were called heretics, because in the eyes of their adversaries there was nothing more heinous than heresy, and it was therefore thought that the origin of such a vice could only be owing to heretics.] 1. One guilty of buggery or unnatural vice; a sodomite. 2. A wretch; — sometimes used humorously or in playful disparagement. [Low]

Bug´ger•y , n. [OF. bougrerie, bogrerie, heresy. See Bugger.] Unnatural sexual intercourse; sodomy.

Bug´gi•ness , n. [From Buggy, a.] The state of being infested with bugs.

Bug´gy , a. [From Bug.] Infested or abounding with bugs.

Bug´gy, n.; pl. Buggies. 1. A light one horse two- wheeled vehicle. [Eng.] “Villebeck prevailed upon Flora to drive with him to the race in a buggy.
Beaconsfield.” 2. A light, four-wheeled vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash top. [U.S.] Buggy cultivator, a cultivator with a seat for the driver. — Buggy plow, a plow, or set of plows, having a seat for the driver; — called also sulky plow.

Bu´gle , n. [OE. bugle buffalo, buffalo’s horn, OF. bugle, fr. L. buculus a young bullock, steer, dim. of bos ox. See Cow the animal.] A sort of wild ox; a buffalo. E. Phillips.

Bu´gle, n. [See Bugle a wild ox.] 1. A horn used by hunters. 2. (Mus.) A copper instrument of the horn quality of tone, shorter and more conical that the trumpet, sometimes keyed; formerly much used in military bands, very rarely in the orchestra; now superseded by the cornet; — called also the Kent bugle.

Bu´gle, n. [LL. bugulus a woman’s ornament: cf. G. bügel a bent piece of metal or wood, fr. the same root as G. biegen to bend, E. bow to bend.] An elongated glass bead, of various colors, though commonly black.

Bu´gle, a. [From Bugle a bead.] Jet black. ´Bugle eyeballs.´ Shak.

Bu´gle, n. [F. bugle; cf. It. bugola, L. bugillo.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ajuga of the Mint family, a native of the Old World. Yellow bugle, the Ajuga chamaepitys.

Bu´gled , a. Ornamented with bugles.

Bu´gle horn . 1. A bugle. “One blast upon his bugle horn
Were worth a thousand men.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A drinking vessel made of horn. [Obs.] “And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine.
Chaucer.”

Bu´gler , n. One who plays on a bugle.

Bu´gle•weed , n. (Bot.) A plant of the Mint family and genus Lycopus; esp. L. Virginicus, which has mild narcotic and astringent properties, and is sometimes used as a remedy for hemorrhage.

Bu´gloss , n.; pl. Buglosses . [F. buglosse, L. buglossa, buglossus, fr. Gr. oxtongue ox + tongue.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Anchusa, and especially the A. officinalis, sometimes called alkanet; oxtongue. Small wild bugloss, the Asperugo procumbens and the Lycopsis arvensis. — Viper’s bugloss, a species of Echium.

Bug´wort , n. (Bot.) Bugbane. { Buhl , Buhl´work } , n. [From A. Ch. Boule, a French carver in wood.] Decorative woodwork in which tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc., are inlaid, forming scrolls, cartouches, etc. [Written also boule, boulework.]

Buhl´buhl , n. (Zoöl.) See Bulbul.

Buhr´stone , n. [OE. bur a whetstone for scythes.] (Min.) A cellular, flinty rock, used for mill stones. [Written also burrstone.]

Build , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Built ; p. pr. & vb. n. Building. The regular imp. & p. p. Builded is antiquated.] [OE. bulden, bilden, AS. byldan to build, fr. bold house; cf. Icel. bol farm, abode, Dan. bol small farm, OSw. bol, böle, house, dwelling, fr. root of Icel. ba to dwell; akin to E. be, bower, boor. rad.97.] 1. To erect or construct, as an edifice or fabric of any kind; to form by uniting materials into a regular structure; to fabricate; to make; to raise. “Nor aught availed him now
To have built in heaven high towers.
Milton.” 2. To raise or place on a foundation; to form, establish, or produce by using appropriate means. “Who builds his hopes in air of your good looks.
Shak.” 3. To increase and strengthen; to increase the power and stability of; to settle, or establish, and preserve; — frequently with up; as to build up one’s constitution. “I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up.
Acts xx. 32.” Syn. — To erect; construct; raise; found; frame.

Build , v. i. 1. To exercise the art, or practice the business, of building. 2. To rest or depend, as on a foundation; to ground one’s self or one’s hopes or opinions upon something deemed reliable; to rely; as to build on the opinions or advice of others.

Build, n. Form or mode of construction; general figure; make; as the build of a ship.

Build´er , n. One who builds; one whose occupation is to build, as a carpenter, a shipwright, or a mason. “In the practice of civil architecture, the builder comes between the architect who designs the work and the artisans who execute it.
Eng. Cyc.”

Build´ing, n. 1. The act of constructing, erecting, or establishing. “Hence it is that the building of our Sion rises no faster.
Bp. Hall.” 2. The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture. “The execution of works of architecture necessarily includes building; but building is frequently employed when the result is not architectural.
Hosking.” 3. That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, etc. “Thy sumptuous buildings and thy wife’s attire
Have cost a mass of public treasury.
Shak.”

Built , n. Shape; build; form of structure; as the built of a ship. [Obs.] Dryden.

Built, a. Formed; shaped; constructed; made; — often used in composition and preceded by the word denoting the form; as frigate-built, clipper-built, etc. “Like the generality of Genoese countrywomen, strongly built.
Landor.”

Buke´ mus´lin . See Book muslin.

Buk´shish , n. See Backsheesh.

Bu´lau , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal (Gymnura Rafflesii), somewhat like a rat in appearance, but allied to the hedgehog.

Bulb (bulb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. bolbo•s: cf. F. bulbe.] 1. (Bot.) A spheroidal body growing from a plant either above or below the ground (usually below), which is strictly a bud, consisting of a cluster of partially developed leaves, and producing, as it grows, a stem above, and roots below, as in the onion, tulip, etc. It differs from a corm in not being solid. 2. (Anat.) A name given to some parts that resemble in shape certain bulbous roots; as the bulb of the aorta. Bulb of the eye, the eyeball. — Bulb of a hair, the ´root,´ or part whence the hair originates. — Bulb of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, often called simply bulb. — Bulb of a tooth, the vascular and nervous papilla contained in the cavity of the tooth. 3. An expansion or protuberance on a stem or tube, as the bulb of a thermometer, which may be of any form, as spherical, cylindrical, curved, etc. Tomlinson.

Bulb, v. i. To take the shape of a bulb; to swell.

Bul•ba´ceous , a. [L. bulbaceus. See Bulb, n.] Bulbous. Jonson.

Bulb´ar , a. Of or pertaining to bulb; especially, in medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the spinal cord, or medulla oblongata; as bulbar paralysis.

Bulbed , a. Having a bulb; round- headed.

Bulb´el , n. [Dim., fr. bulb, n.] (Bot.) A separable bulb formed on some flowering plants.

Bul•bif´er•ous , a. [Bulb,n.+ -ferous: cf. F. bulbifère.] (Bot.) Producing bulbs.

Bulb´let , n. [Bulb,n.+ -let.] (Bot.) A small bulb, either produced on a larger bulb, or on some aërial part of a plant, as in the axils of leaves in the tiger lily, or replacing the flowers in some kinds of onion.

Bul•bose´ , a. Bulbous.

Bul´bo-tu•ber , n. [Bulb,n.+ tuber.] (Bot.) A corm.

Bulb´ous , a. [L. bulbosus: cf. F. bulbeux. See Bulb, n.] Having or containing bulbs, or a bulb; growing from bulbs; bulblike in shape or structure.

Bul´bul , n. [Per.] (Zoöl.) The Persian nightingale (Pycnonotus jocosus). The name is also applied to several other Asiatic singing birds, of the family Timaliidae. The green bulbuls belong to the Chloropsis and allied genera. [Written also buhlbuhl.]

Bul´bule , n. [L. bulbulus, dim. of bulbus. See Bulb, n.] A small bulb; a bulblet.

Bul´chin , n. [Dim. of bull.] A little bull.

Bulge , n. [OE. bulge a swelling; cf. AS. belgan to swell, OSw. bulgja, Icel. bolginn swollen, OHG. belgan to swell, G. bulge leathern sack, Skr. bh to be large, strong; the root meaning to swell. Cf. Bilge, Belly, Billow, Bouge, n.] 1. The bilge or protuberant part of a cask. 2. A swelling, protuberant part; a bending outward, esp. when caused by pressure; as a bulge in a wall. 3. (Naut.) The bilge of a vessel. See Bilge, 2. Bulge ways. (Naut.) See Bilge ways.

Bulge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulging.] 1. To swell or jut out; to bend outward, as a wall when it yields to pressure; to be protuberant; as the wall bulges. 2. To bilge, as a ship; to founder. “And scattered navies bulge on distant shores.
Broome.”

Bul´gy , a. Bulged; bulging; bending, or tending to bend, outward. [Colloq.] { Bu•lim´i•a , Bu´li•my } n. [NL. bulimia, fr. Gr. boylimi•a, lit., ox-hunger; boy^s ox + limo•s hunger: cf. F. boulimie.] (Med.) A disease in which there is a perpetual and insatiable appetite for food; a diseased and voracious appetite.

Bu•li´mus (bu•li´mus), n. [L. bulimus hunger. See Bulimy.] (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails having an elongated spiral shell, often of large size. The species are numerous and abundant in tropical America.

Bulk (bulk), n. [OE. bulke, bolke, heap; cf. Dan. bulk lump, clod, OSw. bolk crowd, mass, Icel. blkast to be bulky. Cf. Boll, n., Bile a boil, Bulge, n.] 1. Magnitude of material substance; dimensions; mass; size; as an ox or ship of great bulk. “Against these forces there were prepared near one hundred ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but of a more nimble motion, and more serviceable.
Bacon.” 2. The main mass or body; the largest or principal portion; the majority; as the bulk of a debt. “The bulk of the people must labor, Burke told them, ´to obtain what by labor can be obtained.´
J. Morley.” 3. (Naut.) The cargo of a vessel when stowed. 4. The body. [Obs.] Shak. “My liver leaped within my bulk.
Turbervile.” Barrel bulk. See under Barrel. — To break bulk (Naut.), to begin to unload or more the cargo. — In bulk, in a mass; loose; not inclosed in separate packages or divided into separate parts; in such shape that any desired quantity may be taken or sold. — Laden in bulk, Stowed in bulk, having the cargo loose in the hold or not inclosed in boxes, bales, or casks. — Sale by bulk, a sale of goods as they are, without weight or measure. Syn. — Size; magnitude; dimension; volume; bigness; largeness; massiveness.

Bulk , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulking.] To appear or seem to be, as to bulk or extent; to swell. “The fame of Warburton possibly bulked larger for the moment.
Leslie Stephen.”

Bulk, n. [Icel. balkr a beam, partition. Cf. Balk, n. & v.] A projecting part of a building. [Obs.] “Here, stand behind this bulk.
Shak.”

Bulk´er , n. (Naut.) A person employed to ascertain the bulk or size of goods, in order to fix the amount of freight or dues payable on them.

Bulk´head , n. [See Bulk part of a building.] 1. (Naut.) A partition in a vessel, to separate apartments on the same deck. 2. A structure of wood or stone, to resist the pressure of earth or water; a partition wall or structure, as in a mine; the limiting wall along a water front. Bulked line, a line beyond which a wharf must not project; — usually, the harbor line.

Bulk´i•ness , n. Greatness in bulk; size.

Bulk´y , a. Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as bulky volumes. “A bulky digest of the revenue laws.
Hawthorne.”

Bull , n. [OE. bule, bul, bole; akin to D. bul, G. bulle, Icel. boli, Lith. bullus, Lett. bollis, Russ. vol’; prob. fr. the root of AS. bellan, E. bellow.] 1. (Zoöl.) The male of any species of cattle (Bovidae); hence, the male of any large quadruped, as the elephant; also the male of the whale. The wild bull of the Old Testament is thought to be the oryx, a large species of antelope. 2. One who, or that which, resembles a bull in character or action. Ps. xxii. 12. 3. (Astron.) (a) Taurus, the second of the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A constellation of the zodiac between Aries and Gemini. It contains the Pleiades. “At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
And the bright Bull receives him.
Thomson.” 4. (Stock Exchange) One who operates in expectation of a rise in the price of stocks, or in order to effect such a rise. See 4th Bear, n., 5. Bull baiting, the practice of baiting bulls, or rendering them furious, as by setting dogs to attack them. — John Bull, a humorous name for the English, collectively; also an Englishman. ´Good-looking young John Bull.´ W. D.Howells. — To take the bull by the horns, to grapple with a difficulty instead of avoiding it.

Bull, a. Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce. Bull bat (Zoöl.), the night hawk; — so called from the loud noise it makes while feeding on the wing, in the evening. — Bull calf. (a) A stupid fellow. — Bull mackerel (Zoöl.), the chub mackerel. — Bull pump (Mining), a direct single-acting pumping engine, in which the steam cylinder is placed above the pump. — Bull snake (Zoöl.), the pine snake of the United States. — Bull stag, a castrated bull. See Stag. — Bull wheel, a wheel, or drum, on which a rope is wound for lifting heavy articles, as logs, the tools in well boring, etc.

Bull, v. i. To be in heat; to manifest sexual desire as cows do. [Colloq.]

Bull, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to raise the market price of; as to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.

Bull, n. [OE. bulle, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud, knob, LL., a seal or stamp: cf. F. bulle. Cf. Bull a writing, Bowl a ball, Boil, v. i.] 1. A seal. See Bulla. 2. A letter, edict, or respect, of the pope, written in Gothic characters on rough parchment, sealed with a bulla, and dated ´a die Incarnationis,´ i. e., ´from the day of the Incarnation.´ See Apostolical brief, under Brief. “A fresh bull of Leo’s had declared how inflexible the court of Rome was in the point of abuses.
Atterbury.” 3. A grotesque blunder in language; an apparent congruity, but real incongruity, of ideas contained in a form of expression; so called, perhaps, from the apparent incongruity between the dictatorial nature of the pope’s bulls and his professions of humility. “And whereas the papist boasts himself to be a Roman Catholic, it is a mere contradiction, one of the pope’s bulls, as if he should say universal particular; a Catholic schimatic.
Milton.” The Golden Bull, an edict or imperial constitution made by the emperor Charles IV. (1356), containing what became the fundamental law of the German empire; — so called from its golden seal. Syn. — See Blunder.

Bul´la , n.; pl. Bullae . [L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. (Med.) A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent watery fluid. 2. (Anat.) The ovoid prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of many animals; as the tympanic or auditory bulla. 3. A leaden seal for a document; esp. the round leaden seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other the name of the pope who uses it. 4. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell.

Bul´lace , n. [OE. bolas, bolace, OF. beloce; of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bolos, polos, Gael. bulaistear.] (Bot.) (a) A small European plum (Prunus communis, var. insitita). See Plum. (b) The bully tree.

Bul•lan´tic , a. [See Bull an edict.] Pertaining to, or used in, papal bulls. Fry. Bullantic letters, Gothic letters used in papal bulls.

Bul´la•ry , n. [LL. bullarium: cf. F. bullairie. See Bull an edict.] A collection of papal bulls.

Bul´la•ry, n.; pl. Bullaries (-riz). [Cf. Boilary.] A place for boiling or preparing salt; a boilery. Crabb. “And certain salt fats or bullaries.
Bills in Chancery.”

Bul´late (bul´lat/), a. [L. bullatus, fr. bulla bubble.] (Biol.) Appearing as if blistered; inflated; puckered. Bullate leaf (Bot.), a leaf, the membranous part of which rises between the veins puckered elevations convex on one side and concave on the other.

Bull´beg•gar , n. Something used or suggested to produce terror, as in children or persons of weak mind; a bugbear. “And being an ill-looked fellow, he has a pension from the church wardens for being bullbeggar to all the forward children in the parish.
Mountfort (1691).”

Bull´ bri•er . (Bot.) A species of Smilax (S. Pseudo-China) growing from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico, which has very large tuberous and farinaceous rootstocks, formerly used by the Indians for a sort of bread, and by the negroes as an ingredient in making beer; — called also bamboo brier and China brier.

Bull´comb•er , n. (Zoöl.) A scaraboid beetle; esp. the Typhaeus vulgaris of Europe.

Bull´dog , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A variety of dog, of remarkable ferocity, courage, and tenacity of grip; — so named, probably, from being formerly employed in baiting bulls. 2. (Metal.) A refractory material used as a furnace lining, obtained by calcining the cinder or slag from the puddling furnace of a rolling mill.

Bull´dog, a. Characteristic of, or like, a bulldog; stubborn; as bulldog courage; bulldog tenacity. Bulldog bat (Zo’94l.), a bat of the genus Nyctinomus; — so called from the shape of its face.

Bull´doze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulldozed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulldozing.] To intimidate; to restrain or coerce by intimidation or violence; — used originally of the intimidation of negro voters, in Louisiana. [Slang, U.S.]

Bull´do•zer , n. One who bulldozes. [Slang]

Bulled , a. [Cf. Boln.] Swollen. [Obs.]

Bul´len-bul´len , n. [Native Australian name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) The lyre bird.

Bul´len-nail , n. [Bull large, having a large head + nail.] A nail with a round head and short shank, tinned and lacquered.

Bul´let , n. [F. boulet, dim. of boule ball. See Bull an edict, and cf. Boulet.] 1. A small ball. 2. A missile, usually of lead, and round or elongated in form, to be discharged from a rifle, musket, pistol, or other small firearm. 3. A cannon ball. [Obs.] “A ship before Greenwich … shot off her ordnance, one piece being charged with a bullet of stone.
Stow.” 4. The fetlock of a horse. [See Illust. under Horse.]

Bul´let-proof , a. Capable of resisting the force of a bullet. Bullet tree. See Bully tree. — Bullet wood, the wood of the bullet tree.

Bul´le•tin , n. [F. bulletin, fr. It. bullettino, dim. of bulletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict of the pope, from L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. A brief statement of facts respecting some passing event, as military operations or the health of some distinguished personage, issued by authority for the information of the public. 2. Any public notice or announcement, especially of news recently received. 3. A periodical publication, especially one containing the proceeding of a society. Bulletin board, a board on which announcements are put, particularly at newsrooms, newspaper offices, etc.

Bull´faced , a. Having a large face.

Bull´feast , n. See Bullfight. [Obs.] { Bull´fight• , Bull´fight•ing }, n. A barbarous sport, of great antiquity, in which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an arena, for public amusement, — still popular in Spain. — Bull´fight•er , n.

Bull´finch , n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Pyrrhula and other related genera, especially the P. vulgaris or rubicilla, a bird of Europe allied to the grosbeak, having the breast, cheeks, and neck, red. As a cage bird it is highly valued for its remarkable power of learning to whistle correctly various musical airs. Crimson-fronted bullfinch. (Zoöl.) See Burion. — Pine bullfinch, the pine finch. { Bull´fist , Bull´fice } , n. [Cf. G. bofist, AS. wulfes fist puffball, E. fizz, foist.] (Bot.) A kind of fungus. See Puffball. { Bull´ fly• Bull´fly• } , n. (Zoöl.) Any large fly troublesome to cattle, as the gadflies and breeze flies.

Bull´frog , n. (Zoöl.) A very large species of frog (Rana Catesbiana), found in North America; — so named from its loud bellowing in spring.

Bull´head , n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water fish of many species, of the genus Uranidea, esp. U. gobio of Europe, and U. Richardsoni of the United States; — called also miller’s thumb. (b) In America, several species of Amiurus; — called also catfish, horned pout, and bullpout. (c) A marine fish of the genus Cottus; the sculpin. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover (Squatarola helvetica); — called also beetlehead. (b) The golden plover. 3. A stupid fellow; a lubber. [Colloq.] Jonson. 4. (Zoöl.) A small black water insect. E. Phillips. Bullhead whiting (Zoöl.), the kingfish of Florida (Menticirrus alburnus).

Bull´head•ed (bul´hed•ed), a. Having a head like that of a bull. Fig.: Headstrong; obstinate; dogged.

Bul´lion (bul´yun), n. [Cf. OE. bullyon a hook used for fastening the dress, a button, stud, an embossed ornament of various kinds, e. g., on the cover of a book, on bridles or poitrels, for purses, for breeches and doublets, LL. bullio the swelling of boiling water, a mass of gold or silver, fr. L. bulla boss, stud, bubble (see Bull an edict), or perh. corrupted fr. F. billon base coin, LL. billio bullion. Cf. Billon, Billet a stick.] 1. Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. Properly, the precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bars, ingots or in any form uncoined, as in plate. The word is often often used to denote gold and silver, both coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin. 2. Base or uncurrent coin. [Obs.] “And those which eld’s strict doom did disallow,
And damm for bullion, go for current now.
Sylvester.” 3. Showy metallic ornament, as of gold, silver, or copper, on bridles, saddles, etc. [Obs.] “The clasps and bullions were worth a thousand pound.
Skelton.” 4. Heavy twisted fringe, made of fine gold or silver wire and used for epaulets; also any heavy twisted fringe whose cords are prominent.

Bul´lion•ist, n. An advocate for a metallic currency, or a paper currency always convertible into gold.

Bul´li•rag , v. t. [Cf. bully,n.& v., and rag to scold, rail. Cf. Ballarag.] To intimidate by bullying; to rally contemptuously; to badger. [Low]

Bull´ish , a. Partaking of the nature of a bull, or a blunder. “Let me inform you, a toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek stone, and as bullish.
Milton.”

Bull´ist, n. [F. bulliste. See Bull an edict.] A writer or drawer up of papal bulls. [R.] Harmar.

Bul•li´tion , n. [L. bullire, bullitum, to boil. See Boil, v. i.] The action of boiling; boiling. [Obs.] See Ebullition. Bacon.

Bull´-necked , a. Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull. Sir W. Scott.

Bul´lock , n. [AS. bulluc a young bull. See Bull.] 1. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind. “Take thy father’s young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old.
Judges vi. 25.” 2. An ox, steer, or stag.

Bul´lock, v. t. To bully. [Obs.] “She shan’t think to bullock and domineer over me.
Foote.”

Bul´lock’s-eye , n. See Bull’s- eye, 3.

Bul´lon , n. (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish (Scarus Croicensis).

Bull´pout , n. (Zoöl.) See Bullhead, 1 (b).

Bull’s´-eye , n. 1. (Naut.) A small circular or oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it and a hole through it, used for connecting rigging. 2. A small round cloud, with a ruddy center, supposed by sailors to portend a storm. 3. A small thick disk of glass inserted in a deck, roof, floor, ship’s side, etc., to let in light. 4. A circular or oval opening for air or light. 5. A lantern, with a thick glass lens on one side for concentrating the light on any object; also the lens itself. Dickens. 6. (Astron.) Aldebaran, a bright star in the eye of Taurus or the Bull. 7. (Archery & Gun.) The center of a target. 8. A thick knob or protuberance left on glass by the end of the pipe through which it was blown. 9. A small and thick old-fashioned watch. [Colloq.]

Bull’s´-nose , n. (Arch.) An external angle when obtuse or rounded.

Bull´ ter´ri•er . (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs obtained by crossing the bulldog and the terrier.

Bull´ trout . (Zoöl.) (a) In England, a large salmon trout of several species, as Salmo trutta and S. Cambricus, which ascend rivers; — called also sea trout. (b) Salvelinus malma of California and Oregon; — called also Dolly Varden trout and red- spotted trout. (c) The huso or salmon of the Danube.

Bull´weed , n. [Bole a stem + weed.] (Bot.) Knapweed. Prior.

Bull´wort , n. (Bot.) See Bishop’s-weed.

Bul´ly , n.; pl. Bullies . [Cf. LG. bullerjaan, bullerbäk, bullerbrook, a blusterer, D. bulderaar a bluster, bulderen to bluster; prob. of imitative origin; or cf. MHG. buole lover, G. buhle.] 1. A noisy, blustering fellow, more insolent than courageous; one who is threatening and quarrelsome; an insolent, tyrannical fellow. “Bullies seldom execute the threats they deal in.
Palmerston.” 2. A brisk, dashing fellow. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

Bul´ly , a. 1. Jovial and blustering; dashing. [Slang] ´Bless thee, bully doctor.´ Shak. 2. Fine; excellent; as a bully horse. [Slang, U.S.]

Bul´ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bullied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bullying.] To intimidate with threats and by an overbearing, swaggering demeanor; to act the part of a bully toward. “For the last fortnight there have been prodigious shoals of volunteers gone over to bully the French, upon hearing the peace was just signing.
Tatler.” Syn. — To bluster; swagger; hector; domineer.

Bul´ly, v. i. To act as a bully.

Bul´ly•rag , v. t. Same as Bullirag.

Bul´ly•rock , n. A bully. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

Bul´ly tree . (Bot.) The name of several West Indian trees of the order Sapotaceae, as Dipholis nigra and species of Sapota and Mimusops. Most of them yield a substance closely resembling gutta-percha.

Bul´rush , n. [OE. bulrysche, bolroysche; of uncertain origin, perh. fr. bole stem + rush.] (Bot.) A kind of large rush, growing in wet land or in water. The name bulrush is applied in England especially to the cat-tail (Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia) and to the lake club-rush (Scirpus lacustris); in America, to the Juncus effusus, and also to species of Scirpus or club-rush.

Bulse , n. A purse or bag in which to carry or measure diamonds, etc. [India] Macaulay.

Bul´tel , n. [LL. bultellus. See Bolt to sift.] A bolter or bolting cloth; also bran. [Obs.]

Bul´ti , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Bolty.

Bul´tow , n. A trawl; a boulter; the mode of fishing with a boulter or spiller.

Bul´wark , n. [Akin to D. bolwerk, G. bollwerk, Sw. bolwerk, Dan. bolvärk, bulvärk, rampart; akin to G. bohle plank, and werk work, defense. See Bole stem, and Work, n., and cf. Boulevard.] 1. (Fort.) A rampart; a fortification; a bastion or outwork. 2. That which secures against an enemy, or defends from attack; any means of defense or protection. “The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defense, … the floating bulwark of our island.
Blackstone.” 3. pl. (Naut.) The sides of a ship above the upper deck. Syn. — See Rampart.

Bul´wark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulwarked ; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulwarking.] To fortify with, or as with, a rampart or wall; to secure by fortification; to protect. “Of some proud city, bulwarked round and armed
With rising towers.
Glover.”

Bum , n. [Contr. fr. bottom in this sense.] The buttock. [Low] Shak.

Bum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bummed ; p. pr. & vb.n. Bumming .] [See Boom, v. i., to roar.] To make murmuring or humming sound. Jamieson.

Bum, n. A humming noise. Halliwell.

Bum´bail´iff , n. [A corruption of bound bailiff.] [Low, Eng.] See Bound bailiff, under Bound, a.

Bum´bard . See Bombard. [Obs.]

Bum´barge , n. See Bumboat. Carlyle.

Bum´bast . See Bombast. [Obs.]

Bum´be•lo , n.; pl. Bumbeloes . [It. bombola.] A glass used in subliming camphor. [Spelled also bombolo and bumbolo.]

Bum´ble , n. [See Bump to boom.] (Zoöl.) The bittern. [Local, Eng.]

Bum´ble, v. i. To make a hollow or humming noise, like that of a bumblebee; to cry as a bittern. “As a bittern bumbleth in the mire.
Chaucer.”

Bum´ble•bee , n. [OE. bumblen to make a humming noise (dim. of bum, v. i.) + bee. Cf. Humblebee.] (Zoöl.) A large bee of the genus Bombus, sometimes called humblebee; — so named from its sound. There are many species. All gather honey, and store it in the empty cocoons after the young have come out.

Bum´boat , n. [From bum the buttocks, on account of its clumsy form; or fr. D. bun a box for holding fish in a boat.] (Naut.) A clumsy boat, used for conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale, to vessels lying in port or off shore.

Bum´kin , n. [Boom a beam + - kin. See Bumpkin.] (Naut.) A projecting beam or boom; as: (a) One projecting from each bow of a vessel, to haul the fore tack to, called a tack bumpkin. (b) One from each quarter, for the main-brace blocks, and called brace bumpkin. (c) A small outrigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. [Written also boomkin.]

Bum´ma•lo , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small marine Asiatic fish (Saurus ophidon) used in India as a relish; — called also Bombay duck.

Bum´mer , n. An idle, worthless fellow, who is without any visible means of support; a dissipated sponger. [Slang, U.S.]

Bum´me•ry , n. See Bottomery. [Obs.] “There was a scivener of Wapping brought to hearing for relief against a bummery bond.
R. North.”

Bump , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bumped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bumping.] [Cf. W. pwmp round mass, pwmpiaw to thump, bang, and E. bum, v. i., boom to roar.] To strike, as with or against anything large or solid; to thump; as to bump the head against a wall.

Bump, v. i. To come in violent contact with something; to thump. ´Bumping and jumping.´ Southey.

Bump , n. [From Bump to strike, to thump.] 1. A thump; a heavy blow. 2. A swelling or prominence, resulting from a bump or blow; a protuberance. “It had upon its brow
A bump as big as a young cockerel’s stone.
Shak.” 3. (Phren.) One of the protuberances on the cranium which are associated with distinct faculties or affections of the mind; as the bump of ´veneration;´ the bump of ´acquisitiveness.´ [Colloq.] 4. The act of striking the stern of the boat in advance with the prow of the boat following. [Eng.]

Bump, v. i. [See Boom to roar.] To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern; to boom. “As a bittern bumps within a reed.
Dryden.”

Bump, n. The noise made by the bittern.

Bum´per , n. [A corruption of bumbard, bombard, a large drinking vessel.] 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, or till the liquor runs over, particularly in drinking a health or toast. “He frothed his bumpers to the brim.
Tennyson.” 2. A covered house at a theater, etc., in honor of some favorite performer. [Cant]

Bump´er , n. 1. That which bumps or causes a bump. 2. Anything which resists or deadens a bump or shock; a buffer.

Bump´kin , n. [The same word as bumkin, which Cotgrave defines thus: ´Bumkin, Fr. chicambault, the luffe-block, a long and thick piece of wood, whereunto the fore-sayle and sprit-sayle are fastened, when a ship goes by the winde.´ Hence, a clumsy man may easily have been compared to such a block of wood; cf. OD. boomken a little tree. See Boom a pole.] An awkward, heavy country fellow; a clown; a country lout. ´Bashful country bumpkins.´ W. Irving.

Bump´tious , a. Self-conceited; forward; pushing. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Bump´tious•ness, n. Conceitedness. [Colloq.] { Bun , Bunn } , n. [Scot. bun, bunn, OE. bunne, bonne; fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. bunna, Gael. bonnach, or OF. bugne tumor, Prov. F. bugne a kind of pancake; akin to OHG. bungo bulb, MHG. bunge, Prov. E. bung heap, cluster, bunny a small swelling.] A slightly sweetened raised cake or bisquit with a glazing of sugar and milk on the top crust.

Bunch , n. [Akin to OSw. & Dan. bunke heap, Icel. bunki heap, pile, bunga tumor, protuberance; cf. W. pwng cluster. Cf. Bunk.] 1. A protuberance; a hunch; a knob or lump; a hump. “They will carry … their treasures upon the bunches of camels.
Isa. xxx. 6.” 2. A collection, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the same kind, growing or fastened together; as a bunch of grapes; a bunch of keys. 3. (Mining) A small isolated mass of ore, as distinguished from a continuous vein. Page.

Bunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunching.] To swell out into a bunch or protuberance; to be protuberant or round. “Bunching out into a large round knob at one end.
Woodward.”

Bunch, v. t. To form into a bunch or bunches.

Bunch´-backed , a. Having a bunch on the back; crooked. ´Bunch-backed toad.´ Shak.

Bunch´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The dwarf cornel (Cornus Canadensis), which bears a dense cluster of bright red, edible berries.

Bunch´ grass . (Bot.) A grass growing in bunches and affording pasture. In California, Atropis tenuifolia, Festuca scabrella, and several kinds of Stipa are favorite bunch grasses. In Utah, Eriocoma cuspidata is a good bunch grass.

Bunch´i•ness , n. The quality or condition of being bunchy; knobbiness.

Bunch´y , a. 1. Swelling out in bunches. “An unshapen, bunchy spear, with bark unpiled.
Phaer.” 2. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch; having tufts; as the bird’s bunchy tail. 3. (Mining) Yielding irregularly; sometimes rich, sometimes poor; as a bunchy mine. Page. { Bun´combe , Bun´kum } , n. [Buncombe a county of North Carolina.] Speech-making for the gratification of constituents, or to gain public applause; flattering talk for a selfish purpose; anything said for mere show. [Cant or Slang, U.S.] “All that flourish about right of search was bunkum — all that brag about hanging your Canada sheriff was bunkum … slavery speeches are all bunkum.
Haliburton.” To speak for Buncombe, to speak for mere show, or popularly. ´The phrase originated near the close of the debate on the famous •Missouri Question,’ in the 16th Congress. It was then used by Felix Walker — a naïve old mountaineer, who resided at Waynesville, in Haywood, the most western country of North Carolina, near the border of the adjacent county of Buncombe, which formed part of his district. The old man rose to speak, while the house was impatiently calling for the •Question,’ and several members gathered round him, begging him to desist. He preserved, however, for a while, declaring that the people of his district expected it, and that he was bound to •make a speech for Buncombe.’´ W. Darlington.

Bund , n. [G.] League; confederacy; esp. the confederation of German states.

Bund , n. [Hindi band.] An embankment against inundation. [India] S. Wells Williams.

Bun´der , n. [Pers. bandar a landing place, pier.] A boat or raft used in the East Indies in the landing of passengers and goods.

Bun´des•rath (boon´des•rät•), n. [G., from bund (akin to E. bond) confederacy + rath council, prob. akin to E. read.] The federal council of the German Empire. In the Bundesrath and the Reichstag are vested the legislative functions. The federal council of Switzerland is also so called. The Bundesrath of the German empire is presided over by a chancellor, and is composed of sixty-two members, who represent the different states of the empire, being appointed for each session by their respective governments. “By this united congress, the highest tribunal of Switzerland, — the Bundesrath — is chosen, and the head of this is a president.
J. P. Peters (Trans. Müller’s Pol. Hist.).”

Bun´dle (bun´d’l), n. [OE. bundel, AS. byndel; akin to D. bondel, bundel, G. bündel, dim. of bund bundle, fr. the root of E. bind. See Bind.] A number of things bound together, as by a cord or envelope, into a mass or package convenient for handling or conveyance; a loose package; a roll; as a bundle of straw or of paper; a bundle of old clothes. “The fable of the rods, which, when united in a bundle, no strength could bend.
Goldsmith.” Bundle pillar (Arch.), a column or pier, with others of small dimensions attached to it. Weale.

Bun´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bundled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bundling .] 1. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. 2. To send off abruptly or without ceremony. “They unmercifully bundled me and my gallant second into our own hackney coach.
T. Hook.” To bundle off, to send off in a hurry, or without ceremony. — To bundle one’s self up, to wrap one’s self up warmly or cumbrously.

Bun´dle, v. i. 1. To prepare for departure; to set off in a hurry or without ceremony. 2. To sleep on the same bed without undressing; — applied to the custom of a man and woman, especially lovers, thus sleeping. Bartlett. “Van Corlear stopped occasionally in the villages to eat pumpkin pies, dance at country frolics, and bundle with the Yankee lasses.
W. Irving.”

Bung , n. [Cf. W. bwng orfice, bunghole, Ir. buinne tap, spout, OGael. buine.] 1. The large stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask. 2. The orifice in the bilge of a cask through which it is filled; bunghole. 3. A sharper or pickpocket. [Obs. & Low] “You filthy bung, away.
Shak.”

Bung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bunged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunging .] To stop, as the orifice in the bilge of a cask, with a bung; to close; — with up. To bung up, to use up, as by bruising or over exertion; to exhaust or incapacitate for action. [Low] “He had bunged up his mouth that he should not have spoken these three years.
Shelton (Trans. Don Quixote).”

Bun´ga•low , n. [Bengalee bangla] A thatched or tiled house or cottage, of a single story, usually surrounded by a veranda. [India]

Bun´ga•rum , n. [Bungar, the native name.] (Zoöl.) A venomous snake of India, of the genus Bungarus, allied to the cobras but without a hood.

Bung´hole , n. See Bung, n., 2. Shak.

Bun´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bungled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bungling .] [Prob. a diminutive from, akin to bang; cf. Prov. G. bungen to beat, bang, OSw. bunga. See Bang.] To act or work in a clumsy, awkward manner.

Bun´gle, v. t. To make or mend clumsily; to manage awkwardly; to botch; — sometimes with up. “I always had an idea that it would be bungled.
Byron.”

Bun´gle , n. A clumsy or awkward performance; a botch; a gross blunder. “Those errors and bungles which are committed.
Cudworth.”

Bun´gler , n. A clumsy, awkward workman; one who bungles. “If to be a dunce or a bungler in any profession be shameful, how much more ignominious and infamous to a scholar to be such!
Barrow.”

Bun´gling , a. Unskillful; awkward; clumsy; as a bungling workman. Swift. “They make but bungling work.
Dryden.”

Bun´gling•ly, adv. Clumsily; awkwardly.

Bun´go , n. (Naut.) A kind of canoe used in Central and South America; also a kind of boat used in the Southern United States. Bartlett.

Bun´ion , n. (Med.) Same as Bunyon.

Bunk , n. [Cf. OSw. bunke heap, also boaring, flooring. Cf. Bunch.] 1. A wooden case or box, which serves for a seat in the daytime and for a bed at night. [U.S.] 2. One of a series of berths or bed places in tiers. 3. A piece of wood placed on a lumberman’s sled to sustain the end of heavy timbers. [Local, U.S.]

Bunk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunking.] To go to bed in a bunk; — sometimes with in. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

Bun´ker , n. [Scot. bunker, bunkart, a bench, or low chest, serving for a seat. Cf. Bunk, Bank, Bench.] 1. A sort of chest or box, as in a window, the lid of which serves for a seat. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. A large bin or similar receptacle; as a coal bunker.

Bun´ko , n. [Sf. Sp. banco bank, banca a sort of game at cards. Cf. Bank (in the commercial sense).] A kind of swindling game or scheme, by means of cards or by a sham lottery. [Written also bunco.] Bunko steerer, a person employed as a decoy in bunko. [Slang, U.S.]

Bun´kum , n. See Buncombe.

Bunn , n. See Bun.

Bun´nian , n. See Bunyon.

Bun´ny , n. (Mining) A great collection of ore without any vein coming into it or going out from it.

Bun´ny, n. A pet name for a rabbit or a squirrel. { Bu•no•don´ta , Bu´no•donts } n. pl. [NL. bunodonta, fr. Gr. hill, heap + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A division of the herbivorous mammals including the hogs and hippopotami; — so called because the teeth are tuberculated. { Bun´sen’s bat´ter•y , Bun´sen’s burn•er } . See under Battery, and Burner.

Bunt , n. (Bot.) A fungus (Ustilago fœtida) which affects the ear of cereals, filling the grains with a fetid dust; — also called pepperbrand.

Bunt, n. [Cf. Sw. bunt bundle, Dan. bundt, G. bund, E. bundle.] (Naut.) The middle part, cavity, or belly of a sail; the part of a furled sail which is at the center of the yard. Totten.

Bunt, v. i. (Naut.) To swell out; as the sail bunts.

Bunt, v. t. & i. To strike or push with the horns or head; to butt; as the ram bunted the boy.

Bun´ter , n. A woman who picks up rags in the streets; hence, a low, vulgar woman. [Cant] “Her … daughters, like bunters in stuff gowns.
Goldsmith.”

Bun´ting , n. [Scot. buntlin, corn-buntlin, OE. bunting, buntyle; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Emberiza, or of an allied genus, related to the finches and sparrows (family Fringillidae). Among European species are the common or corn bunting (Emberiza miliaria); the ortolan (E. hortulana); the cirl (E. cirlus); and the black-headed (Granitivora melanocephala). American species are the bay-winged or grass (Poöcaetes or Poœcetes gramineus); the black- throated (Spiza Americana); the towhee bunting or chewink (Pipilo); the snow bunting (Plectrophanax nivalis); the rice bunting or bobolink, and others. See Ortolan, Chewick, Snow bunting, Lark bunting. { Bun´ting , Bun´tine } , n. [Prov. E. bunting sifting flour, OE. bonten to sift, hence prob. the material used for that purpose.] A thin woolen stuff, used chiefly for flags, colors, and ships’ signals.

Bunt´line , n. [2d bunt + line.] (Naut.) One of the ropes toggled to the footrope of a sail, used to haul up to the yard the body of the sail when taking it in. Totten. { Bun´yon , Bun´ion } , n. [Cf. Prov. E. bunny a small swelling, fr. OF. bugne, It. bugna, bugnone. See Bun.] (Med.) An enlargement and inflammation of a small membranous sac (one of the bursae muscosae), usually occurring on the first joint of the great toe.

Buoy , n. [D. boei buoy, fetter, fr. OF. boie, buie, chain, fetter, F. bouee a buoy, from L. boia. ´Boiae genus vinculorum tam ferreae quam ligneae.´ Festus. So called because chained to its place.] (Naut.) A float; esp. a floating object moored to the bottom, to mark a channel or to point out the position of something beneath the water, as an anchor, shoal, rock, etc. Anchor buoy, a buoy attached to, or marking the position of, an anchor. — Bell buoy, a large buoy on which a bell is mounted, to be rung by the motion of the waves. — Breeches buoy. See under Breeches. — Cable buoy, an empty cask employed to buoy up the cable in rocky anchorage. — Can buoy, a hollow buoy made of sheet or boiler iron, usually conical or pear-shaped. — Life buoy, a float intended to support persons who have fallen into the water, until a boat can be dispatched to save them. — Nut or Nun buoy, a buoy large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each end. — To stream the buoy, to let the anchor buoy fall by the ship’s side into the water, before letting go the anchor. — Whistling buoy, a buoy fitted with a whistle that is blown by the action of the waves.

Buoy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buoyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buoying.] 1. To keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or air; to keep afloat; — with up. 2. To support or sustain; to preserve from sinking into ruin or despondency. “Those old prejudices, which buoy up the ponderous mass of his nobility, wealth, and title.
Burke.” 3. To fix buoys to; to mark by a buoy or by buoys; as to buoy an anchor; to buoy or buoy off a channel. “Not one rock near the surface was discovered which was not buoyed by this floating weed.
Darwin.”

Buoy, v. i. To float; to rise like a buoy. ´Rising merit will buoy up at last.´ Pope.

Buoy´age , n. Buoys, taken collectively; a series of buoys, as for the guidance of vessels into or out of port; the providing of buoys.

Buoy´ance , n. Buoyancy. [R.]

Buoy´an•cy , n.; pl. Buoyancies . 1. The property of floating on the surface of a liquid, or in a fluid, as in the atmosphere; specific lightness, which is inversely as the weight compared with that of an equal volume of water. 2. (Physics) The upward pressure exerted upon a floating body by a fluid, which is equal to the weight of the body; hence, also the weight of a floating body, as measured by the volume of fluid displaced. “Such are buoyancies or displacements of the different classes of her majesty’s ships.
Eng. Cyc.” 3. Cheerfulness; vivacity; liveliness; sprightliness; — the opposite of heaviness; as buoyancy of spirits.

Buoy´ant , a. [From Buoy, v. t. & i.] 1. Having the quality of rising or floating in a fluid; tending to rise or float; as iron is buoyant in mercury. ´Buoyant on the flood.´ Pope. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid; sustaining another body by being specifically heavier. “The water under me was buoyant.
Dryden.” 3. Light-hearted; vivacious; cheerful; as a buoyant disposition; buoyant spirits. — Buoy´ant•ly, adv.

Bu•pres´ti•dan , n. [L. buprestis, Gr. , a poisonous beetle, which, being eaten by cattle in the grass, caused them to swell up and and die; ox, cow + to blow up, swell out.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles, of the genus Buprestis and allied genera, usually with brilliant metallic colors. The larvae are usually borers in timber, or beneath bark, and are often very destructive to trees. { Bur , Burr } , n. [OE. burre burdock; cf. Dan. borre, OSw. borra, burdock, thistle; perh. akin to E. bristle (burr- for burz-), or perh. to F. bourre hair, wool, stuff; also according to Cotgrave, ´the downe, or hairie coat, wherewith divers herbes, fruits, and flowers, are covered,´ fr. L. burrae trifles, LL. reburrus rough.] 1. (Bot.) Any rough or prickly envelope of the seeds of plants, whether a pericarp, a persistent calyx, or an involucre, as of the chestnut and burdock. also any weed which bears burs. “Amongst rude burs and thistles.
Milton.” “Bur and brake and brier.
Tennyson.” 2. The thin ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal. See Burr, n., 2. 3. A ring of iron on a lance or spear. See Burr, n., 4. 4. The lobe of the ear. See Burr, n., 5. 5. The sweetbread. 6. A clinker; a partially vitrified brick. 7. (Mech.) (a) A small circular saw. (b) A triangular chisel. (c) A drill with a serrated head larger than the shank; — used by dentists. 8. [Cf. Gael. borr, borra, a knob, bunch.] (Zoöl.) The round knob of an antler next to a deer’s head. [Commonly written burr.] Bur oak (Bot.), a useful and ornamental species of oak (Quercus macrocarpa) with ovoid acorns inclosed in deep cups imbricated with pointed scales. It grows in the Middle and Western United States, and its wood is tough, close-grained, and durable. — Bur reed (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sparganium, having long ribbonlike leaves.

Bur´bolt , n. A birdbolt. [Obs.] Ford.

Bur´bot , n. [F. barbote, fr. barbe beard. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) A fresh- water fish of the genus Lota, having on the nose two very small barbels, and a larger one on the chin. [Written also burbolt.] The fish is also called an eelpout or ling, and is allied to the codfish. The Lota vulgaris is a common European species. An American species (L. maculosa) is found in New England, the Great Lakes, and farther north.

Bur•de•lais´ , n. [F. bourdelais, prob. fr. bordelais. See Bordelais.] A sort of grape. Jonson.

Bur´den (bû´d’n), n. [Written also burthen.] [OE. burden, burthen, birthen, birden, AS. byrðen; akin to Icel. byrði, Dan. byrde, Sw. börda, G. bürde, OHG. burdi, Goth. baúrþei, fr. the root of E. bear, AS. beran, Goth. bairan. rad.92. See 1st Bear.] 1. That which is borne or carried; a load. “Plants with goodly burden bowing.
Shak.” 2. That which is borne with labor or difficulty; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive. “Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone,
To all my friends a burden grown.
Swift.” 3. The capacity of a vessel, or the weight of cargo that she will carry; as a ship of a hundred tons burden. 4. (Mining) The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin. 5. (Metal.) The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace. Raymond. 6. A fixed quantity of certain commodities; as a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds. 7. A birth. [Obs. & R.] Shak. Beast of burden, an animal employed in carrying burdens. — Burden of proof [L. onus probandi] (Law), the duty of proving a particular position in a court of law, a failure in the performance of which duty calls for judgment against the party on whom the duty is imposed. Syn. — Burden, Load. A burden is, in the literal sense, a weight to be borne; a load is something laid upon us to be carried. Hence, when used figuratively, there is usually a difference between the two words. Our burdens may be of such a nature that we feel bound to bear them cheerfully or without complaint. They may arise from the nature of our situation; they may be allotments of Providence; they may be the consequences of our errors. What is upon us, as a load, we commonly carry with greater reluctance or sense of oppression. Men often find the charge of their own families to be a burden; but if to this be added a load of care for others, the pressure is usually serve and irksome.

Bur´den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burdened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burdening .] 1. To encumber with weight (literal or figurative); to lay a heavy load upon; to load. “I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened.
2 Cor. viii. 13.” 2. To oppress with anything grievous or trying; to overload; as to burden a nation with taxes. “My burdened heart would break.
Shak.” 3. To impose, as a load or burden; to lay or place as a burden (something heavy or objectionable). [R.] “It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell.
Coleridge.” Syn. — To load; encumber; overload; oppress.

Bur´den (bûr´d’n), n. [OE. burdoun the bass in music, F. bourdon; cf. LL. burdo drone, a long organ pipe, a staff, a mule. Prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Bourdon.] 1. The verse repeated in a song, or the return of the theme at the end of each stanza; the chorus; refrain. Hence: That which is often repeated or which is dwelt upon; the main topic; as the burden of a prayer. “I would sing my song without a burden.
Shak.” 2. The drone of a bagpipe. Ruddiman.

Bur´den, n. [See Burdon.] A club. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bur´den•er , n. One who loads; an oppressor.

Bur´den•ous , a. Burdensome. [Obs.] ´Burdenous taxations.´ Shak.

Bur´den•some , a. Grievous to be borne; causing uneasiness or fatigue; oppressive. “The debt immense of endless gratitude
So burdensome.
Milton.” Syn. — Heavy; weighty; cumbersome; onerous; grievous; oppressive; troublesome. — Bur´den•some•ly, adv. — Bur´den•some•ness, n.

Bur´dock , n. [Bur + dock the plant.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse biennial herbs (Lappa), bearing small burs which adhere tenaciously to clothes, or to the fur or wool of animals. The common burdock is the Lappa officinalis.

Bur´don , n. [See Bourdon.] A pilgrim’s staff. [Written also burden.] Rom. of R.

Bu´reau , n.; pl. E. Bureaus , F. Bureaux . [F. bureau a writing table, desk, office, OF., drugget, with which a writing table was often covered, equiv. to F. bure, and fr. OF. buire dark brown, the stuff being named from its color, fr. L. burrus red, fr. Gr. flame-colored, prob. fr. fire. See Fire, n., and cf. Borel, n.] 1. Originally, a desk or writing table with drawers for papers. Swift. 2. The place where such a bureau is used; an office where business requiring writing is transacted. 3. Hence: A department of public business requiring a force of clerks; the body of officials in a department who labor under the direction of a chief. On the continent of Europe, the highest departments, in most countries, have the name of bureaux; as the Bureau of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. In England and America, the term is confined to inferior and subordinate departments; as the ´Pension Bureau,´ a subdepartment of the Department of the Interior. [Obs.] In Spanish, bureo denotes a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the king’s household. 4. A chest of drawers for clothes, especially when made as an ornamental piece of furniture. [U.S.] Bureau system. See Bureaucracy. — Bureau Veritas, an institution, in the interest of maritime underwriters, for the survey and rating of vessels all over the world. It was founded in Belgium in 1828, removed to Paris in 1830, and reëstablished in Brussels in 1870.

Bu•reau´cra•cy , n. [Bureau + Gr. to be strong, to govern, strength: cf. F. bureaucratie.] 1. A system of carrying on the business of government by means of departments or bureaus, each under the control of a chief, in contradiction to a system in which the officers of government have an associated authority and responsibility; also government conducted on this system. 2. Government officials, collectively.

Bu•reau´crat , n. An official of a bureau; esp. an official confirmed in a narrow and arbitrary routine. C. Kingsley. { Bu•reau•crat´ic , Bu•reau•crat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. bureaucratique.] Of, relating to, or resembling, a bureaucracy.

Bu•reau´cra•tist , n. An advocate for , or supporter of, bureaucracy.

Bur´el , n. & a. Same as Borrel.

Bu•rette´ , n. [F., can, cruet, dim. of buire flagon.] (Chem.) An apparatus for delivering measured quantities of liquid or for measuring the quantity of liquid or gas received or discharged. It consists essentially of a graduated glass tube, usually furnished with a small aperture and stopcock.

Bur´ fish . (Zoöl.) A spinose, plectognath fish of the Allantic coast of the United States (esp. Chilo mycterus geometricus) having the power of distending its body with water or air, so as to resemble a chestnut bur; — called also ball fish, balloon fish, and swellfish.

Burg , n. [AS. burh, burg, cf. LL. burgus. See 1st Borough.] 1. A fortified town. [Obs.] 2. A borough. [Eng.] See 1st Borough.

Burg´age , n. [From Burg: cf. F. bourgage, LL. burgagium.] (Eng. Law) A tenure by which houses or lands are held of the king or other lord of a borough or city; at a certain yearly rent, or by services relating to trade or handicraft. Burrill.

Bur´gall , n. (Zoöl.) A small marine fish; — also called cunner.

Bur´ga•mot , n. See Bergamot.

Bur´ga•net , n. See Burgonet.

Bur´gee , n. 1. A kind of small coat. 2. (Naut.) A swallow-tailed flag; a distinguishing pennant, used by cutters, yachts, and merchant vessels.

Bur•geois´ (bûr•jois´), n. (Print.) See 1st Bourgeois.

Bur•geois´ (boor•zhwä´), n. A burgess; a citizen. See 2d Bourgeois. [R.] Addison.

Bur´geon , v. i. To bud. See Bourgeon.

Bur´gess , n. [OE. burgeis, OF. burgeis, fr. burcfortified town, town, F. bourg village, fr. LL. burgus fort, city; from the German; cf. MHG. burc, G. burg. See 1st Borough, and cf. 2d Bourgeois.] 1. An inhabitant of a borough or walled town, or one who possesses a tenement therein; a citizen or freeman of a borough. Blackstone. ´A burgess of a borough corresponds with a citizen of a city.´ Burrill. 2. One who represents a borough in Parliament. 3. A magistrate of a borough. 4. An inhabitant of a Scotch burgh qualified to vote for municipal officers. Before the Revolution, the representatives in the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia were called burgesses; they are now called delegates. Burgess oath. See Burgher, 2.

Bur´gess-ship , n. The state of privilege of a burgess. South.

Burg´grave , n. [G. burggraf; burg fortress + graf count: cf. D. burggraaf, F. burgrave. See Margrave.] (Germany) Originally, one appointed to the command of a burg (fortress or castle); but the title afterward became hereditary, with a domain attached.

Burgh , n. [OE. See Burg.] A borough or incorporated town, especially, one in Scotland. See Borough.

Burgh´al , a. Belonging to a burgh.

Burgh´bote , n. [Burgh + bote.] (Old Law) A contribution toward the building or repairing of castles or walls for the defense of a city or town.

Burgh´brech , n. [Burgh + F. brèche, equiv. to E. breach.] (AS. Law) The offense of violating the pledge given by every inhabitant of a tithing to keep the peace; breach of the peace. Burrill.

Burgh´er , n. [From burgh; akin to D. burger, G. bürger, Dan. borger, Sw. borgare. See Burgh.] 1. A freeman of a burgh or borough, entitled to enjoy the privileges of the place; any inhabitant of a borough. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of that party, among the Scotch seceders, which asserted the lawfulness of the burgess oath (in which burgesses profess ´the true religion professed within the realm´), the opposite party being called antiburghers. These parties arose among the Presbyterians of Scotland, in 1747, and in 1820 reunited under the name of the ´United Associate Synod of the Secession Church.´

Burgh´er•mas•ter , n. See Burgomaster.

Burgh´er•ship , n. The state or privileges of a burgher.

Burgh´mas•ter , n. 1. A burgomaster. 2. (Mining) An officer who directs and lays out the meres or boundaries for the workmen; — called also bailiff, and barmaster. [Eng.]

Burgh´mote , n. (AS. Law) [Burgh + mote meeting.] A court or meeting of a burgh or borough; a borough court held three times yearly.

Bur´glar , n. [OE. burg town, F. bourg, fr. LL. burgus (of German origin) + OF. lere thief, fr. L. latro. See Borough, and Larceny.] (Law) One guilty of the crime of burglary. Burglar alarm, a device for giving alarm if a door or window is opened from without.

Bur´glar•er , n. A burglar. [Obs.]

Bur•gla´ri•ous , a. Pertaining to burglary; constituting the crime of burglary. “To come down a chimney is held a burglarious entry.
Blackstone.”

Bur•gla´ri•ous•ly, adv. With an intent to commit burglary; in the manner of a burglar. Blackstone.

Bur´gla•ry , n.; pl. Burglaries . [Fr. Burglar; cf. LL. burglaria.] (Law) Breaking and entering the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felonious purpose be accomplished or not. Wharton. Burrill. By statute law in some of the United States, burglary includes the breaking with felonious intent into a house by day as well as by night, and into other buildings than dwelling houses. Various degrees of the crime are established.

Bur´go•mas•ter , n. [D. burgemeester; burg borough + meester master; akin to G. burgemeister, bürgermeister. See 1st Borough, and Master.] 1. A chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany, corresponding to mayor in England and the United States; a burghmaster. 2. (Zoöl.) An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull (Larus glaucus), common in arctic regions.

Bur´go•net , n. [F. bouruignotte, because the Burgundians, F. Bouruignons, first used it.] A kind of helmet. [Written also burganet.] Shak.

Bur´goo , n. [Prov. E. burgood yeast, perh. fr. W. burym yeast + cawl cabbage, gruel.] A kind of oatmeal pudding, or thick gruel, used by seamen. [Written also burgout.]

Bur´grass , n. (Bot.) Grass of the genus Cenchrus, growing in sand, and having burs for fruit.

Bur´grave , n. [F.] See Burggrave.

Bur´gun•dy , n. 1. An old province of France (in the eastern central part). 2. A richly flavored wine, mostly red, made in Burgundy, France. Burgundy pitch, a resinous substance prepared from the exudation of the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) by melting in hot water and straining through cloth. The genuine Burgundy pitch, supposed to have been first prepared in Burgundy, is rare, but there are many imitations. It has a yellowish brown color, is translucent and hard, but viscous. It is used in medicinal plasters.

Burh , n. See Burg. [Obs.] { Bur´hel , Burr´hel } , n. (Zoöl.) The wild Himalayan, or blue, sheep (Ovis burrhel).

Bur´i•al , n. [OE. buriel, buriels, grave, tomb, AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury, and akin to OS. burgisli sepulcher.] 1. A grave; a tomb; a place of sepulture. [Obs.] “The erthe schook, and stoones weren cloven, and biriels weren opened.
Wycliff [Matt. xxvii. 51, 52].” 2. The act of burying; depositing a dead body in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or in the water, usually with attendant ceremonies; sepulture; interment. ´To give a public burial.´ Shak. “Now to glorious burial slowly borne.
Tennyson.” Burial case, a form of coffin, usually of iron, made to close air-tight, for the preservation of a dead body. — Burial ground, a piece of ground selected and set apart for a place of burials, and consecrated to such use by religious ceremonies. — Burial place, any place where burials are made. — Burial service. (a) The religious service performed at the interment of the dead; a funeral service. (b) That portion of a liturgy which is read at an interment; as the English burial service. Syn. — Sepulture; interment; inhumation.

Bur´i•er , n. One who, or that which, buries. “Till the buriers have buried it.
Ezek. xxxix. 15.” “And darkness be the burier of the dead.
Shak.”

Bu´rin , n. [F. burin, cf. It. burino, bulino; prob. from OHG. bora borer, boron to bore, G. bohren. See 1st Bore.] 1. The cutting tool of an engraver on metal, used in line engraving. It is made of tempered steel, one end being ground off obliquely so as to produce a sharp point, and the other end inserted in a handle; a graver; also the similarly shaped tool used by workers in marble. 2. The manner or style of execution of an engraver; as a soft burin; a brilliant burin.

Bu´rin•ist, n. One who works with the burin. For. Quart. Rev.

Bu´ri•on , n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted house sparrow of California (Carpodacus frontalis); — called also crimson-fronted bullfinch. [Written also burrion.]

Burke , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burking.] [From one Burke of Edinburgh, who committed the crime in 1829.] 1. To murder by suffocation, or so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose of obtaining a body to be sold for dissection. 2. To dispose of quietly or indirectly; to suppress; to smother; to shelve; as to burke a parliamentary question. “The court could not burke an inquiry, supported by such a mass of a affidavits.
C. Reade.”

Burk´ism , n. The practice of killing persons for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection.

Burl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burling.] [OE. burle stuffing, or a knot in cloth; cf. F. bourlet, bourrelet, OF. bourel, a wreath or a roll of cloth, linen, or leather, stuffed with flocks, etc., dim. of bourre. rad.92. See Bur.] To dress or finish up (cloth); to pick knots, burs, loose threads, etc., from, as in finishing cloth. Burling iron, a peculiar kind of nippers or tweezers used in burling woolen cloth.

Burl, n. 1. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. 2. An overgrown knot, or an excrescence, on a tree; also veneer made from such excrescences.

Bur´lap , n. A coarse fabric, made of jute or hemp, used for bagging; also a finer variety of similar material, used for curtains, etc. [Written also burlaps.]

Burl´er , n. One who burls or dresses cloth.

Bur•lesque´ , a. [F. burlesque, fr. It. burlesco, fr. burla jest, mockery, perh. for burrula, dim. of L. burrae trifles. See Bur.] Tending to excite laughter or contempt by extravagant images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it, as when a trifling subject is treated with mock gravity; jocular; ironical. “It is a dispute among the critics, whether burlesque poetry runs best in heroic verse, like that of the Dispensary, or in doggerel, like that of Hudibras.
Addison.”

Bur•lesque´ , n. 1. Ludicrous representation; exaggerated parody; grotesque satire. “Burlesque is therefore of two kinds; the first represents mean persons in the accouterments of heroes, the other describes great persons acting and speaking like the basest among the people.
Addison.” 2. An ironical or satirical composition intended to excite laughter, or to ridicule anything. “The dull burlesque appeared with impudence,
And pleased by novelty in spite of sense.
Dryden.” 3. A ludicrous imitation; a caricature; a travesty; a gross perversion. “Who is it that admires, and from the heart is attached to, national representative assemblies, but must turn with horror and disgust from such a profane burlesque and abominable perversion of that sacred institute?
Burke.” Syn. — Mockery; farce; travesty; mimicry.

Bur•lesque´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burlesqued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burlesquing .] To ridicule, or to make ludicrous by grotesque representation in action or in language. “They burlesqued the prophet Jeremiah’s words, and turned the expression he used into ridicule.
Stillingfleet.”

Bur•lesque´, v. i. To employ burlesque.

Bur•les´quer , n. One who burlesques.

Bur•let´ta (bûr•let´ta), n. [It., dim. of burla mockery. See Burlesque, a.] (Mus.) A comic operetta; a music farce. Byron.

Bur´li•ness (bûr´li•nes), n. Quality of being burly.

Bur´ly (bûr´ly), a. [OE. burlich strong, excellent; perh. orig. fit for a lady’s bower, hence handsome, manly, stout. Cf. Bower.] 1. Having a large, strong, or gross body; stout; lusty; — now used chiefly of human beings, but formerly of animals, in the sense of stately or beautiful, and of inanimate things that were huge and bulky. ´Burly sacks.´ Drayton. “In his latter days, with overliberal diet, [he was] somewhat corpulent and burly.
Sir T. More.” “Burly and big, and studious of his ease.
Cowper.” 2. Coarse and rough; boisterous. “It was the orator’s own burly way of nonsense.
Cowley.”

Bur´man , n.; pl. Burmans . [´The softened modern M’yan-ma, M’yan-ma [native name] is the source of the European corruption Burma.´ Balfour.], (Ethnol.) A member of the Burman family, one of the four great families Burmah; also sometimes, any inhabitant of Burmah; a Burmese. — a. Of or pertaining to the Burmans or to Burmah.

Bur´ mar´i•gold . See Beggar’s ticks.

Bur•mese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Burmah, or its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or the natives of Burmah. Also (sing.), the language of the Burmans.

Burn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burned or Burnt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burning.] [OE. bernen, brennen, v. t., early confused with beornen, birnen, v. i., AS. baernan, bernan, v. t., birnan, v. i.; akin to OS. brinnan, OFries. barna, berna, OHG. brinnan, brennan, G. brennen, OD. bernen, D. branden, Dan. braende, Sw. bränna, brinna, Icel. brenna, Goth. brinnan, brannjan (in comp.), and possibly to E. fervent.] 1. To consume with fire; to reduce to ashes by the action of heat or fire; — frequently intensified by up: as to burn up wood. ´We’ll burn his body in the holy place.´ Shak. 2. To injure by fire or heat; to change destructively some property or properties of, by undue exposure to fire or heat; to scorch; to scald; to blister; to singe; to char; to sear; as to burn steel in forging; to burn one’s face in the sun; the sun burns the grass. 3. To perfect or improve by fire or heat; to submit to the action of fire or heat for some economic purpose; to destroy or change some property or properties of, by exposure to fire or heat in due degree for obtaining a desired residuum, product, or effect; to bake; as to burn clay in making bricks or pottery; to burn wood so as to produce charcoal; to burn limestone for the lime. 4. To make or produce, as an effect or result, by the application of fire or heat; as to burn a hole; to burn charcoal; to burn letters into a block. 5. To consume, injure, or change the condition of, as if by action of fire or heat; to affect as fire or heat does; as to burn the mouth with pepper. “This tyrant fever burns me up.
Shak.” “This dry sorrow burns up all my tears.” Dryden. “When the cold north wind bloweth, … it devoureth the mountains, and burneth the wilderness, and consumeth the grass as fire.
Ecclus. xliii. 20, 21.” 6. (Surg.) To apply a cautery to; to cauterize. 7. (Chem.) To cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent, with evolution of heat; to consume; to oxidize; as a man burns a certain amount of carbon at each respiration; to burn iron in oxygen. To burn, To burn together, as two surfaces of metal (Engin.), to fuse and unite them by pouring over them a quantity of the same metal in a liquid state. — To burn a bowl (Game of Bowls), to displace it accidentally, the bowl so displaced being said to be burned. — To burn daylight, to light candles before it is dark; to waste time; to perform superfluous actions. Shak. — To burn one’s fingers, to get one’s self into unexpected trouble, as by interfering the concerns of others, speculation, etc. — To burn out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. ´Must you with hot irons burn out mine eyes?´ Shak. — To be burned out, to suffer loss by fire, as the burning of one’s house, store, or shop, with the contents. — To burn up, To burn down, to burn entirely.

Burn, v. i. 1. To be of fire; to flame. ´The mount burned with fire.´ Deut. ix. 15. 2. To suffer from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat. “Your meat doth burn, quoth I.
Shak.” 3. To have a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, as if on fire or excessively heated; to act or rage with destructive violence; to be in a state of lively emotion or strong desire; as the face burns; to burn with fever. “Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way?
Luke xxiv. 32.” “The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Burned on the water.
Shak.” “Burning with high hope.
Byron.” “The groan still deepens, and the combat burns.
Pope.” “The parching air
Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire.
Milton.” 4. (Chem.) To combine energetically, with evolution of heat; as copper burns in chlorine. 5. In certain games, to approach near to a concealed object which is sought. [Colloq.] To burn out, to burn till the fuel is exhausted. — To burn up, To burn down, to be entirely consumed.

Burn, n. 1. A hurt, injury, or effect caused by fire or excessive or intense heat. 2. The operation or result of burning or baking, as in brickmaking; as they have a good burn. 3. A disease in vegetables. See Brand, n., 6.

Burn, n. [See 1st Bourn.] A small stream. [Scot.]

Burn´a•ble , a. Combustible. Cotgrave.

Burned , p. p. & a. See Burnt.

Burned , p. p. Burnished. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Burn´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, burns or sets fire to anything. 2. The part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced. Bunsen’s burner (Chem.), a kind of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, consisting of a straight tube, four or five inches in length, having small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. Illuminating gas being also admitted at the bottom, a mixture of gas and air is formed which burns at the top with a feebly luminous but intensely hot flame. — Argand burner, Rose burner, etc. See under Argand, Rose, etc.

Bur´net , n. [OE. burnet burnet; also brownish (the plant perh. being named from its color), fr. F. brunet, dim. of brun brown; cf. OF. brunete a sort of flower. See Brunette.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium); especially, P.Sanguisorba, the common, or garden, burnet. Burnet moth (Zoöl.), in England, a handsome moth (Zygaena filipendula), with crimson spots on the wings. — Burnet saxifrage. (Bot.) See Saxifrage. — Canadian burnet, a marsh plant (Poterium Canadensis). — Great burnet, Wild burnet, Poterium (or Sanguisorba) oficinalis.

Bur´nett•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnettized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettizing.] (Manuf.) To subject (wood, fabrics, etc.) to a process of saturation in a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent decay; — a process invented by Sir William Burnett.

Burn´ie , n. [See 4th Burn.] A small brook. [Scot.] Burns.

Bur´nie•bee , n. The ladybird. [Prov. Eng.]

Burn´ing, a. 1. That burns; being on fire; excessively hot; fiery. 2. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as burning zeal. “Like a young hound upon a burning scent.
Dryden.” Burning bush (Bot.), an ornamental shrub (Euonymus atropurpureus), bearing a crimson berry.

Burn´ing, n. The act of consuming by fire or heat, or of subjecting to the effect of fire or heat; the state of being on fire or excessively heated. Burning fluid, any volatile illuminating oil, as the lighter petroleums (naphtha, benzine), or oil of turpentine (camphine), but esp. a mixture of the latter with alcohol. — Burning glass, a convex lens of considerable size, used for producing an intense heat by converging the sun’s rays to a focus. — Burning house (Metal.), the furnace in which tin ores are calcined, to sublime the sulphur and arsenic from the pyrites. Weale. — Burning mirror, a concave mirror, or a combination of plane mirrors, used for the same purpose as a burning glass. Syn. — Combustion; fire; conflagration; flame; blaze.

Bur´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] [OE. burnischen, burnissen, burnen, OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, F. brunir, fr. F. brun brown, fr. OHG. brn; cf. MHG. briunen to make brown, polish. See Brown, a.] To cause to shine; to make smooth and bright; to polish; specifically, to polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth; as to burnish brass or paper. “The frame of burnished steel, that east a glare
From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air.
Dryden.” “Now the village windows blaze,
Burnished by the setting sun.
Cunningham.” Burnishing machine, a machine for smoothing and polishing by compression, as in making paper collars.

Bur´nish, v. i. To shine forth; to brighten; to become smooth and glossy, as from swelling or filling out; hence, to grow large. “A slender poet must have time to grow,
And spread and burnish as his brothers do.
Dryden.” “My thoughts began to burnish, sprout, and swell.
Herbert.”

Bur´nish, n. The effect of burnishing; gloss; brightness; luster. Crashaw.

Bur´nish•er , n. 1. One who burnishes. 2. A tool with a hard, smooth, rounded end or surface, as of steel, ivory, or agate, used in smoothing or polishing by rubbing. It has a variety of forms adapted to special uses. { Bur´noose , Bur´nous } , n. [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.] 1. A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs. 2. A combination cloak and hood worn by women. [Variously written bournous, bernouse, bornous, etc.]

Burn´stic•kle , n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

Burnt , p. p. & a. Consumed with, or as with, fire; scorched or dried, as with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire or the sun. Burnt ear, a black, powdery fungus which destroys grain. See Smut. — Burnt offering, something offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or a sheep; or some vegetable substance, as bread, or ears of wheat or barley. Called also burnt sacrifice. [2 Sam. xxiv. 22.]

Burr , n. [See Bur.] (Bot.) 1. A prickly seed vessel. See Bur, 1. 2. The thin edge or ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, as in turning, engraving, pressing, etc.; also the rough neck left on a bullet in casting. “The graver, in plowing furrows in the surface of the copper, raises corresponding ridges or burrs.
Tomlinson.” 3. A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching; a small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down. 4. A broad iron ring on a tilting lance just below the gripe, to prevent the hand from slipping. 5. The lobe or lap of the ear. 6. [Probably of imitative origin.] A guttural pronounciation of the letter r, produced by trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the back part of the tongue; rotacism; — often called the Newcastle, Northumberland, or Tweedside, burr. 7. The knot at the bottom of an antler. See Bur, n., 8.

Burr , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burring.] To speak with burr; to make a hoarse or guttural murmur. Mrs. Browning.

Bur´rel , n. [Cf. OF. burel reddish (cf. Borel, n.), or F. beurre butter pear, fr. beurre butter. Cf. Butter.] A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp.

Bur´rel, n. Same as Borrel.

Bur´rel fly . [From its reddish color. See 1st Burrel.] (Zoöl.) The botfly or gadfly of cattle (Hypoderma bovis). See Gadfly.

Bur´rel shot . [Either from annoying the enemy like a burrel fly, or, less probably, fr. F. bourreler to sting, torture.] (Gun.) A mixture of shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., fired from a cannon at short range, in an emergency. [R.]

Burr´ing ma•chine´ . A machine for cleansing wool of burs, seeds, and other substances.

Burr´ mill´stone . See Buhrstone.

Bur´ro , n. [Sp., an ass.] (Zoöl.) A donkey. [Southern U.S.]

Bur´rock , n. [Perh. from AS. burg, burh, hill + -ock.] A small weir or dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish traps are placed. Knight.

Bur´row , n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. An incorporated town. See 1st Borough. 2. A shelter; esp. a hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation. 3. (Mining) A heap or heaps of rubbish or refuse. 4. A mound. See 3d Barrow, and Camp, n., 5.

Bur´row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burrowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge in, as in the earth; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits. 2. To lodge, or take refuge, in any deep or concealed place; to hide. “Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another.
Burke.” Burrowing owl (Zoöl.), a small owl of the western part of North America (Speotyto cunicularia), which lives in holes, often in company with the prairie dog.

Bur´row•er , n. One who, or that which, burrows; an animal that makes a hole under ground and lives in it.

Burr´stone, n. See Buhrstone.

Burr´y , a. Abounding in burs, or containing burs; resembling burs; as burry wool.

Bur´sa , n.; pl. Bursae . [L. See Burse.] (Anat.) Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

Bur´sal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a bursa or to bursae.

Bur´sar , n. [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa purse. See Burse, and cf. Purser.] 1. A treasurer, or cash keeper; a purser; as the bursar of a college, or of a monastery. 2. A student to whom a stipend or bursary is paid for his complete or partial support.

Bur´sar•ship, n. The office of a bursar.

Bur´sa•ry , n.; pl. - ries . [LL. bursaria. See Bursar.] 1. The treasury of a college or monastery. 2. A scholarship or charitable foundation in a university, as in Scotland; a sum given to enable a student to pursue his studies. ´No woman of rank or fortune but would have a bursary in her gift.´ Southey.

Bursch , n.; pl. Burschen . [G., ultimately fr. LL. bursa. See Burse.] A youth; especially, a student in a german university.

Burse , n. [LL. bursa, or F. bourse. See Bourse, and cf. Bursch, Purse.] 1. A purse; also a vesicle; a pod; a hull. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A fund or foundation for the maintenance of needy scholars in their studies; also the sum given to the beneficiaries. [Scot.] 3. (Eccl.) An ornamental case of hold the corporal when not in use. Shipley. 4. An exchange, for merchants and bankers, in the cities of continental Europe. Same as Bourse. 5. A kind of bazaar. [Obs.] “She says she went to the burse for patterns.
Old Play.”

Bur•sic´u•late , a. [See Burse.] (Bot.) Bursiform.

Bur´si•form , a. [LL. bursa purse + -form.] Shaped like a purse.

Bur•si´tis , n. [NL., fr. E. bursa + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a bursa.

Burst , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burst; p. pr. & vb. n. Bursting. The past participle bursten is obsolete.] [OE. bersten, bresten, AS. berstan (pers. sing. berste, imp. sing. baerst, imp. pl. burston, p. p. borsten); akin to D. bersten, G. bersten, OHG. brestan, OS. brestan, Icel. bresta, Sw. brista, Dan. briste. Cf. Brast, Break.] 1. To fly apart or in pieces; of break open; to yield to force or pressure, especially to a sudden and violent exertion of force, or to pressure from within; to explode; as the boiler had burst; the buds will burst in spring. “From the egg that soon
Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed
Their callow young.
Milton.” Often used figuratively, as of the heart, in reference to a surcharge of passion, grief, desire, etc. “No, no, my heart will burst, an if I speak:
And I will speak, that so my heart may burst.
Shak.” 2. To exert force or pressure by which something is made suddenly to give way; to break through obstacles or limitations; hence, to appear suddenly and unexpectedly or unaccountably, or to depart in such manner; — usually with some qualifying adverb or preposition, as forth, out, away, into, upon, through, etc. “Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth.
Milton.” “And now you burst (ah cruel!) from my arms.
Pope.” “A resolved villain
Whose bowels suddenly burst out.
Shak.” “We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
Coleridge.” “To burst upon him like an earthquake.
Goldsmith.”

Burst (bûrst), v. t. 1. To break or rend by violence, as by an overcharge or by strain or pressure, esp. from within; to force open suddenly; as to burst a cannon; to burst a blood vessel; to burst open the doors. “My breast I’ll burst with straining of my courage.
Shak.” 2. To break. [Obs.] “You will not pay for the glasses you have burst?
Shak.” “He burst his lance against the sand below.
Fairfax (Tasso).” 3. To produce as an effect of bursting; as to burst a hole through the wall. Bursting charge. See under Charge.

Burst, n. 1. A sudden breaking forth; a violent rending; an explosion; as a burst of thunder; a burst of applause; a burst of passion; a burst of inspiration. “Bursts of fox-hunting melody.
W. Irving.” 2. Any brief, violent exertion or effort; a spurt; as a burst of speed. 3. A sudden opening, as of landscape; a stretch; an expanse. [R.] ´A fine burst of country.´ Jane Austen. 4. A rupture or hernia; a breach.

Burst´en , p. p. of Burst, v. i. [Obs.]

Burst´er (bûrst´er), n. One that bursts.

Burst´wort , n. (Bot.) A plant (Herniaria glabra) supposed to be valuable for the cure of hernia or rupture.

Burt , n. (Zoöl.) See Birt. [Prov. Eng.]

Bur´then , n. & v. t. See Burden. [Archaic]

Bur´ton , n. [Cf. OE. & Prov. E. bort to press or indent anything.] (Naut.) A peculiar tackle, formed of two or more blocks, or pulleys, the weight being suspended to a hook block in the bight of the running part.

Bur´y (ber´ry), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. A borough; a manor; as the Bury of St. Edmond’s; — used as a termination of names of places; as Canterbury, Shrewsbury. 2. A manor house; a castle. [Prov. Eng.] “To this very day, the chief house of a manor, or the lord’s seat, is called bury, in some parts of England.
Miege.”

Bur´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buried ; p. pr. & vb. n. Burying .] [OE. burien, birien, berien, AS. byrgan; akin to beorgan to protect, OHG. bergan, G. bergen, Icel. bjarga, Sw. berga, Dan. bierge, Goth. baírgan. rad.95. Cf. Burrow.] 1. To cover out of sight, either by heaping something over, or by placing within something, as earth, etc.; to conceal by covering; to hide; as to bury coals in ashes; to bury the face in the hands. “And all their confidence
Under the weight of mountains buried deep.
Milton.” 2. Specifically: To cover out of sight, as the body of a deceased person, in a grave, a tomb, or the ocean; to deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with funeral ceremonies; to inter; to inhume. “Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father.
Matt. viii. 21.” “I’ll bury thee in a triumphant grave.
Shak.” 3. To hide in oblivion; to put away finally; to abandon; as to bury strife. “Give me a bowl of wine
In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius.
Shak.” Burying beetle (Zoöl.), the general name of many species of beetles, of the tribe Necrophaga; the sexton beetle; — so called from their habit of burying small dead animals by digging away the earth beneath them. The larvae feed upon decaying flesh, and are useful scavengers. — To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war, and make peace; — a phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the North American Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a peace. Syn. — To intomb; inter; inhume; inurn; hide; cover; conceal; overwhelm; repress. { Bur´y•ing ground• , Bur´y•ing place }. The ground or place for burying the dead; burial place.

Bus , n. [Abbreviated from omnibus.] An omnibus. [Colloq.]

Bus´by (buz´by), n.; pl. Busbies (biz). (Mil.) A military headdress or cap, used in the British army. It is of fur, with a bag, of the same color as the facings of the regiment, hanging from the top over the right shoulder.

Bus´con , n. [Sp., a searcher, fr. buscar to search.] One who searches for ores; a prospector. [U.S.]

Bush , n. [OE. bosch, busch, buysch, bosk, busk; akin to D. bosch, OHG. busc, G. busch, Icel. buskr, buski, Dan. busk, Sw. buske, and also to LL. boscus, buscus, Pr. bosc, It. bosco, Sp. & Pg. bosque, F. bois, OF. bos. Whether the LL. or G. form is the original is uncertain; if the LL., it is perh. from the same source as E. box a case. Cf. Ambush, Boscage, Bouquet, Box a case.] 1. A thicket, or place abounding in trees or shrubs; a wild forest. This was the original sense of the word, as in the Dutch bosch, a wood, and was so used by Chaucer. In this sense it is extensively used in the British colonies, especially at the Cape of Good Hope, and also in Australia and Canada; as to live or settle in the bush. 2. A shrub; esp., a shrub with branches rising from or near the root; a thick shrub or a cluster of shrubs. “To bind a bush of thorns among sweet-smelling flowers.
Gascoigne.” 3. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike branch of a tree; as bushes to support pea vines. 4. A shrub or branch, properly, a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus), hung out at vintners’ doors, or as a tavern sign; hence, a tavern sign, and symbolically, the tavern itself. “If it be true that good wine needs no bush, ’t is true that a good play needs no epilogue.
Shak.” 5. (Hunting) The tail, or brush, of a fox. To beat about the bush, to approach anything in a round-about manner, instead of coming directly to it; — a metaphor taken from hunting. — Bush bean (Bot.), a variety of bean which is low and requires no support (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety nanus). See Bean, 1. — Bush buck, or Bush goat (Zoöl.), a beautiful South African antelope (Tragelaphus sylvaticus); — so called because found mainly in wooden localities. The name is also applied to other species. — Bush cat (Zoöl.), the serval. See Serval. — Bush chat (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Pratincola, of the Thrush family. — Bush dog. (Zoöl.) See Potto. — Bush hammer. See Bushhammer in the Vocabulary. — Bush harrow (Agric.) See under Harrow. — Bush hog (Zoöl.), a South African wild hog (Potamochœrus Africanus); — called also bush pig, and water hog. — Bush master (Zoöl.), a venomous snake (Lachesis mutus) of Guinea; — called also surucucu. — Bush pea (Bot.), a variety of pea that needs to be bushed. — Bush shrike (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Thamnophilus, and allied genera; — called also batarg. Many species inhabit tropical America. — Bush tit (Zoöl.), a small bird of the genus Psaltriparus, allied to the titmouse. P. minimus inhabits California.

Bush , v. i. To branch thickly in the manner of a bush. ´The bushing alders.´ Pope.

Bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bushed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bushing.] 1. To set bushes for; to support with bushes; as to bush peas. 2. To use a bush harrow on (land), for covering seeds sown; to harrow with a bush; as to bush a piece of land; to bush seeds into the ground.

Bush, n. [D. bus a box, akin to E. box; or F. boucher to plug.] 1. (Mech.) A lining for a hole to make it smaller; a thimble or ring of metal or wood inserted in a plate or other part of machinery to receive the wear of a pivot or arbor. Knight. In the larger machines, such a piece is called a box, particularly in the United States. 2. (Gun.) A piece of copper, screwed into a gun, through which the venthole is bored. Farrow.

Bush, v. t. To furnish with a bush, or lining; as to bush a pivot hole.

Bush´boy , n. See Bushman.

Bush´el , n. [OE. buschel, boischel, OF. boissel, bussel, boistel, F. boisseau, LL. bustellus; dim. of bustia, buxida (OF. boiste), fr. pyxida, acc. of L. pyxis box, Gr. . Cf. Box.] 1. A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or thirty-two quarts. The Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, contained 2150.42 cubic inches, being the volume of a cylinder 18½ inches in internal diameter and eight inches in depth. The standard bushel measures, prepared by the United States Government and distributed to the States, hold each 77.6274 pounds of distilled water, at 39.8° Fahr. and 30 inches atmospheric pressure, being the equivalent of the Winchester bushel. The imperial bushel now in use in England is larger than the Winchester bushel, containing 2218.2 cubic inches, or 80 pounds of water at 62° Fahr. 2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; a bushel measure. “Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed, and not to be set on a candlestick?
Mark iv. 21.” 3. A quantity that fills a bushel measure; as a heap containing ten bushels of apples. In the United States a large number of articles, bought and sold by the bushel, are measured by weighing, the number of pounds that make a bushel being determined by State law or by local custom. For some articles, as apples, potatoes, etc., heaped measure is required in measuring a bushel. 4. A large indefinite quantity. [Colloq.] “The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of the pieces.
Dryden.” 5. The iron lining in the nave of a wheel. [Eng.] In the United States it is called a box. See 4th Bush.

Bush´el•age , n. A duty payable on commodities by the bushel. [Eng.]

Bush´el•man , n. A tailor’s assistant for repairing garments; — called also busheler. [Local, U.S.]

Bush´et , n. [See Bosket.] A small bush.

Bush´fight•er , n. One accustomed to bushfighting. Parkman.

Bush´fight•ing , n. Fighting in the bush, or from behind bushes, trees, or thickets.

Bush´ham•mer , n. A hammer with a head formed of a bundle of square bars, with pyramidal points, arranged in rows, or a solid head with a face cut into a number of rows of such points; — used for dressing stone.

Bush´ham•mer, v. t. To dress with bushhammer; as to bushhammer a block of granite.

Bush´i•ness , n. The condition or quality of being bushy.

Bush´ing, n. [See 4th Bush.] 1. The operation of fitting bushes, or linings, into holes or places where wear is to be received, or friction diminished, as pivot holes, etc. 2. (Mech.) A bush or lining; — sometimes called a thimble. See 4th Bush.

Bush´less , a. Free from bushes; bare. “O’er the long backs of the bushless downs.
Tennyson.”

Bush´man , n.; pl. Bushmen . [Cf. D. boschman, boschjesman. See 1st Bush.] 1. A woodsman; a settler in the bush. 2. (Ethnol.) One of a race of South African nomads, living principally in the deserts, and not classified as allied in race or language to any other people.

Bush´ment , n. [OE. busshement ambush, fr. bush.] 1. A thicket; a cluster of bushes. [Obs.] Raleigh. 2. An ambuscade. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Bush´ran•ger , n. One who roams, or hides, among the bushes; especially, in Australia, an escaped criminal living in the bush.

Bush´whack•er , n. 1. One accustomed to beat about, or travel through, bushes. [U.S.] “They were gallant bushwhackers, and hunters of raccoons by moonlight.
W. Irving.” 2. A guerrilla; a marauding assassin; one who pretends to be a peaceful citizen, but secretly harasses a hostile force or its sympathizers. [U.S.] Farrow.

Bush´whack•ing, n. 1. Traveling, or working a way, through bushes; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along the bushy margin of a stream. [U.S.] T. Flint. 2. The crimes or warfare of bushwhackers. [U.S.]

Bush´y , a. [From 1st Bush.] 1. Thick and spreading, like a bush. ´Bushy eyebrows.´ Irving. 2. Full of bushes; overgrowing with shrubs. “Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood.
Milton.”

Bus´i•ly , adv. In a busy manner.

Busi´ness , n.; pl. Businesses . [From Busy.] 1. That which busies one, or that which engages the time, attention, or labor of any one, as his principal concern or interest, whether for a longer or shorter time; constant employment; regular occupation; as the business of life; business before pleasure. “Wist ye not that I must be about my Father’s business?
Luke ii. 49.” 2. Any particular occupation or employment engaged in for livelihood or gain, as agriculture, trade, art, or a profession. ´The business of instruction.´ Prescott. 3. Financial dealings; buying and selling; traffic in general; mercantile transactions. “It seldom happens that men of a studious turn acquire any degree of reputation for their knowledge of business.
Bp. Popteus.” 4. That which one has to do or should do; special service, duty, or mission. “The daughter of the King of France,
On serious business, craving quick despatch,
Importunes personal conference.
Shak.” “What business has the tortoise among the clouds?
L’Estrange.” 5. Affair; concern; matter; — used in an indefinite sense, and modified by the connected words. “It was a gentle business, and becoming
The action of good women.
Shak.” “Bestow
Your needful counsel to our business.
Shak.” 6. (Drama) The position, distribution, and order of persons and properties on the stage of a theater, as determined by the stage manager in rehearsal. 7. Care; anxiety; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer. To do one’s business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. — To make (a thing) one’s business, to occupy one’s self with a thing as a special charge or duty. [Colloq.] — To mean business, to be earnest. [Colloq.] Syn. — Affairs; concern; transaction; matter; engagement; employment; calling; occupation; trade; profession; vocation; office; duty.

Busi´ness•like , a. In the manner of one transacting business wisely and by right methods.

Busk (busk), n. [F. busc, perh. fr. the hypothetical older form of E. bois wood, because the first busks were made of wood. See Bush, and cf. OF. busche, F. bûche, a piece or log of wood, fr. the same root.] A thin, elastic strip of metal, whalebone, wood, or other material, worn in the front of a corset. “Her long slit sleeves, stiff busk, puff verdingall,
Is all that makes her thus angelical.
Marston.”

Busk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Busked (buskt).] [OE. busken, fr. Icel. buask to make one’s self ready, rexlexive of bua to prepare, dwell. Cf. 8th Bound.] 1. To prepare; to make ready; to array; to dress. [Scot. & Old Eng.] “Busk you, busk you, my bonny, bonny bride.
Hamilton.” 2. To go; to direct one’s course. [Obs.] “Ye might have busked you to Huntly banks.
Skelton.”

Busked , a. Wearing a busk. Pollok.

Bus´ket , n. [See Bosket, Bouquet.] 1. A small bush; also a sprig or bouquet. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A part of a garden devoted to shrubs. [R.]

Bus´kin , n. [Prob. from OF. brossequin, or D. broosken. See Brodekin.] 1. A strong, protecting covering for the foot, coming some distance up the leg. “The hunted red deer’s undressed hide
Their hairy buskins well supplied.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A similar covering for the foot and leg, made with very thick soles, to give an appearance of elevation to the stature; - - worn by tragic actors in ancient Greece and Rome. Used as a symbol of tragedy, or the tragic drama, as distinguished from comedy. “Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here,
No greater Jonson dares in socks appear.
Dryden.”

Bus´kined , a. 1. Wearing buskins. “Her buskined virgins traced the dewy lawn.
Pope.” 2. Trodden by buskins; pertaining to tragedy. ´The buskined stage.´ Milton.

Bus´ky , a. See Bosky, and 1st Bush, n. Shak.

Buss , n. [OE. basse, fr. L. basium; cf. G. bus (Luther), Prov. G. busserl, dim. of bus kiss, bussen to kiss, Sw. puss kiss, pussa to kiss, W. & Gael. bus lip, mouth.] A kiss; a rude or playful kiss; a smack. Shak.

Buss (bus), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bussed (bust); p. pr. & vb. n. Bussing.] To kiss; esp. to kiss with a smack, or rudely. ´Nor bussed the milking maid.´ Tennyson. “Kissing and bussing differ both in this,
We buss our wantons, but our wives we kiss.
Herrick.”

Buss, n. [Cf. OF. busse, Pr. bus, LL. bussa, busa, G. büse, D. buis.] (Naut.) A small strong vessel with two masts and two cabins; — used in the herring fishery. “The Dutch whalers and herring busses.
Macaulay.”

Bust (bust), n. [F. buste, fr. It. busto; cf. LL. busta, bustula, box, of the same origin as E. box a case; cf., for the change of meaning, E. chest. See Bushel.] 1. A piece of sculpture representing the upper part of the human figure, including the head, shoulders, and breast. “Ambition sighed: she found it vain to trust
The faithless column, and the crumbling bust.
Pope.” 2. The portion of the human figure included between the head and waist, whether in statuary or in the person; the chest or thorax; the upper part of the trunk of the body.

Bus´tard (bus´terd), n. [OF. & Prov. F. bistarde, F. outarde, from L. avis tarda, lit., slow bird. Plin. 10, 22; ´proximae iis sunt, quas Hispania aves tardas appellat, Graecia ’wti•das.´] (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Otis. The great or bearded bustard (Otis tarda) is the largest game bird in Europe. It inhabits the temperate regions of Europe and Asia, and was formerly common in Great Britain. The little bustard (O. tetrax) inhabits eastern Europe and Morocco. Many other species are known in Asia and Africa.

Bus´ter (bus´ter), n. Something huge; a roistering blade; also a spree. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Bus´tle (bus´s’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bustled (-s’ld); p. pr. & vb.n. Bustling (-sling).] [Cf. OE. buskle, perh. fr. AS. bysig busy, bysg-ian to busy + the verbal termination -le; or Icel. bustla to splash, bustle.] To move noisily; to be rudely active; to move in a way to cause agitation or disturbance; as to bustle through a crowd. “And leave the world for me to bustle in.
Shak.”

Bus´tle, n. Great stir; agitation; tumult from stirring or excitement. “A strange bustle and disturbance in the world.
South.”

Bus´tle, n. A kind of pad or cushion worn on the back below the waist, by women, to give fullness to the skirts; — called also bishop, and tournure.

Bus´tler (bus´sler), n. An active, stirring person.

Bus´tling (bus´sling), a. Agitated; noisy; tumultuous; characterized by confused activity; as a bustling crowd. ´A bustling wharf.´ Hawthorne.

Bus´to , n.; pl. Bustoes . [It.] A bust; a statue. “With some antick bustoes in the niches.
Ashmole.”

Bus´y (biz´zy), a. [OE. busi, bisi, AS. bysig; akin to D. bezig, LG. besig; cf. Skr. bhush to be active, busy.] 1. Engaged in some business; hard at work (either habitually or only for the time being); occupied with serious affairs; not idle nor at leisure; as a busy merchant. “Sir, my mistress sends you word
That she is busy, and she can not come.
Shak.” 2. Constantly at work; diligent; active. “Busy hammers closing rivets up.
Shak.” “Religious motives … are so busy in the heart.
Addison.” 3. Crowded with business or activities; — said of places and times; as a busy street. “To-morrow is a busy day.
Shak.” 4. Officious; meddling; foolish active. “On meddling monkey, or on busy ape.
Shak.” 5. Careful; anxious. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Diligent; industrious; assiduous; active; occupied; engaged.

Bus´y (biz´zy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Busied (biz´zid); p. pr. & vb. n. Busying.] [AS. bysgian.] To make or keep busy; to employ; to engage or keep engaged; to occupy; as to busy one’s self with books. “Be it thy course to busy giddy minds
With foreign quarrels.
Shak.”

Bus´y•bod•y (-bod•y), n.; pl. Busybodies (-bod•iz). One who officiously concerns himself with the affairs of others; a meddling person. “And not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not.
1 Tim. v. 13.”

But (but), prep., adv. & conj. [OE. bute, buten, AS. butan, without, on the outside, except, besides; pref. be- + utan outward, without, fr. ut out. Primarily, butan, as well as ut, is an adverb. rad.198. See By, Out; cf. About.] 1. Except with; unless with; without. [Obs.] “So insolent that he could not go but either spurning equals or trampling on his inferiors.
Fuller.” “Touch not the cat but a glove.
Motto of the Mackintoshes.” 2. Except; besides; save. “Who can it be, ye gods! but perjured Lycon?
E. Smith.” In this sense, but is often used with other particles; as but for, without, had it not been for. ´Uncreated but for love divine.´ Young. 3. Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that; unless; — elliptical, for but that. “And but my noble Moor is true of mind … it were enough to put him to ill thinking.
Shak.” 4. Otherwise than that; that not; — commonly, after a negative, with that. “It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite power, to guide her in all her ways.
Hooker.” “There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most of the abuses.
Addison.” 5. Only; solely; merely. “Observe but how their own principles combat one another.
Milton.” “If they kill us, we shall but die.
2 Kings vii. 4.” “A formidable man but to his friends.
Dryden.” 6. On the contrary; on the other hand; only; yet; still; however; nevertheless; more; further; — as connective of sentences or clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive or adversative; as the House of Representatives passed the bill, but the Senate dissented; our wants are many, but quite of another kind. “Now abideth faith hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.
1 Cor. xiii. 13.” “When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom.
Prov. xi. 2.” All but. See under All. — But and if, but if; an attempt on the part of King James’s translators of the Bible to express the conjunctive and adversative force of the Greek . “But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; … the lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him.
Luke xii. 45, 46.” But if, unless. [Obs.] Chaucer. “But this I read, that but if remedy
Thou her afford, full shortly I her dead shall see.
Spenser.” Syn. — But, However, Still. These conjunctions mark opposition in passing from one thought or topic to another. But marks the opposition with a medium degree of strength; as this is not winter, but it is almost as cold; he requested my assistance, but I shall not aid him at present. However is weaker, and throws the opposition (as it were) into the background; as this is not winter; it is, however, almost as cold; he required my assistance; at present, however, I shall not afford him aid. The plan, however, is still under consideration, and may yet be adopted. Still is stronger than but, and marks the opposition more emphatically; as your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me. See Except, However. ´The chief error with but is to use it where and is enough; an error springing from the tendency to use strong words without sufficient occasion.´ Bain.

But , n. [Cf. But, prep., adv. & conj.] The outer apartment or kitchen of a two-roomed house; — opposed to ben, the inner room. [Scot.]

But, n. [See 1st But.] 1. A limit; a boundary. 2. The end; esp. the larger or thicker end, or the blunt, in distinction from the sharp, end. See 1st Butt. But end, the larger or thicker end; as the but end of a log; the but end of a musket. See Butt, n.

But, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] See Butt, v., and Abut, v.

Bu´tane , n. [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] (Chem.) An inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, C4H10, of the marsh gas or paraffin, series.

Butch´er , n. [OE. bochere, bochier, OF. bochier, F. boucher, orig., slaughterer of buck goats, fr. OF. boc, F. bouc, a buck goat; of German or Celtic origin. See Buck the animal.] 1. One who slaughters animals, or dresses their flesh for market; one whose occupation it is to kill animals for food. 2. A slaughterer; one who kills in large numbers, or with unusual cruelty; one who causes needless loss of life, as in battle. ´Butcher of an innocent child.´ Shak. Butcher bird (Zoöl.), a species of shrike of the genus Lanius. The Lanius excubitor is the common butcher bird of Europe. In England, the bearded tit is sometimes called the lesser butcher bird. The American species are L.borealis, or northern butcher bird, and L. Ludovicianus or loggerhead shrike. The name butcher bird is derived from its habit of suspending its prey impaled upon thorns, after killing it. Butcher’s meat, such flesh of animals slaughtered for food as is sold for that purpose by butchers, as beef, mutton, lamb, and pork.

Butch´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Butchered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Butchering.] 1. To kill or slaughter (animals) for food, or for market; as to butcher hogs. 2. To murder, or kill, especially in an unusually bloody or barbarous manner. Macaulay. “[Ithocles] was murdered, rather butchered.
Ford.”

Butch´er•ing, n. 1. The business of a butcher. 2. The act of slaughtering; the act of killing cruelly and needlessly. “That dreadful butchering of one another.
Addison.”

Butch´er•li•ness , n. Butchery quality.

Butch´er•ly, a. Like a butcher; without compunction; savage; bloody; inhuman; fell. ´The victim of a butcherly murder.´ D. Webster. “What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly,
This deadly quarrel daily doth beget!
Shak.”

Butch´er’s broom . (Bot.) A genus of plants (Ruscus); esp. R. aculeatus, which has large red berries and leaflike branches. See Cladophyll.

Butch´er•y , n. [OE. bocherie shambles, fr. F. boucherie. See Butcher, n.] 1. The business of a butcher. [Obs.] 2. Murder or manslaughter, esp. when committed with unusual barbarity; great or cruel slaughter. Shak. “The perpetration of human butchery.
Prescott.” 3. A slaughterhouse; the shambles; a place where blood is shed. [Obs.] “Like as an ox is hanged in the butchery.
Fabyan.” Syn. — Murder; slaughter; carnage. See Massacre.

But´ler , n. [OE. boteler, F. bouteillier a bottle-bearer, a cupbearer, fr. LL. buticularius, fr. buticula bottle. See Bottle a hollow vessel.] An officer in a king’s or a nobleman’s household, whose principal business it is to take charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head servant in a large house. “The butler and the baker of the king of Egypt.
Gen. xl. 5.” “Your wine locked up, your butler strolled abroad.
Pope.”

But´ler•age , n. (O. Eng. Law) A duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by merchant strangers; — so called because paid to the king’s butler for the king. Blackstone.

But´ler•ship, n. The office of a butler.

But´ment , n. [Abbreviation of Abutment.] 1. (Arch.) A buttress of an arch; the supporter, or that part which joins it to the upright pier. 2. (Masonry) The mass of stone or solid work at the end of a bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained, or by which the end of a bridge without arches is supported. Butment cheek (Carp.), the part of a mortised timber surrounding the mortise, and against which the shoulders of the tenon bear. Knight. { Butt , But } , n. [F. but butt, aim (cf. butte knoll), or bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. boter, buter, to push, butt, strike, F. bouter; of German origin; cf. OHG. bozan, akin to E. beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A limit; a bound; a goal; the extreme bound; the end. “Here is my journey’s end, here my butt
And very sea mark of my utmost sail.
Shak.” As applied to land, the word is nearly synonymous with mete, and signifies properly the end line or boundary; the abuttal. 2. The thicker end of anything. See But. 3. A mark to be shot at; a target. Sir W. Scott. “The groom his fellow groom at butts defies,
And bends his bow, and levels with his eyes.
Dryden.” 4. A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed; as the butt of the company. “I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very smart.
Addison.” 5. A push, thrust, or sudden blow, given by the head of an animal; as the butt of a ram. 6. A thrust in fencing. “To prove who gave the fairer butt,
John shows the chalk on Robert’s coat.
Prior.” 7. A piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field. “The hay was growing upon headlands and butts in cornfields.
Burrill.” 8. (Mech.) (a) A joint where the ends of two objects come squarely together without scarfing or chamfering; — also called butt joint. (b) The end of a connecting rod or other like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib. (c) The portion of a half-coupling fastened to the end of a hose. 9. (Shipbuilding) The joint where two planks in a strake meet. 10. (Carp.) A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc.; — so named because fastened on the edge of the door, which butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge. 11. (Leather Trade) The thickest and stoutest part of tanned oxhides, used for soles of boots, harness, trunks. 12. The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice. Butt chain (Saddlery), a short chain attached to the end of a tug. — Butt end. The thicker end of anything. See But end, under 2d But. “Amen; and make me die a good old man!
That’s the butt end of a mother’s blessing.
Shak.” A butt’s length, the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt, or mark. — Butts and bounds (Conveyancing), abuttals and boundaries. In lands of the ordinary rectangular shape, butts are the lines at the ends (F. bouts), and bounds are those on the sides, or sidings, as they were formerly termed. Burrill. — Bead and butt. See under Bead. — Butt and butt, joining end to end without overlapping, as planks. — Butt weld (Mech.), a butt joint, made by welding together the flat ends, or edges, of a piece of iron or steel, or of separate pieces, without having them overlap. See Weld. — Full butt, headfirst with full force. [Colloq.] ´The corporal … ran full butt at the lieutenant.´ Marryat.

Butt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] [OE. butten, OF. boter to push, F. bouter. See Butt an end, and cf. Boutade.] 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to terminate; to be bounded; to abut. [Written also but.] “And Barnsdale there doth butt on Don’s well-watered ground.
Drayton.” 2. To thrust the head forward; to strike by thrusting the head forward, as an ox or a ram. [See Butt, n.] “A snow-white steer before thine altar led,
Butts with his threatening brows.
Dryden.”

Butt, v. t. To strike by thrusting the head against; to strike with the head. “Two harmless lambs are butting one the other.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Butt, n. [F. botte, boute, LL. butta. Cf. Bottle a hollow vessel.] A large cask or vessel for wine or beer. It contains two hogsheads. A wine butt contains 126 wine gallons (= 105 imperial gallons, nearly); a beer butt 108 ale gallons (= about 110 imperial gallons).

Butt, n. (Zoöl.) The common English flounder.

Butte , n. [F. See Butt a bound.] A detached low mountain, or high rising abruptly from the general level of the surrounding plain; — applied to peculiar elevations in the Rocky Mountain region. “The creek … passes by two remarkable buttes of red conglomerate.
Ruxton.”

But´ter (but´ter), n. [OE. botere, butter, AS. butere, fr. L. butyrum, Gr. boy•tyron; either fr. boy•s ox, cow + tyro•s cheese; or, perhaps, of Scythian origin. Cf. Cow.] 1. An oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning. 2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consistence, or other qualities, especially, in old chemistry, the chlorides, as butter of antimony, sesquichloride of antimony; also certain concrete fat oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, as butter of cacao, vegetable butter, shea butter. Butter and eggs (Bot.), a name given to several plants having flowers of two shades of yellow, as Narcissus incomparabilis, and in the United States to the toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). — Butter boat, a small vessel for holding melted butter at table. — Butter flower, the buttercup, a yellow flower. — Butter print, a piece of carved wood used to mark pats of butter; — called also butter stamp. Locke. — Butter tooth, either of the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. — Butter tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Bassia, the seeds of which yield a substance closely resembling butter. The butter tree of India is the B. butyracea; that of Africa is the Shea tree (B. Parkii). See Shea tree. — Butter trier, a tool used in sampling butter. — Butter wife, a woman who makes or sells butter; — called also butter woman. [Obs. or Archaic]

But´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttering.] 1. To cover or spread with butter. “I know what’s what. I know on which side
My bread is buttered.
Ford.” 2. To increase, as stakes, at every throw or every game. [Cant] Johnson.

Butt´er , n. One who, or that which, butts.

But´ter•ball , n. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

But´ter•bird , n. (Zoöl.) The rice bunting or bobolink; — so called in the island of Jamaica.

But´ter•bump , n. [OE. buttur the bittern + 5th bump.] (Zoöl.) The European bittern. Johnson.

But´ter•bur , n. (Bot.) A broad-leaved plant (Petasites vulgaris) of the Composite family, said to have been used in England for wrapping up pats of butter.

But´ter•cup , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ranunculus, or crowfoot, particularly R. bulbosus, with bright yellow flowers; — called also butterflower, golden cup, and kingcup. It is the cuckoobud of Shakespeare.

But´ter-fin•gered , a. Apt to let things fall, or to let them slip away; slippery; careless.

But´ter•fish , n. (Zoöl.) A name given to several different fishes, in allusion to their slippery coating of mucus, as the Stromateus triacanthus of the Atlantic coast, the Epinephelus punctatus of the southern coast, the rock eel, and the kelpfish of New Zealand.

But´ter•fly , n.; pl. Butterflies . [Perh. from the color of a yellow species. AS. buter-flege, buttor-fleóge; cf. G. butterfliege, D. botervlieg. See Butter, and Fly.] (Zoöl.) A general name for the numerous species of diurnal Lepidoptera. [See Illust. under Aphrodite.] Asclepias butterfly. See under Asclepias. — Butterfly fish (Zoöl.), the ocellated blenny (Blennius ocellaris) of Europe. See Blenny. The term is also applied to the flying gurnard. — Butterfly shell (Zoöl.), a shell of the genus Voluta. — Butterfly valve (Mech.), a kind of double clack valve, consisting of two semicircular clappers or wings hinged to a cross rib in the pump bucket. When open it somewhat resembles a butterfly in shape.

But´ter•ine , n. A substance prepared from animal fat with some other ingredients intermixed, as an imitation of butter. “The manufacturers ship large quantities of oleomargarine to England, Holland, and other countries, to be manufactured into butter, which is sold as butterine or suine.
Johnson’s Cyc.”

But´ter•is , n. [The same word as buttress, noun, in a different application, F. bouter to push.] (Far.) A steel cutting instrument, with a long bent shank set in a handle which rests against the shoulder of the operator. It is operated by a thrust movement, and used in paring the hoofs of horses.

But´ter•man , n.; pl. Buttermen . A man who makes or sells butter.

But´ter•milk , n. The milk that remains after the butter is separated from the cream.

But´ter•nut , n. 1. (Bot.) An American tree (Juglans cinerea) of the Walnut family, and its edible fruit; — so called from the oil contained in the latter. Sometimes called oil nut and white walnut. 2. (Bot.) The nut of the Caryocar butyrosum and C. nuciferum, of S. America; — called also Souari nut.

But´ter-scotch , n. A kind of candy, mainly composed of sugar and butter. [Colloq.] Dickens.

But´ter•weed , n. (Bot.) An annual composite plant of the Mississippi valley (Senecio lobatus).

But´ter•weight , n. Over weight. Swift. Formerly it was a custom to give 18 ounces of butter for a pound.

But´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of low herbs (Pinguicula) having simple leaves which secrete from their glandular upper surface a viscid fluid, to which insects adhere, after which the margin infolds and the insects are digested by the plant. The species are found mostly in the North Temperate zone.

But´ter•y , a. Having the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of butter.

But´ter•y, n.; pl. Butteries . [OE. botery, botry; cf. LL. botaria wine vessel; also OE. botelerie, fr. F. bouteillerie, fr. boutellie bottle. Not derived from butter. See Bottle a hollow vessel, Butt a cask.] 1. An apartment in a house where butter, milk and other provisions are kept. “All that need a cool and fresh temper, as cellars, pantries, and butteries, to the north.
Sir H. Wotton.” 2. A room in some English colleges where liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the students. “And the major Oxford kept the buttery bar.
E. Hall.” 3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. Weale. Buttery hatch, a half door between the buttery or kitchen and the hall, in old mansions, over which provisions were passed. Wright.

Butt´ hinge . See 1st Butt, 10.

But´-thorn , n. (Zoöl.) The common European starfish (Asterias rubens).

But´ting , n. An abuttal; a boundary. “Without buttings or boundings on any side.
Bp. Beveridge.”

But´ting joint. A joint between two pieces of timber or wood, at the end of one or both, and either at right angles or oblique to the grain, as the joints which the struts and braces form with the truss posts; — sometimes called abutting joint.

Butt´ joint . A joint in which the edges or ends of the pieces united come squarely together instead of overlapping. See 1st Butt, 8.

But´tock , n. [From Butt an end.] 1. The part at the back of the hip, which, in man, forms one of the rounded protuberances on which he sits; the rump. 2. (Naut.) The convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. Mar. Dict.

But´ton , n. [OE. boton, botoun, F. bouton button, bud, prop. something pushing out, fr. bouter to push. See Butt an end.] 1. A knob; a small ball; a small, roundish mass. 2. A catch, of various forms and materials, used to fasten together the different parts of dress, by being attached to one part, and passing through a slit, called a buttonhole, in the other; — used also for ornament. 3. A bud; a germ of a plant. Shak. 4. A piece of wood or metal, usually flat and elongated, turning on a nail or screw, to fasten something, as a door. 5. A globule of metal remaining on an assay cupel or in a crucible, after fusion. Button hook, a hook for catching a button and drawing it through a buttonhole, as in buttoning boots and gloves. — Button shell (Zoöl.), a small, univalve marine shell of the genus Rotella. — Button snakeroot. (Bot.) (a) The American composite genus Liatris, having rounded buttonlike heads of flowers. (b) An American umbelliferous plant with rigid, narrow leaves, and flowers in dense heads. — Button tree (Bot.), a genus of trees (Conocarpus), furnishing durable timber, mostly natives of the West Indies. — To hold by the button, to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; to buttonhole.

But´ton, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttoning .] [OE. botonen, OF. botoner, F. boutonner. See Button, n.] 1. To fasten with a button or buttons; to inclose or make secure with buttons; — often followed by up. “He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned up to the throat in a tight green coat.
Dickens.” 2. To dress or clothe. [Obs.] Shak.

But´ton, v. i. To be fastened by a button or buttons; as the coat will not button.

But´ton•ball , n. (Bot.) See Buttonwood.

But´ton•bush , n. (Bot.) A shrub (Cephalanthus occidentalis) growing by the waterside; — so called from its globular head of flowers. See Capitulum.

But´ton•hole , n. The hole or loop in which a button is caught.

But´ton•hole, v. t. To hold at the button or buttonhole; to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; as he buttonholed me a quarter of an hour.

But´ton•mold , n. A disk of bone, wood, or other material, which is made into a button by covering it with cloth. [Written also buttonmould.] Fossil buttonmolds, joints of encrinites. See Encrinite.

But´tons , n. A boy servant, or page, — in allusion to the buttons on his livery. [Colloq.] Dickens.

But´ton•weed , n. (Bot.) The name of several plants of the genera Spermacoce and Diodia, of the Madder family.

But´ton•wood , n. (Bot.) The Platanus occidentalis, or American plane tree, a large tree, producing rough balls, from which it is named; — called also buttonball tree, and, in some parts of the United States, sycamore. The California buttonwood is P. racemosa.

But´ton•y , a. Ornamented with a large number of buttons. ´The buttony boy.´ Thackeray. ´My coat so blue and buttony.´ W. S. Gilbert.

But´tress , n. [OE. butrasse, boterace, fr. F. bouter to push; cf. OF. bouteret (nom. sing. and acc. pl. bouterez) buttress. See Butt an end, and cf. Butteris.] 1. (Arch.) A projecting mass of masonry, used for resisting the thrust of an arch, or for ornament and symmetry. When an external projection is used merely to stiffen a wall, it is a pier. 2. Anything which supports or strengthens. ´The ground pillar and buttress of the good old cause of nonconformity.´ South. Flying buttress. See Flying buttress.

But´tress , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttressed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttressing.] To support with a buttress; to prop; to brace firmly. “To set it upright again, and to prop and buttress it up for duration.
Burke.”

Butt´ shaft An arrow without a barb, for shooting at butts; an arrow. [Also but shaft.] Shak.

Butt´ weld . See Butt weld, under Butt.

Butt´weld, v. t. To unite by a butt weld.

But´ty , n. (Mining) One who mines by contract, at so much per ton of coal or ore.

Bu´tyl , n. [L. butyrum butter + -yl. See Butter.] (Chem.) A compound radical, regarded as butane, less one atom of hydrogen.

Bu´ty•lene , n. [From Butyl.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric hydrocarbons, C4H8, of the ethylene series. They are gaseous or easily liquefiable.

Bu•ty•ra´ceous , a. [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] Having the qualities of butter; resembling butter.

Bu´ty•rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of butyric acid.

Bu•tyr´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, butter. Butyric acid, C3H7.CO2H, an acid found in butter; an oily, limpid fluid, having the smell of rancid butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste, like that of ether. There are two metameric butyric acids, called in distinction the normal- and iso- butyric acid. The normal butyric acid is the one common in rancid butter.

Bu´ty•rin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A butyrate of glycerin; a fat contained in small quantity in milk, which helps to give to butter its peculiar flavor.

Bu•ty•rom´e•ter , n. [L. butyrum butter + -meter.] An instrument for determining the amount of fatty matter or butter contained in a sample of milk.

Bu´ty•rone , n. [Butyric + - one.] (Chem.) A liquid ketone obtained by heating calcium butyrate.

Bu´ty•rous , a. Butyraceous.

Bux´e•ous , a. [L. buxeus, fr. buxus the box tree.] Belonging to the box tree.

Bux´ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the Buxus sempervirens, or common box tree. It is identical with bebeerine; — called also buxina.

Bux´om , a. [OE. buxum, boxom, buhsum, pliable, obedient, AS. bocsum, buhsum (akin to D. buigzaam blexible, G. biegsam); bugan to bow, bend + -sum, E. - some. See Bow to bend, and -some.] 1. Yielding; pliable or compliant; ready to obey; obedient; tractable; docile; meek; humble. [Obs.] “So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be,
And buxom to his bands, is joy to see.
Spenser.” “I submit myself unto this holy church of Christ, to be ever buxom and obedient to the ordinance of it.
Foxe.” 2. Having the characteristics of health, vigor, and comeliness, combined with a gay, lively manner; stout and rosy; jolly; frolicsome. “A daughter fair,
So buxom, blithe, and debonair.
Milton.” “A parcel of buxom bonny dames, that were laughing, singing, dancing, and as merry as the day was long.
Tatler.” — Bux´om•ly, adv. — Bux´om•ness, n.

Buy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buying .] [OE. buggen, buggen, bien, AS. bycgan, akin to OS. buggean, Goth. bugjan.] 1. To acquire the ownership of (property) by giving an accepted price or consideration therefor, or by agreeing to do so; to acquire by the payment of a price or value; to purchase; — opposed to sell. “Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou wilt sell thy necessaries.
B. Franklin.” 2. To acquire or procure by something given or done in exchange, literally or figuratively; to get, at a cost or sacrifice; to buy pleasure with pain. “Buy the truth and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction, and understanding.
Prov. xxiii. 23.” To buy again. See Againbuy. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To buy off. (a) To influence to compliance; to cause to bend or yield by some consideration; as to buy off conscience. (b) To detach by a consideration given; as to buy off one from a party. — To buy out (a) To buy off, or detach from. Shak. (b) To purchase the share or shares of in a stock, fund, or partnership, by which the seller is separated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place; as A buys out B. (c) To purchase the entire stock in trade and the good will of a business. — To buy in, to purchase stock in any fund or partnership. — To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. — To buy the refusal (of anything), to give a consideration for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time.

Buy, v. i. To negotiate or treat about a purchase. “I will buy with you, sell with you.
Shak.”

Buy´er , n. One who buys; a purchaser.

Buz , v. & n. See Buzz. [Obs.]

Buzz , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buzzed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Buzzing.] [An onomatopœia.] To make a low, continuous, humming or sibilant sound, like that made by bees with their wings. Hence: To utter a murmuring sound; to speak with a low, humming voice. “Like a wasp is buzzed, and stung him.
Longfellow.” “However these disturbers of our peace
Buzz in the people’s ears.
Shak.”

Buzz, v. t. 1. To sound forth by buzzing. Shak. 2. To whisper; to communicate, as tales, in an under tone; to spread, as report, by whispers, or secretly. “I will buzz abroad such prophecies
That Edward shall be fearful of his life.
Shak.” 3. To talk to incessantly or confidentially in a low humming voice. [Colloq.] 4. (Phonetics) To sound with a ´buzz´. H. Sweet.

Buzz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees; a confused murmur, as of general conversation in low tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation. ´The constant buzz of a fly.´ Macaulay. “I found the whole room in a buzz of politics.
Addison.” “There is a buzz all around regarding the sermon.
Thackeray.” 2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously. “There’s a certain buzz
Of a stolen marriage.
Massinger.” 3. (Phonetics) The audible friction of voice consonants. H. Sweet.

Buz´zard (buz´zerd), n. [O.E. busard, bosard, F. busard, fr. buse, L. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bird of prey of the Hawk family, belonging to the genus Buteo and related genera. The Buteo vulgaris is the common buzzard of Europe. The American species (of which the most common are B. borealis, B. Pennsylvanicus, and B. lineatus) are usually called hen hawks. — The rough-legged buzzard, or bee hawk, of Europe (Pernis apivorus) feeds on bees and their larvae, with other insects, and reptiles. — The moor buzzard of Europe is Circus aeruginosus. See Turkey buzzard, and Carrion buzzard. Bald buzzard, the fishhawk or osprey. See Fishhawk. 2. A blockhead; a dunce. “It is common, to a proverb, to call one who can not be taught, or who continues obstinately ignorant, a buzzard.
Goldsmith.”

Buz´zard, a. Senseless; stupid. [R. & Obs.] Milton.

Buz´zard•et (-et•), n. (Zoöl.) A hawk resembling the buzzard, but with legs relatively longer.

Buzz´er (buz´er), n. One who, or that which, buzzes; a whisperer; a talebearer. “And wants not buzzers to infect his ear
With pestilent speeches of his father’s death.
Shak.”

Buzz´ing•ly , adv. In a buzzing manner; with a buzzing sound.

Buzz´saw A circular saw; — so called from the buzzing it makes when running at full speed.

By (bi), prep. [OE. bi, AS. bi, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. bi, G. bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. ’amfi•. E. prefix be- is orig. the same word. rad.203. See pref. Be-.] 1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as come and sit by me.
[1913 Webster] “By foundation or by shady rivulet
He sought them both.
Milton.” 2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5. “Long labors both by sea and land he bore.
Dryden.” “By land, by water, they renew the charge.
Pope.” 3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as to go by a church. 4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as a cabin twenty feet by forty. 5. Against. [Obs.] Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4]. 6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force. To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as ´Waverley´, a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; — in such phrases as it appears by his account; ten o’clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; — used in expressions of time; as by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o’clock. In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is. With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of his sufferings. see With. By all means, most assuredly; without fail; certainly. — By and by. (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] ´Two yonge knightes liggyng [lying] by and by.´ Chaucer. (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] ´When … persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended.´ Matt. xiii. 21. (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long. In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to ´soon, and soon,´ that is instantly; hence, — less emphatically, — pretty soon, presently. — By one’s self, with only one’s self near; alone; solitary.- By the bye. See under Bye. — By the head (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern; — said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the stern. — By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. — By the run, to let go by the run, to let go altogether, instead of slacking off. — By the way, by the bye; — used to introduce an incidental or secondary remark or subject. -Day by day, One by one, Piece by piece, etc., each day, each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or separately; each severally. — To come by, to get possession of; to obtain. — To do by, to treat, to behave toward. — To set by, to value, to esteem. — To stand by, to aid, to support. The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell, and would be better written good-bye, as it is a corruption of God be with you (b’w’ye).

By , adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as there was no person by at the time. 2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as the procession has gone by; a bird flew by. 3. Aside; as to lay by; to put by.

By , a. Out of the common path; aside; — used in composition, giving the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as by-line, by-place, by-play, by- street. It was formerly more freely used in composition than it is now; as by-business, by-concernment, by-design, by- interest, etc.

By´ard , n. A piece of leather crossing the breast, used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines.

By´-bid•der , n. One who bids at an auction in behalf of the auctioneer or owner, for the purpose of running up the price of articles. [U.S.]

By´-blow , n. 1. A side or incidental blow; an accidental blow. “With their by-blows they did split the very stones in pieces.
Bunyan.” 2. An illegitimate child; a bastard. “The Aga speedily … brought her [his disgraced slave] to court, together with her pretty by-blow, the present Padre Ottomano.
Evelyn.”

By´-cor•ner , n. A private corner. “Britain being a by-corner, out of the road of the world.
Fuller.”

By´-de•pend•ence , n. An appendage; that which depends on something else, or is distinct from the main dependence; an accessory. Shak.

By´-drink•ing, n. A drinking between meals. [Obs.]

Bye (bi), n. 1. A thing not directly aimed at; something which is a secondary object of regard; an object by the way, etc.; as in on or upon the bye, i. e., in passing; indirectly; by implication. [Obs. except in the phrase by the bye.] “The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the discipline of the Church of England.
Fuller.” 2. (Cricket) A run made upon a missed ball; as to steal a bye. T. Hughes. By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the matter in hand. [Written also by the by.]

Bye (bi) n. [AS. by; cf. Icel. bygð dwelling, byggja, bua, to dwell rad.97.] 1. A dwelling. Gibson. 2. In certain games, a station or place of an individual player. Emerson.

By´-e•lec´tion , n. An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.

By´-end , n. Private end or interest; secret purpose; selfish advantage. [Written also bye- end.] “´Profit or some other by-end.´
L’Estrange.”

By´gone (bi´gon•; 115), a. Past; gone by. ´Bygone fooleries.´ Shak.

By´gone , n. Something gone by or past; a past event. ´Let old bygones be´ Tennyson. Let bygones be bygones, let the past be forgotten.

By´-in•ter•est , n. Self-interest; private advantage. Atterbury.

By´land , n. A peninsula. [Obs.]

By´land•er , n. See Bilander. [Obs.]

By´-lane (bi´-lan•), n. A private lane, or one opening out of the usual road.

By´-law (bi´-la•), n. [Cf. Sw. bylag, D. bylov, Icel. byarlög, fr. Sw. & Dan. by town, Icel. baer, byr (fr. bûa to dwell) + the word for law; hence, a law for one town, a special law. Cf. Birlaw and see Law.] 1. A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government. “There was likewise a law to restrain the by-laws, or ordinances of corporations.
Bacon.” “The law or institution; to which are added two by- laws, as a comment upon the general law.
Addison.” 2. A law that is less important than a general law or constitutional provision, and subsidiary to it; a rule relating to a matter of detail; as civic societies often adopt a constitution and by- laws for the government of their members. In this sense the word has probably been influenced by by, meaning secondary or aside.

By´-name , n. A nickname. Camden.

By´name, v. t. To give a nickname to. Camden.

By´-pass , n. (Mech.) A by- passage, for a pipe, or other channel, to divert circulation from the usual course.

By´-pas•sage , n. A passage different from the usual one; a byway.

By´-past , a. Past; gone by. ´By-past perils.´ Shak.

By´path , n.; pl. Bypaths . A private path; an obscure way; indirect means. “God known, my son,
By what bypaths, and indirect crooked ways,
I met this crown.
Shak.”

By´-place , n. A retired or private place.

By´play , n. Action carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds.

By´-prod•uct , n. A secondary or additional product; something produced, as in the course of a manufacture, in addition to the principal product.

Byre , n. [Cf, Icel. bür pantry, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, E. bower.] A cow house. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

By´-re•spect (bi´re•spekt•), n. Private end or view; by-interest. [Obs.] Dryden.

By´road , n. A private or obscure road. ´Through slippery byroads´ Swift.

By´ron•ic , a. Pertaining to, or in the style of, Lord Byron. “With despair and Byronic misanthropy.
Thackeray”

By´-room , n. A private room or apartment. ´Stand in some by-room´ Shak.

By•smot´ter•ed (bi•smot´ter•ed), p.a. [See Besmut.] Bespotted with mud or dirt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

By´-speech, n. An incidental or casual speech, not directly relating to the point. ´To quote by- speeches.´ Hooker.

By´-spell, n. [AS. bigspell.] A proverb. [Obs.]

Byss , n. See Byssus, n., 1.

Bys•sa´ceous , a. [From Byssus.] (Bot.) Byssuslike; consisting of fine fibers or threads, as some very delicate filamentous algae.

Bys•sif´er•ous , a. [Byssus + -ferous.] Bearing a byssus or tuft.

Bys´sin , n. See Byssus, n., 1.

Bys´sine , a. [L. byssinus made of byssus, Gr. by•ssinos See Byssus.] Made of silk; having a silky or flaxlike appearance. Coles.

Bys´soid , a. [Byssus + - oid.] Byssaceous.

Bys´so•lite , n. [Gr. See flax + - lite.] (Min.) An olive-green fibrous variety of hornblende.

Bys´sus , n.; pl. E. Byssuses ; L. Byssi. [L. byssus fine flax, fine linen or cotton, Gr. by•ssos .] 1. A cloth of exceedingly fine texture, used by the ancients. It is disputed whether it was of cotton, linen, or silk. [Written also byss and byssin.] 2. (Zoöl.) A tuft of long, tough filaments which are formed in a groove of the foot, and issue from between the valves of certain bivalve mollusks, as the Pinna and Mytilus, by which they attach themselves to rocks, etc. 3. (Bot.) An obsolete name for certain fungi composed of slender threads. 4. Asbestus.

By´stand•er , n. [By + stander, equiv. to stander-by; cf. AS. big-standan to stand by or near.] One who stands near; a spectator; one who has no concern with the business transacting. “He addressed the bystanders and scattered pamphlets among them.
Palfrey.” Syn. — Looker on; spectator; beholder; observer.

By´-street , n. A separate, private, or obscure street; an out of the way or cross street. “He seeks by-streets, and saves the expensive coach.
Gay.”

By´-stroke , n. An accidental or a slyly given stroke.

By´-turn•ing , n. An obscure road; a way turning from the main road. Sir P. Sidney.

By´-view, n. A private or selfish view; self-interested aim or purpose. “No by-views of his own shall mislead him.
Atterbury.”

By´-walk, n. A secluded or private walk. “He moves afterward in by-walks.
Dryden.”

By´-wash , n. The outlet from a dam or reservoir; also a cut to divert the flow of water.

By´way , n. A secluded, private, or obscure way; a path or road aside from the main one. ´ Take no byways.´ Herbert.

By´-wipe , n. A secret or side stroke, as of raillery or sarcasm. Milton.

By´word , n. [AS. bïword; bï, E. by + word.] 1. A common saying; a proverb; a saying that has a general currency. “I knew a wise man that had it for a byword.
Bacon.” 2. The object of a contemptuous saying. “Thou makest us a byword among the heathen.
Ps. xliv. 14”

By´work , n. Work aside from regular work; subordinate or secondary business. { Byz´ant , Byz´an•tine (-an´tin) n. } [OE. besant, besaunt, F. besant, fr. LL. Byzantius, Byzantinus, fr. Byzantium.] (Numis.) A gold coin, so called from being coined at Byzantium. See Bezant.

By•zan´tian (bi•zan´shan), a. & n. See Byzantine.

By•zan´tine (bi•zan´tin), a. Of or pertaining to Byzantium. — n. A native or inhabitant of Byzantium, now Constantinople; sometimes, applied to an inhabitant of the modern city of Constantinople. [ Written also Bizantine.] Byzantine church, the Eastern or Greek church, as distinguished from the Western or Roman or Latin church. See under Greek. — Byzantine empire, the Eastern Roman or Greek empire from a. d. 364 or a. d. 395 to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, a. d. 1453. — Byzantine historians, historians and writers (Zonaras Procopius, etc.) who lived in the Byzantine empire. P. Cyc. — Byzantine style (Arch.), a style of architecture developed in the Byzantine empire. Its leading forms are the round arch, the dome, the pillar, the circle, and the cross. The capitals of the pillars are of endless variety, and full of invention. The mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, and the church of St. Mark, Venice, are prominent examples of Byzantine architecture.

C. (se) 1. C is the third letter of the English alphabet. It is from the Latin letter C, which in old Latin represented the sounds of k, and g (in go); its original value being the latter. In Anglo-Saxon words, or Old English before the Norman Conquest, it always has the sound of k. The Latin C was the same letter as the Greek &GAMMA;, γ, and came from the Greek alphabet. The Greeks got it from the Phœnicians. The English name of C is from the Latin name ce, and was derived, probably, through the French. Etymologically C is related to g, h, k, q, s (and other sibilant sounds). Examples of these relations are in L. acutus, E. acute, ague; E. acrid, eager, vinegar; L. cornu, E. horn; E. cat, kitten; E. coy, quiet; L. circare, OF. cerchier, E. search. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 221-228. 2. (Mus.) (a) The keynote of the normal or ´natural´ scale, which has neither flats nor sharps in its signature; also the third note of the relative minor scale of the same. (b) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four fourths or crotchets); for alla breve time it is written . (c) The ´C clef,´ a modification of the letter C, placed on any line of the staff, shows that line to be middle C. 3. As a numeral, C stands for Latin centum or 100, CC for 200, etc. C spring, a spring in the form of the letter C.

Ca•a´ba (ka•a´ba), n. [Ar. ka’bah, lit., a square building, fr. ka’b cube.] The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray. [Written also kaaba.] The Caaba is situated in Mecca, a city of Arabia, and contains a famous black stone said to have been brought from heaven. Before the time of Mohammed, the Caaba was an idolatrous temple, but it has since been the chief sanctuary and object of pilgrimage of the Mohammedan world.

Caas (käs), n. sing. & pl. Case. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cab (kab), n. [Abbrev. fr. cabriolet.] 1. A kind of close carriage with two or four wheels, usually a public vehicle. ´A cab came clattering up.´ Thackeray. A cab may have two seats at right angles to the driver’s seat, and a door behind; or one seat parallel to the driver’s, with the entrance from the side or front. Hansom cab. See Hansom. 2. The covered part of a locomotive, in which the engineer has his station. Knight.

Cab (kab), n. [Heb. qab, fr. qabab to hollow.] A Hebrew dry measure, containing a little over two (2.37) pints. W. H. Ward. 2 Kings vi. 25.

Ca•bal´ (ka•bal´), n. [F. cabale cabal, cabala, LL. cabala cabala, fr. Heb. qabbaleh reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine, fr. qabal to take or receive, in Piël qibbel to adopt (a doctrine).] 1. Tradition; occult doctrine. See Cabala [Obs.] Hakewill. 2. A secret. [Obs.] ´The measuring of the temple, a cabal found out but lately.´ B. Jonson. 3. A number of persons united in some close design, usually to promote their private views and interests in church or state by intrigue; a secret association composed of a few designing persons; a junto. It so happend, by a whimsical coincidence, that in 1671 the cabinet consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up the word cabal; Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Macaulay. 4. The secret artifices or machinations of a few persons united in a close design; intrigue. “By cursed cabals of women.
Dryden.” Syn. — Junto; intrigue; plot; combination; conspiracy. — Cabal, Combination, Faction. An association for some purpose considered to be bad is the idea common to these terms. A combination is an organized union of individuals for mutual support, in urging their demands or resisting the claims of others, and may be good or bad according to circumstances; as a combiniation of workmen or of employers to effect or to prevent a change in prices. A cabal is a secret association of a few individuals who seek by cunning practices to obtain office and power. A faction is a larger body than a cabal, employed for selfish purposes in agitating the community and working up an excitement with a view to change the existing order of things. ´Selfishness, insubordination, and laxity of morals give rise to combinations, which belong particularly to the lower orders of society. Restless, jealous, ambitious, and little minds are ever forming cabals. Factions belong especially to free governments, and are raised by busy and turbulent spirits for selfish purposes´. Crabb.

Ca•bal´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caballed (-bald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Caballing]. [Cf. F. cabaler.] To unite in a small party to promote private views and interests by intrigue; to intrigue; to plot. “Caballing still against it with the great.
Dryden.”

Cab´a•la (kab´a•la), n. [LL. See Cabal, n.] 1. A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediaeval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of human existence. It assumes that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means. 2. Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery.

Cab´a•lism (kab´a•liz’m), n. [Cf. F. cabalisme.] 1. The secret science of the cabalists. 2. A superstitious devotion to the mysteries of the religion which one professes. [R] Emerson.

Cab´a•list (-list), n. [Cf. F. cabaliste.] One versed in the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish traditions. ´Studious cabalists.´ Swift. { Cab•a•lis´tic (kab•a•lis´tik), Cab•a•lis´tic•al (-ti•kal) } a. Of or pertaining to the cabala; containing or conveying an occult meaning; mystic. “The Heptarchus is a cabalistic exposition of the first chapter of Genesis”. Hallam.

Cab•a•lis´tic•al•ly, adv. In a cabalistic manner.

Cab´a•lize , v. i. [Cf. F. cabaliser.] To use cabalistic language. [R] Dr. H. More.

Ca•bal´ler (ka•bal´ler), n. One who cabals. “A close caballer and tongue-valiant lord.
Dryden.”

Cab´al•line (kab´al•lin), a. [L. caballinus, fr. caballus a nag. Cf. Cavalier.] Of or pertaining to a horse. — n. Caballine aloes. Caballine aloes, an inferior and impure kind of aloes formerly used in veterinary practice; — called also horse aloes. — Caballine spring, the fountain of Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon; — fabled to have been formed by a stroke from the foot of the winged horse Pegasus.

Cab´a•ret (kab´a•ret; 277), n. [F.] A tavern; a house where liquors are retailed. [Obs. as an English word.]

Ca•bas´ (ka•bä´), n. [F.] A flat basket or frail for figs, etc.; hence, a lady’s flat workbasket, reticule, or hand bag; — often written caba. C. Bronte.

Ca•bas´sou (ka•bas´soo), n. (Zoöl.) A species of armadillo of the genus Xenurus (X. unicinctus and X. hispidus); the tatouay. [Written also kabassou.]

Cab´bage (kab´baj), n. [OE. cabage, fr. F. cabus headed (of cabbages), chou cabus headed cabbage, cabbage head; cf. It. capuccio a little head, cappuccio cowl, hood, cabbage, fr. capo head, L. caput, or fr. It. cappa cape. See Chief, Cape.] (Bot.) 1. An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica oleracea of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages. 2. The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See Cabbage tree, below. 3. The cabbage palmetto. See below. Cabbage aphis (Zoöl.), a green plant-louse (Aphis brassicae) which lives upon the leaves of the cabbage. — Cabbage beetle (Zoöl.), a small, striped flea- beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) which lives, in the larval state, on the roots, and when adult, on the leaves, of cabbage and other cruciferous plants. — Cabbage butterfly (Zoöl.), a white butterfly (Pieris rapae of both Europe and America, and the allied P. oleracea, a native American species) which, in the larval state, devours the leaves of the cabbage and the turnip. See Cabbage worm, below. — Cabbage fly (Zoöl.), a small two-winged fly (Anthomyia brassicae), which feeds, in the larval or maggot state, on the roots of the cabbage, often doing much damage to the crop. — Cabbage head, the compact head formed by the leaves of a cabbage; — contemptuously or humorously, and colloquially, a very stupid and silly person; a numskull. — Cabbage palmetto, a species of palm tree (Sabal Palmetto) found along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. — Cabbage rose (Bot.), a species of rose (Rosa centifolia) having large and heavy blossoms. — Cabbage tree, Cabbage palm, a name given to palms having a terminal bud called a cabbage, as the Sabal Palmetto of the United States, and the Euterpe oleracea and Oreodoxa oleracea of the West Indies. — Cabbage worm (Zoöl.), the larva of several species of moths and butterflies, which attacks cabbages. The most common is usually the larva of a white butterfly. See Cabbage butterfly, above. The cabbage cutworms, which eat off the stalks of young plants during the night, are the larvae of several species of moths, of the genus Agrotis. See Cutworm. — Sea cabbage.(Bot.) (a) Sea kale (b). The original Plant (Brassica oleracea), from which the cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, etc., have been derived by cultivation. — Thousand-headed cabbage. See Brussels sprouts.

Cab´bage, v. i. To form a head like that the cabbage; as to make lettuce cabbage. Johnson.

Cab´bage, v. i. [imp. & p. p Cabbaged (-bajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabbaging (-ba•jing).] [F. cabasser, fr. OF. cabas theft; cf. F. cabas basket, and OF. cabuser to cheat.] To purloin or embezzle, as the pieces of cloth remaining after cutting out a garment; to pilfer. “Your tailor … cabbages whole yards of cloth.
Arbuthnot.”

Cab´bage, n. Cloth or clippings cabbaged or purloined by one who cuts out garments.

Cab´bler (kab´bler), n. One who works at cabbling.

Cab´bling (-bling), n. (Metal.) The process of breaking up the flat masses into which wrought iron is first hammered, in order that the pieces may be reheated and wrought into bar iron. { Ca•be´ça (ka•ba´sa), Ca•besse´ (ka•bes´), } n. [Pg. cabeça, F. cabesse.] The finest kind of silk received from India.

Ca´ber (ka´ber), n. [Gael] A pole or beam used in Scottish games for tossing as a trial of strength.

Cab•e•zon´ (kab•a•zon´ or kä•ba•thon´), n. [Sp., properly, big head. Cf. Cavesson.] (Zoöl.) A California fish (Hemilepidotus spinosus), allied to the sculpin.

Cab´i•ai (kab´i•i), n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) The capybara. See Capybara.

Cab´in (kab´in), n. [OF. caban, fr. W. caban booth, cabin, dim. of cab cot, tent; or fr. F. cabane, cabine, LL. cabanna, perh. from the Celtic.] 1. A cottage or small house; a hut. Swift. “A hunting cabin in the west.
E. Everett.” 2. A small room; an inclosed place. “So long in secret cabin there he held
Her captive.
Spenser.” 3. A room in ship for officers or passengers. Cabin boy, a boy whose duty is to wait on the officers and passengers in the cabin of a ship.

Cab´in v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabined (-ind); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabining.] To live in, or as in, a cabin; to lodge. “I’ll make you … cabin in a cave.
Shak.”

Cab´in, v. t. To confine in, or as in, a cabin. “I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in
To saucy doubts and fears.
Shak.”

Cab´i•net (kab´i•net), n. [F., dim. of cabine or cabane. See Cabin, n.] 1. A hut; a cottage; a small house. [Obs.] “Hearken a while from thy green cabinet,
The rural song of careful Colinet.
Spenser.” 2. A small room, or retired apartment; a closet. 3. A private room in which consultations are held. “Philip passed some hours every day in his father’s cabinet.
Prescott.” 4. The advisory council of the chief executive officer of a nation; a cabinet council. In England, the cabinet or cabinet council consists of those privy councilors who actually transact the immediate business of the government. Mozley & W. — In the United States, the cabinet is composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government, namely, the Secretary of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, of the Interior, and of Agiculture, the Postmaster-general, and the Attorney-general. 5. (a) A set of drawers or a cupboard intended to contain articles of value. Hence: (b) A decorative piece of furniture, whether open like an etagère or closed with doors. See etagère. 6. Any building or room set apart for the safe keeping and exhibition of works of art, etc.; also the collection itself. Cabinet council. (a) Same as Cabinet, n., 4 (of which body it was formerly the full title). (b) A meeting of the cabinet. — Cabinet councilor, a member of a cabinet council. — Cabinet photograph, a photograph of a size smaller than an imperial, though larger than a carte de visite. — Cabinet picture, a small and generally highly finished picture, suitable for a small room and for close inspection.

Cab´i•net, a. Suitable for a cabinet; small. “He [Varnhagen von Ense] is a walking cabinet edition of Goethe.
For. Quar. Rev.”

Cab´i•net, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabineted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cabineting.] To inclose [R.] Hewyt.

Cab´i•net•mak•er (-mak•er), n. One whose occupation is to make cabinets or other choice articles of household furniture, as tables, bedsteads, bureaus, etc.

Cab´i•net•mak•ing, n. The art or occupation of making the finer articles of household furniture.

Cab´i•net•work (-wûrk•), n. The art or occupation of working upon wooden furniture requiring nice workmanship; also such furniture.

Cab•i•re´an (kab•i•re´an), n. One of the Cabiri.

Ca•bi´ri (ka•bi´ri), n. pl. [ NL., fr. Gr. Ka•beiroi.] (Myth.) Certain deities originally worshiped with mystical rites by the Pelasgians in Lemnos and Samothrace and afterwards throughout Greece; — also called sons of Hephaestus (or Vulcan), as being masters of the art of working metals. [Written also Cabeiri.] Liddell & Scott.

Ca•bir´i•an (ka•bir´i•an), a. Same as Cabiric.

Ca•bir´ic (ka•bir´ik), a. [Cf. F. Cabirique] Of or pertaining to the Cabiri, or to their mystical worship. [Written also Cabiritic.]

Ca´ble (ka´b’l), n. [F. câble, LL. capulum, caplum, a rope, fr. L. capere to take; cf. D., Dan., & G. kabel, from the French. See Capable.] 1. A large, strong rope or chain, of considerable length, used to retain a vessel at anchor, and for other purposes. It is made of hemp, of steel wire, or of iron links. 2. A rope of steel wire, or copper wire, usually covered with some protecting or insulating substance; as the cable of a suspension bridge; a telegraphic cable. 3. (Arch) A molding, shaft of a column, or any other member of convex, rounded section, made to resemble the spiral twist of a rope; — called also cable molding. Bower cable, the cable belonging to the bower anchor. — Cable road, a railway on which the cars are moved by a continuously running endless rope operated by a stationary motor. — Cable’s length, the length of a ship’s cable. Cables in the merchant service vary in length from 100 to 140 fathoms or more; but as a maritime measure, a cable’s length is either 120 fathoms (720 feet), or about 100 fathoms (600 feet, an approximation to one tenth of a nautical mile). — Cable tier. (a) That part of a vessel where the cables are stowed. (b) A coil of a cable. — Sheet cable, the cable belonging to the sheet anchor. — Stream cable, a hawser or rope, smaller than the bower cables, to moor a ship in a place sheltered from wind and heavy seas. — Submarine cable. See Telegraph. — To pay out the cable, To veer out the cable, to slacken it, that it may run out of the ship; to let more cable run out of the hawse hole. — To serve the cable, to bind it round with ropes, canvas etc., to prevent its being, worn or galled in the hawse, et. — To slip the cable, to let go the end on board and let it all run out and go overboard, as when there is not time to weigh anchor. Hence, in sailor’s use, to die.

Ca´ble (ka´b’l), v. t. 1. To fasten with a cable. 2. (Arch.) To ornament with cabling. See Cabling.

Ca´ble, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cabled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabling (-blong).] To telegraph by a submarine cable [Recent]

Ca´bled (-b’ld), a. 1. Fastened with, or attached to, a cable or rope. ´The cabled stone.´ Dyer. 2. (Arch.) Adorned with cabling.

Ca´ble•gram (ka´b’l•gram•), n. [Cable, n. + Gr. gra•mma a writing, a letter.] A message sent by a submarine telegraphic cable. [A recent hybrid, sometimes found in the newspapers.]

Ca´ble•laid (-lad•), a. 1. (Naut.) Composed of three three- stranded ropes, or hawsers, twisted together to form a cable. 2. Twisted after the manner of a cable; as a cable-laid gold chain. Simmonds.

Ca´blet , n. [Dim. of cable; cf. F. câblot.] A little cable less than ten inches in circumference.

Ca´bling , n. (Arch.) The decoration of a fluted shaft of a column or of a pilaster with reeds, or rounded moldings, which seem to be laid in the hollows of the fluting. These are limited in length to about one third of the height of the shaft.

Cab´man , n.; pl. Cabmen . The driver of a cab.

Ca•bob´ , n. [Hindi kabab] 1. A small piece of mutton or other meat roasted on a skewer; — so called in Turkey and Persia. 2. A leg of mutton roasted, stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. Wright.

Ca•bob´, v. t. To roast, as a cabob. Sir. T. Herbert.

Ca•boched´ , a. [F. caboche head. Cf. 1st Cabbage.] (Her.) Showing the full face, but nothing of the neck; — said of the head of a beast in armorial bearing. [Written also caboshed.]

Ca•boo´dle (ka•boo´d’l), n. The whole collection; the entire quantity or number; — usually in the phrase the whole caboodle. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Ca•boose´ (ka•boos´), n. [Cf. D. kabuis, kombuis, Dan. kabys, Sw. kabysa, G. kabuse a little room or hut. The First part of the word seems to be allied to W. cab cabin, booth. Cf. Cabin.] [Written also camboose.] 1. (Naut.) A house on deck, where the cooking is done; — commonly called the galley. 2. (Railroad) A car used on freight or construction trains for brakemen, workmen, etc.; a tool car. [U. S.]

Cab´o•tage , n. [F. cabotage, fr. caboter to sail along the coast; cf. Sp. cabo cape.] (Naut.) Navigation along the coast; the details of coast pilotage.

Ca•bree´ (ka•br&aslc;´), n. [French Canadian.] (Zoöl.) The pronghorn antelope. [Also written cabrit, cabret.]

Ca•brer´ite , n. (Min.) An apple-green mineral, a hydrous arseniate of nickel, cobalt, and magnesia; — so named from the Sierra Cabrera, Spain.

Ca•bril´la , n. [Sp., prawn.] (Zoöl) A name applied to various species of edible fishes of the genus Serranus, and related genera, inhabiting the Meditarranean, the coast of California, etc. In California, some of them are also called rock bass and kelp salmon.

Cab´ri•ole , n. [F. See Cabriolet, and cf. Capriole.] (Man.) A curvet; a leap. See Capriole. “The cabrioles which his charger exhibited.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cab•ri•o•let´ , n.[F., dim. of cabriole a leap, caper, from It. capriola, fr. dim. of L. caper he-goat, capra she-goat. This carriage is so called from its skipping lightness. Cf. Cab, Caper a leap.] A one-horse carriage with two seats and a calash top.

Ca•brit´ , n. Same as Cabree.

Cab´urn , n. [Cf. Cable, n.] (Naut.) A small line made of spun yarn, to bind or worm cables, seize tackles, etc. {Ca•cae´mi•a (ka•se´mi•a), Ca•chae´mi•a (ka•ke´mi•a),} n. [NL., fr. Gr. kako•s bad+ a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood.

Ca•ca´ine , n. (Chem.) The essential principle of cacao; — now called theobromine.

Ca•ca•jão´ , n. [Pg.] (Zoöl) A South American short-tailed monkey (Pithecia melanocephala or Brachyurus melanocephala). [Written also cacajo.]

Ca•ca´o , n. [Sp., fr. Mex. kakahuatl. Cf. Cocoa, Chocolate] (Bot.) A small evergreen tree (Theobroma Cacao) of South America and the West Indies. Its fruit contains an edible pulp, inclosing seeds about the size of an almond, from which cocoa, chocolate, and broma are prepared.

Cach´a•lot , n. [F. cachalot.] (Zoöl.) The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). It has in the top of its head a large cavity, containing an oily fluid, which, after death, concretes into a whitish crystalline substance called spermaceti. See Sperm whale.

Cache , n. [F., a hiding place, fr. cacher to conceal, to hide.] A hole in the ground, or hiding place, for concealing and preserving provisions which it is inconvenient to carry. Kane. { Ca•chec´tic , Ca•chec´tic•al } a. [L. cachecticus, Gr. : cf. F. cachectique.] Having, or pertaining to, cachexia; as cachectic remedies; cachectical blood. Arbuthnot.

Cache•pot´ (kash•po´), n. [F., fr. cacher to hide + pot a pot.] An ornamental casing for a flowerpot, of porcelain, metal, paper, etc.

Cach´et , n. [F. fr. cacher to hide.] A seal, as of a letter. Lettre de cachet [F.], a sealed letter, especially a letter or missive emanating from the sovereign; — much used in France before the Revolution as an arbitrary order of imprisonment. { Ca•chex´i•a , Ca•chex´y }, n. [L. cachexia, Gr. kachexi•a; kako•s bad + ´e•xis condition.] A condition of ill health and impairment of nutrition due to impoverishment of the blood, esp. when caused by a specific morbid process (as cancer or tubercle).

Cach•in•na´tion (kak•in•na´shun), n. [L. cachinnatio, fr. cachinnare to laugh aloud, cf. Gr. kacha•zein.] Loud or immoderate laughter; — often a symptom of hysterical or maniacal affections. “Hideous grimaces … attended this unusual cachinnation.
Sir W. Scott.”

Ca•chin´na•to•ry , a. Consisting of, or accompanied by, immoderate laughter. “Cachinnatory buzzes of approval.
Carlyle.”

Ca•chi´ri , n. A fermented liquor made in Cayenne from the grated root of the manioc, and resembling perry. Dunglison.

Cach´o•long , n. [F. cacholong, said to be from Cach, the name of a river in Bucharia + cholon, a Calmuck word for stone; or fr. a Calmuck word meaning ´beautiful stone´] (Min.) An opaque or milk-white chalcedony, a variety of quartz; also a similar variety of opal.

Ca•chou´ , n. [F. See Cashoo.] A silvered aromatic pill, used to correct the odor of the breath.

Ca•chu´cha , n. [Sp.] An Andalusian dance in three-four time, resembling the bolero. [Sometimes in English spelled cachuca .] “The orchestra plays the cachucha.
Longfellow.”

Ca•chun´de , n. [Sp.] (Med.) A pastil or troche, composed of various aromatic and other ingredients, highly celebrated in India as an antidote, and as a stomachic and antispasmodic.

Ca•cique´ , n. [Sp.] See Cazique.

Cack (kak), v. i. [OE. cakken, fr. L. cacare; akin to Gr. kakka^n, and to OIr. cacc dung; cf. AS. cac.] To ease the body by stool; to go to stool. Pope.

Cack´er•el , n. [OF. caquerel cagarel (Cotgr.), from the root of E. cack.] (Zoöl.) The mendole; a small worthless Mediterranean fish considered poisonous by the ancients. See Mendole.

Cac´kle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cackled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cackling ] [OE. cakelen; cf. LG. kakeln, D. kakelen, G. gackeln, gackern; all of imitative origin. Cf. Gagle, Cake to cackle.] 1. To make a sharp, broken noise or cry, as a hen or goose does. “When every goose is cackling.
Shak.” 2. To laugh with a broken noise, like the cackling of a hen or a goose; to giggle. Arbuthnot. 3. To talk in a silly manner; to prattle. Johnson.

Cac´kle , n. 1. The sharp broken noise made by a goose or by a hen that has laid an egg. “By her cackle saved the state.
Dryden.” 2. Idle talk; silly prattle. “There is a buzz and cackle all around regarding the sermon.
Thackeray.”

Cac´kler , n. 1. A fowl that cackles. 2. One who prattles, or tells tales; a tattler.

Cac´kling, n. The broken noise of a goose or a hen. { Cac•o•chym´i•a , Cac´o•chym•y } n. [NL. cacochymia, fr. Gr. ; kako•s bad + juice: cf. F. cacochymie.] (Med.) A vitiated state of the humors, or fluids, of the body, especially of the blood. Dunglison. { Cac•o•chym´ic , Cac•o•chym´ic•al } a. Having the fluids of the body vitiated, especially the blood. Wiseman.

Cac•o•de´mon , n. [Gr. ; kako•s bad + demon: cf. F. cacodemon.] 1. An evil spirit; a devil or demon. Shak. 2. (Med.) The nightmare. Dunaglison.

Cac•o•dox´ic•al , a. Heretical.

Cac´o•dox•y , n. [Gr. perverted opinion; kako•s bad + opinion.] Erroneous doctrine; heresy; heterodoxy. [R.] “Heterodoxy, or what Luther calls cacodoxy.
R. Turnbull.”

Cac´o•dyl , n. [Gr. ill-smelling (kako•s bad + to smell) + -yl.] (Chem.) Alkarsin; a colorless, poisonous, arsenical liquid, As2(CH3)4, spontaneously inflammable and possessing an intensely disagreeable odor. It is the type of a series of compounds analogous to the nitrogen compounds called hydrazines. [Written also cacodyle, and kakodyl.]

Cac•o•dyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, cacodyl. Cacodylic acid, a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, (CH3)2AsO.OH, obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl, and having the properties of an exceedingly stable acid; — also called alkargen.

Cac•o•ë´thes , n. [L., fr. Gr. of ill habits, an ill habit; kako•s bad + habit] 1. A bad custom or habit; an insatiable desire; as cacoëthes scribendi, ´The itch for writing´. Addison. 2. (Med.) A bad quality or disposition in a disease; an incurable ulcer.

Cac•o•gas´tric , a. [Gr. kako•s bad + stomach.] Troubled with bad digestion. [R.] Carlyle.

Cac•o•graph•ic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, cacography; badly written or spelled.

Ca•cog•ra•phy , n. [Gr. kako•s bad + -graphy; cf. F. cacographie.] Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. Walpole.

Ca•co•let´ , n. [F.] A chair, litter, or other contrivance fitted to the back or pack saddle of a mule for carrying travelers in mountainous districts, or for the transportation of the sick and wounded of an army.

Ca•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. kako•s bad + -logy: cf. F. cacologie.] Bad speaking; bad choice or use of words. Buchanan. { Ca•co•mix´le , Ca•co•mix´tle , Ca´co•mix•l }, n. [Mexican name.] A North American carnivore (Bassaris astuta), about the size of a cat, related to the raccoons. It inhabits Mexico, Texas and California.

Ca•coon´ , n. One of the seeds or large beans of a tropical vine (Entada scandens) used for making purses, scent bottles, etc. { Cac•o•phon´ic , Cac•o•phon´ic•al , Ca•coph´o•nous , Cac•o•pho´ni•ous }, a. Harsh-sounding.

Ca•coph´o•ny , n.; pl. Cacophonies (#). [Gr. ; kako•s bad + sound: cf. F. Cacophonie.] 1. (Rhet.) An uncouth or disagreable sound of words, owing to the concurrence of harsh letters or syllables. ´Cacophonies of all kinds.´ Pope. 2. (Mus.) A combination of discordant sounds. 3. (Med.) An unhealthy state of the voice.

Cac´o•tech•ny , n. [Gr. ; kako•s bad + art.] A corruption or corrupt state of art. [R.] { Ca•cox´ene , Ca•cox´e•nite }, n. [Gr. kako•s bad + guest.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of iron occurring in yellow radiated tufts. The phosphorus seriously injures it as an iron ore.

Cac•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or like, the family of plants of which the prickly pear is a common example.

Cac´tus , n. ; pl. E. Cactuses (#), Cacti (- ti). [L., a kind of cactus, Gr. .] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Cactacae, as the prickly pear and the night-blooming cereus. See Cereus. They usually have leafless stems and branches, often beset with clustered thorns, and are mostly natives of the warmer parts of America. Cactus wren (Zoöl.), an American wren of the genus Campylorhynchus, of several species.

Ca•cu´mi•nal , a. [L. cacumen, cacuminis, the top, point.] (Philol.) Pertaining to the top of the palate; cerebral; — applied to certain consonants; as cacuminal (or cerebral) letters.

Ca•cu´mi•nate , v. i. [L. cacuminatus, p. p. of cacuminare to point, fr. cacumen point.] To make sharp or pointed. [Obs.]

Cad , n. [Abbrev. fr. cadet.] 1. A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; an idle hanger-on about innyards. [Eng.] Dickens. 2. A lowbred, presuming person; a mean, vulgar fellow. [Cant] Thackeray.

Ca•das´tral , a. [F.] Of or pertaining to landed property. Cadastral survey, or Cadastral map, a survey, map, or plan on a large scale (Usually &frac1x2500; of the linear measure of the ground, or twenty-five inches to the mile or about an inch to the acre) so as to represent the relative positions and dimensions of objects and estates exactly; — distinguished from a topographical map, which exaggerates the dimensions of houses and the breadth of roads and streams, for the sake of distinctness. Brande & C. { Ca•das´tre , Ca•das´ter } , n. [f. cadastre.] (Law.) An official statement of the quantity and value of real estate for the purpose of apportioning the taxes payable on such property.

Ca•da´ver , n. [L., fr cadere to fall.] A dead human body; a corpse.

Ca•dav´er•ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a corpse, or the changes produced by death; cadaverous; as cadaveric rigidity. Dunglison. Cadaveric alkaloid, an alkaloid generated by the processes of decomposition in dead animal bodies, and thought by some to be the cause of the poisonous effects produced by the bodies. See Ptomaine.

Ca•dav´er•ous , a. [L. cadaverosus.] 1. Having the appearance or color of a dead human body; pale; ghastly; as a cadaverous look. 2. Of or pertaining to, or having the qualities of, a dead body. ´The scent cadaverous.´ — Ca•dav´er•ous•ly, adv. — Ca•dav´er•ous•ness, n.

Cad´bait , n. [Prov. E. codbait, cadbote fly.] (Zoöl.) See Caddice. { Cad´dice , Cad´dis } , n. [Prov. E. caddy, cadew; cf. G. köder bait.] (Zoöl.) The larva of a caddice fly. These larvae generally live in cylindrical cases, open at each end, and covered externally with pieces of broken shells, gravel, bits of wood, etc. They are a favorite bait with anglers. Called also caddice worm, or caddis worm. Caddice fly (Zoöl.), a species of trichopterous insect, whose larva is the caddice.

Cad´dis, n. [OE. caddas, Scot. caddis lint, caddes a kind of woolen cloth, cf. Gael. cada, cadadh, a kind of cloth, cotton, fustian, W. cadas, F. cadis.] A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. ´Caddises, cambrics, lawns.´ Shak.

Cad´dish , a. Like a cad; lowbred and presuming.

Cad´dow , n. [OE. cadawe, prob. fr. ca chough + daw jackdaw; cf. Gael. cadhag, cathag. Cf. Chough, Daw, n.] (Zoöl.) A jackdaw. [Prov. Eng.]

Cad´dy , n.; pl. Caddies (#). [Earlier spelt catty, fr. Malay kati a weight of 1&frac13; pounds. Cf. Catty.] A small box, can, or chest to keep tea in.

Cade , a. [Cf. OE. cad, kod, lamb, also Cosset, Coddle.] Bred by hand; domesticated; petted. “He brought his cade lamb with him.
Sheldon.”

Cade, v. t. To bring up or nourish by hand, or with tenderness; to coddle; to tame. [Obs.] Johnson.

Cade, n. [L. cadus jar, Gr. .] A barrel or cask, as of fish. ´A cade of herrings.´ Shak. “A cade of herrings is 500, of sprats 1,000.
Jacob, Law Dict.”

Cade, n. [F. & Pr.; LL. cada.] A species of juniper (Juniperus Oxycedrus) of Mediterranean countries. Oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by destructive distillation of the inner wood of the cade. It is used as a local application in skin diseases.

Ca´dence , n. [OE. cadence, cadens, LL. cadentia a falling, fr. L. cadere to fall; cf. F. cadence, It. cadenza. See Chance.] 1. The act or state of declining or sinking. [Obs.] “Now was the sun in western cadence low.
Milton.” 2. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking, especially at the end of a sentence. 3. A rhythmical modulation of the voice or of any sound; as music of bells in cadence sweet. “Blustering winds, which all night long
Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
Seafaring men o’erwatched.
Milton.” “The accents … were in passion’s tenderest cadence.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. Rhythmical flow of language, in prose or verse. “Golden cadence of poesy.
Shak.” “If in any composition much attention was paid to the flow of the rhythm, it was said (at least in the 14th and 15th centuries) to be ´prosed in faire cadence.´
Dr. Guest.” 5. (Her.) See Cadency. 6. (Man.) Harmony and proportion in motions, as of a well-managed horse. 7. (Mil.) A uniform time and place in marching. 8. (Mus.) (a) The close or fall of a strain; the point of rest, commonly reached by the immediate succession of the tonic to the dominant chord. (b) A cadenza, or closing embellishment; a pause before the end of a strain, which the performer may fill with a flight of fancy. Imperfect cadence. (Mus.) See under Imperfect.

Ca´dence, v. t. To regulate by musical measure. “These parting numbers, cadenced by my grief.
Philips.”

Ca´den•cy , n. Descent of related families; distinction between the members of a family according to their ages. Marks of cadency (Her.), bearings indicating the position of the bearer as older or younger son, or as a descendant of an older or younger son. See Difference (Her.).

Ca•dene´ , n. [Cf. F. cadène.] A species of inferior carpet imported from the Levant. McElrath.

Ca´dent , a. [L. cadens, -entis, p. pr. of cadere to fall.] Falling. [R.] ´Cadent tears.´ Shak.

Ca•den´za , n. [It.] (Mus.) A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence.

Ca´der , n. See Cadre.

Ca•det´ , n. [F. cadet a younger or the youngest son or brother, dim. fr. L. caput head; i. e., a smaller head of the family, after the first or eldest. See Chief, and cf. Cad.] 1. The younger of two brothers; a younger brother or son; the youngest son. “The cadet of an ancient and noble family.
Wood.” 2. (Mil.) (a) A gentleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a volunteer, with a view of acquiring military skill and obtaining a commission. (b) A young man in training for military or naval service; esp. a pupil in a military or naval school, as at West Point, Annapolis, or Woolwich. All the undergraduates at Annapolis are Naval cadets. The distinction between Cadet midshipmen and Cadet engineers was abolished by Act of Congress in 1882.

Ca•det´ship , n. The position, rank, or commission of a cadet; as to get a cadetship. { Ca•dew´ , Cade´worm• } n. A caddice. See Caddice.

Cadge , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cadged p. pr. & vb. n. Cadging.] [Cf. Scot. cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, OE. cachen to drive, catch, caggen to bind, or perh. E. cage. Cf. Cadger.] 1. To carry, as a burden. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. 2. To hawk or peddle, as fish, poultry, etc. [Prov.] 3. To intrude or live on another meanly; to beg. [Prov. or Slang, Eng.] Wright.

Cadge, n. [Cf. 2d Cadger.] (Hawking) A circular frame on which cadgers carry hawks for sale.

Cadg´er , n. [From Cadge, v. t., cf. Codger.] 1. A packman or itinerant huckster. 2. One who gets his living by trickery or begging. [Prov. or Slang] ´The gentleman cadger.´ Dickens.

Cadg´er, n. [OF. cagier one who catches hawks. Cf. Cage.] (Hawking) One who carries hawks on a cadge.

Cadg´y , a. Cheerful or mirthful, as after good eating or drinking; also wanton. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Ca´di , n. [Turk. See Alcalde.] An inferior magistrate or judge among the Mohammedans, usually the judge of a town or village. { Cad´ie , Cad´die } n. A Scotch errand boy, porter, or messenger. [Written also cady.] “Every Scotchman, from the peer to the cadie.
Macaulay.”

Ca•di•les´ker , n. [Ar. qad.i judge + al’sker the army, Per. leshker.] A chief judge in the Turkish empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who are now tried only by their own officers.

Ca•dil´lac , n. [Prob. from Cadillac, a French town.] A large pear, shaped like a flattened top, used chiefly for cooking. Johnson.

Cad´is , n. [F.] A kind of coarse serge.

Cad•me´an (kad•m>emac/´an), a. [L. Cadmeus, Gr. Kadmei^os, from Ka•dmos (L. Cadmus), which name perhaps means lit. a man from the East; cf. Heb. qedem east.] Of or pertaining to Cadmus, a fabulous prince of Thebes, who was said to have introduced into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the alphabet — α, β, γ, δ, ε, ι, κ, λ, μ, ν, ο, π, ρ, σ, τ, υ. These are called Cadmean letters. Cadmean victory, a victory that damages the victors as much as the vanquished; probably referring to the battle in which the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus slew each other.

Cad´mi•a , n. [L. cadmia calamine, Gr. . Cf. Calamine.] (Min.) An oxide of zinc which collects on the sides of furnaces where zinc is sublimed. Formerly applied to the mineral calamine.

Cad´mi•an , a. [R.] See Cadmean.

Cad´mic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cadmium; as cadmic sulphide.

Cad´mi•um , n. [NL. See Cadmia.] (Chem.) A comparatively rare element related to zinc, and occurring in some zinc ores. It is a white metal, both ductile and malleable. Symbol Cd. Atomic weight 111.8. It was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, who named it from its association with zinc or zinc ore. Cadmium yellow, a compound of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow color, used as a pigment.

Cad´rans , n. [Cf. F. cadran. Cf. Quadrant.] An instrument with a graduated disk by means of which the angles of gems are measured in the process of cutting and polishing.

Ca´dre , n. [F. cadre, It. quadro square, from L. quadrum, fr. quatuor four.] (Mil.) The framework or skeleton upon which a regiment is to be formed; the officers of a regiment forming the staff. [Written also cader.]

Ca•du´ca•ry , a. [See Caducous.] (Law) Relating to escheat, forfeiture, or confiscation.

Ca•du´ce•an , a. Of or belonging to Mercury’s caduceus, or wand.

Ca•du´ce•us , n. [L. caduceum, caduceus; akin to Gr. a herald’s wand, fr. herald.] (Myth.) The official staff or wand of Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods. It was originally said to be a herald’s staff of olive wood, but was afterwards fabled to have two serpents coiled about it, and two wings at the top.

Ca•du•ci•bran´chi•ate , a. [L. caducus falling (fr. cadere to fall) + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) With temporary gills: — applied to those Amphibia in which the gills do not remain in adult life.

Ca•du´ci•ty , n. [LL. caducitas: cf. F. caducite. See Caducous.] Tendency to fall; the feebleness of old age; senility. [R.] “[A] jumble of youth and caducity.
Chesterfield.”

Ca•du´cous , [L. caducus falling, inclined to fall, fr. cadere to fall. See Cadence.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Dropping off or disappearing early, as the calyx of a poppy, or the gills of a tadpole.

Ca•duke´ , a. [Cf. F. caduc. See Caducous.] Perishable; frail; transitory. [Obs.] Hickes. “The caduke pleasures of his world.
Bp. Fisher.”

Cad´y , n. See Cadie.

Cae´ca , n. pl. See Caecum.

Cae´cal , a. (Anat.) 1. Of or pertaining to the caecum, or blind gut. 2. Having the form of a caecum, or bag with one opening; baglike; as the caecal extremity of a duct.

Cae´ci•as , n. [L. caecias, Gr. .] A wind from the northeast. Milton.

Cae•cil´i•an ( 106), n. [L. caecus blind. So named from the supposed blindness of the species, the eyes being very minute.] (Zoöl.) A limbless amphibian belonging to the order Caeciliae or Ophimorpha. See Ophiomorpha. [Written also cœcilian.]

Cae´cum , n.; pl. Caecums, L. Caeca (#). [L. caecus blind, invisible, concealed.] (Anat.) (a) A cavity open at one end, as the blind end of a canal or duct. (b) The blind part of the large intestine beyond the entrance of the small intestine; — called also the blind gut. The caecum is comparatively small in man, and ends in a slender portion, the vermiform appendix; but in herbivorous mammals it is often as large as the rest of the large intestine. In fishes there are often numerous intestinal caeca.

Cae•no•zo´ic , a. (Geol.) See Cenozoic.

Ca´en stone´ , A cream-colored limestone for building, found near Caen, France.

Cae´sar , n. [L.] A Roman emperor, as being the successor of Augustus Caesar. Hence, a kaiser, or emperor of Germany, or any emperor or powerful ruler. See Kaiser, Kesar. “Malborough anticipated the day when he would be servilely flattered and courted by Caesar on one side and by Louis the Great on the other.
Macaulay.” { Cae•sa´re•an , Cae•sa´ri•an , } a. [L. Caesareus, Caesarianus.] Of or pertaining to Caesar or the Caesars; imperial. Caesarean section (Surg.), the operation of taking a child from the womb by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus; — so called because Julius Caesar is reported to have been brought into the world by such an operation.

Cae´sar•ism , n. [Cf. F. Cesarisme.] A system of government in which unrestricted power is exercised by a single person, to whom, as Caesar or emperor, it has been committed by the popular will; imperialism; also advocacy or support of such a system of government. This word came into prominence in the time of Napoleon III., as an expression of the claims and political views of that emperor, and of the politicians of his court.

Cae´si•ous , a. [L. caesius bluish gray.] (Nat. Hist.) Of the color of lavender; pale blue with a slight mixture of gray. Lindley.

Cae´si•um , n. [NL., from L. caesius bluish gray.] (Chem.) A rare alkaline metal found in mineral water; — so called from the two characteristic blue lines in its spectrum. It was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis, and is the most strongly basic and electro-positive substance known. Symbol Cs. Atomic weight 132.6.

Caes´pi•tose , a. Same as Cespitose.

Cae•su´ra , n.; pl. E. Caesuras , L. Caesurae [L. caesura a cutting off, a division, stop, fr. caedere, caesum, to cut off. See Concise.] A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the middle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse; a sense pause in the middle of a foot. also a long syllable on which the caesural accent rests, or which is used as a foot. In the following line the caesura is between study and of. “The prop | er stud | y of | mankind | is man.”

Cae•su´ral , a. Of or pertaining to a caesura. Caesural pause, a pause made at a caesura.

Ca•fe´ , n. [F. See Coffee.] A coffeehouse; a restaurant; also a room in a hotel or restaurant where coffee and liquors are served. { Caf´e•net , Caf´e•neh } n. [Turk. qahveh khaneh coffeehouse.] A humble inn or house of rest for travelers, where coffee is sold. [Turkey]

Caf•fe´ic , a. [See Coffee.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, coffee. Caffeic acid, an acid obtained from coffee tannin, as a yellow crystalline substance, C9H8O4.

Caf•fe´ine , n. [Cf. F. cafeine. See Coffee.] (Chem.) A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained from coffee. It is identical with the alkaloid theine from tea leaves, and with guaranine from guarana.

Caf•fe•tan´nic , a. [Caffeic + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the tannin of coffee. Caffetannic acid, a variety of tannin obtained from coffee berries, regarded as a glucoside.

Caf´fi•la , n. [Ar.] See Cafila.

Caf´fre , n. See Kaffir. { Ca´fi•la , Ca´fi•leh } n. [Ar.] A caravan of travelers; a military supply train or government caravan; a string of pack horses.

Caf´tan , n. [Turk. qaftan: cf. F. cafetan.] A garment worn throughout the Levant, consisting of a long gown with sleeves reaching below the hands. It is generally fastened by a belt or sash.

Caf´tan , v. t. To clothe with a caftan. [R.] “The turbaned and caftaned damsel.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cag , n. See Keg. [Obs.]

Cage , n. [F. cage, fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus hollow. Cf. Cave, n., Cajole, Gabion.] 1. A box or inclosure, wholly or partly of openwork, in wood or metal, used for confining birds or other animals. “In his cage, like parrot fine and gay.
Cowper.” 2. A place of confinement for malefactors Shak. “Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage.
Lovelace.” 3. (Carp.) An outer framework of timber, inclosing something within it; as the cage of a staircase. Gwilt. 4. (Mach.) (a) A skeleton frame to limit the motion of a loose piece, as a ball valve. (b) A wirework strainer, used in connection with pumps and pipes. 5. The box, bucket, or inclosed platform of a lift or elevator; a cagelike structure moving in a shaft. 6. (Mining) The drum on which the rope is wound in a hoisting whim. 7. (Baseball) The catcher’s wire mask.

Cage (kaj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caged (kajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Caging.] To confine in, or as in, a cage; to shut up or confine. ´Caged and starved to death.´ Cowper.

Caged (kajd), a. Confined in, or as in, a cage; like a cage or prison. ´The caged cloister.´ Shak.

Cage´ling (kaj´ling), n. [Cage + -ling] A bird confined in a cage; esp. a young bird. [Poetic] Tennyson.

Ca´git (ka´jit), n. (Zoöl) A kind of parrot, of a beautiful green color, found in the Philippine Islands.

Cag´mag (kag´mag), n. A tough old goose; hence, coarse, bad food of any kind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ca•got´ (ka•go´), n. [F.] One of a race inhabiting the valleys of the Pyrenees, who until 1793 were political and social outcasts (Christian Pariahs). They are supposed to be a remnant of the Visigoths.

Ca•hier´ (ka•ya´ or ka•her), n. [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. LL. quaternum. See Quire of paper. The sheets of manuscript were folded into parts.] 1. A number of sheets of paper put loosely together; esp. one of the successive portions of a work printed in numbers. 2. A memorial of a body; a report of legislative proceedings, etc.

Ca•hin´cic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cahinca, the native name of a species of Brazilian Chiococca, perhaps C. racemosa; as cahincic acid.

Ca•hoot´ , n. [Perhaps fr. f. cohorte a company or band.] Partnership; as to go in cahoot with a person. [Slang, southwestern U. S.] Bartlett.

Cai•ma•cam´ , n. [Turk.] The governor of a sanjak or district in Turkey.

Cai´man , n. (Zoöl.) See Cayman.

Cai•no•zo´ic , a. (Geol.) See Cenozic.

Ca•ïque´ , n. [F., fr. Turk. qaiq boat.] (Naut.) A light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus; also a Levantine vessel of larger size.

Ça´ i•ra´ [F. ça ira, ça ira, les aristocrates à la lanterne, it shall go on, it shall go on, [hang]the arictocrats to the lantern (lamp-post).] The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution.

Caird , n. [Ir. ceard a tinker.] A traveling tinker; also a tramp or sturdy beggar. [Prov. Eng.]

Cairn , n. [Gael. carn, gen. cairn, a heap: cf. Ir. & W. carn.] 1. A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepulchral monument. “Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn.
Campbell.” 2. A pile of stones heaped up as a landmark, or to arrest attention, as in surveying, or in leaving traces of an exploring party, etc. C. Kingsley. Kane.

Cairn•gorm´stone [Gael. carn a cairn + gorm azure.] (Min.) A yellow or smoky brown variety of rock crystal, or crystallized quartz, found esp, in the mountain of Cairngorm, in Scotland.

Cais´son , n. [F., fr. caisse, case, chest. See 1st Case.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A chest to hold ammunition. (b) A four-wheeled carriage for conveying ammunition, consisting of two parts, a body and a limber. In light field batteries there is one caisson to each piece, having two ammunition boxes on the body, and one on the limber. Farrow. (c) A chest filled with explosive materials, to be laid in the way of an enemy and exploded on his approach. 2. (a) A water-tight box, of timber or iron within which work is carried on in building foundations or structures below the water level. (b) A hollow floating box, usually of iron, which serves to close the entrances of docks and basins. (c) A structure, usually with an air chamber, placed beneath a vessel to lift or float it. 3. (Arch.) A sunk panel of ceilings or soffits. Pneumatic caisson (Engin.), a caisson, closed at the top but open at the bottom, and resting upon the ground under water. The pressure of air forced into the caisson keeps the water out. Men and materials are admitted to the interior through an air lock. See Lock.

Cai´tiff , a. [OE. caitif, cheitif, captive, miserable, OF. caitif, chaitif, captive, mean, wretched, F. chetif, fr. L. captivus captive, fr. capere to take, akin to E. heave. See Heave, and cf. Captive.] 1. Captive; wretched; unfortunate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Base; wicked and mean; cowardly; despicable. “Arnold had sped his caitiff flight.
W. Irving.”

Cai´tiff, n. A captive; a prisoner. [Obs.] “Avarice doth tyrannize over her caitiff and slave.
Holland.” 2. A wretched or unfortunate man. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A mean, despicable person; one whose character meanness and wickedness meet. The deep-felt conviction of men that slavery breaks down the moral character … speaks out with … distinctness in the change of meaning which caitiff has undergone signifying as it now does, one of a base, abject disposition, while there was a time when it had nothing of this in it. Trench.

Caj´e•put , n. See Cajuput.

Ca•jole´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cajoled p. pr. & vb. n. Cajoling.] [F. cajoler, orig., to chatter like a bird in a cage, to sing; hence, to amuse with idle talk, to flatter, from the source of OF. goale, jaiole, F. geôle, dim. of cage a cage. See Cage, Jail.] To deceive with flattery or fair words; to wheedle. “I am not about to cajole or flatter you into a reception of my views.
F. W. Robertson.” Syn. — To flatter; wheedle; delude; coax; entrap.

Ca•jole´ment , n. The act of cajoling; the state of being cajoled; cajolery. Coleridge.

Ca•jol´er , n. A flatterer; a wheedler.

Ca•jol´er•y , n.; pl. Cajoleries . A wheedling to delude; words used in cajoling; flattery. ´Infamous cajoleries.´ Evelyn.

Caj´u•put , n. [Of Malayan origin; kayu tree + putih white.] (Med.) A highly stimulating volatile inflammable oil, distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree (Melaleuca cajuputi, etc.) It is greenish in color and has a camphoraceous odor and pungent taste.

Caj´u•put•ene , n. (Chem.) A colorless or greenish oil extracted from cajuput.

Cake (kak), n. [OE. cake, kaak; akin to Dan. kage, Sw. & Icel. kaka, D. koek, G. kuchen, OHG. chuocho.] 1. A small mass of dough baked; especially, a thin loaf from unleavened dough; as an oatmeal cake; johnnycake. 2. A sweetened composition of flour and other ingredients, leavened or unleavened, baked in a loaf or mass of any size or shape. 3. A thin wafer-shaped mass of fried batter; a griddlecake or pancake; as buckwheat cakes. 4. A mass of matter concreted, congealed, or molded into a solid mass of any form, esp. into a form rather flat than high; as a cake of soap; an ague cake. “Cakes of rusting ice come rolling down the flood.
Dryden.” Cake urchin (Zoöl), any species of flat sea urchins belonging to the Clypeastroidea. — Oil cake the refuse of flax seed, cotton seed, or other vegetable substance from which oil has been expressed, compacted into a solid mass, and used as food for cattle, for manure, or for other purposes. — To have one’s cake dough, to fail or be disappointed in what one has undertaken or expected. Shak.

Cake, v. i. To form into a cake, or mass.

Cake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caked p. pr. & vb. n. Caking.] To concrete or consolidate into a hard mass, as dough in an oven; to coagulate. “Clotted blood that caked within.
Addison.”

Cake, v. i. To cackle as a goose. [Prov. Eng.]

Cak´ing coal See Coal.

Cal , n. (Cornish Mines) Wolfram, an ore of tungsten. Simmonds.

Cal´a•bar , n. A district on the west coast of Africa. Calabar bean, The of a climbing legumious plant (Physostigma venenosum), a native of tropical Africa. It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye; also in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases; — called also ordeal bean, being used by the negroes in trials for witchcraft.

Cal´a•bar•ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid resembling physostigmine and occurring with it in the calabar bean.

Cal´a•bash (kal´a•bash), n. [Sp. calabaza, or Pg. calabaça, cabaça (cf. F. Calebasse), lit., a dry gourd, fr. Ar. qar’, fem., a kind of gourd + aibas dry.] 1. The common gourd (plant or fruit). 2. The fruit of the calabash tree. 3. A water dipper, bottle, bascket, or other utensil, made from the dry shell of a calabash or gourd. Calabash tree. (Bot.), a tree of tropical America (Crescentia cujete), producing a large gourdlike fruit, containing a purgative pulp. Its hard shell, after the removal of the pulp, is used for cups, bottles, etc. The African calabash tree is the baobab.

Cal•a•boose´ , n. [A corruption of Sp. calabozo dungeon.] A prison; a jail. [Local, U. S.]

Ca•lade´ , n. [F.] A slope or declivity in a manege ground down which a horse is made to gallop, to give suppleness to his haunches.

Ca•la´di•um , n. [NL.] A genus of aroideous plants, of which some species are cultivated for their immense leaves (which are often curiously blotched with white and red), and others (in Polynesia) for food.

Cal´a•ite (kal•a•it), n. [L. callaïs, Gr. ka•lai:s, ka•llai:s; cf. F. calaïte.] A mineral. See Turquoise.

Cal•a•man´co (kal•a•man´ko), n. [LL. calamancus, calamacus; cf. camelaucum; a head covering made of camel’s hair, NGr. kamelay•kion, and F. calmande a woolen stuff.] A glossy woolen stuff, plain, striped, or checked. ´A gay calamanco waistcoat.´ Tatler.

Cal´a•man•der wood (kal´a•man•der wood•). A valuable furniture wood from India and Ceylon, of a hazel-brown color, with black stripes, very hard in texture. It is a species of ebony, and is obtained from the Diospyros quaesita. Called also Coromandel wood. { Cal´a•mar (kal´a•mär), Cal´a•ma•ry, (-ma•ryr)} n. [LL. calamarium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen: cf. F. calmar, calemar, pen case, calamar.] (Zoöl.) A cephalopod, belonging to the genus Loligo and related genera. There are many species. They have a sack of inklike fluid which they discharge from the siphon tube, when pursued or alarmed, in order to confuse their enemies. Their shell is a thin horny plate, within the flesh of the back, shaped very much like a quill pen. In America they are called squids. See Squid.

Cal´am•bac (kal´am•bak), n. [F. calambac, calambour, from Malay Kalambaq a king of fragrant wood.] (Bot.) A fragrant wood; agalloch.

Cal´am•bour (kal´am•boor), n. [See Calambac.] A species of agalloch, or aloes wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable texture, and less fragrant than calambac; — used by cabinetmakers.

Cal•a•mif´er•ous , a. [L. calamus reed + ferous.] Producing reeds; reedy.

Cal´a•mine (kal´a•min or - min), n. [F. calamine, LL. calamina, fr. L. Cadmia. See Cadmia.] (min.) A mineral, the hydrous silicate of zinc. The name was formerly applied to both the carbonate and silicate of zinc each of which is valuabic as an ore; but it is now usually restricted to the latter, the former being called smithsonite.

Cal´a•mint (-mint), n. [OE. calamint, calemente (cf. F. calament) fr. L. calamintha, Gr. kalami•nqh, kala•minqos. See 1st Mint.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants (Calamintha) of the Mint family, esp. the C. Nepeta and C. Acinos, which are called also basil thyme.

Cal´a•mist (-mist), n. [L. calamus a reed.] One who plays upon a reed or pipe. [Obs.] Blount.

Cal•a•mis´trate (-mis´trat), v. i. [L. calamistratus, curled with the curling iron, fr. calamistrum curling iron, fr. calamus a reed.] To curl or friz, as the hair. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Cal•a•mis•tra´tion (kal•a•mis•tra´shun), n. The act or process of curling the hair. [Obs.] Burton.

Cal•a•mis´trum , n. [L., a curling iron.] (Zoöl.) A comblike structure on the metatarsus of the hind legs of certain spiders (Ciniflonidae), used to curl certain fibers in the construction of their webs.

Cal´a•mite , n. [L. calamus a reed: cf. F. calamite.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant of the coal formation, having the general form of plants of the modern Equiseta (the Horsetail or Scouring Rush family) but sometimes attaining the height of trees, and having the stem more or less woody within. See Acrogen, and Asterophyllite.

Ca•lam´i•tous , a. [L. Calamitosus; cf. F. calamiteux.] 1. Suffering calamity; wretched; miserable. [Obs.] “Ten thousands of calamitous persons.
South.” 2. Producing, or attended with distress and misery; making wretched; wretched; unhappy. ´This sad and calamitous condition.´ South. ´A calamitous prison´ Milton. Syn. — Miserable; deplorable; distressful; afflictive; wretched; grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe; sad; unfortunate. — Ca•lam´i•tous•ly, adv. — Ca•lam´i•tous•ness, n.

Ca•lam´i•ty n.; pl. Calamities (#). [L. calamitas, akin to in-columis unharmed: cf. F. calamite] 1. Any great misfortune or cause of misery; — generally applied to events or disasters which produce extensive evil, either to communities or individuals. The word calamity was first derived from calamus when the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon. “Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul.
W. Irving.” 2. A state or time of distress or misfortune; misery. “The deliberations of calamity are rarely wise.
Burke.” “Where’er I came I brought calamity.
Tennyson.” Syn. — Disaster; distress; affliction; adversity; misfortune; unhappiness; infelicity; mishap; mischance; misery; evil; extremity; exigency; downfall. — Calamity, Disaster, Misfortune, Mishap, Mischance. Of these words, calamity is the strongest. It supposes a somewhat continuous state, produced not usually by the direct agency of man, but by natural causes, such as fire, flood, tempest, disease, etc, Disaster denotes literally ill-starred, and is some unforeseen and distressing event which comes suddenly upon us, as if from hostile planet. Misfortune is often due to no specific cause; it is simply the bad fortune of an individual; a link in the chain of events; an evil independent of his own conduct, and not to be charged as a fault. Mischance and mishap are misfortunes of a trivial nature, occurring usually to individuals. ´A calamity is either public or private, but more frequently the former; a disaster is rather particular than private; it affects things rather than persons; journey, expedition, and military movements are often attended with disasters; misfortunes are usually personal; they immediately affect the interests of the individual.´ Crabb.

Cal´a•mus , n.; pl. Calami (#). [L., a reed. See Halm.] 1. (Bot.) The indian cane, a plant of the Palm family. It furnishes the common rattan. See Rattan, and Dragon’s blood. 2. (Bot.) A species of Acorus (A. calamus), commonly called calamus, or sweet flag. The root has a pungent, aromatic taste, and is used in medicine as a stomachic; the leaves have an aromatic odor, and were formerly used instead of rushes to strew on floors. 3. (Zoöl.) The horny basal portion of a feather; the barrel or quill.

Ca•lan´do , a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually diminishing in rapidity and loudness.

Ca•lash´ , n. [F. calèche; of Slavonic origin; cf. Bohem. kolesa, Russ. koliaska calash, koleso, kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood that can be raised or lowered, seats for inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used as either an open or a close carriage. “The baroness in a calash capable of holding herself, her two children, and her servants.
W. Irving.” 2. In Canada, a two-wheeled, one-seated vehicle, with a calash top, and the driver’s seat elevated in front. 3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure. 4. A hood, formerly worn by ladies, which could be drawn forward or thrown back like the top of a carriage.

Ca•la•ve´rite , n. (Min.) A bronze-yellow massive mineral with metallic luster; a telluride of gold; — first found in Calaveras County California.

Cal•ca´ne•al , a. (Anal.) Pertaining to the calcaneum; as calcaneal arteries.

Cal•ca´ne•um n.; pl. E. -neums, L. -nea. [L. the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] (Anal.) One of the bones of the tarsus which in man, forms the great bone of the heel; — called also fibulare.

Cal´car , n. [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] (Glass manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory furnace, used for the calcination of sand and potash, and converting them into frit. Ure.

Cal´car, n.; L. pl. Calcaria (#). [L., a spur, as worn on the heel, also the spur of a cock, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] 1. (Bot.) A hollow tube or spur at the base of a petal or corolla. 2. (Zoöl.) A slender bony process from the ankle joint of bats, which helps to support the posterior part of the web, in flight. 3. (Anat.) (a) A spur, or spurlike prominence. (b) A curved ridge in the floor of the leteral ventricle of the brain; the calcar avis, hippocampus minor, or ergot. { Cal´ca•rate , Cal´ca•ra•ted } a. [LL. calcaratus, fr. L. calcar. See 2d Calcar.] 1. (Bot.) Having a spur, as the flower of the toadflax and larkspur; spurred. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Armed with a spur.

Cal•ca´re•o-ar•gil•la´ceous , a. consisting of, or containing, calcareous and argillaceous earths.

Cal•ca´re•o-bi•tu´mi•nous , a. Consisting of, or containing, lime and bitumen. Lyell.

Cal•ca´re•o-si•li´ceous , a.Consisting of, or containing calcareous and siliceous earths.

Cal•ca´re•ous , a. [L. calcarius pertaining to lime. See Calx.] Partaking of the nature of calcite or calcium carbonate; consisting of, or containing, calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. Calcareous spar. See as Calcite.

Cal•ca´re•ous•ness, n. Quality of being calcareous.

Cal•ca•rif´er•ous , a. [L. calcarius of lime + ferous.] Lime-yielding; calciferous

Cal´ca•rine , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the calcar of the brain.

Cal•ca•vel´la , n. A sweet wine from Portugal; — so called from the district of Carcavelhos. [Written also Calcavellos or Carcavelhos.]

Cal´ce•a•ted , a. [L. calceatus, p. p. of pelceare to ahoe, fr. catceus shoe, fr. calx, calcic, heel.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes. Johnson.

Calced , a. [See Calceated.] Wearing shoes; calceated; — in distintion from discalced or barefooted; as the calced Carmelites.

Cal´ce•don , n. [See Chalcedony.] A foul vein, like chalcedony, in some precious stones. { Cal•ce•don´ic , Cal•ce•do´ni•an } a. See Chalcedonic.

Cal´ce•i•form (kal´se•i•fôrm•), a. [L. calceus shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a slipper, as one petal of the lady’s-slipper; calceolate.

cal•ce•o•la´ri•a (kal•se•o•la´ri•a), n. [NL., fr. L. calceolarius shoemaker, fr. calceolus, a dim. of calceus shoe.] (Bot.) A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name.

Cal´ce•o•late , a. [See Calceolaria.] Slipper-ahaped. See Calceiform.

Cal´ces , n. pl. See Calx.

Cal´cic , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime: cf. F. calcique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, calcium or lime.

Cal•cif´er•ous , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -ferous.] Bearing, producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime. Calciferous epoch (Geol.), an epoch in the American lower Silurian system, immediately succeeding the Cambrian period. The name alludes to the peculiar mixture of calcareous and siliceous characteristics in many of the beds. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cal•cif´ic , a. Calciferous. Specifically: (Zoöl.) of or pertaining to the portion of the oviduct which forms the eggshell in birds and reptiles. Huxley.

Cal•ci•fi•ca´tion (kal•si•fi•ka´shun), n. (Physiol.) The process of change into a stony or calcareous substance by the deposition of lime salt; — normally, as in the formation of bone and of teeth; abnormally, as in calcareous degeneration of tissue.

Cal´ci•fied (kal´si•fid), a. Consisting of, or containing, calcareous matter or lime salts; calcareous.

Cal´ci•form (kal´si•fôrm), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + - form.] In the form of chalk or lime.

Cal´ci•fy (kal´si•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calcified (- fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcifying.] [L. calx, calcis, lime + -fy.] To make stony or calcareous by the deposit or secretion of salts of lime.

Cal´ci•fy, v. i. To become changed into a stony or calcareous condition, in which lime is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth.

Cal•cig´e•nous , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -genouse.] (Chem.) Tending to form, or to become, a calx or earthlike substance on being oxidized or burnt; as magnesium, calcium. etc.

Cal•cig´er•ous , a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -gerouse.] Holding lime or other earthy salts; as the calcigerous cells of the teeth.

Cal´ci•mine , n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] A white or colored wash for the ceiling or other plastering of a room, consisting of a mixture of clear glue, Paris white or zinc white, and water. [Also spelt kalsomine.]

Cal´ci•mine, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calcimined p. pr. & vb. n. Calcimining.] To wash or cover with calcimine; as to calcimine walls.

Cal´ci•mi•ner , n. One who calcimines.

Cal•cin´a•ble , a. That may be calcined; as a calcinable fossil.

Cal´ci•nate , v. i. To calcine. [R.]

Cal•ci•na´tion (kal•si•na´shun), n. [F. calcination.] 1. (Chem.) The act or process of disintegrating a substance, or rendering it friable by the action of heat, esp. by the expulsion of some volatile matter, as when carbonic and acid is expelled from carbonate of calcium in the burning of limestone in order to make lime. 2. The act or process of reducing a metal to an oxide or metallic calx; oxidation.

Cal•cin´a•to•ry , n. A vessel used in calcination.

Cal•cine´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calciden p. pr. & vb. n. Calcining.] [F. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] 1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action of heat; to expel volatile matter from by means of heat, as carbonic acid from limestone, and thus (usually) to produce disintegration; as to, calcine bones. 2. To oxidize, as a metal by the action of heat; to reduce to a metallic calx.

Cal•cine´, v. i. To be converted into a powder or friable substance, or into a calx, by the action of heat. ´Calcining without fusion´ Newton.

Cal•cin´er , n. One who, or that which, calcines.

Cal•ci•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine sponges, containing calcareous spicules. See Porifera.

Cal´cite (kal´sit), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] (Min.) Calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. It is rhombohedral in its crystallization, and thus distinguished from aragonite. It includes common limestone, chalk, and marble. Called also calc-spar and calcareous spar. Argentine is a pearly lamellar variety; aphrite is foliated or chalklike; dogtooth spar, a form in acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral crystals; calc- sinter and calc-tufa are lose or porous varieties formed in caverns or wet grounds from calcareous deposits; agaric mineral is a soft, white friable variety of similar origin; stalaclite and stalagmite are varieties formed from the drillings in caverns. Iceland spar is a transparent variety, exhibiting the strong double refraction of the species, and hence is called doubly refracting spar.

Cal´ci•trant , a. [L. calcitrans, p. pr. of calcitrare to kick, fr. calx, calcis , heel.] Kicking. Hence: Stubborn; refractory.

Cal´ci•trate , v. i. & i. [L. calcitratus, p. p. of calcitrare. See Calcitrant.] To kick.

Cal•ci•tra´tion (-tra´shun), n. Act of kicking.

Cal´ci•um (kal´si•um), n. [NL., from L. calx, calcis, lime; cf F. calcium. See Calx.] (Chem.) An elementary substance; a metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. It is of a pale yellow color, tenacious, and malleable. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Atomic weight 40. Symbol Ca. Calcium is widely and abundantly disseminated, as in its compounds calcium carbonate or limestone, calcium sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride or fluor spar, calcium phosphate or apatite. Calcium light, an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas; — called also Drummond light.

Cal•civ´o•rous , a. [L. calx lime + vorare to devour.] Eroding, or eating into, limestone.

Cal•cog´ra•pher , n. One who practices calcography. { Cal•co•graph´ic , Cal•co•graph´ic•al } a. Relating to, or in the style of, calcography.

Cal•cog´ra•phy , n. [L. calx, calcis, lime, chalk + -graphy.] The art of drawing with chalk.

Calc´-sin•ter , n. [G. kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + E. sinter.] See under Calcite.

Calc´-spar , n. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime E. spar.] Same as Calcite.

Calc´-tu•fa , n. [G. kalk (l. calx) lime + E. tufa.] See under Calcite.

Cal´cu•la•ble , a. [Cf. F. calculable.] That may be calculated or ascertained by calculation.

Cal´cu•la•ry , a. [L. calculus a pebble, a calculus; cf calcularius pertaining to calculation.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to calculi.

Cal´cu•la•ry, n. A congeries of little stony knots found in the pulp of the pear and other fruits.

Cal´cu•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calculater p. pr. & vb. n. Calculating ] [L, calculatus, p. p. of calculate, fr. calculus a pebble, a stone used in reckoning; hence, a reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, a stone used in gaming, limestone. See Calx.] 1. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the ordinary rules of arithmetic; to reckon up; to estimate; to compute. “A calencar exacity calculated than any othe.
North.” 2. To ascertain or predict by mathematical or astrological computations the time, circumstances, or other conditions of; to forecast or compute the character or consequences of; as to calculate or cast one’s nativity. “A cunning man did calculate my birth.
Shak.” 3. To adjust for purpose; to adapt by forethought or calculation; to fit or prepare by the adaptation of means to an end; as to calculate a system of laws for the government and protection of a free people. “[Religion] is … calculated for our benefit.
Abp. Tillotson.” 4. To plan; to expect; to think. [Local, U. S.] Syn. — To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate. — To Calculate, Compute. Reckon, Count. These words indicate the means by which we arrive at a given result in regard to quantity. We calculate with a view to obtain a certain point of knowledge; as to calculate an eclipse. We compute by combining given numbers, in order to learn the grand result. We reckon and count in carrying out the details of a computation. These words are also used in a secondary and figurative sense. ´Calculate is rather a conjection from what is, as to what may be; computation is a rational estimate of what has been, from what is; reckoning is a conclusive conviction, a pleasing assurance that a thing will happen; counting indicates an expectation. We calculate on a gain; we compute any loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief done; we reckon on a promised pleasure; we count the hours and minutes until the time of enjoyment arrives´ Crabb.

Cal´cu•late , v. i. To make a calculation; to forecast consequences; to estimate; to compute. “The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calculate.
F. W. Robertson.”

Cal´cu•la•ted , p. p. & a. 1. Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball. 2. Adapted by calculation, contrivance. or forethought to accomplish a purpose; as to use arts calculated to deceive the people. 3. Likely to produce a certain effect, whether intended or not; fitted; adapted; suited. “The only danger that attends multiplicity of publication is, that some of them may be calculated to injure rather than benefit society.
Goldsmith.” “The minister, on the other hand, had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws”. Hawthorne.

Cal´cu•la•ting , a. 1. Of or pertaining to mathematical calculations; performing or able to perform mathematical calculations. 2. Given to contrivance or forethought; forecasting; scheming; as a cool calculating disposition. Calculating machine, a machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.

Cal´cu•la•ting, n. The act or process of making mathematical computations or of estimating results.

Cal•cu•la´tion (-la´shun), n. [OE. calculation, fr. L. calculatio; cf. OF. calcucation.] 1. The act or process, or the result, of calculating; computation; reckoning, estimate. ´The calculation of eclipses.´ Nichol. “The mountain is not so his calculation makes it.
Boyle.” 2. An expectation based on circumstances. “The lazy gossips of the port,
Abhorrent of a calculation crost,
Began to chafe as at a personal wrong.
Tennyson.”

Cal´cu•la•tive , a. Of or pertaining to calculation; involving calculation. “Long habits of calculative dealings.
Burke.”

Cal´cu•la•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. calculateur.] One who computes or reckons: one who estimates or considers the force and effect of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of the effects. “Ambition is no exact calculator.
Burke.”

Cal´cu•la•to•ry , a. [L. calculatorius.] Belonging to calculation. Sherwood.

Cal´cule , n. [F. calcul, fr. L. calculus. See Calculus.] Reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Howell.

Cal´cule, v. i. To calculate [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cal´cu•li , n. pl. See Calculus.

Cal´cu•lous , a. [L. calculosus.] 1. Of the nature of a calculus; like stone; gritty; as a calculous concretion. Sir T. Browne. 2. Caused, or characterized, by the presence of a calculus or calculi; a, a calculous disorder; affected with gravel or stone; as a calculous person.

Cal´cu•lus , n.; pl. Calculi (#). [L, calculus. See Calculate, and Calcule.] 1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc. 2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation. Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which coëfficients or weights are ascribed. — Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions. — Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions. — Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance. — Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change. — Differential calculus, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it. — Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of exponents. — Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra. — Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself.

Cal´dron (kal´drun), n. [OE. caldron, caudron, caudroun, OF. caudron, chauderon, F. chaudron, an aug. of F. chaudière, LL. caldaria, fr. L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, warm, fr. calere to be warm; cf. Skr. çra to boil. Cf. Chaldron, Calaric, Caudle.] A large kettle or boiler of copper, brass, or iron. [Written also cauldron.] ´Caldrons of boiling oil.´ Prescott.

Ca•lèche´ (ka•lash´), n. [F. calèche.] See Calash.

Cal•e•do´ni•a , n. The ancient Latin name of Scotland; — still used in poetry.

Cal•e•do´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Caledonia or Scotland; Scottish; Scotch. — n. A native or inhabitant of Caledonia or Scotland.

Ca•led´o•nite , n. (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of copper and lead, found in some parts of Caledonia or Scotland.

Cal•e•fa´cient , a. [L. calefaciens p. pr. of calefacere to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make.] Making warm; heating. [R.]

Cal•e•fa´cient, n. A substance that excites warmth in the parts to which it is applied, as mustard.

Cal•e•fac´tion , n. [L. calefactio: cf. F. calefaction.] 1. The act of warming or heating; the production of heat in a body by the action of fire, or by communication of heat from other bodies. 2. The state of being heated.

Cal•e•fac´tive , a. See Calefactory. [R.]

Cal•e•fac´tor , n. A heater; one who, or that which, makes hot, as a stove, etc.

Cal•e•fac´to•ry , a. [L. calefactorius.] Making hot; producing or communicating heat.

Cal•e•fac´to•ry, n. 1. (Eccl.) An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a sitting room. 2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with hot water, or a chafing dish, placed on the altar in cold weather for the priest to warm his hands with.

Cal´e•fy , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calefied p. pr. & vb. n. Calefying.] [L. calere to be warm + -fy] To make warm or hot.

Cal´e•fy, v. i. To grow hot or warm. Sir T. Browne.

Cal´em•bour , n. [F.] A pun.

Cal´en•dar , n. [OE. kalender, calender, fr. L. kalendarium an interest or account book (cf. F. calendrier, OF. calendier) fr. L. calendue, kalendae, calends. See Calends.] 1. An orderly arrangement of the division of time, adapted to the purposes of civil life, as years, months, weeks, and days; also a register of the year with its divisions; an almanac. 2. (Eccl.) A tabular statement of the dates of feasts, offices, saints’ days, etc., esp. of those which are liable to change yearly according to the varying date of Easter. 3. An orderly list or enumeration of persons, things, or events; a schedule; as a calendar of state papers; a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assembly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court; a calendar of a college or an academy. Shepherds of people had need know the calendars of tempests of state. Bacon. Calendar clock, one that shows the days of the week and month. — Calendar month. See under Month. — French Republican calendar. See under Vendemiaire. — Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Perpetual calendar. See under Gregorian, Julian, and Perpetual.

Cal´en•dar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calendared p. pr. & vb. n. Calendaring.] To enter or write in a calendar; to register. Waterhouse.

Cal•en•da´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to the calendar or a calendar.

Cal´en•da•ry , a. Calendarial. [Obs.]

Cal´en•der , n. [F. calandre, LL. calendra, corrupted fr. L. cylindrus a cylinder, Gr. . See Cylinider.] 1. A machine, used for the purpose of giving cloth, paper, etc., a smooth, even, and glossy or glazed surface, by cold or hot pressure, or for watering them and giving them a wavy appearance. It consists of two or more cylinders revolving nearly in contact, with the necessary apparatus for moving and regulating. 2. One who pursues the business of calendering. “My good friend the calender.
Cawper.”

Cal´en•der , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calendered p. pr. & vb. n. Calendering.] [Cf. F. calandrer. See Calender, n.] To press between rollers for the purpose of making smooth and glossy, or wavy, as woolen and silk stuffs, linens, paper, etc. Ure.

Cal´en•der, n. [Per. qalender.] One of a sect or order of fantastically dressed or painted dervishes.

Cal•en•dog´ra•pher , n. [Calendar + -graph + er.] One who makes calendars. [R.]

Cal´en•drer , n. A person who calenders cloth; a calender. { Ca•len´dric , Ca•len´dric•al } a., Of or pertaining to a calendar.

Cal´ends , n. pl. [OE. kalendes month, calends, AS. calend month, fr. L. calendae; akin to calare to call, proclaim, Gr. . CF. Claim.] The first day of each month in the ancient Roman calendar. [Written also kalends.] The Greek calends, a time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends.

Ca•len´du•la , n. [NL., fr. L. calendae calends.] (Bot.) A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name.

Ca•len´du•lin , n. (Chem.) A gummy or mucilaginous tasteless substance obtained from the marigold or calendula, and analogous to bassorin.

Cal´en•ture , n. [F. calenture, fr. Sp. calenture heat, fever, fr. calentar to heat, fr. p. pr. of L. calere to be warm.] (Med.) A name formerly given to various fevers occuring in tropics; esp. to a form of furious delirium accompanied by fever, among sailors, which sometimes led the affected person to imagine the sea to be a green field, and to throw himself into it.

Cal´en•ture, v. i. To see as in the delirium of one affected with calenture. [Poetic] “Hath fed on pageants floating through the air
Or calentures in depths of limpid flood.
Wordsworth.”

Ca•les´cence , n. [L. calescens, p. pr. of calescere, incho. of calere to be warm.] Growing warmth; increasing heat.

Calf , n.; pl. Calves (#). [OE. calf, kelf, AS. cealf; akin to D. kalf, G. kalb, Icel. kalfr, Sw. kalf, Dan. kalv, Goth. kalbo; cf. Skr. garbha fetus, young, Gr. , Skr grabh to seize, conceive, Ir. colpa, colpach, a calf. rad.222.] 1. The young of the cow, or of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. also the young of some other mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and whale. 2. Leather made of the skin of the calf; especially, a fine, light-colored leather used in bookbinding; as to bind books in calf. 3. An awkward or silly boy or young man; any silly person; a dolt. [Colloq.] “Some silly, doting, brainless calf.
Drayton.” 4. A small island near a larger; as the Calf of Man. 5. A small mass of ice set free from the submerged part of a glacier or berg, and rising to the surface. Kane. 6. [Cf. Icel. kalfi.] The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. Calf’s-foot jelly, jelly made from the feet of calves. The gelatinous matter of the feet is extracted by boiling, and is flavored with sugar, essences, etc.

Calf´skin , n. The hide or skin of a calf; or leather made of the skin.

Ca´li , n. (Hindoo Myth.) The tenth avatar or incarnation of the god Vishnu. [Written also Kali.] { Cal´i•ber , Cal´ibre } , n. [F. calibre, perh. fr. L. qualibra of what pound, of what weight; hence, of what size, applied first to a ball or bullet; cf. also Ar. qalib model, mold. Cf. Calipers, Calivere.] 1. (Gunnery) The diameter of the bore, as a cannon or other firearm, or of any tube; or the weight or size of the projectile which a firearm will carry; as an 8 inch gun, a 12-pounder, a 44 caliber. “The caliber of empty tubes.
Reid.” “A battery composed of three guns of small caliber.
Prescott.” The caliber of firearms is expressed in various ways. Cannon are often designated by the weight of a solid spherical shot that will fit the bore; as a 12-pounder; pieces of ordnance that project shell or hollow shot are designated by the diameter of their bore; as a 12 inch mortar or a 14 inch shell gun; small arms are designated by hundredths of an inch expressed decimally; as a rifle of .44 inch caliber. 2. The diameter of round or cylindrical body, as of a bullet or column. 3. Fig.: Capacity or compass of mind. Burke. Caliber compasses. See Calipers. — Caliber rule, a gunner’s calipers, an instrument having two scales arranged to determine a ball’s weight from its diameter, and conversely. — A ship’s caliber, the weight of her armament.

Cal´i•brate , v. i. To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; also more generally, to determine or rectify the graduation of, as of the various standards or graduated instruments.

Cal•ibra´•tion , n. The process of estimating the caliber a tube, as of a thermometer tube, in order to graduate it to a scale of degrees; also more generally, the determination of the true value of the spaces in any graduated instrument.

Cal´ice , n. [See Calice.] See Chalice.

Cal´i•cle , n. [L. caliculus a small cup, dim. of calicis, a cup. Cf Calycle.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the small cuplike cavities, often with elevated borders, covering the surface of most corals. Each is formed by a polyp. (b) One of the cuplike structures inclosing the zooids of certain hydroids. See Campanularian. [Written also calycle. See Calycle.]

Cal´i•co , n.; pl. Calicoes (#). [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as super calicoes, shirting calicoes, unbleached calicoes, etc. [Eng.] “The importation of printed or stained colicoes appears to have been coeval with the establishment of the East India Company”. Beck (Draper’s Dict. ). 2. Cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern. In the United States the term calico is applied only to the printed fabric. Calico bass (Zoöl.), an edible, fresh-water fish (Pomoxys sparaides) of the rivers and lake of the Western United States (esp. of the Misissippi valley.), allied to the sunfishes, and so called from its variegated colors; — called also calicoback, grass bass, strawberry bass, barfish, and bitterhead. — Calico printing, the art or process of impressing the figured patterns on calico.

Cal´i•co , a. Made of, or having the appearance of, calico; — often applied to an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose body are large patches of a color strikingly different from its main color. [Colloq. U. S.]

Cal´i•co•back , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The calico bass. (b) An hemipterous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures the cabbage and other garden plants; — called also calico bug and harlequin cabbage bug. { Ca•lic´u•lar , a. Ca•lic´u•late } a. Relating to, or resembling, a cup; also improperly used for calycular, calyculate.

Cal´id , a. [L. calidus, fr. calere to be hot.] Hot; burning; ardent. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ca•lid´i•ty , n. Heat. [Obs.]

Cal´i•duct , n. [See Caloriduct.] A pipe or duct used to convey hot air or steam. “Subterranean caliducts have been introduced.
Evelyn.” { Ca´lif , n., Cal´i•fate } n., etc. Same as Caliph, Caliphate, etc.

Cal•i•for´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to California. — n. A native or inhabitant of California.

Cal•i•ga´tion (-ga´shun), n. [L. caligatio, fr. caligare to emit vapor, to be dark, from caligo mist, darkness.] Dimness; cloudiness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ca•lig•i•nos´ity , n. [L. caliginosus dark. See Caligation.] Darkness. [R.] G. Eliot.

Ca•lig´i•nous , a. [L. caliginosus; cf. F. caligineux.] Affected with darkness or dimness; dark; obscure. [R.] Blount. “The caliginous regions of the air.
Hallywell.” — Ca•lig´i•nous•ly, adv. — Ca•lig´i•nous•ness, n.

Ca•li´go , n. [L., darkness.] (Med.) Dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent upon a speck on the cornea; also the speck itself.

Cal•i•graph´ic , a. See Calligraphic.

Ca•lig´ra•phy , n. See Caligraphy.

Ca´lin , n. [F., fr. Malay kelany tin, or fr. Kala’a, a town in India, fr. which it came.] An alloy of lead and tin, of which the Chinese make tea canisters.

Cal•i•pash´ , n. [F. carapace, Sp. carapacho. Cf Calarash, Carapace.] A part of a turtle which is next to the upper shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a dull greenish tinge, much esteemed as a delicacy in preparations of turtle.

Cal´i•pee , n. [See Calipash] A part of a turtle which is attached to the lower shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a light yellowish color, much esteemed as a delicacy. Thackeray.

Cal´i•pers , n. pl. [Corrupted from caliber.] An instrument, usually resembling a pair of dividers or compasses with curved legs, for measuring the diameter or thickness of bodies, as of work shaped in a lathe or planer, timber, masts, shot, etc.; or the bore of firearms, tubes, etc.; — called also caliper compasses, or caliber compasses. Caliper square, a draughtsman’s or mechanic’s square, having a graduated bar and adjustable jaw or jaws. Knight. — Vernier calipers. See Vernier.

Ca´liph (ka´lif), n. [OE. caliphe, califfe, F. calife (cf. Sp. califa), fr. Ar. khalifan successor, fr. khalafa to succed.] Successor or vicar; — a title of the successors of Mohammed both as temporal and spiritual rulers, now used by the sultans of Turkey. [Written also calif.]

Cal´i•phate , n. [Cf. F. califat.] The office, dignity, or government of a caliph or of the caliphs.

Ca•lip´pic , a. Of or pertaining to Calippus, an Athenian astronomer. Calippic period, a period of seventy-six years, proposed by Calippus, as an improvement on the Metonic cycle, since the 6940 days of the Metonic cycle exceeded 19 years by about a quarter of a day, and exceeded 235 lunations by something more.

Cal•i•sa´ya bark A valuable kind of Peruvian bark obtained from the Cinchona Calisaya, and other closely related species.

Cal•is•the´ne•um, n. [NL.] A gymnasium; esp. one for light physical exercise by women and children.

Cal•is•then´ic , a. [Gr. kalo•s beautiful + sqe•nos strength.] Of or pertaining to calisthenics.

Cal•is•then´ics , n. The science, art, or practice of healthful exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and gracefulness; light gymnastics.

Cal´i•ver , n. [Corrupted fr. caliber.] An early form of hand gun, a variety of the arquebus; originally a gun having a regular size of bore. [Obs.] Shak.

Ca´lix (ka´liks), n. [L.] A cup. See Calyx.

Calk (kak), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calked p. pr. & vb. n. Calking.] [Either corrupted fr. F. calfater (cf. Pg. calafetar, Sp. calafetear), fr. Ar. qalafa to fill up crevices with the fibers of palm tree or moss; or fr. OE. cauken to tred, through the French fr. L. calcare, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calk to copy, Inculcate.] 1. To drive tarred oakum into the seams between the planks of (a ship, boat, etc.), to prevent leaking. The calking is completed by smearing the seams with melted pitch. 2. To make an indentation in the edge of a metal plate, as along a seam in a steam boiler or an iron ship, to force the edge of the upper plate hard against the lower and so fill the crevice.

Calk (kalk), v. t. [E. calquer to trace, It. caicare to trace, to trample, fr. L. calcare to trample, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calcarate.] To copy, as a drawing, by rubbing the back of it with red or black chalk, and then passing a blunt style or needle over the lines, so as to leave a tracing on the paper or other thing against which it is laid or held. [Written also calque]

Calk (kak), n. [Cf. AS. calc shoe, hoof, L. calx, calcis, heel, calcar, spur.] 1. A sharp-pointed piece of iron or steel projecting downward on the shoe of a horse or an ox, to prevent the animal from slipping; — called also calker, calkin. 2. An instrument with sharp points, worn on the sole of a shoe or boot, to prevent slipping.

Calk (kak), v. i. 1. To furnish with calks, to prevent slipping on ice; as to calk the shoes of a horse or an ox. 2. To wound with a calk; as when a horse injures a leg or a foot with a calk on one of the other feet.

Calk´er , n. 1. One who calks. 2. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

Calk´in , n. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

Calk´ing , n. The act or process of making seems tight, as in ships, or of furnishing with calks, as a shoe, or copying, as a drawing. Calking iron, a tool like a chisel, used in calking ships, tightening seams in ironwork, etc. “Their left hand does the calking iron guide.
Dryden.”

Call (kal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Called (kald); p. pr. & vb. n. Calling] [OE. callen, AS. ceallian; akin to Icel. & Sw. kalla, Dan. kalde, D. kallen to talk, prate, OHG. kallon to call; cf. Gr. ghry•ein to speak, sing, Skr. gar to praise. Cf. Garrulous.] 1. To command or request to come or be present; to summon; as to call a servant. “Call hither Clifford; bid him come amain
Shak.” 2. To summon to the discharge of a particular duty; to designate for an office, or employment, especially of a religious character; — often used of a divine summons; as to be called to the ministry; sometimes, to invite; as to call a minister to be the pastor of a church. “Paul … called to be an apostle
Rom. i. 1.” “The Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them.
Acts xiii. 2.” 3. To invite or command to meet; to convoke; — often with together; as the President called Congress together; to appoint and summon; as to call a meeting of the Board of Aldermen. “Now call we our high court of Parliament.
Shak.” 4. To give name to; to name; to address, or speak of, by a specifed name. “If you would but call me Rosalind.
Shak.” “And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.
Gen. i. 5.” 5. To regard or characterize as of a certain kind; to denominate; to designate. “What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common.
Acts x. 15.” 6. To state, or estimate, approximately or loosely; to characterize without strict regard to fact; as they call the distance ten miles; he called it a full day’s work. “[The] army is called seven hundred thousand men.
Brougham.” 7. To show or disclose the class, character, or nationality of. [Obs.] “This speech calls him Spaniard.
Beau. & Fl.” 8. To utter in a loud or distinct voice; — often with off; as to call, or call off, the items of an account; to call the roll of a military company. “No parish clerk who calls the psalm so clear.
Gay.” 9. To invoke; to appeal to. “I call God for a witness.
2 Cor. i. 23 [Rev. Ver. ]” 10. To rouse from sleep; to awaken. “If thou canst awake by four o’ the clock.
I prithee call me. Sleep hath seized me wholly.
Shak.” To call a bond, to give notice that the amount of the bond will be paid. — To call a party (Law), to cry aloud his name in open court, and command him to come in and perform some duty requiring his presence at the time on pain of what may befall him. — To call back, to revoke or retract; to recall; to summon back. — To call down, to pray for, as blessing or curses. — To call forth, to bring or summon to action; as to call forth all the faculties of the mind. — To call in, (a) To collect; as to call in debts or money; ar to withdraw from cirulation; as to call in uncurrent coin. (b) To summon to one’s side; to invite to come together; as to call in neighbors. — To call (any one) names, to apply contemptuous names (to any one). — To call off, to summon away; to divert; as to call off the attention; to call off workmen from their employment. — To call out. (a) To summon to fight; to challenge. (b) To summon into service; as to call out the militia. — To call over, to recite separate particulars in order, as a roll of names. — To call to account, to demand explanation of. — To call to mind, to recollect; to revive in memory. — To call to order, to request to come to order; as: (a) A public meeting, when opening it for business. (b) A person, when he is transgressing the rules of debate. — To call to the bar, to admit to practice in courts of law. — To call up. (a) To bring into view or recollection; as to call up the image of deceased friend. (b) To bring into action or discussion; to demand the consideration of; as to call up a bill before a legislative body. Syn. — To name; denominate; invite; bid; summon; convoke; assemble; collect; exhort; warn; proclaim; invoke; appeal to; designate. — To Call, Convoke, Summon. Call is the generic term; as to call a public meeting. To convoke is to require the assembling of some organized body of men by an act of authority; as the king convoked Parliament. To summon is to require attendance by an act more or less stringent anthority; as to summon a witness.

Call, v. i. 1. To speak in loud voice; to cry out; to address by name; — sometimes with to. “You must call to the nurse.
Shak.” “The angel of God called to Hagar.
Gen. xxi. 17.” 2. To make a demand, requirement, or request. “They called for rooms, and he showed them one.
Bunyan.” 3. To make a brief visit; also to stop at some place designated, as for orders. “He ordered her to call at the house once a week.
Temple.” To call for (a) To demand; to require; as a crime calls for punishment; a survey, grant, or deed calls for the metes and bounds, or the quantity of land, etc., which it describes. (b) To give an order for; to request. ´Whenever the coach stopped, the sailor called for more ale.´ Marryat. — To call on, To call upon, (a) To make a short visit to; as call on a friend. (b) To appeal to; to invite; to request earnestly; as to call upon a person to make a speech. (c) To solicit payment, or make a demand, of a debt. (d) To invoke or play to; to worship; as to call upon God. — To call out To call or utter loudly; to brawl.

Call , n. 1. The act of calling; — usually with the voice, but often otherwise, as by signs, the sound of some instrument, or by writing; a summons; an entreaty; an invitation; as a call for help; the bugle’s call. ´Call of the trumpet.´ Shak. “I rose as at thy call, but found thee not.
Milton.” 2. A signal, as on a drum, bugle, trumpet, or pipe, to summon soldiers or sailors to duty. 3. (Eccl.) An invitation to take charge of or serve a church as its pastor. 4. A requirement or appeal arising from the circumstances of the case; a moral requirement or appeal. “Dependence is a perpetual call upon humanity.
Addison.” “Running into danger without any call of duty.
Macaulay.” 5. A divine vocation or summons. “St. Paul himself believed he did well, and that he had a call to it, when he persecuted the Christians.
Locke.” 6. Vocation; employment. [In this sense, calling is generally used.] 7. A short visit; as to make a call on a neighbor; also the daily coming of a tradesman to solicit orders. “The baker’s punctual call.
Cowper.” 8. (Hunting) A note blown on the horn to encourage the hounds. 9. (Naut.) A whistle or pipe, used by the boatswain and his mate, to summon the sailors to duty. 10. (Fowling) The cry of a bird; also a noise or cry in imitation of a bird; or a pipe to call birds by imitating their note or cry. 11. (Amer. Land Law) A reference to, or statement of, an object, course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant requiring or calling for a corresponding object, etc., on the land. 12. The privilege to demand the delivery of stock, grain, or any commodity, at a fixed, price, at or within a certain time agreed on. [Brokers’ Cant] 13. See Assessment, 4. At call, or On call, liable to be demanded at any moment without previous notice; as money on deposit. — Call bird, a bird taught to allure others into a snare. — Call boy (a) A boy who calls the actors in a theater; a boy who transmits the orders of the captain of a vessel to the engineer, helmsman, etc. (b) A waiting boy who answers a cal, or cames at the ringing of a bell; a bell boy. — Call note, the note naturally used by the male bird to call the female. It is artificially applied by birdcatchers as a decoy. Latham. — Call of the house (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the names of members, to discover who is absent, or for other purposes; a calling of names with a view to obtaining the ayes and noes from the persons named. — Call to the bar, admission to practice in the courts.

Cal´la (kal´la), n. [Linnaeus derived Calla fr. Gr. a cock’s wattles but cf. L. calla, calsa, name of an unknown plant, and Gr. kalo•s beautiful.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, of the order Araceae. The common Calla of cultivation is Richardia Africana, belonging to another genus of the same order. Its large spathe is pure white, surrounding a fleshy spike, which is covered with minute apetalous flowers.

Cal´lat , n. Same as Callet. [Obs.] “A callat of boundless tongue.
Shak.”

Calle , n. [See Caul.] A kind of head covering; a caul. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Call´er , n. One who calls.

Cal´ler , a. [Scot.] 1. Cool; refreshing; fresh; as a caller day; the caller air. Jamieson. 2. Fresh; in good condition; as caller berrings.

Cal´let , n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. caile a country woman, strumpet.] A trull or prostitute; a scold or gossip. [Obs.] [Written also callat.]

Cal´let v. i. To rail or scold. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Cal´lid , a. [L. callidus, fr. callere to be thick-skinned, to be hardened, to be practiced, fr. callum, callus, callous skin, callosity, callousness.] Characterized by cunning or shrewdness; crafty. [R.]

Cal•lid´i•ty , n. [L. calliditas.] Acuteness of discernment; cunningness; shrewdness. [R.] “Her eagly-eyed callidity.
C. Smart.”

Cal•lig´ra•pher , n. One skilled in calligraphy; a good penman. { Cal•li•graph´ic , Cal•li•graph´ic•al , } a., [Gr. ; pref. - (fr. beautiful) + to write; cf. F. calligraphique.] Of or pertaining to calligraphy. “Excellence in the calligraphic act.
T. Warton.”

Cal•lig´ra•phist , n. A calligrapher

Cal•lig´ra•phy, n. [Gr. : cf. F. calligraphie.] Fair or elegant penmanship.

Call´ing , n. 1. The act of one who calls; a crying aloud, esp. in order to summon, or to attact the attention of, some one. 2. A summoning or convocation, as of Parliament. “The frequent calling and meeting of Parlaiment.
Macaulay.” 3. A divine summons or invitation; also the state of being divinely called. “Who hath … called us with an holy calling.
2 Tim. i. 9.” “Give diligence to make yior calling … sure.
2 Pet. i. 10.” 4. A naming, or inviting; a reading over or reciting in order, or a call of names with a view to obtaining an answer, as in legislative bodies. 5. One’s usual occupation, or employment; vocation; business; trade. “The humble calling of ter female parent.
Thackeray.” 6. The persons, collectively, engaged in any particular professions or employment. “To impose celibacy on wholy callings.
Hammond.” 7. Title; appellation; name. [Obs.] “I am more proud to be Sir Rowland’s son
His youngest son, and would not change that calling.
Shak.” Syn. — Occupation; employment; business; trade; profession; office; engagement; vocation.

Cal•li´o•pe (kal•li´o•pe), n. [L. Calliope, Gr. Kallio•ph, lit, the beautiful-voiced; pref. kalli- (from kalo•s beautiful) + ’o•ps, ’opo•s, voice.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry; mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine Muses. 2. (Astron.) One of the asteroids. See Solar. 3. A musical instrument consisting of a series of steam whistles, toned to the notes of the scale, and played by keys arranged like those of an organ. It is sometimes attached to steamboat boilers. 4. (Zoöl.) A beautiful species of humming bird (Stellula Calliope) of California and adjacent regions.

Cal•li•op´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. kalli- (fr. kalo•s beautiful) + ’o•psis appearance.] (Bot.) A popular name given to a few species of the genus Coreopsis, especially to C. tinctoria of Arkansas.

Cal•li•pash´ , n. See Calipash.

Cal•li•pee´ , n. See Calipee.

Cal•li•pers , n. pl. See Calipers.

Cal•li•sec´tion , n. [L. callere to be insensible + E. section.] Painless vivisection; — opposed to sentisection. B. G. Wilder. { Cal•lis•then´ic, a., Cal•lis•then´ics , n. } See Calisthenic, Calisthenics.

Cal´li•thump , n. A somewhat riotous parade, accompanied with the blowing of tin horns, and other discordant noises; also a burlesque serenade; a charivari. [U. S.]

Cal•li•thump´i•an , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a callithump. [U. S.]

Cal•lo´san , a. (Anat.) Of the callosum.

Cal´lose , a. [See Callous.] (Bot.) Furnished with protuberant or hardened spots.

Cal•los´i•ty , n.; pl. Callosities (#). [L. callasitas; cf. F. caloste.] A hard or thickened spot or protuberance; a hardening and thickening of the skin or bark of a part, eps. as a result of continued pressure or friction.

Cal•lo´sum , n. [NL., fr. callosus callous, hard.] (Anat.) The great band commissural fibers which unites the two cerebral hemispheres. See corpus callosum, under Carpus.

Cal´lot , n. A plant coif or skullcap. Same as Calotte. B. Jonson.

Cal´lous , a. [L. callosus callous hard, fr. callum, callus, callous skin: cf. F. calleux.] 1. Hardened; indurated. ´A callous hand.´ Goldsmith. ´A callous ulcer.´ Dunglison. 2. Hardened in mind; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. ´The callous diplomatist.´ Macaulay. “It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule.
T. Arnold.” Syn. — Obdurate; hard; hardened; indurated; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. See Obdurate. — Cal´lous•ly, adv. — Cal´lous•ness, n. “A callousness and numbness of soul.
Bentley.”

Cal´low , a. [OE. calewe, calu, bald, AS. calu; akin to D. kaal, OHG. chalo, G. Kuhl; cf. L. calvus.] 1. Destitute of feathers; naked; unfledged. “An in the leafy summit, spied a nest,
Which, o’er the callow young, a sparrow pressed.
Dryden.” 2. Immature; boyish; ´green´; as a callow youth. “I perceive by this, thou art but a callow maid.
Old Play [1675].”

Cal•low´ , n. (Zoöl.) [Named from its note.] A kind of duck. See Old squaw.

Cal´lus (kal´lus), n. [L. See Callous.] 1. (Med.) (a) Same as Callosity. (b The material of repair in fractures of bone; a substance exuded at the site of fracture, which is at first soft or cartilaginous in consistence, but is ultimately converted into true bone and unites the fragments into a single piece. 2. (Hort.) The new formation over the end of a cutting, before it puts out rootlets.

Calm (käm), n. [OE. calme, F. calme, fr. It. or Sp. calma (cf. Pg. calma heat), prob. fr. LL. cauma heat, fr. Gr. kay^ma burning heat, fr. kai•ein to burn; either because during a great heat there is generally also a calm, or because the hot time of the day obliges us seek for shade and quiet; cf. Caustic] Freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; a cessation or absence of that which causes motion or disturbance, as of winds or waves; tranquility; stillness; quiet; serenity. “The wind ceased, and there was a great calm.
Mark. iv. 39.” “A calm before a storm is commonly a peace of a man’s own making.
South.”

Calm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calmed p. pr. & vb. n. Calming.] [Cf. F. calmer. See Calm, n.] 1. To make calm; to render still or quiet, as elements; as to calm the winds. “To calm the tempest raised by Eolus.
Dryden.” 2. To deliver from agitation or excitement; to still or soothe, as the mind or passions. “Passions which seem somewhat calmed.
Atterbury.” Syn. — To still; quiet; appease; allay; pacify; tranquilize; soothe; compose; assuage; check; restrain.

Calm (käm), a. [Compar. Calmer (-er); super. Calmest (-est)] 1. Not stormy; without motion, as of winds or waves; still; quiet; serene; undisturbed. ´Calm was the day.´ Spenser. “Now all is calm, and fresh, and still.
Bryant.” 2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion; not agitated or excited; tranquil; quiet in act or speech. ´Calm and sinless peace.´ Milton. ´With calm attention.´ Pope. “Such calm old age as conscience pure
And self-commanding hearts ensure.
Keble.” Syn. — Still; quiet; undisturbed; tranquil; peaceful; serene; composed; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid.

Calm´er , n. One who, or that which, makes calm.

Calm´ly , adv. In a calm manner. “The gentle stream which calmly flows.
Denham.”

Calm´ness, n. The state of quality of being calm; quietness; tranquillity; self- repose. “The gentle calmness of the flood.
Denham.” “Hes calmness was the repose of conscious power.
E. Everett.” Syn. — Quietness; quietude; stillness; tranquillity; serenity; repose; composure; sedateness; placidity.

Cal´mucks , n. pl.; sing. Calmuck. A branch of the Mongolian race inhabiting parts of the Russian and Chinese empires; also (sing.), the language of the Calmucks. [Written also Kalmucks.]

Calm´y , a. [Fr. Calm, n.] Tranquil; peaceful; calm. [Poet.] ´A still and calmy day´ Spenser.

Cal´o•mel (kal´o•mel), n. [Gr. kalo•s beautiful + me•las black. So called from its being white, though made from a black mixture of mercury and corrosive sublimate. Cf. F. calomelas.] (Chem.) Mild chloride of mercury, Hg2Cl2, a heavy, white or yellowish white substance, insoluble and tasteless, much used in medicine as a mercurial and purgative; mercurous chloride. It occurs native as the mineral horn quicksilver.

Cal•o•res´cence , n. [L. calor heat.] (Physics) The conversion of obscure radiant heat into light; the transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher refrangibility. Tyndall.

Ca•lor´ic , n. [L. calor heat; cf. F. calorique.] (Physics) The principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly ascribed; — not now used in scientific nomenclature, but sometimes used as a general term for heat. “Caloric expands all bodies.
Henry.”

Ca•lor´ic, a. Of or pertaining to caloric. Caloric engine, a kind of engine operated by heated air.

Cal•o•ric´ity , n. (Physiol.) A faculty in animals of developing and preserving the heat necessary to life, that is, the animal heat.

Ca•lor´i•duct , n. [L. calor heat (fr. calere to warm) + E. duct.] A tube or duct for conducting heat; a caliduct.

Cal´o•rie , n. [F., fr. L. calor heat.] (Physics) The unit of heat according to the French standard; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) of water one degree centigrade, or from 0° to 1°. Compare the English standard unit, Foot pound.

Ca•lor•i•fa´cient , a. (Physiol.) See Calorificient.

Ca•lor´i•fere , n. [F. calorifère, fr. L. calor heat + ferre to bear.] An apparatus for conveying and distributing heat, especially by means of hot water circulating in tubes.

Ca•lor•i•fi´ant , a. (Physiol.) See Calorificient.

Cal•o•rif´ic , a. [L. calorificus; calor heat + facere to make; cf. F. calorifique.] Possessing the quality of producing heat; heating. Calorific rays, the invisible, heating rays which emanate from the sun, and from burning and heated bodies.

Ca•lor•i•fi•ca´tion (ka•lor•i•fi•ka´shun), n. [Cf. F. calorification.] Production of heat, esp. animal heat.

Ca•lor•i•fi´cient , a. (Physiol.) Having, or relating to the power of producing heat; — applied to foods which, being rich in carbon, as the fats, are supposed to give rise to heat in the animal body by oxidation.

Cal•o•rim´e•ter , n. [L. calor heat + -meter; cf. F. calorimètre.] 1. (Physiol.) An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat contained in bodies or developed by some mechanical or chemical process, as friction, chemical combination, combustion, etc. 2. (Engineering) An apparatus for measuring the proportion of unevaporated water contained in steam.

Ca•lor•i•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to the process of using the calorimeter. “Satisfactory calorimetric results.
Nichol.”

Cal•o•rim´e•try , n. (Physics) Measurement of the quantities of heat in bodies.

Ca•lor•i•mo´tor , n. [L. calor heat + E. motor.] (Physics) A voltaic battery, having a large surface of plate, and producing powerful heating effects. { Ca•lotte´ , Cal´lot }, n. [F. calotte, dim. of cale a sort of flat cap. Cf. Caul.] A close cap without visor or brim. Especially: (a) Such a cap, worn by English serjeants at law. (b) Such a cap, worn by the French cavalry under their helmets. (c) Such a cap, worn by the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. To assume the calotte, to become a priest.

Cal´o•type , n. [Gr. kalo•s beautiful + ty•pos type.] (Photog.) A method of taking photographic pictures, on paper sensitized with iodide of silver; — also called Talbotype, from the inventor, Mr. Fox. Talbot.

Ca•loy´er , n. [F., fr. NGr. a monk; kalo•s beautiful, good + , equiv. to Gr. an old man.] A monk of the Greek Church; a cenobite, anchoret, or recluse of the rule of St. Basil, especially, one on or near Mt. Athos.

Calque, v. t. See 2d Calk, v. t. { Cal´trop , Cal´trap } n. [OE. calketrappe, calletrappe, caltor (in both senses), fr. AS. collraeppe, calcetreppe, sort of thistle; cf. F. chaussetrape star thistle, trap, It. calcatreppo, calcatreppolo, star thistle. Perh. from L. calx heel + the same word as E. trap. See 1st Trap.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants (Tribulus) of the order Zygophylleae, having a hard several- celled fruit, armed with stout spines, and resembling the military instrument of the same name. The species grow in warm countries, and are often very annoying to cattle. 2. (Mil.) An instrument with four iron points, so disposed that, any three of them being on the ground, the other projects upward. They are scattered on the ground where an enemy’s cavalry are to pass, to impede their progress by endangering the horses’ feet.

Ca•lum´ba , n. [from kalumb, its native name in Mozambique.] (Med.) The root of a plant (Jateorrhiza Calumba, and probably Cocculus palmatus), indigenous in Mozambique. It has an unpleasantly bitter taste, and is used as a tonic and antiseptic. [Written also colombo, columbo, and calombo.] American calumba, the Frasera Carolinensis, also called American gentian. Its root has been used in medicine as bitter tonic in place of calumba.

Ca•lum´bin , n. (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted as a white crystalline substance from the calumba root. [Written also colombin, and columbin]

Cal´u•met , n. [F. calumet, fr. L. calamus reed. See Halm, and cf. Shawm.] A kind of pipe, used by the North American Indians for smoking tobacco. The bowl is usually made of soft red stone, and the tube is a long reed often ornamented with feathers. “Smoked the calumet, the Peace pipe,
As a signal to the nations.
Lowgfellow.” The calumet is used as a symbol of peace. To accept the calumet is to agree to terms of peace, and to refuse it is to reject them. The calumet of peace is used to seal or ratify contracts and alliances, and as an evidence to strangers that they are welcome.

Ca•lum´ni•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calumniated; p. pr. & vb. n. calumniating.] [L. calumniatus, p. p. of calumniari. See Calumny, and cf. Challenge, v. t.] To accuse falsely and maliciously of a crime or offense, or of something disreputable; to slander; to libel. “Hatred unto the truth did always falsely report and calumniate all godly men’s doings.
Strype.” Syn. — To asperse; slander; defame; vilify; traduce; belie; bespatter; blacken; libel. See Asperse.

Ca•lum´ni•ate, v. i. To propagate evil reports with a design to injure the reputation of another; to make purposely false charges of some offense or crime.

Ca•lum•ni•a´tion (ka•lum•ni•a´shun), n. False accusation of crime or offense, or a malicious and false representation of the words or actions of another, with a view to injure his good name. “The calumniation of her principal counselors.
Bacon.”

Ca•lum•ni•a´tor , n. [L.] One who calumniates. Syn. — Slanderer; defamer; libeler; traducer.

Ca•lum´ni•a•to•ry , a. Containing calumny; slanderous. Montagu.

Ca•lum´ni•ous , a. [L. calumniosus.] Containing or implying calumny; false, malicious, and injurious to reputation; slanderous; as calumnious reports. “Virtue itself ’scapes not calumnious strokes.
Shak.” . Slanderous; defamatory; scurrilous; opprobrious; derogatory; libelous; abusive. — Ca•lum´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Ca•lum´ni•ous•ness, n.

Cal´um•ny , n.; pl. Calumnies (#). [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive; cf. F. calomnie. Cf. Challenge, n.] False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of another; malicious misrepresentation; slander; detraction. ´Infamous calumnies.´ Motley. “Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny.
Shak.”

Cal•va´ri•a (kal•va´ri•a), n. [L. See Calvary.] (Anat.) The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

Cal´va•ry (kal´va•ry), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, fr. calva the scalp without hair. fr. calvus bald; cf. F. calvaire.] 1. The place where Christ was crucified, on a small hill outside of Jerusalem. Luke xxiii. 33. The Latin calvaria is a translation of the Greek krani•on of the Evangelists, which is an interpretation of the Hebrew Golgotha. Dr. W. Smith. 2. A representation of the crucifixion, consisting of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, often as large as life, and sometimes surrounded by figures of other personages who were present at the crucifixion. 3. (Her.) A cross, set upon three steps; — more properly called cross calvary.

Calve (käv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calved 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Calving.] [AS. cealfian. See Calf.] 1. To bring forth a calf. ´Their cow calveth.´ Job xxi. 10. 2. To bring forth young; to produce offspring. “Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve?
Job xxxix. 1.” “The grassy clods now calved.
Molton.”

Cal´ver (kal´ver), v. i. 1. To cut in slices and pickle, as salmon. [Obs.] “For a change, leave calvered salmon and eat sprats.
Massinger.” 2. To crimp; as calvered salmon. Nares.

Cal´ver, v. i. To bear, or be susceptible of, being calvered; as grayling’s flesh will calver. Catton.

Calves´•snout , n. (Bot.) Snapdragon.

Cal´vin•ism , n. [Cf. F. Calvinisme.] The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin (a French theologian and reformer of the 16th century) and his followers, or of the so-called calvinistic churches. The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually termed the five points of Calvinism, are original sin or total depravity, election or predestination, particular redemption, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. It has been subject to many variations and modifications in different churches and at various times.

Cal´vin•ist , n. [Cf. F. Calviniste.] A follower of Calvin; a believer in Calvinism. { Cal•vin•is´tic , Cal•vin•is´tic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to Calvin, or Calvinism; following Calvin; accepting or Teaching Calvinism. ´Calvinistic training.´ Lowell.

Cal´vin•ize , v. t. To convert to Calvinism.

Calv´ish , a. Like a calf; stupid. Sheldon.

Calx , n.; pl. E. Calxes (#), L. Calces (#). [L. Calx, calcis. limestone; cf. Gr. gravel. , , pebble, Skr. gravel, Ir. carraic rock Gael. carraig, W. careg, stone. Cf. Chalk.] 1. (Chem.) (a) Quicklime. [Obs.] (b) The substance which remains when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion by heat, and which is, or may be, reduced to a fine powder. Metallic calxes are now called oxides. 2. Broken and refuse glass, returned to the post. { Ca•lyc•i•flo´ral , cal•lyc•i•flo´rous , } a. [L. calyx, -ycis, calyx + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the petals and stamens adnate to the calyx; — applied to a subclass of dicotyledonous plants in the system of the French botanist Candolle.

Ca•lyc´i•form , a. [L. calyx, calycis, calyx + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form or appearance of a calyx. { Ca•lyc´i•nal , Cal´y•cine } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a calyx; having the nature of a calyx.

Cal´y•cle , n. [L. calyculus small flower bud, calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx, and cf. Calicle.] (Bot.) A row of small bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside.

Cal´y•cled , a. (Bot.) Calyculate.

Cal•y•co•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , cup or calyx a flower + animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

Ca•lyc´u•lar , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the bracts of a calycle. { Ca•lyc´u•late , Ca•lyc´u•la•ted }, a. (Bot.) Having a set of bracts resembling a calyx.

Ca•lym´e•ne , n. [Gr. concealed, p. p. of to conceal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of trilobites characteristic of the Silurian age.

Cal´yon , n. Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, etc. Haliwell.

Ca•lyp´so (ka•lip´so), n. [The Latinized Greek name of a beautiful nymph.] (Bot.) A small and beautiful species of orchid, having a flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. It grows in cold and wet localities in the northern part of the United States. The Calypso borealis is the only orchid which reaches 68° N.

Ca•lyp´tra (ka•lip´tra), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kaly•ptra a covering for the head, fr. kaly•ptein to cover.] (Bot.) A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flasklike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also any similar covering body.

Ca•lyp´tri•form , a. [Calyptra + -form.] Having the form a calyptra, or extinguisher.

Ca´lyx (ka´liks; 277), n.; pl. E. Calyxes (#), L. Calyces (kal´i•sez). [L. calyx, -ycis, fr. Gr. ka•lyx husk, shell, calyx, from the root of kaly•ptein to cover, conceal. Cf. Chalice Helmet.] 1. (Bot.) The covering of a flower. See Flower. The calyx is usually green and foliaceous, but becomes delicate and petaloid in such flowers as the anemone and the four-o’clock. Each leaf of the calyx is called a sepal. 2. (Anat.) A cuplike division of the pelvis of the kidney, which surrounds one or more of the renal papillae.

Cal•zoons´ (kal•zoonz´), n. pl. [F. caleçons (cf. It. calzoni breeches), fr. L. calceus shoe.] Drawers. [Obs.]

Cam (kam), n. [Dan. kam comb, ridge; or cf. W., Gael., and Ir., cam bent. See 1st Comb.] 1. (Med.) (a) A turning or sliding piece which, by the shape of its periphery or face, or a groove in its surface, imparts variable or intermittent motion to, or receives such motion from, a rod, lever, or block brought into sliding or rolling contact with it. (b) A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together. (c) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece so shaped as to give alternate or variable motion to another piece against which it acts. Cams are much used in machinery involving complicated, and irregular movements, as in the sewing machine, pin machine, etc. 2. A ridge or mound of earth. [Prow. Eng.] Wright. Cam wheel (Mach.), a wheel with one or more projections (cams) or depressions upon its periphery or upon its face; one which is set or shaped eccentrically, so that its revolutions impart a varied, reciprocating, or intermittent motion.

Cam , a. [See Kam.] Crooked. [Obs.]

Ca•ma´ieu , n. [F.; of unknown origin. Cf. Cameo.] 1. A cameo. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. (Fine Arts) Painting in shades of one color; monochrome. Mollett.

Ca•mail´ , n. [F. camail (cf. It. camaglio), fr. L. caput head + source of E. mail.] 1. (Ancient Armor) A neck guard of chain mall, hanging from the bascinet or other headpiece. 2. A hood of other material than mail; esp. (Eccl.), a hood worn in church services, — the amice, or the like.

Cam•a•ra•sau´rus , n. [NL. fr. Gr. a vaulted chamber + lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of gigantic American Jurassic dinosaurs, having large cavities in the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae.

Ca•ma•ril´la , n. [Sp., a small room.] 1. The private audience chamber of a king. 2. A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique.

Cam´ass , n. [American Indian name.] (Bot.) A blue-flowered liliaceous plant (Camassia esculenta) of northwestern America, the bulbs of which are collected for food by the Indians. [Written also camas, cammas, and quamash.] The Eastern cammass is Camassia Fraseri.

Cam´ber , n. [Of. cambre bent, curved; akin to F. cambrer to vault, to bend, fr. L. camerare to arch over, fr. camera vault, arch. See Chamber, and cf. Camerate.] 1. (Shipbuilding) An upward convexity of a deck or other surface; as she has a high camber (said of a vessel having an unusual convexity of deck). 2. (Arch.) An upward concavity in the under side of a beam, girder, or lintel; also a slight upward concavity in a straight arch. See Hogback. Camber arch (Arch.), an arch whose intrados, though apparently straight, has a slightly concave curve upward. — Camber beam (Arch.), a beam whose under side has a concave curve upward.

Cam´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cambered p. pr. & vb. n. Cambering.] To cut bend to an upward curve; to construct, as a deck, with an upward curve.

Cam´ber, v. i. To curve upward.

Cam´ber•keeled , a. (Naut.) Having the keel arched upwards, but not actually hogged; — said of a ship.

Cam´bi•al , a. [LL. cambialis, fr. cambiars. See Change.] Belonging to exchanges in commerce; of exchange. [R.]

Cam´bist , n. [F. cambiste, It. cambista, fr. L. cambire to exchange. See Change.] A banker; a money changer or broker; one who deals in bills of exchange, or who is skilled in the science of exchange.

Cam´bist•ry , n. The science of exchange, weight, measures, etc.

Cam´bi•um , n. [LL. cambium exchange, fr. L. cambire to exchange. It was supposed that cambium was sap changing into wood.] 1. (Bot.) A series of formative cells lying outside of the wood proper and inside of the inner bark. The growth of new wood takes place in the cambium, which is very soft. 2. (Med.) A fancied nutritive juice, formerly supposed to originate in the blood, to repair losses of the system, and to promote its increase. Dunglison.

Cam´blet , n. See Camlet.

Cam•boge´ , n. See Gamboge.

Cam•boose´ , n. (Naut.) See Caboose.

Cam´bra•sine , n. A kind of linen cloth made in Egypt, and so named from its resemblance to cambric.

Cam´brel , n. See Gambrel, n., 2. Wright.

Cam´bri•a , n. The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets.

Cam´bri•an , a. 1. (Geog.) Of or pertaining to Cambria or Wales. 2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest subdivision of the rocks of the Silurian or Molluscan age; — sometimes described as inferior to the Silurian. It is named from its development in Cambria or Wales. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cam´bri•an, n. 1. A native of Cambria or Wales. 2. (Geol.) The Cambrian formation.

Cam´bric , n. [OE. camerike, fr. Cambrai (Flemish Kamerik), a city of France (formerly of Flanders), where it was first made.] 1. A fine, thin, and white fabric made of flax or linen. “He hath ribbons of all the colors i’ the rainbow; … inkles, caddises, cambrics, lawns.
Shak.” 2. A fabric made, in imitation of linen cambric, of fine, hardspun cotton, often with figures of various colors; — also called cotton cambric, and cambric muslin.

Cam´bro-Brit´on , n. A Welshman.

Came , imp. of Come.

Came , n. [Cf. Scot. came, caim, comb, and OE. camet silver.] A slender rod of cast lead, with or without grooves, used, in casements and stained-glass windows, to hold together the panes or pieces of glass.

Cam´el (kam´el), n. [Oe. camel, chamel, OF. camel, chamel, F. chameau L. camelus, fr. Gr. ka•mhlos; of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. gamal, Ar. jamal. Cf. As. camel, fr. L. camelus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large ruminant used in Asia and Africa for carrying burdens and for riding. The camel is remarkable for its ability to go a long time without drinking. Its hoofs are small, and situated at the extremities of the toes, and the weight of the animal rests on the callous. The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) has one bunch on the back, while the Bactrian camel (C. Bactrianus) has two. The llama, alpaca, and vicuña, of South America, belong to a related genus (Auchenia). 2. (Naut.) A water-tight structure (as a large box or boxes) used to assist a vessel in passing over a shoal or bar or in navigating shallow water. By admitting water, the camel or camels may be sunk and attached beneath or at the sides of a vessel, and when the water is pumped out the vessel is lifted. Camel bird (Zoöl.), the ostrich. — Camel locust (Zoöl.), the mantis. — Camel’s thorn (Bot.), a low, leguminous shrub (Alhagi maurorum) of the Arabian desert, from which exudes a sweetish gum, which is one of the substances called manna.

Cam´el-backed , a. Having a back like a camel; humpbacked. Fuller.

Ca•me´le•on , n. See Chaceleon. [Obs.]

Ca•mel´li•a , n. [NL.; — named after Kamel, a Jesuit who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Bot.) An Asiatic genus of small shrubs, often with shining leaves and showy flowers. Camellia Japonica is much cultivated for ornament, and C. Sassanqua and C. oleifera are grown in China for the oil which is pressed from their seeds. The tea plant is now referred to this genus under the name of Camellia Thea.

Ca•mel´o•pard (ka•mel´o•pärd or kam´el•o•pärd; 277), n. [LL. camelopardus, L. camelopardalus, camelopardalis, fr. Gr. kamhlopa•rdalis; ka•mhlos a camel + pa•rdalis pard, leopard: cf. F. camelopard. The camelopard has a neck and head like a camel, and is spotted like a pard. See Camel, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) An African ruminant; the giraffe. See Giraffe.

Came´lot , n. See Camelet. [Obs.]

Cam´els•hair , a. Of camel’s hair. Camel’s-hair pencil, a small brush used by painters in water colors, made of camel’s hair or similar materials. — Camel’s-hair shawl. A name often given to a cashmere shawl. See Cashmere shawl under Cashmere.

Cam´e•o , n.; pl. Cameos (#). [It cammeo; akin to F. camee, camaïeu, Sp. camafeo, LL. camaeus, camahutus; of unknown origin.] A carving in relief, esp. one on a small scale used as a jewel for personal adornment, or like. Most cameos are carved in a material which has layers of different colors, such stones as the onyx and sardonyx, and various kinds of shells, being used. Cameo conch (Zoöl.), a large, marine, univalve shell, esp. Cassis cameo, C. rua, and allied species, used for cutting cameos. See Quern conch.

Cam´e•ra , n.; pl. E. Cameras (#), L. Camerae (#). [L. vault, arch, LL., chamber. See Chamber.] A chamber, or instrument having a chamber. Specifically: The camera obscura when used in photography. See Camera, and Camera obscura. Bellows camera. See under Bellows. — In camera (Law), in a judge’s chamber, that is, privately; as a judge hears testimony which is not fit for the open court in camera. — Panoramic, or Pantascopic, camera, a photographic camera in which the lens and sensitized plate revolve so as to expose adjacent parts of the plate successively to the light, which reaches it through a narrow vertical slit; — used in photographing broad landscapes. Abney.

Came´rade , n. See Comrade. [Obs.]

Cam•e•ra•lis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to finance and public revenue.

Cam•e•ra•lis´tics , n. [Cf. F. cameralistique, G. kameralistik, fr. L. camera vault, LL., chamber, treasury.] The science of finance or public revenue.

Cam´e•ra lu´ci•da [L. camera chamber + L. lucidus, lucida, lucid, light.] (Opt.) An instrument which by means of a prism of a peculiar form, or an arrangement of mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object or objects to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, as of paper or canvas so that the outlines may conveniently traced. It is generally used with the microscope.

Cam´e•ra ob•scu´ra [LL. camera chamber + L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] (Opt.) 1. An apparatus in which the images of external objects, formed by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the outlines may be traced. 2. (Photog.) An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses, thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back of an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modified; — commonly called simply the camera.

Cam´er•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Camerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Camerzting.] [L. cameratus, p. p. of camerare. See Camber.] 1. To build in the form of a vault; to arch over. 2. To divide into chambers.

Cam•er•a´tion , n. [L. cameratio.] A vaulting or arching over. [R.]

Ca•mer•lin´go , n. [It.] The papal chamberlain; the cardinal who presides over the pope’s household. He has at times possessed great power. [Written also camerlengo and camarlengo.]

Cam•e•ro´ni•an , n. A follower of the Rev. Richard Cameron, a Scotch Covenanter of the time of Charles II. Cameron and others refused to accept the ´indulgence´ offered the Presbyterian clergy, insisted on the Solemn league and Covenant, and in 1680 declared Charles II. deposed for tyranny, breach of faith, etc. Cameron was killed at the battle of Airdmoss, but his followers became a denomination (afterwards called Reformed Presbyterians) who refused to recognize laws or institutions which they believed contrary to the kingdom of Christ, but who now avail themselves of political rights.

Cam´is (kam´is), n. [See Chemise.] A light, loose dress or robe. [Also written camus.] [Obs.] “All in a camis light of purple silk.
Spenser.” { Cam•i•sade´ , Cam•i•sa´do } n. [F. camisade a night attack; cf. It. camiciata. See Camis.] [Obs.] (Mil.) (a) A shirt worn by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to recognize one another in a night attack. (b) An attack by surprise by soldiers wearing the camisado. “Give them a camisado in night season.
Holinshed.”

Cam´i•sard , n. [F.] One of the French Protestant insurgents who rebelled against Louis XIV, after the revocation of the edict of Nates; — so called from the peasant’s smock (camise) which they wore.

Cam´i•sa•ted , a. Dressed with a shirt over the other garments.

Cam´i•sole , n. [F. See chemise.] 1. A short dressing jacket for women. 2. A kind of straitjacket.

Cam´let , n. [F. camelot (akin to Sp. camelote, chamelote, It. cambellbito, ciambellotto, LL. camelotum, camelinum, fr. Ar. khamlat camlet, fr. kaml pile, plush. The word was early confused with camel, camel’s hair also being used in making it. Cf. Calamanco] A woven fabric originally made of camel’s hair, now chiefly of goat’s hair and silk, or of wool and cotton. [Sometimes written camelot and camblet.] They have been made plain and twilled, of single warp and weft, of double warp, and sometimes with double weft also with thicker yarn. Beck (Draper’s Dict. )

Cam´let•ed, a. Wavy or undulating like camlet; veined. Sir T. Herbert.

Cam´mas , n. (Bot.) See Camass.

Cam´mock , n. [AS. cammoc.] (Bot.) A plant having long hard, crooked roots, the Ononis spinosa; — called also rest- harrow. The Scandix Pecten-Veneris is also called cammock. { Cam´o•mile , Cham´o•mile } , n.[LL. camonilla, corrupted fr. Gr. , lit. earth apple, being so called from the smell of its flower. See Humble, and Melon.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Anthemis) of the Composite family. The common camomile, A. nobilis, is used as a popular remedy. Its flowers have a strong and fragrant and a bitter, aromatic taste. They are tonic, febrifugal, and in large doses emetic, and the volatile oil is carminative.

Ca•mon´flet , n. [F.] (Mil.) A small mine, sometimes formed in the wall or side of an enemy’s gallery, to blow in the earth and cut off the retreat of the miners. Farrow. { Ca´mous , Ca´moys } a. [F. camus (equiv. to camard) flat-nosed, fr. Celtic Cam croked + suff. -us; akin to L. camur, camurus, croked.] Flat; depressed; crooked; — said only of the nose. [Obs.]

Ca´moused, , a. [From Camouse] Depressed; flattened. [Obs.] “Though my nose be cammoused.
B. Jonson”

Ca´mous•ly, adv. Awry. [Obs.] Skelton.

Camp (kamp), n. [F. camp, It. campo, fr. L. campus plant, field; akin to Gr. kh^pos garden. Cf. Campaign, Champ, n.] 1. The ground or spot on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shelter, as for an army or for lumbermen, etc. Shak. 2. A collection of tents, huts, etc., for shelter, commonly arranged in an orderly manner. “Forming a camp in the neighborhood of Boston.
W. Irving.” 3. A single hut or shelter; as a hunter’s camp. 4. The company or body of persons encamped, as of soldiers, of surveyors, of lumbermen, etc. “The camp broke up with the confusion of a flight.
Macaulay.” 5. (Agric.) A mound of earth in which potatoes and other vegetables are stored for protection against frost; — called also burrow and pie. [Prov. Eng.] 6. [Cf. OE. & AS. camp contest, battle. See champion.] An ancient game of football, played in some parts of England. Halliwell. Camp bedstead, a light bedstead that can be folded up onto a small space for easy transportation. — camp ceiling (Arch.), a kind ceiling often used in attics or garrets, in which the side walls are inclined inward at the top, following the slope of the rafters, to meet the plane surface of the upper ceiling. — Camp chair, a light chair that can be folded up compactly for easy transportation; the seat and back are often made of strips or pieces of carpet. — Camp fever, typhus fever. — Camp follower, a civilian accompanying an army, as a sutler, servant, etc. — Camp meeting, a religious gathering for open-air preaching, held in some retired spot, chiefly by Methodists. It usually last for several days, during which those present lodge in tents, temporary houses, or cottages. — Camp stool, the same as camp chair, except that the stool has no back. — Flying camp (Mil.), a camp or body of troops formed for rapid motion from one place to another. Farrow. — To pitch (a) camp, to set up the tents or huts of a camp. — To strike camp, to take down the tents or huts of a camp.

Camp (kamp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Camped (kamt; 215); p. pr. & vb n. Camping.] To afford rest or lodging for, as an army or travelers. “Had our great palace the capacity
To camp this host, we all would sup together.
Shak.”

Camp, v. i. 1. To pitch or prepare a camp; to encamp; to lodge in a camp; - - often with out. “They camped out at night, under the stars.
W. Irving.” 2. [See Camp, n., 6] To play the game called camp. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

Cam•pa´gna (cam•pä´nya), n. [It. See Campaigg.] An open level tract of country; especially ´Campagna di Roma.´ The extensive undulating plain which surrounds Rome. Its length is commonly stated to be about ninety miles, and its breadth from twenty-seven to forty miles. The ground is almost entirely volcanic, and vapors which arise from the district produce malaria.

Cam•pa•gnol´ , n. [F. , fr. campagne field.] (Zoöl.) A mouse (Arvicala agrestis), called also meadow mouse, which often does great damage in fields and gardens, by feeding on roots and seeds.

Cam•paign´ , n. [F. campagne, It. campagna, fr. L. Campania the level country about Naples, fr. campus field. See Camp, and cf. Champaign, Champagne.] 1. An open field; a large, open plain without considerable hills. SeeChampaign. Grath. 2. (Mil.) A connected series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a war; the time during which an army keeps the field. Wilhelm. 3. Political operations preceding an election; a canvass. [Cant, U. S.] 4. (Metal.) The period during which a blast furnace is continuously in operation.

Cam•paign´ , v. i. To serve in a campaign.

Cam•paign´er , n. One who has served in an army in several campaigns; an old soldier; a veteran.

Cam•pa´na , n. [LL. campana bell. Cf. Campanle.] 1. (Eccl.) A church bell. 2. (Bot.) The pasque flower. Drayton. 3. (Doric Arch.) Same as Gutta.

Cam•paned´ , a. (Her.) Furnished with, or bearing, campanes, or bells.

Cam•pa•ne´ro , n. [Sp., a bellman.] (Zoöl.) The bellbird of South America. See Bellbird.

Cam•panes´ , n. pl. [See Campana.] (Her.) Bells. [R.]

Cam•pa´ni•a , n. [See Campaig.] Open country. Sir W. Temple.

Cam•pan´i•form , a. [LL. campana bell + -form: cf. F. companiforme.] Bell-shaped.

Cam•pa•ni´le , n. [It. campanile bell tower, steeple, fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] (Arch.) A bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church. “Many of the campaniles of Italy are lofty and magnificent structures.
Swift.”

Cam•pa•nil´i•form , a. [See Campaniform.] Bell-shaped; campanulate; campaniform.

Cam•pa•nol´o•gist , n. One skilled in campanology; a bell ringer.

Cam•pa•nol´o•gy , n. [LL. campana bell + -logy.] The art of ringing bells, or a treatise on the art.

Cam•pan´u•la (kam•pan´u•la), n. [LL. campanula a little bell; dim. of campana bell.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, often of great beauty; — also called bellflower.

Cam•pan•u•la´ceous (kam•pan•u•la´shus), a. (Bot.) Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants (Campanulaceae) of which Campanula is the type, and which includes the Canterbury bell, the harebell, and the Venus’s looking-glass.

Cam•pan•u•la´ri•an , n. [L. campanula a bell.] (Zoöl.) A hydroid of the family Campanularidae, characterized by having the polyps or zooids inclosed in bell-shaped calicles or hydrothecae.

Cam•pan´u•late , a. (Bot.) Bell-shaped.

Camp´bell•ite , n. [From Alexander Campbell, of Virginia.] (Eccl.) A member of the denomination called Christians or Disciples of Christ. They themselves repudiate the term Campbellite as a nickname. See Christian, 3.

Cam•peach´y Wood [From the bay of Campeachy, in Mexico.] Logwood.

Camp´er , n. One who lodges temporarily in a hut or camp. { Cam•pes´tral , Cam•pes´tri•an } a. [L. campester, fr. campus field.] Relating to an open field; growing in a field, or open ground.

Camp´fight , n. [Cf. Camp, n., 6.] (O. Eng. Law.) A duel; the decision of a case by a duel.

Cam´phene (kam´fen or kam•fen´), n. (Chem.) One of a series of substances C10H16, resembling camphor, regarded as modified terpenes.

Cam•phine´ (kam•fen´ or kam´fin), n. [From Camphor.] Rectified oil of turpentine, used for burning in lamps, and as a common solvent in varnishes. The name is also applied to a mixture of this substance with three times its volume of alcohol and sometimes a little ether, used as an illuminant.

Cam´phire (kam´fir), n. An old spelling of Camphor.

Cam´pho•gen , n. [Camphor + -gen: — formerly so called as derived from camphor: cf. F. camphogène.] (Chem.) See Cymene.

Cam´phol , n. [Camphor + -ol.] (Chem.) See Borneol.

Cam´phor (kam´fer), n. [OE. camfere, F. camphre (cf. It. canfora, Sp. camfora, alcanfor, LL. canfora, camphora, NGr. kafoyra•), fr. Ar. kafur, prob. fr. Skr. karpura.] 1. A tough, white, aromatic resin, or gum, obtained from different species of the Laurus family, esp. from Cinnamomum camphora (the Laurus camphora of Linnaeus.). Camphor, C10H16O, is volatile and fragrant, and is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, a stimulant, or sedative. 2. A gum resembling ordinary camphor, obtained from a tree (Dryobalanops camphora) growing in Sumatra and Borneo; — called also Malay camphor, camphor of Borneo, or borneol. See Borneol. The name camphor is also applied to a number of bodies of similar appearance and properties, as cedar camphor, obtained from the red or pencil cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), and peppermint camphor, or menthol, obtained from the oil of peppermint. Camphor oil (Chem.), name variously given to certain oil-like products, obtained especially from the camphor tree. — Camphor tree, a large evergreen tree (Cinnamomum Camphora) with lax, smooth branches and shining triple-nerved lanceolate leaves, probably native in China, but now cultivated in most warm countries. Camphor is collected by a process of steaming the chips of the wood and subliming the product.

Cam´phor , v. t. To impregnate or wash with camphor; to camphorate. [R.] Tatler.

Cam•pho•ra´ceous , a. Of the nature of camphor; containing camphor. Dunglison.

Cam´phor•ate , v. t. To impregnate or treat with camphor.

Cam´phor•ate , n. [Cf. F. camphorate.] (Chem.) A salt of camphoric acid. { Cam´phor•ate , Cam´por•a•ted , }Combined or impregnated with camphor. Camphorated oil, an oleaginous preparation containing camphor, much used as an embrocation.

Cam•phor´ic , a. [Cf. F. camphorique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, camphor. Camphoric acid, a white crystallizable substance, C10H16O4, obtained from the oxidation of camphor. Other acids of camphor are campholic acid, C10H18O2, and camphoronic acid, C9H12O5, white crystallizable substances.

Cam•phret´ic , a. [rom Camphor.] Pertaining to, or derived from camphor. [R.]

Camp´ing , n. 1. Lodging in a camp. 2. [See Camp, n., 6] A game of football. [Prov. Eng.]

Cam´pi•on , n. [Prob. fr. L. campus field.] (Bot.) A plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus bacciferus), bearing berries regarded as poisonous. Bladder campion, a plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus Behen or Silene inflata), having a much inflated calyx. See Behen. — Rose campion, a garden plant (Lychnis coronaria) with handsome crimson flowers.

Cam´pus , n. [L., a field.] The principal grounds of a college or school, between the buildings or within the main inclosure; as the college campus.

Cam•py•lo•sper´mous , a. [Gr. curved + seed.] (Bot.) Having seeds grooved lengthwise on the inner face, as in sweet cicely.

Cam•py•lot´ro•pous , a. [Gr. curved + a turning.] (Bot.) Having the ovules and seeds so curved, or bent down upon themselves, that the ends of the embryo are brought close together.

Cam´us , n. See Camis. [Obs.]

Cam´wood , n. See Barwood.

Can , an obs. form of began, imp. & p. p. of Begin, sometimes used in old poetry. [See Gan.] “With gentle words he can faile gree.
Spenser.”

Can, n. [OE. & AS. canne; akin to D. Kan, G. Kanne, OHG. channa, Sw. Kanna, Dan. kande.] 1. A drinking cup; a vessel for holding liquids. [Shak. ] “Fill the cup and fill can,
Have a rouse before the morn.
Tennyson.” 2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of various forms, but usually cylindrical; as a can of tomatoes; an oil can; a milk can. A can may be a cylinder open at the top, as for receiving the sliver from a carding machine, or with a removable cover or stopper, as for holding tea, spices, milk, oysters, etc., or with handle and spout, as for holding oil, or hermetically sealed, in canning meats, fruits, etc. The name is also sometimes given to the small glass or earthenware jar used in canning.

Can , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canned p. pr. &vb. n. Canning.] To preserve by putting in sealed cans [U. S.] ´Canned meats´ W. D. Howells. Canned goods, a general name for fruit, vegetables, meat, or fish, preserved in hermetically sealed cans.

Can , v. t. & i. [The transitive use is obsolete.] [imp. Could (#).] [OE. cunnen, cannen (1st sing. pres. I can), to know, know how, be able, AS. cunnan, 1st sing. pres. ic cann or can, pl. cunnon, 1st sing. imp. cuðe (for cunðe); p. p. cuð (for cunð); akin to OS. Kunnan, D. Kunnen, OHG. chunnan, G. können, Icel. kunna, Goth. Kunnan, and E. ken to know. The present tense I can (AS. ic cann) was originally a preterit, meaning I have known or Learned, and hence I know, know how. rad.45. See Ken, Know; cf. Con, Cunning, Uncouth.] 1. To know; to understand. [Obs.] “I can rimes of Rodin Hood.
Piers Plowman.” “I can no Latin, quod she.
Piers Plowman.” “Let the priest in surplice white,
That defunctive music can.
Shak.” 2. To be able to do; to have power or influence. [Obs.] “The will of Him who all things can.
Milton.” “For what, alas can these my single arms?
Shak.” “Maecaenas and Agrippa, who can most with Caesar.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. To be able; — followed by an infinitive without to; as I can go, but do not wish to. Syn. — Can but, Can not but. It is an error to use the former of these phrases where the sens requires the latter. If we say, ´I can but perish if I go,´ ´But´ means only, and denotes that this is all or the worst that can happen. When the apostle Peter said. ´We can not but speak of the things which we have seen and heard.´ he referred to a moral constraint or necessety which rested upon him and his associates; and the meaning was We cannot help speaking, We cannot refrain from speaking. This idea of a moral necessity or constraint is of frequent occurrence, and is also expressed in the phrase, ´I can not help it.´ Thus we say. ´I can not but hope,´ ´I can not but believe,´ ´I can not but think,´ ´I can not but remark,´ etc., in cases in which it would be an error to use the phrase can but. “Yet he could not but acknowledge to himself that there was something calculated to impress awe, … in the sudden appearances and vanishings … of the masque
De Quincey.” “Tom felt that this was a rebuff for him, and could not but understand it as a left-handed hit at his employer.
Dickens.”

Ca´naan•ite , n. 1. A descendant of Canaan, the son of Ham, and grandson of Noah. 2. A Native or inhabitant of the land of Canaan, esp. a member of any of the tribes who inhabited Canaan at the time of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt.

Ca´naan•ite, n. [From an Aramaic word signifying ´zeal.´] A zealot. ´Simon the Canaanite.´ Matt. x. 4. This was the ´Simon called Zelotes´ (Luke vi. 15), i.e., Simon the zealot. Kitto.

Ca´naan•i•tish , a. Of or pertaining to Canaan or the Canaanites.

Ca•ña´da , n. [Sp.] A small cañon; a narrow valley or glen; also but less frequently, an open valley. [Local, Western U. S.]

Can´a•da , n. A British province in North America, giving its name to various plants and animals. Canada balsam. See under Balsam. — Canada goose. (Zoöl.) See Wild goose. — Canada jay. See Whisky Jack. — Canada lynx. (Zoöl.) See Lynx. — Canada porcupine (Zoöl.) See Porcupine, and Urson. — Canada rice (Bot.) See under Rick. — Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird.

Ca•na´di•an , a. Of or pertaining to Canada. — n. A native or inhabitant of Canada. Canadian period (Geol.), A subdivision of the American Lower Silurian system embracing the calciferous, Quebec, and Chazy epochs. This period immediately follows the primordial or Cambrian period, and is by many geologists regarded as the beginning of the Silurian age, See the Diagram, under Geology.

Ca•naille´ , n. [F. canaille (cf. It. canaglia), prop. and orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. Canis dog.] 1. The lowest class of people; the rabble; the vulgar. 2. Shorts or inferior flour. [Canadian]

Can´a•kin , n. [Dim. of can.] A little can or cup. ´And let me the canakin clink.´ Shak.

Ca•nal´ , n. [F. canal, from L. canalis canal, channel; prob. from a root signifying ´to cut´; cf. D. kanaal, fr. the French. Cf. Channel, Kennel gutter.] 1. An artificial channel filled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc. 2. (Anat.) A tube or duct; as the alimentary canal; the semicircular canals of the ear. Canal boat, a boat for use on a canal; esp. one of peculiar shape, carrying freight, and drawn by horses walking on the towpath beside the canal. — Canal lock. See Lock.

Can´al coal See Cannel coal. { Can•a•lic´u•late , Can•a•lic´u•la•ted , } a. [L. canaliculatus channeled, fr. canaliculus, dim. of canalis. See Canal.] Having a channel or groove, as in the leafstalks of most palms.

Can•a•lic´u•lus , n.; pl. Canaliculi (#). [L.] (Anat.) A minute canal.

Ca•nal•i•za´tion , n. Construction of, or furnishing with, a canal or canals. [R.]

Ca•nard´ , n. [F., properly, a duck.] An extravagant or absurd report or story; a fabricated sensational report or statement; esp. one set afloat in the newspapers to hoax the public.

Can•a•rese´ , a. Pertaining to Canara, a district of British India.

Ca•na´ry , a. [F. Canarie, L. Canaria insula one of the Canary islands, said to be so called from its large dogs, fr. canis dog.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands; as canary wine; canary birds. 2. Of a pale yellowish color; as Canary stone. Canary grass, a grass of the genus Phalaris (P. Canariensis), producing the seed used as food for canary birds. — Canary stone (Min.), a yellow species of carnelian, named from its resemblance in color to the plumage of the canary bird. — Canary wood, the beautiful wood of the trees Persea Indica and P. Canariensis, natives of Madeira and the Canary Islands. — Canary vine. See Canary bird flower, under Canary bird.

Ca•na´ry, n.; pl. Canaries (#). 1. Wine made in the Canary Islands; sack. ´A cup of canary.´ Shak. 2. A canary bird. 3. A pale yellow color, like that of a canary bird. 4. A quick and lively dance. [Obs.] “Make you dance canary
With sprightly fire and motion.
Shak.”

Ca•na´ry , v. i. To perform the canary dance; to move nimbly; to caper. [Obs.] “But to jig of a tune at the tongue’s end, canary to it with your feet.
Shak.”

Ca•na´ry bird (Zoöl.) A small singing bird of the Finch family (Serinus Canarius), a native of the Canary Islands. It was brought to Europe in the 16th century, and made a household pet. It generally has a yellowish body with the wings and tail greenish, but in its wild state it is more frequently of gray or brown color. It is sometimes called canary finch. Canary bird flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Tropaeolum peregrinum) with canary- colored flowers of peculiar form; — called also canary vine.

Ca•nas´ter , n. [Sp. canasta, canastro, basket, fr. L. canistrum. See Canister.] A kind of tobacco for smoking, made of the dried leaves, coarsely broken; — so called from the rush baskets in which it is packed in South America. McElrath.

Can´ buoy See under Buoy, n.

Can´can , n. [F.] A rollicking French dance, accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures.

Can´cel , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canceled or Cancelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Canceling or Cancelling.] [L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to strike or cross out (cf. Fr. canceller, OF. canceler) fr. cancelli lattice, crossbars, dim. of cancer lattice; cf. Gr. latticed gate. Cf. Chancel.] 1. To inclose or surround, as with a railing, or with latticework. [Obs.] “A little obscure place canceled in with iron work is the pillar or stump at which … our Savior was scourged.
Evelyn.” 2. To shut out, as with a railing or with latticework; to exclude. [Obs.] ´Canceled from heaven.´ Milton. 3. To cross and deface, as the lines of a writing, or as a word or figure; to mark out by a cross line; to blot out or obliterate. “A deed may be avoided by delivering it up to be cancelled; that is, to have lines drawn over it in the form of latticework or cancelli; though the phrase is now used figuratively for any manner of obliterating or defacing it.
Blackstone.” 4. To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall. “The indentures were canceled.
Thackeray.” “He was unwilling to cancel the interest created through former secret services, by being refractory on this occasion.
Sir W. Scott.” 5. (Print.) To suppress or omit; to strike out, as matter in type. Canceled figures (Print), figures cast with a line across the face., as for use in arithmetics. Syn. — To blot out; obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; annul; abolish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; destroy; do away; set aside. See Abolish.

Can´cel, n. [See Cancel, v. i., and cf. Chancel.] 1. An inclosure; a boundary; a limit. [Obs.] “A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious thoughts, to a person whose spirit … desires no enlargement beyond the cancels of the body.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. (Print) (a) The suppression or striking out of matter in type, or of a printed page or pages. (b) The part thus suppressed.

Can•cel•ier´ , v. i. [F. chanceler, OF. canseler, to waver, orig. to cross the legs so as not to fall; from the same word as E. cancel.] (Falconry) To turn in flight; — said of a hawk. [Obs.] Nares. “He makes his stoop; but wanting breath, is forced
To cancelier.
Massinger.” { Can•cel•ier´ , Can´cel•eer }, n. (Falconry) The turn of a hawk upon the wing to recover herself, when she misses her aim in the stoop. [Obs.] “The fierce and eager hawks, down thrilling from the skies,
Make sundry canceliers ere they the fowl can reach.
Drayton.”

Can•cel•la´re•an , a. Cancellarean. [R.]

Can´cel•late , a. [L. cancellatus, p. p. of cancellare, See Cancel, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of certain plants; latticelike. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface coveres with raised lines, crossing at right angles.

Can´cel•la•ted , a. 1. Crossbarred; marked with cross lines. Grew. 2. (Anat.) Open or spongy, as some porous bones.

Can•cel•la´tion , n. [L. cancellatio: cf. F. cancellation.] 1. The act, process, or result of canceling; as the cansellation of certain words in a contract, or of the contract itself. 2. (Math.) The operation of striking out common factors, in both the dividend and divisor.

Can•cel´li , n. pl. [L., a lattice. See Cancel, v. t.] 1. An interwoven or latticed wall or inclosure; latticework, rails, or crossbars, as around the bar of a court of justice, between the chancel and the nave of a church, or in a window. 2. (Anat.) The interlacing osseous plates constituting the elastic porous tissue of certain parts of the bones, esp. in their articular extremities.

Can´cel•lous , a. [Cf. L. cancellosus covered with bars.] (Anat.) Having a spongy or porous structure; made up of cancelli; cancellated; as the cancellous texture of parts of many bones.

Can´cer , n. [L. cancer, cancri, crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac; akin to Gr. karki•nos, Skr. karkata crab, and prob. Skr. karkara hard, the crab being named from its hard shell. Cf. Canner, Chancre.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, including some of the most common shore crabs of Europe and North America, as the rock crab, Jonah crab, etc. See Crab. 2. (Astron.) (a) The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac. The first point is the northern limit of the sun’s course in summer; hence, the sign of the summer solstice. See Tropic. (b) A northern constellation between Gemini and Leo. 3. (Med.) Formerly, any malignant growth, esp. one attended with great pain and ulceration, with cachexia and progressive emaciation. It was so called, perhaps, from the great veins which surround it, compared by the ancients to the claws of a crab. The term is now restricted to such a growth made up of aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or embedded in the meshes of a trabecular framework. Four kinds of cancers are recognized: (1) Epithelial cancer, or Epithelioma, in which there is no trabecular framework. See Epithelioma. (2) Scirrhous cancer, or Hard cancer, in which the framework predominates, and the tumor is of hard consistence and slow growth. (3) Encephaloid, Medullary, or Soft cancer, in which the cellular element predominates, and the tumor is soft, grows rapidy, and often ulcerates. (4) Colloid cancer, in which the cancerous structure becomes gelatinous. The last three varieties are also called carcinoma. Cancer cells, cells once believed to be peculiar to cancers, but now know to be epithelial cells differing in no respect from those found elsewhere in the body, and distinguished only by peculiarity of location and grouping. — Cancer root (Bot.), the name of several low plants, mostly parasitic on roots, as the beech drops, the squawroot, etc. — Tropic of Cancer. See Tropic.

Can´cer•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cancerated.] [LL. canceratus eaten by a cancer. See Cancer.] To grow into a cancer; to become cancerous. Boyle.

Can•cer•a´tion , n. The act or state of becoming cancerous or growing into a cancer.

Can´cer•ite , n. [Cf. F. cancereux.] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. ´Cancerous vices.´ G. Eliot.

Can´cer•ous , a. [Cf. F. cancereux] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. ´cancerous vices´ G. Eliot.
[1913 Webster] — Can´cer•ous•ly, adv. — Can´cer•ous•ness, n.

Can´cri•form , a. [Cancer + -form; cf. F. cancriforme.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a crab; crab- shaped. 2. Like a cancer; cancerous.

Can´crine , a. [From Cancer.] Having the qualities of a crab; crablike.

Can´cri•nite , n. [Named after Count Cancrin, a minister of finance in Russia.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in hexagonal crystals, also massive, generally of a yellow color, containing silica, alumina, lime, soda, and carbon dioxide.

Can´croid , a. [Cancer + oid.] 1. (Zoöl.) Resembling a crab; pertaining to the Cancroidea, one of the families of crabs, including the genus Cancer. 2. Like a cancer; as a cancroid tumor.

Cand , n. Fluor spar. See Kand.

Can•de•la´brum n.; pl. L. Candelabra (#), E. Candelabrums (#). [L., fr. candela candle. See candle.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A lamp stand of any sort. (b) A highly ornamented stand of marble or other ponderous material, usually having three feet, — frequently a votive offering to a temple. 2. A large candlestick, having several branches.

Can•dent , a. [L. candens, p. pr. of candëre to glitter. See Candid.] Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. ´A candent vessel.´ Boyle.

Can´de•ros , n. An East Indian resin, of a pellucid white color, from which small ornaments and toys are sometimes made.

Can•des´cence , n. See Incandescence.

Can´di•cant , a. [L. candicans, p. pr. of candicare to be whitish.] Growing white. [Obs.]

Can•did (kan´did), a. [F. candide (cf. It. candido), L. candidus white, fr. candere to be of a glowing white; akin to accendere, incendere, to set on fire, Skr. chand to shine. Cf. Candle, Incense.] 1. White. [Obs.] “The box receives all black; but poured from thence,
The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence.
Dryden.” 2. Free from undue bias; disposed to think and judge according to truth and justice, or without partiality or prejudice; fair; just; impartial; as a candid opinion. ´Candid and dispassionate men.´ W. Irving. 3. Open; frank; ingenuous; outspoken. Syn. — Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank; artless; unbiased; equitable. — Candid, Fair, Open, Frank, Ingenuous. A man is fair when he puts things on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when be looks impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and frank when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is ingenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. Fair dealing; candid investigation; an open temper; a frank disposition; an ingenuous answer or declaration.

Can´di•da•cy , n. The position of a candidate; state of being a candidate; candidateship.

Can´di•date , n. [L. Candidatus, n. (because candidates for office in Rome were clothed in a white toga.) fr. candidatus clothed in white, fr. candiduslittering, white: cf. F. candidat.] One who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person or an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor; as a candidate for the office of governor; a candidate for holy orders; a candidate for scholastic honors.

Can´di•date•ship, n. Candidacy.

Can´di•da•ting , n. The taking of the position of a candidate; specifically, the preaching of a clergyman with a view to settlement. [Cant, U. S.]

Can´di•da•ture , n. Candidacy.

Can´did•ly , adv. In a candid manner.

Can´did•ness, n. The quality of being candid.

Can´died , a. [From 1st Candy.] 1. Preserved in or with sugar; incrusted with a candylike substance; as candied fruits. 2. (a) Converted wholly or partially into sugar or candy; as candied sirup. (b) Conted or more or less with sugar; as candidied raisins. (c) Figuratively; Honeyed; sweet; flattering. “Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp.
Shak.” 3. Covered or incrusted with that which resembles sugar or candy. “Will the cold brook,
Candiedwith ice, caudle thy morning tast?
Shak.”

Can´di•fy , v. t. or v. i. [L. candificare; candëre to be white + - facere to make.] To make or become white, or candied. [R.]

Can´di•ot , a. [Cf. F. candiote.] Of or pertaining to Candia; Cretary.

Can´dite , n. (Min.) A variety of spinel, of a dark color, found at Candy, in Ceylon.

Can´dle , n. [OE. candel, candel, as candel, fr. L. candela a (white) light made of wax or tallow, fr. candëre to be white. See Candid, and cf. Chandler, Cannel, Kindle.] 1. A slender, cylindrical body of tallow, containing a wick composed of loosely twisted linen of cotton threads, and used to furnish light. “How far that little candle throws his beams!
So shines a good deed in a naughty world.
Shak.” Candles are usually made by repeatedly dipping the wicks in the melted tallow, etc. (´dipped candles´), or by casting or running in a mold. 2. That which gives light; a luminary. “By these blessed candles of the night.
Shak.” Candle nut, the fruit of a euphorbiaceous shrub (Aleurites triloba), a native of some of the Pacific islands; — socalled because, when dry, it will burn with a bright flame, and is used by the natives as a candle. The oil has many uses. — Candle power (Photom.), illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. — Electric candle, A modification of the electric arc lamp, in which the carbon rods, instead of being placed end to end, are arranged side by side, and at a distance suitable for the formation of the arc at the tip; — called also from the name of the inventor, Jablockoff candle. — Excommunication by inch of candle, a form of excommunication in which the offender is allowed time to repent only while a candle burns. — Not worth the candle, not worth the cost or trouble. — Rush candle, a candle made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. — Sale by inch of candle, an auction in which persons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of candle burns out. — Standard candle (Photom.), a special form of candle employed as a standard in photometric measurements; usually, a candle of spermaceti so constructed as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 7.8 grams, per hour. — To curse by bell, book and candle. See under Bell.

Can´dle•ber•ry tree (Bot.) A shrub (the Myrica cerifera, or wax-bearing myrtle), common in North America, the little nuts of which are covered with a greenish white wax, which was formerly, used for hardening candles; — also called bayberry tree, bayberry, or candleberry.

Can´dle•bomb (#), n. 1. A small glass bubble, filled with water, which, if placed in the flame of a candle, bursts by expansion of steam. 2. A pasteboard shell used in signaling. It is filled with a composition which makes a brilliant light when it explodes. Farrow.

Can´dle coal (#). See Cannel coal.

Can´dle•fish (#), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish (Thaleichthys Pacificus), allied to the smelt, found on the north Pacific coast; — called also eulachon. It is so oily that, when dried, it may be used as a candle, by drawing a wick through it. (b) The beshow.

Can´dle•hold•er (#), n. One who, or that which, holds a candle; also one who assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. Shak.

Can´dle•light, n. The light of a candle. “Never went by candlelight to bed.
Dryden.”

Can´dle•mas (#), n. [AS. candelmaesse, candel candle + maesse mass.] The second day of February, on which is celebrated the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary; — so called because the candles for the altar or other sacred uses are blessed on that day.

Can´dle•stick , n. [AS. candel-sticca; candel candle + sticca stick.] An instrument or utensil for supporting a candle.

Can´dle•wast•er , n. One who consumes candles by being up late for study or dissipation. “A bookworm, a candlewaster.
B. Jonson.”

Can´dock n. [Prob. fr. can + dock (the plant). Cf. G. kannenkraut horsetail, lit. ´canweed.´] (Bot.) A plant or weed that grows in rivers; a species of Equisetum; also the yellow frog lily (Nuphar luteum).

Can´dor , n. [Written also candour.] [L. candor, fr. candëre; cf. F. candeur. See candid.] 1. Whiteness; brightness; (as applied to moral conditions) usullied purity; innocence. [Obs.] “Nor yor unquestioned integrity
Shall e’er be sullied with one taint or spot
That may take from your innocence and candor.
Massinger.” 2. A disposition to treat subjects with fairness; freedom from prejudice or disguise; frankness; sincerity. “Attribute superior sagacity and candor to those who held that side of the question.
Whewell.”

Can´droy , n. A machine for spreading out cotton cloths to prepare them for printing.

Can´dy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Candied p. pr & vb. n. Candying.] [F. candir (cf. It. candire, Sp. azúcar cande or candi), fr. Ar. & Pers. qand, fr. Skr. Khan.d.da piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, fr. khan.d., khad. to break.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar; as to candy fruits; to candy ginger. 2. To make sugar crystals of or in; to form into a mass resembling candy; as to candy sirup. 3. To incrust with sugar or with candy, or with that which resembles sugar or candy. “Those frosts that winter brings
Which candy every green.
Drayson.”

Can´dy , v. i. 1. To have sugar crystals form in or on; as fruits preserved in sugar candy after a time. 2. To be formed into candy; to solidify in a candylike form or mass.

Can´dy n. [F. candi. See Candy, v. t.] A more or less solid article of confectionery made by boiling sugar or molasses to the desired consistency, and than crystallizing, molding, or working in the required shape. It is often flavored or colored, and sometimes contains fruit, nuts, etc.

Candy, n. [Mahratta khan.d.i, Tamil kan.d.i.] A weight, at Madras 500 pounds, at Bombay 560 pounds.

Can´dy•tuft , n. (Bot.) An annual plant of the genus Iberis, cultivated in gardens. The name was originally given to the I. umbellata, first, discovered in the island of Candia.

Cane (kan), n. [OE. cane, canne, OF. cane, F. canne, L. canna, fr. Gr. ka•nna, ka•nnh; prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qaneh reed. Cf. Canister, canon, 1st Cannon.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A name given to several peculiar palms, species of Calamus and Daemanorops, having very long, smooth flexible stems, commonly called rattans. (b) Any plant with long, hard, elastic stems, as reeds and bamboos of many kinds; also the sugar cane. (c) Stems of other plants are sometimes called canes; as the canes of a raspberry. “Like light canes, that first rise big and brave.
B. Jonson.” In the Southern United States great cane is the Arundinaria macrosperma, and small cane is. A. tecta. 2. A walking stick; a staff; — so called because originally made of one of the species of cane. “Stir the fire with your master’s cane.
Swift.” 3. A lance or dart made of cane. [R.] “Judgelike thou sitt’st, to praise or to arraign
The flying skirmish of the darted cane.
Dryden.” 4. A local European measure of length. See Canna. Cane borer (Zoö.), A beetle (Oberea bimaculata) which, in the larval state, bores into pith and destroy the canes or stalks of the raspberry, blackberry, etc. — Cane mill, a mill for grinding sugar canes, for the manufacture of sugar. — Cane trash, the crushed stalks and other refuse of sugar cane, used for fuel, etc.

Cane (kan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caned (kand); p. pr. & vb. n. Caning.] 1. To beat with a cane. Macaulay. 2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan; as to cane chairs.

Cane´brake (-brak•), n. A thicket of canes. Ellicott.

Caned (kand), a. [Cf. L. canus white.] Filled with white flakes; mothery; — said vinegar when containing mother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ca•nel´la (ka•nel´la), n. [LL. (OE. canel, canelle, cinnamon, fr. F. cannelle), Dim. of L. canna a reed. Canella is so called from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark. See Cane.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of the order Canellaceae, growing in the West Indies. The principal species is Canella alba, and its bark is a spice and drug exported under the names of wild cinnamon and whitewood bark.

Ca•nes´cent , a. [L. canescens, p. pr. of canescere, v. inchoative of canere to be white.] Growing white, or assuming a color approaching to white.

Can´ hook A device consisting of a short rope with flat hooks at each end, for hoisting casks or barrels by the ends of the staves.

Ca•nic´u•la , n. [L. canicula, lit., a little dog, a dim. of canis dog; cf. F. canicule.] (Astron.) The Dog Star; Sirius.

Ca•nic´u•lar , a. [L. canicularis; cf. F. caniculaire.] Pertaining to, or measured, by the rising of the Dog Star. Canicular days, the dog days, See Dog days. — Canicular year, the Egyptian year, computed from one heliacal rising of the Dog Star to another.

Can´i•cule , n. Canicula. Addison.

Ca•ni´nal , a. See Canine, a.

Ca•nine´ , a. [L. caninus, fr. canis dog: cf. F. canin. See Hound.] 1. Of or pertaining to the family Canidae, or dogs and wolves; having the nature or qualities of a dog; like that or those of a dog. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pointed tooth on each side the incisors. Canine appetite, a morbidly voracious appetite; bulimia. — Canine letter, the letter r. See R. — Canine madness, hydrophobia. — Canine tooth, a tooth situated between the incisor and bicuspid teeth, so called because well developed in dogs; usually, the third tooth from the front on each side of each jaw; an eyetooth, or the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw.

Ca•nine´, n. (Anat.) A canine tooth.

Ca´nis (ka´nis), n.; pl. Canes (- nez). [L., a dog.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, of the family Canidae, including the dogs and wolves. Canis major [L., larger dog], a constellation to the southeast of Orion, containing Sirius or the Dog Star. — Canis minor [L., smaller dog], a constellation to the east of Orion, containing Procyon, a star of the first magnitude.

Can´is•ter (kan´is•ter), n. [L. canistrum a basket woven from reeds Gr. , fr. ka•nh, ka•nna reed; cf. F. canistre. See Cane, and Canaster.] 1. A small basket of rushes, reeds, or willow twigs, etc. 2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, etc. 3. (Mil.) A kind of case shot for cannon, in which a number of lead or iron balls in layers are inclosed in a case fitting the gun; — called also canister shot.

Can´ker (kan´ker), n. [OE. canker, cancre, AS. cancer (akin to D. kanker, OHG chanchar.), fr. L. cancer a cancer; or if a native word, cf. Gr. excrescence on tree, gangrene. Cf. also OF. cancre, F. chancere, fr. L. cancer. See cancer, and cf. Chancre.] 1. A corroding or sloughing ulcer; esp. a spreading gangrenous ulcer or collection of ulcers in or about the mouth; — called also water canker, canker of the mouth, and noma. 2. Anything which corrodes, corrupts, or destroy. “The cankers of envy and faction.
Temple.” 3. (Hort.) A disease incident to trees, causing the bark to rot and fall off. 4. (Far.) An obstinate and often incurable disease of a horse’s foot, characterized by separation of the horny portion and the development of fungoid growths; — usually resulting from neglected thrush. 5. A kind of wild, worthless rose; the dog-rose. “To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose.
And plant this thorm, this canker, Bolingbroke.
Shak.” Black canker. See under Black.

Can´ker (kan´ker), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cankered (- kerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cankering.] 1. To affect as a canker; to eat away; to corrode; to consume. “No lapse of moons can canker Love.
Tennyson.” 2. To infect or pollute; to corrupt. Addison. “A tithe purloined cankers the whole estate.
Herbert.”

Can´ker, v. i. 1. To waste away, grow rusty, or be oxidized, as a mineral. [Obs.] “Silvering will sully and canker more than gliding.
Bacom.” 2. To be or become diseased, or as if diseased, with canker; to grow corrupt; to become venomous. “Deceit and cankered malice.
Dryden.” “As with age his body uglier grows,
So his mind cankers.
Shak.”

Can´ker-bit , a. Eaten out by canker, or as by canker. [Obs.]

Can´ker bloom The bloom or blossom of the wild rose or dog-rose.

Can´ker blos•som That which blasts a blossom as a canker does. [Obs.] “O me! you juggler! you canker blossom!
You thief of Love!
Shak.”

Can´kered , a. 1. Affected with canker; as a cankered mouth. 2. Affected mentally or morally as with canker; sore, envenomed; malignant; fretful; ill-natured. ´A cankered grandam’s will.´ Shak.

Can´kered•ly, adv. Fretfully; spitefully.

Can´ker fly A fly that preys on fruit.

Can´ker•ous , a. Affecting like a canker. ´Canrerous shackles.´ Thomson. “Misdeem it not a cankerous change.
Wordsworth.”

Can´ker rash (Med.) A form of scarlet fever characterized by ulcerated or putrid sore throat.

Can´ker•worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of two species of geometrid moths which are very injurious to fruit and shade trees by eating, and often entirely destroying, the foliage. Other similar larvae are also called cankerworms. The autumnal species (Anisopteryx pometaria) becomes adult late in autumn (after frosts) and in winter. The spring species (A. vernata) remains in the ground through the winter, and matures in early spring. Both have winged males and wingless females. The larvae are similar in appearance and habits, and belong to the family of measuring worms or spanworms. These larvae hatch from the eggs when the leaves begin to expand in spring.

Can´ker•y , a. 1. Like a canker; full of canker. 2. Surly; sore; malignant.

Can´na , n. [It.] A measure of length in Italy, varying from six to seven feet. See Cane, 4.

Can´na , n. [L., a reed. See Cane.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical plants, with large leaves and often with showy flowers. The Indian shot (C. Indica) is found in gardens of the northern United States.

Can´na•bene , n. [From Cannabis.] (Chem.) A colorless oil obtained from hemp by distillation, and possessing its intoxicating properties.

Can´na•bin , n. (Chem.) A poisonous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa, variety Indica). The narcotic effects of hasheesh are due to this resin.

Can´na•bine , a. [L. cannabinus.] Pertaining to hemp; hempen. [R.]

Can´na•bis , n. [L., hemp. See Canvas.] (Bot.) A genus of a single species belonging to the order Uricaceae; hemp. Cannabis Indica , the Indian hemp, a powerful narcotic, now considered a variety of the common hemp.

Can´nel coal [Corrupt. fr. candle coal.] A kind of mineral coal of a black color, sufficiently hard and solid to be cut and polished. It burns readily, with a clear, yellow flame, and on this account has been used as a substitute for candles.

Can´ner•y , n. A place where the business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. [U. S.]

Can´ni•bal , n. [Cf. F. cannibale. Columbus, in a letter to the Spanish monarchs written in Oct., 1498, mentions that the people of Hayti lived in great fear of the Caribales (equivalent to E. Caribbees.), the inhabitants of the smaller Antilles; which form of the name was afterward changed into NL. Canibales, in order to express more forcibly their character by a word intelligible through a Latin root ´propter rabiem caninam anthropophagorum gentis.´ The Caribbees call themselves, in their own language. Calinago, Carinago, Calliponam, and, abbreviated, Calina, signifying a brave, from which Columbus formed his Caribales.] A human being that eats human flesh; hence, any that devours its own kind. Darwin.

Can´ni•bal , a. Relating to cannibals or cannibalism. ´Cannibal terror.´ Burke.

Can´ni•bal•ism , n. [Cf. F. cannibalisme.] The act or practice of eating human flesh by mankind. Hence; Murderous cruelty; barbarity. Berke.

Can´ni•bal•ly, adv. In the manner of cannibal. ´An he had been cannibally given.´ Shak.

Can´ni•kin , n. [Can + -kin.] A small can or drinking vessel.

Can´ni•ly, adv. In a canny manner. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

Can´ni•ness, n. Caution; crafty management. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

Can´non , n.; pl. Cannons (#), collectively Cannon. [F. cannon, fr. L. canna reed, pipe, tube. See Cane.] 1. A great gun; a piece of ordnance or artillery; a firearm for discharging heavy shot with great force. Cannons are made of various materials, as iron, brass, bronze, and steel, and of various sizes and shapes with respect to the special service for which they are intended, as intended, as siege, seacoast, naval, field, or mountain, guns. They always aproach more or less nearly to a cylindrical from, being usually thicker toward the breech than at the muzzle. Formerly they were cast hollow, afterwards they were cast, solid, and bored out. The cannon now most in use for the armament of war vessels and for seacoast defense consists of a forged steel tube reinforced with massive steel rings shrunk upon it. Howitzers and mortars are sometimes called cannon. See Gun. 2. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece carried by a revolving shaft, on which it may, however, revolve independently. 3. (Printing.) A kind of type. See Canon. Cannon ball, strictly, a round solid missile of stone or iron made to be fired from a cannon, but now often applied to a missile of any shape, whether solid or hollow, made for cannon. Elongated and cylindrical missiles are sometimes called bolts; hollow ones charged with explosives are properly called shells. — Cannon bullet, a cannon ball. [Obs.] — Cannon cracker, a fire cracker of large size. — Cannon lock, a device for firing a cannon by a percussion primer. — Cannon metal. See Gun Metal. — Cannon pinion, the pinion on the minute hand arbor of a watch or clock, which drives the hand but permits it to be moved in setting. — Cannon proof, impenetrable by cannon balls. — Cannon shot. (a) A cannon ball. (b) The range of a cannon.

Can´non, n. & v. (Billiards) See Carom. [Eng.]

Can•non•ade´ , n. [F. Canonnade; cf. It. cannanata.] 1. The act of discharging cannon and throwing ball, shell, etc., for the purpose of destroying an army, or battering a town, ship, or fort; — usually, an attack of some continuance. “A furious cannonade was kept up from the whole circle of batteries on the devoted towm.
Prescott.” 2. Fig.; A loud noise like a cannonade; a booming. “Blue Walden rolls its cannonade.
Ewerson.”

Can•non•ade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cannonade; p. pr. & vb. n. Cannonading.] To attack with heavy artillery; to batter with cannon shot.

Can•non•ade´, v. i. To discharge cannon; as the army cannonaded all day.

Can´non bone (Anat.) See Canon Bone.

Can´noned , a. Furnished with cannon. [Poetic] ´Gilbralter’s cannoned steep.´ M. Arnold. { Can•non•eer´ , Can•non•ier´ } , n. [F. canonnier.] A man who manages, or fires, cannon.

Can•non•er´ing, n. The use of cannon. Burke.

Can´non•ry , n. Cannon, collectively; artillery. “The ringing of bells and roaring of cannonry proclaimed his course through the country.
W. Irving.”

Can´not [Can to be able + -not.] Am, is, or are, not able; — written either as one word or two.

Can´nu•la , n. [L. cannula a small tube of dim. of canna a reed, tube.] (Surg.) A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. It is usually associated with a trocar. [Written also canula.]

Can´nu•lar , a. Having the form of a tube; tubular. [Written also canular.]

Can´nu•la•ted , a. Hollow; affording a passage through its interior length for wire, thread, etc.; as a cannulated (suture) needle. [Written also canulated.] { Can´ny , Can´nei } , a. [Cf. Icel. kenn skilled, learned, or E. canny. Cf. Kenn.] [North of Eng. & Scot.] 1. Artful; cunning; shrewd; wary. 2. Skillful; knowing; capable. Sir W. Scott. 3. Cautious; prudent; safe.. Ramsay. 4. Having pleasing or useful qualities; gentle. Burns. 5. Reputed to have magical powers. Sir W. Scott. No canny, not safe, not fortunate; unpropitious. [Scot.]

Ca•noe´ , n.; pl. Canoes (#). [Sp. canoa, fr. Caribbean canáoa.] 1. A boat used by rude nations, formed of trunk of a tree, excavated, by cutting of burning, into a suitable shape. It is propelled by a paddle or paddles, or sometimes by sail, and has no rudder. “Others devised the boat of one tree, called the canoe.
Raleigh.” 2. A boat made of bark or skins, used by savages. “A birch canoe, with paddles, rising, falling, on the water.
Longfellow.” 3. A light pleasure boat, especially designed for use by one who goes alone upon long excursions, including portage. It it propelled by a paddle, or by a small sail attached to a temporary mast.

Ca•noe´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canoed p. pr. & vb. n. Canoeing .] To manage a canoe, or voyage in a canoe.

Ca•noe´ing n. The act or art of using a canoe.

Ca•noe´ist , n. A canoeman.

Ca•noe´man, n.; pl. Canoemen (#). One who uses a canoe; one who travels in a canoe. “Cabins and clearing greeted the eye of the passing canoeman.
Parkman.”

Can´on (#), n. [OE. canon, canoun, AS. canon rule (cf. F. canon, LL. canon, and, for sense 7, F. chanoine, LL. canonicus), fr. L. canon a measuring line, rule, model, fr. Gr. rule, rod, fr. , , red. See Cane, and cf. Canonical.] 1. A law or rule. “Or that the Everlasting had not fixed
His canon ’gainst self-slaughter.
Shak.” 2. (Eccl.) A law, or rule of doctrine or discipline, enacted by a council and confirmed by the pope or the sovereign; a decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by ecclesiastical authority. “Various canons which were made in councils held in the second centry.
Hock.” 3. The collection of books received as genuine Holy Scriptures, called the sacred canon, or general rule of moral and religious duty, given by inspiration; the Bible; also any one of the canonical Scriptures. See Canonical books, under Canonical, a. 4. In monasteries, a book containing the rules of a religious order. 5. A catalogue of saints acknowledged and canonized in the Roman Catholic Church. 6. A member of a cathedral chapter; a person who possesses a prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church. 7. (Mus.) A musical composition in which the voices begin one after another, at regular intervals, successively taking up the same subject. It either winds up with a coda (tailpiece), or, as each voice finishes, commences anew, thus forming a perpetual fugue or round. It is the strictest form of imitation. See Imitation. 8. (Print.) The largest size of type having a specific name; — so called from having been used for printing the canons of the church. 9. The part of a bell by which it is suspended; — called also ear and shank. [See Illust. of Bell.] Knight. 10. (Billiards) See Carom. Apostolical canons. See under Apostolical. — Augustinian canons, Black canons. See under Augustinian. — Canon capitular, Canon residentiary, a resident member of a cathedral chapter (during a part or the whole of the year). — Canon law. See under Law. — Canon of the Mass (R. C. Ch.), that part of the mass, following the Sanctus, which never changes. — Honorary canon, a canon who neither lived in a monastery, nor kept the canonical hours. — Minor canon (Ch. of Eng.), one who has been admitted to a chapter, but has not yet received a prebend. — Regular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who lived in a conventual community and follower the rule of St. Austin; a Black canon. — Secular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who did not live in a monastery, but kept the hours.

Ca•ñon´ , n. [Sp., a tube or hollow, fr. caña reed, fr. L. canna. See Cane.] A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, between high and steep banks, worn by water courses. [Mexico & Western U. S.]

Can´on bit [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule.] That part of a bit which is put in a horse’s mouth.

Can´on bone [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule. See canon.] (Anat.) The shank bone, or great bone above the fetlock, in the fore and hind legs of the horse and allied animals, corresponding to the middle metacarpal or metatarsal bone of most mammals. See Horse.

Can´on•ess , n. [Cf. LL. canonissa.] A woman who holds a canonry in a conventual chapter. Regular canoness, one bound by the poverty, and observing a strict rule of life. — Secular canoness, one allowed to hold private property, and bound only by vows of chastity and obedience so long as she chose to remain in the chapter. { Ca•non´ic , Can•non´ic•al } a. [L. cannonicus, LL. canonicalis, fr. L. canon: cf. F. canonique. See canon.] Of or pertaining to a canon; established by, or according to a , canon or canons. ´The oath of canonical obedience.´ Hallam. Canonical books, or Canonical Scriptures, those books which are declared by the canons of the church to be of divine inspiration; — called collectively the canon. The Roman Catholic Church holds as canonical several books which Protestants reject as apocryphal. — Canonical epistles, an appellation given to the epistles called also general or catholic. See Catholic epistles, under Canholic. — Canonical form (Math.), the simples or most symmetrical form to which all functions of the same class can be reduced without lose of generality. — Canonical hours, certain stated times of the day, fixed by ecclesiastical laws, and appropriated to the offices of prayer and devotion; also certain portions of the Breviary, to be used at stated hours of the day. In England, this name is also given to the hours from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m. (formerly 8 a. m. to 12 m.) before and after which marriage can not be legally performed in any parish church. — Canonical letters, letters of several kinds, formerly given by a bishop to traveling clergymen or laymen, to show that they were entitled to receive the communion, and to distinguish them from heretics. — Canonical life, the method or rule of living prescribed by the ancient clergy who lived in community; a course of living prescribed for the clergy, less rigid than the monastic, and more restrained that the secular. — Canonical obedience, submission to the canons of a church, especially the submission of the inferior clergy to their bishops, and of other religious orders to their superiors. - - Canonical punishments, such as the church may inflict, as excommunication, degradation, penance, etc. — Canonical sins (Anc. Church.), those for which capital punishment or public penance decreed by the canon was inflicted, as idolatry, murder, adultery, heresy.

Ca•non´ic•al•ly , adv. In a canonical manner; according to the canons.

Ca•non´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being canonical; canonicity. Bp. Burnet.

Ca•non´ic•als , n. pl. The dress prescribed by canon to be worn by a clergyman when officiating. Sometimes, any distinctive professional dress. Full canonicals, the complete costume of an officiating clergyman or ecclesiastic. i

Ca•non´i•cate , n. [LL. canonucatus canonical: cf. F. canonicat.] The office of a canon; a canonry.

Can•on•ic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. canonicite.] The state or quality of being canonical; agreement with the canon.

Can´on•ist, n. [Cf. F. canoniste.] A professor of canon law; one skilled in the knowledge and practice of ecclesiastical law. South.

Can•on•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a canonist. ´This canonistic exposition.´ Milton.

Can•on•i•za´tion , n. [F. canonisation.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The final process or decree (following beatifacation) by which the name of a deceased person is placed in the catalogue (canon) of saints and commended to perpetual veneration and invocation. “Canonization of saints was not known to the Christian church titl toward the middle of the tenth century.
Hoock.” 2. The state of being canonized or sainted.

Can´on•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canonized p. pr. & vb. n. Canonizing.] [F. canoniser or LL. canonizare, fr. L. canon.. See Canon.] 1. (Eccl.) To declare (a deceased person) a saint; to put in the catalogue of saints; as Thomas a Becket was canonized. 2. To glorify; to exalt to the highest honor. “Fame in time to come canonize us.
Shak.” 2. To rate as inspired; to include in the canon.[R.]

Can´on•ry , n. pl. Canonries . A benefice or prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church; a right to a place in chapter and to a portion of its revenues; the dignity or emoluments of a canon.

Can´on•ship , a. Of or pertaining to Canopus in Egypt; as the Canopic vases, used in embalming.

Ca•no´pus , n. [L. Canopus, fr. Gr. , town of Egypt.] (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude in the southern constellation Argo.

Can´o•py (kan´o•py), n.; pl. Canopies (- piz). [OE. canapie, F. canape sofa, OF. conopee, conopeu, conopieu, canopy, vail, pavilion (cf. It. canopè canopy, sofa), LL. conopeum a bed with mosquito curtains, fr. Gr. kwnwpei^on, fr. kw•nwps gnat, kw•nos cone + ’w•ps face. See Cone, and Optic.] 1. A covering fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, or carried on poles over an exalted personage or a sacred object, etc. chiefly as a mark of honor. ´Golden canopies and beds of state.´ Dryden. 2. (Arch.) (a) An ornamental projection, over a door, window, niche, etc. (b) also a rooflike covering, supported on pillars over an altar, a statue, a fountain, etc.

Can´o•py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canopes p. pr. & vb. n. Canopying.] To cover with, or as with, a canopy. ´A bank with ivy canopied.´ Milton.

Ca•no´rous , a. [L. canorus, from nor melody, fr. canere to sing.] Melodious; musical. ´Birds that are most canorous.´ Sir T. Browne. “A long, lound, and canorous peal of laughter.
De Quincey.”

Ca•no´rous•ness, n. The quality of being musical. “He chooses his language for its rich canorousness.
Lowell.”

Can´stick , n. Candlestick. [Obs.] Shak.

Cant , n. [OF., edge, angle, prof. from L. canthus the iron ring round a carriage wheel, a wheel, Gr. the corner of the eye, the felly of a wheel; cf. W. cant the stake or tire of a wheel. Cf. Canthus, Canton, Cantle.] 1. A corner; angle; niche. [Obs.] “The first and principal person in the temple was Irene, or Peace; she was placed aloft in a cant.
B. Jonson.” 2. An outer or external angle. 3. An inclination from a horizontal or vertical line; a slope or bevel; a titl. Totten. 4. A sudden thrust, push, kick, or other impulse, producing a bias or change of direction; also the bias or turn so give; as to give a ball a cant. 5. (Coopering) A segment forming a side piece in the head of a cask. Knight. 6. (Mech.) A segment of he rim of a wooden cogwheel. Knight. 7. (Naut.) A piece of wood laid upon the deck of a vessel to support the bulkheads. Cant frames, Cant timbers (Naut.), timber at the two ends of a ship, rising obliquely from the keel.

Cant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canted; p. pr. & vb. n. Canting.] 1. To incline; to set at an angle; to tilt over; to tip upon the edge; as to cant a cask; to cant a ship. 2. To give a sudden turn or new direction to; as to cant round a stick of timber; to cant a football. 3. To cut off an angle from, as from a square piece of timber, or from the head of a bolt.

Cant, n. [Prob. from OF. cant, F. chant, singing, in allusion to the singing or whining tine of voice used by beggars, fr. L. cantus. See Chant.] 1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking. 2. The idioms and peculiarities of speech in any sect, class, or occupation. Goldsmith. “The cant of any profession.
Dryden.” 3. The use of religious phraseology without understanding or sincerity; empty, solemn speech, implying what is not felt; hypocrisy. “They shall hear no cant from me.
F. W. Robertson” 4. Vulgar jargon; slang; the secret language spoker by gipsies, thieves, tramps, or beggars.

Cant , a. Of the nature of cant; affected; vulgar. “To introduce and multiply cant words in the most ruinous corruption in any language.
Swift.”

Cant, v. i. 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, singsong tone. 2. To make whining pretensions to goodness; to talk with an affectation of religion, philanthropy, etc.; to practice hypocrisy; as a canting fanatic. “The rankest rogue that ever canted.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. To use pretentious language, barbarous jargon, or technical terms; to talk with an affectation of learning. “The doctor here,
When he discourseth of dissection,
Of vena cava and of vena porta,
The meseraeum and the mesentericum,
What does he else but cant.
B. Jonson” “That uncouth affected garb of speech, or canting language, if I may so call it.
Bp. Sanderson.”

Cant, n. [Prob. from OF. cant, equiv. to L. quantum; cf. F. encan, fr. L. in quantum, i.e. ´for how much?´] A call for bidders at a public sale; an auction. ´To sell their leases by cant.´ Swift.

Cant, v. t. to sell by auction, or bid a price at a sale by auction. [Archaic] Swift.

Can’t A colloquial contraction for can not.

Can´tab , n. [Abbreviated from Cantabrigian.] A Cantabrigian. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Can•ta´bi•le , a. [It., cantare to sing.] (Mus.) In a melodious, flowing style; in a singing style, as opposed to bravura, recitativo, or parlando.

Can•ta´bi•le, n. (Mus.) A piece or passage, whether vocal or instrumental, peculiarly adapted to singing; — sometimes called cantilena.

Can•ta´bri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Cantabria on the Bay of Biscay in Spain.

Can•ta•brig´i•an , n. A native or resident of Cambridge; esp. a student or graduate of the university of Cambridge, England.

Can´ta•lev•er , n. [Cant an external angle + lever a supporter of the roof timber of a house.] [Written also cantaliver and cantilever.] 1. (Arch.) A bracket to support a balcony, a cornice, or the like. 2. (Engin.) A projecting beam, truss, or bridge unsupported at the outer end; one which overhangs. Cantalever bridge, a bridge in which the principle of the cantalever is applied. It is usually a trussed bridge, composed of two portions reaching out from opposite banks, and supported near the middle of their own length on piers which they overhang, thus forming cantalevers which meet over the space to be spanned or sustain a third portion, to complete the connection.

Can´ta•loupe , n. [F. cantaloup, It. cantalupo, so called from the caste of Cantalupo, in the Marca d’Ancona, in Italy, where they were first grown in Europe, from seed said to have been imported from Armenia.] A muskmelon of several varieties, having when mature, a yellowish skin, and flesh of a reddish orange color. [Written also cantaleup.]

Can•tan´ker•ous , a. Perverse; contentious; ugly; malicious. [Colloq.] — Can•tan´ker•ous•ly, adv. — Can•tan´ker•ous•ness, n. “The cantankerous old maiden aunt.
Thackeray.” { Can´tar , Can•tar´ro } n. [It. cantaro (in sense 1), Sp. cantaro (in sense 2).] 1. A weight used in southern Europe and East for heavy articles. It varies in different localities; thus, at Rome it is nearly 75 pounds, in Sardinia nearly 94 pounds, in Cairo it is 95 pounds, in Syria about 503 pounds. 2. A liquid measure in Spain, ranging from two and a half to four gallons. Simmonds.

Can•ta´ta , n. [It., fr. cantare to sing, fr. L. cantare intens of canere to sing.] (Mus.) A poem set to music; a musical composition comprising choruses, solos, interludes, etc., arranged in a somewhat dramatic manner; originally, a composition for a single noise, consisting of both recitative and melody.

Can•ta´tion , n. [L. cantatio.] A singing. [Obs.] Blount.

Cant´a•to•ry , a. Containing cant or affectation; whining; singing. [R.]

Can•ta•tri´ce (kan•ta•tre´cha), n. [It.] (Mus.) A female professional singer.

Cant´ed , a. [From 2d Cant.] 1. Having angles; as a six canted bolt head; a canted window. Canted column (Arch.), a column polygonal in plan. 2. Inclined at an angle to something else; tipped; sloping.

Can•teen´ (kan•ten´), n. [F. cantine bottle case, canteen (cf. Sp. & It. cantina cellar, bottle case), either contr. fr. It. canovettina, dim. of canova cellar, or, more likely, fr. OF. cant. corner, It. & Sp. canto. See 1st Cant.] (Mil.) 1. A vessel used by soldiers for carrying water, liquor, or other drink. [Written also cantine.] In the English service the canteen is made of wood and holds three pints; in the United States it is usually a tin flask. 2. The sutler’s shop in a garrison; also a chest containing culinary and other vessels for officers.

Can´tel , n. See Cantle.

Can´ter , n. [An abbreviation of Caner bury. See Canterbury gallop, under Canterbury.] 1. A moderate and easy gallop adapted to pleasure riding. The canter is a thoroughly artificial pace, at first extremely tiring to the horse, and generally only to be produced in him by the restraint of a powerful bit, which compels him to throw a great part of his weight on his haunches … There is so great a variety in the mode adopted by different horses for performing the canter, that no single description will suffice, nor indeed is it easy … to define any one of them. J. H. Walsh. 2. A rapid or easy passing over. “A rapid canter in the Times over all the topics.
Sir J. Stephen.”

Can´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantered p. pr. & vb. n. Cantering.] To move in a canter.

Can´ter, v. t. To cause, as a horse, to go at a canter; to ride (a horse) at a canter.

Cant´er, n. 1. One who cants or whines; a beggar. 2. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness; one who uses canting language. “The day when he was a canter and a rebel.
Macaulay.”

Can´ter•bur•y , n. 1. A city in England, giving its name various articles. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury (primate of all England), and contains the shrine of Thomas à Becket, to which pilgrimages were formerly made. 2. A stand with divisions in it for holding music, loose papers, etc. Canterbury ball (Bot.), a species of Campanula of several varieties, cultivated for its handsome bell-shaped flowers. — Canterbury gallop, a gentle gallop such as was used by pilgrims riding to Canterbury; a canter. — Canterbury tale, one of the tales which Chaucer puts into the mouths of certain pilgrims to Canterbury. Hence, any tale told by travelers to pass away the time.

Can•thar´•i•dal , a. Of or pertaining to cantharides or made of cantharides; as cantharidal plaster.

Can•thar´i•des , n. pl. See Cantharis.

Can•thar´i•din , n. (Chem.) The active principle of the cantharis, or Spanish fly, a volatile, acrid, bitter solid, crystallizing in four-sided prisms.

Can´tha•ris , n.; pl. Cantharides (#). [L., a kind of beetle, esp. the Spanish fly, Gr. kanqari•s.] (Zoöl.) A beetle (Lytta, or Cantharis, vesicatoria), havin1g an elongated cylindrical body of a brilliant green color, and a nauseous odor; the blister fly or blister beetle, of the apothecary; — also called Spanish fly. Many other species of Lytta, used for the same purpose, take the same name. See Blister beetle, under Blister. The plural form in usually applied to the dried insects used in medicine.

Cant´ hook A wooden lever with a movable iron hook. hear the end; — used for canting or turning over heavy logs, etc. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Can´tho•plas•ty , n. [Gr., corner of the eye + to from.] (Surg.) The operation of forming a new canthus, when one has been destroyed by injury or disease.

Can´thus , n.; pl. Canthi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Anat.) The corner where the upper and under eyelids meet on each side of the eye.

Can´ti•cle , n.; pl. Canticles (#). [L. canticulum a little song, dim. of canticum song, fr. cantus a singing, fr. coner to sing. See Chant.] 1. A song; esp. a little song or hymn. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. pl. The Song of Songs or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. 3. A canto or division of a poem [Obs.] Spenser. 4. A psalm, hymn, or passage from the Bible, arranged for chanting in church service.

Can´ti•coy , n. [Of American Indian origin.] A social gathering; usually, one for dancing.

Can´tile , v. i. Same as Cantle, v. t.

Can•ti•le´na , n. [It. & L.] (Mus.) See Cantabile.

Can´ti•lev•er , n. Same as Cantalever.

Can´til•late , v. i. [L. cantillatus, p. p. of cantillare to sing low, dim. of cantare. See Cantata.] To chant; to recite with musical tones. M. Stuart.

Can•til•la´tion , n. A chanting; recitation or reading with musical modulations.

Can•tine´ , n. See Canteen.

Cant´ing , a. Speaking in a whining tone of voice; using technical or religious terms affectedly; affectedly pious; as a canting rogue; a canting tone. — Cant´ing•ly, adv. — Cant´ing•ness, n. Canting arms, Canting heraldry (Her.), bearings in the nature of a rebus alluding to the name of the bearer. Thus, the Castletons bear three castles, and Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare) bore a broken spear.

Cant´ing, n. The use of cant; hypocrisy.

Can•ti•niere´ , n. [F., fr. cantine a sutler’s shop, canteen.] (Mil) A woman who carries a canteen for soldiers; a vivandière.

Can´tion , n. [L. cantio, from canere to sing.] A song or verses. [Obs.] Spenser.

Can´tle , n. [OF. cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece, F. chanteau a piece cut from a larger piece, dim. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A corner or edge of anything; a piece; a fragment; a part. ´In one cantle of his law.´ Milton. “Cuts me from the best of all my land
A huge half moon, a monstrous cantle out.
Shak.” 2. The upwardly projecting rear part of saddle, opposite to the pommel. [Written also cante.]

Can´tle, v. t. To cut in pieces; to cut out from. [Obs.] [Written also cantile.]

Cant´let , n. [Dim. of cantle.] A piece; a fragment; a corner. Dryden.

Can´to , n.; pl. Cantos (#). [It. canto, fr. L. cantus singing, song. See Chant.] 1. One of the chief divisions of a long poem; a book. 2. (Mus.) The highest vocal part; the air or melody in choral music; anciently the tenor, now the soprano. Canto fermo [It.] (Mus.), the plain ecclesiastical chant in cathedral service; the plain song.

Can´ton , n. A song or canto [Obs.] “Write loyal cantons of contemned love.
Shak.”

Can´ton, n. [F. canton, augm. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A small portion; a division; a compartment. “That little canton of land called the ´English pale´
Davies.” “There is another piece of Holbein’s, … in which, in six several cantons, the several parts of our Savior’s passion are represented.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. A small community or clan. 3. A small territorial district; esp. one of the twenty-two independent states which form the Swiss federal republic; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement. See Arrondissement. 4. (Her.) A division of a shield occupying one third part of the chief, usually on the dexter side, formed by a perpendicular line from the top of the shield, meeting a horizontal line from the side. “The king gave us the arms of England to be borne in a canton in our arms.
Evelyn.”

Can´ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cantoning.] [Cf. F. cantonner.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts; to mark off or separate, as a distinct portion or division. “They canton out themselves a little Goshen in the intellectual world.
Locke.” 2. (Mil.) To allot separate quarters to, as to different parts or divisions of an army or body of troops.

Can´ton•al , a. Of or pertaining to a canton or cantons; of the nature of a canton.

Can´ton crape´ (krap´). A soft, white or colored silk fabric, of a gauzy texture and wavy appearance, used for ladies’ scarfs, shawls, bonnet trimmings, etc.; — called also Oriental crape. De Colange.

Can´toned , a. 1. (Her.) Having a charge in each of the four corners; — said of a cross on a shield, and also of the shield itself. 2. (Arch.) Having the angles marked by, or decorated with, projecting moldings or small columns; as a cantoned pier or pilaster.

Can´ton flan´nel See Cotton flannel.

Can´ton•ize , v. i. To divide into cantons or small districts.

Can´ton•ment , n. [Cf. F. cantonnement.] A town or village, or part of a town or village, assigned to a body of troops for quarters; temporary shelter or place of rest for an army; quarters. When troops are sheltered in huts or quartered in the houses of the people during any suspension of hostilities, they are said to be in cantonment, or to be cantoned. In India, permanent military stations, or military towns, are termed cantonments.

Can•toon´ , n. A cotton stuff showing a fine cord on one side and a satiny surface on the other.

Can´tor , n. [L., a singer, fr. caner to sing.] A singer; esp. the leader of a church choir; a precentor. “The cantor of the church intones the Te Deum.
Milman.”

Can´tor•al , a. Of or belonging to a cantor. Cantoral staff, the official staff or baton of a cantor or precentor, with which time is marked for the singers.

Can•to´ris , a. [L., lit., of the cantor, gen. of cantor.] Of or pertaining to a cantor; as the cantoris side of a choir; a cantoris stall. Shipley. { Can´trap , Can´trip } n. [Cf. Icel. gandar, ODan. & OSw. gan, witchcraft, and E. trap a snare, tramp.] A charm; an incantation; a shell; a trick; adroit mischief. [Written also cantraip.] [Scot.] { Can´tred , Can´tref } n. [W. cantref; cant hundred + tref dwelling place, village.] A district comprising a hundred villages, as in Wales. [Written also kantry.]

Can´ty , a. Cheerful; sprightly; lively; merry. ´The canty dame.´ Wordsworth [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “Contented with little, and canty with mair.
Burns.”

Ca•nuck´ , n. 1. A Canadian. [Slang] 2. A small or medium-sized hardy horse, common in Canada. [Colloq.] { Can´u•la , n., Can´u•lar , a., Can´u•la•ted } a. See Cannula, Cannular, and Cannulated.

Can´vas , n. [OE. canvas, canevas, F. canevas, LL. canabacius hempen cloth, canvas L. cannabis hemp, fr. G. . See Hemp.] 1. A strong cloth made of hemp, flax, or cotton; — used for tents, sails, etc. “By glimmering lanes and walls of canvas led.
Tennyson.” 2. (a) A coarse cloth so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the needle, as in tapestry, or worsted work. (b) A piece of strong cloth of which the surface has been prepared to receive painting, commonly painting in oil. “History … does not bring out clearly upon the canvas the details which were familiar.
J. H. Newman.” 3. Something for which canvas is used: (a) A sail, or a collection of sails. (b) A tent, or a collection of tents. (c) A painting, or a picture on canvas. “To suit his canvas to the roughness of the see.
Goldsmith.” “Light, rich as that which glows on the canvas of Claude.
Macaulay.” 4. A rough draft or model of a song, air, or other literary or musical composition; esp. one to show a poet the measure of the verses he is to make. Grabb.

Can´vas, a. Made of, pertaining to, or resembling, canvas or coarse cloth; as a canvas tent.

Can´vas•back , n. (Zoöl.) A Species of duck (Aythya vallisneria), esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. It visits the United States in autumn; particularly Chesapeake Bay and adjoining waters; — so named from the markings of the plumage on its back.

Can´vass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. canvassed p. pr. & vb. n. Canvassing.] [OF. Canabasser to examine curiously, to search or sift out; properly, to sift through canvas. See Canvas, n.] 1. To sift; to strain; to examine thoroughly; to scrutinize; as to canvass the votes cast at an election; to canvass a district with reference to its probable vote. “I have made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the matter with all possible diligence.
Woodward.” 2. To examine by discussion; to debate. “An opinion that we are likely soon to canvass.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. To go through, with personal solicitation or public addresses; as to canvass a district for votes; to canvass a city for subscriptions.

Can´vass, v. i. To search thoroughly; to engage in solicitation by traversing a district; as to canvass for subscriptions or for votes; to canvass for a book, a publisher, or in behalf of a charity; — commonly followed by for.

Can´vass, n. 1. Close inspection; careful review for verification; as a canvass of votes. Bacon. 2. Examination in the way of discussion or debate. 3. Search; exploration; solicitation; systematic effort to obtain votes, subscribers, etc. “No previous canvass was made for me.
Burke.”

Can´vass•er , n. One who canvasses.

Can´y , a. [From Cane.] Of or pertaining to cane or canes; abounding with canes. Milton.

Can´yon , n. The English form of the Spanish word Cañon.

Can•zo´ne , n. [It., a song, fr. L. cantio, fr. canere to sing. Cf. Chanson, Chant.] (Mus.) (a) A song or air for one or more voices, of Provençal origin, resembling, though not strictly, the madrigal. (b) An instrumental piece in the madrigal style.

Can•zo•net´ , n. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone.] (Mus.) A short song, in one or more parts.

Caout´chin , n. (Chem.) An inflammable, volatile, oily, liquid hydrocarbon, obtained by the destructive distillation of caoutchouc.

Caout´chouc , n. [F. caoutchouc, from the South American name.] A tenacious, elastic, gummy substance obtained from the milky sap of several plants of tropical South America (esp. the euphorbiaceous tree Siphonia elastica or Hevea caoutchouc), Asia, and Africa. Being impermeable to liquids and gases, and not readly affected by exposure to air, acids, and alkalies, it is used, especially when vulcanized, for many purposes in the arts and in manufactures. Also called India rubber (because it was first brought from India, and was formerly used chiefly for erasing pencil marks) and gum elastic. See Vulcanization. Mineral caoutchouc. See under Mineral.

Caout´chou•cin , n. See Caoutchin.

Cap (kap), n. [OE. cappe, AS. caeppe, cap, cape, hood, fr. LL, cappa, capa; perhaps of Iberian origin, as Isidorus of Seville mentions it first: ´Capa, quia quasi totum capiat hominem; it. capitis ornamentum.´ See 3d Cape, and cf. 1st Cope.] 1. A covering for the head; esp. (a) One usually with a visor but without a brim, for men and boys; (b) One of lace, muslin, etc., for women, or infants; (c) One used as the mark or ensign of some rank, office, or dignity, as that of a cardinal. 2. The top, or uppermost part; the chief. “Thou art the cap of all the fools alive.
Shak.” 3. A respectful uncovering of the head. “He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks.
Fuller.” 4. (Zoöl.) The whole top of the head of a bird from the base of the bill to the nape of the neck. 5. Anything resembling a cap in form, position, or use; as: (a) (Arch.) The uppermost of any assemblage of parts; as the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate. (b) Something covering the top or end of a thing for protection or ornament. (c) (Naut.) A collar of iron or wood used in joining spars, as the mast and the topmast, the bowsprit and the jib boom; also a covering of tarred canvas at the end of a rope. (d) A percussion cap. See under Percussion. (e) (Mech.) The removable cover of a journal box. (f) (Geom.) A portion of a spherical or other convex surface. 6. A large size of writing paper; as flat cap; foolscap; legal cap. Cap of a cannon, a piece of lead laid over the vent to keep the priming dry; — now called an apron. — Cap in hand, obsequiously; submissively. — Cap of liberty. See Liberty cap, under Liberty. — Cap of maintenance, a cap of state carried before the kings of England at the coronation. It is also carried before the mayors of some cities. — Cap money, money collected in a cap for the huntsman at the death of the fox. — Cap paper. (a) A kind of writing paper including flat cap, foolscap, and legal cap. (b) A coarse wrapping paper used for making caps to hold commodities. — Cap rock (Mining), The layer of rock next overlying ore, generally of barren vein material. — Flat cap, cap See Foolscap. — Forage cap, the cloth undress head covering of an officer of soldier. — Legal cap, a kind of folio writing paper, made for the use of lawyers, in long narrow sheets which have the fold at the top or ´narrow edge.´ — To set one’s cap, to make a fool of one. (Obs.) Chaucer. — To set one’s cap for, to try to win the favor of a man with a view to marriage. [Colloq.]

Cap , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Capping.] 1. To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as to cap a post; to cap a gun. “The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth cartilaginous substance.
Derham.” 2. To deprive of cap. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To complete; to crown; to bring to the highest point or consummation; as to cap the climax of absurdity. 4. To salute by removing the cap. [Slang. Eng.] “Tom … capped the proctor with the profoundest of bows.
Thackeray.” 5. To match; to mate in contest; to furnish a complement to; as to cap text; to cap proverbs. Shak. “Now I have him under girdle I’ll cap verses with him to the end of the chapter.
Dryden.” In capping verses, when one quotes a verse another must cap it by quoting one beginning with the last letter of the first letter, or with the first letter of the last word, or ending with a rhyming word, or by applying any other arbitrary rule may be agreed upon.

Cap, v. i. To uncover the head respectfully. Shak.

Ca•pa•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Capabilities (#). 1. The quality of being capable; capacity; capableness; esp. intellectual power or ability. “A capability to take a thousand views of a subject.
H. Taylor.” 2. Capacity of being used or improved.

Ca´pa•ble , a. [F. capable, LL. capabilis capacious, capable, fr. L. caper to take, contain. See Heave.] 1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility; having capacity; of sufficient size or strength; as a room capable of holding a large number; a castle capable of resisting a long assault. “Concious of joy and capable of pain.
Prior.” 2. Possessing adequate power; qualified; able; fully competent; as a capable instructor; a capable judge; a mind capable of nice investigations. “More capable to discourse of battles than to give them.
Motley.” 3. Possessing legal power or capacity; as a man capable of making a contract, or a will. 4. Capacious; large; comprehensive. [Obs.] Shak. Capable is usually followed by of, sometimes by an infinitive. Syn. — Able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; skillful.

Ca´pa•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being capable; capability; adequateness; competency.

Ca•pac´i•fy (ka•pas´i•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacified (-fid).] [L. capax, -acis, capacious + -fy.] To quality. [R.] “The benefice he is capacified and designed for.
Barrow.”

Ca•pa´cious (ka•pa´shus), a. [L. capax, -acis, fr. capere to take. See Heave.] 1. Having capacity; able to contain much; large; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; as a capacious vessel, room, bay, or harbor. “In the capacious recesses of his mind.
Bancroft.” 2. Able or qualified to make large views of things, as in obtaining knowledge or forming designs; comprehensive; liberal. ´A capacious mind.´ Watts.

Ca•pa´cious•ly, adv. In a capacious manner or degree; comprehensively.

Ca•pa´cious•ness, n. The quality of being capacious, as of a vessel, a reservoir a bay, the mind, etc.

Ca•pac´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capacitating.] To render capable; to enable; to qualify. “By this instruction we may be capaciated to observe those errors.
Dryden.”

Ca•pac´i•ty , n.; pl. Capacities (-tiz). [L. capacitus, fr. capax, capacis; fr. F. capacite. See Capacious.] 1. The power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; passive power; — used in reference to physical things. “Had our great palace the capacity
To camp this host, we all would sup together.
Shak.” “The capacity of the exhausted cylinder.
Boyle.” 2. The power of receiving and holding ideas knowledge, etc.; the comprehensiveness of the mind; the receptive faculty; capability of understanding or feeling. “Capacity is now properly limited to these [the mere passive operations of the mind]; its primary signification, which is literally room for, as well as its employment, favors this; although it can not be denied that there are examples of its usage in an active sense.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 3. Ability; power pertaining to, or resulting from, the possession of strength, wealth, or talent; possibility of being or of doing. “The capacity of blessing the people.
Alex. Hamilton.” “A cause with such capacities endued.
Blackmore.” 4. Outward condition or circumstances; occupation; profession; character; position; as to work in the capacity of a mason or a carpenter. 5. (Law) Legal or moral qualification, as of age, residence, character, etc., necessary for certain purposes, as for holding office, for marrying, for making contracts, wills, etc.; legal power or right; competency. Capacity for heat, the power of absorbing heat. Substances differ in the amount of heat requisite to raise them a given number of thermometric degrees, and this difference is the measure of, or depends upon, what is called their capacity for heat. See Specific heat, under Heat. Syn. — Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency; cleverness. See Ability.

Cap••a•pe´ , adv. See Cap-a-pie. Shak.

Cap••a•pie´ , adv. [OF. cap-a-pie, from head to foot, now de pied en cap from foot to head; L. pes foot + caput head.] From head to foot; at all points. ´He was armed cap-a-pie.´ Prescott.

Ca•par´i•son , n. [F. caparaçon, fr. Sp. caparazon a cover for a saddle, coach, etc.; capa cloak, cover (fr. LL. capa, cf. LL. caparo also fr. capa) + the term. azon. See Cap.] 1. An ornamental covering or housing for a horse; the harness or trappings of a horse, taken collectively, esp. when decorative. “Their horses clothed with rich caparison.
Drylen.” 2. Gay or rich clothing. “My heart groans beneath the gay caparison.
Smollett.”

Ca•par´i•son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caparisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Caparisoning.] [Cf. F caparaçonner.] 1. To cover with housings, as a horse; to harness or fit out with decorative trappings, as a horse. “The steeds, caparisoned with purple, stand.
Dryden.” 2. To adorn with rich dress; to dress. “I am caparisoned like a man.
Shak.”

Ca•par´ro , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American monkey (Lagothrix Humboldtii), with prehensile tail.

Cap´case , n. A small traveling case or bandbox; formerly, a chest. “A capcase for your linen and your plate.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cape (kap), n. [F. cap, fr. It. capo head, cape, fr. L. caput heat, end, point. See Chief.] A piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; a promontory; a headland. Cape buffalo (Zoöl.) a large and powerful buffalo of South Africa (Bubalus Caffer). It is said to be the most dangerous wild beast of Africa. See Buffalo, 2. — Cape jasmine, Cape jessamine. See Jasmine. — Cape pigeon (Zoöl.), a petrel (Daptium Capense) common off the Cape of Good Hope. It is about the size of a pigeon. — Cape wine, wine made in South Africa [Eng.] — The Cape, the Cape of Good Hope, in the general sense of the southern extremity of Africa. Also used of Cape Horn, and, in New England, of Cape Cod.

Cape, v. i. (Naut.) To head or point; to keep a course; as the ship capes southwest by south.

Cape, n. [OE. Cape, fr. F. cape; cf. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. 1st Cope, Chape.] A sleeveless garment or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders, but not reaching below the hips. See Cloak.

Cape, v. i. [See Gape.] To gape. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Ca´pel (ka´pel), Ca´ple (- p’l) }, n. [Icel. kapall; cf. L. caballus.] A horse; a nag. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland.

Ca´pel (ka´pel), n. (Mining) A composite stone (quartz, schorl, and hornblende) in the walls of tin and copper lodes.

Cap´e•lan , n. (Zoöl.) See Capelin.

Cape´lin , n. [Cf. F. capelan, caplan.] (Zoöl.) A small marine fish (Mallotus villosus) of the family Salmonidae, very abundant on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, and Alaska. It is used as a bait for the cod. [Written also capelan and caplin.] This fish, which is like a smelt, is called by the Spaniards anchova, and by the Portuguese capelina. Fisheries of U. S. (1884).

Ca´pe•line , n. [F., fr. LL. capella. See Chapel.] (Med.) A hood- shaped bandage for the head, the shoulder, or the stump of an amputated limb.

Ca•pel´la , n. [L., a little goat, dim. of caper a goat.] (Asrton.) A brilliant star in the constellation Auriga.

Cap´el•lane , n. [See Chaplain.] The curate of a chapel; a chaplain. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ca•pel´le , n. [G.] (Mus.) The private orchestra or band of a prince or of a church.

Cap´el•let , n. [F. capelet.] (Far.) A swelling, like a wen, on the point of the elbow (or the heel of the hock) of a horse, caused probably by bruises in lying down.

Ca•pell´meis•ter , n. [G., fr. capelle chapel, private band of a prince + meister a master.] The musical director in a royal or ducal chapel; a choir-master. [Written also kapellmeister.]

Ca´per , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capered p. pr. & vb. n. capering.] [From older capreoll to caper, cf. F. se cabrer to prance; all ultimately fr. L. caper, capra, goat. See Capriole.] To leap or jump about in a sprightly manner; to cut capers; to skip; to spring; to prance; to dance. “He capers, he dances, he has eyes of youth.
Shak.”

Ca´per, n. A frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; a jump, as in mirth or dancing; a prank. To cut a caper, to frolic; to make a sportive spring; to play a prank. Shak.

Ca´per, n. [D. kaper.] A vessel formerly used by the Dutch, privateer. Wright.

Ca´per, n. [F. câpre, fr. L. capparis, Gr. ; cf. Ar. & Per. al-kabar.] 1. The pungent grayish green flower bud of the European and Oriental caper (Capparis spinosa), much used for pickles. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Capparis; — called also caper bush, caper tree. The Capparis spinosa is a low prickly shrub of the Mediterranean coasts, with trailing branches and brilliant flowers; — cultivated in the south of Europe for its buds. The C. sodada is an almost leafless spiny shrub of central Africa (Soudan), Arabia, and southern India, with edible berries. Bean caper. See Bran caper, in the Vocabulary. — Caper sauce, a kind of sauce or catchup made of capers.

Ca´per•ber•ry , n. 1. The small olive-shaped berry of the European and Oriental caper, said to be used in pickles and as a condiment. 2. The currantlike fruit of the African and Arabian caper (Capparis sodado). { Ca´per bush• , Ca´per tree• }See Capper, a plant, 2. { Ca´per•cail•zie , or Ca´per•cal•ly , } n. [Gael, capulcoile.] (Zoöl.) A species of grouse (Tetrao uragallus) of large size and fine flavor, found in northern Europe and formerly in Scotland; — called also cock of the woods. [Written also capercaillie, capercaili.]

Ca´per•claw , v. t. To treat with cruel playfulness, as a cat treats a mouse; to abuse. [Obs.] Birch.

Ca´per•er , n. One who capers, leaps, and skips about, or dances. “The nimble caperer on the cord.
Dryden.”

Cap´ful , n.; pl. Capfuls . As much as will fill a cap. A capful of wind (Naut.), a light puff of wind.

Ca´pi•as , n. [L. thou mayst take.] (Low) A writ or process commanding the officer to take the body of the person named in it, that is, to arrest him; — also called writ of capias. One principal kind of capias is a writ by which actions at law are frequently commenced; another is a writ of execution issued after judgment to satisfy damages recovered; a capias in criminal law is the process to take a person charged on an indictment, when he is not in custody. Burrill. Wharton.

Ca•pi•ba´ra , n. (Zoöl.) See Capybara.

Cap•il•la´ceous , a. [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.] Having long filaments; resembling a hair; slender. See Capillary.

Cap•il•laire´ , n. [F. capillaire maiden-hair; sirop de capillaire capillaire; fr. L. herba capillaris the maidenhair.] 1. A sirup prepared from the maiden-hair, formerly supposed to have medicinal properties. 2. Any simple sirup flavored with orange flowers.

Ca•pil´la•ment , n. [L. capillamentum, fr. capillus hair: cf. F. capillament.] 1. (Bot.) A filament. [R.] 2. (Anat.) Any villous or hairy covering; a fine fiber or filament, as of the nerves.

Cap´il•la•ri•ness , n. The quality of being capillary.

Cap•il•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. capillarite.] 1. The quality or condition of being capillary. 2. (Physics) The peculiar action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a solid (as in a capillary tube), is elevated or depressed; capillary attraction. Capillarity depends upon the relative attaction of the modecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid, and is especially observable in capillary tubes, where it determines the ascent or descent of the liquid above or below the level of the liquid which the tube is dipped; — hence the name.

Cap´il•la•ry (kap´il•la•ry or ka•pil´la•ry; 277), a. [L. capillaris, fr. capillus hair. Cf. Capillaire.] 1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute; very slender; having minute tubes or interspaces; having very small bore; as the capillary vessels of animals and plants. 2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels; as capillary action. Capillary attraction, Capillary repulsion, the apparent attraction or repulsion between a solid and liquid caused by capillarity. See Capillarity, and Attraction. — Capillarity tubes. See the Note under Capillarity.

Cap´il•la•ry, n.; pl. Capillaries . 1. A tube or vessel, extremely fine or minute. 2. (Anat.) A minute, thin-walled vessel; particularly one of the smallest blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, but used also for the smallest lymphatic and biliary vessels.

Cap•il•la´tion , n. [L. capillatio the hair.] A capillary blood vessel. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ca•pil´la•ture , n. [L. capillatura.] A bush of hair; frizzing of the hair. Clarke.

Ca•pil´li•form , a. [L. capillus hair + -form.] In the shape or form of, a hair, or of hairs.

Cap´il•lose , a. [L. capillosus.] Having much hair; hairy. [R.]

Ca•pis´trate , a. [L. capistratus, p. p. of capistrare halter.] (Zoöl.) Hooded; cowled.

Cap´i•tal , a. [F. capital, L. capitalis capital (in senses 1 & 2), fr. caput head. See Chief, and cf. Capital, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the head. [Obs.] “Needs must the Serpent now his capital bruise
Expect with mortal pain.
Milton.” 2. Having reference to, or involving, the forfeiture of the head or life; affecting life; punishable with death; as capital trials; capital punishment. “Many crimes that are capital among us.
Swift.” “To put to death a capital offender.
Milton.” 3. First in importance; chief; principal. “A capital article in religion
Atterbury.” “Whatever is capital and essential in Christianity.
I. Taylor.” 4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of the general government of a state or nation; as Washington and Paris are capital cities. 5. Of first rate quality; excellent; as a capital speech or song. [Colloq.] Capital letter [F, lettre capitale] (Print.), a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, distinguished, for the most part, both by different form and larger size, from the small (lower-case) letters, which form the greater part of common print or writing. — Small capital letters have the form of capital letters and height of the body of the lower-case letters. — Capital stock, money, property, or stock invested in any business, or the enterprise of any corporation or institution. Abbott. Syn. — Chief; leading; controlling; prominent.

Cap´i•tal , n. [Cf. L. capitellum and Capitulum, a small head, the head, top, or capital of a column, dim. of caput head; F. chapiteau, OF. capitel. See Chief, and cf. Cattle, Chattel, Chapiter, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) The head or uppermost member of a column, pilaster, etc. It consists generally of three parts, abacus, bell (or vase), and necking. See these terms, and Column. 2. [Cf. F. capilate, fem., sc. ville.] (Geog.) The seat of government; the chief city or town in a country; a metropolis. ´A busy and splendid capital´ Macauly. 3. [Cf. F. capital.] Money, property, or stock employed in trade, manufactures, etc.; the sum invested or lent, as distinguished from the income or interest. See Capital stock, under Capital, a. 4. (Polit. Econ.) That portion of the produce of industry, which may be directly employed either to support human beings or to assist in production. M’Culloch. When wealth is used to assist production it is called capital. The capital of a civilized community includes fixed capital (i.e. buildings, machines, and roads used in the course of production and exchange) amd circulating capital (i.e., food, fuel, money, etc., spent in the course of production and exchange). T. Raleigh. 5. Anything which can be used to increase one’s power or influence. “He tried to make capital out of his rival’s discomfiture.
London Times.” 6. (Fort.) An imaginary line dividing a bastion, ravelin, or other work, into two equal parts. 7. A chapter, or section, of a book. [Obs.] “Holy St. Bernard hath said in the 59th capital.
Sir W. Scott.” 8. (Print.) See Capital letter, under Capital, a. Active capital. See under Active, — Small capital (Print.), a small capital letter. See under Capital, a. — To live on one’s capital, to consume one’s capital without producing or accumulating anything to replace it.

Cap´i•tal•ist, n. [Cf. F. capitaliste.] One who has capital; one who has money for investment, or money invested; esp. a person of large property, which is employed in business. “The expenditure of the capitalist.
Burke.”

Cap´i•tal•i•za•tion , n. The act or process of capitalizing.

Cap´i•tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capitalized p. pr. & vb. n. Capitalizing.] 1. To convert into capital, or to use as capital. 2. To compute, appraise, or assess the capital value of (a patent right, an annuity, etc.) 3. To print in capital letters, or with an initial capital.

Cap•i•tal•ly, adv. 1. In a way involving the forfeiture of the head or life; as to punish capitally. 2. In a capital manner; excellently. [Colloq.]

Cap´i•tal•ness, n. The quality of being capital; preeminence. [R.] { Ca•pi•tan• Pa•sha• Pa•cha• }. [See capitan.] The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.

Cap´i•tate , a. [L. capitatus fr. caput head.] 1. Headlike in form; also having the distal end enlarged and rounded, as the stigmas of certain flowers. 2. (Bot.) Having the flowers gathered into a head.

Cap•i•ta´tim , a. [NL.] Of so much per head; as a capitatim tax; a capitatim grant.

Cap•i•ta´tion , n. [L. capitatio a poll tax, fr. caput head; cf. F. capitation.] 1. A numbering of heads or individuals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. A tax upon each head or person, without reference to property; a poll tax.

Cap´i•te , n. [L., abl. of caput head.] See under Tenant.

Cap•i•tel´late , a. [L. capitellum, dim. of caput head.] (Bot.) Having a very small knoblike termination, or collected into minute capitula.

Cap•i•ti•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., from L. caput, capitis, head + -branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of annelids in which the gills arise from or near the head. See Tubicola.

Cap´i•tol , [L. capitolium, fr. caput head: cf. F. capitole. See Chief.] 1. The temple of Jupiter, at Rome, on the Mona Capitolinus, where the Senate met. “Comes Caesar to the Capitol to- morrow?
Shak.” 2. The edifice at Washington occupied by the Congress of the United States; also the building in which the legislature of State holds its sessions; a statehouse. { Cap•i•to´li•an , Cap´i•to•line } a. [L. capitolinus: cf. F. capitolin.] Of or pertaining to the Capitol in Rome. ´Capitolian Jove.´ Macaulay. Capitoline games (Antiq.), annual games instituted at Rome by Camillus, in honor of Jupter Capitolinus, on account of the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls; when reinstituted by Domitian, arter a period of neglect, they were held every fifth year.

Ca•pit´u•la , n. pl. See Capitulum.

Ca•pit´u•lar , n. [LL. capitulare, capitularium, fr. L. capitulum a small head, a chapter, dim. of capit head, chapter.] 1. An act passed in a chapter. 2. A member of a chapter. “The chapter itself, and all its members or capitulars.
Ayliffe.” 3. The head or prominent part.

Ca•pit´u•lar , a. 1. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to a chapter; capitulary. “From the pope to the member of the capitular body.
Milman.” 2. (Bot.) Growing in, or pertaining to, a capitulum. 3. (Anat.) Pertaining to a capitulum; as the capitular process of a vertebra, the process which articulates with the capitulum of a rib.

Ca•pit´u•lar•ly , adv. In the manner or form of an ecclesiastical chapter. Sterne.

Ca•pit´u•la•ry , n.; pl. Capitularies (#). [See Capitular.] 1. A capitular. 2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or of an ecclesiastical council. 3. A collection of laws or statutes, civil and ecclesiastical, esp. of the Frankish kings, in chapters or sections. “Several of Charlemagne’s capitularies.
Hallam.”

Ca•pit´u•la•ry , a. Relating to the chapter of a cathedral; capitular. ´Capitulary acts.´ Warton.

Ca•pit´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capitulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitulating.] [LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to capitulate: cf. F. capituler. See Capitular, n.] 1. To settle or draw up the heads or terms of an agreement, as in chapters or articles; to agree. [Obs.] “There capitulates with the king … to take to wife his daughter Mary.
Heylin.” “There is no reason why the reducing of any agreement to certain heads or capitula should not be called to capitulate.
Trench.” 2. To surrender on terms agreed upon (usually, drawn up under several heads); as an army or a garrison capitulates. “The Irish, after holding out a week, capitulated.
Macaulay.”

Ca•pit´u•late, v. t. To surrender or transfer, as an army or a fortress, on certain conditions. [R.]

Ca•pit•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. capitulation, LL. capitulatio.] 1. A reducing to heads or articles; a formal agreement. “With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall refortify.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. The act of capitulating or surrendering to an emeny upon stipulated terms. 3. The instrument containing the terms of an agreement or surrender.

Ca•pit´u•la•tor , n. [LL.] One who capitulates.

Cap´i•tule , n. [L. capitulum small head, chapter.] A summary. [Obs.]

Ca•pit´u•lum , n.; pl. Capitula . [L., a small head.] 1. A thick head of flowers on a very short axis, as a clover top, or a dandelion; a composite flower. A capitulum may be either globular or flat. Gray. 2. (Anat.) A knoblike protuberance of any part, esp. at the end of a bone or cartilage. [See Illust. of Artiodactyla.]

Ca•pi´vi , n. [Cf. Copaiba.] A balsam of the Spanish West Indies. See Copaiba.

Ca´ple , n. See Capel.

Cap´lin , n. See Capelin. { Cap´lin , Cap´ling } n. The cap or coupling of a flail, through which the thongs pass which connect the handle and swingel. Wright.

Cap´no•man•cy , n. [Gr. smoke + mancy: cf. F. capnomancie.] Divination by means of the ascent or motion of smoke.

Cap´no•mor , n. [Gr. smoke + , equiv. to part.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless oil with a peculiar odor, obtained from beech tar. Watts.

Ca•poc´ , n. [Malay kapoq.] A sort of cotton so short and fine that it can not be spun, used in the East Indies to line palanquins, to make mattresses, etc.

Ca•poch´ , n.; pl. Capoches (#). [Cf. Sp. capucho, It. cappucio, F. Capuce, capuchon, LL. caputium, fr. capa cloak. See Cap.] A hood; especially, the hood attached to the gown of a monk.

Ca•poch´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capoched ] To cover with, or as with, a hood; hence, to hoodwink or blind. Hudibras.

Ca´pon (ka´p’n or ka´pun; 277), n. [OE. capon, chapoun, AS. capun (cf. F. chapon), L. capo, fr. Gr. ka•pwn akin to ko•ptein to cut, OSlav. skopiti to castrate. Cf. Comma.] A castrated cock, esp. when fattened; a male chicken gelded to improve his flesh for the table. Shak. “The merry thought of a capon.
W. Irving.”

Ca´pon, v. t. To castrate; to make a capon of.

Ca´pon•et , n. A young capon. [R.] Chapman.

Cap•o•niere´ , n. [F. caponnière, fr. Sp. caponera, orig., a cage for fattening capons, hence, a place of refuge; cf. It. capponiera. See Capon.] (Fort.) A work made across or in the ditch, to protect it from the enemy, or to serve as a covered passageway.

Ca´pon•ize , v. t. To castrate, as a fowl.

Ca•pot´ , n. [F.] A winning of all the tricks at the game of piquet. It counts for forty points. Hoyle.

Ca•pot´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capotted.] To win all the tricks from, in playing at piquet.

Ca•pote´ , n. [Sp. capote (cf. F. capote.), fr. LL. capa cape, cloak. See Cap.] A long cloak or overcoat, especially one with a hood.

Ca•pouch´ , n. & v. t. Same as Capoch.

Cap´pa•dine , n. A floss or waste obtained from the cocoon after the silk has been reeled off, used for shag.

Cap´pa•per , See cap, n., also Paper, n.

Cap´peak , n. The front piece of a cap; — now more commonly called visor.

Cap•pel´la , n. See A cappella.

Cap´per , n. 1. One whose business is to make or sell caps. 2. A by-bidder; a decoy for gamblers. [Slang, U. S.] 3. An instrument for applying a percussion cap to a gun or cartridge.

Cap´ping plane (Join.) A plane used for working the upper surface of staircase rails.

Ca´pra , n. [L., a she goat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants, including the common goat.

Cap´rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of capric acid.

Cap´re•o•late , a. [L. capreolus wild goat, tendril, fr. caper goat: cf. F. capreole.] (Bot.) Having a tendril or tendrils.

Cap´re•o•line , a. [L. capreolus wild goat, fr. caper goat.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the roebuck.

Cap´ric , a. [L. caper goat.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to capric acid or its derivatives. Capric acid, C9H19.CO2H, Caprylic acid, C7H15.CO2H, and Caproic acid, C5H11.CO2H, are fatty acids occurring in small quantities in butter, cocoanut oil, etc., united with glycerin; they are colorless oils, or white crystalline solids, of an unpleasant odor like that of goats or sweat.

Ca•pric´cio (ka•pret´cho), n. [It. See Caprice.] 1. (Mus.) A piece in a free form, with frequent digressions from the theme; a fantasia; — often called caprice. 2. A caprice; a freak; a fancy. Shak.

Ca•pric•cio´so (ka•pret•cho´so), a. [It.] (Mus) In a free, fantastic style.

Ca•price´ (ka•pres´), n. [F. caprice, It. capriccio, caprice (perh. orig. a fantastical goat leap), fr. L. caper, capra, goat. Cf Capriole, Cab, Caper, v. i.] 1. An abrupt change in feeling, opinion, or action, proceeding from some whim or fancy; a freak; a notion. ´Caprices of appetite.´ W. Irving. 2. (Mus.) See Capriccio. Syn. — Freak; whim; crotchet; fancy; vagary; humor; whimsey; fickleness.

Ca•pri´cious (ka•prish´us), a. [Cf. F. capricieux, It. capriccioso.] Governed or characterized by caprice; apt to change suddenly; freakish; whimsical; changeable. ´Capricious poet.´ Shak. ´Capricious humor.´ Hugh Miller. “A capricious partiality to the Romish practices.
Hallam.” Syn. — Freakish; whimsical; fanciful; fickle; crotchety; fitful; wayward; changeable; unsteady; uncertain; inconstant; arbitrary. — Ca•pri´cious•ly, adv. — Ca•pri´cious•ness, n.

Cap´ri•corn , n. [L. capricornus; caper goat + cornu horn: cf. F. capricorne.] 1. (Astron.) The tenth sign of zodiac, into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about December 21. See Tropic. “The sun was entered into Capricorn.
Dryden.” 2. (Astron.) A southern constellation, represented on ancient monuments by the figure of a goat, or a figure with its fore part like a fish. Capricorn beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Carambucidae; one of the long-horned beetles. The larvae usually bore into the wood or bark of trees and shrubs and are often destructive. See Girdler, Pruner.

Cap´rid , a. [L. caper, capra, goat.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tribe of ruminants of which the goat, or genus Capra, is the type.

Cap•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. caprificatio, fr. caprificare to ripen figs by caprification, fr. caprificus the wild fig; caper goat + ficus fig.] The practice of hanging, upon the cultivated fig tree, branches of the wild fig infested with minute hymenopterous insects. It is supposed that the little insects insure fertilization by carrying the pollen from the male flowers near the opening of the fig down to the female flowers, and also accelerate ripening the fruit by puncturing it. The practice has existed since ancient times, but its benefit has been disputed.

Cap´ri•fole , n. [L. caper goat + folium leaf.] The woodbine or honeysuckle. Spenser.

Cap´ri•fo•li•a•ceous , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Honeysuckle family of plants (Caprifoliacae.

Cap´ri•form , a. [L. caper goat + -form.] Having the form of a goat.

Ca•prig´e•nous , a. [L. caprigenus; caper goat + gegnere to produce.] Of the goat kind.

Cap´rine , a. [L. caprinus.] Of or pertaining to a goat; as caprine gambols.

Cap´ri•ole , n. [F. capriole, cabriole, It. capriola, fr. L. caper goat. Cf. Caper, v. i. Cabriole, Caprice, Cheveril.] 1. (Man.) A leap that a horse makes with all fours, upwards only, without advancing, but with a kick or jerk of the hind legs when at the height of the leap. 2. A leap or caper, as in dancing. ´With lofty turns and caprioles.´ Sir J. Davies.

Cap´ri•ole, v. i. To perform a capriole. Carlyle.

Cap´ri•ped , a. [L. capripers; caper goat + pes pedis, foot.] Having feet like those of a goat.

Cap´ro•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of caproic acid.

Ca•pro´ic , a. (Chem.) See under Capric.

Cap´ry•late , n. (Chem.) A salt of caprylic acid.

Ca•pryl´ic , a. (Chem.) See under Capric.

Cap•sa´i•cin , n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance extracted from the Capsicum annuum, and giving off vapors of intense acridity.

Cap´sheaf , n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain: (fig.) the crowning or finishing part of a thing.

Cap´si•cin , n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A red liquid or soft resin extracted from various species of capsicum.

Cap´si•cine , n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A volatile alkaloid extracted from Capsicum annuum or from capsicin.

Cap´si•cum (kap´si•kum), n. [NL., fr. L. capsa box, chest.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of many species, producing capsules or dry berries of various forms, which have an exceedingly pungent, biting taste, and when ground form the red or Cayenne pepper of commerce.
[1913 Webster] The most important species are Capsicum baccatum or bird pepper, C. fastigiatum or chili pepper, C. frutescens or spur pepper, and C. annuum or Guinea pepper, which includes the bell pepper and other common garden varieties. The fruit is much used, both in its green and ripe state, in pickles and in cookery. See Cayenne pepper.
[1913 Webster]

Cap•size´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Capsized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Capsizing.] [Cf. Sp. cabecear to nod, pitch, capuzar, chapuzar, to sink (a vessel) by the head; both fr. L. caput head.] To upset or overturn, as a vessel or other body. “But what if carrying sail capsize the boat?
Byron.”

Cap´size , n. An upset or overturn.

Cap´•square , n. (Gun.) A metal covering plate which passes over the trunnions of a cannon, and holds it in place.

Cap´stan , n. [F. cabestan, fr. Sp. cabestrante, cabrestante, fr. cabestrar to bind with a halter, fr. cabestrohalter, fr. L. capistrum halter, fr. capere to hold (see Capacious); or perh. the Spanish is fr. L. caper goat + stans, p. pr. of stare to stand; cf. F. chèvre she-goat, also a machine for raising heavy weights.] A vertical cleated drum or cylinder, revolving on an upright spindle, and surmounted by a drumhead with sockets for bars or levers. It is much used, especially on shipboard, for moving or raising heavy weights or exerting great power by traction upon a rope or cable, passing around the drum. It is operated either by steam power or by a number of men walking around the capstan, each pushing on the end of a lever fixed in its socket. [Sometimes spelt Capstern, but improperly.] Capstan bar, one of the long bars or levers by which the capstan is worked; a handspike.. — To pawl the capstan, to drop the pawls so that they will catch in the notches of the pawl ring, and prevent the capstan from turning back. — To rig the capstan, to prepare the for use, by putting the bars in the sockets. — To surge the capstan, to slack the tension of the rope or cable wound around it.

Cap´stone , n. (Paleon.) A fossil echinus of the genus Cannulus; — so called from its supposed resemblance to a cap. { Cap´su•lar , Cap´su•la•ry } a. [Cf. F. capsulaire.] Of or pertaining to a capsule; having the nature of a capsule; hollow and fibrous. Capsular ligament (Anat.), a ligamentous bag or capsule surrounding many movable joints in the skeleton. { Cap´su•late , Cap´su•la•ted } a. Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a chest or box.

Cap´sule , n. [L. capsula a little box or chest, fr. capsa chest, case, fr. capere to take, contain: cf. F. capsule.] 1. (Bot.) a dry fruit or pod which is made up of several parts or carpels, and opens to discharge the seeds, as the capsule of the poppy, the flax, the lily, etc. 2. (Chem.) (a) A small saucer of clay for roasting or melting samples of ores, etc.; a scorifier. (b) a small, shallow, evaporating dish, usually of porcelain. 3. (Med.) A small cylindrical or spherical gelatinous envelope in which nauseous or acrid doses are inclosed to be swallowed. 4. (Anat.) A membranous sac containing fluid, or investing an organ or joint; as the capsule of the lens of the eye. also a capsulelike organ. 5. A metallic seal or cover for closing a bottle. 6. A small cup or shell, as of metal, for a percussion cap, cartridge, etc. Atrabiliary capsule. See under Atrabiliary. — Glisson’s capsule, a membranous envelope, entering the liver along with the portal vessels and insheathing the latter in their course through the organ. — Suprarenal capsule, an organ of unknown function, above or in front of each kidney.

Cap´tain (kap´tin), n. [OE. capitain, captain, OF. capitain, F. capitaine (cf. Sp. capitan, It. capitano), LL. capitaneus, capitanus, fr. L. caput the head. See under Chief, and cf. Chieftain.] 1. A head, or chief officer; as: (a) The military officer who commands a company, troop, or battery, or who has the rank entitling him to do so though he may be employed on other service. (b) An officer in the United States navy, next above a commander and below a commodore, and ranking with a colonel in the army. (c) By courtesy, an officer actually commanding a vessel, although not having the rank of captain. (d) The master or commanding officer of a merchant vessel. (e) One in charge of a portion of a ship’s company; as a captain of a top, captain of a gun, etc. (f) The foreman of a body of workmen. (g) A person having authority over others acting in concert; as the captain of a boat’s crew; the captain of a football team. “A trainband captain eke was he.
Cowper.” “The Rhodian captain, relying on … the lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day, through all the guards.
Arbuthnot.” 2. A military leader; a warrior. “Foremost captain of his time.
Tennyson.” Captain general. (a) The commander in chief of an army or armies, or of the militia. (b) The Spanish governor of Cuba and its dependent islands. — Captain lieutenant, a lieutenant with the rank and duties of captain but with a lieutenant’s pay, — as in the first company of an English regiment.

Cap´tain , v. t. To act as captain of; to lead. [R.] “Men who captained or accompanied the exodus from existing forms.
Lowell.”

Cap´tain, a. Chief; superior. [R.] “captain jewes in the carcanet.
Shak.”

Cap´tain•cy , n.; pl. Captaincies . The rank, post, or commission of a captain. Washington. Captaincy general, the office, power, territory, or jurisdiction of a captain general; as the captaincy general of La Habana (Cuba and its islands).

Cap´tain•ry , n. [Cf. F. capitainerie.] Power, or command, over a certain district; chieftainship. [Obs.]

Cap´tain•ship, n. 1. The condition, rank, post, or authority of a captain or chief commander. ´To take the captainship.´ Shak. 2. Military skill; as to show good captainship.

Cap•ta•tion , n. [L. captatio, fr. captare to catch, intens. of caper to take: cf. F. captation.] A courting of favor or applause, by flattery or address; a captivating quality; an attraction. [Obs.] “Without any of those dresses, or popular captations, which some men use in their speeches.
Eikon Basilike.”

Cap´tion , n. [L. captio, fr. caper to take. In senses 3 and 4, perhaps confounded in meaning with L. caput a head. See Capacious.] 1. A caviling; a sophism. [Obs.] “This doctrine is for caption and contradiction.
Bacon.” 2. The act of taking or arresting a person by judicial process. [R.] Bouvier. 3. (Law) That part of a legal instrument, as a commission, indictment, etc., which shows where, when, and by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. Bouvier. Wharton. 4. The heading of a chapter, section, or page. [U. S.]

Cap´tious , a. [F. captieux, L. captiosus. See Caption.] 1. Apt to catch at faults; disposed to find fault or to cavil; eager to object; difficult to please. “A captious and suspicious age.
Stillingfleet.” “I am sensible I have not disposed my materials to abide the test of a captious controversy.
Bwike.” 2. Fitted to harass, perplex, or insnare; insidious; troublesome. “Captious restraints on navigation.
Bancroft.” Syn. — Caviling, carping, fault-finding; censorious; hypercritical; peevish, fretful; perverse; troublesome. — Captious, caviling, Carping. A captious person is one who has a fault-finding habit or manner, or is disposed to catch at faults, errors, etc., with quarrelsome intent; a caviling person is disposed to raise objections on frivolous grounds; carping implies that one is given to ill-natured, persistent, or unreasonable fault- finding, or picking up of the words or actions of others. “Caviling is the carping of argument, carping the caviling of ill temper.
C. J. Smith.”

Cap´tious•ly, adv. In a captious manner.

Cap´tious•ness, n. Captious disposition or manner.

Cap´ti•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captivated; p. pr. & vb. n. Captivating.] [L. captivatus, p. p. of captivare to capture, fr. captivus captive. See Captive.] 1. To take prisoner; to capture; to subdue. [Obs.] “Their woes whom fortune captivates.
Shak.” 2. To acquire ascendancy over by reason of some art or attraction; to fascinate; to charm; as Cleopatra captivated Antony; the orator captivated all hearts. “Small landscapes of captivating loveliness.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To enslave; subdue; overpower; charm; enchant; bewitch; facinate; capture; lead captive.

Cap´ti•vate , p. a. [L. captivatus.] Taken prisoner; made captive; insnared; charmed. “Women have been captivate ere now.
Shak.”

Cap´ti•va•ting , a. Having power to captivate or charm; fascinating; as captivating smiles. — Cap´ti•va•ting•ly, adv.

Cap´ti•va•tion , n. [L. capticatio.] The act of captivating. [R.] “The captivation of our understanding.
Bp. Hall.”

Cap´tive , n. [L. captivus, fr. capere to take: cf. F. captif. See Caitiff.] 1. A prisoner taken by force or stratagem, esp., by an enemy, in war; one kept in bondage or in the power of another. “Then, when I am thy captive, talk of chains.
Milton.” 2. One charmed or subdued by beaty, excellence, or affection; one who is captivated.

Cap´tive, a. 1. Made prisoner, especially in war; held in bondage or in confinement. “A poor, miserable, captive thrall.
Milton.” 2. Subdued by love; charmed; captivated. “Even in so short a space, my wonan’s heart
Grossly grew captive to his honey words.
Shak.” 3. Of or pertaining to bondage or confinement; serving to confine; as captive chains; captive hours.

Cap´tive , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captived p. pr. & vb. n. Captiving.] To take prisoner; to capture. “Their inhabitans slaughtered and captived.
Burke.”

Cap•tiv´i•ty , n. [L. captivitas: cf. F. captivite.] 1. The state of being a captive or a prisoner. “More celebrated in his captivity that in his greatest triumphs.
Dryden.” 2. A state of being under control; subjection of the will or affections; bondage. “Sink in the soft captivity together.
Addison.” Syn. — Imprisonment; confinement; bondage; subjection; servitude; slavery; thralldom; serfdom.

Cap´tor , n. [L., a cather (of animals), fr. caper to take.] One who captures any person or thing, as a prisoner or a prize.

Cap´ture , n. [L. capture, fr. caper to take: cf. F. capture. See Caitiff, and cf. aptive.] 1. The act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power or by stratagem; as the capture of an enemy, a vessel, or a criminal. “Even with regard to captures made at sea.
Bluckstone.” 2. The securing of an object of strife or desire, as by the power of some attraction. 3. The thing taken by force, surprise, or stratagem; a prize; prey. Syn. — Seizure; apprehension; arrest; detention.

Cap´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captured p. pr. & vb. n. Capturing.] To seize or take possession of by force, surprise, or stratagem; to overcome and hold; to secure by effort. “Her heart is like some fortress that has been captured.
W. Ivring.”

Ca•puc´cio , n. [It. cappucio. See Capoch.] A capoch or hood. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ca•puched´ , a. [See Capoch.] Cover with, or as with, a hood. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cap•u•chin´ , n. [F. capucin a monk who wears a cowl, fr. It. cappuccio hood. See Capoch.] 1. (Eccl.) A Franciscan monk of the austere branch established in 1526 by Matteo di Baschi, distinguished by wearing the long pointed cowl or capoch of St. Francis. “A bare-footed and long-bearded capuchin.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. A garment for women, consisting of a cloak and hood, resembling, or supposed to resemble, that of capuchin monks. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A long-tailed South American monkey (Cabus capucinus), having the forehead naked and wrinkled, with the hair on the crown reflexed and resembling a monk’s cowl, the rest being of a grayish white; — called also capucine monkey, weeper, sajou, sapajou, and sai. (b) Other species of Cabus, as C. fatuellus (the brown or horned capucine.), C. albifrons (the cararara), and C. apella. (c) A variety of the domestic pigeon having a hoodlike tuft of feathers on the head and sides of the neck. Capuchin nun, one of an austere order of Franciscan nuns which came under Capuchin rule in 1538. The order had recently been founded by Maria Longa.

Cap´u•cine , n. See Capuchin, 3.

Cap´u•let , n. (Far.) Same as Capellet.

Cap´u•lin (-lin), n. [Sp. capuli.] The Mexican cherry (Prunus Capollin).

Ca´put (ka´put), n.; pl. Capita (kap´i•ta). [L., the head.] 1. (Anat.) The head; also a knoblike protuberance or capitulum. 2. The top or superior part of a thing. 3. (Eng.) The council or ruling body of the University of Cambridge prior to the constitution of 1856. “Your caputs and heads of colleges.
Lamb.” Caput mortuum . [L., dead head.] (Old Chem.) The residuum after distillation or sublimation; hence, worthless residue.

Ca•py•ba´ra , n. [Sp. capibara, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American rodent (Hydrochaerus capybara) Living on the margins of lakes and rivers. It is the largest extant rodent, being about three feet long, and half that in height. It somewhat resembles the Guinea pig, to which it is related; — called also cabiai and water hog.

Car , n. [OF. car, char, F. cahr, fr. L. carrus, Wagon: a Celtic word; cf. W. car, Armor. karr, Ir. & Gael. carr. cf. Chariot.] 1. A small vehicle moved on wheels; usually, one having but two wheels and drawn by one horse; a cart. 2. A vehicle adapted to the rails of a railroad. [U. S.] In England a railroad passenger car is called a railway carriage; a freight car a goods wagon; a platform car a goods truck; a baggage car a van. But styles of car introduced into England from America are called cars; as tram car. Pullman car. See Train. 3. A chariot of war or of triumph; a vehicle of splendor, dignity, or solemnity. [Poetic]. “The gilded car of day.
Milton.” “The towering car, the sable steeds.
Tennyson.” 4. (Astron.) The stars also called Charles’s Wain, the Great Bear, or the Dipper. “The Pleiads, Hyads, and the Northern Car.
Dryden.” 5. The cage of a lift or elevator. 6. The basket, box, or cage suspended from a balloon to contain passengers, ballast, etc. 7. A floating perforated box for living fish. [U. S.] Car coupling, or Car coupler, a shackle or other device for connecting the cars in a railway train. [U. S.] — Dummy car (Railroad), a car containing its own steam power or locomotive. — Freight car (Railrood), a car for the transportation of merchandise or other goods. [U. S.] — Hand car (Railroad), a small car propelled by hand, used by railroad laborers, etc. [U. S.] — Horse car, or Street car, an omnibus car, draw by horses or other power upon rails laid in the streets. [U. S.] — Palace car, Drawing-room car, Sleeping car, Parlor car, etc. (Railroad), cars especially designed and furnished for the comfort of travelers.

Car´a•bid , a. (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Carabus or family Carabidae. — n. One of the Carabidae, a family of active insectivorous beetles.

Car´a•bine , n. (Mil.) A carbine.

Car•a•bi•neer´ , n. A carbineer.

Car´a•boid , a. [Carabus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to the genus Carabus.

Car´a•bus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a horned beetle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ground beetles, including numerous species. They devour many injurious insects.

Car´ac , n. See Carack.

Car´a•cal , n. [F. caracal, fr. Turk garahgootag; garah black + goofag ear.] (Zoöl.) A lynx (Felis, or Lynx, caracal.) It is a native of Africa and Asia. Its ears are black externally, and tipped with long black hairs.

Ca•ra•ca´ra (kä•rakä´ra), n. (Zoöl.) A south American bird of several species and genera, resembling both the eagles and the vultures. The caracaras act as scavengers, and are also called carrion buzzards. The black caracara is Ibycter ater; the chimango is Milvago chimango; the Brazilian is Polyborus Braziliensis.

Car´ack , n. [F. caraque (cf. Sp. & Pg. carraca, It. caracca.), LL. carraca, fr. L. carrus wagon; or perh. fr. Ar. qorqur (pl. qaraqir) a carack.] (Naut.) A kind of large ship formerly used by the Spaniards and Portuguese in the East India trade; a galleon. [Spelt also carrack.] “The bigger whale like some huge carrack lay.
Waller.”

Car´a•cole , n. [F. caracole, caracol, fr. Sp. caracol snail, winding staircase, a wheeling about.] 1. (Man.) A half turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or the left. 2. (Arch.) A staircase in a spiral form. En caracole [F.], spiral; — said of a staircase.

Car´a•cole , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caracoled ] [Cf. F. caracoler.] (Man.) To move in a caracole, or in caracoles; to wheel. “Prince John caracoled within the lists.
Sir W. Scott.”

Car´a•col•y , n. An alloy of gold, silver, and copper, of which an inferior quality of jewelry is made. { Car´a•core , Car´a•co•ra }, n. [Malay kurakura.] A light vessel or proa used by the people of Borneo, etc., and by the Dutch in the East Indies.

Ca•rafe´ , n. [F.] A glass water bottle for the table or toilet; — called also croft. { Car´a•geen• Car´a•gheen• } , n. See Carrageen.

Ca•ram•bo´la , n. (Bot.) An East Indian tree (Averrhoa Carambola), and its acid, juicy fruit; called also Coromandel gooseberry.

Car´a•mel , n. [F. caramel (cf. Sp. caramelo), LL. canna mellis, cannamella, canamella, calamellus mellitus, sugar cane, from or confused with L. canna reed + mel, mellis, honey. See Cane.] 1. (Chem.) Burnt sugar; a brown or black porous substance obtained by heating sugar. It is soluble in water, and is used for coloring spirits, gravies, etc. 2. A kind of confectionery, usually a small cube or square of tenacious paste, or candy, of varying composition and flavor.

Ca•ran´goid , a. [Caranx + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Carangidae, a family of fishes allied to the mackerels, and including the caranx, American bluefish, and the pilot fish.

Ca´ranx (ka´ranks), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, common on the Atlantic coast, including the yellow or golden mackerel.

Car´a•pace (kar´a•pas), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The thick shell or shield which covers the back of the tortoise, or turtle, the crab, and other crustaceous animals.

Ca•ra•pa´to (kä•ra•pä´to), n. [Pg. carrapato.] (Zoöl.) A south American tick of the genus Amblyomma. There are several species, very troublesome to man and beast.

Car´a•pax , n. (Zoöl.) See Carapace.

Car´at (kar´at), n. [F. carat (cf. It. carato, OPg. quirate, Pg. & Sp. quilate), Ar. qirat bean or pea shell, a weight of four grains, a carat, fr. Gr. kera•tion a little horn, the fruit of the carob tree, a weight, a carat. See Horn.] 1. The weight by which precious stones and pearls are weighed. The carat equals three and one fifth grains Troy, and is divided into four grains, sometimes called carat grains. Diamonds and other precious stones are estimated by carats and fractions of carats, and pearls, usually, by carat grains. Tiffany. 2. A twenty-fourth part; — a term used in estimating the proportionate fineness of gold. A mass of metal is said to be so many carats fine, according to the number of twenty-fourths of pure gold which it contains; as 22 carats fine (goldsmith’s standard) = 22 parts of gold, 1 of copper, and 1 of silver.

Car´a•van (kar´a•van or kar•a•van´; 277), n. [F. caravane (cf. Sp. caravana), fr. Per. karwan a caravan (in sense 1). Cf. Van a wagon.] 1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, organized and equipped for a long journey, or marching or traveling together, esp. through deserts and countries infested by robbers or hostile tribes, as in Asia or Africa. 2. A large, covered wagon, or a train of such wagons, for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition; an itinerant show, as of wild beasts. 3. A covered vehicle for carrying passengers or for moving furniture, etc.; — sometimes shorted into van.

Car•a•van•eer´ , n. [Cf. F. caravanier.] The leader or driver of the camels in caravan.

Car•a•van´sa•ry , n.; pl. Caravansaries (#). [F. caravanserai, fr. Per. karwansaraï; karwan caravan + -saraï palace, large house, inn.] A kind of inn, in the East, where caravans rest at night, being a large, rude, unfurnished building, surrounding a court. [Written also caravanserai and caravansera.]

Car´a•vel (kar´a•vel), n. [F. caravelle (cf. It. caravella, Sp. carabela), fr. Sp. caraba a kind of vessel, fr. L. carabus a kind of light boat, fr. Gr. ka•rabos a kind of light ship, NGr. kara•bi ship, vessel.] [written also carvel and caravelle.] (Naut.) A name given to several kinds of vessels. (a) The caravel of the 16th century was a small vessel with broad bows, high, narrow poop, four masts, and lateen sails. Columbus commanded three caravels on his great voyage. (b) A Portuguese vessel of 100 or 150 tons burden. (c) A small fishing boat used on the French coast. (d) A Turkish man-of- war.

Car´a•way (kar´a•wa), n. [F. carvi (cf. Sp. carvi and al-caravea, al-carahueya, Pg. al-caravia) fr. Ar. karawia, karwia fr. Gr. ka•ron; cf. L. careum.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial plant of the Parsley family (Carum Carui). The seeds have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. They are used in cookery and confectionery, and also in medicine as a carminative. 2. A cake or sweetmeat containing caraway seeds. “Caraways, or biscuits, or some other [comfits].
Cogan.”

Car•bam´ic (kär•bam´ik), a. [Carbon + amido.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid so called. Carbamic acid (Chem.), an amido acid, NH2.CO2H, not existing in the free state, but occurring as a salt of ammonium in commercial ammonium carbonate; — called also amido formic acid.

Car•bam´ide (kär•bam´id or -id), n. [Carbonyl + amide.] (Chem.) The technical name for urea.

Car•bam´ine (kär•bam´in or -ed), n. (Chem.) An isocyanide of a hydrocarbon radical. The carbamines are liquids, usually colorless, and of unendurable odor.

Car´ba•nil , n. [Carbonyl + aniline.] (Chem.) A mobile liquid, CO.N.C6H5, of pungent odor. It is the phenyl salt of isocyanic acid.

Car´ba•zol , n. [Carbon + azo + -ol.] (Chem.) A white crystallized substance, C12H8NH, derived from aniline and other amines.

Car•baz´o•tate , n. (Chem.) A salt of carbazotic or picric acid; a picrate.

Car•ba•zot´ic , a. [Carbon + azole.] Containing, or derived from, carbon and nitrogen. Carbazotic acid (Chem.), picric acid. See under Picric.

Car´bide , n. [Carbon + -ide.] (Chem.) A binary compound of carbon with some other element or radical, in which the carbon plays the part of a negative; — formerly termed carburet.

Car´bi•mide , n. [Carbon + imide] (Chem.) The technical name for isocyanic acid. See under Isocyanic.

Car´bine , n. [F. carbine, OF. calabrin carabineer (cf. Ot. calabrina a policeman), fr. OF & Pr. calabre, OF. cable, chable, an engine of war used in besieging, fr. LL. chadabula, cabulus, a kind of projectile machine, fr. Gr. a throwing down, fr. to throw; down + to throw. Cf. Parable.] (Mil.) A short, light musket or rifle, esp. one used by mounted soldiers or cavalry.

Car•bi•neer´ , n. [F. carabinier.] (Mil.) A soldier armed with a carbine.

Car´bi•nol , n. [Carbin (Kolbe’s name for the radical) + -ol.] (Chem.) Methyl alcohol, CH3OH; — also by extension, any one in the homologous series of paraffine alcohols of which methyl alcohol is the type.

Car•bo•hy´drate , n. [Carbon + hydrate.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a group of compounds including the sugars, starches, and gums, which contain six (or some multiple of six) carbon atoms, united with a variable number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but with the two latter always in proportion as to form water; as dextrose, C6H12O6.

Car•bo•hy´dride , n. [Carbon + hydrogen.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon.

Car•bol´ic (kär•bol´ik), a. [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from coal tar and other sources; as carbolic acid (called also phenic acid, and phenol). See Phenol.

Car´bo•lize (kär´bo•liz), v. t. (Med.) To apply carbolic acid to; to wash or treat with carbolic acid.

Car´bon (kär´bon), n. [F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal; cf. Skr. çra to cook.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite. Carbon compounds, Compounds of carbon (Chem.), those compounds consisting largely of carbon, commonly produced by animals and plants, and hence called organic compounds, though their synthesis may be effected in many cases in the laboratory. “The formation of the compounds of carbon is not dependent upon the life process.
I. Remsen” — Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide. (Chem.) See under Carbonic. — Carbon light (Elec.), an extremely brilliant electric light produced by passing a galvanic current through two carbon points kept constantly with their apexes neary in contact. — Carbon point (Elec.), a small cylinder or bit of gas carbon moved forward by clockwork so that, as it is burned away by the electric current, it shall constantly maintain its proper relation to the opposing point. — Carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatine and pigment, used in the autotype process of photography. Abney. — Gas carbon, a compact variety of carbon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of the carbon rods of pencils for the voltaic, arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries, etc.

Car´bo•na•ceous , a. Pertaining to, containing, or composed of, carbon. { Car´bo•nade , Car•bo•na´do } n. [Cf. F. carbonnade, It. carbonata, Sp. carbonada, from L. carbo coal.] (Cookery) Flesh, fowl, etc., cut across, seasoned, and broiled on coals; a chop. [Obs.] { Car•bo•na´do , Car´bo•nade } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonadoed p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonadoing.] 1. To cut (meat) across for frying or broiling; to cut or slice and broil. [Obs.] “A short-legged hen daintily carbonadoed.
Bean. & Fl.” 2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [Obs.] “I’ll so carbonado your shanks.
Shak.”

Car•bo•na´do , n.; pl. Carbonadoes (#). [Pg., carbonated.] (Min.) A black variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for diamond drills. It occurs in irregular or rounded fragments, rarely distinctly crystallized, with a texture varying from compact to porous.

Car•bo•na´rism , n. The principles, practices, or organization of the Carbonari.

Car•bo•na´ro , n.; pl. Carbonari (#). [It., a coal man.] A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the nineteenth centry for the purpose of changing the government into a republic. The origin of the Carbonari is uncertain, but the society is said to have first met, in 1808, among the charcoal burners of the mountains, whose phraseology they adopted.

Car•bon•a•ta´tion , n. [From Carbonate.] (Sugar Making) The saturation of defecated beet juice with carbonic acid gas. Knight.

Car´bon•ate , n. [Cf. F. carbonate.] (Chem.) A salt or carbonic acid, as in limestone, some forms of lead ore, etc.

Car´bon•a•ted , a. Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid.

Car´bone , v. t. [See Carbonado.] To broil. [Obs.] ´We had a calf’s head carboned´. Pepys.

Car•bon´ic , a. [Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as carbonic oxide. Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid H2CO3, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. In common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hence called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephitic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. — Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide.

Car´bon•ide (kär´bon•id or -id), n. A carbide. [R.]

Car•bon•if´er•ous (kär•bon•if´er•us), a. [Carbon + -ferous.] Producing or containing carbon or coal. Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. — Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period. See the Diagram under Geology.

Car•bon•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. carbonisation.] The act or process of carbonizing.

Car´bon•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] [Cf. F. carboniser.] 1. To convert (an animal or vegetable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char. 2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation.

Car•bon•om´e•ter , n. [Carbon + -meter.] An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means.

Car´bon•yl , n. [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical (CO)\’b7\’b7, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc. Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; — called also carbon oxychloride.

Car•bo•sty´ril , n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

Car•box´ide , n. [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.) A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as potassium carboxide. Potassium carboxide, a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C6O6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium.

Car•box´yl , n. [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; — called also oxatyl.

Car´boy , n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurabah a sort of bottle.] A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; — used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc.

Car´bun•cle , n. [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See Carbon.] 1. (Min.) A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet. 2. (Med.) A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax. 3. (Her.) A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle.

Car´bun•cled , a. 1. Set with carbuncles. “He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled
Like holy Phabus’ car.
Shak.” 2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. ´A carbuncled face.´ Brome.

Car•bun´cu•lar , a. Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed.

Car•bun•cu•la´tion , n. [L. carbunculatio.] The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or cold. Harris.

Car´bu•ret , n. [From Carbon.] (Chem.) A carbide. See Carbide [Archaic]

Car´bu•ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.] To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize. “By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal.
Knight.”

Car´bu•ret•ant , n. Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases.

Car´bu•ret•ed , a. 1. (Chem.) Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide. 2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power. [Written also carburetted.] Carbureted hydrogen gas, any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. — Light carbureted hydrogen, marsh gas CH4; fire damp.

Car´bu•ret•or , n. (Chem.) An apparatus in which coal gas hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.]

Car´bu•ri•za•tion , n. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of carburizing.

Car´bu•rize (kär´bu•riz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized p. pr. & vb. n. Carburizing.] (Chem.) To combine with carbon or a carbon compound; — said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of volatile hydrocarbons.

Car´ca•jou (kär´ka•joo), n. [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zoöl.) The wolverene; — also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See Wolverene.

Car´ca•net (kär´ka•net), n. [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of precious stones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kelchen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG. querca throat.] A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkanet and carcant.] Shak.

Car´case (kär´kas), n. See Carcass.

Car´cass (kär´kas), n.; pl. Carcasses (#). [Written also carcase.] [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. Carnal, Case a sheath.] 1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast. “He turned to see the carcass of the lion.
Judges xiv. 8.” “This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads.
De Foe.” 2. The living body; — now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. ´To pamper his own carcass.´ South. “Lovely her face; was ne’er so fair a creature.
For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature.
Oldham.” 3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing. “A rotten carcass of a boat.
Shak.” 4. (Mil.) A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc. “A discharge of carcasses and bombshells.
W. Iving.”

Car•ca•vel´hos , n. A sweet wine. See Calcavella.

Car´ce•lage , n. [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.] Prison fees. [Obs.]

Car´cel lamp [Named after Carcel, the inventor.] A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superabundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork.

Car´cer•al , a. [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.] Belonging to a prison. [R.] Foxe.

Car•ci•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to carcinology.

Car•ci•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a crab + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The department of zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); — called also malacostracology and crustaceology.

Car•ci•no´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. crab, cancer. See -oma.] (Med.) A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer. Dunglison.

Car•ci•nom´a•tous , a. Of or pertaining to carcinoma.

Car•ci•no´sys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. cancer.] The affection of the system with cancer.

Card , n. [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr. a leaf of paper. Cf. Chart.] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards. “Our first cards were to Carabas House.
Thackeray.” 2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as to put a card in the newspapers. also a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as this will be a good card for the last day of the fair. 3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner’s compass. “All the quartere that they know
I’ the shipman’s card.
Shak.” 4. (Weaving) A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See Jacquard. 5. An indicator card. See under Indicator. Business card, a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. — Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. — Card catalogue. See Catalogue. — Card rack, a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. — Card table, a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over. — On the cards, likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; — a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also according to the programme. — Playing card, cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. — To have the cards in one’s own hands, to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. — To play one’s cards well, to make no errors; to act shrewdly. — To play snow one’s cards, to expose one’s plants to rivals or foes. — To speak by the card, to speak from information and definitely, not by guess as in telling a ship’s bearing by the compass card. — Visiting card, a small card bearing the name, and sometimes the address, of the person presenting it.

Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded; p. pr. & vb. n. Carding.] To play at cards; to game. Johnson.

Card, n. [F. carde teasel, the head of a thistle, card, from L. carduus, cardus, thistle, fr. carere to card.] 1. An instrument for disentangling and arranging the fibers of cotton, wool, flax, etc.; or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals; — usually consisting of bent wire teeth set closely in rows in a thick piece of leather fastened to a back. 2. A roll or sliver of fiber (as of wool) delivered from a carding machine. Card clothing, strips of wire-toothed card used for covering the cylinders of carding machines.

Card , v. t. 1. To comb with a card; to cleanse or disentangle by carding; as to card wool; to card a horse. “These card the short comb the longer flakes.
Dyer.” 2. To clean or clear, as if by using a card. [Obs.] “This book [must] be carded and purged.
T. Shelton.” 3. To mix or mingle, as with an inferior or weaker article. [Obs.] “You card your beer, if you guests being to be drunk. — half small, half strong.
Greene.” In the manufacture of wool, cotton, etc., the process of carding disentangles and collects together all the fibers, of whatever length, and thus differs from combing, in which the longer fibers only are collected, while the short straple is combed away. See Combing.

Car´da•mine , n. [L. cardamina, Gr. : cf. F. cardamine.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, containing the lady’s-smock, cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc.

Car´da•mom (kär´da•mum), n. [L. cardamomun, Gr. karda•mwmon] 1. The aromatic fruit, or capsule with its seeds, of several plants of the Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, and much used as a condiment, and in medicine. 2. (Bot.) A plant which produces cardamoms, esp. Elettaria Cardamomum and several species of Amomum.

Card´board (kärd´bord•), n. A stiff compact pasteboard of various qualities, for making cards, etc., often having a polished surface.

Card´case (kärd´kas•), n. A case for visiting cards.

Car´de•cu (kär´de•ku), n. [Corrupt, from F. quart d’ecu.] A quarter of a crown. [Obs.] “The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu.
Sir W. Scott.”

Card´er , n. One who, or that which cards wool flax, etc. Shak.

Car´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.] (Anat.) (a) The heart. (b) The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.

Car´di•ac , a. [L. cardiacus, Gr. , fr. heart: cf. F. cardiaque.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, resembling, or hear the heart; as the cardiac arteries; the cardiac, or left, end of the stomach. 2. (Med.) Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach; cordial; stimulant. Cardiac passion (Med.) cardialgia; heartburn. [Archaic] — Cardiac wheel. (Mach.) See Heart wheel.

Car´di•ac n. (Med.) A medicine which excites action in the stomach; a cardial.

Car•di´a•cal , a. Cardiac.

Car´di•a•cle , n. A pain about the heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´di•a•graph , n. See Cardiograph. { Car•di•al´gl•a , Car´di•al•gy } n. [NL. cardialgia, fr. Gr. ; heart + pain: cf. F. cardialgie.] (Med.) A burning or gnawing pain, or feeling of distress, referred to the region of the heart, accompanied with cardiac palpitation; heartburn. It is usually a symptom of indigestion.

Car´di•gan jack•et (#). [From the Earl of Cardigan, who was famous in the Crimean campaign of 1854- 55.] A warm jacket of knit worsted with or without sleeves.

Car´di•nal , a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo the hinge of a door, that on which a thing turns or depends: cf. F. cardinal.] Of fundamental importance; preëminent; superior; chief; principal. “The cardinal intersections of the zodiac.
Sir T. Browne.” “Impudence is now a cardinal virtue.
Drayton.” “But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye.
Shak.” Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. — Cardinal points (a) (Geol.) The four principal points of the compass, or intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle, north, south east, and west. (b) (Astrol.) The rising and setting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. — Cardinal signs (Astron.) Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. — Cardinal teeth (Zoöl.), the central teeth of bivalve shell. See Bivalve. — Cardinal veins (Anat.), the veins in vertebrate embryos, which run each side of the vertebral column and returm the blood to the heart. They remain through life in some fishes. — Cardinal virtues, preëminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. — Cardinal winds, winds which blow from the cardinal points due north, south, east, or west.

Car´di•nal, n. [F. carinal, It. cardinale, LL. cardinalis (ecclesiae Romanae). See Cardinal, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of the ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope’s council, or the sacred college. “The clerics of the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubtedly adhering more nearly to the hinge by which all things are moved.
Pope Leo IX.” The cardinals are appointed by the pope. Since the time of Sixtus V., their number can never exceed seventy (six of episcopal rank, fifty priests, fourteen deacons), and the number of cardinal priests and deacons is seldom full. When the papel chair is vacant a pope is elected by the college of cardinals from among themselves. The cardinals take precedence of all dignitaries except the pope. The principal parts of a cardinal’s costume are a red cassock, a rochet, a short purple mantle, and a red hat with a small crown and broad brim, with cords and tessels of a special pattern hanging from it. 2. A woman’s short cloak with a hood. “Where’s your cardinal! Make haste.
Lloyd.” 3. Mulled red wine. Hotten. Cardinal bird, or Cardinal grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American song bird (Cardinalis cardinalis, or C. Virginianus), of the family Fringillidae, or finches having a bright red plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. The males have loud and musical notes resembling those of a fife. Other related species are also called cardinal birds. — Cardinal flower (Bot.), an herbaceous plant (Lobelia cardinalis) bearing brilliant red flowers of much beauty. — Cardinal red, a color like that of a cardinal’s cassock, hat, etc.; a bright red, darker than scarlet, and between scarlet and crimson.

Car´di•nal•ate , n. [Cf. F. cardinalat, LL. cardinalatus.] The office, rank, or dignity of a cardinal.

Car´di•nal•ize , v. t. To exalt to the office of a cardinal. Sheldon.

Car´di•nal•ship, n. The condition, dignity, of office of a cardinal

Card´ing , a. 1. The act or process of preparing staple for spinning, etc., by carding it. See the Note under Card, v. t. 2. A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine. Carding engine, Carding machine, a machine for carding cotton, wool, or other fiber, by subjecting it to the action of cylinders, or drum covered with wire-toothed cards, revoling nearly in contact with each other, at different rates of speed, or in opposite directions. The staple issues in soft sheets, or in slender rolls called sivers.

Car´di•o•graph , n. [Gr. kardi•a heart + -graph.] (Med.) An instrument which, when placed in contact with the chest, will register graphically the comparative duration and intensity of the heart’s movements.

Car•di•o•graph´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to, or produced by, a cardiograph.

Car´di•oid , n. [Gr. kardio-eidh•s heart-shaped; kardi•a heart + e’i^dos shape.] (Math.) An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart.

Car•di•o•in•hib´i•to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Checking or arresting the heart’s action.

Car•di•ol´•gy , n. [Gr. kardi•a heart + -ology.] The science which treats of the heart and its functions.

Car•di•om´e•try , n. [Gr. heart + -metry.] (Med.) Measurement of the heart, as by percussion or auscultation.

Car•di•o•sphyg´mo•graph , n. A combination of cardiograph and sphygmograph.

Car•di´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kardi•a heart + -itis: cf. F. cardite.] (Med) Inflammation of the fleshy or muscular substance of the heart. See Endocarditis and Pericarditis. Dunglison.

Car´do (kär´do), n.; pl. Cardines (#).) [L., a hinge.] (Zoöl.) (a) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects. (b) The hinge of a bivalve shell.

Car´dol (kär´dol), n. [NL. Anacardium generic name of the cashew + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A yellow oily liquid, extracted from the shell of the cashew nut.

Car•doon´ (kär•doon´), n. [F. cardon. The same word as F. cardon thistle, fr. L. carduus, cardus, LL. cardo. See 3d Card.] (Bot.) A large herbaceous plant (Cynara Cardunculus) related to the artichoke; — used in cookery and as a salad.

Care (kâr), n. [AS. caru, cearu; akin to OS. kara sorrow, Goth. kara, OHG chara, lament, and perh. to Gr. gh^rys voice. Not akin to cure. Cf. Chary.] 1. A burdensome sense of responsibility; trouble caused by onerous duties; anxiety; concern; solicitude. “Care keeps his watch in every old man’s eye,
And where care lodges, sleep will never lie.
Shak.” 2. Charge, oversight, or management, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity. “The care of all the churches.
2 Cor. xi. 28.” “Him thy care must be to find.
Milton.” “Perplexed with a thousand cares.
Shak.” 3. Attention or heed; caution; regard; heedfulness; watchfulness; as take care; have a care. “I thank thee for thy care and honest pains.
Shak.” 4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety. “Right sorrowfully mourning her bereaved cares.
Spenser.” Syn. — Anxiety; solicitude; concern; caution; regard; management; direction; oversight. — Care, Anxiety, Solicitude, Concern. These words express mental pain in different degress. Care belongs primarily to the intellect, and becomes painful from overburdened thought. Anxiety denotes a state of distressing uneasiness fron the dread of evil. Solicitude expresses the same feeling in a diminished degree. Concern is opposed to indifference, and implies exercise of anxious thought more or less intense. We are careful about the means, solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicitous to obtain a good, anxious to avoid an evil.

Care, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cared p. pr. & vb. n. Caring.] [AS. cearian. See Care, n.] To be anxious or solicitous; to be concerned; to have regard or interest; — sometimes followed by an objective of measure. “I would not care a pin, if the other three were in.
Shak.” “Master, carest thou not that we perish?
Mark. iv. 38.” To care for. (a) To have under watchful attention; to take care of. (b) To have regard or affection for; to like or love. “He cared not for the affection of the house.
Tennyson.”

Ca•reen´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Careened p. pr. & vb. n. Careening.] [OF. cariner, F. carener, fr. OF. carène, the bottom of a ship, keel, fr. L. carina.] (Naut.) To cause (a vessel) to lean over so that she floats on one side, leaving the other side out of water and accessible for repairs below the water line; to case to be off the keel.

Ca•reen´ , v. i. To incline to one side, or lie over, as a ship when sailing on a wind; to be off the keel.

Ca•reen´age , n. [Cf. F. carenage.] (Naut.) (a) Expense of careening ships. (b) A place for careening.

Ca•reer´ , n. [F. carrière race course, high road, street, fr. L. carrus wagon. See Car.] 1. A race course: the ground run over. “To go back again the same career.
Sir P. Sidney.” 2. A running; full speed; a rapid course. “When a horse is running in his full career.
Wilkins.” 3. General course of action or conduct in life, or in a particular part or calling in life, or in some special undertaking; usually applied to course or conduct which is of a public character; as Washington’s career as a soldier. “An impartial view of his whole career.
Macaulay.” 4. (Falconry) The flight of a hawk.

Ca•reer´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Careered 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Careering] To move or run rapidly. “Careering gayly over the curling waves.
W. Irving.”

Care´ful (kâr´ful), a. [AS. cearful.] 1. Full of care; anxious; solicitous. [Archaic] “Be careful [Rev. Ver. ´anxious´] for nothing.
Phil. iv. 6.” “The careful plowman doubting stands.
Milton.” 2. Filling with care or solicitude; exposing to concern, anxiety, or trouble; painful. “The careful cold beginneth for to creep.
Spenser.” “By Him that raised me to this careful height.
Shak.” 3. Taking care; giving good heed; watchful; cautious; provident; not indifferent, heedless, or reckless; — often followed by of, for, or the infinitive; as careful of money; careful to do right. “Thou hast been careful for us with all this care.
2. Kings iv, 13.” “What could a careful father more have done?
Dryden.” Syn. — Anxious; solicitous; provident; thoughtful; cautious; circumspect; heedful; watchful; vigilant.

Care´ful•ly, adv. In a careful manner.

Care´ful•ness, n. Quality or state of being careful.

Care´less , a. [AS. cearleás.] 1. Free from care or anxiety. hence, cheerful; light-hearted. Spenser. “Sleep she as sound as careless infancy.
Shak.” 2. Having no care; not taking ordinary or proper care; negligent; unconcerned; heedless; inattentive; unmindful; regardless. “My brother was too careless of his charge.
Shak.” “He grew careless of himself.
Steele.” 3. Without thought or purpose; without due care; without attention to rule or system; unstudied; inconsiderate; spontaneous; rash; as a careless throw; a careless expression. “He framed the careless rhyme.
Beattie.” 4. Not receiving care; uncared for. [R.] “Their many wounds and careless harms.
Spenser.” Syn. — Negligent; heedless; thoughtless; unthinking; inattentive; incautious; remiss; supine; forgetful; regardless; inconsiderate; listless.

Care´less•ly, adv. In a careless manner.

Care´less•ness, n. The quality or state of being careless; heedlessness; negligence; inattention.

Ca•rene´ , n. [LL. carena, corrupted fr. quarentena. See Quarantine.] (Ecol.) A fast of forty days on bread and water. [Obs.]

Ca•ress´ (ka•res´), n. [F. caresse, It. carezza, LL. caritia dearness, fr. L. carus dear. See Charity.] An act of endearment; any act or expression of affection; an embracing, or touching, with tenderness. “Wooed her with his soft caresses.
Langfellow.” “He exerted himself to win by indulgence and caresses the hearts of all who were under his command.
Macaulay.”

Ca•ress´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caressed (-rest´); p. pr. & vb. n. Caressing.] [F. caresser, fr. It. carezzare, fr. carezza caress. See Caress., n.] To treat with tokens of fondness, affection, or kindness; to touch or speak to in a loving or endearing manner; to fondle. “The lady caresses the rough bloodhound.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — To fondle; embrace; pet; coddle; court; flatter. — Caress, Fondle. ´We caress by words or actions; we fondle by actions only.´ Crabb.

Ca•ress´ing•ly, adv. In caressing manner.

Ca´ret (ka´ret or kar´et), n. [L. caret there is wanting, fr. carere to want.] A mark [^] used by writers and proof readers to indicate that something is interlined above, or inserted in the margin, which belongs in the place marked by the caret.

Ca•ret´ , n. [F., a species of tortoise.] (Zoöl.) The hawkbill turtle. See Hawkbill.

Care´-tuned , a. Weary; mournful. Shak.

Care´worn , a. Worn or burdened with care; as careworn look or face.

Ca´rex , n. [L., sedge.] (Bot.) A numerous and widely distributed genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the order Cypreaceae; the sedges.

Carf (kärf), pret. of Carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´ga•son , n. [F. cargaison, Sp. cargazon, LL. cargare to load. See rgo.] A cargo. [Obs.]

Car´go , n.; pl. Cargoes (#). [Sp. cargo, carga, burden, load, from cargar to load, from cargar to load, charge, See Charge.] The lading or freight of a ship or other vessel; the goods, merchandise, or whatever is conveyed in a vessel or boat; load; freight. “Cargoes of food or clothing.
E. Everett.” The term cargo, in law, is usually applied to goods only, and not to live animals or persons. Burill.

Car´goose , n. [Perh. fr. Gael. & Ir. cir, cior (pronounced kir, kior), crest, comb + E. goose. Cf. Crebe.] (Zoöl.) A species of grebe (Podiceps crisratus); the crested grebe.

Ça•ri•a´ma (sä•re•a´ma), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, long-legged South American bird (Dicholophus cristatus) which preys upon snakes, etc. See Seriema.

Car´ib , n.; pl. Caries. [See Cannibal.] (Ethol.) A native of the Caribbee islands or the coasts of the Caribbean sea; esp., one of a tribe of Indians inhabiting a region of South America, north of the Amazon, and formerly most of the West India islands. { Car•ib•be´an , Car•ib•bee } a. Of or pertaining to the Caribs, to their islands (the eastern and southern West Indies), or to the sea (called the Caribbean sea) lying between those islands and Central America.

Car´ib•bee, n. A Carib.

Ca•ri´be , n. [Sp. a cannibal.] (Zoöl). A south American fresh water fish of the genus Serrasalmo of many species, remarkable for its voracity. When numerous they attack man or beast, often with fatal results.

Car´i•bou (kar´i•boo), n. [Canadian French.] (Zoöl.) The American reindeer, especially the common or woodland species (Rangifer Caribou). Barren Ground caribou. See under Barren. — Woodland caribou, the common reindeer (Rangifer Caribou) of the northern forests of America.

Car´i•ca•ture , n. [It. caricatura, fr. caricare to charge, overload, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.] 1. An exaggeration, or distortion by exaggeration, of parts or characteristics, as in a picture. 2. A picture or other figure or description in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so exaggerated as to appear ridiculous; a burlesque; a parody. [Formerly written caricatura.] “The truest likeness of the prince of French literature will be the one that has most of the look of a caricature.
I. Taylor.” “A grotesque caricature of virtue.
Macaulay.”

Car´i•ca•ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caricatured p. pr. & vb. n. Caricaturing.] To make or draw a caricature of; to represent with ridiculous exaggeration; to burlesque. “He could draw an ill face, or caricature a good one, with a masterly hand.
Lord Lyttelton.”

Car´i•ca•tu•rist , n. One who caricatures.

Car´i•cous , a. [L. carica a kind of dry fig.] Of the shape of a fig; as a caricous tumor. Graig.

Ca´ri•es , n.[L., decay.] (Med.) Ulceration of bone; a process in which bone disintegrates and is carried away piecemeal, as distinguished from necrosis, in which it dies in masses.

Car´il•lon , n. [F. carillon a chime of bells, originally consisting of four bells, as if fr.. (assumed) L. quadrilio, fr. quatuer four.] 1. (Mus.) A chime of bells diatonically tuned, played by clockwork or by finger keys. 2. A tune adapted to be played by musical bells.

Ca•ri´na , n. [L., keel.] 1. (Bot.) A keel. (a) That part of a papilionaceous flower, consisting of two petals, commonly united, which incloses the organs of fructification. (b) A longitudinal ridge or projection like the keel of a boat. 2. (Zoöl.) The keel of the breastbone of birds.

Car•i•na´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. carina keel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic heteropod Mollusca, having a thin, glassy, bonnet-shaped shell, which covers only the nucleus and gills.

Car•i•na´tae , n. pl. [NL., Fem. pl. fr. L. carinatus. See Carinate.] A grand division of birds, including all existing flying birds; — So called from the carina or keel on the breastbone. { Car´i•nate , Car´i•na•ted } a. [L. carinatus, fr. carina keel.] Shaped like the keel or prow of a ship; having a carina or keel; as a carinate calyx or leaf; a carinate sternum (of a bird).

Car´i•ole , n. [F. carriole, dim. fr. L. carrus. See Car, and Carryall.] (a) A small, light, open one-horse carriage. (b) A covered cart. (c) A kind of calash. See Carryall.

Car•i•op´sis , n. See Caryopsis.

Ca•ri•os´i•ty , n. (Med.) Caries.

Ca´ri•ous , a. [L. cariosus, fr. caries dacay.] Affected with caries; decaying; as a carious tooth.

Cark (kärk), n. [OE. cark, fr. a dialectic form of F. charge; cf. W. carc anxiety, care, Arm karg charge, burden. See Charge, and cf. Cargo.] A noxious or corroding care; solicitude; worry. [Archaic.] “His heavy head, devoid of careful cark.
Spenser.” “Fling cark and care aside.
Motherwell.” “Freedom from the cares of money and the cark of fashion.
R. D. Blackmore.”

Cark (kärk), v. i. To be careful, anxious, solicitous, or troubled in mind; to worry or grieve. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Cark, v. t. To vex; to worry; to make by anxious care or worry. [R.] “Nor can a man, independently … of God’s blessing, care and cark himself one penny richer.
South.”

Car´ka•net , n. A carcanet. Southey.

Cark´ing , a. Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as carking cares.

Carl , n. [Icel, karl a male, a man; akin to AS. ceorl, OHG. charal, G. kerl fellow. See Churl.] [Written also carle.] 1. A rude, rustic man; a churl. “The miller was a stout carl.
Chaucer.” 2. Large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; — called also carl hemp. 3. pl. A kind of food. See citation, below. “Caring or carl are gray steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat. They are eaten on the second Sunday before Easter, formerly called Carl Sunday.
Robinson’s Whitby Glossary (1875).”

Car´lin , n. [Dim., fr. carl male.] An old woman. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] { Car´line , Car´o•line }, n. [F. carin; cf. It. carlino; — so called from Carlo (Charles) VI. of Naples.] A silver coin once current in some parts of Italy, worth about seven cents. Simmonds. { Car´line , Car´ling } n. [Cf. F. carlingur, Sp. Pg., & It. carlinga.] (Naut.) A short timber running lengthwise of a ship, from one transverse desk beam to another; also one of the cross timbers that strengthen a hath; — usually in pl.

Car´line this•tle [F. carline, It., Sp., & Pg., carlina. Said to be so called from the Emperor Charlemagne, whose army is reputed to have used it as a remedy for pestilence.] (Bot.) A prickly plant of the genus Carlina (C. vulgaris), found in Europe and Asia.

Car´lings , n. pl. Same as Carl, 3. Carling Sunday, a Sunday in Lent when carls are eaten. In some parts of England, Passion Sunday. See Carl, 4.

Car´list (kär´list), n. A partisan of Charles X. of France, or of Don Carlos of Spain.

Car´lock , n. [F. carlock, fr. Russ. Karlúk’.] A sort of Russian isinglass, made from the air bladder of the sturgeon, and used in clarifying wine.

Car´lot , n. [From Carl.] A churl; a boor; a peasant or countryman. [Obs.] Shak.

Car•lo•vin´gi•an , a. [F. Carlovingen.] Pertaining to, founded by, of descended from, Charlemagne; as the Carlovingian race of kings.

Car•ma•gnole´ , n. [F.] 1. A popular or Red Rebublican song and dance, of the time of the first French Revolution. “They danced and yelled the carmagnole.
Compton Reade.” 2. A bombastic report from the French armies.

Car´man , n.; pl. Carmen A man whose employment is to drive, or to convey goods in, a car or car. { Car´mel•ite , Car´mel•in } a. Of or pertaining to the order of Carmelites.

Car´mel•ite , n. 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A friar of a mendicant order (the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel) established on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the twelfth century; a White Friar. 2. A nun of the Order of Our lady of Mount Carmel.

Car´mi•na•ted , a. Of, relating to, or mixed with, carmine; as carminated lake. Tomlinson.

Car•min´ative , a. [NL. carminativus (1622), fr. carminare to card, hence to cleanse, fr. carmen a card for freeing wool or flax from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter: cf. F. carminatif.] Expelling wind from the body; warming; antispasmodic. ´Carminative hot seeds.´ Dunglison.

Car•min´a•tive, n. A substance, esp. an aromatic, which tends to expel wind from the alimentary canal, or to relieve colic, griping, or flatulence.

Car´mine , n. [F. carmin (cf. Sp. carmin, It. carminio), contr. from LL. carmesinus purple color. See Crimson.] 1. A rich red or crimson color with a shade of purple. 2. A beautiful pigment, or a lake, of this color, prepared from cochineal, and used in miniature painting. 3. (Chem.) The essential coloring principle of cochineal, extracted as a purple-red amorphous mass. It is a glucoside and possesses acid properties; — hence called also carminic acid. Carmine red (Chem.), a coloring matter obtained from carmine as a purple-red substance, and probably allied to the phthaleïns.

Car•min´ic , a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, carmine. Carminic acid. Same as Carmine, 3.

Car´mot , n. (Alchemy) The matter of which the philosopher’s stone was believed to be composed.

Car´nage , n. [F. carnage, LL. carnaticum tribute of animals, flesh of animals, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. Flesh of slain animals or men. “A miltitude of dogs came to feast on the carnage.
Macaulay.” 2. Great destruction of life, as in battle; bloodshed; slaughter; massacre; murder; havoc. “The more fearful carnage of the Bloody Circuit.
Macaulay.”

Car´nal , a. [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, flesh; akin to Gr. , Skr. kravya; cf. F. charnel, Of. also carnel. Cf. Charnel.] 1. Of or pertaining to the body or its appetites; animal; fleshly; sensual; given to sensual indulgence; lustful; human or worldly as opposed to spiritual. “For ye are yet carnal.
1 Cor. iii. 3.” “Not sunk in carnal pleasure.
Milton” “Carnal desires after miracles.
Trench.” 2. Flesh-devouring; cruel; ravenous; bloody. [Obs.] “This carnal cur
Preys on the issue of his mother’s body.
Shak.” Carnal knowledge, sexual intercourse; — used especially of an unlawful act on the part of the man.

Car´nal•ism , n. The state of being carnal; carnality; sensualism. [R.]

Car´nal•ist , n. A sensualist. Burton.

Car•nal´i•ty , n. [L. carnalitas.] The state of being carnal; fleshly lust, or the indulgence of lust; grossness of mind. “Because of the carnality of their hearts.
Tillotson.”

Car´nal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carnalized p. pr. & vb. n. Carnalizing.] To make carnal; to debase to carnality. “A sensual and carnalized spirit.
John Scott.”

Car´nal•lite , n. [G. carnallit, fr. Von Carnall, a Prussian.] (Min.) A hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium, sometimes found associated with deposits of rock salt.

Car´nal•ly , adv. According to the flesh, to the world, or to human nature; in a manner to gratify animal appetites and lusts; sensually. “For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace.
Rom. viii. 6.”

Car´nal-mind•ed , a. Worldly-minded.

Car´nal-mind´ed•ness, n. Grossness of mind.

Car´na•ry , n. [L. carnarium, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] A vault or crypt in connection with a church, used as a repository for human bones disintered from their original burial places; a charnel house.

Car•nas´si•al , a. [Cf. F. carnassier carnivorous, and L. caro, carnis, flesh.] (Anat.) Adapted to eating flesh. — n. A carnassial tooth; especially, the last premolar in many carnivores.

Car´nate , a. [L. carnatus fleshy.] Invested with, or embodied in, flesh.

Car•na´tion , n. [F. carnation the flesh tints in a painting, It carnagione, fr. L. carnatio fleshiness, fr. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. The natural color of flesh; rosy pink. “Her complexion of the delicate carnation.
Ld. Lytton.” 2. pl. (Paint.) Those parts of a picture in which the human body or any part of it is represented in full color; the flesh tints. “The flesh tints in painting are termed carnations.
Fairholt.” 3. (Bot.) A species of Dianthus (D. Caryophyllus) or pink, having very beautiful flowers of various colors, esp. white and usually a rich, spicy scent.

Car•na´tioned , a. Having a flesh color.

Car•nau´ba , n. (Bot.) The Brazilian wax palm. See Wax palm.

Car•nel´ian , n. [For carnelian; influenced by L. carneus fleshy, of flesh, because of its flesh red color. See Cornellan.] (Min.) A variety of chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, flesh red, or reddish white color. It is moderately hard, capable of a good polish, and often used for seals.

Car´ne•ous , a. [L. carneus, from caro, carnis, flesh.] Consisting of, or like, flesh; carnous; fleshy. ´Carneous fibers.´ Ray.

Car´ney , n. [Cf. L. carneus flesh.] (Far.) A disease of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that the afflicted animal can not eat.

Car´ni•fex , n. [L., fr. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make.] (Antiq.) The public executioner at Rome, who executed persons of the lowest rank; hence, an executioner or hangman.

Car•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. carnification.] The act or process of turning to flesh, or to a substance resembling flesh.

Car´ni•fy , v. i. [LL. carnificare, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make: cf. F. carnifier.] To form flesh; to become like flesh. Sir M. Hale.

Car´nin , n. [L. caro, canis , flesh.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, found in extract of meat, and related to xanthin.

Car´ni•val , n. [It. carnevale, prob. for older carnelevale, prop., the putting away of meat; fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + levare to take away, lift up, fr. levis light.] 1. A festival celebrated with merriment and revelry in Roman Gatholic countries during the week before Lent, esp. at Rome and Naples, during a few days (three to ten) before Lent, ending with Shrove Tuesday. “The carnival at Venice is everywhere talked of.
Addison.” 2. Any merrymaking, feasting, or masquerading, especially when overstepping the bounds of decorum; a time of riotous excess. Tennyson. “He saw the lean dogs beneath the wall
Hold o’er the dead their carnival
Byron.”

Car•niv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. carnivorus. See Carnivorous.] (Zoöl.) An order of Mammallia including the lion, tiger, wolf bear, seal, etc. They are adapted by their structure to feed upon flesh, though some of them, as the bears, also eat vegetable food. The teeth are large and sharp, suitable for cutting flesh, and the jaws powerful.

Car•niv•o•rac´i•ty , n. Greediness of appetite for flesh. [Sportive.] Pope.

Car•ni•vore , n. [Cf. F. carnivore.] (Zoöl.) One of the Carnivora.

Car•niv´o•rous , a. [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, flesh + varare to devour.] Eating or feeding on flesh. The term is applied: (a) to animals which naturally seek flesh for food, as the tiger, dog, etc.; (b) to plants which are supposed to absorb animal food; (c) to substances which destroy animal tissue, as caustics. { Car•nose , Car´•nous } , a. [L. carnosus, fr. caro, carnis, flesh: cf. OF. carneux, F. charneux.] 1. Of or pertaining to flesh; fleshy. “A distinct carnose muscle.
Ray.” 2. (Bot.) Of a fleshy consistence; — applied to succulent leaves, stems, etc.

Car•nos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. carnosite.] 1. (Med.) A fleshy excrescence; esp. a small excrescence or fungous growth. Wiseman. 2. Fleshy substance or quality; fleshy covering. “[Consciences] overgrown with so hard a carnosity.
Spelman.” “The olives, indeed be very small there, and bigger than capers; yet commended they are for their carnosity.
Holland.”

Car´ob , n. [Cf. F. caroube fruit of the carob tree, Sp. garrobo, al-garrobo, carob tree, fr. Ar. kharrub, Per. Kharnub. Cf. Clgaroba.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen leguminous tree (Ceratania Siliqua) found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean; the St. John’s bread; — called also carob tree. 2. One of the long, sweet, succulent, pods of the carob tree, which are used as food for animals and sometimes eaten by man; — called also St. John’s bread, carob bean, and algaroba bean.

Ca•roche´ , n. [OF. carrache, F. carrose from It. carrocio, carrozza, fr. carro, L. carus. See Car.] A kind of pleasure carriage; a coach. [Obs.] “To mount two-wheeled caroches.
Butler.”

Ca•roched´ , a. Placed in a caroche. [Obs.] “Beggary rides caroched.
Massenger.”

Car´oigne , n. [See Carrion.] Dead body; carrion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´ol , n. [OF. carole a kind of dance wherein many dance together, fr. caroler to dance; perh. from Celtic; cf. Armor. koroll, n., korolla, korolli, v., Ir. car music, turn, circular motion, also L. choraula a flute player, charus a dance, chorus, choir.] 1. A round dance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A song of joy, exultation, or mirth; a lay. “The costly feast, the carol, and the dance.
Dryden” “It was the carol of a bird.
Byron.” 3. A song of praise of devotion; as a Christmas or Easter carol. “Heard a carol, mournful, holy.
Tennyson.” “In the darkness sing your carol of high praise.
Keble.” 4. Joyful music, as of a song. “I heard the bells on Christmans Day
Their old, familiar carol play.
Longfellow.”

Car´ol , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caroled , or Carolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caroling, or Carolling.] 1. To praise or celebrate in song. “The Shepherds at their festivals
Carol her goodness.
Milton.” 2. To sing, especially with joyful notes. “Hovering swans … carol sounds harmonious.
Prior.”

Car´ol, v. i. To sing; esp. to sing joyfully; to warble. “And carol of love’s high praise.
Spenser.” “The gray linnets carol from the hill.
Beattie.” { Car´ol , Car´rol }, n. [OF. carole a sort of circular space, or carol.] (Arch.) A small closet or inclosure built against a window on the inner side, to sit in for study. The word was used as late as the 16th century. “A bay window may thus be called a carol.
Parker.”

Car´o•lin , n. [L. Carolus Charles.] A former gold coin of Germany worth nearly five dollars; also a gold coin of Sweden worth nearly five dollars.

Car•o•li´na pink (Bot.) See Pinkboot.

Car´o•line , n. A coin. See Carline.

Car´ol•ing , n. A song of joy or devotion; a singing, as of carols. Coleridge. “Such heavenly notes and carolings.
Spenser.”

Car•o•lin´i•an , n. A native or inhabitant of north or South Carolina.

Car•o•lit´ic , a. (Arch.) Adorned with sculptured leaves and branches.

Car´o•lus , n.; pl. E. Caroluses (#), L. Caroli (#). [L., Charles.] An English gold coin of the value of twenty or twenty-three shillings. It was first struck in the reign of Charles I. “Told down the crowns and Caroluses.
Macawlay.”

Car´om , n. [Prob. corrupted fr. F. carumboler to carom, carambolage a carom, carambole the red ball in billiards.] (Billiards) A shot in which the ball struck with the cue comes in contact with two or more balls on the table; a hitting of two or more balls with the player’s ball. In England it is called cannon.

Car´om, v. i. (Billiards) To make a carom.

Car´o•mel , n. See Caramel.

Car•o•teel´ , n. (Com.) A tierce or cask for dried fruits, etc., usually about 700 lbs. Simmonds.

Ca•rot´ic , a. [Gr. stupefying. See Carotid.] 1. Of or pertaining to stupor; as a carotic state. 2. (Anat.) Carotid; as the carotic arteries.

Ca•rot´id , n. [Gr. , pl., from heavy sleep: cf. F. carotide. The early Greeks believed that these arteries in some way caused drowsiness.] (Anat.) One of the two main arteries of the neck, by which blood is conveyed from the aorta to the head. [See Illust. of Aorta.] { Ca•rot´id , Ca•rot´id•al } a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or near, the carotids or one of them; as the carotid gland.

Ca•ro´tin , n. (Chem.) A red crystallizable tasteless substance, extracted from the carrot.

Ca•rous´al , n. [See Carouse, but also cf. F. carrousel tilt.] A jovial feast or festival; a drunken revel; a carouse. “The swains were preparing for a carousal.
Sterne.” Syn. — Banquet; revel; orgie; carouse. See Feast.

Ca•rouse´ (ka•rouz´), n. [F. carrousse, earlier carous, fr. G. garaus finishing stroke, the entire emptying of the cup in drinking a health; gar entirely + aus out. See Yare, and Out.] 1. A large draught of liquor. [Obs.] ´A full carouse of sack.´ Sir J. Davies. “Drink carouses to the next day’s fate.
Shak.” 2. A drinking match; a carousal. “The early feast and late carouse.
Pope.”

Ca•rouse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caroused p. pr. & vb. n. Carousing.] To drink deeply or freely in compliment; to take part in a carousal; to engage in drunken revels. “He had been aboard, carousing to his mates.
Shak.”

Ca•rouse´ v. t. To drink up; to drain; to drink freely or jovially. [Archaic] “Guests carouse the sparkling tears of the rich grape.
Denham.” “Egypt’s wanton queen,
Carousing gems, herself dissolved in love.
Young.”

Ca•rous´er , n. One who carouses; a reveler.

Ca•rous´ing, a. That carouses; relating to a carouse.

Ca•rous´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of a carouser.

Carp (kärp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carped (kärpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Carping.] [OE. carpen to say, speak; from Scand. (cf. Icel. karpa to boast), but influenced later by L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.] 1. To talk; to speak; to prattle. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To find fault; to cavil; to censure words or actions without reason or ill-naturedly; — usually followed by at. “Carping and caviling at faults of manner.
Blackw. Mag.” “And at my actions carp or catch.
Herbert.”

Carp, v. t. 1. To say; to tell. [Obs.] 2. To find fault with; to censure. [Obs.] Dryden.

Carp, n.; pl. Carp, formerly Carps. [Cf. Icel. karfi, Dan. karpe, Sw. karp, OHG. charpho, G. karpfen, F. carpe, LL. carpa.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water herbivorous fish (Cyprinus carpio.). Several other species of Cyprinus, Catla, and Carassius are called carp. See Cruclan carp. The carp was originally from Asia, whence it was early introduced into Europe, where it is extensively reared in artificial ponds. Within a few years it has been introduced into America, and widely distributed by the government. Domestication has produced several varieties, as the leather carp, which is nearly or quite destitute of scales, and the mirror carp, which has only a few large scales. Intermediate varieties occur. Carp louse (Zoöl.), a small crustacean, of the genus Argulus, parasitic on carp and allied fishes. See Branchiura. — Carp mullet (Zoöl.), a fish (Moxostoma carpio) of the Ohio River and Great Lakes, allied to the suckers. — Carp sucker (Zoöl.), a name given to several species of fresh-water fishes of the genus Carpiodes in the United States; - - called also quillback.

Car´pal , a. [From Carpus.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. — n. One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; a carpale. Carpal angle (Zoöl.), the angle at the last joint of the folded wing of a bird.

Car•pa´le , n.; pl. Carpalia (#). [NL., fr. E. carpus.] (Anat.) One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; esp. one of the series articulating with the metacarpals.

Car•pa´thi•an , a. Of or pertaining to a range of mountains in Austro-Hungary, called the Carpathians, which partially inclose Hungary on the north, east, and south. { Car´pel (kär´pel), Car•pel´lum (-pel´lum), } n. [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) A simple pistil or single-celled ovary or seed vessel, or one of the parts of a compound pistil, ovary, or seed vessel. See Illust of Carpaphore.

Car´pel•la•ry , a. (Bot.) Belonging to, forming, or containing carpels.

Car´pen•ter , n. [OF. carpentier, F. charpentier, LL. carpentarius, fr. L. carpentum wagon, carriage.] An artificer who works in timber; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. Syn. — Carpenter, Joiner. The carpenter frames and puts together roofs, partitions, floors, and other structural parts of a building. The joiner supplies stairs, doors shutters, mantelpieces, cupboards, and other parts necessary to finishing the building. In America the two trades are commonly united. Carpenter ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gnaws galleries in the wood of trees and constructs its nests therein. They usually select dead or somewhat decayed wood. The common large American species is Formica Pennsylvanica. — Carpenter bee (Zoöl.), a large hymenopterous insect of the genus Xylocopa; — so called because it constructs its nest by gnawing long galleries in sound timber. The common American species is Xylocopa Virginica.

Car´pen•ter•ing, n. The occupation or work of a carpenter; the act of working in timber; carpentry.

Car´pen•try , n. [F. charpenterie, OF. also carpenterie. See Carpenter.] 1. The art of cutting, framing, and joining timber, as in the construction of buildings. 2. An assemblage of pieces of timber connected by being framed together, as the pieces of a roof, floor, etc.; work done by a carpenter.

Carp´er , n. One who carps; a caviler. Shak.

Car´pet (kär´pet), n. [OF. carpite rug, soft of cloth, F. carpette coarse packing cloth, rug (cf. It. carpita rug, blanket), LL. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, fr. L. carpere to pluck, to card (wool); cf. Gr. karpo•s fruit, E. Harvest.] 1. A heavy woven or felted fabric, usually of wool, but also of cotton, hemp, straw, etc.; esp. a floor covering made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor, as distinguished from a rug or mat; originally, also a wrought cover for tables. “Tables and beds covered with copes instead of carpets and coverlets.
T. Fuller.” 2. A smooth soft covering resembling or suggesting a carpet. ´The grassy carpet of this plain.´ Shak. Carpet beetle or Carpet bug (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Anthrenus scrophulariae), which, in the larval state, does great damage to carpets and other woolen goods; — also called buffalo bug. — Carpet knight. (a) A knight who enjoys ease and security, or luxury, and has not known the hardships of the field; a hero of the drawing room; an effeminate person. Shak. (b) One made a knight, for some other than military distinction or service. — Carpet moth (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect which feeds on carpets and other woolen goods. There are several kinds. Some are the larvae of species of Tinea (as T. tapetzella); others of beetles, esp. Anthrenus. — Carpet snake (Zoöl.), an Australian snake. See Diamond snake, under Diamond. — Carpet sweeper, an apparatus or device for sweeping carpets. — To be on the carpet, to be under consideration; to be the subject of deliberation; to be in sight; — an expression derived from the use of carpets as table cover. — Brussels carpet. See under Brussels.

Car´pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carpeting.] To cover with, or as with, a carpet; to spread with carpets; to furnish with a carpet or carpets. “Carpeted temples in fashionable squares.
E. Everett.”

Car´pet•bag , n. A portable bag for travelers; — so called because originally made of carpet.

Car´pet•bag•ger , n. An adventurer; — a term of contempt for a Northern man seeking private gain or political advancement in the southern part of the United States after the Civil War (1865). [U. S.]

Car´pet•ing, n. 1. The act of covering with carpets. 2. Cloth or materials for carpets; carpets, in general. “The floor was covered with rich carpeting.
Prescott.”

Car´pet•less, a. Without a carpet.

Car´pet•mon•ger , n. 1. One who deals in carpets; a buyer and seller of carpets. 2. One fond of pleasure; a gallant. Shak.

Car´pet•way , n. (Agric.) A border of greensward left round the margin of a plowed field. Ray.

Car•phol´o•gy (kär•fol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ka•rfos any small dry body + -logy: cf. F. carphologie.] (Med.) See Floccillation.

Carp´ing (kärp´ing), a. Fault-finding; censorious caviling. See Captious. — Carp´ing•ly, adv.

Car•pin•te´ro (kär•pen•ta´ro), n. [Sp., a carpenter, a woodpecker.] A california woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), noted for its habit of inserting acorns in holes which it drills in trees. The acorns become infested by insect larvae, which, when grown, are extracted for food by the bird.

Car•po•gen´ic (kär•po•jen´ik), a. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + - gen.] (Bot.) Productive of fruit, or causing fruit to be developed.

Car´po•lite (kär´po•lit), n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + - lite, cf. F. carpolithe.] A general term for a fossil fruit, nut, or seed.

Car•po•log´i•cal , a. Of or pertaining to carpology.

Car•pol´o•gist , n. One who describes fruits; one versed in carpology.

Car•pol´o•gy , n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + -logy.] That branch of botany which relates to the structure of seeds and fruit.

Car•poph´a•gous , a. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + to eat.] Living on fruits; fruit-consuming.

Car´po•phore , n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + to bear.] (Bot.) A slender prolongation of the receptacle as an axis between the carpels, as in Geranium and many umbelliferous plants.

Car´po•phyll , n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + leaf.] (Bot.) A leaf converted into a fruit or a constituent portion of a fruit; a carpel. [See Illust. of Gymnospermous.]

Car´po•phyte (kär´po•lit), n. [Gr. karpo•s fruit + fyto•n plant.] (Bot.) A flowerless plant which forms a true fruit as the result of fertilization, as the red seaweeds, the Ascomycetes, etc. The division of algae and fungi into four classes called Carpophytes, Oöphytes, Protophytes, and Zygophytes (or Carposporeae, Oösporeae, Protophyta, and Zygosporeae) was proposed by Sachs about 1875.

Car´po•spore , n. [Gr. karpo•s + -spore.] (Bot.) A kind of spore formed in the conceptacles of red algae. — Car•po•spor´ic , a.

Car´pus (kär´pus), n.; pl. Carpi (- pi). [NL., fr. Gr. karpo•s wrist.] (Anat.) The wrist; the bones or cartilages between the forearm, or antibrachium, and the hand or forefoot; in man, consisting of eight short bones disposed in two rows.

Car´rack , n. See Carack. { Car´ra•geen• , Car´ri•geen• }, n. A small, purplish, branching, cartilaginous seaweed (Chondrus crispus), which, when bleached, is the Irish moss of commerce. [Also written carragheen, carageen.]

Car•ran´cha , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Brazilian kite (Polyborus Brasiliensis); — so called in imitation of its notes.

Car´ra•way , n. See Caraway.

Car´rel , n. See Quarrel, an arrow.

Car´rel, n. (Arch.) Same as 4th Carol.

Car´ri•a•ble , a. Capable of being carried.

Car´riage , n. [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, chariage carriage, cart, baggage, F. charriage, cartage, wagoning, fr. OF. carier, charier, F. charrier, to cart. See Carry.] 1. That which is carried; burden; baggage. [Obs.] “David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage.
1. Sam. xvii. 22.” “And after those days we took up our carriages and went up to Jerusalem.
Acts. xxi. 15.” 2. The act of carrying, transporting, or conveying. “Nine days employed in carriage.
Chapman.” 3. The price or expense of carrying. 4. That which carries of conveys, as: (a) A wheeled vehicle for persons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort. (b) A wheeled vehicle carrying a fixed burden, as a gun carriage. (c) A part of a machine which moves and carries of supports some other moving object or part. (d) A frame or cage in which something is carried or supported; as a bell carriage. 5. The manner of carrying one’s self; behavior; bearing; deportment; personal manners. “His gallant carriage all the rest did grace.
Stirling.” 6. The act or manner of conducting measures or projects; management. “The passage and whole carriage of this action.
Shak.” Carriage horse, a horse kept for drawing a carriage. — Carriage porch (Arch.), a canopy or roofed pavilion covering the driveway at the entrance to any building. It is intended as a shelter for those who alight from vehicles at the door; — sometimes erroneously called in the United States porte- cochère.

Car´riage•a•ble , a. Passable by carriages; that can be conveyed in carriages. [R.] Ruskin.

Car´ri•boo , n. See Caribou.

Car´rick , n. (Naut.) A carack. See Carack. Carrick bend (Naut.), a kind of knot, used for bending together hawsers or other ropes. — Carrick bitts (Naut.), the bitts which support the windlass. Totten.

Car´ri•er , n. [From Carry.] 1. One who, or that which, carries or conveys; a messenger. “The air which is but … a carrier of the sounds.
Bacon.” 2. One who is employed, or makes it his business, to carry goods for others for hire; a porter; a teamster. “The roads are crowded with carriers, laden with rich manufactures.
Swift.” 3. (Mach.) That which drives or carries; as: (a) A piece which communicates to an object in a lathe the motion of the face plate; a lathe dog. (b) A spool holder or bobbin holder in a braiding machine. (c) A movable piece in magazine guns which transfers the cartridge to a position from which it can be thrust into the barrel. Carrier pigeon (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic pigeon used to convey letters from a distant point to to its home. — Carrier shell (Zoöl.), a univalve shell of the genus Phorus; — so called because it fastens bits of stones and broken shells to its own shell, to such an extent as almost to conceal it. — Common carrier (Law.) See under Common, a.

Car´ri•on , n. [OE. caroyne, OF. caroigne, F. charogne, LL. caronia, fr. L. caro flesh Cf. Crone, Crony.] 1. The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal; flesh so corrupted as to be unfit for food. “They did eat the dead carrions.
Spenser.” 2. A contemptible or worthless person; — a term of reproach. [Obs.] ´Old feeble carrions.´ Shak.

Car´ri•on, a. Of or pertaining to dead and putrefying carcasses; feeding on carrion. “A prey for carrion kites.
Shak.” Carrion beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle that feeds habitually on dead animals; — also called sexton beetle and burying beetle. There are many kinds, belonging mostly to the family Silphidae. — Carrion buzzard (Zoöl.), a South American bird of several species and genera (as Ibycter, Milvago, and Polyborus), which act as scavengers. See Caracara. — Carrion crow, the common European crow (Corvus corone) which feeds on carrion, insects, fruits, and seeds.

Car´rol , n. (Arch.) See 4th Carol.

Car´rom , n. (Billiards) See Carom.

Car•ron•ade , n. [From Carron, in Scotland where it was first made.] (Med.) A kind of short cannon, formerly in use, designed to throw a large projectile with small velocity, used for the purpose of breaking or smashing in, rather than piercing, the object aimed at, as the side of a ship. It has no trunnions, but is supported on its carriage by a bolt passing through a loop on its under side.

Car´ron oil A lotion of linseed oil and lime water, used as an application to burns and scalds; — first used at the Carron iron works in Scotland.

Car´rot , n. [F. carotte, fr. L. carota; cf. Gr. ] 1. (Bot.) An umbelliferous biennial plant (Daucus Carota), of many varieties. 2. The esculent root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped, and of a reddish yellow color.

Car´rot•y, a. Like a carrot in color or in taste; — an epithet given to reddish yellow hair, etc.

Car´row , n. [Ir & Gael. carach cunning.] A strolling gamester. [Ireland] Spenser.

Car´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carried p. pr. & vb. n. Carrying.] [OF. carier, charier, F. carrier, to cart, from OF. car, char, F. car, car. See Car.] 1. To convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; to bear; — often with away or off. “When he dieth he small carry nothing away.
Ps. xiix. 17.” “Devout men carried Stephen to his burial.
Acts viii, 2.” “Another carried the intelligence to Russell.
Macaulay.” “The sound will be carried, at the least, twenty miles.
Bacon.” 2. To have or hold as a burden, while moving from place to place; to have upon or about one’s person; to bear; as to carry a wound; to carry an unborn child. “If the ideas … were carried along with us in our minds.
Locke.” 3. To move; to convey by force; to impel; to conduct; to lead or guide. “Go, carry Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet.
Shak.” “He carried away all his cattle.
Gen. xxxi. 18.” “Passion and revenge will carry them too far.
Locke.” 4. To transfer from one place (as a country, book, or column) to another; as to carry the war from Greece into Asia; to carry an account to the ledger; to carry a number in adding figures. 5. To convey by extension or continuance; to extend; as to carry the chimney through the roof; to carry a road ten miles farther. 6. To bear or uphold successfully through conflict, as a leader or principle; hence, to succeed in, as in a contest; to bring to a successful issue; to win; as to carry an election. ´The greater part carries it.´ Shak. “The carrying of our main point.
Addison.” 7. To get possession of by force; to capture. “The town would have been carried in the end.
Bacon.” 8. To contain; to comprise; to bear the aspect of ; to show or exhibit; to imply. “He thought it carried something of argument in it.
Watts.” “It carries too great an imputation of ignorance.
Lacke.” 9. To bear (one’s self); to behave, to conduct or demean; — with the reflexive pronouns. “He carried himself so insolently in the house, and out of the house, to all persons, that he became odious.
Clarendon.” 10. To bear the charges or burden of holding or having, as stocks, merchandise, etc., from one time to another; as a merchant is carrying a large stock; a farm carries a mortgage; a broker carries stock for a customer; to carry a life insurance. Carry arms (Mil. Drill), a command of the Manual of Arms directing the soldier to hold his piece in the right hand, the barrel resting against the hollow of the shoulder in a nearly perpendicular position. In this position the soldier is said to stand, and the musket to be held, at carry. — To carry all before one, to overcome all obstacles; to have uninterrupted success. — To carry arms (a) To bear weapons. (b) To serve as a soldier. — To carry away. (a) (Naut.) to break off; to lose; as to carry away a fore-topmast. (b) To take possession of the mind; to charm; to delude; as to be carried by music, or by temptation. — To carry coals, to bear indignities tamely, a phrase used by early dramatists, perhaps from the mean nature of the occupation. Halliwell. — To carry coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where they already abound; to lose one’s labor. - - To carry off (a) To remove to a distance. (b) To bear away as from the power or grasp of others. (c) To remove from life; as the plague carried off thousands. — To carry on (a) To carry farther; to advance, or help forward; to continue; as to carry on a design. (b) To manage, conduct, or prosecute; as to carry on husbandry or trade. — To carry out. (a) To bear from within. (b) To put into execution; to bring to a successful issue. (c) To sustain to the end; to continue to the end. — To carry through. (a) To convey through the midst of. (b) To support to the end; to sustain, or keep from falling, or being subdued. ´Grace will carry us … through all difficulties.´ Hammond. (c) To complete; to bring to a successful issue; to succeed. — To carry up, to convey or extend in an upward course or direction; to build. — To carry weight. (a) To be handicapped; to have an extra burden, as when one rides or runs. ´He carries weight, he rides a race´ Cowper. (b) To have influence.

Car´ry, v. i. 1. To act as a bearer; to convey anything; as to fetch and carry. 2. To have propulsive power; to propel; as a gun or mortar carries well. 3. To hold the head; — said of a horse; as to carry well i. e., to hold the head high, with arching neck. 4. (Hunting) To have earth or frost stick to the feet when running, as a hare. Johnson. To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude, or romping manner. [Colloq.]

Car´ry , n.; pl. Carries (#). A tract of land, over which boats or goods are carried between two bodies of navigable water; a carrying place; a portage. [U.S.]

Car´ry•all , n. [Corrupted fr. cariole.] A light covered carriage, having four wheels and seats for four or more persons, usually drawn by one horse.

Car´ry•ing, n. The act or business of transporting from one place to another. Carrying place, a carry; a portage. — Carrying trade, the business of transporting goods, etc., from one place or country to another by water or land; freighting. “We are rivals with them in … the carrying trade.
Jay.”

Car´ryk , n. A carack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car´ry•tale , n. A talebearer. [R.] Shak.

Carse , n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. cars bog, fen. carsen reed, Armor. kars, korsen, bog plant, reed.] Low, fertile land; a river valley. [Scot.] Jomieson.

Cart , n. [AS. craet; cf. W. cart, Ir. & Gael. cairt, or Icel. kartr. Cf. Car.] 1. A common name for various kinds of vehicles, as a Scythian dwelling on wheels, or a chariot. ´Phœbus’ cart.´ Shak. 2. A two-wheeled vehicle for the ordinary purposes of husbandry, or for transporting bulky and heavy articles. “Packing all his goods in one poor cart.
Dryden.” 3. A light business wagon used by bakers, grocerymen, butchers, etc. 4. An open two-wheeled pleasure carriage. Cart horse, a horse which draws a cart; a horse bred or used for drawing heavy loads. — Cart load, or Cartload, as much as will fill or load a cart. In excavating and carting sand, gravel, earth, etc., one third of a cubic yard of the material before it is loosened is estimated to be a cart load. — Cart rope, a stout rope for fastening a load on a cart; any strong rope. — To put (or get or set) the cart before the horse, to invert the order of related facts or ideas as by putting an effect for a cause.

Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carting.] 1. To carry or convey in a cart. 2. To expose in a cart by way of punishment. “She chuckled when a bawd was carted.
Prior.”

Cart, v. i. To carry burdens in a cart; to follow the business of a carter.

Cart´age , n. 1. The act of carrying in a cart. 2. The price paid for carting.

Cart´bote , n. [Cart + bote.] (Old Eng. Law.) Wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry.

Carte , n. [F. See 1st Card.] 1. Bill of fare. 2. Short for Carte de visite. { Carte. Quarte } n. [F. quarte, prop., a fourth. Cf. Quart.] (Fencing) A position in thrusting or parrying, with the inside of the hand turned upward and the point of the weapon toward the adversary’s right breast.

Carte• blanche´ [F., fr. OF. carte paper + -blanc, blanche, white. See 1st Card.] A blank paper, with a person’s signature, etc., at the bottom, given to another person, with permission to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Hence: Unconditional terms; unlimited authority.

Carte´ de vi•site , pl. Cartes de visite . [F.] 1. A visiting card. 2. A photographic picture of the size formerly in use for a visiting card.

Car•tel´ , n. [F., fr. LL. cartellus a little paper, dim. fr. L. charta. See 1st Card.] 1. (Mil.) An agreement between belligerents for the exchange of prisoners. Wilhelm. 2. A letter of defiance or challenge; a challenge to single combat. [Obs.] “He is cowed at the very idea of a cartel.,
Sir W. Scott.” Cartel, or Cartel ship, a ship employed in the exchange of prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy; a ship beating a flag of truce and privileged from capture.

Car´tel , v. t. To defy or challenge. [Obs.] “You shall cartel him.
B. Jonson.”

Cart´er , n. 1. A charioteer. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A man who drives a cart; a teamster. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Phalangium; — also called harvestman. (b) A British fish; the whiff.

Car•te´sian , a. [From Renatus Cartesius, Latinized from of Rene Descartes: cf. F. cartesien.] Of or pertaining to the French philosopher Rene Descartes, or his philosophy. “The Cartesion argument for reality of matter.
Sir W. Hamilton.” Cartesian coördinates (Geom), distance of a point from lines or planes; — used in a system of representing geometric quantities, invented by Descartes. — Cartesian devil, a small hollow glass figure, used in connection with a jar of water having an elastic top, to illustrate the effect of the compression or expansion of air in changing the specific gravity of bodies. — Cartesion oval (Geom.), a curve such that, for any point of the curve mr + m′r′ = c, where r and r′ are the distances of the point from the two foci and m, m′ and c are constant; — used by Descartes.

Car•te´sian, n. An adherent of Descartes.

Car•te´sian•ism, n. The philosophy of Descartes.

Car•tha•gin´i•an, a. Of a pertaining to ancient Carthage, a city of northern Africa. — n. A native or inhabitant of Carthage.

Car´tha•min , n. (Chem.) A red coloring matter obtained from the safflower, or Carthamus tinctorius.

Car•thu´sian , n. [LL. Cartusianus, Cartusiensis, from the town of Chartreuse, in France.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of an exceeding austere religious order, founded at Chartreuse in France by St. Bruno, in the year 1086.

Car•thu´sian, a. Pertaining to the Carthusian.

Car´ti•lage , n. [L. cartilago; cf. F. cartilage.] (Anat.) A translucent, elastic tissue; gristle. Cartilage contains no vessels, and consists of a homogeneous, intercellular matrix, in which there are numerous minute cavities, or capsules, containing protoplasmic cells, the cartilage corpuscul. See Illust under Duplication. Articular cartilage, cartilage that lines the joints. — Cartilage bone (Anat.), any bone formed by the ossification of cartilage. — Costal cartilage, cartilage joining a rib with he sternum. See Illust. of Thorax.

Car•ti•la•gin´e•ous , a. [L. cartilageneus.] See Cartilaginous. Ray.

Car•ti•la•gin•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. cartilago, -laginis, cartilage + facere to make.] The act or process of forming cartilage. Wright.

Car•ti•lag´i•nous , a. [L. cartilaginosus: cf. F. cartilagineux.] 1. Of or pertaining to cartilage; gristly; firm and tough like cartilage. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the skeleton in the state of cartilage, the bones containing little or no calcareous matter; said of certain fishes, as the sturgeon and the sharks.

Cart´man , n.; pl. Cartmen . One who drives or uses a cart; a teamster; a carter.

Car•tog´ra•pher , n. One who makes charts or maps. { Car•to•graph´ic , Car•to•graph´ic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to cartography.

Car•to•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. By cartography.

Car•tog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. cartographie. See Card, and -graphy.] The art or business of forming charts or maps.

Car´to•man•cy , n. [Cf. F. cartomancie. See Card, and -mancy.] The art of telling fortunes with cards.

Car´ton (kär´ton), n. [F. See Cartoon.] Pasteboard for paper boxes; also a pasteboard box. Carton pierre , a species of papier-mache, imitating stone or bronze sculpture. Knight.

Car•toon´ , n. [F. carton (cf. It. cartone pasteboard, cartoon); fr. L. charta. See 1st card.] 1. A design or study drawn of the full size, to serve as a model for transferring or copying; — used in the making of mosaics, tapestries, fresco pantings and the like; as the cartoons of Raphael. 2. A large pictorial sketch, as in a journal or magazine; esp. a pictorial caricature; as the cartoons of ´Puck.´

Car•toon´ist, n. One skilled in drawing cartoons.

Car•touch´ , n.; pl. Cartouches (#). [F. cartouche, It. cartuccia, cartoccio, cornet, cartouch, fr. L. charta paper. See 1st Card, and cf. Cartridge.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A roll or case of paper, etc., holding a charge for a firearm; a cartridge. (b) A cartridge box. (c) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot from a cannon. (d) A gunner’s bag for ammunition. (e) A military pass for a soldier on furlough. 2. (Arch.) (a) A cantalever, console, corbel, or modillion, which has the form of a scroll of paper. (b) A tablet for ornament, or for receiving an inscription, formed like a sheet of paper with the edges rolled up; hence, any tablet of ornamental form. 3. (Egyptian Antiq.) An oval figure on monuments, and in papyri, containing the name of a sovereign.

Car´tridge (kär´trij), n. [Formerly cartrage, corrupted fr. F. cartouche. See Cartouch.] (Mil.) A complete charge for a firearm, contained in, or held together by, a case, capsule, or shell of metal, pasteboard, or other material. Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a projectile. — Blank cartridge, a cartridge without a projectile. — Center-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate occupies an axial position usually in the center of the base of the capsule, instead of being contained in its rim. In the Prussian needle gun the fulminate is applied to the middle of the base of the bullet. — Rim-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate is contained in a rim surrounding its base. — Cartridge bag, a bag of woolen cloth, to hold a charge for a cannon. — Cartridge belt, a belt having pockets for cartridges. — Cartridge box, a case, usually of leather, attached to a belt or strap, for holding cartridges. — Cartridge paper. (a) A thick stout paper for inclosing cartridges. (b) A rough tinted paper used for covering walls, and also for making drawings upon.

Car´tu•la•ry , n.; pl. Cartularies. [LL. cartularium, chartularium, fr. L. charta paper: cf. F. cartulaire. See 1st Card.] 1. A register, or record, as of a monastery or church. 2. An ecclesiastical officer who had charge of records or other public papers.

Cart´way , n. A way or road for carts.

Cart´wright , n. [Cart + wright.] An artificer who makes carts; a cart maker.

Car´u•cage , n. [LL. carrucagium (OF. charuage.), fr. LL. carruca plow, fr. L. carruca coach.] 1. (Old Eng. Law.) A tax on every plow or plowland. 2. The act of plowing. [R.]

Car´u•cate , n. [LL. carucata, carrucata. See Carucage.] A plowland; as much land as one team can plow in a year and a day; — by some said to be about 100 acres. Burrill. { Car´un•cle , Ca•run´cu•la } n. [L. caruncula a little piece of flesh, dim. of caro flesh.] 1. (Anat.) A small fleshy prominence or excrescence; especially the small, reddish body, the caruncula lacrymalis, in the inner angle of the eye. 2. (Bot.) An excrescence or appendage surrounding or near the hilum of a seed. 3. (Zoöl.) A naked, flesh appendage, on the head of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, etc. { Ca•run´cu•lar , Ca•run´cu•lous } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a caruncle; furnished with caruncles. { Ca•run´cu•late , Ca•run´cu•la•ted , } a. Having a caruncle or caruncles; caruncular.

Ca´rus (ka´rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ros.] (Med.) Coma with complete insensibility; deep lethargy.

Car´va•crol (kär´va•krol), n. (Chem.) A thick oily liquid, C10H13.OH, of a strong taste and disagreeable odor, obtained from oil of caraway (Carum carui).

Carve (kärv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carved (kärvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Carving.] [AS. ceorfan to cut, carve; akin to D. kerven, G. kerben, Dan. karve, Sw. karfva, and to Gr. gra•fein to write, orig. to scratch, and E. - graphy. Cf. Graphic.] 1. To cut. [Obs.] “Or they will carven the shepherd’s throat.
Spenser.” 2. To cut, as wood, stone, or other material, in an artistic or decorative manner; to sculpture; to engrave. “Carved with figures strange and sweet.
Coleridge.” 3. To make or shape by cutting, sculpturing, or engraving; to form; as to carve a name on a tree. “An angel carved in stone.
Tennyson.” “We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone.
C. Wolfe.” 4. To cut into small pieces or slices, as meat at table; to divide for distribution or apportionment; to apportion. ´To carve a capon.´ Shak. 5. To cut: to hew; to mark as if by cutting. “My good blade carved the casques of men.
Tennyson.” “A million wrinkles carved his skin.
Tennyson.” 6. To take or make, as by cutting; to provide. “Who could easily have carved themselves their own food.
South.” 7. To lay out; to contrive; to design; to plan. “Lie ten nights awake carving the fashion of a new doublet.
Shak.” To carve out, to make or get by cutting, or as if by cutting; to cut out. ´[Macbeth] with his brandished steel … carved out his passage.´ Shak. “Fortunes were carved out of the property of the crown.
Macaulay.”

Carve, v. i. 1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor or carver; to engrave or cut figures. 2. To cut up meat; as to carve for all the guests.

Carve, n. A carucate. [Obs.] Burrill.

Car´vel , n. [Contr. fr. caravel.] 1. Same as Caravel. 2. A species of jellyfish; sea blubber. Sir T. Herbert.

Car´vel•built , a. (Shipbuilding) Having the planks meet flush at the seams, instead of lapping as in a clinker-built vessel.

Car´ven , a. Wrought by carving; ornamented by carvings; carved. [Poetic] “A carven bowl well wrought of beechen tree.
Bp. Hall.” “The carven cedarn doors.
Tennyson.” “A screen of carven ivory.
Mrs. Browning.”

Car´vene , n. [F. carvi caraway.] An oily substance, C10H16, extracted from oil caraway.

Carv´er , n. 1. One who carves; one who shapes or fashions by carving, or as by carving; esp. one who carves decorative forms, architectural adornments, etc. ´The carver’s chisel.´ Dodsley. “The carver of his fortunes.
Sharp (Richardson’s Dict. )” 2. One who carves or divides meat at table. 3. A large knife for carving.

Carv´ing, n. 1. The act or art of one who carves. 2. A piece of decorative work cut in stone, wood, or other material. ´Carving in wood.´ Sir W. Temple. 3. The whole body of decorative sculpture of any kind or epoch, or in any material; as the Italian carving of the 15th century.

Car´vist , n. [A corruption of carry fist.] (Falconary) A hawk which is of proper age and training to be carried on the hand; a hawk in its first year. Booth.

Car´vol , n. (Chem.) One of a species of aromatic oils, resembling carvacrol.

Car´ wheel , A flanged wheel of a railway car or truck. { Car•y•at´ic , Car•y•at´id } a. Of or pertaining to a caryatid.

Car•y•at´id , n.; pl. Caryatids (#). [See Caryatides.] (Arch.) A draped female figure supporting an entablature, in the place of a column or pilaster.

Car•y•at´i•des , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. priestesses in the temple of Diana (the Greek Artemis) at Caryae (Gr. ), a village in Laconia; as an architectural term, caryatids.] (Arch) Caryatids. Corresponding male figures were called Atlantes, Telamones, and Persians.

Car•y•o•phyl•la´ceous , a. [Gr. clove tree; nut + leaf.] (Bot.) (a) Having corollas of five petals with long claws inclosed in a tubular, calyx, as the pink. (b) Belonging to the family of which the pink and the carnation are the types.

Car•y•oph´yl•lin , n. (Chem.) A tasteless and odorless crystalline substance, extracted from cloves, polymeric with common camphor.

Car•y•oph´yl•lous , a. Caryophyllaceous.

Car•y•op´sis , n.; pl. Caryopses (#). [NL., fr. gr. hut, kernel + sight, form.] (Bot.) A one-celled, dry, indehiscent fruit, with a thin membranous pericarp, adhering closely to the seed, so that fruit and seed are incorporated in one body, forming a single grain, as of wheat, barley, etc.

Ca´sal , a. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to case; as a casal ending.

Cas´ca•bel , n. [Sp. cascabel a little bell, also (fr. the shape), a knob at the breech end of a cannon.] The projection in rear of the breech of a cannon, usually a knob or breeching loop connected with the gun by a neck. In old writers it included all in rear of the base ring. [See Illust. of Cannon.]

Cas•cade´ (kas•kad´), n. [F. cascade, fr. It. cascata, fr. cascare to fall.] A fall of water over a precipice, as in a river or brook; a waterfall less than a cataract. “The silver brook … pours the white cascade.
Longfellow.” “Now murm’ring soft, now roaring in cascade.
Cowper.”

Cas•cade´, v. i. 1. To fall in a cascade. Lowell. 2. To vomit. [Slang] Smollett.

Cas•cal´ho , n. [Pg., a chip of stone, gravel.] A deposit of pebbles, gravel, and ferruginous sand, in which the Brazilian diamond is usually found.

Cas´ca•ra sa•gra´da [Sp.] Holy bark; the bark of the California buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshianus), used as a mild cathartic or laxative.

Cas•ca•ril´la , n.[Sp., small thin bark, Peruvian bark, dim. of cáscara bark.] (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub (Croton Eleutheria); also its aromatic bark. Cascarilla bark (or Cascarilla (Med.), the bark of Croton Eleutheria. It has an aromatic odor and a warm, spicy, bitter taste, and when burnt emits a musky odor. It is used as a gentle tonic, and sometimes, for the sake of its fragrance, mixed with smoking tobacco, when it is said to occasion vertigo and intoxication.

Cas•ca•ril´lin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystallizable, bitter substance extracted from oil of cascarilla.

Case (kas), n. [OF. casse, F. caisse (cf. It. cassa), fr. L. capsa chest, box, case, fr. capere to take, hold. See Capacious, and cf. 4th Chase, Cash, Enchase, 3d Sash.] 1. A box, sheath, or covering; as a case for holding goods; a case for spectacles; the case of a watch; the case (capsule) of a cartridge; a case (cover) for a book. 2. A box and its contents; the quantity contained in a box; as a case of goods; a case of instruments. 3. (Print.) A shallow tray divided into compartments or ´boxes´ for holding type. Cases for type are usually arranged in sets of two, called respectively the upper and the lower case. The upper case contains capitals, small capitals, accented and marked letters, fractions, and marks of reference: the lower case contains the small letters, figures, marks of punctuation, quadrats, and spaces. 4. An inclosing frame; a casing; as a door case; a window case. 5. (Mining) A small fissure which admits water to the workings. Knight.

Case, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cased p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] 1. To cover or protect with, or as with, a case; to inclose. “The man who, cased in steel, had passed whole days and nights in the saddle.
Prescott.” 2. To strip the skin from; as to case a box. [Obs.]

Case, n. [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. cadere to fall, to happen. Cf. Chance.] 1. Chance; accident; hap; opportunity. [Obs.] “By aventure, or sort, or cas.
Chaucer.” 2. That which befalls, comes, or happens; an event; an instance; a circumstance, or all the circumstances; condition; state of things; affair; as a strange case; a case of injustice; the case of the Indian tribes. “In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge.
Deut. xxiv. 13.” “If the case of the man be so with his wife.
Matt. xix. 10.” “And when a lady’s in the case
You know all other things give place.
Gay.” “You think this madness but a common case.
Pope.” “I am in case to justle a constable,
Shak.” 3. (Med. & Surg.) A patient under treatment; an instance of sickness or injury; as ten cases of fever; also the history of a disease or injury. “A proper remedy in hypochondriacal cases.
Arbuthnot.” 4. (Law) The matters of fact or conditions involved in a suit, as distinguished from the questions of law; a suit or action at law; a cause. “Let us consider the reason of the case, for nothing is law that is not reason.
Sir John Powell.” “Not one case in the reports of our courts.
Steele.” 5. (Gram.) One of the forms, or the inflections or changes of form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicate its relation to other words, and in the aggregate constitute its declension; the relation which a noun or pronoun sustains to some other word. “Case is properly a falling off from the nominative or first state of word; the name for which, however, is now, by extension of its signification, applied also to the nominative.
J. W. Gibbs.” Cases other than the nominative are oblique cases. Case endings are terminations by which certain cases are distinguished. In old English, as in Latin, nouns had several cases distinguished by case endings, but in modern English only that of the possessive case is retained. Action on the case (Law), according to the old classification (now obsolete), was an action for redress of wrongs or injuries to person or property not specially provided against by law, in which the whole cause of complaint was set out in the writ; — called also trespass on the case, or simply case. — All a case, a matter of indifference. [Obs.] ´It is all a case to me.´ L’Estrange. — Case at bar. See under Bar, n. — Case divinity, casuistry. — Case lawyer, one versed in the reports of cases rather than in the science of the law. — Case stated or agreed on (Law), a statement in writing of facts agreed on and submitted to the court for a decision of the legal points arising on them. — A hard case, an abandoned or incorrigible person. [Colloq.] — In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow. — In case, or In case that, if; supposing that; in the event or contingency; if it should happen that. ´In case we are surprised, keep by me.´ W. Irving. — In good case, in good condition, health, or state of body. — To put a case, to suppose a hypothetical or illustrative case. Syn. — Situation, condition, state; circumstances; plight; predicament; occurrence; contingency; accident; event; conjuncture; cause; action; suit.

Case, v. i. To propose hypothetical cases. [Obs.] ´Casing upon the matter.´ L’Estrange.

Ca•se•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. caseation. See Casein.] (Med.) A degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy or curdy mass.

Case´-bay , n. (Arch.) (a) The space between two principals or girders. (b) One of the joists framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring.

Case´hard•en , v. t. 1. To subject to a process which converts the surface of iron into steel. 2. To render insensible to good influences.

Case´hard•ened , a. 1. Having the surface hardened, as iron tools. 2. Hardened against, or insusceptible to, good influences; rendered callous by persistence in wrongdoing or resistance of good influences; — said of persons.

Case´hard•en•ing, n. The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel. Ure. Casehardening is now commonly effected by cementation with charcoal or other carbonizing material, the depth and degree of hardening (carbonization) depending on the time during which the iron is exposed to the heat. See Cementation.

Ca´se•ic , a. [Cf. F. caseique, fr. L. caseus cheese.] Of or pertaining to cheese; as caseic acid.

Ca´se•in , n. [Cf. F. caseine, fr. L. caseur cheese. Cf. Cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kingdom it is chiefly found in milk, and constitutes the main part of the curd separated by rennet; in the vegetable kingdom it is found more or less abundantly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Its reactions resemble those of alkali albumin. [Written also caseine.] Case´ knife 1. A knife carried in a sheath or case. Addison. 2. A large table knife; — so called from being formerly kept in a case.

Case´mate , n. [F. casemate, fr. It. casamatta, prob. from casa house + matto, f. matta, mad, weak, feeble, dim. from the same source as E. -mate in checkmate.] 1. (Fort.) A bombproof chamber, usually of masonry, in which cannon may be placed, to be fired through embrasures; or one capable of being used as a magazine, or for quartering troops. 2. (Arch.) A hollow molding, chiefly in cornices.

Case´ma•ted , a. Furnished with, protected by, or built like, a casemate. Campbell.

Case´ment , n. [Shortened fr. encasement. See Incase 1st Case, and cf. Incasement.] (Arch.) A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright side of the frame into which it is fitted. (Poetically) A window. “A casement of the great chamber window.
Shak.”

Case´ment•ed, a. Having a casement or casements.

Ca´se•ous , a. [L. caseus. Cf. Casein.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy. Caseous degeneration, a morbid process, in scrofulous or consumptive persons, in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance which is neither absorbed nor organized.

Ca´sern , n. [F. caserne.] A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; barracks. Bescherelle.

Case´ shot (Mil.) A collection of small projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister. In the United States a case shot is a thin spherical or oblong cast-iron shell containing musket balls and a bursting charge, with a time fuse; — called in Europe shrapnel. In Europe the term case shot is applied to what in the United States is called canister. Wilhelm.

Ca´se•um , n. [L. caseus cheese.] Same as Casein.

Case´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub that makes for itself a case. See Caddice.

Cash , n. [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash. See Case a box.] A place where money is kept, or where it is deposited and paid out; a money box. [Obs.] “This bank is properly a general cash, where every man lodges his money.
Sir W. Temple.” “£20,000 are known to be in her cash.
Sir R. Winwood.” 2. (Com.) (a) Ready money; especially, coin or specie; but also applied to bank notes, drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. (b) Immediate or prompt payment in current funds; as to sell goods for cash; to make a reduction in price for cash. Cash account (Bookkeeping), an account of money received, disbursed, and on hand. — Cash boy, in large retail stores, a messenger who carries the money received by the salesman from customers to a cashier, and returns the proper change. [Colloq.] — Cash credit, an account with a bank by which a person or house, having given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to the extent of an amount agreed upon; — called also bank credit and cash account. — Cash sales, sales made for ready, money, in distinction from those on which credit is given; stocks sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction. Syn. — Money; coin; specie; currency; capital.

Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] To pay, or to receive, cash for; to exchange for money; as cash a note or an order.

Cash, v. t. [See Cashier.] To disband. [Obs.] Garges.

Cash, n.sing & pl. A Chinese coin. The cash (Chinese tsien) is the only current coin made by the chinese government. It is a thin circular disk of a very base alloy of copper, with a square hole in the center. 1,000 to 1,400 cash are equivalent to a dollar.

Cash´book (kash´book), n. (Bookkeeping) A book in which is kept a register of money received or paid out.

Ca•shew´ (ka•shoo´), n. [F. acajou, for cajou, prob. from Malay kayu tree; cf. Pg. acaju, cf. Acajou.] (Bot.) A tree (Anacardium occidentale) of the same family which the sumac. It is native in tropical America, but is now naturalized in all tropical countries. Its fruit, a kidney-shaped nut, grows at the extremity of an edible, pear- shaped hypocarp, about three inches long. Cashew nut, the large, kidney-shaped fruit of the cashew, which is edible after the caustic oil has been expelled from the shell by roasting the nut.

Cash•ier´ (kash•er´), n. [F. caissier, fr. caisse. See Cash.] One who has charge of money; a cash keeper; the officer who has charge of the payments and receipts (moneys, checks, notes), of a bank or a mercantile company.

Cash•ier´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cahiered p. pr. &vb. n. Cashiering.] [Earlier cash, fr. F. casser to break, annul, cashier, fr. L. cassare, equiv. to cassum reddere, to annul; cf. G. cassiren. Cf. Quash to annul, Cass.] 1. To dismiss or discard; to discharge; to dismiss with ignominy from military service or from an office or place of trust. “They have cashiered several of their followers.
Addison.” “He had insolence to cashier the captain of the lord lieutenant’s own body guard.
Macaulay.” 2. To put away or reject; to disregard. [R.] “Connections formed for interest, and endeared” “By selfish views, [are] censured and cashiered.
Cowper.” “They absolutely cashier the literal express sense of the words.
Sowth.”

Cash•ier´er , n. One who rejects, discards, or dismisses; as a cashierer of monarchs. [R.] Burke.

Cash´mere , n. 1. A rich stuff for shawls, scarfs, etc., originally made in Cashmere from the soft wool found beneath the hair of the goats of Cashmere, Thibet, and the Himalayas. Some cashmere, of fine quality, is richly embroidered for sale to Europeans. 2. A dress fabric made of fine wool, or of fine wool and cotton, in imitation of the original cashmere. Cashmere shawl, a rich and costly shawl made of cashmere; — often called camel’s-hair shawl.

Cash•me•rette´ , n. A kind of dress goods, made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere.

Ca•shoo´ , n. [F. cachou, NL. catechu, Cochin-Chin. cay cau from the tree called mimosa, or areca catechu. Cf. Catechu.] See Catechu.

Cas´ing , n. 1. The act or process of inclosing in, or covering with, a case or thin substance, as plaster, boards, etc. 2. An outside covering, for protection or ornament, or to precent the radiation of heat. 3. An inclosing frame; esp. the framework around a door or a window. See Case, n., 4.

Ca´sings , n. pl. Dried dung of cattle used as fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Waterland.

Ca•si´no , n.; pl. E. Casinos (#), It. Casini (#). [It. casino, dim. of casa house, fr. L. casa cottage. Cf. Cassing.] 1. A small country house. 2. A building or room used for meetings, or public amusements, for dancing, gaming, etc. 3. A game at cards. See Cassino.

Cask , n. [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet, prob. fr. cascar to break, fr. L. Quassure to break. Cf. Casque, Cass.] 1. Same as Casque. [Obs.] 2. A barrel-shaped vessel made of staves headings, and hoops, usually fitted together so as to hold liquids. It may be larger or smaller than a barrel. 3. The quantity contained in a cask. 4. A casket; a small box for jewels. [Obs.] Shak.

Cask, v. t. To put into a cask.

Cas´ket , n. [Cf. F. casquet, dim. of casque belmet, fr. Sp. casco.] 1. A small chest or box, esp. of rich material or ornamental character, as for jewels, etc. “The little casket bring me hither.
Shak.” 2. A kind of burial case. [U. S.] 3. Anything containing or intended to contain something highly esteemed; as: (a) The body. (Shak.) (b) The tomb. (Milton). (c) A book of selections. [poetic] “They found him dead … an empty casket.
Shak.”

Cas´ket, n. (Naut.) A gasket. See Gasket.

Cas´ket, v. t. To put into, or preserve in, a casket. [Poetic] ´I have casketed my treasure.´ Shak.

Casque , n. [F. casque, fr. Sp. casco See Cask.] A piece of defensive or ornamental armor (with or without a vizor) for the head and neck; a helmet. “His casque overshadowed with brilliant plumes.
Prescott.”

Cass (kas), v. t. [F. casser, LL. cassare, fr. L. cassus empty, hollow, and perhaps influenced by L. quassare to shake, shatter, v. intens. of quatere to shake. Cf. Cashier, v. t., Quash, Cask.] To render useless or void; to quash; to annul; to reject; to send away. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Cas´sa•da (kas´sa•da; 277), n. See Cassava.

Cas´sa•reep (-rep), n. A condiment made from the sap of the bitter cassava (Manihot utilissima) deprived of its poisonous qualities, concentrated by boiling, and flavored with aromatics. See Pepper pot.

Cas´sate , v. t. [LL. cassare. See Cass.] To render void or useless; to vacate or annul. [Obs.]

Cas•sa´tion , n. [F. cassation. See Cass.] The act of annulling. “A general cassation of their constitutions.
Motley.” Court of cassation, the highest court of appeal in France, which has power to quash (Casser) or reverse the decisions of the inferior courts.

Cas´sa•va (kas´sa•va), n. [F. cassave, Sp. cazabe, fr. kasabi, in the language of Haiti.] 1. (Bot.) A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; — called also manioc. There are two species, bitter and sweet, from which the cassava of commerce is prepared in the West Indies, tropical America, and Africa. The bitter (Manihot utilissima) is the more important; this has a poisonous sap, but by grating, pressing, and baking the root the poisonous qualities are removed. The sweet (M. Aipi) is used as a table vegetable. 2. A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca.

Cas´se Pa´per [F. papier casse. See Cass.] Broken paper; the outside quires of a ream.

Cas´se•role (#) n. [F. a saucepan, dim. from casse a basin.] 1. (Chem.) A small round dish with a handle, usually of porcelain. 2. (Cookery) A mold (in the shape of a hollow vessel or incasement) of boiled rice, mashed potato or paste, baked, and afterwards filled with vegetables or meat.

Cas´sia (kash´a), n. [L. cassia and casia, Gr. kassi•a and kasi•a; of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qetsiah, fr. qatsa’ to cut off, to peel off.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine. 2. The bark of several species of Cinnamomum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached. The medicinal ´cassia´ (Cassia pulp) is the laxative pulp of the pods of a leguminous tree (Cassia fistula or Pudding-pipe tree), native in the East Indies but naturalized in various tropical countries. Cassia bark, the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, etc. The coarser kinds are called Cassia lignea, and are often used to adulterate true cinnamon. — Cassia buds, the dried flower buds of several species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, atc..). — Cassia oil, oil extracted from cassia bark and cassia buds; — called also oil of cinnamon.

Cas´si•can , n. [NL. cassicus helmeted, fr. L. cassis a belmet.] (Zoöl.) An American bird of the genus Cassicus, allied to the starlings and orioles, remarkable for its skillfully constructed and suspended nest; the crested oriole. The name is also sometimes given to the piping crow, an Australian bird.

Cas•sid´e•ous , a. [L. Cassis helmet.] (Bot.) Helmet-shaped; — applied to a corolla having a broad, helmet-shaped upper petal, as in aconite.

Cas´si•do•ny , n. [Cf. LL. cassidonium, F. cassidoine. See Chalcedony.] (Bot.) (a) The French lavender (Lavandula Stœchas). (b) The goldilocks (Chrysocoma Linosyris) and perhaps other plants related to the genus Gnaphalium or cudweed.

Cas´si•mere , n. [Cf. F. casimir, prob. of the same origin as E. cashmere. Cf. Kerseymere.] A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men’s garments. [Written also kerseymere.]

Cas•si•nette´ , n. [Cf. Sp. casinete, G. cassinet.] A cloth with a cotton warp, and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk.

Cas•sin´i•an o´vals (Math.) See under Oval.

Cas•si´no , n. [It. casino a small house, a gaming house. See casino.] A game at cards, played by two or more persons, usually for twenty-one points. Great cassino, the ten of diamonds. — Little cassino, the two of spades.

Cas´si•o•ber•ry , n. [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.] The fruit of the Viburnum obovatum, a shrub which grows from Virginia to Florida.

Cas•si•o•pe´ia , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus; — so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia. Cassiopeia’s Chair, a group of six stars, in Cassiopeia, somewhat resembling a chair.

Cas•sit´er•ite , n. [Gr. tin.] (Min.) Native tin dioxide; tin stone; a mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of reddish brown color, and brilliant adamantine luster; also massive, sometimes in compact forms with concentric fibrous structure resembling wood (wood tin), also in rolled fragments or pebbly (Stream tin). It is the chief source of metallic tin. See Black tin, under Black.

Cas´sius , n. [From the name of the discoverer, A. Cassius, a German physician of the 17th centry.] A brownish purple pigment, obtained by the action of some compounds of tin upon certain salts of gold. It is used in painting and staining porcelain and glass to give a beautiful purple color. Commonly called Purple of Cassius.

Cas´sock , n. [F. casaque, fr. It. casacca, perh. fr. L. casa cottage, in It., house; or of Slavic origin.] 1. A long outer garment formerly worn by men and women, as well as by soldiers as part of their uniform. 2. (Eccl.) A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment.

Cas´socked , a. Clothed with a cassock.

Cas•so•lette´ , n. [F.] a box, or vase, with a perforated cover to emit perfumes.

Cas•son•ade´ , n. [F., fr. casson, for caisson a large chest. This sugar comes from Brazil in large chests.] Raw sugar; sugar not refined. Mc Elrath.

Cas´so•wa•ry , n.; pl. Cassowaries (#). [Malay kasuari.] (Zoöl.) A large bird, of the genus Casuarius, found in the east Indies. It is smaller and stouter than the ostrich. Its head is armed with a kind of helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates overlapping each other, and it has a group of long sharp spines on each wing which are used as defensive organs. It is a shy bird, and runs with great rapidity. Other species inhabit New Guinea, Australia, etc. { Cas•su•mu´nar , Cas•su•mu´ni•ar } n. [Hind.] (Med.) A pungent, bitter, aromatic, gingerlike root, obtained from the East Indies.

Cast (kast), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cast; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] [Cf. Dan. kaste, Icel. & Sw. kasta; perh. akin to L. gerere to bear, carry. E. jest.] 1. To send or drive by force; to throw; to fling; to hurl; to impel. “Uzziah prepared … slings to cast stones.
2 Chron. xxvi. 14.” “Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me.
Acts. xii. 8.” “We must be cast upon a certain island.
Acts. xxvii. 26.” 2. To direct or turn, as the eyes. “How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me!
Shak.” 3. To drop; to deposit; as to cast a ballot. 4. To throw down, as in wrestling. Shak. 5. To throw up, as a mound, or rampart. “Thine enemies shall cast a trench [bank] about thee.
Luke xix. 48.” 6. To throw off; to eject; to shed; to lose. “His filth within being cast.
Shak.” “Neither shall your vine cast her fruit.
Mal. iii. 11” “The creatures that cast the skin are the snake, the viper, etc.
Bacon.” 7. To bring forth prematurely; to slink. “Thy she-goats have not cast their young.
Gen. xxi. 38.” 8. To throw out or emit; to exhale. [Obs.] “This … casts a sulphureous smell.
Woodward.” 9. To cause to fall; to shed; to reflect; to throw; as to cast a ray upon a screen; to cast light upon a subject. 10. To impose; to bestow; to rest. “The government I cast upon my brother.
Shak.” “Cast thy burden upon the Lord.
Ps. iv. 22.” 11. To dismiss; to discard; to cashier. [Obs.] “The state can not with safety cast him.” 12. To compute; to reckon; to calculate; as to cast a horoscope. ´Let it be cast and paid.´ Shak. “You cast the event of war, my noble lord.
Shak.” 13. To contrive; to plan. [Archaic] “The cloister … had, I doubt not, been cast for [an orange-house].
Sir W. Temple.” 14. To defeat in a lawsuit; to decide against; to convict; as to be cast in damages. “She was cast to be hanged.
Jeffrey.” “Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would inevitably be cast.
Dr. H. More.” 15. To turn (the balance or scale); to overbalance; hence, to make preponderate; to decide; as a casting voice. “How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious!
South.” 16. To form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold; to fashion; to found; as to cast bells, stoves, bullets. 17. (Print.) To stereotype or electrotype. 18. To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among actors; also to assign (an actor) for a part. “Our parts in the other world will be new cast.
Addison.” To cast anchor (Naut.) See under Anchor. — To cast a horoscope, to calculate it. — To cast a horse, sheep, or other animal, to throw with the feet upwards, in such a manner as to prevent its rising again. — To cast a shoe, to throw off or lose a shoe, said of a horse or ox. — To cast aside, to throw or push aside; to neglect; to reject as useless or inconvenient. — To cast away. (a) To throw away; to lavish; to waste. ´Cast away a life´ Addison. (b) To reject; to let perish. ´Cast away his people.´ Rom. xi. 1. ´Cast one away.´ Shak. (c) To wreck. ´Cast away and sunk.´ Shak. — To cast by, to reject; to dismiss or discard; to throw away. — To cast down, to throw down; to destroy; to deject or depress, as the mind. ´Why art thou cast down. O my soul?´ Ps. xiii. 5. — To cast forth, to throw out, or eject, as from an inclosed place; to emit; to send out. — To cast in one’s lot with, to share the fortunes of. — To cast in one’s teeth, to upbraid or abuse one for; to twin. — To cast lots. See under Lot. — To cast off. (a) To discard or reject; to drive away; to put off; to free one’s self from. (b) (Hunting) To leave behind, as dogs; also to set loose, or free, as dogs. Crabb. (c) (Naut.) To untie, throw off, or let go, as a rope. — To cast off copy, (Print.), to estimate how much printed matter a given amount of copy will make, or how large the page must be in order that the copy may make a given number of pages. — To cast one’s self on or upon to yield or submit one’s self unreservedly to, as to the mercy of another. — To cast out, to throw out; to eject, as from a house; to cast forth; to expel; to utter. — To cast the lead (Naut.), to sound by dropping the lead to the bottom. — To cast the water (Med.), to examine the urine for signs of disease. [Obs.]. — To cast up. (a) To throw up; to raise. (b) To compute; to reckon, as the cost. (c) To vomit. (d) To twit with; to throw in one’s teeth.

Cast , v. i. 1. To throw, as a line in angling, esp, with a fly hook. 2. (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel around from the wind in getting under weigh. “Weigh anchor, cast to starboard.
Totten.” 3. To consider; to turn or revolve in the mind; to plan; as to cast about for reasons. “She … cast in her mind what manner of salution this should be.
Luke. i. 29.” 4. To calculate; to compute. [R.] “Who would cast and balance at a desk.
Tennyson.” 5. To receive form or shape in a mold. “It will not run thin, so as to cast and mold.
Woodward.” 6. To warp; to become twisted out of shape. “Stuff is said to cast or warp when … it alters its flatness or straightness.
Moxon.” 7. To vomit. “These verses … make me ready to cast.
B. Jonson.”

Cast, 3d pres. of Cast, for Casteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cast, n. [Cf. Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast.] 1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw. 2. The thing thrown. “A cast of dreadful dust.
Dryden.” 3. The distance to which a thing is or can be thrown. ´About a stone’s cast.´ Luke xxii. 41. 4. A throw of dice; hence, a chance or venture. “An even cast whether the army should march this way or that way.
Sowth.” “I have set my life upon a cast,
And I will stand the hazard of the die.
Shak.” 5. That which is throw out or off, shed, or ejected; as the skin of an insect, the refuse from a hawk’s stomach, the excrement of a earthworm. 6. The act of casting in a mold. “And why such daily cast of brazen cannon.
Shak.” 7. An impression or mold, taken from a thing or person; amold; a pattern. 8. That which is formed in a mild; esp. a reproduction or copy, as of a work of art, in bronze or plaster, etc.; a casting. 9. Form; appearence; mien; air; style; as a peculiar cast of countenance. ´A neat cast of verse.´ Pope. “An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure.
Prior.” “And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought.
Shak.” 10. A tendency to any color; a tinge; a shade. “Gray with a cast of green.
Woodward.” 11. A chance, opportunity, privilege, or advantage; specifically, an opportunity of riding; a lift. [Scotch] “We bargained with the driver to give us a cast to the next stage.
Smollett.” “If we had the cast o’ a cart to bring it.
Sir W. Scott.” 12. The assignment of parts in a play to the actors. 13. (Falconary) A flight or a couple or set of hawks let go at one time from the hand. Grabb. “As when a cast of falcons make their flight.
Spenser.” 14. A stoke, touch, or trick. [Obs.] “This was a cast of Wood’s politics; for his information was wholly false.
Swift.” 15. A motion or turn, as of the eye; direction; look; glance; squint. “The cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion.
Bacon.” “And let you see with one cast of an eye.
Addison.” “This freakish, elvish cast came into the child’s eye.
Hawthorne.” 16. A tube or funnel for conveying metal into a mold. 17. Four; that is, as many as are thrown into a vessel at once in counting herrings, etc; a warp. 18. Contrivance; plot, design. [Obs.] Chaucer. A cast of the eye, a slight squint or strabismus. — Renal cast (Med.), microscopic bodies found in the urine of persons affected with disease of the kidneys; — so called because they are formed of matter deposited in, and preserving the outline of, the renal tubes. — The last cast, the last throw of the dice or last effort, on which every thing is ventured; the last chance.

Cas•ta´li•an , a. [L. Castalius] Of or pertaining to Castalia, a mythical fountain of inspiration on Mt. Parnassus sacred to the Muses. Milton.

Cas•ta´ne•a , n. [L., a chestnut, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs including the chestnut and chinquapin.

Cas´ta•net , n. See Castanets.

Cas´ta•nets, n. pl. [F. castagnettes, Sp. castañetas, fr. L. castanea (Sp. castaña) a chestnut. So named from the resemblance to two chestnuts, or because chestnuts were first used for castanets. See Chestnut.] Two small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, fastened to the thumb, and beaten together with the middle finger; — used by the Spaniards and Moors as an accompaniment to their dance and guitars. The singular, castanet, is used of one of the pair, or, sometimes, of the pair forming the instrument. “The dancer, holding a castanet in each hand, rattles then to the motion of his feet.
Moore (Encyc. of Music).”

Cast´a•way , n. 1. One who, or that which, is cast away or shipwrecked. 2. One who is ruined; one who has made moral shipwreck; a reprobate. “Lest … when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway.
1 Cor. ix. 27.”

Cast´a•way, a. Of no value; rejected; useless.

Caste , n. [Pg. casta race, lineage, fr. L. castus pure, chaste: cf. F. caste, of same origin.] 1. One of the hereditary classes into which the Hindoos are divided according to the laws of Brahmanism. The members of the same caste are theoretically of equal rank, and same profession or occupation, and may not eat or intermarry with those not of their own caste. The original are four, viz., the Brahmans, or sacerdotal order; the Kshatriyas, or soldiers and rulers; the Vaisyas, or husbandmen and merchants; and the Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. Men of no caste are Pariahs, outcasts. Numerous mixed classes, or castes, have sprung up in the progress of time. 2. A separate and fixed order or class of persons in society who chiefly hold intercourse among themselves. “The tinkers then formed an hereditary caste.
Macaulay.” To lose caste, to be degraded from the caste to which one has belonged; to lose social position or consideration.

Cas´tel•lan , n. [OF. castelain, F. châtelain, L. castellanus pertaining to a castle, an occupant of a caste, LL., a governor of a castle, fr. L. castellum castle, citadel, dim. of castrum fortified place. See Castle, and cf. Chatelaine.] A governor or warden of a castle.

Cas´tel•la•ny , n.; pl. Castellanies (#). [LL. castellania.] The lordship of a castle; the extent of land and jurisdiction appertaining to a castle.

Cas´tel•la•ted , a. [LL. castellatus, fr. castellare. See Castle.] 1. Inclosed within a building; as a fountain or cistern castellated. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Furnished with turrets and battlements, like a castle; built in the style of a castle.

Cas•tel•la´tion , n. [LL. castellation, fr. castellare, fr. L. castellum. See Castle.] The act of making into a castle.

Cast´er , n. 1. One who casts; as caster of stones, etc. ; a caster of cannon; a caster of accounts. 2. A vial, cruet, or other small vessel, used to contain condiments at the table; as a set of casters. 3. A stand to hold a set of cruets. 4. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is supported and moved.

Cas´ti•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castigating.] [L. castigatus, p. p. of castigare to correct, punish; castus pure, chaste + agere to move, drive. See Caste, and cf. Chasten.] 1. To punish by stripes; to chastise by blows; to chasten; also to chastise verbally; to reprove; to criticise severely. 2. To emend; to correct. [Obs.]

Cas•ti•ga´tion , n. [L. catigatio.] 1. Corrective punishment; chastisement; reproof; pungent criticism. “The keenest castigation of her slanderers.
W. Irving.” 2. Emendation; correction. [Obs.]

Cas•ti•ga´tor , n. [L.] One who castigates or corrects.

Cas•ti•ga•to•ry , a. [L. castigatorius.] Punitive in order to amendment; corrective.

Cas´ti•ga•to•ry, n. An instrument formerly used to punish and correct arrant scolds; — called also a ducking stool, or trebucket. Blacktone.

Cas´tile soap [From Castile, or Castilia, a province in Spain, from which it originally came.] A kind of fine, hard, white or mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda; also a soap made in imitation of the above-described soap.

Cas•til´ian , n. [Sp. castellano, from Castila, NL. Castilia, Castella. Castile, which received its name from the castles erected on the frontiers as a barrier against the Moors.] 1. An inhabitant or native of Castile, in Spain. 2. The Spanish language as spoken in Castile.

Cas•til´lan, a. Of or pertaining to Castile, in Spain.

Cast´ing , n. 1. The act of one who casts or throws, as in fishing. 2. The act or process of making casts or impressions, or of shaping metal or plaster in a mold; the act or the process of pouring molten metal into a mold. 3. That which is cast in a mold; esp. the mass of metal so cast; as a casting in iron; bronze casting. 4. The warping of a board. Brande & C. 5. The act of casting off, or that which is cast off, as skin, feathers, excrement, etc. Casting of draperies, the proper distribution of the folds of garments, in painting and sculpture. — Casting line (Fishing), the leader; also sometimes applied to the long reel line. — Casting net, a net which is cast and drawn, in distinction from a net that is set and left. — Casting voice, Casting vote, the decisive vote of a presiding officer, when the votes of the assembly or house are equally divided. ´When there was an equal vote, the governor had the casting voice.´ B. Trumbull. — Casting weight, a weight that turns a balance when exactly poised.

Cast´ i•ron Highly carbonized iron, the direct product of the blast furnace; — used for making castings, and for conversion into wrought iron and steel. It can not be welded or forged, is brittle, and sometimes very hard. Besides carbon, it contains sulphur, phosphorus, silica, etc.

Cast´-i•ron, a. Made of cast iron. Hence, Fig.: like cast iron; hardy; unyielding.

Cas´tle , n. [AS. castel, fr. L. castellum, dim. of castrum a fortified place, castle.] 1. A fortified residence, especially that of a prince or nobleman; a fortress. “The house of every one is to him castle and fortress, as well for his defense againts injury and violence, as for his repose.
Coke.” “Our castle’s strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn.
Shak.” Originally the mediaeval castle was a single strong tower or keep, with a palisaded inclosure around it and inferior buidings, such as stables and the like, and surrounded by a moat; then such a keep or donjon, with courtyards or baileys and accessory buildings of greater elaboration a great hall and a chapel, all surrounded by defensive walls and a moat, with a drawbridge, etc. Afterwards the name was retained by large dwellings that had formerly been fortresses, or by those which replaced ancient fortresses. A Donjon or Keep, an irregular building containing the dwelling of the lord and his family; B C Large round towers ferming part of the donjon and of the exterior; D Square tower, separating the two inner courts and forming part of the donjon; E Chapel, whose apse forms a half-round tower, F, on the exterior walls; G H Round towers on the exterior walls; K Postern gate, reached from outside by a removable fight of steps or inclined plane for hoisting in stores, and leading to a court, L (see small digagram) whose pavement is on a level with the sill of the postern, but below the level of the larger court, with which it communicates by a separately fortified gateway; M Turret, containing spiral stairway to all the stories of the great tower, B, and serving also as a station for signal fire, banner, etc.; N Turret with stairway for tower, C; O Echauguettes; P P P Battlemants consisting of merlons and crenels alternately, the merlons being pierced by loopholes; Q Q Machicolations (those at Q defend the postern K); R Outwork defending the approach, which is a road ascending the hill and passing under all four faces of the castle; S S Wall of the outer bailey. The road of approach enters the bailey at T and passes thence into the castle by the main entrance gateway (which is in the wall between, and defended by the towers, C H) and over two drawbridges and through fortified passages to the inner court. 2. Any strong, imposing, and stately mansion. 3. A small tower, as on a ship, or an elephant’s back. 4. A piece, made to represent a castle, used in the game of chess; a rook. Castle in the air, a visionary project; a baseless scheme; an air castle; — sometimes called a castle in Spain (F. Château en Espagne). Syn. — Fortress; fortification; citadel; stronghold. See Fortress.

Cas´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Castled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Castling ] (Chess) To move the castle to the square next to king, and then the king around the castle to the square next beyond it, for the purpose of covering the king.

Cas´tle•build•er , n. Fig.: one who builds castles in the air or forms visionary schemes. — Cas´tle•build•ing, n.

Cas´tled , a. Having a castle or castles; supporting a castle; as a castled height or crag. 2. Fortified; turreted; as castled walls.

Cas´tle-guard , n. 1. The guard or defense of a castle. 2. (O. Eng. Law) A tax or imposition an a dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, for the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in it; castle- ward. 3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to perform service within the realm, without limitation of time.

Cas´tle•ry , n. [Cf. OF. castelerie. See Castle.] The government of a castle. Blount.

Cas´tlet , n. A small castle. Leland.

Cas´tle•ward , n. Same as Castleguard.

Cast´ling , n. That which is cast or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. Sir T. Browne.

Cas´tling , n. (Chess) A compound move of the king and castle. See Castle, v. i.

Cast´-off , a. Cast or laid aside; as cast-off clothes.

Cas´tor , n. [L. castor the beaver, Gr. ; of uncertain origin.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents, including the beaver. See Beaver. 2. Castoreum. See Castoreum. 3. A hat, esp. one made of beaver fur; a beaver. “I have always been known for the jaunty manner in which I wear my castor.
Sir W. Scott.” 4. A heavy quality of broadcloth for overcoats.

Cast´or , n. See Caster, a small wheel.

Cas´tor , n. [L.] (Astron.) the northernmost of the two bright stars in the constellation Gemini, the other being Pollux. { Cas´tor , Cas´tor•ite } n. [The minerals castor and pollux were so named because found together on the island of Elba. See Castor and Pollux.] (Min.) A variety of the mineral called petalite, from Elba.

Cas´tor and Pol´lux [Castor and Pollux were twin sons of Jupiter and Leda.] (Naut.) See Saint Elmo’s fire, under Saint.

Cas´tor bean (Bot.) The bean or seed of the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi.)

Cas•to´re•um , n. [L. See Castor.] A peculiar bitter orange-brown substance, with strong, penetrating odor, found in two sacs between the anus and external genitals of the beaver; castor; — used in medicine as an antispasmodic, and by perfumers.

Cas´to•rin (kas´to•rin), n. [From 1st Castor.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained from castoreum.

Cas´tor oil (kas´ter oil•). A mild cathartic oil, expressed or extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi. When fresh the oil is inodorous and insipid. Castor-oil plant. Same as Palma Christi.

Cas•tra•me•ta´tion , n. [F. castrametation, fr. L. castra camp + metari to measure off, fr. meta limit.] (Mil.) The art or act of encamping; the making or laying out of a camp.

Cas´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castrating.] [L. castrarus, p; p. of castrare to castrate, asin to Skr. çastra knife.] 1. To deprive of the testicles; to emasculate; to geld; to alter. 2. To cut or take out; esp. to remove anything erroneous, or objectionable from, as the obscene parts of a writing; to expurgate. “My … correspondent … has sent me the following letter, which I have castrated in some places.
Spectator.”

Cas•tra´tion , n. [L. castratio; cf. F. castration.] The act of castrating.

Cas•tra´to , n. [L., properly p. p. of castrare. See Castrate.] A male person castrated for the purpose of improving his voice for singing; an artificial, or male, soprano. Swift.

Cas´trel , n. [Cf. F. crecerelle, cristel, OF. crecel, cercele. Cf. Kestrel.] (Zoöl.) See Kestrel.

Cas•tren´sial , a. [L. castrensis, fr. castra camp.] Belonging to a camp. Sir T. Browne.

Cas•tren´sian , a. Castrensial. [R.]

Cast´ steel See Cast steel, under Steel.

Cas´u•al , a. [OE. casuel, F. casuel, fr. L. casualis, fr. casus fall, accident, fr. cadere to fall. See Case.] 1. Happening or coming to pass without design, and without being foreseen or expected; accidental; fortuitous; coming by chance. “Casual breaks, in the general system.
W. Irving.” 2. Coming without regularity; occasional; incidental; as casual expenses. “A constant habit, rather than a casual gesture.
Hawthorne.” Syn. — Accidental; fortutious; incidental; occasional; contingent; unforeseen. See Accidental.

Cas´u•al, n. One who receives relief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong; a vagrant.

Cas´u•al•ism , n. The doctrine that all things exist or are controlled by chance.

Cas´u•al•ist, n. One who believes in casualism.

Cas´u•al•ly, adv. Without design; accidentally; fortuitously; by chance; occasionally.

Cas´u•al•ness, n. The quality of being casual.

Cas´u•al•ty , n.; pl. Casualties (#). [F. casualite, LL. casualitas.] 1. That which comes without design or without being foreseen; contingency. “Losses that befall them by mere casualty.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 2. Any injury of the body from accident; hence, death, or other misfortune, occasioned by an accident; as an unhappy casualty. 3. pl. (Mil. & Naval) Numerical loss caused by death, wounds, discharge, or desertion. Casualty ward, A ward in a hospital devoted to the treatment of injuries received by accident. Syn. — Accident; contingency; fortuity; misfortune.

Cas•u•a•ri´na , n. [NL., supposed to be named from the resemblance of the twigs to the feathers of the cassowary, of the genus Casuarius.] (Bot.) A genus of leafless trees or shrubs, with drooping branchlets of a rushlike appearance, mostly natives of Australia. Some of them are large, producing hard and heavy timber of excellent quality, called beefwood from its color.

Cas´u•ist , n. [L. casus fall, case; cf. F. casuiste. See Casual.] One who is skilled in, or given to, casuistry. “The judment of any casuist or learned divine concerning the state of a man’s soul, is not sufficient to give him confidence.
South.”

Cas´u•ist, v. i. To play the casuist. Milton. { Cas•u•is´tic , Cas•u•is´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to casuists or casuistry.

Cas´u•ist•ry , a. 1. The science or doctrine of dealing with cases of conscience, of resolving questions of right or wrong in conduct, or determining the lawfulness or unlawfulness of what a man may do by rules and principles drawn from the Scriptures, from the laws of society or the church, or from equity and natural reason; the application of general moral rules to particular cases. “The consideration of these nice and puzzling question in the science of ethics has given rise, in modern times, to a particular department of it, distinguished by the title of casuistry.
Stewart.” “Casuistry in the science of cases (i.e., oblique deflections from the general rule).
De Quincey.” 2. Sophistical, equivocal, or false reasoning or teaching in regard to duties, obligations, and morals.

Ca´sus , n. [L.] An event; an occurrence; an occasion; a combination of circumstances; a case; an act of God. See the Note under Accident. Casus belli, an event or combination of events which is a cause war, or may be alleged as a justification of war. — Casus fortuitus, an accident against which due prudence could not have provided. See Act of God, under Act. — Casus omissus, a case not provided for by the statute.

Cat (kat), n. [AS. cat; akin to D. & Dan. kat, Sw. katt, Icel. köttr, G. katze, kater, Ir. cat, W. cath, Armor. kaz, LL. catus, Bisc. catua, NGr. ga•ta, ga•tos, Russ. & Pol. kot, Turk. kedi, Ar. qitt; of unknown origin. Cf. Kitten.] 1. (Zoöl.) An animal of various species of the genera Felis and Lynx. The domestic cat is Felis domestica. The European wild cat (Felis catus) is much larger than the domestic cat. In the United States the name wild cat is commonly applied to the bay lynx (Lynx rufus) See Wild cat, and Tiger cat. The domestic cat includes many varieties named from their place of origin or from some peculiarity; as the Angora cat; the Maltese cat; the Manx cat. The word cat is also used to designate other animals, from some fancied resemblance; as civet cat, fisher cat, catbird, catfish shark, sea cat. 2. (Naut.) (a) A strong vessel with a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist. It is employed in the coal and timber trade. (b) A strong tackle used to draw an anchor up to the cathead of a ship. Totten. 3. A double tripod (for holding a plate, etc.), having six feet, of which three rest on the ground, in whatever position it is placed. 4. An old game; (a) The game of tipcat and the implement with which it is played. See Tipcat. (c) A game of ball, called, according to the number of batters, one old cat, two old cat, etc. 5. A cat o’ nine tails. See below. Angora cat, blind cat, See under Angora, Blind. — Black cat the fisher. See under Black. — Cat and dog, like a cat and dog; quarrelsome; inharmonious. ´I am sure we have lived a cat and dog life of it.´ Coleridge. — Cat block (Naut.), a heavy iron-strapped block with a large hook, part of the tackle used in drawing an anchor up to the cathead. — Cat hook (Naut.), a strong hook attached to a cat block. - - Cat nap, a very short sleep. [Colloq.] — Cat o’ nine tails, an instrument of punishment consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle; — formerly used to flog offenders on the bare back. — Cat’s cradle, game played, esp. by children, with a string looped on the fingers so, as to resemble small cradle. The string is transferred from the fingers of one to those of another, at each transfer with a change of form. See Cratch, Cratch cradle. — To let the cat out of the bag, to tell a secret, carelessly or willfully. [Colloq.] — Bush cat, the serval. See Serval.

Cat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. tted; p. pr. & vb. n. Catting.] (Naut.) To bring to the cathead; as to cat an anchor. See Anchor. Totten.

Cat´a [Gr. kata•.] The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It sometimes drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is sometimes changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic.

Cat•a•bap´tist , n. [Pref. cata + aptist. See Baptist.] (Eccl.) One who opposes baptism, especially of infants. [Obs.] Featley.

Cat•a•ba´sion , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kataba•sion.] A vault under altar of a Greek church.

Cat•a•bi•ot´ic , a. See under Force.

Cat•a•caus´tic , a. [Pref. cata + caustic.] (Physics) Relating to, or having the properties of, a caustic curve formed by reflection. See Caustic, a. Nichol.

Cat•a•caus´tic, n. (Physics) A caustic curve formed by reflection of light. Nichol.

Cat•a•chre´sis , n. [L. fr. Gr. misuse, fr. to misuse; kata• against + to use.] (Rhet.) A figure by which one word is wrongly put for another, or by which a word is wrested from its true signification; as ´To take arms against a sea of troubles´. Shak. ´Her voice was but the shadow of a sound.´ Young. { Cat•a•chres´tic , Cat•a•chres´tic•al , } a. Belonging to, or in the manner of, a catachresis; wrested from its natural sense or form; forced; far-fetched. — Cat•a•chres´tic•al•ly, adv. “[A] catachrestical and improper way of speaking.
Jer. Taylor.”

Cat´a•clysm , n. [L. cataclysmos, Gr. kataklysmo•s, from to dash over, inundate; kata• downward, against + to wash or dash over: cf. F. cataclysme.] 1. An extensive overflow or sweeping flood of water; a deluge. 2. (Geol.) Any violent catastrophe, involving sudden and extensive changes of the earth’s surface. { Cat•a•clys´mal , Cat•a•clys´mic } a. Of or pertaining to a cataclysm.

Cat•a•clys´mist , n. One who believes that the most important geological phenomena have been produced by cataclysms.

Cat´a•comb , n. [It. catacomba, fr. L. catacumba perh. from Gr. kata• downward, down + ky•mbh cavity.] A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place of large extent used for the burial of the dead; — commonly in the plural. The terms is supposed to have been applied originally to the tombs under the church of St. Sebastian in Rome. The most celebrated catacombs are those near Rome, on the Appian Way, supposed to have been the place or refuge and interment of the early Christians; those of Egypt, extending for a wide distance in the vicinity of Cairo; and those of Paris, in abandoned stone quarries, excavated under a large portion of the city.

Cat•a•cous´tic , n. [Pref. cata + acoustics: cf. F. caraconstique.] (Physics) That part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes See Acoustics. Hutton. { Cat•a•di•op´tric , Cat•a•di•op´tric•al , } a. [Pref. cata + dioptric: cf. F. catadioptrique.] (Physics) Pertaining to, produced by, or involving, both the reflection and refraction of light; as a catadioptric light. Hutton.

Cat•a•di•op´trics , n. The science which treats of catadioptric phenomena, or of the used of catadioptric instruments.

Cat´a•drome , n. [Gr. kata•dromos race course; kata• down + dro•mos course.] 1. A race course. 2. (Mach.) A machine for raising or lowering heavy weights.

Ca•tad´ro•mous , a. [Gr. kata• down + dro•mos a running.] 1. (Bot.) Having the lowest inferior segment of a pinna nearer the rachis than the lowest superior one; — said of a mode of branching in ferns, and opposed to anadromous. 2. (Zoöl.) Living in fresh water, and going to the sea to spawn; — opposed to anadromous, and said of the eel.

Cat•a•fal´co , n. [It.] See Catafalque.

Cat´a•falque , n. [F., fr. It. catafalco, scaffold, funeral canopy; of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. catafalso, cadahalso, cadalso, Pr. casafalc, OF. chafaut. Cf. Scaffold.] A temporary structure sometimes used in the funeral solemnities of eminent persons, for the public exhibition of the remains, or their conveyance to the place of burial.

Cat••ag•mat´ic , a. [Gr. fracture, fr. to break in places; kata• down + ’agny•nai to break: cf. F. catagmatique.] (Med.) Having the quality of consolidating broken bones.

Ca•ta´ian , n. A native of Cathay or China; a foreigner; — formerly a term of reproach. Shak.

Cat´a•lan , a. Of or pertaining to Catalonia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Catalonia; also the language of Catalonia. Catalan furnace, Catalan forge (Metal.), a kind of furnace for producing wrought iron directly from the ore. It was formerly much used, esp. in Catalonia, and is still used in some parts of the United States and elsewhere.

Cat•a•lec´tic , a. [L. catalecticus, Gr. incomplete, fr. to leave off; kata• down, wholly + lh•gein to stop.] 1. (Pros.) Wanting a syllable at the end, or terminating in an imperfect foot; as a catalectic verse. 2. (Photog. & Chem.) Incomplete; partial; not affecting the whole of a substance. Abney. { Cat´a•lep•sy , Cat•a•lep´sis } n. [NL. catalepsis, fr. Gr. a seizure, fr. to seize upon; kata• down + to take, seize.] (Med.) A sudden suspension of sensation and volition, the body and limbs preserving the position that may be given them, while the action of the heart and lungs continues.

Cat•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. katalhptiko•s.] Pertaining to, or resembling, catalepsy; affected with catalepsy; as a cataleptic fit.

Cat•al•lac´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Catallactics.] (Zoöl.) A division of Protozoa, of which Magosphaera is the type. They exist both in a myxopod state, with branched pseudopodia, and in the form of ciliated bodies united in free, spherical colonies.

Cat•al•lac´tics n. [Gr. to exchange; kata• wholly + to change.] The science of exchanges, a branch of political economy.

Cat´a•log , n. & v. Catalogue.

Cat´a•lo•gize , v. t. To insert in a catalogue; to register; to catalogue. [R.] Coles.

Cat´a•logue , n. [F., fr. catalogus, fr. Gr. a counting up, list, fr. to count up; kata• down, completely + to say.] A list or enumeration of names, or articles arranged methodically, often in alphabetical order; as a catalogue of the students of a college, or of books, or of the stars. Card catalogue, a catalogue, as of books, having each item entered on a separate card, and the cards arranged in cases by subjects, or authors, or alphabetically. — Catalogue raisonne [F.], a catalogue of books, etc., classed according to their subjects. Syn. — List; roll; index; schedule; enumeration; inventory. See List.

Cat´a•logue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catalogued p. pr. & vb. n. Cataloguing ] To make a list or catalogue; to insert in a catalogue.

Cat´a•log•uer , n. A maker of catalogues; esp. one skilled in the making of catalogues.

Ca•tal´pa , n. [From the language of the Indians of Carolina, where Catesby discovered this tree in the year 1726.] (Bot.) A genus of American and East Indian trees, of which the best know species are the Catalpa bignonioides, a large, ornamental North American tree, with spotted white flowers and long cylindrical pods, and the C. speciosa, of the Mississipi valley; — called also Indian bean.

Ca•tal´y•sis , n.; pl. Catalyse. (#) [ML., fr. Gr. dissolution, fr. to destroy, dissolve; kata• down, wholly + to loose.] 1. Dissolution; degeneration; decay. [R.] “Sad catalysis and declension of piety.
Evelyn.” 2. (Chem.) (a) A process by which reaction occurs in the presence of certain agents which were formerly believed to exert an influence by mere contact. It is now believed that such reactions are attended with the formation of an intermediate compound or compounds, so that by alternate composition and decomposition the agent is apparenty left unchanged; as the catalysis of making ether from alcohol by means of sulphuric acid; or catalysis in the action of soluble ferments (as diastase, or ptyalin) on starch. (b) The catalytic force.

Cat•a•ly´tic , a. Relating to, or causing, catalysis. ´The catalytic power is ill understood.´ Ure. Catalytic force, that form of chemical energy formerly supposed to determine catalysis.

Cat•a•lyt´ic, n. (Chem.) An agent employed in catalysis, as platinum black, aluminium chloride, etc.

Cat•a•ma•ran´, n. [The native East Indian name.] 1. A kind of raft or float, consisting of two or more logs or pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by paddles or sail; — used as a surf boat and for other purposes on the coasts of the East and West Indies and South America. Modified forms are much used in the lumber regions of North America, and at life-saving stations. 2. Any vessel with twin hulls, whether propelled by sails or by steam; esp., one of a class of double- hulled pleasure boats remarkable for speed. 3. A kind of fire raft or torpedo bat. “The incendiary rafts prepared by Sir Sidney Smith for destroying the French flotilla at Boulogne, 1804, were called catamarans.
Knight.” 4. A quarrelsome woman; a scold. [Colloq.]

Cat•a•me´nia (kat•a•me´ni•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ta• katamh•nia.] (Med.) The monthly courses of women; menstrual discharges; menses.

Cat•a•me´ni•al (-al), a. [Gr. katamh•nios monthly; kata• down, back, again + mh•n month.] Pertaining to the catamenia, or menstrual discharges.

Cat´a•mite (kat´a•mit), n. [L. Catamitus, an old form of Ganymedes Ganymede, Gr. Ganymh•dhs.] A boy kept for unnatural purposes.

Cat´a•mount (-mount), n. [Cat + mount; cf. Sp. gato montes mountain cat.] (Zoöl.) The cougar. Applied also in some parts of the United States, to the lynx.

Cat´a•nad•ro•mous , a. [Gr. kata• down + ’ana• up + dro•mos running, course.] (Zoöl.) Ascending and descending fresh streams from and to the sea, as the salmon; anadromous. [R.]

Cat´a•pasm , n. [Gr. , fr. to besprinkle; kata• down, wholly + to strew, or sprinkle.] (Med.) A compound medicinal powder, used by the ancients to sprinkle on ulcers, to absorb perspiration, etc. Dunglison.

Cat•a•pel´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a catapult.

Cat•a•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. cata + petalous.] (Bot.) Having the petals held together by stamens, which grow to their bases, as in the mallow.

Cat•a•phon´ic , a. Of or relating to cataphonics; catacoustic.

Cat•a•phon´ics , n. [Pref. cata + phonic: cf. F. cataphonique.] (Physics) That branch of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds; catacoustics.

Cat´a•phract (k&act;t´&ador;•frakt), n. [L. cataphractes, Gr. , fr. covered, fr. to cover; kata• down, wholly + fra•ssein to inclose.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) Defensive armor used for the whole body and often for the horse, also esp. the linked mail or scale armor of some eastern nations. 2. A horseman covered with a cataphract. “Archers and slingers, cataphracts, and spears.
Milton.” 3. (Zoöl.) The armor or plate covering some fishes.

Cat´a•phract•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Covered with a cataphract, or armor of plates, scales, etc.; or with that which corresponds to this, as horny or bony plates, hard, callous skin, etc.

Cat•a•phrac´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cataphract.

Cat•a•phys´ic•al, a. [Pref. cata + physical.] Unnatural; contrary to nature. [R.] “Some artists … have given to Sir Walter Scott a pile of forehead which is unpleassing and cataphysical.
De Quincey.”

Cat´a•plasm , n. [L. cataplasma, Gr. , fr. to spread over; kata• down, wholly + to form, mold.] (Med.) A soft and moist substance applied externally to some part of the body; a poultice. Dunglison.

Cat´a•puce , n. [F.] (Bot.) Spurge. [Obs.]

Cat´a•pult , n. [L. catapulta, Gr. , prob. from kata• down + to shake, hurl.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) An engine somewhat resembling a massive crossbow, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for throwing stones, arrows, spears, etc. 2. A forked stick with elastic band for throwing small stones, etc.

Cat´a•ract , n. [L. cataracta, catarracles, a waterfall, Gr. , , fr. to break down; in the passive, to fall or rush down (of tumors) to burst; kata• down + to break.] 1. A great fall of water over a precipice; a large waterfall. 2. (Surg.) An opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule, which prevents the passage of the rays of light and impairs or destroys the sight. 3. (Mach.) A kind of hydraulic brake for regulating the action of pumping engines and other machines; — sometimes called dashpot.

Cat•a•rac´tous , a. Of the nature of a cataract in the eye; affected with cataract.

Ca•tarrh´ , n. [L. catarrhus, Gr. , , a running down, rheum, fr. ; kata• down + to flow. See Stream.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane, in which there are congestion, swelling, and an altertion in the quantity and quality of mucus secreted; as catarrh of the stomach; catarrh of the bladder. In America, the term catarrh is applied especially to a chronic inflammation of, and hypersecretion fron, the membranes of the nose or air passages; in England, to an acute influenza, resulting a cold, and attended with cough, thirst, lassitude, and watery eyes; also to the cold itself.

Ca•tarrh´al , a. Pertaining to, produced by, or attending, catarrh; of the nature of catarrh.

Cat´ar•rhine , n. [Gr. kata•rris with hanging or curved nose; kata• down + ´ri•s, ´rino•s nose.] (Zoöl.) One of the Catarrhina, a division of Quadrumana, including the Old World monkeys and apes which have the nostrils close together and turned downward. See Monkey.

Ca•tarrh´ous , a. Catarrhal. [R.]

Cat•a•stal´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to check; kata• down, wholy + to set.] (Med.) Checking evacuations through astringent or styptic qualities.

Ca•tas´ta•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to set; kata• down + to place.] 1. (Rhet.) That part of a speech, usually the exordium, in which the orator sets forth the subject matter to be discussed. 2. (Med.) The state, or condition of anything; constitution; habit of body.

Ca•tas´ter•ism , n. [Gr. , fr. to place among the stars.] A placing among the stars; a catalogue of stars. “The catasterisms of Eratosthenes.
Whewell.”

Ca•tas´tro•phe , n. [L. catastropha, Gr. , fr. to turn up and down, to overturn; kata• down + to turn.] 1. An event producing a subversion of the order or system of things; a final event, usually of a calamitous or disastrous nature; hence, sudden calamity; great misfortune. “The strange catastrophe of affairs now at London.
Bp. Burnet.” “The most horrible and portentous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw.
Woodward.” 2. The final event in a romance or a dramatic piece; a denouement, as a death in a tragedy, or a marriage in a comedy. 3. (Geol.) A violent and widely extended change in the surface of the earth, as an elevation or subsidence of some part of it, effected by internal causes. Whewell.

Cat•a•stroph´ic , a. Of a pertaining to a catastrophe. B. Powell.

Ca•tas´tro•phism , n. (Geol.) The doctrine that the geological changes in the earth’s crust have been caused by the sudden action of violent physical causes; — opposed to the doctrine of uniformism.

Ca•tas´tro•phist , n. (Geol.) One who holds the theory or catastrophism.

Ca•taw´ba , n. 1. A well known light red variety of American grape. 2. A light-colored, sprightly American wine from the Catawba grape.

Ca•taw´bas , n. pl.; sing. Catawba. (Ethnol.) An Appalachian tribe of Indians which originally inhabited the regions near the Catawba river and the head waters of the Santee.

Cat´bird , n. (Zoöl.) An American bird (Galeoscoptes Carolinensis), allied to the mocking bird, and like it capable of imitating the notes of other birds, but less perfectly. Its note resembles at times the mewing of a cat.

Cat´boat , n. (Naut.) A small sailboat, with a single mast placed as far forward as possible, carring a sail extended by a gaff and long boom. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cat´call , n. A sound like the cry of a cat, such as is made in playhouses to express dissatisfaction with a play; also a small shrill instrument for making such a noise. “Upon the rising of the curtain. I was very much surprised with the great consort of catcalls which was exhibited.
Addison.”

Catch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caught or Catched ; p. pr. & vb. n. Catching. Catched is rarely used.] [OE. cacchen, OF. cachier, dialectic form of chacier to hunt, F. chasser, fr. (assumend) LL. captiare, for L. capture, V. intens. of capere to take, catch. See Capacious, and cf. Chase, Case a box.] 1. To lay hold on; to seize, especially with the hand; to grasp (anything) in motion, with the effect of holding; as to catch a ball. 2. To seize after pursuing; to arrest; as to catch a thief. ´They pursued … and caught him.´ Judg. i. 6. 3. To take captive, as in a snare or net, or on a hook; as to catch a bird or fish. 4. Hence: To insnare; to entangle. ´To catch him in his words´. Mark xii. 13. 5. To seize with the senses or the mind; to apprehend; as to catch a melody. ´Fiery thoughts … whereof I catch the issue.´ Tennyson. 6. To communicate to; to fasten upon; as the fire caught the adjoining building. 7. To engage and attach; to please; to charm. “The soothing arts that catch the fair.
Dryden.” 8. To get possession of; to attain. “Torment myself to catch the English throne.
Shak.” 9. To take or receive; esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, infection, or exposure; as to catch the spirit of an occasion; to catch the measles or smallpox; to catch cold; the house caught fire. 10. To come upon unexpectedly or by surprise; to find; as to catch one in the act of stealing. 11. To reach in time; to come up with; as to catch a train. To catch fire, to become inflamed or ignited. — to catch it to get a scolding or beating; to suffer punishment. [Colloq.] — To catch one’s eye, to interrupt captiously while speaking. [Colloq.] ´You catch me up so very short.´ Dickens. — To catch up, to snatch; to take up suddenly.

Catch , v. i. 1. To attain possession. [Obs.] “Have is have, however men do catch.
Shak.” 2. To be held or impeded by entanglement or a light obstruction; as a kite catches in a tree; a door catches so as not to open. 3. To take hold; as the bolt does not catch. 4. To spread by, or as by, infecting; to communicate. “Does the sedition catch from man to man?
Addison.” To catch at, to attempt to seize; to be eager to get or use. ´[To] catch at all opportunities of subverting the state.´ Addison. — To catch up with, to come up with; to overtake.

Catch, n. 1. Act of seizing; a grasp. Sir P. Sidney. 2. That by which anything is caught or temporarily fastened; as the catch of a gate. 3. The posture of seizing; a state of preparation to lay hold of, or of watching he opportunity to seize; as to lie on the catch. [Archaic] Addison. “The common and the canon law … lie at catch, and wait advantages one againt another.
T. Fuller.” 4. That which is caught or taken; profit; gain; especially, the whole quantity caught or taken at one time; as a good catch of fish. “Hector shall have a great catch if he knock out either of your brains.
Shak.” 5. Something desirable to be caught, esp. a husband or wife in matrimony. [Colloq.] Marryat. 6. pl. Passing opportunities seized; snatches. “It has been writ by catches with many intervals.
Locke.” 7. A slight remembrance; a trace. “We retain a catch of those pretty stories.
Glanvill.” 8. (Mus.) A humorous canon or round, so contrived that the singers catch up each other’s words.

Catch´a•ble , a. Capable of being caught. [R.]

Catch´-ba•sin , n. A cistern or vault at the point where a street gutter discharges into a sewer, to catch bulky matters which would not pass readily through the sewer. Knight.

Catch´drain , n. A ditch or drain along the side of a hill to catch the surface water; also a ditch at the side of a canal to catch the surplus water.

Catch´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, catches. 2. (Baseball) The player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball.

Catch´fly , n. (Bot.) A plant with the joints of the stem, and sometimes other parts, covered with a viscid secretion to which small insects adhere. The species of Silene are examples of the catchfly.

Catch´ing a. 1. Infectious; contagious. 2. Captivating; alluring.

Catch´ing, n. The act of seizing or taking hold of. Catching bargain (Law), a bargain made with an heir expectant for the purchase of his expectancy at an inadequate price. Bouvier.

Catch´-mead•ow , n. A meadow irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the side of hill.

Catch´ment , n. A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir.

Catch´pen•ny , a. Made or contrived for getting small sums of money from the ignorant or unwary; as a catchpenny book; a catchpenny show. — n. Some worthless catchpenny thing.

Catch´poll , n. [OF. chacepol, chacipol.] A bailiff’s assistant. { Catch´up , Cat´sup }, n. [Probably of East Indian origin, because it was originally a kind of East Indian pickles.] A table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Written also ketchup.]

Catch´wa•ter , n. A ditch or drain for catching water. See Catchdrain.

Catch´weed , n. (Bot.) See Cleavers.

Catch´weight , adv. (Horseracing) Without any additional weight; without being handicapped; as to ride catchweight.

Catch´word , n. 1. Among theatrical performers, the last word of the preceding speaker, which reminds one that he is to speak next; cue. 2. (Print.) The first word of any page of a book after the first, inserted at the right hand bottom corner of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. It is seldom used in modern printing. 3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect; as the catchword of a political party, etc.

Catch´work , n. A work or artificial water-course for throwing water on lands that lie on the slopes of hills; a catchdrain.

Cate , n. Food. [Obs.] See Cates. { Cat•e•chet´ic , Cat•e•chet´ic•al } a. [Gr. . See Catechise.] Relating to or consisting in, asking questions and receiving answers, according to the ancient manner of teaching. “Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing.
Addison.”

Cat•e•chet´ic•al•ly, adv. In a catechetical manner; by question and answer.

Cat•e•chet´ics , n. The science or practice of instructing by questions and answers.

Cat´e•chin , n. (Chem.) One of the tannic acids, extracted from catechu as a white, crystalline substance; — called also catechuic acid, and catechuin.

Cat•e•chi•sa´tion , n. [LL. catechizatio.] The act of catechising.

Cat´e•chise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catechised p. pr. & vb. n. Catechising.] [L. catechizare, Gr. , equiv. to to resound, sound a thing into one’s ears, impress it upon one by word of mouth; + to sound, a sound.] 1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering explanations and corrections, — esp. in regard to points of religious faith. 2. To question or interrogate; to examine or try by questions; — sometimes with a view to reproof, by eliciting from a person answers which condemn his own conduct. Swift.

Cat´e•chi•ser (kat´e•ki•zer), n. One who catechises.

Cat´e•chism (-kiz’m), n. [L. catechismus, fr. Gr. See Catechise.] 1. A form of instruction by means of questions and answers. 2. A book containing a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers. “The Jews, even till this day, have their catechisms.
Hooker.” The Larger Catechism, The Shorter Catechism. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

Cat•e•chis´mal , a. Of or pertaining to a catechism, having the form of questions and answers; catechetical.

Cat´e•chist (kat´e•kist), n. [L. catechista, fr. Gr.] One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religions matters. { Cat•e•chis´tic (-kis´tik), Cat•e•chis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a catechist or to a catechism. Dr. H. More.

Cat´e•chize, v. t. See Catechise.

Cat´e•chu , n. [See Cashoo.] (Chem.) A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained by decoction and evaporation from the Acacia catechu, and several other plants growing in India. It contains a large portion of tannin or tannic acid, and is used in medicine and in the arts. It is also known by the names terra japonica, cutch, gambier, etc. Ure. Dunglison.

Cat•e•chu´ic , a. Of or pertaining to catechu or its derivatives. See catechin.

Cat´e•chu•men , n. [L. catechunenus, Gr. instructed, from . See Catechise.] (Eccl.) One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity; a neophyte; in the primitive church, one officially recognized as a Christian, and admitted to instruction preliminary to admission to full membership in the church.

Cat•e•chu´men•ate , n. The state or condition of a catechumen or the time during which one is a catechumen.

Cat•e•chu•men´i•cal , a. Of or pertaining to catechumens; as catechumenical instructions.

Cat•e•chu´men•ist, n. A catechumen. Bp. Morton.

Cat•e•gor•e•mat´ic , a. [Gr. predicate. See Category.] (Logic.) Capable of being employed by itself as a term; — said of a word.

Cat•e•gor´ic•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a category. 2. Not hypothetical or relative; admitting no conditions or exceptions; declarative; absolute; positive; express; as a categorical proposition, or answer. “The scriptures by a multitude of categorical and intelligible decisions … distinguish between the things seen and temporal and those that are unseen and eternal.
I. Taylor.”

Cat•e•gor´ic•al•ly, adv. Absolutely; directly; expressly; positively; as to affirm categorically.

Cat•e•gor´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being categorical, positive, or absolute. A. Marvell.

Cat´e•go•rist , n. One who inserts in a category or list; one who classifies. Emerson.

Cat´e•go•rize , v. t. To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue.

Cat´e•go•ry , n.; pl. Categories (#). [L. categoria, Gr. , fr. to accuse, affirm, predicate; down, against + to harrangue, assert, fr. assembly.] 1. (Logic.) One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system; an ultimate or undecomposable conception; a predicament. “The categories or predicaments — the former a Greek word, the latter its literal translation in the Latin language — were intended by Aristotle and his followers as an enumeration of all things capable of being named; an enumeration by the summa genera i.e., the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed.
J. S. Mill.” 2. Class; also state, condition, or predicament; as we are both in the same category. “There is in modern literature a whole class of writers standing within the same category.
De Quincey.”

Cat´el , n. [See Chattel.] Property; — often used by Chaucer in contrast with rent, or income. “´For loss of catel may recovered be,
But loss of tyme shendeth us,´ quod he.
Chaucer.”

Cat•e•lec´trode , n. [Pref. cata + elecrode.] (Physics) The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery. Faraday.

Cat•e•lec•tro•ton´ic , a. (Physics) Relating to, or characterized by, catelectrotonus.

Cat•e•lec•trot´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. down + (see Electro-) + tone.] (Physics) The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of a current of electricity through it.

Ca•te´na , n.; pl. Catene (#). [L., a chain.] A chain or series of things connected with each other. “I have … in no case sought to construct those catenae of games, which it seems now the fashion of commentators to link together.
C. J. Ellicott.” { Cat´e•na•ry , Cat•e•na´ri•an } a. [L. catenarius, fr. catena a chain. See Chain.] Relating to a chain; like a chain; as a catenary curve.

Cat´e•na•ry, n.; pl. Catenaries . (Geol.) The curve formed by a rope or chain of uniform density and perfect flexibility, hanging freely between two points of suspension, not in the same vertical line.

Cat´e•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Catenating.] [L. catenatus, p. p. of catenare, fr. catena chain. See Chain.] To connect, in a series of links or ties; to chain. E. Darwin.

Cat•e•na´tion , n. [L. catenatio.] Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation. Sir T. Browne.

Ca•ten´u•late , a. [L. catenuia, dim. of catena chain.] 1. Consisting of little links or chains. 2. (Zoöl.) Chainlike; — said both or color marks and of indentations when arranged like the links of a chain, as on shells, etc.

Ca´ter , n. [OE. catour purchaser, caterer, OF. acator, fr. acater, F. acheter, to buy, provide, fr. LL. accaptare; L. ad + captare to strive, to seize, intens, of capere to take, seize. Cf. Acater, Capacious.] A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ca´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Catered p. pr. & vb. n. Catering.] [From Cater, n.] 1. To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions. “[He] providently caters for the sparrow.
Shak.” 2. By extension: To supply what is needed or desired, at theatrical or musical entertainments; — followed by for or to.

Ca´ter, n. [F. quatre four.] The four of cards or dice.

Ca´ter, v. t. To cut diagonally. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Cat´e•ran , n. [Gael. ceatharnach. Cf. Kern Irish foot soldier.] A Highland robber: a kind of irregular soldier. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Ca´ter-cor•nered , a. [Cf. Cater to cut diagonally.] Diagonal. [Colloq.]

Ca´ter-cous•in , n. A remote relation. See Quater-cousin. Shak.

Ca´ter•er , n. One who caters. “The little fowls in the air have God for Their provider and caterer.
Shelton.”

Ca´ter•ess, n. A woman who caters. Milton.

Cat´er•pil•lar , n. [OE. catyrpel, corrupted fr. OF. chatepelouse, or cate pelue, fr. chate, F. chatte, she-cat, fem. of chat, L. catus + L. pilosus hairy, or F. pelu hairy, fr. L. pilus hair. See Cat, and Pile hair.] 1. (Zoöl.) The larval state of a butterfly or any lepidopterous insect; sometimes, but less commonly, the larval state of other insects, as the sawflies, which are also called false caterpillars. The true caterpillars have three pairs of true legs, and several pairs of abdominal fleshy legs (prolegs) armed with hooks. Some are hairy, others naked. They usually feed on leaves, fruit, and succulent vegetables, being often very destructive, Many of them are popularly called worms, as the cutworm, cankerworm, army worm, cotton worm, silkworm. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Scorpiurus, with pods resembling caterpillars. Caterpillar catcher, or Caterpillar eater (Zoöl.), a bird belonging to the family of Shrikes, which feeds on caterpillars. The name is also given to several other birds. — Caterpillar hunter (Zoöl.), any species of beetles of the genus Callosoma and other allied genera of the family Carabidae which feed habitually upon caterpillars.

Cat´er•waul , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caterwauled p. pr. & vb. n. Caterwauling.] [Cat + waul, wawl, to cry as a cat.] To cry as cats in rutting time; to make a harsh, offensive noise. Coleridge.

Cat´er•waul, n. A caterwauling.

Cat´er•waul•ing, n. The cry of cats; a harsh, disagreeable noise or cry like the cry of cats. Shak.

Ca´ter•y , n. [See Cater, n.] The place where provisions are deposited. [Obs.]

Cates , n. pl. [Cf. Acates, and see Cater, n.] Provisions; food; viands; especially, luxurious food; delicacies; dainties. Shak. “Cates for which Apicius could not pay.
Shurchill.” “Choicest cates and the fiagon’s best spilth.
R. Browning.”

Cat´-eyed , a. Having eyes like a cat; hence, able to see in the dark.

Cat´fall , n. (Naut.) A rope used in hoisting the anchor to the cathead. Totten.

Cat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A name given in the United States to various species of siluroid fishes; as the yellow cat (Amiurus natalis); the bind cat (Gronias nigrilabrus); the mud cat (Pilodictic oilwaris), the stone cat (Noturus flavus); the sea cat (Arius felis), etc. This name is also sometimes applied to the wolf fish. See Bullhrad.

Cat´gut , n. [Cat + gut.] 1. A cord of great toughness made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep, used for strings of musical instruments, etc. 2. A sort of linen or canvas with wide interstices.

Cath´a•rine wheel See catherine wheel.

Cath´a•rist , n. [LL. catharista, fr. Gr. clean, pure.] One aiming at or pretending to a greater purity of like than others about him; — applied to persons of various sects. See Albigenses.

Cat´-harp•in , n. See Cat-harping.

Cat´-harp•ing n. (Naut.) One of the short ropes or iron cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so a to give freer sweep to the yards.

Ca•thar´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Cathartic.] (Med.) A natural or artificial purgation of any passage, as of the mouth, bowels, etc. { Ca•thar´tic , Ca•thar´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to cleanse, fr. pure; akin to F. chaste.] 1. (Med.) Cleansing the bowels; promoting evacuations by stool; purgative. 2. Of or pertaining to the purgative principle of senna, as cathartic acid.

Ca•thar´tic, n. [Gr. .] (Med.) A medicine that promotes alvine discharges; a purge; a purgative of moderate activity. The cathartics are more energetic and certain in action that the laxatives, which simply increase the tendency to alvine evacuation; and less powerful and irritaint that the drastic purges, which cause profuse, repeated, and watery evacuations. — Ca•thar´tic•al•ly, adv. — Ca•thar´tic•al•ness, n.

ca•thar´tin , n. (Chem.) The bitter, purgative principle of senna. It is a glucoside with the properties of a weak acid; — called also cathartic acid, and cathartina.

Ca•thay´ , n. China; — an old name for the Celestial Empire, said have been introduced by Marco Polo and to be a corruption of the Tartar name for North China (Khitai, the country of the Khitans.) “Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.
Tennyson.”

Cat´head , n. (Naut.) A projecting piece of timber or iron near the bow of vessel, to which the anchor is hoisted and secured.

Cath´e•dra , n. [L., fr. Gr. seat. See Chair.] The official chair or throne of a bishop, or of any person in high authority. Ex cathedra [L., from the chair], in the exercise of one’s office; with authority. “The Vatican Council declares that the Pope, is infallible ´when he speaks ex cathedra.´
Addis & Arnold’s Cath. Dict.”

Ca•the´dral , n. [LL. cathedralis (sc. ecclesia): cf. F. cathedrale. See Cathedra.] The principal church in a diocese, so called because in it the bishop has his official chair (Cathedra) or throne.

Ca•the´dral, a. [LL. cathedralis: cf. F. cathedral.] 1. Pertaining to the head church of a diocese; as a cathedral church; cathedral service. 2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop; official; authoritative. “Now, what solemnity can be more required for the pope to make a cathedral determination of an article!
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Resembling the aisles of a cathedral; as cathedral walks. Pope.

Cath•e•dral´ic , a. Cathedral. [R.]

Cath•e•dra´ted , a. [From Cathedra.] Relating to the chair or office of a teacher. [Obs.]

Cath•e•ret´ic , n. [Gr. , fr. to bring down or raze; down + to take.] (Med.) A mild kind caustic used to reduce warts and other excrescences. Dunglison.

Cath´er•ine wheel [So called from St. Catherine of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] 1. (Geoth.Arth.) Same as Rose window and Wheel window. Called also Catherine-wheel window. 2. (Pyrotechny) A revolving piece of fireworks resembling in form the window of the same name. [Written also Catharine wheel.]

Cath´e•ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. a thing let down or put in, catheter, fr. to send down, to let down; + to send.] (Med.) The name of various instruments for passing along mucous canals, esp. applied to a tubular instrument to be introduced into the bladder through the urethra to draw off the urine. Eustachian catheter. See under Eustachian. — Prostatic catheter, one adapted for passing an enlarged prostate. { Cath´e•ter•ism , Cath•e•ter•i•za´tion , } n. (Med.) The operation of introducing a catheter.

Cath´e•ter•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catheterized p. pr. & vb. n. Catheterizing.] (Med.) To operate on with a catheter. Dunglison.

Cath•e•tom´e•ter , n. [From Gr. vertical height + -meter.] An instrument for the accurate measurement of small differences of height; esp. of the differences in the height of the upper surfaces of two columns of mercury or other fluid, or of the same column at different times. It consists of a telescopic leveling apparatus (d), which slides up or down a perpendicular metallic standard very finely graduated (bb). The telescope is raised or depressed in order to sight the objects or surfaces, and the differences in vertical height are thus shown on the graduated standard. [Written also kathetometer.]

Cath´e•tus , n.; pl. catheti (#). [L., fr. Gr. a perpendicular line, fr. let down, fr. . See Catheter.] (Geom.) One line or radius falling perpendicularly on another; as the catheti of a right-angled triangle, that is, the two sides that include the right angle. Barlow.

Cath´ode , n. [Gr. descent; down + way.] (Physics) The part of a voltaic battery by which the electric current leaves substances through which it passes, or the surface at which the electric current passes out of the electrolyte; the negative pole; — opposed to anode. Faraday. Cathode ray (Phys.), a kind of ray generated at the cathode in a vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge.

Ca•thod´ic (ka•thod´ik), a. (Physiol.) A term applied to the centrifugal, or efferent, course of the nervous influence. Marshall Hall.

Cat´-hole (kat´hol•), n. (Naut.) One of two small holes astern, above the gunroom ports, through which hawsers may be passed.

Cath´o•lic (kath´o•ik), a. [L. catholicus, Gr. kaqoliko•s, universal, general; kata• down, wholly + ´o•los whole, probably akin to E. solid: cf. F. catholique.] 1. Universal or general; as the catholic faith. “Men of other countries [came] to bear their part in so great and catholic a war.
Southey.” This epithet, which is applicable to the whole Christian church, or its faith, is claimed by Roman Catholics to belong especially to their church, and in popular usage is so limited. 2. Not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; as catholic tastes. 3. Of or pertaining to, or affecting the Roman Catholics; as the Catholic emancipation act. Catholic epistles, the epistles of the apostles which are addressed to all the faithful, and not to a particular church; being those of James, Peter, Jude, and John.

Cath´o•lic, n. 1. A person who accepts the creeds which are received in common by all parts of the orthodox Christian church. 2. An adherent of the Roman Catholic church; a Roman Catholic. Old Catholic, the name assumed in 1870 by members of the Roman Catholic church, who denied the ecumenical character of the Vatican Council, and rejected its decrees, esp. that concerning the infallibility of the pope, as contrary to the ancient Catholic faith.

Ca•thol´i•cal , a. Catholic. [Obs.]

Ca•thol´i•cism , n. [Cf. F. catholicisme.] 1. The state or quality of being catholic or universal; catholicity. Jer. Taylor. 2. Liberality of sentiment; breadth of view. 3. The faith of the whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto. 4. The doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto.

Cath•o•lic´i•ty , n. 1. The state or quality of being catholic; universality. 2. Liberality of sentiments; catholicism. 3. Adherence or conformity to the system of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Christian church; the doctrine so held; orthodoxy. 4. Adherence to the doctrines of the church of Rome, or the doctrines themselves.

Ca•thol´i•cize , v. t. & i. To make or to become catholic or Roman Catholic.

Cath´o•lic•ly , adv. In a catholic manner; generally; universally. Sir L. Cary.

Cath´o•lic•ness, n. The quality of being catholic; universality; catholicity.

Ca•thol´i•con , n. [Gr. , neut. , universal. See Catholic.] (Med.) A remedy for all diseases; a panacea.

Ca•thol´i•cos , n. [NL. See Catholic.] (Eccl.) The spiritual head of the Armenian church, who resides at Etchmiadzin, Russia, and has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over, and consecrates the holy oil for, the Armenians of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, including the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Sis. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the civil head of the Armenians in Turkey.

Cat•i•li•na´ri•an , a. [L. Catilinarius.] Pertaining to Catiline, the Roman conspirator; resembling Catiline’s conspiracy.

Cat´i•on , n. [Gr. downward + going, p. pr. of to go.] (Chem.) An electro-positive substance, which in electro-decomposition is evolved at the cathode; — opposed to anion. Faraday.

Cat´kin , n. [Cat + - kin.] (Bot.) An ament; a species of inflorescence, consisting of a slender axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar, and (as to the staminate flowers) in the chestnut, oak, hickory, etc. — so called from its resemblance to a cat’s tail. See Illust. of Ament.

Cat´like , a. Like a cat; stealthily; noiselessly.

Cat´ling , n. [Cat + - ing.] 1. A little cat; a kitten. ´Cat nor catling.´ Drummond. 2. Catgut; a catgut string. [R.] Shak. 3. (Surg.) A double-edged, sharp- pointed dismembering knife. [Spelt also catlin.] Crobb.

Cat´lin•ite , n. [From George Catlin, an American traveler.] A red clay from the Upper Missouri region, used by the Indians for their pipes. { Cat´nip• , Cat´mint• } n. (Bot.) A well-know plant of the genus Nepeta (N. Cataria), somewhat like mint, having a string scent, and sometimes used in medicine. It is so called because cats have a peculiar fondness for it.

Cat•o-ca•thar´tic , n. [Gr. down + serving to purge. See Cathartic.] (Med.) A remedy that purges by alvine discharges.

Ca•to´ni•an , a. [L. Catonionus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the stern old Roman, Cato the Censor; severe; inflexible.

Cat´ o’ nine´ tails. See under Cat. { Ca•top´ter , Ca•top´tron } n. [Gr. mirror, fr. visible.] A reflecting optical glass or instrument; a mirror. [Obs.] { Ca•top´tric , Ca•top´tric•al } a. [Gr. . See Catopter.] Of or pertaining to catoptrics; produced by reflection. Catoptric light, a light in which the rays are concentrated by reflectors into a beam visible at a distance.

Ca•top´trics , n. [Cf. F. catoptrique. See Catropric.] (Physics) That part of optics which explains the properties and phenomena of reflected light, and particularly that which is reflected from mirrors or polished bodies; — formerly called anacamptics.

Ca•top´tro•man•cy , n. [Gr. mirror + -mancy. See Catopter.] (Antiq.) A species of divination, which was performed by letting down a mirror into water, for a sick person to look at his face in it. If his countenance appeared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill omen; if fresh and healthy, it was favorable.

Ca•top´tron (ka•top´tron), n. [Obs.] See Catopter.

Cat•pipe´ (kat´pip•), n. See Catcall.

Cat´-rigged , a. Rigged like a catboat.

Cat´-salt , n. A sort of salt, finely granulated, formed out of the bittern or leach brine.

Cat’s´-eye (kats´i•), n. (Min.) A variety of quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting opalescent reflections from within, like the eye of a cat. The name is given to other gems affording like effects, esp. the chrysoberyl.

Cat’s•-foot , n. (Bot.) A plant (Nepeta Glechoma) of the same genus with catnip; ground ivy.

Cat´-sil•ver , n. Mica. [Archaic]

Cats´kill pe•ri•od (Geol.) The closing subdivision of the Devonian age in America. The rocks of this period are well developed in the Catskill mountains, and extend south and west under the Carboniferous formation. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cat´so , n.; pl. Catsos (#). [It. cazzo.] A base fellow; a rogue; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cat’s´-paw , n. 1. (Naut.) (a) A light transitory air which ruffles the surface of the water during a calm, or the ripples made by such a puff of air. (b) A particular hitch or turn in the bight of a rope, into which a tackle may be hooked. 2. A dupe; a tool; one who, or that which, is used by another as an instrument to a accomplish his purposes. In this sense the term refers to the fable of the monkey using the cat’s paw to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire.

Cat’s´-tail , n. See Timothy, Cat-tail, Cirrus.

Cat´stick , n. A stick or club employed in the game of ball called cat or tipcat. Massinger.

Cat´stitch , v. t. (Needlework) To fold and sew down the edge of with a coarse zigzag stitch.

Cat´sup , n. Same as Catchup, and Ketchup.

Cat´-tail , n. (Bot.) A tall rush or flag (Typha latifolia) growing in marshes, with long, flat leaves, and having its flowers in a close cylindrical spike at the top of the stem. The leaves are frequently used for seating chairs, making mats, etc. See Catkin. The lesser cat-tail is Typha angustifolia.

Cat´tish (kat´tish), a. Catlike; feline Drummond.

Cat´tle (kat´t’l), n. pl. [OE. calet, chatel, goods, property, OF. catel, chatel, LL. captale, capitale, goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capitals relating to the head, chief; because in early ages beasts constituted the chief part of a man’s property. See Capital, and cf. Chattel.] Quadrupeds of the Bovine family; sometimes, also including all domestic quadrupeds, as sheep, goats, horses, mules, asses, and swine. Belted cattle, Black cattle. See under Belted, Black. — Cattle guard, a trench under a railroad track and alongside a crossing (as of a public highway). It is intended to prevent cattle from getting upon the track. — cattle louse (Zoöl.), any species of louse infecting cattle. There are several species. The Haematatopinus eurysternus and H. vituli are common species which suck blood; Trichodectes scalaris eats the hair. — Cattle plague, the rinderpest; called also Russian cattle plague. — Cattle range, or Cattle run, an open space through which cattle may run or range. [U. S.] Bartlett. — Cattle show, an exhibition of domestic animals with prizes for the encouragement of stock breeding; — usually accompanied with the exhibition of other agricultural and domestic products and of implements.

Cat´ty , n. [Malay kati. See Caddy.] An East Indian Weight of 1&frac13; pounds.

Cau•ca´sian , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas. 2. Of or pertaining to the white races of mankind, of whom the people about Mount Caucasus were formerly taken as the type.

Cau•ca´sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Caucasus, esp. a Circassian or Georgian. 2. A member of any of the white races of mankind.

Cau´cus , n. [Etymology uncertain. Mr. J. H. Trumbull finds the origin of caucus in the N. A. Indian word cawcawwassough or caú cau-as’u one who urges or pushes on, a promoter. See citation for an early use of the word caucus.] A meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party, to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting. “This day learned that the caucus club meets, at certain times, in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston regiment.
John Adams’s Diary [Feb. , 1763].”

Cau´cus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caucused p. pr. & vb. n. Caucusing.] To hold, or meet in, a caucus or caucuses.

Cau´dad , adv. [L. cauda tail + ad to.] (Zoöl.) Backwards; toward the tail or posterior part.

Cau´da gal•li, . [L., tail of a cock.] (Paleon.) A plume-shaped fossil, supposed to be a seaweed, characteristic of the lower Devonian rocks; as the cauda galli grit. Cauda galli epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the begining of the Devonian age in eastern America, so named from the characteristic gritty sandstone marked with impressions of cauda galli. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cau´dal , a. [L. Cauda tail. Cf. Coward.] Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a tail; having a tail-like appendage. “The male widow-bird, remarkable for his caudal plumes.
Darwin.” Caudal fin (Zoöl.), the terminal fin (or ´tail´) of a fish.

Cau•da´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cauda tail.] (Zoöl.) See Urodela. { Cau´date , Cau´da•ted } a. [L. cauda tail.] Having a tail; having a termination like a tail.

Cau´dex , n.; pl. L. Caudices (#), E. Caudexes (#). [L.] (Bot.) The stem of a tree., esp. a stem without a branch, as of a palm or a tree fern; also the perennial rootstock of an herbaceous plant. { Cau´di•cle , Cau•dic´u•la } n. [Dim. of L. cauda tail, appendage.] (Bot.) A slender, elastic process, to which the masses of pollen in orchidaceous plants are attached.

Cau´dle , n. [OF. caudel, F. chaudeau, dim. of LL calidum a sweet drink, fr. L. caidus warm. See Caldron.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices.

Cau´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caudled p. pr. & vb. n. Caudling ] 1. To make into caudle. 2. Too serve as a caudle to; to refresh. [R.] Shak.

Cauf , n. [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, L. cavus hollow, or to L. caphinus, Gr. basket.] A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water. Philips.

Cau´fle, n. A gang of slaves. Same as Coffle.

Caught (kat), imp. & p. p. of Catch. { Cauk (kak), n., Cauk´er (-er), } n. See Cawk, Calker.

Caul (kal), n. [OE. calle, kelle, prob. fr. F. cale; cf. Ir. calla a veil.] 1. A covering of network for the head, worn by women; also a net. Spenser. 2. (Anat.) The fold of membrane loaded with fat, which covers more or less of the intestines in mammals; the great omentum. See Omentum. “The caul serves for the warming of the lower belly.
Ray.” 3. A part of the amnion, one of the membranes enveloping the fetus, which sometimes is round the head of a child at its birth. “It is deemed lucky to be with a caul or membrane over the face. This caul is esteemed an infallible preservative against drowning … According to Chysostom, the midwives frequently sold it for magic uses.
Grose.” “I was born with a caul, which was advertised for sale, in the newspapers, at the low price of fifteen guineas.
Dickens.”

Cau•les´cent , a. [L. caulis stalk, stem: cf. F. caulescent.] (Bot.) Having a leafy stem.

Cau´li•cle , n. (Bot.) A short caulis or stem, esp. the rudimentary stem seen in the embryo of seed; — otherwise called a radicle.

Cau•lic´u•lus (ka•lik´u•lus), n.; pl. Cauliculi (- li). [L. cauliculus little stalk, dim. of caulis.] (Arch.) In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight stalks rising out of the lower leafage and terminating in leaves which seem to support the volutes. See Illust. of Corinthian order, under Corinthian.

Cau´li•flow•er , n. [F. choufleur, modified by E. Cole. L. caulis, and by E. flower; F. chou cabbage is fr. L. caulis stalk, cabbage, and fleur flower is fr. L. flos flower. See Cole, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) An annual variety of Brassica oleracea, or cabbage, of which the cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten as a vegetable. 2. The edible head or ´curd´ of a cauliflower plant.

Cau´li•form , a. [L. caulis + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a caulis.

Cau´line , a. (Bot.) Growing immediately on a caulis; of or pertaining to a caulis.

Cau´lis , n.; L. pl. Caules (#). [L., a stem.] (Bot.) An herbaceous or woody stem which bears leaves, and may bear flowers.

Caulk , v. t. & n. See Calk.

Cau•lo•car´pous , a. [Gr. stem + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Having stems which bear flowers and fruit year after year, as most trees and shrubs.

Cau´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. a burning heat.] (Med.) Great heat, as of the body in fever.

Cau´po•nize , v. i. [L. cauponari, fr. caupo huckster, innkeeper.] To sell wine or victuals. [Obs.] Warburfon.

Caus´a•ble , a. Capable of being caused.

Caus´al , a. [L. causalis. See Cause.] Relating to a cause or causes; inplying or containing a cause or causes; expressing a cause; causative. “Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words.
Watts.”

Caus´al, n. A causal word or form of speech. “Anglo-Saxon drencan to drench, causal of Anglo-Saxon drincan to drink.
Skeat.”

Cau•sal´i•ty , n.; pl. Causalities . 1. The agency of a cause; the action or power of a cause, in producing its effect. “The causality of the divine mind.
Whewell.” 2. (Phren.) The faculty of tracing effects to their causes. G. Combe.

Caus´al•ly , adv. According to the order or series of causes; by tracing effects to causes.

Caus´al•ly , n. (Mining.) The lighter, earthy parts of ore, carried off washing.

Cau•sa´tion , n. The act of causing; also the act or agency by which an effect is produced. “The kind of causation by which vision is produced.
Whewell.” Law of universal causation, the theoretical or asserted law that every event or phenomenon results from, or is the sequel of, some previous event or phenomenon, which being present, the other is certain to take place.

Cau•sa´tion•ist, n. One who believes in the law of universal causation.

Caus´a•tive , a. [L. causativus pertaining to a lawsuit (causa), but in the English sense from E. cause.] 1. Effective, as a cause or agent; causing. “Causative in nature of a number of effects.
Bacon.” 2. Expressing a cause or reason; causal; as the ablative is a causative case.

Caus´a•tive (ka´za•tiv), n. A word which expresses or suggests a cause.

Caus´a•tive•ly, adv. In a causative manner.

Cau•sa´tor (ka•za´tor), n. [See Cause.] One who causes. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Cause (kaz), n. [F. cause, fr. L. causa. Cf. Cause, v., Kickshaw.] 1. That which produces or effects a result; that from which anything proceeds, and without which it would not exist. “Cause is substance exerting its power into act, to make one thing begin to be.
Locke.” 2. That which is the occasion of an action or state; ground; reason; motive; as cause for rejoicing. 3. Sake; interest; advantage. [Obs.] “I did it not for his cause.
2 Cor. vii. 12.” 4. (Law) A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action. 5. Any subject of discussion or debate; matter; question; affair in general. “What counsel give you in this weighty cause!
Shak.” 6. The side of a question, which is espoused, advocated, and upheld by a person or party; a principle which is advocated; that which a person or party seeks to attain. “God befriend us, as our cause is just.
Shak.” “The part they take against me is from zeal to the cause.
Burke.” Efficient cause, the agent or force that produces a change or result. — Final cause, the end, design, or object, for which anything is done. — Formal cause, the elements of a conception which make the conception or the thing conceived to be what it is; or the idea viewed as a formative principle and coöperating with the matter. — Material cause, that of which anything is made. — Proximate cause. See under Proximate. — To make common cause with, to join with in purposes and aims. Macaulay. Syn. — Origin; source; mainspring; motive; reason; incitement; inducement; purpose; object; suit; action.

Cause, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caused p. pr. & v. n. Causing.] [F. causer, fr. cause, fr. L. causa. See Cause, n., and cf. Acouse.] To effect as an agent; to produce; to be the occasion of; to bring about; to bring into existence; to make; — usually followed by an infinitive, sometimes by that with a finite verb. “I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.
Gen. vii. 4.” “Cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans.
Col. iv. 16.” Syn. — To create; produce; beget; effect; occasion; originate; induce; bring about.

Cause, v. i. To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cause, conj. Abbreviation of Because. B. Jonson.

Cause´ful , n. Having a cause. [Obs.]

Cause´less, a. 1. Self- originating; uncreated. 2. Without just or sufficient reason; groundless. “My fears are causeless and ungrounded.
Denham.”

Cause´less, adv. Without cause or reason.

Cause´less•ness, n. The state of being causeless.

Caus´er , n. One who or that which causes.

Cau•seuse´ (ko•zez´), n. [F., fr. causer to talk.] A kind of sofa for two persons. A tête-à- tête. { Cause´way (kaz´wa), Cau´sey ((ka´zy), } n. [OE. cauci, cauchie, OF. cauchie, F. chaussee, from LL. (via) calciata, fr calciare to make a road, either fr. L. calx lime, hence, to pave with limestone (cf. E. chalk), or from L. calceus shoe, from calx heel, hence, to shoe, pave, or wear by treading.] A way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground. “But that broad causeway will direct your way.
Dryden.” “The other way Satan went down
The causey to Hell-gate.
Milton.” { Cause´wayed , Cau´seyed } a. Having a raised way (causeway or causey); paved. Sir W. Scott. C. Bronte.

Cau•sid´i•cal , a. [L. causidicakis; causa a cause in law + dicare to say.] Pertaining to an advocate, or to the maintenance and defense of suits. { Caus´tic , Caus´tic•al } a. [L. caustucs, Ge. , fr. to burn. Cf. Calm, Ink.] 1. Capable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action; burning; corrosive; searing. 2. Severe; satirical; sharp; as a caustic remark. Caustic curve (Optics), a curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting curve and the luminous point being in one plane. — Caustic lime. See under Lime. — Caustic potash, Caustic soda (Chem.), the solid hydroxides potash, KOH, and soda, NaOH, or solutions of the same. — Caustic silver, nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. — Caustic surface (Optics), a surface to which rays reflected or refracted by another surface are tangents. Caustic curves and surfaces are called catacaustic when formed by reflection, and diacaustic when formed by refraction. Syn. — Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching.

Cau´stic, n. [L. causticum (sc. medicamentum). See Caustic, a.] 1. Any substance or means which, applied to animal or other organic tissue, burns, corrodes, or destroys it by chemical action; an escharotic. 2. (Optics) A caustic curve or caustic surface.

Caus´tic•al•ly, adv. In a caustic manner.

Caus•tic´i•ly , n. 1. The quality of being caustic; corrosiveness; as the causticity of potash. 2. Severity of language; sarcasm; as the causticity of a reply or remark.

Caus´tic•ness , n. The quality of being caustic; causticity.

Cau´tel , n. [F. cautèle, L. cautela, fr. cavere to be on one’s guard, to take care.] 1. Caution; prudence; wariness. [Obs.] Fulke. 2. Craft; deceit; falseness. [Obs.] Shak.

Cau´te•lous , a. [F. cauteleux, LL. cautelosus. See Cautel.] 1. Caution; prudent; wary. [Obs.] ´Cautelous, though young.´ Drayton. 2. Crafty; deceitful; false. [Obs.] Shak. — Cau´te•lous•ly, adv. — Cau´te•lous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Cau´ter , n. [F. cautère, L. cauterium, fr. Gr. a branding iron, fr. to burn. Cf. Caustic, Cautery.] A hot iron for searing or cauterizing. Minsheu.

Cau´ter•ant , n. A cauterizing substance.

Cau´ter•ism , n. The use or application of a caustic; cautery. Ferrand.

Cau•ter•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. cautèrisation.] (Med.) The act of searing some morbid part by the application of a cautery or caustic; also the effect of such application.

Cau´ter•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cauterized p. pr. & vb. n. Cauterizing.] [L. cauterizare, Gr. , fr. a branding iron: cf. F. cauterised.. See cauter.] 1. To burn or sear with a cautery or caustic. Dunglison. 2. To sear, as the conscience. Jer. Taylor.

Cau´ter•y , n.; pl. Cauteries (#). [L. cauterium, Gr. . See Cauter.] 1. (Med.) A burning or searing, as of morbid flesh, with a hot iron, or by application of a caustic that will burn, corrode, or destroy animal tissue. 2. The iron of other agent in cauterizing. Actual cautery, a substance or agent (as a hot iron) which cauterizes or sears by actual heat; or the burning so effected. — Potential cautery, a substance which cauterizes by chemical action; as lunar caustic; also the cauterizing produced by such substance.

Cau´tion , n. [F. caution a security, L. cautio, fr. cavere (For scavere) to be on one’s guard, to take care (orig.) to be on the watch, see; akin to E. show.] 1. A careful attention to the probable effects of an act, in order that failure or harm may be avoided; prudence in regard to danger; provident care; wariness. 2. Security; guaranty; bail. [R.] “The Parliament would yet give his majesty sufficient caution that the war should be prosecuted.
Clarendon.” 3. Precept or warning against evil of any kind; exhortation to wariness; advice; injunction. “In way of caution I must tell you.
Shak.” Caution money, money deposited by way of security or guaranty, as by a student at an English university. Syn. — Care; forethought; forecast; heed; prudence; watchfulness; vigilance; circumspection; anxiety; providence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition.

Cau´tion v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cautioned p. pr. & vb. n. Cautioning.] To give notice of danger to; to warn; to exhort [one] to take heed. “You cautioned me against their charms.
Swift.”

Cau´tion•a•ry , a. 1. Conveying a caution, or warning to avoid danger; as cautionary signals. 2. Given as a pledge or as security. “He hated Barnevelt, for his getting the cautionary towns out of his hands.
Bp. Burnet.” 3. Wary; cautious. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cau´tion•er , n. 1. One who cautions or advises. 2. (Scots Law) A surety or sponsor.

Cau´tion•ry , n. (Scots Law) Suretyship.

Cau´tious , a. [Cf. L. cautus, fr. caver. See Caution.] Attentive to examine probable effects and consequences of acts with a view to avoid danger or misfortune; prudent; circumspect; wary; watchful; as a cautious general. “Cautious feeling for another’s pain.
Byron.” “Be swift to hear; but cautious of your tongue.
Watts.” Syn. — Wary; watchful; vigilant; prudent; circumspect; discreet; heedful; thoughtful; scrupulous; anxious; careful. — Cautious, Wary, Circumspect. A man is cautious who realizes the constant possibility of danger; one may be wary, and yet bold and active; a man who is circumspect habitually examines things on every side in order to weigh and deliberate. It is necessary to be cautious at all times; to be wary in cases of extraordinary danger; to be circumspect in matters of peculiar delicacy and difficulty.

Cau´tious•ly, adv. In a cautious manner.

Cau´tious•ness, n. The quality of being cautious.

Cav´al•cade , n. [F. cavalcade, fr. It. cavalcata, fr. cavalcare to go on horseback, fr. LL. caballicare, fr. L. caballus an inferior horse, Gr. . Cf. Cavalier, Cavalry.] A procession of persons on horseback; a formal, pompous march of horsemen by way of parade. “He brought back war-worn cavalcade to the city.
Prescott.” { Cav•a•le´ro , Cav•a•lie´ro (kav•a•le´ro), } n. [Sp. caballero. See Cavalier.] A cavalier; a gallant; a libertine. Shak.

Cav•a•lier´ (kav•a•ler´), n. [F. cavalier, It. cavaliere, LL. caballarius, fr. L. caballus. See Cavalcade, and cf. Chevalier, Caballine.] 1. A military man serving on horseback; a knight. 2. A gay, sprightly, military man; hence, a gallant. 3. One of the court party in the time of king Charles I. as contrasted with a Roundhead or an adherent of Parliament. Clarendon. 4. (Fort.) A work of more than ordinary height, rising from the level ground of a bastion, etc., and overlooking surrounding parts.

Cav•a•lier´, a. Gay; easy; offhand; frank. “The plodding, persevering scupulous accuracy of the one, and the easy, cavalier, verbal fluency of the other, form a complete contrast.
Hazlitt.” 2. High-spirited. [Obs.] ´The people are naturally not valiant, and not much cavalier.´ Suckling. 3. Supercilious; haughty; disdainful; curt; brusque. 4. Of or pertaining to the party of King Charles I. ´An old Cavalier family.´ Beaconsfield.

Cav•a•lier´ish , a. Somewhat like a cavalier.

Cav•a•lier´ism , n. The practice or principles of cavaliers. Sir. W. Scott.

Cav•a•lier´ly, adv. In a supercilious, disdainful, or haughty manner; arrogantly. Junius.

Cav•a•lier´ness, n. A disdainful manner.

Ca•val´ly , n. [Cf. Pg. cavalla a kind of fish; Sp. caballa; prob. fr. Pg. cavallo horse, Sp. caballa.] (Zoöl.) A carangoid fish of the Atlantic coast (Caranx hippos): — called also horse crevalle. [See Illust. under Carangoid.]

Cav´al•ry , n. [F. cavalerie, fr. It. cavalleria. See Cavalier, and cf. chivalry.] (Mil.) That part of military force which serves on horseback. Heavy cavalry and light cavalry are so distinguished by the character of their armament, and by the size of the men and horses.

Cav´al•ry•man , n.; pl. Cavalrymen . One of a body of cavalry.

Ca•va•ti´na , n. [It.] (Mus.) Originally, a melody of simpler form than the aria; a song without a second part and a da capo; - - a term now variously and vaguely used.

Cave (kav), n. [F. cave, L. cavus hollow, whence cavea cavity. Cf. Cage.] 1. A hollow place in the earth, either natural or artificial; a subterraneous cavity; a cavern; a den. 2. Any hollow place, or part; a cavity. [Obs.] ´The cave of the ear.´ Bacon. Cave bear (Zoöl.), a very large fossil bear (Ursus spelaeus) similar to the grizzly bear, but large; common in European caves. — Cave dweller, a savage of prehistoric times whose dwelling place was a cave. Tylor. — Cave hyena (Zoöl.), a fossil hyena found abundanty in British caves, now usually regarded as a large variety of the living African spotted hyena. — Cave lion (Zoöl.), a fossil lion found in the caves of Europe, believed to be a large variety of the African lion. — Bone cave. See under Bone.

Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caved p. pr. & vb. n. Caving.] [Cf. F. caver. See Cave, n.] To make hollow; to scoop out. [Obs.] “The mouldred earth cav’d the banke.
Spenser.”

Cave, v. i. 1. To dwell in a cave. [Obs.] Shak. 2. [See To cave in, below.] To fall in or down; as the sand bank caved. Hence (Slang), to retreat from a position; to give way; to yield in a disputed matter. To cave in. [Flem. inkalven.] (a) To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the side of a well or pit. (b) To submit; to yield. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

Ca´ve•at , n. [L. caved let him beware, pres. subj. of cavere to be on one’s guard to, beware.] 1. (Law) A notice given by an interested party to some officer not to do a certain act until the party is heard in opposition; as a caveat entered in a probate court to stop the proving of a will or the taking out of letters of administration, etc. Bouvier. 2. (U. S. Patent Laws) A description of some invention, designed to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent right is applied for, and operating as a bar to the issue of letters patent to any other person, respecting the same invention. A caveat is operative for one year only, but may be renewed. 3. Intimation of caution; warning; protest. “We think it right to enter our caveat against a conclusion.
Jeffrey.” Caveat emptor [L.] (Law), let the purchaser beware, i. e., let him examine the article he is buying, and act on his own judgment.

Ca´ve•a•ting , n. (Fencing) Shifting the sword from one side of an adversary’s sword to the other.

Ca´ve•a•tor , n. One who enters a caveat.

Cav´en•dish , n. Leaf tobacco softened, sweetened, and pressed into plugs or cakes. Cut cavendish, the plugs cut into long shreds for smoking.

Cav´ern , n. [L. caverna, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. caverne.] A large, deep, hollow place in the earth; a large cave.

Cav´erned , a. 1. Containing caverns. “The wolves yelled on the caverned hill.
Byron.” 2. Living in a cavern. ´Caverned hermit.´ Pope.

Cav´ern•ous , a. [L. cavernosus: cf. F. caverneux.] 1. Full of caverns; resembling a cavern or large cavity; hollow. 2. Filled with small cavities or cells. 3. Having a sound caused by a cavity. Cavernous body, a body of erectile tissue with large interspaces which may be distended with blood, as in the penis or clitoris. — Cavernous respiration, a peculiar respiratory sound andible on auscultation, when the bronchial tubes communicate with morbid cavities in the lungs.

Ca•ver´nu•lous , a.[L. cavernula, dim. of caverna cavern.] Full of little cavities; as cavernulous metal. Black. { Cav´es•son , Cav´e•zon } n. [F. caveçon, augm. fr. LL. capitium a head covering hood, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Caberzon.] (Man.) A kind of noseband used in breaking and training horses. [Written also caveson, causson.] White.

Ca•vet´to (ka•vet´to), n. [It. cavetto, fr. cavo hollow, L. cavus.] (Arch.) A concave molding; — used chiefly in classical architecture. See Illust. of Column. { Ca•viare´ , Cav´i•ar } n. [F. caviar, fr. It. caviale, fr. Turk. Haviar.] The roes of the sturgeon, prepared and salted; — used as a relish, esp. in Russia. Caviare was considered a delicacy, by some, in Shakespeare’s time, but was not relished by most. Hence Hamlet says of a certain play. ´’T was caviare to the general,´ i. e., above the taste of the common people.

Cav´i•corn (kav´i•kôrn), a. [L. cavus hollow + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow horns.

Cav•i•cor´ni•a (kav•i•kôr´ni•a), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of ruminants whose horns are hollow, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ox.

Cav´il (kav´il), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caviled or Cavilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Caviling or Cavilling.] [L. cavillari to practice jesting, to censure, fr. cavilla bantering jests, sophistry: cf. OF. caviller.] To raise captious and frivolous objections; to find fault without good reason. “You do not well in obstinacy
To cavil in the course of this contract.
Shak.”

Cav´il, v. t. To cavil at. [Obs.] Milton.

Cav´il, n. A captious or frivolous objection. “All the cavils of prejudice and unbelief.
Shak.” { Cav´il•er or Cav´il•ler (- er), } n. One who cavils. “Cavilers at the style of the Scriptures.
Boyle.”

Cav´il•ing, a. Disposed to cavil; finding fault without good reason. See Captious. “His depreciatory and caviling criticism.
Lewis.”

Cav´il•ing•ly, adv. In a caviling manner.

Cav•il•la´tion (-la´shun), n.[F. cavillation, L. cavillatio.] Frivolous or sophistical objection. [Obs.] Hooker. { Cav´il•ous Cav´il•lous } a. [L. cavillosus.] Characterized by caviling, or disposed to cavil; quibbing. [R.] — Cav´il•ous•ly, adv. [R.] — Cav´il•ous•ness, n. [R.]

Cav´in , n. [F. See Cave.] (Mil.) A hollow way, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their aproach to a place. Farrow.

Cav´i•ta•ry , a. (Zoöl.) Containing a body cavity; as the cavitary or nematoid worms.

Cav´i•ty , n.; pl. Cavities (#). [L. cavus hollow: cf. F. cavite.] 1. Hollowness. [Obs.] “The cavity or hollowness of the place.
Goodwin.” 2. A hollow place; a hollow; as the abdominal cavity. “An instrument with a small cavity, like a small spoon”. Arbuthnot. “Abnormal spaces or excavations are frequently formed in the lungs, which are designated cavities or vomicae.
Quain.” Body cavity, the cœlum. See under Body.

Ca´vo-re•lie´vo , n. Cavo- rilievo.

Ca´vo-ri•lie´vo , n. [It.] (Sculp.) Hollow relief; sculpture in relief within a sinking made for the purpose, so no part of it projects beyond the plain surface around.

Ca•vort´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cavorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cavorting.] To prance ostentatiously; — said of a horse or his rider. [Local slang, U. S.]

Ca´vy , n.; pl. Cavies . [NL. cavia, fr. Brazilian cabiai: cf. F. cabiai.] (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genera Cavia and Dolichotis, as the guinea pig (Cavia cobaya). Cavies are natives of South America. Water cavy (Zoöl.), The capybara.

Caw (ka), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cawed (kad); p. pr. & vb. n. Cawing.] [Imitative. rad.22 Cf. Chough.] To cry like a crow, rook, or raven. “Rising and cawing at the gun’s report.
Shak.”

Caw, n. The cry made by the crow, rook, or raven.

Cawk (kak), n. [Prov. E. cauk limestone. A doublet of chalk.] (Min.) An opaque, compact variety of barite, or heavy spar. [Also written cauk.]

Cawk´er , n. See Calker.

Cawk´y, a. Of or pertaining to cawk; like cawk.

Cax´on , n. A kind of wig. [Obs.] Lamb.

Cax´ton , n. (Bibliog.) Any book printed by William Caxton, the first English printer. Hansard.

Cay , n. See Key, a ledge.

Cay•enne , n. [From Cayenne, a town and island in French Guiana, South America.] Cayenne pepper. Cayenne pepper. (a) (Bot.) A species of Capsicum (C. frutescens) with small and intensely pungent fruit. (b) A very pungent spice made by drying and grinding the fruits or seeds of several species of the genus Capsicum, esp. C. annuum and C. Frutescens; — called also red pepper. It is used chiefly as a condiment.

Cay´man (ka´man), n. [From the language of Guiana: cf. Sp. caiman.] (Zoöl.) The south America alligator. See Alligator. [Sometimes written caiman.]

Ca•yu´gas , n. pl.; sing. Cayuga. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting western New-York, forming part of the confederacy called the Five Nations.

Cay•use´ , n. An Indian pony. [Northw. U. S.] { Ca•zique´ , Ca•zic´ } , n. [Sp. Cacique, fr. the language of Hayti.] A chief or petty king among some tribes of Indians in America.

Cease (ses), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ceased p. pr. & vb. n. Ceasing.] [OE. cessen, cesen, F. cesser, fr. L. cessare, v. intemsive fr. cedere to withdraw. See Cede , and cf. Cessation.] 1. To come to an end; to stop; to leave off or give over; to desist; as the noise ceased. ´To cease from strife.´ Prov. xx. 3. 2. To be wanting; to fail; to pass away. “The poor shall never cease out of the land.
Deut. xv. 11.” Syn. — To intermit; desist; stop; abstain; quit; discontinue; refrain; leave off; pause; end.

Cease, v. t. To put a stop to; to bring to an end. “But he, her fears to cease
Sent down the meek-eyed peace.
Milton.” “Cease, then, this impious rage.
Milton”

Cease, n. Extinction. [Obs.] Shak.

Cease´less, a. Without pause or end; incessant.

Cease´less, adv. Without intermission or end.

Cec•i•do•my´i•a , n. [Nl., fr. Gr. khki•s, , a gall nut + myi^a a fly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly.

Ce´ci•ty , n. [L. caecitas, fr. caecus blind: cf. F. cecite.] Blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ce•cu´tien•cy , n. [L. caecutire to be blind, fr. caecus blind.] Partial blindness, or a tendency to blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ce´dar (se´der), n. [AS. ceder, fr. L. cedrus, Gr. ke•dros.] (Bot.) The name of several evergreen trees. The wood is remarkable for its durability and fragrant odor. The cedar of Lebanon is the Cedrus Libani; the white cedar (Cupressus thyoides) is now called Chamœcyparis sphaeroidea; American red cedar is the Juniperus Virginiana; Spanish cedar, the West Indian Cedrela odorata. Many other trees with odoriferous wood are locally called cedar. Cedar bird (Zoöl.), a species of chatterer (Ampelis cedrorum), so named from its frequenting cedar trees; — called also cherry bird, Canada robin, and American waxwing.

Ce´dar, a. Of or pertaining to cedar.

Ce´dared , a. Covered, or furnished with, cedars.

Ce´darn , a. Of or pertaining to the cedar or its wood. [R.]

Cede , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceding.] [L. cedere to withdraw, yield; akin to cadere to fall, and to E. chance; cf. F. ceder.] To yield or surrender; to give up; to resign; as to cede a fortress, a province, or country, to another nation, by treaty. “The people must cede to the government some of their natural rights.
Jay.”

Ce•dil´la , n. [Sp. cedilla, cf. F. cedille; dim. of zeta, the Gr. name of the letter z, because this letter was formerly written after the c, to give it the sound of s.] A mark placed under the letter c [thus, ç], to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in façade.

Ce´drat (se´drat), n. [Cf. F. cedrat. See Cedar.] (Bot.) Properly the citron, a variety of Citrus medica, with large fruits, not acid, and having a high perfume.

Ce´drene (se´dren), n. (Chem.) A rich aromatic oil, C15H24, extracted from oil of red cedar, and regarded as a polymeric terpene; also any one of a class of similar substances, as the essential oils of cloves, cubebs, juniper, etc., of which cedrene proper is the type. [Written also cedren.]

Ce´drine (se´drin; 277), a. [L. cedrinus, Gr. . See Cedar.] Of or pertaining to cedar or the cedar tree.

Ce´dri•ret (se´dri•ret), n. Same as Cœrulignone.

Ce´dry , a. Of the nature of cedar. [R.]

Ced´ule , n. [F. cedule, fr. L. shedula. See Shedule.] A scroll; a writing; a schedule. [Obs.]

Ced´u•ous , a. [L. caeduus, fr. caedere to cut down.] Fit to be felled. [Obs.] Eyelyn.

Ceil (sel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceiled (seld); p. pr. & vb. n. Ceiling.] [From an older noun, fr. F. ciel heaven, canopy, fr. L. caelum heaven, vault, arch, covering; cf. Gr. koi^los hollow.] 1. To overlay or cover the inner side of the roof of; to furnish with a ceiling; as to ceil a room. “The greater house he ceiled with fir tree.
2 Chron. iii. 5” 2. To line or finish a surface, as of a wall, with plaster, stucco, thin boards, or the like.

Ceil´ing, n. [See Cell, v. t.] 1. (Arch.) (a) The inside lining of a room overhead; the under side of the floor above; the upper surface opposite to the floor. (b) The lining or finishing of any wall or other surface, with plaster, thin boards, etc.; also the work when done. 2. (Naut.) The inner planking of a vessel. Camp ceiling. See under Camp. — Ceiling boards, Thin narrow boards used to ceil with.

Ceint , n. [See Cincture.] A girdle. [Obs.]

Cel´a•don , n. [F.] A pale sea-green color; also porcelain or fine pottery of this tint.

Cel´an•dine (sel´an•din), n. [OE. celidoine, OF. celidoine, F. chelidoine, fr. L. chelidonia (sc. herba), fr. chelidonius pertaining to the swallow, Gr. chelido•nios, fr. chelidw•n the swallow, akin to L. hirundo a swallow.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant (Chelidonium majus) of the poppy family, with yellow flowers. It is used as a medicine in jaundice, etc., and its acrid saffron-colored juice is used to cure warts and the itch; — called also greater celandine and swallowwort. Lasser celandine, the pilewort (Ranunculus Ficaria).

Cel´a•ture , n. [L. caelatura, fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] 1. The act or art of engraving or embossing. 2. That which is engraved. [Obs.] Hakewill.

Cel´e•brant , n. [L. celebrans, p. pr. of celebrare. See Celebrate.] One who performs a public religious rite; — applied particularly to an officiating priest in the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from his assistants.

Cel´e•brate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celebrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Celebrating.] [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrare to frequent, to celebrate, fr. celeber famous.] 1. To extol or honor in a solemn manner; as to celebrate the name of the Most High. 2. To honor by solemn rites, by ceremonies of joy and respect, or by refraining from ordinary business; to observe duly; to keep; as to celebrate a birthday. “From even unto even shall ye celebrate your Sabbath.
Lev. xxiii. 32.” 3. To perform or participate in, as a sacrament or solemn rite; to solemnize; to perform with appropriate rites; as to celebrate a marriage. Syn. — To commemorate; distinguish; honor. — To Celebrate, Commemorate. We commemorate events which we desire to keep in remembrance, when we recall them by some special observace; as to commemorate the death of our Savior. We celebrate by demonstrations of joy or solemnity or by appropriate ceremonies; as to celebrate the birthday of our Independence. “We are called upon to commemorate a revolution as surprising in its manner as happy in its consequences.
Atterbury.” “Earth, water, air, and fire, with feeling glee,
Exult to celebrate thy festival.
Thomson.”

Cel´e•bra•ted , a. Having celebrity; distinguished; renowned. “Celebrated for the politeness of his manners.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Distinguished; famous; noted; famed; renowned; illustrious. See Distinguished.

Cel•e•bra´tion , n. [L. celebratio.] The act, process, or time of celebrating. “His memory deserving a particular celebration.
Clarendok.” “Celebration of Mass is equivalent to offering Mass
Cath. Dict.” “To hasten the celebration of their marriage.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Cel´e•bra•tor , n. [L.] One who celebrates; a praiser. Boyle.

Ce•le´bri•ous , a. Famous. [Obs.] Speed.

Ce•leb´ri•ty , n.; pl. Celebrities (#). [L. celebritas: cf. F. celebrite.] 1. Celebration; solemnization. [Obs.] “The celebrity of the marriage.
Bacon.” 2. The state or condition of being celebrated; fame; renown; as the celebrity of Washington. “An event of great celebrity in the history of astronomy.
Whewell.” 3. A person of distinction or renown; — usually in the plural; as he is one of the celebrities of the place.

Ce•le´ri•ac , n. (Bot.) Turnip-rooted celery, a from of celery with a large globular root, which is used for food.

Ce•ler´i•ty , n. [L. celeritas, from celer swiftm speedy: sf. F. celerite.] Rapidity of motion; quickness; swiftness. “Time, with all its celerity, moves slowly to him whose whole employment is to watch its flight.
Johnson.”

Cel´er•y , n. [F. celeri, cf. Prov. It. seleno, seler; fr. Gr. parsley, in Lgr. & NGr. celery. Cf. Parsley.] (Bot.) A plant of the Parsley family (Apium graveolens), of which the blanched leafstalks are used as a salad.

Ce•les´tial , a. [OF. celestial, celestied, fr. L. caelestic, fr. caelum heaved. See Cell.] 1. Belonging to the aërial regions, or visible heavens. ´The twelve celestial signs.´ Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the spiritual heaven; heavenly; divine. ´Celestial spirits.´ ´Celestial light,´ Milton. Celestial city, heaven; the heavenly Jerusalem. Bunyan. — Celestial empire, China; — so called from the Chinese words, tien chan, Heavenly Dynasty, as being the kingdom ruled over by the dynasty appointed by heaven. S. W. Williams.

Ce•les´tial, n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope. 2. A native of China.

Ce•les´tial•ize , v. t. To make celestial. [R.]

Ce•les´tial•ly, adv. In a celestial manner.

Ce•les´ti•fy , v. t. [L. caelestis heavenly + -fly.] To make like heaven. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. { Cel´es•tine , Cel´es•tite }, n. [LL. caelestinus bine.] (Min.) Native strontium sulphate, a mineral so named from its occasional delicate blue color. It occurs crystallized, also in compact massive and fibrous forms. { Cel´es•tine , Cel•es•tin´i•an } n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of the austere branch of the Franciscan Order founded by Celestine V. in the 13th centry.

Ce´li•ac , a. (Anat.) See Cœllac.

Ce•lib´a•cy , n. [See Celibate, n.] The state of being unmarried; single life, esp. that of a bachelor, or of one bound by vows not to marry. ´The celibacy of the clergy.´ Hallom.

Cel´i•bate , n. [L. aelibatus, fr. caelebs unmarried, single.] 1. Celibate state; celibacy. [Obs.] “He … preferreth holy celibate before the estate of marriage.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. One who is unmarried, esp. a bachelor, or one bound by vows not to marry.

Cel´i•bate, a. Unmarried; single; as a celibate state.

Ce•lib´a•tist , n. One who lives unmarried. [R.]

Cel•i•dog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. , stain, spot + -graphy: cf. F. celidographie.] A description of apparent spots on the disk of the sun, or on planets.

Cell , n. [OF. celle, fr. L. cella; akin to celare to hide, and E. hell, helm, conceal. Cf. Hall.] 1. A very small and close apartment, as in a prison or in a monastery or convent; the hut of a hermit. “The heroic confessor in his cell.
Macaulay.” 2. A small religious house attached to a monastery or convent. ´Cells or dependent priories.´ Milman. 3. Any small cavity, or hollow place. 4. (Arch.) (a) The space between the ribs of a vaulted roof. (b) Same as Cella. 5. (Elec.) A jar of vessel, or a division of a compound vessel, for holding the exciting fluid of a battery. 6. (Biol.) One of the minute elementary structures, of which the greater part of the various tissues and organs of animals and plants are composed. All cells have their origin in the primary cell from which the organism was developed. In the lowest animal and vegetable forms, one single cell constitutes the complete individual, such being called unicelluter orgamisms. A typical cell is composed of a semifluid mass of protoplasm, more or less granular, generally containing in its center a nucleus which in turn frequently contains one or more nucleoli, the whole being surrounded by a thin membrane, the cell wall. In some cells, as in those of blood, in the amœba, and in embryonic cells (both vegetable and animal), there is no restricting cell wall, while in some of the unicelluliar organisms the nucleus is wholly wanting. See Illust. of Bipolar. Air cell. See Air cell. — Cell development (called also cell genesis, cell formation, and cytogenesis), the multiplication, of cells by a process of reproduction under the following common forms; segmentation or fission, gemmation or budding, karyokinesis, and endogenous multiplication. See Segmentation, Gemmation, etc. — Cell theory. (Biol.) See Cellular theory, under Cellular.

Cell (sel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celled (seld).] To place or inclose in a cell. ´Celled under ground.´ [R.] Warner.

Cel´la , n. [L.] (Arch.) The part inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple, as distinguished from the open porticoes.

Cel´lar , n. [OE. celer, OF. celier, F. celier, fr. L. cellarium a receptacle for food, pantry, fr. cella storeroom. See Cell.] A room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground, where provisions and other stores are kept.

Cel´lar•age , n. 1. The space or storerooms of a cellar; a cellar. Sir W. Scott. “You hear this fellow in the cellarage.
Shak.” 2. Chare for storage in a cellar.

Cel´lar•er , n. [LL. cellararius, equiv. to L. cellarius steward: cf. F. cellerier. See Cellar.] (Eccl.) A steward or butler of a monastery or chapter; one who has charge of procuring and keeping the provisions.

Cel•lar•et´ , n. [Dim of cellar.] A receptacle, as in a dining room, for a few bottles of wine or liquor, made in the form of a chest or coffer, or a deep drawer in a sideboard, and usually lined with metal.

Cel´lar•ist , n. Same as Cellarer.

Celled , a. Containing a cell or cells.

Cel´le•pore , n. [L. cella cell + porus, Gr. , passage.] (Zoöl.) A genus of delicate branching corals, made up of minute cells, belonging to the Bryozoa.

Cel•lif´er•ous , a. [Cell + -ferous.] Bearing or producing cells.

Cel´lo (chel´lo), n.; pl. E. Cellos (chel´loz), It. Celli (chel´le). A contraction for Violoncello.

Cel´lu•lar (sel´u•ler; 135), a. [L. cellula a little cell: cf. F. cellulaire. See Cellule.] Consisting of, or containing, cells; of or pertaining to a cell or cells. Cellular plants, Cellular cryptogams (Bot.), those flowerless plants which have no ducts or fiber in their tissue, as mosses, fungi, lichens, and algae. — Cellular theory, or Cell theory (Biol.), a theory, according to which the essential element of every tissue, either vegetable or animal, is a cell; the whole series of cells having been formed from the development of the germ cell and by differentiation converted into tissues and organs which, both in plants and animals, are to be considered as a mass of minute cells communicating with each other. — Cellular tissue. (a) (Anat.) See conjunctive tissue under Conjunctive. (b) (Bot.) Tissue composed entirely of parenchyma, and having no woody fiber or ducts.

Cel´lu•la•ted , a. Cellular. Caldwell.

Cel´lule (sel´ul), n. [L. cellula a small apartment, dim. of cella: cf. F. cellule. See Cell.] A small cell.

Cel•lu•lif´er•ous , a. [L. cellula + -ferous.] Bearing or producing little cells.

Cel•lu•li´tis , n. [NL., fr. L. cellula + -itis.] An inflammantion of the cellular or areolar tissue, esp. of that lying immediately beneath the skin.

Cel´lu•loid (sel´u•loid), n. [Cellulose + -oid.] A substance composed essentially of gun cotton and camphor, and when pure resembling ivory in texture and color, but variously colored to imitate coral, tortoise shell, amber, malachite, etc. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and many small articles, as combs, brushes, collars, and cuffs; — originally called xylonite.

Cel´lu•lose (sel´u•los•), a. Consisting of, or containing, cells.

Cel´lu•lose, n. (Chem.) The substance which constitutes the essential part of the solid framework of plants, of ordinary wood, linen, paper, etc. It is also found to a slight extent in certain animals, as the tunicates. It is a carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, isomeric with starch, and is convertible into starches and sugars by the action of heat and acids. When pure, it is a white amorphous mass. See Starch, Granulose, Lignin. “Unsized, well bleached linen paper is merely pure cellulose.
Goodale.” Starch cellulose, the delicate framework which remains when the soluble part (granulose) of starch is removed by saliva or pepsin. Goodale.

Ce•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. ; hernia + to cut.] (Med.) The act or operation of cutting, to relieve the structure in strangulated hernia. [Frequently written kelotomy.]

Cel´si•ture , n. [L. celstudo, from celsus high: cf. celsitude.] Height; altitude. [Obs.]

Cel´si•us , n. The Celsius thermometer or scale, so called from Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, who invented it. It is the same as the centigrade thermometer or scale.

Celt (selt), n. [L. Celtae, Gr. Keltoi•, Ke•ltai, pl.: cf. W. Celtiad one that dwells in a covert, an inhabitant of the wood, a Celt, fr. celt covert, shelter, celu to hide.] One of an ancient race of people, who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe, and whose descendants at the present day occupy Ireland, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and the northern shores of France. [Written also Kelt. The letter C was pronounced hard in Celtic languages.]

Celt, n. [LL. celts a chisel.] (Archaeol.) A weapon or implement of stone or metal, found in the tumuli, or barrows, of the early Celtic nations.

Celt•i•be´ri•an , a. [L. Celtiber, Celtibericus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Celtiberia (a district in Spain lying between the Ebro and the Tagus) or its inhabitants the Celtiberi (Celts of the river Iberus). — n. An inhabitant of Celtiberia.

Celt´ic (selt´ik), a. [L. Celticus, Gr. Keltiko•s. See Celt.] Of or pertaining to the Celts; as Celtic people, tribes, literature, tongue. [Written also Keltic.]

Celt´ic, n. The language of the Celts. The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the Gaelic, the Erse or Irish the Manx, and the Welsh and its cognate dialects Cornish and Bas Breton.

Celt´i•cism (sel´ti•siz’m), n. A custom of the Celts, or an idiom of their language. Warton.

Celt´i•cize , v. t. To render Celtic; to assimilate to the Celts.

Cem´ba•lo , n. [It. See Cymbal.] An old name for the harpsichord.

Ce•ment´ (se•ment´ or sem´ent), n. [OF. cement, ciment, F. ciment, fr. L. caementum a rough, unhewn stone, pieces or chips of marble, from which mortar was made, contr. fr. caedimentum, fr. caedere to cut, prob. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.] 1. Any substance used for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, etc. 2. A kind of calcined limestone, or a calcined mixture of clay and lime, for making mortar which will harden under water. 3. The powder used in cementation. See Cementation, n., 2. 4. Bond of union; that which unites firmly, as persons in friendship, or men in society. ´The cement of our love.´ 5. (Anat.) The layer of bone investing the root and neck of a tooth; — called also cementum. Hydraulic cement. See under Hydraulic.

Ce•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Cementing.] [Cf. F. cimenter. See Cement, n.] 1. To unite or cause to adhere by means of a cement. Bp. Burnet. 2. To unite firmly or closely. Shak. 3. To overlay or coat with cement; as to cement a cellar bottom.

Ce•ment´, v. i. To become cemented or firmly united; to cohere. S. Sharp.

Ce•ment´al , a. Of or pertaining to cement, as of a tooth; as cemental tubes. R. Owen.

Cem•en•ta´tion , n. 1. The act or process of cementing. 2. (Chem.) A process which consists in surrounding a solid body with the powder of other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, the physical properties of the body being changed by chemical combination with powder; thus iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal, and green glass becomes porcelain by cementation with sand.

Ce•ment´a•to•ry , a. Having the quality of cementing or uniting firmly.

Ce•ment´er , n. A person or thing that cements.

Cem•en•ti´tious , a. [L. caementitius pertaining to quarry stones. See Cement, n. ] Of the nature of cement. [R.] Forsyth.

Cem•e•te´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a cemetery. ´Cemeterial cells.´ [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Cem´e•ter•y , n.; pl. Cemeteries . [L. cemeterium, Gr. a sleeping chamber, burial place, fr. to put to sleep.] A place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; a graveyard; a churchyard; a necropolis.

Ce•nan´thy , n. [Gr. empty + a flower.] (Bot.) The absence or suppression of the essential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower.

Ce•na´tion , n. [L. cenatio.] Meal-taking; dining or supping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cen´a•to•ry , a. [L. cenatorius, fr. cenare to dine, sup, fr. cena, coena, dinner, supper.] Of or pertaining to dinner or supper. [R.] “The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cenatory garment.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cen´o•bite , n. [L. coenobita, fr. Gr. koino•bios; koino•s common + bi•os life: cf. F. cenobite.] One of a religious order, dwelling in a convent, or a community, in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Gibbon. { Cen•o•bit´ic , Cen•o•bit´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. cenobitique.] Of or pertaining to a cenobite.

Cen´o•bi•tism , n. The state of being a cenobite; the belief or practice of a cenobite. Milman.

Ce•nog´a•my (se•nog´a•my), n. [Gr. koino•s common + ga•mos marriage.] The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members, as in certain societies practicing communism.

Cen´o•taph (sen´o•taf), n. [Gr. kenota•fion; keno•s empty + ta•fos burial, tomb: cf. F. cenotaphe.] An empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person who is buried elsewhere. Dryden. “A cenotaph in Westminster Abbey.
Macaulay.”

Cen´o•taph•y , n. A cenotaph. [R.] “Lord Cobham honored him with a cenotaphy.
Macaulay.”

Ce•no•zo´ic , a. [Gr. recent + life.] (Geol.) Belonging to the most recent division of geological time, including the tertiary, or Age of mammals, and the Quaternary, or Age of man. [Written also caenozoic, cainozoic, kainozoic.] See Geology. This word is used by many authors as synonymous with Tertiary, the Quaternary Age not being included.

Cense , n. [OF. cense, F. cens, L. census. See Census.] 1. A census; — also a public rate or tax. [Obs.] Howell. Bacon. 2. Condition; rank. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Censed p. pr. & vb. n. Censing.] [Abbrev. from incense.] To perfume with odors from burning gums and spices. “The Salii sing and cense his altars round.
Dryden.”

Cense, v. i. To burn or scatter incense.

Cen´ser , n. [For incenser, fr. OF. encensier, F. encensoir, fr. LL. incensarium, incensorium, fr. L. incensum incense. See Incense, and cf. Incensory.] A vessel for perfumes; esp. one in which incense is burned. The ecclesiastical censer is usually cup-shaped, has a cover pierced with holes, and is hung by chains. The censer bearer swings it to quicken the combustion. “Her thoughts are like the fume of frankincense
Which from a golden censer forth doth rise.
Spenser.”

Cen´sor , n. [L. censor, fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. (Antiq.) One of two magistrates of Rome who took a register of the number and property of citizens, and who also exercised the office of inspector of morals and conduct. 2. One who is empowered to examine manuscripts before they are committed to the press, and to forbid their publication if they contain anything obnoxious; — an official in some European countries. 3. One given to fault-finding; a censurer. “Nor can the most circumspect attention, or steady rectitude, escape blame from censors who have no inclination to approve.
Rambler.” 4. A critic; a reviewer. “Received with caution by the censors of the press.
W. Irving.”

Cen•so´ri•al , a. 1. Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals. Junius. 2. Full of censure; censorious. “The censorial declamation of Juvenal.
T. Warton.”

Cen•so´ri•an , a. Censorial. [R.] Bacon.

Cen•so´ri•ous , a. [L. censorius pertaining to the censor. See Censor.] 1. Addicted to censure; apt to blame or condemn; severe in making remarks on others, or on their writings or manners. “A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be consorious of his neighbors.
Watts.” 2. Implying or expressing censure; as censorious remarks. Syn. — Fault-finding; carping; caviling; captious; severe; condemnatory; hypercritical. — Cen•so´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Cen•so´ri•ous•ness, n.

Cen´sor•ship , n. The office or power of a censor; as to stand for a censorship. Holland. “The press was not indeed at that moment under a general censorship.
Macaulay.”

Cen´su•al , a. [L. censualis, fr. census.] Relating to, or containing, a census. “He caused the whole realm to be described in a censual roll.
Sir R. Baker.”

Cen´sur•a•ble , a. Deserving of censure; blamable; culpable; reprehensible; as a censurable person, or censurable conduct. — Cen´sur•a•bleness, n. — Cen´sur•a•bly, adv.

Cen´sure , n. [L. censura fr. censere: cf. F. censure. Cf. Censor.] 1. Judgment either favorable or unfavorable; opinion. [Obs.] “Take each man’s censure, but reserve thy judgment.
Shak.” 2. The act of blaming or finding fault with and condemning as wrong; reprehension; blame. “Both the censure and the praise were merited.
Macaulay.” 3. Judicial or ecclesiastical sentence or reprimand; condemnatory judgment. “Excommunication or other censure of the church.
Bp. Burnet.” Syn. — Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; disapproval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; reprimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse.

Cen´sure, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Censured p. pr. & vb. n. Censuring.] [Cf. F. ensurer.] 1. To form or express a judgment in regard to; to estimate; to judge. [Obs.] ´Should I say more, you might well censure me a flatterer.´ Beau. & Fl. 2. To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame; to express disapprobation of. “I may be censured that nature thus gives way to loyalty.
Shak.” 3. To condemn or reprimand by a judicial or ecclesiastical sentence. Shak. Syn. — To blame; reprove; rebuke; condemn; reprehend; reprimand.

Cen´sure, v. i. To judge. [Obs.] Shak.

Cen´sur•er , n. One who censures. Sha.

Cen´sus , n. [L. census, fr. censere. See Censor.] 1. (Bot. Antiq.) A numbering of the people, and valuation of their estate, for the purpose of imposing taxes, etc.; — usually made once in five years. 2. An official registration of the number of the people, the value of their estates, and other general statistics of a country. A general census of the United States was first taken in 1790, and one has been taken at the end of every ten years since.

Cent , n. [F. cent hundred, L. centum. See Hundred.] 1. A hundred; as ten per cent, the proportion of ten parts in a hundred. 2. A United States coin, the hundredth part of a dollar, formerly made of copper, now of copper, tin, and zinc. 3. An old game at cards, supposed to be like piquet; — so called because 100 points won the game. Nares.

Cent´age , n. Rate by the hundred; percentage.

Cen´tal , n. [L. centum a hundred.] A weight of one hundred pounds avoirdupois; — called in many parts of the United States a Hundredweight.

Cen´tal, n. Relating to a hundred. Cental system, the method of buying and selling by the cental, or hundredweight.

Cen´tare , n. [F. centiare; centi- (L. centum) + -are.] A measure of area, the hundredth part of an are; one square meter, or about 1&frac15; square yards.

Cen´taur (sen´tar), n. [L. centaurus, Gr. Ke•ntayros.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A fabulous being, represented as half man and half horse. 2. (Astron.) A constellation in the southern heavens between Hydra and the Southern Cross.

Cen•tau•re´a , n. [NL. See Centaury.] (Bot.) A large genus of composite plants, related to the thistles and including the cornflower or bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) and the star thistle (C. Calcitrapa).

Cen´tau•ry (sen´ta•ry), n. [L. centaureum and centauria, Gr. kentay•rion, kentay•reion, and kentayri•h, fr. the Centaur Chiron.] (Bot.) A gentianaceous plant not fully identified. The name is usually given to the Erytheraea Centaurium and the Chlora perfoliata of Europe, but is also extended to the whole genus Sabbatia, and even to the unrelated Centaurea.

Cen•te•na´ri•an , a. Of or relating to a hundred years. — n. A person a hundred years old.

Cen´te•na•ry , a. [L. centenarius, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred. 2. Occurring once in every hundred years; centennial. ´Centenary solemnities.´ Fuller.

Cen´te•na•ry, n.; pl. Centenaries . 1. The aggregate of a hundred single things; specifically, a century. ´Every centenary of years.´ Hakewill. 2. A commemoration or celebration of an event which occurred a hundred years before.

Cen•ten´ni•al , a. [L. centum a hundred + annus year.] 1. Relating to, or associated with, the commemoration of an event that happened a hundred years before; as a centennial ode. 2. Happening once in a hundred years; as centennial jubilee; a centennial celebration. 3. Lasting or aged a hundred years. “That opened through long lines
Of sacred ilex and centennial pines.
Longfellow.”

Cen•ten´ni•al, n. The celebration of the hundredth anniversary of any event; a centenary. [U. S.]

Cen•ten´ni•al•ly, adv. Once in a hundred years.

Cen´ter , n. [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, fr. round which a circle is described, fr. to prick, goad.] 1. A point equally distant from the extremities of a line, figure, or body, or from all parts of the circumference of a circle; the middle point or place. 2. The middle or central portion of anything. 3. A principal or important point of concentration; the nucleus around which things are gathered or to which they tend; an object of attention, action, or force; as a center of attaction. 4. The earth. [Obs.] Shak. 5. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who support the existing government. They sit in the middle of the legislative chamber, opposite the presiding officer, between the conservatives or monarchists, who sit on the right of the speaker, and the radicals or advanced republicans who occupy the seats on his left, See Right, and Left. 6. (Arch.) A temporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or arch are supported in position until the work becomes self-supporting. 7. (Mech.) (a) One of the two conical steel pins, in a lathe, etc., upon which the work is held, and about which it revolves. (b) A conical recess, or indentation, in the end of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe. In a lathe the live center is in the spindle of the head stock; the dead center is on the tail stock. Planer centers are stocks carrying centers, when the object to be planed must be turned on its axis. Center of an army, the body or troops occupying the place in the line between the wings. — Center of a curve or surface (Geom.) (a) A point such that every line drawn through the point and terminated by the curve or surface is bisected at the point. (b) The fixed point of reference in polar coördinates. See Coördinates. — Center of curvature of a curve (Geom.), the center of that circle which has at any given point of the curve closer contact with the curve than has any other circle whatever. See Circle. — Center of a fleet, the division or column between the van and rear, or between the weather division and the lee. — Center of gravity (Mech.), that point of a body about which all its parts can be balanced, or which being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, though acted upon by gravity. — Center of gyration (Mech.), that point in a rotating body at which the whole mass might be concentrated (theoretically) without altering the resistance of the intertia of the body to angular acceleration or retardation. — Center of inertia (Mech.), the center of gravity of a body or system of bodies. — Center of motion, the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. — Center of oscillation, the point at which, if the whole matter of a suspended body were collected, the time of oscillation would be the same as it is in the actual form and state of the body. — Center of percussion, that point in a body moving about a fixed axis at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating a shock to the axis. — Center of pressure (Hydros.), that point in a surface pressed by a fluid, at which, if a force equal to the whole pressure and in the same line be applied in a contrary direction, it will balance or counteract the whole pressure of the fluid. { Cen´ter , Cen´tre } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Centring.] 1. To be placed in a center; to be central. 2. To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center. “Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, error is as wide as men’s fancies.
Dr. H. More.” “Our hopes must center in ourselves alone.
Dryden.” { Cen´ter , Cen´tre } , v. t. 1. To place or fix in the center or on a central point. Milton. 2. To collect to a point; to concentrate. “Thy joys are centered all in me alone.
Prior.” 3. (Mech.) To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center. { Cen´ter•bit• , Cen´tre•bit• } n. An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3. { Cen´ter•board• , Cen´tre•board } , n. (Naut.) A movable or sliding keel formed of a broad board or slab of wood or metal which may be raised into a water-tight case amidships, when in shallow water, or may be lowered to increase the area of lateral resistance and prevent leeway when the vessel is beating to windward. It is used in vessels of all sizes along the coast of the United States

Cen´ter•fire• car´tridge. See under Cartridge.

Cen´ter•ing, n. (Arch.) Same as Center, n., 6. [Written also centring.] { Cen´ter•piece• , Cen´tre•piece• } , n. An ornament to be placed in the center, as of a table, ceiling, atc.; a central article or figure.

Cen•tes´i•mal , a. [L. centesimus the hundredth, fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centesimal.] Hundredth. — n. A hundredth part. “The neglect of a few centesimals.
Arbuthnot.”

Cen•tes•i•ma´tion , n. [L. centesimore to take out or select every hundredth, fr. centesimus hundredth.] (Mil.) The infliction of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred, as in cases of mutiny.

Cen•tes´i•mo (sen´tes´i•mo), n.; pl. -mi (- me). [It. & Sp.] A copper coin of Italy and Spain equivalent to a centime.

Cen´tesm (sen´tez’m), n. [L. centesima.] Hundredth.

Cen´ti•are , n. [F. See Centare.] See centare.

Cen•ti•cip´i•tous , a. [L. centiceps, -cipitis; centum a hunder + caput head.] Hundred-headed.

Cen•tif´i•dous , a. [L. centifidus; centum + findere to split.] Divided into a hundred parts.

Cen•ti•fo´li•ous , a. [L. centifolius; centum + folium leaf.] Having a hundred leaves.

Cen´ti•grade , a. [L. centum a hundred + gradus degree: cf. F. centigrade.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the centigrade thermometer; as 10° centigrade (or 10° C.). Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 0 at the point indicating the freezing state of water, and the distance between that and the point indicating the boiling state of water divided into one hundred degrees. It is called also the Celsius thermometer, from Anders Celsius, the originator of this scale. { Cen´ti•gram , Cen´ti•gramme } n. [F. centigramme; centi- (L. centum) + gramme. See Gram.] The hundredth part of a gram; a weight equal to .15432 of a grain. See Gram. { Cen´ti•li•ter , Cen´ti•li•tre } , n. [F. centilitre; centi (L. centum) + litre. See Liter.] The hundredth part of a liter; a measure of volume or capacity equal to a little more than six tenths (0.6102) of a cubic inch, or one third (0.338) of a fluid ounce.

Cen•til´o•quy , n. [L. centum hundred + logui to speak.] A work divided into a hundred parts. [R.] Burton.

Cen•time´ , n. [F., fr. L. centesimus. See Centesimal.] (F. Coinage) The hundredth part of a franc; a small French copper coin and money of account. { Cen´ti•me•ter , Cen´ti•me•tre } , n. [F. centimètre; centi- (L. centum) + mètre. See Meter.] The hundredth part of a meter; a measure of length equal to rather more than thirty-nine hundredths (0.3937) of an inch. See Meter.

Cen´ti•nel , n. Sentinel. [Obs.] Sackville.

Cen•tin´o•dy , n. [L. centum a hundred + nodus knot: cf. F. centinode.] (Bot.) A weed with a stem of many joints (Illecebrum verticillatum); also the Polygonum aviculare or knotgrass.

Cen´ti•ped , n. [L. centipeda; centum a hundred + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. centipède.] (Zoöl.) A species of the Myriapoda; esp. the large, flattened, venomous kinds of the order Chilopoda, found in tropical climates. they are many-jointed, and have a great number of feet. [Written also centipede .]

Cen´ti•stere , n. [F. centistère; centi- (l. centum) + stère.] The hundredth part of a stere, equal to .353 cubic feet.

Cent´ner , n. [Cf. G. centner a hundred-weight, fr. L. centenarius of a hundred, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. (Metal. & Assaying) A weight divisible first into a hundred parts, and then into smaller parts. The metallurgists use a weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each one pound; the whole they call a centner: the pound is divided into thirty-two parts, or half ounces; the half ounce into two quarters; and each of these into two drams. But the assayers use different weights. With them a centner is one dram, to which the other parts are proportioned. 2. The commercial hundredweight in several of the continental countries, varying in different places from 100 to about 112 pounds.

Cen´to , n.; pl. Centos (#). [L. cento a garment of several pieces sewed together, patchwork, a poem made up of various verses of another poem.] A literary or a musical composition formed by selections from different authors disposed in a new order.

Cen´to•nism , n. The composition of a cento; the act or practice of composing a cento or centos.

Cen´tral , a. [L. centralis, fr. centrum: cf. F. central. See Center.] Relating to the center; situated in or near the center or middle; containing the center; of or pertaining to the parts near the center; equidistant or equally accessible from certain points. Central force (Math.), a force acting upon a body towards or away from a fixed or movable center. — Center sun (Astron.), a name given to a hypothetical body about which Mädler supposed the solar system together with all the stars in the Milky Way, to be revolving. A point near Alcyone in the Pleiades was supposed to possess characteristics of the position of such a body. { Cen´tral , Cen•tra´le } n. [NL. centrale, fr. L. centralis.] (Anat.) The central, or one of the central, bones of the carpus or or tarsus. In the tarsus of man it is represented by the navicular.

Cen´tral•ism , n. 1. The state or condition of being central; the combination of several parts into one whole; centralization. 2. The system by which power is centralized, as in a government.

Cen•tral´i•ty , n.; pl. Centralities . The state of being central; tendency towards a center. “Meantime there is a great centrality, a centripetence equal to the centrifugence.
R. W. Emerson.”

Cen•tral•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. centralisation.] The act or process of centralizing, or the state of being centralized; the act or process of combining or reducing several parts into a whole; as the centralization of power in the general government; the centralization of commerce in a city.

Cen´tral•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centralized p. pr. & vb. n. Centralizing.] [Cf. F. centraliser.] To draw or bring to a center point; to gather into or about a center; to bring into one system, or under one control. “[To] centralize the power of government.
Bancroft.”

Cen´tral•ly, adv. In a central manner or situation.

Cen´tre , n. & v. See Center. { Cen´tric , Cen´tric•al } a. Placed in the center or middle; central. “At York or some other centrical place.
Sir W. Scott.” — Cen´tric•al•ly, adv. — Cen´tric•al•ness, n.

Cen•tric´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being centric; centricalness.

Cen•trif´u•gal , a. [L. centrum center + fugere to flee.] 1. Tending, or causing, to recede from the center. 2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower cluster. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of the fruit, as some embryos. Centrifugal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is from a center. When a body moves in a circle with uniform velocity, a force must act on the body to keep it in the circle without change of velocity. The direction of this force is towards the center of the circle. If this force is applied by means of a string to the body, the string will be in a state of tension. To a person holding the other end of the string, this tension will appear to be directed toward the body as if the body had a tendency to move away from the center of the circle which it is describing. Hence this latter force is often called centrifugal force. The force which really acts on the body being directed towards the center of the circle is called centripetal force, and in some popular treatises the centripetal and centrifugal forces are described as opposing and balancing each other. But they are merely the different aspects of the same stress. Clerk Maxwell. Centrifugal impression (Physiol.), an impression (motor) sent from a nerve center outwards to a muscle or muscles by which motion is produced. — Centrifugal machine, A machine for expelling water or other fluids from moist substances, or for separating liquids of different densities by centrifugal action; a whirling table. — Centrifugal pump, a machine in which water or other fluid is lifted and discharged through a pipe by the energy imparted by a wheel or blades revolving in a fixed case. Some of the largest and most powerful pumps are of this kind.

Cen•trif´u•gal, n. A centrifugal machine.

Cen•trif´u•gence , n. The property or quality of being centrifugal. R. W. Emerson.

Cen´tring , n. See Centring.

Cen•trip´e•tal , a. [L. centrum center + petere to move toward.] 1. Tending, or causing, to approach the center. 2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the base of the inflorescence, and proceeding in order towards the summit. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the axis of the fruit, as some embryos. 3. Progressing by changes from the exterior of a thing toward its center; as the centripetal calcification of a bone. R. Owen. Centripetal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is towards a center, as in case of a planet revolving round the sun, the center of the system, See Centrifugal force, under Centrifugal. — Centripetal impression (Physiol.), an impression (sensory) transmitted by an afferent nerve from the exterior of the body inwards, to the central organ.

Cen•trip´e•tence , n. Centripetency.

Cen•trip´e•ten•cy , n. Tendency toward the center.

Cen•tris´coid , a. [NL. Centriscus (r. Gr. a kind of fish) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Allied to, or resembling, the genus Centriscus, of which the bellows fish is an example.

Cen•tro•bar´ic , a. [Gr. a treatise of Archimedes on finding the center of gravity, fr. gravitating toward the center; center + weight.] Relating to the center of gravity, or to the process of finding it. Centrobaric method (Math.), a process invented for the purpose of measuring the area or the volume generated by the rotation of a line or surface about a fixed axis, depending upon the principle that every figure formed by the revolution of a line or surface about such an axis has for measure the product of the line or surface by the length of the path of its center of gravity; — sometimes called theorem of Pappus, also incorrectly, Guldinus’s properties. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

Cen´trode , n. (Kinematics) In two figures having relative motion, one of the two curves which are the loci of the instantaneous center.

Cen´troid , n. [L. centrum + -oid.] The center of mass, inertia, or gravity of a body or system of bodies.

Cen•tro•lec´i•thal , a. [Gr. center + yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Having the food yolk placed at the center of the ovum, segmentation being either regular or unequal. Balfour.

Cen•tro•lin´e•ad , n. An instrument for drawing lines through a point, or lines converging to a center.

Cen•tro•lin´e•al , a. [L. centrum + linea line.] Converging to a center; — applied to lines drawn so as to meet in a point or center.

Cen´tro•some , n. [Gr. center + - the body.] (Biol.) A peculiar rounded body lying near the nucleus of a cell. It is regarded as the dynamic element by means of which the machinery of cell division is organized.

Cen•tro•stal´tic , a. [Gr. center + checking.] (Physiol.) A term applied to the action of nerve force in the spinal center. Marshall Hall.

Cen´trum , n.; pl. E. Centrums (#), L. Centra (#). [L., center.] (Anat.) The body, or axis, of a vertebra. See Vertebra.

Cen´try , n. See Sentry. [Obs.] Gray.

Cen•tum´vir , n.; pl. Centumviri (#). [L., fr. centum hundred + Vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) One of a court of about one hundred judges chosen to try civil suits. Under the empire the court was increased to 180, and met usually in four sections.

Cen•tum´vi•ral , a. [L. centumvitalis.] Of or pertaining to the centumviri, or to a centumvir.

Cen•tum´vi•rate , n. [Cf. F. centumvirat.] The office of a centumvir, or of the centumviri.

Cen´tu•ple , a. [L. centuplex; centum + plicare to fold; cf. F. centuple.] Hundredfold.

Cen´tu•ple, v. t. To increase a hundredfold.

Cen•tu´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centuplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Centuplicating.] [L. centuplicare. See Centuple, a.] To make a hundredfold; to repeat a hundred times. [R.] Howell.

Cen•tu´ri•al , a. [L. See Century.] Of or pertaining to a century; as a centurial sermon. [R.]

Cen•tu´ri•ate , a. [L. centuriatus, p. p. of centuriare to divide (men) into centuries.] Pertaining to, or divided into, centuries or hundreds. [R.] Holland.

Cen•tu´ri•ate , v. t. [See century.] To divide into hundreds. [Obs.] { Cen•tu´ri•a•tor , Cen´tu•rist } n. [Cf. F. centuriateur.] An historian who distinguishes time by centuries, esp. one of those who wrote the ´Magdeburg Centuries.´ See under Century. [R.]

Cen•tu´ri•on , n. [L. centurio, fr. centuria; cf. F. centurion. See Century.] (Rom. Hist.) A military officer who commanded a minor division of the Roman army; a captain of a century. “A centurion of the hand called the Italian band.
Acts x. 1.”

Cen´tu•ry , n.; pl. Centuries (#). [L. centuria (in senses 1 & 3), fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centurie. See Cent.] 1. A hundred; as a century of sonnets; an aggregate of a hundred things. [Archaic.] “And on it said a century of prayers.
Shak.” 2. A period of a hundred years; as this event took place over two centuries ago. Century, in the reckoning of time, although often used in a general way of any series of hundred consecutive years (as a century of temperance work), usually signifies a division of the Christian era, consisting of a period of one hundred years ending with the hundredth year from which it is named; as the first century (a. d. 1-100 inclusive); the seventh century (a.d. 601- 700); the eighteenth century (a.d. 1701- 1800). With words or phrases connecting it with some other system of chronology it is used of similar division of those eras; as the first century of Rome (A.U.C. 1-100). 3. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A division of the Roman people formed according to their property, for the purpose of voting for civil officers. (b) One of sixty companies into which a legion of the army was divided. It was Commanded by a centurion. Century plant (Bot.), the Agave Americana, formerly supposed to flower but once in a century; — hence the name. See Agave. — The Magdeburg Centuries, an ecclesiastical history of the first thirteen centuries, arranged in thirteen volumes, compiled in the 16th century by Protestant scholars at Magdeburg.

Ce•pev´o•rous , a. [L. cepa an onion + varare to devour.] Feeding upon onions. [R.] Sterling.

Ceph´a•lad , adv. [Gr. kefalh• head + L. ad toward.] (Zoöl.) Forwards; towards the head or anterior extremity of the body; opposed to caudad. { Ceph•a•lal´gi•a , Ceph´a•lal•gy , } n. [L. cephalalgia, Gr. ; + pain: cf. F. cephalalgie.] (Med.) Pain in the head; headache.

Ceph•a•lal´gic , a. [L. cephalalgicus, Gr. .] (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, headache. — n. A remedy for the headache.

Ceph•a•lan´thi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + flower.] (Bot.) Same as Anthodium.

Ceph•a•las´pis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + a shield.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil ganoid fishes found in the old red sandstone or Devonian formation. The head is large, and protected by a broad shield-shaped helmet prolonged behind into two lateral points.

Ceph•a•la´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Mollusca, including all except the bivalves; — so called because the head is distinctly developed. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ceph´a•late , a. (Zoöl.) Having a head.

Ce•phal´ic , a. [L. cephalicus, Gr. , fr. kefalh• head: cf. F. cephalique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the head. See the Note under Anterior. Cephalic index (Anat.), the ratio of the breadth of the cranium to the length, which is taken as the standard, and equal to 100; the breadth index. — Cephalic vein, a large vein running from the back of the head alond the arm; — so named because the ancients used to open it for disorders of the head. Dunglison.

Ce•pha´lic, n. A medicine for headache, or other disorder in the head.

Ceph•a•li´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + -itis.] (Med.) Same as Phrenitis.

Ceph•a•li•za´tion , n. Domination of the head in animal life as expressed in the physical structure; localization of important organs or parts in or near the head, in animal development. Dana.

Ceph´a•lo- [Gr. kefalh• head.] A combining form denoting the head, of the head, connected with the head; as cephalosome, cephalopod.

Ceph•a•lo•cer´cal , a. [Cephalo- + Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) Relating to the long axis of the body.

Ceph´a•loid , a. [Cephalo- + -oid.] Shaped like the head. Craing.

Ceph•a•lol´o•gy , n. [Cephalo- + -logy.] The science which treats of the head.

Ceph´a•lo•mere , n. [Cephalo- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the somites (arthromeres) which make up the head of arthropods. Packard.

Ceph•a•lom´e•ter , n. [Cephalo- + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument measuring the dimensions of the head of a fetus during delivery.

Ceph´a•lon , n. (Zoöl.) The head.

Ceph•a•loph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + to bear.] (Zoöl.) The cephalata. { Ceph´a•lo•pod , Ceph´a•lo•pode }, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cephalopoda.

Ceph•a•lop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., gr. Gr. kefalh• head + -poda: cf. F. cephalopode.] (Zoöl.) The highest class of Mollusca. They have, around the front of the head, a group of elongated muscular arms, which are usually furnished with prehensile suckers or hooks. The head is highly developed, with large, well organized eyes and ears, and usually with a cartilaginous brain case. The higher forms, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopi, swim rapidly by ejecting a jet of water from the tubular siphon beneath the head. They have a pair of powerful horny jaws shaped like a parrot’s beak, and a bag of inklike fluid which they can eject from the siphon, thus clouding the water in order to escape from their enemies. They are divided into two orders, the Dibranchiata, having two gills and eight or ten sucker-bearing arms, and the Tetrabranchiata, with four gills and numerous arms without suckers. The latter are all extinct except the Nautilus. See Octopus, Squid, Nautilus. { Ceph•a•lo•pod´ic , Ceph•a•lop´o•dous , } a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the cephalopods.

Ceph•a•lop´te•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + wing.] (Zoöl.) One of the generic names of the gigantic ray (Manta birostris), known as devilfish and sea devil. It is common on the coasts of South Carolina, Florida, and farther south. Some of them grow to enormous size, becoming twenty feet of more across the body, and weighing more than a ton.

Ceph´a•lo•some , n. [Cephalo- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The anterior region or head of insects and other arthropods. Packard.

Ceph´a•lo•style , n. [Cephalo- + Gr. a pillar.] (Anat.) The anterior end of the notochord and its bony sheath in the base of cartilaginous crania.

Ceph•a•lo•tho´rax , n. [Cephalo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) The anterior portion of any one of the Arachnida and higher Crustacea, consisting of the united head and thorax.

Ceph´a•lo•tome , n. [Cephalo- + Gr. to cut.] (Med.) An instrument for cutting into the fetal head, to facilitate delivery.

Ceph•a•lot´o•my , n. 1. Dissection or opening of the head. 2. (Med.) Craniotomy; — usually applied to bisection of the fetal head with a saw.

Ceph´a•lo•tribe , n. [Cephalo- + Gr. to rub, grind.] An obstetrical instrument for performing cephalotripsy.

Ceph´a•lo•trip•sy , n. [See Cephalotribe.] (Med.) The act or operation of crushing the head of a fetus in the womb in order to effect delivery.

Ceph•a•lot´ro•cha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh• head + wheel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of annelid larva with a circle of cilia around the head.

Ceph´a•lous , a. [Gr. kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) Having a head; — applied chiefly to the Cephalata, a division of mollusks.

Ce´pheus , n. (Astron.) A northern constellation near the pole. Its head, which is in the Milky Way, is marked by a triangle formed by three stars of the fourth magnitude. See Cassiopeia.

Ce•ra´ceous , a. [L. cera wax.] Having the texture and color of new wax; like wax; waxy.

Ce•ra´go , n. [L. cera wax.] Beebread.

Ce•ram´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. earthenware. Cf. Keramic.] Of or pertaining to pottery; relating to the art of making earthenware; as ceramic products; ceramic ornaments for ceilings.

Ce•ram´ics , n. [See Ceramic.] 1. The art of making things of baked clay; as pottery, tiles, etc. 2. pl. Work formed of clay in whole or in part, and baked; as vases, urns, etc. Knight.

Ce•rar´gy•rite (se•rär´jy•rit), n. [Gr. ke•ras horn + ’a•rgyros silver.] (Min.) Native silver chloride, a mineral of a white to pale yellow or gray color, darkening on exposure to the light. It may be cut by a knife, like lead or horn (hence called horn silver).

Cer´a•sin , n. (Chem.) A white amorphous substance, the insoluble part of cherry gum; — called also meta-arabinic acid. 2. (Chem.) A gummy mucilaginous substance; — called also bassorin, tragacanthin, etc.

Ce•ras´i•nous , a. 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cerasin. 2. Of a cherry color.

Ce•ras´tes , n. [L., a horned serpent, fr. Gr. kera•sths horned, fr. ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A genus of poisonous African serpents, with a horny scale over each eye; the horned viper.

Ce´rate , n. [L. ceratum, ceratm, fr. cera wax.] (Med.) An unctuous preparation for external application, of a consistence intermediate between that of an ointment and a plaster, so that it can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin. Cerate consists essentially of wax (for which resin or spermaceti is sometimes substituted) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients. The cerate (formerly called simple cerate) of the United States Pharmacopoeia is a mixture of three parts of white wax and seven parts of lard.

Ce´ra•ted , p. a. [L. ceratus, p. p. of cerare to wax, fr. cera wax.] Covered with wax.

Cer´a•tine , a. [Gr. the fallacy called ´the horns.´ fr. ke•ras a horn.] (Logic.) Sophistical.

Cer•a•to•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, ke•ratos, horn + bra•gchia, n. pl., gills.] (Zoöl.) A group of nudibranchiate Mollusca having on the back papilliform or branched organs serving as gills.

Cer•a•to•bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epibranchial in a branchial arch. — n. A ceratobranchial bone, or cartilage.

Ce•rat´o•dus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, ke•ratos horn + tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ganoid fishes, of the order Dipnoi, first known as Mesozoic fossil fishes; but recently two living species have been discovered in Australian rivers. They have lungs so well developed that they can leave the water and breathe in air. In Australia they are called salmon and baramunda. See Dipnoi, and Archipterygium.

Cer•a•to•hy´al , a. [Gr. ke•ras horn + the letter &UPSILON;.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epihyal in the hyoid arch. — n. A ceratohyal bone, or cartilage, which, in man, forms one of the small horns of the hyoid.

Cer•a•to•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras a horn + lizard.] (Paleon.) A carnivorous American Jurassic dinosaur allied to the European Megalosaurus. The animal was nearly twenty feet in length, and the skull bears a bony horn core on the united nasal bones. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cer•a•to•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, ke•ratos horn + sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges in which the skeleton consists of horny fibers. It includes all the commercial sponges.

Ce•rau´nics , n. [Gr. thunder and lightning.] That branch of physics which treats of heat and electricity. R. Park.

Ce•rau´no•scope , n. [Gr. thunder and lightning + -scope.] An instrument or apparatus employed in the ancient mysteries to imitate thunder and lightning. T. Moore.

Cer•be´re•an , a. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, Cerberus. [Written also Cerberian.] “With wide Cerberean mouth.
Milton.”

Cer´be•rus , n. [L. Cerberus (in sense 1), gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) A monster, in the shape of a three-headed dog, guarding the entrance into the infernal regions, Hence: Any vigilant custodian or guardian, esp. if surly. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of East Indian serpents, allied to the pythons; the bokadam.

Cer´cal , a. [Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tail.

Cer•ca´ri•a , n.; pl. Cercarle [NL., fr. Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of a trematode worm having the shape of a tadpole, with its body terminated by a tail-like appendage.

Cer•ca´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, the Cercariae. — n. One of the Cercariae.

Cer´co•pod , n. [Gr. tail + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the jointed antenniform appendages of the posterior somites of certain insects. Packard.

Cer´cus , n.; pl. Cerci . [NL., fr. Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) See Cercopod.

Cere , n. [L. cera wax: cf. F. cire.] (Zoöl.) The soft naked sheath at the base of the beak of birds of prey, parrots, and some other birds. See Beak.

Cere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cered p. pr. & vb. n. Cering.] [L. cerare, fr. cera wax: cf. F. cirer.] To wax; to cover or close with wax. Wiseman.

Ce´re•al , a. [L. Cerealis pert. to Ceres, and hence, to agriculture. See Ceres.] Of or pertaining to the grasses which are cultivated for their edible seeds (as wheat, maize, rice, etc.), or to their seeds or grain.

Ce´re•al n. Any grass cultivated for its edible grain, or the grain itself; — usually in the plural.

Ce•re•a´li•a , n. pl. [L. See Cereal.] 1. (Antiq.) Public festivals in honor of Ceres. 2. The cereals. Crabb.

Ce´re•a•lin , n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance closely resembling diastase, obtained from bran, and possessing the power of converting starch into dextrin, sugar, and lactic acid. Watts.

Cer´e•bel, n. The cerebellum. Derham. { Cer•e•bel´lar , Cer•e•bel´lous } a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cerebellum.

Cer•e•bel´lum , n.; pl. E. Cerebellums , L. Cerebella . [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] (Anat.) The large lobe of the hind brain in front of and above the medulla; the little brain. It controls combined muscular action. See Brain.

Cer´e•bral , a. [L. cerebrum brain; akin to Gr. ka•ra head: cf. F. cerebral. See Cheer.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cerebrum. Cerebral apoplexy. See under Apoplexy.

Cer´e•bral, n. [A false translation of the Skr. murdhanya, lit., head-sounds.] One of a class of lingual consonants in the East Indian languages. See Lingual, n. Prof. W. D. Whitney calls these letters linguals, and this is their usual designation in the United States.

Cer´e•bral•ism , n. (Philos.) The doctrine or theory that psychical phenomena are functions or products of the brain only.

Cer´e•bral•ist, n. One who accepts cerebralism.

Cer´e•brate , v. i. (Physiol.) To exhibit mental activity; to have the brain in action.

Cer•e•bra´tion , n. Action of the brain, whether conscious or unconscious.

Cer´e•bric , a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the brain. Cerebric acid (Physiol. Chem.), a name formerly sometimes given to cerebrin.

Cer•e•bric´i•ty , n. Brain power. [R.]

Ce•reb´ri•form , a. [Cerebrum + -form.] Like the brain in form or substance.

Cer•e•brif´u•gal , a. [Cerebrum + L. fugere to flee.] (Physiol.) Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the brain to the spinal cord, and so transfer cerebral impulses (centrifugal impressions) outwards.

Cer´e•brin , n. [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nonphosphorized, nitrogenous substance, obtained from brain and nerve tissue by extraction with boiling alcohol. It is uncertain whether it exists as such in nerve tissue, or is a product of the decomposition of some more complex substance.

Cer•e•brip´e•tal , a. [Cerebrum + L. petere to seek.] (Physiol.) Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the spinal cord to the brain and so transfer sensations (centripetal impressions) from the exterior inwards.

Cer•e•bri´tis , n. [NL., fr. E. cerebrum + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cerebrum.

Cer´e•broid , a. [Cerebrum + -oid.] Resembling, or analogous to, the cerebrum or brain.

Cer•e•brol´o•gy , n. [Cerebrum + -logy.] The science which treats of the cerebrum or brain.

Cer•e•brop´a•thy , n. [Cerebrum + Gr. suffering.] (Med.) A hypochondriacal condition verging upon insanity, occurring in those whose brains have been unduly taxed; — called also brain fag.

Cer•e•bros´co•py , n. [Cerebrum + -scopy.] (Med.) Examination of the brain for the diagnosis of disease; esp., the act or process of diagnosticating the condition of the brain by examination of the interior of the eye (as with an ophthalmoscope). Buck.

Cer•e•brose´ , n. [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A sugarlike body obtained by the decomposition of the nitrogenous non-phosphorized principles of the brain.

Cer•e•bro-spi´nal , a. [Cerebrum + spinal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Cerebro-spinal fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid secreted by the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. — Cerebro-spinal meningitis, Cerebro-spinal fever (Med.), a dangerous epidemic, and endemic, febrile disease, characterized by inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, giving rise to severe headaches, tenderness of the back of the neck, paralysis of the ocular muscles, etc. It is sometimes marked by a cutaneous eruption, when it is often called spotted fever. It is not contagious.

Cer´e•brum , n.; pl. E. Cerebrums (#), L. Cerebra (#). [L., the brain.] (Anat.) The anterior, and in man the larger, division of the brain; the seat of the reasoning faculties and the will. See Brain.

Cere´cloth , n. [L. cera wax + E. cloth.] A cloth smeared with melted wax, or with some gummy or glutinous matter. “Linen, besmeared with gums, in manner of cerecloth.
Bacon.”

Cere´ment , n. [L. cera wax: cf. F. cirement.] (a) A cerecloth used for the special purpose of enveloping a dead body when embalmed. (b) Any shroud or wrapping for the dead.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al , a. [L. caerimonialis: cf. F. cerimonial. See Ceremony.] 1. Relating to ceremony, or external rite; ritual; according to the forms of established rites. “Ceremonial observances and outward show.
Hallam.” 2. Observant of forms; ceremonious. [In this sense ceremonious is now preferred.] Donne. “He moves in the dull ceremonial track.
Druden.”

Cer•e•mo´ni•al, n. 1. A system of rules and ceremonies, enjoined by law, or established by custom, in religious worship, social intercourse, or the courts of princes; outward form. “The gorgeous ceremonial of the Burgundian court.
Prescott.” 2. The order for rites and forms in the Roman Catholic church, or the book containing the rules prescribed to be observed on solemn occasions.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al•ism , n. Adherence to external rites; fondness for ceremony.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al•ly, adv. According to rites and ceremonies; as a person ceremonially unclean.

Cer•e•mo´ni•al•ness, n. Quality of being ceremonial.

Cer•e•mo´ni•ous , a. [Cf. F. ceremonieux, L. Caerimoniosus.] 1. Consisting of outward forms and rites; ceremonial. [In this sense ceremonial is now preferred.] “The ceremonious part of His worship.
South.” 2. According to prescribed or customary rules and forms; devoted to forms and ceremonies; formally respectful; punctilious. ´Ceremonious phrases.´ Addison. “Too ceremonious and traditional.
Shak.” Syn. — Formal; precise; exact. See Formal.

Cer•e•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. In a ceremonious way.

Cer•e•mo´ni•ous•ness, n. The quality, or practice, of being ceremonious.

Cer´e•mo•ny , n.; pl. Ceremonies (#). [F. ceremonie, L. caerimonia; perh. akin to E. create and from a root signifying to do or make.] 1. Ar act or series of acts, often of a symbolical character, prescribed by law, custom, or authority, in the conduct of important matters, as in the performance of religious duties, the transaction of affairs of state, and the celebration of notable events; as the ceremony of crowning a sovereign; the ceremonies observed in consecrating a church; marriage and baptismal ceremonies. “According to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof shall ye keep it [the Passover].
Numb. ix. 3” “Bring her up the high altar, that she may
The sacred ceremonies there partake.
Spenser.” “[The heralds] with awful ceremony
And trumpet’s sound, throughout the host proclaim
A solemn council.
Milton.” 2. Behavior regulated by strict etiquette; a formal method of performing acts of civility; forms of civility prescribed by custom or authority. “Ceremony was but devised at first
To set a gloss on … hollow welcomes …
But where there is true friendship there needs none.
Shak.” “Al ceremonies are in themselves very silly things; but yet a man of the world should know them.
Chesterfield.” 3. A ceremonial symbols; an emblem, as a crown, scepter, garland, etc. [Obs.] “Disrobe the images,
If you find them decked with ceremonies.
… Let no images
Be hung with Caesar’s trophies.
Shak.” 4. A sign or prodigy; a portent. [Obs.] “Caesar, I never stood on ceremonies,
Yet, now they fright me.
Shak.” Master of ceremonies, an officer who determines the forms to be observed, or superintends their observance, on a public occasion. — Not to stand on ceremony, not to be ceremonious; to be familiar, outspoken, or bold.

Ce´re•ous , a. [L. cereus, fr. cera was.] Waxen; like wax. [Obs.] Gayton.

Ce´res , n. [L., Ceres, also corn, grain, akin to E. create.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The daughter of Saturn and Ops or Rhea, the goddess of corn and tillage. 2. (Actron.) The first discovered asteroid.

Cer´e•sin , n. [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) A white wax, made by bleaching and purifying ozocerite, and used as a substitute for beeswax.

Ce´re•us , n. [L., a wax candle, fr. cera wax. So named from the resemblance of one species to the columnar shape of a wax candle.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Cactus family. They are natives of America, from California to Chili. Although several species flower in the night, the name Night-blooming cereus is specially applied to the Cereus grandiflorus, which is cultivated for its beautiful, shortlived flowers. The Cereus giganteus, whose columnar trunk is sometimes sixty feet in height, is a striking feature of the scenery of New Mexico, Texas etc.

Cer´i•al , a. Same as Cerrial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ce•rif´er•ous , a. [L. ra wax + -ferous.] Producing wax.

Ce´rin , n. [L. cera wax + -in: cf. L. cerinus wax-colored.] 1. (Chem.) A waxy substance extracted by alcohol or ether from cork; sometimes applied also to the portion of beeswax which is soluble in alcohol. Watts. 2. (Min.) A variety of the mineral allanite.

Ce•rin´thi•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient religious sect, so called from Cerinthus, a Jew, who attempted to unite the doctrines of Christ with the opinions of the Jews and Gnostics. Hook.

Cer´iph , n. (Type Founding) One of the fine lines of a letter, esp. one of the fine cross strokes at the top and bottom of letters. [Spelt also seriph.] Savage.

Ce•rise´ , a. [F., a cherry. See Cherry.] Cherry-colored; a light bright red; — applied to textile fabrics, especially silk.

Ce´rite , n. [Gr. ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A gastropod shell belonging to the family Cerithiïdae; — so called from its hornlike form.

Ce´rite, n. [From Cherium.] (Min.) A mineral of a brownish of cherry-red color, commonly massive. It is a hydrous silicate of cerium and allied metals.

Ce´ri•um , n. [Named by Berzelius in 1803 from the asteroid Ceres, then just discovered (1801).] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, occurring in the minerals cerite, allanite, monazite, etc. Symbol Ce. Atomic weight 141.5. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. It tarnishes readily in the air.

Cer´nu•ous , a. [L. cernuus with the face turned toward the earth.] (Bot.) Inclining or nodding downward; pendulous; drooping; — said of a bud, flower, fruit, or the capsule of a moss.

Ce´ro , n. [Corrupt. fr. Sp. sierra saw, sawfish, cero.] (Zoöl.) A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, — the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).

Ce´ro•graph , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -graph.] A writing on wax. Knight. { Ce•ro•graph´ic , Ce•ro•graph´ic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to cerography.

Ce•rog´ra•phist , n. One who practices cerography.

Ce•rog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -graphy.] 1. The art of making characters or designs in, or with, wax. 2. A method of making stereotype plates from inscribed sheets of wax.

Cer´o•lite , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -lite.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesium, allied to serpentine, occurring in waxlike masses of a yellow or greenish color.

Ce•ro´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. ointment for wrestlers, the place for wrestling, fr. khroy^n to wax over, fr. khro•s wax.] 1. The unguent (a composition of oil and wax) with which wrestlers were anointed among the ancient Romans. 2. (Anc. Arch.) That part of the baths and gymnasia in which bathers and wrestlers anointed themselves. 3. (Zoöl.) The cere of birds.

Cer´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. khro•s wax + -mancy.] Divination by dropping melted wax in water.

Ce•roon´ , n. [See Seroon.] A bale or package. covered with hide, or with wood bound with hide; as a ceroon of indigo, cochineal, etc.

Ce•ro•plas´tic , a. [Gr. for modeling in wax; khro•s wax + to form, mold.] (Fine arts) (a) Relating to the art of modeling in wax. (b) Modeled in wax; as a ceroplastic figure. { Ce•ro•plas´tics , Ce•ro•plas´ty } n. [Gr. (sc. art): cf. F. ceroplastique.] The art of modeling in wax.

Cer´o•sin , n. [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) A waxy substance obtained from the bark of the sugar cane, and crystallizing in delicate white laminae.

Ce´rote , n. [Obs.] See Cerate.

Cer´o•tene , n. [L. cerotum a pomade. See Cerate.] (Chem.) A white waxy solid obtained from Chinese wax, and by the distillation of cerotin.

Ce•rot´ic , a. [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax or Chinese wax; as cerotic acid or alcohol.

Cer´o•tin , n. [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C27H55.OH, obtained from Chinese wax, and regarded as an alcohol of the marsh gas series; — called also cerotic alcohol, ceryl alcohol.

Cer´ri•al , a. [L. cerreus, fr. cerrus a kind of oak.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the cerris. “Chaplets green of cerrial oak.
Dryden.”

Cer´ris , n. [L. cerrus.] (Bot.) A species of oak (Quercus cerris) native in the Orient and southern Europe; — called also bitter oak and Turkey oak.

Cer´tain , a. [F. certain, fr. (assumed) LL. certanus, fr. L. certus determined, fixed, certain, orig. p. p. of cernere to perceive, decide, determine; akin to Gr. to decide, separate, and to E. concern, critic, crime, riddle a sieve, rinse, v.] 1. Assured in mind; having no doubts; free from suspicions concerning. “To make her certain of the sad event.
Dryden.” “I myself am certain of you.
Wyclif.” 2. Determined; resolved; — used with an infinitive. “However, I with thee have fixed my lot,
Certain to undergo like doom.
Milton.” 3. Not to be doubted or denied; established as a fact. “The dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.
Dan. ii. 45.” 4. Actually existing; sure to happen; inevitable. “Virtue that directs our ways
Through certain dangers to uncertain praise.
Dryden.” “Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all.
Shak.” 5. Unfailing; infallible. “I have often wished that I knew as certain a remedy for any other distemper.
Mead.” 6. Fixed or stated; regular; determinate. “The people go out and gather a certain rate every day.
Ex. xvi. 4.” 7. Not specifically named; indeterminate; indefinite; one or some; — sometimes used independenty as a noun, and meaning certain persons. “It came to pass when he was in a certain city.
Luke. v. 12.” “About everything he wrote there was a certain natural grace und decorum.
Macaulay.” For certain, assuredly. — Of a certain, certainly. Syn. — Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontrovertible; unhesitating; undoubting; fixed; stated.

Cer´tain, n. 1. Certainty. [Obs.] Gower. 2. A certain number or quantity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cer´tain, adv. Certainly. [Obs.] Milton.

Cer´tain•ly, adv. Without doubt or question; unquestionably.

Cer´tain•ness, n. Certainty.

Cer´tain•ty , n.; pl. Certainties (#). [OF. certainete.] 1. The quality, state, or condition, of being certain. “The certainty of punishment is the truest security against crimes.
Fisher Ames.” 2. A fact or truth unquestionable established. “Certainties are uninteresting and sating.
Landor.” 3. (Law) Clearness; freedom from ambiguity; lucidity. Of a certainty, certainly.

Cer´tes , adv. [F. certes, for à certes, fr. L. certus. See Certain.] Certainly; in truth; verily. [Archaic] “Certes it great pity was to see
Him his nobility so foul deface.
Spenser.”

Cer•tif´i•cate , n. [F. certificat, fr. LL. certificatus made certain, p. p. of certificare. See tify.] 1. A written testimony to the truth of any fact; as certificate of good behavior. 2. A written declaration legally authenticated. Trial by certificate, a trial which the testimony of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of the point in dispute; as when the issue is whether a person was absent in the army, this is tried by the certificate of the proper officer in writing, under his seal. Blackstone.

Cer•tif´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certificated; p. pr. & vb. n. Certificating.] [See Certify.] 1. To verify or vouch for by certificate. 2. To furnish with a certificate; as to certificate the captain of a vessel; a certificated teacher.

Cer•ti•fi•ca´tion , n.[L. certificatio: cf. F. certification.] The act of certifying.

Cer´ti•fi•er , n. One who certifies or assures.

Cer´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certified p. pr. & vb. n. Certifying.] [F. certifier, LL. certificare; L. certus certain + facere to make. See Certain, and cf. Certificate, v. t.] 1. To give cetain information to; to assure; to make certain. “We certify the king, that … thou shalt have no portion on this side the river.
Ezra iv. 16.” 2. To give certain information of; to make certain, as a fact; to verify. Hammond. “The industry of science at once certifies and greatly extends our knowledge of the vastness of the creation.
I. Taylor.” 3. To testify to in writing; to make a declaration concerning, in writing, under hand, or hand and seal. “The judges shall certify their opinion to the chancellor, and upon such certificate the decree is usually founded.
Blackstone.” Certified check, A bank check, the validity of which is certified by the bank on which it is drawn.

Cer•ti•o•ra´ri , n. [So named from the emphatic word certiorari in the Latin form of the writ, which read certiorar volumus we wish to be certified.] (Law) A writ issuing out of chancery, or a superior court, to call up the records of a inferior court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that errors and irregularities may be corrected. It is obtained upon complaint of a party that he has not received justice, or can not have an impartial trial in the inferior court. A certiorari is the correct process to remove the proceedings of a court in which cases are tried in a manner different from the course of the common law, as of county commissioners. It is also used as an auxiliary process in order to obtain a full return to some other process. Bouvier.

Cer´ti•tude , n. [LL. certitudo, fr. L. certus: cf. F. certitude. See Certain.] Freedom from doubt; assurance; certainty. J. H. Newman.

Cer´ule , a. [L. caerulus, eguiv. to caeruleus.] Blue; cerulean. [Obs.] Dyer.

Ce•ru´le•an , a. [L. caeruleus.] Sky-colored; blue; azure. Cowper. “Blue, blue, as if that sky let fall” “A flower from its cerulean wall.
Bryant.”

Ce•ru´le•ous , a. Cerulean. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Cer•u•lif´ic , a. [L. caerulus dark blue + facere to make.] Producing a blue or sky color. [R.]

Ce•ru´men , n. [NL., fr. L. cera wax.] (Physiol.) The yellow, waxlike secretion from the glands of the external ear; the earwax.

Ce•ru´mi•nous , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, cerumen; as the ceruminous glands.

Ce´ruse , n. [F. ceruse, L. cerussa.] 1. White lead, used as a pigment. See White lead, under White. 2. A cosmetic containing white lead. “To distinguish ceruse from natural bloom.
Macaulay.” 3. (Min.) The native carbonate of lead.

Ce´rused , a. Washed with a preparation of white lead; as cerused face. Beau. & Fl. { Ce´ru•site , Ce´rus•site } n. (Min.) Native lead carbonate; a mineral occurring in colorless, white, or yellowish transparent crystals, with an adamantine, also massive and compact.

Cer´van•tite , n. [Named from Cervantes a town in Spain.] (Min.) See under Antimony.

Cer´ve•lat , n. [F.] (Mus.) An ancient wind instrument, resembling the bassoon in tone.

Cer´vi•cal, a. [L. cervix, -icis, neck: cf. F. cervical.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the neck; as the cervical vertebrae.

Cer´vi•cide , n. [L. cervus deer + caedere to kill.] The act of killing deer; deer-slaying. [R.]

Cer´vine , a. [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer: cf. F. cervin.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the deer, or to the family Cervidae.

Cer´vix , n.; pl. E. Cervixes (#), L. Cervices (#). [L.] (Anat.) The neck; also the necklike portion of any part, as of the womb. See Illust. of Bird.

Cer´vus , n. [L., a deer.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants, including the red deer and other allied species. Formerly all species of deer were included in the genus Cervus.

Ce´ryl , n. [L. cera wax + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, C27H55 supposed to exist in several compounds obtained from Chinese wax, beeswax, etc. { Ce•sa´re•an , Ce•sa´ri•an } a. Same as Caesarean, Caesarian.

Ce´sar•ism , n. See Caesarism.

Ces´pi•tine , n. [L. caespes, caespitis, a turf.] An oil obtained by distillation of peat, and containing various members of the pyridine series.

Ces´pi•ti•tious , a. [L. caespiticius, fr. caespes turf.] Same as Cespitious. [R.] Gough.

Ces´pi•tose , a. [L. caespes turf.] (Bot.) Having the form a piece of turf, i. e., many stems from one rootstock or from many entangled rootstocks or roots. [Written also caespitose.]

Ces´pi•tous , a. [See Cespitose.] Pertaining to, consisting, of resembling, turf; turfy. “A cespitous or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet of matting.
Martyn.”

Cess , n. [For sess, conts. from Assess.] 1. A rate or tax. [Obs. or Prof. Eng. & Scot.] Spenser. 2. Bound; measure. [Obs.] “The poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess.
Shak.”

Cess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cessed p. pr. & vb. n. Cessing.] To rate; to tax; to assess. Spenser.

Cess, v. i. [F. cesser. See Cease.] To cease; to neglect. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ces´sant a. [L. cessans, p. pr. of cessare. See Cease.] Inactive; dormant [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Ces•sa´tion (ses•sa´shun), n. [F. cessation, L. cessatio, fr. cessare. See Cease.] A ceasing or discontinuance, as of action, whether temporary or final; a stop; as a cessation of the war. “The temporary cessation of the papal iniquities.
Motley.” “The day was yearly observed for a festival by cessation from labor.
Sir J. Hayward.” Cessation of arms (Mil.), an armistice, or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, to give time for a capitulation, or for other purposes. Syn. — Stop; rest; stay; pause; discontinuance; intermission; interval; respite; interruption; recess; remission.

Ces•sa´vit , n. [L., he has ceased.] [O. Eng. Law] A writ given by statute to recover lands when the tenant has for two years failed to perform the conditions of his tenure.

Ces´ser , n. [From Cess, v. i.] (Law) a neglect of a tenant to perform services, or make payment, for two years.

Ces´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. cessible. See Cession.] Giving way; yielding. [Obs.] — Ces•si•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

Ces´sion , n. [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give way: cf. F. Cession. See Cede.] 1. A yielding to physical force. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Concession; compliance. [Obs.] 3. A yielding, or surrender, as of property or rights, to another person; the act of ceding. “A cession of the island of New Orleans.
Bancroft.” 4. (Eccl. Law) The giving up or vacating a benefice by accepting another without a proper dispensation. 5. (Civil Law) The voluntary surrender of a person’s effects to his creditors to avoid imprisonment.

Ces´sion•a•ry , a. [LL. cessionarius, from cessionare to cede, fr. L. cessio: cf. F. cessionnaire. See Cession.] Having surrendered the effects; as a cessionary bankrupt. Martin.

Cess´ment , n. [From Cess, v. t.] An assessment or tax. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ces´sor , n. [From Cess, v. i. Cf. Cesser.] (Law) One who neglects, for two years, to perform the service by which he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the writ of cessavit. See Cessavit. Cowell.

Ces´sor, n. [From Cess, v. t.] An assessor. [Obs.]

Cess´pipe (ses´pip•), n. A pipe for carrying off waste water, etc., from a sink or cesspool. Knight.

Cess´pool (-pool•), n. [See Sesspol.] A cistern in the course, or the termination, of a drain, to collect sedimentary or superfluous matter; a privy vault; any receptacle of filth. [Written also sesspool.]

Cest (sest), n. [L. cestus: cf. OF. ceste.] A woman’s girdle; a cestus. [R.] Collins.

Ces´tode (ses´tod), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. — n. One of the Cestoidea.

Ces´toid (ses´toid), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. — n. One of the Cestoidea.

Ces•toid´e•a (ses•toid´e•a), n. pl. [NL., gr. Gr. kesto•s girdle + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A class of parasitic worms (Platelminthes) of which the tapeworms are the most common examples. The body is flattened, and usually but not always long, and composed of numerous joints or segments, each of which may contain a complete set of male and female reproductive organs. They have neither mouth nor intestine. See Tapeworm. [Written also Cestoda.]

Ces•told´e•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cestoidea.

Ces•tra´ci•ont , n. [Gr. a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A shark of the genus Cestracion, and of related genera. The posterior teeth form a pavement of bony plates for crushing shellfish. Most of the species are extinct. The Port Jackson shark and a similar one found in California are living examples.

Ces•tra´ci•ont, a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the genus Cestracion.

Ces´tus , n. [L. cestus girdle, Gr. , lit., stitched, embroidered.] 1. (Antiq.) A girdle; particularly that of Aphrodite (or Venus) which gave the wearer the power of exciting love. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of Ctenophora. The typical species (Cestus Veneris) is remarkable for its brilliant iridescent colors, and its long, girdlelike form.

Ces´tus, n. [L. caestus, and cestus.] (Antiq.) A covering for the hands of boxers, made of leather bands, and often loaded with lead or iron. { Ces´tuy Ces´tui } pron. [Norm. F.] (Law) He; the one. Cestuy que trust [norm. F.], a person who has the equitable and beneficial interest in property, the legal interest in which is vested in a trustee. Wharton. — Cestuy que use [Norm. F.], a person for whose use land, etc., is granted to another.

Ce•su´ra , n. See Caesura.

Ce•su´ral , a. See Caesural.

Ce•ta´ce•a , n. pl. [NL., from L. cetus whale, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) An order of marine mammals, including the whales. Like ordinary mammals they breathe by means of lungs, and bring forth living young which they suckle for some time. The anterior limbs are changed to paddles; the tail flukes are horizontal. There are two living suborders: (a) The Mysticete or whalebone whales, having no true teeth after birth, but with a series of plates of whalebone [see Baleen.] hanging down from the upper jaw on each side, thus making a strainer, through which they receive the small animals upon which they feed. (b) The Denticete, including the dolphins and sperm whale, which have teeth. Another suborder (Zeuglodontia) is extinct. The Sirenia were formerly included in the Cetacea, but are now made a separate order.

Ce•ta´cean , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cetacea.

Ce•ta´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cetacea.

Ce´te , n. [L., pl.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cetacea, or collectively, the Cetacea.

Ce´tene , n. [See Cete.] (Chem.) An oily hydrocarbon, C16H32, of the ethylene series, obtained from spermaceti.

Cet´e•rach , n. [F. ceterac, fr. Ar. shetrak.] (Bot.) A species of fern with fronds (Asplenium Ceterach).

Cet´e•wale , n. [OF. citoal, F. zedoaire. See Zedoary.] Same as Zedoary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ce´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a whale.

Ce´tin , n. [L. cetus whale.] (Chem.) A white, waxy substance, forming the essential part of spermaceti.

Ce•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to cetology.

Ce•tol´o•gist , a. One versed in cetology.

Ce•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. whale + -logy: cf. F. cetologie.] The description or natural history of cetaceous animals.

Ce•trar´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetaria Islandica). Cetraric acid. See Cetrarin.

Cet´ra•rin , n. [From Cetraria Islandica, the scientific name of Iceland moss.] (Chem.) A white substance extracted from the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetraria Islandica). It consists of several ingredients, among which is cetraric acid, a white, crystalline, bitter substance.

Ce´tyl , n. [Gr. whale + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, C16H33, not yet isolated, but supposed to exist in a series of compounds homologous with the ethyl compounds, and derived from spermaceti.

Ce•tyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, spermaceti. Cetylic alcohol (Chem.), a white, waxy, crystalline solid, obtained from spermaceti, and regarded as homologous with ordinary, or ethyl, alcohol; ethal; — called also cetyl alcohol.

Cey´lan•ite , n. [F., fr. Ceylan Ceylon.] (Min.) A dingy blue, or grayish black, variety of spinel. It is also called pleonaste. [Written also ceylonite.]

Cey•lon•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Ceylon. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Ceylon.

C. G. S. An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Second. — applied to a system of units much employed in physical science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time.

Chab (chab), n. (Zoöl.) The red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes Carolinus). { Chab´a•site (kab´a•sit), Cab´a•zite (kab´a•zit), } n. [Gr. chabazi•os one of twenty species of stones mentioned in the poem Peri• li•qwn, ascribed to Orpheus.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in glassy rhombohedral crystals, varying in color from white to yellow or red. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also chabasie.

Cha•blis´ (sha•ble´), n. [F.] A white wine made near Chablis, a town in France. { Cha•bouk´ , Cha•buk´ } n. [Hind. chabuk horsewhip.] A long whip, such as is used in the East in the infliction of punishment. Balfour.

Chace , n. See 3d Chase, n., 3.

Chace, v. t. To pursue. See Chase v. t.

Cha•cha•la´ca , n. [Native name, prob. given in imitation of its cry.] (Zoöl.) The Texan guan (Ortalis vetula). [written also chiacalaca.]

Chack (chak), v. i. To toss up the head frequently, as a horse to avoid the restraint of the bridle.

Chac´ma , n. [Native name.] A large species of African baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius); — called also ursine baboon. [See Illust. of Baboon.]

Cha•conne´ , n. [F., fr. Sp. chacona.] (Mus.) An old Spanish dance in moderate three-four measure, like the Passacaglia, which is slower. Both are used by classical composers as themes for variations.

Chad (shad), n. See Shad. [Obs.]

Chae•te´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hair.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fossil corals, common in the lower Silurian limestones.

Chae•tif´er•ous , a. [Gr. hair + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing setae.

Chae´to•dont , n. [Gr. hair + , , tooth.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish of the family Chaetodontidae. The chaetodonts have broad, compressed bodies, and usually bright colors.

Chaeto•dont, a. Of or pertaining to the Chaetodonts or the family Chaetodontidae.

Chae´tog•nath , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chaetognatha.

Chae•tog´na•tha , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. hair + jaw.] (Zoöl) An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head.

Chae´to•pod , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Chaetopoda. — n. One of the Chaetopoda.

Chae•top´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. hair + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setae, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochaeta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychaeta, including most of the marine species.

Chae´to•tax•y , n. [Gr. hair + arrangement.] (Zoöl.) The arrangement of bristles on an insect.

Chafe (chaf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chafed (chaft); p pr. & vb. n. Chafing.] [OE. chaufen to warm, OF. chaufer, F. chauffer, fr. L. calefacere, calfacere, to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make. See Caldron.] 1. To excite heat in by friction; to rub in order to stimulate and make warm. “To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin.
Spenser.” 2. To excite passion or anger in; to fret; to irritate. “Her intercession chafed him.
Shak.” 3. To fret and wear by rubbing; as to chafe a cable. “Two slips of parchment which she sewed round it to prevent its being chafed.
Sir W. Scott.” Syn. — To rub; fret; gall; vex; excite; inflame.

Chafe, v. i. To rub; to come together so as to wear by rubbing; to wear by friction. “Made its great boughs chafe together.
Longfellow.” “The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores.
Shak.” 2. To be worn by rubbing; as a cable chafes. 3. To have a feeling of vexation; to be vexed; to fret; to be irritated. Spenser. “He will chafe at the doctor’s marrying my daughter.
Shak.”

Chafe, n. 1. Heat excited by friction. 2. Injury or wear caused by friction. 3. Vexation; irritation of mind; rage. “The cardinal in a chafe sent for him to Whitehall.
Camden.”

Chaf´er , n. 1. One who chafes. 2. A vessel for heating water; — hence, a dish or pan. “A chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons.
Baker.”

Chaf´er, n. [AS. ceafor; akin to D. kever, G këfer.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle; the cockchafer. The name is also applied to other species; as the rose chafer.

Chaf´er•y , n. [See Chafe, v. t.] (Iron Works) An open furnace or forge, in which blooms are heated before being wrought into bars. { Chafe´wax• , or Chaff´wax• } n. (Eng. Law) Formerly a chancery officer who fitted wax for sealing writs and other documents.

Chafe´weed , n. (Bot.) The cudweed (Gnaphalium), used to prevent or cure chafing.

Chaff , n. [AC. ceaf; akin to D. kaf, G. kaff.] 1. The glumes or husks of grains and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing, etc. “So take the corn and leave the chaff behind.
Dryden.” “Old birds are not caught with caff.
Old Proverb.” 2. Anything of a comparatively light and worthless character; the refuse part of anything. “The chaff and ruin of the times.
Shak.” 3. Straw or hay cut up fine for the food of cattle. “By adding chaff to his corn, the horse must take more time to eat it. In this way chaff is very useful.
Ywatt.” 4. Light jesting talk; banter; raillery. 5. (Bot.) The scales or bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in the heads of many Compositae, as the sunflower. Gray. Chaff cutter, a machine for cutting, up straw, etc., into ´chaff´ for the use of cattle.

Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffed p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffing.] To use light, idle language by way of fun or ridicule; to banter.

Chaff, v. t. To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by addressing in ironical or bantering language; to quiz. “Morgan saw that his master was chaffing him.
Thackeray.” “A dozen honest fellows … chaffed each other about their sweethearts.
C. Kingsley.”

Chaff´er, n. One who chaffs.

Chaf´fer , n. [OE. chaffare, cheapfare; AS. ceáp a bargain, price + faru a journey; hence, originally, a going to barain, to market. See Cheap, and Fare.] Bargaining; merchandise. [Obs.] Holished.

Chaf´fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffered p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffering.] [OE. chaffaren, fr. chaffare, chapfare, cheapfare, a bargaining. See Chaffer, n.] 1. To treat or dispute about a purchase; to bargain; to haggle or higgle; to negotiate. “To chaffer for preferments with his gold.
Dryden.” 2. To talk much and idly; to chatter. Trench.

Chaf´fer, v. t. 1. To buy or sell; to trade in. “He chaffered chairs in which churchmen were set.
Spenser.” 2. To exchange; to bandy, as words. Spenser.

Chaf´fer•er , n. One who chaffers; a bargainer.

Chaf´fern , n. [See Chafe, v. t.] A vessel for heating water. [Obs.] Johnson.

Chaf´fer•y, n. Traffic; bargaining. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chaf´finch , n. [Cf. Chiff- chaff.] (Zoöl.) A bird of Europe (Fringilla cœlebs), having a variety of very sweet songs, and highly valued as a cage bird; — called also copper finch.

Chaff´ing , n. The use of light, frivolous language by way of fun or ridicule; raillery; banter.

Chaff´less, a. Without chaff.

Chaff´y , a. 1. Abounding in, or resembling, chaff. “Chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail.
Coleridge.” 2. Light or worthless as chaff. “Slight and chaffy opinion.
Glanvill.” 3. (Bot.) (a) Resembling chaff; composed of light dry scales. (b) Bearing or covered with dry scales, as the under surface of certain ferns, or the disk of some composite flowers.

Chaf´ing , n. [See Chafe, v. t.] The act of rubbing, or wearing by friction; making by rubbing. Chafing dish, a dish or vessel for cooking on the table, or for keeping food warm, either by coals, by a lamp, or by hot water; a portable grate for coals. — Chafing gear (Naut.), any material used to protect sails, rigging, or the like, at points where they are exposed to friction.

Cha•green´ , n. See Shagreen.

Cha•grin´ , n. [F., fr. chagrin shagreen, a particular kind of rough and grained leather; also a rough fishskin used for graters and files; hence (Fig.), a gnawing, corroding grief. See Shagreen.] Vexation; mortification. “I must own that I felt rather vexation and chagrin than hope and satisfaction.
Richard Porson.” “Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin.
Pope.” Syn. — Vexation; mortification; peevishness; fretfulness; disgust; disquiet. Chagrin, Vexation, Mortification. These words agree in the general sense of pain produced by untoward circumstances. Vexation is a feeling of disquietude or irritating uneasiness from numerous causes, such as losses, disappointments, etc. Mortification is a stronger word, and denotes that keen sense of pain which results from wounded pride or humiliating occurrences. Chagrin is literally the cutting pain produced by the friction of Shagreen leather; in its figurative sense, it varies in meaning, denoting in its lower degrees simply a state of vexation, and its higher degrees the keenest sense of mortification. ´Vexation arises chiefly from our wishes and views being crossed: mortification, from our self-importance being hurt; chagrin, from a mixture of the two.´ Crabb.

Cha•grin´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chagrined p. pr. & vb. n. Chargrining.] [Cf. F. chagriner See Chagrin, n.] To excite ill-humor in; to vex; to mortify; as he was not a little chagrined.

Cha•grin´, v. i. To be vexed or annoyed. Fielding.

Cha•grin´, a. Chagrined. Dryden.

Chain , n. [F. chaîne, fr. L. catena. Cf. Catenate.] 1. A series of links or rings, usually of metal, connected, or fitted into one another, used for various purposes, as of support, of restraint, of ornament, of the exertion and transmission of mechanical power, etc. “[They] put a chain of gold about his neck.
Dan. v. 29.” 2. That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as the chains of habit. “Driven down
To chains of darkness and the undying worm.
Milton.” 3. A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas. 4. (Surv.) An instrument which consists of links and is used in measuring land. One commonly in use is Gunter’s chain, which consists of one hundred links, each link being seven inches and ninety-two one hundredths in length; making up the total length of rods, or sixty-six, feet; hence, a measure of that length; hence, also a unit for land measure equal to four rods square, or one tenth of an acre. 5. pl. (Naut.) Iron links bolted to the side of a vessel to bold the dead-eyes connected with the shrouds; also the channels. 6. (Weaving) The warp threads of a web. Knight. Chain belt (Mach.), a belt made of a chain; — used for transmitting power. — Chain boat, a boat fitted up for recovering lost cables, anchors, etc. — Chain bolt (a) (Naut.) The bolt at the lower end of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel’s side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. — Chain bond. See Chain timber. — Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. — Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. — Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. — Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. — Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. — Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. — Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. — Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. - - Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. — Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. — Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel’s side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. — Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. — Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. — Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. — Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship’s rigging. — Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. — Chain timber. (Arch.) See Bond timber, under Bond. — Chain wales. (Naut.) Same as Channels. — Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. — Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulae are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. — Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link.

Chain, v. t. [imp. p. p. Chained (chand); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaining.] 1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as to chain a bulldog. “Chained behind the hostile car.
Prior.” 2. To keep in slavery; to enslave. “And which more blest? who chained his country, say
Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day?
Pope.” 3. To unite closely and strongly. “And in this vow do chain my soul to thine.
Shak.” 4. (Surveying) To measure with the chain. 5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.

Chain´less , a. Having no chain; not restrained or fettered. ´The chainless mind.´ Byron.

Chain´let , n. A small chain. Sir W. Scott.

Chain´ pump A pump consisting of an endless chain, running over a drum or wheel by which it is moved, and dipping below the water to be raised. The chain has at intervals disks or lifts which fit the tube through which the ascending part passes and carry the water to the point of discharge.

Chain´ stitch 1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; — used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery. 2. (Machine Sewing) A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch.

Chain´ wheel 1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel. 2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water.

Chain´work , n. Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work.

Chair , n. [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher’s or professor’s chair, Gr. down + seat, to sit, akin to E. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.] 1. A movable single seat with a back. 2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp. that of a professor; hence, the office itself. “The chair of a philosophical school.
Whewell.” “A chair of philology.
M. Arnold.” 3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as to address the chair. 4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak. “Think what an equipage thou hast in air,
And view with scorn two pages and a chair.
Pope.” 5. An iron block used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers. Chair days, days of repose and age. — To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. — To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting.

Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. Chaired p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.] 1. To place in a chair. 2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.]

Chair´man , n.; pl. Chairmen . 1. The presiding officer of a committee, or of a public or private meeting, or of any organized body. 2. One whose business it is to cary a chair or sedan. “Breaks watchmen’s heads and chairmen’s glasses.
Prior.”

Chair´man•ship, n. The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body.

Chaise (shaz), n. [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.] 1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thorough-braces. It is usually drawn by one horse. 2. Loosely, a carriage in general. Cowper.

Cha´ja , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, or Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; — called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

Cha•la´za , n.; pl. E. Chalazas, L. Chalazae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. hail, pimple.] 1. (Bot.) The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus. 2. (Biol.) A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird’s egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

Cha•la´zal , a. Of or pertaining to the chalaza.

Cha•laze´ , n. Same as Chalaza.

Chal•a•zif´er•ous , a. [Chalaza + -ferous.] Having or bearing chalazas.

Cha•la´zi•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dim. of hail, pimple.] (Med.) A small circumscribed tumor of the eyelid caused by retention of secretion, and by inflammation of the Melbomian glands.

Chal•can´thite , n. [L. chalcanthum a solution of blue vitriol, Gr. .] (Min.) Native blue vitriol. See Blue vitriol, under Blue.

Chal´ce•don´ic , a. Of or pertaining to chalcedony.

Chal•ced´o•ny (kal•sed´o•ny or kal´se•do•ny; 277), n.; pl. Chalcedonies (-niz). [ L. chalcedonius, fr. Gr. CHalkhdw•n Chalcedon, a town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzantium: cf. calcedoine, OE. calcidoine, casidoyne. Cf. Cassidony.] (Min.) A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony.] When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx. Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian, a flesh red, and sard, a brownish red variety.

Chal•chi•huitl´ (chal•che•wetl´), n. (Min.) The Mexican name for turquoise. See Turquoise.

Chal´cid fly [From Gr. chalko•s copper; in allusion to its metallic colors.] (Zoöl.) One of a numerous family of hymenopterous insects (Chalcididae. Many are gallflies, others are parasitic on insects.

Chal•cid´i•an , n. [L. chalcis a lizard, Gr. chalki•s.] (Zoöl.) One of a tropical family of snakelike lizards (Chalcidae), having four small or rudimentary legs.

Chal´co•cite , n. [Gr. chalko•s brass.] (Min.) Native copper sulphide, called also copper glance, and vitreous copper; a mineral of a black color and metallic luster. [Formerly written chalcosine.] { Chal•cog´ra•pher , Chal•cog´ra•phist } n. An engraver on copper or brass; hence, an engraver of copper plates for printing upon paper.

Chal•cog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. chalko•s copper, brass + -graphy.] The act or art of engraving on copper or brass, especially of engraving for printing.

Chal•co•pyr´ite , n. [Gr. chalko•s brass + E. pyrite. So named from its color.] (Min.) Copper pyrites, or yellow copper ore; a common ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur. It occurs massive and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color.

Chal•da´ic , a. [L. Chaldaicus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee.

Chal´da•ism , n. An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect.

Chal•de´an , a. [L. Chaldaeus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. (a) A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. (b) A learned man, esp. an astrologer; — so called among the Eastern nations, because astrology and the kindred arts were much cultivated by the Chaldeans. (c) Nestorian.

Chal´dee , a. Of or pertaining to Chaldea. — n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; eastern Aramaic, or the Aramaic used in Chaldea. Chaldee Paraphrase, A targum written in Aramaic. { Chal´drich , Chal´der } n. [Icel. tjaldr.] (Zoöl.) A kind of bird; the oyster catcher.

Chal´dron , n. [OF. chaldron, F. chaudron kettle. The same word as caldron.] An English dry measure, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exclusively for coal and coke. In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs. De Colange.

Cha•let´ , n. [F.] 1. A herdsman’s hut in the mountains of Switzerland. “Chalets are summer huts for the Swiss herdsmen.
Wordsworth.” 2. A summer cottage or country house in the Swiss mountains; any country house built in the style of the Swiss cottages.

Chal´ice , n. [OR. chalis, calice, OF. chalice, calice, F. calice, fr. L. calix, akin to Gr. and E. helmet. Cf. Calice, Calyx.] A cup or bowl; especially, the cup used in the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper.

Chal´iced , a. Having a calyx or cup; cup-shaped. ´Chaliced flowers.´ Shak.

Chalk , n. [AS. cealc lime, from L. calx limestone. See Calz, and Cawk.] 1. (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of calcium carbonate, and having the same composition as common limestone. 2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared chalk, used as a drawing implement; also by extension, a compound, as of clay and black lead, or the like, used in the same manner. See Crayon. Black chalk, a mineral of a bluish color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. — By a long chalk, by a long way; by many degrees. [Slang] Lowell. — Chalk drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with crayons. See Crayon. — Chalk formation. See Cretaceous formation, under Cretaceous. — Chalk line, a cord rubbed with chalk, used for making straight lines on boards or other material, as a guide in cutting or in arranging work. — Chalk mixture, a preparation of chalk, cinnamon, and sugar in gum water, much used in diarrheal affection, esp. of infants. — Chalk period. (Geol.) See Cretaceous period, under Cretaceous. - - Chalk pit, a pit in which chalk is dug. — Drawing chalk. See Crayon, n., 1. — French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. — Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher containing iron, and used by painters and artificers; reddle.

Chalk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chalked p. pr. & vb. n. Chalking.] 1. To rub or mark with chalk. 2. To manure with chalk, as land. Morimer. 3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach. Tennyson. “Let a bleak paleness chalk the door.
Herbert.” To chalk out, to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] ´I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out.´ Burke.

Chalk´cut•ter , n. A man who digs chalk.

Chalk´i•ness , n. The state of being chalky.

Chalk´stone , n. 1. A mass of chalk. “As chalkstones … beaten in sunder.
Isa. xxvii. 9.” 2. (Med.) A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus.

Chalk´y , a. Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as a chalky cliff; a chalky taste.

Chal´lenge , n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny.] 1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also the letter or message conveying the summons. “A challenge to controversy.
Goldsmith.” 2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign. 3. A claim or demand. [Obs.] “There must be no challenge of superiority.
Collier.” 4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game. 5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause. Blackstone 6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.] Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole panel. — Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. — Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. — Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. — Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true.

Chal´lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Challenged p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging.] [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, accuse, dispute, fr. L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge, n., and cf. Calumniate.] 1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy. “I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood.
Locke.” 2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat. “By this I challenge him to single fight.
Shak.” 3. To claim as due; to demand as a right. “Challenge better terms.
Addison.” 4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.] “He complained of the emperors … and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues … from them.
Holland.” 5. (Mil.) To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as the sentinel challenged us, with ´Who comes there?´ 6. To take exception to; question; as to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation. 7. (Law) To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court. 8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualified as a voter. [U. S.] To challenge to the array, favor, polls. See under Challenge, n.

Chal´lenge, v. i. To assert a right; to claim a place. “Where nature doth with merit challenge.
Shak.”

Chal´lenge•a•ble , a. That may be challenged.

Chal´len•ger , n. One who challenges.

Chal´lis , n. [F. chaly, challis, a stuff made of goat’s hair.] A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies’ dresses. [Written also chally.]

Cha´lon , n. A bed blanket. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cha•lyb´e•an , a. [L. chalybeïus, fr. chalybs steel, Gr. .] 1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel. 2. Of superior quality and temper; — applied to steel. [Obs.] Milton.

Cha•lyb´e•ate , a. [NL. chalybeatus, fr. chalubeïus. See Chalubean.] Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as chalybeate springs.

Cha•lyb´e•ate, n. Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient.

Cha•lyb´e•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel.

Chal´y•bite , n. (Min.) Native iron carbonate; — usually called siderite.

Cham , v. t. [See Chap.] To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. More.

Cham , n. [See Khan.] The sovereign prince of Tartary; — now usually written khan. Shak.

Cha•made , n. [F. chamade, fr. Pg. chamada, fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare.] (Mil.) A signal made for a parley by beat of a drum. “They beat the chamade, and sent us carte blanche.
Addison.”

Cha´mal , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Angora goat. See Angora goat, under Angora.

Cham´ber , n. [F. chambre, fr. L. camera vault, arched roof, in LL. chamber, fr. Gr. anything with a vaulted roof or arched covering; cf. Skr. kmar to be crooked. Cf. Camber, Camera, Comrade.] 1. A retired room, esp. an upper room used for sleeping; a bedroom; as the house had four chambers. 2. pl. Apartments in a lodging house. ´A bachelor’s life in chambers.´ Thackeray. 3. A hall, as where a king gives audience, or a deliberative body or assembly meets; as presence chamber; senate chamber. 4. A legislative or judicial body; an assembly; a society or association; as the Chamber of Deputies; the Chamber of Commerce. 5. A compartment or cell; an inclosed space or cavity; as the chamber of a canal lock; the chamber of a furnace; the chamber of the eye. 6. pl. (Law.) A room or rooms where a lawyer transacts business; a room or rooms where a judge transacts such official business as may be done out of court. 7. A chamber pot. [Colloq.] 8. (Mil.) (a) That part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the charge, esp. when of different diameter from the rest of the bore; — formerly, in guns, made smaller than the bore, but now larger, esp. in breech-loading guns. (b) A cavity in a mine, usually of a cubical form, to contain the powder. (c) A short piece of ordnance or cannon, which stood on its breech, without any carriage, formerly used chiefly for rejoicings and theatrical cannonades. Air chamber. See Air chamber, in the Vocabulary. — Chamber of commerce, a board or association to protect the interests of commerce, chosen from among the merchants and traders of a city. — Chamber council, a secret council. Shak. — Chamber counsel or counselor, a counselor who gives his opinion in private, or at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. — Chamber fellow, a chamber companion; a roommate; a chum. — Chamber hangings, tapestry or hangings for a chamber. — Chamber lye, urine. Shak. — Chamber music, vocal or instrumental music adapted to performance in a chamber or small apartment or audience room, instead of a theater, concert hall, or church. — Chamber practice (Law.), the practice of counselors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in court. — To sit at chambers, to do business in chambers, as a judge.

Cham´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chambered p. pr. & vb. n. Chambering.] 1. To reside in or occupy a chamber or chambers. 2. To be lascivious. [Obs.]

Cham´ber, v. t. 1. To shut up, as in a chamber. Shak. 2. To furnish with a chamber; as to chamber a gun.

Cham´bered , a. Having a chamber or chambers; as a chambered shell; a chambered gun.

Cham´ber•er , n. 1. One who attends in a chamber; a chambermaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A civilian; a carpetmonger. [Obs.]

Cham´ber•ing, n. Lewdness. [Obs.] Rom. xiii. 13.

Cham´ber•lain , n. [OF. chamberlain, chambrelencF. chambellon, OHG. chamerling, chamarlinc, G. kämmerling, kammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling. See Chamber, and -ling.] [Formerly written chamberlin.] 1. An officer or servant who has charge of a chamber or chambers. 2. An upper servant of an inn. [Obs.] 3. An officer having the direction and management of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court. 4. A treasurer or receiver of public money; as the chamberlain of London, of North Wales, etc. The lord chamberlain of England, an officer of the crown, who waits upon the sovereign on the day of coronation, and provides requisites for the palace of Westminster, and for the House of Lords during the session of Parliament. Under him are the gentleman of the black rod and other officers. His office is distinct from that of the lord chamberlain of the Household, whose functions relate to the royal housekeeping.

Cham´ber•lain•ship, n. Office of a chamberlain.

Cham´ber•maid , n. 1. A maidservant who has the care of chambers, making the beds, sweeping, cleaning the rooms, etc. 2. A lady’s maid. [Obs.] Johnson.

Cham•ber•tin´ , n. A red wine from Chambertin near Dijon, in Burgundy.

Cham´brel , n. Same as Gambrel.

Cha•meck´ , n. [Native Brazilian name.] (Zoöl.) A kind of spider monkey (Ateles chameck), having the thumbs rudimentary and without a nail.

Cha•me´le•on (ka•me´le•un), n. [L. Chamaeleon, Gr. chamaile•wn, lit., ´ground lion;´ chamai• on the ground + le•wn lion. See Humble, and Lion.] (Zoöl.) A lizardlike reptile of the genus Chamaeleo, of several species, found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The skin is covered with fine granulations; the tail is prehensile, and the body is much compressed laterally, giving it a high back. Its color changes more or less with the color of the objects about it, or with its temper when disturbed. In a cool, dark place it is nearly white, or grayish; on admitting the light, it changes to brown, bottle-green, or blood red, of various shades, and more or less mottled in arrangment. The American chameleons belong to Anolis and allied genera of the family Iguanidae. They are more slender in form than the true chameleons, but have the same power of changing their colors. Chameleon mineral (Chem.), the compound called potassium permanganate, a dark violet, crystalline substance, KMnO4, which in formation passes through a peculiar succession of color from green to blue, purple, red, etc. See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

Cha•me´le•on•ize , v. t. To change into various colors. [R.]

Cham´fer , n. [See Chamfron.] The surface formed by cutting away the arris, or angle, formed by two faces of a piece of timber, stone, etc.

Cham´fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chamfered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chamfering. ] 1. (Carp.) To cut a furrow in, as in a column; to groove; to channel; to flute. 2. To make a chamfer on.

Cham´fret , n. [See Chamfron.] 1. (Carp.) A small gutter; a furrow; a groove. 2. A chamfer.

Cham´fron , n. [F. chanfrein.] (Anc. Armor) The frontlet, or head armor, of a horse. [Written also champfrain and chamfrain.]

Cham´let , n. See Camlet. [Obs.]

Cham´ois (sham´my or sha•moi´; 277), n. [F. chamois, prob. fr. OG. gamz, G. gemse.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small species of antelope (Rupicapra tragus), living on the loftiest mountain ridges of Europe, as the Alps, Pyrenees, etc. It possesses remarkable agility, and is a favorite object of chase. 2. A soft leather made from the skin of the chamois, or from sheepskin, etc.; — called also chamois leather, and chammy or shammy leather. See Shammy.

Cham´o•mile , n. (Bot.) See Camomile.

Champ (champ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Champed (chamt); p. pr. & vb. n. Champing.] [Prob, of Scand. orgin; cf. dial. Sw. kämsa to chew with difficulty, champ; but cf. also OF. champier, champeyer, champoyer, to graze in fields, fr. F. champ field, fr. L. campus. Cf. Camp.] 1. To bite with repeated action of the teeth so as to be heard. “Foamed and champed the golden bit.
Dryden.” 2. To bite into small pieces; to crunch. Steele.

Champ, v. i. To bite or chew impatiently. “They began … irefully to champ upon the bit.
Hooker.” { Champ , Champe } n. [F. champ, L. campus field.] (Arch.) The field or ground on which carving appears in relief.

Cham•pagne´ , n. [F. See Champaign.] A light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France. Champagne properly includes several kinds not only of sparkling but of still wines; but in America the term is usually restricted to wines which effervesce.

Cham•paign´ , n. [OF. champaigne; same word as campagne.] A flat, open country. “Fair champaign, with less rivers interveined.
Milton.” “Through Apline vale or champaign wide.
Wordsworth.”

Cham•paign´, a. Flat; open; level. “A wide, champaign country, filled with herds.
Addison.”

Champ´er , n. One who champs, or bites.

Cham´per•tor , n. [F. champarteur a divider of fields or field rent. See Champerty.] (Law) One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain.

Cham´per•ty , n. [F. champart field rent, L. campipars; champ (L. campus) field + part (L. pars) share.] 1. Partnership in power; equal share of authority. [Obs.] “Beaute ne sleighte, strengthe ne hardyness,
Ne may with Venus holde champartye.
Chaucer.” 2. (Law) The prosecution or defense of a suit, whether by furnishing money or personal services, by one who has no legitimate concern therein, in consideration of an agreement that he shall receive, in the event of success, a share of the matter in suit; maintenance with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit. See Maintenance. By many authorities champerty is defined as an agreement of this nature. From early times the offence of champerty has been forbidden and punishable.

Cham•pi´gnon , n. [F., a mushroom, ultimately fr. L. campus field. See Camp.] (Bot.) An edible species of mushroom (Agaricus campestris). Fairy ring champignon, the Marasmius oreades, which has a strong flavor but is edible.

Cham´pi•on (cham´pi•un), n. [F. champion, fr. LL. campio, of German origin; cf. OHG. chempho, chemphio, fighter, champf, G. kampf, contest; perh. influenced by L. campus field, taken in the sense of ´field of battle.´] 1. One who engages in any contest; esp. one who in ancient times contended in single combat in behalf of another’s honor or rights; or one who now acts or speaks in behalf of a person or a cause; a defender; an advocate; a hero. “A stouter champion never handled sword.
Shak.” “Champions of law and liberty.
Fisher Ames.” 2. One who by defeating all rivals, has obtained an acknowledged supremacy in any branch of athletics or game of skill, and is ready to contend with any rival; as the champion of England. Champion is used attributively in the sense of surpassing all competitors; overmastering; as champion pugilist; champion chess player. Syn. — Leader; chieftain; combatant; hero; warrior; defender; protector.

Cham´pi•on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Championed p. pr. & vb. n. Championing.] [Obs.] Shak. 2. To furnish with a champion; to attend or defend as champion; to support or maintain; to protect. “Championed or unchampioned, thou diest.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cham´pi•on•ness , n. A female champion. Fairfax.

Cham´pi•on•ship, n. State of being champion; leadership; supremacy.

Cham•plain´ pe´ri•od (Geol.) A subdivision of the Quaternary age immediately following the Glacial period; — so named from beds near Lake Champlain. The earlier deposits of this period are diluvial in character, as if formed in connection with floods attending the melting of the glaciers, while the later deposits are of finer material in more quiet waters, as the alluvium.

Cham•sin´ , n. [F.] See Kamsin.

Chance (chans), n. [F. chance, OF. cheance, fr. LL. cadentia a allusion to the falling of the dice), fr. L. cadere to fall; akin to Skr. çad to fall, L. cedere to yield, E. cede. Cf. Cadence.] 1. A supposed material or psychical agent or mode of activity other than a force, law, or purpose; fortune; fate; — in this sense often personified. “It is strictly and philosophically true in nature and reason that there is no such thing as chance or accident; it being evident that these words do not signify anything really existing, anything that is truly an agent or the cause of any event; but they signify merely men’s ignorance of the real and immediate cause.
Samuel Clark.” “Any society into which chance might throw him.
Macaulay.” “That power
Which erring men call Chance.
Milton.” 2. The operation or activity of such agent. “By chance a priest came down that way.
Luke x. 31.” 3. The supposed effect of such an agent; something that befalls, as the result of unknown or unconsidered forces; the issue of uncertain conditions; an event not calculated upon; an unexpected occurrence; a happening; accident; fortuity; casualty. “It was a chance that happened to us.
1 Sam. vi. 9.” “The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts,
And wins (O shameful chance!) the Queen of Hearts.
Pope.” “I spake of most disastrous chance.
Shak.” 4. A possibility; a likelihood; an opportunity; — with reference to a doubtful result; as a chance to escape; a chance for life; the chances are all against him. “So weary with disasters, tugged with fortune.
That I would get my life on any chance,
To mend it, or be rid on ’t
Shak.” 5. (Math.) Probability. The mathematical expression, of a chance is the ratio of frequency with which an event happens in the long run. If an event may happen in a ways and may fail in b ways, and each of these a + b ways is equally likely, the chance, or probability, that the event will happen is measured by the fraction a/a + b, and the chance, or probability, that it will fail is measured by b/a + b. Chance comer, one who comes unexpectedly. — The last chance, the sole remaining ground of hope. — The main chance, the chief opportunity; that upon which reliance is had, esp. self-interest. — Theory of chances, Doctrine of chances (Math.), that branch of mathematics which treats of the probability of the occurrence of particular events, as the fall of dice in given positions. — To mind one’s chances, to take advantage of every circumstance; to seize every opportunity.

Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chanced p. pr. & vb. n. Chancing.] To happen, come, or arrive, without design or expectation. ´Things that chance daily.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). “If a bird’s nest chance to be before thee.
Deut. xxii. 6.” “I chanced on this letter.
Shak.” Often used impersonally; as how chances it? “How chance, thou art returned so soon?
Shak.”

Chance, v. t. 1. To take the chances of; to venture upon; — usually with it as object. “Come what will, I will chance it.
W. D. Howells.” 2. To befall; to happen to. [Obs.] W. Lambarde.

Chance, a. Happening by chance; casual.

Chance, adv. By chance; perchance. Gray.

Chance´a•ble , a. Fortuitous; casual. [Obs.]

Chance´a•bly, adv. By chance. [Obs.]

Chance´ful , a. Hazardous. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chan´cel , n. [OF. chancel, F. chanceau, cancel, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars. (The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or crossbars) See Cancel, v. t.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a church, reserved for the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion table, is placed. Hence, in modern use; (b) All that part of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the transept farthest from the main front. Chancel aisle (Arch.), the aisle which passes on either side of or around the chancel. — Chancel arch (Arch.), the arch which spans the main opening, leading to the chancel. — Chancel casement, the principal window in a chancel. Tennyson. — Chancel table, the communion table.

Chan´cel•ler•y , n. [Cf. Chancery.] Chancellorship. [Obs.] Gower.

Chan´cel•lor , n. [OE. canceler, chaunceler, F. chancelier, LL. cancellarius chancellor, a director of chancery, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars, which surrounded the seat of judgment. See Chancel.] A judicial court of chancery, which in England and in the United States is distinctively a court with equity jurisdiction. The chancellor was originally a chief scribe or secretary under the Roman emperors, but afterward was invested with judicial powers, and had superintendence over the other officers of the empire. From the Roman empire this office passed to the church, and every bishop has his chancellor, the principal judge of his consistory. In later times, in most countries of Europe, the chancellor was a high officer of state, keeper of the great seal of the kingdom, and having the supervision of all charters, and like public instruments of the crown, which were authenticated in the most solemn manner. In France a secretary is in some cases called a chancellor. In Scotland, the appellation is given to the foreman of a jury, or assize. In the present German empire, the chancellor is the president of the federal council and the head of the imperial administration. In the United States, the title is given to certain judges of courts of chancery or equity, established by the statutes of separate States. Blackstone. Wharton. Chancellor of a bishop, or of a diocese (R. C. Ch. & ch. of Eng.), a law officer appointed to hold the bishop’s court in his diocese, and to assist him in matter of ecclesiastical law. — Chancellor of a cathedral, one of the four chief dignitaries of the cathedrals of the old foundation, and an officer whose duties are chiefly educational, with special reference to the cultivation of theology. — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, an officer before whom, or his deputy, the court of the duchy chamber of Lancaster is held. This is a special jurisdiction. — Chancellor of a university, the chief officer of a collegiate body. In Oxford, he is elected for life; in Cambridge, for a term of years; and his office is honorary, the chief duties of it devolving on the vice chancellor. — Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and expenditure as the highest finance minister of the government. — Chancellor of the order of the Garter (or other military orders), an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. — Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown, and the first lay person of the state after the blood royal. He is created chancellor by the delivery into his custody of the great seal, of which he becomes keeper. He is privy counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the House of Lords by prescription.

Chan´cel•lor•ship (chan´sel•ler•ship), n. The office of a chancellor; the time during which one is chancellor.

Chance´-med•ley , n. [Chance + medley.] 1. (Law) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. See Chaud-Medley. The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, or to any accidental killing of a person without premeditation or evil intent, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing as happens in defending one’s self against assault. Bouvier. 2. Luck; chance; accident. Milton. Cowper.

Chan´cer•y , n. [F. chancellerie, LL. cancellaria, from L. cancellarius. See Chancellor, and cf. Chancellery.] 1. In England, formerly, the highest court of judicature next to the Parliament, exercising jurisdiction at law, but chiefly in equity; but under the jurisdiction act of 1873 it became the chancery division of the High Court of Justice, and now exercises jurisdiction only in equity. 2. In the Unites States, a court of equity; equity; proceeding in equity. A court of chancery, so far as it is a court of equity, in the English and American sense, may be generally, if not precisely, described as one having jurisdiction in cases of rights, recognized and protected by the municipal jurisprudence, where a plain, adequate, and complete remedy can not be had in the courts of common law. In some of the American States, jurisdiction at law and in equity centers in the same tribunal. The courts of the United States also have jurisdiction both at law and in equity, and in all such cases they exercise their jurisdiction, as courts of law, or as courts of equity, as the subject of adjudication may require. In others of the American States, the courts that administer equity are distinct tribunals, having their appropriate judicial officers, and it is to the latter that the appellation courts of chancery is usually applied; but, in American law, the terms equity and court of equity are more frequently employed than the corresponding terms chancery and court of chancery. Burrill. Inns of chancery. See under Inn. — To get (or to hold) In chancery (Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one’s arm, so that one can pommel it with the other fist at will; hence, to have wholly in One’s power. The allusion is to the condition of a person involved in the chancery court, where he was helpless, while the lawyers lived upon his estate.

Chan´cre , n. [F. chancere. See Cancer.] (Med.) A venereal sore or ulcer; specifically, the initial lesion of true syphilis, whether forming a distinct ulcer or not; — called also hard chancre, indurated chancre, and Hunterian chancre. Soft chancre. A chancroid. See Chancroid.

Chan´croid , n. [Chancre + -oil.] (Med.) A venereal sore, resembling a chancre in its seat and some external characters, but differing from it in being the starting point of a purely local process and never of a systemic disease; — called also soft chancre.

Chan´crous , a. [Cf. F. chancreux.] (Med.) Of the nature of a chancre; having chancre.

Chan•de•lier´ , n. [F. See Chandler.] 1. A candlestick, lamp, stand, gas fixture, or the like, having several branches; esp., one hanging from the ceiling. 2. (Fort.) A movable parapet, serving to support fascines to cover pioneers. [Obs.]

Chan´dler , n. [F. chandelier a candlestick, a maker or seller of candles, LL. candelarius chandler, fr. L. candela candle. See Candle, and cf. Chandelier.] 1. A maker or seller of candles. “The chandler’s basket, on his shoulder borne,
With tallow spots thy coat.
Gay.” 2. A dealer in other commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed; as ship chandler, corn chandler.

Chan´dler•ly , a. Like a chandler; in a petty way. [Obs.] Milton.

Chan´dler•y , n. Commodities sold by a chandler.

Chan•doo´ , n. An extract or preparation of opium, used in China and India for smoking. Balfour.

Chan´dry , n. Chandlery. [Obs.] ´Torches from the chandry.´ B. Jonson.

Chan´frin , n. [F. chanfrein. Cf. Chamfron.] The fore part of a horse’s head.

Change (chanj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Changed (chanjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Changing.] [F. changer, fr. LL. cambiare, to exchange, barter, L. cambire. Cf. Cambial.] 1. To alter; to make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; as to change the position, character, or appearance of a thing; to change the countenance. “Therefore will I change their glory into shame.
Hosea. iv. 7.” 2. To alter by substituting something else for, or by giving up for something else; as to change the clothes; to change one’s occupation; to change one’s intention. “They that do change old love for new,
Pray gods, they change for worse!
Peele.” 3. To give and take reciprocally; to exchange; — followed by with; as to change place, or hats, or money, with another. “Look upon those thousands with whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change thy fortune and condition.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. Specifically: To give, or receive, smaller denominations of money (technically called change) for; as to change a gold coin or a bank bill. “He pulled out a thirty-pound note and bid me change it.
Goldsmith.” To change a horse, or To change hand (Man.), to turn or bear the horse’s head from one hand to the other, from the left to right, or from the right to the left. — To change hands, to change owners. — To change one’s tune, to become less confident or boastful. [Colloq.] — To change step, to take a break in the regular succession of steps, in marching or walking, as by bringing the hollow of one foot against the heel of the other, and then stepping off with the foot which is in advance. Syn. — To alter; vary; deviate; substitute; innovate; diversify; shift; veer; turn. See Alter.

Change, v. i. 1. To be altered; to undergo variation; as men sometimes change for the better. “For I am Lord, I change not.
Mal. iii. 6.” 2. To pass from one phase to another; as the moon changes to-morrow night.

Change, n. [F. change, fr. changer. See Change. v. t.] 1. Any variation or alteration; a passing from one state or form to another; as a change of countenance; a change of habits or principles. “Apprehensions of a change of dynasty.
Hallam.” “All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come.
Job xiv. 14.” 2. A succesion or substitution of one thing in the place of another; a difference; novelty; variety; as a change of seasons. “Our fathers did for change to France repair.
Dryden.” “The ringing grooves of change.
Tennyson.” 3. A passing from one phase to another; as a change of the moon. 4. Alteration in the order of a series; permutation. 5. That which makes a variety, or may be substituted for another. “Thirty change (R.V. changes) of garments.
Judg. xiv. 12.” 6. Small money; the money by means of which the larger coins and bank bills are made available in small dealings; hence, the balance returned when payment is tendered by a coin or note exceeding the sum due. 7. [See Exchange.] A place where merchants and others meet to transact business; a building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [Colloq. for Exchange.] 8. A public house; an alehouse. [Scot.] “They call an alehouse a change.
Burt.” 9. (Mus.) Any order in which a number of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic scale. “Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing.
Holder.” Change of life, the period in the life of a woman when menstruation and the capacity for conception cease, usually occurring between forty-five and fifty years of age. — Change ringing, the continual production, without repetition, of changes on bells, See def. 9. above. — Change wheel (Mech.), one of a set of wheels of different sizes and number of teeth, that may be changed or substituted one for another in machinery, to produce a different but definite rate of angular velocity in an axis, as in cutting screws, gear, etc. — To ring the changes on, to present the same facts or arguments in variety of ways. Syn. — Variety; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; vicissitude; innovation; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse.

Change•a•bil´i•ty , n. Changeableness.

Change´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. changeable.] 1. Capable of change; subject to alteration; mutable; variable; fickle; inconstant; as a changeable humor. 2. Appearing different, as in color, in different lights, or under different circumstances; as changeable silk. Syn. — Mutable; alterable; variable; inconstant; fitful; vacillating; capricious; fickle; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; erratic; giddy; volatile.

Change´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being changeable; fickleness; inconstancy; mutability.

Change´a•bly, adv. In a changeable manner.

Change´ful , a. Full of change; mutable; inconstant; fickle; uncertain. Pope. “His course had been changeful.
Motley.” — Change´ful•ly, adv. — Change´ful•ness, n.

Change´less, a. That can not be changed; constant; as a changeless purpose. — Change´less•ness, n.

Change´ling, n. [Change + -ling.] 1. One who, or that which, is left or taken in the place of another, as a child exchanged by fairies. “Such, men do changelings call, so changed by fairies’ theft.
Spenser.” “The changeling [a substituted writing] never known.
Shak.” 2. A simpleton; an idiot. Macaulay. “Changelings and fools of heaven, and thence shut out.” “Wildly we roam in discontent about.
Dryden.” 3. One apt to change; a waverer. ´Fickle changelings.´ Shak.

Change´ling, a. 1. Taken or left in place of another; changed. ´A little changeling boy.´ Shak. 2. Given to change; inconstant. [Obs.] “Some are so studiously changeling.
Boyle.”

Chan´ger , n. 1. One who changes or alters the form of anything. 2. One who deals in or changes money. John ii. 14. 3. One apt to change; an inconstant person.

Chank´ (chank), n. [Skr. çankha. See Conch.] (Zoöl.) The East Indian name for the large spiral shell of several species of sea conch much used in making bangles, esp. Turbinella pyrum. Called also chank shell.

Chan´nel (chan´nel), n. [OE. chanel, canel, OF. chanel, F. chenel, fr. L. canalis. See Canal.] 1. The hollow bed where a stream of water runs or may run. 2. The deeper part of a river, harbor, strait, etc., where the main current flows, or which affords the best and safest passage for vessels. 3. (Geog.) A strait, or narrow sea, between two portions of lands; as the British Channel. 4. That through which anything passes; means of passing, conveying, or transmitting; as the news was conveyed to us by different channels. “The veins are converging channels.
Dalton.” “At best, he is but a channel to convey to the National assembly such matter as may import that body to know.
Burke.” 5. A gutter; a groove, as in a fluted column. 6. pl. [Cf. Chain wales.] (Naut.) Flat ledges of heavy plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, to increase the spread of the shrouds and carry them clear of the bulwarks. Channel bar, Channel iron (Arch.), an iron bar or beam having a section resembling a flat gutter or channel. — Channel bill (Zoöl.), a very large Australian cuckoo (Scythrops Novaehollandiae. — Channel goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet.

Chan´nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Channeled , or Channelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Channeling, or Channelling.] 1. To form a channel in; to cut or wear a channel or channels in; to groove. “No more shall trenching war channel her fields.
Shak.” 2. To course through or over, as in a channel. Cowper.

Chan´nel•ing, n. 1. The act or process of forming a channel or channels. 2. A channel or a system of channels; a groove.

Chan´son, n. [F., fr. L. cantion song. See Cantion, Canzone.] A song. Shak.

Chan•son•nette´ , n.; pl. Chansonnettes (#). [F., dim. of chanson.] A little song. “These pretty little chansonnettes that he sung.
Black.”

Chant , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chanting.] [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. of canere to sing. Cf. Cant affected speaking, and see Hen.] 1. To utter with a melodious voice; to sing. “The cheerful birds … do chant sweet music.
Spenser.” 2. To celebrate in song. “The poets chant in the theaters.
Bramhall.” 3. (Mus.) To sing or recite after the manner of a chant, or to a tune called a chant.

Chant, v. i. 1. To make melody with the voice; to sing. ´Chant to the sound of the viol.´ Amos vi. 5. 2. (Mus.) To sing, as in reciting a chant. To chant (or chaunt) horses, to sing their praise; to overpraise; to cheat in selling. See Chaunter. Thackeray.

Chant, n.[F. chant, fr. L. cantus singing, song, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, v. t.] 1. Song; melody. 2. (Mus.) A short and simple melody, divided into two parts by double bars, to which unmetrical psalms, etc., are sung or recited. It is the most ancient form of choral music. 3. A psalm, etc., arranged for chanting. 4. Twang; manner of speaking; a canting tone. [R.] “His strange face, his strange chant.
Macaulay.” Ambrosian chant, See under Ambrosian. Chant royal [F.], in old French poetry, a poem containing five strophes of eleven lines each, and a concluding stanza. — each of these six parts ending with a common refrain. — Gregorian chant. See under Gregorian.

Chan•tant´ , a. [F. singing.] (Mus.) Composed in a melodious and singing style.

Chant´er (chant´er), n. [Cf. F. chanteur.] 1. One who chants; a singer or songster. Pope. 2. The chief singer of the chantry. J. Gregory. 3. The flute or finger pipe in a bagpipe. See Bagpipe. 4. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow.

Chan•te•relle´ , n. [F.] (Bot.) A name for several species of mushroom, of which one (Cantharellus cibrius) is edible, the others reputed poisonous.

Chan´ti•cleer (chan´ti•kler), n. [F. Chanteclair, name of the cock in the Roman du Renart (Reynard the Fox); chanter to chant + clair clear. See Chant, and Clear.] A cock, so called from the clearness or loudness of his voice in crowing.

Chant´ing (chant´ing), n. Singing, esp. as a chant is sung. Chanting falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon (Melierax canorus or musicus). The male has the habit, remarkable in a bird of prey, of singing to his mate, while she is incubating.

Chant´or , n. A chanter.

Chant´ress , n. [Cf. OF. chanteresse.] A female chanter or singer. Milton.

Chant´ry , n.; pl. Chantries (#). [OF. chanterie, fr. chanter to sing.] 1. An endowment or foundation for the chanting of masses and offering of prayers, commonly for the founder. 2. A chapel or altar so endowed. Cowell.

Cha´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. the atmosphere + -mancy.] Divination by means of appearances in the air.

Cha´os (ka´os), n. [L. chaos chaos (in senses 1 & 2), Gr. cha•os, fr. cha•inein (root cha) to yawn, to gape, to open widely. Cf. Chasm.] 1. An empty, immeasurable space; a yawning chasm. [Archaic] “Between us and there is fixed a great chaos.
Luke xvi. 26 (Rhemish Trans.).” 2. The confused, unorganized condition or mass of matter before the creation of distinct and orderly forms. 3. Any confused or disordered collection or state of things; a confused mixture; confusion; disorder.

Cha•ot´ic (ka•ot´ik), a. Resembling chaos; confused.

Cha•ot´ic•al•ly , adv. In a chaotic manner.

Chap (chap or chop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapped (chapt or chopt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chapping.] [See Chop to cut.] 1. To cause to open in slits or chinks; to split; to cause the skin of to crack or become rough. “Then would unbalanced heat licentious reign,
Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain.
Blackmore.” “Nor winter’s blast chap her fair face.
Lyly.” 2. To strike; to beat. [Scot.]

Chap, v. i. 1. To crack or open in slits; as the earth chaps; the hands chap. 2. To strike; to knock; to rap. [Scot.]

Chap, n. [From Chap, v. t. & i.] 1. A cleft, crack, or chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the skin. 2. A division; a breach, as in a party. [Obs.] “Many clefts and chaps in our council board.
T. Fuller.” 3. A blow; a rap. [Scot.]

Chap (chop), n. [OE. chaft; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel kjaptr jaw, Sw. Käft, D. kiaeft; akin to G. kiefer, and E. jowl. Cf. Chops.] 1. One of the jaws or the fleshy covering of a jaw; — commonly in the plural, and used of animals, and colloquially of human beings. “His chaps were all besmeared with crimson blood.
Cowley.” “He unseamed him [Macdonald] from the nave to the chaps.
Shak.” 2. One of the jaws or cheeks of a vise, etc.

Chap (chap), n. [Perh. abbreviated fr. chapman, but used in a more general sense; or cf. Dan. kiaeft jaw, person, E. chap jaw.] 1. A buyer; a chapman. [Obs.] “If you want to sell, here is your chap.
Steele.” 2. A man or boy; a youth; a fellow. [Colloq.]

Chap, v. i. [See Cheapen.] To bargain; to buy. [Obs.]

Cha•par•ral´ , n. [Sp., fr. chaparro an evergeen oak.] 1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks. 2. An almost impenetrable thicket or succession of thickets of thorny shrubs and brambles. Chaparral cock; fem. Chaparral hen (Zoöl.), a bird of the cuckoo family (Geococcyx Californianus), noted for running with great speed. It ranges from California to Mexico and eastward to Texas; — called also road runner, ground cuckoo, churea, and snake killer.

Chap´book , n. [See Chap to cheapen.] Any small book carried about for sale by chapmen or hawkers. Hence, any small book; a toy book.

Chape , n. [F., a churchman’s cope, a cover, a chape, fr. L. cappa. See Cap.] 1. The piece by which an object is attached to something, as the frog of a scabbard or the metal loop at the back of a buckle by which it is fastened to a strap. 2. The transverse guard of a sword or dagger. 3. The metal plate or tip which protects the end of a scabbard, belt, etc. Knight.

Cha•peau´ , n.; pl. Chapeux (#). [F., fr. OF. chapel hat. See Chaplet.] 1. A hat or covering for the head. 2. (Her.) A cap of maintenance. See Maintenance. Chapeau bras [F. chapeau hat + bras arm], a hat so made that it can be compressed and carried under the arm without injury. Such hats were particularly worn on dress occasions by gentlemen in the 18th century. A chapeau bras is now worn in the United States army by general and staff officers.

Chaped , p. p. or a. Furnished with a chape or chapes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chap´el , n. [OF. chapele, F. chapelle, fr. LL. capella, orig., a short cloak, hood, or cowl; later, a reliquary, sacred vessel, chapel; dim. of cappa, capa, cloak, cape, cope; also a covering for the head. The chapel where St. Martin’s cloak was preserved as a precious relic, itself came to be called capella, whence the name was applied to similar paces of worship, and the guardian of this cloak was called capellanus, or chaplain. See Cap, and cf. Chaplain., Chaplet.] 1. A subordinate place of worship; as (a) a small church, often a private foundation, as for a memorial; (b) a small building attached to a church; (c) a room or recess in a church, containing an altar. In Catholic churches, and also in cathedrals and abbey churches, chapels are usually annexed in the recesses on the sides of the aisles. Gwilt. 2. A place of worship not connected with a church; as the chapel of a palace, hospital, or prison. 3. In England, a place of worship used by dissenters from the Established Church; a meetinghouse. 4. A choir of singers, or an orchestra, attached to the court of a prince or nobleman. 5. (Print.) (a) A printing office, said to be so called because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of workmen in a printing office. Chapel of ease. (a) A chapel or dependent church built for the ease or a accommodation of an increasing parish, or for parishioners who live at a distance from the principal church. (b) A privy. (Law) — Chapel master, a director of music in a chapel; the director of a court or orchestra. — To build a chapel (Naut.), to chapel a ship. See Chapel, v. t., 2. — To hold a chapel, to have a meeting of the men employed in a printing office, for the purpose of considering questions affecting their interests.

Chap´el , v. t. 1. To deposit or inter in a chapel; to enshrine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. (Naut.) To cause (a ship taken aback in a light breeze) so to turn or make a circuit as to recover, without bracing the yards, the same tack on which she had been sailing.

Chape´less , a. Without a chape.

Chap´e•let , n. [F. See Chaplet.] 1. A pair of straps, with stirrups, joined at the top and fastened to the pommel or the frame of the saddle, after they have been adjusted to the convenience of the rider. [Written also chaplet.] 2. A kind of chain pump, or dredging machine.

Chap´el•la•ny , n.; pl. Chapellanies (#). [Cf. E. chapellenie, LL. capellania. See Chaplain.] A chapel within the jurisdiction of a church; a subordinate ecclesiastical foundation.

Chap´el•ry , n. [Cf. OF. chapelerie.] The territorial district legally assigned to a chapel.

Chap´er•on , n. [F. chaperon. See Chape, Cape, Cap.] 1. A hood; especially, an ornamental or an official hood. “His head and face covered with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to look through.
Howell.” 2. A device placed on the foreheads of horses which draw the hearse in pompous funerals. 3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, for propriety, or as a guide and protector.

Chap´er•on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chaperoned p. pr. & vb. n. Chaperoning.] [Cf. F. chaperonner, fr. chaperon.] To attend in public places as a guide and protector; to matronize. “Fortunately Lady Bell Finley, whom I had promised to chaperon, sent to excuse herself.
Hannah More.”

Chap´er•on•age , n. Attendance of a chaperon on a lady in public; protection afforded by a chaperon.

Chap´fall•en , a. Having the lower chap or jaw drooping, — an indication of humiliation and dejection; crestfallen; discouraged. See Chopfallen.

Chap´i•ter , n. [OF. chapitel, F. chapiteau, from L. capitellum, dim. of caput head. Cf. Capital, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) A capital [Obs.] See Chapital. Ex. xxxvi. 38. 2. (Old Eng. Law) A summary in writing of such matters as are to be inquired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions; — also called articles. Jacob.

Chap´lain , n. [F. chapelain, fr. LL. capellanus, fr. capella. See Chapel.] 1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who performs religious service in a chapel. 2. A clergyman who is officially attached to the army or navy, to some public institution, or to a family or court, for the purpose of performing divine service. 3. Any person (clergyman or layman) chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc.; as a chaplain of a Masonic or a temperance lodge.

Chap´lain•cy , n.; pl. Chaplaincies . The office, position, or station of a chaplain. Swift.

Chap´lain•ship, n. 1. The office or business of a chaplain. “The Bethesda of some knight’s chaplainship.
Milton.” 2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Johnson.

Chap´less , a. Having no lower jaw; hence, fleshless. [R.] ´Yellow, chapless skulls.´ Shak.

Chap´let , n. [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. Chapelet, Chapeau.] 1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head. 2. A string of beads, or part of a string, used by Roman Catholic in praying; a third of a rosary, or fifty beads. “Her chaplet of beads and her missal.
Longfellow.” 3. (Arch.) A small molding, carved into beads, pearls, olives, etc. 4. (Man.) A chapelet. See Chapelet, 1. 5. (Founding) A bent piece of sheet iron, or a pin with thin plates on its ends, for holding a core in place in the mold. 6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock’s head. Johnson.

Chap´let, n. A small chapel or shrine.

Chap´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapleted.] To adorn with a chaplet or with flowers. R. Browning.

Chap´man , n.; pl. Chapmen (#). [AS. ceápman; ceáp trade + man man; akin to D. koopman, Sw. köpman, Dan. kiöpmand, G. kaufmann.f. Chap to cheapen, and see Cheap.] 1. One who buys and sells; a merchant; a buyer or a seller. [Obs.] “The word of life is a quick commodity, and ought not, as a drug to be obtruded on those chapmen who are unwilling to buy it.
T. Fuller.” 2. A peddler; a hawker.

Chap´py , Full of chaps; cleft; gaping; open.

Chaps , n. pl. The jaws, or the fleshy parts about them. See Chap. ´Open your chaps again.´ Shak.

Chap´ter , n. [OF. chapitre, F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. of caput head, the chief person or thing, the principal division of a writing, chapter. See Chief, and cf, Chapiter.] 1. A division of a book or treatise; as Genesis has fifty chapters. 2. (Eccl.) (a) An assembly of monks, or of the prebends and other clergymen connected with a cathedral, conventual, or collegiate church, or of a diocese, usually presided over by the dean.(b) A community of canons or canonesses.(c) A bishop’s council.(d) A business meeting of any religious community. 3. An organized branch of some society or fraternity as of the Freemasons. Robertson. 4. A meeting of certain organized societies or orders. 5. A chapter house. [R.] Burrill. 6. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe. 7. A location or compartment. “In his bosom! In what chapter of his bosom?
Shak.” Chapter head, or Chapter heading, that which stands at the head of a chapter, as a title. — Chapter house, a house or room where a chapter meets, esp. a cathedral chapter. — The chapter of accidents, chance. Marryat.

Chap´ter , v. t. 1. To divide into chapters, as a book. Fuller. 2. To correct; to bring to book, i. e., to demand chapter and verse. [Obs.] Dryden.

Chap´trel , n. [See Chapiter.] (Arch.) An impost. [Obs.] { Char , Charr } n. [Ir. cear, Gael. ceara, lit., red, blood-colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red belly.] (Zoöl.) One of the several species of fishes of the genus Salvelinus, allied to the spotted trout and salmon, inhabiting deep lakes in mountainous regions in Europe. In the United States, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is sometimes called a char.

Char, n. [F.] A car; a chariot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char , n. [OE. cherr, char a turning, time, work, AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, business, fr. cerran, cyrran, to turn; akin to OS. kërian, OHG. chëran, G. kehren. Cf. Chore, Ajar.] Work done by the day; a single job, or task; a chore. [Written also chare.] [Eng.] “When thou hast done this chare, I give thee leave
To play till doomsday.
Shak.” { Char , Chare } v. t. [See 3d Char.] 1. To perform; to do; to finish. [Obs.] Nores. “Thet char is chared, as the good wife said when she had hanged her husband.
Old Proverb.” 2. To work or hew, as stone. Oxf. Gloss. { Char , Chare } v. i. To work by the day, without being a regularly hired servant; to do small jobs.

Char , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charred p. pr. & vb. n. Charring.] [Prob. the same word as char to perform (see Char, n.), the modern use coming from charcoal, prop. coal- turned, turned to coal.] 1. To reduce to coal or carbon by exposure to heat; to reduce to charcoal; to burn to a cinder. 2. To burn slightly or partially; as to char wood.

Cha´ra , n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) A genus of flowerless plants, having articulated stems and whorled branches. They flourish in wet places.

Char•-a-bancs´ , n.; pl. Chars-a-banc (#). [F.] A long, light, open vehicle, with benches or seats running lengthwise.

Char´act , n. A distinctive mark; a character; a letter or sign. [Obs.] See Character. “In all his dressings, characts, titles, forms.
Shak.”

Char´ac•ter , n. [L., an instrument for marking, character, Gr. , fr. to make sharp, to cut into furrows, to engrave: cf. F. caractère.] 1. A distinctive mark; a letter, figure, or symbol. “It were much to be wished that there were throughout the world but one sort of character for each letter to express it to the eye.
Holder.” 2. Style of writing or printing; handwriting; the peculiar form of letters used by a particular person or people; as an inscription in the Runic character. “You know the character to be your brother’s?
Shak.” 3. The peculiar quality, or the sum of qualities, by which a person or a thing is distinguished from others; the stamp impressed by nature, education, or habit; that which a person or thing really is; nature; disposition. “The character or that dominion.
Milton.” “Know well each Ancient’s proper character;
His fable, subject, scope in every page;
Religion, Country, genius of his Age.
Pope.” “A man of … thoroughly subservient character.
Motley.” 4. Strength of mind; resolution; independence; individuality; as he has a great deal of character. 5. Moral quality; the principles and motives that control the life; as a man of character; his character saves him from suspicion. 6. Quality, position, rank, or capacity; quality or conduct with respect to a certain office or duty; as in the miserable character of a slave; in his character as a magistrate; her character as a daughter. 7. The estimate, individual or general, put upon a person or thing; reputation; as a man’s character for truth and veracity; to give one a bad character. “This subterraneous passage is much mended since Seneca gave so bad a character of it.
Addison.” 8. A written statement as to behavior, competency, etc., given to a servant. [Colloq.] 9. A unique or extraordinary individuality; a person characterized by peculiar or notable traits; a person who illustrates certain phases of character; as Randolph was a character; Caesar is a great historical character. 10. One of the persons of a drama or novel. ´It would be well if character and reputation were used distinctively. In truth, character is what a person is; reputation is what he is supposed to be. Character is in himself, reputation is in the minds of others. Character is injured by temptations, and by wrongdoing; reputation by slanders, and libels. Character endures throughout defamation in every form, but perishes when there is a voluntary transgression; reputation may last through numerous transgressions, but be destroyed by a single, and even an unfounded, accusation or aspersion.´ Abbott.

Char´ac•ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charactered ] 1. To engrave; to inscribe. [R.] “These trees shall be my books.
And in their barks my thoughts I ’ll character.
Shak.” 2. To distinguish by particular marks or traits; to describe; to characterize. [R.] Mitford.

Char´ac•ter•ism , n. [Gr. a characterizing.] A distinction of character; a characteristic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Char•ac•ter•is´tic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. characteristique.] Pertaining to, or serving to constitute, the character; showing the character, or distinctive qualities or traits, of a person or thing; peculiar; distinctive. “Characteristic clearness of temper.
Macaulay.”

Char•ac•ter•is´tic, n. 1. A distinguishing trait, quality, or property; an element of character; that which characterized. Pope. “The characteristics of a true critic.
Johnson.” 2. (Math.) The integral part (whether positive or negative) of a logarithm.

Char•ac•ter•is´tic•al , a. Characteristic.

Char•ac•ter•is´tic•al•ly, adv. In a characteristic manner; in a way that characterizes.

Char•ac•ter•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of characterizing.

Char´ac•ter•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Characterized p. pr. & vb. n. Characterizing.] [LL. characterizare, Gr. : cf. F. characteriser.] 1. To make distinct and recognizable by peculiar marks or traits; to make with distinctive features. “European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian faces are Characterized.
Arbuthnot.” 2. To engrave or imprint. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 3. To indicate the character of; to describe. “Under the name of Tamerlane he intended to characterize King William.
Johnson.” 4. To be a characteristic of; to make, or express the character of. “The softness and effeminacy which characterize the men of rank in most countries.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; style; particularize; entitle.

Char´ac•ter•less, a. Destitute of any distinguishing quality; without character or force.

Char´ac•ter•y , n. 1. The art or means of characterizing; a system of signs or characters; symbolism; distinctive mark. “Fairies use flowers for their charactery.
Shak.” 2. That which is charactered; the meaning. [Obs.] “I will construe to thee
All the charactery of my sad brows.
Shak.”

Cha•rade´ , n. [F. charade, cf. Pr. charrada long chat, It ciarlare to chat, whence E. charlatan.] A verbal or acted enigma based upon a word which has two or more significant syllables or parts, each of which, as well as the word itself, is to be guessed from the descriptions or representations.

Char´bo•cle , n. Carbuncle. [Written also Charboncle.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char´bon , n. [F., coal, charbon.] 1. (Far.) A small black spot or mark remaining in the cavity of the corner tooth of a horse after the large spot or mark has become obliterated. 2. A very contagious and fatal disease of sheep, horses, and cattle. See Maligmant pustule.

Char´coal , n. [See Char, v. t., to burn or to reduce to coal, and Coal.] 1. Impure carbon prepared from vegetable or animal substances; esp., coal made by charring wood in a kiln, retort, etc., from which air is excluded. It is used for fuel and in various mechanical, artistic, and chemical processes. 2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared charcoal in small sticks, used as a drawing implement. Animal charcoal, a fine charcoal prepared by calcining bones in a closed vessel; — used as a filtering agent in sugar refining, and as an absorbent and disinfectant. — Charcoal blacks, the black pigment, consisting of burnt ivory, bone, cock, peach stones, and other substances. — Charcoal drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with charcoal. See Charcoal, 2. Until within a few years this material has been used almost exclusively for preliminary outline, etc., but at present many finished drawings are made with it. — Charcoal point, a carbon pencil prepared for use in an electric light apparatus. — Mineral charcoal, a term applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous coal; — known to miners as mother of coal.

Chard (chärd), n. [Cf. F. carde esculent thistle.] 1. The tender leaves or leafstalks of the artichoke, white beet, etc., blanched for table use. 2. A variety of the white beet, which produces large, succulent leaves and leafstalks.

Chare (châr), n. A narrow street. [Prov. Eng.]

Chare, n. & v. A chore; to chore; to do. See Char.

Charge (chärj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charged (chärjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Charging.] [OF. chargier, F. charger, fr. LL. carricare, fr. L. carrus wagon. Cf. Cargo, Caricature, Cark, and see Car.] 1. To lay on or impose, as a load, tax, or burden; to load; to fill. “A carte that charged was with hay.
Chaucer.” “The charging of children’s memories with rules.
Locke.” 2. To lay on or impose, as a task, duty, or trust; to command, instruct, or exhort with authority; to enjoin; to urge earnestly; as to charge a jury; to charge the clergy of a diocese; to charge an agent. “Moses … charged you to love the Lord your God.
Josh. xxii. 5.” “Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition.
Shak.” 3. To lay on, impose, or make subject to or liable for. “When land shall be charged by any lien.
Kent.” 4. To fix or demand as a price; as he charges two dollars a barrel for apples. 5. To place something to the account of as a debt; to debit, as to charge one with goods. also to enter upon the debit side of an account; as to charge a sum to one. 6. To impute or ascribe; to lay to one’s charge. “No more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime
On native sloth and negligence of time.
Dryden.” 7. To accuse; to make a charge or assertion against (a person or thing); to lay the responsibility (for something said or done) at the door of. “If he did that wrong you charge him with.
Tennyson.” 8. To place within or upon any firearm, piece of apparatus or machinery, the quantity it is intended and fitted to hold or bear; to load; to fill; as to charge a gun; to charge an electrical machine, etc. “Their battering cannon charged to the mouths.
Shak.” 9. To ornament with or cause to bear; as to charge an architectural member with a molding. 10. (Her.) To assume as a bearing; as he charges three roses or; to add to or represent on; as he charges his shield with three roses or. 11. To call to account; to challenge. [Obs.] “To charge me to an answer.
Shak.” 12. To bear down upon; to rush upon; to attack. “Charged our main battle’s front.
Shak.” Syn. — To intrust; command; exhort; instruct; accuse; impeach; arraign. See Accuse.

Charge , v. i. 1. To make an onset or rush; as to charge with fixed bayonets. “Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron.
Glanvill.” “´Charge for the guns!´ he said.
Tennyson.” 2. To demand a price; as to charge high for goods. 3. To debit on an account; as to charge for purchases. 4. To squat on its belly and be still; — a command given by a sportsman to a dog.

Charge , n. [F. charge, fr. charger to load. See Charge, v. t., and cf. Cargo, Caricature.] 1. A load or burder laid upon a person or thing. 2. A person or thing commited or intrusted to the care, custody, or management of another; a trust. The people of a parish or church are called the charge of the clergyman who is set over them. 3. Custody or care of any person, thing, or place; office; responsibility; oversight; obigation; duty. “’Tis a great charge to come under one body’s hand.
Shak.” 4. Heed; care; anxiety; trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Harm. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. An order; a mandate or command; an injunction. “The king gave cherge concerning Absalom.
2. Sam. xviii. 5.” 7. An address (esp. an earnest or impressive address) containing instruction or exhortation; as the charge of a judge to a jury; the charge of a bishop to his clergy. 8. An accusation of a wrong of offense; allegation; indictment; specification of something alleged. “The charge of confounding very different classes of phenomena.
Whewell.” 9. Whatever constitutes a burden on property, as rents, taxes, lines, etc.; costs; expense incurred; — usually in the plural. 10. The price demanded for a thing or service. 11. An entry or a account of that which is due from one party to another; that which is debited in a business transaction; as a charge in an account book. 12. That quantity, as of ammunition, electricity, ore, fuel, etc., which any apparatus, as a gun, battery, furnace, machine, etc., is intended to receive and fitted to hold, or which is actually in it at one time 13. The act of rushing upon, or towards, an enemy; a sudden onset or attack, as of troops, esp. cavalry; hence, the signal for attack; as to sound the charge. “Never, in any other war afore, gave the Romans a hotter charge upon the enemies.
Holland.” “The charge of the light brigade.
Tennyson.” 14. A position (of a weapon) fitted for attack; as to bring a weapon to the charge. 15. (Far.) A sort of plaster or ointment. 16. (Her.) A bearing. See Bearing, n., 8. 17. [Cf. Charre.] Thirty-six pigs of lead, each pig weighing about seventy pounds; — called also charre. 18. Weight; import; value. “Many suchlike ´as’s´ of great charge.
Shak.” Back charge. See under Back, a. — Bursting charge. (a (Mil.) The charge which bursts a shell, etc. (b (Mining) A small quantity of fine powder to secure the ignition of a charge of coarse powder in blasting. — Charge and discharge (Equity Practice), the old mode or form of taking an account before a master in chancery. — Charge sheet, the paper on which are entered at a police station all arrests and accusations. — To sound the charge, to give the signal for an attack. Syn. — Care; custody; trust; management; office; expense; cost; price; assault; attack; onset; injunction; command; order; mandate; instruction; accusation; indictment.

Charge´a•ble , a. 1. That may be charged, laid, imposed, or imputes; as a duty chargeable on iron; a fault chargeable on a man. 2. Subject to be charge or accused; liable or responsible; as revenues chargeable with a claim; a man chargeable with murder. 3. Serving to create expense; costly; burdensome. “That we might not be chargeable to any of you.
2. Thess. iii. 8.” “For the sculptures, which are elegant, were very chargeable.
Evelyn.”

Charge´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being chargeable or expensive. [Obs.] Whitelocke.

Charge´a•bly , adv. At great cost; expensively. [Obs.]

Char´geant , a. [F. chargeant, fr. charger to load.] Burdensome; troublesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char•ge´ d’af•faires´ , n.; pl. Charges d’affaires. [F., ´charged with affairs.´] A diplomatic representative, or minister of an inferior grade, accredited by the government of one state to the minister of foreign affairs of another; also a substitute, ad interim, for an ambassador or minister plenipotentiary.

Charge´ful , a. Costly; expensive. [Obs.] “The fineness of the gold and chargeful fashion.
Shak.”

Charge´house , n. A schoolhouse. [Obs.]

Charge´less, a. Free from, or with little, charge.

Char´geous , a. Burdensome. [Obs.] “I was chargeous to no man.
Wyclif, (2 Cor. xi. 9).”

Char´ger , n. 1. One who, or that which charges. 2. An instrument for measuring or inserting a charge. 3. A large dish. [Obs.] “Give me here John Baptist’s head in a charger.
Matt. xiv. 8.” 4. A horse for battle or parade. Macaulay. “And furious every charger neighed.
Campbell.”

Char•ge´ship , n. The office of a charge d’affaires.

Char´i•ly , adv. In a chary manner; carefully; cautiously; frugally.

Char´i•ness, n. The quality of being chary.

Char´i•ot , n. [F. Chariot, from char car. See Car.] 1. (Antiq.) A two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc. “First moved the chariots, after whom the foot.
Cowper.” 2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. Shak.

Char´i•ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Charioting.] To convey in a chariot. Milton.

Char•i•ot•ee´ , n. A light, covered, four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two seats.

Char•i•ot•eer´ , n. 1. One who drives a chariot. 2. (Astron.) A constellation. See Auriga, and Wagones.

Cha´rism , n. [Gr. gift.] (Eccl.) A miraculously given power, as of healing, speaking foreign languages without instruction, etc., attributed to some of the early Christians.

Char•is•mat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a charism.

Char´i•ta•ble , a.[F. See Charity.] 1. Full of love and good will; benevolent; kind. “Be thy intents wicked or charitable, …
… I will speak to thee.
Shak.” 2. Liberal in judging of others; disposed to look on the best side, and to avoid harsh judgment. 3. Liberal in benefactions to the poor; giving freely; generous; beneficent. “What charitable men afford to beggars.
Shak.” 4. Of or pertaining to charity; springing from, or intended for, charity; relating to almsgiving; eleemosynary; as a charitable institution. 5. Dictated by kindness; favorable; lenient. “By a charitable construction it may be a sermon.
L. Andrews.” Syn. — Kind; beneficent; benevolent; generous; lenient; forgiving; helpful; liberal; favorable; indulgent.

Char´i•ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being charitable; the exercise of charity.

Char´i•ta•bly, adv. In a charitable manner.

Char´i•ty , n.; pl. Charities (#). [F. charite fr. L. caritas dearness, high regard, love, from carus dear, costly, loved; asin to Skr. kam to wish, love, cf. Ir. cara a friend, W. caru to love. Cf. Caress.] 1. Love; universal benevolence; good will. “Now abideth faith, hope, charity, three; but the greatest of these is charity.
1. Cor. xiii. 13.” “They, at least, are little to be envied, in whose hearts the great charities … lie dead.
Ruskin.” “With malice towards none, with charity for all.
Lincoln.” 2. Liberality in judging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to put the best construction on the words and actions of others. “The highest exercise of charity is charity towards the uncharitable.
Buckminster.” 3. Liberality to the poor and the suffering, to benevolent institutions, or to worthy causes; generosity. “The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to the Trojans, spake like a Christian.
Dryden.” 4. Whatever is bestowed gratuitously on the needy or suffering for their relief; alms; any act of kindness. “She did ill then to refuse her a charity.
L’Estrange.” 5. A charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such an institution; as Lady Margaret’s charity. 6. pl. (Law) Eleemosynary appointments [grants or devises] including relief of the poor or friendless, education, religious culture, and public institutions. “The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless,
Are scattered at the feet of man like flowers.
Wordsworth.” Sisters of Charity (R. C. Ch.), a sisterhood of religious women engaged in works of mercy, esp. in nursing the sick; — a popular designation. There are various orders of the Sisters of Charity. Syn. — Love; benevolence; good will; affection; tenderness; beneficence; liberality; almsgiving.

Cha•ri•va•ri´ , n. [F.] A mock serenade of discordant noises, made with kettles, tin horns, etc., designed to annoy and insult. It was at first performed before the house of any person of advanced age who married a second time.

Chark , n. [Abbrev. fr. charcoal.] Charcoal; a cinder. [Obs.] DeFoe.

Chark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charked ] To burn to a coal; to char. [Obs.]

Char´la•tan , n. [F. charlatan, fr. It. ciarlatano, fr. ciarlare to chartter, prate; of imitative origin; cf. It. zirlare to whistle like a thrush.] One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions; a quack; an impostor; an empiric; a mountebank. { Char•la•tan´ic , Char•la•tan´ic•al , } a. Of or like a charlatan; making undue pretension; empirical; pretentious; quackish. — Char•la•tan´ic•al•ly, adv.

Char´la•tan•ism , n. [Cf. F. charlatanisme.] Charlatanry.

Char´la•tan•ry , n. [F. charlatanrie, from It. ciarlataneria. See Charlatan.] Undue pretensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; empiricism.

Charles’s Wain [Charles + wain; cf. AS. Carles wn (for waegn), Sw. karlvagnen, Dan. karlsvogn. See Churl, and Wain.] (Astron.) The group of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear. See Ursa major, under Ursa. The name is sometimes also applied to the Constellation.

Char´lock , n. [AS. cerlic; the latter part perh. fr. AS. leác leek. Cf. Hemlock.] (Bot.) A cruciferous plant (Brassica sinapistrum) with yellow flowers; wild mustard. It is troublesome in grain fields. Called also chardock, chardlock, chedlock, and kedlock. Jointed charlock, White charlock, a troublesome weed (Raphanus Raphanistrum) with straw-colored, whitish, or purplish flowers, and jointed pods: wild radish.

Char´lotte , n. [F.] A kind of pie or pudding made by lining a dish with slices of bread, and filling it with bread soaked in milk, and baked. Charlotte Russe , or Charlotte à la russe [F., lit., Russian charlotte] (Cookery), a dish composed of custard or whipped cream, inclosed in sponge cake.

Charm (chärm), n. [F. charme, fr. L. carmen song, verse, incantation, for casmen, akin to Skr. çasman, çasa, a laudatory song, from a root signifying to praise, to sing.] 1. A melody; a song. [Obs.] “With charm of earliest birds.
Milton.” “Free liberty to chant our charms at will.
Spenser.” 2. A word or combination of words sung or spoken in the practice of magic; a magical combination of words, characters, etc.; an incantation. “My high charms work.
Shak.” 3. That which exerts an irresistible power to please and attract; that which fascinates; any alluring quality. “Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul.
Pope.” “The charm of beauty’s powerful glance.
Milton.” 4. Anything worn for its supposed efficacy to the wearer in averting ill or securing good fortune. 5. Any small decorative object worn on the person, as a seal, a key, a silver whistle, or the like. Bunches of charms are often worn at the watch chain. Syn. - Spell; incantation; conjuration; enchantment; fascination; attraction.

Charm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charmed p. pr. & vb. n. Charming.] [Cf. F. charmer. See Charm, n.] 1. To make music upon; to tune. [Obs. & R.] “Here we our slender pipes may safely charm.
Spenser.” 2. To subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to affect by magic. “No witchcraft charm thee!
Shak.” 3. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe. “Music the fiercest grief can charm.
Pope.” 4. To attract irresistibly; to delight exceedingly; to enchant; to fascinate. “They, on their mirth and dance
Intent, with jocund music charm his ear.
Milton.” 5. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences; as a charmed life. “I, in my own woe charmed,
Could not find death.
Shak.” Syn. - To fascinate; enchant; enrapture; captivate; bewitch; allure; subdue; delight; entice; transport.

Charm, v. i. 1. To use magic arts or occult power; to make use of charms. “The voice of charmers, charming never so wisely.
Ps. lviii. 5.” 2. To act as or produce the effect of, a charm; to please greatly; to be fascinating. 3. To make a musical sound. [Obs.] Milton.

Char´mel , n. [Heb.] A fruitful field. “Libanus shall be turned into charmel, and charmel shall be esteemed as a forest.
Isa. xxix. 17 (Douay version).”

Charm´er , n. 1. One who charms, or has power to charm; one who uses the power of enchantment; a magician. Deut. xviii. 11. 2. One who delights and attracts the affections.

Charm´er•ess , n. An enchantress. Chaucer.

Charm´ful , a. Abounding with charms. ´His charmful lyre.´ Cowley.

Charm´ing, a. Pleasing the mind or senses in a high degree; delighting; fascinating; attractive. “How charming is divine philosophy.
Milton.” Syn. - Enchanting; bewitching; captivating; enrapturing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable; graceful; lovely; amiable; pleasing; winning. — Charm´ing•ly, adv. — Charm´ing•ness, n.

Charm´less, a. Destitute of charms. Swift. { Char´ne•co , Char´ni•co }, n. A sort of sweet wine. [Obs.] Shak.

Char´nel , a. [F. charnel carnal, fleshly, fr. L. carnalis. See Carnal.] Containing the bodies of the dead. ´Charnel vaults.´ Milton. Charnel house, a tomb, vault, cemetery, or other place where the bones of the dead are deposited; originally, a place for the bones thrown up when digging new graves in old burial grounds.

Char´nel, n. A charnel house; a grave; a cemetery. “In their proud charnel of Thermopylae.
Byron.”

Cha´ron , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Cless. Myth.) The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office it was to ferry the souls of the dead over the Styx, a river of the infernal regions. Shak.

Char´pie , n. [F., properly fem. p. p. of OF. charpir, carpir, to pluck, fr. L. carpere. Cf. Carpet.] (Med.) Straight threads obtained by unraveling old linen cloth; — used for surgical dressings.

Char´qui , n. [Sp. A term used in South America, Central America, and the Western United States.] Jerked beef; beef cut into long strips and dried in the wind and sun. Darwin.

Charr , n. See 1st Char.

Char´ras , n. The gum resin of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Same as Churrus. Balfour.

Charre , n. [LL. charrus a certain weight.] See Charge, n., 17.

Char´ry , a. [See 6th Char.] Pertaining to charcoal, or partaking of its qualities.

Chart , n. [A doublet of card: cf. F. charte charter, carte card. See Card, and cf. Charter.] 1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, on which information is exhibited, esp. when the information is arranged in tabular form; as an historical chart. 2. A map; esp., a hydrographic or marine map; a map on which is projected a portion of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it is surrounded, intended especially for the use of seamen; as the United States Coast Survey charts; the English Admiralty charts. 3. A written deed; a charter. Globular chart, a chart constructed on a globular projection. See under Globular. — Heliographic chart, a map of the sun with its spots. — Mercator’s chart, a chart constructed on the principle of Mercator’s projection. See Projection. — Plane chart, a representation of some part of the superficies of the globe, in which its spherical form is disregarded, the meridians being drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude at equal distances. — Selenographic chart, a map representing the surface of the moon. — Topographic chart, a minute delineation of a limited place or region.

Chart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charted.] To lay down in a chart; to map; to delineate; as to chart a coast.

Char´ta , n. [L., leaf of paper. See Chart.] (Law) (a) Material on which instruments, books, etc., are written; parchment or paper. (b) A charter or deed; a writing by which a grant is made. See Magna Charta.

Char•ta´ceous , a. [L. chartaceus. See Charta.] Resembling paper or parchment; of paper-like texture; papery.

Charte , n. [F. See Chart.] The constitution, or fundamental law, of the French monarchy, as established on the restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1814.

Char´ter , n. [OF. chartre, F. chartre, charte, fr. L. chartula a little paper, dim. of charta. See Chart, Card.] 1. A written evidence in due form of things done or granted, contracts made, etc., between man and man; a deed, or conveyance. [Archaic] 2. An instrument in writing, from the sovereign power of a state or country, executed in due form, bestowing rights, franchises, or privileges. “The king [John, a.d. 1215], with a facility somewhat suspicious, signed and sealed the charter which was required of him. This famous deed, commonly called the ´Great Charter,´ either granted or secured very important liberties and privileges to every order of men in the kingdom.
Hume.” 3. An act of a legislative body creating a municipal or other corporation and defining its powers and privileges. also an instrument in writing from the constituted authorities of an order or society (as the Freemasons), creating a lodge and defining its powers. 4. A special privilege, immunity, or exemption. “My mother,
Who has a charter to extol her blood,
When she does praise me, grieves me.
Shak.” 5. (Com.) The letting or hiring a vessel by special contract, or the contract or instrument whereby a vessel is hired or let; as a ship is offered for sale or charter. See Charter party, below. Charter land (O. Eng. Law), land held by charter, or in socage; bookland. — Charter member, one of the original members of a society or corporation, esp. one named in a charter, or taking part in the first proceedings under it. — Charter party [F. chartre partie, or charte partie, a divided charter; from the practice of cutting the instrument of contract in two, and giving one part to each of the contractors] (Com.), a mercantile lease of a vessel; a specific contract by which the owners of a vessel let the entire vessel, or some principal part of the vessel, to another person, to be used by the latter in transportation for his own account, either under their charge or his. — People’s Charter (Eng. Hist.), the document which embodied the demands made by the Chartists, so called, upon the English government in 1838.

Char´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chartered p. pr. & vb. n. Chartering.] 1. To establish by charter. 2. To hire or let by charter, as a ship. See Charter party, under Charter, n.

Char´tered , a. 1. Granted or established by charter; having, or existing under, a charter; having a privilege by charter. “The sufficiency of chartered rights.
Palfrey.” “The air, a chartered libertine.
Shak.” 2. Hired or let by charter, as a ship.

Char´ter•er , n. One who charters; esp. one who hires a ship for a voyage.

Char´ter•house , n. A well known public school and charitable foundation in the building once used as a Carthusian monastery (Chartreuse) in London.

Char´ter•ist, n. Same as Chartist.

Chart´ism , n. [F. charte charter. Cf. Charte, Chart.] The principles of a political party in England (1838-48), which contended for universal suffrage, the vote by ballot, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, and other radical reforms, as set forth in a document called the People’s Charter.

Chart´ist , n. A supporter or partisan of chartism. [Eng.]

Chart´less, a. 1. Without a chart; having no guide. 2. Not mapped; uncharted; vague. Barlow.

Char•tog´ra•pher , n., Char•to•graph´ic , a., Char•tog´ra•phy , n., etc. Same as Cartographer, Cartographic, Cartography, etc.

Char´to•man•cy , n. [L. charta paper + -mancy. Cf. Cartomancy.] Divination by written paper or by cards.

Char•tom´e•ter , n. [Chart + -meter.] An instrument for measuring charts or maps.

Char•treuse´ , n. [F.] 1. A Carthusian monastery; esp. La Grande Chartreuse, mother house of the order, in the mountains near Grenoble, France. 2. An alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromatic herbs; — made at La Grande Chartreuse.

Char•treux´ , n. [F.] A Carthusian.

Char´tu•la•ry , n. See Cartulary.

Char´wom•an , n.; pl. Charwomen (#). [See Char a chore.] A woman hired for odd work or for single days.

Char´y , a. [AS. cearig careful, fr. cearu care. See Care.] Careful; wary; cautious; not rash, reckless, or spendthrift; saving; frugal. “His rising reputation made him more chary of his fame.
Jeffrey.”

Cha•ryb´dis , n. [L., Gr. .] A dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily opposite Scylla on the Italian coast. It is personified as a female monster. See Scylla.

Chas´a•ble , a. Capable of being chased; fit for hunting. Gower.

Chase , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chased p. pr. & vb. n. Chasing.] [OF. chacier, F. chasser, fr. (assumed) LL. captiare, fr. L. captare to strive to seize. See Catch.] 1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or taking, as an enemy, or game; to hunt. “We are those which chased you from the field.
Shak.” “Philologists, who chase
A panting syllable through time and place.
Cowper.” 2. To follow as if to catch; to pursue; to compel to move on; to drive by following; to cause to fly; — often with away or off; as to chase the hens away. “Chased by their brother’s endless malice from prince to prince and from place to place.
Knolles.” 3. To pursue eagerly, as hunters pursue game. “Chasing each other merrily.
Tennyson.”

Chase, v. i. To give chase; to hunt; as to chase around after a doctor. [Colloq.]

Chase, n. [Cf. F. chasse, fr. chasser. See Chase, v.] 1. Vehement pursuit for the purpose of killing or capturing, as of an enemy, or game; an earnest seeking after any object greatly desired; the act or habit of hunting; a hunt. ´This mad chase of fame.´ Dryden. “You see this chase is hotly followed.
Shak.” 2. That which is pursued or hunted. “Nay, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase,
For I myself must hunt this deer to death.
Shak.” 3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and which is private properly, thus differing from a forest, which is not private property, and from a park, which is inclosed. Sometimes written chace. [Eng.] 4. (Court Tennis) A division of the floor of a gallery, marked by a figure or otherwise; the spot where a ball falls, and between which and the dedans the adversary must drive his ball in order to gain a point. Chase gun (Naut.), a cannon placed at the bow or stern of an armed vessel, and used when pursuing an enemy, or in defending the vessel when pursued. — Chase port (Naut.), a porthole from which a chase gun is fired. — Stern chase (Naut.), a chase in which the pursuing vessel follows directly in the wake of the vessel pursued.

Chase, n. [F. cháse, fr. L. capsa box, case. See Case a box.] (Print.) 1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or columns of type are imposed. 2. (Mil.) The part of a cannon from the reënforce or the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. See Cannon. 3. A groove, or channel, as in the face of a wall; a trench, as for the reception of drain tile. 4. (Shipbuilding) A kind of joint by which an overlap joint is changed to a flush joint, by means of a gradually deepening rabbet, as at the ends of clinker-built boats.

Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase.] 1. To ornament (a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, and the like. 2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread.

Chas´er , n. 1. One who or that which chases; a pursuer; a driver; a hunter. 2. (Naut.) Same as Chase gun, esp. in terms bow chaser and stern chaser. See under Bow, Stern.

Chas´er, n. 1. One who chases or engraves. See 5th Chase, and Enchase. 2. (Mech.) A tool with several points, used for cutting or finishing screw threads, either external or internal, on work revolving in a lathe.

Chas´i•ble , n. See Chasuble.

Chas´ing , n. The art of ornamenting metal by means of chasing tools; also a piece of ornamental work produced in this way.

Chasm , n. [L. chasma, Gr. , fr. to grape, to open wide. See Chaos.] 1. A deep opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a yawning abyss; a cleft; a fissure. “That deep, romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill.
Coleridge.” 2. A void space; a gap or break, as in ranks of men. “Memory … fills up the chasms of thought.
Addison.”

Chasmed , a. Having gaps or a chasm. [R.]

Chas´my , a. Of or pertaining to a chasm; abounding in chasms. Carlyle. “They cross the chasmy torrent’s foam-lit bed.
Wordsworth.”

Chas•se´ , n. [F., fr. chasse, p. p. of chasser to chase.] A movement in dancing, as across or to the right or left.

Chas•se´, v. i. (Dancing) To make the movement called chasse; as all chasse; chasse to the right or left.

Chas´se•las , n. [F., from the village of Chasselas.] A white grape, esteemed for the table.

Chasse•pot´ , n. [From the French inventor, A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) A kind of breechloading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun.

Chas•seur´ , n. [F., a huntsman. See Chase to pursue.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of light troops, cavalry or infantry, trained for rapid movements. 2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword. “The great chasseur who had announced her arrival.
W. Irving.”

Chas´sis , n. [F. châssis.] (Mil.) A traversing base frame, or movable railway, along which the carriage of a barbette or casemate gun moves backward and forward. [See Gun carriage.]

Chast (chast), v. t. to chasten. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chaste (chast), a. [F. chaste, from L. castus pure, chaste; cf. Gr. kaqaro•s pure, Skr. çudth to purify.] 1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse; virtuous; continent. ´As chaste as Diana.´ Shak. “Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced.
Milton.” 2. Pure in thought and act; innocent; free from lewdness and obscenity, or indecency in act or speech; modest; as a chaste mind; chaste eyes. 3. Pure in design and expression; correct; free from barbarisms or vulgarisms; refined; simple; as a chaste style in composition or art. “That great model of chaste, lofty, and eloquence, the Book of Common Prayer.
Macaulay.” 4. Unmarried. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Undefiled; pure; virtuous; continent; immaculate; spotless. Chaste tree. Same as Agnus castus.

Chaste´ly, adv. In a chaste manner; with purity.

Chas´ten (cha´s’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastened (-s’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] [OE. chastien, OF. Chastier, F. Chtier, fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise; castus pure + agere to lead, drive. See Chaste, Act, and cf. Castigate, Chastise.] 1. To correct by punishment; to inflict pain upon the purpose of reclaiming; to discipline; as to chasten a son with a rod. “For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth.
Heb. xii. 6.” 2. To purify from errors or faults; to refine. “They [classics] chasten and enlarge the mind, and excite to noble actions.
Layard.” Syn. — To chastise; punish; correct; discipline; castigate; afflict; subdue; purify. To Chasten, Punish, Chastise. To chasten is to subject to affliction or trouble, in order to produce a general change for the better in life or character. To punish is to inflict penalty for violation of law, disobedience to authority, or intentional wrongdoing. To chastise is to punish a particular offense, as with stripes, especially with the hope that suffering or disgrace may prevent a repetition of faults.

Chas´tened , a. Corrected; disciplined; refined; purified; toned down. Sir. W. Scott. “Of such a finished chastened purity.
Tennyson.”

Chas´ten•er , n. One who chastens.

Chaste´ness , n. 1. Chastity; purity. 2. (Literature & Art) Freedom from all that is meretricious, gaudy, or affected; as chasteness of design.

Chas•tis´a•ble , a. Capable or deserving of chastisement; punishable. Sherwood.

Chas•tise´ (chas•tiz´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastised (- tizd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastising.] [OE. chastisen; chastien + ending -isen + modern -ise, -ize, L. - izare, Gr. -i•zein. See Chasten.] 1. To inflict pain upon, by means of stripes, or in any other manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation; to punish, as with stripes. “How fine my master is! I am afraid
He will chastise me.
Shak.” “I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting chemists thus discovered and chastised.
Boyle.” 2. To reduce to order or obedience; to correct or purify; to free from faults or excesses. “The gay, social sense, by decency chastised.
Thomson.” Syn. — See Chasten.

Chas´tise•ment , n. [From Chastise.] The act of chastising; pain inflicted for punishment and correction; discipline; punishment. “Shall I so much dishonor my fair stars,
On equal terms to give him chastesement!
Shak.” “I have borne chastisement; I will not offend any more.
Job xxxiv. 31.”

Chas•tis´er , n. One who chastises; a punisher; a corrector. Jer. Taylor. “The chastiser of the rich.
Burke.”

Chas´ti•ty , n. [F. chastete, fr. L. castitas, fr. castus. See Chaste.] 1. The state of being chaste; purity of body; freedom from unlawful sexual intercourse. “She … hath preserved her spotless chastity.
T. Carew.” 2. Moral purity. “So dear to heaven is saintly chastity,
That, when a soul is found sicerely so
A thousand liveried angels lackey her.
Milton.” 3. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Literature & Art) Chasteness.

Chas´u•ble , n. [F. chasuble, LL. casubula, cassibula, casula, a hooded garment, covering the person like a little house; cf. It. casupola, casipola, cottage, dim of L. casa cottage.] (Eccl.) The outer vestment worn by the priest in saying Mass, consisting, in the Roman Catholic Church, of a broad, flat, back piece, and a narrower front piece, the two connected over the shoulders only. The back has usually a large cross, the front an upright bar or pillar, designed to be emblematical of Christ’s sufferings. In the Greek Church the chasuble is a large round mantle. [Written also chasible, and chesible.]

Chat , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chatting.] [From Chatter. rad.22.] To talk in a light and familiar manner; to converse without form or ceremony; to gossip. Shak. “To chat a while on their adventures.
Dryden.” Syn. — To talk; chatter; gossip; converse.

Chat, v. t. To talk of. [Obs.]

Chat, n. 1. Light, familiar talk; conversation; gossip. “Snuff, or fan, supply each pause of chat,
With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that.
Pope.” 2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Icteria, allied to the warblers, in America. The best known species are the yellow-breasted chat (I. viridis), and the long-tailed chat (I. longicauda). In Europe the name is given to several birds of the family Saxicolidae, as the stonechat, and whinchat. Bush chat. (Zoöl.) See under Bush.

Chat, n. 1. A twig, cone, or little branch. See Chit. 2. pl. (Mining) Small stones with ore. Chat potatoes, small potatoes, such as are given to swine. [Local.]

Cha•teau´ , n.; pl. Chateux (#). [F. château a castle. See Castle.] 1. A castle or a fortress in France. 2. A manor house or residence of the lord of the manor; a gentleman’s country seat; also particularly, a royal residence; as the chateau of the Louvre; the chateau of the Luxembourg. The distinctive, French term for a fortified castle of the middle ages is château-fort. Chateau en Espagne [F.], a castle in Spain, that is, a castle in the air, Spain being the region of romance.

Chat´e•laine , n. [F. châtelaine the wife of a castellan, the mistress of a chateau, a chatelaine chain.] An ornamental hook, or brooch worn by a lady at her waist, and having a short chain or chains attached for a watch, keys, trinkets, etc. Also used adjectively; as a chatelaine chain.

Chat´e•let , n. [F. châtelet, dim. of château. See Castle.] A little castle.

Chat´el•la•ny , n. [F. châtellenie.] Same as Castellany.

Cha•ti´ , n. [Cf. F. chat cat.] (Zoöl.) A small South American species of tiger cat (Felis mitis).

Cha•toy´ant , a. [F., p. pr. of chatoyer to be chatoyant, fr. chat cat.] (Min.) Having a changeable, varying luster, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or oa a cat’s eye in the dark.

Cha•toy´ant, n. (Min.) A hard stone, as the cat’s-eye, which presents on a polished surface, and in the interior, an undulating or wary light.

Cha•toy´ment , n. [F. chatoiement. See Chatoyant.] Changeableness of color, as in a mineral; play of colors. Cleaceland.

Chat´tel , n. [OF. chatel; another form of catel. See Cattle.] (Law) Any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold, or the things which are parcel of it. It is a more extensive term than goods or effects. Chattels are personal or real: personal are such as are movable, as goods, plate, money; real are such rights in land as are less than a freehold, as leases, mortgages, growing corn, etc. Chattel mortgage (Law), a mortgage on personal property, as distinguished from one on real property.

Chat´tel•ism , n. The act or condition of holding chattels; the state of being a chattel.

Chat´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chattered p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] [Of imitative origin. Cf. Chat, v. i. Chitter.] 1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble language, but are inarticulate and indistinct. “The jaw makes answer, as the magpie chatters.
Wordsworth.” 2. To talk idly, carelessly, or with undue rapidity; to jabber; to prate. “To tame a shrew, and charm her chattering tongue.
Shak.” 3. To make a noise by rapid collisions. “With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright.
Dryden.”

Chat´ter, v. t. To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly. “Begin his witless note apace to chatter.
Spenser.”

Chat´ter, n. 1. Sounds like those of a magpie or monkey; idle talk; rapid, thoughtless talk; jabber; prattle. “Your words are but idle and empty chatter.
Longfellow.” 2. Noise made by collision of the teeth, as in shivering.

Chat•ter•a´tion , n. The act or habit of chattering. [Colloq.]

Chat´ter•er , n. 1. A prater; an idle talker. 2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Ampelidae — so called from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer (Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird.

Chat´ter•ing , n. The act or habit of talking idly or rapidly, or of making inarticulate sounds; the sounds so made; noise made by the collision of the teeth; chatter.

Chat´ti•ness , n. The quality of being chatty, or of talking easily and pleasantly.

Chat´ty , a. Given to light, familiar talk; talkative. Lady M. W. Montagu.

Chat´ty, n. [Tamil shati.] A porous earthen pot used in India for cooling water, etc.

Chat´wood , n. [Chat a little stick + wood.] Little sticks; twigs for burning; fuel. Johnson.

Chaud´-med•ley , n. [F. chaude mêlee; chaud hot + mêler (Formerly sometimes spelt medler) to mingle.] (Law) The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley or killing in self- defense, or in a casual affray. Burrill.

Chau´dron , n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chauf´fer , n. [Cf. F. chauffoir a kind of stone, fr. chauffer to heat. See Chafe.] (Chem.) A table stove or small furnace, usually a cylindrical box of sheet iron, with a grate at the bottom, and an open top.

Chaul´dron , n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chaun , n. A gap. [Obs.] Colgrave.

Chaun, v. t. & i. To open; to yawn. [Obs.] “O, chaun thy breast.
Marston.”

Chaunt , n. & v. See Chant.

Chaunt´er , n. 1. A street seller of ballads and other broadsides. [Slang, Eng.] 2. A deceitful, tricky dealer or horse jockey. [Colloq.] “He was a horse chaunter; he’s a leg now.
Dickens.” 3. The flute of a bagpipe. See Chanter, n., 3.

Chaunt´er•ie , n. See Chantry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cha´us , n. (Zoöl.) a lynxlike animal of Asia and Africa (Lynx Lybicus).

Chausses , n. pl. [F.] The garment for the legs and feet and for the body below the waist, worn in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; applied also to the armor for the same parts, when fixible, as of chain mail.

Chaus•sure´ , n. [F.] A foot covering of any kind.

Chau´vin•ism , n. [F. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a character represented as making grotesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.] Blind and absurd devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause; hence, absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism. — Chau´vin•ist, n. — Chau•vin•is´tic , a. To have a generous belief in the greatness of one’s country is not chauvinism. It is the character of the latter quality to be wildly extravagant, to be fretful and childish and silly, to resent a doubt as an insult, and to offend by its very frankness. Prof. H. Tuttle.

Chav´en•der , n. [Cf. Cheven.] (Zoöl.) The chub. Walton.

Chaw , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chawed p. pr. & vb. n. Chawing.] [See Chew.] 1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to chew, as the cud; to champ, as the bit. “The trampling steed, with gold and purple trapped,
Chawing the foamy bit, there fiercely stood.
Surrey.” 2. To ruminate in thought; to consider; to keep the mind working upon; to brood over. Dryden. A word formerly in good use, but now regarded as vulgar.

Chaw, n. [See Chaw, v. t.] 1. As much as is put in the mouth at once; a chew; a quid. [Law] 2. [Cf. Jaw.] The jaw. [Obs.] Spenser. Chaw bacon, a rustic; a bumpkin; a lout. (Law) — Chaw tooth, a grinder. (Law)

Chaw´dron , n. [OF. chaudun, caudun, caldun; cf. G. kaldaunen guts, bowels, LL. calduna intestine, W. coluddyn gut, dim. of coludd bowels.] Entrails. [Obs.] [Written also chaudron, chauldron.] Shak.

Chay´ root [Tamil shaya.] The root of the Oldenlandia umbellata, native in India, which yieds a durable red dyestuff. [Written also choy root.]

Cha•zy´ ep´och (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the Canadian period of the American Lower Silurian system; — so named from a township in Clinton Co., New York. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cheap (chep), n. [AS. ceáp bargain, sale, price; akin to D. koop purchase, G. kauf, Icel. kaup bargain. Cf. Cheapen, Chapman, Chaffer, Cope, v. i.] A bargain; a purchase; cheapness. [Obs.] “The sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler’s in Europe.
Shak.”

Cheap, a. [Abbrev. fr. ´good cheap´: a good purchase or bargain; cf. F. bon marche, à bon marche. See Cheap, n., Cheapen.] 1. Having a low price in market; of small cost or price, as compared with the usual price or the real value. “Where there are a great sellers to a few buyers, there the thing to be sold will be cheap.
Locke.” 2. Of comparatively small value; common; mean. “You grow cheap in every subject’s eye.
Dryden.” Dog cheap, very cheap, — a phrase formed probably by the catachrestical transposition of good cheap. [Colloq.]

Cheap, adv. Cheaply. Milton.

Cheap, v. i. To buy; to bargain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cheap´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupon to trade. Cf. Chap to bargain.] 1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.] “Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy.
Swift.” 2. [Cf. Cheap, a.] To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope. “My proffered love has cheapened me.
Dryden.”

Cheap´en•er , n. One who cheapens. { Cheap´-jack• , Cheap´-john• } n. A seller of low-priced or second goods; a hawker.

Cheap´ly , adv. At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner.

Cheap´ness , n. Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value.

Chear , n. & v. [Obs.] See Cheer.

Cheat , n. [rob. an abbrevation of escheat, lands or tenements that fall to a lord or to the state by forfeiture, or by the death of the tenant without heirs; the meaning being explained by the frauds, real or supposed, that were resorted to in procuring escheats. See Escheat.] 1. An act of deception or fraud; that which is the means of fraud or deception; a fraud; a trick; imposition; imposture. “When I consider life, ’tis all a cheat.
Dryden.” 2. One who cheats or deceives; an impostor; a deceiver; a cheater. “Airy wonders, which cheats interpret.
Johnson” 3. (Bot.) A troublesome grass, growing as a weed in grain fields; — called also chess. See Chess. 4. (Law) The obtaining of property from another by an intentional active distortion of the truth. When cheats are effected by deceitful or illegal symbols or tokens which may affect the public at large and against which common prudence could not have guarded, they are indictable at common law. Wharton. Syn. — Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; artifice; trick; swindle; deceit; guile; finesse; stratagem.

Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cheating.] [See Cheat, n., Escheat.] 1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick; to swindle. “I am subject to a tyrant, a sorcerer, that by his cunning hath cheated me of this island.
Shak.” 2. To beguile. Sir W. Scott. “To cheat winter of its dreariness.
W. Irving.” Syn. — To trick; cozen; gull; chouse; fool; outwit; circumvent; beguile; mislead; dupe; swindle; defraud; overreach; delude; hoodwink; deceive; bamboozle.

Cheat, v. i. To practice fraud or trickery; as to cheat at cards.

Cheat, n. [Perh. from OF. chete goods, chattels.] Wheat, or bread made from wheat. [Obs.] Drayton. “Their purest cheat,
Thrice bolted, kneaded, and subdued in paste.
Chapman.”

Cheat´a•ble , a. Capable of being cheated.

Cheat´a•ble•ness, n. Capability of being cheated.

Cheat´er , n. 1. One who cheats. 2. An escheator. [R.] Shak.

Che•bac´co , n. [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.) A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; — called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett.

Che´bec , n. (Naut.) See Chebacco.

Che•bec´ , n. [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A small American bird (Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher.

Check , n. [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. echec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. echecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shah king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.] 1. (Chess) A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player’s king by an adversary’s move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture. A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move. 2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as to hold an enemy in check. “Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity.
Addison.” “No check, no stay, this streamlet fears.
Wordsworth.” 3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff. “Useful check upon the administration of government.
Washington.” “A man whom no check could abash.
Macaulay.” 4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad. 5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below. 6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also cloth having such a figure. 7. (Falconry) The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds. 8. Small chick or crack. Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. — Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. — Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. — Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. — Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. — Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. — To take check, to take offense. [Obs.] Dryden. Syn. — Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft.

Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checked p. pr. & vb. n. checking.] 1. (Chess) To make a move which puts an adversary’s piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check. 2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb. “So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression.
Burke.” 3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as to check an account; to check baggage. 4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove. “The good king, his master, will check him for it.
Shak.” 5. (Naut.) To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended. 6. To make checks or chinks in; to cause to crack; as the sun checks timber. Syn. — To restrain; curb; bridle; repress; control; hinder; impede; obstruct; interrupt; tally; rebuke; reprove; rebuff.

Check , v. i. To make a stop; to pause; — with at. “The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.
Locke.” 2. To clash or interfere. [R.] Bacon. 3. To act as a curb or restraint. “It [his presence] checks too strong upon me.
Dryden.” 4. To crack or gape open, as wood in drying; or to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, etc. 5. (Falconry) To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other birds. “And like the haggard, check at every feather
That comes before his eye.
Shak.”

Check, a. Checkered; designed in checks.

Check´age , n. 1. The act of checking; as the checkage of a name or of an item in a list. 2. The items, or the amount, to which attention is called by a check or checks.

Check´er, n. [From Check, v. t.] One who checks.

Check´er (chek´er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkered (- erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] [From OF. eschequier a chessboard, F. echiquier. See Check, n., and cf. 3d Checker.] 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard, as by crossing stripes of different colors. 2. To variegate or diversify with different qualities, colors, scenes, or events; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosperity and adversity. “Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood.
Addison.”

Check´er, n. [OF. eschequier. See Checker, v. t.] 1. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers. 2. A pattern in checks; a single check. 3. Checkerwork. This word is also written chequer.

Check´er•ber•ry (-ber•ry), n.; pl. Checkerberries (#). (Bot.) A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Also incorrectly applied to the partridge berry (Mitchella repens).

Check´er•board (-bord•), n. A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for playing checkers or draughts.

Check´ered (-erd), a. 1. Marked with alternate squares or checks of different color or material. “Dancing in the checkered shade.
Milton.” 2. Diversified or variegated in a marked manner, as in appearance, character, circumstances, etc. “This checkered narrative.
Macaulay.”

Check´ers (chek´erz), n. pl. [See Checher, v.] A game, called also daughts, played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having twelve men (counters or checkers) which are moved diagonally. The game is ended when either of the players has lost all his men, or can not move them.

Check´er•work , n. 1. Work consisting of or showing checkers varied alternately as to colors or materials. 2. Any aggregate of varied vicissitudes. “How strange a checkerwork of Providence is the life of man.
De Foe.”

Check´la•ton , n. 1. Ciclatoun. [Obs.] 2. Gilded leather. [Obs.] Spenser.

Check´less, a. That can not be checked or restrained.

Check´mate, n. [F. echec et mat, fr. Per. shah mat ceckmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mata he died, is dead. The king, when made prisoner, or checkmated, is assumed to be dead, and the game is finished. See Chess.] 1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in check and cannot be released, — which ends the game. 2. A complete check; utter defeat or overthrow.

Check´mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.] 1. (Chess) To check (an adversary’s king) in such a manner that escape in impossible; to defeat (an adversary) by putting his king in check from which there is no escape. 2. To defeat completely; to terminate; to thwart. “To checkmate and control my just demands.
Ford.”

Check´rein , n. 1. A short rein looped over the check hook to prevent a horse from lowering his head; — called also a bearing rein. 2. A branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a span or pair with the bit of the other horse.

Check´roll , n. A list of servants in a household; — called also chequer roll.

Check´string , n. A cord by which a person in a carriage or horse car may signal to the driver.

Check´work , n. Anything made so as to form alternate squares like those of a checkerboard.

Check´y (chek´y), a. (Her.) Divided into small alternating squares of two tinctures; — said of the field or of an armorial bearing. [Written also checquy, chequy.]

Ched´dar , a. Of or pertaining to, or made at, Cheddar, in England; as Cheddar cheese.

Cheek (chek), n. [OE. cheke, cheoke, AS. ceàce, ceòce; cf. Goth. kukjan to kiss, D. kaak cheek; perh. akin to E. chew, jaw.] 1. The side of the face below the eye. 2. The cheek bone. [Obs.] Caucer. 3. pl. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine, or of any timber, or stone work, which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pair; as the cheeks (jaws) of a vise; the cheeks of a gun carriage, etc. 4. pl. The branches of a bridle bit. Knight. 5. (Founding) A section of a flask, so made that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mold; the middle part of a flask. 6. Cool confidence; assurance; impudence. [Slang] Cheek of beef. See Illust. of Beef. — Cheek bone (Anat.) the bone of the side of the face; esp., the malar bone. — Cheek by jowl, side by side; very intimate. — Cheek pouch (Zoöl.), a sacklike dilation of the cheeks of certain monkeys and rodents, used for holding food. — Cheeks of a block, the two sides of the shell of a tackle block. — Cheeks of a mast, the projection on each side of a mast, upon which the trestletrees rest. — Cheek tooth (Anat.), a hinder or molar tooth. — Butment cheek. See under Butment.

Cheek (chek), v. t. To be impudent or saucy to. [Slang.]

Cheeked (chekt), a. Having a cheek; — used in composition. ´Rose- cheeked Adonis.´ Shak.

Cheek´y, a Brazen-faced; impudent; bold. [Slang.]

Cheep (chep), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cheeped (chept).] [Cf. Chirp]. To chirp, as a young bird.

Cheep, v. t. To give expression to in a chirping tone. “Cheep and twitter twenty million loves.
Tennyson.”

Cheep, n. A chirp, peep, or squeak, as of a young bird or mouse.

Cheer (cher), n. [OE. chere face, welcome, cheer, OF. chiere, F. chère, fr. LL. cara face, Gr. ka•ra head; akin to Skr. çiras, L. cerebrum brain, G. hirn, and E. cranium.] 1. The face; the countenance or its expression. [Obs.] ´Sweat of thy cheer.´ Wyclif. 2. Feeling; spirit; state of mind or heart. “Be of good cheer.
Matt. ix. 2.” “The parents … fled away with heavy cheer.
Holland.” 3. Gayety; mirth; cheerfulness; animation. “I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have.
Shak.” 1. That which promotes good spirits or cheerfulness; provisions prepared for a feast; entertainment; as a table loaded with good cheer. 5. A shout, hurrah, or acclamation, expressing joy enthusiasm, applause, favor, etc. “Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street.
Tennyson.” Whzt cheer? Now do you fare? What is there that is cheering?

Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheered p. pr. & vb. n. cheering.] 1. To cause to rejoice; to gladden; to make cheerful; — often with up. Cowpe. 2. To infuse life, courage, animation, or hope, into; to inspirit; to solace or comfort. “The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered.
Dryden.” 3. To salute or applaud with cheers; to urge on by cheers; as to cheer hounds in a chase. To cheer ship, to salute a passing ship by cheers of sailors stationed in the rigging. Syn. — To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; applaud.

Cheer, v. i. 1. To grow cheerful; to become gladsome or joyous; — usually with up. “At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up.
A. Philips.” 2. To be in any state or temper of mind. [Obs.] “How cheer’st thou, Jessica?
Shak.” 3. To utter a shout or shouts of applause, triumph, etc. “And even the ranks of Tusculum
Could scare forbear to cheer.
Macaulay.”

Cheer´er , n. One who cheers; one who, or that which, gladdens. ´Thou cheerer of our days.´ Wotton. ´Prime cheerer, light.´ Thomson.

Cheer´ful , a. Having or showing good spirits or joy; cheering; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated; willing. “To entertain a cheerful disposition.
Shak.” “The cheerful birds of sundry kind
Do chant sweet music.
Spenser.” “A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.
Macaulay.” “This general applause and cheerful shout.
Shak.” Syn. — Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly; joyous; vivacious; buoyant; sunny; happy; hopeful.

Cheer´ful•ly, adv. In a cheerful manner, gladly.

Cheer´ful•ness, n. Good spirits; a state of moderate joy or gayety; alacrity.

Cheer´i•ly , adv. In a cheery manner.

Cheer´i•ness, n. The state of being cheery.

Cheer´ing•ly , adv. In a manner to cheer or encourage.

Cheer´is•ness, n. Cheerfulness. [Obs.] “There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness.
Milton.”

Cheer´less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort. — Cheer´less•ly, adv. — Cheer´less•ness, n. “My cheerful day is turned to cheerless night.
Spenser.” Syn. — Gloomy; sad; comfortless; dispiriting; dicsconsolate; dejected; melancholy; forlorn.

Cheer´ly , a. Gay; cheerful. [Obs.] Shak.

Cheer´ly, adv. Cheerily. [Archaic] Tennyson.

Cheer´ry , a. Cheerful; lively; gay; bright; pleasant; as a cheery person. “His cheery little study, where the sunshine glimmered so pleasantly.
Hawthorne.”

Cheese , n. [OE. chese, AS. cese, fr. L. caseus, LL. casius. Cf. Casein.] 1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually with rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a solid mass in a hoop or mold. 2. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, pressed together in the form of a cheese. 3. The flat, circular, mucilaginous fruit of the dwarf mallow (Malva rotundifolia). [Colloq.] 4. A low courtesy; — so called on account of the cheese form assumed by a woman’s dress when she stoops after extending the skirts by a rapid gyration. De Quincey. Thackeray. Cheese cake, a cake made of or filled with, a composition of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior. — Cheese fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous insect (Piophila casei) of which the larvae or maggots, called skippers or hoppers, live in cheese. — Cheese mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Tryoglyhus siro) in cheese and other articles of food. — Cheese press, a press used in making cheese, to separate the whey from the curd, and to press the curd into a mold. — Cheese rennet (Bot.), a plant of the Madder family (Golium verum, or yellow bedstraw), sometimes used to coagulate milk. The roots are used as a substitute for madder. — Cheese vat, a vat or tub in which the curd is formed and cut or broken, in cheese making.

Cheese´lep , n. [Cf. Keslop.] A bag in which rennet is kept.

Cheese´mon•ger , n. One who deals in cheese. B. Jonson.

Cheese´par•ing , n. A thin portion of the rind of a cheese. — a. Scrimping; mean; as cheeseparing economy.

Chees´i•ness , n. The quality of being cheesy.

Chees´y , a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, form, consistency, or appearance of cheese.

Chee´tah , n. [Hind. chita.] (Zoöl.) A species of leopard (Cynaelurus jubatus) tamed and used for hunting in India. The woolly cheetah of South Africa is C. laneus. [Written also chetah.]

Chef , n. [F.] 1. A chief of head person. 2. The head cook of large establishment, as a club, a family, etc. 3. (Her.) Same as Chief.

Chef•-d’œuvre´ , n.; pl. Chefs-d’œuvre (#). [F.] A masterpiece; a capital work in art, literature, etc. { Cheg´oe , Cheg´re }, n. See Chigoe.

Chei´lo•plas•ty , n. [Gr. a lip + -plasty.] (Surg.) The process of forming an artificial tip or part of a lip, by using for the purpose a piece of healthy tissue taken from some neighboring part.

Chei•lop´o•da , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Chilopoda.

Chei•rop´ter , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cheiroptera.

Chei•rop´te•ra (k>isl/•rop´ter), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chei•r hand + ptero•n wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat.

Chei•rop´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Cheiroptera, or Bat family.

Chei•rop•te•ryg´i•um , n.; pl. Cheiropterygia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. hand + ; wing, fin.] (Anat.) The typical pentadactyloid limb of the higher vertebrates.

Chei•ros´o•phy , n. [Gr. hand + knowledge.] The art of reading character as it is delineated in the hand. — Chei•ros´o•phist , n.

Chei•ro•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hand + beast.] (Poleon.) A genus of extinct animals, so named from fossil footprints rudely resembling impressions of the human hand, and believed to have been made by labyrinthodont reptiles. See Illustration in Appendix.

Chek•e•la•toun´ , n. See Ciclatoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chek´mak , n. A turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.

Che´la , n.; pl. Chelae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw.] (Zoöl.) The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida.

Che´late , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Cheliferous.

Chel•e•ryth´rine , n. [Gr. celandine + ’eryqro•s red.] (Chem.) An alkaloidal principle obtained from the celandine, and named from the red color of its salts. It is a colorless crystalline substance, and acts as an acrid narcotic poison. It is identical with sanguinarine.

Che•lic´e•ra (ke•lis´e•ra), n.; pl. Chelicerae (-re). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects.

Chel´i•don , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chelidw•n.] (Anat.) The hollow at the flexure of the arm.

Chel•i•don´ic , a. [See Celandine.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the celandine. Chelidonic acid, a weak acid extracted from the celandine (Chelidonium majus), as a white crystalline substance.

Chel•i•do´ni•us , n. [L. (sc. lapillus.)] A small stone taken from the gizzard of a young swallow. — anciently worn as a medicinal charm.

Chel´i•fer , n. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -fer.] (Zoöl.) See Book scorpion, under Book.

Che•lif´er•ous , a. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having cheliform claws, like a crab.

Chel´i•form , a. [Gr. chhlh• claw + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having a movable joint or finger closing against a preceding joint or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be used for grasping, as the claw of a crab; pincherlike.

Che•lo´ne , n. [Gr. chelw•nh a tortoise. So named from shape of the upper lip of the corolla.] (Bot.) A genus of hardy perennial flowering plants, of the order Scrophulariaceae, natives of North America; — called also snakehead, turtlehead, shellflower, etc.

Che•lo´ni•a (ke•lo´ni•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chelw•nh a tortoise.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, peculiar in having a part of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also Illust. in Appendix.

Che•lo´ni•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to animals of the tortoise kind. — n. One of the Chelonia.

Che•lu´ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh• claw + tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber.

Che´ly , n. A claw. See Chela. [Obs.]

Chem´ic , n. [See Chenistry.] 1. A chemist; an alchemist. [Obs.] 2. (Bleaching) A solution of chloride of lime.

Chem´ic, a. Chemical. Blackw. Mag.

Chem´ic•al , a. Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes of chemistry; as chemical changes; chemical combinations. Chemical attraction or affinity. See under Attraction.

Chem´ic•al, n. A substance used for producing a chemical effect; a reagent.

Chem´ic•al•ly, adv. According to chemical principles; by chemical process or operation.

Chem•i•glyph´ic , a. [Chemical + to engrave.] Engraved by a voltaic battery.

Chem•i•loon´ , n. A garment for women, consisting of chemise and drawers united in one. [U. S.]

Che•mise´ , n. [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, camisia, shirt, thin dress; cf. G. hemd, or OIr. caimmse sort of garment. Cf. Camis.] 1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women. 2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork.

Chem•i•sette´ , n.[F., dim. of chemise.] An under-garment, worn by women, usually covering the neck, shoulders, and breast.

Chem´ism , n. [Cf. F. chimisme. See Chemistry.] The force exerted between the atoms of elementary substance whereby they unite to form chemical compounds; chemical attaction; affinity; — sometimes used as a general expression for chemical activity or relationship.

Chem´ist, n. [Shortened from alchemist; cf. F. chimiste.] A person versed in chemistry or given to chemical investigation; an analyst; a maker or seller of chemicals or drugs.

Chem´is•try (kem´is•try; 277), n. [From Chemist. See Alchemy.] 1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of substances, and of the changes which they undergo in consequence of alterations in the constitution of the molecules, which depend upon variations of the number, kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms. These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained. Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule. Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified. 2. An application of chemical theory and method to the consideration of some particular subject; as the chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo. 3. A treatise on chemistry. This word and its derivatives were formerly written with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the pronunciation was conformed to the orthography. Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or mineral substances. — Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances which form the structure of organized beings and their products, whether animal or vegetable; — called also chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no fundamental difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. — Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and tissues of the body, and of the various physiological processes incident to life. — Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions essential to their best use. — Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without necessary reference to their practical applications or mere utility.

Chem´i•type , n. [Chemical + -type.] (Engraving) One of a number of processes by which an impression from an engraved plate is obtained in relief, to be used for printing on an ordinary printing press.

Che•mol´y•sis , n. [Chemical + Gr. a loosing.] A term sometimes applied to the decomposition of organic substance into more simple bodies, by the use of chemical agents alone. Thudichum.

Chem•os•mo´sis , n. [Chemical + osmosis.] Chemical action taking place through an intervening membrane.

Chem•os•mot´ic , a. Pertaining to, or produced by, chemosmosis. [R.]

Che•mung´ pe´ri•od , (Geol.) A subdivision in the upper part of the Devonian system in America, so named from the Chemung River, along which the rocks are well developed. It includes the Portage and Chemung groups or epochs. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cheng , n. [Chinese.] A chinese reed instrument, with tubes, blown by the mouth.

Che•nille´ (she•nel´), n. [F., prop., a caterpillar.] Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, for the trimming of ladies’ dresses, for embroidery and fringes, and for the weft of Chenille rugs.

Che•no•mor´phae , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. the wild goose + form.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the swans, ducks, geese, flamingoes and screamers.

Chep´ster (chep´ster), n. (Zoöl.) The European starling. [Local, Eng.]

Cheque (chek), n. See Check.

Cheq´uer (chek´er), n. & v. Same as Checker.

Che•quin´ (che•ken´), n. A coin. See Sequin. Shak.

Cheq´uy , n. (Her.) Same as Checky.

Cher´if (sher´if), n. See Sherif.

Cher•i•moy´er , n. [F. cherimolier.] (Bot.) 1. A small downy-leaved tree (Anona Cherimolia), with fragrant flowers. It is a native of Peru. 2. Its delicious fruit, which is succulent, dark purple, and similar to the custard apple of the West Indies.

Cher´ish (cher´ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cherished (- isht); p. pr. & vb. n. Cherising.] [F. cherir, fr. cher dear, fr. L. carus. See Caress, Finish.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection; to nurture with care; to protect and aid. “We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children.
1 Thess. ii. 7.” 2. To hold dear; to embrace with interest; to indulge; to encourage; to foster; to promote; as to cherish religious principle. “To cherish virtue and humanity.
Burke.” Syn. — To nourish; foster; nurse; nurture; entertain; encourage; comfort; protect; support; See Nurture.

Cher´ish•er (cher´ish•er), n. One who cherishes. “The cherisher of my flesh and blood.
Shak.”

Cher´ish•ment , n. Encouragement; comfort. [Obs.] “Rich bounty and dear cherishment.
Spenser.”

Cher´mes , n. See Kermes.

Cher´o•gril , n. [L. choerogryllus, Gr. ; a young swine + a pig.] (Zoöl.) See Cony.

Cher•o•kees´ , n. pl.; sing. Cherokee. (Ethnol.) An Appalachian tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the region about the head waters of the Tennessee River. They are now mostly settled in the Indian Territory, and have become one of the most civilized of the Indian Tribes.

Che•root´ (che•root´; 277), n. [Tamil shuruttu, prop., a roll.] A kind of cigar, originally brought from Manila, in the Philippine Islands; now often made of inferior or adulterated tobacco.

Cher´ry (cher´ry), n. [OE. chery, for cherys, fr. F. cerise (cf. AS. cyrs cherry), fr. LL. ceresia, fr. L. cerasus Cherry tree, Gr. keraso•s, perh. fr. ke•ras horn, from the hardness of the wood.] 1. (Bot.) A tree or shrub of the genus Prunus (Which also includes the plum) bearing a fleshy drupe with a bony stone; (a) The common garden cherry (Prunus Cerasus), of which several hundred varieties are cultivated for the fruit, some of which are, the begarreau, blackheart, black Tartarian, oxheart, morelle or morello, May-duke (corrupted from Medoc in France). (b) The wild cherry; as Prunus serotina (wild black cherry), valued for its timber; P. Virginiana (choke cherry), an American shrub which bears astringent fruit; P. avium and P. Padus, European trees (bird cherry). 2. The fruit of the cherry tree, a drupe of various colors and flavors. 3. The timber of the cherry tree, esp. of the black cherry, used in cabinetmaking, etc. 4. A peculiar shade of red, like that of a cherry. Barbadoes cherry. See under Barbadoes. — Cherry bird (Zoöl.), an American bird; the cedar bird; — so called from its fondness for cherries. — Cherry bounce, cherry brandy and sugar. — Cherry brandy, brandy in which cherries have been steeped. — Cherry laurel (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Prunus Lauro- cerasus) common in shrubberies, the poisonous leaves of which have a flavor like that of bitter almonds. — Cherry pepper (Bot.), a species of Capsicum (C. cerasiforme), with small, scarlet, intensely piquant cherry-shaped fruit. — Cherry pit. (a) A child’s play, in which cherries are thrown into a hole. Shak. (b) A cherry stone. — Cherry rum, rum in which cherries have been steeped. — Cherry sucker (Zoöl.), the European spotted flycatcher (Musicapa grisola); — called also cherry chopper cherry snipe. — Cherry tree, a tree that bears cherries. — Ground cherry, Winter cherry, See Alkekengi.

Cher´ry (cher´ry), a. Like a red cherry in color; ruddy; blooming; as a cherry lip; cherry cheeks.

Cher´so•nese (ker´so•nes), n. [Gr. cherso•nhsos; che•rsos land + nh•sos island.] A peninsula; a tract of land nearly surrounded by water, but united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus; as the Cimbric Chersonese, or Jutland; the Tauric Chersonese, or Crimea.

Chert (chert), n. [Ir. ceart stone, perh. akin to E. crag.] (Min.) An impure, massive, flintlike quartz or hornstone, of a dull color.

Chert´y , a. Like chert; containing chert; flinty.

Cher´ub , n.; pl. Cherubs (#); but the Hebrew plural Cherubim (#) is also used. [Heb. kerub.] 1. A mysterious composite being, the winged footstool and chariot of the Almighty, described in Ezekiel i. and x. “I knew that they were the cherubim.
Ezek. x. 20.” “He rode upon a cherub and did fly.
Ps. xviii. 10.” 2. A symbolical winged figure of unknown form used in connection with the mercy seat of the Jewish Ark and Temple. Ez. xxv. 18. 3. One of a order of angels, variously represented in art. In European painting the cherubim have been shown as blue, to denote knowledge, as distinguished from the seraphim (see Seraph), and in later art the children’s heads with wings are generally called cherubs. 4. A beautiful child; — so called because artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children. { Che•ru´bic , Che•ru´bic•al } a. Of or pertaining to cherubs; angelic. ´The cherubic host.´ Milton.

Cher´u•bim , n. The Hebrew plural of Cherub.. Cf. Seraphim. Cherubims, in the King James version of the bible, is an incorrect form, made by adding the English plural termination to the Hebrew plural cherubim instead of to the singular cherub.

Cher´u•bin , a. Cherubic; angelic. [Obs.] Shak.

Cher´u•bin, n. A cherub. [Obs.] Dryden.

Cher´up , v. i. [Prob. fr. chirp.] To make a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to chirp. See Chirrup. ´Cheruping birds.´ Drayton.

Cher´up, v. t. To excite or urge on by making a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to cherup to. See Chirrup. “He cherups brisk ear-erecting steed.
Cowper.”

Cher´up, n. A short, sharp, cheerful noise; a chirp; a chirrup; as the cherup of a cricket.

Cher´vil , n. [AS. cerfille, fr. L. caerefolium, chaerephyllum, Gr. ; to rejoice + leaf.] (Bot.) A plant (Anthriscus cerefolium) with pinnately divided aromatic leaves, of which several curled varieties are used in soups and salads.

Ches , pret. of Chese. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chese , v. t. To choose [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ches´i•ble , n. See Chasuble.

Ches´lip , n. (Zoöl.) The wood louse. [Prov. Eng.]

Chess , n. [OE. ches, F. echecs, prop. pl. of echec check. See 1st Check.] A game played on a chessboard, by two persons, with two differently colored sets of men, sixteen in each set. Each player has a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, two castles or rooks, and eight pawns.

Chess, n. (Bot.) A species of brome grass (Bromus secalinus) which is a troublesome weed in wheat fields, and is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed wheat; it bears a very slight resemblance to oats, and if reaped and ground up with wheat, so as to be used for food, is said to produce narcotic effects; — called also cheat and Willard’s bromus. [U. S.] Other species of brome grass are called upright chess, soft chess, etc.

Chess´-ap•ple , n. The wild service of Europe (Purus torminalis).

Chess´board , n. The board used in the game of chess, having eight rows of alternate light and dark squares, eight in each row. See Checkerboard. The chessboard and the checkerboard are alike.

Ches´sel , n. The wooden mold in which cheese is pressed. Simmonds.

Chess´es , n. pl. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpenty.] (Mil.) The platforms, consisting of two or more planks doweled together, for the flooring of a temporary military bridge. Wilhelm. A singular, chess, is sometimes used. ´Each chess consists of three planks.´ Farrow.

Ches´sil , n. [OE. chesil, AS. ceosel gravel, sand.] Gravel or pebbles. Halliwell.

Chess´man , n.; pl. Chessmen (#). A piece used in the game of chess.

Ches´som (#), n. [Cf. Chisley.] Mellow earth; mold. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chess´tree , n. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpentry.] (Naut.) A piece of oak bolted perpendicularly on the side of a vessel, to aid in drawing down and securing the clew of the mainsail.

Ches•sy´ cop´per (Min.) The mineral azurite, found in fine crystallization at Chessy, near Lyons; called also chessylite.

Chest (chest), n. [OE. chest, chist, AS. cest, cist, cyst, L. cista, fr. Gr. ki•sth. Cf. Cist, Cistern.] 1. A large box of wood, or other material, having, like a trunk, a lid, but no covering of skin, leather, or cloth. “Heaps of money crowded in the chest.
Dryden.” 2. A coffin. [Obs.] “He is now dead and mailed in his cheste.
Chaucer.” 3. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breastbone; the thorax. 4. (Com.) A case in which certain goods, as tea, opium, etc., are transported; hence, the quantity which such a case contains. 5. (Mech.) A tight receptacle or box, usually for holding gas steam, liquids, etc.; as the steam chest of an engine; the wind chest of an organ. Bomb chest, See under Bomb. — Chest of drawers, a case or movable frame containing drawers.

Chest , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chested.] 1. To deposit in a chest; to hoard. 2. To place in a coffin. [Obs.] “He dieth and is chested.
Gen. 1. 26 (heading).”

Chest , n. [AS. ceást.] Strife; contention; controversy. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Chest´ed, a. Having (such) a chest; — in composition; as broad-chested; narrow- chested.

Ches´ter•lite , n. [See - lite.] A variety of feldspar found in crystals in the county of Chester, Pennsylvania.

Ches´teyn , n. The chestnut tree. [Obs.] “Wilwe, elm, plane, assch, box, chesteyn.
Chaucer.”

Chest´ foun•der (Far.) A rheumatic affection of the muscles of the breast and fore legs of a horse, affecting motion and respiration.

Chest´nut (ches´nut), n. [For chesten-nut; OE. chestein, chesten, chastein, chestnut, fr. AS. cisten in cisten-beám chestnut tree, influenced by OF. chastaigne, F. châtaigne, both the AS. and the F. words coming from L. castanea a chestnut, Gr. ka•stanon, fr. Ka•stana a city of Pontus, where chestnut trees grew in abundance, and whence they were introduced into Europe. Cf. Castanets.] 1. (Bot.) The edible nut of a forest tree (Castanea vesca) of Europe and America. Commonly two or more of the nuts grow in a prickly bur. 2. The tree itself, or its light, coarse- grained timber, used for ornamental work, furniture, etc. 3. A bright brown color, like that of the nut. 4. The horse chestnut (often so used in England). 5. One of the round, or oval, horny plates on the inner sides of the legs of the horse, and allied animals. 6. An old joke or story. [Slang] Chestnut tree, a tree that bears chestnuts.

Chest´nut, a. Of the color of a chestnut; of a reddish brown color; as chestnut curls.

Che´tah (che´ta), n. (Zoöl.) See Cheetah.

Chet´vert (chet´vert), n. [Russ. chetverte.] A measure of grain equal to 0.7218 of an imperial quarter, or 5.95 Winchester bushels. [Russia]

Chev´a•chie , n. See Chivachie. [Obs.]

Che´vage (che´vaj), n. See Chiefage. [Obs.]

Che•val´ (she•val´), n.; pl. Chevaux (- vo´). [F. See Cavalcade.] A horse; hence, a support or frame. Cheval glass, a mirror swinging in a frame, and large enough to reflect the full length figure.

Che•val´-de-frise´ , n.; commonly used in the pl. Chevaux-de- frise. [F.; cheval horse + Frise Friesland, where it was first used.] (Mil.) A piece of timber or an iron barrel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears, five or six feet long, used to defend a passage, stop a breach, or impede the advance of cavalry, etc. “Obstructions of chain, boom, and cheval-de- frise.
W. Irving.”

Che•va•lier´ , n. [F., fr. LL. caballarius. See Cavaller.] 1. A horseman; a knight; a gallant young man. ´Mount, chevaliers; to arms.´ Shak. 2. A member of certain orders of knighthood. Chevalier d’industrie [F.], one who lives by persevering fraud; a pickpocket; a sharper. — The Chevalier St. George (Eng. Hist.), James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II.), called ´The Pretender.´ — The Young Chevalier, Charles Edward Stuart, son of the Chevalier St. George.

Che•vaux´ (she•vo´), n. pl. See Cheval.

Cheve (chev), v. i. [OF. chevir. See Chievance.] To come to an issue; to turn out; to succeed; as to cheve well in a enterprise. [Prov. or Obs.] Holland.

Cheve•lure´ , n. [F., head of hair.] A hairlike envelope. “The nucleus and chevelure of nebulous star.
Sir. W. Hershel.”

Chev´en , n. [Cf. F. chevanne. Cf. Chavender.] (Zoöl.) A river fish; the chub. Sir T. Browne.

Chev´en•tein , n. A variant of Chieftain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chev´er•il , n. [OF. chevrel, F. chevreau, kid, dim. of chevre goat, fr. L. capra. See Caper, v. i.] Soft leather made of kid skin. Fig.: Used as a symbol of flexibility. [Obs.] “Here’s wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch narrow to an ell broad.
Shak.”

Chev´er•il, a. Made of cheveril; pliant. [Obs.] “A cheveril conscience and a searching wit.
Drayton.”

Chev´er•li•ize , v. i. To make as pliable as kid leather. [Obs.] Br. Montagu.

Che•vet´ , n. [F., head of the bed, dim. fr. chef head. See Chief.] (Arch.) The extreme end of the chancel or choir; properly the round or polygonal part.

Chev´i•ot , n. 1. A valuable breed of mountain sheep in Scotland, which takes its name from the Cheviot hills. 2. A woolen fabric, for men’s clothing.

Chev´i•sance , n. [Of. chevisance, chevissance, fr. chevircome to an end, perform, fr. chef head, end, from L. caput head. See Chieve, Chief.] 1. Achievement; deed; performance. [Obs.] “Fortune, the foe of famous chevisance.
Spenser.” 2. A bargain; profit; gain. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. (O. Eng. Law) (a) A making of contracts. (b) A bargain or contract; an agreement about a matter in dispute, such as a debt; a business compact. (c) An unlawful agreement or contract.

Chev•rette´ , n. [F., fr. chevre goat, fr. L. capra. Cf. Chevron.] (Mil.) A machine for raising guns or mortar into their carriages.

Chev´ron , n. [F., rafter, chevron, from chevre goat, OF. chevre, fr. L. capra she-goat. See Cheveril.] 1. (Her.) One of the nine honorable ordinaries, consisting of two broad bands of the width of the bar, issuing, respectively from the dexter and sinister bases of the field and conjoined at its center. 2. (Mil.) A distinguishing mark, above the elbow, on the sleeve of a non-commissioned officer’s coat. 3. (Arch.) A zigzag molding, or group of moldings, common in Norman architecture. Chevron bones (Anat.), The V- shaped subvertebral arches which inclose the caudal blood vessels in some animals.

Chev´roned , p. a. Having a chevron; decorated with an ornamental figure of a zigzag from. “[A garment] whose nether parts, with their bases, were of watchet cloth of silver, chevroned all over with lace.
B. Jonson.”

Chev´ron•el , n. (Her.) A bearing like a chevron, but of only half its width.

Chev´ron•wise , adv. (Her.) In the manner of a chevron; as the field may be divided chevronwise.

Chev•ro•tain´ , n. [F. chevrotin, OF. chevrot little goat, roe, dim. of chevre goat. See Chevron.] (Zoöl.) A small ruminant of the family Tragulidae a allied to the musk deer. It inhabits Africa and the East Indies. See Kanchil.

Chev´y , v. t. See Chivy, v. t. [Slang, Eng.] “One poor fellow was chevied about among the casks in the storm for ten minutes.
London Times.”

Chew (chu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chewed (chud); p. pr. & vb. n. Chewing.] [As ceówan, akin to D. kauwen, G. kauen. Cf. Chaw, Jaw.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate. 2. To ruminate mentally; to meditate on. “He chews revenge, abjuring his offense.
Prior.” To chew the cud, to chew the food over again, as a cow; to ruminate; hence, to meditate. “Every beast the parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.
Deut. xxiv. 6.”

Chew, v. i. To perform the action of biting and grinding with the teeth; to ruminate; to meditate. “old politicians chew wisdom past.
Pope.”

Chew, n. That which is chewed; that which is held in the mouth at once; a cud. [Law]

Chew´er , n. One who chews.

Chew´et, n. A kind of meat pie. [Obs.]

Che´wink , n. (Zoöl.) An american bird (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) of the Finch family, so called from its note; — called also towhee bunting and ground robin.

Chey•ennes´ , n. pl.; sing. cheyenne. (Ethnol.) A warlike tribe of indians, related to the blackfeet, formerly inhabiting the region of Wyoming, but now mostly on reservations in the Indian Territory. They are noted for their horsemanship.

Chi´an a. [L. chius, fr. Chios the island Chios, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Chios, an island in the AEgean Sea. Chian earth, a dense, compact kind of earth, from Chios, used anciently as an astringent and a cosmetic. — Chian turpentine, a fragrant, almost transparent turpentine, obtained from the Pistacia Terebinthus.

Chi•a•ros•cu´rist , n. A painter who cares for and studies light and shade rather than color. { Chia•ro•scu´ro , Chi•a´ro-os•cu´ro , } n. [It., clear dark.] (a) The arrangement of light and dark parts in a work of art, such as a drawing or painting, whether in monochrome or in color. (b) The art or practice of so arranging the light and dark parts as to produce a harmonious effect. Cf. Clair-obscur. { Chi´asm (ki´az’m), Chi•as´ma (ki•az´ma), } n. [NL. chiasma, fr. Gr. chi•asma two lines placed crosswise, fr. to mark with a χ.] (Anat.) A commissure; especially, the optic commissure, or crucial union of the optic nerves. — Chi•as´mal , a..

Chi•as´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chiasmo•s a placing crosswise, fr. chia•zein. See Chiasm.] (Rhet.) An inversion of the order of words or phrases, when repeated or subsequently referred to in a sentence; thus, “If e’er to bless thy sons
My voice or hands deny,
These hands let useful skill forsake,
This voice in silence die.
Dwight.”

Chi•as´to•lite (ki•as´to•lit), n. [Gr. chiasto•s marked with a χ + -lite. See Chiasm. So called from the resemblance of the cross cuts of its crystals to the Greek letter χ.] (Min.) A variety of andalusite; — called also macle. The tessellated appearance of a cross section is due to the symmetrical arrangement of impurities in the crystal.

Chib´bal , n. (Bot.) See Cibol. { Chi•bouque´ , Chi•bouk´ } , n. [F. chibouque, fr. Turk.] A Turkish pipe, usually with a mouthpiece of amber, a stem, four or five feet long and not pliant, of some valuable wood, and a bowl of baked clay.

Chic , n. [F.] Good form; style. [Slang]

Chi´ca , n. [Sp.] A red coloring matter. extracted from the Bignonia Chica, used by some tribes of South American Indians to stain the skin. 2. A fermented liquor or beer made in South American from a decoction of maize. 3. A popular Moorish, Spanish, and South American dance, said to be the original of the fandango, etc.

Chi•cane´ , n. [F., prob. earlier meaning a dispute, orig. in the game of mall (F. mail), fr. LGr. the game of mall, fr Pers chaugan club or bat; or possibly ultimated fr. L. ciccus a trible.] The use of artful subterfuge, designed to draw away attention from the merits of a case or question; — specifically applied to legal proceedings; trickery; chicanery; caviling; sophistry. Prior. “To shuffle from them by chicane.
Burke.” “To cut short this chicane, I propound it fairly to your own conscience.
Berkeley.”

Chi•cane´, v. i. [Cf. F. chicaner. See Chicane, n.] To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. Burke.

Chi•can´er , n. [Cf. F. chicaneur.] One who uses chicanery. Locke.

Chi•can´er•y , n. [F. chicanerie.] Mean or unfair artifice to perplex a cause and obscure the truth; stratagem; sharp practice; sophistry. “Irritated by perpetual chicanery.
Hallam.” Syn. — Trickery; sophistry; stratagem.

Chic´co•ry , n. See Chicory.

Chich , n.; pl. Chiches . [F. chiche, pois chiche, a dwarf pea, from L. cicer the chick-pea.] (Bot.) The chick-pea.

Chi´cha , n. [Sp.] See Chica.

Chiche´vache , n. [F. chiche lean + vache cow.] A fabulous cow of enormous size, whose food was patient wives, and which was therefore in very lean condition. { Chich´ling , Chich´ling vetch• } n. [Chich + -ling.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Lathyrus sativus), with broad flattened seeds which are sometimes used for food.

Chick (chik), v. i. [OE. chykkyn, chyke, chicken.] To sprout, as seed in the ground; to vegetate. Chalmers.

Chick, n. 1. A chicken. 2. A child or young person; — a term of endearment. Shak.

Chick´a•bid•dy , n. A chicken; a fowl; also a trivial term of endearment for a child.

Chick´a•dee , n. (Zoöl.) A small bird, the blackcap titmouse (Parus atricapillus), of North America; — named from its note.

Chick´a•ree , n. (Zoöl.) The American red squirrel (Sciurus Hudsonius); — so called from its cry.

Chick´a•saws , n. pl.; sing. Chickasaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian) allied to the Choctaws. They formerly occupied the northern part of Alabama and Mississippi, but now live in the Indian Territory.

Chick´en , n. [AS. cicen, cyceun, dim. of coc cock; akin to LG. kiken, küken, D. Kieken, kuiken, G. küchkein. See Cock the animal.] 1. A young bird or fowl, esp. a young barnyard fowl. 2. A young person; a child; esp. a young woman; a maiden. ´Stella is no chicken.´ Swift. Chicken cholera, a contagious disease of fowls; — so called because first studied during the prevalence of a cholera epidemic in France. It has no resemblance to true cholera.

Chick´en-breast•ed , a. Having a narrow, projecting chest, caused by forward curvature of the vertebral column.

Chick´en-heart•ed , a. Timid; fearful; cowardly. Bunyan.

Chick´en pox´ (Med.) A mild, eruptive disease, generally attacking children only; varicella.

Chick´ling (chik´ling), n. [Chick + -ling.] A small chick or chicken.

Chick´-pea (-pe•), n. [See Chich.] 1. (Bot.) A Small leguminous plant (Cicer arietinum) of Asia, Africa, and the south of Europe; the chich; the dwarf pea; the gram. 2. Its nutritious seed, used in cookery, and especially, when roasted (parched pulse), as food for travelers in the Eastern deserts.

Chick´weed (-wed•), n. (Bot.) The name of several caryophyllaceous weeds, especially Stellaria media, the seeds and flower buds of which are a favorite food of small birds.

Chick´y (chik´y), n. A chicken; — used as a diminutive or pet name, especially in calling fowls.

Chic´o•ry , n. [F. chicoree, earlier also cichoree, L. cichorium, fr. Gr. , , Cf. Succory.] 1. (Bot.) A branching perennial plant (Cichorium Intybus) with bright blue flowers, growing wild in Europe, Asia, and America; also cultivated for its roots and as a salad plant; succory; wild endive. See Endive. 2. The root, which is roasted for mixing with coffee.

Chide (chid), v. t. [imp. Chid (chid), or Chode (chid Obs.); p. p. Chidden , Chid; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiding.] [AS. cidan; of unknown origin.] 1. To rebuke; to reprove; to scold; to find fault with. “Upbraided, chid, and rated at.
Shak.” 2. Fig.: To be noisy about; to chafe against. “The sea that chides the banks of England.
Shak.” To chide hither, chide from, or chide away, to cause to come, or to drive away, by scolding or reproof. Syn. — To blame; rebuke; reprove; scold; censure; reproach; reprehend; reprimand.

Chide, v. i. 1. To utter words of disapprobation and displeasure; to find fault; to contend angrily. “Wherefore the people did chide with Moses.
Ex. xvii. 2.” 2. To make a clamorous noise; to chafe. “As doth a rock againts the chiding flood.
Shak.”

Chide, n. [AS. cid] A continuous noise or murmur. “The chide of streams.
Thomson.”

Chid´er , n. One who chides or quarrels. Shak.

Chid´er•ess, n. She who chides. [Obs.]

Chide´ster , n. [Chide + -ster.] A female scold. [Obs.]

Chid´ing•ly , adv. In a chiding or reproving manner.

Chief (chen), n. [OE. chief, chef, OF. chief, F. chef, fr. L. caput head, possibly akin to E. head. Cf. Captain, Chapter] 1. The head or leader of any body of men; a commander, as of an army; a head man, as of a tribe, clan, or family; a person in authority who directs the work of others; the principal actor or agent. 2. The principal part; the most valuable portion. “The chief of the things which should be utterly destroyed.
1 Sam. xv. 21” 3. (Her.) The upper third part of the field. It is supposed to be composed of the dexter, sinister, and middle chiefs. In chief. (a) At the head; as a commander in chief. (b) (Eng. Law) From the king, or sovereign; as tenure in chief, tenure directly from the king. Syn. — Chieftain; captain; general; commander; leader; head; principal; sachem; sagamore; sheik. — Chief, chieftain, Commander, Leader. These words fluctuate somewhat in their meaning according to circumstances, but agree in the general idea of rule and authority. The term chief is now more usually applied to one who is a head man, leader, or commander in civil or military affairs, or holds a hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan; as the chief of police; the chief of an Indian tribe. A chieftain is the chief of a clan or tribe , or a military leader. A commander directs the movements of or has control over a body of men, as a military or naval force. A leader is one whom men follow, as in a political party, a legislative body, a military or scientific expedition, etc., one who takes the command and gives direction in particular enterprises.

Chief, a. 1. Highest in office or rank; principal; head. ´Chief rulers.´ John. xii. 42. 2. Principal or most eminent in any quality or action; most distinguished; having most influence; taking the lead; most important; as the chief topic of conversation; the chief interest of man. 3. Very intimate, near, or close. [Obs.] “A whisperer separateth chief friends.
Prov. xvi. 28.” Syn. — Principal; head; leading; main; paramount; supreme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master.

Chief´age (-aj), n. [OF. chevage, fr. chief head. See Chief.] A tribute by the head; a capitation tax. [Written also chevage and chivage.] [Obs.]

Chief´ bar´on (Eng. Law) The presiding judge of the court of exchequer.

Chief´est, a. [Superl. of Chief.] First or foremost; chief; principal. [Archaic] ´Our chiefest courtier.´ Shak. “The chiefest among ten thousand.
Canticles v. 10.”

Chief´ hare (Zoöl.) A small rodent (Lagamys princeps) inhabiting the summits of the Rocky Mountains; — also called crying hare, calling hare, cony, American pika, and little chief hare. It is not a true hare or rabbit, but belongs to the curious family Lagomyidae.

Chief´ jus´tice The presiding justice, or principal judge, of a court. Lord Chief Justice of England, The presiding judge of the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. The highest judicial officer of the realm is the Lord High Chancellor. — Chief Justice of the United States, the presiding judge of the Supreme Court, and Highest judicial officer of the republic.

Chief´-jus´tice•ship, n. The office of chief justice. “Jay selected the chief-justiceship as most in accordance with his tastes.
The Century.”

Chief´less , a. Without a chief or leader.

Chief´ly , adv. 1. In the first place; principally; preëminently; above; especially. “Search through this garden; leave unsearched no nook;
But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge.
Milton.” 2. For the most part; mostly. “Those parts of the kingdom where the … estates of the dissenters chiefly lay.
Swift.”

Chief´rie , n. A small rent paid to the lord paramount. [Obs.] Swift.

Chief´tain , n. [OE. cheftayn, chevetayn, OF. chevetain, F. capitaine, LL. capitanus, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Captain, and see chief.] A captain, leader, or commander; a chief; the head of a troop, army, or clan. Syn. — Chief; commander; leader; head. See Chief. { Chief´tain•cy , Chief´tain•ship } n. The rank, dignity, or office of a chieftain.

Chier´te , n. [OF. cherte. See Charity.] Love; tender regard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chiev´ance , n. [OF. chevance property, equiv. To chevisance, fr. chevir to accomplish. See Chevisance.] An unlawful bargain; traffic in which money is exported as discount. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chieve , v. i. See Cheve, v. i. [Obs.]

Chiff´-chaff , n. [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) A species of European warbler (Sylvia hippolais); — called also chip- chap, and pettychaps. { Chif•fo•nier´ , fem. Chif•fo•nière´ } n. [F. chiffonnier, fem. chiffonnière, fr. chiffon rag, fr. chiffe a rag, flimsy cloth.] 1. One who gathers rags and odds and ends; a ragpicker. 2. A receptacle for rags or shreds. 3. A movable and ornamental closet or piece of furniture with shelves or drawers. G. Eliot.

Chi´gnon , n. [F., prop. equiv. to chaînon link, fr. chaîne chain, fr. L. catena Cf. Chain.] A knot, boss, or mass of hair, natural or artificial, worn by a woman at the back of the head. “A curl that had strayed from her chignon.
H. James.” { Chig´oe , Chig´re } n. [Cf. F. chigue, perh. fr. Catalan chic small, Sp. chico; or of Peruvian origin.] (Zoöl.) A species of flea (Pulex penetrans), common in the West Indies and South America, which often attacks the feet or any exposed part of the human body, and burrowing beneath the skin produces great irritation. When the female is allowed to remain and breed, troublesome sores result, which are sometimes dangerous. See Jigger. [Written also chegre, chegoe, chique, chigger, jigger.] The name is sometimes erroneously given to certain mites or ticks having similar habits.

Chi•ka´ra , n. [Hind.] (Zoöl.) (a) The goat antelope (Tragops Bennettii) of India. (b) The Indian four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis).

Chil´blain , n. [Chill + Blain.] A blain, sore, or inflammatory swelling, produced by exposure of the feet or hands to cold, and attended by itching, pain, and sometimes ulceration.

Chil´blain, v. t. To produce chilblains upon.

Child (child), n.; pl. Children (chil´dren). [AS. cild, pl. cildru; cf. Goth. kilþei womb, in-kilþo with child.] 1. A son or a daughter; a male or female descendant, in the first degree; the immediate progeny of human parents; — in law, legitimate offspring. Used also of animals and plants. 2. A descendant, however remote; — used esp. in the plural; as the children of Israel; the children of Edom. 3. One who, by character of practice, shows signs of relationship to, or of the influence of, another; one closely connected with a place, occupation, character, etc.; as a child of God; a child of the devil; a child of disobedience; a child of toil; a child of the people. 4. A noble youth. See Childe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. A young person of either sex. esp. one between infancy and youth; hence, one who exhibits the characteristics of a very young person, as innocence, obedience, trustfulness, limited understanding, etc. “When I was child. I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things.
1. Cor. xii. 11.” 6. A female infant. [Obs.] “A boy or a child, I wonder?
Shak.” To be with child, to be pregnant. - - Child’s play, light work; a trifling contest.

Child, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Childed; p. pr. & vb. n. Childing.] To give birth; to produce young. “This queen Genissa childing died.
Warner.” “It chanced within two days they childed both.
Latimer.”

Child´bear•ing , n. The act of producing or bringing forth children; parturition. Milton. Addison.

Child´bed , n. The state of a woman bringing forth a child, or being in labor; parturition.

Child´birth , n. The act of bringing forth a child; travail; labor. Jer. Taylor.

Child´crow•ing , n. (Med.) The crowing noise made by children affected with spasm of the laryngeal muscles; false croup.

Childe , n. A cognomen formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to his ancestral titles, or was knighted; as Childe Roland.

Child´ed , a. Furnished with a child. [Obs.]

Chil´dermas day [AS. cildamaesse- daeg; cild child +daeg day.] (Eccl.) A day (December 28) observed by mass or festival in commemoration of the children slain by Herod at Bethlehem; — called also Holy Innocent’s Day.

Child´hood (child´hood), n. [AS. cildhad; cild child + -had. See Child, and -hood.] 1. The state of being a child; the time in which persons are children; the condition or time from infancy to puberty. “I have walked before you from my childhood.
1. Sam. xii. 2.” 2. Children, taken collectively. [R.] “The well-governed childhood of this realm.
Sir. W. Scott.” 3. The commencement; the first period. “The childhood of our joy.
Shak.” Second childhood, the state of being feeble and incapable from old age.

Child´ing , a. [See Child, v. i.] Bearing Children; (Fig.) productive; fruitful. [R.] Shak.

Child´ish, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, befitting, or resembling, a child. ´Childish innocence.´ Macaulay. 2. Puerile; trifling; weak. “Methinks that simplicity in her countenance is rather childish than innocent.
Addison.” Childish, as applied to persons who are grown up, is in a disparaging sense; as a childish temper.

Child´ish•ly, adv. In the manner of a child; in a trifling way; in a weak or foolish manner.

Child´ish•ness, n. The state or quality of being childish; simplicity; harmlessness; weakness of intellect.

Child´less•ness, n. The state of being childless.

Child´like , a. Resembling a child, or that which belongs to children; becoming a child; meek; submissive; dutiful. ´Childlike obedience.´ Hooker. Childlike, as applied to persons grown up, is commonly in a good sense; as childlike grace or simplicity; childlike modesty.

Child´ly, a. Having the character of a child; belonging, or appropriate, to a child. Gower.

Child´ly, adv. Like a child. Mrs. Browning.

Child´ness, n. The manner characteristic of a child. [Obs.] ´Varying childness.´ Shak.

Chil´dren , n.; pl. of Child.

Child´ship, n. The state or relation of being a child.

Chil´i , n. [Sp. chili, chile.] A kind of red pepper. See Capsicum [Written also chilli and chile.]

Chil´i•ad , n. [Gr. , , fr. a thousand.] A thousand; the aggregate of a thousand things; especially, a period of a thousand years. “The world, then in the seventh chiliad, will be assumed up unto God.
Sir. T. More.”

Chil´i•a•gon , n. [Gr. ; a thousand + angle.] A plane figure of a thousand angles and sides. Barlow.

Chil´i•a•hedron , n. [Gr. a thousand + base, fr. to sit.] A figure bounded by a thousand plane surfaces [Spelt also chiliaëdron.]

Chil´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Chili. — n. A native or citizen of Chili. { Chil´i•an , Chil´i•arch• } n. [Gr. , ; a thousand + leader, to lead.] The commander or chief of a thousand men.

Chil´i•arch•y , n. [Gr. .] A body consisting of a thousand men. Mitford.

Chil´i•asm , n. [Gr. , fr. . See Chiliad.] 1. The millennium. 2. The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ on earth during the millennium.

Chil´i•ast , n. [Gr. . See Chiliasm.] One who believes in the second coming of Christ to reign on earth a thousand years; a millenarian.

Chili•astic , a. Millenarian. ´The obstruction offered by the chiliastic errors.´ J. A. Alexander.

Chill (chil), n. [AS. cele, cyle, from the same root as celan, calan, to be cold; akin to D. kil cold, coldness, Sw. kyla to chill, and E. cool. See Cold, and cf. Cool.] 1. A moderate but disagreeable degree of cold; a disagreeable sensation of coolness, accompanied with shivering. ´[A] wintry chill.´ W. Irving. 2. (Med.) A sensation of cold with convulsive shaking of the body, pinched face, pale skin, and blue lips, caused by undue cooling of the body or by nervous excitement, or forming the precursor of some constitutional disturbance, as of a fever. 3. A check to enthusiasm or warmth of feeling; discouragement; as a chill comes over an assembly. 4. An iron mold or portion of a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron brought in contact with it. Raymond. 5. The hardened part of a casting, as the tread of a car wheel. Knight. Chill and fever, fever and ague.

Chill, a. 1. Moderately cold; tending to cause shivering; chilly; raw. “Noisome winds, and blasting vapors chill.
Milton.” 2. Affected by cold. ´My veins are chill.´ Shak. 3. Characterized by coolness of manner, feeling, etc.; lacking enthusiasm or warmth; formal; distant; as a chill reception. 4. Discouraging; depressing; dispiriting.

Chill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chilled (child); p. pr. & vb. n. Chilling.] 1. To strike with a chill; to make chilly; to cause to shiver; to affect with cold. “When winter chilled the day.
Goldsmith.” 2. To check enthusiasm or warmth of feeling of; to depress; to discourage. “Every thought on God chills the gayety of his spirits.
Rogers.” 3. (Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crystallization at or near the surface of, so as to increase the hardness; said of cast iron.

Chill, v. i. (Metal.) To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling while solidifying; as some kinds of cast iron chill to a greater depth than others.

Chilled , a. 1. Hardened on the surface or edge by chilling; as chilled iron; a chilled wheel. 2. (Paint.) Having that cloudiness or dimness of surface that is called ´blooming.´

Chil´li , n. See Chili.

Chill´i•ness , n. 1. A state or sensation of being chilly; a disagreeable sensation of coldness. 2. A moderate degree of coldness; disagreeable coldness or rawness; as the chilliness of the air. 3. Formality; lack of warmth.

Chill´ing , a. Making chilly or cold; depressing; discouraging; cold; distant; as a chilling breeze; a chilling manner. — Chill´ing´ly, adv.

Chill´ness, n. Coolness; coldness; a chill. “Death is the chillness that precedes the dawn.
Longfellow.”

Chill´y , a. Moderately cold; cold and raw or damp so as to cause shivering; causing or feeling a disagreeable sensation of cold, or a shivering.

Chi´log•nath , n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilognatha.

Chi•log´na•tha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lip + gna•qos Jaw.] (Zoöl.) One of the two principal orders of myriapods. They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrally, near together.

Chi•lo´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. lip, fr. lip. See -oma.] (Zoöl.) The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

Chi´lo•pod , n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilopoda.

Chi•lop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lip + -poda.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot. { Chi•los´to•ma , Chi•lo•stom´a•ta , } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. + , , outh.] (Zoöl.) An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells. [Also written Chillostomata.]

Chi•lo•stoma•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chilostoma.

Chiltern Hundreds [AS. Chiltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire, perh. Fr. ceald cold + ern, aern, place.] A tract of crown land in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward. As members of Parliament cannot resign, when they wish to go out they accept this stewardship, which legally vacates their seats.

Chi•mae´ra , n. [NL. See Chimera.] (Zoöl.) A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali. The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

Chi•mae´roid , a. [Chimaera + old.] (Zoöl.) Related to, or like, the chimaera.

Chi•man´go [Native name] (Zoöl.) A south American carrion buzzard (Milvago chimango). See Caracara.

Chimb (chim), n. [AS. cim, in cimstan base of a pillar; akin to D. kim, f. Sw. kim., G. kimme f.] The edge of a cask, etc; a chine. See Chine, n., 3. [Written also chime.]

Chimb, v. i. Chime. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chime (chim), n. [See Chimb.] See Chine, n., 3.

Chime (chim), n. [OE. chimbe, prop., cymbal, OF. cymbe, cymble, in a dialectic form, chymble, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky•mbalon. See Cymbal.] 1. The harmonious sound of bells, or of musical instruments. “Instruments that made melodius chime.
Milton.” 2. A set of bells musically tuned to each other; specif., in the pl., the music performed on such a set of bells by hand, or produced by mechanism to accompany the striking of the hours or their divisions. “We have heard the chimes at midnight.
Shak.” 3. Pleasing correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. ´Chimes of verse.´ Cowley.

Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chimed p. pr. & vb. n. Chiming.] [See Chime, n.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells. 2. To be in harmony; to agree; to suit; to harmonize; to correspond; to fall in with. “Everything chimed in with such a humor.
W. irving.” 3. To join in a conversation; to express assent; — followed by in or in with. [Colloq.] 4. To make a rude correspondence of sounds; to jingle, as in rhyming. Cowley

Chime , v. i. 1. To cause to sound in harmony; to play a tune, as upon a set of bells; to move or strike in harmony. “And chime their sounding hammers.
Dryden.” 2. To utter harmoniously; to recite rhythmically. “Chime his childish verse.
Byron.”

Chim´er , n. One who chimes.

Chime´ra , n.; pl. Chimeras (#). [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. a she-goat, a chimera, fr. he-goat; cf. Icel. qymbr a yearling ewe.] 1. (Myth.) A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. ´Dire chimeras and enchanted isles.´ Milton. 2. A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as the chimera of an author. Burke.

Chi•mere´ , n. [OF. chamarre., F. simarre (cf. It. zimarra), fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, perh. from Ar. sammur the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. Cf. Simarre.] The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook.

Chi•mer´ic , a. Chimerical.

Chi•mer´ic•al , a. Merely imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wildly or vainly conceived; having, or capable of having, no existence except in thought; as chimerical projects. Syn. — Imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wild; unfounded; vain; deceitful; delusive.

Chi•mer´ic•al•ly, adv. Wildy; vainly; fancifully.

Chim´i•nage , n. [OF. cheminage, fr. chemin way, road.] (Old Law) A toll for passage through a forest. [Obs.] Cowell.

Chim´ney, n.; pl. Chimneys (#). [F. cheminee, LL. caminata, fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. furnace, oven.] 1. A fireplace or hearth. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. That part of a building which contains the smoke flues; esp. an upright tube or flue of brick or stone, in most cases extending through or above the roof of the building. Often used instead of chimney shaft. “Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.
Milton.” 3. A tube usually of glass, placed around a flame, as of a lamp, to create a draft, and promote combustion. 4. (Min.) A body of ore, usually of elongated form, extending downward in a vein. Raymond. Chimney board, a board or screen used to close a fireplace; a fireboard. — Chimney cap, a device to improve the draught of a chimney, by presenting an exit aperture always to leeward. — Chimney corner, the space between the sides of the fireplace and the fire; hence, the fireside. — Chimney hook, a hook for holding pats and kettles over a fire, — Chimney money, hearth money, a duty formerly paid in England for each chimney. — Chimney pot (Arch.), a cylinder of earthenware or sheet metal placed at the top of a chimney which rises above the roof. — Chimney swallow. (Zoöl.) (a) An American swift (Chaeture pelasgica) which lives in chimneys. (b) In England, the common swallow (Hirundo rustica). — Chimney sweep, Chimney sweeper, one who cleans chimneys of soot; esp. a boy who climbs the flue, and brushes off the soot.

Chim´ney-breast , n. (Arch.) The horizontal projection of a chimney from the wall in which it is built; — commonly applied to its projection in the inside of a building only.

Chim´ney-piece , n. (Arch.) A decorative construction around the opening of a fireplace.

Chim•pan´zee (chim•pan´ze; 277), n. [From the native name: cf. F. chimpanze, chimpanse, chimpanzee.] (Zoöl.) An african ape (Anthropithecus troglodytes or Troglodytes niger) which approaches more nearly to man, in most respects, than any other ape. When full grown, it is from three to four feet high.

Chin (chin), n. [AS. cin, akin to OS. kin, G kinn, Icel. kinn, cheek, Dan. & Sw. kind, L. gena, Gr. ; cf. Skr. hanu. rad.232.] 1. The lower extremity of the face below the mouth; the point of the under jaw. 2. (Zoöl.) The exterior or under surface embraced between the branches of the lower jaw bone, in birds.

Chi´na , n. 1. A country in Eastern Asia. 2. China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain. China aster (Bot.), a well-known garden flower and plant. See Aster. — China bean. See under Bean, 1. — China clay See Kaolin. — China grass, Same as Ramie. — China ink. See India ink. — China pink (Bot.), an anual or biennial species of Dianthus (D. Chiensis) having variously colored single or double flowers; Indian pink. — China root (Med.), the rootstock of a species of Smilax (S. China, from the East Indies; — formerly much esteemed for the purposes that sarsaparilla is now used for. Also the galanga root (from Alpinia Gallanga and Alpinia officinarum). — China rose. (Bot.) (a) A popular name for several free-blooming varieties of rose derived from the Rosa Indica, and perhaps other species. (b) A flowering hothouse plant (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis) of the Mallow family, common in the gardens of China and the east Indies. — China shop, a shop or store for the sale of China ware or of crockery. — China ware, porcelain; — so called in the 17th century because brought from the far East, and differing from the pottery made in Europe at that time; also loosely, crockery in general. — Pride of China, China tree. (Bot.) See Azedarach.

Chin•al´dine , n. [NL. chinium quinine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) See Quinaldine.

Chi´na•man , n.; pl. Chinamen . A native of China; a Chinese.

Chin´ca•pin , n. See Chinquapin.

Chinch , n. [Cf. Sp. chinche, fr. L. cimex.] 1. (Zoöl.) The bedbug (Cimex lectularius). 2. (Zoöl.) A bug (Blissus leucopterus), which, in the United States, is very destructive to grass, wheat, and other grains; — also called chiniz, chinch bug, chink bug. It resembles the bedbug in its disgusting odor.

Chin´cha , n. [Cf. Chinchilla.] (Zoöl.) A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis.

Chinche , a. [F. chiche miserly.] Parsimonious; niggardly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chinch´er•ie , n. Penuriousness. [Obs.] “By cause of his skarsete and chincherie.
Caucer.”

Chin•chil´la , n. [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili. 2. The fur of the chinchilla. 3. A heavy, long-napped, tufted woolen cloth. { Chin•cho´na , Chin•co´na }See Cinchona.

Chin´ cough´ [For chink cough; cf. As. cincung long laughter, Scot. kink a violent fit of coughing, akin to MHG. kichen to pant. Cf. Kinknaust, Cough.] Whooping cough.

Chine , n. [Cf. Chink.] A chink or cleft; a narrow and deep ravine; as Shanklin Chine in the Isle of Wight, a quarter of a mile long and 230 feet deep. [Prov. Eng.] ´The cottage in a chine.´ J. Ingelow.

Chine , n.[OF. eschine, F. echine, fr. OHG. skina needle, prickle, shin, G. schiene splint, schienbein shin. For the meaning cf. L. spina thorn, prickle, or spine, the backbone. Cf. Shin.] 1. The backbone or spine of an animal; the back. ´And chine with rising bristles roughly spread.´ Dryden. 2. A piece of the backbone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking. [See Illust. of Beef.] 3. The edge or rim of a cask, etc., formed by the projecting ends of the staves; the chamfered end of a stave.

Chine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chined ] 1. To cut through the backbone of; to cut into chine pieces. 2. Too chamfer the ends of a stave and form the chine..

Chined , a. 1. Pertaining to, or having, a chine, or backbone; — used in composition. Beau. & Fl. 2. Broken in the back. [Obs.] “He’s chined, goodman.
Beau. & Fl.”

Chi´nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to China; peculiar to China. Chinese paper. See India paper, under India. — Chinese wax, a snowy-white, waxlike substance brought from China. It is the bleached secretion of certain insects of the family Coccidae especially Coccus Sinensis.

Chi•nese´, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or natives of China, or one of that yellow race with oblique eyelids who live principally in China. 2. sing. The language of China, which is monosyllabic. Chineses was used as a plural by the contemporaries of Shakespeare and Milton.

Chink (chink), n. [OE. chine, AS. cine fissure, chink, fr. cinan to gape; akin to Goth. Keinan to sprout, G. keimen. Cf. Chit.] A small cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length than breadth; a gap or crack; as the chinks of a wall. “Through one cloudless chink, in a black, stormy sky.
Shines out the dewy morning star.
Macaulay.”

Chink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chinked p. pr. & vb. n. Chinking.] To crack; to open.

Chink, v. t. 1. To cause to open in cracks or fissures. 2. To fill up the chinks of; as to chink a wall.

Chink, n. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Jingle.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal struck with a slight degree of violence. ´Chink of bell.´ Cowper. 2. Money; cash. [Cant] ´To leave his chink to better hands.´ Somerville.

Chink, v. t. To cause to make a sharp metallic sound, as coins, small pieces of metal, etc., by bringing them into collision with each other. Pope.

Chink, v. i. To make a slight, sharp, metallic sound, as by the collision of little pieces of money, or other small sonorous bodies. Arbuthnot.

Chink´y , a. Full of chinks or fissures; gaping; opening in narrow clefts. Dryden.

Chinned (chind), a. Having a chin; — used chiefly in compounds; as short- chinned.

Chi•noid´ine , n. [NL. chinium quinine (cf. G. & F. china Peruvian bark) + —oil + -ine.] (Chem.) See Quinodine.

Chin´o•line , n. [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoldine) + L. oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) See Quinoline.

Chi´none , n. [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoidine.) + -one.] (Chem.) See Quinone.

Chi•nook´ , n. 1. (Ethnol.) One of a tribe of North American Indians now living in the state of Washington, noted for the custom of flattening their skulls. Chinooks also called Flathead Indians. 2. A warm westerly wind from the country of the Chinooks, sometimes experienced on the slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana and the adjacent territory. 3. A jargon of words from various languages (the largest proportion of which is from that of the Chinooks) generally understood by all the Indian tribes of the northwestern territories of the United States.

Chin´qua•pin , n. (Bot.) A branching, nut-bearing tree or shrub (Castanea pumila) of North America, from six to twenty feet high, allied to the chestnut. also its small, sweet, edible nat. [Written also chincapin and chinkapin.] Chinquapin oak, a small shrubby oak (Quercus prinoides) of the Atlantic States, with edible acorns. — Western Chinquapin, an evergreen shrub or tree (Castanopes chrysophylla) of the Pacific coast. In California it is a shrub; in Oregon a tree 30 to 125 feet high.

Chinse , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chinsed p. pr. & vb. n. Chinsing.] (Naut.) To thrust oakum into (seams or chinks) with a chisel , the point of a knife, or a chinsing iron; to calk slightly. Chinsing iron, a light calking iron.

Chintz , n.; pl. Chintzes (#). [Hindi chint spotted cotton clooth, chinta spot.] Cotton cloth, printed with flowers and other devices, in a number of different colors, and often glazed. Swift.

Chiop•pine´ , n. Same as Chopine, n.

Chip (chip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chipped (chipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chipping.] [Cf. G. kippen to cut off the edge, to clip, pare. Cf. Chop to cut.] 1. To cut small pieces from; to diminish or reduce to shape, by cutting away a little at a time; to hew. Shak. 2. To break or crack, or crack off a portion of, as of an eggshell in hatching, or a piece of crockery. 3. To bet, as with chips in the game of poker. To chip in, to contribute, as to a fund; to share in the risks or expenses of. [Slang. U. S.]

Chip, v. i. To break or fly off in small pieces.

Chip, n. 1. A piece of wood, stone, or other substance, separated by an ax, chisel, or cutting instrument. 2. A fragment or piece broken off; a small piece. 3. Wood or Cuban palm leaf split into slips, or straw plaited in a special manner, for making hats or bonnets. 4. Anything dried up, withered, or without flavor; — used contemptuously. 5. One of the counters used in poker and other games. 6. (Naut.) The triangular piece of wood attached to the log line. Buffalo chips. See under Buffalo. — Chip ax, a small ax for chipping timber into shape. — Chip bonnet, Chip hat, a bonnet or a hat made of Chip. See Chip, n., 3. — A chip off the old block, a child who resembles either of his parents. [Colloq.] Milton. — Potato chips, Saratoga chips, thin slices of raw potato fried crisp.

Chip´munk , n. [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A squirrel-like animal of the genus Tamias, sometimes called the striped squirrel, chipping squirrel, ground squirrel, hackee. The common species of the United States is the Tamias striatus. [Written also chipmonk, chipmuck, and chipmuk.]

Chip´per , v. i. [Cf. Cheep, Chirp.] To chirp or chirrup. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Chip´per, a. Lively; cheerful; talkative. [U. S.]

Chip´pe•ways , n. pl.; sing. Chippeway. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern and western shores of Lake Superior; — called also Objibways.

Chip´ping , n. 1. A chip; a piece separated by a cutting or graving instrument; a fragment. 2. The act or process of cutting or breaking off small pieces, as in dressing iron with a chisel, or reducing a timber or block of stone to shape. 3. The breaking off in small pieces of the edges of potter’s ware, porcelain, etc.

Chip´ping bird (Zoöl.) The chippy.

Chip´ping squir´rel See Chipmunk.

Chip´py , a. Abounding in, or resembling, chips; dry and tasteless.

Chip´py , n. (Zoöl.) A small American sparrow (Spizella socialis), very common near dwelling; — also called chipping bird and chipping sparrow, from its simple note.

Chips , n. (Naut.) A ship’s carpenter. [Cant.]

Chi•ra´gra , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; hand + seizure.] (Med.) Gout in the hand.

Chi•rag´ric•al , a. Having the gout in the hand, or subject to that disease. Sir. T. Browne.

Chi•ret´ta , n. [Hind. chiraita.] A plant (Agathotes Chirayta) found in Northern India, having medicinal properties to the gentian, and esteemed as a tonic and febrifuge.

Chirk , v. i. [Cf. Chirp, also Creak.] 1. To shriek; to gnash; to utter harsh or shrill cries. [Obs.] “All full of chirkyng was that sorry place.
Cheucer.” 2. To chirp like a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chirk, v. t. To cheer; to enliven; as to chirk one up. [Colloq. New Eng. ]

Chirk, a. [From Chirk, v. i.] Lively; cheerful; in good spirits. [Colloq. New Eng.]

Chirm , v. i. [Cf. AS. cyrman, cirman, to cry out. rad.24 Cf. Chirp.] To chirp or to make a mournful cry, as a bird. [Obs.] Huloet.

Chi•rog´no•my , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + understanding.] The art of judging character by the shape and appearance of the hand.

Chi´ro•graph , n. [Gr. written with the hand; chei•r hand + gra•fein to write.] (Old. Law) (a) A writing which, requiring a counterpart, was engrossed twice on the same piece of parchment, with a space between, in which was written the word chirographum, through which the parchment was cut, and one part given to each party. It answered to what is now called a charter party. (b) The last part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. Bouvier.

Chi•rog´ra•pher , n. 1. One who practice the art or business of writing or engrossing. 2. See chirographist, 2. Chirographer of fines (Old Eng. Law), an officer in the court of common pleas who engrossed fines. { Chi•ro•graph´ic , Chi•ro•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to chirography.

Chi•rog´ra•phist , n. 1. A chirographer; a writer or engrosser. 2. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand.

Chi•rog´ra•phy , n. 1. The art of writing or engrossing; handwriting; as skilled in chirography. 2. The art of telling fortunes by examining the hand.

Chi•ro•gym´nast , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + trainer of athletes, gymnast.] A mechanical contrivance for exercising the fingers of a pianist.

Chi•ro•log´ic•al , a. Relating to chirology.

Chi•rol´o•gist , n. One who communicates thoughts by signs made with the hands and fingers.

Chi•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + -logy.] The art or practice of using the manual alphabet or of communicating thoughts by sings made by the hands and fingers; a substitute for spoken or written language in intercourse with the deaf and dumb. See Dactylalogy.

Chi´ro•man•cer , n. One who practices chiromancy. Dryden.

Chi´ro•mancy , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + -mancy.] The art or practice of foretelling events, or of telling the fortunes or the disposition of persons by inspecting the hand; palmistry. { Chi´ro•man•ist , Chi´ro•man•tist } n. [Gr. .] A chiromancer. { Chi•ro•man´tic , Chi•ro•man´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to chiromancy.

Chi•ro•mon´ic , a. Relating to chironomy.

Chi•ron´o•my , n. [Gr. ; chei•r hand + to manage.] The art of moving the hands in oratory or in pantomime; gesture [Obs.]

Chi´ro•plast , n. [Gr. formed by hand; chei•r hand + to shape.] (Mus.) An instrument to guid the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano, etc.

Chi•rop´o•dist , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + ; , foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; especially, one who removes corns and bunions.

Chirop´ody , n. The art of treating diseases of the hands and feet.

Chiros´ophist , n. [Gr. chei•r hand + skillful, wise. See Sophist.] A fortune teller.

Chirp , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chirped p. pr. & vb. n. Chirping.] [Of imitative orgin. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, Cheep, Chirm, Chirrup.] To make a shop, sharp, cheerful, as of small birds or crickets.

Chirp, n. A short, sharp note, as of a bird or insect. ´The chirp of flitting bird.´ Bryant.

Chirp´er , n. One who chirps, or is cheerful.

Chirp´ing , a. Cheering; enlivening. “He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes.
Pope.”

Chirp´ing•ly, adv. In a chirping manner.

Chirre , v. i. [Cf. G. girren, AS. corian to murmur, complain. rad.24.] To coo, as a pigeon. [Obs.]

Chir´rup , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chirruped p. pr. & vb. n. Chirruping.] [See Chirp.] To quicken or animate by chirping; to cherup.

Chir´rup, v. i. To chirp. Tennyson. “The criket chirrups on the hearth.
Goldsmith.”

Chir´rup, n. The act of chirping; a chirp. “The sparrows’ chirrup on the roof.
Tennyson.”

Chir´rupy , a. Cheerful; joyous; chatty.

Chi•rur´geon , n. [F. chirurgien, from chirurgie surgery, fr. Gr. , fr. working or operating with the hand; chei•r hand + work. Cf. Surgeon, Work.] A surgeon. [Obs.]

Chi•rur´geon•ly, adv. Surgically. [Obs.] Shak.

Chi•rur´ger•y , n. [See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgery.] Surgery. [Obs.] { Chi•rur´gic , Chirur´gical } a. [Cf. F. chirurgiquerurgical, L. Chirurgicus, Gr. . See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgical.] Surgical [Obs.] ´Chirurgical lore´ Longfellow.

Chis´el , n. [OF. chisel, F. ciseau, fr. LL. cisellus, prob. for caesellus, fr. L. caesus, p. p. of caedere to cut. Cf. Scissors.] A tool with a cutting edge on one end of a metal blade, used in dressing, shaping, or working in timber, stone, metal, etc.; — usually driven by a mallet or hammer. Cold chisel. See under Cold, a.

Chis´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chiseled , or Chiselled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiseling, or Chiselling.] [Cf. F. ciseler.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; as to chisel a block of marble into a statue. 2. To cut close, as in a bargain; to cheat. [Slang]

Chis´leu , n. [Heb.] The ninth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of November with a part of December.

Chis´ley (chiz´ly), a. [AS. ceosel gravel or sand. Cf. Chessom.] Having a large admixture of small pebbles or gravel; — said of a soil. Gardner.

Chit (chit), n. [Cf. AS. cið shoot, sprig, from the same root as cinan to yawn. See Chink a cleft.] 1. The embryo or the growing bud of a plant; a shoot; a sprout; as the chits of Indian corn or of potatoes. 2. A child or babe; as a forward chit; also a young, small, or insignificant person or animal. “A little chit of a woman.
Thackeray.” 3. An excrescence on the body, as a wart. [Obs.] 4. A small tool used in cleaving laths. Knight.

Chit, v. i. To shoot out; to sprout. “I have known barley chit in seven hours after it had been thrown forth.
Mortimer.”

Chit, 3d sing. of Chide. Chideth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chit´chat , n. [From Chat, by way of reduplication.] Familiar or trifling talk; prattle.

Chi´tin , n. [See Chiton.] (Chem.) A white amorphous horny substance forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, crustacea, and various other invertebrates; entomolin.

Chi•ti•ni•za´tion , n. The process of becoming chitinous.

Chi´ti•nous , a. Having the nature of chitin; consisting of, or containing, chitin.

Chi´ton , n. [Gr. a chiton (in sense 1).] 1. An under garment among the ancient Greeks, nearly representing the modern shirt. 2. (Zoöl.) One of a group of gastropod mollusks, with a shell composed of eight movable dorsal plates. See Polyplacophora.

Chit´ter , v. i. [Cf. Chatter.] 1. To chirp in a tremulous manner, as a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To shiver or chatter with cold. [Scot.] Burns.

Chit´ter•ling , n. The frill to the breast of a shirt, which when ironed out resembled the small entrails. See Chitterlings. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Chit´ter•lings , n. pl. [Cf. AS. cwiþ womb, Icel. kvið, Goth. qiþus, belly, womb, stomach, G. kutteln chitterlings.] (Cookery) The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food.

Chit´tra , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The axis deer of India.

Chit´ty , a. 1. Full of chits or sprouts. 2. Childish; like a babe. [Obs.]

Chiv´a•chie , n. [OF. chevauchie, chevauchee; of the same origin as E. cavalcade.] A cavalry raid; hence, a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chiv´al•ric , a. [See Chivalry.] Relating to chivalry; knightly; chivalrous.

Chiv´al•rous , a. [OF. chevalerus, chevalereus, fr. chevalier. See Chivalry.] Pertaining to chivalry or knight-errantry; warlike; heroic; gallant; high-spirited; high-minded; magnanimous. “In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise.
Spenser.”

Chiv´al•rous•ly, adv. In a chivalrous manner; gallantly; magnanimously.

Chiv´al•ry , n. [F. chevalerie, fr. chevalier knight, OF., horseman. See Chevalier, and cf. Cavalry.] 1. A body or order of cavaliers or knights serving on horseback; illustrious warriors, collectively; cavalry. ´His Memphian chivalry.´ Milton. “By his light
Did all the chivalry of England move,
To do brave acts.
Shak.” 2. The dignity or system of knighthood; the spirit, usages, or manners of knighthood; the practice of knight-errantry. Dryden. 3. The qualifications or character of knights, as valor, dexterity in arms, courtesy, etc. “The glory of our Troy this day doth lie
On his fair worth and single chivalry.
Shak.” 4. (Eng. Law) A tenure of lands by knight’s service; that is, by the condition of a knight’s performing service on horseback, or of performing some noble or military service to his lord. 5. Exploit. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Court of chivalry, a court formerly held before the lord high constable and earl marshal of England as judges, having cognizance of contracts and other matters relating to deeds of arms and war. Blackstone.

Chive , n. (Bot.) A filament of a stamen. [Obs.]

Chive , n. [F. cive, fr. L. cepa, caepa, onion. Cf. Cives, Cibol.] (Bot.) A perennial plant (Allium Schœnoprasum), allied to the onion. The young leaves are used in omelets, etc. [Written also cive.]

Chiv´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chivied p. pr. & vb. n. Chivying.] [Cf. Chevy.] To goad, drive, hunt, throw, or pitch. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Chlam´y•date , a. [L. chlamydatus dressed in a military cloak. See Chlamys.] (Zoöl.) Having a mantle; — applied to certain gastropods.

Chlam´y•phore , n. [Gr. cloak + to bear.] (Zoöl.) A small South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus, and C. retusus) allied to the armadillo. It is covered with a leathery shell or coat of mail, like a cloak, attached along the spine.

Chla´mys , n.; pl. E. Chlamyses (#), L. Chlamydes (#). [L., from Gr. .] A loose and flowing outer garment, worn by the ancient Greeks; a kind of cloak.

Chlo•as´ma , n. [Gr. to be green.] (Med.) A cutaneous affection characterized by yellow or yellowish brown pigmented spots.

Chlo´ral , n. [Chlorine + alcohol.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, CCl3.CHO, of a pungent odor and harsh taste, obtained by the action of chlorine upon ordinary or ethyl alcohol. 2. (Med.) Chloral hydrate. Chloral hydrate, a white crystalline substance, obtained by treating chloral with water. It produces sleep when taken internally or hypodermically; — called also chloral.

Chlo´ral•am•ide , n. [Chloral + amide.] (Chem.) A compound of chloral and formic amide used to produce sleep.

Chlo´ral•ism , n. (Med.) A morbid condition of the system resulting from excessive use of chloral.

Chlor•al´um , n. [Chlorine + aluminium.] An impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminium, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.

Chlor•an´il , n. [Chlorine + aniline.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, C6Cl4.O2, regarded as a derivative of quinone, obtained by the action of chlorine on certain benzene derivatives, as aniline.

Chlo´rate , n. [Cf. F. chlorate. See Chlorine.] (Chem.) A salt of chloric acid; as chlorate of potassium.

Chlor•au´rate , n. [Chlorine + aurate.] (Chem.) See Aurochloride.

Chlor•hy´dric , a. [Chlorine + hydrogen + -ic.] (Chem.) Same as Hydrochloric.

Chlor•hy´drin , n. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds formed from certain polybasic alcohols (and especially glycerin) by the substitution of chlorine for one or more hydroxyl groups.

Chlo´ric , a. [From Chlorine.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, chlorine; — said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as chloric acid, HClO3. Chloric ether (Chem.), ethylene dichloride. See Dutch liquid, under Dutch.

Chlo´ri•date , v. t. To treat or prepare with a chloride, as a plate with chloride of silver, for the purposes of photography. R. Hunt.

Chlo´ride , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of chlorine with another element or radical; as chloride of sodium (common salt). Chloride of ammonium, sal ammoniac. — Chloride of lime, bleaching powder; a grayish white substance, CaOCl2, used in bleaching and disinfecting; — called more properly calcium hypochlorite. See Hypochlorous acid, under Hypochlorous. — Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate.

Chlo•rid´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a chloride; containing a chloride.

Chlo´rid•ize , v. t. See Chloridate.

Chlo•rim´e•try , n. See Chlorometry.

Chlo´rin•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chlorinated p. pr. & vb. n. Chlorinating.] (Chem.) To treat, or cause to combine, with chlorine.

Chlo•ri•na´tion , n. The act or process of subjecting anything to the action of chlorine; especially, a process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas.

Chlo´rine , n. [Gr. pale green, greenish yellow. So named from its color. See Yellow.] (Chem.) One of the elementary substances, commonly isolated as a greenish yellow gas two and one half times as heavy as air, of an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and exceedingly poisonous. It is abundant in nature, the most important compound being common salt. It is powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent. Symbol Cl. Atomic weight, 35.4. Chlorine family, the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, called the halogens, and classed together from their common peculiarities.

Chlor•i•od´ic , a. Compounded of chlorine and iodine; containing chlorine and iodine.

Chlor•i´o•dine , n. A compound of chlorine and iodine. [R.]

Chlo´rite , n. [Gr. (sc. ), fr. chlwro•s light green.] (Min.) The name of a group of minerals, usually of a green color and micaceous to granular in structure. They are hydrous silicates of alumina, iron, and magnesia. Chlorite slate, a schistose or slaty rock consisting of alumina, iron, and magnesia.

Chlo´rite, n. [Chlorous + -ite.] (Chem.) Any salt of chlorous acid; as chlorite of sodium.

Chlo•rit´ic , a. [From 1st Chlorite.] Pertaining to, or containing, chlorite; as chloritic sand.

Chlor•meth´ane , n. (Chem.) A colorless gas CH3Cl, of a sweet odor, easily condensed to a liquid; — called also methyl chloride.

Chlo´ro- (Chem.) A prefix denoting that chlorine is an ingredient in the substance named.

Chlo•ro•cru´o•rin , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. cruorin.] (Physiol.) A green substance, supposed to be the cause of the green color of the blood in some species of worms. Ray Lankester.

Chlo´ro•dyne , n. [From chlorine, in imitation of anodyne.] (Med.) A patent anodyne medicine, containing opium, chloroform, Indian hemp, etc.

Chlo´ro•form , n. [Chlorine + formyl, it having been regarded as a trichloride of this radical: cf. F. chloroforme, G. chloroform.] (Chem.) A colorless volatile liquid, CHCl3, having an ethereal odor and a sweetish taste, formed by treating alcohol with chlorine and an alkali. It is a powerful solvent of wax, resin, etc., and is extensively used to produce anaesthesia in surgical operations; also externally, to alleviate pain.

Chlo´ro•form , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chloroformed p. pr. & vb. n. Chloroforming.] To treat with chloroform, or to place under its influence.

Chlo•ro•leu´cite , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. leucite.] (Bot.) Same as Chloroplastid.

Chlo•rom´e•ter , n. [Cf. F. chloromètre. See Chlorine, and - meter.] An instrument to test the decoloring or bleaching power of chloride of lime.

Chlo•rom´e•try , n. The process of testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine.

Chlo•ro´pal , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. opal.] (Min.) A massive mineral, greenish in color, and opal-like in appearance. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of iron.

Chlo•ro•pep´tic , a. [Chlorine + peptic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to an acid more generally called pepsin- hydrochloric acid.

Chlo´ro•phane , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + to show: cf. F. chlorophane.] 1. (Min.) A variety of fluor spar, which, when heated, gives a beautiful emerald green light. 2. (Physiol.) The yellowish green pigment in the inner segment of the cones of the retina. See Chromophane.

Chlo´ro•phyll , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + fy•llon leaf: cf. F. chlorophylle.] (Bot.) Literally, leaf green; a green granular matter formed in the cells of the leaves (and other parts exposed to light) of plants, to which they owe their green color, and through which all ordinary assimilation of plant food takes place. Similar chlorophyll granules have been found in the tissues of the lower animals. [Written also chlorophyl.]

Chlo•ro•plas´tid , n. [Gr. chlwro•s light green + E. plastid.] (Bot.) A granule of chlorophyll; — also called chloroleucite.

Chlo•ro•pla•tin´ic , a. (Chem.) See Platinichloric.

Chlo•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. chlwro•s light green: cf. F. chlorose.] 1. (Med.) The green sickness; an anaemic disease of young women, characterized by a greenish or grayish yellow hue of the skin, weakness, palpitation, etc. 2. (Bot.) A disease in plants, causing the flowers to turn green or the leaves to lose their normal green color.

Chlo•rot´ic , a. [Cf. F. chlorotique.] Pertaining to, or affected by, chlorosis.

Chlo´rous , a. [See Chlorine.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine; — said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of three, the next lower than in chloric compounds; as chlorous acid, HClO2. 2. (Chem. Physics) Pertaining to, or resembling, the electro-negative character of chlorine; hence, electro-negative; — opposed to basylous or zincous. [Obs.]

Chlor•pi´crin , n. (Chem.) A heavy, colorless liquid, CCl3.NO2, of a strong pungent odor, obtained by subjecting picric acid to the action of chlorine. [Written also chloropikrin.]

Chlo´ru•ret , n. [Cf. F. chlorure.] (Chem.) A chloride. [Obs.]

Choak , v. t. & i. See Choke.

Cho´a•noid , a. [Gr. funnel + -oid.] (Anat.) Funnel-shaped; — applied particularly to a hollow muscle attached to the ball of the eye in many reptiles and mammals.

Cho´card , n. (Zoöl.) The chough.

Chock , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chocked p. pr. & vb. n. Chocking.] To stop or fasten, as with a wedge, or block; to scotch; as to chock a wheel or cask.

Chock, v. i. To fill up, as a cavity. ´The woodwork … exactly chocketh into joints.´ Fuller.

Chock, n. 1. A wedge, or block made to fit in any space which it is desired to fill, esp. something to steady a cask or other body, or prevent it from moving, by fitting into the space around or beneath it. 2. (Naut.) A heavy casting of metal, usually fixed near the gunwale. It has two short horn- shaped arms curving inward, between which ropes or hawsers may pass for towing, mooring, etc.

Chock, adv. (Naut.) Entirely; quite; as chock home; chock aft.

Chock, v. t. [F. choquer. Cf. Shock, v. t.] To encounter. [Obs.]

Chock, n. An encounter. [Obs.]

Chock´a•block , a. (Naut.) Hoisted as high as the tackle will admit; brought close together, as the two blocks of a tackle in hoisting.

Chock´-full , a. Quite full; choke-full.

Choc´o•late , n. [Sp., fr. the Mexican name of the cacao. Cf. Cacao, Cocoa.] 1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted seeds of the Theobroma Cacao ground and mixed with other ingredients, usually sugar, and cinnamon or vanilla. 2. The beverage made by dissolving a portion of the paste or cake in boiling water or milk. Chocolate house, a house in which customers may be served with chocolate. — Chocolate nut. See Cacao.

Choc´taws , n. pl.; sing. Choctaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian), in early times noted for their pursuit of agriculture, and for living at peace with the white settlers. They are now one of the civilized tribes of the Indian Territory.

Chode (chod), the old imp. of chide. See Chide.

Chog´set , n. (Zoöl.) See Cunner.

Choice (chois), n. [OE. chois, OF. chois, F. choix, fr. choisir to choose; of German origin; cf. Goth. kausjan to examine, kiusan to choose, examine, G. kiesen. rad.46. Cf. Choose.] 1. Act of choosing; the voluntary act of selecting or separating from two or more things that which is preferred; the determination of the mind in preferring one thing to another; election. 2. The power or opportunity of choosing; option. “Choice there is not, unless the thing which we take be so in our power that we might have refused it.
Hooker.” 3. Care in selecting; judgment or skill in distinguishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a preference; discrimination. “I imagine they [the apothegms of Caesar] were collected with judgment and choice.
Bacon.” 4. A sufficient number to choose among. Shak. 5. The thing or person chosen; that which is approved and selected in preference to others; selection. “The common wealth is sick of their own choice.
Shak.” 6. The best part; that which is preferable. “The flower and choice
Of many provinces from bound to bound.
Milton.” To make a choice of, to choose; to select; to separate and take in preference. Syn. - See Volition, Option.

Choice, a. [Compar. Choicer superl. Choicest ] 1. Worthly of being chosen or preferred; select; superior; precious; valuable. “My choicest hours of life are lost.
Swift.” 2. Preserving or using with care, as valuable; frugal; — used with of; as to be choice of time, or of money. 3. Selected with care, and due attention to preference; deliberately chosen. “Choice word measured phrase.
Wordsworth.” Syn. - Select; precious; exquisite; uncommon; rare; chary; careful/

Choice´ful , a. Making choices; fickle. [Obs.] “His choiceful sense with every change doth fit.
Spenser.”

Choice´ly, adv. 1. With care in choosing; with nice regard to preference. ´A band of men collected choicely, from each county some.´ Shak. 2. In a preferable or excellent manner; excellently; eminently. ´Choicely good.´ Walton.

Choice´ness, n. The quality of being of particular value or worth; nicely; excellence.

Choir , n. [OE. quer, OF. cuer, F. chœur, fr. L. chorus a choral dance, chorus, choir, fr. Gr. , orig. dancing place; prob. akin to inclosure, L. hortus garden, and E. yard. See Chorus.] 1. A band or organized company of singers, especially in church service. [Formerly written also quire.] 2. That part of a church appropriated to the singers. 3. (Arch.) The chancel. Choir organ (Mus.), one of the three or five distinct organs included in the full organ, each separable from the rest, but all controlled by one performer; a portion of the full organ, complete in itself, and more practicable for ordinary service and in the accompanying of the vocal choir. — Choir screen, Choir wall (Arch.), a screen or low wall separating the choir from the aisles. — Choir service, the service of singing performed by the choir. T. Warton.

Choke , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choked p. pr. & vb. n. Choking.] [OE. cheken, choken; cf. AS. aceocian to suffocate, Icel. koka to gulp, E. chincough, cough.] 1. To render unable to breathe by filling, pressing upon, or squeezing the windpipe; to stifle; to suffocate; to strangle. “With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder.
Shak.” 2. To obstruct by filling up or clogging any passage; to block up. Addison. 3. To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, etc.; to stifle. “Oats and darnel choke the rising corn.
Dryden.” 4. To affect with a sense of strangulation by passion or strong feeling. ´I was choked at this word.´ Swift. 5. To make a choke, as in a cartridge, or in the bore of the barrel of a shotgun. To choke off, to stop a person in the execution of a purpose; as to choke off a speaker by uproar.

Choke, v. i. 1. To have the windpipe stopped; to have a spasm of the throat, caused by stoppage or irritation of the windpipe; to be strangled. 2. To be checked, as if by choking; to stick. “The words choked in his throat.
Sir W. Scott.”

Choke, n. 1. A stoppage or irritation of the windpipe, producing the feeling of strangulation. 2. (Gun.) (a) The tied end of a cartridge. (b) A constriction in the bore of a shotgun, case of a rocket, etc.

Choke´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The small apple-shaped or pear-shaped fruit of an American shrub (Pyrus arbutifolia) growing in damp thickets; also the shrub.

Choke´cher•ry , n. (Bot.) The astringent fruit of a species of wild cherry (Prunus Virginiana); also the bush or tree which bears such fruit.

Choke´ damp See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

Cho•ke•dar´ , n. [Hindi chauki-dar.] A watchman; an officer of customs or police. [India]

Choke´-full , a. Full to the brim; quite full; chock-full.

Choke´ pear 1. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the mucous membrane of the mouth. 2. A sarcasm by which one is put to silence; anything that can not be answered. [Low] S. Richardson.

Chok´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, chokes. 2. A stiff wide cravat; a stock. [Slang]

Choke´-strap , n. (Saddlery) A strap leading from the bellyband to the lower part of the collar, to keep the collar in place.

Chok´ing , a. 1. That chokes; producing the feeling of strangulation. 2. Indistinct in utterance, as the voice of a person affected with strong emotion. { Chok´y , Chok´ey } , a. 1. Tending to choke or suffocate, or having power to suffocate. 2. Inclined to choke, as a person affected with strong emotion. ´A deep and choky voice.´ Aytoun. “The allusion to his mother made Tom feel rather chokey.
T. Hughes.”

Cho•lae´ma•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bile + blood.] (Med.) A disease characterized by severe nervous symptoms, dependent upon the presence of the constituents of the bile in the blood.

Chol´a•gogue , a. [Gr. ; bile + leading, to lead: cf. F. cholagogue.] (Med.) Promoting the discharge of bile from the system. — n. An agent which promotes the discharge of bile from the system.

Cho´late , n. [Gr. bile.] (Chem.) A salt of cholic acid; as sodium cholate.

Chol•e•cys´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bile + bladder.] (Anat.) The gall bladder.

Chol•e•cys•tot´o•my , n. [Cholecystis + Gr. to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of making an opening in the gall bladder, as for the removal of a gallstone.

Chol•e•dol´o•gy , n. [Gr. bile + -logy. Cf. F. choledologie.] (Med.) A treatise on the bile and bilary organs. Dunglison. Littre says that the word choledologie is absolutely barbarous, there being no Greek word . A proper form would be cholology.

Cho•le´ic , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, bile; as choleic acid.

Chol´er , n. [OE. coler, F. colère anger, L. cholera a bilious complaint, fr. Gr. cholera, fr. , , bile. See Gall, and cf. Cholera.] 1. The bile; — formerly supposed to be the seat and cause of irascibility. [Obs.] “His [Richard Hooker’s] complexion … was sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow.
I. Warton.” 2. Irritation of the passions; anger; wrath. “He is rash and very sudden in choler.
Shak.”

Chol´er•a , n. [L., a bilious disease. See Choler.] (Med.) One of several diseases affecting the digestive and intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the one commonly called Asiatic cholera. Asiatic cholera, a malignant and rapidly fatal disease, originating in Asia and frequently epidemic in the more filthy sections of other lands, to which the germ or specific poison may have been carried. It is characterized by diarrhea, rice-water evacuations, vomiting, cramps, pinched expression, and lividity, rapidly passing into a state of collapse, followed by death, or by a stage of reaction of fever. — Cholera bacillus. See Comma bacillus. — Cholera infantum, a dangerous summer disease, of infants, caused by hot weather, bad air, or poor milk, and especially fatal in large cities. — Cholera morbus, a disease characterized by vomiting and purging, with gripings and cramps, usually caused by imprudence in diet or by gastrointestinal disturbance. — Chicken cholera. See under Chicken. — Hog cholera. See under Hog. — Sporadic cholera, a disease somewhat resembling the Asiatic cholera, but originating where it occurs, and rarely becoming epidemic.

Chol•er•a´ic , a. Relating to, or resulting from, or resembling, cholera.

Chol´er•ic , a. [L. cholericus, Gr. : cf. F. cholerique.] 1. Abounding with, or producing choler, or bile. Dryden. 2. Easily irritated; irascible; inclined to anger. 3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger. ´Choleric speech.´ Sir W. Raleigh. Choleric temperament, the bilious temperament.

Chol´er•ic•ly, adv. In a choleric manner; angrily.

Chol´er•i•form , a. [Cholera + -form.] Resembling cholera.

Chol´er•ine , n. (Med.) (a) The precursory symptoms of cholera. (b) The first stage of epidemic cholera. (c) A mild form of cholera.

Chol´er•oid, a. [Cholera + -oid.] Choleriform.

Cho•les•ter´ic , a. [Cf. F. cholesterique.] Pertaining to cholesterin, or obtained from it; as cholesteric acid. Ure.

Cho•les´ter•in , n. [Gr. bile + stiff fat: F. cholesterine. See Stearin.] (Chem.) A white, fatty, crystalline substance, tasteless and odorless, found in animal and plant products and tissue, and especially in nerve tissue, in the bile, and in gallstones. { Cho´li•amb , Cho•li•am´bic } n. [L. choliambus, Gr. ; lame + an iambus.] (Pros.) A verse having an iambus in the fifth place, and a spondee in the sixth or last. { Chol´ic , Cho•lin´ic } a. [Gr. , from bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile. Cholic acid (Chem.), a complex organic acid found as a natural constituent of taurocholic and glycocholic acids in the bile, and extracted as a resinous substance, convertible under the influence of ether into white crystals.

Cho´line , n. [Gr. bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Neurine.

Chol´o•chrome , n. [Gr. , , bile + color.] (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

Chol•o•phae´in , n. [Gr. , , bile + dusky.] (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

Chol´try , n. A Hindoo caravansary.

Chomp , v. i. To chew loudly and greedily; to champ. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell.

Chon•dri•fi•ca´tion , n. (Physiol.) Formation of, or conversion into, cartilage.

Chon´dri•fy , v. t. & i. [Gr. cartilage + -fy.] To convert, or be converted, into cartilage.

Chon´dri•gen , n. [Gr. cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of cartilage, converted by long boiling in water into a gelatinous body called chondrin.

Chon•drig´e•nous , a. [Gr. cartilage + -genous.] (Physiol.) Affording chondrin.

Chon´drin , n. [Gr. cartilage.] (Physiol. Chem.) A colorless, amorphous, nitrogenous substance, tasteless and odorless, formed from cartilaginous tissue by long-continued action of boiling water. It is similar to gelatin, and is a large ingredient of commercial gelatin.

Chon´drite , n. [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A meteoric stone characterized by the presence of chondrules.

Chon•drit´ic , a. (Min.) Granular; pertaining to, or having the granular structure characteristic of, the class of meteorites called chondrites.

Chon•dri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of cartilage.

Chon´dro- [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] A combining form meaning a grain, granular, granular cartilage, cartilaginous; as the chondrocranium, the cartilaginous skull of the lower vertebrates and of embryos.

Chon´dro•dite , n. [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A fluosilicate of magnesia and iron, yellow to red in color, often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone.

Chon•dro•ga•noi´de•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; — so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton.

Chon´dro•gen , n. [Gr. cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Chondrigen.

Chon•dro•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. cartilage + genesis.] (Physiol.) The development of cartilage.

Chon´droid , a. [Gr. cartilage + -oid.] Resembling cartilage.

Chon•drol´o•gy , n. [Gr. cartilage + -logy: cf. F. chondrologie.] (Anat.) The science which treats of cartilages. Dunglison.

Chon•dro´ma , n.; pl. Chondromata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + -oma.] A cartilaginous tumor or growth.

Chon•drom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage + -meter.] A steelyard for weighting grain.

Chon•drop•ter•yg´i•an , a. [Cf. F. chondropterygien.] Having a cartilaginous skeleton. — n. One of the Chondropterygii.

Chon•drop•te•ryg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + , , wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, characterized by cartilaginous fins and skeleton. It includes both ganoids (sturgeons, etc.) and selachians (sharks), but is now often restricted to the latter. [Written also Chondropterygia.]

Chon•dros´te•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cartilage + bone.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, including the sturgeons; — so named because the skeleton is cartilaginous.

Chon•drot´o•my , n. [Gr. + a cutting.] (Anat.) The dissection of cartilages.

Chon´drule , n. [Dim. from Gr. a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A peculiar rounded granule of some mineral, usually enstatite or chrysolite, found imbedded more or less abundantly in the mass of many meteoric stones, which are hence called chondrites.

Choose , v. t. [imp. Chose p. p. Chosen , Chose (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Choosing.] [OE. chesen, cheosen, AS. ceósan; akin to OS. kiosan, D. kiezen, G. kiesen, Icel. kjosa, Goth. kiusan, L. gustare to taste, Gr. , Skr. jush to enjoy. rad.46. Cf. Choice, 2d Gust.] 1. To make choice of; to select; to take by way of preference from two or more objects offered; to elect; as to choose the least of two evils. “Choose me for a humble friend.
Pope.” 2. To wish; to desire; to prefer. [Colloq.] “The landlady now returned to know if we did not choose a more genteel apartment.
Goldsmith.” To choose sides. See under Side. Syn. - To select; prefer; elect; adopt; follow. — To Choose, Prefer, Elect. To choose is the generic term, and denotes to take or fix upon by an act of the will, especially in accordance with a decision of the judgment. To prefer is to choose or favor one thing as compared with, and more desirable than, another, or more in accordance with one’s tastes and feelings. To elect is to choose or select for some office, employment, use, privilege, etc., especially by the concurrent vote or voice of a sufficient number of electors. To choose a profession; to prefer private life to a public one; to elect members of Congress.

Choose, v. i. 1. To make a selection; to decide. “They had only to choose between implicit obedience and open rebellion.
Prescott.” 2. To do otherwise. ´Can I choose but smile?´ Pope. Can not choose but, must necessarily. “Thou canst not choose but know who I am.
Shak.”

Choos´er , n. One who chooses; one who has the power or right of choosing; an elector. Burke.

Chop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chopped p. pr. & vb. n. Chopping.] [Cf. LG. & D. kappen, Dan. kappe, Sw. kappa. Cf. Chap to crack.] 1. To cut by striking repeatedly with a sharp instrument; to cut into pieces; to mince; — often with up. 2. To sever or separate by one more blows of a sharp instrument; to divide; — usually with off or down. “Chop off your hand, and it to the king.
Shak.” 3. To seize or devour greedily; — with up. [Obs.] “Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his breakfast, which the fox presently chopped up.
L’estrange.”

Chop , v. i. 1. To make a quick strike, or repeated strokes, with an ax or other sharp instrument. 2. To do something suddenly with an unexpected motion; to catch or attempt to seize. “Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the shadow, and loses the substance.
L’Estrange.” 3. To interrupt; — with in or out. “This fellow interrupted the sermon, even suddenly chopping in.
Latimer.”

Chop, v. t. [Cf. D. koopen to buy. See Cheapen, v. t., and cf. Chap, v. i., to buy.] 1. To barter or truck. 2. To exchange; substitute one thing for another. “We go on chopping and changing our friends.
L’Estrange.” To chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical terms; to argue sophistically.

Chop, v. i. 1. To purchase by way of truck. 2. (Naut.) To vary or shift suddenly; as the wind chops about. 3. To wrangle; to altercate; to bandy words. “Let not the counsel at the bar chop with the judge.
Bacon.”

Chop, n. A change; a vicissitude. Marryat.

Chop, v. t. & i. To crack. See Chap, v. t. & i.

Chop, n. 1. The act of chopping; a stroke. 2. A piece chopped off; a slice or small piece, especially of meat; as a mutton chop. 3. A crack or cleft. See Chap.

Chop, n. [See Chap.] 1. A jaw of an animal; — commonly in the pl. See Chops. 2. A movable jaw or cheek, as of a wooden vise. 3. The land at each side of the mouth of a river, harbor, or channel; as East Chop or West Chop. See Chops.

Chop, n. [Chin. & Hind. chap stamp, brand.] 1. Quality; brand; as silk of the first chop. 2. A permit or clearance. Chop dollar, a silver dollar stamped to attest its purity. — chop of tea, a number of boxes of the same make and quality of leaf. — Chowchow chop. See under Chowchow. — Grand chop, a ship’s port clearance. S. W. Williams.

Chop´boat , n. [Chin. chop sort, quality.] A licensed lighter employed in the transportation of goods to and from vessels. [China] S. W. Williams.

Chop´church , n. [See Chop to barter.] (Old Eng. Law) An exchanger or an exchange of benefices. [Cant]

Chop•fall•en , a. Having the lower chop or jaw depressed; hence, crestfallen; dejected; dispirited; downcast. See Chapfallen.

Chop´house , n. A house where chops, etc., are sold; an eating house. “The freedom of a chophouse.
W. Irving.”

Chop´house, n. [See Chop quality.] A customhouse where transit duties are levied. [China] S. W. Williams.

Chop´in , n. [F. chopine, fr. G. schoppen.] A liquid measure formerly used in France and Great Britain, varying from half a pint to a wine quart.

Chop´in, n. See Chopine.

Cho•pine´ , n. [Cf. OF. chapin, escapin, Sp. chapin, Pg. chapim.] A clog, or patten, having a very thick sole, or in some cases raised upon a stilt to a height of a foot or more. [Variously spelt chioppine, chopin, etc.] “Your ladyship is nearer to heaven than when I saw you last, by the altitude of a chopine.
Shak.”

Chop´-log•ic , n. One who bandies words or is very argumentative. [Jocular] Shak.

Chop´ness , n. A kind of spade. [Eng.]

Chop´per , n. One who, or that which, chops.

Chop´ping , a. [Cf. Chubby.] Stout or plump; large. [Obs.] Fenton.

Chop´ping, a. [See Chop to barter.] Shifting or changing suddenly, as the wind; also having tumbling waves dashing against each other; as a chopping sea.

Chop´ping, n. Act of cutting by strokes. Chopping block, a solid block of wood on which butchers and others chop meat, etc. — Chopping knife, a knife for chopping or mincing meat, vegetables, etc.; — usually with a handle at the back of the blade instead of at the end.

Chop´py , a. [Cf. Chappy.] 1. Full of cracks. ´Choppy finger.´ Shak. 2. [Cf. Chop a change.] Rough, with short, tumultuous waves; as a choppy sea.

Chops (chops), n. pl. [See Chop a jaw.] 1. The jaws; also the fleshy parts about the mouth. 2. The sides or capes at the mouth of a river, channel, harbor, or bay; as the chops of the English Channel.

Chop´stick´ (chop´stik•), n. One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the Chinese and Japanese to convey food to the mouth.

Cho•rag´ic , a. [Gr. , .] Of or pertaining to a choragus. Choragic monument, a building or column built by a victorious choragus for the reception and exhibition of the tripod which he received as a prize. Those of Lysicrates and Thrasyllus are still to be seen at Athens.

Cho•ra´gus , n.; pl. Choragi (#). [L., fr. Gr. , ; chorus + to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) A chorus leader; esp. one who provided at his own expense and under his own supervision one of the choruses for the musical contents at Athens.

Cho´ral , a. [LL. choralis, fr. L. chorus. See Chorus.] Of or pertaining to a choir or chorus; singing, sung, or adapted to be sung, in chorus or harmony. Choral service, a service of song.

Cho´ral, n. (Mus.) A hymn tune; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison by the congregation; as the Lutheran chorals. [Sometimes written chorale.]

Cho´ral•ist , n. A singer or composer of chorals.

Cho´ral•ly, adv. In the manner of a chorus; adapted to be sung by a choir; in harmony.

Chord (kôrd), n. [L chorda a gut, a string made of a gut, Gr. chordh•. In the sense of a string or small rope, in general, it is written cord. See Cord.] 1. The string of a musical instrument. Milton. 2. (Mus.) A combination of tones simultaneously performed, producing more or less perfect harmony, as the common chord. 3. (Geom.) A right line uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle or curve. 4. (Anat.) A cord. See Cord, n., 4. 5. (Engin.) The upper or lower part of a truss, usually horizontal, resisting compression or tension. Waddell. Accidental, Common, ∧ Vocal chords. See under Accidental, Common, and Vocal. — Chord of an arch. See Illust. of Arch. — Chord of curvature, a chord drawn from any point of a curve, in the circle of curvature for that point. — Scale of chords. See Scale.

Chord, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Chording.] To provide with musical chords or strings; to string; to tune. “When Jubal struck the chorded shell.
Dryden.” “Even the solitary old pine tree chords his harp.
Beecher.”

Chord, v. i. (Mus.) To accord; to harmonize together; as this note chords with that.

Chor´da , n. [NL., fr. L. chorda. See Chord.] (Anat.) A cord. Chorda dorsalis . [NL., lit., cord of the back.] (Anat.) See Notochord.

Chor´dal , a. Of or pertaining to a chord.

Chor•da´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. chorda cord.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord.

Chor•dee´ , n. [F. corde, cordee, p. p. of corder to cord.] (Med.) A painful erection of the penis, usually with downward curvature, occurring in gonorrhea.

Chore , n. [The same word as char work done by the day.] A small job; in the pl., the regular or daily light work of a household or farm, either within or without doors. [U. S.]

Chore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chored p. pr. & vb. n. Choring.] To do chores. [U. S.]

Chore , n. A choir or chorus. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cho•re´a n. [NL., fr. Gr. dance.] (Med.) St. Vitus’s dance; a disease attended with convulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements of the muscles or limbs.

Cho•ree´ , n. [F. choree.] See Choreus. { Cho•re•graph´ic , Cho•re•graph´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to choregraphy.

Cho•reg´ra•phy , n. [GR. dnce + -graphy.] The art of representing dancing by signs, as music is represented by notes. Craig.

Cho•re´ic , a. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, chorea; convulsive.

Cho•re•pis´co•pal , a. Pertaining to a chorepiscopus or his charge or authority.

Cho•re•pis´co•pus , n.; pl. Chorepiscopi (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; chw^ros, chw•ra, place, country + bishop. Cf. Bishop.] (Eccl.) A ´country´ or suffragan bishop, appointed in the ancient church by a diocesan bishop to exercise episcopal jurisdiction in a rural district.

Cho•re´us , Cho•ree´ , n. [L. choreus, Gr. , prop. an adj. meaning belonging to a chorus; cf. F. choree.] (Anc. Pros.) (a) a trochee. (b) A tribrach.

Cho´ri•amb , n.; pl. Choriambs . Same as Choriambus.

Cho•ri•am´bic , a. [L. choriambicus, gr. .] Pertaining to a choriamb. — n. A choriamb.

Cho•ri•am´bus , n.; pl. L. Choriambi (#), E. Choriambuses (#). [L. choriambus, Gr. ; a choreus + iambus.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the other short (- &ssmile; &ssmile; -); that is, a choreus, or trochee, and an iambus united.

Cho´ric , a. [L. choricus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to a chorus. “I remember a choric ode in the Hecuba.
Coleridge.”

Cho´ri•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Anat.) (a) The outer membrane which invests the fetus in the womb; also the similar membrane investing many ova at certain stages of development. (b) The true skin, or cutis. 2. (Bot.) The outer membrane of seeds of plants.

Cho´ri•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. separation.] (Bot.) The separation of a leaf or floral organ into two more parts. In collateral chorisis the parts are side by side. — In parallel or median chorisis they are one in front of another.

Cho´rist , n. [F. choriste.] A singer in a choir; a chorister. [R.]

Chor´is•ter , n. [See Chorus.] 1. One of a choir; a singer in a chorus. Dryden. 2. One who leads a choir in church music. [U. S.]

Cho•ris´tic , a. Choric; choral. [R.]

Cho´ro•graph , n. [Gr. place + -graph.] An instrument for constructing triangles in marine surveying, etc.

Cho•rog´ra•pher , n. 1. One who describes or makes a map of a district or region. ´The chorographers of Italy.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. A geographical antiquary; one who investigates the locality of ancient places.

Cho•ro•graph´ic•al , a. Pertaining to chorography. — Cho•ro•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Cho•rog´ra•phy , n. [L. chorographia, Gr. ; place + to describe.] the mapping or description of a region or district. “The chorography of their provinces.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cho´roid , a. [gr. ; chorion + form.] (Anat.) resembling the chorion; as the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and the choroid coat of the eyeball. — n. The choroid coat of the eye. See Eye. Choroid plexus (Anat.), one of the delicate fringelike processes, consisting almost entirely of blood vessels, which project into the ventricles of the brain.

Cho•roid´al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the choroid coat.

Cho•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. place + -logy.] (Biol.) The science which treats of the laws of distribution of living organisms over the earth’s surface as to latitude, altitude, locality, etc. “Its distribution or chorology.
Huxley.”

Cho•rom´e•try , n. [Gr. place + -metry.] The art of surveying a region or district.

Cho´rus , n.; pl. Choruses (#). [L., a dance in a ring, a dance accompanied with song; a chorus, a band of dancers and singers. Gr. . See Choir.] 1. (Antiq.) A band of singers and dancers. “The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of singers.
Dryden.” 2. (Gr. Drama) A company of persons supposed to behold what passed in the acts of a tragedy, and to sing the sentiments which the events suggested in couplets or verses between the acts; also that which was thus sung by the chorus. “What the lofty, grave tragedians taught
In chorus or iambic.
Milton.” 3. An interpreter in a dumb show or play. [Obs.] 4. (Mus.) A company of singers singing in concert. 5. (Mus.) A composition of two or more parts, each of which is intended to be sung by a number of voices. 6. (Mus.) Parts of a song or hymn recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also a company of singers who join with the singer or choir in singer or choir in singing such parts. 7. The simultaneous of a company in any noisy demonstration; as a Chorus of shouts and catcalls.

Cho´rus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chorused p. pr. & vb. n. Chorusing.] To sing in chorus; to exclaim simultaneously. W. D. Howells.

Chose , n.; pl. Choses (#). [F., fr. L. causa cause, reason. See Cause.] (Law) A thing; personal property. Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to it, or a right to demand it by action at law, and which does not exist at the time in specie; a personal right to a thing not reduced to possession, but recoverable by suit at law; as a right to recover money due on a contract, or damages for a tort, which can not be enforced against a reluctant party without suit. — Chose in possession, a thing in possession, as distinguished from a thing in action. — Chose local, a thing annexed to a place, as a mill. — Chose transitory, a thing which is movable. Cowell. Blount.

Chose , imp. & p. p. of Choose.

Cho´sen , p. p. of Choose. Selected from a number; picked out; choice. “Seven hundred chosen men left-handed.
Judg. xx. 16.”

Cho´sen, n. One who, or that which is the object of choice or special favor.

Chou´an , n. [F.] One of the royalist insurgents in western France (Brittany, etc.), during and after the French revolution.

Chough , n. [OE. choughe, kowe (and cf. OE. ca), fr. AS. ceó; cf. also D. kauw, OHG. chaha; perh. akin to E. caw. rad.22. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Crow family (Fregilus graculus) of Europe. It is of a black color, with a long, slender, curved bill and red legs; — also called chauk, chauk-daw, chocard, Cornish chough, red-legged crow. The name is also applied to several allied birds, as the Alpine chough. Cornish chough (Her.), a bird represented black, with red feet, and beak; — called also aylet and sea swallow.

Chou´i•cha , n. [Native name] (Zoöl.) The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat.

Chou´ka , n. [Native name] (Zoöl.) The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

Choule , n. [Obs.] See Jowl. Sir W. Scott.

Choul´try , n. See Choltry.

Chouse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choused p. pr. & vb. n. Chousing.] [From Turk. chaush a messenger or interpreter, one of whom, attached to the Turkish embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turkish merchants resident in England out of £4,000.] To cheat, trick, defraud; — followed by of, or out of; as to chouse one out of his money. [Colloq.] “The undertaker of the afore-cited poesy hath choused your highness.
Landor.”

Chouse, n. 1. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a simpleton; a gull. Hudibras. 2. A trick; sham; imposition. Johnson. 3. A swindler. B. Jonson.

Chout , n. [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.] An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India] J. Mill.

Chow´chow , a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together). Chowchow chop, the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship. S. W. Williams.

Chow´chow (chou´chou•), n. (Com.) A kind of mixed pickles.

Chow´der (-d&etl;r), n. [F. chaudière a kettle, a pot. Cf. Caldron.] 1. (Cookery) A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together. 2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Chowder beer, a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction.

Chow´der, v. t. To make a chowder of.

Chow´ry (-ry), n. [Hind. chaunri.] A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies. Malcom.

Chow´ter (-ter), v. t. [Cf. OE. chowre, and Prov. E. chow, to grumble.] To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

Choy´ root (choi´ root•). See Chay root.

Chre•ma•tis´tics , n. [Gr. 9sc. ) the art of traffic, fr. goods, money, fr. to use.] The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy.

Chre•o•tech´nics , n. [Gr. useful + art.] The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. [R.]

Chres•to•math´ic , a. Teaching what is useful. ´A chrestomathic school.´ Southey.

Chres•tom´a•thy , n. [Gr. ; useful + , , to learn.] A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as a Hebrew chrestomathy.

Chrism , n. [OE. crisme, from AS. crisma; also OE. creme, fr. OF. cresme, like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma, fr. Gr. , fr. to anoint; perh. akin to L. friare, fricare, to rub, Skr. gharsh, E. friable, friction. Cf. Chrisom.] (Gr. & R. C. Churchs) 1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc. 2. The same as Chrisom.

Chris´mal , a. [LL. chrismalis.] Of or pertaining to or used in chrism.

Chris•ma´tion , n. [LL. chrismatio.] The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil. “Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism.
Jer. Taylor.”

Chris´ma•to•ry , n. [LL. chrismatorium.] A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept.

Chris´om , n. [See Chrism.] 1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.] 2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; — so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.] Blount.

Christ , n. [L. Christus, Gr. , fr. anointed, fr. chri•ein to anoint. See Chrism.] The Anointed; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah.

Christ´cross , n. 1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, — sometimes as the sign of 12 o’clock on a dial. “The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon.
Old Play. Nares.” 2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.] Quarles.

Christ´cross-row , The alphabet; — formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm. “From infant conning of the Christcross- row.
Wordsworth.”

Chris´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.] 1. To baptize and give a Christian name to. 2. To give a name; to denominate. ´Christen the thing what you will.´ Bp. Burnet. 3. To Christianize. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. 4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.]

Chris´ten•dom , n. [AS. cristendm; cristen a Christian + -dom.] 1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.] “Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms.
Shak.” 3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. “The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom.
Milton” “A wide and still widening Christendom.
Coleridge.” 4. The whole body of Christians. Hooker.

Chris´tian , n. [L. christianus, Gr. ; cf. AS. cristen. See Christ.] 1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ. “The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.
Acts xi. 26.” 2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system. 3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ, and Campbellites. (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice. In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, kris´chan.

Chris´tian , a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as Christian people. 3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as a Christian court. Blackstone. 4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent. “The graceful tact; the Christian art.
Tennyson.” Christian Commission. See under Commission. — Christian court. Same as Ecclesiastical court. — Christian era, the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error of a monk (Dionysius Exiguus, d. about 556) employed to calculate the era, its commencement was fixed three or four years too late, so that 1890 should be 1893 or 1894. — Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname.

Chris•tian•ism , n. [L. christianismus, Gr. : cf. F. christianisme.] 1. The Christian religion. [Obs.] Milton. 2. The Christian world; Christendom. [Obs.] Johnson

Chris´tian•ite , n. [In sense (a) named after Christian Frederic, of Denmark; in sense (b) after Christian VII., of Denmark.] (Min.) (a) Same as Anorthite. [R.] (b) See Phillipsite.

Chris•tian´i•ty , n. [OE. cristiente, OF. cristiente, F. chretiente, fr. L. christianitas. ] 1. The religion of Christians; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ. 2. Practical conformity of one’s inward and outward life to the spirit of the Christian religion 3. The body of Christian believers. [Obs.] “To Walys fled the christianitee
Of olde Britons.
Chaucer.”

Chris•tian•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of converting or being converted to a true Christianity.

Chris´tian•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christianized ; p. pr. vb. n. Christianizing.] [Cf. F. christianiser, L. christianizare, fr. Gr. .] 1. To make Christian; to convert to Christianity; as to Christianize pagans. 2. To imbue with or adapt to Christian principles. “Christianized philosophers.
I. Taylor.”

Chris´tian•ize, v. i. To adopt the character or belief of a Christian; to become Christian. “The pagans began to Christianize.
Latham.”

Chris´tian•like , a. Becoming to a Christian. “A virtuous and a Christianlike conclusion.
Shak.”

Chris´tian•ly, adv. In a manner becoming the principles of the Christian religion. “Sufferings … patiently and Christianly borne.
Sharp.”

Chris´tian•ly, a. Christianlike. Longfellow.

Chris´tian•ness, n. Consonance with the doctrines of Christianity. [Obs.] Hammond.

Christ´less , a. Without faith in Christ; unchristian. Tennyson.

Christ´like , a. Resembling Christ in character, actions, etc. — Christ´like•ness, n.

Christ´ly, a. Christlike. H. Bushnell.

Christ´mas , n. [Christ + mass.] An annual church festival (December 25) and in some States a legal holiday, in memory of the birth of Christ, often celebrated by a particular church service, and also by special gifts, greetings, and hospitality. Christmas box. (a) A box in which presents are deposited at Christmas. (b) A present or small gratuity given to young people and servants at Christmas; a Christmas gift. — Christmas carol, a carol sung at, or suitable for, Christmas. — Christmas day. Same as Christmas. — Christmas eve, the evening before Christmas. — Christmas fern (Bot.), an evergreen North American fern (Aspidium acrostichoides), which is much used for decoration in winter. — Christmas flower, Christmas rose, the black hellebore, a poisonous plant of the buttercup family, which in Southern Europe often produces beautiful roselike flowers midwinter. — Christmas tree, a small evergreen tree, set up indoors, to be decorated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve.

Christ´mas•tide , n. [Christmas + tide time.] The season of Christmas.

Chris´to•cen´tric , a. [Christ + centric.] Making Christ the center, about whom all things are grouped, as in religion or history; tending toward Christ, as the central object of thought or emotion. J. W. Chadwick.

Chris•tol´o•gy , n. [Crist + -logy.] A treatise on Christ; that department of theology which treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ.

Chris´tom , n. See Chrisom. [Obs.] Shak.

Chris•toph´a•ny , n. [Christ + Gr. to show.] An appearance of Christ, as to his disciples after the crucifixion.

Christ’s-thorn , n. (Bot.) One of several prickly or thorny shrubs found in Palestine, especially the Paliurus aculeatus, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, and Z. vulgaris. The last bears the fruit called jujube, and may be considered to have been the most readily obtainable for the Crown of Thorns.

Chro´ma•scope , n. [Gr. color + -scope.] An instrument for showing the optical effects of color.

Chro´mate , n. [Cf. F. chromate. See Chrome.] (Chem.) A salt of chromic acid.

Chro•mat´ic , a. [L. chromaticus, Gr. , suited for color, fr. , , color; akin to color, skin, color of the skin.] 1. Relating to color, or to colors. 2. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. The intermediate tones were formerly written and printed in colors. Chromatic aberration. (Opt.) See Aberration, 4. — Chromatic printing, printing from type or blocks covered with inks of various colors. — Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale tones and the five intermediate tones.

Chro•mat´ic•al , a. Chromatic. [Obs.]

Chro•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a chromatic manner.

Chro•mat´ics , n. The science of colors; that part of optics which treats of the properties of colors.

Chro´ma•tin , n. [Gr. , , color.] (Biol.) Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes.

Chro´ma•tism , n. [Gr. a coloring.] 1. (Optics) The state of being colored, as in the case of images formed by a lens. 2. (Bot.) An abnormal coloring of plants.

Chro•ma•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. , , color + -genous.] Producing color.

Chro•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. , , color + -graphy.] A treatise on colors

Chro•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , color + -logy.] A treatise on colors.

Chro´ma•to•phore , n. [Gr. , , color + to bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods. 2. (Bot.) One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them.

Chro´ma•to•scope , n. [Gr. , , color + -scope.] (Astron.) A reflecting telescope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so as to produce a ringlike image of a star, instead of a point; — used in studying the scintillation of the stars.

Chro´ma•to•sphere , n. A chromosphere. [R.]

Chro´ma•trope , n. [Gr. color + turn, rotation, to turn.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light (depending upon the persistence of vision and mixture of colors) by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored. 2. A device in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleidoscopic effects.

Chro´ma•type , n. [Gr. color + type.] 1. (Photog.) A colored photographic picture taken upon paper made sensitive with potassium bichromate or some other salt of chromium. 2. The process by which such picture is made.

Chrome , n. Same as Chromium. Chrome alum (Chem.), a dark violet substance, (SO4)3Cr2. K2SO4.24H2O, analogous to, and crystallizing like, common alum. It is regarded as a double sulphate of chromium and potassium. — Chrome green (a) The green oxide of chromium, Cr2O3, used in enamel painting, and glass staining. (b) A pigment made by mixing chrome yellow with Prussian blue. — Chrome red, a beautiful red pigment originally prepared from the basic chromate of lead, but now made from red oxide of lead. — Chrome yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, PbCrO4, used by painters.

Chro´mic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium; — said of the compounds of chromium in which it has its higher valence. Chromic acid, an acid, H2CrO4, analogous to sulphuric acid, not readily obtained in the free state, but forming well known salts, many of which are colored pigments, as chrome yellow, chrome red, etc. — Chromic anhydride, a brilliant red crystalline substance, CrO3, regarded as the anhydride of chromic acid. It is one of the most powerful oxidizers known.

Chro´mid , n. [Gr. a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) One of the Chromidae, a family of fresh-water fishes abundant in the tropical parts of America and Africa. Some are valuable food fishes, as the bulti of the Nile.

Chro•mi•dro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. color + sweat.] (Med.) Secretion of abnormally colored perspiration.

Chro´mism , n. Same as Chromatism.

Chro´mite , n. 1. (Min.) A black submetallic mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; — called also chromic iron. 2. (Chem.) A compound or salt of chromous hydroxide regarded as an acid. [R.]

Chro´mi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. color.] (Chem.) A comparatively rare element occurring most abundantly in the mineral chromite. Atomic weight 52.5. Symbol Cr. When isolated it is a hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty. Its chief commercial importance is for its compounds, as potassium chromate, lead chromate, etc., which are brilliantly colored and are used dyeing and calico printing. Called also chrome.

Chro´mo , n.; pl. Chromos (#). [Abbrev. from chromolithograph.] A chromolithograph.

Chro´mo•blast , n. [Gr. color + -blast.] An embryonic cell which develops into a pigment cell.

Chro´mo•gen , [Gr. color + -gen.] 1. (Biol.) Vegetable coloring matter other than green; chromule. 2. (Chem.) Any colored compound, supposed to contain one or more chromophores.

Chro´mo•gen´ic , a. (Biol.) Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as chromogenic bacteria.

Chro´mo•graph , n. [Gr. color + -graph.] An apparatus by which a number of copies of written matter, maps, plans, etc., can be made; — called also hectograph.

Chro•mo•leu´cite , n. [Gr. color + E. leucite.] (Bot.) A chromoplastid.

Chro•mo•lith´o•graph , n. [Gr. color + E. lithograph.] A picture printed in tints and colors by repeated impressions from a series of stones prepared by the lithographic process.

Chro•mo•li•thog´ra•pher , n. One who is engaged in chromolithography.

Chro´mo•lith•o•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to, or made by, chromolithography.

Chro´mo•li•thog´ra•phy , n. Lithography adapted to printing in inks of various colors.

Chro´mo•phane , n. [Gr. color + to show.] (Physiol.) A general name for the several coloring matters, red, green, yellow, etc., present in the inner segments in the cones of the retina, held in solution by fats, and slowly decolorized by light; distinct from the photochemical pigments of the rods of the retina.

Chro´mo•phore , n. [Gr. color + to bear.] (Chem.) Any chemical group or residue (as NO2; N2; or O2) which imparts some decided color to the compound of which it is an ingredient.

Chro•mo•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. color + E. photography.] The art of producing photographs in colors.

Chro´mo•pho•to•lith´o•graph , n. A photolithograph printed in colors.

Chro•mo•plas´tid , n. [Gr. + E. plastid.] (Bot.) A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; — also called chromoleucite.

Chro´mo•some , n. [Gr. color + the body.] (Biol.) One of the minute bodies into which the chromatin of the nucleus is resolved during mitotic cell division; the idant of Weismann.

Chro´mo•sphere , n. [Gr. color + E. sphere.] (Astron.) An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas surrounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame.

Chro•mo•spher´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.

Chro´mo•type , n. [Gr. color + -type.] 1. A sheet printed in colors by any process, as a chromolithograph. See Chromolithograph. 2. A photographic picture in the natural colors.

Chro´mous , a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium, when this element has a valence lower than that in chromic compounds. Chromous acid, a bluish gray powder, CrO.OH, of weak acid properties and regard as an acid.

Chro´mule , n. [Gr. color + matter.] (Bot.) A general name for coloring matter of plants other than chlorophyll, especially that of petals.

Chron´ic , a. [L. chronicus, Gr. concerning time, from time: cf. F. chronique.] 1. Relating to time; according to time. 2. Continuing for a long time; lingering; habitual. Chronic disease, one which is inveterate, of long continuance, or progresses slowly, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedly terminates.

Chron´ic•al , a. Chronic. “Partly on a chronical, and partly on a topical method.
J. A. Alexander.”

Chron´i•cle , n. [OE. cronicle, fr. cronique, OF. cronique, F. chronique, L. chronica, fr. Gr. , neut. pl. of . See Chronic.] 1. An historical register or account of facts or events disposed in the order of time. 2. A narrative of events; a history; a record. 3. pl. The two canonical books of the Old Testament in which immediately follow 2 Kings. Syn. - Register; record; annals. See History.

Chron´i•cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chronicled p. pr. & vb. n. Chronicling ] To record in a history or chronicle; to record; to register. Shak.

Chron´i•cler , n. A writer of a chronicle; a recorder of events in the order of time; an historian. “Such an honest chronicler as Griffith.
Shak.”

Chro•nique´ , n. [F. See Chronicle.] A chronicle. L. Addison.

Chron´o•gram , n. [Gr. time + writing, character: cf. F. chronogramme.] 1. An inscription in which certain numeral letters, made to appear specially conspicuous, on being added together, express a particular date or epoch, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrIstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs. - the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, the sum 1632. 2. The record or inscription made by a chronograph. { Chron•o•gram•mat´ic , Chron•o•gram•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. chronogrammatique.] Belonging to a chronogram, or containing one.

Chron•o•gram´ma•tist , n. A writer of chronograms.

Chron´o•graph , n. [Gr. time + -graph: cf. F. chronographe.] 1. An instrument for measuring or recording intervals of time, upon a revolving drum or strip of paper moved by clockwork. The action of the stylus or pen is controlled by electricity. 2. Same as Chronogram, 1. [R.] 3. A chronoscope.

Chro•nog´ra•pher , n. One who writes a chronography; a chronologer. Tooke.

Chron•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a chronograph.

Chro•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. . See Chronograph.] A description or record of past time; history. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Chro•nol´o•ger , n. Same as Chronologist. { Chron•o•log´ic , Chron•o•log´ic•al , } a. [Gr. .] Relating to chronology; containing an account of events in the order of time; according to the order of time; as chronological tables. Raleigh. — Chron•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv. { Chro•nol´o•gist , Chro•nol´o•ger }, n. [Gr. .] A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology. “That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided.
Locke.” “THe most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December.
John Knox.”

Chro•nol´o•gy , n.; pl. Chronologies (#). [Gr. ; time + discourse: cf. F. chronologie.] The science which treats of measuring time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events or transactions their proper dates. “If history without chronology is dark and confused, chronology without history is dry and insipid.
A. Holmes.”

Chro•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. time + -meter: cf. F. chronomètre.] 1. An instrument for measuring time; a timekeeper. 2. A portable timekeeper, with a heavy compensation balance, and usually beating half seconds; — intended to keep time with great accuracy for use an astronomical observations, in determining longitude, etc. 3. (Mus.) A metronome. Box chronometer. See under Box. — Pocket chronometer, a chronometer in the form of a large watch. — To rate a chronometer. See Rate, v. t. { Chron•o•met´ric , Chron•o•met´ric•al , } a. [Cf. F. chronometrique.] Pertaining to a chronometer; measured by a chronometer.

Chro•nom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. chronometrie.] The art of measuring time; the measuring of time by periods or divisions.

Chron´o•pher , n. [Gr. time + to carry.] An instrument signaling the correct time to distant points by electricity.

Chron´o•scope , n. [Gr. time + -scope.] An instrument for measuring minute intervals of time; used in determining the velocity of projectiles, the duration of short-lived luminous phenomena, etc.

Chrys´a•lid , a. Pertaining to a chrysalis; resembling a chrysalis.

Chrys´a•lid, n.; pl. Chrysalids. See Chrysalis.

Chrys´a•lis , n.; pl. Chrysalides (#). [L. chrysallis the gold-colored pupa of butterflies, Gr. , fr. gold. Cf. Aurelia.] (Zoöl.) The pupa state of certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the perfect insect emerges. See Pupa, and Aurelia (a).

Chrys•an´i•line , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + E. anilene.] (Chem.) A yellow substance obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosaniline. It dyes silk a fine golden-yellow color.

Chrys•an´the•mum , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; chryso•s gold + flower.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, mostly perennial, and of many species including the many varieties of garden chrysanthemums (annual and perennial), and also the feverfew and the oxeye daisy.

Chrys•a•ro´bin , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + araroba a foreign name of Goa powder + -in.] (Chem.) A bitter, yellow substance forming the essential constituent of Goa powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid proper; hence formerly called also chrysphanic acid.

Chrys•au´rin , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + L. aurum gold. So called from its color.] An orange-colored dyestuff, of artificial production.

Chrys•el•e•phan´tine , a. [Gr. chryso•s gold + made of ivory, fr. ivory, elephant.] Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory. The chryselephantine statues of the Greeks were built up with inferior materials, veneered, as it were, with ivory for the flesh, and gold decorated with color for the hair and garments.

Chry´sene , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold.] (Chem.) One of the higher aromatic hydrocarbons of coal tar, allied to naphthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities.

Chrys´o•ber•yl , n. [L. chrysoberyllus, Gr. ; chryso•s gold + beryl.] (Min.) A mineral, found in crystals, of a yellow to green or brown color, and consisting of aluminia and glucina. It is very hard, and is often used as a gem.

Chrys´o•chlore , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + chlwro•s light green: cf. F. chrysochlore.] (Zoöl.) A South African mole of the genus Chrysochloris; the golden mole, the fur of which reflects brilliant metallic hues of green and gold.

Chrys´o•col•la , n. [L., fr. Gr. chryso•kolla gold solder; chryso•s gold + glue.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.

Chrys´o•gen , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -gen.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance extracted from crude anthracene.

Chry•sog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; chryso•s gold + to write.] 1. The art of writing in letters of gold. 2. A writing executed in letters of gold.

Chrys•o´ï•dine , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -oid + -ine.] (Chem.) An artificial, yellow, crystalline dye, C6H5N2.C6H3 (NH2)2. also one of a group of dyestuffs resembling chrysoïdine proper.

Chrys´o•lite , n. [L. chrysolithos, Gr. ; chryso•s gold + stone: cf. F. chrysolithe.] (Min.) A mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron, of a yellow to green color. It is common in certain volcanic rocks; — called also olivine and peridot. Sometimes used as a gem. The name was also early used for yellow varieties of tourmaline and topaz.

Chry•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -logy.] That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth.

Chrys•o´pa , n. [NL., from Gr. chryso•s gold + , , eye, face.] (Zoöl.) A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.

Chrys´o•phane , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + to show.] (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from rhubarb as a bitter, yellow, crystalline powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid on decomposition.

Chrys•o•phan´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, or resembling, chrysophane. Chrysophanic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance extracted from rhubarb, yellow dock, sienna, chrysarobin, etc., and shown to be a derivative of an anthracene. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases; — called also rhein, rheic acid, rhubarbarin, etc.

Chrys´o•prase , n. [OE. crisopace, OF. crisoprace, F. chrysoprase, L. chrysoprasus, fr. Gr. ; chryso•s gold + leek.] (Min.) An apple-green variety of chalcedony, colored by nickel. It has a dull flinty luster, and is sometimes used in jewelry.

Chry•sop´ra•sus , n. [L.] See Chrysoprase. Rev. xxi. 20.

Chrys´o•sperm , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + seed.] The seed of gold; a means of creating gold. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Chrys´o•type , n. [Gr. chryso•s gold + -type.] 1. A photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold. Abney. 2. 2process, invented by Sir J.Herschel.

Chthon´ic , a. [Gr. , , the earth.] Pertaining to the earth; earthy; as chthonic religions. “[The] chthonic character of the wife of Zeus.
Max Müller.” { Chthon•o•pha´gi•a , Chtho•noph´a•gy , } n. [NL. chthonophagia; Gr. , , earth + to eat.] A disease characterized by an irresistible desire to eat earth, observed in some parts of the southern United States, the West Indies, etc.

Chub , n. [This word seems to signify a large or thick fish. Cf. Sw. kubb a short and thick piece of wood, and perh. F. chabot chub.] (Zoöl.) A species to fresh-water fish of the Cyprinidae or Carp family. The common European species is Leuciscus cephalus; the cheven. In America the name is applied to various fishes of the same family, of the genera Semotilus, Squalius, Ceratichthys, etc., and locally to several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. Chub mackerel (Zoöl.), a species of mackerel (Scomber colias) in some years found in abundance on the Atlantic coast, but absent in others; — called also bull mackerel, thimble-eye, and big- eye mackerel. — Chub sucker (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish of the United States (Erimyzon sucetta); — called also creekfish.

Chub´bed , a. Chubby. [R.] H. Brooke.

Chub´bed•ness, n. The state of being chubby.

Chub´by , a. Like a chub; plump, short, and thick. ´Chubby faces.´ I. Taylor.

Chub´-faced , a. Having a plump, short face.

Chuck (chuk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chucked (chukt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] [Imitative of the sound.] 1. To make a noise resembling that of a hen when she calls her chickens; to cluck. 2. To chuckle; to laugh. [R.] Marston.

Chuck, v. t. To call, as a hen her chickens. Dryden.

Chuck, n. 1. The chuck or call of a hen. 2. A sudden, small noise. 3. A word of endearment; — corrupted from chick. ´Pray, chuck, come hither.´ Shak.

Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chucked (chukt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, v. t.] 1. To strike gently; to give a gentle blow to. “Chucked the barmaid under the chin.
W. Irving.” 2. To toss or throw smartly out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.] ´Mahomet Ali will just be chucked into the Nile.´ Lord Palmerson. 3. (Mech.) To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck.

Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow or pat under the chin. 2. A short throw; a toss. 3. (Mach.) A contrivance or machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a tool or the material to be operated upon. Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole; pitch farthing. — Chuck hole, a deep hole in a wagon rut. — Elliptic chuck, a chuck having a slider and an eccentric circle, which, as the work turns round, give it a sliding motion across the center which generates an ellipse. Knight.

Chuck (chuk), n. 1. A small pebble; — called also chuckstone and chuckiestone. [Scot.] 2. pl. A game played with chucks, in which one or more are tossed up and caught; jackstones. [Scot.]

Chuck, n. A piece of the backbone of an animal, from between the neck and the collar bone, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking; as a chuck steak; a chuck roast. [Colloq.]

Chuc´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chuckled p. pr. & vb. n. Chuckling ] [From 1st Chuck.] 1. To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. To fondle; to cocker. [Obs.] Dryden.

Chuc´kle, n. A short, suppressed laugh; the expression of satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

Chuc´kle, v. i. [From 1st Chuck.] To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner, as expressing inward satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

Chuc´kle•head , n. A person with a large head; a numskull; a dunce. [Low] Knowles.

Chuc´kle•head•ed, a. Having a large head; thickheaded; dull; stupid. Smart.

Chuck•-Will’s-wid´ow , n. (Zool.) A species of goatsucker (Antrostomus Carolinensis), of the southern United States; — so called from its note.

Chud , v. t. [Cf. Chew, Cud.] To champ; to bite. [Obs.] A. Stafford.

Chu´et , n. [From Chew, v. t.] Minced meat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chu´fa , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

Chuff , n. [Perh. a modification of chub: cf. W. cyff stock, stump.] A coarse or stupid fellow. Shak.

Chuff, a. Stupid; churlish. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Chuff´i•ly , adv. Clownishly; surlily.

Chuff´i•ness, n. The quality of being chuffy.

Chuff´y , a. 1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks. 2. Rough; clownish; surly.

Chu´lan , n. (Bot.) The fragrant flowers of the Chloranthus inconspicuus, used in China for perfuming tea.

Chum , n. [Perh. a contraction fr. comrade or chamber fellow: cf. also AS. cuma a comer, guest.] A roommate, especially in a college or university; an old and intimate friend.

Chum, v. i. [imp. p. p. Chummed p. pr. & vb. n. Chumming.] To occupy a chamber with another; as to chum together at college. [U. S.]

Chum, n. Chopped pieces of fish used as bait. [U. S.]

Chump , n. [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. chop.] A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. Morton. Chump end, the thick end; as the chump end of a joint of meat. Dickens.

Chu•nam´ , n. [Hind. chuna, from Skr. curn.a powder, dust; or a Dravidian word.] Quicklime; also plaster or mortar. [India] Whitworth.

Chunk , n. [Cf. Chump.] A short, thick piece of anything. [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.]

Chunk´y , a. Short and thick. [U. S.] Kane.

Church , n. [OE. chirche, chireche, cherche, Scot. kirk, from AS. circe, cyrice; akin to D. kerk, Icel. kirkja, Sw. kyrka, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, OHG. chirihha; all fr. Gr. the Lord’s house, fr. concerning a master or lord, fr. master, lord, fr. power, might; akin to Skr. çura hero, Zend. çura strong, OIr. caur, cur, hero. Cf. Kirk.] 1. A building set apart for Christian worship. 2. A Jewish or heathen temple. [Obs.] Acts xix. 37. 3. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. ´When they had ordained them elders in every church.´ Acts xiv. 23. 4. A body of Christian believers, holding the same creed, observing the same rites, and acknowledging the same ecclesiastical authority; a denomination; as the Roman Catholic church; the Presbyterian church. 5. The collective body of Christians. 6. Any body of worshipers; as the Jewish church; the church of Brahm. 7. The aggregate of religious influences in a community; ecclesiastical influence, authority, etc.; as to array the power of the church against some moral evil. “Remember that both church and state are properly the rulers of the people, only because they are their benefactors.
Bulwer.” Church is often used in composition to denote something belonging or relating to the church; as church authority; church history; church member; church music, etc. Apostolic church. See under Apostolic. — Broad church. See Broad Church. — Catholic or Universal church, the whole body of believers in Christ throughout the world. — Church of England, or English church, the Episcopal church established and endowed in England by law. — Church living, a benefice in an established church. - - Church militant. See under Militant. — Church owl (Zoöl.), the white owl. See Barn owl. — Church rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the maintenance of the church and its services. — Church session. See under Session. — Church triumphant. See under Triumphant. — Church work, work on, or in behalf of, a church; the work of a particular church for the spread of religion. — Established church, the church maintained by the civil authority; a state church.

Church, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churched p. pr. & vb. n. Churching.] To bless according to a prescribed form, or to unite with in publicly returning thanks in church, as after deliverance from the dangers of childbirth; as the churching of women.

Church´-ale , n. A church or parish festival (as in commemoration of the dedication of a church), at which much ale was used. Wright. Nares.

Church´-bench , n. A seat in the porch of a church. Shak.

Church´dom , n. The institution, government, or authority of a church. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

Church´go•er , n. One who attends church.

Church´go•ing, a. 1. Habitually attending church. 2. Summoning to church. “The sound of the churchgoing bell.
Cowper.”

Church´-haw , n. [Church + haw a yard.] Churchyard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Church´ism , n. Strict adherence to the forms or principles of some church organization; sectarianism.

Church´less , a. Without a church. T. Fuller.

Church´like , a. Befitting a church or a churchman; becoming to a clergyman. Shak.

Church´li•ness , n. Regard for the church.

Church´ly, a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, the church; ecclesiastical.

Church´man , n.; pl. Churchmen (#). 1. An ecclesiastic or clergyman. 2. An Episcopalian, or a member of the Established Church of England. ´A zealous churchman.´ Macaulay. 3. One was is attached to, or attends, church.

Church´man•ly, a. Pertaining to, or becoming, a churchman. Milman.

Church´man•ship, n. The state or quality of being a churchman; attachment to the church.

Church´ modes (Mus.) The modes or scales used in ancient church music. See Gregorian.

Church´ship, n. State of being a church. South.

Church´ward•en , n. 1. One of the officers (usually two) in an Episcopal church, whose duties vary in different dioceses, but always include the provision of what is necessary for the communion service. 2. A clay tobacco pipe, with a long tube. [Slang, Eng.] “There was a small wooden table placed in front of the smoldering fire, with decanters, a jar of tobacco, and two long churchwardens.
W. Black.”

Church´ward•en•ship, n. The office of a churchwarden.

Church´y, a. Relating to a church; unduly fond of church forms. [Colloq.]

Church´yard , n. The ground adjoining a church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. “Like graves in the holy churchyard.
Shak.” Syn. — Burial place; burying ground; graveyard; necropolis; cemetery; God’s acre.

Churl , n. [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband; akin to D. karel, kerel, G. kerl, Dan. & Sw. karl, Icel. karl, and to the E. proper name Charles (orig., man, male), and perh. to Skr. jara lover. Cf. Carl, Charles’s Wain.] 1. A rustic; a countryman or laborer. ´A peasant or churl.´ Spenser. “Your rank is all reversed; let men of cloth
Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls.
Emerson.” 2. A rough, surly, ill-bred man; a boor. “A churl’s courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or falsehood.
Sir P. Sidney.” 3. A selfish miser; an illiberal person; a niggard. “Like to some rich churl hoarding up his pelf.
Drayton.”

Churl, a. Churlish; rough; selfish. [Obs.] Ford.

Churl´ish, a. 1. Like a churl; rude; cross-grained; ungracious; surly; illiberal; niggardly. ´Churlish benefits.´ Ld. Burleigh. “Half mankind maintain a churlish strife.
Cowper.” 2. Wanting pliancy; unmanageable; unyielding; not easily wrought; as a churlish soil; the churlish and intractable nature of some minerals. Boyle.

Churl´ish•ly, adv. In a churlish manner.

Churl´ish•ness, n. Rudeness of manners or temper; lack of kindness or courtesy.

Churl´y , a. Rude; churlish; violent. Longfellow. { Churme , Chirm }, n. [See Chirm.] Clamor, or confused noise; buzzing. [Obs.] “The churme of a thousand taunts and reproaches.
Bacon.”

Churn (chûrn), n. [OE. chirne, cherne, AS. ceren, cyrin; akin to D. karn, Dan. kierne. See Churn, v. t.] A vessel in which milk or cream is stirred, beaten, or otherwise agitated (as by a plunging or revolving dasher) in order to separate the oily globules from the other parts, and obtain butter.

Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churned (chûrnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Churning.] [OE. chernen, AS. cernan; akin to LG. karnen, G. kernen, D. karnen, Dan. kierne, Sw. kärna, and also to E. corn, kernel, the meaning coming from the idea of extracting the kernel or marrow. See Kernel.] 1. To stir, beat, or agitate, as milk or cream in a churn, in order to make butter. 2. To shake or agitate with violence. “Churned in his teeth, the foamy venom rose.
Addison.”

Churn, v. i. To perform the operation of churning.

Churn´ing, n. 1. The act of one who churns. 2. The quantity of butter made at one operation.

Chur´rus , n. [Hind. charas.] A powerfully narcotic and intoxicating gum resin which exudes from the flower heads, seeds, etc., of Indian hemp.

Churr´worm , n. [AS. cyrran, cerran, to turn.] (Zoöl.) An insect that turns about nimbly; the mole cricket; — called also fan cricket. Johnson.

Chuse , v. t. See Choose. [Obs.]

Chute , n. [F. chute, prop. a fall.] 1. A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel. 2. See Shoot. { Chut´ney , Chut´nee } n. [Hind. chatni.] A warm or spicy condiment or pickle made in India, compounded of various vegetable substances, sweets, acids, etc.

Chy•la´ceous , a. (Physiol.) Possessed of the properties of chyle; consisting of chyle.

Chy•la´que•ous , a. [Chyle + aqueous.] (Zoöl.) Consisting of chyle much diluted with water; — said of a liquid which forms the circulating fluid of some inferior animals.

Chyle , n. [NL. chylus, Gr. juice, chyle, fr. to pour: cf. F. chyle; prob. akin to E. fuse to melt.] (Physiol.) A milky fluid containing the fatty matter of the food in a state of emulsion, or fine mechanical division; formed from chyme by the action of the intestinal juices. It is absorbed by the lacteals, and conveyed into the blood by the thoracic duct.

Chyl•i•fac´tion , n. [Chyle + L. facere to make.] (Physiol.) The act or process by which chyle is formed from food in animal bodies; chylification, — a digestive process.

Chyl•i•fac´tive , a. (Physiol.) Producing, or converting into, chyle; having the power to form chyle.

Chy•lif´er•ous , a. [Chyle + -ferous: cf. F. chylifère.] (Physiol.) Transmitting or conveying chyle; as chyliferous vessels.

Chy•lif´ic , a. Chylifactive.

Chyl•i•fi•ca´tion , n. (Physiol.) The formation of chyle. See Chylifaction.

Chy•lif´i•ca•to•ry , a. Chylifactive.

Chy´li•fy , v. t. & i. [Chyle + -ly.] (Physiol.) To make chyle of; to be converted into chyle.

Chy•lo•po•et´ic , a. [Gr. chylopoiei^n to make into juice, chylo•s juice, chyle + poiei^n to make.] (Physiol.) Concerned in the formation of chyle; as the chylopoetic organs.

Chy´lous , a. [Cf. F. chyleux.] (Physiol.) Consisting of, or similar to, chyle.

Chy•lu´ri•a , n. [NL. from Gr. chyle + urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.

Chyme , n. [L. chymus chyle, Gr. juice, like , fr. to pour: cf. F. chyme. See Chyle.] (Physiol.) The pulpy mass of semi-digested food in the small intestines just after its passage from the stomach. It is separated in the intestines into chyle and excrement. See Chyle. { Chym´ic , Chym´ist, Chym´is•try } [Obs.] See Chemic, Chemist, Chemistry.

Chy•mif´er•ous , a. [Chyme + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Bearing or containing chyme.

Chym•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Chyme + L. facere to make: cf. F. Chymification.] (Physiol.) The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice.

Chym´i•fy , v. t. [Chyme + -fy: cf. F. chymifier.] (Physiol.) To form into chyme.

Chy´mous , a. Of or pertaining to chyme.

Chy•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. to pour + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for measuring liquids. It consists of a piston moving in a tube in which is contained the liquid, the quantity expelled being indicated by the graduation upon the piston rod.

Ci•ba´ri•ous , a. [L. cibaruus, fr. cibus food.] Pertaining to food; edible. Johnson.

Ci•ba´tion , n. [L. cibatio, fr. cibare to feed.] 1. The act of taking food. 2. (Alchemy) The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucible with fresh material. B. Jonson.

Cib´ol , n. [F. ciboule, LL. cepula, cepola, dim. of L. cepa, caepa, caepe, an onion. Cf. Chibbal, Cives.] A perennial alliaceous plant (Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery.

Ci•bo´ri•um , n.: pl. Ciboria (#). [LL., fr. L. ciborium a cup, fr. Gr. a seed vessel of the Egyptian bean; also a cup made from its largeleaves, or resembling its seed vessel in shape.] 1. (Arch.) A canopy usually standing free and supported on four columns, covering the high altar, or, very rarely, a secondary altar. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The coffer or case in which the host is kept; the pyx.

Ci•ca´da (si•ka´da), n.; pl. E. Cicadas (- daz), L. Cicadae (-de). [L.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by peculiar organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

Ci•ca´la (che•kä´la), n. [It., fr. L. cicada.] A cicada. See Cicada. ´At eve a dry cicala sung.´ Tennison.

Cic´a•trice , n. [F., fr. L. cicatrix.] A cicatrix.

Cic•a•tri´cial , a. (Med.) Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix. Dunglison.

Cic´a•tri•cle , n. [Cf. F. cicatricule, fr. L. cicatricula a small scar, fr. cicatrix a scar.] (Biol.) The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins.

Cic´a•tri•sive , a. Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound.

Ci•ca´trix , n.; pl. Cicatrices (#). [L.] (Med.) The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar.

Cic´a•tri•zant , n. [Cf. F. cicatrisant, properly p. pr. of cicatriser.] (Med.) A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix.

Cic•a•tri•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. cicatrisation.] (Med.) The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized.

Cic´a•trize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cicatrized p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] [Cf. F. cicatriser, fr. cicatrice, L. cicatrix, scar.] (Med.) To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Wiseman.

Cic´a•trize, v. i. (Med.) To heal; to have a new skin.

Cic´a•trose , a. Full of scars. Craig.

Cic´e•ly , n. [L. seselis, Gr. , ; perh. ultimately of Egyptian origin.] (Bot.) Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc.

Cic´e•ro , n. (Print.) Pica type; — so called by French printers.

Ci•ce•ro´ne , n.; pl. It. Ciceroni (#), E. Cicerones (#). [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman orator. So called from the ordinary talkativeness of such a guide.] One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide. “Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows strangers about their picture galleries, palaces, and ruins, is termed by them [the Italians] a cicerone, or a Cicero.
Trench.”

Cic•e•ro´ni•an , a. [L. Ciceronianus, fr. Cicero, the orator.] Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent.

Cic•e•ro´ni•an•ism , n. Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. ´Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Cich•o•ra´ceous , a. [See Chicory.] Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type.

Cich´-pea , n. The chick- pea. Holland.

Ci•cis´be•ism , n. The state or conduct of a cicisbeo.

Ci•cis•be´o , n.; pl. It. Cicisbei (#). [It.] 1. A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women. 2. A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc. [Obs.]

Cic´la•toun , n. [Of. ciclaton.] A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] [Written also checklaton, chekelatoun.] “His robe was of ciclatoun,
That coste many a Jane.
Chaucer.”

Cic´u•rate , v. t. [L. cicurare to tame, fr. cicur tame.] To tame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cic•u•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. cicuration.] The act of taming. [Obs.] Ray.

Ci•cu´ta , n. [L., the poison hemlock.] (Bot.) a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known. The name cicuta is sometimes erroneously applied to Conium maculatum, or officinal hemlock.

Cic•u•tox´in , n. (Chem.) The active principle of the water hemlock (Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance.

Cid , n. [Sp., fr. Ar. seid lord.] 1. Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century. 2. An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz.

Ci´der , n. [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a kind of strong drink, Gr. ; of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. shakar to be intoxicated, shekar strong drink.] The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes. Cider was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor, but was not applied to wine. Cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider. — Cider mill, a mill in which cider is made. — Cider press, the press of a cider mill.

Ci•der•ist, n. A maker of cider. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Ci´der•kin , n. [Cider + -kin.] A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water. “Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place of small beer.
Mortimer.”

Ci•-de•vant´ , a. [F., hitherto, formerly.] Former; previous; of times gone by; as a ci-devant governor.

Cierge , n. [F., fr. L. cera wax.] A wax candle used in religous rites.

Ci•gar´ (si•gär´), n. [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.] A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. Cigar fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Decapterus punctatus), allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Cig•a•rette´ , n. [F. cigarette.] A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

Cil´i•a , n. pl. Cilium, the sing., is rarely used. [L. cilium eyelid.] 1. (Anat.) The eyelashes. 2. (Biol.) Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs. 3. (Bot.) Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash. 4. (Zoöl.) Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

Cil´ia•ry , a. [Cf. F. ciliaire.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc. 2. (Biol.) Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as ciliary motion.

Cil•i•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Cilia.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth. { Cil´i•ate , Cil´i•a•ted } a. Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe.

Cil´ice , n. [F. See Cilicious.] A kind of haircloth undergarment. Southey.

Ci•li´cian , a. Of or pertaining to Cilicia in Asia Minor. — n. A native or inhabitant of Cilicia.

Ci•li´cious , a. [L. cilicium a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat’s hair, fr. Cilicious Cilician, fr. Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. [Obs.] “A Cilicious or sackcloth habit.
Sir T. Browne.” { Cil´i•form , Cil´i•i•form• } a. [Cilium + -form] Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender.

Cil´i•o•grade , a. [Cilium + L. gradi to step: cf. F. ciliograde.] (Zoöl.) Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as the ciliograde Medusae.

Cil´i•um , n. [L., eyelid.] See Cilia.

Cill , n. See Sill., n. a foundation.

Cil•lo´sis , n. [NL., fr. L. cilium eyelid.] (Med.) A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid.

Ci´ma , n. (Arch.) A kind of molding. See Cyma.

Ci•mar´ , n. See Simar.

Cim´bal , n. [It. ciambella.] A kind of confectionery or cake. [Obs.] Nares.

Cim´bi•a , n. (Arch.) A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it. [Written also cimia.]

Cim´bri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Cimbri. — n. One of the Cimbri. See Cimbric.

Cim´bric , a. Pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe inhabiting Northern Germany. — n. The language of the Cimbri.

Ci•me´li•arch , n. [L. cimeliarcha, Gr. , treasurer.] A superintendent or keeper of a church’s valuables; a churchwarden. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cim´e•ter , n. See Scimiter.

Ci´mex , n.; pl. Cimices (#). [L., a bug.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hemipterous insects of which the bedbug is the best known example. See Bedbug.

Cim´i•a , n. (Arch.) See Cimbia.

Ci´miss , n. [L. cimex, -icis, a bug.] (Zoöl.) The bedbug. [Obs.] Wright.

Cim•me´ri•an , a. [L. Cimmerius.] [Written also Kimmerian.] 1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, said to have lived, in very ancient times, in profound and perpetual darkness. 2. Without any light; intensely dark. “In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell.
Milton.”

Cim´o•lite , n. [Gr. (sc. ) Cimolian earth, fr. , L. Cimolus, an island of the Cyclades.] (Min.) A soft, earthy, clayey mineral, of whitish or grayish color.

Cinch , n. [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.] 1. A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [West. U. S.] 2. A tight grip. [Colloq.]

Cin•cho´na , n. [So named from the wife of Count Chinchon, viceroy of Peru in the seventeenth century, who by its use was freed from an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain, contributed to the general propagation of this remedy.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value. 2. (Med.) The bark of any species of Cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits’ bark.

Cin•cho•na´ceous , a. Allied or pertaining to cinchona, or to the plants that produce it.

Cin•chon´ic , a. Belonging to, or obtained from, cinchona. Mayne.

Cin•chon´i•dine , n. [From Cinchona.] (Chem.) One of the quinine group of alkaloids, found especially in red cinchona bark. It is a white crystalline substance, C19H22N2O, with a bitter taste and qualities similar to, but weaker than, quinine; — sometimes called also cinchonidia.

Cin´cho•nine , n. [From Cinchona: cf. F. cinchonine.] (Chem.) One of the quinine group of alkaloids isomeric with and resembling cinchonidine; — called also cinchonia.

Cin´cho•nism , n. [From Cinchona.] (Med.) A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc.

Cin´cho•nize , v. t. To produce cinchonism in; to poison with quinine or with cinchona.

Cin•cin•na´ti ep´och (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the American lower Silurian system. The rocks are well developed near Cincinnati, Ohio. The group includes the Hudson River and Lorraine shales of New York.

Cinc´ture , n. [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.] 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body, — as by an ecclesiastic for confining the alb. 2. That which encompasses or incloses; an inclosure. ´Within the cincture of one wall.´ Bacon. 3. (Arch.) The fillet, listel, or band next to the apophyge at the extremity of the shaft of a column.

Cinc´tured , n. Having or wearing a cincture or girdle.

Cin´der (sin´der), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross; akin to Icel. sindr dross, Sw. sinder, G. sinter, D. sintel; perh. influenced by F. cendre ashes, fr. L. cinis. Cf. Sinter.] 1. Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct. 2. A hot coal without flame; an ember. Swift. 3. A scale thrown off in forging metal. 4. The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano. Cinder frame, a framework of wire in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to arrest the escape of cinders. — Cinder notch (Metal.), the opening in a blast furnace, through which melted cinder flows out.

Cin´der•y , a. Resembling, or composed of, cinders; full of cinders.

Cin•e•fac´tion , n. [LL. cinefactio: L. cinis ashes + facere to make: cf. F. cinefaction.] Cineration; reduction to ashes. [Obs.] { Cin•e•mat´ic , Cin•e•mat´ic•al }, a. See Kinematic.

Cin•e•mat´ics , n. sing. See Kinematics.

Cin•er•a´ceous , a. [L. cineraceus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; cinereous.

Cin•e•ra´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. LL. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes. So called from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] (Bot.) A Linnaean genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

Cin´er•a•ry , a. [L. cinerarius, fr. cinis ashes.] Pertaining to ashes; containing ashes. Cinerary urns, vessels used by the ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead when burned.

Cin•er•a´tion , n. [L. cinis ashes: cf. F. cineration.] The reducing of anything to ashes by combustion; cinefaction.

Ci•ne´re•ous , a. [L. cinereus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; grayish.

Cin•er•es´cent , a. Somewhat cinereous; of a color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes.

Cin•er•i´tious , a. [L. cineritius, cinericius, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; having the color of ashes, — as the cortical substance of the brain.

Ci•ner´u•lent , a. Full of ashes. [Obs.]

Cin•ga•lese´ , n. sing. & pl. [Cf. F. Cingalais.] A native or natives of Ceylon descended from its primitive inhabitants; also (sing.), the language of the Cingalese. — a. Of or pertaining to the Cingalese. [Written also Singhalese.] Ceylonese is applied to the inhabitants of the island in general.

Cin´gle , n. [L. cingula, cingulum, fr. cingere to gird.] A girth. [R.] See Surcingle.

Cin´gu•lum , n. [L., a girdle.] (Zoöl.) (a) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells. (b) The clitellus of earthworms. (c) The base of the crown of a tooth.

Cin´na•bar , n. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. ; prob. of Oriental origin; cf. Per. qinbar, Hind. shangarf.] 1. (Min.) Red sulphide of mercury, occurring in brilliant red crystals, and also in red or brown amorphous masses. It is used in medicine. 2. The artificial red sulphide of mercury used as a pigment; vermilion. Cinnabar Graecorum . [L. Graecorum, gen. pl., of the Greeks.] (Med.) Same as Dragon’s blood. — Green cinnabar, a green pigment consisting of the oxides of cobalt and zinc subjected to the action of fire. — Hepatic cinnabar (Min.), an impure cinnabar of a liver-brown color and submetallic luster.

Cin´na•ba•rine , a. [Cf. F. cinabarin.] Pertaining to, or resembling, cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as cinnabarine sand.

Cin´na•mene , n. [From Cinnamic.] (Chem.) Styrene (which was formerly called cinnamene because obtained from cinnamic acid). See Styrene.

Cin•nam´ic , a. [From Cinnamon.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, cinnamon. Cinnamic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, odorless substance. C6H5. C2H2C2H2.CO2H, formerly obtained from storax and oil of cinnamon, now made from certain benzene derivatives in large quantities, and used for the artificial production of indigo.

Cin•na•mom´ic , a. [L. cinnamomum cinnamon.] (Chem.) See Cinnamic.

Cin´na•mon , n. [Heb. qinnamon; cf. Gr. , , cinnamomum, cinnamon. The Heb. word itself seems to have been borrowed from some other language; cf. Malay kaju manis sweet wood.] (a) The inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, a tree growing in Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a moderately pungent taste, and is one of the best cordial, carminative, and restorative spices. (b) Cassia. Cinnamon stone (Min.), a variety of garnet, of a cinnamon or hyacinth red color, sometimes used in jewelry. — Oil of cinnamon, a colorless aromatic oil obtained from cinnamon and cassia, and consisting essentially of cinnamic aldehyde, C6H5.C2H2.CHO. - - Wild cinnamon. See Canella.

Cin´na•mone , n. [Cinnamic + -one.] A yellow crystalline substance, (C6H5. C2H2)2CO, the ketone of cinnamic acid.

Cin´na•myl , n. [Cinnamic + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical, (C6H5. C2H2)2C, of cinnamic compounds. [Formerly written also cinnamule.]

Cin´no•line , n. [Cinnamic + quinoline.] A nitrogenous organic base, C8H6N2, analogous to quinoline, obtained from certain complex diazo compounds.

Cinque , n. [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five. See Five.] Five; the number five in dice or cards.

Cin•que•cen´to , n. & a. [It., five hundred, abbrev. for fifteen hundred. The Cinquecento style was so called because it arose after the year 1500.] The sixteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as the sculpture of the Cinquecento; Cinquecento style.

Cinque´foil , n. [Cinque five + foil, F. feuille leaf. See Foil.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several different species of the genus Potentilla; — also called five-finger, because of the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having five points or cups, used in windows, panels, etc. Gwilt. Marsh cinquefoil, the Potentilla palustris, a plant with purple flowers which grows in fresh- water marshes.

Cinque´-pace , n. [Cinque + pace.] A lively dance (called also galliard), the steps of which were regulated by the number five. [Obs.] Nares. Shak.

Cinque´ Ports [Cinque + port.] (Eng. Hist.) Five English ports, to which peculiar privileges were anciently accorded; — viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, Rye, and some minor places. Baron of the Cinque Ports. See under Baron.

Cinque´-spot•ted, a. Five- spotted. [R.] Shak.

Cin´ter , n. [F. cintre.] (Arch.) See Center.

Ci•nu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. To move + tail.] (Zoöl.) The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma.

Ci´on , n. [OF. cion. See Scion.] See Scion. “The cion overruleth the stock; and the stock is but passive, and giveth aliment, but no motion, to the graft.
Bacon.”

Ci´pher , n. [OF. cifre zero, F. Chiffre figure (cf. Sp. cifra, LL. cifra), fr. Ar. çifrun, çafrun, empty, cipher, zero, fr. çafira to be empty. Cf. Zero.] 1. (Arith.) A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value tenfold. 2. One who, or that which, has no weight or influence. “Here he was a mere cipher.
W. Irving.” 3. A character in general, as a figure or letter. [Obs.] “This wisdom began to be written in ciphers and characters and letters bearing the forms of creatures.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 4. A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as a painter’s cipher, an engraver’s cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W. 5. A private alphabet, system of characters, or other mode of writing, contrived for the safe transmission of secrets; also a writing in such characters. “His father … engaged him when he was very young to write all his letters to England in cipher.
Bp. Burnet.” Cipher key, a key to assist in reading writings in cipher.

Ci´pher, a. Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence. ´Twelve cipher bishops.´ Milton.

Ci´pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciphered p. pr. & vb. n. Ciphering.] To use figures in a mathematical process; to do sums in arithmetic. “´T was certain he could write and cipher too.
Goldsmith.”

Ci´pher, v. t. 1. To write in occult characters. “His notes he ciphered with Greek characters.
Hayward.” 2. To get by ciphering; as to cipher out the answer. 3. To decipher. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To designate by characters. [Obs.] Shak.

Ci´pher•er , n. One who ciphers.

Ci´pher•hood , n. Nothingness. [R.] Goodwin.

Cip´o•lin , n. [It. cippollino, prop., a little onion, fr. cipolla onion (cf. E. cibol). So called because its veins consist, like onions, of different strata, one lying upon another.] (Min.) A whitish marble, from Rome, containiing pale greenish zones. It consists of calcium carbonate, with zones and cloudings of talc.

Cip´pus , n.; pl. Cippi (#). [L., stake, post.] A small, low pillar, square or round, commonly having an inscription, used by the ancients for various purposes, as for indicating the distances of places, for a landmark, for sepulchral inscriptions, etc. Gwilt.

Circ , n. [See Circus.] An amphitheatrical circle for sports; a circus. [R.] T. Warton.

Cir•car´ , n. [See Sircar.] A district, or part of a province. See Sircar. [India]

Cir•cas´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Circassia, in Asia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Circassia.

Cir•ce´an , a. [L. Circaeus.] Having the characteristics of Circe, daughter of Sol and Perseis, a mythological enchantress, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts; pleasing, but noxious; as a Circean draught. { Cir•cen´sial , Cir•cen´sian } a. [L. Circensis, ludi Circenses, the games in the Circus Maximus.] Of or pertaining to, or held in, the Circus, In Rome. “The pleasure of the Circensian shows.
Holyday.”

Cir´ci•nal , a. [Gr. a circle.] (Bot.) Circinate.

Cir´ci•nate , a. [L. circinatus, p. p. of circinare to make round, fr. circinus a pair of compasses, from Gr. a circle.] (Bot.) Rolled together downward, the tip occupying the center; — a term used in reference to foliation or leafing, as in ferns. Gray.

Cir´ci•nate , v. t. To make a circle around; to encompass. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cir•ci•na´tion , n. [L. circinatio circle.] 1. An orbicular motion. [Obs.] bailey. 2. A circle; a concentric layer. [Obs.] ´The circinations and spherical rounds of onions.´ Sir T. Browne.

Cir´cle (ser´k’l), n. [OE. cercle, F. cercle, fr. L. circulus (Whence also AS. circul), dim. of circus circle, akin to Gr. kri•kos, ki•rkos, circle, ring. Cf. Circus, Circum-.] 1. A plane figure, bounded by a single curve line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center. 2. The line that bounds such a figure; a circumference; a ring. 3. (Astron.) An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle. When it is fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y’s, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle. 4. A round body; a sphere; an orb. “It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth.
Is. xi. 22.” 5. Compass; circuit; inclosure. “In the circle of this forest.
Shak.” 6. A company assembled, or conceived to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie; a class or division of society; a coterie; a set. “As his name gradually became known, the circle of his acquaintance widened.
Macaulay.” 7. A circular group of persons; a ring. 8. A series ending where it begins, and repeating itself. “Thus in a circle runs the peasant’s pain.
Dryden.” 9. (Logic) A form of argument in which two or more unproved statements are used to prove each other; inconclusive reasoning. “That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and, again, that gravity is a quality whereby a heavy body descends, is an impertinent circle and teaches nothing.
Glanvill.” 10. Indirect form of words; circumlocution. [R.] “Has he given the lie,
In circle, or oblique, or semicircle.
J. Fletcher.” 11. A territorial division or district. The Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, ten in number, were those principalities or provinces which had seats in the German Diet. Azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. — Circle of altitude (Astron.), a circle parallel to the horizon, having its pole in the zenith; an almucantar. — Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve (Below). — Circle of declination. See under Declination. — Circle of latitude. (a) (Astron.) A great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. (b) (Spherical Projection) A small circle of the sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. — Circles of longitude, lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. — Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. — Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of the space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. — Circle of the sphere, a circle upon the surface of the sphere, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. — Diurnal circle. See under Diurnal. — Dress circle, a gallery in a theater, generally the one containing the prominent and more expensive seats. — Druidical circles (Eng. Antiq.), a popular name for certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged, as at Stonehenge, near Salisbury. — Family circle, a gallery in a theater, usually one containing inexpensive seats. — Horary circles (Dialing), the lines on dials which show the hours. — Osculating circle of a curve (Geom.), the circle which touches the curve at some point in the curve, and close to the point more nearly coincides with the curve than any other circle. This circle is used as a measure of the curvature of the curve at the point, and hence is called circle of curvature. — Pitch circle. See under Pitch. — Vertical circle, an azimuth circle. — Voltaic circle or circuit. See under Circuit. — To square the circle. See under Square. Syn. — Ring; circlet; compass; circuit; inclosure.

Cir´cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circled p. pr. & vb. n. Circling ] [OE. cerclen, F. cercler, fr. L. circulare to make round. See Circle, n., and cf. Circulate.] 1. To move around; to revolve around. “Other planets circle other suns.
Pope.” 2. To encompass, as by a circle; to surround; to inclose; to encircle. Prior. Pope. “Their heads are circled with a short turban.
Dampier.” “So he lies, circled with evil.
Coleridge.” To circle in, to confine; to hem in; to keep together; as to circle bodies in. Sir K. Digby.

Cir´cle, v. i. To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate. “Thy name shall circle round the gaping through.
Byron.”

Cir´cled , a. Having the form of a circle; round. ´Monthly changes in her circled orb.´ Shak.

Cir´cler , n. A mean or inferior poet, perhaps from his habit of wandering around as a stroller; an itinerant poet. also a name given to the cyclic poets. See under Cyclic, a. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cir´clet , n. 1. A little circle; esp., an ornament for the person, having the form of a circle; that which encircles, as a ring, a bracelet, or a headband. “Her fair locks in circlet be enrolled.
Spenser.” 2. A round body; an orb. Pope. “Fairest of stars … that crown’st the smiling morn
With thy bright circlet.
Milton.” 3. A circular piece of wood put under a dish at table. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cir´co•cele , n. See Cirsocele.

Cir´cuit , n. [F. circuit, fr. L. circuitus, fr. circuire or circumire to go around; circum around + ire to go.] 1. The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution; as the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun. Watts. 2. The circumference of, or distance round, any space; the measure of a line round an area. “The circuit or compass of Ireland is 1,800 miles.
J. Stow.” 3. That which encircles anything, as a ring or crown. “The golden circuit on my head.
Shak.” 4. The space inclosed within a circle, or within limits. “A circuit wide inclosed with goodliest trees.
Milton.” 5. A regular or appointed journeying from place to place in the exercise of one’s calling, as of a judge, or a preacher. 6. (a) (Law) A certain division of a state or country, established by law for a judge or judges to visit, for the administration of justice. Bouvier. (b) (Methodist Church) A district in which an itinerant preacher labors. 7. Circumlocution. [Obs.] ´Thou hast used no circuit of words.´ Huloet. Circuit court (Law), a court which sits successively in different places in its circuit (see Circuit, 6). In the United States, the federal circuit courts are commonly presided over by a judge of the supreme court, or a special circuit judge, together with the judge of the district court. They have jurisdiction within statutory limits, both in law and equity, in matters of federal cognizance. Some of the individual States also have circuit courts, which have general statutory jurisdiction of the same class, in matters of State cognizance. — Circuit or Circuity of action (Law), a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to attain the object in view. — To make a circuit, to go around; to go a roundabout way. — Voltaic or Galvanic circuit or circle, a continous electrical communication between the two poles of a battery; an arrangement of voltaic elements or couples with proper conductors, by which a continuous current of electricity is established.

Cir´cuit, v. i. To move in a circle; to go round; to circulate. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Cir´cuit, v. t. To travel around. [Obs.] ´Having circuited the air.´ T. Warton.

Cir•cuit•eer´ , n. A circuiter. Pope.

Cir´cuit•er , n. One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge. [R.] R. Whitlock.

Cir•cu•i´tion , n. [L. circuitio. See Circuit.] The act of going round; circumlocution. [R.]

Cir•cu´i•tous , a. [LL. circuitosus.] Going round in a circuit; roundabout; indirect; as a circuitous road; a circuitous manner of accomplishing an end. — Cir•cu´i•tous•ly, adv. — Cir•cu´i•tous•ness, n. Syn. — Tortuous; winding; sinuous; serpentine.

Cir•cu´i•ty , n. A going round in a circle; a course not direct; a roundabout way of proceeding.

Cir´cu•la•ble , a. That may be circulated.

Cir´cu•lar , a. [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.] 1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round. 2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as circular reasoning. 3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic. “Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido?
Dennis.” 4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as a circular letter. “A proclamation of Henry III., … doubtless circular throughout England.
Hallam.” 5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.] “A man so absolute and circular
In all those wished-for rarities that may take
A virgin captive.
Massinger.” Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle. — Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. — Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function. — Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360°. — Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. — Circular note or letter. (a) (Com.) See under Credit. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. — Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. Bailey. Barlow. — Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. — Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization. — Circular or Globular sailing (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. — Circular saw. See under Saw.

Cir´cu•lar, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. circulaire, lettre circulaire. See Circular, a.] 1. A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as a business circular. 2. A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.

circularise v. 1. to canvass by distributing letters.
Syn. — circularize.
[WordNet 1.5] 2. to distribute circulars to.
Syn. — circularize.
[WordNet 1.5] 3. to to pass around, as information.
Syn. — circulate, circularize, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse.
[WordNet 1.5]

Cir•cu•lar´i•ty , n. [LL. circularitas.] The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.

Cir´cu•lar•ly , adv. In a circular manner.

Cir´cu•la•ry , a. Circular; illogical. [Obs. & .] ´Cross and circulary speeches.´ Hooker.

Cir´cu•late (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Circulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] [L. circulatus, p. p. of circulare, v. t., to surround, make round, circulari, v. i., to gather into a circle. See Circle.] 1. To move in a circle or circuitously; to move round and return to the same point; as the blood circulates in the body. Boyle. 2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as money circulates; a story circulates. Circulating decimal. See Decimal. — Circulating library, a library whose books are loaned to the public, usually at certain fixed rates. — Circulating medium. See Medium.

Cir´cu•late , v. t. To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit. Circulating pump. See under Pump. Syn. — To spread; diffuse; propagate; disseminate.

Cir•cu•la´tion , n. [L. circulatio: cf. F. circulation.] 1. The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began. “This continual circulation of human things.
Swift.” 2. The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission. “The true doctrines of astronomy appear to have had some popular circulation.
Whewell.” 3. Currency; circulating coin; notes, bills, etc., current for coin. 4. The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measure of diffusion; as the circulation of a newspaper. 5. (Physiol.) The movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system, by which it is brought into close relations with almost every living elementary constituent. also the movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants.

Cir´cu•la•tive , a. Promoting circulation; circulating. [R.] Coleridge.

Cir´cu•la•tor , n. [Cf. L. circulator a peddler.] One who, or that which, circulates.

Cir•cu•la•to´ri•ous , a. Travelling from house to house or from town to town; itinerant. [Obs.] ´Circulatorious jugglers.´ Barrow.

Cir´cu•la•to•ry , a. [L. circulatorius pert. to a mountebank: cf. F. circulatoire.] 1. Circular; as a circulatory letter. Johnson. 2. Circulating, or going round. T. Warton. 3. (Anat.) Subserving the purposes of circulation; as circulatory organs; of or pertaining to the organs of circulation; as circulatory diseases.

Cir´cu•la•to•ry, n. A chemical vessel consisting of two portions unequally exposed to the heat of the fire, and with connecting pipes or passages, through which the fluid rises from the overheated portion, and descends from the relatively colder, maintaining a circulation.

Cir´cu•let , n. A circlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cir´cu•line , a. Proceeding in a circle; circular. [Obs.] ´With motion circuline´. Dr. H. More.

Cir´cum- [Akin to circle, circus.] A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words, and signifying around or about.

Cir•cum•ag´i•tate , v. t. [Pref. circum + agitate.] To agitate on all sides. Jer. Taylor.

Cir•cum•am´bage , n. [Pref. circum- + ambage, obs. sing. of ambages.] A roundabout or indirect course; indirectness. [Obs.] S. Richardson.

Cir•cum•am´bi•en•cy , n. The act of surrounding or encompassing. Sir T. Browne.

Cir•cum•am´bi•ent , a. [Pref. circum- + ambient.] Surrounding; inclosing or being on all sides; encompassing. ´The circumambient heaven.´ J. Armstrong.

Cir•cum•am´bu•late , v. t. [L. circumambulatus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around; circum + ambulare. See Ambulate.] To walk round about. — Cir•cum•am•bu•la´tion (#), n.

Cir•cum•bend´i•bus , n. A roundabout or indirect way. [Jocular] Goldsmith.

Cir•cum•cen´ter , n. (Geom.) The center of a circle that circumscribes a triangle.

Cir´cum•cise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumcised p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere to cut around, to circumcise; circum + caedere to cut; akin to E. caesura, homicide, concise, and prob. to shed, v. t.] 1. To cut off the prepuce of foreskin of, in the case of males, and the internal labia of, in the case of females. 2. (Script.) To purify spiritually.

Cir´cum•ci•ser , n. One who performs circumcision. Milton.

Cir•cum•cision , n. [L. circumcisio.] 1. The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females. The circumcision of males is practiced as a religious rite by the Jews, Mohammedans, etc. 2. (Script.) (a) The Jews, as a circumcised people. (b) Rejection of the sins of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith.

Cir•cum•clu´sion , n. [L. circumcludere, -clusum, to inclose.] Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.]

Cir•cum•cur•sa´tion , n. [L. circumcursare, -satum, to run round about.] The act of running about; also rambling language. [Obs.] Barrow.

Cir•cum•den•u•da´tion , n. [Pref. circum- + denudation.] (Geol.) Denudation around or in the neighborhood of an object. Hills of circumdenudation, hills which have been produced by surface erosion; the elevations which have been left, after denudation of a mass of high ground. Jukes.

Cir•cum•duce´ , v. t. [See Circumduct.] (Scots Law) To declare elapsed, as the time allowed for introducing evidence. Sir W. Scott.

Cir•cum•duct´ , v. t. [L. circumductus, p. p. of circumducere to lead around; circum + ducere to lead.] 1. To lead about; to lead astray. [R.] 2. (Law) To contravene; to nullify; as to circumduct acts of judicature. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Cir•cum•duc´tion , n. [L. circumductio.] 1. A leading about; circumlocution. [R.] Hooker. 2. An annulling; cancellation. [R.] Ayliffe. 3. (Physiol.) The rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a conical surface.

Cir•cum•e•soph´a•gal , a. [Pref. circum- + esophagal.] (Anat.) Surrounding the esophagus; — in Zoöl. said of the nerve commissures and ganglia of arthropods and mollusks.

Cir•cum•e•so•phag´e•al , a. (Anat.) Circumesophagal.

Cir´cum•fer , v. t. [L. circumferre; circum- + ferre to bear. See 1st Bear.] To bear or carry round. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cir•cum´fer•ence , n. [L. circumferentia.] 1. The line that goes round or encompasses a circular figure; a periphery. Millon. 2. A circle; anything circular. “His ponderous shield …
Behind him cast. The broad circumference
Hung on his shoulders like the moon.
Milton.” 3. The external surface of a sphere, or of any orbicular body.

Cir•cum´fer•ence, v. t. To include in a circular space; to bound. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cir•cum•fer•en´tial , a. [LL. circumferentialis.] Pertaining to the circumference; encompassing; encircling; circuitous. Parkhurst.

Cir•cum•fer•en´tial•ly , adv. So as to surround or encircle.

Cir•cum•fer•en´tor , n. [See Circumfer.] 1. A surveying instrument, for taking horizontal angles and bearings; a surveyor’s compass. It consists of a compass whose needle plays over a circle graduated to 360°, and of a horizontal brass bar at the ends of which are standards with narrow slits for sighting, supported on a tripod by a ball and socket joint. 2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires; a tire circle.

Cir´cum•flant , a. [L. circumflans, p. pr. of circumflare.] Blowing around. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Cir´cum•flect , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflecting.] [L. circumflectere. See Circumflex.] 1. To bend around. 2. To mark with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. [R.]

Cir•cum•flec´tion , n. See Circumflexion.

Cir´cum•flex , n. [L. circumflexus a bending round, fr. circumflectere, circumflexum, to bend or turn about; circum + flectere to bend. See Flexible.] 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall or a fall and a rise on the same a syllable. Walker. 2. A character, or accent, denoting in Greek a rise and of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [~ or ]; and in Latin and some other languages, denoting a long and contracted syllable, marked [ or ^]. See Accent, n., 2.

Cir´cum•flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflexed p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflexing ] To mark or pronounce with a circumflex. Walker.

Cir´cum•flex, a. [Cf. L. circumflexus, p. p.] 1. Moving or turning round; circuitous. [R.] Swift. 2. (Anat.) Curved circularly; — applied to several arteries of the hip and thigh, to arteries, veins, and a nerve of the shoulder, and to other parts.

Cir•cum•flex´ion , n. 1. The act of bending, or causing to assume a curved form. 2. A winding about; a turning; a circuity; a fold.

Cir•cum´flu•ence , n. A flowing round on all sides; an inclosing with a fluid. { Cir•cum´flu•ent , Cir•cum´flu•ous , } a. [L. circumfluere, p. pr. of circumfluere; circum + fluere to flow; also L. circumfluus.] Flowing round; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. ´The deep, circumfluent waves.´ Pope. { Cir•cum•fo•ra´ne•an , Cir•cum•fo•ra´ne•ous } a. [L. circumforaneus found in markets; circum + forum a market place.] Going about or abroad; walking or wandering from house to house. Addison.

Cir•cum•ful´gent , a. [Pref. circum- + fulgent.] Shining around or about.

Cir•cum•fuse´ , v. t. [L. circumfusus, p. p. of circumfundere to pour around; circum + fundere to pour.] To pour round; to spread round. “His army circumfused on either wing.
Milton.”

Cir•cum•fu´sile , a. [Pref. circum- + L. fusilis fusil, a.] Capable of being poured or spread round. ´Circumfusile gold.´ Pope.

Cir•cum•fu´sion , n. [L. circumfusio.] The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being spread round. Swift.

Cir•cum•ges•ta´tion , n. [L. circumgestare to carry around; circum + gestare to carry.] The act or process of carrying about. [Obs.] “Circumgestation of the eucharist to be adored.
Jer. Taylor.”

Cir•cum•gy´rate , v. t. & i. [Pref. circum- + gyrate.] To roll or turn round; to cause to perform a rotary or circular motion. Ray.

Cir•cum•gy•ra´tion , n. The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round. “A certain turbulent and irregular circumgyration.
Holland.”

Cir•cum•gy´ra•to•ry , a. Moving in a circle; turning round. Hawthorne.

Cir•cum•gyre´ , v. i. To circumgyrate. [Obs.]

Cir•cum•in•ces´sion , n. [Pref. circum- + L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] (Theol.) The reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons of the Trinity.

Cir•cum•ja´cence , n. Condition of being circumjacent, or of bordering on every side.

Cir•cum•ja´cent , a. [L. circumjacens, p. pr. of circumjacere; circum + jacere to lie.] Lying round; bordering on every side. T. Fuller.

Cir•cum•jo´vi•al , n. [Pref. circum- + L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jove.] One of the moons or satellites of the planet Jupiter. [Obs.] Derham.

Cir•cum•lit´to•ral , a. [Pref. circum- + L. littus, littoris, shore; preferable form, litus, litoris.] Adjointing the shore.

Cir•cum•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. circumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, -locutus, to make use of circumlocution; circum + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] The use of many words to express an idea that might be expressed by few; indirect or roundabout language; a periphrase. “the plain Billingsgate way of calling names … would save abundance of time lost by circumlocution.
Swift.” Circumlocution office, a term of ridicule for a governmental office where business is delayed by passing through the hands of different officials.

Cir•cum•lo•cu´tion•al , a. Relating to, or consisting of, circumlocutions; periphrastic; circuitous.

Cir•cum•loc´u•to•ry , a. Characterised by circumlocution; periphrastic. Shenstone. “The officials set to work in regular circumlocutory order.
Chambers’s Journal.”

Cir•cum•me•rid´i•an , a. [Pref. circum- + meridian.] About, or near, the meridian.

Cir•cum•mure´ , v. t. [Pref. circum- + mure, v. t.] To encompass with a wall. Shak.

Cir•cum•nav´i•ga•ble , a. Capable of being sailed round. Ray.

Cir•cum•nav´i•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumnavigated p. pr. & vb. n. Circumnavigating ] [L. circumnavigatus, p. p. of circumnavigare to sail round; circum + navigare to navigate.] To sail completely round. “Having circumnavigated the whole earth.
T. Fuller.”

Cir•cum•nav•i•ga´tion , n. The act of circumnavigating, or sailing round. Arbuthnot.

Cir•cum•nav´iga•tor , n. One who sails round. W. Guthrie.

Cir•cum•nu´tate , v. i. [Pref. circum- + nutate.] To pass through the stages of circumnutation.

Cir•cum•nu•ta´tion , n. (Bot.) The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stems of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants.

Cir•cum•po´lar , a. [Pref. circum- + polar.] About the pole; — applied to stars that revolve around the pole without setting; as circumpolar stars.

Cir•cum•po•si´tion , n. [L. circumpositio, fr. circumponere, - positium, to place around.] The act of placing in a circle, or round about, or the state of being so placed. Evelyn. { Cir•cum•ro´tary , Cir•cum•ro´ta•to•ry } a. [Pref. circum- + rotary, rotatory.] turning, rolling, or whirling round.

Cir•cum•ro´tate , v. t. & i. [L. circumrotare; circum + rotare to turn round.] To rotate about. [R.]

Cir•cum•ro•ta´tion , n. The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round. J. Gregory.

Cir•cum•scis´sile , a. [Pref. circum- + scissle.] (Bot.) Dehiscing or opening by a transverse fissure extending around (a capsule or pod). See Illust. of Pyxidium.

Cir•cum•scrib´a•ble , a. Capable of being circumscribed.

Cir•cum•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Circumscribing.] [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum + scribere to write, draw. See Soribe.] 1. to write or engrave around. [R.] “Thereon is circumscribed this epitaph.
Ashmole.” 2. To inclose within a certain limit; to hem in; to surround; to bound; to confine; to restrain. “To circumscribe royal power.
Bancroft.” 3. (Geom.) To draw a line around so as to touch at certain points without cutting. See Inscribe, 5. Syn. — To bound; limit; restrict; confine; abridge; restrain; environ; encircle; inclose; encompass.

Cir•cum•scrib´er , n. One who, or that which, circumscribes.

Cir•cum•scrip´ti•ble , a. Capable of being circumscribed or limited by bounds.

Cir•cum•scrip´tion , n. [L. circumscriptio. See Circumscribe.] 1. An inscription written around anything. [R.] Ashmole. 2. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body; outline; periphery. Ray. 3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited, by conditions or restraints; bound; confinement; limit. “The circumscriptions of terrestrial nature.
Johnson.” “I would not my unhoused, free condition
Put into circumscription and confine.
Shak.”

Cir•cum•scrip´tive , a. Circumscribing or tending to circumscribe; marcing the limits or form of.

Cir•cum•scrip´tive•ly, adv. In a limited manner.

Cir´cum•script•ly , adv. In a literal, limited, or narrow manner. [R.] Milton.

Cir´cum•spect , a. [L. circumspectus, p. p. of circumspicere to look about one’s self, to observe; circum + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy.] Attentive to all the circumstances of a case or the probable consequences of an action; cautious; prudent; wary. Syn. — See Cautious.

Cir•cum•spec´tion , n. [L. circumspectio.] Attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case; caution; watchfulness. “With silent circumspection, unespied.
Milton.” Syn. — Caution; prudence; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtfulness; wariness; forecast.

Cir•cum•spec´tive (ser•kum•spek´tiv), a. Looking around every way; cautious; careful of consequences; watchful of danger. ´Circumspective eyes.´ Pope.

Cir•cum•spec´tive•ly, adv. Circumspectly.

Cir´cum•spect´ly (-spekt´l>ycr/), adv. In a circumspect manner; cautiously; warily.

Cir´cum•spect´ness, n. Vigilance in guarding against evil from every quarter; caution. “[Travel] forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home are nursed in security.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Cir´cum•stance , n. [L. circumstantia, fr. circumstans, -antis, p. pr. of circumstare to stand around; circum + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which attends, or relates to, or in some way affects, a fact or event; an attendant thing or state of things. “The circumstances are well known in the country where they happened.
W. Irving.” 2. An event; a fact; a particular incident. “The sculptor had in his thoughts the conqueror weeping for new worlds, or the like circumstances in history.
Addison.” 3. Circumlocution; detail. [Obs.] “So without more circumstance at all
I hold it fit that we shake hands and part.
Shak.” 4. pl. Condition in regard to worldly estate; state of property; situation; surroundings. “When men are easy in their circumstances, they are naturally enemies to innovations.
Addison.” Not a circumstance, of no account. [Colloq.] — Under the circumstances, taking all things into consideration. Syn. — Event; occurrence; incident; situation; condition; position; fact; detail; item. See Event.

Cir´cum•stance, v. t. To place in a particular situation; to supply relative incidents. “The poet took the matters of fact as they came down to him and circumstanced them, after his own manner.
Addison.”

Cir´cum•stanced , p. a. 1. Placed in a particular position or condition; situated. “The proposition is, that two bodies so circumstanced will balance each other.
Whewell.” 2. Governed by events or circumstances. [Poetic & R.] ´I must be circumstanced.´ Shak.

Cir´cum•stant , a. [L. circumstans. See Circumstance.] Standing or placed around; surrounding. [R.] ´Circumstant bodies.´ Sir K. Digby.

Cir•cum•stan´tia•ble , a. Capable of being circumstantiated. [Obs.] Jer Taylor.

Cir•cum•stan´tial , a. [Cf. F. circonstanciel.] 1. Consisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances or particular incidents. “The usual character of human testimony is substantial truth under circumstantial variety.
Paley.” 2. Incidental; relating to, but not essential. “We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in religious worship … and what is merely circumstantial.
Sharp.” 3. Abounding with circumstances; detailing or exhibiting all the circumstances; minute; particular. “Tedious and circumstantial recitals.
Prior.” Circumstantial evidence (Law), evidence obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption. According to some authorities circumstantial is distinguished from positive evidence in that the latter is the testimony of eyewitnesses to a fact or the admission of a party; but the prevalent opinion now is that all such testimony is dependent on circumstances for its support. All testimony is more or less circumstantial. Wharton. Syn. — See Minute.

Cir•cum•stan´tial, n. Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance; opposed to an essential; — generally in the plural; as the circumstantials of religion. Addison.

Cir•cum•stan•ti•al´i•ty , n. The state, characteristic, or quality of being circumstantial; particularity or minuteness of detail. ´I will endeavor to describe with sufficient circumstantiality.´ De Quincey.

Cir•cum•stan´tial•ly , adv. 1. In respect to circumstances; not essentially; accidentally. “Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only circumstantially different.
Glanvill.” 2. In every circumstance or particular; minutely. “To set down somewhat circumstantially, not only the events, but the manner of my trials.
Boyle.”

Cir•cum•stan´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumstantiated p. pr. & vb. n. Circumstantiating ] [See Circumstantiating .] 1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts. [R.] “If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will that freely which now it wills reluctantly.
Bramhall.” 2. To prove or confirm by circumstances; to enter into details concerning. “Neither will time permint to circumstantiate these particulars, which I have only touched in the general.
State Trials (1661).”

Cir•cum•ter•ra´ne•ous , a. [Pref. circum- + L. terra earth.] Being or dwelling around the earth. ´Circumterraneous demouns.´ H. Hallywell.

Cir•cum•un´du•late , v. t. [Pref. circum- + undulate.] To flow round, as waves. [R.]

Cir•cum•val´late , v. t. [L. circumvallatus, p. p. of circumvallare to surround with a wall; circum + vallare to wall, fr. vallum rampart.] To surround with a rampart or wall. Johnson.

Cir•cum•val´late , a. 1. Surrounded with a wall; inclosed with a rampart. 2. (Anat.) Surrounded by a ridge or elevation; as the circumvallate papillae, near the base of the tongue.

Cir•cum•val•la´tion , n. (Mil.) (a) The act of surrounding with a wall or rampart. (b) A line of field works made around a besieged place and the besieging army, to protect the camp of the besiegers against the attack of an enemy from without.

Cir•cum•vec´tion , n. [L. circumvectio; circum + vehere to carry.] The act of carrying anything around, or the state of being so carried.

Cir•cum•vent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvented; p. pr. vb. n. Circumventing.] [L. circumventis, p. p. of circumvenire, to come around, encompass, deceive; circum + venire to come, akin to E. come.] To gain advantage over by arts, stratagem, or deception; to decieve; to delude; to get around. “I circumvented whom I could not gain.
Dryden.”

Cir•cum•ven´tion , n. [L. circumventio.] The act of prevailing over another by arts, address, or fraud; deception; fraud; imposture; delusion. “A school in which he learns sly circumvention.
Cowper.”

Cir•cum•vent´ive , a. Tending to circumvent; deceiving by artifices; deluding.

Cir•cum•vent´or , n. [L.] One who circumvents; one who gains his purpose by cunning.

Cir•cum•vest´ , v. t. [L. circumvestire; circum + vestire to clothe.] To cover round, as with a garment; to invest. [Obs.] “Circumvested with much prejudice.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Cir•cum´vo•lant , a. [L. circumvolans, p. pr. See Circumvolation.] Flying around. “The circumvolant troubles of humanity.
G. Macdonald.”

Cir•cum•vo•la´tion , n. [L. circumvolate. -volatum, to fly around; circum + volare to fly.] The act of flying round. [R.]

Cir•cum•vo•lu´tion , n. [See Circumvolve.] 1. The act of rolling round; the state of being rolled. 2. A thing rolled round another. Arbuthnot. 3. A roundabout procedure; a circumlocution. “He had neither time nor temper for sentimental circumvolutions.
Beaconsfield.”

Cir•cum•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvolved p. pr. vb. n. Circumvolving.] [L. circumvolvere, -volutum; circum + volvere to roll.] To roll round; to cause to revolve; to put into a circular motion. Herrick.

Cir•cum•volve´, v. i. To roll round; to revolve.

Cir´cus , n.; pl. Circuses (#). [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1). See Circle, and cf. Cirque.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) A level oblong space surrounded on three sides by seats of wood, earth, or stone, rising in tiers one above another, and divided lengthwise through the middle by a barrier around which the track or course was laid out. It was used for chariot races, games, and public shows. The Circus Maximus at Rome could contain more than 100,000 spectators. Harpers’ Latin Dict. 2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, acrobatic displays, etc. also the company of performers, with their equipage. 3. Circuit; space; inclosure. [R.] “The narrow circus of my dungeon wall.
Byron.”

Cirl´ bun•ting [Cf. It. cirlo.] (Zoöl.) A European bunting (Emberiza cirlus).

Cirque , n. [F., fr. L. circus.] 1. A circle; a circus; a circular erection or arrangement of objects. “A dismal cirque
Of Druid stones upon a forlorn moor.
Keats.” 2. A kind of circular valley in the side of a mountain, walled around by precipices of great height.

Cir´rate , a. [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] (Zoöl.) Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ.

Cir•rhif´er•ous , a. See Cirriferous.

Cir´rhose , a. Same as Cirrose.

Cir•rho´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. orange-colored: cf. F. cirrhose. So called from the yellowish appearance which the diseased liver often presents when cut.] (Med.) A disease of the liver in which it usually becomes smaller in size and more dense and fibrous in consistence; hence sometimes applied to similar changes in other organs, caused by increase in the fibrous framework and decrease in the proper substance of the organ.

Cir•rhot´ic , a. Pertaining to, caused by, or affected with, cirrhosis; as cirrhotic degeneration; a cirrhotic liver.

Cir´rhous , a. See Cirrose.

Cir´rhus , n. Same as Cirrus.

Cir´ri , n. pl. See Cirrus.

Cir•rif´er•ous , a. [Cirrus + -ferous.] Bearing cirri, as many plants and animals.

Cir´ri•form , a. [Cirrus + -form.] (Biol.) Formed like a cirrus or tendril; — said of appendages of both animals and plants.

Cir•rig´er•ous , a. [Cirrus + -gerous.] (Biol.) Having curled locks of hair; supporting cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cir´ri•grade , a. [Cirrus + L. gradi to walk.] (Biol.) Moving or moved by cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cir´ri•ped , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cirripedia.

Cir•ri•pe´di•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cirrus curl + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa.

Cir•ro•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + L. branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda.

Cir•ro-cu´mu•lus , n. [Cirrus + cumulus.] (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir´rose , a. [See Cirrus.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing a tendril or tendrils; as a cirrose leaf. (b) Resembling a tendril or cirrus. [Spelt also cirrhose.]

Cir•ros´to•mi , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + Gr. mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lowest group of vertebrates; — so called from the cirri around the mouth; the Leptocardia. See Amphioxus.

Cir•ro-stra´tus , n. [Cirrus + stratus.] (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir´rous , a. 1. (Bot.) Cirrose. 2. (Zoöl.) Tufted; — said of certain feathers of birds.

Cir´rus , n.; pl. Cirri (#). [L., lock, curl, ringlet.] [Also written cirrhus.] 1. (Bot.) A tendril or clasper. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A soft tactile appendage of the mantle of many Mollusca, and of the parapodia of Annelida. Those near the head of annelids are Tentacular cirri; those of the last segment are caudal cirri. (b) The jointed, leglike organs of Cirripedia. See Annelida, and Polychaeta. In some of the inferior animals the cirri aid in locomotion; in others they are used in feeding; in the Annelida they are mostly organs of touch. Some cirri are branchial in function. 3. (Zoöl.) The external male organ of trematodes and some other worms, and of certain Mollusca. 4. (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir´so•cele , n. [Gr. a dilated vein + tumor.] (Med.) The varicose dilatation of the spermatic vein.

Cir´soid , a. [Gr. a dilated vein + -oid.] (Med.) Varicose. Cirsoid aneurism, a disease of an artery in which it becomes dilated and elongated, like a varicose vein.

Cir•sot´o•my , n. [Gr. a dilated vein + to cut.] (Surg.) Any operation for the removal of varices by incision. Dunglison.

Cis- A Latin preposition, sometimes used as a prefix in English words, and signifying on this side.

Cis•al´pine , a. [L. Cisalpinus; cis on this side + Alpinus Alpine.] On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps; — opposed to transalpine.

Cis•at•lan´tic , a. [Pref. cis- + Atlantic.] On this side of the Atlantic Ocean; — used of the eastern or the western side, according to the standpoint of the writer. Story.

Cis´co , n. (Zoöl.) The Lake herring (Coregonus Artedi), valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of North America. The name is also applied to C. Hoyi, a related species of Lake Michigan.

Ci•se•lure´ , n. [F.] The process of chasing on metals; also the work thus chased. Weale.

Cis•lei´than , a. [Pref. cis- + Leitha.] On the Austrian side of the river Leitha; Austrian.

Cis•mon´tane , a. [Pref. cis- + L. mons mountain.] On this side of the mountains. See under Ultramontane.

Cis´pa•dane , a. [Pref. cis- + L. Padanus, pert. to the Padus or Po.] On the hither side of the river Po with reference to Rome; that is, on the south side.

Cis´soid , n. [Gr. like ivy; ivy + form.] (Geom.) A curve invented by Diocles, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems of the higher geometry; viz., to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines.

Cist , n. [L. cista box, chest, Gr. Cf. Chest.] 1. (Antiq.) A box or chest. Specifically: (a) A bronze receptacle, round or oval, frequently decorated with engravings on the sides and cover, and with feet, handles, etc., of decorative castings. (b) A cinerary urn. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. See Cyst.

Cist´ed, a. Inclosed in a cyst. See Cysted.

Cis•ter´cian , n. [LL. Cistercium. F. Cîteaux, a convent not far from Dijon, in France: cf. F. cistercien.] (Eccl.) A monk of the prolific branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at Cîteaux, in France, by Robert, abbot of Molesme. For two hundred years the Cistercians followed the rule of St. Benedict in all its rigor. — a. Of or pertaining to the Cistercians.

Cis´tern , n. [OE. cisterne, OF. cisterne, F. cisterne, fr. L. cisterna, fr. cista box, chest. See Cist, and cf. chest.] 1. An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids. 2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water. ´The wide cisterns of the lakes.´ Blackmore.

Cist´ic , a. See Cystic.

Cit , n. [Contr. fr. citizen.] A citizen; an inhabitant of a city; a pert townsman; — used contemptuously. ´Insulted as a cit´. Johnson “Which past endurance sting the tender cit.
Emerson.”

Cit´a•ble , a. Capable of being cited.

Cit´a•del , n. [F. citadelle, It. citadella, di. of citt city, fr. L. civitas. See City.] A fortress in or near a fortified city, commanding the city and fortifications, and intended as a final point of defense. Syn. — Stronghold. See Fortress.

Cit´al , n. [From Cite] 1. Summons to appear, as before a judge. [R.] Johnson 2. Citation; quotation [R.] Johnson.

Ci•ta´tion , n. [F. citation, LL. citatio, fr.L. citare to cite. See Cite] 1. An official summons or notice given to a person to appear; the paper containing such summons or notice. 2. The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also the passage or words quoted; quotation. “This horse load of citations and fathers.
Milton.” 3. Enumeration; mention; as a citation of facts. 4. (Law) A reference to decided cases, or books of authority, to prove a point in law.

Ci•ta´tor , n. One who cites. [R]

Ci´ta•to•ry , a. [LL. citatirius.] Having the power or form of a citation; as letters citatory.

Cite , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cited; p. pr. & vb. n. Citing] [F. citer, fr. L. citare, intens. of cire, ciere, to put in motion, to excite; akin to Gr. to go, Skr. to sharpen.] 1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear, as before a court; to summon. “The cited dead,
Of all past ages, to the general doom
Shall hasten.
Milton.” “Cited by finger of God.
De Quincey.” 2. To urge; to enjoin. [R.] Shak. 3. To quote; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words of another. “The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.
Shak.” 4. To refer to or specify, as for support, proof, illustration, or confirmation. “The imperfections which you have cited.
Shak.” 5. To bespeak; to indicate. [Obs.] “Aged honor cites a virtuous youth.
Shak.” 6. (Law) To notify of a proceeding in court. Abbot Syn. — To quote; mention, name; refer to; adduce; select; call; summon. See Quote.

Cit´er , n. One who cites.

Cit´ess , n. [From Cit.] A city woman [R.]

Cith´a•ra , n. [L. Cf. Cittern, Guitar.] (Mus.) An ancient instrument resembling the harp.

Cith•a•ris´tic , a. [Gr., fr. cithara.] Pertaining, or adapted, to the cithara.

Cith´ern , n. See Cittern.

Cit´i•cism , n. [From cit.] The manners of a cit or citizen.

Cit´ied , a. 1. Belonging to, or resembling, a city. ´Smoky, citied towns´ [R.] Drayton. 2. Containing, or covered with, cities. [R.] ´The citied earth.´ Keats.

Cit´i•fied , a. [City +-fy.] Aping, or having, the manners of a city.

Cit•i•gra´dae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. citus swift (p. p. of cire, ciere, to move) + gradi to walk. See Cite.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Arachnoidea, including the European tarantula and the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and their allies, which capture their prey by rapidly running and jumping. See Wolf spider.

Cit´i•grade , a. [Cf. F. citigrade.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Citigradae. — n. One of the Citigradae.

Cit´i•ner , n. One who is born or bred in a city; a citizen. [Obs.] Champan.

Cit´i•zen , n. [OE. citisein, OF. citeain, F. citoyen, fr. cite city. See City, and cf. Cit.] 1. One who enjoys the freedom and privileges of a city; a freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises. “That large body of the working men who were not counted as citizens and had not so much as a vote to serve as an anodyne to their stomachs.
G. Eliot.” 2. An inhabitant of a city; a townsman. Shak. 3. A person, native or naturalized, of either sex, who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to reciprocal protection from it. This protection is … national protection, recognition of the individual, in the face of foreign nations, as a member of the state, and assertion of his security and rights abroad as well as at home. Abbot 4. One who is domiciled in a country, and who is a citizen, though neither native nor naturalized, in such a sense that he takes his legal status from such country.

Cit´i•zen, a. 1. Having the condition or qualities of a citizen, or of citizens; as a citizen soldiery. 2. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a city; characteristic of citizens; effeminate; luxurious. [Obs.] “I am not well,
But not so citizen a wanton as
To seem to die ere sick.
Shak.”

Cit´i•zen•ess, n. A female citizen. [R.]

Cit´i•zen•ship, n. The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen.

Cit´ole , n. [OF. citole, fr. L. cithara. See Cittern.] (Mus.) A musical instrument; a kind of dulcimer. [Obs.]

Cit•ra•con´ic , a. [Citric + aconitic.] Pertaining to, derived from, or having certain characteristics of, citric and aconitic acids. Citraconic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, C3H4(CO2H)2, obtained by distillation of citric acid. It is a compound of the ethylene series.

Cit´rate , n. [From Citric.] (Chem.) A salt of citric acid.

Cit´ric , a. [Cf. F. citrique. See Citron.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon; as citric acid. Citric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C3H4OH.(CO2H)3, extracted from lemons, currants, gooseberries, etc., as a white crystalline substance, having a pleasant sour taste.

Cit•ri•na´tion , n. [See Citrine.] The process by which anything becomes of the color of a lemon; esp., in alchemy, the state of perfection in the philosopher’s stone indicated by its assuming a deep yellow color. Thynne.

Cit´rine , a. [F. citrin. See Citron.] Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon color; greenish yellow. Citrine ointment (Med.), a yellowish mercurial ointment, the unguentum hydrargyri nitratis.

Cit´rine, n. A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz.

Cit´ron (sit´run), n. [F. citron, LL. citro, fr. L. citrus citron tree (cf. citreum, sc. malum, a citron), from Gr. ki•tron citron] 1. (Bot) A fruit resembling a lemon, but larger, and pleasantly aromatic. The thick rind, when candied, is the citron of commerce. 2. A citron tree. 3. A citron melon. Citron melon. (a) A small variety of muskmelon with sugary greenish flesh. (b) A small variety of watermelon, whose solid white flesh is used in making sweetmeats and preserves. — Citron tree (Bot.), the tree which bears citrons. It was probably a native of northern India, and is now understood to be the typical form of Citrus Medica.

Cit´rus (sit´rus), n. [L., a citron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia.

Cit´tern , n. [L. cithara, Gr. kiqa•ra. Cf. Cithara, Gittern.] (Mus.) An instrument shaped like a lute, but strung with wire and played with a quill or plectrum. [Written also cithern.] Shak. Not to be confounded with zither.

Cit´tern-head , n. Blockhead; dunce; — so called because the handle of a cittern usually ended with a carved head. Marsion

Cit´y (sit´y), n.; pl. Cities (-iz). [OE. cite, F. cite, fr. L. civitas citizenship, state, city, fr. civis citizen; akin to Goth. heiwa (in heiwafrauja man of the house), AS. hiwan, pl., members of a family, servants, hired family, G. heirath marriage, prop., providing a house, E. hind a peasant.] 1. A large town. 2. A corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen or a city council consisting of a board of aldermen and a common council; in Great Britain, a town corporate, which is or has been the seat of a bishop, or the capital of his see. “A city is a town incorporated; which is, or has been, the see of a bishop; and though the bishopric has been dissolved, as at Westminster, it yet remaineth a city.
Blackstone” “When Gorges constituted York a city, he of course meant it to be the seat of a bishop, for the word city has no other meaning in English law.
Palfrey” 3. The collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city. ´What is the city but the people?´ Shak. Syn. — See Village.

Cit´y, a. Of or pertaining to a city. Shak. City council. See under Council. — City court, The municipal court of a city. [U. S.] — City ward, a watchman, or the collective watchmen, of a city. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Cive (siv), n. (Bot.) Same as Chive.

Civ´et (siv´et), n. [F. civette (cf. It. zibetto) civet, civet cat, fr. LGr. zape•tion, fr. Ar. zubad, zabad, civet.] 1. A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken from glands in the anal pouch of the civet (Viverra civetta). It is of clear yellowish or brownish color, of a strong, musky odor, offensive when undiluted, but agreeable when a small portion is mixed with another substance. It is used as a perfume. 2. (Zoöl) The animal that produces civet (Viverra civetta); — called also civet cat. It is carnivorous, from two to three feet long, and of a brownish gray color, with transverse black bands and spots on the body and tail. It is a native of northern Africa and of Asia. The name is also applied to other species of the subfamily Viverrinae.

Civ´et , v. t. To scent or perfume with civet. Cowper

Civ´ic , a. [L.civicus, fr. civis citizen. See City.] Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs. Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

Civ´i•cism , n. The principle of civil government.

Civ´ics , n. The science of civil government.

Civ´il , a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.] 1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state. 2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; — said of the community. “England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil.
Spenser.” 3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; — said of an individual. “Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven.
Preston” 4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable. ´A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a ’civis’ and his relations to the other members of that ’civitas.’´ Trench 5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state. 6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings. Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. — Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. — Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. - - Civil engineering. See under Engineering. — Civil law. See under Law. — Civil list. See under List. — Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. — Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. — Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. — Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. — Civil suit. Same as Civil action. — Civil war. See under War. — Civil year. See under Year.

Ci•vil´ian , n. [From Civil] 1. One skilled in the civil law. “Ancient civilians and writers upon government.
Swift.” 2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves. 3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical.

Civ´il•ist , n. A civilian. [R.] Warburton.

Ci•vil´i•ty , n.; pl. Civilities (#). [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilite. See Civil.] 1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.] “Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin.
Sir J. Davies.” “The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word — civilization.
Trench.” 2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.] “To serve in a civility.
Latimer.” 3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression. “The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be.
Chesterfield.” “The sweet civilities of life.
Dryden.” Syn. — Urbanity; affability; complaisance.

Civ´i•li•za•ble , a. Capable of being civilized.

Civ•i•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. civilisation.] 1. The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement. “Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles — … the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion.
Burke” 2. (Law) Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.]

Civ´i•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.] 1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine. “Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose
Her land to civilize, as to subdue.
Dryden” 2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] ´Civilizing adultery.´ Milton. Syn. — To polish; refine; humanize.

Civ´i•lized , a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners; refined; cultivated. “Sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society.
J. Quincy.”

Civ´i•li•zer , n. One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize.

Civ´i•ly , adv. In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner.

Civ´ism , n. [Cf. F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.] State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer.

Ciz´ar , v. i. [From Cizars.] To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Ciz´ars , n. pl. Scissors. [Obs.] Swift.

Cize , n. Bulk; largeness. [Obs.] See Size.

Clab´ber , n. [See Bonnyclabber] Milk curdled so as to become thick.

Clab´ber, v. i. To become clabber; to lopper.

Clach´an , n. [Scot., fr. Gael.] A small village containing a church. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott “Sitting at the clachon alehouse.
R. L. Stevenson.”

Clack , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clacked p. pr. & vb. n. Clacking.] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. F. claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. clagaim I make a noise, ring. Cf. Clack, n., Clatter, Click.] 1. To make a sudden, sharp noise, or a succesion of such noises, as by striking an object, or by collision of parts; to rattle; to click. “We heard Mr.Hodson’s whip clacking on the ahoulders of the poor little wretches.
Thackeray.” 2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with abruptness; to let the tongue run.

Clack , v. t. 1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise, or succession of noises; to click. 2. To utter rapidly and inconsiderately. Feltham. To clack wool, to cut off the sheep’s mark, in order to make the wool weigh less and thus yield less duty. [Eng.]

Clack, n. [Cf. F. claque a slap or smack, MHG. klac crack, W. clec crack, gossip. See Clack, v. t.] 1. A sharp, abrupt noise, or succession of noises, made by striking an object. 2. Anything that causes a clacking noise, as the clapper of a mill, or a clack valve. 3. Continual or importunate talk; prattle; prating. “Whose chief intent is to vaunt his spiritual clack.
South.” Clack box (Mach.), the box or chamber in which a clack valve works. — Clack dish, a dish with a movable lid, formerly carried by beggars, who clacked the lid to attract notice. Shak. Clack door (Mining), removable cover of the opening through which access is had to a pump valve. — Clack valve (Mach.), a valve; esp. one hinged at one edge, which, when raised from its seat, falls with a clacking sound.

Clack´er , n. 1. One who clacks; that which clacks; especially, the clapper of a mill. 2. A claqueur. See Claqueur.

Clad , v. t. To clothe. [Obs.] Holland.

Clad, imp. & p. p. of Clothe.

Cla•doc´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a sprout + a horn.] (Zoöl.) An order of the Entomostraca. They have a bivalve shell, covering the body but not the head, and from four to six pairs of legs and two pairs of antenae, for use in swimming. They mostly inhabit fresh water.

Clad´o•phyll , n. [Gr. a sprout + a leaf.] (Bot.) A special branch, resembling a leaf, as in the apparent foliage of the broom (Ruscus) and of the common cultivated smilax (Myrsiphillum).

Clag´gy , a. [Cf. Clog.] Adhesive; — said of a roof in a mine to which coal clings.

Claik , n. See Clake.

Claim (klam), v.. [imp. & p. p. Claimed (klamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Claiming.] [OE. clamen, claimen, OF. clamer, fr. L. clamare to cry out, call; akin to calare to proclaim, Gr. to call, Skr. kal to sound, G. holen to fetch, E. hale haul.] 1. To ask for, or seek to obtain, by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right; to challenge as a right; to demand as due. 2. To proclaim. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. To assert; to maintain. [Colloq.]

Claim, v. i. To be entitled to anything; to deduce a right or title; to have a claim. “We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority.
Locke.”

Claim, n. [Of. claim cry, complaint, from clamer. See Claim, v. t.] 1. A demand of a right or supposed right; a calling on another for something due or supposed to be due; an assertion of a right or fact. 2. A right to claim or demand something; a title to any debt, privilege, or other thing in possession of another; also a title to anything which another should give or concede to, or confer on, the claimant. ´A bar to all claims upon land.´ Hallam. 3. The thing claimed or demanded; that (as land) to which any one intends to establish a right; as a settler’s claim; a miner’s claim. [U.S. & Australia] 4. A loud call. [Obs.] Spenser To lay claim to, to demand as a right. ´Doth he lay claim to thine inheritance?´ Shak.

Claim´a•ble , a. Capable of being claimed.

Claim´ant , n. [Cf. OF. clamant, p. pr. of clamer. Cf. Clamant.] One who claims; one who asserts a right or title; a claimer.

Claim´er , n. One who claims; a claimant.

Claim´less, a. Having no claim.

Clair´-ob•scur´ , n. [F. See Clare-obscure.] See Chiaroscuro.

Clair•voy´ance , n. [F.] A power, attributed to some persons while in a mesmeric state, of discering objects not perceptible by the senses in their normal condition.

Clair•voy´ant , a. [F., fr. clair clear + voyant, p. pr. of voir to see. See Clear, and Vision.] Pertaining to clairvoyance; discerning objects while in a mesmeric state which are not present to the senses.

Clair•voy´ant n. One who is able, when in a mesmeric state, to discern objects not present to the senses. { Clake , Claik } n. (Zoöl.) The bernicle goose; — called also clack goose.

Clam , n. [Cf. Clamp, Clam, v. t., Clammy.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve mollusk of many kinds, especially those that are edible; as the long clam (Mya arenaria), the quahog or round clam (Venus mercenaria), the sea clam or hen clam (Spisula solidissima), and other species of the United States. The name is said to have been given originally to the Tridacna gigas, a huge East Indian bivalve. “You shall scarce find any bay or shallow shore, or cove of sand, where you may not take many clampes, or lobsters, or both, at your pleasure.
Capt. John Smith (1616).” “Clams, or clamps, is a shellfish not much unlike a cockle; it lieth under the sand.
Wood (1634).” 2. (Ship Carp.) Strong pinchers or forceps. 3. pl. (Mech.) A kind of vise, usually of wood. Blood clam. See under Blood.

Clam (clam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clammed (klamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clamming.] [Cf. AS. claeman to clam, smear; akin to Icel. kleima to smear, OHG. kleimjan, chleimen, to defile, or E. clammy.] To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. “A swarm of wasps got into a honey pot, and there they cloyed and clammed Themselves till there was no getting out again.
L’Estrange.”

Clam, v. i. To be moist or glutinous; to stick; to adhere. [R.] Dryden

Clam, n. Claminess; moisture. [R.] ´The clam of death.´ Carlyle.

Clam, n. [Abbrev. fr. clamor.] A crash or clangor made by ringing all the bells of a chime at once. Nares.

Clam, v. t. & i. To produce, in bell ringing, a clam or clangor; to cause to clang. Nares.

Cla´mant , a. [L. clamans, p. pr. of clamare to call. Cf. Claimant.] Crying earnestly, beseeching clamorously. ´Clamant children.´ Thomson.

Cla•ma´tion , n. [LL. clamatio, fr. L. clamare to call.] The act of crying out. Sir T. Browne.

Clam•a•to´res , n. pl. [L. clamator, pl. clamatores, a bawler.] (Zoöl.) A division of passerine birds in which the vocal muscles are but little developed, so that they lack the power of singing.

Clam•a•to´rial , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Clamatores.

Clam´bake , n. The backing or steaming of clams on heated stones, between layers of seaweed; hence, a picnic party, gathered on such an occasion.

Clam´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clambered p. pr. & vb. n. Clambering.] [OE clambren, clameren, to heap together, climb; akin to Icel. klambra to clamp, G. klammern. Cf. Clamp, Climb.] To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet; — also used figuratively. “The narrow street that clambered toward the mill.
Tennyson.”

Clam´ber, n. The act of clambering. T. Moore.

Clam´ber, v. t. To ascend by climbing with difficulty. “Clambering the walls to eye him.
Shak.”

Clam•jam´phrie , n. Low, worthless people; the rabble. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Clam´mi•ly , adv. In a clammy manner. ´Oozing so clammily.´ Hood.

Clam´mi•ness, n. State of being clammy or viscous.

Clam´my , a. [Compar. Clammier superl. Clammiest.] [Cf. AS. clam clay. See Clam to clog, and cf. Clay.] Having the quality of being viscous or adhesive; soft and sticky; glutinous; damp and adhesive, as if covered with a cold perspiration.

Clam´or , n. [OF. clamour, clamur, F. clameur, fr. L. clamor, fr. clamare to cry out. See Claim.] 1. A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation. Shak. 2. Any loud and continued noise. Addison. 3. A continued expression of dissatisfaction or discontent; a popular outcry. Macaulay. Syn. — Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar.

Clam´or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamored p. pr. & vb. n. Clamoring.] 1. To salute loudly. [R.] “The people with a shout
Rifted the air, clamoring their god with praise.
Milton.” 2. To stun with noise. [R.] Bacon. 3. To utter loudly or repeatedly; to shout. “Clamored their piteous prayer incessantly.
Longfellow.” “To clamor bells, to repeat the strokes quickly so as to produce a loud clang.
Bp. Warburion.”

Clam´or, v. i. To utter loud sounds or outcries; to vociferate; to complain; to make importunate demands. “The obscure bird
Clamored the livelong night.
Shak.”

Clam´or•er , n. One who clamors.

Clam´or•ous , a. [LL. clamorosus, for L. Clamosus: cf. OF. clamoreux.] Speaking and repeating loud words; full of clamor; calling or demanding loudly or urgently; vociferous; noisy; bawling; loud; turbulent. ´My young ones were clamorous for a morning’s excursion.´ Southey. — Clam´or•ous•ly, adv. — Clam´or•ous•ness, n.

Clamp (klamp), n. [Cf. LG. & D. klamp, Dan. klampe, also D. klampen to fasten, clasp. Cf. Clamber, Cramp.] 1. Something rigid that holds fast or binds things together; a piece of wood or metal, used to hold two or more pieces together. 2. (a) An instrument with a screw or screws by which work is held in its place or two parts are temporarily held together. (b) (Joinery) A piece of wood placed across another, or inserted into another, to bind or strengthen. 3. One of a pair of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material, to cover the jaws of a vise and enable it to grasp without bruising. 4. (Shipbuilding) A thick plank on the inner part of a ship’s side, used to sustain the ends of beams. 5. A mass of bricks heaped up to be burned; or of ore for roasting, or of coal for coking. 6. A mollusk. See Clam. [Obs.] Clamp nails, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships.

Clamp (klamp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamped (klamt; 215) p. pr. & vb. n. Clamping.] 1. To fasten with a clamp or clamps; to apply a clamp to; to place in a clamp. 2. To cover, as vegetables, with earth. [Eng.]

Clamp, n. [Prob. an imitative word. Cf. Clank.] A heavy footstep; a tramp.

Clamp, v. i. To tread heavily or clumsily; to clump. “The policeman with clamping feet.
Thackeray.”

Clamp´er , n. An instrument of iron, with sharp prongs, attached to a boot or shoe to enable the wearer to walk securely upon ice; a creeper. Kane.

Clan (klan), n. [Gael. clann offspring, descendants; akin to Ir. clann, cland, offspring, tribe, family; perh. from L. plania scion, slip, cutting. Cf. Plant, n.] 1. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, regarded as having the same common ancestor, and bearing the same surname; as the clan of Macdonald. ´I have marshaled my clan.´ Campbell. 2. A clique; a sect, society, or body of persons; esp., a body of persons united by some common interest or pursuit; — sometimes used contemptuously. “Partidge and the rest of his clan may hoot me.
Smolett.” “The whole clan of the enlightened among us.
Burke.”

Clan´cu•lar , a. [L. clancularius , from clanculum secretly, adv. dim. of clam secretly.] Conducted with secrecy; clandestine; concealed. [Obs.] “Not close and clancular, but frank and open.
Barrow.”

Clan´cu•lar•ly, adv. privately; secretly. [Obs.]

Clan•des´tine , a. [L. clandestinus, fr. clam secretly; akin to celare, E. conceal: cf. F. clandestin.] Conducted with secrecy; withdrawn from public notice, usually for an evil purpose; kept secret; hidden; private; underhand; as a clandestine marriage. Locke. Syn. — Hidden; secret; private; concealed; underhand; sly; stealthy; surreptitious; furtive; fraudulent. — Clan•des´tine•ly, adv. — Clan•des´tine•ness, n.

Clan•des•tin´i•ty , n. Privacy or secrecy. [R.]

Clang (klang), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanged (klangd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clanging.] [L. clangere; akin to Gr. kla•zein to clash, scream; or perh. to E. clank.] To strike together so as to produce a ringing metallic sound. “The fierce Caretes … clanged their sounding arms.
Prior.”

Clang, v. i. To give out a clang; to resound. ´Clanging hoofs.´ Tennyson.

Clang, n. 1. A loud, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances when clanged or struck together. “The broadsword’s deadly clang,
As if a thousand anvils rang.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. (Mus.) Quality of tone.

Clan´gor (klan´ger), n. [L., fr. clangere. See Clang, v. t.] A sharp, harsh, ringing sound. Dryden.

Clan´gor•ous , a. [LL. clangorosus.] Making a clangor; having a ringing, metallic sound.

Clan´gous , a. Making a clang, or a ringing metallic sound. [Obs.]

Clan•jam´frie , n. Same as Clamjamphrie. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Clank (klank), n. [Akin to clink, and of imitative origin; cf. G. klang sound, D. klank. Cf. Clang.] A sharp, brief, ringing sound, made by a collision of metallic or other sonorous bodies; — usually expressing a duller or less resounding sound than clang, and a deeper and stronger sound than clink. “But not in chains to pine,
His spirit withered with tyeur clank.
Byron.”

Clank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanked p. pr. & vb. n. Clanking.] To cause to sound with a clank; as the prisoners clank their chains.

Clank, v. i. To sound with a clank.

Clank´less, a. Without a clank. Byreon.

Clan´nish , a. Of or pertaining to a clan; closely united, like a clan; disposed to associate only with one’s clan or clique; actuated by the traditions, prejudices, habits, etc., of a clan. — Clan´nish•ly, adv. — Clan´nish•ness, n.

Clan´ship, n. A state of being united together as in a clan; an association under a chieftain.

Clans´man , n.; pl. Clansmen (#). One belonging to the same clan with another.

Clap (klap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clapped (klapt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clapping.] [AS. clappan; akin to Icel. & Sw. klappa, D, klappen, to clap, prate, G. klaffen, v. i., to split open, yelp, klopfen, v. t. & i., to knock.] 1. To strike; to slap; to strike, or strike together, with a quick motion, so, as to make a sharp noise; as to clap one’s hands; a clapping of wings. “Then like a bird it sits and sings,
And whets and claps its silver wings.
Marvell.” 2. To thrust, drive, put, or close, in a hasty or abrupt manner; — often followed by to, into, on, or upon. “He had just time to get in and clap to the door.
Locke” “Clap an extinguaisher upon your irony.
Lamb.” 3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands together; to applaud; as to clap a performance. To clap hands. (a) To pledge faith by joining hands. [Obs.] Shak. (b) To express contempt or derision. [Obs.] Lam. ii. 15. — To clap hold of, to seize roughly or quickly. — To clap up. (a) To imprison hastily or without due formality. (b) To make or contrive hastily. [Obs.] ´Was ever match clapped up so suddenly?´ Shak.

Clap , v. i. 1. To knock, as at a door. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To strike the hands together in applause. “Their ladies bid them clap.
Shak.” 3. To come together suddenly with noise. “The doors around me clapped.
Dryden.” 4. To enter with alacrity and briskness; — with to or into. [Obs.] ´Shall we clap into it roundly, without … saying we are hoarse?´ Shak. 5. To talk noisily; to chatter loudly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clap (klap), n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden collision; a bang. ´Give the door such a clap, as you go out, as will shake the whole room.´ Swift. 2. A burst of sound; a sudden explosion. “Horrible claps of thunder.
Hakewill.” 3. A single, sudden act or motion; a stroke; a blow. “What, fifty of my followers at a clap!
Shak.” 4. A striking of hands to express approbation. “Unextrected claps or hisses.
Addison.” 5. Noisy talk; chatter. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. (Falconry) The nether part of the beak of a hawk. Clap dish. See Clack dish, under Clack, n. — Clap net, a net for taking birds, made to close or clap together.

Clap , n. [Cf. OF. clapoir.] Gonorrhea.

Clap´board , n. 1. A narrow board, thicker at one edge than at the other; — used for weatherboarding the outside of houses. [U. S.] 2. A stave for a cask. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Clap´board, v. t. To cover with clapboards; as to clapboard the sides of a house. [U. S.] Bartlett. { Clap´bread• , Clap´cake• }, n. Oatmeal cake or bread clapped or beaten till it is thin. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Clape , n. (Zoöl.) A bird; the flicker.

Clap´per , n. 1. A person who claps. 2. That which strikes or claps, as the tongue of a bell, or the piece of wood that strikes a mill hopper, etc. See Illust. of Bell. Clapper rail (Zoöl.), an Americam species of rail (Rallus scepitans).

Clap´per, n. [F. clapier.] A rabbit burrow. [Obs.]

Clap´per•claw (klap´per•kla), v. t. [Clap + claw.] 1. To fight and scratch. C. Smart. 2. To abuse with the tongue; to revile; to scold.

Claps (klap), v. t. Variant of Clasp [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clap´trap (klap´trap•), n. 1. A contrivance for clapping in theaters. [Obs.] 2. A trick or device to gain applause; humbug.

Clap´trap, a. Contrived for the purpose of making a show, or gaining applause; deceptive; unreal.

Claque , n. [F.] A collection of persons employed to applaud at a theatrical exhibition.

Cla•queur´ , n. [F.] One of the claque employed to applaud at a theater.

Clare , n. A nun of the order of St. Clare.

Clar´ence , n. A close four-wheeled carriage, with one seat inside, and a seat for the driver. { Clar´en•ceux , Clar´en•cieux } , n. (Her.) See King-at- arms.

Clar´en•don , n. A style of type having a narrow and heave face. It is made in all sizes. This line is in nonpareil Clarendon.

Clare´-ob•scure´ , n. [L. clarus clear + obscurus obscure; cf. F. clair- obscur. Cf. Chiaroscuro.] (Painting) See Chiaroscuro.

Clar´et (klar´et), n. [OE. claret, clare, clarry, OF. claret, clare, fr. cler, F. clair, clear, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] The name first given in England to the red wines of Medoc, in France, and afterwards extended to all the red Bordeaux wines. The name is also given to similar wines made in the United States.

Clar•i•bel´la , n. [NL., from L. clarus clear + bellus fine.] (Mus.) A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ.

Clar´i•chord , n. [F. clatocorde, fr.L. clarus clear + chorda string. See Chord.] A musical instrument, formerly in use, in form of a spinet; — called also manichord and clavichord.

Clar•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. clarification, L. clarificatio glorification.] 1. The act or process of making clear or transparent, by freeing visible impurities; as the clarification of wine. 2. The act of freeing from obscurities. “The clarification of men’s ideas.
Whewell.”

Clar´i•fi•er , n. 1. That which clarifies. 2. A vessel in which the process of clarification is conducted; as the clarifier in sugar works. Ure.

Clar´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clarified p. pr. & vb. n. Clarifying.] [F. clarifier, from L. clarificare; clarus clear + facere to make. See Clear, and Fact.] 1. To make clear or bright by freeing from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine; — said of liquids, as wine or sirup. ´Boiled and clarified.´ Ure. 2. To make clear; to free from obscurities; to brighten or illuminate. “To clarify his reason, and to rectify his will.
South.” 3. To glorify. [Obs.] “Fadir, clarifie thi name.
Wyclif (John ii. 28).”

Clar´i•fy, v. i. 1. To grow or become clear or transparent; to become free from feculent impurities, as wine or other liquid under clarification. 2. To grow clear or bright; to clear up. “Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the discoursing with another.
Bacon.”

Clar´i•gate , v. i. [L. clarigare] To declare war with certain ceremonies. [Obs.] Holland.

Clar´i•net , n. [F. clarinette, dim. of clarine, from L. clarus. See Clear, and cf. Clarion.] (Mus.) A wind instrument, blown by a single reed, of richer and fuller tone than the oboe, which has a double reed. It is the leading instrument in a military band. [Often improperly called clarionet.]

Cla•ri´no , n. [It. a trumpet.] (Mus.) A reed stop in an organ.

Clar´i•on , n. [OE. clarioun, OF. clarion, F. clairon, LL. clario, claro; so called from its clear tone, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. “He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle.
E. Everett.”

Clar•i•o•net´ , n. [See Clarion, Clarinet.] (Mus.) See Clarinet.

Cla•ris´o•nus , a. [L. clarisonus; clarus + sonus.] Having a clear sound. [Obs.] Ash.

Clar´i•tude , n. [L. claritudo, fr. clarus clear.] Clearness; splendor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Clar´i•ty , n. [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear: cf. F. clarte.] Clearness; brightness; splendor. “Floods, in whose more than crystal clarity,
Innumerable virgin graces row.
Beaumont.”

Cla´ro-ob•scu´ro , n. See Chiaroscuro.

Clar•re´, n. [See Claret.] Wine with a mixture of honey and species. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clart , v. t. [Cf. Armor. kalar mud, mire, kalara to dirt, Sw. lort mud.] To daub, smear, or spread, as with mud, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clart´y , a. Sticky and foul; muddy; filthy; dirty. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clar´y , v. i. [Cf. Clarion.] To make a loud or shrill noise. [Obs.] Golding.

Cla´ry , n. [Cf. LL. sclarea, scarlea, D. & G. scharlei, F. sclaree.] (Bot.) A plant (Salvia sclarea) of the Sage family, used in flavoring soups. Clary water, a composition of clary flowers with brandy, etc., formerly used as a cardiac.

Clash , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clashed p. pr. & vb. n. Clashing.] [Of imitative origin; cf. G. klatschen, Prov. G. kleschen, D. kletsen, Dan. klaske, E. clack.] 1. To make a noise by striking against something; to dash noisily together. 2. To meet in opposition; to act in a contrary direction; to come onto collision; to interfere. “However some of his interests might clash with those of the chief adjacent colony.
Palfrey.”

Clash, v. t. To strike noisily against or together.

Clash n. 1. A loud noise resulting from collision; a noisy collision of bodies; a collision. “The roll of cannon and clash of arms.
Tennyson.” 2. Opposition; contradiction; as between differing or contending interests, views, purposes, etc. “Clashes between popes and kings.
Denham.”

Clash´ing•ly, adv. With clashing.

Clasp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clasped p. pr. & vb. n. Clasping] [OE. claspen, clapsen, prob. akin to E. clap.] 1. To shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp; to shut or fasten (a clasp, or that which fastens with a clasp). 2. To inclose and hold in the hand or with the arms; to grasp; to embrace. 3. To surround and cling to; to entwine about. ´Clasping ivy.´ Milton.

Clasp, n. 1. An adjustable catch, bent plate, or hook, for holding together two objects or the parts of anything, as the ends of a belt, the covers of a book, etc. 2. A close embrace; a throwing of the arms around; a grasping, as with the hand. Clasp knife, a large knife, the blade of which folds or shuts into the handle. — Clasp lock, a lock which closes or secures itself by means of a spring.

Clasp´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, clasps, as a tendril. ´The claspers of vines.´ Derham. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a pair of organs used by the male for grasping the female among many of the Crustacea. (b) One of a pair of male copulatory organs, developed on the anterior side of the ventral fins of sharks and other elasmobranchs. See Illust. of Chimaera.

Clasp´ered , a. Furnished with tendrils.

Class (klas), n. [F. classe, fr. L. classis class, collection, fleet; akin to Gr. klh^sis a calling, kalei^n to call, E. claim, haul.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as possessing common characteristics; as the different classes of society; the educated class; the lower classes. 2. A number of students in a school or college, of the same standing, or pursuing the same studies. 3. A comprehensive division of animate or inanimate objects, grouped together on account of their common characteristics, in any classification in natural science, and subdivided into orders, families, tribes, genera, etc. 4. A set; a kind or description, species or variety. “She had lost one class energies.
Macaulay.” 5. (Methodist Church) One of the sections into which a church or congregation is divided, and which is under the supervision of a class leader. Class of a curve (Math.), the kind of a curve as expressed by the number of tangents that can be drawn from any point to the curve. A circle is of the second class. — Class meeting (Methodist Church), a meeting of a class under the charge of a class leader, for counsel and relegious instruction.

Class , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Classed p. pr. & vb. n. Classing.] [Cf. F. classer. See Class, n.] 1. To arrange in classes; to classify or refer to some class; as to class words or passages. In scientific arrangement, to classify is used instead of to class. Dana. 2. To divide into classes, as students; to form into, or place in, a class or classes.

Class, v. i. To grouped or classed. “The genus or famiky under which it classes.
Tatham.”

Class´i•ble , a. Capable of being classed. { Clas´sic , Clas´sic•al } a. [L. classicus relating to the classes of the Roman people, and especially to the frist class; hence, of the first rank, superior, from classis class: cf. F. classique. See Class, n.] 1. Of or relating to the first class or rank, especially in literature or art. “Give, as thy last memorial to the age,
One classic drama, and reform the stage.
Byron.” “Mr. Greaves may justly be reckoned a classical author on this subject [Roman weights and coins].
Arbuthnot.” 2. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks and Romans, esp. to Greek or Roman authors of the highest rank, or of the period when their best literature was produced; of or pertaining to places inhabited by the ancient Greeks and Romans, or rendered famous by their deeds. “Though throned midst Latium’s classic plains.
Mrs. Hemans.” “The epithet classical, as applied to ancient authors, is determined less by the purity of their style than by the period at which they wrote.
Brande & C.” “He [Atterbury] directed the classical studies of the undergraduates of his college.
Macaulay.” 3. Conforming to the best authority in literature and art; chaste; pure; refined; as a classical style. “Classical, provincial, and national synods.
Macaulay.” Classicals orders. (Arch.) See under Order.

Clas´sic, n. 1. A work of acknowledged excellence and authority, or its author; — originally used of Greek and Latin works or authors, but now applied to authors and works of a like character in any language. “In is once raised him to the rank of a legitimate English classic.
Macaulay.” 2. One learned in the literature of Greece and Rome, or a student of classical literature.

Clas´sic•al•ism , n. 1. A classical idiom, style, or expression; a classicism. 2. Adherence to what are supposed or assumed to be the classical canons of art.

Clas´sic•al•ist, n. One who adheres to what he thinks the classical canons of art. Ruskin. { Clas•si•cal´i•ty , Clas´sic•al•ness } n. The quality of being classical.

Clas´sic•al•ly, adv. 1. In a classical manner; according to the manner of classical authors. 2. In the manner of classes; according to a regular order of classes or sets.

Clas´si•cism , n. A classic idiom or expression; a classicalism. C. Kingsley.

Clas´si•cist , n. One learned in the classics; an advocate for the classics.

Clas´si•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being classified.

Clas•sif´ic , a. Characterizing a class or classes; relating to classification.

Clas•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. classification.] The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some common relations or affinities. Artificial classification. (Science) See under Artifitial.

Clas´si•fi•ca•to•ry , a. Pertaining to classification; admitting of classification. ´A classificatory system.´ Earle.

Clas´si•fi•er , n. One who classifies.

Clas´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & pp. Classified p. pr. & vb. n. Classifying.] [L. classis class + ] To distribute into classes; to arrange according to a system; to arrange in sets according to some method founded on common properties or characters. Syn. — To arrange; distribute; rank.

Clas´sis , n.; pl. Classes (#). [L. See Class, n.] 1. A class or order; sort; kind. [Obs.] “His opinion of that classis of men.
Clarendon.” 2. (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical body or judicatory in certain churches, as the Reformed Dutch. It is intermediate between the consistory and the synod, and corresponds to the presbytery in the Presbyterian church.

Class´man , n.; pl. Classmen(#). 1. A member of a class; a classmate. 2. A candidate for graduation in arts who is placed in an honor class, as opposed to a passman, who is not classified. [Oxford, Eng.]

Class´mate , n. One who is in the same class with another, as at school or college.

Clas´tic , a. [Gr. br, fr. to break.] 1. Pertaining to what may be taken apart; as clastic anatomy (of models). 2. (Min.) Fragmental; made up of brok fragments; as sandstone is a clastic rock.

Clath´rate (klath´rat), a. [L. clathri lattice, Gr. klh,qra.] 1. (Bot.) Shaped like a lattice; cancellate. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface marked with raised lines resembling a lattice, as many shells.

Clat´ter (klat´ter), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clattered (- terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clattering.] [AS. clatrung a rattle, akin to D. klateren to rattle. Cf. Clack.] 1. To make a rattling sound by striking hard bodies together; to make a succession of abrupt, rattling sounds. “Clattering loud with iron clank.
Longfellow.” 2. To talk fast and noisily; to rattle with the tongue. “I see thou dost but clatter.
Spenser.”

Clat´ter, v. t. To make a rattling noise with. “You clatter still your brazen kettle.
Swift.”

Clat´ter, n. 1. A rattling noise, esp. that made by the collision of hard bodies; also any loud, abrupt sound; a repetition of abrupt sounds. “The goose let fall a golden egg
With cackle and with clatter.
Tennyson.” 2. Commotion; disturbance. ´Those mighty feats which made such a clatter in story.´ Barrow. 3. Rapid, noisy talk; babble; chatter. ´Hold still thy clatter.´ Towneley Myst. (15 th Cent. ). “Throw by your clatter
And handle the matter.
B. Jonson”

Clat´ter•er , n. One who clatters.

Clat´ter•ing•ly, adv. With clattering.

Claude´ Lor•raine´ glass [Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives to those of a picture by Claude Lorrain (often written Lorraine).] A slightly convex mirror, commonly of black glass, used as a toy for viewing the reflected landscape.

Clau´dent , a. [L. claudens, p. pr. of claudere to shut.] Shutting; confining; drawing together; as a claudent muscle. [R.] Jonson

Clau´di•cant , a. [L. claudicans, p. pr. of claudicare to limp, fr. claudus lame.] Limping. [R.]

Clau•di•ca´tion , n. [L. claudicatio.] A halting or limping. [R.] Tatler.

Clause , n. [F. clause, LL. clausa, equiv. to L. clausula clause, prop., close of rhetorical period, close, fr. claudere to shut, to end. See Close.] 1. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence; an article, stipulation, or proviso, in a legal document. “The usual attestation clause to a will.
Bouvier.” 2. (Gram.) A subordinate portion or a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and its predicate.

Clause, n. [Obs.] See Letters clause or close, under Letter.

Claus´tral , a. [F., fr. LL. claustralis, fr. L. claustrum. See Cloister.] Cloistral. Ayliffe

Claus´trum , n.; pl. Claustra. [L., a bolt or bar.] (Anat.) A thin lamina of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain of man. — Claus´tral, a.

Clau´su•lar ( 135), a. [From L. clausula. See Clause, n.] Consisting of, or having, clauses. Smart.

Clau´sure ( 135), n. [L. clausura. See Closure.] The act of shutting up or confining; confinement. [R.] Geddes. { Cla´vate , Cla´va•ted } a. [L. clava club.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Club-shaped; having the form of a club; growing gradually thicker toward the top. [See Illust. of Antennae.]

Clave , imp. of Cleave. [Obs.]

Clav´e•cin , n. [F.] The harpsichord.

Cla´vel , n. See Clevis.

Clav´el•late , a. See Clavate.

Clav´el•la•ted , a. [Cf. LL. cineres clavelatti ashes of burnt lees or dregs of wine, F. clavel an inferior sort of soda, E. clavate.] (Old Chem.) Said of potash, probably in reference to its having been obtained from billets of wood by burning. [Obs.]

Clav´er , n. [Obs.] See Clover. Holland.

Clav´er, n. Frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chattering. [Scot. & North of Eng.] “Emmy found herself entirely at a loss in the midst of their clavers.
Thackeray.”

Clav´i•chord , n. [F. clavicorde, fr. L. clavis key + chorda string.] (Mus.) A keyed stringed instrument, now superseded by the pianoforte. See Clarichord.

Clav´i•cle , n. [F. clavicule, fr. L. clavicula a little key, tendril, dim. of clavis key, akin to claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Clef.] (Anat.) The collar bone, which is joined at one end to the scapula, or shoulder blade, and at the other to the sternum, or breastbone. In man each clavicle is shaped like the letter , and is situated just above the first rib on either side of the neck. In birds the two clavicles are united ventrally, forming the merrythought, or wishbone.

Clav´i•corn , a. [Cf. F. clavicorne.] (Zoöl.) Having club-shaped antennae. See Antennae — n. One of the Clavicornes.

Clav•i•cor´nes , n. pl. [NL.; Fr. L. clava club + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A group of beetles having club-shaped antennae.

Cla•vic´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. claviculaire. See Clavicle.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the clavicle.

Cla´vi•er (? F. ?), n. [F., fr. L. clavis key.] (Mus.) The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium. Clavier is the German name for a pianoforte.

Clav´i•form , a. [L. clava club + -form.] (Bot.) Club- shaped; clavate. Craig.

Clav´i•ger , n. [L., fr. clavis key + gerere to carry.] One who carries the keys of any place.

Clav´i•ger, n. [L., fr. clava club + gerere to carry.] One who carries a club; a club bearer.

Cla•vig´er•ous , a. Bearing a club or a key.

Cla´vis , n.; pl. L. Claves (#), E. Clavises (#). [L.] A key; a glossary.

Cla´vus , n. [L., a nail.] A callous growth, esp. one the foot; a corn.

Cla´vy , n.; pl. Clavies (#). [Cf. F. claveau centerpiece of an arch.] (Arch.) A mantelpiece.

Claw (kla), n. [AS. clawu, cla, cleó; akin to D. klaauw, G. klaue, Icel. klo, Sw. & Dan. klo, and perh. to E. clew.] 1. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird. 2. The whole foot of an animal armed with hooked nails; the pinchers of a lobster, crab, etc. 3. Anything resembling the claw of an animal, as the curved and forked end of a hammer for drawing nails. 4. (Bot.) A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, as the base of petals of the pink. Gray. Claw hammer, a hammer with one end of the metallic head cleft for use in extracting nails, etc. — Claw hammer coat, a dress coat of the swallowtail pattern. [Slang] — Claw sickness, foot rot, a disease affecting sheep.

Claw (kla), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clawed (klad); p. pr. & vb. n. Clawing.] [AS. clawan. See Claw, n.] 1. To pull, tear, or scratch with, or as with, claws or nails. 2. To relieve from some uneasy sensation, as by scratching; to tickle; hence, to flatter; to court. [Obs.] “Rich men they claw, soothe up, and flatter; the poor they contemn and despise.
Holland.” 3. To rail at; to scold. [Obs.] “In the aforesaid preamble, the king fairly claweth the great monasteries, wherein, saith he, religion, thanks be to God, is right well kept and observed; though he claweth them soon after in another acceptation.
T. Fuller” Claw me, claw thee, stand by me and I will stand by you; — an old proverb. Tyndale. — To claw away, to scold or revile. ´The jade Fortune is to be clawed away for it, if you should lose it.´ L’Estrange. — To claw (one) on the back, to tickle; to express approbation. (Obs.) Chaucer. — To claw (one) on the gall, to find fault with; to vex. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Claw, v. i. To scrape, scratch, or dig with a claw, or with the hand as a claw. ´Clawing [in ash barrels] for bits of coal.´ W. D. Howells. To claw off (Naut.), to turn to windward and beat, to prevent falling on a lee shore.

Claw´back , n. A flatterer or sycophant. [Obs.] ´Take heed of these clawbacks.´ Latimer.

Claw´back, a. Flattering; sycophantic. [Obs.] “Like a clawback parasite.
Bp. Hall.”

Claw´back, v. t. To flatter. [Obs.] Warner.

Clawed (klad), a. Furnished with claws. N. Grew.

Claw´less, a. Destitute of claws.

Clay (kla), n. [AS. claeg; akin to LG. klei, D. klei, and perh. to AS. clam clay, L. glus, gluten glue, Gr. gloio•s glutinous substance, E. glue. Cf. Clog.] 1. A soft earth, which is plastic, or may be molded with the hands, consisting of hydrous silicate of aluminium. It is the result of the wearing down and decomposition, in part, of rocks containing aluminous minerals, as granite. Lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and other ingredients, are often present as impurities. 2. (Poetry & Script.) Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body; hence, the human body as formed from such particles. “I also am formed out of the clay.
Job xxxiii. 6.” “The earth is covered thick with other clay,
Which her own clay shall cover.
Byron.” Bowlder clay. See under Bowlder. — Brick clay, the common clay, containing some iron, and therefore turning red when burned. — Clay cold, cold as clay or earth; lifeless; inanimate. — Clay ironstone, an ore of iron consisting of the oxide or carbonate of iron mixed with clay or sand. — Clay marl, a whitish, smooth, chalky clay. — Clay mill, a mill for mixing and tempering clay; a pug mill. — Clay pit, a pit where clay is dug. — Clay slate (Min.), argillaceous schist; argillite. — Fatty clays, clays having a greasy feel; they are chemical compounds of water, silica, and aluminia, as halloysite, bole, etc. — Fire clay , a variety of clay, entirely free from lime, iron, or an alkali, and therefore infusible, and used for fire brick. — Porcelain clay, a very pure variety, formed directly from the decomposition of feldspar, and often called kaolin. - - Potter’s clay, a tolerably pure kind, free from iron.

Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clayed p. pr. & vb. n. Claying.] 1. To cover or manure with clay. 2. To clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar.

Clay´-brained , a. Stupid. [Obs.] Shak.

Clayes , n. pl. [F. claie hurdle.] (Fort.) Wattles, or hurdles, made with stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodgments. [Obs.]

Clay´ey , a. Consisting of clay; abounding with clay; partaking of clay; like clay.

Clay´ish, a. Partaking of the nature of clay, or containing particles of it.

Clay´more , n. [Gael. claidheamhmor a broadsword; Gael. claidheamh sword + mor great, large. Cf. Claymore.] A large two-handed sword used formerly by the Scottish Highlanders.

Clay•to´ni•a , n. [Named after Dr.John Clayton, an American botanist.] (Bot.) An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; — sometimes called spring beauty.

Clead´ing , n. [Scot., clothing. See Cloth.] 1. A jacket or outer covering of wood, etc., to prevent radiation of heat, as from the boiler, cylinder. etc., of a steam engine. 2. The planking or boarding of a shaft, cofferdam, etc.

Clean (klen), a. [Compar. Cleaner ; superl. Cleanest.] [OE. clene, AS. claene; akin to OHG. chleini pure, neat, graceful, small, G. klein small, and perh. to W. glan clean, pure, bright; all perh. from a primitive, meaning bright, shining. Cf. Glair.] 1. Free from dirt or filth; as clean clothes. 2. Free from that which is useless or injurious; without defects; as clean land; clean timber. 3. Free from awkwardness; not bungling; adroit; dexterous; as a clean trick; a clean leap over a fence. 4. Free from errors and vulgarisms; as a clean style. 5. Free from restraint or neglect; complete; entire. “When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of corners of thy field.
Lev. xxiii. 22.” 6. Free from moral defilement; sinless; pure. “Create in me a clean heart, O God.
Ps. li. 10” “That I am whole, and clean, and meet for Heaven
Tennyson.” 7. (Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement. 8. Free from that which is corrupting to the morals; pure in tone; healthy. ´Lothair is clean.´ F. Harrison. 9. Well-proportioned; shapely; as clean limbs. A clean bill of health, a certificate from the proper authority that a ship is free from infection. — Clean breach. See under Breach, n., 4. — To make a clean breast. See under Breast.

Clean, adv. 1. Without limitation or remainder; quite; perfectly; wholly; entirely. ´Domestic broils clean overblown.´ Shak. ´Clean contrary.´ Milton. “All the people were passed clean over Jordan.
Josh. iii. 17.” 2. Without miscarriage; not bunglingly; dexterously. [Obs.] ´Pope came off clean with Homer.´ Henley.

Clean (klen), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleaned (klend); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaning.] [See Clean, a., and cf. Cleanse.] To render clean; to free from whatever is foul, offensive, or extraneous; to purify; to cleanse. To clean out, to exhaust; to empty; to get away from (one) all his money. [Colloq.] De Quincey.

Clean´-cut (klen´kut), a. See Clear-cut.

Clean´er , n. One who, or that which, cleans.

Clean´ing, n. 1. The act of making clean. 2. The afterbirth of cows, ewes, etc. Gardner.

Clean´li•ly , adv. In a cleanly manner.

Clean´-limbed , a. With well-proportioned, unblemished limbs; as a clean-limbed young fellow. Dickens.

Clean´li•ness (klen´li•nes), n. [From Cleanly.] State of being cleanly; neatness of person or dress. “Cleanliness from head to heel.
Swift.”

Clean´ly , a. [Compar. Cleanlier superl. Cleanliest.] [From Clean.] 1. Habitually clean; pure; innocent. ´Cleanly joys.´ Glanvill. “Some plain but cleanly country maid.
Dryden.” “Displays her cleanly platter on the board.
Goldsmith.” 2. Cleansing; fitted to remove moisture; dirt, etc. [Obs.] ´With cleanly powder dry their hair.´ Prior. 3. Adroit; skillful; dexterous; artful. [Obs.] “Through his fine handling and his cleanly play.
Spenser.”

Clean´ly , adv. 1. In a clean manner; neatly. “He was very cleanly dressed.
Dickens.” 2. Innocently; without stain. Shak. 3. Adroitly; dexterously. Middleton.

Clean´ness, n. [AS. clnnes. See Clean.] 1. The state or quality of being clean. 2. Purity of life or language; freedom from licentious courses. Chaucer.

Cleans´a•ble (klenz´a•b’l), a. Capable of being cleansed. Sherwood.

Cleanse (klenz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleansed (klenzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleansing.] [AS. claensian, fr. claene clean. See Clean.] To render clean; to free from fith, pollution, infection, guilt, etc.; to clean. “If we walk in the light … the blood of Jesus Christ his son cleanseth us from all sin.
1 John i. 7.” “Can’st thou not minister to a mind diseased,
And with some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the suffed bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart?
Shak.”

Cleans´er (-er), n. [AS. claensere.] One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. Arbuthnot.

Clean´-tim•bered , a. Well- proportioned; symmetrical. [Poetic] Shak.

Clear (kler), a. [Compar. Clearer (-er); superl. Clearest.] [OE. cler, cleer, OF. cler, F. clair, fr.L. clarus, clear, bright, loud, distinct, renowned; perh. akin to L. clamare to call, E. claim. Cf. Chanticleer, Clairvoyant, Claret, Clarify.] 1. Free from opaqueness; transparent; bright; light; luminous; unclouded. “The stream is so transparent, pure, and clear.
Denham.” “Fair as the moon, clear as the sun.
Canticles vi. 10.” 2. Free from ambiguity or indistinctness; lucid; perspicuous; plain; evident; manifest; indubitable. “One truth is clear; whatever is, is right.
Pope.” 3. Able to perceive clearly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating; as a clear intellect; a clear head. “Mother of science! now I feel thy power
Within me clear, not only to discern
Things in their causes, but to trace the ways
Of highest agents.
Milton.” 4. Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful. “With a countenance as clear
As friendship wears at feasts.
Shak.” 5. Easily or distinctly heard; audible; canorous. “Hark! the numbers soft and clear
Gently steal upon the ear.
Pope.” 6. Without mixture; entirely pure; as clear sand. 7. Without defect or blemish, such as freckles or knots; as a clear complexion; clear lumber. 8. Free from guilt or stain; unblemished. “Statesman, yet friend to truth! in soul sincere,
In action faithful, and in honor clear.
Pope.” 9. Without diminution; in full; net; as clear profit. “I often wished that I had clear,
For life, six hundred pounds a-year.
Swift.” 10. Free from impediment or obstruction; unobstructed; as a clear view; to keep clear of debt. “My companion … left the way clear for him.
Addison.” 11. Free from embarrassment; detention, etc. “The cruel corporal whispered in my ear,
Five pounds, if rightly tipped, would set me clear.
Gay.” Clear breach. See under Breach, n., 4. — Clear days (Law.), days reckoned from one day to another, excluding both the first and last day; as from Sunday to Sunday there are six clear days. — Clear stuff, boards, planks, etc., free from knots. Syn. — Manifest; pure; unmixed; pellucid; transparent; luminous; obvious; visible; plain; evident; apparent; distinct; perspicuous. See Manifest.

Clear (kler), n. (Carp.) Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls; as a room ten feet square in the clear.

Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner; plainly. “Now clear I understand
What oft … thoughts have searched in vain.
Milton.” 2. Without limitation; wholly; quite; entirely; as to cut a piece clear off.

Clear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleared p. pr. & vb. n. Clearing.] 1. To render bright, transparent, or undimmed; to free from clouds. “He sweeps the skies and clears the cloudy north.
Dryden.” 2. To free from impurities; to clarify; to cleanse. 3. To free from obscurity or ambiguity; to relive of perplexity; to make perspicuous. “Many knotty points there are
Which all discuss, but few can clear.
Prior.” 4. To render more quick or acute, as the understanding; to make perspicacious. “Our common prints would clear up their understandings.
Addison” 5. To free from impediment or incumbrance, from defilement, or from anything injurious, useless, or offensive; as to clear land of trees or brushwood, or from stones; to clear the sight or the voice; to clear one’s self from debt; — often used with of, off, away, or out. “Clear your mind of cant.
Dr. Johnson.” “A statue lies hid in a block of marble; and the art of the statuary only clears away the superfluous matter.
Addison.” 6. To free from the imputation of guilt; to justify, vindicate, or acquit; — often used with from before the thing imputed. “I … am sure he will clear me from partiality.
Dryden.” “How! wouldst thou clear rebellion?
Addison.” 7. To leap or pass by, or over, without touching or failure; as to clear a hedge; to clear a reef. 8. To gain without deduction; to net. “The profit which she cleared on the cargo.
Macaulay.” To clear a ship at the customhouse, to exhibit the documents required by law, give bonds, or perform other acts requisite, and procure a permission to sail, and such papers as the law requires. — To clear a ship for action, or To clear for action (Naut.), to remove incumbrances from the decks, and prepare for an engagement. — To clear the land (Naut.), to gain such a distance from shore as to have sea room, and be out of danger from the land. — To clear hawse (Naut.), to disentangle the cables when twisted. — To clear up, to explain; to dispel, as doubts, cares or fears.

Clear (kler), v. i. 1. To become free from clouds or fog; to become fair; — often followed by up, off, or away. “So foul a sky clears not without a storm.
Shak.” “Advise him to stay till the weather clears up.
Swift.” 2. To disengage one’s self from incumbrances, distress, or entanglements; to become free. [Obs.] “He that clears at once will relapse; for finding himself out of straits, he will revert to his customs; but he that cleareth by degrees induceth a habit of frugality.
Bacon. ” 3. (Banking) To make exchanges of checks and bills, and settle balances, as is done in a clearing house. 4. To obtain a clearance; as the steamer cleared for Liverpool to-day. To clear out, to go or run away; to depart. [Colloq.]

Clear´age , n. The act of removing anything; clearance. [R.]

Clear´ance (-ans), n. 1. The act of clearing; as to make a thorough clearance. 2. A certificate that a ship or vessel has been cleared at the customhouse; permission to sail. “Every ship was subject to seizure for want of stamped clearances.
Durke” 3. Clear or net profit. Trollope. 4. (Mach.) The distance by which one object clears another, as the distance between the piston and cylinder head at the end of a stroke in a steam engine, or the least distance between the point of a cogwheel tooth and the bottom of a space between teeth of a wheel with which it engages. Clearance space (Steam engine), the space inclosed in one end of the cylinder, between the valve or valves and the piston, at the beginning of a stroke; waste room. It includes the space caused by the piston’s clearance and the space in ports, passageways, etc. Its volume is often expressed as a certain proportion of the volume swept by the piston in a single stroke.

Clear´-cut , a. 1. Having a sharp, distinct outline, like that of a cameo. “She has … a cold and clear-cut face.
Tennyson.” 2. Concisely and distinctly expressed.

Clear´ed•ness , n. The quality of being cleared. “Imputed by his friends to the clearedness, by his foes to the searedness, of his conscience.
T. Fuller.”

Clear´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, clears. “Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding.
Addison.” 2. (Naut.) A tool of which the hemp for lines and twines, used by sailmakers, is finished.

Clear´-head•ed (kler´hed•ed), a. Having a clear understanding; quick of perception; intelligent. ´He was laborious and clear- headed.´ Macaulay. — Clear´-head•ed•ness, n.

Clear´ing, n. 1. The act or process of making clear. “The better clearing of this point.
South.” 2. A tract of land cleared of wood for cultivation. “A lonely clearing on the shores of Moxie Lake.
J. Burroughs.” 3. A method adopted by banks and bankers for making an exchange of checks held by each against the others, and settling differences of accounts. In England, a similar method has been adopted by railroads for adjusting their accounts with each other. 4. The gross amount of the balances adjusted in the clearing house. Clearing house, the establishment where the business of clearing is carried on. See above, 3.

Clear´ly, adv. In a clear manner.

Clear´ness, n. The quality or state of being clear. Syn. — Clearness, Perspicuity. Clearness has reference to our ideas and springs from a distinct conception of the subject under consideration. Perspicuity has reference to the mode of expressing our ideas and belongs essentially to style. Hence we speak of a writer as having clear ideas a clear arrangement, and perspicuous phraseology. We do at times speak of a person’s having great clearness of style; but in such cases we are usually thinking of the clearness of his ideas as manifested in language. ´Whenever men think clearly, and are thoroughly interested, they express themselves with perspicuity and force.´ Robertson.

Clear´-see•ing , a. Having a clear physical or mental vision; having a clear understanding.

Clear´-shin•ing , a. Shining brightly. Shak.

Clear´-sight•ed (-sit•ed), a. Seeing with clearness; discerning; as clear-sighted reason.

Clear´-sight•ed•ness, n. Acute discernment.

Clear´starch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearstarched p. pr. & vb. n. Clearstraching.] To stiffen with starch, and then make clear by clapping with the hands; as to clearstarch muslin.

Clear´starch•er , n. One who clearstarches. { Clear´sto•ry , Clere´sto•ry } n. (Arch.) The upper story of the nave of a church, containing windows, and rising above the aisle roofs.

Clear´wing , n. (Zoöl.) A lepidopterous insect with partially transparent wings, of the family AEgeriadae, of which the currant and peach-tree borers are examples.

Cleat (klet), n. [OE. clete wedge; cf. D. kloot ball, Ger. kloss, klotz, lump. clod, MHG. kloz lump, ball, wedge, OHG. chloz ball, round mass.] 1. (Carp.) A strip of wood or iron fastened on transversely to something in order to give strength, prevent warping, hold position, etc. 2. (Naut.) A device made of wood or metal, having two arms, around which turns may be taken with a line or rope so as to hold securely and yet be readily released. It is bolted by the middle to a deck or mast, etc., or it may be lashed to a rope.

Cleat, v. t. To strengthen with a cleat.

Cleav´a•ble , a. Capable of cleaving or being divided.

Cleav´age , n. 1. The act of cleaving or splitting. 2. (Crystallog.) The quality possessed by many crystallized substances of splitting readily in one or more definite directions, in which the cohesive attraction is a minimum, affording more or less smooth surfaces; the direction of the dividing plane; a fragment obtained by cleaving, as of a diamond. See Parting. 3. (Geol.) Division into laminae, like slate, with the lamination not necessarily parallel to the plane of deposition; — usually produced by pressure. Basal cleavage, cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes. — Cell cleavage (Biol.), multiplication of cells by fission. See Segmentation. — Cubic cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube. — Diagonal cleavage, cleavage parallel to ta diagonal plane. — Egg clavage. (Biol.) See Segmentation. — Lateral cleavage, cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. — Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral, cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron. — Prismatic cleavage, cleavage parallel to a vertical prism.

Cleave (klev), v. i. [imp. Cleaved (klevd), Clave (klav, Obs.); p. p. Cleaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] [OE. cleovien, clivien, cliven, AS. cleofian, clifian; akin to OS. klibon, G. kleben, LG. kliven, D. kleven, Dan. klaebe, Sw. klibba, and also to G. kleiben to cleve, paste, Icel. klifa to climb. Cf. Climb.] 1. To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast; to cling. “My bones cleave to my skin.
Ps. cii. 5.” “The diseases of Egypt … shall cleave unto thee.
Deut. xxviii. 60.” “Sophistry cleaves close to and protects
Sin’s rotten trunk, concealing its defects.
Cowper.” 2. To unite or be united closely in interest or affection; to adhere with strong attachment. “Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife.
Gen. ii. 24.” “Cleave unto the Lord your God.
Josh. xxiii. 8.” 3. To fit; to be adapted; to assimilate. [Poetic.] “New honors come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mold
But with the aid of use.
Shak.”

Cleave (klev), v. t. [imp. Cleft (kleft), Clave (klav, Obs.), Clove (klov, Obsolescent); p. p. Cleft, Cleaved (klevd) or Cloven (klo´v’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] [OE. cleoven, cleven, AS. cleófan; akin to OS. klioban, D. klooven, G. klieben, Icel. kljufa, Sw. klyfva, Dan. klöve and prob. to Gr. gly•fein to carve, L. glubere to peel. Cf. Cleft.] 1. To part or divide by force; to split or rive; to cut. “O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain.
Shak.” 2. To part or open naturally; to divide. “Every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws.
Deut. xiv. 6.”

Cleave, v. i. To part; to open; to crack; to separate; as parts of bodies; as the ground cleaves by frost. “The Mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst.
Zech. xiv. 4.”

Cleave´land•ite , n. [From Professor Parker Cleaveland.] (Min.) A variety of albite, white and lamellar in structure.

Cleav´er , n. One who cleaves, or that which cleaves; especially, a butcher’s instrument for cutting animal bodies into joints or pieces.

Cleav´ers , n. [From Cleave to stick.] (Bot.) A species of Galium (G. Aparine), having a fruit set with hooked bristles, which adhere to whatever they come in contact with; — called also goose grass, catchweed, etc.

Cle•che´ , a. [F. cleche.] (Her.) Charged with another bearing of the same figure, and of the color of the field, so large that only a narrow border of the first bearing remains visible; — said of any heraldic bearing. Compare Voided.

Cle´chy , a. See Cleche.

Cledge , n. [Cf. Clay.] (Mining.) The upper stratum of fuller’s earth.

Cledg´y , a. Stiff, stubborn, clayey, or tenacious; as a cledgy soil. Halliwell.

Clee (kle), n. A claw. [Obs.] Holland.

Clee, n. (Zoöl.) The redshank.

Clef (klef; 277), n. [F. clef key, a key in music, fr. L. clavis key. See Clavicle.] (Mus.) A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff. The clefs are three in number, called the C, F, and G clefs, and are probably corruptions or modifications of these letters. They indicate that the letters of absolute pitch belonging to the lines upon which they are placed, are respectively C, F, and G. The F or bass clef, and the G or treble clef, are fixed in their positions upon the staff. The C clef may have three positions. It may be placed upon the first or lower line of the staff, in which case it is called soprano clef, upon the third line, in which case it called alto clef, or upon the fourth line, in which case tenor clef. It rarely or never is placed upon the second line, except in ancient music. See other forms of C clef under C, 2. Alto clef, Bass clef. See under Alto, Bass.

Cleft (kleft), imp. & p. p. from Cleave.

Cleft, a. 1. Divided; split; partly divided or split. 2. (Bot.) Incised nearly to the midrib; as a cleft leaf.

Cleft, n. [OE. clift; cf. Sw. klyft cave, den, Icel. kluft cleft, Dan. klöft, G. kluft. See Cleave to split and cf. 2d Clift, 1st Clough.] 1. A space or opening made by splitting; a crack; a crevice; as the cleft of a rock. Is. ii. 21. 2. A piece made by splitting; as a cleft of wood. 3. (Far.) A disease in horses; a crack on the band of the pastern. Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. Syn. — Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny.

Cleft´-foot•ed , a. Having a cloven foot.

Cleft´graft , v. t. To ingraft by cleaving the stock and inserting a scion. Mortimer.

Cleg , n. [Northern Eng. & Scot. gleg: cf. Gael. crethleag.] (Zoöl.) A small breeze or horsefly. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson. { Cleis•to•gam´ic , Cleis•tog´a•mous } a. [Gr. closed (fr. to shut) + ga•mos marriage.] (Bot.) Having, beside the usual flowers, other minute, closed flowers, without petals or with minute petals; — said of certain species of plants which possess flowers of two or more kinds, the closed ones being so constituted as to insure self-fertilization. Darwin.

Clem (klem), v. t. & i. [Cf. clam to clog, or G. klemmen to pinch, Icel. klömbra, E. clamp.] To starve; to famish. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Clem´a•tis (klem´a•tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. klhmati•s brushwood, also (from its long, lithe branches) clematis. fr. klh^ma twig, shoot, fr. kla^n to break off.] (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants, of many species, mostly climbers, having feathery styles, which greatly enlarge in the fruit; — called also virgin’s bower.

Clem´ence , n. Clemency. [Obs.] Spenser.

Clem´en•cy , n.; pl. Clemencies (#). [L. clementia, fr. clemens mild, calm.] 1. Disposition to forgive and spare, as offenders; mildness of temper; gentleness; tenderness; mercy. “Great clemency and tender zeal toward their subjects.
Stowe.” “They had applied for the royal clemency.
Macaulay.” 2. Mildness or softness of the elements; as the clemency of the season. Syn. — Mildness; tenderness; indulgence; lenity; mercy; gentleness; compassion; kindness.

Clem´ent , a. [L. clemens; -entis; cf. F. clment.] Mild in temper and disposition; merciful; compassionate. Shak. — Clem´ent•ly, adv.

Clem´ent•ine , a. Of or pertaining to Clement, esp. to St. Clement of Rome and the spurious homilies attributed to him, or to Pope Clement V. and his compilations of canon law.

Clench , n. & v. t. See Clinch.

Clepe (klep), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleped (klep´ed) or (klept); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleping. Cf. Ycleped.] [AS. clepan, cleopian, clipian, clypian, to cry, call.] To call, or name. [Obs.] “That other son was cleped Cambalo.
Chaucer.”

Clepe, v. i. To make appeal; to cry out. [Obs.] “Wandering in woe, and to the heavens on high
Cleping for vengeance of this treachery.
Mir. for Mag.”

Clep´si•ne , n. (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water leeches, furnished with a proboscis. They feed upon mollusks and worms.

Clep´sy•dra ( 277), n. [L. from Gr. ; to steal, conceal + water.] A water clock; a contrivance for measuring time by the graduated flow of a liquid, as of water, through a small aperture. See Illust. in Appendix.

Clep•to•ma´ni•a , n. [NL.] See Kleptomania.

Clere´sto•ry (kler´sto•ry), n. Same as Clearstory.

Cler´geon (kler´jun), n. [F., dim. of clerc. See Clerk.] A chorister boy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cler´gi•al , a. Learned; erudite; clerical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cler´gi•cal , a. Of or pertaining to the clergy; clerical; clerkily; learned. [Obs.] Milton.

Cler´gy , n. [OE. clergie, clergi, clerge, OF. clergie, F. clergie (fr. clerc clerc, fr. L. clericus priest) confused with OF. clergie, F. clerge, fr. LL. clericatus office of priest, monastic life, fr. L. clericus priest, LL. scholar, clerc. Both the Old French words meant clergy, in sense 1, the former having also sense 2. See Clerk.] 1. The body of men set apart, by due ordination, to the service of God, in the Christian church, in distinction from the laity; in England, usually restricted to the ministers of the Established Church. Hooker. 2. Learning; also a learned profession. [Obs.] “Sophictry … rhetoric, and other cleargy.
Guy of Warwick.” “Put their second sons to learn some clergy.
State Papers (1515).” 3. The privilege or benefit of clergy. “If convicted of a clergyable felony, he is entitled equally to his clergy after as before conviction.
Blackstone.” Benefit of clergy (Eng., Law), the exemption of the persons of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge — a privilege which was extended to all who could read, such persons being, in the eye of the law, clerici, or clerks. This privilege was abridged and modified by various statutes, and finally abolished in the reign of George IV. (1827). — Regular clergy, Secular clergy See Regular, n., and Secular, a.

Cler´gy•a•ble , a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy; as a clergyable felony. Blackstone.

Cler´gy•man , n.; pl. Clergymen (#). An ordained minister; a man regularly authorized to preach the gospel, and administer its ordinances; in England usually restricted to a minister of the Established Church.

Cler´ic , n. [AS., fr. L. clericus. See Clerk.] A clerk, a clergyman. [R.] Bp. Horsley.

Cler´ic , a. Same as Clerical.

Cler´ic•al , a. [LL. clericalis. See Clerk.] 1. Of or pertaining to the clergy; suitable for the clergy. ´A clerical education.´ Burke. 2. Of or relating to a clerk or copyist, or to writing. ´Clerical work.´ E. Everett. A clerical error, an error made in copying or writing.

Cler´ic•al•ism , n. An excessive devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order; undue influence of the clergy; sacerdotalism.

Cler•ic´i•ty , n. The state of being a clergyman.

Cler´i•sy , n. [LL. clericia. See Clergy.] 1. The literati, or well educated class. 2. The clergy, or their opinions, as opposed to the laity.

Clerk (klerk; in Eng. klärk; 277), n. [Either OF. clerc, fr. L. clericus a priest, or AS. clerc, cleric, clerk, priest, fr. L. clericus, fr. Gr. klhriko•s belonging to the clergy, fr. klh^ros lot, allotment, clergy; cf. Deut. xviii. 2. Cf. Clergy.] 1. A clergyman or ecclesiastic. [Obs.] “All persons were styled clerks that served in the church of Christ.
Ayliffe.” 2. A man who could read; a scholar; a learned person; a man of letters. [Obs.] ´Every one that could read … being accounted a clerk.´ Blackstone. “He was no great clerk, but he was perfectly well versed in the interests of Europe.
Burke.” 3. A parish officer, being a layman who leads in reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it. [Eng.] Hook. “And like unlettered clerk still cry ´Amen´.
Shak.” 4. One employed to keep records or accounts; a scribe; an accountant; as the clerk of a court; a town clerk. “The clerk of the crown … withdrew the bill.
Strype.” In some cases, clerk is synonymous with secretary. A clerk is always an officer subordinate to a higher officer, board, corporation, or person; whereas a secretary may be either a subordinate or the head of an office or department. 5. An assistant in a shop or store. [U. S.]

Clerk´-ale (? in Eng. ), n. A feast for the benefit of the parish clerk. [Eng.] T. Warton.

Clerk´less, a. Unlearned. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Clerk´like , a. Scholarlike. [Obs.] Shak.

Clerk´li•ness , n. Scholarship. [Obs.]

Clerk´ly, a. Of or pertaining to a clerk. Cranmer.

Clerk´ly, adv. In a scholarly manner. [Obs.] Shak.

Clerk´ship, n. State, quality, or business of a clerk.

Cler´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. lot + -mancy; cf. F. cleromancie.] A divination by throwing dice or casting lots.

Cle•ron´o•my , n. [Gr. inheritance + to possess.] Inheritance; heritage.

Cler´sto•ry , n. See Clearstory.

Clev´er , a. [Origin uncertain. Cf. OE. cliver eager, AS. clyfer (in comp.) cloven; or clifer a claw, perh. connected with E. cleave to divide, split, the meaning of E. clever perh. coming from the idea of grasping, seizing (with the mind).] 1. Possessing quickness of intellect, skill, dexterity, talent, or adroitness; expert. “Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two great creative minds.
Macaulay.” “Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever.
C. Kingsley.” 2. Showing skill or adroitness in the doer or former; as a clever speech; a clever trick. Byron. 3. Having fitness, propriety, or suitableness. “´T would sound more clever
To me and to my heirs forever.
Swift.” 4. Well-shaped; handsome. ´The girl was a tight, clever wench as any was.´ Arbuthnot. 5. Good-natured; obliging. [U. S.] Syn. — See Smart.

Clev´er•ish , a. Somewhat clever. [R.]

Clev´er•ly, adv. In a clever manner. “Never was man so clever absurd.
C. Smart.”

Clev´er•ness, n. The quality of being clever; skill; dexterity; adroitness. Syn. — See Ingenuity.

Clev´is , n. [Cf. Cleave to adhere, Clavel.] A piece of metal bent in the form of an oxbow, with the two ends perforated to receive a pin, used on the end of the tongue of a plow, wagen, etc., to attach it to a draft chain, whiffletree, etc.; — called also clavel, clevy. { Clew (klu), Clue } n. [OE. clewe, clowe, clue, AS. cleowen, cliwen, clywe ball of thread; akin to D. kluwen, OHG. chliwa, chliuwa, G. dim. kleuel, knäuel, and perch. to L. gluma hull, husk, Skr. glaus sort of ball or tumor. Perch. akin to E. claw. rad.26. Cf. Knawel.] 1. A ball of thread, yarn, or cord; also The thread itself. “Untwisting his deceitful clew.
Spenser.” 2. That which guides or directs one in anything of a doubtful or intricate nature; that which gives a hint in the solution of a mystery. “The clew, without which it was perilous to enter the vast and intricate maze of countinental politics, was in his hands.
Macaulay.” 3. (Naut.) (a.) A lower corner of a square sail, or the after corner of a fore-and- aft sail. (b.) A loop and thimbles at the corner of a sail. (c.) A combination of lines or nettles by which a hammock is suspended. Clew garnet (Naut.), one of the ropes by which the clews of the courses of square-rigged vessels are drawn up to the lower yards. — Clew line (Naut.), a rope by which a clew of one of the smaller square sails, as topsail, topgallant sail, or royal, is run up to its yard. — Clew-line block (Naut.), The block through which a clew line reeves. See Illust. of Block.

Clew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. & vb. n. Clewing.] [Cf. D. kluwenen. See Clew, n.] 1. To direct; to guide, as by a thread. [Obs.] “Direct and clew me out the way to happiness.
Beau. && Fl.” 2. (Naut.) To move of draw (a sail or yard) by means of the clew garnets, clew lines, etc.; esp. to draw up the clews of a square sail to the yard. To clew down (Naut.), to force (a yard) down by hauling on the clew lines. — To clew up (Naut.), to draw (a sail) up to the yard, as for furling.

Cli•che´ , n. [F. cliche, from clicher to stereotype.] A stereotype plate or any similar reproduction of ornament, or lettering, in relief. Cliche casting, a mode of obtaining an impression from a die or woodcut, or the like, by striking it suddenly upon metal which has been fused and is just becoming solid; also the casting so obtained.

Click (klik), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clicked (klikt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clicking.] [Prob. an onomatopoetic word: cf. OF. cliquier. See Clack, and cf. Clink, Clique.] To make a slight, sharp noise (or a succession of such noises), as by gentle striking; to tick. “The varnished clock that clicked behind the door.
Goldsmith.”

Click, v. t. 1. To move with the sound of a click. “She clicked back the bolt which held the window sash.
Thackeray.” 2. To cause to make a clicking noise, as by striking together, or against something. “[Jove] clicked all his marble thumbs.
Ben Jonson.” “When merry milkmaids click the latch.
Tennyson.”

Click, n. 1. A slight sharp noise, such as is made by the cocking of a pistol. 2. A kind of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa, consisting in a sudden withdrawal of the end or some other portion of the tongue from a part of the mouth with which it is in contact, whereby a sharp, clicking sound is produced. The sounds are four in number, and are called cerebral, palatal, dental, and lateral clicks or clucks, the latter being the noise ordinarily used in urging a horse forward.

Click, v. t. [OE. kleken, clichen. Cf. Clutch.] To snatch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Click, n. [Cf. 4th Click, and OF. clique latch.] 1. A detent, pawl, or ratchet, as that which catches the cogs of a ratchet wheel to prevent backward motion. See Illust. of Ratched wheel. 2. The latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

Click´ bee´tle (Zoöl.) See Elater.

Click´er , n. 1. One who stands before a shop door to invite people to buy. [Low, Eng.] 2. (Print.) One who as has charge of the work of a companionship.

Click´et , n. [OF. cliquet the latch of a door. See 5th Click.] 1. The knocker of a door. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A latch key. [Eng.] Chaucer.

Click´y , a. Resembling a click; abounding in clicks. ´Their strange clicky language.´ The Century.

Cli•das´tes , n. [NL., prob. from Gr. klei•s key.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct marine reptiles, allied to the Mosasaurus. See Illust. in Appendix.

Cli´en•cy , n. State of being a client.

Cli´ent , n. [L. cliens, -emtis, for cluens, one who hears (in relation to his protector), a client, fr. L. cluere to be named or called; akin to Gr. to hear, Skr. çry, and E. loud: cf. F. client. See Loud.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen who put himself under the protection of a man of distinction and influence, who was called his patron. 2. A dependent; one under the protection of another. “I do think they are your friends and clients,
And fearful to disturb you.
B. Jonson.” 3. (Law) One who consults a legal adviser, or submits his cause to his management.

Cli´ent•age , n. 1. State of being client. 2. A body of clients. E. Everett.

Cli•en´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a client. “A dependent and cliental relation.
Burke.” “I sat down in the cliental chair.
Dickens.”

Cli´ent•ed , a. Supplied with clients. [R.] “The least cliented pettifiggers.
R. Carew.”

Cli•en´te•lage , n. See Clientele, n., 2.

Cli•en•tele´ , n. [L. clientela: cf. F. clientèle.] 1. The condition or position of a client; clientship. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. The clients or dependents of a nobleman of patron. 3. The persons who make habitual use of the services of another person; one’s clients, collectively; as the clientele of a lawyer, doctor, notary, etc.

Cli´ent•ship , n. Condition of a client; state of being under the protection of a patron. Dryden.

Cliff (klif), n. [AS. clif, cloef; akin to OS. klif, D. klif, klip, Icel. klif, Dan. & G. klippe, Sw. klippa; perh. orig. a climbing place. See Climb.] A high, steep rock; a precipice. Cliff swallow (Zoöl.), a North American swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which builds its nest against cliffs; the eaves swallow.

Cliff, n. (Mus.) See Clef. [Obs.]

Cliff´ lime´stone (Geol.) A series of limestone strata found in Ohio and farther west, presenting bluffs along the rivers and valleys, formerly supposed to be of one formation, but now known to be partly Silurian and partly Devonian.

Cliff´y , a. Having cliffs; broken; craggy.

Clift , n. [See 1st Cliff, n.] A cliff. [Obs.] “That gainst the craggy clifts did loudly roar.
Spenser.”

Clift, n. [See Cleft, n.] 1. A cleft of crack; a narrow opening. [Obs.] 2. The fork of the legs; the crotch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clift´ed, a. [From Clift a cleft.] Broken; fissured. “Climb the Ande clifted side.
Grainger.”

Cli•mac´ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop., round of a ladder, fr. ladder: cf. F. climactère. See Climax.] See Climacteric, n.

Cli•mac´ter•ic (? or 277), a. [L. climactericus, Gr. . See Climacter.] Relating to a climacteric; critical.

Cli•mac´ter•ic, n. 1. A period in human life in which some great change is supposed to take place in the constitution. The critical periods are thought by some to be the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd numbers 3, 5, 7, and 9; to which others add the 81st year. 2. Any critical period. “It is your lot, as it was mine, to live during one of the grand climacterics of the world.
Southey.” Grand or Great climacteric, the sixty-third year of human life. “I should hardly yield my rigid fibers to be regenerated by them; nor begin, in my grand climacteric, to squall in their new accents, or to stammer, in my second cradle, the elemental sounds of their barbarous metaphysics.
Burke.”

Clim•ac•ter´ic•al , a. & n. See Climacteric. Evelyn.

Cli´ma•tal , a. Climatic. Dunglison.

Cli•ma•tar´chic , a. [Climate + Gr. to rule.] Presiding over, or regulating, climates.

Cli´mate , n. [F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. , , slope, the supposed slope of the earth (from the equator toward the pole), hence a region or zone of the earth, fr. to slope, incline, akin to E. lean, v. i. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Clime.] 1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty regions or zones, parallel to the equator, into which the surface of the earth from the equator to the pole was divided, according to the successive increase of the length of the midsummer day. 2. The condition of a place in relation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, etc., especially as they affect animal or vegetable life.

Cli´mate, v. i. To dwell. [Poetic] Shak.

Cli•mat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate.

Cli•mat´ic•al , a. Climatic.

Cli´ma•tize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Climatized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Climatizing.] To acclimate or become acclimated.

Cli•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [Climate + -graphy.] A description of climates.

Cli•ma•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to climatology.

Cli•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in, or who studies, climatology.

Cli•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Climate + -logy: cf. F. climatologie.] The science which treats of climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. Brande & C.

Cli´ma•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. F. climature.] A climate. [Obs.] Shak.

Cli´max , n. [L., from Gr. ladder, staircase, fr. to make to bend, to lean. See Ladder, Lean, v. i.] 1. Upward movement; steady increase; gradation; ascent. Glanvill. 2. (Rhet.) A figure in which the parts of a sentence or paragraph are so arranged that each succeeding one rises above its predecessor in impressiveness. “´Tribulation worketh patience, patience experience, and experience hope´ — a happy climax.
J. D. Forbes.” 3. The highest point; the greatest degree. “We must look higher for the climax of earthly good.
I. Taylor.” To cap the climax, to surpass everything, as in excellence or in absurdity. [Colloq.]

Climb (klim), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Climbed (klimd), Obs. or Vulgar Clomb (klom); p. pr. & vb. n. Climbing.] [AS. climban; akin to OHG. chlimban, G. & D. klimmen, Icel. klifa, and E. cleave to adhere.] 1. To ascend or mount laboriously, esp. by use of the hands and feet. 2. To ascend as if with effort; to rise to a higher point. “Black vapors climb aloft, and cloud the day.
Dryden.” 3. (Bot.) To ascend or creep upward by twining about a support, or by attaching itself by tendrils, rootlets, etc., to a support or upright surface.

Climb, v. t. To ascend, as by means of the hands and feet, or laboriously or slowly; to mount.

Climb, n. The act of one who climbs; ascent by climbing. Warburton.

Climb´a•ble , a. Capable of being climbed.

Climb´er , n. One who, or that which, climbs: (a) (Bot.) A plant that climbs. (b) (Zoöl.) A bird that climbs, as a woodpecker or a parrot.

Climb´er, v. i. [From Climb; cf. Clamber.] To climb; to mount with effort; to clamber. [Obs.] Tusser.

Climb´ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Climb. Climbing fern. See under Fern. — Climbing perch. (Zoöl.) See Anabas, and Labyrinthici.

Clime , n. [L. clima. See Climate.] A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate. “Turn we to sutvey,
Where rougher climes a nobler race display.
Goldsmith.”

Cli•nan´thi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bed + flower.] (Bot.) The receptacle of the flowers in a composite plant; — also called clinium.

Clinch (klinch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinched p. pr. & vb. n. Clinching.] [OE. clenchen, prop. causative of clink to cause to clink, to strike; cf. D. klinken to tinkle, rivet. See Clink.] 1. To hold firmly; to hold fast by grasping or embracing tightly. ´Clinch the pointed spear.´ Dryden. 2. To set closely together; to close tightly; as to clinch the teeth or the first. Swift. 3. To bend or turn over the point of (something that has been driven through an object), so that it will hold fast; as to clinch a nail. 4. To make conclusive; to confirm; to establish; as to clinch an argument. South.

Clinch, v. i. To hold fast; to grasp something firmly; to seize or grasp one another.

Clinch (klinch), n. 1. The act or process of holding fast; that which serves to hold fast; a grip; a grasp; a clamp; a holdfast; as to get a good clinch of an antagonist, or of a weapon; to secure anything by a clinch. 2. A pun. Pope. 3. (Naut.) A hitch or bend by which a rope is made fast to the ring of an anchor, or the breeching of a ship’s gun to the ringbolts.

Clinch´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, clinches; that which holds fast. Pope. 2. That which ends a dispute or controversy; a decisive argument.

Clinch´er-built , a. See Clinker-built.

Cling (kling), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clung (klung), Clong (klong), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinging.] [AS. clingan to adhere, to wither; akin to Dan. klynge to cluster, crowd. Cf. Clump.] To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast, especially by twining round or embracing; as the tendril of a vine clings to its support; — usually followed by to or together. “And what hath life for thee
That thou shouldst cling to it thus?
Mrs. Hemans.”

Cling, v. t. 1. To cause to adhere to, especially by twining round or embracing. [Obs.] “I clung legs as close to his side as I could.
Swift.” 2. To make to dry up or wither. [Obs.] “If thou speak’st false,
Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive,
Till famine cling thee.
Shak.”

Cling, n. Adherence; attachment; devotion. [R.] “A more tenacious cling to worldly respects.
Milton.”

Cling´stone , a. Having the flesh attached closely to the stone, as in some kinds of peaches. — n. A fruit, as a peach, whose flesh adheres to the stone.

Cling´y , a. Apt to cling; adhesive. [R.]

Clin´ic , n. [See Clinical.] 1. One confined to the bed by sickness. 2. (Eccl.) One who receives baptism on a sick bed. [Obs.] Hook. 3. (Med.) A school, or a session of a school or class, in which medicine or surgery is taught by the examination and treatment of patients in the presence of the pupils. { Clin´ic•al (klin´ik•al), Clin´ic (klin´ik) }, a. [Gr. kliniko•s, fr. kli•nh bed, fr. kli•nein to lean, recline: cf. F. clinique. See Lean, v. i.] 1. Of or pertaining to a bed, especially, a sick bed. 2. Of or pertaining to a clinic, or to the study of disease in the living subject. Clinical baptism, baptism administered to a person on a sick bed. — Clinical instruction, instruction by means of clinics. — Clinical lecture (Med.), a discourse upon medical topics illustrated by the exhibition and examination of living patients. — Clinical medicine, Clinical surgery, that part of medicine or surgery which is occupied with the investigation of disease in the living subject.

Clin´ic•al•ly, adv. In a clinical manner.

Cli•nique´ , n. [F.] (Med.) A clinic.

Clin´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kli•nh bed.] (Bot.) See Clinanthium.

Clink (klink), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinked (klinkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinking.] [OE. clinken; akin to G. klingen, D. klinken, SW. klinga, Dan. klinge; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Clank, Clench, Click, v. i.] To cause to give out a slight, sharp, tinkling, sound, as by striking metallic or other sonorous bodies together. “And let me the canakin clink.
Shak.”

Clink (klink), v. i. 1. To give out a slight, sharp, tinkling sound. ´The clinking latch.´ Tennyson. 2. To rhyme. [Humorous]. Cowper.

Clink, n. A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, made by the collision of sonorous bodies. ´Clink and fall of swords.´ Shak.

Clin´kant (klin´kant), a. See Clinquant.

Clink´er (klink´er), n. [From clink; cf. D. clinker a brick which is so hard that it makes a sonorous sound, from clinken to clink. Cf. Clinkstone.] 1. A mass composed of several bricks run together by the action of the fire in the kiln. 2. Scoria or vitrified incombustible matter, formed in a grate or furnace where anthracite coal in used; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano; slag. 3. A scale of oxide of iron, formed in forging. 4. A kind of brick. See Dutch clinker, under Dutch.

Clink´er-built , a. (Naut.) Having the side planks (af a boat) so arranged that the lower edge of each overlaps the upper edge of the plank next below it like clapboards on a house. See Lapstreak.

Clink´stone ( 110), n. [Clink + stone; — from its sonorousness.] (Min.) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition, lamellar in structure, and clinking under the hammer. See Phonolite.

Cli•no•di•ag´o•nal , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. diagonal.] (Crystallog.) That diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which makes an oblique angle with the vertical axis. See Crystallization. — a. Pertaining to, or the direction of, the clinodiagonal.

Cli´no•dome , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. dome.] (Crystallog.) See under Dome.

Cli´no•graph´ic , a. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + -graph.] Pertaining to that mode of projection in drawing in which the rays of light are supposed to fall obliquely on the plane of projection.

Cli´noid , a. [Gr. kli•nh bed + -oid.] (Anat.) Like a bed; — applied to several processes on the inner side of the sphenoid bone.

Cli•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + -meter.] (Geol.) An instrument for determining the dip of beds or strata, pr the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level. Dana.

Clin•o•met´ric , a. 1. Pertaining to, or ascertained by, the clinometer. 2. Pertaining to the oblique crystalline forms, or to solids which have oblique angles between the axes; as the clinometric systems.

Cli•nom´e•try , n. (geol.) That art or operation of measuring the inclination of strata.

Cli•no•pin´a•coid , n. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) The plane in crystals of the monoclinic system which is parallel to the vertical and the inclined lateral (clinidiagonal) axes.

Cli•no•rhom´bic , a. [Gr. kli•nein to incline + E. rhombic: cf. F. clinorhombique.] (Crystallog.) Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined to a rhombic base; monoclinic.

Clin´quant , a. [F.] Glittering; dressed in, or overlaid with, tinsel finery. [Obs.] Shak.

Clin´quant, n. Tinsel; Dutch gold.

Cli´o , n. [L., fr. Gr. the proclaimer, fr. to call, tell of, make famous.] (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over history.

Cli•o´ne , n. A genus of naked pteropods. One species (Clione papilonacea), abundant in the Arctic Ocean, constitutes a part of the food of the Greenland whale. It is sometimes incorrectly called Clio.

Clip (klip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clipped (klipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clipping.] [OE. cluppen, clippen, to embrace, AS. clyran to embrace, clasp; cf. OHG. kluft tongs, shears, Icel, klypa to pinch, squeeze, also OE. clippen to cut, shear, Dan. klippe to clip, cut, SW. & Icel. klippa.] 1. To embrace, hence; to encompass. “O … that Neptune’s arms, who clippeth thee about,
Would bear thee from the knowledge of thyself.
Shak.” 2. To cut off; as with shears or scissors; as to clip the hair; to clip coin. “Sentenced to have his ears clipped.
Macaulay.” 3. To curtail; to cut short. “All my reports go with the modest truth;
No more nor clipped, but so.
Shak.” “In London they clip their words after one manner about the court, another in the city, and a third in the suburbs.
Swift.”

Clip (klip), v. i. To move swiftly; — usually with indefinite it. “Straight flies as chek, and clips it down the wind.
Dryden.”

Clip, n. 1. An embrace. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A cutting; a shearing. 3. The product of a single shearing of sheep; a season’s crop of wool. 4. A clasp or holder for letters, papers, etc. 5. An embracing strap for holding parts together; the iron strap, with loop, at the ends of a whiffletree. Knight. 6. (Far.) A projecting flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe, turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the hoof; — called also toe clip and beak. Youatt. 7. A blow or stroke with the hand; as he hit him a clip. [Colloq. U. S.]

Clip´per , n. 1. One who clips; specifically, one who clips off the edges of coin. “The value is pared off from it into the clipper’s pocket.
Locke.” 2. A machine for clipping hair, esp. the hair of horses. 3. (Naut.) A vessel with a sharp bow, built and rigged for fast sailing. — Clip´per- built• , a. The name was first borne by ´Baltimore clippers´ famous as privateers in the early wars of the United States.

Clip´ping , n. 1. The act of embracing. [Obs.] 2. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or diminishing; the practice of clipping the edges of coins. “clipping by Englishmen is robbing the honest man who receives clipped money.
Locke.” 3. That which is clipped off or out of something; a piece separated by clipping; as newspaper clippings.

Clique , n. [F., fr. OF. cliquer to click. See Click, v. i.] A narrow circle of persons associated by common interests or for the accomplishment of a common purpose; - - generally used in a bad sense.

Clique, v. i. To To associate together in a clannish way; to act with others secretly to gain a desired end; to plot; — used with together.

Cli´quish , a. Of or pertaining to a clique; disposed to from cliques; exclusive in spirit. — Cli´•quish•ness, n.

Cli´quism , n. The tendency to associate in cliques; the spirit of cliques.

Cli•tel´lus , n. [NL., prob. fr. L. clitellae a packsadle.] (Zoöl.) A thickened glandular portion of the body of the adult earthworm, consisting of several united segments modified for reproductive purposes.

Cli´to•ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to shut up. It is concealed by the labia pudendi.] (Anat.) A small organ at the upper part of the vulva, homologous to the penis in the male.

Cliv´ers , n. See Cleavers.

Cliv´i•ty , n.; pl. Clivities (#). [L. clivus hill.] Inclination; ascent or descent; a gradient. [R.]

Clo´a´ca , n.; pl. Cloacae (#). [L.] 1. A sewer; as the Cloaca Maxima of Rome. 2. A privy. 3. (Anat.) The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes.

Clo•a´cal , a. Of or pertaining to a cloaca.

Cloak ( 110), n. [Of. cloque cloak (from the bell-like shape), bell, F. cloche bell; perh. of Celtic origin and the same word as E. clock. See 1st Clock.] 1. A loose outer garment, extending from the neck downwards, and commonly without sleeves. It is longer than a cape, and is worn both by men and by women. 2. That which conceals; a disguise or pretext; an excuse; a fair pretense; a mask; a cover. “No man is esteemed any ways considerable for policy who wears religion otherwise than as a cloak.
South.” Cloak bag, a bag in which a cloak or other clothes are carried; a portmanteau. Shak.

Cloak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloaked p. pr. & vb. n. Cloaking.] To cover with, or as with, a cloak; hence, to hide or conceal. “Now glooming sadly, so to cloak her matter.
Spenser.” Syn. — See Palliate.

Cloak´ed•ly, adv. In a concealed manner.

Cloak´ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a cloak; the act of concealing anything. “To take heed of their dissemblings and cloakings.
Strype.” 2. The material of which of which cloaks are made.

Cloak´room , n. A room, attached to any place of public resort, where cloaks, overcoats, etc., may be deposited for a time.

Clock , n. [AS. clucge bell; akin to D. klok clock, bell, G. glocke, Dan. klokke, Sw. klocka, Icel. klukka bell, LL. clocca, cloca (whence F. cloche); al perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. clog bell, clock, W. cloch bell. Cf. Cloak.] 1. A machine for measuring time, indicating the hour and other divisions by means of hands moving on a dial plate. Its works are moved by a weight or a spring, and it is often so constructed as to tell the hour by the stroke of a hammer on a bell. It is not adapted, like the watch, to be carried on the person. 2. A watch, esp. one that strikes. [Obs.] Walton. 3. The striking of a clock. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. A figure or figured work on the ankle or side of a stocking. Swift. The phrases what o’clock? it is nine o’clock, etc., are contracted from what of the clock? it is nine of the clock, etc. Alarm clock. See under Alarm. — Astronomical clock. (a) A clock of superior construction, with a compensating pendulum, etc., to measure time with great accuracy, for use in astronomical observatories; — called a regulator when used by watchmakers as a standard for regulating timepieces. (b) A clock with mechanism for indicating certain astronomical phenomena, as the phases of the moon, position of the sun in the ecliptic, equation of time, etc. — Electric clock. (a) A clock moved or regulated by electricity or electro-magnetism. (b) A clock connected with an electro-magnetic recording apparatus. — Ship’s clock (Naut.), a clock arranged to strike from one to eight strokes, at half hourly intervals, marking the divisions of the ship’s watches. — Sidereal clock, an astronomical clock regulated to keep sidereal time.

Clock (klok), v. t. To ornament with figured work, as the side of a stocking.

Clock, v. t. & i. To call, as a hen. See Cluck. [R.]

Clock, n. (Zoöl.) A large beetle, esp. the European dung beetle (Scarabaeus stercorarius).

Clock´like (klok´lik•), a. Like a clock or like clockwork; mechanical. “Their services are clocklike, to be set
Backward and forward at their lord’s command.
B. Jonson.”

Clock´work (-wûrk•), n. The machinery of a clock, or machinery resembling that of a clock; machinery which produces regularity of movement.

Clod (klod), n. [OE. clodde, latter form of clot. See Clot.] 1. A lump or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. ´Clods of a slimy substance.´ Carew. ´Clods of iron and brass.´ Milton. ´Clods of blood.´ E. Fairfax. “The earth that casteth up from the plow a great clod, is not so good as that which casteth up a smaller clod.
Bacon.” 2. The ground; the earth; a spot of earth or turf. “The clod
Where once their sultan’s horse has trod.
Swift.” 3. That which is earthy and of little relative value, as the body of man in comparison with the soul. “This cold clod of clay which we carry about with us.
T. Burnet.” 4. A dull, gross, stupid fellow; a dolt Dryden. 5. A part of the shoulder of a beef creature, or of the neck piece near the shoulder. See Illust. of Beef.

Clod (klod), v. i To collect into clods, or into a thick mass; to coagulate; to clot; as clodded gore. See Clot. “Clodded in lumps of clay.
G. Fletcher.”

Clod, v. t. 1. To pelt with clods. Jonson. 2. To throw violently; to hurl. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Clod´dish , a. Resembling clods; gross; low; stupid; boorish. Hawthorne. — Clod´dish•ness, n.

Clod´dy , a. Consisting of clods; full of clods.

Clod´hop•per , n. A rude, rustic fellow.

Clod´hop•ping, a. Boorish; rude. C. Bronte.

Clod´pate , n. A blockhead; a dolt.

Clod´pat•ed , a. Stupid; dull; doltish.

Clod´poll , n. [Clod + poll head.] A stupid fellow; a dolt. [Written also clodpole.] Shak.

Cloff ( 115), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Formerly an allowance of two pounds in every three hundred weight after the tare and tret are subtracted; now used only in a general sense, of small deductions from the original weight. [Written also clough.] McCulloch.

Clog , n. [OE. clogge clog, Scot. clag, n., a clot, v., to to obstruct, cover with mud or anything adhesive; prob. of the same origin as E. clay.] 1. That which hinders or impedes motion; hence, an encumbrance, restraint, or impediment, of any kind. “All the ancient, honest, juridical principles and institutions of England are so many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and opression.
Burke.” 2. A weight, as a log or block of wood, attached to a man or an animal to hinder motion. “As a dog … but chance breaks loose,
And quits his clog.
Hudibras.” “A clog of lead was round my feet.
Tennyson.” 3. A shoe, or sandal, intended to protect the feet from wet, or to increase the apparent stature, and having, therefore, a very thick sole. Cf. Chopine. “In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort … makes use of wooden clogs.
Harvey.” Clog almanac, a primitive kind of almanac or calendar, formerly used in England, made by cutting notches and figures on the four edges of a clog, or square piece of wood, brass, or bone; — called also a Runic staff, from the Runic characters used in the numerical notation. — Clog dance, a dance performed by a person wearing clogs, or thick-soled shoes. — Clog dancer.

Clog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clogged p. pr. & vb. n. Clogging.] 1. To encumber or load, especially with something that impedes motion; to hamper. “The winds of birds were clogged with ace and snow.
Dryden.” 2. To obstruct so as to hinder motion in or through; to choke up; as to clog a tube or a channel. 3. To burden; to trammel; to embarrass; to perplex. “The commodities are clogged with impositions.
Addison.” “You ’ll rue the time
That clogs me with this answer.
Shak.” Syn. — Impede; hinder; obstruct; embarrass; burden; restrain; restrict.

Clog, v. i. 1. To become clogged; to become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter. “In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw will begin to clog.
S. Sharp.” 2. To coalesce or adhere; to unite in a mass. “Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds clog not together.
Evelyn.”

Clog´gi•ness , n. The state of being clogged.

Clog´ging, n. Anything which clogs. Dr. H. More.

Clog´gy , a. Clogging, or having power to clog.

Cloi•son•ne , a. [F., partitioned, fr. cloison a partition.] Inlaid between partitions: — said of enamel when the lines which divide the different patches of fields are composed of a kind of metal wire secured to the ground; as distinguished from champleve enamel, in which the ground is engraved or scooped out to receive the enamel. S. Wells Williams.

Clois´ter , n. [OF. cloistre, F. cloître, L. claustrum, pl. claustra, bar, bolt, bounds, fr. claudere, clausum, to close. See Close, v. t., and cf. Claustral.] 1. An inclosed place. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A covered passage or ambulatory on one side of a court; (pl.) the series of such passages on the different sides of any court, esp. that of a monastery or a college. “But let my due feet never fail
To walk the studious cloister’s pale.
Milton.” 3. A monastic establishment; a place for retirement from the world for religious duties. “Fitter for a cloister than a crown.
Daniel.” Cloister garth (Arch.), the garden or open part of a court inclosed by the cloisters. Syn. — Cloister, Monastery, Nunnery, Convent, Abbey, Priory. Cloister and convent are generic terms, and denote a place of seclusion from the world for persons who devote their lives to religious purposes. They differ is that the distinctive idea of cloister is that of seclusion from the world, that of convent, community of living. Both terms denote houses for recluses of either sex. A cloister or convent for monks is called a monastery; for nuns, a nunnery. An abbey is a convent or monastic institution governed by an abbot or an abbess; a priory is one governed by a prior or a prioress, and is usually affiliated to an abbey.

Clois´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloistered p. pr. & vb. n. Cloistering.] To confine in, or as in, a cloister; to seclude from the world; to immure. “None among them are thought worthy to be styled religious persons but those that cloister themselves up in a monastery.
Sharp.”

Clois´ter•al , a. Cloistral. [Obs.] I. Walton.

Clois´tered , a. 1. Dwelling in cloisters; solitary. ´Cloistered friars and vestal nuns.´ Hudibras. “In cloistered state let selfish sages dwell,
Proud that their heart is narrow as their cell.
Shenstone.” 2. Furnished with cloisters. Sir H. Wotton.

Clois´ter•er , n. [Cf. OF. cloistier.] One belonging to, or living in, a cloister; a recluse.

Clois´tral , a. Of, pertaining to, or confined in, a cloister; recluse. [Written also cloisteral.] “Best become a cloistral exercise.
Daniel.”

Clois´tress , n. A nun. [R.] Shak.

Cloke , n. & v. See Cloak. [Obs.] { Clomb , Clomb´en } imp. & p. p. of Climb (for climbed). [Obs.] “The sonne, he sayde, is clomben up on hevene.
Chaucer.”

Clomp , n. See Clamp.

Clong , imp. of Cling. [Obs.]

Clon´ic , a. [Gr. klo•nos a violent, confused motion; cf. F. clonique.] (Med.) Having an irregular, convulsive motion. Dunglison. Clonic spasm. (Med.) See under Spasm.

Cloom , v. t. [A variant of clam to clog.] To close with glutinous matter. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Cloop , n. [An onomatopœia.] The sound made when a cork is forcibly drawn from a bottle. ´The cloop of a cork wrenched from a bottle.´ Thackeray.

Close , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Closed p. pr. & vb. n. Closing.] [From OF. & F. clos, p. p. of clore to close, fr. L. claudere; akin to G. schliessen to shut, and to E. clot, cloister, clavicle, conclude, sluice. Cf. Clause, n.] 1. To stop, or fill up, as an opening; to shut; as to close the eyes; to close a door. 2. To bring together the parts of; to consolidate; as to close the ranks of an army; — often used with up. 3. To bring to an end or period; to conclude; to complete; to finish; to end; to consummate; as to close a bargain; to close a course of instruction. “One frugal supper did our studies close.
Dryden.” 4. To come or gather around; to inclose; to encompass; to confine. “The depth closed me round about.
Jonah ii. 5.” “But now thou dost thyself immure and close
In some one corner of a feeble heart.
Herbert.” A closed sea, a sea within the jurisdiction of some particular nation, which controls its navigation.

Close, v. i. 1. To come together; to unite or coalesce, as the parts of a wound, or parts separated. “What deep wounds ever closed without a scar?
Byron.” 2. To end, terminate, or come to a period; as the debate closed at six o’clock. 3. To grapple; to engage in hand-to-hand fight. “They boldly closed in a hand-to-hand contest.
Prescott.” To close on or upon, to come to a mutual agreement; to agree on or join in. ´Would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage.´ Sir W. Temple. — To close with. (a) To accede to; to consent or agree to; as to close with the terms proposed. (b) To make an agreement with. — To close with the land (Naut.), to approach the land.

Close , n. 1. The manner of shutting; the union of parts; junction. [Obs.] “The doors of plank were; their close exquisite.
Chapman.” 2. Conclusion; cessation; ending; end. “ His long and troubled life was drawing to a close.
Macaulay.” 3. A grapple in wrestling. Bacon. 4. (Mus.) (a) The conclusion of a strain of music; cadence. (b) A double bar marking the end. “At every close she made, the attending throng
Replied, and bore the burden of the song.
Dryden.” Syn. — Conclusion; termination; cessation; end; ending; extremity; extreme.

Close , n. [OF. & F. clos an inclosure, fr. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. An inclosed place; especially, a small field or piece of land surrounded by a wall, hedge, or fence of any kind; — specifically, the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. “Closes surrounded by the venerable abodes of deans and canons.
Macaulay.” 2. A narrow passage leading from a street to a court, and the houses within. [Eng.] Halliwell 3. (Law) The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not inclosed. Bouvier.

Close , a. [Compar. Closer superl. Closest.] [Of. & F. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. Shut fast; closed; tight; as a close box. “From a close bower this dainty music flowed.
Dryden.” 2. Narrow; confined; as a close alley; close quarters. ´A close prison.´ Dickens. 3. Oppressive; without motion or ventilation; causing a feeling of lassitude; — said of the air, weather, etc. “If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, … and the other maketh it exceeding unequal.
Bacon.” 4. Strictly confined; carefully quarded; as a close prisoner. 5. Out of the way observation; secluded; secret; hidden. ´He yet kept himself close because of Saul.´ 1 Chron. xii. 1 “´Her close intent.´
Spenser.” 6. Disposed to keep secrets; secretive; reticent. ´For secrecy, no lady closer.´ Shak. 7. Having the parts near each other; dense; solid; compact; as applied to bodies; viscous; tenacious; not volatile, as applied to liquids. “The golden globe being put into a press, … the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal.
Locke.” 8. Concise; to the point; as close reasoning. ´Where the original is close no version can reach it in the same compass.´ Dryden. 9. Adjoining; near; either in space; time, or thought; — often followed by to. “Plant the spring crocuses close to a wall.
Mortimer.” “The thought of the Man of sorrows seemed a very close thing — not a faint hearsay.
G. Eliot.” 10. Short; as to cut grass or hair close. 11. Intimate; familiar; confidential. “League with you I seek
And mutual amity, so strait, so close,
That I with you must dwell, or you with me.
Milton.” 12. Nearly equal; almost evenly balanced; as a close vote. ´A close contest.´ Prescott. 13. Difficult to obtain; as money is close. Bartlett. 14. Parsimonious; stingy. ´A crusty old fellow, as close as a vise.´ Hawthorne. 15. Adhering strictly to a standard or original; exact; strict; as a close translation. Locke. 16. Accurate; careful; precise; also attentive; undeviating; strict; not wandering; as a close observer. 17. (Phon.) Uttered with a relatively contracted opening of the mouth, as certain sounds of e and o in French, Italian, and German; — opposed to open. Close borough. See under Borough. — Close breeding. See under Breeding. — Close communion, communion in the Lord’s supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by immersion. — Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills its own vacancies. — Close fertilization. (Bot.) See Fertilization. — Close harmony (Mus.), compact harmony, in which the tones composing each chord are not widely distributed over several octaves. — Close time, a fixed period during which killing game or catching certain fish is prohibited by law. — Close vowel (Pron.), a vowel which is pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. — Close to the wind (Naut.), directed as nearly to the point from which the wind blows as it is possible to sail; closehauled; — said of a vessel.

Close , adv. 1. In a close manner. 2. Secretly; darkly. [Obs.] “A wondrous vision which did close imply
The course of all her fortune and posterity.
Spenser.”

Close´-band•ed , a. Closely united.

Close´-barred , a. Firmly barred or closed.

Close´-bod•ied , a. Fitting the body exactly; setting close, as a garment. Ayliffe.

Close´-fights , n. pl. (Naut.) Barriers with loopholes, formerly erected on the deck of a vessel to shelter the men in a close engagement with an enemy’s boarders; — called also close quarters. [Obs.]

Close´fist•ed , a. Covetous; niggardly. Bp. Berkeley. ´Closefisted contractors.´ Hawthorne.

Close´hand•ed , a. Covetous; penurious; stingy; closefisted. — Close´hand•ed•ness, n.

Close´hauled , a. (Naut.) Under way and moving as nearly as possible toward the direction from which the wind blows; — said of a sailing vessel.

Close´ly, adv. 1. In a close manner. 2. Secretly; privately. [Obs.] “That nought she did but wayle, and often steepe
Her dainty couch with tears which
closely she did weepe.
Spenser.”

Close´mouthed , a. Cautious in speaking; secret; wary; uncommunicative.

Clos´en , v. t. To make close. [R.]

Close´ness, n. The state of being close. “Half stifled by the closeness of the room.
Swift.” “We rise not against the piercing judgment of Augustus, nor the extreme caution or closeness of Tiberius.
Bacon.” “An affectation of closeness and covetousness.
Addison.” Syn. — Narrowness; oppressiveness; strictness; secrecy; compactness; conciseness; nearness; intimacy; tightness; stinginess; literalness.

Clos´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, closes; specifically, a boot closer. See under Boot. 2. A finisher; that which finishes or terminates. 3. (Masonry) The last stone in a horizontal course, if of a less size than the others, or a piece of brick finishing a course. Gwilt.

Close´reefed , a. (Naut.) Having all the reefs taken in; — said of a sail.

Close´-stool , n. A utensil to hold a chamber vessel, for the use of the sick and infirm. It is usually in the form of a box, with a seat and tight cover.

Clos´et , n. [OF. closet little inclosure, dim. of clos. See Close an inclosure.] 1. A small room or apartment for retirement; a room for privacy. “A chair-lumbered closet, just twelve feet by nine.
Goldsmith.” “When thou prayest, enter into thy closet.
Matt. vi. 6.” 2. A small apartment, or recess in the side of a room, for household utensils, clothing, etc. Dryden. Closet sin, sin commited in privacy. Bp. Hall.

Clos´et, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. & vb. n. Closeting.] 1. To shut up in, or as in, a closet; to conceal. [R.] “Bedlam’s closeted and handcuffed charge.
Cowper.” 2. To make into a closet for a secret interview. “He was to call a new legislature, to closet its members.
Bancroft.” “He had been closeted with De Quadra.
Froude.”

Close´-tongued , a. Closemouthed; silent. ´Close-tongued treason.´ Shak.

Closh , n. [CF. F. clocher to limp, halt.] A disease in the feet of cattle; laminitis. Crabb.

Closh, n. [CF. D. klossen to play at bowls.] The game of ninepins. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Clo´sure (?, 135), n. [Of. closure, L. clausura, fr. clauedere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. The act of shutting; a closing; as the closure of a chink. 2. That which closes or shuts; that by which separate parts are fastened or closed. “Without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever.
Pope.” 3. That which incloses or confines; an inclosure. “O thou bloody prison …
Within the guilty closure of thy walls
Richard the Second here was hacked to death.
Shak.” 4. A conclusion; an end. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Parliamentary Practice) A method of putting an end to debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure before a legislative body. It is similar in effect to the previous question. It was first introduced into the British House of Commons in 1882. The French word clôture was originally applied to this proceeding.

Clot , n. [OE. clot, clodde, clod; akin to D. kloot ball, G. kloss clod, dumpling, klotz block, Dan. klods, Sw. klot bowl, globe, klots block; cf. AS. clate bur. Cf. Clod, n., Clutter to clot.] A concretion or coagulation; esp. a soft, slimy, coagulated mass, as of blood; a coagulum. ´Clots of pory gore.´ Addison. “Doth bake the egg into clots as if it began to poach.
Bacon.” Clod and clot appear to be radically the same word, and are so used by early writers; but in present use clod is applied to a mass of earth or the like, and clot to a concretion or coagulation of soft matter.

Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clotting.] To concrete, coagulate, or thicken, as soft or fluid matter by evaporation; to become a cot or clod.

Clot, v. t. To form into a slimy mass.

Clot´bur , n. [Cf. Clote.] 1. The burdock. [Prov. Engl.] Prior. 2. Same as Cocklebur.

Clote , n. [AS. clte: cf. G. klette.] The common burdock; the clotbur. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Cloth ( 115), n.; pl. Cloths (#; 115), except in the sense of garments, when it is Clothes (klothz or kloz). [OE. clath cloth, AS. claþ cloth, garment; akin to D. kleed, Icel. klaeði, Dan. klaede, cloth, Sw. kläde, G. kleid garment, dress.] 1. A fabric made of fibrous material (or sometimes of wire, as in wire cloth); commonly, a woven fabric of cotton, woolen, or linen, adapted to be made into garments; specifically, woolen fabrics, as distinguished from all others. 2. The dress; raiment. [Obs.] See Clothes. “I’ll ne’er distust my God for cloth and bread.
Quarles.” 3. The distinctive dress of any profession, especially of the clergy; hence, the clerical profession. “Appeals were made to the priesthood. Would they tamely permit so gross an insult to be offered to their cloth?
Macaulay.” “The cloth, the clergy, are constituted for administering and for giving the best possible effect to … every axiom.
I. Taylor.” Body cloth. See under Body. — Cloth of gold, a fabric woven wholly or partially of threads of gold. — Cloth measure, the measure of length and surface by which cloth is measured and sold. For this object the standard yard is usually divided into quarters and nails. — Cloth paper, a coarse kind of paper used in pressing and finishing woolen cloth. — Cloth shearer, one who shears cloth and frees it from superfluous nap.

Clothe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clothed or Clad p. pr. & vb. n. Clothing.] [OE. clathen, clothen, clethen, AS. claðian, claeðan. See Cloth.] 1. To put garments on; to cover with clothing; to dress. “Go with me, to clothe you as becomes you.
Shak.” 2. To provide with clothes; as to feed and clothe a family; to clothe one’s self extravagantly. “Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags.
Prov. xxiii. 21.” “The naked every day he clad,
When he put on his clothes.
Goldsmith.” 3. Fig.: To cover or invest, as with a garment; as to clothe one with authority or power. “Language in which they can clothe their thoughts.
Watts.” “His sides are clothed with waving wood.
J. Dyer.” “Thus Belial, with with words clothed in reason’s garb.
Milton.”

Clothe , v. i. To wear clothes. [Poetic] “Care no more to clothe eat.
Shak.”

Clothes (? or 277), n. pl. [From Cloth.] 1. Covering for the human body; dress; vestments; vesture; — a general term for whatever covering is worn, or is made to be worn, for decency or comfort. “She … speaks well, and has excellent good clothes.
Shak.” “If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole.
Mark. v. 28.” 2. The covering of a bed; bedclothes. “She turned each way her frighted head,
Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes.
Prior.” Body clothes. See under Body. — Clothes moth (Zoöl.), a small moth of the genus Tinea. The most common species (T. flavifrontella) is yellowish white. The larvae eat woolen goods, furs, feathers, etc. They live in tubular cases made of the material upon which they feed, fastened together with silk. Syn. — Garments; dress; clothing; apparel; attire; vesture; raiment; garb; costume; habit; habiliments.

Clothes´horse (-hôrs•), n. A frame to hang clothes on.

Clothes´line , n. A rope or wire on which clothes are hung to dry.

Clothes´pin , n. A forked piece of wood, or a small spring clamp, used for fastening clothes on a line.

Clothes´press , n. A receptacle for clothes.

Cloth´ier , n. 1. One who makes cloths; one who dresses or fulls cloth. Hayward. 2. One who sells cloth or clothes, or who makes and sells clothes.

Cloth´ing , n. 1. Garments in general; clothes; dress; raiment; covering. “From others he shall stand in need of nothing,
Yet on his brothers shall depend for clothing.
Milton.” “As for me, … my clothing was sackloth.
Ps. xxxv. 13” 2. The art of process of making cloth. [R.] “Instructing [refugees] in the art of clothing.
Ray.” 3. A covering of non-conducting material on the outside of a boiler, or steam chamber, to prevent radiation of heat. Knight. 4. (Mach.) See Card clothing, under 3d Card.

Clot´hred , p. p. Clottered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clot´poll , n. See Clodpoll. [Obs.] Shak.

Clot´ted , a. Composed of clots or clods; having the quality or form of a clot; sticky; slimy; foul. ´The clotted glebe.´ J. Philips. “When lust …
Lets in defilement to the inward parts,
The soul grows clotted by contagion.
Milton.”

Clot´ter , v. i. [From Clot.] To concrete into lumps; to clot. [Obs.] ´Clottered blood.´ Chapman.

Clot´ty , a. [From Clot, n.] Full of clots, or clods. ´Clotty matter.´ Harvey.

Clô•ture´ , n. [F.] (Parliamentary Practice) See Closure, 5.

Clot´weed , n. [See Clote.] Cocklebur.

Cloud (kloud), n. [Prob. fr. AS. clud a rock or hillock, the application arising from the frequent resemblance of clouds to rocks or hillocks in the sky or air.] 1. A collection of visible vapor, or watery particles, suspended in the upper atmosphere. “I do set my bow in the cloud.
Gen. ix. 13.” A classification of clouds according to their chief forms was first proposed by the meteorologist Howard, and this is still substantially employed. The following varieties and subvarieties are recognized: (a) Cirrus. This is the most elevated of all the forms of clouds; is thin, long-drawn, sometimes looking like carded wool or hair, sometimes like a brush or room, sometimes in curl-like or fleecelike patches. It is the cat’s-tail of the sailor, and the mare’s-tail of the landsman. (b) Cumulus. This form appears in large masses of a hemispherical form, or nearly so, above, but flat below, one often piled above another, forming great clouds, common in the summer, and presenting the appearance of gigantic mountains crowned with snow. It often affords rain and thunder gusts. (c) Stratus. This form appears in layers or bands extending horizontally. (d) Nimbus. This form is characterized by its uniform gray tint and ragged edges; it covers the sky in seasons of continued rain, as in easterly storms, and is the proper rain cloud. The name is sometimes used to denote a raining cumulus, or cumulostratus. (e) Cirro-cumulus. This form consists, like the cirrus, of thin, broken, fleecelice clouds, but the parts are more or less rounded and regulary grouped. It is popularly called mackerel sky. (f) Cirro-stratus. In this form the patches of cirrus coalesce in long strata, between cirrus and stratus. (g) Cumulo-stratus. A form between cumulus and stratus, often assuming at the horizon a black or bluish tint. — Fog, cloud, motionless, or nearly so, lying near or in contact with the earth’s surface. — Storm scud, cloud lying quite low, without form, and driven rapidly with the wind. 2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust, resembling vapor. ´A thick cloud of incense.´ Ezek. viii. 11. 3. A dark vein or spot on a lighter material, as in marble; hence, a blemish or defect; as a cloud upon one’s reputation; a cloud on a title. 4. That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening aspect; that which temporarily overshadows, obscures, or depresses; as a cloud of sorrow; a cloud of war; a cloud upon the intellect. 5. A great crowd or multitude; a vast collection. ´So great a cloud of witnesses.´ Heb. xii. 1. 6. A large, loosely-knitted scarf, worn by women about the head. Cloud on a (or the) title (Law), a defect of title, usually superficial and capable of removal by release, decision in equity, or legislation. — To be under a cloud, to be under suspicion or in disgrace; to be in disfavor. — In the clouds, in the realm of facy and imagination; beyond reason; visionary.

Cloud , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouding.] 1. To overspread or hide with a cloud or clouds; as the sky is clouded. 2. To darken or obscure, as if by hiding or enveloping with a cloud; hence, to render gloomy or sullen. “One day too late, I fear me, noble lord,
Hath clouded all thy happy days on earth.
Shak.” “Be not disheartened, then, nor cloud those looks.
Milton.” “Nothing clouds men’s minds and impairs their honesty like prejudice.
M. Arnold.” 3. To blacken; to sully; to stain; to tarnish; to damage; — esp. used of reputation or character. “I would not be a stander-by to hear
My sovereign mistress clouded so, without
My present vengeance taken.
Shak.” 4. To mark with, or darken in, veins or sports; to variegate with colors; as to cloud yarn. “And the nice conduct of a clouded cane.
Pope.”

Cloud, v. i. To grow cloudy; to become obscure with clouds; — often used with up. “Worthies, away! The scene begins to cloud.
Shak.”

Cloud´age , n. Mass of clouds; cloudiness. [R.] “A scudding cloudage of shapes.
Coleridge.”

Cloud´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A species of raspberry (Rubus Chamaemerous) growing in the northern regions, and bearing edible, amber- colored fruit.

Cloud´-built , a. Built of, or in, the clouds; airy; unsubstantial; imaginary. Cowper. “So vanished my cloud-built palace.
Goldsmith.”

Cloud´-burst , n. A sudden copious rainfall, as if the whole cloud had been precipitated at once.

Cloud´-capped , a. Having clouds resting on the top or head; reaching to the clouds; as cloud-capped mountains.

Cloud´-com•pel•ler , n. Cloud-gatherer; — an epithet applied to Zeus. [Poetic.] Pope.

Cloud´i•ly , adv. In a cloudy manner; darkly; obscurely. Dryden.

Cloud´i•ness, n. The state of being cloudy.

Cloud´ing, n. 1. A mottled appearance given to ribbons and silks in the process of dyeing. 2. A diversity of colors in yarn, recurring at regular intervals. Knight.

Cloud´land , n. Dreamland.

Cloud´less, a. Without a cloud; clear; bright. “A cloudless winter sky.
Bankroft.” — Cloud´less•ly, adv. — Cloud´less•ness, n.

Cloud´let , n. A little cloud. R. Browning. “Eve’s first star through fleecy cloudlet peeping.
Coleridge.”

Cloud´y , a. [Compar. Cloudier ; superl. Cloudiest.] [From Cloud, n.] 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds; clouded; as a cloudy sky. 2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds. “As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended.
Ex. xxxiii. 9” 3. Indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not open or cheerful. ´A cloudy countenance.´ Shak. 4. Confused; indistinct; obscure; dark. “Cloudy and confused notions of things.
Watts.” 5. Lacking clearness, brightness, or luster. ´A cloudy diamond.´ Boyle. 6. Marked with veins or sports of dark or various hues, as marble.

Clough , n. [OE. clough, cloghe, clou, clewch, AS. (assumed) cloh, akin to G. klinge ravine.] 1. A cleft in a hill; a ravine; a narrow valley. Nares. 2. A sluice used in returning water to a channel after depositing its sediment on the flooded land. Knight.

Clough ( 115), n. (Com.) An allowance in weighing. See Cloff.

Clout , n. [AS. clut a little cloth, piece of metal; cf. Sw. klut, Icel. klutr a kerchief, or W. clwt a clout, Gael. clud.] 1. A cloth; a piece of cloth or leather; a patch; a rag. “His garments, nought but many ragged clouts,
With thorns together pinned and patched was.
Spenser.” “A clout upon that head where late the diadem stood.
Shak.” 2. A swadding cloth. 3. A piece; a fragment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. The center of the butt at which archers shoot; — probably once a piece of white cloth or a nail head. “A’must shoot nearer or he’ll ne’er hit the clout.
Shak.” 5. An iron plate on an axletree or other wood to keep it from wearing; a washer. 6. A blow with the hand. [Low] Clout nail, a kind of wrought-iron nail heaving a large flat head; — used for fastening clouts to axletrees, plowshares, etc., also for studding timber, and for various purposes.

Clout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouting.] [OE. clutien. clouten, to patch. See Clout, n.] 1. To cover with cloth, leather, or other material; to bandage; patch, or mend, with a clout. “And old shoes and clouted upon their feet.
Josh. ix. 5.” “Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in … clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers.
Latimer.” 2. To join or patch clumsily. “If fond Bavius vent his clouted song.
P. Fletcher” 3. To quard with an iron plate, as an axletree. 4. To give a blow to; to strike. [Low] “The … queen of Spain took off one of her chopines and clouted Olivarez about the noddle with it.
Howell.” 5. To stud with nails, as a timber, or a boot sole. Clouted cream, clotted cream, i. e., cream obtained by warming new milk. A. Philips. ´Clouted brogues´ in Shakespeare and ´clouted shoon´ in Milton have been understood by some to mean shoes armed with nails; by others, patched shoes.

Clout´er•ly , a. [From Clout, n.] Clumsy; awkward. [Obs.] “Rough-hewn, cloutery verses.
E. Phillips.”

Clove , imp. of Cleave. Cleft. Spenser. Clove hitch (Naut.) See under Hitch. — Clove hook (Naut.), an iron two-part hook, with jaws overlapping, used in bending chain sheets to the clews of sails; — called also clip hook. Knight.

Clove, n. [D. kloof. See Cleave, v. t.] A cleft; a gap; a ravine; — rarely used except as part of a proper name; as Kaaterskill Clove; Stone Clove.

Clove, n. [OE. clow, fr. F. clou nail, clou de girofle a clove, lit. nail of clove, fr. L. clavus nail, perh. akin to clavis key, E. clavicle. The clove was so called from its resemblance to a nail. So in D. kruidnagel clove, lit. herb-nail or spice-nail. Cf. Cloy.] A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpanded flower bud of the clove tree (Eugenia, or Caryophullus, aromatica), a native of the Molucca Isles. Clove camphor. (Chem.) See Eugenin. — Clove gillyflower, Clove pink (Bot.), any fragrant self-colored carnation.

Clove, n. [AS. clufe an ear of corn, a clove of garlic; cf. cleófan to split, E. cleave.] 1. (Bot.) One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb, as in the case of garlic. “Developing, in the axils of its skales, new bulbs, of what gardeners call cloves.
Lindley.” 2. A weight. A clove of cheese is about eight pounds, of wool, about seven pounds. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clo´ven , p. p. & a. from Cleave, v. t. To show the cloven foot or hoof, to reveal a devilish character, or betray an evil purpose, notwithstanding disguises, — Satan being represented dramatically and symbolically as having cloven hoofs. { Clo´ven-foot•ed , Clo´ven-hoofed• }, a. Having the foot or hoof divided into two parts, as the ox.

Clo´ver (klo´ver), n. [OE. claver, clover, AS. claefre; akin to LG. & Dan. klever, D. klaver, G. klee, Sw. klöfver.] (Bot.) A plant of different species of the genus Trifolium; as the common red clover, T. pratense, the white, T. repens, and the hare’s foot, T. arvense. Clover weevil (Zoöl.) a small weevil (Apion apricans), that destroys the seeds of clover. — Clover worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Asopia costalis), often very destructive to clover hay. — In clover, in very pleasant circumstances; fortunate. [Colloq.] — Sweet clover. See Meliot.

Clo´vered , a. Covered with growing clover. “Flocks thick nibbling through the clovered vale.
Thomson.”

Clowe´-gi•lof•re , n. [See 3d Clove, and Gillyflower.] Spice clove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clown (kloun), n. [Cf. Icel. klunni a clumsy, boorish fellow, North Fries. klönne clown, dial. Sw. klunn log, Dan. klunt log, block, and E. clump, n.] 1. A man of coarse nature and manners; an awkward fellow; an ill-bred person; a boor. Sir P. Sidney. 2. One who works upon the soil; a rustic; a churl. “The clown, the child of nature, without guile.
Cowper.” 3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, etc. “The clown shall make those laugh whose lungs are tickle o’the sere.
Shak.”

Clown, v. i. To act as a clown; — with it. [Obs.] “Beshrew me, he clowns it properly indeed.
B. Jonson.”

Clown´age , n. Behavior or manners of a clown; clownery. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Clown´er•y (-er•y), n. Clownishness. L’Estrange.

Clown´ish, a. Of or resembling a clown, or characteristic of a clown; ungainly; awkward. ´Clownish hands.´ Spenser. ´Clownish mimic.´ Prior. — Clown´ish•ly, adv. Syn. — Coarse; rough; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; uncivil; ill-bred; boorish; rustic; untutored.

Clown´ish•ness, n. The manners of a clown; coarseness or rudeness of behavior. “That plainness which the alamode people call clownishness.
Locke.”

Cloy (kloi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloyed (kloid); p. pr. & vb. n. Cloying.] [OE. cloer to nail up, F. clouer, fr. OF. clo nail, F. clou, fr. L. clavus nail. Cf. 3d Clove.] 1. To fill or choke up; to stop up; to clog. [Obs.] “The duke’s purpose was to have cloyed the harbor by sinking ships, laden with stones.
Speed.” 2. To glut, or satisfy, as the appetite; to satiate; to fill to loathing; to surfeit. “[Who can] cloy the hungry edge of appetite
By bare imagination of a feast?
Shak.” “He sometimes cloys his readers instead of satisfying.
Dryden.” 3. To penetrate or pierce; to wound. “Which, with his cruel tusk, him deadly cloyed.
Spenser.” “He never shod horse but he cloyed him.
Bacon.” 4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Johnson. 5. To stroke with a claw. [Obs.] Shak.

Cloy´less, a. That does not cloy. Shak.

Cloy´ment , n. Satiety. [Obs.] Shak.

Club (klub), n. [Cf. Icel. klubba, klumba, club, klumbufoir a clubfoot, SW. klubba club, Dan. klump lump, klub a club, G. klumpen clump, kolben club, and E. clump.] 1. A heavy staff of wood, usually tapering, and wielded with the hand; a weapon; a cudgel. “But make you ready your stiff bats and clubs;
Rome and her rats are at the point of battle.
Shak.” 2. [Cf. the Spanish name bastos, and Sp. baston staff, club.] Any card of the suit of cards having a figure like the trefoil or clover leaf. (pl.) The suit of cards having such figure. 3. An association of persons for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, politics, good fellowship, etc.; esp. an association supported by equal assessments or contributions of the members. “They talked
At wine, in clubs, of art, of politics.
Tennyson.” “He [Goldsmith] was one of the nine original members of that celebrated fraternity which has sometimes been called the Literary Club, but which has always disclaimed that epithet, and still glories in the simple name of the Club.
Macaulay.” 4. A joint charge of expense, or any person’s share of it; a contribution to a common fund. “They laid down the club.
L’Estrange.” “We dined at a French house, but paid ten shillings for our part of the club.
Pepys.” Club law, government by violence; lynch law; anarchy. Addison. - Club moss (Bot.), an evergreen mosslike plant, much used in winter decoration. The best know species is Lycopodium clavatum, but other Lycopodia are often called by this name. The spores form a highly inflammable powder. — Club root (Bot.), a disease of cabbages, by which the roots become distorted and the heads spoiled. — Club topsail (Naut.), a kind of gaff topsail, used mostly by yachts having a fore-and-aft rig. It has a short ´club´ or ´jack yard´ to increase its spread.

Club (klub), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clubbed (klubd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clubbing.] 1. To beat with a club. 2. (Mil.) To throw, or allow to fall, into confusion. “To club a battalion implies a temporary inability in the commanding officer to restore any given body of men to their natural front in line or column.
Farrow.” 3. To unite, or contribute, for the accomplishment of a common end; as to club exertions. 4. To raise, or defray, by a proportional assesment; as to club the expense. To club a musket (Mil.), to turn the breach uppermost, so as to use it as a club.

Club , v. i. 1. To form a club; to combine for the promotion of some common object; to unite. “Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream
Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream.
Dryden.” 2. To pay on equal or proportionate share of a common charge or expense; to pay for something by contribution. “The owl, the raven, and the bat,
Clubbed for a feather to his hat.
Swift.” 3. (Naut.) To drift in a current with an anchor out.

Club´ba•ble , a. Suitable for membership in a club; sociable. [Humorous.] G. W. Curtis.

Clubbed , a. Shaped like a club; grasped like, or used as a club. Skelton.

Club´ber , n. 1. One who clubs. 2. A member of a club. [R.] Massinger.

Club´bish , a. 1. Rude; clownish. [Obs.] 2. Disposed to club together; as a clubbish set.

Club´bist , n. A member of a club; a frequenter of clubs. [R.] Burke.

Club´fist , n. 1. A large, heavy fist. 2. A coarse, brutal fellow. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Club´fist•ed, a. Having a large fist. Howell.

Club´foot , n. [Club + foot.] (Med.) A short, variously distorted foot; also the deformity, usually congenital, which such a foot exhibits; talipes.

Club´foot•ed, a. Having a clubfoot.

Club´hand , n. (Med.) A short, distorted hand; also the deformity of having such a hand.

Club´haul , v. t. (Naut.) To put on the other tack by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails (which brings the vessel’s head to the wind), and by cutting the cable as soon as she pays off on the other tack. Clubhauling is attempted only in an exigency.

Club´house , n. A house occupied by a club.

Club´room , n. The apartment in which a club meets. Addison.

Club´-rush , n. (Bot.) A rushlike plant, the reed mace or cat-tail, or some species of the genus Scirpus. See Bulrush.

Club´-shaped , a. Enlarged gradually at the end, as the antennae of certain insects.

Cluck , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clucked p pr. & vb. n. Clucking.] [AS. cloccian; cf. D. klokken, G. glucken, glucksen, LG. klukken, Dan. klukke; all prob. of imitative origin.] To make the noise, or utter the call, of a brooding hen. Ray.

Cluck, v. t. To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her chickens. “She, poor hen, fond of no second brood,
Has clucked three to the wars.
Shak.”

Cluck, n. 1. The call of a hen to her chickens. 2. A click. See 3d Click, 2.

Cluck´ing, n. The noise or call of a brooding hen.

Clue (klu), n. [See Clew, n.] A ball of thread; a thread or other means of guidance. Same as Clew. “You have wound a goodly clue.
Shak.” “This clue once found unravels all the rest.
Pope.” “Serve as clues to guide us into further knowledge.
Locke.”

Clum (klum), interj. Silence; hush. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clum´ber (klum´ber), n. [Named from the estate of the Duke of Newcastle.] (Zoöl.) A kind of field spaniel, with short legs and stout body, which, unlike other spaniels, hunts silently.

Clump (klump), n. [Cf. D. klomp lump, G. klump, klumpen, Dan. klump, Sw. klump; perh. akin to L. globus, E. globe. Cf. Club.] 1. An unshaped piece or mass of wood or other substance. 2. A cluster; a group; a thicket. “A clump of shrubby trees.
Hawthorne.” 3. The compressed clay of coal strata. Brande & C.

Clump, v. t. To arrange in a clump or clumps; to cluster; to group. Blackmore.

Clump, v. i. To tread clumsily; to clamp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clump´er , v. t. [Cf. G. klümpern to clod. See Clump, n.] To form into clumps or masses. [Obs.] “Vapors … clumpered in balls of clouds.
Dr. H. More.”

Clumps , n. A game in which questions are asked for the purpose of enabling the questioners to discover a word or thing previously selected by two persons who answer the questions; — so called because the players take sides in two ´clumps´ or groups, the ´clump´ which guesses the word winning the game.

Clump´y , a. [From Clump, n.] Composed of clumps; massive; shapeless. Leigh Hunt.

Clum´si•ly , adv. In a clumsy manner; awkwardly; as to walk clumsily.

Clum´si•ness, n. The quality of being clumsy. “The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and ignorance.
Collier.”

Clum´sy , a. [Compar. Clumsier superl. Clumsiest.] [OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clumsen to be benumbed; cf. Icel. klumsa lockjaw, dial. Sw. klummsen benumbed with cold. Cf. 1st Clam, and 1st Clamp.] 1. Stiff or benumbed, as with cold. [Obs.] 2. Without skill or grace; wanting dexterity, nimbleness, or readiness; stiff; awkward, as if benumbed; unwieldy; unhandy; hence; ill-made, misshapen, or inappropriate; as a clumsy person; a clumsy workman; clumsy fingers; a clumsy gesture; a clumsy excuse. “But thou in clumsy verse, unlicked, unpointed,
Hast shamefully defied the Lord’s anointed.
Dryden.” Syn. — See Awkward.

Clunch , n. [Perh. fr. clinch to make fast] 1. (Mining) Indurated clay. See Bind, n., 3. 2. One of the hard beds of the lower chalk. Dana.

Clung , imp. & p. p. of Cling.

Clung, a. [Prop. p. p. fr. OE. clingen to wither. See Cling, v. i.] Wasted away; shrunken. [Obs.]

Clu´ni•ac , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of the reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, founded in 912 at Cluny (or Clugny) in France. — Also used as a.

Clu•ni•a•cen´sian , a. Cluniac.

Clu´pe•oid , a. [L. clupea a kind of fish, NL., generic name of the herring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Herring family.

Clus´ter (klus´ter), n. [AS. cluster, clyster; cf. LG. kluster (also Sw. & Dan. klase a cluster of grapes, D. klissen to be entangled?.)] 1. A number of things of the same kind growing together; a bunch. “Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes,
Which load the bunches of the fruitful vine.
Spenser.” 2. A number of similar things collected together or lying contiguous; a group; as a cluster of islands. ´Cluster of provinces.´ Motley. 3. A number of individuals grouped together or collected in one place; a crowd; a mob. “As bees …
Pour forth their populous youth about the hive
In clusters.
Milton.” “We loved him; but, like beasts
And cowardly nobles, gave way unto your clusters,
Who did hoot him out o’ the city.
Shak.”

Clus´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clustered p. pr. & vb. n. Clustering.] To grow in clusters or assemble in groups; to gather or unite in a cluster or clusters. “His sunny hair
Cluster’d about his temples, like a god’s.
Tennyson.” “The princes of the country clustering together.
Foxe.”

Clus´ter, v. t. To collect into a cluster or clusters; to gather into a bunch or close body. “Not less the bee would range her cells, …
The foxglove cluster dappled bells.
Tennyson.” “Or from the forest falls the clustered snow.
Thomson.” Clustered column (Arch.), a column which is composed, or appears to be composed, of several columns collected together.

Clus´ter•ing•ly, adv. In clusters.

Clus´ter•y , a. [From Cluster, n.] Growing in, or full of, clusters; like clusters. Johnson.

Clutch (kluch; 224), n. [OE. cloche, cloke, claw, Scot. clook, cleuck, also OE. cleche claw, clechen, cleken, to seize; cf. AS. gelaeccan (where ge- is a prefix) to seize. Cf. Latch a catch.] 1. A gripe or clinching with, or as with, the fingers or claws; seizure; grasp. ´The clutch of poverty.´ Cowper. “An expiring clutch at popularity.
Carlyle.” “But Age, with his stealing steps,
Hath clawed me in his clutch.
Shak.” 2. pl. The hands, claws, or talons, in the act of grasping firmly; — often figuratively, for power, rapacity, or cruelty; as to fall into the clutches of an adversary. “I must have … little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” 3. (Mach.) A device which is used for coupling shafting, etc., so as to transmit motion, and which may be disengaged at pleasure. 4. Any device for gripping an object, as at the end of a chain or tackle. 5. (Zoöl.) The nest complement of eggs of a bird. Bayonet clutch (Mach.), a clutch in which connection is made by means of bayonets attached to arms sliding on a feathered shaft. The bayonets slide through holes in a crosshead fastened on the shaft.

Clutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clutched p. pr. & vb. n. Clutching.] [OE. clucchen. See Clutch, n.] 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand, hands, or claws; — often figuratively; as to clutch power. “A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch the whole globe at one intellectual grasp.
Collier.” “Is this a dagger which I see before me … ?
Come, let me clutch thee.
Shak.” 2. To close tightly; to clinch. “Not that I have the power to clutch my hand.
Shak.”

Clutch, v. i. To reach (at something) as if to grasp; to catch or snatch; — often followed by at. “Clutching at the phantoms of the stock market.
Bankroft.”

Clut´ter , n. [Cf. W. cludair heap, pile, cludeirio to heap.] 1. A confused collection; hence, confusion; disorder; as the room is in a clutter. “He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown pots, pans, and spits.
L’Estrange.” 2. Clatter; confused noise. Swift.

Clut´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cluttered p. pr. & vb. n. Cluttering.] To crowd together in disorder; to fill or cover with things in disorder; to throw into disorder; to disarrange; as to clutter a room.

Clut´ter, v. i. To make a confused noise; to bustle. “It [the goose] cluttered here, it chuckled there.
Tennyson.”

Clut´ter, v. t. [From Clod, n.] To clot or coagulate, as blood. [Obs.] Holland.

Clyp•e•as´troid , a. [NL. Clypeaster (L. clupeus shield + aster star) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or related to the genus Clupeaster; — applied to a group of flattened sea urchins, with a rosette of pores on the upper side.

Clyp´e•ate , a. [L. clupeatus, p. p. of clupeare to arm with a shield, fr. clupeus, clipeus shield.] 1. (Bot.) Shaped like a round buckler or shield; scutate. 2. (Zoöl.) Furnished with a shield, or a protective plate or shell.

Clyp´e•i•form , a. [L. clupeus shield + -form.] Shield-shaped; clypeate.

Clyp´e•us , n.; pl. Clypei (#). [L., a shield.] (Zoöl.) The frontal plate of the head of an insect.

Clys´mi•an , a. [Gr. a place washed by the waves, fr. . See Clyster.] Connected with, or related to, the deluge, or to a cataclysm; as clysmian changes. Smart.

Clys´mic , a. Washing; cleansing.

Clys´ter , n. [L., fr. G. . fr. to wash off or out; akin to Goth. hlutrs pure, G. lauter: cf. F. clystère] (Med.) A liquid injected into the lower intestines by means of a syringe; an injection; an enema. Clyster pipe, a tube or pipe used for injections.

Cne´mi•al , a. [Gr. the tibia.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the shin bone. Cnemial crest, a crestlike prominence on the proximal end of the tibia of birds and some reptiles.

Cni´da (ni´da), n.; pl. Cnidae (ni´de). [NL., fr. Gr. kni•dh nettle, sea nettle.] (Zoöl.) One of the peculiar stinging cells found in Cœlenterata; a nematocyst; a lasso cell.

Cni•da´ri•a (ni•da´ri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Cnida.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Cœlenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.

Cni´do•blast , n. [Cnida + -blast.] (Zoöl.) One of the cells which, in the Cœlenterata, develop into cnidae.

Cni´do•cil , n. [Cnida + cilium eyelash.] (Zoöl.) The fine filiform process of a cnidoblast.

Co- (ko-). A form of the prefix com-, signifying with, together, in conjunction, joint. It is used before vowels and some consonants. See Com-.

Co•a•cer´vate , a. [L. coacervatus, p. p. of coacervare to heap up; co- + acervare. See Acervate.] Raised into a pile; collected into a crowd; heaped. [R.] Bacon.

Co•a•cer´vate , v. t. To heap up; to pile. [R.]

Co•ac•er•va´tion , n. [L. coacervatio.] A heaping together. [R.] Bacon.

Coach (koch; 224), n. [F. coche, fr. It. cocchio, dim. of cocca little boat, fr. L. concha mussel, mussel shell, Gr. , akin to Skr. çankha. Cf. Conch, Cockboat, Cockle.] 1. A large, closed, four- wheeled carriage, having doors in the sides, and generally a front and back seat inside, each for two persons, and an elevated outside seat in front for the driver. Coaches have a variety of forms, and differ in respect to the number of persons they can carry. Mail coaches and tallyho coaches often have three or more seats inside, each for two or three persons, and seats outside, sometimes for twelve or more. 2. A special tutor who assists in preparing a student for examination; a trainer; esp. one who trains a boat’s crew for a race. [Colloq.] “Wareham was studying for India with a Wancester coach.
G. Eliot.” 3. (Naut.) A cabin on the after part of the quarter-deck, usually occupied by the captain. [Written also couch.] [Obs.] “The commanders came on board and the council sat in the coach.
Pepys.” 4. (Railroad) A first-class passenger car, as distinguished from a drawing-room car, sleeping car, etc. It is sometimes loosely applied to any passenger car.

Coach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coached p. pr. & vb. n. Coaching.] 1. To convey in a coach. Pope. 2. To prepare for public examination by private instruction; to train by special instruction. [Colloq.] “I coached him before he got his scholarship.
G. Eliot.”

Coach, v. i. To drive or to ride in a coach; — sometimes used with it. [Colloq.] ´Coaching it to all quarters.´ E. Waterhouse.

Coach´box The seat of a coachman.

Coach´dog ( 115). (Zoöl.) One of a breed of dogs trained to accompany carriages; the Dalmatian dog.

Coach´ee , n. A coachman [Slang]

Coach´fel•low , n. One of a pair of horses employed to draw a coach; hence (Fig.), a comrade. Shak.

Coach´man , n.; pl. Coachmen (#). 1. A man whose business is to drive a coach or carriage. 2. (Zoöl.) A tropical fish of the Atlantic ocean (Dutes auriga); — called also charioteer. The name refers to a long, lashlike spine of the dorsal fin.

Coach´man•ship , n. Skill in driving a coach.

Coach´whip• snake´ (Zoöl.) A large, slender, harmless snake of the southern United States (Masticophis flagelliformis). Its long and tapering tail has the scales so arranged and colored as to give it a braided appearance, whence the name.

Co•act´ , v. t. [L. coactare, intens. fr. cogere, coactum, to force. See Cogent.] To force; to compel; to drive. [Obs.] “The faith and service of Christ ought to be voluntary and not coacted.
Foxe.”

Co•act´, v. i. [Pref. co- + act, v. i.] To act together; to work in concert; to unite. [Obs.] “But if I tell you how these two did coact.
Shak.”

Co•ac´tion , n. [L. coactio.] Force; compulsion, either in restraining or impelling. Sojth.

Co•ac´tive , a. [In sense 1, fr. 1st Coact; in sense 2, fr. 2d Coact.] 1. Serving to compel or constrain; compulsory; restrictive. “Any coactive power or the civil kind.
Bp. Warburton.” 2. Acting in concurrence; united in action. “With what’s unreal thou coactive art.
Shak.”

Co•ac´tive•ly, adv. In a coactive manner.

Co•ac•tiv´i•ty , n. Unity of action.

Co•ad•ap•ta´tion , n. Mutual adaption. R. Owen.

Co•a•dapt´ed , a. Adapted one to another; as coadapted pulp and tooth. R. Owen.

Co•ad´ju•ment , n. Mutual help; coöperation. [R.] Johnson.

Co•ad•just´ , v. t. To adjust by mutual adaptations. R. Owen.

Co•ad•just´ment , n. Mutual adjustment.

Co•ad´ju•tant , a. Mutually assisting or operating; helping. J. Philips.

Co•ad´ju•tant, n. An assistant. R. North.

Co•ad´ju•ting, a. Mutually assisting. [Obs.] Drayton.

Co•ad´ju•tive , a. Rendering mutual aid; coadjutant. Feltham.

Co•ad•ju´tor , n. [L. See Co-, and Aid.] 1. One who aids another; an assistant; a coworker. “Craftily outwitting her perjured coadjutor.
Sheridan.” 2. (R. C. Ch.) The assistant of a bishop or of a priest holding a benefice.

Co•ad•ju´tor•ship, n. The state or office of a coadjutor; joint assistance. Pope. { Co•ad•ju´tress , Co•ad•ju´trix } n. A female coadjutor or assistant. Holland. Smollett.

Co•ad´ju•van•cy , n. Joint help; coöperation. Sir T. Browne.

Co•ad´ju•vant , a. Coöperating.

Co•ad´ju•vant, n. (Med.) An adjuvant.

Co•ad´u•nate ( 135), a. [L. coadunatus, p. p. of coadunare to unite. See Adunation.] (Bot.) United at the base, as contiguous lobes of a leaf.

Co•ad•u•na´tion , n. [L. coadunatio.] Union, as in one body or mass; unity. Jer. Taylor. “The coadunation of all the civilized provinces.
Coleridge.”

Co•ad•u•ni´tion , n. [Pref. co- + pref. ad- + unition.] Coadunation. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Co•ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. An adventure in which two or more persons are partakers.

Co•ad•ven´ture, v. i. To share in a venture. Howell.

Co•ad•ven´tur•er , n. A fellow adventurer.

Co•af•for´est , v. t. To convert into, or add to, a forest. Howell.

Coag , n. See Coak, a kind of tenon.

Co•a´gen•cy , n. Agency in common; joint agency or agent. Coleridge.

Co•a´gent , n. An associate in an act; a coworker. Drayton.

Co•ag•ment´ , v. t. [L. coagmentare, fr. coagmentum a joining together, fr. cogere. See Cogent.] To join together. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Co•ag•men•ta´tion , n. [L. coagmentatio.] The act of joining, or the state of being joined, together; union. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Co•ag•u•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being coagulable; capacity of being coagulated. Ure.

Co•ag´u•la•ble , a. Capable of being coagulated. Boyle.

Co•ag´u•lant , n. [L. coagulans, p. pr.] That which produces coagulation.

Co•ag´u•late , a. [L. coagulatus, p. p. of coagulare to coagulate, fr. coagulum means of coagulation, fr. cogere, coactum, to drive together, coagulate. See Cogent.] Coagulated. [Obs.] Shak.

Co•ag´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coagulated p. pr. & vb. n. Coagulating ] To cause (a liquid) to change into a curdlike or semisolid state, not by evaporation but by some kind of chemical reaction; to curdle; as rennet coagulates milk; heat coagulates the white of an egg.

Co•ag´u•late, v. i. To undergo coagulation. Boyle. Syn. — To thicken; concrete; curdle; clot; congeal.

Co•ag´u•la•ted , a. Changed into, or contained in, a coagulum or a curdlike mass; curdled. Coagulated proteid (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies formed in the coagulation of a albuminous substance by heat, acids, or other agents.

Co•ag•u•la´tion , n. [L. coagulatio.] 1. The change from a liquid to a thickened, curdlike, insoluble state, not by evaporation, but by some kind of chemical reaction; as the spontaneous coagulation of freshly drawn blood; the coagulation of milk by rennet, or acid, and the coagulation of egg albumin by heat. Coagulation is generally the change of an albuminous body into an insoluble modification. 2. The substance or body formed by coagulation.

Co•ag´u•la•tive , a. Having the power to cause coagulation; as a coagulative agent. Boyle.

Co•ag´u•la•tor , n. That which causes coagulation. Hixley.

Co•ag´u•la•to•ry , a. Serving to coagulate; produced by coagulation; as coagulatory effects. Boyle.

Co•ag´u•lum , n.; pl. Coagula (#). [L. See Coagulate, a.] The thick, curdy precipitate formed by the coagulation of albuminous matter; any mass of coagulated matter, as a clot of blood.

Co•ai´ta (ko•äi´ta), n. (Zoöl.) The native name of certain South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, esp. A. paniscus. The black-faced coaita is Ateles ater. See Illustration in Appendix.

Coak (kok), n. See Coke, n.

Coak, n. 1. (Carp.) A kind of tenon connecting the face of a scarfed timber with the face of another timber, or a dowel or pin of hard wood or iron uniting timbers. [Also spelt coag.] 2. A metallic bushing or strengthening piece in the center of a wooden block sheave.

Coak, v. t. (Carp.) To unite, as timbers, by means of tenons or dowels in the edges or faces. Totten.

Coal , n. [AS. col; akin to D. kool, OHG. chol, cholo, G. kohle, Icel. kol, pl., Sw. kol, Dan. kul; cf. Skr. jval to burn. Cf. Kiln, Collier.] 1. A thoroughly charred, and extinguished or still ignited, fragment from wood or other combustible substance; charcoal. 2. (Min.) A black, or brownish black, solid, combustible substance, dug from beds or veins in the earth to be used for fuel, and consisting, like charcoal, mainly of carbon, but more compact, and often affording, when heated, a large amount of volatile matter. This word is often used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as coal-black; coal formation; coal scuttle; coal ship. etc. In England the plural coals is used, for the broken mineral coal burned in grates, etc.; as to put coals on the fire. In the United States the singular in a collective sense is the customary usage; as a hod of coal. Age of coal plants. See Age of Acrogens, under Acrogen. — Anthracite or Glance coal. See Anthracite. — Bituminous coal. See under Bituminous. — Blind coal. See under Blind. — Brown coal, or Lignite. See Lignite. — Caking coal, a bituminous coal, which softens and becomes pasty or semi-viscid when heated. On increasing the heat, the volatile products are driven off, and a coherent, grayish black, cellular mass of coke is left. — Cannel coal, a very compact bituminous coal, of fine texture and dull luster. See Cannel coal. — Coal bed (Geol.), a layer or stratum of mineral coal. — Coal breaker, a structure including machines and machinery adapted for crushing, cleansing, and assorting coal. — Coal field (Geol.), a region in which deposits of coal occur. Such regions have often a basinlike structure, and are hence called coal basins. See Basin. — Coal gas, a variety of carbureted hydrogen, procured from bituminous coal, used in lighting streets, houses, etc., and for cooking and heating. — Coal heaver, a man employed in carrying coal, and esp. in putting it in, and discharging it from, ships. — Coal measures. (Geol.) (a) Strata of coal with the attendant rocks. (b) A subdivision of the carboniferous formation, between the millstone grit below and the Permian formation above, and including nearly all the workable coal beds of the world. — Coal oil, a general name for mineral oils; petroleum. — Coal plant (Geol.), one of the remains or impressions of plants found in the strata of the coal formation. — Coal tar. See in the Vocabulary. — To haul over the coals, to call to account; to scold or censure. [Colloq.] — Wood coal. See Lignite.

Coal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaled p. pr. & vb. n. Coaling.] 1. To burn to charcoal; to char. [R.] “Charcoal of roots, coaled into great pieces.
Bacon.” 2. To mark or delineate with charcoal. Camden. 3. To supply with coal; as to coal a steamer.

Coal, v. i. To take in coal; as the steamer coaled at Southampton.

Coal´-black (-blak•), a. As black as coal; jet black; very black. Dryden.

Coal´er•y , n. [Obs.] See Colliery.

Co•a•lesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coalesced p. pr. & vb. n. Coalescing.] [L. coalescere, coalitium; co- + alescere to grow up, incho. fr. alere to nourish. See Aliment, n.] 1. To grow together; to unite by growth into one body; as the parts separated by a wound coalesce. 2. To unite in one body or product; to combine into one body or community; as vapors coalesce. “The Jews were incapable of coalescing with other nations.
Campbell.” “Certain combinations of ideas that, once coalescing, could not be shaken loose.
De Quincey.” Syn. — See Add.

Co•a•les´cence , n. The act or state of growing together, as similar parts; the act of uniting by natural affinity or attraction; the state of being united; union; concretion.

Co•a•les´cent , a. [L. coalescens, p. pr.] Growing together; cohering, as in the organic cohesion of similar parts; uniting.

Coal´fish , n. [Named from the dark color of the back.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pollock; — called also coalsey, colemie, colmey, coal whiting, etc. See Pollock. (b) The beshow or candlefish of Alaska. (c) The cobia.

Coal´goose , n. (Zoöl.) The cormorant; — so called from its black color.

Co´a•lite , v. i. [L. coalitus, p. p. of coalescere. See Coalesce.] To unite or coalesce. [Obs.] “Let them continue to coalite.
Bolingbroke.”

Co´a•lite, v. t. To cause to unite or coalesce. [Obs.] “Time has by degrees blended … and coalited the conquered with the conquerors.
Burke.”

Co•a•li´tion , n. [LL. coalitio: cf. F. coalition. See Coalesce.] 1. The act of coalescing; union into a body or mass, as of separate bodies or parts; as a coalition of atoms. Bentley. 2. A combination, for temporary purposes, of persons, parties, or states, having different interests. “A coalition of the puritan and the blackleg.
J. Randolph.” “The coalition between the religious and worldly enemies of popery.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; combination; conjunction; conspiracy; union.

Co•a•li´tion•er , n. A coalitionist.

Co•a•li´tion•ist, n. One who joins or promotes a coalition; one who advocates coalition.

Co•-al•ly´ , n.; pl. Co-allies (#). A joint ally. Kent.

Coal´-me•ter , n. A licensed or official coal measurer in London. See Meter. Simmonds.

Coal´mouse , n. (Zoöl.) A small species of titmouse, with a black head; the coletit.

Coal´pit , n. 1. A pit where coal is dug. 2. A place where charcoal is made. [U. S.]

Coal´ tar A thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by the distillation of bituminous coal in the manufacture of illuminating gas; used for making printer’s ink, black varnish, etc. It is a complex mixture from which many substances have been obtained, especially hydrocarbons of the benzene or aromatic series. Among its important ingredients are benzene, aniline, phenol, naphtalene, anthracene, etc., which are respectively typical of many dye stuffs, as the aniline dyes, the phthaleïns, indigo, alizarin, and many flavoring extracts whose artificial production is a matter of great commercial importance.

Coal´-whip•per , n. One who raises coal out of the hold of a ship. [Eng.] Dickens.

Coal´ works A place where coal is dug, including the machinery for raising the coal.

Coal´y , a. [From Coal, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, coal; containing coal; of the nature of coal.

Coam´ings , n. pl. [Cf. Comb a crest.] (Naut.) Raised pieces of wood of iron around a hatchway, skylight, or other opening in the deck, to prevent water from running bellow; esp. the fore-and-aft pieces of a hatchway frame as distinguished from the transverse head ledges. [Written also combings.]

Co•an•nex´ , v. t. To annex with something else.

Co•ap•ta´tion , n. [L. coaptatio, fr. coaptare to fit together; co- + aptare. See Aptate.] The adaptation or adjustment of parts to each other, as of a broken bone or dislocated joint. { Co•arct´ , Co•arc´tate }, v. t. [See Coarctate, a.] 1. To press together; to crowd; to straiten; to confine closely. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To restrain; to confine. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Co•arc´tate , a. [L. coarctatus, p. p. of coarctare to press together; co- + arctare to press together, from arctus, p. p. See Arctation.] (Zoöl.) Pressed together; closely connected; — applied to insects having the abdomen separated from the thorax only by a constriction. Coarctate pupa (Zoöl.), a pupa closely covered by the old larval skin, as in most Diptera.

Co•arc•ta´tion , n. [L. coarctatio.] 1. Confinement to a narrow space. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Pressure; that which presses. [Obs.] Ray. 3. (Med.) A stricture or narrowing, as of a canal, cavity, or orifice.

Coarse (kors), a. [Compar. Coarser (kors´er); superl. Coarsest.] [As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it may be an abbreviation of of course, in the common manner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross, e. g., ´Though the threads be course.´ Gascoigne. See Course.] 1. Large in bulk, or composed of large parts or particles; of inferior quality or appearance; not fine in material or close in texture; gross; thick; rough; — opposed to fine; as coarse sand; coarse thread; coarse cloth; coarse bread. 2. Not refined; rough; rude; unpolished; gross; indelicate; as coarse manners; coarse language. “I feel
Of what coarse metal ye are molded.
Shak.” “To copy, in my coarse English, his beautiful expressions.
Dryden.” Syn. — Large; thick; rough; gross; blunt; uncouth; unpolished; inelegant; indelicate; vulgar.

Coarse´-grained (kors´grand•), a. Having a coarse grain or texture, as wood; hence, wanting in refinement.

Coarse´ly, adv. In a coarse manner; roughly; rudely; inelegantly; uncivilly; meanly.

Coars´en (kors´’n), v. t. To make coarse or vulgar; as to coarsen one’s character. [R.] Graham.

Coarse´ness (kors´nes), n. The quality or state of being coarse; roughness; inelegance; vulgarity; grossness; as coarseness of food, texture, manners, or language. ´The coarseness of the sackcloth.´ Dr. H. More. “Pardon the coarseness of the illustration.
L’Estrange.” “A coarseness and vulgarity in all the proceedings.
Burke.”

Co•ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. (Anat.) The union or articulation of bones to form a joint.

Co•-as•sess´or , n. A joint assessor.

Coast , n. [OF. coste, F. côte, rib, hill, shore, coast, L. costa rib, side. Cf. Accost, v. t., Cutlet.] 1. The side of a thing. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 2. The exterior line, limit, or border of a country; frontier border. [Obs.] “From the river, the river Euphrates, even to the uttermost sea, shall your coast be.
Deut. xi. 24.” 3. The seashore, or land near it. “He sees in English ships the Holland coast.
Dryden.” “We the Arabian coast do know
At distance, when the species blow.
Waller.” The coast is clear, the danger is over; no enemy in sight. Dryden. Fig.: There are no obstacles. ´Seeing that the coast was clear, Zelmane dismissed Musidorus.´ Sir P. Sidney. — Coast guard. (a) A body of men originally employed along the coast to prevent smuggling; now, under the control of the admiralty, drilled as a naval reserve. [Eng.] (b) The force employed in life-saving stations along the seacoast. [U. S.] — Coast rat (Zoöl.), a South African mammal (Bathyergus suillus), about the size of a rabbit, remarkable for its extensive burrows; — called also sand mole. — Coast waiter, a customhouse officer who superintends the landing or shipping of goods for the coast trade. [Eng.]

Coast , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coasting.] [OE. costien, costeien, costen, OF. costier, costoier, F. côtoyer, fr. Of. coste coast, F. côte. See Coast, n.] 1. To draw or keep near; to approach. [Obs.] “Anon she hears them chant it lustily,
And all in haste she coasteth to the cry.
Shak.” 2. To sail by or near the shore. “The ancients coasted only in their navigation.
Arbuthnot.” 3. To sail from port to port in the same country. 4. [Cf. OF. coste, F. côte, hill, hillside.] To slide down hill; to slide on a sled, upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.]

Coast, v. t. 1. To draw near to; to approach; to keep near, or by the side of. [Obs.] Hakluyt. 2. To sail by or near; to follow the coast line of. “Nearchus, … not knowing the compass, was fain to coast that shore.
Sir T. Browne.” 3. To conduct along a coast or river bank. [Obs.] “The Indians … coasted me along the river.
Hakluyt.”

Coast´al , a. Of or pertaining to a coast.

Coast´er , n. 1. A vessel employed in sailing along a coast, or engaged in the coasting trade. 2. One who sails near the shore.

Coast´ing , a. Sailing along or near a coast, or running between ports along a coast. Coasting trade, trade carried on by water between neighboring ports of the same country, as distinguished from foreign trade or trade involving long voyages. — Coasting vessel, a vessel employed in coasting; a coaster.

Coast´ing, n. 1. A sailing along a coast, or from port to port; a carrying on a coasting trade. 2. Sliding down hill; sliding on a sled upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.] { Coast´wise• (-wiz•), Coast´ways• } adv. By way of, or along, the coast.

Coat (kot; 110), n. [OF. cote, F. cotte, petticoat, cotte d’armes coat of arms, cotte de mailles coat of mail, LL. cota, cotta, tunic, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. chozzo coarse mantle, G. klotze, D. kot, hut, E. cot. Cf. Cot a hut.] 1. An outer garment fitting the upper part of the body; especially, such a garment worn by men. “Let each
His adamantine coat gird well.
Milton.” 2. A petticoat. [Obs.] ´A child in coats.´ Locke. 3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indicating the order or office; cloth. “Men of his coat should be minding their prayers.
Swift.” “She was sought by spirits of richest coat.
Shak.” 4. An external covering like a garment, as fur, skin, wool, husk, or bark; as the horses coats were sleek. “Fruit of all kinds, in coat
Rough or smooth rined, or bearded husk, or shell.
Milton.” 5. A layer of any substance covering another; a cover; a tegument; as the coats of the eye; the coats of an onion; a coat of tar or varnish. 6. Same as Coat of arms. See below. “Hark, countrymen! either renew the fight,
Or tear the lions out of England’s coat.
Shak.” 7. A coat card. See below. [Obs.] “Here’s a trick of discarded cards of us! We were ranked with coats as long as old master lived.
Massinger.” Coat armor. See under Armor. — Coat of arms (Her.), a translation of the French cotte d’armes, a garment of light material worn over the armor in the 15th and 16th centuries. This was often charged with the heraldic bearings of the wearer. Hence, an heraldic achievement; the bearings of any person, taken together. — Coat card, a card bearing a coated figure; the king, queen, or knave of playing cards. ´•I am a coat card indeed.’ •Then thou must needs be a knave, for thou art neither king nor queen.’´ Rowley. — Coat link, a pair of buttons or studs joined by a link, to hold together the lappels of a double-breasted coat; or a button with a loop for a single-breasted coat. — Coat of mail, a defensive garment of chain mail. See Chain mail, under Chain. — Mast coat (Naut.), a piece of canvas nailed around a mast, where it passes through the deck, to prevent water from getting below. — Sail coat (Naut.), a canvas cover laced over furled sails, and the like, to keep them dry and clean.

Coat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coating.] 1. To cover with a coat or outer garment. 2. To cover with a layer of any substance; as to coat a jar with tin foil; to coat a ceiling.

Coat•ee´ , n. A coat with short flaps.

Co•a´ti (ko•ä´te or ko•a´ti), n. [From the native name: cf. F. coati.] (Zoöl.) A mammal of tropical America of the genus Nasua, allied to the raccoon, but with a longer body, tail, and nose. The red coati (N. socialis), called also coati mondi, inhabits Mexico and Central America. The brown coati (N. narica) is found in Surinam and Brazil.

Coat´ing , n. 1. A coat or covering; a layer of any substance, as a cover or protection; as the coating of a retort or vial. 2. Cloth for coats; as an assortment of coatings.

Coat´less , a. Not wearing a coat; also not possessing a coat.

Coax ( 110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaxed p. pr. & vb. n. Coaxing.] [Cf. OE. cokes fool, a person easily imposed upon, W. coeg empty, foolish; F. coquin knave, rogue.] To persuade by gentle, insinuating courtesy, flattering, or fondling; to wheedle; to soothe. Syn. — To wheedle; cajole; flatter; persuade; entice.

Coax, n. A simpleton; a dupe. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Co•ax•a´tion , n. [Gr. the noise of frogs.] The act of croaking. [R] Dr. H. More.

Coax´er , n. One who coaxes.

Coax´ing•ly, adv. In a coaxing manner; by coaxing.

Cob (kob), n. [Cf. AS. cop, copp, head, top, D. kop, G. kopf, kuppe, LL. cuppa cup (cf. E. brainpan), and also W. cob tuft, spider, cop, copa, top, summit, cobio to thump. Cf. Cop top, Cup, n.] 1. The top or head of anything. [Obs.] W. Gifford. 2. A leader or chief; a conspicuous person, esp. a rich covetous person. [Obs.] “All cobbing country chuffs, which make their bellies and their bags their god, are called rich cobs.
Nash.” 3. The axis on which the kernels of maize or indian corn grow. [U. S.] 4. (Zoöl.) A spider; perhaps from its shape; it being round like a head. 5. (Zoöl.) A young herring. B. Jonson. 6. (Zoöl.) A fish; — also called miller’s thumb. 7. A short-legged and stout horse, esp. one used for the saddle. [Eng.] 8. (Zoöl.) A sea mew or gull; esp., the black-backed gull (Larus marinus). [Written also cobb.] 9. A lump or piece of anything, usually of a somewhat large size, as of coal, or stone. 10. A cobnut; as Kentish cobs. See Cobnut. [Eng.] 11. Clay mixed with straw. [Prov. Eng.] “The poor cottager contenteth himself with cob for his walls, and thatch for his covering.
R. Carew.” 12. A punishment consisting of blows inflicted on the buttocks with a strap or a flat piece of wood. Wright. 13. A Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland, worth abiut 4s. 6d. [Obs.] Wright. Cob coal, coal in rounded lumps from the size of an egg to that of a football; — called also cobbles. Grose. — Cob loaf, a crusty, uneven loaf, rounded at top. Wright. — Cob money, a kind of rudely coined gold and silver money of Spanish South America in the eighteenth century. The coins were of the weight of the piece of eight, or one of its aliquot parts.

Cob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbing.] 1. To strike [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. (Mining) To break into small pieces, as ore, so as to sort out its better portions. Raymond. 3. (Naut.) To punish by striking on the buttocks with a strap, a flat piece of wood, or the like.

Co•bae´a (ko•be´a), n. [Named after D. Cobo, a Spanish botanist.] A genus of climbing plants, native of Mexico and South America. C. scandens is a conservatory climber with large bell-shaped flowers.

Co´balt (ko´bolt; 277, 74), n. [G. kobalt, prob. fr. kobold, kobel, goblin, MHG. kobolt; perh. akin to G. koben pigsty, hut, AS. cofa room, cofgodas household gods, Icel. kofi hut. If so, the ending - old stands for older -walt, -wald, being the same as -ald in E. herald and the word would mean ruler or governor in a house, house spirit, the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome. Cf. Kobold, Cove, Goblin.] 1. (Chem.) A tough, lustrous, reddish white metal of the iron group, not easily fusible, and somewhat magnetic. Atomic weight 59.1. Symbol Co. It occurs in nature in combination with arsenic, sulphur, and oxygen, and is obtained from its ores, smaltite, cobaltite, asbolite, etc. Its oxide colors glass or any flux, as borax, a fine blue, and is used in the manufacture of smalt. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. 2. A commercial name of a crude arsenic used as fly poison. Cobalt bloom. Same as Erythrite. — Cobalt blue, a dark blue pigment consisting of some salt of cobalt, as the phosphate, ignited with alumina; — called also cobalt ultramarine, and Thenard’s blue. — Cobalt crust, earthy arseniate of cobalt. — Cobalt glance. (Min.) See Cobaltite. — Cobalt green, a pigment consisting essentially of the oxides of cobalt and zinc; — called also Rinman’s green. — Cobalt yellow (Chem.), a yellow crystalline powder, regarded as a double nitrite of cobalt and potassium.

Co•balt´ic ( 74), a. [Cf. F. cobaltique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; — said especially of those compounds in which cobalt has higher valence; as cobaltic oxide. Luteo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex yellow compounds of ammonia and cobaltic salts. — Roseo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex red compounds of cobalt and ammonia. Modifications of these are the purpureo-cobaltic compounds.

Co•balt•if´er•ous , a. [Cobalt + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing cobalt. { Co´balt•ine , Co´balt•ite } n. (Min.) A mineral of a nearly silver-white color, composed of arsenic, sulphur, and cobalt.

Co•balt´ous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; — said esp. of cobalt compounds in which the metal has its lower valence. Cobaltous chloride, a crystalline compound, CoCl2, of a pale rose color when hydrous, blue when dehydrated. Its solution is used for a sympathetic ink, the writing being nearly colorless when dried in the air, owing to absorbed moisture, and becoming bright blue when warmed.

Cob´bing , a. Haughty; purse-proud. See Cob, n., 2. [Obs.] Withals (1608).

Cob´ble , n. A fishing boat. See Coble.

Cob´ble, n. [From Cob a lump. See Cob, n., 9, and cf. Copple, Copplestone.] 1. A cobblestone. ´Their slings held cobbles round.´ Fairfax. 2. pl. Cob coal. See under Cob.

Cob´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbled p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbling ] [OF. cobler, copler, to join or knit together, couple, F. coupler, L. copulare to couple, join. Cf. Couple, n. & v. t.] 1. To make or mend coarsely; to patch; to botch; as to cobble shoes. Shak. ´A cobbled saddle.´ Thackeray. 2. To make clumsily. ´Cobbled rhymes.´ Dryden. 3. To pave with cobblestones.

Cob´bler , n. 1. A mender of shoes. Addison. 2. A clumsy workman. Shak. 3. A beverage. See Sherry cobbler, under Sherry. Cobbler fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish (Blepharis crinitus) of the Atlantic. The name alludes to its threadlike fin rays.

Cob´ble•stone , n. A large pebble; a rounded stone not too large to be handled; a small boulder; — used for paving streets and for other purposes.

Cob´by , a. [From Cob, n.] 1. Headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.] Brockett. 2. Stout; hearty; lively. [Obs.]

Co•bel•lig´er•ent , a. Carrying on war in conjunction with another power.

Co•bel•lig´er•ent, n. A nation or state that carries on war in connection with another.

Co´bi•a , n. (Zoöl.) An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; — called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish.

Cob´i•ron , n. [From Cob the top.] An andiron with a knob at the top. Bacon.

Co•bish´op , n. A joint or coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe.

Co´ble , n. [AS. cuopel; cf. W. ceubal skiff, ferryboat.] A flat-floored fishing boat with a lug sail, and a drop rudder extending from two to four feet below the keel. It was originally used on the stormy coast of Yorkshire, England.

Cob´nut , n. 1. (Com.) A large roundish variety of the cultivated hazelnut. 2. A game played by children with nuts.

Co•boose´ , n. See Caboose.

Co´bourg , n. [Named from the town of Coburg in Germany.] A thin worsted fabric for women’s dresses.

Co´bra , n. See Copra.

Co´bra, n. The cobra de capello.

Co´bra de ca•pel´lo [Pg., serpent of the hood.] (Zoöl.) The hooded snake (Naia tripudians), a highly venomous serpent inhabiting India.

Cob´stone , n. Cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.]

Cob´swan , n. A large swan. B. Jonson.

Cob´wall , n. [Cob clay mixed with straw + wall.] A wall made of clay mixed with straw.

Cob´web , n. [Cob a spider + web.] 1. The network spread by a spider to catch its prey. 2. A snare of insidious meshes designed to catch the ignorant and unwary. “I can not but lament thy splendid wit
Entangled in the cobwebs of the schools.
Cowper.” 3. That which is thin and unsubstantial, or flimsy and worthless; rubbish. “The dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age.
Sir P. Sidney.” 4. (Zoöl.) The European spotted flycatcher. Cobweb lawn, a fine linen, mentioned in 1640 as being in pieces of fifteen yards. Beck. Draper’s Dict. “Such a proud piece of cobweb lawn.
Beau. & Fl.” — Cobweb micrometer, a micrometer in which threads of cobweb are substituted for wires.

Cob´webbed , a. Abounding in cobwebs. ´The cobwebbed cottage.´ Young.

Cob´web•by , a. Abounding in cobwebs, or any fine web; resembling a cobweb.

Cob´work , a. Built of logs, etc., laid horizontally, with the ends dovetailed together at the corners, as in a log house; in marine work, often surrounding a central space filled with stones; as a cobwork dock or breakwater.

Co´ca , n. [Sp., fr. native name.] The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon. Coca leaves resemble tea leaves in size, shape, and odor, and are chewed (with an alkali) by natives of Peru and Bolivia to impart vigor in prolonged exertion, or to sustain strength in absence of food. Mexican coca, an American herb (Richardsonia scabra), yielding a nutritious fodder. Its roots are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha.

Coc•agne´ , n. [F. cocagne, pays de cocagne; of uncertian origin, cf. Prov. F. couque cake, Catal. coca, L. coquere to cook; as if the houses in this country were covered with cakes. Cf. Cook, Cockney.] 1. An imaginary country of idleness and luxury. 2. The land of cockneys; cockneydom; — a term applied to London and its suburbs. Smart.

Co´ca•ine , n. (Chem.) A powerful alkaloid, C17H21NO4, obtained from the leaves of coca. It is a bitter, white, crystalline substance, and is remarkable for producing local insensibility to pain.

Coc•cif´er•ous , a. [L. coccum a berry + -ferous. See Coccus.] Bearing or producing berries; bacciferous; as cocciferous trees or plants.

Coc•ci•nel´la , n. [NL., fr. L. coccineus scarlet-colored. See Cochoneal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvae feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs.

Coc•co•bac•te´ri•um , n.; pl. Coccobacteria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a grain + NL. bacterium. So called from its round shape.] (Biol.) One of the round variety of bacteria, a vegetable organism, generally less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

Coc´co•lite , n. [Gr. a grain, seed + -lite: cf. F. coccalite.] (Min.) A granular variety of pyroxene, green or white in color.

Coc´co•lith , n. [Gr. a grain, seed + -lith.] (Biol.) One of a kind of minute, calcareous bodies, probably vegetable, often abundant in deep-sea mud.

Coc´co•sphere , n. [Gr. a grain, seed + E. sphere.] (Biol.) A small, rounded, marine organism, capable of braking up into coccoliths.

Coc•cos´te•us , n. [NL., from Gr. grain, seed + bone.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Devonian ganoid fishes, having the broad plates about the head studded with berrylike tubercles.

Coc´cu•lus In´di•cus , n. [NL. cocculus (dim. of L. coccum kermes berry) + L. Indicus of India.] (Bot.) The fruit or berry of the Anamirta Cocculus, a climbing plant of the East Indies. It is a poisonous narcotic and stimulant.

Coc´cus , n.; pl. Cocci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. grain, seed. See Cochineal.] 1. (Bot.) One of the separable carpels of a dry fruit. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of hemipterous insects, including scale insects, and the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti). 3. (Biol.) A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule.

Coc•cyg´e•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the coccyx; as the coccygeal vertebrae. Coccygeal glands (Zoöl.) , glands situated at the base of the tail of birds. They secrete the oil with which the plumage is dressed.

Coc•cyg´e•ous , a. Coccygeal. [R.]

Coc´cyx , n.; pl. L. Coccyges (#). [L., cuckoo, Gr. , cuckoo, coccyx. So called from its resemblance to the beak of a cuckoo.] (Anat.) The end of the vertebral column beyond the sacrum in man and tailless monkeys. It is composed of several vertebrae more or less consolidated.

Coch´i•neal (koch´i•nel; 277), [Sp. cochinilla, dim. from L. coccineus, coccinus, scarlet, fr. coccum the kermes berry, G. ko•kkos berry, especially the kermes insect, used to dye scarlet, as the cochineal was formerly supposed to be the grain or seed of a plant, and this word was formerly defined to be the grain of the Quercus coccifera; but cf. also Sp. cochinilla wood louse, dim. of cochina sow, akin to F. cochon pig.] A dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of the Coccus cacti, an insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc., and found on several species of cactus, esp. Opuntia cochinellifera. These insects are gathered from the plant, killed by the application of heat, and exposed to the sun to dry. When dried they resemble small, rough berries or seeds, of a brown or purple color, and form the cochineal of the shops, which is used for making carmine, and also as a red dye. Cochineal contains as its essential coloring matter carminic acid, a purple red amorphous substance which yields carmine red.

Coch´i•neal fig , (Bot.) A plant of Central and Southern America, of the Cactus family, extensively cultivated for the sake of the cochineal insect, which lives on it.

Co´chin fowl , (Zoöl.) A large variety of the domestic fowl, originally from Cochin China (Anam).

Coch´le•a (kok´le•a), n. [L., a snail, or snail shell, Gr. kochli•as a snail, fr. ko•chlos a shellfish with a spiral shell.] (Anat.) An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear.

Coch´le•ar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cochlea.

Coch•le•a´re , n. [L.] 1. A spoon. Andrews. 2. (Med) A spoonful. Dungleson.

Coch•le•ar´i•form , a. [Cochleare + -form.] Spoon-shaped.

Coch´le•a•ry , a. [L. cochlearum penfor snails (meaning formerly given, snail shell). See Cjchlea.] Same as Cochleate. { Coch´le•ate , Coch´le•a•ted } a. [L. cochleatus spiral or screw- formed. See Cochlea.] Having the form of a snail shell; spiral; turbinated.

Cock , n. [AS. coc; of unknown origin, perh. in imitation of the cry of the cock. Cf. Chicken.] 1. The male of birds, particularly of gallinaceous or domestic fowls. 2. A vane in the shape of a cock; a weathercock. “Drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks!
Shak.” 3. A chief man; a leader or master. [Humorous] “Sir Andrew is the cock of the club, since he left us.
Addison.” 4. The crow of a cock, esp. the first crow in the morning; cockcrow. [Obs.] “He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock.
Shak.” 5. A faucet or valve. Jonsons says, ´The handle probably had a cock on the top; things that were contrived to turn seem anciently to have had that form, whatever was the reason.´ Skinner says, because it used to be constructed in forma critae galli, i.e., in the form of a cock’s comb. 6. The style of gnomon of a dial. Chambers. 7. The indicator of a balance. Johnson. 8. The bridge piece which affords a bearing for the pivot of a balance in a clock or watch. Knight. Ball cock. See under Ball. - - Chaparral cock. See under Chaparral. — Cock and bull story, an extravagant, boastful story; a canard. — Cock of the plains (Zoöl.) See Sage cock. — Cock of the rock (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Rupicola aurantia) having a beautiful crest. — Cock of the walk, a chief or master; the hero of the hour; one who has overcrowed, or got the better of, rivals or competitors. — Cock of the woods. See Capercailzie.

Cock (kok), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cocked (kokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cocking.] [Cf. Gael. coc to cock.] 1. To set erect; to turn up. “Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears.
Gay.” “Dick would cock his nose in scorn.
Swift.” 2. To shape, as a hat, by turning up the brim. 3. To set on one side in a pert or jaunty manner. “They cocked their hats in each other’s faces.
Macaulay.” 4. To turn (the eye) obliquely and partially close its lid, as an expression of derision or insinuation. Cocked hat. (a) A hat with large, stiff flaps turned up to a peaked crown, thus making its form triangular; — called also three-cornered hat. (b) A game similar to ninepins, except that only three pins are used, which are set up at the angles of a triangle.

Cock, v. i. To strut; to swagger; to look big, pert, or menacing. Addison.

Cock, n. The act of cocking; also the turn so given; as a cock of the eyes; to give a hat a saucy cock.

Cock, n. [It. cocca notch of an arrow.] 1. The notch of an arrow or crossbow. 2. The hammer in the lock of a firearm. At cock, At full cock, with the hammer raised and ready to fire; — said of firearms, also jocularly, of one prepared for instant action. — At half cock. See under Half. — Cock feather (Archery), the feather of an arrow at right angles to the direction of the cock or notch. Nares.

Cock, v. t. To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully back and set it for firing.

Cock, v. i. To draw back the hammer of a firearm, and set it for firing. “Cocked, fired, and missed his man.
Byron.”

Cock, n. [Cf. Icel. kökkr lump, Dan. kok heap, or E. cock to set erect.] A small concial pile of hay.

Cock, v. t. To put into cocks or heaps, as hay. “Under the cocked hay.
Spenser.”

Cock, n. [Of. coque, F. coche, a small vessel, L. concha muscle shell, a vessel. See Coach, and cf. Cog a small boat.] A small boat. “Yond tall anchoring bark [appears]
Diminished to her cock; her cock, a buoy
Almost too small for sight.
Shak.”

Cock, n. A corruption or disguise of the word God, used in oaths. [Obs.] ´By cock and pie.´ Shak.

Cock•ade´ (kok•ad´), n. [F. cocarble, fr. coquard vain, OF. coquart, fr. coq cock, prob. of imitative origin. The ornament is so named from its resemblance to the crest of a cock. Cf. Coquette.] A badge, usually in the form of a rosette, or knot, and generally worn upon the hat; — used as an indication of military or naval service, or party allegiance, and in England as a part of the livery to indicate that the wearer is the servant of a military or naval officer. “Seduced by military liveries and cockades.
Burke.”

Cock•ad´ed (-a´ded), a. Wearing a cockade. Young.

Cock•-a-hoop´ , a. Boastful; defiant; exulting. Also used adverbially.

Cock´al (kok´al), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A game played with sheep’s bones instead of dice [Obs.] 2. The bone used in playing the game; — called also huckle bone. [Obs.] Nares. “A little transverse bone
Which boys and bruckeled children call
(Playing for points and pins) cockal.
Herrick.”

Cock•a•leek´ie (kok•a•le´ki), n. [From cock + leek.] A favorite soup in Scotland, made from a capon highly seasoned, and boiled with leeks and prunes.

Cock•a•ma•roo´ , n. The Russian variety of bagatelle.

Cock´a•teel (kok•a•tel´), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian parrot (Calopsitta Novae-Hollandiae); — so called from its note.

Cock•a•too´ (kok•a•too´), n. [Malayan kakatua.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Parrot family, of the subfamily Cacatuinae, having a short, strong, and much curved beak, and the head ornamented with a crest, which can be raised or depressed at will. There are several genera and many species; as the broad-crested (Plictolophus, or Cacatua, cristatus), the sulphur-crested (P. galeritus), etc. The palm or great black cockatoo of Australia is Microglossus aterrimus.

Cock´a•trice (-tris; 277), n. [OF. cocatrice crocodile, F. cocatrix, cocatrice. The word is a corruption from the same source as E. crocodile, but was confused with cock the bird, F. coq, whence arose the fable that the animal was produced from a cock’s egg. See Crocodile.] 1. A fabulous serpent whose breath and look were said to be fatal. See Basilisk. “That bare vowel, I, shall poison more
Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice.
Shak.” 2. (Her.) A representation of this serpent. It has the head, wings, and legs of a bird, and tail of a serpent. 3. (Script.) A venomous serpent which which cannot now be identified. “The weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice’s [Rev. Ver. basilisk’s] den.
Is. xi. 8.” 4. Any venomous or deadly thing. “This little cockatrice of a king.
Bacon.”

Cock´bill (kok´bil•), v. t. [See Cock to set erect.] (Naut.) To tilt up one end of so as to make almost vertical; as to cockbill the yards as a sign of mourning. To cockbill the anchor, to suspend it from the cathead preparatory to letting it go. See Acockbill.

Cock´boat , n. [See Cock a boat.] A small boat, esp. one used on rivers or near the shore.

Cock´-brained , a. Giddy; rash. Milton.

Cock´chaf•er , n. [See Chafer the beetle.] (Zoöl.) A beetle of the genus Melolontha (esp. M. vulgaris) and allied genera; — called also May bug, chafer, or dorbeetle. { Cock´crow , Cock´crow•ing } n. The time at which cocks first crow; the early morning.

Cock´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockered p. pr. & vb. n. Cockering.] [OE. cokeren; cf. W. cocru to indulge, fondle, E. cock the bird, F. coqueliner to dandle (Cotgrave), to imitate the crow of a cock, to run after the girls, and E. cockle, v.] To treat with too great tenderness; to fondle; to indulge; to pamper. “Cocker thy child and he shall make thee afraid.
Ecclesiasticus xxx. 9.” “Poor folks cannot afford to cocker themselves up.
J. Ingelow.”

Cock´er, n. [From Cock the bird.] 1. One given to cockfighting. [Obs.] Steele. 2. (Zoöl.) A small dog of the spaniel kind, used for starting up woodcocks, etc.

Cock´er, n. [OE. coker qyiver, boot, AS. cocer quiver; akin to G. köcher quiver, and perh. originally meaning receptacle, holder. Cf. Quiver (for arrows).] A rustic high shoe or half-boots. [Obs.] Drayton.

Cock´er•el , n. [Prob. a double dim. of cock.] A young cock.

Cock´et , a. [F. coquet coquettish. See Coquette, n.] Pert; saucy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Cock´et, n. 1. (Eng. Law) A customhouse seal; a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. 2. An office in a customhouse where goods intended for export are entered. [Eng.] 3. A measure for bread. [Obs.] Blount.

Cock´eye , n. [From cock to turn up.] A squinting eye. Forby.

Cock´eye, n. (Mach.) The socket in the ball of a millstone, which sits on the cockhead.

Cock´fight , n. A match or contest of gamecocks.

Cock´fight•ing, n. The act or practice of pitting gamecocks to fight.

Cock´fight•ing, a. Addicted to cockfighting.

Cock´head , n. (Mach.) The rounded or pointed top of a grinding mill spindle, forming a pivot on which the stone is balanced.

Cock´horse , n. 1. A child’s rocking-horse. “Ride a cockhorse to Banbury cross.
Mother Goose.” 2. A high or tall horse. [R.]

Cock´horse, a. 1. Lifted up, as one is on a tall horse. 2. Lofty in feeling; exultant; proud; upstart. “Our painted fools and cockhorse peasantry.
Marlowe.”

Cock•ie•leek´ie , n. Same as Cockaleekie.

Cock´ing, n. Cockfighting. Ben Jonson.

Coc´kle (kok´k’l), n. [OE. cockes cockles, AS. saecoccas sea cockles, prob, from Celtic; cf. W. cocs cockles, Gael. cochull husk. Perh. influenced by F. coquille shell, a dim. from the root of E. conch. Cf. Coach.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve mollusk, with radiating ribs, of the genus Cardium, especially C. edule, used in Europe for food; — sometimes applied to similar shells of other genera. 2. A cockleshell. 3. The mineral black tourmaline or schorl; — so called by the Cornish miners. Raymond. 4. The fire chamber of a furnace. [Eng.] Knight. 5. A hop-drying kiln; an oast. Knight. 6. The dome of a heating furnace. Knight. Cockle hat, a hat ornamented with a cockleshell, the badge of a pilgrim. Shak. — Cockle stairs, winding or spiral stairs.

Coc´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockled p. pr. & vb. n. Cockling ] [Of uncertian origin.] To cause to contract into wrinkles or ridges, as some kinds of cloth after a wetting. Cockling sea, waves dashing against each other with a short and quick motion. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Coc´kle, n. [AS. coccel, cocel; cf. Gael. cogall tares, husks, cockle.] (Bot.) (a) A plant or weed that grows among grain; the corn rose (Luchnis Githage). (b) The Lotium, or darnel.

Coc´kle•bur , n. (Bot.) A coarse, composite weed, having a rough or prickly fruit; one of several species of the genus Xanthium; — called also clotbur.

Coc´kled , a. Inclosed in a shell. “The tender horns of cockled snails.
Shak.”

Coc´kled, a. Wrinkled; puckered. “Showers soon drench the camlet’s cockled grain.
Gay.”

Coc´kler , n. One who takes and sells cockles.

Coc´kle•shell , n. 1. One of the shells or valves of a cockle. 2. A light boat. “To board the cockleshell in those plunding waters.
W. Black.”

Cock´loft ( 115) n. [Prop., a loft where cocks roost.] An upper loft; a garret; the highest room in a building. Dryden. Swift.

Cock´mas•ter , n. One who breeds gamecocks. L’Estrange.

Cock´match , n. A cockfight.

Cock´ney (kok´ny), n.; pl. Cockneys (- niz). [OE. cocknay, cokenay, a spoiled child, effeminate person, an egg; prob. orig. a cock’s egg, a small imperfect egg; OE. cok cock + nay, neye, for ey egg (cf. Newt), AS. aeg. See 1st Cock, Egg, n.] 1. An effeminate person; a spoilt child. ´A young heir or cockney, that is his mother’s darling.´ Nash (1592). “This great lubber, the world, will prove a cockney.
Shak.” 2. A native or resident of the city of London; — used contemptuously. “A cockney in a rural village was stared at as much as if he had entered a kraal of Hottentots.
Macaulay.”

Cock´ney, a. Of or relating to, or like, cockneys.

Cock´ney•dom (kok´ni•dum), n. The region or home of cockneys; cockneys, collectively. Thackeray.

Cock´ney•fy (-fi), v. t. [Cockney + -fy.] To form with the manners or character of a cockney. [Colloq.]

Cock´ney•ish, a. Characteristic of, or resembling, cockneys.

Cock´ney•ism (kok´ni•iz’m), n. The characteristics, manners, or dialect, of a cockney.

Cock´-pad•dle , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) See Lumpfish. [Scot.]

Cock´pit (kok´pit), n. 1. A pit, or inclosed area, for cockfights. “Henry the Eighth had built … a cockpit.
Macaulay.” 2. The Privy Council room at Westminster; — so called because built on the site of the cockpit of Whitehall palace. Brande & C. 3. (Naut.) (a) That part of a war vessel appropriated to the wounded during an engagement. (b) In yachts and other small vessels, a space lower than the rest of the deck, which affords easy access to the cabin.

Cock´roach , n. [Sp. cucaracha.] (Zoöl.) An orthopterous insect of the genus Blatta, and allied genera. The species are numerous, especially in hot countries. Those most commonly infesting houses in Europe and North America are Blatta orientalis, a large species often called black beetle, and the Croton bug (Ectobia Germanica).

Cocks´comb (koks´kom•), n. [1st cock, n. + comb crest.] 1. See Coxcomb. 2. (Bot.) A plant (Celosia cristata), of many varieties, cultivated for its broad, fantastic spikes of brilliant flowers; — sometimes called garden cockscomb. Also the Pedicularis, or lousewort, the Rhinanthus Crista-galli, and the Onobrychis Crista-galli.

Cocks´head , n. (Bot.) A leguminous herb (Onobrychis Caput-galli), having small spiny-crested pods.

Cock´shut , n. A kind of net to catch woodcock. [Obs.] Nares. Cockshut time or light, evening twilight; nightfall; — so called in allusion to the tome at which the cockshut used to be spread. [Obs.] Shak. B. Jonson.

Cock´shy , n. 1. A game in which trinkets are set upon sticks, to be thrown at by the players; — so called from an ancient popular sport which consisted in ´shying´ or throwing cudgels at live cocks. 2. An object at which stones are flung. “´Making a cockshy of him,´ replied the hideous small boy.
Dickens.”

Cock´spur , n. (Bot.) A variety of Crataegus, or hawthorn (C. Crus- galli), having long, straight thorns; — called also Cockspur thorn.

Cock´sure , a. 1. Perfectly safe. [Obs.] “We steal as in a castle, cocksure: … we walk invisible.
Shak.” 2. Quite certain. [Colloq.] “I thought myself cocksure of the horse which he readily promised me.
Pope.”

Cock´swain (?, colloq. ?), n. [Cock a boat + swain; hence, the master of a boat.] The steersman of a boat; a petty officer who has charge of a boat and its crew.

Cock´tail , n. 1. A beverage made of brandy, whisky, or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. [U. S.] 2. (Stock Breeding) A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in his veins. Darwin. 3. A mean, half-hearted fellow; a coward. [Slang, Eng.] “It was in the second affair that poor little Barney showed he was a cocktail.
Thackeray.” 4. (Zoöl.) A species of rove beetle; — so called from its habit of elevating the tail.

Cock´up , n. (Zoöl.) A large, highly esteemed, edible fish of India (Lates calcarifer); — also called begti.

Cock´weed , n. (Bot.) Peppergrass. Johnson.

Cock´y , a. [See Cocket.] Pert. [Slang] { Co´co (ko´ko), n. or Co´co palm (ko´ko päm•).} See Cocoa. { Co´coa (ko´ko), n., Co´coa palm• (päm•) } [Sp. & Pg. coco cocoanut, in Sp. also cocoa palm. The Portuguese name is said to have been given from the monkeylike face at the base of the nut, fr. Pg. coco a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten children. Cf., however, Gr. koy^ki the cocoa palm and its fruit, ko•i:x, ko•i:kos, a kind of Egyptian palm.] (Bot.) A palm tree producing the cocoanut (Cocos nucifera). It grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height of sixty or eighty feet. The trunk is without branches, and has a tuft of leaves at the top, each being fifteen or twenty feet in length, and at the base of these the nuts hang in clusters; the cocoanut tree.

Co´coa, n. [Corrupted fr. cacao.] A preparation made from the seeds of the chocolate tree, and used in making, a beverage; also the beverage made from cocoa or cocoa shells. Cocoa shells, the husks which separate from the cacao seeds in preparing them for use.

Co´coa•nut (-nut•), n. The large, hard-shelled nut of the cocoa palm. It yields an agreeable milky liquid and a white meat or albumen much used as food and in making oil. { Co•co•bo´lo , Co•co•bo´las }, n. [Sp. cocobolo.] (Bot.) A very beautiful and hard wood, obtained in the West India Islands. It is used in cabinetmaking, for the handles of tools, and for various fancy articles.

Co•coon´ , n. [F. cocon, dim. of coque shell of egge and insects, fr. L. concha mussel shell. See Conch.] 1. An oblong case in which the silkworm lies in its chrysalis state. It is formed of threads of silk spun by the worm just before leaving the larval state. From these the silk of commerce is prepared. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The case constructed by any insect to contain its larva or pupa. (b) The case of silk made by spiders to protect their eggs. (c) The egg cases of mucus, etc., made by leeches and other worms.

Co•coon´er•y , n. A building or apartment for silkworms, when feeding and forming cocoons.

Coc´ti•ble , a. [See Coctile.] Capable of being cooked. Blount.

Coc´tile , a. [L. coctilis, fr. coguere. See Cook.] Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick.

Coc´tion , n. [L. coctio.] 1. Act of boiling. 2. (Med.) (a) Digestion. [Obs.] (b) The change which the humorists believed morbific matter undergoes before elimination. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Co´cus wood A West Indian wood, used for making flutes and other musical instruments.

Cod (kod), n. [AS. codd small bag; akin to Icel. koddi pillow, Sw. kudde cushion; cf. W. cod, cwd, bag, shell.] 1. A husk; a pod; as a peascod. [Eng.] Mortimer. 2. A small bag or pouch. [Obs.] Halliwell. 3. The scrotum. Dunglison. 4. A pillow or cushion. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cod, n. [Cf. G. gadde, and (in Heligoland) gadden, L. gadus merlangus.] (Zoöl.) An important edible fish (Gadus morrhua), taken in immense numbers on the northern coasts of Europe and America. It is especially abundant and large on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. It is salted and dried in large quantities. There are several varieties; as shore cod, from shallow water; bank cod, from the distant banks; and rock cod, which is found among ledges, and is often dark brown or mottled with red. The tomcod is a distinct species of small size. The bastard, blue, buffalo, or cultus cod of the Pacific coast belongs to a distinct family. See Buffalo cod, under Buffalo. Cod fishery, the business of fishing for cod. — Cod line, an eighteen-thread line used in catching codfish. McElrath.

Co´da (ko´da), n. [It., tail, fr. L. cauda.] (Mus.) A few measures added beyond the natural termination of a composition.

Cod´der , n. A gatherer of cods or peas. [Obs. or Prov.] Johnson.

Cod´ding , a. Lustful. [Obs.] Shak.

Cod´dle (kod´d’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coddled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coddling (- dling).] [Cf. Prov. E. caddle to coax, spoil, fondle, and Cade, a. & v. t.] [Written also codle.] 1. To parboil, or soften by boiling. “It [the guava fruit] may be coddled.
Dampier.” 2. To treat with excessive tenderness; to pamper. “How many of our English princes have been coddled at home by their fond papas and mammas!
Thackeray.” “He [Lord Byron] never coddled his reputation.
Southey.”

Cod´dy•mod´dy (kod´dy•mod´dy), n. (Zoöl.) A gull in the plumage of its first year.

Code (kod), n. [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.] 1. A body of law, sanctioned by legislation, in which the rules of law to be specifically applied by the courts are set forth in systematic form; a compilation of laws by public authority; a digest. The collection of laws made by the order of Justinian is sometimes called, by way of eminence. ´The Code´ Wharton. 2. Any system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; as the medical code, a system of rules for the regulation of the professional conduct of physicians; the naval code, a system of rules for making communications at sea means of signals. Code civil or Code Napoleon, a code enacted in France in 1803 and 1804, embodying the law of rights of persons and of property generally. Abbot.

Co•de•fend´ant , n. A joint defendant. Blackstone.

Co•de´ine , n. [Gr. poppy head: cf. F. codine.] (Chem.) One of the opium alkaloids; a white crystalline substance, C18H21NO3, similar to and regarded as a derivative of morphine, but much feebler in its action; — called also codeia.

Co•det´ta , n. [It., dim. of coda tail.] (Mus.) A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda.

Co´dex , n.; pl. Codices (#). [L. See Code.] 1. A book; a manuscript. 2. A collection or digest of laws; a code. Burrill. 3. An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament. 4. A collection of canons. Shipley.

Cod´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fish. Same as Cod.

Codg´er , n. [Cf. Cadger.] 1. A miser or mean person. 2. A singular or odd person; — a familiar, humorous, or depreciatory appellation. [Colloq.] “A few of us old codgers met at the fireside.
Emerson.”

Cod´i•cal , a. Relating to a codex, or a code.

Cod´i•cil , n. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex: cf. F. codicille. See Code.] (Law) A clause added to a will.

Cod•i•cil´la•ry , a. [L. codicillaris, codicillarius.] Of the nature of a codicil.

Co•di•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. codification.] The act or process of codifying or reducing laws to a code.

Co´di•fi•er , n. One who codifies.

Co´di•fy (? or 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Codified p. pr. & vb. n. Codifying.] [Code + - fy: cf. F. codifier.] To reduce to a code, as laws.

Co•dil´la , n. [Cf. L. codicula a little tail, dim. of cauda tail.] (Com.) The coarse tow of flax and hemp. McElrath.

Co•dille´ , n. [F. codile.] A term at omber, signifying that the game is won. Pope.

Co´dist , n. A codifier; a maker of codes. [R.]

Co´dle , v. t. See Coddle. { Cod´lin , Cod´ling }, n. [Cf. AS. codaeppel a quince.] (a) An apple fit to stew or coddle. (b) An immature apple. “A codling when ’t is almost an apple.
Shak.” Codling moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Carpocapsa Pomonella), which in the larval state (known as the apple worm) lives in apples, often doing great damage to the crop.

Cod´ling, n. [Dim. of cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) A young cod; also a hake.

Cod´ liv•er , n. The liver of the common cod and allied species. Cod-liver oil, an oil obtained from the liver of the codfish, and used extensively in medicine as a means of supplying the body with fat in cases of malnutrition.

Cod´piece , n. [Cod, n., + piece.] A part of male dress in front of the breeches, formerly made very conspicuous. Shak. Fosbroke.

Cœ•cil´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) See Caecilian.

Co•ed•u•ca´tion ( 135), n. An educating together, as of persons of different sexes or races. Co•ed•u•ca´tion•al , a.

Co•ef´fi•ca•cy , n. Joint efficacy.

Co•ef•fi´cien•cy , n. Joint efficiency; coöperation. Glanvill.

Co•ef•fi´cient , a. Coöperating; acting together to produce an effect. Co•ef•fi´cient•ly, adv.

Co•ef•fi´cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with something else to produce the same effect. 2. [Cf. F. coefficient.] (Math.) A number or letter put before a letter or quantity, known or unknown, to show how many times the latter is to be taken; as 6x; bx; here 6 and b are coefficients of x. 3. (Physics) A number, commonly used in computation as a factor, expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain fixed conditions as to temperature, length, volume, etc.; as the coefficient of expansion; the coefficient of friction. Arbitrary coefficient (Math.), a literal coefficient placed arbitrarily in an algebraic expression, the value of the coefficient being afterwards determined by the conditions of the problem.

Coe´horn , n. [From its inventor, Baron Coehorn.] (Mil.) A small bronze mortar mounted on a wooden block with handles, and light enough to be carried short distances by two men.

Cœl´a•canth (? or ), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + spine.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow spines, as some ganoid fishes. { Cœ•len´te•ra or Cœ•len•te•ra´ta } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. koi^los hollow + intestines.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stomach and body cavities are one. The group is sometimes enlarged so as to include the sponges.

Cœ•len´ter•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Cœlentera. — n. One of the Cœlentera.

Cœ´li•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a cavity of the body, a ventricle.] (Anat.) A cavity. The word is applied to the ventricles of the brain, the different ventricles being indicated by prefixes like those characterizing the parts of the brain in which the cavities are found; as epicœlia, mesocœlia, metacœlia, procœlia, etc. B. G. Wilder. { Cœ´li•ac , Ce´li•ac } a. [L. coeliacus, Gr. , fr. belly, fr. koi^los hollow.] Relating to the abdomen, or to the cavity of the abdomen. Cœliac artery (Anat.), the artery which issues from the aorta just below the diaphragm; — called also cœliac axis. — Cœliac flux, Cœliac passion (Med.), a chronic flux or diarrhea of undigested food.

Cœ´lo•dont , a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + , , tooth.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow teeth; — said of a group lizards. — n. One of a group of lizards having hollow teeth.

Cœl•o•sper´mous (? or ), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + seed.] (Bot.) Hollow-seeded; having the ventral face of the seedlike carpels incurved at the ends, as in coriander seed.

Cœ´lum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a hollow, neut. of koi^los hollow.] (Anat.) See Body cavity, under Body.

Co•emp´tion ( 215), n. [L. coëmptio, fr. coëmere to buy up. See Emption.] The act of buying the whole quantity of any commodity. [R.] Bacon.

Co•en´doo , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Brazilian porcupine (Cercolades, or Sphingurus, prehensiles), remarkable for its prehensile tail. { Cœ•nen´chym , Cœ•nen´chy•ma } n. [NL. coenenchyma, fr. Gr. koino•s common + something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Zoöl.) The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids of a compound anthozoan or coral. It may be soft or more or less ossified. See Coral.

Cœn•es•the´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. koino•s common + sensation.] (Physiol.) Common sensation or general sensibility, as distinguished from the special sensations which are located in, or ascribed to, separate organs, as the eye and ear. It is supposed to depend on the ganglionic system.

Cœn´o•bite , n. See Cenobite.

Cœ•nœ´ci•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. koino•s common + house.] (Zoöl.) The common tissue which unites the various zooids of a bryozoan.

Cœ•nog´a•my , n. [Gr. ; koino•s common + marraige.] The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members; — as in certain primitive tribes or communistic societies. [Written also cenogamy.]

Cœn´o•sarc , n. [Gr. koino•s common + , , flesh.] (Zoöl.) The common soft tissue which unites the polyps of a compound hydroid. See Hydroidea.

Cœ•nu´rus , n. [NL. fr. Gr. koino•s common + tail.] (Zoöl.) The larval stage of a tapeworm (Taenia cœnurus) which forms bladderlike sacs in the brain of sheep, causing the fatal disease known as water brain, vertigo, staggers or gid. This bladder worm has on its surface numerous small heads, each of which, when swallowed by a dog, becomes a mature tapeworm in the dog’s intestine.

Co•e´qual , a. [L. coaequalis; co- + aequalis equal.] Being on an equality in rank or power. — n. One who is on an equality with another. “In once he come to be a cardinal,
He’ll make his cap coequal with the crown.
Shak.”

Co•e•qual´i•ty , n. The state of being on an equality, as in rank or power.

Co•e´qual•ly , adv. With coequality.

Co•erce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coerced p. pr. & vb. n. Coercing.] [L. coërcere; co- + arcere to shut up, to press together. See Ark.] 1. To restrain by force, especially by law or authority; to repress; to curb. Burke. “Punishments are manifold, that they may coerce this profligate sort.
Ayliffe.” 2. To compel or constrain to any action; as to coerce a man to vote for a certain candidate. 3. To compel or enforce; as to coerce obedience. Syn. — To Coerce, Compel. To compel denotes to urge on by force which cannot be resisted. The term aplies equally to physical and moral force; as compelled by hunger; compelled adverse circumstances; compelled by parental affection. Coerce had at first only the negative sense of checking or restraining by force; as to coerce a bad man by punishments or a prisoner with fetters. It has now gained a positive sense., viz., that of driving a person into the performance of some act which is required of him by another; as to coerce a man to sign a contract; to coerce obedience. In this sense (which is now the prevailing one), coerce differs but little from compel, and yet there is a distinction between them. Coercion is usually acomplished by indirect means, as threats and intimidation, physical force being more rarely employed in coercing.

Co´er´ci•ble , a. Capable of being coerced. — Co•er´ci•ble•ness, n.

Co•er´cion , n. [L. coercio, fr. coercere. See Coerce.] 1. The act or process of coercing. 2. (Law) The application to another of either physical or moral force. When the force is physical, and cannot be resisted, then the act produced by it is a nullity, so far as concerns the party coerced. When the force is moral, then the act, though voidable, is imputable to the party doing it, unless he be so paralyzed by terror as to act convulsively. At the same time coercion is not negatived by the fact of submission under force. ´Coactus volui´ (I consented under compulsion) is the condition of mind which, when there is volition forced by coercion, annuls the result of such coercion. Wharton.

Co•er´ci•tive , a. Coercive. ´Coercitive power in laws.´ Jer. Taylor.

Co•er´cive , a. Serving or intended to coerce; having power to constrain. — Co•er´cive•ly, adv. — Co•er´cive•ness, n. “Coercive power can only influence us to outward practice.
Bp. Warburton.” Coercive or Coercitive force (Magnetism), the power or force which in iron or steel produces a slowness or difficulty in imparting magnetism to it, and also interposes an obstacle to the return of a bar to its natural state when active magnetism has ceased. It plainly depends on the molecular constitution of the metal. Nichol. “The power of resisting magnetization or demagnization is sometimes called coercive force.
S. Thompson.”

Cœ•ru•lig´none , n. [L. coeruleus cerulean + lignum wood + E. quinone.] (Chem.) A bluish violet, crystalline substance obtained in the purification of crude wood vinegar. It is regarded as a complex quinone derivative of diphenyl; — called also cedriret.

Co•es•sen´tial , a. Partaking of the same essence. — Co•es•sen´tial•ly, adv. “We bless and magnify that coessential Spirit, eternally proceeding from both [The Father and the Son].
Hooker.”

Co•es•sen•ti•al´i•ty (? or 106), n. Participation of the same essence. Johnson.

Co•es•tab´lish•ment , n. Joint establishment. Bp. Watson.

Co•es•tate´ , n. Joint estate. Smolett.

Co•e•ta´ne•an , n. A person coetaneous with another; a contemporary. [R.] “A … coetanean of the late earl of Southampton.
Aubrey.”

Co•e•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. coaetaneus; co- + aetas age.] Of the same age; beginning to exist at the same time; contemporaneous. — Co•e•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. “And all [members of the body] are coetaneous.
Bentley.”

Co•e•ter´nal , a. Equally eternal. — Co•e•ter´nal•ly, adv. “Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven first born!
Or of the Eternal coeternal beam.
Milton.”

Co•e•ter´ni•ty , n. Existence from eternity equally with another eternal being; equal eternity.

Co•e´val , a. [L. coaevus; co- + aevum lifetime, age. See Age, n.] Of the same age; existing during the same period of time, especially time long and remote; — usually followed by with. “Silence! coeval with eternity!
Pope.” “Oaks coeval spread a mournful shade.
Cowper.”

Co•e´val, n. One of the same age; a contemporary. “As if it were not enough to have outdone all your coevals in wit.
Pope.”

Co•e´vous , a. Coeval [Obs.] South.

Co•ex•ec´u•tor , n. A joint executor.

Co•ex•ec´u•trix , n. A joint executrix.

Co•ex•ist , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coexisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coexisting.] To exist at the same time; — sometimes followed by with. “Of substances no one has any clear idea, farther than of certain simple ideas coexisting together.
Locke.” “So much purity and integrity … coexisting with so much decay and so many infirmities.
Warburton.”

Co•ex•ist´ence , n. Existence at the same time with another; — contemporary existence. “Without the help, or so much as the coexistence, of any condition.
Jer. Taylor.”

Co•ex•ist´ent , a. Existing at the same time with another. — n. That which coexists with another. “The law of coexistent vibrations.
Whewell.”

Co•ex•ist´ing, a. Coexistent. Locke.

Co•ex•tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coextended; p. pr. & vb. n. Coextending.] To extend through the same space or time with another; to extend to the same degree. “According to which the least body may be coextended with the greatest.
Boyle.” “Has your English language one single word that is coextended through all these significations?
Bentley.”

Co•ex•ten´sion (ko•eks•ten´shun), n. The act of extending equally, or the state of being equally extended.

Co•ex•ten´sive , a. Equally extensive; having equal extent; as consciousness and knowledge are coextensive. Sir W. Hamilton. — Co•ex•ten´sive•ly, adv. — Co•ex•ten´sive•ness, n.

Cof´fee ( 115), n. [Turk. qahveh, Ar. qahuah wine, coffee, a decoction of berries. Cf. Cafe.] 1. The ´beans´ or ´berries´ (pyrenes) obtained from the drupes of a small evergreen tree of the genus Coffea, growing in Abyssinia, Arabia, Persia, and other warm regions of Asia and Africa, and also in tropical America. 2. The coffee tree. There are several species of the coffee tree, as Coffea Arabica, C. occidentalis, and C. Liberica. The white, fragrant flowers grow in clusters at the root of the leaves, and the fruit is a red or purple cherrylike drupe, with sweet pulp, usually containing two pyrenes, commercially called ´beans´ or ´berries´. 3. The beverage made from the roasted and ground berry. “They have in Turkey a drink called coffee… . This drink comforteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion.
Bacon.” The use of coffee is said to have been introduced into England about 1650, when coffeehouses were opened in Oxford and London. Coffee bug (Zoöl.), a species of scale insect (Lecanium coffaea), often very injurious to the coffee tree. — Coffee rat (Zoöl.) See Musang.

Cof´fee•house , n. A house of entertainment, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments, and where men meet for conversation. “The coffeehouse must not be dismissed with a cursory mention. It might indeed, at that time, have been not improperly called a most important political institution… . The coffeehouses were the chief organs through which the public opinion of the metropolis vented itself… . Every man of the upper or middle class went daily to his coffeehouse to learn the news and discuss it. Every coffeehouse had one or more orators, to whose eloquence the crowd listened with admiration, and who soon became what the journalists of our own time have been called — a fourth estate of the realm.
Macaulay.”

Cof´fee•man , n. One who keeps a coffeehouse. Addison.

Cof´fee•pot , n. A covered pot in which coffee is prepared, or is brought upon the table for drinking.

Cof´fee•room , n. A public room where coffee and other refreshments may be obtained.

Cof´fer ( 115), n. [OF. cofre, F. coffre, L. cophinus basket, fr. Gr. . Cf. Coffin, n.] 1. A casket, chest, or trunk; especially, one used for keeping money or other valuables. Chaucer. “In ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns.
Shak.” 2. Fig.: Treasure or funds; — usually in the plural. “He would discharge it without any burden to the queen’s coffers, for honor sake.
Bacon.” “Hold, here is half my coffer.
Shak.” 3. (Arch.) A panel deeply recessed in the ceiling of a vault, dome, or portico; a caisson. 4. (Fort.) A trench dug in the bottom of a dry moat, and extending across it, to enable the besieged to defend it by a raking fire. 5. The chamber of a canal lock; also a caisson or a cofferdam. Coffer dam. (Engin.) See Cofferdam, in the Vocabulary. — Coffer fish. (Zoöl.) See Cowfish.

Cof´fer, v. t. 1. To put into a coffer. Bacon. 2. (Mining.) To secure from leaking, as a shaft, by ramming clay behind the masonry or timbering. Raymond. 3. To form with or in a coffer or coffers; to furnish with a coffer or coffers.

Cof´fer•dam , n. A water- tight inclosure, as of piles packed with clay, from which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the laying of foundations, building of piers, etc.

Cof´fer•er , n. One who keeps treasures in a coffer. [R.]

Cof´fer•work , n. (Masonry) Rubblework faced with stone. Knight.

Cof´fin ( 115), n. [OE., a basket, receptacle, OF. cofin, fr. L. cophinus. See Coffer, n.] 1. The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial. “They embalmed him [Joseph], and he was put in a coffin.
Gen. 1. 26.” 2. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif (matt. xiv. 20). 3. A casing or crust, or a mold, of pastry, as for a pie. “Of the paste a coffin I will rear.
Shak.” 4. A conical paper bag, used by grocers. [Obs.] Nares. 5. (Far.) The hollow crust or hoof of a horse’s foot, below the coronet, in which is the coffin bone. Coffin bone, the foot bone of the horse and allied animals, inclosed within the hoof, and corresponding to the third phalanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. — Coffin joint, the joint next above the coffin bone.

Cof´fin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coffined p. pr. & vb. n. Coffining.] To inclose in, or as in, a coffin. “Would’st thou have laughed, had I come coffined home?
Shak.” “Devotion is not coffined in a cell.
John Hall (1646).”

Cof´fin•less, a. Having no coffin.

Cof´fle ( 115), n. [Ar. kafala caravan.] A gang of negro slaves being driven to market.

Cog , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cogged p. pr. & vb. n. Cogging.] [Cf. W. coegio to make void, to beceive, from coeg empty, vain, foolish. Cf. Coax, v. t.] 1. To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat. [R.] “I’ll … cog their hearts from them.
Shak.” 2. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; as to cog in a word; to palm off. [R.] “Fustian tragedies … have, by concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces.
J. Dennis” “To cog a die, to load so as to direct its fall; to cheat in playing dice.
Swift.”

Cog , v. i. To deceive; to cheat; to play false; to lie; to wheedle; to cajole. “For guineas in other men’s breeches,
Your gamesters will palm and will cog.
Swift.”

Cog, n. A trick or deception; a falsehood. Wm. Watson.

Cog, n. [Cf. Sw. kugge a cog, or W. cocos the cogs of a wheel.] 1. (Mech.) A tooth, cam, or catch for imparting or receiving motion, as on a gear wheel, or a lifter or wiper on a shaft; originally, a separate piece of wood set in a mortise in the face of a wheel. 2. (Carp.) (a) A kind of tenon on the end of a joist, received into a notch in a bearing timber, and resting flush with its upper surface. (b) A tenon in a scarf joint; a coak. Knight. 3. (Mining.) One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine.

Cog, v. t. To furnish with a cog or cogs. Cogged breath sound (Auscultation), a form of interrupted respiration, in which the interruptions are very even, three or four to each inspiration. Quain.

Cog, n. [OE. cogge; cf. D. kog, Icel. kuggr Cf. Cock a boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Co´gen•cy , n. [See Cogent.] The quality of being cogent; power of compelling conviction; conclusiveness; force. “An antecedent argument of extreme cogency.
J. H. Newman.”

Co•ge´ni•al , a. Congenial. [Obs.]

Co´gent (ko´jent), a. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to drive together, to force; co- + agere to drive. See Agent, a., and cf. Coact to force, Coagulate, p. a.] 1. Compelling, in a physical sense; powerful. [Obs.] “The cogent force of nature.
Prior.” 2. Having the power to compel conviction or move the will; constraining; conclusive; forcible; powerful; not easily reasisted. “No better nor more cogent reason.
Dr. H. More.” “Proofs of the most cogent description.
Tyndall.” “The tongue whose strains were cogent as commands,
Revered at home, and felt in foreign lands.
Cowper.” Syn. — Forcible; powerful; potent; urgent; strong; persuasive; convincing; conclusive; influential.

Co´gent•ly, adv. In a cogent manner; forcibly; convincingly; conclusively. Locke.

Cog´ger (kog´ger), n. [From Cog to wheedle.] A flatterer or deceiver; a sharper.

Cog´ger•y, n. Trick; deception. Bp. Watson.

Cog´gle , n. [See Cog small boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Cog´gle, n. [Cf. Cobble a cobblestone.] A cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cog•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being cogitable; conceivableness.

Cog´i•ta•ble , a. [L. cogitabilis, fr. cogitare to think.] Capable of being brought before the mind as a thought or idea; conceivable; thinkable. “Creation is cogitable by us only as a putting forth of divine power.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Cog´i•ta•bund , a. [L. cogitabundus.] Full of thought; thoughtful. [R.] Leigh Hunt.

Cog´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cogitated p. pr. & vb. n. Cogitating.] [L. cogitatus, p. p. of cogitare to reflect upon, prob. fr. co- + the root of aio I say; hence, prop., to discuss with one’s self. Cf. Adage.] To engage in continuous thought; to think. “He that calleth a thing into his mind, whether by impression or recordation, cogitateth and considereth, and he that employeth the faculty of his fancy also cogitateth.
Bacon.”

Cog´i•tate, v. t. To think over; to plan. “He … is our witness, how we both day and night, revolving in our minds, did cogitate nothing more than how to satisfy the parts of a good pastor.
Foxe.”

Cog•i•ta´tion , n. [L. cogitatio: cf. F. cogitation.] The act of thinking; thought; meditation; contemplation. ´Fixed in cogitation deep.´ Milton.

Cog´i•ta•tive , a. [Cf. LL. cogitativus.] 1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the power of thinking or meditating. ´Cogitative faculties.´ Wollaston. 2. Given to thought or contemplation. Sir H. Wotton.

Cog´man , n. A dealer in cogware or coarse cloth. [Obs.] Wright.

Co´gnac , n. [F.] A kind of French brandy, so called from the town of Cognac.

Cog´nate , a. [L. cognatus; co- + gnatus, natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born. See Nation, and cf. Connate.] 1. Allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (Law), related on the mother’s side. 2. Of the same or a similar nature; of the same family; proceeding from the same stock or root; allied; kindred; as a cognate language.

Cog´nate, n. 1. (Law) One who is related to another on the female side. Wharton. 2. One of a number of things allied in origin or nature; as certain letters are cognates.

Cog´nate•ness, n. The state of being cognate.

Cog•na´ti , n. pl. [L.] (Law) Relatives by the mother’s side. Wharton.

Cog•na´tion , n. [L. cognatio.] 1. Relationship by blood; descent from the same original; kindred. “As by our cognation to the body of the first Adam.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Participation of the same nature. Sir T. Browne. “A like temper and cognation.
Sir K. Digby.” 3. (Law) That tie of consanguinity which exists between persons descended from the same mother; — used in distinction from agnation.

Cog•na´tus , n. [L., a kinsman.] (Law) A person connected through cognation. { Cog•ni•sor´ , Cog•ni•see } n. See Cognizor, Cognizee.

Cog•ni´tion , n. [L. cognitio, fr. cognoscere, cognitum, to become acquainted with, to know; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to get a knowledge of. See Know, v. t.] 1. The act of knowing; knowledge; perception. “I will not be myself nor have cognation
Of what I feel: I am all patience.
Shak.” 2. That which is known.

Cog´ni•tive , a. Knowing, or apprehending by the understanding; as cognitive power. South.

Cog´ni•za•ble (? or ), a. [F. connaissable, fr. connaître to know, L. cognoscere. See Cognition.] 1. Capable of being known or apprehended; as cognizable causes. 2. Fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation; capable of being judicially heard and determined. “Cognizable both in the ecclesiastical and secular courts.
Ayliffe.”

Cog´ni•za•bly, adv. In a cognizable manner.

Cog´ni•zance (? or 277), n. [OF. conissance, conoissance, F. connaissance, LL. cognoscentia, fr. L. cognoscere to know. See Cognition, and cf. Cognoscence, Connoisseur.] 1. Apprehension by the understanding; perception; observation. “Within the cognizance and lying under the control of their divine Governor.
Bp. Hurd” 2. Recollection; recognition. “Who, soon as on that knight his eye did glance,
Eftsoones of him had perfect cognizance.
Spenser.” 3. (Law) (a) Jurisdiction, or the power given by law to hear and decide controversies. (b) The hearing a matter judicially. (c) An acknowledgment of a fine of lands and tenements or confession of a thing done. [Eng.] (d) A form of defense in the action of replevin, by which the defendant insists that the goods were lawfully taken, as a distress, by defendant, acting as servant for another. [Eng.] Cowell. Mozley & W. 4. The distinguishing mark worn by an armed knight, usually upon the helmet, and by his retainers and followers: Hence, in general, a badge worn by a retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to which he belonged; a token by which a thing may be known. “Wearing the liveries and cognizance of their master.
Prescott.” “This pale and angry rose,
As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate.
Shak.”

Cog´ni•zant , a. [See Cognizance, and cf. Connusant.] Having cognizance or knowledge. (of).

Cog´nize , v. t. [Cf. Cognizant, Recognize.] To know or perceive; to recognize. “The reasoning faculty can deal with no facts until they are cognized by it.
H. Spencer.”

Cog•ni•zee´ , n. (Law) One to whom a fine of land was acknowledged. Blackstone.

Cog•ni•zor , n. [See Cognizance.] (Law) One who acknowledged the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine; the defendant. Blackstone.

Cog•no´men , n. [L.: co- + (g)nomen name.] 1. The last of the three names of a person among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family. 2. (Eng. Law) A surname.

Cog•nom´i•nal , a. Of or pertaining to a cognomen; of the nature of a surname.

Cog•nom´i•nal, n. One bearing the same name; a namesake. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cog•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. cognominatio.] A cognomen or surname. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Cog•nos´cence , n. [LL. cognoscentia. See Cognizance.] Cognizance. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Cog•nos•cen´te , n.; pl. Cognoscenti (#). [OIt. cognoscente, p. pr. of cognoscere, It. conoscere to know.] A connoisseur. Mason.

Cog•nos•ci•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being cognoscible. Cudworth.

Cog•nos´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being known. ´Matters intelligible and cognoscible.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. Liable to judicial investigation. Jer. Taylor.

Cog•nos´ci•tive , a. Having the power of knowing. [Obs.] ´An innate cognoscitive power.´ Cudworth.

Cog•no´vit , n. [L., he has acknowledged.] (Law) An instrument in writing whereby a defendant in an action acknowledges a plaintiff’s demand to be just. Mozley & W.

Co•guard´i•an , n. A joint guardian.

Cogue , n. [Cf. Cog a small boat.] A small wooden vessel; a pail. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Cog´ware , n. A coarse, narrow cloth, like frieze, used by the lower classes in the sixteenth century. Halliwell.

Cog´wheel , n. A wheel with cogs or teeth; a gear wheel. See Illust. of Gearing.

Co•hab´it , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohabiting.] [L. cohabitare; co- + habitare to dwell, to have possession of (a place), freg. of habere to have. See Habit, n. & v.] 1. To inhabit or reside in company, or in the same place or country. “The Philistines were worsted by the captived ark … : they were not able to cohabit with that holy thing.
South.” 2. To dwell or live together as husband and wife. “The law presumes that husband and wife cohabit together, even after a voluntary separation has taken place between them.
Bouvier.” By the common law as existing in the United States, marriage is presumed when a man and woman cohabit permanently together, being reputed by those who know them to be husband and wife, and admitting the relationship. Wharton.

Co•hab´it•ant , n. [L. cohabitans, p. pr.] One who dwells with another, or in the same place or country. “No small number of the Danes became peaceable cohabitants with the Saxons in England.
Sir W. Raleigh.”

Co•hab´i•ta´tion , n. [L. cohabitatio.] 1. The act or state of dwelling together, or in the same place with another. Feltham. 2. (Law) The living together of a man and woman in supposed sexual relationship. “That the duty of cohabitation is released by the cruelty of one of the parties is admitted.
Lord Stowell.”

Co•hab´it•er , n. A cohabitant. Hobbes.

Co•heir , n. A joint heir; one of two or more heirs; one of several entitled to an inheritance.

Co•heir´ess , n. A female heir who inherits with other heiresses; a joint heiress.

Co•heir´ship, n. The state of being a coheir.

Co•her´ald , n. A joint herald.

Co•here´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohered p. pr. & vb. n. Cohering ] [L. cohaerere, cohaesum; co- + haerere to stick, adhere. See Aghast, a.] 1. To stick together; to cleave; to be united; to hold fast, as parts of the same mass. “Neither knows he … how the solid parts of the body are united or cohere together.
Locke.” 2. To be united or connected together in subordination to one purpose; to follow naturally and logically, as the parts of a discourse, or as arguments in a train of reasoning; to be logically consistent. “They have been inserted where they best seemed to cohere.
Burke.” 3. To suit; to agree; to fit. [Obs.] “Had time cohered with place, or place with wishing.
Shak.” Syn. — To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit; be consistent. { Co•her´ence , Co•her´en•cy }, n. [L. cohaerentia: cf. F. coherence.] 1. A sticking or cleaving together; union of parts of the same body; cohesion. 2. Connection or dependence, proceeding from the subordination of the parts of a thing to one principle or purpose, as in the parts of a discourse, or of a system of philosophy; consecutiveness. “Coherence of discourse, and a direct tendency of all the parts of it to the argument in hand, are most eminently to be found in him.
Locke.”

Co•her´ent , a. [L. cohaerens, p. pr. See Cohere.] 1. Sticking together; cleaving; as the parts of bodies; solid or fluid. Arbuthnot. 2. Composed of mutually dependent parts; making a logical whole; consistent; as a coherent plan, argument, or discourse. 3. Logically consistent; — applied to persons; as a coherent thinker. Watts. 4. Suitable or suited; adapted; accordant. [Obs.] “Instruct my daughter how she shall persever,
That time and place, with this deceit so lawful,
May prove coherent.
Shak.”

Co•her´ent•ly, adv. In a coherent manner.

Co•he•si•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being cohesible. Good.

Co•he´si•ble , a. Capable of cohesion.

Co•he´sion , n. [Cf. F. cohesion. See Cohere.] 1. The act or state of sticking together; close union. 2. (Physics) That from of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass, whether like or unlike; — distinguished from adhesion, which unites bodies by their adjacent surfaces. “Solids and fluids differ in the degree of cohesion, which, being increased, turns a fluid into a solid.
Arbuthnot.” 3. Logical agreement and dependence; as the cohesion of ideas. Locke.

Co•he´sive , a. 1. Holding the particles of a homogeneous body together; as cohesive attraction; producing cohesion; as a cohesive force. 2. Cohering, or sticking together, as in a mass; capable of cohering; tending to cohere; as cohesive clay. Cohesive attraction. See under Attraction. — Co•he´sive•ly, adv. — Co•he´sive•ness, n.

Co•hib´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohibiting.] [L. cohibitus, p. p. of cohibere to confine; co- + habere to hold.] To restrain. [Obs.] Bailey.

Co•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. cohibitio.] Hindrance; restraint. [Obs.]

Co•ho•bate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohobating.] [LL. cohobare; prob. of Arabic origin: cf. F. cohober.] (Anc. Chem.) To repeat the distillation of, pouring the liquor back upon the matter remaining in the vessel. Arbuthnot.

Co•ho•ba´tion , n. [Cf. F. cohobation.] (Anc. Chem.) The process of cohobating. Grew.

Co´horn , n. (Mil.) See Coehorn.

Co´hort , n. [L. cohors, prop. an inclosure: cf. F. cohorte. See Court, n.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of about five or six hundred soldiers; the tenth part of a legion. 2. Any band or body of warriors. “With him the cohort bright
Of watchful cherubim.
Milton.” 3. (Bot.) A natural group of orders of plants, less comprehensive than a class.

Co´hosh , n. (Bot.) A perennial American herb (Caulophyllum thalictroides), whose rootstock is used in medicine; — also called pappoose root. The name is sometimes also given to the Cimicifuga racemosa, and to two species of Actaea, plants of the Crowfoot family.

Coif (koif), n. [OF. coife, F. coiffe, LL. cofea, cuphia, fr. OHG. kuppa, kuppha, miter, perh. fr. L. cupa tub. See Cup, n.; but cf. also Cop, Cuff the article of dress, Quoif, n.] A cap. Specifically: (a) A close-fitting cap covering the sides of the head, like a small hood without a cape. (b) An official headdress, such as that worn by certain judges in England. [Written also quoif.] “From point and saucy ermine down
To the plain coif and russet gown.
H. Brocke.” “The judges, … althout they are not of the first magnitude, nor need be of the degree of the coif, yet are they considerable.
Bacon.”

Coif (koif), v. t. [Cf. F. coiffer.] To cover or dress with, or as with, a coif. “And coif me, where I’m bald, with flowers.
J. G. Cooper.”

Coifed (koift), a. Wearing a coif.

Coif´fure , n. [F., fr. coiffer. See Coif.] A headdress, or manner of dressing the hair. Addison.

Coigne (koin), n. [See Coin, n.] A quoin. “See you yound coigne of the Capitol? yon corner stone?
Shak.” { Coigne , Coign´y } n. The practice of quartering one’s self as landlord on a tenant; a quartering of one’s self on anybody. [Ireland] Spenser.

Coil (koil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coiled (koild); p. pr. & vb. n. Coiling.] [OF. coillir, F. cueillir, to collect, gather together, L. coligere; col- + legere to gather. See Legend, and cf. Cull, v. t., Collect.] 1. To wind cylindrically or spirally; as to coil a rope when not in use; the snake coiled itself before springing. 2. To encircle and hold with, or as with, coils. [Obs. or R.] T. Edwards.

Coil, v. i. To wind itself cylindrically or spirally; to form a coil; to wind; — often with about or around. “You can see his flery serpents …
Coiting, playing in the water.
Longfellow.”

Coil, n. 1. A ring, series of rings, or spiral, into which a rope, or other like thing, is wound. “The wild grapevines that twisted their coils from trec to tree.
W. Irving.” 2. Fig.: Entanglement; toil; mesh; perplexity. 3. A series of connected pipes in rows or layers, as in a steam heating apparatus. Induction coil. (Elec.) See under Induction. — Ruhmkorff’s coil (Elec.), an induction coil, sometimes so called from Ruhmkorff , a prominent manufacturer of the apparatus.

Coil, n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. goil fume, rage.] A noise, tumult, bustle, or confusion. [Obs.] Shak.

Coi´lon , n. [F. See Cullion.] A testicle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coin (koin), n. [F. coin, formerly also coing, wedge, stamp, corner, fr. L. cuneus wedge; prob. akin to E. cone, hone. See Hone, n., and cf. Coigne, Quoin, Cuneiform.] 1. A quoin; a corner or external angle; a wedge. See Coigne, and Quoin. 2. A piece of metal on which certain characters are stamped by government authority, making it legally current as money; — much used in a collective sense. “It is alleged that it [a subsidy] exceeded all the current coin of the realm.
Hallam.” 3. That which serves for payment or recompense. “The loss of present advantage to flesh and blood is repaid in a nobler coin.
Hammond.” Coin balance. See Illust. of Balance. — To pay one in his own coin, to return to one the same kind of injury or ill treatment as has been received from him. [Colloq.]

Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coined (koind); p. pr. & vb. n. Coining.] 1. To make of a definite fineness, and convert into coins, as a mass of metal; to mint; to manufacture; as to coin silver dollars; to coin a medal. 2. To make or fabricate; to invent; to originate; as to coin a word. “Some tale, some new pretense, he daily coined,
To soothe his sister and delude her mind.
Dryden.” 3. To acquire rapidly, as money; to make. “Tenants cannot coin rent just at quarter day.
Locke.”

Coin, v. i. To manufacture counterfeit money. “They cannot touch me for coining.
Shak.”

Coin´age , n. [From Coin, v. t., cf. Cuinage.] 1. The act or process of converting metal into money. “The care of the coinage was committed to the inferior magistrates.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Coins; the aggregate coin of a time or place. 3. The cost or expense of coining money. 4. The act or process of fabricating or inventing; formation; fabrication; that which is fabricated or forged. ´Unnecessary coinage … of words.´ Dryden. “This is the very coinage of your brain.
Shak.”

Co•in•cide´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coincided p. pr. & vb. n. Coinciding.] [L. co- + incidere to fall on; in + cadere to fall: cf. F. coïncider. See Chance, n.] 1. To occupy the same place in space, as two equal triangles, when placed one on the other. “If the equator and the ecliptic had coincided, it would have rendered the annual revoluton of the earth useless.
Cheyne.” 2. To occur at the same time; to be contemporaneous; as the fall of Granada coincided with the discovery of America. 3. To correspond exactly; to agree; to concur; as our aims coincide. “The rules of right jugdment and of good ratiocination often coincide with each other.
Watts.”

Co•in´ci•dence (ko•in´si•dens), n. [Cf. F. coïncidence.] 1. The condition of occupying the same place in space; as the coincidence of circles, surfaces, etc. Bentley. 2. The condition or fact of happening at the same time; as the coincidence of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 3. Exact correspondence in nature, character, result, circumstances, etc.; concurrence; agreement. “The very concurrence and coincidence of so many evidences … carries a great weight.
Sir M. Hale.” “Those who discourse … of the nature of truth … affirm a perfect coincidence between truth and goodness.
South.”

Co•in´ci•den•cy , n. Coincidence. [R.]

Co•in´ci•dent (ko•in´si•dent), a. [Cf. F. coïncident.] Having coincidence; occupying the same place; contemporaneous; concurrent; — followed by with. “Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly suitable to, and coincident with, the ruling principles of a virtuous and well-inclined man.
South.”

Co•in´ci•dent , n. One of two or more coincident events; a coincidence. [R.] ´Coincidents and accidents.´ Froude.

Co•in•ci•den´tal , a. Coincident.

Co•in´ci•dent•ly , adv. With coincidence.

Co•in•cid´er , n. One who coincides with another in an opinion.

Co•in•di•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. coïdication.] One of several signs or symptoms indicating the same fact; as a coindication of disease.

Coin´er , n. 1. One who makes or stamps coin; a maker of money; — usually, a maker of counterfeit money. “Precautions such as are employed by coiners and receivers of stolen goods.
Macaulay.” 2. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden.

Co•in•hab´it•ant , n. One who dwells with another, or with others. ´Coinhabitants of the same element.´ Dr. H. More.

Co•in•here´ , v. i. To inhere or exist together, as in one substance. Sir W. Hamilton.

Co•in•her´it•ance , n. Joint inheritance.

Co•in•her´it•or , n. A coheir.

Co•in•i´tial , a. (Math.) Having a common beginning.

Co•in´qui•nate , v. t. [L. coinquinatus, p. p. of coinquinare to defile. See Inquinate.] To pollute. [Obs.] Skelton.

Co•in•qui•na´tion , n. Defilement. [Obs.]

Co•in´stan•ta´ne•ous , a. Happening at the same instant. C. Darwin.

Co•intense´ , a. Equal in intensity or degree; as the relations between 6 and 12, and 8 and 16, are cointense. H. Spencer.

Co•in•ten´sion , n. The condition of being of equal in intensity; — applied to relations; as 3:6 and 6:12 are relations of cointension. “Cointension … is chosen indicate the equality of relations in respect of the contrast between their terms.
H. Spencer.”

Coir (koir), n. [Tamil kayiru.] 1. A material for cordage, matting, etc., consisting of the prepared fiber of the outer husk of the cocoanut. Homans. 2. Cordage or cables, made of this material.

Cois´tril , n. [Prob. from OF. coustillier groom or lad. Cf. Custrel.] 1. An inferior groom or lad employed by an esquire to carry the knight’s arms and other necessaries. [Written also coistrel.] 2. A mean, paltry fellow; a coward. [Obs.] Shak.

Coit (koit), n. [See Quoit.] A quoit. [Obs.] Carew.

Coit, v. t. To throw, as a stone. [Obs.] See Quoit.

Co•i´tion , n. [L. coitio, fr. coire to come together; co- + ire to go.] A coming together; sexual intercourse; copulation. Grew.

Co•join´ , v. t. To join; to conjoin. [R.] Shak.

Co•ju´ror , n. One who swears to another’s credibility. W. Wotton.

Coke , n. [Perh. akin to cake, n.] Mineral coal charred, or depriver of its bitumen, sulphur, or other volatile matter by roasting in a kiln or oven, or by distillation, as in gas works. It is lagerly used where smokeless fire is required. [Written also coak.] Gas coke, the coke formed in gas retorts, as distinguished from that made in ovens.

Coke, v. t. To convert into coke.

Coke´nay , n. A cockney. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Co´ker•nut , n. (Com.) The cocoanut. A mode of spelling introduced by the London customhouse to distinguish more widely between this and other articles spelt much in the same manner.

Cokes , n. [OE. Cf. Coax.] A simpleton; a gull; a dupe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Coke´wold , n. Cuckold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Col- . A prefix signifying with, together. See Com-.

Col , n. [F., neck, fr. L. collum neck.] A short ridge connecting two higher elevations or mountains; the pass over such a ridge.

Co•la´bor•er , n. One who labors with another; an associate in labor.

Col´an•der , n. [L. colans, -antis, p. pr. of colare to filter, to strain, fr. colum a strainer. Cf. Cullis, Culvert.] A utensil with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquids, mashed vegetable pulp, etc.; a strainer of wickerwork, perforated metal, or the like.

Co•la´tion , n. [See Colander.] The act or process of straining or filtering. [R.]

Co•lat´i•tude ( 134), n. [Formed like cosine. See Cosine.] The complement of the latitude, or the difference between any latitude and ninety degrees.

Col´a•ture ( 135), n. [L. colatura, from colare: cf. F. colature. See Colander.] The process of straining; the matter strained; a strainer. [R.]

Col´ber•tine , n. [From Jean Baptiste Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV., who encouraged the lace manufacture in France.] A kind of lace. [Obs.] “Pinners edged with colbertine.
Swift.” “Difference rose between
Mechlin, the queen of lace, and colbertine.
Young.”

Col´chi•cine , n. [Cf. F. colchicine.] (Chem.) A powerful vegetable alkaloid, C17H19NO5, extracted from the Colchicum autumnale, or meadow saffron, as a white or yellowish amorphous powder, with a harsh, bitter taste; — called also colchicia.

Col´chi•cum , n. [L., a plant with a poisonous root, fr. Colchicus Colchian, fr. Colchis, Gr. , an ancient province in Asia, east of the Black Sea, where was the home of Media the sorceress.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous-rooted plants found in many parts of Europe, including the meadow saffron. Preparations made from the poisonous bulbs and seeds, and perhaps from the flowers, of the Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron) are used as remedies for gout and rheumatism.

Col´co•thar (kol´ko•ther), n. [NL. colcothar vitrioli, fr. Ar. qolqotar.] (Chem.) Polishing rouge; a reddish brown oxide of iron, used in polishing glass, and also as a pigment; — called also crocus Martis.

Cold (kold), a. [Compar. Colder (-er); superl. Coldest.] [OE. cold, cald, AS. cald, ceald; akin to OS. kald, D. koud, G. kalt, Icel. kaldr, Dan. kold, Sw. kall, Goth. kalds, L. gelu frost, gelare to freeze. Orig. p. p. of AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala to freeze. Cf. Cool, a., Chill, n.] 1. Deprived of heat, or having a low temperature; not warm or hot; gelid; frigid. ´The snowy top of cold Olympis.´ Milton. 2. Lacking the sensation of warmth; suffering from the absence of heat; chilly; shivering; as to be cold. 3. Not pungent or acrid. ´Cold plants.´ Bacon 4. Wanting in ardor, intensity, warmth, zeal, or passion; spiritless; unconcerned; reserved. “A cold and unconcerned spectator.
T. Burnet.” “No cold relation is a zealous citizen.
Burke.” 5. Unwelcome; disagreeable; unsatisfactory. ´Cold news for me.´ ´Cold comfort.´ Shak. 6. Wanting in power to excite; dull; uninteresting. “What a deal of cold business doth a man misspend the better part of life in!
B. Jonson.” “The jest grows cold … when in comes on in a second scene.
Addison.” 7. Affecting the sense of smell (as of hunting dogs) but feebly; having lost its odor; as a cold scent. 8. Not sensitive; not acute. “Smell this business with a sense as cold
As is a dead man’s nose.
Shak.” 9. Distant; — said, in the game of hunting for some object, of a seeker remote from the thing concealed. 10. (Paint.) Having a bluish effect. Cf. Warm, 8. Cold abscess. See under Abscess. — Cold blast See under Blast, n., 2. — Cold blood. See under Blood, n., 8. — Cold chill, an ague fit. Wright. — Cold chisel, a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for cutting cold metal. Weale. — Cold cream. See under Cream. — Cold slaw. See Cole slaw. — In cold blood, without excitement or passion; deliberately. “He was slain in cold blood after the fight was over.
Sir W. Scott.” To give one the cold shoulder, to treat one with neglect. Syn. — Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent; unconcerned; passionless; reserved; unfeeling; stoical.

Cold, n. 1. The relative absence of heat or warmth. 2. The sensation produced by the escape of heat; chilliness or chillness. “When she saw her lord prepared to part,
A deadly cold ran shivering to her heart.
Dryden.” 3. (Med.) A morbid state of the animal system produced by exposure to cold or dampness; a catarrh. Cold sore (Med.), a vesicular eruption appearing about the mouth as the result of a cold, or in the course of any disease attended with fever. — To leave one out in the cold, to overlook or neglect him. [Colloq.]

Cold, v. i. To become cold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cold´-blood•ed , a. 1. Having cold blood; — said of fish or animals whose blood is but little warmer than the water or air about them. 2. Deficient in sensibility or feeling; hard-hearted. 3. Not thoroughbred; — said of animals, as horses, which are derived from the common stock of a country.

Cold´finch , n. (Zoöl.) A British wagtail.

Cold´-heart•ed , a. Wanting passion or feeling; indifferent. — Cold´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Cold´ish , a. Somewhat cold; cool; chilly.

Cold´ly, adv. In a cold manner; without warmth, animation, or feeling; with indifference; calmly. “Withdraw unto some private place,
And reason coldly of your grievances.
Shak.”

Cold´ness, n. The state or quality of being cold.

Cold´-short , a. Brittle when cold; as cold-short iron.

Cold´-shut , a. (Metal.) Closed while too cold to become thoroughly welded; — said of a forging or casting. — n. An imperfection caused by such insufficient welding.

Cole , n. [OE. col, caul, AS. cawl, cawel, fr. L. caulis, the stalk or stem of a plant, esp. a cabbage stalk, cabbage, akin to Gr. . Cf. Cauliflower, Kale.] (Bot.) A plant of the Brassica or Cabbage genus; esp. that form of B. oleracea called rape and coleseed.

Co-leg•a•tee´ , n. A joint legatee.

Cole´goose , n. (Zoöl.) See Coalgoose.

Cole´man•ite , n. [From W.T. Coleman of San Francisco.] (Min.) A hydrous borate of lime occurring in transparent colorless or white crystals, also massive, in Southern California.

Cole´mouse , n. (Zoöl.) See Coletit.

Co•le•op´ter , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Coleoptera.

Co•le•op´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sheath-winged; sheath + wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects having the anterior pair of wings (elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the posterior pair, which are membranous, and folded transversely under the others when not in use. The mouth parts form two pairs of jaws (mandibles and maxillae) adapted for chewing. Most of the Coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils. { Co•le•op´ter•al , Co•le•op´ter•ous } a. [Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Having wings covered with a case or sheath; belonging to the Coleoptera.

Co•le•op´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the order of Coleoptera.

Co•le•op´ter•ist, n. One versed in the study of the Coleoptera.

Co•le•o•rhi´za , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sheath + root.] A sheath in the embryo of grasses, inclosing the caulicle. Gray.

Cole´perch , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of small black perch.

Col´e•ra , n. [L. cholera. See Choler.] Bile; choler. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cole•ridg´i•an , a. Pertaining to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, or to his poetry or metaphysics.

Cole´seed , n. The common rape or cole.

Cole´slaw , n. [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.] A salad made of sliced cabbage.

Co•-les•see´ , n. A partner in a lease taken.

Co•-les•sor´ , n. A partner in giving a lease.

Cole´staff , n. See Colstaff. { Col´et , Col´let }[Corrupted fr. acolyte.] An inferior church servant. [Obs.] See Acolyte. { Cole´tit• Coal´tit } n. (Zoöl.) A small European titmouse (Parus ater), so named from its black color; — called also coalmouse and colemouse.

Co´le•us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a sheath; — referring to the manner in which the stamens are united.] (Bot.) A plant of several species of the Mint family, cultivated for its bright-colored or variegated leaves.

Cole´wort , n. [AS. cawlwyrt; cawl cole + wyrt wort. Cf. Collards.] 1. A variety of cabbage in which the leaves never form a compact head. 2. Any white cabbage before the head has become firm.

Col´fox , n. A crafty fox. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Col´ic , n. [F. colique, fr. L. colicus sick with the colic, GR. , fr. , , the colon. The disease is so named from its being seated in or near the colon. See Colon.] (Med.) A severe paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, obstruction, or distention of some one of the hollow viscera. Hepatic colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a gallstone from the liver or gall bladder through the bile duct. — Intestinal colic, or Ordinary colic, pain due to distention of the intestines by gas. — Lead colic, Painter’s colic, a violent form of intestinal colic, associated with obstinate constipation, produced by chronic lead poisoning. — Renal colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a calculus from the kidney through the ureter. — Wind colic. See Intestinal colic, above.

Col´ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to colic; affecting the bowels. Milton. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the colon; as the colic arteries.

Col´ic•al , a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, colic. Swift.

Col´ick•y , a. Pertaining to, or troubled with, colic; as a colicky disorder.

Col´ic•root , n. A bitter American herb of the Bloodwort family, with the leaves all radical, and the small yellow or white flowers in a long spike (Aletris farinosa and A. aurea). Called sometimes star grass, blackroot, blazing star, and unicorn root.

Col´in , n. [F. colin; prop. a dim. of Colas, contr. fr. Nicolas Nicholas.] (Zoöl.) The American quail or bobwhite. The name is also applied to other related species. See Bobwhite.

Col•i•se´um , n. [NL. (cf. It. coliseo, colosseo), fr. L. colosseus colossal, fr. colossus a colossus. See Colossus, and cf. Colosseum.] The amphitheater of Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world. [Written also Colosseum.]

Co•li´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the large intestine, esp. of its mucous membrane; colonitis.

Coll , v. t. [OF. coler, fr. L. collum neck.] To embrace. [Obs.] ´They coll and kiss him.´ Latimer.

Col•la•bo•ra•teur´ , n. [F.] See Collaborator.

Col•lab•o•ra´tion , n. The act of working together; united labor.

Col•lab´o•ra•tor , n. [L. collaborare to labor together; col- + laborare to labor: cf. F. collaborateur.] An associate in labor, especially in literary or scientific labor.

Col´la•gen , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of ordinary connective tissue, as of tendons or sinews and of bone. On being boiled in water it becomes gelatin or glue.

Col•lag´e•nous , a. (Physiol.) Containing or resembling collagen.

Col•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Collapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Collapsing] [L. collapsus, p. p. of collabi to collapse; col- + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.] 1. To fall together suddenly, as the sides of a hollow vessel; to close by falling or shrinking together; to have the sides or parts of (a thing) fall in together, or be crushed in together; as a flue in the boiler of a steam engine sometimes collapses. “A balloon collapses when the gas escapes from it.
Maunder.” 2. To fail suddenly and completely, like something hollow when subject to too much pressure; to undergo a collapse; as Maximilian’s government collapsed soon after the French army left Mexico; many financial projects collapse after attaining some success and importance.

Col•lapse´ , n. 1. A falling together suddenly, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. 2. A sudden and complete failure; an utter failure of any kind; a breakdown. [Colloq.] 3. (Med.) Extreme depression or sudden failing of all the vital powers, as the result of disease, injury, or nervous disturbance.

Col•lap´sion , n. [L. collapsio.] Collapse. [R.] Johnson.

Col´lar , n. [OE. coler, coller, OF. colier, F. collier, necklace, collar, fr. OF. col neck, F. cou, fr. L. collum; akin to AS. heals, G. & Goth. hals. Cf. Hals, n.] 1. Something worn round the neck, whether for use, ornament, restraint, or identification; as the collar of a coat; a lady’s collar; the collar of a dog. 2. (Arch.) (a) A ring or cincture. (b) A collar beam. 3. (Bot.) The neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem. Gray. 4. An ornament worn round the neck by knights, having on it devices to designate their rank or order. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) A ringlike part of a mollusk in connection with esophagus. (b) A colored ring round the neck of a bird or mammal. 6. (Mech.) A ring or round flange upon, surrounding, or against an object, and used for restraining motion within given limits, or for holding something to its place, or for hiding an opening around an object; as a collar on a shaft, used to prevent endwise motion of the shaft; a collar surrounding a stovepipe at the place where it enters a wall. The flanges of a piston and the gland of a stuffing box are sometimes called collars. 7. (Naut.) An eye formed in the bight or bend of a shroud or stay to go over the masthead; also a rope to which certain parts of rigging, as dead-eyes, are secured. 8. (Mining) A curb, or a horizontal timbering, around the mouth of a shaft. Raymond. Collar beam (Arch.), a horizontal piece of timber connecting and tying together two opposite rafters; — also called simply collar. — Collar of brawn, the quantity of brawn bound up in one parcel. [Eng.] Johnson. — Collar day, a day of great ceremony at the English court, when persons, who are dignitaries of honorary orders, wear the collars of those orders. — To slip the collar, to get free; to disentangle one’s self from difficulty, labor, or engagement. Spenser.

Col´lar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collared p. pr. & vb. n. Collaring.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. To put a collar on. To collar beef (or other meat), to roll it up, and bind it close with a string preparatory to cooking it.

Col´lar bone (Anat.) The clavicle.

Col´lards , n. pl. [Corrupted fr. colewort.] Young cabbage, used as ´greens´; esp. a kind cultivated for that purpose; colewort. [Colloq. Souther U. S.]

Col´lared , a. 1. Wearing a collar. ´Collared with gold.´ Chaucer. 2. (Her.) Wearing a collar; — said of a man or beast used as a bearing when a collar is represented as worn around the neck or loins. 3. Rolled up and bound close with a string; as collared beef. See To collar beef, under Collar, v. t.

Col•lat´a•ble , a. Capable of being collated. Coleridge.

Col•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collated; p. pr. & vb. n. Collating.] [From Collation.] 1. To compare critically, as books or manuscripts, in order to note the points of agreement or disagreement. “I must collage it, word, with the original Hebrew.
Coleridge.” 2. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding. 3. (Eccl.) To present and institute in a benefice, when the person presenting is both the patron and the ordinary; — followed by to. 4. To bestow or confer. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Col•late´, v. i. (Ecl.) To place in a benefice, when the person placing is both the patron and the ordinary. “If the bishop neglets to collate within six months, the right to do it devolves on the archbishop.
Encyc. Brit.”

Col•lat´er•al , a. [LL. collateralis; col- + lateralis lateral. See Lateral.] 1. Coming from, being on, or directed toward, the side; as collateral pressure. ´Collateral light.´ Shak. 2. Acting in an indirect way. “If by direct or by collateral hand
They find us touched, we will our kingdom give …
To you in satisfaction.
Shak.” 3. Related to, but not strictly a part of, the main thing or matter under consideration; hence, subordinate; not chief or principal; as collateral interest; collateral issues. “That he [Attebury] was altogether in the wrong on the main question, and on all the collateral questions springing out of it, … is true.
Macaulay.” 4. Tending toward the same conclusion or result as something else; additional; as collateral evidence. “Yet the attempt may give
Collateral interest to this homely tale.
Wordsworth.” 5. (Genealogy) Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not in the same line or branch or one from the other; — opposed to lineal. Lineal descendants proceed one from another in a direct line; collateral relations spring from a common ancestor, but from different branches of that common stirps or stock. Thus the children of brothers are collateral relations, having different fathers, but a common grandfather. Blackstone. Collateral assurance, that which is made, over and above the deed itself. — Collateral circulation (Med. & Physiol.), circulation established through indirect or subordinate branches when the supply through the main vessel is obstructed. — Collateral issue. (Law) (a) An issue taken upon a matter aside from the merits of the case. (b) An issue raised by a criminal convict who pleads any matter allowed by law in bar of execution, as pardon, diversity of person, etc. (c) A point raised, on cross-examination, aside from the issue fixed by the pleadings, as to which the answer of the witness, when given, cannot subsequently be contradicted by the party asking the question. — Collateral security, security for the performance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal security,

Col•lat´er•al , n. 1. A collateral relative. Ayliffe. 2. Collateral security; that which is pledged or deposited as collateral security.

Col•lat´er•al•ly, adv. 1. Side by side; by the side. “These pulleys … placed collaterally.
Bp. Wilkins.” 2. In an indirect or subordinate manner; indirectly. “The will hath force upon the conscience collaterally and indirectly.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. In collateral relation; not lineally.

Col•lat´er•al•ness, n. The state of being collateral.

Col•la´tion , n. [OE. collacioun speech, conference, reflection, OF. collacion, F. collation, fr. L. collatio a bringing together, comparing, fr. collatum (used as the supine of conferre); col- + latium (used as the supine of ferre to bear), for tlatum. See Tolerate, v. t.] 1. The act of collating or comparing; a comparison of one copy er thing (as of a book, or manuscript) with another of a like kind; comparison, in general. Pope. 2. (Print.) The gathering and examination of sheets preparatory to binding. 3. The act of conferring or bestowing. [Obs.] “Not by the collation of the king … but by the people.
Bacon.” 4. A conference. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. (Eccl. Law) The presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift. 6. (Law) (a) The act of comparing the copy of any paper with its original to ascertain its conformity. (b) The report of the act made by the proper officers. 7. (Scots Law) The right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and movable estates of the deceased into one mass, and sharing it equally with others who are of the same degree of kindred. This also obtains in the civil law, and is found in the code of Louisiana. Bouvier. 8. (Eccles.) A collection of the Lives of the Fathers or other devout work read daily in monasteries. 9. A light repast or luncheon; as a cold collation; — first applied to the refreshment on fast days that accompanied the reading of the collation in monasteries. “A collation of wine and sweetmeats.
Whiston.” Collation of seals (Old Law), a method of ascertaining the genuinendss of a$seal by’compariog it with another known to be genuine. Bouvier.

Col•la´tion, v. i. To partake of a collation. [Obs.] “May 20, 1658, I … collationed in Spring Garden.
Evelyn.”

Col•la´tion•er , n. (Print.) One who examines the sheets of a book that has just been printed, to ascertain whether they are correctly printed, paged, etc. [Eng.]

Col•la•ti´tious , a. [L. collatitius. See Collation.] Brought together; contributed; done by contributions. [Obs.] Bailey.

Col•la´tive , a. [L. collativus brought together. ] Passing or held by collation; — said of livings of which the bishop and the patron are the same person.

Col•la´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who collates manuscripts, books, etc. Addison. 2. (Eccl. Law) One who collates to a benefice. 3. One who confers any benefit. [Obs.] Feltham.

Col•laud´ , v. t. [L. collaudare; col- + laudare to praise.] To join in praising. [Obs.] Howell.

Col´league (kol´leg), n. [F. collègue, L. collega one chosen at the same time with another, a partner in office; col- + legare to send or choose as deputy. See Legate.] A partner or associate in some civil or ecclesiastical office or employment. It is never used of partners in trade or manufactures. Syn. — Helper; assistant; coadjutor; ally; associate; companion; confederate.

Col•league´ (kol•leg´), v. t. & i. To unite or associate with another or with others. [R.] Shak.

Col´league•ship, n. Partnership in office. Milton.

Col•lect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collected; p. pr. & vb. n. Collecting.] [L. collecrus, p. p. of collerige to bind together; col- + legere to gather: cf. OF. collecter. See Legend, and cf. Coil, v. t., Cull, v. t.] 1. To gather into one body or place; to assemble or bring together; to obtain by gathering. “A band of men
Collected choicely from each country.
Shak.” “’Tis memory alone that enriches the mind, by preserving what our labor and industry daily collect.
Watts.” 2. To demand and obtain payment of, as an account, or other indebtedness; as to collect taxes. 3. To infer from observed facts; to conclude from premises. [Archaic.] Shak. “Which sequence, I conceive, is very ill collected.
Locke.” To collect one’s self, to recover from surprise, embarrassment, or fear; to regain self- control. Syn. — To gather; assemble; congregate; muster; accumulate; garner; aggregate; amass; infer; deduce.

Col•lect´, v. i. 1. To assemble together; as the people collected in a crowd; to accumulate; as snow collects in banks. 2. To infer; to conclude. [Archaic] “Whence some collect that the former word imports a plurality of persons.
South.”

Col´lect, n. [LL. collecta, fr. L. collecta a collection in money; an assemblage, fr. collerige: cf. F. collecte. See Collect, v. t.] A short, comprehensive prayer, adapted to a particular day, occasion, or condition, and forming part of a liturgy. “The noble poem on the massacres of Piedmont is strictly a collect in verse.
Macaulay.”

Col•lec•ta´ne•a , n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. collectaneus collected, fr. colligere. See Collect, v. t.] Passages selected from various authors, usually for purposes of instruction; miscellany; anthology.

Col•lect´ed , a. 1. Gathered together. 2. Self-possessed; calm; composed.

Col•lect´ed•ly, adv. Composedly; coolly.

Col•lect´ed•ness, n. A collected state of the mind; self-possession.

Col•lect´i•ble , a. Capable of being collected.

Col•lec´tion , n. [L. collectio: cf. F. collection.] 1. The act or process of collecting or of gathering; as the collection of specimens. 2. That which is collected; as: (a) A gathering or assemblage of objects or of persons. ´A collection of letters.´ Macaulay. (b) A gathering of money for charitable or other purposes, as by passing a contribution box for freewill offerings. ´The collection for the saints.´ 1 Cor. xvi. 1 (c) (Usually in pl.) That which is obtained in payment of demands. (d) An accumulation of any substance. ´Collections of moisture.´ Whewell. ´A purulent collection.´ Dunglison. 3. The act of inferring or concluding from premises or observed facts; also that which is inferred. [Obs.] “We may safely say thus, that wrong collections have been hitherto made out of those words by modern divines.
Milton.” 4. The jurisdiction of a collector of excise. [Eng.] Syn. — Gathering; assembly; assemblage; group; crowd; congregation; mass; heap; compilation.

Col•lec´tion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to collecting. “The first twenty-five [years] must have been wasted for collectional purposes.
H. A. Merewether.”

Col•lect´ive , a. [L. collectivus: cf. F. collectif.] 1. Formed by gathering or collecting; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; congregated or aggregated; as the collective body of a nation. Bp. Hoadley. 2. Deducing consequences; reasoning; inferring. [Obs.] ´Critical and collective reason.´ Sir T. Browne. 3. (Gram.) Expressing a collection or aggregate of individuals, by a singular form; as a collective name or noun, like assembly, army, jury, etc. 4. Tending to collect; forming a collection. “Local is his throne … to fix a point,
A central point, collective of his sons.
Young.” 5. Having plurality of origin or authority; as in diplomacy, a note signed by the representatives of several governments is called a collective note. Collective fruit (Bot.), that which is formed from a mass of flowers, as the mulberry, pineapple, and the like; — called also multiple fruit. Gray.

Col•lect´ive, n. (Gram.) A collective noun or name.

Col•lect´ive•ly, adv. In a mass, or body; in a collected state; in the aggregate; unitedly.

Col•lect´ive•ness, n. A state of union; mass.

Col•lect´iv•ism , n. [Cf. F. collectivisme.] (Polit. Econ.) The doctrine that land and capital should be owned by society collectively or as a whole; communism. W. G. Summer.

Col•lect´iv•ist, n. [Cf. F. collectiviste.] An advocate of collectivism. — a. Relating to, or characteristic of, collectivism.

Col•lect´or , n. [LL. collector one who collects: cf. F. collecteur.] 1. One who collects things which are separate; esp., one who makes a business or practice of collecting works of art, objects in natural history, etc.; as a collector of coins. “I digress into Soho to explore a bookstall. Methinks I have been thirty years a collector.
Lamb.” 2. A compiler of books; one who collects scattered passages and puts them together in one book. “Volumes without the collector’s own reflections.
Addison.” 3. (Com.) An officer appointed and commissioned to collect and receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. “A great part of this is now embezzled … by collectors, and other officers.
Sir W. Temple.” 4. One authorized to collect debts. 5. A bachelor of arts in Oxford, formerly appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in Lent. Todd.

Col•lect´or•ate , n. The district of a collector of customs; a collectorship.

Col•lect´or•ship, n. The office of a collector of customs or of taxes.

Col•leg´a•ta•ry , n. [L. collegetarius. See Legatary.] (Law) A joint legatee.

Col´lege , n. [F. collège, L. collegium, fr. collega colleague. See Colleague.] 1. A collection, body, or society of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having common duties and interests, and sometimes, by charter, peculiar rights and privileges; as a college of heralds; a college of electors; a college of bishops. “The college of the cardinals.
Shak.” “Then they made colleges of sufferers; persons who, to secure their inheritance in the world to come, did cut off all their portion in this.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. A society of scholars or friends of learning, incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge; as the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and many American colleges. In France and some other parts of continental Europe, college is used to include schools occupied with rudimentary studies, and receiving children as pupils. 3. A building, or number of buildings, used by a college. ´The gate of Trinity College.´ Macaulay. 4. Fig.: A community. [R.] “Thick as the college of the bees in May.
Dryden.” College of justice, a term applied in Scotland to the supreme civil courts and their principal officers. — The sacred college, the college or cardinals at Rome.

Col•le´gi•al , n. [LL. collegialis.] Collegiate. [R.]

Col•le´gi•an , n. A member of a college, particularly of a literary institution so called; a student in a college.

Col•le´gi•ate , a. [L. collegiatus.] Of or pertaining to a college; as collegiate studies; a collegiate society. Johnson. Collegiate church. (a) A church which, although not a bishop’s seat, resembles a cathedral in having a college, or chapter of canons (and, in the Church of England, a dean), as Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of churches, possessing common revenues and administered under the joint pastorate of several ministers; as the Reformed (Dutch) Collegiate Church of New York.

Col•le´gi•ate, n. A member of a college. Burton.

Col•lem´bo•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•lla glue + ’e•mbolon wedge, peg; — so called from their having collophores.] (Zoöl.) The division of Thysanura which includes Podura, and allied forms.

Col•len´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•lla glue + an infusion. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.) A tissue of vegetable cells which are thickend at the angles and (usually) elongated.

Col´let , n. [F. collet, dim. fr. L. collum neck. See Collar.] 1. A small collar or neckband. Foxe. 2. (Mech.) A small metal ring; a small collar fastened on an arbor; as the collet on the balance arbor of a watch; a small socket on a stem, for holding a drill. 3. (Jewelry) (a) The part of a ring containing the bezel in which the stone is set. (b) The flat table at the base of a brilliant. See Illust. of Brilliant. “How full the collet with his jewel is!
Cowley.”

Col•le•te´ri•al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the colleterium of insects. R. Owen.

Col•le•te´ri•um , n. [NL. See Colletic.] (Zoöl.) An organ of female insects, containing a cement to unite the ejected ova.

Col•let´ic , a. [L. colleticus suitable for gluing, Gr. , fr. to glue, ko•lla glue.] Agglutinant. — n. An agglutinant.

Col´ley , n. See Collie.

Col•lide´ , v. i. [L. collidere, collisum; col- + laedere to strike. See Lesion.] To strike or dash against each other; to come into collision; to clash; as the vessels collided; their interests collided. “Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.
Tyndall.” “No longer rocking and swaying, but clashing and colliding.
Carlyle.”

Col•lide´, v. t. To strike or dash against. [Obs.] “Scintillations are … inflammable effluencies from the bodies collided.
Sir T. Browne.”

Col´li•dine , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue.] (Chem.) One of a class of organic bases, C8H11N, usually pungent oily liquids, belonging to the pyridine series, and obtained from bone oil, coal tar, naphtha, and certain alkaloids.

Col´lie , n. [Gael. cuilean whelp, puppy, dog.] (Zoöl.) The Scotch shepherd dog. There are two breeds, the rough-haired and smooth-haired. It is remarkable for its intelligence, displayed especially in caring for flocks. [Written also colly, colley.]

Col´lied , p. & a. Darkened. See Colly, v. t.

Col´lier , n. [OE. colier. See Coal.] 1. One engaged in the business of digging mineral coal or making charcoal, or in transporting or dealing in coal. 2. A vessel employed in the coal trade.

Col´lier•y , n.; pl. Collieries (#). [Cf. Coalery, Collier.] 1. The place where coal is dug; a coal mine, and the buildings, etc., belonging to it. 2. The coal trade. [Obs.] Johnson.

Col´li•flow•er , n. See Cauliflower.

Col´li•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colligated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colligating.] [L. colligatus, p. p. of colligare to collect; co- + ligare to bind.] 1. To tie or bind together. “The pieces of isinglass are colligated in rows.
Nicholson.” 2. (Logic) To bring together by colligation; to sum up in a single proposition. “He had discovered and colligated a multitude of the most wonderful … phenomena.
Tundall.”

Col´li•gate, a. Bound together.

Col•li•ga´tion , n. [L. colligatio.] 1. A binding together. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Logic) That process by which a number of isolated facts are brought under one conception, or summed up in a general proposition, as when Kepler discovered that the various observed positions of the planet Mars were points in an ellipse. ´The colligation of facts.´ Whewell. “Colligation is not always induction, but induction is always colligation.
J. S. Mill.”

Col´li•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collimated; p. p. & vb. n. Collimating.] [See Collimation.] (Physics & Astron.) To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to bring into the same line, as the axes of telescopes, etc.; to render parallel, as rays of light. Collimating eyepiece, an eyepiece with a diagonal reflector for illumination, used to determine the error of collimation in a transit instrument by observing the image of a cross wire reflected from mercury, and comparing its position in the field with that of the same wire seen directly. — Collimating lens (Optics), a lens used for producing parallel rays of light.

Col•li•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. collimation, fr. a false reading (collimare) for L. collineare to direct in a straight line; col- + linea line. Cf. Collineation.] The act of collimating; the adjustment of the line of the sights, as the axial line of the telescope of an instrument, into its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument. Error of collimation, the deviation of the line collimation of an astronomical instrument from the position it ought to have with respect to the axis of motion of the instrument. — Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an astronomical or geodetic instrument, or the line which passes through the optical center of the object glass and the intersection of the cross wires at its focus.

Col´li•ma•tor , n. 1. (Astron.) A telescope arranged and used to determine errors of collimation, both vertical and horizontal. Nichol. 2. (Optics) A tube having a convex lens at one end and at the other a small opening or slit which is at the principal focus of the lens, used for producing a beam of parallel rays; also a lens so used.

Col´lin , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue.] A very pure form of gelatin.

Col´line , n. [F. colline, fr. L. collis a hill.] A small hill or mount. [Obs.] “And watered park, full of fine collines and ponds.
Evelyn.”

Col•lin•e•a´tion , n. [L. collineare to direct in a straight line. See Collimation.] The act of aiming at, or directing in a line with, a fixed object. [R.] Johnson.

Coll´ing , n. [From Coll, v. t.] An embrace; dalliance. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Coll´ing•ly, adv. With embraces. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Col•lin´gual , a. Having, or pertaining to, the same language.

Col•liq´ua•ble , a. Liable to melt, grow soft, or become fluid. [Obs.] Harvey.

Col•liq´ua•ment , n. The first rudiments of an embryo in generation. Dr. H. More.

Col´li•quate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Colliquated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colliquating.] [Pref. col- + L. liquare, liquatum, to melt.] To change from solid to fluid; to make or become liquid; to melt. [Obs.] “The ore of it is colliquated by the violence of the fire.
Boyle.” “[Ice] will colliquate in water or warm oil.
Sir T. Browne.”

Col•li•qua´tion , n. 1. A melting together; the act of melting; fusion. “When sand and ashes are well melted together and suffered to cool, there is generated, by the colliquation, that sort of concretion we call ´glass´.
Boyle.” 2. (Med.) A processive wasting or melting away of the solid parts of the animal system with copious excretions of liquids by one or more passages. [Obs.]

Col•liq´ua•tive , a. Causing rapid waste or exhaustion; melting; as colliquative sweats.

Col•liq•ue•fac´tion , n. [L. colliquefactus melted; col- + liquefacere; liquere to be liquid + facere to make.] A melting together; the reduction of different bodies into one mass by fusion. “The incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction.
Bacon.”

Col´lish , n. (Shoemaking) A tool to polish the edge of a sole. Knight.

Col•li´sion , n. [L. collisio, fr. collidere. See Collide.] 1. The act of striking together; a striking together, as of two hard bodies; a violent meeting, as of railroad trains; a clashing. 2. A state of opposition; antagonism; interference. “The collision of contrary false principles.
Bp. Warburton.” “Sensitive to the most trifling collisions.
W. Irving.” Syn. — Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition.

Col•li´sive , a. Colliding; clashing. [Obs.]

Col•lit´i•gant , a. Disputing or wrangling. [Obs.] — n. One who litigates or wrangles. [Obs.]

Col´lo•cate , a. [L. collocatus, p. p. of collocare. See Couch.] Set; placed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Col´lo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collocated p. pr. & vb. n. Collocating ] To set or place; to set; to station. “To marshal and collocate in order his battalions.
E. Hall.”

Col•lo•ca´tion , n. [L. collocatio.] The act of placing; the state of being placed with something else; disposition in place; arrangement. “The choice and collocation of words.
Sir W. Jones.”

Col•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. collocutio, fr. colloqui, -locutum, to converse; col- + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] A speaking or conversing together; conference; mutual discourse. Bailey.

Col´lo•cu•tor , n. [L. collocutor] One of the speakers in a dialogue. Derham.

Col•lo´di•on , n. [Gr. like glue; ko•lla glue + form. Cf. Colloid.] (Chem.) A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a coating for wounds; but its chief application is as a vehicle for the sensitive film in photography. Collodion process (Photog.), a process in which a film of sensitized collodion is used in preparing the plate for taking a picture. — Styptic collodion, collodion containing an astringent, as tannin.

Col•lo´di•on•ize , v. t. To prepare or treat with collodion. R. Hunt.

Col•lo´di•o•type , n. A picture obtained by the collodion process; a melanotype or ambrotype.

Col•lo´di•um , n. See Collodion.

Col•logue´ , v. i. [Cf. L. colloqui and E. dialogue. Cf. Collocution.] To talk or confer secretly and confidentially; to converse, especially with evil intentions; to plot mischief. [Archaic or Colloq.] “Pray go in; and, sister, salve the matter,
Collogue with her again, and all shall be well.
Greene.” “He had been colloguing with my wife.
Thackeray.”

Col´loid , a. [Gr. ko•lla glue + -oid. Cf. Collodion.] Resembling glue or jelly; characterized by a jellylike appearance; gelatinous; as colloid tumors.

Col´loid , n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance (as albumin, gum, gelatin, etc.) which is of a gelatinous rather than a crystalline nature, and which diffuses itself through animal membranes or vegetable parchment more slowly than crystalloids do; — opposed to crystalloid. 2. (Med.) A gelatinous substance found in colloid degeneration and colloid cancer. Styptic colloid (Med.), a preparation of astringent and antiseptic substances with some colloid material, as collodion, for ready use.

Col•loid´al , a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, colloids.

Col•loi•dal´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being colloidal.

Col´lop , n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. colp blow, stroke, piece, F. coup, fr. L. colophus buffet, cuff, Gr. ] [Written also colp.] 1. A small slice of meat; a piece of flesh. “God knows thou art a collop of my flesh.
Shak.” “Sweetbread and collops were with skewers pricked.
Dryden.” 2. A part or piece of anything; a portion. “Cut two good collops out of the crown land.
Fuller.”

Col´loped , a. Having ridges or bunches of flesh, like collops. “With that red, gaunt, and colloped neck astrain.
R. Browning.”

Col´lo•phore , n. [Gr. ko•lla glue + to bear.] (Zoöl.) (a) A suckerlike organ at the base of the abdomen of insects belonging to the Collembola. (b) An adhesive marginal organ of the Lucernariae.

Col•lo´qui•al , a. [See Colloqui.] Pertaining to, or used in, conversation, esp. common and familiar conversation; conversational; hence, unstudied; informal; as colloquial intercourse; colloquial phrases; a colloquial style. — Col•lo´qui•al•ly, adv. “His [Johnson’s] colloquial talents were, indeed, of the highest order.
Macaulay.”

Col•lo´qui•al•ism , n. A colloquial expression, not employed in formal discourse or writing.

Col•lo´qui•al•ize , v. t. To make colloquial and familiar; as to colloquialize one’s style of writing.

Col´lo•quist , n. A speaker in a colloquy or dialogue. Malone.

Col´lo•quy , n.; pl. Colloquies (#). [L. colloquium. See Collocution.] 1. Mutual discourse of two or more persons; conference; conversation. “They went to Worms, to the colloquy there about religion.
A. Wood.” 2. In some American colleges, a part in exhibitions, assigned for a certain scholarship rank; a designation of rank in collegiate scholarship.

Col´low , n. Soot; smut. See 1st Colly. [Obs.]

Col•luc´tan•cy , n. [L. colluctari to struggle with.] A struggling to resist; a striving against; resistance; opposition of nature. [Obs.]

Col•luc•ta´tion , n. [L. colluctatio, fr. colluctari to struggle with; col- + luctari to struggle.] A struggling; a contention. [Obs.] “Colluctation with old hags and hobgoblins.
Dr. H. More.”

Col•lude´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Colluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Colluding.] [L. colludere, - lusum; col- + ludere to play. See Ludicrous.] To have secretly a joint part or share in an action; to play into each other’s hands; to conspire; to act in concert. “If they let things take their course, they will be represented as colluding with sedition.
Burke.”

Col•lud´er , n. One who conspires in a fraud.

Col´lum , n.; pl. Colla (#). [L., neck.] 1. (Anat.) A neck or cervix. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) Same as Collar. Gray.

Col•lu´sion , n. [L. collusio: cf. F. collusion. See Collude.] 1. A secret agreement and cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose; a playing into each other’s hands; deceit; fraud; cunning. “The foxe, maister of collusion.
Spenser.” “That they [miracles] be done publicly, in the face of the world, that there may be no room to suspect artifice and collusion.
Atterbury.” “By the ignorance of the merchants or dishonesty of the weavers, or the collusion of both, the ware was bad and the price excessive.
Swift.” 2. (Law) An agreement between two or more persons to defraud a person of his rights, by the forms of law, or to obtain an object forbidden by law. Bouvier. Abbott. Syn. — Collusion, Connivance. A person who is guilty of connivance intentionally overlooks, and thus sanctions what he was bound to prevent. A person who is guilty of collusion unites with others (playing into their hands) for fraudulent purposes.

Col•lu´sive , a. 1. Characterized by collusion; done or planned in collusion. ´Collusive and sophistical arguings.´ J. Trapp. ´Collusive divorces.´ Strype. 2. Acting in collusion. ´Collusive parties.´ Burke. — Col•lu´sive•ly, adv. — Col•lu´sive•ness, n.

Col•lu´so•ry , a. [L. collusorius.] Collusive.

Col´lu•to•ry , n. [L. colluere, collutum, to wash.] (Med.) A medicated wash for the mouth.

Col´ly , n. [From Coal.] The black grime or soot of coal. [Obs.] Burton. Col´ly v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collied p. pr. & vb. n. Collying.] To render black or dark as of with coal smut to begrime. [Archaic.] “Thou hast not collied thy face enough.
B. Jonson.” “Brief as the lighting in the collied night.
Shak.”

Col´ly , n. A kind of dog. See Collie.

Col´ly•bist , n. [Gr. , fr. a small coin.] A money changer. [Obs.] “In the face of these guilty collybists.
Bp. Hall.”

Col•lyr´i•um , n.; pl. E. Collyriums (#), L. Collyria (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] (Med.) An application to the eye, usually an eyewater.

Col•o•co´lo , n. (Zoöl.) A South American wild cat (Felis colocolo), of the size of the ocelot.

Col´ocynth , n. [L. colocynthis, Gr. . Cf. Coloquintida.] (Med.) The light spongy pulp of the fruit of the bitter cucumber (Citrullus, or Cucumis, colocynthis), an Asiatic plant allied to the watermelon; coloquintida. It comes in white balls, is intensely bitter, and a powerful cathartic. Called also bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd.

Col•o•cyn´thin , n. [Cf. F. colocynthine.] (Chem.) The active medicinal principle of colocynth; a bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside.

Co•logne´ , n. [Originally made in Cologne, the French name of Köln, a city in Germany.] A perfumed liquid, composed of alcohol and certain aromatic oils, used in the toilet; — called also cologne water and eau de cologne.

Co•logne´ earth [From Cologne the city.] (Min.) An earth of a deep brown color, containing more vegetable than mineral matter; an earthy variety of lignite, or brown coal.

Col´om•bier , n. [F.] A large size of paper for drawings. See under Paper.

Co•lom´bin , n. (Chem.) See Calumbin.

Co•lom´bo , n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Co´lon , n. [L. colon, colum, limb, member, the largest of the intestines, fr. Gr. , and in sense of the intestine, : cf. F. colon. Cf. Colic.] 1. (Anat.) That part of the large intestines which extends from the caecum to the rectum. [See Illust of Digestion.] 2. (Gram.) A point or character, formed thus [:], used to separate parts of a sentence that are complete in themselves and nearly independent, often taking the place of a conjunction.

Colo´nel , n. [F. colonel, It. colonello, prop., the chief or commander of a column, fr. colonna column, L. columna. See Column.] (Mil.) The chief officer of a regiment; an officer ranking next above a lieutenant colonel and next below a brigadier general.

Colo´nel•cy , n. (Mil.) The office, rank, or commission of a colonel.

Colo´nel•ship, n. Colonelcy. Swift.

Col´o•ner , n. A colonist. [Obs.] Holland

Co•lo´ni•al , a. [Cf. F. colonial.] Of or pertaining to a colony; as colonial rights, traffic, wars.

Co•lon´i•cal , a. [L. colonus husbandman.] Of or pertaining to husbandmen. [Obs.]

Col´o•nist , n. A member or inhabitant of a colony.

Col•o•ni´tis , n. (Med.) See Colitis.

Col•o•ni•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. colonisation.] The act of colonizing, or the state of being colonized; the formation of a colony or colonies. “The wide continent of America invited colonization.
Bancroft.”

Col•o•ni•za´tion•ist, n. A friend to colonization, esp. (U. S. Hist) to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from the colored population of the United States.

Col´o•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colonized p. pr. & vb. n. Colonizing.] [Cf. F. coloniser.] To plant or establish a colony or colonies in; to people with colonists; to migrate to and settle in. Bacon. “They that would thus colonize the stars with inhabitants.
Howell.”

Col´o•nize, v. i. To remove to, and settle in, a distant country; to make a colony. C. Buchanan.

Col´o•ni•zer , n. One who promotes or establishes a colony; a colonist. Bancroft.

Col•on•nade´ , n. [F. colonnade, It. colonnata, fr. colonna column. See Colonel.] (Arch.) A series or range of columns placed at regular intervals with all the adjuncts, as entablature, stylobate, roof, etc. When in front of a building, it is called a portico; when surrounding a building or an open court or square, a peristyle.

Col´o•ny , n.; pl. Colonies (#). [L. colonia, fr. colonus farmer, fr. colere to cultivate, dwell: cf. F. colonie. Cf. Culture.] 1. A company of people transplanted from their mother country to a remote province or country, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state; as the British colonies in America. “The first settlers of New England were the best of Englishmen, well educated, devout Christians, and zealous lovers of liberty. There was never a colony formed of better materials.
Ames.” 2. The district or country colonized; a settlement. 3. A company of persons from the same country sojourning in a foreign city or land; as the American colony in Paris. 4. (Nat. Hist.) A number of animals or plants living or growing together, beyond their usual range.

Col´o•pha•ny , n. See Colophony.

Co´lo•phene , n. (Chem.) A colorless, oily liquid, formerly obtained by distillation of colophony. It is regarded as a polymeric form of terebenthene. Called also diterebene.

Col´o•phon (kol´o•fon), n. [L. colophon finishing stroke, Gr. kolofw•n; cf. L. culmen top, collis hill. Cf. Holm.] An inscription, monogram, or cipher, containing the place and date of publication, printer’s name, etc., formerly placed on the last page of a book. “The colophon, or final description, fell into disuse, and … the title page had become the principal direct means of identifying the book.
De Morgan.” “The book was uninjured from title page to colophon.
Sir W. Scott.”

Col´o•pho•nite (kol´o•fo•nit or ko•lof´o•nit), n. [Cf. F. colophonite. So named from its resemblance to the color of colophony.] (Min.) A coarsely granular variety of garnet.

Col´o•pho•ny (kol´o•fo•ny or ko•lof´o•ny; 277), n. [Gr. ’h kolofwni•a (sc. ´rhti•nh resin, gum) resin, fr. Kolofw•nios of or from Colophon in Ionia.] Rosin.

Col•o•quin´ti•da , n. See Colocynth. Shak.

Col´or , n. [Written also colour.] [OF. color, colur, colour, F. couleur, L. color; prob. akin to celare to conceal (the color taken as that which covers). See Helmet.] 1. A property depending on the relations of light to the eye, by which individual and specific differences in the hues and tints of objects are apprehended in vision; as gay colors; sad colors, etc. The sensation of color depends upon a peculiar function of the retina or optic nerve, in consequence of which rays of light produce different effects according to the length of their waves or undulations, waves of a certain length producing the sensation of red, shorter waves green, and those still shorter blue, etc. White, or ordinary, light consists of waves of various lengths so blended as to produce no effect of color, and the color of objects depends upon their power to absorb or reflect a greater or less proportion of the rays which fall upon them. 2. Any hue distinguished from white or black. 3. The hue or color characteristic of good health and spirits; ruddy complexion. “Give color to my pale cheek.
Shak.” 4. That which is used to give color; a paint; a pigment; as oil colors or water colors. 5. That which covers or hides the real character of anything; semblance; excuse; disguise; appearance. “They had let down the boat into the sea, under color as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship.
Acts xxvii. 30.” “That he should die is worthy policy;
But yet we want a color for his death.
Shak.” 6. Shade or variety of character; kind; species. “Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this color.
Shak.” 7. A distinguishing badge, as a flag or similar symbol (usually in the plural); as the colors or color of a ship or regiment; the colors of a race horse (that is, of the cap and jacket worn by the jockey). “In the United States each regiment of infantry and artillery has two colors, one national and one regimental.
Farrow.” 8. (Law) An apparent right; as where the defendant in trespass gave to the plaintiff an appearance of title, by stating his title specially, thus removing the cause from the jury to the court. Blackstone. Color is express when it is averred in the pleading, and implied when it is implied in the pleading. Body color. See under Body. — Color blindness, total or partial inability to distinguish or recognize colors. See Daltonism. — Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each other that when blended together they produce white light; — so called because each color makes up to the other what it lacks to make it white. Artificial or pigment colors, when mixed, produce effects differing from those of the primary colors, in consequence of partial absorption. — Of color (as persons, races, etc.), not of the white race; — commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed. — Primary colors, those developed from the solar beam by the prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, which are reduced by some authors to three, — red, green, and violet-blue. These three are sometimes called fundamental colors. — Subjective or Accidental color, a false or spurious color seen in some instances, owing to the persistence of the luminous impression upon the retina, and a gradual change of its character, as where a wheel perfectly white, and with a circumference regularly subdivided, is made to revolve rapidly over a dark object, the teeth of the wheel appear to the eye of different shades of color varying with the rapidity of rotation. See Accidental colors, under Accidental.

Col´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colored p. pr. & vb. n. Coloring.] [F. colorer.] 1. To change or alter the hue or tint of, by dyeing, staining, painting, etc.; to dye; to tinge; to paint; to stain. “The rays, to speak properly, are not colored; in them there is nothing else than a certain power and disposition to stir up a sensation of this or that color.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. To change or alter, as if by dyeing or painting; to give a false appearance to; usually, to give a specious appearance to; to cause to appear attractive; to make plausible; to palliate or excuse; as the facts were colored by his prejudices. “He colors the falsehood of AEneas by an express command from Jupiter to forsake the queen.
Dryden.” 3. To hide. [Obs.] “That by his fellowship he color might
Both his estate and love from skill of any wight.
Spenser.”

Col´or, v. i. To acquire color; to turn red, especially in the face; to blush.

Col´or•a•ble , a. Specious; plausible; having an appearance of right or justice. ´Colorable pretense for infidelity.´ Bp. Stillingfleet. — Col´or•a•ble•ness, n. — Col´or•a•bly, adv. “Colorable and subtle crimes, that seldom are taken within the walk of human justice.
Hooker.”

Col•o•ra´do bee´tle (Zoöl.) A yellowish beetle (Doryphora decemlineata), with ten longitudinal, black, dorsal stripes. It has migrated eastwards from its original habitat in Colorado, and is very destructive to the potato plant; — called also potato beetle and potato bug. See Potato beetle.

Col•o•ra´do group (Geol.) A subdivision of the cretaceous formation of western North America, especially developed in Colorado and the upper Missouri region.

Col•o•ra´do•ite , n. (Min.) Mercury telluride, an iron-black metallic mineral, found in Colorado.

Col´or•ate , a. [L. coloratus, p. p. of colorare to color.] Colored. [Obs.] Ray.

Col•or•a´tion , n. The act or art of coloring; the state of being colored. Bacon. “The females … resemble each other in their general type of coloration.
Darwin.”

Col´or•a•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. G. coloratur, fr. LL. coloratura.] (Mus.) Vocal music colored, as it were, by florid ornaments, runs, or rapid passages.

Col´or-blind , a. Affected with color blindness. See Color blindness, under Color, n.

Col´ored , a. 1. Having color; tinged; dyed; painted; stained. “The lime rod, colored as the glede.
Chaucer.” “The colored rainbow arched wide.
Spenser.” 2. Specious; plausible; adorned so as to appear well; as a highly colored description. Sir G. C. Lewis. “His colored crime with craft to cloke.
Spenser.” 3. Of some other color than black or white. 4. (Ethnol.) Of some other color than white; specifically applied to negroes or persons having negro blood; as a colored man; the colored people. 5. (Bot.) Of some other color than green. “Colored, meaning, as applied to foliage, of some other color than green.
Gray.” In botany, green is not regarded as a color, but white is. Wood.

Col•or•if´ic ( 277), a. [L. color color + facere to make: cf. F. colorifique.] Capable of communicating color or tint to other bodies.

Col•or•im´e•ter , n. [Color + -meter: cf. F. colorimètre.] An instrument for measuring the depth of the color of anything, especially of a liquid, by comparison with a standard liquid.

Col´or•ing , n. 1. The act of applying color to; also that which produces color. 2. Change of appearance as by addition of color; appearance; show; disguise; misrepresentation. “Tell the whole story without coloring or gloss.
Compton Reade.” Dead coloring. See under Dead.

Col´or•ist , n. [Cf. F. coloriste.] One who colors; an artist who excels in the use of colors; one to whom coloring is of prime importance. “Titian, Paul Veronese, Van Dyck, and the rest of the good colorists.
Dryden.”

Col´or•less, a. 1. Without color; not distinguished by any hue; transparent; as colorless water. 2. Free from any manifestation of partial or peculiar sentiment or feeling; not disclosing likes, dislikes, prejudice, etc.; as colorless music; a colorless style; definitions should be colorless.

Col´or•man , n.; pl. Colormen (#). A vender of paints, etc. Simmonds.

Col´or ser´geant. See under Sergeant.

Co•los´sal , a. [Cf. F. colossal, L. colosseus. See Colossus.] 1. Of enormous size; gigantic; huge; as a colossal statue. ´A colossal stride.´ Motley. 2. (Sculpture & Painting) Of a size larger than heroic. See Heroic.

Col•os•se´an , a. Colossal. [R.]

Col•os•se´um , n. [Neut., fr. L. colosseus gigantic. See Coliseum.] The amphitheater of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliseum.]

Co•los´sus , n.; pl. L. Colossi (#), E. Colossuses (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. A statue of gigantic size. The name was especially applied to certain famous statues in antiquity, as the Colossus of Nero in Rome, the Colossus of Apollo at Rhodes. “He doth bestride the narrow world
Like a colossus.
Shak.” There is no authority for the statement that the legs of the Colossus at Rhodes extended over the mouth of the harbor. Dr. Wm. Smith. 2. Any man or beast of gigantic size.

Co•los´trum , n. [L., biestings.] (Med.) (a) The first milk secreted after delivery; biestings. (b) A mixture of turpentine and the yolk of an egg, formerly used as an emulsion.

Co•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. colon + cutting.] (Surg.) An operation for opening the colon

Col´our , n. See Color.

Colp , n. See Collop.

Col´por•tage , n. [F.] The distribution of religious books, tracts, etc., by colporteurs.

Col´por•ter , n. Same as Colporteur.

Col´por•teur ( 277), n. [F. colporteur one who carries on his neck, fr. colporter to carry on one’s neck; col (L. collum) neck + porter (L. portare) to carry.] A hawker; specifically, one who travels about selling and distributing religious tracts and books.

Col´staff , n. [F. col neck + E. staff. Cf. Coll.] A staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons on their shoulders.

Colt ( 110), n. [OE. colt a young horse, ass, or camel, AS. colt; cf. dial. Sw. kullt a boy, lad.] 1. The young of the equine genus or horse kind of animals; — sometimes distinctively applied to the male, filly being the female. Cf. Foal. In sporting circles it is usual to reckon the age of colts from some arbitrary date, as from January 1, or May 1, next preceding the birth of the animal. 2. A young, foolish fellow. Shak. 3. A short knotted rope formerly used as an instrument of punishment in the navy. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Colt’s tooth, an imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses. — To cast one’s colt’s tooth, to cease from youthful wantonness. ´Your colt’s tooth is not cast yet.´ Shak. — To have a colt’s tooth, to be wanton. Chaucer.

Colt ( 110), v. i. To frisk or frolic like a colt; to act licentiously or wantonly. [Obs.] “They shook off their bridles and began to colt.
Spenser.”

Colt, v. t. 1. To horse; to get with young. Shak. 2. To befool. [Obs.] Shak.

Col´ter , n. [AS. culter, fr. L. culter plowshare, knife. Cf. Cutlass.] A knife or cutter, attached to the beam of a plow to cut the sward, in advance of the plowshare and moldboard. [Written also coulter.]

Colt´ish , a. Like a colt; wanton; frisky. “He was all coltish, full of ragery.
Chaucer.” — Colt´ish•ly, adv. — Colt´ish•ness, n.

Colts´foot , n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and rootstock are sometimes employed in medicine. Butterbur coltsfoot (Bot.), a European plant (Petasites vulgaris).

Colt’s´ tooth See under Colt.

Col´u•ber , n. [L., a serpent.] (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless serpents. Linnaeus placed in this genus all serpents, whether venomous or not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in pairs; but by modern writers it is greatly restricted.

Col´u•brine , a. [L. colubrinus.] 1. (Zoöl.) like or related to snakes of the genus Coluber. 2. Like a snake; cunning; crafty. Johnson.

Co•lu´go , n. [Prob. an aboriginal name.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar East Indian mammal (Galleopithecus volans), having along the sides, connecting the fore and hind limbs, a parachutelike membrane, by means of which it is able to make long leaps, like the flying squirrel; — called also flying lemur.

Co•lum´ba , n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Co•lum´bae , n. pl.; [L. columba pigeon.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the pigeons.

Col•um•ba´ri•um , n.; pl. L. Columbaria (#) [L. See Columbary.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A dovecote or pigeon house. (b) A sepulchral chamber with niches for holding cinerary urns.

Col´um•ba•ry , n.; pl. Columbaries (#). [L. columbarium, fr. columba a dove.] A dovecote; a pigeon house. Sir T. Browne.

Co•lum´bate , n. [Cf. F. colombate. See Columbium.] (Chem.) A salt of columbic acid; a niobate. See Columbium.

Co•lum´batz fly [From Kolumbatz, a mountain in Germany.] (Zoöl.) See Buffalo fly, under Buffalo.

Col•um•bel´la , n. [NL., dim. of L. columba a dove. So called from a fancied resemblance in color and form, of some species.] (Zoöl.) A genus of univalve shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money.

Co•lum´bi•a , n. America; the United States; — a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer. Dr. T. Dwight.

Co•lum´bi•ad , n. [From Columbia the United States.] (Mil.) A form of seacoast cannon; a long, chambered gun designed for throwing shot or shells with heavy charges of powder, at high angles of elevation. Since the War of 1812 the Columbiad has been much modified, especially by General Rodman, and the improved form now used in seacoast defense is often called the Rodman gun.

Co•lum´bi•an , a. [From Columbia.] Of or pertaining to the United States, or to America.

Co•lum´bic , a. [From Columbium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, columbium or niobium; niobic. Columbic acid (Chem.), a weak acid derived from columbic or niobic oxide, Nb2O5; — called also niobic acid.

Co•lum´bic, a. [From Columbo.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the columbo root. Columbic acid (Chem.), an organic acid extracted from the columbo root as a bitter, yellow, amorphous substance.

Co•lum´bi•er , n. See Colombier.

Col´um•bif´er•ous , a. [Columbium + -ferous.] Producing or containing columbium.

Co•lum´bin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline, bitter substance. See Calumbin.

Col´um•bine , a. [L. columbinus, fr. columba dove.] Of or pertaining to a dove; dovelike; dove-colored. ´Columbine innocency.´ Bacon.

Col´um•bine, n. [LL. columbina, L. columbinus dovelike, fr. columba dove: cf. F. colombine. Perh. so called from the beaklike spurs of its flowers.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Aquilegia; as A. vulgaris, or the common garden columbine; A. Canadensis, the wild red columbine of North America. 2. The mistress or sweetheart of Harlequin in pantomimes. Brewer.

Co•lum´bite , n. [Cf. F. colombite. See Columbium.] (Min.) A mineral of a black color, submetallic luster, and high specific specific gravity. It is a niobate (or columbate) of iron and manganese, containing tantalate of iron; — first found in New England.

Co•lum´bi•um , n. [NL., fr. Columbia America.] (Chem.) A rare element of the vanadium group, first found in a variety of the mineral columbite occurring in Connecticut, probably at Haddam. Atomic weight 94.2. Symbol Cb or Nb. Now more commonly called niobium.

Co•lum´bo , n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Col•u•mel´la , n. [L., dim. of columen column. See Column.] 1. (Bot.) (a) An axis to which a carpel of a compound pistil may be attached, as in the case of the geranium; or which is left when a pod opens. (b)A columnlike axis in the capsules of mosses. 2. (Anat.) A term applied to various columnlike parts; as the columella, or epipterygoid bone, in the skull of many lizards; the columella of the ear, the bony or cartilaginous rod connecting the tympanic membrane with the internal ear. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The upright pillar in the axis of most univalve shells. (b) The central pillar or axis of the calicles of certain corals.

Col•u•mel´li•form , a. [Columella + -form.] Shaped like a little column, or columella.

Col´umn , n. [L. columna, fr. columen, culmen, fr. cellere (used only in comp.), akin to E. excel, and prob. to holm. See Holm, and cf. Colonel.] 1. (Arch.) A kind of pillar; a cylindrical or polygonal support for a roof, ceiling, statue, etc., somewhat ornamented, and usually composed of base, shaft, and capital. See Order. 2. Anything resembling, in form or position, a column in architecture; an upright body or mass; a shaft or obelisk; as a column of air, of water, of mercury, etc.; the Column Vendôme; the spinal column. 3. (Mil.) (a) A body of troops formed in ranks, one behind the other; — contradistinguished from line. Compare Ploy, and Deploy. (b) A small army. 4. (Naut.) A number of ships so arranged as to follow one another in single or double file or in squadrons; — in distinction from ´line´, where they are side by side. 5. (Print.) A perpendicular set of lines, not extending across the page, and separated from other matter by a rule or blank space; as a column in a newspaper. 6. (Arith.) A perpendicular line of figures. 7. (Bot.) The body formed by the union of the stamens in the Mallow family, or of the stamens and pistil in the orchids. Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. — Clustered column. See under Cluster, v. t. — Column rule, a thin strip of brass separating columns of type in the form, and making a line between them in printing.

Co•lum´•nar , a. [L. columnaris, fr. columna.] Formed in columns; having the form of a column or columns; like the shaft of a column. Columnar epithelium (Anat.), epithelium in which the cells are prismatic in form, and set upright on the surface they cover. — Columnar structure (Geol.), a structure consisting of more or less regular columns, usually six-sided, but sometimes with eight or more sides. The columns are often fractured transversely, with a cup joint, showing a concave surface above. This structure is characteristic of certain igneous rocks, as basalt, and is due to contraction in cooling.

Col•um•nar´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being columnar.

Co•lum´na•ted , a. Having columns; as columnated temples.

Col´umned , a. Having columns. “Troas and Ilion’s columned citadel.
Tennyson.”

Co•lum•ni•a´tion , n. The employment or arrangement of columns in a structure. Gwilt.

Co•lure´ , n.; pl. Colures (#). [F. colure, L. coluri, pl., fr. Gr. ko•loyros dock-tailed, a´i ko•loyroi (sc. grammai• lines) the colures; fr. ko•los docked, stunted + o’yra• tail. So named because a part is always beneath the horizon.] (Astron. & Geog.) One of two great circles intersecting at right angles in the poles of the equator. One of them passes through the equinoctial points, and hence is denominated the equinoctial colure; the other intersects the equator at the distance of 90° from the former, and is called the solstitial colure. “Thrice the equinoctial line
He circled; four times crossed the car of night
From pole to pole, traversing each colure.
Milton.”

Co´ly , n.; pl. Colies (#). [NL. colius, prob. fr. Gr. a kind of woodpecker.] Any bird of the genus Colius and allied genera. They inhabit Africa.

Col´za , n. [F., fr. D. koolzaad, prop., cabbage seed; kool (akin to E. cole) + zaad, akin to E. seed.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape.

Com-. A prefix from the Latin preposition cum, signifying with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is used in the form com- before b, m, p, and sometimes f, and by assimilation becomes col- before l, cor- before r, and con- before any consonant except b, h, l, m, p, r, and w. Before a vowel com- becomes co-; also before h, w, and sometimes before other consonants.

Co´ma (ko´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kw^ma lethargy, fr. koima^n to put to sleep. See Cemetery.] A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus.

Co´ma, n. [L., hair, fr. Gr. ko•mh.] 1. (Astron.) The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet. 2. (Bot.) A tuft or bunch, — as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds. Coma Berenices [L.] (Astron.), a small constellation north of Virgo; — called also Berenice’s Hair.

Co•man´ches , n. pl.; sing. Comanche . (Ethnol.) A warlike, savage, and nomadic tribe of the Shoshone family of Indians, inhabiting Mexico and the adjacent parts of the United States; — called also Paducahs. They are noted for plundering and cruelty.

Co´mart , n. A covenant. [Obs.] Shak.

Co´mate ( 277), a. [L. comatus, fr. comare to clothe with hair, fr. coma hair.] Encompassed with a coma, or bushy appearance, like hair; hairy.

Co´-mate , n. [Pref. co- + mate.] A companion. Shak.

Co´ma•tose (? or 277), a. [From Coma lethargy.] Relating to, or resembling, coma; drowsy; lethargic; as comatose sleep; comatose fever.

Co´ma•tous , a. Comatose.

Co•mat´u•la ( 135), n. [NL., fr. L. comatulus having hair neatly curled, dim. fr. coma hair.] (Zoöl.) A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; — called also feather stars.

Co•mat´u•lid , n. (Zoöl.) Any crinoid of the genus Antedon or allied genera.

Comb ( 110), n. [AS. camb; akin to Sw., Dan., & D. kam, Icel. kambr, G. kamm, Gr. a grinder tooth, Skr. jambha tooth.] 1. An instrument with teeth, for straightening, cleansing, and adjusting the hair, or for keeping it in place. 2. An instrument for currying hairy animals, or cleansing and smoothing their coats; a currycomb. 3. (Manuf. & Mech.) (a) A toothed instrument used for separating and cleansing wool, flax, hair, etc. (b) The serrated vibratory doffing knife of a carding machine. (c) A former, commonly cone-shaped, used in hat manufacturing for hardening the soft fiber into a bat. (d) A tool with teeth, used for chasing screws on work in a lathe; a chaser. (e) The notched scale of a wire micrometer. (f) The collector of an electrical machine, usually resembling a comb. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The naked fleshy crest or caruncle on the upper part of the bill or hood of a cock or other bird. It is usually red. (b) One of a pair of peculiar organs on the base of the abdomen of scorpions. 5. The curling crest of a wave. 6. The waxen framework forming the walls of the cells in which bees store their honey, eggs, etc.; honeycomb. ´A comb of honey.´ Wyclif. “When the bee doth leave her comb.
Shak.” 7. The thumbpiece of the hammer of a gunlock, by which it may be cocked.

Comb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combed p. pr. & vb. n. Combing.] To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust, with a comb; to lay smooth and straight with, or as with, a comb; as to comb hair or wool. See under Combing. “Comb down his hair; look, look! it stands upright.
Shak.”

Comb, v. i. [See Comb, n., 5.] (Naut.) To roll over, as the top or crest of a wave; to break with a white foam, as waves. { Comb , Combe , } n. [AS. comb, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwm a dale, valley.] That unwatered portion of a valley which forms its continuation beyond and above the most elevated spring that issues into it. [Written also coombe.] Buckland. “A gradual rise the shelving combe
Displayed.
Southey.”

Comb, n. A dry measure. See Coomb.

Com´bat (? or 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Combated; p. pr. & vb. n. Combating.] [F. combattre; pref. com- + battre to beat, fr. L. battuere to strike. See Batter.] To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force; to fight. “To combat with a blind man I disdain.
Milton.” “After the fall of the republic, the Romans combated only for the choice of masters.
Gibbon.”

Com´bat, v. t. To fight with; to oppose by force, argument, etc.; to contend against; to resist. “When he the ambitious Norway combated.
Shak.” “And combated in silence all these reasons.
Milton.” “Minds combat minds, repelling and repelled.
Goldsmith.” Syn. — To fight against; resist; oppose; withstand; oppugn; antagonize; repel; resent.

Com´bat, n. [Cf. F. combat.] 1. A fight; a contest of violence; a struggle for supremacy. “My courage try by combat, if thou dar’st.
Shak.” “The noble combat that ’twixt joy and sorrow was fought in Paulina.
Shak.” 2. (Mil.) An engagement of no great magnitude; or one in which the parties engaged are not armies. Single combat, one in which a single combatant meets a single opponent, as in the case of David and Goliath; also a duel. Syn. — A battle; engagement; conflict; contest; contention; struggle; fight, strife. See Battle, Contest.

Com´bat•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. combattable.] Such as can be, or is liable to be, combated; as combatable foes, evils, or arguments.

Com´bat•ant , a. [F. combattant, p. pr.] Contending; disposed to contend. B. Jonson.

Com´bat•ant, n. [F. combattant.] One who engages in combat. ´The mighty combatants.´ Milton. “A controversy which long survived the original combatants.
Macaulay”

Com´bat•er , n. One who combats. Sherwood.

Com´bat•ive (? or ), a. Disposed to engage in combat; pugnacious.

Com´bat•ive•ness, n. 1. The quality of being combative; propensity to contend or to quarrel. 2. (Phren.) A cranial development supposed to indicate a combative disposition.

Com•bat•tant´ , a. [F.] (Her.) In the position of fighting; — said of two lions set face to face, each rampant.

Comb´broach , n. A tooth of a wool comb. [Written also combrouch.]

Combe , n. See Comb.

Comb´er , n. 1. One who combs; one whose occupation it is to comb wool, flax, etc. also a machine for combing wool, flax, etc. 2. A long, curling wave.

Com´ber , v. t. To cumber. [Obs.] Spenser.

Com´ber, n. Encumbrance. [Obs.]

Com´ber , n. (Zoöl.) The cabrilla. also a name applied to a species of wrasse. [Prov. Eng.]

Com•bin´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. combinable.] Capable of combining; consistent with. [R.] M. Arnold. — Com•bin´a•ble•ness, n.

Com´bi•nate , a. [LL. combinatus, p. p.] United; joined; betrothed. [R.]

Com•bi•na´tion , n. [LL. combinatio. See Combine.] 1. The act or process of combining or uniting persons and things. “Making new compounds by new combinations.
Boyle.” “A solemn combination shall be made
Of our dear souls.
Shak.” 2. The result of combining or uniting; union of persons or things; esp. a union or alliance of persons or states to effect some purpose; — usually in a bad sense. “A combination of the most powerful men in Rome who had conspired my ruin.
Melmoth.” 3. (Chem.) The act or process of uniting by chemical affinity, by which substances unite with each other in definite proportions by weight to form distinct compounds. 4. pl. (Math.) The different arrangements of a number of objects, as letters, into groups. In combinations no regard is paid to the order in which the objects are arranged in each group, while in variations and permutations this order is respected. Brande & C. Combination car, a railroad car containing two or more compartments used for different purposes. [U. S.] — Combination lock, a lock in which the mechanism is controlled by means of a movable dial (sometimes by several dials or rings) inscribed with letters or other characters. The bolt of the lock can not be operated until after the dial has been so turned as to combine the characters in a certain order or succession. — Combination room, in the University of Cambridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw after dinner, for wine, dessert, and conversation. — Combination by volume (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio by which gaseous elements and compounds unite in definite proportions by volume to form distinct compounds. — Combination by weight (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio, in which substances unite in proportions by weight, relatively fixed and exact, to form distinct compounds. See Law of definite proportions, under Definite. Syn. — Cabal; alliance; association; league; union; confederacy; coalition; conspiracy. See Cabal.

Com•bine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combined p. pr. & vb. n. Combining.] [LL. combinare, combinatum; L. com- + binus, pl. bini, two and two, double: cf. F. combiner. See Binary.] 1. To unite or join; to link closely together; to bring into harmonious union; to cause or unite so as to form a homogeneous substance, as by chemical union. “So fitly them in pairs thou hast combined.
Milton.” “Friendship is the cement which really combines mankind.
Dr. H. More.” “And all combined, save what thou must combine
By holy marriage.
Shak.” “Earthly sounds, though sweet and well combined.
Cowper.” 2. To bind; to hold by a moral tie. [Obs.] “I am combined by a sacred vow.
Shak.”

Com•bine´, v. i. 1. To form a union; to agree; to coalesce; to confederate. “You with your foes combine,
And seem your own destruction to design
Dryden.” “So sweet did harp and voice combine.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To unite by affinity or natural attraction; as two substances, which will not combine of themselves, may be made to combine by the intervention of a third. 3. (Card Playing) In the game of casino, to play a card which will take two or more cards whose aggregate number of pips equals those of the card played. Combining weight (Chem.), that proportional weight, usually referred to hydrogen as a standard, and for each element fixed and exact, by which an element unites with another to form a distinct compound. The combining weights either are identical with, or are multiples or submultiples of, the atomic weight. See Atomic weight, under Atomic, a.

Com•bined´ , a. United closely; confederated; chemically united.

Com•bin´ed•ly , adv. In combination or coöperation; jointly.

Com•bin´er , n. One who, or that which, combines.

Comb´ing , n. 1. The act or process of using a comb or a number of combs; as the combing of one’s hair; the combing of wool. The process of combing is used in straightening wool of long staple; short wool is carded. 2. pl. (a) That which is caught or collected with a comb, as loose, tangled hair. (b) Hair arranged to be worn on the head. “The baldness, thinness, and … deformity of their hair is supplied by borders and combings.
Jer. Taylor.” (c) (Naut.) See Coamings. Combing machine (Textile Manuf.), a machine for combing wool, flax, cotton, etc., and separating the longer and more valuable fiber from the shorter. See also Carding machine, under Carding.

Comb´less, a. Without a comb or crest; as a combless cock.

Com•bo•lo´io (kom•bo•lo´yo), n. A Mohammedan rosary, consisting of ninety-nine beads. Byron.

Comb´-shaped , a. (Bot.) Pectinate.

Com•bust´ , a. [L. combustus, p. p. of comburere to burn up; com- + burere (only in comp.), of uncertain origin; cf. bustum funeral pyre, prurire to itch, pruna a live coal, Gr. pyrso•s firebrand, Skr. plush to burn.] 1. Burnt; consumed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Astron.) So near the sun as to be obscured or eclipsed by his light, as the moon or planets when not more than eight degrees and a half from the sun. [Obs.] “Planets that are oft combust.
Milton.”

Com•bus•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being combustible.

Com•bus´ti•ble , a. [Cf. F. combustible.] 1. Capable of taking fire and burning; apt to catch fire; inflammable. “Sin is to the soul like fire to combustible matter.
South.” 2. Easily kindled or excited; quick; fiery; irascible. “Arnold was a combustible character.
W. Irving.”

Com•bus´ti•ble , n. A substance that may be set on fire, or which is liable to take fire and burn. “All such combustibles as are cheap enough for common use go under the name of fuel.
Ure.”

Com•bus´ti•ble•ness, n. Combustibility.

Com•bus´tion ( 106), n. [L. combustio: cf. F. combustion.] 1. The state of burning. 2. (Chem.) The combination of a combustible with a supporter of combustion, producing heat, and sometimes both light and heat. “Combustion results in common cases from the mutual chemical action and reaction of the combustible and the oxygen of the atmosphere, whereby a new compound is formed.
Ure.” Supporter of combustion (Chem.), a gas as oxygen, the combination of which with a combustible, as coal, constitutes combustion. 3. Violent agitation; confusion; tumult. [Obs.] “There [were] great combustions and divisions among the heads of the university.
Mede.” “But say from whence this new combustion springs.
Dryden.”

Com•bus´tious , a. Inflammable. [Obs.] Shak.

Come , v. i. [imp. Came p. p. Come p. pr & vb. n. Coming.] [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS. kuman, D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan. komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. to go, Skr. gam. rad.23. Cf. Base, n., Convene, Adventure.] 1. To move hitherward; to draw near; to approach the speaker, or some place or person indicated; — opposed to go. “Look, who comes yonder?
Shak.” “I did not come to curse thee.
Tennyson.” 2. To complete a movement toward a place; to arrive. “When we came to Rome.
Acts xxviii. 16.” “Lately come from Italy.
Acts xviii. 2.” 3. To approach or arrive, as if by a journey or from a distance. ´Thy kingdom come.´ Matt. vi. 10. “The hour is coming, and now is.
John. v. 25.” “So quick bright things come to confusion.
Shak.” 4. To approach or arrive, as the result of a cause, or of the act of another. “From whence come wars?
James iv. 1.” “Both riches and honor come of thee !
1 Chron. xxix. 12.” 5. To arrive in sight; to be manifest; to appear. “Then butter does refuse to come.
Hudibras.” 6. To get to be, as the result of change or progress; — with a predicate; as to come untied. “How come you thus estranged?
Shak.” “How come her eyes so bright?
Shak.” Am come, is come, etc., are frequently used instead of have come, has come, etc., esp. in poetry. The verb to be gives a clearer adjectival significance to the participle as expressing a state or condition of the subject, while the auxiliary have expresses simply the completion of the action signified by the verb. “Think not that I am come to destroy.
Matt. v. 17.” “We are come off like Romans.
Shak.” “The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year.
Bryant.” Come may properly be used (instead of go) in speaking of a movement hence, or away, when there is reference to an approach to the person addressed; as I shall come home next week; he will come to your house to-day. It is used with other verbs almost as an auxiliary, indicative of approach to the action or state expressed by the verb; as how came you to do it? Come is used colloquially, with reference to a definite future time approaching, without an auxiliary; as it will be two years, come next Christmas; i. e., when Christmas shall come. “They were cried
In meeting, come next Sunday.
Lowell.” Come, in the imperative, is used to excite attention, or to invite to motion or joint action; come, let us go. ´This is the heir; come, let us kill him.´ Matt. xxi. 38. When repeated, it sometimes expresses haste, or impatience, and sometimes rebuke. ´Come, come, no time for lamentation now.´ Milton. To come, yet to arrive, future. ´In times to come.´ Dryden. ´There’s pippins and cheese to come.´ Shak. — To come about. (a) To come to pass; to arrive; to happen; to result; as how did these things come about? (b) To change; to come round; as the ship comes about. ´The wind is come about.´ Shak. “On better thoughts, and my urged reasons,
They are come about, and won to the true side.
B. Jonson.” — To come abroad. (a) To move or be away from one’s home or country. ´Am come abroad to see the world.´ Shak. (b) To become public or known. [Obs.] ´Neither was anything kept secret, but that it should come abroad.´ Mark. iv. 22. — To come across, to meet; to find, esp. by chance or suddenly. ´We come across more than one incidental mention of those wars.´ E. A. Freeman. ´Wagner’s was certainly one of the strongest and most independent natures I ever came across.´ H. R. Haweis. — To come after. (a) To follow. (b) To come to take or to obtain; as to come after a book. — To come again, to return. ´His spirit came again and he revived.´ Judges. xv. 19. - - To come and go. (a) To appear and disappear; to change; to alternate. ´The color of the king doth come and go.´ Shak. (b) (Mech.) To play backward and forward. — To come at. (a) To reach; to arrive within reach of; to gain; as to come at a true knowledge of ourselves. (b) To come toward; to attack; as he came at me with fury. — To come away, to part or depart. — To come between, to intervene; to separate; hence, to cause estrangement. — To come by. (a) To obtain, gain, acquire. ´Examine how you came by all your state.´ Dryden. (b) To pass near or by way of. — To come down. (a) To descend. (b) To be humbled. — To come down upon, to call to account, to reprimand. [Colloq.] Dickens. — To come home. (a) To return to one’s house or family. (b) To come close; to press closely; to touch the feelings, interest, or reason. (c) (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground; — said of an anchor. — To come in. (a) To enter, as a town, house, etc. ´The thief cometh in.´ Hos. vii. 1. (b) To arrive; as when my ship comes in. (c) To assume official station or duties; as when Lincoln came in. (d) To comply; to yield; to surrender. ´We need not fear his coming in´ Massinger. (e) To be brought into use. ´Silken garments did not come in till late.´ Arbuthnot. (f) To be added or inserted; to be or become a part of. (g) To accrue as gain from any business or investment. (h) To mature and yield a harvest; as the crops come in well. (i) To have sexual intercourse; — with to or unto. Gen. xxxviii. 16. (j) To have young; to bring forth; as the cow will come in next May. [U. S.] — To come in for, to claim or receive. ´The rest came in for subsidies.´ Swift. — To come into, to join with; to take part in; to agree to; to comply with; as to come into a party or scheme. - - To come it over, to hoodwink; to get the advantage of. [Colloq.] — To come near or nigh, to approach in place or quality; to be equal to. ´Nothing ancient or modern seems to come near it.´ Sir W. Temple. — To come of. (a) To descend or spring from. ´Of Priam’s royal race my mother came.´ Dryden. (b) To result or follow from. ´This comes of judging by the eye.´ L’Estrange. — To come off. (a) To depart or pass off from. (b) To get free; to get away; to escape. (c) To be carried through; to pass off; as it came off well. (d) To acquit one’s self; to issue from (a contest, etc.); as he came off with honor; hence, substantively, a come-off, an escape; an excuse; an evasion. [Colloq.] (e) To pay over; to give. [Obs.] (f) To take place; to happen; as when does the race come off? (g) To be or become after some delay; as the weather came off very fine. (h) To slip off or be taken off, as a garment; to separate. (i) To hurry away; to get through. Chaucer. — To come off by, to suffer. [Obs.] ´To come off by the worst.´ Calamy. — To come off from, to leave. ´To come off from these grave disquisitions.´ Felton. — To come on. (a) To advance; to make progress; to thrive. (b) To move forward; to approach; to supervene. — To come out. (a) To pass out or depart, as from a country, room, company, etc. ´They shall come out with great substance.´ Gen. xv. 14. (b) To become public; to appear; to be published. ´It is indeed come out at last.´ Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To end; to result; to turn out; as how will this affair come out? he has come out well at last. (d) To be introduced into society; as she came out two seasons ago. (e) To appear; to show itself; as the sun came out. (f) To take sides; to take a stand; as he came out against the tariff. — To come out with, to give publicity to; to disclose. — To come over. (a) To pass from one side or place to another. ´Perpetually teasing their friends to come over to them.´ Addison. (b) To rise and pass over, in distillation. — To come over to, to join. — To come round. (a) To recur in regular course. (b) To recover. [Colloq.] (c) To change, as the wind. (d) To relent. J. H. Newman. (e) To circumvent; to wheedle. [Colloq.] — To come short, to be deficient; to fail of attaining. ´All have sinned and come short of the glory of God.´ Rom. iii. 23. — To come to. (a) To consent or yield. Swift. (b) (Naut.) (with the accent on to) To luff; to bring the ship’s head nearer the wind; to anchor. (c) (with the accent on to) To recover, as from a swoon. (d) To arrive at; to reach. (e) To amount to; as the taxes come to a large sum. (f) To fall to; to be received by, as an inheritance. Shak. — To come to blows. See under Blow. — To come to grief. See under Grief. — To come to a head. (a) To suppurate, as a boil. (b) To mature; to culminate; as a plot. — To come to one’s self, to recover one’s senses. — To come to pass, to happen; to fall out. — To come to the scratch. (a) (Prize Fighting) To step up to the scratch or mark made in the ring to be toed by the combatants in beginning a contest; hence: (b) To meet an antagonist or a difficulty bravely. [Colloq.] — To come to time. (a) (Prize Fighting) To come forward in order to resume the contest when the interval allowed for rest is over and ´time´ is called; hence: (b) To keep an appointment; to meet expectations. [Colloq.] — To come together. (a) To meet for business, worship, etc.; to assemble. Acts i. 6. (b) To live together as man and wife. Matt. i. 18. — To come true, to happen as predicted or expected. — To come under, to belong to, as an individual to a class. — To come up (a) to ascend; to rise. (b) To be brought up; to arise, as a question. (c) To spring; to shoot or rise above the earth, as a plant. (d) To come into use, as a fashion. — To come up the capstan (Naut.), to turn it the contrary way, so as to slacken the rope about it. — To come up the tackle fall (Naut.), to slacken the tackle gently. Totten. — To come up to, to rise to; to equal. — To come up with, to overtake or reach by pursuit. — To come upon. (a) To befall. (b) To attack or invade. (c) To have a claim upon; to become dependent upon for support; as to come upon the town. (d) To light or chance upon; to find; as to come upon hid treasure.

Come , v. t. To carry through; to succeed in; as you can’t come any tricks here. [Slang] To come it, to succeed in a trick of any sort. [Slang]

Come, n. Coming. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Co-med´dle , v. t. To mix; to mingle, to temper. [Obs.] Shak.

Co•me´di•an , n. [Cf. F. comedien.] 1. An actor or player in comedy. ´The famous comedian, Roscius.´ Middleton. 2. A writer of comedy. Milton.

Co•me•di•enne´ , n. [F., fem. of comedien.] A women who plays in comedy.

Co•me•di•et´ta , n. [It.] A dramatic sketch; a brief comedy.

Com´e•do , n.; pl. Comedones (#). [L., a glutton. See Comestible.] (Med.) A small nodule or cystic tumor, common on the nose, etc., which on pressure allows the escape of a yellow wormlike mass of retained oily secretion, with a black head (dirt).

Come´down , n. A downfall; an humiliation. [Colloq.]

Com´e•dy , n.; pl. Comedies (#). [F. comedie, L. comoedia, fr. Gr. ; a jovial festivity with music and dancing, a festal procession, an ode sung at this procession (perh. akin to village, E. home) + to sing; for comedy was originally of a lyric character. See Home, and Ode.] A dramatic composition, or representation of a bright and amusing character, based upon the foibles of individuals, the manners of society, or the ludicrous events or accidents of life; a play in which mirth predominates and the termination of the plot is happy; — opposed to tragedy. “With all the vivacity of comedy.
Macaulay.” “Are come to play a pleasant comedy.
Shak.”

Come´li•ly , adv. In a suitable or becoming manner. [R.] Sherwood.

Come´li•ness , n. [See Comely.] The quality or state of being comely. “Comeliness is a disposing fair
Of things and actions in fit time and place.
Sir J. Davies.” “Strength, comeliness of shape, or amplest merit.
Milton.” “Comeliness signifies something less forcible than beauty, less elegant than grace, and less light than prettiness.
Johnson.”

Come´ly (kum´ly), a. [Compar. Comelier superl. Comeliest.] [OE. comeliche, AS. cymlic; cyme suitable (fr. cuman to come, become) + lic like.] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; well- proportioned; good-looking; handsome. “He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very beautiful when he was young.
South.” “Not once perceive their foul disfigurement
But boast themselves more comely than before.
Milton.” 2. Suitable or becoming; proper; agreeable. “This is a happier and more comely time
Than when these fellows ran about the streets,
Crying confusion.
Shak.” “It is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely.
Ps. cxlvii. 1.”

Come´ly, adv. In a becoming manner. Ascham.

Come-out´er , n. One who comes out or withdraws from a religious or other organization; a radical reformer. [Colloq. U. S.]

Com´er , n. One who comes, or who has come; one who has arrived, and is present. All comers, all who come, or offer, to take part in a matter, especially in a contest or controversy. ´To prove it against all comers.´ Bp. Stillingfleet.

Co´mes , n. [L., a companion.] (Mus.) The answer to the theme (dux) in a fugue.

Com•es•sa´tion , n. [L. comissatio, comessatio.] A reveling; a rioting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Co•mes´ti•ble , a. [F. comestible, fr. L. comesus, comestus, p. p. of comedere to eat; com- + edere to eat.] Suitable to be eaten; eatable; esculent. “Some herbs are most comestible.
Sir T. Elyot.”

Co•mes´ti•ble, n. Something suitable to be eaten; — commonly in the plural. Thackeray.

Com´et , n. [L. cometes, cometa, from Gr. comet, prop. long-haired, fr. to wear long hair, fr. hair, akin to L. coma: cf. F. comète.] (Astron.) A member of the solar system which usually moves in an elongated orbit, approaching very near to the sun in its perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at its aphelion. A comet commonly consists of three parts: the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently wanting. See Illustration in Appendix.

Com•e•ta´ri•um , n. [NL.] (Astron.) An instrument, intended to represent the revolution of a comet round the sun. Hutton.

Com´et•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. cometaire.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a comet. Cheyne. { Com´et-find•er , or Com´et- seek•er }, n. (Astron.) A telescope of low power, having a large field of view, used for finding comets.

Co•met´ic , a. Relating to a comet.

Com•et•og´ra•pher , n. One who describes or writes about comets.

Com•et•og´ra•phy , n. [Comet + -graphy: cf. F. cometographie.] A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets.

Com•et•ol´o•gy , n. [Comet + -logy.] The department of astronomy relating to comets.

Com´fit , n. [F. confit, prop. a p. p., fr. confire to preserve, pickle, fr. L. conficere to prepare; con- + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Confect.] A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit, root, or seed preserved with sugar and dried; a confection.

Com´fit, v. t. To preserve dry with sugar. “The fruit which does so quickly waste, …
Thou comfitest in sweets to make it last.
Cowley.”

Com´fi•ture ( 135), n. [F. confiture; cf. LL. confecturae sweetmeats, confectura a preparing. See Comfit, and cf. Confiture.] See Comfit, n.

Com´fort , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comforting.] [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much; con- + fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. To make strong; to invigorate; to fortify; to corroborate. [Obs.] Wyclif. “God’s own testimony … doth not a little comfort and confirm the same.
Hooker.” 2. To assist or help; to aid. [Obs.] “I … can not help the noble chevalier:
God comfort him in this necessity!
Shak.” 3. To impart strength and hope to; to encourage; to relieve; to console; to cheer. “Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men.
Bacon.” “That we may be able to comfort them that are in any affliction.
2 Cor. i. 4 (Rev. Ver.).” “A perfect woman, nobly planned,
To warn, to comfort, and command.
Wordsworth.” Syn. — To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; enliven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; refresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. — To Comfort, Console, Solace. These verbs all suppose some antecedent state of suffering or sorrow. Console is confined to the act giving sympathetic relief to the mind under affliction or sorrow, and points to some definite source of that relief; as the presence of his friend consoled him; he was much consoled by this intelligence. The act of consoling commonly implies the inculcation of resignation. Comfort points to relief afforded by the communication of positive pleasure, hope, and strength, as well as by the diminution of pain; as ´They brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted.´ Acts xx. 12. Solace is from L. solacium, which means according to Dumesnil, consolation inwardly felt or applied to the case of the sufferer. Hence, the verb to solace denotes the using of things for the purpose of affording relief under sorrow or suffering; as to solace one’s self with reflections, with books, or with active employments.

Com´fort , n. [OF. confort, fr. conforter.] 1. Assistance; relief; support. [Obs. except in the phrase ´aid and comfort.´ See 5 below.] Shak. 2. Encouragement; solace; consolation in trouble; also that which affords consolation. “In comfort of her mother’s fears.
Shak.” “Cheer thy spirit with this comfort.
Shak.” “Speaking words of endearment where words of comfort availed not.
Longfellow.” 3. A state of quiet enjoyment; freedom from pain, want, or anxiety; also whatever contributes to such a condition. “I had much joy and comfort in thy love.
Phil. 7 (Rev. Ver.).” “He had the means of living in comfort.
Macaulay.” 4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.] 5. (Law) Unlawful support, countenance, or encouragement; as to give aid and comfort to the enemy. Syn. — Comfort, Consolation. Comfort has two meanings: 1. Strength and relief received under affliction; 2. Positive enjoyment, of a quiet, permanent nature, together with the sources thereof; as the comfort of love; surrounded with comforts; but it is with the former only that the word consolation is brought into comparison. As thus compared, consolation points to some specific source of relief for the afflicted mind; as the consolations of religion. Comfort supposes the relief to be afforded by imparting positive enjoyment, as well as a diminution of pain. ´Consolation, or comfort, signifies some alleviation to that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate remedy; they imply rather an augmentation of the power of bearing, than a diminution of the burden.´ Johnson.

Com´fort•a•ble , a. [OF. confortable.] 1. Strong; vigorous; valiant. [Obs.] Wyclif. “Thy conceit is nearer death than thy powers. For my sake be comfortable; hold death a while at the arm’s end.
Shak.” 2. Serviceable; helpful. [Obs.] “Be comfortable to my mother, your mistress, and make much of her.
Shak.” 3. Affording or imparting comfort or consolation; able to comfort; cheering; as a comfortable hope. ´Kind words and comfortable.´ Cowper. “A comfortable provision made for their subsistence.
Dryden.” 4. In a condition of comfort; having comforts; not suffering or anxious; hence, contented; cheerful; as to lead a comfortable life. “My lord leans wondrously to discontent;
His comfortable temper has forsook him:
He is much out of health.
Shak.” 5. Free, or comparatively free, from pain or distress; — used of a sick person. [U. S.]

Com´fort•a•ble, n. A stuffed or quilted coverlet for a bed; a comforter; a comfort. [U. S.]

Com´fort•a•ble•ness, n. State of being comfortable.

Com´fort•a•bly, adv. In a comfortable or comforting manner. “Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem.
Is. xl. 2.”

Com´fort•er , n. 1. One who administers comfort or consolation. “Let no comforter delight mine ear
But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine.
Shak.” 2. (Script.) The Holy Spirit, — referring to his office of comforting believers. “But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things.
John xiv. 26.” 3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. [U. S.] “The American schoolboy takes off his comforter and unbuttons his jacket before going in for a snowball fight.
Pop. Sci. Monthly.” 4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.] Job’s comforter, a boil. [Colloq.]

Com´fort•less, a. Without comfort or comforts; in want or distress; cheerless. “Comfortless through tyranny or might.
Spenser.” Syn. — Forlorn; desolate; cheerless; inconsolable; disconsolate; wretched; miserable. — Com´fort•less•ly, adv. — Com´fort•less•ness, n. “When all is coldly, comfortlessly costly.
Milton.”

Com´fort•ment , n. Act or process of administering comfort. [Obs.] “The gentle comfortment and entertainment of the said embassador.
Hakluyt.”

Com´fort•ress , n. A woman who comforts. “To be your comfortress, and to preserve you.
B. Jonson.”

Com´frey , n. [Prob. from F. conferve, L. conferva, fr. confervere to boil together, in medical language, to heal, grow together. So called on account of its healing power, for which reason it was also called consolida.] (Bot.) A rough, hairy, perennial plant of several species, of the genus Symphytum. A decoction of the mucilaginous root of the ´common comfrey´ (S. officinale) is used in cough mixtures, etc.; and the gigantic ´prickly comfrey´ (S. asperrimum) is somewhat cultivated as a forage plant.

Com´ic , a. [L. comicus pertaining to comedy, Gr. : cf. F. comique. See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. “I can not for the stage a drama lay,
Tragic or comic, but thou writ’st the play.
B. Jonson.” 2. Causing mirth; ludicrous. ´Comic shows.´ Shak.

Com´ic, n. A comedian. [Obs.] Steele.

Com´ic•al , a. 1. Relating to comedy. “They deny it to be tragical because its catastrophe is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical.
Gay.” 2. Exciting mirth; droll; laughable; as a comical story. ´Comical adventures.´ Dryden. Syn. — Humorous; laughable; funny. See Droll. — Com´ic•al•ly, adv. — Com´ic•al´ness, n.

Com•i•cal´i•ty , n.; pl. Comicalities (#). The quality of being comical; something comical.

Com´ic•ry , n. The power of exciting mirth; comicalness. [R.] H. Giles.

Com´ing , a. 1. Approaching; of the future, especially the near future; the next; as the coming week or year; the coming exhibition. “Welcome the coming, speed the parting, guest.
Pope.” “Your coming days and years.
Byron.” 2. Ready to come; complaisant; fond. [Obs.] Pope.

Com´ing, n. 1. Approach; advent; manifestation; as the coming of the train. 2. Specifically: The Second Advent of Christ. Coming in. (a) Entrance; entrance way; manner of entering; beginning. ´The goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof.´ Ezek. xliii. 11 (b) Income or revenue. ´What are thy comings in?´ Shak.

Co•mi´ti•a , n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A public assembly of the Roman people for electing officers or passing laws. There were three kinds of comitia: comitia curiata, or assembly of the patricians, who voted in curiae; comitia centuriata, or assembly of the whole Roman people, who voted by centuries; and comitia tributa, or assembly of the plebeians according to their division into tribes.

Co•mi´tial , a. [L. comitialis.] Relating to the comitia, or popular assemblies of the Romans for electing officers and passing laws. Middleton.

Com´i•ty , n.; pl. Comities (#). [L. comitas, fr. comis courteous, kind.] Mildness and suavity of manners; courtesy between equals; friendly civility; as comity of manners; the comity of States. Comity of nations (International Law), the courtesy by which nations recognize within their own territory, or in their courts, the peculiar institutions of another nation or the rights and privileges acquired by its citizens in their own land. By some authorities private international law rests on this comity, but the better opinion is that it is part of the common law of the land, and hence is obligatory as law. Syn. — Civility; good breeding; courtesy; good will.

Com´ma , n. [L. comma part of a sentence, comma, Gr. clause, fr. to cut off. Cf. Capon.] 1. A character or point [,] marking the smallest divisions of a sentence, written or printed. 2. (Mus.) A small interval (the difference between a major and minor half step), seldom used except by tuners. Comma bacillus (Physiol.), a variety of bacillus shaped like a comma, found in the intestines of patients suffering from cholera. It is considered by some as having a special relation to the disease; — called also cholera bacillus. — Comma butterfly (Zoöl.), an American butterfly (Grapta comma), having a white comma-shaped marking on the under side of the wings.

Com•mand´ ( 61), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Commanding.] [OE. comaunden, commanden, OF. comander, F. commander, fr. L. com- + mandare to commit to, to command. Cf. Commend, Mandate.] 1. To order with authority; to lay injunction upon; to direct; to bid; to charge. “We are commanded to forgive our enemies, but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends.
Bacon.” “Go to your mistress:
Say, I command her come to me.
Shak.” 2. To exercise direct authority over; to have control of; to have at one’s disposal; to lead. “Monmouth commanded the English auxiliaries.
Macaulay.” “Such aid as I can spare you shall command.
Shak.” 3. To have within a sphere of control, influence, access, or vision; to dominate by position; to guard; to overlook. “Bridges commanded by a fortified house.
Motley.” “Up to the eastern tower,
Whose height commands as subject all the vale.
Shak.” “One side commands a view of the finest garden.
Addison.” 4. To have power or influence of the nature of authority over; to obtain as if by ordering; to receive as a due; to challenge; to claim; as justice commands the respect and affections of the people; the best goods command the best price. “’Tis not in mortals to command success.
Addison.” 5. To direct to come; to bestow. [Obs.] “I will command my blessing upon you.
Lev. xxv. 21.” Syn. — To bid; order; direct; dictate; charge; govern; rule; overlook.

Com•mand´, v. i. 1. To have or to exercise direct authority; to govern; to sway; to influence; to give an order or orders. “And reigned, commanding in his monarchy.
Shak.” “For the king had so commanded concerning [Haman].
Esth. iii. 2.” 2. To have a view, as from a superior position. “Far and wide his eye commands.
Milton.”

Com•mand´, n. 1. An authoritative order requiring obedience; a mandate; an injunction. “Awaiting what command their mighty chief
Had to impose.
Milton.” 2. The possession or exercise of authority. “Command and force may often create, but can never cure, an aversion.
Locke.” 3. Authority; power or right of control; leadership; as the forces under his command. 4. Power to dominate, command, or overlook by means of position; scope of vision; survey. “The steepy stand
Which overlooks the vale with wide command.
Dryden.” 5. Control; power over something; sway; influence; as to have command over one’s temper or voice; the fort has command of the bridge. “He assumed an absolute command over his readers.
Dryden.” 6. A body of troops, or any naval or military force or post, or the whole territory under the authority or control of a particular officer. Word of command (Mil.), a word or phrase of definite and established meaning, used in directing the movements of soldiers; as aim; fire; shoulder arms, etc. Syn. — Control; sway; power; authority; rule; dominion; sovereignty; mandate; order; injunction; charge; behest. See Direction.

Com•mand´a•ble , a. Capable of being commanded.

Com•man•dant´ , n. [F., orig. p. pr. of commander.] A commander; the commanding officer of a place, or of a body of men; as the commandant of a navy-yard.

Com•mand´a•to•ry , a. Mandatory; as commandatory authority. [Obs.]

Com•mand´er , n. [Cf. F. commandeur. Cf. Commodore, Commender.] 1. A chief; one who has supreme authority; a leader; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it. “A leader and commander to the people.
Is. lv. 4.” 2. (Navy) An officer who ranks next below a captain, — ranking with a lieutenant colonel in the army. 3. The chief officer of a commandery. 4. A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in paving, in sail lofts, etc. Commander in chief, the military title of the officer who has supreme command of the land or naval forces or the united forces of a nation or state; a generalissimo. The President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States. Syn. — See Chief.

Com•mand´er•ship, n. The office of a commander.

Com•mand´er•y , n.; pl. Commanderies (#). [F. commanderie.] 1. The office or rank of a commander. [Obs.] 2. A district or a manor with lands and tenements appertaining thereto, under the control of a member of an order of knights who was called a commander; — called also a preceptory. 3. An assembly or lodge of Knights Templars (so called) among the Freemasons. [U. S.] 4. A district under the administration of a military commander or governor. [R.] Brougham.

Com•mand´ing, a. 1. Exercising authority; actually in command; as a commanding officer. 2. Fitted to impress or control; as a commanding look or presence. 3. Exalted; overlooking; having superior strategic advantages; as a commanding position. Syn. — Authoritative; imperative; imperious.

Com•mand´ing•ly, adv. In a commanding manner.

Com•mand´ment , n. [OF. commandement, F. commandement.] 1. An order or injunction given by authority; a command; a charge; a precept; a mandate. “A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another.
John xiii. 34.” 2. (Script.) One of the ten laws or precepts given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. 3. The act of commanding; exercise of authority. “And therefore put I on the countenance
Of stern commandment.
Shak.” 4. (Law) The offense of commanding or inducing another to violate the law. The Commandments, The Ten Commandments, the Decalogue, or summary of God’s commands, given to Moses at Mount Sinai. (Ex. xx.)

Com•mand´ress , n. A woman invested with authority to command. Hooker.

Com•mand´ry , n. See Commandery.

Com´mark , n. [OF. comarque, or LL. commarca, commarcha; com- + marcha, boundary. See March a confine.] The frontier of a country; confines. [Obs.] Shelton.

Com•ma•te´ri•al , a. Consisting of the same material. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•mat´ic , a. [L. commaticus, Gr. . See Comma.] Having short clauses or sentences; brief; concise.

Com´ma•tism , n. [See Commatic.] Conciseness in writing. Bp. Horsley.

Com•meas´ur•a•ble , a. [Cf. Commensurable.] Having the same measure; commensurate; proportional. “She being now removed by death, a commeasurable grief took as full possession of him as joy had done.
I. Walton.”

Com•meas´ure , v. t. To be commensurate with; to equal. Tennyson.

Com•mem´o•ra´ble , a. [L. commemorabilis.] Worthy to be commemorated.

Com•mem´o•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commemorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commemorating.] [L. commemoratus, p. p. of commemorare to remember; com- + memorare to mention, fr. memor mindful. See Memory.] To call to remembrance by a special act or observance; to celebrate with honor and solemnity; to honor, as a person or event, by some act of respect or affection, intended to preserve the remembrance of the person or event; as to commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior by the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper; to commemorate the Declaration of Independence by the observance of the Fourth of July. “We are called upon to commemorate a revolution.
Atterbury.” Syn. — See Celebrate.

Com•mem•o•ra´tion , n. [L. commemoratio.] 1. The act of commemorating; an observance or celebration designed to honor the memory of some person or event. “This sacrament was designed to be a standing commemoration of the death and passion of our Lord.
Abp. Tillotson.” “The commonwealth which … chooses the most flagrant act of murderous regicide treason for a feast of eternal commemoration.
Burke.” 2. Whatever serves the purpose of commemorating; a memorial. Commemoration day, at the University of Oxford, Eng., an annual observance or ceremony in honor of the benefactors of the University, at which time honorary degrees are conferred.

Com•mem´o•ra•tive , a. Tending or intended to commemorate. ´A sacrifice commemorative of Christ’s offering up his body for us.´ Hammond. “An inscription commemorative of his victory.
Sir G. C. Lewis.”

Com•mem´o•ra•tor , n. [L.] One who commemorates.

Com•mem´o•ra•to•ry , a. Serving to commemorate; commemorative. Bp. Hooper.

Com•mence´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commenced p. pr. & vb. n. Commencing.] [F. commencer, OF. comencier, fr. L. com- + initiare to begin. See Initiate.] 1. To have a beginning or origin; to originate; to start; to begin. “Here the anthem doth commence.
Shak.” “His heaven commences ere the world be past.
Goldsmith.” 2. To begin to be, or to act as. [Archaic] “We commence judges ourselves.
Coleridge.” 3. To take a degree at a university. [Eng.] “I question whether the formality of commencing was used in that age.
Fuller.”

Com•mence´, v. t. To enter upon; to begin; to perform the first act of. “Many a wooer doth commence his suit.
Shak.” It is the practice of good writers to use the verbal noun (instead of the infinitive with to) after commence; as he commenced studying, not he commenced to study.

Com•mence´ment , n. [F. commencement.] 1. The first existence of anything; act or fact of commencing; rise; origin; beginning; start. “The time of Henry VII… . nearly coincides with the commencement of what is termed ´modern history.´
Hallam.” 2. The day when degrees are conferred by colleges and universities upon students and others.

Com•mend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commended; p. pr. & vb. n. Commending.] [L. commendare; com- + mandare to intrust to one’s charge, enjoin, command. Cf. Command, Mandate.] 1. To commit, intrust, or give in charge for care or preservation. “His eye commends the leading to his hand.
Shak.” “Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
Luke xxiii. 46.” 2. To recommend as worthy of confidence or regard; to present as worthy of notice or favorable attention. “Among the objects of knowledge, two especially commend themselves to our contemplation.
Sir M. Hale.” “I commend unto you Phebe our sister.
Rom. xvi. 1.” 3. To mention with approbation; to praise; as to commend a person or an act. “Historians commend Alexander for weeping when he read the actions of Achilles.
Dryden.” 4. To mention by way of courtesy, implying remembrance and good will. [Archaic] “Commend me to my brother.
Shak.”

Com•mend´, n. 1. Commendation; praise. [Obs.] “Speak in his just commend.
Shak.” 2. pl. Compliments; greetings. [Obs.] “Hearty commends and much endeared love to you.
Howell.”

Com•mend´a•ble , a. (Formerly accented on the first syllable.) [L. commendabilis.] Worthy of being commended or praised; laudable; praiseworthy. “Order and decent ceremonies in the church are not only comely but commendable.
Bacon.” — Com•mend´a•ble•ness, n. — Com•mend´a•bly, adv.

Com•men´dam , n. [LL. dare in commendam to give into trust.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) A vacant living or benefice commended to a cleric (usually a bishop) who enjoyed the revenue until a pastor was provided. A living so held was said to be held in commendam. The practice was abolished by law in 1836. “There was [formerly] some sense for commendams.
Selden.” Partnership in commendam. See under Partnership.

Com•mend´a•ta•ry , n. [Cf. F. commendataire, LL. commendatarius.] One who holds a living in commendam.

Com•men•da´tion , n. [L. commendatio.] 1. The act of commending; praise; favorable representation in words; recommendation. “Need we … epistles of commendation?
2 Cor. iii. 1.” “By the commendation of the great officers.
Bacon.” 2. That which is the ground of approbation or praise. “Good nature is the most godlike commendation of a man.
Dryden.” 3. pl. A message of affection or respect; compliments; greeting. [Obs.] “Hark you, Margaret;
No princely commendations to my king?
Shak.”

Com•mend´a•tor , n. [LL.] One who holds a benefice in commendam; a commendatary. Chalmers.

Com•mend´a•to•ry , a. [L. commendatorius.] 1. Serving to commend; containing praise or commendation; commending; praising. ´Commendatory verses.´ Pope. 2. Holding a benefice in commendam; as a commendatory bishop. Burke. Commendatory prayer (Book of Common Prayer), a prayer read over the dying. ´The commendatory prayer was said for him, and, as it ended, he [William III.] died.´ Bp. Burnet.

Com•mend´a•to•ry, n. A commendation; eulogy. [R.] ´Commendatories to our affection.´ Sharp.

Com•mend´er , n. One who commends or praises.

Com•men´sal , n. [LL. commensalis; L. com- + mensa table: cf. F. commensal. Cf. Mensal.] 1. One who eats at the same table. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) An animal, not truly parasitic, which lives in, with, or on, another, partaking usually of the same food. Both species may be benefited by the association.

Com•men´sal , a. Having the character of a commensal.

Com•men´sal•ism , n. The act of eating together; table fellowship.

Com•men•sal´i•ty , n. Fellowship at table; the act or practice of eating at the same table. [Obs.] ´Promiscuous commensality.´ Sir T. Browne.

Com•men•sa´tion , n. Commensality. [Obs.] “Daniel … declined pagan commensation.
Sir T. Browne.”

Com•men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. commensurabilite.] The quality of being commensurable. Sir T. Browne.

Com•men´su•ra•ble , a. [L. commensurabilis; pref. com- + mensurable. See Commensurate, and cf. Commeasurable.] Having a common measure; capable of being exactly measured by the same number, quantity, or measure. — Com•men´su•ra•ble•ness, n. Commensurable numbers or quantities (Math.), those that can be exactly expressed by some common unit; thus a foot and yard are commensurable, since both can be expressed in terms of an inch, one being 12 inches, the other 36 inches. — Numbers, or Quantities, commensurable in power, those whose squares are commensurable.

Com•men´su•ra•bly , adv. In a commensurable manner; so as to be commensurable.

Com•men´su•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commensurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commensurating.] [Pref. com- + mensurate.] 1. To reduce to a common measure. Sir T. Browne. 2. To proportionate; to adjust. T. Puller

Com•men´su•rate , a. 1. Having a common measure; commensurable; reducible to a common measure; as commensurate quantities. 2. Equal in measure or extent; proportionate. “Those who are persuaded that they shall continue forever, can not choose but aspire after a happiness commensurate to their duration.
Tillotson.”

Com•men´su•rate•ly, adv. 1. In a commensurate manner; so as to be equal or proportionate; adequately. 2. With equal measure or extent. Goodwin.

Com•men´su•rate•ness, n. The state or quality of being commensurate. Foster.

Com•men•su•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. commensuration.] The act of commensurating; the state of being commensurate. “All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or proportion of one thing to another.
South.”

Com´ment ( 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commented; p. pr. & vb. n. Commenting.] [F. commenter, L. commentari to meditate upon, explain, v. intens. of comminisci, commentus, to reflect upon, invent; com- + the root of meminisse to remember, mens mind. See Mind.] To make remarks, observations, or criticism; especially, to write notes on the works of an author, with a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain particular passages; to write annotations; — often followed by on or upon. “A physician to comment on your malady.
Shak.” “Critics … proceed to comment on him.
Dryden.” “I must translate and comment.
Pope.”

Com´ment, v. t. To comment on. [Archaic.] Fuller.

Com´ment, n. [Cf. OF. comment.] 1. A remark, observation, or criticism; gossip; discourse; talk. “Their lavish comment when her name was named.
Tennyson.” 2. A note or observation intended to explain, illustrate, or criticise the meaning of a writing, book, etc.; explanation; annotation; exposition. “All the volumes of philosophy,
With all their comments.
Prior.”

Com´men•ta•ry , n.; pl. Commentaries (#). [L. commentarius, commentarium, note book, commentary: cf. F. commentaire. See Comment, v. i.] 1. A series of comments or annotations; esp., a book of explanations or expositions on the whole or a part of the Scriptures or of some other work. “This letter … was published by him with a severe commentary.
Hallam.” 2. A brief account of transactions or events written hastily, as if for a memorandum; — usually in the plural; as Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War.

Com´men•tate , v. t. & i. [L. commentatus, p. p. of commentari to meditate.] To write comments or notes upon; to make comments. [R.] “Commentate upon it, and return it enriched.
Lamb.”

Com•men•ta´tion , n. 1. The act or process of commenting or criticising; exposition. [R.] “The spirit of commentation.
Whewell.” 2. The result of the labors of a commentator.

Com´men•ta•tor , n. [L. commentator: cf. F. commentateur.] One who writes a commentary or comments; an expositor; an annotator. “The commentator’s professed object is to explain, to enforce, to illustrate doctrines claimed as true.
Whewell.”

Com•men•ta•to´ri•al , a. Pertaining to the making of commentaries. Whewell.

Com´men•ta•tor•ship , n. The office or occupation of a commentator.

Com´ment•er , n. One who makes or writes comments; a commentator; an annotator.

Com•men•ti´tious , a. [L. commentitius.] Fictitious or imaginary; unreal; as a commentitious system of religion. [Obs.] Warburton.

Com´merce , n. (Formerly accented on the second syllable.) [F. commerce, L. commercium; com- + merx, mercis, merchandise. See Merchant.] 1. The exchange or buying and selling of commodities; esp. the exchange of merchandise, on a large scale, between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic. “The public becomes powerful in proportion to the opulence and extensive commerce of private men.
Hume.” 2. Social intercourse; the dealings of one person or class in society with another; familiarity. “Fifteen years of thought, observation, and commerce with the world had made him [Bunyan] wiser.
Macaulay.” 3. Sexual intercourse. W. Montagu. 4. A round game at cards, in which the cards are subject to exchange, barter, or trade. Hoyle. Chamber of commerce. See Chamber. Syn. — Trade; traffic; dealings; intercourse; interchange; communion; communication.

Com•merce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commerced (#); p>. pr. & vb. n. Commercing.] [Cf. F. commercer, fr. LL. commerciare.] 1. To carry on trade; to traffic. [Obs.] “Beware you commerce not with bankrupts.
B. Jonson.” 2. To hold intercourse; to commune. Milton. “Commercing with himself.
Tennyson.” “Musicians … taught the people in angelic harmonies to commerce with heaven.
Prof. Wilson.”

Com•mer´cial , a. [Cf. F. commercial.] Of or pertaining to commerce; carrying on or occupied with commerce or trade; mercantile; as commercial advantages; commercial relations. ´Princely commercial houses.´ Macaulay. Commercial college, a school for giving instruction in commercial knowledge and business. — Commercial law. See under Law. — Commercial note paper, a small size of writing paper, usually about 5 by 7½ or 8 inches. — Commercial paper, negotiable paper given in due course of business. It includes bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank checks, etc. — Commercial traveler, an agent of a wholesale house who travels from town to town to solicit orders. Syn. — See Mercantile.

Com•mer´cial•ism , n. The commercial spirit or method. C. Kingsley.

Com•mer´cial•ly, adv. In a commercial manner.

Com´mi•grate , v. i. [L. commigrare, commigratum.] To migrate together. [R.]

Com•mi•gra´tion , n. [L. commigratio.] Migration together. [R.] Woodward.

Com•mi•na´tion , n. [L. comminatio, from comminari to threaten; com- + minari to threaten: cf. F. commination.] 1. A threat or threatening; a denunciation of punishment or vengeance. “With terrible comminations to all them that did resist.
Foxe.” “Those thunders of commination.
I. Taylor.” 2. An office in the liturgy of the Church of England, used on Ash Wednesday, containing a recital of God’s anger and judgments against sinners.

Com•min´a•to´ry , a. [Cf. F. comminatoire.] Threatening or denouncing punishment; as comminatory terms. B. Jonson.

Com•min´gle , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commingled p. pr. & vb. n. Commingling ] To mingle together; to mix in one mass, or intimately; to blend. Bacon.

Com´mi•nute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comminuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comminuting.] [L. comminutus, p. p. of comminuere to comminute; com- + minuere to lessen. See Minute.] To reduce to minute particles, or to a fine powder; to pulverize; to triturate; to grind; as to comminute chalk or bones; to comminute food with the teeth. Pennant. Comminuted fracture. See under Fracture.

Com•mi•nu´tion , n. 1. The act of reducing to a fine powder or to small particles; pulverization; the state of being comminuted. Bentley. 2. (Surg.) Fracture (of a bone) into a number of pieces. Dunglison. 3. Gradual diminution by the removal of small particles at a time; a lessening; a wearing away. “Natural and necessary comminution of our lives.
Johnson.”

Com•mis´er•a•ble , a. Pitiable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•mis´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commiserated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiserating.] [L. commiseratus, p. p. of commiserari to commiserate; com- + miserari to pity. See Miserable.] To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for; to pity. “Then must we those, who groan, beneath the weight
Of age, disease, or want, commiserate.
Denham.” “We should commiserate our mutual ignorance.
Locke.” Syn. — To pity; compassionate; lament; condole.

Com•mis•er•a´tion , n. [F. commiseration, fr. L. commiseratio a part of an oration intended to excite compassion.] The act of commiserating; sorrow for the wants, afflictions, or distresses of another; pity; compassion. “And pluck commiseration of his state
From brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint.
Shak.” Syn. — See Sympathy.

Com•mis´er•a•tive , a. Feeling or expressing commiseration. Todd.

Com•mis´er•a•tor , n. One who pities.

Com•mis•sa´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a commissary.

Com•mis•sa´ri•at ( 277), n. [F. commissariat.] (Mil.) (a) The organized system by which armies and military posts are supplied with food and daily necessaries. (b) The body of officers charged with such service.

Com´mis•sa•ry , n.; pl. Commissaries (#). [LL. commissarius, fr. L. commissus, p. p. of committere to commit, intrust to. See Commit.] 1. One to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office, by a superior power; a commissioner. “Great Destiny, the Commissary of God.
Donne.” 2. (Eccl.) An officer of the bishop, who exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction in parts of the diocese at a distance from the residence of the bishop. Ayliffe. 3. (Mil.) (a) An officer having charge of a special service; as the commissary of musters. (b) An officer whose business is to provide food for a body of troops or a military post; — officially called commissary of subsistence. [U. S.] “Washington wrote to the President of Congress … urging the appointment of a commissary general, a quartermaster general, a commissary of musters, and a commissary of artillery.
W. Irving” Commissary general, an officer in charge of some special department of army service; as: (a) The officer in charge of the commissariat and transport department, or of the ordnance store department. [Eng.] (b) The commissary general of subsistence. [U. S.] — Commissary general of subsistence (Mil. U. S.), the head of the subsistence department, who has charge of the purchase and issue of provisions for the army.

Com´mis•sa•ry•ship , n. The office or employment of a commissary. Ayliffe.

Com•mis´sion , n. [F., fr. L. commissio. See Commit.] 1. The act of committing, doing, or performing; the act of perpetrating. “Every commission of sin introduces into the soul a certain degree of hardness.
South.” 2. The act of intrusting; a charge; instructions as to how a trust shall be executed. 3. The duty or employment intrusted to any person or persons; a trust; a charge. 4. A formal written warrant or authority, granting certain powers or privileges and authorizing or commanding the performance of certain duties. “Let him see our commission.
Shak.” 5. A certificate conferring military or naval rank and authority; as a colonel’s commission. 6. A company of persons joined in the performance of some duty or the execution of some trust; as the interstate commerce commission. “A commission was at once appointed to examine into the matter.
Prescott.” 7. (Com.) (a) The acting under authority of, or on account of, another. (b) The thing to be done as agent for another; as I have three commissions for the city. (c) The brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent for transacting business for another; as a commission of ten per cent on sales. See Del credere. Commission of array. (Eng. Hist.) See under Array. — Commission of bankruptcy, a commission appointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and to secure the bankrupt’s lands and effects for the creditors. — Commission of lunacy, a commission authorizing an inquiry whether a person is a lunatic or not. — Commission merchant, one who buys or sells goods on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent as his compensation. — Commission, or Commissioned, officer (Mil.), one who has a commission, in distinction from a noncommissioned or warrant officer. — Commission of the peace, a commission under the great seal, constituting one or more persons justices of the peace. [Eng.] — To put a vessel into commission (Naut.), to equip and man a government vessel, and send it out on service after it has been laid up; esp., the formal act of taking command of a vessel for service, hoisting the flag, reading the orders, etc. — To put a vessel out of commission (Naut.), to detach the officers and crew and retire it from active service, temporarily or permanently. — To put the great seal, or the Treasury, into commission, to place it in the hands of a commissioner or commissioners during the abeyance of the ordinary administration, as between the going out of one lord keeper and the accession of another. [Eng.] — The United States Christian Commission, an organization among the people of the North, during the Civil War, which afforded material comforts to the Union soldiers, and performed services of a religious character in the field and in hospitals. — The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization formed by the people of the North to coöperate with and supplement the medical department of the Union armies during the Civil War. Syn. — Charge; warrant; authority; mandate; office; trust; employment.

Com•mis´sion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commissioned p. pr & vb. n. Commissioning.] 1. To give a commission to; to furnish with a commission; to empower or authorize; as to commission persons to perform certain acts; to commission an officer. 2. To send out with a charge or commission. “A chosen band
He first commissions to the Latian land.
Dryden.” Syn. — To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate; constitute; ordain. { Com•mis´sion•al , Com•mis´sion•a•ry } a. Of, pertaining to, or conferring, a commission; conferred by a commission or warrant. [R.] “Delegate or commissionary authority.
Bp. Hall.”

Com•mis´sion•ate , v. t. To commission [Obs.]

Com•mis´sion•er , n. 1. A person who has a commission or warrant to perform some office, or execute some business, for the government, corporation, or person employing him; as a commissioner to take affidavits or to adjust claims. “To another address which requested that a commission might be sent to examine into the state of things in Ireland, William returned a gracious answer, and desired the Commons to name the commissioners.
Macaulay.” 2. An officer having charge of some department or bureau of the public service. “Herbert was first commissioner of the Admiralty.
Macaulay.” “The commissioner of patents, the commissioner of the land office, the commissioner of Indian affairs, are subordinates of the secretary of the interior.
Bartlett.” Commissioner of deeds, an officer having authority to take affidavits, depositions, acknowledgment of deeds, etc., for use in the State by which he is appointed. [U. S.] — County commissioners, certain administrative officers in some of the States, invested by local laws with various powers in reference to the roads, courthouses, financial matters, etc., of the county. [U. S.]

Com•mis•sion•naire´ ( F. ?), n. [F., fr. L. commissio.] 1. An agent or factor; a commission merchant. 2. One of a class of attendants, in some European cities, who perform miscellaneous services for travelers.

Com•mis´sion•ship , n. The office of commissioner. Sir W. Scott.

Com•mis´sive , a. Relating to commission; of the nature of, or involving, commission. [R.]

Com•mis´su•ral , a. Of or pertaining to a commissure.

Com•mis´sure (? or 134-6), n. [L. commissura a joining together: cf. F. commissure. See Commit.] 1. A joint, seam, or closure; the place where two bodies, or parts of a body, meet and unite; an interstice, cleft, or juncture. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The point of union between two parts, as the angles of the lips or eyelids, the mandibles of a bird, etc. (b) A collection of fibers connecting parts of the brain or spinal marrow; a chiasma. 3. (Bot.) The line of junction or cohering face of two carpels, as in the parsnip, caraway, etc.

Com•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Committed; p. pr. & vb. n. Committing.] [L. committere, commissum, to connect, commit; com- + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to intrust; to consign; — used with to, unto. “Commit thy way unto the Lord.
Ps. xxxvii. 5.” “Bid him farewell, commit him to the grave.
Shak.” 2. To put in charge of a jailor; to imprison. “These two were committed.
Clarendon.” 3. To do; to perpetrate, as a crime, sin, or fault. “Thou shalt not commit adultery.
Ex. xx. 14.” 4. To join for a contest; to match; — followed by with. [R.] Dr. H. More. 5. To pledge or bind; to compromise, expose, or endanger by some decisive act or preliminary step; — often used reflexively; as to commit one’s self to a certain course. “You might have satisfied every duty of political friendship, without commiting the honor of your sovereign.
Junius.” “Any sudden assent to the proposal … might possibly be considered as committing the faith of the United States.
Marshall.” 6. To confound. [An obsolete Latinism.] “Committing short and long [quantities].
Milton.” To commit a bill (Legislation), to refer or intrust it to a committee or others, to be considered and reported. — To commit to memory, or To commit, to learn by heart; to memorize. Syn. — To Commit, Intrust, Consign. These words have in common the idea of transferring from one’s self to the care and custody of another. Commit is the widest term, and may express only the general idea of delivering into the charge of another; as to commit a lawsuit to the care of an attorney; or it may have the special sense of intrusting with or without limitations, as to a superior power, or to a careful servant, or of consigning, as to writing or paper, to the flames, or to prison. To intrust denotes the act of committing to the exercise of confidence or trust; as to intrust a friend with the care of a child, or with a secret. To consign is a more formal act, and regards the thing transferred as placed chiefly or wholly out of one’s immediate control; as to consign a pupil to the charge of his instructor; to consign goods to an agent for sale; to consign a work to the press.

Com´mit, v. i. To sin; esp., to be incontinent. [Obs.] “Commit not with man’s sworn spouse.
Shak.”

Com•mit´ment , n. 1. The act of committing, or putting in charge, keeping, or trust; consignment; esp., the act of committing to prison. “They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower, whence he was within few days enlarged.
Clarendon.” 2. A warrant or order for the imprisonment of a person; — more frequently termed a mittimus. 3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee for consideration and report; as the commitment of a petition or a bill. 4. A doing, or perpetration, in a bad sense, as of a crime or blunder; commission. 5. The act of pledging or engaging; the act of exposing, endangering, or compromising; also the state of being pledged or engaged. Hamilton.

Com•mit´ta•ble , a. Capable of being committed.

Com•mit´tal , n. The act of committing, or the state of being committed; commitment.

Com•mit´tee , n. [Cf. OF. comite company, and LL. comitatus jurisdiction or territory of a count, county, assize, army. The word was apparently influenced by the verb commit, but not directly formed from it. Cf. County.] One or more persons elected or appointed, to whom any matter or business is referred, either by a legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body of men acting together. Committee of the whole [house], a committee, embracing all the members present, into which a legislative or deliberative body sometimes resolves itself, for the purpose of considering a particular measure under the operation of different rules from those governing the general legislative proceedings. The committee of the whole has its own chairman, and reports its action in the form of recommendations. — Standing committee. See under Standing.

Com•mit•tee´ , n. [From Commit, v. t.] (Law) One to whom the charge of the person or estate of another, as of a lunatic, is committed by suitable authority; a guardian.

Com•mit´tee•man , n. A member of a committee.

Com•mit´ter , n. 1. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates. South. 2. A fornicator. [Obs.] T. Decker.

Com•mit´ti•ble , a. Capable of being committed; liable to be committed. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Com•mix´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commixed p. pr. & vb. n. Commixing.] [Pref. com- + mix: cf. L. commixtus, p. p. of commiscere. See Mix.] To mix or mingle together; to blend. “The commixed impressions of all the colors do stir up and beget a sensation of white.
Sir I. Newton.” “To commix
With winds that sailors rail at.
Shak.”

Com•mix´ion , n. [See Commix.] Commixture. Shak.

Com•mix´tion ( 106), n. [L. commixtio.] Commixture; mingling. [R.] “An exact commixtion of the ingredients.
Boyle.”

Com•mix´ture ( 135), n. [L. commixtura.] 1. The act or process of mixing; the state of being mingled; the blending of ingredients in one mass or compound. “In the commixture of anything that is more oily or sweet, such bodies are least apt to putrefy.
Bacon.” 2. The mass formed by mingling different things; a compound; a mixture. Bacon.

Com´mo•date , n. [L. commodatum thing lent, loan.] (Scots Law) A gratuitous loan.

Com•mode´ , n. [F. commode, fr. commode convenient, L. commodus; com- + modus measure, mode. See Mode.] 1. A kind of headdress formerly worn by ladies, raising the hair and fore part of the cap to a great height. “Or under high commodes, with looks erect.
Granville.” 2. A piece of furniture, so named according to temporary fashion; as: (a) A chest of drawers or a bureau. (b) A night stand with a compartment for holding a chamber vessel. (c) A kind of close stool. (d) A movable sink or stand for a wash bowl, with closet.

Com•mo´di•ous , a. [LL. commodiosus, fr. L. commodum convenience, fr. commodus. See Commode.] Adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; serviceable; spacious and convenient; roomy and comfortable; as a commodious house. ´A commodious drab.´ Shak. ´Commodious gold.´ Pope. “The haven was not commodious to winter in.
Acts xxvii. 12.” Syn. — Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; advantageous; serviceable; useful; spacious; comfortable.

Com•mo´di•ous•ly, adv. In a commodious manner. “To pass commodiously this life.
Milton.”

Com•mo´di•ous•ness, n. State of being commodious; suitableness for its purpose; convenience; roominess. “Of cities, the greatness and riches increase according to the commodiousness of their situation.
Sir W. Temple.” “The commodiousness of the harbor.
Johnson.”

Com•mod´i•ty , n.; pl. Commodities (#). [F. commodite, fr. L. commoditas. See Commode.] 1. Convenience; accommodation; profit; benefit; advantage; interest; commodiousness. [Obs.] “Drawn by the commodity of a footpath.
B. Jonson.” “Men may seek their own commodity, yet if this were done with injury to others, it was not to be suffered.
Hooker.” 2. That which affords convenience, advantage, or profit, especially in commerce, including everything movable that is bought and sold (except animals), — goods, wares, merchandise, produce of land and manufactures, etc. 3. A parcel or quantity of goods. [Obs.] “A commodity of brown paper and old ginger.
Shak.”

Com´mo•dore , n. [Prob. a corruption of commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military order who holds a commandery; also a superior of a monastery, fr. LL. commendare to command. Cf. Commend, Command, Commander.] 1. (U. S. Navy) An officer who ranks next above a captain; sometimes, by courtesy, the senior captain of a squadron. The rank of commodore corresponds with that of brigadier general in the army. 2. (British Navy) A captain commanding a squadron, or a division of a fleet, or having the temporary rank of rear admiral. 3. A title given by courtesy to the senior captain of a line of merchant vessels, and also to the chief officer of a yachting or rowing club. 4. A familiar for the flagship, or for the principal vessel of a squadron or fleet.

Com´mon , a. [Compar. Commoner superl. Commonest.] [OE. commun, comon, OF. comun, F. commun, fr. L. communis; com- + munis ready to be of service; cf. Skr. mi to make fast, set up, build, Goth. gamains common, G. gemein, and E. mean low, common. Cf. Immunity, Commune, n. & v.] 1. Belonging or relating equally, or similarly, to more than one; as you and I have a common interest in the property. “Though life and sense be common to men and brutes.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer. “Such actions as the common good requireth.
Hooker.” “The common enemy of man.
Shak.” 3. Often met with; usual; frequent; customary. “Grief more than common grief.
Shak.” 4. Not distinguished or exceptional; inconspicuous; ordinary; plebeian; — often in a depreciatory sense. “The honest, heart-felt enjoyment of common life.
W. Irving.” “This fact was infamous
And ill beseeming any common man,
Much more a knight, a captain and a leader.
Shak.” “Above the vulgar flight of common souls.
A. Murphy.” 5. Profane; polluted. [Obs.] “What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common.
Acts x. 15.” 6. Given to habits of lewdness; prostitute. “A dame who herself was common.
L’Estrange.” Common bar (Law) Same as Blank bar, under Blank. — Common barrator (Law), one who makes a business of instigating litigation. — Common Bench, a name sometimes given to the English Court of Common Pleas. — Common brawler (Law), one addicted to public brawling and quarreling. See Brawler. — Common carrier (Law), one who undertakes the office of carrying (goods or persons) for hire. Such a carrier is bound to carry in all cases when he has accommodation, and when his fixed price is tendered, and he is liable for all losses and injuries to the goods, except those which happen in consequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of the country, or of the owner of the property himself. — Common chord (Mus.), a chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. — Common council, the representative (legislative) body, or the lower branch of the representative body, of a city or other municipal corporation. — Common crier, the crier of a town or city. — Common divisor (Math.), a number or quantity that divides two or more numbers or quantities without a remainder; a common measure. — Common gender (Gram.), the gender comprising words that may be of either the masculine or the feminine gender. — Common law, a system of jurisprudence developing under the guidance of the courts so as to apply a consistent and reasonable rule to each litigated case. It may be superseded by statute, but unless superseded it controls. Wharton. It is by others defined as the unwritten law (especially of England), the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, as ascertained and expressed in the judgments of the courts. This term is often used in contradistinction from statute law. Many use it to designate a law common to the whole country. It is also used to designate the whole body of English (or other) law, as distinguished from its subdivisions, local, civil, admiralty, equity, etc. See Law. — Common lawyer, one versed in common law. — Common lewdness (Law), the habitual performance of lewd acts in public. — Common multiple (Arith.) See under Multiple. — Common noun (Gram.), the name of any one of a class of objects, as distinguished from a proper noun (the name of a particular person or thing). — Common nuisance (Law), that which is deleterious to the health or comfort or sense of decency of the community at large. — Common pleas, one of the three superior courts of common law at Westminster, presided over by a chief justice and four puisne judges. Its jurisdiction is confined to civil matters. Courts bearing this title exist in several of the United States, having, however, in some cases, both civil and criminal jurisdiction extending over the whole State. In other States the jurisdiction of the common pleas is limited to a county, and it is sometimes called a county court. Its powers are generally defined by statute. — Common prayer, the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, which all its clergy are enjoined to use. It is contained in the Book of Common Prayer. — Common school, a school maintained at the public expense, and open to all. — Common scold (Law), a woman addicted to scolding indiscriminately, in public. — Common seal, a seal adopted and used by a corporation. — Common sense. (a) A supposed sense which was held to be the common bond of all the others. [Obs.] Trench. (b) Sound judgment. See under Sense. — Common time (Mus.), that variety of time in which the measure consists of two or of four equal portions. — In common, equally with another, or with others; owned, shared, or used, in community with others; affecting or affected equally. — Out of the common, uncommon; extraordinary. — Tenant in common, one holding real or personal property in common with others, having distinct but undivided interests. See Joint tenant, under Joint. — To make common cause with, to join or ally one’s self with. Syn. — General; public; popular; national; universal; frequent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar; habitual; vulgar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. See Mutual, Ordinary, General.

Com´mon , n. 1. The people; the community. [Obs.] ´The weal o’ the common.´ Shak. 2. An inclosed or uninclosed tract of ground for pleasure, for pasturage, etc., the use of which belongs to the public; or to a number of persons. 3. (Law) The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; — so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right. Common appendant, a right belonging to the owners or occupiers of arable land to put commonable beasts upon the waste land in the manor where they dwell. — Common appurtenant, a similar right applying to lands in other manors, or extending to other beasts, besides those which are generally commonable, as hogs. — Common because of vicinage or neighborhood, the right of the inhabitants of each of two townships, lying contiguous to each other, which have usually intercommoned with one another, to let their beasts stray into the other’s fields. - - Common in gross or at large, a common annexed to a man’s person, being granted to him and his heirs by deed; or it may be claimed by prescriptive right, as by a parson of a church or other corporation sole. Blackstone. — Common of estovers, the right of taking wood from another’s estate. — Common of pasture, the right of feeding beasts on the land of another. Burill. — Common of piscary, the right of fishing in waters belonging to another. — Common of turbary, the right of digging turf upon the ground of another.

Com´mon, v. i. 1. To converse together; to discourse; to confer. [Obs.] “Embassadors were sent upon both parts, and divers means of entreaty were commoned of.
Grafton.” 2. To participate. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 3. To have a joint right with others in common ground. Johnson. 4. To board together; to eat at a table in common.

Com´mon•a•ble , a. 1. Held in common. ´Forests … and other commonable places.´ Bacon. 2. Allowed to pasture on public commons. “Commonable beasts are either beasts of the plow, or such as manure the ground.
Blackstone.”

Com´mon•age , n. [Cf. OF. communage.] The right of pasturing on a common; the right of using anything in common with others. “The claim of commonage … in most of the forests.
Burke.”

Com´mon•al•ty , n.; pl. Commonalties (#). [OF. communalte; F. communaute, fr. communal. See Communal.] 1. The common people; those classes and conditions of people who are below the rank of nobility; the commons. “The commonalty, like the nobility, are divided into several degrees.
Blackstone.” “The ancient fare of our kings differed from that of the commonalty in plenteousness only.
Landon.” 2. The majority or bulk of mankind. [Obs.] Hooker.

Com´mon•er , n. 1. One of the common people; one having no rank of nobility. “All below them [the peers] even their children, were commoners, and in the eye of the law equal to each other.
Hallam.” 2. A member of the House of Commons. 3. One who has a joint right in common ground. “Much good land might be gained from forests … and from other commonable places, so as always there be a due care taken that the poor commoners have no injury.
Bacon.” 4. One sharing with another in anything. [Obs.] Fuller. 5. A student in the university of Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on any foundation for support, but pays all university charges; - - at Cambridge called a pensioner. 6. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak.

Com´mon•ish, a. Somewhat common; commonplace; vulgar.

Com•mo•ni´tion , n. [L. commonitio. See Monition.] Advice; warning; instruction. [Obs.] Bailey.

Com•mon´i•tive , a. Monitory. [Obs.] “Only commemorative and commonitive.
Bp. Hall.”

Com•mon´i•to•ry , a. [L. commonitorius.] Calling to mind; giving admonition. [Obs.] Foxe.

Com´mon•ly , adv. 1. Usually; generally; ordinarily; frequently; for the most part; as confirmed habits commonly continue through life. 2. In common; familiarly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Com´mon•ness, n. 1. State or quality of being common or usual; as the commonness of sunlight. 2. Triteness; meanness.

Com´mon•place , a. Common; ordinary; trite; as a commonplace person, or observation.

Com´mon•place, n. 1. An idea or expression wanting originality or interest; a trite or customary remark; a platitude. 2. A memorandum; something to be frequently consulted or referred to. “Whatever, in my reading, occurs concerning this our fellow creature, I do never fail to set it down by way of commonplace.
Swift.” Commonplace book, a book in which records are made of things to be remembered.

Com´mon•place, v. t. To enter in a commonplace book, or to reduce to general heads. Felton.

Com´mon•place, v. i. To utter commonplaces; to indulge in platitudes. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com´mon•place•ness, n. The quality of being commonplace; commonness.

Com´mons , n. pl., 1. The mass of the people, as distinguished from the titled classes or nobility; the commonalty; the common people. [Eng.] “’T is like the commons, rude unpolished hinds,
Could send such message to their sovereign.
Shak.” “The word commons in its present ordinary signification comprises all the people who are under the rank of peers.
Blackstone.” 2. The House of Commons, or lower house of the British Parliament, consisting of representatives elected by the qualified voters of counties, boroughs, and universities. “It is agreed that the Commons were no part of the great council till some ages after the Conquest.
Hume.” 3. Provisions; food; fare, — as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities. “Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant.
Dryden.” 4. A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as to board in commons. 5. A common; public pasture ground. “To shake his ears, and graze in commons.
Shak.” Doctors’ Commons, a place near St. Paul’s Churchyard in London where the doctors of civil law used to common together, and where were the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts and offices having jurisdiction of marriage licenses, divorces, registration of wills, etc. — To be on short commons, to have a small allowance of food. [Colloq.]

Com´mon sense´ See Common sense, under Sense.

Com´mon•ty , n. (Scots Law) A common; a piece of land in which two or more persons have a common right. Bell.

Com´mon•weal´ , n. [Common + weal.] Commonwealth. “Such a prince,
So kind a father of the commonweal.
Shak.”

Com´mon•wealth ( 277), n. [Common + wealth well-being.] 1. A state; a body politic consisting of a certain number of men, united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form of government and system of laws. “The trappings of a monarchy would set up an ordinary commonwealth.
Milton.” This term is applied to governments which are considered as free or popular, but rarely, or improperly, to an absolute government. The word signifies, strictly, the common well-being or happiness; and hence, a form of government in which the general welfare is regarded rather than the welfare of any class. 2. The whole body of people in a state; the public. 3. (Eng. Hist.) Specifically, the form of government established on the death of Charles I., in 1649, which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, ending with the abdication of the latter in 1659. Syn. — State; realm; republic.

Com´mo•rance , n. See Commorancy.

Com´mo•ran•cy , n. 1. (Law) A dwelling or ordinary residence in a place; habitation. “Commorancy consists in usually lying there.
Blackstone.” 2. (Am. Law) Residence temporarily, or for a short time.

Com´mo•rant , n. [L. commorans, p. pr. of commorari to abide; com- + morari to delay.] 1. (Law) Ordinarily residing; inhabiting. “All freeholders within the precinct … and all persons commorant therein.
Blackstone.” 2. (Am. Law) Inhabiting or occupying temporarily.

Com´mo•rant, n. A resident. Bp. Hacket.

Com•mo•ra´tion , n. [L. commoratio.] The act of staying or residing in a place. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Com•mo´ri•ent , a. [L. commoriens, p. pr. of commoriri.] Dying together or at the same time. [R.] Sir G. Buck.

Com•morse´ , n. [L. commorsus, p. p. of commordere to bite sharply.] Remorse. [Obs.] ´With sad commorse.´ Daniel.

Com•mote´ , v. t. [See Commove.] To commove; to disturb; to stir up. [R.] “Society being more or less commoted and made uncomfortable.
Hawthorne.”

Com•mo´tion , n. [L. commotio: cf. F. commotion. See Motion.] 1. Disturbed or violent motion; agitation. “[What] commotion in the winds !
Shak.” 2. A popular tumult; public disturbance; riot. “When ye shall hear of wars and commotions.
Luke xxi. 9.” 3. Agitation, perturbation, or disorder, of mind; heat; excitement. ´He could not debate anything without some commotion.´ Clarendon. Syn. — Excitement; agitation; perturbation; disturbance; tumult; disorder; violence.

Com•move´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commoved p. pr. & vb. n. Commoving.] [L. commovere, commotum; com- + movere to move.] 1. To urge; to persuade; to incite. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To put in motion; to disturb; to unsettle. [R.] “Straight the sands,
Commoved around, in gathering eddies play.
Thomson.”

Com´mu•nal , a. [Cf. F. communal.] Pertaining to a commune.

Com´mu•nal•ism , n. A French theory of government which holds that commune should be a kind of independent state, and the national government a confederation of such states, having only limited powers. It is advocated by advanced French republicans; but it should not be confounded with communism.

Com´mu•nal•ist, n. [Cf. F. communaliste.] An advocate of communalism.

Com•mu•nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to communalism.

Com•mune´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Communed p. pr. & vb. n. Communing.] [OF. communier, fr. L. communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Common, and cf. Communicate.] 1. To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel. “I would commune with you of such things
That want no ear but yours.
Shak.” 2. To receive the communion; to partake of the eucharist or Lord’s supper. “To commune under both kinds.
Bp. Burnet.” To commune with one’s self or one’s heart, to think; to reflect; to meditate.

Com´mune , n. Communion; sympathetic intercourse or conversation between friends. “For days of happy commune dead.
Tennyson.”

Com´mune , n. [F., fr. commun. See Common.] 1. The commonalty; the common people. [Obs.] Chaucer. “In this struggle — to use the technical words of the time — of the ´commune´, the general mass of the inhabitants, against the ´prudhommes´ or ´wiser´ few.
J. R. Green.” 2. A small territorial district in France under the government of a mayor and municipal council; also the inhabitants, or the government, of such a district. See Arrondissement. 3. Absolute municipal self- government. The Commune of Paris, or The Commune (a) The government established in Paris (1792-94) by a usurpation of supreme power on the part of representatives chosen by the communes; the period of its continuance is known as the ´Reign of Terror.´ (b) The revolutionary government, modeled on the commune of 1792, which the communists, so called, attempted to establish in 1871.

Com•mu•ni•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. communicabilite.] The quality of being communicable; capability of being imparted.

Com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. communicable, LL. communicabilis.] 1. Capable of being communicated, or imparted; as a communicable disease; communicable knowledge. 2. Communicative; free-speaking. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Com•mu´ni•ca•ble•ness, n. — Com•mu´ni•ca´bly, adv.

Com•mu´ni•cant , n. [L. communicans, p. pr.] 1. One who partakes of, or is entitled to partake of, the sacrament of the Lord’s supper; a church member. “A never-failing monthly communicant.
Atterbury.” 2. One who communicates. Foxe.

Com•mu´ni•cant , a. Communicating. [R.] Coleridge.

Com•mu´ni•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Communicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Communicating.] [L. communicatus, p. p. of communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Commune, v. i.] 1. To share in common; to participate in. [Obs.] “To thousands that communicate our loss.
B. Jonson” 2. To impart; to bestow; to convey; as to communicate a disease or a sensation; to communicate motion by means of a crank. “Where God is worshiped, there he communicates his blessings and holy influences.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. To make known; to recount; to give; to impart; as to communicate information to any one. 4. To administer the communion to. [R.] “She [the church] … may communicate him.
Jer. Taylor.” This verb was formerly followed by with before the person receiving, but now usually takes to after it. “He communicated those thoughts only with the Lord Digby.
Clarendon.” Syn. — To impart; bestow; confer; reveal; disclose; tell; announce; recount; make known. — To Communicate, Impart, Reveal. Communicate is the more general term, and denotes the allowing of others to partake or enjoy in common with ourselves. Impart is more specific. It is giving to others a part of what we had held as our own, or making them our partners; as to impart our feelings; to impart of our property, etc. Hence there is something more intimate in imparting intelligence than in communicating it. To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed; as to reveal a secret.

Com•mu´ni•cate, v. i. 1. To share or participate; to possess or enjoy in common; to have sympathy. “Ye did communicate with my affliction.
Philip. iv. 4.” 2. To give alms, sympathy, or aid. “To do good and to communicate forget not.
Heb. xiii. 16.” 3. To have intercourse or to be the means of intercourse; as to communicate with another on business; to be connected; as a communicating artery. “Subjects suffered to communicate and to have intercourse of traffic.
Hakluyt.” “The whole body is nothing but a system of such canals, which all communicate with one another.
Arbuthnot.” 4. To partake of the Lord’s supper; to commune. “The primitive Christians communicated every day.
Jer. Taylor.”

Com•mu•ni•ca´tion , n. [L. communicatio.] 1. The act or fact of communicating; as communication of smallpox; communication of a secret. 2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages; interchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means; conference; correspondence. “Argument … and friendly communication.
Shak.” 3. Association; company. “Evil communications corrupt good manners.
1 Cor. xv. 33.” 4. Means of communicating; means of passing from place to place; a connecting passage; connection. “The Euxine Sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the communication it has both with Asia and Europe.
Arbuthnot.” 5. That which is communicated or imparted; intelligence; news; a verbal or written message. 6. Participation in the Lord’s supper. Bp. Pearson. 7. (Rhet.) A trope, by which a speaker assumes that his hearer is a partner in his sentiments, and says we, instead of I or you. Beattie. Syn. — Correspondence; conference; intercourse.

Com•mu´ni•ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. Communicatif, LL. communicativus.] Inclined to communicate; ready to impart to others. “Determine, for the future, to be less communicative.
Swift.”

Com•mu´ni•ca•tive•ness, n. The quality of being communicative. Norris.

Com•mu´ni•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who communicates. Boyle.

Com•mu´ni•ca´to•ry , a. [LL. communicatorius.] Imparting knowledge or information. “Canonical and communicatory letters.
Barrow.”

Com•mun´ion , n. [L. communio: cf. F. communion. See Common.] 1. The act of sharing; community; participation. ´This communion of goods.´ Blackstone. 2. Intercourse between two or more persons; esp., intimate association and intercourse implying sympathy and confidence; interchange of thoughts, purposes, etc.; agreement; fellowship; as the communion of saints. “We are naturally induced to seek communion and fellowship with others.
Hooker.” “What communion hath light with darkness?
2 Cor. vi. 14.” “Bare communion with a good church can never alone make a good man.
South.” 3. A body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; as the Presbyterian communion. 4. The sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord’s supper; the act of partaking of the sacrament; as to go to communion; to partake of the communion. Close communion. See under Close, a. — Communion elements, the bread and wine used in the celebration of the Lord’s supper. — Communion service, the celebration of the Lord’s supper, or the office or service therefor. — Communion table, the table upon which the elements are placed at the celebration of the Lord’s supper. — Communion in both kinds, participation in both the bread and wine by all communicants. — Communion in one kind, participation in but one element, as in the Roman Catholic Church, where the laity partake of the bread only. Syn. — Share; participation; fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; agreement.

Com´mu•nism , n. [F. communisme, fr. commun common.] A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the abolition of inequalities in the possession of property, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all. At different times, and in different countries, various schemes pertaining to socialism in government and the conditions of domestic life, as well as in the distribution of wealth, have been called communism.

Com´mu•nist , n. [F. communiste.] 1. An advocate for the theory or practice of communism. 2. A supporter of the commune of Paris.

Com•mu•nis´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to communism or communists; as communistic theories. 2. (Zoöl.) Living or having their nests in common, as certain birds.

Com•mu´ni•ty , n.; pl. Communities (#). [L. communitas: cf. OF. communite. Cf. Commonalty, and see Common.] 1. Common possession or enjoyment; participation; as a community of goods. “The original community of all things.
Locke.” “An unreserved community of thought and feeling.
W. Irving.” 2. A body of people having common rights, privileges, or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations; as a community of monks. Hence a number of animals living in a common home or with some apparent association of interests. “Creatures that in communities exist.
Wordsworth.” 3. Society at large; a commonwealth or state; a body politic; the public, or people in general. “Burdens upon the poorer classes of the community.
Hallam.” In this sense, the term should be used with the definite article; as the interests of the community. 4. Common character; likeness. [R.] “The essential community of nature between organic growth and inorganic growth.
H. Spencer.” 5. Commonness; frequency. [Obs.] “Eyes … sick and blunted with community.
Shak.”

Com•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being commutable.

Com•mut´a•ble , a. [L. commutabilis.] Capable of being commuted or interchanged. “The predicate and subject are not commutable.
Whately.”

Com•mut´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being commutable; interchangeableness.

Com•mu•ta´tion , n. [L. commutatio: cf. F. commutation.] 1. A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation. [R.] “So great is the commutation that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves.
South.” 2. The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange. [Obs.] “The use of money is … that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities.
Arbuthnot.” 3. (Law) The change of a penalty or punishment by the pardoning power of the State; as the commutation of a sentence of death to banishment or imprisonment. “Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money agreed to be given as a commutation for penance.
Blackstone.” 4. A substitution, as of a less thing for a greater, esp. a substitution of one form of payment for another, or one payment for many, or a specific sum of money for conditional payments or allowances; as commutation of tithes; commutation of fares; commutation of copyright; commutation of rations. Angle of commutation (Astron.), the difference of the geocentric longitudes of the sun and a planet. — Commutation of tithes, the substitution of a regular payment, chargeable to the land, for the annual tithes in kind. — Commutation ticket, a ticket, as for transportation, which is the evidence of a contract for service at a reduced rate. See 2d Commute, 2.

Com•mut´a•tive , a. [CF. F. commutatif.] Relative to exchange; interchangeable; reciprocal. — Com•mut´a•tive´ly, adv. “Rich traders, from their success, are presumed … to have cultivated an habitual regard to commutative justice.
Burke.”

Com´mu•ta•tor , n. (Elec.) A piece of apparatus used for reversing the direction of an electrical current; an attachment to certain electrical machines, by means of which alternating currents are made to be continuous or to have the same direction.

Com•mute´ (kom•mut´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Commuting.] [L. commutare, -mutatum; com- + mutare to change. See Mutation.] To exchange; to put or substitute something else in place of, as a smaller penalty, obligation, or payment, for a greater, or a single thing for an aggregate; hence, to lessen; to diminish; as to commute a sentence of death to one of imprisonment for life; to commute tithes; to commute charges for fares. “The sounds water and fire, being once annexed to those two elements, it was certainly more natural to call beings participating of the first ´watery´, and the last ´fiery´, than to commute the terms, and call them by the reverse.
J. Harris” “The utmost that could be obtained was that her sentence should be commuted from burning to beheading.
Macaulay.”

Com•mute´, v. i. 1. To obtain or bargain for exemption or substitution; to effect a commutation. “He … thinks it unlawful to commute, and that he is bound to pay his vow in kind.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To pay, or arrange to pay, in gross instead of part by part; as to commute for a year’s travel over a route.

Com•mut´er (kom•mu´ter), n. One who commutes; especially, one who commutes in traveling.

Com•mu´tu•al ( 135), a. [Pref. com- + mutual.] Mutual; reciprocal; united. [R.] “There, with commutual zeal, we both had strove.
Pope.”

Co´mose (ko´mos or ko•mos´), a. [L. comosus hairy, from coma hair.] (Bot.) Bearing a tuft of soft hairs or down, as the seeds of milkweed. Gray.

Com•pact´ (kom•pakt´), p. p. & a [L. compactus, p. p. of compingere to join or unite; com- + pangere to fasten, fix: cf. F. compacte. See Pact.] 1. Joined or held together; leagued; confederated. [Obs.] ´Compact with her that’s gone.´ Shak. “A pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax together.
Peacham.” 2. Composed or made; — with of. [Poetic] “A wandering fire,
Compact of unctuous vapor.
Milton.” 3. Closely or firmly united, as the particles of solid bodies; firm; close; solid; dense. “Glass, crystal, gems, and other compact bodies.
Sir I. Newton.” 4. Brief; close; pithy; not diffuse; not verbose; as a compact discourse. Syn. — Firm; close; solid; dense; pithy; sententious.

Com•pact´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compacting.] 1. To thrust, drive, or press closely together; to join firmly; to consolidate; to make close; — as the parts which compose a body. “Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone.
Blackstone.” 2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. “The whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth.
Eph. iv. 16.”

Com´pact (kom´pakt), n. [L. compactum, fr. compacisci, p. p. compactus, to make an agreement with; com- + pacisci to make an agreement. See Pact.] An agreement between parties; a covenant or contract. “The law of nations depends on mutual compacts, treaties, leagues, etc.
Blackstone.” “Wedlock is described as the indissoluble compact.
Macaulay.” “The federal constitution has been styled a compact between the States by which it was ratified.
Wharton.” Syn. — See Covenant.

Com•pact´ed (kom•pakt´ed), a. Compact; pressed close; concentrated; firmly united.

Com•pact´ed•ly, adv. In a compact manner.

Com•pact´ed•ness, n. A state of being compact.

Com•pact´er , n. One who makes a compact.

Com•pact´i•ble , a. That may be compacted.

Com•pac´tion , n. [L. compactio.] The act of making compact, or the state of being compact. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•pact´ly , adv. In a compact manner; with close union of parts; densely; tersely.

Com•pact´ness, n. The state or quality of being compact; close union of parts; density.

Com•pac´ture ( 135), n. [L. compactura.] Close union or connection of parts; manner of joining; construction. [Obs.] ´With comely compass and compacture strong.´ Spenser.

Com•pa´ges , n. sing & pl. [L., fr. compingere. See Compact, v. t.] A system or structure of many parts united. “A regular compages of pipes and vessels.
Ray.”

Com•pag´i•nate , v. t. [L. compaginare, compaginatum.] To unite or hold together; as the side pieces compaginate the frame. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Com•pag•i•na´tion , n. [L. compaginatio.] Union of parts; structure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com´pa•na•ble , a. [OF. compaignable.] Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Com´pa•na•tor , n. [LL. companatores, pl.] (Eccl.) Same as Impanator.

Com•pan´i•a•ble , a. Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•pan´ion , n. [F. compagnon, OF. compaing, fr. an assumed LL. companio (cf. companium fellowship, a mess), fr. L. com- + panis bread. See Pantry.] 1. One who accompanies or is in company with another for a longer or shorter period, either from choice or casually; one who is much in the company of, or is associated with, another or others; an associate; a comrade; a consort; a partner. “The companions of his fall.
Milton.” “The companion of fools shall smart for it.
Prov. xiii. 20 (Rev. Ver.).” “Here are your sons again; and I must lose
Two of the sweetest companions in the world.
Shak.” “A companion is one with whom we share our bread; a messmate.
Trench.” 2. A knight of the lowest rank in certain orders; as a companion of the Bath. 3. A fellow; — in contempt. [Obs.] Shak. 4. [Cf. OSp. compaña an outhouse, office.] (Naut.) (a) A skylight on an upper deck with frames and sashes of various shapes, to admit light to a cabin or lower deck. (b) A wooden hood or penthouse covering the companion way; a companion hatch. Companion hatch (Naut.), a wooden porch over the entrance or staircase of the cabin. — Companion ladder (Naut.), the ladder by which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter- deck. Totten. — Companion way (Naut.), a staircase leading to the cabin. — Knights companions, in certain honorary orders, the members of the lowest grades as distinguished from knights commanders, knights grand cross, and the like. Syn. — Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally; confederate; coadjutor; accomplice.

Com•pan´ion, v. t. 1. To be a companion to; to attend on; to accompany. [R.] Ruskin. 2. To qualify as a companion; to make equal. [Obs.] “Companion me with my mistress.
Shak.”

Com•pan´ion•a•ble , a. Fitted to be a companion; fit for good fellowship; agreeable; sociable. ´Each companionable guest.´ Mallett. ´Companionable wit.´ Clarendon. — Com•pan´ion•a•ble•ness, n. — Com•pan´ion•a•bly, adv.

Com•pan´ion•less, a. Without a companion.

Com•pan´ion•ship, n. Fellowship; association; the act or fact of keeping company with any one. Shak. “He never seemed to avail himself of my sympathy other than by mere companionship.
W. Irving”

Com´pa•ny (kum´pa•ny), n.; pl. Companies (- niz). [F. compagnie, fr. OF. compaing. See Companion.] 1. The state of being a companion or companions; the act of accompanying; fellowship; companionship; society; friendly intercourse. Shak. “Evil company doth corrupt good manners.
1 Cor. xv. 33. (Rev. Ver.).” “Brethren, farewell: your company along
I will not wish.
Milton.” 2. A companion or companions. “To thee and thy company I bid
A hearty welcome.
Shak.” 3. An assemblage or association of persons, either permanent or transient. “Thou shalt meet a company of prophets.
1 Sam. x. 5.” 4. Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as to invite company to dine. 5. Society, in general; people assembled for social intercourse. “Nature has left every man a capacity of being agreeable, though not of shining in company.
Swift.” 6. An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company. 7. Partners in a firm whose names are not mentioned in its style or title; — often abbreviated in writing; as Hottinguer & Co. 8. (Mil.) A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men. 9. (Naut.) The crew of a ship, including the officers; as a whole ship’s company. 10. The body of actors employed in a theater or in the production of a play. To keep company with. See under Keep, v. t. Syn. — Assemblage; assembly; society; group; circle; crowd; troop; crew; gang; corporation; association; fraternity; guild; partnership; copartnery; union; club; party; gathering.

Com´pa•ny , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Companied p. pr. & vb. n. Companying.] To accompany or go with; to be companion to. [Obs.]

Com´pa•ny, v. i. 1. To associate. “Men which have companied with us all the time.
Acts i. 21.” 2. To be a gay companion. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To have sexual commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Com´pa•ra•ble , a. [L. comparabilis: cf. F. comparable.] Capable of being compared; worthy of comparison. “There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend.
Addison.” — Com´pa•ra•ble•ness, n. — Com´pa•ra•bly, adv.

Com´pa•rate , n. [L. comparatum, fr. comparatus, p. p. of comparare. See 1st Compare.] (Logic) One of two things compared together.

Com•pa•ra´tion , n. [L. comparatio. See Compare to get.] A making ready; provision. [Obs.]

Com•par´a•tive , a. [L. comparativus: cf. F. comparatif.] 1. Of or pertaining to comparison. ´The comparative faculty.´ Glanvill. 2. Proceeding from, or by the method of, comparison; as the comparative sciences; the comparative anatomy. 3. Estimated by comparison; relative; not positive or absolute, as compared with another thing or state. “The recurrence of comparative warmth and cold.
Whewell.” “The bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the fluid that incloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top.
Bentley.” 4. (Gram.) Expressing a degree greater or less than the positive degree of the quality denoted by an adjective or adverb. The comparative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -er, more, or less; as brighter, more bright, or less bright. Comparative sciences, those which are based on a comprehensive comparison of the range of objects or facts in any branch or department, and which aim to study out and treat of the fundamental laws or systems of relation pervading them; as comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative philology.

Com•par´a•tive, n. (Gram.) The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also the form by which the comparative degree is expressed; as stronger, wiser, weaker, more stormy, less windy, are all comparatives. “In comparatives is expressed a relation of two; as in superlatives there is a relation of many.
Angus.” 2. An equal; a rival; a compeer. [Obs.] “Gerard ever was
His full comparative.
Beau. & Fl.” 3. One who makes comparisons; one who affects wit. [Obs.] ´Every beardless vain comparative.´ Shak.

Com•par´a•tive•ly, adv. According to estimate made by comparison; relatively; not positively or absolutely. “With but comparatively few exceptions.
Prescott.”

Com´pa•ra•tor , n. [L., a comparer.] (Physics) An instrument or machine for comparing anything to be measured with a standard measure; — applied especially to a machine for comparing standards of length.

Com•pare´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compared p. pr. & vb. n. Comparing.] [L. comparare, fr. compar like or equal to another; com- + par equal: cf. F. comparer. See Pair, Peer an equal, and cf. Compeer.] 1. To examine the character or qualities of, as of two or more persons or things, for the purpose of discovering their resemblances or differences; to bring into comparison; to regard with discriminating attention. “Compare dead happiness with living woe.
Shak.” “The place he found beyond expression bright,
Compared with aught on earth.
Milton.” “Compare our faces and be judge yourself.
Shak.” “To compare great things with small.
Milton.” 2. To represent as similar, for the purpose of illustration; to liken. “Solon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and counselors to the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet if the winds did not trouble it.
Bacon.” 3. (Gram.) To inflect according to the degrees of comparison; to state positive, comparative, and superlative forms of; as most adjectives of one syllable are compared by affixing ´- er´ and ´-est´ to the positive form; as black, blacker, blackest; those of more than one syllable are usually compared by prefixing ´more´ and ´most´, or ´less´ and ´least´, to the positive; as beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. Syn. — To Compare, Compare with, Compare to. Things are compared with each other in order to learn their relative value or excellence. Thus we compare Cicero with Demosthenes, for the sake of deciding which was the greater orator. One thing is compared to another because of a real or fanciful likeness or similarity which exists between them. Thus it has been common to compare the eloquence of Demosthenes to a thunderbolt, on account of its force, and the eloquence of Cicero to a conflagration, on account of its splendor. Burke compares the parks of London to the lungs of the human body.

Com•pare´ , v. i. 1. To be like or equal; to admit, or be worthy of, comparison; as his later work does not compare with his earlier. “I should compare with him in excellence.
Shak.” 2. To vie; to assume a likeness or equality. “Shall pack horses … compare with Caesars?
Shak.”

Com•pare´, n. 1. Comparison. [Archaic] “His mighty champion, strong beyond compare.
Milton.” “Their small galleys may not hold compare
With our tall ships.
Waller.” 2. Illustration by comparison; simile. [Obs.] “Rhymes full of protest, of oath, and big compare.
Shak.” Beyond compare. See Beyond comparison, under Comparison.

Com•pare´, v. t. [L. comparare to prepare, procure; com- + parare. See Prepare, Parade.] To get; to procure; to obtain; to acquire [Obs.] “To fill his bags, and richesse to compare.
Spenser.”

Com•par´er , n. One who compares.

Com•par´i•son , n. [F. comparaison, L. comparatio. See 1st Compare.] 1. The act of comparing; an examination of two or more objects with the view of discovering the resemblances or differences; relative estimate. “As sharp legal practitioners, no class of human beings can bear comparison with them.
Macaulay.” “The miracles of our Lord and those of the Old Testament afford many interesting points of comparison.
Trench.” 2. The state of being compared; a relative estimate; also a state, quality, or relation, admitting of being compared; as to bring a thing into comparison with another; there is no comparison between them. 3. That to which, or with which, a thing is compared, as being equal or like; illustration; similitude. “Whereto shall we liken the kingdom of God? Or with what comparison shall we compare it?
Mark iv. 30.” 4. (Gram.) The modification, by inflection or otherwise, which the adjective and adverb undergo to denote degrees of quality or quantity; as little, less, least, are examples of comparison. 5. (Rhet.) A figure by which one person or thing is compared to another, or the two are considered with regard to some property or quality, which is common to them both; e.g., the lake sparkled like a jewel. 6. (Phren.) The faculty of the reflective group which is supposed to perceive resemblances and contrasts. Beyond comparison, so far superior as to have no likeness, or so as to make comparison needless. — In comparison of, In comparison with, as compared with; in proportion to. [Archaic] ´So miserably unpeopled in comparison of what it once was.´ Addison. — Comparison of hands (Law), a mode of proving or disproving the genuineness of a signature or writing by comparing it with another proved or admitted to be genuine, in order to ascertain whether both were written by the same person. Bouvier. Burrill.

Com•par´i•son, v. t. To compare. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Com•part´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparting.] [L. compartiri; com- + partiri, partire to share, pars, partis, part, share: cf. OF. compartir. See Part, v. t.] To divide; to mark out into parts or subdivisions. [R.] “The crystal surface is comparted all
In niches verged with rubies.
Glover.”

Com•par•ti´tion , n. [LL. compartitio.] The act of dividing into parts or compartments; division; also a division or compartment. [Obs.] “Their temples … needed no compartitions.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Com•part´ment , n. [F. compartiment, OF. compartir to divide. See Compart.] 1. One of the parts into which an inclosed portion of space is divided, as by partitions, or lines; as the compartments of a cabinet, a house, or a garden. “In the midst was placed a large compartment composed of grotesque work.
Carew.” 2. (Shipbuilding) One of the sections into which the hold of a ship is divided by water-tight bulkheads.

Com•part´ner , n. See Copartner. [Obs.]

Com´pass (kum´pas), n. [F. compas, fr. LL. compassus circle, prop., a stepping together; com- + passus pace, step. See Pace, Pass.] 1. A passing round; circuit; circuitous course. “They fetched a compass of seven day’s journey.
2 Kings iii. 9.” “This day I breathed first; time is come round,
And where I did begin, there shall I end;
My life is run his compass.
Shak.” 2. An inclosing limit; boundary; circumference; as within the compass of an encircling wall. 3. An inclosed space; an area; extent. “Their wisdom … lies in a very narrow compass.
Addison.” 4. Extent; reach; sweep; capacity; sphere; as the compass of his eye; the compass of imagination. “The compass of his argument.
Wordsworth.” 5. Moderate bounds, limits of truth; moderation; due limits; — used with within. “In two hundred years before (I speak within compass), no such commission had been executed.
Sir J. Davies.” 6. (Mus.) The range of notes, or tones, within the capacity of a voice or instrument. “You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass.
Shak.” 7. An instrument for determining directions upon the earth’s surface by means of a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot and pointing in a northerly and southerly direction. “He that first discovered the use of the compass did more for the supplying and increase of useful commodities than those who built workhouses.
Locke.” 8. A pair of compasses. [R.] See Compasses. “To fix one foot of their compass wherever they please.
Swift.” 9. A circle; a continent. [Obs.] “The tryne compas [the threefold world containing earth, sea, and heaven. Skeat.]
Chaucer.” Azimuth compass. See under Azimuth. — Beam compass. See under Beam. — Compass card, the circular card attached to the needles of a mariner’s compass, on which are marked the thirty-two points or rhumbs. — Compass dial, a small pocket compass fitted with a sundial to tell the hour of the day. — Compass plane (Carp.), a plane, convex in the direction of its length on the under side, for smoothing the concave faces of curved woodwork. — Compass plant, Compass flower (Bot.), a plant of the American prairies (Silphium laciniatum), not unlike a small sunflower; rosinweed. Its lower and root leaves are vertical, and on the prairies are disposed to present their edges north and south. “Its leaves are turned to the north as true as the magnet:
This is the compass flower.
Longefellow.” — Compass saw, a saw with a narrow blade, which will cut in a curve; — called also fret saw and keyhole saw. — Compass timber (Shipbuilding), curved or crooked timber. — Compass window (Arch.), a circular bay window or oriel window. — Mariner’s compass, a kind of compass used in navigation. It has two or more magnetic needles permanently attached to a card, which moves freely upon a pivot, and is read with reference to a mark on the box representing the ship’s head. The card is divided into thirty-two points, called also rhumbs, and the glass- covered box or bowl containing it is suspended in gimbals within the binnacle, in order to preserve its horizontal position. — Surveyor’s compass, an instrument used in surveying for measuring horizontal angles. See Circumferentor. — Variation compass, a compass of delicate construction, used in observations on the variations of the needle. — To fetch a compass, to make a circuit.

Com´pass (kum´pas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassed (- past); p. pr. & vb. n. Compassing.] [F. compasser, LL. compassare.] 1. To go about or entirely round; to make the circuit of. “Ye shall compass the city seven times.
Josh. vi. 4.” “We the globe can compass soon.
Shak.” 2. To inclose on all sides; to surround; to encircle; to environ; to invest; to besiege; — used with about, round, around, and round about. “With terrors and with clamors compassed round.
Milton.” “Now all the blessings
Of a glad father compass thee about.
Shak. ” “Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round.
Luke xix. 43.” 3. To reach round; to circumvent; to get within one’s power; to obtain; to accomplish. “If I can check my erring love, I will:
If not, to compass her I’ll use my skill.
Shak.” “How can you hope to compass your designs?
Denham.” 4. To curve; to bend into a circular form. [Obs. except in carpentry and shipbuilding.] Shak. 5. (Law) To purpose; to intend; to imagine; to plot. “Compassing and imagining the death of the king are synonymous terms; compassing signifying the purpose or design of the mind or will, and not, as in common speech, the carrying such design to effect.
Blackstone.”

Com´pass•a•ble , a. Capable of being compassed or accomplished. Burke.

Com´passed , a. Rounded; arched. [Obs.] “She came … into the compassed window.
Shak.”

Com´pass•es , n., pl. An instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, etc., consisting of two, or (rarely) more, pointed branches, or legs, usually joined at the top by a rivet on which they move. The compasses for drawing circles have adjustable pen points, pencil points, etc.; those used for measuring without adjustable points are generally called dividers. See Dividers. Bow compasses. See Bow- compass. — Caliber compasses, Caliper compasses. See Calipers. — Proportional, Triangular, etc., compasses. See under Proportional, etc.

Com´pass•ing , a. (Shipbuilding) Curved; bent; as compassing timbers.

Com•pas´sion , n. [F., fr. L. compassio, fr. compati to have compassion; com- + pati to bear, suffer. See Patient.] Literally, suffering with another; a sensation of sorrow excited by the distress or misfortunes of another; pity; commiseration. “Womanly ingenuity set to work by womanly compassion.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling; mercy; condolence. See Pity.

Com•pas´sion, v. t. To pity. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•pas´sion•a•ble , a. Deserving compassion or pity; pitiable. [R.] Barrow.

Com•pas´sion•ate , a. 1. Having a temper or disposition to pity; sympathetic; merciful. “There never was any heart truly great and generous, that was not also tender and compassionate.
South.” 2. Complaining; inviting pity; pitiable. [R.] Shak. Syn. — Sympathizing; tender; merciful; pitiful.

Com•pas´sion•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassionated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Compassionating (#).] To have compassion for; to pity; to commiserate; to sympathize with. “Compassionates my pains, and pities me.
Addison.”

Com•pas´sion•ate•ly , adv. In a compassionate manner; mercifully. Clarendon.

Com•pas´sion•ate•ness, n. The quality or state of being compassionate.

Com´pass•less , a. Having no compass. Knowles.

Com•pa•ter´ni•ty , n. [LL. compaternitas, fr. compater godfather; com- + pater father.] The relation of a godfather to a person. [Obs.] “The relation of gossipred or compaternity by the canon law is a spiritual affinity.
Sir J. Davies.”

Com•pat•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. compatibilite.] The quality or power of being compatible or congruous; congruity; as a compatibility of tempers; a compatibility of properties.

Com•pat´i•ble , a. [F., fr. LL. compatibilis, fr. L. compati. See Compassion.] Capable of existing in harmony; congruous; suitable; not repugnant; — usually followed by with. “Our poets have joined together such qualities as are by nature the most compatible.
Broome.” Syn. — Consistent; suitable; agreeable; accordant.

Com•pat´i•ble•ness, n. Compatibility; consistency; fitness; agreement.

Com•pat´i•bly, adv. In a compatible manner.

Com•pa´tient , a. [L. compatients, p. pr. of compati. See Compassion.] Suffering or enduring together. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

Com•pa´tri•ot , n. [F. compatriote, LL. compatriotus; com- + patriota a native. See Patriot, and cf. Copatriot.] One of the same country, and having like interests and feeling. “The distrust with which they felt themselves to be regarded by their compatriots in America.
Palfrey.”

Com•pa´tri•ot, a. Of the same country; having a common sentiment of patriotism. “She [Britain] rears to freedom an undaunted race,
Compatriot, zealous, hospitable, kind.
Thomson.”

Com•pa´tri•ot•ism , n. The condition of being compatriots.

Com•pear´ , v. i. [F. comparoir, L. comparere; com- + parere to appear.] 1. To appear. [Obs.] 2. (Law) To appear in court personally or by attorney. [Scot.]

Com•peer´ , [OE. comper, through French fr. L. compar; com- + par equal. See Peer an equal, and cf. 1st Compare.] An equal, as in rank, age, prowess, etc.; a companion; a comrade; a mate. “And him thus answer’d soon his bold compeer.
Milton.” “His compeer in arms.
Ford.”

Com•peer´, v. t. To be equal with; to match. [R.] “In my rights,
By me invested, he compeers the best.
Shak.” { Com•peer´ , Com•peir´ } v. i. See Compear.

Com•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compelled p. pr. & vb. n Compelling.] [L. compellere, compulsum, to drive together, to compel, urge; com- + pellere to drive: cf. OF. compellir. See Pulse.] 1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly; to force; to constrain; to oblige; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force. “Wolsey … compelled the people to pay up the whole subsidy at once.
Hallam.” “And they compel one Simon … to bear his cross.
Mark xv. 21.” 2. To take by force or violence; to seize; to exact; to extort. [R.] “Commissions, which compel from each
The sixth part of his substance.
Shak.” 3. To force to yield; to overpower; to subjugate. “Easy sleep their weary limbs compelled.
Dryden.” “I compel all creatures to my will.
Tennyson.” 4. To gather or unite in a crowd or company. [A Latinism] ´In one troop compelled.´ Dryden. 5. To call forth; to summon. [Obs.] Chapman. “She had this knight from far compelled.
Spenser.” Syn. — To force; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce. See Coerce.

Com•pel´ , v. i. To make one yield or submit. ´If she can not entreat, I can compel.´ Shak.

Com•pel´la•ble , a. Capable of being compelled or constrained. Blackstone.

Com•pel´la•bly, adv. By compulsion.

Com•pel•la´tion , n. [L. compellatio, fr. compellare to accost, fr. compellere. See Compel.] Style of address or salutation; an appellation. ´Metaphorical compellations.´ Milton. “He useth this endearing compellation, ´My little children.´
Bp. Beveridge.” “The peculiar compellation of the kings in France is by ´Sire,´ which is nothing else but father.
Sir W. Temple.”

Com•pel´la•tive , n. (Gram.) The name by which a person is addressed; an appellative.

Com•pel´la•to•ry , a. Serving to compel; compulsory. [R.]

Com•pel´ler , n. One who compels or constrains.

Com´pend , n. A compendium; an epitome; a summary. “A compend and recapitulation of the Mosaical law.
Bp. Burnet.”

Com•pen•di•a´ri•ous , a. [L. compendiarius.] Short; compendious. [Obs.] Bailey.

Com•pen´di•ate , v. t. [L. compendiatus, p. p. of compendiare to shorten, fr. compendium.] To sum or collect together. [Obs.] Bp. King.

Com•pen´di•ous , a. [L. compendiosus.] Containing the substance or general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass; abridged; summarized. “More compendious and expeditious ways.
Woodward.” “Three things be required in the oration of a man having authority — that it be compendious, sententious, and delectable.
Sir T. Elyot.” Syn. — Short; summary; abridged; condensed; comprehensive; succinct; brief; concise.

Com•pen´di•ous•ly, adv. In a compendious manner. “Compendiously expressed by the word chaos.
Bentley.”

Com•pen´di•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being compendious.

Com•pen´di•um , n.; pl. E. Compendiums (#), L. Compendia (#). [L. compendium that which is weighed, saved, or shortened, a short way, fr. compendere to weigh; com- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, and cf. Compend.] A brief compilation or composition, containing the principal heads, or general principles, of a larger work or system; an abridgment; an epitome; a compend; a condensed summary. “A short system or compendium of a science.
I. Watts.” Syn. — See Abridgment.

Com´pen•sate (? or 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compensating.] [L. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, prop., to weigh several things with one another, to balance with one another, verb intens. fr. compendere. See Compendium.] 1. To make equal return to; to remunerate; to recompense; to give an equivalent to; to requite suitably; as to compensate a laborer for his work, or a merchant for his losses. 2. To be equivalent in value or effect to; to counterbalance; to make up for; to make amends for. “The length of the night and the dews thereof do compensate the heat of the day.
Bacon.” “The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries.
Prior.” Syn. — To recompense; remunerate; indemnify; reward; requite; counterbalance.

Com´pen•sate, v. i. To make amends; to supply an equivalent; — followed by for; as nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation.

Com•pen•sa´tion , n. [L. compensatio a weighing, a balancing of accounts.] 1. The act or principle of compensating. Emerson. 2. That which constitutes, or is regarded as an equivalent; that which makes good the lack or variation of something else; that which compensates for loss or privation; amends; remuneration; recompense. “The parliament which dissolved the monastic foundations … vouchsafed not a word toward securing the slightest compensation to the dispossessed owners.
Hallam.” “No pecuniary compensation can possibly reward them.
Burke.” 3. (Law) (a)The extinction of debts of which two persons are reciprocally debtors by the credits of which they are reciprocally creditors; the payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount; a set-off. Bouvier. Wharton. (b) A recompense or reward for some loss or service. (c) An equivalent stipulated for in contracts for the sale of real estate, in which it is customary to provide that errors in description, etc., shall not avoid, but shall be the subject of compensation. Compensation balance, or Compensated balance, a kind of balance wheel for a timepiece. The rim is usually made of two different metals having different expansibility under changes of temperature, so arranged as to counteract each other and preserve uniformity of movement. — Compensation pendulum. See Pendulum. Syn. — Recompense; reward; indemnification; consideration; requital; satisfaction; set-off.

Com•pen´sa•tive , a. [LL. compensativus.] Affording compensation.

Com•pen´sa•tive, n. Compensation. [R.] Lamb.

Com´pen•sa•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, compensates; — a name applied to various mechanical devices. 2. (Naut.) An iron plate or magnet placed near the compass on iron vessels to neutralize the effect of the ship’s attraction on the needle.

Com•pen´sa•to•ry , a. Serving for compensation; making amends. Jer. Taylor.

Com•pense´ , v. t. [F. compenser. See Compensate.] To compensate. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com•pe•ren´di•nate , v. t. [L. comperendinatus, p. p. of comperendinare to defer (the time of trial.)] To delay. Bailey.

Com•pesce´ , v. t. [L. compescere.] To hold in check; to restrain. [R.] Carlyle.

Com•pete´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Competed; p. pr. & vb. n. Competing.] [L. completere, competitum; com- + petere to seek. See Petition.] To contend emulously; to seek or strive for the same thing, position, or reward for which another is striving; to contend in rivalry, as for a prize or in business; as tradesmen compete with one another. “The rival statesmen, with eyes fixed on America, were all the while competing for European alliances.
Bancroft.” { Com´pe•tence , Com´pe•ten•cy }, n. [Cf. F. competence, from L. competentia agreement.] 1. The state of being competent; fitness; ability; adequacy; power. “The loan demonstrates, in regard to instrumental resources, the competency of this kingdom to the assertion of the common cause.
Burke.” “To make them act zealously is not in the competence of law.
Burke.” 2. Property or means sufficient for the necessaries and conveniences of life; sufficiency without excess. “Reason’s whole pleasure, all the joys of sense,
Lie in three words — health, peace, and competence.
Pope.” “Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer.
Shak.” 3. (Law) (a) Legal capacity or qualifications; fitness; as the competency of a witness or of a evidence. (b) Right or authority; legal power or capacity to take cognizance of a cause; as the competence of a judge or court. Kent.

Com´pe•tent (kom´pe•tent; 94), a. [F. competent, p. pr. of competer to be in the competency of, LL. competere to strive after together, to agree with; hence, to be fit. See Compete.] 1. Answering to all requirements; adequate; sufficient; suitable; capable; legally qualified; fit. ´A competent knowledge of the world.´ Atterbury. ´Competent age.´ Grafton. ´Competent statesmen.´ Palfrey. /´A competent witness.´ Bouvier. 2. Rightfully or properly belonging; incident; — followed by to. [Rare, except in legal usage.] “That is the privilege of the infinite Author of things, … but is not competent to any finite being.
Locke.” Syn. — See Qualified.

Com´pe•tent•ly, adv. In a competent manner; adequately; suitably.

Com•pet´i•ble , a. Compatible; suitable; consistent. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Com•pe•ti´tion , n. [L. competition. See Compete.] The act of seeking, or endeavoring to gain, what another is endeavoring to gain at the same time; common strife for the same objects; strife for superiority; emulous contest; rivalry, as for approbation, for a prize, or as where two or more persons are engaged in the same business and each seeking patronage; — followed by for before the object sought, and with before the person or thing competed with. “Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be.
Bacon.” “A portrait, with which one of Titian’s could not come in competition.
Dryden.” “There is no competition but for the second place.
Dryden.” “Where competition does not act at all there is complete monopoly.
A. T. Hadley.” Syn. — Emulation; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; contention; opposition; jealousy. See Emulation.

Com•pet´i•tive , a. Of or pertaining to competition; producing competition; competitory; as a competitive examination.

Com•pet´i•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. competiteur.] 1. One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competes; a rival. “And can not brook competitors in love.
Shak.” 2. An associate; a confederate. [Obs.] “Every hour more competitors
Flock to their aid, and still their power increaseth.
Shak.”

Com•pet´i•to•ry , a. Acting in competition; competing; rival.

Com•pet´i•tress , n. A woman who competes.

Com•pet´i•trix , n. [L.] A competitress.

Com´pi•la´tion , n. [L. compilatio: cf. F. compilation.] 1. The act or process of compiling or gathering together from various sources. 2. That which is compiled; especially, a book or document composed of materials gathering from other books or documents. “His [Goldsmith’s] compilations are widely distinguished from the compilations of ordinary bookmakers.
Macaulay.”

Com´pi•la•tor , n. [L.] Compiler. [Obs.]

Com•pile´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compiled p. pr. & vb. n. Compiling.] [F. compiler, fr.L. compilare to plunder, pillage; com- + pilare to plunder. See Pill, v. t., Pillage.] 1. To put together; to construct; to build. [Obs.] “Before that Merlin died, he did intend
A brazen wall in compass to compile.
Spenser.” 2. To contain or comprise. [Obs.] “Which these six books compile.
Spenser.” 3. To put together in a new form out of materials already existing; esp., to put together or compose out of materials from other books or documents. “He [Goldsmith] compiled for the use of schools a History of Rome.
Macaulay.” 4. To write; to compose. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Com•pile´ment , n. Compilation. [R.]

Com•pil´er , n. [OE. compiluor; cf. OF. compileor, fr. L. compilator.] One who compiles; esp., one who makes books by compilation.

Com•pinge´ , v. t. [L. compingere.] To compress; to shut up. [Obs.] Burton. { Com•pla´cence , Com•pla´cen•cy }, n. [LL. complacentia: cf. F. complaisance. See Complacent, and cf. Complaisance.] 1. Calm contentment; satisfaction; gratification. “The inward complacence we find in acting reasonably and virtuously.
Atterbury.” “Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satisfaction and complacency, if they discover none of the like in themselves.
Addison.” 2. The cause of pleasure or joy. ´O thou, my sole complacence.´ Milton. 3. The manifestation of contentment or satisfaction; good nature; kindness; civility; affability. “Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness,
Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth his thoughts.
Addison.” “With mean complacence ne’er betray your trust.
Pope.”

Com•pla´cent , a. [L. complacens very pleasing, p. pr. of complacere; com- + placere to please: cf. F. complaisant. See Please and cf. Complaisant.] Self-satisfied; contented; kindly; as a complacent temper; a complacent smile. “They look up with a sort of complacent awe … to kings.
Burke.”

Com•pla•cen´tial , a. Marked by, or causing, complacence. [Obs.] ´Complacential love.´ Baxter.

Com•pla´cent•ly , adv. In a complacent manner.

Com•plain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complained p. pr. & vb. n. Complaining.] [F. complaindre, LL. complangere; com- + L. plangere to strike, beat, to beat the breast or head as a sign of grief, to lament. See Plaint.] 1. To give utterance to expression of grief, pain, censure, regret. etc.; to lament; to murmur; to find fault; — commonly used with of. also to creak or squeak, as a timber or wheel. “O loss of sight, of thee I most complain!
Milton.” 2. To make a formal accusation; to make a charge. “Now, Master Shallow, you’ll complain of me to the king?
Shak.” Syn. — To repine; grumble; deplore; bewail; grieve; mourn; regret; murmur.

Com•plain´, v. t. To lament; to bewail. [Obs.] “They might the grievance inwardly complain.
Daniel.” “By chaste Lucrece’s soul that late complain’d
Her wrongs to us.
Shak.”

Com•plain´a•ble , a. That may be complained of. [R.] Feltham.

Com•plain´ant , n. [F. complaignant, p. pr. of complaindre.] 1. One who makes complaint. “Eager complainants of the dispute.
Collier.” 2. (Law) (a) One who commences a legal process by a complaint. (b) The party suing in equity, answering to the plaintiff at common law. “He shall forfeit one moiety to the use of the town, and the other moiety to the use of the complainant.
Statutes of Mass.”

Com•plain´er , n. One who complains or laments; one who finds fault; a murmurer. Beattie. “Speechless complainer, I will learn thy thought.
Shak.”

Com•plaint´ , n. [F. complainte. See Complain.] 1. Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or resentment; lamentation; murmuring; accusation; fault-finding. “I poured out my complaint before him.
Ps. cxlii. 2.” “Grievous complaints of you.
Shak.” 2. Cause or subject of complaint or murmuring. “The poverty of the clergy in England hath been the complaint of all who wish well to the church.
Swift.” 3. An ailment or disease of the body. “One in a complaint of his bowels.
Arbuthnot.” 4. (Law) A formal allegation or charge against a party made or presented to the appropriate court or officer, as for a wrong done or a crime committed (in the latter case, generally under oath); an information; accusation; the initial bill in proceedings in equity. Syn. — Lamentation; murmuring; sorrow; grief; disease; illness; disorder; malady; ailment.

Com•plaint´ful , a. Full of complaint. [Obs.]

Com´plai•sance ( 277), n. [F. complaisance. See Complaisant, and cf. Complacence.] Disposition to please or oblige; obliging compliance with the wishes of others; a deportment indicative of a desire to please; courtesy; civility. “These [ladies] … are by the just complaisance and gallantry of our nation the most powerful part of our people.
Addison.” “They strive with their own hearts and keep them down,
In complaisance to all the fools in town.
Young.” Syn. — Civility; courtesy; urbanity; suavity; affability; good breeding.

Com´plai•sant , a. [F. complaisant, p. pr. of complaire to acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. complacere. See Complacent.] Desirous to please; courteous; obliging; compliant; as a complaisant gentleman. “There are to whom my satire seems too bold:
Scarce to wise Peter complaisant enough.
Pope.” Syn. — Obliging; courteous; affable; gracious; civil; polite; well-bred. See Obliging. — Com´plai•sant•ly, adv. — Com´plai•sant•ness, n.

Com•pla´nar , a. See Coplanar.

Com´pla•nate (? or ), a. [L. complanatus, p. p. of complanare to make plane. See Plane, v. t.] Flattened to a level surface. [R.]

Com´pla•nate , v. t. To make level. [R.]

Com•plect´ed , a. Complexioned. [Low, New Eng.]

Com´ple•ment , n. [L. complementun: cf. F. complement. See Complete, v. t., and cf. Compliment.] 1. That which fills up or completes; the quantity or number required to fill a thing or make it complete. 2. That which is required to supply a deficiency, or to complete a symmetrical whole. “History is the complement of poetry.
Sir J. Stephen.” 3. Full quantity, number, or amount; a complete set; completeness. “To exceed his complement and number appointed him which was one hundred and twenty persons.
Hakluyt.” 4. (Math.) A second quantity added to a given quantity to make it equal to a third given quantity. 5. Something added for ornamentation; an accessory. [Obs.] “Without vain art or curious complements.
Spenser.” 6. (Naut.) The whole working force of a vessel. 7. (Mus.) The interval wanting to complete the octave; — the fourth is the complement of the fifth, the sixth of the third. 8. A compliment. [Obs.] Shak. Arithmetical compliment of a logarithm. See under Logarithm. — Arithmetical complement of a number (Math.), the difference between that number and the next higher power of 10; as 4 is the complement of 6, and 16 of 84. — Complement of an arc or angle (Geom.), the difference between that arc or angle and 90°. — Complement of a parallelogram. (Math.) See Gnomon. — In her complement (Her.), said of the moon when represented as full.

Com´ple•ment , v. t. 1. To supply a lack; to supplement. [R.] 2. To compliment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com•ple•men´tal , a. 1. Supplying, or tending to supply, a deficiency; fully completing. ´Complemental ceremony.´ Prynne. 2. Complimentary; courteous. [Obs.] Shak. Complemental air (Physiol.), the air (averaging 100 cubic inches) which can be drawn into the lungs in addition to the tidal air, by the deepest possible inspiration. — Complemental males (Zoöl.), peculiar small males living parasitically on the ordinary hermaphrodite individuals of certain barnacles.

Com•ple•men´ta•ry , a. Serving to fill out or to complete; as complementary numbers. Complementary colors. See under Color. — Complementary angles (Math.), two angles whose sum is 90°.

Com•ple•men´ta•ry, n. [See Complimentary.] One skilled in compliments. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Com•plete´ , a. [L. completus, p. p. of complere to fill up; com- + plere to fill. See Full, a., and cf. Comply, Compline.] 1. Filled up; with no part or element lacking; free from deficiency; entire; perfect; consummate. ´Complete perfections.´ Milton. “Ye are complete in him.
Col. ii. 10.” “That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel
Revisit’st thus the glimpses of the moon.
Shak.” 2. Finished; ended; concluded; completed; as the edifice is complete. “This course of vanity almost complete.
Prior.” 3. (Bot.) Having all the parts or organs which belong to it or to the typical form; having calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil. Syn. — See Whole.

Com•plete´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Completed; p. pr. & vb. n. Completing.] To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency; to perfect; to consummate; to accomplish; to fulfill; to finish; as to complete a task, or a poem; to complete a course of education. “Bred only and completed to the taste
Of lustful appetence.
Milton.” “And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate.
Pope.” Syn. — To perform; execute; terminate; conclude; finish; end; fill up; achieve; realize; effect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate; fulfill; bring to pass.

Com•plete´ly, adv. In a complete manner; fully.

Com•plete´ment , n. Act of completing or perfecting; completion. [Obs.] Dryden.

Com•plete´ness, n. The state of being complete.

Com•ple´tion , n. [L. completio a filling, a fulfillment.] 1. The act or process of making complete; the getting through to the end; as the completion of an undertaking, an education, a service. “The completion of some repairs.
Prescott.” 2. State of being complete; fulfillment; accomplishment; realization. “Predictions receiving their completion in Christ.
South.”

Com•ple´tive , a. [L. completivus: cf. F. completif.] Making complete. [R.] J. Harris.

Com•ple´to•ry , a. Serving to fulfill. “Completory of ancient presignifications.
Barrow.”

Com´ple•to´ry , n. [L. completorium.] (Eccl.) Same as Compline.

Com´plex (kom´pleks), a. [L. complexus, p. p. of complecti to entwine around, comprise; com- + plectere to twist, akin to plicare to fold. See Plait, n.] 1. Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as a complex being; a complex idea. “Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put together, I call complex; such as beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe.
Locke.” 2. Involving many parts; complicated; intricate. “When the actual motions of the heavens are calculated in the best possible way, the process is difficult and complex.
Whewell.” Complex fraction. See Fraction. — Complex number (Math.), in the theory of numbers, an expression of the form a + brad.-1, when a and b are ordinary integers. Syn. — See Intricate.

Com´plex, n. [L. complexus] Assemblage of related things; collection; complication. “This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complex of all the blessings and privileges exhibited by the gospel.
South.” Complex of lines (Geom.), all the possible straight lines in space being considered, the entire system of lines which satisfy a single relation constitute a complex; as all the lines which meet a given curve make up a complex. The lines which satisfy two relations constitute a congruency of lines; as the entire system of lines, each one of which meets two given surfaces, is a congruency.

Com•plexed´ (kom•plekst´), a. Complex, complicated. [Obs.] ´Complexed significations.´ Sir T. Browne.

Com•plex´ed•ness (kom•pleks´ed•nes), n. The quality or state of being complex or involved; complication. “The complexedness of these moral ideas.
Locke.”

Com•plex´ion (kom•plek´shun), n. [F. complexion, fr. L. complexio. See Complex, a.] 1. The state of being complex; complexity. [Obs.] “Though the terms of propositions may be complex, yet … it is properly called a simple syllogism, since the complexion does not belong to the syllogistic form of it.
I. Watts.” 2. A combination; a complex. [Archaic] “This paragraph is … a complexion of sophisms.
Coleridge.” 3. The bodily constitution; the temperament; habitude, or natural disposition; character; nature. [Obs.] “If his complexion incline him to melancholy.
Milton.” “It is the complexion of them all to leave the dam.
Shak.” 4. The color or hue of the skin, esp. of the face. “Tall was her stature, her complexion dark.
Wordsworth.” “Between the pale complexion of true love,
And the red glow of scorn and proud disdain.
Shak.” 5. The general appearance or aspect; as the complexion of the sky; the complexion of the news.

Com•plex´ion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to constitutional complexion. “A moral rather than a complexional timidity.
Burke.”

Com•plex´ion•al•ly, adv. Constitutionally. [R.] “Though corruptible, not complexionally vicious.
Burke.”

Com•plex´ion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to the complexion, or to the care of it. Jer. Taylor.

Com•plex´ioned (kom•plek´shund), a. Having (such) a complexion; — used in composition; as a dark-complexioned or a ruddy- complexioned person. “A flower is the best-complexioned grass, as a pearl is the best-colored clay.
Fuller.”

Com•plex´i•ty , n.; pl. Complexities (#). [Cf. F. complexite.] 1. The state of being complex; intricacy; entanglement. “The objects of society are of the greatest possible complexity.
Burke.” 2. That which is complex; intricacy; complication. “Many-corridored complexities
Of Arthur’s palace.
Tennyson.”

Com´plex•ly , adv. In a complex manner; not simply.

Com´plex•ness, n. The state of being complex; complexity. A. Smith.

Com•plex´us , n. [L., an embracing.] A complex; an aggregate of parts; a complication.

Com•pli´a•ble , a. Capable of bending or yielding; apt to yield; compliant. “Another compliable mind.
Milton.” “The Jews … had made their religion compliable, and accommodated to their passions.
Jortin.”

Com•pli´ance , n. [See Comply.] 1. The act of complying; a yielding; as to a desire, demand, or proposal; concession; submission. “What compliances will remove dissension?
Swift.” “Ready compliance with the wishes of his people.
Macaulay.” 2. A disposition to yield to others; complaisance. “A man of few words and of great compliance.
Clarendon.” Syn. — Concession; submission; consent; obedience; performance; execution; acquiescence; assent.

Com•pli´an•cy , n. Compliance; disposition to yield to others. Goldsmith.

Com•pli´ant , a. Yielding; bending; pliant; submissive. ´The compliant boughs.´ Milton.

Com•pli´ant•ly, adv. In a compliant manner.

Com´pli•ca•cy , n. A state of being complicate or intricate. Mitford.

Com´pli•cant , a. [L. complicans, p. pr.] (Zoöl.) Overlapping, as the elytra of certain beetles.

Com´pli•cate , a. [L. complicatus, p. p. of complicare to fold together. See Complex.] 1. Composed of two or more parts united; complex; complicated; involved. “How poor, how rich, how abject, how august,
How complicate, how wonderful is man!
Young.” 2. (Bot.) Folded together, or upon itself, with the fold running lengthwise.

Com´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Complicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Complicating.] To fold or twist together; to combine intricately; to make complex; to combine or associate so as to make intricate or difficult. “Nor can his complicated sinews fail.
Young.” “Avarice and luxury very often become one complicated principle of action.
Addison.” “When the disease is complicated with other diseases.
Arbuthnot.”

Com´pli•cate•ly , adv. In a complex manner.

Com´pli•cate•ness, n. Complexity. Sir M. Hale.

Com•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. compliasion: cf. F. complication.] 1. The act or process of complicating; the state of being complicated; intricate or confused relation of parts; entanglement; complexity. “A complication of diseases.
Macaulay.” “Through and beyond these dark complications of the present, the New England founders looked to the great necessities of future times.
Palfrey.” 2. (Med.) A disease or diseases, or adventitious circumstances or conditions, coexistent with and modifying a primary disease, but not necessarily connected with it.

Com´plice , n.; pl. Complices (#). [F., fr. L. complex, - plicis, closely connected with one, confederate. See Complicate, and cf. Accomplice.] An accomplice. [Obs.] “To quell the rebels and their complices.
Shak.”

Com•plic´i•ty , n.; pl. Complicities (#). [F. complicite.] The state of being an accomplice; participation in guilt.

Com•pli´er , n. One who complies, yields, or obeys; one of an easy, yielding temper. Swift.

Com´pli•ment , n. [F. compliment. It complimento, fr. comlire to compliment, finish, suit, fr. L. complere to fill up. See Complete, and cf. Complement.] An expression, by word or act, of approbation, regard, confidence, civility, or admiration; a flattering speech or attention; a ceremonious greeting; as to send one’s compliments to a friend. “Tedious waste of time, to sit and hear
So many hollow compliments and lies.
Milton.” “Many a compliment politely penned.
Cowper.” To make one a compliment, to show one respect; to praise one in a flattering way. Locke. — To make one’s compliments to, to offer formal courtesies to. — To stand on compliment, to treat with ceremony. Syn. — See Adulation.

Com´pli•ment , v. t. To praise, flatter, or gratify, by expressions of approbation, respect, or congratulation; to make or pay a compliment to. “Monarchs should their inward soul disguise; …
Should compliment their foes and shun their friends.
Prior.” Syn. — To praise; flatter; adulate; commend.

Com´pli•ment, v. i. To pass compliments; to use conventional expressions of respect. “I make the interlocutors, upon occasion, compliment with one another.
Boyle.”

Com•pli•men´tal , a. Complimentary. [Obs.] “Languages … grow rich and abundant in complimental phrases, and such froth.
Sir H. Wotton.” — Com•pli•men´tal•ly, adv. [Obs.] Boyle. — Com•pli•men´tal•ness, n. [Obs.] Hammond.

Com•pli•men´ta•ry , a. Expressive of regard or praise; of the nature of, or containing, a compliment; as a complimentary remark; a complimentary ticket. ´Complimentary addresses.´ Prescott.

Com•pli•men´ta•tive , a. Complimentary. [R.] Boswell.

Com´pli•ment•er , n. One who compliments; one given to complimenting; a flatterer. { Com´pline , Com´plin } , n. [From OE. complie, OF. complie, F. complies, pl., fr. LL. completa (prop. fem. of L. completus) the religious exercise which completes and closes the service of the day. See Complete.] (Eccl.) The last division of the Roman Catholic breviary; the seventh and last of the canonical hours of the Western church; the last prayer of the day, to be said after sunset. “The custom of godly man been to shut up the evening with a compline of prayer at nine of the night.
Hammond.”

Com´plot , n. [F. complot, prob. for comploit, fr.L. complicitum, prop. p. p. of complicare, but equiv. to complicatio complication, entangling. See Complicate, and cf. Plot.] A plotting together; a confederacy in some evil design; a conspiracy. “I know their complot is to have my life.
Shak.”

Com•plot´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Complotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Complotting.] [Cf. F. comploter, fr. complot.] To plot or plan together; to conspire; to join in a secret design. “We find them complotting together, and contriving a new scene of miseries to the Trojans.
Pope.”

Com•plot´ment , n. A plotting together. [R.]

Com•plot´ter , n. One joined in a plot. Dryden.

Com•plu•ten´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Complutum (now Alcala de Henares) a city near Madrid; as the Complutensian Bible.

Com•plu´vi•um , n. [L.] (Arch.) A space left unroofed over the court of a Roman dwelling, through which the rain fell into the impluvium or cistern.

Com•ply´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complied p. pr. & vb. n. Complying.] [Perh. formed fr. compliment, influenced by ply, pliant, which are of different origin: cf. It. complire to compliment, finish, suit. See Compliment, Complete.] 1. To yield assent; to accord; agree, or acquiesce; to adapt one’s self; to consent or conform; — usually followed by with. “Yet this be sure, in nothing to comply,
Scandalous or forbidden in our law.
Milton.” “They did servilely comply with the people in worshiping God by sensible images.
Tillotson.” “He that complies against his will
Is of his own opinion still.
Hudibras.” 2. To be ceremoniously courteous; to make one’s compliments. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•ply´, v. t. [See comply, v. i.] 1. To fulfill; to accomplish. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. [Cf. L. complicare to fold up. See Ply.] To infold; to embrace. [Obs.] “Seemed to comply,
Cloudlike, the daintie deitie.
Herrick.”

Com•pone´ (-pon´), v. t. [L. componere. See Compound.] To compose; to settle; to arrange. [Obs.] “A good pretense for componing peace.
Strype.”

Com•po´ne (kom•po´na), a. [F.] See Compony.

Com•po´nent (kom•po´nent), a. [L. componens, p. pr. of componere. See Compound, v. t.] Serving, or helping, to form; composing; constituting; constituent. “The component parts of natural bodies.
Sir I. Newton.”

Com•po´nent, n. A constituent part; an ingredient. Component of force (Mech.), a force which, acting conjointly with one or more forces, produces the effect of a single force or resultant; one of a number of forces into which a single force may be resolved. { Com•po´ny , Com•po´ne }, a. [F. compone.] (Her.) Divided into squares of alternate tinctures in a single row; — said of any bearing; or, in the case of a bearing having curved lines, divided into patches of alternate colors following the curve. If there are two rows it is called counter- compony.

Com•port´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Comported; p. pr. & vb. n. Comporting.] [F. comporter, LL. comportare, fr.L. comportare to bring together; com- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear or endure; to put up (with); as to comport with an injury. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. To agree; to accord; to suit; — sometimes followed by with. “How ill this dullness doth comport with greatness.
Beau. & Fl.” “How their behavior herein comported with the institution.
Locke.”

Com•port´ , v. t. 1. To bear; to endure; to brook; to put with. [Obs.] “The malcontented sort
That never can the present state comport.
Daniel.” 2. To carry; to conduct; — with a reflexive pronoun. “Observe how Lord Somers … comported himself.
Burke.”

Com´port (?, formerly ), n. [Cf. OF. comport.] Manner of acting; behavior; conduct; deportment. [Obs.] “I knew them well, and marked their rude comport.
Dryden.”

Com•port´a•ble , a. Suitable; consistent. [Obs.] ´Some comportable method.´ Wotton.

Com•port´ance , n. Behavior; comport. [Obs.] “Goodly comportance each to other bear.
Spenser.”

Com•por•ta´tion , n. [L. comportatio.] A bringing together. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson.

Com•port´ment , n. [F. comportement.] Manner of acting; behavior; bearing. “A graceful comportment of their bodies.
Cowley.” “Her serious and devout comportment.
Addison.”

Com•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Composed p. pr. & vb. n. Composing.] [F. composer; com- + poser to place. The sense is that of L. componere, but the origin is different. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To form by putting together two or more things or parts; to put together; to make up; to fashion. “Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees of all pious affection.
Bp. Sprat.” 2. To form the substance of, or part of the substance of; to constitute. “Their borrowed gold composed
The calf in Oreb.
Milton.” “A few useful things … compose their intellectual possessions.
I. Watts.” 3. To construct by mental labor; to design and execute, or put together, in a manner involving the adaptation of forms of expression to ideas or to the laws of harmony or proportion; as to compose a sentence, a sermon, a symphony, or a picture. “Let me compose
Something in verse as well as prose.
Pope.” “The genius that composed such works as the ´Standard´ and ´Last Supper´.
B. R. Haydon.” 4. To dispose in proper form; to reduce to order; to put in proper state or condition; to adjust; to regulate. “In a peaceful grave my corpse compose.
Dryden.” “How in safety best we may
Compose our present evils.
Milton.” 5. To free from agitation or disturbance; to tranquilize; to soothe; to calm; to quiet. “Compose thy mind;
Nor frauds are here contrived, nor force designed.
Dryden.” 6. (Print.) To arrange (types) in a composing stick in order for printing; to set (type).

Com•pose´, v. i. To come to terms. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•posed´ , a. Free from agitation; calm; sedate; quiet; tranquil; self- possessed. “The Mantuan there in sober triumph sate,
Composed his posture, and his look sedate.
Pope.” — Com•pos´ed•ly , adv. — Com•pos´ed•ness, n.

Com•pos´er , n. 1. One who composes; an author. Specifically, an author of a piece of music. “If the thoughts of such authors have nothing in them, they at least … show an honest industry and a good intention in the composer.
Addison.” “His [Mozart’s] most brilliant and solid glory is founded upon his talents as a composer.
Moore (Encyc. of Mus.).” 2. One who, or that which, quiets or calms; one who adjusts a difference. “Sweet composers of the pensive soul.
Gay.”

Com•pos´ing, a. 1. Tending to compose or soothe. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, composition. Composing frame (Print.), a stand for holding cases of type when in use. — Composing rule (Print.), a thin slip of brass or steel, against which the type is arranged in a composing stick, or by the aid of which stickfuls or handfuls or type are lifted; — called also setting rule. — Composing stick (Print.), an instrument usually of metal, which the compositor holds in his left hand, and in which he arranges the type in words and lines. It has one open side, and one adjustable end by means of which the length of the lines, and consequently the width of the page or column, may be determined.

Com•pos´i•tae , n. pl. [NL., from L. compositus made up of parts. See Composite.] (Bot.) A large family of dicotyledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads of many small florets and their anthers united in a tube. The daisy, dandelion, and asters, are examples.

Com•pos´ite ( 277), a. [L. compositus made up of parts, p. p. of componere. See Compound, v. t., and cf. Compost.] 1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded; as a composite language. “Happiness, like air and water … is composite.
Landor.” 2. (Arch.) Belonging to a certain order which is composed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is called also the Roman or the Italic order, and is one of the five orders recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. See Capital. 3. (Bot.) Belonging to the order Compositae; bearing involucrate heads of many small florets, as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Composite carriage, a railroad car having compartments of different classes. [Eng.] — Composite number (Math.), one which can be divided exactly by a number exceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 3.. — Composite photograph or portrait, one made by a combination, or blending, of several distinct photographs. F. Galton. — Composite sailing (Naut.), a combination of parallel and great circle sailing. — Composite ship, one with a wooden casing and iron frame.

Com•pos´ite ( 277), n. That which is made up of parts or compounded of several elements; composition; combination; compound. [R.]

Com•po•si´tion , n. [F. composition, fr. L. compositio. See Composite.] 1. The act or art of composing, or forming a whole or integral, by placing together and uniting different things, parts, or ingredients. In specific uses: (a) The invention or combination of the parts of any literary work or discourse, or of a work of art; as the composition of a poem or a piece of music. ´The constant habit of elaborate composition.´ Macaulay. (b) (Fine Arts) The art or practice of so combining the different parts of a work of art as to produce a harmonious whole; also a work of art considered as such. See 4, below. (c) The act of writing for practice in a language, as English, Latin, German, etc. (d) (Print.) The setting up of type and arranging it for printing. 2. The state of being put together or composed; conjunction; combination; adjustment. “View them in composition with other things.
I. Watts.” “The elementary composition of bodies.
Whewell.” 3. A mass or body formed by combining two or more substances; as a chemical composition. “A composition that looks … like marble.
Addison.” 4. A literary, musical, or artistic production, especially one showing study and care in arrangement; — often used of an elementary essay or translation done as an educational exercise. 5. Consistency; accord; congruity. [Obs.] “There is no composition in these news
That gives them credit.
Shak.” 6. Mutual agreement to terms or conditions for the settlement of a difference or controversy; also the terms or conditions of settlement; agreement. “Thus we are agreed:
I crave our composition may be written.
Shak.” 7. (Law) The adjustment of a debt, or avoidance of an obligation, by some form of compensation agreed on between the parties; also the sum or amount of compensation agreed upon in the adjustment. “Compositions for not taking the order of knighthood.
Hallam.” “Cleared by composition with their creditors.
Blackstone.” 8. Synthesis as opposed to analysis. “The investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition.
Sir I. Newton.” Composition cloth, a kind of cloth covered with a preparation making it waterproof. — Composition deed, an agreement for composition between a debtor and several creditors. — Composition plane (Crystallog.), the plane by which the two individuals of a twin crystal are united in their reserved positions. — Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force (called the resultant) which shall be equal in effect to two or more given forces (called the components) when acting in given directions. Herbert. — Composition metal, an alloy resembling brass, which is sometimes used instead of copper for sheathing vessels; — also called Muntz metal and yellow metal. — Composition of proportion (Math.), an arrangement of four proportionals so that the sum of the first and second is to the second as the sum of the third and fourth to the fourth.

Com•pos´i•tive , a. [L. compositivus.] Having the quality of entering into composition; compounded. [R.]

Com•pos´i•tor , n. [L., an arranger.] 1. One who composes or sets in order. 2. (Print.) One who sets type and arranges it for use.

Com•pos´i•tous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Compositae; composite. [R.] Darwin.

Com•pos´si•ble , a. [Pref. com- + possible.] Able to exist with another thing; consistent. [R.] Chillingworth.

Com´post ( 277), n.[OF. compost, fr. L. compositus, p. p. See Composite.] 1. A mixture; a compound. [R.] “A sad compost of more bitter than sweet.
Hammond.” 2. (Agric.) A mixture for fertilizing land; esp., a composition of various substances (as muck, mold, lime, and stable manure) thoroughly mingled and decomposed, as in a compost heap. “And do not spread the compost on the weeds
To make them ranker.
Shak.”

Com´post, v. t. 1. To manure with compost. 2. To mingle, as different fertilizing substances, in a mass where they will decompose and form into a compost.

Com•pos´ture ( 135), n. [L. compositura, -postura, a joining.] Manure; compost. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•po´sure , n. [From Compose.] 1. The act of composing, or that which is composed; a composition. [Obs.] “Signor Pietro, who had an admirable way both of composure [in music] and teaching.
Evelyn.” 2. Orderly adjustment; disposition. [Obs.] “Various composures and combinations of these corpuscles.
Woodward.” 3. Frame; make; temperament. [Obs.] “His composure must be rare indeed
Whom these things can not blemish.
Shak.” 4. A settled state; calmness; sedateness; tranquillity; repose. ´We seek peace and composure.´ Milton. “When the passions … are all silent, the mind enjoys its most perfect composure.
I. Watts.” 5. A combination; a union; a bond. [Obs.] Shak.

Com•po•ta´tion , n. [L. compotatio; com- + potare to drink.] The act of drinking or tippling together. [R.] “The fashion of compotation.
Sir W. Scott.”

Com´po•ta•tor , n. [L.] One who drinks with another. [R.] Pope.

Com´pote , n. [F. See Compost.] A preparation of fruit in sirup in such a manner as to preserve its form, either whole, halved, or quartered; as a compote of pears. Littre.

Com´pound (kom´pound), n. [Malay kompung a village.] In the East Indies, an inclosure containing a house, outbuildings, etc.

Com•pound´ (kom•pound´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Compounding.] [OE. componen, compounen, L. componere, compositum; com-+ ponere to put set. The d is excrescent. See Position, and cf. Compone.] 1. To form or make by combining different elements, ingredients, or parts; as to compound a medicine. “Incapacitating him from successfully compounding a tale of this sort.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To put together, as elements, ingredients, or parts, in order to form a whole; to combine, mix, or unite. “We have the power of altering and compounding those images into all the varieties of picture.
Addison.” 3. To modify or change by combination with some other thing or part; to mingle with something else. “Only compound me with forgotten dust.
Shak.” 4. To compose; to constitute. [Obs.] “His pomp and all what state compounds.
Shak.” 5. To settle amicably; to adjust by agreement; to compromise; to discharge from obligation upon terms different from those which were stipulated; as to compound a debt. “I pray, my lords, let me compound this strife.
Shak.” To compound a felony, to accept of a consideration for forbearing to prosecute, such compounding being an indictable offense. See Theftbote.

Com•pound´, v. i. To effect a composition; to come to terms of agreement; to agree; to settle by a compromise; — usually followed by with before the person participating, and for before the thing compounded or the consideration. “Here’s a fellow will help you to-morrow; … compound with him by the year.
Shak.” “They were at last glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower.
Clarendon.” “Cornwall compounded to furnish ten oxen after Michaelmas for thirty pounds.
R. Carew.” “Compound for sins they are inclined to
By damning those they have no mind to.
Hudibras.”

Com´pound , a. [OE. compouned, p. p. of compounen. See Compound, v. t.] Composed of two or more elements, ingredients, parts; produced by the union of several ingredients, parts, or things; composite; as a compound word. “Compound substances are made up of two or more simple substances.
I. Watts.” Compound addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (Arith.), the addition, subtraction, etc., of compound numbers. — Compound crystal (Crystallog.), a twin crystal, or one seeming to be made up of two or more crystals combined according to regular laws of composition. — Compound engine (Mech.), a form of steam engine in which the steam that has been used in a high- pressure cylinder is made to do further service in a larger low- pressure cylinder, sometimes in several larger cylinders, successively. — Compound ether. (Chem.) See under Ether. — Compound flower (Bot.), a flower head resembling a single flower, but really composed of several florets inclosed in a common calyxlike involucre, as the sunflower or dandelion. — Compound fraction. (Math.) See Fraction. — Compound fracture. See Fracture. — Compound householder, a householder who compounds or arranges with his landlord that his rates shall be included in his rents. [Eng.] — Compound interest. See Interest. — Compound larceny. (Law) See Larceny. — Compound leaf (Bot.), a leaf having two or more separate blades or leaflets on a common leafstalk. — Compound microscope. See Microscope. — Compound motion. See Motion. — Compound number (Math.), one constructed according to a varying scale of denomination; as 3 cwt., 1 qr., 5 lb.; - - called also denominate number. — Compound pier (Arch.), a clustered column. — Compound quantity (Alg.), a quantity composed of two or more simple quantities or terms, connected by the sign + (plus) or - (minus). Thus, a + b - c, and bb - b, are compound quantities. — Compound radical. (Chem.) See Radical. — Compound ratio (Math.), the product of two or more ratios; thus ab:cd is a ratio compounded of the simple ratios a:c and b:d. — Compound rest (Mech.), the tool carriage of an engine lathe. — Compound screw (Mech.), a screw having on the same axis two or more screws with different pitch (a differential screw), or running in different directions (a right and left screw). — Compound time (Mus.), that in which two or more simple measures are combined in one; as 6-8 time is the joining of two measures of 3-8 time. — Compound word, a word composed of two or more words; specifically, two or more words joined together by a hyphen.

Com´pound, n. 1. That which is compounded or formed by the union or mixture of elements ingredients, or parts; a combination of simples; a compound word; the result of composition. Shak. “Rare compound of oddity, frolic, and fun.
Goldsmith.” “When the word ´bishopric´ was first made, it was made as a compound.
Earle.” 2. (Chem.) A union of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by weight, so combined as to form a distinct substance; as water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. Every definite chemical compound always contains the same elements, united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same internal arrangement. Binary compound (Chem.). See under Binary. — Carbon compounds (Chem.). See under Carbon.

Com•pound´a•ble , a. That may be compounded.

Com•pound´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, compounds or mixes; as a compounder of medicines. 2. One who attempts to bring persons or parties to terms of agreement, or to accomplish, ends by compromises. ´Compounders in politics.´ Burke. 3. One who compounds a debt, obligation, or crime. “Religious houses made compounders
For the horrid actions of their founders.
Hudibras.” 4. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees for the degree he is to take. [Eng.] A. Wood. 5. (Eng. Hist.) A Jacobite who favored the restoration of James II, on condition of a general amnesty and of guarantees for the security of the civil and ecclesiastical constitution of the realm.

Com•pra•dor , n. [Pg., a buyer.] A kind of steward or agent. [China] S. W. Williams

Com•pre•ca´tion , n. [L. comprecatio, fr. comprecari to pray to. See Precarious.] A praying together. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins.

Com•pre•hend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprehending.] [L. comprehendere, comprehensum; com- + prehendere to grasp, seize; prae before + hendere (used only in comp.). See Get, and cf. Comprise.] 1. To contain; to embrace; to include; as the states comprehended in the Austrian Empire. “Who hath … comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure.
Is. xl. 12.” 2. To take in or include by construction or implication; to comprise; to imply. “Comprehended all in this one word, Discretion.
Hobbes.” “And if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying.
Rom. xiii. 9.” 3. To take into the mind; to grasp with the understanding; to apprehend the meaning of; to understand. “At a loss to comprehend the question.
W. Irwing.” “Great things doeth he, which we can not comprehend.
Job. xxxvii. 5.” Syn. — To contain; include; embrace; comprise; inclose; grasp; embody; involve; imply; apprehend; imagine; conceive; understand. See Apprehend.

Com•pre•hen•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being comprehensible; capability of being understood.

Com´pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. comprehensibilis: cf. F. compreehensible.] 1. Capable of being comprehended, included, or comprised. “Lest this part of knowledge should seem to any not comprehensible by axiom, we will set down some heads of it.
Bacon.” 2. Capable of being understood; intelligible; conceivable by the mind. “The horizon sets the bounds … between what is and what is not comprehensible by us.
Locke.”

Com•pre•hen´si•ble•ness, n. The quality of being comprehensible; comprehensibility.

Com•pre•hen´si•bly, adv. 1. With great extent of signification; comprehensively. Tillotson. 2. Intelligibly; in a manner to be comprehended or understood.

Com•pre•hen´sion , n. [L. comprehensio: cf. F. comprehension.] 1. The act of comprehending, containing, or comprising; inclusion. “In the Old Testament there is a close comprehension of the New; in the New, an open discovery of the Old.
Hooker.” 2. That which is comprehended or inclosed within narrow limits; a summary; an epitome. [Obs.] “Though not a catalogue of fundamentals, yet … a comprehension of them.
Chillingworth.” 3. The capacity of the mind to perceive and understand; the power, act, or process of grasping with the intellect; perception; understanding; as a comprehension of abstract principles. 4. (Logic) The complement of attributes which make up the notion signified by a general term. 5. (Rhet.) A figure by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite.

Com•pre•hen´sive , a. [Cf. F. comprehensif.] 1. Including much; comprising many things; having a wide scope or a full view. “A very comprehensive definition.
Bentley.” “Large and comprehensive idea.
Channing.” 2. Having the power to comprehend or understand many things. ´His comprehensive head.´ Pope. 3. (Zoöl.) Possessing peculiarities that are characteristic of several diverse groups. The term is applied chiefly to early fossil groups which have a combination of structures that appear in more fully developed or specialized forms in later groups. Synthetic, as used by Agassiz, is nearly synonymous. Syn. — Extensive; wide; large; full; compendious.

Com•pre•hen´sive•ly, adv. In a comprehensive manner; with great extent of scope.

Com•pre•hen´sive•ness, n. The quality of being comprehensive; extensiveness of scope. “Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins.
Addison.”

Com•pre•hen´sor , n. One who comprehends; one who has attained to a full knowledge. [Obs.] “When I shall have dispatched this weary pilgrimage, and from a traveler shall come to be a comprehensor, farewell faith and welcome vision.
Bp. Hall.”

Com•press´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compressed p. pr & vb. n. Compressing.] [L. compressus, p. p. of comprimere to compress: com- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press or squeeze together; to force into a narrower compass; to reduce the volume of by pressure; to compact; to condense; as to compress air or water. “Events of centuries … compressed within the compass of a single life.
D. Webster.” “The same strength of expression, though more compressed, runs through his historical harangues.
Melmoth.” 2. To embrace sexually. [Obs.] Pope. Syn. — To crowd; squeeze; condense; reduce; abridge.

Com´press , n. [F. compresse.] (Surg.) A folded piece of cloth, pledget of lint, etc., used to cover the dressing of wounds, and so placed as by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure on any part.

Com•pressed´ , a. 1. Pressed together; compacted; reduced in volume by pressure. 2. (Bot.) Flattened lengthwise. Compressed-air engine, an engine operated by the elastic force of compressed air.

Com•press•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. compressibilite.] The quality of being compressible of being compressible; as the compressibility of elastic fluids.

Com•press´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. compressible.] Capable of being pressed together or forced into a narrower compass, as an elastic or spongy substance.

Com•press´ible•ness, n. The quality of being compressible; compressibility.

Com•pres´sion , n. [L. compressio: cf. F. compression.] The act of compressing, or state of being compressed. ´Compression of thought.´ Johnson.

Com•press´ive , a. [Cf. F. compressif.] Compressing, or having power or tendency to compress; as a compressive force.

Com•press´or , n. [L.] Anything which serves to compress; as: (a) (Anat.) A muscle that compresses certain parts. (b) (Surg.) An instrument for compressing an artery (esp., the femoral artery) or other part. (c) An apparatus for confining or flattening between glass plates an object to be examined with the microscope; — called also compressorium. (d) (Mach.) A machine for compressing gases; especially, an air compressor.

Com•pres´sure ( 135), n. Compression.

Com•print´ , v. t. & i. 1. To print together. 2. (O. Eng. Law) To print surreptitiously a work belonging to another. E. Phillips.

Com´print , n. (O. Eng. Law) The surreptitious printing of another’s copy or book; a work thus printed.

Com•pris´al , n. The act of comprising or comprehending; a compendium or epitome. “A comprisal … and sum of all wickedness.
Barrow.”

Com•prise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprised p. pr. & vb. n. Comprising.] [From F. compris, comprise, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehendere. See Comprehend.] To comprehend; to include. “Comprise much matter in few words.
Hocker.” “Friendship does two souls in one comprise.
Roscommon.” Syn. — To embrace; include; comprehend; contain; encircle; inclose; involve; imply.

Com´pro•bate , v. i. [L. comprobatus, p. p. of comprobare, to approve wholly.] To agree; to concur. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Com•pro•ba´tion , n. [L. comprobatio.] 1. Joint attestation; proof. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Approbation. [Obs.] Foxe.

Com´pro•mise , n. [F. compromis, fr. L. compromissum a mutual promise to abide by the decision of an arbiter, fr. compromittere to make such a promise; com- + promittere to promise. See Promise.] 1. A mutual agreement to refer matters in dispute to the decision of arbitrators. [Obs.] Burrill. 2. A settlement by arbitration or by mutual consent reached by concession on both sides; a reciprocal abatement of extreme demands or rights, resulting in an agreement. “But basely yielded upon compromise
That which his noble ancestors achieved with blows.
Shak.” “All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue and every prudent act, is founded on compromise and barter.
Burke.” “An abhorrence of concession and compromise is a never failing characteristic of religious factions.
Hallam.” 3. A committal to something derogatory or objectionable; a prejudicial concession; a surrender; as a compromise of character or right. “I was determined not to accept any fine speeches, to the compromise of that sex the belonging to which was after all, my strongest claim and title to them.
Lamb.”

Com´pro•mise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromised p. pr. & vb. n. Compromising.] [From Compromise, n.; cf. Compromit.] 1. To bind by mutual agreement; to agree. [Obs.] “Laban and himself were compromised
That all the eanlings which were streaked and pied
Should fall as Jacob’s hire.
Shak.” 2. To adjust and settle by mutual concessions; to compound. “The controversy may easily be compromised.
Fuller.” 3. To pledge by some act or declaration; to endanger the life, reputation, etc., of, by some act which can not be recalled; to expose to suspicion. “To pardon all who had been compromised in the late disturbances.
Motley.”

Com´pro•mise, v. i. 1. To agree; to accord. [Obs.] 2. To make concession for conciliation and peace.

Com´pro•mi•ser , n. One who compromises.

Com•pro•mis•so´ri•al , a. Relating to compromise. [R.] Chalmers.

Com´pro•mit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromitting.] [L. compromittere. See Compromise, n.] 1. To pledge by some act or declaration; to promise. State Trials (1529). 2. To put to hazard, by some indiscretion; to endanger; to compromise; as to compromit the honor or the safety of a nation.

Com•pro•vin´cial , a. Belonging to, or associated in, the same province. [Obs.] — n. One who belongs to the same province. [Obs.] “The six islands, comprovincial
In ancient times unto Great Britain.
Spenser.”

Comp•sog´na•thus (komp•sog´na•thus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kompo•s elegant, pretty + gna•qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Dinosauria found in the Jurassic formation, and remarkable for having several birdlike features.

Compt (kount, formerly komt; 215), n. [F. compte. See Count an account.] Account; reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Shak.

Compt, v. t. [F. compter. See Count, v. t.] To compute; to count. [Obs.] See Count.

Compt, a. [L. comptus, p. p. of comere to care for, comb, arrange, adorn.] Neat; spruce. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Compt´er , n. A counter. [Obs.] Shak.

Compte´ ren•du [F.] A report of an officer or agent.

Compt´i•ble , a. [See Compt, v. t.] Accountable; responsible; sensitive. [Obs.] “I am very comptible even to the least sinister usage.
Shak.”

Compt´ly , adv. Neatly. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Comp•trol´ , n. & v. See Control.

Comp•trol´er , n. A controller; a public officer whose duty it is to examine certify accounts.

Com•pul´sa•tive , a. [From L. compulsare, v. intens. of compellere. See Compel.] Compulsatory. [R.] Shak.

Com•pul´sa•tive•ly, adv. By compulsion. [R.]

Com•pul´sa•to•ry , a. Operating with force; compelling; forcing; constraining; resulting from, or enforced by, compulsion. [R.] “To recover of us, by strong hand
And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands.
Shak.”

Com•pul´sion , n. [L. compulsio. See Compel.] The act of compelling, or the state of being compelled; the act of driving or urging by force or by physical or moral constraint; subjection to force. “If reasons were as plentiful as blackberries, I would give no man a reason upon compulsion.
Shak.” “With what compulsion and laborious flight
We sunk thus low.
Milton.” Syn. — See Constraint.

Com•pul´sive , a. Having power to compel; exercising or applying compulsion. “Religion is … inconsistent with all compulsive motives.
Sharp.”

Com•pul´sive•ly, adv. By compulsion; by force.

Com•pul´so•ri•ly , adv. In a compulsory manner; by force or constraint.

Com•pul´so•ry , a. [LL. compulsorius.] 1. Having the power of compulsion; constraining. 2. Obligatory; enjoined by authority; necessary; due to compulsion. “This contribution threatening to fall infinitely short of their hopes, they soon made it compulsory.
Burke.”

Com•punct´ , a. [LL. compunctus, p. p.] Affected with compunction; conscience-stricken. [Obs.]

Com•punc´tion , n. [OF. compunction, F. componction, L. compunctio, fr. compungere, compunctum, to prick; com- + pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. A pricking; stimulation. [Obs.] “That acid and piercing spirit which, with such activity and compunction, invadeth the brains and nostrils.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. A picking of heart; poignant grief proceeding from a sense of guilt or consciousness of causing pain; the sting of conscience. “He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king, with expressions of great compunction.
Clarendon.” Syn. — Compunction, Remorse, Contrition. Remorse is anguish of soul under a sense of guilt or consciousness of having offended God or brought evil upon one’s self or others. Compunction is the pain occasioned by a wounded and awakened conscience. Neither of them implies true contrition, which denotes self-condemnation, humiliation, and repentance. We speak of the gnawings of remorse; of compunction for a specific act of transgression; of deep contrition in view of our past lives. See Regret.

Com•punc´tion•less, a. Without compunction.

Com•punc´tious , a. Of the nature of compunction; caused by conscience; attended with, or causing, compunction. “That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose.
Shak.”

Com•punc´tious•ly, adv. With compunction.

Com•punc´tive , a. Sensitive in respect of wrongdoing; conscientious. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com•pur•ga´tion , n. [L. compurgatio, fr. compurgare to purify wholly; com- + purgare to make pure. See Purge, v. t.] 1. (Law) The act or practice of justifying or confirming a man’s veracity by the oath of others; — called also wager of law. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager. 2. Exculpation by testimony to one’s veracity or innocence. “He was privileged from his childhood from suspicion of incontinency and needed no compurgation.
Bp. Hacket.”

Com´pur•ga•tor , n. [LL.] One who bears testimony or swears to the veracity or innocence of another. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager. “All they who know me … will say they have reason in this matter to be my compurgators.
Chillingworth.”

Com•pur•ga•to´ri•al , a. Relating to a compurgator or to compurgation. ´Their compurgatorial oath.´ Milman.

Com•put´a•ble , a. [L. computabilis.] Capable of being computed, numbered, or reckoned. “Not easily computable by arithmetic.
Sir M. Hale.”

Com•pu•ta´tion , n. [L. computatio: cf. F. computation.] 1. The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning. “By just computation of the time.
Shak.” “By a computation backward from ourselves.
Bacon.” 2. The result of computation; the amount computed. Syn. — Reckoning; calculation; estimate; account.

Com•pute´ (kom•put´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Computed; p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] [L. computare. See Count, v. t.] To determine by calculation; to reckon; to count. “Two days, as we compute the days of heaven.
Milton.” “What’s done we partly may compute,
But know not what’s resisted.
Burns.” Syn. — To calculate; number; count; reckon; estimate; enumerate; rate. See Calculate.

Com•pute´, n. [L. computus: cf. F. comput.] Computation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Com•put´er (-put´er), n. One who computes.

Com´pu•tist , n. A computer.

Com´rade (? or 277), n. [Sp. camarada, fr. L. camara, a chamber; hence, a chamber-fellowship, and then a chamber-fellow: cf. F. camarade. Cf. Chamber.] A mate, companion, or associate. “And turned my flying comrades to the charge.
J. Baillie.” “I abjure all roofs, and choose …
To be a comrade with the wolf and owl.
Shak.”

Com´rade•ry , n. [Cf. F. camarederie.] The spirit of comradeship; comradeship. [R.] “´Certainly´, said Dunham, with the comradery of the smoker.
W. D. Howells.”

Com´rade•ship, n. The state of being a comrade; intimate fellowship.

Com´rogue , n. A fellow rogue. [Obs.]

Com´tism , n. [Named after the French philosopher, Auguste Comte.] Positivism; the positive philosophy. See Positivism.

Com´tist , n. A disciple of Comte; a positivist.

Con- . A prefix, fr. L. cum, signifying with, together, etc. See Com- .

Con, adv. [Abbrev. from L. contra against.] Against the affirmative side; in opposition; on the negative side; — The antithesis of pro, and usually in connection with it. See Pro.

Con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conned p. pr. & vb. n. Conning.] [AS. cunnan to know, be able, and (derived from this) cunnian to try, test. See Can, v. t. & i.] 1. To know; to understand; to acknowledge. [Obs.] “Of muses, Hobbinol, I con no skill.
Spenser.” “They say they con to heaven the highway.
Spenser.” 2. To study in order to know; to peruse; to learn; to commit to memory; to regard studiously. “Fixedly did look
Upon the muddy waters which he conned
As if he had been reading in a book.
Wordsworth.” “I did not come into Parliament to con my lesson.
Burke.” To con answer, to be able to answer. [Obs.] — To con thanks, to thank; to acknowledge obligation. [Obs.] Shak.

Con, v. t. [See Cond.] (Naut.) To conduct, or superintend the steering of (a vessel); to watch the course of (a vessel) and direct the helmsman how to steer.

Con•a´cre , v. t. To underlet a portion of, for a single crop; — said of a farm. [Ireland]

Con•a´cre, n. A system of letting a portion of a farm for a single crop. [Ireland] Also used adjectively; as the conacre system or principle. Mozley & W.

Co•na´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kwna•rion.] (Anat.) The pineal gland.

Co•na´tion , n. [L. conatio.] (Philos.) The power or act which directs or impels to effort of any kind, whether muscular or psychical. “Of conation, in other words, of desire and will.
J. S. Mill.”

Co´na•tive , a. [See Conatus.] Of or pertaining to conation. “This division of mind into the three great classes of the cognitive faculties, the feelings, … and the exertive or conative powers, … was first promulgated by Kant.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Co•na´tus , n. [L., fr. conatus, p. p. of conari to attempt.] A natural tendency inherent in a body to develop itself; an attempt; an effort. “What conatus could give prickles to the porcupine or hedgehog, or to the sheep its fleece?
Paley.”

Con•cam´er•ate (kon•kam´er•at), v. t. [L. concameratus, p. p. of concamerare to arch over. See Camber.] 1. To arch over; to vault. “Of the upper beak an inch and a half consisteth of one concamerated bone.
Grew.” 2. To divide into chambers or cells. Woodward.

Con•cam•er•a´tion (-a´shun), n. [L. concameratio.] 1. An arch or vault. 2. A chamber of a multilocular shell. Glanvill.

Con•cat´e•nate (kon•kat´e•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concatenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concatenating.] [L. concatenatus, p. p. of concatenare to concatenate. See Catenate.] To link together; to unite in a series or chain, as things depending on one another. “This all things friendly will concatenate.
Dr. H. More”

Con•cat•e•na´tion (-na´shun), n. [L. concatenatio.] A series of links united; a series or order of things depending on each other, as if linked together; a chain, a succession. “The stoics affirmed a fatal, unchangeable concatenation of causes, reaching even to the illicit acts of man’s will.
South.” “A concatenation of explosions.
W. Irving.”

Con•cause´ (-kaz´), n. A joint cause. Fotherby.

Con•ca•va´tion (kon•ka•va´shun), n. The act of making concave.

Con´cave (kon•ka•v´ or kon´-; 277), a. [L. concavus; con- + cavus hollow: cf. F. concave. See Cave a hollow.] 1. Hollow and curved or rounded; vaulted; — said of the interior of a curved surface or line, as of the curve of the of the inner surface of an eggshell, in opposition to convex; as a concave mirror; the concave arch of the sky. 2. Hollow; void of contents. [R.] “As concave … as a worm-eaten nut.
Shak.”

Con´cave, n. [L. concavum.] 1. A hollow; an arched vault; a cavity; a recess. “Up to the fiery concave towering hight.
Milton.” 2. (Mech.) A curved sheath or breasting for a revolving cylinder or roll.

Con´cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concaving.] To make hollow or concave.

Con´caved , a. (Her.) Bowed in the form of an arch; — called also arched.

Con´cave•ness, n. Hollowness; concavity.

Con•cav´i•ty , n.; pl. Concavities (#). [L. concavitas: cf. F. concavite. See Concave.] A concave surface, or the space bounded by it; the state of being concave.

Con•ca•vo-con´cave , a. Concave or hollow on both sides; double concave.

Con•ca•vo-con´vex , a. 1. Concave on one side and convex on the other, as an eggshell or a crescent. 2. (Optics) Specifically, having such a combination of concave and convex sides as makes the focal axis the shortest line between them. See Illust. under Lens.

Con•ca•´vous , a. [L. concavus.] Concave. Abp. potter. — Con•ca´vous•ly, adv.

Con•ceal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concealed p. pr. & vb. n. Concealing.] [OF. conceler, L. concelare; con- + celareto hide; akin to AS. helan, G. hehlen, E. hele (to cover), helmet. See Hell, Helmet.] To hide or withdraw from observation; to cover; to cover or keep from sight; to prevent the discovery of; to withhold knowledge of. “It is the glory of God to conceal a thing.
Prov. xxv. 2.” “Declare ye among the nations, … publish and conceal not.
Jer. l. 2.” “He which finds him shall deserve our thanks, …
He that conceals him, death.
Shak.” Syn. — To hide; secrete; screen; cover; disguise; dissemble; mask; veil; cloak; screen. — To Conceal, Hide, Disguise, Dissemble, Secrete. To hide is the generic term, which embraces all the rest. To conceal is simply not make known what we wish to keep secret. In the Bible hide often has the specific meaning of conceal. See 1 Sam. iii. 17, 18. To disguise or dissemble is to conceal by assuming some false appearance. To secrete is to hide in some place of secrecy. A man may conceal facts, disguise his sentiments, dissemble his feelings, secrete stolen goods. “Bur double griefs afflict concealing hearts.
Spenser.” “Both dissemble deeply their affections.
Shak.” “We have in these words a primary sense, which reveals a future state, and a secondary sense, which hides and secretes it.
Warburton.”

Con•ceal´a•ble , a. Capable of being concealed.

Con•cealed´ , a. Hidden; kept from sight; secreted. — Con•ceal´ed•ly , adv. — Con•ceal´ed•ness, n. Concealed weapons (Law), dangerous weapons so carried on the person as to be knowingly or willfully concealed from sight, — a practice forbidden by statute.

Con•ceal´er , n. One who conceals.

Con•ceal´ment , n. [OF. concelement.] 1. The act of concealing; the state of being concealed. “But let concealment, like a worm i’ the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek.
Shak.” “Some dear cause
Will in concealment wrap me up awhile.
Shak.” 2. A place of hiding; a secret place; a retreat frem observation. “The cleft tree
Offers its kind concealment to a few.
Thomson.” 3. A secret; out of the way knowledge. [Obs.] “Well read in strange concealments.
Shak.” 4. (Law) Suppression of such facts and circumstances as in justice ought to be made known. Wharton.

Con•cede´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceding.] [L. concedere, concessum; con- + cedere to go along, give way, yield: cf. F. conceder. See Cede.] 1. To yield or suffer; to surrender; to grant; as to concede the point in question. Boyle. 2. To grant, as a right or privilege; to make concession of. 3. To admit to be true; to acknowledge. “We concede that their citizens were those who lived under different forms.
Burke.” Syn. — To grant; allow; admit; yield; surrender.

Con•cede´, v. i. To yield or make concession. “I wished you to concede to America, at a time when she prayed concession at our feet.
Burke.”

Con•ceit´ , n. [Through French, fr. L. conceptus a conceiving, conception, fr. concipere to conceive: cf. OF. p. p. nom. conciez conceived. See Conceive, and cf. Concept, Deceit.] 1. That which is conceived, imagined, or formed in the mind; idea; thought; image; conception. “In laughing, there ever procedeth a conceit of somewhat ridiculous.
Bacon.” “A man wise in his own conceit.
Prov. xxvi. 12.” 2. Faculty of conceiving ideas; mental faculty; apprehension; as a man of quick conceit. [Obs.] “How often, alas! did her eyes say unto me that they loved! and yet I, not looking for such a matter, had not my conceit open to understand them.
Sir P. Sidney.” 3. Quickness of apprehension; active imagination; lively fancy. “His wit’s as thick as Tewksbury mustard; there’s more conceit in him than is in a mallet.
Shak.” 4. A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a quant fancy; an unnatural or affected conception; a witty thought or turn of expression; a fanciful device; a whim; a quip. “On his way to the gibbet, a freak took him in the head to go off with a conceit.
L’Estrange.” “Some to conceit alone their works confine,
And glittering thoughts struck out at every line.
Pope.” “Tasso is full of conceits … which are not only below the dignity of heroic verse but contrary to its nature.
Dryden.” 5. An overweening idea of one’s self; vanity. “Plumed with conceit he calls aloud.
Cotton.” 6. Design; pattern. [Obs.] Shak. In conceit with, in accord with; agreeing or conforming. — Out of conceit with, not having a favorable opinion of; not pleased with; as a man is out of conceit with his dress. — To put [one] out of conceit with, to make one indifferent to a thing, or in a degree displeased with it.

Con•ceit´ , v. t. To conceive; to imagine. [Archaic] “The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are therebly rendered as inactive … as if they really were so.
South.” “One of two bad ways you must conceit me,
Either a coward or a flatterer.
Shak.”

Con•ceit´, v. i. To form an idea; to think. [Obs.] “Those whose … vulgar apprehensions conceit but low of matrimonial purposes.
Milton.”

Con•ceit´ed, a. 1. Endowed with fancy or imagination. [Obs.] “He was … pleasantly conceited, and sharp of wit.
Knolles.” 2. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one’s self; vain. “If you think me too conceited
Or to passion quickly heated.
Swift.” “Conceited of their own wit, science, and politeness.
Bentley.” 3. Curiously contrived or designed; fanciful. [Obs.] “A conceited chair to sleep in.
Evelyn.” Syn. — Vain; proud; opinionated; egotistical.

Con•ceit´ed•ly, adv. 1. In an egotistical manner. 2. Fancifully; whimsically.

Con•ceit´ed•ness, n. The state of being conceited; conceit; vanity. Addison.

Con•ceit´less, a. Without wit; stupid. [Obs.] “Think’st thou I am so shallow, so conceitless.
To be seduced by thy flattery?
Shak.”

Con•ceiv´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. concevable.] Capable of being conceived, imagined, or understood. ´Any conceivable weight.´ Bp. Wilkins. “It is not conceivable that it should be indeed that very person whose shape and voice it assumed.
Atterbury.” — Con•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. — Con•ceiv´a•bly, adv.

Con•ceive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceived p. pr. & vb. n. Conceiving.] [OF. conzoivre, concever, conceveir, F. concevoir, fr. L. oncipere to take, to conceive; con- + capere to seize or take. See Capable, and cf. Conception.] 1. To receive into the womb and begin to breed; to begin the formation of the embryo of. “She hath also conceived a son in her old age.
Luke i. 36.” 2. To form in the mind; to plan; to devise; to generate; to originate; as to conceive a purpose, plan, hope. “It was among the ruins of the Capitol that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised near twenty years of my life.
Gibbon.” “Conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood.
Is. lix. 13.” 3. To apprehend by reason or imagination; to take into the mind; to know; to imagine; to comprehend; to understand. ´I conceive you.´ Hawthorne. “O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart
Cannot conceive nor name thee!
Shak.” “You will hardly conceive him to have been bred in the same climate.
Swift.” Syn. — To apprehend; imagine; suppose; understand; comprehend; believe; think.

Con•ceive´, v. i. 1. To have an embryo or fetus formed in the womb; to breed; to become pregnant. “A virgin shall conceive, and bear a son.
Isa. vii. 14.” 2. To have a conception, idea, or opinion; think; — with of. “Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures.
I. Watts.”

Con•ceiv´er , n. One who conceives.

Con•cel´e•brate , v. t. [L. concelebratus, p. p. of concelebrare to concelebrate.] To celebrate together. [Obs.] Holland.

Con•cent´ , n. [L. concentus, fr. concinere to sing together; con- + canere to sing.] 1. Concert of voices; concord of sounds; harmony; as a concent of notes. [Archaic.] Bacon. “That undisturbed song of pure concent.
Milton.” 2. Consistency; accordance. [Obs.] “In concent to his own principles.
Atterbury.” { Con•cen´ter , Con•cen´tre } , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concentered or Concentred ; p. pr & vb. n. Concentering or Concentring .] [F. concentrer, fr. L. con- + centrum center. See Center, and cf. Concentrate] To come to one point; to meet in, or converge toward, a common center; to have a common center. “God, in whom all perfections concenter.
Bp. Beveridge.” { Con•cen´ter , Con•cen´tre }, v. t. To draw or direct to a common center; to bring together at a focus or point, as two or more lines; to concentrate. “In thee concentering all their precious beams.
Milton.” “All is concentered in a life intense.
Byren.”

Con•cen´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concentrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concentrating.] [Pref. con- + L. centrum center. Cf. Concenter.] 1. To bring to, or direct toward, a common center; to unite more closely; to gather into one body, mass, or force; to fix; as to concentrate rays of light into a focus; to concentrate the attention. “(He) concentrated whole force at his own camp.
Motley.” 2. To increase the strength and diminish the bulk of, as of a liquid or an ore; to intensify, by getting rid of useless material; to condense; as to concentrate acid by evaporation; to concentrate by washing; — opposed to dilute. “Spirit of vinegar concentrated and reduced to its greatest strength.
Arbuthnot.” Syn. — To combine; to condense; to consolidate.

Con•cen´trate , v. i. To approach or meet in a common center; to consolidate; as population tends to concentrate in cities.

Con•cen•tra´tion , n. [Cf. F. concentration.] 1. The act or process of concentrating; the process of becoming concentrated, or the state of being concentrated; concentration. “Concentration of the lunar beams.
Boyle.” “Intense concetration of thought.
Sir J. Herschel.” 2. The act or process of reducing the volume of a liquid, as by evaporation. “The acid acquires a higher degree of concentration.
Knight.” 3. (Metal.) The act or process of removing the dress of ore and of reducing the valuable part to smaller compass, as by currents of air or water.

Con•cen´tra•tive , a. Serving or tending to concentrate; characterized by concentration. “A discrimination is only possible by a concentrative act, or act of attention.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•cen´tra•tive•ness, n. 1. The quality of concentrating. 2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which has to do with concentrating the intellectual the intellectual powers. Combe.

Con´cen•tra•tor , n. (Mining) An apparatus for the separation of dry comminuted ore, by exposing it to intermittent puffs of air. Knight. { Con•cen´tric , Con•cen´tric•al }, a. [F. concentrique. See Concenter.] Having a common center, as circles of different size, one within another. “Concentric circles upon the surface of the water.
Sir I. Newton.” “Concentrical rings like those of an onion.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•cen´tric, n. That which has a common center with something else. “Its pecular relations to its concentrics.
Coleridge.”

Con•cen´tric•al•ly, adv. In a concentric manner.

Con•cen•tric´i•ty , n. The state of being concentric.

Con•cen´tu•al , a. [From Concent.] Possessing harmony; accordant. [R.] Warton.

Con´cept , n. [L. conceptus (cf. neut. conceptum fetus), p. p. of concipere to conceive: cf. F. concept. See Conceit.] An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal. “The words conception, concept, notion, should be limited to the thought of what can not be represented in the imagination; as the thought suggested by a general term.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•cep´ta•cle , n. [L. conceptaculum, fr. concipere to receive. See Conceive.] 1. That in which anything is contained; a vessel; a receiver or receptacle. [Obs.] Woodward. 2. (Bot.) (a) A pericarp, opening longitudinally on one side and having the seeds loose in it; a follicle; a double follicle or pair of follicles. (b) One of the cases containing the spores, etc., of flowerless plants, especially of algae.

Con•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being conceivable; conceivableness. Cudworth.

Con•cep´ti•ble , a. [See Conceive.] Capable of being conceived; conceivable. Sir M. Hale.

Con•cep´tion , n. [F. conception, L. conceptio, fr. concipere to conceive. See Conceive.] 1. The act of conceiving in the womb; the initiation of an embryonic animal life. “I will greaty multiply thy sorrow and thy conception.
Gen. iii. 16.” 2. The state of being conceived; beginning. “Joy had the like conception in our eyes.
Shak.” 3. The power or faculty of apprehending of forming an idea in the mind; the power of recalling a past sensation or perception. “Under the article of conception, I shall confine myself to that faculty whose province it is to enable us to form a notion of our past sensations, or of the objects of sense that we have formerly perceived.
Stewart.” 4. The formation in the mind of an image, idea, or notion, apprehension. “Conception consists in a conscious act of the understanding, bringing any given object or impression into the same class with any number of other objects or impression, by means of some character or characters common to them all.
Coleridge.” 5. The image, idea, or notion of any action or thing which is formed in the mind; a concept; a notion; a universal; the product of a rational belief or judgment. See Concept. “He [Herodotus] says that the sun draws or attracts the water; a metaphorical term obviously intended to denote some more general and abstract conception than that of the visible operation which the word primarily signifies.
Whewell.” 6. Idea; purpose; design. “Note this dangerous conception.
Shak.” 7. Conceit; affected sentiment or thought. [Obs.] “He … is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticism.
Dryden.” Syn. — Idea; notion; perception; apprehemsion; comprehension.

Con•cep´tion•al , a. Pertaining to conception.

Con•cep´tion•al•ist, n. A conceptualist.

Con•cep´tious, a. Apt to conceive; fruitful. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•cep´tive , a. [Cf. F. conceptif, L. conceptivus.] Capable of conceiving. Sir T. Browne

Con•cep´tu•al , a. Pertaining to conception.

Con•cep´tu•al•ism , n. (Metaph.) A theory, intermediate between realism and nominalism, that the mind has the power of forming for itself general conceptions of individual or single objects. Stewart.

Con•cep´tu•al•ist, n. (Metaph.) One who maintains the theory of conceptualism. Stewart.

Con•cern´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerned p. pr. & vb. n. Concerning.] [F. concerner, LL. concernere to regard, concern, fr. L. concernere to mix or mingle together, as in a sieve for separating; con- + cernere to separate, sift, distinguish by the senses, and especially by the eyes, to perceive, see. See Certain.] 1. To relate or belong to; to have reference to or connection with; to affect the interest of; to be of importance to. “Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ.
Acts xxviii. 31.” “Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender interests, and concerned us more than those with any other nation.
Addison.” “It much concerns a preacher first to learn
The genius of his audience and their turn.
Dodsley.” “Ignorant, so far as the usual instruction is concerned.
J. F. Cooper.” 2. To engage by feeling or sentiment; to interest; as a good prince concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects. “They think themselves out the reach of Providence, and no longer concerned to solicit his favor.
Rogers.”

Con•cern´, v. i. To be of importance. [Obs.] “Which to deny concerns more than avails.
Shak.”

Con•cern´, n. 1. That which relates or belongs to one; business; affair. “The private concerns of fanilies.
Addison.” 2. That which affects the welfare or happiness; interest; moment. “Mysterious secrets of a high concern.
Roscommon.” 3. Interest in, or care for, any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety. “O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns
And gentle wishes follow me to battle.
Addison.” 4. (Com.) Persons connected in business; a firm and its business; as a banking concern. The whole concern, all connected with a particular affair or business. Syn. — Care; anxiety; solicitude; interest; regard; business; affair; matter; moment. See Care.

Con•cerned´ , a. [See Concern, v. t., 2.] Disturbed; troubled; solicitous; as to be much concerned for the safety of a friend.

Con•cern´ed•ly , adv. In a concerned manner; solicitously; sympathetically.

Con•cern´ing, prep. Pertaining to; regarding; having relation to; respecting; as regards. “I have accepted thee concerning this thing.
Gen. xix. 21.” “The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel.
Num. x. 29.”

Con•cern´ing, a. Important. [Archaic] “So great and so concerning truth.
South.”

Con•cern´ing , n. 1. That in which one is concerned or interested; concern; affair; interest. ´Our everlasting concernments.´ I. Watts. “To mix with thy concernments I desist.
Milton.” 2. Importance; moment; consequence. “Let every action of concernment to begun with prayer.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Concern; participation; interposition. “He married a daughter to the earl without any other approbation of her father or concernment in it, than suffering him and her come into his presence.
Clarendon.” 4. Emotion of mind; solicitude; anxiety. “While they are so eager to destroy the fame of others, their ambition is manifest in their concernment.
Dryden.”

Con•cert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerting.] [F. concerter, It. concertare, conertare, prob. from L. consertus, p. p. of conserere to join together; con- + serere to join together, influenced by concertare to contend; con- + centare to strive; properly, to try to decide; fr. cernere to distinguish. See Series, and cf. Concern.] 1. To plan together; to settle or adjust by conference, agreement, or consultation. “It was concerted to begin the siege in March.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. To plan; to devise; to arrange. “A commander had more trouble to concert his defense before the people than to plan … the campaign.
Burke.”

Con•cert´, v. i. To act in harmony or conjunction; to form combined plans. “The ministers of Denmark were appointed to concert with Talbot.
Bp. Burnet”

Con´cert (kon´sert), n. [F. concert, It. concerto, conserto, fr. concertare. See Concert, v. t.] 1. Agreement in a design or plan; union formed by mutual communication of opinions and views; accordance in a scheme; harmony; simultaneous action. “All these discontents, how ruinous soever, have arisen from the want of a due communication and concert.
Swift.” 2. Musical accordance or harmony; concord. “Let us in concert to the season sing.
Cowper.” 3. A musical entertainment in which several voices or instruments take part. “Visit by night your lady’s chamber window
With some sweet concert.
Shak.” “And boding screech owls make the concert full.
Shak.” Concert pitch. See under Pitch.

Con•cer•tan´te ( It. ?), n. [It., orig p. pr. of concertare to form or perform a concert. See Concert.] (Mus.) A concert for two or more principal instruments, with orchestral accompaniment. Also adjectively; as concertante parts.

Con•cer•ta´tion , n. [L. concertatio.] Strife; contention. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con•cer´ta•tive , a. [L. concertativus.] Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con•cert´ed , a. Mutually contrived or planned; agreed on; as concerted schemes, signals. Concerted piece (Mus.), a composition in parts for several voices or instrument, as a trio, a quartet, etc.

Con•cer•ti´na , n. [From It. concerto a concert.] A small musical instrument on the principle of the accordion. It is a small elastic box, or bellows, having free reeds on the inside, and keys and handles on the outside of each of the two hexagonal heads.

Con•cer•ti´no , n. [See Concertina.] (Mus.) A piece for one or more solo instruments with orchestra; — more concise than the concerto.

Con•cer´tion , n. Act of concerting; adjustment. [R.] Young.

Con•cert•meis´ter , n. [G.] (Mus.) The head violinist or leader of the strings in an orchestra; the sub-leader of the orchestra; concert master.

Con•cer´to ( It. ?), n.; pl. Concertos (#). [It. See Concert, n.] (Mus.) A composition (usually in symphonic form with three movements) in which one instrument (or two or three) stands out in bold relief against the orchestra, or accompaniment, so as to display its qualities or the performer’s skill.

Con•ces´sion , n. [L. concessio, fr. concedere: cf. F. concession. See Concede.] 1. The act of conceding or yielding; usually implying a demand, claim, or request, and thus distinguished from giving, which is voluntary or spontaneous. “By mutual concession the business was adjusted.
Hallam.” 2. A thing yielded; an acknowledgment or admission; a boon; a grant; esp. a grant by government of a privilege or right to do something; as a concession to build a canal. “This is therefore a concession, that he doth … believe the Scriptures to be sufficiently plain.
Sharp.” “When a lover becomes satisfied by small compliances without further pursuits, then expect to find popular assemblies content with small concessions.
Swift.”

Con•ces´sion•ist, n. One who favors concession.

Con•ces´sive , a. [L. concessivus.] Implying concession; as a concessive conjunction. Lowth.

Con•ces´sive•ly, adv. By way of concession.

Con•ces´so•ry , a. Conceding; permissive.

Con•cet´tism , n. The use of concetti or affected conceits. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Con•cet´to ( It. ?), n.; pl. Concetti (#). [It., fr. L. conceptus. See Conceit.] Affected wit; a conceit. Chesterfield.

Conch , n. [L. concha, Gr. . See Coach, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A name applied to various marine univalve shells; esp. to those of the genus Strombus, which are of large size. S. gigas is the large pink West Indian conch. The large king, queen, and cameo conchs are of the genus Cassis. See Cameo. The conch is sometimes used as a horn or trumpet, as in fogs at sea, or to call laborers from work. 2. In works of art, the shell used by Tritons as a trumpet. 3. One of the white natives of the Bahama Islands or one of their descendants in the Florida Keys; — so called from the commonness of the conch there, or because they use it for food. 4. (Arch.) See Concha, n. 5. The external ear. See Concha, n., 2.

Con´cha , n. [LL. (in sense 1), fr. concha. See Conch.] 1. (Arch.) The plain semidome of an apse; sometimes used for the entire apse. 2. (Anat.) The external ear; esp. the largest and deepest concavity of the external ear, surrounding the entrance to the auditory canal.

Con´chal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the concha, or external ear; as the conchal cartilage.

Con´chi•fer , n. [Cf. F. conchofère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Conchifera.

Con•chif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. concha + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) That class of Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells; the Lamellibranchiata. See Mollusca.

Con•chif´er•ous , a. Producing or having shells.

Con´chi•form, a. [Conch + -form.] Shaped like one half of a bivalve shell; shell-shaped.

Con´chi•nine , n. [Formed by transposition fr. cinchonine.] See Quinidine.

Con´chite , n. [Cf. F. conchite. See Conch.] (Paleon.) A fossil or petrified conch or shell.

Con•chit´ic , a. Composed of shells; containing many shells.

Con´choid , n. [Gr. ; shell + form: cf. F. conchoïde.] (Geom.) A curve, of the fourth degree, first made use of by the Greek geometer, Nicomedes, who invented it for the purpose of trisecting an angle and duplicating the cube.

Con•choid´al , a. [Cf. F. conchoïdal.] (Min.) Having elevations or depressions in form like one half of a bivalve shell; — applied principally to a surface produced by fracture.

Con•cho•log´ic•al , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or connected with, conchology.

Con•chol´o•gist , n. (Zoöl.) One who studies, or is versed in, conchology.

Con•chol´o•gy , n. [Conch + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The science of Mollusca, and of the shells which they form; malacology.

Con•chom´e•ter , n. [Conch + -meter.] (Zoöl.) An instrument for measuring shells, or the angle of their spire.

Con•chom´e•try , n. (Zoöl.) The art of measuring shells or their curves; conchyliometry.

Con•cho-spi´ral , n. A kind of spiral curve found in certain univalve shells. Agassiz. { Con•chy•la´ceous , Con•chyl•i•a´ceous }, a. [L. conchylium shell, Gr. , dim. of , equiv. to . See Conch.] Of or pertaining to shells; resembling a shell; as conchyliaceous impressions. Kirwan. { Con•chyl•i•ol´o•gist , n., Con•chyl•i•ol´o•gy } n. See Conchologist, and Conchology.

Con•chyl•i•om´e•try , n. [Gr. + -metry.] Same as Conchometry.

Con•chyl´i•ous , a. Conchylaceous.

Con´ci•a•tor , n. [It. conciatore, fr. conciare to adjust, dress, fr. L. comtus, p. p. See Compt, a.] (Glass Works) The person who weighs and proportions the materials to be made into glass, and who works and tempers them.

Con•cierge´ , n. [F.] One who keeps the entrance to an edifice, public or private; a doorkeeper; a janitor, male or female.

Con•cil´i•a•ble , n. [L. conciliabulum, fr. concitium assembly: cf. F. conciliabule. See Council.] A small or private assembly, especially of an ecclesiastical nature. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•cil´i•a•ble, a. [Cf. F. conciliable.] Capable of being conciliated or reconciled. Milton.

Con•cil´i•a•bule , n. [See Conciliable, n.] An obscure ecclesiastical council; a conciliable. Milman. { Con•cil´i•ar , Con•cil´i•a•ry } a. [Cf. F. conciliare.] Of or pertaining to, or issued by, a council. Jer. Taylor.

Con•cil´i•ate ( 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conciliated; p. pr & vb. n. Conciliating.] [L. conciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw or bring together, unite, from concilium council. See Council.] To win ower; to gain from a state of hostility; to gain the good will or favor of; to make friendly; to mollify; to propitiate; to appease. “The rapacity of his father’s administration had excited such universal discontent, that it was found expedient to conciliate the nation.
Hallam.” Syn. — To reconcile; propitiate; appease; pacify.

Con•cil•i•a´tion , n. [L. conciliatio.] The act or process of conciliating; the state of being conciliated. “The house has gone further; it has declared conciliation admissible previous to any submission on the part of America.
Burke.”

Con•cil´i•a•tive , a. Conciliatory. Coleridge.

Con•cil´i•a•tor , n. [L.] One who conciliates.

Con•cil´i•a•to•ry ( 106), a. Tending to conciliate; pacific; mollifying; propitiating. “The only alternative, therefore, was to have recourse to the conciliatory policy.
Prescott.”

Con•cin´nate , v. t. [L. concinnatus, p. p. of concinnare to concinnate. See Concinnity.] To place fitly together; to adapt; to clear. [Obs.] Holland.

Con•cin´ni•ty , n. [L. concinnitas, fr. concinnus skillfully put together, beautiful. Of uncertain origin.] Internal harmony or fitness; mutual adaptation of parts; elegance; — used chiefly of style of discourse. [R.] “An exact concinnity and eveness of fancy.
Howell.”

Con•cin´nous , a. [L. concinnus.] Characterized by concinnity; neat; elegant. [R.] “The most concinnous and most rotund of proffessors, M. Heyne.
De Quiency.”

Con´cio•nate , v. i. [L. concionatus, p. p. of concionari to adress.] To preach. [Obs.] Lithgow.

Con´cio•na•tor , n. [L.] 1. An haranguer of the people; a preacher. 2. (Old Law) A common councilman. [Obs.]

Con´cio•na•to•ry ( 106), a. Of or pertaining to preaching or public addresses. [Obs.] Howell.

Con•cise´ , a. [L. concisus cut off, short, p. p. of concidere to cut to pieces; con- + caedere to cut; perh. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.; cf. F. concis.] Expressing much in a few words; condensed; brief and compacted; — used of style in writing or speaking. “The concise style, which expresseth not enough, but leaves somewhat to be understood.
B. Jonson.” “Where the author is … too brief and concise, amplify a little.
I. Watts.” Syn. — Laconic; terse; brief; short; compendious; summary; succinct. See Laconic, and Terse.

Con•cise´ly, adv. In a concise manner; briefly.

Con•cise´ness, n. The quality of being concise.

Con•ci´sion , n. [L. concisio: cf. F. concision. See Concise.] A cutting off; a division; a schism; a faction. South.

Con•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. concitatio. See Concite.] The act of stirring up, exciting, or agitating. [Obs.] ´The concitation of humors.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con•cite´ , v. t. [L. concitare; con- + citare. See Cite.] To excite or stir up. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Con•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. conclamatio.] An outcry or shout of many together. [R.] “Before his funeral conclamation.
May (Lucan).”

Con´clave (? or 277), n. [F., fr. L. conclave a room that may locked up; con- + clavis key. See Clavicle.] 1. The set of apartments within which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church are continuously secluded while engaged in choosing a pope. 2. The body of cardinals shut up in the conclave for the election of a pope; hence, the body of cardinals. “It was said a cardinal, by reason of his apparent likelihood to step into St. Peter’s chair, that in two conclaves he went in pope and came out again cardinal.
South.” 3. A private meeting; a close or secret assembly. “The verdicts pronounced by this conclave (Johnson’s Club) on new books, were speedily known over all London.
Macaulay.” To be in conclave, to be engaged in a secret meeting; — said of several, or a considerable number of, persons.

Con´cla•vist , n. [Cf. F. conclaviste, It. conclavista.] One of the two ecclesiastics allowed to attend a cardinal in the conclave.

Con•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Concluding.] [L. concludere, conclusum; con- + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up; to inclose. [Obs.] “The very person of Christ [was] concluded within the grave.
Hooker.” 2. To include; to comprehend; to shut up together; to embrace. [Obs.] “For God hath concluded all in unbelief.
Rom. xi. 32.” “The Scripture hath concluded all under sin.
Gal. iii. 22.” 3. To reach as an end of reasoning; to infer, as from premises; to close, as an argument, by inferring; — sometimes followed by a dependent clause. “No man can conclude God’s love or hatred to any person by anything that befalls him.
Tillotson.” “Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith.
Rom. iii. 28.” 4. To make a final determination or judgment concerning; to judge; to decide. “But no frail man, however great or high,
Can be concluded blest before he die.
Addison.” “Is it concluded he shall be protector?
Shak.” 5. To bring to an end; to close; to finish. “I will conclude this part with the speech of a counselor of state.
Bacon.” 6. To bring about as a result; to effect; to make; as to conclude a bargain. ´If we conclude a peace.´ Shak. 7. To shut off; to restrain; to limit; to estop; to bar; — generally in the passive; as the defendant is concluded by his own plea; a judgment concludes the introduction of further evidence argument. “If therefore they will appeal to revelation for their creation they must be concluded by it.
Sir M. Hale.” Syn. — To infer; decide; determine; settle; close; finish; terminate; end.

Con•clude´, v. i. 1. To come to a termination; to make an end; to close; to end; to terminate. “A train of lies,
That, made in lust, conclude in perjuries.
Dryden.” “And, to conclude,
The victory fell on us.
Shak.” 2. To form a final judgment; to reach a decision. “Can we conclude upon Luther’s instability?
Bp. Atterbury.” “Conclude and be agreed.
Shak.”

Con•clud´en•cy , n. Deduction from premises; inference; conclusion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Con•clud´ent , a. [L. concludens, p. pr.] Bringing to a close; decisive; conclusive. [Obs.] “Arguments highly consequential and concludent to my purpose.
Sir M. Hale.”

Con•clud´er , n. One who concludes.

Con•clud´ing•ly, adv. Conclusively. [R.] Digby.

Con•clu´si•ble , a. Demonstrable; determinable. [Obs.] Hammond.

Con•clu´sion , n. [F., fr. L. conclusio. See Conclude.] 1. The last part of anything; close; termination; end. “A fluorish of trumpets announced the conclusion of the contest.
Prescott.” 2. Final decision; determination; result. “And the conclusion is, she shall be thine.
Shak.” 3. Any inference or result of reasoning. 4. (Logic) The inferred proposition of a syllogism; the necessary consequence of the conditions asserted in two related propositions called premises. See Syllogism. “He granted him both the major and minor, but denied him the conclusion.
Addison.” 5. Drawing of inferences. [Poetic] “Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes
And still conclusion.
Shak.” 6. An experiment, or something from which a conclusion may be drawn. [Obs.] “We practice likewise all conclusions of grafting and inoculating.
Bacon.” 7. (Law) (a) The end or close of a pleading, e.g., the formal ending of an indictment, ´against the peace,´ etc. (b) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a particular position. Wharton. Conclusion to the country (Law), the conclusion of a pleading by which a party ´puts himself upon the country,´ i.e., appeals to the verdict of a jury. Mozley & W. — In conclusion. (a) Finally. (b) In short. — To try conclusions, to make a trial or an experiment. “Like the famous ape,
To try conclusions, in the basket creep.
Shak.” Syn. — Inference; deduction; result; consequence; end; decision. See Inference.

Con•clu´sive , a. [Cf. F. conclusif.] Belonging to a close or termination; decisive; convincing; putting an end to debate or question; leading to, or involving, a conclusion or decision. “Secret reasons … equally conclusive for us as they were for them.
Rogers.” Conclusive evidence (Law), that of which, from its nature, the law allows no contradiction or explanation. — Conclusive presumption (Law), an inference which the law makes so peremptorily that it will not allow it to be overthrown by any contrary proof, however strong. Syn. — Final; ultimate; unanswerable. See Final.

Con•clu´sive•ly , adv. In the way of conclusion; decisively; positively. Burke.

Con•clu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being conclusive; decisiveness.

Con•clu´so•ry , a. Conclusive. [R.]

Con•coct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concocting.] [L. concoctus, p. p. of concoquere to cook together, to digest, mature; con- + coquere to cook. See Cook.] 1. To digest; to convert into nourishment by the organs of nutrition. [Obs.] “Food is concocted, the heart beats, the blood circulates.
Cheyne.” 2. To purify or refine chemically. [Obs.] Thomson. 3. To prepare from crude materials, as food; to invent or prepare by combining different ingredients; as to concoct a new dish or beverage. 4. To digest in the mind; to devise; to make up; to contrive; to plan; to plot. “He was a man of a feeble stomach, unable to concoct any great fortune.
Hayward.” 5. To mature or perfect; to ripen. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•coct´er , n. One who concocts.

Con•coc´tion , n. [L. concoctio.] 1. A change in food produced by the organs of nutrition; digestion. [Obs.] 2. The act of concocting or preparing by combining different ingredients; also the food or compound thus prepared. 3. The act of digesting in the mind; planning or devising; rumination. Donne. 4. (Med.) Abatement of a morbid process, as a fever and return to a normal condition. [Obs.] 5. The act of perfecting or maturing. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•coct´ive , a. Having the power of digesting or ripening; digestive. “Hence the concoctive powers, with various art,
Subdue the cruder aliments to chyle.
J. Armstrong.”

Con´col•or , a. [L. concolor; con- + color color.] Of the same color; of uniform color. [R.] ´Concolor animals.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con´col•or•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of the same color throughout. { Con•com´i•tance , Con•com´i•tan•cy }, n. [Cf. F. concomitance, fr. LL. concomitantia.] 1. The state of accompanying; accompaniment. “The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomitancy with the other.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. (R.C.Ch.) The doctrine of the existence of the entire body of Christ in the eucharist, under each element, so that the body and blood are both received by communicating in one kind only.

Con•com´i•tant , a. [F., fr. L. con- + comitari to accompany, comes companion. See Count a nobleman.] Accompanying; conjoined; attending. “It has pleased our wise Creator to annex to several objects, as also to several of our thoughts, a concomitant pleasure.
Locke.”

Con•com´i•tant, n. One who, or that which, accompanies, or is collaterally connected with another; a companion; an associate; an accompaniment. “Reproach is a concomitant to greatness.
Addison.” “The other concomitant of ingratitude is hardheartedness.
South.”

Con•com´i•tant•ly, adv. In company with others; unitedly; concurrently. Bp. pearson.

Con´cord , n. [F. concorde, L. concordia, fr. concors of the same mind, agreeing; con- + cor, cordis, heart. See Heart, and cf. Accord.] 1. A state of agreement; harmony; union. “Love quarrels oft in pleasing concord end.
Milton.” 2. Agreement by stipulation; compact; covenant; treaty or league. [Obs.] “The concord made between Henry and Roderick.
Davies.” 3. (Gram.) Agreement of words with one another, in gender, number, person, or case. 4. (Old Law) An agreement between the parties to a fine of land in reference to the manner in which it should pass, being an acknowledgment that the land in question belonged to the complainant. See Fine. Burril. 5. [Prob. influenced by chord.] (Mus.) An agreeable combination of tones simultaneously heard; a consonant chord; consonance; harmony.

Con´cord, n. A variety of American grape, with large dark blue (almost black) grapes in compact clusters.

Con•cord´ , v. i. [F. concorder, L. concordare.] To agree; to act together. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Con•cord´a•ble , a. [L. concordabilis.] Capable of according; agreeing; harmonious.

Con•cord´ance , n. [F., fr. LL. concordantia.] 1. Agreement; accordance. “Contrasts, and yet concordances.
Carlyle.” 2. (Gram.) Concord; agreement. [Obs.] Aschlam. 3. An alphabetical verbal index showing the places in the text of a book where each principal word may be found, with its immediate context in each place. “His knowledge of the Bible was such, that he might have been called a living concordance.
Macaulay.” 4. A topical index or orderly analysis of the contents of a book.

Con•cord´an•cy , n. Agreement. W. Montagu.

Con•cord´ant , a. [L. concordans, p. pr. of concordare: cf. F. concordant. See Concord.] Agreeing; correspondent; harmonious; consonant. “Were every one employed in points concordant to their natures, professions, and arts, commonwealths would rise up of themselves.
Sir T. Browne”

Con•cord´ant•ly, adv. In a concordant manner.

Con•cor´dat , n. [F. concordat, L. concordato, prop. p. p. of concordare. See Concord.] 1. A compact, covenant, or agreement concerning anything. 2. An agreement made between the pope and a sovereign or government for the regulation of ecclesiastical matters with which both are concerned; as the concordat between Pope Pius VII and Bonaparte in 1801. Hook.

Con•cord´ist , n. The compiler of a concordance.

Con•cor´po•rate , v. t. & i. [L. concorporatus, p. p. of concorporare.] To unite in one mass or body; to incorporate. [Archaic.] Jer. Taylor.

Con•cor´po•rate , a. United in one body; incorporated. [Archaic] B. Jonson.

Con•cor•po•ra´tion , n. [L. concorporatio.] Union of things in one mass or body. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Con´course , n. [F. concours, L. concursus, fr. concurrere to run together. See Concur.] 1. A moving, flowing, or running together; confluence. “The good frame of the universe was not the product of chance or fortuitous concourse of particles of matter.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. An assembly; a gathering formed by a voluntary or spontaneous moving and meeting in one place. “Amidst the concourse were to be seen the noble ladies of Milan, in gay, fantastic cars, shining in silk brocade.
Prescott.” 3. The place or point of meeting or junction of two bodies. [Obs.] “The drop will begin to move toward the concourse of the glasses.
Sir I. Newton.” 4. An open space where several roads or paths meet; esp. an open space in a park where several roads meet. 5. Concurrence; coöperation. [Obs.] “The divine providence is wont to afford its concourse to such proceeding.
Barrow.”

Con•cre•ate´ , v. t. To create at the same time. “If God did concreate grace with Adam.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•cre•ma´tion , n. [L. concrematio, fr. concremare. See Cremate.] The act of burning different things together. [Obs.]

Con´cre•ment , n. [L. concrementum, fr. concrescere. See Concrete.] A growing together; the collection or mass formed by concretion, or natural union. [Obs.] “The concrement of a pebble or flint.
Sir M. Hale”

Con•cres´cence , n. [L. concrescentia.] Coalescence of particles; growth; increase by the addition of particles. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Con•cres´ci•ble , a. [F.] Capable of being changed from a liquid to a solid state. [Obs.] “They formed a … fixed concrescible oil.
Fourcroy (Trans. ).”

Con•cres´cive , a. Growing together, or into union; uniting. [R.] Eclec. Rev.

Con´crete , a. [L. concretus, p. p. of concrescere to grow together; con- + crescere to grow; cf. F. concret. See Crescent.] 1. United in growth; hence, formed by coalition of separate particles into one mass; united in a solid form. “The first concrete state, or consistent surface, of the chaos must be of the same figure as the last liquid state.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. (Logic) (a) Standing for an object as it exists in nature, invested with all its qualities, as distinguished from standing for an attribute of an object; — opposed to abstract. Hence: (b) Applied to a specific object; special; particular; — opposed to general. See Abstract, 3. “Concrete is opposed to abstract. The names of individuals are concrete, those of classes abstract.
J. S. Mill.” “Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also express, or imply, or refer to, some subject to which it belongs.
I. Watts.” Concrete number, a number associated with, or applied to, a particular object, as three men, five days, etc., as distinguished from an abstract number, or one used without reference to a particular object. — Concrete quantity, a physical object or a collection of such objects. Davies & Peck. — Concrete science, a physical science, one having as its subject of knowledge concrete things instead of abstract laws. — Concrete sound or movement of the voice, one which slides continuously up or down, as distinguished from a discrete movement, in which the voice leaps at once from one line of pitch to another. Rush.

Con´crete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of separate particles of matter in one body. “To divide all concretes, minerals and others, into the same number of distinct substances.
Boyle.” 2. A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken stone with cement or with tar, etc., used for sidewalks, roadways, foundations, etc., and esp. for submarine structures. 3. (Logic) A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term. “The concretes ´father´ and ´son´ have, or might have, the abstracts ´paternity´ and ´filiety´.
J. S. Mill.” 4. (Sugar Making) Sugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass.

Con•crete´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concreted; p. pr & vb. n. Concreting.] To unite or coalesce, as separate particles, into a mass or solid body. Applied to some substances, it is equivalent to indurate; as metallic matter concretes into a hard body; applied to others, it is equivalent to congeal, thicken, inspissate, coagulate, as in the concretion of blood. ´The blood of some who died of the plague could not be made to concrete.´ Arbuthnot.

Con•crete´, v. t. 1. To form into a mass, as by the cohesion or coalescence of separate particles. “There are in our inferior world divers bodies that are concreted out of others.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. To cover with, or form of, concrete, as a pavement.

Con•crete´ly, adv. In a concrete manner.

Con•crete´ness, n. The quality of being concrete.

Con•cre´tion , n. [L. concretio.] 1. The process of concreting; the process of uniting or of becoming united, as particles of matter into a mass; solidification. 2. A mass or nodule of solid matter formed by growing together, by congelation, condensation, coagulation, induration, etc.; a clot; a lump; a calculus. “Accidental ossifications or deposits of phosphates of lime in certain organs … are called osseous concretions.
Dunglison.” 3. (Geol.) A rounded mass or nodule produced by an aggregation of the material around a center; as the calcareous concretions common in beds of clay.

Con•cre´tion•al , a. Concretionary.

Con•cre´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to, or formed by, concretion or aggregation; producing or containing concretions.

Con•cre´tive , a. Promoting concretion. Sir T. Browne.

Con•cre´tive•ly, adv. In a concrete manner.

Con•cre´ture ( 135), n. A mass formed by concretion. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con•crew´ , v. i. [See Concrete, a., and Accrue.] To grow together. [Obs.] Spenser.

Con•crim•i•na´tion , n. A joint accusation.

Con•cu´bi•na•cy , n. The practice of concubinage. [Obs.] Strype.

Con•cu´bi•nage , n. 1. The cohabiting of a man and a woman who are not legally married; the state of being a concubine. In some countries, concubinage is marriage of an inferior kind, or performed with less solemnity than a true or formal marriage; or marriage with a woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. Under Roman law, it was the living of a man and woman in sexual relations without marriage, but in conformity with local law. 2. (Law) A plea, in which it is alleged that the woman suing for dower was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine.

Con•cu´bi•nal , a. [L. concubinalis.] Of or pertaining to concubinage.

Con•cu•bi•na´ri•an , a. & n. Concubinary. “The married and concubinarian, as well as looser clergy.
Milman.”

Con•cu´bi•na•ry , a. [LL. concubinarius.] Relating to concubinage; living in concubinage.

Con•cu´bi•na•ry, n.; pl. Concubinaries (#). One who lives in concubinage. Jer. Taylor.

Con•cu´bi•nate , n. [L. concubinatus.] Concubinage. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con´cu•bine , n. [F., fr. L. concubina; con- + cubare to lie down, concumbere to lie together, akin to E. cubit.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a paramour. Concubine has been sometimes, but rarely, used of a male paramour as well as of a female. Trench. 2. A wife of inferior condition; a lawful wife, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Hagar and Keturah, the concubines of Abraham; and such concubines were allowed by the Roman laws. Their children were not heirs of their father.

Con•cul´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concultated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conculcating.] [L. conculcatus, p. p. of conculcare to conculcate fr. calx heel.] To tread or trample under foot. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu — Con•cul•ca´tion , n. [Obs.]

Con•cu´pis•cence , n. [F., fr. L. concupiscentia.] Sexual lust; morbid carnal passion. “Concupiscence like a pestilence walketh in darkness.
Horne.”

Con•cu´pis•cent , a. [L. concupiscens, p. pr. of concupiscere, v. incho. of concupere to long for; con- + cupere. See Covet.] Having sexual lust; libidinous; lustful; lecherous; salacious. Johnson.

Con•cu•pis•cen´tial , a. Relating to concupiscence. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con•cu•pis•cen´tious , a. Concupiscent. [Obs.]

Con•cu•pis•ci•ble , a. [Cf. F. concupiscible.] 1. Exciting to, or liable to be affected by, concupiscence; provoking lustful desires. Shak. 2. Exciting desire, good or evil. “The schools reduce all the passions to these two heads, the concupiscible and irascible appetite.
South.”

Con•cu´pis•ci•ble•ness, n. The state of being concupiscible. [Obs.]

Con´cu•py , n. Concupiscence. [Used only in ´Troilus and Cressida´] Shak.

Con•cur´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concurred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Concurring.] [L. concurrere to run together, agree; con- + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To run together; to meet. [Obs.] “Anon they fierce encountering both concurred
With grisly looks and faces like their fates.
J. Hughes.” 2. To meet in the same point; to combine or conjoin; to contribute or help toward a common object or effect. “When outward causes concur.
Jer. Colier.” 3. To unite or agree (in action or opinion); to join; to act jointly; to agree; to coincide; to correspond. “Mr. Burke concurred with Lord Chatham in opinion.
Fox.” “Tories and Whigs had concurred in paying honor to Walker.
Makaulay.” “This concurs directly with the letter.
Shak.” 4. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Milton. Syn. — To agree; unite; combine; conspire; coincide; approve; acquiesce; assent.

Con•cur´rence , n. [F., competition, equality of rights, fr. LL. concurrentia competition.] 1. The act of concurring; a meeting or coming together; union; conjunction; combination. “We have no other measure but our own ideas with the concurence of other probable reasons, to persuade us.
Locke.” 2. A meeting of minds; agreement in opinion; union in design or act; — implying joint approbation. “Tarquin the Proud was expelled by the universal concurrence of nobles and people.
Swift.” 3. Agreement or consent, implying aid or contribution of power or influence; coöperation. “We collect the greatness of the work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it.
Rogers.” “An instinct that works us to its own purposes without our concurrence.
Burke.” 4. A common right; coincidence of equal powers; as a concurrence of jurisdiction in two different courts.

Con•cur´ren•cy , n. Concurrence.

Con•cur´rent , a. [F. concurrent, L. concurrens, p. pr. of concurrere.] 1. Acting in conjunction; agreeing in the same act or opinion; contributing to the same event or effect; coöperating. “I join with these laws the personal presence of the kings’ son, as a concurrent cause of this reformation.
Sir J. Davies.” “The concurrent testimony of antiquity.
Bp. Warburton.” 2. Conjoined; associate; concomitant; existing or happening at the same time. “There is no difference the concurrent echo and the iterant but the quickness or slowness of the return.
Bacon.” “Changes … concurrent with the visual changes in the eye.
Tyndall.” 3. Joint and equal in authority; taking cognizance of similar questions; operating on the same objects; as the concurrent jurisdiction of courts. 4. (Geom.) Meeting in one point. Syn. — Meeting; uniting; accompanying; conjoined; associated; coincident; united.

Con•cur´rent, n. 1. One who, or that which, concurs; a joint or contributory cause. “To all affairs of importance there are three necessary concurrents … time, industry, and faculties.
Dr. H. More.” 2. One pursuing the same course, or seeking the same objects; hence, a rival; an opponent. “Menander … had no concurrent in his time that came near unto him.
Holland.” 3. (Chron.) One of the supernumerary days of the year over fifty-two complete weeks; — so called because they concur with the solar cycle, the course of which they follow.

Con•cur´rent•ly, adv. With concurrence; unitedly.

Con•cur´rent•ness, n. The state or quality of being concurrent; concurrence.

Con•cur´ring , a. Agreeing. Concurring figure (Geom.), one which, being laid on another, exactly meets every part of it, or one which corresponds with another in all its parts.

Con•cuss´ , v. t. [L. concussus, p. p. of concutere. See Concussion.] 1. To shake or agitate. ´Concussed with uncertainty.´ Daniel. 2. (Law) To force (a person) to do something, or give up something, by intimidation; to coerce. Wharton.

Con•cus•sa´tion , n. A violent shock or agitation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con•cus´sion , n. [L. concussio, fr. concutere, concussum, to shake violenty; con- + quatere to shake. See Cashier, Quash.] 1. A shaking or agitation; a shock; caused by the collision of two bodies. “It is believed that great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath dissipated pestilent air; which may be from the concussion of the air.
Bacon.” 2. (Med.) A condition of lowered functional activity, without visible structural change, produced in an organ by a shock, as by fall or blow; as a concussion of the brain. 3. (Civil Law) The unlawful forcing of another by threats of violence to yield up something of value. “Then concussion, rapine, pilleries,
Their catalogue of accusations fill.
Daniel.” Concussion fuse (Mil.), one that is ignited by the concussion of the shell when it strikes. Syn. — See Shock.

Con•cus´sive , a. Having the power or quality of shaking or agitating. Johnson.

Cond , v. t. [OE. conduen, condien, F. conduire to conduct, fr. L. conducere. See Conduct, and cf. Con (Naut.), Conn. Cun.] (Naut.) To con, as a ship.

Con•demn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condemned p. pr. & vb. n. Condemning (? or ).] [L. condemnare; con- + damnare to condemn: cf. F. condamner. See Damn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong; to disapprove of; to censure. “Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it!
Why, every fault’s condemned ere it be done.
Shak.” “Wilt thou condemn him that is most just?
Job xxxiv. 17.” 2. To declare the guilt of; to make manifest the faults or unworthiness of; to convict of guilt. “The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it.
Matt. xii. 42.” 3. To pronounce a judicial sentence against; to sentence to punishment, suffering, or loss; to doom; — with to before the penalty. “Driven out from bliss, condemned
In this abhorred deep to utter woe.
Milton.” “To each his sufferings; all are men,
Condemned alike to groan.
Gray.” “And they shall condemn him to death.
Matt. xx. 18.” “The thief condemned, in law already dead.
Pope.” “No flocks that range the valley free,
To slaughter I condemn.
Goldsmith.” 4. To amerce or fine; — with in before the penalty. “The king of Egypt … condemned the land in a hundred talents of silver.
2 Cron. xxxvi. 3.” 5. To adjudge or pronounce to be unfit for use or service; to adjudge or pronounce to be forfeited; as the ship and her cargo were condemned. 6. (Law) To doom to be taken for public use, under the right of eminent domain. Syn. — To blame; censure; reprove; reproach; upbraid; reprobate; convict; doom; sentence; adjudge.

Con´dem•na´ble , a. [L. condemnabilis.] Worthy of condemnation; blamable; culpable.

Con´dem•na´tion , n. [L. condemnatio.] 1. The act of condemning or pronouncing to be wrong; censure; blame; disapprobation. “In every other sense of condemnation, as blame, censure, reproof, private judgment, and the like.
Paley.” 2. The act of judicially condemning, or adjudging guilty, unfit for use, or forfeited; the act of dooming to punishment or forfeiture. “A legal and judicial condemnation.
Paley.” “Whose condemnation is pronounced.
Shak.” 3. The state of being condemned. “His pathetic appeal to posterity in the hopeless hour of condemnation.
W. Irving.” 4. The ground or reason of condemning. “This is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather light, because their deeds were evil.
John iii. 19.”

Con•dem´na•to•ry , a. Condemning; containing or imposing condemnation or censure; as a condemnatory sentence or decree.

Con•demned´ , a. 1. Pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or forfeited; adjudged or sentenced to punishment, destruction, or confiscation. 2. Used for condemned persons. “Richard Savage … had lain with fifty pounds weight of irons on his legs in the condemned ward of Newgate.
Macaulay.”

Con•dem´ner , n. One who condemns or censures.

Con•den•sa•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being condensed.

Con•den´sa•ble , a. [Cf. F. condensable.] Capable of being condensed; as vapor is condensable.

Con•den´sate , a. [L. condensatus, p. p. of condensare. See Condense, v. t.] Made dense; condensed. “Water … thickened or condensate.
Peacham.”

Con•den´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensating.] To condense. [R.] Hammond.

Con•den•sa´tion , n. [L. condensatio: cf. F. condensation.] 1. The act or process of condensing or of being condensed; the state of being condensed. “He [Goldsmith] was a great and perhaps an unequaled master of the arts of selection and condensation.
Macaulay.” 2. (Physics) The act or process of reducing, by depression of temperature or increase of pressure, etc., to another and denser form, as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water. 3. (Chem.) A rearrangement or concentration of the different constituents of one or more substances into a distinct and definite compound of greater complexity and molecular weight, often resulting in an increase of density, as the condensation of oxygen into ozone, or of acetone into mesitylene. Condensation product (Chem.), a substance obtained by the polymerization of one substance, or by the union of two or more, with or without separation of some unimportant side products. — Surface condensation, the system of condensing steam by contact with cold metallic surfaces, in distinction from condensation by the injection of cold water.

Con•den´sa•tive , a. [Cf. F. condensatif.] Having the property of condensing.

Con•dense´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensed p. pr. & vb. n. Condensing.] [L. condensare; con- + densare to make thick or dense, densus thick, dense: cf. F. condenser. See Dense, and cf. Condensate.] 1. To make more close, compact, or dense; to compress or concentrate into a smaller compass; to consolidate; to abridge; to epitomize. “In what shape they choose,
Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure.
Milton.” “The secret course pursued at Brussels and at Madrid may be condensed into the usual formula, dissimulation, procrastination, and again dissimulation.
Motley.” 2. (Chem. & Physics) To reduce into another and denser form, as by cold or pressure; as to condense gas into a liquid form, or steam into water. Condensed milk, milk reduced to the consistence of very thick cream by evaporation (usually with addition of sugar) for preservation and transportation. — Condensing engine, a steam engine in which the steam is condensed after having exerted its force on the piston. Syn. — To compress; contract; crowd; thicken; concentrate; abridge; epitomize; reduce.

Con•dense´, v. i. 1. To become more compact; to be reduced into a denser form. “Nitrous acid is gaseous at ordinary temperatures, but condenses into a very volatile liquid at the zero of Fahrenheit.
H. Spencer.” 2. (Chem.) (a) To combine or unite (as two chemical substances) with or without separation of some unimportant side products. (b) To undergo polymerization.

Con•dense´, a. [L. condensus.] Condensed; compact; dense. [R.] “The huge condense bodies of planets.
Bentley.”

Con•dens´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, condenses. 2. (Physic) (a) An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent its escape. (b) An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction between conducting plates separated by a nonconducting plate. (c) A lens or mirror, usually of short focal distance, used to concentrate light upon an object. 3. (Chem.) An apparatus for receiving and condensing the volatile products of distillation to a liquid or solid form, by cooling. 4. (Steam Engine) An apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which the exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water or air. See Illust. of Steam engine. Achromatic condenser (Optics), an achromatic lens used as a condenser. — Bull’s-eye condenser, or Bull’s-eye (Optics), a lens of short focal distance used for concentrating rays of light. — Injection condenser, a vessel in which steam is condensed by the direct contact of water. — Surface condenser, an apparatus for condensing steam, especially the exhaust of a steam engine, by bringing it into contact with metallic surface cooled by water or air.

Con•den´si•ble , a. Capable of being condensed; as a gas condensible to a liquid by cold.

Cond´er , n. [From Cond.] One who watches shoals of fish; a balker. See Balker.

Con•de•scend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condescended; p. pr. & vb. n. Condescending.] [F. condescendre, LL. condescendere, fr. L. con- + descendere. See Descend.] 1. To stoop or descend; to let one’s self down; to submit; to waive the privilege of rank or dignity; to accommodate one’s self to an inferior. ´Condescend to men of low estate.´ Rom. xii. 16. “Can they think me so broken, so debased
With corporal servitude, that my mind ever
Will condescend to such absurd commands?
Milton.” “Spain’s mighty monarch,
In gracious clemency, does condescend,
On these conditions, to become your friend.
Dryden.” Often used ironically, implying an assumption of superiority. “Those who thought they were honoring me by condescending to address a few words to me.
F. W. Robinson.” 2. To consent. [Obs.] “All parties willingly condescended heruento.
R. Carew.” Syn. — To yield; stoop; descend; deign; vouchsafe. { Con•de•scend´ence , Con•de•scend´en•cy }, n. [Cf. F. condescendance.] Condescension. [Obs.]

Con•de•scend´ing•ly , adv. In a condescending manner. Atterbury.

Con•de•scen´sion , n. [L. condescensio.] The act of condescending; voluntary descent from one’s rank or dignity in intercourse with an inferior; courtesy toward inferiors. “It forbids pride … and commands humility, modesty, and condescension to others.
Tillotson.” “Such a dignity and condescension … as are suitable to a superior nature.
Addison.” Syn. — Complaisance; courtesy; affability.

Con•de•scent´ , n. [Cf. Condescend, Descent.] An act of condescension. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con•dign´ , a. [F. condigne, L. condignus very worthy; con- + dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Digne.] 1. Worthy; suitable; deserving; fit. [Obs.] “Condign and worthy praise.
Udall.” “Herself of all that rule she deemend most condign.
Spenser.” 2. Deserved; adequate; suitable to the fault or crime. ´Condign censure.´ Milman. “Unless it were a bloody murderer …
I never gave them condign punishment.
Shak.”

Con•dig´ni•ty , n. [Cf. F. condignite.] (Scholastic Theol.) Merit, acquired by works, which can claim reward on the score of general benevolence. “Such a worthiness of condignity, and proper merit of the heavenly glory, cannot be found in any the best, most perfect, and excellent of created beings.
Bp. Bull.”

Con•dign´ly , adv. According to merit.

Con•dign´ness, n. Agreeableness to deserts; suitableness.

Con´di•ment , n. [L. condimentum, fr. condire. See Condite.] Something used to give relish to food, and to gratify the taste; a pungment and appetizing substance, as pepper or mustard; seasoning. “As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, and not for nourishment.
Bacon.”

Con•dis•ci´ple , n. [L. condiscipulus. See Disciple.] A schoolfellow; a fellow-student. [R.]

Con´dite , a. [L. conditus, p. p. of condire to preserve, pickle, season. See Recondite.] Preserved; pickled. [Obs.] Burton.

Con•dite´ , v. t. To pickle; to preserve; as to condite pears, quinces, etc. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Con•di´tion , n. [F., fr. L. conditio (better condicio) agreement, compact, condition; con- + a root signifying to show, point out, akin to dicere to say, dicare to proclaim, dedicate. See Teach, Token.] 1. Mode or state of being; state or situation with regard to external circumstances or influences, or to physical or mental integrity, health, strength, etc.; predicament; rank; position, estate. “I am in my condition
A prince, Miranda; I do think, a king.
Shak.” “And O, what man’s condition can be worse
Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse?
Cowley.” “The new conditions of life.
Darwin.” 2. Essential quality; property; attribute. “It seemed to us a condition and property of divine powers and beings to be hidden and unseen to others.
Bacon.” 3. Temperament; disposition; character. [Obs.] “The condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil.
Shak.” 4. That which must exist as the occasion or concomitant of something else; that which is requisite in order that something else should take effect; an essential qualification; stipulation; terms specified. “I had as lief take her dowry with this condition, to be whipped at the high cross every morning.
Shak.” “Many are apt to believe remission of sins, but they believe it without the condition of repentance.
Jer. Taylor.” 5. (Law) A clause in a contract, or agreement, which has for its object to suspend, to defeat, or in some way to modify, the principal obligation; or, in case of a will, to suspend, revoke, or modify a devise or bequest. It is also the case of a future uncertain event, which may or may not happen, and on the occurrence or non-occurrence of which, the accomplishment, recission, or modification of an obligation or testamentary disposition is made to depend. Blount. Tomlins. Bouvier. Wharton. Equation of condition. (Math.) See under Equation. — On or Upon condition (that), used for if in introducing conditional sentences. ´Upon condition thou wilt swear to pay him tribute … thou shalt be placed as viceroy under him.´ Shak. — Conditions of sale, the terms on which it is proposed to sell property by auction; also the instrument containing or expressing these terms. Syn. — State; situation; circumstances; station; case; mode; plight; predicament; stipulation; qualification; requisite; article; provision; arrangement. See State.

Con•di´tion , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conditioned p. pr. & vb. n. Conditioning.] 1. To make terms; to stipulate. “Pay me back my credit,
And I’ll condition with ye.
Beau. & Fl.” 2. (Metaph.) To impose upon an object those relations or conditions without which knowledge and thought are alleged to be impossible. “To think of a thing is to condition.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•di´tion, v. t. [Cf. LL. conditionare. See Condition, n.] 1. To invest with, or limit by, conditions; to burden or qualify by a condition; to impose or be imposed as the condition of. “Seas that daily gain upon the shore,
Have ebb and flow conditioning their march.
Tennyson.” 2. To contract; to stipulate; to agree. “It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death all his male children.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 3. (U. S. Colleges) To put under conditions; to require to pass a new examination or to make up a specified study, as a condition of remaining in one’s class or in college; as to condition a student who has failed in some branch of study. 4. To test or assay, as silk (to ascertain the proportion of moisture it contains). McElrath.

Con•di´tion•al , a. [L. conditionalis.] 1. Containing, implying, or depending on, a condition or conditions; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms; as a conditional promise. “Every covenant of God with man … may justly be made (as in fact it is made) with this conditional punishment annexed and declared.
Bp. Warburton.” 2. (Gram. & Logic) Expressing a condition or supposition; as a conditional word, mode, or tense. “A conditional proposition is one which asserts the dependence of one categorical proposition on another.
Whately.” “The words hypothetical and conditional may be … used synonymously.
J. S. Mill.”

Con•di´tion•al, n. 1. A limitation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A conditional word, mode, or proposition. “Disjunctives may be turned into conditionals.
L. H. Atwater.”

Con•di•tion•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being conditional, or limited; limitation by certain terms.

Con•di´tion•al•ly , adv. In a conditional manner; subject to a condition or conditions; not absolutely or positively. Shak.

Con•di´tion•ate , a. [LL. conditionatus, p. p. See Condition, v. t.] Conditional. [Obs.] “Barak’s answer is faithful, though conditionate.
Bp. Hall.”

Con•di´tion•ate , v. t. 1. To qualify by conditions; to regulate. [Obs.] 2. To put under conditions; to render conditional.

Con•di´tioned , a. 1. Surrounded; circumstanced; in a certain state or condition, as of property or health; as a well conditioned man. “The best conditioned and unwearied spirit.
Shak.” 2. Having, or known under or by, conditions or relations; not independent; not absolute. “Under these, thought is possible only in the conditioned interval.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•di´tion•ly, adv. Conditionally. [Obs.]

Con´di•to•ry , n.; pl. Conditories (#). [L. conditorium, fr. condere to hide. See Recondite.] A repository for holding things; a hinding place.

Con•dog´ ( 115), v. i. [A punning corruption of concur.] To concur; to agree. [Burlesque] This word appears in early dictionaries as a synonym for the word agree; thus. ´Agree; concurre, cohere, condog, condescend.´ Cockeram.

Con•do´la•to•ry , a. Expressing condolence. Smart.

Con•dole´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condoled p. pr. & vb. n. Condoling.] [L. condolere; con- + dolere to feel pain, grieve. See Doleful.] To express sympathetic sorrow; to grieve in sympathy; — followed by with. “Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condole with you.
Sir W. Temple.”

Con•dole´, v. t. To lament or grieve over. [R.] “I come not, Samson, to condole thy chance.
Milton.”

Con•dole´ment , n. 1. Condolence. ´A pitiful condolement.´ Milton. 2. Sorrow; mourning; lamentation. Shak.

Con•do´lence , n. [Cf. F. condoleance.] Expression of sympathy with another in sorrow or grief. “Their congratulations and their condolences.
Steele.” “A special mission of condolence.
Macaulay.”

Con•dol´er , n. One who condoles.

Con•do•na´tion , n. [L. condonatio a giving away.] 1. The act of condoning or pardoning. 2. (Law) Forgiveness, either express or implied, by a husband of his wife or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty, as adultery, with an implied condition that the offense shall not be repeated. Bouvier. Wharton.

Con•done´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condoned p. pr. & vb. n. Condoning.] [L. condonare, - donatum, to give up, remit, forgive; con- + donare to give. See Donate.] 1. To pardon; to forgive. “A fraud which he had either concocted or condoned.
W. Black.” “It would have been magnanimous in the men then in power to have overlooked all these things, and, condoning the politics, to have rewarded the poetry of Burns.
J. C. Shairp.” 2. (Law) To pardon; to overlook the offense of; esp., to forgive for a violation of the marriage law; — said of either the husband or the wife.

Con´dor , n. [Sp. condor, fr. Peruvian cuntur.] (Zoöl.) A very large bird of the Vulture family (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), found in the most elevated parts of the Andes.

Con•dot•tie´re , n.; pl. Condottieri (#). [It., captain.] A military adventurer of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who sold his services, and those of his followers, to any party in any contest.

Con•duce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conduced p. pr. & vb. n. Conducing.] [L. conducere to bring together, conduce, hire; con- + ducere to lead. See Duke and cf. Conduct, n., Cond.] To lead or tend, esp. with reference to a favorable or desirable result; to contribute; — usually followed by to or toward. “He was sensible how much such a union would conduce to the happiness of both.
Macaulay.” “The reasons you allege do more conduce
To the hot passion of distemper’d blood.
Shak.” Syn. — To contribute; aid; assist; tend; subserve.

Con•duce´, v. t. To conduct; to lead; to guide. [Obs.] “He was sent to conduce hither the princess.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•du´cent , a. [L. conducens, p. pr.] Conducive; tending. “Conducent to the good success of this business.
Abp. Laud.”

Con•du´ci•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being conducible; conducibleness. Bp. Wilkins.

Con•du´ci•ble (kon•du´si•b’l), a. [L. conducibilis.] Conducive; tending; contributing. Bacon. “All his laws are in themselves conducible to the temporal interest of them that observe them.
Bentley.”

Con•du´ci•ble•ness, n. Quality of being conducible.

Con•du´ci•bly, adv. In a manner to promote. [R.]

Con•du´cive (kon•du´siv), a. Loading or tending; helpful; contributive; tending to promote. “However conducive to the good or our country.
Addison.”

Con•du´cive•ness, n. The quality of conducing.

Con´duct (kon´dukt), n. [LL. conductus defense, escort, fr. L. conductus, p. p. of conducere. See Conduce, and cf. Conduit.] 1. The act or method of conducting; guidance; management. “Christianity has humanized the conduct of war.
Paley.” “The conduct of the state, the administration of its affairs.
Ld. Brougham.” 2. Skillful guidance or management; generalship. “Conduct of armies is a prince’s art.
Waller.” “Attacked the Spaniards … with great impetuosity, but with so little conduct, that his forces were totally routed.
Robertson.” 3. Convoy; escort; guard; guide. [Archaic] “I will be your conduct.
B. Jonson.” “In my conduct shall your ladies come.
Shak.” 4. That which carries or conveys anything; a channel; a conduit; an instrument. [Obs.] “Although thou hast been conduct of my shame.
Shak.” 5. The manner of guiding or carrying one’s self; personal deportment; mode of action; behavior. “All these difficulties were increased by the conduct of Shrewsbury.
Macaulay.” “What in the conduct of our life appears
So well designed, so luckily begun,
But when we have our wish, we wish undone?
Dryden.” 6. Plot; action; construction; manner of development. “The book of Job, in conduct and diction.
Macaulay.” Conduct money (Naut.), a portion of a seaman’s wages retained till the end of his engagement, and paid over only if his conduct has been satisfactory. Syn. — Behavior; carriage; deportment; demeanor; bearing; management; guidance. See Behavior.

Con•duct´ (kon•dukt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducting.] [See Conduct, n.] 1. To lead, or guide; to escort; to attend. “I can conduct you, lady, to a low
But loyal cottage, where you may be safe.
Milton.” 2. To lead, as a commander; to direct; to manage; to carry on; as to conduct the affairs of a kingdom. “Little skilled in the art of conducting a siege.
Prescott.” 3. To behave; — with the reflexive; as he conducted himself well. 4. (Physics) To serve as a medium for conveying; to transmit, as heat, light, electricity, etc. 5. (Mus.) To direct, as the leader in the performance of a musical composition.

Con•duct´, v. i. 1. To act as a conductor (as of heat, electricity, etc.); to carry. 2. To conduct one’s self; to behave. [U. S.]

Con•duct•i•bil´i•ty (kon•duk•ti•bil´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. conductibilite.] 1. Capability of being conducted; as the conductibility of heat or electricity. 2. Conductivity; capacity for receiving and transmitting.

Con•duct´i•ble (-b’l), a. Capable of being conducted.

Con•duc´tion (kon•duk´shun), n. [L. conductio a bringing together: cf. F. conduction.] 1. The act of leading or guiding. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. The act of training up. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Physics) Transmission through, or by means of, a conductor; also conductivity. “[The] communication [of heat] from one body to another when they are in contact, or through a homogenous body from particle to particle, constitutes conduction.
Amer. Cyc.”

Con•duct´ive (-duk´tiv), a. Having the quality or power of conducting; as the conductive tissue of a pistil. “The ovarian walls … are seen to be distinctly conductive.
Goodale (Gray’s Bot. ).”

Con•duc•tiv´i•ty (kon•duk•tiv´i•ty), n. The quality or power of conducting, or of receiving and transmitting, as heat, electricity, etc.; as the conductivity of a nerve. Thermal conductivity (Physics), the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of a plate whose thickness is unity, when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree. J. D. Everett. - - Thermometic conductivity (Physics), the thermal conductivity when the unit of heat employed is the heat required to raise a unit volume of the substance one degree.

Con•duct´or (kon•duk´ter), n. [LL., a carrier, transporter, L., a lessee.] 1. One who, or that which, conducts; a leader; a commander; a guide; a manager; a director. “Zeal, the blind conductor of the will.
Dryden.” 2. One in charge of a public conveyance, as of a railroad train or a street car. [U. S.] 3. (Mus.) The leader or director of an orchestra or chorus. 4. (Physics) A substance or body capable of being a medium for the transmission of certain forces, esp. heat or electricity; specifically, a lightning rod. 5. (Surg.) A grooved sound or staff used for directing instruments, as lithontriptic forceps, etc.; a director. 6. (Arch.) Same as Leader. Prime conductor (Elec.), the largest conductor of an electrical machine, serving to collect, accumulate, or retain the electricity.

Con•duct´o•ry , a. [LL. conductorius.] Having the property of conducting. [R.]

Con•duct´ress , n. A woman who leads or directs; a directress.

Con´duit (? or 277), n. [F., fr. LL. conductus escort, conduit. See Conduct.] 1. A pipe, canal, channel, or passage for conveying water or fluid. “All the conduits of my blood froze up.
Shak.” “This is the fountain of all those bitter waters, of which, through a hundred different conduits, we have drunk.
Burke.” 2. (Arch.) (a) A structure forming a reservoir for water. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A narrow passage for private communication.

Con•du´pli•cate , a. [L. conduplicatus, p. p. of conduplicare. See Duplicate.] (Bot.) Folded lengthwise along the midrib, the upper face being within; — said of leaves or petals in vernation or aestivation.

Con•du•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. conduplicatio.] A doubling together or folding; a duplication. [R.]

Con•du•ran´go , n. (Med.) See Cundurango.

Con•dur´rite , n. (Min.) A variety of the mineral domeykite, or copper arsenide, from the Condurra mine in Cornwall, England.

Con´dy•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a condyle. Condylar foramen (Anat.), a formen in front of each condyle of the occipital bone; — sometimes called the anterior condylar foramen when a second, or posterior, foramen is present behind the condyle, as often happens in man.

Con´dyle , n. [L. condylus knuckle, joint, Gr. ko•ndylos: cf. F. condyle.] (Anat.) A bony prominence; particularly, an eminence at the end of a bone bearing a rounded articular surface; — sometimes applied also to a concave articular surface.

Con´dy•loid , a. [Condyle + -oid: cf. F. condyloïde.] (Anat.) Shaped like or pertaining to a condyle. { Con•dy•lo´ma (-lo´ma), Con´dy•lome (-lom) }, n.; pl. Condylomata (#) or (#), E. Condylomes (-lomz). [NL. condyloma, fr. Gr. , from ko•ndylos knuckle. See -oma.] (Med.) A wartlike new growth on the outer skin or adjoining mucous membrane. There are two kinds of condylomata, the pointed and the broad, the latter being of syphilitic origin.

Con•dyl´o•pod , n. [Gr. ko•ndylos knuckle (or joint) + -pod.] (Zoöl.) An arthropod.

Cone , n. [L. conus cone (in sense 1), Gr. ; akin to Skr. çana whetstone, L. cuneus wedge, and prob. to E. hone. See Hone, n.] 1. (Geom.) A solid of the form described by the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of the sides adjacent to the right angle; — called also a right cone. More generally, any solid having a vertical point and bounded by a surface which is described by a straight line always passing through that vertical point; a solid having a circle for its base and tapering to a point or vertex. 2. Anything shaped more or less like a mathematical cone; as a volcanic cone, a collection of scoriae around the crater of a volcano, usually heaped up in a conical form. “Now had Night measured with her shadowy cone
Half way up hill this vast sublunar vault.
Milton.” 3. (Bot.) The fruit or strobile of the Coniferae, as of the pine, fir, cedar, and cypress. It is composed of woody scales, each one of which has one or two seeds at its base. 4. (Zoöl.) A shell of the genus Conus, having a conical form. Cone of rays (Opt.), the pencil of rays of light which proceed from a radiant point to a given surface, as that of a lens, or conversely. — Cone pulley. See in the Vocabulary. — Oblique or Scalene cone, a cone of which the axis is inclined to the plane of its base. — Eight cone. See Cone, 1.

Cone , v. t. To render cone-shaped; to bevel like the circular segment of a cone; as to cone the tires of car wheels.

Cone´-in-cone´ , a. (Geol.) Consisting of a series of parallel cones, each made up of many concentric cones closely packed together; — said of a kind of structure sometimes observed in sedimentary rocks.

Co•ne´ine (? or 104), n. (Chem.) See Conine. { Co´ne•pate , Co´ne•patl }, n. [Mexican conepatl and epatl.] (Zoöl.) The skunk.

Cone´ pul´ley A pulley for driving machines, etc., having two or more parts or steps of different diameters; a pulley having a conical shape.

Co´ney , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A rabbit. See Cony. 2. (Zoöl.) A fish. See Cony.

Con´fab , n. [Contr. from confabulation.] Familiar talk or conversation. [Colloq.]

Con•fab´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confabulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confabulating.] [L. confabulatus, p. p. of confabulary, to converse together; con- + fabulary to speak, fr. fabula. See Fable.] To talk familiarly together; to chat; to prattle. “I shall not ask Jean Jaques Rousseau
If birds confabulate or no.
Cowper.”

Con•fab•u•la´tion , n. [L. confabulatio.] Familiar talk; easy, unrestrained, unceremonious conversation. “Friends’ confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in winter.
Burton.”

Con•fab´u•la•to•ry , a. Of the nature of familiar talk; in the form of a dialogue. Weever.

Con´fa•lon , n. [F. See Confalon.] (R. C. Ch.) One of a fraternity of seculars, also called Penitents.

Con•far•re•a´tion , n. [L. confarreatio, fr. confarreare to marry; con- + farreum (sc. libum cake) a spelt cake, fr. farreus made of spelt, fr. far a sort of grain.] (Antiq.) A form of marriage among the Romans, in which an offering of bread was made, in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses.

Con•fat´ed , p. a. Fated or decreed with something else. [R.] A. Tucker.

Con•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confected; p. pr. & vb. n. Confecting.] [L. confectus, p. p. of conficere to prepare. See Comfit.] 1. To prepare, as sweetmeats; to make a confection of. [Obs.] “Saffron confected in Cilicia.
W. Browne.” 2. To construct; to form; to mingle or mix. [Obs.] “Of this were confected the famous everlasting lamps and tapers.
Sir T. Herbert.” “[My joys] are still confected with some fears.
Stirling.”

Con´fect , n. A comfit; a confection. [Obs.] “At supper eat a pippin roasted and sweetened with sugar of roses and caraway confects.
Harvey.”

Con•fec´tion , n. [F., fr. L. confectio.] 1. A composition of different materials. [Obs.] “A new confection of mold.
Bacon.” 2. A preparation of fruits or roots, etc., with sugar; a sweetmeat. “Certain confections … are like to candied conserves, and are made of sugar and lemons.
Bacon.” 3. A composition of drugs. Shak. 4. (Med.) A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey. The pharmacopœias formerly made a distinction between conserves (made of fresh vegetable substances and sugar) and electuaries (medicinal substances combined with sirup or honey), but the distinction is now abandoned and all are called confections.

Con•fec´tion•a•ry , n. [Cf. LL. confectionaris a pharmacist.] A confectioner. [Obs.] “He will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks.
1 Sam. viii. 13.”

Con•fec´tion•a•ry, a. Prepared as a confection. “The biscuit or confectionary plum.
Cowper.”

Con•fec´tion•er , n. 1. A compounder. [Obs.] “Canidia Neapolitana was confectioner of unguents.
Haywood.” 2. One whose occupation it is to make or sell confections, candies, etc.

Con•fec´tion•er•y , n. 1. Sweetmeats, in general; things prepared and sold by a confectioner; confections; candies. 2. A place where candies, sweetmeats, and similar things are made or sold.

Con•fec´to•ry , a. Pertaining to the art of making sweetmeats. [Obs.] Beaumont.

Con•fec´ture , n. Same as Confiture. [Obs.]

Con•fed´er (kon•fed´er), v. i. [Cf. F. confederer. See Confederate.] To confederate. [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Con•fed´er•a•cy , n.; pl. Confederacies (#). [From Confederate, a.] 1. A league or compact between two or more persons, bodies of men, or states, for mutual support or common action; alliance. “The friendships of the world are oft
Confederacies in vice or leagues of pleasure.
Addison.” “He hath heard of our confederacy.
Shak.” “Virginia promoted a confederacy.
Bancroft.” 2. The persons, bodies, states, or nations united by a league; a confederation. “The Grecian common wealth, … the most heroic confederacy that ever existed.
Harris.” “Virgil has a whole confederacy against him.
Dryden.” 3. (Law) A combination of two or more persons to commit an unlawful act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. See Conspiracy. Syn. — League; compact; alliance; association; union; combination; confederation.

Con•fed´er•ate , a. [L. confoederatus, p. p. of confoederare to join by a league; con- + foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus league, compact. See Federal.] 1. United in a league; allied by treaty; engaged in a confederacy; banded together; allied. “All the swords
In Italy, and her confederate arms,
Could not have made this peace.
Shak.” 2. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the government of the eleven Southern States of the United States which (1860-1865) attempted to establish an independent nation styled the Confederate States of America; as the Confederate congress; Confederate money.

Con•fed´er•ate, n. 1. One who is united with others in a league; a person or a nation engaged in a confederacy; an ally; also an accomplice in a bad sense. “He found some of his confederates in gaol.
Macaulay.” 2. (Amer. Hist.) A name designating an adherent to the cause of the States which attempted to withdraw from the Union (1860-1865).

Con•fed´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confederated p. pr. & vb. n. Confederating ] To unite in a league or confederacy; to ally. “With these the Piercies them confederate.
Daniel.”

Con•fed´er•ate, v. i. To unite in a league; to join in a mutual contract or covenant; to band together. “By words men … covenant and confederate.
South.”

Con•fed´er•a•ter , n. A confederate.

Con•fed•er•a´tion , n. [L. confoederatio: cf. F. confederation.] 1. The act of confederating; a league; a compact for mutual support; alliance, particularly of princes, nations, or states. “The three princes enter into some strict league and confederation among themselves.
Bacon.” “This was no less than a political confederation of the colonies of New England.
Palfrey.” 2. The parties that are confederated, considered as a unit; a confederacy. Articles of confederation. See under Article.

Con•fed´er•a•tive , a. Of or pertaining to a confederation.

Con•fed´er•a•tor , n. A confederate. Grafton.

Con•fer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conferred (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Conferring.] [L. conferre to bring together, contribute, consult; con- + ferre to bear: cf. F. conferer. See 1st Bear.] 1. To bring together for comparison; to compare. [Obs.] “If we confer these observations with others of the like nature, we may find cause to rectify the general opinion.
Boyle.” 2. To grant as a possession; to bestow. “The public marks of honor and reward
Conferred upon me.
Milton.” 3. To contribute; to conduce. [Obs.] “The closeness and compactness of the parts resting together doth much confer to the strength of the union.
Glanvill.”

Con•fer´, v. i. To have discourse; to consult; to compare views; to deliberate. “Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered.
Acts xxv. 12.” “You shall hear us confer of this.
Shak.” Syn. — To counsel; advise; discourse; converse.

Con•fer•ee´ , n. [Cf. Referee.] 1. One who is conferred with, or who takes part in a conference; as the conferees on the part of the Senate. 2. One upon whom something is conferred.

Con´fer•ence , n. [F. conference. See Confer.] 1. The act of comparing two or more things together; comparison. [Obs.] “Helps and furtherances which … the mutual conference of all men’s collections and observations may afford.
Hocker.” 2. The act of consulting together formally; serious conversation or discussion; interchange of views. “Nor with such free and friendly conference
As he hath used of old.
Shak.” 3. A meeting for consultation, discussion, or an interchange of opinions. 4. A meeting of the two branches of a legislature, by their committees, to adjust between them. 5. (Methodist Church) A stated meeting of preachers and others, invested with authority to take cognizance of ecclesiastical matters. 6. A voluntary association of Congregational churches of a district; the district in which such churches are. Conference meeting, a meeting for conference. Specifically, a meeting conducted (usually) by laymen, for conference and prayer. [U. S.] — Conference room, a room for conference and prayer, and for the pastor’s less formal addresses. [U. S.]

Con•fer•en´tial , a. Relating to conference. [R.] Clarke.

Con•fer´ra•ble (#) a. Capable of being conferred.

Con•fer•ree´ (kon•fer•re´), n. Same as Conferee.

Con•fer´rer (kon•fer´rer), n. 1. One who confers; one who converses. Johnson. 2. One who bestows; a giver. { Con•fer•ru´mi•nate , Con•fer•ru´mi•na•ted }, a. [L. conferruminare to cement. See Ferruminate.] (Bot.) Closely united by the coalescence, or sticking together, of contiguous faces, as in the case of the cotyledons of the live-oak acorn.

Con•fer´va , n.; pl. Confervae (#). [L., a kind of water plant. See Comfrey.] (Bot.) Any unbranched, slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. The word is frequently used in a wider sense.

Con•fer•va´ceous , a. Belonging to the confervae.

Con•fer´void , a. [Conferva + -oid.] Like, or related to, the confervae. Loudon.

Con•fer´vous , a. Pertaining to confervae; consisting of, or resembling, the confervae. “Yon exiguous pool’s confervous scum.
O. W. Holmes.”

Con•fess´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confessed p. pr. & vb. n. Confessing.] [F. confesser, fr. L. confessus, p. p. of confiteri to confess; con- + fateri to confess; akin to fari to speak. See 2d Ban, Fame.] 1. To make acknowledgment or avowal in a matter pertaining to one’s self; to acknowledge, own, or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. “And there confess
Humbly our faults, and pardon beg.
Milton.” “I must confess I was most pleased with a beautiful prospect that none of them have mentioned.
Addison.” 2. To acknowledge faith in; to profess belief in. “Whosoever, therefore, shall confess me before men, him will I confess, also before my Father which is in heaven.
Matt. x. 32.” “For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess both.
Acts xxiii. 8.” 3. To admit as true; to assent to; to acknowledge, as after a previous doubt, denial, or concealment. “I never gave it him. Send for him hither,
And let him confess a truth.
Shak.” “As I confess it needs must be.
Tennyson.” “As an actor confessed without rival to shine.
Goldsmith.” 4. (Eccl.) (a) To make known or acknowledge, as one’s sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution; — sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. “Our beautiful votary took an opportunity of confessing herself to this celebrated father.
Addison.” (b) To hear or receive such confession; - - said of a priest. “He … heard mass, and the prince, his son, with him, and the most part of his company were confessed.
Ld. Berners.” 5. To disclose or reveal, as an effect discloses its cause; to prove; to attest. “Tall thriving trees confessed the fruitful mold.
Pope.” Syn. — Admit; grant; concede; avow; own; assent; recognize; prove; exhibit; attest. — To Confess, Acknowledge, Avow. Acknowledge is opposed to conceal. We acknowledge what we feel must or ought to be made known. (See Acknowledge.) Avow is opposed to withhold. We avow when we make an open and public declaration, as against obloquy or opposition; as to avow one’s principles; to avow one’s participation in some act. Confess is opposed to deny. We confess (in the ordinary sense of the word) what we feel to have been wrong; as to confess one’s errors or faults. We sometimes use confess and acknowledge when there is no admission of our being in the wrong; as this, I confess, is my opinion; I acknowledge I have always thought so; but in these cases we mean simply to imply that others may perhaps think us in the wrong, and hence we use the words by way of deference to their opinions. It was in this way that the early Christians were led to use the Latin confiteor and confessio fidei to denote the public declaration of their faith in Christianity; and hence the corresponding use in English of the verb confess and the noun confession.

Con•fess´, v. i. 1. To make confession; to disclose sins or faults, or the state of the conscience. “Every tongue shall confess to God.
Rom. xiv. 11.” 2. To acknowledge; to admit; to concede. “But since
(And I confess with right) you think me bound.
Tennyson.”

Con•fess´ant , n. [F. confessant.] One who confesses to a priest. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•fess´a•ry , n. [LL. confessarius.] One who makes a confession. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con•fess´ed•ly , adv. By confession; without denial. [Written also confessly.]

Con•fess´er , n. One who makes a confession.

Con•fes´sion , n. [F. confession, L. confessio.] 1. Acknowledgment; avowal, especially in a matter pertaining to one’s self; the admission of a debt, obligation, or crime. “With a crafty madness keeps aloof,
When we would bring him on to some confession
Of his true state.
Shak.” 2. Acknowledgment of belief; profession of one’s faith. “With the mouth confession is made unto salvation.
Rom. x. 10.” 3. (Eccl.) The act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest in order to obtain sacramental absolution. “Auricular confession … or the private and special confession of sins to a priest for the purpose of obtaining his absolution.
Hallam.” 4. A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised; a creed to be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admission to membership of a church; a confession of faith. 5. (Law) An admission by a party to whom an act is imputed, in relation to such act. A judicial confession settles the issue to which it applies; an extrajudical confession may be explained or rebutted. Wharton. Confession and avoidance (Law), a mode of pleading in which the party confesses the facts as stated by his adversary, but alleges some new matter by way of avoiding the legal effect claimed for them. Mozley & W. Confession of faith, a formulary containing the articles of faith; a creed. — General confession, the confession of sins made by a number of persons in common, as in public prayer. — Westminster Confession. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

Con•fes´sion•al , n. [F. confessional.] The recess, seat, or inclosed place, where a priest sits to hear confessions; often a small structure furnished with a seat for the priest and with a window or aperture so that the penitent who is outside may whisper into the priest’s ear without being seen by him or heard by others.

Con•fes´sion•al, a. Pertaining to a confession of faith. Confessional equality, equality before the law of persons confessing different creeds.

Con•fes´sion•al•ism , n. (Eccl.) An exaggerated estimate of the importance of giving full assent to any particular formula of the Christian faith. Shaff.

Con•fes´sion•al•ist, n. A priest hearing, or sitting to hear, confession. [R.] Boucher

Con•fes´sion•a•ry , n. [LL. confessionarium.] A confessional. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con•fes´sion•a•ry, a. Pertaining to auricular confession; as a confessionary litany.

Con•fes´sion•ist, n. [Cf. F. confessioniste.] One professing a certain faith. Bp. Montagu.

Con•fess´or ( 277), n. [OF. confessor, F. confesseur, fr. L. & LL. confessor.] 1. One who confesses; one who acknowledges a fault, or the truth of a charge, at the risk of suffering; specifically, one who confesses himself a follower of Christ and endures persecution for his faith. “He who dies for religion is a martyr; he who suffers for it is a confessor.
Latham.” “Our religion which hath been sealed with the blood of so many martyrs and confessors.
Bacon.” 2. A priest who hears the confessions of others and is authorized to grant them absolution.

Con•fess´or•ship, n. The act or state of suffering persecution for religious faith. “Our duty to contend even to confessorship.
J. H. Newman.”

Con•fest´ly , adv. See Cofessedly. { Con•fi•dant´ 277), n. masc., Con•fi•dante´ ( 277), n. fem. }[F. confident, confidente, formerly also spelt confidant, confidante. See Confide, and cf. Confident.] One to whom secrets, especially those relating to affairs of love, are confided or intrusted; a confidential or bosom friend. “You love me for no other end
Than to become my confidant and friend;
As such I keep no secret from your sight.
Dryden.”

Con•fide´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confided; p. pr. & vb. n. Confiding.] [L. confidere; con- + fidere to trust. See Faith, and cf. Affiance.] To put faith (in); to repose confidence; to trust; — usually followed by in; as the prince confides in his ministers. “By thy command I rise or fall,
In thy protection I confide.
Byron.” “Judge before friendships, then confide till death.
Young.”

Con•fide´, v. t. To intrust; to give in charge; to commit to one’s keeping; — followed by to. “Congress may … confide to the Circuit jurisdiction of all offenses against the United States.
Story.”

Con´fi•dence , n. [L. confidentia firm trust in, self-confidence: cf. F. confidence.] 1. The act of confiding, trusting, or putting faith in; trust; reliance; belief; — formerly followed by of, now commonly by in. “Society is built upon trust, and trust upon confidence of one another’s integrity.
South.” “A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.
Macaulay.” 2. That in which faith is put or reliance had. “The Lord shall be thy confidence.
Prov. iii. 26.” 3. The state of mind characterized by one’s reliance on himself, or his circumstances; a feeling of self-sufficiency; such assurance as leads to a feeling of security; self-reliance; — often with self prefixed. “Your wisdom is consumed in confidence;
Do not go forth to-day.
Shak.” “But confidence then bore thee on secure
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial.
Milton.” 4. Private conversation; (pl.) secrets shared; as there were confidences between them. “Sir, I desire some confidence with you.
Shak.” Confidence game, any swindling operation in which advantage is taken of the confidence reposed by the victim in the swindler. — Confidence man, a swindler. — To take into one’s confidence, to admit to a knowledge of one’s feelings, purposes, or affairs. Syn. — Trust; assurance; expectation; hope. “I am confident that very much be done.
Boyle.” 2. Trustful; without fear or suspicion; frank; unreserved. “Be confident to speak, Northumberland;
We three are but thyself.
Shak.” 3. Having self-reliance; bold; undaunted. “As confident as is the falcon’s flight
Against a bird, do I with Mowbray fight.
Shak.” 4. Having an excess of assurance; bold to a fault; dogmatical; impudent; presumptuous. “The fool rageth and is confident.
Prov. xiv. 16.” 5. Giving occasion for confidence. [R.] “The cause was more confident than the event was prosperous.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con´fi•dent, n. See Confidant. South. Dryden.

Con•fi•den´tial , a. [Cf. F. confidentiel.] 1. Enjoying, or treated with, confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; as a confidential servant or clerk. 2. Communicated in confidence; secret. ´Confidential messages.´ Burke. Confidential communication (Law) See Privileged communication, under Privileged. — Confidential creditors, those whose claims are of such a character that they are entitled to be paid before other creditors. — Confidential debts, debts incurred for borrowed money, and regarded as having a claim to be paid before other debts. McElrath.

Con•fi•den´tial•ly , adv. In confidence; in reliance on secrecy.

Con´fi•dent•ly , adv. With confidence; with strong assurance; positively.

Con´fi•dent•ness, n. The quality of being confident.

Con•fid´er , n. One who confides.

Con•fid´ing, a. That confides; trustful; unsuspicious. — Con•fid´ing•ly, adv. — Con•fid´ing•ness, n.

Con•fig´ur•ate , v. i. [L. configuratus, p. p. of configurare to form or after; con- + figurare to form, figura form. See Figure.] To take form or position, as the parts of a complex structure; to agree with a pattern. “Known by the name of uniformity;
Where pyramids to pyramids relate
And the whole fabric doth configurate.
Jordan.”

Con•fig•u•ra´tion , n. [L. configuratio.] 1. Form, as depending on the relative disposition of the parts of a thing; shape; figure. “It is the variety of configurations [of the mouth] … which gives birth and origin to the several vowels.
Harris.” 2. (Astrol.) Relative position or aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time. “They [astrologers] undertook … to determine the course of a man’s character and life from the configuration of the stars at the moment of his birth.
Whewell.” 3. (Chem.) the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule as determined by the covalent bonds between them; the three-dimensional structure that cannot be changed without breaking the covalent bonds between atoms of a molecule. It is distinguished from conformation, which is the exact relative location in space of all of the atoms of a molecule, which may vary at different times or in different environments.
[PJC] 4. (Computers) a specification of the parts of a computer system, consisting of the essential components of the computer plus the complete set of all internal and external devices directly attached to it; as by the year 2000, a microcomputer configuration without a CD-ROM or DVD drive will be unsalable.
[PJC]

Con•fig´ure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Configured p. pr. & vb. n. Configuring.] [L. configurare: cf. F. configurer. See Configurate.] To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Bentley.

Con•fin´a•ble , a. Capable of being confined, restricted, or limited. “Not confinable to any limits.
Bp. Hall.”

Con•fine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confined p. pr. & vb. n. Confining.] [F. confiner to border upon, LL. confinare to set bounds to; con- + finis boundary, end. See Final, Finish.] To restrain within limits; to restrict; to limit; to bound; to shut up; to inclose; to keep close. “Now let not nature’s hand
Keep the wild flood confined! let order die!
Shak.” “He is to confine himself to the compass of numbers and the slavery of rhyme.
Dryden.” To be confined, to be in childbed. Syn. — To bound; limit; restrain; imprison; immure; inclose; circumscribe; restrict.

Con´fine (? or ); 277), v. i. To have a common boundary; to border; to lie contiguous; to touch; — followed by on or with. [Obs.] “Where your gloomy bounds
Confine with heaven.
Milton.” “Bewixt heaven and earth and skies there stands a place.
Confining on all three.
Dryden.”

Con´fine , n. 1. Common boundary; border; limit; — used chiefly in the plural. “Events that came to pass within the confines of Judea.
Locke.” “And now in little space
The confines met of empyrean heaven,
And of this world.
Milton.” “On the confines of the city and the Temple.
Macaulay.” 2. Apartment; place of restraint; prison. [Obs.] “Confines, wards, and dungeons.
Shak.” “The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine.
Shak.”

Con´fine•less , a. Without limitation or end; boundless. Shak.

Con•fine´ment , n. 1. Restraint within limits; imprisonment; any restraint of liberty; seclusion. “The mind hates restraint, and is apt to fancy itself under confinement when the sight is pent up.
Addison.” 2. Restraint within doors by sickness, esp. that caused by childbirth; lying-in.

Con•fin´er , n. One who, or that which, limits or restrains.

Con´fi•ner (? or ), n. One who lives on confines, or near the border of a country; a borderer; a near neighbor. [Obs.] Bacon. “Happy confiners you of other lands,
That shift your soil, and oft ’scape tyrants’ hands.
Daniel.”

Con•fin´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. confinite.] Community of limits; contiguity. [R.] Bailey.

Con•firm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confrmed p. pr. & vb. n. Confirming.] [OE. confermen, confirmen, OF. confermer, F. confirmer, fr. L. confirmare; con- + firmare to make firm, fr. firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm or firmer; to add strength to; to establish; as health is confirmed by exercise. “Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs.
Shak.” “And confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law.
Ps. cv. 10.” 2. To strengthen in judgment or purpose. “Confirmed, then, I resolve
Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe.
Milton.” 3. To give new assurance of the truth of; to render certain; to verify; to corroborate; as to confirm a rumor. “Your eyes shall witness and confirm my tale.
Pope.” “These likelihoods confirm her flight.
Shak.” 4. To render valid by formal assent; to complete by a necessary sanction; to ratify; as to confirm the appoinment of an official; the Senate confirms a treaty. “That treaty so prejudicial ought to have been remitted rather than confimed.
Swift.” 5. (Eccl.) To administer the rite of confirmation to. See Confirmation, 3. “Those which are thus confirmed are thereby supposed to be fit for admission to the sacrament.
Hammond.” Syn. — To strengthen; corroborate; substantiate; establish; fix; ratify; settle; verify; assure.

Con•firm´a•ble , a. That may be confirmed.

Con•firm´ance , n. Confirmation. [Obs.]

Con•fir•ma´tion , n. [F. confirmation, L. confirmatio.] 1. The act of confirming or strengthening; the act of establishing, ratifying, or sanctioning; as the confirmation of an appointment. “Their blood is shed
In confirmation of the noblest claim.
Cowper.” 2. That which confirms; that which gives new strength or assurance; as to a statement or belief; additional evidence; proof; convincing testimony. “Trifles light as air
Are to the jealous confirmations strong
As proofs of holy writ.
Shak.” 3. (Eccl.) A rite supplemental to baptism, by which a person is admitted, through the laying on of the hands of a bishop, to the full privileges of the church, as in the Roman Catholic, the Episcopal Church, etc. “This ordinance is called confirmation, because they who duly receive it are confirmed or strengthened for the fulfillment of their Christian duties, by the grace therein bestowed upon them.
Hook.” 4. (Law) A conveyance by which a voidable estate is made sure and not voidable, or by which a particular estate is increased; a contract, express or implied, by which a person makes that firm and binding which was before voidable.

Con•firm´a•tive , a. [L. confirmativus: cf. F. confirmatif.] Tending to confirm or establish. Sherwood. — Con•firm´a•tive•ly, adv.

Con´fir•ma•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, confirms; a confirmer. Sir T. Browne.

Con•firm´a•to•ry , a. . Serving to confirm; corroborative. “A fact confirmatory of the conclusion.
I. Taylor.” 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. Compton.

Con•firm´ed•ly , adv. With confirmation.

Con•firm´ed•ness, n. A fixed state.

Con•fir•mee´ , n. [F. confirme, p. p. of confirmer.] (Law) One to whom anything is confirmed.

Con•firm´er , n. One who, or that which, confirms, establishes, or ratifies; one who corroborates. Shak.

Con•firm´ing•ly, adv. In a confirming manner.

Con•fis´ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. confiscable.] Capable of being confiscated; liable to forfeiture.

Con´fis•cate (? or ), a. [L. confiscatus, p. p. of confiscare to confiscate, prop., to lay up in a chest; con- + fiscus basket, purse, treasury. See Fiscal.] Seized and appropriated by the government to the public use; forfeited. “Lest that your goods too soon be confiscate.
Shak.”

Con´fis•cate (? or ; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confiscated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confiscating.] To seize as forfeited to the public treasury; to appropriate to the public use. “It was judged that he should be banished and his whole estate confiscated and seized.
Bacon.”

Con•fis•ca´tion , n. [L. confiscatio.] The act or process of taking property or condemning it to be taken, as forfeited to the public use. “The confiscations following a subdued rebellion.
Hallam.”

Con´fis•ca•tor , n. [L., a treasurer.] One who confiscates. Burke.

Con•fis´ca•to•ry , a. Effecting confiscation; characterized by confiscations. ´Confiscatory and exterminatory periods.´ Burke.

Con´fit , n. Same as Comfit. [Obs.]

Con´fi•tent , n. [L. confitens, p. pr.] One who confesses his sins and faults. [Obs.]

Con•fit´e•or , n. [L., I confess. See Confess.] (R.C.Ch.) A form of prayer in which public confession of sins is made.

Con´fi•ture ( 135), n. [F. See Confiture.] Composition; preparation, as of a drug, or confection; a sweetmeat. [Obs.] ´Confitures and pies.´ Bacon.

Con•fix´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confixed p. pr. & vb. n. Confixing.] [L. confixus, p. p. of configere to fasten together.] To fix; to fasten. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•fix´ure ( 135), n. Act of fastening. [Obs.]

Con•fla´grant , a. [L. conflagrans, p. pr. of conflagrare; con- + flagrare to blaze. See Flagrant.] Burning together in a common flame. [R.] ´The conflagrant mass.´ Milton.

Con•fla•gra´tion , n. [L. conflagratio: cf. F. conflagration.] A fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning. “Till one wide conflagration swallows all.
Pope.”

Con•flate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflating.] [L. conflatus, p. p. of conflare to blow together; con- + flare to blow.] To blow together; to bring together; to collect; to fuse together; to join or weld; to consolidate. “The State-General, created and conflated by the passionate effort of the whole nation.
Carlyle.”

Con•fla´tion , n. [L. conflatio.] A blowing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in a foundry. [R.] Bacon.

Con´flict , n. [L. conflictus a striking together, fr. confligere, -flictum, to strike together, to fight: cf. F. conflit, formerly also conflict. See Conflict, v.] 1. A striking or dashing together; violent collision; as a conflict of elements or waves. 2. A strife for the mastery; hostile contest; battle; struggle; fighting. “As soon as he [Atterbury] was himself again, he became eager for action and conflict.
Macaulay.” “An irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces.
W. H. Seward.” Conflict of laws, that branch of jurisprudence which deals with individual litigation claimed to be subject to the conflicting laws of two or more states or nations; — often used as synonymous with Private international law. Syn. — Contest; collision; struggle; combat; strife; contention; battle; fight; encounter. See Contest.

Con•flict´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflicting.] [L. conflictus, p. p. of confligere to conflict (cf. conflictare); con- + fligere to strike; cf. Gr. fli•bein, qli•bein, to press, L. flagrum whip.] 1. To strike or dash together; to meet in violent collision; to collide. Shak. “Fire and water conflicting together.
Bacon.” 2. To maintain a conflict; to contend; to engage in strife or opposition; to struggle. “A man would be content to … conflict with great difficulties, in hopes of a mighty reward.
Abp. Tillotson.” 3. To be in opposition; to be contradictory. “The laws of the United States and of the individual States may, in some cases, conflict with each other.
Wheaton.” Syn. — To fight; contend; contest; resist; struggle; combat; strive; battle.

Con•flict´ing, a. Being in conflict or collision, or in opposition; contending; contradictory; incompatible; contrary; opposing. “Torn with sundry conflicting passions.
Bp. Hurd.”

Con•flict´ive , a. Tending to conflict; conflicting. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con´flu•ence , n. [L. confluentia.] 1. The act of flowing together; the meeting or junction of two or more streams; the place of meeting. “New York stood at the confluence of two rivers.
Bancroft.” 2. Any running together of separate streams or currents; the act of meeting and crowding in a place; hence, a crowd; a concourse; an assemblage. “You see this confluence, this great flood of vistors.
Shak.” “The confluence … of all true joys.
Boyle.”

Con´flu•ent , a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of confluere, - fluxum; con- + fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. Flowing together; meeting in their course; running one into another. “These confluent steams make some great river’s head.
Blackmore.” 2. (Bot.) Blended into one; growing together, so as to obliterate all distinction. 3. (Med.) (a) Running together or uniting, as pimples or pustules. (b) Characterized by having the pustules, etc., run together or unite, so as to cover the surface; as confluent smallpox. Dunglison.

Con´flu•ent, n. 1. A small steam which flows into a large one. 2. The place of meeting of steams, currents, etc. [Obs.] Holland.

Con´flux , n. [From L. confluxus, p. p. See Confluent.] 1. A flowing together; a meeting of currents. ´The conflux of meeting sap.´ Shak. “The general conflux and concourse of the whole people.
Clarendon.” 2. A large assemblage; a passing multitude. “To the gates cast round thine eye, and see
What conflux issuing forth, or entering in.
Milton.”

Con•flux•i•bil´i•ty , n. The tendency of fluids to run together. [R.] Boyle.

Con•flux´i•ble , a. Inclined to flow or run together. — Con•flux´i•ble•ness, n.

Con•fo´cal , a. (Math.) Having the same foci; as confocal quadrics.

Con•form´ , a. [L. conformis; con- + forma form: cf. F. conforme.] Of the same form; similar in import; conformable. Bacon. “Care must be taken that the interpretation be every way conform to the analogy of faith.
Bp.Hall.”

Con•form´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conformed p. pr. & vb. n. Conforming.] [F. conformer, L. conformare, -formatum; con- + formare to form, forma form. See Form.] To shape in accordance with; to make like; to bring into harmony or agreement with; — usually with to or unto. “Demand of them wherefore they conform not themselves unto the order of the church.
Hooker.”

Con•form´, v. i. 1. To be in accord or harmony; to comply; to be obedient; to submit; — with to or with. “A rule to which experience must conform.
Whewell.” 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To comply with the usages of the Established Church; to be a conformist. “About two thousand ministers whose consciences did not suffer them to conform were driven from their benefices in a day.
Macaulay.”

Con•form•a•bil´i•ty , n. 1. The state of being conformable. 2. (Geol.) The parallelism of two sets of strata which are in contact.

Con•form´a•ble , a. 1. Corresponding in form, character, opinions, etc.; similar; like; consistent; proper or suitable; — usually followed by to. “The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing perfectly conformable with that character.
Addison.” “Conformable to Scripture as well as to philosophy.
Whewell.” “To make matters somewhat conformable for the old knight.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Disposed to compliance or obedience; ready to follow directions; submissive; compliant. “I have been to you a true and humble wife,
At all times to your will conformable.
Shak.” 3. (Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so; — said of strata in contact.

Con•form´a•ble•ness , n. The quality of being conformable; conformability.

Con•form´a•bly, adv. With conformity or in conformity; suitably; agreeably. “Conformably to the law and nature of God.
Bp. Beveridge.”

Con•form´ance , n. Conformity. [R.] Marston.

Con•form´ate , a. [L. conformatus, p. p. See Conform.] Having the same form. [R.]

Con•for•ma´tion , n. [L. conformatio: cf. F. conformation.] 1. The act of conforming; the act of producing conformity. “The conformation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion and morality.
I. Watts.” 2. The state of being conformed; agreement; hence; structure, as depending on the arrangement of parts; form; arrangement. “In Hebrew poetry, there may be observed a certain conformation of the sentences.
Lowth.” “A structure and conformation of the earth.
Woodward.”

Con•form´er , n. One who conforms; one who complies with established forms or doctrines.

Con•form´ist, n. One who conforms or complies; esp., one who conforms to the Church of England, or to the Established Church, as distinguished from a dissenter or nonconformist. “A cheeful conformist to your judgment.
Jer.Taylor.”

Con•form´i•ty , n.; pl. Conformities (#). [Cf. F. conformite.] 1. Correspondence in form, manner, or character; resemblance; agreement; congruity; — followed by to, with, or between. “By our conformity to God.
Tillotson.” “The end of all religion is but to draw us to a conformity with God.
Dr. H.More.” “A conformity between the mental taste and the sensitive taste.
Addison.” 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the Established Church. “The king [James I.] soon afterward put forth a proclamation requiring all ecclesiastical and civil officers to do their duty by enforcing conformity.
Hallam.”

Con•for•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. confortation, LL. confortatio. Cf. Comfort.] The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•found´ (kon•found´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Confounding.] [F. confondre, fr. L. confundere, -fusum, to pour together; con- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Confuse.] 1. To mingle and blend, so that different elements can not be distinguished; to confuse. “They who strip not ideas from the marks men use for them, but confound them with words, must have endless dispute.
Locke.” “Let us go down, and there confound their language.
Gen. xi. 7.” 2. To mistake for another; to identify falsely. “They [the tinkers] were generally vagrants and pilferers, and were often confounded with the gypsies.
Macaulay.” 3. To throw into confusion or disorder; to perplex; to strike with amazement; to dismay. “The gods confound…
The Athenians both within and out that wall.
Shak.” “They trusted in thee and were not confounded.
Ps. xxii. 5.” “So spake the Son of God, and Satan stood
A while as mute, confounded what to say.
Milton.” 4. To destroy; to ruin; to waste. [Obs.] “One man’s lust these many lives confounds.
Shak.” “How couldst thou in a mile confound an hour?
Shak.” Syn. — To abash; confuse; baffle; dismay; astonish; defeat; terrify; mix; blend; intermingle. See Abash.

Con•found´ed, a. 1. Confused; perplexed. “A cloudy and confounded philosopher.
Cudworth.” 2. Excessive; extreme; abominable. [Colloq.] “He was a most confounded tory.
Swift.” “The tongue of that confounded woman.
Sir. W. Scott.”

Con•found´ed•ly, adv. Extremely; odiously; detestably. [Colloq.] ´Confoundedly sick.´ Goldsmith.

Con•found´ed•ness, n. The state of being confounded. “Their witty descant of my confoundedness.
Milton.”

Con•found´er , n. One who confounds.

Con´fract , a. [L. confractus, p. p. of confringere.] Broken in pieces; severed. [Obs.]

Con•fra•gose´ , a. [L. confragosus; con- + fragosus, fr. frangere. See Fragile.] Broken; uneven. [Obs.] ´Confragose cataracts.´ Evelyn.

Con•fra•ter´ni•ty , n.; pl. Confraternities (#). [LL. confraternitas: cf. F. confraternite. See Fraternity.] A society or body of men united for some purpose, or in some profession; a brotherhood. “These live in one society and confraternity.
Stow.”

Con•frere´ , n. [F.] Fellow member of a fraternity; intimate associate.

Con•fri•ca´tion , n. [L. confricatio, fr. confricare to rub vigorously.] A rubbing together; friction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•fri´er , n. [Cf. F. confrère. See Friar.] A confrère. [Obs.] Weever.

Con•front´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confronting.] [F. confronter; L. con- + frons the forehead or front. See Front.] 1. To stand facing or in front of; to face; esp. to face hostilely; to oppose with firmness. “We four, indeed, confronted were with four
In Russian habit.
Shak.” “He spoke and then confronts the bull.
Dryden.” “Hester caught hold of Pearl, and drew her forcibly into her arms, confronting the old Puritan magistrate with almost a fierce expression.
Hawthorne.” “It was impossible at once to confront the might of France and to trample on the liberties of England.
Macaulay.” 2. To put face to face; to cause to face or to meet; as to confront one with the proofs of his wrong doing. 3. To set in opposition for examination; to put in contrast; to compare. “When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you the same design executed by different hands.
Addison.”

Con•fron•ta´tion , n. [LL. confrontatio.] Act of confronting. H. Swinburne.

Con•fron•te´ , a. [F., p. p. confronter.] (Her.) Same as Affronte.

Con•front´er , n. One who confronts. “A confronter in authority.
Speed.”

confronting n. dealing with (a person or problem) directly; taking the bull by the horns.
Syn. — braving, coping with, grappling, tackling.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC]

Con•front´ment , n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

Con•front´ment , n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

Con•fu´cian , a. Of, or relating to, Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher and teacher. — n. A Confucianist.

Con•fu´cian•ism , n. The political morality taught by Confucius and his disciples, which forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any god. S. W. Williams.

Con•fu´cian•ist, n. A follower of Confucius; a Confucian. S. W. Williams.

Con•fus , a. [F. See Confuse, a.] Confused, disturbed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•fus•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being confused.

Con•fus´a•ble , a. Capable of being confused.

Con•fuse´ , a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. See Confound.] Mixed; confounded. [Obs.] Baret.

Con•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.] 1. To mix or blend so that things can not be distinguished; to jumble together; to confound; to render indistinct or obscure; as to confuse accounts; to confuse one’s vision. “A universal hubbub wild
Of stunning sounds and voices all confused.
Milton.” 2. To perplex; to disconcert; to abash; to cause to lose self-possession. “Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse
A life that leads melodious days.
Tennyson.” “Confused and sadly she at length replied.
Pope.” Syn. — To abash; disorder; disarrange; disconcert; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash.

Con•fus´ed•ly , adv. In a confused manner.

Con•fus´ed•ness, n. A state of confusion. Norris.

Con•fuse´ly , adv. Confusedly; obscurely. [Obs.]

Con•fu´sion , n. [F. confusion, L. confusio.] 1. The state of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error; indistinct combination; disorder; tumult. “The confusion of thought to which the Aristotelians were liable.
Whewell.” “Moody beggars starving for a time
Of pellmell havoc and confusion.
Shak.” 2. The state of being abashed or disconcerted; loss self-possession; perturbation; shame. “Confusion dwelt in every face
And fear in every heart.
Spectator.” 3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin. “Ruin seize thee, ruthless king,
Confusion on thy banners wait.
Gray.” 4. One who confuses; a confounder. [Obs.] Chapmen. Confusion of goods (Law), the intermixture of the goods of two or more persons, so that their respective portions can no longer be distinguished. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Con•fu´sive , a. Confusing; having a tendency to confusion. Bp. Hall.

Con•fut´a•ble , a. That may be confuted. “A conceit … confutable by daily experience.
Sir T.Browne.”

Con•fut´ant , n. [L. confutans, p. pr. of confutare.] One who undertakes to confute. Milton.

Con•fu•ta´tion , n. [L. confutatio: cf. F. confutation.] The act or process of confuting; refutation. ´For the edification of some and the confutation of others.´ Bp. Horne.

Con•fut´a•tive , a. Adapted or designed to confute. Bp. Warburton

Con•fute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to chek (a boiling liquid), to repress, confute; con- + a root seen in futis a water vessel), prob. akin to fundere to pour: cf. F. confuter. See Fuse to melt.] To overwhelm by argument; to refute conclusively; to prove or show to be false or defective; to overcome; to silence. “Satan stood … confuted and convinced
Of his weak arguing fallacious drift.
Milton.” “No man’s error can be confuted who doth not … grant some true principle that contradicts his error.
Chillingworth.” “I confute a good profession with a bad conversation.
Fuller.” Syn. — To disprove; overthrow; sed aside; refute; oppugn. — To Confute, Refute. Refute is literally to and decisive evidence; as to refute a calumny, charge, etc. Confute is literally to check boiling, as when cold water is poured into hot, thus serving to allay, bring down, or neutralize completely. Hence, as applied to arguments (and the word is never applied, like refute, to charges), it denotes, to overwhelm by evidence which puts an end to the case and leaves an opponent nothing to say; to silence; as ´the atheist is confuted by the whole structure of things around him.´

Con•fute´ment , n. Confutation. [Obs.] Milton.

Con•fut´er , n. One who confutes or disproves.

Cong , n. (Med.) An abbreviation of Congius.

Con•ge´ (kôN•zha´; E. kon´je; 277), n. [F., leave, permission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a leave of absence, furlough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come; com- + meare to go. Cf. Permeate.] [Formerly written congie.] 1. The act of taking leave; parting ceremony; farewell; also dismissal. “Should she pay off old Briggs and give her her conge?
Thackeray.” 2. The customary act of civility on any occasion; a bow or a courtesy. “The captain salutes you with conge profound.
Swift.” 3. (Arch.) An apophyge. Gwilt. Conge d’elire [F., leave to choose] (Eccl.), the sovereign’s license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose as bishop the person nominated in the missive.

Con´ge , v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Congeed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Congeing.] [OF. congier, congeer, F. congedier, fr. conge. See Conge, n.] To take leave with the customary civilities; to bow or courtesy. “I have congeed with the duke, done my adieu with his nearest.
Shak.”

Con´ge•a•ble , a. (O. Eng. Law) Permissible; done lawfully; as entry congeable.

Con•geal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congealed p. pr. & vb. n. Congealing.] [F. congeler, L. congelare, -gelatumn; con- + gelare to freeze, gelu frost. See Gelid.] 1. To change from a fluid to a solid state by cold; to freeze. “A vapory deluge lies to snow congealed.
Thomson.” 2. To affect as if by freezing; to check the flow of, or cause to run cold; to chill. “As if with horror to congeal his blood.
Stirling.”

Con•geal´, v. i. To grow hard, stiff, or thick, from cold or other causes; to become solid; to freeze; to cease to flow; to run cold; to be chilled. “Lest zeal, now melted …
Cool and congeal again to what it was.
Shak.”

Con•geal´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. congelable.] Capable of being congealed. — Con•geal´a•ble•ness, n.

Con•geal´ed•ness , n. The state of being congealed. Dr. H.More.

Con•geal´ment , n. 1. The act or the process of congealing; congeliation. 2. That which is formed by congelation; a clot. [Obs.] “Wash the congealment from your wounds.
Shak.”

Con´gee , n. & v. See Conge, Conge. [Obs.] “And unto her his congee came to take.
Spenser.”

Con•gee´ , n. 1. [Tamil kashi boilings.] Boiled rice; rice gruel. [India] 2. A jail; a lockup. [India] Congee discharges, rice water discharges. Dunglison. — Congee water, water in which rice has been boiled.

Con•ge•la´tion , n. [F. congelation, L. congelatio.] 1. The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing. “The capillary tubes are obstructed either by outward compression or congelation of the fluid.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The state of being congealed. 3. That which is congealed. “Sugar plums … with a multitude of congelations in jellies of various colors.
Taller.”

Con´ge•ner ( 277), n. [From L. congener. See Congenerous.] A thing of the same genus, species, or kind; a thing allied in nature, character, or action. “The cherry tree has been often grafted on the laurel, to which it is a congener.
P. Miller.” “Our elk is more polygamous in his habits than any other deer except his congener, the red deer of Europe.
Caton.”

Con•gen´er•a•cy , n. Similarity of origin; affinity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. { Con•ge•ner´ic , Con•ge•ner´ic•al }, a. Belonging to the same genus; allied in origin, nature, or action. R. Owen.

Con•gen´er•ous , a. [L. congener; con- + genus, generis, birth, kind, race. See Genus, and cf. Congener.] Allied in origin or cause; congeneric; as congenerous diseases. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Con•gen´er•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Con•gen´ial (; 106), a. [Pref. con- + genial.] 1. Partaking of the same nature; allied by natural characteristics; kindred; sympathetic. “Congenial souls! whose life one avarice joins.
Pope.” 2. Naturally adapted; suited to the disposition. ´Congenial clime.´ C. J. Fox. “To defame the excellence with which it has no sympathy … is its congenial work.
I. Taylor.”

Con•ge•ni•al´i•ty (? or 106), n. The state or quality of being congenial; natural affinity; adaptation; suitableness. Sir J. Reynolds. “If congeniality of tastes could have made a marriage happy, that union should have been thrice blessed.
Motley.”

Con•gen´ial•ize , v. t. To make congenial. [R.]

Con•gen´ial•ly, adv. In a congenial manner; as congenially married or employed.

Con•gen´ial•ness, n. Congeniality.

Con•gen´ious , a. Congeneric. [Obs.]

Con•gen´i•tal , a. [From Congenite.] Existing at, or dating from, birth; pertaining to one from birth; born with one; connate; constitutional; natural; as a congenital deformity. See Connate.

Con•gen´i•tal•ly, adv. In a congenital manner.

Con•gen´ite , a. [L. congenitus; con- + genitus, p. p. of gignere to beget. See Generate.] Congenital; connate; inborn. See Congenital. [Obs.] “Many conclusions, of moral and intellectual truths, seem … to be congenite with us.
Sir M. Hale.”

Con´ger , n. [L. conger, congrus, akin to Gr. : cf. F. congre.] (Zoöl.) The conger eel; — called also congeree. Conger sea (Zoöl.), the sea eel; a large species of eel (Conger vulgaris), which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet.

Con•ge´ri•es , n. sing & pl. [L., fr. congerere. See Congest.] A collection of particles or bodies into one mass; a heap; an aggregation.

Con•gest´ (#), v. t. [L. congestus, p. p. of congere to bring together; con- + gerere. See Gerund.] 1. To collect or gather into a mass or aggregate; to bring together; to accumulate. “To what will thy congested guilt amount?
Blackmore.” 2. (Med.) To cause an overfullness of the blood vessels (esp. the capillaries) of an organ or part.

Con•gest´ed , a. 1. (Bot.) Crowded together. Gray. 2. (Med.) Containing an unnatural accumulation of blood; hyperaemic; — said of any part of the body.

Con•ges´tion ( 106), n. [L. congestio: cf. F. congestion.] 1. The act of gathering into a heap or mass; accumulation. [Obs.] “The congestion of dead bodies one upon another.
Evelyn.” 2. (Med.) Overfullness of the capillary and other blood vessels, etc., in any locality or organ (often producing other morbid symptoms); local hyperaemia, active or passive; as arterial congestion; venous congestion; congestion of the lungs.

Con•gest´ive , a. (Med.) Pertaining to, indicating, or attended with, congestion in some part of the body; as a congestive fever.

Con´gi•a•ry , n.; pl. Congiaries (#). [L. congiarium, fr. congius a liquid measure.] A present, as of corn, wine, or oil, made by a Roman emperor to the soldiers or the people; — so called because measured to each in a congius. Addison. In later years, when gifts of money were distributed, the name congius was retained.

Con´gi•us , n. [L.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) A liquid measure containing about three quarts. 2. (Med.) A gallon, or four quarts. [Often abbreviated to cong.]

Con•gla´ci•ate ( 221), v. t. & i. [L. conglaciatus, p. p. of conglaciare. See Glaciate.] To turn to ice; to freeze. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•gla•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. conglaciation.] The act or process of changing into ice, or the state of being converted to ice; a freezing; congelation; also a frost. Bacon.

Con•glo´bate ( 277), a. [L. conglobatus, p. p. of conglobare to conglobate. See Globate.] Collected into, or forming, a rounded mass or ball; as the conglobate [lymphatic] glands; conglobate flowers.

Con•glo´bate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobating.] [Cf. Conglore.] To collect or form into a ball or rounded mass; to gather or mass together. “Conglobated bubbles undissolved.
Wordsworth.”

Con•glo•ba´tion , n. [L. conglobatio: cf. F. conglobation.] 1. The act or process of forming into a ball. Sir T. Browne. 2. A round body.

Con•globe´ (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglobed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobing.] [L. conglobare: cf. F. conglober. Cf. Conglobate.] To gather into a ball; to collect into a round mass. “Then founded, then conglobed
Like things to like.
Milton.”

Con•globe´, v. i. To collect, unite, or coalesce in a round mass. Milton.

Con•glob´u•late , v. i. [Pref. con- + globule.] To gather into a small round mass.

Con•glom´er•ate , a. [L. conglomeratus, p. p. of conglomerare to roll together; con- + glomerare to wind into a ball. See Glomerate.] 1. Gathered into a ball or a mass; collected together; concentrated; as conglomerate rays of light. “Beams of light when they are multiplied and conglomerate.
Bacon.” “Fluids are separated in the liver and the other conglobate and conglomerate glands.
Cheyne.” 2. (Bot.) Closely crowded together; densly clustered; as conglomerate flowers. Gray. 3. (Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, cemented together.

Con•glom´er•ate , n. 1. That which is heaped together in a mass or conpacted from various sources; a mass formed of fragments; collection; accumulation. “A conglomerate of marvelous anecdotes, marvelously heaped together.
Trench.” 2. (Geol.) A rock, composed or rounded fragments of stone cemented together by another mineral substance, either calcareous, siliceous, or argillaceous; pudding stone; — opposed to agglomerate. See Breccia. “A conglomerate, therefore, is simply gravel bound together by a cement.
Lyell.”

Con•glom´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglomerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglomerating.] To gather into a ball or round body; to collect into a mass.

Con•glom•er•a´tion , n. [L. conglomeratio: cf. F. conglomeration.] The act or process of gathering into a mass; the state of being thus collected; collection; accumulation; that which is conglomerated; a mixed mass. Bacon.

Con•glu´tin , n. [From Conglutinate.] (Chem.) A variety of vegetable casein, resembling legumin, and found in almonds, rye, wheat, etc.

Con•glu´ti•nant , a. [L., conglutinans, p. pr.] Cementing together; uniting closely; causing to adhere; promoting healing, as of a wound or a broken bone, by adhesion of the parts.

Con•glu´ti•nate , a. [L. conglutinatus, p. p. of conglutinare to glue; con- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] Glued together; united, as by some adhesive substance.

Con•glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglutinating.] To glue together; to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance; to cause to adhere or to grow together. “Bones … have had their broken parts conglutinated within three or four days.
Boyle.”

Con•glu´ti•nate, v. i. To unite by the intervention of some glutinous substance; to coalesce.

Con•glu•ti•na´tion , n. [L. conglutinatio: cf. F. conglutination.] A gluing together; a joining by means of some tenacious substance; junction; union. “Conglutination of parts separated by a wound.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•glu´ti•na´tive , a. [Cf. F. conglutinatif.] Conglutinant. { Con´gou , Con´go }, n. [Chin. kung-foo labor.] Black tea, of higher grade (finer leaf and less dusty) than the present bohea. See Tea. “Of black teas the great mass is called Congou, or the ´well worked´, a name which took the place of the Bohea of 150 years ago, and is now itself giving way to the term ´English breakfast tea.´
S. W. Williams.”

Con´go snake´ (Zoöl.) An amphibian (Amphiuma means) of the order Urodela, found in the southern United States. See Amphiuma.

Con•grat´u•lant , a. [L. congratulans, p. pr.] Rejoicing together; congratulatory. “With like joy
Congratulant approached him.
Milton.”

Con•grat´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congratulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congratulating.] [L. congratulatus, p. p. of congratulari to wish joy abundantly; con- + gratulari to wish joy, from gratus pleasing. See Grateful.] To address with expressions of sympathetic pleasure on account of some happy event affecting the person addressed; to wish joy to. “It is the king’s most sweet pleasure and affection to congratulate the princess at her pavilion.
Shak.” To congratulate one’s self, to rejoice; to feel satisfaction; to consider one’s self happy or fortunate. Syn. — To Congratulate, Felicitate. To felicitate is simply to wish a person joy. To congratulate has the additional signification of uniting in the joy of him whom we congratulate. Hence they are by no means synonymous. One who has lost the object of his affections by her marriage to a rival, might perhaps felicitate that rival on his success, but could never be expected to congratulate him on such an event. “Felicitations are little better than compliments; congratulations are the expression of a genuine sympathy and joy.
Trench.”

Con•grat´u•late, v. i. To express of feel sympathetic joy; as to congratulate with one’s country. [R.] Swift. “The subjects of England may congratulate to themselves.
Dryden.”

Con•grat•u•la´tion , n. [L. congratulatio: cf. F. congratulation.] The act of congratulating; an expression of sympathetic pleasure. “With infinite congratulations for our safe arrival.
Dr. J. Scott.”

Con•grat´u•la•tor , n. One who offers congratulation. Milton.

Con•grat´u•la•to•ry , a. Expressive of sympathetic joy; as a congratulatory letter.

Con•gree´ , v. i. [Pref. on- + L. gratus pleasing. Cf. Agree.] To agree. [bs.] Shak.

Con•greet´ , v. t. To salute mutually. [Obs.]

Con´gre•gate , a. [L. congregatus, p. p. of congregare to congregate; on- + gregare to collect into a flock, fr. grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] Collected; compact; close. [R.] Bacon.

Con´gre•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congregated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congregating] To collect into an assembly or assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a united body; to gather together; to mass; to compact. “Any multitude of Christian men congregated may be termed by the name of a church.
Hooker.” “Cold congregates all bodies.
Coleridge.” “The great receptacle
Of congregated waters he called Seas.
Milton.”

Con´gre•gate, v. i. To come together; to assemble; to meet. “Even there where merchants most do congregate.
Shak.”

Con•gre•ga´tion , n. [L. congregatio: cf. F. congregation.] 1. The act of congregating, or bringing together, or of collecting into one aggregate or mass. “The means of reduction in the fire is but by the congregation of homogeneal parts.
Bacon.” 2. A collection or mass of separate things. “A foul and pestilent congregation of vapors.
Shak.” 3. An assembly of persons; a gathering; esp. an assembly of persons met for the worship of God, and for religious instruction; a body of people who habitually so meet. “He [Bunyan] rode every year to London, and preached there to large and attentive congregations.
Macaulay.” 4. (Anc. Jewish Hist.) The whole body of the Jewish people; — called also Congregation of the Lord. “It is a sin offering for the congregation.
Lev. iv. 21.” 5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A body of cardinals or other ecclesiastics to whom as intrusted some department of the church business; as the Congregation of the Propaganda, which has charge of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. (b) A company of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order. 6. The assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Oxford or Cambrige University, mainly for the granting of degrees. [Eng.] 7. (Scotch Church Hist.) the name assumed by the Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation.

Con•gre•ga´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as congregational singing. 2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism; as a Congregational church.

Con•gre•ga´tion•al•ism , n. 1. That system of church organization which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church. 2. The faith and polity of the Congregational churches, taken collectively. In this sense (which is its usual signification) Congregationalism is the system of faith and practice common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of each church as independent of all dictation in ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship and joint action, as in councils for mutual advice, and in consociations, conferences, missionary organizations, etc., and to whose membership the designation ´Congregationalists´ is generally restricted; but Unitarian and other churches are Congregational in their polity.

Con•gre•ga´tion•al•ist, n. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds to Congregationalism.

Con´gress , n.; pl. Congresses (#). [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p. p. -gressus, to go or come together; con- + grati to go or step, gradus step: cf. F. congrs. See Grade.] 1. A meeting of individuals, whether friendly or hostile; an encounter. [Obs.] “Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there;
Their congress in the field great Jove withstands.
Dryden.” 2. A sudden encounter; a collision; a shock; — said of things. [Obs.] “From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies.
Cheyne.” 3. The coming together of a male and female in sexual commerce; the act of coition. Pennant. 4. A gathering or assembly; a conference. 5. A formal assembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, or commissioners; esp., a meeting of the representatives of several governments or societies to consider and determine matters of common interest. “The European powers strove to … accommodate their differences at the congress of Vienna.
Alison.” 6. The collective body of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting the chief legislative body of the nation. In the Congress of the United States (which took the place of the Federal Congress, March 4, 1789), the Senate consists of two Senators from each State, chosen by the State legislature for a term of six years, in such a way that the terms of one third of the whole number expire every year; the House of Representatives consists of members elected by the people of the several Congressional districts, for a term of two years, the term of all ending at the same time. The united body of Senators and Representatives for any term of two years for which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. Thus the session which began in December, 1887, was the first (or long) session, and that which began in December, 1888, was the second (or short) session, of the Fiftieth Congress. When an extra session is had before the date of the first regular meeting of a Congress, that is called the first session, and the following regular session is called the second session. 7. The lower house of the Spanish Cortes, the members of which are elected for three years. The Continental Congress, an assembly of deputies from the thirteen British colonies in America, appointed to deliberate in respect to their common interests. They first met in 1774, and from time thereafter until near the close of the Revolution. — The Federal Congress, the assembly of representatives of the original States of the American Union, who met under the Articles of Confederation from 1781 till 1789. — Congress boot or gaiter, a high shoe or half-boot, coming above the ankle, and having the sides made in part of some elastic material which stretches to allow the boot to be drawn on and off. [U.S.] — Congress water, a saline mineral water from the Congress spring at Saratoga, in the State of New York. Syn. — Assembly; meeting; convention; convocation; council; diet; conclave; parliament; legislature.

Con•gres´sion (? or ), n. [L. congressio.] A coming or bringing together, as in a public meeting, in a dispute, in the act of comparing, or in sexual intercourse. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Con•gres´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a congress, especially, to the Congress of the United States; as congressional debates. “Congressional and official labor.
E. Everett.” Congressional District, one of the divisions into which a State is periodically divided (according to population), each of which is entitled to elect a Representative to the Congress of the United States.

Con•gres´sive , a. Encountering, or coming together. Sir T. Browne.

Con´gress•man , n.; pl. Congressmen . A member of the Congress of the United States, esp. of the House of Representatives.

Con´greve rock´et See under Rocket.

Con´grue´ , v. i. [L. congruere. See Congruous.] To agree; to be suitable. [Obs.] Shak.

Con´gru•ence , n. [L. congruentia: cf. OF. cornguence.] Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. Holland.

Con´gru•en•cy , n. Congruence. Congruency of lines. (Geom.) See Complex of lines, under Complex, n.

Con´gru•ent , a. [L. congruens, p. pr. of congruere: cf. F. congruent.] Possessing congruity; suitable; agreeing; corresponding. “The congruent and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence.
B. Jonson.” Congruent figures (Geom.), concurring figures.

Con´gru•ism , n. [Cf. F. congruisme.] (Scholastic Theol.) See Congruity.

Con•gru´i•ty (? or ), n.; pl. Congruities (#). [Cf. F. congruit.] 1. The state or quality of being congruous; the relation or agreement between things; fitness; harmony; correspondence; consistency. “With what congruity doth the church of Rome deny that her enemies do at all appertain to the church of Christ?
Hooker.” “A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one particle.
Sir P. Sidney.” 2. (Geom.) Coincidence, as that of lines or figures laid over one another. 3. (Scholastic Theol.) That, in an imperfectly good persons, which renders it suitable for God to bestow on him gifts of grace.

Con´gru•ous , a. [L. congruus, fr. congruere to come together, to coincide, to agree. Of uncertain origin.] Suitable or concordant; accordant; fit; harmonious; correspondent; consistent. “Not congruous to the nature of epic poetry.
Blair.” “It is no ways congruous that God should be always frightening men into an acknowledgment of the truth.
Atterbury.”

Con´gru•ous•ly, adv. In a congruous manner.

Con•hy´drine (? or ), n. [Conium + hydrate.] (Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid found with conine in the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). It is a white crystalline substance, C8H17NO, easily convertible into conine.

Co•ni´a (? or ), n. [NL. See Conium.] (Chem.) Same as Conine. { Con´ic , Con´ic•al }, a. [Gr. : cf. F. conique. See Cone.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a geometrical cone; round and tapering to a point, or gradually lessening in circumference; as a conic or conical figure; a conical vessel. 2. Of or pertaining to a cone; as conic sections. Conic section (Geom.), a curved line formed by the intersection of the surface of a right cone and a plane. The conic sections are the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. The right lines and the circle which result from certain positions of the plane are sometimes, though not generally included. — Conic sections, that branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. — Conical pendulum. See Pendulum. — Conical projection, a method of delineating the surface of a sphere upon a plane surface as if projected upon the surface of a cone; — much used by makers of maps in Europe. — Conical surface (Geom.), a surface described by a right line moving along any curve and always passing through a fixed point that is not in the plane of that curve.

Con´ic, n. (Math.) A conic section.

Con•i•cal´i•ty , n. Conicalness.

Con´ic•al•ly , adv. In the form of a cone.

Con´ic•al•ness, n. State or quality of being conical.

Con´i•co- , a. [See Conic.] A combining form, meaning somewhat resembling a cone; as conico-cylindrical, resembling a cone and a cylinder; conico-hemispherical; conico-subulate.

Con´i•coid , a. [Conic + -oid.] (Math.) Same as Conoidal.

Con´ics , n. 1. That branch of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its sections. 2. Conic sections.

Co•nid´i•um , n.; pl. Conida (#). [NL.] (Bot.) A peculiar kind of reproductive cell found in certain fungi, and often containing zoöspores.

Co´ni•fer , n. [L. conifer; conus cone + ferre to bear: cf. F. conifère.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub bearing cones; one of the order Coniferae, which includes the pine, cypress, and (according to some) the yew.

Co•nif´er•in , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the cambium layer of coniferous trees as a white crystalline substance.

Co•nif´er•ous , a. (a) Bearing cones, as the pine and cypress. (b) Pertaining to the order Coniferae, of which the pine tree is the type.

Co´ni•form , a. [Cone + -form: cf. F. coniforme.] Cone-shaped; conical.

Co•ni´ine (? or ), n. See Conine.

Co´ni•mene , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) Same as Olibene.

Co´nine (? or ), n. [From Conium.] (Chem.) A powerful and very poisonous vegetable alkaloid found in the hemlock (Conium maculatum) and extracted as a colorless oil, C8H17N, of strong repulsive odor and acrid taste. It is regarded as a derivative of piperidine and likewise of one of the collidines. It occasions a gradual paralysis of the motor nerves. Called also coniine, coneine, conia, etc. See Conium, 2.

Co•ni•ros´ter , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Conirostres.

Co•ni•ros´tral , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Conirostres.

Co•ni•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. conus cone + rostrum beak: cf. F. conirostre.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of perching birds, including those which have a strong conical bill, as the finches.

Con•i•sor´ , n. [Obs.] See Cognizor.

Co•nis´tra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. dust.] (Greek Antiq.) Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

Co´nite , n. [Gr. dust: cf. F. conite. So called on account of its gray color.] (Min.) A magnesian variety of dolomite.

Co•ni´um (? or ), n. [NL., fr. Gr. hemlock.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of biennial, poisonous, white-flowered, umbelliferous plants, bearing ribbed fruit (´seeds´) and decompound leaves. 2. (Med.) The common hemlock (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, poison parsley), a roadside weed of Europe, Asia, and America, cultivated in the United States for medicinal purpose. It is an active poison. The leaves and fruit are used in medicine.

Con•ject´ , v. t. [L. conjectus, p. p. of conjicere. See Conjecture, n.] To throw together, or to throw. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Con•ject´, v. t. To conjecture; also to plan. [Obs.]

Con•ject´or , n. [L.] One who guesses or conjectures. [Obs.] “A great conjector at other men by their writings.
Milton.”

Con•jec´tur•a•ble ( 135), a. Capable of being conjectured or guessed.

Con•jec´tur•al , a. [L. conjecturalis: cf. F. conjectural.] Dependent on conjecture; fancied; imagined; guessed at; undetermined; doubtful. “And mak’st conjectural fears to come into me.
Shak.” “A slight expense of conjectural analogy.
Hugh Miller.” “Who or what such editor may be, must remain conjectural.
Carlyle.”

Con•jec´tur•al•ist, n. A conjecturer. [R.] Month. rev.

Con•jec•tur•al´ly , n. That which depends upon guess; guesswork. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•jec•tur•al•ly, adv. In a conjectural manner; by way of conjecture. Boyle.

Con•jec´ture (; 135?), n. [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjecture; con- + jacere to throw: cf. F. conjecturer. See Jet a shooting forth.] An opinion, or judgment, formed on defective or presumptive evidence; probable inference; surmise; guess; suspicion. “He [Herodotus] would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real study of nature.
Whewell.” “Conjectures, fancies, built on nothing firm.
Milton.”

Con•jec´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjectured p. pr. & vb. n. Conjecturing.] [Cf. F. conjecturer. Cf. Conject.] To arrive at by conjecture; to infer on slight evidence; to surmise; to guess; to form, at random, opinions concerning. “Human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be.
South.”

Con•jec´ture, v. i. To make conjectures; to surmise; to guess; to infer; to form an opinion; to imagine.

Con•jec´tur•er , n. One who conjectures. Hobbes.

Con•join , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjoined p. pr. & vb. n. Conjoining.] [F. conjoindre, fr. L. conjungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Conjugate, Conjunction.] To join together; to unite. “The English army, that divided was
Into two parties, is now conjoined in one.
Shak.” “If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined.
Shak.” “Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what he knows already.
Locke.”

Con•join´, v. i. To unite; to join; to league. Shak.

Con•joined´ , a. (Her.) Joined together or touching.

Con•joint´ , a. [F. conjoint, p. p. of conjoindre. See Conjoin, and cf. Conjunct.] United; connected; associated. ´Influence conjoint.´ Glover. Conjoint degrees (Mus.), two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re. Johnson. — Conjoint tetrachords (Mus.), two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other; — also written conjunct.

Con•joint´ly, adv. In a conjoint manner; untitedly; jointly; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con•joint´ness, n. The quality of being conjoint.

Con•ju´bi•lant , a. Shouting together for joy; rejoicing together. [R.] Neale.

Con´ju•gal , a. [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux husband, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, join in marriage. See Conjoin.] Belonging to marriage; suitable or appropriate to the marriage state or to married persons; matrimonial; connubial. ´Conjugal affection.´ Milton.

Con•ju•gal´i•ty , n. The conjugal state; sexual intercourse. [R.] Milton.

Con´ju•gal•ly , adv. In a conjugal manner; matrimonially; connubially.

Con´ju•gate , a. [L. conjugatus, p. p. or conjugare to unite; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke; akin to jungere to join. See Join.] 1. United in pairs; yoked together; coupled. 2. (Bot.) In single pairs; coupled. 3. (Chem.) Containing two or more radicals supposed to act the part of a single one. [R.] 4. (Gram.) Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; — said of words. 5. (Math.) Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; — frequently used in pure and applied mathematics with reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc. Conjugate axis of a hyperbola (Math.), the line through the center of the curve, perpendicular to the line through the two foci. — Conjugate diameters (Conic Sections), two diameters of an ellipse or hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other. — Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. — Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. — Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. — Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic.

Con•ju•gate , n. [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.] 1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification. “We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed.
Abp. Bramhall.” 2. (Chem.) A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.]

Con´ju•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjugated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conjugating.] 1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. (Gram.) To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumes in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.

Con´ju•gate, v. i. (Biol.) To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals.

Con•ju•ga´tion , n. [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).] 1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage. [Obs.] “Mixtures and conjugations of atoms.
Bentley.” 2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] “The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves.
Sir T. Browne.” 3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner. 4. (Biol.) A kind of sexual union; — applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed.

Con•ju•ga´tion•al , a. relating to conjugation. Ellis.

Con•ju´gi•al , a. [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium. Cf. Conjugal.] Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg.

Con•ju´gi•um , n. [L.] (Rom. Law) The marriage tie.

Con•junct´ , a. [L. conjunctus, p. p. See Conjoin.] 1. United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic] 2. (Her.) Same as Conjoined.

Con•junc´tion , n. [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction. See Conjoin.] 1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league. “He will unite the white rose and the red:
Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction.
Shak.” “Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others.
South.” 2. (Astron.) The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6. Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth. 3. (Gram.) A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as and, but, if. “Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive.
Harris.”

Con•junc´tion•al , a. Relating to a conjunction.

Con•junc•ti´va , n. [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

Con•junc•ti´val , a. 1. Joining; connecting. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva.

Con•junc´tive , a. [L. conjunctivus.] 1. Serving to unite; connecting together. 2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak. Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. — Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; — called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase.

Con•junc´tive•ly, adv. In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con•junc´tive•ness, n. The state or quality of being conjunctive. Johnson.

Con•junc•ti•vi´tis (? or ), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Con•junct´ly , adv. In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con•junc´ture ( 135), n. [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.] 1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination. “The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity.
Hobbes.” “A fit conjuncture or circumstances.
Addison.” 2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions. “He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity.
Macaulay.”

Con•ju•ra´tion , n. [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.] 1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration. “We charge you, in the name of God, take heed; …
Under this conjuration speak, my lord.
Shak.” 2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment. “Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event.
Hallam.” 3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] ´The conjuration of Catiline.´ Sir T. Elyot.

Con´ju•ra•tor , n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill.

Con•jure´ (kon•jur´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjured (- jurd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjuring.] [F. conjurer, fr. L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire; con- + jurare to swear. See Jury.] To call on or summon by a sacred name or in solemn manner; to implore earnestly; to adjure. “I conjure you, let him know,
Whate’er was done against him, Cato did it.
Addison.”

Con•jure´, v. i. To combine together by an oath; to conspire; to confederate. [A Latinism] “Drew after him the third part of Heaven’s sons
Conjured against the Highest.
Milton.”

Con´jure , v. t. To affect or effect by conjuration; to call forth or send away by magic arts; to excite or alter, as if by magic or by the aid of supernatural powers. “The habitation which your prophet … conjured the devil into.
Shak.” To conjure up, or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms.

Con´jure , v. i. To practice magical arts; to use the tricks of a conjurer; to juggle; to charm. “She conjures; away with her.
Shak.”

Con•jure´ment , n. Serious injunction; solemn demand or entreaty. [Obs.] Milton.

Con•jur´er , n. One who conjures; one who calls, entreats, or charges in a solemn manner.

Con´jur•er , n. 1. One who practices magic arts; one who pretends to act by the aid super natural power; also one who performs feats of legerdemain or sleight of hand. “Dealing with witches and with conjurers.
Shak.” “From the account the loser brings,
The conjurer knows who stole the things.
Prior.” 2. One who conjectures shrewdly or judges wisely; a man of sagacity. [Obs.] Addison.

Con•ju´ror , n. (Law) One bound by a common oath with others. [Obs.]

Con´ju•ry , n. The practice of magic; enchantment. Motley.

Conn (kon), v. t. See Con, to direct a ship. { Con•nas´cence , Con•nas´cen•cy }, n. [L. con- + nascentia birth, fr. nascens, p. pr. of nasci to be born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the same tome; production of two or more together. Johnson. 2. That which is born or produced with another. 3. The act of growing together. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Con•nas´cent , a. Born together; produced at the same time. Craig.

Con´nate ( 277), a. [L. connatus; con- + natus born, p. p. of nasci. See Cognate.] 1. Born with another; being of the same birth. 2. Congenital; existing from birth. ´Connate notions.´ South. “A difference has been made by some; those diseases or conditions which are dependent on original conformation being called congenital; while the diseases of affections that may have supervened during gestation or delivery are called connate.
Dunglison.” 3. (Bot.) Congenitally united; growing from one base, or united at their bases; united into one body; as connate leaves or athers. See Illust. of Connate-perfoliate.

Con´nate-per•fo´li•ate , a. (Bot.) Connate or coalescent at the base so as to produce a broad foliaceous body through the center of which the stem passes; — applied to leaves, as the leaves of the boneset.

Con•na´tion , n. Connection by birth; natural union. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con•nat´u•ral ( 135), a. [Pref. con- + natural.] 1. Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural. “These affections are connatural to us.
L’Estrange.” 2. Partaking of the same nature. “And mix with our connatural dust.
Milton.”

Con•nat•u•ral´i•ty , n. Participation of the same nature; natural union or connection. [R.] “A congruity and connaturality between them.
Sir M. Hale.”

Con•nat´u•ral•ize ( 135), v. t. To bring to the same nature as something else; to adapt. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

Con•nat´u•ral•ly, adv. By the act of nature; originally; from birth. Sir M. Hale.

Con•nat´u•ral•ness, n. Participation of the same nature; natural union. I. Walton.

Con•na´ture ( 135), n. Participation in a common nature or character. [R.] “Connature was defined as likeness in kind between either two changes in consciousness, or two states of consciousness.
H. Spencer.”

Con•nect´ (kon•nekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connected; p. pr. & vb. n. Connecting>.] [L. connectere, -nexum; con- + nectere to bind. See Annex.] 1. To join, or fasten together, as by something intervening; to associate; to combine; to unite or link together; to establish a bond or relation between. “He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all.
Pope.” “A man must see the connection of each intermediate idea with those that it connects before he can use it in a syllogism.
Locke.” 2. To associate (a person or thing, or one’s self) with another person, thing, business, or affair. Connecting rod (Mach.), a rod or bar joined to, and connecting, two or more moving parts; esp. a rod connecting a crank wrist with a beam, crosshead, piston rod, or piston, as in a steam engine.

Con•nect´ , v. i. To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connects with another.

Con•nect´ed•ly, adv. In a connected manner.

Con•nec´tion , n. [Cf. Connexion.] 1. The act of connecting, or the state of being connected; junction; union; alliance; relationship. “He [Algazel] denied the possibility of a known connection between cause and effect.
Whewell.” “The eternal and inseparable connection between virtue and happiness.
Atterbury.” 2. That which connects or joins together; bond; tie. “Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things.
I. Taylor.” 3. A relation; esp. a person connected with another by marriage rather than by blood; — used in a loose and indefinite, and sometimes a comprehensive, sense. 4. The persons or things that are connected; as a business connection; the Methodist connection. “Men elevated by powerful connection.
Motley.” “At the head of a strong parliamentary connection.
Macaulay.” “Whose names, forces, connections, and characters were perfectly known to him.
Macaulay.” In this connection, in connection with this subject. [A phrase objected to by some writers.] This word was formerly written, as by Milton, with x instead of t in the termination, connexion, and the same thing is true of the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, reflection, etc. Syn. — Union; coherence; continuity; junction; association; dependence; intercourse; commerce; communication; affinity; relationship.

Con•nect´ive , a. Connecting, or adapted to connect; involving connection. Connection tissue (Anat.) See Conjunctive tissue, under Conjunctive.

Con•nect´ive, n. That which connects. Specifically: (a) (Gram.) A word that connect words or sentences; a conjunction or preposition. (b) (Bot.) That part of an anther which connects its thecae, lobes, or cells.

Con•nect´ive•ly, adv. In connjunction; jointly.

Con•nect´or , n. One who, or that which, connects; as: (a) A flexible tube for connecting the ends of glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. (b) A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact.

Con´ner , n. [Cf. Cunner.] (Zoöl.) A marine European fish (Crenilabrus melops); also the related American cunner. See Cunner.

Con•nex´ , v. t. [L. connexus, p. p. See Connect.] To connect. Sir M. Hale.

Con•nex´ion , n. [L. connexio: cf. F. connexion.] Connection. See Connection.

Con•nex´ive , a. See Connective.

Con´ning tow´er , n. The shot-proof pilot house of a war vessel.

Con•niv´ance , n. [Cf. F. connivence, L. conniventia.] 1. Intentional failure or forbearance to discover a fault or wrongdoing; voluntary oversight; passive consent or coöperation. 2. (Law) Corrupt or guilty assent to wrongdoing, not involving actual participation in, but knowledge of, and failure to prevent or oppose it. Syn. — See Collusion.

Con•nive´ (kon•niv´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Connived (- nivd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conniving.] [L. connivere to shut the eyes, connive, fr. con- + (perh.) a word akin to nicere to beckon, nictare to wink.] 1. To open and close the eyes rapidly; to wink. [Obs.] “The artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, and to connive with either eye.
Spectator.” 2. To close the eyes upon a fault; to wink (at); to fail or forbear by intention to discover an act; to permit a proceeding, as if not aware of it; — usually followed by at. “To connive at what it does not approve.
Jer. Taylor.” “In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving.
Burke.” “The government thought it expedient, occasionally, to connive at the violation of this rule.
Macaulay.”

Con•nive´, v. t. To shut the eyes to; to overlook; to pretend not to see. [R. & Obs.] ´Divorces were not connived only, but with eye open allowed.´ Milton.

Con•niv´en•cy , n. Connivance. [Obs.]

Con•niv´ent (#), a. [L. connivens, p. pr.] 1. Forbearing to see; designedly inattentive; as connivent justice. [R.] Milton. 2. (Biol.) Brought close together; arched inward so that the points meet; converging; in close contact; as the connivent petals of a flower, wings of an insect, or folds of membrane in the human system, etc.

Con•niv´er , n. One who connives.

Con•nois•seur´ ( 277), n. [F. connaisseur, formerly connoisseur, fr. connaître to know, fr. L. cognoscere to become acquainted with; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know. See Know, amd cf. Cognizor.] One well versed in any subject; a skillful or knowing person; a critical judge of any art, particulary of one of the fine arts. “The connoisseur is ´one who knows,´ as opposed to the dilettant, who only ´thinks he knows.´
Fairholt.”

Con•nois•seur´ship ( 277), n. State of being a connoisseur.

Con´no•tate , v. t. [L. con- + notatus, p. p.of notare to mark. Cf. Connote.] To connote; to suggest or designate (something) as additional; to include; to imply. Hammond.

Con•no•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. connotation.] The act of connoting; a making known or designating something additional; implication of something more than is asserted.

Con•no´ta•tive , a. 1. Implying something additional; illative. 2. (Log.) Implying an attribute. See Connote. Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies an attribute. J. S. Mill.

Con•no´ta•tive•ly, adv. In a connotative manner; expressing connotation.

Con•note´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Connoting.] [See Connotate, and Note.] 1. To mark along with; to suggest or indicate as additional; to designate by implication; to include in the meaning; to imply. “Good, in the general notion of it, connotes also a certain suitableness of it to some other thing.
South.” 2. (Logic) To imply as an attribute. “The word ´white´ denotes all white things, as snow, paper, the foam of the sea, etc., and ipmlies, or as it was termed by the schoolmen, connotes, the attribute ´whiteness.´
J. S. Mill.”

Con•nu´bi•al (#), a. [L. connubialis, fr. connubium marriage; con- + nubere to veil, to marry. See Nupital.] Of or pertaining to marriage, or the marriage state; conjugal; nuptial. “Nor Eve the rites
Mysterious of connubial love refused.
Milton.” “Kind, connubial tenderness.
Goldsmith.”

Con•nu•bi•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being connubial; something characteristics of the conjugal state; an expression of connubial tenderness. “Some connubialities which had begun to pass between Mr. and Mrs. B.
Dickens.”

Con•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [LL. connumeratio, fr. L. connumerare, - numeratum, to number with.] A reckoning together. [R.] Porson.

Con´nu•sance , n. (Law) See Cognizance. [Obs.]

Con´nu•sant (#), a. (Law) See Cognizant. [Obs.]

Con•nu•sor´ (#), n. (Law) See Cognizor. [Obs.]

Con•nu•tri´tious (#), a. Nutritious by force of habit; — said of certain kinds of food. [Obs.] Crabb.

Con´ny , a. [rad.45. Cf. Canny, Gunning.] Brave; fine; canny. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Co´no•dont (ko´no•dont), n. [Gr. kw^nos cone + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar toothlike fossil of many forms, found especially in carboniferous rocks. Such fossils are supposed by some to be the teeth of marsipobranch fishes, but they are probably the jaws of annelids.

Co´noid (ko´noid), n. [Gr. kwnoeidh•s conical; kw^nos cone + e’i^dos form: cf. F. conoïde.] 1. Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone. 2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; as a parabolic conoid, elliptic conoid, etc.; — more commonly called paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc. (b) A surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner as always to meet a given straight line and a given curve, and continue parallel to a given plane. Math. Dict.

Co´noid a. Resembling a cone; conoidal.

Co•noid´al (#), a. [Cf. F. conoïdal.] Nearly, but not exactly, conical. Lindley. { Co•noid´ic , Co•noid´ic•al }, a. Pertaining to a conoid; having the form of a conoid.

Co•nom•i•nee´ , n. One nominated in conjunction with another; a joint nominee. Kirby.

Con•quad´rate , v. t. [L. conquadratus, p. p. of conquadrare.] To bring into a square. [R.] Ash.

Con•quas´sate , v. t. [L. conquassatus, p. p. of conquassare.] To shake; to agitate. [Obs.] Harvey. — Con•quas•sa´tion (#), n. [Obs.]

Con´quer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conquered p. pr. & vb. n. Conquering.] [OF. conquerre, F. conquerir, fr. L. conquirere, - quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring together, LL., to conquer; con- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] 1. To gain or acquire by force; to take possession of by violent means; to gain dominion over; to subdue by physical means; to reduce; to overcome by force of arms; to cause to yield; to vanquish. ´If thou conquer Rome.´ Shak. “If we be conquer’d, let men conquer us.
Shak.” “We conquered France, but felt our captive’s charms.
Pope.” 2. To subdue or overcome by mental or moral power; to surmount; as to conquer difficulties, temptation, etc. “By winning words to conquer hearts,
And make persuasion do the work of fear.
Milton.” 3. To gain or obtain, overcoming obstacles in the way; to win; as to conquer freedom; to conquer a peace. Syn. — To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; overthrow; defeat; rout; discomfit; subjugate; reduce; humble; crush; surmount; subject; master. — To Conquer, Vanquish, Subdue, Subjugate, Overcome. These words agree in the general idea expressed by overcome, — that of bringing under one’s power by the exertion of force. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of conflicts. Vanquish is more individual, and refers usually to a single conflict. Thus, Alexander conquered Asia in a succession of battles, and vanquished Darius in one decisive engagement. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. We speak of a nation as subdued when its spirit is at last broken, so that no further resistance is offered. Subjugate is to bring completely under the yoke of bondage. The ancient Gauls were never finally subdued by the Romans until they were completely subjugated. These words, when used figuratively, have correspondent meanings. We conquer our prejudices or aversions by a succesion of conflicts; but we sometimes vanquish our reluctance to duty by one decided effort: we endeavor to subdue our evil propensities by watchful and persevering exertions. Subjugate is more commonly taken in its primary meaning, and when used figuratively has generally a bad sense; as his reason was completely subjugated to the sway of his passions.

Con´quer , v. i. To gain the victory; to overcome; to prevail. “He went forth conquering and to conquer.
Rev. vi. 2.” “The champions resolved to conquer or to die.
Waller.”

Con•quer•a•ble , a. Capable of being conquered or subdued. South. — Con´quer•a•ble•ness, n.

Con´quer•ess, n. A woman who conquers. Fairfax.

Con´quer•or , n. [OF. conquereor, fr. conquerre,] One who conquers. The Conqueror (Eng. Hist.). William the Norman (1027-1067) who invaded England, defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings, and was crowned king, in 1066.

Con´quest , n. [OF. conquest, conqueste, F. conquête, LL. conquistum, conquista, prop. p. p. from L. conquirere. See Conquer.] 1. The act or process of conquering, or acquiring by force; the act of overcoming or subduing opposition by force, whether physical or moral; subjection; subjugation; victory. “In joys of conquest he resigns his breath.
Addison.” “Three years sufficed for the conquest of the country.
Prescott.” 2. That which is conquered; possession gained by force, physical or moral. “Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?
Shak.” 3. (Feudal Law) The acquiring of property by other means than by inheritance; acquisition. Blackstone. 4. The act of gaining or regaining by successful struggle; as the conquest of liberty or peace. The Conquest (Eng. Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Normandy in 1066. Syn. — Victory; triumph; mastery; reduction; subjugation; subjection.

Con•san•guin´e•al , a. Of the same blood; related by birth. Sir T. Browne.

Con•san´guined , a. Of kin blood; related. [R.] Johnson.

Con•san•guin´e•ous , a. [L. conguineus; con- + sanguis blood: cf. F. consanguin. See Sanquine.] Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak.

Con•san•guin´i•ty , n. [L. consanguinitas: cf. F. consanguintite.] The relation of persons by blood, in distinction from affinity or relation by marriage; blood relationship; as lineal consanguinity; collateral consanguinity. “Invoking aid by the ties of consanguinity.
Prescott.”

Con•sar•ci•na´tion , n. [L. consarcinare, -natum, to patch together.] A patching together; patchwork. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con´science , n. [F. conscience, fr. L. conscientia, fr. consciens, p. pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious; con- + scire to know. See Science.] 1. Knowledge of one’s own thoughts or actions; consciousness. [Obs.] “The sweetest cordial we receive, at last,
Is conscience of our virtuous actions past.
Denham.” 2. The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as to the character of one’s own actions, purposes, and affections, warning against and condemning that which is wrong, and approving and prompting to that which is right; the moral faculty passing judgment on one’s self; the moral sense. “My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
And every tongue brings in a several tale,
And every tale condemns me for a villain.
Shak.” “As science means knowledge, conscience etymologically means self-knowledge … But the English word implies a moral standard of action in the mind as well as a consciousness of our own actions… . Conscience is the reason, employed about questions of right and wrong, and accompanied with the sentiments of approbation and condemnation.
Whewell.” 3. The estimate or determination of conscience; conviction or right or duty. “Conscience supposes the existence of some such [i.e., moral] faculty, and properly signifies our consciousness of having acted agreeably or contrary to its directions.
Adam Smith.” 4. Tenderness of feeling; pity. [Obs.] Chaucer. Conscience clause, a clause in a general law exempting persons whose religious scruples forbid compliance therewith, — as from taking judicial oaths, rendering military service, etc. — Conscience money, stolen or wrongfully acquired money that is voluntarily restored to the rightful possessor. Such money paid into the United States treasury by unknown debtors is called the Conscience fund. — Court of Conscience, a court established for the recovery of small debts, in London and other trading cities and districts. [Eng.] Blackstone. — In conscience, In all conscience, in deference or obedience to conscience or reason; in reason; reasonably. ´This is enough in conscience.´ Howell. ´Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many as you should require.´ Swift. — To make conscience of, To make a matter of conscience, to act according to the dictates of conscience concerning (any matter), or to scruple to act contrary to its dictates.

Con´scienced , a. Having a conscience. [R.] ´Soft-conscienced men.´ Shak.

Con´science•less, a. Without conscience; indifferent to conscience; unscrupulous. “Conscienceless and wicked patrons.
Hookre.”

Con´scient , a. [L. consciens, -entis, p. pr.] Conscious. [R.] Bacon.

Con•sci•en´tious , a. [Cf. F. consciencieux, LL. conscientiosus.] 1. Influenced by conscience; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or supposed rules of right and wrong; — said of a person. “The advice of wise and conscientious men.
Prescott.” 2. Characterized by a regard to conscience; conformed to the dictates of conscience; — said of actions. “A holy and conscientious course.
Abp. Tillotson.” Syn. — Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright.

Con•sci•en´tious•ly , adv. In a conscientious manner; as a matter of conscience; hence; faithfully; accurately; completely.

Con•sci•en´tious•ness, n. The quality of being conscientious; a scrupulous regard to the dictates of conscience.

Con´scion•a•ble , a. [Irregularly formed fr. conscience.] Governed by, or according to, conscience; reasonable; just. “Let my debtors have conscionable satisfaction.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con´scion•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being conscionable; reasonableness. Johnson.

Con´scion•a•bly, adv. Reasonably; justly.

Con´scious , a. [L. conscius; con- + scire to know. See Conscience.] 1. Possessing the faculty of knowing one’s own thoughts or mental operations. “Some are thinking or conscious beings, or have a power of thought.
I. Watts.” 2. Possessing knowledge, whether by internal, conscious experience or by external observation; cognizant; aware; sensible. “Her conscious heart imputed suspicion where none could have been felt.
Hawthorne.” “The man who breathes most healthilly is least conscious of his own breathing.
De Quincey.” 3. Made the object of consciousness; known to one’s self; as conscious guilt. “With conscious terrors vex me round.
Milton.” Syn. — Aware; apprised; sensible; felt; known.

Con´scious•ly, adv. In a conscious manner; with knowledge of one’s own mental operations or actions.

Con´scious•ness , n. 1. The state of being conscious; knowledge of one’s own existence, condition, sensations, mental operations, acts, etc. “Consciousness is thus, on the one hand, the recognition by the mind or ´ego´ of its acts and affections; — in other words, the self-affirmation that certain modifications are known by me, and that these modifications are mine.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 2. Immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation. See the Note under Attention. “Annihilate the consciousness of the object, you annihilate the consciousness of the operation.
Sir W. Hamilton.” “And, when the steam
Which overflowed the soul had passed away,
A consciousness remained that it had left.
… images and precious thoughts
That shall not die, and can not be destroyed.
Wordsworth.” “The consciousness of wrong brought with it the consciousness of weakness.
Froude.” 3. Feeling, persuasion, or expectation; esp., inward sense of guilt or innocence. [R.] “An honest mind is not in the power of a dishonest: to break its peace there must be some guilt or consciousness.
Pope.”

Con•scribe´ , v. t. [L. conscribere. See Conscript.] To enroll; to enlist. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Con´script , a. [L. conscriptus, p. p. of conscribere to write together, to enroll; con- + scribere to write. See Scribe.] Enrolled; written; registered. Conscript fathers (Rom. Antiq.), the senators of ancient Rome. When certain new senators were first enrolled with the ´fathers´ the body was called Patres et Conscripti; afterward all were called Patres conscripti.

Con´script, n. One taken by lot, or compulsorily enrolled, to serve as a soldier or sailor.

Con•script´ , v. t. To enroll, by compulsion, for military service.

Con•scrip´tion , n. [L. conscriptio: cf. F. conscription.] 1. An enrolling or registering. “The conscription of men of war.
Bp. Burnet.” 2. A compulsory enrollment of men for military or naval service; a draft.

Con•scrip´tion , a. Belonging to, or of the nature of, a conspiration.

Con´se•crate , a. [L. consceratus, p. p. of conscerare to conscerate; con- + sacrare to consecrate, sacer sacred. See Sacred.] Consecrated; devoted; dedicated; sacred. “They were assembled in that consecrate place.
Bacon.”

Con´se•crate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consecrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Consecrating.] 1. To make, or declare to be, sacred; to appropriate to sacred uses; to set apart, dedicate, or devote, to the service or worship of God; as to consecrate a church; to give (one’s self) unreservedly, as to the service of God. “One day in the week is … consecrated to a holy rest.
Sharp.” 2. To set apart to a sacred office; as to consecrate a bishop. “Thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons.
Ex. xxix. 9.” 3. To canonize; to exalt to the rank of a saint; to enroll among the gods, as a Roman emperor. 4. To render venerable or revered; to hallow; to dignify; as rules or principles consecrated by time. Burke. Syn. — See Addict.

Con´se•cra•ter , n. Consecrator.

Con•se•cra´tion , n. [L. consecratio: cf. F. consecration.] The act or ceremony of consecrating; the state of being consecrated; dedication. “Until the days of your consecration be at an end.
Lev. viii. 33.” “Consecration makes not a place sacred, but only solemnly declares it so.
South.”

Con´se•cra•tor , n. [L.] One who consecrates; one who performs the rites by which a person or thing is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. [Written also consecrater.]

Con´se•cra•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to the act of consecration; dedicatory. “The consecratory prayer.
Bp. Burnet.”

Con•sec•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. consectaneus.] Following as a matter of course. Blount.

Con´sec•ta•ry , a. [L. consectarius, fr. consectari to follow after eagerly; con- + sectari to follow eagerly, fr. sequi to follow.] Following by consequence; consequent; deducible. [R.] ´Consectary impieties.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con´sec•ta•ry, n. That which follows by consequence or is logically deducible; deduction from premises; corollary. [R.] Milton.

Con´se•cute , v. t. To follow closely; to endeavor to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Con•se•cu´tion , n. [L. consecutio. See Consequent.] 1. A following, or sequel; actual or logical dependence. Sir M. Hale. 2. A succession or series of any kind. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. Month of consecution (Astron.), a month as reckoned from one conjunction of the moon with the sun to another.

Con•sec´u•tive , a. [Cf. F. consecutif. See Consequent.] 1. Following in a train; succeeding one another in a regular order; successive; uninterrupted in course or succession; with no interval or break; as fifty consecutive years. 2. Following as a consequence or result; actually or logically dependent; consequential; succeeding. “The actions of a man consecutive to volition.
Locke.” 3. (Mus.) Having similarity of sequence; — said of certain parallel progressions of two parts in a piece of harmony; as consecutive fifths, or consecutive octaves, which are forbidden. Consecutive chords (Mus.), chords of the same kind succeeding one another without interruption.

Con•sec´u•tive•ly, adv. In a consecutive manner; by way of sequence; successively.

Con•sec´u•tive•ness, n. The state or quality of being consecutive.

Con•sen´sion , n. [L. consensio.] Agreement; accord. Bentley.

Con•sen´su•al , a. [See Consent, v. i., and cf. Sensual.] 1. (Law) Existing, or made, by the mutual consent of two or more parties. 2. (Physiol.) Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex action, and not by conscious volition; as consensual motions. Consensual contract (Law), a contract formed merely by consent, as a marriage contract.

Con•sen´sus , n. [L. See Consent.] Agreement; accord; consent. “That traditional consensus of society which we call public opinion.
Tylor.”

Con•sent´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consented; p. pr. & vb. n Consenting.] [F. consentir, fr. L. consentire, -sensum, to feel together, agree; con- + sentire to feel. See Sense.] 1. To agree in opinion or sentiment; to be of the same mind; to accord; to concur. “And Saul was consenting unto his death.
Acts. viii. 1.” “Flourishing many years before Wyclif, and much consenting with him in jugdment.
Fuller.” 2. To indicate or express a willingness; to yield to guidance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent or approval; to comply. “My poverty, but not my will, consents.
Shak.” “And whispering ´I will ne’er consent,´ — consented.
Byron.” Syn. — To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; allow; concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce.

Con•sent´, v. t. To grant; to allow; to assent to; to admit. [Obs.] “Interpreters … will not consent it to be a true story.
Milton.”

Con•sent´, n. [Cf. OF. consent.] 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; the being of one mind; accord. “All with one consent began to make excuse.
Luke xiv. 18.” “They fell together all, as by consent.
Shak.” 2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; agreement; harmony; coherence. “The melodious consent of the birds.
Holland.” “Such is the world’s great harmony that springs
From union, order, full consent of things.
Pope.” 3. Voluntary accordance with, or concurrence in, what is done or proposed by another; acquiescence; compliance; approval; permission. “Thou wert possessed of David’s throne
By free consent of all.
Milton.” 4. (Law) Capable, deliberate, and voluntary assent or agreement to, or concurrence in, some act or purpose, implying physical and mental power and free action. 5. (Physiol.) Sympathy. See Sympathy, 4. Syn. — Assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agreement; approval; permission. See Assent. Age of consent (Law), an age, fixed by statute and varying in different jurisdictions, at which one is competent to give consent. Sexual intercourse with a female child under the age of consent is punishable as rape.

Con•sen•ta•ne´i•ty , n. Mutual agreement. [R.]

Con•sen•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. consentaneus.] Consistent; agreeable; suitable; accordant to; harmonious; concurrent. “A good law and consentaneous to reason.
Howell.” — Con•sen•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Con•sen•ta´ne•ous•ness, n.

Con•sent´ant , a. [F., p. pr. of consentir.] Consenting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•sent´er , a. One who consents.

Con•sen´tient , a. [L. consentients, p. pr. See Consent.] Agreeing in mind; accordant. “The consentient judgment of the church.
Bp. Pearson.”

Con•sent´ing•ly , adv. With consent; in a compliant manner. Jer. Taylor.

Con´se•quence , n. [L., consequentia: cf. F. consequence. See Consequent.] 1. That which follows something on which it depends; that which is produced by a cause; a result. “Shun to taste,
And shun the bitter consequence.
Milton.” 2. (Logic) A proposition collected from the agreement of other previous propositions; any conclusion which results from reason or argument; inference. 3. Chain of causes and effects; consecution. “Such fatal consequence unites us three.
Milton.” “Link follows link by necessary consequence.
Coleridge.” 4. Importance with respect to what comes after; power to influence or produce an effect; value; moment; rank; distinction. “It is a matter of small consequence.
Shak.” “A sense of your own worth and consequence.
Cowper.” In consequence, hence; for this cause. — In consequence of, by reason of; as the effect of. Syn. — Effect; result; end. See Effect.

Con´se•quen•cing , n. Drawing inference. [R.] Milton.

Con´se•quent , a. [L. consequens, -entis, p. pr. of consequi to follow; con- + sequi to follow: cf. F. consequent. See Second, and cf. Consecution.] 1. Following as a result, inference, or natural effect. “The right was consequent to, and built on, an act perfectly personal.
Locke.” 2. (Logic) Following by necessary inference or rational deduction; as a proposition consequent to other propositions. Consequent points, Consequent poles (Magnetism), a number of poles distributed under certain conditions, along the axis of a magnetized steel bar, which regularly has but the two poles at the extremities.

Con´se•quent, n. 1. That which follows, or results from, a cause; a result or natural effect. “They were ill-governed, which is always a consequent of ill payment.
Sir J. Davies.” 2. (Logic) That which follows from propositions by rational deduction; that which is deduced from reasoning or argumentation; a conclusion, or inference. 3. (Math.) The second term of a ratio, as the term b in the ratio a:b, the first a, being the antecedent.

Con•se•quen´tial , a. 1. Following as a consequence, result, or logical inference; consequent. “All that is revealed in Scripture has a consequential necessity of being believed … because it is of divine authority.
Locke.” “These kind of arguments … are highly consequential and concludent to my purpose.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Assuming or exhibiting an air of consequence; pretending to importance; pompous; self-important; as a consequential man. See Consequence, n., 4. “His stately and consequential pace.
Sir W. Scott.” Consequential damage (Law) (a) Damage so remote as not to be actionable (b) Damage which although remote is actionable. (c) Actionable damage, but not following as an immediate result of an act.

Con•se•quen´tial•ly, adv. 1. With just deduction of consequence; with right connection of ideas; logically. “The faculty of writing consequentially.
Addison.” 2. By remote consequence; not immediately; eventually; as to do a thing consequentially. South. 3. In a regular series; in the order of cause and effect; with logical concatenation; consecutively; continuously. 4. With assumed importance; pompously.

Con•se•quen´tial•ness, n. The quality of being consequential.

Con´se•quent•ly , adv. By consequence; by natural or logical sequence or connection. Syn. — See Accordingly.

Con•ser´tion , n. [L. consertio, fr. conserere, -sertum to connect; con- + serere to join.] Junction; adaptation [R.] “Consertion of design, how exquisite.
Young.”

Con•serv´a•ble , a. [L. conservabilitis.] Capable of being preserved from decay or injury.

Con•serv´an•cy , n. Conservation, as from injury, defilement, or irregular use. “[An act was] passed in 1866, for vesting in the Conservators of the River Thames the conservancy of the Thames and Isis.
Mozley & W.”

Con•serv´ant , a. [L. conservans, p. pr.] Having the power or quality of conservation.

Con•ser•va´tion , n. [L. conservatio: cf. F. conservation.] The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting; the keeping (of a thing) in a safe or entire state; preservation. “A step necessary for the conservation of Protestantism.
Hallam.” “A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.
Burke.” Conservation of areas (Astron.), the principle that the radius vector drawn from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal times. — Conservation of energy, or Conservation of force (Mech.), the principle that the total energy of any material system is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any action between the parts of the system, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. Clerk Maxwell.

Con•ser•va´tion•al , a. Tending to conserve; preservative.

Con•serv´a•tism , n. [For conservatism.] The disposition and tendency to preserve what is established; opposition to change; the habit of mind; or conduct, of a conservative.

Con•serv´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. conservatif.] 1. Having power to preserve in a safe of entire state, or from loss, waste, or injury; preservative. 2. Tending or disposed to maintain existing institutions; opposed to change or innovation. 3. Of or pertaining to a political party which favors the conservation of existing institutions and forms of government, as the Conservative party in England; — contradistinguished from Liberal and Radical. “We have always been conscientiously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propriety be called the Conservative, party.
Quart. Rev. (1830).” Conservative system (Mech.), a material system of such a nature that after the system has undergone any series of changes, and been brought back in any manner to its original state, the whole work done by external agents on the system is equal to the whole work done by the system overcoming external forces. Clerk Maxwell.

Con•serv´a•tive , n. 1. One who, or that which, preserves from ruin, injury, innovation, or radical change; a preserver; a conserver. “The Holy Spirit is the great conservative of the new life.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. One who desires to maintain existing institutions and customs; also one who holds moderate opinions in politics; — opposed to revolutionary or radical. 3. (Eng. Hist.) A member of the Conservative party.

Con•serv´a•tive•ness, a. The quality of being conservative.

Con•ser´va•toire , n. [F.] A public place of instruction in any special branch, esp. music and the arts. [See Conservatory, 3].

Con´ser•va•tor ( 277), n. [L.: cf. F. conservateur.] 1. One who preserves from injury or violation; a protector; a preserver. “The great Creator and Conservator of the world.
Derham.” 2. (Law) (a) An officer who has charge of preserving the public peace, as a justice or sheriff. (b) One who has an official charge of preserving the rights and privileges of a city, corporation, community, or estate. “The lords of the secret council were likewise made conservators of the peace of the two kingdoms.
Clarendon.” “The conservator of the estate of an idiot.
Bouvier.” Conservators of the River Thames, a board of commissioners instituted by Parliament to have the conservancy of the Thames.

Con•serv´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorius.] Having the quality of preserving from loss, decay, or injury.

Con•serv´a•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorium.] 1. That which preserves from injury. [Obs.] ´A conservatory of life.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. A place for preserving anything from loss, decay, waste, or injury; particulary, a greenhouse for preserving exotic or tender plants. 3. A public place of instruction, designed to preserve and perfect the knowledge of some branch of science or art, esp. music.

Con•ser•va´trix , n. [L.] A woman who preserves from loss, injury, etc.

Con•serve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conserved p. pr. & vb. n. Conserving.] [F. conserver, L. conservare; con- + servare to keep, guard. See Serve.] 1. To keep in a safe or sound state; to save; to preserve; to protect. “The amity which … they meant to conserve and maintain with the emperor.
Strype.” 2. To prepare with sugar, etc., for the purpose of preservation, as fruits, etc.; to make a conserve of.

Con´serve , n. [F. conserve, fr. conserver.] 1. Anything which is conserved; especially, a sweetmeat prepared with sugar; a confection. “I shall … study broths, plasters, and conserves, till from a fine lady I become a notable woman.
Tatler.” 2. (Med.) A medicinal confection made of freshly gathered vegetable substances mixed with finely powdered refined sugar. See Confection. 3. A conservatory. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Con•serv´er , n. One who conserves.

Con•sid´er (kon•sid´er), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Considered (-erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Considering.] [F. considerer, L. considerare, -sideratum, to consider, view attentively, prob. fr. con- + sidus, sideris, star, constellation; orig., therefore, to look at the stars. See Sidereal, and cf. Desire.] 1. To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful examination; to think on with care; to ponder; to study; to meditate on. “I will consider thy testimonies.
Ps. cxix. 95.” “Thenceforth to speculations high or deep
I turned my thoughts, and with capacious mind
Considered all things visible.
Milton.” 2. To look at attentively; to observe; to examine. “She considereth a field, and buyeth it.
Prov. xxxi. 16.” 3. To have regard to; to take into view or account; to pay due attention to; to respect. “Consider, sir, the chance of war: the day
Was yours by accident.
Shak.” “England could grow into a posture of being more united at home, and more considered abroad.
Sir W. Temple.” 4. To estimate; to think; to regard; to view. “Considered as plays, his works are absurd.
Macaulay.” The proper sense of consider is often blended with an idea of the result of considering; as ´Blessed is he that considereth the poor.´ Ps. xli. 1.; i.e., considers with sympathy and pity. ´Which [services] if I have not enough considered.´ Shak.; i.e., requited as the sufficient considering of them would suggest. ´Consider him liberally.´ J. Hooker. Syn. — To ponder; weigh; revolve; study; reflect or meditate on; contemplate; examine. See Ponder.

Con•sid´er, v. i. 1. To think seriously; to make examination; to reflect; to deliberate. “We will consider of your suit.
Shak.” “’T were to consider too curiously, to consider so.
Shak.” “She wished she had taken a moment to consider, before rushing down stairs.
W. Black” 2. To hesitate. [Poetic & R.] Dryden.

Con•sid´er•a•ble (kon•sid´er•a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. considerable.] 1. Worthy of consideration; requiring to be observed, borne in mind, or attended to. “It is considerable, that some urns have had inscriptions on them expressing that the lamps were burning.
Bp. Wilkins.” “Eternity is infinitely the most considerable duration.
Tillotson.” 2. Of some distinction; noteworthy; influential; respectable; — said of persons. “You are, indeed, a very considerable man.
Junius.” 3. Of importance or value. “In painting, not every action, nor every person, is considerable enough to enter into the cloth.
Dryden.” “A considerable sum of money.
Prescott.”

Con•sid´er•a•ble•ness, n. Worthiness of consideration; dignity; value; size; amount.

Con•sid´er•a•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree not trifling or unimportant; greatly; much. “The breeds … differ considerably from each other.
Darwin.”

Con•sid´er•ance , n. [L. considerantia.] Act of considering; consideration. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•sid´er•ate (kon•sid´er•at), a. [L. consideratus, p. p.] 1. Given to consideration or to sober reflection; regardful of consequences or circumstances; circumspect; careful; esp. careful of the rights, claims, and feelings of others. “Of dauntless courage and considerate pride.
Milton.” “AEneas is patient, considerate, and careful of his people.
Dryden.” “The wisest and most considerate men in the world.
Sharp.” 2. Having respect to; regardful. [R.] “They may be … more considerate of praise.
Dr. H. More.” Syn. — Thoughtful; reflective; careful; discreet; prudent; deliberate; serious. See Thoughtful. — Con•sid´er•ate•ly, adv. — Con•sid´er•ate•ness, n.

Con•sid•er•a´tion (kon•sid•er•a´shun), n. [L. consideratio: cf. F. consideration.] 1. The act or process of considering; continuous careful thought; examination; contemplation; deliberation; attention. “Let us think with consideration.
Sir P. Sidney.” “Consideration, like an angel, came.
Shak.” 2. Attentive respect; appreciative regard; — used especially in diplomatic or stately correspondence. “The undersigned has the honor to repeat to Mr. Hulseman the assurance of his high consideration.
D. Webster.” “The consideration with which he was treated.
Whewell.” 3. Thoughtful or sympathetic regard or notice. “Consideration for the poor is a doctrine of the church.
Newman.” 4. Claim to notice or regard; some degree of importance or consequence. “Lucan is the only author of consideration among the Latin poets who was not explained for … the Dauphin.
Addison.” 5. The result of delibration, or of attention and examonation; matured opinion; a reflection; as considerations on the choice of a profession. 6. That which is, or should be, taken into account as a ground of opinion or action; motive; reason. “He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to search an asylum.
Dryden.” “Some considerations which are necessary to the forming of a correct judgment.
Macaulay.” 7. (Law) The cause which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement; the material cause of a contract; the price of a stripulation; compensation; equivalent. Bouvier. Consideration is what is done, or promised to be done, in exchange for a promise, and ´as a mere advantage to the promisor without detriment to the promisee would not avail, the proper test is detriment to the promisee.´ Wharton.

Con•sid´er•a•tive , a. Considerate; careful; thoughtful. [Archaic] “I love to be considerative.
B. Jonson.”

Con•sid´er•a•tor , n. One who considers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•sid´er•er , n. One who considers; a man of reflection; a thinker. Milton.

Con•sid´er•ing•ly, adv. With consideration or deliberation.

Con•sign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consigned 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Consigning.] [F. consigner, L. consignare, -signatu,, to seal or sign; con- + signare, fr. signum mark. See Sign.] 1. To give, transfer, or deliver, in a formal manner, as if by signing over into the possession of another, or into a different state, with the sense of fixedness in that state, or permanence of possession; as to consign the body to the grave. “At the day of general account, good men are to be consigned over to another state.
Atterbury.” 2. To give in charge; to commit; to intrust. “Atrides, parting for the Trojan war,
Consigned the youthful consort to his care.
Pope.” “The four evangelists consigned to writing that history.
Addison.” 3. (Com.) To send or address (by bill of lading or otherwise) to an agent or correspondent in another place, to be cared for or sold, or for the use of such correspondent; as to consign a cargo or a ship; to consign goods. 4. To assign; to devote; to set apart. “The French commander consigned it to the use for which it was intended by the donor.
Dryden.” 5. To stamp or impress; to affect. [Obs.] “Consign my spirit with great fear.
Jer. Taylor.” Syn. — To commit; deliver; intrust; resign. See Commit.

Con•sign´ , v. i. 1. To submit; to surrender or yield one’s self. [Obs.] “All lovers young, all lovers must
Consign to thee, and come to dust.
Shak.” 2. To yield consent; to agree; to acquiesce. [Obs.] “Augment or alter …
And we’ll consign thereto.
Shak.”

Con•sig´na•ta•ry , n. [Cf. Consignitary.] A consignee. [Obs.] Jenkins.

Con•sig•na´tion , n. [L. consignatio written proof, document: cf. F. consignation comsignation.] 1. The act of consigning; the act of delivering or committing to another person, place, or state. [Obs.] “So is despair a certain consignation to eternal ruin.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. The act of ratifying or establishing, as if by signing; confirmation; ratification. “A direct consignation of pardon.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. A stamp; an indication; a sign. [Obs.] “The most certain consignations of an excellent virtue.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•sig´na•to•ry , n. [Cf. Consignitary.] One of several that jointly sign a written instrument, as a treaty. Fallows.

Con•sig´na•ture 135), n. Joint signature. [R.] Colgrave.

Con´signe , n. [F.] (Mil.) (a) A countersign; a watchword. (b) One who is orders to keep within certain limits.

Con•sign•ee´ ( 277), n. [F. consign, p. p. of consigner.] The person to whom goods or other things are consigned; a factor; — correlative to consignor. “Consigner and consignee are used by merchants to express generally the shipper of merchandise, and the person to whom it is addressed, by bill of lading or otherwise.
De Colange.”

Con•sign´er , n. One who consigns. See Consignor.

Con•sig•nif´i•cant , a. Having joint or equal signification; synonymous. [R.] Spelman.

Con•sig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. Joint signification. [R.]

Con•sig•nif´i•ca•tive , a. Consignificant; jointly significate. [R.]

Con•sig´ni•fy , v. t. [Pref. con- + sognify.] To signify or denote in combination with something else. “The cipher … only serves to connote and consignify, and to change the value or the figures.
Horne Tooke.”

Con•sign´ment , n. 1. The act of consigning; consignation. 2. (Com.) The act of consigning or sending property to an agent or correspondent in another place, as for care, sale, etc. 3. (Com.) That which is consigned; the goods or commodities sent or addressed to a consignee at one time or by one conveyance. “To increase your consignments of this valuable branch of national commerce.
Burke.” 4. The writing by which anything is consigned.

Con•sign´or (? or ; 277), n. One who consigns something to another; — opposed to consignee. [Written also consigner.]

Con•sil´i•ence , n. [con- + salire to leap.] Act of concurring; coincidence; concurrence. “The consilience of inductions takes place when one class of facts coincides with an induction obtained from another different class.
Whewell.” { Con•si•mil´i•tude , Con•si•mil´i•ty }, n. [Cf. F. consimilitude. See Similitude.] Common resemblance. [Obs.] Aubrey.

Con•sist´ (kon•sist´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consisting.] [L. consistere to stand still or firm; con- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, stare to stand: cf. F. consister. See Stand.] 1. To stand firm; to be in a fixed or permanent state, as a body composed of parts in union or connection; to hold together; to be; to exist; to subsist; to be supported and maintained. “He is before all things, and by him all things consist.
Col. i. 17.” 2. To be composed or made up; — followed by of. “The land would consist of plains and valleys.
T. Burnet.” 3. To have as its substance or character, or as its foundation; to be; — followed by in. “If their purgation did consist in words.
Shak.” “A man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.
Luke xii. 15.” 4. To be consistent or harmonious; to be in accordance; — formerly used absolutely, now followed by with. “This was a consisting story.
Bp. Burnet.” “Health consists with temperance alone.
Pope.” “For orders and degrees
Jar not with liberty, but well consist.
Milton.” 5. To insist; — followed by on. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To Consist, Consist of, Consist in. The verb consist is employed chiefly for two purposes, which are marked and distinguished by the prepositions used. When we wish to indicate the parts which unite to compose a thing, we use of; as when we say, ´Macaulay’s Miscellanies consist chiefly of articles which were first published in the Edinburgh Review.´ When we wish to indicate the true nature of a thing, or that on which it depends, we use in; as ´There are some artists whose skill consists in a certain manner which they have affected.´ ´Our safety consists in a strict adherence to duty.´ { Con•sist´ence (kon•sis´tens), Con•sist´en•cy (-sis´ten•sy) }, n. [Cf. F. consistance.] 1. The condition of standing or adhering together, or being fixed in union, as the parts of a body; existence; firmness; coherence; solidity. “Water, being divided, maketh many circles, till it restore itself to the natural consistence.
Bacon.” “We are as water, weak, and of no consistence.
Jer. Taylor.” “The same form, substance, and consistency.
T. Burnet.” 2. A degree of firmness, density, or spissitude. “Let the expressed juices be boiled into the consistence of a sirup.
Arbuthnot.” 3. That which stands together as a united whole; a combination. “The church of God, as meaning the whole consistence of orders and members.
Milton.” 4. Firmness of constitution or character; substantiality; durability; persistency. “His friendship is of a noble make and a lasting consistency.
South.” 5. Agreement or harmony of all parts of a complex thing among themselves, or of the same thing with itself at different times; the harmony of conduct with profession; congruity; correspondence; as the consistency of laws, regulations, or judicial decisions; consistency of opinions; consistency of conduct or of character. “That consistency of behavior whereby he inflexibly pursues those measures which appear the most just.
Addison.” “Consistency, thou art a jewel.
Popular Saying.”

Con•sist´ent , a. [L. consistens, p. pr.: cf. F. consistant.] 1. Possessing firmness or fixedness; firm; hard; solid. “The humoral and consistent parts of the body.
Harvey.” 2. Having agreement with itself or with something else; having harmony among its parts; possesing unity; accordant; harmonious; congruous; compatible; uniform; not contradictory. “Show me one that has it in his power
To act consistent with himself an hour.
Pope.” “With reference to such a lord, to serve and to be free are terms not consistent only, but equivalent.
South.” 3. Living or acting in conformity with one’s belief or professions. “It was utterly to be at once a consistent Quaker and a conspirator.
Macaulay.”

Con•sist´ent•ly, adv. In a consistent manner.

Con•sis•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. consistorial.] Of or pertaining to a consistory. ´Consistorial laws.´ Hooker. ´Consistorial courts.´ Bp. Hoadley.

Con•sis•to´rian , a. Pertaining to a Presbyterian consistory; — a contemptuous term of 17th century controversy. “You fall next on the consistorian schismatics; for so you call Presbyterians.
Milton.”

Con•sis´to•ry (? or 277) n.; pl. Consistories (#). [L. consistorium a place of assembly, the place where the emperor’s council met, fr. consistere: cf. F. consistoire, It. consistorio. See Consist.] 1. Primarily, a place of standing or staying together; hence, any solemn assembly or council. “To council summons all his mighty peers,
Within thick clouds and dark tenfold involved,
A gloomy consistory.
Milton.” 2. (Eng. Ch.) The spiritual court of a diocesan bishop held before his chancellor or commissioner in his cathedral church or elsewhere. Hook. 3. (R. C. Ch.) An assembly of prelates; a session of the college of cardinals at Rome. “Pius was then hearing of causes in consistory.
Bacon.” 4. A church tribunal or governing body. In some churches, as the Dutch Reformed in America, a consistory is composed of the minister and elders of an individual church, corresponding to a Presbyterian church session, and in others, as the Reformed church in France, it is composed of ministers and elders, corresponding to a presbytery. In some Lutheran countries it is a body of clerical and lay officers appointed by the sovereign to superintend ecclesiastical affairs. 5. A civil court of justice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•sis´to•ry, a. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a consistory. ´To hold consistory session.´ Strype.

Con•so´ci•ate , n. [L. consociatus, p. p. of consociare to associate, unite; con- + sociare to join, unite. See Social.] An associate; an accomplice. [Archaic] ´Wicked consociates.´ Bp. Hall.

Con•so´ci•ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consociated p. pr. & vb. n. Consociating.] 1. To bring into alliance, confederacy, or relationship; to bring together; to join; to unite. [R.] “Join pole to pole, consociate severed worlds.
Mallet.” 2. To unite in an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

Con•so´ci•ate, v. i. 1. To be allied, confederated, or associated; to coalescence. [R.] Bentley. 2. To form an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

Con•so•ci•a´tion , n. [L. consociatio.] 1. Intimate union; fellowship; alliance; companionship; confederation; association; intimacy. “A friendly consociation with your kindred elements.
Warburton.” 2. A voluntary and permanent council or union of neighboring Congregational churches, for mutual advice and coöperation in ecclesiastical matters; a meeting of pastors and delegates from churches thus united. In Connecticut some of the Congregational churhes are associated in consociations and the others in conferences.

Con•so•ci•a´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a consociation. [U.S.]

Con•sol´a•ble , a. [L. consolabilis: cf. F. consolable.] Capable of receiving consolation.

Con´so•late , v. t. [L. consolatus, p. p. See Console, v. t.] To console; to comfort. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•so•la´tion , n. [L. consolatio: cf. F. consolation.] The act of consoling; the state of being consoled; allevation of misery or distress of mind; refreshment of spirit; comfort; that which consoles or comforts the spirit. “Against such cruelties
With inward consolations recompensed.
Milton.” “Are the consolations of God small with thee?
Job xv. 11.” Syn. — Comfort; solace; allevation. See Comfort.

Con•so•la´to del ma´re [It., the consulate of the sea.] A collection of maritime laws of disputed origin, supposed to have been first published at Barcelona early in the 14th century. It has formed the basis of most of the subsequent collections of maritime laws. Kent. Bouvier.

Con´so•la•tor , n. [L.] One who consoles or comforts. Johnson.

Con•sol´a•to•ry , a. [L. consolatorius.] Of a consoling or comforting nature. “The punishment of tyrants is a noble and awful act of justice; and it has with truth been said to be consolatory to the human mind.
Burke.”

Con•sol´a•to•ry, n. That which consoles; a speech or writing intended for consolation. [R.] Milton.

Con•sole´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consoled p. pr. & vb. n. Consoling.] [L. consolari,. p. p. consolatus; con- + solari to console, comfort: cf. F. consoler. See Solace.] To cheer in distress or depression; to alleviate the grief and raise the spirits of; to relieve; to comfort; to soothe. “And empty heads console with empty sound.
Pope.” “I am much consoled by the reflection that the religion of Christ has been attacked in vain by all the wits and philosophers, and its triumph has been complete.
P. Henry.” Syn. — To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encourage; support. See Comfort.

Con´sole , n. [F.] (Arch.) (a) A bracket whose projection is not more than half its height. (b) Any small bracket; also a console table. Console table, a table whose top is supported by two or more consoles instead of legs.

Con•sol´er , n. One who gives consolation.

Con•sol´i•dant , a. [L. consolidans, p. pr. of consolidare: cf. F. consolidant.] Serving to unite or consolidate; having the quality of consolidating or making firm.

Con•sol´i•date , a. [L. consolidatus, p. pr. of consolidare to make firm; con- + solidare to make firm; solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Consound.] Formed into a solid mass; made firm; consolidated. [R.] “A gentleman [should learn to ride] while he is tender and the brawns and sinews of his thighs not fully consolidate.
Elyot.”

Con•sol´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consolidated p. pr. & vb. n. Consolidating ] 1. To make solid; to unite or press together into a compact mass; to harden or make dense and firm. “He fixed and consolidated the earth.
T. Burnet.” 2. To unite, as various particulars, into one mass or body; to bring together in close union; to combine; as to consolidate the armies of the republic. “Consolidating numbers into unity.
Wordsworth.” 3. (Surg.) To unite by means of applications, as the parts of a broken bone, or the lips of a wound. [R.] Syn. — To unite; combine; harden; compact; condense; compress.

Con•sol´i•date, v. i. To grow firm and hard; to unite and become solid; as moist clay consolidates by drying. “In hurts and ulcers of the head, dryness maketh them more apt to consolidate.
Bacon.”

Con•sol´i•da•ted , p. p. & a. 1. Made solid, hard, or compact; united; joined; solidified. “The Aggregate Fund … consisted of a great variety of taxes and surpluses of taxes and duties which were [in 1715] consolidated.
Rees.” “A mass of partially consolidated mud.
Tyndall.” 2. (Bot.) Having a small surface in proportion to bulk, as in the cactus. “Consolidated plants are evidently adapted and designed for very dry regions; in such only they are found.
Gray.” The Consolidated Fund, a British fund formed by consolidating (in 1787) three public funds (the Aggregate Fund, the General Fund, and the South Sea Fund). In 1816, the larger part of the revenues of Great Britian and Ireland was assigned to what has been known as the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom, out of which are paid the interest of the national debt, the salaries of the civil list, etc.

Con•sol•i•da´tion , n. [L. consolidatio a confirming: cf. F. consolidation.] 1. The act or process of consolidating, making firm, or uniting; the state of being consolidated; solidification; combination. “The consolidation of the marble and of the stone did not fall out at random.
Woodward.” “The consolidation of the great European monarchies.
Hallam.” 2. (Bot.) To organic cohesion of different circled in a flower; adnation. 3. (Law) The combination of several actions into one.

Con•sol´i•da•tive , a. [Cf. F. consolidatif.] Tending or having power to consolidate; healing.

Con•sol´ing , a. Adapted to console or comfort; cheering; as this is consoling news.

Con´sols (? or ; 277), n. pl. [A contraction of consolidated (annuities).] The leading British funded government security. A considerable part of the public debt of Great Britian, which had been contracted in the form of annuities yielding various rates of interest, was in 1757, consolidated into one fund at 3 per cent interest, the account of which is kept at the Bank of England. This debt has been diminished and increased at different times, and now constitutes somewhat more than half of the entire national debt. The stocks are transferable, and Their value in the market constantly fluctuates; the price at any time being regarded as a gauge of the national prosperity and public confidence.

Con•som•m´e , n. [F., lit. p. p. of consommer to finish.] (Cookery) A clear soup or bouillion boiled down so as to be very rich. { Con´so•nance , Con´so•nan•cy }, n. [L. consonantia: cf. F. consonnance.] 1. (Mus.) Accord or agreement of sounds produced simultaneously, as a note with its third, fifth, and eighth. 2. Agreement or congruity; harmony; accord; consistency; suitableness. “The perfect consonancy of our persecuted church to the doctrines of Scripture and antiquity.
Hammond.” “The optic nerve responds to the waves with which it is in consonance.
Tyndall.” 3. Friendship; concord. [Obs.] “By the consonancy of our youth.
Shak.” Syn. — Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; congruity; suitableness; agreeableness.

Con´so•nant , a. [L. consonans, -antis; p. pr. of consonare to sound at the same time, agree; con- + sonare to sound: cf. F. consonnant. See Sound to make a noise.] 1. Having agreement; congruous; consistent; according; — usually followed by with or to. “Each one pretends that his opinion … is consonant to the words there used.
Bp. Beveridge.” “That where much is given there shall be much required is a thing consonant with natural equity.
Dr. H. More.” 2. Having like sounds. “Consonant words and syllables.
Howell.” 3. (Mus.) harmonizing together; accordant; as consonant tones, consonant chords. 4. Of or pertaining to consonants; made up of, or containing many, consonants. “No Russian whose dissonant consonant name
Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame.
T. Moore.”

Con´so•nant, n. [L. consonans, -antis.] An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also a letter or character representing such a sound. Consonants are divided into various classes, as mutes, spirants, sibilants, nasals, semivowels, etc. All of them are sounds uttered through a closer position of the organs than that of a vowel proper, although the most open of them, as the semivowels and nasals, are capable of being used as if vowels, and forming syllables with other closer consonants, as in the English feeble (-b’l), taken (-k’n). All the consonants excepting the mutes may be indefinitely, prolonged in utterance without the help of a vowel, and even the mutes may be produced with an aspirate instead of a vocal explosion. Vowels and consonants may be regarded as the two poles in the scale of sounds produced by gradual approximation of the organ, of speech from the most open to the closest positions, the vowel being more open, the consonant closer; but there is a territory between them where the sounds produced partake of the qualities of both. ´A consonant is the result of audible friction, squeezing, or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth (or occasionally of the throath.) The main distinction between vowels and consonants is, that while in the former the mouth configuration merely modifies the vocalized breath, which is therefore an essential element of the vowels, in consonants the narrowing or stopping of the oral passage is the foundation of the sound, and the state of the glottis is something secondary.´ H. Sweet.

Con•so•nan´tal , a. Of the nature of a consonant; pertaining to consonants.

Con´so•nant•ize , v. t. To change into, or use as a consonant. ´The vowel is consonantized, that is, made closer in position.´ Peile.

Con´so•nant•ly, adv. In a consonant, consistent, or congruous manner; agreeably.

Con´so•nant•ness, n. The quality or condition of being consonant, agreeable, or consistent.

Con´so•nous , a. [L. consonus. See Consonant.] Agreeing in sound; symphonious.

Con•so•pi•a´tion , n. The act of sleeping, or of lulling, to sleep. [Obs.] Pope.

Con´so•pite (kon´so•pit), a. [L. consopitus, p. p. of consopire.] Lulled to sleep. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con´so•pite, v. t. To lull to sleep; to quiet; to compose. [Obs.] “The operation of the masculine faculties of the soul were, for a while, well slacked and consopited.
Dr. H. More.”

Con´sort (kon´sôrt), n. [L. consore, -sortis; con- + sors lot, fate, share. See Sort.] 1. One who shares the lot of another; a companion; a partner; especially, a wife or husband. Milton. “He single chose to live, and shunned to wed,
Well pleased to want a consort of his bed.
Dryden.” “The consort of the queen has passed from this troubled sphere.
Thakeray.” “The snow-white gander, invariably accompanied by his darker consort.
Darwin.” 2. (Naut.) A ship keeping company with another. 3. Concurrence; conjunction; combination; association; union. ´By Heaven’s consort.´ Fuller. ´Working in consort.´ Hare. “Take it singly, and it carries an air of levity; but, in consort with the rest, has a meaning quite different.
Atterbury.” 4. [LL. consortium.] An assembly or association of persons; a company; a group; a combination. [Obs.] “In one consort’ there sat
Cruel revenge and rancorous despite,
Disloyal treason, and heart-burning hate.
Spenser.” “Lord, place me in thy consort.
Herbert.” 5. [Perh. confused with concert.] Harmony of sounds; concert, as of musical instruments. [Obs.] Milton. “To make a sad consort’;
Come, let us join our mournful song with theirs.
Spenser.” Prince consort, the husband of a queen regnant. — Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen dowager, the window of a king.

Con•sort´ (kon•sôrt´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consorting.] To unite or to keep company; to associate; — used with with. “Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee?
Dryden.”

Con•sort´, v. t. 1. To unite or join, as in affection, harmony, company, marriage, etc.; to associate. “He with his consorted Eve.
Milton.” “For all that pleasing is to living ears
Was there consorted in one harmony.
Spenser.” “He begins to consort himself with men.
Locke.” 2. To attend; to accompany. [Obs.] “Thou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here,
Shalt with him hence.
Shak.”

Con•sort´a•ble (kon•sôrt´a•b’l), a. Suitable for association or companionship. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Con•sor´tion (kon•sôr´shun), n. [L. consortio.] Fellowship; association; companionship. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con´sort•ship (kon´sôrt•ship), n. The condition of a consort; fellowship; partnership. Hammond.

Con´sound (-sound), n. [Corrupted fr. F. consoude, fr L. consolida comfrey (so called because supposed to have healing power); con- + solidus solid, consolidare to make solid. Cf. Comfrey, Consolidate.] (Bot.) A name applied loosely to several plants of different genera, esp. the comfrey.

Con•spe•cif´ic (kon•spe•sif´ik), a. Of the same species.

Con•spec•tu´i•ty (- spek•tu´i•ty), n.; pl. Conspectuities (-tiz). The faculty of seeing; sight; eye. [A word of Menenius’s making. Coriolanus ii. 1.] Shak.

Con•spec´tus (kon•spek´tus), n. A general sketch or outline of a subject; a synopsis; an epitome.

Con•sper´sion , n. [L. conspersio, fr. conspergere to sprinkle.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] “The conspersion washing the doorposts.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•spi•cu´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being clear or bright; brightness; conspicuousness. [R.] Chapman.

Con•spic´u•ous , a. [L. conspicuus, fr. conspicere to get sight of, to perceive; con- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy] 1. Open to the view; obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; plainly visible; manifest; attracting the eye. “It was a rock
Of alabaster, piled up to the clouds,
Conspicious far.
Milton.” “Conspicious by her veil and hood,
Signing the cross, the abbess stood.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. Obvious to the mental eye; easily recognized; clearly defined; notable; prominent; eminent; distinguished; as a conspicuous excellence, or fault. “A man who holds a conspicuous place in the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of England.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prominent; celebrated. See Distinguished. — Con•spic´u•ous•ly, adv. — Con•spic´u•ous•ness, n.

Con•spir´a•cy , n.; pl. Conspiracies (#). [See Conspiration.] 1. A combination of men for an evil purpose; an agreement, between two or more persons, to commit a crime in concert, as treason; a plot. “When shapen was all his conspiracy
From point to point.
Chaucer.” “They made a conspiracy against [Amaziah].
2 Kings xiv. 19.” “I had forgot that foul conspiracy” “Of the beast Caliban and his confederates.
Shak.” 2. A concurence or general tendency, as of circumstances, to one event, as if by agreement. “A conspiracy in all heavenly and earthly things.
Sir P. Sidney.” 3. (Law) An agreement, manifesting itself in words or deeds, by which two or more persons confederate to do an unlawful act, or to use unlawful to do an act which is lawful; confederacy. Syn. — Combination; plot; cabal.

Con•spir´ant , a. [L. conspirans, p. pr. of conspirare: cf. F. conspirant.] Engaging in a plot to commit a crime; conspiring. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•spi•ra´tion , n. [F. conspiration, L. conspiratio.] Agreement or concurrence for some end or purpose; conspiracy. [R.] “As soon as it was day, certain Jews made a conspiration.
Udall.” “In our natural body every part has a nacassary sympathy with every other, and all together form, by their harmonious onspiration, a healthy whole.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•spir´a•tor , n. One who engages in a conspiracy; a plotter. 2 Sam. xv. 31.

Con•spire´ (kon•spir´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conspired (- spird´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conspiring.] [F. conspirer, L. conspirare to blow together, harmonize, agree, plot; con- + spirare to breathe, blow. See Spirit.] 1. To make an agreement, esp. a secret agreement, to do some act, as to commit treason or a crime, or to do some unlawful deed; to plot together. “They conspired against [Joseph] to slay him.
Gen. xxxvii. 18.” “You have conspired against our royal person,
Joined with an enemy proclaimed.
Shak.” 2. To concur to one end; to agree. “The press, the pulpit, and the stage
Conspire to censure and expose our age.
Roscommon.” Syn. — To unite; concur; complot; confederate; league.

Con•spire´, v. t. To plot; to plan; to combine for. “Angry clouds conspire your overthrow.
Bp. Hall.”

Con•spir´er , n. One who conspires; a conspirator.

Con•spir´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of a conspirator; by conspiracy. Milton.

Con•spis•sa´tion , n. [L. conspissatio, fr. conspissare to make thick.] A making thick or viscous; thickness; inspissation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Con•spur´cate , v. t. [L. conspurcatus, p. p. of conspurcare.] To pollute; to defile. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Con•spur•ca´tion , n. [L. conspurcare, -spuratum, to defile.] The act of defiling; defilement; pollution. Bp. Hall.

Con´sta•ble (kun´sta•b’l), n. [OE. conestable, constable, a constable (in sense 1), OF. conestable, F. connetable, LL. conestabulus, constabularius, comes stabuli, orig., count of the stable, master of the horse, equerry; comes count (L. companion) + L. stabulum stable. See Count a nobleman, and Stable.] 1. A high officer in the monarchical establishments of the Middle Ages. The constable of France was the first officer of the crown, and had the chief command of the army. It was also his duty to regulate all matters of chivalry. The office was suppressed in 1627. The constable, or lord high constable, of England, was one of the highest officers of the crown, commander in chief of the forces, and keeper of the peace of the nation. He also had judicial cognizance of many important matters. The office was as early as the Conquest, but has been disused (except on great and solemn occasions), since the attainder of Stafford, duke of Buckingham, in the reign of Henry VIII. 2. (Law) An officer of the peace having power as a conservator of the public peace, and bound to execute the warrants of judicial officers. Bouvier. In England, at the present time, the constable is a conservator of the peace within his district, and is also charged by various statutes with other duties, such as serving summons, precepts, warrants, etc. In the United States, constables are town or city officers of the peace, with powers similar to those of the constables of England. In addition to their duties as conservators of the peace, they are invested with others by statute, such as to execute civil as well as criminal process in certain cases, to attend courts, keep juries, etc. In some cities, there are officers called high constables, who act as chiefs of the constabulary or police force. In other cities the title of constable, as well as the office, is merged in that of the police officer. High constable, a constable having certain duties and powers within a hundred. [Eng.] — Petty constable, a conservator of the peace within a parish or tithing; a tithingman. [Eng.] — Special constable, a person appointed to act as constable of special occasions. — To overrun, or outrun, the constable, to spend more than one’s income; to get into debt. [Colloq.] Smollett.

Con´sta•bler•y (? or ), n. [OF. conestablerie. Cf. Constabulary.] 1. The constabulary. [Obs.] 2. The district or jurisdiction of a constable. [Obs.]

Con´sta•bleship , n. The office or functions of a constable.

Con´sta•bless, n. The wife of a constable. [Obs.]

Con´sta•ble•wick , n. [Constable + wick a village] The district to which a constable’s power is limited. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Con•stab´u•la•ry , a. [LL. constabularius an equerry. See Constable.] Of or pertaining to constables; consisting of constables.

Con•stab´u•la•ry, n. The collective body of constables in any town, district, or country.

Con•stab´u•la•to•ry , n. A constabulary. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Con´stan•cy , n. [L. constantia: cf. F. constance. See Constant.] 1. The state or quality of being constant or steadfast; freedom from change; stability; fixedness; immutability; as the constancy of God in his nature and attributes. 2. Fixedness or firmness of mind; persevering resolution; especially, firmness of mind under sufferings, steadiness in attachments, or perseverance in enterprise; stability; fidelity. “A fellow of plain uncoined constancy.
Shak.” “Constancy and contempt of danger.
Prescott.” Syn. — Fixedness; stability; firmness; steadiness; permanence; steadfastness; resolution. See Firmness.

Con´stant , a. [L. onstans, -antis, p. pr. of constare to stand firm, to be consistent; con- + stare to stand: cf. F. constant. See Stand and cf. Cost, v. t.] 1. Firm; solid; fixed; immovable; — opposed to fluid. [Obs.] “If … you mix them, you may turn these two fluid liquors into a constant body.
Boyle.” 2. Not liable, or given, to change; permanent; regular; continuous; continually recurring; steadfast; faithful; not fickle. “Both loving one fair maid, they yet remained constant friends.
Sir P. Sidney.” “I am constant to my purposes.
Shak.” “His gifts, his constant courtship, nothing gained.
Dryden.” “Onward the constant current sweeps.
Longfellow.” 3. (Math. & Physics) Remaining unchanged or invariable, as a quantity, force, law, etc. Contrasted with variable. 4. Consistent; logical. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unalterable; immutable; invariable; perpetual; continual; resolute; firm; unshaken; determined. — Constant, Continual, Perpetual. These words are sometimes used in an absolute and sometimes in a qualified sense. Constant denotes, in its absolute sense, unchangeably fixed; as a constant mind or purpose. In its qualified sense, it marks something as a ´standing´ fact or occurence; as liable to constant interruptions; constantly called for. Continual, in its absolute sense, coincides with continuous. See Continuous. In its qualified sense, it describes a thing as occuring in steady and rapid succession; as a round of continual calls; continually changing. Perpetual denotes, in its absolute sense, what literally never ceases or comes to an end; as perpetual motion. In its qualified sense, it is used hyperbolically, and denotes that which rarely ceases; as perpetual disturbance; perpetual noise; perpetual intermeddling.

Con´stant, n. 1. That which is not subject to change; that which is invariable. 2. (Math.) A quantity that does not change its value; — used in countradistinction to variable. Absolute constant (Math.), one whose value is absolutely the same under all circumstances, as the number 10, or any numeral. — Arbitrary constant, an undetermined constant in a differential equation having the same value during all changes in the values of the variables.

Con•stan´ti•a (? or ), n. A superior wine, white and red, from Constantia, in Cape Colony.

Con´stant•ly , adv. With constancy; steadily; continually; perseveringly; without cessation; uniformly. “But she constantly affirmed that it was even so.
Acts. xii. 15.”

Con´stat , n. [L., it is evident.] (Law) A certificate showing what appears upon record touching a matter in question.

Con•state´ , v. t. [F. constater; L. con- + stare to stand.] To ascertain; to verify; to establish; to prove. F. P. Cobbe.

Con´stel•late (? or ), v. i. [Pref. con- + L. stellatus, p. p. of stellare to cover with stars, stella star. See Stellate.] To join luster; to shine with united radiance, or one general light. [R.] “The several things which engage our affections … shine forth and constellate in God.
Boule.”

Con´stel•late, v. t. 1. To unite in one luster or radiance, as stars. [R.] “Whe know how to constellate these lights.
Boyle.” 2. To set or adorn with stars or constellations; as constellated heavens. J. Barlow.

Con•stel•la´tion , n. [F. constellation, L. constellatio.] 1. A cluster or group of fixed stars, or division of the heavens, designated in most cases by the name of some animal, or of some mythologial personage, within whose imaginary outline, as traced upon the heavens, the group is included. “The constellations seem to have been almost purposely named and delineated to cause as much confusion and inconvenience as possible.
Sir J. Herschel.” In each of the constellations now recognized by astronomers (about 90 in number) the brightest stars, both named and unnamed, are designated nearly in the order of brilliancy by the letters of the Greek alphabet; as α Tauri (Aldebaran) is the first star of Taurus, γ Orionis (Bellatrix) is the third star of Orion. 2. An assemblage of splendors or excellences. “The constellations of genius had already begun to show itself … which was to shed a glory over the meridian and close of Philip’s reign.
Prescott.” 3. Fortune; fate; destiny. [Obs.] “It is constellation, which causeth all that a man doeth.
Gower.”

Con•ster•na´tion , n. [L. consternatio, fr. consternare to overome, perplex, an accessory form of consternere to throw down, prostrate; con + sternere to spread out, throw down: cf. F. consternation. See Stratum.] Amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for reflection; terror, combined with amazement; dismay. “The chiefs around,
In silence wrapped, in consternation drowned.
Attend the stern reply.
Pope.” Syn. — Alarm; fright; amazement; astonishment; surprise; panic; perturbation. See Alarm.

Con´sti•pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Constipating.] [L. constipatus, p. p. of constipare; con- + stipare to crowd together. See Costive.] 1. To crowd or cram into a narrow compass; to press together or condense. [Obs.] “Of cold the property is to condense and constipate.
Bacon.” 2. To stop (a channel) by filling it, and preventing passage through it; as to constipate the capillary vessels. 3. (Med.) To render costive; to cause constipation in.

Con•sti•pa´tion , n. [L. constipatio a crowding together: cf. F. constipation.] 1. Act of crowding anything into a less compass, or the state of being crowded or pressed together; condensation. [Obs.] “Fullness of matter, or a pretty close constipation … of its particles.
Boyle.” 2. A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened faeces; costiveness.

Con•stit´u•en•cy , n.; pl. Constituencies . A body of constituents, as the body of citizens or voters in a representative district.

Con•stit´u•ent , a. [L. constituens, -entis, p. pr. See Constitute.] 1. Serving to form, compose, or make up; elemental; component. “Body, soul, and reason are the three parts necessarily constituent of a man.
Dryden.” 2. Having the power of electing or appointing. “A question of right arises between the constituent and representative body.
Junius.”

Con•stit´u•ent, n. 1. The person or thing which constitutes, determines, or constructs. “Their first composure and origination require a higher and nobler constituent than chance.
Sir M. Hale” 2. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part; a component; an element. “We know how to bring these constituents together, and to cause them to form water.
Tyndall.” 3. One for whom another acts; especially, one who is represented by another in a legislative assembly; — correlative to representative. “The electors in the district of a representative in Congress, or in the legislature of a State, are termed his constituents.
Abbot.” “To appeal from the representatives to the constituents.
Macaulay.” 4. (Law) A person who appoints another to act for him as attorney in fact. Burrill.

Con´sti•tute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constituted; p. pr. & vb. n. Constituting.] [L. constitutus, p. p. of constiture to constitute; con- + statuere to place, set, fr. status station, fr. stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. To cause to stand; to establish; to enact. “Laws appointed and constituted by lawful authority.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. To make up; to compose; to form. “Truth and reason constitute that intellectual gold that defies destruction.
Johnson.” 3. To appoint, depute, or elect to an office; to make and empower. “Me didst Thou constitute a priest of thine.
Wordsworth.” Constituted authorities, the officers of government, collectively, as of a nation, city, town, etc. Bartlett.

Con´sti•tute , n. An established law. [Obs.] T. Preston.

Con´sti•tu•ter , n. One who constitutes or appoints.

Con•sti•tu´tion , n. [F. constitution, L. constitute.] 1. The act or process of constituting; the action of enacting, establishing, or appointing; enactment; establishment; formation. 2. The state of being; that form of being, or structure and connection of parts, which constitutes and characterizes a system or body; natural condition; structure; texture; conformation. “The physical constitution of the sun.
Sir J. Herschel.” 3. The aggregate of all one’s inherited physical qualities; the aggregate of the vital powers of an individual, with reference to ability to endure hardship, resist disease, etc.; as a robust constitution. “Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by the vices or luxuries of the old world.
Story.” 4. The aggregate of mental qualities; temperament. “He defended himself with … less passion than was expected from his constitution.
Clarendon.” 5. The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of men, embodied in written documents, or implied in the institutions and usages of the country or society; also a written instrument embodying such organic law, and laying down fundamental rules and principles for the conduct of affairs. “Our constitution had begun to exist in times when statesmen were not much accustomed to frame exact definitions.
Macaulay.” In England the constitution is unwritten, and may be modified from time to time by act of Parliament. In the United States a constitution cannot ordinarily be modified, exept through such processes as the constitution itself ordains. 6. An authoritative ordinance, regulation or enactment; especially, one made by a Roman emperor, or one affecting ecclesiastical doctrine or discipline; as the constitutions of Justinian. “The positive constitutions of our own churches.
Hooker.” “A constitution of Valentinian addressed to Olybrius, then prefect of Rome, for the regulation of the conduct of advocates.
George Long.” Apostolic constitutions. See under Apostolic.

Con•sti•tu´tion•al , a. [f. F. constitutionnel.] 1. Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution, or in the structure of body or mind; as a constitutional infirmity; constitutional ardor or dullness. 2. In accordance with, or authorized by, the constitution of a state or a society; as constitutional reforms. 3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitution; as constitutional government; constitutional rights. Hallam. 4. Relating to a constitution, or establishment form of government; as a constitutional risis. “The anient constitutional traditions of the state.
Macaulay.” 5. For the benefit or one’s constitution or health; as a constitutional walk. [Colloq.] Constitutional law, law that relates to the constitution, as a permanent system of political and juridical government, as distinguished from statutory and common law, which relate to matters subordinate to such constitution.

Con•sti•tu´tion•al, n. A walk or other exercise taken for one’s health or constitution. [Colloq.] Thackeray. “The men trudged diurnal constitutionals along the different roads.
Compton Reade.”

Con•sti•tu´tion•al•ism , n. The theory, principles, or authority of constitutional government; attachment or adherence to a constitution or constitutional government. Carlyle.

Con•sti•tu´tion•al•ist, n. One who advocates a constitutional form of government; a constitutionalist.

Con•sti•tu•tion•al´i•ty , n.; pl. -ties (#). [f. F. constitutionalite.] 1. The quality or state of being constitutional, or inherent in the natural frame. 2. The state of being consistent with the constitution or frame of government, or of being authorized by its provisions. Burke. “Constitutionalities, bottomless cavilings and questionings about written laws.
Carlyle.”

Con•sti•tu´tion•al•ly , adv. 1. In accordance with the constitution or natural disposition of the mind or body; naturally; as he was constitutionally timid. “The English were constitutionally humane.
Hallam.” 2. In accordance with the constitution or fundamental law; legally; as he was not constitutionally appointed. “Nothing would indue them to acknowledge that [such] an assembly … was constitutionally a Parliament.
Macaulay.”

Con•sti•tu´tion•ist, n. One who adheres to the constitution of the country. Bolingbroke.

Con´sti•tu•tive , a. 1. Tending or assisting to constitute or compose; elemental; essential. “An ingredient and constitutive part of every virtue.
Barrow.” 2. Having power to enact, establish, or create; instituting; determining. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con´sti•tu•tive•ly, adv. In a constitutive manner.

Con•strain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constrained p. pr. & vb. n. Constraining.] [OF. constraindre, F. contrainde, L. constringere; con- + stringere to draw tight. See Strain, and. cf. Constrict, Constringe.] 1. To secure by bonds; to chain; to bond or confine; to hold tightly; to constringe. “He binds in chains
The drowsy prophet, and his limbs constrains.
Dryden.” “When winter frosts constrain the fields with cold.
Dryden.” 2. To bring into a narrow compass; to compress. “How the strait stays the slender waist constrain.
Gay.” 3. To hold back by force; to restrain; to repress. “My sire in caves constrains the winds.
Dryden.” 4. To compel; to force; to necessitate; to oblige. “The love of Christ constraineth us.
2. Cor. v. 14.” “I was constrained to appeal unto Caesar.
Acts xxviii. 19.” 5. To violate; to ravish. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To produce in such a manner as to give an unnatural effect; as a constrained voice. Syn. — To compel; force; drive; impel; urge; press.

Con•strain´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. constraignable, F. contraignable.] Capable of being constrained; liable to constraint, or to restraint. Hooker.

Con•strained´ , a. Marked by constraint; not free; not voluntary; embarrassed; as a constrained manner; a constrained tone.

Con•strain´ed•ly , adv. By constraint or compulsion; in a constrained manner. Hooker.

Con•strain´er , n. One who constrains.

Con•straint´ , n. [OF. constrainte, F. constrainte.] The act of constraining, or the state of being constrained; that which compels to, or restrains from, action; compulsion; restraint; necessity. “Long imprisonment and hard constraint.
Spenser.” “Not by constraint, but by my choice, I came.
Dryden.” Syn. — Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. — Constraint, Compulsion. Constraint implies strong binding force; as the constraint of necessity; the constraint of fear. Compulsion implies the exertion of some urgent impelling force; as driven by compulsion. The former prevents us from acting agreeably to our wishes; the latter forces us to act contrary to our will. Compulsion is always produced by some active agent; a constraint may be laid upon us by the forms of civil society, or by other outward circumstances. Crabb.

Con•straint´ive , a. Constraining; compulsory. [R.] ´Any constraintive vow.´ R. Carew.

Con•strict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Constricting.] [L. constrictus, p. p. of constringere. See Constrain.] To draw together; to render narrower or smaller; to bind; to cramp; to contract or cause to shrink. “Such things as constrict the fibers.
Arbuthnot.” “Membranous organs inclosing a cavity which their contraction serves to constrict.
Todd & Bowman.”

Con•strict´ed, a. 1. Drawn together; bound; contracted; cramped. 2. (Bot.) Contracted or compressed so as to be smaller in certain places or parts than in others.

Con•stric´tion , n. [L. constrictio: cf. F. constriction.] 1. The act of constricting by means of some inherent power or by movement or change in the thing itself, as distinguished from compression. 2. The state of being constricted; the point where a thing is constricted; a narrowing or binding. “A constriction of the parts inservient to speech.
Grew.”

Con•strict´ive , a. Serving or tending to bind or constrict.

Con•strict´or , n. 1. That which constricts, draws together, or contracts. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which contracts or closes an orifice, or which compresses an organ; a sphincter. 3. (Zoöl.) A serpent that kills its prey by inclosing and crushing it with its folds; as the boa constrictor.

Con•stringe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constringed p. pr. & vb. n. Constringing.] [L. constringere. See onstrain.] To dawn together; to contract; to force to contract itself; to constrict; to cause to shrink. [R.] “Strong liquors … intoxicate, constringe, harden the fibers, and coagulate the fluids.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•strin´gent , a. [L. constringens, p. pr.] Having the quality of contracting, binding, or compressing. Thomson.

Con•struct´ (kon•strukt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Constructing.] [L. constructus, p. p. of construere to bring together, to construct; con- + struere to pile up, set in order. See Structure, and cf. Construe.] 1. To put together the constituent parts of (something) in their proper place and order; to build; to form; to make; as to construct an edifice. 2. To devise; to invent; to set in order; to arrange; as to construct a theory of ethics. Syn. — To build; erect; form; compile; make; fabricate; originate; invent.

Con´struct , a. Formed by, or relating to, construction, interpretation, or inference. Construct form or state (Heb. Gram.), that of a noun used before another which has the genitive relation to it.

Con•struct´er , n. One who, or that which, constructs or frames.

Con•struc´tion , n. [L. constructio: cf. F. construction.] 1. The process or art of constructing; the act of building; erection; the act of devising and forming; fabrication; composition. 2. The form or manner of building or putting together the parts of anything; structure; arrangement. “An astrolabe of peculiar construction.
Whewell.” 3. (Gram.) The arrangement and connection of words in a sentence; syntactical arrangement. “Some particles … in certain constructions have the sense of a whole sentence contained in them.
Locke.” 4. The method of construing, interpreting, or explaining a declaration or fact; an attributed sense or meaning; understanding; explanation; interpretation; sense. “Any person … might, by the sort of construction that would be put on this act, become liable to the penalties of treason.
Hallam.” “Strictly, the term [construction] signifies determining the meaning and proper effect of language by a consideration of the subject matter and attendant circumstances in connection with the words employed.
Abbott.” “Interpretation properly precedes construction, but it does not go beyond the written text.
Parsons.” Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantities in the equation, and their relations to each other. — Construction train (Railroad), a train for transporting men and materials for construction or repairs.

Con•struc´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or deduced from, construction or interpretation.

Con•struc´tion•ist, n. One who puts a certain construction upon some writing or instrument, as the Constitutions of the United States; as a strict constructionist; a broad constructionist.

Con•struct´ive , a. [Cf. F. constructif.] 1. Having ability to construct or form; employed in construction; as to exhibit constructive power. “The constructive fingers of Watts.
Emerson.” 2. Derived from, or depending on, construction or interpretation; not directly expressed, but inferred. Constructive crimes (Law), acts having effects analogous to those of some statutory or common law crimes; as constructive treason. Constructive crimes are no longer recognized by the courts. — Constructive notice, notice imputed by construction of law. — Constructive trust, a trust which may be assumed to exist, though no actual mention of it be made.

Con•struct´ive•ly, adv. In a constructive manner; by construction or inference. “A neutral must have notice of a blockade, either actually by a formal information, or constructively by notice to his government.
Kent.”

Con•struct´ive•ness, n. 1. Tendency or ability to form or construct. 2. (Phren.) The faculty which enables one to construct, as in mechanical, artistic, or literary matters.

Con•struct´or , n. [Cf. LL. constructor.] A constructer.

Con•struc´ture ( 135), n. That which is constructed or formed; an edifice; a fabric. [Obs.]

Con•strue ( Archaic ?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Construing (#).] [L. construere: cf. F. construire. See Construct.] 1. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or clause) so as to exhibit the structure, arrangement, or connection of, or to discover the sense; to explain the construction of; to interpret; to translate. 2. To put a construction upon; to explain the sense or intention of; to interpret; to understand. “Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our own words to free ourselves either from the ignorance or malice of our enemies.
Bp. Stilingfleet.” “And to be dull was construed to be good.
Pope.”

Con´stu•prate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construprated; p. p. & vb. n. Constuprating.] [L. constupratus, p. p. of constuprare to ravish; con- + stuprare to ravish, stuprum rape.] To ravish; to debauch. Burton.

Con•stu•pra´tion , n. The act of ravishing; violation; defilement. Bp. Hall.

Con•sub•stan´tial , a. [L. consubstantialis; con- + substantialis: cf. F. consubstantiel. See Substantial.] Of the same kind or nature; having the same substance or essence; coessential. “Christ Jesus … coeternal and consubstantial with the Father and with the Holy Ghost.
Foxe.”

Con•sub•stan´tial•ism , n. The doctrine of consubstantiation.

Con•sub•stan´tial•ist, n. One who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow.

Con•sub•stan´ti•al´i•ty ( 106), n. [Cf. F. consubstantialite.] Participation of the same nature; coexistence in the same substance. ´His [the Son’s] … consubstantiality with the Father.´ Hammend.

Con•sub•stan´tial•ly , adv. In a consubstantial manner; with identity of substance or nature.

Con•sub•stan´ti•ate ( 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consubstantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Consubstantiating.] To cause to unite, or to regard as united, in one common substance or nature. [R.] “His soul must be consubstantiated with reason.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•sub•stan´ti•ate, v. i. To profess or belive the doctrine of consubstantion. “The consubstantiating church and priest.
Dryden.”

Con•sub•stan´ti•ate , a. Partaking of the same substance; united; consubstantial. “We must love her [the wife] that is thus consubstantiate with us.
Feltham.”

Con•sub•stan•ti•a´tion ( 106), n. 1. An identity or union of substance. 2. (Theol.) The actual, substantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper; impanation; — opposed to transubstantiation. This view, held by Luther himself, was called consubstantiation by non Lutheran writers in contradistinction to transsubstantiation, the Catholic view.

Con´sue•tude ( 144), n. [L. consuetudo. See Custom.] Custom, habit; usage. [R.] “To observe this consuetude or law.
Barnes.”

Con•sue•tu´di•nal , a. [LL. consuetudinalis.] According to custom; customary; usual. [R.]

Con•sue•tu´di•na´ry , a. [LL. consuetudinarius.] Customary.

Con•sue•tu´di•na•ry , n.; pl. Consuetudinaries . A manual or ritual of customary devotional exercises.

Con´sul (kon´sul), n. [L., prob. fr. consulere to deliberate. See Consult.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One of the two chief magistrates of the republic. They were chosen annually, originally from the patricians only, but later from the plebeians also. 2. A senator; a counselor. [Obs.] “Many of the consuls, raised and met,
Are at the duke’s already.
Shak.” “With kings and consuls of the earth.
Job. iii. 14 (Douay Ver. )” 3. (Fr. Hist.) One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804, who were called, respectively, first, second, and third consul. 4. An official commissioned to reside in some foreign country, to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its seamen. Consul general, a consul of the first rank, stationed in an important place, or having jurisdiction in several places or over several consuls. — Vice consul, a consular officer holding the place of a consul during the consul’s absence or after he has been relieved.

Con´sul•age , n. (Com.) A duty or tax paid by merchants for the protection of their commerce by means of a consul in a foreign place.

Con´su•lar , a. [L. consularis; cf. F. consulaire.] Of or pertaining to a consul; performing the duties of a consul; as consular power; consular dignity; consular officers.

Con´su•la´ry , a. Consular. [Obs.] Holland.

Con´su•late , n. [L. consulatus: cf. F. consulat.] 1. The office of a consul. Addison. 2. The jurisdiction or residence of a consul. Kent. 3. Consular government; term of office of a consul.

Con´sul•ship , n. 1. The office of a consul; consulate. 2. The term of office of a consul.

Con•sult´ (kon•sult´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consulting.] [L. consultare, fr. consulere to consult: cf. f. consulter. Cf. Counsel.] To seek the opinion or advice of another; to take counsel; to deliberate together; to confer. “Let us consult upon to-morrow’s business.
Shak.” “All the laws of England have been made by the kings England, consulting with the nobility and commons.
Hobbes.”

Con•sult´, v. t. 1. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of; to apply to for information or instruction; to refer to; as to consult a physician; to consult a dictionary. “Men forgot, or feared, to consult nature … ; they were content to consult libraries.
Whewell.” 2. To have reference to, in judging or acting; to have regard to; to consider; as to consult one’s wishes. “We are … to consult the necessities of life, rather than matters of ornament and delight.
L’Estrange.” 3. To deliberate upon; to take for. [Obs.] “Manythings were there consulted for the future, yet nothing was positively resolved.
Clarendon.” 4. To bring about by counsel or contrivance; to devise; to contrive. [Obs.] “Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off many people.
Hab. ii. 10.”

Con•sult´ (kon•sult´ or kon´sult), n. 1. The act of consulting or deliberating; consultation; also the result of consulation; determination; decision. [Obs.] “The council broke;
And all grave consults dissolved in smoke.
Dryden.” 2. A council; a meeting for consultation. [Obs.] ´A consult of coquettes.´ Swift. 3. Agreement; concert [Obs.] Dryden.

Con•sult´a•ry (kon•sult´a•ry), a. Formed by consultation; resulting from conference. Consultary response (Law), the opinion of a court on a special case. Wharton.

Con•sul•ta´tion , n. [L. consultatio: cf. F. consultation.] 1. The act of consulting or conferring; deliberation of two or more persons on some matter, with a view to a decision. “Thus they doubtful consultations dark
Ended.
Milton.” 2. A council or conference, as of physicians, held to consider a special case, or of lawyers restained in a cause. Writ of consultation (Law), a writ by which a cause, improperly removed by prohibition from one court to another, is returned to the court from which it came; — so called because the judges, on consultation, find the prohibition ill-founded.

Con•sult´a•tive (kon•sult´a•tiv), a. Pertaining to consultation; having the privilege or right of conference. ´A consultative … power.´ Abp. Bramhall.

Con•sult´a•to•ry (kon•sult´a•to•ry), a. Formed by, or resulting from, consultation; advisory. Bancroft.

Con•sult´er (kon•sult´er), n. One who consults, or asks counsel or information.

Con•sult´ing, a. That consults. Consulting physician (Med.), a physician who consults with the attending practitioner regarding any case of disease.

Con•sult´ive (kon•sult´iv), a. Determined by, or pertaining to, consultation; deliberate; consultative. “He that remains in the grace of God sins not by any deliberative, consultive, knowing act.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•sum´a•ble (kon•sum´a•b’l), a. Capable of being consumed; that may be destroyed, dissipated, wasted, or spent. ´Consumable commodities.´ Locke.

Con•sume´ (kon•sum´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consumed (- sumd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Consuming.] [L. consumere to take wholly or completely, to consume; con- + sumere to take; sub + emere to buy. See Redeem.] To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste, or fire; to use up; to expend; to waste; to burn up; to eat up; to devour. “If he were putting to my house the brand
That shall consume it.
Shak.” “Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth consume.
Matt. vi. 20 (Rev. Ver.).” “Let me alone … that I may consume them.
Ex. xxxii. 10.” Syn. — To destroy; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; exhaust; spend; expend; squander; lavish; dissipate.

Con•sume´ (kon•sum´), v. i. To waste away slowly. “Therefore, let Benedick, like covered fire,
Consume away in sighs.
Shak.”

Con•sum´ed•ly , adv. Excessively. [Low] “He’s so consumedly proud of it.
Thackeray.”

Con•sum´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, consumes; as the consumer of food.

Con•sum´ing•ly, adv. In a consuming manner.

Con•sum´mate (-sum´mat), a. [L. consummatus, p. p. or consummare to accomplish, sum up; con- + summa sum. See Sum.] Carried to the utmost extent or degree; of the highest quality; complete; perfect. ´A man of perfect and consummate virtue.´ Addison. “The little band held the post with consummate tenacity.
Motley”

Con´sum•mate (kon´sum•mat or kon•sum´mat; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consummated (-ma•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Consummating (-ma•ting).] To bring to completion; to raise to the highest point or degree; to complete; to finish; to perfect; to achieve. “To consummate this business happily.
Shak.”

Con•sum´mate•ly , adv. In a consummate manner; completely. T. Warton.

Con•sum•ma´tion (kon•sum•ma´shun), n. [L. consummatio.] The act of consummating, or the state of being consummated; completion; perfection; termination; end (as of the world or of life). “´’T is a consummation
Devoutly to be wished.
Shak.” “From its original to its consummation.
Addison.” “Quiet consummation have,
And renowned be thy grave.
Shak.” Consummation of marriage, completion of the connubial relation by actual cohabition.

Con•sum´ma•tive , a. Serving to consummate; completing. ´The final, the consummative procedure of philosophy.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Con•sump´tion ( 215), n. [L. consumptio: cf. F. consomption.] 1. The act or process of consuming by use, waste, etc.; decay; destruction. “Every new advance of the price to the consumer is a new incentive to him to retrench the quality of his consumption.
Burke.” 2. The state or process of being consumed, wasted, or diminished; waste; diminution; loss; decay. 3. (Med.) A progressive wasting away of the body; esp., that form of wasting, attendant upon pulmonary phthisis and associated with cough, spitting of blood, hectic fever, etc.; pulmonary phthisis; — called also pulmonary consumption. Consumption of the bowels (Med.), inflammation and ulceration of the intestines from tubercular disease. Syn. — Decline; waste; decay. See Decline.

Con•sump´tive , a. [Cf. F. consomptif.] 1. Of or pertaining to consumption; having the quality of consuming, or dissipating; destructive; wasting. “It [prayer] is not consumptive or our time.
Sharp.” “A long consumptive war.
Addison.” 2. (Med.) Affected with, or inclined to, consumption. “The lean, consumptive wench, with coughs decayed.
Dryden.”

Con•sump´tive, n. One affected with consumption; as a resort for consumptives.

Con•sump´tive•ly, adv. In a way tending to or indication consumption. Beddoes.

Con•sump´tive•ness, n. A state of being consumptive, or a tendency to a consumption.

Con•ta•bes´cent , a. [L. contabescenc, p. pr. of contabescere.] Wasting away gradually. Darwin. — Con•ta•bes´cence (#), n.

Con´tact (kon´takt), n. [L. contactus, fr. contingere, -tactum, to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] 1. A close union or junction of bodies; a touching or meeting. 2. (Geom.) The property of two curves, or surfaces, which meet, and at the point of meeting have a common direction. 3. (Mining) The plane between two adjacent bodies of dissimilar rock. Raymond. Contact level, a delicate level so pivoted as to tilt when two parts of a measuring apparatus come into contact with each other; — used in precise determinations of lengths and in the accurate graduation of instruments.

Con•tac´tion (-tak´shun), n. Act of touching. [Obs.]

Con•ta´gion (-ta´jun), n. [L. contagio: cf. F. contagion. See Contact.] 1. (Med.) The transmission of a disease from one person to another, by direct or indirect contact. The term has been applied by some to the action of miasmata arising from dead animal or vegetable matter, bogs, fens, etc., but in this sense it is now abandoned. Dunglison. “And will he steal out of his wholesome bed
To dare the vile contagion of the night?
Shak.” 2. That which serves as a medium or agency to transmit disease; a virus produced by, or exhalation proceeding from, a diseased person, and capable of reproducing the disease. 3. The act or means of communicating any influence to the mind or heart; as the contagion of enthusiasm. ´The contagion of example.´ Eikon Basilike. “When lust …
Lets in defilement to the inward parts,
The soul grows clotted by contagion.
Milton.” 4. Venom; poison. [Obs.] ´I’ll touch my point with this contagion.´ Shak. Syn. — See Infection.

Con•ta´gioned , a. Affected by contagion.

Con•ta´gion•ist, n. One who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases, as of yellow fever.

Con•ta´gious , a. [L. contagiosus: cf. F. contagieux.] 1. (Med.) Communicable by contact, by a virus, or by a bodily exhalation; catching; as a contagious disease. 2. Conveying or generating disease; pestilential; poisonous; as contagious air. 3. Spreading or communicable from one to another; exciting similar emotions or conduct in others. “His genius rendered his courage more contagious.
Wirt.” “The spirit of imitation is contagious.
Ames.” Syn. — Contagious, Infectious. These words have been used in very diverse senses; but, in general, a contagious disease has been considered as one which is caught from another by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, etc.; while an infectious disease supposes some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of prison ships, of marshes, etc., infecting the system with disease. ´This distinction, though not universally admitted by medical men, as to the literal meaning of the words, certainly applies to them in their figurative use. Thus we speak of the contagious influence of evil associates; their contagion of bad example, the contagion of fear, etc., when we refer to transmission by proximity or contact. On the other hand, we speak of infection by bad principles, etc., when we consider anything as diffused by some hidden influence.

Con•ta´gious•ly, adv. In a contagious manner.

Con•ta´gious•ness, n. Quality of being contagious.

Con•ta´gi•um , n. [L.] Contagion; contagious matter. ´Contagium of measles.´ Tyndall.

Con•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contained p. pr. & vb. n. Containing.] [OE. contenen, conteinen, F. contenir, fr. L. continere, -tentum; con- + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Countenance.] 1. To hold within fixed limits; to comprise; to include; to inclose; to hold. “Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens can not contain thee; how much less this house!
2 Chron. vi. 18.” “When that this body did contain a spirit.
Shak.” “What thy stores contain bring forth.
Milton.” 2. To have capacity for; to be able to hold; to hold; to be equivalent to; as a bushel contains four pecks. 3. To put constraint upon; to restrain; to confine; to keep within bounds. [Obs., exept as used reflexively.] “The king’s person contains the unruly people from evil occasions.
Spenser.” “Fear not, my lord: we can contain ourselves.
Shak.”

Con•tain´, v. i. To restrain desire; to live in continence or chastity. “But if they can not contain, let them marry.
1 Cor. vii. 9.”

Con•tain´a•ble , a. Capable of being contained or comprised. Boyle.

Con•tain´ant , n. A container.

Con•tain´er , n. One who, or that which, contains.

Con•tain´ment , n. That which is contained; the extent; the substance. [Obs.] “The containment of a rich man’s estate.
Fuller.”

Con•tam´i•na•ble (kon•tam´i•na•b’l), a. Capable of being contaminated.

Con•tam´i•nate (kon•tam´i•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contaminated p. pr. & vb. n. Contaminating ] [L. contaminatus, p. p. of contaminare to bring into contact, to contaminate, fr. contamen contagion, for contagmen; con- + root of tangere to touch. See Contact.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact; to tarnish; to sully; to taint; to pollute; to defile. “Shall we now
Contaminate our figures with base bribes?
Shak.” “I would neither have simplicity imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.
Goldsmith.” Syn. — To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish; soil; stain; corrupt.

Con•tam´i•nate (-nat), a. Contaminated; defiled; polluted; tainted. ´Contaminate drink.´ Daniel.

Con•tam•i•na´tion (kon•tam•i•na´shun), n. [L. contaminatio.] The act or process of contaminating; pollution; defilement; taint; also that which contaminates.

Con•tam´i•tive (kon•tam´i•na•tiv), a. Tending or liable to contaminate.

Con•tan´go (kon•tan´go), n.; pl. Contangoes (#). [Prob. a corruption of contingent.] 1. (Stock Exchange) The premium or interest paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer paying for the stock purchased until the next fortnightly settlement day. [Eng.] 2. (Law) The postponement of payment by the buyer of stock on the payment of a premium to the seller. See Backwardation. N. Biddle.

Con•tec´tion (-tek´shun), n. [L. contegere, -tectum, to cover up.] A covering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con´tek (kon´tek), n. [OE. conteck, conteke, contake, perh. a corruption either of contact or contest.] 1. Quarrel; contention; contest. [Obs.] “Contek with bloody knife.
Chaucer.” 2. Contumely; reproach. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Con•temn´ (kon•tem´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contemned (- temd); p. pr. & vb. n. Contemning (-tem´ning or -tem´ing).] [L. contemnere, -temptum; con- + temnere to slight, despise: cf. OF. contemner.] To view or treat with contempt, as mean and despicable; to reject with disdain; to despise; to scorn. “Thy pompous delicacies I contemn.
Milton.” “One who contemned divine and human laws.
Dryden.” Syn. — To despise; scorn; disdain; spurn; slight; neglect; underrate; overlook. — To Contemn, Despise, Scorn, Disdain. Contemn is the generic term, and is applied especially to objects, qualities, etc., which are deemed contemptible, and but rarely to individuals; to despise is to regard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting either unwarrantable pride and haughtiness or an abhorrence of what is base.

Con•tem´ner (kon•tem´ner or -tem´er), n. One who contemns; a despiser; a scorner. ´Contemners of the gods.´ South.

Con•tem´ning•ly, adv. Contemptuously. [R.]

Con•tem´per (kon•tem´per), v. t. [L. contemperare, - temperatum; con- + temperare to temper. Cf. Contemperate.] To modify or temper; to allay; to qualify; to moderate; to soften. [Obs.] “The antidotes … have allayed its bitterness and contempered its malignancy.
Johnson.”

Con•tem´per•ate (kon•tem´per•at), v. t. [See Contemper.] To temper; to moderate. [Obs.] “Moisten and contemperate the air.
Sir T. Browne.”

Con•tem•per•a´tion (-a´shun), n. 1. The act of tempering or moderating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Proportionate mixture or combination. ´Contemperation of light and shade.´ Boyle.

Con•tem´per•a•ture (- tem´per•a•tur; 135), n. The condition of being tempered; proportionate mixture; temperature. [Obs.] “The different contemperature of the elements.
South.”

Con•tem´plance , n. Contemplation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con•tem´plant , a. [L. contemplans, p. pr.] Given to contemplation; meditative. [R.] Coleridge.

Con´tem•plate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contemplated (# or #); p. pr. & vb. n. Contemplating.] [L. contemplatus, p. p. of contemplari to contemplate; con- + templum a space for observation marked out by the augur. See Temple.] 1. To look at on all sides or in all its bearings; to view or consider with continued attention; to regard with deliberate care; to meditate on; to study. “To love, at least contemplate and admire,
What I see excellent.
Milton.” “We thus dilate
Our spirits to the size of that they contemplate.
Byron.” 2. To consider or have in view, as contingent or probable; to look forward to; to purpose; to intend. “There remain some particulars to complete the information contemplated by those resolutions.
A. Hamilton.” “If a treaty contains any stipulations which contemplate a state of future war.
Kent.” Syn. — To view; behold; study; ponder; muse; meditate on; reflect on; consider; intend; design; plan; propose; purpose. See Meditate.

Con´tem•plate, v. i. To consider or think studiously; to ponder; to reflect; to muse; to meditate. “So many hours must I contemplate.
Shak.”

Con•tem•pla´tion , n. [F. contemplation, L. contemplatio.] 1. The act of the mind in considering with attention; continued attention of the mind to a particular subject; meditation; musing; study. “In contemplation of created things,
By steps we may ascend to God.
Milton.” “Contemplation is keeping the idea which is brought into the mind for some time actually in view.
Locke.” 2. Holy meditation. [Obs.] “To live in prayer and contemplation.
Shak.” 3. The act of looking forward to an event as about to happen; expectation; the act of intending or purposing. “In contemplation of returning at an early date, he left.
Reid.” To have in contemplation, to inted or purpose, or to have under consideration.

Con•tem´pla•tist , n. A contemplator. [R.] I. Taylor.

Con•tem´pla•tive , a. [F. contemplatif, L. contemplativus.] 1. Pertaining to contemplation; addicted to, or employed in, contemplation; meditative. “Fixed and contemplative their looks.
Denham.” 2. Having the power of contemplation; as contemplative faculties. Ray.

Con•tem´pla•tive, n. (R. C. Ch.) A religious or either sex devoted to prayer and meditation, rather than to active works of charity.

Con•tem´pla•tive•ly, adv. With contemplation; in a contemplative manner.

Con•tem´pla•tive•ness, n. The state of being contemplative; thoughtfulness.

Con´tem•pla•tor ( 277), n. [L.] One who contemplates. Sir T. Browne.

Con•tem•po•ra•ne´i•ty , n. The state of being contemporaneous. “The lines of contemporaneity in the oölitic system.
J. Philips.”

Con•tem•po•ra´ne•ous , a. [L. contemporaneus; con- + tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] Living, existing, or occurring at the same time; contemporary. “The great age of Jewish philosophy, that of Aben Esra, Maimonides, and Kimchi, had been contemporaneous with the later Spanish school of Arabic philosophy.
Milman” — Con•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ness, n.

Con•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ly, adv. At the same time with some other event.

Con•tem´po•ra•ri•ness , n. Existence at the same time; contemporaneousness. Howell.

Con•tem´po•ra•ry , a. [Pref. con- + L. temporarius of belonging to time, tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] 1. Living, occuring, or existing, at the same time; done in, or belonging to, the same times; contemporaneous. “This king [Henry VIII.] was contemporary with the greatest monarchs of Europe.
Strype.” 2. Of the same age; coeval. “A grove born with himself he sees,
And loves his old contemporary trees.
Cowley.”

Con•tem´po•ra•ry, n.; pl. Contemporaries . One who lives at the same time with another; as Petrarch and Chaucer were contemporaries.

Con•tempt´ ( 215), n. [L. contemptus, fr. contemnere: cf. OF. contempt. See Contemn.] 1. The act of contemning or despising; the feeling with which one regards that which is esteemed mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn. “Criminal contempt of public feeling.
Macaulay.” “Nothing, says Longinus, can be great, the contempt of which is great.
Addison.” 2. The state of being despised; disgrace; shame. “Contempt and begarry hangs upon thy back.
Shak.” 3. An act or expression denoting contempt. “Little insults and contempts.
Spectator.” “The contempt and anger of his lip.
Shak.” 4. (Law) Disobedience of the rules, orders, or process of a court of justice, or of rules or orders of a legislative body; disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent language or behavior in presence of a court, tending to disturb its proceedings, or impair the respect due to its authority. Contempt is in some jurisdictions extended so as to include publications reflecting injuriously on a court of justice, or commenting unfairly on pending proceedings; in other jurisdictions the courts are prohibited by statute or by the constitution from thus exercising this process. Syn. — Disdain; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; neglect; disregard; slight.

Con•tempt•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being contemptible; contemptibleness. Speed.

Con•tempt´i•ble , a. 1. Worthy of contempt; deserving of scorn or disdain; mean; vile; despicable. Milton. “The arguments of tyranny are ascontemptible as its force is dreadful.
Burke.” 2. Despised; scorned; neglected; abject. Locke. 3. Insolent; scornful; contemptuous. [Obs.] “If she should make tender of her love, ’t is very possible he ’ll scorn it; for the man … hath a contemptible spirit.
Shak.” Syn. — Despicable; abject; vile; mean; base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful; scurrile. See Contemptuous. — Contemptible, Despicable, Pitiful, Paltry. Despicable is stronger than contemptible, as despise is stronger than contemn. It implies keen disapprobation, with a mixture of anger. A man is despicable chiefly for low actions which mark his life, such as servility, baseness, or mean adulation. A man is contemptible for mean qualities which distinguish his character, especially those which show him to be weak, foolish, or worthless. Treachery is despicable, egotism is contemptible. Pitiful and paltry are applied to cases which are beneath anger, and are simply contemptible in a high degree.

Con•tempt´i•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being contemptible, or of being despised.

Con•tempt´i•bly, adv. In a contemptible manner.

Con•temp´tu•ous ( 135), a. Manifesting or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful; haughty; insolent; disdainful. “A proud, contemptuous behavior.
Hammond.” “Savage invective and contemptuous sarcasm.
Macaulay.” “Rome … entertained the most contemptuous opinion of the Jews.
Atterbury.” Syn. — Scornful; insolent; haughty; disdainful; supercilious; insulting; contumelious. — Contemptuous, Contemptible. These words, from their similarity of sound, are sometimes erroneously interchanged, as when a person speaks of having ´a very contemptible opinion of another.´ Contemptible is applied to that which is the object of contempt; as contemptible conduct; acontemptible fellow. Contemptuous is applied to that which indicates contempt; as a contemptuous look; a contemptuous remark; contemptuous treatment. A person, or whatever is personal, as an action, an expression, a feeling, an opinion, may be either contemptuous or contemptible; a thing may be contemptible, but can not be contemptuous.

Con•temp´tu•ous•ly, adv. In a contemptuous manner; with scorn or disdain; despitefully. “The apostles and most eminent Christians were poor, and used contemptuously.
Jer. Taylor.”

Con•temp´tu•ous•ness, n. Disposition to or manifestion of contempt; insolence; haughtiness.

Con•tend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Contended; p. pr. & vb. n. Contending.] [OF. contendre, L. contendere, -tentum; con- + tendere to strech. See Tend.] 1. To strive in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight. “For never two such kingdoms did contend
Without much fall of blood.
Shak.” “The Lord said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle.
Deut. ii. 9.” “In ambitious strength I did
Contend against thy valor.
Shak.” 2. To struggle or exert one’s self to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend. “You sit above, and see vain men below
Contend for what you only can bestow.
Dryden.” 3. To strive in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue. “The question which our author would contend for.
Locke.” “Many things he fiercely contended about were trivial.
Dr. H. More.” Syn. — To struggle; fight; combat; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; litigate; dispute; debate.

Con•tend´, v. t. To struggle for; to contest. [R.] “Carthage shall contend the world with Rome.Dryden.”

Con•tend´ent , n. [L. contendens, p. pr.] An antagonist; a contestant. [Obs.] “In all notable changes and revolutions the contendents have been still made a prey to the third party.
L’Estrange.”

Con•tend´er , n. One who contends; a contestant.

Con•tend´ress , n. A female contestant. [R.]

Con•ten´e•ment (kon•ten´e•ment), n. [Pref. con- + tenement.] (Law) That which is held together with another thing; that which is connected with a tenement, or thing holden, as a certain quantity of land adjacent to a dwelling, and necessary to the reputable enjoyment of the dwelling; appurtenance. Burrill.

Con•tent´ (kon•tent´), a. [F. content, fr. L. contentus, p. p. of contenire to hold together, restrain. See Contain.] Contained within limits; hence, having the desires limited by that which one has; not disposed to repine or grumble; satisfied; contented; at rest. “Having food and rai ment, let us be therewith content.
1 Tim. vi. 8.”

Con´tent (kon´tent or kon•tent´; 277), n.; usually in pl., Contents. 1. That which is contained; the thing or things held by a receptacle or included within specified limits; as the contents of a cask or bale or of a room; the contents of a book. “I shall prove these writings … authentic, and the contents true, and worthy of a divine original.
Grew.” 2. Power of containing; capacity; extent; size. [Obs.] “Strong ship’s, of great content.
Bacon.” 3. (Geom.) Area or quantity of space or matter contained within certain limits; as solid contents; superficial contents. “The geometrical content, figure, and situation of all the lands of a kingdom.
Graunt.” Table of contents, or Contents, a table or list of topics in a book, showing their order and the place where they may be found: a summary.

Con•tent´ , v. t. [F. contenter, LL. contentare, fr. L. contentus, p. p. See Content, a.] 1. To satisfy the desires of; to make easy in any situation; to appease or quiet; to gratify; to please. “Do not content yourselves with obscure and confused ideas where clearer are to be attained.
I. Watts.” “Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them.
Mark xv. 15.” 2. To satisfy the expectations of; to pay; to requite. “Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you.
Shak.” Syn. — To satisfy; appease; please. See Satiate.

Con•tent´, n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one’s present condition; freedom from discontent; satisfaction; contentment; moderate happiness. “Such is the fullness of my heart’s content.
Shak.” 2. Acquiescence without examination. [Obs.] “The sense they humbly take upon content.
Pope.” 3. That which contents or satisfies; that which if attained would make one happy. “So will I in England work your grace’s full content.
Shak.” 4. (Eng. House of Lords) An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmative vote; also a member who votes ´Content.´. “Supposing the number of ´Contents´ and ´Not contents´ strictly equal in number and consequence.
Burke.”

Con•ten•ta´tion , n. [LL. contentatio.] Content; satisfaction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con•tent´ed , a. Content; easy in mind; satisfied; quiet; willing. — Con•tent´ed•ly, adv. — Con•tent´ed•ness, n.

Con•tent´ful , a. Full of content. [Obs.] Barrow.

Con•ten´tion , n. [F. contention, L. contentio. See Contend.] 1. A violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, something; contest; strife. “I would my arms could match thee in contention.
Shak.” 2. Strife in words; controversy; altercation; quarrel; dispute; as a bone of contention. “Contentions and strivings about the law.
Titus iii. 9.” 3. Vehemence of endeavor; eagerness; ardor; zeal. “An end … worthy our utmost contention to obtain.
Rogers.” 4. A point maintained in an argument, or a line of argument taken in its support; the subject matter of discussion or strife; a position taken or contended for. “All men seem agreed what is to be done; the contention is how the subject is to be divided and defined.
Bagehot.” “This was my original contention, and I still maintain that you should abide by your former decision.
Jowett.” Syn. — Struggle; strife; contest; quarrel; combat; conflict; feud; litigation; controversy; dissension; variance; disagreement; debate; competition; emulation. — Contention, Strife. A struggle between two parties is the idea common to these two words. Strife is a struggle for mastery; contention is a struggle for the possession of some desired object, or the accomplishment of some favorite end. Neither of the words is necessarily used in a bad sense, since there may be a generous strife or contention between two friends as to which shall incur danger or submit to sacrifices. Ordinarily, however, these words denote a struggle arising from bad passions. In that case, strife usually springs from a quarrelsome temper, and contention from, a selfish spirit which seeks its own aggrandizement, or is fearful lest others should obtain too much. Strife has more reference to the manner than to the object of a struggle, while contention takes more account of the end to be gained.

Con•ten´tious , a. [L. contentiosus: cf. F. contentieux.] 1. Fond of contention; given to angry debate; provoking dispute or contention; quarrelsome. “Despotic and contentious temper.
Macaulay.” 2. Relating to contention or strife; involving or characterized by contention. Spenser. “More cheerful, though not less contentious, regions.
Brougham.” 3. (Law) Contested; litigated; litigious; having power to decide controversy. Contentious jurisdiction (Eng. Eccl. Law), jurisdiction over matters in controversy between parties, in contradistinction to voluntary jurisdiction, or that exercised upon matters not opposed or controverted. Syn. — Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissentious; wrangling; litigious; perverse; peevish. — Con•ten´tious•ly, adv. — Con•ten´tious•ness, n.

Con•tent´less , a. [Content + -less.] Discontented; dissatisfied. [R.] Shak.

Con•tent´ly, adv. In a contented manner. [Obs.]

Con•tent´ment (kon•tent´ment), n. [Cf. F. contentement. See Content, v. t.] 1. The state of being contented or satisfied; content. “Contentment without external honor is humility.
Grew.” “Godliness with contentment is great gain.
1 Tim. vi. 6.” 2. The act or process of contenting or satisfying; as the contentment of avarice is impossible. 3. Gratification; pleasure; satisfaction. [Obs.] “At Paris the prince spent one whole day to give his mind some contentment in viewing of a famous city.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•tents (? or 277), n. pl. See Content, n.

Con•ter´mi•na•ble , a. Having the same bounds; terminating at the same time or place; conterminous. “Love and life not conterminable.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•ter´mi•nal , a. [LL. conterminalis.] Conterminous.

Con•ter´mi•nant , a. Having the same limits; ending at the same time; conterminous. Lamb.

Con•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. conterminare to border upon, fr. conterminus conterminous; con- + terminus border.] Having the same bounds; conterminous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Con•ter´mi•nous , a. [L. conterminus. Cf. Conterminous.] Having the same bounds, or limits; bordering upon; contiguous. “This conformed so many of them as were conterminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Roman laws.
Sir M. Hale.” { Con•ter•ra´ne•an , Con•ter•ra´ne•ous } a. [L. conterraneus; con- + terra country.] Of or belonging to the same country. Howell.

Con•tes•ser•a´tion , n. [L. contesseratio, from contesserare to contract friendship by means of the tesserae (friendship tokens).] An assemblage; a collection; harmonious union. [Obs.] “That person of his [George Herbert], which afforded so unusual a contesseration of elegancies.
Oley.”

Con•test´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contested; p. pr. & vb. n. Contesting.] [F. contester, fr. L. contestari to call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses, to bring an action; con- + testari to be a witness, testic witness. See Testify.] 1. To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to controvert; to oppose; to dispute. “The people … contested not what was done.
Locke.” “Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequenty repeated, few more contested than this.
J. D. Morell.” 2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to defend; as the troops contested every inch of ground. 3. (Law) To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a suit; to dispute or resist; as a claim, by course of law; to controvert. To contest an election. (Polit.) (a) To strive to be elected. (b) To dispute the declared result of an election. Syn. — To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; argue; contend.

Con•test´, v. i. To engage in contention, or emulation; to contend; to strive; to vie; to emulate; — followed usually by with. “The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure of contesting with it, when there are hopes of victory.
Bp. Burnet.” “Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest?
Pope.”

Con´test , n. 1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument; controversy; debate; altercation. “Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamors and brawling language.
I. Watts.” 2. Earnest struggle for superiority, victory, defense, etc.; competition; emulation; strife in arms; conflict; combat; encounter. “The late battle had, in effect, been a contest between one usurper and another.
Hallam.” “It was fully expected that the contest there would be long and fierce.
Macaulay.” Syn. — Conflict; combat; battle; encounter; shock; struggle; dispute; altercation; debate; controvesy; difference; disagreement; strife. — Contest, Conflict, Combat, Encounter. Contest is the broadest term, and had originally no reference to actual fighting. It was on the contrary, a legal term signifying to call witnesses, and hence came to denote first a struggle in argument, and then a struggle for some common object between opposing parties, usually one of considerable duration, and implying successive stages or acts. Conflict denotes literally a close personal engagement, in which sense it is applied to actual fighting. It is, however, more commonly used in a figurative sense to denote strenuous or direct opposition; as a mental conflict; conflicting interests or passions; a conflict of laws. An encounter is a direct meeting face to face. Usually it is a hostile meeting, and is then very nearly coincident with conflict; as an encounter of opposing hosts. Sometimes it is used in a looser sense; as ´this keen encounter of our wits.´ Shak. Combat is commonly applied to actual fighting, but may be used figuratively in reference to a strife or words or a struggle of feeling.

Con•test´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. contestable.] Capable of being contested; debatable.

Con•test´ant , n. [Cf. F. contestant.] One who contests; an opponent; a litigant; a disputant; one who claims that which has been awarded to another.

Con•tes•ta´tion , n. [L. contestatio testimony: cf. F. contestation a contesting.] 1. The act of contesting; emulation; rivalry; strife; dispute. ´Loverlike contestation.´ Milton. “After years spent in domestic, unsociable contestations, she found means to withdraw.
Clarendon.” 2. Proof by witness; attestation; testimony. [Obs.] “A solemn contestation ratified on the part of God.
Barrow.”

Con•test´ing•ly , adv. In a contending manner.

Con•tex , v. t. To context. [Obs.] Boyle.

Con•text´ , a. [L. contextus, p. p. of contexere to weave, to unite; con- + texere to weave. See Text.] Knit or woven together; close; firm. [Obs.] “The coats, without, are context and callous.
Derham.”

Con´text , n. [L. contextus; cf. F. contexte .] The part or parts of something written or printed, as of Scripture, which precede or follow a text or quoted sentence, or are so intimately associated with it as to throw light upon its meaning. “According to all the light that the contexts afford.
Sharp.”

Con•text´ , v. t. To knit or bind together; to unite closely. [Obs.] Feltham. “The whole world’s frame, which is contexted only by commerce and contracts.
R. Junius.”

Con•tex´tur•al ( 135), a. Pertaining to contexture or arrangement of parts; producing contexture; interwoven. Dr. John Smith (1666).

Con•tex´ture ( 135), n. [Cf. F. contexture.] The arrangement and union of the constituent parts of a thing; a weaving together of parts; structural character of a thing; system; constitution; texture. “That wonderful contexture of all created beings.
Dryden.” “He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•tex´tured ( 135), a. Formed into texture; woven together; arranged; composed. [R.] Carlyle.

Con´ti•cent , a. [L. conticens, p. pr. of conticere; con- + tacere to be silent.] Silent. [R.] ´The guests sit conticent.´ Thackeray.

Con•tig•na´tion , n. [L. contignatio, fr. contignare to join with beams; con- + tignum beam.] 1. The act or process of framing together, or uniting, as beams in a fabric. Burke. 2. A framework or fabric, as of beams. Sir H. Wotton.

Con•tig´u•ate , a. [LL. contiguatus.] Contiguous; touching. [Obs.] Holland.

Con•ti•gu´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. contiguite, LL. contiguitas.] The state of being contiguous; intimate association; nearness; proximity. “The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes.
T. Warton.”

Con•tig´u•ous , a. [L. contiguus; akin to contigere to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] In actual contact; touching; also adjacent; near; neighboring; adjoining. “The two halves of the paper did not appear fully divided … but seemed contiguous at one of their angles.
Sir I. Newton.” “Sees no contiguous palace rear its head.
Goldsmith.” Contiguous angles. See Adjacent angles, under Angle. Syn. — Adjoining; adjacent. See Adjacent. — Con•tig´u•ous•ly, adv. — Con•tig´u•ous•ness, n. { Con´ti•nence , Con´ti•nen•cy }, n. [F. continence, L. continentia. See Continent, and cf. Countenance.] 1. Self-restraint; self-command. “He knew what to say; he knew also when to leave off, — a continence which is practiced by few writers.
Dryden.” 2. The restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and passions; the act or power of refraining from indulgence of the sexual appetite, esp. from unlawful indulgence; sometimes, moderation in sexual indulgence. “If they [the unmarried and widows] have not continency, let them marry.
1 Cor. vii. 9 (Rev. Ver. ).” “Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that of virgins or widows; continence, that of married persons.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. Uninterrupted course; continuity. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Con´ti•nent , a. [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress: cf. F. continent. See Contain.] 1. Serving to restrain or limit; restraining; opposing. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Exercising restraint as to the indulgence of desires or passions; temperate; moderate. “Have a continent forbearance till the speed of his rage goes slower.
Shak.” 3. Abstaining from sexual intercourse; exercising restraint upon the sexual appetite; esp., abstaining from illicit sexual intercourse; chaste. “My past life” “Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true,” “As I am now unhappy.
Shak.” 4. Not interrupted; connected; continuous; as a continent fever. [Obs.] “The northeast part of Asia is, if not continent with the west side of America, yet certainly it is the least disoined by sea of all that coast.
Berrewood.”

Con´ti•nent, n. [L. continens, prop., a holding together: cf. F. continent. See Continent, a.] 1. That which contains anything; a receptacle. [Obs.] “The smaller continent which we call a pipkin.
Bp. Kennet.” 2. One of the grand divisions of land on the globe; the main land; specifically (Phys. Geog.), a large body of land differing from an island, not merely in its size, but in its structure, which is that of a large basin bordered by mountain chains; as the continent of North America. The continents are now usually regarded as six in number: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. But other large bodies of land are also reffered to as continents; as the Antarctic continent; the continent of Greenland. Europe, Asia, and Africa are often grouped together as the Eastern Continent, and North and South America as the Western Continent. The Continent, the main land of Europe, as distinguished from the islands, especially from England.

Con•ti•nen´tal , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a continent. 2. Of or pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction from the adjacent islands, especially England; as a continental tour; a continental coalition. Macaulay. “No former king had involved himself so frequently in the labyrinth of continental alliances.
Hallam.” 3. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the confederated colonies collectively, in the time of the Revolutionary War; as Continental money. “The army before Boston was designated as the Continental army, in contradistinction to that under General Gage, which was called the ´Ministerial army.´
W. Irving.” Continental Congress. See under Congress. — Continental system (Hist.), the blockade of Great Britain ordered by Napoleon by the decree of Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806; the object being to strike a blow at the maritime and commercial supremacy of Great Britain, by cutting her off from all intercourse with the continent of Europe.

Con•ti•nen´tal , n. (Amer. Hist.) A soldier in the Continental army, or a piece of the Continental currency. See Continental, a., 3.

Con´ti•nent•ly , adv. In a continent manner; chastely; moderately; temperately.

Con•tin´gence , n. See Contingency.

Con•tin´gen•cy , n.; pl. Contingencies (#). [Cf. F. contingence.] 1. Union or connection; the state of touching or contact. ´Point of contingency.´ J. Gregory. 2. The quality or state of being contingent or casual; the possibility of coming to pass. “Aristotle says we are not to build certain rules on the contingency of human actions.
South.” 3. An event which may or may not occur; that which is possible or probable; a fortuitous event; a chance. “The remarkable position of the queen rendering her death a most important contingency.
Hallam.” 4. An adjunct or accessory. Wordsworth. 5. (Law) A certain possible event that may or may not happen, by which, when happening, some particular title may be affected. Syn. — Casualty; accident; chance.

Con•tin´gent , a. [L. contingens, -entis, p. pr. of contingere to touch on all sides, to happen; con- + tangere to touch: cf. F. contingent. See Tangent, Tact.] 1. Possible, or liable, but not certain, to occur; incidental; casual. “Weighing so much actual crime against so much contingent advantage.
Burke.” 2. Dependent on that which is undetermined or unknown; as the success of his undertaking is contingent upon events which he can not control. ´Uncertain and contingent causes.´ Tillotson. 3. (Law) Dependent for effect on something that may or may not occur; as a contingent estate. “If a contingent legacy be left to any one when he attains, or if he attains, the age of twenty-one.
Blackstone.”

Con•tin´gent, n. 1. An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something future; a contingency. “His understanding could almost pierce into future contingents.
South.” 2. That which falls to one in a division or apportionment among a number; a suitable share; proportion; esp., a quota of troops. “From the Alps to the border of Flanders, contingents were required … 200,000 men were in arms.
Milman.”

Con•tin´gent•ly, adv. In a contingent manner; without design or foresight; accidentally.

Con•tin´gent•ness, n. The state of being contingent; fortuitousness.

Con•tin´u•a•ble , a. Capable of being continued [R.]

Con•tin´u•al , a. [OE. continuel, F. continuel. See Continue.] 1. Proceeding without interruption or cesstaion; continuous; unceasing; lasting; abiding. “He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast.
Prov. xv. 15.” 2. Occuring in steady and rapid succession; very frequent; often repeated. “The eye is deligh by a continental succession of small landscapes.
W. Irwing.” Continual proportionals (Math.), quantities in continued proportion. Brande & C. Syn. — Constant; prepetual; incessant; unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; continuous. See Constant, and Continuous.

Con•tin´u•al•ly, adv. 1. Without cessation; unceasingly; continuously; as the current flows continually. “Why do not all animals continually increase in bigness?
Bentley.” 2. In regular or repeated succession; very often. “Thou shalt eat bread at my table continually.
2 Sam. ix. 7.”

Con•tin´u•ance , n. [OF. continuance.] 1. A holding on, or remaining in a particular state; permanence, as of condition, habits, abode, etc.; perseverance; constancy; duration; stay. “Great plagues, and of long continuance.
Deut. xxviii. 59.” “Patient continuance in well-doing.
Rom. ii. 7.” 2. Uninterrupted succession; continuation; constant renewal; perpetuation; propagation. “The brute immediately regards his own preservation or the continuance of his species.
Addison.” 3. A holding together; continuity. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Law) (a) The adjournment of the proceedings in a cause from one day, or from one stated term of a court, to another. (b) The entry of such adjournment and the grounds thereof on the record.

Con•tin´u•ant , a. Continuing; prolonged; sustained; as a continuant sound. — n. A continuant sound; a letter whose sound may be prolonged.

Con•tin´u•ate , a. [L. continuatus, p. p. See Continue.] 1. Immediately united together; intimately connected. [R.] “We are of Him and in Him, even as though our very flesh and bones should be made continuate with his.
Hooker.” 2. Uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; continued. “An untirable and continuate goodness.
Shak.”

Con•tin•u•a´tion , n. [L. continuatio: cf. F. connuation.] 1. That act or state of continuing; the state of being continued; uninterrupted extension or succession; prolongation; propagation. “Preventing the continuation of the royal line.
Macaulay.” 2. That which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on; as the continuation of a story. “My continuation of the version of Statius.
Pope.”

Con•tin´u•a•tive , n. [Cf. F. continuatif.] 1. (Logic) A term or expression denoting continuance. [R.] “To these may be added continuatives; as Rome remains to this day; which includes, at least, two propositions, viz., Rome was and Rome is.
I. Watts.” 2. (Gram.) A word that continues the connection of sentences or subjects; a connective; a conjunction. “Continuatives … consolidate sentences into one continuous whole.
Harris.”

Con•tin´u•a•tor , n. [Cf. F. continuateur.] One who, or that which, continues; esp., one who continues a series or a work; a continuer. Sir T. Browne.

Con•tin´ue , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Continued p. pr. & vb. n. Continuing.] [F. continuer, L. continuare, -tinuatum, to connect, continue, fr. continuus. See Continuous, and cf. Continuate.] 1. To remain in a given place or condition; to remain in connection with; to abide; to stay. “Here to continue, and build up here
A growing empire.
Milton.” “They continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat.
Matt. xv. 32.” 2. To be permanent or durable; to endure; to last. “But now thy kingdom shall not continue.
1 Sam. xiii. 14.” 3. To be steadfast or constant in any course; to persevere; to abide; to endure; to persist; to keep up or maintain a particular condition, course, or series of actions; as the army continued to advance. “If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed.
John viii. 31.” Syn. — To persevere; persist. See Persevere.

Con•tin´ue, v. t. 1. To unite; to connect. [Obs.] “the use of the navel is to continue the infant unto the mother.
Sir T. browne.” 2. To protract or extend in duration; to preserve or persist in; to cease not. “O continue thy loving kindness unto them that know thee.
Ps. xxxvi. 10.” “You know how to make yourself happy by only continuing such a life as you have been long accustomed to lead.
Pope.” 3. To carry onward or extend; to prolong or produce; to add to or draw out in length. “A bridge of wond’rous length,
From hell continued, reaching th’ utmost orb
of this frail world.
Milton.” 4. To retain; to suffer or cause to remain; as the trustees were continued; also to suffer to live. “And how shall we continue Claudio.
Shak.”

Con•tin´ued , p. p. & a. Having extension of time, space, order of events, exertion of energy, etc.; extended; protracted; uninterrupted; also resumed after interruption; extending through a succession of issues, session, etc.; as a continued story. ´Continued woe.´ Jenyns. ´Continued succession.´ Locke. Continued bass (Mus.), a bass continued through an entire piece of music, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures beneath the bass; the same as thorough bass or figured bass; basso continuo. [It.] — Continued fever (Med.), a fever which presents no interruption in its course. — Continued fraction (Math.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose denominator is a whole number plus a fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole number, plus a fraction, and so on. — Continued proportion (Math.), a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the following one; as 4 : 8 : 8 : 16 :: 16 : 32.

Con•tin´u•ed•ly (? or ), adv. Continuously.

Con•tin´u•er , n. One who continues; one who has the power of perseverance or persistence. ´Indulgent continuers in sin.´ Hammond. “I would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so good a continuer.
Shak.”

Con•ti•nu´i•ty , n.; pl. Continuities (#). [L. continuitas: cf. F. continuite. See Continuous.] the state of being continuous; uninterrupted connection or succession; close union of parts; cohesion; as the continuity of fibers. Grew. “The sight would be tired, if it were attracted by a continuity of glittering objects.
Dryden.” Law of continuity (Math. & Physics), the principle that nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all the intermediate states. — Solution of continuity. (Math.) See under Solution.

Con•ti´nu•o (? or ), n. [It.] (Mus.) Basso continuo, or continued bass.

Con•tin´u•ous , a. [L. continuus, fr. continere to hold together. See Continent.] 1. Without break, cessation, or interruption; without intervening space or time; uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; unceasing; constant; continued; protracted; extended; as a continuous line of railroad; a continuous current of electricity. “he can hear its continuous murmur.
Longfellow.” 2. (Bot.) Not deviating or varying from uninformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated. Continuous brake (Railroad), a brake which is attached to each car a train, and can be caused to operate in all the cars simultaneously from a point on any car or on the engine. — Continuous impost. See Impost. Syn. — Continuous, Continual. Continuous is the stronger word, and denotes that the continuity or union of parts is absolute and uninterrupted; as a continuous sheet of ice; a continuous flow of water or of argument. So Daniel Webster speaks of ´a continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.´ Continual, in most cases, marks a close and unbroken succession of things, rather than absolute continuity. Thus we speak of continual showers, implying a repetition with occasional interruptions; we speak of a person as liable to continual calls, or as subject to continual applications for aid, etc. See Constant.

Con•tin´u•ous•ly , adv. In a continuous maner; without interruption. — Con•tin´u•ous•ness, n.

Cont´line , n. 1. (Ropemaking) The space between the strands on the outside of a rope. Knight. 2. (Naut.) The space between the bilges of two casks stowed side by side. { Con•tor´ni•ate , Con•tor´ni•a•te }, n., [It. contorniato, p. pr. of contorniare to make a circuit or outline, fr. contorno circuit, outline. See Contour.] (Numis.) A species of medal or medallion of bronze, having a deep furrow on the contour or edge; — supposed to have been struck in the days of Constantine and his successors. R. S. Poole.

Con•tor´sion , n. See Contortion.

Con•tort´ , v. t. [L. contortus, p. p. of contorquere to twist; con- + torquere to twist. See Torture.] To twist, or twist together; to turn awry; to bend; to distort; to wrest. “The vertebral arteries are variously contorted.
Ray.” “Kant contorted the term category from the proper meaning of attributed.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Con•tort´ed, a. 1. Twisted, or twisted together. ´A contorted chain of icicles.´ Massinger. 2. (Bot.) (a) Twisted back upon itself, as some parts of plants. (b) Arranged so as to overlap each other; as petals in contorted or convolute aestivation.

Con•tor´tion (kon•tô´shun), n. [L. contortio: cf. F. contorsion. See Contort, and cf. Torsion.] A twisting; a writhing; wry motion; a twist; as the contortion of the muscles of the face. Swift. “All the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration.
Burke.”

Con•tor´tion•ist, n. One who makes or practices contortions.

Con•tor´tive , a. Expressing contortion.

Con•tor•tu´pli•cate , a. [L. contortuplicatus; contortus contorted + plicare to fold.] (Bot.) Plaited lengthwise and twisted in addition, as the bud of the morning-glory. Gray.

Con•tour´ , n. [F. contour, fr. contourner to mark the outlines; con- + tourner to turn. See Turn.] 1. The outline of a figure or body, or the line or lines representing such an outline; the line that bounds; periphery. “Titian’s coloring and contours.
A. Drummond.” 2. (Mil.) The outline of a horizontal section of the ground, or of works of fortification. Contour feathers (Zoöl.), those feathers that form the general covering of a bird. — Contour of ground (Surv.), the outline of the surface of ground with respect to its undulation, etc. — Contour line (Topographical Suv.), the line in which a horizontal plane intersects a portion of ground, or the corresponding line in a map or chart.

Con•tour•ne’ , a. [F., p. p. of contourner to twist.] (Her.) Turned in a direction which is not the usual one; — said of an animal turned to the sinister which is usually turned to the dexter, or the like.

Con•tour´ni•a•ted , a. [Cf. Contorniate.] (Numis.) Having furrowed edges, as if turned in a lathe.

Con´tra A Latin adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in opposition, etc., entering as a prefix into the composition of many English words. Cf. Counter, adv. & pref.

Con´tra•band , n. [It. contrabando; contra + bando ban, proclamation: cf. F. contrebande. See Ban an edict.] 1. Illegal or prohibited traffic. “Persons the most bound in duty to prevent contraband, and the most interested in the seizures.
Burke.” 2. Goods or merchandise the importation or exportation of which is forbidden. 3. A negro slave, during the Civil War, escaped to, or was brought within, the Union lines. Such slave was considered contraband of war. [U.S.] Contraband of war, that which, according to international law, cannot be supplied to a hostile belligerent except at the risk of seizure and condemnation by the aggrieved belligerent. Wharton.

Con´tra•band, a. Prohibited or excluded by law or treaty; forbidden; as contraband goods, or trade. “The contraband will always keep pace, in some measure, with the fair trade.
Burke.”

Con´tra•band, v. t. 1. To import illegally, as prohibited goods; to smuggle. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To declare prohibited; to forbid. [Obs.] “The law severly contrabands
Our taking business of men’s hands.
Hudibras.”

Con´tra•band•ism (-iz’m), n. Traffic in contraband goods; smuggling.

Con´tra•band•ist , n. One who traffics illegally; a smuggler.

Con•tra•bass´ , n. (Mus.) Double bass; — applied to any instrument of the same deep range as the stringed double bass; as the contrabass ophicleide; the contrabass tuba or bombardon.

Con•tra•bas´so , n. [It. contrabasso.] (Mus.) The largest kind of bass viol. See Violone.

Con•tract´ (kon•trakt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contracting.] [L. contractus, p. p. of contrahere to contract; con- + trahere to draw: cf. F. contracter. See Trace, and cf. Contract, n.] 1. To draw together or nearer; to reduce to a less compass; to shorten, narrow, or lessen; as to contract one’s sphere of action. “In all things desuetude doth contract and narrow our faculties.
Dr. H. More.” 2. To draw together so as to wrinkle; to knit. “Thou didst contract and purse thy brow.
Shak.” 3. To bring on; to incur; to acquire; as to contract a habit; to contract a debt; to contract a disease. “Each from each contract new strength and light.
Pope.” “Such behavior we contract by having much conversed with persons of high station.
Swift.” 4. To enter into, with mutual obligations; to make a bargain or covenant for. “We have contracted an inviolable amity, peace, and lague with the aforesaid queen.
Hakluyt.” “Many persons … had contracted marriage within the degrees of consanguinity … prohibited by law.
Strype.” 5. To betroth; to affiance. “The truth is, she and I, long since contracted,
Are now so sure, that nothing can dissolve us.
Shak.” 6. (Gram.) To shorten by omitting a letter or letters or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one. Syn. — To shorten; abridge; epitomize; narrow; lessen; condense; reduce; confine; incur; assume.

Con•tract´ (kon•trakt´), v. i. 1. To be drawn together so as to be diminished in size or extent; to shrink; to be reduced in compass or in duration; as iron contracts in cooling; a rope contracts when wet. “Years contracting to a moment.
Wordsworth.” 2. To make an agreement; to covenant; to agree; to bargain; as to contract for carrying the mail.

Con´tract (kon´trakt), a. Contracted; as a contract verb. Goodwin.

Con•tract´ (kon•trakt´), a. [L. contractus, p. p.] Contracted; affianced; betrothed. [Obs.] Shak.

Con´tract (kon´trakt), n. [L. contractus, fr. contrahere: cf. F. contrat, formerly also contract.] 1. (Law) The agreement of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act; an agreement in which a party undertakes to do, or not to do, a particular thing; a formal bargain; a compact; an interchange of legal rights. Wharton. 2. A formal writing which contains the agreement of parties, with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation. 3. The act of formally betrothing a man and woman. “This is the the night of the contract.
Longwellow.” Syn. — Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation; bargain; arrangement; obligation. See Covenant.

Con•tract´ed (kon•trakt´ed), a. 1. Drawn together; shrunken; wrinkled; narrow; as a contracted brow; a contracted noun. 2. Narrow; illiberal; selfish; as a contracted mind; contracted views. 3. Bargained for; betrothed; as a contracted peace. “Inquire me out contracted bachelors.
Shak.”

Con•tract´ed•ness, n. The state of being contracted; narrowness; meanness; selfishness.

Con•tract•i•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being contracted; quality of being contractible; as the contractibility and dilatability of air. Arbuthnot.

Con•tract´i•ble , a. Capable of contraction. “Small air bladders distable and contractible.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•tract´i•ble•ness, n. Contractibility.

Con•tract´ile , a. [Cf. F. contractile.] tending to contract; having the power or property of contracting, or of shrinking into shorter or smaller dimensions; as the contractile tissues. “The heart’s contractile force.
H. Brooke.” “Each cilium seems to be composed of contractile substance.
Hixley.” Contractile vacuole (Zoöl.), a pulsating cavity in the interior of a protozoan, supposed to be excretory in function. There may be one, two, or more.

Con•trac•til´i•ty , n. 1. The quality or property by which bodies shrink or contract. 2. (Physiol.) The power possessed by the fibers of living muscle of contracting or shortening. When subject to the will, as in the muscles of locomotion, such power is called voluntary contractility; when not controlled by the will, as in the muscles of the heart, it is involuntary contractility.

Con•trac´tion , n. [L. contractio: cf. F. contraction.] 1. The act or process of contracting, shortening, or shrinking; the state of being contracted; as contraction of the heart, of the pupil of the eye, or of a tendon; the contraction produced by cold. 2. (Math.) The process of shortening an operation. 3. The act of incurring or becoming subject to, as liabilities, obligation, debts, etc.; the process of becoming subject to; as the contraction of a disease. 4. Something contracted or abbreviated, as a word or phrase; — as plenipo for plenipotentiary; crim. con. for criminal conversation, etc. 5. (Gram.) The shortening of a word, or of two words, by the omission of a letter or letters, or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one; as ne’er for never; can’t for can not; don’t for do not; it’s for it is. 6. A marriage contract. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•tract´ive , a. Tending to contract; having the property or power or power of contracting.

Con•tract´or , n. [L.] One who contracts; one of the parties to a bargain; one who covenants to do anything for another; specifically, one who contracts to perform work on a rather large scale, at a certain price or rate, as in building houses or making a railroad.

Con•trac´ture ( 135), n. [L. contractura a drawing together.] (Med.) A state of permanent rigidity or contraction of the muscles, generally of the flexor muscles.

Con´tra•dance , n. [Pref. contra- + dance: cf. F. contrdance. Cf. Country-dance.] A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines.

Con•tra•dict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contradicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contradicting.] [L. contradictus, p. p. of contradicere to speak against; contra + dicere to speak. See Diction.] 1. To assert the contrary of; to oppose in words; to take issue with; to gainsay; to deny the truth of, as of a statement or a speaker; to impugn. “Dear Duff, I prithee, contradict thyself,
And say it is not so.
Shak.” “The future can not contradict the past.
Wordsworth.” 2. To be contrary to; to oppose; to resist. [Obs.] “No truth can contradict another truth.
Hooker.” “A greater power than we can contradict
Hath thwarted our intents.
Shak.”

Con•tra•dict, v. i. To oppose in words; to gainsay; to deny, or assert the contrary of, something. “They … spake against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming.
Acts xiii. 45.”

Con•tra•dict´a•ble , a. Capable of being contradicted.

Con•tra•dict´er , n. one who contradicts. Swift.

Con•tra•dic´tion , n. [L. contradictio answer, objection: cf. F. contradiction.] 1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial of the truth of a statement or assertion; contrary declaration; gainsaying. “His fair demands
Shall be accomplished without contradiction.
Shak.” 2. Direct opposition or repugnancy; inconsistency; incongruity or contrariety; one who, or that which, is inconsistent. “can he make deathless death? That were to make
Strange contradiction.
Milton.” “We state our experience and then we come to a manly resolution of acting in contradiction to it.
Burke.” “Both parts of a contradiction can not possibly be true.
Hobbes.” “Of contradictions infinite the slave.
Wordsworth.” Principle of contradiction (Logic), the axiom or law of thought that a thing cannot be and not be at the same time, or a thing must either be or not be, or the same attribute can not at the same time be affirmed and and denied of the same subject. It develops itself in three specific forms which have been called the ´Three Logical Axioms.´ First, ´A is A.´ Second, ´A is not Not-A´ Third, ´Everything is either A or Not-A.´

Con•tra•dic´tion•al , a. Contradictory; inconsistent; opposing. [R.] Milton.

Con•tra•dic´tious , a. 1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent. [Obs.] 2. Inclined to contradict or cavil [Obs.] Sharp. — Con•tra•dic´tious•ness, n. Norris.

Con•tra•dict´ive , a. Contradictory; inconsistent. — Con•tra•dict´ive•ly, adv.

Con•tra•dict´or , n. [L.] A contradicter.

Con•tra•dict´o•ri•ly , adv. In a contradictory manner. Sharp.

Con´tra•dict•o•ri•ness, n. The quality of being contradictory; opposition; inconsistency. J. Whitaker.

Con•tra•dict´o•ry , a. [LL. contradictorius: cf. F. contradictoire.] 1. Affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; also mutually contradicting; inconsistent. ´Contradictory assertions.´ South. 2. Opposing or opposed; repugnant. “Schemes … contradictory to common sense.
Addisn.”

Con•tra•dict´o•ry, n.; pl. Contradictories . 1. A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another; contrariety. “It is common with princes to will contradictories.
Bacon.” 2. pl. (Logic) propositions with the same terms, but opposed to each other both in quality and quantity.

Con•tra•dis•tinct´ , a. Distinguished by opposite qualities. J. Goodwin.

Con•tra•dis•tinc´tion , n. Distinction by contrast. “That there are such things as sins of infirmity in contradistinction to those of presumption is not to be questioned.
South.”

Con•tra•dis•tinc´tive , a. having the quality of contradistinction; distinguishing by contrast. — Con•tra•dis•tinc´tive, n.

Con•tra•dis•tin´guish ( 144), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contradistinguished (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Contradistinguishing.] To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities. “These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contradistinguished.
Locke.”

Con•tra•fa•get´to , n. [It.] (Mus.) The double bassoon, an octave deeper than the bassoon.

Con•tra•fis´sure ( 135), n. (Med.) A fissure or fracture on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Coxe.

Con´tra•hent , a. [L. contrahens, p. pr. See Contract.] Entering into covenant; contracting; as contrahent parties. [Obs.] Mede.

Con´tra•in´di•cant , n. (Med.) Something, as a symptom, indicating that the usual mode of treatment is not to be followed. Burke.

Con´tra•in•´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contraindicated p. pr. & vb. n. Contraindicating ] (Med.) To indicate, as by a symptom, some method of treatment contrary to that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require. “Contraindicating symptoms must be observed.
Harvey.”

Con´tra•in•di•ca´tion , n. (med.) An indication or symptom which forbids the method of treatment usual in such cases.

Con•tral´to (? or ), n. [It., fr. contra + alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices; the alto or counter tenor. (b) the voice or singer performing this part; as her voice is a contralto; she is a contralto. The usual range of the contralto voice is from G, below middle C, to the C above that; though exceptionally it embraces two octaves.

Con•tral´to (? or ), a. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a contralto, or to the part in music called contralto; as a contralto voice.

Con´tra•mure , n. [Cf. Countermure.] (fort.) An outer wall. [Obs.] Chambers.

Con´tra•nat´u•ral ( 135), a. [Cf. Counternatural.] Opposed to or against nature; unnatural. [R.] Bp. Rust.

Con´tra•po•si´tion , n. [Pref. contra- + position: cf. f. conterposition.] 1. A placing over against; opposite position. [Obs.] F. Potter. 2. (Logic) A so-called immediate inference which consists in denying the original subject of the contradictory predicate; e.g.: Every S is P; therefore, no Not-P is S.

Con•tra•pun´tal , a. [It. contrappunto counterpoint. See Counterpoint.] (Mus.) Pertaining to, or according to the rules of, counterpoint.

Con•tra•pun´tist , n. [It. contrappuntista.] (Mus.) One skilled in counterpoint. L. Mason.

Con´tra•re•mon´strant , n. One who remonstrates in opposition or answer to a remonstrant. [R.] “They did the synod wrong to make this distinction of contraremonstrants and remonstrants.
Hales.”

Con•tra´ri•ant , a. [LL. contrarians, p. pr. of contrariare to oppose, fr. L. contrarius: cf. F. contrariant, p. pr. of contrarier to contradict. See Contrary.] Contrary; opposed; antagonistic; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] “The struggles of contrariant factions.
Coleridge.”

Con•tra´ri•ant•ly, adv. Contrarily. [Obs.]

Con´tra•ries (? or ; 48), n. pl. [Pl. of Contrary, n.] (Logic) Propositions which directly and destructively contradict each other, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other. “If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as every vine is a tree; no vine is a tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false.
I. Watts.”

Con•tra•ri´e•ty n.; pl. Contrarieties (#). [L. contrarietas: cf. F. contrariete.] 1. The state or quality of being contrary; opposition; repugnance; disagreement; antagonism. “There is a contrariety between those things that conscience inclines to, and those that entertain the senses.
South.” 2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsistent with, something else; an inconsistency. “How can these contrarieties agree?
Shak.” Syn. — Inconsistency; discrepancy; repugnance.

Con´tra•ri•ly (? or ), adv. In a contrary manner; in opposition; on the other side; in opposite ways.

Con´tra•ri•ness, n. state or quality of being contrary; opposition; inconsistency; contrariety; perverseness; obstinacy.

Con•tra´ri•ous , a. [LL. contrariosus: cf. OF. contrarios contralius.] Showing contrariety; repugnant; perverse. [Archaic] Milton. “She flew contrarious in the face of God.
Mrs. Browning.”

Con•tra´ri•ous•ly, adv. Contrarily; oppositely. Shak.

Con´tra•ri•wise (? or ), adv. 1. On the contrary; oppositely; on the other hand. “Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing; but contrariwise, blessing.
1 Pet. iii. 9.” 2. In a contrary order; conversely. “Everything that acts upon the fluids must, at the same time, act upon the solids, and contrariwise.
Arbuthnot.”

Con•tra•ro•ta´tion , n. Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.

Con´tra•ry (? or 48), a. [OE. contrarie, contraire, F. contraire, fr. L. contrarius, fr. contra. See Contra-.] 1. Opposite; in an opposite direction; in opposition; adverse; as contrary winds. “And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me.
Lev. xxvi. 21.” “We have lost our labor; they are gone a contrary way.
Shak.” 2. Opposed; contradictory; repugnant; inconsistent. “Fame, if not double-faced, is double mouthed,
And with contrary blast proclaims most deeds.
Milton.” “The doctrine of the earth’s motion appeared to be contrary to the sacred Scripture.
Whewell.” 3. Given to opposition; perverse; forward; wayward; as a contrary disposition; a contrary child. 4. (Logic) Affirming the opposite; so opposed as to destroy each other; as contrary propositions. Contrary motion (Mus.), the progression of parts in opposite directions, one ascending, the other descending. Syn. — Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; inconsistent.

Con´tra•ry, n.; pl. Contraries . 1. A thing that is of contrary or opposite qualities. “No contraries hold more antipathy
Than I and such a knave.
Shak.” 2. An opponent; an enemy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. the opposite; a proposition, fact, or condition incompatible with another; as slender proofs which rather show the contrary. See Converse, n., 1. Locke. 4. (Logic) See Contraries. On the contrary, in opposition; on the other hand. Swift. — To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or intent; on the other side. ´They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary.´ Bp. Stillingfleet.

Con´tra•ry, v. t. [F. contrarier. See Contrary, a.] To contradict or oppose; to thwart. [Obs.] “I was advised not to contrary the king.
Bp. Latimer.”

Con•trast´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Contrasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contrasting.] [F. contraster, LL. contrastare to resist, withstand, fr. L. contra + stare to stand. See Stand.] To stand in opposition; to exhibit difference, unlikeness, or opposition of qualities. “The joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely with the divisional planes which separate the basalt into pillars.
Lyell.”

Con•trast´, v. t. 1. To set in opposition, or over against, in order to show the differences between, or the comparative excellences and defects of; to compare by difference or contrariety of qualities; as to contrast the present with the past. 2. (Fine Arts) To give greater effect to, as to a figure or other object, by putting it in some relation of opposition to another figure or object. “the figures of the groups must not be all on side … but must contrast each other by their several position.
Dryden.”

Con´trast (kon´trast), n. [F. contraste: cf. It. contrasto.] 1. The act of contrasting, or the state of being contrasted; comparison by contrariety of qualities. “place the prospect of the soul
In sober contrast with reality.
Wordsworth.” 2. Opposition or dissimilitude of things or qualities; unlikeness, esp. as shown by juxtaposition or comparison. “The contrasts and resemblances of the seasons.
Whewell.” 3. (Fine Arts) The opposition of varied forms, colors, etc., which by such juxtaposition more vividly express each other’s peculiarities. Fairholt.

Con•tra•stim´u•lant , a. Counteracting the effects of stimulants; relating to a course of medical treatment based on a theory of contrastimulants. — n. (Med.) An agent which counteracts the effect of a stimulant.

Con´trate , a. [See Contra- .] Having cogs or teeth projecting parallel to the axis, instead of radiating from it. [R.] Contrate wheel. See Crown wheel.

Con´tra•ten•or , n. [Cf. Counter tenor.] (Mus.) Counter tenor; contralto.

Con•tra•val•la´tion , n. [Pref. contra- + vallation: cf. F. contrevallation. Cf. Countervallation.] (Fort.) A trench guarded with a parapet, constructed by besiegers, to secure themselves and check sallies of the besieged.

Con•tra•vene´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contravened p. pr. & vb. n. Contravening.] [LL. contravenire; L. contra + venire to come: cf. F. contrevenir. See Come.] 1. To meet in the way of opposition; to come into conflict with; to oppose; to contradict; to obstruct the operation of; to defeat. “So plain a proposition … was not likely to be contravened.
Southey.” 2. To violate; to nullify; to be inconsistent with; as to contravene a law. “Laws that place the subjects in such a state contravene the first principles of the compact of authority.
Johnson.” Syn. — To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; obstruct; baffle; thwart.

Con•tra•ven´er , n. One who contravenes.

Con•tra•ven´tion , n. [Cf. F. contravention.] The act of contravening; opposition; obstruction; transgression; violation. “Warrants in contravention of the acts of Parliament.
Macaulay.” “In contravention of all his marriage stipulations.
Motley.”

Con•tra•ver´sion , n. A turning to the opposite side; antistrophe. Congreve.

Con•tra•yer´va , n. [Sp. contrayerba, literally, a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. l. contra + herba herb.] (Bot.) A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic.

Con•tre•coup´ , n. [F., fr. contre (L. contra) + coup a blow.] (med.) A concussion or shock produced by a blow or other injury, in a part or region opposite to that at which the blow is received, often causing rupture or disorganisation of the parts affected.

Con•tre•temps´ , n. [F., fr. contre (L. conta) + temps time, fr. L. tempus.] An unexpected and untoward accident; something inopportune or embarrassing; a hitch. “In this unhappy contretemps.
De Quincey.”

Con•trib´u•ta•ble , a. Capable of being contributed.

Con•trib´u•ta•ry , a. 1. Contributory. [R.] 2. Tributary; contributing. [R.] “It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river received a contributary stream.
D’Anville (Trans. ).”

Con•trib´ute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Contributing.] [L. contributus, p. p. of contribuere to bring together, to add; con- + tribuere to grant, impart. See Tribute.] To give or grant i common with others; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose; to furnish or suply in part; to give (money or other aid) for a specified object; as to contribute food or fuel for the poor. “England contributes much more than any other of the allies.
Addison.”

Con•trib´ute, v. i. 1. To give a part to a common stock; to lend assistance or aid, or give something, to a common purpose; to have a share in any act or effect. “We are engaged in war; the secretary of state calls upon the colonies to contribute.
Burke.” 2. To give or use one’s power or influence for any object; to assist. “These men also contributed to obstruct the progress of wisdom.
Goldsmith.”

Con•tri•bu´tion , n. [L. contributio: cf. F. contribution.] 1. The act of contributing. 2. That which is contributed; — either the portion which an individual furnishes to the common stock, or the whole which is formed by the gifts of individuals. “A certain contribution for the poor saints which are at jerusalem.
Rom. xv. 26.” “Aristotle’s actual contributions to the physical sciences.
Whewell.” 3. (Mil.) An irregular and arbitrary imposition or tax leved on the people of a town or country. “These sums, … and the forced contributions paid by luckless peasants, enabled him to keep his straggling troops together.
Motley.” 4. (Law) Payment, by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suffered or an amount paid by one of their number for the common benefit.

Con•tri•bu´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or furnishing, a contribution.

Con•trib´u•tive , a. Contributing, or tending to contribute. Fuller.

Con•trib´u•tor , n. One who, or that which, contributes; specifically, one who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine.

Con•trib´u•to•ry , a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock; contributive. Milton. “Bonfires of contributory wood.
Chapman.” Contributory negligence (Law), negligence by an injured party, which combines with the negligence of the injurer in producing the injury, and which bars recovery when it is the proximate cause of the injury. Wharton.

Con•trib´u•to•ry, n.; pl. Contributories . One who contributes, or is liable to be called upon to contribute, as toward the discharge of a common indebtedness. Abbott.

Con•trist´ , v. t. [Cf. F. contrister. See Contristate.] To make sad. [Obs.] “To deject and contrist myself.
Sterne.”

Con•tris´tate , v. t. & i. [L. contristatus, p. p. of contristare to sadden; con- + tristis sad.] To make sorrowful. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con´trite ( 277), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of contrere to grind, bruise; con- + terere to rub, grind: cf. F. contrit See Trite.] 1. Thoroughly bruised or broken. [Obs.] 2. Broken down with grief and penitence; deeply sorrowful for sin because it is displeasing to God; humbly and thoroughly penitent. “A contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise.
Ps. li. 17.” “Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite.
Milton.” Syn. — Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful.

Con´trite, n. A contrite person. Hooker.

Con´trite, v. In a contrite manner.

Con´trite•ness, n. Deep sorrow and penitence for sin; contrition.

Con•tri´tion , n. [F. contrition, L. contritio.] 1. The act of grinding or ribbing to powder; attrition; friction; rubbing. [Obs.] “The breaking of their parts into less parts by contrition.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. The state of being contrite; deep sorrow and repentance for sin, because sin is displeasing to God; humble penitence; through repentance. “My future days shall be one whole contrition.
Dryden.” Syn. — repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. — Contrition, Attrition, repentance. — Contrition is deep sorrow and self-condemnation, with through repetance for sin because it is displeasing to God, and implies a feeling of love toward God. Attrition is sorrow for sin, or imperfect repentance produced by fear of punishment or a sense of the baseness of sin. Repentance is a penitent renunciation of, and turning from, sin; thorough repentance produces a new life. Repentance is often used as synonymous with contrition. See Compunction.

Con•trit´u•rate ( 135), v. t. To triturate; to pulverize. [R.]

Con•triv´a•ble , a. Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised. “A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable.
Bp. Wilkins.”

Con•triv´ance , n. 1. The act or faculty of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning. “The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver.
Paley.” 2. The thing contrived, invented, or planned; disposition of parts or causes by design; a scheme; plan; artifice; arrangement. “Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants.
Burke.” Syn. — Device; plan; scheme; invention; machine; project; design; artifice; shift. See Device.

Con•trive´ (kon•triv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contrived p. pr. & vb. n. Contriving.] [OE. contriven, contreven, controven, to invent, OF. controver, contruver; con- + trouver to find. See Troubadour, trover.] To form by an exercise of ingenuity; to devise; to invent; to design; to plan. “What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the universe than infinite wisdom.
Tillotson.” “neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against his life.
Hawthorne.” Syn. — To invent; discover; plan; design; project; plot; concert; hatch.

Con•trive´, v. i. To make devices; to form designs; to plan; to scheme; to plot. “The Fates with traitors do contrive.
Shak.” “Thou hast contrived against th very life
Of the defendant.
Shak.”

Con•trive´ment , n. Contrivance; invention; arrangement; design; plan. [Obs.] “Consider the admirable contrivement and artifice of this great fabric.
Glanvill.” “Active to meet their contrivements.
Sir G. Buck.”

Con•triv´er , n. One who contrives, devises, plans, or schemas. Swift.

Con•trol´ , n. [F. contrôle a counter register, contr. fr. contr- rôle; contre (L. contra) + rôle roll, catalogue. See Counter and Roll, and cf. Counterroll.] 1. A duplicate book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register; a counter register. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder; restraint. ´Speak without control.´ Dryden. 3. Power or authority to check or restrain; restraining or regulating influence; superintendence; government; as children should be under parental control. “The House of Commons should exercise a control over all the departments of the executive administration.
Macaulay.” Board of control. See under Board.

Con•trol´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controlled p. pr. & vb. n. Controlling.] [F. contrôler, fr. contrôle.] [Formerly written comptrol and controul.] 1. To check by a counter register or duplicate account; to prove by counter statements; to confute. [Obs.] “This report was controlled to be false.
Fuller.” 2. To exercise restraining or governing influence over; to check; to counteract; to restrain; to regulate; to govern; to overpower. “Give me a staff of honor for mine age,
But not a scepter to control the world.
Shak.” “I feel my virtue struggling in my soul:
But stronger passion does its power control.
Dryden.” Syn. — To restrain; rule; govern; manage; guide; regulate; hinder; direct; check; curb; counteract; subdue.

Con•trol•la•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being controlled; controllableness.

Con•trol´la•ble , a. Capable of being controlled, checked, or restrained; amenable to command. “Passion is the drunkeness of the mind, and, therefore, … not always controllable by reason.
South.”

Con•trol´la•ble•ness, n. Capability of being controlled.

Con•trol´ler , n. [From control, v. t.: cf. F. contrôleur.] 1. One who, or that which, controls or restraines; one who has power or authority to regulate or control; one who governs. “The great controller of our fate
Deigned to be man, and lived in low estate.
Dryden.” 2. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to examine, rectify, or verify accounts. [More commonly written controller.] 3. (Naut.) An iron block, usually bolted to a ship’s deck, for controlling the running out of a chain cable. The links of the cable tend to drop into hollows in the block, and thus hold fast until disengaged.

Con•trol´ler•ship, n. The office of a controller.

Con•trol´ment , n. 1. The power or act of controlling; the state of being restrained; control; restraint; regulation; superintendence. “You may do it without controlment.
Shak.” 2. Opposition; resistance; hostility. [Obs.] “Here have we war for war, and blood for blood,
Controlment for controlment.
Shak.”

Con•tro•ver´sal , a. 1. Turning or looking opposite ways. [Obs.] “The temple of Janus, with his two controversal faces.
Milton.” 2. Controversial. [Obs.] Boyle.

Con•tro•ver´sa•ry , a. Controversial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con´tro•verse , n. [Cf. F. controverse.] Controversy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Con´tro•verse, v. t. [L. controversari, fr. controversus turned against, disputed.] To dispute; to controvert. [Obs.] ´Controversed causes.´ Hooker.

Con´tro•ver•ser , n. A disputant. [Obs.]

Con•tro•ver´sial , a. [Cf. LL. controversialis.] Relating to, or consisting of, controversy; disputatious; polemical; as controversial divinity. “Whole libraries of controversial books.
Macaulay.”

Con•tro•ver´sial•ist, n. One who carries on a controversy; a disputant. “He [Johnson] was both intellectually and morally of the stuff of which controversialists are made.
Macaulay.”

Con•tro•ver´sial•ly, adv. In a controversial manner.

Con•tro•ver´sion , n. Act of controverting; controversy. [Obs.] Hooker.

Con´tro•ver•sor , n. A controverser. [Obs.]

Con´tro•ver•sy , n.; pl. Controversies (#). [L. controversia, fr. controversus turned against, disputed; contro- = contra + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. Contention; dispute; debate; discussion; agitation of contrary opinions. “This left no room for controversy about the title.
Locke.” “A dispute is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing.
Johnson.” 2. Quarrel; strife; cause of variance; difference. “The Lord hath a controversy with the nations.
Jer. xxv. 31.” 3. A suit in law or equity; a question of right. [Obs.] “When any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment.
2 Sam. xv. 2.” Syn. — Dispute; debate; disputation; disagreement; altercation; contention; wrangle; strife; quarrel.

Con´tro•vert , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Controverting.] [See Controversy.] To make matter of controversy; to dispute or oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings; to contest; to debate. “Some controverted points had decided according to the sense of the best jurists.
Macaulay.”

Con´tro•ver•ter , n. One who controverts; a controversial writer; a controversialist. “Some controverters in divinity are like swaggerers in a tavern.
B. Jonson.”

Con•tro•ver´ti•ble , a. Capable of being controverted; disputable; admitting of question. — Con•tro•ver´ti•bly, adv.

Con´tro•ver•tist , n. One skilled in or given to controversy; a controversialist. “How unfriendly is the controvertist to the discernment of the critic!
Campbell.” { Con•tu´ber•nal , Con•tu•ber´ni•al }, a. [L. contubernalis a tent companion, fr. contubernium tent companionship.] Living or messing together; familiar; in companionship. “Humble folk ben Christes friends: they ben contubernial with the Lord, thy King.
Chaucer.”

Con•tu•ma´cious , a. [L. contumax, -acis. See Contumacy.] 1. Exhibiting contumacy; contemning authority; obstinate; perverse; stubborn; disobedient. “There is another very, efficacious method for subding the most obstinate, contumacious sinner.
Hammond.” 2. (Law) Willfully disobedient to the summous or prders of a court. Blackstone. Syn. — Stubborn; obstinate; obdurate; disobedient; perverse; unyielding; headstrong. — Con•tu•ma´cious•ly, adv. — Con•tu•ma´cious•ness, n.

Con´tu•ma•cy , n.; pl. Contumacies (#). [L. contumacia, fr. contumax, -acis, insolent; prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. F. contumace. Cf. Contemn.] 1. Stubborn perverseness; pertinacious resistance to authority. “The bishop commanded him … to be thrust into the stocks for his manifest and manifold contumacy.
Strype.” 2. (Law) A willful contempt of, and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules and orders of court, as a refusal to appear in court when legally summoned. Syn. — Stubbornness; perverseness; obstinacy.

Con•tu•me´li•ous (?or 106), a. [L. contumeliosus.] 1. Exhibiting contumely; rudely contemptuous; insolent; disdainful. “Scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts.
Shak.” “Curving a contumelious lip.
Tennyson.” 2. Shameful; disgraceful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. — Con•tu•me´li•ous•ly, adv. — Con•tu•me´li•ous•ness, n.

Con´tu•me•ly , n. [L. contumelia, prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. OF. contumelie. Cf. Contumacy.] Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and contempt; scornful insolence; despiteful treatment; disdain; contemptuousness in act or speech; disgrace. “The oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely.
Shak.” “Nothing aggravates tyranny so much as contumely.
Burke.”

Con•tuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contused p. pr. & vb. n. Contusing.] [L. contusus, p. p. of contundere to beat, crush; con- + tundere to beat, akin to Skr. tud (for stud) to strike, Goth. stautan. See Stutter.] 1. To beat, pound, or bray together. “Roots, barks, and seeds contused together.
Bacon.” 2. To bruise; to injure or disorganize a part without breaking the skin. Contused wound, a wound attended with bruising.

Con•tu´sion , n. [L. contusio: cf. F. contusion.] 1. The act or process of beating, bruising, or pounding; the state of being beaten or bruised. 2. (Med.) A bruise; an injury attended with more or less disorganization of the subcutaneous tissue and effusion of blood beneath the skin, but without apparent wound.

Co•nun´drum , n. [Origin unknown.] 1. A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic resemblance between things quite unlike; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun. “Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint.
J. Philips.” 2. A question to which only a conjectural answer can be made. “Do you think life is long enough to let me speculate on conundrums like that?
W. Black.”

Co•nure´ , n. [NL. conurus, fr. Gr. a cone + tail. The name alludes to the tapering tail.] (Zoöl.) An American parrakeet of the genus Conurus. Many species are known. See Parrakeet.

Co´nus , n. [L., a cone.] 1. A cone. 2. (Zoöl.) A Linnean genus of mollusks having a conical shell. See Cone, n., 4.

Con´u•sa•ble , a. Cognizable; liable to be tried or judged. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.

Con´u•sant , a. (Law) See Cognizant.

Con•u•sor´ , n. (Law) See Cognizor.

Con•va•lesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convalesced p. pr. & vb. n. Convalescing.] [L. convalscere; con- + valescere to grow strong, v. incho. of valere to be strong. See Vallant.] To recover health and strength gradually, after sickness or weakness; as a patient begins to convalesce.

Con•va•lesced´ , a. Convalescent. [R.] “He found the queen somewhat convalesced.
J. Knox.” { Con•va•les´cence , Con•va•les´cen•cy }, n. [L. convalescentia: cf. F. convalescence.] The recovery of heath and strength after disease; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness; the time between the subsidence of a disease and complete restoration to health.

Con•va•les´cent , a. [L. convalescens, -entis, p. pr.: cf. F. convalescent.] 1. Recovering from sickness or debility; partially restored to health or strength. 2. Of or pertaining to convalescence.

Con•va•les´cent, n. One recovering from sickness.

Con•va•les´cent•ly, adv. In the manner of a convalescent; with increasing strength or vigor.

Con•val´la•ma•rin , n. [Convallaria + L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, poisonous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the lily of the valley (Convallaria Majalis). Its taste is first bitter, then sweet.

Con•val•la´ri•a , n. [NL., from L. convallis a valley; con- + vallis valley.] (Bot. & Med.) The lily of the valley.

Con•val•la´rin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline glucoside, of an irritating taste, extracted from the convallaria or lily of the valley.

Con•vec´tion , n. [L. convectio, fr. convehere to bring together; con- + vehere to carry.] 1. The act or process of conveying or transmitting. 2. (Physics) A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or electricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases, resulting from changes of temperature and other causes. “Liquids are generally heated by convection — when heat is applied from bellow.
Nichol.”

Con•vec´tive , a. Caused or accomplished by convection; as a convective discharge of electricity. Faraday.

Con•vec´tive•ly, adv. In a convective manner. Hare.

Con•vel´lent , a. [L. convellens, p. pr. of convellere. See Convulse.] Tending to tear or pull up. [Obs.] “The ends of the fragment … will not yield to the convellent force.
Todd & Bowman.”

Con•ven´a•ble , a. Capable of being convened or assembled.

Con´ve•na•ble , a. [F. convenable, fr. convenir. See Convene.] Consistent; accordant; suitable; proper; as convenable remedies. [Obs.] “With his wod his work is convenable.
Spenser.”

Con´ve•nance , n. [F., fitness, suitableness.] That which is suitable, agreeable, or convenient. “And they missed
Their wonted convenance, cheerly hid the loss.
Emerson.”

Con•vene´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convened p. pr. & vb. n. Convenong.] [L. convenire; con- + venire to come: cf. F. convenir to agree, to be fitting, OF. also to assemble. See Come, and cf. Covenant.] 1. To come together; to meet; to unite. [R.] “In shortsighted men … the rays converge and convene in the eyes before they come at the bottom.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. To come together, as in one body or for a public purpose; to meet; to assemble. Locke. “The Parliament of Scotland now convened.
Sir R. Baker.” “Faint, underneath, the household fowls convene.
Thomson.” Syn. — To meet; to assemble; to congregate; to collect; to unite.

Con•vene´, v. t. 1. To cause to assemble; to call together; to convoke. “And now the almighty father of the gods
Convenes a council in the blest abodes.
Pope.” 2. To summon judicially to meet or appear. “By the papal canon law, clerks … can not be convened before any but an ecclesiastical judge.
Ayliffe.”

Con•ven´er , n. 1. One who convenes or meets with others. [Obs.] 2. One who calls an assembly together or convenes a meeting; hence, the chairman of a committee or other organized body. [Scot.] { Con•ven´ience ( 106), Con•ven´ien•cy }, n. [L. convenientia agreement, fitness. See Convenient.] 1. The state or quality of being convenient; fitness or suitableness, as of place, time, etc.; propriety. “Let’s further think of this;
Weigh what convenience both of time and means
May fit us to our shape.
Shak.” “With all brief and plain conveniency,
Let me have judgment.
Shak.” 2. Freedom from discomfort, difficulty, or trouble; commodiousness; ease; accommodation. “Thus necessity invented stools,
Convenience next suggested elbow chairs.
Cowper.” “We are rather intent upon the end of God’s glory than our own conveniency.
Jer. Taylor.” 3. That which is convenient; that which promotes comfort or advantage; that which is suited to one’s wants; an accommodation. “A pair of spectacles and several other little conveniences.
Swift.” 4. A convenient or fit time; opportunity; as to do something at one’s convenience.

Con•ven´ient ( 277), a. [L. conveniens, -entis, suitable, p. pr. of convenire to be suitable, to come. See Convene, v. i.] 1. Fit or adapted; suitable; proper; becoming; appropriate. [Archaic] “Feed me with food convenient for me.
Prov. xxx. 8.” “Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient.
Eph. v. 4.” 2. Affording accommodation or advantage; well adapted to use; handly; as a convenient house; convenient implements or tools. 3. Seasonable; timely; opportune; as a convenient occasion; a convenient season. Acts xxiv. 25. 4. Near at hand; easy of access. [Colloq.] “Hereties used to be brought thither, convenient for burning.
Thackeray.” Syn. — Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; fitted; suited; handly; commodious.

Con•ven´ient•ly, adv. In a convenient manner, form, or situation; without difficulty.

Con´vent , n. [L. conventus a meeting, LL. also a convent. See Convene, v. i.] 1. A coming together; a meeting. [Obs.] “A usual ceremony at their [the witches] convents or meetings.
B. Jonson.” 2. An association or community of recluses devoted to a religious life; a body of monks or nuns. “One of our convent, and his [the duke’s] confessor.
Shak.” 3. A house occupied by a community of religious recluses; a monastery or nunnery. “One seldom finds in Italy a spot of ground more agreeable than ordinary that is not covered with a convent.
Addison.” Syn. — Nunnery; monastery; abbey. See Cloister.

Con•vent´ , v. i. [L. conventus, p. p. of convenire. See Convene, v. i.] 1. To meet together; to concur. [obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To be convenient; to serve. [Obs.] “When that is known and golden time convents.
Shak.”

Con•vent´ , v. t. To call before a judge or judicature; to summon; to convene. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•vent´ic•al , a. Of or from, or pertaining to, a convent. ´Conventical wages.´ Sterne. Conventical prior. See Prior.

Con•ven´ti•cle , n. [L. conventiculum, dim. of conventus: cf. F. conventicule. See Convent, n.] 1. A small assembly or gathering; esp., a secret assembly. “They are commanded to abstain from all conventicles of men whatsoever.
Ayliffe.” 2. An assembly for religious worship; esp., such an assembly held privately, as in times of persecution, by Nonconformists or Dissenters in England, or by Covenanters in Scotland; — often used opprobriously, as if those assembled were heretics or schismatics. “The first Christians could never have had recourse to nocturnal or clandestine conventicles till driven to them by the violence of persecution.
Hammond.” “A sort of men who … attend its [the curch of England’s] service in the morning, and go with their wives to a conventicle in the afternoon.
Swift.”

Con•ven´ti•cler , n. One who supports or frequents conventicles. Dryden.

Con•ven´ti•cling , a. Belonging or going to, or resembling, a conventicle. [Obs.] “Conventicling schools … set up and taught secretly by fanatics.
South.”

Con•ven´tion , n. [L. conventio: cf. F. convention. See Convene, v. i.] 1. The act of coming together; the state of being together; union; coalition. “The conventions or associations of several particles of matter into bodies of any certain denomination.
Boyle.” 2. General agreement or concurrence; arbitrary custom; usage; conventionality. “There are thousands now
Such women, but convention beats them down.
Tennyson.” 3. A meeting or an assembly of persons, esp. of delegates or representatives, to accomplish some specific object, — civil, social, political, or ecclesiastical. “He set himself to the making of good laws in a grand convention of his nobles.
Sir R. Baker.” “A convention of delegates from all the States, to meet in Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of reserving the federal system, and correcting its defects.
W. Irving.” 4. (Eng. Hist) An extraordinary assembly of the parkiament or estates of the realm, held without the king’s writ, — as the assembly which restored Charles II. to the throne, and that which declared the throne to be abdicated by James II. “Our gratitude is due … to the Long Parliament, to the Convention, and to William of Orange.
Macaulay.” 5. An agreement or contract less formal than, or preliminary to, a treaty; an informal compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to suspension of hostilities, or between states; also a formal agreement between governments or sovereign powers; as a postal convention between two governments. “This convention, I think from my soul, is nothing but a stipulation for national ignominy; a truce without a suspension of hostilities.
Ld. Chatham.” “The convention with the State of Georgia has been ratified by their Legislature.
T. Jefferson.”

Con•ven´tion•al , a. [L. conventionalis: cf. F. conventionnel.] 1. Formed by agreement or compact; stipulated. “Conventional services reserved by tenures upon grants, made out of the crown or knights’ service.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. Growing out of, or depending on, custom or tacit agreement; sanctioned by general concurrence or usage; formal. ´Conventional decorum.´ Whewell. “The conventional language appropriated to monarchs.
Motley.” “The ordinary salutations, and other points of social behavior, are conventional.
Latham.” 3. (Fine Arts) (a) Based upon tradition, whether religious and historical or of artistic rules. (b) Abstracted; removed from close representation of nature by the deliberate selection of what is to be represented and what is to be rejected; as a conventional flower; a conventional shell. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t.

Con•ven´tion•al•ism , n. 1. That which is received or established by convention or arbitrary agreement; that which is in accordance with the fashion, tradition, or usage. “All the artifice and conventionalism of life.
Hawthorne.” “They gaze on all with dead, dim eyes, — wrapped in conventionalisms, … simulating feelings according to a received standard.
F. W. Robertson.” 2. (Fine Arts) The principles or practice of conventionalizing. See Conventionalize, v. t.

Con•ven´tion•al•ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a convention or treaty. 2. One who is governed by conventionalism.

Con•ven•tion•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Conventionalities . The state of being conventional; adherence to social formalities or usages; that which is established by conventional use; one of the customary usages of social life.

Con•ven•tion•al•i•za´tion , n. (Fine Arts) (a) The act of making conventional. (b) The state of being conventional.

Con•ven´tion•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conventionalized p. pr. & vb. n. Conventionalizing.] 1. To make conventional; to bring under the influence of, or cause to conform to, conventional rules; to establish by usage. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) To represent by selecting the important features and those which are expressible in the medium employed, and omitting the others. (b) To represent according to an established principle, whether religious or traditional, or based upon certain artistic rules of supposed importance.

Con•ven´tion•al•ize , v. i. (Fine Arts) To make designs in art, according to conventional principles. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t., 2.

Con•ven´tion•al•ly, adv. In a conventional manner.

Con•ven´tion•a•ry , a. Acting under contract; settled by express agreement; as conventionary tenants. [Obs.] R. Carew.

Con•ven´tion•er , n. One who belongs to a convention or assembly.

Con•ven´tion•ist , n. One who enters into a convention, covenant, or contract.

Con•ven´tu•al ( 135), a. [LL. conventualis: cf. F. conventuel.] Of or pertaining to a convent; monastic. ´A conventual garb.´ Macaulay. Conventual church, a church attached or belonging to a convent or monastery. Wordsworth.

Con•ven´tu•al, n. One who lives in a convent; a monk or nun; a recluse. Addison.

Con•verge´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Converged p. pr. & vb. n. Converging ] [Pref. con- + L. vergere to turn, incline; cf. F. converger. See Verge, v. i.] To tend to one point; to incline and approach nearer together; as lines converge. “The mountains converge into a single ridge.
Jefferson.”

Con•verge´, v. t. To cause to tend to one point; to cause to incline and approach nearer together. “I converge its rays to a focus of dazzling brilliancy.
Tyndall.” { Con•ver´gence , Con•ver´gen•cy }, n. [Cf. F. convergence.] The condition or quality of converging; tendency to one point. “The convergence or divergence of the rays falling on the pupil.
Berkeley.”

Con•ver´gent , a. [Cf. F. convergent.] tending to one point of focus; tending to approach each other; converging. “As many rays of light, as conveniently can be let in, and made convergent.
Boyle.” “The vast dome of its cathedral … directing its convergent curves to heaven.
Hallam.”

Con•ver´ging , a. Tending to one point; approaching each other; convergent; as converging lines. Whewell. Converging rays(Opt.), rays of light, which, proceeding from different points of an object, tend toward a single point. — Converging series (Math.), a series in which if an indefinitely great number of terms be taken, their sum will become indefinitely near in value to a fixed quantity, which is called the sum of the series; — opposed to a diverging series.

Con•vers´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. conversable.] Qualified for conversation; disposed to converse; sociable; free in discourse. “While young, humane, conversable, and kind.
Cowper.”

Con•vers´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being conversable; disposition to converse; sociability.

Con•vers´a•bly, adv. In a conversable manner.

Con´ver•sance , n. The state or quality of being conversant; habit of familiarity; familiar acquaintance; intimacy. [R.]

Con´ver•san•cy , n. Conversance [R.]

Con´ver•sant , a. [L. conversans, p. pr. of conversari: cf. F. conversant.] 1. Having frequent or customary intercourse; familiary associated; intimately acquainted. “I have been conversant with the first persons of the age.
Dryden.” 2. Familiar or acquainted by use or study; well-informed; versed; — generally used with with, sometimes with in. “Deeply conversant in the Platonic philosophy.
Dryden.” “he uses the different dialects as one who had been conversant with them all.
Pope.” “Conversant only with the ways of men.
Cowper.” 3. Concerned; occupied. “Education … is conversant about children.
W. Wotton.”

Con•vers´ant , n. One who converses with another; a convenser. [R.]

Con´ver•sant•ly , adv. In a familiar manner.

Con•ver•sa´tion , n. [OE. conversacio (in senses 1 & 2), OF. conversacion, F. conversation, fr. L. conversatio frequent abode in a place, intercourse, LL. also manner of life.] 1. General course of conduct; behavior. [Archaic] “Let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel.
Philip. i. 27.” 2. Familiar intercourse; intimate fellowship or association; close acquaintance. ´Conversation with the best company.´ Dryden. “I set down, out of long experience in business and much conversation in books, what I thought pertinent to this business.
Bacon.” 3. Commerce; intercourse; traffic. [Obs.] “All traffic and mutual conversation.
Hakluyt.” 4. Colloquial discourse; oral interchange of sentiments and observations; informal dialogue. “The influence exercised by his [Johnson’s] conversation was altogether without a parallel.
Macaulay.” 5. Sexual intercourse; as criminal conversation. Syn. — Intercourse; communion; commerce; familiarity; discourse; dialogue; colloquy; talk; chat. — Conversation, Talk. There is a looser sense of these words, in which they are synonymous; there is a stricter sense, in which they differ. Talk is usually broken, familiar, and versatile. Conversation is more continuous and sustained, and turns ordinarily upon topics or higher interest. Children talk to their parents or to their companions; men converse together in mixed assemblies. Dr. Johnson once remarked, of an evening spent in society, that there had been a great deal of talk, but no conversation.

Con•ver•sa´tion•al (kon•ver•sa´shun•al), a. Pertaining to conversation; in the manner of one conversing; as a conversational style. Thackeray.

Con•ver•sa´tion•al•ist, n. A conversationist.

Conver•sa´tioned (-shund), a. Acquainted with manners and deportment; behaved. [Obs.] “Till she be better conversationed, … I’ll keep
As far from her as the gallows.
Beau. & Fl.”

Con•ver•sa´tion•ism (-iz’m), n. A word or phrase used in conversation; a colloquialism.

Con•ver•sa´tion•ist, n. One who converses much, or who excels in conversation. Byron.

Con•ver´sa•tive (kon•ver´sa•tiv), a. Relating to intercourse with men; social; — opposed to contemplative. “She chose … to endue him with the conversative qualities of youth.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Con•ver•sa•zi•o´ne , n.; pl. Conversazioni (#). [It. See Conversation.] A meeting or assembly for conversation, particularly on literary or scientific subjects. Gray. “These conversazioni [at Florence] resemble our card assemblies.
A. Drummond.”

Con•verse´ (kon•vers´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conversed p. pr. & vb. n. Conversing.] [F. converser, L. conversari to associate with; con- + versari to be turned, to live, remain, fr. versare to turn often, v. intens. of vertere to turn See Convert.] 1. To keep company; to hold intimate intercourse; to commune; — followed by with. “To seek the distant hills, and there converse
With nature.
Thomson.” “Conversing with the world, we use the world’s fashions.
Sir W. Scott.” “But to converse with heaven -
This is not easy.
Wordsworth.” 2. To engage in familiar colloquy; to interchange thoughts and opinions in a free, informal manner; to chat; — followed by with before a person; by on, about, concerning, etc., before a thing. “Companions
That do converse and waste the time together.
Shak.” “We had conversed so often on that subject.
Dryden.” 3. To have knowledge of, from long intercourse or study; — said of things. “According as the objects they converse with afford greater or less variety.
Locke.” Syn. — To associate; commune; discourse; talk; chat.

Con´verse , n. 1. Frequent intercourse; familiar communion; intimate association. Glanvill. “´T is but to hold
Converse with Nature’s charms, and view her stores unrolled.
Byron.” 2. Familiar discourse; free interchange of thoughts or views; conversation; chat. “Formed by thy converse happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe.
Pope.”

Con´verse, a. [L. conversus, p. p. of convertere. See Convert.] Turned about; reversed in order or relation; reciprocal; as a converse proposition.

Con´verse, n. 1. (Logic) A proposition which arises from interchanging the terms of another, as by putting the predicate for the subject, and the subject for the predicate; as no virtue is vice, no vice is virtue. It should not (as is often done) be confounded with the contrary or opposite of a proposition, which is formed by introducing the negative not or no. 2. (Math.) A proposition in which, after a conclusion from something supposed has been drawn, the order is inverted, making the conclusion the supposition or premises, what was first supposed becoming now the conclusion or inference. Thus, if two sides of a sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite the sides are equal; and the converse is true, i.e., if these angles are equal, the two sides are equal.

Con´verse•ly (? or ; 277), adv. In a converse manner; with change of order or relation; reciprocally. J. S. Mill.

Con•vers´er , n. One who engages in conversation.

Con•ver´si•ble , a. Capable of being converted or reversed. Hammond.

Con•ver´sion , n. [L. conversio: cf. F. conversion. See Convert.] 1. The act of turning or changing from one state or condition to another, or the state of being changed; transmutation; change. “Artificial conversion of water into ice.
Bacon.” “The conversion of the aliment into fat.
Arbuthnot.” 2. The act of changing one’s views or course, as in passing from one side, party, or from of religion to another; also the state of being so changed. ´Conversion to Christianity.´ Prescott. 3. (Law) An appropriation of, and dealing with the property of another as if it were one’s own, without right; as the conversion of a horse. “Or bring my action of conversion
And trover for my goods.
Hudibras.” 4. (Logic) The act of interchanging the terms of a proposition, as by putting the subject in the place of the predicate, or the contrary. 5. (Math.) A change or reduction of the form or value of a proposition; as the conversion of equations; the conversion of proportions. 6. (Mil.) (a) A change of front, as a body of troops attacked in the flank. (b) A change of character or use, as of smoothbore guns into rifles. 7. (Theol.) A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief with conviction; a change of heart; a change from the service of the world to the service of God; a change of the ruling disposition of the soul, involving a transformation of the outward life. “He oft
Frequented their assemblies, … and to them preached
Conversion and repentance, as to souls
In prison under judgments imminent.
Milton.”

Con•ver´sive , a. 1. Capable of being converted or changed. 2. Ready to converse; social. [Archaic] Feltham.

Con•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Converted; p. pr. & vb. n. Converting.] [L. convertere, - versum; con- + vertere to turn: cf. F. convertir. See Verse.] 1. To cause to turn; to turn. [Obs.] “O, which way shall I first convert myself?
B. Jonson.” 2. To change or turn from one state or condition to another; to alter in form, substance, or quality; to transform; to transmute; as to convert water into ice. “If the whole atmosphere were converted into water.
T. Burnet.” “That still lessens
The sorrow, and converts it nigh to joy.
Milton.” 3. To change or turn from one belief or course to another, as from one religion to another or from one party or sect to another. “No attempt was made to convert the Moslems.
Prescott.” 4. To produce the spiritual change called conversion in (any one); to turn from a bad life to a good one; to change the heart and moral character of (any one) from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness. “He which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death.
Lames v. 20.” 5. To apply to any use by a diversion from the proper or intended use; to appropriate dishonestly or illegally. “When a bystander took a coin to get it changed, and converted it, [it was] held no larceny.
Cooley.” 6. To exchange for some specified equivalent; as to convert goods into money. 7. (Logic) To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second. 8. To turn into another language; to translate. [Obs.] “Which story … Catullus more elegantly converted.
B. Jonson.” Converted guns, cast-iron guns lined with wrought-iron or steel tubes. Farrow. — Converting furnace (Steel Manuf.), a furnace in which wrought iron is converted into steel by cementation. Syn. — To change; turn; transmute; appropriate.

Con•vert´, v. i. To be turned or changed in character or direction; to undergo a change, physically or morally. “If Nebo had had the preaching that thou hast, they [the Neboites] would have converted.
Latimer.” “A red dust which converth into worms.
Sandys.” “The public hope
And eye to thee converting.
Thomson.”

Con´vert , n. 1. A person who is converted from one opinion or practice to another; a person who is won over to, or heartily embraces, a creed, religious system, or party, in which he has not previously believed; especially, one who turns from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness, or from unbelief to Christianity. “The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use of images.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” 2. A lay friar or brother, permitted to enter a monastery for the service of the house, but without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir. Syn. — Proselyte; neophyte. — Convert, Proselyte, Pervert. A convert is one who turns from what he believes to have been a decided error of faith or practice. Such a change may relate to religion, politics, or other subjects. properly considered, it is not confined to speculation alone, but affects the whole current of one’s feelings and the tenor of his actions. As such a change carries with it the appearance of sincerity, the term convert is usually taken in a good sense. Proselyte is a term of more ambiguous use and application. It was first applied to an adherent of one religious system who had transferred himself externally to some other religious system; and is also applied to one who makes a similar transfer in respect to systems of philosophy or speculation. The term has little or no reference to the state of the heart. Pervert is a term of recent origin, designed to express the contrary of convert, and to stigmatize a person as drawn off perverted from the true faith. It has been more particulary applied by members of the Church of England to those who have joined the Roman Catholic Church.

Con•ver•tend´ , n. [L. convertenus to be converted.] (Logic) Any proposition which is subject to the process of conversion; — so called in its relation to itself as converted, after which process it is termed the converse. See Converse, n. (Logic).

Con•vert´er , n. 1. One who converts; one who makes converts. 2. (Steel Manuf.) A retort, used in the Bessemer process, in which molten cast iron is decarburized and converted into steel by a blast of air forced through the liquid metal.

Con•vert•i•bil´i•ty , n. The condition or quality of being convertible; capability of being exchanged; convertibleness. “The mutual convertibility of land into money, and of money into land.
Burke.”

Con•vert´i•ble , a. [L. convertibilis: cf. F. convertible.] 1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change; transmutable; transformable. “Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus.
Harvey.” 2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged; reciprocal; interchangeable. “So long as we are in the regions of nature, miraculous and improbable, miraculous and incredible, may be allowed to remain convertible terms.
Trench.”

Con•vert´i•ble•ness , n. The state of being convertible; convertibility.

Con•vert´i•bly, adv. In a convertible manner.

Con´vert•ite , n. [Cf. It. convertito, p. p. of convertire to convert.] A convert. [Obs.] Shak.

Con´vex , a. [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together: cf. F. convexe. See Vehicle.] Rising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form; regularly protuberant or bulging; — said of a spherical surface or curved line when viewed from without, in opposition to concave. “Drops of water naturally form themselves into figures with a convex surface.
Whewell.” Double convex, convex on both sides; convexo-convex.

Con´vex, n. A convex body or surface. “Half heaven’s convex glitters with the flame.
Tickell.” This word was often pronounced con-vex’ by early writers, as by Milton, and occasionally by later poets.

Con´vexed , a. Made convex; protuberant in a spherical form. Sir T. Browne.

Con•vex´ed•ly , adv. In a convex form; convexly. Sir T. Browne.

Con•vex´ed•ness, n. Convexity.

Con•vex´i•ty , n.; pl. Convexities (#). [L. convexitas: cf. F. convexite.] The state of being convex; the exterior surface of a convex body; roundness. “A smooth, uniform convexity and rotundity of a globe.
Bentley.”

Con´vex•ly , adv. In a convex form; as a body convexly shaped.

Con´vex•ness, n. The state of being convex; convexity.

Con•vex´o-con´cave (?or ?), a. Convex on one side, and concave on the other. The curves of the convex and concave sides may be alike or may be different. See Meniscus.

Con•vex´o-con´vex , a. Convex on both sides; double convex. See under Convex, a.

Con•vex´o-plane , a. Convex on one side, and flat on the other; plano- convex.

Con•vey´ (kon•va´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conveyed (- vad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Conveying.] [OF. conveir, convoier, to escort, convoy, F. convoyer, LL. conviare, fr. L. con- + via way. See Viaduct, Voyage, and cf. Convoy.] 1. To carry from one place to another; to bear or transport. “I will convey them by sea in floats.
1 Kings v. 9.” “Convey me to my bed, then to my grave.
Shak.” 2. To cause to pass from one place or person to another; to serve as a medium in carrying (anything) from one place or person to another; to transmit; as air conveys sound; words convey ideas. 3. To transfer or deliver to another; to make over, as property; more strictly (Law), to transfer (real estate) or pass (a title to real estate) by a sealed writing. “The Earl of Desmond … secretly conveyed all his lands to feoffees in trust.
Spenser.” 4. To impart or communicate; as to convey an impression; to convey information. “Men fill one another’s heads with noise and sound, but convey not thereby their thoughts.
Locke.” 5. To manage with privacy; to carry out. [Obs.] “I … will convey the business as I shall find means.
Shak.” 6. To carry or take away secretly; to steal; to thieve. [Obs.] 7. To accompany; to convoy. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — To carry; transport; bear; transmit; transfer.

Con•vey´, v. i. To play the thief; to steal. [Cant] “But as I am Crack, I will convey, crossbite, and cheat upon Simplicius.
Marston.”

Con•vey´a•ble (kon•va´a•b’l), a. Capable of being conveyed or transferred. Burke.

Con•vey´ance (kon•va´ans), n. 1. The act of conveying, carrying, or transporting; carriage. “The long journey was to be performed on horseback, — the only sure mode of conveyance.
Prescott.” “Following the river downward, there is conveyance into the countries named in the text.
Sir W. Raleigh.” 2. The instrument or means of carrying or transporting anything from place to place; the vehicle in which, or means by which, anything is carried from one place to another; as stagecoaches, omnibuses, etc., are conveyances; a canal or aqueduct is a conveyance for water. “These pipes and these conveyances of our blood.
Shak.” 3. The act or process of transferring, transmitting, handing down, or communicating; transmission. “Tradition is no infallible way of conveyance.
Stillingfleet.” 4. (Law) The act by which the title to property, esp. real estate, is transferred; transfer of ownership; an instrument in writing (as a deed or mortgage), by which the title to property is conveyed from one person to another. “[He] found the conveyances in law to be so firm, that in justice he must decree the land to the earl.
Clarendon.” 5. Dishonest management, or artifice. [Obs.] “the very Jesuits themselves … can not possibly devise any juggling conveyance how to shift it off.
Hakewill.”

Con•vey´an•cer (kon•va´an•ser), n. (Law) One whose business is to draw up conveyances of property, as deeds, mortgages, leases, etc. Burrill.

Con•vey´an•cing , n. (Law) The business of a conveyancer; the act or business of drawing deeds, leases, or other writings, for transferring the title to property from one person to another.

Con•vey´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, conveys or carries, transmits or transfers. 2. One given to artifices or secret practices; a juggler; a cheat; a thief. [Obs.] Shak.

Con•vey´or , n. (Mach.) A contrivance for carrying objects from place to place; esp., one for conveying grain, coal, etc., — as a spiral or screw turning in a pipe or trough, an endless belt with buckets, or a truck running along a rope.

Con•vi´ci•ate, v. i. [L. conviciatus, p. p. of conviciari to revile, fr. convicium loud reproach.] To utter reproaches; to raise a clamor; to rail. [Obs.] “To conviciate instead of accusing.
Laud.”

Con•vi•cin´i•ty , n.; pl. Convicinities . Immediate vicinity; neighborhood. “The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes.
T. Warton.”

Con•vi´cious , a. Expressing reproach; abusive; railing; taunting. [Obs.] ´Convicious words.´ Queen Elizabeth (1559).

Con•vict´ (kon•vikt´), p. a. [L. convictus, p. p. of convincere to convict, prove. See Convice.] Proved or found guilty; convicted. [Obs.] Shak. “Convict by flight, and rebel to all law.
Milton.”

Con´vict (kon´vikt), n. 1. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged against him; one legally convicted or sentenced to punishment for some crime. 2. A criminal sentenced to penal servitude. Syn. — Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal.

Con•vict´ (kon•vikt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Convicting.] 1. To prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged; to pronounce guilty, as by legal decision, or by one’s conscience. “He [Baxter] … had been convicted by a jury.
Macaulay.” “They which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one.
John viii. 9.” 2. To prove or show to be false; to confute; to refute. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. To demonstrate by proof or evidence; to prove. “Imagining that these proofs will convict a testament, to have that in it which other men can nowhere by reading find.
Hooker.” 4. To defeat; to doom to destruction. [Obs.] “A whole armado of convicted sail.
Shak.” Syn. — To confute; defect; convince; confound.

Con•vict•i•ble (kon•vikt´i•b’l), a. Capable of being convicted. [R.] Ash.

Con•vic´tion (kon•vik´shun), n. [L. convictio proof: cf. F. conviction conviction (in sense 3 & 4). See Convict, Convince.] 1. The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense. “The greater certainty of conviction and the greater certainty of punishment.
Hallam.” 2. (Law) A judgment of condemnation entered by a court having jurisdiction; the act or process of finding guilty, or the state of being found guilty of any crime by a legal tribunal. “Conviction may accrue two ways.
Blackstone.” 3. The act of convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a truth; confutation. “For all his tedious talk is but vain boast,
Or subtle shifts conviction to evade.
Milton.” 4. The state of being convinced or convicted; strong persuasion or belief; especially, the state of being convicted of sin, or by one’s conscience. “To call good evil, and evil good, against the conviction of their own consciences.
Swift.” “And did you presently fall under the power of this conviction?
Bunyan.” Syn. — Conviction; persuasion. — Conviction respects soley matters of belief or faith; persuasion respects matters of belief or practice. Conviction respects our most important duties; persuasion is frequently applied to matters of indifference. Crabb. — Conviction is the result of the [operation of the] understanding; persuasion, of the will. Conviction is a necessity of the mind, persuasion an acquiescence of the inclination. C. J. Smith. — Persuasion often induces men to act in opposition to their conviction of duty.

Con´vict•ism , n. The policy or practice of transporting convicts to penal settlements. ´The evils of convictism.´ W. Howitt.

Con•vict´ive , a. Convincing. [R.] “The best and most convictive argument.
Glanwill.” — Con•vict´ive•ly, adv. — Con•vict´ive•ness, n.

Con•vince´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convinced p. pr. & vb. n. Convincing.] [L. convincere, - victum, to refute, prove; con- + vincere to conquer. See Victor, and cf. Convict.] 1. To overpower; to overcome; to subdue or master. [Obs.] “His two chamberlains
Will I with wine and wassail so convince
That memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a fume.
Shak.” 2. To overcome by argument; to force to yield assent to truth; to satisfy by proof. “Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others.
Atterbury.” 3. To confute; to prove the fallacy of. [Obs.] “God never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it.
Bacon.” 4. To prove guilty; to convict. [Obs.] “Which of you convinceth me of sin?
John viii. 46.” “Seek not to convince me of a crime
Which I can ne’er repent, nor you can pardon.
Dryden.” Syn. — To persuade; satisfy; convict. — To Convince, persuade. To convince is an act of the understanding; to persuade, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives. There are cases, however, in which persuade may seem to be used in reference only to the assent of the understanding; as when we say, I am persuaded it is so; I can not persuade myself of the fact. But in such instances there is usually or always a degree of awakened feeling which has had its share in producing the assent of the understanding.

Con•vince´ment , n. Act of convincing, or state of being convinced; conviction. [R.] “The fear of a convincement.
Milton.”

Con•vin´cer , n. One who, or that which, convinces; one who wins over by proof.

Con•vin´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being convinced or won over. 2. Capable of being confuted and disproved by argument; refutable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con•vin´cing•ly , adv. in a convincing manner; in a manner to compel assent.

Con•vin´cing•ness, n. The power of convincing, or the quality of being convincing.

Con•viv´al , a. [L. convivalis. See Convive.] pertaining to a feast or to festivity; convivial. [Obs.] ´A convival dish.´ Sir T. Browne.

Con•vive´ , v. i. [L. convivari; akin to convivium a feast, convivere to live or feast together; con- + vivere to live.] To feast together; to be convivial. [Obs.] ´There, in the full, convive we.´ Shak.

Con´vive , n. [L. conviva: cf. F. convive.] A quest at a banquet. [R.] Beaumont.

Con•viv´i•al ( 277), a. [From L. convivium a feast; con- + vivere to live. See Victuals, and cf. Convive.] Of or relating to a feast or entertainment, or to eating and drinking, with accompanying festivity; festive; social; gay; jovial. “Which feasts convivial meetings we did name.
Denham.”

Con•viv´i•al•ist, n. A person of convivial habits.

Con•viv•i•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Convivialities . The good humor or mirth indulged in upon festive occasions; a convivial spirit or humor; festivity.

Con•viv´i•al•ly , adv. In a convivial manner.

Con´vo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Convocating.] [L. convocatus, p. p. of convocare to convocate; con- + vocare to call. See Vocal, and cf. Convoce.] To convoke; to call together. [Obs.] May (Lucan).

Con•vo•ca´tion , n. [L. convocatio: cf. F. convocation. See Convoke.] 1. The act of calling or assembling by summons. 2. An assembly or meeting. “In the first day there shall be a holy convocation.
Ex. xii. 16.” 3. (Ch. of Eng.) An assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. In England, the provinces of Canterbury and York have each their convocation, but no session for business were allowed from 1717 to 1861. The Convocation of Canterbury consists of two houses. In the Convocation of York the business has been generally conducted in one assembly. 4. (Oxf. University) An academical assembly, in which the business of the university is transacted. Syn. — meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council.

Con•vo•ca´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a convocation.

Con•vo•ca´tion•ist, n. An advocate or defender of convocation.

Con•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoked p. pr. & vb. n. Convoking.] [L. convocare: cf. F. convoquer. See Convocate.] To call together; to summon to meet; to assemble by summons. “There remained no resource but the dreadful one of convoking a parliament.
palfrey.” Syn. — To summon; assemble; convene. See Call.

Con´vo•lute , a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere. See Convolve.] (Bot.) Rolled or wound together, one part upon another; — said of the leaves of plants in aestivation.

Con´vo•lu•ted , a. 1. Having convolutions. “beaks recurved and convoluted like a ram’s horn.
Pennant.” 2. Folded in tortuous windings. “A highly convoluted brain.
North Amer. Rev.”

Con•vo•lu´tion , n. 1. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion. “O’er the calm sea, in convolution swift,
The feathered eddy floats.
Thomson.” 2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. Blackmore. 3. (Anat.) An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part; as the convolutions of the intestines; the cerebral convolutions. See Brain.

Con•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convolved p. pr. & vb. n. Convolving.] [L. convolvere, - volutum; con- + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] To roll or wind together; to roll or twist one part on another. “Then Satan first knew pain,
And writhed him to and fro convolved.
Milton.”

Con•vol•vu•la´ceous , a. [From Convolvus.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the bindweed and the morning-glory are common examples.

Con•vol´vu•lin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside occurring in jalap (the root of a convolvulaceous plant), and extracted as a colorless, tasteless, gummy mass of powerful purgative properties.

Con•vol´vu•lus , n.; pl. L.Convolvuli (#), E. Convoluluses (#). [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around. So named from its twining stems.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants having monopetalous flowers, including the common bindweed (C. arwensis), and formerly the morning-glory, but this is now transferred to the genus Ipomaea. “The luster of the long convolvuluses
That coiled around the stately stems.
Tennyson.”

Con•voy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoyed p. pr. & vb. n. Convoying.] [F. convoyer, OF. conveier, convoier. See Convey.] To accompany for protection, either by sea or land; to attend for protection; to escort; as a frigate convoys a merchantman. “I know ye skillful to convoy
The total freight of hope and joy.
Emerson.”

Con´voy , n. [F. convoi.] 1. The act of attending for defense; the state of being so attended; protection; escort. “To obtain the convoy of a man-of-war.
Macaulay.” 2. A vessel or fleet, or a train or trains of wagons, employed in the transportation of munitions of war, money, subsistence, clothing, etc., and having an armed escort. 3. A protection force accompanying ships, etc., on their way from place to place, by sea or land; an escort, for protection or guidance. “When every morn my bosom glowed
To watch the convoy on the road.
Emerson.” 4. Conveyance; means of transportation. [Obs.] Shak. 5. A drag or brake applied to the wheels of a carriage, to check their velocity in going down a hill. Knight.

Con•vulse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convulsed p. pr. & vb. n. Convulsing.] [L. convulsus, p. p. of convellere to tear up, to shake; con- + vellere to pluck, pull.] 1. To contract violently and irregulary, as the muscular parts of an animal body; to shake with irregular spasms, as in excessive laughter, or in agony from grief or pain. “With emotions which checked his voice and convulsed his powerful frame.
Macaulay.” 2. To agitate greatly; to shake violently. “The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To agitate; disturb; shake; tear; rend.

Con•vul´sion , n. [L. convulsio: cf. F. convulsion.] 1. (Med.) An unnatural, violent, and unvoluntary contraction of the muscular parts of an animal body. 2. Any violent and irregular motion or agitation; a violent shaking; a tumult; a commotion. “Those two massy pillars,
With horrible convulsion, to and fro
He tugged, he shook, till down they came.
Milton.” “Times of violence and convulsion.
Ames.” Syn. — Agitation; commotion; tumult; disturbance.

Con•vul´sion•al , a. Pertaining to, or having, convulsions; convulsionary. [R.] Lamb.

Con•vul´sion•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. convulsionnaire.] Pertaining to convulsion; convulsive. ´Convulsionary struggles.´ Sir W. Scott.

Con•vul´sion•a•ry, n. A convulsionist.

Con•vul´sion•ist, n. One who has convulsions; esp., one of a body of fanatics in France, early in the eighteenth century, who went into convulsions under the influence of religious emotion; as the Convulsionists of St. Medard.

Con•vul´sive , a. [Cf. F. convulsif.] Producing, or attended with, convulsions or spasms; characterized by convulsions; convulsionary. “An irregular, convulsive movement may be necessary to throw off an irregular, convulsive disease.
Burke.”

Con•vul´sive•ly, adv. in a convulsive manner.

Co´ny (? or 277), n. [OE. coning, conig, coni, OF. connin, conin, connil, fr. L. cuniculus a rabbit, cony, prob. an Hispanic word.] [Written also coney.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A rabbit, esp., the European rabbit (Lepus cuniculus). (b) The chief hare. The cony of Scripture is thought to be Hyrax Syriacus, called also daman, and cherogril. See Daman. 2. A simpleton. [Obs.] “It is a most simple animal; whence are derived our usual phrases of cony and cony catcher.
Diet’s Dry Dinner (1599).” 3. (Zoöl.) (a) An important edible West Indian fish (Epinephelus apua); the hind of Bermuda. (b) A local name of the burbot. [Eng.]

Co´ny-catch , v. t. To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] “Take heed, Signor Baptista, lest you be cony- catched in the this business.
Shak.”

Co´ny-catch•er , n. A cheat; a sharper; a deceiver. [Obs.] Minsheu.

Con´y•lene , n. [Conine + acetylene.] An oily substance, C8H14, obtained from several derivatives of conine.

Con´y•rine , n. [From Conine.] (Chem.) A blue, fluorescent, oily base (regarded as a derivative of pyridine), obtained from conine.

Coo , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cooed p. pr. & vb. n. Cooing.] 1. To make a low repeated cry or sound, like the characteristic note of pigeons or doves. “The stockdove only through the forest cooes,
Mournfully hoarse.
Thomson.” 2. To show affection; to act in a loving way. See under Bill, v. i. ´Billing or cooing.´ Byron. { Coo´ey , Coo´ee } , n. [Of imitative origin.] A peculiar whistling sound made by the Australian aborigenes as a call or signal. [Written also cooie.]

Cook (kook), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To make the noise of the cuckoo. [Obs. or R.] “Constant cuckoos cook on every side.
The Silkworms (1599).”

Cook (kook), v. t. [Etymol. unknown.] To throw. [Prov.Eng.] ´Cook me that ball.´ Grose.

Cook (kook), n. [AS. coc, fr. l. cocus, coquus, coquus, fr. coquere to cook; akin to Gr. , Skr. pac, and to E. apricot, biscuit, concoct, dyspepsia, precocious. Cf. Pumpkin.] 1. One whose occupation is to prepare food for the table; one who dresses or cooks meat or vegetables for eating. 2. (Zoöl.) A fish, the European striped wrasse.

Cook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooked p. pr & vb. n. Cooking.] 1. To prepare, as food, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; to make suitable for eating, by the agency of fire or heat. 2. To concoct or prepare; hence, to tamper with or alter; to garble; — often with up; as to cook up a story; to cook an account. [Colloq.] “They all of them receive the same advices from abroad, and very often in the same words; but their way of cooking it is so different.
Addison.”

Cook (kook), v. i. To prepare food for the table.

Cook´book (-book•), n. A book of directions and receipts for cooking; a cookery book. [U.S.] “´Just How´: a key to the cookbooks.
Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney.”

Cook•ee´ (kook•e´), n.A female cook. [R.]

Cook´er•y (kook´er•y), n. 1. The art or process of preparing food for the table, by dressing, compounding, and the application of heat. 2. A delicacy; a dainty. [Obs.] R. North. { Cook´ey , Cook´ie } , n. See Cooky.

Cook´maid , n. A female servant or maid who dresses provisions and assists the cook.

Cook´room , n. A room for cookery; a kitchen; the galley or caboose of a ship. Sir W. Raleigh.

Cook•shop , n. An eating house. ´A subterranean cookshop.´ Macaulay.

Cook´y , n.; pl. Cookies (#). [Cf. D. koek cake, dim. koekje; akin to G. kuchen, E. cake; or cf. OE. coket, prob., a sort of cake, and prob. of French origin.] A small, flat, sweetened cake of various kinds.

Cool , a. [Compar. Cooler superl. Coolest.] [AS. col; akin to D. koel, G. kühl, OHG. chouli, Dan. kölig, Sw. kylig, also to AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala. See Cold, and cf. Chill.] 1. Moderately cold; between warm and cold; lacking in warmth; producing or promoting coolness. “Fanned with cool winds.
Milton.” 2. Not ardent, warm, fond, or passionate; not hasty; deliberate; exercising self-control; self-possessed; dispassionate; indifferent; as a cool lover; a cool debater. “For a patriot, too cool.
Goldsmith.” 3. Not retaining heat; light; as a cool dress. 4. Manifesting coldness or dislike; chilling; apathetic; as a cool manner. 5. Quietly impudent; negligent of propriety in matters of minor importance, either ignorantly or willfully; presuming and selfish; audacious; as cool behavior. “Its cool stare of familiarity was intolerable.
Hawthorne.” 6. Applied facetiously, in a vague sense, to a sum of money, commonly as if to give emphasis to the largeness of the amount. “He had lost a cool hundred.
Fielding.” “Leaving a cool thousand to Mr. Matthew Pocket.
Dickens.” Syn. — Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; repulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent.

Cool, n. A moderate state of cold; coolness; — said of the temperature of the air between hot and cold; as the cool of the day; the cool of the morning or evening.

Cool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooled p. pr. & vb. n. Cooling.] 1. To make cool or cold; to reduce the temperature of; as ice cools water. “Send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue.
Luke xvi. 24.” 2. To moderate the heat or excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind; to calm; to moderate. “We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts.
Shak.” To cool the heels, to dance attendance; to wait, as for admission to a patron’s house. [Colloq.] Dryden.

Cool, v. i. 1. To become less hot; to lose heat. “I saw a smith stand with his hammer, thus,
the whilst his iron did on the anvil cool.
Shak.” 2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become more moderate. “I will not give myself liberty to think, lest I should cool.
Congreve.”

Cool´er , n. That which cools, or abates heat or excitement. “if acid things were used only as coolers, they would not be so proper in this case.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Anything in or by which liquids or other things are cooled, as an ice chest, a vessel for ice water, etc.

Cool´-head•ed , a. Having a temper not easily excited; free from passion. — Cool´- head•ed•ness, n.

Coo´lie , n. Same as Cooly.

Cool´ing , p. a. Adapted to cool and refresh; allaying heat. ´The cooling brook.´ Goldsmith. Cooling card, something that dashes hopes. [Obs.] — Cooling time (Law), such a lapse of time as ought, taking all the circumstances of the case in view, to produce a subsiding of passion previously provoked. Wharton.

Cool´ish, a. Somewhat cool. “The nights began to grow a little coolish.
Goldsmith.”

Cool´ly, a. Coolish; cool. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cool´ly, adv. In a cool manner; without heat or excessive cold; without passion or ardor; calmly; deliberately; with indifference; impudently.

Cool´ness, n. 1. The state of being cool; a moderate degree of cold; a moderate degree, or a want, of passion; want of ardor, zeal, or affection; calmness. 2. Calm impudence; self-possession. [Colloq.]

Coo´lung , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The great gray crane of India (Grus cinerea). [Also written coolen and cullum.] { Coo´ly , Coo´lie } , n.; pl. Coolies (#). [Hind. kli a laborer, porter: cf. Turk. kl, kyleh, slave.] An East Indian porter or carrier; a laborer transported from the East Indies, China, or Japan, for service in some other country.

Coom , n. [Cf. G. kahm mold gathered on liquids, D. kam, Sw. kimrök pine soot, smoke black, Icel. kam grime, film of dirt.] Soot; coal dust; refuse matter, as the dirty grease which comes from axle boxes, or the refuse at the mouth of an oven. Phillips. Bailey.

Coomb , n. [AS. cumb a liquid measure, perh. from LL. cumba boat, tomb of stone, fr. Gr. hollow of a vessel, cup, boat, but cf. G. kumpf bowl.] A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also comb.] { Coomb , Coombe } , n. [See Comb, Combe, in this sense.] A hollow in a hillside. [Prov. Eng.] See Comb, Combe.

Coon , n. (Zoöl.) A raccoon. See Raccoon.

Coon´tie , n. (Bot.) A cycadaceous plant of Florida and the West Indies, the Zamia integrifolia, from the stems of which a kind of sago is prepared.

Coop (koop), n. [Cf. AS. cypa a measure, D. kuip tub, Icel. kupa bowl, G. kufe coop tub; all fr. L. cupa vat, tub, LL. cupa, copa, cup. See Cup, and cf. Keeve.] 1. A barrel or cask for liquor. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. An inclosure for keeping small animals; a pen; especially, a grated box for confining poultry. 3. A cart made close with boards; a tumbrel. [Scotch]

Coop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooped p. pr. & vb. n. Cooping.] To confine in a coop; hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass; to cramp; — usually followed by up, sometimes by in. “The Trojans cooped within their walls so long.
Dryden.” “The contempt of all other knowledge … coops the understanding up within narrow bounds.
Locke.” 2. To work upon in the manner of a cooper. [Obs.] ´Shaken tubs … be new cooped.´ Holland. Syn. — To crowd; confine; imprison.

Coo•pee´ (koo•pe´), n. See Coupe. [Obs.], Johnson.

Coop´er (koop´er; 277), n. [From Coop.] One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc.

Coop´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coopered p. pr. & vb. n. Coopering.] To do the work of a cooper upon; as to cooper a cask or barrel.

Coop´er•age , n. 1. Work done by a cooper. 2. The price paid for coopers’ work. 3. A place where coopers’ work is done.

Co•öp´er•ant , a. [Cf. F. cooperant.] Operating together; as coöperant forces.

Co•öp´er•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coöperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coöperating.] [L. coöperatus, p. p. of coöperari to coöperate; co + operari to work, opus work. See Operate.] To act or operate jointly with another or others; to concur in action, effort, or effect. “Whate’er coöperates to the common mirth.
Crashaw.”

Co•öp•er•a´tion , n. [L. coöperatio: cf. F. cooperation.] 1. The act of coöperating, or of operating together to one end; joint operation; concurrent effort or labor. “Not holpen by the coöperation of angels.
Bacon.” 2. (Polit. Econ.) The association of a number of persons for their benefit.

Co•öp´er•a•tive , a. Operating jointly to the same end. Coöperative society, a society established on the principle of a joint-stock association, for the production of commodities, or their purchase and distribution for consumption, or for the borrowing and lending of capital among its members. — Coöperative store, a store established by a coöperative society, where the members make their purchases and share in the profits or losses.

Co•öp´er•a•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. cooperateur.] One who labors jointly with others to promote the same end. ´Coöperators with the truth.´ Boyle.

Coop´er•ing , n. Work done by a cooper in making or repairing barrels, casks, etc.; the business of a cooper.

Coop´er•y, a. Relating to a cooper; coopered. [Obs.] “Coopery vessels made of wood.
Holland.”

Coop´er•y, n. The occupation of a cooper. Crabb.

Co•öpt´ , v. t. [See Coöptate. Cf. F. coopter.] To choose or elect in concert with another. [R.] “Each of the hundred was to coöpt three others.
Jowett (Thucyd.).”

Co•öp´tate , v. t. [L. coöptatus, p. p. of coötare to elect to something; co- + optare to choose.] To choose; to elect; to coöpt. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Co•öp•ta´tion , n. [L. coöptatio.] The act of choosing; selection; choice. [Obs.] “The first election and coöptation of a friend.
Howell.”

Co•ör•dain , v. t. To ordain or appoint for some purpose along with another.

Co•ör´di•nance , n. Joint ordinance.

Co•ör´di•nate , a. [Pref. co- + L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare to regulate. See Ordain.] Equal in rank or order; not subordinate. “Whether there was one Supreme Governor of the world, or many coördinate powers presiding over each country.
Law.” “Conjunctions joint sentences and coördinate terms.
Rev. R. Morris.” Coördinate adjectives, adjectives disconnected as regards one another, but referring equally to the same subject. — Coördinate conjunctions, conjunctions joining independent propositions. Rev. R. Morris.

Co•ör´di•nate (-nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coördinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coördinating.] 1. To make coördinate; to put in the same order or rank; as to coördinate ideas in classification. 2. To give a common action, movement, or condition to; to regulate and combine so as to produce harmonious action; to adjust; to harmonize; as to coördinate muscular movements.

Co•ör´di•nate , n. 1. A thing of the same rank with another thing; one two or more persons or things of equal rank, authority, or importance. “It has neither coördinate nor analogon; it is absolutely one.
Coleridge.” 2. pl. (Math.) Lines, or other elements of reference, by means of which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to certain fixed lines, or planes, called coördinate axes and coördinate planes. See Abscissa. Coördinates are of several kinds, consisting in some of the different cases, of the following elements, namely: (a) (Geom. of Two Dimensions) The abscissa and ordinate of any point, taken together; as the abscissa PY and ordinate PX of the point P (Fig. 2, referred to the coördinate axes AY and AX. (b) Any radius vector PA (Fig. 1), together with its angle of inclination to a fixed line, APX, by which any point A in the same plane is referred to that fixed line, and a fixed point in it, called the pole, P. (c) (Geom. of Three Dimensions) Any three lines, or distances, PB, PC, PD (Fig. 3), taken parallel to three coördinate axes, AX, AY, AZ, and measured from the corresponding coördinate fixed planes, YAZ, XAZ, XAY, to any point in space, P, whose position is thereby determined with respect to these planes and axes. (d) A radius vector, the angle which it makes with a fixed plane, and the angle which its projection on the plane makes with a fixed line line in the plane, by which means any point in space at the free extremity of the radius vector is referred to that fixed plane and fixed line, and a fixed point in that line, the pole of the radius vector. Cartesian coördinates. See under Cartesian. — Geographical coördinates, the latitude and longitude of a place, by which its relative situation on the globe is known. The height of the above the sea level constitutes a third coördinate. — Polar coördinates, coördinates made up of a radius vector and its angle of inclination to another line, or a line and plane; as those defined in (b) and (d) above. — Rectangular coördinates, coördinates the axes of which intersect at right angles. — Rectilinear coördinates, coördinates made up of right lines. Those defined in (a) and (c) above are called also Cartesian coördinates. — Trigonometrical or Spherical coördinates, elements of reference, by means of which the position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be determined with respect to two great circles of the sphere. — Trilinear coördinates, coördinates of a point in a plane, consisting of the three ratios which the three distances of the point from three fixed lines have one to another.

Co•ör´di•nate•ly , adv. In a coördinate manner.

Co•ör´di•nate•ness, n. The state of being coördinate; equality of rank or authority.

Co•ör•di•na´tion , n. 1. The act of coördinating; the act of putting in the same order, class, rank, dignity, etc.; as the coördination of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial authority in forming a government; the act of regulating and combining so as to produce harmonious results; harmonious adjustment; as a coördination of functions. ´Coördination of muscular movement by the cerebellum.´ Carpenter. 2. The state of being coördinate, or of equal rank, dignity, power, etc. “In this high court of parliament, there is a rare coördination of power.
Howell.”

Co•ör´di•na•tive , a. (Gram.) Expressing coördination. J. W. Gibbs.

Coot (koot), n. [Cf. D. koet, W. cwtair; cwta short, bodtailed + iar hen; cf. cwtau to dock. Cf. Cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A wading bird with lobate toes, of the genus Fulica. The common European or bald coot is F. atra (see under bald); the American is F. Americana. (b) The surf duck or scoter. In the United States all the species of (Œdemia are called coots. See Scoter. ´As simple as a coot.´ Halliwell. 2. A stupid fellow; a simpleton; as a silly coot. [Colloq.]

Coot´er (-er), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water tortoise (Pseudemus concinna) of Florida. (b) The box tortoise.

Coot´foot (-foot•), n. (Zoöl.) The phalarope; — so called because its toes are like the coot’s.

Coo•thay´ (koo•tha´), n.A striped satin made in India. McElrath.

Cop (kop), n. [AS. cop; cf. G. kopf head. Cf. Cup, Cob.] 1. The top of a thing; the head; a crest. [Obs.] “Cop they used to call
The tops of many hills.
Drayton.” 2. A conical or conical-ended mass of coiled thread, yarn, or roving, wound upon a spindle, etc. 3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound. 4. (Mil. Arch.) Same as Merlon. 5. A policeman. [Slang] Cop waste, a kind of cotton waste, composed chiefly of remnants of cops from which the greater part of the yarn has been unwound. { Co•pai´ba ( 277), Co•pai´va }, n. [Sp. & Pg., fr. Brazil. cupaúba.] (Med.) A more or less viscid, yellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; — called also balsam of copaiba. [Written also capivi.]

Co´pal (ko´pal; 277), [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, a generic name of resins. Clavigero.] A resinous substance flowing spontaneously from trees of Zanzibar, Madagascar, and South America (Trachylobium Hornemannianum, T. verrucosum, and Hymenaea Courbaril), and dug from earth where forests have stood in Africa; — used chiefly in making varnishes. Ure.

Co•par´ce•na•ry (ko•pär´se•na•ry), n.; pl. Coparcenaries (-riz). [Pref. co- + parcenary] (Law) Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; joint right of succession to an inheritance.

Co•par´ce•ner (-ner), n. [Pref. co- + parcener.] (Law) One who has an equal portion with others of an inheritance. “All the coparceners together make but one heir, and have but one estate among them.
Blackstone.”

Co•par´ce•ny , n. [Abbrev. of Coparcenary.] (Law) An equal share of an inheritance.

Co•part , v. t. [Cf. Compart] To share. [Obs.] “For, of all miserias I hold that chief
Wretched to be, when none coparts our grief.
Webster (1661).”

Co•part´ment , n. A compartment. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Co•part´ner , n. One who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in business, etc.; a partner; an associate; a partaker; a sharer. “the associates and copartners of our loss.
Milton.”

Co•part´ner•ship, n. 1. The state of being a copartner or of having a joint interest in any matter. 2. A partnership or firm; as A. and B. have this day formed a copartnership.

Co•part´ner•y , n.; pl. Copartneries . the state of being copartners in any undertaking. [R.]

Cop´a•tain , a. [Formed fr. cop, in imitation of captain. See Cop, Captain.] Having a high crown, or a point or peak at top. [Obs.] “A copatain hat made on a Flemish block.
Gascoigne.”

Co•pa´tri•ot , n. A joint patriot.

Cope (kop), n. [A doublet of cape. See Cape, Cap.] 1. A covering for the head. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Anything regarded as extended over the head, as the arch or concave of the sky, the roof of a house, the arch over a door. ´The starry cope of heaven.´ Milton. 3. An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet, and open in front except at the top, where it is united by a band or clasp. It is worn in processions and on some other occasions. Piers plowman. “A hundred and sixty priests all in their copes.
Bp. Burnet.” 4. An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in Derbyshire, England. 5. (Founding) The top part of a flask or mold; the outer part of a loam mold. Knight. De Colange.

Cope, v. i. To form a cope or arch; to bend or arch; to bow. [Obs.] “Some bending down and coping toward the earth.
Holland.”

Cope, v. t. (Falconry) To pare the beak or talons of (a hawk). J. H. Walsh.

Cope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coped (kopt); p. pr. & vb. n. Coping.] [OE. copen, coupen, to buy, bargain, prob. from D. koopen to buy, orig., to bargain. See Cheap.] 1. To exchange or barter. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To encounter; to meet; to have to do with. “Horatio, thou art e’en as just a man
As e’er my conversation coped withal.
Shak.” 3. To enter into or maintain a hostile contest; to struggle; to combat; especially, to strive or contend on equal terms or with success; to match; to equal; — usually followed by with. “Host coped with host, dire was the din of war.
Philips.” “Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of Athens.
Addison.”

Cope, v. t. 1. To bargain for; to buy. [Obs.] 2. To make return for; to requite; to repay. [Obs.] “three thousand ducats due unto the Jew,
We freely cope your courteous pains withal.
Shak.” 3. To match one’s self against; to meet; to encounter. “I love to cope him in these sullen fits.
Shak.” “They say he yesterday coped Hector in the battle, and struck him down.
Shak.”

Cope´-chis•el , n. A narrow chisel adapted for cutting a groove. Knight.

Co´peck , n. [Russ. kopeika] A Russian copper coin. See Kopeck.

Coped , a. Clad in a cope.

Cop•e•la´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a rower.] (Zoöl.) See Larvalla.

Cope´man , n. [D. koopman, fr. koopen to buy. See Cope, v. i. Chapman.] A chapman; a dealer; a merchant. [Obs.] “He would have sold his part of paradise
For ready money, had he met a copeman.
B. Jonson.”

Cop´e•pod , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Copepoda. — n. One of the Copepoda.

Co•pep´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. an oar + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca, including many minute Crustacea, both fresh-water and marine. They have a distinct carapace. The eggs are carried in a pair of external pouches. Some are parasites of fishes.

Co•per´ni•can , a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian by birth (b. 1473, d. 1543), who taught the world the solar system now received, called the Copernican system.

Copes´mate , n. An associate or companion; a friend; a partner. [Obs.] “Misshapen time, copesmate of ugly Night.
Shak.”

Cope´stone , n. (Arch.) A stone for coping. See Coping.

Cop´i•er , n. [From. Copy.] 1. One who copies; one who writes or transcribes from an original; a transcriber. 2. An imitator; one who imitates an example; hence, a plagiarist.

Cop´ing , n. [See Cope, n.] (Arch.) The highest or covering course of masonry in a wall, often with sloping edges to carry off water; — sometimes called capping. Gwill.

Co´pi•ous , a. [L. copiosus, fr. copia abundance: cf. F. copieux. See Copy, Opulent.] Large in quantity or amount; plentiful; abundant; fruitful. “Kindly pours its copious treasures forth.
Thomson.” “Hail, Son of God, Savior of men! thy name
Shall be the copious matter of my song.
Milton.” Syn. — Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; exuberant; overflowing; full. See Ample.

Co´pi•ous•ly, adv. In a copious manner.

Co´pi•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being copious; abudance; plenty; also diffuseness in style. “To imitatethe copiousness of Homer.
Dryden.” Syn. — Abudance; plenty; richness; exuberance.

Cop´ist , n. [F. copiste. See Copy.] A copier. [Obs.] ´A copist after nature.´ Shaftesbury.

Co•plan´ar (ko•plan´er), a. [Pref. co- + plane.] (Math.) Situated in one plane.

Cop´land , n. [Cop + land.] A piece of ground terminating in a point or acute angle. [Obs.]

Co•por´tion , n.Equal share. [Obs.] “Myself will bear … coportion of your pack.
Spenser.”

Copped , a. [From Cop.] Rising to a point or head; conical; pointed; crested. Wiseman.

Cop´pel , n. & v. See Cupel.

Cop´per , n. [OE. coper (cf. D. koper, Sw. koppar, Dan. kobber, G. kupfer), LL. cuper, fr. L. cuprum for earlier Cyprium, Cyprium aes, i.e., Cyprian brass, fr. Gr. of Cyprus (Gr. ), anciently renowned for its copper mines. Cf. Cypreous.] 1. A common metal of a reddish color, both ductile and malleable, and very tenacious. It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Symbol Cu. Atomic weight 63.3. It is one of the most useful metals in itself, and also in its alloys, brass and bronze. Copper is the only metal which occurs native abundantly in large masses; it is found also in various ores, of which the most important are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite, and malachite. Copper mixed with tin forms bell metal; with a smaller proportion, bronze; and with zinc, it forms brass, pinchbeck, and other alloys. 2. A coin made of copper; a penny, cent, or other minor coin of copper. [Colloq.] “My friends filled my pockets with coppers.
Franklin.” 3. A vessel, especially a large boiler, made of copper. 4. pl. Specifically (Naut.), the boilers in the galley for cooking; as a ship’s coppers. Copper is often used adjectively, commonly in the sense of made or consisting of copper, or resembling copper; as a copper boiler, tube, etc. “All in a hot and copper sky.
Coleridge.” It is sometimes written in combination; as copperplate, coppersmith, copper- colored. Copper finch. (Zoöl.) See Chaffinch. — Copper glance, or Vitreous copper. (Min.) See Chalcocite. — Indigo copper. (Min.) See Covelline.

Cop´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coppered p. pr. & vb. n. Coppering.] To cover or coat with copper; to sheathe with sheets of copper; as to copper a ship.

Cop´per•as , n. [OE. coperose, F. couperose, fr. (assumed?) L. cuprirosa, equiv. to G. cha•lkanqos, i. e. copper flower, vitriol. See Copper and Rose.] Green vitriol, or sulphate of iron; a green crystalline substance, of an astringent taste, used in making ink, in dyeing black, as a tonic in medicine, etc. It is made on a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites. Called also ferrous sulphate. The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc.

Cop´per-bot•tomed , a. Having a bottom made of copper, as a tin boiler or other vessel, or sheathed with copper, as a ship.

Cop´per-faced , a.Faced or covered with copper; as copper-faced type.

Cop´per-fas•tened , a.Fastened with copper bolts, as the planks of ships, etc.; as a copper-fastened ship.

Cop´per•head , n. [From its color.] 1. (Zoöl.) A poisonous American serpent (Ancistrodon conotortrix), closely allied to the rattlesnake, but without rattles; — called also copper-belly, and red viper. 2. A nickname applied to a person in the Northern States who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. [U.S.]

Cop´per•ing, n. 1. The act of covering with copper. 2. An envelope or covering of copper.

Cop´per•ish, a. Containing, or partaking of the nature of, copper; like copper; as a copperish taste.

Cop´per-nick•el , n. (Min.) Niccolite.

Cop´per-nose , n. A red nose. Shak.

Cop´per•plate (kop´per•plat•), n. (a) A plate of polished copper on which a design or writing is engraved. (b) An impression on paper taken from such a plate. In printing from a copper- or steel plate the lines are filled with ink, the surface of the plate is wiped clean, the paper laid upon it, and the impression taken by pressing it under the roller of a plate press. Copperplate press. See Plate press, under Plate.

Cop´per•smith (-smith•), n. One whose occupation is to manufacture copper utensils; a worker in copper.

Cop´per works A place where copper is wrought or manufactured. Woodward.

Cop´per•worm , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The teredo; — so called because it injures the bottoms of vessels, where not protected by copper. (b) The ringworm.

Cop´per•y , a. Mixed with copper; containing copper, or made of copper; like copper.

Cop´pice (kop´pis), n. [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, to cut, F. couper, fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, F. coup, L. colaphus, fr. Gr. ko•lafos. Cf. Copse, and cf. Coupe, Coupee.] A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. See Copse. “The rate of coppice lands will fall, upon the discovery of coal mines.
Locke.”

Cop´pin , n.[See Cop.] A cop of thread.

Cop´ple , n. [A dim. of Cop.] Something rising in a conical shape; specifically, a hill rising to a point. “A low cape, and upon it a copple not very high.
Hakluyt.”

Cop´ple-crown , n. A created or high-topped crown or head. ´Like the copple- crown the lapwing has.´ T. Randolph. — Cop´ple-crowned• (#), a.

Cop´pled , a. [From Copple.] Rising to a point; conical; copped. [Obs.] Woodward.

Cop´ple dust Cupel dust. [Obs.] “Powder of steel, or copple dust.
Bacon.”

Cop´ple•stone , n. A cobblestone. [Obs.]

Copps , n. See Copse. [Obs.]

Co´pra , n. [Malayálam koppara or Hind. khopra.] (Com.) The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed. [Written also cobra, copperah, coppra.]

Cop´ro•lite , n. [Gr. ko•pros dung + -lite.] (Paleon.) A piece of petrified dung; a fossil excrement.

Cop•ro•lit´ic , a. Containing, pertaining to, or of the nature of, coprolites.

Co•proph´a•gan , n. [See Coprophagous.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle which feeds upon dung.

Co•proph´a•gous , a. [Gr. exrement + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Feeding upon dung, as certain insects.

Cop-rose , n. [F. coprose, of uncertain origin; cf. D. klaproos, klapperroos.] The red, or corn, poppy. [Written also cup-rose.]

Cops , n. [AS. cops, cosp, fetter.] The connecting crook of a harrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Copse , n. [Contr. from coppice.] A wood of small growth; a thicket of brushwood. See Coppice. “Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled.
Goldsmith.”

Copse, v. t. 1. To trim or cut; — said of small trees, brushwood, tufts of grass, etc. Halliwell. 2. To plant and preserve, as a copse. Swift.

Copse´wood , n. Brushwood; coppice. Macaulay.

Cops´y , a. Characterized by copses. ´Copsy villages.´ ´Copsy banks.´ J. Dyer.

Cop´tic (kop´tik), a. [Abbrev. from L. Aegyptius an Egyptian, Gr. , Ar. kibti, pl. kibt.] Of or pertaining to the Copts. — n. The language of the Copts.

Copts (kopts´), n. pl.; sing. Copt (#). [See Coptic.] (Etnol.) 1. An Egyptian race thought to be descendants of the ancient Egyptians. 2. The principal sect of Christians in Egypt and the valley of the Nile. they belong to the Jacobite sect of Monophysite Christians, and for eleven centuries have had possession of the patriarchal chair of Alexandria.

Cop´u•la , n. [L., bond, band. See Couple.] 1. (Logic & Gram.) The word which unites the subject and predicate. 2. (Mus.) The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; — called also coupler.

Cop´u•late , a. [L. copulatus, p. p. of copulare to couple, fr. copula. See Copula.] 1. Joined; associated; coupled. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) Joining subject and predicate; copulative. F. A. March.

Cop´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Copulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Copulating.] To unite in sexual intercourse; to come together in the act of generation.

Cop•u•la´tion , n. [L. copulatio: cf. F. copulation.] 1. The act of coupling or joining; union; conjunction. “Wit, you know, is the unexpected copulation of ideas.
Johnson.” 2. The coming together of male and female in the act of generation; sexual union; coition.

Cop´u•la´tive , a. [L. copulativus: cf. F. copulatif.] Serving to couple, unite, or connect; as a copulative conjunction like ´and´.

Cop´u•la•tive, n. 1. Connection. [Obs.] Rycaut. 2. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction.

Cop´u•la´tive•ly, adv. In a copulative manner.

Cop´u•la•to•ry (kop´u•la•to•ry), a. 1. Pertaining to copulation; tending or serving to unite; copulative. 2. (Zoöl.) Used in sexual union; as the copulatory organs of insects.

Cop´y (kop´y), n.; pl. Copies (-iz). [F. copie, fr. L. copia abundance, number, LL. also a transcript; co- + the root of opes riches. See Opulent, and cf. Copious.] 1. An abundance or plenty of anything. [Obs.] “She was blessed with no more copy of wit, but to serve his humor thus.
B. Jonson.” 2. An imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an original work; as a copy of a letter, an engraving, a painting, or a statue. “I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to the original.
Denham.” 3. An individual book, or a single set of books containing the works of an author; as a copy of the Bible; a copy of the works of Addison. 4. That which is to be imitated, transcribed, or reproduced; a pattern, model, or example; as his virtues are an excellent copy for imitation. “Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the letters.
Holder.” 5. (print.) Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type; as the printers are calling for more copy. 6. A writing paper of a particular size. Same as Bastard. See under Paper. 7. Copyhold; tenure; lease. [Obs.] Shak. Copy book, a book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. — Examined copies (Law), those which have been compared with the originals. — Exemplified copies, those which are attested under seal of a court. — Certified or Office copies, those which are made or attested by officers having charge of the originals, and authorized to give copies officially. Abbot. Syn. — Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit.

Cop´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Copied p. pr. & vb. n. Copying.] [Cf. F. copir, fr. LL. copiare. See Copy, n.] 1. To make a copy or copies of; to write; print, engrave, or paint after an original; to duplicate; to reproduce; to transcribe; as to copy a manuscript, inscription, design, painting, etc.; — often with out, sometimes with off. “I like the work well; ere it be demanded
(As like enough it will), I’d have it copied.
Shak.” “Let this be copied out,
And keep it safe for our remembrance.
Shak.” 2. To imitate; to attempt to resemble, as in manners or course of life. “We copy instinctively the voices of our companions, their accents, and their modes of pronunciation.
Stewart.”

Cop´y, v. i. 1. To make a copy or copies; to imitate. 2. To yield a duplicate or transcript; as the letter did not copy well. “Some … never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good things.
Dryden.”

Cop´y•er , n. See Copier.

Cop´y•graph , n. A contrivance for producing manifold copies of a writing or drawing. The writing or drawing is made with aniline ink on paper, and a reverse copy transfered by pressure to a slab of gelatin softened with glycerin. A large number of transcripts can be taken while the ink is fresh. “Various names have been given to the process [the gelatin copying process], some of them acceptable and others absurd; hectograph, polygraph, copygraph, lithogram, etc.
Knight.”

Cop´y•hold , n. (Eng. Law) (a) A tenure of estate by copy of court roll; or a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of the lord’s court. Blackstone. (b) Land held in copyhold. Milton. Copyholds do not exist in the United States.

Cop´y•hold•er , n. 1. (Eng. Law) One possessed of land in copyhold. 2. (print.) (a) A device for holding copy for a compositor. (b) One who reads copy to a proof reader.

Cop´y•ing, a. & n. From Copy, v. Copying ink. See under Ink. — Copying paper, thin unsized paper used for taking copies of letters, etc., in a copying press. — Copying press, a machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of letters, etc., written in copying ink.

Cop´y•ist, n. A copier; a transcriber; an imitator; a plagiarist.

Cop´y•right , n. The right of an author or his assignee, under statute, to print and publish his literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. This right may be had in maps, charts, engravings, plays, and musical compositions, as well as in books. In the United States a copyright runs for the term of twenty-eight years, with right of renewal for fourteen years on certain conditions. International copyright, an author’s right in his productions as secured by treaty between nations.

Cop´y•right, v. t. To secure a copyright on.

Coque´li•cot , n. [F.] 1. (Bot.) The wild poppy, or red corn rose. 2. The color of the wild poppy; a color nearly red, like orange mixed with scarlet.

Co•quet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coquetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coquetting.] To attempt to attract the notice, admiration, or love of; to treat with a show of tenderness or regard, with a view to deceive and disappoint. “You are coquetting a maid of honor.
Swift.”

Co•quet´, v. i. To trifle in love; to stimulate affection or interest; to play the coquette; to deal playfully instead of seriously; to play (with); as we have coquetted with political crime.

Co•quet´ry , n.; pl. Coquetries (#). [F. coquetterie.] Attempts to attract admiration, notice, or love, for the mere gratification of vanity; trifling in love. ´Little affectations of coquetry.´ Addison.

Co•quette´ , n. [F., fr. coquet, coquette, coquettish, orig., cocklike, strutting like a cock, fr. coq a cock. Cf. Cock, Cocket, Cocky, Cockade.] 1. A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to attract admiration from a desire to gratify vanity; a flirt; — formerly sometimes applied also to men. 2. (Zoöl.) A tropical humming bird of the genus Lophornis, with very elegant neck plumes. Several species are known. See Illustration under Spangle, v. t.

Co•quet´tish , a. Practicing or exhibiting coquetry; alluring; enticing. “A pretty, coquettish housemaid.
W. Irving.”

Co•quet´tish•ly, adv. In a coquettish manner.

Co•quil´la nut [Pg. coquilho, Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco a cocoanut.] (Bot.) The fruit of a Brazilian tree (Attalea funifera of Martius.). Its shell is hazel-brown in color, very hard and close in texture, and much used by turners in forming ornamental articles, such as knobs for umbrella handles.

Co•quim´bite , n. A mineral consisting principally of sulphate of iron; white copperas; — so called because found in the province of Coquimbo, Chili.

Co•qui´na , n. [Sp., shellfish, cockle.] A soft, whitish, coral-like stone, formed of broken shells and corals, found in the southern United States, and used for roadbeds and for building material, as in the fort at St. Augustine, Florida.

Cor- (kor-). A prefix signifying with, together, etc. See Com-.

Cor (kôr), n. [Heb. kor.] A Hebrew measure of capacity; a homer. [Written also core.]

Co´ra , n. (Zoöl.) The Arabian gazelle (Gazella Arabica), found from persia to North Africa.

Cor´a•cle , n. [W. corwgl, cwrwgl, fr. corwg, cwrwg, any round body or vessel, the trunk of the body, carcass.] A boat made by covering a wicker frame with leather or oilcloth. It was used by the ancient Britons, and is still used by fisherman in Wales and some parts of Ireland. also a similar boat used in Thibet and in Egypt.

Cor´a•coid , a.[Gr. ; ko•rax crow + e’i^dos form.] 1. Shaped like a crow’s beak. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a bone of the shoulder girdle in most birds, reptiles, and amphibians, which is reduced to a process of the scapula in most mammals.

Cor´a•coid, n. The coracoid bone or process.

Cor´age ( OF. ), n. See Courage [Obs.] “To Canterbury with full devout corage.
Chaucer.”

Cor´al , n. [Of. coral, F, corail, L. corallum, coralium, fr. Gr. kora•llion.] 1. (Zoöl.) The hard parts or skeleton of various Anthozoa, and of a few Hydrozoa. Similar structures are also formed by some Bryozoa. The large stony corals forming coral reefs belong to various genera of Madreporaria, and to the hydroid genus, Millepora. The red coral, used in jewelry, is the stony axis of the stem of a gorgonian (Corallium rubrum) found chiefly in the Mediterranean. The fan corals, plume corals, and sea feathers are species of Gorgoniacea, in which the axis is horny. Organ-pipe coral is formed by the genus Tubipora, an Alcyonarian, and black coral is in part the axis of species of the genus Antipathes. See Anthozoa, Madrepora. 2. The ovaries of a cooked lobster; — so called from their color. 3. A piece of coral, usually fitted with small bells and other appurtenances, used by children as a plaything. Brain coral, or Brain stone coral. See under Brain. — Chain coral. See under Chain. - - Coral animal (Zoöl.), one of the polyps by which corals are formed. They are often very erroneously called coral insects. — Coral fish. See in the Vocabulary. — Coral reefs (Phys. Geog.), reefs, often of great extent, made up chiefly of fragments of corals, coral sands, and the solid limestone resulting from their consolidation. They are classed as fringing reefs, when they border the land; barrier reefs, when separated from the shore by a broad belt of water; atolls, when they constitute separate islands, usually inclosing a lagoon. See Atoll. — Coral root (Bot.), a genus (Corallorhiza) of orchideous plants, of a yellowish or brownish red color, parasitic on roots of other plants, and having curious jointed or knotted roots not unlike some kinds of coral. See Illust. under Coralloid. — Coral snake. (Zo) (a) A small, venomous, Brazilian snake (Elaps corallinus), coral-red, with black bands. (b) A small, harmless, South American snake (Tortrix scytale). — Coral tree (Bot.), a tropical, leguminous plant, of several species, with showy, scarlet blossoms and coral-red seeds. The best known is Erythrina Corallodendron. — Coral wood, a hard, red cabinet wood. McElrath.

Cor´aled , a. Having coral; covered with coral.

Cor´al fish (Zoöl.) Any bright-colored fish of the genera Chaetodon, Pomacentrus, Apogon, and related genera, which live among reef corals.

Cor•al•la´ceous , a. Like coral, or partaking of its qualities.

Co•ral´li•an , n. (Geol.) A deposit of coralliferous limestone forming a portion of the middle division of the oölite; — called also coral- rag.

Cor•al•lif´er•ous , a. [L. corallum coral + -ferous.] Containing or producing coral.

Cor´al•li•form , a. [L. corallum coral + -form.] resembling coral in form.

Cor•al•lig´e•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. corallum coral + root of gignere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Same as Anthozoa.

Cor•al•lig´e•nous , a. producing coral; coralligerous; coralliferous. Humble.

Cor•al•lig´er•ous , a. [L. corallum coral + -gerous.] Producing coral; coralliferous.

Cor´al•lin , n. [So named in allusion to the color of red corallin, fr. L. corallum coral.] (Chem.) A yellow coal-tar dyestuff which probably consists chiefly of rosolic acid. See Aurin, and Rosolic acid under Rosolic. Red corallin, a red dyestuff which is obtained by treating aurin or rosolic acid with ammonia; — called also paeonin. — Yellow corallin. See Aurin.

Cor´al•line , a. [Cf. L. corallinus coralred.] Composed of corallines; as coralline limestone.

Cor´al•line, n. [Cf. F. coralline.] 1. (Bot.) A submarine, semicalcareous or calcareous plant, consisting of many jointed branches. 2. (Zoöl.) Formerly any slender coral-like animal; — sometimes applied more particulary to bryozoan corals.

Cor´al•lin•ite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil coralline.

Cor´al•lite , n. [L. corallum coral.] 1. (Min.) A mineral substance or petrifaction, in the form of coral. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the individual members of a compound coral; or that part formed by a single coral animal. [Written also corallet.]

Cor´al•loid , a. [L. corallum coral + -oid: cf. F. coralloïde.] Having the form of coral; branching like coral.

Cor•al•loid´al , a. resembling coral; coralloid. Sir T. browne.

Co•ral´lum , n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The coral or skeleton of a zoöphyte, whether calcareous of horny, simple or compound. See Coral.

Cor´al-rag , n. (geol.) Same as Corallian.

Cor´al•wort , n. (Bot.) A cruciferous herb of certain species of Dentaria; — called also toothwort, tooth violet, or pepper root.

Cor´a•nach , n. [Gael. coranach, or corranach, a crying, the Irish funeral cry (the keen), a dirge; comh with + ranaich a roaring, ran to roar, shriek.] A lamentation for the dead; a dirge. [Written also coranich, corrinoch, coronach, cronach, etc.] [Scot.] { Co•rant , Co•ran´to }, n. [See Courant.] A sprightly but somewhat stately dance, now out of fashion. “It is harder to dance a corant well, than a jig.
Sir W. temple.” “Dancing a coranto with him upon the heath.
Macaulay.”

Corb (kôrb), n. [L. corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil, Corp.] 1. A basket used in coal mines, etc. see Corf. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in a building; a corbel.

Cor´ban (kôr´ban), n. [Heb. qorban, akin to Ar. qurban.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering of any kind, devoted to God and therefore not to be appropriated to any other use; esp., an offering in fulfillment of a vow. In the old Testament the hebrew word is usually translated ´oblation´ as in Numb. xviii. 9, xxxi. 50. The traditionists laid down that a man might interdict himself by vow, not only from using for himself, but from giving to another, or receiving from him, some particular object, whether of food or any other kind. A person might thus exempt himself from assisting parents in distress, under plea of corban. Dr. W. Smith. 2. An alms basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity; a treasury of the church, where offerings are deposited.

Corbe (kôrb), a. [OF. corbe, fr. L. curvus. See Cuve.] Crooked. [Obs.] ´Corbe shoulder.´ Spenser.

Cor´beil (kôr´bel), n. [F. corbeille, fr. L. corbicula a little basket, dim. of corbis basket. Cf. Corbel, Corb, Corvette.] 1. (Arch.) A sculptured basket of flowers; a corbel. [Obs.] 2. pl. (Fort.) Small gabions. Brande & C.

Cor´bel (kôr´bel), n. [F. corbeau, for older corbel, dim. of L. corbis basket. (Corbels were often in the form of a basket.) See Corbeil.] (Arch.) A bracket supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. Corbels were employed largely in Gothic architecture. A common form of corbel consists of courses of stones or bricks, each projecting slightly beyond the next below it.

Cor´bel, v. t. To furnish with a corbel or corbels; to support by a corbel; to make in the form of a corbel. To corbel out, to furnish with a corbel of courses, each projecting beyond the one next below it.

Cor´bel-ta•ble , n. (Arch.) A horizontal row of corbels, with the panels or filling between them; also less properly used to include the stringcourse on them. { Cor´bie or Cor´by } (kôr´by), n.; pl. Corbies (-biz). [F. corbeau, OF. corbel, dim. fr. L. corvus raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) The raven. [Scot.] 2. (her.) A raven, crow, or chough, used as a charge. Corbie crow, the carrion crow. [Scot.]

Cor´bie•step , n. (Arch.) One of the steps in which a gable wall is often finished in place of a continuous slope; — also called crowstep.

Cor´cho•rus (kôr´k&oal;•rus), n. [Nl., fr. L. corchorus a poor kind of pulse, Gr. ko•rchoros a wild plant of bitter taste.] (Bot.) The common name of the Kerria Japonica or Japan globeflower, a yellow-flowered, perennial, rosaceous plant, seen in old-fashioned gardens. { Cor´cle (kôr´k’l), Cor´cule (- kul) }, n. [L. corculum a little heart, dim. of cor heart.] (Bot.) The heart of the seed; the embryo or germ. [Obs.]

Cord (kôrd), n. [F. corde, L. chorda catgut, chord, cord, fr. Gr. chordh•; cf. chola•des intestines, L. haruspex soothsayer (inspector of entrails), Icel. görn, pl. garnir gut, and E. yarn. Cf. Chord, Yarn.] 1. A string, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together. 2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile of wood, or other coarse material, eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad; — originally measured with a cord or line. 3. Fig.: Any moral influence by which persons are caught, held, or drawn, as if by a cord; an enticement; as the cords of the wicked; the cords of sin; the cords of vanity. “The knots that tangle human creeds,
The wounding cords that bind and strain
The heart until it bleeds.
Tennyson.” 4. (Anat.) Any structure having the appearance of a cord, esp. a tendon or a nerve. See under Spermatic, Spinal, Umbilical, Vocal. 5. (Mus.) See Chord. [Obs.] Cord wood, wood for fuel cut to the length of four feet (when of full measure).

Cord (kôrd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cording.] 1. To bind with a cord; to fasten with cords; to connect with cords; to ornament or finish with a cord or cords, as a garment. 2. To arrange (wood, etc.) in a pile for measurement by the cord.

Cord´age (kôrd´aj), n. [F. cordage. See Cord.] Ropes or cords, collectively; hence, anything made of rope or cord, as those parts of the rigging of a ship which consist of ropes.

Cord´al (kôrd´al), n. Same as Cordelle.

Cordate (kôr´dat), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart.] (Bot.) Heart- shaped; as a cordate leaf.

Cor´date•ly, adv. In a cordate form.

Cord´ed (kôrd´ed), a. 1. Bound or fastened with cords. 2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord. 3. Made of cords. [Obs.] ´A corded ladder.´ Shak. 4. Striped or ribbed with cords; as cloth with a corded surface. 5. (Her.) Bound about, or wound, with cords.

Cor•de•lier´ (kôr•de•ler´), n. [F., fr. OF. cordel, F. cordeau, dim. fr. corde string, rope. See Cord.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A Franciscan; — so called in France from the girdle of knotted cord worn by all Franciscans. 2. (Fr. Hist.) A member of a French political club of the time of the first Revolution, of which Danton and Marat were members, and which met in an old Cordelier convent in Paris.

Cor´del•ing (kôr´de•ing), a. [F. cordeler to twist, fr. OF. cordel. See Cordelier.] Twisting.

Cor•delle´ (kôr•del´), n. [F., dim. of corde cord.] A twisted cord; a tassel. Halliwell.

Cor´dial (kôr´jal, formally kôrd´yal; 106, 277), a. [LL. cordialis, fr. L. cor heart: cf. F. cordial. See Heart.] 1. Proceeding from the heart. [Obs.] “A rib with cordial spirits warm.
Milton.” 2. Hearty; sincere; warm; affectionate. “He … with looks of cordial love
Hung over her enamored.
Milton.” 3. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate; giving strength or spirits. “Behold this cordial julep here
That flames and dances in his crystal bounds.
Milton.” Syn. — Hearty; sincere; heartfelt; warm; affectionate; cheering; invigorating. See Hearty.

Cor´dial, n. 1. Anything that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates. “Charms to my sight, and cordials to my mind.
Dryden.” 2. (Med) Any invigorating and stimulating preparation; as a peppermint cordial. 3. (Com.) Aromatized and sweetened spirit, used as a beverage; a liqueur.

Cor•dial´i•ty (kôr•jal´i•ty or kôr•di•al´-; 106), n.; pl. Cordialities (-tiz). [LL. cordialitas, fr. cordialis sincere: cf. F. cordialite.] 1. Relation to the heart. [Obs.] “That the ancients had any respect of cordiality or reference unto the heart, will much be doubted.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. Sincere affection and kindness; warmth of regard; heartiness. Motley.

Cor´dial•ize (kôr´jal•iz or kôrd´yal•iz; 106), v. t. 1. To make into a cordial. 2. To render cordial; to reconcile.

Cor´dial•ize, v. i. To grow cordial; to feel or express cordiality. [R.]

Cor´dial•ly, adv. In a cordial manner. Dr. H. More.

Cor´dial•ness, n. Cordiality. Cotgrave.

Cor´di•er•ite (kôr´di•er•it), n. [Named after the geologist Cordier.] (Min.) See Iolite.

Cor´di•form (kôr´di•fôrm), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart + - form, cf. F. cordiforme.] Heart-shaped. Gray.

Cor•dil´ler•a (kôr•dil´ler•a; Sp. kôr•de•lya´ra), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. cordilla, cordiella, dim. of cuerda a rope, string. See Cord.] (Geol.) A mountain ridge or chain. Cordillera is sometimes applied, in geology, to the system of mountain chains near the border of a continent; thus, the western cordillera of North America in the United States includes the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Coast and Cascade ranges.

Cor´di•ner (kôr´di•ner), n. A cordwainer. [Obs.]

Cor´don (kôr´don; F. kôr•dôN´), n. [F., fr. corde. See Cord.] 1. A cord or ribbon bestowed or borne as a badge of honor; a broad ribbon, usually worn after the manner of a baldric, constituting a mark of a very high grade in an honorary order. Cf. Grand cordon. 2. The cord worn by a Franciscan friar. Sir E. Sandys. 3. (Fort.) The coping of the scarp wall, which projects beyong the face of the wall a few inches. 4. (Mil.) A line or series of sentinels, or of military posts, inclosing or guarding any place or thing. 5. A rich and ornamental lace or string, used to secure a mantle in some costumes of state. Cordon bleu (kr•dn´ bl´) [F., blue cordon], a first-rate cook, or one worthy to be the cook of the cordons bleus, or Knights of the Holy Ghost, famous for their good dinners. — Cordon sanitaire (kr•dn´ s•n•tr´) [F., sanitary cordon], a line of troops or military posts around a district infected with disease, to cut off communication, and thus prevent the disease from spreading.

Cor•don•net´ (k?r•d?n•n?´), n. [F., dim. of cordon. See Cardon.] Doubled and twisted thread, made of coarse silk, and used for tassels, fringes, etc. McElrath.

Cor´do•van (kôr´do•v>acr/n), n. [Sp. cordoban, fr. Cordova, or Cordoba, in Spain. Cf. Cordwain.] Same as Cordwain. In England the name is applied to leather made from horsehide.

Cor´du•roy (kôr´du•roi• or kôr•du•roi´), n. [Prob. for F. corde du roi king’s cord.] 1. A sort of cotton velveteen, having the surface raised in ridges. 2. pl. Trousers or breeches of corduroy. Corduroy road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by side across it, as in marshy places; — so called from its rough or ribbed surface, resembling corduroy. [U.S.]

Cor´du•roy, v. t. To form of logs laid side by side. ´Roads were corduroyed.´ Gen. W. T. Sherman.

Cord´wain (k?rd´w?n), n. [OE. cordewan, cordian, OF. cordoan, cordouan, fr. Sp. cordoban. See Cordovan.] A term used in the Middle Ages for Spanish leather (goatskin tanned and dressed), and hence, any leather handsomely finished, colored, gilded, or the like. “Buskins he wore of costliest cordwain.
Spenser.”

Cord´wain•er (-?r), n. [OE. cordwaner, cordiner, fr. OF. cordoanier, cordouanier, F. cordonnier.] A worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather; a shoemaker. [Archaic.]

Core (kor), n. [F. corps. See Corps.] A body of individuals; an assemblage. [Obs.] “He was in a core of people.
Bacon.”

Core, n. [Cf. Chore.] (Mining.) A miner’s underground working time or shift. Raymond. The twenty-four hours are divided into three or four cores.

Core, n. [Heb. kor: cf. Gr. ko•ros.] A Hebrew dry measure; a cor or homer. Num. xi. 32 (Douay version).

Core, n. [OF. cor, coer, cuer, F. cœur, fr. L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as the core of an apple or quince. “A fever at the core,
Fatal to him who bears, to all who ever bore.
Byron.” 2. The center or inner part, as of an open space; as the core of a square. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 3. The most important part of a thing; the essence; as the core of a subject. 4. (Founding) The portion of a mold which shapes the interior of a cylinder, tube, or other hollow casting, or which makes a hole in or through a casting; a part of the mold, made separate from and inserted in it, for shaping some part of the casting, the form of which is not determined by that of the pattern. 5. A disorder of sheep occasioned by worms in the liver. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 6. (Anat.) The bony process which forms the central axis of the horns in many animals. Core box (Founding), a box or mold, usually divisible, in which cores are molded. — Core print (Founding), a projecting piece on a pattern which forms, in the mold, an impression for holding in place or steadying a core.

Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cord (kord); p. pr. & vb. n. Coring.] 1. To take out the core or inward parts of; as to core an apple. “He’s like a corn upon my great toe … he must be cored out.
Marston.” 2. To form by means of a core, as a hole in a casting.

Co-re´gent (k?-r?´jent), n. A joint regent or ruler.

Co•-re•la´tion (k?•r?-l?´sh?n), n. Corresponding relation.

Co•-re•li´gion•ist (-l?j´?n-?st), n. One of the same religion with another.

Co•re•op´sis (k?•r?-?p´s?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. bug + appearance.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous composite plants, having the achenes two-horned and remotely resembling some insect; tickseed. C. tinctoria, of the Western plains, the commonest plant of the genus, has been used in dyeing.

Cor´er (k?rr´?rr), n. That which cores; an instrument for coring fruit; as an apple corer.

Co•-re•spond´ent (k?•rr?-sp?nd´ent), n. (Law) One who is called upon to answer a summons or other proceeding jointly with another.

Corf (kôrf), n.; pl. Corves (kôrvz). [Cf. LG. & D. korf basket, G. korb, fr. L. corbis.] 1. A basket. 2. (Mining) (a) A large basket used in carrying or hoisting coal or ore. (b) A wooden frame, sled, or low-wheeled wagon, to convey coal or ore in the mines. { Cor´fi•ote (kôr´f?-?t), Cor´fute (k?r´f?t), } n. A native or inhabitant of Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.

Co•ri•a´ceous (k?•r?-?´sh?s), a. [L. coriaceous, fr. corium leather. See Cuirass.] 1. Consisting of or resembling, leather; leatherlike; tough. 2. (Bot.) Stiff, like leather or parchment.

Co•ri•an´der (k?•r?-?n´d?r), n. [L. coriandrum, fr. Gr. , , perh. fr. bug, on account of the buglike or fetid smell of its leaves: cf. F. coriandre.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, the Coriandrum sativum, the fruit or seeds of which have a strong smell and a spicy taste, and in medicine are considered as stomachic and carminative.

Co´ri•dine (k?´r?-d?n; 104), n. [From L. cortium leather.] A colorless or yellowish oil, C10H15N, of a leathery odor, occuring in coal tar, Dippel’s oil, tobacco smoke, etc., regarded as an organic base, homologous with pyridine. also one of a series of metameric compounds of which coridine is a type. [Written also corindine.]

Co•rin´don (k?-r?n´d?n), n. (Min.) See Corrundum.

Co•rinne´ (k?•r?n´), n. (Zoöl.) The common gazelle (Gazella dorcas). See Gazelle. [Written also korin.]

Cor´inth (k?r´?nth), n. [L. Corinthus, Gr. . Cf. Currant.] 1. A city of Greece, famed for its luxury and extravagance. 2. A small fruit; a currant. [Obs.] Broome.

Co•rin´thi•ac (k?-r?n´th?-?k), a. [L. Corinthiacus.] Pertaining to Corinth.

Co•rin´thi•an (-an), a. 1. Of or relating to Corinth. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the Corinthian order of architecture, invented by the Greeks, but more commonly used by the Romans. “This is the lightest and most ornamental of the three orders used by the Greeks.
Parker.” 3. Debauched in character or practice; impure. Milton. 4. Of or pertaining to an amateur sailor or yachtsman; as a corinthian race (one in which the contesting yachts must be manned by amateurs.)

Co•rin´thi•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Corinth. 2. A gay, licentious person. [Obs.]

Co´ri•um (k?´r?-?m), n. [L. corium leather.] 1. Armor made of leather, particularly that used by the Romans; used also by Enlish soldiers till the reign of Edward I. Fosbroke. 2. (Anat.) (a) Same as Dermis. (b) The deep layer of mucous membranes beneath the epithelium.

Co•ri´val (ko•ri´val), n. A rival; a corrival.

Co•ri´val, v. t. To rival; to pretend to equal. Shak. { Co•ri´val•ry , Co•ri´val•ship }, n. Joint rivalry.

Cork (kôrk), n. [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. kork, D. kurk; all fr. Sp. corcho, fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark, rind. Cf. Cortex.] 1. The outer layer of the bark of the cork tree (Quercus Suber), of which stoppers for bottles and casks are made. See Cutose. 2. A stopper for a bottle or cask, cut out of cork. 3. A mass of tabular cells formed in any kind of bark, in greater or less abundance. Cork is sometimes used wrongly for calk, calker; calkin, a sharp piece of iron on the shoe of a horse or ox. Cork jackets, a jacket having thin pieces of cork inclosed within canvas and used to aid in swimming. — Cork tree (Bot.), the species of oak (Quercus Suber of Southern Europe) whose bark furnishes the cork of commerce.

Cork, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corked (kôrkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Corking.] 1. To stop with a cork, as a bottle. 2. To furnish or fit with cork; to raise on cork. “Tread on corked stilts a prisoner’s pace.
Bp. Hall.” To cork is sometimes used erroneously for to calk, to furnish the shoe of a horse or ox with sharp points, and also in the meaning of cutting with a calk.

Cork´age (-aj), n. The charge made by innkeepers for drawing the cork and taking care of bottles of wine bought elsewhere by a guest.

Corked (k?rkt), a. having acquired an unpleasant taste from the cork; as a bottle of wine is corked.

Cork´ fos•sil (kôrk´ fos•sil). (Min.) A variety of amianthus which is very light, like cork.

Cork´i•ness (-i•nes), n. The quality of being corky.

Cork´ing pin (kôrk´ing pin•). A pin of a large size, formerly used attaching a woman’s headdress to a cork mold. [Obs.] Swift.

Cork´screw (-skru•), n. An instrument with a screw or a steel spiral for drawing corks from bottles. Corkscrew stairs, a spiral staircase around a solid newel.

Cork´screw, v. t. To press forward in a winding way; as to corkscrew one’s way through a crowd. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Cork´wing (-wing•), n. (Zoöl.) A fish; the goldsinny.

Cork´y (-y), a. 1. Consisting of, or like, cork; dry shriveled up. “Bind fast hiss corky arms.
Shak.” 2. Tasting of cork.

Corm (kôrm), n. [See Cormus.] 1. (Bot.) A solid bulb-shaped root, as of the crocus. See Bulb. 2. (Biol.) Same as Cormus, 2.

Cor•mog´e•ny (kôr•moj´e•ny), n. [Gr. kormo•s trunk of a tree + root of gi•gnesqai to be born.] (Biol.) The embryological history of groups or families of individuals.

Cor•mo•phy•log´e•ny (k?r•m?-f?-l?j´?-n?), n. [Gr. kormo•s trunk of a tree + E. phylogeny.] (Biol.) The phylogeny of groups or families of individuals. Haeckel. { Cor´mo•phytes (kôr´mo•fits), Cor•moph´y•ta (kor•mof´i•ta), } n. pl. [NL. cormophyta, fr. Gr. kormo•s trunk of a tree + fyto•n plant.] (Bot.) A term proposed by Endlicher to include all plants with an axis containing vascular tissue and with foliage.

Cor´mo•rant (kôr´mo•rant), n. [F. cormoran, fr. Armor. mor-vran a sea raven; mor sea + bran raven, with cor, equiv. to L. corvus raven, pleonastically prefixed; or perh. fr. L. corvus marinus sea raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any species of Phalacrocorax, a genus of sea birds having a sac under the beak; the shag. Cormorants devour fish voraciously, and have become the emblem of gluttony. They are generally black, and hence are called sea ravens, and coalgeese. [Written also corvorant.] 2. A voracious eater; a glutton, or gluttonous servant. B. Jonson.

Cor´mo•raut, a. Ravenous; voracious. “Cormorant, devouring time.
Shak.”

Cor´mus (kôr´mus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kormo•s the trunk of a tree (with the boughs cut off), fr. kei•rein to shear.] 1. (Bot.) See Corm. 2. (Biol.) A vegetable or animal made up of a number of individuals, such as for example, would be formed by a process of budding from a parent stalk wherre the buds remain attached.

Corn (kôrn), n. [L. cornu horn: cf. F. corne horn, hornlike excrescence. See Horn.] A thickening of the epidermis at some point, esp. on the toes, by friction or pressure. It is usually painful and troublesome. “Welcome, gentlemen! Ladies that have their toes
Unplagued with corns, will have a bout with you.
Shak.” The substance of a corn usually resembles horn, but where moisture is present, as between the toes, it is white and sodden, and is called a soft corn.

Corn, n. [AS. corn; akin to OS. korn, D. koren, G., Dan., Sw., & Icel. korn, Goth. kaúrn, L. granum, Russ. zerno. Cf. Grain, Kernel.] 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize; a grain. 2. The various farinaceous grains of the cereal grasses used for food, as wheat, rye, barley, maize, oats. In Scotland, corn is generally restricted to oats, in the United States, to maize, or Indian corn, of which there are several kinds; as yellow corn, which grows chiefly in the Northern States, and is yellow when ripe; white or southern corn, which grows to a great height, and has long white kernels; sweet corn, comprising a number of sweet and tender varieties, grown chiefly at the North, some of which have kernels that wrinkle when ripe and dry; pop corn, any small variety, used for popping. 3. The plants which produce corn, when growing in the field; the stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing. “In one night, ere glimpse of morn,
His shadowy flail had thrashed the corn.
Milton.” 4. A small, hard particle; a grain. ´Corn of sand.´ Bp. Hall. ´A corn of powder.´ Beau. & Fl. Corn ball, a ball of popped corn stuck together with soft candy from molasses or sugar. — Corn bread, bread made of Indian meal. — Corn cake, a kind of corn bread; johnny cake; hoecake. — Corn cockle (Bot.), a weed (Agrostemma or Lychnis Githago), having bright flowers, common in grain fields. — Corn flag (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gladiolus; — called also sword lily. — Corn fly. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fly which, in the larval state, is injurious to grain, living in the stalk, and causing the disease called ´gout,´ on account of the swelled joints. The common European species is Chlorops taeniopus. (b) A small fly (Anthomyia ze) whose larva or maggot destroys seed corn after it has been planted. — Corn fritter, a fritter having green Indian corn mixed through its batter. [U. S.] - - Corn laws, laws regulating trade in corn, especially those in force in Great Britain till 1846, prohibiting the importation of foreign grain for home consumption, except when the price rose above a certain rate. — Corn marigold. (Bot.) See under Marigold. — Corn oyster, a fritter containing grated green Indian corn and butter, the combined taste resembling that of oysters. [U.S.] — Corn parsley (Bot.), a plant of the parsley genus (Petroselinum segetum), a weed in parts of Europe and Asia. — Corn popper, a utensil used in popping corn. — Corn poppy (Bot.), the red poppy (Papaver Rhœas), common in European cornfields; — also called corn rose. — Corn rent, rent paid in corn. — Corn rose. See Corn poppy. — Corn salad (Bot.), a name given to several species of Valerianella, annual herbs sometimes used for salad. V. olitoria is also called lamb’s lettuce. — Corn stone, red limestone. [Prov. Eng.] — Corn violet (Bot.), a species of Campanula. — Corn weevil. (Zoöl.) (a) A small weevil which causes great injury to grain. (b) In America, a weevil (Sphenophorus zeae) which attacks the stalk of maize near the root, often doing great damage. See Grain weevil, under Weevil.

Corn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corned (k?rnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Corning.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in grains; to sprinkle with salt; to cure by salting; now, specifically, to salt slightly in brine or otherwise; as to corn beef; to corn a tongue. 2. To form into small grains; to granulate; as to corn gunpowder. 3. To feed with corn or (in Sctland) oats; as to corn horses. Jamieson. 4. To render intoxicated; as ale strong enough to corn one. [Colloq.] Corning house, a house or place where powder is corned or granulated.

Cor´nage (k?r´n?j), n. [OF.,, horn- blowing, tax on horned cattle, fr. F. corne a horn, L. cornu.] (Law) An ancient tenure of land, which obliged the tenant to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn.

Cor´na•mute (k?r´n?-m?t), n. A cornemuse. [Obs.]

Corn´bind (k?rn´b?nd•), n. (Bot.) A weed that binds stalks of corn, as Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum Convolvulus. [Prov. Eng.]

Corn´cob (k?rn´k?b•), n. The cob or axis on which the kernels of Indian corn grow. [U.S.]

Corn´crake (-kr?k•), n. (Zoöl.) A bird (Crex crex or C. pratensis) which frequents grain fields; the European crake or land rail; — called also corn bird.

Corn´crib (k?rn´kr?b•), n. A crib for storing corn.

Corn´cut•ter (-k?t•t?r), n. 1. A machine for cutting up stalks of corn for food of cattle. 2. An implement consisting of a long blade, attached to a handle at nearly a right angle, used for cutting down the stalks of Indian corn.

Corn´dodg•er (-d?j•?r), n. A cake made of the meal of Indian corn, wrapped in a covering of husks or paper, and baked under the embers. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Cor´ne•a (k?r´n?-?), n.; pl. Corneas (-z). [Fem. sing., fr. L. corneus horny, fr. cornu a horn. See Horn.] (Anat.) The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior. See Eye.

Cor´ne•al (-al), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cornea.

Cor´nel (-n?l), n. [OF. cornille, cornoille, F. cornouille, cornel berry, LL. cornolium cornel tree, fr. L. cornus, fr. cornu horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood. See Horn.] 1. (Bot.) The cornelian cherry (Cornus Mas), a European shrub with clusters of small, greenish flowers, followed by very acid but edible drupes resembling cherries. 2. Any species of the genus Cornus, as C. florida, the flowering cornel; C. stolonifera, the osier cornel; C. Canadensis, the dwarf cornel, or bunchberry.

Cor•nel´ian (k?r-n?lyan), n. [F. cornaline, OF. corneline, fr. L. cornu horn. So called from its horny appearance when broken. See Horn, and cf. Carnelian.] (Min.) Same as Carnelian.

Corne´muse (k?rn´m?z), n. [F.] A wind instrument nearly identical with the bagpipe. Drayton.

Cor´ne•o•cal•ca´re•ous (k?rn?-?-k?l-k?´r?-?s), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous materials, as some shells and corals. 2. Horny on one side and calcareous on the other.

Cor´ne•ous (-?s), a. [L. corneus, fr. cornu horn.] Of a texture resembling horn; horny; hard. Sir T. Browne.

Cor´ner (k?r´n?r), n. [OF. corniere, cornier, LL. cornerium, corneria, fr. L. cornu horn, end, point. See Horn.] 1. The point where two converging lines meet; an angle, either external or internal. 2. The space in the angle between converging lines or walls which meet in a point; as the chimney corner. 3. An edge or extremity; the part farthest from the center; hence, any quarter or part. “From the four corners of the earth they come.
Shak.” 4. A secret or secluded place; a remote or out of the way place; a nook. “This thing was not done in a corner.
Acts xxvi. 26.” 5. Direction; quarter. “Sits the wind in that corner!
Shak.” 6. The state of things produced by a combination of persons, who buy up the whole or the available part of any stock or species of property, which compels those who need such stock or property to buy of them at their own price; as a corner in a railway stock. [Broker’s Cant] Corner stone, the stone which lies at the corner of two walls, and unites them; the principal stone; especially, the stone which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice; hence, that which is fundamental importance or indispensable. ´A prince who regarded uniformity of faith as the corner stone of his government.´ Prescott. — Corner tooth, one of the four teeth which come in a horse’s mouth at the age of four years and a half, one on each side of the upper and of the lower jaw, between the middle teeth and the tushes.

Cor´ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cornered (-n?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cornering.] 1. To drive into a corner. 2. To drive into a position of great difficulty or hopeless embarrassment; as to corner a person in argument. 3. To get command of (a stock, commodity, etc.), so as to be able to put one’s own price on it; as to corner the shares of a railroad stock; to corner petroleum.

Cor´ner•cap (-k?p•), n. The chief ornament. [Obs.] “Thou makest the triumviry the cornercap of society.
Shak.”

Cor´nered (-n?rd), p. a. 1 Having corners or angles. 2. In a possition of great difficulty; brought to bay.

Cor´ner•wise (-w?z•), adv. With the corner in front; diagonally; not square.

Cor´net (k?r´n?t), n. [F. cornet, m. (for senses 1 & 2), cornette, f. & m. (for senses 3 & 4), dim. of corne horn, L. cornu. See Horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a) An obsolete rude reed instrument (Ger. Zinken), of the oboe family. (b) A brass instrument, with cupped mouthpiece, and furnished with valves or pistons, now used in bands, and, in place of the trumpet, in orchestras. See Cornet-à-piston. (c) A certain organ stop or register. 2. A cap of paper twisted at the end, used by retailers to inclose small wares. Cotgrave. 3. (Mil.) (a) A troop of cavalry; — so called from its being accompanied by a cornet player. [Obs.] ´A body of five cornets of horse.´ Clarendon. (b) The standard of such a troop. [Obs.] (c) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, who carried the standard. The office was abolished in 1871. 4. A headdress: (a) A square cap anciently worn as a mark of certain professions. (b) A part of a woman’s headdress, in the 16th century. 5. [Cf. Coronet.] (Far.) See Coronet, 2.

Cor´net-à-pis•ton (k?r´n?t-?-p?s´t?n; F. k?r•n?•?p?s•t?n´), n.; pl. Cornets-à-piston. [F.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like the trumpet, furnished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding rods; a cornopean; a cornet.

Cor´net•cy (k?r´n?t-s?), n. The commission or rank of a cornet.

Cor´net•er (k?r´n?t-?r), n. One who blows a cornet.

Cor´neule (k?r´n?l), n. [F., dim. of cornee the cornea.] (Zoöl.) One of the corneas of a compound eye in the invertebrates. Carpenter.

Corn´field (k?rn´f?ld•), n. A field where corn is or has been growing; — in England, a field of wheat, rye, barley, or oats; in America, a field of Indian corn.

Corn´floor (-fl?r•), n. A thrashing floor. Hos. ix. 1.

Corn´flow•er (-flou•?r), n. (Bot.) A conspicuous wild flower (Centaurea Cyanus), growing in grainfields.

Cor´nic (k?r´n?k), a. Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, the dogwood (Cornus florida).

Cor´nice (k?r´n?s), n. [F. corniche, It. cornice, LL. coronix, cornix, fr. L. coronis a curved line, a flourish with the pen at the end of a book or chapter, Gr. ; akin to L. corona crown. sEE Crown, and cf. Coronis.] (Arch.) Any horizontal, molded or otherwise decorated projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed; as the cornice of an order, pedestal, door, window, or house. Gwilt. Cornice ring, the ring on a cannon next behind the muzzle ring.

Cor´niced (k?r´n?st), a. Having a cornice.

Cor´ni•cle (k?r´n?-k’l), n. [L. corniculum, dim. of cornu horn.] A little horn. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cor•nic´u•lar (-l?r), n. [L. cornicularius.] A secretary or clerk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cor•nic´u•late (k?r-n?k´?-l?t), a. [L. corniculatus.] 1. Horned; having horns. Dr. H. More. 2. (Bot.) Having processes resembling small horns.

Cor•nic´u•lum (k?r-n?k´?-l?m), n.; pl. Cornicula (- l). [L. corniculum little horn.] (Anat.) A small hornlike part or process.

Cor•nif´er•ous (k?r-n?f´?r-?s), a. [L. cornu horn + -ferous.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest period of the Devonian age. (See the Diagram, under Geology.) The Corniferous period has been so called from the numerous seams of hornstone which characterize the later part of the period, as developed in the State of New York.

Cor•nif´ic (k?r-n?f´?k), a. [L. cornu horn + facere to make.] Producing horns; forming horn.

Cor•ni•fi•ca´tion (k?r•n?-f?-k?´sh?n), n. Conversion into, or formation of, horn; a becoming like horn.

Cor´ni•fied (k?r´n?-f?d), a. [L. cornu horn + -fy.] (Anat.) Converted into horn; horny.

Cor´ni•form (-f?rm), a. [L. cornu horn + -form.] Having the shape of a horn; horn-shaped.

Cor•nig´er•ous (k?r-n?j´?r-?s), a. [L. corniger; cornu horn + gerere to bear.] Horned; having horns; as cornigerous animals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cor´nin (k?r´n?n), n. (Chem.) (a) A bitter principle obtained from dogwood (Cornus florida), as a white crystalline substance; — called also cornic acid. (b) An extract from dogwood used as a febrifuge.

Cor´ni•plume (k?r´n?-pl?m), n. [L. cornu horn + pluma feather.] (Zoöl.) A hornlike tuft of feathers on the head of some birds.

Cor´nish (k?r´n?sh), a. Of or pertaining to Cornwall, in England. Cornish chough. See Chough. — Cornish engine, a single-acting pumping engine, used in mines, in Cornwall and elsewhere, and for water works. A heavy pump rod or plunger, raised by the steam, forces up the water by its weight, in descending.

Cor´nish, n. The dialect, or the people, of Cornwall.

Cor´nist, n. A performer on the cornet or horn.

Corn´loft (k?rn´l?ft•), n. A loft for corn; a granary.

Corn´muse (-m?z), n. A cornemuse.

Cor´no di bas•set´to (k?r´n? d? b?s-s?t´t? or b?s- s?t´t?); pl. Corni di basseto. [It.] (Mus.) A tenor clarinet; — called also basset horn, and sometimes confounded with the English horn, which is a tenor oboe.

Cor´no In•gle´se (?n-gl?´z?); pl. Corni Inglesi (-z). [It.] (Mus.) A reed instrument, related to the oboe, but deeper in pitch; the English horn.

Cor•no´pe•an (k?r-n?´p?-an), n. (Mus.) An obsolete name for the cornet-à-piston.

Corn´shell•er (k?rn´sh?l•?r), n. A machine that separates the kernels of corn from the cob.

Corn´shuck (-shuk•), n. The husk covering an ear of Indian corn. [Colloq. U.S.]

Corn´stalk (-stak•), n. A stalk of Indian corn.

Corn´starch (-stärch•), n. Starch made from Indian corn, esp. a fine white flour used for puddings, etc.

Cor´nu (kôr´nu), n.; pl. Cornua (-nu•a). [L.] A horn, or anything shaped like or resembling a horn.

Cor´nu Am•mo´nis (am•mo´nis); pl. Cornua Ammonis. [L., horn of Ammon. See Ammonite.] (Paleon.) A fossil shell, curved like a ram’s horn; an obsolete name for an ammonite.

Cor•nu•co´pi•a (kôr•nu•ko´pi•a), n.; pl. Cornucopias (- az). [L. cornu copiae horn of plenty. See Horn, and Copious.] 1. The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as issuing. It is an emblem of abundance. 2. pl. (Bot.) A genus of grasses bearing spikes of flowers resembling the cornucopia in form. Some writers maintain that this word should be written, in the singular, cornu copiae, and in the plural, cornua copiae. { Cor´nute (k?r´n?t or k?r-n?t´), Cor•nut´ed (k?r-n?´t?d), } a. [L. cornutus horned, from cornu horn.] 1. Bearing horns; horned; horn-shaped. 2. Cuckolded. [R.] ´My being cornuted.´ LEstrange.

Cor•nute´ (k?r-n?t´), v. t. To bestow horns upon; to make a cuckold of; to cuckold. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor•nu´to (k?r-n?´t?), n. [It., fr. L. cornutus horned.] A man that wears the horns; a cuckold. [R.] Shak.

Cor•nu´tor (-t?r), n. A cuckold maker. [R.] Jordan.

Cor´ny (k?r´n?), a. [L. cornu horn.] Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn; resembling horn. “Up stood the cornu reed.
Milton.”

Corn´y, a. 1. Producing corn or grain; furnished with grains of corn. [R.] ´The corny ear.´ Prior. 2. Containing corn; tasting well of malt. [R.] “A draught of moist and corny ale.
Chaucer.” 3. Tipsy. [Vulgar, Eng.] Forby.

Cor´o•core (k?r´?-k?r), n. A kind of boat of various forms, used in the Indian Archipelago.

Cor´o•dy (k?r´?-d?), n. [LL. corrodium, corredium, conredium, furniture, provision: cf. OF. conroi. See Curry.] (Old Law) An allowance of meat, drink, or clothing due from an abbey or other religious house for the sustenance of such of the king’s servants as he may designate to receive it. [Written also corrody.]

Cor´ol (k?r´?l), n. (Bot.) A corolla.

Co•rol´la (k?-r?l´l?), n. [L. corolla a little crown or garland, dim. of corona. See Crown.] (Bot.) The inner envelope of a flower; the part which surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one or more leaves, called petals. It is usually distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. See the Note under Blossom.

Cor•ol•la´ceous (k?r•?l-l?´sh?s), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a corolla; having the form or texture of a corolla.

Cor´ol•la•ry (k?r´?l-l?-r 277), n.; pl. Corollaries (- rz). [L. corollarium gift, corollary, fr. corolla. See Corolla.] 1. That which is given beyond what is actually due, as a garland of flowers in addition to wages; surplus; something added or superfluous. [Obs.] “Now come, my Ariel; bring a corollary,
Rather than want a spirit.
Shak.” 2. Something which follows from the demonstration of a proposition; an additional inference or deduction from a demonstrated proposition; a consequence. { Cor´ol•late ?r´?l-l?t), Cor´ol•la•ted (- l?•t?d), } a. Having a corolla or corollas; like a corolla.

Cor´ol•let (k?r´?l-l?t), n. [Dim. fr. corolla.] (Bot.) A floret in an aggregate flower. [Obs.] Martyn. { Co•rol•li•flo´ral (k?-r?l•l?-fl?´ral), Co•rol•li•flo´rous (-fl?´r?s), } a. [Corolla + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the stamens borne on the petals, and the latter free from the calyx. Compare Calycifloral and Thalamifloral.

Cor´ol•line (-l?n), a. Of or pertaining to a corolla.

Cor•o•man´del (k?r•?-m?n´del), n. (Geol.) The west coast, or a portion of the west coast, of the Bay of Bengal. Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. — Coromandel wood, Calamander wood.

Co•ro´na (k?-r?´n?), n.; pl. L. Coronae (-n), E. Coronas (-nz). [L. corona crown. See Crown.] 1. A crown or garland bestowed among the Romans as a reward for distinguished services. 2. (Arch.) The projecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. See Illust. of Column. 3. (Anat.) The upper surface of some part, as of a tooth or the skull; a crown. 4. (Zoöl.) The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin. 5. (Astrol.) A peculiar luminous appearance, or aureola, which surrounds the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally eclipsed by the moon. 6. (Bot.) (a) An inner appendage to a petal or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffodil and jonquil. (b) Any crownlike appendage at the top of an organ. 7. (Meteorol.) (a) A circle, usually colored, seen in peculiar states of the atmosphere around and close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon. (b) A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the concentration or convergence of luminous beams around the point in the heavens indicated by the direction of the dipping needle. 8. A crown or circlet suspended from the roof or vaulting of churches, to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions. It is sometimes formed of double or triple circlets, arranged pyramidically. Called also corona lucis. Fairholt. 9. (Mus.) A character [&pause;] called the pause or hold.

Cor´o•nach (k?r´?-n?k), n. See Coranach.

Cor´o•nal (k?r´?-nal or, esp. in science, k?-r?´nal; 277), a. [L. coronalis: cf. F. coronal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a corona (in any of the senses). “The coronal light during the eclipse is faint.
Abney.” 2. Of or pertaining to a king’s crown, or coronation. “The law and his coronal oath require his undeniable assent to what laws the Parliament agree upon.
Milton.” 3. Of or pertaining to the top of the head or skull. 4. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shell of a sea urchin. Coronal suture (Anat.), a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones; the fronto-parietal suture.

Cor´o•nal, n. 1. A crown; wreath; garland. Spenser. 2. The frontal bone, over which the ancients wore their coronae or garlands. Hooper.

Cor•o•na´men (k?r•-n?´m?n), n. [L., a crowning.] (Zoöl.) The upper margin of a hoof; a coronet.

Cor´o•na•ry (k?r´?-n?-r?), a. [L. coronarius: cf. F. coronaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a crown; forming, or adapted to form, a crown or garland. ´Coronary thorns.´ Bp. Pearson. “The catalogue of coronary plants is not large in Theophrastus.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. (Anat.) Resembling, or situated like, a crown or circlet; as the coronary arteries and veins of the heart.

Cor´o•na•ry, n. A small bone in the foot of a horse. { Cor´o•nate (k?r´?-n?t), Cor´o•na•ted (- n?•t?ed), } a. [L. coronatus, p. p. of coronare to crown, fr. corona. See Crown.] 1. Having or wearing a crown. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished; — said of birds. (b) Girt about the spire with a row of tubercles or spines; — said of spiral shells. 3. (Biol.) Having a crest or a crownlike appendage.

Cor•o•na´tion (k?r•?-n?´sh?n), n. [See Coronate.] 1. The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of royalty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty. 2. The pomp or assembly at a coronation. Pope.

Coro´nel (k?r´nel), n. [See Colonel.] A colonel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cor´o•nel (k?r´?-n?l or k?r´n?l), n. [Cf. Cronel, Crown.] (Anc. Armor) The iron head of a tilting spear, divided into two, three, or four blunt points. [Written also cronel.] Grose.

Cor´o•ner (k?r´?-n?r), n. [From OE. coronen to crown, OF. coroner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona crown. Formed as a translation of LL. coronator coroner, fr. L. corona crown, the coroner having been originally a prosecuting officer of the crown. See Crown.] An officer of the peace whose principal duty is to inquire, with the help of a jury, into the cause of any violent, sudden or mysterious death, or death in prison, usually on sight of the body and at the place where the death occurred. [In England formerly also written and pronounced crowner.] In some of the United States the office of coroner is abolished, that of medical examiner taking its place. Coroner’s inquest. See under Inquest.

Cor´o•net (k?r´?-n?t), n. [Dim. of OE. corone crown; cf. OF. coronete. See Crown, and cf. Crownet, Cronet.] 1. An ornamental or honorary headdress, having the shape and character of a crown; particularly, a crown worn as the mark of high rank lower than sovereignty. The word is used by Shakespeare to denote also a kingly crown. “Without a star, a coronet, or garter.
Goldsmith.” The coronet of the Prince of Wales consist of a circlet of gold with four crosses pattee around the edge between as many fleurs-de-lis. The center crosses are connected by an arch which is surmounted by a globe or cross. The coronet of a British duke is adorned with strawberry leaves; that of a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed; that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves; that of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only; that of a baron has only four pearls. 2. (Far.) The upper part of a horse’s hoof, where the horn terminates in skin. James White. 3. (Anc. Armor) The iron head of a tilting spear; a coronel. Crose.

Cor´o•net•ed (-n?t-?d), a.Wearing, or entitled to wear, a coronet; of noble birth or rank.

Co•ron´i•form (k?-r?n´?-f?rm or k?-r?´n?-), a. [L. corona crown + -form.] Having the form of a crown or coronet; resembling a crown.

Cor•o•nil´la (k?r•?-n?l´l?), n. [NL., fr. L. corona crown: cf. F. coronille.] (Bot.) A genus of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.

Co•ro´nis (k?-r?´n?s), n. [Gr. korwni•s anything curved. See Cornice.] 1. In Greek grammar, a sign [’] sometimes placed over a contracted syllable. W. W. Goodwin. 2. The curved line or flourish at the end of a book or chapter; hence, the end. [R.] Bp. Hacket.

Cor´o•noid (kor´o•noid), a. [Gr. korw•nh crow + -oid: cf. F. coronoïde.] (Anat.) Resembling the beak of a crow; as the coronoid process of the jaw, or of the ulna.

Cor´o•nule (k?r´?-n?l), n. [L. coronula, dim. of corona crown.] (Bot.) A coronet or little crown of a seed; the downy tuft on seeds. See Pappus. Martyn.

Co•roun´ (k?-roun´), v. & n. Crown. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Co•ro´zo Co•ros´so } (k?-r?´th? or - s?), n. [Cf. Sp. cerozo a kind of palm tree.] The name in Central America for the seed of a true palm; also a commercial name for the true ivory nut. See Ivory nut.

Cor´po•race (k?r´p?-r?s), n. See Corporas.

Cor´po•ral (kôr´po•ral), n. [Corrupted fr. F. caporal, It. caporale, fr. capo head, chief, L. caput. See Chief, and cf. Caporal.] (Mil.) A noncommissioned officer, next below a sergeant. In the United States army he is the lowest noncommissioned officer in a company of infantry. He places and relieves sentinels. Corporal’s guard, a detachment such as would be in charge of a corporal for guard duty, etc.; hence, derisively, a very small number of persons. — Lance corporal, an assistant corporal on private’s pay. Farrow. — Ship’s corporal (Naut.), a petty officer who assists the master at arms in his various duties.

Cor´po•ral, a. [L. corporalis, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Belonging or relating to the body; bodily. ´Past corporal toil.´ Shak. “Pillories and other corporal infections.
Milton.” Corporal punishment (law), punishment applied to the body of the offender, including the death penalty, whipping, and imprisonment. 2. Having a body or substance; not spiritual; material. In this sense now usually written corporeal. Milton. “A corporal heaven … .where the stare are.
Latimer.” “What seemed corporal melted
As breath into the wind.
Shak.” Syn. — Corporal, Bodily, Corporeal. Bodily is opposed to mental; as bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the whole physical structure or nature, of the body; as corporeal substance or frame. Corporal, as now used, refers more to punishment or some infliction; as corporal punishment. To speak of corporeal punishment is an error. Bodily austerities; the corporeal mold. { Cor´po•ral (kôr´po•ral), Cor•po•ra´le (-r?´l?), } n. [LL. corporale: cf. F. corporal. See Corporal,a.] A fine linen cloth, on which the sacred elements are consecrated in the eucharist, or with which they are covered; a communion cloth. Corporal oath, a solemn oath; — so called from the fact that it was the ancient usage for the party taking it to touch the corporal, or cloth that covered the consecrated elements.

Cor•po•ral´i•ty (k?r•p?-r?l´l?-t?), n.: pl. Corporalities (-tz). [L. corporalitas: cf. F. corporalit.] 1. The state of being or having a body; bodily existence; corporeality; — opposed to spirituality. Dr. H. More. 2. A confraternity; a guild. [Obs.] Milton.

Cor´po•ral•ly (k?r´p?-ral-ly), adv. In or with the body; bodily; as to be corporally present. Sharp.

Cor´po•ral•ship, n. (Mil.) A corporal’s office.

Cor´po•ras (k?r´p?-r?s), n. [Prop. pl. of corporal.] The corporal, or communion cloth. [Obs.] Fuller.

Cor´po•rate (k?r´p?-r?t), a. [L. corporatus, p. p. of corporare to shape into a body, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Formed into a body by legal enactment; united in an association, and endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual; incorporated; as a corporate town. 2. Belonging to a corporation or incorporated body. ´Corporate property.´ Hallam. 3. United; general; collectively one. “They answer in a joint and corporate voice.
Shak.” Corporate member, an actual or voting member of a corporation, as distinguished from an associate or an honorary member; as a corporate member of the American Board.

Cor´po•rate (-r?t), v. t. To incorporate. [Obs.] Stow.

Cor´po•rate, v. i. To become incorporated. [Obs.]

Cor´po•rate•ly (-r?t-l?), adv. 1. In a corporate capacity; acting as a corporate body. 2. In, or as regarda, the body. Fabyan.

Cor•po•ra´tion (kôr•po•ra´shun), n. [L. corporatio incarnation: cf. F. corporation corporation.] A body politic or corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and endowed by law with the capacity of succession; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an individual. Corporations are aggregate or sole. Corporations aggregate consist of two or more persons united in a society, which is preserved by a succession of members, either forever or till the corporation is dissolved by the power that formed it, by the death of all its members, by surrender of its charter or franchises, or by forfeiture. Such corporations are the mayor and aldermen of cities, the head and fellows of a college, the dean and chapter of a cathedral church, the stockholders of a bank or insurance company, etc. A corporation sole consists of a single person, who is made a body corporate and politic, in order to give him some legal capacities, and especially that of succession, which as a natural person he can not have. Kings, bishops, deans, parsons, and vicars, are in England sole corporations. A fee will not pass to a corporation sole without the word ´successors´ in the grant. There are instances in the United States of a minister of a parish seized of parsonage lands in the right of his parish, being a corporation sole, as in Massachusetts. Corporations are sometimes classified as public and private; public being convertible with municipal, and private corporations being all corporations not municipal. Close corporation. See under Close.

Cor´po•ra•tor (kô´p?-r?•t?r), n. A member of a corporation, esp. one of the original members.

Cor´po•ra•ture (kôr´p?-r?-t?r), n. The state of being embodied; bodily existence. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Cor•po´re•al (kôr•po´re•al), a. [L. corporeus, fr. corpus body.] Having a body; consisting of, or pertaining to, a material body or substance; material; — opposed to spiritual or immaterial. “His omnipotence
That to corporeal substance could add
Speed almost spiritual.
Milton.” Corporeal property, such as may be seen and handled (as opposed to incorporeal, which can not be seen or handled, and exists only in contemplation). Mozley & W. Syn. — Corporal; bodily. See Corporal.

Cor•po´re•al•ism (-?z’m), n. Materialism. Cudworth.

Cor•po´re•al•ist (kor•po´re•al•ist), n. One who denies the reality of spiritual existences; a materialist. “Some corporealists pretended … to make a world without a God.
Bp. Berkeley.”

Cor•po•re•al´i•ty (-?l´?-t?), n.: pl. Corporealities (-tiz). The state of being corporeal; corporeal existence.

Cor•po´re•al•ly (kor•po´re•al•ly), adv. In the body; in a bodily form or manner.

Cor•po´re•al•ness (-n?s), n. Corporeality; corporeity.

Cor•po•re´i•ty (k?r•p?-r?´?-t?), n. [LL. corporeitas: cf. F. corporit.] The state of having a body; the state of being corporeal; materiality. “The one attributed corporeity to God.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” “Those who deny light to be matter, do not therefore deny its corporeity.
Coleridge.”

Cor•por´i•fy (k?r-p?r´?-f?), v. t. [L. corpus body + -fy: cf. F. corporifier.] To embody; to form into a body. [Obs.] Boyle.

Cor´po•sant (k?r´p?-z?nt), n. [It. corpo santo holy body.] St. Elmo’s fire. See under Saint.

Corps (kor, pl. korz), n. sing. & pl. [F., fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. The human body, whether living or dead. [Obs.] See Corpse, 1. “By what craft in my corps, it cometh [commences] and where.
Piers Plowman.” 2. A body of men; esp., an organized division of the military establishment; as the marine corps; the corps of topographical engineers; specifically, an army corps. “A corps operating with an army should consist of three divisions of the line, a brigade of artillery, and a regiment of cavalry.
Gen. Upton (U. S. Tactics. )” 3. A body or code of laws. [Obs.] “The whole corps of the law.
Bacon.” 4. (Eccl.) The land with which a prebend or other ecclesiastical office is endowed. [Obs.] “The prebendaries over and above their reserved rents have a corps.
Bacon.” Army corps, or (French) Corps d’armee (kor• där•ma´), a body containing two or more divisions of a large army, organized as a complete army in itself. — Corps de logis (kor• de lo•zhe´) [F., body of the house], the principal mass of a building, considered apart from its wings. — Corps diplomatique (kr d•pl•m-tk´) [F., diplomatic body], the body of ministers or envoys accredited to a government.

Corpse (kôrps), n. [OF. cors (sometimes written corps), F. corps, L. corpus; akin to AS. hrif womb. See Midriff, and cf. Corse, Corselet, Corps, Cuerpo.] 1. A human body in general, whether living or dead; — sometimes contemptuously. [Obs.] Formerly written (after the French form) corps. See Corps, n., 1. 2. The dead body of a human being; — used also Fig. “He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet.
D. Webster.” Corpse candle. (a) A thick candle formerly used at a lich wake, or the customary watching with a corpse on the night before its interment. (b) A luminous appearance, resembling the flame of a candle, sometimes seen in churchyards and other damp places, superstitiously regarded as portending death. — Corpse gate, the gate of a burial place through which the dead are carried, often having a covered porch; — called also lich gate. { Cor´pu•lence (k?r´p?-lens), Cor´pu•len•cy (k?r´p?-len-s?), } n. [L. corpulentia: cf. F. corpulence.] 1. Excessive fatness; fleshiness; obesity. 2. Thickness; density; compactness. [Obs.] “The heaviness and corpulency of water requiring a great force to divide it.
Ray.”

Cor´pu•lent (-p?-lent), a. [L. corpulentus, fr. corpus: cf. F. corpulent. See Corpse.] 1. Very fat; obese. 2. Solid; gross; opaque. [Obs.] Holland. Syn. — Stout; fleshy; bulky; obese. See Stout.

Cor´pu•lent•ly, adv. In a corpulent manner.

Cor´pus (-pus), n.; pl. Corpora (-po•ra). [L.] A body, living or dead; the corporeal substance of a thing. Corpus callosum (kal•lo´sum); pl. Corpora callosa (-s) [NL., callous body] (Anat.), the great band of commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemispheres. See Brain. — Corpus Christi (kris´ti) [L., body of Christ] (R. C. Ch.), a festival in honor of the eucharist, observed on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. — Corpus Christi cloth. Same as Pyx cloth, under Pyx. — Corpus delicti (de•lik´ti) [L., the body of the crime] (Law), the substantial and fundamental fact of the comission of a crime; the proofs essential to establish a crime. — Corpus luteum (lu´te•um); pl. Corpora lutea (-a). [NL., luteous body] (Anat.), the reddish yellow mass which fills a ruptured Graafian follicle in the mammalian ovary. — Corpus striatum (stri•a´tum); pl. Corpora striata (-ta). [NL., striate body] (Anat.), a ridge in the wall of each lateral ventricle of the brain.

Cor´pus•cle (-pus•s’l), n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.] 1. A minute particle; an atom; a molecule. 2. (Anat.) A protoplasmic animal cell; esp., such as float free, like blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles; or such as are imbedded in an intercellular matrix, like connective tissue and cartilage corpuscles. See Blood. “Virchow showed that the corpuscles of bone are homologous with those of connective tissue.
Quain’s Anat.” Red blood corpuscles (Physiol.), in man, yellowish, biconcave, circular discs varying from 1/3500 to 1/3200 of an inch in diameter and about 1/12400 of an inch thick. They are composed of a colorless stroma filled in with semifluid haemoglobin and other matters. In most mammals the red corpuscles are circular, but in the camels, birds, reptiles, and the lower vertebrates generally, they are oval, and sometimes more or less spherical in form. In Amphioxus, and most invertebrates, the blood corpuscles are all white or colorless. — White blood corpuscles (Physiol.), rounded, slightly flattened, nucleated cells, mainly protoplasmic in composition, and possessed of contractile power. In man, the average size is about 1/2500 of an inch, and they are present in blood in much smaller numbers than the red corpuscles.

Cor•pus´cu•lar (k?r-p?s´k?-l?r), a. [Cf. F. corpusculaire.] Pertaining to, or composed of, corpuscles, or small particles. Corpuscular philosophy, that which attempts to account for the phenomena of nature, by the motion, figure, rest, position, etc., of the minute particles of matter. — Corpuscular theory (Opt.), the theory enunciated by Sir Isaac Newton, that light consists in the emission and rapid progression of minute particles or corpuscles. The theory is now generally rejected, and supplanted by the undulatory theory.

Cor•pus•cu•la´ri•an (-l?´r?-a]/>n), a. Corpuscular. [Obs.]

Cor•pus•cu•la´ri•an, n. An adherent of the corpuscular philosophy. Bentley.

Cor•pus´cule (k?r-p?s´k?l), n. A corpuscle. [Obs.]

Cor•pus´cu•lous (-k?-l?s), a. Corpuscular. Tyndall.

Cor•rade´ (k?r-r?d´), v. t. [L. corradere, -rasum; cor- + radere to rub.] 1. To gnaw into; to wear away; to fret; to consume. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke. 2. (Geol.) To erode, as the bed of a stream. See Corrosion.

Cor•ra´di•al (k?r-r?´d?-a]/>l), a. Radiating to or from the same point. [R.] Coleridge.

Cor•ra´di•ate (k?r-r?´d?-?t), v. t. To converge to one point or focus, as light or rays.

Cor•ra•di•a´tion (k?r-r?•d?-?´sh?n), n. A conjunction or concentration of rays in one point. Bacom

Cor•ral´ (k?r-r?l´; Sp. k?r-r?l´), n. [Sp., a yard, a yard for cattle, fr. corro a circle or ring, fr. L. currere to run. Cf. Kraal.] A pen for animals; esp., an inclosure made with wagons, by emigrants in the vicinity of hostile Indians, as a place of security for horses, cattle, etc.

Cor•ral´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corraled (-r?ld´ or -r?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Corralling.] To surround and inclose; to coop up; to put into an inclosed space; — primarily used with reference to securing horses and cattle in an inclosure of wagons while traversing the plains, but in the Southwestern United States now colloquially applied to the capturing, securing, or penning of anything. Bartlett.

Cor•ra´sion (k?r-r?´zh?n), n. [See Corrade.] (Geol.) The erosion of the bed of a stream by running water, principally by attrition of the detritus carried along by the stream, but also by the solvent action of the water.

Cor•ra´sive (-s?v), a. Corrosive. [Obs.] “Corrasive sores which eat into the flesh.
Holland.”

Cor•rect´ (kôr•rekt´), a. [L. correctus, p. p. of corrigere to make straight, to correct; cor- + regere to lead straight: cf. F. correct. See Regular, Right, and cf. Escort.] Set right, or made straight; hence, conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or to a just standard; not faulty or imperfect; free from error; as correct behavior; correct views. “Always use the most correct editions.
Felton.” Syn. — Accurate; right, exact; precise; regular; faultless. See Accurate.

Cor•rect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrected; p. pr. & vb. n. Correcting.] 1. To make right; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety; to rectify; as to correct manners or principles. “This is a defect in the first make of some men’s minds which can scarce ever be corrected afterwards.
T. Burnet.” 2. To remove or retrench the faults or errors of; to amend; to set right; as to correct the proof (that is, to mark upon the margin the changes to be made, or to make in the type the changes so marked). 3. To bring back, or attempt to bring back, to propriety in morals; to reprove or punish for faults or deviations from moral rectitude; to chastise; to discipline; as a child should be corrected for lying. “My accuser is my ’prentice; and when I did correct him for his fault the other day, he did vow upon his knees he would be even with me.
Shak.” 4. To counteract the qualities of one thing by those of another; — said of whatever is wrong or injurious; as to correct the acidity of the stomach by alkaline preparations. Syn. — To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chastise; punish; discipline; chasten. See Amend. { Cor•rect´i•ble (-r?k´t?-b’l), Cor•rect´a•ble (-r?k´t?-b’l), } a. Capable of being corrected.

Cor•rect´i•fy (k?r-r?k´t?-f?), v. t. To correct. [Obs.] “When your worship’s plassed to correctify a lady.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cor•rec´tion (k?r-r?k´sh?n), n. [L. correctio: cf. F. correction.] 1. The act of correcting, or making that right which was wrong; change for the better; amendment; rectification, as of an erroneous statement. “The due correction of swearing, rioting, neglect of God’s word, and other scandalouss vices.
Strype.” 2. The act of reproving or punishing, or that which is intended to rectify or to cure faults; punishment; discipline; chastisement. “Correction and instruction must both work
Ere this rude beast will profit.
Shak.” 3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong; an emendation; as the corrections on a proof sheet should be set in the margin. 4. Abatement of noxious qualities; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as the correction of acidity in the stomach. 5. An allowance made for inaccuracy in an instrument; as chronometer correction; compass correction. Correction line (Surv.), a parallel used as a new base line in laying out township in the government lands of the United States. The adoption at certain intervals of a correction line is necessitated by the convergence of of meridians, and the statute requirement that the townships must be squares. — House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are confined; a bridewell. — Under correction, subject to correction; admitting the possibility of error.

Cor•rec´tion•al (k?r-r?k´sh?n-a]/>l), a. [Cf. F. correctionnel.] Tending to, or intended for, correction; used for correction; as a correctional institution.

Cor•rec´tion•er (-?r), n. One who is, or who has been, in the house of correction. [Obs.] Shak.

Cor•rect´ive (k?rr-r?k´t?v), a. [Cf. F. correctif.] 1. Having the power to correct; tending to rectify; as corrective penalties. “Mulberries are pectoral, corrective of billious alkali.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Qualifying; limiting. ´The Psalmist interposeth … this corrective particle.´ Holdsworth.

Cor•rect´ive, n. 1. That which has the power of correcting, altering, or counteracting what is wrong or injurious; as alkalies are correctives of acids; penalties are correctives of immoral conduct. Burke. 2. Limitation; restriction. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Cor•rect´ly (k?r-r?kt´l?), adv. In a correct manner; exactly; acurately; without fault or error.

Cor•rect´ness, n. The state or quality of being correct; as the correctness of opinions or of manners; correctness of taste; correctness in writing or speaking; the correctness of a text or copy. Syn. — Accuracy; exactness; precision; propriety.

Cor•rect´or (k?r-r?kt´?r), n. [L.] One who, or that which, corrects; as a corrector of abuses; a corrector of the press; an alkali is a corrector of acids.

Cor•rect´o•ry (-?-r?), a. Containing or making correction; corrective.

Cor•rect´ress (-r?s), n. A woman who corrects.

Cor•reg´i•dor (k?r-r?j´?-d?r; Sp. k?r-r?•h?-d?r´), n. [Sp., orig., a corrector.] The chief magistrate of a Spanish town.

Cor´rei (k?r´r?), n. [Scot., perh. fr. Celt. cor a corner.] A hollow in the side of a hill, where game usually lies. ´Fleet foot on the correi.´ Sir W. Scott.

Cor•re•lat´a•ble (k3r•r?-l?t´?-b’l), a. Such as can be correlated; as correlatable phenomena.

Cor•re•late´ (kor•re•lat´ or kor´re•lat•), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Correlated; p. pr. & vb. n. Correlating.] [Pref. cor- + relate.] To have reciprocal or mutual relations; to be mutually related. “Doctrine and worship correlate as theory and practice.
Tylor.”

Cor•re•late´, v. t. To put in relation with each other; to connect together by the disclosure of a mutual relation; as to correlate natural phenomena. Darwin.

Cor´re•late (k?r´r?-l?t), n. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation to something else, as father to son; a correlative. South.

Cor•re•la´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. [LL. correlatio; L. cor- + relatio: cf. F. correlation. Cf. Correlation.] Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law; capacity of being converted into, or of giving place to, one another, under certain conditions; as the correlation of forces, or of zymotic diseases. Correlation of energy, the relation to one another of different forms of energy; — usually having some reference to the principle of conservation of energy. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation. — Correlation of forces, the relation between the forces which matter, endowed with various forms of energy, may exert.

Cor•rel´a•tive (k?r-r?l´?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. correlatif.] Having or indicating a reciprocal relation. “Father and son, prince and subject, stranger and citizen, are correlative terms.
Hume.”

Cor•rel´a•tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation, or is correlated, to some other person or thing. Locke. “Spiritual things and spiritual men are correlatives.
Spelman.” 2. (Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun.

Cor•rel´a•tive•ly, adv. In a correlative relation.

Cor•rel´a•tive•ness, n. Quality of being correlative.

Cor•re•li´gion•ist (k?r•r?-l?j´?n-?st), n. A co-religionist.

Cor•rep´tion (k?r-r?p´sh?n), n. [L. correptio, fr. corripere to seize.] Chiding; reproof; reproach. [Obs.] “Angry, passionate correption being rather apt to provoke, than to amend.
Hammond.”

Cor•re•spond´ (k?r•r?-sp?nd´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Corresponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corresponding.] [Pref. cor- + respond: cf. f. correspondre.] 1. To be like something else in the dimensions and arrangement of its parts; — followed by with or to; as concurring figures correspond with each other throughout. “None of them [the forms of Sidney’s sonnets] correspond to the Shakespearean type.
J. A. Symonds.” 2. To be adapted; to be congruous; to suit; to agree; to fit; to answer; — followed by to. “Words being but empty sounds, any farther than they are signs of our ideas we can not but assent to them as they correspond to those ideas we have, but no farther.
Locke.” 3. To have intercourse or communion; especially, to hold intercourse or to communicate by sending and receiving letters; — followed by with. “After having been long in indirect communication with the exiled family, he [Atterbury] began to correspond directly with the Pretender.
Macaulay.” Syn. — To agree; fit; answer; suit; write; address.

Cor•re•spond´ence (-sp?nd´ens), n. [Cf. F. correspondance.] 1. Friendly intercourse; reciprocal exchange of civilities; especially, intercourse between persons by means of letters. “Holding also good correspondence with the other great men in the state.
Bacon.” “To facilitate correspondence between one part of London and another, was not originally one of the objects of the post office.
Macaulay.” 2. The letters which pass between correspondents. 3. Mutual adaptation, relation, or agreement, of one thing to another; agreement; congruity; fitness; relation.

Cor•re•spond´en•cy (k$r•r?—sp?nd´en-s?), n.; pl. Correspondencies (-sz). Same as Correspondence, 3. “The correspondencies of types and antitypes … may be very reasonable confirmations.
S. Clarke.”

Cor•re•spond´ent (-ent), a. [Cf. F. correspondant.] Suitable; adapted; fit; corresponding; congruous; conformable; in accord or agreement; obedient; willing. “Action correspondent or repugnant unto the law.
Hooker.” “As fast the correspondent passions rise.
Thomson.” “I will be correspondent to command.
Shak.”

Cor•re•spond´ent, n. 1. One with whom intercourse is carried on by letter. Macaulay. 2. One who communicates information, etc., by letter or telegram to a newspaper or periodical. 3. (Com.) One who carries on commercial intercourse by letter or telegram with a person or firm at a distance.

Cor•re•spond´ent•ly, adv. In a a corresponding manner; conformably; suitably.

Cor•re•spond´ing, a. 1. Answering; conformable; agreeing; suiting; as corresponding numbers. 2. Carrying on intercourse by letters. Corresponding member of a society, one residing at a distance, who has been invited to correspond with the society, and aid in carrying out its designs without taking part in its management.

Cor•re•spond´ing•ly, adv. In a corresponding manner; conformably.

Cor•re•spon´sive (-r?-sp?n´s?v), a. Corresponding; conformable; adapted. Shak. — Cor•re•spon´sive•ly, adv.

Cor´ri•dor (k?r´r?-d?r or -d?r), n. [F., fr. Itt. corridpore, or Sp. corredor; prop., a runner, hence, a running or long line, a gallery, fr. L. currere to run. See Course.] 1. (Arch.) A gallery or passageway leading to several apartments of a house. 2. (Fort.) The covered way lying round the whole compass of the fortifications of a place. [R.]

Cor´rie (k?r´r?), n. Same as Correi. [Scot.] Geikie.

Cor•ri•gen´dum (k?r•r?-j?n´d?m), n.; pl. Corrigenda (- d). [L.] A fault or error to be corrected.

Cor´ri•gent (k?r´r?—jent), n. [L. corrigens, p. pr. of corrigere to correct.] (Med.) A substance added to a medicine to mollify or modify its action. Dunglison.

Cor•ri•gi•bil´i•ty (-j?-b?l´?-t?), n. Quality of being corrigible; capability of being corrected; corrigibleness.

Cor´ri•gi•ble (k?r´r?-j?-b’l), a. [LL. corribilis, fr. L. corrigere to correct: cf. F. corrigible. See Correrct.] 1. Capable of being set right, amended, or reformed; as a corrigible fault. 2. Submissive to correction; docile. ´Bending down his corrigible neck.´ Shak. 3. Deserving chastisement; punishable. [Obs.] “He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language.
Howell.” 4. Having power to correct; corrective. [Obs.] “The … .corrigible authority of this lies in our wills.
Shak.”

Cor´ri•gi•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being corrigible; corrigibility.

Cor•ri´val (k?r-r?´val), n. A fellow rival; a competitor; a rival; also a companion. [R.] Shak.

Cor•ri´val, a. Having rivaling claims; emulous; in rivalry. [R.] Bp. Fleetwood.

Cor•ri´val, v. i. & t. To compete with; to rival. [R.]

Cor•ri´val•ry (k?r-r?´val-r?), n. Corivalry. [R.]

Cor•ri´val•ship, n. Corivalry. [R.] “By the corrivalship of Shager his false friend.
Sir T. Herbert.”

Cor´ri•vate (k?r´r?-v?t), v. t. [L. corrivatus, p. p. of corrivare to corrivate.] To cause to flow together, as water drawn from several streams. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor•ri•va´tion (-v?´sh?n), n. [L. corrivatio.] The flowing of different streams into one. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor•rob´o•rant (k?r-r?b´?-rant), a. [L. corroborans, p. pr. See Corroborate.] Strengthening; supporting; corroborating. Bacon. — n. Anything which gives strength or support; a tonic. “The brain, with its proper corroborants, especially with sweet odors and with music.
Southey.”

Cor•rob´o•rate (k?r-r?b´?-r?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroborated (-r?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Corroborating (-r?•t?ng). ] [L. corroboratus, p. p. of corroborare to corroborate; cor- + roborare to strengthen, robur strength. See Robust.] 1. To make strong, or to give additional strength to; to strengthen. [Obs.] “As any limb well and duly exercised, grows stronger, the nerves of the body are corroborated thereby.
I. Watts.” 2. To make more certain; to confirm; to establish. “The concurrence of all corroborates the same truth.
I. Taylor.”

Cor•rob´o•rate (-r?t), a. Corroborated. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cor•rob•o•ra´tion (k?r-r?b•?-r?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. corroboration.] 1. The act of corroborating, strengthening, or confirming; addition of strength; confirmation; as the corroboration of an argument, or of information. 2. That which corroborates.

Cor•rob´o•ra•tive (k?r-r?b´?-r?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. corroboratif.] Tending to strengthen of confirm.

Cor•rob´o•ra•tive, n. A medicine that strengthens; a corroborant. Wiseman.

Cor•rob´o•ra•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Tending to strengthen; corroborative; as corroboratory facts.

Cor•rode´ (k?r-r?d´) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corroding.] [L. corrodere, - rosum; cor + rodere to gnaw: cf. F. corroder. See Rodent.] 1. To eat away by degrees; to wear away or diminish by gradually separating or destroying small particles of, as by action of a strong acid or a caustic alkali. “Aqua fortis corroding copper … is wont to reduce it to a green-blue solution.
Boyle.” 2. To consume; to wear away; to prey upon; to impair.

Cor•rode´, v. i. To have corrosive action; to be subject to corrosion. Corroding lead, lead sufficiently pure to be used in making white lead by a process of corroding. Syn. — To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away.

Cor•rod´ent (k?r-r?´dent), a. [L. corrodens, p. pr. of corrodere.] Corrosive. [R.] Bp. King.

Cor•rod´ent, n. Anything that corrodes. Bp. King.

Cor•ro´di•ate (k?r-r?´d?-?t), v. t. [See Corrode.] To eat away by degrees; to corrode. [Obs.] Sandys.

Cor•ro•di•bil´i•ty (k?r-r?•d?-b?l´?-t?), n. The quality of being corrodible. [R.] Johnson.

Cor•rod´i•ble (k?r-r?´d?-b’l), a. Capable of being corroded; corrosible. Sir T. Browne.

Cor•ro•si•bil´i•ty (k?r-r?•s?-b?l´?-t?), n. Corrodibility. ´Corrosibility … answers corrosiveness.´ Boyle.

Cor•ro´si•ble (k?r-r?´s?-b’l), a. Corrodible. Bailey.

Cor•ro´si•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being corrosible. Bailey.

Cor•ro´sion (k?r-r?´zh?n), n. [LL. corrosio: cf. F. corrosion. See Corrode.] The action or effect of corrosive agents, or the process of corrosive change; as the rusting of iron is a variety of corrosion. “Corrosion is a particular species of dissolution of bodies, either by an acid or a saline menstruum.
John Quincy.”

Cor•ro´sive (k?r-r?´s?v), a. [Cf. F. corrosif.] 1. Eating away; having the power of gradually wearing, changing, or destroying the texture or substance of a body; as the corrosive action of an acid. ´Corrosive liquors.´ Grew. ´Corrosive famine.´ Thomson. 2. Having the quality of fretting or vexing. “Care is no cure, but corrosive.
Shak.” Corrosive sublimate (Chem.), mercuric chloride, HgCl2; so called because obtained by sublimation, and because of its harsh irritating action on the body tissue. Usually it is in the form of a heavy, transparent, crystalline substance, easily soluble, and of an acrid, burning taste. It is a virulent poison, a powerful antiseptic, and an excellent antisyphilitic; called also mercuric bichloride. It is to be carefully distinguished from calomel, the mild chloride of mercury.

Cor•ro´sive, n. 1. That which has the quality of eating or wearing away gradually. “[Corrosives] act either directly, by chemically destroying the part, or indirectly by causing inflammation and gangrene.
Dunglison.” 2. That which has the power of fretting or irritating. “Such speeches … are grievous corrosives.
Hooker.” — Cor•ro´sive•ly, adv. — Cor•ro´sive•ness, n.

Cor•ro´val (kr-r?´val), n. A dark brown substance of vegetable origin, allied to curare, and used by the natives of New Granada as an arrow poison.

Cor•ro´va•line (-v?-l?n or -l?n), n. (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid extracted from corroval, and characterized by its immediate action in paralyzing the heart.

Cor´ru•gant (k?r´r?-gant), a. [L. corrugans, p. pr. See Corrugate.] Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. Johnson.

Cor´ru•gate (k?r´r?-g?t), a. [L. corrugatus, p. p. of corrugare; cor-+ rugare to wrinkle, ruga wrinkle; of uncertain origin.] Wrinkled; crumpled; furrowed; contracted into ridges and furrows.

Cor´ru•gate (-g?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrugated (-g?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Corrugating (-g?•t?ng).] To form or shape into wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and grooves, as by drawing, contraction, pressure, bending, or otherwise; to wrinkle; to purse up; as to corrugate plates of iron; to corrugate the forehead. Corrugated iron, sheet iron bent into a series of alternate ridges and grooves in parallel lines, giving it greater stiffness. — Corrugated paper, a thick, coarse paper corrugated in order to give it elasticity. It is used as a wrapping material for fragile articles, as bottles.

Cor•ru•ga´tion (k?r•r?-g?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. corrugation.] The act corrugating; contraction into wrinkles or alternate ridges and grooves.

Cor´ru•ga•tor (k?r´r?-g?•t?r), n. [NL.; cf. F. corrugateur.] (Anat.) A muscle which contracts the skin of the forehead into wrinkles.

Cor•ru´gent (k?r-r?´jent), a. (Anat.) Drawing together; contracting; — said of the corrugator. [Obs.]

Cor•rump´ (k?r-r?mp´), v. t. [L. corrumpere.] To corrupt. See Corrupt. [Obs.] Chauser.

Cor•rump´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Corruptible. [Obs.]

Cor•rupt (k?r-r?pt´), a. [L. corruptus, p. p. of corrumpere to corrupt; cor- + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid state; spoiled; tainted; vitiated; unsound. “Who with such corrupt and pestilent bread would feed them.
Knolles.” 2. Changed from a state of uprightness, correctness, truth, etc., to a worse state; vitiated; depraved; debased; perverted; as corrupt language; corrupt judges. “At what ease
Might corrupt minds procure knaves as corrupt
To swear against you.
Shak.” 3. Abounding in errors; not genuine or correct; as the text of the manuscript is corrupt.

Cor•rupt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corrupting.] 1. To change from a sound to a putrid or putrescent state; to make putrid; to putrefy. 2. To change from good to bad; to vitiate; to deprave; to pervert; to debase; to defile. “Evil communications corrupt good manners.
1. Cor. xv. 33.” 3. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; as to corrupt a judge by a bribe. “Heaven is above all yet; there sits a Judge
That no king can corrupt.
Shak.” 4. To debase or render impure by alterations or innovations; to falsify; as to corrupt language; to corrupt the sacred text. “He that makes an ill use of it [language], though he does not corrupt the fountains of knowledge, … yet he stops the pines.
Locke.” 5. To waste, spoil, or consume; to make worthless. “Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt.
Matt. vi. 19.”

Cor•rupt´ (k?r-r?pt´), v. i. 1. To become putrid or tainted; to putrefy; to rot. Bacon. 2. To become vitiated; to lose purity or goodness.

Cor•rupt´er (k?r-r?p´t?r), n. One who corrupts; one who vitiates or taints; as a corrupter of morals.

Cor•rupt´ful (-f?l), a. Tending to corrupt; full of corruption. [Obs.] ´Corruptful bribes.´ Spenser.

Cor•rupt•i•bil´i•ty (k?r-r?p•t?-b?l´?-t?), n. [L. corruptibilitas: cf. F. corruptibilite.] The quality of being corruptible; the possibility or liability of being corrupted; corruptibleness. Burke.

Cor•rupt´i•ble (k?r-r?p´t?-b’l), a. [L. corruptibilis: cf. F. corruptible.] 1. Capable of being made corrupt; subject to decay. ´Our corruptible bodies.´ Hooker. “Ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold.
1 Pet. i. 18.” 2. Capable of being corrupted, or morally vitiated; susceptible of depravation. “They systematically corrupt very corruptible race.
Burke.” — Cor•rupt´i•ble•ness, n. — Cor•rupt´i•bly, adv.

Cor•rupt´i•ble, n. That which may decay and perish; the human body. [Archaic] 1 Cor. xv. 53.

Cor•rupt´ing•ly, adv. In a manner that corrupts.

Cor•rup´tion (k?r-r?p´sh?n), n. [F. corruption, L. corruptio.] 1. The act of corrupting or making putrid, or state of being corrupt or putrid; decomposition or disorganization, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration. “The inducing and accelerating of putrefaction is a subject of very universal inquiry; for corruption is a reciprocal to ´generation´.
Bacon.” 2. The product of corruption; putrid matter. 3. The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery. “It was necessary, by exposing the gross corruptions of monasteries, … to exite popular indignation against them.
Hallam.” “They abstained from some of the worst methods of corruption usual to their party in its earlier days.
Bancroft.” Corruption, when applied to officers, trustees, etc., signifies the inducing a violation of duty by means of pecuniary considerations. Abbott. 4. The act of changing, or of being changed, for the worse; departure from what is pure, simple, or correct; as a corruption of style; corruption in language. Corruption of blood (Law), taint or impurity of blood, in consequence of an act of attainder of treason or felony, by which a person is disabled from inheriting any estate or from transmitting it to others. “Corruption of blood can be removed only by act of Parliament.
Blackstone.” Syn. — Putrescence; putrefaction; defilement; contamination; deprivation; debasement; adulteration; depravity; taint. See Depravity.

Cor•rup´tion•ist, n. One who corrupts, or who upholds corruption. Sydney Smith.

Cor•rupt´ive (k?r-r?p´t?v), a. [L. corruptivus: cf. F. corruptif.] Having the quality of tainting or vitiating; tending to produce corruption. “It should be endued with some corruptive quality for so speedy a dissolution of the meat.
Ray.”

Cor•rupt´less (k?r-r?pt´l?s), a. Not susceptible of corruption or decay; incorruptible. Dryden.

Cor•rupt´ly, adv. In a corrupt manner; by means of corruption or corrupting influences; wrongfully.

Cor•rupt´ness, n. The quality of being corrupt.

Cor•rupt´ress (-r?s), n. A woman who corrupts. “Thou studied old corruptress.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cor´sac (k?r´s?k), n. (Zoöl.) The corsak.

Cor´sage (kôr´saj), n. [F. See Corset.] The waist or bodice of a lady’s dress; as a low corsage.

Cor´sair (k?r´s?r), n. [F. corsaire (cf. It. corsare, corsale, Pr. corsari), LL. corsarius, fr. L. cursus a running, course, whence Sp. corso cruise, corsa cruise, coasting voyage, corsear to cruise against the enemy, to pirate, corsario cruising, a privateer authorized to cruise against the enemy. See Course.] 1. A pirate; one who cruises about without authorization from any government, to seize booty on sea or land. 2. A piratical vessel. “Barbary corsairs … infested the coast of the Mediterranean.
Prescott.”

Cor´sak (k?r´s?k), n. (Zoöl.) A small foxlike mammal (Cynalopex corsac), found in Central Asia. [Written also corsac.]

Corse (k?rs or k?rs; 277), n. [OF. cors, F. corps. See Corpse.] 1. A living body or its bulk. [Obs.] “For he was strong, and of so mighty corse
As ever wielded spear in warlike hand.
Spenser.” 2. A corpse; the dead body of a human being. [Archaic or Poetic] “Set down the corse; or, by Saint Paul,
I’ll make a corse of him that disobeys.
Shak.”

Corse´let (k?rs´l?t), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors. F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. Armor for the body, as the body breastplate and backpiece taken together; — also used for the entire suit of the day, including breastplate and backpiece, tasset and headpiece. 2. (Zoöl.) The thorax of an insect.

Corse´pres•ent (k?rs´pr?z•ent or k?rs´-), n. (Engl.Law) An offering made to the church at the interment of a dead body. Blackstone.

Cor´set (k?r´s?t), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors, F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a gown or basque of which the body was close fitting, worn by both men and women. 2. An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist worn (chiefly by women) to support the body or to modify its shape; stays.

Cor´set (k?r´s?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corseting.] To inclose in corsets.

Cors´let (k?rs´l?t), n. A corselet. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Cors´ned (k?rs´n?d), n. [AS. corsnd.] (AS. Laws) The morsel of execration; a species of ordeal consisting in the eating of a piece of bread consecrated by imprecation. If the suspected person ate it freely, he was pronounced innocent; but if it stuck in his throat, it was considered as a proof of his guilt. Burril.

Cor•tege´ (k?r•t?zh´), n. [F., fr. It. corteggio train, fr. corte court. See Court.] A train of attendants; a procession.

Cor´tes (k?r´t?s), n. pl. [Sp. & Pg., fr. corte court.] The legislative assembly, composed of nobility, clergy, and representatives of cities, which in Spain and in Portugal answers, in some measure, to the Parliament of Great Britain.

Cor´tex (k?r´t?ks), n.; pl. Cortices (-t-sz). [L., bark. Cf. Cork.] 1. Bark, as of a tree; hence, an outer covering. 2. (Med.) Bark; rind; specifically, cinchona bark. 3. (Anat.) The outer or superficial part of an organ; as the cortex or gray exterior substance of the brain.

Cor´ti•cal (k?r´t?-kal), a. [L. cortex bark: cf. F. cortical.] Belonging to, or consisting of, bark or rind; resembling bark or rind; external; outer; superficial; as the cortical substance of the kidney. { Cor´ti•cate (k?r´t?-k?t), Cor´ti•ca•ted (- k?•t?d), } a. [L. corticatus.] Having a special outer covering of a nature unlike the interior part.

Cor•tic´i•fer (k?r-t?s´?-f?r), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gorgoniacea; — so called because the fleshy part surrounds a solid axis, like a bark.

Cor•ti•cif´er•ous (k?r•t?-s?f´?r-?s), a. [L. cortex, corticis, bark — -ferous: cf. F. corticifre.] 1. Producing bark or something that resembling that resembles bark. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a barklike cnenchyms.

Cor•tic´i•form (k?r-t?s´?-f?rm), a. [L. cortex, corticis, bark + -form: cf. F. corticiforme.] Resembling, or having the form of, bark or rind.

Cor´ti•cine (k?r´t?-s?n), n. [F., fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark.] A material for carpeting or floor covering, made of ground cork and caoutchouc or India rubber.

Cor´ti•cose (-k?s•), a. [L. corticosus.] Abounding in bark; resembling bark; barky.

Cor´ti•cous (-k?s), a. Relating to, or resembling, bark; corticose.

Cor´tile (k?r´t?l; It. k?r-t?´l?), n. [It., fr. corte court.] An open internal courtyard inclosed by the walls of a large dwelling house or other large and stately building.

Co•run´dum (ko•run´dum), n.; pl. Corundums (- dumz). [Also corindon.] [From Hind. kurand corundum stone.] (Min.) The earth alumina, as found native in a crystalline state, including sapphire, which is the fine blue variety; the oriental ruby, or red sapphire; the oriental amethyst, or purple sapphire; and adamantine spar, the hair-brown variety. It is the hardest substance found native, next to the diamond. The name corundum is sometimes restricted to the non-transparent or coarser kinds. Emery is a dark-colored granular variety, usually admixed with magnetic iron ore.

Co•rus´cant (k?-r?s´kant), a. [L. coruscans, p. pr. See Coruscate.] Glittering in flashes; flashing. Howell.

Cor´us•cate (k?r´?s-k?t or k?-r?s´k?r), v. i. [L. coruscare to flash, vibrate.] To glitter in flashes; to flash. Syn. — To glisten; gleam; sparkle; radiate.

Cor•us•ca´tion (k?r•?s-k?´sh?n), n. [L. coruscatio: cf. F. coruscattion.] 1. A sudden flash or play of light. “A very vivid but exceeding short-lived splender, not to call t a little coruscation.
Boyle.” 2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy. “He might have illuminated his times with the incessant corcations of his genius.
I. Taylor.” Syn. — Flash; glitter; blaze; gleam; sparkle.

Corve (k?rv), n. See Corf.

Cor•vee´ (k?r•v´ or -v?´), n. [F. corvee, fr. LL. corvada, corrogata, fr. L. corrogare to entreat together; cor- + rogare to ask.] (Feudal Law) An obligation to perform certain services, as the repair of roads, for the lord or sovereign.

Cor´ven (k?r´ven), obs. p. p. of Carve. Chaucer. { Cor´vet (k?r´v?t), Cor•vette´ (k?r-v?r´), } n. [F. corvette, fr. Pg. corveta or Sp. corbeta, fr. L. corbita a slow-sailing ship of burden, fr, corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil.] (Naut.) A war vessel, ranking next below a frigate, and having usually only one tier of guns; — called in the United States navy a sloop of war.

Cor•vet´to (-v?t´t?), n. (Min.) A curvet. Peacham.

Cor´vine (k?r´v?n), a. [L. corvinus, fr. corvus crow.] Of or pertaining to the crow; crowlike.

Cor´vo•rant (k?r´v?-rant), n. See Cormorant.

Cor´y•bant (k?r´?-b?nt), n.; pl. E. Corybants (-bnts), oftener L. Corybantes (-bn´tz). [L. Corybas, Gr. .] One of the priests of Cybele in Phrygia. The rites of the Corybants were accompanied by wild music, dancing, etc.

Cor•y•ban´ti•asm (-b?n´t?-?z’m), n. [Gr. a corybantic frenzy.] (Med.) A kind of frenzy in which the patient is tormented by fantastic visions and want of sleep. Dunglison.

Cor•y•ban´tic (k?r•?-b?n´t?k), a. [Gr. , fr. a Corybant.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Corybantes or their rites; frantic; frenzied; as a corybantic dance.

Cor´ymb (k?r´?mb or -?m; 220), n. [L. corymbus cluster of flowers, Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A flat-topped or convex cluster of flowers, each on its own footstalk, and arising from different points of a common axis, the outermost blossoms expanding first, as in the hawthorn. (b) Any flattish flower cluster, whatever be the order of blooming, or a similar shaped cluster of fruit.

Cor´ymbed (k?r´?mbd), a. (Bot.) Corymbose.

Cor•ym•bif´er•ous (k?r•?m-b?f´?r-?s), a. [L. corymbifer; corymbus a cluster of flowers + ferre to bear cf. F. corimbifre.] (Bot.) Bearing corymbs of flowers or fruit.

Co•rym´bose (k?-r?m´b?s or k?r´?m-b?s•), a. (Bot.) Consisting of corymbs, or resembling them in form. [Written also corymbous.]

Co•rym´bose•ly, adv. In corymbs.

Cor•y•phae´noid (kor•i•fe´noid), a. [NL. coryphaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or like, the genus Coryphaena. See Dolphin.

Co•ry•phee´ (ko•re•fa´), n. [F.] (Drama) A ballet dancer.

Cor´y•phene (k?r´?-f?n•), n. [NL. coryphena, fr. Gr. koryfh• head, summit, peak: cf. F. coryphène.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Coryphaena. See Dolphin. (2)

Cor•y•phe´us (k?r•?-f?´?s), n.; pl. E. Corypheuses (-ez), L. Coryphei (-f´). [L. coryphaeus, fr. Gr. , fr. koryfh• head.] (Gr. Antiq.) The conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus; hence, the chief or leader of a party or interest. “That noted corypheus [Dr. John Owen] of the Independent faction.
South.”

Co•ryph´o•don (k?-r?f´?-d?n), n. [Gr. koryfh• head, peak + , , tooth.] (Palen.) A genus of extinct mammals from the eocene tertiary of Europe and America. Its species varied in size between the tapir and rhinoceros, and were allied to those animals, but had short, plantigrade, five-toed feet, like the elephant.

Co•ryph´o•dont (-d?nt), a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Coryphodon.

Co•ry´za (k?-r?´z?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. catarh.] (Med.) Nasal catarrh.

Cos•cin´o•man•cy (k?s-s?n´?-m?n•s? or k?s´s?-n?-), n. [Gr. sieve + -mancy.] Divination by means of a suspended sieve.

Cos•co•ro´ba (k?s•k?-r?´b?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, white, South American duck, of the genus Cascoroba, resembling a swan.

Co•se´cant (k?-s?´k?nt), n. [For co. secans, an abbrev. of L. complementi secans.] (Trig.) The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Cos´en (k?z´’n), v. t. See Cozen.

Cos´en•age (k?z´’n-?j), n. See Cozenage.

Cos´en•ing, n. (O. Eng. Law) Anything done deceitfully, and which could not be properly designated by any special name, whether belonging to contracts or not. Burrill.

Co•sen´tient (k?-s?n´shent), a. Perceiving together.

Co´sey (k?´z?), a. See Cozy. Dickens.

Cosh´er (k?sh´?r), v. t. [Ir. cosair a feast, a banquet? or cf. F. coucher to lie. Cf. Couch, Coshering.] 1. (Old Law) To levy certain exactions or tribute upon; to lodge and eat at the expense of. See Coshering. 2. To treat with hospitality; to pet. [Ireland]

Cosh´er•er (k?sh´?r-?r), n. One who coshers.

Cosh´er•ing, n. (Old Law) A feudal prerogative of the lord of the soil entitling him to lodging and food at his tenant’s house. Burrill. “Sometimes he contrived, in deflance of the law, to live by coshering, that is to say, by quartering himself on the old tentants of his family, who, wretched as was their own condition, could not refuse a portion of their pittance to one whom they still regarded as their rightful lord.
Macaulay.”

Co´sier (k?´zh?r), n. [Cf. OF. coussier maker of mattresses; or couseor tailor, fr. OF. & F. coudre, p. p. cousu to sew, fr. L. consuere to sew together; con- + seure to sew. See Sew to stitch.] A tailor who botches his work. [Obs.] Shak.

Co•sig•nif´i•ca•tive (k•sg- nf´-k-tv), a. Having the same signification. Cockerham.

Co•sig´ni•ta•ry (k?-s?g´n?-t?-r?), a. [Pref. co- + sign. Cf. Signatory.] Signing some important public document with another or with others; as a treaty violated by one of the cosignitary powers.

Co•sig´ni•ta•ry, n.; pl. Cosignitaries (-rz). One who signs a treaty or public document along with others or another; as the cosignitaries of the treaty of Berlin.

Co´si•ly (k?´z?-l?), adv. See Cozily.

Cos´in•age (k?s´’n-?j), n. [See Cousinage.] (Law) (a) Collateral relationship or kindred by blood; consanguinity. Burrill. (b) A writ to recover possession of an estate in lands, when a stranger has entered, after the death of the grandfather’s grandfather, or other distant collateral relation. Blackstone.

Co´sine (k?´s?n), n. [For co. sinus, an abbrev. of L. complementi sinus.] (Trig.) The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions. { Cos•met´ic (k?z-m?t´?k), Cos•met´ic•al (- ?-kal), } a. [Gr. kosmitiko•s skilled in decorating, fr. ko•smos order, ornament: cf. F. cosmetique. See Cosmos.] Imparting or improving beauty, particularly the beauty of the complexion; as a cosmetical preparation. “First, robed in white, the nymph intent adores,
With head uncovered, the cosmetic powers.
Pope.”

Cos•met´ic, n. Any external application intended to beautify and improve the complexion. { Cos´mic (k?z´m?k), Cos´mic•al (-m?- kal), } a. [Gr. kosmiko•s of the world, fr. ko•smos: cf. F. cosmique. See Cosmos.] 1. Pertaining to the universe, and having special reference to universal law or order, or to the one grand harmonious system of things; hence; harmonious; orderly. 2. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole, and not to the earth alone. 3. Characteristic of the cosmos or universe; inconceivably great; vast; as cosmic speed. ´Cosmic ranges of time.´ Tyndall. 4. (Astron.) Rising or setting with the sun; — the opposite of acronycal.

Cos´mic•al•ly, adv. 1. With the sun at rising or setting; as a star is said to rise or set cosmically when it rises or sets with the sun. 2. Universally. [R.] Emerson. { Cos•mog´o•nal (k?z-m?g´?-nal), Cos•mo•gon´ic (k?z•m?-g?n´?k), Cos•mo•gon´ic•al (-g?n´?-kal), } a. Belonging to cosmogony. B. Powell. Gladstone.

Cos•mog´o•nist (k?z-m?g´?-n?st), n. One who treats of the origin of the universe; one versed in cosmogony.

Cos•mog´o•ny (-n?), n.; pl. Cosmogonies (-nz). [Gr. kosmogoni•a; ko•smos the world + root of gi•gnesthai to be born: cf. F. cosmogonie.] The creation of the world or universe; a theory or account of such creation; as the poetical cosmogony of Hesoid; the cosmogonies of Thales, Anaxagoras and Plato. “The cosmogony or creation of the world has puzzled philosophers of all ages.
Goldsmith.”

Cos•mog´ra•pher (-r?-f?r), n. One who describes the world or universe, including the heavens and the earth. “The name of this island is nowhere found among the old and ancient cosmographers.
Robynson (More’s Utopia).” { Cos•mo•graph´ic (k?z•m?-gr?f´?k), Cos•mo•graph´ic•al (-?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. cosmographique.] Of or pertaining to cosmography.

Cos•mo•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In a cosmographic manner; in accordance with cosmography.

Cos•mog´ra•phy (k?z-m?g´r?-f?), n.; pl. Cosmographies (-fz). [Gr. ; the world + to write: cf. F. cosmographie.] A description of the world or of the universe; or the science which teaches the constitution of the whole system of worlds, or the figure, disposition, and relation of all its parts.

Cos´mo•labe (k?z´m?-l?b), n. [Gr. the world + to take: cf. F. cosmolade.] An instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies; - - called also pantacosm.

Cos•mol´a•try (k?z-m?l´?-tr?), n. [Gr. the world + to worship.] Worship paid to the world. Cudworth.

Cos´mo•line (k?z´m?-l?n), n. [Prob. fr. cosmetic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the residues of the distillation of petroleum, essentially the same as vaseline, but of somewhat stiffer consistency, and consisting of a mixture of the higher paraffines; a kind of petroleum jelly.

Cos•mo•log´ic•al (k?z•m?-l?j´?-kal), a. Of or pertaining to cosmology.

Cos•mol´o•gist (k?z-m?l´?-j?st), n. One who describes the universe; one skilled in cosmology.

Cos•mol´o•gy (koz•mol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + - logy: cf. F. cosmologie.] The science of the world or universe; or a treatise relating to the structure and parts of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, the modifications of material things, the laws of motion, and the order and course of nature.

Cos•mom´e•try (k?z-m?m´?-tr?), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + -metry.] The art of measuring the world or the universe. Blount.

Cos•mo•plas´tic (k?z•m?-pl?s´t?k), a. [Gr. ko•smos the world + pla•ssein to form.] Pertaining to a plastic force as operative in the formation of the world independently of God; world-forming. ´Cosmoplastic and hylozoic atheisms.´ Gudworth. { Cos•mo•pol´i•tan (-p?l´?-tan), Cos•mop´o•lite (k?z-m?p´?-l?t), } n. [Gr. ; ko•smos the world + citizen, city: cf. F. cosmopolitain, cosmopolite.] One who has no fixed residence, or who is at home in every place; a citizen of the world. { Cos•mo•pol´i•tan , Cos•mop´o•lite } a. 1. Having no fixed residence; at home in any place; free from local attachments or prejudices; not provincial; liberal. “In other countries taste is perphaps too exclusively national, in Germany it is certainly too cosmopolite.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 2. Common everywhere; widely spread; found in all parts of the world. “The Cheiroptera are cosmopolitan.
R. Owen.”

Cos•mo•pol´i•tan•ism (k?z•m?-p?l´?-tan-?z’m), n. The quality of being cosmopolitan; cosmopolitism.

Cos•mop´o•lite (-m?p´?-l?t), a. & n. See Cosmopolitan.

Cos•mo•po•lit´ic•al (k?z•m?-p?-l?t´?-kal), a. Having the character of a cosmopolite. [R.] Hackluyt.

Cos•mop´o•li•tism (k?z-m?p´?-l?-t?z’m), n. The condition or character of a cosmopolite; disregard of national or local peculiarities and prejudices.

Cos•mo•ra´ma (k?z•m?-r?´m? or -r?´m?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•smos the world + a sight, spectacle, fr. to see.] An exhibition in which a series of views in various parts of the world is seen reflected by mirrors through a series of lenses, with such illumination, etc., as will make the views most closely represent reality.

Cos•mo•ram´ic (koz•mo•ram´ik), a. Of or pertaining to a cosmorama.

Cos´mos (koz´mos), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko•smos order, harmony, the world (from its perfect order and arrangement); akin to Skr. çad to distinguish one’s self.] 1. The universe or universality of created things; — so called from the order and harmony displayed in it. 2. The theory or description of the universe, as a system displaying order and harmony. Humboldt.

Cos´mo•sphere (koz´m?-sf?r), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + E. sphere.] An apparatus for showing the position of the earth, at any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. It consist of a hollow glass globe, on which are depicted the stars and constellations, and within which is a terrestrial globe.

Cos´mo•the•ism (k?z´m?-th?•?z’m), n. [Gr. ko•smos the world + god.] Same as Pantheism. [R.]

Cos•mo•thet´ic (k?z•m?-th?t´?k), a. [Gr. ko•smos universe + to place or arrange.] (Metaph.) Assuming or positing the actual existence or reality of the physical or external world. Cosmothetic idealists (Metaph.), those who assume, without attempting to prove, the reality of external objects as corresponding to, and being the ground of, the ideas of which only the mind has direct cognizance. “The cosmothetic idealists … deny that mind is immediately conscious of matter.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Co•sov´er•eign (k?-s?v´?r-?n or k?-s?v´-), n. A joint sovereign.

Coss (kos), n. [Cf. Pers. kos a road measure of about two miles; or Skr. kroça.] A Hindoo measure of distance, varying from one and a half to two English miles. Whitworth.

Coss, n. [It. cosa.] A thing (only in phrase below). Rule of Coss, an old name for Algebra. [It. regola di cosa rule of thing, the unknown quantity being called the cosa, or the thing.]

Cos´sack (k?s´s?k), n. [Russ. kozak’, kazak’: cf. Turk. kazak.] One of a warlike, pastoral people, skillful as horsemen, inhabiting different parts of the Russian empire and furnishing valuable contingents of irregular cavalry to its armies, those of Little Russia and those of the Don forming the principal divisions.

Cos´sas (k?s´s?s), n. [F.] Plain India muslin, of various qualities and widths.

Cos´set (k?s´s?t), n. [Cf. AS. cotsetla cottager, G. kossat, kothsasse, fr. kot, koth E. (cot) hut, and cf. also E. cade, a., cot a cade lamb.] A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. Hence: A pet, in general.

Cos´set, v. t. To treat as a pet; to fondle. “She was cosseted and posseted and prayed over and made much of.
O. W. Holmes.” { Cos´sic (k?s´s?k), Cos´sic•al (-s?- kal), } a. [It. cossico. See 2d Coss.] Of or relating to algebra; as cossic numbers, or the cossic art. [Obs.] ´Art of numbers cossical.´ Digges (1579).

Cost (k?st; 115), n. [L. costa rib. See Coast.] 1. A rib; a side; a region or coast. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “Betwixt the costs of a ship.
B. Jonson.” 2. (Her.) See Cottise.

Cost (kost; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cost; p. pr. & vb. n. Costing.] [OF. coster, couster, F. coûter, fr. L. constare to stand at, to cost; con- + stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constant.] 1. To require to be given, expended, or laid out therefor, as in barter, purchase, acquisition, etc.; to cause the cost, expenditure, relinquishment, or loss of; as the ticket cost a dollar; the effort cost his life. “A diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats.
Shak.” “Though it cost me ten nights’ watchings.
Shak.” 2. To require to be borne or suffered; to cause. “To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe.
Milton.” To cost dear, to require or occasion a large outlay of money, or much labor, self-denial, suffering, etc.

Cost, n. [OF. cost, F. coût. See Cost, v. t. ] 1. The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for anything bought or taken in barter; charge; expense; hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure benefit. “One day shall crown the alliance on ’t so please you,
Here at my house, and at my proper cost.
Shak.” “At less cost of life than is often expended in a skirmish, [Charles V.] saved Europe from invasion.
Prescott.” 2. Loss of any kind; detriment; pain; suffering. “I know thy trains,
Though dearly to my cost, thy gins and toils.
Milton.” 3. pl. (Law) Expenses incurred in litigation. Costs in actions or suits are either between attorney and client, being what are payable in every case to the attorney or counsel by his client whether he ultimately succeed or not, or between party and party, being those which the law gives, or the court in its discretion decrees, to the prevailing, against the losing, party. Bill of costs. See under Bill. — Cost free, without outlay or expense. ´Her duties being to talk French, and her privileges to live cost free and to gather scraps of knowledge.´ Thackeray.

Cos´ta (kos´ta), n. [L., rib. See Coast.] 1. (Anat.) A rib of an animal or a human being. 2. (Bot.) A rib or vein of a leaf, especially the midrib. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior rib in the wing of an insect. (b) One of the riblike longitudinal ridges on the exterior of many corals.

Cost´age (k?st´?j; 115), n. [OF. coustage.] Expense; cost. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cos´tal (k?s´tal), a. [Cf. F. costal. See Costa.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ribs or the sides of the body; as costal nerves. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Relating to a costa, or rib. Costal cartilage. See Cartilage, and Illust. of Thorax.

Cos´tal-nerved (k?s´tal-n?rvd•), a. (Bot.) Having the nerves spring from the midrib.

Cos´tard (k?s´t?rd), n. [Prob. fr. OF. coste rib, side, F. côte, and meaning orig., a ribbed apple, from the ribs or angles on its sides. See Coast.] 1. An apple, large and round like the head. “Some [apples] consist more of air than water … ; others more of water than wind, as your costards and pomewaters.
Muffett.” 2. The head; — used contemptuously. “Try whether your costard or my bat be the harder.
Shak.”

Cos´tard•mon•ger (-m?n•g?r), n. A costermonger. { Cos´tate (k?s´t?t), Cos´ta•ted (-t?-t?d), } a. [L. costatus, fr. costa rib.] Having ribs, or the appearance of ribs; (Bot.) having one or more longitudinal ribs.

Cos´tean (k?s´t?n•), v. i. [Cornish cothas dropped + stean tin.] To search after lodes. See Costeaning.

Cos´tean•ing, n. The process by which miners seek to discover metallic lodes. It consist in sinking small pits through the superficial deposits to the solid rock, and then driving from one pit to another across the direction of the vein, in such manner as to cross all the veins between the two pits.

Cos•tel´late (k?s-t?l´l?t), a. [L. costa rib.] Finely ribbed or costated.

Cos´ter (k?s´t?r), n.[Abbrev. of costermonger.] One who hawks about fruit, green vegetables, fish, etc.

Cos´ter•mon•ger (k?s´t?r-m?n•g?r), n. [See Costard.] An apple seller; a hawker of, or dealer in, any kind of fruit or vegetables; a fruiterer. [Written also costardmonger.]

Cos•tif´er•ous (k?s-t?f´?r-?s), a. [Costa + -ferous.] (Anat.) Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebrae.

Cos´tive (k?s´t?v), a. [OF. costeve, p. p. of costever, F. constiper, L. constipare to press closely together, to cram; con- + stipare to press together, cram. See Stipulate, Stiff, and cf. Constipate.] 1. Retaining fecal matter in the bowels; having too slow a motion of the bowels; constipated. 2. Reserved; formal; close; cold. [Obs.] ´A costive brain.´ Prior. ´Costive of laughter.´ B. Jonson. “You must be frank, but without indiscretion; and close, but without being costive.
Lord Chesterfield.” 3. Dry and hard; impermeable; unyielding. [Obs.] “Clay in dry seasons is costive, hardening with the sun and wind.
Mortimer.”

Cos´tive•ly, adv. In a costive manner.

Cos´tive•ness, n. 1. An unnatural retention of the fecal matter of the bowels; constipation. 2. Inability to express one’s self; stiffness. [Obs.] “A reverend disputant of the same costiveness in public elocution with myself.
Wakefield.”

Cost´less (k?st´l?s; 115), a. Costing nothing.

Cost´lewe (-l?), a. Costly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cost´li•ness (-l?-n?s), n. The quality of being costy; expensiveness; sumptuousness.

Cost´ly (k?st´l 115), a. [From Cost expense.] 1. Of great cost; expensive; dear. “He had fitted up his palace in the most costly and sumptuous style, for the accomodation of the princess.
Prescott.” 2. Gorgeous; sumptuous. [Poetic.] “To show how costly summer was at hand.
Shak.”

Cost´ma•ry (k?st´m?-r?), n. [L. costum an Oriental aromatic plant (Gr. , cf. Ar. kost, kust) + Maria Mary. Cf. Alecost.] (Bot.) A garden plant (Chrysanthemum Balsamita) having a strong balsamic smell, and nearly allied to tansy. It is used as a pot herb and salad plant and in flavoring ale and beer. Called also alecost.

Cos´to•tome (k?s´t?-t?m), n. [Costa + Gr. to cut.] An instrument (chisel or shears) to cut the ribs and open the thoracic cavity, in post-mortem examinations and dissections. Knight.

Cos´trel (k?s´tr?l), n. [CF. W. costrel, OF. costrel, LL. costrellum, a liquid measure, costrellus a wine cup.] A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, having ears by which it was suspended at the side. [Archaic] “A youth, that, following with a costrel, bore
The means of goodly welcome, flesh and wine.
Tennyson.”

Cos´tume (k?s´t?m• or k?s-t?m´), n. [F. costume, It. costume custom, dress, fr. L. consuetumen (not found), for consuetudo custom. See Custom, and cf. Consuetude.] 1. Dress in general; esp., the distinctive style of dress of a people, class, or period. 2. Such an arrangement of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or play, as is appropriate to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or described. “I began last night to read Walter Scott’s Lay of the Last Minstrel … .I was extremely delighted with the poetical beauty of some parts … .The costume, too, is admirable.
Sir J. Mackintosh.” 3. A character dress, used at fancy balls or for dramatic purposes.

Cos´tum•er (-t?m•?r), n. One who makes or deals in costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc.

Co-suf´fer•er (k?-s?f´f?r-?r), n. One who suffers with another. Wycherley.

Co•su•preme´ (k?•s?-pr?m´), n. A partaker of supremacy; one jointly supreme. Shak.

Co•sure´ty (k?-sh?r´t 136), n.; pl. Cosureties (-tz). One who is surety with another.

Co´sy (k?´z?), a. See Cozy.

Cot (k?t), n. [OE. cot, cote, AS. cot, cote, cottage; akin to D. & Icel. kot, G. koth, kot, kothe. Cf. Coat.] 1. A small house; a cottage or hut. “The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm.
Goldsmith.” 2. A pen, coop, or like shelter for small domestic animals, as for sheep or pigeons; a cote. 3. A cover or sheath; as a roller cot (the clothing of a drawing roller in a spinning frame); a cot for a sore finger. 4. [Cf. Ir. cot.] A small, rudely- formed boat. Bell cot. (Arch.) See under Bell.

Cot (k?t), n. [AS. cot cottage, bedchamber; or cf. OF. coite, F. couette (E. quilt), LL. cottum, cottus, mattress. See Cot a cottage.] A sleeping place of limited size; a little bed; a cradle; a piece of canvas extended by a frame, used as a bed. [Written also cott.]

Co•tan´gent (k?-t?n´jent), n. [For co. tangens, an abbrev. of L. complementi tangens. See Tangent.] (Trig.) The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Co•tar´nine (k?-t?r´n?n or -n?n), n. [F., fr. narcotine, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C12H13NO3, obtained as a product of the decomposition of narcotine. It has weak basic properties, and is usually regarded as an alkaloid.

Cote (kot), n. [See 1st Cot.] 1. A cottage or hut. [Obs.] 2. A shed, shelter, or inclosure for small domestic animals, as for sheep or doves. “Watching where shepherds pen their flocks, at eve,
In hurdled cotes.
Milton.”

Cote, v. t. [Prob. from F. côte side, OF. costet, LL. costatus, costatum, fr. L. costu rib, side: cf. F. côtoyer to go or keep at the side of. See Coast.] To go side by side with; hence, to pass by; to outrun and get before; as a dog cotes a hare. [Obs.] Drayton. “We coted them on the way, and hither are they coming.
Shak.”

Cote, v. t. [See Quote.] To quote. [Obs.] Udall.

Co•tem•po•ra´ne•ous (k?-t?m•p?-r?´n?-?s), a. [See Contemporaneous.] Living or being at the same time; contemporaneous. — Co•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Co•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ness, n.

Co•tem´po•ra•ry (k?-t?m´p?-r?-r?), a. Living or being at the same time; contemporary.

Co•tem´po•ra•ry, n.; pl. Cotemporaries (-riz). One who lives at the same time with another; a contemporary.

Co•ten´ant (k?-t?n´ant), n. A tenant in common, or a joint tenant.

Co•te•rie´ (k?•te-r?´; 277), n. [F., prob. from OF. coterie servile tenure, fr. colier cotter; of German origin. See 1st Cot.] A set or circle of persons who meet familiarly, as for social, literary, or other purposes; a clique. ´The queen of your coterie.´ Thackeray.

Co•ter´mi•nous (k?-t?r´m?-n?s), a. [Cf. Conterminous.] Bordering; conterminous; — followed by with.

Cot´gare (k?t´g?r•), n. Refuse wool. [Obs. or Prov.]

Co´thurn (k?´th?rn), n. [L. cothurnus, Gr. . Cf. Cothurnus.] A buskin anciently used by tragic actors on the stage; hence, tragedy in general. “The moment had arrived when it was thought that the mask and the cothurn might be assumed with effect.
Motley.” { Co•thur´nate (k?-th?r´n?t), Co•thur´na•ted (-n?-t?d), } a. 1. Wearing a cothurn. 2. Relating to tragedy; solemn; grave.

Co•thur´nus (-n?s), n. [L.] Same as Cothurn.

Co•tic´u•lar (k?-t?k´?-l?r), a. [L. coticula a small touchstone, dim. cos, cotis, whetstone.] Pertaining to whetstones; like or suitable for whetstones.

Co•tid´al (k?-t?d´al), a. Marking an equality in the tides; having high tide at the same time. Cotidal lines (Phys. Geog.), lines on a map passing through places that have high tide at the same time. { Co•til•lon´ (ko•te•yôN´ or ko•tel•-; 277), Co•til´lion (ko•til´yun), } n. [F. cotillon, fr. OF. cote coat, LL. cotta tunic. See Coat.] 1. A brisk dance, performed by eight persons; a quadrille. 2. A tune which regulates the dance. 3. A kind of woolen material for women’s skirts.

Co•tin´ga (ko•ten´ga), n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Cotingidae, including numerous bright-colored South American species; — called also chatterers.

Cot´ise (kot´is), n. (Her.) See Cottise.

Cot´ised (-?st), a. (Her.) See Cottised.

Cot´land (k?t´l?nd), n. Land appendant to a cot or cottage, or held by a cottager or cotter.

Cot´quean (k?t´kw?n•), n. [Cot a cottage + quean.] 1. A man who busies himself with affairs which properly belong to women. Addison. 2. A she-cuckold; a cucquean; a henhussy. [Obs.] “What, shall a husband be afraid of his wife’s face?
We are a king, cotquean, and we will reign in our pleasures.
B. Jonson.”

Cot•quean´i•ty (k?t-kw?n´?-t?), n. The condition, character, or conduct of a cotquean. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Co•trus•tee´ (k?•tr?s-t?´), n. A joint trustee.

Cots´wold (k?ts´w?ld•), n. [Cot a cottage or hut + wold an open country.] An open country abounding in sheepcotes, as in the Cotswold hills, in Gloucestershire, England. Cotswold sheep, a long-wooled breed of sheep, formerly common in the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, Eng.; — so called from the Cotswold Hills. The breed is now chiefly amalgamated with others.

Cot´tage (k?t´t?j; 48), n. [From Cot a cottage.] A small house; a cot; a hut. The term was formerly limited to a habitation for the poor, but is now applied to any small tasteful dwelling; and at places of summer resort, to any residence or lodging house of rustic architecture, irrespective of size. Cottage allotment. See under Alloment. [Eng.] — Cottage cheese, the thick part of clabbered milk strained, salted, and pressed into a ball.

Cot´taged (-t?jd), a. Set or covered with cottages. “Even humble Harting’s cottaged vale.
Collins.”

Cot´tage•ly (-t?j-l?), a. Cottagelike; suitable for a cottage; rustic. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Cot´ta•ger (k?t´t?-j?r), n. 1. One who lives in a cottage. 2. (Law) One who lives on the common, without paying any rent, or having land of his own. { Cot´ter , Cot´tar } (k?t´t?r), n. [LL. cotarius, cottarius, coterius. See Cot.] A cottager; a cottier. Burns. “Through Sandwich Notch the West Wind sang
Good morrow to the cotter.
Whittier.”

Cot´ter (kot´ter), n. 1. A piece of wood or metal, commonly wedge- shaped, used for fastening together parts of a machine or structure. It is driven into an opening through one or all of the parts. [See Illust.] In the United States a cotter is commonly called a key. 2. A toggle.

Cot´ter, v. t. To fasten with a cotter.

Cot´ti•er (-ti•er), n. [OF. cotier. See Coterie, and cf. Cotter.] In Great Britain and Ireland, a person who hires a small cottage, with or without a plot of land. Cottiers commonly aid in the work of the landlord’s farm. [Written also cottar and cotter.]

Cot´tise (kot´tis), n. [Cf. F. c&ocit;te side, L. costa rib.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bendlet, containing one half its area or one quarter the area of the bend. When a single cottise is used alone it is often called a cost. See also Couple-close.

Cot´tised (-t?st), a. (Her.) Set between two cottises, — said of a bend; or between two barrulets, — said of a bar or fess.

Cot´toid (k?t´toid), a. [NL. cottus sculpin + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like a fish of the genus Cottus. — n. A fish belonging to, or resembling, the genus Cottus. See Sculpin.

Cot´to•lene (kot´to•len•), n. A product from cotton-seed, used as lard.

Cot´ton (kot´t’n), n. [F. coton, Sp. algodon the cotton plant and its wool, coton printed cotton, cloth, fr. Ar. qutun, alqutun, cotton wool. Cf. Acton, Hacqueton.] 1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, consisting of the unicellular twisted hairs which grow on the seeds of the cotton plant. Long-staple cotton has a fiber sometimes almost two inches long; short-staple, from two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half. 2. The cotton plant. See Cotten plant, below. 3. Cloth made of cotton. Cotton is used as an adjective before many nouns in a sense which commonly needs no explanation; as cotton bagging; cotton cloth; cotton goods; cotton industry; cotton mill; cotton spinning; cotton tick. Cotton cambric. See Cambric, n., 2. — Cotton flannel, the manufactures’ name for a heavy cotton fabric, twilled, and with a long plush nap. In England it is called swan’s-down cotton, or Canton flannel. — Cotton gin, a machine to separate the seeds from cotton, invented by Eli Whitney. — Cotton grass (Bot.), a genus of plants (Eriphorum) of the Sedge family, having delicate capillary bristles surrounding the fruit (seedlike achenia), which elongate at maturity and resemble tufts of cotton. — Cotton mouse (Zool.), a field mouse (Hesperomys gossypinus), injurious to cotton crops. - - Cotton plant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gossypium, of several species, all growing in warm climates, and bearing the cotton of commerce. The common species, originally Asiatic, is G. herbaceum. — Cotton press, a building and machinery in which cotton bales are compressed into smaller bulk for shipment; a press for baling cotton. — Cotton rose (Bot.), a genus of composite herbs (Filago), covered with a white substance resembling cotton. — Cotton scale (Zoöl.), a species of bark louse (Pulvinaria innumerabilis), which does great damage to the cotton plant. — Cotton shrub. Same as Cotton plant. — Cotton stainer (Zoöl.), a species of hemipterous insect (Dysdercus suturellus), which seriously damages growing cotton by staining it; — called also redbug. — Cotton thistle (Bot.), the Scotch thistle. See under Thistle. — Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both of cotton, and the pile is of silk; also velvet made wholly of cotton. — Cotton waste, the refuse of cotton mills. — Cotton wool, cotton in its raw or woolly state. — Cotton worm (Zool.), a lepidopterous insect (Aletia argillacea), which in the larval state does great damage to the cotton plant by eating the leaves. It also feeds on corn, etc., and hence is often called corn worm, and Southern army worm.

Cot´ton, v. i. 1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. [Obs.] “It cottons well; it can not choose but bear
A pretty nap.
Family of Love.” 2. To go on prosperously; to succeed. [Obs.] “New, Hephestion, does not this matter cotton as I would?
Lyly.” 3. To unite; to agree; to make friends; - - usually followed by with. [Colloq.] “A quarrel will end in one of you being turned off, in which case it will not be easy to cotton with another.
Swift.” “Didst see, Frank, how the old goldsmith cottoned in with his beggarly companion?
Sir W. Scott.” 4. To take a liking to; to stick to one as cotton; — used with to. [Slang]

Cot´ton•ade (k?t´t’n-?d•), n. [F. cottonade.] A somewhat stout and thick fabric of cotton.

Cot´ton•a•ry (-?-r?), a. Relating to, or composed of, cotton; cottony. [Obs.] “Cottonary and woolly pillows.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cot´ton•ous (-?s), a. Resembling cotton. [R.] Evelyn.

Cot´ton•tail (kot´t’n•tal•), n. (Zoöl.) The American wood rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus); — also called Molly cottontail.

Cot´ton•weed (-wed•), n. (Bot.) See Cudweed.

Cot´ton•wood (-wood•), n. (Bot.) An American tree of the genus Populus or poplar, having the seeds covered with abundant cottonlike hairs; esp., the P. monilifera and P. angustifolia of the Western United States.

Cot´ton•y (-?), a. 1. Covered with hairs or pubescence, like cotton; downy; nappy; woolly. 2. Of or pertaining to cotton; resembling cotton in appearance or character; soft, like cotton.

Cot´trel (k?t´tr?l), n. A trammel, or hook to support a pot over a fire. Knight. { Cot´y•la (k?t´?-l?), Cot´y•le (k?t´?-l?), } n. [Gr. anything hollow, cup of a joint, small meassure: cf. L. cotyla a measure.] (Anat.) A cuplike cavity or organ. Same as Acetabulum.

Cot•y•le´don (k?t•?-l?´d?n), n. [Gr. a cupshaped hollow, fr. . See Cotyle.] 1. (Anat.) One of the patches of villi found in some forms of placenta. 2. (Bot.) A leaf borne by the caulicle or radicle of an embryo; a seed leaf. Many plants, as the bean and the maple, have two cotyledons, the grasses only one, and pines have several. In one African plant (Welwitschia) the cotyledons are permanent and grow to immense proportions.

Cot•y•led´on•al (k?t•?-l?d´?n-a]/>l), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cotyledon.

Cot•y•led´on•a•ry (-?-r?), a. Having a cotyledon; tufted; as the cotyledonary placenta of the cow.

Cot•y•led´on•ous (-?s; 277), a. Of or pertaining to a cotyledon or cotyledons; having a seed lobe.

Co•tyl´i•form (k?-t?l´?-f?rm), a. [Cotyle + -form.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like a cotyle or a cup.

Cot•y•lig´er•ous (k?t•?-l?j´?r-?s), a. [Cotyle + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Having cotyles.

Cot´y•loid (k?t´?-loid), a. [Cotyle + -oid] (Anat.) (a) Shaped like a cup; as the cotyloid cavity, which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) Pertaining to a cotyloid cavity; as the cotyloid ligament, or notch.

Cou´cal (k??´k?l), n. [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, Old World, ground cuckoo of the genus Centropus, of several species.

Couch (kouch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Couched (koucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Couching.] [F. coucher to lay down, lie down, OF. colchier, fr. L. collocare to lay, put, place; col- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.] 1. To lay upon a bed or other resting place. “Where unbruised youth, with unstuffed brain,
Does couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign.
Shak.” 2. To arrange or dispose as in a bed; — sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. “The waters couch themselves as may be to the center of this globe, in a spherical convexity.
T. Burnet.” 3. To lay or deposit in a bed or layer; to bed. “It is at this day in use at Gaza, to couch potsherds, or vessels of earth, in their walls.
Bacon.” 4. (Paper Making) To transfer (as sheets of partly dried pulp) from the wire cloth mold to a felt blanket, for further drying. 5. To conceal; to include or involve darkly. “There is all this, and more, that lies naturally couched under this allegory.
L’Estrange.” 6. To arrange; to place; to inlay. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. To put into some form of language; to express; to phrase; — used with in and under. “A well-couched invective.
Milton.” “I had received a letter from Flora couched in rather cool terms.
Blackw. Mag.” 8. (Med.) To treat by pushing down or displacing the opaque lens with a needle; as to couch a cataract. To couch a spear or lance, to lower to the position of attack; to place in rest. “He stooped his head, and couched his spear,
And spurred his steed to full career.
Sir W. Scott.” To couch malt, to spread malt on a floor. Mortimer.

Couch, v. i. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed or other place of rest; to repose; to lie. “Where souls do couch on flowers, we ’ll hand in hand.
Shak.” “If I court moe women, you ’ll couch with moe men.
Shak.” 2. To lie down for concealment; to hide; to be concealed; to be included or involved darkly. “We ’ll couch in the castle ditch, till we see the light of our fairies.
Shak.” “The half-hidden, hallf-revealed wonders, that yet couch beneath the words of the Scripture.
I. Taylor.” 3. To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc.; to stoop; to crouch. [Obs.] “An aged squire
That seemed to couch under his shield three-square.
Spenser.”

Couch, n. [F. couche, OF. colche, culche, fr. colchier. See Couch, v. t. ] 1. A bed or place for repose or sleep; particularly, in the United States, a lounge. “Gentle sleep … why liest thou with the vile
In loathsome beds, and leavest the kingly couch?
Shak.” “Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
Bryant.” 2. Any place for repose, as the lair of a beast, etc. 3. A mass of steeped barley spread upon a floor to germinate, in malting; or the floor occupied by the barley; as couch of malt. 4. (Painting & Gilding) A preliminary layer, as of color, size, etc.

Couch´an•cy (kouch´an-s?), n. State of lying down for repose. [R.]

Couch´ant (kouch´ant), a. [F., p. pr. of coucher. See Couch, v. t.] 1. Lying down with head erect; squatting. 2. (Her.) Lying down with the head raised, which distinguishes the posture of couchant from that of dormant, or sleeping; — said of a lion or other beast. Couchant and levant (Law), rising up and lying down; — said of beasts, and indicating that they have been long enough on land, not belonging to their owner, to lie down and rise up to feed, — such time being held to include a day and night at the least. Blackstone.

Cou•che´ (k??•sh?´), a. [F., p. p. of coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] (Her.) (a) Not erect; inclined; — said of anything that is usually erect, as an escutcheon. (b) Lying on its side; thus, a chevron couche is one which emerges from one side of the escutcheon and has its apex on the opposite side, or at the fess point.

Couched (koucht), a. (Her.) Same as Couch.

Cou´chee (k??´sh F. k??´sh?´), n. [F. couche a sleeping place from coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] A reception held at the time of going to bed, as by a sovereign or great prince. [Obs.] Dryden. “The duke’s levees and couchees were so crowded that the antechambers were full.
Bp. Burnet.”

Couch´er (kouch´?r), n. 1. One who couches. 2. (Paper Manuf.) One who couches paper. 3. [Cf. L. collectarius.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A factor or agent resident in a country for traffic. Blount. (b) The book in which a corporation or other body registers its particular acts. [Obs.] Cowell.

Couch´ grass (gr?s•). (Bot.) See Quitch grass.

Couch´ing, n. 1. (Med.) The operation of putting down or displacing the opaque lens in cataract. 2. Embroidering by laying the materials upon the surface of the foundation, instead of drawing them through.

Couch´less (kouch´l?s), a. Having no couch or bed.

Cou´dee (k??´d F. k??•d?´), n. [F. coude, from coude elbow.] A measure of length; the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger; a cubit.

Cou´gar (k??´g?r), n. [F. couguar, from the native name in the South American dialects, cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] (Zoöl.) An American feline quadruped (Felis concolor), resembling the African panther in size and habits. Its color is tawny, without spots; hence writers often called it the American lion. Called also puma, panther, mountain lion, and catamount. See Puma.

Cough (k?f), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coughed (k?ft); p. pr. & vb. n. Coughing.] [Cf. D. kuchen, MHG. kchen to breathe, G. keuchen to pant, and E. chincough, the first part of which is prob. akin to cough; cf. also E. choke.] To expel air, or obstructing or irritating matter, from the lungs or air passages, in a noisy and violent manner.

Cough, v. t. 1. To expel from the lungs or air passages by coughing; — followed by up; as to cough up phlegm. 2. To bring to a specified state by coughing; as he coughed himself hoarse. To cough down, to silence or put down (an objectionable speaker) by simulated coughing.

Cough, n. [Cg. D. kuch. See Cough, v. i. ] 1. A sudden, noisy, and violent expulsion of air from the chest, caused by irritation in the air passages, or by the reflex action of nervous or gastric disorder, etc. 2. The more or less frequent repetition of coughing, constituting a symptom of disease. Stomach cough, Ear cough, cough due to irritation in the stomach or ear.

Cough´er (k?f´?r), n. One who coughs.

Cou´hage (kou´?j), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Could (k??d), imp. of Can. [OF. coude. The l was inserted by mistake, under the influence of should and would.] Was should be, or would be, able, capable, or susceptible. Used as an auxiliary, in the past tense or in the conditional present.

Cou•lee´ (k??•l?´), n. [F. coulee, fr. couler to run or flow.] A stream; (Geol.) a stream of lava. also in the Western United States, the bed of a stream, even if dry, when deep and having inclined sides; distinguished from a cañon, which has precipitous sides.

Cou•lisse´ (k??-l?s´; F. k??•l?s´), n. [F., fr. couler to flow, glide.] 1. A piece of timber having a groove in which something glides. 2. One of the side scenes of the stage in a theater, or the space included between the side scenes.

Cou•loir´ (k??•lw?r´), n. [F., a strainer.] 1. A deep gorge; a gully. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A dredging machine for excavating canals, etc.

Cou•lomb´ (k??•l?n´), n. [From Coulomb, a French physicist and electrican.] (Physics) The standard unit of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantity transferred by one ampère in one second. Formerly called weber.

Coul´ter (kol´ter), n. Same as Colter.

Coul´ter•neb (-neb•), n. (Zoöl.) The puffin.

Cou•mar´ic (k??-m?r´?k), a. Relating to, derived from, or like, the Dipterix odorata, a tree of Guiana. Coumaric acid (Chem.), one of a series of aromatic acids, related to cinnamic acid, the most important of which is a white crystalline substance, HO.C6H4.C2H2.CO2 H, obtained from the tonka bean, sweet clover, etc., and also produced artificially.

Cou´ma•rin (koo´ma•rin), n. [F., fr. coumarou, a tree of Guiana.] (Chem.) The concrete essence of the tonka bean, the fruit of Dipterix (formerly Coumarouna) odorata and consisting essentially of coumarin proper, which is a white crystalline substance, C9H6O2, of vanilla-like odor, regarded as an anhydride of coumaric acid, and used in flavoring. Coumarin in also made artificially.

Coun´cil (koun´sil), n. [F. concile, fr. L. concilium; con- + calare to call, akin to Gr. to call, and E. hale, v., haul. Cf. Conciliate. This word is often confounded with counsel, with which it has no connection.] 1. An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice; as a council of physicians for consultation in a critical case. 2. A body of man elected or appointed to constitute an advisory or a legislative assembly; as a governor’s council; a city council. “An old lord of the council rated me the other day.
Shak.” 3. Act of deliberating; deliberation; consultation. “Satan … void of rest,
His potentates to council called by night.
Milton.” “O great in action and in council wise.
Pope.” Aulic council. See under Aulic. — Cabinet council. See under Cabinet. — City council, the legislative branch of a city government, usually consisting of a board of aldermen and common council, but sometimes otherwise constituted. — Common council. See under Common. — Council board, Council table, the table round which a council holds consultation; also the council itself in deliberation. — Council chamber, the room or apartment in which a council meets. — Council fire, the ceremonial fire kept burning while the Indians hold their councils. [U.S.] Bartlett. — Council of war, an assembly of officers of high rank, called to consult with the commander in chief in regard to measures or importance or nesessity. — Ecumenical council (Eccl.), an assembly of prelates or divines convened from the whole body of the church to regulate matters of doctrine or discipline. — Executive council, a body of men elected as advisers of the chief magistrate, whether of a State or the nation. [U.S.] — Legislative council, the upper house of a legislature, usually called the senate. — Privy council. See under Privy. [Eng.] Syn. — Assembly; meeting; congress; diet; parliament; convention; convocation; synod.

Coun´cil•ist (koun´s?l-?st), n. One who belongs to a council; one who gives an opinion. [Obs.] “I will in three months be an expert counsilist.
Milton.”

Coun´cil•man (koun´sil•man), n.; pl. Councilmen (- men). A member of a council, especially of the common council of a city; a councilor.

Coun´cil•or (koun´s?l-?r), n. A member of a council. [Written also councillor.] The distinction between councilor, a member of a council, and counselor, one who gives counsel, was not formerly made, but is now very generally recognized and observed.

Co•-une´ (k?•?n´), v. t. [L. co- + unus one.] To combine or unite. [Obs.] ´Co-uned together.´ Feltham.

Co•-u•nite´ (k?•?-n?t´), v. t. To unite. [Obs.]

Co•-u•nite´, a. United closely with another. [Obs.]

Coun´sel (koun´sel), n. [OE. conseil, F. conseil, fr. L. consilium, fr. the root of consulere to consult, of uncertain origin. Cf. Consult, Consul.] 1. Interchange of opinions; mutual advising; consultation. “All the chief priest and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus, to put him to death.
Matt. xxvii. 1.” 2. Examination of consequences; exercise of deliberate judgment; prudence. “They all confess, therefore, in the working of that first cause, that counsel is used.
Hooker.” 3. Result of consultation; advice; instruction. “I like thy counsel; well hast thou advised.
Shak.” “It was ill counsel had misled the girl.
Tennyson.” 4. Deliberate purpose; design; intent; scheme; plan. “The counsel of the Lord standeth forever.
Ps. xxxiii. 11.” “The counsels of the wicked are deceit.
Prov. xii. 5.” 5. A secret opinion or purpose; a private matter. “Thilke lord … to whom no counsel may be hid.
Gower.” 6. One who gives advice, especially in legal matters; one professionally engaged in the trial or management of a cause in court; also collectively, the legal advocates united in the management of a case; as the defendant has able counsel. “The King found his counsel as refractory as his judges.
Macaulay.” In some courts a distinction is observed between the attorney and the counsel in a cause, the former being employed in the management of the more mechanical parts of the suit, the latter in attending to the pleadings, managing the cause at the trial, and in applying the law to the exigencies of the case during the whole progress of the suit. In other courts the same person can exercise the powers of each. See Attorney. Kent. In counsel, in secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To keep counsel, or To keep one’s own counsel, to keep one’s thoughts, purposes, etc., undisclosed. “The players can not keep counsel: they ’ll tell all.
Shak.” Syn. — Advice; consideration; consultation; purpose; scheme; opinion.

Coun´sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counseled (-seld) or Counselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Counseling or Counselling.] [OE. conseilen, counseilen, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliari, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. To give advice to; to advice, admonish, or instruct, as a person. “Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you
To leave this place.
Shak.” 2. To advise or recommend, as an act or course. “They who counsel war.
Milton.” “Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason’s garb,
Counseled ignoble ease and peaceful sloth.
Milton.”

Coun´sel•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. [Written also counsellable.] 1. Willing to receive counsel or follow advice. [R.] “Few men of so great parts were upon all occasions more counselable than he.
Clarendon.” 2. Suitable to be advised; advisable, wise. [Obs.] “He did not believe it counselable.
Clarendon.”

Coun´sel•or (koun´sel•er), n. [Written also counsellor.] [OE. conseiler, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliarius, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. One who counsels; an adviser. “Can he that speaks with the tongue of an enemy be a good counselor, or no?
Shak.” 2. A member of council; one appointed to advise a sovereign or chief magistrate. [See under Consilor.] 3. One whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients in court; a barrister. “Good counselors lack no clients.
Shak.”

Coun´sel•or•ship (koun´s?l-?r-sh?p), n. The function and rank or office of a counselor. Bacon.

Count (kount), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counting.] [OF. conter, and later (etymological spelling) compter, in modern French thus distinguished; conter to relate (cf. Recount, Account), compter to count; fr. L. computuare to reckon, compute; com- + putare to reckon, settle, order, prune, orig., to clean. See Pure, and cf. Compute.] 1. To tell or name one by one, or by groups, for the purpose of ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection; to number; to enumerate; to compute; to reckon. “Who can count the dust of Jacob?
Num. xxiii. 10.” “In a journey of forty miles, Avaux counted only three miserable cabins.
Macaulay.” 2. To place to an account; to ascribe or impute; to consider or esteem as belonging. “Abracham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.
Rom. iv. 3.” 3. To esteem; to account; to reckon; to think, judge, or consider. “I count myself in nothing else so happy
As in a soul remembering my good friends.
Shak.” To count out. (a) To exclude (one) from consideration; to be assured that (one) will not participate or cannot be depended upon. (b) (House of Commons) To declare adjourned, as a sitting of the House, when it is ascertained that a quorum is not present. (c) To prevent the accession of (a person) to office, by a fraudulent return or count of the votes cast; — said of a candidate really elected. [Colloq.] Syn. — To calculate; number; reckon; compute; enumerate. See Calculate.

Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted; to possess value or carry weight; hence, to increase or add to the strength or influence of some party or interest; as every vote counts; accidents count for nothing. “This excellent man … counted among the best and wisest of English statesmen.
J. A. Symonds.” 2. To reckon; to rely; to depend; — with on or upon. “He was brewer to the palace; and it was apprehended that the government counted on his voice.
Macaulay.” “I think it a great error to count upon the genius of a nation as a standing argument in all ages.
Swift.” 3. To take account or note; — with of. [Obs.] ´No man counts of her beauty.´ Shak. 4. (Eng. Law) To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count. Burrill.

Count, n. [F. conte and compte, with different meanings, fr. L. computus a computation, fr. computare. See Count, v. t.] 1. The act of numbering; reckoning; also the number ascertained by counting. “Of blessed saints for to increase the count.
Spenser.” “By this count, I shall be much in years.
Shak.” 2. An object of interest or account; value; estimation. [Obs.] ´All his care and count.´ Spenser. 3. (Law) A formal statement of the plaintiff’s case in court; in a more technical and correct sense, a particular allegation or charge in a declaration or indictment, separately setting forth the cause of action or prosecution. Wharton. In the old law books, count was used synonymously with declaration. When the plaintiff has but a single cause of action, and makes but one statement of it, that statement is called indifferently count or declaration, most generally, however, the latter. But where the suit embraces several causes, or the plaintiff makes several different statements of the same cause of action, each statement is called a count, and all of them combined, a declaration. Bouvier. Wharton.

Count, n. [F. conte, fr. L. comes, comitis, associate, companion, one of the imperial court or train, properly, one who goes with another; com- + ire to go, akin to Skr. i to go.] A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in rank to an English earl. Though the tittle Count has never been introduced into Britain, the wives of Earls have, from the earliest period of its history, been designated as Countesses. Brande & C. Count palatine. (a) Formerly, the proprietor of a county who possessed royal prerogatives within his county, as did the Earl of Chester, the Bishop of Durham, and the Duke of Lancaster. [Eng.] See County palatine, under County. (b) Originally, a high judicial officer of the German emperors; afterward, the holder of a fief, to whom was granted the right to exercise certain imperial powers within his own domains. [Germany]

Count´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being numbered.

Coun´te•nance (koun´te•nans), n. [OE. contenance, countenaunce, demeanor, composure, F. contenance demeanor, fr. L. continentia continence, LL. also demeanor, fr. L. continere to hold together, repress, contain. See Contain, and cf. Continence.] 1. Appearance or expression of the face; look; aspect; mien. “So spake the Son, and into terror changed
His countenance.
Milton.” 2. The face; the features. “In countenance somewhat doth resemble you.
Shak.” 3. Approving or encouraging aspect of face; hence, favor, good will, support; aid; encouragement. “Thou hast made him … glad with thy countenance.
Ps. xxi. 6.” “This is the magistrate’s peculiar province, to give countenance to piety and virtue, and to rebuke vice.
Atterbury.” 4. Superficial appearance; show; pretense. [Obs.] “The election being done, he made countenance of great discontent thereat.
Ascham.” In countenance, in an assured condition or aspect; free from shame or dismay. ´It puts the learned in countenance, and gives them a place among the fashionable part of mankind.´ Addison. — Out of countenance, not bold or assured; confounded; abashed. ´Their best friends were out of countenance, because they found that the imputations … were well grounded.´ Clarendon. — To keep the countenance, to preserve a composed or natural look, undisturbed by passion or emotion. Swift.

Coun´te•nance (koun´t?-nans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countenanced (-nanst); p. pr. & vb. n. Countenancing.] 1. To encourage; to favor; to approve; to aid; to abet. “This conceit, though countenanced by learned men, is not made out either by experience or reason.
Sir T. Browne.” “Error supports custom, custom countenances error.
Milton.” 2. To make a show of; to pretend. [Obs.] “Which to these ladies love did countenance.
Spenser.”

Coun´te•nan•cer (-nan-s?r), n. One who countenances, favors, or supports.

Coun´ter (koun´t?r-). [See Counter, adv. ] A prefix meaning contrary, opposite, in opposition; as counteract, counterbalance, countercheck. See Counter, adv. & a.

Count´er (koun´t?r), n. [OE. countere, countour, a counter (in sense 1), OF. contere, conteor, fr. conter to count. See Count, v. t. ] 1. One who counts, or reckons up; a calculator; a reckoner. 2. A piece of metal, ivory, wood, or bone, used in reckoning, in keeping account of games, etc. “The old gods of our own race whose names … serve as counters reckon the days of the week.
E. B. Tylor.” “What comes the wool to? … I can not do it without counters.
Shak.” 3. Money; coin; — used in contempt. [Obs.] “To lock such rascal counters from his friends.
Shak.” 4. A prison; either of two prisons formerly in London. “Anne Aysavugh … imprisoned in the Counter.
Fuller.” 5. A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations. Knight.

Coun´ter, n. [OE. countour, OF. contouer, comptouer, F. comptoir, LL. computatorium, prop., a computing place, place of accounts, fr. L. computare. See Count, v. t.] A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted; a long, narrow table or bench, on which goods are laid for examination by purchasers, or on which they are weighed or measured.

Coun´ter, adv. [F. contre, fr. L. contra against. Cf. Contra-.] 1. Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction; contrariwise; — used chiefly with run or go. “Running counter to all the rules of virtue.
Locks.” 2. In the wrong way; contrary to the right course; as a hound that runs counter. “This is counter, you false Danish dogs!
Shak.” 3. At or against the front or face. [R.] “Which [darts] they never throw counter, but at the back of the flier.
Sandys.”

Coun´ter, a. Contrary; opposite; contrasted; opposed; adverse; antagonistic; as a counter current; a counter revolution; a counter poison; a counter agent; counter fugue. ´Innumerable facts attesting the counter principle.´ I. Taylor. Counter approach (Fort.), a trench or work pushed forward from defensive works to meet the approaches of besiegers. See Approach. — Counter bond (Law), in old practice, a bond to secure one who has given bond for another. — Counter brace. See Counter brace, in Vocabulary. — Counter deed (Law), a secret writing which destroys, invalidates, or alters, a public deed. — Counter distinction, contradistinction. [Obs.] — Counter drain, a drain at the foot of the embankment of a canal or watercourse, for carrying off the water that may soak through. — Counter extension (Surg.), the fixation of the upper part of a limb, while extension is practiced on the lower part, as in cases of luxation or fracture. — Counter fissure (Surg.) Same as Contrafissure. — Counter indication. (Med.) Same as Contraindication. — Counter irritant (Med.), an irritant to produce a blister, a pustular eruption, or other irritation in some part of the body, in order to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. ´Counter irritants are of as great use in moral as in physical diseases.´ Macaulay. — Counter irritation (Med.), the act or the result of applying a counter irritant. — Counter opening, an aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a different place. -Counter parole (Mil.), a word in addition to the password, given in time of alarm as a signal. — Counter plea (Law), a replication to a plea. Cowell. — Counter pressure, force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction to some other opposing pressure. — Counter project, a project, scheme, or proposal brought forward in opposition to another, as in the negotiation of a treaty. Swift. — Counter proof, in engraving, a print taken off from another just printed, which, by being passed through the press, gives a copy in reverse, and of course in the same position as that of plate from which the first was printed, the object being to enable the engraver to inspect the state of the plate. — Counter revolution, a revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. — Counter revolutionist, one engaged in, or befriending, a counter revolution. — Counter round (Mil.), a body of officers whose duty it is to visit and inspect the rounds and sentinels. — Counter sea (Naut.), a sea running in an opposite direction from the wind. — Counter sense, opposite meaning. — Counter signal, a signal to answer or correspond to another. — Counter signature, the name of a secretary or other officer countersigned to a writing. Tooke. — Counter slope, an overhanging slope; as a wall with a counter slope. Mahan. — Counter statement, a statement made in opposition to, or denial of, another statement. — Counter surety, a counter bond, or a surety to secure one who has given security. — Counter tally, a tally corresponding to another. — Counter tide, contrary tide.

Coun´ter, n. [See Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. (Naut.) The after part of a vessel’s body, from the water line to the stern, — below and somewhat forward of the stern proper. 2. (Mus.) Same as Contra. Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to counter tenor. 3. (Far.) The breast, or that part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck. 4. The back leather or heel part of a boot.

Coun´ter (koun´t?r), n. An encounter. [Obs.] “With kindly counter under mimic shade.
Spenser.”

Coun´ter, v. i. (Boxing) To return a blow while receiving one, as in boxing. “His left hand countered provokingly.
C. Kingsley.”

Coun•ter•act´ (koun•t?r-?kt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counteracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counteracting.] To act in opposition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by contrary agency or influence; as to counteract the effect of medicines; to counteract good advice.

Coun•ter•ac´tion (koun•t?r-?k´sh?n), n. Action in opposition; hindrance resistance. “[They] do not … overcome the counteraction of a false principle or of stubborn partiality.
Johnson.”

Coun•ter•act´ive (-?kt´?v), a. Tending to counteract.

Coun•ter•act´ive, n. One who, or that which, counteracts.

Coun•ter•act´ive•ly, adv. By counteraction.

Coun•ter•bal´ance (-b?l´ans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterbalanced (-anst); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterbalancing.] To oppose with an equal weight or power; to counteract the power or effect of; to countervail; to equiponderate; to balance. “The remaining air was not able to counterbalance the mercurial cylinder.
Boyle.” “The study of mind is necessary to counterbalance and correct the influence of the study of nature.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Coun´ter•bal•ance (koun´t?r-b?l•ans), n. A weight, power, or agency, acting against or balancing another; as: (a) A mass of metal in one side of a driving wheel or fly wheel, to balance the weight of a crank pin, etc., on the opposite side of the wheel. (b) A counterpoise to balance the weight of anything, as of a drawbridge or a scale beam. “Money is the counterbalance to all other things purchasable by it.
Locke.”

Coun´ter•bore (-b?r•), n. 1. A flat-bottomed cylindrical enlargement of the mouth of a hole, usually of slight depth, as for receiving a cylindrical screw head. 2. A kind of pin drill with the cutting edge or edges normal to the axis; — used for enlarging a hole, or for forming a flat-bottomed recess at its mouth.

Coun•ter•bore´ (koun•t?r-b?r´), v. t. To form a counterbore in, by boring, turning, or drilling; to enlarge, as a hole, by means of a counterbore.

Coun´ter brace (br?s•). 1. (Naut.) The brace of the fore-topsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 2. (Engin.) A brace, in a framed structure, which resists a strain of a character opposite to that which a main brace is designed to receive. In a quadrilateral system of bracing, the main brace is usually in the direction of one diagonal, and the counter brace in the direction of the other. Strains in counter braces are occasioned by the live load only, as in a roof, by the wind, or, in a bridge, by a moving train.

Coun´ter•brace, v. t. 1. (Naut.) To brace in opposite directions; as to counterbrace the yards, i. e., to brace the head yards one way and the after yards another. 2. (Engin.) To brace in such a way that opposite strains are resisted; to apply counter braces to.

Coun•ter•buff´ (koun•t?r-b?f´), v. t. To strike or drive back or in an opposite direction; to stop by a blow or impulse in front. Dryden.

Coun´ter•buff (koun´t?r-b?f•), n. A blow in an opposite direction; a stroke that stops motion or cause a recoil.

Coun´ter•cast (koun´t?r-k?st•), n. A trick; a delusive contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Coun´ter•cast•er (-?r), n. A caster of accounts; a reckoner; a bookkeeper; — used contemptuously.

Coun•ter•change´ (koun•ter•chanj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchanged (-ch?njd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchanging.] 1. To give and receive; to cause to change places; to exchange. 2. To checker; to diversify, as in heraldic counterchanging. See Counterchaged, a., 2. “Witch-elms, that counterchange the floor
Of this flat lawn with dusk and bright.
Tennyson.”

Coun´ter•change (koun´ter•chanj•), n. Exchange; reciprocation.

Coun•ter•changed´ (-ch?njd´), a. 1. Exchanged. 2. (Her.) Having the tinctures exchanged mutually; thus, if the field is divided palewise, or and azure, and cross is borne counterchanged, that part of the cross which comes on the azure side will be or, and that on the or side will be azure.

Coun´ter•charge (koun´t?r-ch?rj•), n. An opposing charge.

Coun•ter•charm´ (koun•t?r-ch?rm´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countercharmed (-ch?rmd•); p. pr. & vb. n. Countercharming.] To destroy the effect of a charm upon.

Coun´ter•charm (koun´t?r-ch?rm•), n. That which has the power of destroying the effect of a charm.

Coun•ter•check´ (koun•t?r-ch?k´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchecked (-ch?ckt´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchecking.] To oppose or check by some obstacle; to check by a return check.

Coun´ter•check (koun´t?r-ch?k•), n. 1. A check; a stop; a rebuke, or censure to check a reprover. 2. Any force or device designed to restrain another restraining force; a check upon a check. “The system of checks and counterchecks.
J. H. Newton.”

Coun´ter•claim (-klam•), n. (Law) A claim made by a person as an offset to a claim made on him.

Coun´ter-com•po•ny (-kom•po•ny), a. (Her.) See Compony.

Coun´ter-couch•ant (koun´ter•kouch´ant), a. (Her.) Lying down, with their heads in opposite directions; — said of animals borne in a coat of arms.

Coun´ter-cou•rant´ (-k??-r?nt´), a. (Her.) Running in opposite directions; — said of animals borne in a coast of arms.

Coun´ter•cur•rent (koun´t?r-k?r•-rent), a. Running in an opposite direction.

Coun´ter•cur•rent, n. A current running in an opposite direction to the main current.

Coun•ter•draw´ (koun•ter•dra´), v. t. [imp. Counterdrew (- dru´); p. p. Counterdrawn (-dr?n´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterdrawing.] To copy, as a design or painting, by tracing with a pencil on oiled paper, or other transparent substance.

Coun´ter•fai´sance (koun´t?r-f?´zans), n. See Counterfesance. [Obs.]

Coun´ter•feit (koun´t?r-f?t), a. [F. contrefait, p. p. of contrefaire to counterfeit; contre (L. contra) + faire to make, fr. L. facere. See Counter, adv., and Fact.] 1. Representing by imitation or likeness; having a resemblance to something else; portrayed. “Look here upon this picture, and on this-
The counterfeit presentment of two brothers.
Shak.” 2. Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original; as counterfeit antiques; counterfeit coin. ´No counterfeit gem.´ Robinson (More’s Utopia). 3. Assuming the appearance of something; false; spurious; deceitful; hypocritical; as a counterfeit philanthropist. ´An arrant counterfeit rascal.´ Shak. Syn. — Forged; fictitious; spurious; false.

Coun´ter•feit, n. 1. That which resembles or is like another thing; a likeness; a portrait; a counterpart. “Thou drawest a counterfeit
Best in all Athens.
Shak.” “Even Nature’s self envied the same,
And grudged to see the counterfeit should shame
The thing itself.
Spenser.” 2. That which is made in imitation of something, with a view to deceive by passing the false for the true; as the bank note was a counterfeit. “Never call a true piece of gold a counterfeit.
Shak.” “Some of these counterfeits are fabricated with such exquisite taste and skill, that it is the achievement of criticism to distinguish them from originals.
Macaulay.” 3. One who pretends to be what he is not; one who personates another; an impostor; a cheat. “I fear thou art another counterfeit;
And yet, in faith, thou bear’st thee like a king.
Shak.”

Coun´ter•feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterfeiting.] 1. To imitate, or put on a semblance of; to mimic; as to counterfeit the voice of another person. “Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee
At all his jokes, for many a joke had he.
Goldsmith.” 2. To imitate with a view to deceiving, by passing the copy for that which is original or genuine; to forge; as to counterfeit the signature of another, coins, notes, etc.

Coun´ter•feit, v. i. 1. To carry on a deception; to dissemble; to feign; to pretend. “The knave counterfeits well; a good knave.
Shak.” 2. To make counterfeits.

Coun´ter•feit•er (-f?t•?r), n. 1. One who counterfeits; one who copies or imitates; especially, one who copies or forges bank notes or coin; a forger. “The coin which was corrupted by counterfeiters.
Camden.” 2. One who assumes a false appearance or semblance; one who makes false pretenses. “Counterfeiters of devotion.
Sherwood.”

Coun´ter•feit•ly, adv. By forgery; falsely.

Coun´ter•fe•sance (-f?´zans), n. [OF. contrefaisance, fr. contrefaire. See Counterfeit, a.] The act of forging; forgery. [Obs.] [Written also counterfaisance.]

Coun´ter•fleu•ry (koun´t?r-fl?•r?), a. [F. contrefleuri.] (Her.) Counterflory.

Coun´ter•flo•ry (-fl?•r?), a. [See Counterfleury.] (Her.) Adorned with flowers (usually fleurs-de-lis) so divided that the tops appear on one side and the bottoms on the others; — said of any ordinary.

Coun´ter•foil (-foil), n. [Counter- + foil a leaf.] 1. That part of a tally, formerly in the exchequer, which was kept by an officer in that court, the other, called the stock, being delivered to the person who had lent the king money on the account; — called also counterstock. [Eng.] 2. The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in which are noted the main particulars contained in the corresponding part, which has been issued.

Coun´ter•force (-f?rs•), n. An opposing force.

Coun´ter•fort (-f?rt•), n. 1. (Fort.) A kind of buttress of masonry to strengthen a revetment wall. 2. A spur or projection of a mountain. Imp. Dict.

Coun´ter•gage (-gaj•), n. (Carp.) An adjustable gage, with double points for transferring measurements from one timber to another, as the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be made. Knight.

Coun´ter•guard (koun´ter•gärd•), n. (Fort.) A low outwork before a bastion or ravelin, consisting of two lines of rampart parallel to the faces of the bastion, and protecting them from a breaching fire.

Coun´ter•ir•ri•tant (-?r´r?-tant), n., Coun´ter•ir•ri•ta´tion, n. See Counter irritant, etc., under Counter, a.

Coun´ter•ir´ri•tate (koun´ter-?r´r?-t?t), v. t. (Med.) To produce counter irritation in; to treat with one morbid process for the purpose of curing another.

Coun´ter•jump•er (koun´ter-j?mp•?r), n. A salesman in a shop; a shopman; — used contemptuously. [Slang]

Coun´ter•man (koun´ter•man), n.; pl. Countermen (- men). A man who attends at the counter of a shop to sell goods. [Eng.]

Coun•ter•mand´ (koun•ter•mand´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermanding.] [F. contremander; contre (L. contra) + mander to command, fr. L. mandare. Cf. Mandate.] 1. To revoke (a former command); to cancel or rescind by giving an order contrary to one previously given; as to countermand an order for goods. 2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.] “Avicen countermands letting blood in choleric bodies.
Harvey.” 3. To oppose; to revoke the command of. “For us to alter anything, is to lift ourselves against God; and, as it were, to countermand him.
Hooker.”

Coun´ter•mand (koun´ter•mand), n. A contrary order; revocation of a former order or command. “Have you no countermand for Claudio yet,
But he must die to-morrow?
Shak.”

Coun•ter•mand´a•ble (-m?nd´?-b’l), a. Capable of being countermanded; revocable. Bacon.

Coun•ter•march´ (koun•t?r-m?rch´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Countermarched (-m?rcht´); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermarching.] (Mil.) To march back, or to march in reversed order. “The two armies marched and countermarched, drew near and receded.
Macaulay.”

Coun´ter•march (koun´t?r-m?rch•), n. 1. A marching back; retrocession. 2. (Mil.) An evolution by which a body of troops change front or reverse the direction of march while retaining the same men in the front rank; also a movement by which the rear rank becomes the front one, either with or without changing the right to the left. 3. A change of measures; alteration of conduct. “Such countermarches and retractions as we do not willingly impute to wisdom.
T. Burnet.”

Coun´ter•mark (-m?rk•), n. 1. A mark or token added to those already existing, in order to afford security or proof; as an additional or special mark put upon a package of goods belonging to several persons, that it may not be opened except in the presence of all; a mark added to that of an artificer of gold or silver work by the Goldsmiths’ Company of London, to attest the standard quality of the gold or silver; a mark added to an ancient coin or medal, to show either its change of value or that it was taken from an enemy. 2. (Far.) An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have outgrown their natural mark, to disguise their age.

Coun•ter•mark´ (koun•ter•märk´), v. t. To apply a countermark to; as to countermark silverware; to countermark a horse’s teeth.

Coun´ter•mine (koun´ter•min•), n. [Counter- + mine underground gallery: cf. F. contermine.] 1. (Mil.) An underground gallery excavated to intercept and destroy the mining of an enemy. 2. A stratagem or plot by which another sratagem or project is defeated. “Thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine against contempt but terror.
Sir P. Sidney.”

Coun•ter•mine´ (koun•ter•min´), v. t. [Cf. F. contreminer.] [imp. & p. p. Countermined; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermining.] 1. (Mil.) To oppose by means of a countermine; to intercept with a countermine. 2. To frustrate or counteract by secret measures.

Coun•ter•mine´, v. i. To make a countermine or counterplot; to plot secretly. “’Tis hard for man to countermine with God.
Chapman.”

Coun•ter•move´ (koun•t?r-m??v´), v. t. & i. To move in a contrary direction to. { Coun´ter•move• (-m??v•), n. Coun´ter•move•ment (-ment). } A movement in opposition to another.

Coun´ter•mure (-m?r•), n. [Counter- + mure: cf. F. contremur.] (Fort.) A wall raised behind another, to supply its place when breached or destroyed. [R.] Cf. Contramure. Knolles.

Coun•ter•mure´ (koun•t?r-m?r´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermured (-m?rd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermuring.] [Cf. F. contremurer.] To fortify with a wall behind another wall. [R.] Kyd.

Coun´ter•nat•u•ral (koun´t?r-n?t•?-ral; 135), a. Contrary to nature. [R.] Harvey.

Coun´ter-pa•ly (-p?•l?), a. [F. contre-pale.] (Her.) Paly, and then divided fesswise, so that each vertical piece is cut into two, having the colors used alternately or counterchanged. Thus the escutcheon in the illustration may also be blazoned paly of six per fess counterchanged argent and azure.

Coun´ter•pane (koun´t?r-p?n•), n. [See Counterpoint, corrupted into counterpane, from the employment of pane-shaped figures in these coverlets. ] A coverlet for a bed, — originally stitched or woven in squares or figures. “On which a tissue counterpane was cast.
Drayton.”

Coun´ter•pane, n. [OF. contrepan a pledge, security; contre + pan a skirt, also a pawn or gage, F. pan a skirt. See Pane, and cf. Pawn.] (O. Law) A duplicate part or copy of an indenture, deed, etc., corresponding with the original; — now called counterpart. “Read, scribe; give me the counterpane.
B. Jonson.”

Coun´ter•part (koun´t?r-p?rt•), n. 1. A part corresponding to another part; anything which answers, or corresponds, to another; a copy; a duplicate; a facsimile. “In same things the laws of Normandy agreed with the laws of England, so that they seem to be, as it were, copies or counterparts one of another.
Sir M. Hale.” 2. (Law) One of two corresponding copies of an instrument; a duplicate. 3. A person who closely resembles another. 4. A thing may be applied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression; hence, a thing which is adapted to another thing, or which supplements it; that which serves to complete or complement anything; hence, a person or thing having qualities lacking in another; an opposite. “O counterpart
Of our soft sex, well are you made our lords.
Dryden.”

Coun´ter•pas•sant (-p?s´sant), a. [Counter- + passant: cf. F. contrepassant.] (Her.) Passant in opposite directions; — said of two animals.

Coun•ter•plead´ (koun•t?r-pl?d´), v. t. To plead the contrary of; to plead against; to deny.

Coun•ter•plot´ (koun•t?r-pl?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterplotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterplotting.] To oppose, as another plot, by plotting; to attempt to frustrate, as a stratagem, by stratagem. “Every wile had proved abortive, every plot had been counterplotted.
De Quinsey.”

Coun´ter•plot (koun´t?r-pl?t•), n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. L’Estrange.

Coun´ter•point (koun´t?r-point•), n. [Counter- + point.] An opposite point [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Coun´ter•point, n. [F. contrepoint; cf. It. contrappunto. Cf. Contrapuntal.] (Mus.) (a) The setting of note against note in harmony; the adding of one or more parts to a given canto fermo or melody. (b) The art of polyphony, or composite melody, i. e., melody not single, but moving attended by one or more related melodies. (c) Music in parts; part writing; harmony; polyphonic music. See Polyphony. “Counterpoint, an invention equivalent to a new creation of music.
Whewell.”

Coun´ter•point, n. [OF. contrepoincte, corruption of earlier counstepointe, countepointe, F. courtepointe, fr. L. culcita cushion, mattress (see Quilt, and cf. Cushion) + puncta, fem. p. p. of pungere to prick (see Point). The word properly meant a stitched quilt, with the colors broken one into another.] A coverlet; a cover for a bed, often stitched or broken into squares; a counterpane. See 1st Counterpane. “Embroidered coverlets or counterpoints of purple silk.
Sir T. North.”

Coun´ter•poise (koun´t?r-poiz•; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterpoised (-poizd•); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterpoising.] [OE. countrepesen, counterpeisen, F. contrepeser. See Counter, adv., and Poise, v. t. ] 1. To act against with equal weight; to equal in weight; to balance the weight of; to counterbalance. “Weights, counterpoising one another.
Sir K. Digby.” 2. To act against with equal power; to balance. “So many freeholders of English will be able to beard and counterpoise the rest.
Spenser.”

Coun´ter•poise (koun´t?r-poiz•), n. [OE. countrepese, OF. contrepois, F. contrepods. See Counter, adv., and Poise, n.] 1. A weight sufficient to balance another, as in the opposite scale of a balance; an equal weight. “Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a metalline counterpoise into the opposite scale.
Boyle.” 2. An equal power or force acting in opposition; a force sufficient to balance another force. “The second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility, that they grow not too potent.
Bacon.” 3. The relation of two weights or forces which balance each other; equilibrium; equiponderance. “The pendulous round eart, with balanced air,
In counterpoise.
Milton.”

Coun´ter•pole (-p?l•), n. The exact opposite. “The German prose offers the counterpole to the French style.
De Quincey.”

Coun•ter•pon´der•ate (-p?n´d?r-?t), v. t. To equal in weight; to counterpoise; to equiponderate.

Coun•ter•prove´ (koun•t?r-pr??v´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterproved (-pr??vd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterproving.] To take a counter proof of, or a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly from the face of an original. See Counter proof, under Counter.

counterrevolutionary counter-revolutionary adj. marked by opposition or antipathy to revolution; as ostracized for his counterrevolutionary tendencies. Opposite of revolutionary.
[WordNet 1.5]

Coun´ter-roll (-r?l•), n. [Cf. Control.] (O. Eng. Law) A duplicate roll (record or account) kept by an officer as a check upon another officer’s roll. Burrill. As a verb this word is contracted into control. See Control.

Coun•ter•rol´ment (koun•t?r-r?l´ment), n. A counter account. See Control. [Obs.] Bacon.

Coun•ter-sa´li•ent (-s?´l?-e]/>nt or - s?l´yent; 106), a. (Her.) Leaping from each other; — said of two figures on a coat of arms.

Coun´ter•scale (koun´t?r-sk?l•), n. Counterbalance; balance, as of one scale against another. [Obs.] Howell.

Coun´ter•scarf (-sk?rf•), n. [Counter- + scarp: cf. F. contrescarpe.] (Fort.) The exterior slope or wall of the ditch; — sometimes, the whole covered way, beyond the ditch, with its parapet and glacis; as the enemy have lodged themselves on the counterscarp.

Coun•ter•seal´ (koun•t?r-s?l´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersealed (-s?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersealing.] To seal or ratify with another or others. Shak.

Coun•ter•se•cure´ (-s?-k?r´), v. t. To give additional security to or for. Burke.

Coun´ter•shaft (koun´t?r-sh?ft•), n. (Mach.) An intermediate shaft; esp., one which receives motion from a line shaft in a factory and transmits it to a machine.

Coun•ter•sign´ (-s?n•; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersigned (-s?nd•); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersigning.] [Counter- + sign: cf. F. contresigner.] To sign on the opposite side of (an instrument or writing); hence, to sign in addition to the signature of a principal or superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing.

Coun´ter•sign, a. 1. The signature of a secretary or other officer to a writing signed by a principal or superior, to attest its authenticity. 2. (Mil.) A private signal, word, or phrase, which must be given in order to pass a sentry; a watchword.

Coun´ter•sink (koun´ter•sink•; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersunk (-sunk•); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersinking.] 1. To chamfer or form a depression around the top of (a hole in wood, metal, etc.) for the reception of the head of a screw or bolt below the surface, either wholly or in part; as to countersink a hole for a screw. 2. To cause to sink even with or below the surface; as to countersink a screw or bolt into woodwork.

Coun´ter•sink, n. 1. An enlargement of the upper part of a hole, forming a cavity or depression for receiving the head of a screw or bolt. In the United States a flaring cavity formed by chamfering the edges of a round hole is called a countersink, while a cylindrical flat-bottomed enlargement of the mouth of the hole is usually called a conterbore. 2. A drill or cutting tool for countersinking holes.

Coun´ter•stand (-stnd•), n. Resistance; opposition; a stand against. “Making counterstand to Robert Guiscard.
Longfellow.”

Coun´ter•step (koun´t?r-st?p•), n. A contrary method of procedure; opposite course of action.

Coun´ter•stock (-st?k•), n. See Counterfoil.

Coun´ter•stroke (-str?k•), n. A stroke or blow in return. Spenser.

Coun´ter•sunk (-s?nk•), p. p. & a. from Countersink. 1. Chamfered at the top; — said of a hole. 2. Sunk into a chamfer; as a countersunk bolt. 3. Beveled on the lower side, so as to fit a chamfered countersink; as a countersunk nailhead.

Coun´ter•sway (-swa•), n. A swaying in a contrary direction; an opposing influence. [Obs.] “A countersway of restraint, curbing their wild exorbitance.
Milton.”

Coun´ter ten•or (t?n•?r). [OF. contreteneur. Cf. Contratenor, and see Tenor a part in music.] (Mus.) One of the middle parts in music, between the tenor and the treble; high tenor. Counter-tenor clef (Mus.), the C clef when placed on the third line; — also called alto clef.

Coun´ter•term (-t?rm•), n. A term or word which is the opposite of, or antithesis to, another; an antonym; — the opposite of synonym; as ´foe´ is the counterterm of ´friend´. C. J. Smith.

Coun´ter•time (-t?m•), n. 1. (Man.) The resistance of a horse, that interrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad temper of the horse. 2. Resistance; opposition. [Obs.] “Give not shus the countertime to fate.
Dryden.”

Coun´ter•trip•pant (-tr?p•pant), a. (Her.) Trippant in opposite directions. See Trippant.

Coun´ter•trip•ping (-tr?p•p?ng), a. (Her.) Same as Countertrippant.

Coun´ter•turn (-trn•), n. The critical moment in a play, when, contrary to expectation, the action is embroiled in new difficulties. Dryden.

Coun•ter•vail´ (koun•t?r-v?l´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countervailed (-v?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Countervailing.] [OF. contrevaloir; contre (L. contra) + valoir to avail, fr. L. valere to be strong, avail. See Vallant.] To act against with equal force, power, or effect; to thwart or overcome by such action; to furnish an equivalent to or for; to counterbalance; to compensate. “Upon balancing the account, the profit at last will hardly countervail the inconveniences that go allong with it.
L’Estrange.”

Coun´ter•vail (koun´t?r-v?l•), n. Power or value sufficient to obviate any effect; equal weight, strength, or value; equivalent; compensation; requital. [Obs.] “Surely, the present pleasure of a sinful act is a poor countervail for the bitterness of the review.
South.”

Coun•ter•val•la´tion (-v?l-l?´s??n), n. (Fort.) See Contravallation.

Coun´ter•view (koun´t?r-v?•), n. 1. An opposite or opposing view; opposition; a posture in which two persons front each other. “Within the gates of hell sat Death and Sin,
In counterview.
Milton” “M. Peisse has ably advocated the counterview in his preface and appendix.
Sir W. Hamilton.” 2. A position in which two dissimilar things illustrate each other by opposition; contrast. “I have drawn some lines of Linger’s character, on purpose to place it in counterview, or contrast with that of the other company.
Swift.”

Coun•ter•vote´ (koun•ter•vot´), v. t. To vote in opposition to; to balance or overcome by voting; to outvote. Dr. J. Scott.

Coun•ter•wait´ (koun•ter•wat´), v. t. To wait or watch for; to be on guard against. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun•ter•weigh´ (-wa´), v. t. To weigh against; to counterbalance.

Coun´ter •weight (-wat•), n. A counterpoise.

Coun•ter•wheel´ (-hwel´), v. t. (Mil.) To cause to wheel or turn in an opposite direction.

Coun•ter•work´ (-wûrk´), v. t. To work in opposition to; to counteract. “That counterworks each folly and caprice.
Pope.”

Count´ess (kount´?s), n.; pl. Countesses (-s). [F. comtesse. See Count a nobleman.] The wife of an earl in the British peerage, or of a count in the Continental nobility; also a lady possessed of the same dignity in her own right. See the Note under Count. { Count´ing•house• (kount´?ng-hous•), Count´ing•room• (kount´?ng-r??m•), } n. [See Count, v.] The house or room in which a merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and transacts business.

Count´less (-l?s), a. Incapable of being counted; not ascertainable; innumerable.

Count´or (kount´?r), n. [From Count, v. t. (in sense 4).] (O. Eng. Law) An advocate or professional pleader; one who counted for his client, that is, orally pleaded his cause. [Obs.] Burrill. { Coun•tour´ (k??n-t??r´), Coun•tour´house• (-hous•), } n. [See 2d Counter.] A merchant’s office; a countinghouse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun´tre- (koun´ter-). Same as prefix Counter-. [Obs.]

Coun•tre•plete´ (-pl?t´), v. t. [Countre- + plete to plead.] To counterplead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun´tre•taille (koun´t?r-t?l•), n. [F. contretaille; contre (L. contra) + taille cut. See Tally.] A counter tally; correspondence (in sound). [Obs.] At the countretaille, in return. Chaucer.

Coun´tri•fied (k?n´tr?-f?ld), p. a. Having the appearance and manners of a rustic; rude. “As being one who took no pride,
And was a deal too countrified.
Lloyd.”

Coun´tri•fy (k?n´tr?-f?), v. t. To give a rural appearance to; to cause to appear rustic. Lamb.

Coun´try (k?n´tr?), n.; pl. Countries (-trz). [F. contree, LL. contrata, fr. L. contra over against, on the opposite side. Cf. Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. A tract of land; a region; the territory of an independent nation; (as distinguished from any other region, and with a personal pronoun) the region of one’s birth, permanent residence, or citizenship. “Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred.
Gen. xxxxii. 9.” “I might have learned this by my last exile,
that change of countries cannot change my state.
Stirling.” “Many a famous realm
And country, whereof here needs no account
Milton.” 2. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or town. “As they walked, on their way into the country.
Mark xvi. 12 (Rev. Ver. ).” “God made the covatry, and man made the town.
Cowper.” “Only very great men were in the habit of dividing the year between town and country.
Macaulay.” 3. The inhabitants or people of a state or a region; the populace; the public. Hence: (a) One’s constituents. (b) The whole body of the electors of state; as to dissolve Parliament and appeal to the country. “All the country in a general voice
Cried hate upon him.
Shak.” 4. (Law) (a) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country. (b) The inhabitants of the district from which a jury is drawn. 5. (Mining.) The rock through which a vein runs. Conclusion to the country. See under Conclusion. — To put, or throw, one’s self upon the country, to appeal to one’s constituents; to stand trial before a jury.

Coun´try, a. 1. Pertaining to the regions remote from a city; rural; rustic; as a country life; a country town; the country party, as opposed to city. 2. Destitute of refinement; rude; unpolished; rustic; not urbane; as country manners. 3. Pertaining, or peculiar, to one’s own country. “She, bowing herself towards him, laughing the cruel tyrant to scorn, spake in her country language.
2 Macc. vii. 27.”

Coun´try-base (-b?s•), n. Same as Prison base.

Coun´try-dance (-d?ns•), n. [Prob. an adaptation of contradance.] See Contradance. “He had introduced the English country-dance to the knowledge of the Dutch ladies.
Macaulay.”

Coun´try•man (kun´tri-man), n.; pl. Countrymen (- men). 1. An inhabitant or native of a region. Shak. 2. One born in the same country with another; a compatriot; — used with a possessive pronoun. “In perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen.
2 Cor. xi. 26.” 3. One who dwells in the country, as distinguished from a townsman or an inhabitant of a city; a rustic; a husbandman or farmer. “A simple countryman that brought her figs.
Shak.”

Coun´try seat (k?n´tr? s?t•). A dwelling in the country, used as a place of retirement from the city.

Coun´try•side (-s?d•), n. A particular rural district; a country neighborhood. [Eng.] W. Black. Blackmore.

Coun´try•wom•an (-w??m•an), n.; pl. Countrywomen (-wm•n). A woman born, or dwelling, in the country, as opposed to the city; a woman born or dwelling in the same country with another native or inhabitant. Shak.

Count´-wheel (kount´hw?l•), n. The wheel in a clock which regulates the number of strokes.

Coun´ty (koun´t?), n.; pl. Counties (-tz). [F. comt, fr. LL. comitatus. See Count.] 1. An earldom; the domain of a count or earl. [Obs.] 2. A circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the administration of justice and public affairs; — called also a shire. See Shire. “Every county, every town, every family, was in agitation.
Macaulay.” 3. A count; an earl or lord. [Obs.] Shak. County commissioners. See Commissioner. — County corporate, a city or town having the privilege to be a county by itself, and to be governed by its own sheriffs and other magistrates, irrespective of the officers of the county in which it is situated; as London, York, Bristol, etc. [Eng.] Mozley & W. — County court, a court whose jurisdiction is limited to county. — County palatine, a county distinguished by particular privileges; — so called a palatio (from the palace), because the owner had originally royal powers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace; but these powers are now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, are Lancaster, Chester, and Durham. — County rates, rates levied upon the county, and collected by the boards of guardians, for the purpose of defraying the expenses to which counties are liable, such as repairing bridges, jails, etc. [Eng.] — County seat, a county town. [U.S.] — County sessions, the general quarter sessions of the peace for each county, held four times a year. [Eng.] — County town, the town of a county, where the county business is transacted; a shire town.

Coup (k??), n. [F., fr.L. colaphus a cuff, Gr. .] A sudden stroke; an unexpected device or stratagem; — a term used in various ways to convey the idea of promptness and force. Coup de grace (k´ de grs´) [F.], the stroke of mercy with which an executioner ends by death the sufferings of the condemned; hence, a decisive, finishing stroke. — Coup de main (k• de mn•) [F.] (Mil.), a sudden and unexpected movement or attack. — Coup de soleil (k• d s-ll or -l´y’) [F.] (Med.), a sunstroke. See Sunstroke. — Coup d’etat (k´ d-t´) [F.] (Politics), a sudden, decisive exercise of power whereby the existing government is subverted without the consent of the people; an unexpected measure of state, more or less violent; a stroke of policy. — Coup d’œil (koo• del´). [F.] (a) A single view; a rapid glance of the eye; a comprehensive view of a scene; as much as can be seen at one view. (b) The general effect of a picture. (c) (Mil.) The faculty or the act of comprehending at a glance the weakness or strength of a military position, of a certain arrangement of troops, the most advantageous position for a battlefield, etc.

Cou´pa•ble (koo´pa•b’l), a. [F.] Culpable. [Obs.]

Cou•pe´ (koo•pa´), n. [F., fr. coupe, p. p. of couper to cut. See Coppice.] 1. The front compartment of a French diligence; also the front compartment (usually for three persons) of a car or carriage on British railways. 2. A four-wheeled close carriage for two persons inside, with an outside seat for the driver; — so called because giving the appearance of a larger carriage cut off.

Couped (k??pt), a. [F. couper to cut.] (Her.) Cut off smoothly, as distinguished from erased; — used especially for the head or limb of an animal. See Erased.

Cou•pee´ (k??-p?´; F. k??•p?), n. [F. coupe, n., properly p. p. of couper to cut. Cf. Coupe, Coopee.] A motion in dancing, when one leg is a little bent, and raised from the floor, and with the other a forward motion is made. Chambers.

Coupe•-gorge´ (k??p•g?rzh´), n. [F., cut throat.] (Mil.) Any position giving the enemy such advantage that the troops occupying it must either surrender or be cut to pieces. Farrow.

Cou´ple (k?p´’l), n. [F. couple, fr. L. copula a bond, band; co- + apere, aptum, to join. See Art, a., and cf. Copula.] 1. That which joins or links two things together; a bond or tie; a coupler. [Obs.] “It is in some sort with friends as it is with dogs in couples; they should be of the same size and humor.
L’Estrange.” “I’ll go in couples with her.
Shak.” 2. Two of the same kind connected or considered together; a pair; a brace. ´A couple of shepherds.´ Sir P. Sidney. ´A couple of drops´ Addison. ´A couple of miles.´ Dickens. ´A couple of weeks.´ Carlyle. “Adding one to one we have the complex idea of a couple.
Locke.” “[Ziba] met him with a couple of asses saddled.
2 Sam. xvi. 1.” 3. A male and female associated together; esp., a man and woman who are married or betrothed. “Such were our couple, man and wife.
Lloyd.” “Fair couple linked in happy, nuptial league.
Milton.” 4. (Arch.) See Couple- close. 5. (Elec.) One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery; — called a voltaic couple or galvanic couple. 6. (Mech.) Two rotations, movements, etc., which are equal in amount but opposite in direction, and acting along parallel lines or around parallel axes. The effect of a couple of forces is to produce a rotation. A couple of rotations is equivalent to a motion of translation.

Cou´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coupled (k?p´’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coupling (-l?ng).] [F. coupler, fr. L. copulare. See Couple, n., and cf. Copulate, Cobble, v.] 1. To link or tie, as one thing to another; to connect or fasten together; to join. “Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds, …
And couple Clowder with the deep-mouthed brach.
Shak.” 2. To join in wedlock; to marry. [Colloq.] “A parson who couples all our beggars.
Swift.”

Cou´ple, v. i. To come together as male and female; to copulate. [Obs.] Milton. Bacon.

Cou´ple-beg•gar (-b?g•g?r), n. One who makes it his business to marry beggars to each other. Swift.

Cou´ple-close (k?p´?-kl?s•), n.; pl. Couple-closes (-kl´sz). 1. (Her.) A diminutive of the chevron, containing one fourth of its surface. Couple-closes are generally borne one on each side of a chevron, and the blazoning may then be either a chevron between two couple-closes or chevron cottised. 2. (Arch.) A pair of rafters framed together with a tie fixed at their feet, or with a collar beam. [Engl.]

Cou´ple•ment (k?p´’l-ment), n. [Cf. OF. couplement.] Union; combination; a coupling; a pair. [Obs.] Shak. “And forth together rode, a goodly couplement.
Spenser.”

Coup´ler (k?p´l?r), n. One who couples; that which couples, as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars. Coupler of an organ, a contrivance by which any two or more of the ranks of keys, or keys and pedals, are connected so as to act together when the organ is played.

Coup´let (-l?t), n. [F. couplet, dim. of couple. See Couple, n. ] Two taken together; a pair or couple; especially two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. “A sudden couplet rushes on your mind.
Crabbe.”

Coup´ling (-l?ng), n. 1. The act of bringing or coming together; connection; sexual union. 2. (Mach.) A device or contrivance which serves to couple or connect adjacent parts or objects; as a belt coupling, which connects the ends of a belt; a car coupling, which connects the cars in a train; a shaft coupling, which connects the ends of shafts. Box coupling, Chain coupling. See under Box, Chain. — Coupling box, a coupling shaped like a journal box, for clamping together the ends of two shafts, so that they may revolve together. — Coupling pin, a pin or bolt used in coupling or joining together railroad cars, etc.

Cou´pon (k??´p?n; F. k??•p?n´), n. [F., fr. couper to cut, cut off. See Coppice.] 1. (Com.) A certificate of interest due, printed at the bottom of transferable bonds (state, railroad, etc.), given for a term of years, designed to be cut off and presented for payment when the interest is due; an interest warrant. 2. A section of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to some specified accomodation or service, as to a passage over a designated line of travel, a particular seat in a theater, or the like.

Cou•pure´ (k??-p?r´), n. [F., fr. couper to cut.] (Fort.) A passage cut through the glacis to facilitate sallies by the besieged. Wilhelm.

Cour´age (kur´aj; 48), n. [OE. corage heart, mind, will, courage, OF. corage, F. courage, fr. a LL. derivative of L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart; spirit; temper; disposition. [Obs.] “So priketh hem nature in here corages.
Chaucer.” “My lord, cheer up your spirits; our foes are nigh,
and this soft courage makes your followers faint.
Shak.” 2. Heart; inclination; desire; will. [Obs.] Chaucer. “I’d such a courage to do him good.
Shak.” 3. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear, or fainting of heart; valor; boldness; resolution. “The king-becoming graces …
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
I have no relish of them.
Shak.” “Courage that grows from constitution often forsakes a man when he has occasion for it.
Addison.” Syn. — Heroism; bravery; intrepidity; valor; gallantry; daring; firmness; hardihood; boldness; dauntlessness; resolution. See Heroism. — Courage, Bravery, Fortitude, Intrepidity, Gallantry, Valor. Courage is that firmness of spirit and swell of soul which meets danger without fear. Bravery is daring and impetuous courage, like that of one who has the reward continually in view, and displays his courage in daring acts. Fortitude has often been styled ´passive courage,´ and consist in the habit of encountering danger and enduring pain with a steadfast and unbroken spirit. Valor is courage exhibited in war, and can not be applied to single combats; it is never used figuratively. Intrepidity is firm, unshaken courage. Gallantry is adventurous courage, which courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit. A man may show courage, fortitude, or intrepidity in the common pursuits of life, as well as in war. Valor, bravery, and gallantry are displayed in the contest of arms. Valor belongs only to battle; bravery may be shown in single combat; gallantry may be manifested either in attack or defense; but in the latter case, the defense is usually turned into an attack.

Cour´age, v. t. To inspire with courage. [Obs.] “Paul writeth unto Timothy … to courage him.
Tyndale.”

Cour•a´geous (k?r-?´j?s), a. [F. courageux.] Possessing, or characterized by, courage; brave; bold. “With this victory, the women became most courageous and proud, and the men waxed … fearful and desperate.
Stow.” Syn. — Gallant; brave; bold; daring; valiant; valorous; heroic; intrepid; fearless; hardy; stout; adventurous; enterprising. See Gallant.

Cour•a´geous•ly, adv. In a courageous manner.

Cour•a´geous•ness, n. The quality of being courageous; courage.

Cou•rant´ (k??-r?nt´), a. [F., p. pr. of courir to run, L. currere. Cf. Current.] (Her.) Represented as running; — said of a beast borne in a coat of arms.

Cou•rant´ (k??-r?nt´), n. [F. courante, fr. courant, p. pr.] 1. A piece of music in triple time; also a lively dance; a coranto. 2. A circulating gazette of news; a newspaper.

Cou•ran´to (-r?n´t?), n. A sprightly dance; a coranto; a courant.

Cou•rap´ (k??-r?p), n. (Med.) A skin disease, common in India, in which there is perpetual itching and eruption, esp. of the groin, breast, armpits, and face.

Courb (k??rb), a. [F. courbe, fr. L. curvus. See Curve, a.] Curved; rounded. [Obs.] “Her neck is short, her shoulders courb.
Gower.”

Courb (k??rb), v. i. [F. courber. See Curs.] To bend; to stop; to bow. [Obs.] “Then I courbed on my knees.
Piers Plowman.”

Cour´ba•ril (k??r´b?-r?l), n. [F. courbaril, from a South American word.] See Anime, n.

Courche (k??rsh), n. [Cf. Kerchief.] A square piece of linen used formerly by women instead of a cap; a kerchief. [Scot.] [Written also curch.] Jamieson.

Cou´ri•er (k??´r?-?r), n. [F. courrier, fr. courre, courir, to run, L. currere. See Course, Current.] 1. A messenger sent with haste to convey letters or dispatches, usually on public business. “The wary Bassa … by speedy couriers, advertised Solyman of the enemy’s purpose.
Knolles.” 2. An attendant on travelers, whose business it is to make arrangements for their convenience at hotels and on the way.

Cour´lan (k??r´l?n), n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird, of the genus Aramus, allied to the rails.

Course (k?rs), n. [F. cours, course, L. cursus, fr. currere to run. See Current.] 1. The act of moving from one point to another; progress; passage. “And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais.
Acts xxi. 7.” 2. The ground or path traversed; track; way. “The same horse also run the round course at Newmarket.
Pennant.” 3. Motion, considered as to its general or resultant direction or to its goal; line progress or advance. “A light by which the Argive squadron steers
Their silent course to Ilium’s well known shore.
Dennham.” “Westward the course of empire takes its way.
Berkeley.” 4. Progress from point to point without change of direction; any part of a progress from one place to another, which is in a straight line, or on one direction; as a ship in a long voyage makes many courses; a course measured by a surveyor between two stations; also a progress without interruption or rest; a heat; as one course of a race. 5. Motion considered with reference to manner; or derly progress; procedure in a certain line of thought or action; as the course of an argument. “The course of true love never did run smooth.
Shak.” 6. Customary or established sequence of events; recurrence of events according to natural laws. “By course of nature and of law.
Davies.” “Day and night,
Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost,
Shall hold their course.
Milton.” 7. Method of procedure; manner or way of conducting; conduct; behavior. “My lord of York commends the plot and the general course of the action.
Shak.” “By perseverance in the course prescribed.
Wodsworth.” “You hold your course without remorse.
Tennyson.” 8. A series of motions or acts arranged in order; a succession of acts or practices connectedly followed; as a course of medicine; a course of lectures on chemistry. 9. The succession of one to another in office or duty; order; turn. “He appointed … the courses of the priests
2 Chron. viii. 14.” 10. That part of a meal served at one time, with its accompaniments. “He [Goldsmith] wore fine clothes, gave dinners of several courses, paid court to venal beauties.
Macaulay.” 11. (Arch.) A continuous level range of brick or stones of the same height throughout the face or faces of a building. Gwilt. 12. (Naut.) The lowest sail on any mast of a square-rigged vessel; as the fore course, main course, etc. 13. pl. (Physiol.) The menses. In course, in regular succession. - - Of course, by consequence; as a matter of course; in regular or natural order. — In the course of, at same time or times during. ´In the course of human events.´ T. Jefferson. Syn. — Way; road; route; passage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode; career; progress.

Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coursed (k?rst)); p. pr. & vb. n. Coursing.] 1. To run, hunt, or chase after; to follow hard upon; to pursue. “We coursed him at the heels.
Shak.” 2. To cause to chase after or pursue game; as to course greyhounds after deer. 3. To run through or over. “The bounding steed courses the dusty plain.
Pope.”

Course, v. i. 1. To run as in a race, or in hunting; to pursue the sport of coursing; as the sportsmen coursed over the flats of Lancashire. 2. To move with speed; to race; as the blood courses through the veins. Shak.

Coursed (k?rst), a. 1. Hunted; as a coursed hare. 2. Arranged in courses; as coursed masonry.

Cours´er (k?rs´?r), n. [F. coursier.] 1. One who courses or hunts. “ leash is a leathern thong by which … a courser leads his greyhound.
Hanmer.” 2. A swift or spirited horse; a racer or a war horse; a charger. [Poetic.] Pope. 3. (Zoöl.) A grallatorial bird of Europe (Cursorius cursor), remarkable for its speed in running. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to running birds of the Ostrich family.

Cour´sey (k?r´s?), n. [Cf. OF. corsie, coursie, passage way to the stern. See Course, n. ] (Naut.)A space in the galley; a part of the hatches. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Cours´ing (k?rs´?ng), n. The pursuit or running game with dogs that follow by sight instead of by scent. “In coursing of a deer or hart with greyhounds.
Bacon”

Court (kort), n. [OF. court, curt, cort, F. cour, LL. cortis, fr. L. cohors, cors, chors, gen. cohortis, cortis, chortis, an inclosure, court, thing inclosed, crowd, throng; co- + a root akin to Gr. chorto•s inclosure, feeding place, and to E. garden, yard, orchard. See Yard, and cf. Cohort, Curtain.] 1. An inclosed space; a courtyard; an uncovered area shut in by the walls of a building, or by different building; also a space opening from a street and nearly surrounded by houses; a blind alley. “The courts of the house of our God.
Ps. cxxxv. 2.” “And round the cool green courts there ran a row
Of cloisters.
Tennyson.” “Goldsmith took a garret in a miserable court.
Macaulay.” 2. The residence of a sovereign, prince, nobleman, or other dignitary; a palace. “Attends the emperor in his royal court.
Shak.” “This our court, infected with their manners,
Shows like a riotous inn.
Shak.” 3. The collective body of persons composing the retinue of a sovereign or person high in authority; all the surroundings of a sovereign in his regal state. “My lord, there is a nobleman of the court at door would speak with you.
Shak.” “Love rules the court, the camp, the grove.
Sir. W. Scott.” 4. Any formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign; as to hold a court. “The princesses held their court within the fortress.
Macaulay.” 5. Attention directed to a person in power; conduct or address designed to gain favor; courtliness of manners; civility; compliment; flattery. “No solace could her paramour intreat
Her once to show, ne court, nor dalliance.
Spenser.” “I went to make my court to the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle.
Evelyn.” 6. (Law) (a) The hall, chamber, or place, where justice is administered. (b) The persons officially assembled under authority of law, at the appropriate time and place, for the administration of justice; an official assembly, legally met together for the transaction of judicial business; a judge or judges sitting for the hearing or trial of causes. (c) A tribunal established for the administration of justice. (d) The judge or judges; as distinguished from the counsel or jury, or both. “Most heartily I do beseech the court
To give the judgment.
Shak.” 7. The session of a judicial assembly. 8. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. 9. A place arranged for playing the game of tennis; also one of the divisions of a tennis court. Christian court, the English ecclesiastical courts in the aggregate, or any one of them. — Court breeding, education acquired at court. — Court card. Same as Coat card. — Court circular, one or more paragraphs of news respecting the sovereign and the royal family, together with the proceedings or movements of the court generally, supplied to the newspapers by an officer specially charged with such duty. [Eng.] Edwards. — Court day, a day on which a court sits to administer justice. — Court dress, the dress prescribed for appearance at the court of a sovereign. — Court fool, a buffoon or jester, formerly kept by princes and nobles for their amusement. — Court guide, a directory of the names and adresses of the nobility and gentry in a town. — Court hand, the hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial proceedings. Shak. — Court lands (Eng. Law), lands kept in demesne, — that is, for the use of the lord and his family. — Court marshal, one who acts as marshal for a court. — Court party, a party attached to the court. — Court rolls, the records of a court. SeeRoll. — Court in banc, or Court in bank, The full court sitting at its regular terms for the hearing of arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at nisi prius. - - Court of Arches, audience, etc. See under Arches, Audience, etc. — Court of Chancery. See Chancery, n. — Court of Common pleas. (Law) See Common pleas, under Common. — Court of Equity. See under Equity, and Chancery. — Court of Inquiry (Mil.) , a court appointed to inquire into and report on some military matter, as the conduct of an officer. — Court of St. James, the usual designation of the British Court; — so called from the old palace of St. James, which is used for the royal receptions, levees, and drawing-rooms. — The court of the Lord, the temple at Jerusalem; hence, a church, or Christian house of worship. - - General Court, the legislature of a State; — so called from having had, in the colonial days, judicial power; as the General Court of Massachusetts. [U.S.] — To pay one’s court, to seek to gain favor by attentions. ´Alcibiades was assiduous in paying his court to Tissaphernes.´ Jowett. — To put out of court, to refuse further judicial hearing.

Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Courted; p. pr. & vb. n. Courting.] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of by attention or flattery; to try to ingratiate one’s self with. “By one person, hovever, Portland was still assiduously courted.
Macaulay.” 2. To endeavor to gain the affections of; to seek in marriage; to woo. “If either of you both love Katharina …
Leave shall you have to court her at your pleasure.
Shak.” 3. To attempt to gain; to solicit; to seek. “They might almost seem to have courted the crown of martyrdom.
Prescott.” “Guilt and misery … court privacy and solitude.
De Quincey.” 4. To invite by attractions; to allure; to attract. “A well-worn pathway courted us
To one green wicket in a privet hedge.
Tennyson.”

Court, v. i. 1. To play the lover; to woo; as to go courting.

Court´-bar•on (-b?r•?n), n. (Law) An inferior court of civil jurisdiction, attached to a manor, and held by the steward; a baron’s court; — now fallen into disuse.

Court´bred (-br?d•), a. Bred, or educated, at court; polished; courtly.

Court´-craft (k?rt´kr?ft•), n. The artifices, intrigues, and plottings, at courts.

Court´-cup•board (-k?b•b?rd), n. A movable sideboard or buffet, on which plate and other articles of luxury were displayed on special ocasions. [Obs.] “A way with the joint stools, remove the court- cupboard, look to the plate.
Shak.”

Courtelle n. a wool-like fabric.
[WordNet 1.5]

Cour´te•ous (k?r´t?-?s; 277), a. [OE. cortais, corteis, cortois, rarely corteous, OF. corties, corteis, F. courtois. See Court.] Of courtlike manners; pertaining to, or expressive of, courtesy; characterized by courtesy; civil; obliging; well bred; polite; affable; complaisant. “A patient and courteous bearing.
Prescott.” “His behavior toward his people is grave and courteous.
Fuller.”

Cour´te•ous•ly, adv. In a courteous manner.

Cour´te•ous•ness, n. The quality of being courteous; politeness; courtesy.

Cour´te•py (k??r´t?-p?), n. [D. kort short + pije a coarse cloth.] A short coat of coarse cloth. [Obs.] “Full threadbare was his overeste courtepy.
Chaucer.”

Court´er (k?rt´?r), n. One who courts; one who plays the lover, or who solicits in marriage; one who flatters and cajoles. Sherwood.

Cour´te•san (k?r´t?-z?n; 277), n. [F. courtisane, fr. courtisan courtier, It. cortigiano; or directly fr. It. cortigiana, or Sp. cortesana. See Court.] A woman who prostitutes herself for hire; a prostitute; a harlot. “Lasciviously decked like a courtesan.
Sir H. Wotton.”

Cour´te•san•ship, n. Harlotry.

Cour´te•sy (k?r´t?-s?), n.; pl. Courtesies (-sz). [OE. cortaisie, corteisie, courtesie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, F. courtoisie, fr. curteis, corteis. See Courteous.] 1. Politeness; civility; urbanity; courtliness. “And trust thy honest-offered courtesy,
With oft is sooner found in lowly sheds,
With smoky rafters, than in tapestry walls
And courts of princes, where it first was named,
And yet is most pretended.
Milton.” “Pardon me, Messer Claudio, if once more
I use the ancient courtesies of speech.
Longfellow.” 2. An act of civility or respect; an act of kindness or favor performed with politeness. “My lord, for your many courtesies I thank you.
Shak.” 3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right; as a title given one by courtesy. Courtesy title, a title assumed by a person, or popularly conceded to him, to which he has no valid claim; as the courtesy title of Lord prefixed to the names of the younger sons of noblemen. Syn. — Politeness; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affability; courteousness; elegance; refinement; courtliness; good breeding. See Politeness.

Courte´sy (kûrt´sy), n. [See the preceding word.] An act of civility, respect, or reverence, made by women, consisting of a slight depression or dropping of the body, with bending of the knees. [Written also curtsy.] “The lady drops a courtesy in token of obedience, and the ceremony proceeds as usual.
Golgsmith.”

Courte´sy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Courtesied (-sid); p. pr. & vb. n. Courtesying.] To make a respectful salutation or movement of respect; esp. (with reference to women), to bow the body slightly, with bending of the knes.

Courte´sy, v. t. To treat with civility. [Obs.]

Court´house (kirt´hous•), n. 1. A house in which established courts are held, or a house appropriated to courts and public meetings. [U.S.] 2. A county town; — so called in Virginia and some others of the Southern States. “Providence, the county town of Fairfax, is unknown by that name, and passes as Fairfax Court House.
Barlett.”

Court´ier (kort´yer), n. [From Court.] 1. One who is in attendance at the court of a prince; one who has an appointment at court. “You know I am no courtier, nor versed in state affairs.
Bacon.” “This courtier got a frigate, and that a company.
Macaulay.” 2. One who courts or solicits favor; one who flatters. “There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of the people than Richard III.
Suckling.”

Court´ier•y (-?), n. The manners of a courtier; courtliness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Court´-leet (-l?t•), n. (Eng. Law) A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone.

Court´like (-l?k•), a. After the manner of a court; elegant; polite; courtly.

Court´li•ness (-l?-n?s), n. [From Courtly.] The quality of being courtly; elegance or dignity of manners.

Court´ling (-l?ng), n. [Court + -ling.] A sycophantic courtier. B. Jonson.

Court´ly (-l?), a. [From Court.] 1. Relating or belonging to a court. 2. Elegant; polite; courtlike; flattering. “In courtly company or at my beads.
Shak.” 3. Disposed to favor the great; favoring the policy or party of the court; obsequious. Macaulay.

Court´ly, adv. In the manner of courts; politely; gracefully; elegantly. “They can produce nothing so courtly writ.
Dryden”

Court•-mar´tial (k?rt•m?r´shal), n.; pl. Courts-martial (krts•-). A court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of one belonging to the army or navy, or of offenses against military or naval law.

Court•-mar´tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Court-martialed (- shald); p. pr. & vb. n. Court- martialing.] To subject to trial by a court- martial.

Court´-plas•ter (k?rt´pl?s•t?r), n. Sticking plaster made by coating taffeta or silk on one side with some adhesive substance, commonly a mixture of isinglass and glycerin.

Court´ship (k?rt´sh?p), n. 1. The act of paying court, with the intent to solicit a favor. Swift. 2. The act of wooing in love; solicitation of woman to marriage. “This method of courtship, [by which] both sides are prepared for all the matrimonial adventures that are to follow.
Goldsmith.” 3. Courtliness; elegance of manners; courtesy. [Obs.] “Trim gallants, full of courtship and of state.
Shak.” 4. Court policy; the character of a courtier; artifice of a court; court-craft; finesse. [Obs.] “She [the Queen] being composed of courtship and Popery.
Fuller.”

Court´ ten´nis (k?rt´ t?n´n?s). See under Tennis.

Court´yard (k?rt´y?rd•), n. A court or inclosure attached to a house.

Cous´cous (k??s´k??s•), n. A kind of food used by the natives of Western Africa, made of millet flour with flesh, and leaves of the baobab; — called also lalo.

Cous•cou•sou´ (k??s•k??-s??´), n. A favorite dish in Barbary. See Couscous.

Cous´in (kuz´’n), n. [F. cousin, LL. cosinus, cusinus, contr. from L. consobrinus the child of a mother’s sister, cousin; con- + sobrinus a cousin by the mother’s side, a form derived fr. soror (forsosor) sister. See Sister, and cf. Cozen, Coz.] 1. One collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister; especially, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt. The children of brothers and sisters are usually denominated first cousins, or cousins-german. In the second generation, they are called second cousins. See Cater-cousin, and Quater-cousin. “Thou art, great lord, my father’s sister’s son,
A cousin-german to great Priam’s seed.
Shak.” 2. A title formerly given by a king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. In English writs, etc., issued by the crown, it signifies any earl. “My noble lords and cousins, all, good morrow.
Shak.”

Cous´in, n. Allied; akin. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cous´in•age (-?j), n. [F. cousinage, OF., also cosinage. Cf. Cosinage, Cozenage.] Relationship; kinship. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Cous´in-ger´man (-j?r´man), n. [Cousin + german closely akin.] A first cousin. See Note under Cousin, 1.

Cous´in•hood (-h??d), n. The state or condition of a cousin; also the collective body of cousins; kinsfolk.

Cous´in•ly, a. Like or becoming a cousin.

Cous´in•ry (k?z´’n-r?), n. A body or collection of cousins; the whole number of persons who stand in the relation of cousins to a given person or persons.

Cous´in•ship, n. The relationship of cousins; state of being cousins; cousinhood. G. Eliot.

Cous´si•net (k??s´s?-n?t•), n. [F., dim. of coussin cushion. See Cushionet.] (Arch.) (a) A stone placed on the impost of a pier for receiving the first stone of an arch. (b) That part of the Ionic capital between the abacus and quarter round, which forms the volute. Gwilt.

Cou•teau´ (k??-t?´), n. [F.] A knife; a dagger.

Couth (k??th), imp. & p. p. of Can. [See Can, and cf. Uncouth.] Could; was able; knew or known; understood. [Obs.] “Above all other one Daniel
He loveth, for he couth well
Divine, that none other couth;
To him were all things couth,
As he had it of God’s grace.
Gower.”

Cou•vade´ (koo•vad´), n. [F., fr. couver. See Covey.] A custom, among certain barbarous tribes, that when a woman gives birth to a child her husband takes to his bed, as if ill. “The world-wide custom of the couvade, where at childbirth the husband undergoes medical treatment, in many cases being put to bed for days.
Tylor.”

Co•va´ri•ant (k?-v?´r?-a]/>nt), n. (Higher Alg.) A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic.

Cove (kov), n. [AS. cofa room; akin to G. koben pigsty, orig., hut, Icel. kofi hut, and perh. to E. cobalt.] 1. A retired nook; especially, a small, sheltered inlet, creek, or bay; a recess in the shore. “Vessels which were in readiness for him within secret coves and nooks.
Holland.” 2. A strip of prairie extending into woodland; also a recess in the side of a mountain. [U.S.] 3. (Arch.) (a) A concave molding. (b) A member, whose section is a concave curve, used especially with regard to an inner roof or ceiling, as around a skylight.

Cove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coved (k?vd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coving.] (Arch.) To arch over; to build in a hollow concave form; to make in the form of a cove. “The mosques and other buildings of the Arabians are rounded into domes and coved roofs.
H. Swinburne.” Coved ceiling, a ceiling, the part of which next the wail is constructed in a cove. — Coved vault, a vault composed of four coves meeting in a central point, and therefore the reverse of a groined vault.

Cove, v. t. [CF. F. couver, It. covare. See Covey.] To brood, cover, over, or sit over, as birds their eggs. [Obs.] “Not being able to cove or sit upon them [eggs], she [the female tortoise] bestoweth them in the gravel.
Holland.”

Cove, n. [A gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.] A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang] “There’s a gentry cove here.
Wit’s Recreations (1654).” “Now, look to it, coves, that all the beef and drink
Be not filched from us.
Mrs. Browning.” { Co•vel´line (k?-v?l´l?n), Co•vel´lite } (-l?t), n. [After Covelli, the discoverer.] (Min.) A native sulphide of copper, occuring in masses of a dark blue color; — hence called indigo copper.

Cov´e•na•ble (k?v´?-n?-b’l), a. [OF. covenable, F. convenable. See Covenant.] Fit; proper; suitable. [Obs.] ´A covenable day.´ Wyclif (Mark vi. 21).

Cov´e•na•bly (k?v´?-n?-bly), adv. Fitly; suitably. [Obs.] ´Well and covenably.´ Chaucer.

Cov´e•nant (k?v´?-nant), n. [OF. covenant, fr. F. & OF. convenir to agree, L. convenire. See Convene.] 1. A mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement. “Then Jonathan and David made a covenant.
1 Sam. xviiii. 3.” “Let there be covenants drawn between us.
Shak.” “If we conclude a peace,
It shall be with such strict and severe covenants
As little shall the Frenchmen gain thereby.
Shak.” 2. (Eccl. Hist.) An agreement made by the Scottish Parliament in 1638, and by the English Parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in Scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy; — usually called the ´Solemn League and Covenant.´ “He [Wharton] was born in the days of the Covenant, and was the heir of a covenanted house.
Macaulay.” 3. (Theol.) The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc. “I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee.
Gen. xvii. 7.” 4. A solemn compact between members of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc. 5. (Law) (a) An undertaking, on sufficient consideration, in writing and under seal, to do or to refrain from some act or thing; a contract; a stipulation; also the document or writing containing the terms of agreement. (b) A form of action for the violation of a promise or contract under seal. Syn. — Agreement; contract; compact; bargain; arrangement; stipulation. — Covenant, Contract, Compact, Stipulation. These words all denote a mutual agreement between two parties. Covenant is frequently used in a religious sense; as the covenant of works or of grace; a church covenant; the Solemn League and Covenant. Contract is the word most used in the business of life. Crabb and Taylor are wrong in saying that a contract must always be in writing. There are oral and implied contracts as well as written ones, and these are equally enforced by law. In legal usage, the word covenant has an important place as connected with contracts. A compact is only a stronger and more solemn contract. The term is chiefly applied to political alliances. Thus, the old Confederation was a compact between the States. Under the present Federal Constitution, no individual State can, without consent of Congress, enter into a compact with any other State or foreign power. A stipulation is one of the articles or provisions of a contract.

Cov´e•nant (k?v´?-n?nt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Covenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Covenanting.] To agree (with); to enter into a formal agreement; to bind one’s self by contract; to make a stipulation. “Jupiter covenanted with him, that it should be hot or cold, wet or dry, … as the tenant should direct.
L’Estrange.” “And they covenanted with him for thyrty pieces of silver.
Matt. xxvi. 15.” Syn. — To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate.

Cov´e•nant, v. t. To grant or promise by covenant. “My covenant of peace that I covenanted with you.
Wyclif.”

Cov•e•nan•tee´ (k?v•?-nan-t?´), n. (Law) The person in whose favor a covenant is made.

Cov´e•nant•er (k?v´?-n?nt-?r), n. 1. One who makes a covenant. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One who subscribed and defended the ´Solemn League and Covenant.´ See Covenant.

Cov´e•nant•ing, a. Belonging to a covenant. Specifically, belonging to the Scotch Covenanters. “Be they covenanting traitors,
Or the brood of false Argyle?
Aytoun.”

Cov´e•nant•or (-?r•), n. (Law) The party who makes a covenant. Burrill.

Cov´e•nous (k?v´?-n?s), a. See Covinous, and Covin.

Cov´ent (k?v´ent), n. [OF. covent, F. couvent. See Convent.] A convent or monastery. [Obs.] Bale. Covent Garden, a large square in London, so called because originally it was the garden of a monastery.

Cov´en•try (k?v´en-tr?), n. A town in the county of Warwick, England. To send to Coventry, to exclude from society; to shut out from social intercourse, as for ungentlemanly conduct. — Coventry blue, blue thread of a superior dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for embroidery.

Cov´er (k?v´?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered (-?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Covering.] [OF. covrir, F. couvrir, fr. L. cooperire; co- + operire to cover; probably fr. ob towards, over + the root appearing in aperire to open. Cf. Aperient, Overt, Curfew.] 1. To overspread the surface of (one thing) with another; as to cover wood with paint or lacquer; to cover a table with a cloth. 2. To envelop; to clothe, as with a mantle or cloak. “And with the majesty of darkness round
Covers his throne.
Milton.” “All that beauty than doth cover thee.
Shak.” 3. To invest (one’s self with something); to bring upon (one’s self); as he covered himself with glory. “The powers that covered themselves with everlasting infamy by the partition of Poland.
Brougham.” 4. To hide sight; to conceal; to cloak; as the enemy were covered from our sight by the woods. “A cloud covered the mount.
Exod. xxiv. 15.” “In vain shou striv’st to cover shame with shame.
Milton.” 5. To brood or sit on; to incubate. “While the hen is covering her eggs, the male … diverts her with his songs.
Addison.” 6. To overwhelm; to spread over. “The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen.
Ex. xiv. 28.” 7. To shelter, as from evil or danger; to protect; to defend; as the cavalry covered the retreat. “His calm and blameless life
Does with substantial blessedness abound,
And the soft wings of peace cover him round.
Cowley.” 8. To remove from remembrance; to put away; to remit. ´Blessed is he whose is covered.´ Ps. xxxii. 1. 9. To extend over; to be sufficient for; to comprehend, include, or embrace; to account for or solve; to counterbalance; as a mortgage which fully covers a sum loaned on it; a law which covers all possible cases of a crime; receipts than do not cover expenses. 10. To put the usual covering or headdress on. “Cover thy head … ; nay, prithee, be covered.
Shak.” 11. To copulate with (a female); to serve; as a horse covers a mare; — said of the male. To cover ground or distance, to pass over; as the rider covered the ground in an hour. — To cover one’s short contracts (Stock Exchange), to buy stock when the market rises, as a dealer who has sold short does in order to protect himself. — Covering party (Mil.), a detachment of troops sent for the protection of another detachment, as of men working in the trenches. — To cover into, to transfer to; as to cover into the treasury. Syn. — To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread.

Cov´er (k?v´?r), n. 1. Anything which is laid, set, or spread, upon, about, or over, another thing; an envelope; a lid; as the cover of a book. 2. Anything which veils or conceals; a screen; disguise; a cloak. ´Under cover of the night.´ Macaulay. “A handsome cover for imperfections.
Collier.” 3. Shelter; protection; as the troops fought under cover of the batteries; the woods afforded a good cover. “Being compelled to lodge in the field … whilst his army was under cover, they might be forced to retire.
Clarendon.” 4. (Hunting) The woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter and conceal game; covert; as to beat a cover; to ride to cover. 5. That portion of a slate, tile, or shingle, which is hidden by the overlap of the course above. Knight. 6. (Steam Engine) The lap of a slide valve. 7. [Cf. F. couvert.] A tablecloth, and the other table furniture; esp., the table furniture for the use of one person at a meal; as covers were laid for fifty guests. To break cover, to start from a covert or lair; — said of game. — Under cover, in an envelope, or within a letter; — said of a written message. “Letters … dispatched under cover to her ladyship.
Thackeray.”

Cov´er, v. i. To spread a table for a meal; to prepare a banquet. [Obs.] Shak.

Cov´er•chief (chef), n. [See Kerchief.] A covering for the head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cov´er•cle (k?v´?r-k’l), n. [OF. covercle, F. couvercle, fr. L. coöperculum fr. coöperire. See cover] A small cover; a lid. [>Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cov´ered (k?v´?rd), a. Under cover; screened; sheltered; not exposed; hidden. Covered way (Fort.), a corridor or banquette along the top of the counterscarp and covered by an embankment whose slope forms the glacis. It gives the garrison an open line of communication around the works, and a standing place beyond the ditch. See Illust. of Ravelin.

Cov´er•er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, covers.

Cov´er•ing, n. Anything which covers or conceals, as a roof, a screen, a wrapper, clothing, etc. “Noah removed the covering of the ark.
Gen. viii. 13.” “They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold.
Job. xxiv. 7.” “A covering over the well’s mouth.
2 Sam. xvii. 19.”

Cov´er•let (k?v´?r-l?t), n. [F. couvre-lit; couvrir to cover + lit bed, fr. L. lectus bed. See Cover.] The uppermost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture. “Lay her in lilies and in violets …
And odored sheets and arras coverlets.
Spenser.”

Cov´er•lid (-lid), n. A coverlet. “All the coverlid was cloth of gold.
Tennyson.”

Cov´er-point (-point!), n. The fielder in the games of cricket and lacrosse who supports ´point.´

Co•versed´ sine (k?-v?rst´ s?n•). [Co- (=co- in co- sine) + versed sine.] (Geom.) The versed sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Cov´er-shame (-sh?m•), n. Something used to conceal infamy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Cov´ert (k?v´?rt), a. [OF. covert, F. couvert, p. p. of couvrir. See Cover, v. t.] 1. Covered over; private; hid; secret; disguised. “How covert matters may be best disclosed.
Shak.” “Whether of open war or covert guile.
Milton” 2. Sheltered; not open or exposed; retired; protected; as a covert nook. Wordsworth. “Of either side the green, to plant a covert alley.
Bacon.” 3. (Law) Under cover, authority or protection; as a feme covert, a married woman who is considered as being under the protection and control of her husband. Covert way, (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered. Syn. — Hidden; secret; private; covered; disguised; insidious; concealed. See Hidden.

Cov´ert, n. [OF. See Covert, a.] 1. A place that covers and protects; a shelter; a defense. “A tabernacle … for a covert from storm.
Is. iv. 6.” “The highwayman has darted from his covered by the wayside.
Prescott.” 2. [Cf. F. couverte.] (Zoöl.) One of the special feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. of Bird.

Cov´ert bar•on (b?r•?n). (Law) Under the protection of a husband; married. Burrill.

Cov´ert•ly, adv. Secretly; in private; insidiously.

Cov´ert•ness (k?v´?rt-n?s), n. Secrecy; privacy. [R.]

Cov´er•ture (k?v´?r-t?r; 135), n. [OF. coverture,F. couverture.] 1. Covering; shelter; defense; hiding. “Protected by walls or other like coverture.
Woodward.” “Beatrice, who even now
Is couched in the woodbine coverture.
Shak.” 2. (Law) The condition of a woman during marriage, because she is considered under the cover, influence, power, and protection of her husband, and therefore called a feme covert, or femme couverte.

Cov´et (k?v´?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered; p. pr. & vb. n. Coveting.] [OF. coveitier, covoitier, F. convoiter, from a derivative fr. L. cupere to desire; cf. Skr. kup to become excited. Cf. Cupidity.] 1. To wish for with eagerness; to desire possession of; — used in a good sense. “Covet earnestly the best gifts.
1. Cor. xxii. 31.” “If it be a sin to covet honor,
I am the most offending soul alive.
Shak.” 2. To long for inordinately or unlawfully; to hanker after (something forbidden). “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s house.
Ex. xx. 17.” Syn. — To long for; desire; hanker after; crave.

Cov´et, v. i. To have or indulge inordinate desire. “Which [money] while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith.
1 Tim. vi. 10.”

Cov´et•a•ble (k?v´?t-?-b’l), a. That may be coveted; desirable.

Cov´et•er (-?r), n. One who covets.

Cov´et•ise (-?s), n. [OF. coveitise, F. convoitise. See Covet, v. t. ] Avarice. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cov´et•ive•ness (-?v-), n. (Phren.) Acquisitiveness.

Cov´et•ous (k?v´?t-?s), a. [OF. coveitos, F. convoiteux. See Covet, v. t.] 1. Very desirous; eager to obtain; — used in a good sense. [Archaic] “Covetous of wisdom and fair virtue.
Shak.” “Covetous death bereaved us all,
To aggrandize one funeral.
Emerson.” 2. Inordinately desirous; excessively eager to obtain and possess (esp. money); avaricious; — in a bad sense. “The covetous person lives as if the world were madealtogether for him, and not he for the world.
South.” Syn. — Avaricious; parsimonious; penurious; misrely; niggardly. See Avaricious.

Cov´et•ous•ly, adv. In a covetous manner.

Cov´et•ous•ness, n. 1. Strong desire. [R.] “When workmen strive to do better than well,
They do confound their skill in covetousness.
Shak.” 2. A strong or inordinate desire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good; excessive desire for riches or money; — in a bad sense. “Covetousness, by a greed of getting more, deprivess itself of the true end of getting.
Sprat.” Syn. — Avarice; cupidity; eagerness.

Cov´ey (k?v´?), n. [OF. cove, F. couve, fr. cover, F. couver, to sit or brood on, fr. L. cubare to lie down; cf. E. incubate. See Cubit, and cf. Cove to brood.] 1. A brood or hatch of birds; an old bird with her brood of young; hence, a small flock or number of birds together; — said of game; as a covey of partridges. Darwin. 2. A company; a bevy; as a covey of girls. Addison.

Cov´ey, v. i. To brood; to incubate. [Obs.] “[Tortoises] covey a whole year before they hatch.
Holland.”

Cov´ey, n. A pantry. [Prov. Eng.] Parker.

Cov´in (k?v´?n), n. [OF. covine, covaine, fr. covenir to agree. See Covenant.] 1. (Law) A collusive agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third. 2. Deceit; fraud; artifice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cov´in•ous (k?v´?n-?s), a. (Law) Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest.

Cow (kou), n. [See Cowl a hood.] A chimney cap; a cowl

Cow, n.; pl. Cows (kouz); old pl. Kine (kin). [OE. cu, cou, AS. cu; akin to D. koe, G. kuh, OHG. kuo, Icel. kyr, Dan. & Sw. ko, L. bos ox, cow, Gr. boy^s, Skr. go. rad.223. Cf. Beef, Bovine, Bucolic, Butter, Nylghau.] 1. The mature female of bovine animals. 2. The female of certain large mammals, as whales, seals, etc.

Cow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowed (koud);; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowing.] [Cf. Icel. kuga, Sw. kufva to check, subdue, Dan. kue. Cf. Cuff, v. t.] To depress with fear; to daunt the spirits or courage of; to overawe. “To vanquish a people already cowed.
Shak.” “THe French king was cowed.
J. R. Green.”

Cow, n. [Prob. from same root as cow, v. t.] (Mining) A wedge, or brake, to check the motion of a machine or car; a chock. Knight.

Cow´age (kou´aj), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Cow´an (kou´an), n. [Cf. OF. couillon a coward, a cullion.] One who works as a mason without having served a regular apprenticeship. [Scot.] Among Freemasons, it is a cant term for pretender, interloper.

Cow´ard (kou´?rd), a. [OF. couard, coard, coart, n. and adj., F. couard, fr. OF. coe, coue, tail, F. queue (fr. L. coda, a form of cauda tail) + -ard; orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or perh., turning tail, like a scared dog. Cf. Cue, Queue, Caudal.] 1. (Her.) Borne in the escutcheon with his tail doubled between his legs; — said of a lion. 2. Destitute of courage; timid; cowardly. “Fie, coward woman, and soft-hearted wretch.
Shak.” 3. Belonging to a coward; proceeding from, or expressive of, base fear or timidity. “He raised the house with loud and coward cries.
Shak.” “Invading fears repel my coward joy.
Proir.”

Cow´ard, n. A person who lacks courage; a timid or pusillanimous person; a poltroon. “A fool is nauseous, but a coward worse.
Dryden.” Syn. — Craven; poltroon; dastard.

Cow´ard, v. t. To make timorous; to frighten. [Obs.] “That which cowardeth a man’s heart.
Foxe.”

Cow´ard•ice (-is), n. [F. couardise, fr. couard. See Coward.] Want of courage to face danger; extreme timidity; pusillanimity; base fear of danger or hurt; lack of spirit. “The cowardice of doing wrong.
Milton.” “Moderation was despised as cowardice.
Macaulay.”

Cow´ard•ie (kou´erd•y), n. [OF. couardie.] Cowardice. [Obs.]

Cow´ard•ish, a. Cowardly. [Obs.] ´A base and a cowardish mind.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Cow´ard•ize (-z), v. t. To render cowardly. [Obs.] “God … cowardizeth … insolent spirits.
Bp. Hall.”

Cow´ard•li•ness (-l?-n?s), n. Cowardice.

Cow´ard•ly, a. 1. Wanting courage; basely or weakly timid or fearful; pusillanimous; spiritless. “The cowardly rascals that ran from the battle.
Shak.” 2. Proceeding from fear of danger or other consequences; befitting a coward; dastardly; base; as cowardly malignity. Macaulay. “The cowardly rashness of those who dare not look danger in the face.
Burke.” Syn. — Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; recreant; craven; faint-hearted; chicken-hearted; white-livered.

Cow´ard•ly, adv. In the manner of a coward. Spenser.

Cow´ard•ship, n. Cowardice. [Obs.] Shak.

Cow´bane (kou´ban•), n. (Bot.) A poisonous umbelliferous plant; in England, the Cicuta virosa; in the United States, the Cicuta maculata and the Archemora rigida. See Water hemlock.

Cow´ber•ry (-ber•ry), n.; pl. Cowberries (- riz). (Bot.) A species of Vaccinium (V. Vitis-idaea), which bears acid red berries which are sometimes used in cookery; — locally called mountain cranberry.

Cow´bird (-berd•), n. (Zoöl.) The cow blackbird (Molothrus ater), an American starling. Like the European cuckoo, it builds no nest, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds; — so called because frequently associated with cattle.

Cow´blakes (-blaks•), n. pl. Dried cow dung used as fuel.[Prov. Eng.] Simmonds.

Cow´boy (-boi•), n. 1. A cattle herder; a drover; specifically, one of an adventurous class of herders and drovers on the plains of the Western and Southwestern United States. 2. One of the marauders who, in the Revolutionary War infested the neutral ground between the American and British lines, and committed depredations on the Americans.

Cow´catch•er (-k?ch•?r), n. A strong inclined frame, usually of wrought-iron bars, in front of a locomotive engine, for catching or throwing off obstructions on a railway, as cattle; the pilot. [U.S.]

Cow´die (kou´dy), n. (Bot.) See Kauri.

Cow´er (kou´er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cowered (kou´erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cowering.] [Cf. Icel. kera to doze, liequiet, Sw. kura, Dan. kure, G. kauern to cower, W. cwrian.] To stoop by bending the knees; to crouch; to squat; hence, to quail; to sink through fear. “Our dame sits cowering o’er a kitchen fire.
Dryden.” “Like falcons, cowering on the nest.
Goldsmith.”

Cow´er (kou´er), v. t. To cherish with care. [Obs.]

Cow´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The grampus. (b) A California dolphin (Tursiops Gillii). (c) A marine plectognath fish (Ostracoin quadricorne, and allied species), having two projections, like horns, in front; — called also cuckold, coffer fish, trunkfish.

Cow´hage (kou´haj), n. [Cf. Hind. kaw&amc;nch, koanch.] (Bot.) A leguminous climbing plant of the genus Mucuna, having crooked pods covered with sharp hairs, which stick to the fingers, causing intolerable itching. The spiculae are sometimes used in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge. [Written also couhage, cowage, and cowitch.]

Cow´heart•ed (-h?rt•?d), a. Cowardly. “The Lady Powis … patted him with her fan, and called him a cowhearted fellow.
R. North.”

Cow´herd (-h?rd•), n. [AS. cuhyrde; cu cow + hyrde a herder.] One whose occupation is to tend cows.

Cow´hide (-h?d•), n. 1. The hide of a cow. 2. Leather made of the hide of a cow. 3. A coarse whip made of untanned leather.

Cow´hide, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowhided; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowhiding.] To flog with a cowhide.

Cow´ish (kou´ish), a. [From Cow, v. t.] Timorous; fearful; cowardly. [R.] Shak.

Cow´ish, n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Cous) with edible tuberous roots, found in Oregon. [Written also cous.]

Cow´itch (kou´?ch; 224), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Cowl (koul), n. [AS. cuhle, cugle, cugele; cf. dial. G. kogel, gugel, OF. coule, goule; all fr. LL. cuculla, cucullus, fr. L. cucullus cap, hood; perh. akin to celare to conceal, cella cell. Cf. Cucullate.] 1. A monk’s hood; — usually attached to the gown. The name was also applied to the hood and garment together. “What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl?
Pope.” 2. A cowl-shaped cap, commonly turning with the wind, used to improve the draft of a chimney, ventilating shaft, etc. 3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive.

Cowl, n. [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, dim. of F. cuve tub, vat, fr. L. cupa. See Cup.] A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, for conveyance of water. Johnson.

Cowled (kould), a. Wearing a cowl; hooded; as a cowled monk. ´That cowled churchman.´ Emerson.

Cow´leech (kou´l?ch•), n. [2d cow + leech a physician.] One who heals diseases of cows; a cow doctor.

Cow´leech•ing, n. Healing the distemper of cows.

Cow´lick (-l?k•), n. A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow.

Cow´like (-l?k•), a. Resembling a cow. “With cowlike udders and with oxlike eyes.
Pope.”

Cowl´staff (koul´st?f•), n. [Cowl a vessel + staff.] A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. Suckling.

Co•work´er (k?•w?rk´?r), n. One who works with another; a coperator.

Cow´ pars•ley (kou• p?rs•l?). (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Chaerophyllum (C. temulum and C. sylvestre).

Cow´ pars•nip (-n?p). (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous weed of the genus Heracleum (H. sphondylium in England, and H. lanatum in America).

Cow´pea (-pe•), n. The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

Cow´per’s glands (kou´p?rz gl?ndz•). [After the discoverer, William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.) Two small glands discharging into the male urethra.

Cow´-pi•lot (kou´pi•lut), n. (Zoöl.) A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of Florida and the West Indies (Pomacentrus saxatilis); — called also mojarra.

Cow´pock (-pok•), n. See Cowpox. Dunglison.

Cow´pox (-poks•), n. (Med.) A pustular eruptive disease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox; vaccinia; — called also kinepox, cowpock, and kinepock. Dunglison.

Cow´quake (-kwak•), n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Briza); quaking grass.

Cow´rie (-ry), n. (Bot.) Same as Kauri. { Cow´rie Cow´ry } (kou´ry), n.; pl. Cowries (- riz). [Hind. kauri.] (Zoöl.) A marine shell of the genus Cypraea. There are numerous species, many of them ornamental. Formerly C. moneta and several other species were largely used as money in Africa and some other countries, and they are still so used to some extent. The value is always trifling, and varies at different places.

Cow´slip (-slip•), n. [AS. cuslyppe, cusloppe, prob. orig., cow’s droppings. Cf. Slop, n.] (Bot.) 1. A common flower in England (Primula veris) having yellow blossoms and appearing in early spring. It is often cultivated in the United States. 2. In the United States, the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), appearing in wet places in early spring and often used as a pot herb. It is nearer to a buttercup than to a true cowslip. See Illust. of Marsh marigold. American cowslip (Bot.), a pretty flower of the West (Dodecatheon Meadia), belonging to the same order (Primulaceae) with the English cowslip. — French cowslip (Bot.), bear’s-ear (Primula Auricula).

Cow´slipped (-slipt•), a. Adorned with cowslips. ´Cowslipped lawns.´ Keats.

Cow’s´ lung´wort (kouz´ l?ng´w?rt•). Mullein.

Cow´ tree (kou´ tr?•). [Cf. SP. palo de vaca.] (Bot.) A tree (Galactodendron utile or Brosimum Galactodendron) of South America, which yields, on incision, a nourishing fluid, resembling milk.

Cow´weed´ (-wEd•),, n. (Bot.) Same as Cow parsley.

Cow´wheat (-hw?t•), n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Melampyrum, with black seeds, found on European wheatfields.

Cox (k?ks), n. [OE. cokes. Cf. Coax.] A coxcomb; a simpleton; a gull. [Obs.] “Go; you’re a brainless cox, a toy, a fop.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cox´a (k?ks´?), n. [L., the hip.] (Zoöl.) The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean. { Cox•al´gi•a (-?l´j?-?), Cox´al•gy (k?ks´?l•j?), } n. [NL. coxalgia, fr. L. coxa hip. + Gr. pain: cf. F. coxalgie.] (Med.) Pain in the hip.

Cox´comb (k?ks´k?m•), n. [A corrupted spelling of cock’s comb.] 1. (a) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps. (b) The cap itself. 2. The top of the head, or the head itself. “We will belabor you a little better,
And beat a little more care into your coxcombs.
Beau & Fl.” 3. A vain, showy fellow; a conceited, silly man, fond of display; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a fop. “Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy
Of powdered coxcombs at her levee.
Goldsmith.” “Some are bewildered in the maze of schools,
And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools.
Pope.” 4. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of different genera, but particularly to Celosia cristata, or garden cockscomb. Same as Cockscomb.

Cox•comb´ic•al (k?ks-k?m´?-kal), a. Befitting or indicating a coxcomb; like a coxcomb; foppish; conceited. — Cox•comb´ic•al•ly, adv. “Studded all over in coxcombical fashion with little brass nails.
W. Irving.”

Cox´comb´ly (k?ks´k?m•l?), a. like a coxcomb. [Obs.] ´You coxcombly ass, you!´ Beau. & Fl.

Cox´comb•ry (-r?), n. The manners of a coxcomb; foppishness.

Cox•com´ic•al (k?ks-k?m´?-kal), a. Coxcombical. [R.]

Cox•com´ic•al•ly, adv. Conceitedly. [R.]

Cox´swain (k?k´sw?n, Colloq. k?k´s’n), n. See Cockswain.

Coy (koi), a. [OE. coi quiet, still, OF. coi, coit, fr.L. quietus quiet, p. p. of quiescere to rest, quie rest; prob. akin to E. while. See While, and cf. Quiet, Quit, Quite.] 1. Quiet; still. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; reserved; bashful; shy; modest; — usually applied to women, sometimes with an implication of coquetry. “Coy, and difficult to win.
Cowper.” “Coy and furtive graces.
W. Irving.” “Nor the coy maid, half willings to be pressed,
Shall kiss the cup, to pass it to the rest.
Goldsmith.” 3. Soft; gentle; hesitating. “Enforced hate,
Instead of love’s coy touch, shall rudely tear thee.
Shak.” Syn. — Shy; shriking; reserved; modest; bashful; backward; distant.

Coy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coyed (koid); p. pr. & vb. n. Coying.] 1. To allure; to entice; to decoy. [Obs.] “A wiser generation, who have the art to coy the fonder sort into their nets.
Bp. Rainbow.” 2. To caress with the hand; to stroke. “Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed,
While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.
Shak.”

Coy, v. i. 1. To behave with reserve or coyness; to shrink from approach or familiarity. [Obs.] “Thus to coy it,
With one who knows you too!
Rowe.” 2. To make difficulty; to be unwilling. [Obs.] “If he coyed
To hear Cominius speak, I ’ll keep at home.
Shak.”

Coy´ish, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. Warner.

Coy´ly, adv. In a coy manner; with reserve.

Coy´ness, n. The quality of being coy; feigned or bashful unwillingness to become familiar; reserve. “When the kind nymph would coyness feign,
And hides but to be found again.
Dryden.” Syn. — Reserve; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; modesty; bashfulness.

Coy´o•te (k?´?-t? or k?´?t), n. [Spanish Amer., fr. Mexican coyotl.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal (Canis latrans), allied to the dog, found in the western part of North America; — called also prairie wolf. Its voice is a snapping bark, followed by a prolonged, shrill howl.

Coy´pu (koi´p??), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American rodent (Myopotamus coypus), allied to the beaver. It produces a valuable fur called nutria. [Written also coypou.]

Coys´trel (kois´trel), n. Same as Coistril.

Coz (kuz), n. A contraction of cousin. Shak.

Coz´en (k?z´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cozened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cozening (-’n-?ng). ] [From cousin, hence, literally, to deceive through pretext of relationship, F. cousiner.] To cheat; to defraud; to beguile; to deceive, usually by small arts, or in a pitiful way. “He had cozened the world by fine phrases.
Macaulay.” “Children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters.
Locke.” “Goring loved no man so well but that he would cozen him,
and expose him to public mirth for having been cozened.
Clarendon.”

Coz´en, v. i. To deceive; to cheat; to act deceitfully. “Some cogging, cozening slave.
Shak.”

Coz´en•age (-aj), n. [See Cozen, and cf. Cousinage.] The art or practice of cozening; artifice; fraud. Shak.

Coz´en•er (k?z´’n-?r), n. One who cheats or defrauds.

Co•zier (k?´zh?r), n. See Cosier.

Co´zi•ly (k?´z?-l?), adv. Snugly; comfortably.

Co´zi•ness, n. The state or quality of being cozy.

Co´zy (k?´z?), a. [Compar. Cozier (-z?-?r); superl. Coziest.] [Cf. Scot. cosie, cozie, prob. from Gael. cosach abounding in hollows, or cosagach full of holes or crevices, snug, sheltered, from cos a hollow, a crevice.] 1. Snug; comfortable; easy; contented. [Written also cosey and cosy.] 2. [Cf. F. causer to chat, talk.] Chatty; talkative; sociable; familiar. [Eng.]

Co´zy, n. [See Cozy,a.] A wadded covering for a teakettle or other vessel to keep the contents hot.

Crab (krab), n. [AS. crabba; akin to D. krab, G. krabbe, krebs, Icel. krabbi, Sw. krabba, Dan. krabbe, and perh. to E. cramp. Cf. Crawfish.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the brachyuran Crustacea. They are mostly marine, and usually have a broad, short body, covered with a strong shell or carapace. The abdomen is small and curled up beneath the body. The name is applied to all the Brachyura, and to certain Anomura, as the hermit crabs. Formerly, it was sometimes applied to Crustacea in general. Many species are edible, the blue crab of the Atlantic coast being one of the most esteemed. The large European edible crab is Cancer padurus. Soft-shelled crabs are blue crabs that have recently cast their shells. See Cancer; also Box crab, Fiddler crab, Hermit crab, Spider crab, etc., under Box, Fiddler. etc. 2. The zodiacal constellation Cancer. 3. [See Crab, a.] (Bot.) A crab apple; — so named from its harsh taste. “When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
Then nightly sings the staring owl.
Shak.” 4. A cudgel made of the wood of the crab tree; a crabstick. [Obs.] Garrick. 5. (Mech.) (a) A movable winch or windlass with powerful gearing, used with derricks, etc. (b) A form of windlass, or geared capstan, for hauling ships into dock, etc. (c) A machine used in ropewalks to stretch the yarn. (d) A claw for anchoring a portable machine. Calling crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler., n., 2. — Crab apple, a small, sour apple, of several kinds; also the tree which bears it; as the European crab apple (Pyrus Malus var. sylvestris); the Siberian crab apple (Pyrus baccata); and the American (Pyrus coronaria). — Crab grass. (Bot.) (a) A grass (Digitaria, or Panicum, sanguinalis); — called also finger grass. (b) A grass of the genus Eleusine (E. Indica); — called also dog’s-tail grass, wire grass, etc. — Crab louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Phthirius pubis), sometimes infesting the human body. — Crab plover (Zoöl.), an Asiatic plover (Dromas ardeola). — Crab’s eyes, or Crab’s stones, masses of calcareous matter found, at certain seasons of the year, on either side of the stomach of the European crawfishes, and formerly used in medicine for absorbent and antacid purposes; the gastroliths. — Crab spider (Zoöl.), one of a group of spiders (Laterigradae); — called because they can run backwards or sideways like a crab. — Crab tree, the tree that bears crab applies. — Crab wood, a light cabinet wood obtained in Guiana, which takes a high polish. McElrath. — To catch a crab (Naut.), a phrase used of a rower: (a) when he fails to raise his oar clear of the water; (b) when he misses the water altogether in making a stroke.

Crab (krab), v. t. 1. To make sour or morose; to embitter. [Obs.] “Sickness sours or crabs our nature.
Glanvill.” 2. To beat with a crabstick. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Crab, v. i. (Naut.)To drift sidewise or to leeward, as a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Crab, a. [Prob. from the same root as crab, n.] Sour; rough; austere. “The crab vintage of the neighb’ring coast.
Dryden.”

Crab´bed (kr?b´b?d), a. [See Crab,n.] 1. Characterized by or manifesting, sourness, peevishness, or moroseness; harsh; cross; cynical; — applied to feelings, disposition, or manners. “Crabbed age and youth can not live together.
Shak.” 2. Characterized by harshness or roughness; unpleasant; — applied to things; as a crabbed taste. 3. Obscure; difficult; perplexing; trying; as a crabbed author. ´Crabbed eloquence.´ Chaucer. “How charming is divine philosophy!
Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose.
Milton.” 4. Cramped; irregular; as crabbed handwriting. — Crab´bed•ly, adv. — Crab´bed•ness, n.

Crab´ber (kr?b´b?r), n. One who catches crabs.

Crab´bing, n. 1. The act or art of catching crabs. 2. (Falconry) The fighting of hawks with each other. 3. (Woolen Manuf.) A process of scouring cloth between rolls in a machine.

Crab´bish (krab´bish), a. Somewhat sour or cross. “The whips of the most crabbish Satyristes.
Decker.”

Crab´by (-by), a. Crabbed; difficult, or perplexing. ´Persius is crabby, because ancient.´ Marston.

Crab´eat•er (krab´et•er), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cobia. (b) An etheostomoid fish of the southern United States (Hadropterus nigrofasciatus). (c) A small European heron (Ardea minuta, and other allied species).

Cra´ber (kra´ber), n. (Zoöl.) The water rat. Walton.

Crab´faced (krab´fast•), a. Having a sour, disagreeable countenance. Beau. & Fl.

Crab´si•dle (-si•d’l), v. i. To move sidewise, as a crab. [Jocular]. Southey.

Crab´stick (-stik•), n. A stick, cane, or cudgel, made of the wood of the crab tree.

Crab´ tree (tre•). See under Crab.

Crab´-yaws (kr?b´y?z•), n. (Med.) A disease in the West Indies. It is a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with very hard edges. See Yaws. Dunglison.

Crache (krach), v. To scratch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Crack (krak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cracked (krakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cracking.] [OE. cracken, craken, to crack, break, boast, AS. cracian, cearcian, to crack; akin to D. kraken, G. krachen; cf. Skr. garj to rattle, or perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crake, Cracknel, Creak.] 1. To break or burst, with or without entire separation of the parts; as to crack glass; to crack nuts. 2. To rend with grief or pain; to affect deeply with sorrow; hence, to disorder; to distract; to craze. “O, madam, my old heart is cracked.
Shak.” “He thought none poets till their brains were cracked.
Roscommon.” 3. To cause to sound suddenly and sharply; to snap; as to crack a whip. 4. To utter smartly and sententiously; as to crack a joke. B. Jonson. 5. To cry up; to extol; — followed by up. [Low] To crack a bottle, to open the bottle and drink its contents. — To crack a crib, to commit burglary. [Slang] — To crack on, to put on; as to crack on more sail, or more steam. [Colloq.]

Crack, v. i. 1. To burst or open in chinks; to break, with or without quite separating into parts. “By misfortune it cracked in the coling.
Boyle.” “The mirror cracked from side to side.
Tennyson.” 2. To be ruined or impaired; to fail. [Collog.] “The credit … of exchequers cracks, when little comes in and much goes out.
Dryden.” 3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. “As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack.
Shak.” 4. To utter vain, pompous words; to brag; to boast; — with of. [Archaic.] “Ethoipes of their sweet complexion crack.
Shak.”

Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of parts, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink or fissure; a narrow breach; a crevice; as a crack in timber, or in a wall, or in glass. 2. Rupture; flaw; breach, in a moral sense. “My love to thee is sound, sans crack or flaw.
Shak.” 3. A sharp, sudden sound or report; the sound of anything suddenly burst or broken; as the crack of a falling house; the crack of thunder; the crack of a whip. “Will the stretch out to the crack of doom?
Shak.” 4. The tone of voice when changed at puberty. “Though now our voices
Have got the mannish crack.
Shak.” 5. Mental flaw; a touch of craziness; partial insanity; as he has a crack. 6. A crazy or crack-brained person. [Obs.] “I … can not get the Parliament to listen to me, who look upon me as a crack and a projector.
Addison.” 7. A boast; boasting. [Obs.] ´Crack and brags.´ Burton. ´Vainglorius cracks.´ Spenser. 8. Breach of chastity. [Obs.] Shak. 9. A boy, generally a pert, lively boy. [Obs.] “Val. ’T is a noble child. Vir. A crack, madam.
Shak.” 10. A brief time; an instant; as to be with one in a crack. [Eng. & Scot. Colloq.] 11. Free conversation; friendly chat. [Scot.] “What is crack in English? … A crack is … a chat with a good, kindly human heart in it.
P. P. Alexander.”

Crack, a. Of superior excellence; having qualities to be boasted of. [Colloq.] “One of our crack speakers in the Commons.
Dickens.”

Crack´-brained (-brand•), a. Having an impaired intellect; whimsical; crazy. Pope.

Cracked (krakt), a. 1. Coarsely ground or broken; as cracked wheat. 2. Crack-brained. [Colloq.]

Crack´er (krak´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks. 2. A noisy boaster; a swaggering fellow. [Obs.] “What cracker is this same that deafs our ears?
Shak.” 3. A small firework, consisting of a little powder inclosed in a thick paper cylinder with a fuse, and exploding with a sharp noise; — often called firecracker. 4. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp; as a Boston cracker; a Graham cracker; a soda cracker; an oyster cracker. 5. A nickname to designate a poor white in some parts of the Southern United States. Bartlett. 6. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck. 7. pl. (Mach.) A pair of fluted rolls for grinding caoutchouc. Knight.

Crac´kle (krak´k’l), v. i. [Dim. of crack.] To make slight cracks; to make small, sharp, sudden noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to crepitate; as burning thorns crackle. “The unknown ice that crackles underneath them.
Dryden.”

Crac´kle, n. 1. The noise of slight and frequent cracks or reports; a crackling. “The crackle of fireworks.
Carlyle.” 2. (Med.) A kind of crackling sound or râle, heard in some abnormal states of the lungs; as dry crackle; moist crackle. Quain. 3. (Fine Arts) A condition produced in certain porcelain, fine earthenware, or glass, in which the glaze or enamel appears to be cracked in all directions, making a sort of reticulated surface; as Chinese crackle; Bohemian crackle.

Crac´kled (-k’ld), a. (Fine Arts) Covered with minute cracks in the glaze; — said of some kinds of porcelain and fine earthenware.

Crac´kle•ware (-w?r•), n. See Crackle, n., 3.

Crac´kling (kr?k´kl?ng), n. 1. The making of small, sharp cracks or reports, frequently repeated. “As the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool.
Eccl. vii. 6.” 2. The well-browned, crisp rind of roasted pork. “For the first time in his life he tested crackling.
Lamb.” 3. pl. Food for dogs, made from the refuse of tallow melting.

Crack´nel (kr?k´n?l), n. [F. craquelin, fr. D. krakeling, fr. krakken to crack. See Crack, v. t.] A hard brittle cake or biscuit. Spenser.

Cracks´man (kr?ks´man), n., pl. Cracksmen (-men). A burglar. [Slang]

Cra•co´vi•an (kr?-k?´v?-an), a. Of or pertaining to Cracow in Poland.

Cra•co•vi•enne´ (kr?-k?•v?-?n´), n. [F., fr. Cracow, the city.] (Mus.) A lively Polish dance, in 2-4 time.

Cra´cowes (kr?´k?z), n. pl. Long-toed boots or shoes formerly worn in many parts of Europe; — so called from Cracow, in Poland, where they were first worn in the fourteenth century. Fairholt.

Cra´dle (krad’l), n. [AS. cradel, cradol, prob. from Celtic; cf. Gael. creathall, Ir. craidhal, W. cryd a shaking or rocking, a cradle; perh. akin to E. crate.] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, oscillating on rockers or swinging on pivots; hence, the place of origin, or in which anything is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of existence; as a cradle of crime; the cradle of liberty. “The cradle that received thee at thy birth.
Cowper.” “No sooner was I crept out of my cradle
But I was made a king, at nine months old.
Shak.” 2. Infancy, or very early life. “From their cradles bred together.
Shak.” “A form of worship in which they had been educated from their cradles.
Clarendon.” 3. (Agric.) An implement consisting of a broad scythe for cutting grain, with a set of long fingers parallel to the scythe, designed to receive the grain, and to lay it evenly in a swath. 4. (Engraving) A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking motion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, so preparing the ground. 5. A framework of timbers, or iron bars, moving upon ways or rollers, used to support, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc., as up an inclined plane, or across a strip of land, or in launching a ship. 6. (Med.) (a) A case for a broken or dislocated limb. (b) A frame to keep the bedclothes from contact with the person. 7. (Mining) (a) A machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth; — also called a rocker. [U.S.] (b) A suspended scaffold used in shafts. 8. (Carp.) The ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster. Knight. 9. (Naut.) The basket or apparatus in which, when a line has been made fast to a wrecked ship from the shore, the people are brought off from the wreck. Cat’s cradle. See under Cat. — Cradle hole, a sunken place in a road, caused by thawing, or by travel over a soft spot. — Cradle scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain.

Cra´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cradled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cradling (-dl?ng).] 1. To lay to rest, or rock, as in a cradle; to lull or quiet, as by rocking. “It cradles their fears to sleep.
D. A. Clark.” 2. To nurse or train in infancy. “He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars.
Glanvill.” 3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. 4. To transport a vessel by means of a cradle. “In Lombardy … boats are cradled and transported over the grade.
Knight.” To cradle a picture, to put ribs across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from warping.

Cra´dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle. “Withered roots and husks wherein the acorn cradled.
Shak.”

Cra´dling (-dl?ng), n. 1. The act of using a cradle. 2. (Coopering) Cutting a cask into two pieces lengthwise, to enable it to pass a narrow place, the two parts being afterward united and rehooped. 3. (Carp.) The framework in arched or coved ceilings to which the laths are nailed. Knight.

Craft (kraft), n. [AS. craeft strength, skill, art, cunning; akin to OS., G., Sw., & Dan. kraft strength, D. kracht, Icel. kraptr; perh. originally, a drawing together, stretching, from the root of E. cramp.] 1. Strength; might; secret power. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Art or skill; dexterity in particular manual employment; hence, the occupation or employment itself; manual art; a trade. “Ye know that by this craft we have our wealth.
Acts xix. 25.” “A poem is the work of the poet; poesy is his skill or craft of making.
B. Jonson.” “Since the birth of time, throughout all ages and nations,
Has the craft of the smith been held in repute.
Longfellow.” 3. Those engaged in any trade, taken collectively; a guild; as the craft of ironmongers. “The control of trade passed from the merchant guilds to the new craft guilds.
J. R. Green.” 4. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense, or applied to bad purposes; artifice; guile; skill or dexterity employed to effect purposes by deceit or shrewd devices. “You have that crooked wisdom which is called craft.
Hobbes.” “The chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death.
Mark xiv. 1.” 5. (Naut.) A vessel; vessels of any kind; — generally used in a collective sense. “The evolutions of the numerous tiny craft moving over the lake.
Prof. Wilson.” Small crafts, small vessels, as sloops, schooners, ets.

Craft, v. t. To play tricks; to practice artifice. [Obs.] “You have crafted fair.
Shak.”

crafter n. a creator of great skill in the manual arts.
Syn. — craftsman.
[WordNet 1.5]

Craft´i•ly (-?-l?), adv. [See Crafty.] With craft; artfully; cunningly.

Craft´i•ness (kr?ft´?-n?s), n. Dexterity in devising and effecting a purpose; cunning; artifice; stratagem. “He taketh the wise in their own craftiness.
Job. v. 13.”

Craft´less (-l?s), a. Without craft or cunning. “Helpless, craftless, and innocent people.
Jer. Taylor.”

Crafts´man (kr?fts´man), n.; pl. Craftsmen (-men). One skilled in some trade or manual occupation; an artificer; a mechanic.

Crafts´man•ship, n. The work of a craftsman.

Crafts´mas•ter (-m?s•t?r), n. One skilled in his craft or trade; one of superior cunning. “In cunning persuasion his craftsmaster.
Holland.”

Craft´y (kr?ft´?), a. [AS. crftig.] 1. Relating to, or characterized by, craft or skill; dexterous. [Obs.] ´Crafty work.´ Piers Plowman. 2. Possessing dexterity; skilled; skillful. “A noble crafty man of trees.
Wyclif.” 3. Skillful at deceiving others; characterized by craft; cunning; wily. ´A pair of crafty knaves.´ Shak. “With anxious care and crafty wiles.
J. Baillie.” Syn. — Skillful; dexterous; cunning; artful; wily; sly; fraudulent; deceitful; subtle; shrewd. See Cunning.

Crag (krag), n. [W. craig; akin to Gael. creag, Corn. karak, Armor. karrek.] 1. A steep, rugged rock; a rough, broken cliff, or point of a rock, on a ledge. “From crag to crag the signal flew.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. (Geol.) A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the Tertiary age.

Crag, n. [A form of craw: cf. D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen. See Craw.] 1. The neck or throat [Obs.] “And bear the crag so stiff and so state.
Spenser.” 2. The neck piece or scrag of mutton. Johnson.

Crag´ged (-ged), a. Full of crags, or steep, broken rocks; abounding with prominences, points, and inequalities; rough; rugged. “Into its cragged rents descend.
J. Baillie.”

Crag´ged•ness, n. The quality or state of being cragged; cragginess.

Crag´gi•ness (-g?-n?s), n. The state of being craggy.

Crag´gy (krag´gy), a. Full of crags; rugged with projecting points of rocks; as the craggy side of a mountain. ´The craggy ledge.´ Tennyson.

Crags´man (kragz´man), n.; pl. Cragsmen (- men). One accustomed to climb rocks or crags; esp., one who makes a business of climbing the cliffs overhanging the sea to get the eggs of sea birds or the birds themselves.

Craie (kra), n. See Crare. [Obs.]

Craig´ floun•der (krag´ floun•der). [Scot. craig a rock. See 1st Crag.] (Zoöl.) The pole flounder.

Crail (kral), n. [See Creel.] A creel or osier basket.

Crake (krak), v. t. & i. [See Crack.] 1. To cry out harshly and loudly, like the bird called crake. 2. To boast; to speak loudly and boastfully. [Obs.] “Each man may crake of that which was his own.
Mir. for Mag.”

Crake, n. A boast. See Crack, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Crake, n. [Cf. Icel. kraka crow, krakr raven, Sw. kråka, Dan. krage; perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crow.] (Zoöl.) Any species or rail of the genera Crex and Porzana; — so called from its singular cry. See Corncrake.

Crake´ber•ry (-b?r•r?), n. (Bot.) See Crowberry.

Crak´er (kr?k´?r), n. One who boasts; a braggart. [Obs.] Old Play.

Cram (kram), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crammed (kramd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramming.] [AS. crammian to cram; akin to Icel. kremja to squeeze, bruise, Sw. krama to press. Cf. Cramp.] 1. To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; as to cram anything into a basket; to cram a room with people. “Their storehouses crammed with grain.
Shak.” “He will cram his brass down our throats.
Swift.” 2. To fill with food to satiety; to stuff. “Children would be freer from disease if they were not crammed so much as they are by fond mothers.
Locke.” “Cram us with praise, and make us
As fat as tame things.
Shak.” 3. To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination; as a pupil is crammed by his tutor.

Cram, v. i. 1. To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff. “Gluttony … .
Crams, and blasphemes his feeder.
Milton.” 2. To make crude preparation for a special occasion, as an examination, by a hasty and extensive course of memorizing or study. [Colloq.]

Cram, n. 1. The act of cramming. 2. Information hastily memorized; as a cram from an examination. [Colloq.] 3. (Weaving) A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed.

Cram´bo (-bo), n. [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A game in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme. “I saw in one corner … a cluster of men and women, diverting themselves with a game at crambo. I heard several double rhymes … which raised a great deal of mirth.
Addison.” 2. A word rhyming with another word. “His similes in order set
And every crambo he could get.
Swift.” Dumb crambo, a game in which one party of players give a word which rhymes with another, which last to be guessed by the opposing party, who represent in dumb show what they think it to be.

Cram´mer (kram´mer), n. One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or a pupil who is thus prepared. Dickens. { Cra•moi´sie Cra•moi´sy} (kr?-moi´z?), a. [F. cramoisi crimson. See Crimson.] Crimson. [Obs.] “A splendid seignior, magnificent in cramoisy velevet.
Motley.”

Cramp (kramp), n. [OE. crampe, craumpe; akin to D. & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, G. krampf (whence F. crampe), Icel. krappr strait, narrow, and to E. crimp, crumple; cf. cram. See Grape.] 1. That which confines or contracts; a restraint; a shackle; a hindrance. “A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind.
L’Estrange.” “Crippling his pleasures with the cramp of fear.
Cowper.” 2. (Masonry) A device, usually of iron bent at the ends, used to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, etc.; a cramp iron. 3. (Carp.) A rectangular frame, with a tightening screw, used for compressing the joints of framework, etc. 4. A piece of wood having a curve corresponding to that of the upper part of the instep, on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched to give it the requisite shape. 5. (Med.) A spasmodic and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, as of the leg. “The cramp, divers nights, gripeth him in his legs.
Sir T. More.” Cramp bone, the patella of a sheep; — formerly used as a charm for the cramp. Halliwell. ´He could turn cramp bones into chess men.´ Dickens. — Cramp ring, a ring formerly supposed to have virtue in averting or curing cramp, as having been consecrated by one of the kings of England on Good Friday.

Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cramped (krmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramping.] 1. To compress; to restrain from free action; to confine and contract; to hinder. “The mind my be as much cramped by too much knowledge as by ignorance.
Layard.” 2. To fasten or hold with, or as with, a cramp. 3. Hence, to bind together; to unite. “The … fabric of universal justic is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts.
Burke.” 4. To form on a cramp; as to cramp boot legs. 5. To afflict with cramp. “When the gout cramps my joints.
Ford.” To cramp the wheels of wagon, to turn the front wheels out of line with the hind wheels, so that one of them shall be against the body of the wagon.

Cramp, a. [See Cramp, n.] Knotty; difficult. [R.] “Care being taken not to add any of the cramp reasons for this opinion.
Coleridge.”

Cram´pet (kr?m´p?t), n. [See Cramp,n.] (Mil.) A cramp iron or cramp ring; a chape, as of a scabbard. [Written also crampit and crampette.]

Cramp´fish (kr?mp´f?sh•), n. (Zoöl.) The torpedo, or electric ray, the touch of which gives an electric shock. See Electric fish, and Torpedo.

Cramp´ i•ron (?•rn). See Cramp, n., 2.

Cram´pit (kram´pit), n. (Mil.) See Crampet.

Cram´pon (kram´pon), n. [F. See Crampoons.] (Bot.) An aërial rootlet for support in climbing, as of ivy.

Cram•po•nee´ (kram•p?-n?´), a. [F. cramponne. See Crampoons.] (Her.) Having a cramp or square piece at the end; — said of a cross so furnished.

Cram•poons´ (kram•poonz´), n. pl. [F. crampon, fr. OHG. chramph crooked; akin to G. krampf cramp. See Cramp,n., and cf. Crampon.] 1. A clutch formed of hooked pieces of iron, like double calipers, for raising stones, lumber, blocks of ice, etc. 2. Iron instruments with sharp points, worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foothold.

Cramp´y (kramp´y), 1. Affected with cramp. 2. Productive of, or abounding in, cramps. ´This crampy country.´ Howitt. { Cran (kran), Crane (kran) }, n. [Scot., fr. Gael. crann.] A measure for fresh herrings, — as many as will fill a barrel. [Scot.] H. Miller.

Cran´age (kran´aj), n. [See Crane.] 1. The liberty of using a crane, as for loading and unloading vessels. 2. The money or price paid for the use of a crane.

Cran´ber•ry (kran´ber•ry), n.; pl. Cranberries (- riz). [So named from its fruit being ripe in the spring when the cranes return. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) A red, acid berry, much used for making sauce, etc.; also the plant producing it (several species of Vaccinum or Oxycoccus.) The high cranberry or cranberry tree is a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), and the other is sometimes called low cranberry or marsh cranberry to distinguish it.

Cranch (kr?nch), v. t. See Craunch.

Crane (kran), n. [AS. cran; akin to D. & LG. craan, G. kranich, krahn (this in sense 2), Gr. ge•ranos, L. grus, W. & Armor. garan, OSlav. zeravi, Lith. gerve, Icel. trani, Sw. trana, Dan. trane. rad.24. Cf. Geranium.] 1. (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Grus, and allied genera, of various species, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck. The common European crane is Grus cinerea. The sand-hill crane (G. Mexicana) and the whooping crane (G. Americana) are large American species. The Balearic or crowned crane is Balearica pavonina. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to the herons and cormorants. 2. A machine for raising and lowering heavy weights, and, while holding them suspended, transporting them through a limited lateral distance. In one form it consists of a projecting arm or jib of timber or iron, a rotating post or base, and the necessary tackle, windlass, etc.; — so called from a fancied similarity between its arm and the neck of a crane See Illust. of Derrick. 3. An iron arm with horizontal motion, attached to the side or back of a fireplace, for supporting kettles, etc., over a fire. 4. A siphon, or bent pipe, for drawing liquors out of a cask. 5. (Naut.) A forked post or projecting bracket to support spars, etc., — generally used in pairs. See Crotch, 2. Crane fly (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect with long legs, of the genus Tipula. — Derrick crane. See Derrick. — Gigantic crane. (Zoöl.) See Adjutant, n., 3. — Traveling crane, Traveler crane, Traversing crane (Mach.), a crane mounted on wheels; esp., an overhead crane consisting of a crab or other hoisting apparatus traveling on rails or beams fixed overhead, as in a machine shop or foundry. — Water crane, a kind of hydrant with a long swinging spout, for filling locomotive tenders, water carts, etc., with water.

Crane (kran), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craned (krand); p. pr. & vb. n. Craning.] 1. To cause to rise; to raise or lift, as by a crane; — with up. [R.] “What engines, what instruments are used in craning up a soul, sunk below the center, to the highest heavens.
Bates.” “An upstart craned up to the height he has.
Massinger.” 2. To stretch, as a crane stretches its neck; as to crane the neck disdainfully. G. Eliot.

crane, v. i. to reach forward with head and neck, in order to see better; as a hunter cranes forward before taking a leap. Beaconsfield. Thackeray. “The passengers eagerly craning forward over the bulwarks.
Howells.”

Crane’s´-bill (kr?nz´b?l•), n. 1. (Bot.) The geranium; — so named from the long axis of the fruit, which resembles the beak of a crane. Dr. Prior. 2. (Surg.) A pair of long-beaked forceps.

Crang (kr?ng), n. See Krang.

Cra´ni•a (kr?´n?-?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of living Brachiopoda; — so called from its fancied resemblance to the cranium or skull.

Cra´ni•al (kr?´n?-a]/>l), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cranium.

Cra´ni•o•clasm (kr?´n?-?-kl?z’m), n. [Cranium + Gr. to break.] (Med.) The crushing of a child’s head, as with the cranioclast or craniotomy forceps in cases of very difficult delivery. Dunglison.

Cra´ni•o•clast (-kl?st), n. (Med.) An instrument for crushing the head of a fetus, to facilitate delivery in difficult eases.

Cra•ni•o•fa´cial (-f?´shal), a. Of or pertaining to the cranium and face; as the craniofacial angle.

Cra•ni•og´no•my (-?g´n?-m?), n. [Cranium + Gr. , . to know.] The science of the form and characteristics of the skull. [R.]

Cra•ni•o•log´ic•al (-?-l?j´?-kal), a. Of or pertaining to craniology.

Cra•ni•ol´o•gist (-?l´?-j?st), n. One proficient in craniology; a phrenologist.

Cra•ni•ol´o•gy (-j?), n. [Cranium + -logy.] The department of science (as of ethnology or archaeology) which deals with the shape, size, proportions, indications, etc., of skulls; the study of skulls.

Cra•ni•om´e•ter (kr?•n?-?m´?-t?r), n. [Cranium + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the size of skulls. { Cra•ni•o•met´ric (-?-m?t´r?k), Cra•ni•o•met´ric•al (-r?-kal), } a. Pertaining to craniometry.

Cra•ni•om´e•try (kr?•n?-?m´?-tr?), n. The art or act of measuring skulls.

Cra•ni•os´co•pist (kr?•n?-?s´k?-p?st), n. One skilled in, or who practices, cranioscopy. “It was found of equal dimension in a literary man whose skull puzzied the cranioscopists.
Coleridge.”

Cra•ni•os´co•py (-p?), n. [Cranium + -scopy.] Scientific examination of the cranium.

Cra•ni•o´ta (kr?•n?-?t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. cranium.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of the Vertebrata, including all those that have a skull.

Cra•ni•ot´o•my (kr?•n?-?t´?-m?), n. [Cranium + Gr. to cut off.] (Med.) The operation of opening the fetal head, in order to effect delivery.

Cra´ni•um (kr?´n?-?m), n.; pl. E. Craniums (-mz), L. Crania (-). [NL., fr. Gr. ; akin to ka•ra head.] The skull of an animal; especially, that part of the skull, either cartilaginous or bony, which immediately incloses the brain; the brain case or brainpan. See Skull.

Crank (kr?nk), n. [OE. cranke; akin to E. cringe, cringle, crinkle, and to crank, a., the root meaning, probably, ´to turn, twist.´ See Cringe.] 1. (Mach.) A bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. See Bell crank. 2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage. “So many turning cranks these have, so many crooks.
Spenser.” 3. A twist or turn in speech; a conceit consisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word. “Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles.
Milton.” 4. A twist or turn of the mind; caprice; whim; crotchet; also a fit of temper or passion. [Prov. Eng.] “Violent of temper; subject to sudden cranks.
Carlyle.” 5. A person full of crotchets; one given to fantastic or impracticable projects; one whose judgment is perverted in respect to a particular matter. [Colloq.] 6. A sick person; an invalid. [Obs.] “Thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater.
Burton.” Crank axle (Mach.), a driving axle formed with a crank or cranks, as in some kinds of locomotives. — Crank pin (Mach.), the cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached, at the end of a crank, or between the arms of a double crank. — Crank shaft, a shaft bent into a crank, or having a crank fastened to it, by which it drives or is driven. — Crank wheel, a wheel acting as a crank, or having a wrist to which a connecting rod is attached.

Crank (kr?nk), a. [AS. cranc weak ; akin to Icel. krangr, D. & G. krank sick, weak (cf. D. krengen to careen). Cf. Crank, n.] 1. Sick; infirm. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be overset, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not sufficient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail. 3. Full of spirit; brisk; lively; sprightly; overconfident; opinionated. “He who was a little before, bedrid, … was now crank and lusty.
Udall.” “If you strong electioners did not think you were among the elect, you would not be so crank about it.
Mrs. Stowe.”

Crank, v. i. [See Crank, n.] To run with a winding course; to double; to crook; to wind and turn. “See how this river comes me cranking in.
Shak.”

Crank´bird (-b?rd•), n. (Zoöl.) A small European woodpecker (Picus minor).

Cranked (kr?nkt), a. Formed with, or having, a bend or crank; as a cranked axle.

Crank´i•ness (kr?nk´?-n?s), n. Crankness. Lowell.

Cran´kle (kr?n´k’l), v. t. [Cf. Crinkle.] To break into bends, turns, or angles; to crinkle. “Old Veg’s stream … drew her humid train aslope,
Crankling her banks.
J. Philips.”

Cran´kle, v. i. To bend, turn, or wind. “Along the crankling path.
Drayton.”

Cran´kle, n. A bend or turn; a twist; a crinkle.

Crank´ness (kr?nk´n?s), n. 1. (Naut.) Liability to be overset; - - said of a ship or other vessel. 2. Sprightliness; vigor; health.

Crank´y (-?), a. 1. Full of spirit; crank. 2. Addicted to crotchets and whims; unreasonable in opinions; crotchety. [Colloq.] 3. Unsteady; easy to upset; crank.

Cran´nied (kr?n´n?d), a. Having crannies, chinks, or fissures; as a crannied wall. Tennyson. { Cran´nog (kr?n´n?g), Cran´noge (kr?n´n?j) }, n. [From Celtic; cf. Gael. crann a tree.] One of the stockaded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient times were numerous in the lakes of both countries. They may be regarded as the very latest class of prehistoric strongholds, reaching their greatest development in early historic times, and surviving through the Middle Ages. See also Lake dwellings, under Lake. Encyc. Brit.

Cran´ny (kran´ny), n.; pl. Crannies (- niz). [F. cran notch, prob. from L. crena (a doubful word).] 1. A small, narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall, or other substance. “In a firm building, the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish, but with brick or stone fitted to the crannies.
Dryden.” “He peeped into every cranny.
Arbuthnot.” 2. (Glass Making) A tool for forming the necks of bottles, etc.

Cran´ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crannied (-n?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crannying.] 1. To crack into, or become full of, crannies. [R.] “The ground did cranny everywhere.
Golding.” 2. To haunt, or enter by, crannies. “All tenantless, save to the crannying wind.
Byron.”

Cran´ny, a. [Perh. for cranky. See Crank, a. ] Quick; giddy; thoughtless. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cran•ta´ra (kr?n-t?´r? or -t?´r?), n. [Gael. cranntara.] The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland.

Crants (krants), n. [Cf. D. krans, G. kranz.] A garland carried before the bier of a maiden. [Obs.] “Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants, Her maiden strewments.
Shak.”

Crap´au•dine (kr?p´?-d?n), a. [F., n.] (Arch.) Turning on pivots at the top and bottom; — said of a door.

Crap´au•dine, n. [F.] (Far.) An ulcer on the coronet of a horse. Bailey.

Crape (krap), n. [F. crêpe, fr. L. crispus curled, crisped. See Crisp.] A thin, crimped stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill. Black crape is much used for mourning garments, also for the dress of some clergymen. “A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn.
Pope.” Crape myrtle (Bot.), a very ornamental shrub (Lagerströmia Indica) from the East Indies, often planted in the Southern United States. Its foliage is like that of the myrtle, and the flower has wavy crisped petals. — Oriental crape. See Canton crape.

Crape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craped (krapt); p. pr. & vb. n. Craping.] [F. crêper, fr. L. crispare to curl, crisp, fr. crispus. See Crape, n.] To form into ringlets; to curl; to crimp; to friz; as to crape the hair; to crape silk. “The hour for curling and craping the hair.
Mad. D’Arblay.”

Crape´fish (kr?p´f?sh•), n. Salted codfish hardened by pressure. Kane.

Crap´nel (kr?p´nel), n. A hook or drag; a grapnel.

Crap´pie (kr?p´p?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass of the genus Pomoxys, found in the rivers of the Southern United States and Mississippi valley. There are several species. [Written also croppie.]

Crap´ple (kr?p´p’l), n. [See Graple.] A claw. [Obs.]

Craps (kr?ps), n. A gambling game with dice. [Local, U.S.] { Crap´u•la (kr?p´?-l?), Crap´ule (kr?p´?l), } n. [L. crapula intoxication.] Same as Crapulence.

Crap´u•lence (-?-lens), n. The sickness occasioned by intemperance; surfeit. Bailey. { Crap´u•lent (-lent), Crap´u•lous (- l?s), } a. [L. crapulentus, crapulosus: cf. F. crapuleux.] Surcharged with liquor; sick from excessive indulgence in liquor; drunk; given to excesses. [R.]

Crap´y (kr?p´?), a. Resembling crape.

Crare (kr?r), n. [OF. craier, creer, croyer, ship of war, LL. craiera, creyera, perh. from G. krieger warrior, or D. krijger.] A slow unwieldy trading vessel. [Obs.] [Written also crayer, cray, and craie.] Shak.

Crase (kr?z), v. t. [See Craze.] To break in pieces; to crack. [Obs.] ´The pot was crased.´ Chaucer.

Crash (krash>), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crashed (krasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crashing.] [OE. crashen, the same word as crasen to break, E. craze. See Craze.] To break in pieces violently; to dash together with noise and violence. [R.] “He shakt his head, and crasht his teeth for ire.
Fairfax.”

Crash, v. i. 1. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once; to break in pieces with a harsh noise. “Roofs were blazing and walls crashing in every part of the city.
Macaulay.” 2. To break with violence and noise; as the chimney in falling crashed through the roof.

Crash, n. 1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once. “The wreck of matter and the crash of worlds.
Addison.” 2. Ruin; failure; sudden breaking down, as of a business house or a commercial enterprise.

Crash, n. [L. crassus coarse. See Crass.] Coarse, heavy, narrow linen cloth, used esp. for towels.

Crash´ing, n. The noise of many things falling and breaking at once. “There shall be … a great crashing from the hills.
Zeph. i. 10.”

Cra´sis (kr?´s?s), n. [LL., temperament, fr. Gr. , fr. to mix.] 1. (Med.) A mixture of constituents, as of the blood; constitution; temperament. 2. (Gram.) A contraction of two vowels (as the final and initial vowels of united words) into one long vowel, or into a diphthong; synaeresis; as cogo for coago.

Cras•pe•do´ta (kr?s•p?-d?´t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to be bordered or edged.] (Zoöl.) The hydroid or naked-eyed medusae. See Hydroidea.

Cras´pe•dote (kr?s´p?-d?t), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Craspedota.

Crass (kr?s), a. [L. crassus thick, fat, gross, prob. orig., closely woven. See Grease animal fat, and cf. Crate, Hurdle.] Gross; thick; dense; coarse; not elaborated or refined. ´Crass and fumid exhalations.´ Sir. T. Browne. ´Crass ignorance´ Cudworth. { Cras´sa•ment (kr?s´s?-ment), Cras•sa•men´tum (-m?n´t?m), } n. [L. crassamentum, fr. crassare to make thick. See Crass, a.] A semisolid mass or clot, especially that formed in coagulation of the blood.

Cras´si•ment (kr?s´s?-ment), n. See Crassament.

Cras´si•tude (-t?d), n. [L. crassitudo.] Grossness; coarseness; thickness; density. Bacon.

Crass´ness (kr?s´n?s), n. Grossness. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Cras•ti•na´tion (kr?s•t?-n?´sh?n), n. [L. crastinus of to-morrow, from cras to-morrow.] Procrastination; a putting off till to-morrow. [Obs.]

Cra•tae´gus (kr?-t?´g?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. krataigo•s.] (Bot.) A genus of small, hardy trees, including the hawthorn, much used for ornamental purposes.

Cratch (kr?ch; 224), n. [OE. cracche, crecche, F. crèche crib, manger, fr. OHG. krippa, krippea, G. krippe crib. See Crib.] A manger or open frame for hay; a crib; a rack. [Obs.] “Begin from first where He encradled was
In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay.
Spenser.” Cratch cradle, a representation of the figure of the cratch, made upon the fingers with a string; cat’s cradle; — called also scratch cradle.

Crate (kr?t), n. [L. cratis hurdle; perh. akin to E. cradle. See Hurdle, and cf. Crate a framework.] 1. A large basket or hamper of wickerwork, used for the transportation of china, crockery, and similar wares. 2. A box or case whose sides are of wooden slats with interspaces, — used especially for transporting fruit.

Crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crated; p. pr. & vb. n. Crating.] To pack in a crate or case for transportation; as to crate a sewing machine; to crate peaches.

Cra´ter (kr?t?r), n. [L. crater, cratera, a mixing vessel, the mouth of a volcano, Gr. krath•r, fr. keranny•nai to mix; cf. Skr. çri to mix, çir to cook, çra to cook. Cf. Grail, in Holy Grail.] 1. The basinlike opening or mouth of a volcano, through which the chief eruption comes; similarly, the mouth of a geyser, about which a cone of silica is often built up. 2. (Mil.) The pit left by the explosion of a mine. 3. (Astron.) A constellation of the southen hemisphere; — called also the Cup.

Cra•ter´i•form (kr?-t?r´?-f?rm), a. [L. cratera + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a shallow bowl; — said of a corolla.

Cra´ter•ous (kr?´t?r-?s), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a crater. [R.] R. Browning.

Craunch (kr?nch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Craunched (kr?ncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Craunching.] [See Crunch.] To crush with the teeth; to chew with violence and noise; to crunch. Swift.

Cra•vat´ (kr?-v?t´), n. [F. cravate, fr. Cravate a Croat, an inhabitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted in France.] A neckcloth; a piece of silk, fine muslin, or other cloth, worn by men about the neck. “While his wig was combed and his cravat tied.
Macaulay.”

Cra•vat•ted (kr?-v?t´t?d), a. Wearing a cravat. “The young men faultlessly appointed, handsomely cravatted.
Thackeray.”

Crave (krav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craved (kravd); p pr. & vb. n. Craving.] [AS. crafian; akin to Icel. krefja, Sw. kräfva, Dan. kraeve.] 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity; to ask with submission or humility; to beg; to entreat; to beseech; to implore. “I crave your honor’s pardon.
Shak.” “Joseph … went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus.
Mark xv. 43.” 2. To call for, as a gratification; to long for; hence, to require or demand; as the stomach craves food. “His path is one that eminently craves weary walking.
Edmund Gurney.” Syn. — To ask; seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit; request; supplicate; adjure.

Crave, v. i. To desire strongly; to feel an insatiable longing; as a craving appetite. “Once one may crave for love.
Suckling.”

Cra´ven (kr?´v’n), a. [OE. cravant, cravaunde, OF. cravant struck down, p. p. of cravanter, crevanter, to break, crush, strike down, fr. an assumed LL. crepantare, fr. L. crepans, p. pr. of crepare to break, crack, rattle. Cf. Crevice, Crepitate.] Cowardly; fainthearted; spiritless. ´His craven heart.´ Shak. “The poor craven bridegroom said never a word.
Sir. W. Scott.” “In craven fear of the sarcasm of Dorset.
Macaulay.”

Cra´ven, n. [Formerly written also cravant and cravent.] A recreant; a coward; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. See Recreant, n. “King Henry. Is it fit this soldier keep his oath?
Fluellen. He is a craven and a villain else.
Shak.” Syn. — Coward; poltroon; dastard.

Cra´ven, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cravened (-v’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cravening.] To make recreant, weak, spiritless, or cowardly. [Obs.] “There is a prohibition so divine,
That cravens my weak hand.
Shak.”

Crav´er (kr?v´?r), n. One who craves or begs.

Crav´ing (-?ng), n. Vehement or urgent desire; longing for; beseeching. “A succession of cravings and satiety.
L’Estrange.” — Crav´ing•ly, adv. — Crav´ing•ness, n.

Craw (kra), n. [Akin to D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen, Sw. kräfva craw, Dan. kro, and possibly to Gr. (E. bronchus), or bro•chqos throat. rad.25. Cf. Crag neck.] (Zoöl.) (a) The crop of a bird. (b) The stomach of an animal. { Craw´fish• (kra´fish•), Cray´fish• (kra´fish•) }, n.; pl. -fishes or -fish. [Corrupted fr. OE. crevis, creves, OF. crevice, F. ecrevisse, fr. OHG. krebiz crab, G. krebs. See Crab. The ending -fish arose from confusion with E. fish.] (Zoöl.) Any crustacean of the family Astacidae, resembling the lobster, but smaller, and found in fresh waters. Crawfishes are esteemed very delicate food both in Europe and America. The North American species are numerous and mostly belong to the genus Cambarus. The blind crawfish of the Mammoth Cave is Cambarus pellucidus. The common European species is Astacus fluviatilis.

Craw´ford (kra´ferd), n. A Crawford peach; a well-known freestone peach, with yellow flesh, first raised by Mr. William Crawford, of New Jersey.

Crawl (kral), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crawled (krald); p. pr. & vb. n. Crawling.] [Dan. kravle, or Icel. krafla, to paw, scrabble with the hands; akin to Sw. kräla to crawl; cf. LG. krabbeln, D. krabbelen to scratch.] 1. To move slowly by drawing the body along the ground, as a worm; to move slowly on hands and knees; to creep. “A worm finds what it searches after only by feeling, as it crawls from one thing to another.
Grew.” 2. Hence, to move or advance in a feeble, slow, or timorous manner. “He was hardly able to crawl about the room.
Arbuthnot.” “The meanest thing that crawl’d beneath my eyes.
Byron.” 3. To advance slowly and furtively; to insinuate one’s self; to advance or gain influence by servile or obsequious conduct. “Secretly crawling up the battered walls.
Knolles.” “Hath crawled into the favor of the king.
Shak.” “Absurd opinions crawl about the world.
South.” 4. To have a sensation as of insect creeping over the body; as the flesh crawls. See Creep, v. i., 7.

Crawl (kral), n. The act or motion of crawling; slow motion, as of a creeping animal.

Crawl, n. [Cf. Kraal.] A pen or inclosure of stakes and hurdles on the seacoast, for holding fish.

Crawl´er (kral´er), n. One who, or that which, crawls; a creeper; a reptile.

Crawl´y (kral´y), a. Creepy. [Colloq.] { Cray (kra), Cray´er (-er) }, n. See Crare. [Obs.]

Cray´fish (kra´fish), n. (Zoöl.) See Crawfish.

Cray´on (kra´?n), n. [F., a crayon, a lead pencil (crayon Conte Conte’s pencil, i. e., one made a black compound invented by Conte), fr. craie chalk, L. creta; said to be, properly, Cretan earth, fr. Creta the island Crete. Cf. Cretaceous.] 1. An implement for drawing, made of clay and plumbago, or of some preparation of chalk, usually sold in small prisms or cylinders. “Let no day pass over you … without giving some strokes of the pencil or the crayon.
Dryden.” The black crayon gives a deeper black than the lead pencil. This and the colored crayons are often called chalks. The red crayon is also called sanguine. See Chalk, and Sanguine. 2. A crayon drawing. 3. (Electricity) A pencil of carbon used in producing electric light. Crayon board, cardboard with a surface prepared for crayon drawing. — Crayon drawing, the act or art of drawing with crayons; a drawing made with crayons.

Cray´on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crayoned (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crayoning.] [Cf. F. crayonner.] To sketch, as with a crayon; to sketch or plan. “He soon afterwards composed that discourse, conformably to the plan which he had crayoned out.
Malone.”

Craze (kraz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crazed (krazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] [OE. crasen to break, fr. Scand., perh. through OF.; cf. Sw. krasa to crackle, slå i kras, to break to pieces, F. ecraser to crush, fr. the Scand. Cf. Crash.] 1. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See Crase. “God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels.
Milton.” 2. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. [Obs.] “Till length of years,
And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs.
Milton.” 3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane. “Any man … that is crazed and out of his wits.
Tilloston.” “Grief hath crazed my wits.
Shak.”

Craze, v. i. 1. To be crazed, or to act or appear as one that is crazed; to rave; to become insane. “She would weep and he would craze.
Keats.” 2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery.

Craze, n. 1. Craziness; insanity. 2. A strong habitual desire or fancy; a crotchet. “It was quite a craze with him [Burns] to have his Jean dressed genteelly.
Prof. Wilson.” 3. A temporary passion or infatuation, as for same new amusement, pursuit, or fashion; as the bric-a-brac craze; the aesthetic craze. “Various crazes concerning health and disease.
W. Pater.”

Craz´ed•ness (-?d-n?s), n. A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intellect. { Craze´-mill• (kraz´mil•), Craz´ing-mill• (kr?´z?ng-) }, n. [See 1st Craze.] A mill for grinding tin ore.

Cra´zi•ly (kra´zi•ly), adv. In a crazy manner.

Cra´zi•ness, n. 1. The state of being broken down or weakened; as the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs. 2. The state of being broken in mind; imbecility or weakness of intellect; derangement.

Cra´zy (kra´zy), a. [From Craze.] 1. Characterized by weakness or feebleness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe. “Piles of mean andcrazy houses.
Macaulay.” “One of great riches, but a crazy constitution.
Addison.” “They … got a crazy boat to carry them to the island.
Jeffrey.” 2. Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged. “Over moist and crazy brains.
Hudibras.” 3. Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. [Colloq.] “The girls were crazy to be introduced to him.
R. B. Kimball.” Crazy bone, the bony projection at the end of the elbow (olecranon), behind which passes the ulnar nerve; — so called on account of the curiously painful tingling felt, when, in a particular position, it receives a blow; — called also funny bone. — Crazy quilt, a bedquilt made of pieces of silk or other material of various sizes, shapes, and colors, fancifully stitched together without definite plan or arrangement.

Cre´a•ble (kr?´?-b’l), a. [L. creabilis, from creare to create. See Create.] Capable of being created. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Creaght (kr?t), n. [Ir. & Gael. graidh, graigh.] A drove or herd. [Obs.] Haliwell.

Creaght, v. i. To graze. [Obs.] Sir. L. Davies.

Creak (krek), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Creaked (krekt); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] [OE. creken, prob. of imitative origin; cf. E. crack, and. D. krieken to crackle, chirp.] To make a prolonged sharp grating or squeaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances; as shoes creak. “The creaking locusts with my voice conspire.
Dryden.” “Doors upon their hinges creaked.
Tennyson.”

Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with. “Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry.
Shak.”

Creak (krek), n. The sound produced by anything that creaks; a creaking. Roget.

Creak´ing, n. A harsh grating or squeaking sound, or the act of making such a sound. “Start not at the creaking of the door.
Longfellow.”

Cream (krem), n. [F. crême, perh. fr. LL. crema cream of milk; cf. L. cremor thick juice or broth, perh. akin to cremare to burn.] 1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated, rises, and collects on the surface. It is the part of milk from which butter is obtained. 2. The part of any liquor that rises, and collects on the surface. [R.] 3. A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream. 4. A cosmetic; a creamlike medicinal preparation. “In vain she tries her paste and creams,
To smooth her skin or hide its seams.
Goldsmith.” 5. The best or choicest part of a thing; the quintessence; as the cream of a jest or story; the cream of a collection of books or pictures. “Welcome, O flower and cream of knights errant.
Shelton.” Bavarian cream, a preparation of gelatin, cream, sugar, and eggs, whipped; — to be eaten cold. — Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, almond oil, rose water, and borax, and used as a salve for the hands and lips. — Cream cheese, a kind of cheese made from curd from which the cream has not been taken off, or to which cream has been added. — Cream gauge, an instrument to test milk, being usually a graduated glass tube in which the milk is placed for the cream to rise. — Cream nut, the Brazil nut. — Cream of lime. (a) A scum of calcium carbonate which forms on a solution of milk of lime from the carbon dioxide of the air. (b) A thick creamy emulsion of lime in water. — Cream of tartar (Chem.), purified tartar or argol; so called because of the crust of crystals which forms on the surface of the liquor in the process of purification by recrystallization. It is a white crystalline substance, with a gritty acid taste, and is used very largely as an ingredient of baking powders; — called also potassium bitartrate, acid potassium tartrate, etc.

Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creamed (kr?md); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaming.] 1. To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream. 2. To take off the best or choicest part of. 3. To furnish with, or as with, cream. “Creaming the fragrant cups.
Mrs. Whitney.” To cream butter (Cooking), to rub, stir, or beat, butter till it is of a light creamy consistency.

Cream, v. i. To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream; to assume the appearance of cream; hence, to grow stiff or formal; to mantle. “There are a sort of men whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pool.
Shak.”

Cream´cake (-k?k•), n. (Cookery) A kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, eggs, etc.

Cream´-col•ored (-k?l•?rd), a. Of the color of cream; light yellow. ´Cream- colored horses.´ Hazlitt.

Cream´er•y (-?r-?), n.; pl. Creameries (-z). [CF. F. crmeric.] 1. A place where butter and cheese are made, or where milk and cream are put up in cans for market. 2. A place or apparatus in which milk is set for raising cream. 3. An establishment where cream is sold.

Cream´-faced (kr?m´f?st•), a. White or pale, as the effect of fear, or as the natural complexion. “Thou cream-faced loon.
Shak.”

Cream´-fruit (kr?m´fr?t•), n. (Bot.) A plant of Sierra Leone which yields a wholesome, creamy juice.

Cream´i•ness (-?-n?s), n. The quality of being creamy.

Cream´ laid (kr?m´ l?d•). See under Laid.

Cream´-slice (-sl?s•), n. A wooden knife with a long thin blade, used in handling cream or ice cream.

Cream´-white (-hw?t•), a. As white as cream.

Cream´y (kr?m´?), a. Full of, or containing, cream; resembling cream, in nature, appearance, or taste; creamlike; unctuous. ´Creamy bowls.´ Collins. ´Lines of creamy spray.´ Tennyson. ´Your creamy words but cozen.´ Beau. & Fl.

Cre´ance (kre´ans), n. [F. creance, lit., credence, fr. L. credere to trust. See Credence.] 1. Faith; belief; creed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Falconry) A fine, small line, fastened to a hawk’s leash, when it is first lured.

Cre´ance (kre´ans), v. i. & t. To get on credit; to borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cre´ant (kre´ant), a. [L. creans, p. pr. of creare to create.] Creative; formative. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Crease (kres), n. See Creese. Tennyson.

Crease, n. [Cf. LG. krus, G. krause, crispness, krausen, kräusen, to crisp, curl, lay on folds; or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. kriz a wrinkle, crease, kriza to wrinkle, fold, W. crych a wrinkle, crychu to rumple, ripple, crease.] 1. A line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance; hence, a similar mark, however produced. 2. (Cricket) One of the lines serving to define the limits of the bowler and the striker. Bowling crease (Cricket), a line extending three feet four inches on each side of the central strings at right angles to the line between the wickets. — Return crease (Cricket), a short line at each end of the bowling crease and at right angles to it, extending toward the bowler. — Popping crease (Cricket),, a line drawn in front of the wicket, four feet distant from it, parallel to the bowling crease and at least as long as the latter. J. H. Walsh (Encyc. of Rural Sports).

Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creased (kr?st); p. pr. & vb. n. Creasing.] To make a crease or mark in, as by folding or doubling. “Creased, like dog’s ears in a folio.
Gray.”

Creas´er (kr?s´?r), n. 1. A tool, or a sewing-machine attachment, for making lines or creases on leather or cloth, as guides to sew by. 2. A tool for making creases or beads, as in sheet iron, or for rounding small tubes. 3. (Bookbinding) A tool for making the band impression distinct on the back. Knight.

Creas´ing (kres´ing), n. (Arch.) A layer of tiles forming a corona for a wall. Knight.

Cre´a•sote (kre´a•sot), n. See Creosote.

Creas´y (kr?s´?), a. Full of creases. Tennyson.

Cre´at (kre´at), n. [F. creat, ultimately fr. L. creatus created, begotten; cf. It. creato pupil, servant, Sp. criado a servant, client.] (Man.) An usher to a riding master.

Cre•at´a•ble (kr?-?´t?-b’l), a. That may be created.

Cre•ate´ (kre•at´), a.[L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create; akin to Gr. krai•nein to accomplish, Skr. kr to make, and to E. ending -cracy in aristocracy, also to crescent, cereal.] Created; composed; begotten. [Obs.] “Hearts create of duty and zeal.
Shak.”

Cre•ate´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Created; p. pr. & vb. n. Creating.] 1. To bring into being; to form out of nothing; to cause to exist. “In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.
Gen. i. 1.” 2. To effect by the agency, and under the laws, of causation; to be the occasion of; to cause; to produce; to form or fashion; to renew. “Your eye in Scotland
Would create soldiers.
Shak.” “Create in me a clean heart.
Ps. li. 10.” 3. To invest with a new form, office, or character; to constitute; to appoint; to make; as to create one a peer. ´I create you companions to our person.´ Shak.

Cre•at´ic (kr?-?t´?k), a. [Gr. , , flesh.] Relating to, or produced by, flesh or animal food; as creatic nausea. [Written also kreatic.]

Cre´a•tin (kr?´?-t?n), n. [Gr. flesh.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance found abundantly in muscle tissue. [Written also kreatine.]

Cre•at´i•nin (kr?-?t´?-n?n), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous body closely related to creatin but more basic in its properties, formed from the latter by the action of acids, and occurring naturally in muscle tissue and in urine. [Written also kretinine.]

Cre•a´tion (kr?-A´sh?n), n. [L. creatio: cf. F. cration. See Create.] 1. The act of creating or causing to exist. Specifically, the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence. “From the creation to the general doom.
Shak.” “As when a new particle of matter dotn begin to exist, in rerum natura, which had before no being; and this we call creation.
Locke.” 2. That which is created; that which is produced or caused to exist, as the world or some original work of art or of the imagination; nature. “We know that the whole creation groaneth.
Rom. viii. 22.” “A dagger of the mind, a false creation.
Shak.” “Choice pictures and creations of curious art.
Beaconsfield.” 3. The act of constituting or investing with a new character; appointment; formation. “An Irish peer of recent creation.
Landor.”

Cre•a´tion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to creation.

Cre•a´tion•ism (-?z’m), n. The doctrine that a soul is specially created for each human being as soon as it is formed in the womb; — opposed to traducianism.

Cre•a´tive (-t?v), a. Having the power to create; exerting the act of creation. ´Creative talent.´ W. Irving. “The creative force exists in the germ.
Whewell.”

Cre•a´tive•ness, n. The quality of being creative.

Cre•a´tor (kre•a´ter), n. [L. creator: cf. F. createur.] One who creates, produces, or constitutes. Specifically, the Supreme Being. “To sin’s rebuke and my Creater’s praise.
Shak.” “The poets and artists of Greece, who are at the same time its prophets, the creators of its divinities, and the revealers of its theological beliefs.
Caird.”

Cre•a´tor•ship, n. State or condition of a creator.

Cre•a´tress, n. [L. creatrix: cf. F. creatrice.] She who creates. Spenser.

Cre•a´trix (-tr?ks), n. [L.] A creatress. [R.]

Crea´tur•al (kr?´t?r-a]/>l; 135), a. Belonging to a creature; having the qualities of a creature. [R.]

Crea´ture (kre´tur; 135), n. [F. creature, L. creatura. See Create.] 1. Anything created; anything not self-existent; especially, any being created with life; an animal; a man. “He asked water, a creature so common and needful that it was against the law of nature to deny him.
Fuller.” “God’s first creature was light.
Bacon.” “On earth, join, all ye creatures, to extol
Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.
Milton.” “And most attractive is the fair result
Of thought, the creature of a polished mind.
Cowper.” 2. A human being, in pity, contempt, or endearment; as a poor creature; a pretty creature. “The world hath not a sweeter creature.
Shak.” 3. A person who owes his rise and fortune to another; a servile dependent; an instrument; a tool. “A creature of the queen’s, Lady Anne Bullen.
Shak.” “Both Charles himself and his creature, Laud.
Macaulay.” 4. A general term among farmers for horses, oxen, etc. Creature comforts, those which minister to the comfort of the body.

Crea´ture•less, a. Without created beings; alone. “God was alone And creatureless at first.
Donne.”

Crea´ture•ly, a. Creatural; characteristic of a creature. [R.] ´Creaturely faculties.´ Cheyne.

Crea´ture•ship, n. The condition of being a creature.

Crea´tur•ize (-iz), v. t. To make like a creature; to degrade [Obs.] “Degrade and creaturize that mundane soul.
Cudworth.”

Creaze (krez), n. (Mining) The tin ore which collects in the central part of the washing pit or buddle.

Cre•bri•cos´tate (kre•bri•kos´tat), a. [L. creber close + costa rib.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set ribs or ridges.

Cre•bri•sul´cate (kre•bri•sul´kat), a. [L. creber close + sulcus furrow.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set transverse furrows.

Creb´ri•tude (kreb´ri•tud), n. [L. crebritudo, fr. creber close.] Frequency. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cre´brous (kre´brus), a. [L. creber close set, frequent.] Frequent; numerous. [Obs.] Goodwin.

Crèche (krash), n. [F.] A public nursery, where the young children of poor women are cared for during the day, while their mothers are at work.

Cre´dence (kre´dens), n. [LL. credentia, fr. L. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe: cf. OF. credence. See Creed, and cf. Credent, Creance.] 1. Reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowledge; belief; credit; confidence. “To give credence to the Scripture miracles.
Trench.” “An assertion which might easily find credence.
Macaulay.” 2. That which gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence; as a letter of credence. 3. (Eccl.) The small table by the side of the altar or communion table, on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated. 4. A cupboard, sideboard, or cabinet, particularly one intended for the display of rich vessels or plate, and consisting chiefly of open shelves for that purpose.

Cre´dence, v. t. To give credence to; to believe. [Obs.]

Cre•den´dum (kr?-d?n´d?m), n.; pl. Credenda (-d). [L., fr. credere to believe.] (Theol.) A thing to be believed; an article of faith; — distinguished from agendum, a practical duty. “The great articles and credenda of Christianity.
South.”

Cre´dent (kr?´dent), a. [. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe. See Creed.] 1. Believing; giving credence; credulous. [R.] “If with too credent ear you list songs.
Shak.” 2. Having credit or authority; credible. [Obs.] “For my authority bears of a credent bulk.
Shak.”

Cre•den´tial (kre•den´shal), a. [Cf. It. credenziale, fr. LL. credentia. See Credence.] Giving a title or claim to credit or confidence; accrediting. “Their credential letters on both sides.
Camden.”

Cre•den´tial, n. [Cf. It. credenziale.] 1. That which gives a title to credit or confidence. 2. pl. Testimonials showing that a person is entitled to credit, or has right to exercise official power, as the letters given by a government to an ambassador or envoy, or a certificate that one is a duly elected delegate. “The committee of estates excepted against the credentials of the English commissioners.
Whitelocke.” “Had they not shown undoubted credentials from the Divine Person who sent them on such a message.
Addison.”

Cred•i•bil´i•ty (kred•i•bil´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. credibilite.] The quality of being credible; credibleness; as the credibility of facts; the credibility of witnesses.

Cred´i•ble (kred´i•b’l), a. [L. credibilis, fr. credere. See Creed.] Capable of being credited or believed; worthy of belief; entitled to confidence; trustworthy. “Things are made credible either by the known condition and quality of the utterer or by the manifest likelihood of truth in themselves.
Hooker.” “A very diligent and observing person, and likewise very sober and credible.
Dampier.”

Cred´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being credible; worthiness of belief; credibility. [R.] Boyle.

Cred´i•bly, adv. In a manner inducing belief; as I have been credibly informed of the event.

Cred´it (kred´it), n. [F. credit (cf. It. credito), L. creditum loan, prop. neut. of creditus, p. p. of credere to trust, loan, believe. See Creed.] 1. Reliance on the truth of something said or done; belief; faith; trust; confidence. “When Jonathan and the people heard these words they gave no credit unto them, nor received them.
1 Macc. x. 46.” 2. Reputation derived from the confidence of others; esteem; honor; good name; estimation. “John Gilpin was a citizen
Of credit and renown.
Cowper.” 3. A ground of, or title to, belief or confidence; authority derived from character or reputation. “The things which we properly believe, be only such as are received on the credit of divine testimony.
Hooker.” 4. That which tends to procure, or add to, reputation or esteem; an honor. “I published, because I was told I might please such as it was a credit to please.
Pope.” 5. Influence derived from the good opinion, confidence, or favor of others; interest. “Having credit enough with his master to provide for his own interest.
Clarendon.” 6. (Com.) Trust given or received; expectation of future playment for property transferred, or of fulfillment or promises given; mercantile reputation entitling one to be trusted; — applied to individuals, corporations, communities, or nations; as to buy goods on credit. “Credit is nothing but the expectation of money, within some limited time.
Locke.” 7. The time given for payment for lands or goods sold on trust; as a long credit or a short credit. 8. (Bookkeeping) The side of an account on which are entered all items reckoned as values received from the party or the category named at the head of the account; also any one, or the sum, of these items; — the opposite of debit; as this sum is carried to one’s credit, and that to his debit; A has several credits on the books of B. Bank credit, or Cash credit. See under Cash. — Bill of credit. See under Bill. — Letter of credit, a letter or notification addressed by a banker to his correspondent, informing him that the person named therein is entitled to draw a certain sum of money; when addressed to several different correspondents, or when the money can be drawn in fractional sums in several different places, it is called a circular letter of credit. — Public credit. (a) The reputation of, or general confidence in, the ability or readiness of a government to fulfill its pecuniary engagements. (b) The ability and fidelity of merchants or others who owe largely in a community. “He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet.
D. Webster.”

Cred´it (kred´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Credited; p. pr. & vb. n. Crediting.] 1. To confide in the truth of; to give credence to; to put trust in; to believe. “How shall they credit
A poor unlearned virgin?
Shak.” 2. To bring honor or repute upon; to do credit to; to raise the estimation of. “You credit the church as much by your government as you did the school formerly by your wit.
South.” 3. (Bookkeeping) To enter upon the credit side of an account; to give credit for; as to credit the amount paid; to set to the credit of; as to credit a man with the interest paid on a bond. To credit with, to give credit for; to assign as justly due to any one. “Crove, Helmholtz, and Meyer, are more than any others to be credited with the clear enunciation of this doctrine.
Newman.”

Cred´it•a•ble (-?-b’l), a. 1. Worthy of belief. [Obs.] “Divers creditable witnesses deposed.
Ludlow.” 2. Deserving or possessing reputation or esteem; reputable; estimable. “This gentleman was born of creditable parents.
Goldsmith.” 3. Bringing credit, reputation, or honor; honorable; as such conduct is highly creditable to him. Macaulay. “He settled him in a good creditable way of living.
Arbuthnot.”

Cred´it•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being creditable.

Cred´it•a•bly (-?-bl?), adv. In a creditable manner; reputably; with credit.

Cre•dit´ fon•cier´ (kr?d?´ f?n•s??´). [F. credit credit & foncier relating to land, landed.] A company licensed for the purpose of carrying out improvements, by means of loans and advances upon real securities.

Cre•dit´ mo•bi•lier´ (m?•b?•ly?´). [F. credit credit & mobilier personal, pertaining to personal property.] A joint stock company, formed for general banking business, or for the construction of public works, by means of loans on personal estate, after the manner of the credit foncier on real estate. In practice, however, this distinction has not been strictly observed.

Cred´it•or (kr?d´?t-?r), n. [L.: cf. F. crditeur. See Credit.] 1. One who credits, believes, or trusts. “The easy creditors of novelties.
Daniel.” 2. One who gives credit in business matters; hence, one to whom money is due; — correlative to debtor. “Creditors have better memories than debtors.
Franklin.” { Cred´it•ress (kr?d´?t-r?s), Cred´i•trix (kr?d´?-tr?ks), } n. [L. creditrix.] A female creditor.

Cre´do (kr?´d?), n. [L. See Creed.] The creed, as sung or read in the Roman Catholic church. “He repeated Aves and Credos.
Macaulay.”

Cre•du´li•ty (kr?-d?´l?-t?), n. [L. credulitas, fr. credulus: cf. F. credulite. See Credulous.] Readiness of belief; a disposition to believe on slight evidence. “That implict credulity is the mark of a feeble mind will not be disputed.
Sir W. Hamilton.”

Cred´u•lous (kr?d´?-l?s; 135), a. [L. credulus, fr. credere. See Creed.] 1. Apt to believe on slight evidence; easily imposed upon; unsuspecting. Landor. “Eve, our credulous mother.
Milton.” 2. Believed too readily. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Cred´u•lous•ly, adv. With credulity.

Cred´u•lous•ness, n. Readiness to believe on slight evidence; credulity. “Beyond all credulity is the credulousness of atheists.
S. Clarke.”

Creed (kred), n. [OE. credo, crede, AS. creda, fr. L. credo I believe, at the beginning of the Apostles’ creed, fr. credere to believe; akin to OIr. cretim I believe, and Skr. çraddadhami; çrat trust + dha to put. See Do, v. t., and cf. Credo, Grant.] 1. A definite summary of what is believed; esp., a summary of the articles of Christian faith; a confession of faith for public use; esp., one which is brief and comprehensive. “In the Protestant system the creed is not coördinate with, but always subordinate to, the Bible.
Schaff-Herzog Encyc.” 2. Any summary of principles or opinions professed or adhered to. “I love him not, nor fear him; there’s my creed.
Shak.” Apostles’ creed, Athanasian creed, Nicene creed. See under Apostle, Athanasian, Nicene.

Creed, v. t. To believe; to credit. [Obs.] “That part which is so creeded by the people.
Milton.”

Creed´less, a. Without a creed. Carlyle.

Creek (krek), n. [AS. crecca; akin to D. kreek, Icel. kriki crack, nook; cf. W. crig crack, crigyll ravine, creek. Cf. Crick, Crook.] 1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and extending further into the land than a cove; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. “Each creek and cavern of the dangerous shore.
Cowper.” “They discovered a certain creek, with a shore.
Acts xxvii. 39.” 2. A stream of water smaller than a river and larger than a brook. “Lesser streams and rivulets are denominated creeks.
Goldsmith.” 3. Any turn or winding. “The passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow lands.
Shak.”

Creek´fish (kr?k´f?sh), n. (Zoöl.) The chub sucker.

Creeks (kreks), n. pl.; sing. Creek. (Ethnol.) A tribe or confederacy of North American Indians, including the Muskogees, Seminoles, Uchees, and other subordinate tribes. They formerly inhabited Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.

Creek´y (krek´y), a. Containing, or abounding in, creeks; characterized by creeks; like a creek; winding. ´The creeky shore.´ Spenser.

Creel (krel), n. [Gael. craidhleag basket, creel.] 1. An osier basket, such as anglers use. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Spinning) A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding paying-off bobbins, as in the roving machine, throstle, and mule.

Creep (krep), v. t. [imp. Crept (krept) (Crope (krop), Obs.); p. p. Crept; p. pr. & vb. n. Creeping.] [OE. crepen, creopen, AS. creópan; akin to D. kruipen, G. kriechen, Icel. krjupa, Sw. krypa, Dan. krybe. Cf. Cripple, Crouch.] 1. To move along the ground, or on any other surface, on the belly, as a worm or reptile; to move as a child on the hands and knees; to crawl. “Ye that walk
The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep.
Milton.” 2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously, as from unwillingness, fear, or weakness. “The whining schoolboy … creeping, like snail,
Unwillingly to school.
Shak.” “Like a guilty thing, I creep.
Tennyson.” 3. To move in a stealthy or secret manner; to move imperceptibly or clandestinely; to steal in; to insinuate itself or one’s self; as age creeps upon us. “The sophistry which creeps into most of the books of argument.
Locke.” “Of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women.
2. Tim. iii. 6.” 4. To slip, or to become slightly displaced; as the collodion on a negative, or a coat of varnish, may creep in drying; the quicksilver on a mirror may creep. 5. To move or behave with servility or exaggerated humility; to fawn; as a creeping sycophant. “To come as humbly as they used to creep.
Shak.” 6. To grow, as a vine, clinging to the ground or to some other support by means of roots or rootlets, or by tendrils, along its length. ´Creeping vines.´ Dryden. 7. To have a sensation as of insects creeping on the skin of the body; to crawl; as the sight made my flesh creep. See Crawl, v. i., 4. 8. To drag in deep water with creepers, as for recovering a submarine cable.

Creep, n. 1. The act or process of creeping. 2. A distressing sensation, or sound, like that occasioned by the creeping of insects. “A creep of undefinable horror.
Blackwood’s Mag.” “Out of the stillness, with gathering creep,
Like rising wind in leaves.
Lowell.” 3. (Mining) A slow rising of the floor of a gallery, occasioned by the pressure of incumbent strata upon the pillars or sides; a gradual movement of mining ground.

Creep´er (krep´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, creeps; any creeping thing. “Standing waters are most unwholesome, … full of mites, creepers; slimy, muddy, unclean.
Burton.” 2. (Bot.) A plant that clings by rootlets, or by tendrils, to the ground, or to trees, etc.; as the Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia). 3. (Zoöl.) A small bird of the genus Certhia, allied to the wrens. The brown or common European creeper is C. familiaris, a variety of which (var. Americana) inhabits America; — called also tree creeper and creeptree. The American black and white creeper is Mniotilta varia. 4. A kind of patten mounted on short pieces of iron instead of rings; also a fixture with iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping. 5. pl. A spurlike device strapped to the boot, which enables one to climb a tree or pole; — called often telegraph creepers. 6. A small, low iron, or dog, between the andirons. 7. pl. An instrument with iron hooks or claws for dragging at the bottom of a well, or any other body of water, and bringing up what may lie there. 8. Any device for causing material to move steadily from one part of a machine to another, as an apron in a carding machine, or an inner spiral in a grain screen. 9. pl. (Arch.) Crockets. See Crocket.

Creep´hole (-h?l•), n. 1. A hole or retreat into which an animal may creep, to escape notice or danger. 2. A subterfuge; an excuse.

Creep´ie (-y), n. A low stool. [Scot.]

Creep´i•ness (-i-nes), n. An uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on the skin. “She felt a curious, uneasy creepiness.
Mrs. Alexander.”

Creep´ing, a. 1. Crawling, or moving close to the ground. ´Every creeping thing.´ Gen. vi. 20. 2. Growing along, and clinging to, the ground, or to a wall, etc., by means of rootlets or tendrils. “Casements lined with creeping herbs.
Cowper.” Ceeping crowfoot (Bot.), a plant, the Ranunculus repens. — Creeping snowberry, an American plant (Chiogenes hispidula) with white berries and very small round leaves having the flavor of wintergreen.

Creep´ing•ly, adv. by creeping slowly; in the manner of a reptile; insidiously; cunningly. “How slily and creepingly did he address himself to our first parents.
South.”

Cree´ple (kre´p’l), n. [See Cripple.] 1. A creeping creature; a reptile. [Obs.] “There is one creeping beast, or long creeple (as the name is in Devonshire), that hath a rattle at his tail that doth discover his age.
Morton (1632).” 2. One who is lame; a cripple. [Obs.] “Thou knowest how lame a creeple this world is.
Donne.”

Creep´y (krep´y), a. Crawly; having or producing a sensation like that caused by insects creeping on the skin. [Colloq.] “One’s whole blood grew curdling and creepy.
R. Browning.”

Crees (krez), n. pl.; sing. Cree. (Ethnol.) An Algonquin tribe of Indians, inhabiting a large part of British America east of the Rocky Mountains and south of Hudson’s Bay.

Creese (kres), n. [Malay. kris.] A dagger or short sword used by the Malays, commonly having a serpentine blade. [Written also crease and kris.] “From a Malayan creese to a sailor’s jackknife.
Julian Hawthorne.”

Cre•mail•lère´ (kr?•m?•ly?r´ or - m?•y?r´), n. [F.] (Fort.) An indented or zigzaged line of intrenchment.

Cre•mas´ter (kr?-m?s´t?r), n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. to hang.] 1. (Anat.) A thin muscle which serves to draw up the testicle. 2. (Zoöl.) The apex of the last abdominal segment of an insect.

Crem•as•ter´ic (kr?m•3s-t?r´?k), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cremaster; as the cremasteric artery.

Cre´mate (kr?´m?t or kr?-m?t´), v. t. [L. crematus, p. p. of cremare to burn; cf. Skr. cr to cook.] To burn; to reduce to ashes by the action of fire, either directly or in an oven or retort; to incremate or incinerate; as to cremate a corpse, instead of burying it.

Cre•ma´tion (kr?-m?´sh?n), n. [L. crematio.] A burning; esp., the act or practice of cremating the dead. “Without cremation … of their bodies.
Sir T. Browne.”

Cre•ma´tion•ist, n. One who advocates the practice of cremation.

Cre•ma´tor (-t?r), n. [L.] One who, or that which, cremates or consumes to ashes. { Crem•a•to´ri•um (kr?m•?-t?´r?-?m), Crem´a•to•ry (kr?m´?-t?-r?), } n.; pl. Crematoriums (-umz), Crematories (-rz). [NL. crematorium, fr. L. cremator.] A furnace for cremating corpses; a building containing such a furnace.

Crem´a•to•ry, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, cremation.

Crem´o•carp (krem´o•kärp or kre´mo-), n. [Gr. kremanny•nai to hang + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) The peculiar fruit of fennel, carrot, parsnip, and the like, consisting of a pair of carpels pendent from a supporting axis.

Cre•mo´na (kre•mo´n), n. A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona, in Italy.

Cre´mor (kr?´m?r), n. [L. CF. Cream.] Cream; a substance resembling cream; yeast; scum.

Crem´o•sin (kr?m´?-s?n), n. See Crimson. [Obs.]

Crems (kremz), n. See Krems. { Cre´nate (kre´nat), Cre´na•ted (kre´na•ted), } a. [L. crena notch. See Cranny.] (Bot.) Having the margin cut into rounded teeth notches, or scallops.

Cre•na´tion (kr?-n?´sh?n), n. 1. (Bot.) A rounded tooth on the edge of a leaf. 2. The condition of being crenate.

Cren´a•ture (kr?n´?-t?r or kr?´n?-; 135), n. 1. (Bot.) A rounded tooth or notch of a crenate leaf, or any part that is crenate; — called also crenelle. 2. The state of being crenated or notched.

Cre•nel´ (kr?-n?l´), n. See Crenelle.

Cren´el•ate (kr?n´?l-?t or kr?´n?l-?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crenelated (- ?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crenelating (- ?•t?ng).] [LL. crenellare, kernellare: cf. F. crneler to indent. See Crenelle.] [Written also crenellate.] 1. To furnish with crenelles. 2. To indent; to notch; as a crenelated leaf. Crenelated molding (Arch.), a kind of indented molding used in Norman buildings.

Cren•el•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. The act of crenelating, or the state of being crenelated; an indentation or an embrasure. [Written also crenellation.] { Cre•nelle´ , Cre•nel´ } (kr?-n?l´), n. [OF. crenel, F. crneau, LL. crenellus, kernellus, dim. (prob.) fr. L. crena notch. See Crenny.] 1. An embrasure or indentation in a battlement; a loophole in a fortress; an indentation; a notch. See Merlon, and Illust. of Battlement. 2. (Bot.) Same as Crenature.

Cre•nelled´ (kr-nld´) a. (Bot.) Same as Crenate. { Cren´gle (kr?n´g’l), Cren´kle(-k’l), } n. See Cringle. { Cren´u•late (kr?n´?-l?t), Cren´u•la•ted (- l?•t?d), } a. [Dim. of crenate.] (Bot.) Minutely crenate.

Cren•u•la´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. 1. A minute crenation. 2. The state of being minutely scalloped.

Cre´ole (kr?´?l), n. [F. crole, Sp. criollo, from an American negro word, perh. a corruption of a Sp. criadillo, dim. of criado servant, formerly also child, fr. L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create. Cf. Create.] One born of European parents in the American colonies of France or Spain or in the States which were once such colonies, esp. a person of French or Spanish descent, who is a native inhabitant of Louisiana, or one of the States adjoining, bordering on the Gulf of of Mexico. ´The term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans imported during the time of the slave trade. The application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of African blood.´ R. Hildreth. ´The title [Creole] did not first belong to the descendants of Spanish, but of French, settlers, But such a meaning implied a certain excellence of origin, and so came early to include any native of French or Spanish descent by either parent, whose nonalliance with the slave race entitled him to social rank. Later, the term was adopted by, not conceded to, the natives of mixed blood, and is still so used among themselves… . Besides French and Spanish, there are even, for convenience of speech, ’colored’ Creoles; but there are no Italian, or Sicilian, nor any English, Scotch, Irish, or ’Yankee’ Creoles, unless of parentage married into, and themselves thoroughly proselyted in, Creole society.´ G. W. Cable.

Cre´ole (kr?´?l), a. Of or pertaining to a Creole or the Creoles. In New Orleans the word Creole is applied to any product, or variety of manufacture, peculiar to Louisiana; as Creole ponies, chickens, cows, shoes, eggs, wagons, baskets, etc. { Cre•o´le•an (kr?-?´l?-a]/>n), Cre•o´li•an }, a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Creoles. — n. A Creole.

Cre´o•sol (kr?´?-s?l), n. [Cresote + phenol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid resembling phenol or carbolic acid, homologous with pyrocatechin, and obtained from beechwood tar and gum guaiacum. [Written also creasol.]

Cre´o•sote (kr?´?-s?t), n. [Gr. , gen. , flesh + to preserve.] (Chem.) Wood-tar oil; an oily antiseptic liquid, of a burning smoky taste, colorless when pure, but usually colored yellow or brown by impurity or exposure. It is a complex mixture of various phenols and their ethers, and is obtained by the distillation of wood tar, especially that of beechwood. It is remarkable as an antiseptic and deodorizer in the preservation of wood, flesh, etc., and in the prevention of putrefaction; but it is a poor germicide, and in this respect has been overrated. Smoked meat, as ham, owes its preservation and taste to a small quantity of creosote absorbed from the smoke to which it is exposed. Carbolic acid is phenol proper, while creosote is a mixture of several phenols. Coal-tar creosote (Chem.), a colorless or yellow, oily liquid, obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and resembling wood-tar oil, or creosote proper, in composition and properties.

Cre´o•sote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creosoted (-s?´t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Creosoting.] To saturate or impregnate with creosote, as timber, for the prevention of decay. { Cre´pance (kr?´pans), Cre´pane (kr?´p?n), } n. [Cf. L. crepare to crack.] (Far.) An injury in a horse’s leg, caused by the shoe of one hind foot striking and cutting the other leg. It sometimes forms an ulcer.

Crêpe (kr?p), n. Same as Crape.

Crep´i•tant (kr?p´?-tant), a. [See Crepitate.] Having a crackling sound; crackling; rattling. Crepitant rale (Med.), a peculiar crackling sound audible with inspiration in pneumonia and other lung disease.

Crep´i•tate (krp´-tt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crepitated (- t•td); p. pr. & vb. n. Crepitating (-t•tng).] [L. crepitatus, p. p. of crepitare to crackle, v. intensive of crepare to crack. Cf. Crevice.] To make a series of small, sharp, rapidly repeated explosions or sounds, as salt in fire; to crackle; to snap.

Crep•i•ta´tion (kr?p•?-t?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. crepitation.] 1. The act of crepitating or crackling. 2. (Med.) (a) A grating or crackling sensation or sound, as that produced by rubbing two fragments of a broken bone together, or by pressing upon cellular tissue containing air. (b) A crepitant râle.

Crep´i•tus (kr?p´?-t?s), n. [L., fr. crepare to crack.] (Med.) (a) The noise produced by a sudden discharge of wind from the bowels. (b) Same as Crepitation, 2.

Cre´pon (kr?´p?n; F. kr?•p?n´), n. [F.] A thin stuff made of the finest wool or silk, or of wool and silk.

Crept (krept), imp. & p. p. of Creep. { Cre•pus´cle (kre•pus´s’l), Cre•pus´cule (kre•pus´kul), } n. [L. crepusculum, fr. creper dusky, dark: cf. F. crepuscule.] Twilight. Bailey. { Cre•pus´cu•lar (-k?-l?r), Cre•pus´cu•lous (-l?s), } a. [Cf. F. crepusculaire.] 1. Pertaining to twilight; glimmering; hence, imperfectly clear or luminous. “This semihistorical and crepuscular period.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” 2. (Zoöl.) Flying in the twilight or evening, or before sunrise; — said certain birds and insects. “Others feed only in the twilight, as bats and owls, and are called crepuscular.
Whewell.”

Cre•pus´cu•line (-lin), a. Crepuscular. [Obs.] Sprat.

Cres´cence (kres´sens), n. [See Crescent.] Increase; enlargement. [Obs.] “And toward the moon’s attractive crescence bend.
H. Brooke.”

Cres•cen´do (kr?s-s?n´d It. kr?-sh?n´d?), a. & adv. [It., from crescere to increase. See Crescent.] (Mus.) With a constantly increasing volume of voice; with gradually increasing strength and fullness of tone; — a direction for the performance of music, indicated by the mark, or by writing the word on the score.

Cres•cen´do, n. (Mus.) (a) A gradual increase in the strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is performed. (b) A passage to be performed with constantly increasing volume of tone.

Cres´cent (kres´sent), n. [OE. cressent, cressaunt, crescent (in sense 1), OF. creissant increasing, F. croissant, p. pr. of croître, OF. creistre, fr. L. crescere to increase, v. incho.; akin to creare to create. See Create, and cf. Accrue, Increase, Crescendo.] 1. The increasing moon; the moon in her first quarter, or when defined by a concave and a convex edge; also applied improperly to the old or decreasing moon in a like state. 2. Anything having the shape of a crescent or new moon. 3. A representation of the increasing moon, often used as an emblem or badge; as: (a) A symbol of Artemis, or Diana. (b) The ancient symbol of Byzantium or Constantinople. Hence: (c) The emblem of the Turkish Empire, adopted after the taking of Constantinople. “The cross of our faith is replanted,
The pale, dying crescent is daunted.
Campbell.” 4. Any one of three orders of knighthood; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268; the second by Rene of Anjou, in 1448; and the third by the Sultan Selim III., in 1801, to be conferred upon foreigners to whom Turkey might be indebted for valuable services. Brande & C. 5. (Her.) The emblem of the increasing moon with horns directed upward, when used in a coat of arms; — often used as a mark of cadency to distinguish a second son and his descendants.

Cres´cent (kres´sent), a. 1. Shaped like a crescent. “Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
Milton.” 2. Increasing; growing. “O, I see the crescent promise of my spirit hath not set.
Tennyson.”

Cres´cent, v. t. 1. To form into a crescent, or something resembling a crescent. [R.] Anna Seward. 2. To adorn with crescents.

Cres•cen´tic (kres•sen´tik), a. Crescent-shaped. ´Crescentic lobes.´ R. Owen.

Cres´cent•wise (kres´sent•wiz•), adv. In the form of a crescent; like a crescent. Tennyson.

Cres´cive (kr?s´s?v), a. [L. crescere to increase.] Increasing; growing. [R.] “Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty.
Shak.”

Cre´sol (kre´sol), n. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric substances, CH3.C6H4.OH, homologous with and resembling phenol. They are obtained from coal tar and wood tar, and are colorless, oily liquids or solids. [Called also cresylic acid.]

Cre•sor´cin (kr?-s?r´s?n), n. (Chem.) Same as Isorcin.

Cress (kres), n.; pl. Cresses (kres´ez). [OE. ces, cresse, kers, kerse, AS. cresse, cerse; akin to D. kers, G. kresse, Dan. karse, Sw. krasse, and possibly also to OHG. chresan to creep.] (Bot.) A plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic. The garden cress, called also peppergrass, is the Lepidium sativum; the water cress is the Nasturtium officinale. Various other plants are sometimes called cresses. “To strip the brook with mantling cresses spread.
Goldsmith.” Bitter cress. See under Bitter. — Not worth a cress, or ´not worth a kers.´ a common old proverb, now turned into the meaningless ´not worth a curse.´ Skeat.

Cres•selle´ (kr?s-s?l´), n. [F. crecelle rattle.] (Eccl.) A wooden rattle sometimes used as a substitute for a bell, in the Roman Catholic church, during the latter part of Holy Week, or the last week of Lent.

Cres´set (kr?s´s?t), n. [OF. crasset, cresset, sort of lamp or torch; perh. of Dutch or German origin, and akin to E. cruse, F. creuset crucible, E. crucible.] 1. An open frame or basket of iron, filled with combustible material, to be burned as a beacon; an open lamp or firrepan carried on a pole in nocturnal processions. “Starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed
With naphtha and asphaltus.
Milton.” “As a cresset true that darts its length
Of beamy luster from a tower of strength.
Wordsworth.” 2. (Coopering) A small furnace or iron cage to hold fire for charring the inside of a cask, and making the staves flexible. Knight.

Cress´y (kres´y), a. Abounding in cresses. “The cressy islets white in flower.
Tennyson.”

Crest (krest), n. [OF. creste, F. crête, L. crista.] 1. A tuft, or other excrescence or natural ornament, growing on an animal’s head; the comb of a cock; the swelling on the head of a serpent; the lengthened feathers of the crown or nape of bird, etc. Darwin. “[Attack] his rising crest, and drive the serpent back.
C. Pitt.” 2. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet, indicating the rank of the wearer; hence, also the helmet. “Stooping low his lofty crest.
Sir W. Scott.” “And on his head there stood upright
A crest, in token of a knight.
Gower.” 3. (Her.) A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually above it, or separately as an ornament for plate, liveries, and the like. It is a relic of the ancient cognizance. See Cognizance, 4. 4. The upper curve of a horse’s neck. “Throwing the base thong from his bending crest.
Shak.” 5. The ridge or top of a wave. “Like wave with crest of sparkling foam.
Sir W. Scott.” 6. The summit of a hill or mountain ridge. 7. The helm or head, as typical of a high spirit; pride; courage. “Now the time is come
That France must vail her lofty plumed crest.
Shak.” 8. (Arch.) The ornamental finishing which surmounts the ridge of a roof, canopy, etc. “The finials of gables and pinnacles are sometimes called crests.
Parker.” 9. (Engin.) The top line of a slope or embankment. Crest tile, a tile made to cover the ridge of a roof, fitting upon it like a saddle. — Interior crest (Fort.), the highest line of the parapet.

Crest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crested; p. pr. & vb. n. Cresting.] 1. To furnish with, or surmount as a crest; to serve as a crest for. “His legs bestrid the ocean, his reared arm
Crested the world.
Shak.” “Mid groves of clouds that crest the mountain’s brow.
Wordsworth.” 2. To mark with lines or streaks, like, or regarded as like, waving plumes. “Like as the shining sky in summer’s night, …
Is crested with lines of fiery light.
Spenser.”

Crest (krest), v. i. To form a crest.

Crest´ed (krest´ed), a. 1. Having a crest. “But laced crested helm.
Dryden.” 2. (Zoöl.) Having a crest of feathers or hair upon the head. ´The crested bird.´ Dryden. 3. (Bott.) Bearing any elevated appendage like a crest, as an elevated line or ridge, or a tuft. Gray.

Crest´fall•en (-f?l•’n), a. 1. With hanging head; hence, dispirited; dejected; cowed. “Let it make thee crestfullen;
Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride.
Shak.” 2. Having the crest, or upper part of the neck, hanging to one side; — said of a horse.

Crest´ing, n. (Arch.) An ornamental finish on the top of a wall or ridge of a roof.

Crest´less, a. Without a crest or escutcheon; of low birth. ´Crestless yeomen.´ Shak.

Cre•syl´ic (kre•sil´ik), a. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc. Cresylic acid. (Chem.) See Cresol.

Cre•ta´ceous (kre•ta´shus), a. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta chalk. See Crayon.] Having the qualities of chalk; abounding with chalk; chalky; as cretaceous rocks and formations. See Chalk. Cretaceous acid, an old name for carbonic acid. — Cretaceous formation (Geol.), the series of strata of various kinds, including beds of chalk, green sand, etc., formed in the Cretaceous period; — called also the chalk formation. See the Diagram under Geology. — Cretaceous period (Geol.), the time in the latter part of the Mesozoic age during which the Cretaceous formation was deposited.

Cre•ta´ceous•ly, adv. In a chalky manner; as chalk.

Cre´tan (kre´tan), a. Pertaining to Crete, or Candia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Crete or Candia.

Crete (kret), n. [L. Cres, Cretis.] A Cretan

Cre´tian (kre´shan), a. & n. See Cretan.

Cre´tic (kre´tik), n. [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), Gr. Kritiko•s (sc. poy•s foot), prop., a Cretan (metrical) foot.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A poetic foot, composed of one short syllable between two long ones (- &ssmile; -). Bentley.

Cre´ti•cism (-ti•siz’m), n. Falsehood; lying; cretism.

Cre´tin (kre´tin), n. [F. cretin; of uncertain origin.] One afflicted with cretinism.

Cre´tin•ism (kre´tin•iz’m), n. [F. cretinisme.] A condition of endemic or inherited idiocy, accompanied by physical degeneracy and deformity (usually with goiter), frequent in certain mountain valleys, esp. of the Alps.

Cre´tin•ous (-us), a. Having the characteristics of a cretin. ´Cretinous stupefaction.´ Ruskin.

Cre´tism (kre´tiz’m), n. [Gr. lying, fr. to act like a Cretan, that is, to lie. ´The Cretians are always liars.´ Titus i. 12.] A Cretan practice; lying; a falsehood.

Cre•tonne´ (kr?-t?n´), n. [F., gr. Creton, its first manufacturer.] 1. A strong white fabric with warp of hemp and weft of flax. 2. A fabric with cotton warp and woolen weft. 3. A kind of chintz with a glossy surface.

Cre´tose (kr?´t?s), a. [L. cretosus, fr. creta chalk.] Chalky; cretaceous. [Obs.] Ash.

Creut´zer (kroit´ser) n. See Kreutzer.

Creux (kr?), n. [F., adj., hollow, n., a hollow.] Used in English only in the expression en creux. Thus, engraving en creux is engraving in intaglio, or by sinking or hollowing out the design.

Cre•val•le´ (kr?•v?l-l?´), n. [Prob. of same origin as cavally. See Cavally.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cavally or jurel. See Cavally, and Jurel. (b) The pompano (Trachynotus Carolinus).

Cre•vasse´ (kr?•v?s´), n. [F. See Crevice.] 1. A deep crevice or fissure, as in embankment; one of the clefts or fissure by which the mass of a glacier is divided. 2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river, caused by the pressure of the water, as on the lower Mississippi. [U.S.]

Crev´et (kr?v´?t), n. [Cf. Creut.] A crucible or melting pot; a cruset. Crabb.

Crev´ice (kr?v´?s), n. [OE. crevace, crevice. F. crevasse, fr. crever to break, burst, fr. L. crepare to crack,break. Cf. Craven, Crepitate, Crevasse.] A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack or the separation of a junction; a cleft; a fissure; a rent. “The mouse,
Behind the moldering wainscot, shrieked,
Or from the crevice peered about.
Tennyson.”

Crev´ice, v. t. To crack; to flaw. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Crev´iced (-?st), a. Having a crevice or crevices; as a creviced structure for storing ears of corn. “Trickling through the creviced rock.
J. Cunningham.”

Crev´is (-?s), n. (Zoöl.) The crawfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Crew (kru), n. (Zoöl.) The Manx shearwater.

Crew (kru), n. [From older accrue accession, reënforcement, hence, company, crew; the first syllable being misunderstood as the indefinite article. See Accrue, Crescent.] 1. A company of people associated together; an assemblage; a throng. “There a noble crew
Of lords and ladies stood on every side.
Spenser.” “Faithful to whom? to thy rebellious crew?
Milton.” 2. The company of seamen who man a ship, vessel, or at; the company belonging to a vessel or a boat. The word crew, in law, is ordinarily used as equivalent to ship’s company, including master and other officers. When the master and other officers are excluded, the context always shows it. Story. Burrill. 3. In an extended sense, any small body of men associated for a purpose; a gang; as (Naut.), the carpenter’s crew; the boatswain’s crew. Syn. — Company; band; gang; horde; mob; herd; throng; party.

Crew (kru), imp. of Crow.

Crew´el (kr?´?l), n. [Perh. for clewel, dim. of clew a ball of thread; or cf. D. krul curl, E. curl. rad.26.] Worsted yarn,, slackly twisted, used for embroidery.

Crew´el•work (-w?rk•), n. Embroidery in crewels, commonly done upon some plain material, such as linen.

Crew´et (kr?´?t), n. See Cruet.

Crib (kr?b), n. [AS. crybb; akin to OS. kribbja, D. krib, kribbe, Dan. krybbe, G. krippe, and perh. to MHG. krebe basket, G, korb, and E. rip a sort of wicker basket.] 1. A manger or rack; a feeding place for animals. “The steer lion at one crib shall meet.
Pope.” 2. A stall for oxen or other cattle. “Where no oxen are, the crib is clean.
Prov. xiv. 4.” 3. A small inclosed bedstead or cot for a child. 4. A box or bin, or similar wooden structure, for storing grain, salt, etc.; as a crib for corn or oats. 5. A hovel; a hut; a cottage. “Why rather, Sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, …
Than in the perfumed chambers of the great?
Shak.” 6. (Mining) A structure or frame of timber for a foundation, or for supporting a roof, or for lining a shaft. 7. A structure of logs to be anchored with stones; — used for docks, pier, dams, etc. 8. A small raft of timber. [Canada] 9. A small theft; anything purloined; a plagiarism; hence, a translation or key, etc., to aid a student in preparing or reciting his lessons. [Colloq.] “The Latin version technically called a crib.
Ld. Lytton.” “Occasional perusal of the Pagan writers, assisted by a crib.
Wilkie Collins.” 10. A miner’s luncheon. [Cant] Raymond. 11. (Card Playing) The discarded cards which the dealer can use in scoring points in cribbage.

Crib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbed (kribd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbing.] 1. To shut up or confine in a narrow habitation; to cage; to cramp. “If only the vital energy be not cribbed or cramped.
I. Taylor.” “Now I am cabin’d, cribbed, confined.
Shak.” 2. To pilfer or purloin; hence, to steal from an author; to appropriate; to plagiarize; as to crib a line from Milton. [Colloq.] “Child, being fond of toys, cribbed the necklace.
Dickens.”

Crib, v. i. 1. To crowd together, or to be confined, as in a crib or in narrow accommodations. [R.] “Who sought to make … bishops to crib in a Presbyterian trundle bed.
Gauden.” 2. To make notes for dishonest use in recitation or examination. [College Cant] 3. To seize the manger or other solid object with the teeth and draw in wind; — said of a horse.

Crib´bage (krib´?j), n. [From Crib, v. t., 2.] A game of cards, played by two or four persons, in which there is a crib. (See Crib, 11.) It is characterized by a great variety of chances. “A man’s fancy would be summed up in cribbage.
John Hall.” Cribbage board, a board with holes and pegs, used by cribbage players to score their game. { Crib´ber (kr?b´?r), Crib´-bit•er (-b?t´?r) }, n. A horse that has the habit of cribbing.

Crib´bing (kr?b´b?ng), n. 1. The act of inclosing or confining in a crib or in close quarters. 2. Purloining; stealing; plagiarizing. [Colloq.] 3. (Mining) A framework of timbers and plank backing for a shaft lining, to prevent caving, percolation of water, etc. 4. A vicious habit of a horse; crib- biting. The horse lays hold of the crib or manger with his teeth and draws air into the stomach with a grunting sound.

Crib´-bit•ing (kr?b´b?t•?ng), n. Same as Cribbing, 4.

Crib´ble (kr?b´b’l), n. [F. crible, LL. criblus sieve, fr. L. cribrum.] 1. A coarse sieve or screen. 2. Coarse flour or meal. [Obs.] Johnson.

Crib´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbling (-bl?ng).] [Cf. F. cribler.] To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle; to sift.

Crib´ble, a. Coarse; as cribble bread. [Obs.] Huloet.

Cri•bel´lum (kr?b?l´l?m), n. [L., a small sieve, dim. of cribrum sieve.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar perforated organ of certain spiders (Ciniflonidae), used for spinning a special kind of silk.

Crib´rate (kr?b´r?t), a. [L. cribratus, p. p. of cribrare to sift, fr. cribrum a sieve.] Cribriform.

Cri•bra´tion (kr?-br?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cribration, fr. L. cribrare to sift. See Cribble, n.] (Pharmacy) The act or process of separating the finer parts of drugs from the coarser by sifting.

Crib´ri•form (kr?b´r?f?rm), a. [L. cribrum sieve + -form: cf. F. cribriforme.] Resembling, or having the form of, a sieve; pierced with holes; as the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; a cribriform compress. Cribriform cells (Bot.), those which have here and there oblique or transverse sieve plates, or places perforated with many holes.

Crib´rose (kr?b´r?s), a. [L. cribrum sieve.] Perforated like a sieve; cribriform.

Cric (krik), n. [prob. fr. F. cric a jackscrew.] The ring which turns inward and condenses the flame of a lamp. Knight.

Crick (krik), n. [See Creak.] The creaking of a door, or a noise resembling it. [Obs.] Johnson.

Crick, n. [The same as creek a bending, twisting. See Creek, Crook.] 1. A painful, spasmodic affection of the muscles of some part of the body, as of the neck or back, rendering it difficult to move the part. “ To those also that, with a crick or cramp, have thei necks drawn backward.
Holland.” 2. [Cf. F. cric.] A small jackscrew. Knight.

Crick´et (kr?k´?t), n. [OE. criket, OF. crequet, criquet; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. creak; cf. D. kriek a cricket. See Creak.] (Zoöl.) An orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllus, and allied genera. The males make chirping, musical notes by rubbing together the basal parts of the veins of the front wings. The common European cricket is Gryllus domesticus; the common large black crickets of America are G. niger, G. neglectus, and others. Balm cricket. See under Balm. — Cricket bird, a small European bird (Silvia locustella); — called also grasshopper warbler. — Cricket frog, a small American tree frog (Acris gryllus); — so called from its chirping.

Crick´et, n. [AS. cricc, crycc, crooked staff, crutch. Perh. first used in sense 1, a stool prob. having been first used as a wicket. See Crutch.] 1. A low stool. 2. A game much played in England, and sometimes in America, with a ball, bats, and wickets, the players being arranged in two contesting parties or sides. 3. (Arch.) A small false roof, or the raising of a portion of a roof, so as to throw off water from behind an obstacle, such as a chimney.

Crick´et, v. i. To play at cricket. Tennyson.

Crick´et•er (kr?k´?t-?r), n. One who plays at cricket.

Cri´coid (kr?´koid), a. [Gr. ring + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling a ring; — said esp. of the cartilage at the larynx, and the adjoining parts.

Cri•co•thy´roid (-k?-th?´roid), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining both to the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages.

Cried (krid), imp. & p. p. of Cry.

Cri´er (kr?´?r), n. [Cf. F. crieur. See Cry.] One who cries; one who makes proclamation. Specifically, an officer who proclaims the orders or directions of a court, or who gives public notice by loud proclamation; as a town-crier. “He openeth his mouth like a crier.
Ecclus. xx. 15.”

Crime (krim), n.[F. crime, fr. L. crimen judicial decision, that which is subjected to such a decision, charge, fault, crime, fr. the root of cernere to decide judicially. See Certain.] 1. Any violation of law, either divine or human; an omission of a duty commanded, or the commission of an act forbidden by law. 2. Gross violation of human law, in distinction from a misdemeanor or trespass, or other slight offense. Hence, also any aggravated offense against morality or the public welfare; any outrage or great wrong. ´To part error from crime.´ Tennyson. Crimes, in the English common law, are grave offenses which were originally capitally punished (murder, rape, robbery, arson, burglary, and larceny), as distinguished from misdemeanors, which are offenses of a lighter grade. See Misdemeanors. 3. Any great wickedness or sin; iniquity. “No crime was thine, if ’tis no crime to love.
Pope.” 4. That which occasion crime. [Obs.] “The tree of life, the crime of our first father’s fall.
Spenser.” Capital crime, a crime punishable with death. Syn. — Sin; vice; iniquity; wrong. — Crime, Sin,Vice. Sin is the generic term, embracing wickedness of every kind, but specifically denoting an offense as committed against God. Crime is strictly a violation of law either human or divine; but in present usage the term is commonly applied to actions contrary to the laws of the State. Vice is more distinctively that which springs from the inordinate indulgence of the natural appetites, which are in themselves innocent. Thus intemperance, unchastity, duplicity, etc., are vices; while murder, forgery, etc., which spring from the indulgence of selfish passions, are crimes.

Crime´ful (kr?m´f?l), a. Criminal; wicked; contrary to law, right, or dury. [Obs.] Shak.

Crime´less, a. Free from crime; innocent. Shak.

Crim´i•nal (kr?m´?-nal), a. [L. criminalis, fr. crimen: cf. F. criminel. See Crime.] 1. Guilty of crime or sin. “The neglect of any of the relative duties renders us criminal in the sight of God.
Rogers.” 2. Involving a crime; of the nature of a crime; — said of an act or of conduct; as criminal carelessness. “Foppish and fantastic ornaments are only indications of vice, not criminal in themselves.
Addison.” 3. Relating to crime; — opposed to civil; as the criminal code. “The officers and servants of the crown, violating the personal liberty, or other right of the subject … were in some cases liable to criminal process.
Hallam.” Criminal action (Law), an action or suit instituted to secure conviction and punishment for a crime. — Criminal conversation (Law), unlawful intercourse with a married woman; adultery; — usually abbreviated, crim. con. — Criminal law, the law which relates to crimes.

Crim´i•nal, n. One who has commited a crime; especially, one who is found guilty by verdict, confession, or proof; a malefactor; a felon.

Crim´i•nal•ist, n. One versed in criminal law. [R.]

Crim•i•nal´i•ty (kr?m•?-n?l´?-t?), n. [LL. criminalitas, fr. L. criminalis. See Criminal.] The quality or state of being criminal; that which constitutes a crime; guiltiness; guilt. “This is by no means the only criterion of criminality.
Blackstone.”

Crim´i•nal•ly (kr?m´?-nal-l?), adv. In violation of law; wickedly.

Crim´i•nal•ness, n. Criminality. [R.]

Crim´i•nate (krm´-nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criminated (- n•td); p. pr. & vb. n. Criminating (-n´tng).] [L. criminatus, p. p. of criminare, criminari, to criminate, fr. crimen. See Crime.] 1. To accuse of, or charge with, a crime. “To criminate, with the heavy and ungrounded charge of disloyalty and disaffection, an uncorrupt, independent, and reforming parliament.
Burke.” 2. To involve in a crime or in its consequences; to render liable to a criminal charge. “Impelled by the strongest pressure of hope and fear to criminate him.
Macaulay.”

Crim•i•na´tion (kr?m•?-n?´sh?n), n. [L. criminatio.] The act of accusing; accusation; charge; complaint. “The criminations and recriminations of the adverse parties.
Macaulay.”

Crim´i•na•tive (kr?m´?-n?-t?v), a. Charging with crime; accusing; criminatory. R. North.

Crim´i•na•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Relating to, or involving, crimination; accusing; as a criminatory conscience.

Crim•i•nol´o•gy (-n?l´?-j?), n. [L. crimen, crimenis, crime + -logy.] A treatise on crime or the criminal population. — Crim•i•nol´o•gist (-jst), n.

Crim´i•nous (kr?m´?-n?s), a. [L. criminosus, fr. crimen. See Crime.] Criminal; involving great crime or grave charges; very wicked; heinous. [Obs.] Holland. — Crim´i•nous•ly, adv. — Crim´i•nous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Crim´o•sin (kr?m´?-z?n), n. [Obs.] See Crimson.

Crimp (krimp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimped (krimt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimping.] [Akin to D. krimpen to shrink, shrivel, Sw. krympa, Dan. krympe, and to E. cramp. See Cramp.] 1. To fold or plait in regular undulation in such a way that the material will retain the shape intended; to give a wavy appearance to; as to crimp the border of a cap; to crimp a ruffle. Cf. Crisp. “The comely hostess in a crimped cap.
W. Irving.” 2. To pinch and hold; to seize. 3. Hence, to entrap into the military or naval service; as to crimp seamen. “Coaxing and courting with intent to crimp him.
Carlyle.” 4. (Cookery) To cause to contract, or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife; as to crimp skate, etc. Crimping house, a low lodging house, into which men are decoyed and plied with drink, to induce them to ship or enlist as sailors or soldiers. — Crimping iron. (a) An iron instrument for crimping and curling the hair. (b) A crimping machine. — Crimping machine, a machine with fluted rollers or with dies, for crimping ruffles, leather, iron, etc. — Crimping pin, an instrument for crimping or puckering the border of a lady’s cap.

Crimp, a. 1. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. [R.] “Now the fowler … treads the crimp earth.
J. Philips.” 2. Weak; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] “The evidence is crimp; the witnesses swear backward and forward, and contradict themselves.
Arbuthnot.”

Crimp, n. 1. A coal broker. [Prov. Eng.] De Foe. 2. One who decoys or entraps men into the military or naval service. Marryat. 3. A keeper of a low lodging house where sailors and emigrants are entrapped and fleeced. 4. Hair which has been crimped; — usually in pl. 5. A game at cards. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Boot crimp. See under Boot.

Crimp´age (-?j), n. The act or practice of crimping; money paid to a crimp for shipping or enlisting men.

Crimp´er (-ãr), n. One who, or that which, crimps; as: (a) A curved board or frame over which the upper of a boot or shoe is stretched to the required shape. (b) A device for giving hair a wavy appearance. (c) A machine for crimping or ruffling textile fabrics.

Crim´ple (kr?m´p’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimpled (-p’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimpling (-pl?ng).] [Dim. of crimp, v. t. ] To cause to shrink or draw together; to contract; to curl. [R.] Wiseman.

Crimp´y (kr?mp´?), a. Having a crimped appearance; frizzly; as the crimpy wool of the Saxony sheep.

Crim´son (krim´z’n), n. [OE. crimson, OF. crimoisin, F. cramoisi (cf. Sp. carmesi.) LL. carmesinus, fr. Ar. qermazi, fr. qermez crimson, kermes, fr. Skr. krmija produced by a worm; kmi worm or insect + jan to generate; akin to E. kin. CF. Carmine, Kermes.] A deep red color tinged with blue; also red color in general. “Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.
Is. i. 18.” “A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty.
Shak.”

Crim´son, a. Of a deep red color tinged with blue; deep red. ´A crimson tide.´ Mrs. Hemans. “The blushing poppy with a crimson hue.
Prior.”

Crim´son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimsoned (-z’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimsoning.] To dye with crimson or deep red; to redden. “Signed in thy spoil and crimsoned in thy lethe.
Shak.”

Crim´son, v. t. To become crimson; to blush. “Ancient towers … beginning to crimson with the radiant luster of a cloudless July morning.
De Quincey.”

Cri´nal (kri´nal), a. [L. crinalis, fr. crinis the hair.] Of or pertaining to the hair. [R.] Blount.

Cri´na•ted (kri´na•ted), a. Having hair; hairy.

Cri´na•to•ry (kr?´n?-t?-r?), a. Crinitory. Craig.

Crin´cum (kr?n´k?m), n. [Cf. Crinkle.] A twist or bend; a turn; a whimsey. [Colloq.] Hudibras.

Crin´cum-cran´cum (kr?n´k?m-kr?n´k?m), n. A twist; a whimsey or whim. [Colloq.]

Crined (krind), a. [L. crinis hair.] (Her.) Having the hair of a different tincture from the rest of the body; as a charge crined of a red tincture. { Cri´nel (kr?´nEl), Cri´net (kr?´n?t), } n. [L. crinis hair.] A very fine, hairlike feather. Booth.

Cringe (krinj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cringed (krinjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cringing.] [As. crincgan, cringan, crincan, to jield, fall; akin to E. crank.] To draw one’s self together as in fear or servility; to bend or crouch with base humility; to wince; hence, to make court in a degrading manner; to fawn. “When they were come up to the place where the lions were, the boys that went before were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the lions.
Bunyan.” “Sly hypocrite, … who more than thou
Once fawned and cringed, and servilely adored
Heaven’s awful monarch?
Milton.” “Flatterers … are always bowing and cringing.
Arbuthnot.”

Cringe, v. t. To contract; to draw together; to cause to shrink or wrinkle; to distort. [Obs.] “Till like a boy you see him cringe his face,
And whine aloud for mercy.
Shak.”

Cringe, n. Servile civility; fawning; a shrinking or bowing, as in fear or servility. ´With cringe and shrug, and bow obsequious.´ Cowper.

Cringe´ling, n. One who cringes meanly; a fawner.

Crin´ger (kr?n´j?r), n. One who cringes.

Crin´ging•ly, adv. In a cringing manner.

Crin´gle (kr?n´g’l), n. [Icel. kringla orb; akin to kring around, and to D. kring circle, and to E. cringe, crank.] 1. A withe for fastening a gate. 2. (Naut.) An iron or pope thimble or grommet worked into or attached to the edges and corners of a sail; — usually in the plural. The cringles are used for making fast the bowline bridles, earings, etc.

Crin•i•cul´tur•al (kr?n•?-k?l´t?r-a]/>l; 135), a. [L. crinis hair + cultura.] Relating to the growth of hair. [R.]

Cri•nig´er•ous (kr?-n?j´?r-?s), a. [L. criniger; crinis hair + gerere to bear.] Bearing hair; hairy. [R.]

Cri´ni•tal (kr?´n?-tal), a. Same as Crinite, 1. “He the star crinital adoreth.
Stanyhurst.”

Cri´nite (kr?´n?t), a. [L. crinitus, p. p. of crinire to provide or cover with hair, fr. crinis hair.] 1. Having the appearance of a tuft of hair; having a hairlike tail or train. ´Comate, crinite, caudate stars.´ Fairfax. 2. (Bot.) Bearded or tufted with hairs. Gray.

Cri´ni•to•ry (kr?´n?-t?-r?), a. Of or relating to hair; as a crinitory covering. T. Hook.

Crin´kle (krin´k’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crinkled (- k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crinkling (- kling).] [A dim., fr. the root of cringe; akin to D. krinkelen to wind or twist. Cf. Cringle, Cringe.] To form with short turns, bends, or wrinkles; to mold into inequalities or sinuosities; to cause to wrinkle or curl. “The houses crinkled to and fro.
Chaucer.” “Her face all bowsy,
Comely crinkled,
Wondrously wrinkled.
Skelton.” “The flames through all the casements pushing forth,
Like red-not devils crinkled into snakes.
Mrs. Browning.”

Crin´kle, v. i. To turn or wind; to run in and out in many short bends or turns; to curl; to run in waves; to wrinkle; also to rustle, as stiff cloth when moved. “The green wheat crinkles like a lake.
L. T. Trowbridge.” “And all the rooms
Were full of crinkling silks.
Mrs. Browning.”

Crin´kle, n. A winding or turn; wrinkle; sinuosity. “The crinkles in this glass, making objects appear double.
A. Tucker.”

Crin´kled (kr?n´k’ld), a. Having short bends, turns, or wrinkles; wrinkled; wavy; zigzag. ´The crinkled lightning.´ Lowell.

Crin´kly (-kl?), a. Having crinkles; wavy; wrinkly.

Cri´noid (kri´noid), a. [See Crinoidea.] (Zoöl.) Crinoidal. — n. One of the Crinoidea.

Cri•noid´al (kri•noid´al), a. (Zoöl.) Of pertaining to crinoids; consisting of, or containing, crinoids.

Cri•noid´e•a (kr>isl/•noid´e•a), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. kri•non lily + -oid: cf. F. crinoïde.] (Zoöl.) A large class of Echinodermata, including numerous extinct families and genera, but comparatively few living ones. Most of the fossil species, like some that are recent, were attached by a jointed stem. See Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Comatula.

Cri•noid´e•an (-an), n. (Zoöl) One of the Crinoidea.

Crin´o•line (kr?n´?-l?n), n. [F., fr. crin hair,L. crinis.] 1. A kind of stiff cloth, used chiefly by women, for underskirts, to expand the gown worn over it; — so called because originally made of hair. 2. A lady’s skirt made of any stiff material; latterly, a hoop skirt.

Cri•nose´ (kr?-n?s´), a. [L. crinis hair.] Hairy. [R.]

Cri•nos´i•ty (kr?-n?s´?-t?), n. Hairiness. [R.]

Cri´num (kri´num), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kri•non lily.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, of the order Amaryllidaceae, cultivated as greenhouse plants on account of their beauty.

Cri´o•sphinx (kri´o•sfinks•), n. [Gr. krio•s ram + sfi•gx sphinx.] A sphinx with the head of a ram.

Crip´ple (krip´p’l), n. [OE. cripel, crepel, crupel, AS. crypel (akin to D. kreuple, G. krüppel, Dan. kröbling, Icel. kryppill), prop., one that can not walk, but must creep, fr. AS. creópan to creep. See Creep.] One who creeps, halts, or limps; one who has lost, or never had, the use of a limb or limbs; a lame person; hence, one who is partially disabled. “I am a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are in my mind, the reader must determine.
Dryden.”

Crip´ple (krip´p’l), a. Lame; halting. [R.] ´The cripple, tardy-gaited night.´ Shak.

Crip´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crippled (-p’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crippling (-pl?ng).] 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, particularly of a leg or foot; to lame. “He had crippled the joints of the noble child.
Sir W. Scott.” 2. To deprive of strength, activity, or capability for service or use; to disable; to deprive of resources; as to be financially crippled. “More serious embarrassments … were crippling the energy of the settlement in the Bay.
Palfrey.” “An incumbrance which would permanently cripple the body politic.
Macaulay.”

Crip´pled (kr?p´p’ld), a. Lamed; lame; disabled; impeded. ´The crippled crone.´ Longfellow.

Crip´ple•ness, n. Lameness. [R.] Johnson.

Crip´pler (-pl?r), n. A wooden tool used in graining leather. Knight.

Crip´pling (-pl?ng), n. Spars or timbers set up as a support against the side of a building.

Crip´ply (-pl?), a. Lame; disabled; in a crippled condition. [R.] Mrs. Trollope.

Cri´sis (kr?´s?s), n.; pl. Crises (-sz). [L. crisis, Gr. , fr. to separate. See Certain.] 1. The point of time when it is to be decided whether any affair or course of action must go on, or be modified or terminate; the decisive moment; the turning point. “This hour’s the very crisis of your fate.
Dryden.” “The very times of crisis for the fate of the country.
Brougham.” 2. (Med.) That change in a disease which indicates whether the result is to be recovery or death; sometimes, also a striking change of symptoms attended by an outward manifestation, as by an eruption or sweat. “Till some safe crisis authorize their skill.
Dryden.”

Crisp (kr?sp), a. [AS. crisp, fr. L. crispus; cf. carpere to pluck, card (wool), and E. harvest. Cf. Crape.] 1. Curling in stiff curls or ringlets; as crisp hair. 2. Curled with the ripple of the water. [Poetic] “You nymphs called Naiads, of the winding brooks …
Leave jour crisp channels.
Shak.” 3. Brittle; friable; in a condition to break with a short, sharp fracture; as crisp snow. “The cakes at tea ate short and crisp.
Goldsmith.” 4. Possessing a certain degree of firmness and freshness; in a fresh, unwilted condition. “It [laurel] has been plucked nine months, and yet looks as hale and crisp as if it would last ninety years.
Leigh Hunt.” 5. Lively; sparking; effervescing. “Your neat crisp claret.
Beau. & Fl.” 6. Brisk; crackling; cheerful; lively. “The snug, small room, and the crisp fire.
Dickens.”

Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crisped (kr?spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crisping.] [L. crispare, fr. crispus. See Crisp. a. ] 1. To curl; to form into ringlets, as hair, or the nap of cloth; to interweave, as the branches of trees. 2. To cause to undulate irregularly, as crape or water; to wrinkle; to cause to ripple. Cf. Crimp. “The lover with the myrtle sprays
Adorns his crisped tresses.
Drayton.” “Along the crisped shades and bowers.
Milton.” “The crisped brooks,
Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold.
Milton.” 3. To make crisp or brittle, as in cooking. Crisping iron, an instrument by which hair or any textile fabric is crisped. — Crisping pin, the simplest form of crisping iron. Is. iii. 22.

Crisp, v. i. To undulate or ripple. Cf. Crisp, v. t. “To watch the crisping ripples on the beach.
Tennuson.”

Crisp, n. That which is crisp or brittle; the state of being crisp or brittle; as burned to a crisp; specifically, the rind of roasted pork; crackling. { Cris´pate (kr?s´p?t), Cris´pa•ted (-p?- t?d), } a. [L. crispatus, p. p. of crispare.] Having a crisped appearance; irregularly curled or twisted.

Cris•pa´tion (kr?s-p?´sh?n), n. [CF. F. crispation.] 1. The act or process of curling, or the state of being curled. Bacon. 2. A very slight convulsive or spasmodic contraction of certain muscles, external or internal. “Few men can look down from a great height without creepings and crispations.
O. W. Holmes.”

Cris´pa•ture (kr?s´p?-t?r; 135), n. The state of being crispate.

Crisp´er (kr?s´p?r), n. One who, or that which, crisps or curls; an instrument for making little curls in the nap of cloth, as in chinchilla.

Cris´pin (kr?s´p?n), n. 1. A shoemaker; — jocularly so called from the patron saint of the craft. 2. A member of a union or association of shoemakers.

Crisp´ly (kr?sp´l?), adv. In a crisp manner.

Crisp´ness, n. The state or quality of being crisp.

Crisp´y (-?), a. 1. Formed into short, close ringlets; frizzed; crisp; as crispy locks. 2. Crisp; brittle; as a crispy pie crust.

Cris´sal (kr?s´sal), a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to the crissum; as crissal feathers. 2. Having highly colored under tail coverts; as the crissal thrasher.

Criss´cross (kr?s´kr?s•; 115), n. [A corruption of Christcross.] 1. A mark or cross, as the signature of a person who is unable to write. 2. A child’s game played on paper or on a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a cross.

Criss´cross, v. t. To mark or cover with cross lines; as a paper was crisscrossed with red marks.

Criss´cross (kr?s´kr?s•;115), adv. 1. In opposite directions; in a way to cross something else; crossing one another at various angles and in various ways. “Logs and tree luing crisscross in utter confusion.
W. E. Boardman.” 2. With opposition or hindrance; at cross purposes; contrarily; as things go crisscross.

Criss´cross-row (-r?•), n. See Christcross-row.

Cris´sum (kr?s´s?m),, n.; pl. Crissa (-s). [NL.; cf. L. crisso to move the haunches.] (Zoöl.) That part of a bird, or the feathers, surrounding the cloacal opening; the under tail coverts.

Cris´tate (kr?s´t?t), a. [L. ctistatus, fr. crista crest.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Crested.

Cri•te´ri•on (kr?-t?´r?-?n), n.; pl. Criteria (-), sometimes Criterions (-nz). [Gr. a means for judging, fr. decider, judge, fr. to separate. See Certain.] A standard of judging; any approved or established rule or test, by which facts, principles opinions, and conduct are tried in forming a correct judgment respecting them. “Of the diseases of the mind there is no criterion.
Donne.” “Inferences founded on such enduring criteria.
Sir G. C. Lewis.” Syn. — Standard; measure; rule.

Crith (krith), n. [Gr. kriqh• a barleycorn, a small weight.] (Chem.) The unit for estimating the weight of aëriform substances; — the weight of a liter of hydrogen at 0° centigrade, and with a tension of 76 centimeters of mercury. It is 0.0896 of a gram, or 1.38274 grains.

Crith´o•man•cy (krith´o•man•sy), n. [Gr. kriqai•, pl., barley + -mancy: cf. F. crithomancie.] A kind of divination by means of the dough of the cakes offered in the ancient sacrifices, and the meal strewed over the victims.

Crit´ic (krit´ik), n. [L. criticus, Gr. kritiko•s, a critic; prop., an adj. meaning able to discuss, from kri•nein to judge, discern. See Certain, and cf. Critique.] 1. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or artistic works; a connoisseur; an adept; hence, one who examines literary or artistic works, etc., and passes judgment upon them; a reviewer. “The opininon of the most skillful critics was that nothing finer [than Goldsmith’s ´Traveler´] had appeared in verse since the fourth book of the ´Dunciad.´
Macaulay.” 2. One who passes a rigorous or captious judgment; one who censures or finds fault; a harsh examiner or judge; a caviler; a carper. “When an author has many beauties consistent with virtue, piety, and truth, let not little critics exalt themselves, and shower down their ill nature.
I. Watts.” “You know who the critics are? the men who have failed in literature and art.
Beaconsfield.” 3. The art of criticism. [Obs.] Locke. 4. An act of criticism; a critique. [Obs.] “And make each day a critic on the last.
Pope.”

Crit´ic, a. Of or pertaining to critics or criticism; critical. [Obs.] ´Critic learning.´ Pope.

Crit´ic, v. i. [Cf. F. critiquer.] To criticise; to play the critic. [Obs.] “Nay, if you begin to critic once, we shall never have done.
A. Brewer.”

Crit´ic•al (krit´i•kal), a. [See Critic, n., Crisis.] 1. Qualified to criticise, or pass judgment upon, literary or artistic productions. “It is submitted to the judgment of more critical ears to direct and determine what is graceful and what is not.
Holder.” 2. Pertaining to criticism or the critic’s art; of the nature of a criticism; accurate; as critical knowledge; a critical dissertation. 3. Inclined to make nice distinctions, or to exercise careful judgment and selection; exact; nicely judicious. “Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion, that he would never have brought in such prayers as these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman customs.
Bp. Stillingfleet.” 4. Inclined to criticise or find fault; fastidious; captious; censorious; exacting. “O gentle lady, do not put me to ’t,
For I am nothing, if not critical.
Shak.” 5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to principles, as becomes a critic; as a critical analysis of a subject. 6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis, turning point, or specially important juncture; important as regards consequences; hence, of doubtful issue; attended with risk; dangerous; as the critical stage of a fever; a critical situation. “Our circumstances are indeed critical.
Burke.” “The small moment, the exact point, the critical minute, on which every good work so much depends.
South.” Critical angle (Optics), that angle of incidence of a luminous ray at which it is wholly reflected, and no portion of it transmitted. The sine of this angle is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium. — Critical philosophy, the metaphysical system of Kant; — so called from his most important work, the ´Critique of Pure Reason.´ — Critical point (Physics), a certain temperature, different for different gases, but always the same for each gas regarded as the limit above which no amount of pressure can produce condensation to a liquid.

Crit´ic•al•ly, adv. 1. In a critical manner; with nice discernment; accurately; exactly. “Critically to discern good writers from bad.
Dryden.” 2. At a crisis; at a critical time; in a situation, place, or condition of decisive consequence; as a fortification critically situated. “Coming critically the night before the session.
Bp. Burnet.”

Crit´ic•al•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being critical, or of occurring at a critical time. 2. Accuracy in examination or decision; exactness.

Crit´ic•as•ter (krit´ik•as•t&til;r), n. A contemptible or vicious critic. “The rancorous and reptile crew of poeticules, who decompose into criticasters.
Swinburne.”

Crit´i•cis•a•ble (krit´i•siz•a•b’l), a. Capable of being criticised.

Crit´i•cise (kr?t´?-s?z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criticised (-s?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Criticising.] [Written also more analogically, but less commonly, criticize.] [Cf. G. kritisiren. See Critic.] 1. To examine and judge as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment upon; as to criticise an author; to criticise a picture. 2. To express one’s views as to the merit or demerit of; esp., to animadvert upon; to find fault with; as to criticise conduct. Blackwood’s Mag.

Crit´i•cise, v. i. 1. To act as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment; to play the critic; — formerly used with on or upon. “Several of these ladies, indeed, criticised upon the form of the association.
Addison.” 2. To discuss the merits or demerits of a thing or person; esp., to find fault. “Cavil you may, but never criticise.
Pope.”

Crit´i•ci•ser (-s?•z?r), n. One who criticises; a critic.

Crit´i•cism (kr?t´?-s?z’m), n. 1. The rules and principles which regulate the practice of the critic; the art of judging with knowledge and propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of a production in the fine arts; as dramatic criticism. “The elements ofcriticism depend on the two principles of Beauty and Truth, one of which is the final end or object of study in every one of its pursuits: Beauty, in letters and the arts; Truth, in history and sciences.
Brande & C.” “By criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a standard of judging well.
Dryden.” 2. The act of criticising; a critical judgment passed or expressed; a critical observation or detailed examination and review; a critique; animadversion; censure. “About the plan of ´Rasselas´ little was said by the critics; and yet the faults of the plan might seem to invite severe criticism.
Macaulay.”

Cri•tique´ (kri•tek´), n. [F. critique, f., fr. Gr. kritikh• (sc. te•chnh) the critical art, from kritiko•s. See Critic.] 1. The art of criticism. [Written also critic.] [R.] 2. A critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; a critical dissertation or essay; a careful and thorough analysis of any subject; a criticism; as Kant’s ´Critique of Pure Reason.´ “I should as soon expect to see a critique on the poesy of a ring as on the inscription of a medal.
Addison.” 3. A critic; one who criticises. [Obs.] “A question among critiques in the ages to come.
Bp. Lincoln.”

Cri•tique´, v. t. [Cf. Critic, v.] To criticise or pass judgment upon. [Obs.] Pope.

Criz´zel (kr?z´z’l), n. [Cf. grizzle darkish gray, or G. griselig gravelly, granular, speckled.] A kind of roughness on the surface of glass, which clouds its transparency. [Written also crizzeling and crizzle.]

Croak (krok), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Croaked. (krokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Croaking.] [From the primitive of AS. cracettan to croak as a raven; akin to G. krächzen to croak, and to E. creak, crake.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or a crow; hence, to make any hoarse, dismal sound. “Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog,
And the hoarse nation croaked.
Pope.” 2. To complain; especially, to grumble; to forebode evil; to utter complaints or forebodings habitually. “Marat … croaks with reasonableness.
Carlyle.”

Croak, v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice; to announce by croaking; to forebode; as to croak disaster. “The raven himself is hoarse,
That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan.
Shak.” “Two ravens now began to croak
Their nuptial song.
Wordsworth.”

Croak, n. The coarse, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound.

Croak´er (-?r), n. 1. One who croaks, murmurs, grumbles, or complains unreasonably; one who habitually forebodes evil. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American fish (Micropogon undulatus), of the Atlantic coast. (a) An American fresh- water fish (Aplodinotus grunniens); — called also drum. (c) The surf fish of California. When caught these fishes make a croaking sound; whence the name, which is often corrupted into crocus. Cro´at (kr?´?t), n. [Cf. Cravat.] 1. A native of Croatia, in Austria; esp., one of the native Slavic race. 2. An irregular soldier, generally from Croatia.

Cro•a´tian (kr?-?´shan), a. Of or pertaining to Croatia. — n. A Croat.

Cro´ce•in (kr?´s?-?n), n. [See Croceous.] (Chem.) A name given to any one of several yellow or scarlet dyestuffs of artificial production and complex structure. In general they are diazo and sulphonic acid derivatives of benzene and naphthol.

Cro´ceous (kr?´sh?s), a. [L. croceus, fr. crocus saffron. See Crocus.] Of, pertaining to, or like, saffron; deep reddish yellow. [R.]

Cro´ce•tin (kr?´s?-t?n), n. (Chem.) A dyestuff, obtained from the Chinese crocin, which produces a brilliant yellow.

Croche (kroch), n. [OF. croche, equiv. to F. crochet, croc, hook. See Crotchet, Crook.] A little bud or knob at the top of a deer’s antler.

Cro•chet´ (kr?-sh?´), n. [F. crochet small hook. See Croche.] A kind of knitting done by means of a hooked needle, with worsted, silk, or cotton; crochet work. Commonly used adjectively. Crochet hook, Crochet needle, a small hook, or a hooked needle (often of bone), used in crochet work.

Cro•chet´, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Crocheted (shad´); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocheting (-sha´ing).] To knit with a crochet needle or hook; as to crochet a shawl.

Cro´ci•a•ry (kr?´sh?-?-r?), n. [See Crosier.] (Eccl.) One who carries the cross before an archbishop. [Obs.]

Cro•cid´o•lite (kr?-s?d´?-l?t), n. [Gr. kroky•s nap on cloth + -lite.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in silky fibers of a lavender blue color. It is related to hornblende and is essentially a silicate of iron and soda; — called also blue asbestus. A silicified form, in which the fibers penetrating quartz are changed to oxide of iron, is the yellow brown tiger-eye of the jewelers.

Cro´cin (kr?´s?n), n. [Gr. saffron.] (Chem.) (a) The coloring matter of Chinese yellow pods, the fruit of Gardenia grandiflora. Watts. (b) A red powder (called also polychroite), which is made from the saffron (Crocus sativus). See Polychroite.

Crock (krok), n. [Cf. W. croeg cover, Scot. crochit covered.] The loose black particles collected from combustion, as on pots and kettles, or in a chimney; soot; smut; also coloring matter which rubs off from cloth.

Crock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crocked (krokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocking.] To soil by contact, as with soot, or with the coloring matter of badly dyed cloth.

Crock, v. i. To give off crock or smut.

Crock, n. A low stool. ´I … seated her upon a little crock.´ Tatler.

Crock (kr?k), n. [AS. croc, croca, crog, croh; akin to D. kruik, G. krug, Icel. krukka, Dan. krukke, Sw. kruka; but cf. W. crwc bucket, pail, crochan pot, cregen earthen vessel, jar. Cf. Cruet.] Any piece of crockery, especially of coarse earthenware; an earthen pot or pitcher. “Like foolish flies about an honey crock.
Spenser.”

Crock, v. t. To lay up in a crock; as to crock butter. Halliwell.

Crock´er (-?r), n. A potter. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Crock´er•y ( kr?k´?r-?), n. [From Crock an earthen vessel.] Earthenware; vessels formed of baked clay, especially the coarser kinds.

Crock´et (kr?k´?t), n. [OF. croquet, F. crochet, dim. of croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crotchet.] 1. (Arch.) An ornament often resembling curved and bent foliage, projecting from the sloping edge of a gable, spire, etc. 2. A croche, or knob, on the top of a stag’s antler. “The antlers and the crockets.
W. Black.”

Crock´et•ed, a. (Arch.) Ornamented with crockets.

Crock´et•ing, n. (Arch.) Ornamentation with crockets. Ruskin.

Crock´y (-?), a. [From Crock soot.] Smutty.

Croc´o•dile (kr?k´?-d?l; 277), n. [L. crocodilus, Gr. : cf. F. crocodile. Cf. Cookatrice.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large reptile of the genus Crocodilus, of several species. They grow to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, and inhabit the large rivers of Africa, Asia, and America. The eggs, laid in the sand, are hatched by the sun’s heat. The best known species is that of the Nile (C. vulgaris, or C. Niloticus). The Florida crocodile (C. Americanus) is much less common than the alligator and has longer jaws. The name is also sometimes applied to the species of other related genera, as the gavial and the alligator. 2. (Logic) A fallacious dilemma, mythically supposed to have been first used by a crocodile. Crocodile bird (Zoöl.), an African plover (Pluvianus aegypticus) which alights upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites, even entering its open mouth (according to reliable writers) in pursuit of files, etc.; — called also Nile bird. It is the trochilos of ancient writers. — Crocodile tears, false or affected tears; hypocritical sorrow; — derived from the fiction of old travelers, that crocodiles shed tears over their prey.

Croc•o•dil´i•a (-d?l´?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. crocodilus crocodile.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

Croc•o•dil´i•an (kr?k•?-d?l´?-a]/>n), a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the crocodile; characteristic of the crocodile. — n. One of the Crocodilia.

Croc•o•dil´i•ty (-?-t?), n. (Logic) A caption or sophistical mode of arguing. [R.]

Cro´cois•ite (kr?´kois-?t), n. [Cf. F. crocose.] (Min.) Same as Crocoite.

Cro´co•ite (kr?´k?-?t), n. [Gr. saffron.] (Min.) Lead chromate occuring in crystals of a bright hyacinth red color; — called also red lead ore.

Cro´con•ate (kr?´k?n-?t), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of croconic acid with a base.

Cro•con´ic (kr?-k?n´?k), a. [Gr. saffron.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling saffron; having the color of saffron; as croconic acid. 2. Pertaining to, or derived from, croconic acid. Croconic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, C5O3(OH)2, obtained from potassium carboxide, rhodizonic acid, and various phenol and quinone derivatives of benzene, and forming yellow or orange colored salts.

Cro´cose (kro´kos), n. [Gr. kro•kos saffron.] (Chem.) A white crystalline sugar, metameric with glucose, obtained from the coloring matter of saffron. [Written also crokose.]

Cro´cus (kro´kus), n. [L., saffron, fr. Gr. kro•kos; cf. Heb. karkom, Ar. kurkum, Skr. kunkuma.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of iridaceous plants, with pretty blossoms rising separately from the bulb or corm. C. vernus is one of the earliest of spring-blooming flowers; C. sativus produces the saffron, and blossoms in the autumn. 2. (Chem.) A deep yellow powder; the oxide of some metal calcined to a red or deep yellow color; esp., the oxide of iron (Crocus of Mars or colcothar) thus produced from salts of iron, and used as a polishing powder. Crocus of Venus (Old Chem.), oxide of copper.

Crœ´sus (kre´sus), n. [L., fr. G. Kroi^sos.] A king of Lydia who flourished in the 6th century b. c., and was renowned for his vast wealth; hence, a common appellation for a very rich man; as he is a veritable Crœsus.

Croft (kroft; 115), n. [AS. croft; akin to D. kroft hillock; cf. Gael. croit hump, croft.] A small, inclosed field, adjoining a house; a small farm. “A few small crofts of stone-encumbered ground.
Wordsworth.”

Croft´er (-?r), n. One who rents and tills a small farm or holding; as the crofters of Scotland.

Croft´ing, n. 1. Croftland. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. (Textile Manuf.) Exposing linen to the sun, on the grass, in the process of bleaching.

Croft´land (-l?nd), n. Land of superior quality, on which successive crops are raised. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Crois (krois). n. [OF.] See Cross, n. [Obs.] { Croi•sade´ (kroi-s?d´), Croi•sa´do (- s?´d?), } n. [F. criosade. See Crusade.] A holy war; a crusade. [Obs.] Bacon.

Croise (krois), n. [F. croise crusader, fr. OF. crois, F. croix, cross. See Cross.] 1. A pilgrim bearing or wearing a cross. [Obs.] 2. A crusader. [Obs.] “The conquests of the croises extending over Palestine.
Burke.”

Crois•san•te´ (krw?•s?n•t?´), a. [F. croissant, adj. & n., crescent.] (Her.) Terminated with crescents; — said of a cross the ends of which are so terminated.

Cro´ker (kro´ker), n. [Gr. kro•kos saffron.] A cultivator of saffron; a dealer in saffron. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Cro´ma (kro´ma), n. [It.] (Mus.) A quaver. [Obs.]

Crom´lech (krom´lek), n. [W. cromlech; crom bending or bent, concave + llech a flat stone; akin to Ir. cromleac.] (Archaeol.) A monument of rough stones composed of one or more large ones supported in a horizontal position upon others. They are found chiefly in countries inhabited by the ancient Celts, and are of a period anterior to the introduction of Christianity into these countries.

Cro•mor´na (kr?-m?r´n?), n. [F. cromorne (cf. It. cromorno0, fr. G. krummhorn crooked horn, cornet, an organ pipe turned like a trumpet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.) A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe. [Corruptly written cromona.]

Crone (kron), n. [OD. kronie, karonie, an old sheep, OF. carogne, F. charogne, carrion (also F. carogne illnatured woman.). See Carrion, and Crony.] 1. An old ewe. [Obs.] Tusser. 2. An old woman; — usually in contempt. “But still the crone was constant to her note.
Dryden.” 3. An old man; especially, a man who talks and acts like an old woman. [R.] “The old crone [a negro man] lived in a hovel, … which his master had given him.
W. Irving.” “A few old battered crones of office.
Beaconsfield.”

Cro´nel (kr?´n?l), n. [Cf. Coronel spearhead, Crown.] The iron head of a tilting spear.

Cro´net (kr?´n?t), n. [Cf. Coronet, Crownet.] The coronet of a horse.

Cro´ni•an (kr?´n?-a]/>n), a. [Gr. Saturnian, fr. Saturn.] Saturnian; — applied to the North Polar Sea. [R.] Milton.

Cron´stedt•ite (kr?n´st?t-?t), n. (Min.) A mineral consisting principally of silicate of iron, and crystallizing in hexagonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage; — so named from the Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt.

Cro´ny (kr?´n?), n.; pl. Cronies (-nz). [Orig., an old woman. See Crone.] 1. A crone. [Obs.] ´Marry not an old crony.´ Burton. 2. An intimate companion; a familiar frend. [Colloq.] “He soon found his former cronies, though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time.
W. Irving.”

Croo´dle (kr??´d’l), v. i. [Cf. Cruddle, Crudle.] 1. To cower or cuddle together, as from fear or cold; to lie close and snug together, as pigs in straw. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Forby. “A dove to fly home her nest and croodle there.
C. Kingsley.” 2. To fawn or coax. [Obs.] 3. To coo. [Scot.]

Crook (krook), n. [OE. crok; akin to Icel. kr&onac;kr hook, bend, SW. krok, Dan. krog, OD. krooke; or cf. Gael. crocan crook, hook, W. crwca crooked. Cf. Crosier, Crotchet, Crutch, Encroach.] 1. A bend, turn, or curve; curvature; flexure. “Through lanes, and crooks, and darkness.
Phaer.” 2. Any implement having a bent or crooked end. Especially: (a) The staff used by a shepherd, the hook of which serves to hold a runaway sheep. (b) A bishop’s staff of office. Cf. Pastoral staff. “He left his crook, he left his flocks.
Prior.” 3. A pothook. ´As black as the crook.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. An artifice; trick; tricky device; subterfuge. “For all yuor brags, hooks, and crooks.
Cranmer.” 5. (Mus.) A small tube, usually curved, applied to a trumpet, horn, etc., to change its pitch or key. 6. A person given to fraudulent practices; an accomplice of thieves, forgers, etc. [Cant, U.S.] By hook or by crook, in some way or other; by fair means or foul.

Crook (kr??k), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooked (kr??kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooking.] [OE. croken; cf. Sw. krka, Dan. krge. See Crook, n.] 1. To turn from a straight line; to bend; to curve. “Crook the pregnant hinges of the knee.
Shak.” 2. To turn from the path of rectitude; to pervert; to misapply; to twist. [Archaic] “There is no one thing that crooks youth more than such unlawfull games.
Ascham.” “What soever affairs pass such a man’s hands, he crooketh them to his own ends.
Bacon.”

Crook, v. i. To bend; to curve; to wind; to have a curvature. ´ The port … crooketh like a bow.´ Phaer. “Their shoes and pattens are snouted, and piked more than a finger long, crooking upwards.
Camden.”

Crook´back (krook´bak•), n. A crooked back; one who has a crooked or deformed back; a hunchback.

Crook´back, a. Hunched. Shak.

Crook´bill ( -b?l•), n. (Zoöl) A New Zealand plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), remarkable for having the end of the beak abruptly bent to the right.

Crook´ed (kr??k´?d), a. 1. Characterized by a crook or curve; not straight; turning; bent; twisted; deformed. ´Crooked paths.´ Locke. “he is deformed, crooked, old, and sere.
Shak.” 2. Not straightforward; deviating from rectitude; distorted from the right. “They are a perverse and crooked generation.
Deut. xxxii. 5.” 3. False; dishonest; fraudulent; as crooked dealings. Crooked whisky, whisky on which the payment of duty has been fraudulently evaded. [Slang, U.S.] Barlett.

Crook´ed•ly, adv. In a curved or crooked manner; in a perverse or untoward manner.

Crook´ed•ness, n. The condition or quality of being crooked; hence, deformity of body or of mind; deviation from moral rectitude; perverseness.

Crook´en (kr??k´’n), v. t. To make crooked. [Obs.]

Crookes´ tube (kr??ks´ t?b•). (Phys.) A vacuum tube in which the exhaustion is carried to a very high degree, with the production of a distinct class of effects; — so called from W. Crookes who introduced it.

Croon (kroon), v. i. [OE. croinen, cf. D. kreunen to moan. rad.24.] 1. To make a continuous hollow moan, as cattle do when in pain. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. To hum or sing in a low tone; to murmur softly. “Here an old grandmother was crooning over a sick child, and rocking it to and fro.
Dickens.”

Croon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooned (kroond); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooning.] 1. To sing in a low tone, as if to one’s self; to hum. “Hearing such stanzas crooned in her praise.
C. Bronte.” 2. To soothe by singing softly. “The fragment of the childish hymn with which he sung and crooned himself asleep.
Dickens.”

Croon, n. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur. 2. A low singing; a plain, artless melody.

Crop (krop), n. [OE. crop, croppe, craw, top of a plant, harvest, AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of corn; akin to D. krop craw, G. kropf, Icel. kroppr hump or bunch on the body, body; but cf. also W. cropa, croppa, crop or craw of a bird, Ir. & Gael. sgroban. Cf. Croup, Crupper, Croup.] 1. The pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of birds, serving as a receptacle for food; the craw. 2. The top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of a plant or tree. [Obs.] ´Crop and root.´ Chaucer. 3. That which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single felld, or of a single kind of grain or fruit, or in a single season; especially, the product of what is planted in the earth; fruit; harvest. “Lab’ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop,
Corn, wine, and oil.
Milton.” 4. Grain or other product of the field while standing. 5. Anything cut off or gathered. “Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free,
It falls a plenteous crop reserved for thee.
Dryden.” 6. Hair cut close or short, or the act or style of so cutting; as a convict’s crop. 7. (Arch.) A projecting ornament in carved stone. Specifically, a finial. [Obs.] 8. (Mining.) (a) Tin ore prepared for smelting. (b) Outcrop of a vein or seam at the surface. Knight. 9. A riding whip with a loop instead of a lash. Neck and crop, altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.]

Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cropped (kr?pt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cropping.] 1. To cut off the tops or tips of; to bite or pull off; to browse; to pluck; to mow; to reap. “I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one.
Ezek. xvii. 22.” 2. Fig.: To cut off, as if in harvest. “Death … .crops the growing boys.
Creech.” 3. To cause to bear a crop; as to crop a field.

Crop, v. i. To yield harvest. To crop out. (a) (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or vein, or inclined bed, as of coal. (b) To come to light; to be manifest; to appear; as the peculiarities of an author crop out. — To crop up, to sprout; to spring up. ´Cares crop up in villas.´ Beaconsfield.

Crop´-ear (kr?p´?r•), n. A person or animal whose ears are cropped.

Crop´-eared (kr?p´?rd•), a. Having the ears cropped.

Crop´ful (-f?l), a. Having a full crop or belly; satiated. Milton.

Crop´per (krop´per), n. 1. One that crops. 2. A variety of pigeon with a large crop; a pouter. 3. (Mech.) A machine for cropping, as for shearing off bolts or rod iron, or for facing cloth. 4. A fall on one’s head when riding at full speed, as in hunting; hence, a sudden failure or collapse. [Slang.]

Crop´sick (kr?´s?k•), a. Sick from excess in eating or drinking. [Obs.] ´Cropsick drunkards.´ Tate. — Crop´sick•ness, n. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Crop´-tailed (-t?ld•), a. Having the tail cropped.

Cro•quet´ (kr?-k?´), n. [From French; cf. Walloon croque blow, fillip. F. croquet a crisp biscuit, croquer to crunch, fr. croc a crackling sound, of imitative origin. Croquet then properly meant a smart tap on the ball.] 1. An open-air game in which two or more players endeavor to drive wooden balls, by means of mallets, through a series of hoops or arches set in the ground according to some pattern. 2. The act of croqueting.

Cro•quet´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Croqueted (-k?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Croqueting (-k?´?ng).] In the game of croquet, to drive away an opponent’s ball, after putting one’s own in contact with it, by striking one’s own ball with the mallet.

Cro•quette´ (kr?-k?t´), n. [F., fr. croquer to crunch.] (Cookery) A ball of minced meat, fowl, rice, or other ingredients, highly seasoned, and fried.

Crore (kror), n. [Hind. karor, Skr. koti.] Ten millions; as a crore of rupees (which is nearly $5,000,000). [East Indies] Malcolm.

Cro´sier (kr?´zh?r), n. [OE. rocer, croser, croyser, fr. croce crosier, OF. croce, croche, F. crosse, fr. LL. crocea, crocia, from the same German or Celtic sourse as F. croc hook; akin to E. crook.] The pastoral staff of a bishop (also of an archbishop, being the symbol of his office as a shepherd of the flock of God. The true shape of the crosier was with a hooked or curved top; the archbishop’s staff alone bore a cross instead of a crook, and was of exceptional, not of regular form. Skeat.

Cro´siered (-zh?rd), a. Bearing a crosier.

Cros´let (kr?s´l?t; 115), n. See Crosslet.

Cross (kros; 115), n. [OE. crois, croys, cros; the former fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, fr. L. crux; the second is perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, crotz. fr. the same L. crux; cf. Icel. kross. Cf. Crucial, Crusade, Cruise, Crux.] 1. A gibbet, consisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T, or +, with the horizontal piece below the upper end of the upright, or as an X. It was anciently used in the execution of criminals. “Nailed to the cross
By his own nation.
Milton.” 2. The sign or mark of the cross, made with the finger, or in ink, etc., or actually represented in some material; the symbol of Christ’s death; the ensign and chosen symbol of Christianity, of a Christian people, and of Christendom. “The custom of making the sign of the cross with the hand or finger, as a means of conferring blessing or preserving from evil, is very old.
Schaff-Herzog Encyc.” “Before the cross has waned the crescent’s ray.
Sir W. Scott.” “Tis where the cross is preached.
Cowper.” 3. Affiction regarded as a test of patience or virtue; trial; disappointment; opposition; misfortune. “Heaven prepares a good man with crosses.
B. Jonson.” 4. A piece of money stamped with the figure of a cross, also that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general. “I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse.
Shak.” 5. An appendage or ornament or anything in the form of a cross; a badge or ornamental device of the general shape of a cross; hence, such an ornament, even when varying considerably from that form; thus, the Cross of the British Order of St. George and St. Michael consists of a central medallion with seven arms radiating from it. 6. (Arch.) A monument in the form of a cross, or surmounted by a cross, set up in a public place; as a market cross; a boundary cross; Charing Cross in London. “Dun-Edin’s Cross, a pillared stone,
Rose on a turret octagon.
Sir W. Scott.” 7. (Her.) A common heraldic bearing, of which there are many varieties. See the Illustration, above. 8. The crosslike mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those unable to write. “Five Kentish abbesses … .subscribed their names and crosses.
Fuller.” 9. Church lands. [Ireland] [Obs.] Sir J. Davies. 10. A line drawn across or through another line. 11. Hence: A mixing of breeds or stock, especially in cattle breeding; or the product of such intermixture; a hybrid of any kind. “ Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler.
Lord Dufferin.” 12. (Surveying) An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course. 13. (Mech.) A pipe-fitting with four branches the axes of which usually form’s right angle. Cross and pile, a game with money, at which it is put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called pile, or reverse; the game called heads or tails. — Cross bottony or bottone. See under Bottony. — Cross estoile (Her.). a cross, each of whose arms is pointed like the ray of a star; that is, a star having four long points only. — Cross of Calvary. See Calvary, 3. — Southern cross. (Astron.) See under Southern. — To do a thing on the cross, to act dishonestly; — opposed to acting on the square. [Slang] — To take up the cross, to bear troubles and afflictions with patience from love to Christ.

Cross (kros), a. 1. Not parallel; lying or falling athwart; transverse; oblique; intersecting. “The cross refraction of the second prism.
Sir I. Newton.” 2. Not accordant with what is wished or expected; interrupting; adverse; contrary; thwarting; perverse. ´A cross fortune.´ Jer. Taylor. “The cross and unlucky issue of my design.
Glanvill.” “The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvelously cross to the common experience of mankind.
South.” “We are both love’s captives, but with fates so cross,
One must be happy by the other’s loss.
Dryden.” 3. Characterized by, or in a state of, peevishness, fretfulness, or ill humor; as a cross man or woman. “He had received a cross answer from his mistress.
Jer. Taylor.” 4. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged; as cross interrogatories; cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other. Cross action (Law), an action brought by a party who is sued against the person who has sued him, upon the same subject matter, as upon the same contract. Burrill. — Cross aisle (Arch.), a transept; the lateral divisions of a cruciform church. — Cross axle. (a) (Mach.) A shaft, windlass, or roller, worked by levers at opposite ends, as in the copperplate printing press. (b) A driving axle, with cranks set at an angle of 90° with each other. — Cross bedding (Geol.), oblique lamination of horizontal beds. — Cross bill. See in the Vocabulary. — Cross bitt. Same as Crosspiece. — Cross bond, a form of bricklaying, in which the joints of one stretcher course come midway between those of the stretcher courses above and below, a course of headers and stretchers intervening. See Bond, n., 8. — Cross breed. See in the Vocabulary. — Cross breeding. See under Breeding. — Cross buttock, a particular throw in wrestling; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse. Smollet. — Cross country, across the country; not by the road. ´The cross-country ride.´ Cowper. — Cross fertilization, the fertilization of the female products of one physiological individual by the male products of another, — as the fertilization of the ovules of one plant by pollen from another. See Fertilization. — Cross file, a double convex file, used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheels. — Cross fire (Mil.), lines of fire, from two or more points or places, crossing each other. — Cross forked. (Her.) See under Forked. — Cross frog. See under Frog. — Cross furrow, a furrow or trench cut across other furrows to receive the water running in them and conduct it to the side of the field. — Cross handle, a handle attached transversely to the axis of a tool, as in the augur. Knight. — Cross lode (Mining), a vein intersecting the true or principal lode. — Cross purpose. See Cross-purpose, in the Vocabulary. — Cross reference, a reference made from one part of a book or register to another part, where the same or an allied subject is treated of. — Cross sea (Naut.), a chopping sea, in which the waves run in contrary directions. — Cross stroke, a line or stroke across something, as across the letter t. — Cross wind, a side wind; an unfavorable wind. — Cross wires, fine wires made to traverse the field of view in a telescope, and moved by a screw with a graduated head, used for delicate astronomical observations; spider lines. Fixed cross wires are also used in microscopes, etc. Syn. — Fretful; peevish. See Fretful.

Cross, prep. Athwart; across. [Archaic or Colloq.] “A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village.
L’Estrange.” To go cross lots, to go across the fields; to take a short cut. [Colloq.]

Cross, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crossed (kr?st; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Crossing.] 1. To put across or athwart; to cause to intersect; as to cross the arms. 2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across; as to cross the letter t. 3. To pass from one side to the other of; to pass or move over; to traverse; as to cross a stream. “A hunted hare … crosses and confounds her former track.
I. Watts.” 4. To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time. ´Your kind letter crossed mine.´ J. D. Forbes. 5. To run counter to; to thwart; to obstruct; to hinder; to clash or interfere with. “In each thing give him way; cross him in nothing.
Shak.” “An oyster may be crossed in love.
Sheridan.” 6. To interfere and cut off; to debar. [Obs.] “To cross me from the golden time I look for.
Shak.” 7. To make the sign of the cross upon; — followed by the reflexive pronoun; as he crossed himself. 8. To cancel by marking crosses on or over, or drawing a line across; to erase; — usually with out, off, or over; as to cross out a name. 9. To cause to interbreed; — said of different stocks or races; to mix the breed of. To cross one’s path, to oppose one’s plans. Macaulay.

Cross, v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or pass from one side to the other, or from place to place; to make a transit; as to cross from New York to Liverpool. 3. To be inconsistent. [Obs.] “Men’s actions do not always cross with reason.
Sir P. Sidney.” 4. To interbreed, as races; to mix distinct breeds. “If two individuals of distinct races cross, a third is invariably produced different from either.
Coleridge.”

Cross´-armed (kr?s´?rmd), a. With arms crossed.

Cross´-band•ed (-b?nd•?d), a. A term used when a narrow ribbon of veneer is inserted into the surface of any piece of furniture, wainscoting, etc., so that the grain of it is contrary to the general surface.

Cross´bar (-bär•), n. A transverse bar or piece, as a bar across a door, or as the iron bar or stock which passes through the shank of an anchor to insure its turning fluke down. Russell. Crossbar shot, a projectile which folds into a sphere for loading, but on leaving the gun expands to a cross with a quarter ball at the end of each arm; — used in naval actions for cutting the enemy’s rigging.

Cross´barred (-bärd•), a. 1. Secured by, or furnished with, crossbars. Milton. 2. Made or patterned in lines crossing each other; as crossbarred muslin.

Cross´beak (-bek•), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Crossbill.

Cross´beam (-bem•). n. 1. (Arch.) A girder. 2. (Naut.) A beam laid across the bitts, to which the cable is fastened when riding at anchor.

Cross´-bear•er (-b?r•?r), n. (R. C. Ch.) A subdeacon who bears a cross before an archbishop or primate on solemn occasions.

Cross´bill (-bil•). (Law) A bill brought by a defendant, in an equity or chancery suit, against the plaintiff, respecting the matter in question in that suit. Bouvier. In criminal practice, cross bills of indictment for assault, in which the prosecutor in once case is the defendant in another, may be tried together.

Cross´bill, n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Loxia, allied to the finches. Their mandibles are strongly curved and cross each other; the crossbeak.

Cross´-birth (-berth•), n. (Med.) Any preternatural labor, in which the body of the child lies across the pelvis of the mother, so that the shoulder, arm, or trunk is the part first presented at the mouth of the uterus.

Cross´bite (-bit•), n. A deception; a cheat. [Obs.]

Cross´bite´, v. t. To deceive; to trick; to gull. [Obs.]

Cross´bones (-bonz•), n. pl. A representation of two of the leg bones or arm bones of a skeleton, laid crosswise, often surmounted with a skull, and serving as a symbol of death. “Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrious emblems of mortality.
Hawthorne.”

Cross´bow (-bo•), n. (Archery) A weapon, used in discharging arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock.

Cross´bow•er (-b?•?r), n. A crossbowman.[Obs.]

Cross´bow•man (-man), n. One who shoots with a crossbow. See Arbalest.

Cross´bred (-br?d•), a. (Stock Breeding) Produced by mixing distinct breeds; mongrel.

Cross´breed (-bred•), n. 1. A breed or an animal produced from parents of different breeds; a new variety, as of plants, combining the qualities of two parent varieties or stocks. 2. Anything partaking of the natures of two different things; a hybrid.

Cross´-bun (-bun•), n. A bun or cake marked with a cross, and intended to be eaten on Good Friday.

Cross•-cross´let (-kr?s´l?t; 115), n. (Her.) A cross having the three upper ends crossed, so as to from three small crosses.

Cross´cut (-kut•), v. t. To cut across or through; to intersect.

Cross´cut, n. 1. A short cut across; a path shorter than by the high road. 2. (Mining) A level driven across the course of a vein, or across the main workings, as from one gangway to another. Crosscut saw. (a) A saw, the teeth of which are so set as to adapt it for sawing wood crosswise of the grain rather than lengthwise. (b) A saw managed by two men, one at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise.

Cross´-days (-d?z•), n. pl. (Eccl.) The three days preceding the Feast of the Ascension.

Cros•sette´ (kr?s-s?t•), n. [F., dim. of crosse. See Crosier.] (Arch.) (a) A return in one of the corners of the architrave of a door or window; — called also ancon, ear, elbow. (b) The shoulder of a joggled keystone.

Cross´-ex•am•i•na´tion (kr?s´?gz-?m•?-n?´sh?n; 115), n. (Law) The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party against whom he has been called and examined. See Examination.

Cross´-ex•am´ine (-?m´?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-examined (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-examining.] (Law) To examine or question, as a witness who has been called and examined by the opposite party. ´The opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses.´ Kent.

Cross´-ex•am´in•er (-?r), n. One who cross-examines or conducts a crosse- examination.

Cross´-eye (-?•), n. See Strabismus.

Cross´-eyed (-?d•), a. Affected with strabismus; squint-eyed; squinting.

Cross´fish (-f?sh•), n. (Zoöl.) A starfish.

Cross´flow (-fl?•), v. i. To flow across, or in a contrary direction. ´His crossflowing course.´ Milton.

Cross´-gar•net (kr?s´g?r•n?t), n. A hinge having one strap perpendicular and the other strap horizontal giving it the form of an Egyptian or T cross.

Cross´grained (-gr?nd•), a. 1. Having the grain or fibers run diagonally, or more or less transversely and irregularly, so as to interfere with splitting or planing. “If the stuff proves crossgrained, … then you must turn your stuff to plane it the contrary way.
Moxon.” 2. Perverse; untractable; contrary. “She was none of your crossgrained, termagant, scolding jades.
Arbuthnot.”

Cross´hatch (-h?ch•; 224), v. t. To shade by means of crosshatching.

Cross´hatch•ing, n. In drawing and line engraving, shading with lines that cross one another at an angle.

Cross´head (-h?d), n. (Mach.) A beam or bar across the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it and carrying a knuckle pin; as the solid crosspiece running between parallel slides, which receives motion from the piston of a steam engine and imparts it to the connecting rod, which is hinged to the crosshead.

Cross´ing, n. [See Cross, v. t. ] 1. The act by which anything is crossed; as the crossing of the ocean. 2. The act of making the sign of the cross. Bp. Hall. 3. The act of interbreeding; a mixing of breeds. 4. Intersection, as of two paths or roads. 5. A place where anything (as a stream) is crossed; a paved walk across a street. 6. Contradiction; thwarting; obstruction. “I do not bear these crossings.
Shak.”

Cross´jack (kr?s´j?k• or kr?´j?k•), n. (Naut.) The lowest square sail, or the lower yard of the mizzenmast.

CRoss´legged (-l?gd•), a. Having the legs crossed.

Cross´let (-lEt), n. [Dim. of cross.] 1. A small cross. Spenser. 2. [Cf. OF. croisel crucible, and E. Cresset.] A crucible. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cross´let, a. (Her.) Crossed again; — said of a cross the arms of which are crossed. SeeCross-crosslet.

Cross´ly, adv. Athwart; adversely; unfortunately; peevishly; fretfully; with ill humor.

Cross´ness, n. The quality or state of being cross; peevishness; fretfulness; ill humor.

Cros•sop•ter•yg´i•an (kr?s-s?p•t?r-?j?-a]/>n), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Crossopterygii. — n. One of the Crossopterygii.

Cros•sop•te•ryg´i•i (kr?s-s?p•t?-r?j?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. tassels, a fringe + , dim. of wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes including among living species the bichir (Polypterus). See Brachioganoidei.

Cross´patch (-p?ch•; 224), n. An ill-natured person. [Colloq.] ´Crosspatch, draw the latch.´ Mother Goose.

Cross´-pawl (-p?l•), n. (Shipbuilding) Same as Cross-spale.

Cross´piece (kr?s´p?s•; 115), n. 1. A piece of any structure which is fitted or framed crosswise. 2. (Naut.) A bar or timber connecting two knightheads or two bitts.

Cross´-pur•pose (-p?r•p?s), n. 1. A counter or opposing purpose; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory. Shaftesbury. 2. pl. A conversational game, in which questions and answers are made so as to involve ludicrous combinations of ideas. Pepys. To be at cross-purposes, to misunderstand or to act counter to one another without intending it; — said of persons.

Cross´-ques•tion (-kw?s•ch?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross- questioned (-ch?nd), p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-questioning.] To cross-examine; to subject to close questioning.

Cross´-read•ing (r?d•?ng), n. The reading of the lines of a newspaper directly across the page, instead of down the columns, thus producing a ludicrous combination of ideas.

Cross´road (-r?d•), n. A road that crosses another; an obscure road intersecting or avoiding the main road.

Cross´row (-r?•), n. 1. The alphabet; — called also Christcross-row. “And from the crossrow plucks the letter G.
Shak.” 2. A row that crosses others.

Cross´ruff (-r?f•), n. (Whist) The play in whist where partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each other for that purpose; — called also seesaw. { Cross´-spale• (-sp?l•), Cross´-spall• (- sp?l•), } n. [See Spale & Spall.] (Shipbuilding) One of the temporary wooden braces, placed horizontally across a frame to hold it in position until the deck beams are in; a cross-pawl.

Cross´-spring•er (-spr?ng•?r), n. (Arch.) One of the ribs in a groined arch, springing from the corners in a diagonal direction. [See Illustr. of Groined vault.]

Cross´-staff (-st?f•), n. 1. An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of celestial bodies. 2. A surveyor’s instrument for measuring offsets.

Cross´-stitch (-st?ch•; 224), n. A form of stitch, where the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, the thread of one stitch crossing that of the other. ´Tent and cross-stitch.´ Sir W. Scott. — Cross´-stitch•, v. t. & i.

Cross´-stone (-st?n•), n. (Min.) See Harmotome, and Staurotide.

Cross´-tail (-t?l•), n. (Steam Engine) A bar connecting the ends of the side rods or levers of a backaction or side-lever engine.

Cross´-tie (-t?•), n. (Railroad) A sleeper supporting and connecting the rails, and holding them in place.

Cross´-tin•ing (kr?s´t?n•?ng), n. (Agric.) A mode of harrowing crosswise, or transversely to the ridges. Crabb.

Cross´trees (-tr?z•), n. pl. (Naut.) Pieces of timber at a masthead, to which are attached the upper shrouds. At the head of lower masts in large vessels, they support a semicircular platform called the ´top.´

Cross´-vault•ing (-v?lt•?ng), n. (Arch.) Vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults.

Cross´way (-w?•), n. See Crossroad.

Cross´-week (-w?k•), n. Rogation week, when the cross was borne in processions.

Cross´wise (-w?z•), adv. In the form of a cross; across; transversely. Longfellow.

Cross´wort (-w?rt•), n. (Bot.) A name given to several inconspicuous plants having leaves in whorls of four, as species of Crucianella, Valantia, etc.

Crot•a•la´ri•a (kr?t•?-l?´r?-? or kr?•t?-l?´r?-A), n. [NL. See Crotalum.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox. Crotalaria juncea furnishes the fiber called sunn or Bombay hemp.

Crot´a•line (kr?t´?-l?n or kr?•t?-), a. [See Crotalus.] (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the Crotalidae, or Rattlesnake family.

Crot´a•lo (-l?), n. A Turkish musical instrument.

Crot´a•lum (-l?m), n. [L., fr. Gr. rattle.] (Mus.) A kind of castanet used by the Corybantes.

Crot´a•lus (-l?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. rattle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of poisonous serpents, including the rattlesnakes.

Crot´a•phite (kr?t´?-f?t), n. [Gr. the side of the forehead.] (Anat.) The temple or temporal fossa. Also used adjectively.

Crot•a•phit´ic (kr?t•?-f?t´?k), n. (Anat.) Pertaining to the temple; temporal.

Crotch (kr?ch; 224), n.; pl. Crotches (-z). [Cf. Crotchet, Crutch.] 1. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or branches; a fork; the point where a trunk divides; as the crotch of a tree. 2. (Naut.) A stanchion or post of wood or iron, with two arms for supporting a boom, spare yards, etc.; — called also crane and crutch. Totten.

Crotched (kr?cht), a. 1. Having a crotch; forked. 2. Cross; peevish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Crotch´et (kr?ch´?t; 224), n. [F. crochet, prop., a little hook, a dim. from the same source as croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crochet, Crocket, Crosier.] 1. A forked support; a crotch. “The crotchets of their cot in columns rise.
Dryden.” 2. (Mus.) A time note, with a stem, having one fourth the value of a semibreve, one half that of a minim, and twice that of a quaver; a quarter note. 3. (Fort.) An indentation in the glacis of the covered way, at a point where a traverse is placed. 4. (Mil.) The arrangement of a body of troops, either forward or rearward, so as to form a line nearly perpendicular to the general line of battle. 5. (Print.) A bracket. See Bracket. 6. (Med.) An instrument of a hooked form, used in certain cases in the extraction of a fetus. Dunglison. 7. A perverse fancy; a whim which takes possession of the mind; a conceit. “He ruined himself and all that trusted in him by crotchets that he could never explain to any rational man.
De Quincey.”

Crotch´et, v. i. To play music in measured time. [Obs.] Donne.

Crotch´et•ed, a. Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587).

Crotch´et•i•ness (kr?ch´?t-?-n?s), n. The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical. “This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness.
J. Grote.”

Crotch´et•y (kr?ch´?t-?), a. Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as a crotchety man.

Cro´ton (kr?´t?n), n. [Gr. , prop., a tick, which the seed of the croton resembles.] (Bot.) A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries. Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant.

Cro´ton bug (b?g•). [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.) A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes.

Cro•ton´ic (kr?-t?n´?k), a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil. Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C3H5.CO2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. also any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper. The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid.

Cro´ton•ine (kr?´t?n-?n), n. (Chem.) A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts.

Cro•ton´y•lene (kr?-t?n´?-l?n), n. [Crotonic + acet-ylene.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C4H6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid.

Crot´tles (kr?t´t’lz), n. pl. [Gael. crotal.] A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.]

Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.] 1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear. “Now crouch like a cur.
Beau. & Fl.” 2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. ´A crouching purpose.´ Wordsworth. “Must I stand and crouch
Under your testy humor?
Shak.”

Crouch, v. t. [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.] 1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear. “She folded her arms across her chest,
And crouched her head upon her breast.
Colerige.”

Crouched (kroucht), a. Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.] Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched.

Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.) See Crowd, a violin.

Crouke (krouk), n. A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser.

Croup (kr??p), n. [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr. Cf. Crop.] The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle. “So light to the croup the fair lady he swung,
So light to the saddle before her he sprung.
Sir W. Scott.”

Croup (kr??p), n. [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria.

Crou•pade´ (kr??-p?d´), n. [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.] (Man.) A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly.

Croup´al (kr??p´al), a. Croupy.

Croup´er (kr??p´?r), n. See Crupper.

Crou´pi•er (kr´p-r), n. [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.] 1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes. 2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman.

Croup´ous (kr??p´?s), a. (Med.) Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrane like that found in membranous croup; as croupous laryngitis. Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia.

Croup´y (kr??p´?), a. Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as a croupy cough.

Crouse (kr??s), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns.

Crou•stade´ (kr??•st?d´), n. [F., fr. crote a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery) Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop.

Crout (krout), n. [G. kraut.] See Sourkrout.

Crou•ton´ (kr??•t?n´), n. [F. croton, fr. crote a crust.] (Cookery) Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc.

Crow (kro), v. i. [imp. Crew (kru) or Crowed (krod); p. p. Crowed (Crown (kron), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] [AS. crawan; akin to D. kraijen, G. krähen, cf. Lith. groti to croak. rad.24. Cf. Crake.] 1. To make the shrill sound characteristic of a cock, either in joy, gayety, or defiance. ´The cock had crown.´ Bayron. “The morning cock crew loud.
Shak.” 2. To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag. 3. To utter a sound expressive of joy or pleasure. “The sweetest little maid,
That ever crowed for kisses.
Tennyson.” To crow over, to exult over a vanquished antagonist. “Sennacherib crowing over poor Jerusalem.
Bp. Hall.”

Crow, n. [AS. crawe a crow (in sense 1); akin to D. kraai, G. krähe; cf. Icel. kraka crow. So named from its cry, from AS. crawan to crow. See Crow, v. i. ] 1. (Zoöl.) A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles. It has a harsh, croaking note. See Caw. The common crow of Europe, or carrion crow, is C. corone. The common American crow is C. Americanus. See Carrion crow, and Illustr., under Carrion. 2. A bar of iron with a beak, crook, or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar. “Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight
Unto my cell.
Shak.” 3. The cry of the cock. See Crow, v. i., 1. 4. The mesentery of a beast; — so called by butchers. Carrion crow. See under Carrion. — Crow blackbird (Zoöl.), an American bird (Quiscalus quiscula); — called also purple grackle. — Crow pheasant (Zoöl.), an Indian cuckoo; the common coucal. It is believed by the natives to give omens. See Coucal. — Crow shrike (Zoöl.), any bird of the genera Gymnorhina, Craticus, or Strepera, mostly from Australia. — Red-legged crow. See Crough. — As the crow flies, in a direct line. — To pick a crow, To pluck a crow, to state and adjust a difference or grievance (with any one).

Crow´bar (kr?´b?r), n. A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and used as a lever.

Crow•ber•ry (kr?´b?r•r?), n. (Bot.) A heathlike plant of the genus Empetrum, and its fruit, a black, scarcely edible berry; - - also called crakeberry.

Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crowding.] [OE. crouden, cruden, AS. crdan; cf. D. kruijen to push in a wheelbarrow.] 1. To push, to press, to shove. Chaucer. 2. To press or drive together; to mass together. ´Crowd us and crush us.´ Shak. 3. To fill by pressing or thronging together; hence, to encumber by excess of numbers or quantity. “The balconies and verandas were crowded with spectators, anxious to behold their future sovereign.
Prescott.” 4. To press by solicitation; to urge; to dun; hence, to treat discourteously or unreasonably. [Colloq.] To crowd out, to press out; specifically, to prevent the publication of; as the press of other matter crowded out the article. — To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary amount of sail, with a view to accelerate the speed of a vessel; to carry a press of sail.

Crowd, v. i. 1. To press together or collect in numbers; to swarm; to throng. “The whole company crowded about the fire.
Addison.” “Images came crowding on his mind faster than he could put them into words.
Macaulay.” 2. To urge or press forward; to force one’s self; as a man crowds into a room.

Crowd, n. [AS. croda. See Crowd, v. t. ] 1. A number of things collected or closely pressed together; also a number of things adjacent to each other. “A crowd of islands.
Pope.” 2. A number of persons congregated or collected into a close body without order; a throng. “The crowd of Vanity Fair.
Macaulay.” “Crowds that stream from yawning doors.
Tennyson.” 3. The lower orders of people; the populace; the vulgar; the rabble; the mob. “To fool the crowd with glorious lies.
Tennyson.” “He went not with the crowd to see a shrine.
Dryden.” Syn. — Throng; multitude. See Throng.

Crowd, n. [W. crwth; akin to Gael. cruit. Perh. named from its shape, and akin to Gr. kyrto•s curved, and E. curve. Cf. Rote.] An ancient instrument of music with six strings; a kind of violin, being the oldest known stringed instrument played with a bow. [Written also croud, crowth, cruth, and crwth.] “A lackey that … can warble upon a crowd a little.
B. Jonson.”

Crowd, v. t. To play on a crowd; to fiddle. [Obs.] ´Fiddlers, crowd on.´ Massinger.

Crowd´er (kroud´?r), n. One who plays on a crowd; a fiddler. [Obs.] ´Some blind crowder.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Crowd´er, n. One who crowds or pushes.

Crow´dy (krou´d?), n. A thick gruel of oatmeal and milk or water; food of the porridge kind. [Scot.]

Crow´flow•er (kr?´flou•?r), n. (Bot.) A kind of campion; according to Gerarde, the Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Crow´foot (kr?´f??t•), n. 1. (Bot.) The genus Ranunculus, of many species; some are common weeds, others are flowering plants of considerable beauty. 2. (Naut.) A number of small cords rove through a long block, or euphroe, to suspend an awning by. 3. (Mil.) A caltrop. [Written also crow’s-foot.] 4. (Well Boring) A tool with a side claw for recovering broken rods, etc. Raymond.

Crow´keep•er (-k?p•?r), n. A person employed to scare off crows; hence, a scarecrow. [Obs.] “Scaring the ladies like a crowkeeper.
Shak.”

Crown (kr?n), p. p. of Crow. [Obs.]

Crown (kroun), n. [OE. corone, coroun, crune, croun, OF. corone, corune, F. couronne, fr. L. corona crown, wreath; akin to Gr. korw•nh anything curved, crown; cf. also L. curvus curved, E. curve, curb, Gael. cruinn round, W. crwn. Cf. Cornice, Corona, Coroner, Coronet.] 1. A wreath or garland, or any ornamental fillet encircling the head, especially as a reward of victory or mark of honorable distinction; hence, anything given on account of, or obtained by, faithful or successful effort; a reward. ´An olive branch and laurel crown.´ Shak. “They do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible.
1 Cor. ix. 25.” “Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
Rev. ii. 10.” 2. A royal headdress or cap of sovereignty, worn by emperors, kings, princes, etc. Nobles wear coronets; the triple crown of the pope is usually called a tiara. The crown of England is a circle of gold with crosses, fleurs-de-lis, and imperial arches, inclosing a crimson velvet cap, and ornamented with thousands of diamonds and precious stones. 3. The person entitled to wear a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; — with the definite article. “Parliament may be dissolved by the demise of the crown.
Blackstone.” “Large arrears of pay were due to the civil and military servants of the crown.
Macaulay.” 4. Imperial or regal power or dominion; sovereignty. “There is a power behind the crown greater than the crown itself.
Junius.” 5. Anything which imparts beauty, splendor, honor, dignity, or finish. “The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness.
Prov. xvi. 31.” “A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband.
Prov. xvi. 4.” 6. Highest state; acme; consummation; perfection. “Mutual love, the crown of all our bliss.
Milton.” 7. The topmost part of anything; the summit. “The steepy crown of the bare mountains.
Dryden.” 8. The topmost part of the head (see Illust. of Bird.); that part of the head from which the hair descends toward the sides and back; also the head or brain. “From toe to crown he’ll fill our skin with pinches.
Shak.” “Twenty things which I set down:
This done, I twenty more-had in my crown.
Bunyan.” 9. The part of a hat above the brim. 10. (Anat.) The part of a tooth which projects above the gum; also the top or grinding surface of a tooth. 11. (Arch.) The vertex or top of an arch; — applied generally to about one third of the curve, but in a pointed arch to the apex only. 12. (Bot.) Same as Corona. 13. (Naut.) (a) That part of an anchor where the arms are joined to the shank. (b) The rounding, or rounded part, of the deck from a level line. (c) pl. The bights formed by the several turns of a cable. Totten. 14. The upper range of facets in a rose diamond. 15. The dome of a furnace. 16. (Geom.) The area inclosed between two concentric perimeters. 17. (Eccl.) A round spot shaved clean on the top of the head, as a mark of the clerical state; the tonsure. 18. A size of writing paper. See under Paper. 19. A coin stamped with the image of a crown; hence,a denomination of money; as the English crown, a silver coin of the value of five shillings sterling, or a little more than $1.20; the Danish or Norwegian crown, a money of account, etc., worth nearly twenty-seven cents. 20. An ornaments or decoration representing a crown; as the paper is stamped with a crown. Crown of aberration (Astron.), a spurious circle around the true circle of the sun. — Crown antler (Zoöl.), the topmost branch or tine of an antler; also an antler having a cuplike top, with tines springing from the rim. — Crown bar, one of the bars which support the crown sheet of steam-boiler furnace. — Crown glass. See under Glass. — Crown imperial. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. — Crown jewels, the jewels appertaining to the sovereign while wearing the crown. [Eng.] ´She pawned and set to sale the crown jewels.´ Milton. — Crown land, land belonging to the crown, that is, to the sovereign. — Crown law, the law which governs criminal prosecutions. [Eng.] — Crown lawyer, one employed by the crown, as in criminal cases. [Eng.] — Crown octavo. See under Paper. — Crown office. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown paper. See under Paper. — Crown piece. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown Prince, the heir apparent to a crown or throne. — Crown saw. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown scab (Far.), a cancerous sore formed round the corners of a horse’s hoof. — Crown sheet, the flat plate which forms the top of the furnace or fire box of an internally fired steam boiler. — Crown shell. (Zoöl.) See Acorn-shell. — Crown side. See Crown office. — Crown tax (Eccl. Hist.), a golden crown, or its value, which was required annually from the Jews by the king of Syria, in the time of the Maccabees. 1 Macc. x. 20. — Crown wheel. See in the Vocabulary. — Crown work. See in the Vocabulary. — Pleas of the crown (Engl. law), criminal actions.

Crown (kroun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowned (kround); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowning.] [OE. coronen, corunen, crunien, crounien, OF. coroner, F. couronner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona a crown. See Crown, n.] 1. To cover, decorate, or invest with a crown; hence, to invest with royal dignity and power. “Her who fairest does appear,
Crown her queen of all the year.
Dryden.” “Crown him, and say, ´Long live our emperor.´
Shak.” 2. To bestow something upon as a mark of honor, dignity, or recompense; to adorn; to dignify. “Thou … hast crowned him with glory and honor.
Ps. viii. 5.” 3. To form the topmost or finishing part of; to complete; to consummate; to perfect. “Amidst the grove that crowns yon tufted hill.
Byron.” “One day shall crown the alliance.
Shak.” “To crown the whole, came a proposition.
Motley.” 4. (Mech.) To cause to round upward; to make anything higher at the middle than at the edges, as the face of a machine pulley. 5. (Mil.) To effect a lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the summit of the breach. To crown a knot (Naut.), to lay the ends of the strands over and under each other.

Crowned (kround), p. p. & a. 1. Having or wearing a crown; surmounted, invested, or adorned, with a crown, wreath, garland, etc.; honored; rewarded; completed; consummated; perfected. ´Crowned with one crest.´ Shak. ´Crowned with conquest.´ Milton. “With surpassing glory crowned.
Milton.” 2. Great; excessive; supreme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Crown´er (kroun´?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, crowns. Beau. & FL. 2. [Cf. Coroner.] A coroner. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

Crown´et (kroun´?t), n. [See Crown, Coronet.] 1. A coronet. [R.] P. Whitehead. 2. The ultimate end and result of an undertaking; a chief end. [Obs.] “O this false soul of Egypt! this grave charm … .
Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end.
Shak.”

Crown´-im•pe´ri•al (-?m-p?´r?-al), n. (Bot.) A spring-blooming plant (Fritillaria imperialis) of the Lily family, having at the top of the stalk a cluster of pendent bell-shaped flowers surmounted with a tuft of green leaves.

Crown´less, a. Without a crown.

Crown´let (-l?t), n. A coronet. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.

Crown´ of•fice (?f•f?s; 115). (Eng. Law) The criminal branch of the Court of King’s or Queen’s Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of all criminal cases. Burrill.

Crown´piece (-p?s•), n. (a) A piece or part which passes over the head, as in a bridle. (b) A coin [In sense (b) properly crown piece.] See Crown, 19.

Crown´-post (kroun´p?st•), n. Same as King-post.

Crown´-saw (-s?•), n. [From its supposed resemblance to a crown.] (Mech.) A saw in the form of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge, and operated by a rotative motion. The trephine was the first of the class of crownsaws. Knight.

Crown´ side (s?d•). See Crown office.

Crown´ wheel (hw?l•). [Named from its resemblance to a crown.] (Mach.) A wheel with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its plane; — called also a contrate wheel or face wheel.

Crown´work (-w?rk•), n. (Fort.) A work consisting of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, covering an enceinte, a bridgehead, etc., and connected by wings with the main work or the river bank.

Crow´-quill (kr?´kw?l•), n. A quill of the crow, or a very fine pen made from such a quill.

Crows (kr?z), n. pl.; sing. Crow. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians of the Dakota stock, living in Montana; — also called Upsarokas.

Crow’s´-foot (kr?z´f??t•), n.; pl. Crow’s-feet (-fet•). 1. pl. The wrinkles that appear, as the effect of age or dissipation, under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Tennyson. 2. (Mil.) A caltrop. [Written also crowfoot.] 3. (Arch.) Same as Bird’s- mouth. [U.S.]

Crow´-silk (kr?´s?lk•), n. (Bot.) A filamentous fresh-water alga (Conferva rivularis of Linnaeus, Rhizoclonium rivulare of Kutzing).

Crow’s-nest (kr?z´n?st•), n. (Naut.) A box or perch near the top of a mast, esp. in whalers, to shelter the man on the lookout.

Crow´step (kr?´st?p•), n. (Arch.) See Corriestep.

Crow´stone (kr?´st?n•), n. (Arch.) The top stone of the gable end of a house. Halliwell.

Crowth (krouth), n. An ancient musical instrument. See 4th Crowd.

Crow´toe (kro´to•), n. (Bot.) 1. The Lotus corniculatus. Dr. Prior. 2. An unidentified plant, probably the crowfoot. ´The tufted crowtoe.´ Milton.

Crow´-trod•den (kro´tr?d•d’n), a. Marked with crow’s-feet, or wrinkles, about the eyes. [Poetic] “Do I look as if I were crow-trodden?
Beau. & FL.”

Croyl´stone (kroil´ston•), n. (Min.) Crystallized cawk, in which the crystals are small.

Croys (krois), n. See Cross, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Croze (kr?z), n. [Cf. Cross, and Crosier.] A cooper’s tool for making the grooves for the heads of casks, etc.; also the groove itself.

Cro´zier (kr?´zh?r), n. See Crosier.

Cro´ziered (-zh?rd), a. Crosiered.

Cru´cial (kr?´shal), a. [F. crucial, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross, torture. See Cross.] 1. Having the form of a cross; appertaining to a cross; cruciform; intersecting; as crucial ligaments; a crucial incision. 2. Severe; trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross; decisive; as a crucial test.

Cru´cian carp (-shan k?rp•). [Cf. Sw. karussa, G. karausche, F. carousse, - assin, corassin, LL. coracinus, Gr. a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A kind of European carp (Carasius vulgaris), inferior to the common carp; — called also German carp. The gibel or Prussian carp is now generally considered a variety of the crucian carp, or perhaps a hybrid between it and the common carp.

Cru´ci•ate (kr?´sh?-?t or -sh?t; 106), a. [L. cruciatus, p. p. of cruciare to crucify, torture, fr. crux, crucis, a cross. See Cross.] 1. Tormented. [Obs.] Bale. 2. (Bot.) Having the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross; cruciform.

Cru´ci•ate (kr?´sh?-?t), v. t. To torture; to torment. [Obs.] See Excruciate. Bale.

Cru•ci•a´tion (kr?•sh?-?´sh?n), n. [LL. cruciatio.] The act of torturing; torture; torment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Cru´ci•ble (kru´si•b’l), n. [LL. crucibulum a hanging lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals (cf. OF. croisel, creuseul, sort of lamp, crucible, F. creuset crucible), prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. krusul, LG. krüsel, hanging lamp, kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes cup, crucible, Dan. kruus, Sw. krus, E. cruse. It was confused with derivatives of L. crux cross (cf. Crosslet), and crucibles were said to have been marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring the chemical operation. See Cruse, and cf. Cresset.] 1. A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc. 2. A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal. 3. A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as the crucible of affliction. Hessian crucible (Chem.), a cheap, brittle, and fragile, but very refractory crucible, composed of the finest fire clay and sand, and commonly used for a single heating; — named from the place of manufacture.

Cru´ci•fer (-f?r), n. [See Cruciferous.] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Cruciferae.

Cru•cif´er•ous (kr?-s?f´?r-?s), a. [L. crux, crucis, cross + -ferous: cf. F. crucifre.] 1. Bearing a cross. 2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants which have four petals arranged like the arms of a cross, as the mustard, radish, turnip, etc.

Cru´ci•fi•er (kr?´s?-f?•?r), n. One who crucifies; one who subjects himself or another to a painful trial.

Cru´ci•fix (kr?´s?-f?ks), n.; pl. Crucifixes (-z). [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixum, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to fix. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucify.] 1. A representation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross; esp., the sculptured figure affixed to a real cross of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, used by the Roman Catholics in their devotions. “The cross, too, by degrees, become the crucifix.
Milman.” “And kissing oft her crucifix,
Unto the block she drew.
Warner.” 2. The cross or religion of Christ. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Cru•ci•fix´ion (kr?•s?-f?k´sh?n), n. 1. The act of nailing or fastening a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death; the use of the cross as a method of capital punishment. 2. The state of one who is nailed or fastened to a cross; death upon a cross. 3. Intense suffering or affliction; painful trial. “Do ye prove
What crucifixions are in love?
Herrick.”

Cru´ci•form (kr?´s?-f?rm), a. [L. crux, crucis, cress + -form: cf. F. cruciforme.] Cross-shaped; (Bot.) having four parts arranged in the form of a cross.

Cru´ci•fy (-f?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-f?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crucifying.] [F. crucifier, fr. (assumed) LL. crucificare, for crucifigere, fr, L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix, the ending -figere being changed to -ficare, F. -fier (in compounds), as if fr. L. facere to do, make. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucifix.] 1. To fasten to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet. “They cried, saying, Crucify him, cricify him.
Luke xxiii. 21.” 2. To destroy the power or ruling influence of; to subdue completely; to mortify. “They that are Christ’s have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts.
Gal. v. 24.” 3. To vex or torment. Beau. & FL.

Cru•cig´er•ous (kr?-s?j´?r-?s), a. [L. crux, cricis, cross + -gerous.] Bearing the cross; marked with the figure of a cross. Sir. T. Browne.

Crud (kr?d), n. See Curd. [Obs.]

Crud´dle (-d’l), v. i. To curdle. [Obs.] “See how thy blood cruddles at this.
Bea & FL.”

Crude (krud), a. [Compar. Cruder (-er); superl. Crudest.] [L. crudus raw; akin to cruor blood (which flows from a wound). See Raw, and cf. Cruel.] 1. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; undressed; not altered, refined, or prepared for use by any artificial process; raw; as crude flesh. ´Common crude salt.´ Boyle. “Molding to its will each successive deposit of the crude materials.
I. Taylor.” 2. Unripe; not mature or perfect; immature. “I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude.
Milton.” 3. Not reduced to order or form; unfinished; not arranged or prepared; ill-considered; immature. ´Crude projects.´ Macaulay. “Crude, undigested masses of suggestion, furnishing rather raw materials for composition.
De Quincey.” “The originals of Nature in their crude
Conception.
Milton.” 4. Undigested; unconcocted; not brought into a form to give nourishment. ´Crude and inconcoct.´ Bacon. 5. Having, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge; without culture or profundity; as a crude reasoner. 6. (Paint.) Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in bad taste, as a combination of colors, or any design or work of art.

Crude´ly, adv. In a crude, immature manner.

Crude´ness, n. A crude, undigested, or unprepared state; rawness; unripeness; immatureness; unfitness for a destined use or purpose; as the crudeness of iron ore; crudeness of theories or plans.

Cru´di•ty (kru´di•ty), n.; pl. Crudities (- tiz). [L. cruditas, fr. crudus: cf. F. crudite. See Crude.] 1. The condition of being crude; rawness. 2. That which is in a crude or undigested state; hence, superficial, undigested views, not reduced to order or form. ´Crudities in the stomach.´ Arbuthnot.

Cru´dle (-d’l), v. i. See Cruddle.

Crud´y (kr?d´?), a. [From Crud.] Coagulated. [Obs.] “His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed.
Spenser.”

Cru´dy (kr?´d?), a. [From Crude.] Characterized by crudeness; raw. [Obs.] “The foolish and dull and crudy vapors.
Shak.”

Cru´el (kru´el), n. See Crewel.

Cru´el (kru´el), a. [F. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus. See Crude.] 1. Disposed to give pain to others; willing or pleased to hurt, torment, or afflict; destitute of sympathetic kindness and pity; savage; inhuman; hard-hearted; merciless. “Behold a people cometh from the north country; … they are cruel and have no mercy.
Jer. vi. 22,23.” 2. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. “Cruel wars, wasting the earth.
Milton.” “Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath for it was cruel.
Gen. xlix. 7.” 3. Attended with cruetly; painful; harsh. “You have seen cruel proof of this man’s strength.
Shak.”

Cru´el•ly, adv. 1. In a cruel manner. 2. Extremely; very. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Cru´el•ness, n.Cruelty. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cru´els (kru´elz), n. pl. [Corrupt. fr. F. ecrouelles scrofula.] Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck.

Cru´el•ty (-ty), n.; pl. Cruelties (-tiz). [OF. cruelte, F. cruaute, fr. L. crudelitas, fr. crudelis. See Cruel.] 1. The attribute or quality of being cruel; a disposition to give unnecessary pain or suffering to others; inhumanity; barbarity. “Pierced through the heart with your stern cruelty.
Shak.” 2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman treatment; the act of willfully causing unnecessary pain. “Cruelties worthy of the dungeons of the Inquisition.” “Macaulay.”

Cru´en•tate (kr?´?n-t?t), a. [L. cruentatus, p. p. of cruentare to make bloody, fr. cruentus bloody, fr. cruor. See Crude.] Smeared with blood. [Obs.] Glanwill.

Cru•en´tous (kr?-?n´t?s), a. [L. cruentus.] Bloody; cruentate. [Obs.]

Cru´et (kru´et), n. [Anglo-French cruet, a dim. from OF. crue, cruie; of German or Celtic origin, and akin to E. crock an earthen vessel.] 1. A bottle or vessel; esp., a vial or small glass bottle for holding vinegar, oil, pepper, or the like, for the table; a caster. Swift. 2. (Eccl.) A vessel used to hold wine, oil, or water for the service of the altar. Cruet stand, a frame for holding cruets; a caster.

Cruise (krus), n. See Cruse, a small bottle.

Cruise (kruz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cruised (kruzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cruising.] [D. kruisen to move crosswise or in a zigzag, to cruise, fr. kruis cross, fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, or directly fr. OF. croisier, F. croiser, to cross, cruise, fr. crois a cross. See Cross.] 1. To sail back and forth on the ocean; to sail, as for the potection of commerce, in search of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure. A ship cruises in any particular sea or ocean; as in the Baltic or in the Atlantic. She cruises off any cape; as off the Lizard; off Ushant. She cruises on a coast; as on the coast of Africa. A priate cruises to seize vessels; a yacht cruises for the pleasure of the owner. “Ships of war were sent to cruise near the isle of Bute.
Macaulay.” “’Mid sands, and rocks, and storms to cruise for pleasure.
Young.” 2. To wander hither and thither on land. [Colloq.]

Cruise, n. A voyage made in various directions, as of an armed vessel, for the protection of other vessels, or in search of an enemy; a sailing to and fro, as for exploration or for pleasure. “He feigned a compliance with some of his men, who were bent upon going a cruise to Manilla.
Dampier.”

Cruis´er (kr?´z?r), n. One who, or a vessel that, cruises; — usually an armed vessel.

Cruive (kruv), n. A kind of weir or dam for trapping salmon; also a hovel. [Scot.]

Crull (krul), a. [See Curl.] Curly; curled. [Obs.]

Crul´ler (krul´ler), n. [Cf. Curl.] A kind of sweet cake cut in strips and curled or twisted, and fried crisp in boiling fat. [Also written kruller.]

Crumb (krum), n. [AS. cruma, akin to D. kruim, G. krume; cf. G. krauen to scratch, claw.] [Written also crum.] 1. A small fragment or piece; especially, a small piece of bread or other food, broken or cut off. “Desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man’s table.
Luke xvi. 21.” 2. Fig.: A little; a bit; as a crumb of comfort. 3. The soft part of bread. “Dust unto dust, what must be, must;
If you can’t get crumb, you’d best eat crust.
Old Song.” Crumb brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs from a table. — To a crum, with great exactness; completely.

Crumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbed (kr?md); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbing (kr?m´?ng).] To break into crumbs or small pieces with the fingers; as to crumb bread. [Written also crum.]

Crumb´cloth (-klth•; 115), n. A cloth to be laid under a dining table to receive falling fragments, and keep the carpet or floor clean. [Written also crumcloth.]

Crum´ble (kr?m´b’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbling (-bl?ng).] [Dim. of crumb, v. t., akin to D. krimelen G. krmeln.] To break into small pieces; to cause to fall in pieces. “He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints,
And crumble all thy sinews.
Milton.”

Crum´ble, v. i. To fall into small pieces; to break or part into small fragments; hence, to fall to decay or ruin; to become disintegrated; to perish. “If the stone is brittle, it will crumble and pass into the form of gravel.
Arbuthnot.” “The league deprived of its principal supports must soon crumble to pieces.
Prescott.”

Crum´bly (-bl?), a. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. ´The crumbly soil.´ Hawthorne.

Cru´me•nal (kr?´m?-nal), n. [L. crumena purse.] A purse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Crum´ma•ble (krum´ma•b’l), a. Capable of being crumbed or broken into small pieces.

Crum´my (krum´my), a. 1. Full of crumb or crumbs. 2. Soft, as the crumb of bread is; not crusty.

Crump (kr?mp), a. [AS. crumb stooping, bent down; akin to OHG. chrumb, G. krumm, Dan. krum, D. krom, and E. cramp.] 1. Crooked; bent. [Obs.] “Crooked backs and crump shoulders.
Jer. Taylor.” 2. Hard or crusty; dry baked; as a crump loaf. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hallivell.

Crump´et (krump´et), n. [Prob. from W. crempog, crammwgth, a pancake or fritter.] A kind of large, thin muffin or cake, light and spongy, and cooked on a griddle or spider.

Crum´ple (krum´p’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumpled (-p’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumpling (-pl?ng).] [Dim. fr. crump, a.] To draw or press into wrinkles or folds; to crush together; to rumple; as to crumple paper. “They crumpled it into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made.
Addison.”

Crum´ple, v. i. To contract irregularly; to show wrinkles after being crushed together; as leaves crumple.

Crump´y (krump´y), a. Brittle; crisp. Wright.

Crunch (krunch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crunched (kruncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crunching.] [Prob. of imitative origin; or cf. D. schransen to eat heartily, or E. scrunch.] 1. To chew with force and noise; to craunch. “And their white tusks crunched o’er the whiter skull.
Byron.” 2. To grind or press with violence and noise. “The ship crunched through the ice.
Kane.” 3. To emit a grinding or craunching noise. “The crunching and ratting of the loose stones.
H. James.”

Crunch, v. t. To crush with the teeth; to chew with a grinding noise; to craunch; as to crunch a biscuit. { Crunk (krunk), Crun´kle (krun´k’l), } v. i. [Cf. Icel. krnka to croak.] To cry like a crane. [Obs.] ´The crane crunketh.´ Withals (1608).

Cru•no´dal (kr?-n?´dal), a. (Geom.) Possessing, or characterized by, a crunode; - - used of curves.

Cru´node (kr?´n?d), n. [Prob. fr. L. crux a cross + E. node.] (Geom.) A point where one branch of a curve crosses another branch. See Double point, under Double, a.

Cru´or (kr?´?r), n. [L., blood. See Crude.] The coloring matter of the blood; the clotted portion of coagulated blood, containing the coloring matter; gore.

Cru´o•rin (-?-r?n), n. (Physiol.) The coloring matter of the blood in the living animal; haemoglobin.

Crup (kr?p), a. [Cf. OHG. grop, G. grob, coarse.] Short; brittle; as crup cake. Todd.

Crup (kr?p), n. See Croup, the rump of a horse.

Crup´per (kr?p´p?r in U.S.; kr?p´?r in Eng.), n. [F. croupire, fr. croupe. See Croup the rump of a horse.] [Written also crouper.] 1. The buttocks or rump of a horse. 2. A leather loop, passing under a horse’s tail, and buckled to the saddle to keep it from slipping forwards.

Crup´per, v. t. To fit with a crupper; to place a crupper upon; as to crupper a horse.

Cru´ra (kr?´r?), n. pl. (Anat.) See Crus.

Cru´ral (-ral), a. [L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, leg: cf. F. crural.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thigh or leg, or to any of the parts called crura; as the crural arteries; crural arch; crural canal; crural ring.

Crus (kr?s), n.; pl. Crura (kr´r). [L., the leg.] (Anat.) (a) That part of the hind limb between the femur, or thigh, and the ankle, or tarsus; the shank. (b) Often applied, especially in the plural, to parts which are supposed to resemble a pair of legs; as the crura of the diaphragm, a pair of muscles attached to it; crura cerebri, two bundles of nerve fibers in the base of the brain, connecting the medulla and the forebrain.

Cru•sade´ (kr?-s?d´), n. [F. croisade, fr. Pr. crozada, or Sp cruzada, or It. crociata, from a verb signifying to take the cross, mark one’s self with a cross, fr. L. crux cross; or possibly taken into English directly fr. Pr. Cf. Croisade, Crosado, and see Cross.] 1. Any one of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mohammedans. 2. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm; as a crusade against intemperance. 3. A Portuguese coin. See Crusado.

Cru•sade´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crusaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusading.] To engage in a crusade; to attack in a zealous or hot-headed manner. ´Cease crusading against sense.´ M. Green.

Cru•sad´er (-s?´d?r), n. One engaged in a crusade; as the crusaders of the Middle Ages. “Azure-eyed and golden-haired,
Forth the young crusaders fared.
Longfellow.”

Cru•sad´ing, a. Of or pertaining to a crusade; as a crusading spirit.

Cru•sa´do (-s?´d?), n. [Pg. cruzado, fr. cruz, fr. L. crux. See Crusade, 3.] An old Portuguese coin, worth about seventy cents. [Written also cruade.] Shak.

Cruse (kr?s), n. [Akin to LG. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes, G. krause, Icel. krus, Sw. krus, Dan. kruus. Cf. Crucible, Cresset.] 1. A cup or dish. “Take with thee … a cruse of honey.
1 Kings xiv. 3.” 2. A bottle for holding water, oil, honey, etc. “So David took … the cruse of water.
1 Sam. xxvi. 12.”

Cru´set (kr?´s?t), n. [Cf. F. creuset. See Cruse, Crucible.] A goldsmith’s crucible or melting pot.

Crush (krush), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crushed (krusht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crushing.] [OE. cruschen, crousshen, Of. cruisir, croissir, fr. LL. cruscire, prob. of Ger. origin, from a derivative of the word seen in Goth. kruistan to gnash; akin to Sw. krysta to squeeze, Dan. kryste, Icel. kreysta.] 1. To press or bruise between two hard bodies; to squeeze, so as to destroy the natural shape or integrity of the parts, or to force together into a mass; as to crush grapes. “Ye shall not offer unto the Lord that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut.
Lev. xxii. 24.” “The ass … thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall.
Num. xxii. 25.” 2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or grinding; to comminute; as to crush quartz. 3. To overwhelm by pressure or weight; to beat or force down, as by an incumbent weight. “To crush the pillars which the pile sustain.
Dryden.” “Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again.
Bryant.” 4. To oppress or burden grievously. “Thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway.
Deut. xxviii. 33.” 5. To overcome completely; to subdue totally. “Speedily overtaking and crushing the rebels.
Sir. W. Scott.” To crush a cup, to drink. [Obs.] — To crush out. (a) To force out or separate by pressure, as juice from grapes. (b) To overcome or destroy completely; to suppress.

Crush (kr?sh), v. i. To be or become broken down or in, or pressed into a smaller compass, by external weight or force; as an eggshell crushes easily.

Crush, n. 1. A violent collision or compression; a crash; destruction; ruin. “The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds.
Addison.” 2. Violent pressure, as of a crowd; a crowd which produced uncomfortable pressure; as a crush at a reception. Crush hat, a hat which collapses, and can be carried under the arm, and when expanded is held in shape by springs; hence, any hat not injured by compressing. — Crush room, a large room in a theater, opera house, etc., where the audience may promenade or converse during the intermissions; a foyer. “Politics leave very little time for the bow window at White’s in the day, or for the crush room of the opera at night.
Macaulay.”

Crush´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, crushes. Crusher gauge, an instrument for measuring the explosive force of gunpowder, etc., by its effect in compressing a piece of metal.

Crush´ing, a. That crushes; overwhelming. ´The blow must be quick and crushing.´ Macualay.

Crust (kr?st), n. [L. crusta: cf. OF. crouste, F. croûte; prob. akin to Gr. ice, E. crystal, from the same root as E. crude, raw. See Raw, and cf. Custard.] 1. The hard external coat or covering of anything; the hard exterior surface or outer shell; an incrustation; as a crust of snow. “I have known the statute of an emperor quite hid under a crust of dross.
Addison.” “Below this icy crust of conformity, the waters of infidelity lay dark and deep as ever.
Prescott.” 2. (Cookery) (a) The hard exterior or surface of bread, in distinction from the soft part or crumb; or a piece of bread grown dry or hard. (b) The cover or case of a pie, in distinction from the soft contents. (c) The dough, or mass of doughy paste, cooked with a potpie; — also called dumpling. “Th’ impenetrable crust thy teeth defies.
Dryden.” “He that keeps nor crust nor crumb.
Shak.” “They … made the crust for the venison pasty.
Macaulay.” 3. (Geol.) The exterior portion of the earth, formerly universally supposed to inclose a molten interior. 4. (Zoöl.) The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc. 5. (Med.) A hard mass, made up of dried secretions blood, or pus, occurring upon the surface of the body. 6. An incrustation on the interior of wine bottles, the result of the ripening of the wine; a deposit of tartar, etc. See Beeswing.

Crust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusting.] [Cf. OF. crouster, L. crustare. See Crust, n. ] To cover with a crust; to cover or line with an incrustation; to incrust. “The whole body is crusted over with ice.
Boyle.” “And now their legs, and breast, and bodies stood
Crusted with bark.
Addison.” “Very foul and crusted bottles.
Swift.” “Their minds are crusted over, like diamonds in the rock.
Felton.”

Crust, v. i. To gather or contract into a hard crust; to become incrusted. “The place that was burnt … crusted and healed.
Temple.”

Crus´ta (kr?s´t?), n. [L., shell, crust, inlaid work.] 1. A crust or shell. 2. A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object.

Crus•ta´ce•a (kr?s-t?´sh?-?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. of NL. crustaceus pert. to the crust or shell, from L. crusta the hard surfsce of a body, rind, shell.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; — so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered. The body usually consists of an anterior part, made up of the head and thorax combined, called the cephalothorax, and of a posterior jointed part called the abdomen, postabdomen, and (improperly) tail. They breathe by means of gills variously attached to some of the limbs or to the sides the body, according to the group. They are divisible into two subclasses, Entomostraca and Malacostraca, each of which includes several orders.

Crus•ta´cean (kr?s-t?´shan; 97), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Crustacea; crustaceous. — n. An animal belonging to the class Crustacea.

Crus•ta•ce•o•log´ic•al (-sh?-?-l?j´?-kal), a. Pertaining to crustaceology.

Crus•ta•ce•ol´o•gist (-?ll´?-j?st), n. One versed in crustaceology; a crustalogist.

Crus•ta•ce•ol´o•gy (-j?), n. [Crustacea + -logy.] That branch of Zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea; malacostracology; carcinology.

Crus•ta´ceous (kr?s-t?´sh?s; 97), a. [NL. crustaceous. See crustacea.] 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, crust or shell; having a crustlike shell. 2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Crustacea; crustacean.

Crus•ta´ceous•ness, n. The state or quality of being crustaceous or having a crustlike shell.

Crust´al (kr?st´al), a. Relating to a crust.

Crus•ta•log´ic•al (kr?s•t?-l?j´?-kal), a. Pertaining to crustalogy.

Crus•tal´o•gist (-tl´-jst), n. One versed in crustalogy.

Crus•tal´o•gy (kr?s-t?l´?-j?), n. [L. crusta shell + -logy.] Crustaceology.

Crus´ta•ted (kr?s´t?-t?d), a. [L. crustatus, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta. See Crust.] Covered with a crust; as crustated basalt.

Crus•ta´tion (kr?s-t?´sh?n), n. An adherent crust; an incrustation. Pepys.

Crust´ed (kr?st´?d), a. Incrusted; covered with, or containing, crust; as old, crusted port wine.

Crus•tif•ic (kr?s-t?f´?k), a. [L. crusta crust + -facere to make.] Producing or forming a crust or skin. [R.]

Crust´i•ly (krust´i-ly), adv. In a crusty or surly manner; morosely.

Crust´i•ness (-i-nes), n. 1. The state or quality of having crust or being like crust; hardness. 2. The quality of being crusty or surly. “Old Christy forgot his usual crustiness.
W. Irving.”

Crust´y (-y), a. 1. Having the nature of crust; pertaining to a hard covering; as a crusty coat; a crusty surface or substance. 2. [Possibly a corruption of cursty. Cf. Curst, Curstness.] Having a hard exterior, or a short, rough manner, though kind at heart; snappish; peevish; surly. “Thou crusty batch of nature, what’s the news?
Shak.”

Crut (krut), n. [Cf. F. croûte crust.] The rough, shaggy part of oak bark.

Crutch (kruch; 224), n.; pl. Crutches (-ez). [OE. crucche, AS. crycc, cricc; akin to D. kruk, G. krücke, Dan. krykke, Sw. krycka, and to E. crook. See Crook, and cf. Cricket a low stool.] 1. A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walking. “I’ll lean upon one crutch, and fight with the other.
Shak.” “Rhyme is a crutch that lifts the weak alone.
H. Smith.” 2. A form of pommel for a woman’s saddle, consisting of a forked rest to hold the leg of the rider. 3. (Naut.) (a) A knee, or piece of knee timber. (b) A forked stanchion or post; a crotch. See Crotch.

Crutch, v. t. To support on crutches; to prop up. [R.] “Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse.
Dryden.”

Crutched (kr?cht), a. 1. Supported upon crutches. 2. [See Crouch, v. t., and Crouched, a. ] Marked with the sign of the cross; crouched. Crutched friar (Eccl.), one of a religious order, so called because its members bore the sign of the cross on their staves and habits; — called also crossed friar and crouched friar.

Cruth (kr?th), n. [W. crwth.] (Mus.) See 4th Crowd.

Crux (kruks), n.; pl. E. Cruxes (-ez), L. Cruces (kru´sez). [L., cross, torture, trouble.] Anything that is very puzzling or difficult to explain. Dr. Sheridan. “The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists.
Strauss.”

Cru•za´do (kr?-z?´d?), n. A coin. See Crusado.

Crwth (krooth), n. [W.] (Mus.) See 4th Crowd.

Cry (kri), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cried (krid); p. pr. & vb. n. Crying.] [F. crier, cf. L. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, scream, shriek, perh. fr. queri to complain; cf. Skr. cvas to pant, hiss, sigh. Cf. Quarrel a brawl, Querulous.] 1. To make a loud call or cry; to call or exclaim vehemently or earnestly; to shout; to vociferate; to proclaim; to pray; to implore. “And about the ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice.
Matt. xxvii. 46.” “Clapping their hands, and crying with loud voice.
Shak.” “Hear the voice of my supplications when I cry unto thee.
Ps. xxviii. 2.” “The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord.
Is. xl. 3.” “Some cried after him to return.
Bunyan.” 2. To utter lamentations; to lament audibly; to express pain, grief, or distress, by weeping and sobbing; to shed tears; to bawl, as a child. “Ye shall cry for sorrow of heart.
Is. lxv. 14.” “I could find it in my heart to disgrace my man’s apparel and to cry like a woman.
Shak.” 3. To utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. “The young ravens which cry.
Ps. cxlvii. 9.” “In a cowslip’s bell I lie
There I couch when owls do cry.
Shak.” To cry on or upon, to call upon the name of; to beseech. ´No longer on Saint Denis will we cry.´ Shak. — To cry out. (a) To exclaim; to vociferate; to scream; to clamor. (b) To complain loudly; to lament. — To cry out against, to complain loudly of; to censure; to blame. — To cry out on or upon, to denounce; to censure. ´Cries out upon abuses.´ Shak. — To cry to, to call on in prayer; to implore. — To cry you mercy, to beg your pardon. ´I cry you mercy, madam; was it you?´ Shak.

Cry, v. t. 1. To utter loudly; to call out; to shout; to sound abroad; to declare publicly. “All, all, cry shame against ye, yet I ’ll speak.
Shak.” “The man … ran on,crying, Life! life! Eternal life!
Bunyan.” 2. To cause to do something, or bring to some state, by crying or weeping; as to cry one’s self to sleep. 3. To make oral and public proclamation of; to declare publicly; to notify or advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, goods to be sold, ets.; as to cry goods, etc. “Love is lost, and thus she cries him.
Crashaw.” 4. Hence, to publish the banns of, as for marriage. “I should not be surprised if they were cried in church next Sabbath.
Judd.” To cry aim. See under Aim. - - To cry down, to decry; to depreciate; to dispraise; to condemn. “Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it.
Tillotson.” — To cry out, to proclaim; to shout. ´Your gesture cries it out.´ Shak. — To cry quits, to propose, or declare, the abandonment of a contest. — To cry up, to enhance the value or reputation of by public and noisy praise; to extol; to laud publicly or urgently.

Cry (kr?), n.; pl. Cries (krz). [F. cri, fr. crier to cry. See Cry, v. i. ] 1. A loud utterance; especially, the inarticulate sound produced by one of the lower animals; as the cry of hounds; the cry of wolves. Milton. 2. Outcry; clamor; tumult; popular demand. “Again that cry was found to have been as unreasonable as ever.
Macaulay.” 3. Any expression of grief, distress, etc., accompanied with tears or sobs; a loud sound, uttered in lamentation. “There shall be a great cry throughout all the land.
Ex. xi. 6.” “An infant crying in the night,
An infant crying for the light;
And with no language but a cry.
Tennyson.” 4. Loud expression of triumph or wonder or of popular acclamation or favor. Swift. “The cry went once on thee.
Shak.” 5. Importunate supplication. “O, the most piteous cry of the poor souls.
Shak.” 6. Public advertisement by outcry; proclamation, as by hawkers of their wares. “The street cries of London.
Mayhew.” 7. Common report; fame. “The cry goes that you shall marry her.
Shak.” 8. A word or phrase caught up by a party or faction and repeated for effect; as the party cry of the Tories. “All now depends upon a good cry.
Beaconsfield.” 9. A pack of hounds. Milton. “A cry more tunable
Was never hollaed to, nor cheered with horn.
Shak.” 10. A pack or company of persons; — in contempt. “Would not this … get me a fellowship in a cry of players?
Shak.” 11. The crackling noise made by block tin when it is bent back and forth. A far cry, a long distance; — in allusion to the sending of criers or messengers through the territory of a Scottish clan with an announcement or summons.

Cry´al (kr?´al), n. [Cf. W. creyr, cryr, crychydd. Cf. Cruer a hawk.] The heron [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Cry´er (-?r), n. [F. faucon gruyer a falcon trained to fly at the crane, fr. crye crane, fr. L. crus crane. Cf. Cryal.] The female of the hawk; a falcon-gentil.

Cry´ing, a. Calling for notice; compelling attention; notorious; heinous; as a crying evil. “Too much fondness for meditative retirement is not the crying sin of our modern Christianity.
I. Taylor.”

Cry•o•hy´drate (kr?•?-h?´dr?t), n. [Gr. kry•os cold + E. hydrate.] (Chem.) A substance, as salt, ammonium chloride, etc., which crystallizes with water of crystallization only at low temperatures, or below the freezing point of water. F. Guthrie.

Cry´o•lite (kri´?-l?t), n. [Gr. kry•os icy cold, frost + -lite: cf. F. cryolithe.] (Min.) A fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland, in white cleavable masses; — used as a source of soda and alumina.

Cry•oph´o•rus (kri•of´o•rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kry•os icy cold, frost + fe•rein to bear.] (Chem.) An instrument used to illustrate the freezing of water by its own evaporation. The ordinary form consists of two glass bulbs, connected by a tube of the same material, and containing only a quantity of water and its vapor, devoid of air. The water is in one of the bulbs, and freezes when the other is cooled below 32° Fahr.

Crypt (kript), n. [L. crypta vault, crypt, Gr. kry•pth, fr. kry•ptein to hide. See Grot, Grotto.] 1. A vault wholly or partly under ground; especially, a vault under a church, whether used for burial purposes or for a subterranean chapel or oratory. “Priesthood works out its task age after age, … treasuring in convents and crypts the few fossils of antique learning.
Motley.” “My knees are bowed in crypt and shrine.
Tennyson.” 2. (Anat.) A simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube; a follicle; as the crypts of Lieberkühn, the simple tubular glands of the small intestines.

Crypt´al (-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to crypts. { Cryp´tic (krip´tik), Cryp´tic•al (-t?-kal), } a. [L. crypticus, Gr. kryptiko•s, fr. kry•ptein to hide.] Hidden; secret; occult. ´Her [nature’s] more cryptic ways of working.´ Glanvill.

Cryp´tic•al•ly, adv. Secretly; occultly.

Cryp´ti•dine (kr?p´t?-d?n; 104), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden.] (Chem.) One of the quinoline bases, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H11N; also any one of several substances metameric with, and resembling, cryptidine proper.

Cryp•to•bran•chi•a´ta (kr?p•t?-bra?•k?- ?´t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. krypto•s hidden + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata. (b) A group of nudibranch mollusks.

Cryp•to•bran´chi•ate (-br??´k?-?t), a. (Zoöl.) Having concealed or rudimentary gills.

Cryp•to•crys´tal•line (-kr?s´tal-l?n), a. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + E. crystalline.] (Geol.) Indistinctly crystalline; — applied to rocks and minerals, whose state of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are visible, even under the microscope.

Cryp´to•gam (kr?p´t?-g?m), n. [Cf. F. cryptogame. See Cryptogamia.] (Bot.) A plant belonging to the Cryptogamia. Henslow.

Cryp•to•ga´mi•a (kr?p•t?-g?´m?-?), n.; pl. Cryptogamiae (-). [NL., fr. Gr. krypto•s hidden, secret + ga•mos marriage.] (Bot.) The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds. The subdivisions have been variously arranged. The following arrangement recognizes four classes: — I. Pteridophyta, or Vascular Acrogens. These include Ferns, Equiseta or Scouring rushes, Lycopodiaceae or Club mosses, Selaginelleae, and several other smaller orders. Here belonged also the extinct coal plants called Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites. II. Bryophita, or Cellular Acrogens. These include Musci, or Mosses, Hepaticae, or Scale mosses and Liverworts, and possibly Characeae, the Stoneworts. III. Algae, which are divided into Florideae, the Red Seaweeds, and the orders Dictyoteae, Oösporeae, Zoösporeae, Conjugatae, Diatomaceae, and Cryptophyceae. IV. Fungi. The molds, mildews, mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped into several subclasses and many orders. The Lichenes or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature, each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga. { Cryp•to•ga´mi•an (kr?p•t?-g?´m?-a]/>n), Cryp•to•gam´ic (kr?p•t?-g?m´?k), Cryp•to´gam•ous (#) } a. Of or pertaining to the series Cryptogamia, or to plants of that series.

Cryp•tog´a•mist (-m?st), n. One skilled in cryptogamic botany.

Cryp´to•gram (kr?p´t?-gr?m), n. A cipher writing. Same as Cryptograph.

Cryp´to•graph (-gr?f), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + -graph: cf. F. cryptographe.] Cipher; something written in cipher. ´Decipherers of cryptograph.´ J. Earle.

Cryp•tog´ra•phal (kr?p-t?g´r?-fal), a. Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical. Boyle.

Cryp•tog´ra•pher (kr?p-t?g´r?-f?r), n. One who writes in cipher, or secret characters. { Cryp•to•graph´ic (kr?p•t?-gr?f´?k), Cryp•to•graph´ic•al (kr?p•t?-gr?f´?-kal), } a. Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink.

Cryp•tog´ra•phist (kr?p-t?g´r?-f?st), n. Same as Cryptographer.

Cryp•tog´ra•phy (-f?), n. [Cf. F. cryptographie.] The act or art of writing in secret characters; also secret characters, or cipher.

Cryp•tol´o•gy (kr?p-t?l´?-j?), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + -logy.] Secret or enigmatical language. Johnson.

Cryp´to•nym (kr?p´t?-n?m), n. [Gr. secret + name.] A secret name; a name by which a person is known only to the initiated.

Cryp´to•pine (kr?p´t?-p?n; 104), n. [Gr. krypto•s hidden + E. opium.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline alkaloid obtained in small quantities from opium.

Cryp•tu´ri (krip•tu´ri), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. krypto•s hidden + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) An order of flying, dromaeognathous birds, including the tinamous of South America. See Tinamou.

Crys´tal (kris´tal), n. [OE. cristal, F. cristal, L. crystallum crystal, ice, fr. Gr. kry•stallos, fr. kry•os icy cold, frost; cf. AS. crystalla, fr. L. crystallum; prob. akin to E. crust. See Crust, Raw.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) The regular form which a substance tends to assume in solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive attraction. It is bounded by plane surfaces, symmetrically arranged, and each species of crystal has fixed axial ratios. See Crystallization. 2. The material of quartz, in crystallization transparent or nearly so, and either colorless or slightly tinged with gray, or the like; — called also rock crystal. Ornamental vessels are made of it. Cf. Smoky quartz, Pebble; also Brazilian pebble, under Brazilian. 3. A species of glass, more perfect in its composition and manufacture than common glass, and often cut into ornamental forms. See Flint glass. 4. The glass over the dial of a watch case. 5. Anything resembling crystal, as clear water, etc. “The blue crystal of the seas.
Byron.” Blood crystal. See under Blood. — Compound crystal. See under Compound. — Iceland crystal, a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, brought from Iceland, and used in certain optical instruments, as the polariscope. — Rock crystal, or Mountain crystal, any transparent crystal of quartz, particularly of limpid or colorless quartz.

Crys´tal, a. Consisting of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid; crystalline. “Through crystal walls each little mote will peep.
Shak.” “By crystal streams that murmur through the meads.
Dryden.” “The crystal pellets at the touch congeal,
And from the ground rebounds the ratting hail.
H. Brooks.”

Crys´tal•lin (-l?n), n. (Physiol. Chem.) See Gobulin.

Crys´tal•line (kr?s´tal-l?n or -l?n; 277), a. [L. crystallinus, from Gr. : cf. F. cristallin. See Crystal.] 1. Consisting, or made, of crystal. “Mount, eagle, to my palace crystalline.
Shak.” 2. Formed by crystallization; like crystal in texture. “Their crystalline structure.
Whewell.” 3. Imperfectly crystallized; as granite is only crystalline, while quartz crystal is perfectly crystallized. 4. Fig.: Resembling crystal; pure; transparent; pellucid. ´The crystalline sky.´ Milton. Crystalline heavens, or Crystalline spheres, in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, two transparent spheres imagined to exist between the region of the fixed stars and the primum mobile (or outer circle of the heavens, which by its motion was supposed to carry round all those within it), in order to explain certain movements of the heavenly bodies. — Crystalline lens (Anat.), the capsular lenslike body in the eye, serving to focus the rays of light. It consists of rodlike cells derived from the external embryonic epithelium.

Crys´tal•line, n. 1. A crystalline substance. 2. See Aniline. [Obs.]

Crys´tal•lite (kr?s´tal-l?t), n. [See Crystal.] (Min.) A minute mineral form like those common in glassy volcanic rocks and some slags, not having a definite crystalline outline and not referable to any mineral species, but marking the first step in the crystallization process. According to their form crystallites are called trichites, belonites, globulites, etc.

Crys´tal•li•za•ble (kris´tal•li•za•b’l), a. Capable of being crystallized; that may be formed into crystals.

Crys•tal•li•za´tion (kris•tal•li•za´shun), n. [Cf. F. cristallization.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes the form and structure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized. 2. The body formed by crystallizing; as silver on precipitation forms arborescent crystallizations. The systems of crystallization are the several classes to which the forms are mathematically referable. They are most simply described according to the relative lengths and inclinations of certain assumed lines called axes; but the real distinction is the degree of symmetry characterizing them. 1. The Isometric, or Monometric, system has the axes all equal, as in the cube, octahedron, etc. 2. The Tetragonal, or Dimetric, system has a varying vertical axis, while the lateral are equal, as in the right square prism. 3. The Orthorhombic, or Trimetric, system has the three axes unequal, as in the rectangular and rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called, respectively, macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal. — The preceding are erect forms, the axes intersecting at right angles. The following are oblique. 4. The Monoclinic system, having one of the intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called respectively, clinodiagonal and orthodiagonal. 5. The Triclinic system, having all the three intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. There is also: 6. The Hexagonal system (one division of which is called Rhombohedral), in which there are three equal lateral axes, and a vertical axis of variable length, as in the hexagonal prism and the rhombohedron. The Diclinic system, sometimes recognized, with two oblique intersections, is only a variety of the Triclinic.

Crys´tal•lize (kris´tal•liz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crystallized (-lizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crystallizing.] [Cf. F. cristalliser. See Crystal.] To cause to form crystals, or to assume the crystalline form.

Crys´tal•lize, v. i. To be converted into a crystal; to take on a crystalline form, through the action of crystallogenic or cohesive attraction. { Crys•tal•lo•gen´ic (-l?-j?n´?k), Crys•tal•lo•gen´ic•al (-?-kal), } a. Pertaining to the production of crystals; crystal-producing; as crystallogenic attraction.

Crys•tal•log´e•ny (kr?s•tal-l?j´?-n?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + root of gi•gnesqai to be born.] The science which pertains to the production of crystals.

Crys•tal•log´ra•pher (kris´tal•log´ra•fer), n. One who describes crystals, or the manner of their formation; one versed in crystallography. { Crys•tal•lo•graph´ic (-l?-gr?f´?k), Crys•tal•lo•graph´ic•al (-?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. crystallographique.] Pertaining to crystallography.

Crys•tal•lo•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of crystallography.

Crys•tal•log´ra•phy (kris´tal•log´ra•fy), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + - graphy: cf. F. cristallographie. See Crystal.] 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teaching the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and their methods of formation. 2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization.

Crys´tal•loid (kris´tal•loid), a. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + - oid.] Crystal-like; transparent like crystal.

Crys´tal•loid, n. 1. (Chem.) A body which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized; — opposed to colloid. 2. (Bot.) One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; — called also protein crystal.

Crys•tal•lol´o•gy (kris•tal•lol´o•jy), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + - logy.] The science of the crystalline structure of inorganic bodies.

Crys´tal•lo•man•cy (-l?-m?n•s?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + -mancy.] Divination by means of a crystal or other transparent body, especially a beryl.

Crys•tal•lom´e•try (-l?m´?-tr?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + -metry.] The art of measuring crystals.

Crys´tal•lur•gy (-l?r•j?), n. [Gr. kry•stallos crystal + ’e•rgon work.] Crystallization.

Cte´no•cyst (te´no•sist), n. [Gr. ktei•s, kteno•s, comb + ky•stis bladder.] (Zoöl.) An organ of the Ctenophora, supposed to be sensory.

Cte´noid (te´noid or ten´oid), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale. (b) Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. — n. A ctenoidean.

Cte•noid´e•an (te•noid´e•an), a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Ctenoidei. — n. One of the Ctenoidei.

Cte•noid´e•i (-?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , comb + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial.

Cte•noph´o•ra (t?-n?f´?-r?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , , comb + to carry.] (Zoöl.) A class of Cœlenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

Cten´o•phore (t?n´?-f?r), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Ctenophora. { Cten•o•phor´ic (t?n•?-f?r´?k), Cte•noph´o•rous (t?-n?f´?-r?s), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ctenophora.

Cten•o•stom´a•ta (t?n•?-st?m´?-t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , comb + , - mouth.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.

Cub (kub), n. [Cf. Ir. cuib cub, whelp, young dog, Ir. & Gael. cu dog; akin to E. hound.] 1. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear. 2. Jocosely or in contempt, a boy or girl, esp. an awkward, rude, ill-mannered boy. “O, thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be
When time hath sowed a grizzle on thy case?
Shak.”

Cub, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cubbed (kubd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubbing.] To bring forth; — said of animals, or in contempt, of persons. ´Cubb’d in a cabin.´ Dryden.

Cub, n. [Cf. Cub a young animal.] 1. A stall for cattle. [Obs.] “I would rather have such … .in cub or kennel than in my closet or at my table.
Landor.” 2. A cupboard. [Obs.] Laud.

Cub, v. t. To shut up or confine. [Obs.] Burton.

Cu´ban (k?´ban), a. Of or pertaining to Cuba or its inhabitants. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Cuba.

Cu•ba´tion (k?-b?´sh?n), n. [L. cubatio, fr. cubare to lie down.] The act of lying down; a reclining. [Obs.]

Cu´ba•to•ry (k?´b?-t?-r?), a. [L. cubator he who lies down, fr. cubare.] Lying down; recumbent. [R.]

Cu´ba•ture (k?´b?-t?r; 135), n. [L. cubus cube: cf. F. cubature. See Cube.] The process of determining the solid or cubic contents of a body.

Cub´bridge-head (k?b´r?jj-h?d), n. (Naut.) A bulkhead on the forecastle and half deck of a ship. { Cub´by (k?b´b?), Cub´by•hole• (-h?l•), } n. [See Cub a stall.] A snug or confined place.

Cub´•drawn (k?b´dr?n•), a. Sucked by cubs. [R.] “This night, wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch.
Shak.”

Cube (k?b), n. [F. cube, L. cubus, fr. Gr. a cube, a cubical die.] 1. (Geom.) A regular solid body, with six equal square sides. 2. (Math.) The product obtained by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor; as 4x4=16, and 16x4=64, the cube of 4. Cube ore (Min.), pharmacosiderite. It commonly crystallizes in cubes of a green color. — Cube root. (Math.), the number or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces the given cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3x3 = 27. — Cube spar (Min.), anhydrite; anhydrous calcium sulphate.

Cube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cubed (k?bd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubing.] To raise to the third power; to obtain the cube of.

Cu´beb (k?´b?b), n. [F. cubbe (cf. It. cubebe, Pr., Sp., Pg., & NL. cubeba), fr. Ar. kabbat.] The small, spicy berry of a species of pepper (Piper Cubeba; in med., Cubeba officinalis), native in Java and Borneo, but now cultivated in various tropical countries. The dried unripe fruit is much used in medicine as a stimulant and purgative.

Cu•beb´ic (k?-b?b´?k), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cubebs; as cubebic acid (a soft olive-green resin extracted from cubebs).

Cub´hood (k?b´h??d), n. The state of being a cub. [Jocose] ´From cubhood to old age.´ W. B. Dawkins. { Cu´bic (k?´b?k), Cu´bic•al (-b?- kal), } a. [L. cubicus, Gr. : cf. F. cubique. See Cube.] 1. Having the form or properties of a cube; contained, or capable of being contained, in a cube. 2. (Crystallog.) Isometric or monometric; as cubic cleavage. See Crystallization. Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a cube. — Cubic foot, a volume equivalent to a cubical solid which measures a foot in each of its dimensions. — Cubic number, a number produced by multiplying a number into itself, and that product again by the same number. See Cube. — Cubical parabola (Geom.), two curves of the third degree, one plane, and one on space of three dimensions.

Cu´bic, n. (Geom.) A curve of the third degree. Circular cubic. See under Circular.

Cu´bic•al•ly, adv. In a cubical method.

Cu´bic•al•ness, n. The quality of being cubical.

Cu´bi•cle (k?´b?-k’l), n. [L. cubiculum.] A loding room; esp., a sleeping place partitioned off from a large dormitory.

Cu•bic´u•lar (k?-??k´?-l?r), a. [L. cubicularis, fr. cubiculum a sleeping room, fr. cubare to lie down.] Belonging to a chamber or bedroom. [Obs.] Howell.

Cu´bi•form (k?´b?-f?rm), a. Of the form of a cube.

Cu•bi´le (k?-b?´l?), n. [L., bed.] The lowest course of stones in a building.

Cu´bi•lose (k?´b?-l?s•), n. [L. cubile bed, nest.] A mucilagenous secretion of certain birds found as the characteristic ingredient of edible bird’s-nests.

Cu´bit (ku´bit), n. [L. cubitum, cubitus; elbow, ell, cubit, fr. (because the elbow serves for leaning upon) cubare to lie down, recline; cf. Gr. ky•biton elbow, ky•ptein to bend, stoop, kyfo•s bent, stooping, humpbacked. Cf. Incumbent, Covey.] 1. (Anat.) The forearm; the ulna, a bone of the arm extending from elbow to wrist. [Obs.] 2. A measure of length, being the distance from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. The cubit varies in length in different countries, the Roman cubit being 17,47 inches, the Greek 18,20, the Hebrew somewhat longer, and the English 18 inches.

Cu´bit•al (k?´b?t-a]/>l), a. [L. cubitalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to the cubit or ulna; as the cubital nerve; the cubital artery; the cubital muscle. 2. Of the length of a cubit. Sir. T. Browne.

Cu´bit•al, n. A sleeve covering the arm from the elbow to the hand. Crabb.

Cu´bit•ed, a. Having the measure of a cubit.

Cub´less (k?b´l?s), a. Having no cubs. Byron.

Cu´boid (k?´boid), a. [Cube + -oid: cf. Gr. .] (Anat.) Cube- shaped, or nearly so; as the cuboid bone of the foot. — n. (Anat.) The bone of the tarsus, which, in man and most mammals, supports the metatarsals of the fourth and fifth toes.

Cu•boid´al (k?-boid´al), a. (Anat.) Cuboid.

Cu•bo-oc•ta•he´dral (k?•b?-?k•t?-h?dral), a. Presenting a combination of a cube and an octahedron.

Cu•bo-oc•ta•he´dron (-dr?n), n. (Crystallog.) A combination of a cube and octahedron, esp. one in which the octahedral faces meet at the middle of the cubic edges.

Cu´ca (k??´k?), n. [Sp., fr. native name.] See Coca.

Cuck´ing stool (kk´ng stl•). [Cf. AS. scealfingstol, a word of similar meaning, allied to scealfor a diver, mergus avis; or possibly from F. coquine a hussy, slut, jade, f. of coquin, OE. cokin, a rascal; or cf. Icel. kka to dung, kkr dung, the name being given as to a disgracing or infamous punishment.] A kind of chair formerly used for punishing scolds, and also dishonest tradesmen, by fastening them in it, usually in front of their doors, to be pelted and hooted at by the mob, but sometimes to be taken to the water and ducked; — called also a castigatory, a tumbrel, and a trebuchet; and often, but not so correctly, a ducking stool. Sir. W. Scott.

Cuck´old (k?k´?ld), n. [OE. kukeweld, cokewold, cokold, fr. OF. coucoul, cucuault, the last syllable being modified by the OE. suffix -wold (see Herald); cf. F. cocu a cuckold, formerly also a cuckoo, and L. cuculus a cuckoo. The word alludes to the habit of the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.] 1. A man whose wife is unfaithful; the husband of an adulteress. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A West Indian plectognath fish (Ostracion triqueter). (b) The cowfish.

Cuck´old, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuckolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cuckolding.] To make a cuckold of, as a husband, by seducing his wife, or by her becoming an adulteress. Shak.

Cuck´old•ize (-?z), v. t. To cuckold. Dryden.

Cuck´old•ly, a. Having the qualities of a cuckold; mean-spirited; sneaking. Shak.

Cuck´ol•dom (-?l-d?m), n. The state of a cuckold; cuckolds, collectively. Addison.

Cuck´old•ry (-?ld-r?), n. The state of being a cuckold; the practice of making cuckolds.

Cuck´old’s knot (k?k´?ldz n?t•). (Naut.) A hitch or knot, by which a rope is secured to a spar, the two parts of the rope being crossed and seized together; — called also cuckold’s neck. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Cuck´oo (k??k´??), n. [OE. coccou, cukkow, F. coucou, prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. cuculus, Gr. , Skr. kkia, G. kuckuk, D. koekoek.] (Zoöl.) A bird belonging to Cuculus, Coccyzus, and several allied genera, of many species. The European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) builds no nest of its own, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them. The American yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus Americanus) and the black-billed cuckoo (C. erythrophthalmus) build their own nests. Cuckoo bee (Zool.), a bee, parasitic in the larval stage in the nests of other bees, feeding either upon their food or larvae. They belong to the genera Nomada, Melecta, Epeolus, and others. - - Cuckoo clock, a clock so constructed that at the time for striking it gives forth sounds resembling the cry of the cuckoo. — Cuckoo dove (Zoöl.), a long-tailed pigeon of the genus Macropygia. Many species inhabit the East Indies. — Cuckoo fish (Zoöl.), the European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). The name probably alludes to the sound that it utters. — Cuckoo falcon (Zoöl.), any falcon of the genus Baza. The genus inhabits Africa and the East Indies. — Cuckoo maid (Zoöl.), the wryneck; — called also cuckoo mate. — Cuckoo ray (Zoöl.), a British ray (Raia miraletus). — Cuckoo spit, or Cuckoo spittle. (a) A frothy secretion found upon plants, exuded by the larvae of certain insects, for concealment; — called also toad spittle and frog spit. (b) (Zoöl.) A small hemipterous insect, the larva of which, living on grass and the leaves of plants, exudes this secretion. The insects belong to Aphrophora, Helochara, and allied genera. — Ground cuckoo, the chaparral cock.

Cuck´oo•bud´ (k??k´??-b?d•), n. (Bot.) A species of Ranunculus (R. bulbosus); — called also butterflower, buttercup, kingcup, goldcup. Shak.

Cuck´oo•flow•er (-flou•?r), n. (Bot.) A species of Cardamine (C. pratensis), or lady’s smock. Its leaves are used in salads. also the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi).

Cuck´oo•pint (-p?nt•), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Arum (A. maculatum); the European wake-robin.

Cuc´quean (k?k´kw?n•), n. [Cuckold + quean.] A woman whose husband is unfaithful to her. [Obs.]

Cu•cu´jo (k??-k??´h?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The fire beetle of Mexico and the West Indies. { Cu´cul•late (k?´k?l-l?t or k?-k?l´l?t), Cu´cul•la•ted (-l?•t?d or -l?-t?d), } a. [LL. cullatus, fr. L. cucullus a cap, hood. See Cowl a hood.] 1. Hooded; cowled; covered, as with a hood. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the prothorax elevated so as to form a sort of hood, receiving the head, as in certain insects. (b) Having a hoodlike crest on the head, as certain birds, mammals, and reptiles.

Cu´cu•loid (k?k?-loid), a. [L. cuculus a cuckoo + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the cuckoos (Cuculidae).

Cu´cum•ber (k?•k?m-b?r, formerly kou´k?m-b?r), n.[OE. cucumer, cocumber, cucumber, fr. L. cucmis, gen. cucumeris; cf. OF. cocombre,F. concombre.] (Bot.) A creeping plant, and its fruit, of several species of the genus Cucumis, esp. Cucumis sativus, the unripe fruit of which is eaten either fresh or picked. also similar plants or fruits of several other genera. See below. Bitter cucumber (Bot.), the Citrullus or Cucumis Colocynthis. See Colocynth. — Cucumber beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small, black flea- beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris), which destroys the leaves of cucumber, squash, and melon vines. (b) The squash beetle. — Cucumber tree. (a) A large ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its young fruit to a small cucumber. (b) An East Indian plant (Averrhoa Bilimbi) which produces the fruit known as bilimbi. — Jamaica cucumber, Jerusalem cucumber, the prickly-fruited gherkin (Cucumis Anguria). — Snake cucumber, a species (Cucumis flexuosus) remarkable for its long, curiously-shaped fruit. — Squirting cucumber, a plant (Ecbalium Elaterium) whose small oval fruit separates from the footstalk when ripe and expels its seeds and juice with considerable force through the opening thus made. See Elaterium. — Star cucumber, a climbing weed (Sicyos angulatus) with prickly fruit.

Cu•cu´mi•form (k?-k?´m?-f?rm), a. [L. cucumis cucumber + -form.] Having the form of a cucumber; having the form of a cylinder tapered and rounded at the ends, and either straight or curved.

Cu´cu•mis (k?k?—m?s), n. [L., cucumber.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cucumber, melon, and same kinds of gourds. { Cu•cur´bit , Cu•cur´bite } (ku•kûr´bit), n. [L. cucurbita a gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See Gourd.] (Chem.) A vessel or flask for distillation, used with, or forming part of, an alembic; a matrass; — originally in the shape of a gourd, with a wide mouth. See Alembic.

Cu•cur•bi•ta´ceous (-bi•ta´shus), a. [Cf. F. cucurbitace.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants of which the cucumber, melon, and gourd are common examples.

Cu•cur´bi•tive (k?-k?r´b?-t?v), a. Having the shape of a gourd seed; — said of certain small worms.

Cud (kud), n. [AS. cudu, cwudu,cwidu,cweodo, of uncertain origin; cf, G. köder bait, Icel. kviðr womb, Goth. qiþus. Cf. Quid.] 1. That portion of food which is brought up into the mouth by ruminating animals from their first stomach, to be chewed a second time. “Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.
Levit. xi. 3” 2. A portion of tobacco held in the mouth and chewed; a quid. [Low] 3. The first stomach of ruminating beasts. Crabb. To chew the cud, to ruminate; to meditate; used with of; as to chew the cud of bitter memories. “Chewed the thrice turned cud of wrath.
Tennyson.”

Cud´bear (k?d´b?r•), n. [Also cudbeard, corrupted fr. the name of Dr. Cuthbert Gordon, a Scotchman, who first brought it into notice.] 1. A powder of a violet red color, difficult to moisten with water, used for making violet or purple dye. It is prepared from certain species of lichen, especially Lecanora tartarea. Ure. 2. (Bot.) A lichen (Lecanora tartarea), from which the powder is obtained.

Cud´den (k?d´d’n), n. [For sense 1, cf. Scot. cuddy an ass; for sense 2, see 3d Cuddy.] 1. A clown; a low rustic; a dolt. [Obs.] “The slavering cudden, propped upon his staff.
Dryden.” 2. (Zoöl.) The coalfish. See 3d Cuddy.

Cud´dle (kud´d’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cuddled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cuddling (- dling).] [Prob. for couthle, fr. couth known; cf. OE. kuþþen to cuddle, or cuðlechen to make friends with. SeeCouth, Uncouth, Can.] To lie close or snug; to crouch; to nestle. “She cuddles low beneath the brake;
Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly.
Prior.”

Cud´dle, v. t. To embrace closely; to fondle. Forby.

Cud´dle, n. A close embrace.

Cud´dy (-d?), n. [See Cudden. ] 1. An ass; esp., one driven by a huckster or greengrocer. [Scot.] 2. Hence: A blockhead; a lout. Hood. 3. (Mech.) A lever mounted on a tripod for lifting stones, leveling up railroad ties, etc. Knight.

Cud´dy (k?d´d?), n. [Prob. a contraction fr. D. kajuit cabin: cf. F. cahute hut.] (Naut.) A small cabin: also the galley or kitchen of a vessel.

Cud´dy, n. [Scot.; cf. Gael. cudaig, cudainn, or E. cuttlefish, or cod, codfish.] (Zoöl) The coalfish (Pollachius carbonarius). [Written also cudden.]

Cudg´el (k?j´?l), n. [OE. kuggel; cf. G. keule club (with a round end), kugel ball, or perh. W. cogyl cudgel, or D. cudse, kuds, cudgel.] A staff used in cudgel play, shorter than the quarterstaff, and wielded with one hand; hence, any heavy stick used as a weapon. “He getteth him a grievous crabtree cudgel and … falls to rating of them as if they were dogs.
Bunyan.” Cudgel play, a fight or sportive contest with cudgels. — To cross the cudgels, to forbear or give up the contest; — a phrase borrowed from the practice of cudgel players, who lay one cudgel over another when the contest is ended. — To take up cudgels for, to engage in a contest in behalf of (some one or something).

Cudg´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cudgeled or Cudgelled (-ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cudgeling or cudgelling.] To beat with a cudgel. “An he here, I would cudgel him like a dog.
Shak.” To cudgel one’s brains, to exercise one’s wits.

Cudg´el•er (-?r), n. One who beats with a cudgel. [Written also cudgeller.]

Cud´weed (k?d´w?d•), n. [Apparently fr. cud + weed, but perh. a corruption of cottonweed; or of cut weed, so called from its use as an application to cuts and chafings.] (Bot.) A small composite plant with cottony or silky stem and leaves, primarily a species of Gnaphalium, but the name is now given to many plants of different genera, as Filago, Antennaria, etc.; cottonweed.

Cue (ku), n. [ OF. coue, coe, F. queue, fr. L. coda, cauda, tail. Cf. Caudal, Coward, Queue.] 1. The tail; the end of a thing; especially, a tail-like twist of hair worn at the back of the head; a queue. 2. The last words of a play actor’s speech, serving as an intimation for the next succeeding player to speak; any word or words which serve to remind a player to speak or to do something; a catchword. “When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer.
Shak.” 3. A hint or intimation. “Give them [the servants] their cue to attend in two lines as he leaves the house.
Swift.” 4. The part one has to perform in, or as in, a play. “Were it my cueto fight, I should have known it
Without a prompter.
Shak.” 5. Humor; temper of mind. [Colloq.] Dickens. 6. A straight tapering rod used to impel the balls in playing billiards.

Cue, v. t. To form into a cue; to braid; to twist.

Cue, n. [From q, an abbreviation for quadrans a farthing.] A small portion of bread or beer; the quantity bought with a farthing or half farthing. [Obs.] The term was formerly current in the English universities, the letter q being the mark in the buttery books to denote such a portion. Nares. “Hast thou worn
Gowns in the university, tossed logic,
Sucked philosophy, eat cues?
Old Play.”

Cuer´po (kwer´po), n. [Sp. cuerpo, fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] The body. In cuerpo, without full dress, so that the shape of the Body is exposed; hence, naked or uncovered. “Exposed in cuerpo to their rage.
Hudibras.”

Cuff (k?f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuffed (kft); p. pr. & vb. n. Cuffing.] [Cf. Sw. kuffa to knock, push,kufva to check, subdue, and E. cow, v. t. ] 1. To strike; esp., to smite with the palm or flat of the hand; to slap. “I swear I’ll cuff you, if you strike again.
Shak.” “They with their quills did all the hurt they could,
And cuffed the tender chickens from their food.
Dryden.” 2. To buffet. ´Cuffed by the gale.´ Tennyson.

Cuff, v. i. To fight; to scuffle; to box. “While the peers cuff to make the rabble sport.
Dryden.”

Cuff, n. A blow; esp.,, a blow with the open hand; a box; a slap. “Snatcheth his sword, and fiercely to him flies;
Who well it wards, and quitten cuff with cuff.
Spenser.” “Many a bitter kick and cuff.
Hudibras.”

Cuff, n. [Perh. from F. coiffe headdress, hood, or coif; as if the cuff were a cap for the hand. Cf. Coif.] 1. The fold at the end of a sleeve; the part of a sleeve turned back from the hand. “He would visit his mistress in a morning gown, band, short cuffs, and a peaked beard.
Arbuthnot.” 2. Any ornamental appendage at the wrist, whether attached to the sleeve of the garment or separate; especially, in modern times, such an appendage of starched linen, or a substitute for it of paper, or the like.

Cuf´fy (kf•f), n. A name for a negro. [Slang]

Cu´fic (k?•f?k), a. [So called from the town of Cufa, in the province of Bagdad.] Of or pertaining to the older characters of the Arabic language. [Written also Kufic.]

Cuin´age (kw?n•?j), n.[Corrupted fr. coinage.] The stamping of pigs of tin, by the proper officer, with the arms of the duchy of Cornwall.

Cui•rass´ (kwe•ras´, or kwe´ras; 277), n.; pl. Cuirasses(-ez). [F. cuirasse, orig., a breastplate of leather, for OF. cuiree, cuirie influenced by It. corazza, or Sp. coraza, fr. an assumed LL. coriacea, fr. L. coriaceus, adj., of leather, fr. corium leather, hide; akin to Gr. cho•rion intestinal membrane, OSlav. skora hide, Lith. skura hide, leather. Cf. Coriaceous.] 1. (a) A piece of defensive armor, covering the body from the neck to the girdle. (b) The breastplate taken by itself. The cuirass covered the body before and behind. It consisted of two parts, a breast- and backpiece of iron fastened together by means of straps and buckles or other like contrivances. It was originally, as the name imports, made of leather, but afterward of metal. Grose. 2. (Zoöl) An armor of bony plates, somewhat resembling a cuirass.

Cui•rassed´ (kwe•rast´ or kwe´rast), a. 1. Wearing a cuirass. 2. (Zoöl) Having a covering of bony plates, resembling a cuirass; — said of certain fishes.

Cui•ras•sier´ (kw?•r?s-s?r´), n. [F. cuirassier. See Curass.] A soldier armed with a cuirass. Milton.

Cuish (kw?s), n. [F. cuisse thigh, fr. L. coxa hip: cf. F. cuissard, OF, cuissot, armor for the thigh, cuish. Cf. Hough.] Defensive armor for the thighs. [ Written also cuisse, and quish.]

Cui•sine´ (kw?•z?n´), n. [F., fr. L. coquina kitchen, fr. coquere to cook. See Kitchen.] 1. The kitchen or cooking department. 2. Manner or style of cooking.

Cu•lasse´ (ku•l?s´), n. [F., fr. cul back.] The lower faceted portion of a brilliant- cut diamond.

Cul•dee´ (kl-d´ or kl´d), n. [ Prob. fr. Gael. cuilteach; cf. Ir. ceilede.] One of a class of anchorites who lived in various parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. “The pure Culdees
Were Albyn’s earliest priests of God.
Campbell.”

Cul•-de-sac´ (ku•de-s?k´ or kul•de-s?k´), n.; pl. Culs-de-sac (ku•- or kulz•-). [ F., lit., bottom of a bag.] 1. A passage with only one outlet, as a street closed at one end; a blind alley; hence, a trap. 2. (Mil.) a position in which an army finds itself with no way of exit but to the front. 3. (Anat.) Any bag-shaped or tubular cavity, vessel, or organ, open only at one end.

Cul´er•age (k?l´?r-?j), n. (Bot.) See Culrage.

Cu´lex (k?´l?ks), n. [L., a gnat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects, including the gnat and mosquito.

Cu•lic´i•form (k?-l?s´i-f?rm). a. [L. culex a gnat + -form:cf. F. culiciforme.] (Zoöl.) Gnat- shaped.

Cu´li•na•ri•ly (k?•l?-n?-r?-l?), adv. In the manner of a kitchen; in connection with a kitchen or cooking.

Cu´li•na•ry (k?´l?-n?-r?), a. [L. culinarius, fr. culina kitchen, perh. akin to carbo coal: cf. F. culinare.] Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery; used in kitchens; as a culinary vessel; the culinary art.

Cull (k?l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Culled (k?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Culling.] [OE. cullen, OF. cuillir, coillir, F. cueillir, to gather, pluck, pick, fr. L. colligere. See Coil, v. t., and cf. Collect.] To separate, select, or pick out; to choose and gather or collect; as to cull flowers. “From his herd he culls,
For slaughter, from the fairest of his bulls.
Dryden.” “Whitest honey in fairy gardens culled.
Tennyson.”

Cull, n. A cully; a dupe; a gull. See Cully.

Cul´len•der (k?l´l?n-d?r), n. A strainer. See Colander.

Cull´er (k?l´?r), n. One who picks or chooses; esp., an inspector who selects wares suitable for market.

Cul´let (kul´let), n. [From Cull, v. t. ] Broken glass for remelting.

Cul´let, n. [A dim. from F. cul back.] A small central plane in the back of a cut gem. See Collet, 3 (b).

Cul•li•bil´i•ty (-l?-b?l´?-ty), n. [From cully to trick, cheat.] Gullibility. [R.] Swift.

Cul´li•ble (k?l´l?-b’l), a. Easily deceived; gullible.

Cull´ing (k?l´?ng), n. 1. The act of one who culls. 2. pl. Anything separated or selected from a mass.

Cul´lion (k?l´y?n), n. [OF. couillon, coillon, F. coon, a vile fellow, coward, dupe, from OF. couillon, coillon, testicle, fr. il the scrotum, fr. L. coleus a leather bag, the scrotum.] A mean wretch; a base fellow; a poltroon; a scullion. ´Away, base cullions.´ Shak.

Cul´lion•ly, a. Mean; base. Shak.

Cul´lis (kl´ls), n. [OF. coleïs, F. coulis, fr. OF. & F. couler to strain, to flow, fr. L. colare to filter, strain; cf. LL. coladicium. Cf. Colander.] A strong broth of meat, strained and made clear for invalids; also a savory jelly. [Obs.] “When I am exellent at caudles
And cullises … you shall be welcome to me.
Beau. & Fl.”

Cul´lis, n.; pl. Cullises (-z). [F. coulisse groove, fr. the same source as E. cullis broth.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof; a channel or groove.

Culls (k?lz), n. pl. [From Cull,, v. t.] 1. Refuse timber, from which the best part has been culled out. 2. Any refuse stuff, as rolls not properly baked.

Cul´ly (k?l´l?), n.; pl. Cullies (-lz). [Abbrev. fr. cullion.] A person easily deceived, tricked, or imposed on; a mean dupe; a gull. “I have learned that … I am not the first cully whom she has passed upon for a countess.
Addison.”

Cul´ly, v. t. [See Cully,n., and cf. D. kullen to cheat, gull.] To trick, cheat, or impose on; to deceive. ´Tricks to cully fools.´ Pomfret.

Cul´ly•ism (-?z’m), n. The state of being a cully. “Less frequent instances of eminent cullyism.
Spectator.”

Culm (kulm), n. [L. culmus stalk, stem; akin to calamus. SeeHalm.] (Bot.) The stalk or stem of grain and grasses (including the bamboo), jointed and usually hollow.

Culm, n. [Perh. from W. cwlm knot or tie, applied to this species of coal, which is much found in balls or knots in some parts of Wales: cf. OE. culme smoke, soot.] (Min.) (a) Mineral coal that is not bituminous; anthracite, especially when found in small masses. (b) The waste of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines, consisting of fine coal, dust, etc., and used as fuel. Raymond.

Cul´men (k?l´m?n), n. [L., fr. cellere (in comp.) to impel; cf. celsus pushed upward, lofty.] 1. Top; summit; acme. R. North. 2. (Zoöl.) The dorsal ridge of a bird’s bill.

Cul•mif´er•ous (k?l-m?f´?r-?s), a. [L. culmus stalk or stem + -ferous: cf. F. culmifère.] Having jointed stems or culms.

Cul•mif´er•ous (kul•mif´er•us), a.[2d culm + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing, or abounding in, culm or glance coal.

Cul´mi•nal (kul´mi•nal), a. Pertaining to a culmen.

Cul´mi•nant (-nant), a. Being vertical, or at the highest point of altitude; hence, predominant. [R.]

Cul´mi•nate (kul´mi•nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Culminated (-na•t&eucr;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Culminating (-na•ting.] [L. cuimen top or ridge. See Column.] 1. To reach its highest point of altitude; to come to the meridian; to be vertical or directly overhead. “As when his beams at noon
Culminate from the equator.
Milton.” 2. To reach the highest point, as of rank, size, power, numbers, etc. “The reptile race culminated in the secondary era.
Dana.” “The house of Burgundy was rapidly culminating.
Motley.”

Cul´mi•nate (kul´mi•nat), a. Growing upward, as distinguished from a lateral growth; — applied to the growth of corals. Dana.

Cul´mi•na´tion (kul•m?-n?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. culmination] 1. The attainment of the highest point of altitude reached by a heavenly body; passage across the meridian; transit. 2. Attainment or arrival at the highest pitch of glory, power, etc.

Cul´pa (kul´pa), n. [L.] (Law) Negligence or fault, as distinguishable from dolus (deceit, fraud), which implies intent, culpa being imputable to defect of intellect, dolus to defect of heart. Wharton.

Cul•pa•bil´i•ty (k?l•p?-b?l•?-t?), n.; pl. Culpabilities (-tz). [Cf. F. culpabilite.] The state of being culpable.

Cul´pa•ble (k?l´p?-b’l), a. [OE. culpable, coulpable, coupable, F. coupable, formerly also coupable, formerly also coulpable, culpable, fr. L. culpabilis, fr. culpare to blame, fr. culpa fault.] 1. Deserving censure; worthy of blame; faulty; immoral; criminal. State Trials (1413). “If he acts according to the best reason he hath, he is not culpable, though he be mistaken in his measures.
Sharp.” 2. Guilty; as culpable of a crime. [Obs.] Spenser. — Cul´pa•ble•ness, n. — Cul´pa•bly, adv.

Cul´pa•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Expressing blame; censuring; reprehensory; inculpating. “Adjectives … commonly used by Latian authors in a culpatory sense.
Walpole.”

Culpe (kulp), n. [F. coulpe, fr.L. culpa.] Blameworthiness. [Obs.] “Banished out of the realme … without culpe.
E. Hall.”

Cul´pon (kul´pon), n. [See Coupon.] A shred; a fragment; a strip of wood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cul´prit (kul´prit), n. [Prob. corrupted for culpate, fr. Law Latin culpatus the accused, p. p. of L. culpare to blame. See Culpable.] 1. One accused of, or arraigned for, a crime, as before a judge. “An author is in the condition of a culprit; the public are his judges.
Prior.” 2. One quilty of a fault; a criminal.

Cul´rage (kul´raj), n. [OE. culrage, culrache; prob. fr. F. cul the buttok + F. & E. rage; F. curage.] (Bot.) Smartweed (Polygonum Hydropiper).

Cult (kult) n .[F. culte, L. cultus care, culture, fr. colere to cultivate. Cf. Cultus.] 1. Attentive care; homage; worship. “Every one is convinced of the reality of a better self, and of the cult or homage which is due to it.
Shaftesbury.” 2. A system of religious belief and worship. “That which was the religion of Moses is the ceremonial or cult of the religion of Christ.
Coleridge.”

Cultch (kulch; 224), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Empty oyster shells and other substances laid down on oyster grounds to furnish points for the attachment of the spawn of the oyster. [Also written cutch.]

Cul´ter (kul´ter), n. [L.] A colter. See Colter.

Cul•ti•ros´tral (-ti•ros´tral), a. [See Cultirostres.] (Zoöl.) Having a bill shaped like the colter of a plow, or like a knife, as the heron, stork, etc.

Cul•ti•ros´tres (-trez), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. culter colter of a plow, knife + rostrum bill.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of wading birds including the stork, heron, crane, etc.

Cul´ti•va•ble (k?l´t?-v?-b’l), a. [Cf. F. cultivable.] Capable of being cultivated or tilled. Todd.

Cul´ti•va•ta•ble (k?l´t?-v?•t?-b’l), a. Cultivable.

Cul´ti•vate (k?l´t?-v?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cultivated (-v?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Cultivating (-v?•- t?ng).] [LL. cultivatus, p. p. of cultivare to cultivate, fr. cultivus cultivated, fr. L. cultus, p. p. of colere to till, cultivate. Cf. Colony.] 1. To bestow attention, care, and labor upon, with a view to valuable returns; to till; to fertilize; as to cultivate soil. 2. To direct special attention to; to devote time and thought to; to foster; to cherish. “Leisure … to cultivate general literature.
Wordsworth.” 3. To seek the society of; to court intimacy with. “I ever looked on Lord Keppel as one of the greatest and best men of his age; and I loved and cultivated him accordingly.
Burke.” 4. To improve by labor, care, or study; to impart culture to; to civilize; to refine. “To cultivate the wild, licentious savage.
Addison.” “The mind of man hath need to be prepared for piety and virtue; it must be cultivated to the end.
Tillotson.” 5. To raise or produce by tillage; to care for while growing; as to cultivate corn or grass.

Cul•ti•va´tion (k?l•t?-v?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cultivation.] 1. The art or act of cultivating; improvement for agricultural purposes or by agricultural processes; tillage; production by tillage. 2. Bestowal of time or attention for self-improvement or for the benefit of others; fostering care. 3. The state of being cultivated; advancement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition; refinement; culture. “Italy … was but imperfectly reduced to cultivation before the irruption of the barbarians.
Hallam.”

Cul´ti•va•tor (k?l´t?-v?•t?r), n. [Cf. F. cultivateur.] 1. One who cultivates; as a cultivator of the soil; a cultivator of literature. Whewell. 2. An agricultural implement used in the tillage of growing crops, to loosen the surface of the earth and kill the weeds; esp., a triangular frame set with small shares, drawn by a horse and by handles. In a broader signification it includes any complex implement for pulverizing or stirring the surface of the soil, as harrows, grubbers, horse hoes, etc. { Cul´trate (k?l´tr?t), Cul´tra•ted (-tr?- t?d), } a. [L. cultratus knife-shaped, fromculter, cultri, knife.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Sharp-edged and pointed; shaped like a pruning knife, as the beak of certain birds.

Cul´tri•form (-tr?-f?rm), a. [L. culter, cultri, knife + -form.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Shaped like a pruning knife; cultrate.

Cul•triv´o•rous (k?l-tr?b´?-r?s), a. [L. culter, cultri, knife + vorare to devour.] Devouring knives; swallowing, or pretending to swallow, knives; — applied to persons who have swallowed, or have seemed to swallow, knives with impunity. Dunglison.

Cul´tur•a•ble (k?l´t?r-?-b’l; 135), a. Capable of, or fit for, being cultivated; capable or becoming cultured. London Spectator.

Cul´tur•al (k?l´t?r-a]/>l), a. Of or pertaining to culture.

Cul´ture (k?l´t?r; 135), n. [F. culture, L. cultura, fr. colere to till, cultivate; of uncertain origin. Cf. Colony.] 1. The act or practice of cultivating, or of preparing the earth for seed and raising crops by tillage; as the culture of the soil. 2. The act of, or any labor or means employed for, training, disciplining, or refining the moral and intellectual nature of man; as the culture of the mind. “If vain our toil
We ought to blame the culture, not the soil.
Pepe.” 3. The state of being cultivated; result of cultivation; physical improvement; enlightenment and discipline acquired by mental and moral training; civilization; refinement in manners and taste. “What the Greeks expressed by their paidei•a, the Romans by their humanitas, we less happily try to express by the more artificial word culture.
J. C. Shairp.” “The list of all the items of the general life of a people represents that whole which we call its culture.
Tylor.” Culture fluid, a fluid in which the germs of microscopic organisms are made to develop, either for purposes of study or as a means of modifying their virulence.

Cul´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cultured (-t?rd; 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Culturing.] To cultivate; to educate. “They came … into places well inhabited and cultured.
Usher.”

Cul´tured (k?l´t?rd), a. 1. Under culture; cultivated. ´Cultured vales.´ Shenstone. 2. Characterized by mental and moral training; disciplined; refined; well-educated. “The sense of beauty in nature, even among cultured people, is less often met with than other mental endowments.
I. Taylor.” “The cunning hand and cultured brain.
Whittier.”

Cul´ture•less, a. Having no culture.

Cul´tur•ist, n. 1. A cultivator. 2. One who is an advocate of culture. “The culturists, by which term I mean not those who esteem culture (as what intelligent man does not) but those its exclusive advocates who recommend it as the panacea for all the ills of humanity, for its effects in cultivating the whole man.
J. C. Shairp”

Cul´tus (k?l´t?s), n. sing. & pl.; E. pl. Cultuses (-z). [L., cultivation, culture. See Cult.] Established or accepted religious rites or usages of worship; state of religious development. Cf. Cult, 2.

Cul´tus cod (k?d•). [Chinook cultus of little worth.] (Zoöl.) See Cod, and Buffalo cod, under Buffalo.

Cul´ver (k?´v?r), n. [AS. culfre, perh. fr. L. columba.] A dove. ´Culver in the falcon’s fist.´ Spenser.

Cul´ver, n. [Abbrev. fr. Culverin.] A culverin. “Falcon and culver on each tower
Stood prompt their deadly hail to shower.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cul´ver•house (-hous•), n. A dovecote.

Cul´ver•in (k?l´v?r-?n), n.[F. coulevrine, prop. fem. of couleuvrin like a serpent, fr. couleuvre adder, fr. L. coluber, colubra.] A long cannon of the 16th century, usually an 18-pounder with serpent-shaped handles. “Trump, and drum, and roaring culverin.
Macaulay.”

Cul´ver•key (-k?•), n. 1. A bunch of the keys or samaras of the ash tree. Wright. 2. An English meadow plant, perhaps the columbine or the bluebell squill (Scilla nutans). [Obs.] “A girl cropping culverkeys and cowslips to make garlands.
Walton.”

Cul´vert (k?l´v?rt), n. [Prob. from OF. coulouere, F. couloir, channel, gutter, gallery, fr. couler to flow. See Cullis.] A transverse drain or waterway of masonry under a road, railroad, canal, etc.; a small bridge.

Cul´ver•tail (k?l´v?r-t?l•), n. (Carp.) Dovetail.

Cul´ver•tailed (-t?ld•), a. United or fastened by a dovetailed joint.

Cu•ma´ce•a (k?-m?´sh?-? or -s?-?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine Crustacea, mostly of small size.

Cum´bent (k?m´bent), a. [Cf. Recumbent, Covey.] Lying down; recumbent. J. Dyer.

Cum´ber (k?m´b?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumbered (-b?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumbering.] [OE. combren, cumbren,OF. combrer to hinder, from LL. cumbrus a heap, fr. L. cumulus; cf. Skr. to increase, grow strong. Cf. Cumulate.] To rest upon as a troublesome or useless weight or load; to be burdensome or oppressive to; to hinder or embarrass in attaining an object, to obstruct or occupy uselessly; to embarrass; to trouble. “Why asks he what avails him not in fight,
And would but cumber and retard his flight?
Dryden.” “Martha was cumbered about much serving.
Luke x. 40.” “Cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground?
Luke xiii. 7.” “The multiplying variety of arguments, especially frivolous ones, … but cumbers the memory.
Locke.”

Cum´ber (k?m´b?r), n. [Cf. encombre hindrance, impediment. See Cuber,v.] Trouble; embarrassment; distress. [Obs.] [Written also comber.] “A place of much distraction and cumber.
Sir H. Wotton.” “Sage counsel in cumber.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cum´ber•some (km´br-sm), a. 1. Burdensome or hindering, as a weight or drag; embarrassing; vexatious; cumbrous. “To perform a cumbersome obedience.
Sir. P. Sidney.” 2. Not easily managed; as a cumbersome contrivance or machine. “He holds them in utter contempt, as lumbering, cumbersome, circuitous.
I. Taylor.” — Cum´ber•some•ly, adv. — Cum´ber•some•ness,n.

Cum´brance (k?m´brans), n. Encumbrance. [Obs.] “Extol not riches then, the toil of fools,
The wise man’s cumbrance, if not snare.
Milton.”

Cum´bri•an (k?m´br?-a]/>n), a. Pertaining to Cumberland, England, or to a system of rocks found there. Cumbrian system (Geol.), the slate or graywacke system of rocks, now included in the Cambrian or Silurian system; — so called because most prominent at Cumberland.

Cum´brous (k?m´br?s), a. 1. Rendering action or motion difficult or toilsome; serving to obstruct or hinder; burdensome; clogging. “He sunk beneath the cumbrous weight.
Swift.” “That cumbrousand unwieldy style which disfigures English composition so extensively.
De Quincey.” 2. Giving trouble; vexatious. [Obs.] “A clud of cumbrous gnats.
Spenser.” — Cum´brous•ly, adv. — Cum´brous•ness, n.

Cu´mene (k?´m?n), n. [From Cumin.] (Chem.) A colorless oily hydrocarbon, C6H5.C3H7, obtained by the distillation of cuminic acid; — called also cumol.

Cum´frey (k?m´fr?), n. (Bot.) See Comfrey.

Cu´mic (k?´m?k), a. (Chem.) See Cuming.

Cu´mi•dine (k?´m?-d?n or -d?n), n. [From Cumin.] (Chem.) A strong, liquid, organic base, C3H7. C6H4.NH2, homologous with aniline.

Cum´in (k?m´?n), n. [OE. comin, AS. cymen, fr. L. cuminum, Gr.; of Semitic origin, cf. Ar. kammn, Heb. kammn; cf. OF. comin, F. cumin. Cf. Kummel.] (Bot.) A dwarf umbelliferous plant, somewhat resembling fennel (Cuminum Cyminum), cultivated for its seeds, which have a bitterish, warm taste, with an aromatic flavor, and are used like those of anise and caraway. [Written also cummin.] “Rank-smelling rue, and cumin good for eyes.
Spenser.” Black cumin (Bot.), a plant (Nigella sativa) with pungent seeds, used by the Afghans, etc.

Cu•min´ic (k?-m?n´?k), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cumin, or from oil of caraway; as cuminic acid. Cuminic acid (Chem.), white crystalline substance, C3H7. C6H4.CO2H, obtained from oil of caraway.

Cu´mi•nil (k?´m?-n?l), n . A substance, analogous to benzil, obtained from oil of caraway.

Cu´mi•nol (-n?l), n. [Cuminic + L. oleum.] A liquid, C3H7.C6H4.CHO, obtained from oil of caraway; — called also cuminic aldehyde.

Cum´min (k?m´m?n), n. Same as Cumin. “Ye pay tithe of mint, and cummin.
Matt. xxiii. 23.”

Cum´shaw (k?m´sha), n. [Chin. kom-tsie.] A present or bonus; — originally applied to that paid on ships which entered the port of Canton. S. Wells Williams.

Cum´shaw, v. t. To give or make a present to.

Cu´mu-cir•ro-stra´tus (k?•m?-s?r•r?-str?´t?s), n. (Meteor.) Nimbus, or rain cloud. See Nimbus, and Cloud.

Cu´mu•late (k?´m?-l?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumulated (-l?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumulating (-l?•t?ng).] [L. cumulatus, p. p. of cumulare to heap up, fr. cumulus a heap. See Cumber.] To gather or throw into a heap; to heap together; to accumulate. “Shoals of shells, bedded and cumulated heap upon heap.
Woodward.”

Cu•mu•la´tion (k?•m?-l?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cumulation.] The act of heaping together; a heap. See Accumulation.

Cu´mu•la•tist (k?´m?-l?-t?st), n. One who accumulates; one who collects. [R.]

Cu´mu•la•tive (k?´m?-l?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. cumulatif.] 1. Composed of parts in a heap; forming a mass; aggregated. ´As for knowledge which man receiveth by teaching, it is cumulative, not original.´ Bacon 2. Augmenting, gaining, or giving force, by successive additions; as a cumulative argument, i. e., one whose force increases as the statement proceeds. “The argument … is in very truth not logical and single, but moral and cumulative.
Trench.” 3. (Law) (a) Tending to prove the same point to which other evidence has been offered; — said of evidence. (b) Given by same testator to the same legatee; — said of a legacy. Bouvier. Wharton. Cumulative action (Med.), that action of certain drugs, by virtue of which they produce, when administered in small doses repeated at considerable intervals, the same effect as if given in a single large dose. — Cumulative poison, a poison the action of which is cumulative. — Cumulative vote or system of voting (Politics), that system which allows to each voter as many votes as there are persons to be voted for, and permits him to accumulate these votes upon one person, or to distribute them among the candidates as he pleases.

Cu´mu•lose (k?´m?-l?s•), a. [From Cumulus.] Full of heaps.

Cu´mu•lo•stra´tus (k?´m?-l?-str?´t?s), n. (Meteor.) A form of cloud. See Cloud.

Cu´mu•lus (k?´m?-l?s), n.; pl. Cumuli (-l). [L., a heap. See Cumber.] (Meteor.) One of the four principal forms of clouds. SeeCloud.

Cun (k?n), v. t. [See Cond.] To con (a ship). [Obs.]

Cun, v. t. [See 1st Con.] To know. See Con. [Obs.]

Cu•nab´u•la (k?-n?b´?-l?), n. pl. [L., a cradle, earliest abode, fr. cunae cradle.] 1. The earliest abode; original dwelling place; originals; as the cunabula of the human race. 2. (Bibliography) The extant copies of the first or earliest printed books, or of such as were printed in the 15th century.

Cunc•ta´tion (k?nk-t?´sh?n), n. [L. cunctatio, fr. cunctari, p. p. cunctatus, to delay.] Delay; procrastination. [R.] Carlyle.

Cunc´ta•tive (k?nk´t?-t?v), a. Slow; tardy; dilatory; causing delay.

Cunc•ta´tor (k?nk-t?´t?r), n. [L., lit., a delayer; — applied as a surname to Q. Fabius Maximus.] One who delays or lingers. [R.]

Cunc•tip´o•tent (k?nk-t?p´?-tent), a. [L. cunctipotens; cunctus all + potens powerful.] All-powerful; omnipotent. [R] ´God cunctipotent.´ Neale (Trans. Rhythm of St. Bernard).

Cund (kund), v. t. [See Cond.] To con (a ship). [Obs.]

Cun•du•ran´go (k?n•d?-r?n´g?), n. (Med.) The bark of a South American vine (Gonolobus Condurango) of the Milkweed family. It has been supposed, but erroneously, to be a cure for cancer. [Written also condurango.]

Cu´ne•al (k?´n?-a]/>l), [L. cuneus a wege. See Coin.] Relating to a wedge; wedge-shaped. { Cu´ne•ate (k?´n?-?t), Cu´ne•a•ted (- ?•tEd), } a. [L. cuneatus, fr. cuneus a wege SeeCoin.] Wedge-shaped; (Bot.), wedge-shaped, with the point at the base; as a cuneate leaf.

Cu•ne•at´ic (k?•n?-?t´?k), a. Cuneiform. ´Cuneatic decipherment.´ Sayce. { Cu•ne´i•form (k?-n?´?-f?rm), Cu´ni•form (k?´n?-f?rm), } a. [L. cuneus a wedge + -form: cf. F. cunei-forme. See Coin.] 1. Wedge-shaped; as a cuneiform bone; — especially applied to the wedge-shaped or arrowheaded characters of ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. See Arrowheaded. 2. Pertaining to, or versed in, the ancient wedge-shaped characters, or the inscriptions in them. ´A cuneiform scholar.´ Rawlinson. { Cu•ne´i•form , Cu´ni•form }, n. 1. The wedge-shaped characters used in ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 2. (Anat.) (a) One of the three tarsal bones supporting the first, second third metatarsals. They are usually designated as external, middle, and internal, or ectocuniform, mesocuniform, and entocuniform, respectively. (b) One of the carpal bones usually articulating with the ulna; — called also pyramidal and ulnare.

Cu•nette´ (ku•net´), n. [F.] (Fort.) A drain trench, in a ditch or moat; — called also cuvette.

Cun´ner (k?n´n?r), n. [Cf. Conner.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small edible fish of the Atlantic coast (Ctenolabrus adspersus); — called also chogset, burgall, blue perch, and bait stealer. [Written also conner.] (b) A small shellfish; the limpet or patella.

Cun´ning (kun´ning), a. [AS. cunnan to know, to be able. See 1st Con, Can.] 1. Knowing; skillful; dexterous. ´A cunning workman.´ Ex. xxxviii. 23. “´Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white
Nature’s own sweet and cunning hand laid on.
Shak.” “Esau was a cunning hunter.
Gen xxv. 27.” 2. Wrought with, or exhibiting, skill or ingenuity; ingenious; curious; as cunning work. “Over them Arachne high did lift” “Her cunning web.
Spenser.” 3. Crafty; sly; artful; designing; deceitful. “They are resolved to be cunning; let others run the hazard of being sincere.
South.” 4. Pretty or pleasing; as a cunning little boy. [Colloq. U.S.] Barlett. Syn. — Cunning, Artful, Sly, Wily, Crafty. — These epithets agree in expressing an aptitude for attaining some end by peculiar and secret means. Cunning is usually low; as a cunning trick. Artful is more ingenious and inventive; as an artful device. Sly implies a turn for what is double or concealed; as sly humor; a sly evasion. Crafty denotes a talent for dexterously deceiving; as a crafty manager. Wily describes a talent for the use of stratagems; as a wily politician. ´Acunning man often shows his dexterity in simply concealing. An artful man goes further, and exerts his ingenuity in misleading. A crafty man mingles cunning with art, and so shapes his actions as to lull suspicions. The young may be cunning, but the experienced only can be crafty. Slyness is a vulgar kind of cunning; the sly man goes cautiously and silently to work. Wiliness is a species of cunning or craft applicable only to cases of attack and defense.´ Crabb.

Cun´ning, n. [AS. cunnung trial, or Icel. kunnandi knowledge. See Cunning, a.] 1. Knowledge; art; skill; dexterity. [Archaic] “Let my right hand forget her cunning.
Ps. cxxxvii. 5.” “A carpenter’s desert
Stands more in cunning than in power.
Chapman.” 2. The faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose; fraudulent skill or dexterity; deceit; craft. “Discourage cunning in a child; cunning is the ape of wisdom.
Locke.” “We take cunning for a sinister or crooked wisdom.
Bacon.”

Cun´ning•ly (k?n´n?ng-l?), adv. In a cunning manner; with cunning.

Cun´ning•man (-m?n•), n. A fortune teller; one who pretends to reveal mysteries. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Cun´ning•ness, n. Quality of being cunning; craft.

Cup (kup), n. [AS. cuppe, LL. cuppa cup; cf. L. cupa tub, cask; cf. also Gr. ky•ph hut, Skr. kupa pit, hollow, OSlav. kupa cup. Cf. Coop, Cupola, Cowl a water vessel, and Cob, Coif, Cop.] 1. A small vessel, used commonly to drink from; as a tin cup, a silver cup, a wine cup; especially, in modern times, the pottery or porcelain vessel, commonly with a handle, used with a saucer in drinking tea, coffee, and the like. 2. The contents of such a vessel; a cupful. “Give me a cup of sack, boy.
Shak.” 3. pl. Repeated potations; social or excessive indulgence in intoxicating drinks; revelry. “Thence from cups to civil broils.
Milton.” 4. That which is to be received or indured; that which is allotted to one; a portion. “O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me.
Matt. xxvi. 39.” 5. Anything shaped like a cup; as the cup of an acorn, or of a flower. “The cowslip’s golden cup no more I see.
Shenstone.” 6. (Med.) A cupping glass or other vessel or instrument used to produce the vacuum in cupping. Cup and ball, a familiar toy of children, having a cup on the top of a piece of wood to which, a ball is attached by a cord; the ball, being thrown up, is to be caught in the cup; bilboquet. Milman. — Cup and can, familiar companions. — Dry cup, Wet cup (Med.), a cup used for dry or wet cupping. See under Cupping. — To be in one’s cups, to be drunk.

Cup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupped (kupt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupping.] 1. To supply with cups of wine. [R.] “Cup us, till the world go round.
Shak.” 2. (Surg.) To apply a cupping apparatus to; to subject to the operation of cupping. See Cupping. 3. (Mech.) To make concave or in the form of a cup; as to cup the end of a screw.

Cup´bear•er (-bâr•er), n. 1. One whose office it is to fill and hand the cups at an entertainment. 2. (Antiq.) One of the attendants of a prince or noble, permanently charged with the performance of this office for his master. ´I was the king’s cupbearer.´ Neh. i. 11.

Cup´board (kub´berd), n. [Cup + board.] 1. A board or shelf for cups and dishes. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A small closet in a room, with shelves to receive cups, dishes, food, etc.; hence, any small closet. Cupboard love, interested love, or that which has an eye to the cupboard. ´A cupboard love is seldom true.´ Poor Robin. [Colloq.] — To cry cupboard, to call for food; to express hunger. [Colloq.] ´My stomach cries cupboard.´ W. Irving.

Cup´board, v. t. To collect, as into a cupboard; to hoard. [R.] Shak.

Cu´pel (ku´pel), n. [LL. cupella cup (cf. L. cupella, small cask, dim. of cupa) : cf. F. coupelle. See Cup, and cf. Coblet.] A shallow porous cup, used in refining precious metals, commonly made of bone ashes (phosphate of lime). [Written also coppel.] Cupel dust, powder used in purifying metals.

Cu•pel´ (ku•pel´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupelled (-p?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupelling.] To refine by means of a cupel.

Cu•pel•la´tion (ku•pel•la´shun) n. [See Cupel.] The act or process of refining gold or silver, etc., in a cupel. The process consist in exposing the cupel containing the metal to be assayed or refined to a hot blast, by which the lead, copper, tin, etc., are oxidized, dissolved, and carried down into the porous cupel, leaving the unoxidizable precious metal. If lead is not already present in the alloy it must be added before cupellation.

Cup´ful (k?p´f?l), n.; pl. Cupfuls (-flz). As much as a cup will hold.

Cup´-gall (-g?l•), n. A kind of oak-leaf gall. See Gall.

Cu´pid (k?´p?d), n . [L. Cupido, fr. cupido desire, desire of love, fr. cupidus. See Cupidity.] (Rom. Myth.) The god of love, son of Venus; usually represented as a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow. “Pretty dimpled boys, like smiling cupids.
Shak.”

Cu•pid´i•ty (k?-p?d´?-t?), n. [F. cupidite, L. cupiditas, fr. cupidus longing, desiring, fr. cupere to long for, desire. See Covet.] 1. A passionate desire; love. [Obs.] 2. Eager or inordinate desire, especially for wealth; greed of gain; avarice; covetousness. “With the feelings of political distrust were mingled those of cupidity and envy, as the Spaniard saw the fairest provinces of the south still in the hands of the accursed race of Ishmael.
Prescott.”

Cup´-moss (k?p´m?s•; 115), n. (Bot.) A kind of lichen, of the genus Cladonia.

Cu´po•la (k?´p?-l?), n.; pl. Cupolas (-lz). [It. cupola, LL. cupula, cuppula (cf. L. cupula little tub). fr. cupa, cuppa, cup; cf. L. cupa tub. So called on account of its resemblance to a cup turned over. See Cup, and cf. Cupule.] 1. (Arch.) A roof having a rounded form, hemispherical or nearly so; also a ceiling having the same form. When on a large scale it is usually called dome. 2. A small structure standing on the top of a dome; a lantern. 3. A furnace for melting iron or other metals in large quantity, — used chiefly in foundries and steel works. 4. A revolving shot-proof turret for heavy ordnance. 5. (Anat.) The top of the spire of the cochlea of the ear.

Cup´per (kup´per), n. [Fropm cup.] One who performs the operation of cupping.

Cup´ping (k?p´p?ng), n. (Med.) The operation of drawing blood to or from the surface of the person by forming a partial vacuum over the spot. also sometimes, a similar operation for drawing pus from an abscess. Cupping glass, a glass cup in which a partial vacuum is produced by heat, in the process of cupping. — Dry cupping, the application of a cupping instrument without scarification, to draw blood to the surface, produce counter irritation, etc. — Wet cupping, the operation of drawing blood by the application of a cupping instrument after scarification.

Cu´pre•ous (k?´pr?-?s), a. [L. cupreus, fr. cuprum.] Consisting of copper or resembling copper; coppery.

Cu´pric (k?´pr?k), a. [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; — said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its lowest proportion.

Cu•prif´er•ous (k?-pr?f´?r-?s), a. [Cuprum + -ferous.] Containing copper; as cupriferous silver.

Cu´prite (k?´pr?t), n. (Min.) The red oxide of copper; red copper; an important ore of copper, occurring massive and in isometric crystals.

Cu´proid (k?´proid), n. [Cuprum + -oid.] (Crystalloq.) A solid related to a tetrahedron, and contained under twelve equal triangles.

Cup´-rose (k?p´r?z), n. Red poppy. See Cop-rose.

Cu´prous (k?´pr?s), a. [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; — said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its highest proportion.

Cu´prum (k?´pr?m), n. [L.] (Chem.) Copper.

Cu´pu•late (k?´p?-l?t), a. Having or bearing cupules; cupuliferous.

Cu´pule (k?´p?l), n. [See Cupola.] 1. (Bot.) A cuplet or little cup, as of the acorn; the husk or bur of the filbert, chestnut, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) A sucker or acetabulum.

Cu•pu•lif´er•ous (k?•p?-l?f´?r-?s), a. [Cupule + -ferous: cf. F. cupulifère.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the oak and the chestnut are examples, — trees bearing a smooth, solid nut inclosed in some kind of cup or bur; bearing, or furnished with, a cupule.

Cur (kûr), n. [OE. curre, kur; cf. dial. Sw. kurre dog, OD. korre watchdog, and Icel. kurra to murmur, grumble, Sw. kurra to rumble, croak, Dan. kurre to coo, whirr; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A mongrel or inferior dog. “They … like to village curs,
Bark when their fellows do.
Shak.” 2. A worthless, snarling fellow; — used in contempt. “What would you have, you curs,
That like nor peace nor war?
Shak.”

Cur•a•bil´i•ty (k?r•?-b?l´?-t?), n. The state of being curable; curableness.

Cur´a•ble (k?r´?-b’l), a. [Cf. F. curable. See Cure, v. t.] Capable of being cured; admitting remedy. ´Curable diseases.´ Harvey. — Cur´a•ble•ness, n. — Cur•a•bly, adv. { Cu•ra•çao´ , Cu•ra•çoa´ } (k??•r?-s?´), n. A liqueur, or cordial, flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace; — first made at the island of Curaçcao.

Cu´ra•cy (k?´r?-s?), n.; pl. Curacies (-sz). [See Cure, Curate.] The office or employment of a curate. { Cu•ra´re , Cu•ra´ri } (k?-r?´r?), n. [Native name. Cf. Wourall.] A black resinoid extract prepared by the South American Indians from the bark of several species of Strychnos (S. toxifera, etc.). It sometimes has little effect when taken internally, but is quickly fatal when introduced into the blood, and used by the Indians as an arrow poison. [Written also urari, woorali, woorari, etc.]

Cu´ra•rine (k?´r?-r?n or k?-r?´r?n; 104), n. (Chem.) A deadly alkaloid extracted from the curare poison and from the Strychnos toxifera. It is obtained in crystalline colorless salts.

Cu´ra•rize (-r?z), v. t. To poison with curare.

Cu•ras´sow (k?-r?s´s?), n. [Native name in Brazil.] (Zool.) A large gallinaceous bird of the American genera Crax, Ourax, etc., of the family Cracidae. The crested curassow (Crax alector) is black, and about the size of a small hen-turkey, with an erectile crest of curled feathers. It ranges from Mexico to Brazil. The galeated curassow or cushew bird (Ourax Pauxi) is similar in size, and has a large, hollow, blue, pear-shaped protuberance on the head.

Cu´rat (k?´r?t), n. [SeeCuirass.] A cuirass or breastplate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cu´rate (k?´r?t), n. [LL. curatus, prop., one who is charged with the care (L. cura) of souls. See Cure, n., and cf. Cure] One who has the cure of souls; originally, any clergyman, but now usually limited to one who assists a rector or vicar. Hook. “All this the good old man performed alone,
He spared no pains, for curate he had none.
Dryden.”

Cu´rate•ship, n. A curacy.

Cu•ra´tion (k?-r?´sh?n), n. [Cf. OF. curacion.] Cure; healing. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cur´a•tive (k?r´?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. curatif. See Cure, v. t.] Relating to, or employed in, the cure of diseases; tending to cure. Arbuthnot.

Cu•ra´tor (k?-r?´t?r). n. [L., fr. curare to take care of, fr. cura care.] 1. One who has the care and superintendence of anything, as of a museum; a custodian; a keeper. 2. One appointed to act as guardian of the estate of a person not legally competent to manage it, or of an absentee; a trustee; a guardian.

Cu•ra´tor•ship, n. The office of a curator.

Cu•ra´trix (-tr?ks), n. [L.] 1. A woman who cures. 2. A woman who is a guardian or custodian. Burrill.

Curb (k?rb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curbed (k?rbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curbing.] [F. courber to bend, curve, L. curvare, fr. curvus bent, curved; cf. Gr. curved. Cf. Curve.] 1. To bend or curve [Obs.] “Crooked and curbed lines.
Holland.” 2. To guide and manage, or restrain, as with a curb; to bend to one’s will; to subject; to subdue; to restrain; to confine; to keep in check. “Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed.
Milton.” “Where pinching want must curbthy warm desires.
Prior.” 3. To furnish wich a curb, as a well; also to restrain by a curb, as a bank of earth.

Curb, v. i. To bend; to crouch; to cringe. [Obs.] “Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
Yea, curb and woo for leave to do him good.
Shak.”

Curb, n. 1. That which curbs, restrains, or subdues; a check or hindrance; esp., a chain or strap attached to the upper part of the branches of a bit, and capable of being drawn tightly against the lower jaw of the horse. “He that before ran in the pastures wild
Felt the stiff curb control his angry jaws.
Drayton.” “By these men, religion,that should be
The curb, is made the spur of tyranny.
Denham.” 2. (Arch.) An assemblage of three or more pieces of timber, or a metal member, forming a frame around an opening, and serving to maintain the integrity of that opening; also a ring of stone serving a similar purpose, as at the eye of a dome. 3. A frame or wall round the mouth of a well; also a frame within a well to prevent the earth caving in. 4. A curbstone. 5. (Far.) A swelling on the back part of the hind leg of a horse, just behind the lowest part of the hock joint, generally causing lameness. James Law. Curb bit, a stiff bit having branches by which a leverage is obtained upon the jaws of horse. Knight. — Curb pins (Horology), the pins on the regulator which restrain the hairspring. — Curb plate (Arch.), a plate serving the purpose of a curb. — Deck curb. See under Deck.

Curb´less, a. Having no curb or restraint.

Curb´ roof (r??f•). A roof having a double slope, or composed, on each side, of two parts which have unequal inclination; a gambrel roof.

Curb´stone (kûrb´ston•), n. A stone set along a margin as a limit and protection, as along the edge of a sidewalk next the roadway; an edge stone. Curbstone broker. See under Broker.

Curch (k??rch), n. See Courche.

Cur•cu´li•o (k?r-r?´l?-?), n.; pl. Curculios (-z). [L., a grain weevil.] (Zoöl.) One of a large group of beetles (Rhynchophora) of many genera; — called also weevils, snout beetles, billbeetles, and billbugs. Many of the species are very destructive, as the plum curculio, the corn, grain, and rice weevils, etc.

Cur•cu•li•on´i•dous (k?r•-k?-l?-?n´?-d?s), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Curculionideae, or weevil tribe.

Cur´cu•ma (k?r´k?-m?), n. [Cf. F., It., & Sp. curcuma; all fr. Ar. kurkum. Cf. Turmeric.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Scitamineae, including the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa). Curcuma paper. (Chem.) See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric.

Cur´cu•min (-m?n), n. (Chem.) The coloring principle of turmeric, or curcuma root, extracted as an orange yellow crystalline substance, C14H14O4, with a green fluorescence. It possesses acid properties and with alkalies forms brownish salts. This change in color from yellow to brown is the characteristic reaction of tumeric paper. See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric.

Curd (kûrd), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. gruth, Ir, gruth, cruth, curd, cruthaim I milk.] [Sometimes written crud.] 1. The coagulated or thickened part of milk, as distinguished from the whey, or watery part. It is eaten as food, especially when made into cheese. “Curds and cream, the flower of country fare.
Dryden.” 2. The coagulated part of any liquid. 3. The edible flower head of certain brassicaceous plants, as the broccoli and cauliflower. “Broccoli should be cut while the curd, as the flowering mass is termed, is entire.
R. Thompson.” “Cauliflowers should be cut for use while the head, or curd, is still close and compact.
F. Burr.”

Curd (k?rd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curded; p. pr. & vb. n. Curding.] To cause to coagulate or thicken; to cause to congeal; to curdle. “Does it curd thy blood
To say I am thy mother?
Shak.”

Curd, v. i. To become coagulated or thickened; to separate into curds and whey Shak.

Curd´i•ness (-?-n?s), n. The state of being curdy.

Cur´dle (k?r´d’l), v. i. [From Curd.] [Sometimes written crudle and cruddle.] 1. To change into curd; to coagulate; as rennet causes milk to curdle. Thomson. 2. To thicken; to congeal. “Then Mary could feel her heart’s blood curdle cold.
Southey.”

Cur´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curdled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Curdling (-dl?ng).] 1. To change into curd; to cause to coagulate. ´To curdle whites of eggs´ Boyle. 2. To congeal or thicken. “My chill blood is curdled in my veins.
Dryden.”

Curd´less (k?rd´l?s), a. Destitute of curd.

Curd´y (k?rd´?), a. Like curd; full of curd; coagulated. ´A curdy mass.´ Arbuthnot.

Cure> (kur), n. [OF, cure care, F., also cure, healing, cure of souls, L. cura care, medical attendance, cure; perh. akin to cavere to pay heed, E. cution. Cure is not related to care.] 1. Care, heed, or attention. [Obs.] “Of study took he most cure and most heed.
Chaucer.” “Vicarages of greatcure, but small value.
Fuller.” 2. Spiritual charge; care of soul; the office of a parish priest or of a curate; hence, that which is committed to the charge of a parish priest or of a curate; a curacy; as to resign a cure; to obtain a cure. “The appropriator was the incumbent parson, and had the cure of the souls of the parishioners.
Spelman.” 3. Medical or hygienic care; remedial treatment of disease; a method of medical treatment; as to use the water cure. 4. Act of healing or state of being healed; restoration to health from disease, or to soundness after injury. “Past hope! pastcure! past help.
Shak.” “I do cures to-day and to-morrow.
Luke xii. 32.” 5. Means of the removal of disease or evil; that which heals; a remedy; a restorative. “Cold, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure.
Dryden.” “The proper cure of such prejudices.
Bp. Hurd.”

Cure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cured (kurd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curing.] [OF. curer to take care, to heal, F., only, to cleanse, L. curare to take care, to heal, fr. cura. See Cure,.] 1. To heal; to restore to health, soundness, or sanity; to make well; — said of a patient. “The child was cured from that very hour.
Matt. xvii. 18.” 2. To subdue or remove by remedial means; to remedy; to remove; to heal; — said of a malady. “To cure this deadly grief.
Shak.” “Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power … to cure diseases.
Luke ix. 1.” 3. To set free from (something injurious or blameworthy), as from a bad habit. “I never knew any man cured of inattention.
Swift.” 4. To prepare for preservation or permanent keeping; to preserve, as by drying, salting, etc.; as to cure beef or fish; to cure hay.

Cure, v. i. 1. To pay heed; to care; to give attention. [Obs.] 2. To restore health; to effect a cure. “Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles’ spear,
Is able with the change to kill and cure.
Shak.” 3. To become healed. “One desperate grief cures with another’s languish.
Shak.”

Cu•re´ (ku•ra´), n. [F., fr. LL. curatus. See Curate.] A curate; a pardon.

Cure´•all (k?r´?l•), n. A remedy for all diseases, or for all ills; a panacea.

Cure´less, a. Incapable of cure; incurable. “With patience undergo
A cureless ill, since fate will have it so.
Dryden.”

Cur´er (-?r), n. 1. One who cures; a healer; a physician. 2. One who prepares beef, fish, etc., for preservation by drying, salting, smoking, etc.

Cu•rette´ (ku•ret´), n.[F., fr. curer to cleanse.] (Med.) A scoop or ring with either a blunt or a cutting edge, for removing substances from the walls of a cavity, as from the eye, ear, or womb.

Cur´few (kûr´fu), n. [OE. courfew, curfu, fr. OF. cuevrefu, covrefeu, F. couvre-feu; covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus fireplace, hearth. See Cover, and Focus.] 1. The ringing of an evening bell, originally a signal to the inhabitants to cover fires, extinguish lights, and retire to rest, — instituted by William the Conqueror; also the bell itself. “He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock.
Shak.” “The village curfew, as it tolled profound.
Campbell.” 2. A utensil for covering the fire. [Obs.] “For pans, pots, curfews, counters and the like.
Bacon.”

Cu´ri•a (k?´r?-?), n.; pl. Curle (-). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) One of the thirty parts into which the Roman people were divided by Romulus. (b) The place of assembly of one of these divisions. (c) The place where the meetings of the senate were held; the senate house. 2. (Middle Ages) The court of a sovereign or of a feudal lord; also; his residence or his household. Burrill. 3. (Law) Any court of justice. 4. The Roman See in its temporal aspects, including all the machinery of administration; — called also curia Romana.

Cu´ri•a•lism (ku´ri•a•li?z’m), n. The view or doctrine of the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Gladstone.

Cu´ri•a•list (k?´r?-?-l?st), n. One who belongs to the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Shipley.

Cu•ri•a•lis´tic (-l?s´t?k), a. [L. curialis belonging to the imperial court, fr. curia, LL., also counselors and retinue of a king.] 1. Pertaining to a court. 2. Relating or belonging to the ultramontane party in the Latin Church.

Cu•ri•al´i•ty (-?l´?-t?), n. [Cf. LL. curialitas courtesy, fr. curialis.] The privileges, prerogatives, or retinue of a court. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cu´ri•et (k?´r?-?t), n. A cuirass. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cur´ing (k?r´?ng), p. a. & vb. n. of Cure. Curing house, a building in which anything is cured; especially, in the West Indies, a building in which sugar is drained and dried.

Cu´ri•o (k?´r?-?), n.; pl. Curios (-z). [Abbreviation of curiosity.] Any curiosity or article of virtu. “The busy world, which does not hunt poets as collectors hunt for curios.
F. Harrison.”

Cu•ri•o•log´ic (-?-l?j´?k), a. [Gr. kyriologiko•s speaking literally (applied to curiologic hieroglyphics); ky•rios authoritative, proper + lo•gos word, thought. Cf. Cyriologic.] Pertaining to a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which a thing is represented by its picture instead of by a symbol.

Cu•ri•os´i•ty (ku•ri•os´i•ty), n.; pl. Curiosities (- tiz). [OE. curiouste, curiosite, OF. curiosete, curiosite, F. curiosite, fr. L. curiositas, fr. curiosus. See Curious, and cf. Curio.] 1. The state or quality or being curious; nicety; accuracy; exactness; elaboration. [Obs.] Bacon. “When thou wast in thy gilt and thy perfume, they mocked thee for too much curiosity.
Shak.” “A screen accurately cut in tapiary work … with great curiosity.
Evelin.” 2. Disposition to inquire, investigate, or seek after knowledge; a desire to gratify the mind with new information or objects of interest; inquisitiveness. Milton. 3. That which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. “We took a ramble together to see the curiosities of this great town.
Addison.” “There hath been practiced also a curiosity, to set a tree upon the north side of a wall, and, at a little hieght, to draw it through the wall, etc.
Bacon.”

Cu•ri•o´so (k??•r?-?´z? or k?•r?-?´s?), n.; pl. Curiosos (- zz or -sz). [It. See Curious.] A virtuoso.

Cu´ri•ous (k?´r?-?s), a. [OF. curios, curius, F. curieux, L. curiosus careful, inquisitive, fr. cura care. See Cure.] 1. Difficult to please or satisfy; solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; nice; exact. [Obs.] “Little curious in her clothes.
Fuller.” “How shall we,
If he be curious, work upon his faith?
Beau. & Fl.” 2. Exhibiting care or nicety; artfully constructed; elaborate; wrought with elegance or skill. “To devise curious works.
Ex. xxxv. 32” “His body couched in a curious bed.
Shak.” 3. Careful or anxious to learn; eager for knowledge; given to research or inquiry; habitually inquisitive; prying; — sometimes with after or of. “It is a pity a gentleman so very curious after things that were elegant and beautiful should not have been as curious as to their origin, their uses, and their natural history.
Woodward.” 4. Exciting attention or inquiry; awakening surprise; inviting and rewarding inquisitiveness; not simple or plain; strange; rare. ´Acurious tale´ Shak. “A multitude of curious analogies.
Macaulay.” “Many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore.
E. A. Poe.” “Abstruse investigations in recondite branches of learning or sciense often bring to light curious results.
C. J. Smith.” Curious arts, magic. [Obs.] “Many … which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them.
Acts xix. 19.” Syn. — Inquisitive; prying. See Inquisitive.

Cu´ri•ous•ly, adv. In a curious manner.

Cu´ri•ous•ness, n. 1. Carefulness; painstaking. [Obs.] “My father’s care
With curiousness and cost did train me up.
Massinger.” 2. The state of being curious; exactness of workmanship; ingenuity of contrivance. 3. Inquisitiveness; curiosity.

Curl (kûrl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curled (kûrld); p. pr. & vb. n. Curling.] [Akin to D. krullen, Dan. krölle, dial. Sw. krulla to curl, crisp; possibly akin to E. crook. Cf. Curl, n., Cruller.] 1. To twist or form into ringlets; to crisp, as the hair. “But curl their locks with bodkins and with braid.
Cascoigne.” 2. To twist or make onto coils, as a serpent’s body. “Of his tortuous train,
Curled many a wanton wreath in sight of Eve.
Milton.” 3. To deck with, or as with, curls; to ornament. “Thicker than the snaky locks
That curledMegaera.
Milton.” “Curling with metaphors a plain intention.
Herbert.” 4. To raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. “Seas would be pools without the brushing air
To curl the waves.
Dryden.” 5. (Hat Making) To shape (the brim) into a curve.

Curl, v. i. 1. To contract or bend into curls or ringlets, as hair; to grow in curls or spirals, as a vine; to be crinkled or contorted; to have a curly appearance; as leaves lie curled on the ground. “Thou seest it [hair] will not curl by nature.
Shak.” 2. To move in curves, spirals, or undulations; to contract in curving outlines; to bend in a curved form; to make a curl or curls. ´Cirling billows.´ Dryden. “Then round her slender waist he curled.
Dryden.” “Curling smokes from village tops are seen.
Pope.” “Gayly curl the waves before each dashing prow.
Byron.” “He smiled a king of sickly smile, and curled up on the floor.
Bret Harte.” 3. To play at the game called curling. [Scot.]

Curl (kûrl), n. [Akin to D. krul, Dan. krölle. See Curl, v. ] 1. A ringlet, especially of hair; anything of a spiral or winding form. “Under a coronet, his flowing hair
In curls on either cheek played.
Milton.” 2. An undulating or waving line or streak in any substance, as wood, glass, etc.; flexure; sinuosity. “If the glass of the prisms … be without those numberless waves or curls which usually arise from the sand holes.
Sir I. Newton.” 3. A disease in potatoes, in which the leaves, at their first appearance, seem curled and shrunken. Blue curls. (Bot.) See under Blue.

Curled (kûrld), a. Having curls; curly; sinuous; wavy; as curled maple (maple having fibers which take a sinuous course). Curled hair (Com.), the hair of the manes and tails of horses, prepared for upholstery purposes. McElrath.

Curl´ed•ness, n. State of being curled; curliness.

Curl´er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, curls. 2. A player at the game called curling. Burns.

Cur´lew (kûr´lu), n. [F. courlieu, corlieu, courlis; perh. of imitative origin, but cf. OF. corlieus courier; L. currere to run + levis light.] (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Numenius, remarkable for its long, slender, curved bill. The common European curlew is N. arquatus. The long-billed (N. longirostris), the Hudsonian (N. Hudsonicus), and the Eskimo curlew (N. borealis, are American species. The name is said to imitate the note of the European species. Curlew Jack (Zoöl.) the whimbrel or lesser curlew. — Curlew sandpiper (Zoöl.), a sandpiper (Tringa ferruginea, or subarquata), common in Europe, rare in America, resembling a curlew in having a long, curved bill. See Illustation in Appendix.

Curl´i•ness (k?rl´?-n?s), n. State of being curly.

Curl´ing, n. 1. The act or state of that which curls; as the curling of smoke when it rises; the curling of a ringlet; also the act or process of one who curls something, as hair, or the brim of hats. 2. A scottish game in which heavy weights of stone or iron are propelled by hand over the ice towards a mark. “Curling … is an amusement of the winter, and played on the ice, by sliding from one mark to another great stones of 40 to 70 pounds weight, of a hemispherical form, with an iron or wooden handle at top. The object of the player is to lay his stone as near to the mark as possible, to guard that of his partner, which has been well laid before, or to strike off that of his antagonist.
Pennant (Tour in Scotland. 1772).” Curling irons, Curling tong, an instrument for curling the hair; — commonly heated when used.

Curl´ing•ly, adv. With a curl, or curls.

Curl´y (k?rl´?), a. Curling or tending to curl; having curls; full of ripples; crinkled.

Curl´y•cue (k?rl´?-k?), n. [Cf. F. caracole.] Some thing curled or spiral,, as a flourish made with a pen on paper, or with skates on the ice; a trick; a frolicsome caper. [Sometimes written carlicue.] [ Colloq. U.S.] To cut a curlycue, to make a flourish; to cut a caper. “I gave a flourishing about the room and cut a curlycue with my right foot.
McClintock.”

Cur•mudg´eon (k?r-m?j´?n), n. [OE. cornmudgin, where -mudgin is prob. from OF. muchier, mucier, F. musser to hide; of uncertain origin; cf. OE. muchares skulking thieves, E. miche, micher.] An avaricious, grasping fellow; a miser; a niggard; a churl. “A gray-headed curmudgeon of a negro.
W. Irving.”

Cur•mudg´eon•ly, a. Like a curmudgeon; niggardly; churlish; as a curmudgeonly fellow.

Cur•mur´ring (k?r-m?r´r?ng), n. Murmuring; grumbling; — sometimes applied to the rumbling produced by a slight attack of the gripes. [Scot.] Burns.

Curr (k?r), v. i. [Prob. imitative.] To coo. [Scot.] “The owlets hoot, the owlets curr.
Wordsworth.”

Cur´rant (k?r´rant), n. [F. corinthe (raisins de Corinthe raisins of Corinth) currant (in sense 1), from the city of Corinth in Greece, whence, probably, the small dried grape (1) was first imported, the Ribes fruit (2) receiving the name from its resemblance to that grape.] 1. A small kind of seedless raisin, imported from the Levant, chiefly from Zante and Cephalonia; — used in cookery. 2. The acid fruit or berry of the Ribes rubrum or common red currant, or of its variety, the white currant. 3. (Bot.) A shrub or bush of several species of the genus Ribes (a genus also including the gooseberry); esp., the Ribes rubrum. Black currant,a shrub or bush (Ribes nigrum and R. floridum) and its black, strong- flavored, tonic fruit. — Cherry currant, a variety of the red currant, having a strong, symmetrical bush and a very large berry. — Currant borer (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect that bores into the pith and kills currant bushes; specif., the larvae of a small clearwing moth (AEgeria tipuliformis) and a longicorn beetle (Psenocerus supernotatus). — Currant worm (Zoöl.), an insect larva which eats the leaves or fruit of the currant. The most injurious are the currant sawfly (Nematus ventricosus), introduced from Europe, and the spanworm (Eufitchia ribearia). The fruit worms are the larva of a fly (Epochra Canadensis), and a spanworm (Eupithecia). — Flowering currant, Missouri currant, a species of Ribes (R. aureum), having showy yellow flowers.

Cur´ren•cy (k?r´r?n-c?), n.; pl. Currencies (-sz). [Cf. LL. currentia a current, fr. L. currens, p. pr. of currere to run. See Current.] 1. A continued or uninterrupted course or flow like that of a stream; as the currency of time. [Obs.] Ayliffe. 2. The state or quality of being current; general acceptance or reception; a passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulation; as a report has had a long or general currency; the currency of bank notes. 3. That which is in circulation, or is given and taken as having or representing value; as the currency of a country; a specie currency; esp., government or bank notes circulating as a substitute for metallic money. 4. Fluency; readiness of utterance. [Obs.] 5. Current value; general estimation; the rate at which anything is generally valued. “He … takes greatness of kingdoms according to their bulk and currency, and not after intrinsic value.
Bacon.” “The bare name of Englishman … too often gave a transient currency to the worthless and ungrateful.
W. Irving.”

Cur´rent (k?r´rent), a. [OE. currant, OF. curant, corant, p. pr. of curre, corre, F. courre, courir, to run, from L. currere; perh. akin to E. horse. Cf. Course, Concur, Courant, Coranto.] 1. Running or moving rapidly. [Archaic] “Like the current fire, that renneth
Upon a cord.
Gower.” “To chase a creature that was current then
In these wild woods, the hart with golden horns.
Tennyson.” 2. Now passing, as time; as the current month. 3. Passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulating through the community; generally received; common; as a current coin; a current report; current history. “That there was current money in Abraham’s time is past doubt.
Arbuthnot.” “Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current.
Shak.” “His current value, which is less or more as men have occasion for him.
Grew.” 4. Commonly estimated or acknowledged. 5. Fitted for general acceptance or circulation; authentic; passable. “O Buckingham, now do I play the touch
To try if thou be current gold indeed.
Shak.” Account current. See under Account. — Current money, lawful money. Abbott.

Cur´rent, n. [Cf. F. courant. See Current, a. ] 1. A flowing or passing; onward motion. Hence: A body of fluid moving continuously in a certain direction; a stream; esp., the swiftest part of it; as a current of water or of air; that which resembles a stream in motion; as a current of electricity. “Two such silver currents, when they join,
Do glorify the banks that bound them in.
Shak.” “The surface of the ocean is furrowed by currents, whose direction … the navigator should know.
Nichol.” 2. General course; ordinary procedure; progressive and connected movement; as the current of time, of events, of opinion, etc. Current meter, an instrument for measuring the velocity, force, etc., of currents. — Current mill, a mill driven by a current wheel. — Current wheel, a wheel dipping into the water and driven by the current of a stream or by the ebb and flow of the tide. Syn. — Stream; course. See Stream.

Cur´rent•ly, adv. In a current manner; generally; commonly; as it is currently believed.

Cur´rent•ness, n. 1. The quality of being current; currency; circulation; general reception. 2. Easiness of pronunciation; fluency. [Obs.] “When currentness [combineth] with staidness, how can the language … sound other than most full of sweetness?
Camden.”

Cur´ri•cle (k?r´r?-k’l), n. [L. curriculum a running, a race course, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Curriculum.] 1. A small or short course. “Upon a curricle in this world depends a long course of the next.
Sir T. Browne.” 2. A two-wheeled chaise drawn by two horses abreast.

Cur•ric´u•lum (k?r-r?k´?-l?m), n.; pl. E. Curriculums (-lmz), L. Curricula (-l). [L. See Curricle.] 1. A race course; a place for running. 2. A course; particularly, a specified fixed course of study, as in a university.

Cur´rie (k?r´r?), n. & v. See 2d & 3d Curry.

Cur´ried (-rd), p. a. [See Curry, v. t., and Curry, n.] 1. Dressed by currying; cleaned; prepared. 2. Prepared with curry; as curried rice, fowl, etc.

Cur´ri•er (k?´r?-?r), n. [From 1st Curry.] One who curries and dresses leather, after it is tanned.

Cur´rish (k?r´r?sh), a. [From Cur.] Having the qualities, or exhibiting the characteristics, of a cur; snarling; quarrelsome; snappish; churlish; hence, also malicious; malignant; brutal. “Thy currish spirit
Governed a wolf.
Shak.” “Some currish plot, — some trick.
Lockhart.” — Cur´rish•ly, adv. — Cur´rish•ness, n.

Cur´ry (k?r´r?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curried (-r?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Currying.] [OE. curraien, curreien, OF. cunreer, correier, to prepare, arrange, furnish, curry (a horse), F. corroyer to curry (leather) (cf. OF. conrei, conroi, order, arrangement, LL. conredium); cor- (L. com-) + roi, rei, arrangement, order; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. ready. See Ready, Greith, and cf. Corody, Array.] 1. To dress or prepare for use by a process of scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring; — said of leather. 2. To dress the hair or coat of (a horse, ox, or the like) with a currycomb and brush; to comb, as a horse, in order to make clean. “Your short horse is soon curried.
Beau. & FL.” 3. To beat or bruise; to drub; — said of persons. “I have seen him curry a fellow’s carcass handsomely.
Beau. & FL.” To curry favor, to seek to gain favor by flattery or attentions. See Favor, n.

Cur´ry, n. [Tamil kari.] [Written also currie.] 1. (Cookery) A kind of sauce much used in India, containing garlic, pepper, ginger, and other strong spices. 2. A stew of fowl, fish, or game, cooked with curry. Curry powder (Cookery), a condiment used for making curry, formed of various materials, including strong spices, as pepper, ginger, garlic, coriander seed, etc.

Cur´ry (k?r´r?), v. t. To flavor or cook with curry.

Cur´ry•comb (k?r´r?-k?m•), n. A kind of card or comb having rows of metallic teeth or serrated ridges, used in currying a horse.

Cur´ry•comb, v. t. To comb with a currycomb.

Curse (k?rs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cursed (k?rst) or Curst; p. pr. & vb. n. Cursing.] [AS. cursian, corsian, perh. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. korse to make the sign of the cross, Sw. korsa, fr. Dan. & Sw. kors cross, Icel kross, all these Scand. words coming fr. OF. crois, croiz, fr. L. crux cross. Cf. Cross.] 1. To call upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon; to imprecate evil upon; to execrate. “Thou shalt not … curse the ruler of thy people.
Ex. xxii. 28.” “Ere sunset I’ll make thee curse the deed.
Shak.” 2. To bring great evil upon; to be the cause of serious harm or unhappiness to; to furnish with that which will be a cause of deep trouble; to afflict or injure grievously; to harass or torment. “On impious realms and barbarous kings impose
Thy plagues, and curse ’em with such sons as those.
Pope.” To curse by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell.

Curse, v. i. To utter imprecations or curses; to affirm or deny with imprecations; to swear. “Then began he to curse and to swear.
Matt. xxi. 74.” “His spirits hear me,
And yet I need must curse.
Shak.”

Curse, n. [AS. curs. See Curse, v. t.] 1. An invocation of, or prayer for, harm or injury; malediction. “Lady, you know no rules of charity,
Which renders good for bad, blessings for curses.
Shak.” 2. Evil pronounced or invoked upon another, solemnly, or in passion; subjection to, or sentence of, divine condemnation. “ The priest shall write these curses in a book.
Num. v. 23.” “Curses, like chickens, come home to roost.
Old Proverb.” 3. The cause of great harm, evil, or misfortune; that which brings evil or severe affliction; torment. “The common curse of mankind, folly and ignorance.
Shak.” “All that I eat, or drink, or shall beget,
Is propagated curse.
Milton.” The curse of Scotland (Card Playing), the nine of diamonds. — Not worth a curse. See under Cress. Syn. — Malediction; imprecation; execration. See Malediction.

Curs´ed (k?rs´?d), a. Deserving a curse; execrable; hateful; detestable; abominable. “Let us fly this cursed place.
Milton.” “This cursed quarrel be no more renewed.
Dryden.”

Curs´ed•ly, adv. In a cursed manner; miserably; in a manner to be detested; enormously. [Low]

Curs´ed•ness, n. 1. The state of being under a curse or of being doomed to execration or to evil. 2. Wickedness; sin; cursing. Chaucer. 3. Shrewishness. ´My wife’s cursedness.´ Chaucer.

Curs´er (k?rs´?r), n. One who curses.

Cur´ship (k?r´sh?p), n. [Cur +-ship.] The state of being a cur; one who is currish. [Jocose] “How durst he, I say, oppose thy curship!
Hudibras.”

Cur´si•ta•ting (k?r´s?-t?•t?ng), a. [See Cursitor.] Moving about slightly. [R.] H. Bushnell.

Cur´si•tor (k?r´s?-t?r), n. [LL. cursitor, equiv. to L. cursor, fr. cursare to run hither and thither, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Cursor.] 1. A courier or runner. [Obs.] ´Cursitors to and fro.´ Holland. 2. (Eng.Law) An officer in the Court of Chancery, whose business is to make out original writs.

Cur´sive (k?r´s?v), a. [LL. cursivus: cf. F. cursif See Cursitor.] Running; flowing. Cursive hand,a running handwriting.

Cur´sive, n. 1. A character used in cursive writing. 2. A manuscript, especially of the New Testament, written in small, connected characters or in a running hand; — opposed to uncial. Shipley.

Cur´sor (k?r´s?r), n. [L., a runner. See Cursitor.] Any part of a mathematical instrument that moves or slides backward and forward upon another part.

Cur´so•ra•ry (-s?-r?-r?), a. Cursory; hasty. [Obs.] “With a cursorary eye o’erglanced the articles.
Shak.”

Cur•so´res (k?r-s?´rEz), n. pl. [L. cursor, pl. cursores, a runner.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of running birds including the ostrich, emu, and allies; the Ratitaae. (b) A group of running spiders; the wolf spiders.

Cur•so´ri•al (k?r-s?´r?-al), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Adapted to running or walking, and not to prehension; as the limbs of the horse are cursorial. See Illust. of Aves. (b) Of or pertaining to the Cursores.

Cur´so•ri•ly (k?r´s?-r?-l?), adv. In a running or hasty manner; carelessly.

Cur´so•ri•ness, n. The quality of being cursory; superficial performance; as cursoriness of view.

Cur´so•ry (k?r´s?-r?), a. [L. cursorius, fr. cursor. See Cursor.] 1. Running about; not stationary. [Obs.] 2. Characterized by haste; hastily or superficially performed; slight; superficial; careless. “Events far too important to be treated in a cursory manner.
Hallam.”

Curst (k?rst), imp. & p. p. of Curse.

Curst, a. [SeeCurse.] Froward; malignant; mischievous; malicious; snarling. [Obs.] “Though his mind
Be ne’er so curst, his tonque is kind.
Crashaw.”

Curst´ful•ly (-ful•ly), adv. Peevishly; vexatiously; detestably. [Obs.] ´Curstfully mad.´ Marston.

Curst´ness (kûrst´nes), n. Peevishness; malignity; frowardness; crabbedness; surliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Curt (kurt), a. [L. curtus; cf. Skr. kart to cut. Cf. Curtail.] Characterized by excessive brevity; short; rudely concise; as curt limits; a curt answer. “The curt, yet comprehensive reply.
W. Irving.”

Cur•tail´ (kur•tal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtailed (- tald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtailing.] [See Curtal.] To cut off the end or tail, or any part, of; to shorten; to abridge; to diminish; to reduce. “I, that am curtailed of this fair proportion.
Shak.” “Our incomes have been curtailed; his salary has been doubled.
Macaulay.”

Cur´tail (k?r´t?l), n. The scroll termination of any architectural member, as of a step, etc.

Cur´tail dog (dog•; 115). A dog with a docked tail; formerly, the dog of a person not qualified to course, which, by the forest laws, must have its tail cut short, partly as a mark, and partly from a notion that the tail is necessary to a dog in running; hence, a dog not fit for sporting. “Hope is a curtail dog in some affairs.
Shak.”

Cur•tail´er (kur•tal´er), n. One who curtails.

Cur•tail´ment (k?r-t?l´ment), n. The act or result of curtailing or cutting off. Bancroft.

Cur´tain (k?r´t?n; 48), n. [OE. cortin, curtin,fr. OF. cortine, curtine, F. courtine, LL. cortina, curtian (in senses 1 and 2), also small court, small inclosure surrounded by walls, from cortis court. See Court.] 1. A hanging screen intended to darken or conceal, and admitting of being drawn back or up, and reclosed at pleasure; esp., drapery of cloth or lace hanging round a bed or at a window; in theaters, and like places, a movable screen for concealing the stage. 2. (Fort.) That part of the rampart and parapet which is between two bastions or two gates. See Illustrations of Ravelin and Bastion. 3. (Arch.) That part of a wall of a building which is between two pavilions, towers, etc. 4. A flag; an ensign; — in contempt. [Obs.] Shak. Behind the curtain, in concealment; in secret. — Curtain lecture, a querulous lecture given by a wife to her husband within the bed curtains, or in bed. Jerrold. “A curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long- suffering.
W. Irving.” — The curtain falls, the performance closes. — The curtain rises, the performance begins. — To draw the curtain, to close it over an object, or to remove it; hence: (a) To hide or to disclose an object. (b) To commence or close a performance. — To drop the curtain, to end the tale, or close the performance.

Cur´tain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtained (-t?nd; 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtaining.] To inclose as with curtains; to furnish with curtains. “So when the sun in bed
Curtained with cloudy red.
Milton.”

Cur´tal (k?r´tal), a. [OF. courtault, F. courtaud, having a docked tail (cf. It. cortaldo), fr. court short, L. curtus. See Curt, and Curtail.] Curt; brief; laconic. “Essays and curtal aphorisms.
Milton.” Curtal dog. See Curtail dog.

Cur´tal, n. A horse with a docked tail; hence, anything cut short. [Obs] Nares. { Cur´tal ax• (?ks•), Cur´tle ax•, Curte´lasse (k?rt´las) }. A corruption of Cutlass.

Cur´tal fri•ar (fr?•?r). A friar who acted as porter at the gate of a monastery. Sir W. Scott.

Cur•ta´na (k?r-t?´n?), n. The pointless sword carried before English monarchs at their coronation, and emblematically considered as the sword of mercy; — also called the sword of Edward the Confessor.

Cur´tate (k?r´t?t), a. [L. curtatus, p. p. of curtare to shorten, fr. curtus. See Curt.] (Astron.) Shortened or reduced; — said of the distance of a planet from the sun or earth, as measured in the plane of the ecliptic, or the distance from the sun or earth to that point where a perpendicular, let fall from the planet upon the plane of the ecliptic, meets the ecliptic. Curtate cycloid. (Math.) See Cycloid.

Cur•ta´tion (k?r-t?´sh?n), n. (Astron.) The interval by which the curtate distance of a planet is less than the true distance.

Cur•tein´ (k?r-t?n´), n. Same as Curtana.

Cur•tes´ (k?r-t?s´), a. Courteous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cur´te•sy (k?r´t?-s?), n.; pl. Curtesies (-sz). [Either fr. courlesy, the lands being held as it were by favor; or fr. court (LL. curtis), the husband being regarded as holding the lands as a vassal of the court. See Court, Courtesy.] (Law) the life estate which a husband has in the lands of his deceased wife, which by the common law takes effect where he has had issue by her, born alive, and capable of inheriting the lands. Mozley & W.

Cur´ti•lage (kr´t-lj), n. [OF. cortillage, curtillage, fr. cortil court, courtyard, LL. cortis court. See Court.] (Law) A yard, courtyard, or piece of ground, included within the fence surrounding a dwelling house. Burrill.

Curt´ly (kûrt´ly), adv. In a curt manner.

Curt´ness, n. The quality of bing curt.

Curt´sy (kûrt´sy), n. Same as Courtesy, an act of respect.

Cu´rule (ku´rul), a. [L. curulis, fr. currus a chariot: cf. F. curule.] 1. Of or pertaining to a chariot. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Of or pertaining to a kind of chair appropriated to Roman magistrates and dignitaries; pertaining to, having, or conferring, the right to sit in the curule chair; hence, official. The curule chair was usually shaped like a camp stool, and provided with curved legs. It was at first ornamented with ivory, and later sometimes made of ivory and inlaid with gold. Curule dignity right of sitting in the curule chair.

Cu•ru´ro (k??-r??´r?), n. [Chilian name.] (Zoöl.) A Chilian burrowing rodent of the genus Spalacopus. { Cur´val (k?r´val), Cur´vant (- vant) }, a. [L. curvans, p. pr. ] (Her.) Bowed; bent; curved. { Cur´vate (k?r´v?t), Cur´va•ted (-v?-t?d), } a. [L. curvatus p. p. of curvare to curve, fr. curvus. See Curve.] Bent in a regular form; curved.

Cur•va´tion (k?r-v?´sh?n), n. [L. curvatio.] The act of bending or crooking.

Cur´va•tive (k?r´v?-t?v), a. (Bot.) Having the margins only a little curved; — said of leaves. Henslow.

Cur´va•ture (k?r´v?-t?r; 135), n. [L. curvatura. See Curvate.] 1. The act of curving, or the state of being bent or curved; a curving or bending, normal or abnormal, as of a line or surface from a rectilinear direction; a bend; a curve. Cowper. “The elegant curvature of their fronds.
Darwin.” 2. (Math.) The amount of degree of bending of a mathematical curve, or the tendency at any point to depart from a tangent drawn to the curve at that point. Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form. — Absolute curvature. See under Absolute. — Angle of curvature (Geom.), one that expresses the amount of curvature of a curve. — Chord of curvature. See under Chord. — Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve, under Circle. — Curvature of the spine (Med.), an abnormal curving of the spine, especially in a lateral direction. — Radius of curvature, the radius of the circle of curvature, or osculatory circle, at any point of a curve.

Curve (kûrv), a. [L. curvus bent, curved. See Cirb.] Bent without angles; crooked; curved; as a curve line; a curve surface.

Curve, n. [See Curve, a., Cirb.] 1. A bending without angles; that which is bent; a flexure; as a curve in a railway or canal. 2. (Geom.) A line described according to some low, and having no finite portion of it a straight line. Axis of a curve. See under Axis. — Curve of quickest descent. See Brachystochrone. — Curve tracing (Math.), the process of determining the shape, location, singular points, and other peculiarities of a curve from its equation. — Plane curve (Geom.), a curve such that when a plane passes through three points of the curve, it passes through all the other points of the curve. Any other curve is called a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve.

Curve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curved (k?rvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curving.] [L. curvare., fr. curvus. See Curve, a., Curb.] To bend; to crook; as to curve a line; to curve a pipe; to cause to swerve from a straight course; as to curve a ball in pitching it.

Curve, v. i. To bend or turn gradually from a given direction; as the road curves to the right.

Curv´ed•ness (-?d-n?s), n. The state of being curved.

Cur´vet (kûr´v?t or kûr-v?t´; 277), n. [OE. corvet, It. corvetta: cf. F. courbette. See Curve, and cf. Corvetto.] 1. (Man.) A particular leap of a horse, when he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advanced, and, as his fore legs are falling, raises his hind legs, so that all his legs are in the air at once. 2. A prank; a frolic.

Cur´vet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Curveted or -vetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Curveting or -vetting.] [Cf. It. corvettare. See Curvet, n.] 1. To make a curvet; to leap; to bound. ´Oft and high he did curvet.´ Drayton. 2. To leap and frisk; to frolic. Shak.

Cur´vet, v. t. To cause to curvet. Landor.

Cur•vi•cau´date (k?r•v?-k?´d?t), a. [L. curvus bent + E. caudate.] (Zoöl.) Having a curved or crooked tail.

Cur•vi•cos´tate (k?r•v?-k?s´t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. costate.] (Bot.) Having bent ribs.

Cur•vi•den´tate (k?r•v?-d?n´t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. dentate.] Having curved teeth.

Cur´vi•form (k?r´v?-f?rm), a. [L. curvus + -form.] Having a curved form.

Cur•vi•lin´e•ad (k?r•v?-l?n´?-?d), n. (Geom.) An instrument for drawing curved lines. { Cur•vi•lin´e•al (-al), Cur•vi•lin´e•ar (-?r), } a. [L. curvus bent + E. lineal, linear.] Consisting of, or bounded by, curved lines; as a curvilinear figure.

Cur•vi•lin•e•ar´i•ty (-?r´?-t?), n. The state of being curvilinear or of being bounded by curved lines.

Cur•vi•lin´e•ar•ly (-?r-l?), adv. In a curvilinear manner.

Cur´vi•nerved (-n?rvd•), a. [L. curvus bent + E. nerve. ] (Bot.) Having the ribs or the veins of the leaves curved; — called also curvinervate and curve-veined.

Cur•vi•ros´tral (-r?s´tral), a. [L. curvus + E. rostral.] (Zoöl.) Having a crooked beak, as the crossbill.

Cur´vi•ros´tres (-r?s´tr?z), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. curvus curved + rostrum beak, rostrum.] (Zoöl.) A group of passerine birds, including the creepers and nuthatches.

Cur•vi•se´ri•al (-s?´r?-al), a. [L. curvus bent + E. serial.] (Bot.) Distributed in a curved line, as leaves along a stem.

Cur´vi•ty (k?r´v?-y?), n. [L. curvitas, from curvus bent: cf. F. curvite.] The state of being curved; a bending in a regular form; crookedness. Holder.

Cur´vo•graph (k?r´v?-gr?f), n. [L. curvus bent + -graph.] (Geom.) An arcograph.

Cush´at (k??sh´?t), n. [AS. cusceote.] (Zoöl.) The ringdove or wood pigeon. “Scarce with cushat’s homely song can vie.
Sir W. Scott.”

Cush´ew•bird (k?sh´?-b?rd•), n. (Zoöl) The galeated curassow. See Curassow.

Cush´ion (k??sh´?n), n. [OE. cuischun, quisshen, OF. coissin, cuissin, F. coussin, fr. (assumed) LL. culcitinum, dim. of L. culcita cushion, mattress, pillow. See Quilt, and cf. Counterpoint a coverlet.] 1. A case or bag stuffed with some soft and elastic material, and used to sit or recline upon; a soft pillow or pad. “Two cushions stuffed with straw, the seat to raise.
Dryden.” 2. Anything resembling a cushion in properties or use; as: (a) a pad on which gilders cut gold leaf; (b) a mass of steam in the end of the cylinder of a steam engine to receive the impact of the piston; (c) the elastic edge of a billiard table. 3. A riotous kind of dance, formerly common at weddings; — called also cushion dance. Halliwell. Cushion capital.(Arch.) A capital so sculptured as to appear like a cushion pressed down by the weight of its entablature. (b) A name given to a form of capital, much used in the Romanesque style, modeled like a bowl, the upper part of which is cut away on four sides, leaving vertical faces. — Cushion star (Zoöl.) a pentagonal starfish belonging to Goniaster, Astrogonium, and other allied genera; — so called from its form.

Cush´ion (k??sh´?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cushioned (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. Cushioning.] 1. To seat or place on, or as on a cushion. “Many who are cushioned on thrones would have remained in obscurity.
Bolingbroke.” 2. To furnish with cushions; as to cushion a chaise. 3. To conceal or cover up, as under a cushion. Cushioned hammer, a dead-stroke hammer. See under Dead-stroke.

Cush´ion•et (k??sh´?n-?t), n. [OF. coissinet, F. coussinet. See Cushion, and cf. Coussinet.] A little cushion.

Cush´ion•less, a. Not furnished with a cushion. “Rows of long, cushionless benches, supplying the place of pews.
Hawthorne.”

Cush´ion•y (-?), a. Like a cushion; soft; pliable. “A flat and cushiony nose.
Dickens.”

Cush´ite (k?sh´?t), n. A descendant of Cush, the son of Ham and grandson of Noah.

Cusk (k?sk), n. (Zoöl.) A large, edible, marine fish (Brosmius brosme), allied to the cod, common on the northern coasts of Europe and America; — called also tusk and torsk.

Cus´kin (k?s´k?n), n. A kind of drinking cup. [Obs.]

Cusp (kusp), n. [L. cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end.] 1. (Arch.) A triangular protection from the intrados of an arch, or from an inner curve of tracery. 2. (Astrol.) The beginning or first entrance of any house in the calculations of nativities, etc. 3. (Astron.) The point or horn of the crescent moon or other crescent-shaped luminary. 4. (Math.) A multiple point of a curve at which two or more branches of the curve have a common tangent. 5. (Anat.) A prominence or point, especially on the crown of a tooth. 6. (Bot.) A sharp and rigid point.

Cusp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cusped (k?spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cusping.] To furnish with a cusp or cusps.

Cus´pa•ted (k?s´p?-t?d), a. Ending in a point.

Cus´pid (k?s´p?d), n. [See Cusp.] (Anat.) One of the canine teeth; — so called from having but one point or cusp on the crown. See Tooth.

Cus´pi•dal (-p?-dal), a. [From L. cuspis, cuspidis. See Cusp.] Ending in a point.

Cus´pi•date (-d?t), v. t. To make pointed or sharp. { Cus´pi•date (k?s´p?-d?t), Cus´pi•da•ted (- d?•t?d), } a. [L. cuspidatus, p. p. of cuspidare to make pointed, fr. cuspis. See Cusp.] Having a sharp end, like the point of a spear; terminating in a hard point; as a cuspidate leaf.

Cus´pi•dor (-d?r), n. [Pg. cuspideria, fr. cuspir to spit.] Any ornamental vessel used as a spittoon; hence, to avoid the common term, a spittoon of any sort.

Cus´pis (k?s´p?s), n. [L.] A point; a sharp end.

Cus´tard (k?s´t?rd), n. [Prob. the same word as OE. crustade, crustate, a pie made with a crust, fr. L. crustatus covered with a crust, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta crust; cf. OF. croustade pasty, It. crostata, or F. coutarde. See Crust, and cf. Crustated.] A mixture of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. Custard apple (Bot.), a low tree or shrub of tropical America, including several species of Anona (A. squamosa, reticulata, etc.), having a roundish or ovate fruit the size of a small orange, containing a soft, yellowish, edible pulp. — Custard coffin, pastry, or crust, which covers or coffins a custard [Obs.] Shak.

Cus´tode (k?s´t?d), n. [F. or It. custode, fr. L. custos, -odis.] See Custodian.

Cus•to´di•al (k?s-t?´d?-al), a. [Cf. F. custodial, fr. L. custodia. See Custody.] Relating to custody or guardianship.

Cus•to´di•an (k?s-t?´d?-an), n. [From Custody.] One who has care or custody, as of some public building; a keeper or superintendent.

Cus•to´di•an•ship, n. Office or duty of a custodian.

Cus•to´di•er (-?r), n. [Cf. LL. custodiarus.] A custodian. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Cus´to•dy (k?s´t?-d?), n. [L. custodia, fr. custos guard; prob. akin to Gr. to hide, and E. hide. See Hide to cover.] 1. A keeping or guarding; care, watch, inspection, for keeping, preservation, or security. “A fleet of thirty ships for the custody of the narrow seas.
Bacon.” 2. Judicial or penal safe- keeping. “Jailer, take him to thy custody.
Shak.” 3. State of being guarded and watched to prevent escape; restraint of liberty; confinement; imprisonment. “What pease will be given
To us enslaved, but custody severe,
And stripes and arbitrary punishment?
Milton.”

Cus´tom (kus´tum), n. [OF. custume, costume, Anglo-Norman coustome, F. coutume, fr. (assumed) LL. consuetumen custom, habit, fr. L. consuetudo, - dinis, fr. consuescere to accustom, verb inchoative fr. consuere to be accustomed; con- + suere to be accustomed, prob. originally, to make one’s own, fr. the root of suus one’s own; akin to E. so, adv. Cf. Consuetude, Costume.] 1. Frequent repetition of the same act; way of acting common to many; ordinary manner; habitual practice; usage; method of doing or living. “And teach customs which are not lawful.
Acts xvi. 21.” “Moved beyond his custom, Gama said.
Tennyson.” “A custom
More honored in the breach than the observance.
Shak.” 2. Habitual buying of goods; practice of frequenting, as a shop, manufactory, etc., for making purchases or giving orders; business support. “Let him have your custom, but not your votes.
Addison.” 3. (Law) Long-established practice, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent; usage. See Usage, and Prescription. Usage is a fact. Custom is a law. There can be no custom without usage, though there may be usage without custom. Wharton. 4. Familiar aquaintance; familiarity. [Obs.] “Age can not wither her, nor custom stale
Her infinite variety.
Shak.” Custom of merchants, a system or code of customs by which affairs of commerce are regulated. — General customs, those which extend over a state or kingdom. — Particular customs, those which are limited to a city or district; as the customs of London. Syn. — Practice; fashion. See Habit, and Usage.

Cus´tom, v. t. [Cf. OF. costumer. Cf. Accustom.] 1. To make familiar; to accustom. [Obs.] Gray. 2. To supply with customers. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cus´tom, v. i. To have a custom. [Obs.] “On a bridge he custometh to fight.
Spenser.”

Cus´tom, n. [OF. coustume, F. coutume, tax, i. e., the usual tax. See 1st Custom.] 1. The customary toll, tax, or tribute. “Render, therefore, to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom.
Rom. xiii. 7.” 2. pl. Duties or tolls imposed by law on commodities, imported or exported.

Cus´tom, v. t. To pay the customs of. [Obs.] Marlowe.

Cus´tom•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. [Cf. OF. coustumable.] 1. Customary. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 2. Subject to the payment of customs; dutiable.

Cus´tom•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being customable; conformity to custom. [Obs.]

Cus´tom•a•bly, adv. Usually. [Obs.] Milton.

Cus´tom•a•ri•ly (-a•ri•ly), adv. In a customary manner; habitually.

Cus´tom•a•ri•ness, n. Quality of being customary.

Cus´tom•a•ry (kus´tum•a•ry), a. [CF. OF. coustumier, F. coutumier. See Custom, and cf. Customer.] 1. Agreeing with, or established by, custom; established by common usage; conventional; habitual. “Even now I met him
With customary compliment.
Shak.” “A formal customary attendance upon the offices.
South.” 2. (Law) Holding or held by custom; as customary tenants; customary service or estate.

Cus´tom•a•ry, n. [OF. coustumier, F. coutumier.] A book containing laws and usages, or customs; as the Customary of the Normans. Cowell.

Cus´tom•er (kus´tum•er), n. [A doublet of customary, a.: cf. LL. custumarius toll gatherer. See Custom.] 1. One who collect customs; a toll gatherer. [Obs.] “The customers of the small or petty custom and of the subsidy do demand of them custom for kersey cloths.
Hakluyt.” 2. One who regularly or repeatedly makes purchases of a trader; a purchaser; a buyer. “He has got at last the character of a good customer; by this means he gets credit for something considerable, and then never pays for it.
Goldsmith.” 3. A person with whom a business house has dealings; as the customers of a bank. J. A. H. Murray. 4. A peculiar person; — in an indefinite sense; as a queer customer; an ugly customer. [Colloq.] Dickens. 5. A lewd woman. [Obs.] Shak.

Cus´tom•house´ (-hous•), n. The building where customs and duties are paid, and where vessels are entered or cleared. Customhouse broker, an agent who acts for merchants in the business of entering and clearing goods and vessels.

Cus´tos (kus´tos), n.; pl. Custodes (kus•to´dez). [L.] A keeper; a custodian; a superintendent. [Obs.] Custos rotulorum (rot•u•lo´rum) [LL., keeper of the rolls] (Eng. Law), the principal justice of the peace in a county, who is also keeper of the rolls and records of the sessions of the peace.

Cus´trel (kus´trel), n. [OF. coustillier. See Coistril.] An armor-bearer to a knight. [Obs.]

Cus´trel, n. See Costrel. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Cus´tu•ma•ry (-tu•ma•ry), a. See Customary. [Obs.]

Cut (kut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cut; p. pr. & vb. n. Cutting.] [OE. cutten, kitten, ketten; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwtau to shorten, curtail, dock, cwta bobtailed, cwt tail, skirt, Gael. cutaich to shorten, curtail, dock, cutach short, docked, cut a bobtail, piece, Ir. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. Cf. Coot.] 1. To separate the parts of with, or as with, a sharp instrument; to make an incision in; to gash; to sever; to divide. “You must cut this flesh from off his breast.
Shak.” “Before the whistling winds the vessels fly,
With rapid swiftness cut the liquid way.
Pope.” 2. To sever and cause to fall for the purpose of gathering; to hew; to mow or reap. “Thy servants can skill to cut timer.
2. Chron. ii. 8” 3. To sever and remove by cutting; to cut off; to dock; as to cut the hair; to cut the nails. 4. To castrate or geld; as to cut a horse. 5. To form or shape by cutting; to make by incision, hewing, etc.; to carve; to hew out. “Why should a man. whose blood is warm within,
Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster?
Shak.” “Loopholes cut through thickest shade.
Milton.” 6. To wound or hurt deeply the sensibilities of; to pierce; to lacerate; as sarcasm cuts to the quick. “The man was cut to the heart.
Addison.” 7. To intersect; to cross; as one line cuts another at right angles. 8. To refuse to recognize; to ignore; as to cut a person in the street; to cut one’s acquaintance. [Colloq.] 9. To absent one’s self from; as to cut an appointment, a recitation. etc. [Colloq.] “An English tradesman is always solicitous to cut the shop whenever he can do so with impunity.
Thomas Hamilton.” To cut a caper. See under Caper. — To cut the cards, to divide a pack of cards into portions, in order to determine the deal or the trump, or to change the cards to be dealt. — To cut a dash or a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] — To cut down. (a) To sever and cause to fall; to fell; to prostrate. ´Timber … cut down in the mountains of Cilicia.´ Knolles. (b) To put down; to abash; to humble. [Obs] ´So great is his natural eloquence, that he cuts doun the finest orator.´ Addison (c) To lessen; to retrench; to curtail; as to cut down expenses. (d) (Naut.) To raze; as to cut down a frigate into a sloop. — To cut the knot or the Gordian knot, to dispose of a difficulty summarily; to solve it by prompt, arbitrary action, rather than by skill or patience. — To cut lots, to determine lots by cuttings cards; to draw lots. — To cut off. (a) To sever; to separate. “I would to God, …
The king had cut off my brother’s.
Shak.” (b) To put an untimely death; to put an end to; to destroy. ´Irenaeus was likewise cut off by martyrdom.´ Addison. (c) To interrupt; as to cut off communication; to cut off (the flow of) steam from (the boiler to) a steam engine. (d) To intercept; as, to cut off an enemy’s retreat. (e) To end; to finish; as to cut off further debate. — To cut out. (a) To remove by cutting or carving; as to cut out a piece from a board. (b) To shape or form by cutting; as to cut out a garment. ´ A large forest cut out into walks.´ Addison. (c) To scheme; to contrive; to prepare; as to cut out work for another day. ´Every man had cut out a place for himself.´ Addison. (d) To step in and take the place of; to supplant; as to cut out a rival. [Colloq.] (e) To debar. ´I am cut out from anything but common acknowledgments.´ Pope. (f) To seize and carry off (a vessel) from a harbor, or from under the guns of an enemy. - - To cut to pieces. (a) To cut into pieces; as to cut cloth to pieces. (b) To slaughter; as to cut an army to pieces. — To cut a play (Drama), to shorten it by leaving out passages, to adapt it for the stage. — To cut rates (Railroads, etc.), to reduce the charges for transportation below the rates established between competing lines. — To cut short, to arrest or check abruptly; to bring to a sudden termination. ´Achilles cut him short, and thus replied.´ Dryden. — To cut stick, to make off clandestinely or precipitately. [Slang] — To cut teeth, to put forth teeth; to have the teeth pierce through the gum and appear. — To have cut one’s eyeteeth, to be sharp and knowing. [Colloq.] — To cut one’s wisdom teeth, to come to years of discretion. — To cut under, to undersell; as to cut under a competitor in trade. — To cut up. (a) To cut to pieces; as to cut up an animal, or bushes. (b) To damage or destroy; to injure; to wound; as to cut up a book or its author by severe criticism. ´This doctrine cuts up all government by the roots.´ Locke. (c) To afflict; to discourage; to demoralize; as the death of his friend cut him up terribly. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Cut (kut), v. i. 1. To do the work of an edged tool; to serve in dividing or gashing; as a knife cuts well. 2. To admit of incision or severance; to yield to a cutting instrument. “Panels of white wood that cuts like cheese.
Holmes.” 3. To perform the operation of dividing, severing, incising, intersecting, etc.; to use a cutting instrument. “He saved the lives of thousands by manner of cutting for the stone.
Pope.” 4. To make a stroke with a whip. 5. To interfere, as a horse. 6. To move or make off quickly. [Colloq.] 7. To divide a pack of cards into two portion to decide the deal or trump, or to change the order of the cards to be dealt. To cut across, to pass over or through in the most direct way; as to cut across a field. — To cut and run, to make off suddenly and quickly; — from the cutting of a ship’s cable, when there is not time to raise the anchor. [Colloq.] — To cut in or into, to interrupt; to join in anything suddenly. — To cut up. (a) To play pranks. [Colloq.] (b) To divide into portions well or ill; to have the property left at one’s death turn out well or poorly when divided among heirs, legatees, etc. [Slang.] ´When I die, may I cut up as well as Morgan Pendennis.´ Thackeray.

Cut, n. 1. An opening made with an edged instrument; a cleft; a gash; a slash; a wound made by cutting; as a sword cut. 2. A stroke or blow or cutting motion with an edged instrument; a stroke or blow with a whip. 3. That which wounds the feelings, as a harsh remark or criticism, or a sarcasm; personal discourtesy, as neglecting to recognize an acquaintance when meeting him; a slight. “Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, snapped his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed.
W. Irving.” 4. A notch, passage, or channel made by cutting or digging; a furrow; a groove; as a cut for a railroad. “This great cut or ditch Secostris … purposed to have made a great deal wider and deeper.
Knolles.” 5. The surface left by a cut; as a smooth or clear cut. 6. A portion severed or cut off; a division; as a cut of beef; a cut of timber. “It should be understood, moreover, … that the group are not arbitrary cuts, but natural groups or types.
Dana.” 7. An engraved block or plate; the impression from such an engraving; as a book illustrated with fine cuts. 8. (a) The act of dividing a pack cards. (b) The right to divide; as whose cut is it? 9. Manner in which a thing is cut or formed; shape; style; fashion; as the cut of a garment. “With eyes severe and beard of formal cut.
Shak.” 10. A common work horse; a gelding. [Obs.] “He’ll buy me a cut, forth for to ride.
Beau. & Fl.” 11. The failure of a college officer or student to be present at any appointed exercise. [College Cant] 12. A skein of yarn. Wright. A cut in rates (Railroad), a reduction in fare, freight charges, etc., below the established rates. — A short cut, a cross route which shortens the way and cuts off a circuitous passage. — The cut of one’s jib, the general appearance of a person. [Colloq.] — To draw cuts, to draw lots, as of paper, etc., cut unequal lengths. “Now draweth cut …
The which that hath the shortest shall begin.
Chaucer. ”

Cut (kut), a. 1. Gashed or divided, as by a cutting instrument. 2. Formed or shaped as by cutting; carved. 3. Overcome by liquor; tipsy. [Slang] Cut and dried, prepered beforehand; not spontaneous. — Cut glass, glass having a surface ground and polished in facets or figures. - - Cut nail, a nail cut by machinery from a rolled plate of iron, in distinction from a wrought nail. — Cut stone, stone hewn or chiseled to shape after having been split from the quarry.

Cu•ta´ne•ous (ku•ta´ne•us), a. [Cf. F. cutane, fr. L. cutis skin. See Cuticle.] Of or pertaining to the skin; existing on, or affecting, the skin; as a cutaneous disease; cutaneous absorption; cutaneous respiration.

Cut´a•way (kut´a•wa•), a. Having a part cut off or away; having the corners rounded or cut away. Cutaway coat, a coat whose skirts are cut away in front so as not to meet at the bottom.

Cutch (kuch; 224), n. See Catechu.

Cutch, n. (Zoöl.) See Cultch.

Cutch´er•y (kuch´er•y), n. [Hind. kachahri.] A hindoo hall of justice. Malcom.

Cute (kut), a. [An abbrev. of acute.] Clever; sharp; shrewd; ingenious; cunning. [Colloq.]

Cute´ness, n. Acuteness; cunning. [Colloq.]

Cut´grass (kut´gras•). A grass with leaves having edges furnished with very minute hooked prickles, which form a cutting edge; one or more species of Leersia.

Cu´ti•cle (ku´ti•k’l), n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis skin; akin to E. hide skin of an animal.] 1. (Anat.) The scarfskin or epidermis. See Skin. 2. (Bot.) The outermost skin or pellicle of a plant, found especially in leaves and young stems. 3. A thin skin formed on the surface of a liquid.

Cu•tic´u•lar (ku•tik´u•ler), a. Pertaining to the cuticle, or external coat of the skin; epidermal.

Cu´tin (ku´tin), n. [L. cutis skin, outside.] (Bot.) The substance which, added to the material of a cell wall, makes it waterproof, as in cork.

Cu•tin•i•za´tion (k?•t?n-?-z?´sh?n), n. (Bot.) The conversion of cell walls into a material which repels water, as in cork.

Cu´tin•ize (k?´t?n-?z), v. t. & i. To change into cutin.

Cu´tis (k?´t?s), n. [L. See Cuticle.] (Anat.) See Dermis.

Cut´lass (kut´las), n.; pl. Cutlasses (- ez). [F. coutelas (cf. It. coltellaccio), augm. fr. L. cultellus a small knife, dim. of culter knife. See Colter, and cf. Curtal ax.] A short, heavy, curving sword, used in the navy. See Curtal ax. Cutlass fish, (Zoöl.), a peculiar, long, thin, marine fish (Trichiurus lepturus) of the southern United States and West Indies; — called also saber fish, silver eel, and, improperly, swordfish.

Cut´ler (kut´ler), n. [OE. coteler, F. coutelier, LL. cultellarius, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] One who makes or deals in cutlery, or knives and other cutting instruments.

Cut´ler•y (kut´ler•y), n. 1. The business of a cutler. 2. Edged or cutting instruments, collectively.

Cut´let (kut´let), n. [F. côtelette, prop., little rib, dim. of côte rib, fr. L. costa. See Coast.] A piece of meat, especially of veal or mutton, cut for broiling.

Cut´ling (kut´ling), n., [Cf. Cuttle a knife.] The art of making edged tools or cutlery. [Obs.] Milton.

Cut´-off (kut´of•; 115), n. 1. That which cuts off or shortens, as a nearer passage or road. 2. (Mach.) (a) The valve gearing or mechanism by which steam is cut off from entering the cylinder of a steam engine after a definite point in a stroke, so as to allow the remainder of the stroke to be made by the expansive force of the steam already let in. See Expansion gear, under Expansion. (b) Any device for stopping or changing a current, as of grain or water in a spout.

Cu´tose (ku´tos), n. [L. cutis skin.] (Chem.) A variety of cellulose, occuring as a fine transparent membrane covering the aerial organs of plants, and forming an essential ingredient of cork; by oxidation it passes to suberic acid.

Cut´-out (kut´out•), n. (a) (Telegraphy) A species of switch for changing the current from one circuit to another, or for shortening a circuit. (b) (Elec.) A device for breaking or separating a portion of circuit.

Cut´purse (kut´pûrs•), n. One who cuts purses for the sake of stealing them or their contents (an act common when men wore purses fastened by a string to their girdles); one who steals from the person; a pickpocket “To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand, is necessary for a cutpurse.
Shak.”

Cut´ter (k?t´t?r), n. 1. One who cuts; as a stone cutter; a die cutter; esp., one who cuts out garments. 2. That which cuts; a machine or part of a machine, or a tool or instrument used for cutting, as that part of a mower which severs the stalk, or as a paper cutter. 3. A fore tooth; an incisor. Ray. 4. (Naut.) (a) A boat used by ships of war. (b) A fast sailing vessel with one mast, rigged in most essentials like a sloop. A cutter is narrower end deeper than a sloop of the same length, and depends for stability on a deep keel, often heavily weighted with lead. (c) A small armed vessel, usually a steamer, in the revenue marine service; — also called revenue cutter. 5. A small, light one-horse sleigh. 6. An officer in the exchequer who notes by cutting on the tallies the sums paid. 7. A ruffian; a bravo; a destroyer. [Obs.] 8. A kind of soft yellow brick, used for facework; — so called from the facility with which it can be cut. Cutter bar. (Mach.) (a) A bar which carries a cutter or cutting tool, as in a boring machine. (b) The bar to which the triangular knives of a harvester are attached. — Cutter head (Mach.), a rotating head, which itself forms a cutter, or a rotating stock to which cutters may be attached, as in a planing or matching machine. Knight.

Cut´throat (k?t´thr?t•), n. One who cuts throats; a murderer; an assassin.

Cut´throat, a. Murderous; cruel; barbarous.

Cut´ting (kut´ting), n. 1. The act or process of making an incision, or of severing, felling, shaping, etc. 2. Something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a twig or scion cut off from a stock for the purpose of grafting or of rooting as an independent plant; something cut out of a newspaper; an excavation cut through a hill or elsewhere to make a way for a railroad, canal, etc.; a cut.

Cut´ting, a. 1. Adapted to cut; as a cutting tool. 2. Chilling; penetrating; sharp; as a cutting wind. 3. Severe; sarcastic; biting; as a cutting reply.

Cut´ting•ly, adv. In a cutting manner.

Cut´tle (k?t´t’l), n. [OF. cultel, coltel, coutel, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] A knife. [Obs.] Bale. { Cut´tle (kut´t’l), Cut´tle•fish• (- fish•), } n. [OE. codule, AS. cudele; akin to G. kuttelfish; cf. G. kötel, D. keutel, dirt from the guts, G. kuttel bowels, entrails. AS. cwiþ womb, Goth. qiþus belly, womb.] 1. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Sepia, having an internal shell, large eyes, and ten arms furnished with denticulated suckers, by means of which it secures its prey. The name is sometimes applied to dibranchiate cephalopods generally. It has an ink bag, opening into the siphon, from which, when pursued, it throws out a dark liquid that clouds the water, enabling it to escape observation. 2. A foul-mouthed fellow. ´An you play the saucy cuttle with me.´ Shak.

Cut´tle bone (bon•). The shell or bone of cuttlefishes, used for various purposes, as for making polishing powder, etc.

Cut•too´ plate (k?t-t??´ pl?t•). A hood over the end of a wagon wheel hub to keep dirt away from the axle.

Cut´ty (kut´ty), a. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. See Cut.] Short; as a cutty knife; a cutty sark. [Scot.]

Cut´ty (k?t´t?), n. [Scotch.] 1. A short spoon. 2. A short tobacco pipe. Ramsay. 3. A light or unchaste woman. Sir W. Scott.

Cut´ty•stool (-stool•), n. 1. A low stool. [Scot.] 2. A seat in old Scottish churches, where offenders were made to sit, for public rebuke by the minister.

Cut´wal (kut´wal), n. [Per. kotwal.] The chief police officer of a large city. [East Indies]

Cut´wa•ter (kut´wa•ter), n. (Naut.) 1. The fore part of a ship’s prow, which cuts the water. 2. A starling or other structure attached to the pier of a bridge, with an angle or edge directed up stream, in order better to resist the action of water, ice, etc.; the sharpened upper end of the pier itself. 3. (Zoöl.) A sea bird of the Atlantic (Rhynchops nigra); — called also black skimmer, scissorsbill, and razorbill. See Skimmer.

Cut´work (kut´wûrk•), n. (Fine Arts) An ancient term for embroidery, esp. applied to the earliest form of lace, or to that early embroidery on linen and the like, from which the manufacture of lace was developed.

Cut´worm (-w?rm•), n. (Zoöl.) A caterpillar which at night eats off young plants of cabbage, corn, etc., usually at the ground. Some kinds ascend fruit trees and eat off the flower buds. During the day, they conceal themselves in the earth. The common cutworms are the larvae of various species of Agrotis and related genera of noctuid moths.

Cu•vette´ (k?-w?t´), n. [F., dim. of cuve a tub.] 1. A pot, bucket, or basin, in which molten plate glass is carried from the melting pot to the casting table. 2. (Fort.) A cunette.

Cy•am´e•lide (si•am´e•lid or -lid; 104), n. (Chem.) A white amorphous substance, regarded as a polymeric modification of isocyanic acid.

Cy•am´el•lone (si•am´el•lon), n. (Chem) A complex derivative of cyanogen, regarded as an acid, and known chiefly in its salts; — called also hydromellonic acid.

Cy´a•nate (s?´?-n?t), n. [Cf. F. cuanate. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) A salt of cyanic acid. Ammonium cyanate (Chem.), a remarkable white crystalline substance, NH4.O.CN, which passes, on standing, to the organic compound, urea, CO.(NH2)2.

Cy•an•au´rate (s?•?n-?´r?t), n. See Aurocyanide.

Cy•a´ne•an (s?-?´n?-a]/>n), a. [Gr. kya•neos dark blue.] Having an azure color. Pennant.

Cy•an´ic (s?-?n´?k), a. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance: cf. F. cyanique. Cf. Kyanite.] 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cyanogen. 2. Of or pertaining to a blue color. Cyanic acid (Chem.), an acid, HOCN, derived from cyanogen, well known in its salts, but never isolated in the free state. — Cyanic colors (Bot.), those colors (of flowers) having some tinge of blue; — opposed to xanthic colors. A color of either series may pass into red or white, but not into the opposing color. Red and pure white are more common among flowers of cyanic tendency than in those of the other class.

Cy´a•nide (s?´?-n?d or -n?d; 104), n. [Cf. F. cyanide. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of cyanogen with an element or radical.

Cy´a•nin (s?´?-n?n), n. [See Cyanic.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of flowers; — called also anthokyan and anthocyanin.

Cy´a•nine (s?´?-n?n or -n?n; 104), n. (Chem.) One of a series of artificial blue or red dyes obtained from quinoline and lepidine and used in calico printing.

Cy´a•nite (-n?t), n. [See Cyanic.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in thin- bladed crystals and crystalline aggregates, of a sky-blue color. It is a silicate of aluminium. [Written also kyanite.]

Cy•an´o•gen (s?-?n´?-j?n), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + -gen: cf. F. cyanogène. So called because it produced blue dyes.] (Chem.) A colorless, inflammable, poisonous gas C2N2, with a peach-blossom odor, so called from its tendency to form blue compounds; obtained by heating ammonium oxalate, mercuric cyanide, etc. It is obtained in combination, forming an alkaline cyanide when nitrogen or a nitrogenous compound is strongly ignited with carbon and soda or potash. It conducts itself like a member of the halogen group of elements, and shows a tendency to form complex compounds. The name is also applied to the univalent radical, CN (the half molecule of cyanogen proper), which was one of the first compound radicals recognized. Cyanogen is found in the commercial substances, potassium cyanide, or prussiate of potash, yellow prussiate of potash, Prussian blue, Turnbull’s blue, prussic acid, etc.

Cy•a•nom´e•ter (s?•?-n?m´?-t?r), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + -meter: cf. F. cyanomètre.] An instrument for measuring degress of blueness.

Cy•a•nop´a•thy (-n?p´?-th?), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + pa•qos affection.] (Med.) A disease in which the body is colored blue in its surface, arising usually from a malformation of the heart, which causes an imperfect arterialization of the blood; blue jaundice.

Cy•an´o•phyll (s?-?n´?-f?l), n. [Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) A blue coloring matter supposed by some to be one of the component parts of chlorophyll.

Cy´a•nosed (s?´?-n?st), a. [See Cyanic.] Rendered blue, as the surface of the body, from cyanosis or deficient aëration of the blood.

Cy•a•no´sis (s?•?-n?´s?s), n. [NL. See Cyanic.] (Med.) A condition in which, from insufficient aëration of the blood, the surface of the body becomes blue. See Cyanopathy.

Cy•an´o•site (s?-?n´?-s?t), n. [See Cyanic.] (Min.) Native sulphate of copper. Cf. Blue vitriol, under Blue.

Cy•a•not´ic (s?•?-n?t´?k), a. (Med.) Relating to cyanosis; affected with cyanosis; as a cyanotic patient; having the hue caused by cyanosis; as a cyanotic skin.

Cy•an´o•type (s?-?n´?-t?p), n. [Cyanide + -type.] A photographic picture obtained by the use of a cyanide.

Cy´an´u•rate (s?-?n´?-r?t), n. (Chem.) A salt of cyanuric acid.

Cy•an´u•ret (-r?t), n. (Chem.) A cyanide. [Obs.]

Cy•a•nu´ric (s?•?-n?´r?k), a. [Cyanic + uric: Cf. F. cyanurique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cyanic and uric acids.

Cyanuric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C3O3N3H3, first obtained by heating uric acid or urea, and called pyrouric acid; afterwards obtained from isocyanic acid. It is a white crystalline substance, odorless and almost tasteless; — called also tricarbimide.

Cy•ath´i•form (s?-?th´?-f?rm), a. [L. cyathus a cup (Gr, ky•aqos) - form:cf. F. cyathiforme.] In the form of a cup, a little widened at the top.

Cy•ath´olith (s?-?th´?-l?th), n. [Gr. ky•aqos a cup + -lith.] (Biol.) A kind of coccolith, which in shape resembles a minute cup widened at the top, and varies in size from &frac1x6000; to &frac1x8000; of an inch.

Cy•a•tho•phyl´loid (s?•?-th?-f?l´loid), a. [NL. cyathophyllum, fr. Gr. ky•aqos a cup + fy•llon a leaf.] (Paleon.) Like, or pertaining to, the family Cyathophyllidae.

Cy•a•tho•phyl´loid, n. (Paleon.) A fossil coral of the family Cyathophyllidae; sometimes extended to fossil corals of other related families belonging to the group Rugosa; — also called cup corals. Thay are found in paleozoic rocks.

Cy´cad (si´kad), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the natural order Cycadaceae, as the sago palm, etc.

Cyc•a•da´ceous (s?k•?-d?´sh?s or s?•k?-), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants like the palms, but having exogenous wood. The sago palm is an example.

Cy´cas (s?´k?s), n. [Of uncertain origin. Linnaeus derives it from one of the ´obscure Greek words.´] (Bot.) A genus of trees, intermediate in character between the palms and the pines. The pith of the trunk of some species furnishes a valuable kind of sago.

Cyc´la•men (s?k´l?-m?n), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kykla•minos, kyklami•s.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Primrose family, having depressed rounded corms, and pretty nodding flowers with the petals so reflexed as to point upwards, whence it is called rabbits’ ears. It is also called sow bread, because hogs are said to eat the corms.

Cyc´la•min (-m?n), n. A white amorphous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the corm of Cyclamen Europaeum.

Cy´clas (s?´kl?s), n. [Cf. Ciclatoun.] A long gown or surcoat (cut off in front), worn in the Middle Ages. It was sometimes embroidered or interwoven with gold. also a rich stuff from which the gown was made.

Cy´cle (s?´k’l), n. [F. ycle, LL. cyclus, fr. Gr. ky•klos ring or circle, cycle; akin to Skr. cakra wheel, circle. See Wheel.] 1. An imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens; one of the celestial spheres. Milton. 2. An interval of time in which a certain succession of events or phenomena is completed, and then returns again and again, uniformly and continually in the same order; a periodical space of time marked by the recurrence of something peculiar; as the cycle of the seasons, or of the year. “Wages … bear a full proportion … to the medium of provision during the last bad cycle of twenty years.
Burke.” 3. An age; a long period of time. “Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.
Tennyson.” 4. An orderly list for a given time; a calendar. [Obs.] “We … present our gardeners with a complete cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every month of the year.
Evelyn.” 5. The circle of subjects connected with the exploits of the hero or heroes of some particular period which have served as a popular theme for poetry, as the legend of Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, and that of Charlemagne and his paladins. 6. (Bot.) One entire round in a circle or a spire; as a cycle or set of leaves. Gray. 7. A bicycle or tricycle, or other light velocipede. Calippic cycle, a period of 76 years, or four Metonic cycles; — so called from Calippus, who proposed it as an improvement on the Metonic cycle. — Cycle of eclipses, a period of about 6,586 days, the time of revolution of the moon’s node; — called Saros by the Chaldeans. — Cycle of indiction, a period of 15 years, employed in Roman and ecclesiastical chronology, not founded on any astronomical period, but having reference to certain judicial acts which took place at stated epochs under the Greek emperors. — Cycle of the moon, or Metonic cycle, a period of 19 years, after the lapse of which the new and full moon returns to the same day of the year; — so called from Meton, who first proposed it. — Cycle of the sun, Solar cycle, a period of 28 years, at the end of which time the days of the month return to the same days of the week. The dominical or Sunday letter follows the same order; hence the solar cycle is also called the cycle of the Sunday letter. In the Gregorian calendar the solar cycle is in general interrupted at the end of the century.

Cy´cle (s?´k’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cycled. (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cycling (-klng).] 1. To pass through a cycle of changes; to recur in cycles. Tennyson. Darwin. 2. To ride a bicycle, tricycle, or other form of cycle. { Cyc´lic (s?k´l?k or s?´kl?k), Cyc´lic•al (s?k´l?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. cycluque, Gr. kykliko•s, fr. ky•klos See Cycle.] Of or pertaining to a cycle or circle; moving in cycles; as cyclical time. Coleridge. Cyclic chorus, the chorus which performed the songs and dances of the dithyrambic odes at Athens, dancing round the altar of Bacchus in a circle. — Cyclic poets, certain epic poets who followed Homer, and wrote merely on the Trojan war and its heroes; — so called because keeping within the circle of a single subject. also any series or coterie of poets writing on one subject. Milman.

Cy´clide (s?´kl?d), n. [Gr. ky•klos circle.] (Geom.) A surface of the fourth degree, having certain special relations to spherical surfaces. The tore or anchor ring is one of the cyclides.

Cy´cling (s?´kl?ng), n. The act, art, or practice, of riding a cycle, esp. a bicycle or tricycle.

Cy´clist (s?´kl?st), n. A cycler.

Cy´clo- (s?´kl?-). [Gr. ky•klos circle, wheel.] A combining form meaning circular, of a circle or wheel.

Cy•clo•bran´chi•ate (s?•kl?-br?n´k?-?t), a. [Cyclo- + branchiate.] (Zoöl) Having the gills around the margin of the body, as certain limpets.

Cy•clo•ga´noid (s?•kl?-g?´noid or -g?n´oid), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cycloganoidei.

Cy•clo•ga´noid, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cycloganoidei.

Cy•clo•ga•noi´de•i (s?´kl?-g?-noi´d?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klos circle + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, having cycloid scales. The bowfin (Amia calva) is a living example.

Cy´clo•graph (s?´kl?-gr?f), n. [Cyclo- + -graph.] See Arcograph.

Cy´cloid (s?´kloid), n. [Cyclo- + -oid: cf. F. cycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keeping always in the same plane. The common cycloid is the curve described when the generating point (p) is on the circumference of the generating circle; the curtate cycloid, when that point lies without the circumference; the prolate or inflected cycloid, when the generating point (p) lies within that circumference.

Cy´cloid, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cycloidei. Cycloid scale (Zoöl.), a fish scale which is thin and shows concentric lines of growth, without serrations on the margin.

Cy´cloid, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cycloidei.

Cy•cloid´al (-al), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a cycloid; as the cycloidal space is the space contained between a cycloid and its base. Cycloidal engine. See Geometric lathe.

Cy•cloi´de•i (s?-kloi´d?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klos circle + - oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, formerly proposed by Agassiz, for those with thin, smooth scales, destitute of marginal spines, as the herring and salmon. The group is now regarded as artificial.

Cy•cloid´i•an (s?-kloid´?-an), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as 2d and 3d Cycloid.

Cy•clom´e•ter (s?-kl?m´?-t?r), n. [Cyclo- + -meter.] A contrivance for recording the revolutions of a wheel, as of a bicycle.

Cy•clom´e•try (-tr?), n. [Cyclo- + -metry: cf. F. cyclometrie.] (Geom.) The art of measuring circles.

Cy´clone (s?´kl?n), n. [Gr. moving in a circle, p. pr. of , fr. ky•klos circle.] (Meteor.) A violent storm, often of vast extent, characterized by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure. This center moves onward, often with a velocity of twenty or thirty miles an hour. The atmospheric disturbance usually accompanying a cyclone, marked by an onward moving area of high pressure, is called an anticyclone.

Cy•clon´ic (s?-kl?n´?k), a. Pertaining to a cyclone.

Cy´clop (s?´kl?p), n. See Note under Cyclops, 1.

Cy•clo•pe´an (s?•kl?-p?´an), a. [L. Cyclopeus, Gr. , fr. Cyclops: cf. F. cyclopeen.] Pertaining to the Cyclops; characteristic of the Cyclops; huge; gigantic; vast and rough; massive; as Cyclopean labors; Cyclopean architecture. { Cy•clo•pe´di•a Cy•clo•pae´di•a } (s?•kl?-p?´d?-?), n. [NL., from Gr. ky•klos circle + paidei•a the bringing up of a child, education, erudition, fr. paidey•ein to bring up a child. See Cycle, and cf. Encyclopedia, Pedagogue.] The circle or compass of the arts and sciences (originally, of the seven so-called liberal arts and sciences); circle of human knowledge. Hence, a work containing, in alphabetical order, information in all departments of knowledge, or on a particular department or branch; as a cyclopedia of the physical sciences, or of mechanics. See Encyclopedia.

Cy•clo•ped´ic (s?•kl?-p?d´?k or -p?´d?k), a. Belonging to the circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia; of the nature of a cyclopedia; hence, of great range, extent, or amount; as a man of cyclopedic knowledge.

Cy•clo•pe´dist (-p?´d?st), n. A maker of, or writer for, a cyclopedia.

Cy•clop´ic (s?-kl?p´?k), a. [Gr. , fr. .] Pertaining to the Cyclops; Cyclopean.

Cy´clops (s?´kl?ps), n. sing. & pl. [L. Cyclops, Gr. Ky•klwps (strictly round- eyed), pl. Ky•klwpes; ky•klos circle + ’w•ps eye.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of a race of giants, sons of Neptune and Amphitrite, having but one eye, and that in the middle of the forehead. They were fabled to inhabit Sicily, and to assist in the workshops of Vulcan, under Mt. Etna. Pope, in his translation of the ´Odyssey,´ uniformly spells this word Cyclop, when used in the singular. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of minute Entomostraca, found both in fresh and salt water. See Copepoda. 3. A portable forge, used by tinkers, etc.

Cy•clo•ra´ma (s?•kl?-r?´m? or -r?´m?), n. [Cyclo- + Gr. ´o•rama sight, spectacle.] A pictorial view which is extended circularly, so that the spectator is surrounded by the objects represented as by things in nature. The realistic effect is increased by putting, in the space between the spectator and the picture, things adapted to the scene represented, and in some places only parts of these objects, the completion of them being carried out pictorially.

Cy´clo•scope (s?´kl?-sk?p), n. [Cyclo- + -scope.] A machine for measuring at any moment velocity of rotation, as of a wheel of a steam engine. Knight.

Cy•clo´sis (s?-kl?´s?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klwsis circulation, from kykloy^n. See Cyclone.] (Bot.) The circulation or movement of protoplasmic granules within a living vegetable cell.

Cy•clo•stom´a•ta (s?•kl?-st?m´?-t?), Cy•clos´to•ma (s?-kl?s´t?-m?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•klos circle + sto•ma, -atos mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of Bryozoa, in which the cells have circular apertures. { Cy´clo•stome (s?´kl?-st?m), Cy•clos´to•mous (s?-kl?s´t?-m?s) }, a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Cyclostomi.

Cy•clos´to•mi (s?-kl?s´t?-m?), n. pl. [NL. See Cyclostomata.] (Zoöl.) A glass of fishes having a suckerlike mouth, without jaws, as the lamprey; the Marsipobranchii.

Cy•clo•sty´lar (s?•kl?-st?´?r), a. [Cyclo- + Gr. sty^los column.] Relating to a structure composed of a circular range of columns, without a core or building within. Weale.

Cy´clo•style (s?´kl?-st?l), n. [Cyclo + style.] A contrivance for producing manifold copies of writing or drawing. The writing or drawing is done with a style carrying a small wheel at the end which makes minute punctures in the paper, thus converting it into a stencil. Copies are transferred with an inked roller.

Cy´der (s?´d?r), n. See Cider. [Archaic]

Cy•do´nin (s?-d?´n?n), n. (Chem.) A peculiar mucilaginous substance extracted from the seeds of the quince (Cydonia vulgaris), and regarded as a variety of amylose.

Cyg´net (sig´net), n. [Dim. of F. cygne swan, L. cycnus. cygnus, fr. Gr. ky•klos: but F. cygne seems to be an etymological spelling of OF. cisne, fr. LL. cecinus, cicinus, perh. ultimately also fr. Gr. ky•klos.] (Zoöl.) A young swan. Shak.

Cyg´nus (s?g´n?s), n. [L., a swan.] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere east of, or following, Lyra; the Swan.

Cyl´in•der (s?l´?n-d?r), n. [F. cylindre, OF. cilindre, L. cylindrus, fr. Gr. ky•lindros, fr. kyli•ndein, kyli•ein, to roll. Cf. Calender the machine.] 1. (Geom.) (a) A solid body which may be generated by the rotation of a parallelogram round one its sides; or a body of rollerlike form, of which the longitudinal section is oblong, and the cross section is circular. (b) The space inclosed by any cylindrical surface. The space may be limited or unlimited in length. 2. Any hollow body of cylindrical form, as: (a) The chamber of a steam engine in which the piston is moved by the force of steam. (b) The barrel of an air or other pump. (c) (Print.) The revolving platen or bed which produces the impression or carries the type in a cylinder press. (d) The bore of a gun; the turning chambered breech of a revolver. 3. The revolving square prism carrying the cards in a Jacquard loom. Cylinder axis. (Anat.) See Axis cylinder, under Axis. — Cylinder engine (Paper Making), a machine in which a cylinder takes up the pulp and delivers it in a continuous sheet to the dryers. — Cylinder escapement. See Escapement. — Cylinder glass. See Glass. — Cylinder mill. See Roller mill. — Cylinder press. See Press.

Cyl•in•dra´ceous (-dr?´sh?s), a. [Cf. F. cylyndrace] Cylindrical, or approaching a cylindrical form. { Cy•lin´dric (s?-l?n´dr?k), Cy•lin´dric•al (-dr?-kal), } a. [Gr. kylindriko•s, from ky•lindros cylinder: cf. F. cylindrique.] Having the form of a cylinder, or of a section of its convex surface; partaking of the properties of the cylinder. Cylindrical lens, a lens having one, or more than one, cylindrical surface. — Cylindric, or Cylindrical, surface (Geom.), a surface described by a straight line that moves according to any law, but so as to be constantly parallel to a given line. — Cylindrical vault. (Arch.) See under Vault, n.

Cy•lin´dric•al•ly (s?-l?n´dr?-kal-l?), adv. In the manner or shape of a cylinder; so as to be cylindrical.

Cyl••in•dric´i•ty (s?l•?n-dr?s´?-t?), n. The quality or condition of being cylindrical.

Cy•lin´dri•form (s?-l?n´dr?-f?rm), a. [L. cylindrus (Gr. ky•lindros) cylinder + -form: cf. F. cylindriforme.] Having the form of a cylinder.

Cyl´in•droid (s?l´?n-droid), n. [Gr. ky•lindros cylinder + -oid: cf. F. cylindroïde.] 1. A solid body resembling a right cylinder, but having the bases or ends elliptical. 2. (Geom.) A certain surface of the third degree, described by a moving straight line; — used to illustrate the motions of a rigid body and also the forces acting on the body.

Cy•lin•dro•met´ric (si•lin•dro•met´rik), a. [Gr. ky•lindros + me•tron measure.] Belonging to a scale used in measuring cylinders.

Cy´ma (si´ma) n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky^ma. See Cyme] 1. (Arch.) A member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wavelike in form. 2. (Bot.) A cyme. See Cyme. Cyma recta, or Cyma, a cyma, hollow in its upper part and swelling below. — Cyma reversa, or Ogee, a cyma swelling out on the upper part and hollow below.

Cy•mar´ (si•mär´), n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A slight covering; a scarf. See Simar. “Her body shaded with a light cymar.
Dryden.”

Cy•ma´ti•um (si•ma´shi•um), n. [L., fr. Gr. kyma•tion, dim. of ky^ma a wave.] (Arch.) A capping or crowning molding in classic architecture.

Cym´bal (sim´bal). n. [OE. cimbale, simbale, OF. cimbale, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky•mbalon, fr. ky•mbh, ky•mbos, anything hollow, hollow vessel, basin, akin to Skr. kumbha pot. Cf. Chime.] 1. A musical instrument used by the ancients. It is supposed to have been similar to the modern kettle drum, though perhaps smaller. 2. A musical instrument of brass, shaped like a circular dish or a flat plate, with a handle at the back; — used in pairs to produce a sharp ringing sound by clashing them together. In orchestras one cymbal is commonly attached to the bass drum, and the other heid in the drummer’s left hand, while his right hand uses the drumstick. 3. A musical instrument used by gypsies and others, made of steel wire, in a triangular form, on which are movable rings.

Cym´bal•ist, n. A performer upon cymbals.

Cym´bi•form (s?m´b?-f?rm),, a. [L. cymba boat (Gr. ) + -form: cf. F. cymbiforme.] Shaped like a boat; (Bot.) elongated and having the upper surface decidedly concave, as the glumes of many grasses.

Cym´bi•um (s?m´b?-?m), n. [L., a small cup, fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine univalve shells; the gondola.

Cyme (s?m), n. [L. cyma the young sprount of a cabbage, fr. Gr. , prop., anything swollen, hence also cyme, wave, fr. to be pregnant.] (Bot.) A flattish or convex flower cluster, of the centrifugal or determinate type, differing from a corymb chiefly in the order of the opening of the blossoms.

Cy´mene (s?´m?n), n. (Chem.) A colorless, liquid, combustible hydrocarbon, CH3. C6H4.C3H7, of pleasant odor, obtained from oil of cumin, oil of caraway, carvacrol, camphor, etc.; — called also paracymene, and formerly camphogen.

Cy´me•nol (s?´m?-n?l), n. (Chem.) See Carvacrol.

Cy´mi•dine ( s?´m?-d?n or -d?n; 104), n. (Chem.) A liquid organic base, C10H13.NH2, derived from cymene.

Cy•mif´er•ous (s?-m?f´?r-?s), a. [Cyme + -ferous.] Producing cymes. { Cym´ling , Cymb´ling (s?m´l?ng) }, n. A scalloped or ´pattypan´ variety of summer squash.

Cy´mo•gene (s?´m?-j?n), n. (Chem.) A highly volatile liquid, condensed by cold and pressure from the first products of the distillation of petroleum; — used for producing low temperatures.

Cy´moid (s?´moid), a. [Cyme + -oid.] (Bot.) Having the form of a cyme.

Cym´o•phane (s?m´?-f?n or s?´m?-), n. [Gr. wave + To appear: cf. F. cymophane. So named in allusion to a peculiar opalescence often seen in it.] (Min.) See Chrysoberyl.

Cy•moph´a•nous (s?-m?f´?-n?s or s?-), a. Having a wavy, floating light; opalescent; chatoyant. { Cy´mose (s?´m?s; 277), Cy´mous (s?´m?s), } a. [L. cymosus full of shoots: cf. FF. cymeux. See Cyme.] (Bot.) Having the nature of a cyme, or derived from a cyme; bearing, or pertaining to, a cyme or cymes.

Cym´ric (k?m´r?k), a. [W. Cymru Wales.] Welsh. — n. The Welsh language. [Written also Kymric.]

Cym´ry (-r?), n. [W., pl.] A collective term for the Welsh race; — so called by themselves . [Written also Cymri, Cwmry, Kymry, etc.]

Cy´mule (s?´m?l), n. [Cf. L. cymula a tender sprout, dim. of cyna. See Cyme.] (Bot.) A small cyme, or one of very few flowers.

Cy•nan´che (s?-n?n´k?), n. [L., fr. Gr. a dog’s collar, a bad kind of sore throat. Cf. Quinsy.] (Med.) Any disease of the tonsils, throat, or windpipe, attended with inflammation, swelling, and difficulty of breathing and swallowing.

Cy•nan´thro•py (s?-n?n´thr?-p?), n. [Gr. of a dog-man; , , dog + man: cf. F. cynanthropie.] (Med.) A kind of madness in which men fancy themselves changed into dogs, and imitate the voice and habits of that animal.

Cyn•arc•tom´a•chy (s?n•?rk-t?m´?-k?). n. [Gr. , , dog + bear + fight.] Bear baiting with a dog. Hudibras.

Cyn•ar•rho´di•um (s?n•?r-r?´d?-?m), n. [NL., from Gr. dog-rose; , , dog + rose.] (Bot.) A fruit like that of the rose, consisting of a cup formed of the calyx tube and receptacle, and containing achenes.

Cyn•e•get´ics (sin•e•jet´iks), n. [Gr. kynhgetikh• (sc. te•chnh art), fr. kynhge•ths hunter; ky•wn, kyno•s, dog + to lead.] The art of hunting with dogs. { Cyn´ic (sin´ik), Cyn´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [L. cynicus of the sect of Cynics, fr. Gr. kyniko•s, prop., dog- like, fr. ky•wn, kyno•s, dog. See Hound.] 1. Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; captious; currish. “I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
Johnson.” 2. Pertaining to the Dog Star; as the cynic, or Sothic, year; cynic cycle. 3. Belonging to the sect of philosophers called cynics; having the qualities of a cynic; pertaining to, or resembling, the doctrines of the cynics. 4. Given to sneering at rectitude and the conduct of life by moral principles; disbelieving in the reality of any human purposes which are not suggested or directed by self-interest or self-indulgence; as a cynical man who scoffs at pretensions of integrity; characterized by such opinions; as cynical views of human nature. In prose, cynical is used rather than cynic, in the senses 1 and 4. Cynic spasm (Med.), a convulsive contraction of the muscles of one side of the face, producing a sort of grin, suggesting certain movements in the upper lip of a dog.

Cyn´ic, n. (Gr. Philos) 1. One of a sect or school of philosophers founded by Antisthenes, and of whom Diogenes was a disciple. The first Cynics were noted for austere lives and their scorn for social customs and current philosophical opinions. Hence the term Cynic symbolized, in the popular judgment, moroseness, and contempt for the views of others. 2. One who holds views resembling those of the Cynics; a snarler; a misanthrope; particularly, a person who believes that human conduct is directed, either consciously or unconsciously, wholly by self-interest or self-indulgence, and that appearances to the contrary are superficial and untrustworthy. “He could obtain from one morose cynic, whose opinion it was impossible to despise, scarcely any not acidulated with scorn.
Macaulay.”

Cyn´ic•al•ly (sin´i•kal•ly), adv. In a cynical manner.

Cyn´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being cynical.

Cyn´i•cism (sin´i•siz’m), n. The doctrine of the Cynics; the quality of being cynical; the mental state, opinions, or conduct, of a cynic; morose and contemptuous views and opinions.

Cy•noi´de•a (s?-noi´d?-a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a dog + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Carnivora, including the dogs, wolves, and foxes.

Cyn•o•rex´i•a (s?n•?-r?ks´?-?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , dog + appetite. ] (Med.) A voracious appetite, like that of a starved dog.

Cy•no•su´ral (s?•n?-sh?´ral or s?n•?-), a. Of or pertaining to a cynosure.

Cy´no•sure (s?´n?-sh?r or s?n´?-sh?r; 277), n. [L. Cynosura theconstellation Cynosure, Gr. dog’s tail, the constellation Cynosure; , , dog + tail. SeeCynic.] 1. The constellation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, the eyes of mariners and travelers were often directed. 2. That which serves to direct. Southey. 3. Anything to which attention is strongly turned; a center of attraction. “Where perhaps some beauty lies,
The cynosure of neighboring eyes.
Milton.”

Cy´on (s?´?n), n. See Cion, and Scion.

Cyp•er•a´ceous (s?p•?r-?´sh?s or s?•p?r-), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a large family of plants of which the sedge is the type.

Cyp´e•rus (s?p´?-r?s), n. [NL., from Gr. sedge.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants belonging to the Sedge family, and including the species called galingale, several bulrushes, and the Egyptian papyrus.

Cy´pher (s?´f?r), n. & v. See Cipher.

Cyph•o•nau´tes (s?f•?-n?´t?z), n. [NL., fr. Gr. bent + sailor.] (Zoöl.) The free-swimming, bivalve larva of certain Bryozoa.

Cyph´o•nism (s?f•?-n?z’m or s´f-), n. [Gr. , fr. a crooked piece of wood, a sort of pillory, fr. bent, stooping.] A punishment sometimes used by the ancients, consisting in the besmearing of the criminal with honey, and exposing him to insects. It is still in use among some Oriental nations.

Cy•prae´a (s?-pr?´?), n. [NL.; cf. Gr. a name of Venus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mollusks, including the cowries. See Cowrie.

Cy•pres´ (s?•pr?´ or s?•pr?s´), n. [OF., nearly.] (Law) A rule for construing written instruments so as to conform as nearly to the intention of the parties as is consistent with law. Mozley & W.

Cy´press (s?´pr?s), n.; pl. Cypresses (-z). [OE. cipres, cipresse, OF. cipres, F. cyprs, L. cupressus, cyparissus (cf. the usual Lat. form cupressus), fr. Gr. , perh. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. gpher, Gen. vi. 14.] (Bot) A coniferous tree of the genus Cupressus. The species are mostly evergreen, and have wood remarkable for its durability. Among the trees called cypress are the common Oriental cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, the evergreen American cypress, C. thyoides (now called Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea), and the deciduous American cypress, Taxodium distichum. As having anciently been used at funerals, and to adorn tombs, the Oriental species is an emblem of mourning and sadness. Cypress vine (Bot.), a climbing plant with red or white flowers (Ipotœa Quamoclit, formerly Quamoclit vulgaris).

Cyp´ri•an (s?p´r?-a]/>n), a. [L. Cyprius, fr. Cyprus, Gr. , an island in the Mediterranean, renowned for the worship of Venus.] 1. Belonging to Cyprus. 2. Of, pertaining, or conducing to, lewdness.

Cyp´ri•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyprus, especially of ancient Cyprus; a Cypriot. 2. A lewd woman; a harlot.

Cyp´rine (s?p´r?n or s?´pr?n), a. [Cf. Cypress.] Of or pertaining to the cypress.

Cyp´rine, a. [See Cyprinoid.] (Zoöl.) Cyprinoid.

Cy•prin´o•dont (s?-pr?n´?-d?nt), n. [Gr. kind of carp + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cyprinodontidae, a family of fishes including the killifishes or minnows. See Minnow.

Cyp´ri•noid (s?p´r?-noid), a. [Gr. a kind of carp + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like the carp (Cyprinus). — n. One of the Cyprinidae, or Carp family, as the goldfish, barbel, etc.

Cyp´ri•ot (s?p´r?-?t), n. [F. Cypriot, Chypriot.] A native or inhabitant of Cyprus.

Cyp•ri•pe´di•um (s?p•r?-p?´d?-?m), n. [NL., fr. Cypris Venus + pes, pedis, foot.] (Bot.) A genus of orchidaceous plants including the lady’s slipper.

Cy´pris (s?´pr?s), n.; pl. Cyprides (sp´r-dz). [L. Cypris, the Cyprian goddess Venus, Gr. Ky•pris. See Cyprian.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, bivalve, fresh-water Crustacea, belonging to the Ostracoda; also a member of this genus.

Cy´prus (s?´pr?s), n. [OE. cipres, cypirs; perh. so named as being first manufactured in Cyprus. Cf. Cipers.] A thin, transparent stuff, the same as or corresponding to, crape. It was either white or black, the latter being most common, and used for mourning. [Obs.] “Lawn as white as driven snow,
Cyprus black as e’er was crow.
Shak.”

Cy´prus•lawn (-l?n•), n. Same as Cyprus. Milton.

Cyp´se•la (s?p´s?-l?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. any hollow vessel.] (Bot.) A one-seeded, one-celled, indehiscent fruit; an achene with the calyx tube adherent.

Cyp•sel´i•form (s?p-s?l´?-f?rm), a. [L. cypselus a kind of swallow, Gr. + - form.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the swifts (Cypselidae.)

Cyr•e•na´ic (s?r•?-n?´?k or s?•r?-), a. [L. Cyrenaicus, fr. Cyrene, in Libya.] Pertaining to Cyrenaica, an ancient country of northern Africa, and to Cyrene, its principal city; also to a school of philosophy founded by Aristippus, a native of Cyrene. — n. A native of Cyrenaica; also a disciple of the school of Aristippus. See Cyrenian, n.

Cy•re´ni•an (s?-r?´n?-a]/>n), a. Pertaining to Cyrene, in Africa; Cyrenaic.

Cy•re´ni•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyrene. 2. One of a school of philosophers, established at Cyrene by Aristippus, a disciple of Socrates. Their doctrines were nearly the same as those of the Epicureans.

Cyr•i•o•log´ic (s?r•?-?-l?j´?k or s?•r?-), a. [See Curiologic.] Relating to capital letters.

Cyr´to•style (s?r´t?-st?l), n. [Gr. bent + pillar.] (Arch.) A circular projecting portion.

Cyst (sist), n. [Gr. ky•stis bladder, bag, pouch, fr. ky•ein to be pregnant. Cf. Cyme.] 1. (Med.) (a) A pouch or sac without opening, usually membranous and containing morbid matter, which is accidentally developed in one of the natural cavities or in the substance of an organ. (b) In old authors, the urinary bladder, or the gall bladder. [Written also cystis.] 2. (Bot.) One of the bladders or air vessels of certain algae, as of the great kelp of the Pacific, and common rockweeds (Fuci) of our shores. D. C. Eaton. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small capsule or sac of the kind in which many immature entozoans exist in the tissues of living animals; also a similar form in Rotifera, etc. (b) A form assumed by Protozoa in which they become saclike and quiescent. It generally precedes the production of germs. See Encystment.

Cyst´ed (s?s´t?d), a. Inclosed in a cyst.

Cyst´ic (s?s´t?k), a. [Cf. F. cystique.] 1. Having the form of, or living in, a cyst; as the cystic entozoa. 2. Containing cysts; cystose; as cystic sarcoma. 3. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst; esp., pertaining to, or contained in, either the urinary bladder or the gall bladder. Cystic duct, the duct from the gall bladder which unites with the hepatic to form the common bile duct. — Cystic worm (Zoöl.), a larval tape worm, as the cysticercus and echinococcus. { Cys´ti•cerce (s?s´t?-s?rs), Cys•ti•cer´cus (-s?r´k?s), } n. [NL. cysticercus, fr. Gr. bladder + tail: cf. F. cysticerque.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of a tapeworm, having the head and neck of a tapeworm attached to a saclike body filled with fluid; — called also bladder worm, hydatid, and measle (as pork measle). These larvae live in the tissues of various living animals, and, when swallowed by a suitable carnivorous animal, develop into adult tapeworms in the intestine. See Measles, 4, Tapeworm.

Cys´ti•cule (s?s´t?-k?l), n. [Dim. of cyst.] (Anat.) An appendage of the vestibular ear sac of fishes. Owen.

Cys´tid (s?s´t?d), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cystidea.

Cys•tid´e•a (s?s-t?d´?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a bladder, pouch.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crinoidea, mostly fossils of the Paleozoic rocks. They were usually roundish or egg-shaped, and often unsymmetrical; some were sessile, others had short stems.

Cys•tid´e•an (-t?d´?-a]/>n), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cystidea.

Cyst´ine (s?s´t?n; 104), n. [See Cyst.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C3H7NSO2, containing sulphur, occuring as a constituent of certain rare urinary calculi, and occasionally found as a sediment in urine.

Cys´tis (s?s´t?s), n. [NL.] A cyst. See Cyst.

Cys•ti´tis (s?s-t?´t?s), n. [Cyst + -itis: cf. F. cystite.] (Med.) Inflammation of the bladder.

Cys´to•carp (s?s´t?-k?rp), n. [Gr. bladder + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) A minute vesicle in a red seaweed, which contains the reproductive spores.

Cys´to•cele (-s?l), n. [Gr. bladder + tumor: cf. F. cystocele.] (Med.) Hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes; vesical hernia. { Cys´toid , Cys•toid´e•an }, n. Same as Cystidean.

Cys•toi´de•a (s?s-toi´d?-?), n. Same as Cystidea.

Cys´to•lith (s?s´t?-l?th), n. [Gr. bladder + -lith.] 1. (Bot.) A concretion of mineral matter within a leaf or other part of a plant. 2. (Med.) A urinary calculus.

Cys•to•lith´ic (-l?th´?k), a. (Med.) Relating to stone in the bladder.

Cys´to•plast (-pl?st), n. [Gr. bladder + to form.] (Biol.) A nucleated cell having an envelope or cell wall, as a red blood corpuscle or an epithelial cell; a cell concerned in growth.

Cyst´ose (s?s´t?s), a. Containing, or resembling, a cyst or cysts; cystic; bladdery.

Cys´to•tome (s?s´t?-t?m), n. [Gr. bladder + to cut: cf. F. cystotome.] (Surg.) A knife or instrument used in cystotomy.

Cys•tot´o•my (s??s-t?t´?-m?), n. [Gr. bladder + to cut: cf. F. cystotomie.] The act or practice of opening cysts; esp., the operation of cutting into the bladder, as for the extraction of a calculus.

Cyth•er•e´an (s?th•?r—?´an), a. [L. Cythereus, from Cythera, Gr. , now Cerigo, an island in the AEgean Sea, celebrated for the worship of Venus.] Pertaining to the goddess Venus.

Cy´to•blast (s?´t?-bl?st), n. [Gr. hollow vessel + -blast.] (Biol.) The nucleus of a cell; the germinal or active spot of a cellule, through or in which cell development takes place.

Cy•to•blas•te´ma (-bl?s-t?´m?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. hollow vessel + growth.] (Biol.) See Protoplasm.

Cy•to•coc´cus (-k?k´k?s), n.; pl. Cytococci (-s). [NL., fr. Gr. hollow vessel + kernel.] (Biol.) The nucleus of the cytula or parent cell. Haeckel.

Cy´tode (s?´t?d), n. [Gr. hollow vessel, from . See Cyst.] (Biol.) A nonnucleated mass of protoplasm, the supposed simplest form of independent life differing from the amoeba, in which nuclei are present.

Cy•to•gen´e•sis (s?•t?-j?n´?-s?s), n. [Gr. hollow vessel + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Development of cells in animal and vegetable organisms. See Gemmation, Budding, Karyokinesis; also Cell development, under Cell. { Cy•to•gen´ic (s?•t?-j?n´?k), Cy•to•ge•net´ic (-j?-n?t´?k), } a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to cytogenesis or cell development.

Cy•tog´e•nous (s?-t?j´?-n?s), a. (Anat.) Producing cells; — applied esp. to lymphatic, or adenoid, tissue.

Cy•tog´e•ny (-n?), n . (Biol.) Cell production or development; cytogenesis.

Cy´toid (s?´toid), a. [Gr. hollow vessel + -oid.] (Physiol.) Cell-like; — applied to the corpuscles of lymph, blood, chyle, etc.

Cy´to•plasm (s?´t?-pl?z’m), n. [Gr. hollow vessel + a mold.] (Biol.) The substance of the body of a cell, as distinguished from the karyoplasma, or substance of the nucleus. — Cy•to•plas´mic (-plz´mk), a.

Cyt´u•la (s?t´?-l?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a hollow vessel.] (Biol.) The fertilized egg cell or parent cell, from the development of which the child or other organism is formed. Haeckel.

Czar (zär), n. [Russ. tsare, fr. L. Caesar Caesar; cf. OPol. czar, Pol. car. ] A king; a chief; the title of the emperor of Russia. [Written also tzar.]

Cza•rev´na (z?-r?v´n?), n. [Russ. tsarevna.] The title of the wife of the czarowitz.

Cza•ri´na (z?-r?´n?), n. [Cf. G. Zarin, Czarin, fem., Russ. tsaritsa.] The title of the empress of Russia.

Cza•rin´i•an (z?-r?n´?-an), a. Of or pertaining to the czar or the czarina; czarish.

Czar´ish (z?r´?sh), a. Of or pertaining to the czar.

Czar´o•witz (z?r´?-w?ts or t??r´?-v?ch), n.; pl. Czarowitzes (- z). [Russ. tsarevich’.] The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia.

Czech (ch?k; 204), n. 1. One of the Czechs. 2. The language of the Czechs (often called Bohemian), the harshest and richest of the Slavic languages.

Czech´ic (ch?k´?k), a. Of or pertaining to the Czechs. ´One Czechic realm.´ The Nation.

Czechs (ch?ks), n. pl.; sing. Czech. [Named after their chieftain, Czech.] (Ethnol.) The most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations, numbering now more than 6,000,000, and found principally in Bohemia and Moravia.

D (de) 1. The fourth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. The English letter is from Latin, which is from Greek, which took it from Phœnician, the probable ultimate origin being Egyptian. It is related most nearly to t and th; as Eng. deep, G. tief; Eng. daughter, G. tochter, Gr. qyga•thr, Skr. duhitr. See Guide to Pronunciation, rad.178, 179, 229. 2. (Mus.) The nominal of the second tone in the model major scale (that in C), or of the fourth tone in the relative minor scale of C (that in A minor), or of the key tone in the relative minor of F. 3. As a numeral D stands for 500. in this use it is not the initial of any word, or even strictly a letter, but one half of the sign (or ) the original Tuscan numeral for 1000.

Dab (dab), n. [Perh. corrupted fr. adept.] A skillful hand; a dabster; an expert. [Colloq.] “One excels at a plan or the titlepage, another works away at the body of the book, and the third is a dab at an index.” Goldsmith.

Dab, n. [Perh. so named from its quickness in diving beneath the sand. Cf. Dabchick.] (Zoöl.) A name given to several species of flounders, esp. to the European species, Pleuronectes limanda. The American rough dab is Hippoglossoides platessoides.

Dab (dab), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dabbed (dabd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dabbing.] [OE. dabben to strice; akin to OD. dabben to pinch, knead, fumble, dabble, and perh. to G. tappen to grope.] 1. To strike or touch gently, as with a soft or moist substance; to tap; hence, to besmear with a dabber. “A sore should … be wiped … only by dabbing it over with fine lint.” S. Sharp. 2. To strike by a thrust; to hit with a sudden blow or thrust. ´To dab him in the neck.´ Sir T. More.

Dab , n. 1. A gentle blow with the hand or some soft substance; a sudden blow or hit; a peck. “A scratch of her claw, a dab of her beak.” Hawthorne. 2. A small mass of anything soft or moist.

Dabb (dab), n. (Zoöl.) A large, spine-tailed lizard (Uromastix spinipes), found in Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine; — called also dhobb, and dhubb.

Dab´ber (dab´ber), n. That with which one dabs; hence, a pad or other device used by printers, engravers, etc., as for dabbing type or engraved plates with ink.

Dab´ble (dab´b’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dabbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Dabbling (-b’ling).] [Freq. of dab: cf. OD. dabbelen.] To wet by little dips or strokes; to spatter; to sprinkle; to moisten; to wet. ´Bright hair dabbled in blood.´ Shak.

Dab´ble, v. i. 1. To play in water, as with the hands; to paddle or splash in mud or water. “Where the duck dabbles ’mid the rustling sedge.” Wordsworth. 2. To work in slight or superficial manner; to do in a small way; to tamper; to meddle. ´Dabbling here and there with the text.´ Atterbury. “During the first year at Dumfries, Burns for the first time began to dabble in politics.” J. C. Shairp.

Dab´bler (dab´bler), n. 1. One who dabbles. 2. One who dips slightly into anything; a superficial meddler. ´our dabblers in politics.´ Swift.

Dab´bling•ly , adv. In a dabbling manner.

Dab´chick (dab´chik•), n. [For dabchick. See Dap, Dip, cf. Dipchick.] (Zoöl.) A small water bird (Podilymbus podiceps), allied to the grebes, remarkable for its quickness in diving; — called also dapchick, dobchick, dipchick, didapper, dobber, devil-diver, hell-diver, and pied- billed grebe.

Da•boi´a , n. (Zoöl.) A large and highly venomous Asiatic viper (Daboia xanthica).

Dab´ster, n. [Cf. Dab an expert.] One who is skilled; a master of his business; a proficient; an adept. [Colloq.] Sometimes improperly used for dabbler; as ´I am but a dabster with gentle art.´

Da•ca´po [It., from [the] head or beginning.] (Mus.) From the beginning; a direction to return to, and end with, the first strain; — indicated by the letters D. C. also the strain so repeated.

Dace , n. [Written also dare, dart, fr. F. dard dase, dart, of German origin. Dace is for an older darce, fr. an OF. nom. darz. See Dart a javelin.] (Zoöl.) A small European cyprinoid fish (Squalius leuciscus or Leuciscus vulgaris); — called also dare. In America the name is given to several related fishes of the genera Squalius, Minnilus, etc. The black-nosed dace is Rhinichthys atronasus the horned dace is Semotilus corporalis. For red dace, see Redfin.

Dachs´hund , n. [G., from dachs badger + hund dog.] (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small dogs with short crooked legs, and long body; — called also badger dog. There are two kinds, the rough-haired and the smooth-haired.

Da´cian , a. Of or pertaining to Dacia or the Dacians. — n. A native of ancient Dacia.

Da•coit´ (da•koit´), n. [Hind. dakait, dakayat.] One of a class of robbers, in India, who act in gangs.

Da•coit´y , n. The practice of gang robbery in India; robbery committed by dacoits.

Da•co´tahs , n. pl.; sing. Dacotan . (Ethnol.) Same as Dacotas. Longfellow.

Dac´tyl , n. [L. dactylus, Gr. da•ktylos a finger, a dactyl. Cf. Digit.] 1. (Pros.) A poetical foot of three sylables (— &ssmile; &ssmile;), one long followed by two short, or one accented followed by two unaccented; as L. tëgmine, E. mer\b6ciful; — so called from the similarity of its arrangement to that of the joints of a finger. [Written also dactyle.] 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A finger or toe; a digit. (b) The claw or terminal joint of a leg of an insect or crustacean.

Dac´tyl•ar , a. 1. Pertaining to dactyl; dactylic. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a finger or toe, or to the claw of an insect crustacean.

Dac´tyl•et , n. [Dactyl + et.] A dactyl. [Obs.]

Dac•tyl´ic , a. [L. dactylicus, Gr. , fr. .] Pertaining to, consisting chiefly or wholly of, dactyls; as dactylic verses.

Dac•tyl´ic, n. 1. A line consisting chiefly or wholly of dactyls; as these lines are dactylics. 2. pl. Dactylic meters.

Dac•tyl´i•o•glyph (dak•til´i•o•glif), n. [Gr. daktyliogly•fos an engraver of gems; dakty•lios finger ring (fr. da•ktylos finger) + gly•fein to engrave.] (Fine Arts) (a) An engraver of gems for rings and other ornaments. (b) The inscription of the engraver’s name on a finger ring or gem.

Dac•tyl•i•og´ly•phy , n. The art or process of gem engraving.

Dac•tyl•i•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. dakty•lios finger ring + -graphy.] (Fine Arts) (a) The art of writing or engraving upon gems. (b) In general, the literature or history of the art.

Dac•tyl•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. dakty•lios finger ring + -logy.] (Fine Arts) (a) That branch of archaeology which has to do with gem engraving. (b) That branch of archaeology which has to do with finger rings.

Dac•tyl´i•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. dakty•lios + -mancy.] Divination by means of finger rings.

Dac´tyl•ist , n. A writer of dactylic verse.

Dac•tyl•i´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. da•ktylos finger + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the fingers. Gross.

Dac•tyl•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + -logy.] The art of communicating ideas by certain movements and positions of the fingers; — a method of conversing practiced by the deaf and dumb. There are two different manual alphabets, the one- hand alphabet (which was perfected by Abbe de l’Epee, who died in 1789), and the two-hand alphabet. The latter was probably based on the manual alphabet published by George Dalgarus of Aberdeen, in 1680. See Illustration in Appendix.

Dac•tyl´o•man•cy , n. Dactyliomancy. [R.] Am. Cyc.

Dac•tyl•on´o•my , n. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + no•mos law, distribution.] The art of numbering or counting by the fingers.

Dac•tyl•op´ter•ous , a. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) Having the inferior rays of the pectoral fins partially or entirely free, as in the gurnards.

Dac•ty•lo•the´ca (dak•ti•lo•the´ka), n. [NL., fr. Gr. da•ktylos finger, toe + qh•kh case, box.] (Zoöl.) The scaly covering of the toes, as in birds.

Dac•tyl•o•zo´oid (dak•ti•lo•zo´oid), n. [Gr. da•ktylos finger + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) A kind of zooid of Siphonophora which has an elongated or even vermiform body, with one tentacle, but no mouth. See Siphonophora.

Dad (dad), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. daid, Gael. daidein, W. tad, OL. tata, Gr. ta•ta, te•tta, Skr. tata.] Father; — a word sometimes used by children. “I was never so bethumped with words,
Since I first called my brother’s father dad.” Shak.

Dad´dle (dad´d’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Daddled , p. pr. & vb. n. Daddling.] [Prob. freq. of dade.] To toddle; to walk unsteadily, like a child or an old man; hence, to do anything slowly or feebly.

Dad´dock , n. [Cf. Prov. E. dad a large piece.] The rotten body of a tree. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Dad´dy , n. Diminutive of Dad. Dryden.

Dad´dy long´legs 1. (Zoöl.) An arachnidan of the genus Phalangium, and allied genera, having a small body and four pairs of long legs; — called also harvestman, carter, and grandfather longlegs. 2. (Zoöl.) A name applied to many species of dipterous insects of the genus Tipula, and allied genera, with slender bodies, and very long, slender legs; the crane fly; — called also father longlegs.

Dade , v. t. [Of. uncertain origin. Cf. Dandle, Daddle.] To hold up by leading strings or by the hand, as a child while he toddles. [Obs.] “Little children when they learn to go
By painful mothers daded to and fro.” Drayton.

Dade, v. i. To walk unsteadily, as a child in leading strings, or just learning to walk; to move slowly. [Obs.] “No sooner taught to dade, but from their mother trip.” Drayton.

Da´do , n.; pl. Dadoes (#). [It. dado die, cube, pedestal; of the same origin as E. die, n. See Die, n.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a pedestal included between the base and the cornice (or surbase); the die. See Illust. of Column. Hence: (b) In any wall, that part of the basement included between the base and the base course. See Base course, under Base. (c) In interior decoration, the lower part of the wall of an apartment when adorned with moldings, or otherwise specially decorated. { Dae´dal , Dae•dal´ian }, a. [L. daedalus cunningly wrought, fr. Gr. ; cf. to work cunningly. The word also alludes to the mythical Daedalus (Gr. , lit., the cunning worker).] 1. Cunningly or ingeniously formed or working; skillful; artistic; ingenious. “Our bodies decked in our daedalian arms.” Chapman. “The daedal hand of Nature.” J. Philips. “The doth the daedal earth throw forth to thee,
Out of her fruitful, abundant flowers.” Spenser. 2. Crafty; deceitful. [R.] Keats.

Daed´a•lous , a. (Bot.) Having a variously cut or incised margin; — said of leaves.

Dae´mon , n., Dae•mon´ic , a. See Demon, Demonic.

Daff , v. t. [Cf. Doff.] To cast aside; to put off; to doff. [Obs.] “Canst thou so daff me? Thou hast killed my child.” Shak.

Daff, n. [See Daft.] A stupid, blockish fellow; a numskull. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Daff (daf), v. i. To act foolishly; to be foolish or sportive; to toy. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Daff, v. t. To daunt. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Daf´fo•dil (daf´fo•dil), n. [OE. affodylle, prop., the asphodel, fr. LL. affodillus (cf. D. affodille or OF. asphodile, aphodille, F. asphodèle), L. asphodelus, fr. Gr. ’asfo•delos. The initial d in English is not satisfactorily explained. See Asphodel.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Asphodelus. (b) A plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Pseudo-narcissus). It has a bulbous root and beautiful flowers, usually of a yellow hue. Called also daffodilly, daffadilly, daffadowndilly, daffydowndilly, etc. “With damask roses and daffadillies set.” Spenser. “Strow me the ground with daffadowndillies,
And cowslips, and kingcups, and loved lilies.” Spenser. “A college gown
That clad her like an April daffodilly.” Tennyson “And chance-sown daffodil.” Whittier.

Daft (daft), a. [OE. daft, deft, deft, stupid; prob. the same word as E. deft. See Deft.] 1. Stupid; foolish; idiotic; also delirious; insane; as he has gone daft. “Let us think no more of this daft business” Sir W. Scott. 2. Gay; playful; frolicsome. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Daft´ness, n. The quality of being daft.

Dag (dag), n. [Cf. F. dague, LL. daga, D. dagge (fr. French); all prob. fr. Celtic; Cf. Gael. dag a pistol, Armor. dag dagger, W. dager, dagr, Ir. daigear. Cf. Dagger.] 1. A dagger; a poniard. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. A large pistol formerly used. [Obs.] “The Spaniards discharged their dags, and hurt some.” Foxe. “A sort of pistol, called dag, was used about the same time as hand guns and harquebuts.” Grose. 3. (Zoöl.) The unbranched antler of a young deer.

Dag, n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. dagg, Icel. dögg. rad.71. See Dew.] A misty shower; dew. [Obs.]

Dag, n. [OE. dagge (cf. Dagger); or cf. AS. dag what is dangling.] A loose end; a dangling shred. “Daglocks, clotted locks hanging in dags or jags at a sheep’s tail.” Wedgwood.

Dag, v. t. [1, from Dag dew. 2, from Dag a loose end.] 1. To daggle or bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson. 2. To cut into jags or points; to slash; as to dag a garment. [Obs.] Wright.

Dag, v. i. To be misty; to drizzle. [Prov. Eng.]

Dag´ger (-ger), n. [Cf. OE. daggen to pierce, F. daguer. See Dag a dagger.] 1. A short weapon used for stabbing. This is the general term: cf. Poniard, Stiletto, Bowie knife, Dirk, Misericorde, Anlace. 2. (Print.) A mark of reference in the form of a dagger [†]. It is the second in order when more than one reference occurs on a page; — called also obelisk. Dagger moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Apatalea. The larvae are often destructive to the foliage of fruit trees, etc. — Dagger of lath, the wooden weapon given to the Vice in the old Moralities. Shak. — Double dagger, a mark of reference [‡] which comes next in order after the dagger. — To look, or speak, daggers, to look or speak fiercely or reproachfully.

Dag´ger, v. t. To pierce with a dagger; to stab. [Obs.]

Dag´ger, n. [Perh. from diagonal.] A timber placed diagonally in a ship’s frame. Knight.

Dagges (dagz), n. pl. [OE. See Dag a loose end.] An ornamental cutting of the edges of garments, introduced about a. d. 1346, according to the Chronicles of St Albans. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Dag´gle (dag´g’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daggled (-g’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Daggling (-gling).] [Freq. of dag, v. t., 1.] To trail, so as to wet or befoul; to make wet and limp; to moisten. “The warrior’s very plume, I say,
Was daggled by the dashing spray.” Sir W. Scott.

Dag´gle, v. i. To run, go, or trail one’s self through water, mud, or slush; to draggle. “Nor, like a puppy [have I] daggled through the town.” Pope. { Dag´gle-tail• (dag´g’l-tal•), Dag´gle- tailed• (-tald•), } a. Having the lower ends of garments defiled by trailing in mire or filth; draggle- tailed.

Dag´gle-tail (-tal•), n. A slovenly woman; a slattern; a draggle-tail.

Dag´lock (-lok•), n. [Dag a loose end + lock.] A dirty or clotted lock of wool on a sheep; a taglock.

Da´go (da´go), n.; pl. Dagos (-goz). [Cf. Sp. Diego, E. James.] A nickname given to a person of Spanish (or, by extension, Portuguese or Italian) descent. [U. S.]

Da•go´ba (da•go´ba), n. [Singhalese dagoba.] A dome- shaped structure built over relics of Buddha or some Buddhist saint. [East Indies]

Da´gon (da´gon), [Heb. Dagon, fr. dag a fish: cf. Gr. Dagw•n.] The national god of the Philistines, represented with the face and hands and upper part of a man, and the tail of a fish. W. Smith. “This day a solemn feast the people hold
To Dagon, their sea idol.” Milton. “They brought it into the house of Dagon.” 1 Sam. v. 2.

Dag´on (dag´on), n. [See Dag a loose end.] A slip or piece. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dag´swain , n. [From Dag a loose end?] A coarse woolen fabric made of daglocks, or the refuse of wool. ´Under coverlets made of dagswain.´ Holinshed.

Dag´-tailed , a. [Dag a loose end + tail.] Daggle-tailed; having the tail clogged with daglocks. ´Dag-tailed sheep.´ Bp. Hall. { Da•guer´re•an (da•ger´i•an), Da•guerre´i•an } a. Pertaining to Daguerre, or to his invention of the daguerreotype.

Da•guerre´o•type (da•ger´o•tip), n. [From Daguerre the inventor + - type.] 1. An early variety of photograph, produced on a silver plate, or copper plate covered with silver, and rendered sensitive by the action of iodine, or iodine and bromine, on which, after exposure in the camera, the latent image is developed by the vapor of mercury. 2. The process of taking such pictures.

Da•guerre´o•type (da•ger´o•tip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daguerreotyped (-tipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Daguerreotyping (-ti•ping).] 1. To produce or represent by the daguerreotype process, as a picture. 2. To impress with great distinctness; to imprint; to imitate exactly. { Da•guerre´o•ty•per , Da•guerre´o•ty•pist } n. One who takes daguerreotypes.

Da•guerre´o•ty•py , n. The art or process of producing pictures by method of Daguerre.

Da•ha•be´ah (dä•ha•be´a), n. [Ar.] A Nile boat constructed on the model of a floating house, having large lateen sails.

Dah´lia (däl´ya or dal´ya; 277, 106), n.; pl. Dahlias (#). [Named after Andrew Dahl a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of plants native to Mexico and Central America, of the order Compositae; also any plant or flower of the genus. The numerous varieties of cultivated dahlias bear conspicuous flowers which differ in color.

Dah´lin (dä´lin), n. [From Dahlia.] (Chem.) A variety of starch extracted from the dahlia; — called also inulin. See Inulin.

Dai´li•ness , n. Daily occurence. [R.]

Dai´ly (da´ly), a. [AS. daeglic; daeg day + -lic like. See Day.] Happening, or belonging to, each successive day; diurnal; as daily labor; a daily bulletin. “Give us this day our daily bread.” Matt. vi. 11. “Bunyan has told us … that in New England his dream was the daily subject of the conversation of thousands.” Macaulay. Syn. — Daily, Diurnal. Daily is Anglo-Saxon, and diurnal is Latin. The former is used in reference to the ordinary concerns of life; as daily wants, daily cares, daily employments. The latter is appropriated chiefly by astronomers to what belongs to the astronomical day; as the diurnal revolution of the earth. “Man hath his daily work of body or mind
Appointed, which declares his dignity,
And the regard of Heaven on all his ways.” Milton. “Half yet remains unsung, but narrower bound
Within the visible diurnal sphere.” Milton.

Dai´ly, n.; pl. Dailies . A publication which appears regularly every day; as the morning dailies.

Dai´ly, adv. Every day; day by day; as a thing happens daily.

Dai´mi•o , n.; pl. Daimios (#). [Jap., fr. Chin. tai ming great name.] The title of the feudal nobles of Japan. “The daimios, or territorial nobles, resided in Yedo and were divided into four classes.” Am. Cyc.

Daint , n. [See Dainty, n.] Something of exquisite taste; a dainty. [Obs.] — a. Dainty. [Obs.] “To cherish him with diets daint.” Spenser.

Dain´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daintified p. pr. & vb. n. Daintifying.] [Dainty + -fy.] To render dainty, delicate, or fastidious. ´Daintified emotion.´ Sat. rev.

Dain´ti•ly, adv. In a dainty manner; nicely; scrupulously; fastidiously; deliciously; prettily.

Dain´ti•ness, n. The quality of being dainty; nicety; niceness; elegance; delicacy; deliciousness; fastidiousness; squeamishness. “The daintiness and niceness of our captains” Hakluyt. “More notorious for the daintiness of the provision … than for the massiveness of the dish.” Hakewill. “The duke exeeded in the daintiness of his leg and foot, and the earl in the fine shape of his hands,” Sir H. Wotton.

Dain´trel , n. [From daint or dainty; cf. OF. daintier.] Adelicacy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Dain´ty , n.; pl. Dainties (#). [OE. deinie, dainte, deintie, deyntee, OF. deintie delicacy, orig., dignity, honor, fr. L. dignitas, fr. dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Dignity.] 1. Value; estimation; the gratification or pleasure taken in anything. [Obs.] “I ne told no deyntee of her love.” Chaucer. 2. That which is delicious or delicate; a delicacy. “That precious nectar may the taste renew
Of Eden’s dainties, by our parents lost.” Beau. & Fl. 3. A term of fondness. [Poetic] B. Jonson. Syn. — Dainty, Delicacy. These words are here compared as denoting articles of food. The term delicacy as applied to a nice article of any kind, and hence to articles of food which are particularly attractive. Dainty is stronger, and denotes some exquisite article of cookery. A hotel may be provided with all the delicacies of the season, and its table richly covered with dainties. “These delicacies
I mean of taste, sight, smell, herbs, fruits, and flowers,
Walks and the melody of birds.” Milton. “[A table] furnished plenteously with bread,
And dainties, remnants of the last regale.” Cowper.

Dain´ty, a. [Compar. Daintier superl. Daintiest.] 1. Rare; valuable; costly. [Obs.] “Full many a deynte horse had he in stable.” Chaucer. Hence the proverb ´dainty maketh dearth,´ i. e., rarity makes a thing dear or precious. 2. Delicious to the palate; toothsome. “Dainty bits
Make rich the ribs.” Shak. 3. Nice; delicate; elegant, in form, manner, or breeding; well-formed; neat; tender. “Those dainty limbs which nature lent
For gentle usage and soft delicacy.” Milton. “I would be the girdle.
About her dainty, dainty waist.” Tennyson. 4. Requiring dainties. Hence: Overnice; hard to please; fastidious; squeamish; scrupulous; ceremonious. “Thew were a fine and dainty people.” Bacon. “And let us not be dainty of leave-taking,
But shift away.” Shak. To make dainty, to assume or affect delicacy or fastidiousness. [Obs.] “Ah ha, my mistresses! which of you all
Will now deny to dance? She that makes dainty,
She, I’ll swear, hath corns.” Shak.

Dai´ry (da´ry), n.; pl. Dairies (-riz). [OE. deierie, from deie, daie, maid; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. deigja maid, dairymaid, Sw. deja, orig., a baking maid, fr. Icel. deig. rad.66. See Dough.] 1. The place, room, or house where milk is kept, and converted into butter or cheese. “What stores my dairies and my folds contain.” Dryden. 2. That department of farming which is concerned in the production of milk, and its conversion into butter and cheese. “Grounds were turned much in England either to feeding or dairy; and this advanced the trade of English butter.” Temple. 3. A dairy farm. [R.] Dairy is much used adjectively or in combination; as dairy farm, dairy countries, dairy house or dairyhouse, dairyroom, dairywork, etc.

Dai´ry•ing, n. The business of conducting a dairy.

Dai´ry•maid , n. A female servant whose business is the care of the dairy.

Dai´ry•man , n.; pl. Dairymen . A man who keeps or takes care of a dairy.

Dai´ry•wom•an , n.; pl. Dairywomen . A woman who attends to a dairy.

Da´is (da´is), n. [OE. deis, des, table, dais, OF. deis table, F. dais a canopy, L. discus a quoit, a dish (from the shape), LL., table, fr. Gr. a quoit, a dish. See Dish.] 1. The high or principal table, at the end of a hall, at which the chief guests were seated; also the chief seat at the high table. [Obs.] 2. A platform slightly raised above the floor of a hall or large room, giving distinction to the table and seats placed upon it for the chief guests. 3. A canopy over the seat of a person of dignity. [Obs.] Shiply.

Dai´sied , a. Full of daisies; adorned with daisies. ´The daisied green.´ Langhorne. “The grass all deep and daisied.” G. Eliot.

Dai´sy (-zy), n.; pl. Daisies (-ziz). [OE. dayesye, AS. daeges-eáge day’s eye, daisy. See Day, and Eye.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of low herbs (Bellis), belonging to the family Compositae. The common English and classical daisy is B. perennis, which has a yellow disk and white or pinkish rays. (b) The whiteweed (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), the plant commonly called daisy in North America; — called also oxeye daisy. See Whiteweed. The word daisy is also used for composite plants of other genera, as Erigeron, or fleabane. Michaelmas daisy (Bot.), any plant of the genus Aster, of which there are many species. — Oxeye daisy (Bot.), the whiteweed. See Daisy (b).

Dak (dak or däk), n. [Hind. dak.] Post; mail; also the mail or postal arrangements; — spelt also dawk, and dauk. [India] Dak boat, a mail boat. Percy Smith. — Dak bungalow, a traveler’s rest- house at the end of a dak stage. — To travel by dak, to travel by relays of palanquins or other carriage, as fast as the post along a road. { Da´ker , Da´kir } n. [See Dicker.] (O. Eng. & Scots Law) A measure of certain commodities by number, usually ten or twelve, but sometimes twenty; as a daker of hides consisted of ten skins; a daker of gloves of ten pairs. Burrill.

Da´ker hen [Perh. fr. W. crecial the daker hen; crec a sharp noise (creg harsh, hoarse, crechian to scream) + iar hen; or cf. D. duiken to dive, plunge.] (Zoöl.) The corncrake or land rail.

Da•koit´, n., Da•koit´y, n. See Dacoit, Dacoity.

Da•ko´ta group (Geol.) A subdivision at the base of the cretaceous formation in Western North America; — so named from the region where the strata were first studied.

Da•ko´tas , n. pl.; sing. Dacota . (Ethnol.) An extensive race or stock of Indians, including many tribes, mostly dwelling west of the Mississippi River; — also in part, called Sioux. [Written also Dacotahs.]

Dal , n. [Hind.] Split pulse, esp. of Cajanus Indicus. [East Indies]

Dale , n. [AS. dael; akin to LG., D., Sw., Dan., OS., & Goth. dal, Icel. dalr, OHG. tal, G. thal, and perh. to Gr. qo•los a rotunda, Skr. dhara depth. Cf. Dell.] 1. A low place between hills; a vale or valley. “Where mountaines rise, umbrageous dales descend.” Thomson. 2. A trough or spout to carry off water, as from a pump. Knight.

Dales´man , n.; pl. Dalesmen . One living in a dale; — a term applied particularly to the inhabitants of the valleys in the north of England, Norway, etc. Macaulay.

Dalf , imp. of Delve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dal´li•ance , n. [From Dally.] 1. The act of dallying, trifling, or fondling; interchange of caresses; wanton play. “Look thou be true, do not give dalliance
Too much the rein.” Shak. “O, the dalliance and the wit,
The flattery and the strife!” Tennyson. 2. Delay or procrastination. Shak. 3. Entertaining discourse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dal´li•er , n. One who fondles; a trifler; as dalliers with pleasant words. Asham.

Dal´lop (dal´lop), n. [Etymol. unknown.] A tuft or clump. [Obs.] Tusser.

Dal´ly (-ly), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dallied (-lid); p. pr. & vb. n. Dallying.] [OE. dalien, dailien; cf. Icel. pylja to talk, G. dallen, dalen, dahlen, to trifle, talk nonsense, OSw. tule a droll or funny man; or AS. dol foolish, E. dull.] 1. To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in idleness; to fool away time; to delay unnecessarily; to tarry; to trifle. “We have trifled too long already; it is madness to dally any longer.” Calamy. “We have put off God, and dallied with his grace.” Barrow. 2. To interchange caresses, especially with one of the opposite sex; to use fondling; to wanton; to sport. “Not dallying with a brace of courtesans.” Shak. “Our aerie … dallies with the wind.” Shak.

Dal´ly, v. t. To delay unnecessarily; to while away. “Dallying off the time with often skirmishes.” Knolles.

Dal•ma´ni•a , n. [From Dalman, the geologist.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites, of many species, common in the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks.

Dal•ma•ni´tes , n. Same as Dalmania.

Dal•ma´tian , a. Of or pertaining to Dalmatia. Dalmatian dog (Zoöl.), a carriage dog, shaped like a pointer, and having black or bluish spots on a white ground; the coach dog.

Dal•mat´i•ca n. Dal•mat´ic n. [LL. dalmatica: cf. F. dalmatique.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A vestment with wide sleeves and with two stripes worn at Mass by deacons and by bishops at pontifical Mass — imitated from a dress originally worn in Dalmatia. 2. A robe worn on state ocasions as by English kings at their coronation.

Dal• se´gno [It., from the sign.] (Mus.) A direction to go back to the sign and repeat from thence to the close. See Segno.

Dal•to´ni•an , n. One afflicted with color blindness.

Dal´ton•ism , n. Inability to perceive or distinguish certain colors, esp. red; color blindness. It has various forms and degrees. So called from the chemist Dalton, who had this infirmity. Nichol.

Dam (dam), n. [OE. dame mistress, lady; also mother, dam. See Dame.] 1. A female parent; — used of beasts, especially of quadrupeds; sometimes applied in contempt to a human mother. “Our sire and dam, now confined to horses, are a relic of this age (13th century) … .Dame is used of a hen; we now make a great difference between dame and dam.” T. L. K. Oliphant. “The dam runs lowing up and down,
Looking the way her harmless young one went.” Shak. 2. A king or crowned piece in the game of draughts.

Dam, n. [Akin to OLG., D., & Dan. dam, G. & Sw. damm, Icel. dammr, and AS. fordemman to stop up, Goth. Faúrdammjan.] 1. A barrier to prevent the flow of a liquid; esp., a bank of earth, or wall of any kind, as of masonry or wood, built across a water course, to confine and keep back flowing water. 2. (Metal.) A firebrick wall, or a stone, which forms the front of the hearth of a blast furnace. Dam plate (Blast Furnace), an iron plate in front of the dam, to strengthen it.

Dam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dammed (damd); p. pr. & vb. n. Damming.] 1. To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by a dam; to confine by constructing a dam, as a stream of water; — generally used with in or up. “I’ll have the current in this place dammed up.” Shak. “A weight of earth that dams in the water.” Mortimer. 2. To shut up; to stop up; to close; to restrain. “The strait pass was dammed
With dead men hurt behind, and cowards.” Shak. To dam out, to keep out by means of a dam.

Dam´age (dam´aj; 48), n. [OF. damage, domage, F. dommage, fr. assumed LL. damnaticum, from L. damnum damage. See Damn.] 1. Injury or harm to person, property, or reputation; an inflicted loss of value; detriment; hurt; mischief. “He that sendeth a message by the hand of a fool cutteth off the feet and drinketh damage.” Prov. xxvi. 6. “Great errors and absurdities many commit for want of a friend to tell them of them, to the great damage both of their fame and fortune.” Bacon. 2. pl. (Law) The estimated reparation in money for detriment or injury sustained; a compensation, recompense, or satisfaction to one party, for a wrong or injury actually done to him by another. In common-law actions, the jury are the proper judges of damages. Consequential damage. See under Consequential. — Exemplary damages (Law), damages imposed by way of example to others. - - Nominal damages (Law), those given for a violation of a right where no actual loss has accrued. — Vindictive damages, those given specially for the punishment of the wrongdoer. Syn. — Mischief; injury; harm; hurt; detriment; evil; ill. See Mischief.

Dam´age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damaged p. pr. & vb. n. Damaging ] [Cf. OF. damagier, domagier. See Damage, n.] To occasion damage to the soundness, goodness, or value of; to hurt; to injure; to impair. “He … came up to the English admiral and gave him a broadside, with which he killed many of his men and damaged the ship.” Clarendon.

Dam´age (dam´aj), v. i. To receive damage or harm; to be injured or impaired in soundness or value; as some colors in cloth damage in sunlight.

Dam´age•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. damageable, F. dommageable for sense 2.] 1. Capable of being injured or impaired; liable to, or susceptible of, damage; as a damageable cargo. 2. Hurtful; pernicious. [R.] “That it be not damageable unto your royal majesty.” Hakluyt.

Dam´age fea•sant [OF. damage + F. faisant doing, p. pr. See Feasible.] (Law) Doing injury; trespassing, as cattle. Blackstone.

Da´man (dä´man), n. (Zoöl.) A small herbivorous mammal of the genus Hyrax. The species found in Palestine and Syria is Hyrax Syriacus; that of Northern Africa is H. Brucei; — called also ashkoko, dassy, and rock rabbit. See Cony, and Hyrax.

Dam´ar , n. See Dammar.

Dam´as•cene (dam´as•sen), a. [L. Damascenus of Damascus, fr. Damascus the city, Gr. Damasko•s. See Damask, and cf. Damaskeen, Damaskin, Damson.] Of or relating to Damascus.

Dam´as•cene (dam´as•sen), n. A kind of plum, now called damson. See Damson.

Dam•as•cene´ (dam•as•sen´), v. t. Same as Damask, or Damaskeen, v. t. ´Damascened armor.´ Beaconsfield. ´Cast and damascened steel.´ Ure.

Da•mas´cus , n. [L.] A city of Syria. Damascus blade, a sword or scimiter, made chiefly at Damascus, having a variegated appearance of watering, and proverbial for excellence. — Damascus iron, or Damascus twist, metal formed of thin bars or wires of iron and steel elaborately twisted and welded together; used for making gun barrels, etc., of high quality, in which the surface, when polished and acted upon by acid, has a damask appearance. — Damascus steel. See Damask steel, under Damask, a.

Dam´ask (dam´ask), n. [From the city Damascus, L. Damascus, Gr. Damasko•s, Heb. Dammesq, Ar. Daemeshq; cf. Heb. d’meseq damask; cf. It. damasco, Sp. damasco, F. damas. Cf. Damascene, Damasse.] 1. Damask silk; silk woven with an elaborate pattern of flowers and the like. ´A bed of ancient damask.´ W. Irving. 2. Linen so woven that a pattern in produced by the different directions of the thread, without contrast of color. 3. A heavy woolen or worsted stuff with a pattern woven in the same way as the linen damask; — made for furniture covering and hangings. 4. Damask or Damascus steel; also the peculiar markings or ´water´ of such steel. 5. A deep pink or rose color. Fairfax.

Dam´ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or originating at, the city of Damascus; resembling the products or manufactures of Damascus. 2. Having the color of the damask rose. “But let concealment, like a worm i’ the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek.” Shak. Damask color, a deep rose-color like that of the damask rose. — Damask plum, a small dark-colored plum, generally called damson. — Damask rose (Bot.), a large, pink, hardy, and very fragrant variety of rose (Rosa damascena) from Damascus. ´Damask roses have not been known in England above one hundred years.´ Bacon. — Damask steel, or Damascus steel, steel of the kind originally made at Damascus, famous for its hardness, and its beautiful texture, ornamented with waving lines; especially, that which is inlaid with damaskeening; — formerly much valued for sword blades, from its great flexibility and tenacity.

Dam´ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damasked p. pr. & vb. n. Damasking.] To decorate in a way peculiar to Damascus or attributed to Damascus; particularly: (a) with flowers and rich designs, as silk; (b) with inlaid lines of gold, etc., or with a peculiar marking or ´water,´ as metal. See Damaskeen. “Mingled metal damasked o’er with gold.” Dryde. “On the soft, downy bank, damasked with flowers.” Milton. { Dam´as•keen• , Dam´as•ken } v. t. [F. damaschinare. See Damascene, v.] To decorate, as iron, steel, etc., with a peculiar marking or ´water´ produced in the process of manufacture, or with designs produced by inlaying or incrusting with another metal, as silver or gold, or by etching, etc., to damask. “Damaskeening is is partly mosaic work, partly engraving, and partly carving.” Ure.

Dam´as•kin , n. [Cf. F. damasquin, adj., It. damaschino, Sp. damasquino. See Damaskeen.] A sword of Damask steel. “No old Toledo blades or damaskins.” Howell (1641).

Da•mas•se´ , a. [F. damasse, fr. damas. See Damask.] Woven like damask. — n. A damasse fabric, esp. one of linen.

Dam´as•sin (dam´as•sin), n. [F., fr. damas. See Damask.] A kind of modified damask or brocade.

Dam´bo•nite (-bo•nit), n. [Cf. F. dambonite.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, sugary substance obtained from an African caoutchouc.

Dam´bose (dam´bos), n. (Chem.) A crystalline variety of fruit sugar obtained from dambonite.

Dame (dam), n. [F. dame, LL. domna, fr. L. domina mistress, lady, fem. of dominus master, ruler, lord; akin to domare to tame, subdue. See Tame, and cf. Dam a mother, Dan, Danger, Dungeon, Dominie, Don, n., Duenna.] 1. A mistress of a family, who is a lady; a woman in authority; especially, a lady. “Then shall these lords do vex me half so much,
As that proud dame, the lord protector’s wife.” Shak. 2. The mistress of a family in common life, or the mistress of a common school; as a dame’s school. “In the dame’s classes at the village school.” Emerson. 3. A woman in general, esp. an elderly woman. 4. A mother; — applied to human beings and quadrupeds. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dame´wort , n. (Bot.) A cruciferrous plant (Hesperis matronalis), remarkable for its fragrance, especially toward the close of the day; — called also rocket and dame’s violet. Loudon.

Da•mi•a´na , n. [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Med.) A Mexican drug, used as an aphrodisiac. There are several varieties derived from different plants, esp. from a species of Turnera and from Bigelovia veneta. Wood & Bache.

Da´mi•an•ist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Damian, patriarch of Alexandria in the 6th century, who held heretical opinions on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. { Dam´mar , Dam´ma•ra } n. [Jav. & Malay. damar.] An oleoresin used in making varnishes; dammar gum; dammara resin. It is obtained from certain resin trees indigenous to the East Indies, esp. Shorea robusta and the dammar pine. Dammar pine, (Bot.), a tree of the Moluccas (Agathis orientalis, or Dammara orientalis), yielding dammar.

Dam´ma•ra, n. (Bot.) A large tree of the order Coniferae, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia; — called also Agathis. There are several species.

Damn (dam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damned (damd or dam´ned); p. pr. & vb. n. Damning (dam´ing or dam´ning).] [OE. damnen dampnen (with excrescent p), OF. damner, dampner, F. damner, fr. L. damnare, damnatum, to condemn, fr. damnum damage, a fine, penalty. Cf. Condemn, Damage.] 1. To condemn; to declare guilty; to doom; to adjudge to punishment; to sentence; to censure. “He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him.” Shak. 2. (Theol.) To doom to punishment in the future world; to consign to perdition; to curse. 3. To condemn as bad or displeasing, by open expression, as by denuciation, hissing, hooting, etc. “You are not so arrant a critic as to damn them [the works of modern poets] … without hearing.” Pope. “Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer,
And without sneering teach the rest to sneer.” Pope. Damn is sometimes used interjectionally, imperatively, and intensively.

Damn, v. i. To invoke damnation; to curse. ´While I inwardly damn.´ Goldsmith.

Dam•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being damnable; damnableness. Sir T. More.

Dam´na•ble , a. [L. damnabilis, fr. damnare: cf. F. damnable. See Damn.] 1. Liable to damnation; deserving, or for which one deserves, to be damned; of a damning nature. “A creature unprepared unmeet for death,
And to transport him in the mind he is,
Were damnable.” Shak. 2. Odious; pernicious; detestable. “Begin, murderer; … leave thy damnable faces.” Shak.

Dam´na•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of deserving damnation; execrableness. “The damnableness of this most execrable impiety.” Prynne.

Dam´na•bly, adv. 1. In a manner to incur severe censure, condemnation, or punishment. 2. Odiously; detestably; excessively. [Low]

Dam•na´tion , n. [F. damnation, L. damnatio, fr. damnare. See Damn.] 1. The state of being damned; condemnation; openly expressed disapprobation. 2. (Theol.) Condemnation to everlasting punishment in the future state, or the punishment itself. “How can ye escape the damnation of hell?” Matt. xxiii. 33. “Wickedness is sin, and sin is damnation.” Shak. 3. A sin deserving of everlasting punishment. [R.] “The deep damnation of his taking- off.” Shak.

Dam´na•to•ry (dam´na•to•ry), a. [L. damnatorius, fr. damnator a condemner.] Dooming to damnation; condemnatory. ´Damnatory invectives.´ Hallam.

Damned , a. 1. Sentenced to punishment in a future state; condemned; consigned to perdition. 2. Hateful; detestable; abominable. “But, O, what damned minutes tells he o’er
Who doats, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves.” Shak.

Dam•nif´ic , a. [L. damnificus; damnum damage, loss + facere to make. See Damn.] Procuring or causing loss; mischievous; injurious.

Dam•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [LL. damnificatio.] That which causes damage or loss.

Dam´ni•fy (dam´ni•fi), v. t. [LL. damnificare, fr. L. damnificus: cf. OF. damnefier. See Damnific.] To cause loss or damage to; to injure; to impair. [R.] “This work will ask as many more officials to make expurgations and expunctions, that the commonwealth of learning be not damnified.” Milton.

Damn´ing , a. That damns; damnable; as damning evidence of guilt.

Damn´ing•ness, n. Tendency to bring damnation. ´The damningness of them [sins].´ Hammond.

dam´num , n. [L.] (law) Harm; detriment, either to character or property. { Dam´o•sel (dam´o•zel), Dam•o•sel´la (-zel´la), Da•moi•selle´ (da•mwä•zel´) }, n. See Damsel. [Archaic]

Dam´our•ite (dam´oo•it), n. [Ater the French chemist Damour.] (Min.) A kind of Muscovite, or potash mica, containing water.

Damp (damp), n. [Akin to LG., D., & Dan. damp vapor, steam, fog, G. dampf, Icel. dampi, Sw. damb dust, and to MNG. dimpfen to smoke, imp. dampf.] 1. Moisture; humidity; fog; fogginess; vapor. “Night … with black air
Accompanied, with damps and dreadful gloom.” Milton. 2. Dejection; depression; cloud of the mind. “Even now, while thus I stand blest in thy presence,
A secret damp of grief comes o’er my soul.” Addison. “It must have thrown a damp over your autumn excursion.” J. D. Forbes. 3. (Mining) A gaseous product, formed in coal mines, old wells, pints, etc. Choke damp, a damp consisting principally of carbonic acid gas; — so called from its extinguishing flame and animal life. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. — Damp sheet, a curtain in a mine gallery to direct air currents and prevent accumulation of gas. — Fire damp, a damp consisting chiefly of light carbureted hydrogen; — so called from its tendence to explode when mixed with atmospheric air and brought into contact with flame.

Damp , a. [Compar. Damper superl. Dampest.] 1. Being in a state between dry and wet; moderately wet; moist; humid. “O’erspread with a damp sweat and holy fear.” Dryden. 2. Dejected; depressed; sunk. [R.] “All these and more came flocking, but with looks
Downcast and damp.” Milton.

Damp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Damped p. pr. & vb. n. Damping.] [OE. dampen to choke, suffocate. See Damp, n.] 1. To render damp; to moisten; to make humid, or moderately wet; to dampen; as to damp cloth. 2. To put out, as fire; to depress or deject; to deaden; to cloud; to check or restrain, as action or vigor; to make dull; to weaken; to discourage. ´To damp your tender hopes.´ Akenside. “Usury dulls and damps all industries, improvements, and new inventions, wherein money would be stirring if it were not for this slug.” Bacon. “How many a day has been damped and darkened by an angry word!” Sir J. Lubbock. “The failure of his enterprise damped the spirit of the soldiers.” Macaulay.

Damp´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dampened p. pr. & vb. n. Dampening.] 1. To make damp or moist; to make slightly wet. 2. To depress; to check; to make dull; to lessen. “In a way that considerably dampened our enthusiasm.” The Century.

Damp´en, v. i. To become damp; to deaden. Byron.

Damp´er , n. That which damps or checks; as: (a) A valve or movable plate in the flue or other part of a stove, furnace, etc., used to check or regulate the draught of air. (b) A contrivance, as in a pianoforte, to deaden vibrations; or, as in other pieces of mechanism, to check some action at a particular time. “Nor did Sabrina’s presence seem to act as any damper at the modest little festivities.” W. Black.

Damp´ish , a. Moderately damp or moist. — Damp´ish•ly, adv. — Damp´ish•ness, n.

Damp´ne , v. t. To damn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Damp´ness, n. Moderate humidity; moisture; fogginess; moistness.

Damp´ off To decay and perish through excessive moisture.

Damp´y , a. 1. Somewhat damp. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. Dejected; gloomy; sorrowful. [Obs.] ´Dispel dampy throughts.´ Haywards.

Dam´sel , n. [OE. damosel, damesel, damisel, damsel, fr. OF. damoisele, damisele, gentlewoman, F. demoiselle young lady; cf. OF. damoisel young nobleman, F. damoiseau; fr. LL. domicella, dominicella, fem., domicellus, dominicellus, masc., dim. fr. L. domina, dominus. See Dame, and cf. Demoiselle, Doncella.] 1. A young person, either male or female, of noble or gentle extraction; as Damsel Pepin; Damsel Richard, Prince of Wales. [Obs.] 2. A young unmarried woman; a girl; a maiden. “With her train of damsels she was gone,
In shady walks the scorching heat to shun.” Dryden. “Sometimes a troop of damsels glad, …
Goes by to towered Camelot.” Tennyson. 3. (Milling) An attachment to a millstone spindle for shaking the hopper.

Dam´son (dam´z’n), n. [OE. damasin the Damascus plum, fr. L. Damascenus. See Damascene.] A small oval plum of a blue color, the fruit of a variety of the Prunus domestica; — called also damask plum.

Dan , n. [OE. dan, danz, OF. danz (prop. only nom.), dan, master, fr. L. dominus. See Dame.] A title of honor equivalent to master, or sir. [Obs.] “Old Dan Geoffry, in gently spright
The pure wellhead of poetry did dwell.” Spenser. “What time Dan Abraham left the Chaldee land.” Thomson.

Dan, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mining) A small truck or sledge used in coal mines.

Da´na•ide , n. [From the mythical Danaides, who were condemned to fill with water a vessel full of holes.] (Mach.) A water wheel having a vertical axis, and an inner and outer tapering shell, between which are vanes or floats attached usually to both shells, but sometimes only to one.

Da´na•ite , n. [Named after J. Freeman Dana.] (Min.) A cobaltiferous variety of arsenopyrite.

Da´na•lite , n. [Named after James Dwight Dana.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in octahedral crystals, also massive, of a reddish color. It is a silicate of iron, zinc manganese, and glucinum, containing sulphur.

Dan´bu•rite , n. (Min.) A borosilicate of lime, first found at Danbury, Conn. It is near the topaz in form. Dana.

Dance (dans), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Danced p. pr. & vb. n. Dancing.] [F. danser, fr. OHG. danson to draw; akin to dinsan to draw, Goth. apinsan, and prob. from the same root (meaning to stretch) as E. thin. See Thin.] 1. To move with measured steps, or to a musical accompaniment; to go through, either alone or in company with others, with a regulated succession of movements, (commonly) to the sound of music; to trip or leap rhythmically. “Jack shall pipe and Gill shall dance.” Wither. “Good shepherd, what fair swain is this
Which dances with your daughter?” Shak. 2. To move nimbly or merrily; to express pleasure by motion; to caper; to frisk; to skip about. “Then, ’tis time to dance off.” Thackeray. “More dances my rapt heart
Than when I first my wedded mistress saw.” Shak. “Shadows in the glassy waters dance.” Byron. “Where rivulets dance their wayward round.” Wordsworth. To dance on a rope, or To dance on nothing, to be hanged.

Dance , v. t. To cause to dance, or move nimbly or merrily about, or up and down; to dandle. “To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind.” Shak. “Thy grandsire loved thee well;
Many a time he danced thee on his knee.” Shak. To dance attendance, to come and go obsequiously; to be or remain in waiting, at the beck and call of another, with a view to please or gain favor. “A man of his place, and so near our favor,
To dance attendance on their lordships’ pleasure.” Shak.

Dance, n. [F. danse, of German origin. See Dance, v. i.] 1. The leaping, tripping, or measured stepping of one who dances; an amusement, in which the movements of the persons are regulated by art, in figures and in accord with music. 2. (Mus.) A tune by which dancing is regulated, as the minuet, the waltz, the cotillon, etc. The word dance was used ironically, by the older writers, of many proceedings besides dancing. “Of remedies of love she knew parchance
For of that art she couth the olde dance.” Chaucer. Dance of Death (Art), an allegorical representation of the power of death over all, — the old, the young, the high, and the low, being led by a dancing skeleton. — Morris dance. See Morris. — To lead one a dance, to cause one to go through a series of movements or experiences as if guided by a partner in a dance not understood.

Dan´cer , n. One who dances or who practices dancing. The merry dancers, beams of the northern lights when they rise and fall alternately without any considerable change of length. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora.

Dan´cer•ess, n. A female dancer. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Dan•cet•te´ , a. [Cf. F. danche dancette, dent tooth.] (Her.) Deeply indented; having large teeth; thus, a fess dancette has only three teeth in the whole width of the escutcheon.

Dan´cing , p. a. & vb. n. from Dance. Dancing girl, one of the women in the East Indies whose profession is to dance in the temples, or for the amusement of spectators. There are various classes of dancing girls. — Dancing master, a teacher of dancing. — Dancing school, a school or place where dancing is taught.

Dan´cy , a. (Her.) Same as Dancette.

Dan´de•li•on , n. [F. dent de lion lion’s tooth, fr. L. dens tooth + leo lion. See Tooth, n., and Lion.] (Bot.) A well-known plant of the genus Taraxacum (T. officinale, formerly called T. Dens-leonis and Leontodos Taraxacum) bearing large, yellow, compound flowers, and deeply notched leaves.

Dan´der , n. [Corrupted from dandruff.] 1. Dandruff or scurf on the head. 2. Anger or vexation; rage. [Low] Halliwell.

Dan´der, v. i. [See Dandle.] To wander about; to saunter; to talk incoherently. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dan´di , n. [Hind. dandi, fr. dand an oar.] A boatman; an oarsman. [India]

Dan´die , n. (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small terriers; — called also Dandie Dinmont.

Dan´di•fied , a. Made up like a dandy; having the dress or manners of a dandy; buckish.

Dan´di•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dandified p. pr. & vb. n. Dandifying.] [Dandy + -fy.] To cause to resemble a dandy; to make dandyish.

Dan´di•prat , n. [Dandy + brat child.] 1. A little fellow; — in sport or contempt. ´A dandiprat hop-thumb.´ Stanyhurst. 2. A small coin. “Henry VII. stamped a small coin called dandiprats.” Camden.

Dan´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dandled p. pr. & vb. n. Dandling ] [Cf. G. dändeln to trifly, dandle, OD. & Prov. G. danten, G. tand trifly, prattle; Scot. dandill, dander, to go about idly, to trifly.] 1. To move up and down on one’s knee or in one’s arms, in affectionate play, as an infant. “Ye shall be dandled … upon her knees.” Is. 2. To treat with fondness, as if a child; to fondle; to toy with; to pet. “They have put me in a silk gown and gaudy fool’s cap; I as ashamed to be dandled thus.” Addison. “The book, thus dandled into popularity by bishops and good ladies, contained many pieces of nursery eloquence.” Jeffrey. 3. To play with; to put off or delay by trifles; to wheedle. [Obs.] “Captains do so dandle their doings, and dally in the service, as it they would not have the enemy subdued.” Spenser.

Dan´dler (dan´dler), n. One who dandles or fondles.

Dan´driff (dan´drif), n. See Dandruff. Swift.

Dandruff (dan´druf), n. [Prob. from W. toncrust, peel, skin + AS. drof dirty, draffy, or W. drwg bad: cf. AS. tan a letter, an eruption. rad.240.] A scurf which forms on the head, and comes off in small scales or particles. [Written also dandriff.]

Dan´dy (dan´dy), n.; pl. Dandies (-diz). [Cf. F. dandin, ninny, silly fellow, dandiner to waddle, to play the fool; prob. allied to E. dandle. Senses 2 & 3 are of uncertain etymol.] 1. One who affects special finery or gives undue attention to dress; a fop; a coxcomb. 2. (Naut.) (a) A sloop or cutter with a jigger on which a lugsail is set. (b) A small sail carried at or near the stern of small boats; — called also jigger, and mizzen. 3. A dandy roller. See below. Dandy brush, a yard whalebone brush. — Dandy fever. See Dengue. — Dandy line, a kind of fishing line to which are attached several crosspieces of whalebone which carry a hook at each end. — Dandy roller, a roller sieve used in machines for making paper, to press out water from the pulp, and set the paper.

Dan´dy-cock , n. masc., Dan´dy-hen , n. fem. [See Dandy.] A bantam fowl.

Dan´dy•ish, a. Like a dandy.

Dan´dy•ism , n. The manners and dress of a dandy; foppishness. Byron.

Dan´dy•ize , v. t. & i. To make, or to act, like a dandy; to dandify.

Dan´dy•ling , n. [Dandy + -ling.] A little or insignificant dandy; a contemptible fop.

Dane , n. [LL. Dani: cf. AS. Dene.] A native, or a naturalized inhabitant, of Denmark. Great Dane. (Zoöl.) See Danish dog, under Danish. { Dane´geld• , Dane´gelt• }, n. [AS. danegeld. See Dane, and Geld, n.] (Eng. Hist.) An annual tax formerly laid on the English nation to buy off the ravages of Danish invaders, or to maintain forces to oppose them. It afterward became a permanent tax, raised by an assessment, at first of one shilling, afterward of two shillings, upon every hide of land throughout the realm. Wharton’s Law Dict. Tomlins.

Dane´wort , n. (Bot.) A fetid European species of elder (Sambucus Ebulus); dwarf elder; wallwort; elderwort; — called also Daneweed, Dane’s weed, and Dane’s-blood. [Said to grow on spots where battles were fought against the Danes.]

Dang , imp. of Ding. [Obs.]

Dang, v. t. [Cf. Ding.] To dash. [Obs.] “Till she, o’ercome with anguish, shame, and rage,
Danged down to hell her loathsome carriage.” Marlowe.

Dan´ger , n. [OE. danger, daunger, power, arrogance, refusal, difficulty, fr. OF. dagier, dongier (with same meaning), F. danger danger, fr. an assumed LL. dominiarium power, authority, from L. dominium power, property. See Dungeon, Domain, Dame.] 1. Authority; jurisdiction; control. [Obs.] “In dangerhad he … the young girls.” Chaucer. 2. Power to harm; subjection or liability to penalty. [Obs.] See In one’s danger, below. “You stand within his danger, do you not?” Shak. “Covetousness of gains hath brought [them] in dangerof this statute.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. Exposure to injury, loss, pain, or other evil; peril; risk; insecurity. 4. Difficulty; sparingness. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Coyness; disdainful behavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. In one’s danger, in one’s power; liable to a penalty to be inflicted by him. [Obs.] This sense is retained in the proverb, ´Out of debt out of danger.´ “Those rich man in whose debt and danger they be not.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). — To do danger, to cause danger. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Peril; hazard; risk; jeopardy. — Danger, Peril, Hazard, Risk, Jeopardy. Danger is the generic term, and implies some contingent evil in prospect. Peril is instant or impending danger; as in peril of one’s life. Hazard arises from something fortuitous or beyond our control; as the hazard of the seas. Risk is doubtful or uncertain danger, often incurred voluntarily; as to risk an engagement. Jeopardy is extreme danger. Danger of a contagious disease; the perils of shipwreck; the hazards of speculation; the risk of daring enterprises; a life brought into jeopardy.

Dan´ger, v. t. To endanger. [Obs.] Shak.

Dan´ger•ful , a. Full of danger; dangerous. [Obs.] — Dan´ger•ful•ly, adv. [Obs.] Udall.

Dan´ger•less, a. Free from danger. [R.]

Dan´ger•ous , a. [OE., haughty, difficult, dangerous, fr. OF. dangereus, F. dangereux. See Danger.] 1. Attended or beset with danger; full of risk; perilous; hazardous; unsafe. “Our troops set forth to-morrow; stay with us;
The ways are dangerous.” Shak. “It is dangerous to assert a negative.” Macaulay. 2. Causing danger; ready to do harm or injury. “If they incline to think you dangerous
To less than gods.” Milton. 3. In a condition of danger, as from illness; threatened with death. [Colloq.] Forby. Bartlett. 4. Hard to suit; difficult to please. [Obs.] “My wages ben full strait, and eke full small;
My lord to me is hard and dangerous.” Chaucer. 5. Reserved; not affable. [Obs.] ´Of his speech dangerous.´ Chaucer. — Dan´ger•ous•ly, adv. — Dan´ger•ous•ness, n.

Dan´gle (dan´g’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dangled p. pr. & vb. n. Dangling ] [Akin to Dan. dangle, dial. Sw. dangla, Dan. dingle, Sw. dingla, Icel. dingla; perh. from E. ding.] To hang loosely, or with a swinging or jerking motion. “He’d rather on a gibbet dangle
Than miss his dear delight, to wrangle.” Hudibras. “From her lifted hand
Dangled a length of ribbon.” Tennyson. To dangle about or after, to hang upon importunately; to court the favor of; to beset. “The Presbyterians, and other fanatics that dangle after them,
are well inclined to pull down the present establishment.” Swift.

Dan´gle , v. t. To cause to dangle; to swing, as something suspended loosely; as to dangle the feet. “And the bridegroom stood dangling his bonnet and plume.” Sir W. Scott.

Dan´gle•ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A dark blue, edible berry with a white bloom, and its shrub (Gaylussacia frondosa) closely allied to the common huckleberry. The bush is also called blue tangle, and is found from New England to Kentucky, and southward.

Dan´gler , n. One who dangles about or after others, especially after women; a trifler. ´ Danglers at toilets.´ Burke.

Dan´i•el , n. A Hebrew prophet distinguished for sagacity and ripeness of judgment in youth; hence, a sagacious and upright judge. “A Daniel come to judgment.” Shak.

Dan´ish , a. [See Dane.] Belonging to the Danes, or to their language or country. - - n. The language of the Danes. Danish dog (Zoöl.), one of a large and powerful breed of dogs reared in Denmark; — called also great Dane. See Illustration in Appendix.

Dan´ite , n. 1. A descendant of Dan; an Israelite of the tribe of Dan. Judges xiii. 2. 2. [So called in remembrance of the prophecy in Gen. xlix. 17, ´Dan shall be a serpent by the way,´ etc.] One of a secret association of Mormons, bound by an oath to obey the heads of the church in all things. [U. S.]

Dank , a. [Cf. dial, Sw. dank a moist place in a field, Icel. dökk pit, pool; possibly akin to E. damp or to daggle dew.] Damp; moist; humid; wet. “Now that the fields are dank and ways are mire.” Milton. “Cheerless watches on the cold, dank ground.” Trench.

Dank, n. Moisture; humidity; water. [Obs.]

Dank, n. A small silver coin current in Persia.

Dank´ish, a. Somewhat dank. — Dank´ish•ness, n. “In a dark and dankish vault at home.” Shak.

Dan´ne•brog , n. The ancient battle standard of Denmark, bearing figures of cross and crown. Order of Dannebrog, an ancient Danish order of knighthood.

Dan•seuse´ , n. [F., fr. danser to dance.] A professional female dancer; a woman who dances at a public exhibition as in a ballet.

Dansk , a. [Dan.] Danish. [Obs.]

Dansk´er , n. A Dane. [Obs.] “Inquire me first what Danskers are in Paris.” Shak.

Dan•te´an , a. Relating to, emanating from or resembling, the poet Dante or his writings.

Dan•tesque´ , a. [Cf. It. Dantesco.] Dantelike; Dantean. Earle.

Da•nu´bi•an , a. Pertaining to, or bordering on, the river Danube.

Dap (dap), v. i. [Cf. Dip.] (Angling) To drop the bait gently on the surface of the water. “To catch a club by dapping with a grasshoper.” Walton.

Da•pat´ic•al , a. [L. dapaticus, fr. daps feast.] Sumptuous in cheer. [Obs.] Bailey.

Daph´ne , n. [L., a laurel tree, from Gr. da•fnh.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of diminutive Shrubs, mostly evergreen, and with fragrant blossoms. 2. (Myth.) A nymph of Diana, fabled to have been changed into a laurel tree.

Daph´ne•tin , n. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, C9H6O4, extracted from daphnin.

Daph´ni•a , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of the genus Daphnia.

Daph´nin , n. [Cf. F. daphnine.] (Chem.) (a) A dark green bitter resin extracted from the mezereon (Daphne mezereum) and regarded as the essential principle of the plant. [R.] (b) A white, crystalline, bitter substance, regarded as a glucoside, and extracted from Daphne mezereum and D. alpina.

Daph´no•man•cy , n. [Gr. da•fnh the laurel + -mancy.] Divination by means of the laurel.

Dap´i•fer , n. [L., daps a feast + ferre to bear.] One who brings meat to the table; hence, in some countries, the official title of the grand master or steward of the king’s or a nobleman’s household.

Dap´per , a. [OE. daper; prob. fr. D. dapper brave, valiant; akin to G. tapfer brave, OHG. taphar heavy, weighty, OSlav. dobru good, Russ. dobrui. Cf. Deft.] Little and active; spruce; trim; smart; neat in dress or appearance; lively. “He wondered how so many provinces could be held in subjection by such a dapper little man.” Milton. “The dapper ditties that I wont devise.” Spenser. “Sharp-nosed, dapper steam yachts.” Julian Hawthorne.

Dap´per•ling , n. A dwarf; a dandiprat. [r.]

Dap´ple , n. [Cf. Icel. depill a spot, a dot, a dog with spots over the eyes, dapi a pool, and E. dimple.] One of the spots on a dappled animal. “He has … as many eyes on his body as my gray mare hath dapples.” Sir P. Sidney. { Dap´ple , Dap´pled }, a. Marked with spots of different shades of color; spotted; variegated; as a dapple horse. “Some dapple mists still floated along the peaks.” Sir W. Scott. The word is used in composition to denote that some color is variegated or marked with spots; as dapple-bay; dapple-gray. “His steed was all dapple-gray.” Chaucer. “O, swiftly can speed my dapple-gray steed.” Sir W. Scott.

Dap´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dappled p. pr. & vb. n. Dappling.] To variegate with spots; to spot. “The gentle day, …
Dapples the drowsy east with spots of gray.” Shak. “The dappled pink and blushing rose.” Prior.

Dar´bies , n. pl. Manacles; handcuffs. [Cant] “Jem Clink will fetch you the darbies.” Sir W. Scott. In ´The Steel Glass´ by Gascoigne, printed in 1576, occurs the line ´To binde such babes in father Derbies bands.´

Dar´by , n. A plasterer’s float, having two handles; — used in smoothing ceilings, etc.

Dar´by•ite , n. One of the Plymouth Brethren, or of a sect among them; — so called from John N. Darby, one of the leaders of the Brethren.

Dar•da´ni•an , a. & n.[From L. Dardania, poetic name of Troy.] Trojan.

Dare , v. i. [imp. Durst or Dared ; p. p. Dared; p. pr. & vb. n. Daring.] [OE. I dar, dear, I dare, imp. dorste, durste, AS. ic dear I dare, imp. dorste. inf. durran; akin to OS. gidar, gidorsta, gidurran, OHG. tar, torsta, turran, Goth. gadar, gadaúrsta, Gr. tharsei^n, tharrei^n, to be bold, tharsy•s bold, Skr. Dhrsh to be bold. rad.70.] To have adequate or sufficient courage for any purpose; to be bold or venturesome; not to be afraid; to venture. “I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none.” Shak. “Why then did not the ministers use their new law? Bacause they durst not, because they could not.” Macaulay. “Who dared to sully her sweet love with suspicion.” Thackeray. “The tie of party was stronger than the tie of blood, because a partisan was more ready to dare without asking why.” Jowett (Thuyd.). The present tense, I dare, is really an old past tense, so that the third person is he dare, but the form he dares is now often used, and will probably displace the obsolescent he dare, through grammatically as incorrect as he shalls or he cans. Skeat. “The pore dar plede (the poor man dare plead).” P. Plowman. “You know one dare not discover you.” Dryden. “The fellow dares not deceive me.” Shak. “Here boldly spread thy hands, no venom’d weed
Dares blister them, no slimy snail dare creep.” Beau. & Fl. Formerly durst was also used as the present. Sometimes the old form dare is found for durst or dared.

Dare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dared; p. pr. & vb. n. Daring.] 1. To have courage for; to attempt courageously; to venture to do or to undertake. “What high concentration of steady feeling makes men dare every thing and do anything?” Bagehot. “To wrest it from barbarism, to dare its solitudes.” The Century. 2. To challenge; to provoke; to defy. “Time, I dare thee to discover
Such a youth and such a lover.” Dryden.

Dare, n. 1. The quality of daring; venturesomeness; boldness; dash. [R.] “It lends a luster …
A large dare to our great enterprise.” Shak. 2. Defiance; challenge. “Childish, unworthy dares
Are not enought to part our powers.” Chapman. “Sextus Pompeius
Hath given the dare to Caesar.” Shak.

Dare, v. i. [OE. darien, to lie hidden, be timid.] To lurk; to lie hid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dare, v. t. To terrify; to daunt. [Obs.] “For I have done those follies, those mad mischiefs,
Would dare a woman.” Beau. & Fl. To dare larks, to catch them by producing terror through to use of mirrors, scarlet cloth, a hawk, etc., so that they lie still till a net is thrown over them. Nares.

Dare, n. [See Dace.] (Zoöl.) A small fish; the dace.

Dare´-dev•il , n. A reckless fellow. Also used adjectively; as dare-devil excitement. “A humorous dare-devil — the very man
To suit my prpose.” Ld. Lytton.

Dare´-dev•il•try , n; pl. Dare-deviltries . Reckless mischief; the action of a dare-devil.

Dare´ful , a. Full of daring or of defiance; adventurous. [R.] Shak.

Dar´er , n. One who dares or defies. { Darg , Dargue }, n. [Scot., contr. fr. day work.] A day’s work; also a fixed amount of work, whether more or less than that of a day. [Local, Eng. & Scot.]

Dar´ic (dar´ik), n. [Gr. dareiko•s, of Persian origin.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A gold coin of ancient Persia, weighing usually a little more than 128 grains, and bearing on one side the figure of an archer. (b) A silver coin of about 86 grains, having the figure of an archer, and hence, in modern times, called a daric. 2. Any very pure gold coin.

Dar´ing , n. Boldness; fearlessness; adventurousness; also a daring act.

Dar´ing, a. Bold; fearless; adventurous; as daring spirits. — Dar´ing•ly, adv. — Dar´ing•ness, n.

Dark (därk), a. [OE. dark, derk, deork, AS. dearc, deorc; cf. Gael. & Ir. dorch, dorcha, dark, black, dusky.] 1. Destitute, or partially destitute, of light; not receiving, reflecting, or radiating light; wholly or partially black, or of some deep shade of color; not light-colored; as a dark room; a dark day; dark cloth; dark paint; a dark complexion. “O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon,
Irrecoverably dark, total eclipse
Without all hope of day!” Milton. “In the dark and silent grave.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Not clear to the understanding; not easily seen through; obscure; mysterious; hidden. “The dark problems of existence.” Shairp. “What may seem dark at the first, will afterward be found more plain.” Hooker. “What’s your dark meaning, mouse, of this light word?” Shak. 3. Destitute of knowledge and culture; in moral or intellectual darkness; unrefined; ignorant. “The age wherein he lived was dark, but he
Could not want light who taught the world to see.” Denhan. “The tenth century used to be reckoned by mediaeval historians as the darkest part of this intellectual night.” Hallam. 4. Evincing black or foul traits of character; vile; wicked; atrocious; as a dark villain; a dark deed. “Left him at large to his own dark designs.” Milton. 5. Foreboding evil; gloomy; jealous; suspicious. “More dark and dark our woes.” Shak. “A deep melancholy took possesion of him, and gave a dark tinge to all his views of human nature.” Macaulay. “There is, in every true woman-s heart, a spark of heavenly fire, which beams and blazes in the dark hour of adversity.” W. Irving. 6. Deprived of sight; blind. [Obs.] “He was I think, at this time quite dark, and so had been for some years.” Evelyn. Dark is sometimes used to qualify another adjective; as dark blue, dark green, and sometimes it forms the first part of a compound; as dark-haired, dark-eyed, dark-colored, dark-seated, dark-working. A dark horse, in racing or politics, a horse or a candidate whose chances of success are not known, and whose capabilities have not been made the subject of general comment or of wagers. [Colloq.] — Dark house, Dark room, a house or room in which madmen were confined. [Obs.] Shak. — Dark lantern. See Lantern. — The Dark Ages, a period of stagnation and obscurity in literature and art, lasting, according to Hallam, nearly 1000 years, from about 500 to about 1500 A. D.. See Middle Ages, under Middle. — The Dark and Bloody Ground, a phrase applied to the State of Kentucky, and said to be the significance of its name, in allusion to the frequent wars that were waged there between Indians. — The dark day, a day (May 19, 1780) when a remarkable and unexplained darkness extended over all New England. — To keep dark, to reveal nothing. [Low]

Dark , n. 1. Absence of light; darkness; obscurity; a place where there is little or no light. “Here stood he in the dark, his sharp sword out.” Shak. 2. The condition of ignorance; gloom; secrecy. “Look, what you do, you do it still i’ th’ dark.” Shak. “Till we perceive by our own understandings, we are as much in the dark, and as void of knowledge, as before.” Locke. 3. (Fine Arts) A dark shade or dark passage in a painting, engraving, or the like; as the light and darks are well contrasted. “The lights may serve for a repose to the darks, and the darks to the lights.” Dryden.

Dark, v. t. To darken; to obscure. [Obs.] Milton.

Dark´en (därk´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darkened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Darkening (-n•ing).] [AS. deorcian. See Dark, a.] 1. To make dark or black; to deprive of light; to obscure; as a darkened room. “They [locusts] covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened.” Ex. x. 15. “So spake the Sovran Voice; and clouds began
To darken all the hill.” Milton. 2. To render dim; to deprive of vision. “Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see.” Rom. xi. 10. 3. To cloud, obscure, or perplex; to render less clear or intelligible. “Such was his wisdom that his confidence did seldom darkenhis foresight.” Bacon. “Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?” Job. xxxviii. 2. 4. To cast a gloom upon. “With these forced thoughts, I prithee, darken not
The mirth of the feast.” Shak. 5. To make foul; to sully; to tarnish. “I must not think there are
Evils enough to darken all his goodness.” Shak.

Dark´en, v. i. To grow or darker.

Dark´en•er , n. One who, or that which, darkens.

Dark´en•ing, n. Twilight; gloaming. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright.

Dark´ful , a. Full of darkness. [Obs.]

Dark´ish , a. Somewhat dark; dusky.

Dar´kle , v. i. [Freq. of dark.] To grow dark; to show indistinctly. Thackeray.

Dark´ling , adv. [Dark + the adverbial suffix -ling.] In the dark. [Poetic] “So, out went the candle, and we were left darkling.” Shak. “As the wakeful bird
Sings darkling.” Milton.

Dark´ling, p. pr. & a. 1. Becoming dark or gloomy; frowing. “His honest brows darkling as he looked towards me.” Thackeray. 2. Dark; gloomy. ´The darkling precipice.´ Moore.

Dark´ly, adv. 1. With imperfect light, clearness, or knowledge; obscurely; dimly; blindly; uncertainly. “What fame to future times conveys but darkly down.” Dryden. “so softly dark and darkly pure.” Byron. 2. With a dark, gloomy, cruel, or menacing look. “Looking darkly at the clerguman.” Hawthorne.

Dark´ness, n. 1. The absence of light; blackness; obscurity; gloom. “And darkness was upon the face of the deep.” Gen. i. 2. 2. A state of privacy; secrecy. “What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light.” Matt. x. 27. 3. A state of ignorance or error, especially on moral or religious subjects; hence, wickedness; impurity. “Men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.” John. iii. 19. “Pursue these sons of darkness: drive them out
From all heaven’s bounds.” Milton. 4. Want of clearness or perspicuity; obscurity; as the darkness of a subject, or of a discussion. 5. A state of distress or trouble. “A day of clouds and of thick darkness.” Joel. ii. 2. Prince of darkness, the Devil; Satan. ´In the power of the Prince of darkness.´ Locke. Syn. — Darkness, Dimness, Obscurity, Gloom. Darkness arises from a total, and dimness from a partial, want of light. A thing is obscure when so overclouded or covered as not to be easily perceived. As tha shade or obscurity increases, it deepens into gloom. What is dark is hidden from view; what is obscure is difficult to perceive or penetrate; the eye becomes dim with age; an impending storm fills the atmosphere with gloom. When taken figuratively, these words have a like use; as the darkness of ignorance; dimness of discernment; obscurity of reasoning; gloom of superstition.

Dark´some , a. Dark; gloomy; obscure; shaded; cheerless. [Poetic] “He brought him through a darksome narrow pass
To a broad gate, all built of beaten gold.” Spenser.

Dark´y , n. A negro. [Sleng]

Dar´ling , n. [OE. derling, deorling, AS. deórling; deóre dear + -ling. See Dear, and -ling.] One dearly beloved; a favorite. “And can do naught but wail her darling’s loss.” Shak.

Dar´ling, a. Dearly beloved; regarded with especial kindness and tenderness; favorite. ´Some darling science.´ I. Watts. ´Darling sin.´ Macaulay.

Dar•ling•to´ni•a , n. [NL. Named after Dr. William Darlington, a botanist of West Chester, Penn.] (Bot.) A genus of California pitcher plants consisting of a single species. The long tubular leaves are hooded at the top, and frequently contain many insects drowned in the secretion of the leaves.

Darn (därn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darned (därnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Darning.] [OE. derne, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. darnio to piece, break in pieces, W. & Arm. to E. tear. Cf. Tear, v. t.] To mend as a rent or hole, with interlacing stitches of yarn or thread by means of a needle; to sew together with yarn or thread. “He spent every day ten hours in his closet, in darning his stockings.” Swift. Darning last. See under Last. — Darning needle. (a) A long, strong needle for mending holes or rents, especially in stockings. (b) (Zoöl.) Any species of dragon fly, having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a needle. These flies are harmless and without stings. [In this sense, usually written with a hyphen.] Called also devil’s darning- needle.

Darn, n. A place mended by darning.

Darn, v. t. A colloquial euphemism for Damn.

Dar´nel , n. [OE. darnel, dernel, of uncertain origin; cf. dial. F. darnelle, Sw. dår-repe; perh. named from a supposed intoxicating quality of the plant, and akin to Sw. dåra to infatuate, OD. door foolish, G. thor fool, and Ee. dizzy.] (Bot.) Any grass of the genus Lolium, esp. the Lolium temulentum (bearded darnel), the grains of which have been reputed poisonous. Other species, as Lolium perenne (rye grass or ray grass), and its variety L. Italicum (Italian rye grass), are highly esteemed for pasture and for making hay. Under darnel our early herbalists comprehended all kinds of cornfield weeds. Dr. Prior.

Darn´er , n. One who mends by darning. { Dar´nex , Dar´nic } n. Same as Dornick.

Da•roo´ (da•roo´), n. (Bot.) The Egyptian sycamore (Ficus Sycamorus). See Sycamore.

Darr (dar), n. (Zoöl.) The European black tern. { Dar´raign , Dar´rain } , v. t. [OF. deraisnier to explain, defend, to maintain in legal action by proof and reasonings, LL. derationare; de- + rationare to discourse, contend in law, fr. L. ratio reason, in LL., legal cause. Cf. Arraign, and see Reason.] 1. To make ready to fight; to array. [Obs.] “Darrain your battle, for they are at hand.” Shak. 2. To fight out; to contest; to decide by combat. [Obs.] ´To darrain the battle.´ Chaucer .

Dar´rein, a. [OF. darrein, darrain, fr. an assumed LL. deretranus; L. de + retro back, backward.] (Law) Last; as darrein continuance, the last continuance.

Dart , n. [OF. dart, of German origin; cf. OHG. tart javelin, dart, AS. dara, daro, Sw. dart dagger, Icel. darrar dart.] 1. A pointed missile weapon, intended to be thrown by the hand; a short lance; a javelin; hence, any sharp-pointed missile weapon, as an arrow. “And he [Joab] took three darts in his hand, and thrust them through the heart of Absalom.” 2 Sa. xviii. 14. 2. Anything resembling a dart; anything that pierces or wounds like a dart. “The artful inquiry, whose venomed dart
Scarce wounds the hearing while it stabs the heart.” Hannan More. 3. A spear set as a prize in running. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Zoöl.) A fish; the dace. See Dace. Dart sac (Zoöl.), a sac connected with the reproductive organs of land snails, which contains a dart, or arrowlike structure.

Dart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darted; p. pr. & vb. n. Darting.] 1. To throw with a sudden effort or thrust, as a dart or other missile weapon; to hurl or launch. 2. To throw suddenly or rapidly; to send forth; to emit; to shoot; as the sun darts forth his beams. “Or what ill eyes malignant glances dart?” Pope.

Dart, v. i. 1. To fly or pass swiftly, as a dart. 2. To start and run with velocity; to shoot rapidly along; as the deer darted from the thicket.

Dar´tars , n. [F. dartre eruption, dandruff. rad.240.] A kind of scab or ulceration on the skin of lambs.

Dart´er , n. 1. One who darts, or who throw darts; that which darts. 2. (Zoöl.) The snakebird, a water bird of the genus Plotus; — so called because it darts out its long, snakelike neck at its prey. See Snakebird. 3. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water etheostomoid fish. The group includes numerous genera and species, all of them American. See Etheostomoid.

Dart´ing•ly , adv. Like a dart; rapidly.

Dar´tle , v. t. & i. To pierce or shoot through; to dart repeatedly: — frequentative of dart. “My star that dartles the red and the blue.” R. Browning.

Dar•to´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the dartos.

Dar´toid , a. [Dartos + - oid.] (Anat.) Like the dartos; dartoic; as dartoid tissue.

Dar´tos , n. [NL., fr. Gr. flayed.] (Anat.) A thin layer of peculiar contractile tissue directly beneath the skin of the scrotum.

Dar´trous , a. [F. dartreux. See Dartars.] (Med.) Relating to, or partaking of the nature of, the disease called tetter; herpetic. Dartrous diathesis, A morbid condition of the system predisposing to the development of certain skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, and pityriasis. Also called rheumic diathesis, and herpetism. Piffard.

Dar•win´i•an , a. [From the name of Charles Darwin, an English scientist.] Pertaining to Darwin; as the Darwinian theory, a theory of the manner and cause of the supposed development of living things from certain original forms or elements. This theory was put forth by Darwin in 1859 in a work entitled ´The Origin of species by Means of Natural Selection.´ The author argues that, in the struggle for existence, those plants and creatures best fitted to the requirements of the situation in which they are placed are the ones that will live; in other words, that Nature selects those which are to survive. This is the theory of natural selection or the survival of the fittest. He also argues that natural selection is capable of modifying and producing organisms fit for their circumstances. See Development theory, under Development.

Dar•win´i•an, n. An advocate of Darwinism.

Dar•win´i•an•ism , n. Darwinism.

Dar´win•ism , n. (Biol.) The theory or doctrines put forth by Darwin. See above. Huxley.

Dase (daz), v. t. See Daze. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dase´we , v. i. [OE. dasewen, daswen; cf. AS. dysegian to be foolish.] To become dim-sighted; to become dazed or dazzled. [Obs.] Chauscer.

Dash , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dashed p. pr. & vb. n. Dashing.] [Of. Scand. origin; cf. Dan daske to beat, strike, Sw. & Icel. daska, Dan. & Sw. dask blow.] 1. To throw with violence or haste; to cause to strike violently or hastily; — often used with against. “If you dash a stone against a stone in the botton of the water, it maketh a sound.” Bacon. 2. To break, as by throwing or by collision; to shatter; to crust; to frustrate; to ruin. “Thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter’s vessel.” Ps. ii. 9. “A brave vessel, …
Dashed all to pieces.” Shak. “To perplex and dash
Maturest counsels.” Milton. 3. To put to shame; to confound; to confuse; to abash; to depress. South. “Dash the proud gamester in his gilded car.” Pope. 4. To throw in or on in a rapid, careless manner; to mix, reduce, or adulterate, by throwing in something of an inferior quality; to overspread partially; to bespatter; to touch here and there; as to dash wine with water; to dash paint upon a picture. “I take care to dash the character with such particular circumstance as may prevent ill-natured applications.” Addison. “The very source and fount of day
Is dashed with wandering isles of night.” Tennyson. 5. To form or sketch rapidly or carelessly; to execute rapidly, or with careless haste; — with off; as to dash off a review or sermon. 6. To erase by a stroke; to strike out; knock out; — with out; as to dash out a word.

Dash, v. i. To rush with violence; to move impetuously; to strike violently; as the waves dash upon rocks. “[He] dashed through thick and thin.” Dryden. “On each hand the gushing waters play,
And down the rough cascade all dashing fall.” Thomson.

Dash, n. 1. Violent striking together of two bodies; collision; crash. 2. A sudden check; abashment; frustration; ruin; as his hopes received a dash. 3. A slight admixture, infusion, or adulteration; a partial overspreading; as wine with a dash of water; red with a dash of purple. “Innocence when it has in it a dash of folly.” Addison. 4. A rapid movement, esp. one of short duration; a quick stroke or blow; a sudden onset or rush; as a bold dash at the enemy; a dash of rain. “She takes upon her bravely at first dash.” Shak. 5. Energy in style or action; animation; spirit. 6. A vain show; a blustering parade; a flourish; as to make or cut a great dash. [Low] 7. (Punctuation) A mark or line [—], in writing or printing, denoting a sudden break, stop, or transition in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a long or significant pause, or an unexpected or epigrammatic turn of sentiment. Dashes are also sometimes used instead of marks or parenthesis. John Wilson. 8. (Mus.) (a) The sign of staccato, a small mark [] denoting that the note over which it is placed is to be performed in a short, distinct manner. (b) The line drawn through a figure in the thorough bass, as a direction to raise the interval a semitone. 9. (Racing) A short, spirited effort or trial of speed upon a race course; — used in horse racing, when a single trial constitutes the race.

Dash´board (dash´bord•), n. 1. A board placed on the fore part of a carriage, sleigh, or other vehicle, to intercept water, mud, or snow, thrown up by the heels of the horses; — in England commonly called splashboard. 2. (Naut.) (a) The float of a paddle wheel. (b) A screen at the bow af a steam launch to keep off the spray; — called also sprayboard.

Dash´er (dash´er), n. 1. That which dashes or agitates; as the dasher of a churn. 2. A dashboard or splashboard. [U. S.] 3. One who makes an ostentatious parade. [Low]

Dash´ing, a. Bold; spirited; showy. “The dashing and daring spirit is preferable to the listless.” T. Campbell.

Dash´ing•ly, adv. Conspicuously; showily. [Colloq.] “ A dashingly dressed gentleman.” Hawthorne.

Dash´ism (-iz’m), n. The character of making ostentatious or blustering parade or show. [R. & Colloq.] “He must fight a duel before his claim to … dashism can be universally allowed.” V. Knox.

Dash´pot , n. (Mach.) A pneumatic or hydraulic cushion for a falling weight, as in the valve gear of a steam engine, to prevent shock. It consists of a chamber, containing air or a liquid, in which a piston (a), attached to the weight, falls freely until it enters a space (as below the openings, b) from which the air or liquid can escape but slowly (as through cock c), when its fall is gradually checked. A cataract of an engine is sometimes called a dashpot.

Dash´y , a. [From Dash.] Calculated to arrest attention; ostentatiously fashionable; showy. [Colloq.]

Das´tard , n. [Prob. from Icel. daestr exhausted. breathless, p. p. of daesa to groan, lose one’s breath; cf. dasask to become exhausted, and E. daze.] One who meanly shrinks from danger; an arrant coward; a poltroon. “You are all recreants and dashtards, and delight to live in slavery to the nobility.” Shak.

Das´tard, a. Meanly shrinking from danger; cowardly; dastardly. ´Their dastard souls.´ Addison.

Das´tard, v. t. To dastardize. [R.] Dryden.

Das´tard•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dastardized p. pr. & vb. n. Dastardizing.] To make cowardly; to intimidate; to dispirit; as to dastardize my courage. Dryden.

Das´tard•li•ness , n. The quality of being dastardly; cowardice; base fear.

Das´tard•ly, a. Meanly timid; cowardly; base; as a dastardly outrage.

Das´tard•ness, n. Dastardliness.

Das´tard•y , n. Base timidity; cowardliness.

Das´we , v. i. See Dasewe [Obs.] Chaucer.

Da•sym´e•ter , n. [Gr. dasy•s rough, thick + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for testing the density of gases, consisting of a thin glass globe, which is weighed in the gas or gases, and then in an atmosphere of known density.

Das•y•pae´dal , a. (Zoöl.) Dasypaedic.

Das•y•pae´des , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. dasy•s hairy, shaggy + , , a child.] (Zoöl.) Those birds whose young are covered with down when hatched.

Das•y•pae´dic , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Dasypaedes; ptilopaedic.

Das´y•ure (das´i•ur), n. [Gr. dasy•s thick, shaggy + o’yra• tail: cf. F. dasyure.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous marsupial quadruped of Australia, belonging to the genus Dasyurus. There are several species.

Das•y•u´rine , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, the dasyures.

Da´ta , n. pl. [L. pl. of datum.] See Datum.

Dat´a•ble , a. That may be dated; having a known or ascertainable date. ´Datable almost to a year.´ The Century.

Da•ta´ri•a , n. [LL., fr. L. datum given.] (R. C. Ch.) Formerly, a part of the Roman chancery; now, a separate office from which are sent graces or favors, cognizable in foro externo, such as appointments to benefices. The name is derived from the word datum, given or dated (with the indications of the time and place of granting the gift or favor).

Da´ta•ry , n. [LL. datarius. See Dataria.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An officer in the pope’s court, having charge of the Dataria. 2. The office or employment of a datary.

Date, n.[F. datte, L. dactylus, fr. Gr. , prob. not the same word as da•ktylos finger, but of Semitic origin.] (Bot.) The fruit of the date palm; also the date palm itself. This fruit is somewhat in the shape of an olive, containing a soft pulp, sweet, esculent, and wholesome, and inclosing a hard kernel. Date palm, or Date tree (Bot.), the genus of palms which bear dates, of which common species is Phœnix dactylifera. See Illust. — Date plum (Bot.), the fruit of several species of Diospyros, including the American and Japanese persimmons, and the European lotus (D. Lotus). — Date shell, or Date fish (Zoöl.), a bivalve shell, or its inhabitant, of the genus Pholas, and allied genera. See Pholas.

Date , n. [F. date, LL. data, fr. L. datus given, p. p. of dare to give; akin to Gr. , OSlaw. dati, Skr. da. Cf. Datum, Dose, Dato, Die.] 1. That addition to a writing, inscription, coin, etc., which specifies the time (as day, month, and year) when the writing or inscription was given, or executed, or made; as the date of a letter, of a will, of a deed, of a coin. etc. “And bonds without a date, they say, are void.” Dryden. 2. The point of time at which a transaction or event takes place, or is appointed to take place; a given point of time; epoch; as the date of a battle. “He at once,
Down the long series of eventful time,
So fixed the dates of being, so disposed
To every living soul of every kind
The field of motion, and the hour of rest.” Akenside. 3. Assigned end; conclusion. [R.] “What Time would spare, from Steel receives its date.” Pope. 4. Given or assigned length of life; dyration. [Obs.] “Good luck prolonged hath thy date.” Spenser. “Through his life’s whole date.” Chapman. To bear date, to have the date named on the face of it; — said of a writing.

Date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dating.] [Cf. F. dater. See 2d Date.] 1. To note the time of writing or executing; to express in an instrument the time of its execution; as to date a letter, a bond, a deed, or a charter. 2. To note or fix the time of, as of an event; to give the date of; as to date the building of the pyramids. We may say dated at or from a place. “The letter is dated at Philadephia.” G. T. Curtis. “You will be suprised, I don’t question, to find among your correspondencies in foreign parts, a letter dated from Blois.” Addison. “In the countries of his jornal seems to have been written; parts of it are dated from them.” M. Arnold.

Date, v. i. To have beginning; to begin; to be dated or reckoned; — with from. “The Batavian republic dates from the successes of the French arms.” E. Everett.

Date´less, a. Without date; having no fixed time.

Dat´er , n. One who dates.

Da•tis´cin , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline glucoside extracted from the bastard hemp (Datisca cannabina).

Da´tive , a. [L. dativus appropriate to giving, fr. dare to give. See 2d Date.] 1. (Gram.) Noting the case of a noun which expresses the remoter object, and is generally indicated in English by to or for with the objective. 2. (Law) (a) In one’s gift; capable of being disposed of at will and pleasure, as an office. (b) Removable, as distinguished from perpetual; — said of an officer. (c) Given by a magistrate, as distinguished from being cast upon a party by the law. Burril. Bouvier. Dative executor, one appointed by the judge of probate, his office answering to that of an administrator.

Da´tive, n. [L. dativus.] The dative case. See Dative, a., 1.

Da´tive•ly, adv. As a gift. [R.]

Dat´o•lite , n. [From. Gr. to divide + -lite; in allusion to the granular structure of a massive variety.] (Min.) A borosilicate of lime commonly occuring in glassy,, greenish crystals. [Written also datholite.]

Da´tum , n.; pl. Data (#). [L. See 2d Date.] 1. Something given or admitted; a fact or principle granted; that upon which an inference or an argument is based; — used chiefly in the plural. “Any writer, therefore, who … furnishes us with data sufficient to determine the time in which he wrote.” Priestley. 2. pl. (Math.) The quantities or relations which are assumed to be given in any problem. Datum line (Surv.), the horizontal or base line, from which the heights of points are reckoned or measured, as in the plan of a railway, etc.

Da•tu´ra , n. [NL.; cf. Skr. dhattura, Per. & Ar. tatura, Tatula.] (Bot.) A genus of solanaceous plants, with large funnel-shaped flowers and a four-celled, capsular fruit. The commonest species are the thorn apple (D. stramonium), with a prickly capsule (see Illust. of capsule), white flowers and green stem, and D. tatula, with a purplish tinge of the stem and flowers. Both are narcotic and dangerously poisonous.

Da•tu´rine , n. [From Datura.] (Chem.) Atropine; — called also daturia and daturina.

Daub (dab), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daubed p. pr. & vb. n. Daubing.] [OE. dauben to smear, OF. dauber to plaster, fr. L. dealbare to whitewash, plaster; de- + albare to whiten, fr. albus white, perh. also confused with W. dwb plaster, dwbio to plaster, Ir. & OGael. dob plaster. See Alb, and cf. Dealbate.] 1. To smear with soft, adhesive matter, as pitch, slime, mud, etc.; to plaster; to bedaub; to besmear. “She took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch.” Ex. ii. 3. 2. To paint in a coarse or unskillful manner. “If a picture is daubed with many bright and glaring colors, the vulgar admire it is an excellent piece.” I. Watts. “A lame, imperfect piece, rudely daubed over.” Dryden. 3. To cover with a specious or deceitful exterior; to disguise; to conceal. “So smooth he daubed his vice with show of virtue.” Shak. 4. To flatter excessively or glossy. [R.] “I can safely say, however, that, without any daubing at all,
I am very sincerely your very affectionate, humble servant.” Smollett. 5. To put on without taste; to deck gaudily. [R.] “Let him be daubed with lace.” Dryden.

Daub , v. i. To smear; to play the flatterer. “His conscience … will not daub nor flatter.” South.

Daub, n. 1. A viscous, sticky application; a spot smeared or daubed; a smear. 2. (Paint.) A picture coarsely executed. “Did you … take a look at the grand picture? … ’T is a melancholy daub, my lord.” Sterne.

Daub´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, daubs; especially, a coarse, unskillful painter. 2. (Copperplate Print.) A pad or ball of rags, covered over with canvas for inking plates; a dabber. 3. A low and gross flatterer. 4. (Zoöl.) The mud wasp; the mud dauber. { Daub´er•y , or Daub´ry }, n. A daubing; specious coloring; false pretenses. “She works by charms, by spells, by the figure, and such daubery as this is.” Shak.

Daub´ing, n. 1. The act of one who daubs; that which is daubed. 2. A rough coat of mortar put upon a wall to give it the appearance of stone; rough-cast. 3. In currying, a mixture of fish oil and tallow worked into leather; — called also dubbing. Knight.

Dau´bree•lite , n. [From Daubree, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A sulphide of chromium observed in some meteoric irons.

Daub´y , a. Smeary; viscous; glutinous; adhesive. ´Dauby wax.´

Daugh´ter , n.; pl. Daughters (#); obs. pl. Daughtren (#). [OE. doughter, doghter, dohter, AS. dohtor, dohter; akin to OS. dohtar, D. dochter, G. tochter, Icel. dottir, Sw. dotter, Dan. dotter, datter, Goth. daúhtar,, OSlav. dushti, Russ. doche, Lith. dukte, Gr. qyga•thr, Zend. dughdhar, Skr. duhitr; possibly originally, the milker, cf. Skr. duh to milk. rad.68, 245.] 1. The female offspring of the human species; a female child of any age; — applied also to the lower animals. 2. A female descendant; a woman. “This woman, being a daughter of Abraham.” Luke xiii. 16. “Dinah, the daughter of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob, went out to see the daughter of the land.” Gen. xxxiv. 1. 3. A son’s wife; a daughter-in-law. “And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters.” Ruth. i. 11. 4. A term of address indicating parental interest. “Daughter, be of good comfort.” Matt. ix. 22. Daughter cell (Biol.), one of the cells formed by cell division. See Cell division, under Division.

Daugh´ter-in-law , n.; pl. Daughters-in-law. The wife of one’s son.

Daugh´ter•li•ness , n. The state of a daughter, or the conduct becoming a daughter.

Daugh´ter•ly, a. Becoming a daughter; filial. “Sir Thomas liked her natural and dear daughterly affection towards him.” Cavendish.

Dauk , v. t. See Dawk, v. t., to cut or gush.

Daun , n. A variant of Dan, a title of honor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Daunt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Daunting.] [OF. danter, F. dompter to tame, subdue, fr. L. domitare, v. intens. of domare to tame. See Tame.] 1. To overcome; to conquer. [Obs.] 2. To repress or subdue the courage of; to check by fear of danger; to cow; to intimidate; to dishearten. “Some presences daunt and discourage us.” Glanvill. Syn. — To dismay; appall. See Dismay.

Daunt´er , n. One who daunts.

Daunt´less, a. Incapable of being daunted; undaunted; bold; fearless; intrepid. “Dauntless he rose, and to the fight returned.” Dryden. — Daunt´less•ly, adv. — Daunt´less•ness, n.

Dau´phin , n. [F. dauphin, prop., a dolphin, from L. delphinus. See Dolphin. The name was given, for some reason unexplained, to Guigo, count of Vienne, in the 12th century, and was borne by succeeding counts of Vienne. In 1349, Dauphiny was bequeathed to Philippe de Valois, king of France, on condition that the heir of the crown should always hold the title of Dauphin de Viennois.] The title of the eldest son of the king of France, and heir to the crown. Since the revolution of 1830, the title has been discontinued. { Dau´phin•ess , or Dau´phine }, n. The title of the wife of the dauphin.

Dauw , n. [D.] (Zoöl.) The striped quagga, or Burchell’s zebra, of South Africa (Asinus Burchellii); — called also peechi, or peetsi.

Dav´en•port , n. [From the name of the original maker. Encyc. Dict.] A kind of small writing table, generally somewhat ornamental, and forming a piece of furniture for the parlor or boudoir. “A much battered davenport in one of the windows, at which sat a lady writing.” A. B. Edwards.

Da•vid´ic , a. Of or pertaining to David, the king and psalmist of Israel, or to his family.

Dav´it , n. [Cf. F. davier forceps, davit, cooper’s instrument, G. david davit; all probably from the proper name David.] (Naut.) (a) A spar formerly used on board of ships, as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow, without injuring the sides of the ship; — called also the fish davit. (b) pl. Curved arms of timber or iron, projecting over a ship’s side of stern, having tackle to raise or lower a boat, swing it in on deck, rig it out for lowering, etc.; — called also boat davits. Totten.

Da´vy Jones´ The spirit of the sea; sea devil; — a term used by sailors. “This same Davy Jones, according to the mythology of sailors, is the fiend that presides over all the evil spirits of the deep, and is seen in various shapes warning the devoted wretch of death and woe.” Smollett. Davy Jones’s Locker, the ocean, or bottom of the ocean. — Gone to Davy Jones’s Locker, dead, and buried in the sea; thrown overboard.

Da´vy lamp See Safety lamp, under Lamp.

Da´vyne , n. [See Davyum.] (Min.) A variety of nephelite from Vesuvius.

Da´vy•um , n. [Named after Sir Humphry Davy, the English chemist.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element found in platinum ore. It is a white malleable substance. Symbol Da. Atomic weight 154.

Daw (da), n. [OE. dawe; akin to OHG. taha, MHG. tahe, tahele, G. dohle. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) A European bird of the Crow family (Corvus monedula), often nesting in church towers and ruins; a jackdaw. “The loud daw, his throat
displaying, draws
The whole assembly of his fellow daws.” Waller. The daw was reckoned as a silly bird, and a daw meant a simpleton. See in Shakespeare: — ´Then thou dwellest with daws too.´ (Coriolanus iv. 5, 1. 47.) Skeat.

Daw, v. i. [OE. dawen. See Dawn.] To dawn. [Obs.] See Dawn. Drayton.

Daw, v. t. [Contr. fr. Adaw.] 1. To rouse. [Obs.] 2. To daunt; to terrify. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Daw´dle (da´d’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawdled p. pr. & vb. n. Dawdling ] [Cf. Daddle.] To waste time in trifling employment; to trifle; to saunter. “Come some evening and dawdle over a dish of tea with me.” Johnson. “We … dawdle up and down Pall Mall.” Thackeray.

Daw´dle, v. t. To waste by trifling; as to dawdle away a whole morning.

Daw´dle, n. A dawdler. Colman & Carrick.

Daw´dler , n. One who wastes time in trifling employments; an idler; a trifler.

Dawe , n. [See Day.] Day. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Daw´ish , a. Like a daw.

Dawk , n. See Dak.

Dawk, v. t. [Prov. E. dauk to cut or pierce with a jerk; cf. OE. dalk a dimple. Cf. Ir. tolch, tollachd, tolladh, a hole, crevice, toll to bore, pierce, W. tyllu.] To cut or mark with an incision; to gash. Moxon.

Dawk, n. A hollow, crack, or cut, in timber. Moxon.

Dawn , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawned p. pr. & vb. n. Dawning.] [OE. dawnen, dawen, dagen, daien, AS. dagian to become day, to dawn, fr. daeg day; akin to D. dagen, G. tagen, Icel. daga, Dan. dages, Sw. dagas. See Day. rad.71.] 1. To begin to grow light in the morning; to grow light; to break, or begin to appear; as the day dawns; the morning dawns. “In the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene … to see the sepulcher.” Matt. xxviii. 1. 2. To began to give promise; to begin to appear or to expand. ´In dawning youth.´ Dryden. “When life awakes, and dawns at every line.” Pope. “Dawn on our darkness and lend us thine aid.” Heber,

Dawn, n. 1. The break of day; the first appearance of light in the morning; show of approaching sunrise. “And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve.” Thomson. “No sun, no moon, no morn, no noon,
No dawn, no dusk, no proper time of day.” Hood. 2. First opening or expansion; first appearance; beginning; rise. ´The dawn of time.´ Thomson. “These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of serenity over the soul.” Pope.

Daw´son•ite , n. [Named after J. W. Dawson of Montreal.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of alumina and soda, occuring in white, bladed crustals.

Day , n. [OE. day, dai,, dei, AS. daeg; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. dag, G, tag, Icel. dagr, Goth. dags; cf. Skr. dah (for dhagh ?) to burn. rad.69. Cf. Dawn.] 1. The time of light, or interval between one night and the next; the time between sunrise and sunset, or from dawn to darkness; hence, the light; sunshine. 2. The period of the earth’s revolution on its axis. — ordinarily divided into twenty-four hours. It is measured by the interval between two successive transits of a celestial body over the same meridian, and takes a specific name from that of the body. Thus, if this is the sun, the day (the interval between two successive transits of the sun’s center over the same meridian) is called a solar day; if it is a star, a sidereal day; if it is the moon, a lunar day. See Civil day, Sidereal day, below. 3. Those hours, or the daily recurring period, allotted by usage or law for work. 4. A specified time or period; time, considered with reference to the existence or prominence of a person or thing; age; time. “A man who was great among the Hellenes of his day.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) “If my debtors do not keep their day, …
I must with patience all the terms attend.” Dryden. 5. (Preceded by the) Some day in particular, as some day of contest, some anniversary, etc. “The field of Agincourt,
Fought on the day of Crispin Crispianus.” Shak. “His name struck fear, his conduct won the day.” Roscommon. Day is much used in self-explaining compounds; as daybreak, daylight, workday, etc. Anniversary day. See Anniversary, n. — Astronomical day, a period equal to the mean solar day, but beginning at noon instead of at midnight, its twenty-four hours being numbered from 1 to 24; also the sidereal day, as that most used by astronomers. — Born days. See under Born. — Canicular days. See Dog day. — Civil day, the mean solar day, used in the ordinary reckoning of time, and among most modern nations beginning at mean midnight; its hours are usually numbered in two series, each from 1 to 12. This is the period recognized by courts as constituting a day. The Babylonians and Hindoos began their day at sunrise, the Athenians and Jews at sunset, the ancient Egyptians and Romans at midnight. — Day blindness. (Med.) See Nyctalopia. — Day by day, or Day after day, daily; every day; continually; without intermission of a day. See under By. ´Day by day we magnify thee.´ Book of Common Prayer. — Days in bank (Eng. Law), certain stated days for the return of writs and the appearance of parties; — so called because originally peculiar to the Court of Common Bench, or Bench (bank) as it was formerly termed. Burrill. - - Day in court, a day for the appearance of parties in a suit. — Days of devotion (R. C. Ch.), certain festivals on which devotion leads the faithful to attend mass. Shipley. — Days of grace. See Grace. — Days of obligation (R. C. Ch.), festival days when it is obligatory on the faithful to attend Mass. Shipley. — Day owl, (Zoöl.), an owl that flies by day. See Hawk owl. — Day rule (Eng. Law), an order of court (now abolished) allowing a prisoner, under certain circumstances, to go beyond the prison limits for a single day. — Day school, one which the pupils attend only in daytime, in distinction from a boarding school. — Day sight. (Med.) See Hemeralopia. — Day’s work (Naut.), the account or reckoning of a ship’s course for twenty-four hours, from noon to noon. — From day to day, as time passes; in the course of time; as he improves from day to day. — Jewish day, the time between sunset and sunset. — Mean solar day (Astron.), the mean or average of all the apparent solar days of the year. — One day, One of these days, at an uncertain time, usually of the future, rarely of the past; sooner or later. ´Well, niece, I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband.´ Shak. — Only from day to day, without certainty of continuance; temporarily. Bacon. — Sidereal day, the interval between two successive transits of the first point of Aries over the same meridian. The Sidereal day is 23 h. 56 m. 4.09 s. of mean solar time. — To win the day, to gain the victory, to be successful. S. Butler. — Week day, any day of the week except Sunday; a working day. — Working day. (a) A day when work may be legally done, in distinction from Sundays and legal holidays. (b) The number of hours, determined by law or custom, during which a workman, hired at a stated price per day, must work to be entitled to a day’s pay.

Day´aks (di´aks), n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Dyaks.

Day´book (da´book•), n. A journal of accounts; a primary record book in which are recorded the debts and credits, or accounts of the day, in their order, and from which they are transferred to the journal.

Day´break (da´brak•), n. The time of the first appearance of light in the morning.

Day´-coal (da´kol•), n. (Mining) The upper stratum of coal, as nearest the light or surface.

Day´dream (-drem•), n. A vain fancy speculation; a reverie; a castle in the air; unfounded hope. “Mrs. Lambert’s little daydream was over.” Thackeray.

Day´dream•er , n. One given to daydreams.

Day´flow•er (-flou•er), n. (Bot.) A genus consisting mostly of tropical perennial herbs (Commelina), having ephemeral flowers.

Day´fly (da´fli•), n. (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect of the genus Ephemera and related genera, of many species, and inhabiting fresh water in the larval state; the ephemeral fly; — so called because it commonly lives but one day in the winged or adult state. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral.

Day´-la•bor , n. Labor hired or performed by the day. Milton.

Day´-la•bor•er , n. One who works by the day; — usually applied to a farm laborer, or to a workman who does not work at any particular trade. Goldsmith.

Day´light (-lit), n. 1. The light of day as opposed to the darkness of night; the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon or to artificial light. 2. pl. The eyes. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Day´ lil•y (lil•y). (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Hemerocallis) closely resembling true lilies, but having tuberous rootstocks instead of bulbs. The common species have long narrow leaves and either yellow or tawny-orange flowers. (b) A genus of plants (Funkia) differing from the last in having ovate veiny leaves, and large white or blue flowers.

Day´maid (-m&amc;d•), n. A dairymaid. [Obs.]

Day´mare (da´mâr•), n. [Day + mare incubus.] (Med.) A kind of incubus which occurs during wakefulness, attended by the peculiar pressure on the chest which characterizes nightmare. Dunglison.

Day´-net (-net•), n. A net for catching small birds.

Day´-peep (-pep•), n. The dawn. [Poetic] Milton.

Days´man (daz´man), n. [From day in the sense of day fixed for trial.] An umpire or arbiter; a mediator. “Neither is there any daysman betwixt us.” Job ix. 33.

Day´spring (da´spring•), n. The beginning of the day, or first appearance of light; the dawn; hence, the beginning. Milton. “The tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us.” Luke i. 78.

Day´-star (-stär•), n. 1. The morning star; the star which ushers in the day. “A dark place, until the day dawn, and the day- star arise in your hearts.” 2 Peter i. 19. 2. The sun, as the orb of day. [Poetic] “So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed,
And yet anon repairs his drooping head,
And tricks his beams, and with new-spangled ore
Flames in the forehead of the morning sky.” Milton.

Day´time (-tim•), n. The time during which there is daylight, as distinguished from the night.

Day´wom•an (-woom•an), n. A dairymaid. [Obs.]

Daze (daz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dazed (dazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dazing.] [OE. dasen, prob. from Icel. dasask to become weary, a reflexive verb; cf. Sw. dasa to lie idle, and OD. daesen to be foolish, insane, daes, dwaes, D. dwaas, foolish, insane, AS. dwaes, dysig, stupid. rad.71. Cf. Dizzy, Doze.] To stupefy with excess of light; with a blow, with cold, or with fear; to confuse; to benumb. “While flashing beams do daze his feeble eyen.” Spenser. “Such souls,
Whose sudden visitations daze the world.” Sir H. Taylor. “He comes out of the room in a dazed state, that is an odd though a sufficient substitute for interest.” Dickens.

Daze, n. 1. The state of being dazed; as he was in a daze. [Colloq.] 2. (Mining) A glittering stone.

Daz´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dazzled p. pr. & vb. n. Dazzling ] [Freq. of daze.] 1. To overpower with light; to confuse the sight of by brilliance of light. “Those heavenly shapes
Will dazzle now the earthly, with their blaze
Insufferably bright.” Milton. “An unreflected light did never yet
Dazzle the vision feminine.” Sir H. Taylor. 2. To bewilder or surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. ´Dazzled and drove back his enemies.´ Shak.

Daz´zle, v. i. 1. To be overpoweringly or intensely bright; to excite admiration by brilliancy. “Ah, friend! to dazzle, let the vain design.” Pope. 2. To be overpowered by light; to be confused by excess of brightness. “An overlight maketh the eyes dazzle.” Bacon. “I dare not trust these eyes;
They dance in mists, and dazzle with surprise.” Dryden.

Daz´zle, n. A light of dazzling brilliancy.

Daz´zle•ment , n. Dazzling flash, glare, or burst of light. Donne.

Daz´zling•ly , adv. In a dazzling manner.

De- A prefix from Latin de down, from, away; as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. In words from the French it is equivalent to Latin dis- apart, away; or sometimes to de. Cf. Dis-. It is negative and opposite in derange, deform, destroy, etc. It is intensive in deprave, despoil, declare, desolate, etc.

Dea´con (de´k’n), n. [OE. diakne, deakne, deken, AS. diacon, deacon, L. diaconus, fr. Gr. a servant or minister, a minister of the church; of uncertain origin. In sense 2 prob. confused with dean.] 1. (Eccl.) An officer in Christian churches appointed to perform certain subordinate duties varying in different communions. In the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches, a person admitted to the lowest order in the ministry, subordinate to the bishops and priests. In Presbyterian churches, he is subordinate to the minister and elders, and has charge of certain duties connected with the communion service and the care of the poor. In Congregational churches, he is subordinate to the pastor, and has duties as in the Presbyterian church. 2. The chairman of an incorporated company. [Scot.]

Dea´con , v. t. To read aloud each line of (a psalm or hymn) before singing it, — usually with off. [Colloq. New. Eng.] See Line, v. t. The expression is derived from a former custom in the Congregational churches of New England. It was part of the office of a deacon to read aloud the psalm given out, one line at a time, the congregation singing each line as soon as read; — called, also lining out the psalm.

Dea´con•ess , n. (Eccl.) A female deacon; as: (a) (Primitive Ch.) One of an order of women whose duties resembled those of deacons. (b) (Ch. of Eng. and Prot. Epis. Ch.) A woman set apart for church work by a bishop. (c) A woman chosen as a helper in church work, as among the Congregationalists.

Dea´con•hood , n. The state of being a deacon; office of a deacon; deaconship.

Dea´con•ry , n. See Deaconship.

Dea´con•ship, n. The office or ministry of a deacon or deaconess.

Dead (ded), a. [OE. ded, dead, deed, AS. deád; akin to OS. dod, D. dood, G. todt, tot, Icel. dauðr, Sw. & Dan. död, Goth. daubs; prop. p. p. of an old verb meaning to die. See Die, and cf. Death.] 1. Deprived of life; — opposed to alive and living; reduced to that state of a being in which the organs of motion and life have irrevocably ceased to perform their functions; as a dead tree; a dead man. ´The queen, my lord, is dead.´ Shak. “The crew, all except himself, were dead of hunger.” Arbuthnot. “Seek him with candle, bring him dead or living.” Shak. 2. Destitute of life; inanimate; as dead matter. 3. Resembling death in appearance or quality; without show of life; deathlike; as a dead sleep. 4. Still as death; motionless; inactive; useless; as dead calm; a dead load or weight. 5. So constructed as not to transmit sound; soundless; as a dead floor. 6. Unproductive; bringing no gain; unprofitable; as dead capital; dead stock in trade. 7. Lacking spirit; dull; lusterless; cheerless; as dead eye; dead fire; dead color, etc. 8. Monotonous or unvaried; as a dead level or pain; a dead wall. ´The ground is a dead flat.´ C. Reade. 9. Sure as death; unerring; fixed; complete; as a dead shot; a dead certainty. “I had them a dead bargain.” Goldsmith. 10. Bringing death; deadly. Shak. 11. Wanting in religious spirit and vitality; as dead faith; dead works. ´Dead in trespasses.´ Eph. ii. 1. 12. (Paint.) (a) Flat; without gloss; — said of painting which has been applied purposely to have this effect. (b) Not brilliant; not rich; thus, brown is a dead color, as compared with crimson. 13. (Law) Cut off from the rights of a citizen; deprived of the power of enjoying the rights of property; as one banished or becoming a monk is civilly dead. 14. (Mach.) Not imparting motion or power; as the dead spindle of a lathe, etc. See Spindle. Dead ahead (Naut.), directly ahead; - - said of a ship or any object, esp. of the wind when blowing from that point toward which a vessel would go. — Dead angle (Mil.), an angle or space which can not be seen or defended from behind the parapet. — Dead block, either of two wooden or iron blocks intended to serve instead of buffers at the end of a freight car. — Dead calm (Naut.), no wind at all. — Dead center, or Dead point (Mach.), either of two points in the orbit of a crank, at which the crank and connecting rod lie a straight line. It corresponds to the end of a stroke; as A and B are dead centers of the crank mechanism in which the crank C drives, or is driven by, the lever L. — Dead color (Paint.), a color which has no gloss upon it. — Dead coloring (Oil paint.), the layer of colors, the preparation for what is to follow. In modern painting this is usually in monochrome. — Dead door (Shipbuilding), a storm shutter fitted to the outside of the quarter-gallery door. — Dead flat (Naut.), the widest or midship frame. — Dead freight (Mar. Law), a sum of money paid by a person who charters a whole vessel but fails to make out a full cargo. The payment is made for the unoccupied capacity. Abbott. — Dead ground (Mining), the portion of a vein in which there is no ore. — Dead hand, a hand that can not alienate, as of a person civilly dead. ´Serfs held in dead hand.´ Morley. See Mortmain. — Dead head (Naut.), a rough block of wood used as an anchor buoy. — Dead heat, a heat or course between two or more race horses, boats, etc., in which they come out exactly equal, so that neither wins. — Dead horse, an expression applied to a debt for wages paid in advance. [Law] — Dead language, a language which is no longer spoken or in common use by a people, and is known only in writings, as the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. — Dead letter. (a) A letter which, after lying for a certain fixed time uncalled for at the post office to which it was directed, is then sent to the general post office to be opened. (b) That which has lost its force or authority; as the law has become a dead letter. — Dead-letter office, a department of the general post office where dead letters are examined and disposed of. — Dead level, a term applied to a flat country. — Dead lift, a direct lift, without assistance from mechanical advantage, as from levers, pulleys, etc.; hence, an extreme emergency. ´(As we say) at a dead lift.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). — Dead line (Mil.), a line drawn within or around a military prison, to cross which involves for a prisoner the penalty of being instantly shot. — Dead load (Civil Engin.), a constant, motionless load, as the weight of a structure, in distinction from a moving load, as a train of cars, or a variable pressure, as of wind. — Dead march (Mus.), a piece of solemn music intended to be played as an accompaniment to a funeral procession. — Dead nettle (Bot.), a harmless plant with leaves like a nettle (Lamium album). — Dead oil (Chem.), the heavy oil obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and containing phenol, naphthalus, etc. — Dead plate (Mach.), a solid covering over a part of a fire grate, to prevent the entrance of air through that part. — Dead pledge, a mortgage. See Mortgage. — Dead point. (Mach.) See Dead center. — Dead reckoning (Naut.), the method of determining the place of a ship from a record kept of the courses sailed as given by compass, and the distance made on each course as found by log, with allowance for leeway, etc., without the aid of celestial observations. — Dead rise, the transverse upward curvature of a vessel’s floor. — Dead rising, an elliptical line drawn on the sheer plan to determine the sweep of the floorheads throughout the ship’s length. — Dead-Sea apple. See under Apple. — Dead set. See under Set. — Dead shot. (a) An unerring marksman. (b) A shot certain to be made. — Dead smooth, the finest cut made; — said of files. — Dead wall (Arch.), a blank wall unbroken by windows or other openings. — Dead water (Naut.), the eddy water closing in under a ship’s stern when sailing. — Dead weight. (a) A heavy or oppressive burden. Dryden. (b) (Shipping) A ship’s lading, when it consists of heavy goods; or, the heaviest part of a ship’s cargo. (c) (Railroad) The weight of rolling stock, the live weight being the load. Knight. — Dead wind (Naut.), a wind directly ahead, or opposed to the ship’s course. — To be dead, to die. [Obs.] “I deme thee, thou must algate be dead.” Chaucer. Syn. — Inanimate; deceased; extinct. See Lifeless.

Dead , adv. To a degree resembling death; to the last degree; completely; wholly. [Colloq.] “I was tired of reading, and dead sleepy.” Dickens. Dead drunk, so drunk as to be unconscious.

Dead (ded), n. 1. The most quiet or deathlike time; the period of profoundest repose, inertness, or gloom; as the dead of winter. “When the drum beat at dead of night.” Campbell. 2. One who is dead; — commonly used collectively. “And Abraham stood up from before his dead.” Gen. xxiii. 3.

Dead, v. t. To make dead; to deaden; to deprive of life, force, or vigor. [Obs.] “Heaven’s stern decree,
With many an ill, hath numbed and deaded me.” Chapman.

Dead, v. i. To die; to lose life or force. [Obs.] “So iron, as soon as it is out of the fire, deadeth straightway.” Bacon.

Dead• beat´ See Beat, n., 7. [Low, U.S.]

Dead´beat , a. (Physics) Making a beat without recoil; giving indications by a single beat or excursion; — said of galvanometers and other instruments in which the needle or index moves to the extent of its deflection and stops with little or no further oscillation. Deadbeat escapement. See under Escapement.

Dead´born , a. Stillborn. Pope.

Dead´en (ded´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deadened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Deadening.] [From Dead; cf. AS. ddan to kill, put to death. See Dead, a.] 1. To make as dead; to impair in vigor, force, activity, or sensation; to lessen the force or acuteness of; to blunt; as to deaden the natural powers or feelings; to deaden a sound. “As harper lays his open palm
Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations.” Longfellow. 2. To lessen the velocity or momentum of; to retard; as to deaden a ship’s headway. 3. To make vapid or spiritless; as to deaden wine. 4. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy; to obscure; as to deaden gilding by a coat of size.

Dead´en•er (ded´’n•er), n. One who, or that which, deadens or checks.

Dead´-eye (ded´i•), n. (Naut.) A round, flattish, wooden block, encircled by a rope, or an iron band, and pierced with three holes to receive the lanyard; — used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes. Called also deadman’s eye. Totten.

Dead´head , n. 1. One who receives free tickets for theaters, public conveyances, etc. [Colloq. U. S.] 2. (Naut.) A buoy. See under Dead, a.

Dead´-heart•ed , a. Having a dull, faint heart; spiritless; listless. — Dead´- heart•ed•ness, n. Bp. Hall.

Dead´house , n. A morgue; a place for the temporary reception and exposure of dead bodies.

Dead´ish, a. Somewhat dead, dull, or lifeless; deathlike. “The lips put on a deadish paleness.” A. Stafford.

Dead´latch , n. A kind of latch whose bolt may be so locked by a detent that it can not be opened from the inside by the handle, or from the outside by the latch key. Knight.

Dead´light , n. (Naut.) A strong shutter, made to fit open ports and keep out water in a storm.

Dead´li•hood , n. State of the dead. [Obs.]

Dead´li•ness, n. The quality of being deadly.

Dead´lock , n. 1. A lock which is not self-latching, but requires a key to throw the bolt forward. 2. A counteraction of things, which produces an entire stoppage; a complete obstruction of action. “Things are at a deadlock.” London Times. “The Board is much more likely to be at a deadlock of two to two.” The Century.

Dead´ly , a. 1. Capable of causing death; mortal; fatal; destructive; certain or likely to cause death; as a deadly blow or wound. 2. Aiming or willing to destroy; implacable; desperately hostile; flagitious; as deadly enemies. “Thy assailant is quick, skillful, and deadly.” Shak. 3. Subject to death; mortal. [Obs.] “The image of a deadly man.” Wyclif (Rom. i. 23). Deadly nightshade (Bot.), a poisonous plant; belladonna. See under Nightshade.

Dead´ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling, or as if produced by, death. ´Deadly pale.´ Shak. 2. In a manner to occasion death; mortally. “The groanings of a deadly wounded man.” Ezek. xxx. 24. 3. In an implacable manner; destructively. 4. Extremely. [Obs.] ´Deadly weary.´ Orrery. ´So deadly cunning a man.´ Arbuthnot.

Dead´ness, n. The state of being destitute of life, vigor, spirit, activity, etc.; dullness; inertness; languor; coldness; vapidness; indifference; as the deadness of a limb, a body, or a tree; the deadness of an eye; deadness of the affections; the deadness of beer or cider; deadness to the world, and the like.

Dead´-pay , n. Pay drawn for soldiers, or others, really dead, whose names are kept on the rolls. “O you commanders,
That, like me, have no dead-pays.” Massinger.

Dead´-reck•on•ing , n. (Naut.) See under Dead, a.

Deads , n. pl. (Mining) The substances which inclose the ore on every side.

Dead´-stroke , a. (Mech.) Making a stroke without recoil; deadbeat. Dead-stroke hammer (Mach.), a power hammer having a spring interposed between the driving mechanism and the hammer head, or helve, to lessen the recoil of the hammer and reduce the shock upon the mechanism.

Dead´wood , n. 1. (Naut.) A mass of timbers built into the bow and stern of a vessel to give solidity. 2. Dead trees or branches; useless material.

Dead´works , n. pl. (Naut.) The parts of a ship above the water when she is laden.

Deaf ( 277), a. [OE. def, deaf, deef, AS. deáf; akin to D. doof, G. taub, Icel. daufr, Dan. döv, Sw. döf, Goth. daubs, and prob. to E. dumb (the original sense being, dull as applied to one of the senses), and perh. to Gr. (for ) blind, smoke, vapor, folly, and to G. toben to rage. Cf. Dumb.] 1. Wanting the sense of hearing, either wholly or in part; unable to perceive sounds; hard of hearing; as a deaf man. “Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf.” Shak. 2. Unwilling to hear or listen; determinedly inattentive; regardless; not to be persuaded as to facts, argument, or exhortation; — with to; as deaf to reason. “O, that men’s ears should be
To counsel deaf, but not to flattery!” Shak. 3. Deprived of the power of hearing; deafened. “Deaf with the noise, I took my hasty flight.” Dryden. 4. Obscurely heard; stifled; deadened. [R.] “A deaf murmur through the squadron went.” Dryden. 5. Decayed; tasteless; dead; as a deaf nut; deaf corn. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. “If the season be unkindly and intemperate, they [peppers] will catch a blast; and then the seeds will be deaf, void, light, and naught.” Holland. Deaf and dumb, without the sense of hearing or the faculty of speech. See Deaf-mute.

Deaf ( 277), v. t. To deafen. [Obs.] Dryden.

Deaf´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deafened p. pr. & vb. n. Deafening.] [From Deaf.] 1. To make deaf; to deprive of the power of hearing; to render incapable of perceiving sounds distinctly. “Deafened and stunned with their promiscuous cries.” Addison. 2. (Arch.) To render impervious to sound, as a partition or floor, by filling the space within with mortar, by lining with paper, etc.

Deaf´en•ing, n. The act or process of rendering impervious to sound, as a floor or wall; also the material with which the spaces are filled in this process; pugging.

Deaf´ly, adv. Without sense of sounds; obscurely.

Deaf´ly, a. Lonely; solitary. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Deaf´-mute , n. A person who is deaf and dumb; one who, through deprivation or defect of hearing, has either failed the acquire the power of speech, or has lost it. [See Illust. of Dactylology.] “Deaf-mutes are still so called, even when, by artificial methods, they have been taught to speak imperfectly.”

Deaf´-mut•ism , n. The condition of being a deaf-mute.

Deaf´ness , n. 1. Incapacity of perceiving sounds; the state of the organs which prevents the impression which constitute hearing; want of the sense of hearing. 2. Unwillingness to hear; voluntary rejection of what is addressed to the understanding. Nervous deafness, a variety of deafness dependent upon morbid change in some portion of the nervous system, especially the auditory nerve.

Deal (del), n. [OE. del, deel, part, AS. dael; akin to OS. del, D. & Dan. deel, G. theil, teil, Icel. deild, Sw. del, Goth. dails. rad.65. Cf. 3d Dole.] 1. A part or portion; a share; hence, an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent, degree, or extent; as a deal of time and trouble; a deal of cold. “Three tenth deals [parts of an ephah] of flour.” Num. xv. 9. “As an object of science it [the Celtic genius] may count for a good deal … as a spiritual power.” M. Arnold. “She was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect.” W. Black. It was formerly limited by some, every, never a, a thousand, etc.; as some deal; but these are now obsolete or vulgar. In general, we now qualify the word with great or good, and often use it adverbially, by being understood; as a great deal of time and pains; a great (or good) deal better or worse; that is, better by a great deal, or by a great part or difference. 2. The process of dealing cards to the players; also the portion disturbed. “The deal, the shuffle, and the cut.” Swift. 3. Distribution; apportionment. [Colloq.] 4. An arrangement to attain a desired result by a combination of interested parties; — applied to stock speculations and political bargains. [Slang] 5. [Prob. from D. deel a plank, threshing floor. See Thill.] The division of a piece of timber made by sawing; a board or plank; particularly, a board or plank of fir or pine above seven inches in width, and exceeding six feet in length. If narrower than this, it is called a batten; if shorter, a deal end. Whole deal is a general term for planking one and one half inches thick. 6. Wood of the pine or fir; as a floor of deal. Deal tree, a fir tree. Dr. Prior.

Deal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dealt (delt); p. pr. & vb. n. Dealing.] [OE. delen, AS. daelan, fr. dael share; akin to OS. delian, D. deelen, G. theilen, teilen, Icel. deila, Sw. dela, Dan. dele, Goth. dailjan. See Deal, n.] 1. To divide; to separate in portions; hence, to give in portions; to distribute; to bestow successively; — sometimes with out. “Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry?” Is. lviii. 7. “And Rome deals out her blessings and her gold.” Tickell. “The nightly mallet deals resounding blows.” Gay. “Hissing through the skies, the feathery deaths were dealt.” Dryden. 2. Specifically: To distribute, as cards, to the players at the commencement of a game; as to deal the cards; to deal one a jack.

Deal, v. i. 1. To make distribution; to share out in portions, as cards to the players. 2. To do a distributing or retailing business, as distinguished from that of a manufacturer or producer; to traffic; to trade; to do business; as he deals in flour. “They buy and sell, they deal and traffic.” South. “This is to drive to wholesale trade, when all other petty merchants deal but for parcels.” Dr. H. More. 3. To act as an intermediary in business or any affairs; to manage; to make arrangements; — followed by between or with. “Sometimes he that deals between man and man, raiseth his own credit with both, by pretending greater interest than he hath in either.” Bacon. 4. To conduct one’s self; to behave or act in any affair or towards any one; to treat. “If he will deal clearly and impartially, … he will acknowledge all this to be true.” Tillotson. 5. To contend (with); to treat (with), by way of opposition, check, or correction; as he has turbulent passions to deal with. To deal by, to treat, either well or ill; as to deal well by servants. ´Such an one deals not fairly by his own mind.´ Locke. — To deal in. (a) To have to do with; to be engaged in; to practice; as they deal in political matters. (b) To buy and sell; to furnish, as a retailer or wholesaler; as they deal in fish. — To deal with. (a) To treat in any manner; to use, whether well or ill; to have to do with; specifically, to trade with. ´Dealing with witches.´ Shak. (b) To reprove solemnly; to expostulate with. “The deacons of his church, who, to use their own phrase, ´dealt with him´ on the sin of rejecting the aid which Providence so manifestly held out.” Hawthorne. “Return … and I will deal well with thee.” Gen. xxxii. 9.

De•al´bate , v. t. [L. dealbatus, p. p. of dealbare. See Daub.] To whiten. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•al•ba´tion , n. [L. dealbatio: cf. F. dealbation.] Act of bleaching; a whitening. [Obs.]

Deal´er , n. 1. One who deals; one who has to do, or has concern, with others; esp., a trader, a trafficker, a shopkeeper, a broker, or a merchant; as a dealer in dry goods; a dealer in stocks; a retail dealer. 2. One who distributes cards to the players.

Deal´fish , n. [From deal a long, narrow plank.] (Zoöl.) A long, thin fish of the arctic seas (Trachypterus arcticus).

Deal´ing, n. The act of one who deals; distribution of anything, as of cards to the players; method of business; traffic; intercourse; transaction; as to have dealings with a person. Double dealing, insincere, treacherous dealing; duplicity. — Plain dealing, fair, sincere, honorable dealing; honest, outspoken expression of opinion.

Dealth , n. Share dealt. [Obs.]

De•am´bu•late , v. i. [L. deambulare, deambulatum; de- + ambulare to walk.] To walk abroad. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•am•bu•la´tion , n. [L. deambulatio.] A walking abroad; a promenading. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

De•am´bu•la•to•ry , a. [Cf. LL. deambulator a traveler.] Going about from place to place; wandering; of or pertaining to a deambulatory. [Obs.] ´Deambulatory actors.´ Bp. Morton.

De•am´bu•la•to•ry, n. [L. deambulatorium.] A covered place in which to walk; an ambulatory.

Dean , n. [OE. dene, deene, OF. deien, dien, F. doyen, eldest of a corporation, a dean, L. decanus the chief of ten, one set over ten persons, e. g., over soldiers or over monks, from decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Decemvir.] 1. A dignitary or presiding officer in certain ecclesiastical and lay bodies; esp., an ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a bishop. Dean of cathedral church, the chief officer of a chapter; he is an ecclesiastical magistrate next in degree to bishop, and has immediate charge of the cathedral and its estates. — Dean of peculiars, a dean holding a preferment which has some peculiarity relative to spiritual superiors and the jurisdiction exercised in it. [Eng.] — Rural dean, one having, under the bishop, the especial care and inspection of the clergy within certain parishes or districts of the diocese. 2. The collegiate officer in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, England, who, besides other duties, has regard to the moral condition of the college. Shipley. 3. The head or presiding officer in the faculty of some colleges or universities. 4. A registrar or secretary of the faculty in a department of a college, as in a medical, or theological, or scientific department. [U.S.] 5. The chief or senior of a company on occasion of ceremony; as the dean of the diplomatic corps; — so called by courtesy. Cardinal dean, the senior cardinal bishop of the college of cardinals at Rome. Shipley. — Dean and chapter, the legal corporation and governing body of a cathedral. It consists of the dean, who is chief, and his canons or prebendaries. — Dean of arches, the lay judge of the court of arches. — Dean of faculty, the president of an incorporation or barristers; specifically, the president of the incorporation of advocates in Edinburgh. — Dean of guild, a magistrate of Scotch burghs, formerly, and still, in some burghs, chosen by the Guildry, whose duty is to superintend the erection of new buildings and see that they conform to the law. — Dean of a monastery, Monastic dean, a monastic superior over ten monks. — Dean’s stall. See Decanal stall, under Decanal.

Dean´er•y , n.; pl. Deaneries . 1. The office or the revenue of a dean. See the Note under Benefice, n., 3. 2. The residence of a dean. Shak. 3. The territorial jurisdiction of a dean. “Each archdeaconry is divided into rural deaneries, and each deanery is divided into parishes.” Blackstone.

Dean´ship, n. The office of a dean. “I dont’t value your deanship a straw.” Swift.

Dear (der), a. [Compar. Dearer (-er); superl. Dearest (-est).] [OE. dere, deore, AS. deóre; akin to OS. diuri, D. duur, OHG. tiuri, G. theuer, teuer, Icel. dyrr, Dan. & Sw. dyr. Cf. Darling, Dearth.] 1. Bearing a high price; high-priced; costly; expensive. “The cheapest of us is ten groats too dear.” Shak. 2. Marked by scarcity or dearth, and exorbitance of price; as a dear year. 3. Highly valued; greatly beloved; cherished; precious. ´Hear me, dear lady.´ Shak. “Neither count I my life dear unto myself.” Acts xx. 24. “And the last joy was dearer than the rest.” Pope. “Dear as remember’d kisses after death.” Tennyson. 4. Hence, close to the heart; heartfelt; present in mind; engaging the attention. (a) Of agreeable things and interests. “[I’ll] leave you to attend him: some dear cause
Will in concealment wrap me up awhile.” Shak. “His dearest wish was to escape from the bustle and glitter of Whitehall.” Macaulay. (b) Of disagreeable things and antipathies. “In our dear peril.” Shak. “Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven
Or ever I had seen that day.” Shak.

Dear, n. A dear one; lover; sweetheart. “That kiss I carried from thee, dear.” Shak.

Dear, adv. Dearly; at a high price. “If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear.” Shak.

Dear, v. t. To endear. [Obs.] Shelton.

Dear´born , n. A four-wheeled carriage, with curtained sides.

Dear´-bought , a. Bought at a high price; as dear-bought experience.

Deare , variant of Dere, v. t. & n. [Obs.]

Dear´ie , n. Same as Deary. Dickens.

Dear´ling , n. A darling. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dear´-loved , a. Greatly beloved. Shak.

Dear´ly, adv. 1. In a dear manner; with affection; heartily; earnestly; as to love one dearly. 2. At a high rate or price; grievously. “He buys his mistress dearly with his throne.” Dryden. 3. Exquisitely. [Obs.] Shak.

Dearn , a. [AS. derne, dyrne, dierne, hidden, secret. Cf. Derne.] Secret; lonely; solitary; dreadful. [Obs.] Shak. — Dearn´ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dearn, v. t. Same as Darn. [Obs.]

Dear´ness , n. 1. The quality or state of being dear; costliness; excess of price. “The dearness of corn.” Swift. 2. Fondness; preciousness; love; tenderness. “The dearness of friendship.” Bacon.

Dearth , n. [OE. derthe, fr. dere. See Dear.] Scarcity which renders dear; want; lack; specifically, lack of food on account of failure of crops; famine. “There came a dearth over all the land of Egypt.” Acts vii. 11. “He with her press’d, she faint with dearth.” Shak. “Dearth of plot, and narrowness of imagination.” Dryden.

De•ar•tic´u•late , v. t. To disjoint.

Dear´worth , a. [See Derworth.] Precious. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Dear´y , n. A dear; a darling. [Familiar]

De´as , n. See Dais. [Scot.]

Death (deth), n. [OE. deth, deað, AS. deáð; akin to OS. doð, D. dood, G. tod, Icel. dauði, Sw. & Dan. död, Goth. dauþus; from a verb meaning to die. See Die, v. i., and cf. Dead.] 1. The cessation of all vital phenomena without capability of resuscitation, either in animals or plants. Local death is going on at all times and in all parts of the living body, in which individual cells and elements are being cast off and replaced by new; a process essential to life. General death is of two kinds; death of the body as a whole (somatic or systemic death), and death of the tissues. By the former is implied the absolute cessation of the functions of the brain, the circulatory and the respiratory organs; by the latter the entire disappearance of the vital actions of the ultimate structural constituents of the body. When death takes place, the body as a whole dies first, the death of the tissues sometimes not occurring until after a considerable interval. Huxley. 2. Total privation or loss; extinction; cessation; as the death of memory. “The death of a language can not be exactly compared with the death of a plant.” J. Peile. 3. Manner of dying; act or state of passing from life. “A death that I abhor.” Shak. “Let me die the death of the righteous.” Num. xxiii. 10. 4. Cause of loss of life. “Swiftly flies the feathered death.” Dryden. “He caught his death the last county sessions.” Addison. 5. Personified: The destroyer of life, — conventionally represented as a skeleton with a scythe. “Death! great proprietor of all.” Young. “And I looked, and behold a pale horse; and his name that sat on him was Death.” Rev. vi. 8. 6. Danger of death. ´In deaths oft.´ 2 Cor. xi. 23. 7. Murder; murderous character. “Not to suffer a man of death to live.” Bacon. 8. (Theol.) Loss of spiritual life. “To be carnally minded is death.” Rom. viii. 6. 9. Anything so dreadful as to be like death. “It was death to them to think of entertaining such doctrines.” Atterbury. “And urged him, so that his soul was vexed unto death.” Judg. xvi. 16. Death is much used adjectively and as the first part of a compound, meaning, in general, of or pertaining to death, causing or presaging death; as deathbed or death bed; deathblow or death blow, etc. Black death. See Black death, in the Vocabulary. — Civil death, the separation of a man from civil society, or the debarring him from the enjoyment of civil rights, as by banishment, attainder, abjuration of the realm, entering a monastery, etc. Blackstone. — Death adder. (Zoöl.) (a) A kind of viper found in South Africa (Acanthophis tortor); — so called from the virulence of its venom. (b) A venomous Australian snake of the family Elapidae, of several species, as the Hoplocephalus superbus and Acanthopis antarctica. — Death bell, a bell that announces a death. “The death bell thrice was heard to ring.” Mickle. — Death candle, a light like that of a candle, viewed by the superstitious as presaging death. — Death damp, a cold sweat at the coming on of death. — Death fire, a kind of ignis fatuus supposed to forebode death. “And round about in reel and rout,
The death fires danced at night.” Coleridge. — Death grapple, a grapple or struggle for life. — Death in life, a condition but little removed from death; a living death. [Poetic] ´Lay lingering out a five years’ death in life.´ Tennyson. - - Death knell, a stroke or tolling of a bell, announcing a death. — Death rate, the relation or ratio of the number of deaths to the population. “At all ages the death rate is higher in towns than in rural districts.” Darwin. — Death rattle, a rattling or gurgling in the throat of a dying person. — Death’s door, the boundary of life; the partition dividing life from death. — Death stroke, a stroke causing death. — Death throe, the spasm of death. — Death token, the signal of approaching death. — Death warrant. (a) (Law) An order from the proper authority for the execution of a criminal. (b) That which puts an end to expectation, hope, or joy. — Death wound. (a) A fatal wound or injury. (b) (Naut.) The springing of a fatal leak. — Spiritual death (Scripture), the corruption and perversion of the soul by sin, with the loss of the favor of God. — The gates of death, the grave. “Have the gates of death been opened unto thee?” Job xxxviii. 17. — The second death, condemnation to eternal separation from God. Rev. ii. 11. — To be the death of, to be the cause of death to; to make die. ´It was one who should be the death of both his parents.´ Milton. Syn. — Death, Decease, Demise, Departure, Release. Death applies to the termination of every form of existence, both animal and vegetable; the other words only to the human race. Decease is the term used in law for the removal of a human being out of life in the ordinary course of nature. Demise was formerly confined to decease of princes, but is now sometimes used of distinguished men in general; as the demise of Mr. Pitt. Departure and release are peculiarly terms of Christian affection and hope. A violent death is not usually called a decease. Departure implies a friendly taking leave of life. Release implies a deliverance from a life of suffering or sorrow.

Death´bed , n. The bed in which a person dies; hence, the closing hours of life of one who dies by sickness or the like; the last sickness. “That often-quoted passage from Lord Hervey in which the Queen’s deathbed is described.” Thackeray.

Death´bird , n. (Zoöl.) Tengmalm’s or Richardson’s owl (Nyctale Tengmalmi); — so called from a superstition of the North American Indians that its note presages death.

Death´blow , n. A mortal or crushing blow; a stroke or event which kills or destroys. “The deathblow of my hope.” Byron.

Death´ful , a. 1. Full of death or slaughter; murderous; destructive; bloody. “These eyes behold
The deathful scene.” Pope. 2. Liable to undergo death; mortal. “The deathless gods and deathful earth.” Chapman.

Death´ful•ness, n. Appearance of death. Jer. Taylor.

Death´less, a. Not subject to death, destruction, or extinction; immortal; undying; imperishable; as deathless beings; deathless fame.

Death´like , a. 1. Resembling death. “A deathlike slumber, and a dead repose.” Pope. 2. Deadly. [Obs.] ´Deathlike dragons.´ Shak.

Death´li•ness , n. The quality of being deathly; deadliness. Southey.

Death´ly, a. Deadly; fatal; mortal; destructive.

Death´ly, adv. Deadly; as deathly pale or sick.

Death’s´-head , n. A naked human skull as the emblem of death; the head of the conventional personification of death. “I had rather be married to a death’s-head with a bone in his mouth.” Shak. Death’s-head moth (Zoöl.), a very large European moth (Acherontia atropos), so called from a figure resembling a human skull on the back of the thorax; — called also death’s-head sphinx.

Death’s´-herb , n. The deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). Dr. Prior.

Deaths´man , n. An executioner; a headsman or hangman. [Obs.] Shak.

Death´ward , adv. Toward death.

Death´watch ( 224), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small beetle (Anobium tessellatum and other allied species). By forcibly striking its head against woodwork it makes a ticking sound, which is a call of the sexes to each other, but has been imagined by superstitious people to presage death. (b) A small wingless insect, of the family Psocidae, which makes a similar but fainter sound; — called also deathtick. “She is always seeing apparitions and hearing deathwatches.” Addison. “I did not hear the dog howl, mother, or the deathwatch beat.” Tennyson. 2. The guard set over a criminal before his execution.

De•au´rate , a. [L. deauratus, p. p. of deaurare to gild; de- + aurum gold.] Gilded. [Obs.]

De•au´rate , v. t. To gild. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•au•ra´tion , n. Act of gilding. [Obs.]

Deave , v. t. [See Deafen.] To stun or stupefy with noise; to deafen. [Scot.]

De•bac´chate , v. i. [L. debacchatus, p. p. of debacchari to rage; de- + bacchari to rage like a bacchant.] To rave as a bacchanal. [R.] Cockeram.

De•bac•cha´tion , n. [L. debacchatio.] Wild raving or debauchery. [R.] Prynne.

De•ba´cle , n. [F. debâcle, fr. debâcler to unbar, break loose; pref. de- (prob. = L. dis) + bâcler to bolt, fr. L. baculum a stick.] (Geol.) A breaking or bursting forth; a violent rush or flood of waters which breaks down opposing barriers, and hurls forward and disperses blocks of stone and other debris.

De•bar´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debarred p. pr. & vb. n. Debarring.] [Pref. de- + bar.] To cut off from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier; to preclude; to hinder from approach, entry, or enjoyment; to shut out or exclude; to deny or refuse; — with from, and sometimes with of. “Yet not so strictly hath our Lord imposed
Labor, as to debar us when we need
Refreshment.” Milton. “Their wages were so low as to debar them, not only from the comforts but from the common decencies of civilized life.” Buckle.

De•barb´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + L. barba beard.] To deprive of the beard. [Obs.] Bailey.

De´bark´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Debarked p. pr. & vb. n. Debarking.] [F. debarquer; pref. de- (L. dis-) + barque. See Bark the vessel, and cf. Disbark.] To go ashore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to put ashore.

De•bar•ka´tion , n. Disembarkation. “The debarkation, therefore, had to take place by small steamers.” U. S. Grant.

De•bar´ment , n. Hindrance from approach; exclusion.

De•bar´rass , v. t. [Cf. F. debarrasser. See Embarrass.] To disembarrass; to relieve. [R.]

De•base´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debased p. pr. & vb. n. Debasing.] [Pref. de- + base. See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] To reduce from a higher to a lower state or grade of worth, dignity, purity, station, etc.; to degrade; to lower; to deteriorate; to abase; as to debase the character by crime; to debase the mind by frivolity; to debase style by vulgar words. “The coin which was adulterated and debased.” Hale. “It is a kind of taking God’s name in vain to debase religion with such frivolous disputes.” Hooker. “And to debase the sons, exalts the sires.” Pope. Syn. — To abase; degrade. See Abase.

De•based´ , a. (Her.) Turned upside down from its proper position; inverted; reversed.

De•base´ment , n. The act of debasing or the state of being debased. Milton.

De•bas´er , n. One who, or that which, debases.

De•bas´ing•ly, adv. In a manner to debase.

De•bat´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. debatable. See Debate.] Liable to be debated; disputable; subject to controversy or contention; open to question or dispute; as a debatable question. The Debatable Land or Ground, a tract of land between the Esk and the Sark, claimed by both England and Scotland; the Batable Ground.

De•bate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debated; p. pr. & vb. n. Debating.] [OF. debatre, F. debattre; L. de + batuere to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Abate.] 1. To engage in combat for; to strive for. “Volunteers … thronged to serve under his banner, and the cause of religion was debated with the same ardor in Spain as on the plains of Palestine.” Prescott. 2. To contend for in words or arguments; to strive to maintain by reasoning; to dispute; to contest; to discuss; to argue for and against. “A wise council … that did debate this business.” Shak. “Debate thy cause with thy neighbor himself.” Prov. xxv. 9. Syn. — To argue; discuss; dispute; controvert. See Argue, and Discuss.

De•bate´, v. i. 1. To engage in strife or combat; to fight. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Well could he tourney and in lists debate.” Spenser. 2. To contend in words; to dispute; hence, to deliberate; to consider; to discuss or examine different arguments in the mind; — often followed by on or upon. “He presents that great soul debating upon the subject of life and death with his intimate friends.” Tatler.

De•bate´, n. [F. debat, fr. debattre. See Debate, v. t.] 1. A fight or fighting; contest; strife. [Archaic] “On the day of the Trinity next ensuing was a great debate … and in that murder there were slain … fourscore.” R. of Gloucester. “But question fierce and proud reply
Gave signal soon of dire debate.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Contention in words or arguments; discussion for the purpose of elucidating truth or influencing action; strife in argument; controversy; as the debates in Parliament or in Congress. “Heard, noted, answer’d, as in full debate.” Pope. 3. Subject of discussion. [R.] “Statutes and edicts concerning this debate.” Milton.

De•bate´ful , a. Full of contention; contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•bate´ful•ly, adv. With contention. [Obs.]

De•bate´ment , n. [Cf. OF. debatement a beating.] Controversy; deliberation; debate. [R.] “A serious question and debatement with myself.” Milton.

De•bat´er , n. One who debates; one given to argument; a disputant; a controvertist. “Debate where leisure serves with dull debaters.” Shak.

De•bat´ing, n. The act of discussing or arguing; discussion. Debating society or club, a society or club for the purpose of debate and improvement in extemporaneous speaking.

De•bat´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of a debate.

De•bauch´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Debauched p. pr. & vb. n. Debauching.] [F. debaucher, prob. originally, to entice away from the workshop; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + OF. bauche, bauge, hut, cf. F. bauge lair of a wild boar; prob. from G. or Icel., cf. Icel. balkr. See Balk, n.] To lead away from purity or excellence; to corrupt in character or principles; to mar; to vitiate; to pollute; to seduce; as to debauch one’s self by intemperance; to debauch a woman; to debauch an army. “Learning not debauched by ambition.” Burke. “A man must have got his conscience thoroughly debauched and hardened before he can arrive to the height of sin.” South. “Her pride debauched her judgment and her eyes.” Cowley.

De•bauch´, n. [Cf. F. debauche.] 1. Excess in eating or drinking; intemperance; drunkenness; lewdness; debauchery. “The first physicians by debauch were made.” Dryden. 2. An act or occasion of debauchery. “Silenus, from his night’s debauch,
Fatigued and sick.” Cowley.

De•bauched´ , a. Dissolute; dissipated. ´A coarse and debauched look.´ Ld. Lytton.

De•bauch´ed•ly , adv. In a profligate manner.

De•bauch´ed•ness, n. The state of being debauched; intemperance. Bp. Hall.

Deb•au•chee´ , n. [F. debauche, n., properly p. p. of debaucher. See Debauch, v. t.] One who is given to intemperance or bacchanalian excesses; a man habitually lewd; a libertine.

De•bauch´er , n. One who debauches or corrupts others; especially, a seducer to lewdness.

De•bauch´er•y , n.; pl. Debaucheries . 1. Corruption of fidelity; seduction from virtue, duty, or allegiance. “The republic of Paris will endeavor to complete the debauchery of the army.” Burke. 2. Excessive indulgence of the appetites; especially, excessive indulgence of lust; intemperance; sensuality; habitual lewdness. “Oppose … debauchery by temperance.” Sprat.

De•bauch´ment , n. The act of corrupting; the act of seducing from virtue or duty.

De•bauch´ness, n. Debauchedness. [Obs.]

De•beige´ , n. [F. de of + beige the natural color of wool.] A kind of woolen or mixed dress goods. [Written also debage.]

De•bel´ , v. t. [Cf. F. debeller. See Debellate.] To conquer. [Obs.] Milton.

De•bel´late , v. t. [L. debellatus, p. p. of debellare to subdue; de- + bellum war.] To subdue; to conquer in war. [Obs.] Speed.

Deb•el•la´tion , n. [LL. debellatio.] The act of conquering or subduing. [Obs.]

De be´ne es´se [L.] (Law) Of well being; of formal sufficiency for the time; conditionally; provisionally. Abbott.

De•ben´ture ( 135), n. [L. debentur they are due, fr. debere to owe; cf. F. debentur. So called because these receipts began with the words Debentur mihi.] 1. A writing acknowledging a debt; a writing or certificate signed by a public officer, as evidence of a debt due to some person; the sum thus due. 2. A customhouse certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a drawback of duties paid on their importation. Burrill. It is applied in England to deeds of mortgage given by railway companies for borrowed money; also to municipal and other bonds and securities for money loaned.

De•ben´tured ( 135), a. Entitled to drawback or debenture; as debentured goods.

Deb´ile , a. [L. debilis: cf. F. debile. See Debility.] Weak. [Obs.] Shak.

De•bil´i•tant , a. [L. debilitants, p. pr.] (Med.) Diminishing the energy of organs; reducing excitement; as a debilitant drug.

De•bil´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debilitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Debilitating.] [L. debilitatus, p. p. of debilitare to debilitate, fr. debilis. See Debility.] To impair the strength of; to weaken; to enfeeble; as to debilitate the body by intemperance. “Various ails debilitate the mind.” Jenyns. “The debilitated frame of Mr. Bertram was exhausted by this last effort.” Sir W. Scott.

De•bil•i•ta´tion , n. [L. debilitatio: cf. F. debilitation.] The act or process of debilitating, or the condition of one who is debilitated; weakness.

De•bil´i•ty , n. [L. debilitas, fr. debilis weak, prob. fr. de- + habilis able: cf. F. debilite. See Able, a.] The state of being weak; weakness; feebleness; languor. “The inconveniences of too strong a perspiration, which are debility, faintness, and sometimes sudden death.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — Debility, Infirmity, Imbecility. An infirmity belongs, for the most part, to particular members, and is often temporary, as of the eyes, etc. Debility is more general, and while it lasts impairs the ordinary functions of nature. Imbecility attaches to the whole frame, and renders it more or less powerless. Debility may be constitutional or may be the result or superinduced causes; Imbecility is always constitutional; infirmity is accidental, and results from sickness or a decay of the frame. These words, in their figurative uses, have the same distinctions; we speak of infirmity of will, debility of body, and an Imbecility which affects the whole man; but Imbecility is often used with specific reference to feebleness of mind.

Deb´it , n. [L. debitum what is due, debt, from debere to owe: cf. F. debit. See Debt.] A debt; an entry on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; — mostly used adjectively; as the debit side of an account.

Deb´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debited; p. pr. & vb. n. Debiting.] 1. To charge with debt; — the opposite of, and correlative to, credit; as to debit a purchaser for the goods sold. 2. (Bookkeeping) To enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; as to debit the amount of goods sold.

Deb´it•or , n. [L. See Debtor.] A debtor. [Obs.] Shak.

De•bi•tu•mi•ni•za´tion , n. The act of depriving of bitumen.

De•bi•tu´mi•nize , v. t. To deprive of bitumen.

De•blai´ , n. [F.] (Fort.) The cavity from which the earth for parapets, etc. (remblai), is taken.

Deb•o•nair´ , a. [OE. debonere, OF. de bon aire, debonaire, of good descent or lineage, excellent, debonair, F. debonnaire debonair; de of (L. de) + bon good (L. bonus) + aire. See Air, and Bounty, and cf. Bonair.] Characterized by courteousness, affability, or gentleness; of good appearance and manners; graceful; complaisant. “Was never prince so meek and debonair.” Spenser.

Deb•o•nair´i•ty , n. [OF. debonairete, F. debonnairete.] Debonairness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Deb•o•nair´ly, adv. Courteously; elegantly.

Deb•o•nair´ness, n. The quality of being debonair; good humor; gentleness; courtesy. Sterne.

De•bosh´ , v. t. [Old form of debauch.] To debauch. [Obs.] ´A deboshed lady.´ Beau. & Fl.

De•bosh´ment , n. Debauchment. [Obs.]

De•bouch´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Debouched p. pr. & vb. n. Debouching.] [F. deboucher; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + boucher to stop up, fr. bouche mouth, fr. L. bucca the cheek. Cf. Disembogue.] To march out from a wood, defile, or other confined spot, into open ground; to issue. “Battalions debouching on the plain.” Prescott.

De•bou•che´ , n. [F.] A place for exit; an outlet; hence, a market for goods. “The debouches were ordered widened to afford easy egress.” The Century.

De•bou•chure´ , n. [F.] The outward opening of a river, of a valley, or of a strait.

De•bris´ , n. [F., fr. pref. de- (L. dis) + briser to break, shatter; perh. of Celtic origin.] 1. (Geol.) Broken and detached fragments, taken collectively; especially, fragments detached from a rock or mountain, and piled up at the base. 2. Rubbish, especially such as results from the destruction of anything; remains; ruins.

De•bruised´ , a. [Cf. OF. debruisier to shatter, break. Cf. Bruise.] (Her.) Surmounted by an ordinary; as a lion is debruised when a bend or other ordinary is placed over it, as in the cut. “The lion of England and the lilies of France without the baton sinister, under which, according to the laws of heraldry, they where debruised in token of his illegitimate birth.” Macaulay.

Debt , n. [OE. dette, F. dette, LL. debita, fr. L. debitus owed, p. p. of debere to owe, prop., to have on loan; de- + habere to have. See Habit, and cf. Debit, Due.] 1. That which is due from one person to another, whether money, goods, or services; that which one person is bound to pay to another, or to perform for his benefit; thing owed; obligation; liability. “Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier’s debt.” Shak. “When you run in debt, you give to another power over your liberty.” Franklin. 2. A duty neglected or violated; a fault; a sin; a trespass. ´Forgive us our debts.´ Matt. vi. 12. 3. (Law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due. Burrill. Bond debt, Book debt, etc. See under Bond, Book, etc. — Debt of nature, death.

Debt´ed, p. a. Indebted; obliged to. [R.] “I stand debted to this gentleman.” Shak.

Debt•ee´ , n. (Law) One to whom a debt is due; creditor; — correlative to debtor. Blackstone.

Debt´less , a. Free from debt. Chaucer.

Debt´or , n. [OE. dettur, dettour, OF. detor, detur, detour, F. debiteur, fr. L. debitor, fr. debere to owe. See Debt.] One who owes a debt; one who is indebted; — correlative to creditor. “[I ’ll] bring your latter hazard back again,
And thankfully rest debtor for the first.” Shak. “In Athens an insolvent debtor became slave to his creditor.” Mitford. “Debtors for our lives to you.” Tennyson.

De•bul´li•ate , v. i. [Pref. de- + L. bullire to boil.] To boil over. [Obs.]

Deb•ul•li´tion , n. [See Debulliate.] A bubbling or boiling over. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•burse´ , v. t. & i. [Pref. de + L. bursa purse.] To disburse. [Obs.] Ludlow.

De´bu•scope , n. [From the inventor, Debus, a French optician + -scope.] (Opt.) A modification of the kaleidoscope; — used to reflect images so as to form beautiful designs.

De•but´ , n. [F. debut, prop., the first cast or throw at play, fr. but aim, mark. See Butt an end.] A beginning or first attempt; hence, a first appearance before the public, as of an actor or public speaker.

De•bu•tant´ , n.; fem. De•bu•tante´ . [F., p. pr. of debuter to have the first throw, to make one’s debut. See Debut.] A person who makes his (or her) first appearance before the public.

Dec´a- [Cf. Ten.] A prefix, from Gr. de•ka, signifying ten; specifically (Metric System), a prefix signifying the weight or measure that is ten times the principal unit.

De•cac•e•ra´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + ke•ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cephalopoda which includes the squids, cuttlefishes, and others having ten arms or tentacles; — called also Decapoda. [Written also Decacera.] See Dibranchiata. { Dec´a•chord , Dec•a•chor´don } n. [Gr. deka•chordos tenstringed; de•ka ten + chordj• a string.] 1. An ancient Greek musical instrument of ten strings, resembling the harp. 2. Something consisting of ten parts. W. Watson.

Dec•a•cu´mi•na•ted , a. [L. decacuminare to cut off the top. See Cacuminate.] Having the point or top cut off. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dec´ad , n. A decade. “Averill was a decad and a half his elder.” Tennyson.

Dec´a•dal , a. Pertaining to ten; consisting of tens.

Dec´ade , n. [F. decade, L. decas, -adis, fr. Gr. , fr. de•ka ten. See Ten.] A group or division of ten; esp., a period of ten years; a decennium; as a decade of years or days; a decade of soldiers; the second decade of Livy. [Written also decad.] “During this notable decade of years.” Gladstone. { De•ca´dence , De•ca´den•cy } n. [LL. decadentia; L. de- + cadere to fall: cf. F. decadence. See Decay.] A falling away; decay; deterioration; declension. ´The old castle, where the family lived in their decadence.´ Sir W. Scott.

De•ca´dent , a. Decaying; deteriorating.

Dec´a•dist , n. A writer of a book divided into decades; as Livy was a decadist. [R.]

Dec´a•gon , n. [Pref. deca- + Gr. a corner or angle: cf. F. decagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure having ten sides and ten angles; any figure having ten angles. A regular decagon is one that has all its sides and angles equal.

De•cag´o•nal , a. Pertaining to a decagon; having ten sides. { Dec´a•gram , Dec´a•gramme } , n. [F. decagramme; Gr. de•ka ten + F. gramme. See Gram.] A weight of the metric system; ten grams, equal to about 154.32 grains avoirdupois.

Dec•a•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + a woman, a female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants characterized by having ten styles. { Dec•a•gyn´i•an , Dec•cag´y•nous } a. [Cf. F. decagyne.] (Bot.) Belonging to the Decagynia; having ten styles.

Dec•a•he´dral , a. Having ten sides.

Dec•a•he´dron , n.; pl. E. Decahedrons (#), L. Decahedra (#). [Pref. deca- + Gr. ’e•dra a seat, a base, fr. ’e•zesthai to sit: cf. F. decaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid figure or body inclosed by ten plane surfaces. [Written also less correctly, decaedron.]

De•cal•ci•fi•ca´tion , n. The removal of calcareous matter.

De•cal´ci•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decalcified p. pr. & vb. n. Decalcifying.] To deprive of calcareous matter; thus, to decalcify bones is to remove the stony part, and leave only the gelatin. { De•cal•co•ma´ni•a , De•cal•co•ma´nie } n. [F. decalcomanie.] The art or process of transferring pictures and designs to china, glass, marble, etc., and permanently fixing them thereto. { Dec´a•li•ter , Dec´a•li•tre } , n. [F. decalitre; Gr. de•ka ten + F. litre. See Liter.] A measure of capacity in the metric system; a cubic volume of ten liters, equal to about 610.24 cubic inches, that is, 2.642 wine gallons.

Dec´a•log ( 115), n. Decalogue.

De•cal´o•gist , n. One who explains the decalogue. J. Gregory.

Dec´a•logue ( 115), n. [F. decalogue, L. decalogus, fr. Gr. ; de•ka ten + speech, to speak, to say. See Ten.] The Ten Commandments or precepts given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and originally written on two tables of stone.

De•cam´e•ron , n. [It. decamerone, fr. Gr. de•ka ten + part; though quite generally supposed to be derived from day: cf. F. decameron.] A celebrated collection of tales, supposed to be related in ten days; — written in the 14th century, by Boccaccio, an Italian. { Dec´a•me•ter , Dec´a•me•tre } , n. [F. decamètre; Gr. de•ka ten + mètre. See Meter.] A measure of length in the metric system; ten meters, equal to about 393.7 inches.

De•camp´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decamped ( 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Decamping.] [F. decamper; pref. de- (L. dis) + camp camp. See Camp.] 1. To break up a camp; to move away from a camping ground, usually by night or secretly. Macaulay. 2. Hence, to depart suddenly; to run away; — generally used disparagingly. “The fathers were ordered to decamp, and the house was once again converted into a tavern.” Goldsmith.

De•camp´ment , n. [Cf. F. decampement.] Departure from a camp; a marching off.

Dec´a•nal ( 277), a. [Cf. F. decanal. See Dean.] Pertaining to a dean or deanery. “His rectorial as well as decanal residence.” Churton. Decanal side, the side of the choir on which the dean’s tall is placed. — Decanal stall, the stall allotted to the dean in the choir, on the right or south side of the chancel. Shipley.

De•can´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + , , a man.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants characterized by having ten stamens. { De•can´dri•an , De•can´drous } a. [Cf. F. decandre.] (Bot.) Belonging to the Decandria; having ten stamens.

Dec´ane , n. [See Deca-.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H22, of the paraffin series, including several isomeric modifications.

Dec•an´gu•lar , a. [Pref. deca- + angular.] Having ten angles.

De•ca´ni , a. [L., lit., of the dean.] Used of the side of the choir on which the dean’s stall is placed; decanal; — correlative to cantoris; as the decanal, or decani, side.

De•cant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Decanting.] [F. decanter (cf. It. decantare), prop., to pour off from the edge of a vessel; pref. de- (L. de) + OF. cant (It. canto) edge, border, end. See Cant an edge.] To pour off gently, as liquor, so as not to disturb the sediment; or to pour from one vessel into another; as to decant wine.

De•can´tate , v. t. To decant. [Obs.]

De•can•ta´tion ( 277), n. [Cf. F. decantation.] The act of pouring off a clear liquor gently from its lees or sediment, or from one vessel into another.

De•cant´er , n. 1. A vessel used to decant liquors, or for receiving decanted liquors; a kind of glass bottle used for holding wine or other liquors, from which drinking glasses are filled. 2. One who decants liquors.

De•caph´yl•lous , a. [Pref. deca- + Gr. leaf: cf. F. decaphylle.] (Bot.) Having ten leaves.

De•cap´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decapitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decapitating.] [LL. decapitatus, p. p. of decapitare; L. de- + caput head. See Chief.] 1. To cut off the head of; to behead. 2. To remove summarily from office. [Colloq. U. S.]

De•cap•i•ta´tion , n. [LL. decapitatio: cf. F. decapitation.] The act of beheading; beheading.

Dec´a•pod (dek´a•pod), n. [Cf. F. decapode.] (Zoöl.) A crustacean with ten feet or legs, as a crab; one of the Decapoda. Also used adjectively.

De•cap´o•da (de•kap´o•da), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ka ten + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] 1. (Zoöl.) The order of Crustacea which includes the shrimps, lobsters, crabs, etc. They have a carapace, covering and uniting the somites of the head and thorax and inclosing a gill chamber on each side, and usually have five (rarely six) pairs of legs. They are divided into two principal groups: Brachyura and Macrura. Some writers recognize a third (Anomura) intermediate between the others. 2. (Zoöl.) A division of the dibranchiate cephalopods including the cuttlefishes and squids. See Decacera. { De•cap´o•dal , De•cap´o•dous } a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the decapods; having ten feet; ten-footed.

De•car´bon•ate , v. t. To deprive of carbonic acid.

De•car•bon•i•za´tion , n. The action or process of depriving a substance of carbon.

De•car´bon•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decarbonized p. pr. & vb. n. Decarbonizing.] To deprive of carbon; as to decarbonize steel; to decarbonize the blood. Decarbonized iron. See Malleable iron. — Decarbonized steel, homogenous wrought iron made by a steel process, as that of Bessemer; ingot iron.

De•car´bon•i•zer , n. He who, or that which, decarbonizes a substance.

De•car•bu•ri•za´tion , n. The act, process, or result of decarburizing.

De•car´bu•rize , v. t. To deprive of carbon; to remove the carbon from.

De•card´ , v. t. To discard. [Obs.] “You have cast those by, decarded them.” J. Fletcher.

De•car´di•nal•ize , v. t. To depose from the rank of cardinal.

Dec´a•stere , n. [L. decastère; Gr. de•ka ten + F. stère a stere.] (Metric System) A measure of capacity, equal to ten steres, or ten cubic meters.

Dec´a•stich , n. [Pref. deca- + Gr. sti•chos a row, a line of writing, a verse.] A poem consisting of ten lines.

Dec´a•style , a. [Gr. ; de•ka ten + sty•los a column.] (Arch.) Having ten columns in front; — said of a portico, temple, etc. — n. A portico having ten pillars or columns in front.

Dec•a•syl•lab´ic , a. [Pref. deca- + syllabic: cf. F. decasyllabique, decasyllable.] Having, or consisting of, ten syllables.

Dec•a•to´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, decane.

De•cay´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decayed p. pr. & vb. n. Decaying.] [OF. decaeir, dechaer, decheoir, F. dechoir, to decline, fall, become less; L. de- + cadere to fall. See Chance.] To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or perfect state, to one of imperfection, adversity, or dissolution; to waste away; to decline; to fail; to become weak, corrupt, or disintegrated; to rot; to perish; as a tree decays; fortunes decay; hopes decay. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay.” Goldsmith.

De•cay´, v. t. 1. To cause to decay; to impair. [R.] “Infirmity, that decays the wise.” Shak. 2. To destroy. [Obs.] Shak.

De•cay´, n. 1. Gradual failure of health, strength, soundness, prosperity, or of any species of excellence or perfection; tendency toward dissolution or extinction; corruption; rottenness; decline; deterioration; as the decay of the body; the decay of virtue; the decay of the Roman empire; a castle in decay. “Perhaps my God, though he be far before,
May turn, and take me by the hand, and more -
May strengthen my decays.” Herbert. “His [Johnson’s] failure was not to be ascribed to intellectual decay.” Macaulay. “Which has caused the decay of the consonants to follow somewhat different laws.” James Byrne. 2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Cause of decay. [R.] “He that plots to be the only figure among ciphers, is the decay of the whole age.” Bacon. Syn. — Decline; consumption. See Decline.

De•cayed´ , a. Fallen, as to physical or social condition; affected with decay; rotten; as decayed vegetation or vegetables; a decayed fortune or gentleman. — De•cay´ed•ness (#), n.

De•cay´er , n. A causer of decay. [R.]

De•cease´ , n. [OE. deses, deces, F. decès, fr. L. decessus departure, death, fr. decedere to depart, die; de- + cedere to withdraw. See Cease, Cede.] Departure, especially departure from this life; death. “His decease, which he should accomplish at Jerusalem.” Luke ix. 31. “And I, the whilst you mourn for his decease,
Will with my mourning plaints your plaint increase.” Spenser. Syn. — Death; departure; dissolution; demise; release. See Death.

De•cease´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deceased p. pr. & vb. n. Deceasing.] To depart from this life; to die; to pass away. “She’s dead, deceased, she’s dead.” Shak. “When our summers have deceased.” Tennyson. “Inasmuch as he carries the malignity and the lie with him, he so far deceases from nature.” Emerson.

De•ceased´ , a. Passed away; dead; gone. The deceased, the dead person.

De•cede´ , v. i. [L. decedere. See Decease, n.] To withdraw. [Obs.] Fuller.

De•ce´dent , a. [L. decedens, p. pr. of decedere.] Removing; departing. Ash.

De•ce´dent, n. A deceased person. Bouvier.

De•ceit´ , n. [OF. deceit, desçait, decept (cf. deceite, deçoite), fr. L. deceptus deception, fr. decipere. See Deceive.] 1. An attempt or disposition to deceive or lead into error; any declaration, artifice, or practice, which misleads another, or causes him to believe what is false; a contrivance to entrap; deception; a wily device; fraud. “Making the ephah small and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit.” Amos viii. 5. “Friendly to man, far from deceit or guile.” Milton. “Yet still we hug the dear deceit.” N. Cotton. 2. (Law) Any trick, collusion, contrivance, false representation, or underhand practice, used to defraud another. When injury is thereby effected, an action of deceit, as it called, lies for compensation. Syn. — Deception; fraud; imposition; duplicity; trickery; guile; falsifying; double-dealing; stratagem. See Deception.

De•ceit´ful , a. Full of, or characterized by, deceit; serving to mislead or insnare; trickish; fraudulent; cheating; insincere. “Harboring foul deceitful thoughts.” Shak.

De•ceit´ful•ly, adv. With intent to deceive.

De•ceit´ful•ness, n. 1. The disposition to deceive; as a man’s deceitfulness may be habitual. 2. The quality of being deceitful; as the deceitfulness of a man’s practices. 3. Tendency to mislead or deceive. ´The deceitfulness of riches.´ Matt. xiii. 22.

De•ceit´less, a. Free from deceit. Bp. Hall.

De•ceiv´a•ble , a. [F. decevable.] 1. Fitted to deceive; deceitful. [Obs.] “The fraud of deceivable traditions.” Milton. 2. Subject to deceit; capable of being misled. “Blind, and thereby deceivable.” Milton.

De•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. 1. Capability of deceiving. “With all deceivableness of unrighteousness.” 2 Thess. ii. 10. 2. Liability to be deceived or misled; as the deceivableness of a child.

De•ceiv´a•bly, adv. In a deceivable manner.

De•ceive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deceived p. pr. & vb. n. Deceiving.] [OE. deceveir, F. decevoir, fr. L. decipere to catch, insnare, deceive; de- + capere to take, catch. See Capable, and cf. Deceit, Deception.] 1. To lead into error; to cause to believe what is false, or disbelieve what is true; to impose upon; to mislead; to cheat; to disappoint; to delude; to insnare. “Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived.” 2 Tim. iii. 13. “Nimble jugglers that deceive the eye.” Shak. “What can ’scape the eye
Of God all-seeing, or deceive his heart?” Milton. 2. To beguile; to amuse, so as to divert the attention; to while away; to take away as if by deception. “These occupations oftentimes deceived
The listless hour.” Wordsworth. 3. To deprive by fraud or stealth; to defraud. [Obs.] “Plant fruit trees in large borders, and set therein fine flowers, but thin and sparingly, lest they deceive the trees.” Bacon. Syn. — Deceive, Delude, Mislead. Deceive is a general word applicable to any kind of misrepresentation affecting faith or life. To delude, primarily, is to make sport of, by deceiving, and is accomplished by playing upon one’s imagination or credulity, as by exciting false hopes, causing him to undertake or expect what is impracticable, and making his failure ridiculous. It implies some infirmity of judgment in the victim, and intention to deceive in the deluder. But it is often used reflexively, indicating that a person’s own weakness has made him the sport of others or of fortune; as he deluded himself with a belief that luck would always favor him. To mislead is to lead, guide, or direct in a wrong way, either willfully or ignorantly.

De•ceiv´er , n. One who deceives; one who leads into error; a cheat; an impostor. “The deceived and the deceiver are his.” Job xii. 16. Syn. — Deceiver, Impostor. A deceiver operates by stealth and in private upon individuals; an impostor practices his arts on the community at large. The one succeeds by artful falsehoods, the other by bold assumption. The faithless friend and the fickle lover are deceivers; the false prophet and the pretended prince are impostors.

De•cem´ber (de•sem´ber), n. [F. decembre, from L. December, fr. decem ten; this being the tenth month among the early Romans, who began the year in March. See Ten.] 1. The twelfth and last month of the year, containing thirty-one days. During this month occurs the winter solstice. 2. Fig.: With reference to the end of the year and to the winter season; as the December of his life.

De•cem•den´tate , a. [L. decem ten + E. dentate.] Having ten points or teeth.

De•cem´fid (de•sem´fid), a. [L. decem ten + root of findere to cleave.] (Bot.) Cleft into ten parts.

De•cem•loc´u•lar , a. [L. decem ten + E. locular.] (Bot.) Having ten cells for seeds.

De•cem´pe•dal (de•sem´pe•dal), a. [L. decem ten + E. pedal.] 1. Ten feet in length. 2. (Zoöl.) Having ten feet; decapodal. [R.] Bailey.

De•cem´vir , n.; pl. E. Decemvirs (#), L. Decemviri (#). [L., fr. decem ten + vir a man.] 1. One of a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome. The title of decemvirs was given to various bodies of Roman magistrates. The most celebrated decemvirs framed ´the laws of the Twelve Tables,´ about 450 B. C., and had absolute authority for three years. 2. A member of any body of ten men in authority.

De•cem´vi•ral , a. [L. decemviralis.] Pertaining to the decemvirs in Rome.

De•cem´vi•rate , n. [L. decemviratus.] 1. The office or term of office of the decemvirs in Rome. 2. A body of ten men in authority.

De•cem´vir•ship , n. The office of a decemvir. Holland.

De´cence , n. Decency. [Obs.] Dryden.

De´cen•cy , n.; pl. Decencies (#). [L. decentia, fr. decens: cf. F. decence. See Decent.] 1. The quality or state of being decent, suitable, or becoming, in words or behavior; propriety of form in social intercourse, in actions, or in discourse; proper formality; becoming ceremony; seemliness; hence, freedom from obscenity or indecorum; modesty. “Observances of time, place, and of decency in general.” Burke. “Immodest words admit of no defense,
For want of decency is want of sense.” Roscommon. 2. That which is proper or becoming. “The external decencies of worship.” Atterbury. “Those thousand decencies, that daily flow
From all her words and actions.” Milton.

De´cene , n. [L. decem ten.] (Chem.) One of the higher hydrocarbons, C10H20, of the ethylene series.

De•cen´na•ry , n.; pl. Decennaries (#). [L. decennium a period of ten years; decem ten + annus a year.] 1. A period of ten years. 2. (O. Eng. Law) A tithing consisting of ten neighboring families. Burrill.

De•cen´ni•al , a. [See Decennary.] Consisting of ten years; happening every ten years; as a decennial period; decennial games. Hallam.

De•cen´ni•al, n. A tenth year or tenth anniversary.

De•cen´ni•um , n.; pl. Decenniums (#), L. Decennia (#). [L.] A period of ten years. ´The present decennium.´ Hallam. ´The last decennium of Chaucer’s life.´ A. W. Ward. { De•cen´no•val , De•cen´no•va•ry } a. [L. decem ten + novem nine.] Pertaining to the number nineteen; of nineteen years. [R.] Holder.

De´cent (de´sent), a. [L. decens, decentis, p. pr. of decere to be fitting or becoming; akin to decus glory, honor, ornament, Gr. dokei^n to seem good, to seem, think; cf. Skr. daç to grant, to give; and perh. akin to E. attire, tire: cf. F. decent. Cf. Decorate, Decorum, Deign.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, or ceremony; becoming; fit; decorous; proper; seemly; as decent conduct; decent language. Shak. “Before his decent steps.” Milton. 2. Free from immodesty or obscenity; modest. 3. Comely; shapely; well-formed. [Archaic] “A sable stole of cyprus lawn
Over thy decent shoulders drawn.” Milton. “By foreign hands thy decent limbs composed.” Pope. 4. Moderate, but competent; sufficient; hence, respectable; fairly good; reasonably comfortable or satisfying; as a decent fortune; a decent person. “A decent retreat in the mutability of human affairs.” Burke. — De´cent•ly, adv. — De´cent•ness, n.

De•cen•tral•i•za´tion , n. The action of decentralizing, or the state of being decentralized. ´The decentralization of France.´ J. P. Peters.

De•cen´tral•ize , v. t. To prevent from centralizing; to cause to withdraw from the center or place of concentration; to divide and distribute (what has been united or concentrated); — esp. said of authority, or the administration of public affairs.

De•cep´ti•ble , a. Capable of being deceived; deceivable. Sir T. Browne. — De•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n.

De•cep´tion , n. [F. deception, L. deceptio, fr. decipere, deceptum. See Deceive.] 1. The act of deceiving or misleading. South. 2. The state of being deceived or misled. “There is one thing relating either to the action or enjoyments of man in which he is not liable to deception.” South. 3. That which deceives or is intended to deceive; false representation; artifice; cheat; fraud. “There was of course room for vast deception.” Motley. Syn. — Deception, Deceit, Fraud, Imposition. Deception usually refers to the act, and deceit to the habit of the mind; hence we speak of a person as skilled in deception and addicted to deceit. The practice of deceit springs altogether from design, and that of the worst kind; but a deception does not always imply aim and intention. It may be undesigned or accidental. An imposition is an act of deception practiced upon some one to his annoyance or injury; a fraud implies the use of stratagem, with a view to some unlawful gain or advantage.

De•cep´tious , a. [LL. deceptiosus.] Tending deceive; delusive. [R.] “As if those organs had deceptious functions.” Shak.

De•cep´tive , a. [Cf. F. deceptif. See Deceive.] Tending to deceive; having power to mislead, or impress with false opinions; as a deceptive countenance or appearance. “Language altogether deceptive, and hiding the deeper reality from our eyes.” Trench. Deceptive cadence (Mus.), a cadence on the subdominant, or in some foreign key, postponing the final close.

De•cep´tive•ly, adv. In a manner to deceive.

De•cep´tive•ness, n. The power or habit of deceiving; tendency or aptness to deceive.

De•cep•tiv´i•ty , n. Deceptiveness; a deception; a sham. [R.] Carlyle.

De•cep´to•ry , a. [L. deceptorius, from decipere.] Deceptive. [R.]

De•cern´ , v. t. [L. decernere. See Decree.] 1. To perceive, discern, or decide. [Obs.] Granmer. 2. (Scots Law) To decree; to adjudge.

De•cern´i•ture ( 135), n. (Scots Law) A decree or sentence of a court. Stormonth.

De•cerp´ , v. t. [L. decerpere; de- + carpere to pluck.] To pluck off; to crop; to gather. [Obs.]

De•cerpt´ , a. [L. decerptus, p. p. of decerpere.] Plucked off or away. [Obs.]

De•cerp´ti•ble , a. That may be plucked off, cropped, or torn away. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•cerp´tion , n. 1. The act of plucking off; a cropping. 2. That which is plucked off or rent away; a fragment; a piece. Glanvill.

De•cer•ta´tion , n. [L. decertatio, fr. decertare, decertatum; de- + certare to contend.] Contest for mastery; contention; strife. [R.] Arnway.

De•ces´sion , n. [L. decessio, fr. decedere to depart. See Decease, n.] Departure; decrease; — opposed to accesion. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

De•charm´ , v. t. [Cf. F. decharmer. See Charm.] To free from a charm; to disenchant.

De•chris´tian•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dechristianized p. pr. & vb. n. Dechristianizing.] To turn from, or divest of, Christianity.

De•cid´a•ble , a. Capable of being decided; determinable.

De•cide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decided; p. pr. & vb. n. Deciding.] [L. decidere; de- + caedere to cut, cut off; prob. akin to E. shed, v.: cf. F. decider. Cf. Decision.] 1. To cut off; to separate. [Obs.] “Our seat denies us traffic here;
The sea, too near, decides us from the rest.” Fuller. 2. To bring to a termination, as a question, controversy, struggle, by giving the victory to one side or party; to render judgment concerning; to determine; to settle. “So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast decided it.” 1 Kings xx. 40. “The quarrel toucheth none but us alone;
Betwixt ourselves let us decide it then.” Shak.

De•cide´, v. i. To determine; to form a definite opinion; to come to a conclusion; to give decision; as the court decided in favor of the defendant. “Who shall decide, when doctors disagree?” Pope.

De•cid´ed , a. 1. Free from ambiguity; unequivocal; unmistakable; unquestionable; clear; evident; as a decided advantage. ´A more decided taste for science.´ Prescott. 2. Free from doubt or wavering; determined; of fixed purpose; fully settled; positive; resolute; as a decided opinion or purpose. Syn. — Decided, Decisive. We call a thing decisive when it has the power or quality of deciding; as a decisive battle; we speak of it as decided when it is so fully settled as to leave no room for doubt; as a decided preference, a decided aversion. Hence, a decided victory is one about which there is no question; a decisive victory is one which ends the contest. Decisive is applied only to things; as a decisive sentence, a decisive decree, a decisive judgment. Decided is applied equally to persons and things. Thus we speak of a man as decided in his whole of conduct; and as having a decided disgust, or a decided reluctance, to certain measures. ´A politic caution, a guarded circumspection, were among the ruling principles of our forefathers in their most decided conduct.´ Burke. ´The sentences of superior judges are final, decisive, and irrevocable. Blackstone.

De•cid´ed•ly, adv. In a decided manner; indisputably; clearly; thoroughly.

De•cide´ment , n. Means of forming a decision. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dec´i•dence , n. [L. decidens falling off.] A falling off. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

De•cid´er , n. One who decides.

De•cid´u•a ( 135), n. [NL., fr. L. deciduus. See Deciduous.] (Anat.) The inner layer of the wall of the uterus, which envelops the embryo, forms a part of the placenta, and is discharged with it.

De•cid•u•a´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of Mammalia in which a decidua is thrown off with, or after, the fetus, as in the human species.

De•cid´u•ate ( 135), a. (Anat.) Possessed of, or characterized by, a decidua.

Dec•i•du´i•ty , n. Deciduousness. [R.]

De•cid´u•ous ( 135), a. [L. deciduus, fr. decdere to fall off; de- + cadere to fall. See Chance.] (Biol.) Falling off, or subject to fall or be shed, at a certain season, or a certain stage or interval of growth, as leaves (except of evergreens) in autumn, or as parts of animals, such as hair, teeth, antlers, etc.; also shedding leaves or parts at certain seasons, stages, or intervals; as deciduous trees; the deciduous membrane.

De•cid´u•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being deciduous. { Dec´i•gram , Dec´i•gramme } , n. [F. decigramme; pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + gramme.] A weight in the metric system; one tenth of a gram, equal to 1.5432 grains avoirdupois. { Dec´il , Dec´ile } , n. [F. decil, fr. L. decem ten cf. It. decile.] (Astrol.) An aspect or position of two planets, when they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac, or 36°. { Dec´i•li•ter , Dec´i•li•tre } , n. [F. decilitre; pref. deci- tenth (L. decimus) + litre. See Liter.] A measure of capacity or volume in the metric system; one tenth of a liter, equal to 6.1022 cubic inches, or 3.38 fluid ounces.

De•cil´lion , n. [L. decem ten + the ending of million.] According to the English notation, a million involved to the tenth power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed; according to the French and American notation, a thousand involved to the eleventh power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers annexed. [See the Note under Numeration.]

De•cil´lionth , a. Pertaining to a decillion, or to the quotient of unity divided by a decillion.

De•cil´lionth , n. (a) The quotient of unity divided by a decillion. (b) One of a decillion equal parts.

Dec´i•mal , a. [F. decimal (cf. LL. decimalis), fr. L. decimus tenth, fr. decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Dime.] Of or pertaining to decimals; numbered or proceeding by tens; having a tenfold increase or decrease, each unit being ten times the unit next smaller; as decimal notation; a decimal coinage. Decimal arithmetic, the common arithmetic, in which numeration proceeds by tens. — Decimal fraction, a fraction in which the denominator is some power of 10, as &frac2x10;, &fract25x100;, and is usually not expressed, but is signified by a point placed at the left hand of the numerator, as .2, .25. — Decimal point, a dot or full stop at the left of a decimal fraction. The figures at the left of the point represent units or whole numbers, as 1.05.

Dec´i•mal, n. A number expressed in the scale of tens; specifically, and almost exclusively, used as synonymous with a decimal fraction. Circulating, or Circulatory, decimal, a decimal fraction in which the same figure, or set of figures, is constantly repeated; as 0.354354354; - - called also recurring decimal, repeating decimal, and repetend.

Dec´i•mal•ism , n. The system of a decimal currency, decimal weights, measures, etc.

Dec´i•mal•ize , v. t. To reduce to a decimal system; as to decimalize the currency. — Dec•i•mal•i•za´tion (#), n.

Dec´i•mal•ly, adv. By tens; by means of decimals.

Dec´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decimated p. pr. & vb. n. Decimating ] [L. decimatus, p. p. of decimare to decimate (in senses 1 & 2), fr. decimus tenth. See Decimal.] 1. To take the tenth part of; to tithe. Johnson. 2. To select by lot and punish with death every tenth man of; as to decimate a regiment as a punishment for mutiny. Macaulay. 3. To destroy a considerable part of; as to decimate an army in battle; to decimate a people by disease.

Dec•i•ma´tion , n. [L. decimatio: cf. F. decimation.] 1. A tithing. [Obs.] State Trials (1630). 2. A selection of every tenth person by lot, as for punishment. Shak. 3. The destruction of any large proportion, as of people by pestilence or war. Milman.

Dec´i•ma•tor , n. [Cf. LL. decimator.] One who decimates. South.

De•cime´ , n. [F.] A French coin, the tenth part of a franc, equal to about two cents. { Dec´i•me•ter , Dec´i•me•tre } , n. [F. decimètre; pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + mètre. See Meter.] A measure of length in the metric system; one tenth of a meter, equal to 3.937 inches.

Dec•i•mo•sex´to , n. [Prop., in sixteenth; fr. L. decimus tenth + sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets, each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of book; - - usually written 16mo or 16°.

Dec•i•mo•sex´to, a. Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; as a decimosexto form, book, leaf, size.

De´cine ( 104), n. [From L. decem ten.] (Chem.) One of the higher hydrocarbons, C10H15, of the acetylene series; — called also decenylene.

De•ci´pher , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deciphered p. pr. & vb. n. Deciphering.] [Pref. de- + cipher. Formed in imitation of F. dechiffrer. See Cipher.] 1. To translate from secret characters or ciphers into intelligible terms; as to decipher a letter written in secret characters. 2. To find out, so as to be able to make known the meaning of; to make out or read, as words badly written or partly obliterated; to detect; to reveal; to unfold. 3. To stamp; to detect; to discover. [R.] “You are both deciphered, …
For villains.” Shak.

De•ci´pher•a•ble , a. Capable of being deciphered; as old writings not decipherable.

De•ci´pher•er , n. One who deciphers.

De•ci´pher•ess , n. A woman who deciphers.

De•ci´pher•ment , n. The act of deciphering.

De•cip´i•en•cy , n. [L. decipiens, p. pr. of decipere. See Deceive.] State of being deceived; hallucination. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•cip´i•um , n. [NL., fr. L. decipere to deceive.] (Chem.) A supposed rare element, said to be associated with cerium, yttrium, etc., in the mineral samarskite, and more recently called samarium. Symbol Dp. See Samarium.

De•ci´sion , n. [L. decisio, fr. decidere, decisum: cf. F. decision. See Decide.] 1. Cutting off; division; detachment of a part. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 2. The act of deciding; act of settling or terminating, as a controversy, by giving judgment on the matter at issue; determination, as of a question or doubt; settlement; conclusion. “The decision of some dispute.” Atterbury. 3. An account or report of a conclusion, especially of a legal adjudication or judicial determination of a question or cause; as a decision of arbitrators; a decision of the Supreme Court. 4. The quality of being decided; prompt and fixed determination; unwavering firmness; as to manifest great decision. Syn. — Decision, Determination, Resolution. Each of these words has two meanings, one implying the act of deciding, determining, or resolving; and the other a habit of mind as to doing. It is in the last sense that the words are here compared. Decision is a cutting short. It implies that several courses of action have been presented to the mind, and that the choice is now finally made. It supposes, therefore, a union of promptitude and energy. Determination is the natural consequence of decision. It is the settling of a thing with a fixed purpose to adhere. Resolution is the necessary result in a mind which is characterized by firmness. It is a spirit which scatters (resolves) all doubt, and is ready to face danger or suffering in carrying out one’s determinations. Martin Luther was equally distinguished for his prompt decision, his steadfast determination, and his inflexible resolution.

De•ci•sive , a. [Cf. F. decisif. See Decision.] 1. Having the power or quality of deciding a question or controversy; putting an end to contest or controversy; final; conclusive. ´A decisive, irrevocable doom.´ Bates. ´Decisive campaign.´ Macaulay. ´Decisive proof.´ Hallam. 2. Marked by promptness and decision. “A noble instance of this attribute of the decisive character.” J. Foster. Syn. — Decided; positive; conclusive. See Decided. — De•ci´sive•ly, adv. — De•ci´sive•ness, n.

De•ci´so•ry , a. [Cf. F. decisoire. See Decision.] Able to decide or determine; having a tendency to decide. [R.]

Dec´i•stere , n. [F. decistère; pref. deci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + stère a stere.] (Metric System) The tenth part of the stere or cubic meter, equal to 3.531 cubic feet. See Stere.

De•cit´i•zen•ize , v. t. To deprive of the rights of citizenship. [R.] “We have no law — as the French have — to decitizenize a citizen.” Edw. Bates.

De•civ´i•lize , v. t. To reduce from civilization to a savage state. [R.] Blackwood’s Mag.

Deck , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decked p. pr. & vb. n. Decking.] [D. dekken to cover; akin to E. thatch. See Thatch.] 1. To cover; to overspread. “To deck with clouds the uncolored sky.” Milton. 2. To dress, as the person; to clothe; especially, to clothe with more than ordinary elegance; to array; to adorn; to embellish. “Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency.” Job xl. 10. “And deck my body in gay ornaments.” Shak. “The dew with spangles decked the ground.” Dryden. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel.

Deck, n. [D. dek. See Deck, v.] 1. The floorlike covering of the horizontal sections, or compartments, of a ship. Small vessels have only one deck; larger ships have two or three decks. The following are the more common names of the decks of vessels having more than one. Berth deck (Navy), a deck next below the gun deck, where the hammocks of the crew are swung. — Boiler deck (River Steamers), the deck on which the boilers are placed. — Flush deck, any continuous, unbroken deck from stem to stern. — Gun deck (Navy), a deck below the spar deck, on which the ship’s guns are carried. If there are two gun decks, the upper one is called the main deck, the lower, the lower gun deck; if there are three, one is called the middle gun deck. — Half-deck, that portion of the deck next below the spar deck which is between the mainmast and the cabin. — Hurricane deck (River Steamers, etc.), the upper deck, usually a light deck, erected above the frame of the hull. — Orlop deck, the deck or part of a deck where the cables are stowed, usually below the water line. — Poop deck, the deck forming the roof of a poop or poop cabin, built on the upper deck and extending from the mizzenmast aft. — Quarter-deck, the part of the upper deck abaft the mainmast, including the poop deck when there is one. — Spar deck. (a) Same as the upper deck. (b) Sometimes a light deck fitted over the upper deck. — Upper deck, the highest deck of the hull, extending from stem to stern. 2. (arch.) The upper part or top of a mansard roof or curb roof when made nearly flat. 3. (Railroad) The roof of a passenger car. 4. A pack or set of playing cards. “The king was slyly fingered from the deck.” Shak. 5. A heap or store. [Obs.] “Who … hath such trinkets
Ready in the deck.” Massinger. Between decks. See under Between. — Deck bridge (Railroad Engineering), a bridge which carries the track upon the upper chords; — distinguished from a through bridge, which carries the track upon the lower chords, between the girders. — Deck curb (Arch.), a curb supporting a deck in roof construction. — Deck floor (Arch.), a floor which serves also as a roof, as of a belfry or balcony. — Deck hand, a sailor hired to help on the vessel’s deck, but not expected to go aloft. — Deck molding (Arch.), the molded finish of the edge of a deck, making the junction with the lower slope of the roof. — Deck roof (Arch.), a nearly flat roof which is not surmounted by parapet walls. — Deck transom (Shipbuilding), the transom into which the deck is framed. — To clear the decks (Naut.), to remove every unnecessary incumbrance in preparation for battle; to prepare for action. — To sweep the deck (Card Playing), to clear off all the stakes on the table by winning them.

Deck´el , n. (Paper Making) Same as Deckle.

Deck´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, decks or adorns; a coverer; as a table decker. 2. A vessel which has a deck or decks; — used esp. in composition; as a single-decker; a three- decker.

Dec´kle (dek´k’l), n. [Cf. G. deckel cover, lid.] (Paper Making) A separate thin wooden frame used to form the border of a hand mold, or a curb of India rubber or other material which rests on, and forms the edge of, the mold in a paper machine and determines the width of the paper. [Spelt also deckel, and dekle.]

De•claim´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declaimed p. pr. & vb. n. Declaiming.] [L. declamare; de- + clamare to cry out: cf. F. declamer. See Claim.] 1. To speak rhetorically; to make a formal speech or oration; to harangue; specifically, to recite a speech, poem, etc., in public as a rhetorical exercise; to practice public speaking; as the students declaim twice a week. 2. To speak for rhetorical display; to speak pompously, noisily, or theatrically; to make an empty speech; to rehearse trite arguments in debate; to rant. “Grenville seized the opportunity to declaim on the repeal of the stamp act.” Bancroft.

De•claim´ , v. t. 1. To utter in public; to deliver in a rhetorical or set manner. 2. To defend by declamation; to advocate loudly. [Obs.] ´Declaims his cause.´ South.

De•claim´ant , n. A declaimer. [R.]

De•claim´er , n. One who declaims; an haranguer.

Dec•la•ma´tion , n. [L. declamatio, from declamare: cf. F. declamation. See Declaim.] 1. The act or art of declaiming; rhetorical delivery; haranguing; loud speaking in public; especially, the public recitation of speeches as an exercise in schools and colleges; as the practice declamation by students. “The public listened with little emotion, but with much civility, to five acts of monotonous declamation.” Macaulay. 2. A set or harangue; declamatory discourse. 3. Pretentious rhetorical display, with more sound than sense; as mere declamation.

Dec´la•ma•tor , n. [L.] A declaimer. [R.] Sir T. Elyot.

De•clam´a•to•ry , a. [L. declamatorius: cf. F. declamatoire.] 1. Pertaining to declamation; treated in the manner of a rhetorician; as a declamatory theme. 2. Characterized by rhetorical display; pretentiously rhetorical; without solid sense or argument; bombastic; noisy; as a declamatory way or style.

De•clar´a•ble , a. Capable of being declared. Sir T. Browne.

De•clar´ant , n. [Cf. F. declarant, p. pr. of declarer.] (Law) One who declares. Abbott.

Dec•la•ra´tion , n. [F. declaration, fr. L. declaratio, fr. declarare. See Declare.] 1. The act of declaring, or publicly announcing; explicit asserting; undisguised token of a ground or side taken on any subject; proclamation; exposition; as the declaration of an opinion; a declaration of war, etc. 2. That which is declared or proclaimed; announcement; distinct statement; formal expression; avowal. “Declarations of mercy and love … in the Gospel.” Tillotson. 3. The document or instrument containing such statement or proclamation; as the Declaration of Independence (now preserved in Washington). “In 1776 the Americans laid before Europe that noble Declaration, which ought to be hung up in the nursery of every king, and blazoned on the porch of every royal palace.” Buckle. 4. (Law) That part of the process or pleadings in which the plaintiff sets forth in order and at large his cause of complaint; the narration of the plaintiff’s case containing the count, or counts. See Count, n., 3. Declaration of Independence. (Amer. Hist.) See under Independence. — Declaration of rights. (Eng. Hist) See Bill of rights, under Bill. — Declaration of trust (Law), a paper subscribed by a grantee of property, acknowledging that he holds it in trust for the purposes and upon the terms set forth. Abbott.

De•clar´a•tive , a. [L. declarativus, fr. declarare: cf. F. declaratif.] Making declaration, proclamation, or publication; explanatory; assertive; declaratory. ´Declarative laws.´ Baker. “The ´vox populi,´ so declarative on the same side.” Swift.

De•clar´a•tive•ly, adv. By distinct assertion; not impliedly; in the form of a declaration. “The priest shall expiate it, that is, declaratively.” Bates.

Dec´la•ra•tor , n. [L., an announcer.] (Scots Law) A form of action by which some right or interest is sought to be judicially declared.

De•clar´a•to•ri•ly , adv. In a declaratory manner.

De•clar´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. declaratoire.] Making declaration, explanation, or exhibition; making clear or manifest; affirmative; expressive; as a clause declaratory of the will of the legislature. Declaratory act (Law), an act or statute which sets forth more clearly, and declares what is, the existing law.

De•clare´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Declared (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Declaring.] [F. declarer, from L. declarare; de + clarare to make clear, clarus, clear, bright. See Clear.] 1. To make clear; to free from obscurity. [Obs.] ´To declare this a little.´ Boyle. 2. To make known by language; to communicate or manifest explicitly and plainly in any way; to exhibit; to publish; to proclaim; to announce. “This day I have begot whom I declare
My only Son.” Milton. “The heavens declare the glory of God.” Ps. xix. 1. 3. To make declaration of; to assert; to affirm; to set forth; to avow; as he declares the story to be false. “I the Lord … declare things that are right.” Isa. xlv. 19. 4. (Com.) To make full statement of, as goods, etc., for the purpose of paying taxes, duties, etc. To declare off, to recede from an agreement, undertaking, contract, etc.; to renounce. — To declare one’s self, to avow one’s opinion; to show openly what one thinks, or which side he espouses.

De•clare´, v. i. 1. To make a declaration, or an open and explicit avowal; to proclaim one’s self; — often with for or against; as victory declares against the allies. “Like fawning courtiers, for success they wait,
And then come smiling, and declare for fate.” Dryden. 2. (Law) To state the plaintiff’s cause of action at law in a legal form; as the plaintiff declares in trespass.

De•clar´ed•ly , adv. Avowedly; explicitly.

De•clar´ed•ness, n. The state of being declared.

De•clare´ment , n. Declaration. [Obs.]

De•clar´er , n. One who makes known or proclaims; that which exhibits. Udall.

De•clen´sion , n. [Apparently corrupted fr. F. declinaison, fr. L. declinatio, fr. declinare. See Decline, and cf. Declination.] 1. The act or the state of declining; declination; descent; slope. “The declension of the land from that place to the sea.” T. Burnet. 2. A falling off towards a worse state; a downward tendency; deterioration; decay; as the declension of virtue, of science, of a state, etc. “Seduced the pitch and height of all his thoughts
To base declension.” Shak. 3. Act of courteously refusing; act of declining; a declinature; refusal; as the declension of a nomination. 4. (Gram.) (a) Inflection of nouns, adjectives, etc., according to the grammatical cases. (b) The form of the inflection of a word declined by cases; as the first or the second declension of nouns, adjectives, etc. (c) Rehearsing a word as declined. The nominative was held to be the primary and original form, and was likened to a perpendicular line; the variations, or oblique cases, were regarded as fallings (hence called casus, cases, or fallings) from the nominative or perpendicular; and an enumerating of the various forms, being a sort of progressive descent from the noun’s upright form, was called a declension. Harris. Declension of the needle, declination of the needle.

De•clen´sion•al , a. Belonging to declension. “Declensional and syntactical forms.” M. Arnold.

De•clin´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. declinable. See Decline.] Capable of being declined; admitting of declension or inflection; as declinable parts of speech.

De•clin´al , a. Declining; sloping.

Dec´li•nate , a. [L. declinatus, p. p. of declinare. See Decline.] Bent downward or aside; (Bot.) bending downward in a curve; declined.

Dec•li•na´tion , n. [L. declinatio a bending aside, an avoiding: cf. F. declination a decadence. See Declension.] 1. The act or state of bending downward; inclination; as declination of the head. 2. The act or state of falling off or declining from excellence or perfection; deterioration; decay; decline. ´The declination of monarchy.´ Bacon. “Summer … is not looked on as a time
Of declination or decay.” Waller. 3. The act of deviating or turning aside; oblique motion; obliquity; withdrawal. “The declination of atoms in their descent.” Bentley. “Every declination and violation of the rules.” South. 4. The act or state of declining or refusing; withdrawal; refusal; averseness. “The queen’s declination from marriage.” Stow. 5. (Astron.) The angular distance of any object from the celestial equator, either northward or southward. 6. (Dialing) The arc of the horizon, contained between the vertical plane and the prime vertical circle, if reckoned from the east or west, or between the meridian and the plane, reckoned from the north or south. 7. (Gram.) The act of inflecting a word; declension. See Decline, v. t., 4. Angle of declination, the angle made by a descending line, or plane, with a horizontal plane. — Circle of declination, a circle parallel to the celestial equator. — Declination compass (Physics), a compass arranged for finding the declination of the magnetic needle. — Declination of the compass or needle, the horizontal angle which the magnetic needle makes with the true north-and-south line.

Dec´li•na•tor , n. [Cf. F. declinateur. See Decline.] 1. An instrument for taking the declination or angle which a plane makes with the horizontal plane. 2. A dissentient. [R.] Bp. Hacket.

De•clin´a•to•ry ( 277), a. [LL. declinatorius, fr. L. declinare: cf. F. declinatoire.] Containing or involving a declination or refusal, as of submission to a charge or sentence. Blackstone. Declinatory plea (O. Eng. Law), the plea of sanctuary or of benefit of clergy, before trial or conviction; — now abolished.

De•clin´a•ture ( 135), n. The act of declining or refusing; as the declinature of an office.

De•cline´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declined p. pr. & vb. n. Declining.] [OE. declinen to bend down, lower, sink, decline (a noun), F. decliner to decline, refuse, fr. L. declinare to turn aside, inflect (a part of speech), avoid; de- + clinare to incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean, v. i.] 1. To bend, or lean downward; to take a downward direction; to bend over or hang down, as from weakness, weariness, despondency, etc.; to condescend. ´With declining head.´ Shak. “He … would decline even to the lowest of his family.” Lady Hutchinson. “Disdaining to decline,
Slowly he falls, amidst triumphant cries.” Byron. “The ground at length became broken and declined rapidly.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To tend or draw towards a close, decay, or extinction; to tend to a less perfect state; to become diminished or impaired; to fail; to sink; to diminish; to lessen; as the day declines; virtue declines; religion declines; business declines. “That empire must decline
Whose chief support and sinews are of coin.” Waller. “And presume to know …
Who thrives, and who declines.” Shak. 3. To turn or bend aside; to deviate; to stray; to withdraw; as a line that declines from straightness; conduct that declines from sound morals. “Yet do I not decline from thy testimonies.” Ps. cxix. 157. 4. To turn away; to shun; to refuse; — the opposite of accept or consent; as he declined, upon principle.

De•cline´, v. t. 1. To bend downward; to bring down; to depress; to cause to bend, or fall. “In melancholy deep, with head declined.” Thomson. “And now fair Phoebus gan decline in haste
His weary wagon to the western vale.” Spenser. 2. To cause to decrease or diminish. [Obs.] ´You have declined his means.´ Beau. & Fl. “He knoweth his error, but will not seek to decline it.” Burton. 3. To put or turn aside; to turn off or away from; to refuse to undertake or comply with; reject; to shun; to avoid; as to decline an offer; to decline a contest; he declined any participation with them. “Could I
Decline this dreadful hour?” Massinger. 4. (Gram.) To inflect, or rehearse in order the changes of grammatical form of; as to decline a noun or an adjective. Now restricted to such words as have case inflections; but formerly it was applied both to declension and conjugation. “After the first declining of a noun and a verb.” Ascham. 5. To run through from first to last; to repeat like a schoolboy declining a noun. [R.] Shak.

De•cline´ , n. [F. declin. See Decline, v. i.] 1. A falling off; a tendency to a worse state; diminution or decay; deterioration; also the period when a thing is tending toward extinction or a less perfect state; as the decline of life; the decline of strength; the decline of virtue and religion. “Their fathers lived in the decline of literature.” Swift. 2. (Med.) That period of a disorder or paroxysm when the symptoms begin to abate in violence; as the decline of a fever. 3. A gradual sinking and wasting away of the physical faculties; any wasting disease, esp. pulmonary consumption; as to die of a decline. Dunglison. Syn. — Decline, Decay, Consumption. Decline marks the first stage in a downward progress; decay indicates the second stage, and denotes a tendency to ultimate destruction; consumption marks a steady decay from an internal exhaustion of strength. The health may experience a decline from various causes at any period of life; it is naturally subject to decay with the advance of old age; consumption may take place at almost any period of life, from disease which wears out the constitution. In popular language decline is often used as synonymous with consumption. By a gradual decline, states and communities lose their strength and vigor; by progressive decay, they are stripped of their honor, stability, and greatness; by a consumption of their resources and vital energy, they are led rapidly on to a completion of their existence.

De•clined´ , a. Declinate.

De•clin´er , n. He who declines or rejects. “A studious decliner of honors.” Evelyn.

Dec•li•nom´e•ter , n. [Decline + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle.

De•clin´ous , a. Declinate. { De•cliv´i•tous , De•cli´vous } a. Descending gradually; moderately steep; sloping; downhill.

De•cliv´i•ty , n.; pl. Declivities (#). [L. declivitas, fr. declivis sloping, downhill; de + clivus a slope, a hill; akin to clinare to incline: cf. F. declivite. See Decline.] 1. Deviation from a horizontal line; gradual descent of surface; inclination downward; slope; — opposed to acclivity, or ascent; the same slope, considered as descending, being a declivity, which, considered as ascending, is an acclivity. 2. A descending surface; a sloping place. “Commodious declivities and channels for the passage of the waters.” Derham.

De•coct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Decocting.] [L. decoctus, p. p. of decoquere to boil down; de- + coquere to cook, boil. See Cook to decoct.] 1. To prepare by boiling; to digest in hot or boiling water; to extract the strength or flavor of by boiling; to make an infusion of. 2. To prepare by the heat of the stomach for assimilation; to digest; to concoct. 3. To warm, strengthen, or invigorate, as if by boiling. [R.] ´Decoct their cold blood.´ Shak.

De•coct´i•ble , a. Capable of being boiled or digested.

De•coc´tion , n. [F. decoction, L. decoctio.] 1. The act or process of boiling anything in a watery fluid to extract its virtues. “In decoction … it either purgeth at the top or settleth at the bottom.” Bacon. 2. An extract got from a body by boiling it in water. “If the plant be boiled in water, the strained liquor is called the decoction of the plant.” Arbuthnot. “In pharmacy decoction is opposed to infusion, where there is merely steeping.” Latham.

De•coc´ture ( 135), n. A decoction. [R.]

De•col´late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decollated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decollating.] [L. decollatus, p. p. of decollare to behead; de- + collum neck.] To sever from the neck; to behead; to decapitate. “The decollated head of St. John the Baptist.” Burke.

De•col´la•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Decapitated; worn or cast off in the process of growth, as the apex of certain univalve shells.

De•col•la´tion , n. [L. decollatio: cf. F. decollation.] 1. The act of beheading or state of one beheaded; — especially used of the execution of St. John the Baptist. 2. A painting representing the beheading of a saint or martyr, esp. of St. John the Baptist.

De•col•le•te´ , a. [F., p. p. of decolleter to bare the neck and shoulders; de- + collet collar, fr. L. collum neck.] Leaving the neck and shoulders uncovered; cut low in the neck, or low-necked, as a dress.

De•col´ling , n. Beheading. [R.] “By a speedy dethroning and decolling of the king.” Parliamentary History (1648).

De•col´or , v. t. [Cf. F. decolorer, L. decolorare. Cf. Discolor.] To deprive of color; to bleach.

De•col´or•ant , n. [Cf. F. decolorant, p. pr.] A substance which removes color, or bleaches.

De•col´or•ate , a. [L. decoloratus, p. p. of decolorare.] Deprived of color.

De•col´or•ate , v. t. To decolor.

De•col•or•a´tion , n. [L. decoloratio: cf. F. decoloration.] The removal or absence of color. Ferrand.

De•col´or•ize , v. t. To deprive of color; to whiten. Turner. — De•col•or•i•za´tion (#), n.

De´com•plex , a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + complex.] Repeatedly compound; made up of complex constituents.

De•com•pos´a•ble , a. Capable of being resolved into constituent elements.

De•com•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decomposed p. pr. & vb. n. Decomposing.] [Cf. F. decomposer. Cf. Discompose.] To separate the constituent parts of; to resolve into original elements; to set free from previously existing forms of chemical combination; to bring to dissolution; to rot or decay.

De•com•pose´, v. i. To become resolved or returned from existing combinations; to undergo dissolution; to decay; to rot.

De•com•posed´ , a. (Zoöl.) Separated or broken up; — said of the crest of birds when the feathers are divergent.

De•com•pos´ite , a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + composite.] 1. Compounded more than once; compounded with things already composite. 2. (Bot.) See Decompound, a., 2.

De•com•pos´ite, n. Anything decompounded. “Decomposites of three metals or more.” Bacon.

De•com•po•si´tion , n. [Pref. de- (in sense 3 intensive) + composition: cf. F. decomposition. Cf. Decomposition.] 1. The act or process of resolving the constituent parts of a compound body or substance into its elementary parts; separation into constituent part; analysis; the decay or dissolution consequent on the removal or alteration of some of the ingredients of a compound; disintegration; as the decomposition of wood, rocks, etc. 2. The state of being reduced into original elements. 3. Repeated composition; a combination of compounds. [Obs.] Decomposition of forces. Same as Resolution of forces, under Resolution. — Decomposition of light, the division of light into the prismatic colors.

De•com•pound´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decompounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Decompounding.] [Pref. de- (intens. in sense 1) + compound, v. t.] 1. To compound or mix with that is already compound; to compound a second time. 2. To reduce to constituent parts; to decompose. “It divides and decompounds objects into … parts.” Hazlitt.

De•com•pound´, a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + compound, a.] 1. Compound of what is already compounded; compounded a second time. 2. (Bot.) Several times compounded or divided, as a leaf or stem; decomposite.

De•com•pound´, n. A decomposite.

De•com•pound´a•ble , a. Capable of being decompounded.

De•con•cen´trate , v. t. To withdraw from concentration; to decentralize. [R.]

De•con•cen•tra´tion , n. Act of deconcentrating. [R.]

De•con•coct´ , v. t. To decompose. [R.] Fuller.

De•con´se•crate , v. t. To deprive of sacredness; to secularize. — De•con•se•cra´tion (#), n.

Dec´o•ra•ment , n. [L. decoramentum. See Decorate, v. t.] Ornament. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dec´o•rate (d&cr;k´o•rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorated (d&cr;k´o•ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Decorating (-ra•ting).] [L. decoratus, p. p. of decorare, fr. decus ornament; akin to decere to be becoming. See Decent.] To deck with that which is becoming, ornamental, or honorary; to adorn; to beautify; to embellish; as to decorate the person; to decorate an edifice; to decorate a lawn with flowers; to decorate the mind with moral beauties; to decorate a hero with honors. “Her fat neck was ornamented with jewels, rich bracelets decorated her arms.” Thackeray. Syn. — To adorn; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace. See Adorn. Decorated style (Arch.), a name given by some writers to the perfected English Gothic architecture; it may be considered as having flourished from about a. d. 1300 to a. d. 1375.

Dec•o•ra´tion (dek•o•ra´shun), n. [LL. decoratio: cf. F. decoration.] 1. The act of adorning, embellishing, or honoring; ornamentation. 2. That which adorns, enriches, or beautifies; something added by way of embellishment; ornament. “The hall was celebrated for … the richness of its decoration.” Motley. 3. Specifically, any mark of honor to be worn upon the person, as a medal, cross, or ribbon of an order of knighthood, bestowed for services in war, great achievements in literature, art, etc. Decoration Day, a day, May 30, appointed for decorating with flowers the graves of the Union soldiers and sailors, who fell in the Civil War in the United States; Memorial Day. [U.S.]

Dec´o•ra•tive (dek´o•ra•tiv or -ra•tiv), a. [Cf. F. decoratif.] Suited to decorate or embellish; adorning. — Dec´o•ra•tive•ness, n. Decorative art, fine art which has for its end ornamentation, rather than the representation of objects or events.

Dec´o•ra•tor (-ra´ter), n. [Cf. F. decorateur.] One who decorates, adorns, or embellishes; specifically, an artisan whose business is the decoration of houses, esp. their interior decoration.

De•core´ , v. t. [Cf. F. decorer. See Decorate.] To decorate; to beautify. [Obs.] “To decore and beautify the house of God.” E. Hall.

De•core´ment , n. Ornament. [Obs.]

De•co´rous ( 277), a. [L. decorus, fr. decor comeliness, beauty; akin to decere. See Decent, and cf. Decorum.] Suitable to a character, or to the time, place, and occasion; marked with decorum; becoming; proper; seemly; befitting; as a decorous speech; decorous behavior; a decorous dress for a judge. “A decorous pretext the war.” Motley. — De•co´rous•ly, adv. — De•co´rous•ness, n.

De•cor´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decorticating.] [L. decorticatus, p. p. of decorticare to bark; de- + cortex bark.] To divest of the bark, husk, or exterior coating; to husk; to peel; to hull. ´Great barley dried and decorticated.´ Arbuthnot.

De•cor•ti•ca´tion , n. [L. decorticatio: cf. F. decortication.] The act of stripping off the bark, rind, hull, or outer coat.

De•cor´ti•ca•tor , n. A machine for decorticating wood, hulling grain, etc.; also an instrument for removing surplus bark or moss from fruit trees.

De•cor´um , n. [L. decorum, fr. decorus. See Decorous.] Propriety of manner or conduct; grace arising from suitableness of speech and behavior to one’s own character, or to the place and occasion; decency of conduct; seemliness; that which is seemly or suitable. “Negligent of the duties and decorums of his station.” Hallam. “If your master
Would have a queen his beggar, you must tell him,
That majesty, to keep decorum, must
No less beg than a kingdom.” Shak. Syn. — Decorum, Dignity. Decorum, in accordance with its etymology, is that which is becoming in outward act or appearance; as the decorum of a public assembly. Dignity springs from an inward elevation of soul producing a corresponding effect on the manners; as dignity of personal appearance.

De•coy´ (de•koi´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decoyed p. pr. & vb. n. Decoying.] [Pref. de- + coy; orig., to quiet, soothe, caress, entice. See Coy.] To lead into danger by artifice; to lure into a net or snare; to entrap; to insnare; to allure; to entice; as to decoy troops into an ambush; to decoy ducks into a net. “Did to a lonely cot his steps decoy.” Thomson. “E’en while fashion’s brightest arts decoy,
The heart, distrusting, asks if this be joy.” Goldsmith. Syn. — To entice; tempt; allure; lure. See Allure.

De•coy´, n. 1. Anything intended to lead into a snare; a lure that deceives and misleads into danger, or into the power of an enemy; a bait. 2. A fowl, or the likeness of one, used by sportsmen to entice other fowl into a net or within shot. 3. A place into which wild fowl, esp. ducks, are enticed in order to take or shoot them. 4. A person employed by officers of justice, or parties exposed to injury, to induce a suspected person to commit an offense under circumstances that will lead to his detection.

De•coy´-duck , n. A duck used to lure wild ducks into a decoy; hence, a person employed to lure others into danger. Beau. & Fl.

De•coy´er , n. One who decoys another.

De•coy´-man , n.; pl. Decoy-men . A man employed in decoying wild fowl.

De•crease´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decreased p. pr. & vb. n. Decreasing.] [OE. decrecen, fr. OF. decreistre, F. decroître, or from the OF. noun (see Decrease, n.), fr. L. decrescere to grow less; de + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Increase.] To grow less, — opposed to increase; to be diminished gradually, in size, degree, number, duration, etc., or in strength, quality, or excellence; as they days decrease in length from June to December. “He must increase, but I must decrease.” John iii. 30. Syn. — To Decrease, Diminish. Things usually decrease or fall off by degrees, and from within, or through some cause which is imperceptible; as the flood decreases; the cold decreases; their affection has decreased. Things commonly diminish by an influence from without, or one which is apparent; as the army was diminished by disease; his property is diminishing through extravagance; their affection has diminished since their separation their separation. The turn of thought, however, is often such that these words may be interchanged. “The olive leaf, which certainly them told
The flood decreased.” Drayton. “Crete’s ample fields diminish to our eye;
Before the Boreal blasts the vessels fly.” Pope.

De•crease´, v. t. To cause to grow less; to diminish gradually; as extravagance decreases one’s means. “That might decrease their present store.” Prior.

De•crease´, n. [OE. decrees, OF. decreis, fr. decreistre. See Decrease, v.] 1. A becoming less; gradual diminution; decay; as a decrease of revenue or of strength. 2. The wane of the moon. Bacon.

De•crease´less, a. Suffering no decrease. [R.] “It [the river] flows and flows, and yet will flow,
Volume decreaseless to the final hour.” A. Seward.

De•creas´ing, a. Becoming less and less; diminishing. — De•creas´ing•ly, adv. Decreasing series (Math.), a series in which each term is numerically smaller than the preceding term.

De•cre•a´tion , n. Destruction; — opposed to creation. [R.] Cudworth.

De•cree´ , n. [OE. decre, F. decret, fr. L. decretum, neut. decretus, p. p. of decernere to decide; de- + cernere to decide. See Certain, and cf. Decreet, Decretal.] 1. An order from one having authority, deciding what is to be done by a subordinate; also a determination by one having power, deciding what is to be done or to take place; edict, law; authoritative ru decision. ´The decrees of Venice.´ Sh. “There went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed.” Luke ii. 1. “Poor hand, why quiverest thou at this decree?” Shak. 2. (Law) (a) A decision, order, or sentence, given in a cause by a court of equity or admiralty. (b) A determination or judgment of an umpire on a case submitted to him. Brande. 3. (Eccl.) An edict or law made by a council for regulating any business within their jurisdiction; as the decrees of ecclesiastical councils. Syn. — Law; regulation; edict; ordinance. See Law.

De•cree´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decreed p. pr. & vb. n. Decreeing.] 1. To determine judicially by authority, or by decree; to constitute by edict; to appoint by decree or law; to determine; to order; to ordain; as a court decrees a restoration of property. “Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established unto thee.” Job xxii. 28. 2. To ordain by fate.

De•cree´, v. i. To make decrees; - - used absolutely. “Father eternal! thine is to decree;
Mine, both in heaven and earth to do thy will.” Milton.

De•cree´a•ble , a. Capable of being decreed.

De•cre´er , n. One who decrees. J. Goodwin.

De•creet´ , n. [Cf. Decree.] (Scots Law) The final judgment of the Court of Session, or of an inferior court, by which the question at issue is decided.

Dec´re•ment , n. [L. decrementum, fr. decrescere. See Decrease.] 1. The state of becoming gradually less; decrease; diminution; waste; loss. “Twit me with the decrements of my pendants.” Ford. “Rocks, mountains, and the other elevations of the earth suffer a continual decrement.” Woodward. 2. The quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste; — opposed to increment. 3. (Crystallog.) A name given by Haüy to the successive diminution of the layers of molecules, applied to the faces of the primitive form, by which he supposed the secondary forms to be produced. 4. (Math.) The quantity by which a variable is diminished. Equal decrement of life. (a) The decrease of life in a group of persons in which the assumed law of mortality is such that of a given large number of persons, all being now of the same age, an equal number shall die each consecutive year. (b) The decrease of life in a group of persons in which the assumed law of mortality is such that the ratio of those dying in a year to those living through the year is constant, being independent of the age of the persons.

De•crep´it , a. [L. decrepitus, perhaps orig., noised out, noiseless, applied to old people, who creep about quietly; de- + crepare to make a noise, rattle: cf. F. decrepit. See Crepitate.] Broken down with age; wasted and enfeebled by the infirmities of old age; feeble; worn out. ´Beggary or decrepit age.´ Milton. “Already decrepit with premature old age.” Motley. Sometimes incorrectly written decrepid.

De•crep´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decrepitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decrepitating.] [Cf. F. decrepiter.] To roast or calcine so as to cause a crackling noise; as to decrepitate salt.

De•crep´i•tate, v. i. To crackle, as salt in roasting.

De•crep•i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. decrepitation.] The act of decrepitating; a crackling noise, such as salt makes when roasting.

De•crep´it•ness , n. Decrepitude. [R.] Barrow.

De•crep´i•tude , n. [Cf. F. decrepitude.] The broken state produced by decay and the infirmities of age; infirm old age.

De•cres•cen´do , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) With decreasing volume of sound; — a direction to performers, either written upon the staff (abbreviated Dec., or Decresc.), or indicated by the sign.

De•cres´cent , a. [L. decrescens, p. pr. of decrescere. See Decrease.] Becoming less by gradual diminution; decreasing; as a decrescent moon.

De•cres´cent, n. (Her.) A crescent with the horns directed towards the sinister. Cussans.

De•cre´tal , a. [L. decretalis, fr. decretum. See Decree.] Appertaining to a decree; containing a decree; as a decretal epistle. Ayliffe.

De•cre´tal, n. [LL. decretale, neut. of L. decretalis. See Decretal, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An authoritative order or decree; especially, a letter of the pope, determining some point or question in ecclesiastical law. The decretals form the second part of the canon law. 2. (Canon Law) The collection of ecclesiastical decrees and decisions made, by order of Gregory IX., in 1234, by St. Raymond of Pennafort.

De•crete´ , n. [L. decretum. See Decree.] A decree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•cre´tion , n. [From L. decrescere, decretum. See Decrease.] A decrease. [Obs.] Pearson.

De•cre´tist , n. [LL. decretista, fr. decretum: cf. F. decretiste. See Decree, n.] One who studies, or professes the knowledge of, the decretals.

De•cre´tive , a. [From L. decretum. See Decree, n.] Having the force of a decree; determining. “The will of God is either decretive or perceptive.” Bates.

Dec•re•to´ri•al , a. Decretory; authoritative. Sir T. Browne.

Dec´re•to•ri•ly , adv. In a decretory or definitive manner; by decree.

Dec´re•to•ry , a. [L. decretorius, from decretum. See Decree.] 1. Established by a decree; definitive; settled. “The decretory rigors of a condemning sentence.” South. 2. Serving to determine; critical. ´The critical or decretory days.´ Sir T. Browne.

De•crew´ , v. i. [F. decrue, n., decrease, and decru, p. p. of decroître. See Decrease, and cf. Accrue.] To decrease. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•cri´al , n. [See Decry.] A crying down; a clamorous censure; condemnation by censure.

De•cri´er , n. One who decries.

De•crown´ , v. t. To deprive of a crown; to discrown. [R.] Hakewill.

De•crus•ta´tion , n. [Cf. OF. decrustation.] The removal of a crust.

De•cry´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decried p. pr. & vb. n. Decrying.] [F. decrier, OF. descrier; pref. des- (L. dis-) + crier to cry. See Cry, and cf. Descry.] To cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to clamor against; to blame clamorously; to discredit; to disparage. “For small errors they whole plays decry.” Dryden. “Measures which are extolled by one half of the kingdom are naturally decried by the other.” Addison. Syn. — To Decry, Depreciate, Detract, Disparage. Decry and depreciate refer to the estimation of a thing, the former seeking to lower its value by clamorous censure, the latter by representing it as of little worth. Detract and disparage also refer to merit or value, which the former assails with caviling, insinuation, etc., while the latter willfully underrates and seeks to degrade it. Men decry their rivals and depreciate their measures. The envious detract from the merit of a good action, and disparage the motives of him who performs it.

Dec•u•ba´tion , n. [From L. decubare; de- + cubare. See Decumbent.] Act of lying down; decumbence. [Obs.] Evelyn.

De•cu´bi•tus , n. [NL., fr. L. de- + cubare, to lie down: cf. F. decubitus.] (Med.) An attitude assumed in lying down; as the dorsal decubitus.

Dec´u•man , a. [L. decumanus of the tenth, and by metonymy, large, fr. decem ten.] Large; chief; — applied to an extraordinary billow, supposed by some to be every tenth in order. [R.] Also used substantively. ´Such decuman billows.´ Gauden. ´The baffled decuman.´ Lowell. { De•cum´bence , De•cum´ben•cy } n. The act or posture of lying down. “The ancient manner of decumbency.” Sir T. Browne.

De•cum´bent , a. [L. decumbens, -entis, p. pr. of decumbere; de- + cumbere (only in comp.), cubare to lie down.] 1. Lying down; prostrate; recumbent. “The decumbent portraiture of a woman.” Ashmole. 2. (Bot.) Reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand, and tending to rise at the summit or apex; as a decumbent stem. Gray.

De•cum´bent•ly, adv. In a decumbent posture.

De•cum´bi•ture ( 135), n. 1. Confinement to a sick bed, or time of taking to one’s bed from sickness. Boyle. 2. (Astrol.) Aspect of the heavens at the time of taking to one’s sick bed, by which the prognostics of recovery or death were made.

Dec´u•ple , a. [F. decuple, L. decuplus, fr. decem ten.] Tenfold. [R.]

Dec´u•ple, n. A number ten times repeated. [R.]

Dec´u•ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decupled p. pr. & vb. n. Decupling ] To make tenfold; to multiply by ten. [R.]

De•cu´ri•on , n. [L. decurio, decurionis, fr. decuria a squad of ten, fr. decem ten.] (Rom. Antiq.) A head or chief over ten; especially, an officer who commanded a division of ten soldiers.

De•cu´ri•on•ate , n. [L. decurionatus, fr. decurio.] The office of a decurion.

De•cur´rence , n. The act of running down; a lapse. [R.] Gauden.

De•cur´rent , a. [L. decurrens, -entis, p. pr. of decurrere to run down; de- + currere to run: cf. F. decurrent.] (Bot.) Extending downward; — said of a leaf whose base extends downward and forms a wing along the stem. — De•cur´rent•ly, adv.

De•cur´sion , n. [L. decursio, fr. decurrere. See Decurrent.] A flowing; also a hostile incursion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

De•cur´sive , a. [Cf. F. decursif. See Decurrent.] Running down; decurrent.

De•cur´sive•ly, adv. In a decursive manner. Decursively pinnate (Bot.), having the leaflets decurrent, or running along the petiole; — said of a leaf.

De•curt´ , v. t. [L. decurtare; de- + curtare.] To cut short; to curtail. [Obs.] Bale.

De•cur•ta´tion , n. [L. decurtatio.] Act of cutting short. [Obs.]

Dec´u•ry , n.; pl. Decuries (#). [L. decuria, fr. decem ten.] A set or squad of ten men under a decurion. Sir W. Raleigh.

De•cus´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decussated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decussating.] [L. decussatus, p. p. of decussare to cross like an X, fr. decussis (orig. equiv. to decem asses) the number ten, which the Romans represented by X.] To cross at an acute angle; to cut or divide in the form of X; to intersect; — said of lines in geometrical figures, rays of light, nerves, etc. { De•cus´sate , De•cus´sa•ted } a. 1. Crossed; intersected. 2. (Bot.) Growing in pairs, each of which is at right angles to the next pair above or below; as decussated leaves or branches. 3. (Rhet.) Consisting of two rising and two falling clauses, placed in alternate opposition to each other; as a decussated period.

De•cus´sate•ly , adv. In a decussate manner.

De•cus•sa´tion , n. [L. decussatio.] Act of crossing at an acute angle, or state of being thus crossed; an intersection in the form of an X; as the decussation of lines, nerves, etc.

De•cus´sa•tive , a. Intersecting at acute angles. Sir T. Browne.

De•cus´sa•tive•ly, adv. Crosswise; in the form of an X. ´Anointed decussatively.´ Sir T. Browne.

De´cyl , n. [L. decem ten + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, C10H21, never existing alone, but regarded as the characteristic constituent of a number of compounds of the paraffin series.

De•cyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Allied to, or containing, the radical decyl.

De•dal´ian , a. See Daedalian.

Ded´a•lous , a. See Daedalous.

De•dans´ , n. [F.] (Court Tennis) A division, at one end of a tennis court, for spectators.

Dede , a. Dead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•dec´o•rate , v. t. [L. dedecoratus, p. p. of dedecorare to disgrace. See Decorate.] To bring to shame; to disgrace. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•dec•o•ra´tion , n. [L. dedecoratio.] Disgrace; dishonor. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•dec´o•rous , a. [L. dedecorus. See Decorous.] Disgraceful; unbecoming. [R.] Bailey.

De•den•ti´tion , n. The shedding of teeth. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ded´i•cate , p. a. [L. dedicatus, p. p. of dedicare to affirm, to dedicate; de- + dicare to declare, dedicate; akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] Dedicated; set apart; devoted; consecrated. ´Dedicate to nothing temporal.´ Shak. Syn. — Devoted; consecrated; addicted.

Ded´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dedicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dedicating.] 1. To set apart and consecrate, as to a divinity, or for sacred uses; to devote formally and solemnly; as to dedicate vessels, treasures, a temple, or a church, to a religious use. “Vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, … which also king David did dedicate unto the Lord.” 2 Sam. viii. 10, 11. “We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live… . But in a larger sense we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground.” A. Lincoln. 2. To devote, set apart, or give up, as one’s self, to a duty or service. “The profession of a soldier, to which he had dedicated himself.” Clarendon. 3. To inscribe or address, as to a patron. “He complied ten elegant books, and dedicated them to the Lord Burghley.” Peacham. Syn. — See Addict.

Ded•i•ca•tee´ , n. One to whom a thing is dedicated; — correlative to dedicator.

Ded•i•ca´tion , n. [L. dedicatio.] 1. The act of setting apart or consecrating to a divine Being, or to a sacred use, often with religious solemnities; solemn appropriation; as the dedication of Solomon’s temple. 2. A devoting or setting aside for any particular purpose; as a dedication of lands to public use. 3. An address to a patron or friend, prefixed to a book, testifying respect, and often recommending the work to his special protection and favor.

Ded´i•ca•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. dedicateur.] One who dedicates; more especially, one who inscribes a book to the favor of a patron, or to one whom he desires to compliment.

Ded•i•ca•to´ri•al , a. Dedicatory.

Ded´i•ca•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. dedicatoire.] Constituting or serving as a dedication; complimental. ´An epistle dedicatory.´ Dryden.

Ded´i•ca•to•ry, n. Dedication. [R.] Milton.

Ded´i•mus , n. [L. dedimus we have given, fr. dare to give. So called because the writ began, Dedimus potestatem, etc.] (Law) A writ to commission private persons to do some act in place of a judge, as to examine a witness, etc. Bouvier.

De•di´tion , n. [L. deditio, fr. dedere to give away, surrender; de- + dare to give.] The act of yielding; surrender. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ded´o•lent , a. [L. dedolens, p. pr. of dedolere to give over grieving; de- + dolere to grieve.] Feeling no compunction; apathetic. [R.] Hallywell.

De•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deduced p. pr. & vb. n. Deducing.] [L. deducere; de- + ducere to lead, draw. See Duke, and cf. Deduct.] 1. To lead forth. [A Latinism] “He should hither deduce a colony.” Selden. 2. To take away; to deduct; to subtract; as to deduce a part from the whole. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. To derive or draw; to derive by logical process; to obtain or arrive at as the result of reasoning; to gather, as a truth or opinion, from what precedes or from premises; to infer; — with from or out of. “O goddess, say, shall I deduce my rhymes
From the dire nation in its early times?” Pope. “Reasoning is nothing but the faculty of deducing unknown truths from principles already known.” Locke. “See what regard will be paid to the pedigree which deduces your descent from kings and conquerors.” Sir W. Scott.

De•duce´ment , n. Inference; deduction; thing deduced. [R.] Dryden.

De•du•ci•bil´i•ty , n. Deducibleness.

De•du´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being deduced or inferred; derivable by reasoning, as a result or consequence. “All properties of a triangle depend on, and are deducible from, the complex idea of three lines including a space.” Locke. 2. Capable of being brought down. [Obs.] “As if God [were] deducible to human imbecility.” State Trials (1649).

De•du´ci•ble•ness, n. The quality of being deducible; deducibility.

De•du´ci•bly , adv. By deduction.

De•du´cive , a. That deduces; inferential.

De•duct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deducting.] [L. deductus, p. p. of deducere to deduct. See Deduce.] 1. To lead forth or out. [Obs.] “A people deducted out of the city of Philippos.” Udall. 2. To take away, separate, or remove, in numbering, estimating, or calculating; to subtract; — often with from or out of. “Deduct what is but vanity, or dress.” Pope. “Two and a half per cent should be deducted out of the pay of the foreign troops.” Bp. Burnet. “We deduct from the computation of our years that part of our time which is spent in … infancy.” Norris. 3. To reduce; to diminish. [Obs.] ´Do not deduct it to days.´ Massinger.

De•duct´i•ble , a. 1. Capable of being deducted, taken away, or withdrawn. “Not one found honestly deductible
From any use that pleased him.” Mrs. Browning. 2. Deducible; consequential.

De•duc´tion , n. [L. deductio: cf. F. deduction.] 1. Act or process of deducing or inferring. “The deduction of one language from another.” Johnson. “This process, by which from two statements we deduce a third, is called deduction.” J. R. Seely. 2. Act of deducting or taking away; subtraction; as the deduction of the subtrahend from the minuend. 3. That which is deduced or drawn from premises by a process of reasoning; an inference; a conclusion. “Make fair deductions; see to what they mount.” Pope. 4. That which is deducted; the part taken away; abatement; as a deduction from the yearly rent. Syn. — See Induction.

De•duct´ive , a. [Cf. L. deductivus derivative.] Of or pertaining to deduction; capable of being deduced from premises; deducible. “All knowledge of causes is deductive.” Glanvill. “Notions and ideas … used in a deductive process.” Whewell.

De•duct´ive•ly, adv. By deduction; by way of inference; by consequence. Sir T. Browne.

De•duc´tor , n. [L., a guide. See Deduce.] (Zoöl.) The pilot whale or blackfish.

De•duit´ , n. [F. deduit. Cf. Deduct.] Delight; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•du•pli•ca´tion , n. [Pref. de- + duplication.] (Biol.) The division of that which is morphologically one organ into two or more, as the division of an organ of a plant into a pair or cluster.

Deed , a. Dead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Deed, n. [AS. dd; akin to OS. dad, D. & Dan. daad, G. thai, Sw. dåd, Goth. dds; fr. the root of do. See Do, v. t.] 1. That which is done or effected by a responsible agent; an act; an action; a thing done; — a word of extensive application, including, whatever is done, good or bad, great or small. “And Joseph said to them, What deed is this which ye have done?” Gen. xliv. 15. “We receive the due reward of our deeds.” Luke xxiii. 41. “Would serve his kind in deed and word.” Tennyson. 2. Illustrious act; achievement; exploit. ´Knightly deeds.´ Spenser. “Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn.” Dryden. 3. Power of action; agency; efficiency. [Obs.] “To be, both will and deed, created free.” Milton. 4. Fact; reality; — whence we have indeed. 5. (Law) A sealed instrument in writing, on paper or parchment, duly executed and delivered, containing some transfer, bargain, or contract. The term is generally applied to conveyances of real estate, and it is the prevailing doctrine that a deed must be signed as well as sealed, though at common law signing was formerly not necessary. Blank deed, a printed form containing the customary legal phraseology, with blank spaces for writing in names, dates, boundaries, etc. 6. Performance; — followed by of. [Obs.] Shak. In deed, in fact; in truth; verily. See Indeed.

Deed, v. t. To convey or transfer by deed; as he deeded all his estate to his eldest son. [Colloq. U. S.]

Deed´ful , a. Full of deeds or exploits; active; stirring. [R.] ´A deedful life.´ Tennyson.

Deed´less, a. Not performing, or not having performed, deeds or exploits; inactive. “Deedless in his tongue.” Shak.

Deed´ poll (Law) A deed of one part, or executed by only one party, and distinguished from an indenture by having the edge of the parchment or paper cut even, or polled as it was anciently termed, instead of being indented. Burrill.

Deed´y , a. Industrious; active. [R.] Cowper.

Deem (dem), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deemed (demd); p. pr. & vb. n. Deeming.] [OE. demen to judge, condemn, AS. deman, fr. dom doom; akin to OFries. dema, OS. adomian, D. doemen, OHG. tuommen, Icel. daema, Sw. dömma, Dan. dömme, Goth. domjan. See Doom, n., and cf. Doom, v.] 1. To decide; to judge; to sentence; to condemn. [Obs.] “Claudius … Was demed for to hang upon a tree.” Chaucer. 2. To account; to esteem; to think; to judge; to hold in opinion; to regard. “For never can I deem him less him less than god.” Dryden.

Deem, v. i. 1. To be of opinion; to think; to estimate; to opine; to suppose. “And deemest thou as those who pore,
With aged eyes, short way before?” Emerson. 2. To pass judgment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Deem, n. Opinion; judgment. [Obs.] Shak.

Deem´ster (dem´ster), n. [Deem + -ster; i. e., doomster. Cf. Dempster.] A judge in the Isle of Man who decides controversies without process. Cowell.

Deep (dep), a. [Compar. Deeper superl. Deepest ] [OE. dep, deop, AS. deóp; akin to D. diep, G. tief, Icel. djupr, Sw. diup, Dan. dyb, Goth. diups; fr. the root of E. dip, dive. See Dip, Dive.] 1. Extending far below the surface; of great perpendicular dimension (measured from the surface downward, and distinguished from high, which is measured upward); far to the bottom; having a certain depth; as a deep sea. “The water where the brook is deep.” Shak. 2. Extending far back from the front or outer part; of great horizontal dimension (measured backward from the front or nearer part, mouth, etc.); as a deep cave or recess or wound; a gallery ten seats deep; a company of soldiers six files deep. “Shadowing squadrons deep.” Milton. “Safely in harbor
Is the king’s ship in the deep nook.” Shak. 3. Low in situation; lying far below the general surface; as a deep valley. 4. Hard to penetrate or comprehend; profound; — opposed to shallow or superficial; intricate; mysterious; not obvious; obscure; as a deep subject or plot. “Speculations high or deep.” Milton. “A question deep almost as the mystery of life.” De Quincey. “O Lord, … thy thoughts are very deep.” Ps. xcii. 5. 5. Of penetrating or far-reaching intellect; not superficial; thoroughly skilled; sagacious; cunning. “Deep clerks she dumbs.” Shak. 6. Profound; thorough; complete; unmixed; intense; heavy; heartfelt; as deep distress; deep melancholy; deep horror. ´Deep despair.´ Milton. ´Deep silence.´ Milton. ´Deep sleep.´ Gen. ii. 21. ´Deeper darkness.´ >Hoole. ´Their deep poverty.´ 2 Cor. viii. 2. “An attitude of deep respect.” Motley. 7. Strongly colored; dark; intense; not light or thin; as deep blue or crimson. 8. Of low tone; full-toned; not high or sharp; grave; heavy. ´The deep thunder.´ Byron. “The bass of heaven’s deep organ.” Milton. 9. Muddy; boggy; sandy; — said of roads. Chaucer. “The ways in that vale were very deep.” Clarendon. A deep line of operations (Military), a long line. — Deep mourning (Costume), mourning complete and strongly marked, the garments being not only all black, but also composed of lusterless materials and of such fashion as is identified with mourning garments.

Deep, adv. To a great depth; with depth; far down; profoundly; deeply. “Deep-versed in books, and shallow in himself.” Milton. “Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.” Pope. Deep, in its usual adverbial senses, is often prefixed to an adjective; as deep-chested, deep-cut, deep-seated, deep-toned, deep-voiced, ´deep-uddered kine.´

Deep, n. 1. That which is deep, especially deep water, as the sea or ocean; an abyss; a great depth. “Courage from the deeps of knowledge springs.” Cowley. “The hollow deep of hell resounded.” Milton. “Blue Neptune storms, the bellowing deeps resound.” Pope. 2. That which is profound, not easily fathomed, or incomprehensible; a moral or spiritual depth or abyss. “Thy judgments are a great deep.” Ps. xxxvi. 6. Deep of night, the most quiet or profound part of night; dead of night. “The deep of night is crept upon our talk.” Shak.

Deep´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deepened p. pr. & vb. n. Deepening.] 1. To make deep or deeper; to increase the depth of; to sink lower; as to deepen a well or a channel. “It would … deepen the bed of the Tiber.” Addison. 2. To make darker or more intense; to darken; as the event deepened the prevailing gloom. “You must deepen your colors.” Peacham. 3. To make more poignant or affecting; to increase in degree; as to deepen grief or sorrow. 4. To make more grave or low in tone; as to deepen the tones of an organ. “Deepens the murmur of the falling floods.” Pope.

Deep´en, v. i. To become deeper; as the water deepens at every cast of the lead; the plot deepens. “His blood-red tresses deepening in the sun.” Byron.

Deep´-fet , a. Deeply fetched or drawn. [Obs.] ´Deep-fet groans.´ Shak.

Deep´-laid , a. Laid deeply; formed with cunning and sagacity; as deep-laid plans.

Deep´ly, adv. 1. At or to a great depth; far below the surface; as to sink deeply. 2. Profoundly; thoroughly; not superficially; in a high degree; intensely; as deeply skilled in ethics. “He had deeply offended both his nobles and people.” Bacon. “He sighed deeply in his spirit.” Mark viii. 12. 3. Very; with a tendency to darkness of color. “The deeply red juice of buckthorn berries.” Boyle. 4. Gravely; with low or deep tone; as a deeply toned instrument. 5. With profound skill; with art or intricacy; as a deeply laid plot or intrigue.

Deep´-mouthed , a. Having a loud and sonorous voice. ´Deep-mouthed dogs.´ Dryden.

Deep´ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being deep, profound, mysterious, secretive, etc.; depth; profundity; — opposed to shallowness. “Because they had no deepness of earth.” Matt. xiii. 5. 2. Craft; insidiousness. [R.] J. Gregory.

Deep´-read , a. Profoundly book- learned. ´Great writers and deep-read men.´ L’Estrange.

Deep´-sea , a. Of or pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea; as a deep-sea line (i. e., a line to take soundings at a great depth); deep- sea lead; deep-sea soundings, explorations, etc.

Deep´-waist•ed , a. (Naut.) Having a deep waist, as when, in a ship, the poop and forecastle are much elevated above the deck.

Deer (der), n. sing. & pl. [OE. der, deor, animal, wild animal, AS. deór; akin to D. dier, OFries. diar, G. thier, tier, Icel. dyr, Dan. dyr, Sw. djur, Goth. dius; of unknown origin. rad.71.] 1. Any animal; especially, a wild animal. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Mice and rats, and such small deer.” Shak. “The camel, that great deer.” Lindisfarne MS. 2. (Zoöl.) A ruminant of the genus Cervus, of many species, and of related genera of the family Cervidae. The males, and in some species the females, have solid antlers, often much branched, which are shed annually. Their flesh, for which they are hunted, is called venison. The deer hunted in England is Cervus elaphus, called also stag or red deer; the fallow deer is C. dama; the common American deer is C. Virginianus; the blacktailed deer of Western North America is C. Columbianus; and the mule deer of the same region is C. macrotis. See Axis, Fallow deer, Mule deer, Reindeer. Deer is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as deerkiller, deerslayer, deerslaying, deer hunting, deer stealing, deerlike, etc. Deer mouse (Zoöl.), the white- footed mouse (Hesperomys leucopus) of America. — Small deer, petty game, not worth pursuing; — used metaphorically. (See citation from Shakespeare under the first definition, above.) ´Minor critics … can find leisure for the chase of such small deer.´ G. P. Marsh.

Deer´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A shrub of the blueberry group (Vaccinium stamineum); also its bitter, greenish white berry; — called also squaw huckleberry.

Deer´grass , n. (Bot.) An American genus (Rhexia) of perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and showy flowers (usually bright purple), with four petals and eight stamens, — the only genus of the order Melastomaceae inhabiting a temperate clime.

Deer´hound , n. (Zoöl.) One of a large and fleet breed of hounds used in hunting deer; a staghound.

Deer´let , n. [Deer + - let.] (Zoöl.) A chevrotain. See Kanchil, and Napu.

Deer´-neck , n. A deerlike, or thin, ill-formed neck, as of a horse.

Deer´skin , n. The skin of a deer, or the leather which is made from it. Hakluyt. Longfellow.

Deer´stalk•er , n. One who practices deerstalking.

Deer´stalk•ing, n. The hunting of deer on foot, by stealing upon them unawares.

Deer’s´-tongue , n. (Bot.) A plant (Liatris odoratissima) whose fleshy leaves give out a fragrance compared to vanilla. Wood.

Dees , n. pl. Dice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dees, n. A dais. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•e´sis (de•e´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•hsis supplication.] (Rhet.) An invocation of, or address to, the Supreme Being.

De´ess (de´es), n. [F. deesse, fem. of dieu god.] A goddess. [Obs.] Croft.

Deev , n. (Hind. & Pers. Myth.) See Dev.

De•face´ (de•fas´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defaced (-fast´); p. pr. & vb. n. Defacing.] [OE. defacen to disfigure, efface, OF. desfacier; L. dis- + facies face. See Face, and cf. Efface.] 1. To destroy or mar the face or external appearance of; to disfigure; to injure, spoil, or mar, by effacing or obliterating important features or portions of; as to deface a monument; to deface an edifice; to deface writing; to deface a note, deed, or bond; to deface a record. ´This high face defaced.´ Emerson. “So by false learning is good sense defaced.” Pope. 2. [Cf. F. defaire.] To destroy; to make null. [Obs.] “[Profane scoffing] doth … deface the reverence of religion.” Bacon. “For all his power was utterly defaste [defaced].” Spenser. Syn. — See Efface.

De•face´ment , n. 1. The act of defacing, or the condition of being defaced; injury to the surface or exterior; obliteration. 2. That which mars or disfigures. Bacon.

De•fa´cer , n. One who, or that which, defaces or disfigures.

De• fac´to [L.] Actually; in fact; in reality; as a king de facto, — distinguished from a king de jure, or by right.

De•fail´ , v. t. [F. defaillir to fail; pref. de- (L. de) + faillir. See Fail, and cf. Default.] To cause to fail. [Obs.]

De•fail´ance , n. [F. defaillance.] Failure; miscarriage. [Obs.] “Possibility of defailance in degree or continuance.” Comber.

De•fail´ure , n. Failure. [Obs.] Barrow.

De•fal´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defalcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defalcating.] [LL. defalcatus, p. p. of defalcare to deduct, orig., to cut off with a sickle; L. de- + falx, falcis, a sickle. See Falchion.] To cut off; to take away or deduct a part of; — used chiefly of money, accounts, rents, income, etc. “To show what may be practicably and safely defalcated from them [the estimates].” Burke.

De•fal´cate, v. i. To commit defalcation; to embezzle money held in trust. ´Some partner defalcating, or the like.´ Carlyle.

De•fal•ca´tion , n. [LL. defalcatio: cf. F. defalcation.] 1. A lopping off; a diminution; abatement; deficit. Specifically: Reduction of a claim by deducting a counterclaim; set- off. Abbott. 2. That which is lopped off, diminished, or abated. 3. An abstraction of money, etc., by an officer or agent having it in trust; an embezzlement.

Def´al•ca•tor , n. A defaulter or embezzler. [Modern]

De•falk´ , v. t. [F. defalquer. See Defalcate.] To lop off; to abate. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Def•a•ma´tion , n. [OE. diffamacioun, F. diffamation. See Defame.] Act of injuring another’s reputation by any slanderous communication, written or oral; the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of another; slander; detraction; calumny; aspersion. In modern usage, written defamation bears the title of libel, and oral defamation that of slander. Burrill.

De•fam´a•to•ry , a. Containing defamation; injurious to reputation; calumnious; slanderous; as defamatory words; defamatory writings.

De•fame´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defamed p. pr. & vb. n. Defaming.] [OE. defamen, diffamen, from F. diffamer, or OF. perh. defamer, fr. L. diffamare (cf. defamatus infamous); dis- (in this word confused with de) + fama a report. See Fame.] 1. To harm or destroy the good fame or reputation of; to disgrace; especially, to speak evil of maliciously; to dishonor by slanderous reports; to calumniate; to asperse. 2. To render infamous; to bring into disrepute. “My guilt thy growing virtues did defame;
My blackness blotted thy unblemish’d name.” Dryden. 3. To charge; to accuse. [R.] “Rebecca is … defamed of sorcery practiced on the person of a noble knight.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — To asperse; slander; calumniate; vilify. See Asperse.

De•fame´, n. Dishonor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•fam´er , n. One who defames; a slanderer; a detractor; a calumniator.

De•fam´ing•ly, adv. In a defamatory manner.

Def´a•mous , a. Defamatory. [Obs.]

De•fat´i•ga•ble , a. [See Defatigate.] Capable of being wearied or tired out. [R.] Glanvill.

De•fat´i•gate , v. t. [L. defatigatus, p. p. of defatigare; de- + fatigare to weary. See Fatigue.] To weary or tire out; to fatigue. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

De•fat•i•ga´tion , n. [L. defatigatio.] Weariness; fatigue. [R.] Bacon.

De•fault´ , n. [OE. defaute, OF. defaute, defalte, fem., F. defaut, masc., LL. defalta, fr. a verb meaning, to be deficient, to want, fail, fr. L. de- + fallere to deceive. See Fault.] 1. A failing or failure; omission of that which ought to be done; neglect to do what duty or law requires; as this evil has happened through the governor’s default. 2. Fault; offense; ill deed; wrong act; failure in virtue or wisdom. “And pardon craved for his so rash default.” Spenser. “Regardless of our merit or default.” Pope. 3. (Law) A neglect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to secure the benefit of law, as a failure to appear in court at a day assigned, especially of the defendant in a suit when called to make answer; also of jurors, witnesses, etc. In default of, in case of failure or lack of. “Cooks could make artificial birds and fishes in default of the real ones.” Arbuthnot. — To suffer a default (Law), to permit an action to be called without appearing to answer.

De•fault´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Defaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Defaulting.] 1. To fail in duty; to offend. “That he gainst courtesy so foully did default.” Spenser. 2. To fail in fulfilling a contract, agreement, or duty. 3. To fail to appear in court; to let a case go by default.

De•fault´, v. t. 1. To fail to perform or pay; to be guilty of neglect of; to omit; as to default a dividend. “What they have defaulted towards him as no king.” Milton. 2. (Law) To call a defendant or other party whose duty it is to be present in court, and make entry of his default, if he fails to appear; to enter a default against. 3. To leave out of account; to omit. [Obs.] “Defaulting unnecessary and partial discourses.” Hales.

De•fault´er , n. 1. One who makes default; one who fails to appear in court when court when called. 2. One who fails to perform a duty; a delinquent; particularly, one who fails to account for public money intrusted to his care; a peculator; a defalcator.

De•fea´sance , n. [OF. defesance, fr. defesant, F. defaisant, p. pr. of defaire, F. defaire, to undo. See Defeat.] 1. A defeat; an overthrow. [Obs.] “After his foes’ defeasance.” Spenser. 2. A rendering null or void. 3. (Law) A condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, the deed is defeated or rendered void; or a collateral deed, made at the same time with a feoffment, or other conveyance, containing conditions, on the performance of which the estate then created may be defeated. Mortgages were usually made in this manner in former times, but the modern practice is to include the conveyance and the defeasance in the same deed.

De•fea´sanced , a. (Law) Liable to defeasance; capable of being made void or forfeited.

De•fea´si•ble , a. [See Defeasance.] Capable of being annulled or made void; as a defeasible title. — De•fea´si•ble•ness, n.

De•feat´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defeated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defeating.] [From F. defait, OF. desfait, p. p. ofe defaire, OF. desfaire, to undo; L. dis- + facere to do. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Disfashion.] 1. To undo; to disfigure; to destroy. [Obs.] “His unkindness may defeat my life.” Shak. 2. To render null and void, as a title; to frustrate, as hope; to deprive, as of an estate. “He finds himself naturally to dread a superior Being that can defeat all his designs, and disappoint all his hopes.” Tillotson. “The escheators … defeated the right heir of his succession.” Hallam. “In one instance he defeated his own purpose.” A. W. Ward. 3. To overcome or vanquish, as an army; to check, disperse, or ruin by victory; to overthrow. 4. To resist with success; as to defeat an assault. “Sharp reasons to defeat the law.” Shak. Syn. — To baffle; disappoint; frustrate.

De•feat´, n. [Cf. F. defaite, fr. defaire. See Defeat, v.] 1. An undoing or annulling; destruction. [Obs.] “Upon whose property and most dear life
A damned defeat was made.” Shak. 2. Frustration by rendering null and void, or by prevention of success; as the defeat of a plan or design. 3. An overthrow, as of an army in battle; loss of a battle; repulse suffered; discomfiture; — opposed to victory.

De•fea´ture ( 135), n. [OF. desfaiture a killing, disguising, prop., an undoing. See Defeat, and cf. Disfeature.] 1. Overthrow; defeat. [Obs.] ´Nothing but loss in their defeature.´ Beau. & Fl. 2. Disfigurement; deformity. [Obs.] ´Strange defeatures in my face.´ Shak.

De•fea´tured ( 135), p. p. Changed in features; deformed. [R.] “Features when defeatured in the … way I have described.” De Quincey.

Def´e•cate , a. [L. defaecatus, p. p. of defaecare to defecate; de- + faex, faecis, dregs, lees.] Freed from anything that can pollute, as dregs, lees, etc.; refined; purified. “Till the soul be defecate from the dregs of sense.” Bates.

Def´e•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defecated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defecating.] 1. To clear from impurities, as lees, dregs, etc.; to clarify; to purify; to refine. “To defecate the dark and muddy oil of amber.” Boyle. 2. To free from extraneous or polluting matter; to clear; to purify, as from that which materializes. “We defecate the notion from materiality.” Glanvill. “Defecated from all the impurities of sense.” Bp. Warburton.

Def´e•cate , v. i. 1. To become clear, pure, or free. Goldsmith. 2. To void excrement.

Def•e•ca´tion , n. [L. defaecatio: cf. F. defecation.] 1. The act of separating from impurities, as lees or dregs; purification. 2. (Physiol.) The act or process of voiding excrement.

Def´e•ca•tor , n. That which cleanses or purifies; esp., an apparatus for removing the feculencies of juices and sirups. Knight.

De•fect´ , n. [L. defectus, fr. deficere, defectum, to desert, fail, be wanting; de- + facere to make, do. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Deficit.] 1. Want or absence of something necessary for completeness or perfection; deficiency; — opposed to superfluity. “Errors have been corrected, and defects supplied.” Davies. 2. Failing; fault; imperfection, whether physical or moral; blemish; as a defect in the ear or eye; a defect in timber or iron; a defect of memory or judgment. “Trust not yourself; but, your defects to know,
Make use of every friend — and every foe.” Pope. “Among boys little tenderness is shown to personal defects.” Macaulay. Syn. — Deficiency; imperfection; blemish. See Fault.

De•fect´, v. i. To fail; to become deficient. [Obs.] ´Defected honor.´ Warner.

De•fect´, v. t. To injure; to damage. ´None can my life defect.´ [R.] Troubles of Q. Elizabeth (1639).

De•fect•i•bil´i•ty , n. Deficiency; imperfection. [R.] Ld. Digby. Jer. Taylor.

De•fect´i•ble , a. Liable to defect; imperfect. [R.] ´A defectible understanding.´ Jer. Taylor.

De•fec´tion , n. [L. defectio: cf. F. defection. See Defect.] Act of abandoning a person or cause to which one is bound by allegiance or duty, or to which one has attached himself; desertion; failure in duty; a falling away; apostasy; backsliding. ´Defection and falling away from God.´ Sir W. Raleigh. “The general defection of the whole realm.” Sir J. Davies.

De•fec´tion•ist, n. One who advocates or encourages defection.

De•fec´tious , a. Having defects; imperfect. [Obs.] ´Some one defectious piece.´ Sir P. Sidney.

De•fect´ive , a. [L. defectivus: cf. F. defectif. See Defect.] 1. Wanting in something; incomplete; lacking a part; deficient; imperfect; faulty; — applied either to natural or moral qualities; as a defective limb; defective timber; a defective copy or account; a defective character; defective rules. 2. (Gram.) Lacking some of the usual forms of declension or conjugation; as a defective noun or verb. — De•fect´ive•ly, adv. — De•fect´ive•ness, n.

De•fec•tu•os´i•ty ( 135), n. [Cf. F. defectuosite.] Great imperfection. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

De•fec´tu•ous , a. [Cf. F. defectueux.] Full of defects; imperfect. [Obs.] Barrow.

Def•e•da´tion , n. [L. defoedare, defoedatum, to defile; de- + foedare to foul, foedus foul.] The act of making foul; pollution. [Obs.]

De•fence´ (de•fens´), n. & v. t. See Defense.

De•fend´ (de•fend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defended; p. pr. & vb. n. Defending.] [F. defendre, L. defendere; de- + fendere (only in comp.) to strike; perh. akin to Gr. qei•nein to strike, and E. dint. Cf. Dint, Defense, Fend.] 1. To ward or fend off; to drive back or away; to repel. [A Latinism & Obs.] “Th’ other strove for to defend
The force of Vulcan with his might and main.” Spenser. 2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Which God defend that I should wring from him.” Shak. 3. To repel danger or harm from; to protect; to secure against attack; to maintain against force or argument; to uphold; to guard; as to defend a town; to defend a cause; to defend character; to defend the absent; — sometimes followed by from or against; as to defend one’s self from, or against, one’s enemies. “The lord mayor craves aid … to defend the city.” Shak. “God defend the right!” Shak. “A village near it was defended by the river.” Clarendon. 4. (Law.) To deny the right of the plaintiff in regard to (the suit, or the wrong charged); to oppose or resist, as a claim at law; to contest, as a suit. Burrill. Syn. — To Defend, Protect. To defend is literally to ward off; to protect is to cover so as to secure against approaching danger. We defend those who are attacked; we protect those who are liable to injury or invasion. A fortress is defended by its guns, and protected by its wall. “As birds flying, so will the Lord of hosts defend Jerusalem; defending also he will deliver it.” Is. xxxi. 5. “Leave not the faithful side
That gave thee being, still shades thee and protects.” Milton.

De•fend´a•ble (de•fend´a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. defendable.] Capable of being defended; defensible. [R.]

De•fend´ant (aant), a. [F. defendant, p. pr. of defendre. See Defend.] 1. Serving, or suitable, for defense; defensive. [Obs.] “With men of courage and with means defendant.” Shak. 2. Making defense.

De•fend´ant, n. 1. One who defends; a defender. “The rampiers and ditches which the defendants had cast up.” Spotswood. 2. (Law) A person required to make answer in an action or suit; — opposed to plaintiff. Abbott. The term is applied to any party of whom a demand is made in court, whether the party denies and defends the claim, or admits it, and suffers a default; also to a party charged with a criminal offense.

De•fen•dee´ (de•fen•de´ or de•fend´e•), n. One who is defended. [R. & Ludicrous]

De•fend´er (de•fend´er), n. [Cf. Fender.] One who defends; one who maintains, supports, protects, or vindicates; a champion; an advocate; a vindicator. “Provinces … left without their ancient and puissant defenders.” Motley.

De•fend´ress , n. A female defender. [R.] “Defendress of the faith.” Stow.

De•fen´sa•tive , n. [L. defensare, defensatum, to defend diligently, intens. of defendere. See Defend.] That which serves to protect or defend. { De•fense´ , De•fence´ } , n. [F. defense, OF. defense, fem., defens, masc., fr. L. defensa (cf. LL. defensum), from defendere. See Defend, and cf. Fence.] 1. The act of defending, or the state of being defended; protection, as from violence or danger. “In cases of defense ’t is best to weigh
The enemy more mighty than he seems.” Shak. 2. That which defends or protects; anything employed to oppose attack, ward off violence or danger, or maintain security; a guard; a protection. “War would arise in defense of the right.” Tennyson. “God, the widow’s champion and defense.” Shak. 3. Protecting plea; vindication; justification. “Men, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defense.” Acts xxii. 1. 4. (Law) The defendant’s answer or plea; an opposing or denial of the truth or validity of the plaintiff’s or prosecutor’s case; the method of proceeding adopted by the defendant to protect himself against the plaintiff’s action. 5. Act or skill in making defense; defensive plan or policy; practice in self defense, as in fencing, boxing, etc. “A man of great defense.” Spenser. “By how much defense is better than no skill.” Shak. 6. Prohibition; a prohibitory ordinance. [Obs.] “Severe defenses … against wearing any linen under a certain breadth.” Sir W. Temple.

De•fense´, v. t. To furnish with defenses; to fortify. [Obs.] [Written also defence.] “Better manned and more strongly defensed.” Hales.

De•fense´less, a. Destitute of defense; unprepared to resist attack; unable to oppose; unprotected. — De•fense´less•ly, adv. — De•fense´less•ness, n.

De•fens´er , n. [Cf. F. defenseur, L. defensor. Cf. Defensor.] Defender. [Obs.] Foxe.

De•fen•si•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being defended.

De•fen´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. defensable, LL. defensabilis, defensibilis. See Defense, and cf. Defendable.] 1. Capable of being defended; as a defensible city, or a defensible cause. 2. Capable of offering defense. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fen´si•ble•ness , n. Capability of being defended; defensibility. Priestley.

De•fen´sive , a. [Cf. F. defensif.] 1. Serving to defend or protect; proper for defense; opposed to offensive; as defensive armor. “A moat defensive to a house.” Shak. 2. Carried on by resisting attack or aggression; — opposed to offensive; as defensive war. 3. In a state or posture of defense. Milton.

De•fen´sive, n. That which defends; a safeguard. “Wars preventive, upon just fears, are true defensives.” Bacon. To be on the defensive, To stand on the defensive, to be or stand in a state or posture of defense or resistance, in opposition to aggression or attack.

De•fen´sive•ly, adv. On the defensive.

De•fen´sor , n. [L. See Defenser.] 1. A defender. Fabyan. 2. (Law) A defender or an advocate in court; a guardian or protector. 3. (Eccl.) The patron of a church; an officer having charge of the temporal affairs of a church.

De•fen´so•ry , a. [L. defensorius.] Tending to defend; defensive; as defensory preparations.

De•fer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deferred p. pr. & vb. n. Deferring.] [OE. differren, F. differer, fr. L. differre to delay, bear different ways; dis- + ferre to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Differ, Defer to offer.] To put off; to postpone to a future time; to delay the execution of; to delay; to withhold. “Defer the spoil of the city until night.” Shak. “God … will not long defer
To vindicate the glory of his name.” Milton.

De•fer´, v. i. To put off; to delay to act; to wait. “Pius was able to defer and temporize at leisure.” J. A. Symonds.

De•fer´, v. t. [F. deferer to pay deference, to yield, to bring before a judge, fr. L. deferre to bring down; de- + ferre to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Defer to delay, Delate.] 1. To render or offer. [Obs.] “Worship deferred to the Virgin.” Brevint. 2. To lay before; to submit in a respectful manner; to refer; — with to. “Hereupon the commissioners … deferred the matter to the Earl of Northumberland.” Bacon.

De•fer´, v. i. To yield deference to the wishes of another; to submit to the opinion of another, or to authority; — with to. “The house, deferring to legal right, acquiesced.” Bancroft.

Def´er•ence , n. [F. deference. See 3d Defer.] A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance. “Deference to the authority of thoughtful and sagacious men.” Whewell. “Deference is the most complicate, the most indirect, and the most elegant of all compliments.” Shenstone. Syn. — Deference, Reverence, Respect. Deference marks an inclination to yield one’s opinion, and to acquiesce in the sentiments of another in preference to one’s own. Respect marks the estimation that we have for another, which makes us look to him as worthy of high confidence for the qualities of his mind and heart. Reverence denotes a mingling of fear with a high degree of respect and esteem. Age, rank, dignity, and personal merit call for deference; respect should be paid to the wise and good; reverence is due to God, to the authors of our being, and to the sanctity of the laws.

Def´er•ent , a. [L. deferens, p. pr. of deferre. See 3d Defer.] Serving to carry; bearing. [R.] ´Bodies deferent.´ Bacon.

Def´er•ent, n. 1. That which carries or conveys. “Though air be the most favorable deferent of sounds.” Bacon. 2. (Ptolemaic Astron.) An imaginary circle surrounding the earth, in whose periphery either the heavenly body or the center of the heavenly body’s epicycle was supposed to be carried round.

Def•er•en´tial , a. [See Deference.] Expressing deference; accustomed to defer.

Def•er•en´tial•ly, adv. With deference.

De•fer´ment , n. [See 1st Defer.] The act of delaying; postponement. [R.] “My grief, joined with the instant business,
Begs a deferment.” Suckling.

De•fer´rer , n. One who defers or puts off. { De•fer•ves´cence , De•fer•ves´cency } n. [L. defervescere to grow cool.] 1. A subsiding from a state of ebullition; loss of heat; lukewarmness. “A defervescency in holy actions.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) The subsidence of a febrile process; as the stage of defervescence in pneumonia.

De•feu´dal•ize , v. t. To deprive of the feudal character or form.

De•fi´ance , n. [OF. defiance, desfiance, challenge, fr. desfier to challenge, F. defier. See Defy.] 1. The act of defying, putting in opposition, or provoking to combat; a challenge; a provocation; a summons to combat. “A war without a just defiance made.” Dryden. “Stood for her cause, and flung defiance down.” Tennyson. 2. A state of opposition; willingness to flight; disposition to resist; contempt of opposition. “He breathed defiance to my ears.” Shak. 3. A casting aside; renunciation; rejection. [Obs.] ´Defiance to thy kindness.´ Ford. To bid defiance, To set at defiance, to defy; to disregard recklessly or contemptuously. Locke.

De•fi´ant , a. [Cf. F. defiant, p. pr. of defier. See Defy.] Full of defiance; bold; insolent; as a defiant spirit or act. “In attitude stern and defiant.” Longfellow. — De•fi´ant•ly, adv. — De•fi´ant•ness, n.

De•fi´a•to•ry , a. [See Defy.] Bidding or manifesting defiance. [Obs.] Shelford.

De•fi´bri•nate , v. t. To deprive of fibrin, as fresh blood or lymph by stirring with twigs.

De•fi•bri•na´tion , n. The act or process of depriving of fibrin.

De•fi´bri•nize , v. t. To defibrinate.

De•fi´cience , n. Same as Deficiency. “Thou in thyself art perfect, and in thee
Is no deficience found.” Milton.

De•fi´cien•cy , n.; pl. Deficiencies (#). [See Deficient.] The state of being deficient; inadequacy; want; failure; imperfection; shortcoming; defect. ´A deficiency of blood.´ Arbuthnot. “[Marlborough] was so miserably ignorant, that his deficiencies made him the ridicule of his contemporaries.” Buckle. Deficiency of a curve (Geom.), the amount by which the number of double points on a curve is short of the maximum for curves of the same degree.

De•fi´cient , a. [L. deficiens, -entis, p. pr. of deficere to be wanting. See Defect.] Wanting, to make up completeness; wanting, as regards a requirement; not sufficient; inadequate; defective; imperfect; incomplete; lacking; as deficient parts; deficient estate; deficient strength; deficient in judgment. “The style was indeed deficient in ease and variety.” Macaulay. Deficient number. (Arith.) See under Abundant. — De•fi´cient-ly, adv.

Def´i•cit , n. [Lit., it is wanting, 3d person pres. indic. of L. deficere, cf. F. deficit. See Defect.] Deficiency in amount or quality; a falling short; lack; as a deficit in taxes, revenue, etc. Addison.

De•fi´er , n. [See Defy.] One who dares and defies; a contemner; as a defier of the laws.

De•fig•u•ra´tion , n. Disfiguration; mutilation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•fig´ure , v. t. [Pref. de- (intens.) + figure.] To delineate. [Obs.] “These two stones as they are here defigured.” Weever.

De•fi•lade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defiladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Defilading.] [Cf. F. defiler to defile, and defilade act of defiling. See 1st Defile.] (Mil.) To raise, as a rampart, so as to shelter interior works commanded from some higher point.

De•fi•lad´ing, n. (Mil.) The art or act of determining the directions and heights of the lines of rampart with reference to the protection of the interior from exposure to an enemy’s fire from any point within range, or from any works which may be erected. Farrow.

De•file´ (de•fil´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Defiled (-fild´); p. pr. & vb. n. Defiling.] [F. defiler; pref. de-, for des- (L. dis-) + file a row or line. See File a row.] To march off in a line, file by file; to file off.

De•file´, v. t. (Mil.) Same as Defilade.

De•file´ (de•fil´ or de´fil; 277), n. [Cf. F. defile, fr. defiler to defile.] 1. Any narrow passage or gorge in which troops can march only in a file, or with a narrow front; a long, narrow pass between hills, rocks, etc. 2. (Mil.) The act of defilading a fortress, or of raising the exterior works in order to protect the interior. See Defilade.

De•file´ (de•fil´), v. t. [OE. defoulen, -foilen, to tread down, OF. defouler; de- + fouler to trample (see Full, v. t.), and OE. defoulen to foul (influenced in form by the older verb defoilen). See File to defile, Foul, Defoul.] 1. To make foul or impure; to make filthy; to dirty; to befoul; to pollute. “They that touch pitch will be defiled.” Shak. 2. To soil or sully; to tarnish, as reputation; to taint. “He is … among the greatest prelates of this age, however his character may be defiled by … dirty hands.” Swift. 3. To injure in purity of character; to corrupt. “Defile not yourselves with the idols of Egypt.” Ezek. xx. 7. 4. To corrupt the chastity of; to debauch; to violate. “The husband murder’d and the wife defiled.” Prior. 5. To make ceremonially unclean; to pollute. “That which dieth of itself, or is torn with beasts, he shall not eat to defile therewith.” Lev. xxii. 8.

De•file´ment , n. [Cf. F. defilement. See Defile] (Mil.) The protection of the interior walls of a fortification from an enfilading fire, as by covering them, or by a high parapet on the exposed side.

De•file´ment, n. [From 3d Defile.] The act of defiling, or state of being defiled, whether physically or morally; pollution; foulness; dirtiness; uncleanness. “Defilements of the flesh.” Hopkins. “The chaste can not rake into such filth without danger of defilement.” Addison.

De•fil´er , n. One who defiles; one who corrupts or violates; that which pollutes.

De•fil•i•a´tion , n. [L. de- + filius son.] Abstraction of a child from its parents. Lamb.

De•fin´a•ble , a. [From Define.] Capable of being defined, limited, or explained; determinable; describable by definition; ascertainable; as definable limits; definable distinctions or regulations; definable words. — De•fin´a•bly, adv.

De•fine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defined p. pr. & vb. n. Defining.] [OE. definer, usually, to end, to finish, F. definir to define, L. definire to limit, define; de- + finire to limit, end, finis boundary, limit, end. See Final, Finish.] 1. To fix the bounds of; to bring to a termination; to end. ´To define controversies.´ Barrow. 2. To determine or clearly exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of; as to define the extent of a kingdom or country. 3. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly; as the defining power of an optical instrument. “Rings … very distinct and well defined.” Sir I. Newton. 4. To determine the precise signification of; to fix the meaning of; to describe accurately; to explain; to expound or interpret; as to define a word, a phrase, or a scientific term. “They define virtue to be life ordered according to nature.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

De•fine´ , v. i. To determine; to decide. [Obs.]

De•fine´ment , n. The act of defining; definition; description. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fin´er , n. One who defines or explains.

Def´i•nite , a. [L. definitis, p. p. of definire: cf. F. defini. See Define.] 1. Having certain or distinct; determinate in extent or greatness; limited; fixed; as definite dimensions; a definite measure; a definite period or interval. “Elements combine in definite proportions.” Whewell. 2. Having certain limits in signification; determinate; certain; precise; fixed; exact; clear; as a definite word, term, or expression. 3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Serving to define or restrict; limiting; determining; as the definite article. Definite article (Gram.), the article the, which is used to designate a particular person or thing, or a particular class of persons or things; — also called a definitive. See Definitive, n. - - Definite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Determinate inflorescence, under Determinate. — Law of definite proportions (Chem.), the essential law of chemical combination that every definite compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by weight; and, if two or more elements form more than one compound with each other, the relative proportions of each are fixed. Compare Law of multiple proportions, under Multiple.

Def´i•nite, n. A thing defined or determined. [Obs.]

Def´i•nite•ly, adv. In a definite manner; with precision; precisely; determinately.

Def´i•nite•ness, n. The state of being definite; determinateness; precision; certainty.

Def•i•ni´tion , n. [L. definitio: cf. F. definition.] 1. The act of defining; determination of the limits; as a telescope accurate in definition. 2. Act of ascertaining and explaining the signification; a description of a thing by its properties; an explanation of the meaning of a word or term; as the definition of ´circle;´ the definition of ´wit;´ an exact definition; a loose definition. “Definition being nothing but making another understand by words what the term defined stands for.” Locke. 3. Description; sort. [R.] ´A new creature of another definition.´ Jer. Taylor. 4. (Logic) An exact enunciation of the constituents which make up the logical essence. 5. (Opt.) Distinctness or clearness, as of an image formed by an optical instrument; precision in detail. Syn. — Definition, Explanation, Description. A definition is designed to settle a thing in its compass and extent; an explanation is intended to remove some obscurity or misunderstanding, and is therefore more extended and minute; a description enters into striking particulars with a view to interest or impress by graphic effect. It is not therefore true, though often said, that description is only an extended definition. ´Logicians distinguish definitions into essential and accidental. An essential definition states what are regarded as the constituent parts of the essence of that which is to be defined; and an accidental definition lays down what are regarded as circumstances belonging to it, viz., properties or accidents, such as causes, effects, etc.´ Whately.

Def•i•ni´tion•al , a. Relating to definition; of the nature of a definition; employed in defining.

De•fin´i•tive , a. [L. definitivus: cf. F. definitif.] 1. Determinate; positive; final; conclusive; unconditional; express. “A strict and definitive truth.” Sir T. Browne. “Some definitive … scheme of reconciliation.” Prescott. 2. Limiting; determining; as a definitive word. 3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fin´i•tive, n. (Gram.) A word used to define or limit the extent of the signification of a common noun, such as the definite article, and some pronouns. Definitives … are commonly called by grammarians articles… . They are of two kinds, either those properly and strictly so called, or else pronominal articles, such as this, that, any, other, some, all, no, none, etc. Harris (Hermes).

De•fin´i•tive•ly, adv. In a definitive manner.

De•fin´i•tive•ness, n. The quality of being definitive.

De•fin´i•tude , n. Definiteness. [R.] “Definitude … is a knowledge of minute differences.” Sir W. Hamilton.

De•fix´ , v. t. [L. defixus, p. p. of defigere to fix; de- + figere to fix.] To fix; to fasten; to establish. [Obs.] ´To defix their princely seat … in that extreme province.´ Hakluyt.

Def•la•gra•bil´i•ty , n. (Chem.) The state or quality of being deflagrable. “The ready deflagrability … of saltpeter.” Boyle.

De•fla´gra•ble ( 277), a. [See Deflagrate.] (Chem.) Burning with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; hence, slightly explosive; liable to snap and crackle when heated, as salt.

Def´la•grate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deflagrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflagrating.] [L. deflagratus, p. p. of deflagrare to burn up; de- + flagrare to flame, burn.] (Chem.) To burn with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; also to snap and crackle with slight explosions when heated, as salt.

Def´la•grate, v. t. (Chem.) To cause to burn with sudden and sparkling combustion, as by the action of intense heat; to burn or vaporize suddenly; as to deflagrate refractory metals in the oxyhydrogen flame.

Def•la•gra´tion , n. [L. deflagratio: cf. F. deflagration.] 1. A burning up; conflagration. ´Innumerable deluges and deflagrations.´ Bp. Pearson. 2. (Chem.) The act or process of deflagrating.

Def´la•gra•tor , n. (Chem.) A form of the voltaic battery having large plates, used for producing rapid and powerful combustion.

De•flate´ , v. t. [Pref. de- down + L. flare, flatus to blow.] To reduce from an inflated condition.

De•flect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflecting.] [L. deflectere; de- + flectere to bend or turn. See Flexible.] To cause to turn aside; to bend; as rays of light are often deflected. “Sitting with their knees deflected under them.” Lord (1630).

De•flect´, v. i. To turn aside; to deviate from a right or a horizontal line, or from a proper position, course or direction; to swerve. “At some part of the Azores, the needle deflecteth not, but lieth in the true meridian.” Sir T. Browne. “To deflect from the line of truth and reason.” Warburton.

De•flect´a•ble , a. Capable of being deflected.

De•flect´ed, a. 1. Turned aside; deviating from a direct line or course. 2. Bent downward; deflexed.

De•flec´tion , n. [L. deflexio, fr. deflectere: cf. F. deflexion.] 1. The act of turning aside, or state of being turned aside; a turning from a right line or proper course; a bending, esp. downward; deviation. “The other leads to the same point, through certain deflections.” Lowth. 2. (Gunnery) The deviation of a shot or ball from its true course. 3. (Opt.) A deviation of the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body; inflection; diffraction. 4. (Engin.) The bending which a beam or girder undergoes from its own weight or by reason of a load.

De•flec•tion•i•za´tion , n. The act of freeing from inflections. Earle.

De•flec´tion•ize , v. t. To free from inflections. “Deflectionized languages are said to be analytic.” Earle.

De•flect´ive , a. Causing deflection. Deflective forces, forces that cause a body to deviate from its course.

De•flect´or , n. (Mech.) That which deflects, as a diaphragm in a furnace, or a cone in a lamp (to deflect and mingle air and gases and help combustion).

De•flexed´ , a. Bent abruptly downward.

De•flex´ion , n. See Deflection.

De•flex´ure , n. [From L. deflectere, deflexum. See Deflect.] A bending or turning aside; deflection. Bailey.

De•flo´rate , a. [LL. defloratus, p. p. of deflorare. See Deflour.] (Bot.) Past the flowering state; having shed its pollen. Gray.

Def•lo•ra´tion , n. [LL. defloratio: cf. F. defloration.] 1. The act of deflouring; as the defloration of a virgin. Johnson. 2. That which is chosen as the flower or choicest part; careful culling or selection. [R.] “The laws of Normandy are, in a great measure, the defloration of the English laws.” Sir M. Hale.

De•flour´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defloured p. pr. & vb. n. Deflouring.] [F. deflorer, LL. deflorare; L. de- + flos, floris, flower. See Flower, and cf. Deflorate.] 1. To deprive of flowers. 2. To take away the prime beauty and grace of; to rob of the choicest ornament. “He died innocent and before the sweetness of his soul was defloured and ravished from him.” Jer. Taylor. 3. To deprive of virginity, as a woman; to violate; to ravish; also to seduce.

De•flour´er , n. One who deflours; a ravisher.

De•flow´ , v. i. [Pref. de- + flow: cf. L. defluere.] To flow down. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•flow´er , v. t. [Pref. de- + flower.] Same as Deflour. “An earthquake … deflowering the gardens.” W. Montagu. “If a man had deflowered a virgin.” Milton.

De•flow´er•er , n. See Deflourer. Milton.

Def´lu•ous , a. [L. defluus, fr. defluere to flow down; de- + fluere to flow.] Flowing down; falling off. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•flux´ , n. [L. defluxus, fr. defluere, defluxum.] Downward flow. [Obs.] Bacon.

De•flux´ion , n. [L. defluxio.] (Med.) A discharge or flowing of humors or fluid matter, as from the nose in catarrh; — sometimes used synonymously with inflammation. Dunglison.

Def´ly , adv. Deftly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Def•œ•da´tion , n. Defedation. [Obs.] { De•fo´li•ate , De•fo´li•a•ted } a. Deprived of leaves, as by their natural fall.

De•fo•li•a´tion , n. [LL. defoliare, defoliatum, to shed leaves; L. de- + folium leaf: cf. F. defoliation.] The separation of ripened leaves from a branch or stem; the falling or shedding of the leaves.

De•force´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deforced p. pr. & vb. n. Deforcing.] [OF. deforcier; de- or des- (L. de or dis-) + forcier, F. forcer. See Force, v.] (Law) (a) To keep from the rightful owner; to withhold wrongfully the possession of, as of lands or a freehold. (b) (Scots Law) To resist the execution of the law; to oppose by force, as an officer in the execution of his duty. Burrill.

De•force´ment , n. [OF.] (Law) (a) A keeping out by force or wrong; a wrongful withholding, as of lands or tenements, to which another has a right. (b) (Scots Law) Resistance to an officer in the execution of law. Burrill.

De•force´or , n. Same as Deforciant. [Obs.]

De•for´ciant , n. [OF. deforciant, p. pr. of deforcier. See Deforce.] (Eng. Law) (a) One who keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate. (b) One against whom a fictitious action of fine was brought. [Obs.] Burrill.

De•for•ci•a´tion , n. (Law) Same as Deforcement, n.

De•for´est , v. t. To clear of forests; to disforest. U. S. Agric. Reports.

De•form´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deformed p. pr. & vb. n. Deforming.] [L. deformare; de- + formare to form, shape, fr. forma: cf. F. deformer. See Form.] 1. To spoil the form of; to mar in form; to misshape; to disfigure. “Deformed, unfinished, sent before my time
Into this breathing world.” Shak. 2. To render displeasing; to deprive of comeliness, grace, or perfection; to dishonor. “Above those passions that this world deform.” Thomson.

De•form´, a. [L. deformis; de- + forma form: cf. OF. deforme, F. difforme. Cf. Difform.] Deformed; misshapen; shapeless; horrid. [Obs.] “Sight so deform what heart of rock could long
Dry-eyed behold?” Milton.

Def•or•ma´tion , n. [L. deformatio: cf. F. deformation.] 1. The act of deforming, or state of anything deformed. Bp. Hall. 2. Transformation; change of shape.

De•formed´ , a. Unnatural or distorted in form; having a deformity; misshapen; disfigured; as a deformed person; a deformed head. — De•form´ed•ly (#), adv. — De•form´ed•ness, n.

De•form´er , n. One who deforms.

De•form´i•ty , n.; pl. Deformities (#). [L. deformitas, fr. deformis: cf. OF. deformete, deformite, F. difformite. See Deform, v. & a., and cf. Disformity.] 1. The state of being deformed; want of proper form or symmetry; any unnatural form or shape; distortion; irregularity of shape or features; ugliness. “To make an envious mountain on my back,
Where sits deformity to mock my body.” Shak. 2. Anything that destroys beauty, grace, or propriety; irregularity; absurdity; gross deviation from order or the established laws of propriety; as deformity in an edifice; deformity of character. “Confounded, that her Maker’s eyes
Should look so near upon her foul deformities.” Milton.

De•fors´er , n. [From Deforce.] [Written also deforsor.] A deforciant. [Obs.] Blount.

De•foul´ , v. t. [See Defile, v. t.] 1. To tread down. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To make foul; to defile. [Obs.] Wyclif.

De•fraud´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Defrauding.] [L. defraudare; de- + fraudare to cheat, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud: cf. OF. defrauder. See Fraud.] To deprive of some right, interest, or property, by a deceitful device; to withhold from wrongfully; to injure by embezzlement; to cheat; to overreach; as to defraud a servant, or a creditor, or the state; — with of before the thing taken or withheld. “We have defrauded no man.” 2 Cor. vii. 2. “Churches seem injured and defrauded of their rights.” Hooker.

De•frau•da´tion , n. [L. defraudatio: cf. F. defraudation.] The act of defrauding; a taking by fraud. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

De•fraud´er , n. One who defrauds; a cheat; an embezzler; a peculator.

De•fraud´ment , n. [Cf. OF. defraudement.] Privation by fraud; defrauding. [Obs.] Milton.

De•fray´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrayed p. pr. & vb. n. Defraying.] [F. defrayer; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) + frais expense, fr. LL. fredum, fridum, expense, fine by which an offender obtained peace from his sovereign, or more likely, atoned for an offense against the public peace, fr. OHG. fridu peace, G. friede. See Affray.] 1. To pay or discharge; to serve in payment of; to provide for, as a charge, debt, expenses, costs, etc. “For the discharge of his expenses, and defraying his cost, he allowed him … four times as much.” Usher. 2. To avert or appease, as by paying off; to satisfy; as to defray wrath. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•fray´al , n. The act of defraying; payment; as the defrayal of necessary costs.

De•fray´er , n. One who pays off expenses.

De•fray´ment , n. Payment of charges.

Deft , a. [OE. daft, deft, becoming, mild, gentle, stupid (cf. OE. daffe, deffe, fool, coward), AS. daeft (in derivatives only) mild, gentle, fitting, seasonable; akin to dafen, gedafen, becoming, fit, Goth. gadaban to be fit. Cf. Daft, Daff, Dapper.] Apt; fit; dexterous; clever; handy; spruce; neat. [Archaic or Poetic] ´The deftest way.´ Shak. ´Deftest feats.´ Gay. “The limping god, so deft at his new ministry.” Dryden. “Let me be deft and debonair.” Byron.

Deft´ly, adv. [Cf. Defly.] Aptly; fitly; dexterously; neatly. ´Deftly dancing.´ Drayton. “Thyself and office deftly show.” Shak.

Deft´ness, n. The quality of being deft. Drayton.

De•funct´ a. [L. defunctus, p. p. of defungi to acquit one’s self of, to perform, finish, depart, die; de + fungi to perform, discharge: cf. F. defunt. See Function.] Having finished the course of life; dead; deceased. ´Defunct organs.´ Shak. “The boar, defunct, lay tripped up, near.” Byron.

De•funct´, n. A dead person; one deceased.

De•func´tion , n. [L. defunctio performance, death.] Death. [Obs.] “After defunction of King Pharamond.” Shak.

De•func´tive , a. Funereal. [Obs.] ´Defunctive music.´ Shak.

De•fuse´ , v. t. [Cf. Diffuse.] To disorder; to make shapeless. [Obs.] Shak.

De•fy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defied p. pr. & vb. n. Defying.] [F. defier, OF. deffier, desfier, LL. disfidare to disown faith or fidelity, to dissolve the bond of allegiance, as between the vassal and his lord; hence, to challenge, defy; fr. L. dis- + fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Diffident, Affiance.] 1. To renounce or dissolve all bonds of affiance, faith, or obligation with; to reject, refuse, or renounce. [Obs.] “I defy the surety and the bond.” Chaucer. “For thee I have defied my constant mistress.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To provoke to combat or strife; to call out to combat; to challenge; to dare; to brave; to set at defiance; to treat with contempt; as to defy an enemy; to defy the power of a magistrate; to defy the arguments of an opponent; to defy public opinion. “I once again
Defy thee to the trial of mortal fight.” Milton. “I defy the enemies of our constitution to show the contrary.” Burke.

De•fy´ , n. A challenge. [Obs.] Dryden.

De•gar´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degarnished p. pr. & vb. n. Degarnishing.] [F. degarnir; pref. de- , des- (L. dis-) + garnir to furnish. See Garnish, and cf. Disgarnish.] 1. To strip or deprive of entirely, as of furniture, ornaments, etc.; to disgarnish; as to degarnish a house, etc. [R.] 2. To deprive of a garrison, or of troops necessary for defense; as to degarnish a city or fort. [R.] Washington.

De•gar´nish•ment , n. The act of depriving, as of furniture, apparatus, or a garrison. [R.] { De•gen´der , De•gen´er } v. i. [See Degenerate.] To degenerate. [Obs.] ´Degendering to hate.´ Spenser. “He degenereth into beastliness.” Joye.

De•gen´er•a•cy , n. [From Degenerate, a.] 1. The act of becoming degenerate; a growing worse. “Willful degeneracy from goodness.” Tillotson. 2. The state of having become degenerate; decline in good qualities; deterioration; meanness. “Degeneracy of spirit in a state of slavery.” Addison. “To recover mankind out of their universal corruption and degeneracy.” S. Clarke.

De•gen´er•ate , a. [L. degeneratus, p. p. of degenerare to degenerate, cause to degenerate, fr. degener base, degenerate, that departs from its race or kind; de- + genus race, kind. See Kin relationship.] Having become worse than one’s kind, or one’s former state; having declined in worth; having lost in goodness; deteriorated; degraded; unworthy; base; low. “Faint-hearted and degenerate king.” Shak. “A degenerate and degraded state.” Milton. “Degenerate from their ancient blood.” Swift. “These degenerate days.” Pope. “I had planted thee a noble vine … : how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me?” Jer. ii. 21.

De•gen´er•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Degenerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Degenerating.] 1. To be or grow worse than one’s kind, or than one was originally; hence, to be inferior; to grow poorer, meaner, or more vicious; to decline in good qualities; to deteriorate. “When wit transgresseth decency, it degenerates into insolence and impiety.” Tillotson. 2. (Biol.) To fall off from the normal quality or the healthy structure of its kind; to become of a lower type.

De•gen´er•ate•ly , adv. In a degenerate manner; unworthily.

De•gen´er•ate•ness, n. Degeneracy.

De•gen•er•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. degeneration.] 1. The act or state of growing worse, or the state of having become worse; decline; degradation; debasement; degeneracy; deterioration. “Our degeneration and apostasy.” Bates. 2. (Physiol.) That condition of a tissue or an organ in which its vitality has become either diminished or perverted; a substitution of a lower for a higher form of structure; as fatty degeneration of the liver. 3. (Biol.) A gradual deterioration, from natural causes, of any class of animals or plants or any particular organ or organs; hereditary degradation of type. 4. The thing degenerated. [R.] “Cockle, aracus, … and other degenerations.” Sir T. Browne. Amyloid degeneration, Caseous degeneration, etc. See under Amyloid, Caseous, etc.

De•gen•er•a´tion•ist, n. (Biol.) A believer in the theory of degeneration, or hereditary degradation of type; as the degenerationists hold that savagery is the result of degeneration from a superior state.

De•gen´er•a•tive , a. Undergoing or producing degeneration; tending to degenerate.

De•gen´er•ous , a. [L. degener. See Degenerate.] Degenerate; base. [Obs.] ´Degenerous passions.´ Dryden. ´Degenerous practices.´ South.

De•gen´er•ous•ly, adv. Basely. [Obs.]

De•glaz´ing , n. The process of giving a dull or ground surface to glass by acid or by mechanical means. Knight.

De•glo´ried , a. Deprived of glory; dishonored. [Obs.] ´With thorns degloried.´ G. Fletcher.

De•glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deglutinating.] [L. deglutinatus, p. p. of deglutinare to deglutinate; de- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] To loosen or separate by dissolving the glue which unties; to unglue.

De•glu•ti•na´tion , n. The act of ungluing.

Deg•lu•ti´tion , n. [L. deglutire to swallow down; de- + glutire to swallow: cf. F. deglutition. See Glut.] The act or process of swallowing food; the power of swallowing. “The muscles employed in the act of deglutition.” Paley.

Deg•lu•ti´tious , a. Pertaining to deglutition. [R.]

De•glu´ti•to•ry , a. Serving for, or aiding in, deglutition.

Deg•ra•da´tion , n. [LL. degradatio, from degradare: cf. F. degradation. See Degrade.] 1. The act of reducing in rank, character, or reputation, or of abasing; a lowering from one’s standing or rank in office or society; diminution; as the degradation of a peer, a knight, a general, or a bishop. “He saw many removes and degradations in all the other offices of which he had been possessed.” Clarendon. 2. The state of being reduced in rank, character, or reputation; baseness; moral, physical, or intellectual degeneracy; disgrace; abasement; debasement. “The … degradation of a needy man of letters.” Macaulay. “Deplorable is the degradation of our nature.” South. “Moments there frequently must be, when a sinner is sensible of the degradation of his state.” Blair. 3. Diminution or reduction of strength, efficacy, or value; degeneration; deterioration. “The development and degradation of the alphabetic forms can be traced.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 4. (Geol.) A gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks and banks, by the action of water, frost etc. 5. (Biol.) The state or condition of a species or group which exhibits degraded forms; degeneration. “The degradation of the species man is observed in some of its varieties.” Dana. 6. (Physiol.) Arrest of development, or degeneration of any organ, or of the body as a whole. Degradation of energy, or Dissipation of energy (Physics), the transformation of energy into some form in which it is less available for doing work. Syn. — Abasement; debasement; reduction; decline.

De•grade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Degrading.] [F. degrader, LL. degradare, fr. L. de- + gradus step, degree. See Grade, and cf. Degree.] 1. To reduce from a higher to a lower rank or degree; to lower in rank; to deprive of office or dignity; to strip of honors; as to degrade a nobleman, or a general officer. “Prynne was sentenced by the Star Chamber Court to be degraded from the bar.” Palfrey. 2. To reduce in estimation, character, or reputation; to lessen the value of; to lower the physical, moral, or intellectual character of; to debase; to bring shame or contempt upon; to disgrace; as vice degrades a man. “O miserable mankind, to what fall
Degraded, to what wretched state reserved!” Milton. “Yet time ennobles or degrades each line.” Pope. “Her pride … struggled hard against this degrading passion.” Macaulay. 3. (Geol.) To reduce in altitude or magnitude, as hills and mountains; to wear down. Syn. — To abase; demean; lower; reduce. See Abase.

De•grade´, v. i. (Biol.) To degenerate; to pass from a higher to a lower type of structure; as a family of plants or animals degrades through this or that genus or group of genera.

De•grad´ed , a. 1. Reduced in rank, character, or reputation; debased; sunken; low; base. “The Netherlands … were reduced practically to a very degraded condition.” Motley. 2. (Biol.) Having the typical characters or organs in a partially developed condition, or lacking certain parts. “Some families of plants are degraded dicotyledons.” Dana. 3. [Cf. F. degre step.] (Her.) Having steps; — said of a cross each of whose extremities finishes in steps growing larger as they leave the center; — termed also on degrees.

De•grade´ment , n. Deprivation of rank or office; degradation. [R.] Milton.

De•grad´ing•ly, adv. In a degrading manner.

Deg•ra•va´tion , n. [L. degravare, degravatum, to make heavy. See Grave, a.] The act of making heavy. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•gree´ , n. [F. degre, OF. degret, fr. LL. degradare. See Degrade.] 1. A step, stair, or staircase. [Obs.] “By ladders, or else by degree.” Rom. of R. 2. One of a series of progressive steps upward or downward, in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like; a stage in progression; grade; gradation; as degrees of vice and virtue; to advance by slow degrees; degree of comparison. 3. The point or step of progression to which a person has arrived; rank or station in life; position. ´A dame of high degree.´ Dryden. ´A knight is your degree.´ Shak. ´Lord or lady of high degree.´ Lowell. 4. Measure of advancement; quality; extent; as tastes differ in kind as well as in degree. “The degree of excellence which proclaims genius, is different in different times and different places.” Sir. J. Reynolds. 5. Grade or rank to which scholars are admitted by a college or university, in recognition of their attainments; as the degree of bachelor of arts, master, doctor, etc. In the United States diplomas are usually given as the evidence of a degree conferred. In the humanities the first degree is that of bachelor of arts (B. A. or A. B.); the second that of master of arts (M. A. or A. M.). The degree of bachelor (of arts, science, divinity, law, etc.) is conferred upon those who complete a prescribed course of undergraduate study. The first degree in medicine is that of doctor of medicine (M. D.). The degrees of master and doctor are sometimes conferred, in course, upon those who have completed certain prescribed postgraduate studies, as doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.); but more frequently the degree of doctor is conferred as a complimentary recognition of eminent services in science or letters, or for public services or distinction (as doctor of laws (LL. D.) or doctor of divinity (D. D.), when they are called honorary degrees. “The youth attained his bachelor’s degree, and left the university.” Macaulay. 6. (Genealogy) A certain distance or remove in the line of descent, determining the proximity of blood; one remove in the chain of relationship; as a relation in the third or fourth degree. “In the 11th century an opinion began to gain ground in Italy, that third cousins might marry, being in the seventh degree according to the civil law.” Hallam. 7. (Arith.) Three figures taken together in numeration; thus, 140 is one degree, 222,140 two degrees. 8. (Algebra) State as indicated by sum of exponents; more particularly, the degree of a term is indicated by the sum of the exponents of its literal factors; thus, a2b3c is a term of the sixth degree. The degree of a power, or radical, is denoted by its index, that of an equation by the greatest sum of the exponents of the unknown quantities in any term; thus, ax4 + bx2 = c, and mx2y2 + nyx = p, are both equations of the fourth degree. 9. (Trig.) A 360th part of the circumference of a circle, which part is taken as the principal unit of measure for arcs and angles. The degree is divided into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds. 10. A division, space, or interval, marked on a mathematical or other instrument, as on a thermometer. 11. (Mus.) A line or space of the staff. The short lines and their spaces are added degrees. Accumulation of degrees. (Eng. Univ.) See under Accumulation. — By degrees, step by step; by little and little; by moderate advances. ´I’ll leave it by degrees.´ Shak. — Degree of a curve or surface (Geom.), the number which expresses the degree of the equation of the curve or surface in rectilinear coördinates. A straight line will, in general, meet the curve or surface in a number of points equal to the degree of the curve or surface and no more. — Degree of latitude (Geog.), on the earth, the distance on a meridian between two parallels of latitude whose latitudes differ from each other by one degree. This distance is not the same on different parts of a meridian, on account of the flattened figure of the earth, being 68.702 statute miles at the equator, and 69.396 at the poles. — Degree of longitude, the distance on a parallel of latitude between two meridians that make an angle of one degree with each other at the poles — a distance which varies as the cosine of the latitude, being at the equator 69.16 statute miles. — To a degree, to an extreme; exceedingly; as mendacious to a degree. “It has been said that Scotsmen … are … grave to a degree on occasions when races more favored by nature are gladsome to excess.” Prof. Wilson.

De´gu , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small South American rodent (Octodon Cumingii), of the family Octodontidae.

De•gust´ , v. t. [L. degustare: cf. F. deguster. See Gust to taste.] To taste. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Deg•us•ta´tion , n. [L. degustatio: cf. F. degustation.] (Physiol.) Tasting; the appreciation of sapid qualities by the taste organs. Bp. Hall.

De•hisce´ , v. i. [L. dehiscere; de- + hiscere to gape.] To gape; to open by dehiscence.

De•his´cence , n. [Cf. F. dehiscence.] 1. The act of gaping. 2. (Biol.) A gaping or bursting open along a definite line of attachment or suture, without tearing, as in the opening of pods, or the bursting of capsules at maturity so as to emit seeds, etc.; also the bursting open of follicles, as in the ovaries of animals, for the expulsion of their contents.

De•his´cent , a. [L. dehiscens, -entis, p. pr. Cf. F. dehiscent.] Characterized by dehiscence; opening in some definite way, as the capsule of a plant.

De•ho•nes´tate , v. t. [L. dehonestatus, p. p. of dehonestare to dishonor; de- + honestare to make honorable. Cf. Dishonest, and see Honest.] To disparage. [Obs.]

De•hon•es•ta´tion , n. [L. dehonestatio.] A dishonoring; disgracing. [Obs.] Gauden.

De•horn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dehorned p. pr. & vb. n. Dehorning.] To deprive of horns; to prevent the growth of the horns of (cattle) by burning their ends soon after they start. See Dishorn. ´Dehorning cattle.´ Farm Journal (1886).

De•hors´ , prep. [F., outside.] (Law) Out of; without; foreign to; out of the agreement, record, will, or other instrument.

De•hors´, n. (Mil.) All sorts of outworks in general, at a distance from the main works; any advanced works for protection or cover. Farrow.

De•hort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dehorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dehorting.] [L. dehortari; de- + hortari to urge, exhort.] To urge to abstain or refrain; to dissuade. [Obs.] “The apostles vehemently dehort us from unbelief.” Bp. Ward. “´Exhort´ remains, but dehort, a word whose place neither ´dissuade´ nor any other exactly supplies, has escaped us.” Trench.

De•hor•ta´tion , n. [L. dehortatio.] Dissuasion; advice against something. [R.]

De•hort´a•tive , a. Dissuasive. [R.]

De•hort´a•to•ry , a. [L. dehortatorius.] Fitted or designed to dehort or dissuade. Bp. Hall.

De•hort´er , n. A dissuader; an adviser to the contrary. [Obs.]

De•hu´man•ize , v. t. To divest of human qualities, such as pity, tenderness, etc.; as dehumanizing influences.

De•husk´ , v. t. To remove the husk from. [Obs.] ´Wheat dehusked upon the floor.´ Drant.

De•hy´drate , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of water; to render free from water; as to dehydrate alcohol.

De•hy•dra´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of freeing from water; also the condition of a body from which the water has been removed.

De•hy´dro•gen•ate , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of, or free from, hydrogen.

De•hy•dro•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of freeing from hydrogen; also the condition resulting from the removal of hydrogen.

De´i•cide , n. [L. deicida a deicide (in sense 2); deus god + caedere to cut, kill: cf. F. deicide.] 1. The act of killing a being of a divine nature; particularly, the putting to death of Jesus Christ. [R.] “Earth profaned, yet blessed, with deicide.” Prior. 2. One concerned in putting Christ to death.

Deic´tic , a. [Gr. deiktiko•s serving to show or point out, fr. deikny•nai to show.] (Logic) Direct; proving directly; — applied to reasoning, and opposed to elenchtic or refutative.

Deic´tic•al•ly , adv. In a manner to show or point out; directly; absolutely; definitely. “When Christ spake it deictically.” Hammond. { De•if´ic , De•if´ic•al } a. [L. deificus; deus god + facere to make: cf. F. deifique.] Making divine; producing a likeness to God; god-making. ´A deifical communion.´ Homilies.

De•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [LL. deificare to deify: cf. F. deification. See Deify.] The act of deifying; exaltation to divine honors; apotheosis; excessive praise.

De´i•fied , a. Honored or worshiped as a deity; treated with supreme regard; godlike.

De´i•fi•er , n. One who deifies.

De´i•form , a. [L. deus a god + -form.] 1. Godlike, or of a godlike form. Dr. H. More. 2. Conformable to the will of God. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

De•i•for´mi•ty , n. Likeness to deity. [Obs.]

De´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deified p. pr. & vb. n. Deifying.] [F. deifier, LL. deificare, fr. L. deificus. See Deific, Deity, -fy.] 1. To make a god of; to exalt to the rank of a deity; to enroll among the deities; to apotheosize; as Julius Caesar was deified. 2. To praise or revere as a deity; to treat as an object of supreme regard; as to deify money. “He did again so extol and deify the pope.” Bacon. 3. To render godlike. “By our own spirits are we deified.” Wordsworth.

Deign , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deigned p. pr. & vb. n. Deigning.] [OE. deinen, deignen, OF. degner, deigner, daigner, F. daigner, fr. L. dignari to deem worthy, deign, fr. dignus worthy; akin to decere to be fitting. See Decent, and cf. Dainty, Dignity, Condign, Disdain.] 1. To esteem worthy; to consider worth notice; - - opposed to disdain. [Obs.] “I fear my Julia would not deign my lines.” Shak. 2. To condescend to give or bestow; to stoop to furnish; to vouchsafe; to allow; to grant. “Nor would we deign him burial of his men.” Shak.

Deign, v. i. To think worthy; to vouchsafe; to condescend; - - followed by an infinitive. “O deign to visit our forsaken seats.” Pope. “Yet not Lord Cranstone deigned she greet.” Sir W. Scott. “Round turned he, as not deigning
Those craven ranks to see.” Macaulay. In early English deign was often used impersonally. “Him deyneth not to set his foot to ground.” Chaucer.

Deign´ous , a. [For disdeignous, OF. desdeignos, desdaigneus, F. dedaigneux. See Disdain.] Haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Deil (del), n. Devil; — spelt also deel. [Scot.] Deil’s buckie. See under Buckie.

Dei•noc´e•ras , n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinoceras.

Dei•nor´nis , n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinornis.

Dei´no•saur (di´no•sar), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinosaur.

Dei•no•the´ri•um (di•no•the´ri•um), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinotherium.

De•in´te•grate , v. t. [L. deintegrare to impair; de- + integrare to make whole.] To disintegrate. [Obs.] { Dein´te•ous , Dein´te•vous }, a. Rare; excellent; costly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•ip´a•rous (de•ip´a•rus), a. [L. deus a god + parere to bring forth.] Bearing or bringing forth a god; — said of the Virgin Mary. [Obs.] Bailey.

Deip•nos´o•phist (dip•nos´o•fist), n. [Gr. deipnosofisth•s; dei^pnon a meal + sofisth•s a wise man, sophist.] One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who cultivated learned conversation at meals.

De´is (de´is), n. See Dais.

De´ism (de´iz’m), n. [L. deus god: cf. F. deisme. See Deity.] The doctrine or creed of a deist; the belief or system of those who acknowledge the existence of one God, but deny revelation. Deism is the belief in natural religion only, or those truths, in doctrine and practice, which man is to discover by the light of reason, independent of any revelation from God. Hence, deism implies infidelity, or a disbelief in the divine origin of the Scriptures.

De´ist (de´ist), n. [L. deus god: cf. F. deiste. See Deity.] One who believes in the existence of a God, but denies revealed religion; a freethinker. A deist, as denying a revelation, is opposed to a Christian; as opposed to the denier of a God, whether atheist or pantheist, a deist is generally denominated theist. Latham. Syn. — See Infidel. { De•is´tic (de•is´tik), De•is´tic•al } a. Pertaining to, savoring of, or consisting in, deism; as a deistic writer; a deistical book. “The deistical or antichristian scheme.” I. Watts.

De•is´tic•al•ly, adv. After the manner of deists.

De•is´tic•al•ness, n. State of being deistical.

De´i•tate (de´i•tat), a. Deified. [Obs.] Cranmer.

De´i•ty (de´i•ty), n.; pl. Deities (- tiz). [OE. deite, F. deite, fr. L. deitas, fr. deus a god; akin to divus divine, Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jupiter, dies day, Gr. di^os divine, Zey•s, gen. Dio•s, Zeus, Skr. deva divine, as a noun, god, daiva divine, dyo sky, day, hence, the sky personified as a god, and to the first syllable of E. Tuesday, Gael. & Ir. dia God, W. duw. Cf. Divine, Journey, Journal, Tuesday.] 1. The collection of attributes which make up the nature of a god; divinity; godhead; as the deity of the Supreme Being is seen in his works. “They declared with emphasis the perfect deity and the perfect manhood of Christ.” Milman. 2. A god or goddess; a heathen god. “To worship calves, the deities
Of Egypt.” Milton. The Deity, God, the Supreme Being. “This great poet and philosopher [Simonides], the more he contemplated the nature of the Deity, found that he waded but the more out of his depth.” Addison.

De•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Dejecting.] [L. dejectus, p. p. of dejicere to throw down; de- + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To cast down. [Obs. or Archaic] “Christ dejected himself even unto the hells.” Udall. “Sometimes she dejects her eyes in a seeming civility; and many mistake in her a cunning for a modest look.” Fuller. 2. To cast down the spirits of; to dispirit; to discourage; to dishearten. “Nor think, to die dejects my lofty mind.” Pope.

De•ject´, a. [L. dejectus, p. p.] Dejected. [Obs.]

De•jec´ta , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. dejectus, p. p.] Excrements; as the dejecta of the sick.

De•ject´ed, a. Cast down; afflicted; low-spirited; sad; as a dejected look or countenance. — De•ject´ed•ly, adv. — De•ject´ed•ness, n.

De•ject´er , n. One who casts down, or dejects.

De•jec´tion , n. [L. dejectio a casting down: cf. F. dejection.] 1. A casting down; depression. [Obs. or Archaic] Hallywell. 2. The act of humbling or abasing one’s self. “Adoration implies submission and dejection.” Bp. Pearson. 3. Lowness of spirits occasioned by grief or misfortune; mental depression; melancholy. “What besides,
Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair,
Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring.” Milton. 4. A low condition; weakness; inability. [R.] “A dejection of appetite.” Arbuthnot. 5. (Physiol.) (a) The discharge of excrement. (b) Faeces; excrement. Ray.

De•ject´ly , adv. Dejectedly. [Obs.]

De•jec´to•ry , a. [L. dejector a dejecter.] 1. Having power, or tending, to cast down. 2. Promoting evacuations by stool. Ferrand.

De•jec´ture ( 135), n. That which is voided; excrements. Arbuthnot.

Dej´er•ate , v. i. [L. dejeratus, p. p. of dejerare to swear; de- + jurare to swear.] To swear solemnly; to take an oath. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Dej•er•a´tion , n. [L. dejeratio.] The act of swearing solemnly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•jeu•ne´ , n. [F.] A dejeuner. “Take a dejeune of muskadel and eggs.” B. Jonson.

De•jeu•ner´ , n. [F. dejeuner breakfast, as a verb, to breakfast. Cf. Dinner.] A breakfast; sometimes, also a lunch or collation.

De• ju´re [L.] By right; of right; by law; — often opposed to de facto.

Dek´a- (Metric System) A prefix signifying ten. See Deca-.

Dek´a•gram , n. Same as Decagram.

Dek´a•li•ter , n. Same as Decaliter.

Dek´a•me•ter , n. Same as Decameter.

Dek´a•stere , n. Same as Decastere.

De´kle , n. (Paper Making) See Deckle.

Del , n. [See Deal, n.] Share; portion; part. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•lac•er•a´tion , n. [L. delacerare, delaceratum, to tear in pieces. See Lacerate.] A tearing in pieces. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•lac•ry•ma´tion , n. [L. delacrimatio, fr. delacrimare to weep. See Lachrymation.] An involuntary discharge of watery humors from the eyes; wateriness of the eyes. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•lac•ta´tion , n. [Pref. de- + L. lactare to suck milk, from lac milk.] The act of weaning. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•laine´ , n. [See Muslin delaine, under Muslin.] A kind of fabric for women’s dresses.

De•lam•i•na´tion , n. (Biol.) Formation and separation of laminae or layers; one of the methods by which the various blastodermic layers of the ovum are differentiated. This process consists of a concentric splitting of the cells of the blastosphere into an outer layer (epiblast) and an inner layer (hypoblast). By the perforation of the resultant two-walled vesicle, a gastrula results similar to that formed by the process of invagination.

De•lap•sa´tion , n. See Delapsion. Ray.

De•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Delapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Delapsing.] [L. delapsus, p. p. of delabi to fall down; de- + labi to fall or side.] To pass down by inheritance; to lapse. [Obs.] “Which Anne derived alone the right, before all other,
Of the delapsed crown from Philip.” Drayton.

De•lap´sion , n. A falling down, or out of place; prolapsion.

De•las•sa´tion , n. [L. delassare, delassatum, to tire out; de- + lassare to tire.] Fatigue. “Able to continue without delassation.” Ray.

De•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delating.] [L. delatus, used as p. p. of deferre. See Tolerate, and cf. 3d Defer, Delay, v.] [Obs. or Archaic] 1. To carry; to convey. “Try exactly the time wherein sound is delated.” Bacon. 2. To carry abroad; to spread; to make public. “When the crime is delated or notorious.” Jer. Taylor. 3. To carry or bring against, as a charge; to inform against; to accuse; to denounce. “As men were delated, they were marked down for such a fine.” Bp. Burnet. 4. To carry on; to conduct. Warner.

De•late´, v. i. To dilate. [Obs.] Goodwin.

De•la´tion , n. [L. delatio accusation: cf. F. delation.] 1. Conveyance. [Obs. or Archaic] “In delation of sounds, the inclosure of them preserveth them.” Bacon. 2. (Law) Accusation by an informer. Milman.

De•la´tor , n. [L.] An accuser; an informer. [R.] Howell.

Del´a•ware , n. (Bot.) An American grape, with compact bunches of small, amber-colored berries, sweet and of a good flavor.

Del´a•wares , n. pl.; sing. Delaware. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the valley of the Delaware River, but now mostly located in the Indian Territory.

De•lay´ , n.; pl. Delays (#). [F. delai, fr. OF. deleer to delay, or fr. L. dilatum, which, though really from a different root, is used in Latin only as a p. p. neut. of differre to carry apart, defer, delay. See Tolerate, and cf. Differ, Delay, v.] A putting off or deferring; procrastination; lingering inactivity; stop; detention; hindrance. “Without any delay, on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat.” Acts xxv. 17. “The government ought to be settled without the delay of a day.” Macaulay.

De•lay´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delayed p. pr. & vb. n. Delaying.] [OF. deleer, delaier, fr. the noun delai, or directly fr. L. dilatare to enlarge, dilate, in LL., to put off. See Delay, n., and cf. Delate, 1st Defer, Dilate.] 1. To put off; to defer; to procrastinate; to prolong the time of or before. “My lord delayeth his coming.” Matt. xxiv. 48. 2. To retard; to stop, detain, or hinder, for a time; to retard the motion, or time of arrival, of; as the mail is delayed by a heavy fall of snow. “Thyrsis! whose artful strains have oft delayed
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal.” Milton. 3. To allay; to temper. [Obs.] “The watery showers delay the raging wind.” Surrey.

De•lay´, v. i. To move slowly; to stop for a time; to linger; to tarry. “There seem to be certain bounds to the quickness and slowness of the succession of those ideas … beyond which they can neither delay nor hasten.” Locke.

De•lay´er , n. One who delays; one who lingers.

De•lay´ing•ly, adv. By delays. [R.] Tennyson.

De•lay´ment , n. Hindrance. [Obs.] Gower.

Del• cred´er•e [It., of belief or trust.] (Mercantile Law) An agreement by which an agent or factor, in consideration of an additional premium or commission (called a del credere commission), engages, when he sells goods on credit, to insure, warrant, or guarantee to his principal the solvency of the purchaser, the engagement of the factor being to pay the debt himself if it is not punctually discharged by the buyer when it becomes due.

De´le , imperative sing. of L. delere to destroy. [Cf. Delete.] (Print.) Erase; remove; — a direction to cancel something which has been put in type; usually expressed by a peculiar form of d, thus: &dele;.

De´le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deled p. pr. & vb. n. Deleing.] [From the preceding word.] (Print.) To erase; to cancel; to delete; to mark for omission.

Dele , v. t. [See Deal.] To deal; to divide; to distribute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Del´e•ble ( 277), a. [L. delebilis. See 1st Dele.] Capable of being blotted out or erased. ´An impression easily deleble.´ Fuller.

De•lec´ta•ble , a. [OF. delitable, OF. delitable, F. delectable, fr. L. delectabilis, fr. delectare to delight. See Delight.] Highly pleasing; delightful. “Delectable both to behold and taste.” Milton. — De•lec´ta•ble•ness, n. — De•lec´ta•bly, adv.

De•lec´tate , v. t. [L. delectatus, p. p. of delectare. See Delight.] To delight; to charm. [R.]

De•lec•ta´tion , n. [L. delectatio: cf. F. delectation.] Great pleasure; delight.

De•lec´tus , n. [L., selection, from deligere, delectum, to select.] A name given to an elementary book for learners of Latin or Greek. G. Eliot.

Del•e•ga•cy , n. [From Delegate, a.] 1. The act of delegating, or state of being delegated; deputed power. [Obs.] “By way of delegacy or grand commission.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A body of delegates or commissioners; a delegation. [Obs.] Burton.

Del´e•gate , n. [L. delegatus, p. p. of delegare to send, delegate; de- + legare to send with a commission, to depute. See Legate.] 1. Any one sent and empowered to act for another; one deputed to represent; a chosen deputy; a representative; a commissioner; a vicar. 2. (a) One elected by the people of a territory to represent them in Congress, where he has the right of debating, but not of voting. (b) One sent by any constituency to act as its representative in a convention; as a delegate to a convention for nominating officers, or for forming or altering a constitution. [U.S.] Court of delegates, formerly, the great court of appeal from the archbishops’ courts and also from the court of admiralty. It is now abolished, and the privy council is the immediate court of appeal in such cases. [Eng.]

Del´e•gate , a. [L. delegatus, p. p.] Sent to act for or represent another; deputed; as a delegate judge. ´Delegate power.´ Strype.

Del´e•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delegated p. pr. & vb. n. Delegating ] 1. To send as one’s representative; to empower as an ambassador; to send with power to transact business; to commission; to depute; to authorize. 2. To intrust to the care or management of another; to transfer; to assign; to commit. “The delegated administration of the law.” Locke. “Delegated executive power.” Bancroft. “The power exercised by the legislature is the people’s power, delegated by the people to the legislative.” J. B. Finch.

Del•e•ga´tion , n. [L. delegatio: cf. F. delegation.] 1. The act of delegating, or investing with authority to act for another; the appointment of a delegate or delegates. 2. One or more persons appointed or chosen, and commissioned to represent others, as in a convention, in Congress, etc.; the collective body of delegates; as the delegation from Massachusetts; a deputation. 3. (Rom. Law) A kind of novation by which a debtor, to be liberated from his creditor, gives him a third person, who becomes obliged in his stead to the creditor, or to the person appointed by him. Pothier.

Del´e•ga•to•ry , a. [L. delegatorius pert. to an assignment.] Holding a delegated position. Nash.

De•len´da , n. pl. [L., fr. delere to destroy.] Things to be erased or blotted out.

Del•e•nif´ic•al , a. [L. delenificus; delenire to soothe + facere to make. See Lenient.] Assuaging pain. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•lete´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deleting.] [L. deletus, p. p. of delere to destroy. Cf. 1st Dele.] To blot out; to erase; to expunge; to dele; to omit. “I have, therefore, … inserted eleven stanzas which do not appear in Sir Walter Scott’s version, and have deleted eight.” Aytoun.

Del•e•te´ri•ous , a. [LL. deleterius noxious, Gr. dhlhth•rios, fr. dhlei^sqai to hurt, damage; prob. akin to L. delere to destroy.] Hurtful; noxious; destructive; pernicious; as a deleterious plant or quality; a deleterious example. — Del•e•te´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Del•e•te´ri•ous•ness, n.

Del´e•ter•y , a. [LL. deleterius: cf. F. deletère.] Destructive; poisonous. [Obs.] ´Deletery medicines.´ Hudibras.

Del´e•ter•y, n. That which destroys. [Obs.] “They [the Scriptures] are the only deletery of heresies.” Jer. Taylor.

De•le´tion , n. [L. deletio, fr. delere. See Delete.] Act of deleting, blotting out, or erasing; destruction. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. “A total deletion of every person of the opposing party.” Sir M. Hale.

Del•e•ti´tious , a. [L. deleticius.] Of such a nature that anything may be erased from it; — said of paper.

Del´e•tive , a. Adapted to destroy or obliterate. [R.] Evelyn.

Del´e•to•ry , n. [See Delete.] That which blots out. [Obs.] ´A deletory of sin.´ Jer. Taylor.

Delf , n. [AS. delf a delving, digging. See Delve.] A mine; a quarry; a pit dug; a ditch. [Written also delft, and delve.] [Obs.] “The delfts would be so flown with waters, that no gins or machines could … keep them dry.” Ray.

Delf, n. Same as Delftware.

Delft , n. Same as Delftware.

Delft´ware , n. (a) Pottery made at the city of Delft in Holland; hence: (b) Earthenware made in imitation of the above; any glazed earthenware made for table use, and the like.

Del´i•bate , v. t. [L. delibatus, p. p. of delibare to taste; de- + libare to taste.] To taste; to take a sip of; to dabble in. [Obs.]

Del•i•ba´tion , n. [L. delibatio: cf. F. delibation.] Act of tasting; a slight trial. [Obs.] Berkeley.

Del´i•ber , v. t. & i. To deliberate. [Obs.]

De•lib´er•ate , a. [L. deliberatus, p. p. of deliberare to deliberate; de- + librare to weigh. See Librate.] 1. Weighing facts and arguments with a view to a choice or decision; carefully considering the probable consequences of a step; circumspect; slow in determining; — applied to persons; as a deliberate judge or counselor. ´These deliberate fools.´ Shak. 2. Formed with deliberation; well-advised; carefully considered; not sudden or rash; as a deliberate opinion; a deliberate measure or result. “Settled visage and deliberate word.” Shak. 3. Not hasty or sudden; slow. Hooker. “His enunciation was so deliberate.” W. Wirt.

De•lib´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deliberated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deliberating.] To weigh in the mind; to consider the reasons for and against; to consider maturely; to reflect upon; to ponder; as to deliberate a question.

De•lib´er•ate, v. i. To take counsel with one’s self; to weigh the arguments for and against a proposed course of action; to reflect; to consider; to hesitate in deciding; — sometimes with on, upon, about, concerning. “The woman that deliberates is lost.” Addison.

De•lib´er•ate•ly , adv. With careful consideration, or deliberation; circumspectly; warily; not hastily or rashly; slowly; as a purpose deliberately formed.

De•lib´er•ate•ness, n. The quality of being deliberate; calm consideration; circumspection.

De•lib•er•a´tion , n. [L. deliberatio: cf. F. deliberation.] 1. The act of deliberating, or of weighing and examining the reasons for and against a choice or measure; careful consideration; mature reflection. “Choosing the fairest way with a calm deliberation.” W. Montagu. 2. Careful discussion and examination of the reasons for and against a measure; as the deliberations of a legislative body or council.

De•lib´er•a•tive , a. [L. deliberativus: cf. F. deliberatif.] Pertaining to deliberation; proceeding or acting by deliberation, or by discussion and examination; deliberating; as a deliberative body. “A consummate work of deliberative wisdom.” Bancroft. “The court of jurisdiction is to be distinguished from the deliberative body, the advisers of the crown.” Hallam.

De•lib´er•a•tive, n. 1. A discourse in which a question is discussed, or weighed and examined. Bacon. 2. A kind of rhetoric employed in proving a thing and convincing others of its truth, in order to persuade them to adopt it.

De•lib´er•a•tive•ly, adv. In a deliberative manner; circumspectly; considerately.

De•lib´er•a•tor , n. One who deliberates.

Del´i•brate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delibrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delibrating.] [L. delibratus, p. p. of delibrare to delibrate; de from + liber bark.] To strip off the bark; to peel. [Obs.] Ash.

Del•i•bra´tion , n. The act of stripping off the bark. [Obs.] Ash.

Del´i•ca•cy , n.; pl. Delicacies (#). [From Delicate, a.] 1. The state or condition of being delicate; agreeableness to the senses; delightfulness; as delicacy of flavor, of odor, and the like. “What choice to choose for delicacy best.” Milton. 2. Nicety or fineness of form, texture, or constitution; softness; elegance; smoothness; tenderness; and hence, frailty or weakness; as the delicacy of a fiber or a thread; delicacy of a hand or of the human form; delicacy of the skin; delicacy of frame. 3. Nice propriety of manners or conduct; susceptibility or tenderness of feeling; refinement; fastidiousness; and hence, in an exaggerated sense, effeminacy; as great delicacy of behavior; delicacy in doing a kindness; delicacy of character that unfits for earnest action. “You know your mother’s delicacy in this point.” Cowper. 4. Addiction to pleasure; luxury; daintiness; indulgence; luxurious or voluptuous treatment. “And to those dainty limbs which Nature lent
For gentle usage and soft delicacy?” Milton. 5. Nice and refined perception and discrimination; critical niceness; fastidious accuracy. “That Augustan delicacy of taste which is the boast of the great public schools of England.” Macaulay. 6. The state of being affected by slight causes; sensitiveness; as the delicacy of a chemist’s balance. 7. That which is alluring, delicate, or refined; a luxury or pleasure; something pleasant to the senses, especially to the sense of taste; a dainty; as delicacies of the table. “The merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies.” Rev. xviii. 3. 8. Pleasure; gratification; delight. [Obs.] “He Rome brent for his delicacie.” Chaucer. Syn. — See Dainty.

Del´i•cate , a. [L. delicatus pleasing the senses, voluptuous, soft and tender; akin to deliciae delight: cf. F. delicat. See Delight.] 1. Addicted to pleasure; luxurious; voluptuous; alluring. [R.] “Dives, for his delicate life, to the devil went.” Piers Plowman. “Haarlem is a very delicate town.” Evelyn. 2. Pleasing to the senses; refinedly agreeable; hence, adapted to please a nice or cultivated taste; nice; fine; elegant; as a delicate dish; delicate flavor. 3. Slight and shapely; lovely; graceful; as ´a delicate creature.´ Shak. 4. Fine or slender; minute; not coarse; — said of a thread, or the like; as delicate cotton. 5. Slight or smooth; light and yielding; — said of texture; as delicate lace or silk. 6. Soft and fair; — said of the skin or a surface; as a delicate cheek; a delicate complexion. 7. Light, or softly tinted; — said of a color; as a delicate blue. 8. Refined; gentle; scrupulous not to trespass or offend; considerate; — said of manners, conduct, or feelings; as delicate behavior; delicate attentions; delicate thoughtfulness. 9. Tender; not able to endure hardship; feeble; frail; effeminate; — said of constitution, health, etc.; as a delicate child; delicate health. “A delicate and tender prince.” Shak. 10. Requiring careful handling; not to be rudely or hastily dealt with; nice; critical; as a delicate subject or question. “There are some things too delicate and too sacred to be handled rudely without injury to truth.” F. W. Robertson. 11. Of exacting tastes and habits; dainty; fastidious. 12. Nicely discriminating or perceptive; refinedly critical; sensitive; exquisite; as a delicate taste; a delicate ear for music. 13. Affected by slight causes; showing slight changes; as a delicate thermometer.

Del´i•cate, n. 1. A choice dainty; a delicacy. [R.] “With abstinence all delicates he sees.” Dryden. 2. A delicate, luxurious, or effeminate person. “All the vessels, then, which our delicates have, — those I mean that would seem to be more fine in their houses than their neighbors, — are only of the Corinth metal.” Holland.

Del´i•cate•ly , adv. In a delicate manner.

Del´i•cate•ness, n. The quality of being delicate.

Del´i•ces , n. pl. [F. delices, fr. L. deliciae.] Delicacies; delights. [Obs.] ´Dainty delices.´ Spenser.

De•li´ci•ate , v. t. To delight one’s self; to indulge in feasting; to revel. [Obs.]

De•li´cious , a. [OF. delicieus, F. delicieux, L. deliciosus, fr. deliciae delight, fr. delicere to allure. See Delight.] 1. Affording exquisite pleasure; delightful; most sweet or grateful to the senses, especially to the taste; charming. “Some delicious landscape.” Coleridge. “One draught of spring’s delicious air.” Keble. “Were not his words delicious?” Tennyson. 2. Addicted to pleasure; seeking enjoyment; luxurious; effeminate. [Obs.] “Others, lastly, of a more delicious and airy spirit, retire themselves to the enjoyments of ease and luxury.” Milton. Syn. — Delicious, Delightful. Delicious refers to the pleasure derived from certain of the senses, particularly the taste and smell; as delicious food; a delicious fragrance. Delightful may also refer to most of the senses (as delightful music; a delightful prospect; delightful sensations), but has a higher application to matters of taste, feeling, and sentiment; as a delightful abode, conversation, employment; delightful scenes, etc. “Like the rich fruit he sings, delicious in decay.” Smith. “No spring, nor summer, on the mountain seen,
Smiles with gay fruits or with delightful green.” Addison.

De•li´cious•ly, adv. Delightfully; as to feed deliciously; to be deliciously entertained.

De•li´cious•ness, n. 1. The quality of being delicious; as the deliciousness of a repast. 2. Luxury. ´To drive away all superfluity and deliciousness.´ Sir T. North.

De•lict´ , n. [L. delictum fault.] (Law) An offense or transgression against law; (Scots Law) an offense of a lesser degree; a misdemeanor. “Every regulation of the civil code necessarily implies a delict in the event of its violation.” Jeffrey.

Del´i•gate , v. t. [L. deligatus, p. p. of deligare to bind up; de- + ligare to bind.] (Surg.) To bind up; to bandage.

Del•i•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. deligation.] (Surg.) A binding up; a bandaging. Wiseman.

De•light´ , n. [OE. delit, OF. delit, deleit, fr. delitier, to delight. See Delight, v. t.] 1. A high degree of gratification of mind; a high- wrought state of pleasurable feeling; lively pleasure; extreme satisfaction; joy. “Sounds and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.” Shak. “A fool hath no delight in understanding.” Prov. xviii. 2. 2. That which gives great pleasure or delight. “Heaven’s last, best gift, my ever new delight.” Milton. 3. Licentious pleasure; lust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•light´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Delighting.] [OE. deliten, OF. delitier, deleitier, F. delecter, fr. L. delectare to entice away, to delight (sc. by attracting or alluring), intens. of delicere to allure, delight; de- + lacere to entice, allure; cf. laqueus a snare. Cf. Delectate, Delicate, Delicious, Dilettante, Elicit, Lace.] To give delight to; to affect with great pleasure; to please highly; as a beautiful landscape delights the eye; harmony delights the ear. “Inventions to delight the taste.” Shak. “Delight our souls with talk of knightly deeds.” Tennyson.

De•light´, v. i. To have or take great delight or pleasure; to be greatly pleased or rejoiced; — followed by an infinitive, or by in. “Love delights in praises.” Shak. “I delight to do thy will, O my God.” Ps. xl. 8.

De•light´a•ble , a. [See Delectable.] Capable of delighting; delightful. [Obs.] “Many a spice delightable.” Rom. of R.

De•light´ed, a. Endowed with delight. “If virtue no delighted beauty lack.” Shak. Syn. — Glad; pleased; gratified. See Glad.

De•light´ed•ly, adv. With delight; gladly.

De•light´er , n. One who gives or takes delight.

De•light´ful , a. Highly pleasing; affording great pleasure and satisfaction. ´Delightful bowers.´ Spenser. ´Delightful fruit.>´ Milton. Syn. — Delicious; charming. See Delicious. — De•light´ful•ly, adv. — De•light´ful•ness, n.

De•light´ing, a. Giving delight; gladdening. — De•light´ing•ly, adv. Jer. Taylor.

De•light´less, a. Void of delight. Thomson.

De•light´ous a. [OF. delitos.] Delightful. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

De•light´some , a. Very pleasing; delightful. ´Delightsome vigor.´ Grew. “Ye shall be a delightsome land, … saith the Lord.” Mal. iii. 12. — De•light´some•ly, adv. — De•light´some•ness, n.

De•li´lah , n. The mistress of Samson, who betrayed him (Judges xvi.); hence, a harlot; a temptress. “Other Delilahs on a smaller scale Burns met with during his Dumfries sojourn.” J. C. Shairp.

De•lim´it , v. t. [L. delimitare: cf. F. delimiter.] To fix the limits of; to demarcate; to bound.

De•lim•i•ta´tion , n. [L. delimitatio: cf. F. delimitation.] The act or process of fixing limits or boundaries; limitation. Gladstone.

De•line´ (de•lin´), v. t. 1. To delineate. [Obs.] 2. To mark out. [Obs.] R. North.

De•lin´e•a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, delineated. Feltham.

De•lin´e•a•ment , . [See Delineate.] Delineation; sketch. Dr. H. More.

De•lin´e•ate , a. [L. delineatus, p. p. of delineare to delineate; de- + lineare to draw, fr. linea line. See Line.] Delineated; portrayed. [R.]

De•lin´e•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delineated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delineating.] 1. To indicate by lines drawn in the form or figure of; to represent by sketch, design, or diagram; to sketch out; to portray; to picture; in drawing and engraving, to represent in lines, as with the pen, pencil, or graver; hence, to represent with accuracy and minuteness. See Delineation. “Adventurous to delineate nature’s form.” Akenside. 2. To portray to the mind or understanding by words; to set forth; to describe. “Customs or habits delineated with great accuracy.” Walpole.

De•lin•e•a´tion , n. [L. delineatio: cf. F. delineation.] 1. The act of representing, portraying, or describing, as by lines, diagrams, sketches, etc.; drawing an outline; as the delineation of a scene or face; in drawing and engraving, representation by means of lines, as distinguished from representation by means of tints and shades; accurate and minute representation, as distinguished from art that is careless of details, or subordinates them excessively. 2. A delineated picture; representation; sketch; description in words. “Their softest delineations of female beauty.” W. Irving. Syn. — Sketch; portrait; outline. See Sketch.

De•lin´e•a•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, delineates; a sketcher. 2. (Surv.) A perambulator which records distances and delineates a profile, as of a road.

De•lin´e•a•to•ry , a. That delineates; descriptive; drawing the outline; delineating.

De•lin´e•a•ture ( 135), n. Delineation. [Obs.]

Del•i•ni´tion , n. [L. delinere to smear. See Liniment.] A smearing. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

De•lin´quen•cy , n.; pl. Delinquencies (#). [L. delinquentia, fr. delinquens.] Failure or omission of duty; a fault; a misdeed; an offense; a misdemeanor; a crime. “The delinquencies of the little commonwealth would be represented in the most glaring colors.” Motley.

De•lin´quent a. [L. delinquens, -entis, p. pr. of delinquere to fail, be wanting in one’s duty, do wrong; de- + linquere to leave. See Loan, n.] Failing in duty; offending by neglect of duty.

De•lin´quent, n. One who fails or neglects to perform his duty; an offender or transgressor; one who commits a fault or a crime; a culprit. “A delinquent ought to be cited in the place or jurisdiction where the delinquency was committed.” Ayliffe.

De•lin´quent•ly, adv. So as to fail in duty.

Del´i•quate , v. i. [L. deliquatus, p. p. of deliquare to clear off, de- + liquare to make liquid, melt, dissolve.] To melt or be dissolved; to deliquesce. [Obs.] Boyle.

Del´i•quate, v. t. To cause to melt away; to dissolve; to consume; to waste. [Obs.] “Dilapidating, or rather deliquating, his bishopric.” Fuller.

Del•i•qua´tion , n. A melting. [Obs.]

Del•i•quesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deliquesced p. pr. & vb. n. Deliquescing.] [L. deliquescere to melt, dissolve; de- + liquescere to become fluid, melt, fr. liquere to be fluid. See Liquid.] (Chem.) To dissolve gradually and become liquid by attracting and absorbing moisture from the air, as certain salts, acids, and alkalies. “In very moist air crystals of strontites deliquesce.” Black.

Del•i•ques´cence , n. [Cf. F. deliquescence.] The act of deliquescing or liquefying; process by which anything deliquesces; tendency to melt.

Del•i•ques´cent , a. [L. deliquescens, -entis, p. pr. of deliquescere: cf. F. deliquescent.] 1. Dissolving; liquefying by contact with the air; capable of attracting moisture from the atmosphere and becoming liquid; as deliquescent salts. 2. (Bot.) Branching so that the stem is lost in branches, as in most deciduous trees. Gray.

De•liq´ui•ate , v. i. [L. deliquia a flowing off, a gutter, deliquium a flowing down, fr. deliquare. See Deliquate.] To melt and become liquid by absorbing water from the air; to deliquesce. Fourcroy.

De•liq•ui•a´tion , n. The act of deliquiating.

De•liq´ui•um , n. [L. See Deliquiate.] 1. (Chem.) A melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist place; a liquid condition; as a salt falls into a deliquium. [R.] 2. A sinking away; a swooning. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. A melting or maudlin mood. Carlyle.

De•lir´a•cy , n. [See Delirate.] Delirium. [Obs.]

De•lir´a•ment , n. [L. deliramentum, fr. delirare. See Delirium.] A wandering of the mind; a crazy fancy. [Obs.] Heywood.

De•lir´an•cy , n. Delirium. [Obs.] Gauden.

De•lir´ant , a. [L. delirans, - antis, p. pr. of delirare. See Delirium.] Delirious. [Obs.] Owen.

De•lir´ate , v. t. & i. [L. deliratus, p. p. of delirare. See Delirium.] To madden; to rave. [Obs.] “An infatuating and delirating spirit in it.” Holland.

Del•i•ra´tion , n. [L. deliratio.] Aberration of mind; delirium. J. Morley. “Deliration or alienation of the understanding.” Mede.

De•lir´i•ant , n. [See Delirium.] (Med.) A poison which occasions a persistent delirium, or mental aberration (as belladonna).

De•lir•i•fa´cient , a. [Delirium + L. faciens, -entis, p. pr. of facere to make.] (Med.) Producing, or tending to produce, delirium. — n. Any substance which tends to cause delirium.

De•lir´i•ous , a. [From Delirium.] Having a delirium; wandering in mind; light- headed; insane; raving; wild; as a delirious patient; delirious fancies. — De•lir´i•ous•ly, adv. — De•lir´i•ous•ness, n.

De•lir´i•um , n. [L., fr. delirare to rave, to wander in mind, prop., to go out of the furrow in plowing; de- + lira furrow, track; perh. akin to G. geleise track, rut, and E. last to endure.] 1. (Med.) A state in which the thoughts, expressions, and actions are wild, irregular, and incoherent; mental aberration; a roving or wandering of the mind, — usually dependent on a fever or some other disease, and so distinguished from mania, or madness. 2. Strong excitement; wild enthusiasm; madness. “The popular delirium [of the French Revolution] at first caught his enthusiastic mind.” W. Irving. “The delirium of the preceding session (of Parliament).” Morley. Delirium tremens . [L., trembling delirium] (Med.), a violent delirium induced by the excessive and prolonged use of intoxicating liquors. — Traumatic delirium (Med.), a variety of delirium following injury. Syn. — Insanity; frenzy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; lunacy; fury. See Insanity.

De•lit´ , n. Delight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•lit´a•ble , a. Delightful; delectable. [Obs.]

Del•i•tes´cence , n. [See Delitescent.] 1. Concealment; seclusion; retirement. “The delitescence of mental activities.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Med.) The sudden disappearance of inflammation.

Del•i•tes´cen•cy , n. Concealment; seclusion. “The mental organization of the novelist must be characterized, to speak craniologically, by an extraordinary development of the passion for delitescency.” Sir W. Scott.

Del•i•tes´cent , a. [L. delitescens, -entis, p. pr. of delitescere to lie hid.] Lying hid; concealed.

De•lit´i•gate , v. i. [L. delitigare to rail. See Litigate.] To chide; to rail heartily. [Obs.]

De•lit•i•ga´tion , n. Chiding; brawl. [Obs.]

De•liv´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delivered p. pr. & vb. n. Delivering.] [F. delivrer, LL. deliberare to liberate, give over, fr. L. de + liberare to set free. See Liberate.] 1. To set free from restraint; to set at liberty; to release; to liberate, as from control; to give up; to free; to save; to rescue from evil actual or feared; — often with from or out of; as to deliver one from captivity, or from fear of death. “He that taketh warning shall deliver his soul.” Ezek. xxxiii. 5. “Promise was that I
Should Israel from Philistian yoke deliver.” Milton. 2. To give or transfer; to yield possession or control of; to part with (to); to make over; to commit; to surrender; to resign; — often with up or over, to or into. “Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh’s cup into his hand.” Gen. xl. 13. “The constables have delivered her over.” Shak. “The exalted mind
All sense of woe delivers to the wind.” Pope. 3. To make over to the knowledge of another; to communicate; to utter; to speak; to impart. “Till he these words to him deliver might.” Spenser. “Whereof the former delivers the precepts of the art, and the latter the perfection.” Bacon. 4. To give forth in action or exercise; to discharge; as to deliver a blow; to deliver a broadside, or a ball. “Shaking his head and delivering some show of tears.” Sidney. “An uninstructed bowler … thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it.” Sir W. Scott. 5. To free from, or disburden of, young; to relieve of a child in childbirth; to bring forth; — often with of. “She was delivered safe and soon.” Gower. “Tully was long ere he could be delivered of a few verses, and those poor ones.” Peacham. 6. To discover; to show. [Poetic] “I ’ll deliver
Myself your loyal servant.” Shak. 7. To deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. To admit; to allow to pass. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — To Deliver, Give Forth, Discharge, Liberate, Pronounce, Utter. Deliver denotes, literally, to set free. Hence the term is extensively applied to cases where a thing is made to pass from a confined state to one of greater freedom or openness. Hence it may, in certain connections, be used as synonymous with any or all of the above-mentioned words, as will be seen from the following examples: One who delivers a package gives it forth; one who delivers a cargo discharges it; one who delivers a captive liberates him; one who delivers a message or a discourse utters or pronounces it; when soldiers deliver their fire, they set it free or give it forth.

De•liv´er, a. [OF. delivre free, unfettered. See Deliver, v. t.] Free; nimble; sprightly; active. [Obs.] “Wonderly deliver and great of strength.” Chaucer.

De•liv´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being, or about to be, delivered; necessary to be delivered. Hale.

De•liv´er•ance , n. [F. delivrance, fr. delivrer.] 1. The act of delivering or freeing from restraint, captivity, peril, and the like; rescue; as the deliverance of a captive. “He hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deliverance to the captives.” Luke iv. 18. “One death or one deliverance we will share.” Dryden. 2. Act of bringing forth children. [Archaic] Shak. 3. Act of speaking; utterance. [Archaic] Shak. In this and in the preceding sense delivery is the word more commonly used. 4. The state of being delivered, or freed from restraint. “I do desire deliverance from these officers.” Shak. 5. Anything delivered or communicated; esp., an opinion or decision expressed publicly. [Scot.] 6. (Metaph.) Any fact or truth which is decisively attested or intuitively known as a psychological or philosophical datum; as the deliverance of consciousness.

De•liv´er•er , n. 1. One who delivers or rescues; a preserver. 2. One who relates or communicates.

De•liv´er•ess , n. A female deliverer. [R.] Evelyn.

De•liv´er•ly, adv. Actively; quickly; nimbly. [Obs.] “Swim with your bodies,
And carry it sweetly and deliverly.” Beau. & Fl.

De•liv´er•ness, n. Nimbleness; agility. [Obs.]

De•liv´er•y, n.; pl. Deliveries . 1. The act of delivering from restraint; rescue; release; liberation; as the delivery of a captive from his dungeon. 2. The act of delivering up or over; surrender; transfer of the body or substance of a thing; distribution; as the delivery of a fort, of hostages, of a criminal, of goods, of letters. 3. The act or style of utterance; manner of speaking; as a good delivery; a clear delivery. 4. The act of giving birth; parturition; the expulsion or extraction of a fetus and its membranes. 5. The act of exerting one’s strength or limbs. “Neater limbs and freer delivery.” Sir H. Wotton. 6. The act or manner of delivering a ball; as the pitcher has a swift delivery.

Dell , n. [AS. del, akin to E. dale; cf. D. delle, del, low ground. See Dale.] 1. A small, retired valley; a ravine. “In dells and dales, concealed from human sight.” Tickell. 2. A young woman; a wench. [Obs.] “Sweet doxies and dells.” B. Jonson.

Del´la Crus´ca A shortened form of Accademia della Crusca, an academy in Florence, Italy, founded in the 16th century, especially for conserving the purity of the Italian language. The Accademia della Crusca (literally, academy of the bran or chaff) was so called in allusion to its chief object of bolting or purifying the national language.

Del•la•crus´can , a. Of or pertaining to the Accademia della Crusca in Florence. The Dellacruscan School, a name given in satire to a class of affected English writers, most of whom lived in Florence, about a. d. 1785.

De´loo (da´lo), n. (Zoöl.) The duykerbok.

De•loul´ (da•lool´), n. [Prob. of Arabic or Bedouin origin.] (Zoöl.) A special breed of the dromedary used for rapid traveling; the swift camel; — called also herire, and maharik.

Delph , n. Delftware. “Five nothings in five plates of delph.” Swift.

Delph, n. (Hydraul. Engin.) The drain on the land side of a sea embankment. Knight.

Del´phi•an , a. Delphic.

Del´phic , a. [L. Delphicus, fr. Gr. Delfiko•s, fr. Delfoi•, L. Delphi, a town of Phocis, in Greece, now Kastri.] (Gr. Antiq.) 1. Of or relating to Delphi, or to the famous oracle of that place. 2. Ambiguous; mysterious. ´If he is silent or delphic.´ New York Times. { Del´phin , Del´phine } , a. [See Dauphin.] Pertaining to the dauphin of France; as the Delphin classics, an edition of the Latin classics, prepared in the reign of Louis XIV., for the use of the dauphin (in usum Delphini).

Del´phin, n. [L. delphinus a dolphin.] (Chem.) A fatty substance contained in the oil of the dolphin and the porpoise; — called also phocenin.

Del´phine , a. [L. delphinus a dolphin, Gr. delfi•s, delfi•n.] Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of fishes.

Del•phin´ic , a. [See Delphin, n.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the dolphin; phocenic. Delphinic acid. (Chem.) See Valeric acid, under Valeric. [Obs.]

Del•phin´ic, a. [From NL. Delphinium, the name of the genus.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the larkspur; specifically, relating to the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria).

Del´phi•nine ( 104), n. [Cf. F. delphinine.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid extracted from the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), as a colorless amorphous powder.

Del´phi•noid , a. [L. delphinus a dolphin + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the dolphin.

Del•phi•noi´de•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cetacea which comprises the dolphins, porpoises, and related forms.

Del•phi´nus , n. [L., a dolphin, fr. Gr. delfi•s, delfi•n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of Cetacea, including the dolphin. See Dolphin, 1. 2. (Astron.) The Dolphin, a constellation near the equator and east of Aquila.

Del´ta , n.; pl. Deltas (#). [Gr. de•lta, the name of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (the capital form of which is &DELTA;, Eng. D), from the Phœnician name of the corresponding letter. The Greeks called the alluvial deposit at the mouth of the Nile, from its shape, the Delta of the Nile.] A tract of land shaped like the letter delta (&DELTA;), especially when the land is alluvial and inclosed between two or more mouths of a river; as the delta of the Ganges, of the Nile, or of the Mississippi.

Del•ta•fi•ca´tion , n. [Delta + L. facere to make.] The formation of a delta or of deltas. [R.]

Del•ta´ic , a. Relating to, or like, a delta.

Del•thy´ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•lta the name of the letter &DELTA; + thy•ra door.] (Zoöl.) A name formerly given to certain Silurian brachiopod shells of the genus Spirifer. Delthyris limestone (Geol.), one of the divisions of the Upper Silurian rocks in New York.

Del´tic , a. Deltaic.

Del•tid´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•lta, the letter &DELTA;.] (Zoöl.) The triangular space under the beak of many brachiopod shells.

Del•to•he´dron , n. [Gr. de•lta, the letter &DELTA; + ’e•dra seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A solid bounded by twelve quadrilateral faces. It is a hemihedral form of the isometric system, allied to the tetrahedron.

Del´toid , a. [Gr. deltoeidh•s delta- shaped; de•lta the name of the letter &DELTA; + e’i^dos form: cf. F. deltoïde. See Delta.] Shaped like the Greek &DELTA; (delta); delta-shaped; triangular. Deltoid leaf (Bot.), a leaf in the form of a triangle with the stem inserted at the middle of the base. — Deltoid muscle (Anat.), a triangular muscle in the shoulder which serves to move the arm directly upward.

De•lud´a•ble , a. Capable of being deluded; liable to be imposed on; gullible. Sir T. Browne.

De•lude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Deluding.] [L. deludere, delusum; de- + ludere to play, make sport of, mock. See Ludicrous.] 1. To lead from truth or into error; to mislead the mind or judgment of; to beguile; to impose on; to dupe; to make a fool of. “To delude the nation by an airy phantom.” Burke. 2. To frustrate or disappoint. “It deludes thy search.” Dryden. Syn. — To mislead; deceive; beguile; cajole; cheat; dupe. See Deceive.

De•lud´er , n. One who deludes; a deceiver; an impostor.

Del´uge , n. [F. deluge, L. diluvium, fr. diluere wash away; di- = dis- + luere, equiv. to lavare to wash. See Lave, and cf. Diluvium.] 1. A washing away; an overflowing of the land by water; an inundation; a flood; specifically, The Deluge, the great flood in the days of Noah (Gen. vii.). 2. Fig.: Anything which overwhelms, or causes great destruction. ´The deluge of summer.´ Lowell. “A fiery deluge fed
With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed.” Milton. “As I grub up some quaint old fragment of a [London] street, or a house, or a shop, or tomb or burial ground, which has still survived in the deluge.” F. Harrison. “After me the deluge.
(Apres moi le deluge.)” Madame de Pompadour.

Del´uge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deluged p. pr. & vb. n. Deluging.] 1. To overflow with water; to inundate; to overwhelm. “The deluged earth would useless grow.” Blackmore. 2. To overwhelm, as with a deluge; to cover; to overspread; to overpower; to submerge; to destroy; as the northern nations deluged the Roman empire with their armies; the land is deluged with woe. “At length corruption, like a general flood …
Shall deluge all.” Pope.

De•lun´dung , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian carnivorous mammal (Prionodon gracilis), resembling the civets, but without scent pouches. It is handsomely spotted.

De•lu´sion n. [L. delusio, fr. deludere. See Delude.] 1. The act of deluding; deception; a misleading of the mind. Pope. 2. The state of being deluded or misled. 3. That which is falsely or delusively believed or propagated; false belief; error in belief. “And fondly mourned the dear delusion gone.” Prior. Syn. — Delusion, Illusion. These words both imply some deception practiced upon the mind. Delusion is deception from want of knowledge; illusion is deception from morbid imagination. An illusion is a false show, a mere cheat on the fancy or senses. It is, in other words, some idea or image presented to the bodily or mental vision which does not exist in reality. A delusion is a false judgment, usually affecting the real concerns of life. Or, in other words, it is an erroneous view of something which exists indeed, but has by no means the qualities or attributes ascribed to it. Thus we speak of the illusions of fancy, the illusions of hope, illusive prospects, illusive appearances, etc. In like manner, we speak of the delusions of stockjobbing, the delusions of honorable men, delusive appearances in trade, of being deluded by a seeming excellence. ´A fanatic, either religious or political, is the subject of strong delusions; while the term illusion is applied solely to the visions of an uncontrolled imagination, the chimerical ideas of one blinded by hope, passion, or credulity, or lastly, to spectral and other ocular deceptions, to which the word delusion is never applied.´ Whately.

De•lu´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to delusions; as delusional monomania.

De•lu´sive , a. [See Delude.] Apt or fitted to delude; tending to mislead the mind; deceptive; beguiling; delusory; as delusive arts; a delusive dream. “Delusive and unsubstantial ideas.” Whewell. — De•lu´sive•ly, adv. — De•lu´sive•ness, n.

De•lu´so•ry a. Delusive; fallacious. Glanvill.

Delve v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delved p. pr. & vb. n. Delving.] [AS. delfan to dig; akin to OS. bidelban to bury, D. delven to dig, MHG. telben, and possibly to E. dale. Cf. Delf a mine.] 1. To dig; to open (the ground) as with a spade. “Delve of convenient depth your thrashing floor.” Dryden. 2. To dig into; to penetrate; to trace out; to fathom. “I can not delve him to the root.” Shak.

Delve, v. i. To dig or labor with a spade, or as with a spade; to labor as a drudge. “Delve may I not: I shame to beg.” Wyclif (Luke xvi. 3).

Delve, n. [See Delve, v. t., and cf. Delf a mine.] A place dug; a pit; a ditch; a den; a cave. “Which to that shady delve him brought at last.” Spenser. “The very tigers from their delves
Look out.” Moore.

Delv´er , n. One who digs, as with a spade.

De•mag´net•ize , v. t. 1. To deprive of magnetic properties. See Magnetize. “If the bar be rapidly magnetized and demagnetized.” Am. Cyc. 2. To free from mesmeric influence; to demesmerize. — De•mag•net•i•za´tion, n. — De•mag´net•i•zer (#), n.

Dem´a•gog ( 115), n. Demagogue. { Dem•a•gog´ic , Dem•a•gog´ic•al } a. [Gr. dhmagwkiko•s: cf. F. demagogique.] Relating to, or like, a demagogue; factious.

Dem´a•gog•ism ( 115), n. The practices of a demagogue.

Dem´a•gogue ( 115), n. [Gr. dhmagwgo•s a popular leader; commonly in a bad sense, a leader of the mob; dh^mos the people + ’agwgo•s leading, fr. ’a•gein to lead; akin to E. act: cf. F. demagogue.] A leader of the rabble; one who attempts to control the multitude by specious or deceitful arts; an unprincipled and factious mob orator or political leader.

Dem´a•gog•y , n. [Cf. F. demagogie, Gr. dhmagwgi•a leadership of the people.] Demagogism.

De•main´ , n. [See Demesne.] 1. Rule; management. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) See Demesne.

De•mand´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Demanding.] [F. demander, LL. demandare to demand, summon, send word, fr. L. demandare to give in charge, intrust; de- + mandare to commit to one’s charge, commission, order, command. Cf. Mandate, Commend.] 1. To ask or call for with authority; to claim or seek from, as by authority or right; to claim, as something due; to call for urgently or peremptorily; as to demand a debt; to demand obedience. “This, in our foresaid holy father’s name,
Pope Innocent, I do demand of thee.” Shak. 2. To inquire authoritatively or earnestly; to ask, esp. in a peremptory manner; to question. “I did demand what news from Shrewsbury.” Shak. 3. To require as necessary or useful; to be in urgent need of; hence, to call for; as the case demands care. 4. (Law) To call into court; to summon. Burrill.

De•mand´, v. i. To make a demand; to inquire. “The soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we do?” Luke iii. 14.

De•mand´, n. [F. demande, fr. demander. See Demand, v. t.] 1. The act of demanding; an asking with authority; a peremptory urging of a claim; a claiming or challenging as due; requisition; as the demand of a creditor; a note payable on demand. “The demand [is] by the word of the holy ones.” Dan. iv. 17. “He that has confidence to turn his wishes into demands will be but a little way from thinking he ought to obtain them.” Locke. 2. Earnest inquiry; question; query. Shak. 3. A diligent seeking or search; manifested want; desire to possess; request; as a demand for certain goods; a person’s company is in great demand. “In 1678 came forth a second edition [Pilgrim’s Progress] with additions; and then the demand became immense.” Macaulay. 4. That which one demands or has a right to demand; thing claimed as due; claim; as demands on an estate. 5. (Law) (a) The asking or seeking for what is due or claimed as due. (b) The right or title in virtue of which anything may be claimed; as to hold a demand against a person. (c) A thing or amount claimed to be due. In demand, in request; being much sought after. — On demand, upon presentation and request of payment.

De•mand´a•ble , a. That may be demanded or claimed. ´All sums demandable.´ Bacon.

De•mand´ant , n. [F. demandant, p. pr. of demander.] One who demands; the plaintiff in a real action; any plaintiff.

De•mand´er , n. One who demands.

De•mand´ress , n. A woman who demands.

De•man´toid , n. [G. demant diamond + -oid.] (Min.) A yellow-green, transparent variety of garnet found in the Urals. It is valued as a gem because of its brilliancy of luster, whence the name.

De•mar´cate , v. t. [See Demarcation.] To mark by bounds; to set the limits of; to separate; to discriminate. Wilkinson.

De•mar•ca´tion , n. [F. demarcation; pref. de- (L. de) + marquer to mark, of German origin. See Mark.] The act of marking, or of ascertaining and setting a limit; separation; distinction. “The speculative line of demarcation, where obedience ought to end and resistance must begin, is faint, obscure, and not easily definable.” Burke.

De•march´ , n. [F. demarche. See March, n.] March; walk; gait. [Obs.]

De•march (de´märk), n. [Gr. dh•marchos; dh^mos people + ’a•rchein to rule.] A chief or ruler of a deme or district in Greece.

De•mar•ka´tion, n. Same as Demarcation.

De•ma•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. To deprive of material or physical qualities or characteristics. “Dematerializing matter by stripping it of everything which … has distinguished matter.” Milman.

Deme (dem), n. [Gr. dh^mos.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A territorial subdivision of Attica (also of modern Greece), corresponding to a township. Jowett (Thucyd.). 2. (Biol.) An undifferentiated aggregate of cells or plastids.

De•mean´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demeaned p. pr. & vb. n. Demeaning.] [OF. demener to conduct, guide, manage, F. se demener to struggle; pref. de- (L. de) + mener to lead, drive, carry on, conduct, fr. L. minare to drive animals by threatening cries, fr. minari to threaten. See Menace.] 1. To manage; to conduct; to treat. “[Our] clergy have with violence demeaned the matter.” Milton. 2. To conduct; to behave; to comport; — followed by the reflexive pronoun. “They have demeaned themselves
Like men born to renown by life or death.” Shak. “They answered … that they should demean themselves according to their instructions.” Clarendon. 3. To debase; to lower; to degrade; — followed by the reflexive pronoun. “Her son would demean himself by a marriage with an artist’s daughter.” Thackeray. This sense is probably due to a false etymology which regarded the word as connected with the adjective mean.

De•mean´ , n. [OF. demene. See Demean, v. t.] 1. Management; treatment. [Obs.] “Vile demean and usage bad.” Spenser. 2. Behavior; conduct; bearing; demeanor. [Obs.] “With grave demean and solemn vanity.” West.

De•mean´, n. [See Demesne.] 1. Demesne. [Obs.] 2. pl. Resources; means. [Obs.] “You know
How narrow our demeans are.” Massinger.

De•mean´ance , n. Demeanor. [Obs.] Skelton.

De•mean´or , n. [Written also demeanour.] [For demeanure, fr. demean. See Demean, v. t.] 1. Management; treatment; conduct. [Obs.] “God commits the managing so great a trust … wholly to the demeanor of every grown man.” Milton. 2. Behavior; deportment; carriage; bearing; mien. “His demeanor was singularly pleasing.” Macaulay. “The men, as usual, liked her artless kindness and simple refined demeanor.” Thackeray.

De•mean´ure , n. Behavior. [Obs.] Spenser.

De´men•cy , n. [L. dementia, fr. demens mad. See Dement.] Dementia; loss of mental powers. See Insanity.

De•ment´ , v. t. [L. dementare, fr. demens, -mentis, out of one’s mind, mad; de + mens mind. See Mental, and cf. Dementate.] To deprive of reason; to make mad. [R.] Bale.

De•ment´, a. [L. demens, - mentis.] Demented; dementate. [R.] J. H. Newman.

De•men´tate , a. [L. dementatus, p. p. See Dement, v. t.] Deprived of reason. “Arise, thou dementate sinner!” Hammond.

De•men´tate v. t. To deprive of reason; to dement. [R.] Burton.

De•men•ta´tion , n. The act of depriving of reason; madness. Whitlock.

De•ment´ed , a. [From Dement.] Insane; mad; of unsound mind. — De•ment´ed•ness, n.

De•men´ti•a , n. [L., fr. demens. See Dement.] Insanity; madness; esp. that form which consists in weakness or total loss of thought and reason; mental imbecility; idiocy.

De•meph´i•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demephitized p. pr. & vb. n. Demephitizing.] [Cf. F. mephitiser to infect with mephitis.] To purify from mephitic or foul air. — De•meph•i•ti•za´tion, n.

De•merge´ , v. t. [L. demergere.] To plunge down into; to sink; to immerse. [Obs.] “The water in which it was demerged.” Boyle.

De•mer´it , n. [F. demerite demerit (in sense 2), OF. demerite demerit (in sense 1), fr. L. demerere to deserve well, LL., to deserve well or ill; de- + merere to deserve. See De-, and Merit.] 1. That which one merits or deserves, either of good or ill; desert. [Obs.] “By many benefits and demerits whereby they obliged their adherents, [they] acquired this reputation.” Holland. 2. That which deserves blame; ill desert; a fault; a vice; misconduct; — the opposite of merit. “They see no merit or demerit in any man or any action.” Burke. “Secure, unless forfeited by any demerit or offense.” Sir W. Temple. 3. The state of one who deserves ill.

De•mer´it, v. t. [Cf. F. demeriter to deserve ill. See Demerit, n.] 1. To deserve; — said in reference to both praise and blame. [Obs.] “If I have demerited any love or thanks.” Udall. “Executed as a traitor … as he well demerited.” State Trials (1645). 2. To depreciate or cry down. [R.] Bp. Woolton.

De•mer´it, v. i. To deserve praise or blame.

De•merse´ , v. t. [L. demersus, p. p. of demergere. See Merge.] To immerse. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•mersed´ , a. (Bot.) Situated or growing under water, as leaves; submersed.

De•mer´sion n. [L. demersio.] 1. The act of plunging into a fluid; a drowning. 2. The state of being overwhelmed in water, or as if in water. Ray.

De•mes´mer•ize , v. t. To relieve from mesmeric influence. See Mesmerize.

De•mesne´ , n. [OE. demeine, demain, rule, demesne, OF. demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine, power, F. domaine domain, fr. L. dominium property, right of ownership, fr. dominus master, proprietor, owner. See Dame, and cf. Demain, Domain, Danger, Dungeon.] (Law) A lord’s chief manor place, with that part of the lands belonging thereto which has not been granted out in tenancy; a house, and the land adjoining, kept for the proprietor’s own use. [Written also demain.] Wharton’s Law Dict. Burrill. Ancient demesne. (Eng. Law) See under Ancient.

De•mesn´i•al , a. Of or pertaining to a demesne; of the nature of a demesne.

Dem´i- [F. demi-, fr. L. dimidius half; di- = dis- + medius middle. See Medium, and cf. Demy, Dimidiate.] A prefix, signifying half.

De•mi´ , n. See Demy, n.

Dem´i•bas´tion ( 106), n. [Cf. F. demi- bastion.] (Fort.) A half bastion, or that part of a bastion consisting of one face and one flank.

Dem´i•bri•gade´ , n. [Cf. F. demi- brigade.] A half brigade.

Dem´i•ca•dence n. (Mus.) An imperfect or half cadence, falling on the dominant instead of on the key note.

Dem´i•can´non , n. (Mil. Antiq.) A kind of ordnance, carrying a ball weighing from thirty to thirty-six pounds. Shak.

Dem´i•cir•cle , n. [Cf. F. demi- cercle.] An instrument for measuring angles, in surveying, etc. It resembles a protractor, but has an alidade, sights, and a compass.

Dem´i•cul´ver•in , n. (Mil. Antiq.) A kind of ordnance, carrying a ball weighing from nine to thirteen pounds.

Dem´i•de´i•fy v. t. To deify in part. Cowper.

Dem´i•dev•il , n. A half devil. Shak.

Dem´i•god , n. A half god, or an inferior deity; a fabulous hero, the offspring of a deity and a mortal.

Dem´i•god•dess , n. A female demigod.

Dem´i•gorge , n. [Cf. F. demi- gorge.] (Fort.) Half the gorge, or entrance into a bastion, taken from the angle of the flank to the center of the bastion.

Dem´i•grate , v. i. [L. demigrare, demigratum, to emigrate. See De-, and Migrate.] To emigrate. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Dem•i•gra´tion n. [L. demigratio.] Emigration. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dem´i•groat , n. A half groat.

Dem´i-is•land , n. Peninsula. [Obs.] Knolles.

Dem´i•john , n. [F. dame- jeanne, i.e., Lady Jane, a corruption of Ar. damajana, damjana, prob. fr. Damaghan a town in the Persian province of Khorassan, once famous for its glass works.] A glass vessel or bottle with a large body and small neck, inclosed in wickerwork.

Dem´i•lance , n. A light lance; a short spear; a half pike; also a demilancer.

Dem´i•lan•cer , n. A soldier of light cavalry of the 16th century, who carried a demilance.

Dem´i•lune , n. [F. demi- lune.] 1. (Fort.) A work constructed beyond the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain between two bastions, intended to defend the curtain; a ravelin. See Ravelin. 2. (Physiol.) A crescentic mass of granular protoplasm present in the salivary glands. Each crescent is made of polyhedral cells which under some circumstances are supposed to give rise to new salivary cells.

Dem´i•man , n. A half man. [R.] Knolles.

Dem•i•monde´ , n. [F.; demi + monde world, L. mundus.] Persons of doubtful reputation; esp., women who are kept as mistresses, though not public prostitutes; demireps. Literary demimonde, writers of the lowest kind.

Dem´i•na´tured ( 135), a. Having half the nature of another. [R.] Shak.

Dem´i•qua•ver , n. (Mus.) A note of half the length of the quaver; a semiquaver. [R.] { Dem•i•re•lief´ , Dem•i•re•lie´vo } n. Half relief. See Demi- rilievo.

Dem´i•rep , n. [Contr. fr. demi- reputation.] A woman of doubtful reputation or suspected character; an adventuress. [Colloq.] De Quincey.

Dem´i-ri•lie´vo , n. [Pref. demi- + It. rilievo.] (Fine Arts) (a) Half relief; sculpture in relief of which the figures project from the background by one half their full roundness. (b) A work of sculpture of the above character. See Alto-rilievo.

De•mis•a•bil´i•ty , n. (Law) The state of being demisable.

De•mis´a•ble , a. [From Demise.] (Law) Capable of being leased; as a demisable estate.

De•mise´ , n. [F. demettre, p. p. demis, demise, to put away, lay down; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) + mettre to put, place, lay, fr. L. mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Dismiss, Demit.] 1. Transmission by formal act or conveyance to an heir or successor; transference; especially, the transfer or transmission of the crown or royal authority to a successor. 2. The decease of a royal or princely person; hence, also the death of any illustrious person. “After the demise of the Queen [of George II.], in 1737, they [drawing- rooms] were held but twice a week.” P. Cunningham. 3. (Law) The conveyance or transfer of an estate, either in fee for life or for years, most commonly the latter. Bouvier. The demise of the crown is a transfer of the crown, royal authority, or kingdom, to a successor. Thus, when Edward IV. was driven from his throne for a few months by the house of Lancaster, this temporary transfer of his dignity was called a demise. Thus the natural death of a king or queen came to be denominated a demise, as by that event the crown is transferred to a successor. Blackstone. Demise and redemise, a conveyance where there are mutual leases made from one to another of the same land, or something out of it. Syn. — Death; decease; departure. See Death.

De•mise´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demised p. pr. & vb. n. Demising.] 1. To transfer or transmit by succession or inheritance; to grant or bestow by will; to bequeath. ´Power to demise my lands.´ Swift. “What honor
Canst thou demise to any child of mine?” Shak. 2. To convey; to give. [R.] “His soul is at his conception demised to him.” Hammond. 3. (Law) To convey, as an estate, by lease; to lease.

Dem•i•sem´i•qua•ver , n. (Mus.) A short note, equal in time to the half of a semiquaver, or the thirty-second part of a whole note.

De•miss´ , a. [L. demissus, p. p. of demittere.] Cast down; humble; submissive. [Obs.] “He down descended like a most demiss
And abject thrall.” Spenser.

De•mis´sion , n. [L. demissio, fr. demittere. See Demit.] 1. The act of demitting, or the state of being demitted; a letting down; a lowering; dejection. ´Demission of mind.´ Hammond. “Demission of sovereign authority.” L’Estrange. 2. Resignation of an office. [Scot.]

De•mis´sion•a•ry , a. 1. Pertaining to transfer or conveyance; as a demissionary deed. 2. Tending to lower, depress, or degrade.

De•miss´ive , a. [See Demiss.] Downcast; submissive; humble. [R.] “They pray with demissive eyelids.” Lord (1630).

De•miss´ly, adv. In a humble manner. [Obs.]

Dem´i•suit , n. (Mil. Antiq.) A suit of light armor covering less than the whole body, as having no protection for the legs below the thighs, no vizor to the helmet, and the like.

De•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Demitting.] [L. demittere to send or bring down, to lower; de- + mittere to send. Cf. Demise.] 1. To let fall; to depress. [R.] “They [peacocks] demit and let fall the same [i. e., their train].” Sir T. Browne. 2. To yield or submit; to humble; to lower; as to demit one’s self to humble duties. [R.] 3. To lay down, as an office; to resign. [Scot.] “General Conway demitted his office.” Hume.

Dem´i•tint , n. (Fine Arts) (a) That part of a painting, engraving, or the like, which is neither in full darkness nor full light. (b) The shade itself; neither the darkest nor the lightest in a composition. Also called half tint.

Dem´i•tone , n. (Mus.) Semitone. [R.]

Dem´i•urge , n. [Gr. dhmioyrgo•s a worker for the people, a workman, especially the maker of the world, the Creator; dh•mios belonging to the people (fr. dh^mos the people) + ’e•rgon a work.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The chief magistrate in some of the Greek states. 2. God, as the Maker of the world. 3. According to the Gnostics, an agent or one employed by the Supreme Being to create the material universe and man.

Dem•i•ur´gic , a. [Gr. dhmioyrgiko•s.] Pertaining to a demiurge; formative; creative. ´Demiurgic power.´ De Quincey.

Dem´i•vill , n. (Old Law) A half vill, consisting of five freemen or frankpledges. Blackstone.

Dem´i•volt , n. [Cf. F. demi- volte.] (Man.) A half vault; one of the seven artificial motions of a horse, in which he raises his fore legs in a particular manner.

Dem´i•wolf , n. A half wolf; a mongrel dog, between a dog and a wolf. Shak.

De•mob•i•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. demobilisation. See Mobilization.] (Mil.) The disorganization or disarming of troops which have previously been mobilized or called into active service; the change from a war footing to a peace footing.

De•mob´i•lize , v. t. [Cf. F. demobiliser.] (Mil.) To disorganize, or disband and send home, as troops which have been mobilized.

De•moc´ra•cy (de•mok´ra•sy), n.; pl. Democracies (- siz). [F. democratie, fr. Gr. dhmokrati•a; dh^mos the people + kratei^n to be strong, to rule, kra•tos strength.] 1. Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained and directly exercised by the people. 2. Government by popular representation; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but is indirectly exercised through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed; a constitutional representative government; a republic. 3. Collectively, the people, regarded as the source of government. Milton. 4. The principles and policy of the Democratic party, so called. [U.S.]

Dem´o•crat (dem´o•krat), n. [Cf. F. democrate.] 1. One who is an adherent or advocate of democracy, or government by the people. “Whatever they call him, what care I,
Aristocrat, democrat, autocrat.” Tennyson. 2. A member of the Democratic party. [U.S.]

Dem•o•crat´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. democratique.] 1. Pertaining to democracy; favoring democracy, or constructed upon the principle of government by the people. 2. Relating to a political party so called. 3. Befitting the common people; — opposed to aristocratic. The Democratic party, the name of one of the chief political parties in the United States.

Dem•o•crat´ic•al , a. Democratic. “The democratical embassy was democratically received.” Algernon Sidney.

Dem•o•crat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a democratic manner.

De•moc´ra•tism , n. The principles or spirit of a democracy. [R.]

De•moc´ra•tist , n. A democrat. [R.] Burke.

De•moc´ra•tize v. t. To render democratic.

De•moc´ra•ty , n. Democracy. [Obs.] Milton.

De•mo•gor´gon (de´mo•gôr•gon or dem´o•gôr•gon), n. [First mentioned by Lutatius, or Lactantius Placidus, the scholiast on Statius, perh. fr. Gr. dai•mwn god, deity + gorgo•s fierce, terrible] A mysterious, terrible, and evil divinity, regarded by some as the author of creation, by others as a great magician who was supposed to command the spirits of the lower world. See Gorgon. “Orcus and Ades, and the dreaded name
Of Demogorgon.” Milton.

De•mog´ra•phy (de•mog´rafy), n. [Gr. dh^mos the people + - graphy.] The study of races, as to births, marriages, mortality, health, etc. — Dem•o•graph´ic, a.

De•moi•selle´ , n. [F. See Damsel.] 1. A young lady; a damsel; a lady’s maid. 2. (Zoöl.) The Numidian crane (Anthropoides virgo); — so called on account of the grace and symmetry of its form and movements. 3. (Zoöl.) A beautiful, small dragon fly of the genus Agrion.

De•mol´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demolished p. pr. & vb. n. Demolishing.] [F. demolir, fr. L. demoliri, p. p. demolitus; de- + moliri to set a thing in motion, to work, construct, from moles a huge mass or structure. See Mole a mound, and Finish.] To throw or pull down; to raze; to destroy the fabric of; to pull to pieces; to ruin; as to demolish an edifice, or a wall. “I expected the fabric of my book would long since have been demolished, and laid even with the ground.” Tillotson. Syn. — To Demolish, Overturn, Destroy, Dismantle, Raze. That is overturned or overthrown which had stood upright; that is destroyed whose component parts are scattered; that is demolished which had formed a mass or structure; that is dismantled which is stripped of its covering, as a vessel of its sails, or a fortress of its bastions, etc.; that is razed which is brought down smooth, and level to the ground. An ancient pillar is overturned or overthrown as the result of decay; a city is destroyed by an invasion of its enemies; a monument, the walls of a castle, a church, or any structure, real or imaginary, may be demolished; a fortress may be dismantled from motives of prudence, in order to render it defenseless; a city may be razed by way of punishment, and its ruins become a memorial of vengeance.

De•mol´ish•er , n. One who, or that which, demolishes; as a demolisher of towns.

De•mol´ish•ment , n. Demolition.

Dem•o•li´tion ( 277), n. [L. demolitio, fr. demoliri: cf. F. demolition. See Demolish.] The act of overthrowing, pulling down, or destroying a pile or structure; destruction by violence; utter overthrow; — opposed to construction; as the demolition of a house, of military works, of a town, or of hopes.

Dem•o•li´tion•ist, n. A demolisher. [R.] Carlyle.

De´mon , n. [F. demon, L. daemon a spirit, an evil spirit, fr. Gr. a divinity; of uncertain origin.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A spirit, or immaterial being, holding a middle place between men and deities in pagan mythology. “The demon kind is of an intermediate nature between the divine and the human.” Sydenham. 2. One’s genius; a tutelary spirit or internal voice; as the demon of Socrates. [Often written daemon.] 3. An evil spirit; a devil. “That same demon that hath gulled thee thus.” Shak.

De´mon•ess , n. A female demon.

De•mon•e•ti•za´tion , n. The act of demonetizing, or the condition of being demonetized.

De•mon´e•tize ( see Monetary), v. t. To deprive of current value; to withdraw from use, as money. “They [gold mohurs] have been completely demonetized by the [East India] Company.” R. Cobden. { De•mo´ni•ac , Dem•o•ni´a•cal ( 277), } a. [L. daemoniacus, fr. daemon; cf. F. demoniaque. See Demon.] 1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a demon or evil spirit; devilish; as a demoniac being; demoniacal practices. “Sarcastic, demoniacal laughter.” Thackeray. 2. Influenced or produced by a demon or evil spirit; as demoniac or demoniacal power. ´Demoniac frenzy.´ Milton.

De•mo´ni•ac , n. 1. A human being possessed by a demon or evil spirit; one whose faculties are directly controlled by a demon. “The demoniac in the gospel was sometimes cast into the fire.” Bates. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Anabaptists who maintain that the demons or devils will finally be saved.

Dem•o•ni´a•cal•ly , adv. In a demoniacal manner.

Dem•o•ni´a•cism , n. The state of being demoniac, or the practices of demoniacs.

De•mo´ni•al , a. Of or pertaining to a demon. [Obs.] Cudworth.

De•mo´ni•an , a. Relating to, or having the nature of, a demon. ´Demonian spirits.´ Milton.

De•mo´ni•an•ism , n. The state of being possessed by a demon or by demons.

De•mo´ni•asm , n. See Demonianism. [R.]

De•mo´nic , a. [L. daemonicus, Gr. daimoniko•s.] Of or pertaining to a demon or to demons; demoniac. ´Demonic ambushes.´ Lowell.

De´mon•ism , n. [Cf. F. demonisme.] The belief in demons or false gods. “The established theology of the heathen world … rested upon the basis of demonism.” Farmer.

De´mon•ist, n. A believer in, or worshiper of, demons.

De´mon•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demonized p. pr. & vb. n. Demonizing.] [Cf. LL. daemonizare to be possessed by a demon, Gr. .] 1. To convert into a demon; to infuse the principles or fury of a demon into. 2. To control or possess by a demon.

De•mon•oc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + kra•tos strength: cf. F. demonocratie.] The power or government of demons. “A demonocracy of unclean spirits.” H. Taylor.

De•mon•og´ra•pher , n. [Demon + -graph + -er.] A demonologist. [R.] Am. Cyc.

De•mon•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + latrei•a worship, to serve, worship: cf. F. demonolâtrie.] The worship of demons.

De•mon•ol´o•ger , n. One versed in demonology. R. North. { De•mon•o•log´ic , De•mon•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. demonologique.] Of or pertaining to demonology.

De•mon•ol´o•gist , n. One who writes on, or is versed in, demonology.

De•mon•ol´o•gy ( 277), n. [Demon + -logy: cf. F. demonologie.] A treatise on demons; a supposititious science which treats of demons and their manifestations. Sir W. Scott.

De•mon•om´a•gy , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + magei•a magic.] Magic in which the aid of demons is invoked; black or infernal magic. Bp. Hurd.

De•mon•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Demon + mania.] A form of madness in which the patient conceives himself possessed of devils.

De•mon´o•mist n. One in subjection to a demon, or to demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

De•mon´o•my , n. [Gr. dai•mwn demon + no•mos law.] The dominion of demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

De´mon•ry , n. Demoniacal influence or possession. J. Baillie.

De´mon•ship, n. The state of a demon. Mede.

De•mon•stra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrableness.

De•mon´stra•ble , a. [L. demonstrabilis: cf. OF. demonstrable, F. demontrable.] 1. Capable of being demonstrated; that can be proved beyond doubt or question. “The grand articles of our belief are as demonstrable as geometry.” Glanvill. 2. Proved; apparent. [Obs.] Shak.

De•mon´stra•ble•ness, n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrability.

De•mon´stra•bly, adv. In a demonstrable manner; incontrovertibly; clearly. “Cases that demonstrably concerned the public cause.” Clarendon.

De•mon´strance , n. [OF. demonstrance.] Demonstration; proof. [Obs.] Holland.

Dem´on•strate ( 277), v. t. [L. demonstratus, p. p. of demonstrare to demonstrate; de- + monstrare to show. See Monster.] 1. To point out; to show; to exhibit; to make evident. Shak. 2. To show, or make evident, by reasoning or proof; to prove by deduction; to establish so as to exclude the possibility of doubt or denial. “We can not demonstrate these things so as to show that the contrary often involves a contradiction.” Tillotson. 3. (Anat.) To exhibit and explain (a dissection or other anatomical preparation).

Dem´on•stra•ter, n. See Demonstrator.

Dem•on•stra´tion , n. [L. demonstratio: cf. F. demonstration.] 1. The act of demonstrating; an exhibition; proof; especially, proof beyond the possibility of doubt; indubitable evidence, to the senses or reason. “Those intervening ideas which serve to show the agreement of any two others are called ´proofs;´ and where agreement or disagreement is by this means plainly and clearly perceived, it is called demonstration.” Locke. 2. An expression, as of the feelings, by outward signs; a manifestation; a show. “Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief?” Shak. “Loyal demonstrations toward the prince.” Prescott. 3. (Anat.) The exhibition and explanation of a dissection or other anatomical preparation. 4. (Mil.) a decisive exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an attack. 5. (Logic) The act of proving by the syllogistic process, or the proof itself. 6. (Math.) A course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary consequence of assumed premises; — these premises being definitions, axioms, and previously established propositions. Direct, or Positive, demonstration (Logic & Math.), one in which the correct conclusion is the immediate sequence of reasoning from axiomatic or established premises; — opposed to Indirect, or Negative, demonstration (called also reductio ad absurdum), in which the correct conclusion is an inference from the demonstration that any other hypothesis must be incorrect.

De•mon´stra•tive , a. [F. demonstratif, L. demonstrativus.] 1. Having the nature of demonstration; tending to demonstrate; making evident; exhibiting clearly or conclusively. ´Demonstrative figures.´ Dryden. “An argument necessary and demonstrative.” Hooker. 2. Expressing, or apt to express, much; displaying feeling or sentiment; as her nature was demonstrative. 3. Consisting of eulogy or of invective. ´Demonstrative eloquence.´ Blair. Demonstrative pronoun (Gram.), a pronoun distinctly designating that to which it refers.

De•mon´stra•tive, n. (Gram.) A demonstrative pronoun; as ´this´ and ´that´ are demonstratives.

De•mon´stra•tive•ly , adv. In a manner fitted to demonstrate; clearly; convincingly; forcibly.

De•mon´stra•tive•ness, n. The state or quality of being demonstrative.

Dem´on•stra•tor ( 277), n. [L.: cf. F. demonstrateur.] 1. One who demonstrates; one who proves anything with certainty, or establishes it by indubitable evidence. 2. (Anat.) A teacher of practical anatomy.

De•mon´stra•to•ry , a. Tending to demonstrate; demonstrative. Johnson.

De•mor´age ( 48), n. Demurrage. [Obs.] Pepys (1663).

De•mor•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. demoralisation.] The act of corrupting or subverting morals. Especially: The act of corrupting or subverting discipline, courage, hope, etc., or the state of being corrupted or subverted in discipline, courage, etc.; as the demoralization of an army or navy.

De•mor´al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demoralized p. pr. & vb. n. Demoralizing.] [F. demoraliser; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + moraliser. See Moralize.] To corrupt or undermine in morals; to destroy or lessen the effect of moral principles on; to render corrupt or untrustworthy in morals, in discipline, in courage, spirit, etc.; to weaken in spirit or efficiency. “The demoralizing example of profligate power and prosperous crime.” Walsh. “The vices of the nobility had demoralized the army.” Bancroft.

Dem•os•then´ic , a. [L. Demosthenicus: cf. F. Demosthenique.] Pertaining to, or in the style of, Demosthenes, the Grecian orator.

De•mot´ic , a. [Gr. dhmotiko•s, fr. dh^mos the people: cf. F. demotique.] Of or pertaining to the people; popular; common. Demotic alphabet or character, a form of writing used in Egypt after six or seven centuries before Christ, for books, deeds, and other such writings; a simplified form of the hieratic character; — called also epistolographic character, and enchorial character. See Enchorial.

De•mount´ , v. i. To dismount. [R.]

Demp´ne v. t. To damn; to condemn. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Demp´ster ( 215), Dem´ster } n. [See Deemster.] 1. A deemster. 2. (O. Scots Law) An officer whose duty it was to announce the doom or sentence pronounced by the court.

De•mulce´ , v. t. [L. demulcere; de- + mulcere to stroke, soothe.] To soothe; to mollify; to pacify; to soften. [R.] Sir T. Elyot.

De•mul´cent , a. [L. demulcens, p. pr. of demulcere.] Softening; mollifying; soothing; assuasive; as oil is demulcent.

De•mul´cent, n. (Med.) A substance, usually of a mucilaginous or oily nature, supposed to be capable of soothing an inflamed nervous membrane, or protecting it from irritation. Gum Arabic, glycerin, olive oil, etc., are demulcents.

De•mul´sion , n. The act of soothing; that which soothes. Feltham.

De•mur´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Demurred p. pr. & vb. n. Demurring.] [OF. demurer, demorer, demourer, to linger, stay, F. demeurer, fr. L. demorari; de- + morari to delay, tarry, stay, mora delay; prob. originally, time for thinking, reflection, and akin to memor mindful. See Memory.] 1. To linger; to stay; to tarry. [Obs.] “Yet durst not demur nor abide upon the camp.” Nicols. 2. To delay; to pause; to suspend proceedings or judgment in view of a doubt or difficulty; to hesitate; to put off the determination or conclusion of an affair. “Upon this rub, the English embassadors thought fit to demur.” Hayward. 3. To scruple or object; to take exception; as I demur to that statement. 4. (Law) To interpose a demurrer. See Demurrer, 2.

De•mur´, v. t. 1. To suspend judgment concerning; to doubt of or hesitate about. [Obs.] “The latter I demur, for in their looks
Much reason, and in their actions, oft appears.” Milton. 2. To cause delay to; to put off. [Obs.] “He demands a fee,
And then demurs me with a vain delay.” Quarles.

De•mur´, n. [OF. demor, demore, stay, delay. See Demur, v. i.] Stop; pause; hesitation as to proceeding; suspense of decision or action; scruple. “All my demurs but double his attacks;
At last he whispers, ´Do; and we go snacks.´” Pope.

De•mure´ , a. [Perh. from OF. de murs (i. e., de bonnes murs of good manners); de of + murs, mours, meurs, mors, F. murs, fr. L. mores (sing. mos) manners, morals (see Moral); or more prob. fr. OF. meür, F. mûr mature, ripe (see Mature) in a phrase preceded by de, as de mûre conduite of mature conduct.] 1. Of sober or serious mien; composed and decorous in bearing; of modest look; staid; grave. “Sober, steadfast, and demure.” Milton. “Nan was very much delighted in her demure way, and that delight showed itself in her face and in her clear bright eyes.” W. Black. 2. Affectedly modest, decorous, or serious; making a show of gravity. “A cat lay, and looked so demure, as if there had been neither life nor soul in her.” L’Estrange. “Miss Lizzy, I have no doubt, would be as demure and coquettish, as if ten winters more had gone over her head.” Miss Mitford.

De•mure´, v. i. To look demurely. [Obs.] Shak.

De•mure´ly, adv. In a demure manner; soberly; gravely; — now, commonly, with a mere show of gravity or modesty. “They … looked as demurely as they could; for ’t was a hanging matter to laugh unseasonably.” Dryden.

De•mure´ness (de•mur´nes), n. The state of being demure; gravity; the show of gravity or modesty.

De•mur´i•ty (de•mur´i•ty), n. Demureness; also one who is demure. Sir T. Browne.

De•mur´ra•ble (de•mûr´ra•b’l), a. That may be demurred to. Stormonth.

De•mur´rage , n. [Cf. OF. demorage delay. See Demur.] (Law) (a) The detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed in her charter party for loading, unloading, or sailing. (b) The allowance made to the master or owner of the ship for such delay or detention. “The claim for demurrage ceases as soon as the ship is cleared out and ready for sailing.” M•Culloch. The term is also applied to similar delays and allowances in land carriage, by wagons, railroads, etc.

De•mur´ral , n. Demur; delay in acting or deciding. “The same causes of demurral existed which prevented British troops from assisting in the expulsion of the French from Rome.” Southey.

De•mur´rer , n. 1. One who demurs. 2. (Law) A stop or pause by a party to an action, for the judgment of the court on the question, whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defense, and hence whether the party resting is bound to answer or proceed further. Demurrer to evidence, an exception taken by a party to the evidence offered by the opposite party, and an objecting to proceed further, on the allegation that such evidence is not sufficient in law to maintain the issue, and a reference to the court to determine the point. Bouvier.

De•my´ , n.; pl. Demies (#). [See Demi-.] 1. A printing and a writing paper of particular sizes. See under Paper. 2. A half fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford. [Written also demi.] “He was elected into Magdalen College as a demy; a term by which that society denominates those elsewhere called ´scholars,´ young men who partake of the founder’s benefaction, and succeed in their order to vacant fellowships.” Johnson.

De•my´, a. Pertaining to, or made of, the size of paper called demy; as a demy book.

Den , n. [AS. denn; perh. akin to G. tenne floor, thrashing floor, and to AS. denu valley.] 1. A small cavern or hollow place in the side of a hill, or among rocks; esp., a cave used by a wild beast for shelter or concealment; as a lion’s den; a den of robbers. 2. A squalid place of resort; a wretched dwelling place; a haunt; as a den of vice. ´Those squalid dens, which are the reproach of great capitals.´ Addison. 3. Any snug or close retreat where one goes to be alone. [Colloq.] 4. [AS. denu.] A narrow glen; a ravine; a dell. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Shak.

Den, v. i. To live in, or as in, a den. “The sluggish salvages that den below.” G. Fletcher.

De•nar´co•tize , v. t. To deprive of narcotine; as to denarcotize opium. — De•nar•co•ti•za´tion (#), n.

De•na´ri•us , n.; pl. Denarii (#). [L. See 2d Denier.] A Roman silver coin of the value of about fourteen cents; the ´penny´ of the New Testament; — so called from being worth originally ten of the pieces called as.

Den´a•ry , a. [L. denarius. See 2d Denier.] Containing ten; tenfold; proceeding by tens; as the denary, or decimal, scale.

Den´a•ry, n. 1. The number ten; a division into ten. 2. A coin; the Anglicized form of denarius. Udall.

De•na•tion•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. denationalisation.] The act or process of denationalizing.

De•na´tion•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denationalized p. pr. & vb. n. Denationalizing.] [Cf. F. denationaliser.] To divest or deprive of national character or rights. “Bonaparte’s decree denationalizes, as he calls it, all ships that have touched at a British port.” Cobbett. “An expatriated, denationalized race.” G. Eliot.

De•nat´u•ral•ize ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denaturalized p. pr. & vb. n. Denaturalizing.] [Cf. F. denaturaliser.] 1. To render unnatural; to alienate from nature. 2. To renounce the natural rights and duties of; to deprive of citizenship; to denationalize. [R.] “They also claimed the privilege, when aggrieved, of denaturalizing themselves, or, in other words, of publicly renouncing their allegiance to their sovereign, and of enlisting under the banners of his enemy.” Prescott.

De•nay´ , v. t. [See Deny.] To deny. [Obs.] “That with great rage he stoutly doth denay.” Spenser.

De•nay´, n. Denial; refusal. [Obs.] Shak.

Den´dra•chate , n. [L. dendrachates; Gr. de•ndron a tree + agate: cf. F. dendrachate, dendragate.] (Min.) Arborescent or dendritic agate.

Den´dri•form , a. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -form.] Resembling in structure a tree or shrub.

Den´drite , n. [Gr. dendri•ths, fem. dendri^tis, of a tree, fr. de•ndron a tree: cf. F. dendrite.] (Min.) A stone or mineral on or in which are branching figures resembling shrubs or trees, produced by a foreign mineral, usually an oxide of manganese, as in the moss agate; also a crystallized mineral having an arborescent form, e. g., gold or silver; an arborization. { Den•drit´ic , Den•drit´ic•al } a. Pertaining to a dendrite, or to arborescent crystallization; having a form resembling a shrub or tree; arborescent.

Den•dro•cœ´la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ndron tree + koi^los hollow.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Turbellaria in which the digestive cavity gives off lateral branches, which are often divided into smaller branchlets. { Den´droid , Den•droid´al } a. [Gr. treelike; de•ndron tree + form: cf. F. dendroïde.] Resembling a shrub or tree in form; treelike.

Den´dro•lite , n. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -lite: cf. F. dendrolithe.] (Paleon.) A petrified or fossil shrub, plant, or part of a plant.

Den•drol´o•gist , n. One versed in the natural history of trees.

Den•drol´o•gous , a. Relating to dendrology.

Den•drol´o•gy , n. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -logy: cf. F. dendrologie.] A discourse or treatise on trees; the natural history of trees.

Den•drom´e•ter , n. [Gr. de•ndron tree + -meter: cf. F. dendromètre.] An instrument to measure the height and diameter of trees.

Den´e•gate , v. t. [L. denegatus, p. p. of denegare. See Deny.] To deny. [Obs.]

Den•e•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. denegation.] Denial. [Obs.]

Den´gue (den´ga), n. [See Note, below.] (Med.) A specific epidemic disease attended with high fever, cutaneous eruption, and severe pains in the head and limbs, resembling those of rheumatism; — called also breakbone fever. It occurs in India, Egypt, the West Indies, etc., is of short duration, and rarely fatal. This disease, when it first appeared in the British West India Islands, was called the dandy fever, from the stiffness and constraint which it grave to the limbs and body. The Spaniards of the neighboring islands mistook the term for their word dengue, denoting prudery, which might also well express stiffness, and hence the term dengue became, as last, the name of the disease. Tully.

De•ni´a•ble , a. [See Deny.] Capable of being, or liable to be, denied.

De•ni´al , n. [See Deny.] 1. The act of gainsaying, refusing, or disowning; negation; — the contrary of affirmation. “You ought to converse with so much sincerity that your bare affirmation or denial may be sufficient.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. A refusal to admit the truth of a statement, charge, imputation, etc.; assertion of the untruth of a thing stated or maintained; a contradiction. 3. A refusal to grant; rejection of a request. “The commissioners, … to obtain from the king’s subjects as much as they would willingly give, … had not to complain of many peremptory denials.” Hallam. 4. A refusal to acknowledge; disclaimer of connection with; disavowal; — the contrary of confession; as the denial of a fault charged on one; a denial of God. Denial of one’s self, a declining of some gratification; restraint of one’s appetites or propensities; self- denial.

De•ni´ance , n. Denial. [Obs.] E. Hall.

De•ni´er , n. One who denies; as a denier of a fact, or of the faith, or of Christ.

De•nier´ , n. [F. denier, fr. L. denarius a Roman silver coin orig. equiv. to ten asses, later, a copper, fr. deni ten by ten, fr. the root of decem ten; akin to E. ten. See Ten, and cf. Denary, Dinar.] A small copper coin of insignificant value. “My dukedom to a beggarly denier.” Shak.

Den´i•grate , v. t. [L. denigrare; de- + nigrare to blacken, niger black.] 1. To blacken thoroughly; to make very black. Boyle. 2. Fig.: To blacken or sully; to defame. [R.] “To denigrate the memory of Voltaire.” Morley.

Den•i•gra´tion , n. [L. denigratio.] 1. The act of making black. Boyle. 2. Fig.: A blackening; defamation. “The vigorous denigration of science.” Morley.

Den´i•gra•tor , n. One who, or that which, blackens.

Den´im (den´im), n. [Of uncertain origin.] A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, etc.

Den•i•tra´tion , n. [Pref. de- + nitrate.] A disengaging, or removal, of nitric acid.

De•ni•tri•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of freeing from nitrogen; also the condition resulting from the removal of nitrogen.

De•ni´tri•fy , v. t. [Pref. de- + nitrogen + -fy.] To deprive of, or free from, nitrogen.

Den•i•za´tion , n. The act of making one a denizen or adopted citizen; naturalization. Hallam.

De•nize´ (de•niz´), v. t. To make a denizen; to confer the rights of citizenship upon; to naturalize. [Obs.] “There was a private act made for denizing the children of Richard Hills.” Strype.

Den´i•zen (den´i•z’n), n. [OF. denzein, deinzein, prop., one living (a city or country); opposed to forain foreign, and fr. denz within, F. dans, fr. L. de intus, prop., from within, intus being from in in. See In, and cf. Foreign.] 1. A dweller; an inhabitant. ´Denizens of air.´ Pope. “Denizens of their own free, independent state.” Sir W. Scott. 2. One who is admitted by favor to all or a part of the rights of citizenship, where he did not possess them by birth; an adopted or naturalized citizen. 3. One admitted to residence in a foreign country. “Ye gods,
Natives, or denizens, of blest abodes.” Dryden.

Den´i•zen, v. t. 1. To constitute (one) a denizen; to admit to residence, with certain rights and privileges. “As soon as denizened, they domineer.” Dryden. 2. To provide with denizens; to populate with adopted or naturalized occupants. “There [islets] were at once denizened by various weeds.” J. D. Hooker.

Den•i•zen•a´tion , n. Denization; denizening. Abbott.

Den´i•zen•ize , v. t. To constitute (one) a denizen; to denizen. Abbott.

Den´i•zen•ship, n. State of being a denizen.

Den´mark sat´in See under Satin.

Den´net , n. A light, open, two-wheeled carriage for one horse; a kind of gig. (´The term and vehicle common about 1825.´ Latham.)

De•nom´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being denominated or named. Sir T. Browne.

De•nom´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denominated p. pr. & vb. n. Denominating ] [L. denominatus, p. p. of denominare to name; de- + nominare to call by name. See Nominate.] To give a name to; to characterize by an epithet; to entitle; to name; to designate. “Passions commonly denominating selfish.” Hume.

De•nom´i•nate , a. [L. denominatus, p. p.] Having a specific name or denomination; specified in the concrete as opposed to abstract; thus, 7 feet is a denominate quantity, while 7 is mere abstract quantity or number. See Compound number, under Compound.

De•nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. denominatio metonymy: cf. F. denomination a naming.] 1. The act of naming or designating. 2. That by which anything is denominated or styled; an epithet; a name, designation, or title; especially, a general name indicating a class of like individuals; a category; as the denomination of units, or of thousands, or of fourths, or of shillings, or of tons. “Those [qualities] which are classed under the denomination of sublime.” Burke. 3. A class, or society of individuals, called by the same name; a sect; as a denomination of Christians. Syn. — Name; appellation; title. See Name.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al , a. Pertaining to a denomination, especially to a sect or society. ´Denominational differences.´ Buckle.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al•ism , n. A denominational or class spirit or policy; devotion to the interests of a sect or denomination.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al•ist, n. One imbued with a denominational spirit. The Century.

De•nom•i•na´tion•al•ly, adv. In a denominational manner; by denomination or sect.

De•nom•i•na´tive , a. [Cf. F. denominatif.] 1. Conferring a denomination or name. 2. (Logic) Connotative; as a denominative name. 3. Possessing, or capable of possessing, a distinct denomination or designation; denominable. “The least denominative part of time is a minute.” Cocker. 4. (Gram.) Derived from a substantive or an adjective; as a denominative verb.

De•nom•i•na´tive, n. A denominative name or term; denominative verb. Jer. Taylor. Harkness.

De•nom•i•na´tive•ly, adv. By denomination.

De•nom´i•na•tor , n. [Cf. F. denominateur.] 1. One who, or that which, gives a name; origin or source of a name. “This opinion that Aram … was the father and denomination of the Syrians in general.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. (Arith.) That number placed below the line in vulgar fractions which shows into how many parts the integer or unit is divided. Thus, in &frac35;, 5 is the denominator, showing that the integer is divided into five parts; and the numerator, 3, shows how many parts are taken. 3. (Alg.) That part of any expression under a fractional form which is situated below the horizontal line signifying division. In this sense, the denominator is not necessarily a number, but may be any expression, either positive or negative, real or imaginary. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. )

De•not´a•ble , a. [From Denote.] Capable of being denoted or marked. Sir T. Browne.

De•no´tate , v. t. [L. denotatus, p. p. of denotare.] To mark off; to denote. [Archaic] “These terms denotate a longer time.” Burton. “What things should be denotated and signified by the color.” Urquhart.

De•no•ta´tion , n. [L. denotatio: cf. F. denotation.] The marking off or separation of anything. Hammond.

De•not´a•tive , a. Having power to denote; designating or marking off. “Proper names are preëminently denotative; telling us that such as object has such a term to denote it, but telling us nothing as to any single attribute.” Latham.

De•note´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Denoting.] [L. denotare; de- + notare to mark, nota mark, sign, note: cf. F. denoter. See Note.] 1. To mark out plainly; to signify by a visible sign; to serve as the sign or name of; to indicate; to point out; as the hands of the clock denote the hour. “The better to denote her to the doctor.” Shak. 2. To be the sign of; to betoken; to signify; to mean. “A general expression to denote wickedness of every sort.” Gilpin.

De•note´ment , n. Sign; indication. [R.] A word found in some editions of Shakespeare.

De•not´ive , a. Serving to denote.

De•noue•ment´ , n. [F. denouement, fr. denouer to untie; pref. de- (L. dis-) + nouer to tie, fr. L. nodus knot, perh. for gnodus and akin to E. knot.] 1. The unraveling or discovery of a plot; the catastrophe, especially of a drama or a romance. 2. The solution of a mystery; issue; outcome.

De•nounce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denounced p. pr. & vb. n. Denouncing.] [F. denoncer, OF. denoncier, fr. L. denuntiare, denunciare; de- + nunciare, nuntiare, to announce, report, nuntius a messenger, message. See Nuncio, and cf. Denunciate.] 1. To make known in a solemn or official manner; to declare; to proclaim (especially an evil). [Obs.] “Denouncing wrath to come.” Milton. “I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish.” Deut. xxx. 18. 2. To proclaim in a threatening manner; to threaten by some outward sign or expression. “His look denounced desperate.” Milton. 3. To point out as deserving of reprehension or punishment, etc.; to accuse in a threatening manner; to invoke censure upon; to stigmatize. “Denounced for a heretic.” Sir T. More. “To denounce the immoralities of Julius Caesar.” Brougham.

De•nounce´ment , n. [Cf. OF. denoncement.] Solemn, official, or menacing announcement; denunciation. [Archaic] “False is the reply of Cain, upon the denouncement of his curse.” Sir T. Browne.

De•noun´cer n. One who denounces, or declares, as a menace. “Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate.” Dryden.

Dense , a. [L. densus; akin to Gr. thick with hair or leaves: cf. F. dense.] 1. Having the constituent parts massed or crowded together; close; compact; thick; containing much matter in a small space; heavy; opaque; as a dense crowd; a dense forest; a dense fog. “All sorts of bodies, firm and fluid, dense and rare.” Ray. “To replace the cloudy barrier dense.” Cowper. 2. Stupid; gross; crass; as dense ignorance.

Dense´ly, adv. In a dense, compact manner.

Dense´ness, n. The quality of being dense; density.

Den•sim´e•ter , n. [L. densus dense + -meter: cf. F. densimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity or density of a substance.

Den´si•ty (den´si•ty), n. [L. densitas; cf. F. densite.] 1. The quality of being dense, close, or thick; compactness; — opposed to rarity. 2. (Physics) The ratio of mass, or quantity of matter, to bulk or volume, esp. as compared with the mass and volume of a portion of some substance used as a standard. For gases the standard substance is hydrogen, at a temperature of 0° Centigrade and a pressure of 760 millimeters. For liquids and solids the standard is water at a temperature of 4° Centigrade. The density of solids and liquids is usually called specific gravity, and the same is true of gases when referred to air as a standard. 3. (Photog.) Depth of shade. Abney.

Dent (dent), n. [A variant of Dint.] 1. A stroke; a blow. [Obs.] ´That dent of thunder.´ Chaucer. 2. A slight depression, or small notch or hollow, made by a blow or by pressure; an indentation. “A blow that would have made a dent in a pound of butter.” De Quincey.

Dent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dented; p. pr. & vb. n. Denting.] To make a dent upon; to indent. “The houses dented with bullets.” Macaulay.

Dent, n. [F., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth. See Tooth.] (Mach.) A tooth, as of a card, a gear wheel, etc. Knight.

Den´tal (den´tal), a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. dental. See Tooth.] 1. Of or pertaining to the teeth or to dentistry; as dental surgery. 2. (Phon.) Formed by the aid of the teeth; — said of certain articulations and the letters representing them; as d and t are dental letters. Dental formula (Zoöl.), a brief notation used by zoölogists to denote the number and kind of teeth of a mammal. — Dental surgeon, a dentist.

Den´tal, n. [Cf. F. dentale. See Dental, a.] 1. An articulation or letter formed by the aid of the teeth. 2. (Zoöl.) A marine mollusk of the genus Dentalium, with a curved conical shell resembling a tooth. See Dentalium.

Den´tal•ism (-iz’m), n. The quality of being formed by the aid of the teeth.

Den•ta´li•um , n. [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine mollusks belonging to the Scaphopoda, having a tubular conical shell.

Den´ta•ry , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or bearing, teeth. — n. The distal bone of the lower jaw in many animals, which may or may not bear teeth. { Den´tate (den´tat), Den´ta•ted (- ta•ted), } a. [L. dentatus, fr. dens, dentis, tooth.] 1. (Bot.) Toothed; especially, with the teeth projecting straight out, not pointed either forward or backward; as a dentate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Having teeth or toothlike points. See Illust. of Antennae.

Den´tate-cil´i•ate , a. (Bot.) Having the margin dentate and also ciliate or fringed with hairs.

Den´tate•ly , adv. In a dentate or toothed manner; as dentately ciliated, etc.

Den´tate-sin´u•ate , a. (Bot.) Having a form intermediate between dentate and sinuate.

Den•ta´tion , n. Formation of teeth; toothed form. [R.] “How did it [a bill] get its barb, its dentation?” Paley.

Dent´ed , a. [From Dent, v. t.] Indented; impressed with little hollows.

Dent´el , n. Same as Dentil.

Den•telle´ , n. [F.] (Bookbinding) An ornamental tooling like lace. Knight.

Den•tel´li , n. pl. [It., sing. dentello, prop., little tooth, dim. of dente tooth, L. dens, dentis. Cf. Dentil.] Modillions. Spectator.

Den´tex , n. [NL., cf. L. dentix a sort of sea fish.] (Zoöl.) An edible European marine fish (Sparus dentex, or Dentex vulgaris) of the family Percidae.

Den•ti•ce´te , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth + cetus, pl. cete, whale, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) The division of Cetacea in which the teeth are developed, including the sperm whale, dolphins, etc.

Den´ti•cle , n. [L. denticulus a little tooth, dim. of dens, dentis, tooth. See Dental, and cf. Dentelli.] A small tooth or projecting point. { Den•tic´u•late , Den•tic´u•la•ted } a. [L. denticulatus, fr. denticulus. See Denticle.] Furnished with denticles; notched into little toothlike projections; as a denticulate leaf of calyx. — Den•tic´u•late•ly (#), adv.

Den•tic•u•la´tion , n. 1. The state of being set with small notches or teeth. Grew. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A diminutive tooth; a denticle.

Den•tif´er•ous , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -ferous.] Bearing teeth; dentigerous.

Den´ti•form , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -form: cf. F. dentiforme.] Having the form of a tooth or of teeth; tooth-shaped.

Den´ti•frice , n. [L. dentifricium; dens, dentis, tooth + fricare to rub: cf. F. dentifrice. See Tooth, and Friction.] A powder or other substance to be used in cleaning the teeth; tooth powder.

Den•tig´er•ous , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -gerous.] Bearing teeth or toothlike structures.

Den´til , n. [LL. dentillus, for L. denticulus. Cf. Dentelli, Denticle, Dentile.] (Arch.) A small square block or projection in cornices, a number of which are ranged in an ornamental band; — used particularly in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders.

Den•ti•la´bi•al , a. Formed by the teeth and the lips, or representing a sound so formed. — n. A dentilabial sound or letter.

Den´ti•la•ted , a. Toothed.

Den•ti•la´tion , n. Dentition.

Den´ti•lave , n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + lavare to wash.] A wash for cleaning the teeth.

Den´tile , n. [LL. dentillus, for L. denticulus. See Dentil.] (Zoöl.) A small tooth, like that of a saw.

Den•ti•lin´gual , a. [L. dens tooth + E. lingual.] Produced by applying the tongue to the teeth or to the gums; or representing a sound so formed. — n. A dentilingual sound or letter. “The letters of this fourth, dentilingual or linguidental, class, viz., d, t, s, z, l, r.” Am. Cyc.

Den•til´o•quist , n. One who speaks through the teeth, that is, with the teeth closed.

Den•til´o•quy , n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + loqui to speak.] The habit or practice of speaking through the teeth, or with them closed.

Den´ti•nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to dentine.

Den´tine (-tin), n. [Cf. F. dentine.] (Anat.) The dense calcified substance of which teeth are largely composed. It contains less animal matter than bone, and in the teeth of man is situated beneath the enamel.

Den´ti•phone (den´ti•fon), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + Gr. fwnh• sound.] An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve; an audiphone. Knight.

Den•ti•ros´ter , n.; pl. Dentirostres (#). [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth + rostrum bill, beak: cf. F. dentirostre.] (Zoöl.) A dentirostral bird.

Den•ti•ros´tral , a. (Zoöl.) Having a toothed bill; — applied to a group of passerine birds, having the bill notched, and feeding chiefly on insects, as the shrikes and vireos. See Illust. (N) under Beak.

Den•ti•ros´trate , a. Dentirostral.

Den´ti•scalp , n. [L. dens tooth + scalpere to scrape.] An instrument for scraping the teeth.

Den´tist , n. [From L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. dentiste. See Tooth.] One whose business it is to clean, extract, or repair natural teeth, and to make and insert artificial ones; a dental surgeon. { Den•tis´tic , Den•tis´ti•cal } a. Pertaining to dentistry or to dentists. [R.]

Den´tist•ry , n. The art or profession of a dentist; dental surgery.

Den•ti´tion , n. [L. dentitio, fr. dentire to cut teeth, fr. dens, dentis, tooth. See Dentist.] 1. The development and cutting of teeth; teething. 2. (Zoöl.) The system of teeth peculiar to an animal.

Den´tize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dentized p. pr. & vb. n. Dentizing.] [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] To breed or cut new teeth. [R.] “The old countess … did dentize twice or thrice.” Bacon.

Den´toid , a. [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -oid.] Shaped like a tooth; tooth- shaped.

Den•to•lin´gual , a. Dentilingual.

Den´ture ( 135), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. denture, OF. denteure.] (Dentistry) An artificial tooth, block, or set of teeth.

De•nud´ate , v. t. [L. denudatus, p. p. of denudare. See Denude.] To denude. [Obs. or R.]

Den•u•da´tion ( 277), n. [L. denudatio: cf. F. denudation.] 1. The act of stripping off covering, or removing the surface; a making bare. 2. (Geol.) The laying bare of rocks by the washing away of the overlying earth, etc.; or the excavation and removal of them by the action of running water.

De•nude´ , v. t. [L. denudare; de- + nudare to make naked or bare, nudus naked. See Nude.] To divest of all covering; to make bare or naked; to strip; to divest; as to denude one of clothing, or lands.

De•nun´ci•ate , v. t. [L. denuntiatus, denunciatus, p. p. of denuntiare, -ciare. See Denounce.] To denounce; to condemn publicly or solemnly. [R.] “To denunciate this new work.” Burke.

De•nun•ci•a´tion , n. [L. denuntiatio, -ciatio.] 1. Proclamation; announcement; a publishing. [Obs.] “Public … denunciation of banns before marriage.” Bp. Hall. 2. The act of denouncing; public menace or accusation; the act of inveighing against, stigmatizing, or publicly arraigning; arraignment. 3. That by which anything is denounced; threat of evil; public menace or accusation; arraignment. “Uttering bold denunciations of ecclesiastical error.” Motley.

De•nun´ci•a•tive , a. [L. denuntiativus, -ciativus, monitory.] Same as Denunciatory. Farrar.

De•nun´ci•a•tor , n. [L. denuntiator, -ciator, a police officer.] One who denounces, publishes, or proclaims, especially intended or coming evil; one who threatens or accuses.

De•nun´ci•a•to•ry , a. Characterized by or containing a denunciation; minatory; accusing; threatening; as severe and denunciatory language.

De•nu•tri´tion , n. (Physiol.) The opposition of nutrition; the failure of nutrition causing the breaking down of tissue.

De•ny´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denied p. pr. & vb. n. Denying.] [OE. denien, denaien, OF. denier, deneer, F. denier, fr. L. denegare; de- + negare to say no, deny. See Negation.] 1. To declare not to be true; to gainsay; to contradict; — opposed to affirm, allow, or admit. We deny what another says, or we deny the truth of an assertion, the force of it, or the assertion itself. 2. To refuse (to do something or to accept something); to reject; to decline; to renounce. [Obs.] ´If you deny to dance.´ Shak. 3. To refuse to grant; to withhold; to refuse to gratify or yield to; as to deny a request. “Who finds not Providence all good and wise,
Alike in what it gives, and what denies?” Pope. “To some men, it is more agreeable to deny a vicious inclination, than to gratify it.” J. Edwards. 4. To disclaim connection with, responsibility for, and the like; to refuse to acknowledge; to disown; to abjure; to disavow. “The falsehood of denying his opinion.” Bancroft. “Thou thrice denied, yet thrice beloved.” Keble. To deny one’s self, to decline the gratification of appetites or desires; to practice self- denial. “Let him deny himself, and take up his cross.” Matt. xvi. 24.

De•ny´, v. i. To answer in negative; to declare an assertion not to be true. “Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid.” Gen. xviii. 15.

De•ny´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of one denies a request. Tennyson.

De•ob•struct´ , v. t. To remove obstructions or impediments in; to clear from anything that hinders the passage of fluids; as to deobstruct the pores or lacteals. Arbuthnot.

De•ob´stru•ent , a. (Med.) Removing obstructions; having power to clear or open the natural ducts of the fluids and secretions of the body; aperient. — n. (Med.) A medicine which removes obstructions; an aperient.

De´o•dand , n. [LL. deodandum, fr. L. Deo dandum to be given to God.] (Old Eng. Law) A personal chattel which had caused the death of a person, and for that reason was given to God, that is, forfeited to the crown, to be applied to pious uses, and distributed in alms by the high almoner. Thus, if a cart ran over a man and killed him, it was forfeited as a deodand. Deodands are unknown in American law, and in 1846 were abolished in England.

De•o•dar´ , n. [Native name, fr. Skr. devadaru, prop., timber of the gods.] (Bot.) A kind of cedar (Cedrus Deodara), growing in India, highly valued for its size and beauty as well as for its timber, and also grown in England as an ornamental tree.

De´o•date , n. [L. Deo to God (Deus God) + datum thing given.] A gift or offering to God. [Obs.] “Wherein that blessed widow’s deodate was laid up.” Hooker.

De•o´dor•ant , n. A deodorizer.

De•o•dor•i•za´tion , n. The act of depriving of odor, especially of offensive odors resulting from impurities.

De•o´dor•ize , v. t. To deprive of odor, especially of such as results from impurities.

De•o´dor•i•zer , n. He who, or that which, deodorizes; esp., an agent that destroys offensive odors.

De•on´er•ate , v. t. [L. deoneratus, p. p. of deonerare. See Onerate.] To unload; to disburden. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•on•to•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to deontology.

De•on•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in deontology.

De•on•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. gen. , necessity, obligation (p. neut. of it is necessary) + - logy.] The science which relates to duty or moral obligation. J. Bentham.

De•o•per´cu•late , a. (Bot.) Having the lid removed; — said of the capsules of mosses.

De•op´pi•late , v. t. To free from obstructions; to clear a passage through. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•op•pi•la´tion , n. Removal of whatever stops up the passages. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•op´pi•la•tive , a. & n. (Med.) Deobstruent; aperient. [Obs.] Harvey.

De•or•di•na´tion , n. [LL. deordinatio depraved morality.] Disorder; dissoluteness. [Obs.] “Excess of riot and deordination.” Jer. Taylor.

De•os´cu•late , v. t. [L. deosculatus, p. p. of deosculari. See Osculate.] To kiss warmly. [Obs.] — De•os•cu•la´tion (#), n. [Obs.]

De•ox´i•date , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidize.

De•ox•i•da´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of reducing from the state of an oxide.

De•ox•i•di•za´tion , n. (Chem.) Deoxidation.

De•ox´i•dize , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of oxygen; to reduce from the state of an oxide.

De•ox´i•di•zer , n. (Chem.) That which removes oxygen; hence, a reducing agent; as nascent hydrogen is a deoxidizer.

De•ox´y•gen•ate , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidize. [Obs.]

De•ox•y•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or operation of depriving of oxygen.

De•ox´y•gen•ize , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidize.

De•paint´ , p. p. [F. depeint, p. p. of depeindre to paint, fr. L. depingere. See Depict, p. p.] Painted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•paint´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depainting.] 1. To paint; to picture; hence, to describe; to delineate in words; to depict. [Obs.] “And do unwilling worship to the saint
That on his shield depainted he did see.” Spenser. “In few words shall see the nature of many memorable persons … depainted.” Holland. 2. To mark with, or as with, color; to color. “Silver drops her vermeil cheeks depaint.” Fairfax.

De•paint´er n. One who depaints. [Obs.]

De•par´dieux , interj. [OF., a corruption of de part Dieu, lit., on the part of God.] In God’s name; certainly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•part´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Departed; p. pr. & vb. n. Departing.] [OE. departen to divide, part, depart, F. departir to divide, distribute, se departir to separate one’s self, depart; pref. de- (L. de) + partir to part, depart, fr. L. partire, partiri, to divide, fr. pars part. See Part.] 1. To part; to divide; to separate. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To go forth or away; to quit, leave, or separate, as from a place or a person; to withdraw; — opposed to arrive; — often with from before the place, person, or thing left, and for or to before the destination. “I will depart to mine own land.” Num. x. 30. “Ere thou from hence depart.” Milton. “He which hath no stomach to this fight,
Let him depart.” Shak. 3. To forsake; to abandon; to desist or deviate (from); not to adhere to; — with from; as we can not depart from our rules; to depart from a title or defense in legal pleading. “If the plan of the convention be found to depart from republican principles.” Madison. 4. To pass away; to perish. “The glory is departed from Israel.” 1 Sam. iv. 21. 5. To quit this world; to die. “Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace.” Luke ii. 29. To depart with, to resign; to part with. [Obs.] Shak.

De•part´, v. t. 1. To part thoroughly; to dispart; to divide; to separate. [Obs.] “Till death departed them, this life they lead.” Chaucer. 2. To divide in order to share; to apportion. [Obs.] “And here is gold, and that full great plentee,
That shall departed been among us three.” Chaucer. 3. To leave; to depart from. ´He departed this life.´ Addison. ´Ere I depart his house.´ Shak.

De•part´, n. [Cf. F. depart, fr. departir.] 1. Division; separation, as of compound substances into their ingredients. [Obs.] “The chymists have a liquor called water of depart.” Bacon. 2. A going away; departure; hence, death. [Obs.] “At my depart for France.” Shak. “Your loss and his depart.” Shak.

De•part´a•ble , a. Divisible. [Obs.] Bacon.

De•part´er , n. 1. One who refines metals by separation. [Obs.] 2. One who departs.

De•part´ment , n. [F. departement, fr. departir. See Depart, v. i.] 1. Act of departing; departure. [Obs.] “Sudden departments from one extreme to another.” Wotton. 2. A part, portion, or subdivision. 3. A distinct course of life, action, study, or the like; appointed sphere or walk; province. “Superior to Pope in Pope’s own peculiar department of literature.” Macaulay. 4. Subdivision of business or official duty; especially, one of the principal divisions of executive government; as the treasury department; the war department; also in a university, one of the divisions of instruction; as the medical department; the department of physics. 5. A territorial division; a district; esp., in France, one of the districts composed of several arrondissements into which the country is divided for governmental purposes; as the Department of the Loire. 6. A military subdivision of a country; as the Department of the Potomac.

De•part•men´tal , a. Pertaining to a department or division. Burke.

De•par´ture ( 135), n. [From Depart.] 1. Division; separation; putting away. [Obs.] “No other remedy … but absolute departure.” Milton. 2. Separation or removal from a place; the act or process of departing or going away. “Departure from this happy place.” Milton. 3. Removal from the present life; death; decease. “The time of my departure is at hand.” 2 Tim. iv. 6. “His timely departure … barred him from the knowledge of his son’s miseries.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. Deviation or abandonment, as from or of a rule or course of action, a plan, or a purpose. “Any departure from a national standard.” Prescott. 5. (Law) The desertion by a party to any pleading of the ground taken by him in his last antecedent pleading, and the adoption of another. Bouvier. 6. (Nav. & Surv.) The distance due east or west which a person or ship passes over in going along an oblique line. Since the meridians sensibly converge, the departure in navigation is not measured from the beginning nor from the end of the ship’s course, but is regarded as the total easting or westing made by the ship or person as he travels over the course. To take a departure (Nav. & Surv.), to ascertain, usually by taking bearings from a landmark, the position of a vessel at the beginning of a voyage as a point from which to begin her dead reckoning; as the ship took her departure from Sandy Hook. Syn. — Death; demise; release. See Death.

De•pas´cent , a. [L. depascens, p. pr. of depascere; de- + pascere to feed.] Feeding. [R.]

De•pas´ture ( 135), v. t. & i. To pasture; to feed; to graze; also to use for pasture. [R.] “Cattle, to graze and departure in his grounds.” Blackstone. “A right to cut wood upon or departure land.” Washburn.

De•pa´tri•ate , v. t. & i. [L. de- + patria one’s country.] To withdraw, or cause to withdraw, from one’s country; to banish. [Obs.] “A subject born in any state
May, if he please, depatriate.” Mason.

De•pau´per•ate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Depauperated p. pr. & vb. n. Depauperating ] [LL. depauperatus, p. p. depauperare to impoverish; L. de- + pauperare to make poor, pauper poor.] To make poor; to impoverish. “Liming does not depauperate; the ground will last long, and bear large grain.” Mortimer. “Humility of mind which depauperates the spirit.” Jer. Taylor.

De•pau´per•ate , a. [L. depauperatus, p. p.] (Bot.) Falling short of the natural size, from being impoverished or starved. Gray.

De•pau´per•ize , v. t. To free from paupers; to rescue from poverty. [R.]

De•peach´ , v. t. [L. depêcher. See Dispatch.] To discharge. [Obs.] “As soon as the party … before our justices shall be depeached.” Hakluyt.

De•pec´ti•ble , a. [L. depectere to comb off; de- + pectere to comb.] Tough; thick; capable of extension. [Obs.] “Some bodies are of a more depectible nature than oil.” Bacon.

De•pec•u•la´tion , n. [L. depeculari, p. p. depeculatus, to rob. See Peculate.] A robbing or embezzlement. [Obs.] “Depeculation of the public treasure.” Hobbes.

De•peinct´ , v. t. [See Depaint.] To paint. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•pend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Depended; p. pr. & vb. n. Depending.] [F. dependre, fr. L. dependre; de- + pendre to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang down; to be sustained by being fastened or attached to something above. “And ever-living lamps depend in rows.” Pope. 2. To hang in suspense; to be pending; to be undetermined or undecided; as a cause depending in court. “You will not think it unnatural that those who have an object depending, which strongly engages their hopes and fears, should be somewhat inclined to superstition.” Burke. 3. To rely for support; to be conditioned or contingent; to be connected with anything, as a cause of existence, or as a necessary condition; — followed by on or upon, formerly by of. “The truth of God’s word dependeth not of the truth of the congregation.” Tyndale. “The conclusion … that our happiness depends little on political institutions, and much on the temper and regulation of our own minds.” Macaulay. “Heaven forming each on other to depend.” Pope. 4. To trust; to rest with confidence; to rely; to confide; to be certain; — with on or upon; as we depend on the word or assurance of our friends; we depend on the mail at the usual hour. “But if you ’re rough, and use him like a dog,
Depend upon it — he ’ll remain incog.” Addison. 5. To serve; to attend; to act as a dependent or retainer. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To impend. [Obs.] Shak.

De•pend´a•ble , a. Worthy of being depended on; trustworthy. ´Dependable friendships.´ Pope. { De•pend´ant , De•pend´ance , n., De•pend´an•cy }, n. See Dependent, Dependence, Dependency. The forms dependant, dependance, dependancy are from the French; the forms dependent, etc., are from the Latin. Some authorities give preference to the form dependant when the word is a noun, thus distinguishing it from the adjective, usually written dependent.

De•pend´ence , n. [LL. dependentia, fr. L. dependens. See Dependent, and cf. Dependance.] 1. The act or state of depending; state of being dependent; a hanging down or from; suspension from a support. 2. The state of being influenced and determined by something; subjection (as of an effect to its cause). “The cause of effects, and the dependence of one thing upon another.” Bp. Burnet. 3. Mutual connection and support; concatenation; systematic inter-relation. “So dark and so intricate of purpose, without any dependence or order.” Sir T. More. 4. Subjection to the direction or disposal of another; inability to help or provide for one’s self. “Reduced to a servile dependence on their mercy.” Burke. 5. A resting with confidence; reliance; trust. “Affectionate dependence on the Creator is the spiritual life of the soul.” T. Erskine. 6. That on which one depends or relies; as he was her sole dependence. 7. That which depends; anything dependent or suspended; anything attached a subordinate to, or contingent on, something else. “Like a large cluster of black grapes they show
And make a large dependence from the bough.” Dryden. 8. A matter depending, or in suspense, and still to be determined; ground of controversy or quarrel. [Obs.] “To go on now with my first dependence.” Beau. & Fl.

De•pend´en•cy , n.; pl. Dependencies . 1. State of being dependent; dependence; state of being subordinate; subordination; concatenation; connection; reliance; trust. “Any long series of action, the parts of which have very much dependency each on the other.” Sir J. Reynolds. “So that they may acknowledge their dependency on the crown of England.” Bacon. 2. A thing hanging down; a dependence. 3. That which is attached to something else as its consequence, subordinate, satellite, and the like. “This earth and its dependencies.” T. Burnet. “Modes I call such complex ideas which … are considered as dependencies on or affections of substances.” Locke. 4. A territory remote from the kingdom or state to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion; a colony; as Great Britain has its dependencies in Asia, Africa, and America. Dependence is more used in the abstract, and dependency in the concrete. The latter is usually restricted in meaning to 3 and 4.

De•pend´ent , a. [L. dependens, -entis, p. pr. dependere. See Depend, and cf. Dependant.] 1. Hanging down; as a dependent bough or leaf. 2. Relying on, or subject to, something else for support; not able to exist, or sustain itself, or to perform anything, without the will, power, or aid of something else; not self-sustaining; contingent or conditioned; subordinate; — often with on or upon; as dependent on God; dependent upon friends. “England, long dependent and degraded, was again a power of the first rank.” Macaulay. Dependent covenant or contract (Law), one not binding until some connecting stipulation is performed. — Dependent variable (Math.), a varying quantity whose changes are arbitrary, but are regarded as produced by changes in another variable, which is called the independent variable.

De•pend´ent, n. 1. One who depends; one who is sustained by another, or who relies on another for support of favor; a hanger-on; a retainer; as a numerous train of dependents. “A host of dependents on the court, suborned to play their part as witnesses.” Hallam. 2. That which depends; corollary; consequence. “With all its circumstances and dependents.” Prynne. See the Note under Dependant.

De•pend´ent•ly, adv. In a dependent manner.

De•pend´er , n. One who depends; a dependent.

De•pend´ing•ly, adv. As having dependence. Hale.

De•peo´ple , v. t. To depopulate. [Obs.]

De•per´dit , n. [LL. deperditum, fr. L. deperditus, p. p. of deperdere; de- + perdere to lose, destroy.] That which is lost or destroyed. [R.] Paley.

De•per´dite•ly , adv. Hopelessly; despairingly; in the manner of one ruined; as deperditely wicked. [Archaic]

Dep•er•di´tion , n. [Cf. F. deperdition.] Loss; destruction. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne.

De•per´ti•ble , a. [See Depart.] Divisible. [Obs.] Bacon.

De•phlegm´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + phlegm water; cf. F. dephlegmer, deflegmer.] (O. Chem.) To rid of phlegm or water; to dephlegmate. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•phleg´mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dephlegmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dephlegmating.] [See Dephlegm.] (Chem.) To deprive of superabundant water, as by evaporation or distillation; to clear of aqueous matter; to rectify; — used of spirits and acids.

De•phleg•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. deflegmation.] (Chem.) The operation of separating water from spirits and acids, by evaporation or repeated distillation; — called also concentration, especially when acids are the subject of it. [Obs.]

De•phleg´ma•tor , n. An instrument or apparatus in which water is separated by evaporation or distillation; the part of a distilling apparatus in which the separation of the vapors is effected.

De•phleg´ma•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or producing, dephlegmation.

De•phlegm´ed•ness , n. A state of being freed from water. [Obs.] Boyle.

De•phlo•gis´tic•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dephlogisticated p. pr. & vb. n. Dephlogisticating.] [Pref. de- + phlosticate: cf. F. dephlogistiguer.] (O. Chem.) To deprive of phlogiston, or the supposed principle of inflammability. Priestley. Dephlogisticated air, oxygen gas; — so called by Dr. Priestly and others of his time. — De•phlo•gis•ti•ca´tion (#), n.

De•phos•phor•i•za´tion , n. The act of freeing from phosphorous.

De•pict´ (-pikt´), p. p. [L. depictus, p. p. of depingere to depict; de- + pingere to paint. See Paint, and cf. Depaint, p. p.] Depicted. Lydgate.

De•pict´ (de•pikt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depicting.] 1. To form a colored likeness of; to represent by a picture; to paint; to portray. “His arms are fairly depicted in his chamber.” Fuller. 2. To represent in words; to describe vividly. “Caesar’s gout was then depicted in energetic language.” Motley.

De•pic´tion , n. [L. depictio.] A painting or depicting; a representation.

De•pic´ture , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depictured p. pr. & vb. n. Depicturing.] To make a picture of; to paint; to picture; to depict. “Several persons were depictured in caricature.” Fielding.

Dep´i•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depilating.] [L. depilatus, p. p. of depilare to depilate; de- + pilare to put forth hairs, pilus hair.] To strip of hair; to husk. Venner.

Dep•i•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. depilation.] Act of pulling out or removing the hair; unhairing. Dryden.

De•pil´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. depilatoire.] Having the quality or power of removing hair. — n. An application used to take off hair.

Dep´i•lous , a. [Pref. de- + pilous: cf. L. depilis.] Hairless. Sir t. Browne.

De•pla´nate , a. [L. deplanetus, p. p. of deplanare to make level. See Plane, v. t.] (Bot.) Flattened; made level or even.

De•plant´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + plan: cf. F. deplanter, L. deplantare to take off a twig. See Plant, v. t.] To take up (plants); to transplant. [R.]

De•plan•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. deplantation.] Act of taking up plants from beds.

De•plete´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depleting.] [From L. deplere to empty out; de- + plere to fill. Forined like replete, complete. See Fill, Full, a.] 1. (Med.) To empty or unload, as the vessels of human system, by bloodletting or by medicine. Copland. 2. To reduce by destroying or consuming the vital powers of; to exhaust, as a country of its strength or resources, a treasury of money, etc. Saturday Review.

De•ple´tion , n. [Cf. F. depletion.] 1. The act of depleting or emptying. 2. (Med.) the act or process of diminishing the quantity of fluid in the vessels by bloodletting or otherwise; also excessive evacuation, as in severe diarrhea.

De•ple´tive , a. [Cf. F. depletif.] Able or fitted to deplete. — n. A substance used to deplete.

De•ple´to•ry , a. Serving to deplete.

Dep•li•ca´tion , n. [LL. deplicare to unfold; L. de- + plicare to fold.] An unfolding, untwisting, or unplaiting. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dep•loi•ta´tion , n. [Cf. Exploitation, Deploy.] Same as Exploitation.

De•plor•a•bil´i•ty , n. Deplorableness. Stormonth.

De•plor´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. deplorable.] Worthy of being deplored or lamented; lamentable; causing grief; hence, sad; calamitous; grievous; wretched; as life’s evils are deplorable. “Individual sufferers are in a much more deplorable conditious than any others.” Burke.

De•plor´a•ble•ness, n. State of being deplorable.

De•plor´a•bly, adv. In a deplorable manner.

De•plo´rate , a. [L. deploratus, p. p. of deplorare. See Deplore.] Deplorable. [Obs.] “A more deplorate estate.” Baker.

Dep•lo•ra´tion , n. [L. deploratio: cf. F. deploration.] The act of deploring or lamenting; lamentation. Speed.

De•plore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deplored p. pr. & vb. n. Deploring.] [L. deplorare; de- + plorare to cry out, wail, lament; prob. akin to pluere to rain, and to E. flow: cf. F. deplorer. Cf. Flow.] 1. To feel or to express deep and poignant grief for; to bewail; to lament; to mourn; to sorrow over. “To find her, or forever to deplore
Her loss.” Milton. “As some sad turtle his lost love deplores.” Pope. 2. To complain of. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To regard as hopeless; to give up. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — To Deplore, Mourn, Lament, Bewail, Bemoan. Mourn is the generic term, denoting a state of grief or sadness. To lament is to express grief by outcries, and denotes an earnest and strong expression of sorrow. To deplore marks a deeper and more prolonged emotion. To bewail and to bemoan are appropriate only to cases of poignant distress, in which the grief finds utterance either in wailing or in moans and sobs. A man laments his errors, and deplores the ruin they have brought on his family; mothers bewail or bemoan the loss of their children.

De•plore´, v. i. To lament. Gray.

De•plor´ed•ly , adv. Lamentably.

De•plor´ed•ness, n. The state of being deplored or deplorable. [R.] Bp. Hail.

De•plore´ment , n. Deploration. [Obs.]

De•plor´er , n. One who deplores.

De•plor´ing•ly, adv. In a deploring manner.

De•ploy´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Deployed p. pr. & vb. n. Deploying.] [F. deployer; pref. de = des (L. dis) + ployer, equiv. to plier to fold, fr. L. plicare. See Ply, and cf. Display.] (Mil.) To open out; to unfold; to spread out (a body of troops) in such a way that they shall display a wider front and less depth; — the reverse of ploy; as to deploy a column of troops into line of battle. { De•ploy´ , De•ploy´ment } n. (Mil.) The act of deploying; a spreading out of a body of men in order to extend their front. Wilhelm. “Deployments … which cause the soldier to turn his back to the enemy are not suited to war.” H. L. Scott.

De•plu´mate , a. [LL. diplumatus, p. p. of deplumare. See Deplume.] (Zoöl.) Destitute or deprived of features; deplumed.

Dep•lu•ma´tion , n. [See Deplumate.] 1. The stripping or falling off of plumes or feathers. Bp. Stillingfleet 2. (Med.) A disease of the eyelids, attended with loss of the eyelashes. Thomas.

De•plume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deplumed p. pr. & vb. n. Depluming.] [LL. deplumare; L. de- + plumare to cover with feathers, pluma feather: cf. deplumis featherless, and F. deplumer.] 1. To strip or pluck off the feather of; to deprive of of plumage. “On the depluming of the pope every bird had his own feather.” Fuller. 2. To lay bare; to expose. “The exposure and depluming of the leading humbugs of the age.” De Quincey.

De•po•lar•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. depolarisation.] The act of depriving of polarity, or the result of such action; reduction to an unpolarized condition. Depolarization of light (Opt.), a change in the plane of polarization of rays, especially by a crystalline medium, such that the light which had been extinguished by the analyzer reappears as if the polarization had been anulled. The word is inappropriate, as the ray does not return to the unpolarized condition.

De•po´lar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depolarized p. pr. & vb. n. Depolarizing.] [Pref. de- + polarize: cf. F. depolarizer.] 1. (Opt.) To deprive of polarity; to reduce to an unpolarized condition. This word has been inaccurately applied in optics to describe the effect of a polarizing medium, as a crystalline plate, in causing the reappearance of a ray, in consequence of a change in its plane of polarization, which previously to the change was intercepted by the analyzer. 2. (Elec.) To free from polarization, as the negative plate of the voltaic battery.

De•po´lar•i•zer , n. (Elec.) A substance used to prevent polarization, as upon the negative plate of a voltaic battery.

De•pol´ish (de•pol´ish), v. t. To remove the polish or glaze from.

De•pol´ish•ing (de•pol´ish•ing), n. (Ceramics) The process of removing the vitreous glaze from porcelain, leaving the dull luster of the surface of ivory porcelain. Knight.

De•pone´ (de•pon´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deponed (-pond´); p. pr. & vb. n. Deponing.] [L. deponere, depositum, to put down, in LL., to assert under oath; de- + ponere to put, place. See Position, and cf. Deposit.] 1. To lay, as a stake; to wager. [Obs.] Hudibras. 2. To lay down. [R.] Southey. 3. To assert under oath; to depose. [A Scotticism] “Sprot deponeth that he entered himself thereafter in conference.” State Trials(1606).

De•pone´, v. i. To testify under oath; to depose; to bear witness. [A Scotticism] “The fairy Glorians, whose credibility on this point can not be called in question, depones to the confinement of Merlin in a tree.” Dunlop.

De•po´nent , n. [L. deponenes, -entis, laying down. See Depone, v. t.] 1. (Law) One who deposes or testifies under oath; one who gives evidence; usually, one who testifies in writing. 2. (Gr. & Lat. Gram.) A deponent verb. Syn. — Deponent, Affiant. These are legal terms describing a person who makes a written declaration under oath, with a view to establish certain facts. An affiant is one who makes an affidavit, or declaration under oath, in order to establish the truth of what he says. A deponenet is one who makes a deposition, or gives written testimony under oath, to be used in the trial of some case before a court of justice. See under Deposition.

De•po´nent, a. [L. deponens, -entis, laying down (its proper passive meaning), p. pr. of deponere: cf. F. deponent. See Depone.] (Gram.) Having a passive form with an active meaning, as certain latin and Greek verbs.

De•pop´u•la•cy , n. Depopulation; destruction of population. [R.] Chapman.

De•pop´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depopulated p. pr. & vb. n. Depopulating ] [L. depopulatus, p. p. of depopulari to ravage; de- + populari to ravage, fr. populus people: cf. OF. depopuler, F. depeupler. See People.] To deprive of inhabitants, whether by death or by expulsion; to reduce greatly the populousness of; to dispeople; to unpeople. “Where is this viper,
That would depopulate the city?” Shak. It is not synonymous with laying waste or destroying, being limited to the loss of inhabitants; as an army or a famine may depopulate a country. It rarely expresses an entire loss of inhabitants, but often a great diminution of their numbers; as the deluge depopulated the earth.

De•pop´u•late, v. i. To become dispeopled. [R.] “Whether the country be depopulating or not.” Goldsmith.

De•pop•u•la´tion , n. [L. depopulatio pillaging: cf. F. depopulation depopulation.] The act of depopulating, or condition of being depopulated; destruction or explusion of inhabitants. “The desolation and depopulation [of St.Quentin] were now complete.” Motley.

De•pop´u•la•tor , n. [L., pillager.] One who depopulates; a dispeopler.

De•port´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deported; p. pr. & vb. n. Deporting.] [F. deporter to transport for life, OF., to divert, amuse, from L. deportare to carry away; de- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To transport; to carry away; to exile; to send into banishment. “He told us he had been deported to Spain.” Walsh. 2. To carry or demean; to conduct; to behave; — followed by the reflexive pronoun. “Let an ambassador deport himself in the most graceful manner befor a prince.” Pope.

De•port´ , n. Behavior; carriage; demeanor; deportment. [Obs.] ´Goddesslike deport.´ Milton.

De•por•ta´tion , n. [L. depotatio: cf. F. deportation.] The act of deporting or exiling, or the state of being deported; banishment; transportation. “In their deportations, they had often the favor of their conquerors.” Atterbury.

De•port´ment , n. [F. deportement misconduct, OF., demeanor. See Deport.] Manner of deporting or demeaning one’s self; manner of acting; conduct; carriage; especially, manner of acting with respect to the courtesies and duties of life; behavior; demeanor; bearing. “The gravity of his deportment carried him safe through many difficulties.” Swift.

De•por´ture , n. Deportment. [Obs.] “Stately port and majestical deporture.” Speed.

De•pos´a•ble , a. Capable of being deposed or deprived of office. Howell.

De•pos´al , n. The act of deposing from office; a removal from the throne. Fox.

De•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deposed p. pr. & vb. n. Deposing.][FF. deposer, in the sense of L. deponere to put down; but from pref. de- (L. de) + poser to place. See Pose, Pause.] 1. To lay down; to divest one’s self of; to lay aside. [Obs.] “Thus when the state one Edward did depose,
A greater Edward in his room arose.” Dryden. 2. To let fall; to deposit. [Obs.] “Additional mud deposed upon it.” Woodward. 3. To remove from a throne or other high station; to dethrone; to divest or deprive of office. “A tyrant over his subjects, and therefore worthy to be deposed.” Prynne. 4. To testify under oath; to bear testimony to; — now usually said of bearing testimony which is officially written down for future use. Abbott. “To depose the yearly rent or valuation of lands.” Bacon. 5. To put under oath. [Obs.] “Depose him in the justice of his cause.” Shak.

De•pose´, v. i. To bear witness; to testify under oath; to make deposition. “Then, seeing’t was he that made you to despose,
Your oath, my lord, is vain and frivolous.” Shak.

De•pos´er , n. 1. One who deposes or degrades from office. 2. One who testifies or deposes; a deponent.

De•pos´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Depositing.] [L. depositus, p. p. of deponere. See Depone, and cf. Deposit, n.] 1. To lay down; to place; to put; to let fall or throw down (as sediment); as a crocodile deposits her eggs in the sand; the waters deposited a rich alluvium. “The fear is deposited in conscience.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To lay up or away for safe keeping; to put up; to store; as to deposit goods in a warehouse. 3. To lodge in some one’s hands for safe keeping; to commit to the custody of another; to intrust; esp., to place in a bank, as a sum of money subject to order. 4. To lay aside; to rid one’s self of. [Obs.] “If what is written prove useful to you, to the depositing that which I can not but deem an error.” Hammond. Both this verb and the noun following were formerly written deposite.

De•pos´it, n. [L. depositum, fr. depositus, p. p. of deponere: cf. F. depôt, OF. depost. See Deposit, v. t., and cf. Depot.] 1. That which is deposited, or laid or thrown down; as a deposit in a flue; especially, matter precipitated from a solution (as the siliceous deposits of hot springs), or that which is mechanically deposited (as the mud, gravel, etc., deposits of a river). “The deposit already formed affording to the succeeding portion of the charged fluid a basis.” Kirwan. 2. (Mining) A natural occurrence of a useful mineral under the conditions to invite exploitation. Raymond. 3. That which is placed anywhere, or in any one’s hands, for safe keeping; something intrusted to the care of another; esp., money lodged with a bank or banker, subject to order; anything given as pledge or security. 4. (Law) (a) A bailment of money or goods to be kept gratuitously for the bailor. (b) Money lodged with a party as earnest or security for the performance of a duty assumed by the person depositing. 5. A place of deposit; a depository. [R.] Bank of deposit. See under Bank. — In deposit, or On deposit, in trust or safe keeping as a deposit; as coins were received on deposit.

De•pos´i•ta•ry , n.; pl. Depositaries (#). [L. depositarius, fr. deponere. See Deposit.] 1. One with whom anything is lodged in the trust; one who receives a deposit; — the correlative of depositor. “I … made you my guardians, my depositaries.” Shak. “The depositaries of power, who are mere delegates of the people.” J. S. Mill. 2. A storehouse; a depository. Bp. Hurd. 3. (Law) One to whom goods are bailed, to be kept for the bailor without a recompense. Kent.

Dep•o•si´tion , n. [L. depositio, fr. deponere: cf. F. deposition. See Deposit.] 1. The act of depositing or deposing; the act of laying down or thrown down; precipitation. “The deposition of rough sand and rolled pebbles.” H. Miller. 2. The act of bringing before the mind; presentation. “The influence of princes upon the dispositions of their courts needs not the deposition of their examples, since it hath the authority of a known principle.” W. Montagu. 3. The act of setting aside a sovereign or a public officer; deprivation of authority and dignity; displacement; removal. A deposition differs from an abdication, an abdication being voluntary, and a deposition compulsory. 4. That which is deposited; matter laid or thrown down; sediment; alluvial matter; as banks are sometimes depositions of alluvial matter. 5. An opinion, example, or statement, laid down or asserted; a declaration. 6. (Law) The act of laying down one’s testimony in writing; also testimony laid or taken down in writing, under oath or affirmation, before some competent officer, and in reply to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories. Syn. — Deposition, Affidavit. Affidavit is the wider term. It denotes any authorized ex parte written statement of a person, sworn to or affirmed before some competent magistrate. It is made without cross-examination, and requires no notice to an opposing party. It is generally signed by the party making it, and may be drawn up by himself or any other person. A deposition is the written testimony of a witness, taken down in due form of law, and sworn to or affirmed by the deponent. It must be taken before some authorized magistrate, and upon a prescribed or reasonable notice to the opposing party, that may attend and cross-examine. It is generally written down from the mouth of the witness by the magistrate, or some person for him, and in his presence.

De•pos´i•tor (de•poz´i•ter), n. [L., fr. deponere. See Depone.] One who makes a deposit, especially of money in a bank; — the correlative of depository.

De•pos´i•to•ry (-to•ry), n.; pl. Depositories (-riz). 1. A place where anything is deposited for sale or keeping; as warehouse is a depository for goods; a clerk’s office is a depository for records. 2. One with whom something is deposited; a depositary. “I am the sole depository of my own secret, and it shall perish with me.” Junius.

De•pos´i•tum (-tum), n. [L.] Deposit.

De•pos´i•ture (-tur; 135), n. The act of depositing; deposition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De´pot (de´po; French da•po´; 277), n. [F. depôt, OF. depost, fr. L. depositum a deposit. See Deposit, n.] 1. A place of deposit for the storing of goods; a warehouse; a storehouse. “The islands of Guernsey and Jersey are at present the great depots of this kingdom.” Brit. Critic (1794). 2. (Mil.) (a) A military station where stores and provisions are kept, or where recruits are assembled and drilled. (b) (Eng. & France) The headquarters of a regiment, where all supplies are received and distributed, recruits are assembled and instructed, infirm or disabled soldiers are taken care of, and all the wants of the regiment are provided for. 3. A railway station; a building for the accommodation and protection of railway passengers or freight. [U. S.] Syn. — See Station.

Dep´per (dep´per), a. Deeper. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dep•ra•va´tion (dep•ra•va´shun), n. [L. depravitio, from depravare: cf. F. depravation. See Deprave.] 1. Detraction; depreciation. [Obs.] “To stubborn critics, apt, without a theme,
For depravation.” Shak. 2. The act of depraving, or making anything bad; the act of corrupting. 3. The state of being depraved or degenerated; degeneracy; depravity. “The depravation of his moral character destroyed his judgment.” Sir G. C. Lewis. 4. (Med.) Change for the worse; deterioration; morbid perversion. Syn. — Depravity; corruption. See Depravity.

De•prave´ (de•prav´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depraved (-pravd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Depraving.] [L. depravare, depravatum; de- + pravus crooked, distorted, perverse, wicked.] 1. To speak ill of; to depreciate; to malign; to revile. [Obs.] “And thou knowest, conscience, I came not to chide
Nor deprave thy person with a proud heart.” Piers Plowman. 2. To make bad or worse; to vitiate; to corrupt. “Whose pride depraves each other better part.” Spenser. Syn. — To corrupt; vitiate; contaminate; pollute.

De•prav´ed•ly , adv. In a depraved manner.

De•prav´ed•ness, n. Depravity. Hammond.

De•prave´ment (-ment), n. Depravity. [Obs.] Milton.

De•prav´er (-er), n. One who depraves or corrupts.

De•prav´ing•ly, adv. In a depraving manner.

De•prav´i•ty , n. [From Deprave: cf. L. pravitas crookedness, perverseness.] The state of being depraved or corrupted; a vitiated state of moral character; general badness of character; wickedness of mind or heart; absence of religious feeling and principle. Total depravity. See Original sin, and Calvinism. Syn. — Corruption; vitiation; wickedness; vice; contamination; degeneracy. — Depravity, Depravation, Corruption. Depravilty is a vitiated state of mind or feeling; as the depravity of the human heart; depravity of public morals. Depravation points to the act or process of making depraved, and hence to the end thus reached; as a gradual depravation of principle; a depravation of manners, of the heart, etc. Corruption is the only one of these words which applies to physical substances, and in reference to these denotes the process by which their component parts are dissolved. Hence, when figuratively used, it denotes an utter vitiation of principle or feeling. Depravity applies only to the mind and heart: we can speak of a depraved taste, or a corrupt taste; in the first we introduce the notion that there has been the influence of bad training to pervert; in the second, that there is a want of true principle to pervert; in the second, that there is a want of true principles to decide. The other two words have a wider use: we can speak of the depravation or the corruption of taste and public sentiment. Depravity is more or less open; corruption is more or less disguised in its operations. What is depraved requires to be reformed; what is corrupt requires to be purified.

Dep´re•ca•ble , a. [L. deprecabilis exorable.] That may or should be deprecated. Paley.

Dep´re•cate (dep´re•kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprecated (- ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Deprecating (-ka•ting).] [L. deprecatus, p. p. of deprecari to avert by player, to deprecate; de- + precari to pray. See Pray.] To pray against, as an evil; to seek to avert by prayer; to desire the removal of; to seek deliverance from; to express deep regret for; to disapprove of strongly. “His purpose was deprecated by all round him, and he was with difficulty induced to adandon it.” Sir W. Scott.

Dep´re•ca•ting•ly (-ka•ting•ly), adv. In a deprecating manner.

Dep•re•ca´tion (dep•re•ka´shun), n. [L. deprecatio; cf. F. deprecation.] 1. The act of deprecating; a praying against evil; prayer that an evil may be removed or prevented; strong expression of disapprobation. “Humble deprecation.” Milton. 2. Entreaty for pardon; petitioning. 3. An imprecation or curse. [Obs.] Gilpin.

Dep´re•ca•tive , a. [L. deprecativus: cf. F. deprecatif.] Serving to deprecate; deprecatory. — Dep´re•ca•tive•ly, adv.

Dep´re•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who deprecates.

Dep´re•ca•to•ry , a. [L. deprecatorius.] Serving to deprecate; tending to remove or avert evil by prayer; apologetic. “Humble and deprecatory letters.” Bacon.

De•pre´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depreciated p. pr. & vb. n. Depreciating ] [L. depretiatus, depreciatus, p. p. of depretiare, -ciare, to depreciate; de- + pretiare to prize, fr. pretium price. See Price.] To lessen in price or estimated value; to lower the worth of; to represent as of little value or claim to esteem; to undervalue. Addison. “Which … some over-severe philosophers may look upon fastidiously, or undervalue and depreciate.” Cudworth. “To prove that the Americans ought not to be free, we are obliged to depreciate the value of freedom itself.” Burke. Syn. — To decry; disparage; traduce; lower; detract; underrate. See Decry.

De•pre´ci•ate, v. i. To fall in value; to become of less worth; to sink in estimation; as a paper currency will depreciate, unless it is convertible into specie.

De•pre•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. depreciation.] 1. The act of lessening, or seeking to lessen, price, value, or reputation. 2. The falling of value; reduction of worth. Burke. 3. the state of being depreciated.

De•pre´ci•a•tive , a. Tending, or intended, to depreciate; expressing depreciation; undervaluing. — De•pre´ci•a•tive•ly, adv.

De•pre´ci•a•tor , n. [L.] One who depreciates.

De•pre´ci•a•to•ry , a. Tending to depreciate; undervaluing; depreciative.

Dep´re•da•ble , a. Liable to depredation. [Obs.] ´Made less depredable.´ Bacon.

Dep´re•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depredated p. pr. & vb. n. Depredating ] [L. depraedatus, p. p. of depraedari to plunder; de- + praedari to plunder, praeda plunder, prey. See Prey.] To subject to plunder and pillage; to despoil; to lay waste; to prey upon. “It makes the substance of the body … less apt to be consumed and depredated by the spirits.” Bacon.

Dep´re•date, v. i. To take plunder or prey; to commit waste; as the troops depredated on the country.

Dep•re•da´tion , n. [L. depraedatio: cf. F. depredation.] The act of depredating, or the state of being depredated; the act of despoiling or making inroads; as the sea often makes depredation on the land.

Dep´re•da•tor , n. [L. depraedator.] One who plunders or pillages; a spoiler; a robber.

Dep´re•da•to•ry , a. Tending or designed to depredate; characterized by depredation; plundering; as a depredatory incursion.

De•pred´i•cate , v. t. [Pref. de- (intensive) + predicate.] To proclaim; to celebrate. [R.]

Dep•re•hend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Deprehending.] [L. deprehendere, deprehensum; de- + prehendere to lay hold of, seize. See Prehensile.] 1. To take unawares or by surprise; to seize, as a person commiting an unlawful act; to catch; to apprehend. “The deprehended adulteress.Jer.” Taylor. 2. To detect; to discover; to find out. “The motion … are to be deprehended by experience.” Bacon.

Dep•re•hen´si•ble , a. That may be caught or discovered; apprehensible. [Obs.] Petty. — Dep•re•hen´si•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Dep•re•hen´sion , n. [L. deprehensio.] A catching; discovery. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•press´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depressed p. pr. & vb. n. Depressing.] [L. depressus, p. p. of deprimere; de- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press down; to cause to sink; to let fall; to lower; as to depress the muzzle of a gun; to depress the eyes. ´With lips depressed.´ Tennyson. 2. To bring down or humble; to abase, as pride. 3. To cast a gloom upon; to sadden; as his spirits were depressed. 4. To lessen the activity of; to make dull; embarrass, as trade, commerce, etc. 5. To lessen in price; to cause to decline in value; to cheapen; to depreciate. 6. (Math.) To reduce (an equation) in a lower degree. To depress the pole (Naut.), to cause the sidereal pole to appear lower or nearer the horizon, as by sailing toward the equator. Syn. — To sink; lower; abase; cast down; deject; humble; degrade; dispirit; discourage.

De•press´, a. [L. depressus, p. p.] Having the middle lower than the border; concave. [Obs.] “If the seal be depress or hollow.” Hammond.

De•press´ant , n. (Med.) An agent or remedy which lowers the vital powers.

De•pressed´ , a. 1. Pressed or forced down; lowed; sunk; dejected; dispirited; sad; humbled. 2. (Bot.) (a) Concave on the upper side; — said of a leaf whose disk is lower than the border. (b) Lying flat; — said of a stem or leaf which lies close to the ground. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the vertical diameter shorter than the horizontal or transverse; — said of the bodies of animals, or of parts of the bodies.

De•press´ing•ly, adv. In a depressing manner.

De•pres´sion , n. [L. depressio: cf. F. depression.] 1. The act of depressing. 2. The state of being depressed; a sinking. 3. A falling in of the surface; a sinking below its true place; a cavity or hollow; as roughness consists in little protuberances and depressions. 4. Humiliation; abasement, as of pride. 5. Dejection; despondency; lowness. “In a great depression of spirit.” Baker. 6. Diminution, as of trade, etc.; inactivity; dullness. 7. (Astron.) The angular distance of a celestial object below the horizon. 8. (Math.) The operation of reducing to a lower degree; — said of equations. 9. (Surg.) A method of operating for cataract; couching. See Couch, v. t., 8. Angle of depression (Geod.), one which a descending line makes with a horizontal plane. — Depression of the dewpoint (Meteor.), the number of degrees that the dew-point is lower than the actual temperature of the atmosphere. — Depression of the pole, its apparent sinking, as the spectator goes toward the equator. — Depression of the visible horizon. (Astron.) Same as Dip of the horizon, under Dip. Syn. — Abasement; reduction; sinking; fall; humiliation; dejection; melancholy.

De•press´ive , a. Able or tending to depress or cast down. — De•press´ive•ness, n.

De•pres•so•mo´tor , a. (Med.) Depressing or diminishing the capacity for movement, as depressomotor nerves, which lower or inhibit muscular activity. — n. Any agent that depresses the activity of the motor centers, as bromides, etc.

De•press´or , n. 1. One who, or that which, presses down; an oppressor. 2. (Anat.) A muscle that depresses or tends to draw down a part. Depressor nerve (Physiol.), a nerve which lowers the activity of an organ; as the depressor nerve of the heart.

Dep´ri•ment , a. [L. deprimens, p. pr. of deprimere. See Depress.] Serving to depress. [R.] ´Depriment muscles.´ Derham.

De•pri´sure , n. [F. depriser to undervalue; pref. de- (L. dis-) + priser to prize, fr. prix price, fr. L. pretium. See Dispraise.] Low estimation; disesteem; contempt. [Obs.]

De•priv´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, deprived; liable to be deposed. “Kings of Spain … deprivable for their tyrannies.” Prynne.

Dep•ri•va´tion , n. [LL. deprivatio.] 1. The act of depriving, dispossessing, or bereaving; the act of deposing or divesting of some dignity. 2. The state of being deprived; privation; loss; want; bereavement. 3. (Eccl. Law) the taking away from a clergyman his benefice, or other spiritual promotion or dignity. Deprivation may be a beneficio or ab officio; the first takes away the living, the last degrades and deposes from the order.

De•prive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprived p. pr. & vb. n. Depriving.] [LL. deprivare, deprivatium, to divest of office; L. de- + privare to bereave, deprive: cf. OF. depriver. See Private.] 1. To take away; to put an end; to destroy. [Obs.] “’Tis honor to deprive dishonored life.” Shak. 2. To dispossess; to bereave; to divest; to hinder from possessing; to debar; to shut out from; — with a remoter object, usually preceded by of. “God hath deprived her of wisdom.” Job xxxix. 17. “It was seldom that anger deprived him of power over himself.” Macaulay. 3. To divest of office; to depose; to dispossess of dignity, especially ecclesiastical. “A minister deprived for inconformity.” Bacon. Syn. — To strip; despoil; rob; abridge.

De•prive´ment , n. Deprivation. [R.]

De•priv´er , n. One who, or that which, deprives.

De•pros´trate , a. Fully prostrate; humble; low; rude. [Obs.] “How may weak mortal ever hope to file
His unsmooth tongue, and his deprostrate style.” G. Fletcher.

De•pro•vin´cial•ize , v. t. To divest of provincial quality or characteristics.

Depth (septh), n. [From Deep; akin to D. diepte, Icel. dypt, dypð, Goth. diupiþa.] 1. The quality of being deep; deepness; perpendicular measurement downward from the surface, or horizontal measurement backward from the front; as the depth of a river; the depth of a body of troops. 2. Profoundness; extent or degree of intensity; abundance; completeness; as depth of knowledge, or color. “Mindful of that heavenly love
Which knows no end in depth or height.” Keble. 3. Lowness; as depth of sound. 4. That which is deep; a deep, or the deepest, part or place; the deep; the middle part; as the depth of night, or of winter. “From you unclouded depth above.” Keble. “The depth closed me round about.” Jonah ii. 5. 5. (Logic) The number of simple elements which an abstract conception or notion includes; the comprehension or content. 6. (Horology) A pair of toothed wheels which work together. [R.] Depth of a sail (Naut.), the extent of a square sail from the head rope to the foot rope; the length of the after leach of a staysail or boom sail; — commonly called the drop of a sail.

Depth´en , v. t. To deepen. [Obs.]

Depth´less, a. 1. Having no depth; shallow. 2. Of measureless depth; unfathomable. “In clouds of depthless night.” Francis.

De•pu´ce•late , v. t. [L. de + LL. pucella virgin, F. pucelle: cf. F. depuceler.] To deflour; to deprive of virginity. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•pu´di•cate , v. t. [L. depudicatus, p. p. of depudicare.] To deflour; to dishonor. [Obs.]

De•pulse´ , v. t. [L. depulsus, p. p. of depellere to drive out; de- + pellere to drive.] To drive away. [Obs.] Cockeram.

De•pul´sion , n. [L. depulsio.] A driving or thrusting away. [R.] Speed.

De•pul´so•ry , a. [L. depulsorius.] Driving or thrusting away; averting. [R.] Holland.

Dep´u•rant , a. & n. (Med.) Depurative.

Dep´u•rate , a. [LL. depuratus, p. p. of depurare to purify; L. de- + purare to purify, purus clean, pure. Cf. Depure.] Depurated; cleansed; freed from impurities. Boyle.

Dep´u•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depurated p. pr. & vb. n. Depurating ] To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or feculence; to purify; to cleanse. “To depurate the mass of blood.” Boyle.

Dep•u•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. depuration.] The act or process of depurating or freeing from foreign or impure matter, as a liquid or wound.

Dep´u•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. depuratif.] (Med.) Purifying the blood or the humors; depuratory. — n. A depurative remedy or agent; or a disease which is believed to be depurative.

Dep´u•ra•tor , n. One who, or that which, cleanses.

Dep´u•ra•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. depuratoire.] Depurating; tending to depurate or cleanse; depurative.

De•pure´ , v. t. [F. depurer. See Depurate.] To depurate; to purify. [Obs.] “He shall first be depured and cleansed before that he shall be laid up for pure gold in the treasures of God.” Sir T. More.

De•pur´ga•to•ry , a. Serving to purge; tending to cleanse or purify. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Dep•u•ri´tion , n. See Depuration.

Dep´u•ta•ble , a. Fit to be deputed; suitable to act as a deputy. Carlyle.

Dep•u•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. deputation. See Depute.] 1. The act of deputing, or of appointing or commissioning a deputy or representative; office of a deputy or delegate; vicegerency. “The authority of conscience stands founded upon its vicegerency and deputation under God.” South. 2. The person or persons deputed or commissioned by another person, party, or public body to act in his or its behalf; delegation; as the general sent a deputation to the enemy to propose a truce. By deputation, or In deputation, by delegated authority; as substitute; through the medium of a deputy. [Obs.] “Say to great Caesar this: In deputation
I kiss his conquering hand.” Shak.

Dep´u•ta•tor , n. One who deputes, or makes a deputation. [R.] Locke.

De•pute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deputing.] [F. deputer, fr. L. deputare to esteem, consider, in LL., to destine, allot; de- + putare to clean, prune, clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Pure.] 1. To appoint as deputy or agent; to commission to act in one’s place; to delegate. “There is no man deputed of the king to hear thee.” 2. Sam. xv. 3. “Some persons, deputed by a meeting.” Macaulay. 2. To appoint; to assign; to choose. [R.] “The most conspicuous places in cities are usually deputed for the erection of statues.” Barrow.

De•pute´, n. A person deputed; a deputy. [Scot.]

Dep´u•tize (dep´u•tiz), v. t. To appoint as one’s deputy; to empower to act in one’s stead; to depute.

Dep´u•ty (-ty), n.; pl. Deputies (#). [F. depute, fr. LL. deputatus. See Depute.] 1. One appointed as the substitute of another, and empowered to act for him, in his name or his behalf; a substitute in office; a lieutenant; a representative; a delegate; a vicegerent; as the deputy of a prince, of a sheriff, of a township, etc. “There was then [in the days of Jehoshaphat] no king in Edom; a deputy was king.” 1 Kings xxii. 47. “God’s substitute,
His deputy anointed in His sight.” Shak. Deputy is used in combination with the names of various executive officers, to denote an assistant empowered to act in their name; as deputy collector, deputy marshal, deputy sheriff. 2. A member of the Chamber of Deputies. [France] Chamber of Deputies, one of the two branches of the French legislative assembly; — formerly called Corps Legislatif. Its members, called deputies, are elected by the people voting in districts. Syn. — Substitute; representative; legate; delegate; envoy; agent; factor.

De•quan´ti•tate , v. t. [L. de- + quantitas, -atis. See Quantity.] To diminish the quantity of; to disquantity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

De•rac´i•nate (de•ras´i•nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deracinated (-na•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Deracinating (na•ting).] [F. deraciner; pref. de- (L. dis) + racine root, fr. an assumed LL. radicina, fr. L. radix, radicis, root.] To pluck up by the roots; to extirpate. [R.] “While that the colter rusts
That should deracinate such savagery.” Shak.

De•rac•i•na´tion , n. The act of pulling up by the roots; eradication. [R.] { De•raign´ , De•rain´ } , v. t. [See Darraign.] (Old Law) To prove or to refute by proof; to clear (one’s self). [Obs.] { De•raign´ment , De•rain´ment } , n. [See Darraign.] 1. The act of deraigning. [Obs.] 2. The renunciation of religious or monastic vows. [Obs.] Blount.

De•rail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derailed p. pr. & vb. n. Derailing.] To cause to run off from the rails of a railroad, as a locomotive. Lardner.

De•rail´ment , n. The act of going off, or the state of being off, the rails of a railroad.

De•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deranged p. pr. & vb. n. Deranging.] [F. deranger; pref. de- = des- (L. dis) + ranger to range. See Range, and cf. Disarrange, Disrank.] 1. To put out of place, order, or rank; to disturb the proper arrangement or order of; to throw into disorder, confusion, or embarrassment; to disorder; to disarrange; as to derange the plans of a commander, or the affairs of a nation. 2. To disturb in action or function, as a part or organ, or the whole of a machine or organism. “A sudden fall deranges some of our internal parts.” Blair. 3. To disturb in the orderly or normal action of the intellect; to render insane. Syn. — To disorder; disarrange; displace; unsettle; disturb; confuse; discompose; ruffle; disconcert.

De•ranged´ , a. Disordered; especially, disordered in mind; crazy; insane. “The story of a poor deranged parish lad.” Lamb.

De•range´ment , n. [Cf. F. derangement.] The act of deranging or putting out of order, or the state of being deranged; disarrangement; disorder; confusion; especially, mental disorder; insanity. Syn. — Disorder; confusion; embarrassment; irregularity; disturbance; insanity; lunacy; madness; delirium; mania. See Insanity.

De•ran´ger , n. One who deranges.

De•ray´ , n. [OF. derroi, desroi, desrei; pref. des- (L. dis-) + roi, rei, rai, order. See Array.] Disorder; merriment. [Obs.]

Der´bi•o , n. (Zoöl.) A large European food fish (Lichia glauca).

Der´by ( usually ? in Eng.; 85), n. 1. A race for three-old horses, run annually at Epsom (near London), for the Derby stakes. It was instituted by the 12th Earl of Derby, in 1780. Derby Day, the day of the annual race for the Derby stakes, — Wednesday of the week before Whitsuntide. 2. A stiff felt hat with a dome-shaped crown.

Der´by•shire spar´ (Min.) A massive variety of fluor spar, found in Derbyshire, England, and wrought into vases and other ornamental work.

Der•do´ing , a. [See Dere, v. t.] Doing daring or chivalrous deeds. [Obs.] ´In derdoing arms.´ Spenser.

Dere , v. t. [AS. derian to hurt.] To hurt; to harm; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dere, n. Harm. [Obs.] Robert of Brunne. { De•reine , De•reyne´ }, v. t. Same as Darraign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Der´e•lict , a. [L. derelictus, p. p. of derelinquere to forsake wholly, to abandon; de- + relinquere to leave. See Relinquish.] 1. Given up or forsaken by the natural owner or guardian; left and abandoned; as derelict lands. “The affections which these exposed or derelict children bear to their mothers, have no grounds of nature or assiduity but civility and opinion.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Lost; adrift; hence, wanting; careless; neglectful; unfaithful. “They easily prevailed, so as to seize upon the vacant, unoccupied, and derelict minds of his [Chatham’s] friends; and instantly they turned the vessel wholly out of the course of his policy.” Burke. “A government which is either unable or unwilling to redress such wrongs is derelict to its highest duties.” J. Buchanan.

Der´e•lict, n. (Law) (a) A thing voluntary abandoned or willfully cast away by its proper owner, especially a ship abandoned at sea. (b) A tract of land left dry by the sea, and fit for cultivation or use.

Der•e•lic´tion , n. [L. derelictio.] 1. The act of leaving with an intention not to reclaim or resume; an utter forsaking abandonment. “Cession or dereliction, actual or tacit, of other powers.” Burke. 2. A neglect or omission as if by willful abandonment. “A total dereliction of military duties.” Sir W. Scott. 3. The state of being left or abandoned. 4. (Law) A retiring of the sea, occasioning a change of high-water mark, whereby land is gained.

De•re•li´gion•ize , v. t. To make irreligious; to turn from religion. [R.] “He would dereligionize men beyond all others.” De Quincey.

Dere´ling , n. Darling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dere´ling , n. Darling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Derf , a. [Icel. djafr.] Strong; powerful; fierce. [Obs.] — Derf´ly, adv. [Obs.]

De•ride´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derided; p. pr. & vb. n. Deriding.] [L. deridere, derisum; de- + ridre to laugh. See Ridicule.] To laugh at with contempt; to laugh to scorn; to turn to ridicule or make sport of; to mock; to scoff at. “And the Pharisees, also … derided him.” Luke xvi. 14. “Sport that wrinkled Care derides.
And Laughter holding both his sides.” Milton. Syn. — To mock; laugh at; ridicule; insult; taunt; jeer; banter; rally. — To Deride, Ridicule, Mock, Taunt. A man may ridicule without any unkindness of feeling; his object may be to correct; as to ridicule the follies of the age. He who derides is actuated by a severe a contemptuous spirit; as to deride one for his religious principles. To mock is stronger, and denotes open and scornful derision; as to mock at sin. To taunt is to reproach with the keenest insult; as to taunt one for his misfortunes. Ridicule consists more in words than in actions; derision and mockery evince themselves in actions as well as words; taunts are always expressed in words of extreme bitterness.

De•rid´er , n. One who derides, or laughs at, another in contempt; a mocker; a scoffer.

De•rid´ing•ly, adv. By way of derision or mockery.

De•ri´sion , n. [L. derisio: cf. F. derision. See Deride.] 1. The act of deriding, or the state of being derided; mockery; scornful or contemptuous treatment which holds one up to ridicule. “He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision.” Ps. ii. 4. “Satan beheld their plight,
And to his mates thus in derision called.” Milton. 2. An object of derision or scorn; a laughing-stock. “I was a derision to all my people.” Lam. iii. 14. Syn. — Scorn; mockery; contempt; insult; ridicule.

De•ri´sive , a. Expressing, serving for, or characterized by, derision. ´Derisive taunts.´ Pope. — De•ri´sive•ly, adv. — De•ri´sive•ness, n.

De•ri´so•ry , a. [L. derisorius: cf. F. derisoire.] Derisive; mocking. Shaftesbury.

De•riv´a•ble , a. [From Derive.] That can be derived; obtainable by transmission; capable of being known by inference, as from premises or data; capable of being traced, as from a radical; as income is derivable from various sources. “All honor derivable upon me.” South. “The exquisite pleasure derivable from the true and beautiful relations of domestic life.” H. G. Bell. “The argument derivable from the doxologies.” J. H. Newman.

De•riv´a•bly, adv. By derivation.

De•riv´al , n. Derivation. [R.] “The derival of e from a.” Earle.

Der´i•vate , a. [L. derivatus, p. p. of derivare. See Derive.] Derived; derivative. [R.] H. Taylor. — n. A thing derived; a derivative. [R.]

Der´i•vate , v. t. To derive. [Obs.] Huloet.

Der•i•va´tion , n. [L. derivatio: cf. F. derivation. See Derive.] 1. A leading or drawing off of water from a stream or source. [Obs.] T. Burnet. 2. The act of receiving anything from a source; the act of procuring an effect from a cause, means, or condition, as profits from capital, conclusions or opinions from evidence. “As touching traditional communication, … I do not doubt but many of those truths have had the help of that derivation.” Sir M. Hale. 3. The act of tracing origin or descent, as in grammar or genealogy; as the derivation of a word from an Aryan root. 4. The state or method of being derived; the relation of origin when established or asserted. 5. That from which a thing is derived. 6. That which is derived; a derivative; a deduction. “From the Euphrates into an artificial derivation of that river.” Gibbon. 7. (Math.) The operation of deducing one function from another according to some fixed law, called the law of derivation, as the operation of differentiation or of integration. 8. (Med.) A drawing of humors or fluids from one part of the body to another, to relieve or lessen a morbid process.

Der•i•va´tion•al , a. Relating to derivation. Earle.

De•riv´a•tive , a. [L. derivativus: cf. F. derivatif.] Obtained by derivation; derived; not radical, original, or fundamental; originating, deduced, or formed from something else; secondary; as a derivative conveyance; a derivative word. Derivative circulation, a modification of the circulation found in some parts of the body, in which the arteries empty directly into the veins without the interposition of capillaries. Flint. — De•riv´a•tive•ly, adv. — De•riv´a•tive•ness, n.

De•riv´a•tive, n. 1. That which is derived; anything obtained or deduced from another. 2. (Gram.) A word formed from another word, by a prefix or suffix, an internal modification, or some other change; a word which takes its origin from a root. 3. (Mus.) A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another by inversion; or, vice versa, a ground tone or root implied in its harmonics in an actual chord. 4. (Med.) An agent which is adapted to produce a derivation (in the medical sense). 5. (Math.) A derived function; a function obtained from a given function by a certain algebraic process. Except in the mode of derivation the derivative is the same as the differential coefficient. See Differential coefficient, under Differential. 6. (Chem.) A substance so related to another substance by modification or partial substitution as to be regarded as derived from it; thus, the amido compounds are derivatives of ammonia, and the hydrocarbons are derivatives of methane, benzene, etc.

De•rive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derived p. pr. & vb. n. Deriving.] [F. deriver, L. derivare; de- + rivus stream, brook. See Rival.] 1. To turn the course of, as water; to divert and distribute into subordinate channels; to diffuse; to communicate; to transmit; — followed by to, into, on, upon. [Obs.] “For fear it [water] choke up the pits … they [the workman] derive it by other drains.” Holland. “Her due loves derived to that vile witch’s share.” Spenser. “Derived to us by tradition from Adam to Noah.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To receive, as from a source or origin; to obtain by descent or by transmission; to draw; to deduce; — followed by from. 3. To trace the origin, descent, or derivation of; to recognize transmission of; as he derives this word from the Anglo-Saxon. “From these two causes … an ancient set of physicians derived all diseases.” Arbuthnot. 4. (Chem.) To obtain one substance from another by actual or theoretical substitution; as to derive an organic acid from its corresponding hydrocarbon. Syn. — To trace; deduce; infer.

De•rive´ , v. i. To flow; to have origin; to descend; to proceed; to be deduced. Shak. “Power from heaven
Derives, and monarchs rule by gods appointed.” Prior.

De•rive´ment , n. That which is derived; deduction; inference. [Obs.] “I offer these derivements from these subjects.” W. Montagu.

De•riv´er , n. One who derives.

Derk , a. Dark. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-derm [See Derm, n.] A suffix or terminal formative, much used in anatomical terms, and signifying skin, integument, covering; as blastoderm, ectoderm, etc.

Derm , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin, fr. to skin, flay: cf. F. derme. See Tear, v. t.] 1. The integument of animal; the skin. 2. (Anat.) See Dermis.

Der´ma , n. [NL. See Derm.] (Anat.) See Dermis.

Derm´al , a. [From Derm.] 1. Pertaining to the integument or skin of animals; dermic; as the dermal secretions. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to the dermis or true skin.

Der•map´te•ra , Der•map´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) See Dermoptera, Dermopteran. { Der•mat´ic , Der´ma•tine } a. [Gr. , , fr. skin.] Of or pertaining to the skin.

Der•ma•ti´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the skin.

Der•mat´o•gen , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -gen.] (Bot.) Nascent epidermis, or external cuticle of plants in a forming condition.

Der•mat´o•gen , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -gen.] (Bot.) Nascent epidermis, or external cuticle of plants in a forming condition.

Der•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -graphy.] An anatomical description of, or treatise on, the skin.

Der´ma•toid , a. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -oid: cf. F. dermatoïde. Cf. Dermoid.] Resembling skin; skinlike.

Der•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One who discourses on the skin and its diseases; one versed in dermatology.

Der•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + -logy: cf. F. dermatologie.] The science which treats of the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases.

Der•ma•to•path´ic , a. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + pa•qos suffering.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to skin diseases, or their cure.

Der•mat´o•phyte (der•mat´o•fit or der´ma•to•fit), n. [Gr. de•rma, -atos, skin + fyto•n plant.] (Med.) A vegetable parasite, infesting the skin.
[1913 Webster]

Der•mes´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. dermhsth•s; de•rma skin + root of to eat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of coleopterous insects, the larvae of which feed animal substances. They are very destructive to dries meats, skins, woolens, and furs. The most common species is D. lardarius, known as the bacon beetle.

Der•mes´toid , a. [Dermestes + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to or resembling the genus Dermestes. “The carpet beetle, called the buffalo moth, is a dermestoid beetle.” Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Der´mic , a. 1. Relating to the derm or skin. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to the dermis; dermal. “Underneath each nail the deep or dermic layer of the integument is peculiarly modified.” Huxley. Dermic remedies (Med.), such as act through the skin.

Der´mis , n. [NL. See Derm.] (Anat.) The deep sensitive layer of the skin beneath the scarfskin or epidermis; — called also true skin, derm, derma, corium, cutis, and enderon. See Skin, and Illust. in Appendix.

Der•mo•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of nudibranch mollusks without special gills.

Der•mo•bran´chi•ate , a. [Derm + branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having the skin modified to serve as a gill.

Der•mo•hae´mal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in relation with, both dermal and haemal structures; as the dermohaemal spines or ventral fin rays of fishes.

Der´moid , a. [Derm + - oid: cf. F. dermoïde.] Same as Dermatoid. Dermoid cyst (Med.), a cyst containing skin, or structures connected with skin, such as hair.

Der•mo•neu´ral , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in relation with, both dermal and neural structures; as the dermoneural spines or dorsal fin rays of fishes. Owen.

Der•mo•path´ic , a. (Med.) Dermatopathic.

Der´mo•phyte , n. A dermatophyte.

Der•mop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. skin + wing.] 1. (Zoöl.) The division of insects which includes the earwigs (Forticulidae). 2. (Zoöl.) A group of lemuroid mammals having a parachutelike web of skin between the fore and hind legs, of which the colugo (Galeopithecus) is the type. See Colugo. 3. (Zoöl.) An order of Mammalia; the Cheiroptera. [Written also Dermaptera, and Dermatoptera.]

Der•mop´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) An insect which has the anterior pair of wings coriaceous, and does not use them in flight, as the earwig.

Der•mop´te•ri , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Dermopterygii.

Der•mop•te•ryg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. skin + wing, fin, dim. of wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishlike animals including the Marsipobranchiata and Leptocardia.

Der•mo•skel´e•ton , n. [Derm + skeleton.] (Anat.) See Exoskeleton.

Der•mos•to´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. skin + bone.] (Physiol.) Ossification of the dermis.

Dern , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A gatepost or doorpost. [Local Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Dern, a. [See Dearn, a.] 1. Hidden; concealed; secret. [Obs.] ´Ye must be full dern.´ Chaucer. 2. Solitary; sad. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Derne , v. t. & i. [AS. dyrnan to hide. See Dern, a., Dearn, a.] To hide; to skulk. [Scot.] “He at length escaped them by derning himself in a foxearth.” H. Miller.

Dern´ful , a. Secret; hence, lonely; sad; mournful. [Obs.] ´Dernful noise.´ Spenser.

Der•nier´ , a. [F., from OF. darrein, derrain. See Darrein.] Last; final. Dernier ressort [F.], last resort or expedient.

Dern´ly , adv. Secretly; grievously; mournfully. [Obs.] Spenser.

Der´o•gant , a. [L. derogans, p. pr.] Derogatory. [R.] T. Adams.

Der´o•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derogated p. pr. & vb. n. Derogating ] [L. derogatus, p. p. of derogare to derogate; de- + rogare to ask, to ask the people about a law. See Rogation.] 1. To annul in part; to repeal partly; to restrict; to limit the action of; — said of a law. “By several contrary customs, … many of the civil and canon laws are controlled and derogated.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To lessen; to detract from; to disparage; to depreciate; — said of a person or thing. [R.] “Anything … that should derogate, minish, or hurt his glory and his name.” Sir T. More.

Der´o•gate , v. i. 1. To take away; to detract; to withdraw; — usually with from. “If we did derogate from them whom their industry hath made great.” Hooker. “It derogates little from his fortitude, while it adds infinitely to the honor of his humanity.” Burke. 2. To act beneath one-s rank, place, birth, or character; to degenerate. [R.] “You are a fool granted; therefore your issues, being foolish, do not derogate.” Shak. “Would Charles X. derogate from his ancestors? Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line?” Hazlitt.

Der´o•gate , n. [L. derogatus, p. p.] Diminished in value; dishonored; degraded. [R.] Shak.

Der´o•gate•ly, adv. In a derogatory manner.

Der•o•ga´tion , n. [L. derogatio: cf. F. derogation.] 1. The act of derogating, partly repealing, or lessening in value; disparagement; detraction; depreciation; — followed by of, from, or to. “I hope it is no derogation to the Christian religion.” Locke. “He counted it no derogation of his manhood to be seen to weep.” F. W. Robertson. 2. (Stock Exch.) An alteration of, or subtraction from, a contract for a sale of stocks.

De•rog´a•tive , a. Derogatory. — De•rog´a•tive•ly, adv. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Der´o•ga•tor , n. [L.] A detractor.

De•rog´a•to•ri•ly , adv. In a derogatory manner; disparagingly. Aubrey.

De•rog´a•to•ri•ness, n. Quality of being derogatory.

De•rog´a•to•ry , a. Tending to derogate, or lessen in value; expressing derogation; detracting; injurious; — with from, to, or unto. “Acts of Parliament derogatory from the power of subsequent Parliaments bind not.” Blackstone. “His language was severely censured by some of his brother peers as derogatory to their order.” Macaulay. Derogatory clause in a testament (Law), a sentence of secret character inserted by the testator alone, of which he reserves the knowledge to himself, with a condition that no will he may make thereafter shall be valid, unless this clause is inserted word for word; — a precaution to guard against later wills extorted by violence, or obtained by suggestion.

Der•o•tre´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de•ros skin + , , hole.] (Zoöl.) The tribe of aquatic Amphibia which includes Amphiuma, Menopoma, etc. They have permanent gill openings, but no external gills; — called also Cryptobranchiata. [Written also Derotrema.]

Der´re , a. Dearer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Der´rick , n. [Orig., a gallows, from a hangman named Derrick. The name is of Dutch origin; D. Diederik, Dierryk, prop. meaning, chief of the people; cf. AS. peódric, E. Theodoric, G. Dietrich. See Dutch, and Rich.] A mast, spar, or tall frame, supported at the top by stays or guys, with suitable tackle for hoisting heavy weights, as stones in building. Derrick crane, a combination of the derrick and the crane, having facility for hoisting and also for swinging the load horizontally.

Der´ring, a. Daring or warlike. [Obs.] “Drad for his derring doe and bloody deed.” Spenser.

Der´rin•ger , n. [From the American inventor.] A kind of short-barreled pocket pistol, of very large caliber, often carrying a half-ounce ball.

Derth , n. Dearth; scarcity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Der•tro•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. beak + box, case.] (Zoöl.) The horny covering of the end of the bill of birds. { Der´vish , Der´vise , Der´vis } n. [Per. derwesch, fr. OPer. derew to beg, ask alms: cf. F. derviche.] A Turkish or Persian monk, especially one who professes extreme poverty and leads an austere life.

Der´worth (der´werth), a. [AS. deórwurþe, lit., dearworth.] Precious. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Des´cant (des´kant), n. [OF. descant, deschant, F. dechant, discant, LL. discantus, fr. L. dis + cantus singing, melody, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, and cf. Descant, v. i., Discant.] 1. (Mus.) (a) Originally, a double song; a melody or counterpoint sung above the plain song of the tenor; a variation of an air; a variation by ornament of the main subject or plain song. (b) The upper voice in part music. (c) The canto, cantus, or soprano voice; the treble. Grove. “Twenty doctors expound one text twenty ways, as children make descant upon plain song.” Tyndale. “She [the nightingale] all night long her amorous descant sung.” Milton. The term has also been used synonymously with counterpoint, or polyphony, which developed out of the French dechant, of the 12th century. 2. A discourse formed on its theme, like variations on a musical air; a comment or comments. “Upon that simplest of themes how magnificent a descant!” De Quincey.

Des•cant´ (des•kant´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Descanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Descanting.] [From descant; n.; or directly fr. OF. descanter, deschanter; L. dis- + cantare to sing.] 1. To sing a variation or accomplishment. 2. To comment freely; to discourse with fullness and particularity; to discourse at large. “A virtuous man should be pleased to find people descanting on his actions.” Addison.

Des•cant´er , n. One who descants.

De•scend´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Descended; p. pr. & vb. n. Descending.] [F. descendre, L. descendere, descensum; de- + scandere to climb. See Scan.] 1. To pass from a higher to a lower place; to move downwards; to come or go down in any way, as by falling, flowing, walking, etc.; to plunge; to fall; to incline downward; — the opposite of ascend. “The rain descended, and the floods came.” Matt. vii. 25. “We will here descend to matters of later date.” Fuller. 2. To enter mentally; to retire. [Poetic] “[He] with holiest meditations fed,
Into himself descended.” Milton. 3. To make an attack, or incursion, as if from a vantage ground; to come suddenly and with violence; — with on or upon. “And on the suitors let thy wrath descend.” Pope. 4. To come down to a lower, less fortunate, humbler, less virtuous, or worse, state or station; to lower or abase one’s self; as he descended from his high estate. 5. To pass from the more general or important to the particular or less important matters to be considered. 6. To come down, as from a source, original, or stock; to be derived; to proceed by generation or by transmission; to fall or pass by inheritance; as the beggar may descend from a prince; a crown descends to the heir. 7. (Anat.) To move toward the south, or to the southward. 8. (Mus.) To fall in pitch; to pass from a higher to a lower tone.

De•scend´ , v. t. To go down upon or along; to pass from a higher to a lower part of; as they descended the river in boats; to descend a ladder. “But never tears his cheek descended.” Byron.

De•scend´ant , a. [F. descendant, p. pr. of descendre. Cf. Descendent.] Descendent.

De•scend´ant, n. One who descends, as offspring, however remotely; — correlative to ancestor or ascendant. “Our first parents and their descendants.” Hale. “The descendant of so many kings and emperors.” Burke.

De•scend´ent , a. [L. descendens, -entis, p. pr. of descendre. Cf. Descendant.] Descending; falling; proceeding from an ancestor or source. “More than mortal grace
Speaks thee descendent of ethereal race.” Pope.

De•scend´er , n. One who descends.

De•scend•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being descendible; capability of being transmitted from ancestors; as the descendibility of an estate.

De•scend´i•ble , a. 1. Admitting descent; capable of being descended. 2. That may descend from an ancestor to an heir. ´A descendant estate.´ Sir W. Jones.

De•scend´ing, a. Of or pertaining to descent; moving downwards. Descending constellations or signs (Astron.), those through which the planets descent toward the south. — Descending node (Astron.), that point in a planet’s orbit where it intersects the ecliptic in passing southward. — Descending series (Math.), a series in which each term is numerically smaller than the preceding one; also a series arranged according to descending powers of a quantity.

De•scend´ing•ly, adv. In a descending manner.

De•scen´sion , n. [OF. descension, L. descensio. See Descent.] The act of going downward; descent; falling or sinking; declension; degradation. Oblique descension (Astron.), the degree or arc of the equator which descends, with a celestial object, below the horizon of an oblique sphere. — Right descension, the degree or arc of the equator which descends below the horizon of a right sphere at the same time with the object. [Obs.]

De•scen´sion•al , a. Pertaining to descension. Johnson.

De•scen´sive , a. Tending to descend; tending downwards; descending. Smart.

De•scen´so•ry , n. [NL. descensorium: cf. OF. descensoire. See Descend.] A vessel used in alchemy to extract oils.

De•scent´ , n. [F. descente, fr. descendre; like vente, from vendre. See Descend.] 1. The act of descending, or passing downward; change of place from higher to lower. 2. Incursion; sudden attack; especially, hostile invasion from sea; — often followed by upon or on; as to make a descent upon the enemy. “The United Provinces … ordered public prayer to God, when they feared that the French and English fleets would make a descent upon their coasts.” Jortin. 3. Progress downward, as in station, virtue, as in station, virtue, and the like, from a higher to a lower state, from a higher to a lower state, from the more to the less important, from the better to the worse, etc. 2. Derivation, as from an ancestor; procedure by generation; lineage; birth; extraction. Dryden. 5. (Law) Transmission of an estate by inheritance, usually, but not necessarily, in the descending line; title to inherit an estate by reason of consanguinity. Abbott. 6. Inclination downward; a descending way; inclined or sloping surface; declivity; slope; as a steep descent. 7. That which is descended; descendants; issue. “If care of our descent perplex us most,
Which must be born to certain woe.” Milton. 8. A step or remove downward in any scale of gradation; a degree in the scale of genealogy; a generation. “No man living is a thousand descents removed from Adam himself.” Hooker. 9. Lowest place; extreme downward place. [R.] “And from the extremest upward of thy head,
To the descent and dust below thy foot.” Shak. 10. (Mus.) A passing from a higher to a lower tone. Syn. — Declivity; slope; degradation; extraction; lineage; assault; invasion; attack.

De•scrib´a•ble , a. That can be described; capable of description.

De•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Described p. pr. & vb. n. Describing.] [L. describere, descriptum; de- + scribere to write: cf. OE. descriven, OF. descrivre, F. decrire. See Scribe, and cf. Descry.] 1. To represent by drawing; to draw a plan of; to delineate; to trace or mark out; as to describe a circle by the compasses; a torch waved about the head in such a way as to describe a circle. 2. To represent by words written or spoken; to give an account of; to make known to others by words or signs; as the geographer describes countries and cities. 3. To distribute into parts, groups, or classes; to mark off; to class. [Obs.] “Passed through the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book.” Josh. xviii. 9. Syn. — To set forth; represent; delineate; relate; recount; narrate; express; explain; depict; portray; chracterize.

De•scribe´, v. i. To use the faculty of describing; to give a description; as Milton describes with uncommon force and beauty.

De•scrib´ent , n. [L. describens, p. pr. of describere.] (Geom.) Same as Generatrix.

De•scrib´er , n. One who describes.

De•scri´er , n. One who descries.

De•scrip´tion , n. [F. description, L. descriptio. See Describe.] 1. The act of describing; a delineation by marks or signs. 2. A sketch or account of anything in words; a portraiture or representation in language; an enumeration of the essential qualities of a thing or species. “Milton has descriptions of morning.” D. Webster. 3. A class to which a certain representation is applicable; kind; sort. “A difference … between them and another description of public creditors.” A. Hamilton. “The plates were all of the meanest description.” Macaulay. Syn. — Account; definition; recital; relation; detail; narrative; narration; explanation; delineation; representation; kind; sort. See Definition.

De•scrip´tive , a. [L. descriptivus: cf. F. descriptif.] Tending to describe; having the quality of representing; containing description; as a descriptive figure; a descriptive phrase; a descriptive narration; a story descriptive of the age. Descriptive anatomy, that part of anatomy which treats of the forms and relations of parts, but not of their textures. — Descriptive geometry, that branch of geometry. which treats of the graphic solution of problems involving three dimensions, by means of projections upon auxiliary planes. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) — De•scrip´tive•ly, adv. — De•scrip´tive•ness, n.

De•scrive´ , v. t. [OF. descrivre. See Describe.] To describe. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•scry´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Descried p. pr. & vb. n. Descrying.] [OE. descrien, discrien, to espy, prob. from the proclaiming of what was espied, fr. OF. descrier to proclaim, cry down, decry, F. decrier. The word was confused somewhat with OF. descriven, E. describe, OF. descrivre, from L. describere. See Decry.] 1. To spy out or discover by the eye, as objects distant or obscure; to espy; to recognize; to discern; to discover. “And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel.” Judg. i. 23. “Edmund, I think, is gone … to descry
The strength o’ the enemy.” Shak. “And now their way to earth they had descried.” Milton. 2. To discover; to disclose; to reveal. [R.] “His purple robe he had thrown aside, lest it should descry him.” Milton. Syn. — To see; behold; espy; discover; discern.

De•scry´ , n. Discovery or view, as of an army seen at a distance. [Obs.] “Near, and on speedy foot; the main descry
Stands on the hourly thought.” Shak.

Des´e•cate , v. t. [L. desecare to cut off.] To cut, as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.]

Des´e•crate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desecrated p. pr. & vb. n. Desecrating ] [L. desecratus, p. p. of desecrare (also desacrare) to consecrate, dedicate; but taken in the sense if to divest of a sacred character; de- + sacrare to consecrate, fr. sacer sacred. See Sacred.] To divest of a sacred character or office; to divert from a sacred purpose; to violate the sanctity of; to profane; to put to an unworthy use; — the opposite of consecrate. “The [Russian] clergy can not suffer corporal punishment without being previously desecrated.” W. Tooke. “The founders of monasteries imprecated evil on those who should desecrate their donations.” Salmon.

Des´e•cra•ter , n. One who desecrates; a profaner. Harper’s Mag.

Des•e•cra´tion , n. The act of desecrating; profanation; condition of anything desecrated.

Des´e•cra•tor , n. One who desecrates. ´Desecrators of the church.´ Morley.

De•seg•men•ta´tion , n. (Anat.) The loss or obliteration of division into segments; as a desegmentation of the body.

De•sert´ (de•zert´), n. [OF. deserte, desserte, merit, recompense, fr. deservir, desservir, to merit. See Deserve.] That which is deserved; the reward or the punishment justly due; claim to recompense, usually in a good sense; right to reward; merit. “According to their deserts will I judge them.” Ezek. vii. 27. “Andronicus, surnamed Pius
For many good and great deserts to Rome.” Shak. “His reputation falls far below his desert.” A. Hamilton. Syn. — Merit; worth; excellence; due.

Des´ert (dez´ert), n. [F. desert, L. desertum, from desertus solitary, desert, pp. of deserere to desert; de- + serere to join together. See Series.] 1. A deserted or forsaken region; a barren tract incapable of supporting population, as the vast sand plains of Asia and Africa which are destitute of moisture and vegetation. “A dreary desert and a gloomy waste.” Pope. 2. A tract, which may be capable of sustaining a population, but has been left unoccupied and uncultivated; a wilderness; a solitary place. “He will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord.” Is. li. 3. Also figuratively. “Before her extended
Dreary and vast and silent, the desert of life.” Longfellow.

Des´ert, a. [Cf. L. desertus, p. p. of deserere, and F. desert. See 2d Desert.] Of or pertaining to a desert; forsaken; without life or cultivation; unproductive; waste; barren; wild; desolate; solitary; as they landed on a desert island. “He … went aside privately into a desert place.” Luke ix. 10. “Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.” Gray. Desert flora (Bot.), the assemblage of plants growing naturally in a desert, or in a dry and apparently unproductive place. — Desert hare (Zoöl.), a small hare (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Arizonae) inhabiting the deserts of the Western United States. — Desert mouse (Zoöl.), an American mouse (Hesperomys eremicus), living in the Western deserts.

De•sert´ (de•zert´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deserting.] [Cf. L. desertus, p. p. of deserere to desert, F. deserter. See 2d Desert.] 1. To leave (especially something which one should stay by and support); to leave in the lurch; to abandon; to forsake; — implying blame, except sometimes when used of localities; as to desert a friend, a principle, a cause, one’s country. ´The deserted fortress.´ Prescott. 2. (Mil.) To abandon (the service) without leave; to forsake in violation of duty; to abscond from; as to desert the army; to desert one’s colors.

De•sert´, v. i. To abandon a service without leave; to quit military service without permission, before the expiration of one’s term; to abscond. “The soldiers … deserted in numbers.” Bancroft. Syn. — To abandon; forsake; leave; relinquish; renounce; quit; depart from; abdicate. See Abandon.

De•sert´er (de•zert´er), n. One who forsakes a duty, a cause or a party, a friend, or any one to whom he owes service; especially, a soldier or a seaman who abandons the service without leave; one guilty of desertion.

De•sert´ful , a. Meritorious. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

De•ser´tion (de•zer´shun), n. [L. desertio: cf. F. desertion.] 1. The act of deserting or forsaking; abandonment of a service, a cause, a party, a friend, or any post of duty; the quitting of one’s duties willfully and without right; esp., an absconding from military or naval service. “Such a resignation would have seemed to his superior a desertion or a reproach.” Bancroft. 2. The state of being forsaken; desolation; as the king in his desertion. 3. Abandonment by God; spiritual despondency. “The spiritual agonies of a soul under desertion.” South.

De•sert´less , a. Without desert. [R.]

De•sert´less•ly, adv. Undeservedly. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Des´ert•ness , n. A deserted condition. [R.] ´The desertness of the country.´ Udall. { De•sert´rix , De•sert´rice } n. [L. desertrix.] A feminine deserter. Milton.

De•serve´ (de•zerv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserved p. pr. & vb. n. Deserving.] [OF. deservir, desservir, to merit, L. deservire to serve zealously, be devoted to; de- + servire to serve. See Serve.] 1. To earn by service; to be worthy of (something due, either good or evil); to merit; to be entitled to; as the laborer deserves his wages; a work of value deserves praise. “God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.” Job xi. 6. “John Gay deserved to be a favorite.” Thackeray. “Encouragement is not held out to things that deserve reprehension.” Burke. 2. To serve; to treat; to benefit. [Obs.] “A man that hath
So well deserved me.” Massinger.

De•serve´ (de•zerv´), v. i. To be worthy of recompense; — usually with ill or with well. “One man may merit or deserve of another.” South.

De•serv´ed•ly (-zerv´ed•l>ycr/), adv. According to desert (whether good or evil); justly.

De•serv´ed•ness, n. Meritoriousness.

De•serv´er , n. One who deserves.

De•serv´ing, n. Desert; merit. “A person of great deservings from the republic.” Swift.

De•serv´ing, a. Meritorious; worthy; as a deserving person or act. — De•serv´ing•ly, adv.

Des•ha•bille , n. [F. deshabille, fr. deshabiller to undress; pref. des- (L. dis-) + habiller to dress. See Habiliment, and cf. Dishabille.] An undress; a careless toilet.

De•sic´cant , a. [L. desiccans, p. pr. of desiccare. See Desiccate.] Drying; desiccative. — n. (Med.) A medicine or application for drying up a sore. Wiseman.

Des´ic•cate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiccated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiccating.] [L. desiccatus, p. p. of desiccare to dry up; de- + siccare to dry, siccus dry. See Sack wine.] To dry up; to deprive or exhaust of moisture; to preserve by drying; as to desiccate fish or fruit. “Bodies desiccated by heat or age.” Bacon.

Des´ic•cate, v. i. To become dry.

Des•ic•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. dessiccation.] The act of desiccating, or the state of being desiccated.

De•sic´ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. dessicatif.] Drying; tending to dry. Ferrand. — n. (Med.) An application for drying up secretions.

Des´ic•ca•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, desiccates. 2. (Chem.) A short glass jar fitted with an air-tight cover, and containing some desiccating agent, as sulphuric acid or calcium chloride, above which is suspended the material to be dried, or preserved from moisture.

De•sic´ca•to•ry , a. Desiccative.

De•sid´er•a•ble , a. Desirable. [R.] ´Good and desiderable things.´ Holland.

De•sid•e•ra´ta , n. pl. See Desideratum.

De•sid´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiderated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiderating.] [L. desideratus, p. p. of desiderare to desire, miss. See Desire, and cf. Desideratum.] To desire; to feel the want of; to lack; to miss; to want. “Pray have the goodness to point out one word missing that ought to have been there — please to insert a desiderated stanza. You can not.” Prof. Wilson. “Men were beginning … to desiderate for them an actual abode of fire.” A. W. Ward.

De•sid•er•a´tion , n. [L. desideratio.] Act of desiderating; also the thing desired. [R.] Jeffrey.

De•sid´er•a•tive , a. [L. desiderativus.] Denoting desire; as desiderative verbs.

De•sid´er•a•tive, n. 1. An object of desire. 2. (Gram.) A verb formed from another verb by a change of termination, and expressing the desire of doing that which is indicated by the primitive verb.

De•sid•e•ra´tum , n.; pl. Desiderata (#). [L., fr. desideratus, p. p. See Desiderate.] Anything desired; that of which the lack is felt; a want generally felt and acknowledge. { De•sid´i•ose• , De•sid´i•ous } a. [L. desidiosus, fr. desidia a sitting idle, fr. desidre to sit idle; de- + sedre to sit.] Idle; lazy. [Obs.]

De•sid´i•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being desidiose, or indolent. [Obs.] N. Bacon.

De•sight´ , n. [Pref. de- + sight.] An unsightly object. [Obs.]

De•sight´ment , n. The act of making unsightly; disfigurement. [R.] “To substitute jury masts at whatever desightment or damage in risk.” London Times.

De•sign´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designed p. pr. & vb. n. Designing.] [F. designer to designate, cf. F. dessiner to draw, dessin drawing, dessein a plan or scheme; all, ultimately, from L. designare to designate; de- + signare to mark, mark out, signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Design, n., Designate.] 1. To draw preliminary outline or main features of; to sketch for a pattern or model; to delineate; to trace out; to draw. Dryden. 2. To mark out and exhibit; to designate; to indicate; to show; to point out; to appoint. “We shall see
Justice design the victor’s chivalry.” Shak. “Meet me to-morrow where the master
And this fraternity shall design.” Beau. & Fl. 3. To create or produce, as a work of art; to form a plan or scheme of; to form in idea; to invent; to project; to lay out in the mind; as a man designs an essay, a poem, a statue, or a cathedral. 4. To intend or purpose; — usually with for before the remote object, but sometimes with to. “Ask of politicians the end for which laws were originally designed.” Burke. “He was designed to the study of the law.” Dryden. Syn. — To sketch; plan; purpose; intend; propose; project; mean.

De•sign´, v. i. To form a design or designs; to plan. Design for, to intend to go to. [Obs.] ´From this city she designed for Collin [Cologne].´ Evelyn.

De•sign´ , n. [Cf. dessein, dessin.] 1. A preliminary sketch; an outline or pattern of the main features of something to be executed, as of a picture, a building, or a decoration; a delineation; a plan. 2. A plan or scheme formed in the mind of something to be done; preliminary conception; idea intended to be expressed in a visible form or carried into action; intention; purpose; — often used in a bad sense for evil intention or purpose; scheme; plot. “The vast design and purpos of the King.” Tennyson. “The leaders of that assembly who withstood the designs of a besotted woman.” Hallam. “A … settled design upon another man’s life.” Locke. “How little he could guess the secret designs of the court!” Macaulay. 3. Specifically, intention or purpose as revealed or inferred from the adaptation of means to an end; as the argument from design. 4. The realization of an inventive or decorative plan; esp., a work of decorative art considered as a new creation; conception or plan shown in completed work; as this carved panel is a fine design, or of a fine design. 5. (Mus.) The invention and conduct of the subject; the disposition of every part, and the general order of the whole. Arts of design, those into which the designing of artistic forms and figures enters as a principal part, as architecture, painting, engraving, sculpture. — School of design, one in which are taught the invention and delineation of artistic or decorative figures, patterns, and the like. Syn. — Intention; purpose; scheme; project; plan; idea. - - Design, Intention, Purpose. Design has reference to something definitely aimed at. Intention points to the feelings or desires with which a thing is sought. Purpose has reference to a settled choice or determination for its attainment. ´I had no design to injure you,´ means it was no part of my aim or object. ´I had no intention to injure you,´ means, I had no wish or desire of that kind. ´My purpose was directly the reverse,´ makes the case still stronger. “Is he a prudent man … that lays designs only for a day, without any prospect to the remaining part of his life?” Tillotson. “I wish others the same intention, and greater successes.” Sir W. Temple. “It is the purpose that makes strong the vow.” Shak.

Des´ig•na•ble , a. Capable of being designated or distinctly marked out; distinguishable. Boyle.

Des´ig•nate , a. [L. designatus, p. p. of designare. See Design, v. t.] Designated; appointed; chosen. [R.] Sir G. Buck.

Des´ig•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designated; p. pr. & vb. n. Designating.] 1. To mark out and make known; to point out; to name; to indicate; to show; to distinguish by marks or description; to specify; as to designate the boundaries of a country; to designate the rioters who are to be arrested. 2. To call by a distinctive title; to name. 3. To indicate or set apart for a purpose or duty; — with to or for; as to designate an officer for or to the command of a post or station. Syn. — To name; denominate; style; entitle; characterize; describe.

Des•ig•na´tion , n. [L. designatio: cf. F. designation.] 1. The act of designating; a pointing out or showing; indication. 2. Selection and appointment for a purpose; allotment; direction. 3. That which designates; a distinguishing mark or name; distinctive title; appellation. “The usual designation of the days of the week.” Whewell. 4. Use or application; import; intention; signification, as of a word or phrase. “Finite and infinite seem … to be attributed primarily, in their first designation, only to those things which have parts.” Locke.

Des´ig•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. designatif.] Serving to designate or indicate; pointing out.

Des´ig•na•tor , n. [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who assigned to each his rank and place in public shows and ceremonies. 2. One who designates.

Des´ig•na•to•ry , a. Serving to designate; designative; indicating. [R.]

De•sign´ed•ly , adv. By design; purposely; intentionally; — opposed to accidentally, ignorantly, or inadvertently.

De•sign´er , n. 1. One who designs, marks out, or plans; a contriver. 2. (Fine Arts) One who produces or creates original works of art or decoration. 3. A plotter; a schemer; — used in a bad sense.

De•sign´ful , a. Full of design; scheming. [R.] — De•sign´ful•ness, n. [R.] Barrow.

De•sign´ing, a. Intriguing; artful; scheming; as a designing man.

De•sign´ing, n. The act of making designs or sketches; the act of forming designs or plans.

De•sign´less, a. Without design. [Obs.] — De•sign´less•ly, adv. [Obs.]

De•sign´ment , n. 1. Delineation; sketch; design; ideal; invention. [Obs.] “For though that some mean artist’s skill were shown
In mingling colors, or in placing light,
Yet still the fair designment was his own.” Dryden. 2. Design; purpose; scheme. [Obs.] Shak.

De•sil´ver , v. t. To deprive of silver; as to desilver lead.

De•sil•ver•i•za´tion , n. The act or the process of freeing from silver; also the condition resulting from the removal of silver.

De•sil´ver•ize , v. t. To deprive, or free from, silver; to remove silver from.

Des´i•nence , n. [Cf. F. desinence.] Termination; ending. Bp. Hall.

Des´i•nent , a. [L. desinens, p. pr. of desinere, desitum, to leave off, cease; de- + sinere to let, allow.] Ending; forming an end; lowermost. [Obs.] ´Their desinent parts, fish.´ B. Jonson.

Des•i•nen´tial , a. [Cf. F. desinentiel.] Terminal. “Furthermore, b, as a desinential element, has a dynamic function.” Fitzed. Hall.

De•sip´i•ent , a. [L. desipiens, p. pr. of desipere to be foolish; de- + sapere to be wise.] Foolish; silly; trifling. [R.]

De•sir•a•bil´i•ty, n. The state or quality of being desirable; desirableness.

De•sir´a•ble , a. [F. desirable, fr. L. desiderabilis. See Desire, v. t.] Worthy of desire or longing; fitted to excite desire or a wish to possess; pleasing; agreeable. “All of them desirable young men.” Ezek. xxiii. 12. “As things desirable excite
Desire, and objects move the appetite.” Blackmore.

De•sir´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being desirable. “The desirableness of the Austrian alliance.” Froude.

De•sir´a•bly, adv. In a desirable manner.

De•sire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desired p. pr. & vb. n. Desiring.] [F. desirer, L. desiderare, origin uncertain, perh. fr. de- + sidus star, constellation, and hence orig., to turn the eyes from the stars. Cf. Consider, and Desiderate, and see Sidereal.] 1. To long for; to wish for earnestly; to covet. “Neither shall any man desire thy land.” Ex. xxxiv. 24. “Ye desire your child to live.” Tennyson. 2. To express a wish for; to entreat; to request. “Then she said, Did I desire a son of my lord?” 2 Kings iv. 28. “Desire him to go in; trouble him no more.” Shak. 3. To require; to demand; to claim. [Obs.] “A doleful case desires a doleful song.” Spenser. 4. To miss; to regret. [Obs.] “She shall be pleasant while she lives, and desired when she dies.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To long for; hanker after; covet; wish; ask; request; solicit; entreat; beg. — To Desire, Wish. In desire the feeling is usually more eager than in wish. ´I wish you to do this´ is a milder form of command than ´I desire you to do this,´ though the feeling prompting the injunction may be the same. C. J. Smith.

De•sire´, n. [F. desir, fr. desirer. See Desire, v. t.] 1. The natural longing that is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of any good, and impels to action or effort its continuance or possession; an eager wish to obtain or enjoy. “Unspeakable desire to see and know.” Milton. 2. An expressed wish; a request; petition. “And slowly was my mother brought
To yield consent to my desire.” Tennyson. 3. Anything which is desired; an object of longing. “The Desire of all nations shall come.” Hag. ii. 7. 4. Excessive or morbid longing; lust; appetite. 5. Grief; regret. [Obs.] Chapman. Syn. — Wish; appetency; craving; inclination; eagerness; aspiration; longing.

De•sire´ful , a. Filled with desire; eager. [R.] “The desireful troops.” Godfrey (1594).

De•sire´ful•ness, n. The state of being desireful; eagerness to obtain and possess. [R.] “The desirefulness of our minds much augmenteth and increaseth our pleasure.” Udall.

De•sire´less, a. Free from desire. Donne.

De•sir´er , n. One who desires, asks, or wishes.

De•sir´ous , a. [F. desireux, OF. desiros, fr. desir. See Desire, n.] Feeling desire; eagerly wishing; solicitous; eager to obtain; covetous. “Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him.” John xvi. 19. “Be not desirous of his dainties.” Prov. xxiii. 3.

De•sir´ous•ly, adv. With desire; eagerly.

De•sir´ous•ness, n. The state of being desirous.

De•sist´ ( 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Desisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Desisting.] [L. desistere; de- + sistere to stand, stop, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. desister. See Stand.] To cease to proceed or act; to stop; to forbear; — often with from. “Never desisting to do evil.” E. Hall. “To desist from his bad practice.” Massinger. “Desist (thou art discern’d,
And toil’st in vain).” Milton.

De•sist´ance , n. [Cf. F. desistance.] The act or state of desisting; cessation. [R.] Boyle. “If fatigue of body or brain were in every case followed by desistance … then would the system be but seldom out of working order.” H. Spencer.

De•sist´ive , a. [See Desist.] Final; conclusive; ending. [R.]

De•si´tion , n. [See Desinent.] An end or ending. [R.]

Des´i•tive , a. Final; serving to complete; conclusive. [Obs.] ´Desitive propositions.´ I. Watts.

Des´i•tive, n. (Logic) A proposition relating to or expressing an end or conclusion. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Desk , n. [OE. deske, the same word as dish, disk. See Dish, and cf. Disk.] 1. A table, frame, or case, usually with sloping top, but often with flat top, for the use writers and readers. It often has a drawer or repository underneath. 2. A reading table or lectern to support the book from which the liturgical service is read, differing from the pulpit from which the sermon is preached; also (esp. in the United States), a pulpit. Hence, used symbolically for ´the clerical profession.´

Desk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desked p. pr. & vb. n. Desking.] To shut up, as in a desk; to treasure.

Desk´work , n. Work done at a desk, as by a clerk or writer. Tennyson.

Des´man (des´man), n. [Cf. Sw. desman musk.] (Zoöl.) An amphibious, insectivorous mammal found in Russia (Myogale moschata). It is allied to the moles, but is called muskrat by some English writers. [Written also daesman.] { Des´mid , Des•mid´i•an } n. [Gr. desmo•s chain + e’i^dos form.] (Bot.) A microscopic plant of the family Desmidiae, a group of unicellular algae in which the species have a greenish color, and the cells generally appear as if they consisted of two coalescing halves.

Des´mine , n. [Gr. de•smh, desmo•s, bundle, fr. dei^n to bind.] (Min.) Same as Stilbite. It commonly occurs in bundles or tufts of crystals.

Des•mo•bac•te´ri•a (des•mo•bak•te´ri•a), n. pl. [Gr. desmo•s bond + E. bacteria.] See Microbacteria.

Des´mo•dont (-dont), n. [Gr. desmo•s bond + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A member of a group of South American blood-sucking bats, of the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. See Vampire.

Des•mog´na•thous , a. [Gr. desmo•s bond + gna•qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxillo-palatine bones united; — applied to a group of carinate birds (Desmognathae), including various wading and swimming birds, as the ducks and herons, and also raptorial and other kinds.

Des´moid , a. [Gr. desmo•s ligament + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling, or having the characteristics of, a ligament; ligamentous.

Des•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. desmo•s ligament + -logy.] The science which treats of the ligaments. [R.]

Des•mo•my•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bond + muscle.] (Zoöl.) The division of Tunicata which includes the Salpae. See Salpa.

Des´o•late , a. [L. desolatus, p. p. of desolare to leave alone, forsake; de- + solare to make lonely, solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants; deserted; uninhabited; hence, gloomy; as a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness; a desolate house. “I will make Jerusalem … a den of dragons, and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant.” Jer. ix. 11. “And the silvery marish flowers that throng
The desolate creeks and pools among.” Tennyson. 2. Laid waste; in a ruinous condition; neglected; destroyed; as desolate altars. 3. Left alone; forsaken; lonely; comfortless. “Have mercy upon, for I am desolate.” Ps. xxv. 16. “Voice of the poor and desolate.” Keble. 4. Lost to shame; dissolute. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Destitute of; lacking in. [Obs.] “I were right now of tales desolate.” Chaucer. Syn. — Desert; uninhabited; lonely; waste.

Des´o•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desolating.] 1. To make desolate; to leave alone; to deprive of inhabitants; as the earth was nearly desolated by the flood. 2. To lay waste; to ruin; to ravage; as a fire desolates a city. “Constructed in the very heart of a desolating war.” Sparks.

Des´o•late•ly , adv. In a desolate manner.

Des´o•late•ness, n. The state of being desolate.

Des´o•la•ter , n. One who, or that which, desolates or lays waste. Mede.

Des•o•la´tion , n. [F. desolation, L. desolatio.] 1. The act of desolating or laying waste; destruction of inhabitants; depopulation. “Unto the end of the war desolations are determined.” Dan. ix. 26. 2. The state of being desolated or laid waste; ruin; solitariness; destitution; gloominess. “You would have sold your king to slaughter, …
And his whole kingdom into desolation.” Shak. 3. A place or country wasted and forsaken. “How is Babylon become a desolation!” Jer. l. 23. Syn. — Waste; ruin; destruction; havoc; devastation; ravage; sadness; destitution; melancholy; gloom; gloominess.

Des´o•la•tor , n. [L.] Same as Desolater. Byron.

Des´o•la•to•ry , a. [L. desolatorius.] Causing desolation. [R.] Bp. Hall.

De•so•phis´ti•cate , v. t. To clear from sophism or error. [R.] Hare.

Des•ox•al´ic , a. [F. pref. des- from + E. oxalic.] (Chem.) Made or derived from oxalic acid; as desoxalic acid.

De•spair´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Despaired p. pr. & vb. n. Despairing.] [OE. despeiren, dispeiren, OF. desperer, fr. L. desperare; de- + sperare to hope; akin to spes hope, and perh. to spatium space, E. space, speed; cf. OF. espeir hope, F. espoir. Cf. Prosper, Desperate.] To be hopeless; to have no hope; to give up all hope or expectation; — often with of. “We despaired even of life.” 2 Cor. i. 8. “Never despair of God’s blessings here.” Wake. Syn. — See Despond.

De•spair´, v. t. 1. To give up as beyond hope or expectation; to despair of. [Obs.] “I would not despair the greatest design that could be attempted.” Milton. 2. To cause to despair. [Obs.] Sir W. Williams.

De•spair´, n. [Cf. OF. despoir, fr. desperer.] 1. Loss of hope; utter hopelessness; complete despondency. “We in dark dreams are tossing to and fro,
Pine with regret, or sicken with despair.” Keble. “Before he [Bunyan] was ten, his sports were interrupted by fits of remorse and despair.” Macaulay. 2. That which is despaired of. ´The mere despair of surgery he cures.´ Shak. Syn. — Desperation; despondency; hopelessness.

De•spair´er , n. One who despairs.

De•spair´ful , a. Hopeless. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•spair´ing, a. Feeling or expressing despair; hopeless. — De•spair´ing•ly, adv. — De•spair´ing•ness, n.

De•spar´ple , v. t. & i. [OF. desparpeillier.] To scatter; to disparkle. [Obs.] Mandeville.

De•spatch´ , n. & v. Same as Dispatch.

De•spe•cif´i•cate , v. t. [Pref. de- (intens.) + specificate.] To discriminate; to separate according to specific signification or qualities; to specificate; to desynonymize. [R.] “Inaptitude and ineptitude have been usefully despecificated.” Fitzed. Hall.

De•spec•i•fi•ca´tion , n. Discrimination.

De•spect´ , n. [L. despectus, fr. despicere. See Despite, n.] Contempt. [R.] Coleridge.

De•spec´tion , n. [L. despectio.] A looking down; a despising. [R.] W. Montagu.

De•speed´ , v. t. To send hastily. [Obs.] “Despeeded certain of their crew.” Speed.

De•spend´ , v. t. To spend; to squander. See Dispend. [Obs.] “Some noble men in Spain can despend £50,000.” Howell.

Des•per•a´do , n.; pl. Desperadoes (#). [OSp. desperado, p. p. of desperar, fr. L. desperare. See Desperate.] A reckless, furious man; a person urged by furious passions, and regardless of consequence; a wild ruffian.

Des´per•ate , a. [L. desperatus, p. p. of desperare. See Despair, and cf. Desperado.] 1. Without hope; given to despair; hopeless. [Obs.] “I am desperate of obtaining her.” Shak. 2. Beyond hope; causing despair; extremely perilous; irretrievable; past cure, or, at least, extremely dangerous; as a desperate disease; desperate fortune. 3. Proceeding from, or suggested by, despair; without regard to danger or safety; reckless; furious; as a desperate effort. ´Desperate expedients.´ Macaulay. 4. Extreme, in a bad sense; outrageous; — used to mark the extreme predominance of a bad quality. “A desperate offendress against nature.” Shak. “The most desperate of reprobates.” Macaulay. Syn. — Hopeless; despairing; desponding; rash; headlong; precipitate; irretrievable; irrecoverable; forlorn; mad; furious; frantic.

Des´per•ate, n. One desperate or hopeless. [Obs.]

Des´per•ate•ly, adv. In a desperate manner; without regard to danger or safety; recklessly; extremely; as the troops fought desperately. “She fell desperately in love with him.” Addison.

Des´per•ate•ness n. Desperation; virulence.

Des•per•a´tion , n. [L. desperatio: cf. OF. desperation.] 1. The act of despairing or becoming desperate; a giving up of hope. “This desperation of success chills all our industry.” Hammond. 2. A state of despair, or utter hopeless; abandonment of hope; extreme recklessness; reckless fury. “In the desperation of the moment, the officers even tried to cut their way through with their swords.” W. Irving.

Des•pi•ca•bil´i•ty , n. Despicableness. [R.] Carlyle.

Des´pi•ca•ble , a. [L. despicabilis, fr. despicari to despise; akin to despicere. See Despise.] Fit or deserving to be despised; contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; as a despicable man; despicable company; a despicable gift. Syn. — Contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; pitiful; paltry; sordid; low; base. See Contemptible.

Des´pi•ca•ble•ness, n. The quality of being despicable; meanness; vileness; worthlessness.

Des´pi•ca•bly , adv. In a despicable or mean manner; contemptibly; as despicably stingy.

Des•pi´cien•cy , n. [L. despicientia. See Despise.] A looking down; despection. [Obs.]

De•spis´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. despisable.] Despicable; contemptible. [R.]

De•spis´al , n. A despising; contempt. [R.] “A despisal of religion.” South.

De•spise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despised p. pr. & vb. n. Despising.] [OF. despis-, in some forms of despire to despise, fr. L. despicere, despectum, to look down upon, despise; de- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy, and cf. Despicable, Despite.] To look down upon with disfavor or contempt; to contemn; to scorn; to disdain; to have a low opinion or contemptuous dislike of. “Fools despise wisdom and instruction.” Prov. i. 7. “Men naturally despise those who court them, but respect those who do not give way to them.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). Syn. — To contemn; scorn; disdain; slight; undervalue. See Contemn.

De•spis´ed•ness, n. The state of being despised.

De•spise´ment , n. A despising. [R.] Holland.

De•spis´er , n. One who despises; a contemner; a scorner.

De•spis´ing•ly, adv. Contemptuously.

De•spite´ , n. [OF. despit, F. depit, fr. L. despectus contempt, fr. despicere. See Despise, and cf. Spite, Despect.] 1. Malice; malignity; spite; malicious anger; contemptuous hate. “With all thy despite against the land of Israel.” Ezek. xxv. 6. 2. An act of malice, hatred, or defiance; contemptuous defiance; a deed of contempt. “A despite done against the Most High.” Milton. In despite, in defiance of another’s power or inclination. — In despite of, in defiance of; in spite of. See under Spite. ´Seized my hand in despite of my efforts to the contrary.´ W. Irving. — In your despite, in defiance or contempt of you; in spite of you. [Obs.]

De•spite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despited; p. pr. & vb. n. Despiting.] [OF. despitier, fr. L. despectare, intens. of despicere. See Despite, n.] To vex; to annoy; to offend contemptuously. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

De•spite´, prep. In spite of; against, or in defiance of; notwithstanding; as despite his prejudices. Syn. — See Notwithstanding.

De•spite´ful , a. [See Despite, and cf. Spiteful.] Full of despite; expressing malice or contemptuous hate; malicious. — De•spite´ful•ly, adv. — De•spite´ful•ness, n. “Haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters.” Rom. i. 30. “Pray for them which despitefully use you.” Matt. v. 44. “Let us examine him with despitefulness and fortune.” Book of Wisdom ii. 19.

Des•pit´e•ous , a. [OE. despitous, OF. despiteus, fr. despit; affected in form by E. piteous. See Despite.] Feeling or showing despite; malicious; angry to excess; cruel; contemptuous. [Obs.] ´Despiteous reproaches.´ Holland.

Des•pit´e•ous•ly, adv. Despitefully. [Obs.]

De•spit´ous , a. Despiteous; very angry; cruel. [Obs.] “He was to sinful man not despitous.” Chaucer. - De•spit´ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

De•spoil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despoiled p. pr. & vb. n. Despoiling.] [OF. despoiller, F. depouiller, L. despoliare, despoliatum; de- + spoliare to strip, rob, spolium spoil, booty. Cf. Spoil, Despoliation.] 1. To strip, as of clothing; to divest or unclothe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To deprive for spoil; to plunder; to rob; to pillage; to strip; to divest; — usually followed by of. “The clothed earth is then bare,
Despoiled is the summer fair.” Gower. “A law which restored to them an immense domain of which they had been despoiled.” Macaulay. “Despoiled of innocence, of faith, of bliss.” Milton. Syn. — To strip; deprive; rob; bereave; rifle.

De•spoil´, n. Spoil. [Obs.] Wolsey.

De•spoil´er , n. One who despoils.

De•spoil´ment , n. Despoliation. [R.]

De•spo•li•a´tion , n. [L. despoliatio. See Despoil.] A stripping or plundering; spoliation. Bailey.

De•spond´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Desponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Desponding.] [L. despondere, desponsum, to promise away, promise in marriage, give up, to lose (courage); de- + spondere to promise solemnly. See Sponsor.] To give up the will, courage, or spirit; to be thoroughly disheartened; to lose all courage; to become dispirited or depressed; to take an unhopeful view. “I should despair, or at least despond.” Scott’s Letters. “Others depress their own minds, [and] despond at the first difficulty.” Locke. “We wish that … desponding patriotism may turn its eyes hitherward, and be assured that the foundations of our national power still stand strong.” D. Webster. Syn. — Despond, Dispair. Despair implies a total loss of hope, which despond does not, at least in every case; yet despondency is often more lasting than despair, or than desperation, which impels to violent action.

De•spond´ n. Despondency. [Obs.] “The slough of despond.” Bunyan.

De•spond´ence , n. Despondency. “The people, when once infected, lose their relish for happiness [and] saunter about with looks of despondence.” Goldsmith.

De•spond´en•cy , n. The state of desponding; loss of hope and cessation of effort; discouragement; depression or dejection of the mind. “The unhappy prince seemed, during some days, to be sunk in despondency.” Macaulay.

De•spond´ent , a. [L. despondens, -entis, p. pr. of despondre.] Marked by despondence; given to despondence; low-spirited; as a despondent manner; a despondent prisoner. — De•spond´ent•ly, adv.

De•spond´er , n. One who desponds.

De•spond´ing•ly, adv. In a desponding manner.

De•spon´sage , n. [From L. desponsus, p. p. See Despond.] Betrothal. [Obs.] “Ethelbert … went peaceably to King Offa for desponsage of Athilrid, his daughter.” Foxe.

De•spon´sate , v. t. [L. desponsatus, p. p. of desponsare, intens. of despondere to betroth. See Despond.] To betroth. [Obs.] Johnson.

Des•pon•sa´tion , n. [L. desponsatio: cf. OF. desponsation.] A betrothing; betrothal. [Obs.] “For all this desponsation of her … she had not set one step toward the consummation of her marriage.” Jer. Taylor.

De•spon´so•ry , n.; pl. Desponsories . A written pledge of marriage. Clarendon.

De•sport´ , v. t. & i. See Disport.

Des´pot , n. [F. despote, LL. despotus, fr. Gr. despo•ths master, lord, the second part of which is akin to po•sis husband, and L. potens. See Potent.] 1. A master; a lord; especially, an absolute or irresponsible ruler or sovereign. “Irresponsible power in human hands so naturally leads to it, that cruelty has become associated with despot and tyrant.” C. J. Smith. 2. One who rules regardless of a constitution or laws; a tyrant.

Des´po•tat , n. [Cf. F. despotat.] The station or government of a despot; also the domain of a despot. Freeman. { Des•pot´ic , Des•pot´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. despotique.] Having the character of, or pertaining to, a despot; absolute in power; possessing and abusing unlimited power; evincing despotism; tyrannical; arbitrary. — Des•pot´ic•al•ly, adv. — Des•pot´ic•al•ness, n.

Des´po•tism , n. [Cf. F. despotisme.] 1. The power, spirit, or principles of a despot; absolute control over others; tyrannical sway; tyranny. ´The despotism of vice.´ Byron. 2. A government which is directed by a despot; a despotic monarchy; absolutism; autocracy. “Despotism … is the only form of government which may with safety to itself neglect the education of its infant poor.” Bp. Horsley.

Des´po•tist, n. A supporter of despotism. [R.]

Des´po•tize , v. t. To act the despot.

De•spread´ , v. t. & i. See Dispread.

Des´pu•mate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Despumated p. pr. & vb. n. Despumating ] [L. despumatus, p. p. of despumare to despume; de- + spumare to foam, froth, spuma froth, scum.] To throw off impurities in spume; to work off in foam or scum; to foam.

Des•pu•ma´tion , n. [L. despumatio: cf. F. despumation.] The act of throwing up froth or scum; separation of the scum or impurities from liquids; scumming; clarification.

De•spume´ , v. t. [Cf. F. despumer. See Despumate.] To free from spume or scum. [Obs.] “If honey be despumed.” Holland.

Des´qua•mate , v. i. [L. desquamatus, p. p. of desquamare to scale off; de- + squama scale.] (Med.) To peel off in the form of scales; to scale off, as the skin in certain diseases.

Des•qua•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. desquamation.] (Med.) The separation or shedding of the cuticle or epidermis in the form of flakes or scales; exfoliation, as of bones. { De•squam´a•tive , De•squam´a•to•ry } a. Of, pertaining to, or attended with, desquamation.

De•squam´a•to•ry, n. (Surg.) An instrument formerly used in removing the laminae of exfoliated bones.

Dess , n. Dais. [Obs.]

Des•sert´ , n. [F., fr. desservir to remove from table, to clear the table; pref. des- (L. dis-) + servir to serve, to serve at table. See Serve.] A service of pastry, fruits, or sweetmeats, at the close of a feast or entertainment; pastry, fruits, etc., forming the last course at dinner. “´An ’t please your honor,´ quoth the peasant,
´This same dessert is not so pleasant.´” Pope. Dessert spoon, a spoon used in eating dessert; a spoon intermediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon. — Dessert-spoonful, n., pl. Dessert- spoonfuls, as much as a dessert spoon will hold, usually reckoned at about two and a half fluid drams.

Des•tem´per , n. [Cf. F. detrempe, fr. detremper.] A kind of painting. See Distemper.

Des´tin , n. [Cf. F. destin.] Destiny. [Obs.] Marston.

Des´ti•na•ble , a. [Cf. OF. destinable.] Determined by destiny; fated. Chaucer.

Des´ti•na•bly, adv. In a destinable manner.

Des´ti•nal , a. Determined by destiny; fated. [Obs.] ´The order destinal.´ Chaucer.

Des´ti•nate , a. [L. destinatus, p. p. of destinare. See Destine.] Destined. [Obs.] ´Destinate to hell.´ Foxe.

Des´ti•nate , v. t. To destine, design, or choose. [Obs.] ´That name that God … did destinate.´ Udall.

Des•ti•na´tion , n. [L. destinatio determination: cf. F. destination destination.] 1. The act of destining or appointing. 2. Purpose for which anything is destined; predetermined end, object, or use; ultimate design. 3. The place set for the end of a journey, or to which something is sent; place or point aimed at. Syn. — Appointment; design; purpose; intention; destiny; lot; fate; end.

Des´tine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Destined p. pr. & vb. n. Destining.] [F. destiner, L. destinare; de + the root of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Obstinate.] To determine the future condition or application of; to set apart by design for a future use or purpose; to fix, as by destiny or by an authoritative decree; to doom; to ordain or preordain; to appoint; — often with the remoter object preceded by to or for. “We are decreed,
Reserved, and destined to eternal woe.” Milton. “Till the loathsome opposite
Of all my heart had destined, did obtain.” Tennyson. “Not enjoyment and not sorrow
Is our destined end or way.” Longfellow. Syn. — To design; mark out; determine; allot; choose; intend; devote; consecrate; doom.

Des´ti•nist , n. A believer in destiny; a fatalist. [R.]

Des´ti•ny , n.; pl. Destinies (#). [OE. destinee, destene, F. destinee, from destiner. See Destine.] 1. That to which any person or thing is destined; predetermined state; condition foreordained by the Divine or by human will; fate; lot; doom. “Thither he
Will come to know his destiny.” Shak. “No man of woman born,
Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.” Bryant. 2. The fixed order of things; invincible necessity; fate; a resistless power or agency conceived of as determining the future, whether in general or of an individual. “But who can turn the stream of destiny?” Spenser. “Fame comes only when deserved, and then is as inevitable as destiny, for it is destiny.” Longfellow. The Destinies (Anc. Myth.), the three Parcae, or Fates; the supposed powers which preside over human life, and determine its circumstances and duration. “Marked by the Destinies to be avoided.” Shak.

De•stit´u•ent ( 135), a. [L. destituens, p. pr. of destituere.] Deficient; wanting; as a destituent condition. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Des´ti•tute , a. [L. destitutus, p. p. of destituere to set away, leave alone, forsake; de + statuere to set. See Statute.] 1. Forsaken; not having in possession (something necessary, or desirable); deficient; lacking; devoid; — often followed by of. “In thee is my trust; leave not my soul destitute.” Ps. cxli. 8. “Totally destitute of all shadow of influence.” Burke. 2. Not possessing the necessaries of life; in a condition of want; needy; without possessions or resources; very poor. “They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins; being destitute, afflicted, tormented.” Heb. xi. 37.

Des´ti•tute, v. t. 1. To leave destitute; to forsake; to abandon. [Obs.] “To forsake or destitute a plantation.” Bacon. 2. To make destitute; to cause to be in want; to deprive; — followed by of. [Obs.] “Destituted of all honor and livings.” Holinshed. 3. To disappoint. [Obs.] “When his expectation is destituted.” Fotherby.

Des´ti•tute•ly, adv. In destitution.

Des´ti•tute•ness, n. Destitution. [R.] Ash.

Des•ti•tu´tion , n. [L. destitutio a forsaking.] The state of being deprived of anything; the state or condition of being destitute, needy, or without resources; deficiency; lack; extreme poverty; utter want; as the inundation caused general destitution. { Des•trer´ , Dex´trer }, n. [OF. destrier, fr. L. dextra on the right side. The squire led his master’s horse beside him, on his right hand. Skeat.] A war horse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•strie´ , v. t. To destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•stroy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Destroyed p. pr. & vb. n. Destroying.] [OE. destroien, destruien, destrien, OF. destruire, F. detruire, fr. L. destruere, destructum; de + struere to pile up, build. See Structure.] 1. To unbuild; to pull or tear down; to separate virulently into its constituent parts; to break up the structure and organic existence of; to demolish. “But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves.” Ex. xxxiv. 13. 2. To ruin; to bring to naught; to put an end to; to annihilate; to consume. “I will utterly pluck up and destroy that nation.” Jer. xii. 17. 3. To put an end to the existence, prosperity, or beauty of; to kill. “If him by force he can destroy, or, worse,
By some false guile pervert.” Milton. Syn. — To demolish; lay waste; consume; raze; dismantle; ruin; throw down; overthrow; subvert; desolate; devastate; deface; extirpate; extinguish; kill; slay. See Demolish.

De•stroy´a•ble , a. Destructible. [R.] “Plants … scarcely destroyable by the weather.” Derham.

De•stroy´er , n. [Cf. OF. destruior.] One who destroys, ruins, kills, or desolates.

De•struct´ , v. t. [L. destructus, p. p. of destruere. See Destroy.] To destroy. [Obs.] Mede.

De•struc•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. destructibilite.] The quality of being capable of destruction; destructibleness.

De•struc´ti•ble , a. [L. destructibilis.] Liable to destruction; capable of being destroyed.

De•struc´ti•ble•ness, n. The quality of being destructible.

De•struc´tion , n. [L. destructio: cf. F. destruction. See Destroy.] 1. The act of destroying; a tearing down; a bringing to naught; subversion; demolition; ruin; slaying; devastation. “The Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the sword, and slaughter, and destruction.” Esth. ix. 5. “’Tis safer to be that which we destroy
Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.” Shak. “Destruction of venerable establishment.” Hallam. 2. The state of being destroyed, demolished, ruined, slain, or devastated. “This town came to destruction.” Chaucer. “Thou castedst them down into destruction.” Ps. lxxiii. 18. 2. A destroying agency; a cause of ruin or of devastation; a destroyer. “The destruction that wasteth at noonday.” Ps. xci. 6. Syn. — Demolition; subversion; overthrow; desolation; extirpation; extinction; devastation; downfall; extermination; havoc; ruin.

De•struc´tion•ist, n. 1. One who delights in destroying that which is valuable; one whose principles and influence tend to destroy existing institutions; a destructive. 2. (Theol.) One who believes in the final destruction or complete annihilation of the wicked; — called also annihilationist. Shipley.

De•struc´tive , a. [L. destructivus: cf. F. destructif.] Causing destruction; tending to bring about ruin, death, or devastation; ruinous; fatal; productive of serious evil; mischievous; pernicious; — often with of or to; as intemperance is destructive of health; evil examples are destructive to the morals of youth. “Time’s destructive power.” Wordsworth. Destructive distillation. See Distillation. — Destructive sorties (Logic), a process of reasoning which involves the denial of the first of a series of dependent propositions as a consequence of the denial of the last; a species of reductio ad absurdum. Whately. Syn. — Mortal; deadly; poisonous; fatal; ruinous; malignant; baleful; pernicious; mischievous.

De•struc´tive, n. One who destroys; a radical reformer; a destructionist.

De•struc´tive•ly, adv. In a destructive manner.

De•struc´tive•ness , n. 1. The quality of destroying or ruining. Prynne. 2. (Phren.) The faculty supposed to impel to the commission of acts of destruction; propensity to destroy.

De•struc´tor , n. [L., from destruere. See Destroy, and cf. Destroyer.] A destroyer. [R.] “Fire, the destructor and the artificial death of things.” Boyle.

De•struie´ , v. t. To destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Des•u•da´tion , n. [L. desudatio, fr. desudare to sweat greatly; de + sudare to sweat.] (Med.) A sweating; a profuse or morbid sweating, often succeeded by an eruption of small pimples.

De•suete´ , a. [L. desuetus, p. p. of desuescere to disuse.] Disused; out of use. [R.]

Des´ue•tude , n. [L. desuetudo, from desuescere, to grow out of use, disuse; de + suescere to become used or accustomed: cf. F. desuetude. See Custom.] The cessation of use; disuse; discontinuance of practice, custom, or fashion. “The desuetude abrogated the law, which, before, custom had established.” Jer. Taylor.

De•sul´phu•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desulphurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desulphurating.] To deprive of sulphur.

De•sul•phu•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. desulfuration.] The act or process of depriving of sulphur.

De•sul´phur•ize , v. t. To desulphurate; to deprive of sulphur. — De•sul•phur•i•za´tion (#), n.

Des´ul•to•ri•ly , adv. In a desultory manner; without method; loosely; immethodically.

Des´ul•to•ri•ness, n. The quality of being desultory or without order or method; unconnectedness. “The seeming desultoriness of my method.” Boyle.

Des•ul•to´ri•ous , a. Desultory. [R.]

Des´ul•to•ry , a. [L. desultorius, fr. desultor a leaper, fr. desilire, desultum, to leap down; de + salire to leap. See Saltation.] 1. Leaping or skipping about. [Obs.] “I shot at it [a bird], but it was so desultory that I missed my aim.” Gilbert White. 2. Jumping, or passing, from one thing or subject to another, without order or rational connection; without logical sequence; disconnected; immethodical; aimless; as desultory minds. Atterbury. “He [Goldsmith] knew nothing accurately; his reading had been desultory.” Macaulay. 3. Out of course; by the way; as a digression; not connected with the subject; as a desultory remark. Syn. — Rambling; roving; immethodical; discursive; inconstant; unsettled; cursory; slight; hasty; loose.

De•sume´ , v. t. [L. desumere; de + sumere to take.] To select; to borrow. [Obs.] Sir. M. Hale.

De•syn•on•y•mi•za´tion , n. The act of desynonymizing.

De•syn•on´y•mize , v. t. To deprive of synonymous character; to discriminate in use; — applied to words which have been employed as synonyms. Coleridge. Trench.

De•tach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detached p. pr. & vb. n. Detaching.] [F. detacher (cf. It. distaccare, staccare); pref. de (L. dis) + the root found also in E. attach. See Attach, and cf. Staccato.] 1. To part; to separate or disunite; to disengage; — the opposite of attach; as to detach the coats of a bulbous root from each other; to detach a man from a leader or from a party. 2. To separate for a special object or use; - - used especially in military language; as to detach a ship from a fleet, or a company from a regiment. Syn. — To separate; disunite; disengage; sever; disjoin; withdraw; draw off. See Detail.

De•tach´, v. i. To push asunder; to come off or separate from anything; to disengage. “[A vapor] detaching, fold by fold,
From those still heights.” Tennyson.

De•tach´a•ble , a. That can be detached.

De•tached´ , a. Separate; unconnected, or imperfectly connected; as detached parcels. ´Extensive and detached empire.´ Burke. Detached escapement. See Escapement.

De•tach´ment , n. [Cf. F. detachement.] 1. The act of detaching or separating, or the state of being detached. 2. That which is detached; especially, a body of troops or part of a fleet sent from the main body on special service. “Troops … widely scattered in little detachments.” Bancroft. 3. Abstraction from worldly objects; renunciation. “A trial which would have demanded of him a most heroic faith and the detachment of a saint.” J. H. Newman.

De´tail (de´tal or de•tal´; 277), n. [F. detail, fr. detailler to cut in pieces, tell in detail; pref. de- (L. de or dis-) + tailler to cut. See Tailor.] 1. A minute portion; one of the small parts; a particular; an item; — used chiefly in the plural; as the details of a scheme or transaction. “The details of the campaign in Italy.” Motley. 2. A narrative which relates minute points; an account which dwells on particulars. 3. (Mil.) The selection for a particular service of a person or a body of men; hence, the person or the body of men so selected. Detail drawing, a drawing of the full size, or on a large scale, of some part of a building, machine, etc. - - In detail, in subdivisions; part by part; item; circumstantially; with particularity. Syn. — Account; relation; narrative; recital; explanation; narration.

De´tail (de•tal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detailed (-tald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Detailing.] [Cf. F. detailler to cut up in pieces, tell in detail. See Detail, n.] 1. To relate in particulars; to particularize; to report minutely and distinctly; to enumerate; to specify; as he detailed all the facts in due order. 2. (Mil.) To tell off or appoint for a particular service, as an officer, a troop, or a squadron. Syn. — Detail, Detach. Detail respect the act of individualizing the person or body that is separated; detach, the removing for the given end or object.

De•tail´er , n. One who details.

De•tain´ (de•tan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detained p. pr. & vb. n. Detaining.] [F. detenir, L. detinere, detentum; de + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] 1. To keep back or from; to withhold. “Detain not the wages of the hireling.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To restrain from proceeding; to stay or stop; to delay; as we were detained by an accident. “Let us detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee.” Judges xiii. 15. 3. To hold or keep in custody. Syn. — To withhold; retain; stop; stay; arrest; check; retard; delay; hinder.

De•tain´, n. Detention. [Obs.] Spenser.

De•tain´der (-der), n. (Law) A writ. See Detinue.

De•tain´er (-er), n. 1. One who detains. 2. (Law) (a) The keeping possession of what belongs to another; detention of what is another’s, even though the original taking may have been lawful. Forcible detainer is indictable at common law. (b) A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a person in custody.

De•tain´ment , n. [Cf. OF. detenement.] Detention. [R.] Blackstone.

De•tect´ (de•tekt´), a. [L. detectus, p. p. of detegere to uncover, detect; de + tegere to cover. See Tegument.] Detected. [Obs.] Fabyan.

De•tect´ (de•tekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detected; p. pr. & vb. n. Detecting.] 1. To uncover; to discover; to find out; to bring to light; as to detect a crime or a criminal; to detect a mistake in an account. “Plain good intention … is as easily discovered at the first view, as fraud is surely detected at last.” Burke. “Like following life through creatures you dissect,
You lose it in the moment you detect.” Pope. 2. To inform against; to accuse. [Obs.] “He was untruly judged to have preached such articles as he was detected of.” Sir T. More. Syn. — To discover; find out; lay bare; expose. { De•tect´a•ble (-a•b’l), De•tect´i•ble } a. Capable of being detected or found out; as parties not detectable. ´Errors detectible at a glance.´ Latham.

De•tect´er , n. One who, or that which, detects or brings to light; one who finds out what another attempts to conceal; a detector.

De•tec´tion , n. [L. detectio an uncovering, revealing.] The act of detecting; the laying open what was concealed or hidden; discovery; as the detection of a thief; the detection of fraud, forgery, or a plot. “Such secrets of guilt are never from detection.” D. Webster.

De•tect´ive , a. Fitted for, or skilled in, detecting; employed in detecting crime or criminals; as a detective officer.

De•tect´ive, n. One who business it is so detect criminals or discover matters of secrecy.

De•tect´or , n. [L., a revealer.] One who, or that which, detects; a detecter. Shak. “A deathbed’s detector of the heart.” Young. Bank-note detector, a publication containing a description of genuine and counterfeit bank notes, designed to enable persons to discriminate between them. — Detector lock. See under Lock.

De•ten´e•brate , v. t. [L. de + tenebrare to make dark, fr. tenebrae darkness.] To remove darkness from. [Obs.] Ash.

De•tent´ , n. [F. detente, fr. detendre to unbend, relax; pref. de- (L. dis- or de) + tendre to stretch. See Distend.] (Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a movement; a catch, pawl, or dog; especially, in clockwork, the catch which locks and unlocks the wheelwork in striking.

De•ten´tion , n. [L. detentio: cf. F. detention. See Detain.] 1. The act of detaining or keeping back; a withholding. 2. The state of being detained (stopped or hindered); delay from necessity. 3. Confinement; restraint; custody. “The archduke Philip … found himself in a sort of honorable detention at Henry’s court.” Hallam.

De•ter´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterred p. pr. & vb. n. Deterring.] [L. deterrere; de + terrere to frighten, terrify. See Terror.] To prevent by fear; hence, to hinder or prevent from action by fear of consequences, or difficulty, risk, etc. Addison. “Potent enemies tempt and deter us from our duty.” Tillotson. “My own face deters me from my glass.” Prior.

De•terge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterged p. pr. & vb. n. Deterging.] [L. detergere, detersum; de + tergere to rub or wipe off: cf. F. deterger.] To cleanse; to purge away, as foul or offending matter from the body, or from an ulcer.

De•ter´gen•cy , n. A cleansing quality or power. De Foe.

De•ter´gent , a. [L. detergens, -entis, p. pr. of detergere: cf. F. detergent.] Cleansing; purging. — n. A substance which cleanses the skin, as water or soap; a medicine to cleanse wounds, ulcers, etc.

De•te´ri•o•rate (de•te´ri•o•rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deteriorated (- ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Deteriorating (-ra•ting).] [L. deterioratus, p. p. of deteriorare to deteriorate, fr. deterior worse, prob. a comparative fr. de down, away.] To make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; as to deteriorate the mind. Whately. “The art of war … was greatly deteriorated.” Southey.

De•te´ri•o•rate (de•te´ri•o•rat), v. i. To grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate. “Under such conditions, the mind rapidly deteriorates.” Goldsmith.

De•te•ri•o•ra´tion , n. [LL. deterioratio: cf. F. deterioration.] The process of growing worse, or the state of having grown worse.

De•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. [L. deterior worse. See Deteriorate.] Worse state or quality; inferiority. ´The deteriority of the diet.´ [R.] Ray.

De•ter´ment , n. [From Deter.] The act of deterring; also that which deters. Boyle.

De•ter•mi•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being determinable; determinableness. Coleridge.

De•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. determinabilis finite. See Determine, v. t.] Capable of being determined, definitely ascertained, decided upon, or brought to a conclusion. “Not wholly determinable from the grammatical use of the words.” South.

De•ter´mi•na•ble•ness, n. Capability of being determined; determinability.

De•ter´mi•na•cy , n. Determinateness. [R.]

De•ter´mi•nant , a. [L. determinans, p. pr. of determinare: cf. F. determinant.] Serving to determine or limit; determinative.

De•ter´mi•nant, n. 1. That which serves to determine; that which causes determination. 2. (Math.) The sum of a series of products of several numbers, these products being formed according to certain specified laws; thus, the determinant of the nine numbers
a, b, c,a′, b′, c′,a′′, b′′, c′′,
is a b′ c′′ - a b′′ c′ + a′ b′′ c] - a′ b c′′ + a′′ b′ c. The determinant is written by placing the numbers from which it is formed in a square between two vertical lines. The theory of determinants forms a very important branch of modern mathematics. 3. (Logic) A mark or attribute, attached to the subject or predicate, narrowing the extent of both, but rendering them more definite and precise. Abp. Thomson.

De•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. determinatus, p. p. of determinare. See Determine.] 1. Having defined limits; not uncertain or arbitrary; fixed; established; definite. “Quantity of words and a determinate number of feet.” Dryden. 2. Conclusive; decisive; positive. “The determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God.” Acts ii. 23. 3. Determined or resolved upon. [Obs.] “My determinate voyage.” Shak. 4. Of determined purpose; resolute. [Obs.] “More determinate to do than skillful how to do.” Sir P. Sidney. Determinate inflorescence (Bot.), that in which the flowering commences with the terminal bud of a stem, which puts a limit to its growth; — also called centrifugal inflorescence. — Determinate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of a limited number of solutions. — Determinate quantities, Determinate equations (Math.), those that are finite in the number of values or solutions, that is, in which the conditions of the problem or equation determine the number.

De•ter´mi•nate , v. t. To bring to an end; to determine. See Determine. [Obs.] “The sly, slow hours shall not determinate
The dateless limit of thy dear exile.” Shak.

De•ter´mi•nate•ly , adv. 1. In a determinate manner; definitely; ascertainably. “The principles of religion are already either determinately true or false, before you think of them.” Tillotson. 2. Resolutely; unchangeably. “Being determinately … bent to marry.” Sir P. Sidney.

De•ter´mi•nate•ness, n. State of being determinate.

De•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [L. determinatio boundary, end: cf. F. determination.] 1. The act of determining, or the state of being determined. 2. Bringing to an end; termination; limit. “A speedy determination of that war.” Ludlow. 3. Direction or tendency to a certain end; impulsion. “Remissness can by no means consist with a constant determination of the will … to the greatest apparent good.” Locke. 4. The quality of mind which reaches definite conclusions; decision of character; resoluteness. “He only is a well-made man who has a good determination.” Emerson. 5. The state of decision; a judicial decision, or ending of controversy. 6. That which is determined upon; result of deliberation; purpose; conclusion formed; fixed resolution. “So bloodthirsty a determination to obtain convictions.” Hallam. 7. (Med.) A flow, rush, or tendency to a particular part; as a determination of blood to the head. 8. (Physical Sciences) The act, process, or result of any accurate measurement, as of length, volume, weight, intensity, etc.; as the determination of the ohm or of the wave length of light; the determination of the salt in sea water, or the oxygen in the air. 9. (Logic) (a) The act of defining a concept or notion by giving its essential constituents. (b) The addition of a differentia to a concept or notion, thus limiting its extent; — the opposite of generalization. 10. (Nat. Hist.) The act of determining the relations of an object, as regards genus and species; the referring of minerals, plants, or animals, to the species to which they belong; classification; as I am indebted to a friend for the determination of most of these shells. Syn. — Decision; conclusion; judgment; purpose; resolution; resolve; firmness. See Decision.

De•ter´mi•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. determinatif.] Having power to determine; limiting; shaping; directing; conclusive. “Incidents … determinative of their course.” I. Taylor. Determinative tables (Nat. Hist.), tables presenting the specific character of minerals, plants, etc., to assist in determining the species to which a specimen belongs.

De•ter´mi•na•tive , n. That which serves to determine. “Explanatory determinatives … were placed after words phonetically expressed, in order to serve as an aid to the reader in determining the meaning.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

De•ter´mi•na•tor , n. [L.] One who determines. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

De•ter´mine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Determined p. pr. & vb. n. Determining.] [F. determiner, L. determinare, determinatum; de + terminare limit, terminus limit. See Term.] 1. To fix the boundaries of; to mark off and separate. “[God] hath determined the times before appointed.” Acts xvii. 26. 2. To set bounds to; to fix the determination of; to limit; to bound; to bring to an end; to finish. “The knowledge of men hitherto hath been determined by the view or sight.” Bacon. “Now, where is he that will not stay so long
Till his friend sickness hath determined me?” Shak. 3. To fix the form or character of; to shape; to prescribe imperatively; to regulate; to settle. “The character of the soul is determined by the character of its God.” J. Edwards. “Something divinely beautiful … that at some time or other might influence or even determine her course of life.” W. Black. 4. To fix the course of; to impel and direct; — with a remoter object preceded by to; as another’s will determined me to this course. 5. To ascertain definitely; to find out the specific character or name of; to assign to its true place in a system; as to determine an unknown or a newly discovered plant or its name. 6. To bring to a conclusion, as a question or controversy; to settle authoritative or judicial sentence; to decide; as the court has determined the cause. 7. To resolve on; to have a fixed intention of; also to cause to come to a conclusion or decision; to lead; as this determined him to go immediately. 8. (Logic) To define or limit by adding a differentia. 9. (Physical Sciences) To ascertain the presence, quantity, or amount of; as to determine the parallax; to determine the salt in sea water.

De•ter´mine, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to end; to terminate. [Obs.] “He who has vented a pernicious doctrine or published an ill book must know that his life determine not together.” South. “Estates may determine on future contingencies.” Blackstone. 2. To come to a decision; to decide; to resolve; — often with on. ´Determine on some course.´ Shak. “He shall pay as the judges determine.” Ex. xxi. 22.

De•ter´mined , a. Decided; resolute. ´Adetermined foe.´ Sparks.

De•ter´min•ed•ly , adv. In a determined manner; with determination.

De•ter´min•er , n. One who, or that which, determines or decides.

De•ter´min•ism , n. (Metaph.) The doctrine that the will is not free, but is inevitably and invincibly determined by motives. “Its superior suitability to produce courage, as contrasted with scientific physical determinism, is obvious.” F. P. Cobbe.

De•ter´min•ist, n. (Metaph.) One who believes in determinism. Also adj.; as determinist theories.

De•ter•ra´tion , n. [L. de + terra earth: cf. F. deterrer to unearth.] The uncovering of anything buried or covered with earth; a taking out of the earth or ground. Woodward.

De•ter´rence , n. That which deters; a deterrent; a hindrance. [R.]

De•ter´rent , a. [L. deterrens, p. pr. of deterrere. See Deter.] Serving to deter. ´The deterrent principle.´ E. Davis.

De•ter´rent, n. That which deters or prevents.

De•ter´sion , n. [Cf. F. detersion. See Deterge.] The act of deterging or cleansing, as a sore.

De•ter´sive , a. [Cf. detersif.] Cleansing; detergent. — n. A cleansing agent; a detergent.

De•ter´sive•ly, adv. In a way to cleanse.

De•ter´sive•ness, n. The quality of cleansing.

De•test´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detested; p. pr. & vb. n. Detesting.] [L. detestare, detestatum, and detestari, to curse while calling a deity to witness, to execrate, detest; de + testari to be a witness, testify, testis a witness: cf. F. detester. See Testify.] 1. To witness against; to denounce; to condemn. [Obs.] “The heresy of Nestorius … was detested in the Eastern churches.” Fuller. “God hath detested them with his own mouth.” Bale. 2. To hate intensely; to abhor; to abominate; to loathe; as we detest what is contemptible or evil. “Who dares think one thing, and another tell,
My heart detests him as the gates of hell.” Pope. Syn. — To abhor; abominate; execrate. See Hate.

De•test•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of being odious. [R.] Carlyle.

De•test´a•ble , a. [L. detestabilis: cf. F. detestable.] Worthy of being detested; abominable; extremely hateful; very odious; deserving abhorrence; as detestable vices. “Thou hast defiled my sanctuary will all thy detestable things, and with all thine abominations.” Ezek. v. 11. Syn. — Abominable; odious; execrable; abhorred.

De•test´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being detestable.

De•test´a•bly, adv. In a detestable manner.

De•tes´tate , v. t. To detest. [Obs.] Udall.

Det•es•ta´tion ( 277), n. [L. detestatio: cf. F. detestation.] The act of detesting; extreme hatred or dislike; abhorrence; loathing. “We are heartily agreed in our detestation of civil war.” Burke.

De•test´er , n. One who detests.

De•throne´ (de•thron´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dethroned (-thrond´); p. pr. & vb. n. Dethroning.] [Pref. de- + throne: cf. F. detrôner; pref. de- (L. dis-) + trône throne. See Throne.] To remove or drive from a throne; to depose; to divest of supreme authority and dignity. ´The Protector was dethroned.´ Hume.

De•throne´ment , n. [Cf. F. detrônement.] Deposal from a throne; deposition from regal power.

De•thron´er , n. One who dethrones.

De•thron•i•za´tion , n. Dethronement. [Obs.] Speed.

De•thron´ize , v. t. [Cf. LL. dethronizare.] To dethrone or unthrone. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Det´i•nue ( 277), n. [OF. detinu, detenu, p. p. of detenir to detain. See Detain.] A person or thing detained; (Law) A form of action for the recovery of a personal chattel wrongfully detained. Writ of detinue (Law), one that lies against him who wrongfully detains goods or chattels delivered to him, or in possession, to recover the thing itself, or its value and damages, from the detainer. It is now in a great measure superseded by other remedies.

Det´o•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Detonated p. pr. & vb. n. Detonating ] [L. detonare, v. i., to thunder down; de + tonare to thunder; akin to E. thunder. See Thunder, and cf. Detonize.] To explode with a sudden report; as niter detonates with sulphur.

Det´o•nate, v. t. To cause to explode; to cause to burn or inflame with a sudden report.

Det´o•na•ting, a. & n. from Detonate. Detonating gas, a mixture of two volumes of hydrogen with one volume of oxygen, which explodes with a loud report upon ignition. — Detonating powder, any powder or solid substance, as fulminate of mercury, which when struck, explodes with violence and a loud report. — Detonating primer, a primer exploded by a fuse; — used to explode gun cotton in blasting operations. — Detonating tube, a strong tube of glass, usually graduated, closed at one end, and furnished with two wires passing through its sides at opposite points, and nearly meeting, for the purpose of exploding gaseous mixtures by an electric spark, as in gas analysis, etc.

Det•o•na´tion (-na´shun), n. [Cf. F. detonation.] An explosion or sudden report made by the instantaneous decomposition or combustion of unstable substances; as the detonation of gun cotton.

Det´o•na•tor (det´o•na•ter), n. One who, or that which, detonates.

Det•o•ni•za´tion (det•o•ni•za´shun), n. The act of detonizing; detonation.

Det´o•nize (det´o•niz), v. t. & i. [See Detonate.] [imp. & p. p.Detonized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Detonizing.] To explode, or cause to explode; to burn with an explosion; to detonate.

De•tor´sion , n. Same as Detortion.

De•tort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Detorting.] [L. detortus, p. p. of detorquere to turn away; de + torquere to turn about, twist: cf. F. detorquer, detordre.] To turn form the original or plain meaning; to pervert; to wrest. Hammond.

De•tor´tion , n. The act of detorting, or the state of being detorted; a twisting or warping.

De•tour´ , n. [F. detour, fr. detourner to turn aside; pref. de- (L. dis-) + tourner to turn. See Turn.] A turning; a circuitous route; a deviation from a direct course; as the detours of the Mississippi.

De•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Detracting.] [L. detractus, p. p. of detrahere to detract; de + trahere to draw: cf. F. detracter. See Trace.] 1. To take away; to withdraw. “Detract much from the view of the without.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. To take credit or reputation from; to defame. “That calumnious critic …
Detracting what laboriously we do.” Drayton. Syn. — To derogate; decry; disparage; depreciate; asperse; vilify; defame; traduce. See Decry.

De•tract´, v. i. To take away a part or something, especially from one’s credit; to lessen reputation; to derogate; to defame; — often with from. “It has been the fashion to detract both from the moral and literary character of Cicero.” V. Knox.

De•tract´er , n. One who detracts; a detractor. “Other detracters and malicious writers.” Sir T. North.

De•tract´ing•ly, adv. In a detracting manner.

De•trac´tion , n. [F. detraction, L. detractio.] 1. A taking away or withdrawing. [Obs.] “The detraction of the eggs of the said wild fowl.” Bacon. 2. The act of taking away from the reputation or good name of another; a lessening or cheapening in the estimation of others; the act of depreciating another, from envy or malice; calumny. Syn. — Depreciation; disparagement; derogation; slander; calumny; aspersion; censure.

De•trac´tious , a. Containing detraction; detractory. [R.] Johnson.

De•tract´ive , a. 1. Tending to detract or draw. [R.] 2. Tending to lower in estimation; depreciative.

De•tract´ive•ness, n. The quality of being detractive.

De•tract´or , n. [L.: cf. F. detracteur.] One who detracts; a derogator; a defamer. “His detractors were noisy and scurrilous.” Macaulay. Syn. — Slanderer; calumniator; defamer; vilifier.

De•tract´o•ry , a. Defamatory by denial of desert; derogatory; calumnious. Sir T. Browne.

De•tract´ress, n. A female detractor. Addison.

De•train´ , v. i. & t. To alight, or to cause to alight, from a railway train. [Eng.] London Graphic.

De•trect´ , v. t. [L. detrectare; de + tractare, intens. of trahere to draw.] To refuse; to decline. [Obs.] ´To detrect the battle.´ Holinshed.

Det´ri•ment (det´ri•ment), n. [L. detrimentum, fr. deterere, detritum, to rub or wear away; de + terere to rub: cf. F. detriment. See Trite.] 1. That which injures or causes damage; mischief; harm; diminution; loss; damage; — used very generically; as detriments to property, religion, morals, etc. “I can repair
That detriment, if such it be.” Milton. 2. A charge made to students and barristers for incidental repairs of the rooms they occupy. [Eng.] Syn. — Injury; loss; damage; disadvantage; prejudice; hurt; mischief; harm.

Det´ri•ment , v. t. To do injury to; to hurt. [Archaic] “Other might be determined thereby.” Fuller.

Det•ri•men´tal , a. Causing detriment; injurious; hurtful. “Neither dangerous nor detrimental to the donor.” Addison. Syn. — Injurious; hurtful; prejudicial; disadvantageous; mischievous; pernicious.

Det•ri•men´tal•ness, n. The quality of being detrimental; injuriousness.

De•tri´tal , a. (Geol.) Pertaining to, or composed of, detritus.

De•trite´ , a. [L. detritus, p. p.] Worn out.

De•tri´tion , n. [LL. detritio. See Detriment.] A wearing off or away. “Phonograms which by process long-continued detrition have reached a step of extreme simplicity.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

De•tri´tus , n. [F. detritus, fr. L. detritus, p. p. of deterere. See Detriment.] 1. (Geol.) A mass of substances worn off from solid bodies by attrition, and reduced to small portions; as diluvial detritus. For large portions, the word debris is used. 2. Hence: Any fragments separated from the body to which they belonged; any product of disintegration. “The mass of detritus of which modern languages are composed.” Farrar.

De•trude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Detruding.] [L. detrudere, detrusum; de + trudere to thrust, push.] To thrust down or out; to push down with force. Locke.

De•trun´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruncated; p. pr. & vb. n. Detruncating.] [L. detruncatus, p. p. of detruncare to cut off; de + truncare to maim, shorten, cut off. See Truncate.] To shorten by cutting; to cut off; to lop off.

De•trun•ca´tion , n. [L. detruncatio: cf. F. detroncation.] The act of lopping or cutting off, as the head from the body.

De•tru´sion , n. [L. detrusio. See Detrude.] The act of thrusting or driving down or outward; outward thrust. — De•tru´sive, a.

Dette , n. Debt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dette´les , a. Free from debt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•tu•mes´cence , n. [L. detumescere to cease swelling; de + tumescere, tumere, to swell.] Diminution of swelling; subsidence of anything swollen. [R.] Cudworth.

De´tur , n. [L. detur let it be given.] A present of books given to a meritorious undergraduate student as a prize. [Harvard Univ., U. S.]

De•turb´ , v. t. [L. deturbare.] To throw down. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

De•tur´bate , v. t. [LL. deturbatus, p. p. of deturbare, fr. L. deturbare to thrust down.] To evict; to remove. [Obs.] Foxe.

Det•ur•ba´tion , n. The act of deturbating. [Obs.]

De•turn´ , v. t. [Pref. de- + turn. Cf. Detour.] To turn away. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

De•tur´pate , v. t. [L. deturpare; de + turpare to make ugly, defile, turpis ugly, foul.] To defile; to disfigure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Det•ur•pa´tion , n. A making foul. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Deuce (dus), n. [F. deux two, OF. deus, fr. L. duo. See Two.] 1. (Gaming) Two; a card or a die with two spots; as the deuce of hearts. 2. (Tennis) A condition of the score beginning whenever each side has won three strokes in the same game (also reckoned ´40 all´), and reverted to as often as a tie is made until one of the sides secures two successive strokes following a tie or deuce, which decides the game.

Deuce, n. [Cf. LL. dusius, Armor, dus, teûz, phantom, specter; Gael. taibhs, taibhse, apparition, ghost; or fr. OF. deus God, fr. L. deus (cf. Deity).] The devil; a demon. [A euphemism, written also deuse.] [Low]

Deu´ced , a. Devilish; excessive; extreme. [Low] — Deu´ced•ly, adv.

Deuse (dus), n.; Deu´sed (du´sed), a. See Deuce, Deuced.

Deu•ter•o•ca•non´ic•al , a. [Gr. second + E. canonical.] Pertaining to a second canon, or ecclesiastical writing of inferior authority; — said of the Apocrypha, certain Epistles, etc.

Deu•ter•og´a•mist , n. [See Deuterogamy.] One who marries the second time.

Deu•ter•og´a•my , n. [Gr. ; second + wedding, marriage.] A second marriage, after the death of the first husband of wife; — in distinction from bigamy, as defined in the old canon law. See Bigamy. Goldsmith.

Deu•ter•o•gen´ic , a. [Gr. second + root of to be born.] (Geol.) Of secondary origin; — said of certain rocks whose material has been derived from older rocks.

Deu•ter•on´o•mist , n. The writer of Deuteronomy.

Deu•ter•on´o•my , n. [Gr. ; second + law: cf. L. Deuteronomium.] (Bibl.) The fifth book of the Pentateuch, containing the second giving of the law by Moses. { Deu•ter•o•pa•thi´a , Deu•ter•op´a•thy } n. [NL. deuteropathia, fr. Gr. second + suffering, fr. , , to suffer: cf. F. deuteropathie.] (Med.) A sympathetic affection of any part of the body, as headache from an overloaded stomach.

Deu•ter•o•path´ic , a. Pertaining to deuteropathy; of the nature of deuteropathy.

Deu•ter•os´co•py , n. [Gr. second + -scopy.] 1. Second sight. “I felt by anticipation the horrors of the Highland seers, whom their gift of deuteroscopy compels to witness things unmeet for mortal eye.” Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is seen at a second view; a meaning beyond the literal sense; the second intention; a hidden signification. Sir T. Browne.

Deu•ter•o•zo´oid , n. [Gr. second + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) One of the secondary, and usually sexual, zooids produced by budding or fission from the primary zooids, in animals having alternate generations. In the tapeworms, the joints are deuterozooids.

Deut•hy•drog´u•ret , n. (Chem.) Same as Deutohydroguret.

Deu´to- or Deut- (dut-) [Contr. from Gr. second.] (Chem.) A prefix which formerly properly indicated the second in a regular series of compound in the series and not to its composition but which is now generally employed in the same sense as bi-or di- although little used.

Deu•to•hy•drog´u•ret , n. [Pref. deut-, deuto- + hydroguret.] (Chem.) A compound containing in the molecule two atoms of hydrogen united with some other element or radical. [Obs.]

Deu´to•plasm , n. [Pref. deuto- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) The lifeless food matter in the cytoplasm of an ovum or a cell, as distinguished from the active or true protoplasm; yolk substance; yolk.

Deu•to•plas´tic , a. [Pref. deuto- + Gr. plastic.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or composed of, deutoplasm.

Deu•to•sul´phu•ret , n. [Pref. deuto- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) A disulphide. [Obs.]

Deu•tox´ide ( 104), n. [Pref. deut- + oxide.] (Chem.) A compound containing in the molecule two atoms of oxygen united with some other element or radical; — usually called dioxide, or less frequently, binoxide.

Deut´zi•a , n. [NL. Named after Jan Deutz of Holland.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs with pretty white flowers, much cultivated.

Dev , or De´va , n. [Skr. dva. Cf. Deity.] (Hind. Myth.) A god; a deity; a divine being; an idol; a king.

De•va•na´ga•ri , n. [Skr. dvanagari; dva god + nagara city, i. e., divine city.] The character in which Sanskrit is written.

De•vap•o•ra´tion , n. The change of vapor into water, as in the formation of rain.

De•vast´ , v. t. [Cf. F. devaster. See Devastate.] To devastate. [Obs.] Bolingbroke.

Dev´as•tate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devastated; p. pr. & vb. n. Devastating.] [L. devastatus, p. p. of devastare to devastate; de + vastare to lay waste, vastus waste. See Vast.] To lay waste; to ravage; to desolate. “Whole countries … were devastated.” Macaulay. Syn. — To waste; ravage; desolate; destroy; demolish; plunder; pillage.

Dev•as•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. devastation.] 1. The act of devastating, or the state of being devastated; a laying waste. “Even now the devastation is begun,
And half the business of destruction done.” Goldsmith. 2. (Law) Waste of the goods of the deceased by an executor or administrator. Blackstone. Syn. — Desolation; ravage; waste; havoc; destruction; ruin; overthrow.

Dev´as•ta•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, devastates. Emerson.

Dev•as•ta´vit , n. [L., he has wasted.] (Law) Waste or misapplication of the assets of a deceased person by an executor or an administrator. Bouvier.

De´va•ta , n. [Hind., fr. Skr. dva god.] (Hind. Myth.) A deity; a divine being; a good spirit; an idol. [Written also dewata.]

Deve , a. [See Deaf.] Deaf. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dev´el•in , n. (Zoöl.) The European swift. [Prov. Eng.]

De•vel´op , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Developed p. pr. & vb. n. Developing.] [F. developer; de- (L. dis-) + OF. voluper, voleper, to envelop, perh. from L. volup agreeably, delightfully, and hence orig., to make agreeable or comfortable by enveloping, to keep snug (cf. Voluptuous); or. perh. fr. a derivative of volvere, volutum, to roll (cf. Devolve). Cf. Envelop.] [Written also develope.] 1. To free from that which infolds or envelops; to unfold; to lay open by degrees or in detail; to make visible or known; to disclose; to produce or give forth; as to develop theories; a motor that develops 100 horse power. “These serve to develop its tenets.” Milner. “The 20th was spent in strengthening our position and developing the line of the enemy.” The Century. 2. To unfold gradually, as a flower from a bud; hence, to bring through a succession of states or stages, each of which is preparatory to the next; to form or expand by a process of growth; to cause to change gradually from an embryo, or a lower state, to a higher state or form of being; as sunshine and rain develop the bud into a flower; to develop the mind. “The sound developed itself into a real compound.” J. Peile. “All insects … acquire the jointed legs before the wings are fully developed.” Owen. 3. To advance; to further; to prefect; to make to increase; to promote the growth of. “We must develop our own resources to the utmost.” Jowett (Thucyd). 4. (Math.) To change the form of, as of an algebraic expression, by executing certain indicated operations without changing the value. 5. (Photog.) To cause to become visible, as an invisible or latent image upon plate, by submitting it to chemical agents; to bring to view. To develop a curved surface on a plane (Geom.), to produce on the plane an equivalent surface, as if by rolling the curved surface so that all parts shall successively touch the plane. Syn. — To uncover; unfold; evolve; promote; project; lay open; disclose; exhibit; unravel; disentangle.

De•vel´op , v. i. 1. To go through a process of natural evolution or growth, by successive changes from a less perfect to a more perfect or more highly organized state; to advance from a simpler form of existence to one more complex either in structure or function; as a blossom develops from a bud; the seed develops into a plant; the embryo develops into a well-formed animal; the mind develops year by year. “Nor poets enough to understand
That life develops from within.” Mrs. Browning. 2. To become apparent gradually; as a picture on sensitive paper develops on the application of heat; the plans of the conspirators develop.

De•vel´op•a•ble , a. Capable of being developed. J. Peile. Developable surface (Math.), a surface described by a moving right line, and such that consecutive positions of the generator intersect each other. Hence, the surface can be developed into a plane.

De•vel´op•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, develops. 2. (Photog.) A reagent by the action of which the latent image upon a photographic plate, after exposure in the camera, or otherwise, is developed and visible.

De•vel´op•ment , n. [Cf. F. developpement.] [Written also developement.] 1. The act of developing or disclosing that which is unknown; a gradual unfolding process by which anything is developed, as a plan or method, or an image upon a photographic plate; gradual advancement or growth through a series of progressive changes; also the result of developing, or a developed state. “A new development of imagination, taste, and poetry.” Channing. 2. (Biol.) The series of changes which animal and vegetable organisms undergo in their passage from the embryonic state to maturity, from a lower to a higher state of organization. 3. (Math.) (a) The act or process of changing or expanding an expression into another of equivalent value or meaning. (b) The equivalent expression into which another has been developed. 4. (mus.) The elaboration of a theme or subject; the unfolding of a musical idea; the evolution of a whole piece or movement from a leading theme or motive. Development theory (Biol.), the doctrine that animals and plants possess the power of passing by slow and successive stages from a lower to a higher state of organization, and that all the higher forms of life now in existence were thus developed by uniform laws from lower forms, and are not the result of special creative acts. See the Note under Darwinian. Syn. — Unfolding; disclosure; unraveling; evolution; elaboration; growth.

De•vel•op•men´tal , a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the process of development; as the developmental power of a germ. Carpenter.

Dev•e•nus´tate , v. t. [L. devenustatus, p. p. of devenustare to disfigure; de + venustus lovely, graceful.] To deprive of beauty or grace. [Obs.] { De•ver´gence , De•ver´gen•cy } n. See Divergence. [Obs.]

De•vest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devested; p. pr. & vb. n. Devesting.] [L. devestire to undress; de + vestire to dress: cf. OF. devestir, F. devêtir. Cf. Divest.] 1. To divest; to undress. Shak. 2. To take away, as an authority, title, etc., to deprive; to alienate, as an estate. This word is now generally written divest, except in the legal sense.

De•vest´, v. i. (Law) To be taken away, lost, or alienated, as a title or an estate.

De•vex´ , a. [L. devexus, from devehere to carry down.] Bending down; sloping. [Obs.]

De•vex´, n. Devexity. [Obs.] May (Lucan).

De•vex´i•ty , n. [L. devexitas, fr. devexus. See Devex, a.] A bending downward; a sloping; incurvation downward; declivity. [R.] Davies (Wit’s Pilgr.)

De´vi , n.; fem. of Deva. A goddess.

De´vi•ant , a. Deviating. [Obs.]

De´vi•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deviated p. pr. & vb. n. Deviating ] [L. deviare to deviate; de + viare to go, travel, via way. See Viaduct.] To go out of the way; to turn aside from a course or a method; to stray or go astray; to err; to digress; to diverge; to vary. “Thus Pegasus, a nearer way to take,
May boldly deviate from the common track.” Pope. Syn. — To swerve; stray; wander; digress; depart; deflect; err.

De´vi•ate, v. t. To cause to deviate. [R.] “To deviate a needle.” J. D. Forbes.

De•vi•a´tion , n. [LL. deviatio: cf. F. deviation.] 1. The act of deviating; a wandering from the way; variation from the common way, from an established rule, etc.; departure, as from the right course or the path of duty. 2. The state or result of having deviated; a transgression; an act of sin; an error; an offense. 2. (Com.) The voluntary and unnecessary departure of a ship from, or delay in, the regular and usual course of the specific voyage insured, thus releasing the underwriters from their responsibility. Deviation of a falling body (Physics), that deviation from a strictly vertical line of descent which occurs in a body falling freely, in consequence of the rotation of the earth. — Deviation of the compass, the angle which the needle of a ship’s compass makes with the magnetic meridian by reason of the magnetism of the iron parts of the ship. — Deviation of the line of the vertical, the difference between the actual direction of a plumb line and the direction it would have if the earth were a perfect ellipsoid and homogeneous, — caused by the attraction of a mountain, or irregularities in the earth’s density.

De´vi•a•tor , n. [L., a forsaker.] One who, or that which, deviates.

De´vi•a•to•ry , a. Tending to deviate; devious; as deviatory motion. [R.] Tully.

De•vice´ , n. [OE. devis, devise, will, intention, opinion, invention, fr. F. devis architect’s plan and estimates (in OF., division, plan, wish), devise device (in sense 3), in OF. also division, wish, last will, fr. deviser. See Devise, v. t., and cf. Devise, n.] 1. That which is devised, or formed by design; a contrivance; an invention; a project; a scheme; often, a scheme to deceive; a stratagem; an artifice. “His device in against Babylon, to destroy it.” Jer. li. 11. “Their recent device of demanding benevolences.” Hallam. “He disappointeth the devices of the crafty.” Job v. 12. 2. Power of devising; invention; contrivance. “I must have instruments of my own device.” Landor. 3. (a) An emblematic design, generally consisting of one or more figures with a motto, used apart from heraldic bearings to denote the historical situation, the ambition, or the desire of the person adopting it. See Cognizance. (b) Improperly, an heraldic bearing. “Knights-errant used to distinguish themselves by devices on their shields.” Addison. “A banner with this strange device -
Excelsior.” Longfellow. 4. Anything fancifully conceived. Shak. 5. A spectacle or show. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 6. Opinion; decision. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Syn. — Contrivance; invention; design; scheme; project; stratagem; shift. — Device, Contrivance. Device implies more of inventive power, and contrivance more of skill and dexterity in execution. A device usually has reference to something worked out for exhibition or show; a contrivance usually respects the arrangement or disposition of things with reference to securing some end. Devices were worn by knights-errant on their shields; contrivances are generally used to promote the practical convenience of life. The word device is often used in a bad sense; as a crafty device; contrivance is almost always used in a good sense; as a useful contrivance.

De•vice´ful , a. Full of devices; inventive. [R.] “A carpet, rich, and of deviceful thread.” Chapman.

De•vice´ful•ly, adv. In a deviceful manner. [R.]

Dev´il , n. [AS. deófol, deóful; akin to G. eufel, Goth. diabaúlus; all fr. L. diabolus the devil, Gr. the devil, the slanderer, fr. to slander, calumniate, orig., to throw across; across + to throw, let fall, fall; cf. Skr. gal to fall. Cf. Diabolic.] 1. The Evil One; Satan, represented as the tempter and spiritual of mankind. “[Jesus] being forty days tempted of the devil.” Luke iv. 2. “That old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world.” Rev. xii. 9. 2. An evil spirit; a demon. “A dumb man possessed with a devil.” Matt. ix. 32. 3. A very wicked person; hence, any great evil. ´That devil Glendower.´ ´The devil drunkenness.´ Shak. “Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil?” John vi. 70. 4. An expletive of surprise, vexation, or emphasis, or, ironically, of negation. [Low] “The devil a puritan that he is, … but a timepleaser.” Shak. “The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare,
But wonder how the devil they got there.” Pope. 5. (Cookery) A dish, as a bone with the meat, broiled and excessively peppered; a grill with Cayenne pepper. “Men and women busy in baking, broiling, roasting oysters, and preparing devils on the gridiron.” Sir W. Scott. 6. (Manuf.) A machine for tearing or cutting rags, cotton, etc. Blue devils. See under Blue. — Cartesian devil. See under Cartesian. — Devil bird (Zoöl.), one of two or more South African drongo shrikes (Edolius retifer, and E. remifer), believed by the natives to be connected with sorcery. — Devil may care, reckless, defiant of authority; — used adjectively. Longfellow. — Devil’s apron (Bot.), the large kelp (Laminaria saccharina, and L. longicruris) of the Atlantic ocean, having a blackish, leathery expansion, shaped somewhat like an apron. — Devil’s coachhorse. (Zoöl.) (a) The black rove beetle (Ocypus olens). [Eng.] (b) A large, predacious, hemipterous insect (Prionotus cristatus); the wheel bug. [U.S.] — Devil’s darning-needle. (Zoöl.) See under Darn, v. t. — Devil’s fingers, Devil’s hand (Zoöl.), the common British starfish (Asterias rubens); — also applied to a sponge with stout branches. [Prov. Eng., Irish & Scot.] — Devil’s riding-horse (Zoöl.), the American mantis (Mantis Carolina). — The Devil’s tattoo, a drumming with the fingers or feet. ´Jack played the Devil’s tattoo on the door with his boot heels.´ F. Hardman (Blackw. Mag.). — Devil worship, worship of the power of evil; — still practiced by barbarians who believe that the good and evil forces of nature are of equal power. — Printer’s devil, the youngest apprentice in a printing office, who runs on errands, does dirty work (as washing the ink rollers and sweeping), etc. ´Without fearing the printer’s devil or the sheriff’s officer.´ Macaulay. — Tasmanian devil (Zoöl.), a very savage carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania (Dasyurus, or Diabolus, ursinus). — To play devil with, to molest extremely; to ruin. [Low]

Dev´il , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deviled or Devilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Deviling or Devilling.] 1. To make like a devil; to invest with the character of a devil. 2. To grill with Cayenne pepper; to season highly in cooking, as with pepper. “A deviled leg of turkey.” W. Irving.

Dev´il-div•er , Dev´il bird , n.. (Zoöl.) A small water bird. See Dabchick.

Dev´il•ess , n. A she- devil. [R.] Sterne.

Dev´il•et , n. A little devil. [R.] Barham.

Dev´il•fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A huge ray (Manta birostris or Cephaloptera vampyrus) of the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic coasts. Several other related species take the same name. See Cephaloptera. (b) A large cephalopod, especially the very large species of Octopus and Architeuthis. See Octopus. (c) The gray whale of the Pacific coast. See Gray whale. (d) The goosefish or angler (Lophius), and other allied fishes. See Angler.

Dev´il•ing, n. A young devil. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dev´il•ish, a. 1. Resembling, characteristic of, or pertaining to, the devil; diabolical; wicked in the extreme. ´Devilish wickedness.´ Sir P. Sidney. “This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish.” James iii. 15. 2. Extreme; excessive. [Colloq.] Dryden. Syn. — Diabolical; infernal; hellish; satanic; wicked; malicious; detestable; destructive. — Dev´il•ish•ly, adv. — Dev´il•ish•ness, n.

Dev´il•ism , n. The state of the devil or of devils; doctrine of the devil or of devils. Bp. Hall.

Dev´il•ize , v. t. To make a devil of. [R.] “He that should deify a saint, should wrong him as much as he that should devilize him.” Bp. Hall.

Dev´il•kin , n. A little devil; a devilet.

Dev´il•ment , n. Deviltry. Bp. Warburton.

Dev´il•ry , n.; pl. Devilries . 1. Conduct suitable to the devil; extreme wickedness; deviltry. “Stark lies and devilry.” Sir T. More. 2. The whole body of evil spirits. Tylor.

Dev´il’s darn´ing-nee•dle. (Zoöl.) A dragon fly. See Darning needle, under Darn, v. t.

Dev´il•ship, n. The character or person of a devil or the devil. Cowley.

Dev´il•try , n.; pl. Deviltries . Diabolical conduct; malignant mischief; devilry. C. Reade.

Dev´il•wood , n. (Bot.) A kind of tree (Osmanthus Americanus), allied to the European olive.

De´vi•ous , a. [L. devius; de + via way. See Viaduct.] 1. Out of a straight line; winding; varying from directness; as a devious path or way. 2. Going out of the right or common course; going astray; erring; wandering; as a devious step. Syn. — Wandering; roving; rambling; vagrant. — De´vi•ous•ly, adv. — De´vi•ous•ness, n.

De•vir´gin•ate , a. [L. devirginatus, p. p. of devirginare.] Deprived of virginity. [R.]

De•vir´gin•ate , v. t. To deprive of virginity; to deflour. [R.] Sandys.

De•vir•gi•na´tion , n. [L. devirginatio.] A deflouring. [R.] Feltham.

De•vis´a•ble , a. [From Devise.] 1. Capable of being devised, invented, or contrived. 2. Capable of being bequeathed, or given by will.

De•vis´al , n. A devising. Whitney.

De•vise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devised p. pr. & vb. n. Devising.] [OF. deviser to distribute, regulate, direct, relate, F., to chat, fr. L. divisus divided, distributed, p. p. of dividere. See Divide, and cf. Device.] 1. To form in the mind by new combinations of ideas new applications of principles, or new arrangement of parts; to formulate by thought; to contrive; to excogitate; to invent; to plan; to scheme; as to devise an engine, a new mode of writing, a plan of defense, or an argument. “To devise curious works.” Ex. CCTV. 32. “Devising schemes to realize his ambitious views.” Bancroft. 2. To plan or scheme for; to purpose to obtain. “For wisdom is most riches; fools therefore
They are which fortunes do by vows devise.” Spenser. 3. To say; to relate; to describe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. To imagine; to guess. [Obs.] Spenser. 5. (Law) To give by will; — used of real estate; formerly, also of chattels. Syn. — To bequeath; invent; discover; contrive; excogitate; imagine; plan; scheme. See Bequeath.

De•vise´, v. i. To form a scheme; to lay a plan; to contrive; to consider. “I thought, devised, and Pallas heard my prayer.” Pope. Devise was formerly followed by of; as let us devise of ease. Spenser.

De•vise´ , n. [OF. devise division, deliberation, wish, will, testament. See Device.] 1. The act of giving or disposing of real estate by will; — sometimes improperly applied to a bequest of personal estate. 2. A will or testament, conveying real estate; the clause of a will making a gift of real property. “Fines upon devises were still exacted.” Bancroft. 3. Property devised, or given by will.

De•vise´ , n. Device. See Device. [Obs.]

Dev•i•see´ , n. (Law) One to whom a devise is made, or real estate given by will.

De•vis´er , n. One who devises.

De•vis´or , n. (Law) One who devises, or gives real estate by will; a testator; — correlative to devisee.

Dev´i•ta•ble , a. [L. devitare to avoid; de + vitare to shun, avoid.] Avoidable. [Obs.]

De•vi´tal•ize , v. t. To deprive of life or vitality. — De•vi•tal•i•za´tion (#), n.

Dev•i•ta´tion , n. [L. devitatio.] An avoiding or escaping; also a warning. [Obs.] Bailey.

De•vit•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of devitrifying, or the state of being devitrified. Specifically, the conversion of molten glassy matter into a stony mass by slow cooling, the result being the formation of crystallites, microbites, etc., in the glassy base, which are then called devitrification products.

De•vit´ri•fy , v. t. To deprive of glasslike character; to take away vitreous luster and transparency from.

De•vo´cal•ize , v. t. To make toneless; to deprive of vowel quality. — De•vo•cal•i•za´tion, n. “If we take a high vowel, such as (i) [= nearly i of bit], and devocalize it, we obtain a hiss which is quite distinct enough to stand for a weak (jh).” H. Sweet.

Dev•o•ca´tion , n. [L. devocare to call off or away; de + vocare to call.] A calling off or away. [R.] Hallywell.

De•void´ , v. t. [OE. devoiden to leave, OF. desvuidier, desvoidier, to empty out. See Void.] To empty out; to remove.

De•void´, a. [See Devoid, v. t.] 1. Void; empty; vacant. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Destitute; not in possession; — with of; as devoid of sense; devoid of pity or of pride.

De•voir´ , n. [F., fr. L. debere to owe. See Due.] Duty; service owed; hence, due act of civility or respect; — now usually in the plural; as they paid their devoirs to the ladies. ´Do now your devoid, young knights!´ Chaucer.

Dev´o•lute , v. t. [L. devolutus, p. p. of devolvere. See Devolve.] To devolve. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dev•o•lu´tion , n. [LL. devolutio: cf. F. devolution.] 1. The act of rolling down. [R.] “The devolution of earth down upon the valleys.” Woodward. 2. Transference from one person to another; a passing or devolving upon a successor. “The devolution of the crown through a … channel known and conformable to old constitutional requisitions.” De Quincey.

De•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devolved p. pr. & vb. n. Devolving.] [L. devolvere, devolutum, to roll down; de + volvere to roll down; de + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] 1. To roll onward or downward; to pass on. “Every headlong stream
Devolves its winding waters to the main.” Akenside. “Devolved his rounded periods.” Tennyson. 2. To transfer from one person to another; to deliver over; to hand down; — generally with upon, sometimes with to or into. “They devolved a considerable share of their power upon their favorite.” Burke. “They devolved their whole authority into the hands of the council of sixty.” Addison.

De•volve´, v. i. To pass by transmission or succession; to be handed over or down; — generally with on or upon, sometimes with to or into; as after the general fell, the command devolved upon (or on) the next officer in rank. “His estate … devolved to Lord Somerville.” Johnson.

De•volve´ment , n. The act or process of devolving;; devolution.

De´von , n. One of a breed of hardy cattle originating in the country of Devon, England. Those of pure blood have a deep red color. The small, longhorned variety, called North Devons, is distinguished by the superiority of its working oxen.

De•vo´ni•an , a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to Devon or Devonshire in England; as the Devonian rocks, period, or system. Devonian age (Geol.), the age next older than the Carboniferous and later than the Silurian; — called also the Age of fishes. The various strata of this age compose the Devonian formation or system, and include the old red sandstone of Great Britain. They contain, besides plants and numerous invertebrates, the bony portions of many large and remarkable fishes of extinct groups. See the Diagram under Geology.

De•vo´ni•an, n. The Devonian age or formation.

Dev•o•ra´tion , n. [L. devoratio. See Devour.] The act of devouring. [Obs.] Holinshed.

De•vo´ta•ry , n. [See Devote, Votary.] A votary. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

De•vote´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Devoting.] [L. devotus, p. p. of devovere; de + vovere to vow. See Vow, and cf. Devout, Devow.] 1. To appropriate by vow; to set apart or dedicate by a solemn act; to consecrate; also to consign over; to doom; to evil; to devote one to destruction; the city was devoted to the flames. “No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the Lord … shall be sold or redeemed.” Lev. xxvii. 28. 2. To execrate; to curse. [Obs.] 3. To give up wholly; to addict; to direct the attention of wholly or compound; to attach; — often with a reflexive pronoun; as to devote one’s self to science, to one’s friends, to piety, etc. “Thy servant who is devoted to thy fear.” Ps. cxix. 38. “They devoted themselves unto all wickedness.” Grew. “A leafless and simple branch … devoted to the purpose of climbing.” Gray. Syn. — To addict; apply; dedicate; consecrate; resign; destine; doom; consign. See Addict.

De•vote´ , a. [L. devotus, p. p.] Devoted; addicted; devout. [Obs.] Milton.

De•vote´, n. A devotee. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

De•vot´ed, a. Consecrated to a purpose; strongly attached; zealous; devout; as a devoted admirer. — De•vot´ed•ly, adv. — De•vot´ed•ness, n.

Dev•o•tee´ , n. One who is wholly devoted; esp., one given wholly to religion; one who is superstitiously given to religious duties and ceremonies; a bigot. “While Father Le Blanc was very devout he was not a devotee.” A. S. Hardy.

De•vote´ment , n. The state of being devoted, or set apart by a vow. [R.] Bp. Hurd.

De•vot´er , n. One who devotes; a worshiper.

De•vo´tion , n. [F. devotion, L. devotio.] 1. The act of devoting; consecration. 2. The state of being devoted; addiction; eager inclination; strong attachment love or affection; zeal; especially, feelings toward God appropriately expressed by acts of worship; devoutness. “Genius animated by a fervent spirit of devotion.” Macaulay. 3. Act of devotedness or devoutness; manifestation of strong attachment; act of worship; prayer. ´The love of public devotion.´ Hooker. 4. Disposal; power of disposal. [Obs.] “They are entirely at our devotion, and may be turned backward and forward, as we please.” Godwin. 5. A thing consecrated; an object of devotion. [R.] “Churches and altars, priests and all devotions,
Tumbled together into rude chaos.” Beau. & Fl. Days of devotion. See under Day. Syn. — Consecration; devoutness; religiousness; piety; attachment; devotedness; ardor; earnestness.

De•vo´tion•al , a. [L. devotionalis.] Pertaining to, suited to, or used in, devotion; as a devotional posture; devotional exercises; a devotional frame of mind. { De•vo´tion•al•ist , De•vo´tion•ist } n. One given to devotion, esp. to excessive formal devotion.

De•vo•tion•al´i•ty , n. The practice of a devotionalist. A. H. Clough.

De•vo´tion•al•ly , adv. In a devotional manner; toward devotion.

De•vo´to , n. [It.] A devotee. Dr. J. Scott.

De•vo´tor , n. [L.] A worshiper; one given to devotion. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

De•vour´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoured p. pr. & vb. n. Devouring.] [F. devorer, fr. L. devorare; de + vorare to eat greedily, swallow up. See Voracious.] 1. To eat up with greediness; to consume ravenously; to feast upon like a wild beast or a glutton; to prey upon. “Some evil beast hath devoured him.” Gen. xxxvii. 20. 2. To seize upon and destroy or appropriate greedily, selfishly, or wantonly; to consume; to swallow up; to use up; to waste; to annihilate. “Famine and pestilence shall devour him.” Ezek. vii. 15. “I waste my life and do my days devour.” Spenser. 3. To enjoy with avidity; to appropriate or take in eagerly by the senses. “Longing they look, and gaping at the sight,
Devour her o’er with vast delight.” Dryden. Syn. — To consume; waste; destroy; annihilate.

De•vour´a•ble , a. That may be devoured.

De•vour´er , n. One who, or that which, devours.

De•vour´ing•ly, adv. In a devouring manner.

De•vout´ , a. [OE. devot, devout, F. devot, from L. devotus devoted, p. p. of devovere. See Devote, v. t.] 1. Devoted to religion or to religious feelings and duties; absorbed in religious exercises; given to devotion; pious; reverent; religious. “A devout man, and one that feared God.” Acts x. 2. “We must be constant and devout in the worship of God.” Rogers. 2. Expressing devotion or piety; as eyes devout; sighs devout; a devout posture. Milton. 3. Warmly devoted; hearty; sincere; earnest; as devout wishes for one’s welfare. The devout, devoutly religious persons, those who are sincerely pious. Syn. — Holy; pure; religious; prayerful; pious; earnest; reverent; solemn; sincere.

De•vout´, n. 1. A devotee. [Obs.] Sheldon. 2. A devotional composition, or part of a composition; devotion. [Obs.] Milton.

De•vout´ful , a. 1. Full of devotion. [R.] 2. Sacred. [R.] “To take her from austerer check of parents,
To make her his by most devoutful rights.” Marston.

De•vout´less, a. Destitute of devotion. — De•vout´less•ly, adv. - - De•vout´less•ness, n.

De•vout´ly, adv. 1. In a devout and reverent manner; with devout emotions; piously. “Cast her fair eyes to heaven and prayed devoutly.” Shak. 2. Sincerely; solemnly; earnestly. “’T is a consummation
Devoutly to be wished.” Shak.

De•vout´ness, n. Quality or state of being devout.

De•vove´ , v. t. [See Devote, v. t.] To devote. [Obs.] Cowley.

De•vow´ , v. t. [F. devouer, L. devovere. See Devote, v. t.] 1. To give up; to devote. [Obs.] 2. [Cf. OF. desvoer. Cf. Disavow.] To disavow; to disclaim. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

De•vul´gar•ize , v. t. To free from what is vulgar, common, or narrow. “Shakespeare and Plutarch’s ´Lives´ are very devulgarizing books.” E. A. Abbott.

Dew (du), n. [AS. deáw; akin to D. dauw, G. thau, tau, Icel. dögg, Sw. dagg, Dan. dug; cf. Skr. dhav, dhav, to flow. rad.72. Cf. Dag dew.] 1. Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon their surfaces, particularly at night. “Her tears fell with the dews at even.” Tennyson. 2. Figuratively, anything which falls lightly and in a refreshing manner. ´The golden dew of sleep.´ Shak. 3. An emblem of morning, or fresh vigor. ´The dew of his youth.´ Longfellow. Dew is used in combination; as dew- bespangled, dew-drenched, dewdrop, etc.

Dew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dewed p. pr. & vb. n. Dewing.] To wet with dew or as with dew; to bedew; to moisten; as with dew. “The grasses grew
A little ranker since they dewed them so.” A. B. Saxton.

Dew, a. & n. Same as Due, or Duty. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dew´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of certain species of bramble (Rubus); in England, the fruit of R. caesius, which has a glaucous bloom; in America, that of R. canadensis and R. hispidus, species of low blackberries. (b) The plant which bears the fruit. “Feed him with apricots and dewberries.” Shak.

Dew´claw , n. In any animal, esp. of the Herbivora, a rudimentary claw or small hoof not reaching the ground. “Some cut off the dewclaws [of greyhounds].” J. H. Walsh.

Dew´drop , n. A drop of dew. Shak.

Dew´fall , n. The falling of dew; the time when dew begins to fall.

Dew´i•ness , n. State of being dewy.

Dew´lap , n. [Dew + lap to lick.] 1. The pendulous skin under the neck of an ox, which laps or licks the dew in grazing. 2. The flesh upon the human throat, especially when with age. [Burlesque] “On her withered dewlap pour the ale.” Shak.

Dew´lapped , a. Furnished with a dewlap.

Dew´less, a. Having no dew. Tennyson.

Dew´-point , n. (Meteor.) The temperature at which dew begins to form. It varies with the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere.

Dew´ret , v. t. [Dew + ret, v. t.] To ret or rot by the process called dewretting.

Dew´ret•ting, n. Dewrotting; the process of decomposing the gummy matter of flax and hemp and setting the fibrous part, by exposure on a sward to dew, rain, and sunshine.

Dew´rot , v. t. To rot, as flax or hemp, by exposure to rain, dew, and sun. See Dewretting.

Dew´worm , n. (Zoöl.) See Earthworm.

Dew´y , a. 1. Pertaining to dew; resembling, consisting of, or moist with, dew. “A dewy mist
Went and watered all the ground.” Milton. “When dewy eve her curtain draws.” Keble. 2. Falling gently and beneficently, like the dew. “Dewy sleep ambrosial.” Cowper. 3. (Bot.) Resembling a dew-covered surface; appearing as if covered with dew.

Dex´ter , a. [L.,; akin to Gr. , , Skr. dakshia (cf. daksh to be strong, suit); Goth. taihswa, OHG. zeso. Cf. Dexterous.] 1. Pertaining to, or situated on, the right hand; right, as opposed to sinister, or left. “On sounding wings a dexter eagle flew.” Pope. 2. (Her.) On the right-hand side of a shield, i. e., towards the right hand of its wearer. To a spectator in front, as in a pictorial representation, this would be the left side. Dexter chief, or Dexter point (Her.), a point in the dexter upper corner of the shield, being in the dexter extremity of the chief, as A in the cut. — Dexter base, a point in the dexter lower part or base of the shield, as B in the cut.

Dex•ter´i•cal , a. Dexterous. [Obs.]

Dex•ter´i•ty , n. [L. dexteritas, fr. dexter: cf. F. dexterite. See Dexter.] 1. Right-handedness. 2. Readiness and grace in physical activity; skill and ease in using the hands; expertness in manual acts; as dexterity with the chisel. “In youth quick bearing and dexterity.” Shak. 3. Readiness in the use or control of the mental powers; quickness and skill in managing any complicated or difficult affair; adroitness. “His wisdom … was turned … into a dexterity to deliver himself.” Bacon. “He had conducted his own defense with singular boldness and dexterity.” Hallam. Syn. — Adroitness; activity; nimbleness; expertness; skill; cleverness; art; ability; address; tact; facility; aptness; aptitude; faculty. See Skill.

Dex´ter•ous , a. [L. dexter. See Dexter.] [Written also dextrous.] 1. Ready and expert in the use of the body and limbs; skillful and active with the hands; handy; ready; as a dexterous hand; a dexterous workman. 2. Skillful in contrivance; quick at inventing expedients; expert; as a dexterous manager. “Dexterous the craving, fawning crowd to quit.” Pope. 3. Done with dexterity; skillful; artful; as dexterous management. ´Dexterous sleights of hand.´ Trench. Syn. — Adroit; active; expert; skillful; clever; able; ready; apt; handy; versed.

Dex´ter•ous•ly , adv. In a dexterous manner; skillfully.

Dex´ter•ous•ness, n. The quality of being dexterous; dexterity.

Dex´trad , adv. [L. dextra the right hand + ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the right side; dextrally.

Dex´tral , a. [From Dexter.] Right, as opposed to sinistral, or left. Dextral shell (Zoöl.), a spiral shell the whorls of which turn from left right, or like the hands of a watch when the apex of the spire is toward the eye of the observer.

Dex•tral´i•ty , n. The state of being on the right-hand side; also the quality of being right- handed; right-handedness. Sir T. Browne.

Dex´tral•ly , adv. Towards the right; as the hands of a watch rotate dextrally.

Dex•trer´ , n. A war horse; a destrer. [Obs.] ´By him baiteth his dextrer.´ Chaucer.

Dex´trin , n. [Cf. F. dextrine, G. dextrin. See Dexter.] (Chem.) A translucent, gummy, amorphous substance, nearly tasteless and odorless, used as a substitute for gum, for sizing, etc., and obtained from starch by the action of heat, acids, or diastase. It is of somewhat variable composition, containing several carbohydrates which change easily to their respective varieties of sugar. It is so named from its rotating the plane of polarization to the right; — called also British gum, Alsace gum, gommelin, leiocome, etc. See Achroödextrin, and Erythrodextrin.

Dex´tro- A prefix, from L. dexter, meaning, pertaining to, or toward, the right; (Chem. & Opt.) having the property of turning the plane of polarized light to the right; as dextrotartaric acid.

Dex•trog´er•ous , a. (Physics & Chem.) See Dextrogyrate.

Dex•tro•glu´cose , n. [Dextro- + glucose.] (Chem.) Same as Dextrose.

Dex•tro•gy´rate , a. [Dextro- + gyrate.] (Chem. & Opt.) Same as Dextrorotatory.

Dex•tron´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, dextrose; as dextronic acid. Dextronic acid, a sirupy substance obtained by the partial oxidation of various carbohydrates, as dextrose, etc.

Dex•tro•ro´ta•ry , a. (Physics & Chem.) See Dextrotatory.

Dex•tro•ro´ta•to•ry , a. [Dextro- + rotatory.] (Chem. & Opt.) Turning, or causing to turn, toward the right hand; esp., turning the plane of polarization of luminous rays toward the right hand; as dextrorotatory crystals, sugars, etc. Cf. Levorotatory. { Dex•tror´sal , Dex´trorse• } a. [L. dextrorsum, contr. fr. dextrovorsum, dextroversum, toward the right side; dexter right + versus, vorsus, p. p. of vertere, vortere, to turn.] Turning from the left to the right, in the ascending line, as in the spiral inclination of the stem of the common morning-glory. At present scientists predicate dextrorse or sinistrorse quality of the plant regarded objectively; formerly the plant was regarded subjectively, and what is now called dextrorse was then considered sinistrorse.

Dex´trose (deks´tros•), n. [See Dexter.] (Chem.) A sirupy, or white crystalline, variety of sugar, C6H12O6 (so called from turning the plane of polarization to the right), occurring in many ripe fruits. Dextrose and levulose are obtained by the inversion of cane sugar or sucrose, and hence called invert sugar. Dextrose is chiefly obtained by the action of heat and acids on starch, and hence called also starch sugar. It is also formed from starchy food by the action of the amylolytic ferments of saliva and pancreatic juice. The solid products are known to the trade as grape sugar; the sirupy products as glucose, or mixing sirup. These are harmless, but are only about half as sweet as cane sugar or sucrose.

Dex´trous , a., Dex´trous•ly, adv., Dex´trous•ness, n. Same as Dexterous, Dexterously, etc.

Dey , n. [See Dairy.] A servant who has charge of the dairy; a dairymaid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dey , n.; pl. Deys (#). [Turk. dai, orig., a maternal uncle, then a friendly title formerly given to middle-aged or old people, especially among the Janizaries; and hence, in Algiers, consecrated at length to the commanding officer of that corps, who frequently became afterward pasha or regent of that province; hence the European misnomer of dey, as applied to the latter: cf. F. dey.] The governor of Algiers; — so called before the French conquest in 1830.

Deye , v. i. To die. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Deyn´te , Deyn´tee }, n. & a. See Dainty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

De•zinc•i•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of freeing from zinc; also the condition resulting from the removal of zinc.

De•zinc´i•fy , v. t. [Pref. de- + zinc + -fy.] To deprive of, or free from, zinc.

Dhole , n. (Zoöl.) A fierce, wild dog (Canis Dukhunensis), found in the mountains of India. It is remarkable for its propensity to hunt the tiger and other wild animals in packs.

Dho´ny , n. A Ceylonese boat. See Doni.

Dhoor´ra , Dhour´ra, or Dhur´ra , n. Indian millet. See Durra.

Dhow , n. [Ar. dao?] A coasting vessel of Arabia, East Africa, and the Indian Ocean. It has generally but one mast and a lateen sail. [Also written dow.]

Di- [Gr. di•s- twice; akin to two, L. bis twice. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Dia-. The L. pref. dis- sometimes assumes the form di-. See Dis-.] A prefix, signifying twofold, double, twice; (Chem.) denoting two atoms, radicals, groups, or equivalents, as the case may be. See Bi-, 2. { Di´a- , Di- }. [Gr. dia• through; orig., dividing into two parts; akin to two. See Two, and cf. 1st Di-.] A prefix denoting through; also between, apart, asunder, across. Before a vowel dia-becomes di-; as diactinic; dielectric, etc.

Di´a•base , n. [F. diabase, fr. Gr. a crossing or passing over, fr. ; + to go; — so called by Brongniart, because it passes over to diorite.] (Min.) A basic, dark-colored, holocrystalline, igneous rock, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and pyroxene with magnetic iron; — often limited to rocks pretertiary in age. It includes part of what was early called greenstone.

Di•ab•a•te´ri•al , a. [Gr. (sc. ) offerings before crossing the border, fr. to pass over. See Diabase.] Passing over the borders. [R.] Mitford.

Di•a•be´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. to pass or cross over. See Diabase.] (Med.) A disease which is attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of urine. Most frequently the urine is not only increased in quantity, but contains saccharine matter, in which case the disease is generally fatal. Diabetes mellitus [NL., sweet diabetes], that form of diabetes in which the urine contains saccharine matter. — Diabetes insipidus [NL., lit., diabetes], the form of diabetes in which the urine contains no abnormal constituent. { Di•a•bet´ic , Di•a•bet´ic•al } a. Pertaining to diabetes; as diabetic or diabetical treatment. Quian. Diabetic sugar. (Chem.) Same as Dextrose. { Dia•ble•rie´ , Di•ab´le•y } n. [F. diablerie, fr. diable devil, L. diabolus. See Devil.] Devilry; sorcery or incantation; a diabolical deed; mischief. { Di•a•bol´ic , Di•a•bol´ic•al } a. [L. diabolicus, Gr. devilish, slanderous: cf. F. diabolique. See Devil.] Pertaining to the devil; resembling, or appropriate, or appropriate to, the devil; devilish; infernal; impious; atrocious; nefarious; outrageously wicked; as a diabolic or diabolical temper or act. ´Diabolic power.´ Milton. ´The diabolical institution.´ Motley. — Di•a•bol´ic•al•ly, adv. — Di•a•bol´ic•al•ness, n.

Di•a•bol´i•fy , v. t. [L. diabolus devil + -fy.] To ascribed diabolical qualities to; to change into, or to represent as a devil. [R.] Farindon.

Di•ab´o•lism , n. 1. Character, action, or principles appropriate to the devil. 2. Possession by the devil. Bp. Warburton.

Di•ab´o•lize , v. t. To render diabolical. [R.]

Di•a•ca•thol´i•con , n. [Pref. dia- + catholicon.] (Med.) A universal remedy; — name formerly to a purgative electuary.

Di•a•caus´tic , a. [Pref. dia- + caustic.] (Opt.) Pertaining to, or possessing the properties of, a species of caustic curves formed by refraction. See Caustic surface, under Caustic.

Di•a•caus´tic, n. 1. (Med.) That which burns by refraction, as a double convex lens, or the sun’s rays concentrated by such a lens, sometimes used as a cautery. 2. (Math.) A curved formed by the consecutive intersections of rays of light refracted through a lens. { Di•ach´y•lon , Di•ach´y•lum } n. [NL. diachylum, fr. Gr. very juicy; dia• thoroughly + juice.] (Med. & Chem.) A plaster originally composed of the juices of several plants (whence its name), but now made of an oxide of lead and oil, and consisting essentially of glycerin mixed with lead salts of the fat acids.

Di•ac´id , a. [Pref. di- + acid.] (Chem.) Divalent; — said of a base or radical as capable of saturating two acid monad radicals or a dibasic acid. Cf. Dibasic, a., and Biacid.

Di•a•co´di•um , n. [L., from Gr. from poppy heads; dia• through, from + head, a poppy head.] A sirup made of poppies.

Di•ac´o•nal , a. [LL. diaconalis: cf. F. diaconal. Cf. Deacon.] Of or pertaining to a deacon.

Di•ac´o•nate , n. [L. diaconatus: cf. F. diaconat.] The office of a deacon; deaconship; also a body or board of deacons.

Di•ac´o•nate, a. Governed by deacons. ´Diaconate church.´ T. Goodwin.

Di•ac´o•pe , n. [L., fr. Gr. a cutting in two; dia• through + .] (Gram.) Tmesis.

Di•a•cous´tic , a. [Pref. di- + acoustic.] Pertaining to the science or doctrine of refracted sounds.

Di•a•cous´tics , n. [Cf. F. diacoustique.] That branch of natural philosophy which treats of the properties of sound as affected by passing through different mediums; — called also diaphonics. See the Note under Acoustics. { Di•a•crit´ic , Di•a•crit´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to separate, distinguish; dia• through + to separate. See Critic.] That separates or distinguishes; — applied to points or marks used to distinguish letters of similar form, or different sounds of the same letter, as a, a, ä, o, o, etc. ´Diacritical points.´ Sir W. Jones. “A glance at this typography will reveal great difficulties, which diacritical marks necessarily throw in the way of both printer and writer.” A. J. Ellis.

Di•ac•tin´ic , a. [Pref. di- + actinic.] (Physics) Capable of transmitting the chemical or actinic rays of light; as diactinic media.

Di•a•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + brother.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants whose stamens are united into two bodies or bundles by their filaments. { Di•a•del´phi•an , Di•a•del´phous } a. [Cf. F. diadelphe.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the class Diadelphia; having the stamens united into two bodies by their filaments (said of a plant or flower); grouped into two bundles or sets by coalescence of the filaments (said of stamens).

Di´a•dem , n. [F. diadème, L. diadema, fr. Gr. , fr. to bind round; dia• through, across + to bind; cf. Skr. da to bind.] 1. Originally, an ornamental head band or fillet, worn by Eastern monarchs as a badge of royalty; hence (later), also a crown, in general. ´The regal diadem.´ Milton. 2. Regal power; sovereignty; empire; — considered as symbolized by the crown. 3. (Her.) An arch rising from the rim of a crown (rarely also of a coronet), and uniting with others over its center. Diadem lemur. (Zoöl.) See Indri. — Diadem spider (Zoöl.), the garden spider.

Di´a•dem, v. t. To adorn with a diadem; to crown. “Not so, when diadem’d with rays divine.” Pope. “To terminate the evil,
To diadem the right.” R. H. Neale.

Di´a•drom , n. [Gr. a running through; dia• through + , used as inf. aor. of to run.] A complete course or vibration; time of vibration, as of a pendulum. [Obs.] Locke. { Di•aer´e•sis , Di•er´e•sis } ( 277), n.; pl. Diaereses or Diereses (#). [L. diaeresis, Gr. , fr. to divide; dia• through, asunder + to take. See Heresy.] 1. (Gram.) The separation or resolution of one syllable into two; — the opposite of synaeresis. 2. A mark consisting of two dots [&umlaut;], placed over the second of two adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to be pronounced as distinct letters; as coöperate, aërial.

Di•ae•ret´ic , a. [Gr. dividing.] (Med.) Caustic. [Obs.]

Di•a•ge•o•trop´ic , a. [Gr. dia• through, at variance + earth + turning.] (Bot.) Relating to, or exhibiting, diageotropism.

Di•a•ge•ot´ro•pism , n. (Bot.) The tendency of organs (as roots) of plants to assume a position oblique or transverse to a direction towards the center of the earth.

Di´a•glyph , n. [Gr. to engrave; dia• through + to carve.] An intaglio. Mollett. { Di•a•glyph´ic , Di•a•glyph´tic } a. Represented or formed by depressions in the general surface; as diaglyphic sculpture or engraving; — opposed to anaglyphic.

Di•ag•nose´ , v. t. & i. To ascertain by diagnosis; to diagnosticate. See Diagnosticate.

Di•ag•no´sis , n.; pl. Diagnoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to distinguish; dia• through, asunder + to know. See Know.] 1. (Med.) The art or act of recognizing the presence of disease from its signs or symptoms, and deciding as to its character; also the decision arrived at. 2. Scientific determination of any kind; the concise description of characterization of a species. 3. Critical perception or scrutiny; judgment based on such scrutiny; esp., perception of, or judgment concerning, motives and character. “The quick eye for effects, the clear diagnosis of men’s minds, and the love of epigram.” Compton Reade. “My diagnosis of his character proved correct.” J. Payn. Differential diagnosis (Med.), the determination of the distinguishing characteristics as between two similar diseases or conditions.

Di•ag•nos´tic , a. [Gr. able to distinguish, fr. : cf. F. diagnostique.] Pertaining to, or furnishing, a diagnosis; indicating the nature of a disease.

Di•ag•nos´tic, n. The mark or symptom by which one disease is known or distinguished from others.

Di•ag•nos´ti•cate , v. t. & i. [From Diagnostic.] To make a diagnosis of; to recognize by its symptoms, as a disease.

Di•ag•nos´tics , n. That part of medicine which has to do with ascertaining the nature of diseases by means of their symptoms or signs. “His rare skill in diagnostics.” Macaulay.

Di•a•gom´e•ter , n. [Gr. to transmit + -meter.] A sort of electroscope, invented by Rousseau, in which the dry pile is employed to measure the amount of electricity transmitted by different bodies, or to determine their conducting power. Nichol.

Di•ag´o•nal , a. [L. diagonalis, fr. Gr. from to angle; dia• through + an angle; perh. akin to E. knee: cf. F. diagonal.] (Geom.) Joining two not adjacent angles of a quadrilateral or multilateral figure; running across from corner to corner; crossing at an angle with one of the sides. Diagonal bond (Masonry), herringbone work. See Herringbone, a. — Diagonal built (Shipbuilding), built by forming the outer skin of two layers of planking, making angles of about 45° with the keel, in opposite directions. — Diagonal cleavage. See under Cleavage. — Diagonal molding (Arch.), a chevron or zigzag molding. — Diagonal rib. (Arch.) See Cross- springer. — Diagonal scale, a scale which consists of a set of parallel lines, with other lines crossing them obliquely, so that their intersections furnish smaller subdivisions of the unit of measure than could be conveniently marked on a plain scale. — Diagonal stratification. (Geol.) Same as Cross bedding, under Cross, a.

Di•ag´o•nal , n. 1. A right line drawn from one angle to another not adjacent, of a figure of four or more sides, and dividing it into two parts. 2. (Engin.) A member, in a framed structure, running obliquely across a panel. 3. A diagonal cloth; a kind of cloth having diagonal stripes, ridges, or welts made in the weaving.

Di•ag´o•nal•ly, adv. In a diagonal direction.

Di•a•go´ni•al , a. Diagonal; diametrical; hence; diametrically opposed. [Obs.] “Sin can have no tenure by law at all, but is rather an eternal outlaw, and in hostility with law past all atonement; both diagonal contraries, as much allowing one another as day and night together in one hemisphere.” Milton.

Di´a•gram , n. [Gr. , fr. to mark out by lines; dia• through + to draw, write: cf. F. diagramme. See Graphic.] 1. (Geom.) A figure or drawing made to illustrate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration; a plan. 2. Any simple drawing made for mathematical or scientific purposes, or to assist a verbal explanation which refers to it; a mechanical drawing, as distinguished from an artistical one. Indicator diagram. (Steam Engine) See Indicator card, under indicator

Di´a•gram, v. t. To put into the form of a diagram.

Di•a•gram•mat´ic , a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a diagram; showing by diagram. — Di•a•gram•mat´ic•ly (#), adv.

Di´a•graph , n. [Gr. to draw: cf. F. diagraphe. See Diagram.] A drawing instrument, combining a protractor and scale. { Di•a•graph´ic , Di•a•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. diagraphique.] Descriptive.

Di•a•graph´ics , n. The art or science of descriptive drawing; especially, the art or science of drawing by mechanical appliances and mathematical rule.

Di•a•he•li•o•trop´ic , a. [Gr. through, at variance + sun + turning.] (Bot.) Relating or, or manifesting, diaheliotropism.

Di•a•he•li•ot´ro•pism , n. (Bot.) A tendency of leaves or other organs of plants to have their dorsal surface faced towards the rays of light.

Di´al , n. [LL. dialis daily, fr. L. dies day. See Deity.] 1. An instrument, formerly much used for showing the time of day from the shadow of a style or gnomon on a graduated arc or surface; esp., a sundial; but there are lunar and astral dials. The style or gnomon is usually parallel to the earth’s axis, but the dial plate may be either horizontal or vertical. 2. The graduated face of a timepiece, on which the time of day is shown by pointers or hands. 3. A miner’s compass. Dial bird (Zoöl.), an Indian bird (Copsychus saularius), allied to the European robin. The name is also given to other related species. — Dial lock, a lock provided with one or more plates having numbers or letters upon them. These plates must be adjusted in a certain determined way before the lock can be operated. — Dial plate, the plane or disk of a dial or timepiece on which lines and figures for indicating the time are placed.

Di´al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dialed or Dialled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dialing or Dialling.] 1. To measure with a dial. “Hours of that true time which is dialed in heaven.” Talfourd. 2. (Mining) To survey with a dial. Raymond.

Di´a•lect , n. [F. dialecte, L. dialectus, fr. Gr. , fr. to converse, discourse. See Dialogue.] 1. Means or mode of expressing thoughts; language; tongue; form of speech. “This book is writ in such a dialect
As may the minds of listless men affect.
Bunyan.
The universal dialect of the world.” South. 2. The form of speech of a limited region or people, as distinguished from ether forms nearly related to it; a variety or subdivision of a language; speech characterized by local peculiarities or specific circumstances; as the Ionic and Attic were dialects of Greece; the Yorkshire dialect; the dialect of the learned. “In the midst of this Babel of dialects there suddenly appeared a standard English language.” Earle. “[Charles V.] could address his subjects from every quarter in their native dialect.” Prescott. Syn. — Language; idiom; tongue; speech; phraseology. See Language, and Idiom.

Di•a•lec´tal , a. Relating to a dialect; dialectical; as a dialectical variant.

Di•a•lec´tic , n. Same as Dialectics. “Plato placed his dialectic above all sciences.” Liddell & Scott. { Di•a•lec´tic , Di•a•lec´tic•al } a. [L. dialecticus, Gr. : cf. F. dialectique. See Dialect.] 1. Pertaining to dialectics; logical; argumental. 2. Pertaining to a dialect or to dialects. Earle.

Di•a•lec´tic•al•ly , adv. In a dialectical manner.

Di•a•lec•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. dialecticien.] One versed in dialectics; a logician; a reasoner.

Di•a•lec´tics , n. [L. dialectica (sc. ars), Gr. (sc. ): cf. F. dialectique.] That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning; the application of logical principles to discursive reasoning; the science or art of discriminating truth from error; logical discussion. Dialectics was defined by Aristotle to be the method of arguing with probability on any given problem, and of defending a tenet without inconsistency. By Plato, it was used in the following senses: 1. Discussion by dialogue as a method of scientific investigation. 2. The method of investigating the truth by analysis. 3. The science of ideas or of the nature and laws of being — higher metaphysics. By Kant, it was employed to signify the logic of appearances or illusions, whether these arise from accident or error, or from those necessary limitations which, according to this philosopher, originate in the constitution of the human intellect.

Di•a•lec•tol´o•gy , n. [Dialect + -logy.] That branch of philology which is devoted to the consideration of dialects. Beck.

Di•a•lec´tor , n. One skilled in dialectics.

Di´al•ing , n. 1. The art of constructing dials; the science which treats of measuring time by dials. [Written also dialling.] 2. A method of surveying, especially in mines, in which the bearings of the courses, or the angles which they make with each other, are determined by means of the circumferentor.

Di´al•ist, n. A maker of dials; one skilled in dialing.

Di•al´la•ge , n. [NL., fr. Gr. interchange, change, fr. to interchange.] (Rhet.) A figure by which arguments are placed in various points of view, and then turned to one point. Smart.

Di´al•lage ( 277), n. [Gr. change, alluding to the change and inequality of luster between the natural joints of the mineral.] (Min.) A dark green or bronze-colored laminated variety of pyroxene, common in certain igneous rocks.

Di´al•lel , a. [Gr. crossing.] Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; — opposed to parallel. [Obs.] Ash.

Di•al´lyl , n. (Chem.) A volatile, pungent, liquid hydrocarbon, C6H10, consisting of two allyl radicals, and belonging to the acetylene series.

Di•a•log´ic•al , a. [Gr. belonging to discourse.] Relating to a dialogue; dialogistical. Burton.

Di•a•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner or nature of a dialogue. Goldsmith.

Di•al´o•gism , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dialogisme. See Dialogue.] An imaginary speech or discussion between two or more; dialogue. Fulke.

Di•al´o•gist , n. [L. dialogista: cf. F. dialogiste.] 1. A speaker in a dialogue. 2. A writer of dialogues. P. Skelton. { Di•al•o•gis´tic , Di•al•o•gis´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to a dialogue; having the form or nature of a dialogue. — Di•al•o•gis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Di•al´o•gite , n. [From Gr. an arguing.] (Min.) Native carbonate of manganese; rhodochrosite.

Di•al´o•gize , v. t. [Gr. : cf. F. dialogiser.] To discourse in dialogue. Fotherby.

Di´a•logue ( 115), n. [OE. dialogue, L. dialogus, fr. Gr. , fr. to converse, dia• through + to speak: cf. F. dialogue. See Legend.] 1. A conversation between two or more persons; particularly, a formal conservation in theatrical performances or in scholastic exercises. 2. A written composition in which two or more persons are represented as conversing or reasoning on some topic; as the Dialogues of Plato.

Di´a•logue, v. i. [Cf. F. dialoguer.] To take part in a dialogue; to dialogize. [R.] Shak.

Di´a•logue, v. t. To express as in dialogue. [R.] “And dialogued for him what he would say.” Shak.

Di•al•y•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. dia• through, asunder + to loose + leaf.] (Bot.) Having separate petals; polypetalous.

Di•al´y•sis , n.; pl. Dialyses (#). [L., separation, fr. Gr. , fr. to part asunder, dissolve; dia• through + to loose.] 1. (Gram.) Diaeresis. See Diaeresis, 1. 2. (Rhet.) Same as Asyndeton. 3. (Med.) (a) Debility. (b) A solution of continuity; division; separation of parts. 4. (Chem.) The separation of different substances in solution, as crystalloids and colloids, by means of their unequal diffusion, especially through natural or artificial membranes.

Di•a•lyt´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. . See Dialysis.] Having the quality of unloosing or separating. Clarke. Dialytic telescope, an achromatic telescope in which the colored dispersion produced by a single object lens of crown glass is corrected by a smaller concave lens, or combination of lenses, of high dispersive power, placed at a distance in the narrower part of the converging cone of rays, usually near the middle of the tube.

Di•al´y•zate , n. (Chem.) The material subjected to dialysis.

Di•a•ly•za´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of dialysis.

Di´a•lyze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dialyzed p. pr. & vb. n. Dialyzing.] (Chem.) To separate, prepare, or obtain, by dialysis or osmose; to pass through an animal membrane; to subject to dialysis. [Written also dialyse.]

Di´a•lyzed , a. Prepared by diffusion through an animal membrane; as dialyzed iron.

Di´a•ly•zer , n. The instrument or medium used to effect chemical dialysis.

Di•a•mag´net , n. [Pref. dia- + magnet.] A body having diamagnetic polarity.

Di•a•mag•net´ic , a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, diamagnetism; taking, or being of a nature to take, a position at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. See Paramagnetic. Diamagnetic attraction. See under Attraction.

Di•a•mag•net´ic, n. Any substance, as bismuth, glass, phosphorous, etc., which in a field of magnetic force is differently affected from the ordinary magnetic bodies, as iron; that is, which tends to take a position at right angles to the lines of magnetic force, and is repelled by either pole of the magnet.

Di•a•mag•net´ic•al•ly , adv. In the manner of, or according to, diamagnetism.

Di•a•mag´net•ism , n. 1. The science which treats of diamagnetic phenomena, and of the properties of diamagnetic bodies. 2. That form or condition of magnetic action which characterizes diamagnetics.

Di•a•man•tif´er•ous , a. [F. diamant diamond + -ferous.] Yielding diamonds.

Di•a•man´tine , a. Adamantine. [Obs.]

Di•am´e•ter , n. [F. diamètre, L. diametros, fr. Gr. ; dia• through + measure. See Meter.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Any right line passing through the center of a figure or body, as a circle, conic section, sphere, cube, etc., and terminated by the opposite boundaries; a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords drawn in a curve. (b) A diametral plane. 2. The length of a straight line through the center of an object from side to side; width; thickness; as the diameter of a tree or rock. In an elongated object the diameter is usually taken at right angles to the longer axis. 3. (Arch.) The distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column, used as a standard measure for all parts of the order. See Module. Conjugate diameters. See under Conjugate.

Di•am´e•tral , a. [Gr. F. diametral.] Pertaining to a diameter; diametrical. Diametral curve, Diametral surface (Geom.), any line or surface which bisects a system of parallel chords drawn in a curve or surface. — Diametral planes (Crystal.), planes in which two of the axes lie.

Di•am´e•tral, n. A diameter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Di•am´e•tral•ly, adv. Diametrically. { Di•am´e•tric , Di•am´e•tric•al } a. 1. Of or pertaining to a diameter. 2. As remote as possible, as if at the opposite end of a diameter; directly adverse.

Di•am´e•tric•al•ly, adv. In a diametrical manner; directly; as diametrically opposite. “Whose principles were diametrically opposed to his.” Macaulay.

Di•am´ide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + amide.] (Chem.) Any compound containing two amido groups united with one or more acid or negative radicals, — as distinguished from a diamine. Cf. Amido acid, under Amido, and Acid amide, under Amide.

Di•am´i•do- , a. (Chem.) A prefix or combining form of Diamine. [Also used adjectively.]

Di•am´ine ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + amine.] (Chem.) A compound containing two amido groups united with one or more basic or positive radicals, — as contrasted with a diamide. In chemical nomenclature, if any amine or diamine is named by prefixing the nitrogen group, the name of the latter takes the form of amido, diamido, etc., thus ethylene diamine, C2H4.(NH2)2, is also called diamido-ethylene.

Di´a•mond ( 277), n. [OE. diamaund, diamaunt, F. diamant, corrupted, fr. L. adamas, the hardest iron, steel, diamond, Gr. . Perh. the corruption is due to the influence of Gr. transparent. See Adamant, Tame.] 1. A precious stone or gem excelling in brilliancy and beautiful play of prismatic colors, and remarkable for extreme hardness. The diamond is native carbon in isometric crystals, often octahedrons with rounded edges. It is usually colorless, but some are yellow, green, blue, and even black. It is the hardest substance known. The diamond as found in nature (called a rough diamond) is cut, for use in jewelry, into various forms with many reflecting faces, or facets, by which its brilliancy is much increased. See Brilliant, Rose. Diamonds are said to be of the first water when very transparent, and of the second or third water as the transparency decreases. 2. A geometrical figure, consisting of four equal straight lines, and having two of the interior angles acute and two obtuse; a rhombus; a lozenge. 3. One of a suit of playing cards, stamped with the figure of a diamond. 4. (Arch.) A pointed projection, like a four-sided pyramid, used for ornament in lines or groups. 5. (Baseball) The infield; the square space, 90 feet on a side, having the bases at its angles. 6. (Print.) The smallest kind of type in English printing, except that called brilliant, which is seldom seen. This line is printed in the type called Diamond. Black diamond, coal; (Min.) See Carbonado. — Bristol diamond. See Bristol stone, under Bristol. — Diamond beetle (Zoöl.), a large South American weevil (Entimus imperialis), remarkable for its splendid luster and colors, due to minute brilliant scales. — Diamond bird (Zoöl.), a small Australian bird (Pardalotus punctatus, family Ampelidae.). It is black, with white spots. — Diamond drill (Engin.), a rod or tube the end of which is set with black diamonds; — used for perforating hard substances, esp. for boring in rock. — Diamond finch (Zoöl.), a small Australian sparrow, often kept in a cage. Its sides are black, with conspicuous white spots, and the rump is bright carmine. — Diamond groove (Iron Working), a groove of V-section in a roll. — Diamond mortar (Chem.), a small steel mortar used for pulverizing hard substances. - - Diamond-point tool, a cutting tool whose point is diamond-shaped. — Diamond snake (Zoöl.), a harmless snake of Australia (Morelia spilotes); the carpet snake. — Glazier’s diamond, a small diamond set in a glazier’s tool, for cutting glass.

Di´a•mond ( 277), a. Resembling a diamond; made of, or abounding in, diamonds; as a diamond chain; a diamond field.

Di´a•mond-back , n. (Zoöl.) The salt-marsh terrapin of the Atlantic coast (Malacoclemmys palustris).

Di´a•mond•ed, a. 1. Having figures like a diamond or lozenge. 2. Adorned with diamonds; diamondized. Emerson.

Di´a•mond•ize , v. t. To set with diamonds; to adorn; to enrich. [R.] “Diamondizing of your subject.” B. Jonson.

Di´a•mond-shaped , a. Shaped like a diamond or rhombus.

Di•am´y•lene , n. [Pref. di- + amylene.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H20, of the ethylene series, regarded as a polymeric form of amylene.

Di´an , a. Diana. [Poetic]

Di•a´na , n. [L. Diana.] (Myth.) The daughter of Jupiter and Latona; a virgin goddess who presided over hunting, chastity, and marriage; — identified with the Greek goddess Artemis. “And chaste Diana haunts the forest shade.” Pope. Diana monkey (Zoöl.), a handsome, white-bearded monkey of West Africa (Cercopithecus Diana).

Di•an´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + , , a man, a male.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having two stamens.

Di•an´dri•an , a. Diandrous.

Di•an´drous , n. [Cf. F. diandre.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the class Diandria; having two stamens.

Di•a´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. L. Diana; either as the name of the Roman goddess, or from its use in OE. as a name of silver.] (Chem.) Same as Columbium. [Obs.]

Di•a•no•et´ic , a. [Gr. ; dia• through + to revolve in the mind.] (Metaph.) Pertaining to the discursive faculty, its acts or products. “I would employ … dianoetic to denote the operation of the discursive, elaborative, or comparative faculty.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Di•a•noi•al´o•gy , n. [Gr. thought + -logy.] The science of the dianoetic faculties, and their operations. Sir W. Hamilton.

Di•an´thus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , gen. , Zeus + ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) A genus of plants containing some of the most popular of cultivated flowers, including the pink, carnation, and Sweet William.

Di´a•pase , n. Same as Diapason. [Obs.] “A tuneful diapase of pleasures.” Spenser.

Di´a•pasm , n. [L. diapasma, Gr. , fr. ; dia• through + to sprinkle: cf. F. diapasme.] Powdered aromatic herbs, sometimes made into little balls and strung together. [Obs.]

Di•a•pa´son , n. [L., fr. Gr. diapasw^n (i. e., ´h dia• pasw^n chordw^n symfoni•a the concord of the first and last notes, the octave); dia• through + pasw^n, gen. pl. of pa^s all: cf. F. diapason. Cf. Panacea.] 1. (Gr. Mus.) The octave, or interval which includes all the tones of the diatonic scale. 2. Concord, as of notes an octave apart; harmony. “The fair music that all creatures made …
In perfect diapason.” Milton. 3. The entire compass of tones. “Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
The diapason closing full in man.” Dryden. 4. A standard of pitch; a tuning fork; as the French normal diapason. 5. One of certain stops in the organ, so called because they extend through the scale of the instrument. They are of several kinds, as open diapason, stopped diapason, double diapason, and the like.

Di•a•pe•de´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a leaping or oozing through, fr. to leap through; dia• through + to leap.] (Med.) The passage of the corpuscular elements of the blood from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, without rupture of the walls of the blood vessels.

Di•a•pen´te , n. [L., fr. Gr. a fifth; dia• through + five: cf. F. diapente.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) The interval of the fifth. 2. (Med.) A composition of five ingredients.

Di´a•per , n. [OF. diaspre, diapre, diaspe, sort of figured cloth, It. diaspro jasper, diaspo figured cloth, from L. jaspis a green-colored precious stone. See Jasper.] 1. Any textile fabric (esp. linen or cotton toweling) woven in diaper pattern. See 2. 2. (Fine Arts) Surface decoration of any sort which consists of the constant repetition of one or more simple figures or units of design evenly spaced. 3. A towel or napkin for wiping the hands, etc. “Let one attend him with a silver basin, …
Another bear the ewer, the third a diaper.” Shak. 4. An infant’s breechcloth.

Di´a•per , v. t. 1. To ornament with figures, etc., arranged in the pattern called diaper, as cloth in weaving. ´Diapered light.´ H. Van Laun. “Engarlanded and diapered
With in wrought flowers.” Tennyson. 2. To put a diaper on (a child).

Di´a•per, v. i. To draw flowers or figures, as upon cloth. ´If you diaper on folds.´ Peacham.

Di´a•per•ing, n. Same as Diaper, n., 2.

Di´a•phane , n. [Cf. F. diaphane diaphanous. See Diaphanous.] A woven silk stuff with transparent and colored figures; diaper work.

Di´a•phaned , a. [Cf. OF. diaphaner to make transparent. See Diaphanous.] Transparent or translucent. [R.]

Di•a•pha•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. diaphaneite. See Diaphanous.] The quality of being diaphanous; transparency; pellucidness.

Di•a•phan´ic , a. [See Diaphanous.] Having power to transmit light; transparent; diaphanous.

Di•aph´a•nie , n. The art of imitating stained glass with translucent paper.

Di•a•pha•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. transparent + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the transparency of the air.

Di•a•phan´o•scope , n. [Gr. transparent + -scope.] (Photog.) A dark box constructed for viewing transparent pictures, with or without a lens.

Di•a•phan´o•type , n. [Gr. transparent + -type.] (Photog.) A colored photograph produced by superimposing a translucent colored positive over a strong uncolored one.

Di•aph´a•nous , a. [Gr. , fr. to show or shine through; dia• through + to show, and in the passive, to shine: cf. F. diaphane. See Phantom, and cf. Diaphane, Diaphanic.] Allowing light to pass through, as porcelain; translucent or transparent; pellucid; clear. “Another cloud in the region of them, light enough to be fantastic and diaphanous.” Landor.

Di•aph´a•nous•ly, adv. Translucently.

Di•aph•e•met´ric , a. [Gr. dia• through + touch + measure.] (Physiol.) Relating to the measurement of the tactile sensibility of parts; as diaphemetric compasses. Dunglison. { Di•a•phon´ic , Di•a•phon´ic•al }, a. [Gr. dia• through + sound, tone.] Diacoustic.

Di•a•phon´ics , n. The doctrine of refracted sound; diacoustics.

Di•a•pho•re´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to carry through, to throw off by perspiration; dia• through + to carry.] (Med.) Perspiration, or an increase of perspiration. { Di•a•pho•ret´ic , Di•a•pho•ret´ic•al } a. [L. diaphoreticus, Gr. : cf. F. diaphoretique. See Diaphoresis.] Having the power to increase perspiration.

Di•a•pho•ret´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine or agent which promotes perspiration. Diaphoretics differ from sudorifics; the former only increase the insensible perspiration, the latter excite the sensible discharge called sweat. Parr.

Di´a•phote , n. [Pref. dia- + Gr. , light.] (Elec.) An instrument designed for transmitting pictures by telegraph. Fallows.

Di´a•phragm , n. [L. diaphragma, Gr. , fr. to fence by a partition wall; dia• through + , , to fence, inclose; prob. akin to L. fareire to stuff: cf. F. diaphragme. See Farce.] 1. A dividing membrane or thin partition, commonly with an opening through it. 2. (Anat.) The muscular and tendinous partition separating the cavity of the chest from that of the abdomen; the midriff. 3. (Zoöl.) A calcareous plate which divides the cavity of certain shells into two parts. 4. (Opt.) A plate with an opening, which is generally circular, used in instruments to cut off marginal portions of a beam of light, as at the focus of a telescope. 5. (Mach.) A partition in any compartment, for various purposes. Diaphragm pump, one in which a flexible diaphragm takes the place of a piston.

Di•a•phrag•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. diaphragmatique.] Pertaining to a diaphragm; as diaphragmatic respiration; the diaphragmatic arteries and nerves.

Di•aph´y•sis , n. [Gr. a growing through; dia• through + to bring forth.] 1. (Bot.) An abnormal prolongation of the axis of inflorescence. 2. (Anat.) The shaft, or main part, of a bone, which is first ossified.

Di•ap•no´ic , a. [Gr. outlet for the wind, exhalation, fr. to blow through; dia• through + to blow, breathe: cf. F. diapnoïque.] (Med.) Slightly increasing an insensible perspiration; mildly diaphoretic. — n. A gentle diaphoretic.

Di•ap•o•phys´ic•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a diapophysis.

Di•a•poph´y•sis , n. [NL. See Dia-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) The dorsal transverse, or tubercular, process of a vertebra. See Vertebra.

Di´arch•y , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + to rule.] A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in two persons. { Di•a´ri•al , Di•a´ri•an } a. [See Diary.] Pertaining to a diary; daily.

Di´a•rist , n. One who keeps a diary. { Di•ar•rhe´a , Di•ar•rhœ´a }, (di•ar•re´a), n. [L. diarrhoea, Gr. dia•rroia, fr. dia•rrei^n to flow through; dia• + ´rei^n to flow; akin to E. stream. See Stream.] (Med.) A morbidly frequent and profuse discharge of loose or fluid evacuations from the intestines, without tenesmus; a purging or looseness of the bowels; a flux. { Di•ar•rhe´al , Di•ar•rhœ´al } a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to diarrhea; like diarrhea. { Di•ar•rhet´ic , Di•ar•rhœt´ic } , a. (Med.) Producing diarrhea, or a purging.

Di•ar•thro´di•al , a. (Anat.) Relating to diarthrosis, or movable articulations.

Di•ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to joint, articulate; dia• through, asunder + to fasten by a joint, ’a•rqron joint.] (Anat.) A form of articulation which admits of considerable motion; a complete joint; abarticulation. See Articulation.

Di´a•ry , n.; pl. Diaries (#). [L. diarium, fr. dies day. See Deity.] A register of daily events or transactions; a daily record; a journal; a blank book dated for the record of daily memoranda; as a diary of the weather; a physician’s diary.

Di´a•ry, a. lasting for one day; as a diary fever. [Obs.] ´Diary ague.´ Bacon.

Di´a•spore , n. [From Gr. a scattering; dia• through, asunder + to sow, scatter like seed: cf. F. diaspore.] (Min.) A hydrate of alumina, often occurring in white lamellar masses with brilliant pearly luster; — so named on account of its decrepitating when heated before the blowpipe.

Di´a•stase , n. [Gr. separation, fr. , to stand apart; dia• through + , , to stand, set: cf. F. diastase. Cf. Diastasis.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble, nitrogenous ferment, capable of converting starch and dextrin into sugar. The name is more particularly applied to that ferment formed during the germination of grain, as in the malting of barley; but it is also occasionally used to designate the amylolytic ferment contained in animal fluids, as in the saliva.

Di•a•sta´sic , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, diastase; as diastasic ferment.

Di•as´ta•sis , n. [NL. See Diastase.] (Surg.) A forcible separation of bones without fracture.

Di•a•stat´ic , a. [Gr. separative. See Diastase.] (Physiol. Chem.) Relating to diastase; having the properties of diastase; effecting the conversion of starch into sugar. “The influence of acids and alkalies on the diastatic action of saliva.” Lauder Brunton.

Di´a•stem , n. [L. diastema, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. diastème.] (a) Intervening space; interval. (b) (Anc. Mus.) An interval.

Di•a•ste´ma , n. [L. See Diastem.] (Anat.) A vacant space, or gap, esp. between teeth in a jaw.

Di•as´ter , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + star.] (Biol.) A double star; — applied to the nucleus of a cell, when, during cell division, the loops of the nuclear network separate into two groups, preparatory to the formation of two daughter nuclei. See Karyokinesis.

Di•as´to•le , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to put asunder, to separate; dia• through + to set, to place.] 1. (Physiol.) The rhythmical expansion or dilatation of the heart and arteries; — correlative to systole, or contraction. 2. (Gram.) A figure by which a syllable naturally short is made long.

Di•as•tol´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to diastole.

Di´a•style , n. [L. diastylus, Gr. ; dia• through, asunder + pillar, column: cf. F. diastyle.] (Arch.) See under Intercolumniation.

Di•a•tes´sa•ron , n. [L., fr. Gr. (sc. ); dia• through + , gen. of four (sc. .).] 1. (Anc. Mus.) The interval of a fourth. 2. (Theol.) A continuous narrative arranged from the first four books of the New Testament. 3. An electuary compounded of four medicines.

Di•a•ther´mal , a. [Gr. thoroughly warm; dia• through + warm, hot. Cf. Diathermous.] Freely permeable by radiant heat. { Di•a•ther´man•cy , Di•a•ther•ma•ne´i•ty } n. [See Diathermanous.] The property of transmitting radiant heat; the quality of being diathermous. Melloni.

Di•a•ther´ma•nism , n. The doctrine or the phenomena of the transmission of radiant heat. Nichol.

Di•a•ther´ma•nous , a. [Gr. to warm through; dia• through + to warm, warm.] Having the property of transmitting radiant heat; diathermal; — opposed to athermanous.

Di•a•ther´mic , a. Affording a free passage to heat; as diathermic substances. Melloni.

Di•a•ther•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. warm + -meter. See Diathermal.] (Physics) An instrument for examining the thermal resistance or heat- conducting power of liquids.

Di•a•ther´mous , a. Same as Diathermal.

Di•ath´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to place separately, arrange; dia• through, asunder + to place, put.] (Med.) Bodily condition or constitution, esp. a morbid habit which predisposes to a particular disease, or class of diseases.

Di•a•thet´ic , a. Pertaining to, or dependent on, a diathesis or special constitution of the body; as diathetic disease.

Di´a•tom (di•a•tom), n. [Gr. dia•tomos cut in two. See Diatomous.] 1. (Bot.) One of the Diatomaceae, a family of minute unicellular Algae having a siliceous covering of great delicacy, each individual multiplying by spontaneous division. By some authors diatoms are called Bacillariae, but this word is not in general use. 2. A particle or atom endowed with the vital principle. “The individual is nothing. He is no more than the diatom, the bit of protoplasm.” Mrs. E. Lynn Linton.

Di•a•tom´ic (di•a•tom´ik), a. [Pref. di- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Containing two atoms. (b) Having two replaceable atoms or radicals.

Di•at´o•mous , a. [Gr. dia•tomos cut through, fr. diate•mnein to cut through; dia• through + te•mnein to cut. Cf. Diatom.] (Min.) Having a single, distinct, diagonal cleavage; — said of crystals. Mohs.

Di•a•ton´ic (di•a•ton´ik), a. [L. diatonicus, diatonus, Gr. , , fr. to stretch out; dia• through + to stretch: cf. F. diatonique. See Tone.] (Mus.) Pertaining to the scale of eight tones, the eighth of which is the octave of the first. Diatonic scale (Mus.), a scale consisting of eight sounds with seven intervals, of which two are semitones and five are whole tones; a modern major or minor scale, as distinguished from the chromatic scale.

Di•a•ton´ic•al•ly , adv. In a diatonic manner.

Di´a•tribe ( 277), n. [L. diatriba a learned discussion, Gr. , prop., a wearing away of time, fr. to rub away, spend time; dia• through + to rub: cf. L. terere, F. trite: cf. F. diatribe.] A prolonged or exhaustive discussion; especially, an acrimonious or invective harangue; a strain of abusive or railing language; a philippic. “The ephemeral diatribe of a faction.” John Morley.

Di•at´ri•bist , n. One who makes a diatribe or diatribes.

Di•a•try´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. dia• through + hole.] (Paleon.) An extinct eocene bird from New Mexico, larger than the ostrich. { Di•a•zeuc´tic , Di•a•zeu´tic } a. [Gr. disjunctive, fr. to disjoin; dia• through, asunder + to join, yoke.] (Anc. Mus.) Disjoining two fourths; as the diazeutic tone, which, like that from F to G in modern music, lay between two fourths, and, being joined to either, made a fifth. [Obs.]

Di•az´o- . [Pref. di- + azo-] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively), meaning pertaining to, or derived from, a series of compounds containing a radical of two nitrogen atoms, united usually to an aromatic radical; as diazo-benzene, C6H5.N2.OH. Diazo compounds are in general unstable, but are of great importance in recent organic chemistry. They are obtained by a partial reduction of the salts of certain amido compounds. Diazo reactions (Chem.), a series of reactions whereby diazo compounds are employed in substitution. These reactions are of great importance in organic chemistry.

Di•az´o•tize , v. t. (Chem.) To subject to such reactions or processes that diazo compounds, or their derivatives, shall be produced by chemical exchange or substitution.

Dib , v. i. To dip. [Prov. Eng.] Walton.

Dib, n. 1. One of the small bones in the knee joints of sheep uniting the bones above and below the joints. 2. pl. A child’s game, played with dib bones.

Di•ba´sic , a. [Pref. di- + basic.] (Chem.) Having two acid hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by basic atoms or radicals, in forming salts; bibasic; — said of acids, as oxalic or sulphuric acids. Cf. Diacid, Bibasic. In the case of certain acids dibasic and divalent are not synonymous; as tartaric acid is tetravalent and dibasic, lactic acid is divalent but monobasic.

Di•ba•sic´i•ty , n. (Chem.) The property or condition of being dibasic.

Dib´ber , n. A dibble. Halliwell.

Dib´ble , n. [See Dibble, v. i.] A pointed implement used to make holes in the ground in which no set out plants or to plant seeds.

Dib´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dibbled p. pr. & vb. n. Dibbling ] [Freq. of Prov. E. dib, for dip to thrust in. See Dip.] To dib or dip frequently, as in angling. Walton.

Dib´ble, v. t. 1. To plant with a dibble; to make holes in (soil) with a dibble, for planting. 2. To make holes or indentations in, as if with a dibble. “The clayey soil around it was dibbled thick at the time by the tiny hoofs of sheep.” H. Miller.

Dib´bler , n. One who, or that which, dibbles, or makes holes in the ground for seed.

Di•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + gills.] (Zoöl.) An order of cephalopods which includes those with two gills, an apparatus for emitting an inky fluid, and either eight or ten cephalic arms bearing suckers or hooks, as the octopi and squids. See Cephalopoda.

Di•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having two gills. — n. One of the Dibranchiata.

Dibs , n. A sweet preparation or treacle of grape juice, much used in the East. Johnston.

Dib´stone ( 110), n. A pebble used in a child’s game called dibstones. Locke.

Di•bu´tyl , n. [Pref. di- + butyl.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C8H18, of the marsh-gas series, being one of several octanes, and consisting of two butyl radicals. Cf. Octane.

Di•ca´cious , a. [L. dicax, dicacis, fr. dicere to say.] Talkative; pert; saucy. [Obs.]

Di•cac´i•ty , n. [L. dicacitas: cf. F. dicacite. See Dicacious.] Pertness; sauciness. [Obs.]

Di•cal´cic , a. [Pref. di- + calcic.] (Chem.) Having two atoms or equivalents of calcium to the molecule.

Di•car•bon´ic , a. [Pref. di- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Containing two carbon residues, or two carboxyl or radicals; as oxalic acid is a dicarbonic acid.

Di´cast , n. [Gr. , fr. to judge, right, judgment, justice.] A functionary in ancient Athens answering nearly to the modern juryman.

Di•cas´ter•y , n. [Gr. , fr. juryman. See Dicast.] A court of justice; judgment hall. [R.] J. S. Mill.

Dice , n.; pl. of Die. Small cubes used in gaming or in determining by chance; also the game played with dice. See Die, n. Dice coal, a kind of coal easily splitting into cubical fragments. Brande & C.

Dice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diced p. pr. & vb. n. Dicing.] 1. To play games with dice. “I … diced not above seven times a week.” Shak. 2. To ornament with squares, diamonds, or cubes.

Dice´box , n. A box from which dice are thrown in gaming. Thackeray.

Di•cen´tra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + spur.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants, with racemes of two-spurred or heart-shaped flowers, including the Dutchman’s breeches, and the more showy Bleeding heart (D. spectabilis). [Corruptly written dielytra.]

Di•ceph´a•lous , a. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + head.] Having two heads on one body; double-headed.

Di´cer , n. A player at dice; a dice player; a gamester. “As false as dicers’ oaths.” Shak.

Dich , v. i. To ditch. [Obs.]

Di•chas´tic , a. [Gr. to part asunder, fr. in two, asunder, fr. di•s- twice.] (Biol.) Capable of subdividing spontaneously.

Di•chla•myd´e•ous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + , , a cloak.] (Bot.) Having two coverings, a calyx and in corolla.

Di•chlo´ride , n. [Pref. di- + chloride.] (Chem.) Same as Bichloride.

Di•chog´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Manifesting dichogamy.

Di•chog´a•my , n. [Gr. in two, asunder + marriage.] (Bot.) The condition of certain species of plants, in which the stamens and pistil do not mature simultaneously, so that these plants can never fertilize themselves.

Di•chot´o•mist , n. One who dichotomizes. Bacon.

Di•chot´o•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dichotomized p. pr. & vb. n. Dichotomizing ] [See Dichotomous.] 1. To cut into two parts; to part into two divisions; to divide into pairs; to bisect. [R.] “The apostolical benediction dichotomizes all good things into grace and peace.” Bp. Hall. 2. (Astron.) To exhibit as a half disk. See Dichotomy, 3. ´[The moon] was dichotomized.´ Whewell.

Di•chot´o•mize, v. i. To separate into two parts; to branch dichotomously; to become dichotomous.

Di•chot´o•mous , a. [L. dichotomos, Gr. ; in two, asunder + diate•mnein to cut.] Regularly dividing by pairs from bottom to top; as a dichotomous stem. — Di•chot´o•mous•ly, adv.

Di•chot´o•my , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dichotomie. See Dichotomous.] 1. A cutting in two; a division. “A general breach or dichotomy with their church.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Division or distribution of genera into two species; division into two subordinate parts. 3. (Astron.) That phase of the moon in which it appears bisected, or shows only half its disk, as at the quadratures. 4. (Biol.) Successive division and subdivision, as of a stem of a plant or a vein of the body, into two parts as it proceeds from its origin; successive bifurcation. 5. The place where a stem or vein is forked. 6. (Logic) Division into two; especially, the division of a class into two subclasses opposed to each other by contradiction, as the division of the term man into white and not white.

Di•chro´ic , a. [See Dichroism.] Having the property of dichroism; as a dichroic crystal.

Di•chro´i•scope , n. Same as Dichroscope.

Di´chro•ism , n. [Gr. two- colored; di- = di•s- twice + color.] (Opt.) The property of presenting different colors by transmitted light, when viewed in two different directions, the colors being unlike in the direction of unlike or unequal axes.

Di´chro•ite , n. [See Dichroism.] (Min.) Iolite; — so called from its presenting two different colors when viewed in two different directions. See Iolite.

Di•chro•it´ic , a. Dichroic.

Di•chro´mate , n. (Chem.) A salt of chromic acid containing two equivalents of the acid radical to one of the base; — called also bichromate.

Di•chro•mat´ic , a. [Pref. di- + chromatic: cf. Gr. .] 1. Having or exhibiting two colors. 2. (Zoöl.) Having two color varieties, or two phases differing in color, independently of age or sex, as in certain birds and insects.

Di•chro´ma•tism , n. The state of being dichromatic.

Di•chro´mic , a. [Gr. two- colored; di- = di•s- twice + color.] Furnishing or giving two colors; — said of defective vision, in which all the compound colors are resolvable into two elements instead of three. Sir J. Herschel.

Di´chro•ous , a. Dichroic.

Di´chro•scope , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + color + to view.] An instrument for examining the dichroism of crystals.

Di•chro•scop´ic , a. Pertaining to the dichroscope, or to observations with it.

Di´cing , n. 1. An ornamenting in squares or cubes. 2. Gambling with dice. J. R. Green.

Dick•cis´sel , n. (Zoöl.) The American black-throated bunting (Spiza Americana).

Dick´ens , n. or interj. [Perh. a contr. of the dim. devilkins.] The devil. [A vulgar euphemism.] “I can not tell what the dickens his name is.” Shak.

Dick´er , n. [Also daker, dakir; akin to Icel. dekr, Dan. deger, G. decher; all prob. from LL. dacra, dacrum, the number ten, akin to L. decuria a division consisting of ten, fr. decem ten. See Ten.] 1. The number or quantity of ten, particularly ten hides or skins; a dakir; as a dicker of gloves. [Obs.] “A dicker of cowhides.” Heywood. 2. A chaffering, barter, or exchange, of small wares; as to make a dicker. [U.S.] “For peddling dicker, not for honest sales.” Whittier.

Dick´er, v. i. & t. To negotiate a dicker; to barter. [U.S.] ´Ready to dicker. and to swap.´ Cooper. { Dick´ey , Dick´y } , n. 1. A seat behind a carriage, for a servant. 2. A false shirt front or bosom. 3. A gentleman’s shirt collar. [Local, U. S.]

Di•clin´ic , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + to incline.] (Crystallog.) Having two of the intersections between the three axes oblique. See Crystallization.

Dic´li•nous , a. [Gr. = bed.] Having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers. Gray.

Di•coc´cous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + grain, seed.] (Bot.) Composed of two coherent, one-seeded carpels; as a dicoccous capsule.

Di•cot•y•le´don (di•kot•i•le´dun), n. [Pref. di- + cotyledon.] (Bot.) A plant whose seeds divide into two seed lobes, or cotyledons, in germinating.

Di•cot•y•le´don•ous (-led´un•us), a. (Bot.) Having two cotyledons or seed lobes; as a dicotyledonous plant. { Di´cro•tal , Di´cro•tous } a. [Gr. a double beating.] Dicrotic.

Di•crot´ic , a. [Gr. = to knock, beat.] (Physiol.) (a) Of or pertaining to dicrotism; as a dicrotic pulse. (b) Of or pertaining to the second expansion of the artery in the dicrotic pulse; as the dicrotic wave.

Di´cro•tism , n. (Physiol.) A condition in which there are two beats or waves of the arterial pulse to each beat of the heart.

Dic´ta , n. pl. [L.] See Dictum.

Dic•ta´men , n. [LL., fr. dictare to dictate.] A dictation or dictate. [R.] Falkland.

Dic•tam´nus , n. [L. See Dittany.] (Bot.) A suffrutescent, D. Fraxinella (the only species), with strong perfume and showy flowers. The volatile oil of the leaves is highly inflammable.

Dic´tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dictated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dictating.] [L. dictatus, p. p. of dictare, freq. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Dight.] 1. To tell or utter so that another may write down; to inspire; to compose; as to dictate a letter to an amanuensis. “The mind which dictated the Iliad.” Wayland. “Pages dictated by the Holy Spirit.” Macaulay. 2. To say; to utter; to communicate authoritatively; to deliver (a command) to a subordinate; to declare with authority; to impose; as to dictate the terms of a treaty; a general dictates orders to his troops. “Whatsoever is dictated to us by God must be believed.” Watts. Syn. — To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; command; point out; urge; admonish.

Dic´tate, v. i. 1. To speak as a superior; to command; to impose conditions (on). “Who presumed to dictate to the sovereign.” Macaulay. 2. To compose literary works; to tell what shall be written or said by another. “Sylla could not skill of letters, and therefore knew not how to dictate.” Bacon.

Dic´tate , n. [L. dictatum. See Dictate, v. t.] A statement delivered with authority; an order; a command; an authoritative rule, principle, or maxim; a prescription; as listen to the dictates of your conscience; the dictates of the gospel. “I credit what the Grecian dictates say.” Prior. Syn. — Command; injunction; direction suggestion; impulse; admonition.

Dic•ta´tion , n. [L. dictatio.] 1. The act of dictating; the act or practice of prescribing; also that which is dictated. “It affords security against the dictation of laws.” Paley. 2. The speaking to, or the giving orders to, in an overbearing manner; authoritative utterance; as his habit, even with friends, was that of dictation.

Dic•ta´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who dictates; one who prescribes rules and maxims authoritatively for the direction of others. Locke. 2. One invested with absolute authority; especially, a magistrate created in times of exigence and distress, and invested with unlimited power. “Invested with the authority of a dictator, nay, of a pope, over our language.” Macaulay.

Dic•ta•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. dictatorial.] 1. Pertaining or suited to a dictator; absolute. “Military powers quite dictatorial.” W. Irving. 2. Characteristic of a dictator; imperious; dogmatical; overbearing; as a dictatorial tone or manner. — Dic•ta•to´ri•al•ly, adv. — Dic•ta•to´ri•al•ness, n.

Dic•ta•to´ri•an , a. Dictatorial. [Obs.]

Dic•ta´tor•ship , n. The office, or the term of office, of a dictator; hence, absolute power.

Dic´ta•to•ry , a. [L. dictatorius.] Dogmatical; overbearing; dictatorial. Milton.

Dic•ta´tress , n. A woman who dictates or commands. “Earth’s chief dictatress, ocean’s mighty queen.” Byron.

Dic•ta´trix , n. [L.] A dictatress.

Dic•ta´ture ( 135), n. [L. dictatura: cf. F. dictature.] Office of a dictator; dictatorship. [R.] Bacon.

Dic´tion , n. [L. dicto a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, to say; akin to dicare to proclaim, and to E. teach, token: cf. F. diction. See Teach, and cf. Benison, Dedicate, Index, Judge, Preach, Vengeance.] Choice of words for the expression of ideas; the construction, disposition, and application of words in discourse, with regard to clearness, accuracy, variety, etc.; mode of expression; language; as the diction of Chaucer’s poems. “His diction blazes up into a sudden explosion of prophetic grandeur.” De Quincey. Syn. — Diction, Style, Phraseology. Style relates both to language and thought; diction, to language only; phraseology, to the mechanical structure of sentences, or the mode in which they are phrased. The style of Burke was enriched with all the higher graces of composition; his diction was varied and copious; his phraseology, at times, was careless and cumbersome. ´Diction is a general term applicable alike to a single sentence or a connected composition. Errors in grammar, false construction, a confused disposition of words, or an improper application of them, constitute bad diction; but the niceties, the elegancies, the peculiarities, and the beauties of composition, which mark the genius and talent of the writer, are what is comprehended under the name of style.´ Crabb.

Dic•tion•al´ri•an , n. A lexicographer. [R.]

Dic´tion•a•ry , n.; pl. Dictionaries (#). [Cf. F. dictionnaire. See Diction.] 1. A book containing the words of a language, arranged alphabetically, with explanations of their meanings; a lexicon; a vocabulary; a wordbook. “I applied myself to the perusal of our writers; and noting whatever might be of use to ascertain or illustrate any word or phrase, accumulated in time the materials of a dictionary.” Johnson. 2. Hence, a book containing the words belonging to any system or province of knowledge, arranged alphabetically; as a dictionary of medicine or of botany; a biographical dictionary.

Dic´tum , n.; pl. L. Dicta (#), E. Dictums (#). [L., neuter of dictus, p. p. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Ditto.] 1. An authoritative statement; a dogmatic saying; an apothegm. “A class of critical dicta everywhere current.” M. Arnold. 2. (Law) (a) A judicial opinion expressed by judges on points that do not necessarily arise in the case, and are not involved in it. (b) (French Law) The report of a judgment made by one of the judges who has given it. Bouvier. (c) An arbitrament or award.

Dic•ty´o•gen , n. [Gr. a net + -gen.] (Bot.) A plant with net-veined leaves, and monocotyledonous embryos, belonging to the class Dictyogenae, proposed by Lindley for the orders Dioscoreaceae, Smilaceae, Trilliaceae, etc.

Di•cy´a•nide , n. [Pref. di- + cyanogen.] (Chem.) A compound of a binary type containing two cyanogen groups or radicals; — called also bicyanide.

Di•cy•e´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + an embryo.] (Zoöl.) An order of worms parasitic in cephalopods. They are remarkable for the extreme simplicity of their structure. The embryo exists in two forms.

Di•cy•e´mid , a. (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Dicyemata. — n. One of the Dicyemata.

Di•cyn´o•dont , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + dog + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) One of a group of extinct reptiles having the jaws armed with a horny beak, as in turtles, and in the genus Dicynodon, supporting also a pair of powerful tusks. Their remains are found in triassic strata of South Africa and India.

Did , imp. of Do. { Di•dac´tic , Di•dac´tic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to teach; akin to L. docere to teach: cf. F. didactique. See Docile.] Fitted or intended to teach; conveying instruction; preceptive; instructive; teaching some moral lesson; as didactic essays. ´Didactical writings.´ Jer. Taylor. “The finest didactic poem in any language.” Macaulay.

Di•dac´tic, n. A treatise on teaching or education. [Obs.] Milton.

Di•dac´tic•al•ly, adv. In a didactic manner.

Di•dac´ti•cism , n. The didactic method or system.

Di•dac•tic´i•ty , n. Aptitude for teaching. Hare.

Di•dac´tics , n. The art or science of teaching.

Di•dac´tyl , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + finger, toe: cf. F. didactyle.] (Zoöl.) An animal having only two digits.

Di•dac´tyl•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Having only two digits; two-toed.

Di´dal , n. A kind of triangular spade. [Obs.]

Di´dap•per , n. [For divedapper. See Dive, Dap, Dip, and cf. Dabchick.] (Zoöl.) See Dabchick.

Di•das´ca•lar , a. Didascalic. [R.]

Di•das•cal´ic , a. [L. didascalius, Gr. , fr. to teach: cf. F. didascalique.] Didactic; preceptive. [R.] Prior.

Did´dle , v. i. [Cf. Daddle.] To totter, as a child in walking. [Obs.] Quarles.

Did´dle, v. t. [Perh. from AS. dyderian to deceive, the letter r being changed to l.] To cheat or overreach. [Colloq.] Beaconsfield.

Did´dler , n. A cheat. [Colloq.] Jeremy Diddler, a character in a play by James Kenney, entitled ´Raising the wind.´ The name is applied to any needy, tricky, constant borrower; a confidence man.

Di•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. = matrix, uterus.] (Zoöl.) The subclass of Mammalia which includes the marsupials. See Marsupialia.

Di•del´phi•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or relating to the Didelphia. — n. One of the Didelphia.

Di•del´phic , a. (Zoöl.) Having the uterus double; of or pertaining to the Didelphia.

Di•del´phid , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Didelphic.

Di•del´phid, n. (Zoöl.) A marsupial animal.

Di•del´phous , a. (Zoöl.) Didelphic.

Di•del´phyc , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Didelphic.

Di•del´phys , n. [NL. See Didelphia.] (Zoöl.) Formerly, any marsupial; but the term is now restricted to an American genus which includes the opossums, of which there are many species. See Opossum. [Written also Didelphis.] See Illustration in Appendix. Cuvier.

Di´dine , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Didus, or the dodo.

Di´do , n.; pl. Didos . A shrewd trick; an antic; a caper. To cut a dido, to play a trick; to cut a caper; — perhaps so called from the trick of Dido, who having bought so much land as a hide would cover, is said to have cut it into thin strips long enough to inclose a spot for a citadel.

Di•do´ni•a , n. [NL. So called in allusion to the classical story of Dido and the bull’s hide.] (Geom.) The curve which on a given surface and with a given perimeter contains the greatest area. Tait. { Di´drachm , Di•drach´ma } n. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + a drachm.] A two-drachma piece; an ancient Greek silver coin, worth nearly forty cents.

Didst , the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do.

Di•duce´ment , n. Diduction; separation into distinct parts. Bacon.

Di•duc´tion , n. [L. diductio, fr. diducere, diductum, to draw apart; di- = dis- + ducere to lead, draw.] The act of drawing apart; separation.

Di´dym , n. (Chem.) See Didymium.

Di•dym´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. twin.] (Chem.) A rare metallic substance usually associated with the metal cerium; — hence its name. It was formerly supposed to be an element, but has since been found to consist of two simpler elementary substances, neodymium and praseodymium. See Neodymium, and Praseodymium.

Did´y•mous (did´i•mus), a. [Gr. di•dymos twofold, twin.] (Bot.) Growing in pairs or twins.

Did•y•na´mi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + power.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length.

Did•y•na´mi•an , a. Didynamous.

Di•dyn´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Didynamia; containing four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length.

Die , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Died p. pr. & vb. n. Dying.] [OE. deyen, dien, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. deyja; akin to Dan. döe, Sw. dö, Goth. diwan (cf. Goth. afdjan to harass), OFries. dia to kill, OS. doian to die, OHG. touwen, OSlav. daviti to choke, Lith. dovyti to torment. Cf. Dead, Death.] 1. To pass from an animate to a lifeless state; to cease to live; to suffer a total and irreparable loss of action of the vital functions; to become dead; to expire; to perish; — said of animals and vegetables; often with of, by, with, from, and rarely for, before the cause or occasion of death; as to die of disease or hardships; to die by fire or the sword; to die with horror at the thought. “To die by the roadside of grief and hunger.” Macaulay. “She will die from want of care.” Tennyson. 2. To suffer death; to lose life. “In due time Christ died for the ungodly.” Rom. v. 6. 3. To perish in any manner; to cease; to become lost or extinct; to be extinguished. “Letting the secret die within his own breast.” Spectator. “Great deeds can not die.” Tennyson. 4. To sink; to faint; to pine; to languish, with weakness, discouragement, love, etc. “His heart died within, and he became as a stone.” 1 Sam. xxv. 37. “The young men acknowledged, in love letters, that they died for Rebecca.” Tatler. 5. To become indifferent; to cease to be subject; as to die to pleasure or to sin. 6. To recede and grow fainter; to become imperceptible; to vanish; — often with out or away. “Blemishes may die away and disappear amidst the brightness.” Spectator. 7. (Arch.) To disappear gradually in another surface, as where moldings are lost in a sloped or curved face. 8. To become vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. To die in the last ditch, to fight till death; to die rather than surrender. “´There is one certain way,´ replied the Prince [William of Orange] ´ by which I can be sure never to see my country’s ruin, — I will die in the last ditch.´” Hume (Hist. of Eng. ). — To die out, to cease gradually; as the prejudice has died out. Syn. — To expire; decease; perish; depart; vanish.

Die, n.; pl. in 1 and (usually) in 2, Dice (dis); in 4 & 5, Dies (diz). [OE. dee, die, F. de, fr. L. datus given, thrown, p. p. of dare to give, throw. See Date a point of time.] 1. A small cube, marked on its faces with spots from one to six, and used in playing games by being shaken in a box and thrown from it. See Dice. 2. Any small cubical or square body. “Words … pasted upon little flat tablets or dies.” Watts. 3. That which is, or might be, determined, by a throw of the die; hazard; chance. “Such is the die of war.” Spenser. 4. (Arch.) That part of a pedestal included between base and cornice; the dado. 5. (Mach.) (a) A metal or plate (often one of a pair) so cut or shaped as to give a certain desired form to, or impress any desired device on, an object or surface, by pressure or by a blow; used in forging metals, coining, striking up sheet metal, etc. (b) A perforated block, commonly of hardened steel used in connection with a punch, for punching holes, as through plates, or blanks from plates, or for forming cups or capsules, as from sheet metal, by drawing. (c) A hollow internally threaded screw-cutting tool, made in one piece or composed of several parts, for forming screw threads on bolts, etc.; one of the separate parts which make up such a tool. Cutting die (Mech.), a thin, deep steel frame, sharpened to a cutting edge, for cutting out articles from leather, cloth, paper, etc. — The die is cast, the hazard must be run; the step is taken, and it is too late to draw back; the last chance is taken.

Di•e´cian , a., Di•e´cious , a. (Bot.) See Diœcian, and Diœcious.

Di•e´dral , a. The same as Dihedral.

Di•e•ge´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to narrate; dia• through + to lead.] A narrative or history; a recital or relation.

Di•e•lec´tric , n. [Pref. dia- + electric.] (Elec.) Any substance or medium that transmits the electric force by a process different from conduction, as in the phenomena of induction; a nonconductor. separating a body electrified by induction, from the electrifying body.

Di•el´y•tra , n. (Bot.) See Dicentra.

Di•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Dia-, and Encephalon.] (Anat.) The interbrain or thalamencephalon; — sometimes abbreviated to dien. See Thalamencephalon.

Di•er´e•sis , n. [NL.] Same as Diaeresis.

Die´sink•er , n. An engraver of dies for stamping coins, medals, etc.

Die´sink•ing, n. The process of engraving dies.

Di´es I´rae Day of wrath; — the name and beginning of a famous mediaeval Latin hymn on the Last Judgment.

Di´e•sis , n.; pl. Dieses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to let go through, dissolve; dia• through + to let go, send.] 1. (Mus.) A small interval, less than any in actual practice, but used in the mathematical calculation of intervals. 2. (Print.) The mark ‡; — called also double dagger.

Di´es ju•rid´i•cus pl. Dies juridici (#). [L.] (Law) A court day.

Di´es non´ [L. dies non juridicus.] (Law) A day on which courts are not held, as Sunday or any legal holiday.

Die´stock , n. A stock to hold the dies used for cutting screws.

Di´et , n. [F. diète, L. diaeta, fr. Gr. manner of living.] 1. Course of living or nourishment; what is eaten and drunk habitually; food; victuals; fare. ´No inconvenient diet.´ Milton. 2. A course of food selected with reference to a particular state of health; prescribed allowance of food; regimen prescribed. “To fast like one that takes diet.” Shak. Diet kitchen, a kitchen in which diet is prepared for invalids; a charitable establishment that provides proper food for the sick poor.

Di´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dieting.] 1. To cause to take food; to feed. [R.] Shak. 2. To cause to eat and drink sparingly, or by prescribed rules; to regulate medicinally the food of. “She diets him with fasting every day.” Spenser.

Di´et, v. i. 1. To eat; to take one’s meals. [Obs.] “Let him … diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation, where he traveleth.” Bacon. 2. To eat according to prescribed rules; to ear sparingly; as the doctor says he must diet.

Di´et, n. [F. diète, LL. dieta, diaeta, an assembly, a day’s journey; the same word as diet course of living, but with the sense changed by L. dies day: cf. G. tag day and Reichstag.] A legislative or administrative assembly in Germany, Poland, and some other countries of Europe; a deliberative convention; a council; as the Diet of Worms, held in 1521.

Di•e•ta´ri•an , n. One who lives in accordance with prescribed rules for diet; a dieter.

Di´et•a•ry , a. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules of diet.

Di´et•a•ry, n.; pl. Dietaries . A rule of diet; a fixed allowance of food, as in workhouse, prison, etc.

Di´et•er , n. One who diets; one who prescribes, or who partakes of, food, according to hygienic rules. { Di•e•tet´ic , Di•e•tet´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. dietetique. See Diet.] Of or performance to diet, or to the rules for regulating the kind and quantity of food to be eaten.

Di•e•tet´ic•al•ly, adv. In a dietetical manner.

Di•e•tet´ics , n. That part of the medical or hygienic art which relates to diet or food; rules for diet. “To suppose that the whole of dietetics lies in determining whether or not bread is more nutritive than potatoes.” H. Spencer.

Di•e•tet´ist, n. A physician who applies the rules of dietetics to the cure of diseases. Dunglison.

Di•eth•yl•am´ine , n. [Pref. di- + ethylamine.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, alkaline liquid, NH(C2H5)2, having a strong fishy odor resembling that of herring or sardines. Cf. Methylamine.

Di•et´ic , a. Dietetic.

Di•et´ic•al , a. Dietetic. [R.] Ferrand.

Di´et•ine , n. [Cf. F. dietine.] A subordinate or local assembly; a diet of inferior rank. { Di´et•ist , Di•e•ti´tian } n. One skilled in dietetics. [R.]

Dif•fame , n. [See Defame.] Evil name; bad reputation; defamation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dif•far•re•a´tion , n. [L. diffarreatio; dif- = farreum a spelt cake. See Confarreation.] A form of divorce, among the ancient Romans, in which a cake was used. See Confarreation.

Dif´fer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Differed p. pr. & vb. n. Differing.] [L. differre; dif- = dis- + ferre to bear, carry: cf. F. differer. See 1st Bear, and cf. Defer, Delay.] 1. To be or stand apart; to disagree; to be unlike; to be distinguished; — with from. “One star differeth from another star in glory.” 1 Cor. xv. 41. “Minds differ, as rivers differ.” Macaulay. 2. To be of unlike or opposite opinion; to disagree in sentiment; — often with from or with. 3. To have a difference, cause of variance, or quarrel; to dispute; to contend. “We ’ll never differ with a crowded pit.” Rowe. Syn. — To vary; disagree; dissent; dispute; contend; oppose; wrangle. — To Differ with, Differ from. Both differ from and aiffer with are used in reference to opinions; as ´I differ from you or with you in that opinion.´´ In all other cases, expressing simple unlikeness, differ from is used; as these two persons or things differ entirely from each other. “Severely punished, not for differing from us in opinion, but for committing a nuisance.” Macaulay. “Davidson, whom on a former occasion we quoted, to differ from him.” M. Arnold. “Much as I differ from him concerning an essential part of the historic basis of religion.” Gladstone. “I differ with the honorable gentleman on that point.” Brougham. “If the honorable gentleman differs with me on that subject, I differ as heartily with him, and shall always rejoice to differ.” Canning.

Dif´fer, v. t. To cause to be different or unlike; to set at variance. [R.] “But something ’ts that differs thee and me.” Cowley.

Dif´fer•ence , n. [F. difference, L. differentia.] 1. The act of differing; the state or measure of being different or unlike; distinction; dissimilarity; unlikeness; variation; as a difference of quality in paper; a difference in degrees of heat, or of light; what is the difference between the innocent and the guilty? “Differencies of administration, but the same Lord.” 1 Cor. xii. 5. 2. Disagreement in opinion; dissension; controversy; quarrel; hence, cause of dissension; matter in controversy. “What was the difference? It was a contention in public.” Shak. “Away therefore went I with the constable, leaving the old warden and the young constable to compose their difference as they could.” T. Ellwood. 3. That by which one thing differs from another; that which distinguishes or causes to differ; mark of distinction; characteristic quality; specific attribute. “The marks and differences of sovereignty.” Davies. 4. Choice; preference. [Obs.] “That now he chooseth with vile difference
To be a beast, and lack intelligence.” Spenser. 5. (Her.) An addition to a coat of arms to distinguish the bearings of two persons, which would otherwise be the same. See Augmentation, and Marks of cadency, under Cadency. 6. (Logic) The quality or attribute which is added to those of the genus to constitute a species; a differentia. 7. (Math.) The quantity by which one quantity differs from another, or the remainder left after subtracting the one from the other. Ascensional difference. See under Ascensional. Syn. — Distinction; dissimilarity; dissimilitude; variation; diversity; variety; contrariety; disagreement; variance; contest; contention; dispute; controversy; debate; quarrel; wrangle; strife.

Dif´fer•ence , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Differenced p. pr. & vb. n. Differencing.] To cause to differ; to make different; to mark as different; to distinguish. “Thou mayest difference gods from men.” Chapman. “Kings, in receiving justice and undergoing trial, are not differenced from the meanest subject.” Milton. “So completely differenced by their separate and individual characters that we at once acknowledge them as distinct persons.” Sir W. Scott.

Dif´fer•ent , a. [L. differens, -entis, p. pr. of differre: cf. F. different.] 1. Distinct; separate; not the same; other. ´Five different churches.´ Addison. 2. Of various or contrary nature, form, or quality; partially or totally unlike; dissimilar; as different kinds of food or drink; different states of health; different shapes; different degrees of excellence. “Men are as different from each other, as the regions in which they are born are different.” Dryden. Different is properly followed by from. Different to, for different from, is a common English colloquialism. Different than is quite inadmissible.

Dif•fer•en´ti•a , n.; pl. Differentiae (#). [L. See Difference.] (Logic) The formal or distinguishing part of the essence of a species; the characteristic attribute of a species; specific difference.

Dif•fer•en´tial , a. [Cf. F. differentiel.] 1. Relating to or indicating a difference; creating a difference; discriminating; special; as differential characteristics; differential duties; a differential rate. “For whom he produced differential favors.” Motley. 2. (Math.) Of or pertaining to a differential, or to differentials. 3. (Mech.) Relating to differences of motion or leverage; producing effects by such differences; said of mechanism. Differential calculus. (Math.) See under Calculus. — Differential coefficient, the limit of the ratio of the increment of a function of a variable to the increment of the variable itself, when these increments are made indefinitely small. — Differential coupling, a form of slip coupling used in light machinery to regulate at pleasure the velocity of the connected shaft. — Differential duties (Polit. Econ.), duties which are not imposed equally upon the same products imported from different countries. — Differential galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer having two coils or circuits, usually equal, through which currents passing in opposite directions are measured by the difference of their effect upon the needle. — Differential gearing, a train of toothed wheels, usually an epicyclic train, so arranged as to constitute a differential motion. — Differential motion, a mechanism in which a simple differential combination produces such a change of motion or force as would, with ordinary compound arrangements, require a considerable train of parts. It is used for overcoming great resistance or producing very slow or very rapid motion. — Differential pulley. (Mach.) (a) A portable hoisting apparatus, the same in principle as the differential windlass. (b) A hoisting pulley to which power is applied through a differential gearing. — Differential screw, a compound screw by which a motion is produced equal to the difference of the motions of the component screws. — Differential thermometer, a thermometer usually with a U-shaped tube terminating in two air bulbs, and containing a colored liquid, used for indicating the difference between the temperatures to which the two bulbs are exposed, by the change of position of the colored fluid, in consequence of the different expansions of the air in the bulbs. A graduated scale is attached to one leg of the tube. — Differential windlass, or Chinese windlass, a windlass whose barrel has two parts of different diameters. The hoisting rope winds upon one part as it unwinds from the other, and a pulley sustaining the weight to be lifted hangs in the bight of the rope. It is an ancient example of a differential motion.

Dif•fer•en´tial, n. 1. (Math.) An increment, usually an indefinitely small one, which is given to a variable quantity. According to the more modern writers upon the differential and integral calculus, if two or more quantities are dependent on each other, and subject to increments of value, their differentials need not be small, but are any quantities whose ratios to each other are the limits to which the ratios of the increments approximate, as these increments are reduced nearer and nearer to zero. 2. A small difference in rates which competing railroad lines, in establishing a common tariff, allow one of their number to make, in order to get a fair share of the business. The lower rate is called a differential rate. Differentials are also sometimes granted to cities. 3. (Elec.) (a) One of two coils of conducting wire so related to one another or to a magnet or armature common to both, that one coil produces polar action contrary to that of the other. (b) A form of conductor used for dividing and distributing the current to a series of electric lamps so as to maintain equal action in all. Knight. Partial differential (Math.), the differential of a function of two or more variables, when only one of the variables receives an increment. — Total differential (Math.), the differential of a function of two or more variables, when each of the variables receives an increment. The total differential of the function is the sum of all the partial differentials.

Dif•fer•en´tial•ly , adv. In the way of differentiation.

Dif•fer•en´ti•ate , v. t. 1. To distinguish or mark by a specific difference; to effect a difference in, as regards classification; to develop differential characteristics in; to specialize; to desynonymize. “The word then was differentiated into the two forms then and than.” Earle. “Two or more of the forms assumed by the same original word become differentiated in signification.” Dr. Murray. 2. To express the specific difference of; to describe the properties of (a thing) whereby it is differenced from another of the same class; to discriminate. Earle. 3. (Math.) To obtain the differential, or differential coefficient, of; as to differentiate an algebraic expression, or an equation.

Dif•fer•en´ti•ate, v. i. (Biol.) To acquire a distinct and separate character. Huxley.

Dif•fer•en•ti•a´tion , n. 1. The act of differentiating. “Further investigation of the Sanskrit may lead to differentiation of the meaning of such of these roots as are real roots.” J. Peile. 2. (Logic) The act of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its different, or specific difference; exact definition or determination. 3. (Biol.) The gradual formation or production of organs or parts by a process of evolution or development, as when the seed develops the root and the stem, the initial stem develops the leaf, branches, and flower buds; or in animal life, when the germ evolves the digestive and other organs and members, or when the animals as they advance in organization acquire special organs for specific purposes. 4. (Metaph.) The supposed act or tendency in being of every kind, whether organic or inorganic, to assume or produce a more complex structure or functions.

Dif•fer•en´ti•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, differentiates.

Dif´fer•ent•ly , adv. In a different manner; variously.

Dif´fer•ing•ly, adv. In a differing or different manner. Boyle.

Dif´fi•cile , a. [L. difficilis: cf. F. difficile. See Difficult.] Difficult; hard to manage; stubborn. [Obs.] — Dif´fi•cile•ness, n. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dif•fi•cil´i•tate , v. t. To make difficult. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dif´fi•cult , a. [From Difficulty.] 1. Hard to do or to make; beset with difficulty; attended with labor, trouble, or pains; not easy; arduous. Difficult implies the notion that considerable mental effort or skill is required, or that obstacles are to be overcome which call for sagacity and skill in the agent; as a difficult task; hard work is not always difficult work; a difficult operation in surgery; a difficult passage in an author. “There is not the strength or courage left me to venture into the wide, strange, and difficult world, alone.” Hawthorne. 2. Hard to manage or to please; not easily wrought upon; austere; stubborn; as a difficult person. Syn. — Arduous; painful; crabbed; perplexed; laborious; unaccommodating; troublesome. See Arduous.

Dif´fi•cult, v. t. To render difficult; to impede; to perplex. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

Dif´fi•cult•ate , v. t. To render difficult; to difficilitate. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Dif´fi•cult•ly, adv. With difficulty. Cowper.

Dif´fi•cult•ness, n. Difficulty. [R.] Golding.

Dif´fi•cul•ty , n.; pl. Difficulties (#). [L. difficultas, fr. difficilis difficult; dif- = dis- + facilis easy: cf. F. difficulte. See Facile.] 1. The state of being difficult, or hard to do; hardness; arduousness; — opposed to easiness or facility; as the difficulty of a task or enterprise; a work of difficulty. “Not being able to promote them [the interests of life] on account of the difficulty of the region.” James Byrne. 2. Something difficult; a thing hard to do or to understand; that which occasions labor or perplexity, and requires skill and perseverance to overcome, solve, or achieve; a hard enterprise; an obstacle; an impediment; as the difficulties of a science; difficulties in theology. “They lie under some difficulties by reason of the emperor’s displeasure.” Addison. 3. A controversy; a falling out; a disagreement; an objection; a cavil. “Measures for terminating all local difficulties.” Bancroft. 4. Embarrassment of affairs, especially financial affairs; — usually in the plural; as to be in difficulties. “In days of difficulty and pressure.” Tennyson. Syn. — Impediment; obstacle; obstruction; embarrassment; perplexity; exigency; distress; trouble; trial; objection; cavil. See Impediment.

Dif•fide´ , v. i. [L. diffidere. See Diffident.] To be distrustful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dif´fi•dence , n. [L. diffidentia.] 1. The state of being diffident; distrust; want of confidence; doubt of the power, ability, or disposition of others. [Archaic] “That affliction grew heavy upon me, and weighed me down even to a diffidence of God’s mercy.” Donne. 2. Distrust of one’s self or one’s own powers; lack of self-reliance; modesty; modest reserve; bashfulness. “It is good to speak on such questions with diffidence.” Macaulay. “An Englishman’s habitual diffidence and awkwardness of address.” W. Irving. Syn. — Humility; bashfulness; distrust; suspicion; doubt; fear; timidity; apprehension; hesitation. See Humility, and Bashfulness.

Dif´fi•den•cy , n. See Diffidence. [Obs.]

Dif´fi•dent , a. [L. diffidens, -entis, p. pr. of diffidere; dif- = dis + fidere to trust; akin to fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Defy.] 1. Wanting confidence in others; distrustful. [Archaic] “You were always extremely diffident of their success.” Melmoth. 2. Wanting confidence in one’s self; distrustful of one’s own powers; not self-reliant; timid; modest; bashful; characterized by modest reserve. “The diffident maidens,
Folding their hands in prayer.” Longfellow. Syn. — Distrustful; suspicious; hesitating; doubtful; modest; bashful; lowly; reserved.

Dif´fi•dent•ly, adv. In a diffident manner. “To stand diffidently against each other with their thoughts in battle array.” Hobbes.

Dif•find , v. t. [L. diffindere, diffissum; dif- = dis- + findere to split.] To split. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dif•fine´ , v. t. To define. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dif•fin´i•tive , a. [For definitive.] Definitive; determinate; final. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Dif•fis´sion , n. [See Diffind.] Act of cleaving or splitting. [R.] Bailey.

Dif•fla´tion , n. [LL. difflatio, fr. L. difflare, difflatum, to disperse by blowing.] A blowing apart or away. [Obs.] Bailey. { Dif´flu•ence , Dif´flu•en•cy } n. A flowing off on all sides; fluidity. [R.]

Dif´flu•ent , a. [L. diffluens, p. pr. of diffluere to flow off; dif- = dis- + fluere to flow.] Flowing apart or off; dissolving; not fixed. [R.] Bailey.

Dif´form , a. [Cf. F. difforme, fr. L. dif- = dis- + forma form. Cf. Deform.] Irregular in form; — opposed to uniform; anomalous; hence, unlike; dissimilar; as to difform corolla, the parts of which do not correspond in size or proportion; difform leaves. “The unequal refractions of difform rays.” Sir I. Newton.

Dif•form´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. difformite. See Difform, Deformity.] Irregularity of form; diversity of form; want of uniformity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dif•fract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diffracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diffracting.] [L. diffractus, p. p. of diffringere to break in pieces; dif- = dis- + frangere to break. See Fracture.] To break or separate into parts; to deflect, or decompose by deflection, a rays of light.

Dif•frac´tion , n. [Cf. F. diffraction.] (Opt.) The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors, as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars. “Remarked by Grimaldi (1665), and referred by him to a property of light which he called diffraction.” Whewell. Diffraction grating. (Optics) See under Grating. — Diffraction spectrum. (Optics) See under Spectrum.

Dif•frac´tive , a. That produces diffraction. { Dif•fran´chise , Dif•fran´chise•ment }. See Disfranchise, Disfranchisement.

Dif•fus´ate , n. (Chem.) Material which, in the process of catalysis, has diffused or passed through the separating membrane.

Dif•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diffused p. pr. & vb. n. Diffusing.] [L. diffusus, p. p. of diffundere to pour out, to diffuse; dif- = dis- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] To pour out and cause to spread, as a fluid; to cause to flow on all sides; to send out, or extend, in all directions; to spread; to circulate; to disseminate; to scatter; as to diffuse information. “Thence diffuse
His good to worlds and ages infinite.” Milton. “We find this knowledge diffused among all civilized nations.” Whewell. Syn. — To expand; spread; circulate; extend; scatter; disperse; publish; proclaim.

Dif•fuse´, v. i. To pass by spreading every way, to diffuse itself.

Dif•fuse´ , a. [L. diffusus, p. p.] Poured out; widely spread; not restrained; copious; full; esp., of style, opposed to concise or terse; verbose; prolix; as a diffuse style; a diffuse writer. “A diffuse and various knowledge of divine and human things.” Milton. Syn. — Prolix; verbose; wide; copious; full. See Prolix.

Dif•fused´ , a. Spread abroad; dispersed; loose; flowing; diffuse. “It grew to be a widely diffused opinion.” Hawthorne. — Dif•fus´ed•ly (#), adv. — Dif•fus´ed•ness, n.

Dif•fuse´ly , adv. In a diffuse manner.

Dif•fuse´ness, n. The quality of being diffuse; especially, in writing, the use of a great or excessive number of word to express the meaning; copiousness; verbosity; prolixity.

Dif•fus´er , n. One who, or that which, diffuses.

Dif•fu•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being diffusible; capability of being poured or spread out.

Dif•fu´si•ble , a. 1. Capable of flowing or spreading in all directions; that may be diffused. 2. (Physiol.) Capable of passing through animal membranes by osmosis.

Dif•fu´si•ble•ness, n. Diffusibility.

Dif•fu´sion , n. [L. diffusio: cf. F. diffusion.] 1. The act of diffusing, or the state of being diffused; a spreading; extension; dissemination; circulation; dispersion. “A diffusion of knowledge which has undermined superstition.” Burke. 2. (Physiol.) The act of passing by osmosis through animal membranes, as in the distribution of poisons, gases, etc., through the body. Unlike absorption, diffusion may go on after death, that is, after the blood ceases to circulate. Syn. — Extension; spread; propagation; circulation; expansion; dispersion.

Dif•fu´sive , a. [Cf. F. diffusif.] Having the quality of diffusing; capable of spreading every way by flowing; spreading widely; widely reaching; copious; diffuse. ´A plentiful and diffusive perfume.´ Hare.

Dif•fu´sive•ly, adv. In a diffusive manner.

Dif•fu´sive•ness, n. The quality or state of being diffusive or diffuse; extensiveness; expansion; dispersion. Especially of style: Diffuseness; want of conciseness; prolixity. “The fault that I find with a modern legend, it its diffusiveness.” Addison.

Dif•fu•siv´i•ty , n. Tendency to become diffused; tendency, as of heat, to become equalized by spreading through a conducting medium.

Dig (dig), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dug (dug) or Digged (digd); p. pr. & vb. n. Digging. — Digged is archaic.] [OE. diggen, perh. the same word as diken, dichen (see Dike, Ditch); cf. Dan. dige to dig, dige a ditch; or akin to E. 1st dag. rad.67.] 1. To turn up, or delve in, (earth) with a spade or a hoe; to open, loosen, or break up (the soil) with a spade, or other sharp instrument; to pierce, open, or loosen, as if with a spade. “Be first to dig the ground.” Dryden. 2. To get by digging; as to dig potatoes, or gold. 3. To hollow out, as a well; to form, as a ditch, by removing earth; to excavate; as to dig a ditch or a well. 4. To thrust; to poke. [Colloq.] “You should have seen children … dig and push their mothers under the sides, saying thus to them: Look, mother, how great a lubber doth yet wear pearls.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). To dig down, to undermine and cause to fall by digging; as to dig down a wall. — To dig from, out of, out, or up, to get out or obtain by digging; as to dig coal from or out of a mine; to dig out fossils; to dig up a tree. The preposition is often omitted; as the men are digging coal, digging iron ore, digging potatoes. — To dig in, to cover by digging; as to dig in manure.

Dig, v. i. 1. To work with a spade or other like implement; to do servile work; to delve. “Dig for it more than for hid treasures.” Job iii. 21. “I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed.” Luke xvi. 3. 2. (Mining) To take ore from its bed, in distinction from making excavations in search of ore. 3. To work like a digger; to study ploddingly and laboriously. [Cant, U.S.]

Dig, n. 1. A thrust; a punch; a poke; as a dig in the side or the ribs. See Dig, v. t., 4. [Colloq.] 2. A plodding and laborious student. [Cant, U.S.]

Dig´a•mist , n. [Gr. = twice + to marry. Cf. Bigamist.] One who marries a second time; a deuterogamist. Hammond.

Di•gam´ma , n. [Gr. ; = twice + ga•mma the letter &GAMMA;. So called because it resembled two gammas placed one above the other.] (Gr. Gram.) A letter (, ) of the Greek alphabet, which early fell into disuse. This form identifies it with the Latin F, though in sound it is said to have been nearer V. It was pronounced, probably, much like the English W. { Di•gam´mate , Di•gam´mated } a. Having the digamma or its representative letter or sound; as the Latin word vis is a digammated form of the Greek ’i•s. Andrews.

Dig´a•mous , a. Pertaining to a second marriage, that is, one after the death of the first wife or the first husband.

Dig´a•my , n. [Gr. a second marriage; di- = di•s- twice + marriage. Cf. Bigamy.] Act, or state, of being twice married; deuterogamy. [R.]

Di•gas´tric , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + belly: cf. F. digastrique.] (Anat.) (a) Having two bellies; biventral; — applied to muscles which are fleshy at each end and have a tendon in the middle, and esp. to the muscle which pulls down the lower jaw. (b) Pertaining to the digastric muscle of the lower jaw; as the digastric nerves.

Di•ge´ne•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + race, offspring.] (Zoöl.) A division of Trematoda in which alternate generations occur, the immediate young not resembling their parents.

Di•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. di- + genesis.] (Biol.) The faculty of multiplying in two ways; — by ova fecundated by spermatic fluid, and asexually, as by buds. See Parthenogenesis.

Dig´e•nous , a. [Pref. di- + -genous.] (Biol.) Sexually reproductive. Digenous reproduction. (Biol.) Same as Digenesis.

Dig´er•ent , . [L. digerens, p. pr. of digerere. See Digest.] Digesting. [Obs.] Bailey.

Di•gest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Digested; p. pr. & vb. n. Digesting.] [L. digestus, p. p. of digerere to separate, arrange, dissolve, digest; di- = dis- + gerere to bear, carry, wear. See Jest.] 1. To distribute or arrange methodically; to work over and classify; to reduce to portions for ready use or application; as to digest the laws, etc. “Joining them together and digesting them into order.” Blair. “We have cause to be glad that matters are so well digested.” Shak. 2. (Physiol.) To separate (the food) in its passage through the alimentary canal into the nutritive and nonnutritive elements; to prepare, by the action of the digestive juices, for conversion into blood; to convert into chyme. 3. To think over and arrange methodically in the mind; to reduce to a plan or method; to receive in the mind and consider carefully; to get an understanding of; to comprehend. “Feelingly digest the words you speak in prayer.” Sir H. Sidney. “How shall this bosom multiplied digest
The senate’s courtesy?” Shak. 4. To appropriate for strengthening and comfort. “Grant that we may in such wise hear them [the Scriptures], read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them.” Book of Common Prayer. 5. Hence: To bear comfortably or patiently; to be reconciled to; to brook. “I never can digest the loss of most of Origin’s works.” Coleridge. 6. (Chem.) To soften by heat and moisture; to expose to a gentle heat in a boiler or matrass, as a preparation for chemical operations. 7. (Med.) To dispose to suppurate, or generate healthy pus, as an ulcer or wound. 8. To ripen; to mature. [Obs.] “Well-digested fruits.” Jer. Taylor. 9. To quiet or abate, as anger or grief.

Di•gest´ , v. i. 1. To undergo digestion; as food digests well or ill. 2. (Med.) To suppurate; to generate pus, as an ulcer.

Di´gest , n. [L. digestum, pl. digesta, neut., fr. digestus, p. p.: cf. F. digeste. See Digest, v. t.] That which is digested; especially, that which is worked over, classified, and arranged under proper heads or titles; esp. (Law), A compilation of statutes or decisions analytically arranged. The term is applied in a general sense to the Pandects of Justinian (see Pandect), but is also specially given by authors to compilations of laws on particular topics; a summary of laws; as Comyn’s Digest; the United States Digest. “A complete digest of Hindu and Mahommedan laws after the model of Justinian’s celebrated Pandects.” Sir W. Jones. “They made a sort of institute and digest of anarchy, called the Rights of Man.” Burke.

Di•gest´ed•ly , adv. In a digested or well-arranged manner; methodically.

Di•gest´er , n. 1. One who digests. 2. A medicine or an article of food that aids digestion, or strengthens digestive power. “Rice is … a great restorer of health, and a great digester.” Sir W. Temple. 3. A strong closed vessel, in which bones or other substances may be subjected, usually in water or other liquid, to a temperature above that of boiling, in order to soften them.

Di•gest•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being digestible.

Di•gest´i•ble , a. [F. digestible, L. digestibilis.] Capable of being digested.

Di•gest´i•ble•ness, n. The quality of being digestible; digestibility.

Di•ges´tion ( 106), n. [F. digestion, L. digestio.] 1. The act or process of digesting; reduction to order; classification; thoughtful consideration. 2. (Physiol.) The conversion of food, in the stomach and intestines, into soluble and diffusible products, capable of being absorbed by the blood. 3. (Med.) Generation of pus; suppuration.

Di•gest´ive , a. [F. digestif, L. digestivus.] Pertaining to digestion; having the power to cause or promote digestion; as the digestive ferments. “Digestive cheese and fruit there sure will be.” B. Jonson. Digestive apparatus, the organs of food digestion, esp. the alimentary canal and glands connected with it. — Digestive salt, the chloride of potassium.

Di•gest´ive, n. 1. That which aids digestion, as a food or medicine. Chaucer. “That digestive [a cigar] had become to me as necessary as the meal itself.” Blackw. Mag. 2. (Med.) (a) A substance which, when applied to a wound or ulcer, promotes suppuration. Dunglison. (b) A tonic. [R.]

Di•gest´or , n. See Digester.

Di•ges´ture ( 135), n. Digestion. [Obs.] Harvey.

Dig´ga•ble , a. Capable of being dug.

Dig´ger , n. One who, or that which, digs. Digger wasp (Zoöl.), any one of the fossorial Hymenoptera.

Dig´gers , n. pl.; sing. Digger. (Ethnol.) A degraded tribe of California Indians; — so called from their practice of digging roots for food.

Dig´ging , n. 1. The act or the place of excavating. 2. pl. Places where ore is dug; especially, certain localities in California, Australia, and elsewhere, at which gold is obtained. [Recent] 3. pl. Region; locality. [Low]

Dight , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dight or Dighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dighting.] [OF. dihten, AS. dihtan to dictate, command, dispose, arrange, fr. L. dictare to say often, dictate, order; cf. G. dichten to write poetry, fr. L. dictare. See Dictate.] 1. To prepare; to put in order; hence, to dress, or put on; to array; to adorn. [Archaic] ´She gan the house to dight.´ Chaucer. “Two harmless turtles, dight for sacrifice.” Fairfax. “The clouds in thousand liveries dight.” Milton. 2. To have sexual intercourse with. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dight´er , n. One who dights. [Obs.]

Dig´it (dij´it), n. [L. digitus finger; prob. akin to Gr. da•ktylos, of uncertain origin; possibly akin to E. toe. Cf. Dactyl.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the terminal divisions of a limb appendage; a finger or toe. “The ruminants have the ´cloven foot,´ i. e., two hoofed digits on each foot.” Owen. 2. A finger’s breadth, commonly estimated to be three fourths of an inch. 3. (Math.) One of the ten figures or symbols, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which all numbers are expressed; — so called because of the use of the fingers in counting and computing. By some authorities the symbol 0 is not included with the digits. 4. (Anat.) One twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon; — a term used to express the quantity of an eclipse; as an eclipse of eight digits is one which hides two thirds of the diameter of the disk.

Dig´it, v. t. To point at or out with the finger. [R.]

Dig´i•tal (dij´i•tal), a. [L. digitals.] Of or pertaining to the fingers, or to digits; done with the fingers; as digital compression; digital examination.

Dig´i•ta•lin , n. [Cf. F. digitaline.] (a) (Med.) Any one of several extracts of foxglove (Digitalis), as the ´French extract,´ the ´German extract,´ etc., which differ among themselves in composition and properties. (b) (Chem.) A supposedly distinct vegetable principle as the essential ingredient of the extracts. It is a white, crystalline substance, and is regarded as a glucoside.

Dig•i•ta´lis , n. [NL.: cf. F. digitale. So named (according to Linnaeus) from its finger-shaped corolla.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants including the foxglove. 2. (Med.) The dried leaves of the purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), used in heart disease, disturbance of the circulation, etc.

Dig´i•tate , v. t. [LL. digitatus, p. p. of digitare, fr. L. digitus. See Digit.] To point out as with the finger. [R.] Robinson (Eudoxa). { Dig´i•tate , Dig´i•ta•ted }, a. [L. digitatus having fingers.] (Bot.) Having several leaflets arranged, like the fingers of the hand, at the extremity of a stem or petiole. also in general, characterized by digitation. — Dig´i•tate•ly (#), adv.

Dig•i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. digitation.] A division into fingers or fingerlike processes; also a fingerlike process.

Dig´i•ti•form , a. [L. digitus a finger + -form.] Formed like a finger or fingers; finger-shaped; as a digitiform root.

Dig´i•ti•grade , a. [L. digitus finger, toe + gradi to step, walk: cf. F. digitigrade.] (Zoöl.) Walking on the toes; — distinguished from plantigrade.

Dig´i•ti•grade, n. (Zoöl.) An animal that walks on its toes, as the cat, lion, wolf, etc.; — distinguished from a plantigrade, which walks on the palm of the foot.

Dig•i•ti•par´tite , a. [L. digitus finger + partite.] (Bot.) Parted like the fingers.

Dig´i•tize , v. t. [Digit + -ize.] To finger; as to digitize a pen. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Dig•i•to´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. L. digitus a finger.] A small dumb keyboard used by pianists for exercising the fingers; — called also dumb piano.

Dig´i•tule , n. [L. digitulus, dim. of digitus.] (Zoöl.) A little finger or toe, or something resembling one.

Di•gla´di•ate , v. i. [L. digladiari; di- = dis- + gladius a sword.] To fight like gladiators; to contend fiercely; to dispute violently. [Obs.] “Digladiating like AEschines and Demosthenes.” Hales.

Di•gla•di•a´tion , n. Act of digladiating. [Obs.] ´Sore digladiations and contest.´ Evelyn.

Di•glot´tism , n. [Gr. speaking two languages; di- = di•s- twice + tongue. See Glottis.] Bilingualism. [R.] Earle.

Di´glyph , n. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + to hollow out, carve.] (Arch.) A projecting face like the triglyph, but having only two channels or grooves sunk in it.

Dig•na´tion , n. [L. dignatio.] The act of thinking worthy; honor. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Digne , a. [F., fr. L. dignus. See Design.] 1. Worthy; honorable; deserving. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Suitable; adequate; fit. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. Haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Dignify.] The act of dignifying; exaltation.

Dig´ni•fied , a. Marked with dignity; stately; as a dignified judge.

Dig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dignified p. pr. & vb. n. Dignifying.] [OF. dignifier, fr. LL. dignificare; L. dignus worthy + ficare (in comp.), facere to make. See Deign, and Fact.] To invest with dignity or honor; to make illustrious; to give distinction to; to exalt in rank; to honor. “Your worth will dignify our feast.” B. Jonson. Syn. — To exalt; elevate; prefer; advance; honor; illustrate; adorn; ennoble.

Dig´ni•ta•ry , n.; pl. Dignitaries (#). [Cf. F. dignitaire, fr. L. dignitas.] One who possesses exalted rank or holds a position of dignity or honor; especially, one who holds an ecclesiastical rank above that of a parochial priest or clergyman.

Dig´ni•ty , n.; pl. Dignities (#). [OE. dignete, dignite, OF. dignete, dignite, F. dignite, fr. L. dignitas, from dignus worthy. See Dainty, Deign.] 1. The state of being worthy or honorable; elevation of mind or character; true worth; excellence. 2. Elevation; grandeur. “The dignity of this act was worth the audience of kings.” Shak. 3. Elevated rank; honorable station; high office, political or ecclesiastical; degree of excellence; preferment; exaltation. Macaulay. “And the king said, What honor and dignity hath been done to Mordecai for this?” Esth. vi. 3. “Reuben, thou art my firstborn, … the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power.” Gen. xlix. 3. 4. Quality suited to inspire respect or reverence; loftiness and grace; impressiveness; stateliness; — said of mien, manner, style, etc. “A letter written with singular energy and dignity of thought and language.” Macaulay. 5. One holding high rank; a dignitary. “These filthy dreamers … speak evil of dignities.” Jude. 8. 6. Fundamental principle; axiom; maxim. [Obs.] “Sciences concluding from dignities, and principles known by themselves.” Sir T. Browne. Syn. — See Decorum. To stand upon one’s dignity, to have or to affect a high notion of one’s own rank, privilege, or character. “They did not stand upon their dignity, nor give their minds to being or to seeming as elegant and as fine as anybody else.” R. G. White.

Dig•no´tion , n. [L. dignoscere to distinguish; di- = dis- + gnoscere, noscere, to learn to know.] Distinguishing mark; diagnostic. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dig´o•nous , a. [Gr. = double + an angle.] Having two angles. Smart.

Di´gram , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + letter.] A digraph.

Di´graph , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a writing, to write.] Two signs or characters combined to express a single articulated sound; as ea in head, or th in bath.

Di•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a digraph. H. Sweet.

Di•gress´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Digressed p. pr. & vb. n. Digressing.] [L. digressus, p. p. of digredi to go apart, to deviate; di- = dis- + gradi to step, walk. See Grade.] 1. To step or turn aside; to deviate; to swerve; especially, to turn aside from the main subject of attention, or course of argument, in writing or speaking. “Moreover she beginneth to digress in latitude.” Holland. “In the pursuit of an argument there is hardly room to digress into a particular definition as often as a man varies the signification of any term.” Locke. 2. To turn aside from the right path; to transgress; to offend. [R.] “Thy abundant goodness shall excuse
This deadly blot on thy digressing son.” Shak.

Di•gress´, n. Digression. [Obs.] Fuller.

Di•gres´sion , n. [L. digressio: cf. F. digression.] 1. The act of digressing or deviating, esp. from the main subject of a discourse; hence, a part of a discourse deviating from its main design or subject. “The digressions I can not excuse otherwise, than by the confidence that no man will read them.” Sir W. Temple. 2. A turning aside from the right path; transgression; offense. [R.] “Then my digression is so vile, so base,
That it will live engraven in my face.” Shak. 3. (Anat.) The elongation, or angular distance from the sun; — said chiefly of the inferior planets. [R.]

Di•gres´sion•al , a. Pertaining to, or having the character of, a digression; departing from the main purpose or subject. T. Warton.

Di•gress´ive , a. [Cf. F. digressif.] Departing from the main subject; partaking of the nature of digression. Johnson.

Di•gress´ive•ly, adv. By way of digression.

Digue , n. [F. See Dike.] A bank; a dike. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Di•gyn´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a woman, a female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having two styles. { Di•gyn´i•an , Dig´y•nous } a. [Cf. F. digyne.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Digynia; having two styles.

Di•he´dral , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a seat, bottom, base, fr. to sit. Cf. Diedral.] Having two plane faces; as the dihedral summit of a crystal. Dihedral angle, the angular space contained between planes which intersect. It is measured by the angle made by any two lines at right angles to the two planes.

Di•he´dron , n. [See Dihedral.] A figure with two sides or surfaces. Buchanan.

Di•hex•ag´o•nal , a. [Pref. di- + hexagonal.] (a) Consisting of two hexagonal parts united; thus, a dihexagonal pyramid is composed of two hexagonal pyramids placed base to base. (b) Having twelve similar faces; as a dihexagonal prism.

Di•i•amb´ , n. A diiambus.

Di•i•am´bus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + . See Lambus.] (Pros.) A double iambus; a foot consisting of two iambuses ( ).

Di•i´o•dide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + iodine.] (Chem.) A compound of a binary type containing two atoms of iodine; — called also biniodide.

Di•i•sat´o•gen , n. [Pref. di- + isatine + -gen.] (Chem.) A red crystalline nitrogenous substance of artificial production, which by reduction passes directly to indigo.

Di•ju´di•cant , n. [L. dijudicans, p. pr.] One who dijudicates. [R.] Wood.

Di•ju´di•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dijudicated p. pr. & vb. n. Dijucating ] [L. dijudicatus, p. p. of dijudicare to decide; di- = dis- + judicare to judge.] To make a judicial decision; to decide; to determine. [R.] Hales.

Di•ju•di•ca´tion , n. [L. dijudicatio.] The act of dijudicating; judgment. [R.] Cockeram.

Di´ka , n. [Native West African name.] A kind of food, made from the almondlike seeds of the Irvingia Barteri, much used by natives of the west coast of Africa; — called also dika bread.

Dike (di), n. [OE. dic, dike, diche, ditch, AS. dic dike, ditch; akin to D. dijk dike, G. deich, and prob. teich pond, Icel. diki dike, ditch, Dan. dige; perh. akin to Gr. tei^chos (for qei^chos) wall, and even E. dough; or perh. to Gr. ti^fos pool, marsh. Cf. Ditch.] 1. A ditch; a channel for water made by digging. “Little channels or dikes cut to every bed.” Ray. 2. An embankment to prevent inundations; a levee. “Dikes that the hands of the farmers had raised …
Shut out the turbulent tides.” Longfellow. 3. A wall of turf or stone. [Scot.] 4. (Geol.) A wall-like mass of mineral matter, usually an intrusion of igneous rocks, filling up rents or fissures in the original strata.

Dike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diked p. pr. & vb. n. Diking.] [OE. diken, dichen, AS. dician to dike. See Dike.] 1. To surround or protect with a dike or dry bank; to secure with a bank. 2. To drain by a dike or ditch.

Dike, v. i. To work as a ditcher; to dig. [Obs.] “He would thresh and thereto dike and delve.” Chaucer.

Dik´er , n. 1. A ditcher. Piers Plowman. 2. One who builds stone walls; usually, one who builds them without lime. [Scot.]

Di•lac´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilacerated p. pr. & vb. n. Dilacerating ] [L. dilaceratus, p. p. of dilacerare to tear apart; di- = dis- + lacerare to tear.] To rend asunder; to tear to pieces. Sir T. Browne.

Di•lac•er•a´tion , n. [L. dilaceratio: cf. F. dilaceration.] The act of rending asunder. Arbuthnot.

Di•la´ni•ate , v. t. [L. dilaniatus, p. p. of dilaniare to dilacerate; di- = dis- + laniare to tear to pieces.] To rend in pieces; to tear. [R.] Howell.

Di•la•ni•a´tion , n. A rending or tearing in pieces; dilaceration. [R.]

Di•lap´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilapidated p. pr. & vb. n. Dilapidating ] [L. dilapidare to scatter like stones; di- = dis- + lapidare to throw stones, fr. lapis a stone. See Lapidary.] 1. To bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin, by misuse or through neglect; to destroy the fairness and good condition of; — said of a building. “If the bishop, parson, or vicar, etc., dilapidates the buildings, or cuts down the timber of the patrimony.” Blackstone. 2. To impair by waste and abuse; to squander. “The patrimony of the bishopric of Oxon was much dilapidated.” Wood.

Di•lap´i•date, v. i. To get out of repair; to fall into partial ruin; to become decayed; as the church was suffered to dilapidate. Johnson.

Di•lap´i•da•ted , a. Decayed; fallen into partial ruin; injured by bad usage or neglect. “A deserted and dilapidated buildings.” Cooper.

Di•lap•i•da´tion , n. [L. dilapidatio: cf. F. dilapidation.] 1. The act of dilapidating, or the state of being dilapidated, reduced to decay, partially ruined, or squandered. “Tell the people that are relived by the dilapidation of their public estate.” Burke. 2. Ecclesiastical waste; impairing of church property by an incumbent, through neglect or by intention. “The business of dilapidations came on between our bishop and the Archibishop of York.” Strype. 3. (Law) The pulling down of a building, or suffering it to fall or be in a state of decay. Burrill.

Di•lap´i•da•tor , n. [Cf. F. dilapidateur.] One who causes dilapidation. Strype.

Di•la•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. dilatabilite.] The quality of being dilatable, or admitting expansion; — opposed to contractibility. Ray.

Di•lat´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. dilatable.] Capable of expansion; that may be dilated; — opposed to contractible; as the lungs are dilatable by the force of air; air is dilatable by heat.

Dil•a•ta´tion , n. [OE. dilatacioun, F. dilatation, L. dilatatio, fr. dilatare. See Dilate, and cf. 2d Dilation.] 1. Prolixity; diffuse discourse. [Obs.] ´What needeth greater dilatation?´ Chaucer. 2. The act of dilating; expansion; an enlarging on al sides; the state of being dilated; dilation. 3. (Anat.) A dilation or enlargement of a canal or other organ.

Dil•a•ta´tor , n. [NL. Cf. L. dilatator a propagator.] (Anat.) A muscle which dilates any part; a dilator.

Di•late´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilated p. pr. & vb. n. Dilating ] [L. dilatare; either fr. di- = dis- + latus wide, not the same word as latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear (see Latitude); or fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differre to separate (see Delay, Tolerate, Differ, and cf. Dilatory): cf. F. dilater.] 1. To expand; to distend; to enlarge or extend in all directions; to swell; — opposed to contract; as the air dilates the lungs; air is dilated by increase of heat. 2. To enlarge upon; to relate at large; to tell copiously or diffusely. [R.] “Do me the favor to dilate at full
What hath befallen of them and thee till now.” Shak. Syn. — To expand; swell; distend; enlarge; spread out; amplify; expatiate.

Di•late´, v. i. 1. To grow wide; to expand; to swell or extend in all directions. “His heart dilates and glories in his strength.” Addison. 2. To speak largely and copiously; to dwell in narration; to enlarge; — with on or upon. “But still on their ancient joys dilate.” Crabbe.

Di•late´, a. Extensive; expanded. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Di•lat´ed, a. 1. Expanded; enlarged. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Widening into a lamina or into lateral winglike appendages. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the margin wide and spreading.

Di•lat´ed•ly, adv. In a dilated manner. Feltham.

Di•lat´er , n. One who, or that which, dilates, expands, or enlarges.

Di•la´tion , n. [L. dilatio. See Dilatory.] Delay. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Di•la´tion, n. [From dilate, v., cf. Dilatation, Dilator.] The act of dilating, or the state of being dilated; expansion; dilatation. Mrs. Browning. “At first her eye with slow dilation rolled.” Tennyson. “A gigantic dilation of the hateful figure.” Dickens.

Di•lat´ive , a. Causing dilation; tending to dilate, on enlarge; expansive. Coleridge.

Dil•a•tom´e•ter , n. [Dilate + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the dilatation or expansion of a substance, especially of a fluid.

Di•lat´or , n. [See Dilate.] 1. One who, or that which, widens or expands. 2. (Anat.) A muscle that dilates any part. 3. (Med.) An instrument for expanding a part; as a urethral dilator.

Dil´a•to•ri•ly , adv. With delay; tardily.

Dil´a•to•ri•ness, n. The quality of being dilatory; lateness; slowness; tardiness; sluggishness.

Dil´a•to•ry , a. [L. dilatorius, fr. dilator a delayer, fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differe to defer, delay: cf. F. dilatoire. See Dilate, Differ, Defer.] 1. Inclined to defer or put off what ought to be done at once; given the procrastination; delaying; procrastinating; loitering; as a dilatory servant. 2. Marked by procrastination or delay; tardy; slow; sluggish; — said of actions or measures. “Alva, as usual, brought his dilatory policy to bear upon his adversary.” Motley. Dilatory plea (Law), a plea designed to create delay in the trial of a cause, generally founded upon some matter not connected with the merits of the case. Syn. — Slow; delaying; sluggish; inactive; loitering; behindhand; backward; procrastinating. See Slow.

Dil´do , n. A burden in popular songs. [Obs.] “Delicate burthens of dildos and fadings.” Shak.

Dil´do, n. (Bot.) A columnar cactaceous plant of the West Indies (Cereus Swartzii).

Di•lec´tion , n. [L. dilectio: dilection. See Diligent.] Love; choice. [Obs.] T. Martin.

Di•lem´ma , n. [L. dilemma, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + to take. See Lemma.] 1. (Logic) An argument which presents an antagonist with two or more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, whichever alternative he chooses. The following are instances of the dilemma. A young rhetorician applied to an old sophist to be taught the art of pleading, and bargained for a certain reward to be paid when he should gain a cause. The master sued for his reward, and the scholar endeavored to lude his claim by a dilemma. ´If I gain my cause, I shall withhold your pay, because the judge’s award will be against you; if I lose it, I may withhold it, because I shall not yet have gained a cause.´ ´On the contrary,´ says the master, ´if you gain your cause, you must pay me, because you are to pay me when you gain a cause; if you lose it, you must pay me, because the judge will award it.´ Johnson. 2. A state of things in which evils or obstacles present themselves on every side, and it is difficult to determine what course to pursue; a vexatious alternative or predicament; a difficult choice or position. “A strong dilemma in a desperate case!
To act with infamy, or quit the place.” Swift. Horns of a dilemma, alternatives, each of which is equally difficult of encountering.

Dil´et•tant , a. Of or pertaining to dilettanteism; amateur; as dilettant speculation. Carlyle.

Dil•et•tant´ , n. A dilettante. “Though few art lovers can be connoisseurs, many are dilettants.” Fairholt.

Dil•et•tan´te , n.; pl. Dilettanti (#). [It., prop. p. pr. of dillettare to take delight in, fr. L. delectare to delight. See Delight, v. t.] An admirer or lover of the fine arts; popularly, an amateur; especially, one who follows an art or a branch of knowledge, desultorily, or for amusement only. “The true poet is not an eccentric creature, not a mere artist living only for art, not a dreamer or a dilettante, sipping the nectar of existence, while he keeps aloof from its deeper interests.” J. C. Shairp.

Dil•et•tan´te•ish , a. Somewhat like a dilettante.

Dil•et•tan´te•ism , n. The state or quality of being a dilettante; the desultory pursuit of art, science, or literature.

Dil•et•tant´ish , a. Dilettanteish.

Dil•et•tant´ism , n. Same as Dilettanteism. F. Harrison.

Dil´i•gence , n. [F. diligence, L. diligentia.] 1. The quality of being diligent; carefulness; careful attention; — the opposite of negligence. 2. Interested and persevering application; devoted and painstaking effort to accomplish what is undertaken; assiduity in service. “That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in; and the best of me is diligence.” Shak. 3. (Scots Law) Process by which persons, lands, or effects are seized for debt; process for enforcing the attendance of witnesses or the production of writings. To do one’s diligence, give diligence, use diligence, to exert one’s self; to make interested and earnest endeavor. “And each of them doth all his diligence
To do unto the feste reverence.” Chaucer. Syn. — Attention; industry; assiduity; sedulousness; earnestness; constancy; heed; heedfulness; care; caution. — Diligence, Industry. Industry has the wider sense of the two, implying an habitual devotion to labor for some valuable end, as knowledge, property, etc. Diligence denotes earnest application to some specific object or pursuit, which more or less directly has a strong hold on one’s interests or feelings. A man may be diligent for a time, or in seeking some favorite end, without meriting the title of industrious. Such was the case with Fox, while Burke was eminent not only for diligence, but industry; he was always at work, and always looking out for some new field of mental effort. “The sweat of industry would dry and die,
But for the end it works to.” Shak. “Diligence and accuracy are the only merits which an historical writer ascribe to himself.” Gibbon.

Di•li•gence´ , n. [F.] A four-wheeled public stagecoach, used in France.

Dil´i•gen•cy , n. [L. diligentia.] Diligence; care; persevering endeavor. [Obs.] Milton.

Dil´i•gent , a. [F. diligent, L. diligens, -entis, p. pr. of diligere, dilectum, to esteem highly, prefer; di- = dis- + legere to choose. See Legend.] 1. Prosecuted with careful attention and effort; careful; painstaking; not careless or negligent. “The judges shall make diligent inquisition.” Deut. xix. 18. 2. Interestedly and perseveringly attentive; steady and earnest in application to a subject or pursuit; assiduous; industrious. “Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before kings.” Prov. xxii. 29. “Diligent cultivation of elegant literature.” Prescott. Syn. — Active; assiduous; sedulous; laborious; persevering; attentive; industrious.

Dil´i•gent•ly, adv. In a diligent manner; not carelessly; not negligently; with industry or assiduity. “Ye diligently keep commandments of the Lord your God.” Deut. vi. 17.

Dill (dil), n. [AS dile; akin to D. dille, OHG. tilli, G. dill, dille, Sw. dill, Dan. dild.] (Bot.) An herb (Peucedanum graveolens), the seeds of which are moderately warming, pungent, and aromatic, and were formerly used as a soothing medicine for children; — called also dillseed. Dr. Prior.

Dill, v. t. [OE. dillen, fr. dul dull, a.] To still; to calm; to soothe, as one in pain. [Obs.]

Dil´ling (dil´ling), n. A darling; a favorite. [Obs.] “Whilst the birds billing,
Each one with his dilling.” Drayton.

Dil•lu´ing (dil•lu´ing), n. (Min.) A process of sorting ore by washing in a hand sieve. [Written also deluing.]

Dil´ly (dil´ly), n. [Contr. fr. diligence.] A kind of stagecoach. ´The Derby dilly.´ J. H. Frere.

Dil´ly-dal•ly , v. i. [See Dally.] To loiter or trifle; to waste time.

Di•log´ic•al , a. Ambiguous; of double meaning. [Obs.] T. Adams.

Dil´o•gy , n.; pl. Dilogies (#). [L. dilogia, Gr. , fr. doubtful; di- = di•s- twice + to speak.] (Rhet.) An ambiguous speech; a figure in which a word is used an equivocal sense. [R.]

Di•lu´cid , a. [L. dilucidus, fr. dilucere to be light enough to distinguish objects apart. See Lucid.] Clear; lucid. [Obs.] Bacon. — Di•lu´cid•ly, adv. [Obs.] — Di•lu•cid´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

Di•lu´ci•date , v. t. [L. dilucidatus, p. p. of dilucidare.] To elucidate. [Obs.] Boyle.

Di•lu•ci•da´tion , n. [L. dilucidatio.] The act of making clear. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dil´u•ent , a. [L. diluens, p. pr. diluere. See Dilute.] Diluting; making thinner or weaker by admixture, esp. of water. Arbuthnot.

Dil´u•ent, n. 1. That which dilutes. 2. (Med.) An agent used for effecting dilution of the blood; a weak drink. “There is no real diluent but water.” Arbuthnot.

Di•lute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diluting.] [L. dilutus, p. p. of diluere to wash away, dilute; di- = dis- + luere, equiv. to lavare to wash, lave. See Lave, and cf. Deluge.] 1. To make thinner or more liquid by admixture with something; to thin and dissolve by mixing. “Mix their watery store.
With the chyle’s current, and dilute it more.” Blackmore. 2. To diminish the strength, flavor, color, etc., of, by mixing; to reduce, especially by the addition of water; to temper; to attenuate; to weaken. “Lest these colors should be diluted and weakened by the mixture of any adventitious light.” Sir I. Newton.

Di•lute´ , v. i. To become attenuated, thin, or weak; as it dilutes easily.

Di•lute´ , a. [L. dilutus, p. p.] Diluted; thin; weak. “A dilute and waterish exposition.” Hopkins.

Di•lut´ed , a. Reduced in strength; thin; weak. — Di•lut´ed•ly, adv.

Di•lute´ness , n. The quality or state of being dilute. Bp. Wilkins.

Di•lut´er , n. One who, or that which, dilutes or makes thin, more liquid, or weaker.

Di•lu´tion , n. [Cf. F. dilution.] The act of diluting, or the state of being diluted. Arbuthnot.

Di•lu´vi•al , a. [L. diluvialis. fr. diluvium.] 1. Of or pertaining to a flood or deluge, esp. to the great deluge in the days of Noah; diluvian. 2. (Geol.) Effected or produced by a flood or deluge of water; — said of coarse and imperfectly stratified deposits along ancient or existing water courses. Similar unstratified deposits were formed by the agency of ice. The time of deposition has been called the Diluvian epoch.

Di•lu´vi•al•ist, n. One who explains geological phenomena by the Noachian deluge. Lyell.

Di•lu´vi•an , a. [Cf. F. diluvien.] Of or pertaining to a deluge, esp. to the Noachian deluge; diluvial; as of diluvian origin. Buckland.

Di•lu´vi•ate , v. i. [L. diluviare.] To run as a flood. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Di•lu´vi•um , n.; pl. E. Diluviums (#), L. Diluvia (#). [L. diluvium. See Dilute, Deluge.] (Geol.) A deposit of superficial loam, sand, gravel, stones, etc., caused by former action of flowing waters, or the melting of glacial ice. The accumulation of matter by the ordinary operation of water is termed alluvium.

Dim , a. [Compar. Dimmer superl. Dimmest ] [AS. dim; akin to OFries. dim, Icel. dimmr: cf. MHG. timmer, timber; of uncertain origin.] 1. Not bright or distinct; wanting luminousness or clearness; obscure in luster or sound; dusky; darkish; obscure; indistinct; overcast; tarnished. “The dim magnificence of poetry.” Whewell. “How is the gold become dim!” Lam. iv. 1. “I never saw
The heavens so dim by day.” Shak. “Three sleepless nights I passed in sounding on,
Through words and things, a dim and perilous way.” Wordsworth. 2. Of obscure vision; not seeing clearly; hence, dull of apprehension; of weak perception; obtuse. “Mine eye also is dim by reason of sorrow.” Job xvii. 7. “The understanding is dim.” Rogers. Obvious compounds: dim-eyed; dim-sighted, etc. Syn. — Obscure; dusky; dark; mysterious; imperfect; dull; sullied; tarnished.

Dim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dimmed p. pr. & vb. n. Dimming.] 1. To render dim, obscure, or dark; to make less bright or distinct; to take away the luster of; to darken; to dull; to obscure; to eclipse. “A king among his courtiers, who dims all his attendants.” Dryden. “Now set the sun, and twilight dimmed the ways.” Cowper. 2. To deprive of distinct vision; to hinder from seeing clearly, either by dazzling or clouding the eyes; to darken the senses or understanding of. “Her starry eyes were dimmed with streaming tears.” C. Pitt.

Dim, v. i. To grow dim. J. C. Shairp.

Dim´ble , n. [Prob. orig., a cavity, and the same word as dimple. See Dimple.] A bower; a dingle. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dime , n. [F. dîme tithe, OF. disme, fr. L. decimus the tenth, fr. decem ten. See Decimal.] A silver coin of the United States, of the value of ten cents; the tenth of a dollar. Dime novel, a novel, commonly sensational and trashy, which is sold for a dime, or ten cents.

Di•men´sion , n. [L. dimensio, fr. dimensus, p. p. of dimetiri to measure out; di- = dis- + metiri to measure: cf. F. dimension. See Measure.] 1. Measure in a single line, as length, breadth, height, thickness, or circumference; extension; measurement; — usually, in the plural, measure in length and breadth, or in length, breadth, and thickness; extent; size; as the dimensions of a room, or of a ship; the dimensions of a farm, of a kingdom. “Gentlemen of more than ordinary dimensions.” W. Irving. Space of dimension, extension that has length but no breadth or thickness; a straight or curved line. - - Space of two dimensions, extension which has length and breadth, but no thickness; a plane or curved surface. — Space of three dimensions, extension which has length, breadth, and thickness; a solid. — Space of four dimensions, as imaginary kind of extension, which is assumed to have length, breadth, thickness, and also a fourth imaginary dimension. Space of five or six, or more dimensions is also sometimes assumed in mathematics. 2. Extent; reach; scope; importance; as a project of large dimensions. 3. (Math.) The degree of manifoldness of a quantity; as time is quantity having one dimension; volume has three dimensions, relative to extension. 4. (Alg.) A literal factor, as numbered in characterizing a term. The term dimensions forms with the cardinal numbers a phrase equivalent to degree with the ordinal; thus, a2b2c is a term of five dimensions, or of the fifth degree. 5. pl. (Phys.) The manifoldness with which the fundamental units of time, length, and mass are involved in determining the units of other physical quantities. Thus, since the unit of velocity varies directly as the unit of length and inversely as the unit of time, the dimensions of velocity are said to be length ÷ time; the dimensions of work are mass × (length)2 ÷ (time)2; the dimensions of density are mass ÷ (length)3. Dimension lumber, Dimension scantling, or Dimension stock (Carp.), lumber for building, etc., cut to the sizes usually in demand, or to special sizes as ordered. — Dimension stone, stone delivered from the quarry rough, but brought to such sizes as are requisite for cutting to dimensions given.

Di•men´sion•al , a. Pertaining to dimension.

Di•men´sioned , a. Having dimensions. [R.]

Di•men´sion•less , a. Without dimensions; having no appreciable or noteworthy extent. Milton.

Di•men´si•ty , n. Dimension. [R.] Howell.

Di•men´sive , a. Without dimensions; marking dimensions or the limits. “Who can draw the soul’s dimensive lines?” Sir J. Davies.

Dim´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + part.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of Coleoptera, having two joints to the tarsi. (b) A division of the Hemiptera, including the aphids.

Dim´er•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Dimera.

Dim´er•ous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + part.] Composed of, or having, two parts of each kind. A dimerous flower has two sepals, two petals, two stamens, and two pistils.

Dim´e•ter , a. [L. dimeter, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + measure.] Having two poetical measures or meters. — n. A verse of two meters.

Di•meth´yl , n. [Pref. di- + methyl.] (Chem.) Ethane; — sometimes so called because regarded as consisting of two methyl radicals. See Ethane.

Di•met´ric , a. [See Dimeter, a.] (Crystallog.) Same as Tetragonal. Dana.

Dim•i•ca´tion , n. [L. dimicatio, fr. dimicare to fight.] A fight; contest. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Di•mid´i•ate , a. [L. dimidiatus, p. p. of dimidiare to halve, fr. dimidius half. See Demi-.] 1. Divided into two equal parts; reduced to half in shape or form. 2. (Biol.) (a) Consisting of only one half of what the normal condition requires; having the appearance of lacking one half; as a dimidiate leaf, which has only one side developed. (b) Having the organs of one side, or half, different in function from the corresponding organs on the other side; as dimidiate hermaphroditism.

Di•mid´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dimidiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dimidiating.] 1. To divide into two equal parts. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. (Her.) To represent the half of; to halve.

Di•mid•i•a´tion , n. [L. dimidiatio.] The act of dimidiating or halving; the state of being dimidiate.

Di•min´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diminished p. pr. & vb. n. Diminishing.] [Pref. di- (= L. dis- ) + minish: cf. L. diminuere, F. diminuer, OE. diminuen. See Dis-, and Minish.] 1. To make smaller in any manner; to reduce in bulk or amount; to lessen; — opposed to augment or increase. “Not diminish, but rather increase, the debt.” Barrow. 2. To lessen the authority or dignity of; to put down; to degrade; to abase; to weaken. “This doth nothing diminish their opinion.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule over the nations.” Ezek. xxix. 15. “O thou … at whose sight all the stars
Hide their diminished heads.” Milton. 3. (Mus.) To make smaller by a half step; to make (an interval) less than minor; as a diminished seventh. 4. To take away; to subtract. “Neither shall ye diminish aught from it.” Deut. iv. 2. Diminished column, one whose upper diameter is less than the lower. — Diminished, or Diminishing, scale, a scale of gradation used in finding the different points for drawing the spiral curve of the volute. Gwilt. — Diminishing rule (Arch.), a board cut with a concave edge, for fixing the entasis and curvature of a shaft. — Diminishing stile (Arch.), a stile which is narrower in one part than in another, as in many glazed doors. Syn. — To decrease; lessen; abate; reduce; contract; curtail; impair; degrade. See Decrease.

Di•min´ish, v. i. To become or appear less or smaller; to lessen; as the apparent size of an object diminishes as we recede from it.

Di•min´ish•a•ble , a. Capable of being diminished or lessened.

Di•min´ish•er , n. One who, or that which, diminishes anything. Clerke (1637).

Di•min´ish•ing•ly, adv. In a manner to diminish.

Di•min´ish•ment , n. Diminution. [R.] Cheke.

Di•min•u•en´do , adv. [It., p. pr. of diminuere to diminish.] (Mus.) In a gradually diminishing manner; with abatement of tone; decrescendo; — expressed on the staff by Dim., or Dimin., or the sign.

Di•min´u•ent , a. [L. diminuens, p. pr. of diminuere. See Diminish.] Lessening. Bp. Sanderson.

Dim•i•nu´tal , a. Indicating or causing diminution. Earle.

Dim´i•nute , a. Small; diminished; diminutive. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Dim´i•nute•ly, adv. Diminutively. [Obs.]

Dim•i•nu´tion , n. [L. diminutio, or perh. rather deminutio: cf. F. diminution. See Diminish.] 1. The act of diminishing, or of making or becoming less; state of being diminished; reduction in size, quantity, or degree; — opposed to augmentation or increase. 2. The act of lessening dignity or consideration, or the state of being deprived of dignity; a lowering in estimation; degradation; abasement. “The world’s opinion or diminution of me.” Eikon Basilike. “Nor thinks it diminution to be ranked
In military honor next.” Philips. 3. (Law) Omission, inaccuracy, or defect in a record. 4. (Mus.) In counterpoint, the imitation of, or reply to, a subject, in notes of half the length or value of those the subject itself. Syn. — Decrease; decay; abatement; reduction; deduction; decrement.

Di•min•u•ti´val , a. Indicating diminution; diminutive. ´Diminutival forms´ [of words]. Earle. — n. A diminutive. Earle.

Di•min´u•tive , a. [Cf. L. deminutivus, F. diminutif.] 1. Below the average size; very small; little. 2. Expressing diminution; as a diminutive word. 3. Tending to diminish. [R.] “Diminutive of liberty.” Shaftesbury.

Di•min´u•tive, n. 1. Something of very small size or value; an insignificant thing. “Such water flies, diminutives of nature.” Shak. 2. (Gram.) A derivative from a noun, denoting a small or a young object of the same kind with that denoted by the primitive; as gosling, eaglet, lambkin. “Babyisms and dear diminutives.” Tennyson. The word sometimes denotes a derivative verb which expresses a diminutive or petty form of the action, as scribble.

Di•min´u•tive•ly, adv. In a diminutive manner.

Di•min´u•tive•ness, n. The quality of being diminutive; smallness; littleness; minuteness.

Dim´ish , a. See Dimmish.

Di•mis´sion , n. [L. dimissio. See Dimit, and cf. Dismission.] Leave to depart; a dismissing. [Obs.] Barrow.

Dim´is•so•ry ( 277), a. [L. dimissorius: cf. F. dimissoire. See Dimit.] Sending away; dismissing to another jurisdiction; granting leave to depart. Letters dimissory (Eccl.), letters given by a bishop dismissing a person who is removing into another diocese, and recommending him for reception there. Hook.

Di•mit´ , v. t. [L. dimittere to send away, le go; di- = dis- + mittere to send. See Dismiss.] To dismiss, let go, or release. [Obs.]

Dim´i•ty , n. [Prob. fr. Gr. of double thread, dimity; di- = di•s- twice + a thread of the warp; prob. through D. diemet, of F. dimite, demitte. Cf. Samite.] A cotton fabric employed for hangings and furniture coverings, and formerly used for women’s under-garments. It is of many patterns, both plain and twilled, and occasionally is printed in colors.

Dim´ly, adv. In a dim or obscure manner; not brightly or clearly; with imperfect sight. { Dim´mish , Dim´my } a. Somewhat dim; as dimmish eyes. ´Dimmy clouds.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Dim´ness, n. [AS. dimness.] 1. The state or quality being dim; lack of brightness, clearness, or distinctness; dullness; obscurity. 2. Dullness, or want of clearness, of vision or of intellectual perception. Dr. H. More. Syn. — Darkness; obscurity; gloom. See Darkness.

Di´morph , n. [Gr. two-formed; di•s- twice (see Di-) + form.] (Crystallog.) Either one of the two forms of a dimorphous substance; as calcite and aragonite are dimorphs.

Di•mor´phic , a. Having the property of dimorphism; dimorphous.

Di•mor´phism , n. [Cf. F. dimorphisme.] 1. (Biol.) Difference of form between members of the same species, as when a plant has two kinds of flowers, both hermaphrodite (as in the partridge berry), or when there are two forms of one or both sexes of the same species of butterfly. “Dimorphism is the condition of the appearance of the same species under two dissimilar forms.” Darwin. 2. (Crystallog.) Crystallization in two independent forms of the same chemical compound, as of calcium carbonate as calcite and aragonite.

Di•mor´phous , a. [Cf. F. dimorphe.] 1. (Biol.) Characterized by dimorphism; occurring under two distinct forms, not dependent on sex; dimorphic. 2. (Crystallog.) Crystallizing under two forms fundamentally different, while having the same chemical composition.

Dim´ple , n. [Prob. a nasalized dim. of dip. See Dip, and cf. Dimble.] 1. A slight natural depression or indentation on the surface of some part of the body, esp. on the cheek or chin. Milton. “The dimple of her chin.” Prior. 2. A slight indentation on any surface. “The garden pool’s dark surface …
Breaks into dimples small and bright.” Wordsworth.

Dim´ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dimpled p. pr. & vb. n. Dimpling ] To form dimples; to sink into depressions or little inequalities. “And smiling eddies dimpled on the main.” Dryden.

Dim´ple, v. t. To mark with dimples or dimplelike depressions. Shak.

Dim´ple•ment , n. The state of being dimpled, or marked with gentle depressions. [R.] “The ground’s most gentle dimplement.” Mrs. Browning.

Dim´ply , a. Full of dimples, or small depressions; dimpled; as the dimply pool. Thomson.

Dim´-sight•ed , a. Having dim sight; lacking perception. — Dim´-sight•ed•ness, n.

Dim´y•a , Dim•y•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. = + to close.] (Zoöl.) An order of lamellibranchiate mollusks having an anterior and posterior adductor muscle, as the common clam. See Bivalve.

Dim•y•a´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Dimya. — n. One of the Dimya.

Dim´y•a•ry , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Dimyarian.

Din , n. [AS. dyne, dyn; akin to Icel. dynr, and to AS. dynian to resound, Icel. dynja to pour down like hail or rain; cf. Skr. dhuni roaring, a torrent, dhvan to sound. Cf. Dun to ask payment.] Loud, confused, harsh noise; a loud, continuous, rattling or clanging sound; clamor; roar. “Think you a little din can daunt mine ears?” Shak. “He knew the battle’s din afar.” Sir W. Scott. “The dust and din and steam of town.” Tennyson.

Din, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinned p. pr. & vb. n. Dinning.] [AS. dynian. See Din, n.] 1. To strike with confused or clanging sound; to stun with loud and continued noise; to harass with clamor; as to din the ears with cries. 2. To utter with a din; to repeat noisily; to ding. “This hath been often dinned in my ears.” Swift. To din into, to fix in the mind of another by frequent and noisy repetitions. Sir W. Scott.

Din, v. i. To sound with a din; a ding. “The gay viol dinning in the dale.” A. Seward.

di•naph´thyl , n. [Pref. di- + naphthylene.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon, C20H14, obtained from naphthylene, and consisting of a doubled naphthylene radical.

Di´nar (di´ner or de•när´), n. [Ar. dinar, from Gr. dhna•rion, fr. L. denarius. See Denier.] 1. A petty money of accounts of Persia. 2. An ancient gold coin of the East.

di´nar•chy , n. See Diarchy.

Dine (din), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dined (dind); p. pr. & vb. n. Dining.] [F. dîner, OF. disner, LL. disnare, contr. fr. an assumed disjunare; dis- + an assumed junare (OF. juner) to fast, for L. jejunare, fr. jejunus fasting. See Jejune, and cf. Dinner, Djeuner.] To eat the principal regular meal of the day; to take dinner. “Now can I break my fast, dine, sup, and sleep.” Shak. To dine with Duke Humphrey, to go without dinner; — a phrase common in Elizabethan literature, said to be from the practice of the poor gentry, who beguiled the dinner hour by a promenade near the tomb of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in Old Saint Paul’s.

Dine, v. t. 1. To give a dinner to; to furnish with the chief meal; to feed; as to dine a hundred men. “A table massive enough to have dined Johnnie Armstrong and his merry men.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To dine upon; to have to eat. [Obs.] ´What will ye dine.´ Chaucer.

Din´er , n. One who dines.

Din´er-out , n. One who often takes his dinner away from home, or in company. “A brilliant diner-out, though but a curate.” Byron.

Di•net´ic•al , a. [Gr. to whirl round.] Revolving on an axis. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ding , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinged , Dang (Obs.), or Dung (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Dinging.] [OE. dingen, dengen; akin to AS. dencgan to knock, Icel. dengja to beat, hammer, Sw. dänga, G. dengeln.] 1. To dash; to throw violently. [Obs.] “To ding the book a coit’s distance from him.” Milton. 2. To cause to sound or ring. To ding (anything) in one’s ears, to impress one by noisy repetition, as if by hammering.

Ding, v. i. 1. To strike; to thump; to pound. [Obs.] “Diken, or delven, or dingen upon sheaves.” Piers Plowman. 2. To sound, as a bell; to ring; to clang. “The fretful tinkling of the convent bell evermore dinging among the mountain echoes.” W. Irving. 3. To talk with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration; to bluster. [Low]

Ding, n. A thump or stroke, especially of a bell.

Ding´dong , n. [See Ding.] 1. The sound of, or as of, repeated strokes on a metallic body, as a bell; a repeated and monotonous sound. 2. (Horol.) An attachment to a clock by which the quarter hours are struck upon bells of different tones. { Din´gey , Din´gy , Din´ghy }, n. [Bengalee dingi.] 1. A kind of boat used in the East Indies. [Written also dinghey.] Malcom. 2. A ship’s smallest boat.

Din´gi•ly , adv. In a dingy manner.

Din´gi•ness, n. Quality of being dingy; a dusky hue.

Din´gle , n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. AS. ding prison; or perh. akin to dimble.] A narrow dale; a small dell; a small, secluded, and embowered valley.

Din´gle-dan•gle , adv. In a dangling manner.

Din´go , n. (Zoöl.) A wild dog found in Australia, but supposed to have introduced at a very early period. It has a wolflike face, bushy tail, and a reddish brown color.

Ding´thrift , n. A spendthrift. [Obs.] “Wilt thou, therefore, a drunkard be,
A dingthrift and a knave?” Drant.

Din´gy , a. [Compar. Dingier superl. Dingiest.] [Prob. fr. dung. Cf. Dungy.] Soiled; sullied; of a dark or dusky color; dark brown; dirty. ´Scraps of dingy paper.´ Macaulay.

Di•nich´thys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + fish.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct Devonian ganoid fishes. In some parts of Ohio remains of the Dinichthys are abundant, indicating animals twenty feet in length.

Din´ing , n. & a. from Dine, a. Used either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as dining hall or dining-hall, dining room, dining table, etc.

Dink , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Trim; neat. [Scot.] Burns. — Dink´ly, adv.

Dink, v. t. To deck; — often with out or up. [Scot.]

Din´mont , n. (Zoöl.) A wether sheep between one and two years old. [Scot.]

Din´ner , n. [F. dîner, fr. dîner to dine. See Dine.] 1. The principal meal of the day, eaten by most people about midday, but by many (especially in cities) at a later hour. 2. An entertainment; a feast. “A grand political dinner.” Tennyson. Dinner is much used, in an obvious sense, either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as dinner time, or dinner-time, dinner bell, dinner hour, etc.

Din´ner•less, a. Having no dinner. Fuller.

Din´ner•ly, a. Of or pertaining to dinner. [R.] “The dinnerly officer.” Copley.

Di•noc´e•ras , n. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + , , horn.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct Eocene mammals from Wyoming; — called also Uintatherium. See Illustration in Appendix. They were herbivorous, and remarkable for three pairs of hornlike protuberances on the skull. The males were armed with a pair of powerful canine tusks.

Di•nor´nis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct, ostrichlike birds of gigantic size, which formerly inhabited New Zealand. See Moa. [Written also Deinornis.] { Di´no•saur , Di•no•sau´ri•an } n. [Gr. terrible + lizard.] (Paleon.) One of the Dinosauria. [Written also deinosaur, and deinosaurian.]

Di•no•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. terrible + lizard.] (Paleon.) An order of extinct mesozoic reptiles, mostly of large size (whence the name). Notwithstanding their size, they present birdlike characters in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind limbs. Some walked on their three-toed hind feet, thus producing the large ´bird tracks,´ so- called, of mesozoic sandstones; others were five-toed and quadrupedal. See Illust. of Compsognathus, also Illustration of Dinosaur in Appendix. { Di´no•there , Di•no•the´ri•um } n. [NL. dinotherium, fr. Gr. deino•s terrible + qhri•on beast.] (Paleon.) A large extinct proboscidean mammal from the miocene beds of Europe and Asia. It is remarkable fora pair of tusks directed downward from the decurved apex of the lower jaw.

Din•ox´ide , n. (Chem.) Same as Dioxide.

Din´some , a. Full of din. [Scot.] Burns.

Dint , n. [OE. dint, dent, dunt, a blow, AS. dynt; akin to Icel. dyntr a dint, dynta to dint, and perh. to L. fendere (in composition). Cf. 1st Dent, Defend.] 1. A blow; a stroke. [Obs.] ´Mortal dint.´ Milton. ´Like thunder’s dint.´ Fairfax. 2. The mark left by a blow; an indentation or impression made by violence; a dent. Dryden. “Every dint a sword had beaten in it [the shield].” Tennyson. 3. Force; power; — esp. in the phrase by dint of. “Now you weep; and, I perceive, you feel
The dint of pity.” Shak. “It was by dint of passing strength
That he moved the massy stone at length.” Sir W. Scott.

Dint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dinting.] To make a mark or cavity on or in, by a blow or by pressure; to dent. Donne. Tennyson.

Di•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [L. dinumeratio; di- = dis- + numerare to count, fr. numerus number.] Enumeration. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Di•oc´e•san ( 277), a. [LL. dioecesanus: cf. F. diocesain.] Of or pertaining to a diocese; as diocesan missions.

Di•oc´e•san, n. 1. A bishop, viewed in relation to his diocese; as the diocesan of New York. 2. pl. The clergy or the people of a diocese. Strype.

Di´o•cese , n.; pl. Dioceses (#). [OE. diocise, OF. diocise, F. diocese, L. dioecesis, fr. Gr. housekeeping, administration, a province, a diocese, fr. to keep house, manage; dia• through + to manage a household, a house. See Economy.] (Eccl.) The circuit or extent of a bishop’s jurisdiction; the district in which a bishop exercises his ecclesiastical authority. [Frequently, but improperly, spelt diocess.]

Di•o•ce´se•ner , n. One who belongs to a diocese. [Obs.] Bacon.

Di´o•don , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth: cf. F. diodon.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of spinose, plectognath fishes, having the teeth of each jaw united into a single beaklike plate. They are able to inflate the body by taking in air or water, and, hence, are called globefishes, swellfishes, etc. Called also porcupine fishes, and sea hedgehogs. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of whales.

Di´o•dont , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Diodon. — n. A fish of the genus Diodon, or an allied genus.

Di•œ´ci•a (di•e´shi•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di = di•s twice + o’i^kos a house.] 1. (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens and pistils on different plants. 2. (Zoöl.) A subclass of gastropod mollusks in which the sexes are separate. It includes most of the large marine species, like the conchs, cones, and cowries. { Di•œ´cian , Di•œ´cious } a. (Biol.) Having the sexes in two separate individuals; — applied to plants in which the female flowers occur on one individual and the male flowers on another of the same species, and to animals in which the ovum is produced by one individual and the sperm cell by another; — opposed to monœcious.

Di•œ´cious•ly, adv. (Biol.) In a diœcious manner. Diœciously hermaphrodite (Bot.), having flowers structurally perfect, but practically diœcious, — those on one plant producing no pollen, and those on another no ovules.

Di•œ´cious•ness, n. (Biol.) The state or quality of being diœcious.

Di•œ´cism , n. (Biol.) The condition of being diœcious.

Di•og´e•nes , n. A Greek Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B. C.) who lived much in Athens and was distinguished for contempt of the common aims and conditions of life, and for sharp, caustic sayings. Diogenes’ crab (Zoöl.), a species of terrestrial hermit crabs (Cenobita Diogenes), abundant in the West Indies and often destructive to crops. — Diogenes’ tub, the tub which the philosopher Diogenes is said to have carried about with him as his house, in which he lived.

Di•oi´cous , a. See Diœcious.

Di•om•e•de´a , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large sea birds, including the albatross. See Albatross.

Di•o•nae´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a name of Aphrodite.] (Bot.) An insectivorous plant. See Venus’s flytrap.

Di•o•ny´sian , a. Relating to Dionysius, a monk of the 6th century; as the Dionysian, or Christian, era. Dionysian period, a period of 532 years, depending on the cycle of the sun, or 28 years, and the cycle of the moon, or 19 years; — sometimes called the Greek paschal cycle, or Victorian period.

Di•o•phan´tine , a. Originated or taught by Diophantus, the Greek writer on algebra. Diophantine analysis (Alg.), that branch of indeterminate analysis which has for its object the discovery of rational values that satisfy given equations containing squares or cubes; as for example, to find values of x and y which make x2 + y2 an exact square.

Di•op´side , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a sight, fr. the root of I shall see: cf. F. diopside.] (Min.) A crystallized variety of pyroxene, of a clear, grayish green color; mussite.

Di•op´tase , n. [Gr. = dia• through + to see: cf. F. dioptase.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals. { Di•op´ter , Di•op´tra } n. [L. dioptra, fr. Gr. . See 2d Dioptric.] An optical instrument, invented by Hipparchus, for taking altitudes, leveling, etc.

Di•op´tre , n. [F. See 2d Dioptric.] (Optics) A unit employed by oculists in numbering glasses according to the metric system; a refractive power equal to that of a glass whose principal focal distance is one meter.

Di•op´tric , a. (Optics) Of or pertaining to the dioptre, or to the metric system of numbering glasses. — n. A dioptre. See Dioptre. { Di•op´tric , Di•op´tric•al } a. [Gr. belonging to the use of the ; = dia• through + the root of I shall see: cf. F. dioptrique.] Of or pertaining to dioptrics; assisting vision by means of the refraction of light; refractive; as the dioptric system; a dioptric glass or telescope. ´Dioptrical principles.´ Nichol. Dioptric curve (Geom.), a Cartesian oval. See under Cartesian.

Di•op´trics , n. [Gr. : cf. F. dioptrique.] (Optics) The science of the refraction of light; that part of geometrical optics which treats of the laws of the refraction of light in passing from one medium into another, or through different mediums, as air, water, or glass, and esp. through different lenses; — distinguished from catoptrics, which refers to reflected light.

Di•op´try , n. (Optics) A dioptre.

Di•o•ra´ma , n. [Gr. to see through; = dia• through + to see; cf. that which is seen, a sight: cf. F. diorama. Cf. Panorama.] 1. A mode of scenic representation, invented by Daguerre and Bouton, in which a painting is seen from a distance through a large opening. By a combination of transparent and opaque painting, and of transmitted and reflected light, and by contrivances such as screens and shutters, much diversity of scenic effect is produced. 2. A building used for such an exhibition.

Di•o•ram´ic , a. Pertaining to a diorama.

Di´o•rism , n. [Gr. , fr. to distinguish; = dia• through + to divide from, fr. a boundary.] Definition; logical direction. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Di•o•ris´tic , a. [Gr. .] Distinguishing; distinctive; defining. [R.] — Di•o•ris´tic•al•ly (#), adv. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Di´o•rite , n. [Cf. F. diorite. See Diorism.] (Min.) An igneous, crystalline in structure, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and hornblende. It includes part of what was called greenstone.

Di•o•rit´ic , a. Containing diorite.

Di•or•thot´ic , a. [Gr. ; = + to set straight.] Relating to the correcting or straightening out of something; corrective.

Di•os•co´re•a , n. [NL. Named after Dioscorides the Greek physician.] (Bot.) A genus of plants. See Yam.

Di•o´ta , n. [L., fr. Gr. two- handled; di- = di•s- twice + , , ear, handle.] (Rom. Antiq.) A vase or drinking cup having two handles or ears.

Di•ox´ide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + oxide.] (Chem.) (a) An oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in each molecule; binoxide. (b) An oxide containing but one atom or equivalent of oxygen to two of a metal; a suboxide. [Obs.] Carbon dioxide. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

Di•ox•in´dol , n. [Pref. di- + oxygen + indol.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance obtained by the reduction of isatin. It is a member of the indol series; — hence its name.

Dip , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dipped or Dipt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dipping.] [OE. dippen, duppen, AS. dyppan; akin to Dan. dyppe, Sw. doppa, and to AS. dpan to baptize, OS. dpian, D. doopen, G. taufen, Sw. döpa, Goth. daupjan, Lith. dubus deep, hollow, OSlav. dupl hollow, and to E. dive. Cf. Deep, Dive.] 1. To plunge or immerse; especially, to put for a moment into a liquid; to insert into a fluid and withdraw again. “The priest shall dip his finger in the blood.” Lev. iv. 6. “[Wat’ry fowl] now dip their pinions in the briny deep.” Pope. “While the prime swallow dips his wing.” Tennyson. 2. To immerse for baptism; to baptize by immersion. Book of Common Prayer. Fuller. 3. To wet, as if by immersing; to moisten. [Poetic] “A cold shuddering dew
Dips me all o’er.” Milton. 4. To plunge or engage thoroughly in any affair. “He was … dipt in the rebellion of the Commons.” Dryden. 5. To take out, by dipping a dipper, ladle, or other receptacle, into a fluid and removing a part; — often with out; as to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water. 6. To engage as a pledge; to mortgage. [Obs.] “Live on the use and never dip thy lands.” Dryden. Dipped candle, a candle made by repeatedly dipping a wick in melted tallow. — To dip snuff, to take snuff by rubbing it on the gums and teeth. [Southern U. S.] — To dip the colors (Naut.), to lower the colors and return them to place; — a form of naval salute.

Dip, v. i. 1. To immerse one’s self; to become plunged in a liquid; to sink. “The sun’s rim dips; the stars rush out.” Coleridge. 2. To perform the action of plunging some receptacle, as a dipper, ladle. etc.; into a liquid or a soft substance and removing a part. “Whoever dips too deep will find death in the pot.” L’Estrange. 3. To pierce; to penetrate; — followed by in or into. “When I dipt into the future.” Tennyson. 4. To enter slightly or cursorily; to engage one’s self desultorily or by the way; to partake limitedly; — followed by in or into. ´Dipped into a multitude of books.´ Macaulay. 5. To incline downward from the plane of the horizon; as strata of rock dip. 6. To dip snuff. [Southern U.S.]

Dip, n. 1. The action of dipping or plunging for a moment into a liquid. ´The dip of oars in unison.´ Glover. 2. Inclination downward; direction below a horizontal line; slope; pitch. 3. A liquid, as a sauce or gravy, served at table with a ladle or spoon. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. 4. A dipped candle. [Colloq.] Marryat. Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the angular depression of the seen or visible horizon below the true or natural horizon; the angle at the eye of an observer between a horizontal line and a tangent drawn from the eye to the surface of the ocean. — Dip of the needle, or Magnetic dip, the angle formed, in a vertical plane, by a freely suspended magnetic needle, or the line of magnetic force, with a horizontal line; — called also inclination. — Dip of a stratum (Geol.), its greatest angle of inclination to the horizon, or that of a line perpendicular to its direction or strike; — called also the pitch.

Di•pas´chal , a. [Pref. di- + paschal.] Including two passovers. Carpenter.

Dip´chick , n. (Zoöl.) See Dabchick.

Di•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. di- + petalous.] (Bot.) Having two petals; two- petaled.

Di•phe´nyl , n. [Pref. di- + phenyl.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C6H5.C6H5, obtained by leading benzene through a heated iron tube. It consists of two benzene or phenyl radicals united.

Diph•the´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. leather (hence taken in the sense of membrane): cf. to make soft, L. depsere to knead.] (Med.) A very dangerous contagious disease in which the air passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a false membrane, produced by the solidification of an inflammatory exudation. Cf. Group. { Diph•the´ri•al , Diph•ther´ic } a. Relating to diphtheria; diphtheritic.

Diph•the•rit´ic , a. (Med.) 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, diphtheria. 2. Having characteristics resembling those of diphtheria; as diphtheritic inflammation of the bladder.

Diph´thong ( 115, 277), n. [L. diphthongus, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + voice, sound, fr. to utter a sound: cf. F. diphthongue.] (Orthoëpy) (a) A coalition or union of two vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable; as ou in out, oi in noise; — called a proper diphthong. (b) A vowel digraph; a union of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded; as ai in rain, eo in people; — called an improper diphthong.

Diph´thong, v. t. To form or pronounce as a diphthong; diphthongize. [R.]

Diph•thon´gal ( 115), a. Relating or belonging to a diphthong; having the nature of a diphthong. — Diph•thon´gal•ly, adv.

Diph•thon´gal•ize ( 115), v. t. To make into a diphthong; to pronounce as a diphthong.

Diph•thon•ga´tion , n. See Diphthongization.

Diph•thong´ic ( 115), a. Of the nature of diphthong; diphthongal. H. Sweet.

Diph•thong•i•za´tion , n. The act of changing into a diphthong. H. Sweet.

Diph´thong•ize , v. t. & i. To change into a diphthong, as by affixing another vowel to a simple vowel. ´The diphthongized long vowels.´ H. Sweet.

Diph•y•cer´cal , a. [Gr. difyh•s double (di- = di•s- twice + fy•ein to produce) + ke•rkos tail.] (Anat.) Having the tail fin divided into two equal parts by the notochord, or end of the vertebral column; protocercal. See Protocercal.

Diph•y•gen´ic (-jen´ik), a. [Gr. difyh•s of double form + - genic.] (Zoöl.) Having two modes of embryonic development.
[1913 Webster]

Diph´yl•lous (dif´il•lus or di•fil´-), a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + fy•llon leaf: cf. F. diphylle.] (Bot.) Having two leaves, as a calyx, etc.
[1913 Webster]

Diph´y•o•dont , a. [Gr. double (di- = di•s- twice + to produce) + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Anat.) Having two successive sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent), one succeeding the other; as a diphyodont mammal; diphyodont dentition; — opposed to monophyodont. — n. An animal having two successive sets of teeth.

Diph•y•o•zo´oid , n. [Gr. of double from + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) One of the free-swimming sexual zooids of Siphonophora.

Di•pla´nar , a. [Pref. di- + plane.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to two planes.

Di•plei´do•scope , n. [Gr. double + image + -scope.] (Astron.) An instrument for determining the time of apparent noon. It consists of two mirrors and a plane glass disposed in the form of a prism, so that, by the reflections of the sun’s rays from their surfaces, two images are presented to the eye, moving in opposite directions, and coinciding at the instant the sun’s center is on the meridian.

Dip•lo•blas´tic , a. [Gr. doublet + -blast + -ic.] (Biol.) Characterizing the ovum when it has two primary germinal layers.

Dip•lo•car´di•ac , a. [Gr. double + E. cardiac.] (Anat.) Having the heart completely divided or double, one side systemic, the other pulmonary.

Dip•lo•coc´cus , n.; pl. Diplococci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. diplo•os twofold + ko•kkos grain, seed.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus in which cocci are united in a binary manner. See Micrococcus.

Dip´lo•ë , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fold, fr. twofold, double.] (Anat.) The soft, spongy, or cancellated substance between the plates of the skull.

Dip•lo•et´ic , a. (Anat.) Diploic.

Dip•lo•gen´ic , a. [Gr. double + the root of to produce.] Partaking of the nature of two bodies; producing two substances. Wright.

Di•plo´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diploë.

Dip´loid , n. [Gr. twofold + -oid.] (Crystallog.) A solid bounded by twenty- four similar quadrilateral faces. It is a hemihedral form of the hexoctahedron.

Di•plo´ma , n.; pl. Diplomas (#). [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to double, fr. twofold. See Double.] A letter or writing, usually under seal, conferring some privilege, honor, or power; a document bearing record of a degree conferred by a literary society or educational institution.

Di•plo´ma•cy , n. [F. diplomatie. This word, like supremacy, retains the accent of its original. See Diploma.] 1. The art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations (particularly in securing treaties), including the methods and forms usually employed. 2. Dexterity or skill in securing advantages; tact. 3. The body of ministers or envoys resident at a court; the diplomatic body. [R.] Burke. { Dip´lo•mat , Dip´lo•mate }, n. [F. diplomate.] A diplomatist.

Dip´lo•mate , v. t. To invest with a title or privilege by diploma. [R.] Wood.

Dip•lo•ma´tial , a. Diplomatic. [R.] { Dip•lo•mat´ic , Dip•lo•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. diplomatique.] 1. Pertaining to diplomacy; relating to the foreign ministers at a court, who are called the diplomatic body. 2. Characterized by tact and shrewdness; dexterous; artful; as diplomatic management. 3. Pertaining to diplomatics; paleographic. Astle.

Dip•lo•mat´ic, n. A minister, official agent, or envoy to a foreign court; a diplomatist.

Dip•lo•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. According to the rules of diplomacy; in the manner of a diplomatist; artfully.

Dip•lo•mat´ics , n. The science of diplomas or the art of deciphering ancient writings, and determining their age, authenticity, etc.; paleography.

Di•plo´ma•tism , n. Diplomacy. [R.]

Di•plo´ma•tist , n. [Cf. F. diplomatiste a student of diplomatics.] A person employed in, or skilled in, diplomacy; a diplomat. “In ability, Avaux had no superior among the numerous able diplomatists whom his country then possessed.” Macaulay. { Di•plo´pi•a , Dip´lo•py } n. [NL. diplopia, from Gr. double + the root of sight: cf. F. diplopie.] (Med.) The act or state of seeing double. In crossed or heteronymous diplopia the image seen by the right eye is upon the left hand, and that seen by the left eye is upon the right hand. In homonymous diplopia the image seen by the right eye is on the right side, that by the left eye on the left side. In vertical diplopia one image stands above the other.

Dip´lo•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Diplopoda.

Di•plop´o•da , n. pl. [Gr. double + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of myriapods having two pairs of legs on each segment; the Chilognatha.

Dip•lo•stem´o•nous , a. [Gr. double + the warp, a thread.] (Bot.) Having twice as many stamens as petals, as the geranium. R. Brown.

Dip•lo•stem´o•ny , n. (Bot.) The condition of being diplostemonous.

Dip•neu´mo•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. = lung.] (Zoöl.) A group of spiders having only two lunglike organs. [Written also Dipneumones.]

Dip´no•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. with two breathing apertures; di- = di•s- twice + breath.] (Zoöl.) A group of ganoid fishes, including the living genera Ceratodus and Lepidosiren, which present the closest approximation to the Amphibia. The air bladder acts as a lung, and the nostrils open inside the mouth. See Ceratodus, and Illustration in Appendix.

Dip´o•dy , n.; pl. Dipodies (#). [Gr. , fr. two-footed; di- = di•s- twice + , , foot.] (Pros.) Two metrical feet taken together, or included in one measure. Hadley. “Trochaic, iambic, and anapestic verses … are measured by dipodies.” W. W. Goodwin.

Di•po´lar , a. [Pre. di- + polar. Cf. Bipolar.] Having two poles, as a magnetic bar.

Dip´pel’s oil (Chem.) [From the name of the inventor.] See Bone oil, under Bone.

Dip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, dips; especially, a vessel used to dip water or other liquid; a ladle. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small grebe; the dabchick. (b) The buffel duck. (c) The water ouzel (Cinolus aquaticus) of Europe. (d) The American dipper or ouzel (Cinclus Mexicanus). The Dipper (Astron.), the seven principal stars in the constellation of the Great Bear; popularly so called from their arrangement in the form of a dipper; — called also Charles’s Wain. See Ursa Major, under Ursa.

Dip´ping, n. 1. The act or process of immersing. 2. The act of inclining downward. 3. The act of lifting or moving a liquid with a dipper, ladle, or the like. 4. The process of cleaning or brightening sheet metal or metalware, esp. brass, by dipping it in acids, etc. 5. The practice of taking snuff by rubbing the teeth or gums with a stick or brush dipped in snuff. [U.S.] Dipping needle, a magnetic needle suspended at its center of gravity, and moving freely in a vertical plane, so as to indicate on a graduated circle the magnetic dip or inclination.

Di•pris•mat´ic , a. [Prefix di- + prismatic.] Doubly prismatic.

Di•pro•par´gyl , n. [Prefix di- + propargyl.] (Chem.) A pungent, mobile, volatile liquid, C6H6, produced artificially from certain allyl derivatives. Though isomeric with benzine, it is very different in its chemical relations. Called also dipropinyl.

Di•pro´pyl , n. [Pref. di- + propyl.] (Chem.) One of the hexane paraffins, found in petroleum, consisting of two propyl radicals. See Hexane.

Di•pro´to•don , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + first + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct Quaternary marsupial from Australia, about as large as the hippopotamus; — so named because of its two large front teeth. See Illustration in Appendix.

Dip´sas , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. thirst.] 1. A serpent whose bite was fabled to produce intense thirst. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless colubrine snakes.

Dip•set´ic , a. [Gr. .] Tending to produce thirst. Wright.

Dip•so•ma´ni•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thirst + mania.] (Med.) A morbid an uncontrollable craving (often periodic) for drink, esp. for alcoholic liquors; also improperly used to denote acute and chronic alcoholism.

Dip•so•ma´ni•ac , n. One who has an irrepressible desire for alcoholic drinks.

Dip•so•ma•ni´a•cal , a. Of or pertaining to dipsomania.

Dip•so´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. thirst.] (Med.) Excessive thirst produced by disease.

Dip´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. with two wings, di- = di•s- twice + feather, wing: cf. F. diptère.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of insects having only two functional wings and two balancers, as the house fly, mosquito, etc. They have a suctorial proboscis, often including two pairs of sharp organs (mandibles and maxillae) with which they pierce the skin of animals. They undergo a complete metamorphosis, their larvae (called maggots) being usually without feet.

Dip´ter•al , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having two wings only; belonging to the order Diptera. 2. (Anc. Arch.) Having a double row of columns on each on the flanks, as well as in front and rear; — said of a temple.

Dip´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) An insect of the order Diptera.

Dip•te•ro•car´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. with two wings + fruit.] (Bot.) A genus of trees found in the East Indies, some species of which produce a fragrant resin, other species wood oil. The fruit has two long wings.

Dip´ter•ous , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having two wings, as certain insects; belonging to the order Diptera. 2. (Bot.) Having two wings; two- winged.

Dip•ter•yg´i•an , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a fin, dim. of wing.] (Zoöl.) Having two dorsal fins; — said of certain fishes.

Dip´tote , n. [Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + falling, fr. to fall: cf. F. diptote.] (Gram.) A noun which has only two cases. Andrews.

Dip´tych , n. [L. diptycha, pl., fr. Gr. folded, doubled; di- = di•s- twice + to fold, double up.] 1. Anything consisting of two leaves. Especially: (a) (Roman Antiq.) A writing tablet consisting of two leaves of rigid material connected by hinges and shutting together so as to protect the writing within. (b) A picture or series of pictures painted on two tablets connected by hinges. See Triptych. 2. A double catalogue, containing in one part the names of living, and in the other of deceased, ecclesiastics and benefactors of the church; a catalogue of saints.

Di•pyre´ , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice fire.] (Min.) A mineral of the scapolite group; — so called from the double effect of fire upon it, in fusing it, and rendering it phosphorescent.

Di•py•re´nous , a. [Pref. di- + pyrene.] (Bot.) Containing two stones or nutlets.

Di•pyr´i•dine ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + pyridine.] (Geom.) A polymeric form of pyridine, C10H10N2, obtained as a colorless oil by the action of sodium on pyridine.

Di•pyr´i•dyl , n. [Pref. di- + pyridine + -yl.] (Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous base, C10H8N2, obtained by the reduction of pyridine.

Di•ra•di•a´tion , n. [Pref. di- + radiation.] The emission and diffusion of rays of light.

Dire (dir), a. [Compar. Direr superl. Direst.] [L. dirus; of uncertain origin.] 1. Ill-boding; portentous; as dire omens. 2. Evil in great degree; dreadful; dismal; horrible; terrible; lamentable. “Dire was the tossing, deep the groans.” Milton. “Gorgons and hydras and chimeras dire.” Milton.

Di•rect´ , a. [L. directus, p. p. of dirigere to direct: cf. F. direct. See Dress, and cf. Dirge.] 1. Straight; not crooked, oblique, or circuitous; leading by the short or shortest way to a point or end; as a direct line; direct means. “What is direct to, what slides by, the question.” Locke. 2. Straightforward; not of crooked ways, or swerving from truth and openness; sincere; outspoken. “Be even and direct with me.” Shak. 3. Immediate; express; plain; unambiguous. “He nowhere, that I know, says it in direct words.” Locke. “A direct and avowed interference with elections.” Hallam. 4. In the line of descent; not collateral; as a descendant in the direct line. 5. (Astron.) In the direction of the general planetary motion, or from west to east; in the order of the signs; not retrograde; — said of the motion of a celestial body. Direct action. (Mach.) See Direct- acting. — Direct discourse (Gram.), the language of any one quoted without change in its form; as he said ´I can not come;´ — correlative to indirect discourse, in which there is change of form; as he said that he could not come. They are often called respectively by their Latin names, oratio directa, and oratio obliqua. — Direct evidence (Law), evidence which is positive or not inferential; — opposed to circumstantial, or indirect, evidence. — This distinction, however, is merely formal, since there is no direct evidence that is not circumstantial, or dependent on circumstances for its credibility. Wharton. — Direct examination (Law), the first examination of a witness in the orderly course, upon the merits. Abbott. — Direct fire (Mil.), fire, the direction of which is perpendicular to the line of troops or to the parapet aimed at. — Direct process (Metal.), one which yields metal in working condition by a single process from the ore. Knight. — Direct tax, a tax assessed directly on lands, etc., and polls, distinguished from taxes on merchandise, or customs, and from excise.

Di•rect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Directed; p. pr. & vb. n. Directing.] 1. To arrange in a direct or straight line, as against a mark, or towards a goal; to point; to aim; as to direct an arrow or a piece of ordnance. 2. To point out or show to (any one), as the direct or right course or way; to guide, as by pointing out the way; as he directed me to the left-hand road. “The Lord direct your into the love of God.” 2 Thess. iii. 5. “The next points to which I will direct your attention.” Lubbock. 3. To determine the direction or course of; to cause to go on in a particular manner; to order in the way to a certain end; to regulate; to govern; as to direct the affairs of a nation or the movements of an army. “I will direct their work in truth.” Is. lxi. 8. 4. To point out to with authority; to instruct as a superior; to order; as he directed them to go. “I ’ll first direct my men what they shall do.” Shak. 5. To put a direction or address upon; to mark with the name and residence of the person to whom anything is sent; to superscribe; as to direct a letter. Syn. — To guide; lead; conduct; dispose; manage; regulate; order; instruct; command.

Di•rect´ , v. i. To give direction; to point out a course; to act as guide. “Wisdom is profitable to direct.” Eccl. x. 10.

Di•rect´, n. (Mus.) A character, thus [], placed at the end of a staff on the line or space of the first note of the next staff, to apprise the performer of its situation. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Di•rect´-act•ing , a. (Mach.) Acting directly, as one part upon another, without the intervention of other working parts. Direct-acting steam engine, one in which motion is transmitted to the crank without the intervention of a beam or lever; — also called direct-action steam engine. — Direct-acting steam pump, one in which the steam piston rod is directly connected with the pump rod; — also called direct-action steam pump.

Di•rect´er , n. One who directs; a director. Directer plane (Geom.), the plane to which all right-lined elements in a warped surface are parallel.

Di•rec´tion , n. [L. directio: cf. F. direction.] 1. The act of directing, of aiming, regulating, guiding, or ordering; guidance; management; superintendence; administration; as the direction o public affairs or of a bank. “I do commit his youth
To your direction.” Shak. “All nature is but art, unknown to thee;
ll chance, direction, which thou canst not see.” Pope. 2. That which is imposed by directing; a guiding or authoritative instruction; prescription; order; command; as he grave directions to the servants. “The princes digged the well … by the direction of the law giver.” Numb. xxi. 18. 3. The name and residence of a person to whom any thing is sent, written upon the thing sent; superscription; address; as the direction of a letter. 4. The line or course upon which anything is moving or aimed to move, or in which anything is lying or pointing; aim; line or point of tendency; direct line or course; as the ship sailed in a southeasterly direction. 5. The body of managers of a corporation or enterprise; board of directors. 6. (Gun.) The pointing of a piece with reference to an imaginary vertical axis; — distinguished from elevation. The direction is given when the plane of sight passes through the object. Wilhelm. Syn. — Administration; guidance; management; superintendence; oversight; government; order; command; guide; clew. Direction, Control, Command, Order. These words, as here compared, have reference to the exercise of power over the actions of others. Control is negative, denoting power to restrain; command is positive, implying a right to enforce obedience; directions are commands containing instructions how to act. Order conveys more prominently the idea of authority than the word direction. A shipmaster has the command of his vessel; he gives orders or directions to the seamen as to the mode of sailing it; and exercises a due control over the passengers.

Di•rect´ive , a. [LL. directivus: cf. F. directif.] 1. Having power to direct; tending to direct, guide, or govern; showing the way. Hooker. “The precepts directive of our practice in relation to God.” Barrow. 2. Able to be directed; manageable. [Obs.] “Swords and bows
Directive by the limbs.” Shak.

Di•rect´ly, adv. 1. In a direct manner; in a straight line or course. ´To run directly on.´ Shak. “Indirectly and directly too
Thou hast contrived against the very life
Of the defendant.” Shak. 2. In a straightforward way; without anything intervening; not by secondary, but by direct, means. 3. Without circumlocution or ambiguity; absolutely; in express terms. “No man hath hitherto been so impious as plainly and directly to condemn prayer.” Hooker. 4. Exactly; just. “Stand you directly in Antonius’ way.” Shak. 5. Straightforwardly; honestly. “I have dealt most directly in thy affair.” Shak. 6. Manifestly; openly. [Obs.] “Desdemona is directly in love with him.” Shak. 7. Straightway; next in order; without delay; immediately. ´Will she go now to bed?’ Directly.’´ Shak. 8. Immediately after; as soon as. “Directly he stopped, the coffin was removed.” Dickens. This use of the word is common in England, especially in colloquial speech, but it can hardly be regarded as a well-sanctioned or desirable use. Directly proportional (Math.), proportional in the order of the terms; increasing or decreasing together, and with a constant ratio; — opposed to inversely proportional. Syn. — Immediately; forthwith; straightway; instantly; instantaneously; soon; promptly; openly; expressly. — Directly, Immediately, Instantly, Instantaneously. Directly denotes, without any delay or diversion of attention; immediately implies, without any interposition of other occupation; instantly implies, without any intervention of time. Hence, ´I will do it directly,´ means, ´I will go straightway about it.´ ´I will do it immediately,´ means, ´I will do it as the very next thing.´ ´I will do it instantly,´ allows not a particle of delay. Instantaneously, like instantly, marks an interval too small to be appreciable, but commonly relates to physical causes; as the powder touched by fire instantaneously exploded.

Di•rect´ness , n. The quality of being direct; straightness; straightforwardness; immediateness.

Di•rect´or , n. [Cf. F. directeur.] 1. One who, or that which, directs; one who regulates, guides, or orders; a manager or superintendent. “In all affairs thou sole director.” Swift. 2. One of a body of persons appointed to manage the affairs of a company or corporation; as the directors of a bank, insurance company, or railroad company. “What made directors cheat in South-Sea year?” Pope. 3. (Mech.) A part of a machine or instrument which directs its motion or action. 4. (Surg.) A slender grooved instrument upon which a knife is made to slide when it is wished to limit the extent of motion of the latter, or prevent its injuring the parts beneath.

Di•rect´o•rate , n. [Cf. F. directorat.] The office of director; also a body of directors taken jointly.

Di•rec•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. directorial.] 1. Having the quality of a director, or authoritative guide; directive. 2. Pertaining to: director or directory; specifically, relating to the Directory of France under the first republic. See Directory, 3. “Whoever goes to the directorial presence under this passport.” Burke.

Di•rect´or•ship , n. The condition or office of a director; directorate.

Di•rect´o•ry , a. [L. directorius.] Containing directions; enjoining; instructing; directorial.

Di•rect´o•ry, n.; pl. Directories . 1. A collection or body of directions, rules, or ordinances; esp., a book of directions for the conduct of worship; as the Directory used by the nonconformists instead of the Prayer Book. 2. A book containing the names and residences of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes of them; an address book; as a business directory. 3. [Cf. F. directoire.] A body of directors; board of management; especially, a committee which held executive power in France under the first republic. 4. Direction; guide. [R.] Whitlock.

Di•rect´ress, n. A woman who directs. Bp. Hurd.

Di•rect´rix , n.; pl. E. Directrixes , L. Directrices . 1. A directress. [R.] Jer. Taylor. 2. (Geom.) (a) A line along which a point in another line moves, or which in any way governs the motion of the point and determines the position of the curve generated by it; the line along which the generatrix moves in generating a surface. (b) A straight line so situated with respect to a conic section that the distance of any point of the curve from it has a constant ratio to the distance of the same point from the focus.

Dire´ful , a. [Dire + - ful.] Dire; dreadful; terrible; calamitous; woeful; as a direful fiend; a direful day. — Dire´ful•ly, adv. — Dire´ful•ness, n.

Dire´ly, adv. In a dire manner. Drayton.

Di•rempt´ ( 215), a. [L. diremptus, p. p. of dirimere to take apart, separate; di- = dis- + emere to buy, orig., to take.] Divided; separated. [Obs.] Stow.

Di•rempt´, v. t. To separate by force; to tear apart. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Di•remp´tion , n. [L. diremptio.] A tearing apart; violent separation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dire´ness , n. [Dire- + - ness.] Terribleness; horror; woefulness. Shak.

Di•rep´tion , n. [L. direptio, fr. diripere to tear asunder, plunder; di- = dis- + rapere to seize and carry off.] The act of plundering, despoiling, or snatching away. [R.] Speed.

Di•rep•ti´tious , a. Characterized by direption. [R.] Encyc. Dict.

Di•rep•ti´tious•ly, adv. With plundering violence; by violent injustice. [R.] Strype.

Dirge , n. [Contraction of Lat. dirige, direct thou (imperative of dirigere), the first word of a funeral hymn (Lat. transl. of Psalm v. 8) beginning, ´Dirige, Domine, in conspectu tuo vitam meam.´ See Direct, a., and cf. Dirige.] A piece of music of a mournful character, to accompany funeral rites; a funeral hymn. “The raven croaked, and hollow shrieks of owls
Sung dirges at her funeral.” Ford.

Dirge´ful , a. Funereal; moaning. “Soothed sadly by the dirgeful wind.” Coleridge.

Dir´i•ge , n. [L. See Dirge.] A service for the dead, in the Roman Catholic Church, being the first antiphon of Matins for the dead, of which Dirige is the first word; a dirge. “Evensongs and placebo and dirige.” Wyclif. “Resort, I pray you, unto my sepulture
To sing my dirige with great devotion.” Lamentation of Mary Magdalene.

Dir´i•gent , a. [L. dirigens, p. pr. of dirigere. See Direct, a.] Directing. Baxter.

Dir´i•gent, n. (Geom.) The line of motion along which a describent line or surface is carried in the genesis of any plane or solid figure; a directrix. Hutton.

Dir´i•gi•ble , a. Capable of being directed; steerable; as a dirigible balloon.

Dir´i•ment , a. [L. dirimens, p. pr. of dirimere. See Dirempt.] (Law) Absolute. Diriment impediment (R. C. Ch.), an impediment that nullifies marriage.

Dirk , n. [Ir. duirc.] A kind of dagger or poniard; — formerly much used by the Scottish Highlander. Dirk knife, a clasp knife having a large, dirklike blade.

Dirk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirked p. pr. & vb. n. Dirking.] To stab with a dirk. Sir W. Scott.

Dirk, a. [See Dark, a.] Dark. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dirk, v. t. To darken. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dirk´ness, n. Darkness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dirl , v. i. & t. [Cf. Drill, Thrill.] To thrill; to vibrate; to penetrate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dirt , n. [OE. drit; kin to Icel. drit excrement, drita to dung, OD. drijten to dung, AS. gedritan.] 1. Any foul of filthy substance, as excrement, mud, dust, etc.; whatever, adhering to anything, renders it foul or unclean; earth; as a wagonload of dirt. “Whose waters cast up mire and dirt.” Is. lvii. 20. 2. Meanness; sordidness. “Honors … thrown away upon dirt and infamy.” Melmoth. 3. In placer mining, earth, gravel, etc., before washing. Dirt bed (Geom.), a layer of clayey earth forming a stratum in a geological formation. Dirt beds are common among the coal measures. — Dirt eating. (a) The use of certain kinds of clay for food, existing among some tribes of Indians; geophagism. Humboldt. (b) (Med.) Same as Chthonophagia. — Dirt pie, clay or mud molded by children in imitation of pastry. Otway (1684). — To eat dirt, to submit in a meanly humble manner to insults; to eat humble pie.

Dirt, v. t. To make foul of filthy; to dirty. Swift.

Dirt´i•ly , adv. In a dirty manner; foully; nastily; filthily; meanly; sordidly.

Dirt´i•ness, n. The state of being dirty; filthiness; foulness; nastiness; baseness; sordidness.

Dirt´y , a. [Compar. Dirtier superl. Dirtiest.] 1. Defiled with dirt; foul; nasty; filthy; not clean or pure; serving to defile; as dirty hands; dirty water; a dirty white. Spenser. 2. Sullied; clouded; — applied to color. Locke. 3. Sordid; base; groveling; as a dirty fellow. “The creature’s at his dirty work again.” Pope. 4. Sleety; gusty; stormy; as dirty weather. “Storms of wind, clouds of dust, an angry, dirty sea.” M. Arnold. Syn. — Nasty; filthy; foul. See Nasty.

Dirt´y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirtied p. pr. & vb. n. Dirtying.] 1. To foul; to make filthy; to soil; as to dirty the clothes or hands. 2. To tarnish; to sully; to scandalize; — said of reputation, character, etc.

Di•rup´tion , n. [L. diruptio, fr. dirumpere. See Disrupt, a.] Disruption.

Dis- ( 258). 1. A prefix from the Latin, whence F. des, or sometimes de-, dis-. The Latin dis-appears as di-before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, becomes dif-before f, and either dis-or di- before j. It is from the same root as bis twice, and duo, E. two. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Di-, Dia-. Dis- denotes separation, a parting from, as in distribute, disconnect; hence it often has the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, disoblige, disagree. Also intensive, as in dissever. Walker’s rule of pronouncing this prefix is, that the s ought always to be pronounced like z, when the next syllable is accented and begins with ´a flat mute [b, d, v, g, z], a liquid [l, m, n, r], or a vowel; as disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband, disdain, disgrace, disvalue, disjoin, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dismiss, dismount, disnatured, disrank, disrelish, disrobe.´ Dr. Webster’s example in disapproving of Walker’s rule and pronouncing dis-as diz in only one (disease) of the above words, is followed by recent orthoëpists. See Disable, Disgrace, and the other words, beginning with dis-, in this Dictionary. 2. A prefix from Gr. di•s- twice. See Di-.

Dis , n. [L.] The god Pluto. Shak.

Dis•a•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Disabilities . 1. State of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, and the like. “Grossest faults, or disabilities to perform what was covenanted.” Milton. “Chatham refused to see him, pleading his disability.” Bancroft. 2. Want of legal qualification to do a thing; legal incapacity or incompetency. “The disabilities of idiocy, infancy, and coverture.” Abbott. Syn. — Weakness; inability; incompetence; impotence; incapacity; incompetency; disqualification. — Disability, Inability. Inability is an inherent want of power to perform the thing in question; disability arises from some deprivation or loss of the needed competency. One who becomes deranged is under a disability of holding his estate; and one who is made a judge, of deciding in his own case. A man may decline an office on account of his inability to discharge its duties; he may refuse to accept a trust or employment on account of some disability prevents him from entering into such engagements.

Dis•a´ble , a. Lacking ability; unable. [Obs.] ´Our disable and unactive force.´ Daniel.

Dis•a´ble ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabled p. pr. & vb. n. Disabling ] 1. To render unable or incapable; to destroy the force, vigor, or power of action of; to deprive of competent physical or intellectual power; to incapacitate; to disqualify; to make incompetent or unfit for service; to impair. “A Christian’s life is a perpetual exercise, a wrestling and warfare, for which sensual pleasure disables him.” Jer. Taylor. “And had performed it, if my known offense
Had not disabled me.” Milton. “I have disabled mine estate.” Shak. 2. (Law) To deprive of legal right or qualification; to render legally incapable. “An attainder of the ancestor corrupts the blood, and disables his children to inherit.” Blackstone. 3. To deprive of that which gives value or estimation; to declare lacking in competency; to disparage; to undervalue. [Obs.] ´He disabled my judgment.´ Shak. Syn. — To weaken; unfit; disqualify; incapacitate.

Dis•a´ble•ment , n. Deprivation of ability; incapacity. Bacon.

Dis•a•buse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabused p. pr. & vb. n. Disabusing.] [Pref. dis- + abuse; cf. F. desabuser.] To set free from mistakes; to undeceive; to disengage from fallacy or deception; to set right. “To undeceive and disabuse the people.” South. “If men are now sufficiently enlightened to disabuse themselves or artifice, hypocrisy, and superstition, they will consider this event as an era in their history.” J. Adams.

Dis•ac•com´mo•date , v. t. [Pref. dis- + accommodate.] To put to inconvenience; to incommode. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Dis•ac•com•mo•da´tion , n. A state of being unaccommodated or unsuited. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Dis•ac•cord´ , v. i. [Cf. F. desaccorder to cause discord.] To refuse to assent. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•ac•cord´, n. Disagreement. Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Dis•ac•cord´ant , a. Not accordant. Fabyan.

Dis•ac•cus´tom , v. t. [Cf. F. desaccoutumer.] To destroy the force of habit in; to wean from a custom. Johnson.

Dis•a•cid´i•fy , v. t. To free from acid.

Dis•ac•knowl´edge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disacknowledged p. pr. & vb. n. Disacknowledging.] To refuse to acknowledge; to deny; to disown. [Obs.] South.

Dis•ac•quaint´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + acquaint: cf. OF. desacointier.] To render unacquainted; to make unfamiliar. [Obs.] “While my sick heart
With dismal smart
Is disacquainted never.” Herrick.

Dis•ac•quaint´ance , n. Neglect of disuse of familiarity, or familiar acquaintance. [Obs.] South.

Dis•ac´ryl , n. [Pref. dis- (Gr. di•s- twice) + acrolein + -yl.] (Chem.) A white amorphous substance obtained as a polymeric modification of acrolein.

Dis•a•dorn´ , v. t. To deprive of ornaments. Congreve.

Dis•ad•vance´ ( 61), v. t. & i. [Pref. dis- + advance: cf. OF. desavancier.] To draw back, or cause to draw back. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•ad•van´tage ( 48, 61), n. [Cf. F. desavantage.] 1. Deprivation of advantage; unfavorable or prejudicial quality, condition, circumstance, or the like; that which hinders success, or causes loss or injury. “I was brought here under the disadvantage of being unknown by sight to any of you.” Burke. “Abandoned by their great patron, the faction henceforward acted at disadvantage.” Palfrey. 2. Loss; detriment; hindrance; prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit, or other good. “They would throw a construction on his conduct, to his disadvantage before the public.” Bancroft. Syn. — Detriment; injury; hurt; loss; damage.

Dis•ad•van´tage, v. t. [Cf. F. desavantager.] To injure the interest of; to be detrimental to.

Dis•ad•van´tage•a•ble , a. Injurious; disadvantageous. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•ad•van•ta´geous , a. [Cf. F. desavantageux.] Attended with disadvantage; unfavorable to success or prosperity; inconvenient; prejudicial; — opposed to advantageous; as the situation of an army is disadvantageous for attack or defense. “Even in the disadvantageous position in which he had been placed, he gave clear indications of future excellence.” Prescott. — Dis•ad•van•ta´geous•ly, adv. — Dis•ad•van•ta´geous•ness, n.

Dis•ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + adventure: cf. OF. desaventure.] Misfortune; mishap. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•ad•ven´tur•ous , a. Unprosperous; unfortunate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•ad•vise´ , v. t. To advise against; to dissuade from. [R.] Boyle.

Dis•af•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disaffected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disaffecting.] 1. To alienate or diminish the affection of; to make unfriendly or less friendly; to fill with discontent and unfriendliness. “They had attempted to disaffect and discontent his majesty’s late army.” Clarendon. 2. To disturb the functions of; to disorder. “It disaffects the bowels.” Hammond. 3. To lack affection for; to be alienated from, or indisposed toward; to dislike. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•af•fect´ed, a. Alienated in feeling; not wholly loyal. J. H. Newman. — Dis•af•fect´ed•ly, adv. — Dis•af•fect´ed•ness, n.

Dis•af•fec´tion , n. 1. State of being disaffected; alienation or want of affection or good will, esp. toward those in authority; unfriendliness; dislike. “In the making laws, princes must have regard to … the affections and disaffections of the people.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Disorder; bad constitution. [R.] Wiseman. Syn. — Dislike; disgust; discontent; unfriendliness; alienation; disloyalty; hostility.

Dis•af•fec´tion•ate , a. Not disposed to affection; unfriendly; disaffected. [R.] Blount.

Dis•af•firm´ , v. t. 1. To assert the contrary of; to contradict; to deny; — said of that which has been asserted. 2. (Law) To refuse to confirm; to annul, as a judicial decision, by a contrary judgment of a superior tribunal.

Dis•af•firm´ance , n. 1. The act of disaffirming; denial; negation. 2. (Law) Overthrow or annulment by the decision of a superior tribunal; as disaffirmance of judgment.

Dis•af•fir•ma´tion , n. The act of disaffirming; negation; refutation.

Dis•af•for´est , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disafforested; p. pr. & vb. n. Disafforesting.] [Pref. dis- + afforest: cf. OF. desaforester.] (Eng. Law) To reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground; to exempt from forest laws. “By charter 9 Henry III. many forests were disafforested.” Blackstone.

Dis•ag´gre•gate , v. t. To destroy the aggregation of; to separate into component parts, as an aggregate mass.

Dis•ag•gre•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. desagregation.] The separation of an aggregate body into its component parts.

Dis•a•gree´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disagreed p. pr. & vb. n. Disageeing.] [Pref. dis- + agree: cf. F. desagreer to displease.] 1. To fail to accord; not to agree; to lack harmony; to differ; to be unlike; to be at variance. “They reject the plainest sense of Scripture, because it seems to disagree with what they call reason.” Atterbury. 2. To differ in opinion; to hold discordant views; to be at controversy; to quarrel. “Who shall decide, when doctors disagree?” Pope. 3. To be unsuited; to have unfitness; as medicine sometimes disagrees with the patient; food often disagrees with the stomach or the taste. Usually followed by with, sometimes by to, rarely by from; as I disagree to your proposal. Syn. — To differ; vary; dissent.

Dis•a•gree´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. desagreable.] 1. Not agreeable, conformable, or congruous; contrary; unsuitable. “Preach you truly the doctrine which you have received, and each nothing that is disagreeable thereunto.” Udall. 2. Exciting repugnance; offensive to the feelings or senses; displeasing; unpleasant. “That which is disagreeable to one is many times agreeable to another, or disagreeable in a less degree.” Wollaston.

Dis•a•gree´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being; disagreeable; unpleasantness.

Dis•a•gree´a•bly, adv. In a disagreeable manner; unsuitably; offensively.

Dis•a•gree´ance , n. Disagreement. [Obs.]

Dis•a•gree´ment , n. [Cf. F. desagrement disagreeable circumstance, disagreeableness.] 1. The state of disagreeing; a being at variance; dissimilitude; diversity. 2. Unsuitableness; unadaptedness. [R.] 3. Difference of opinion or sentiment. 4. A falling out, or controversy; difference. Syn. — Difference; diversity; dissimilitude; unlikeness; discrepancy; variance; dissent; misunderstanding; dissension; division; dispute; jar; wrangle; discord.

Dis•a•gre´er , n. One who disagrees. Hammond.

Dis•al•liege´ , v. t. To alienate from allegiance. [Obs. & R.] Milton.

Dis•al•low´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disallowed p. pr. & vb. n. Disallowing.] [Pref. dis- + allow: cf. OF. desalouer, desloer, to blame, dissuade.] To refuse to allow; to deny the force or validity of; to disown and reject; as the judge disallowed the executor’s charge. “To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God.” 1 Pet. ii. 4. “That the edicts of Caesar we may at all times disallow, but the statutes of God for no reason we may reject.” Milton. This verb was sometimes followed by of; as ´What follows, if we disallow of this?´ Shak. See Allow. Syn. — To disapprove; prohibit; censure; reject.

Dis•al•low´a•ble , a. Not allowable; not to be suffered. Raleigh. — Dis•al•low´a•ble•ness, n.

Dis•al•low´ance , n. The act of disallowing; refusal to admit or permit; rejection. Syn. — Disapprobation; prohibition; condemnation; censure; rejection.

Dis•al•ly´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + ally: cf. F. desaltier.] To part, as an alliance; to sunder. [R.] ´Disallied their nuptials.´ Milton.

Dis•an´chor , v. t. & i. [Pref. dis- + anchor: cf. F. desancrer.] To raise the anchor of, as a ship; to weigh anchor. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•an•gel´ic•al , a. Not angelical. [R.] ´Disangelical nature.´ Coventry.

Dis•an´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disanimated p. pr. & vb. n. Disanimating ] 1. To deprive of life. [R.] Cudworth. 2. To deprive of spirit; to dishearten. Shak.

Dis•an•i•ma´tion , n. 1. Privation of life. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The state of being disanimated or discouraged; depression of spirits.

Dis•an•nex´ , v. t. To disunite; to undo or repeal the annexation of. State Trials (1608).

Dis•an•nul´ , v. t. To annul completely; to render void or of no effect. “For the Lord of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul it?” Isaiah xiv. 27. The prefix in this word an its derivatives is intensive, and not negative.

Dis•an•nul´ler , n. One who disannuls.

Dis•an•nul´ment , n. Complete annulment.

Dis•a•noint´ , v. t. To invalidate the consecration of; as to disanoint a king. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•ap•par´el , v. t. [See Apparel, v. t.] [Pref. dis- + apparel: cf. OF. desapareiller.] To disrobe; to strip of apparel; to make naked. “Drink disapparels the soul.” Junius (1635).

Dis•ap•pear´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disappeared p. pr. & vb. n. Disappearing.] 1. To cease to appear or to be perceived; to pass from view, gradually or suddenly; to vanish; to be no longer seen; as darkness disappears at the approach of light; a ship disappears as she sails from port. 2. To cease to be or exist; as the epidemic has disappeared.

Dis•ap•pear´ance , n. The act of disappearing; cessation of appearance; removal from sight; vanishing. Addison.

Dis•ap•pend´en•cy , n. A detachment or separation from a former connection. [R.]

Dis•ap•pend´ent , a. Freed from a former connection or dependence; disconnected. [R.]

Dis•ap•point´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disapointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disappointing.] [OF. desapointier, F. desappointer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + apointier, F. appointier, to appoint. See Appoint.] 1. To defeat of expectation or hope; to hinder from the attainment of that which was expected, hoped, or desired; to balk; as a man is disappointed of his hopes or expectations, or his hopes, desires, intentions, expectations, or plans are disappointed; a bad season disappoints the farmer of his crops; a defeat disappoints an enemy of his spoil. “I was disappointed, but very agreeably.” Macaulay. Disappointed of a thing not obtained; disappointed in a thing obtained. 2. To frustrate; to fail; to hinder of result. “His retiring foe
Shrinks from the wound, and disappoints the blow.” Addison. Syn. — To tantalize; fail; frustrate; balk; baffle; delude; foil; defeat. See Tantalize.

Dis•ap•point´ed, a. 1. Defeated of expectation or hope; balked; as a disappointed person or hope. 2. Unprepared; unequipped. [Obs.] “Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin,
Unhouseled, disappointed, unaneled.” Shak.

Dis•ap•point´ment , n. [Cf. F. desappointement.] 1. The act of disappointing, or the state of being disappointed; defeat or failure of expectation or hope; miscarriage of design or plan; frustration. “If we hope for things of which we have not thoroughly considered the value, our disappointment will be greater than our pleasure in the fruition of them.” Addison. “In disappointment thou canst bless.” Keble. 2. That which disappoints. Syn. — Miscarriage; frustration; balk.

Dis•ap•pre´ci•ate , v. t. [See Appreciate.] To undervalue; not to esteem. — Dis•ap•pre•ci•a´tion (#), n.

Dis•ap•pro•ba´tion , n. [Pref. dis- + approbation: cf. F. desapprobation. Cf. Disapprove.] The act of disapproving; mental condemnation of what is judged wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; feeling of censure. “We have ever expressed the most unqualified disapprobation of all the steps.” Burke.

Dis•ap´pro•ba•to•ry , a. Containing disapprobation; serving to disapprove.

Dis•ap•pro´pri•ate , a. (Law) Severed from the appropriation or possession of a spiritual corporation. “The appropriation may be severed, and the church become disappropriate, two ways.” Blackstone.

Dis•ap•pro´pri•ate , v. t. 1. To release from individual ownership or possession. Milton. 2. (Law) To sever from appropriation or possession a spiritual corporation. “Appropriations of the several parsonages … would heave been, by the rules of the common law, disappropriated.” Blackstone.

Dis•ap•pro•pri•a´tion , n. The act of disappropriating.

Dis•ap•prov´al , n. Disapprobation; dislike; censure; adverse judgment.

Dis•ap•prove , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disapproved p. pr. & vb. n. Disapproving.] [Pref. dis- + approve: cf. F. deapprouver. Cf. Disapprobation.] 1. To pass unfavorable judgment upon; to condemn by an act of the judgment; to regard as wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; to censure; as to disapprove the conduct of others. 2. To refuse official approbation to; to disallow; to decline to sanction; as the sentence of the court- martial was disapproved by the commander in chief. This verb is often followed by of; as to disapprove of an opinion, of such conduct. See Approve.

Dis•ap•prov´er , n. One who disapproves.

Dis•ap•prov´ing•ly, adv. In a disapproving manner.

Dis´ard , n. See Dizzard. [Obs.] Burton.

Dis•arm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarming p. pr. & vb. n. Disarming.] [OE. desarmen, F. desarmer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + armer to arm. See Arm.] 1. To deprive of arms; to take away the weapons of; to deprive of the means of attack or defense; to render defenseless. “Security disarms the best-appointed army.” Fuller. “The proud was half disarmed of pride.” Tennyson. 2. To deprive of the means or the disposition to harm; to render harmless or innocuous; as to disarm a man’s wrath.

Dis•arm´a•ment , n. [Cf. F. desarmement.] The act of disarming.

Dis•ar´ma•ture ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + armature.] The act of divesting of armature. [R.]

Dis•armed´ , a. 1. Deprived of arms. 2. (Her.) Deprived of claws, and teeth or beaks. Cussans.

Dis•arm´er , n. One who disarms.

Dis•ar•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarranged p. pr. & vb. n. Disarranging.] [Pref. dis- + arrange: cf. F. desarranger.] To unsettle or disturb the order or due arrangement of; to throw out of order.

Dis•ar•range´ment , n. The act of disarranging, or the state of being disarranged; confusion; disorder. Cowper.

Dis•ar•ray´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarrayed p. pr. & vb. n. Disarraying.] [Pref. dis- + array, v.: cf. OF. desarroyer, desarreier.] 1. To throw into disorder; to break the array of. “Who with fiery steeds
Oft disarrayed the foes in battle ranged.” Fenton. 2. To take off the dress of; to unrobe. “So, as she bade, the witch they disarrayed.” Spenser.

Dis•ar•ray´ , n. [Cf. F. desarroi.] 1. Want of array or regular order; disorder; confusion. “Disrank the troops, set all in disarray.” Daniel. 2. Confused attire; undress. Spenser.

Dis•ar•ray´ment , n. Disorder. [R.] Feltham.

Dis•ar•tic´u•late , v. t. To sunder; to separate, as joints. — Dis•ar•tic•u•la´tion (#), n.

Dis•ar•tic´u•la•tor , n. One who disarticulates and prepares skeletons.

Dis•as•sent´ , v. i. To dissent. [Obs.]

Dis•as•sent´, n. Dissent. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•as•sent´er , n. One who disassents; a dissenter. [Obs.] State Trials (1634).

Dis•as•si•du´i•ty , n. Want of assiduity or care. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•as•sim´i•late , v. t. (Physiol.) To subject to disassimilation.

Dis•as•sim•i•la´tion , n. (Physics) The decomposition of complex substances, within the organism, into simpler ones suitable only for excretion, with evolution of energy, — a normal nutritional process the reverse of assimilation; downward metabolism. “The breaking down of already existing chemical compounds into simpler ones, sometimes called disassimilation.” Martin.

Dis•as•sim´i•la•tive , a. (Physiol.) Having power to disassimilate; of the nature of disassimilation. “Disassimilative processes constitute a marked feature in the life of animal cells.” McKendrick.

Dis•as•so´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disassociated p. pr. & vb. n. Disassociating ] To disconnect from things associated; to disunite; to dissociate. Florio.

Dis•as´ter , n. [F. desastre; pref. des- (L. dis-) + astre star, fr. L. astrum; a word of astrological origin. See Aster, Astral, Star.] 1. An unpropitious or baleful aspect of a planet or star; malevolent influence of a heavenly body; hence, an ill portent. [Obs.] “Disasters in the sun.” Shak. 2. An adverse or unfortunate event, esp. a sudden and extraordinary misfortune; a calamity; a serious mishap. “But noble souls, through dust and heat,
Rise from disaster and defeat
The stronger.” Longfellow. Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; mishap; mischance; visitation; misadventure; ill luck. See Calamity.

Dis•as´ter, v. t. 1. To blast by the influence of a baleful star. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To bring harm upon; to injure. [R.] Thomson.

Dis•as´ter•ly, adv. Disastrously. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dis•as´trous , a. [Cf. F. desastreux. See Disaster.] 1. Full of unpropitious stellar influences; unpropitious; ill- boding. [Obs.] “The moon
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds.” Milton. 2. Attended with suffering or disaster; very unfortunate; calamitous; ill-fated; as a disastrous day; a disastrous termination of an undertaking. “Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances.” Shak. — Dis•as´trous•ly, adv. — Dis•as´trous•ness, n.

Dis•at•tire´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + attire: cf. OF. desatirier.] To unrobe; to undress. Spenser.

Dis•aug•ment´ , v. t. To diminish. [R.]

Dis•au´thor•ize , v. t. To deprive of credit or authority; to discredit. [R.] W. Wotton.

Dis•a•vaunce´ , v. t. [Cf. Disadvance.] To retard; to repel; to do damage to. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•a•ven´ture ( 135), n. [See Disadventure, Adventure.] Misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•a•ven´tur•ous , a. Misadventurous; unfortunate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•a•vouch´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + avouch. Cf. Disavow.] To disavow. [R.] Daniel.

Dis•a•vow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disavowed p. pr. & vb. n. Disavowing.] [F. desavouer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + avouer to avow. See Avow, and cf. Disavouch.] 1. To refuse strongly and solemnly to own or acknowledge; to deny responsibility for, approbation of, and the like; to disclaim; to disown; as he was charged with embezzlement, but he disavows the crime. “A solemn promise made and disavowed.” Dryden. 2. To deny; to show the contrary of; to disprove. “Yet can they never
Toss into air the freedom of my birth,
Or disavow my blood Plantagenet’s.” Ford.

Dis•a•vow´al , n. The act of disavowing, disclaiming, or disowning; rejection and denial. “An earnest disavowal of fear often proceeds from fear.” Richardson.

Dis•a•vow´ance , n. Disavowal. [Obs.] South.

Dis•a•vow´er , n. One who disavows.

Dis•a•vow´ment , n. Disavowal. [R.] Wotton.

Dis•band´ ( see Dis-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disbanding.] [Pref. dis- + band: cf. OF. desbander, F. debander, to unbind, unbend. See Band, and cf. Disbend, Disbind.] 1. To loose the bands of; to set free; to disunite; to scatter; to disperse; to break up the organization of; especially, to dismiss from military service; as to disband an army. “They disbanded themselves and returned, every man to his own dwelling.” Knolles. 2. To divorce. [Obs.] “And therefore … she ought to be disbanded.” Milton.

Dis•band´, v. i. To become separated, broken up, dissolved, or scattered; especially, to quit military service by breaking up organization. “When both rocks and all things shall disband.” Herbert. “Human society would in a short space disband.” Tillotson.

Dis•band´ment , n. The act of disbanding.

Dis•bar´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbarred p. pr. & vb. n. Disbarring.] (Law) To expel from the bar, or the legal profession; to deprive (an attorney, barrister, or counselor) of his status and privileges as such. Abbott.

Dis•bark´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + bark a small ship: cf. OF. desbarquer, F. debarquer. Cf. Debark, Disembark.] To disembark. Pope.

Dis•bark´, v. t. [Pref. dis- + bark rind.] To strip of bark; to bark. [R.] Boyle.

Dis•bar´ment , n. Act of disbarring.

Dis•base´ , v. t. [Cf. Debase.] To debase or degrade. [Obs.] “Nor you nor your house were so much as spoken of before I disbased myself.” B. Jonson.

Dis•be•come´ , v. t. To misbecome. [Obs.] Massinger.

Dis•be•lief´ , n. The act of disbelieving;; a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion, assertion, or doctrine is not true; refusal of assent, credit, or credence; denial of belief. “Our belief or disbelief of a thing does not alter the nature of the thing.” Tillotson. “No sadder proof can be given by a man of his own littleness that disbelief in great men.” Carlyle. Syn. — Distrust; unbelief; incredulity; doubt; skepticism. — Disbelief, Unbelief. Unbelief is a mere failure to admit; disbelief is a positive rejection. One may be an unbeliever in Christianity from ignorance or want of inquiry; a unbeliever has the proofs before him, and incurs the guilt of setting them aside. Unbelief is usually open to conviction; disbelief is already convinced as to the falsity of that which it rejects. Men often tell a story in such a manner that we regard everything they say with unbelief. Familiarity with the worst parts of human nature often leads us into a disbelief in many good qualities which really exist among men.

Dis•be•lieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbelieved p. pr. & vb. n. Disbelieving.] Not to believe; to refuse belief or credence to; to hold not to be true or actual. “Assertions for which there is abundant positive evidence are often disbelieved, on account of what is called their improbability or impossibility.” J. S. Mill.

Dis•be•liev´er , n. One who disbelieves, or refuses belief; an unbeliever. Specifically, one who does not believe the Christian religion. I. Watts.

Dis•bench´ , v. t. 1. To drive from a bench or seat. [R.] Shak. 2. (Eng. Law) To deprive (a bencher) of his privileges. Mozley & W.

Dis•bend , v. t. To unbend. [Obs.] Stirling.

Dis•bind´ , v. t. [Cf. Disband.] To unbind; to loosen. [Obs.] Mede.

Dis•blame´ , v. t. [OE. desblamen, OF. desblasmer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + blasmer, F. blâmer, to blame.] To clear from blame. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•bod´ied , a. Disembodied. [R.]

Dis•bos•ca´tion , n. [Pref. dis- + F. bosquet grove.] Converting forest land into cleared or arable land; removal of a forest. Sir W. Scott.

Dis•bow´el , v. t. [See Bowel, v. t.] To disembowel. [R.] Spenser.

Dis•branch´ , v. t. [See Branch, v.] To divest of a branch or branches; to tear off. Shak.

Dis•bud´ , v. t. [See Bud, v.] (Hort.) To deprive of buds or shoots, as for training, or economizing the vital strength of a tree.

Dis•bur´den , v. t. [See Burden, v. t.] [Cf. Disburthen.] To rid of a burden; to free from a load borne or from something oppressive; to unload; to disencumber; to relieve. “He did it to disburden a conscience.” Feltham. “My mediations … will, I hope, be more calm, being thus disburdened.” Hammond. Syn. — To unload; unburden; discharge; free.

Dis•bur´den, v. i. To relieve one’s self of a burden; to ease the mind. Milton.

Dis•bur´geon , v. t. To strip of burgeons or buds; to disbud. [R.] Holland.

Dis•burse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbursed p. pr. & vb. n. Disbursing.] [OF. desbourser, F. debourser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + bourse purse. See Burse, and cf. Dispurse.] To pay out; to expend; — usually from a public fund or treasury. “The duty of collecting and disbursing his revenues.” Macaulay. Disbursing officer, an officer in any department of the public service who is charged with the duty of paying out public money.

Dis•burse´ment , n. [Cf. F. deboursement.] 1. The act of disbursing or paying out. “The disbursement of the public moneys.” U. S. Statutes. 2. That which is disbursed or paid out; as the annual disbursements exceed the income.

Dis•burs´er , n. One who disburses money.

Dis•bur´then , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disburthened p. pr. & vb. n. Disburthening.] [Cf. Disburden.] To disburden; to relieve of a load. [Archaic]

Disc , n. [See Disk, Dish.] A flat round plate; (Biol.) A circular structure either in plants or animals; as a blood disc, a germinal disc, etc. Same as Disk.

Dis•cage´ , v. t. To uncage. [R.] Tennyson.

Disc´al , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a disk; as discal cells.

Dis•cal´ce•ate , v. t. [L. discalceatus unshod; dis- + calceus shoe.] To pull off shoes or sandals from. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Dis•cal´ce•at•ed , a. Deprived off shoes or sandals; unshod; discalced.

Dis•cal•ce•a´tion , n. The act of pulling off the shoes or sandals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•calced´ , a. Unshod; barefooted; — in distinction from calced. ´The foundation of houses of discalced friars.´ Cardinal Manning’s St. Teresa.

Dis•camp´ , v. t. [See Decamp.] To drive from a camp. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•can´dy , v. i. To melt; to dissolve; to thaw. [Obs.]

Dis´cant , n. See Descant, n.

Dis•ca•pac´i•tate , v. t. To deprive of capacity; to incapacitate. [R.]

Dis•card´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Discarding.] 1. (Card Playing) To throw out of one’s hand, as superfluous cards; to lay aside (a card or cards). 2. To cast off as useless or as no longer of service; to dismiss from employment, confidence, or favor; to discharge; to turn away. “They blame the favorites, and think it nothing extraordinary that the queen should … resolve to discard them.” Swift. 3. To put or thrust away; to reject. “A man discards the follies of boyhood.” I. Taylor. Syn. — To dismiss; displace; discharge; cashier.

Dis•card´, v. i. (Card Playing) To make a discard.

Dis•card´, n. (Card Playing) The act of discarding; also the card or cards discarded.

Dis•car´dure ( 135), n. Rejection; dismissal. [R.] Hayter.

Dis•car´nate , a. [L. dis- + carnatus fleshy, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] Stripped of flesh. [Obs.] ´Discarnate bones.´ Glanvill.

Dis•case´ , v. t. To strip; to undress. Shak.

Dis•cede´ , v. i. [L. discedere; dis- + cedere to yield.] To yield or give up; to depart. [Obs.] “I dare not discede from my copy a tittle.” Fuller.

Dis•cept´ , v. i. [L. disceptare.] To debate; to discuss. [R.] “One dissertates, he is candid;
Two must discept, — has distinguished.” R. Browning.

Dis•cep•ta´tion , n. [L. disceptatio.] Controversy; disputation; discussion. [Archaic] “Verbose janglings and endless disceptations.” Strype.

Dis•cep•ta´tor , n. [L.] One who arbitrates or decides. [R.] Cowley.

Dis•cern´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discerned p. pr. & vb. n. Discerning.] [F. discerner, L. discernere, discretum; dis- + cernere to separate, distinguish. See Certain, and cf. Discreet.] 1. To see and identify by noting a difference or differences; to note the distinctive character of; to discriminate; to distinguish. “To discern such buds as are fit to produce blossoms.” Boyle. “A counterfeit stone which thine eye can not discern from a right stone.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. To see by the eye or by the understanding; to perceive and recognize; as to discern a difference. “And [I] beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a young man void of understanding.” Prov. vii. 7. “Our unassisted sight … is not acute enough to discern the minute texture of visible objects.” Beattie. “I wake, and I discern the truth.” Tennyson. Syn. — To perceive; distinguish; discover; penetrate; discriminate; espy; descry; detect. See Perceive.

Dis•cern´, v. i. 1. To see or understand the difference; to make distinction; as to discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood. “More than sixscore thousand that cannot discern between their right hand their left.” Jonah iv. 11. 2. To make cognizance. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•cern´ance , n. Discernment. [Obs.]

Dis•cern´er , n. One who, or that which, discerns, distinguishes, perceives, or judges; as a discerner of truth, of right and wrong. “A great observer and discerner of men’s natures.” Clarendon.

Dis•cern´i•ble , a. [L. discernibilis.] Capable of being discerned by the eye or the understanding; as a star is discernible by the eye; the identity of difference of ideas is discernible by the understanding. “The effect of the privations and sufferings … was discernible to the last in his temper and deportment.” Macaulay. Syn. — Perceptible; distinguishable; apparent; visible; evident; manifest.

Dis•cern´i•ble•ness, n. The quality of being discernible.

Dis•cern´i•bly, adv. In a manner to be discerned; perceptibly; visibly. Hammond.

Dis•cern´ing, a. Acute; shrewd; sagacious; sharp-sighted. Macaulay.

Dis•cern´ing•ly, adv. In a discerning manner; with judgment; judiciously; acutely. Garth.

Dis•cern´ment , n. [Cf. F. discernement.] 1. The act of discerning. 2. The power or faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one thing from another; power of viewing differences in objects, and their relations and tendencies; penetrative and discriminate mental vision; acuteness; sagacity; insight; as the errors of youth often proceed from the want of discernment. Syn. — Judgment; acuteness; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; insight. — Discernment, Penetration, Discrimination. Discernment is keenness and accuracy of mental vision; penetration is the power of seeing deeply into a subject in spite of everything that intercepts the view; discrimination is a capacity of tracing out minute distinctions and the nicest shades of thought. A discerning man is not easily misled; one of a penetrating mind sees a multitude of things which escape others; a discriminating judgment detects the slightest differences.

Dis•cerp´ , v. t. [L. discerpere, discerptum; dis- + carpere to pluck.] 1. To tear in pieces; to rend. [R.] Stukeley. 2. To separate; to disunite. [R.] Bp. Hurd. { Dis•cerp•i•bil´i•ty , Dis•cerp•ti•bil´i•ty }, n. Capability or liableness to be discerped. [R.] Wollaston. { Dis•cerp´i•ble , Dis•cerp´ti•ble }, a. [See Discerp.] Capable of being discerped. [R.]

Dis•cerp´tion , n. [L. discerptio.] The act of pulling to pieces, or of separating the parts. Bp. Hall.

Dis•cerp´tive , a. Tending to separate or disunite parts. Encys. Dict.

Dis•ces´sion , n. [L. discessio, fr. discedere, discessum. See Discede.] Departure. [Obs.]

Dis•charge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discharged p. pr. & vb. n. Discharging.] [OE. deschargen, dischargen, OF. deschargier, F. decharger; pref. des- (L. dis) + chargier, F. charger. See Charge.] 1. To relieve of a charge, load, or burden; to empty of a load or cargo; to unburden; to unload; as to discharge a vessel. 2. To free of the missile with which anything is charged or loaded; to let go the charge of; as to discharge a bow, catapult, etc.; especially, said of firearms, — to fire off; to shoot off; also to relieve from a state of tension, as a Leyden jar. “The galleys also did oftentimes, out of their prows, discharge their great pieces against the city.” Knolles. “Feeling in other cases discharges itself in indirect muscular actions.” H. Spencer. 3. To of something weighing upon or impeding over one, as a debt, claim, obligation, responsibility, accusation, etc.; to absolve; to acquit; to clear. “Discharged of business, void of strife.” Dryden. “In one man’s fault discharge another man of his duty.” L’Estrange. 4. To relieve of an office or employment; to send away from service; to dismiss. “Discharge the common sort
With pay and thanks.” Shak. “Grindal … was discharged the government of his see.” Milton. 5. To release legally from confinement; to set at liberty; as to discharge a prisoner. 6. To put forth, or remove, as a charge or burden; to take out, as that with which anything is loaded or filled; as to discharge a cargo. 7. To let fly, as a missile; to shoot. “They do discharge their shot of courtesy.” Shak. 8. To set aside; to annul; to dismiss. “We say such an order was ´discharged on appeal.´” Mozley & W. “The order for Daly’s attendance was discharged.” Macaulay. 9. To throw off the obligation of, as a duty or debt; to relieve one’s self of, by fulfilling conditions, performing duty, trust, and the like; hence, to perform or execute, as an office, or part. “Had I a hundred tongues, a wit so large
As could their hundred offices discharge.” Dryden. 10. To send away (a creditor) satisfied by payment; to pay one’s debt or obligation to. [Obs.] “If he had
The present money to discharge the Jew.” Shak. 11. To give forth; to emit or send out; as a pipe discharges water; to let fly; to give expression to; to utter; as to discharge a horrible oath. 12. To prohibit; to forbid. [Scot. Obs.] Sir W. Scott. Discharging arch (Arch.), an arch over a door, window, or other opening, to distribute the pressure of the wall above. See Illust. of Lintel. — Discharging piece, Discharging strut (Arch.), a piece set to carry thrust or weight to a solid point of support. — Discharging rod (Elec.), a bent wire, with knobs at both ends, and insulated by a glass handle. It is employed for discharging a Leyden jar or an electrical battery. See Discharger. Syn. — See Deliver.

Dis•charge´, v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, charge, or burden; to unload; to emit or give vent to fluid or other contents; as the water pipe discharges freely. “The cloud, if it were oily or fatty, would not discharge.” Bacon.

Dis•charge´, n. [Cf. F. decharge. See Discharge, v. t.] 1. The act of discharging; the act of relieving of a charge or load; removal of a load or burden; unloading; as the discharge of a ship; discharge of a cargo. 2. Firing off; explosive removal of a charge; explosion; letting off; as a discharge of arrows, of artillery. 3. Act of relieving of something which oppresses or weighs upon one, as an obligation, liability, debt, accusation, etc.; acquittance; as the discharge of a debtor. 4. Act of removing, or getting rid of, an obligation, liability, etc.; fulfillment, as by the payment of a debt, or the performance of a trust or duty. “Indefatigable in the discharge of business.” Motley. “Nothing can absolve us from the discharge of those duties.” L’Estrange. 5. Release or dismissal from an office, employment, etc.; dismission; as the discharge of a workman by his employer. 6. Legal release from confinement; liberation; as the discharge of a prisoner. 7. The state of being discharged or relieved of a debt, obligation, office, and the like; acquittal. “Too secure of our discharge
From penalty.” Milton. 8. That which discharges or releases from an obligation, liability, penalty, etc., as a price of ransom, a legal document. “Death, who sets all free,
Hath paid his ransom now and full discharge.” Milton. 9. A flowing or issuing out; emission; vent; evacuation; also that which is discharged or emitted; as a rapid discharge of water from the pipe. “The hemorrhage being stopped, the next occurrence is a thin serous discharge.” S. Sharp. Charge and discharge. (Equity Practice) See under Charge, n. — Paralytic discharge (Physiol.), the increased secretion from a gland resulting from the cutting of all of its nerves.

Dis•char´ger , n. One who, or that which, discharges. Specifically, in electricity, an instrument for discharging a Leyden jar, or electrical battery, by making a connection between the two surfaces; a discharging rod.

Dis•chev´ele , a. Disheveled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•church´ , v. t. To deprive of status as a church, or of membership in a church. Bp. Hall.

Dis•cide´ , v. t. [L. discidere; dis- + caedere to cut.] To divide; to cleave in two. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•cif´er•ous , a. [Disc- + -ferous.] Bearing disks. { Dis•ci•flo´ral , Dis•ci•flo´rous } a. [See Disk, and Floral.] (Bot.) Bearing the stamens on a discoid outgrowth of the receptacle; — said of a subclass of plants. Cf. Calycifloral.

Dis´ci•form , a. Discoid.

Dis•ci´na , n. [NL., fr. L. discus disk, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of Branchiopoda, having a disklike shell, attached by one valve, which is perforated by the peduncle.

Dis•cinct , a. [L. discinctus, p. p. of discingere to ungird; dis- + cingere to gird.] Ungirded; loosely dressed. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Dis•cind´ , v. t. [L. discindere; dis- + scindere to cut, split.] To part; to divide. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•ci´ple , n. [OE. disciple, deciple, OF. disciple, fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn (akin to docere to teach; see Docile) + prob. a root meaning to turn or drive, as in L. pellere to drive (see Pulse).] One who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in doctrine; as the disciples of Plato; the disciples of our Savior. The disciples, or The twelve disciples, the twelve selected companions of Jesus; — also called the apostles. — Disciples of Christ. See Christian, n., 3, and Campbellite. Syn. — Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent.

Dis•ci´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discipled p. pr. & vb. n. Discipling.] 1. To teach; to train. [Obs.] “That better were in virtues discipled.” Spenser. 2. To punish; to discipline. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. To make disciples of; to convert to doctrines or principles. [R.] “Sending missionaries to disciple all nations.” E. D. Griffin.

Dis•ci´ple•ship, n. The state of being a disciple or follower in doctrines and precepts. Jer. Taylor.

Dis•ci´pless , n. A female disciple. [Obs.]

Dis´ci•plin•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. disciplinable. See Discipline.] 1. Capable of being disciplined or improved by instruction and training. 2. Liable or deserving to be disciplined; subject to disciplinary punishment; as a disciplinable offense.

Dis´ci•plin•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being improvable by discipline. Sir M. Hale.

Dis´ci•plin•al , a. Relating to discipline. Latham.

Dis´ci•plin•ant , n. [See Discipline.] (Eccl. Hist.) A flagellant. See Flagellant.

Dis•ci•plin•a´ri•an , a. Pertaining to discipline. ´Displinarian system.´ Milman.

Dis•ci•plin•a´ri•an, n. 1. One who disciplines; one who excels in training, especially with training, especially with regard to order and obedience; one who enforces rigid discipline; a stickler for the observance of rules and methods of training; as he is a better disciplinarian than scholar. 2. A Puritan or Presbyterian; — because of rigid adherence to religious or church discipline. [Obs.]

Dis´ci•plin•a•ry , a. [LL. disciplinarius flogging: cf. F. disciplinaire.] Pertaining to discipline; intended for discipline; corrective; belonging to a course of training. “Those canons … were only disciplinary.” Bp. Ferne. “The evils of the … are disciplinary and remedial.” Buckminster.

Dis•ci•pline , n. [F. discipline, L. disciplina, from discipulus. See Disciple.] 1. The treatment suited to a disciple or learner; education; development of the faculties by instruction and exercise; training, whether physical, mental, or moral. “Wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity.” Bacon. “Discipline aims at the removal of bad habits and the substitution of good ones, especially those of order, regularity, and obedience.” C. J. Smith. 2. Training to act in accordance with established rules; accustoming to systematic and regular action; drill. “Their wildness lose, and, quitting nature’s part,
Obey the rules and discipline of art.” Dryden. 3. Subjection to rule; submissiveness to order and control; habit of obedience. “The most perfect, who have their passions in the best discipline, are yet obliged to be constantly on their guard.” Rogers. 4. Severe training, corrective of faults; instruction by means of misfortune, suffering, punishment, etc. “A sharp discipline of half a century had sufficed to educate us.” Macaulay. 5. Correction; chastisement; punishment inflicted by way of correction and training. “Giving her the discipline of the strap.” Addison. 6. The subject matter of instruction; a branch of knowledge. Bp. Wilkins. 7. (Eccl.) The enforcement of methods of correction against one guilty of ecclesiastical offenses; reformatory or penal action toward a church member. 8. (R. C. Ch.) Self-inflicted and voluntary corporal punishment, as penance, or otherwise; specifically, a penitential scourge. 9. (Eccl.) A system of essential rules and duties; as the Romish or Anglican discipline. Syn. — Education; instruction; training; culture; correction; chastisement; punishment.

Dis´ci•pline , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disciplined p. pr. & vb. n. Disciplining.] [Cf. LL. disciplinarian to flog, fr. L. disciplina discipline, and F. discipliner to discipline.] 1. To educate; to develop by instruction and exercise; to train. 2. To accustom to regular and systematic action; to bring under control so as to act systematically; to train to act together under orders; to teach subordination to; to form a habit of obedience in; to drill. “Ill armed, and worse disciplined.” Clarendon. “His mind … imperfectly disciplined by nature.” Macaulay. 3. To improve by corrective and penal methods; to chastise; to correct. “Has he disciplined Aufidius soundly?” Shak. 4. To inflict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. Syn. — To train; form; teach; instruct; bring up; regulate; correct; chasten; chastise; punish.

Dis´ci•plin•er , n. One who disciplines.

Dis•claim´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disclaimed p. pr. & vb. n. Disclaiming.] 1. To renounce all claim to deny; ownership of, or responsibility for; to disown; to disavow; to reject. “He calls the gods to witness their offense;
Disclaims the war, asserts his innocence.” Dryden. “He disclaims the authority of Jesus.” Farmer. 2. To deny, as a claim; to refuse. “The payment was irregularly made, if not disclaimed.” Milman. 3. (Law) To relinquish or deny having a claim; to disavow another’s claim; to decline accepting, as an estate, interest, or office. Burrill. Syn. — To disown; disavow; renounce; repudiate.

Dis•claim´, v. t. To disavow or renounce all part, claim, or share. Blackstone. Disclaim in, Disclaim from, to disown; to disavow. [Obs.] ´Nature disclaims in thee.´ Shak.

Dis•claim´er , n. 1. One who disclaims, disowns, or renounces. 2. (Law) A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust; relinquishment or waiver of an interest or estate. Burrill. 3. A public disavowal, as of pretensions, claims, opinions, and the like. Burke.

Dis•cla•ma´tion , n. A disavowing or disowning. Bp. Hall.

Dis•clame´ , v. t. To disclaim; to expel. [Obs.] ´Money did love disclame.´ Spenser.

Dis•claun´der , v. t. [From OE. disclaundre, n., for sclandre, esclandre, OF. esclandre. See Sclaundre, Slander.] To injure one’s good name; to slander. [Obs.]

Dis•cloak´ , v. t. To take off a cloak from; to uncloak. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dis•close´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disclosed p. pr. & vb. n. Disclosing.] [OE. desclosen, disclosen, fr. disclos, desclos, not shut in, open, OF. desclos, p. p. of desclore to open, F. declore; pref. des- (L. dis-) + clore to shut, fr. L. claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Disclusion.] 1. To unclose; to open; — applied esp. to eggs in the sense of to hatch. “The ostrich layeth her eggs under sand, where the heat of the discloseth them.” Bacon. 2. To remove a cover or envelope from;; to set free from inclosure; to uncover. “The shells being broken, … the stone included in them is thereby disclosed and set at liberty.” Woodward. 3. To lay open or expose to view; to cause to appear; to bring to light; to reveal. “How softly on the Spanish shore she plays,
Disclosing rock, and slope, and forest brown!” Byron. “Her lively looks a sprightly mind disclose.” Pope. 4. To make known, as that which has been kept secret or hidden; to reveal; to expose; as events have disclosed his designs. “If I disclose my passion,
Our friendship ’s an end.” Addison. Syn. — To uncover; open; unveil; discover; reveal; divulge; tell; utter.

Dis•close´, n. Disclosure. [Obs.] Shak. Young.

Dis•closed´ , p. a. (Her.) Represented with wings expanded; — applied to doves and other birds not of prey. Cussans.

Dis•clos´er , n. One who discloses.

Dis•clo´sure ( 135), n. [See Disclose, v. t., and cf. Closure.] 1. The act of disclosing, uncovering, or revealing; bringing to light; exposure. “He feels it [his secret] beating at his heart, rising to his throat, and demanding disclosure.” D. Webster. 2. That which is disclosed or revealed. “Were the disclosures of 1695 forgotten?” Macaulay.

Dis•cloud´ , v. t. To clear from clouds. [Archaic] Fuller.

Dis•clout´ , v. t. To divest of a clout. [R.]

Dis•clu´sion , n. [L. disclusio, fr. discludere, disclusum, to separate. See Disclose.] A shutting off; exclusion. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dis•coast´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- + coast: cf. It. discostare.] To depart; to quit the coast (that is, the side or border) of anything; to be separated. [Obs.] “As far as heaven and earth discoasted lie.” G. Fletcher. “To discoast from the plain and simple way of speech.” Barrow.

Dis•co•blas´tic , a. [Gr. disk + to grow.] (Biol.) Applied to a form of egg cleavage seen in osseous fishes, which occurs only in a small disk that separates from the rest of the egg.

Dis•cob´o•lus , n.; pl. Discoboli (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; a discu + to throw.] (Fine Arts) (a) A thrower of the discus. (b) A statue of an athlete holding the discus, or about to throw it. The Discobolus of Myron was a famous statue of antiquity, and several copies or imitations of it have been preserved.

Dis•co•dac´tyl , n. [See Discodactylia.] (Zoöl.) One of the tree frogs.

Dis•co•dac•tyl´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. disk + finger.] (Zoöl.) A division of amphibians having suctorial disks on the toes, as the tree frogs.

Dis•co•dac´tyl•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Having sucking disks on the toes, as the tree frogs.

Dis•co•her´ent , a. Incoherent. [R.]

Dis´coid , a. [Gr. quoit-shaped, a round plate, quoit + form, shape: cf. F. discoïde. See Disk.] Having the form of a disk, as those univalve shells which have the whorls in one plane, so as to form a disk, as the pearly nautilus. Discoid flower (Bot.), a compound flower, consisting of tubular florets only, as a tansy, lacking the rays which are seen in the daisy and sunflower.

Dis´coid, n. Anything having the form of a discus or disk; particularly, a discoid shell.

Dis•coid´al , a. [Cf. F. discoïdal.] Disk-shaped; discoid.

Dis´co•lith , n. [Gr. a round plate + -lith.] (Biol.) One of a species of coccoliths, having an oval discoidal body, with a thick strongly refracting rim, and a thinner central portion. One of them measures about &frac1x50000; of an inch in its longest diameter.

Dis•col´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discolored p. pr. & vb. n. Discoloring.] [OE. descolouren, OF. descolorer, F. decolorer, fr. L. dis- + cololare, coloratum, to color, color color. See Color.] [Written also discolour.] 1. To alter the natural hue or color of; to change to a different color; to stain; to tinge; as a drop of wine will discolor water; silver is discolored by sea water. 2. To alter the true complexion or appearance of; to put a false hue upon. “To discolor all your ideas.” Watts.

Dis•col´or•ate , v. t. To discolor. [R.] Fuller.

Dis•col•or•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. decoloration.] 1. The act of discoloring, or the state of being discolored; alteration of hue or appearance. Darwin. 2. A discolored spot; a stain. Arbuthnot.

Dis•col´ored , a. 1. Altered in color; stained. 2. Variegated; of divers colors. [R.] “That ever wore discolored arms.” Chapman.

Dis•com´fit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomfited; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomfiting.] [OF. desconfit, p. p. of desconfire, F. deconfire; fr. L. dis- + conficere to make ready, prepare, bring about. See Comfit, Fact.] 1. To scatter in fight; to put to rout; to defeat. “And his proud foes discomfit in victorious field.” Spenser. 2. To break up and frustrate the plans of; to balk to throw into perplexity and dejection; to disconcert. “Well, go with me and be not so discomfited.” Shak. Syn. — To defeat; overthrow; overpower; vanquish; conquer; baffle; frustrate; confound; discourage.

Dis•com´fit, a. Discomfited; overthrown. [Obs.]

Dis•com´fit, n. Rout; overthrow; discomfiture. “Such a discomfit as shall quite despoil him.” Milton.

Dis•com´fi•ture ( 135), n. [OF. desconfiture, F. deconfiture. See Discomfort, v. t., and cf. Comfiture.] The act of discomfiting, or the state of being discomfited; rout; overthrow; defeat; frustration; confusion and dejection. “Every man’s sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.” 1 Sam. xiv. 20. “A hope destined to end … in discomfiture and disgrace.” Macaulay.

Dis•com´fort , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomforting.] [OF. desconforter, F. deconforter, to discourage; pref. des- (L dis-) + conforter. See Comfort.] 1. To discourage; to deject. “His funeral shall not be in our camp,
Lest it discomfort us.” Shak. 2. To destroy or disturb the comfort of; to deprive of quiet enjoyment; to make uneasy; to pain; as a smoky chimney discomforts a family.

Dis•com´fort, n. [OF. desconfort, F. deconfort. See Discomfort, v. t.] 1. Discouragement. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Want of comfort; uneasiness, mental or physical; disturbance of peace; inquietude; pain; distress; sorrow. ´An age of spiritual discomfort.´ M. Arnold. “Strive against all the discomforts of thy sufferings.” Bp. Hall.

Dis•com´fort•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. desconfortable.] 1. Causing discomfort; occasioning uneasiness; making sad. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. Destitute of comfort; uncomfortable. [R.] “A labyrinth of little discomfortable garrets.” Thackeray. — Dis•com´fort•a•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Dis•com•mend´ , v. t. 1. To mention with disapprobation; to blame; to disapprove. [R.] Spenser. “By commending something in him that is good, and discommending the same fault in others.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To expose to censure or ill favor; to put out of the good graces of any one. “A compliance will discommend me to Mr. Coventry.” Pepys.

Dis•com•mend´a•ble (dis•kom•mend´a•b’l), a. Deserving, disapprobation or blame. — Dis•com•mend´a•ble•ness, n.

Dis•com•men•da´tion , n. Blame; censure; reproach. [R.] Ayliffe.

Dis•com•mend´er , n. One who discommends; a dispraiser. Johnson.

Dis•com•mis´sion , v. t. To deprive of a commission or trust. [R.] Laud.

Dis•com´mo•date , v. t. [L. dis- + commodatus, p. p. of commodare to make fit or suitable, fr. commodus fit, commodious. See Commodious, and cf. Discommode.] To discommode. [Obs.] Howell.

Dis•com•mode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discommoded; p. pr. & vb. n. Discommoding.] [See Discommodate.] To put inconvenience; to incommode; to trouble. [R.] Syn. — To incommode; annoy; inconvenience.

Dis•com•mo´di•ous , a. Inconvenient; troublesome; incommodious. [R.] Spenser. — Dis•com•mo´di•ous•ly, adv. — Dis•com•mo´di•ous•ness, n.

Dis•com•mod´i•ty , n. Disadvantage; inconvenience. Bacon.

Dis•com´mon , v. t. 1. To deprive of the right of common. [R.] Bp. Hall. 2. To deprive of privileges. [R.] T. Warton. 3. (Law) To deprive of commonable quality, as lands, by inclosing or appropriating. Burrill.

Dis•com•mu´ni•ty , n. A lack of common possessions, properties, or relationship. “Community of embryonic structure reveals community of descent; but dissimilarity of embryonic development does not prove discommunity of descent.” Darwin.

Dis•com´pa•ny , v. t. To free from company; to dissociate. [R.] “It she be alone now, and discompanied.” B. Jonson.

Dis•com•plex´ion , v. t. To change the complexion or hue of. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dis•com•pli´ance , n. Failure or refusal to comply; noncompliance. “A compliance will discommend me to Mr. Coventry, and a discompliance to my lord chancellor.” Pepys.

Dis•com•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomposed p. pr. & vb. n. Discomposing.] [Pref. dis- + compose: cf. OF. decomposer, F. decomposer.] 1. To disarrange; to interfere with; to disturb; to disorder; to unsettle; to break up. “Or discomposed the headdress of a prude.” Pope. 2. To throw into disorder; to ruffle; to destroy the composure or equanimity; to agitate. “Opposition … discomposeth the mind’s serenity.” Glanvill. 3. To put out of place or service; to discharge; to displace. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — To disorder; derange; unsettle; disturb; disconcert; agitate; ruffle; fret; vex.

Dis•com•posed´ , a. Disordered; disturbed; disquieted. — Dis•com•pos´ed•ly (#), adv. — Dis•com•pos´ed•ness, n.

Dis•com•po•si´tion , n. Inconsistency; discordance. [Obs.] Donne.

Dis•com•po´sure ( 135), n. 1. The state of being discomposed; disturbance; disorder; agitation; perturbation. “No discomposure stirred her features.” Akenside. 2. Discordance; disagreement of parts. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•compt´ , v. t. [See Discount.] To discount. See Discount. Hudibras.

Dis•con•cert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disconcerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disconcerting.] [Pref. dis- + concert: cf. OF. desconcerter, F. deconcerter.] 1. To break up the harmonious progress of; to throw into disorder or confusion; as the emperor disconcerted the plans of his enemy. 2. To confuse the faculties of; to disturb the composure of; to discompose; to abash. “The embrace disconcerted the daughter-in-law somewhat, as the caresses of old gentlemen unshorn and perfumed with tobacco might well do.” Thackeray. Syn. — To discompose; derange; ruffle; confuse; disturb; defeat; frustrate.

Dis•con•cert´ , n. Want of concert; disagreement. Sir W. Temple.

Dis•con•cer´tion , n. The act of disconcerting, or state of being disconcerted; discomposure; perturbation. [R.] State Trials (1794).

Dis•con•du´cive , a. Not conductive; impeding; disadvantageous. [R.]

Dis•con•form´a•ble , a. Not conformable. “Disconformable in religion from us.” Stow (1603).

Dis•con•form´i•ty , n. Want of conformity or correspondence; inconsistency; disagreement. “Those … in some disconformity to ourselves.” Milton. “Disagreement and disconformity betwixt the speech and the conception of the mind.” Hakewill.

Dis•con•gru´i•ty , n. Incongruity; disagreement; unsuitableness. Sir M. Hale.

Dis•con•nect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disconnected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disconnecting.] To dissolve the union or connection of; to disunite; to sever; to separate; to disperse. “The commonwealth itself would … be disconnected into the dust and powder of individuality.” Burke. “This restriction disconnects bank paper and the precious metals.” Walsh.

Dis•con•nec´tion , n. The act of disconnecting, or state of being disconnected; separation; want of union. “Nothing was therefore to be left in all the subordinate members but weakness, disconnection, and confusion.” Burke.

Dis•con´se•crate , v. t. To deprive of consecration or sacredness. [R.]

Dis•con•sent´ (dis•kon•sent´), v. i. To differ; to disagree; to dissent. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•con´so•la•cy , n. The state of being disconsolate. [Obs.] Barrow.

Dis•con´so•late , n. Disconsolateness. [Obs.] Barrow.

Dis•con´so•late , a. [LL. disconsolatus; L. dis- + consolatus, p. p. of consolari to console. See Console, v. t.] 1. Destitute of consolation; deeply dejected and dispirited; hopelessly sad; comfortless; filled with grief; as a bereaved and disconsolate parent. “One morn a Peri at the gate
Of Eden stood disconsolate.” Moore. “The ladies and the knights, no shelter nigh,
Were dropping wet, disconsolate and wan.” Dryden. 2. Inspiring dejection; saddening; cheerless; as the disconsolate darkness of the winter nights. Ray. Syn. — Forlorn; melancholy; sorrowful; desolate; woeful; hopeless; gloomy. — Dis•con´so•late•ly, adv. — Dis•con´so•late•ness, n.

Dis•con´so•la•ted , a. Disconsolate. [Obs.] “A poor, disconsolated, drooping creature.” Sterne.

Dis•con•so•la´tion , n. Dejection; grief. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•con•tent´ (dis•kon•tent´), a. Not content; discontented; dissatisfied. Jer. Taylor. “Passion seemed to be much discontent, but Patience was very quiet.” Bunyan.

Dis•con•tent´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discontented; p. pr. & vb. n. Discontenting.] To deprive of content; to make uneasy; to dissatisfy. Suckling.

Dis•con•tent´, n. 1. Want of content; uneasiness and inquietude of mind; dissatisfaction; disquiet. “Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York.” Shak. “The rapacity of his father’s administration had excited such universal discontent.” Hallam 2. A discontented person; a malcontent. [R.] “Thus was the Scotch nation full of discontents.” Fuller.

Dis•con•ten•ta´tion , n. Discontent. [Obs.] Ascham.

Dis•con•tent´ed , p. p. & a. Dissatisfied; uneasy in mind; malcontent. “And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him.” 1 Sam. xxii. 2. — Dis•con•tent´ed•ly, adv. — Dis•con•tent´ed•ness, n.

Dis•con•tent´ful , a. Full of discontent. [R.]

Dis•con•tent´ing, a. 1. Discontented. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Causing discontent; dissatisfying. Milton.

Dis•con•tent´ive , a. Relating or tending to discontent. [R.] ´Pride is ever discontentive.´ Feltham.

Dis•con•tent´ment , n. The state of being discontented; uneasiness; inquietude. Bacon.

Dis•con•tin´u•a•ble , a. Admitting of being discontinued. [R.]

Dis•con•tin´u•ance , n. 1. The act of discontinuing, or the state of being discontinued; want of continued connection or continuity; breaking off; cessation; interruption; as a discontinuance of conversation or intercourse; discontinuance of a highway or of travel. 2. (Law) (a) A breaking off or interruption of an estate, which happened when an alienation was made by a tenant in tail, or other tenant, seized in right of another, of a larger estate than the tenant was entitled to, whereby the party ousted or injured was driven to his real action, and could not enter. This effect of such alienation is now obviated by statute in both England and the United States. (b) The termination of an action in practice by the voluntary act of the plaintiff; an entry on the record that the plaintiff discontinues his action. (c) That technical interruption of the proceedings in pleading in an action, which follows where a defendant does not answer the whole of the plaintiff’s declaration, and the plaintiff omits to take judgment for the part unanswered. Wharton’s Law Dict. Burrill. Syn. — Cessation; intermission; discontinuation; separation; disunion; disjunction; disruption; break.

Dis•con•tin•u•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. discontinuation.] Breach or interruption of continuity; separation of parts in a connected series; discontinuance. “Upon any discontinuation of parts, made either by bubbles or by shaking the glass, the whole mercury falls.” Sir I. Newton.

Dis•con•tin´ue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discontinued p. pr. & vb. n. Discontinuing.] [Cf. F. discontinuer.] To interrupt the continuance of; to intermit, as a practice or habit; to put an end to; to cause to cease; to cease using, to stop; to leave off. “Set up their conventicles again, which had been discontinued.” Bp. Burnet. “I have discontinued school
Above a twelvemonth.” Shak. “Taught the Greek tongue, discontinued before in these parts the space of seven hundred years.” Daniel. “They modify and discriminate the voice, without appearing to discontinue it.” Holder.

Dis•con•tin´ue, v. i. 1. To lose continuity or cohesion of parts; to be disrupted or broken off. Bacon. 2. To be separated or severed; to part. “Thyself shalt discontinue from thine heritage.” Jer. xvii. 4.

Dis•con•tin•u•ee´ , n. (Law) One whose possession of an estate is broken off, or discontinued; one whose estate is subject to discontinuance.

Dis•con•tin´u•er , n. One who discontinues, or breaks off or away from; an absentee. “He was no gadder abroad, not discontinuer from his convent for a long time.” Fuller.

Dis•con•ti•nu´i•ty , n. Want of continuity or cohesion; disunion of parts. ´Discontinuity of surface.´ Boyle.

Dis•con•tin´u•or , n. (Law) One who deprives another of the possession of an estate by discontinuance. See Discontinuance, 2.

Dis•con•tin´u•ous , a. 1. Not continuous; interrupted; broken off. “A path that is zigzag, discontinuous, and intersected at every turn by human negligence.” De Quincey. 2. Exhibiting a dissolution of continuity; gaping. ´Discontinuous wound.´ Milton. Discontinuous function (Math.), a function which for certain values or between certain values of the variable does not vary continuously as the variable increases. The discontinuity may, for example, consist of an abrupt change in the value of the function, or an abrupt change in its law of variation, or the function may become imaginary.

Dis•con•ven´ience , n. Unsuitableness; incongruity. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•con•ven´ient , a. Not convenient or congruous; unsuitable; ill-adapted. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds.

Dis•coph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. disk + to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of acalephs or jellyfishes, including most of the large disklike species. — Dis•coph´o•rous (#), a.

Dis´cord , n. [OE. discord, descord, OF. discorde, descorde, F. discorde, from L. discordia, fr. discors, - cordis, discordant, disagreeable; dis- + cor, cordis, heart; cf. F. discord, n., and OF. descorder, discorder, F. discorder, to discord, L. discordare, from discors. See Heart, and cf. Discord, v. i.] 1. Want of concord or agreement; absence of unity or harmony in sentiment or action; variance leading to contention and strife; disagreement; — applied to persons or to things, and to thoughts, feelings, or purposes. “A false witness that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren.” Prov. vi. 19. “Peace to arise out of universal discord fomented in all parts of the empire.” Burke. 2. (Mus.) Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear harshly or disagreeably, owing to the incommensurability of the vibrations which they produce; want of musical concord or harmony; a chord demanding resolution into a concord. “For a discord itself is but a harshness of divers sounds ming.” Bacon. Apple of discord. See under Apple. Syn. — Variance; difference; opposition; contrariety; clashing; dissension; contention; strife; disagreement; dissonance.

Dis•cord´ , v. i. [OE. discorden, descorden, from the French. See Discord, n.] To disagree; to be discordant; to jar; to clash; not to suit. [Obs.] “The one discording with the other.” Bacon.

Dis•cord´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. descordable.] That may produce discord; disagreeing; discordant. [R.] Halliwell. { Dis•cord´ance , Dis•cord´an•cy } n. [Cf. F. discordance.] State or quality of being discordant; disagreement; inconsistency. “There will arise a thousand discordances of opinion.” I. Taylor.

Dis•cord´ant , a. [OE. discordant, descordaunt, OF. descordant, discordant, F. discordant, p. pr. of discorder, OF. also descorder. See Discord, n.] 1. Disagreeing; incongruous; being at variance; clashing; opposing; not harmonious. “The discordant elements out of which the emperor had compounded his realm did not coalesce.” Motley. 2. [See Discord, n., 2.] (Mus.) Dissonant; not in harmony or musical concord; harsh; jarring; as discordant notes or sounds. “For still their music seemed to start
Discordant echoes in each heart.” Longfellow. 3. (Geol.) Said of strata which lack conformity in direction of bedding, either as in unconformability, or as caused by a fault. Syn. — Disagreeing; incongruous; contradictory; repugnant; opposite; contrary; inconsistent; dissonant; harsh; jarring; irreconcilable. — Dis•cord´ant•ly, adv. — Dis•cord´ant•ness, n. [R.]

Dis•cord´ful , a. Full of discord; contentious. [Obs.] ´His discordful dame.´ Spenser.

Dis•cord´ous , a. Full of discord. [Obs.]

Dis•cor´po•rate , a. Deprived of the privileges or form of a body corporate. [Obs.] Jas. II.

Dis•cor•re•spond´ent , a. Incongruous. W. Montagu.

Dis•cost´ , v. i. Same as Discoast. [Obs.]

Dis•coun´sel , v. t. [Pref. dis- + counsel: cf. OF. desconseiller.] To dissuade. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis´count ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Discounting.] [OF. desconter, descompter, to deduct, F. decompter to discount; pref. des- (L. dis-) + conter, compter. See Count, v.] 1. To deduct from an account, debt, charge, and the like; to make an abatement of; as merchants sometimes discount five or six per cent for prompt payment of bills. 2. To lend money upon, deducting the discount or allowance for interest; as the banks discount notes and bills of exchange. “Discount only unexceptionable paper.” Walsh. 3. To take into consideration beforehand; to anticipate and form conclusions concerning (an event). 4. To leave out of account; to take no notice of. [R.] “Of the three opinions (I discount Brown’s).” Sir W. Hamilton.

Dis´count ( 277), v. i. To lend, or make a practice of lending, money, abating the discount; as the discount for sixty or ninety days.

Dis´count , n. [Cf. F. decompte. See Discount, v. t.] 1. A counting off or deduction made from a gross sum on any account whatever; an allowance upon an account, debt, demand, price asked, and the like; something taken or deducted. 2. A deduction made for interest, in advancing money upon, or purchasing, a bill or note not due; payment in advance of interest upon money. 3. The rate of interest charged in discounting. At a discount, below par, or below the nominal value; hence, colloquially, out of favor; poorly esteemed; depreciated. — Bank discount, a sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it become due. — Discount broker, one who makes a business of discounting commercial paper; a bill broker. — Discount day, a particular day of the week when a bank discounts bills. — True discount, the interest which, added to a principal, will equal the face of a note when it becomes due. The principal yielding this interest is the present value of the note.

Dis•count´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or suitable to be, discounted; as certain forms are necessary to render notes discountable at a bank.

Dis•coun´te•nance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discountenanced p. pr. & vb. n. Discountenancing ] [Pref. dis- + countenance: cf. OF. descontenancer, F. decontenancer.] 1. To ruffle or discompose the countenance of; to put of countenance; to put to shame; to abash. “How would one look from his majestic brow …
Discountenance her despised!” Milton. “The hermit was somewhat discountenanced by this observation.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To refuse to countenance, or give the support of one’s approval to; to give one’s influence against; to restrain by cold treatment; to discourage. “A town meeting was convened to discountenance riot.” Bancroft.

Dis•coun´te•nance, n. Unfavorable aspect; unfriendly regard; cold treatment; disapprobation; whatever tends to check or discourage. “He thought a little discountenance on those persons would suppress that spirit.” Clarendon.

Dis•coun´te•nan•cer , n. One who discountenances; one who disfavors. Bacon.

Dis´count•er , n. One who discounts; a discount broker. Burke.

Dis•cour´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discouraged p. pr. & vb. n. Discouraging ] [Pref. dis- + courage: cf. OF. descoragier, F. decourager: pref. des- (L. dis-) + corage, F. courage. See Courage.] 1. To extinguish the courage of; to dishearten; to depress the spirits of; to deprive of confidence; to deject; — the opposite of encourage; as he was discouraged in his undertaking; he need not be discouraged from a like attempt. “Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged.” Col. iii. 21. 2. To dishearten one with respect to; to discountenance; to seek to check by disfavoring; to deter one from; as they discouraged his efforts. Syn. — To dishearten; dispirit; depress; deject; dissuade; disfavor.

Dis•cour´age, n. Lack of courage; cowardliness.

Dis•cour´age•a•ble , a. Capable of being discouraged; easily disheartened. Bp. Hall.

Dis•cour´age•ment , n. [Cf. OF. descouragement, F. decouragement.] 1. The act of discouraging, or the state of being discouraged; depression or weakening of confidence; dejection. 2. That which discourages; that which deters, or tends to deter, from an undertaking, or from the prosecution of anything; a determent; as the revolution was commenced under every possible discouragement. ´Discouragements from vice.´ Swift.

Dis•cour´a•ger , n. One who discourages. “The promoter of truth and the discourager of error.” Sir G. C. Lewis.

Dis•cour´a•ging , a. Causing or indicating discouragement. — Dis•cour´a•ging•ly, adv.

Dis•coure´ , v. t. To discover. [Obs.] “That none might her discoure.” Spenser.

Dis•course´ , n. [L. discursus a running to and fro, discourse, fr. discurrere, discursum, to run to and fro, to discourse; dis- + currere to run: cf. F. discours. See Course.] 1. The power of the mind to reason or infer by running, as it were, from one fact or reason to another, and deriving a conclusion; an exercise or act of this power; reasoning; range of reasoning faculty. [Obs.] “Difficult, strange, and harsh to the discourses of natural reason.” South. “Sure he that made us with such large discourse,
Looking before and after, gave us not
That capability and godlike reason
To fust in us unused.” Shak. 2. Conversation; talk. “In their discourses after supper.” Shak. “Filling the head with variety of thoughts, and the mouth with copious discourse.” Locke. 3. The art and manner of speaking and conversing. “Of excellent breeding, admirable discourse.” Shak. 4. Consecutive speech, either written or unwritten, on a given line of thought; speech; treatise; dissertation; sermon, etc.; as the preacher gave us a long discourse on duty. 5. Dealing; transaction. [Obs.] “Good Captain Bessus, tell us the discourse
Betwixt Tigranes and our king, and how
We got the victory.” Beau. & Fl.

Dis•course´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Discoursed p. pr. & vb. n. Discoursing.] 1. To exercise reason; to employ the mind in judging and inferring; to reason. [Obs.] ´Have sense or can discourse.´ Dryden. 2. To express one’s self in oral discourse; to expose one’s views; to talk in a continuous or formal manner; to hold forth; to speak; to converse. “Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear.” Shak. 3. To relate something; to tell. Shak. 4. To treat of something in writing and formally.

Dis•course´, v. t. 1. To treat of; to expose or set forth in language. [Obs.] “The life of William Tyndale … is sufficiently and at large discoursed in the book.” Foxe. 2. To utter or give forth; to speak. “It will discourse most eloquent music.” Shak. 3. To talk to; to confer with. [Obs.] “I have spoken to my brother, who is the patron, to discourse the minister about it.” Evelyn.

Dis•cours´er , n. 1. One who discourse; a narrator; a speaker; an haranguer. “In his conversation he was the most clear discourser.” Milward. 2. The writer of a treatise or dissertation. “Philologers and critical discoursers.” Sir T. Browne.

Dis•cours´ive , a. [See Discursive.] 1. Reasoning; characterized by reasoning; passing from premises to consequences; discursive. Milton. 2. Containing dialogue or conversation; interlocutory. “The epic is everywhere interlaced with dialogue or discoursive scenes.” Dryden. 3. Inclined to converse; conversable; communicative; as a discoursive man. [R.]

Dis•cours´ive, n. The state or quality of being discoursive or able to reason. [R.] Feltham.

Dis•cour´te•ous ( see Courteous, 277), a. [Pref. dis- + courteous: cf. OF. discortois.] Uncivil; rude; wanting in courtesy or good manners; uncourteous. — Dis•cour´te•ous•ly, adv. — Dis•cour´te•ous•ness, n.

Dis•cour´te•sy , n. [Pref. dis- + courtesy: cf. OF. descourtoisie.] Rudeness of behavior or language; ill manners; manifestation of disrespect; incivility. “Be calm in arguing; for fierceness makes
Error a fault, and truth discourtesy.” Herbert.

Dis•court´ship , n. Want of courtesy. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Disc´ous , a. [L. discus disk. See Disk.] Disklike; discoid.

Dis•cov´e•nant , v. t. To dissolve covenant with.

Dis•cov´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discovered p. pr. & vb. n. Discovering.] [OE. discoveren, discuren, descuren, OF. descovrir, descouvrir, F. decouvrir; des- (L. dis-) + couvrir to cover. See Cover.] 1. To uncover. [Obs.] “Whether any man hath pulled down or discovered any church.” Abp. Grindal. 2. To disclose; to lay open to view; to make visible; to reveal; to make known; to show (what has been secret, unseen, or unknown). “Go, draw aside the curtains, and discover
The several caskets to this noble prince.” Shak. “Prosperity doth best discover vice; but adversity doth best discover virtue.” Bacon. “We will discover ourselves unto them.” 1 Sam. xiv. 8. “Discover not a secret to another.” Prov. xxv. 9. 3. To obtain for the first time sight or knowledge of, as of a thing existing already, but not perceived or known; to find; to ascertain; to espy; to detect. “Some to discover islands far away.” Shak. 4. To manifest without design; to show. “The youth discovered a taste for sculpture.” C. J. Smith. 5. To explore; to examine. [Obs.] Syn. — To disclose; bring out; exhibit; show; manifest; reveal; communicate; impart; tell; espy; find; out; detect. — To Discover, Invent. We discover what existed before, but remained unknown; we invent by forming combinations which are either entirely new, or which attain their end by means unknown before. Columbus discovered America; Newton discovered the law of gravitation; Whitney invented the cotton gin; Galileo invented the telescope.

Dis•cov´er, v. i. To discover or show one’s self. [Obs.] “This done, they discover.” Decker. “Nor was this the first time that they discovered to be followers of this world.” Milton.

Dis•cov•er•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being discoverable. [R.] Carlyle.

Dis•cov´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being discovered, found out, or perceived; as many minute animals are discoverable only by the help of the microscope; truths discoverable by human industry.

Dis•cov´er•er , n. 1. One who discovers; one who first comes to the knowledge of something; one who discovers an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, or fact. “The discoverers and searchers of the land.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A scout; an explorer. Shak.

Dis•cov´er•ment, n. Discovery. [Obs.]

Dis•cov´ert , a. [Cf. F. decouvert uncovered, OF. descovert. See Discover, Covert.] (Law) Not covert; not within the bonds of matrimony; unmarried; — applied either to a woman who has never married or to a widow.

Dis•cov´ert, n. An uncovered place or part. [Obs.] At discovert, uncovered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•cov´er•ture ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + coverture: cf. OF. descoverture.] 1. Discovery. [Obs.] 2. (Law) A state of being released from coverture; freedom of a woman from the coverture of a husband.

Dis•cov´er•y , n.; pl. Discoveries . 1. The action of discovering; exposure to view; laying open; showing; as the discovery of a plot. 2. A making known; revelation; disclosure; as a bankrupt is bound to make a full discovery of his assets. “In the clear discoveries of the next [world].” South. 3. Finding out or ascertaining something previously unknown or unrecognized; as Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of the blood. “A brilliant career of discovery and conquest.” Prescott. “We speak of the ´invention´ of printing, the discovery of America.” Trench. 4. That which is discovered; a thing found out, or for the first time ascertained or recognized; as the properties of the magnet were an important discovery. 5. Exploration; examination. [Obs.]

Dis•cra´dle , v. t. To take from a cradle. [R.] “This airy apparition first discradled
From Tournay into Portugal.” Ford.

Dis•cred´it , n. [Cf. F. discredit.] 1. The act of discrediting or disbelieving, or the state of being discredited or disbelieved; as later accounts have brought the story into discredit. 2. Hence, some degree of dishonor or disesteem; ill repute; reproach; — applied to persons or things. “It is the duty of every Christian to be concerned for the reputation or discredit his life may bring on his profession.” Rogers. Syn. — Disesteem; disrepute; dishonor; disgrace; ignominy; scandal; disbelief; distrust.

Dis•cred´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Discrediting.] [Cf. F. discrediter.] 1. To refuse credence to; not to accept as true; to disbelieve; as the report is discredited. 2. To deprive of credibility; to destroy confidence or trust in; to cause disbelief in the accuracy or authority of. “An occasion might be given to the … papists of discrediting our common English Bible.” Strype. 2. To deprive of credit or good repute; to bring reproach upon; to make less reputable; to disgrace. “He… least discredits his travels who returns the same man he went.” Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•cred´it•a•ble , a. Not creditable; injurious to reputation; disgraceful; disreputable. — Dis•cred´it•a•bly, adv.

Dis•cred´it•or , n. One who discredits.

Dis•creet´ , a. [Compar. Discreeter superl. Discreetest.] [F. discret, L. discretus separated (whence the meaning reserved, prudent), p. p. of discernere. See Discern, and cf. Discrete.] 1. Possessed of discernment, especially in avoiding error or evil, and in the adaptation of means to ends; prudent; sagacious; judicious; not rash or heedless; cautious. “It is the discreet man, not the witty, nor the learned, nor the brave, who guides the conversation, and gives measures to society.” Addison. “Satire ’s my weapon, but I ’m too discreet
To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet.” Pope. “The sea is silent, the sea is discreet.” Longfellow. 2. Differing; distinct. [Obs.] Spenser. — Dis•creet´ly, adv. — Dis•creet´ness, n. { Dis•crep´ance ( 277), Dis•crep´an•cy } n.; pl. -ances (#), -ancies (#). [L. disrepantia: cf. OF. discrepance. See Discrepant.] The state or quality of being discrepant; disagreement; variance; discordance; dissimilarity; contrariety. “There hath been ever a discrepance of vesture of youth and age, men and women.” Sir T. Elyot. “There is no real discrepancy between these two genealogies.” G. S. Faber.

Dis•crep´ant , a. [L. discrepans, -antis, p. pr. of discrepare to sound differently or discordantly; dis- + crepare to rattle, creak: cf. OF. discrepant. See Crepitate.] Discordant; at variance; disagreeing; contrary; different. “The Egyptians were … the most oddly discrepant from the rest in their manner of worship.” Cudworth.

Dis•crep´ant, n. A dissident. J. Taylor.

Dis•crete´ , a. [L. discretus, p. p. of discernere. See Discreet.] 1. Separate; distinct; disjunct. Sir M. Hale. 2. Disjunctive; containing a disjunctive or discretive clause; as ´I resign my life, but not my honor,´ is a discrete proposition. 3. (Bot.) Separate; not coalescent; — said of things usually coalescent. Discrete movement. See Concrete movement of the voice, under Concrete, a. — Discrete proportion, proportion where the ratio of the means is different from that of either couplet; as 3:6::8:16, 3 bearing the same proportion to 6 as 8 does to 16. But 3 is not to 6 as 6 to 8. It is thus opposed to continued or continual proportion; as 3:6::12:24. — Discrete quantity, that which must be divided into units, as number, and is opposed to continued quantity, as duration, or extension.

Dis•crete´, v. t. To separate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•crete´ly, adv. Separately; disjunctively.

Dis•cre´tion , n. [F. discretion, L. discretio separation, difference, discernment, fr. discernere, discretum. See Discreet, Discern.] 1. Disjunction; separation. [Obs.] Mede. 2. The quality of being discreet; wise conduct and management; cautious discernment, especially as to matters of propriety and self-control; prudence; circumspection; wariness. “The better part of valor is discretion.” Shak. “The greatest parts without discretion may be fatal to their owner.” Hume. 3. Discrimination. “Well spoken, with good accent and good discretion.” Shak. 4. Freedom to act according to one’s own judgment; unrestrained exercise of choice or will. At discretion, without conditions or stipulations. { Dis•cre´tion•al , Dis•cre´tion•a•ry , }[Cf. F. discretionnaire.] Left to discretion; unrestrained except by discretion or judgment; as an ambassador with discretionary powers. { Dis•cre´tion•al•ly , Dis•cre´tion•a•ri•ly } adv. At discretion; according to one’s discretion or judgment.

Dis•cre´tive , a. [L. discretivus. See Discrete.] Marking distinction or separation; disjunctive. Discretive proposition (Logic & Gram.), one that expresses distinction, opposition, or variety, by means of discretive particles, as but, though, yet, etc.; as travelers change their climate, but not their temper.

Dis•cre´tive•ly, adv. In a discretive manner.

Dis•crim´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being discriminated. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dis•crim´i•nal , a. [L. discriminalis serving to divide.] In palmistry, applied to the line which marks the separation between the hand and the arm.

Dis•crim´i•nant , n. [L. discriminans, p. pr. of discriminare.] (Math.) The eliminant of the n partial differentials of any homogenous function of n variables. See Eliminant.

Dis•crim´i•nate , a. [L. discriminatus, p. p. of discriminare to divide, separate, fr. discrimen division, distinction, decision, fr. discernere. See Discern, and cf. Criminate.] Having the difference marked; distinguished by certain tokens. Bacon.

Dis•crim´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discriminated p. pr. & vb. n. Discriminating ] To set apart as being different; to mark as different; to separate from another by discerning differences; to distinguish. Cowper. “To discriminate the goats from the sheep.” Barrow.

Dis•crim´i•nate , v. i. 1. To make a difference or distinction; to distinguish accurately; as in judging of evidence, we should be careful to discriminate between probability and slight presumption. 2. (a) To treat unequally. (b) (Railroads) To impose unequal tariffs for substantially the same service.

Dis•crim´i•nate•ly , adv. In a discriminating manner; distinctly.

Dis•crim´i•nate•ness, n. The state of being discriminated; distinctness.

Dis•crim´i•na•ting , a. Marking a difference; distinguishing. — Dis•crim´i•na•ting•ly, adv. “And finds with keen discriminating sight,
Black’s not so black; — nor white so very white.” Canning.

Dis•crim•i•na´tion , n. [L. discriminatio the contrasting of opposite thoughts.] 1. The act of discriminating, distinguishing, or noting and marking differences. “To make an anxious discrimination between the miracle absolute and providential.” Trench. 2. The state of being discriminated, distinguished, or set apart. Sir J. Reynolds. 3. (Railroads) The arbitrary imposition of unequal tariffs for substantially the same service. “A difference in rates, not based upon any corresponding difference in cost, constitutes a case of discrimination.” A. T. Hadley. 4. The quality of being discriminating; faculty of nicely distinguishing; acute discernment; as to show great discrimination in the choice of means. 5. That which discriminates; mark of distinction. Syn. — Discernment; penetration; clearness; acuteness; judgment; distinction. See Discernment.

Dis•crim´i•na•tive , a. 1. Marking a difference; distinguishing; distinctive; characteristic. “That peculiar and discriminative form of life.” Johnson. 2. Observing distinctions; making differences; discriminating. ´Discriminative censure.´ J. Foster. ´Discriminative Providence.´ Dr. H. More.

Dis•crim´i•na•tive•ly, adv. With discrimination or distinction. J. Foster.

Dis•crim´i•na•tor , n. [LL.] One who discriminates.

Dis•crim´i•na•to•ry , a. Discriminative.

Dis•crim´i•nous , a. [LL. discriminosus, fr. L. discrimen the dangerous, decisive moment. See Discriminate, a.] Hazardous; dangerous. [Obs.] Harvey.

Dis•crive´ , v. t. [OF. descrivre. See Describe.] To describe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•crown´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discrowned p. pr. & vb. n. Discrowning.] To deprive of a crown. “The end had crowned the work; it not unreasonably discrowned the workman.” Motley.

Dis•cru´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discruciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Discruciating.] [L. discruciatus, p. p. of discruciare. See Cruciate.] To torture; to excruciate. [Obs.] “Discruciate a man in deep distress.” Herrick.

Dis•cu´bi•to•ry , a. [L. discumbere, discubitum, to lie down, recline at table; dis- + cumbere (in comp.) to lie down.] Leaning; fitted for a reclining posture. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•cul´pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disculpated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disculpating.] [LL. disculpatus, p. p. of disculpare to disculpate; dis- + L. culpare to blame, culpa fault.] To free from blame or the imputation of a fault; to exculpate. “I almost fear you think I begged it, but I can disculpate myself.” Walpole.

Dis•cul•pa´tion , n. [Cf. F. disculpation.] Exculpation. Burke.

Dis•cul´pa•to•ry , a. Tending to exculpate; exculpatory.

Dis•cum´ben•cy , n. [From L. discumbens, p. pr. of discumbere. See Discubitory.] The act of reclining at table according to the manner of the ancients at their meals. Sir T. Browne.

Dis•cum´ber , v. t. [Pref. dis- + cumber: cf. OF. descombrer.] To free from that which cumbers or impedes; to disencumber. [Archaic] Pope.

Dis•cure´ , v. t. [See Discover.] To discover; to reveal; to discoure. [Obs.] “I will, if please you it discure, assay
To ease you of that ill, so wisely as I may.” Spenser.

Dis•cur´rent , a. Not current or free to circulate; not in use. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Dis•cur´sion , n. [LL. discursio a running different ways. See Discourse.] The act of discoursing or reasoning; range, as from thought to thought. Coleridge.

Dis•cur´sist, n. A discourser. [Obs.] L. Addison.

Dis•cur´sive , a. [Cf. F. discursif. See Discourse, and cf. Discoursive.] 1. Passing from one thing to another; ranging over a wide field; roving; digressive; desultory. ´Discursive notices.´ De Quincey. “The power he [Shakespeare] delights to show is not intense, but discursive.” Hazlitt. “A man rather tacit than discursive.” Carlyle. 2. Reasoning; proceeding from one ground to another, as in reasoning; argumentative. “Reason is her being,
Discursive or intuitive.” Milton. — Dis•cur´sive•ly, adv. — Dis•cur´sive•ness, n.

Dis•cur•so•ry , a. Argumentative; discursive; reasoning. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•cur´sus , n. [L.] (Logic) Argumentation; ratiocination; discursive reasoning.

Dis´cus , n.; pl. E. Discuses (#), L. Disci (#). [L. See Disk.] 1. (a) A quoit; a circular plate of some heavy material intended to be pitched or hurled as a trial of strength and skill. (b) The exercise with the discus. This among the Greeks was one of the chief gymnastic exercises and was included in the Pentathlon (the contest of the five exercises). The chief contest was that of throwing the discus to the greatest possible distance. 2. A disk. See Disk.

Dis•cuss´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discussed p. pr. & vb. n. Discussing.] [L. discussus, p. p. of discutere to strike asunder (hence came the sense to separate mentally, distinguish); dis- + quatere to shake, strike. See Quash.] 1. To break to pieces; to shatter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. To break up; to disperse; to scatter; to dissipate; to drive away; — said especially of tumors. “Many arts were used to discuss the beginnings of new affection.” Sir H. Wotton. “A pomade … of virtue to discuss pimples.” Rambler. 3. To shake; to put away; to finish. [Obs.] “All regard of shame she had discussed.” Spenser. 4. To examine in detail or by disputation; to reason upon by presenting favorable and adverse considerations; to debate; to sift; to investigate; to ventilate. ´We sat and … discussed the farm … and the price of grain.´ Tennyson. ´To discuss questions of taste.´ Macaulay. 5. To deal with, in eating or drinking. [Colloq.] “We sat quietly down and discussed a cold fowl that we had brought with us.” Sir S. Baker. 6. (Law) To examine or search thoroughly; to exhaust a remedy against, as against a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety. Burrill. Syn. — To Discuss, Examine, Debate. We speak of examining a subject when we ponder it with care, in order to discover its real state, or the truth respecting it. We speak of discussing a topic when we examine it thoroughly in its distinct parts. The word is very commonly applied to matters of opinion. We may discuss a subject without giving in an adhesion to any conclusion. We speak of debating a point when we examine it in mutual argumentation between opposing parties. In debate we contend for or against some conclusion or view.

Dis•cuss´er , n. One who discusses; one who sifts or examines. Wood.

Dis•cus´sion , n. [L. discussio a shaking, examination, discussion: cf. F. discussion.] 1. The act or process of discussing by breaking up, or dispersing, as a tumor, or the like. 2. The act of discussing or exchanging reasons; examination by argument; debate; disputation; agitation. “The liberty of discussion is the great safeguard of all other liberties.” Macaulay. Discussion of a problem or an equation (Math.), the operation of assigning different reasonable values to the arbitrary quantities and interpreting the result. Math. Dict.

Dis•cus´sion•al , a. Pertaining to discussion.

Dis•cuss´ive , a. [Cf. F. discussif.] 1. (Med.) Able or tending to discuss or disperse tumors or coagulated matter. 2. Doubt-dispelling; decisive. [R.] “A kind of peremptory and discussive voice.” Hopkins.

Dis•cuss´ive, n. (Med.) A medicine that discusses or disperses morbid humors; a discutient.

Dis•cu´tient , a. [L. discutiens, p. pr. of discutere. See Discuss.] (Med.) Serving to disperse morbid matter; discussive; as a discutient application. — n. An agent (as a medicinal application) which serves to disperse morbid matter. ´Foment with discutiens.´ Wiseman.

Dis•dain´ ( 277), n. [OE. desdain, disdein, OF. desdein, desdaing, F. dedain, fr. the verb. See Disdain, v. t.] 1. A feeling of contempt and aversion; the regarding anything as unworthy of or beneath one; scorn. “How my soul is moved with just disdain!” Pope. Often implying an idea of haughtiness. “Disdain and scorn ride sparkling in her eyes.” Shak. 2. That which is worthy to be disdained or regarded with contempt and aversion. [Obs.] “Most loathsome, filthy, foul, and full of vile disdain.” Spenser. 3. The state of being despised; shame. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Haughtiness; scorn; contempt; arrogance; pride. See Haughtiness.

Dis•dain´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disdained p. pr. & vb. n. Disdaining.] [OE. disdainen, desdainen, OF. desdeigner, desdaigner, F. dedaigner; des- (L. dis-) + daigner to deign, fr. L. dignari to deem worthy. See Deign.] 1. To think unworthy; to deem unsuitable or unbecoming; as to disdain to do a mean act. “Disdaining … that any should bear the armor of the best knight living.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To reject as unworthy of one’s self, or as not deserving one’s notice; to look with scorn upon; to scorn, as base acts, character, etc. “When the Philistine … saw David, he disdained him; for he was but a youth.” 1 Sam. xvii. 42. “’T is great, ’t is manly to disdain disguise.” Young. Syn. — To contemn; despise; scorn. See Contemn.

Dis•dain´, v. i. To be filled with scorn; to feel contemptuous anger; to be haughty. “And when the chief priests and scribes saw the marvels that he did … they disdained.” Genevan Testament (Matt. xxi. 15).

Dis•dained´ , a. Disdainful. [Obs.] “Revenge the jeering and disdained contempt
Of this proud king.” Shak.

Dis•dain´ful , a. Full of disdain; expressing disdain; scornful; contemptuous; haughty. “From these
Turning disdainful to an equal good.” Akenside. — Dis•dain´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•dain´ful•ness, n.

Dis•dain´ish•ly, adv. Disdainfully. [Obs.] Vives.

Dis•dain´ous , a. [OF. desdeignos, desdaigneux, F. dedaigneux.] Disdainful. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Dis•dain´ous•ly, adv. Disdainfully. [Obs.] Bale.

Dis•de´i•fy , v. t. To divest or deprive of deity or of a deific rank or condition. Feltham.

Dis•deign´ , v. t. To disdain. [Obs.] “Guyon much disdeigned so loathly sight.” Spenser.

Dis•di´a•clast , n. [Gr. di•s- twice + diakla^n to break in twain; dia• through + kla^n to break.] (Physiol.) One of the dark particles forming the doubly refracting disks of muscle fibers.

Dis•di•a•pa´son , n. [Pref. dis- (Gr. ) + diapason.] (Anc. Mus.) An interval of two octaves, or a fifteenth; — called also bisdiapason.

Dis•ease´ , n. [OE. disese, OF. desaise; des- (L. dis-) + aise ease. See Ease.] 1. Lack of ease; uneasiness; trouble; vexation; disquiet. [Obs.] “So all that night they passed in great disease.” Spenser. “To shield thee from diseases of the world.” Shak. 2. An alteration in the state of the body or of some of its organs, interrupting or disturbing the performance of the vital functions, and causing or threatening pain and weakness; malady; affection; illness; sickness; disorder; — applied figuratively to the mind, to the moral character and habits, to institutions, the state, etc. “Diseases desperate grown,
By desperate appliances are relieved.” Shak. “The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public counsels have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have every where perished.” Madison. Disease germ. See under Germ. Syn. — Distemper; ailing; ailment; malady; disorder; sickness; illness; complaint; indisposition; affection. — Disease, Disorder, Distemper, Malady, Affection. Disease is the leading medical term. Disorder mean much the same, with perhaps some slight reference to an irregularity of the system. Distemper is now used by physicians only of the diseases of animals. Malady is not a medical term, and is less used than formerly in literature. Affection has special reference to the part, organ, or function disturbed; as his disease is an affection of the lungs. A disease is usually deep- seated and permanent, or at least prolonged; a disorder is often slight, partial, and temporary; malady has less of a technical sense than the other terms, and refers more especially to the suffering endured. In a figurative sense we speak of a disease mind, of disordered faculties, and of mental maladies.

Dis•ease´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diseased p. pr. & vb. n. Diseasing.] 1. To deprive of ease; to disquiet; to trouble; to distress. [Obs.] “His double burden did him sore disease.” Spenser. 2. To derange the vital functions of; to afflict with disease or sickness; to disorder; — used almost exclusively in the participle diseased. “He was diseased in body and mind.” Macaulay.

Dis•eased´ , a. Afflicted with disease. “It is my own diseased imagination that torments me.” W. Irving. Syn. — See Morbid.

Dis•eas´ed•ness , n. The state of being diseased; a morbid state; sickness. [R.] T. Burnet.

Dis•ease´ful , a. 1. Causing uneasiness. [Obs.] “Disgraceful to the king and diseaseful to the people.” Bacon. 2. Abounding with disease; producing diseases; as a diseaseful climate. [R.]

Dis•ease´ful•ness, n. The quality of being diseaseful; trouble; trial. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Dis•ease´ment , n. Uneasiness; inconvenience. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•edge´ , v. t. To deprive of an edge; to blunt; to dull. “Served a little to disedge
The sharpness of that pain about her heart.” Tennyson.

Dis•ed´i•fy , v. t. To fail of edifying; to injure. [R.]

Dis•eld´er , v. t. To deprive of an elder or elders, or of the office of an elder. [Obs.] Fuller.

Di•sel´e•nide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + selenide.] (Chem.) A selenide containing two atoms of selenium in each molecule.

Dis•em•bark´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembarked p. pr. & vb. n. Disembarking.] [Pref. dis- + embark: cf. F. desembarquer.] To remove from on board a vessel; to put on shore; to land; to debark; as the general disembarked the troops. “Go to the bay, and disembark my coffers.” Shak.

Dis•em•bark´ , v. i. To go ashore out of a ship or boat; to leave a ship; to debark. “And, making fast their moorings, disembarked.” Cowper.

Dis•em•bar•ka´tion , n. The act of disembarking.

Dis•em•bark´ment , n. Disembarkation. [R.]

Dis•em•bar´rass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembarrassed p. pr. & vb. n. Disembarrassing.] [Pref. dis- + embarrass: cf. F. desembarasser.] To free from embarrassment, or perplexity; to clear; to extricate. “To disembarrass himself of his companion.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•em•bar´rass•ment , n. Freedom or relief from impediment or perplexity.

Dis•em•bay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembayed p. pr. & vb. n. Disembaying.] [Pref. dis- + embay.] To clear from a bay. Sherburne.

Dis•em•bel´lish , v. t. [Pref. dis- + embellish: cf. F. desembellir.] To deprive of embellishment; to disadorn. Carlyle.

Dis•em•bit´ter , v. t. To free from

Dis•em•bod´ied , a. Divested of a body; ceased to be corporal; incorporeal. “The disembodied spirits of the dead.” Bryant.

Dis•em•bod´i•ment , n. The act of disembodying, or the state of being disembodied.

Dis•em•bod´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembodied p. pr. & vb. n. Disembodying.] 1. To divest of the body or corporeal existence. “Devils embodied and disembodied.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Mil.) To disarm and disband, as a body of soldiers. Wilhelm.

Dis•em•bogue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembogued p. pr. & vb. n. Disemboguing.] [Sp. desembocar; pref. des- (L. dis-) + embocar to put into the mouth, fr. en (L. in) + boca mouth, fr. L. bucca cheek. Cf. Debouch, Embogue.] 1. To pour out or discharge at the mouth, as a stream; to vent; to discharge into an ocean, a lake, etc. “Rolling down, the steep Timavus raves,
And through nine channels disembogues his waves.” Addison. 2. To eject; to cast forth. [R.] Swift.

Dis•em•bogue´, v. i. To become discharged; to flow out; to find vent; to pour out contents. “Volcanos bellow ere they disembogue.” Young.

Dis•em•bogue´ment , n. The act of disemboguing; discharge. Mease.

Dis•em•bos´som , v. t. To separate from the bosom. [R.] Young.

Dis•em•bow´el (dis•em•bou´el), v. t. [See Embowel.] 1. To take or let out the bowels or interior parts of; to eviscerate. “Soon after their death, they are disemboweled.” Cook. “Roaring floods and cataracts that sweep
From disemboweled earth the virgin gold.” Thomson. 2. To take or draw from the body, as the web of a spider. [R.] ´Her disemboweled web.´ J. Philips.

Dis•em•bow´el•ment , n. The act of disemboweling, or state of being disemboweled; evisceration.

Dis•em•bow´ered , a. Deprived of, or removed from, a bower. [Poetic] Bryant.

Dis•em•bran´gle , v. t. [Pref. dis- + em = en (L. in) + brangle.] To free from wrangling or litigation. [Obs.] Berkeley.

Dis•em•broil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembroiled p. pr. & vb. n. Disembroiling.] [Pref. dis- + embroil.] To disentangle; to free from perplexity; to extricate from confusion. “Vaillant has disembroiled a history that was lost to the world before his time.” Addison.

Dis•em•ploy´ , v. t. To throw out of employment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Dis•em•ploy´ment , n. The state of being disemployed, or deprived of employment. “This glut of leisure and disemployment.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•em•pow´er , v. t. To deprive of power; to divest of strength. H. Bushnell.

Dis•en•a´ble , v. t. [Pref. dis- + enable.] To disable; to disqualify. “The sight of it might damp me and disenable me to speak.” State Trials (1640).

Dis•en•am´or , v. t. To free from the captivity of love. Shelton.

Dis•en•chained´ , a. Freed from restraint; unrestrained. [Archaic] E. A. Poe.

Dis•en•chant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disenchanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disenchanting.] [Pref. dis- + enchant: cf. F. desenchanter.] To free from enchantment; to deliver from the power of charms or spells; to free from fascination or delusion. “Haste to thy work; a noble stroke or two
Ends all the charms, and disenchants the grove.” Dryden.

Dis•en•chant´er , n. One who, or that which, disenchants.

Dis•en•chant´ment , n. [Pref. dis- + enchantment: cf. F. desenchantement.] The act of disenchanting, or state of being disenchanted. Shelton.

Dis•en•charm´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + en (L. in) + charm.] To free from the influence of a charm or spell; to disenchant. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Dis•en•close , v. t. See Disinclose.

Dis•en•cour´age•ment , n. Discouragement. [Obs.] Spectator.

Dis•en•crese´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- + OE. encrese, E. increase.] To decrease. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•en•crese´, n. Decrease. [Obs.]

Dis•en•cum´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disencumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Disencumbering.] [Pref. dis- + encumber: cf. F. desencombrer.] To free from encumbrance, or from anything which clogs, impedes, or obstructs; to disburden. Owen. “I have disencumbered myself from rhyme.” Dryden.

Dis•en•cum´brance , n. Freedom or deliverance from encumbrance, or anything burdensome or troublesome. Spectator.

Dis•en•dow´ , v. t. To deprive of an endowment, as a church. Gladstone.

Dis•en•dow´ment , n. The act of depriving of an endowment or endowments. “[The] disendowment of the Irish Church.” G. B. Smith.

Dis•en•fran´chise , v. t. To disfranchise; to deprive of the rights of a citizen. — Dis•en•fran´chise•ment (#), n.

Dis•en•gage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disengaged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Disengaging.] [Pref. dis- + engage: cf. F. desengager.] To release from that with which anything is engaged, engrossed, involved, or entangled; to extricate; to detach; to set free; to liberate; to clear; as to disengage one from a party, from broils and controversies, from an oath, promise, or occupation; to disengage the affections a favorite pursuit, the mind from study. “To disengage him and the kingdom, great sums were to be borrowed.” Milton. “Caloric and light must be disengaged during the process.” Transl. of Lavoisier. Syn. — To liberate; free; loose; extricate; clear; disentangle; detach; withdraw; wean.

Dis•en•gage´, v. i. To release one’s self; to become detached; to free one’s self. “From a friends’s grave how soon we disengage!” Young.

Dis•en•gaged´ , a. Not engaged; free from engagement; at leisure; free from occupation or care; vacant. — Dis•en•ga´ged•ness (#), n.

Dis•en•gage´ment , n. [Pref. dis- + engagement: cf. F. desengagement.] 1. The act of disengaging or setting free, or the state of being disengaged. “It is easy to render this disengagement of caloric and light evident to the senses.” Transl. of Lavoisier. “A disengagement from earthly trammels.” Sir W. Jones. 2. Freedom from engrossing occupation; leisure. “Disengagement is absolutely necessary to enjoyment.” Bp. Butler.

Dis•en•ga´ging , a. Loosing; setting free; detaching. Disengaging machinery. See under Engaging.

Dis•en•no´ble , v. t. To deprive of that which ennobles; to degrade. “An unworthy behavior degrades and disennobles a man.” Guardian.

Dis•en•roll´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disenrolled p. pr. & vb. n. Disenrolling.] To erase from a roll or list. [Written also disenrol.] Donne.

Dis•en•san´i•ty , n. [Pref. dis- + en (L. in) + sanity.] Insanity; folly. [Obs.] “What tediosity and disensanity
Is here among!” Beau. & Fl.

Dis•en•shroud´ed , a. Freed from a shroudlike covering; unveiled. “The disenshrouded statue.” R. Browning.

Dis•en•slave´ , v. t. To free from bondage or slavery; to disenthrall. “He shall disenslave and redeem his soul.” South.

Dis•en•tail´ , v. t. (Law) To free from entailment.

Dis•en•tan´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disentangled p. pr. & vb. n. Disentangling ] 1. To free from entanglement; to release from a condition of being intricately and confusedly involved or interlaced; to reduce to orderly arrangement; to straighten out; as to disentangle a skein of yarn. 2. To extricate from complication and perplexity; disengage from embarrassing connection or intermixture; to disembroil; to set free; to separate. “To disentangle truth from error.” Stewart. “To extricate and disentangle themselves out of this labyrinth.” Clarendon. “A mind free and disentangled from all corporeal mixtures.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. — To loose; extricate; disembarrass; disembroil; clear; evolve; disengage; separate; detach.

Dis•en•tan´gle•ment , n. The act of disentangling or clearing from difficulties. Warton.

Dis•en•ter´ , v. t. See Disinter.

Dis•en•thrall´ , v. t. [See Enthrall.] To release from thralldom or slavery; to give freedom to; to disinthrall. [Written also disenthral.] Milton.

Dis•en•thrall´ment , n. Liberation from bondage; emancipation; disinthrallment. [Written also disenthralment.]

Dis•en•throne´ , v. t. To dethrone; to depose from sovereign authority. Milton.

Dis•en•ti´tle , v. t. To deprive of title or claim. “Every ordinary offense does not disentitle a son to the love of his father.” South.

Dis•en•tomb´ , v. t. To take out from a tomb; a disinter.

Dis•en•trail´ , v. t. To disembowel; to let out or draw forth, as the entrails. [Obs.] “As if he thought her soul to disentrail.” Spenser.

Dis•en•trance´ , v. t. To awaken from a trance or an enchantment. Hudibras.

Dis•en•twine´ , v. t. To free from being entwined or twisted. Shelley.

Di•sep´al•ous , a. [Pref. di- + sepalous.] (Bot.) Having two sepals; two- sepaled.

Dis•ert´ , a. [L. disertus, for dissertus, p. p.: cf. F. disert. See Dissert.] Eloquent. [Obs.]

Dis•er´ti•tude , n. [L. disertitud.] Eloquence. [Obs.]

Dis•ert´y , adv. Expressly; clearly; eloquently. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•es•pouse´ , v. t. To release from espousal or plighted faith. [Poetic] Milton.

Dis•es•tab´lish , v. t. To unsettle; to break up (anything established); to deprive, as a church, of its connection with the state. M. Arnold.

Dis•es•tab´lish•ment , n. 1. The act or process of unsettling or breaking up that which has been established; specifically, the withdrawal of the support of the state from an established church; as the disestablishment and disendowment of the Irish Church by Act of Parliament. 2. The condition of being disestablished.

Dis•es•teem´ , n. Want of esteem; low estimation, inclining to dislike; disfavor; disrepute. “Disesteem and contempt of the public affairs.” Milton.

Dis•es•teem´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disesteemed p. pr. & vb. n. Disesteeming.] 1. To feel an absence of esteem for; to regard with disfavor or slight contempt; to slight. “But if this sacred gift you disesteem.” Denham. “Qualities which society does not disesteem.” Ld. Lytton. 2. To deprive of esteem; to bring into disrepute; to cause to be regarded with disfavor. [Obs.] “What fables have you vexed, what truth redeemed,
Antiquities searched, opinions disesteemed?” B. Jonson.

Dis•es•teem´er , n. One who disesteems. Boyle.

Dis•es•ti•ma´tion , n. Disesteem.

Dis•ex´er•cise , v. t. To deprive of exercise; to leave untrained. [Obs.] “By disexercising and blunting our abilities.” Milton.

Dis•fame´ , n. Disrepute. [R.] Tennyson.

Dis•fan´cy , v. t. To dislike. [Obs.]

Dis•fash´ion , v. t. [Pref. dis- + fashion. See Fashion, and cf. Defeat.] To disfigure. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Dis•fa´vor , n. [Pref. dis- + favor: cf. OF. disfaveur, F. defaveur.] [Written also disfavour.] 1. Want of favor of favorable regard; disesteem; disregard. “The people that deserved my disfavor.” Is. x. 6 (1551). “Sentiment of disfavor against its ally.” Gladstone. 2. The state of not being in favor; a being under the displeasure of some one; state of unacceptableness; as to be in disfavor at court. 3. An unkindness; a disobliging act. “He might dispense favors and disfavors.” Clarendon.

Dis•fa´vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfavored p. pr. & vb. n. Disfavoring.] 1. To withhold or withdraw favor from; to regard with disesteem; to show disapprobation of; to discountenance. “Countenanced or disfavored according as they obey.” Swift. 2. To injure the form or looks of. [R.] B. Jonson.

Dis•fa´vor•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. defavorable.] Unfavorable. [Obs.] Stow.

Dis•fa´vor•a•bly, adv. Unpropitiously. [Obs.]

Dis•fa´vor•er , n. One who disfavors. Bacon.

Dis•fea´ture ( 135), v. t. [Cf. Defeature.] To deprive of features; to mar the features of. [R.]

Dis•fel´low•ship , v. t. [See Fellowship, v. t.] To exclude from fellowship; to refuse intercourse with, as an associate. “An attempt to disfellowship an evil, but to fellowship the evildoer.” Freewill Bapt. Quart.

Dis•fig•u•ra´tion , n. [See Disfigure, and cf. Defiguration.] The act of disfiguring, or the state of being disfigured; defacement; deformity; disfigurement. Gauden.

Dis•fig´ure ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfigured p. pr. & vb. n. Disfiguring.] [OF. desfigurer, F. defigurer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + figurer to fashion, shape, fr. L. figurare, fr. figura figure. See Figure, and cf. Defiguration.] To mar the figure of; to render less complete, perfect, or beautiful in appearance; to deface; to deform. “Disfiguring not God’s likeness, but their own.” Milton. Syn. — To deface; deform; mar; injure.

Dis•fig´ure, n. Disfigurement; deformity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•fig´ure•ment , n. 1. Act of disfiguring, or state of being disfigured; deformity. Milton. 2. That which disfigures; a defacement; a blot. “Uncommon expressions … are a disfigurement rather than any embellishment of discourse.” Hume.

Dis•fig´ur•er , n. One who disfigures.

Dis•flesh´ , v. t. To reduce the flesh or obesity of. [Obs.] Shelton.

Dis•for´est , v. t. 1. To disafforest. Fuller. 2. To clear or deprive of forests or trees.

Dis•for•es•ta´tion , n. The act of clearing land of forests. Daniel.

Dis•form´i•ty , n. [Cf. Deformity.] Discordance or diversity of form; unlikeness in form. “Uniformity or disformity in comparing together the respective figures of bodies.” S. Clarke.

Dis•fran´chise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfranchised p. pr. & vb. n. Disfranchising.] [Cf. Diffranchise.] To deprive of a franchise or chartered right; to dispossess of the rights of a citizen, or of a particular privilege, as of voting, holding office, etc. “Sir William Fitzwilliam was disfranchised.” Fabyan (1509). “He was partially disfranchised so as to be made incapable of taking part in public affairs.” Thirlwall.

Dis•fran´chise•ment , n. The act of disfranchising, or the state of being disfranchised; deprivation of privileges of citizenship or of chartered immunities. “Sentenced first to dismission from the court, and then to disfranchisement and expulsion from the colony.” Palfrey.

Dis•fri´ar (dis•fri´er), v. t. To depose or withdraw from the condition of a friar. [Obs.] “Many did quickly unnun and disfriar themselves.” Fuller.

Dis•frock´ (dis•frok´), v. t. To unfrock.

Dis•fur´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfurnished p. pr. & vb. n. Disfurnishing.] [Pref. dis- + furnish.] To deprive of that with which anything is furnished (furniture, equipments, etc.); to strip; to render destitute; to divest. “I am a thing obscure, disfurnished of
All merit, that can raise me higher.” Massinger.

Dis•fur´nish•ment , n. The act of disfurnishing, or the state of being disfurnished. Daniel.

Dis•fur´ni•ture ( 135), n. The act of disfurnishing, or the state of being disfurnished. [Obs.]

Dis•fur´ni•ture, v. t. To disfurnish. [R.] East.

Dis•gage´ , v. t. To free from a gage or pledge; to disengage. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•gal´lant , v. t. To deprive of gallantry. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dis•gar´land , v. t. To strip of a garland. [Poetic] ´Thy locks disgarland.´ Drummond.

Dis•gar´nish , v. t. [Pref. dis- + garnish. See Degarnish.] To divest of garniture; to disfurnish; to dismantle. Bp. Hall.

Dis•gar´ri•son , v. t. To deprive of a garrison. Hewyt.

Dis•gav´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgaveled or Disgaveled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgaveling.] [See Gavelkind.] (Eng. Law) To deprive of that principal quality of gavelkind tenure by which lands descend equally among all the sons of the tenant; — said of lands. Burrill.

Dis•gest´ , v. t. To digest. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•ges´tion ( 106), n. Digestion. [Obs.]

Dis•glo´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disglorified p. pr. & vb. n. Disglorifying.] To deprive of glory; to treat with indignity. [R.] “Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn.” Milton.

Dis•glo´ry , n. Dishonor. [Obs.] “To the disglory of God’s name.” Northbrooke.

Dis•gorge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgorged p. pr. & vb. n. Disgorging.] [F. degorger, earlier desgorger; pref. de-, des- (L. dis- ) + gorge. See Gorge.] 1. To eject or discharge by the throat and mouth; to vomit; to pour forth or throw out with violence, as if from the mouth; to discharge violently or in great quantities from a confined place. “This mountain when it rageth, … casteth forth huge stones, disgorgeth brimstone.” Hakluyt. “They loudly laughed
To see his heaving breast disgorge the briny draught.” Dryden. 2. To give up unwillingly as what one has wrongfully seized and appropriated; to make restitution of; to surrender; as he was compelled to disgorge his ill-gotten gains.

Dis•gorge´, v. i. To vomit forth what anything contains; to discharge; to make restitution. “See where it flows, disgorging at seven mouths
Into the sea.” Milton.

Dis•gorge´ment , n. [Cf. F. degorgement.] The act of disgorging; a vomiting; that which is disgorged. Bp. Hall.

Dis•gos´pel , v. i. To be inconsistent with, or act contrary to, the precepts of the gospel; to pervert the gospel. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•grace´ ( 277), n. [F. disgrâce; pref. dis- (L. dis-) + grâce. See Grace.] 1. The condition of being out of favor; loss of favor, regard, or respect. “Macduff lives in disgrace.” Shak. 2. The state of being dishonored, or covered with shame; dishonor; shame; ignominy. “To tumble down thy husband and thyself
From top of honor to disgrace’s feet?” Shak. 3. That which brings dishonor; cause of shame or reproach; great discredit; as vice is a disgrace to a rational being. 4. An act of unkindness; a disfavor. [Obs.] “The interchange continually of favors and disgraces.” Bacon. Syn. — Disfavor; disesteem; opprobrium; reproach; discredit; disparagement; dishonor; shame; infamy; ignominy; humiliation.

Dis•grace´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgraced p. pr. & vb. n. Disgracing ] [Cf. F. disgracier. See Disgrace, n.] 1. To put out of favor; to dismiss with dishonor. “Flatterers of the disgraced minister.” Macaulay. “Pitt had been disgraced and the old Duke of Newcastle dismissed.” J. Morley. 2. To do disfavor to; to bring reproach or shame upon; to dishonor; to treat or cover with ignominy; to lower in estimation. “Shall heap with honors him they now disgrace.” Pope. “His ignorance disgraced him.” Johnson. 3. To treat discourteously; to upbraid; to revile. “The goddess wroth gan foully her disgrace.” Spenser. Syn. — To degrade; humble; humiliate; abase; disparage; defame; dishonor; debase.

Dis•grace´ful , a. Bringing disgrace; causing shame; shameful; dishonorable; unbecoming; as profaneness is disgraceful to a man. — Dis•grace´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•grace´ful•ness, n. “The Senate have cast you forth disgracefully.” B. Jonson.

Dis•gra´cer , n. One who disgraces.

Dis•gra´cious , a. [Cf. F. disgracieux.] Wanting grace; unpleasing; disagreeable. Shak.

Dis•gra´cive , a. Disgracing. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•gra•da´tion , n. (Scots Law) Degradation; a stripping of titles and honors.

Dis•grade´ , v. t. To degrade. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dis•grad´u•ate ( 135), v. t. To degrade; to reduce in rank. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Dis´gre•gate , v. t. [L. disgregare; dis- + gregare to collect, fr. grex, gregis, flock or herd.] To disperse; to scatter; — opposite of congregate. [Obs.]

Dis•gre•ga´tion , n. (Physiol.) The process of separation, or the condition of being separate, as of the molecules of a body.

Dis•grun´tle , v. t. To dissatisfy; to disaffect; to anger. [Colloq.]

Dis•guise´ ( 232), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disguised p. pr. & vb. n. Disguising.] [OE. desguisen, disgisen, degisen, OF. desguisier, F. deguiser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + guise. See Guise.] 1. To change the guise or appearance of; especially, to conceal by an unusual dress, or one intended to mislead or deceive. “Bunyan was forced to disguise himself as a wagoner.” Macaulay. 2. To hide by a counterfeit appearance; to cloak by a false show; to mask; as to disguise anger; to disguise one’s sentiments, character, or intentions. “All God’s angels come to us disguised.” Lowell. 3. To affect or change by liquor; to intoxicate. “I have just left the right worshipful, and his myrmidons, about a sneaker of five gallons; the whole magistracy was pretty well disguised before I gave them the ship.” Spectator. Syn. — To conceal; hide; mask; dissemble; dissimulate; feign; pretend; secrete. See Conceal.

Dis•guise´, n. 1. A dress or exterior put on for purposes of concealment or of deception; as persons doing unlawful acts in disguise are subject to heavy penalties. “There is no passion which steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises, than pride.” Addison. 2. Artificial language or manner assumed for deception; false appearance; counterfeit semblance or show. “That eye which glances through all disguises.” D. Webster. 3. Change of manner by drink; intoxication. Shak. 4. A masque or masquerade. [Obs.] “Disguise was the old English word for a masque.” B. Jonson.

Dis•guis´ed•ly , adv. In disguise.

Dis•guis´ed•ness, n. The state of being disguised.

Dis•guise´ment , n. Disguise. [R.] Spenser.

Dis•guis´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, disguises. Shak. 2. One who wears a disguise; an actor in a masquerade; a masker. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•guis´ing, n. A masque or masquerade. [Obs.]

Dis•gust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgusting.] [OF. desgouster, F. degoûter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + gouster to taste, F. goûter, fr. L. gustare, fr. gustus taste. See Gust to taste.] To provoke disgust or strong distaste in; to cause (any one) loathing, as of the stomach; to excite aversion in; to offend the moral taste of; — often with at, with, or by. “To disgust him with the world and its vanities.” Prescott. “AErius is expressly declared … to have been disgusted at failing.” J. H. Newman. “Alarmed and disgusted by the proceedings of the convention.” Macaulay.

Dis•gust´, n. [Cf. OF. desgoust, F. degoût. See Disgust, v. t.] Repugnance to what is offensive; aversion or displeasure produced by something loathsome; loathing; strong distaste; — said primarily of the sickening opposition felt for anything which offends the physical organs of taste; now rather of the analogous repugnance excited by anything extremely unpleasant to the moral taste or higher sensibilities of our nature; as an act of cruelty may excite disgust. “The manner of doing is more consequence than the thing done, and upon that depends the satisfaction or disgust wherewith it is received.” Locke. “In a vulgar hack writer such oddities would have excited only disgust.” Macaulay. Syn. — Nausea; loathing; aversion; distaste; dislike; disinclination; abomination. See Dislike.

Dis•gust´ful , a. Provoking disgust; offensive to the taste; exciting aversion; disgusting. “That horrible and disgustful situation.” Burke.

Dis•gust´ful•ness, n. The state of being disgustful.

Dis•gust´ing, a. That causes disgust; sickening; offensive; revolting. — Dis•gust´ing•ly, adv.

Dish (dish), n. [AS. disc, L. discus dish, disc, quoit, fr. Gr. di•skos quoit, fr. dikei^n to throw. Cf. Dais, Desk, Disc, Discus.] 1. A vessel, as a platter, a plate, a bowl, used for serving up food at the table. “She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.” Judg. v. 25. 2. The food served in a dish; hence, any particular kind of food; as a cold dish; a warm dish; a delicious dish. ´A dish fit for the gods.´ Shak.
[1913 Webster] “Home-home dishes that drive one from home.” Hood. 3. The state of being concave, or like a dish, or the degree of such concavity; as the dish of a wheel. 4. A hollow place, as in a field. Ogilvie. 5. (Mining) (a) A trough about 28 inches long, 4 deep, and 6 wide, in which ore is measured. (b) That portion of the produce of a mine which is paid to the land owner or proprietor.

Dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dished p. pr. & vb. n. Dishing.] 1. To put in a dish, ready for the table. 2. To make concave, or depress in the middle, like a dish; as to dish a wheel by inclining the spokes. 3. To frustrate; to beat; to ruin. [Low] To dish out. 1. To serve out of a dish; to distribute in portions at table. 2. (Arch.) To hollow out, as a gutter in stone or wood. — To dish up, to take (food) from the oven, pots, etc., and put in dishes to be served at table.

Dis•ha•bil´i•tate , v. t. [Cf. Disability.] To disqualify. [R.]

Dis•ha•bille´ , n. [See Deshabille.] An undress; a loose, negligent dress; deshabille. “They breakfast in dishabille.” Smollett.

Dis•hab´it , v. t. [Pref. dis- + habit to inhabit.] To dislodge. [Obs.] “Those sleeping stones … from their fixed beds of lime
Had been dishabited.” Shak.

Dis•hab´it•ed, p. a. Rendered uninhabited. ´Dishabited towns.´ R. Carew.

Dis•ha•bit´u•ate ( 135), v. t. To render unaccustomed.

Dis•ha´ble , v. t. 1. To disable. [Obs.] 2. To disparage. [Obs.] “She oft him blamed … and him dishabled quite.” Spenser.

Dis•hal´low , v. t. To make unholy; to profane. Tennyson. “Nor can the unholiness of the priest dishallow the altar.” T. Adams.

Dis•har•mo´ni•ous , a. Unharmonious; discordant. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Dis•har´mo•ny , n. Want of harmony; discord; incongruity. [R.] “A disharmony in the different impulses that constitute it [our nature].” Coleridge.

Dis•haunt´ , v. t. To leave; to quit; to cease to haunt. Halliwell.

Dish´cloth ( 115), n. A cloth used for washing dishes.

Dish´clout , n. A dishcloth. [Obsolescent]

Dis•heart´ , v. t. To dishearten. [Obs.]

Dis•heart´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disheartened p. pr. & vb. n. Disheartening.] [Pref. dis- + hearten.] To discourage; to deprive of courage and hope; to depress the spirits of; to deject. “Regiments … utterly disorganized and disheartened.” Macaulay. Syn. — To dispirit; discourage; depress; deject; deter; terrify.

Dis•heart´en•ment , n. Discouragement; dejection; depression of spirits.

Dis•heir´ , v. t. [Cf. Disherit.] To disinherit. [Obs.] Dryden.

Dis•helm´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + helm helmet.] To deprive of the helmet. [Poetic] “Lying stark,
Dishelmed and mute, and motionlessly pale.” Tennyson.

Dis•her´i•son , n. [See Disherit.] The act of disheriting, or debarring from inheritance; disinhersion. Bp. Hall.

Dis•her´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disheriting.] [F. desheriter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + heriter to inherit. See Inherit, and cf. Dusheir, Disinherit.] To disinherit; to cut off, or detain, from the possession or enjoyment of an inheritance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•her´it•ance , n. [Cf. OF. desheritance.] The act of disinheriting or state of being disinherited; disinheritance. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dis•her´it•or , n. (Law) One who puts another out of his inheritance.

Di•shev´el (di•shev´’l or - el), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disheveled or Dishevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disheveling or Dishevelling.] [OF. descheveler, F. decheveler, LL. discapillare; dis- + L. capillus the hair of the head. See Capillary.] 1. To suffer (the hair) to hang loosely or disorderly; to spread or throw (the hair) in disorder; — used chiefly in the passive participle. “With garments rent and hair disheveled,
Wringing her hands and making piteous moan.” Spenser. 2. To spread loosely or disorderly. “Like the fair flower disheveled in the wind.” Cowper.

Di•shev´el, v. i. To be spread in disorder or hang negligently, as the hair. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

Di•shev´ele , p. p. & a. Disheveled. [Obs.] “Dishevele, save his cap, he rode all bare.” Chaucer.

Di•shev´eled , a. 1. Hanging in loose disorder; disarranged; as disheveled hair. 2. Having the hair in loose disorder. “The dancing maidens are disheveled Maenads.” J. A. Symonds.

dish´ful , n.; pl. dishfuls . As much as a dish holds when full.

Dish´ing, a. Dish-shaped; concave.

Dis•hon´est , a. [Pref. dis- + honest: cf. F. deshonnête, OF. deshoneste.] 1. Dishonorable; shameful; indecent; unchaste; lewd. [Obs.] “Inglorious triumphs and dishonest scars.” Pope. “Speak no foul or dishonest words before them [the women].” Sir T. North. 2. Dishonored; disgraced; disfigured. [Obs.] “Dishonest with lopped arms the youth appears,
Spoiled of his nose and shortened of his ears.” Dryden. 3. Wanting in honesty; void of integrity; faithless; disposed to cheat or defraud; not trustworthy; as a dishonest man. 4. Characterized by fraud; indicating a want of probity; knavish; fraudulent; unjust. “To get dishonest gain.” Ezek. xxii. 27. “The dishonest profits of men in office.” Bancroft.

Dis•hon´est, v. t. [Cf. OF. deshonester.] To disgrace; to dishonor; as to dishonest a maid. [Obs.] “I will no longer dishonest my house.” Chapman.

Dis•hon´est•ly, adv. In a dishonest manner.

Dis•hon´es•ty , n. [Cf. OF. deshoneste, F. deshonnêtete.] 1. Dishonor; dishonorableness; shame. [Obs.] ´The hidden things of dishonesty.´ 2 Cor. iv. 2. 2. Want of honesty, probity, or integrity in principle; want of fairness and straightforwardness; a disposition to defraud, deceive, or betray; faithlessness. 3. Violation of trust or of justice; fraud; any deviation from probity; a dishonest act. 4. Lewdness; unchastity. Shak.

Dis•hon´or (dis•on´er or diz-), n. [OE. deshonour, dishonour, OF. deshonor, deshonur, F. deshonneur; pref. des- (L. dis-) + honor, honur, F. honneur, fr. L. honor. See Honor.] [Written also dishonour.] 1. Lack of honor; disgrace; ignominy; shame; reproach. “It was not meet for us to see the king’s dishonor.” Ezra iv. 14. “His honor rooted in dishonor stood.” Tennyson. 2. (Law) The nonpayment or nonacceptance of commercial paper by the party on whom it is drawn. Syn. — Disgrace; ignominy; shame; censure; reproach; opprobrium.

Dis•hon´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dishonored p. pr. & vb. n. Dishonoring.] [OE. deshonouren, F. deshonorer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + honorer to honor, fr. L. honorare. See Honor, v. t.] [Written also dishonour.] 1. To deprive of honor; to disgrace; to bring reproach or shame on; to treat with indignity, or as unworthy in the sight of others; to stain the character of; to lessen the reputation of; as the duelist dishonors himself to maintain his honor. “Nothing … that may dishonor
Our law, or stain my vow of Nazarite.” Milton. 2. To violate the chastity of; to debauch. Dryden. 3. To refuse or decline to accept or pay; — said of a bill, check, note, or draft which is due or presented; as to dishonor a bill exchange. Syn. — To disgrace; shame; debase; degrade; lower; humble; humiliate; debauch; pollute.

Dis•hon´or•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. deshonorable.] 1. Wanting in honor; not honorable; bringing or deserving dishonor; staining the character, and lessening the reputation; shameful; disgraceful; base. 2. Wanting in honor or esteem; disesteemed. “He that is dishonorable in riches, how much more in poverty!” Ecclus. x. 31. “To find ourselves dishonorable graves.” Shak. — Dis•hon´or•a•ble•ness, n. — Dis•hon´or•a•bly, adv.

Dis•hon´or•a•ry , a. Bringing dishonor on; tending to disgrace; lessening reputation. Holmes.

Dis•hon´or•er , n. One who dishonors or disgraces; one who treats another indignity. Milton.

Dis•horn´ , v. t. To deprive of horns; as to dishorn cattle. ´Dishorn the spirit.´ Shak.

Dis•horse´ , v. t. To dismount. Tennyson.

Dis•house´ , v. t. To deprive of house or home. ´Dishoused villagers.´ James White.

Dis•hu´mor , n. Ill humor. [Obs.]

Dis•hu´mor, v. t. To deprive of humor or desire; to put out of humor. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dish´wash•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, washes dishes. 2. (Zoöl.) A European bird; the wagtail.

Dish´wa•ter , n. Water in which dishes have been washed. ´Suds and dishwater.´ Beau. & Fl.

Dis•il•lu´sion , n. The act or process of freeing from an illusion, or the state of being freed therefrom. Lowell.

Dis•il•lu´sion, v. t. To free from an illusion; to disillusionize.

Dis•il•lu´sion•ize , v. t. To disenchant; to free from illusion. ´The bitter disillusionizing experience of postnuptial life.´ W. Black.

Dis•il•lu´sion•ment , n. The act of freeing from an illusion, or the state of being freed therefrom.

Dis•im•bit´ter , v. t. [Pref. dis- + imbitter. Cf. Disembitter.] To free from bitterness.

Dis•im•park´ , v. t. To free from the barriers or restrictions of a park. [R.] Spectator.

Dis•im•pas´sioned , a. Free from warmth of passion or feeling.

Dis•im•prove´ , v. t. To make worse; — the opposite of improve. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Dis•im•prove´, v. i. To grow worse; to deteriorate.

Dis•im•prove´ment , n. Reduction from a better to a worse state; as disimprovement of the earth.

Dis•in•car´cer•ate , v. t. To liberate from prison. [R.] Harvey.

Dis•in•cli•na´tion , n. The state of being disinclined; want of propensity, desire, or affection; slight aversion or dislike; indisposition. “Disappointment gave him a disinclination to the fair sex.” Arbuthnot. “Having a disinclination to books or business.” Guardian. Syn. — Unwillingness; disaffection; alienation; dislike; indisposition; distaste; aversion; repugnance.

Dis•in•cline´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinclined p. pr. & vb. n. Disinclining.] To incline away the affections of; to excite a slight aversion in; to indispose; to make unwilling; to alienate. “Careful … to disincline them from any reverence or affection to the Queen.” Clarendon. “To social scenes by nature disinclined.” Cowper.

Dis•in•close´ , v. t. [Cf. Disenclose.] To free from being inclosed.

Dis•in•cor´po•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disincorporated p. pr. & vb. n. Disincorporating ] 1. To deprive of corporate powers, rights, or privileges; to divest of the condition of a corporate body. 2. To detach or separate from a corporation. Bacon.

Dis•in•cor´po•rate , a. Separated from, or not included in, a corporation; disincorporated. Bacon.

Dis•in•cor•po•ra´tion , n. Deprivation of the rights and privileges of a corporation. T. Warton.

Dis•in•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinfected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinfecting.] To free from infectious or contagious matter; to destroy putrefaction; to purify; to make innocuous. “When the infectious matter and the infectious matter and the odoriferous matter are one … then to deodorize is to disinfect.” Ure.

Dis•in•fect´ant , n. That which disinfects; an agent for removing the causes of infection, as chlorine.

Dis•in•fec´tion , n. The act of disinfecting; purification from infecting matter.

Dis•in•fect´or , n. One who, or that which, disinfects; an apparatus for applying disinfectants.

Dis•in•flame´ , v. t. To divest of flame or ardor. Chapman.

Dis•in•ge•nu´i•ty , n. Disingenuousness. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Dis•in•gen´u•ous , a. 1. Not noble; unbecoming true honor or dignity; mean; unworthy; as disingenuous conduct or schemes. 2. Not ingenuous; wanting in noble candor or frankness; not frank or open; uncandid; unworthily or meanly artful. “So disingenuous as not to confess them [faults].” Pope. — Dis•in•gen´u•ous•ly, adv. T. Warton. — Dis•in•gen´u•ous•ness, n. Macaulay.

Dis•in•hab´it•ed , a. Uninhabited. [Obs.]

Dis•in•her´i•son , n. [See Disinherit, v. t., and cf. Disherison.] Same as Disherison. Bacon.

Dis•in•her´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinheriting.] [Cf. Disherit, Disheir.] 1. To cut off from an inheritance or from hereditary succession; to prevent, as an heir, from coming into possession of any property or right, which, by law or custom, would devolve on him in the course of descent. “Of how fair a portion Adam disinherited his whole posterity!” South. 2. To deprive of heritage; to dispossess. “And disinherit Chaos, that reigns here.” Milton.

Dis•in•her´it•ance , n. The act of disinheriting, or the condition of being; disinherited; disherison.

Dis•in•hume´ , v. t. To disinter. [R.]

Dis•in•sure´ , v. t. To render insecure; to put in danger. [Obs.] Fanshawe.

Dis•in´te•gra•ble , a. Capable of being disintegrated, or reduced to fragments or powder. “Argillo-calcite is readily disintegrable by exposure.” Kirwan.

Dis•in´te•grate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disintegrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disintegrating.] [L. dis- + integratus, p. p. of integrare to renew, repair, fr. integer entire, whole. See Integer.] To separate into integrant parts; to reduce to fragments or to powder; to break up, or cause to fall to pieces, as a rock, by blows of a hammer, frost, rain, and other mechanical or atmospheric influences. “Marlites are not disintegrated by exposure to the atmosphere, at least in six years.” Kirwan.

Dis•in´te•grate, v. i. To decompose into integrant parts; as chalk rapidly disintegrates.

Dis•in•te•gra´tion , n. (a) The process by which anything is disintegrated; the condition of anything which is disintegrated. Specifically (b) (Geol.) The wearing away or falling to pieces of rocks or strata, produced by atmospheric action, frost, ice, etc. “Society had need of further disintegration before it could begin to reconstruct itself locally.” Motley.

Dis•in´te•gra•tor , n. (Mech.) A machine for grinding or pulverizing by percussion.

Dis•in•ter´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinterred p. pr. & vb. n. Disinterring.] 1. To take out of the grave or tomb; to unbury; to exhume; to dig up. 2. To bring out, as from a grave or hiding place; to bring from obscurity into view. Addison.

Dis•in´ter•ess , v. t. [F. desinteresser to deprive of interest in; pref. des- (L. dis-) + interesser to interest, fr. L. interesse to import, concern. See Interest, and cf. Disinterest.] To deprive or rid of interest in, or regard for; to disengage. [Obs.]

Dis•in´ter•ess•ment , n. [Cf. F. desinteressement.] Disinterestedness; impartiality; fairness. [Obs.] Prior.

Dis•in´ter•est , p. a. Disinterested. [Obs.] “The measures they shall walk by shall be disinterest and even.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•in´ter•est, n. 1. What is contrary to interest or advantage; disadvantage. [Obs.] Glanvill. 2. Indifference to profit; want of regard to private advantage; disinterestedness. [Obs.] Johnson.

Dis•in´ter•est, v. t. To divest of interest or interested motives. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•in´ter•est•ed, a. [Cf. Disinteressed.] Not influenced by regard to personal interest or advantage; free from selfish motive; having no relation of interest or feeling; not biased or prejudiced; as a disinterested decision or judge. “The happiness of disinterested sacrifices.” Channing. Syn. — Unbiased; impartial; uninterested; indifferent.

Dis•in´ter•est•ed•ly, adv. In a disinterested manner; without bias or prejudice.

Dis•in´ter•est•ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being disinterested; impartiality. “That perfect disinterestedness and self- devotion of which man seems to be incapable, but which is sometimes found in woman.” Macaulay.

Dis•in´ter•est•ing, a. Uninteresting. [Obs.] ´Disinteresting passages.´ Bp. Warburton.

Dis•in•ter´ment , n. The act of disinterring, or taking out of the earth; exhumation.

Dis•in•thrall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinthralled p. pr. & vb. n. Disinthralling.] [Pref. dis- + inthrall. Cf. Disenthrall.] To free from thralldom; to disenthrall. [Written also disinthral.]

Dis•in•thrall´ment , n. A releasing from thralldom or slavery; disenthrallment. [Written also disinthralment.]

Dis•in´tri•cate , v. t. To disentangle. [R.] ´To disintricate the question.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Dis•in•ure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinured p. pr. & vb. n. Disinuring.] [Pref. dis- + inure.] To render unaccustomed or unfamiliar. “We are hindered and disinured … towards the true knowledge.” Milton.

Dis•in•ves´ti•ture ( 135), n. The act of depriving of investiture. [Obs.] Ogilvie.

Dis•in•vig´or•ate , v. t. To enervate; to weaken. [R.] Sydney Smith.

Dis•in•volve´ , v. t. To uncover; to unfold or unroll; to disentangle. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Dis•jec´tion , n. [L. disjicere, disjectum, to throw asunder, disperse; dis- + jacere to throw.] Destruction; dispersion. Bp. Horsley.

Dis•join´ (dis•join´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disjoined (-joind´); p. pr. & vb. n. Disjoining.] [OF. desjoindre, F. disjoindre, dejoindre, fr. L. disjungere; dis- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Disjoint, Disjunct.] To part; to disunite; to separate; to sunder. “That marriage, therefore, God himself disjoins.” Milton. “Never let us lay down our arms against France, till we have utterly disjoined her from the Spanish monarchy.” Addison. “Windmill Street consisted of disjoined houses.” Pennant. Syn. — To disunite; separate; detach; sever; dissever; sunder; disconnect.

Dis•join´, v. i. To become separated; to part.

Dis•joint´ , a. [OF. desjoint, p. p. of desjoindre. See Disjoin.] Disjointed; unconnected; — opposed to conjoint. Milton.

Dis•joint´, n. [From OF. desjoint, p. p. of desjoindre. See Disjoint, v. t.] Difficult situation; dilemma; strait. [Obs.] ´I stand in such disjoint.´ Chaucer.

Dis•joint´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disjointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disjointing.] 1. To separate the joints of; to separate, as parts united by joints; to put out of joint; to force out of its socket; to dislocate; as to disjoint limbs; to disjoint bones; to disjoint a fowl in carving. “Yet what could swords or poisons, racks or flame,
But mangle and disjoint the brittle frame?” Prior. 2. To separate at junctures or joints; to break where parts are united; to break in pieces; as disjointed columns; to disjoint an edifice. “Some half-ruined wall
Disjointed and about to fall.” Longfellow. 3. To break the natural order and relations of; to make incoherent; as a disjointed speech.

Dis•joint´, v. i. To fall in pieces. Shak.

Dis•joint´ed, a. Separated at the joints; disconnected; incoherent. — Dis•joint´ed•ly, adv. — Dis•joint´ed•ness, n.

Dis•joint´ly, adv. In a disjointed state. Sandys.

Dis•ju•di•ca´tion , n. Judgment; discrimination. See Dijudication. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•junct´ (dis•junkt´), a. [L. disjunctus, p. p. of disjungere to disjoin. See Disjoin, and cf. Disjoint.] 1. Disjoined; separated. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Having the head, thorax, and abdomen separated by a deep constriction. Disjunct tetrachords (Mus.), tetrachords so disposed to each other that the gravest note of the upper is one note higher than the acutest note of the other.

Dis•junc´tion , n. [L. disjunctio.] 1. The act of disjoining; disunion; separation; a parting; as the disjunction of soul and body. 2. A disjunctive proposition. Coleridge.

Dis•junc´tive , a. [L. disjunctivus: cf. F. disjonctif.] 1. Tending to disjoin; separating; disjoining. 2. (Mus.) Pertaining to disjunct tetrachords. ´Disjunctive notes.´ Moore (Encyc. of Music). Disjunctive conjunction (Gram.), one connecting grammatically two words or clauses, expressing at the same time an opposition or separation inherent in the notions or thoughts; as either, or, neither, nor, but, although, except, lest, etc. — Disjunctive proposition, one in which the parts are connected by disjunctive conjunctions; as it is either day or night. — Disjunctive syllogism (Logic), one in which the major proposition is disjunctive; as the earth moves in a circle or an ellipse; but in does not move in a circle, therefore it moves in an ellipse.

Dis•junc´tive, n. (a) (Gram.) A disjunctive conjunction. (b) (Logic) A disjunctive proposition.

Dis•junc´tive•ly, adv. In a disjunctive manner; separately. Dr. H. More.

Dis•junc´ture ( 135), n. The act of disjoining, or state of being disjoined; separation. Fuller.

Disk (disk), n. [L. discus, Gr. di•skos. See Dish.] [Written also disc.] 1. A discus; a quoit. “Some whirl the disk, and some the javelin dart.” Pope. 2. A flat, circular plate; as a disk of metal or paper. 3. (Astron.) The circular figure of a celestial body, as seen projected of the heavens. 4. (Biol.) A circular structure either in plants or animals; as a blood disk; germinal disk, etc. 5. (Bot.) (a) The whole surface of a leaf. (b) The central part of a radiate compound flower, as in sunflower. (c) A part of the receptacle enlarged or expanded under, or around, or even on top of, the pistil. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior surface or oral area of cœlenterate animals, as of sea anemones. (b) The lower side of the body of some invertebrates, especially when used for locomotion, when it is often called a creeping disk. (c) In owls, the space around the eyes. Disk engine, a form of rotary steam engine. — Disk shell (Zoöl.), any species of Discina.

Dis•kind´ness , n. Unkindness; disservice. [R.] A. Tucker.

Disk´less , a. Having no disk; appearing as a point and not expanded into a disk, as the image of a faint star in a telescope.

Dis•lade´ , v. t. To unlade. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•leal´ , a. [See Disloyal, Leal.] Disloyal; perfidious. [Obs.] ´Disleal knight.´ Spenser.

Dis•leave´ , v. t. To deprive of leaves. [R.] “The cankerworms that annually that disleaved the elms.” Lowell.

Dis•like´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disliked p. pr. & vb. n. Disliking.] 1. To regard with dislike or aversion; to disapprove; to disrelish. “Every nation dislikes an impost.” Johnson. 2. To awaken dislike in; to displease. ´Disliking countenance.´ Marston. ´It dislikes me.´ Shak.

Dis•like´, n. 1. A feeling of positive and usually permanent aversion to something unpleasant, uncongenial, or offensive; disapprobation; repugnance; displeasure; disfavor; — the opposite of liking or fondness. “God’s grace … gives him continual dislike to sin.” Hammond. “The hint malevolent, the look oblique,
The obvious satire, or implied dislike.” Hannah More. “We have spoken of the dislike of these excellent women for Sheridan and Fox.” J. Morley. “His dislike of a particular kind of sensational stories.” A. W. Ward. 2. Discord; dissension. [Obs.] Fairfax. Syn. — Distaste; disinclination; disapprobation; disfavor; disaffection; displeasure; disrelish; aversion; reluctance; repugnance; disgust; antipathy. — Dislike, Aversion, Reluctance, Repugnance, Disgust, Antipathy. Dislike is the more general term, applicable to both persons and things and arising either from feeling or judgment. It may mean little more than want of positive liking; but antipathy, repugnance, disgust, and aversion are more intense phases of dislike. Aversion denotes a fixed and habitual dislike; as an aversion to or for business. Reluctance and repugnance denote a mental strife or hostility something proposed (repugnance being the stronger); as a reluctance to make the necessary sacrifices, and a repugnance to the submission required. Disgust is repugnance either of taste or moral feeling; as a disgust at gross exhibitions of selfishness. Antipathy is primarily an instinctive feeling of dislike of a thing, such as most persons feel for a snake. When used figuratively, it denotes a correspondent dislike for certain persons, modes of acting, etc. Men have an aversion to what breaks in upon their habits; a reluctance and repugnance to what crosses their will; a disgust at what offends their sensibilities; and are often governed by antipathies for which they can give no good reason.

Dis•like´ful , a. Full of dislike; disaffected; malign; disagreeable. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•like´li•hood , n. The want of likelihood; improbability. Sir W. Scott.

Dis•lik´en , v. t. To make unlike; to disguise. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•like´ness, n. Unlikeness. [R.] Locke.

Dis•lik´er , n. One who dislikes or disrelishes.

Dis•limb´ , v. t. To tear limb from limb; to dismember. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dis•limn´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + limn.] To efface, as a picture. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•link´ , v. t. To unlink; to disunite; to separate. [R.] Tennyson.

Dis•live´ , v. t. To deprive of life. [Obs.] “Telemachus dislived Amphimedon.” Chapman.

Dis´lo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislocated p. pr. & vb. n. Dislocating ] [LL. dislocatus, p. p. of dislocare; dis- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.] To displace; to put out of its proper place. Especially, of a bone: To remove from its normal connections with a neighboring bone; to put out of joint; to move from its socket; to disjoint; as to dislocate your bones. Shak. “After some time the strata on all sides of the globe were dislocated.” Woodward. “And thus the archbishop’s see, dislocated or out of joint for a time, was by the hands of his holiness set right again.” Fuller.

Dis´lo•cate , a. [LL. dislocatus, p. p.] Dislocated. Montgomery.

Dis•lo•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. dislocation.] 1. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced. T. Burnet. 2. (Geol.) The displacement of parts of rocks or portions of strata from the situation which they originally occupied. Slips, faults, and the like, are dislocations. 3. (Surg.) The act of dislocating, or putting out of joint; also the condition of being thus displaced.

Dis•lodge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislodged p. pr. & vb. n. Dislodging.] [OF. deslogier, F. deloger; pref. des- (L. dis-) + OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge.] 1. To drive from a lodge or place of rest; to remove from a place of quiet or repose; as shells resting in the sea at a considerate depth are not dislodged by storms. 2. To drive out from a place of hiding or defense; as to dislodge a deer, or an enemy. “The Volscians are dislodg’d.” Shak.

Dis•lodge´, v. i. To go from a place of rest. [R.] “Where Light and Darkness in perpetual round
Lodge and dislodge by turns.” Milton.

Dis•lodge´, n. Dwelling apart; separation. [R.]

Dis•lodg´ment , n. [Cf. F. delogement, OF. deslogement.] The act or process of dislodging, or the state of being dislodged.

Dis•loign´ , v. t. [OF. desloignier. See Eloign.] To put at a distance; to remove. [Obs.] “Low-looking dales, disloigned from common gaze.” Spenser.

Dis•loy´al , a. [Pref. dis- + loyal: cf. OF. desloial, desleal, F. deloyal. See Loyal.] Not loyal; not true to a sovereign or lawful superior, or to the government under which one lives; false where allegiance is due; faithless; as a subject disloyal to the king; a husband disloyal to his wife. “Without a thought disloyal.” Mrs. Browning. Syn. — Disobedient; faithless; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; dishonest; inconstant; disaffected.

Dis•loy´al•ly, adv. In a disloyal manner.

Dis•loy´al•ty , n. [Pref. dis- + loyalty: cf. OF. desloiaute, deslealte, F. deloyaute.] Want of loyalty; lack of fidelity; violation of allegiance.

Dis•mail´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + mail: cf. OF. desmaillier.] To divest of coat of mail. Spenser.

Dis´mal , a. [Formerly a noun; e. g., ´I trow it was in the dismalle.´ Chaucer. Of uncertain origin; but perh. (as suggested by Skeat) from OF. disme, F. dîme, tithe, the phrase dismal day properly meaning, the day when tithes must be paid. See Dime.] 1. Fatal; ill-omened; unlucky. [Obs.] “An ugly fiend more foul than dismal day.” Spenser. 2. Gloomy to the eye or ear; sorrowful and depressing to the feelings; foreboding; cheerless; dull; dreary; as a dismal outlook; dismal stories; a dismal place. “Full well the busy whisper, circling round,
Convey’d the dismal tidings when he frowned.” Goldsmith. “A dismal description of an English November.” Southey. Syn. — Dreary; lonesome; gloomy; dark; ominous; ill- boding; fatal; doleful; lugubrious; funereal; dolorous; calamitous; sorrowful; sad; joyless; melancholy; unfortunate; unhappy.

Dis´mal•ly, adv. In a dismal manner; gloomily; sorrowfully; uncomfortably.

Dis´mal•ness, n. The quality of being dismal; gloominess.

Dis•man´ , v. t. To unman. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•man´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismantled p. pr. & vb. n. Dismantling ] [F. demanteler, OF. desmanteler; pref: des- (L. dis-) + manteler to cover with a cloak, defend, fr. mantel, F. manteau, cloak. See Mantle.] 1. To strip or deprive of dress; to divest. 2. To strip of furniture and equipments, guns, etc.; to unrig; to strip of walls or outworks; to break down; as to dismantle a fort, a town, or a ship. “A dismantled house, without windows or shutters to keep out the rain.” Macaulay. 3. To disable; to render useless. Comber. Syn. — To demosh; raze. See Demolsh.

Dis•march´ , v. i. To march away. [Obs.]

Dis•mar´ry , v. t. [Pref. dis- + marry: cf. OF. desmarier, F. demarier.] To free from the bonds of marriage; to divorce. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Dis•mar´shal , v. t. To disarrange; to derange; to put in disorder. [R.] Drummond.

Dis•mask´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + mask: cf. F. demasquer.] To divest of a mask. Shak.

Dis•mast´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismasting.] [Pref. dis- + mast: cf. F. demâter.] To deprive of a mast of masts; to break and carry away the masts from; as a storm dismasted the ship.

Dis•mast´ment , n. The act of dismasting; the state of being dismasted. [R.] Marshall.

Dis•maw´ , v. t. To eject from the maw; to disgorge. [R.] Shelton.

Dis•may´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismayed p. pr. & vb. n. Dismaying.] [OE. desmaien, dismaien, OF. esmaier; pref. es- (L. ex) + OHG. magan to be strong or able; akin to E. may. In English the pref. es- was changed to dis- (L. dis-). See May, v. i.] 1. To disable with alarm or apprehensions; to depress the spirits or courage of; to deprive or firmness and energy through fear; to daunt; to appall; to terrify. “Be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed.” Josh. i. 9. “What words be these? What fears do you dismay?” Fairfax. 2. To render lifeless; to subdue; to disquiet. [Obs.] “Do not dismay yourself for this.” Spenser. Syn. — To terrify; fright; affright; frighten; appall; daunt; dishearthen; dispirit; discourage; deject; depress. — To Dismay, Daunt, Appall. Dismay denotes a state of deep and gloomy apprehension. To daunt supposes something more sudden and startling. To appall is the strongest term, implying a sense of terror which overwhelms the faculties. “So flies a herd of beeves, that hear, dismayed,
The lions roaring through the midnight shade.” Pope. “Jove got such heroes as my sire, whose soul
No fear could daunt, nor earth nor hell control.” Pope. “Now the last ruin the whole host appalls;
Now Greece has trembled in her wooden walls.” Pope.

Dis•may´, v. i. To take dismay or fright; to be filled with dismay. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•may´, n. [Cf. OF. esmai, F. emoi. See Dismay, v. t.] 1. Loss of courage and firmness through fear; overwhelming and disabling terror; a sinking of the spirits; consternation. “I … can not think of such a battle without dismay.” Macaulay. “Thou with a tiger spring dost leap upon thy prey,
And tear his helpless breast, o’erwhelmed with wild dismay.” Mrs. Barbauld. 2. Condition fitted to dismay; ruin. Spenser. Syn. — Dejection; discouragement; depression; fear; fright; terror; apprehension; alarm; affright.

Dis•may´ed•ness , n. A state of being dismayed; dejection of courage; dispiritedness.

Dis•may´ful , a. Terrifying. Spenser.

Disme , n. [OF. See Dime.] A tenth; a tenth part; a tithe. Ayliffe.

Dis•mem´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismembered p. pr. & vb. n. Dismembering.] [OF. desmembrer, F. demembrer; pref. des- (L. dis) + OF. & F. membre limb. See Member.] 1. To tear limb from limb; to dilacerate; to disjoin member from member; to tear or cut in pieces; to break up. “Fowls obscene dismembered his remains.” Pope. “A society lacerated and dismembered.” Gladstone. “By whose hands the blow should be struck which would dismember that once mighty empire.” Buckle. 2. To deprive of membership. [Obs.] “They were dismembered by vote of the house.” R. North. Syn. — To disjoint; dislocate; dilacerate; mutilate; divide; sever.

Dis•mem´ber•ment , n. [Cf. OF. desmembrement, F. demembrement.] The act of dismembering, or the state of being dismembered; cutting in piece; mtilation; division; separation. “The Castilians would doubtless have resented the dismemberment of the unwieldy body of which they formed the head.” Macaulay.

Dis•met´tled , a. Destitute of mettle, that is, or fire or spirit. [R.] Llewellyn.

Dis•miss´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismissed p. pr. & vb. n. Dismissing.] [L. dis- + missus, p. p. of mittere to send: cf. dimittere, OF. desmetre, F. demettre. See Demise, and cf. Dimit.] 1. To send away; to give leave of departure; to cause or permit to go; to put away. “He dismissed the assembly.” Acts xix. 41. “Dismiss their cares when they dismiss their flock.” Cowper. “Though he soon dismissed himself from state affairs.” Dryden. 2. To discard; to remove or discharge from office, service, or employment; as the king dismisses his ministers; the matter dismisses his servant. 3. To lay aside or reject as unworthy of attentions or regard, as a petition or motion in court.

Dis•miss´, n. Dismission. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Dis•miss´al , n. Dismission; discharge. “Officeholders were commanded faithfully to enforce it, upon pain of immediate dismissal.” Motley.

Dis•mis´sion , n. [Cf. L. dimissio.] 1. The act dismissing or sending away; permission to leave; leave to depart; dismissal; as the dismission of the grand jury. 2. Removal from office or employment; discharge, either with honor or with disgrace. 3. Rejection; a setting aside as trivial, invalid, or unworthy of consideration.

Dis•miss´ive , a. Giving dismission.

Dis•mort´gage ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismortaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismortgaging ] To redeem from mortgage. [Obs.] Howell.

Dis•mount´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dismounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismounting.] [Pref. dis- + mount: cf. OF. desmonter, F. demonter.] 1. To come down; to descend. [Poetic] “But now the bright sun ginneth to dismount.” Spenser. 2. To alight from a horse; to descend or get off, as a rider from his beast; as the troops dismounted.

Dis•mount´, v. t. 1. To throw or bring down from an elevation, place of honor and authority, or the like. “Dismounted from his authority.” Barrow. 2. To throw or remove from a horse; to unhorse; as the soldier dismounted his adversary. 3. (Mech.) To take down, or apart, as a machine. 4. To throw or remove from the carriage, or from that on which a thing is mounted; to break the carriage or wheels of, and render useless; to deprive of equipments or mountings; — said esp. of artillery.

Dis•nat´u•ral•ize , v. t. To make alien; to deprive of the privileges of birth. Locke.

Dis•na´tured ( 135), a. [Pref. dis- + nature: cf. OF. desnature, F. denature.] Deprived or destitute of natural feelings; unnatural. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•o•be´di•ence , n. Neglect or refusal to obey; violation of a command or prohibition. “He is undutiful to him other actions, and lives in open disobedience.” Tillotson.

Dis•o•be´di•en•cy , n. Disobedience.

Dis•o•be´di•ent , a. [Pref. dis- + obedient. See Disobey, Obedient.] 1. Neglecting or refusing to obey; omitting to do what is commanded, or doing what is prohibited; refractory; not observant of duty or rules prescribed by authority; — applied to persons and acts. “This disobedient spirit in the colonies.” Burke. “Disobedient unto the word of the Lord.” 1 Kings xiii. 26. 2. Not yielding. “Medicines used unnecessarily contribute to shorten life, by sooner rendering peculiar parts of the system disobedient to stimuli.” E. Darwin.

Dis•o•be´di•ent•ly, adv. In a disobedient manner.

Dis•o•bei´sance , n. [F. desobeissance.] Disobedience. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•o•bei´sant , a. [F. desobeissant.] Disobedient. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•o•bey´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disobeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Disobeying.] [F. desobeir; pref. des- (L. dis-) + obeir. See Obey, and cf. Disobedient.] Not to obey; to neglect or refuse to obey (a superior or his commands, the laws, etc.); to transgress the commands of (one in authority); to violate, as an order; as refractory children disobey their parents; men disobey their Maker and the laws. “Not to disobey her lord’s behest.” Tennyson.

Dis•o•bey´, v. i. To refuse or neglect to obey; to violate commands; to be disobedient. “He durst not know how to disobey.” Sir P. Sidney.

Dis•o•bey´er , n. One who disobeys.

Dis•ob•li•ga´tion , n. 1. The act of disobliging. 2. A disobliging act; an offense. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. Release from obligation. Jer. Taylor.

Dis•ob´li•ga•to•ry , a. Releasing from obligation. ´Disobligatory power.´ Charles I.

Dis•o•blige´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disobliged p. pr. & vb. n. Disobliging.] [Pref. dis- + oblige: cf. F. desobliger.] 1. To do an act which contravenes the will or desires of; to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility; to displease; to refrain from obliging; to be unaccommodating to. “Those … who slight and disoblige their friends, shall infallibly come to know the value of them by having none when they shall most need them.” South. “My plan has given offense to some gentlemen, whom it would not be very safe to disoblige.” Addison. 2. To release from obligation. [Obs.] “Absolving and disobliging from a more general command for some just and reasonable cause.” Milton.

Dis•o•blige´ment , n. Release from obligation. [Obs.]

Dis•o•bli´ger , n. One who disobliges.

Dis•o•bli´ging , a. 1. Not obliging; not disposed to do a favor; unaccommodating; as a disobliging person or act. 2. Displeasing; offensive. [Obs.] Cov. of Tongue. — Dis•o•bli´ging•ly, adv. — Dis•o•bli´ging•ness, n.

Dis•oc´ci•dent , v. t. To turn away from the west; to throw out of reckoning as to longitude. [Obs.] Marvell.

Dis•oc•cu•pa´tion , n. The state of being unemployed; want of occupation. [R.]

Dis•o•pin´ion , n. Want or difference of belief; disbelief. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds.

Dis•op´pi•late , v. t. [L. dis- + oppilatus, p. p. of oppilare to shut up.] To open. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•orb´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + orb.] To throw out of the proper orbit; to unsphere. Shak.

Dis•ord´ , n. Disorder. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•or•deined´ , a. [See Ordain.] Inordinate; irregular; vicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•or´der , n. [Pref. dis- + order: cf. F. desordre.] 1. Want of order or regular disposition; lack of arrangement; confusion; disarray; as the troops were thrown into disorder; the papers are in disorder. 2. Neglect of order or system; irregularity. “From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part,
And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art.” Pope. 3. Breach of public order; disturbance of the peace of society; tumult. Shak. 4. Disturbance of the functions of the animal economy or of the soul; sickness; derangement. ´Disorder in the body.´ Locke. Syn. — Irregularity; disarrangement; confusion; tumult; bustle; disturbance; disease; illness; indisposition; sickness; ailment; malady; distemper. See Disease.

Dis•or´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disordered p. pr. & vb. n. Disordering.] 1. To disturb the order of; to derange or disarrange; to throw into confusion; to confuse. “Disordering the whole frame or jurisprudence.” Burke. “The burden … disordered the aids and auxiliary rafters into a common ruin.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To disturb or interrupt the regular and natural functions of (either body or mind); to produce sickness or indisposition in; to discompose; to derange; as to disorder the head or stomach. “A man whose judgment was so much disordered by party spirit.” Macaulay. 3. To depose from holy orders. [Obs.] Dryden. Syn. — To disarrange; derange; confuse; discompose.

Dis•or´dered , a. 1. Thrown into disorder; deranged; as a disordered house, judgment. 2. Disorderly. [Obs.] Shak. — Dis•or´dered•ly, adv. — Dis•or´dered•ness, n.

Dis•or´der•li•ness , n. The state of being disorderly.

Dis•or´der•ly , a. 1. Not in order; marked by disorder; disarranged; immethodical; as the books and papers are in a disorderly state. 2. Not acting in an orderly way, as the functions of the body or mind. 3. Not complying with the restraints of order and law; tumultuous; unruly; lawless; turbulent; as disorderly people; disorderly assemblies. 4. (Law) Offensive to good morals and public decency; notoriously offensive; as a disorderly house. Syn. — Irregular; immethodical; confused; tumultuous; inordinate; intemperate; unruly; lawless; vicious.

Dis•or´der•ly, adv. In a disorderly manner; without law or order; irregularly; confusedly. “Withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly.” 2 Thess. iii. 6. “Savages fighting disorderly with stones.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•or´di•nance , n. Disarrangement; disturbance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•or´di•nate , a. Inordinate; disorderly. [Obs.] ´With disordinate gestures.´ Prynne.

Dis•or´di•nate•ly, adv. Inordinately. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•or•di•na´tion , n. The state of being in disorder; derangement; confusion. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•or•gan•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. desorganisation. See Disorganize, v. t.] 1. The act of disorganizing; destruction of system. 2. The state of being disorganized; as the disorganization of the body, or of government. “The magazine of a pawnbroker in such total disorganization, that the owner can never lay his hands upon any one article at the moment he has occasion for it.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•or´gan•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disorganized p. pr. & vb. n. Disorganizing ] [Pref. dis- + organize: cf. F. desorganiser.] To destroy the organic structure or regular system of (a government, a society, a party, etc.); to break up (what is organized); to throw into utter disorder; to disarrange. “Lyford … attempted to disorganize the church.” Eliot (1809).

Dis•or´gan•i•zer , n. One who disorganizes or causes disorder and confusion.

Dis•o´ri•ent , v. t. To turn away from the east; to confuse as to which way is east; to cause to lose one’s bearings. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Dis•o´ri•en•tate , v. t. To turn away from the east, or (figuratively) from the right or the truth. [R.]

Dis•own´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disowned p. pr. & vb. n. Disowning.] 1. To refuse to own or acknowledge as belonging to one’s self; to disavow or deny, as connected with one’s self personally; as a parent can hardly disown his child; an author will sometimes disown his writings. 2. To refuse to acknowledge or allow; to deny. “Then they, who brother’s better claim disown,
Expel their parents, and usurp the throne.” Dryden. Syn. — To disavow; disclaim; deny; abnegate; renounce; disallow.

Dis•own´ment , n. Act of disowning. [R.]

Dis•ox´i•date , v. t. (Chem.) To deoxidate; to deoxidize. [R.]

Dis•ox•i•da´tion , n. (Chem.) Deoxidation. [R.]

Dis•ox´y•gen•ate , v. t. (Chem.) To deprive of oxygen; to deoxidize. [R.]

Dis•ox•y•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) Deoxidation. [R.]

Dis•pace´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- asunder, different ways, to and fro + pace.] To roam. [Obs.] “In this fair plot dispacing to and fro.” Spenser.

Dis•pair´ , v. t. To separate (a pair). [R.] “I have … dispaired two doves.” Beau. & Fl.

Dis•pand´ , v. t. [L. dispandere to spread out; pref. dis- + pandere, pansum, to spread out.] To spread out; to expand. [Obs.] Bailey.

Dis•pan´sion , n. [See Dispand.] Act of dispanding, or state of being dispanded. [Obs.]

Dis•par´a•dised, a. Removed from paradise. [R.] Cockeram.

Dis•par´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disparaged p. pr. & vb. n. Disparaging ] [OF. desparagier, F. deparager, to marry unequally; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. parage extraction, lineage, from L. par equal, peer. See Peer.] 1. To match unequally; to degrade or dishonor by an unequal marriage. [Obs.] “Alas! that any of my nation
Should ever so foul disparaged be.” Chaucer. 2. To dishonor by a comparison with what is inferior; to lower in rank or estimation by actions or words; to speak slightingly of; to depreciate; to undervalue. “Those forbidding appearances which sometimes disparage the actions of men sincerely pious.” Bp. Atterbury. “Thou durst not thus disparage glorious arms.” Milton. Syn. — To decry; depreciate; undervalue; underrate; cheapen; vilify; reproach; detract from; derogate from; degrade; debase. See Decry.

Dis´pa•rage , n. Inequality in marriage; marriage with an inferior. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Dissuaded her from such a disparage.” Spenser.

Dis•par´age•ment , n. [Cf. OF. desparagement.] 1. Matching any one in marriage under his or her degree; injurious union with something of inferior excellence; a lowering in rank or estimation. [Eng.] “And thought that match a foul disparagement.” Spenser. 2. Injurious comparison with an inferior; a depreciating or dishonoring opinion or insinuation; diminution of value; dishonor; indignity; reproach; disgrace; detraction; — commonly with to. “It ought to be no disparagement to a star that it is not the sun.” South. “Imitation is a disparagement and a degradation in a Christian minister.” I. Taylor. Syn. — Indignity; derogation; detraction; reproach; dishonor; debasement; degradation; disgrace.

Dis•par´a•ger , n. One who disparages or dishonors; one who vilifies or disgraces.

Dis•par´a•ging•ly , adv. In a manner to disparage or dishonor; slightingly.

Dis´pa•rate , a. [L. disparatus, p. p. of disparare to part, separate; dis- + parare to make ready, prepare.] 1. Unequal; dissimilar; separate. “Connecting disparate thoughts, purely by means of resemblances in the words expressing them.” Coleridge. 2. (Logic) Pertaining to two coördinate species or divisions.

Dis´pa•rates , n. pl. Things so unequal or unlike that they can not be compared with each other.

Dis•pa•ri´tion , n. [Cf. F. disparition.] Act of disappearing; disappearance. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•par´i•ty , n.; pl. Disparities (#). [LL. disparitas, fr. L. dispar unlike, unequal; dis- + par equal: cf. F. disparite. See Par, Peer.] Inequality; difference in age, rank, condition, or excellence; dissimilitude; — followed by between, in, of, as to, etc.; as disparity in, or of, years; a disparity as to color. “The disparity between God and his intelligent creatures.” I. Taylor. “The disparity of numbers was not such as ought to cause any uneasiness.” Macaulay. Syn. — Inequality; unlikeness; dissimilitude; disproportion; difference.

Dis•park´ , v. t. 1. To throw (a park or inclosure); to treat (a private park) as a common. “The Gentiles were made to be God’s people when the Jews’ inclosure was disparked.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To set at large; to release from inclosure. “Till his free muse threw down the pale,
And did at once dispark them all.” Waller.

Dis•par´kle , v. t. [OF. desparpeillier.] To scatter abroad. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•part´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disparting.] [Pref. dis- + part: cf. OF. despartir.] To part asunder; to divide; to separate; to sever; to rend; to rive or split; as disparted air; disparted towers. [Archaic] “Them in twelve troops their captain did dispart.” Spenser. “The world will be whole, and refuses to be disparted.” Emerson.

Dis•part´, v. i. To separate, to open; to cleave.

Dis•part´, n. 1. (Gun.) The difference between the thickness of the metal at the mouth and at the breech of a piece of ordnance. “On account of the dispart, the line of aim or line of metal, which is in a plane passing through the axis of the gun, always makes a small angle with the axis.” Eng. Cys. 2. (Gun.) A piece of metal placed on the muzzle, or near the trunnions, on the top of a piece of ordnance, to make the line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore; — called also dispart sight, and muzzle sight.

Dis•part´ , v. t. 1. (Gun.) To make allowance for the dispart in (a gun), when taking aim. “Every gunner, before he shoots, must truly dispart his piece.” Lucar. 2. (Gun.) To furnish with a dispart sight.

Dis•pas´sion , n. Freedom from passion; an undisturbed state; apathy. Sir W. Temple.

Dis•pas´sion•ate , a. 1. Free from passion; not warped, prejudiced, swerved, or carried away by passion or feeling; judicial; calm; composed. “Wise and dispassionate men.” Clarendon. 2. Not dictated by passion; not proceeding from temper or bias; impartial; as dispassionate proceedings; a dispassionate view. Syn. — Calm; cool; composed serene; unimpassioned; temperate; moderate; impartial; unruffled. — Dis•pas´sion•ate•ly, adv. — Dis•pas´sion•ate•ness, n.

Dis•pas´sioned , a. Free from passion; dispassionate. [R.] ´Dispassioned men.´ Donne.

Dis•patch´ ( 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispatched p. pr. & vb. n. Dispatching.] [OF. despeechier, F. depêcher; prob. from pref. des- (L. dis-) + (assumed) LL. pedicare to place obstacles in the way, fr. L. pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Impeach, Despatch.] [Written also despatch.] 1. To dispose of speedily, as business; to execute quickly; to make a speedy end of; to finish; to perform. “Ere we put ourselves in arms, dispatch we
The business we have talked of.” Shak. “[The] harvest men … almost in one fair day dispatcheth all the harvest work.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. To rid; to free. [Obs.] “I had clean dispatched myself of this great charge.” Udall. 3. To get rid of by sending off; to send away hastily. “Unless dispatched to the mansion house in the country … they perish among the lumber of garrets.” Walpole. 4. To send off or away; — particularly applied to sending off messengers, messages, letters, etc., on special business, and implying haste. “Even with the speediest expedition
I will dispatch him to the emperor’s cou.” Shak. 5. To send out of the world; to put to death. “The company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords.” Ezek. xxiii. 47. Syn. — To expedite; hasten; speed; accelerate; perform; conclude; finish; slay; kill.

Dis•patch´, v. i. To make haste; to conclude an affair; to finish a matter of business. “They have dispatched with Pompey.” Shak.

Dis•patch´, n. [Cf. OF. despeche, F. depêche. See Dispatch, v. t.] [Written also despatch.] 1. The act of sending a message or messenger in haste or on important business. 2. Any sending away; dismissal; riddance. “To the utter dispatch of all their most beloved comforts.” Milton. 3. The finishing up of a business; speedy performance, as of business; prompt execution; diligence; haste. “Serious business, craving quick dispatch.” Shak. “To carry his scythe … with a sufficient dispatch through a sufficient space.” Paley. 4. A message dispatched or sent with speed; especially, an important official letter sent from one public officer to another; — often used in the plural; as a messenger has arrived with dispatches for the American minister; naval or military dispatches. 5. A message transmitted by telegraph. [Modern] Dispatch boat, a swift vessel for conveying dispatches; an advice boat. — Dispatch box, a box for carrying dispatches; a box for papers and other conveniences when traveling. Syn. — Haste; hurry; promptness; celerity; speed. See Haste.

Dis•patch´er , n. One who dispatches.

Dis•patch´ful , a. Bent on haste; intent on speedy execution of business or any task; indicating haste; quick; as dispatchful looks. Milton.

Dis•patch´ment , n. [Cf. OF. despechement.] The act of dispatching. [Obs.] State Trials (1529).

Dis´pa•thy , n.; pl. Dispathies (#). [Pref. dis- + Gr. passion. See Pathos.] Lack of sympathy; want of passion; apathy. [R.] “Many discrepancies and some dispathies between us.” Southey.

Dis•pau´per , v. t. To deprive of the claim of a pauper to public support; to deprive of the privilege of suing in forma pauperis.

Dis•pau´per•ize , v. t. To free a state of pauperism, or from paupers. J. S. Mill.

Dis•peed´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + speed.] To send off with speed; to dispatch. [Obs.] Knolles. “Then they dispeeded themselves of the Cid and of their mother-in-law, Doa Ximena.” Southey.

Dis•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispelled p. pr. & vb. n. Dispelling.] [L. dispellere; dis- + pellere to push, drive. See Pulse a beating.] To drive away by scattering, or so to cause to vanish; to clear away; to banish; to dissipate; as to dispel a cloud, vapors, cares, doubts, illusions. “[Satan] gently raised
their fainting courage, and dispelled their fears.” Milton. “I saw myself the lambent easy light
Gild the brown horror, and dispel the night.” Dryden.

Dis•pence´ , v. i. & n. See Dispense. [Obs.]

Dis•pend´ , v. t. [OF. despendre, L. dispendere to weigh out, dispense; dis- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, Spend, and cf. Dispense.] To spend; to lay out; to expend. [Obs.] Spenser. “Able to dispend yearly twenty pounds and above.” Fuller.

Dis•pend´er , n. One who dispends or expends; a steward. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Cor. iv. 1).

Dis•pen´sa•ble , a. [LL. dispensabilis. See Dispense.] 1. Capable of being dispensed or administered. 2. Capable of being dispensed with. Coleridge.

Dis•pen´sa•ble•ness, n. Quality of being dispensable.

Dis•pen´sa•ry , n.; pl. Dispensaries (#). [Cf. F. dispensaire.] 1. A place where medicines are prepared and dispensed; esp., a place where the poor can obtain medical advice and medicines gratuitously or at a nominal price. 2. A dispensatory. Pope.

Dis•pen•sa´tion , n. [F. dispensation, L. dispensatio.] 1. The act of dispensing or dealing out; distribution; often used of the distribution of good and evil by God to man, or more generically, of the acts and modes of his administration. “To respect the dispensations of Providence.” Burke. 2. That which is dispensed, dealt out, or appointed; that which is enjoined or bestowed; especially (Theol.), A system of principles, promises, and rules ordained and administered; scheme; economy; as the Patriarchal, Mosaic, and Christian dispensations. “Neither are God’s methods or intentions different in his dispensations to each private man.” Rogers. 3. The relaxation of a law in a particular case; permission to do something forbidden, or to omit doing something enjoined; specifically, in the Roman Catholic Church, exemption from some ecclesiastical law or obligation to God which a man has incurred of his own free will (oaths, vows, etc.). “A dispensation was obtained to enable Dr. Barrow to marry.” Ward.

Dis•pen´sa•tive , a. [Cf. F. dispensatif.] Granting dispensation.

Dis•pen´sa•tive•ly, adv. By dispensation. Wotton.

Dis´pen•sa•tor , n. [L.] A distributer; a dispenser. Bacon.

Dis•pen´sa•to•ri•ly , adv. In the way of dispensation; dispensatively.

Dis•pen´sa•to•ry , a. [L. dispensatorius relating to management. See Dispense, v. t.] Granting, or authorized to grant, dispensations. ´Dispensatory power.´ Bp. Rainbow.

Dis•pen´sa•to•ry, n.; pl. Dispensatories . A book or medicinal formulary containing a systematic description of drugs, and of preparations made from them. It is usually, but not always, distinguished from a pharmacopœia in that it issued by private parties, and not by an official body or by government.

Dis•pense´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispensed p. pr. & vb. n. Dispensing.] [F. dispenser, L. dispensare, intens. of dispendere. See Dispend.] 1. To deal out in portions; to distribute; to give; as the steward dispenses provisions according directions; Nature dispenses her bounties; to dispense medicines. “He is delighted to dispense a share of it to all the company.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To apply, as laws to particular cases; to administer; to execute; to manage; to direct. “While you dispense the laws, and guide the state.” Dryden. 3. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] “His sin was dispensed
With gold, whereof it was compensed.” Gower. 4. To exempt; to excuse; to absolve; — with from. “It was resolved that all members of the House who held commissions, should be dispensed from parliamentary attendance.” Macaulay. “He appeared to think himself born to be supported by others, and dispensed from all necessity of providing for himself.” Johnson.

Dis•pense´, v. i. 1. To compensate; to make up; to make amends. [Obs.] “One loving hour
For many years of sorrow can dispense.” Spenser. 2. To give dispensation. “He [the pope] can also dispense in all matters of ecclesiastical law.” Addis & Arnold (Cath. Dict. ) To dispense with. (a) To permit the neglect or omission of, as a form, a ceremony, an oath; to suspend the operation of, as a law; to give up, release, or do without, as services, attention, etc.; to forego; to part with. (b) To allow by dispensation; to excuse; to exempt; to grant dispensation to or for. [Obs.] ´Conniving and dispensing with open and common adultery.´ Milton. (c) To break or go back from, as one’s word. [Obs.] Richardson.

Dis•pense´, n. [Cf. F. dispense dispensation. See Dispense, v. t.] Dispensation; exemption. [Obs.]

Dis•pense´, n. [OF. despense, F. depense.] Expense; profusion; outlay. [Obs.] “It was a vault built for great dispense.” Spenser.

Dis•pens´er , n. One who, or that which, dispenses; a distributer; as a dispenser of favors.

Dis•peo´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispeopled p. pr. & vb. n. Dispeopling ] [Pref. dis- + people: cf. F. depeupler.] To deprive of inhabitants; to depopulate. “Leave the land dispeopled and desolate.” Sir T. More. “A certain island long before dispeopled … by sea rivers.” Milton.

Dis•peo´pler , n. One who, or that which, dispeoples; a depopulator. Gay.

Dis•perge´ , v. t. [L. dispergere. See Disperse.] To sprinkle. [Obs.]

Di•sper´mous (di•sper´mus), a. [Gr. di- = dis + spe•rma seed, fr. spei•rein to sow: cf. F. disperme.] (Bot.) Containing only two seeds; two- seeded.

Dis•per´ple , v. t. [OF. desparpeulier.] To scatter; to sprinkle. [Obs.] “Odorous water was
Disperpled lightly on my head and neck.” Chapman.

Dis•per´sal , n. The act or result of dispersing or scattering; dispersion. Darwin.

Dis•perse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispersed p. pr. & vb. n. Dispersing.] [L. dispersus, p. p. of dispergere to strew, scatter. See Sparse.] 1. To scatter abroad; to drive to different parts; to distribute; to diffuse; to spread; as the Jews are dispersed among all nations. “The lips of the wise disperse knowledge.” Prov. xv. 7. “Two lions, in the still, dark night,
A herd of beeves disperse.” Cowper. 2. To scatter, so as to cause to vanish; to dissipate; as to disperse vapors. “Dispersed are the glories.” Shak. Syn. — To scatter; dissipate; dispel; spread; diffuse; distribute; deal out; disseminate.

Dis•perse´, v. i. 1. To separate; to go or move into different parts; to vanish; as the company dispersed at ten o’clock; the clouds disperse. 2. To distribute wealth; to share one’s abundance with others. “He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor.” Ps. cxii. 9.

Dis•persed´ , a. Scattered. — Dis•pers´ed•ly (#), adv. — Dis•pers´ed•ness, n. Dispersed harmony (Mus.), harmony in which the tones composing the chord are widely separated, as by an octave or more.

Dis•perse´ness , n. Dispersedness. [Obs.]

Dis•pers´er , n. One that disperses.

Dis•per´sion , n. [Cf. F. dispersion.] 1. The act or process of scattering or dispersing, or the state of being scattered or separated; as the Jews in their dispersion retained their rites and ceremonies; a great dispersion of the human family took place at the building of Babel. “The days of your slaughter and of your dispersions are accomplished.” Jer. xxv. 34. 2. (Opt.) The separation of light into its different colored rays, arising from their different refrangibilities. Dispersion of the optic axes (Crystallog.), the separation of the optic axes in biaxial crystals, due to the fact that the axial angle has different values for the different colors of the spectrum.

Dis•pers´ive , a. Tending to disperse. Dispersive power (Opt.), the relative effect of a material in separating the different rays of light by refraction, as when the substance is formed into a prism. — Dis•pers´ive•ness, n.

Dis•per´son’•ate , v. t. To deprive of personality or individuality. [R.] “We multiply; we dispersonate ourselves.” Hare.

Dis•pir´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispiriting.] [Pref. dis- + spirit.] 1. To deprive of cheerful spirits; to depress the spirits of; to dishearten; to discourage. “Not dispirited with my afflictions.” Dryden. “He has dispirited himself by a debauch.” Collier. 2. To distill or infuse the spirit of. [Obs. or R.] “This makes a man master of his learning, and dispirits the book into the scholar.” Fuller. Syn. — To dishearten; discourage; deject; damp; depress; cast down; intimidate; daunt; cow.

Dis•pir´it•ed, a. Depressed in spirits; disheartened; daunted. — Dis•pir´it•ed•ly, adv. — Dis•pir´it•ed, n.

Dis•pir´it•ment , n. Depression of spirits; discouragement. [R.] “Procter, in evident distress and dispiritment, was waiting the slow conclusion of this.” Carlyle.

Dis•pit´e•ous , a. [Pref. dis- + piteous. Cf. Despiteous.] Full of despite; cruel; spiteful; pitiless. Spenser. — Dis•pit´e•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Dis•place´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displaced p. pr. & vb. n. Displacing.] [Pref. dis- + place: cf. F. deplacer.] 1. To change the place of; to remove from the usual or proper place; to put out of place; to place in another situation; as the books in the library are all displaced. 2. To crowd out; to take the place of. “Holland displaced Portugal as the mistress of those seas.” London Times. 3. To remove from a state, office, dignity, or employment; to discharge; to depose; as to displace an officer of the revenue. 4. To dislodge; to drive away; to banish. [Obs.] “You have displaced the mirth.” Shak. Syn. — To disarrange; derange; dismiss; discard.

Dis•place´a•ble , a. Capable of being displaced.

Dis•place´ment , n. [Cf. F. deplacement.] 1. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced; a putting out of place. “Unnecessary displacement of funds.” A. Hamilton. “The displacement of the sun by parallax.” Whewell. 2. The quantity of anything, as water, displaced by a floating body, as by a ship, the weight of the displaced liquid being equal to that of the displacing body. 3. (Chem.) The process of extracting soluble substances from organic material and the like, whereby a quantity of saturated solvent is displaced, or removed, for another quantity of the solvent. Piston displacement (Mech.), the volume of the space swept through, or weight of steam, water, etc., displaced, in a given time, by the piston of a steam engine or pump.

Dis•pla´cen•cy , n. [LL. displacentia, for L. displicentia, fr. displicere to displease; dis- + placere to please. See Displease, and cf. Displeasance.] Want of complacency or gratification; envious displeasure; dislike. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•pla´cer , n. 1. One that displaces. 2. (Chem.) The funnel part of the apparatus for solution by displacement.

Dis•plant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Displanting.] [Pref. dis- + plant: cf. OF. desplanter, F. deplanter.] 1. To remove (what is planted or fixed); to unsettle and take away; to displace; to root out; as to displant inhabitants. “I did not think a look,
Or a poor word or two, could have displanted
Such a fixed constancy.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To strip of what is planted or settled; as to displant a country of inhabitants. Spenser.

Dis•plan•ta´tion , n. The act of displanting; removal; displacement. Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•plat´ , v. t. To untwist; to uncurl; to unplat. [Obs.] Hakewill.

Dis•play´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displayed p. pr. & vb. n. Displaying.] [OE. displaien, desplaien, OF. despleier, desploier, F. deployer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + pleier, ploier, plier, F. ployer, plier, to fold, bend, L. plicare. See Ply, and cf. Deploy, Splay.] 1. To unfold; to spread wide; to expand; to stretch out; to spread. “The northern wind his wings did broad display.” Spenser. 2. (Mil.) To extend the front of (a column), bringing it into line. Farrow. 3. To spread before the view; to show; to exhibit to the sight, or to the mind; to make manifest. “His statement … displays very clearly the actual condition of the army.” Burke. 4. To make an exhibition of; to set in view conspicuously or ostentatiously; to exhibit for the sake of publicity; to parade. “Proudly displaying the insignia of their order.” Prescott. 5. (Print.) To make conspicuous by large or prominent type. 6. To discover; to descry. [Obs.] “And from his seat took pleasure to display
The city so adorned with towers.” Chapman. Syn. — To exhibit; show; manifest; spread out; parade; expand; flaunt.

Dis•play´, v. i. To make a display; to act as one making a show or demonstration. Shak.

Dis•play´, n. 1. An opening or unfolding; exhibition; manifestation. “Having witnessed displays of his power and grace.” Trench. 2. Ostentatious show; exhibition for effect; parade. “He died, as erring man should die,
Without display, without parade.” Byron.

Dis•played´ , a. 1. Unfolded; expanded; exhibited conspicuously or ostentatiously. 2. (Her.) With wings expanded; — said of a bird of pray, esp. an eagle. 3. (Print.) Set with lines of prominent type interspersed, to catch the eye.

Dis•play´er , n. One who, or that which, displays.

Dis´ple , v. t. To discipline; to correct. [Obs.] “And bitter Penance, with an iron whip,
Was wont him once to disple every day.” Spenser.

Dis•pleas´ance , n. [OF. desplaisance, F. deplaisance. Cf. Displacency.] Displeasure; discontent; annoyance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•pleas´ant , a. [OF. desplaisant, F. deplaisant. See Displease.] Unpleasing; offensive; unpleasant. [Obs.] Speed. — Dis•pleas´ant•ly, adv. [Obs.] Strype. — Dis•pleas´ant•ness, n. [Obs.]

Dis•please´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displeased p. pr. & vb. n. Displeasing.] [OF. desplaisir, whence F. deplaisir displeasure; pref. des- (L. dis- ) + plaisir to please. See Please, and cf. Displeasure.] 1. To make not pleased; to excite a feeling of disapprobation or dislike in; to be disagreeable to; to offend; to vex; — often followed by with or at. It usually expresses less than to anger, vex, irritate, or provoke. “God was displeased with this thing.” 1 Chron. xxi. 7. “Wilt thou be displeased at us forever?” Psalms lxxxv. 5 (Bk. of Com. Prayer). “This virtuous plaster will displease
Your tender sides.” J. Fletcher. “Adversity is so wholesome … why should we be displeased therewith?” Barrow. 2. To fail to satisfy; to miss of. [Obs.] “I shall displease my ends else.” Beau. & Fl. Syn. — To offend; disgust; vex; annoy; dissatisfy; chafe; anger; provoke; affront.

Dis•please´, v. i. To give displeasure or offense. [Obs.]

Dis•pleas´ed•ly , adv. With displeasure. [R.]

Dis•pleas´ed•ness, n. Displeasure. [R.] South.

Dis•pleas´er , n. One who displeases.

Dis•pleas´ing, a. Causing displeasure or dissatisfaction; offensive; disagreeable. — Dis•pleas´ing•ly, adv. — Dis•pleas´ing•ness, n. Locke.

Dis•pleas´ure ( 135), n. [Pref. dis- + pleasure: cf. OF. desplaisir, F. deplaisir. Cf. Displease.] 1. The feeling of one who is displeased; irritation or uneasiness of the mind, occasioned by anything that counteracts desire or command, or which opposes justice or a sense of propriety; disapprobation; dislike; dissatisfaction; disfavor; indignation. “O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure.” Ps. vi. 1. “Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn
From his displeasure.” Milton. 2. That which displeases; cause of irritation or annoyance; offense; injury. “Hast thou delight to see a wretched man
Do outrage and displeasure to himself?” Shak. 3. State of disgrace or disfavor; disfavor. [Obs.] “He went into Poland, being in displeasure with the pope for overmuch familiarity.” Peacham. Syn. — Dissatisfaction; disapprobation; disfavor; distaste; dislike; anger; hate; aversion; indignation; offense.

Dis•pleas´ure ( 135), v. t. To displease. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dis•plen´ish , v. t. To deprive or strip, as a house of furniture, or a barn of stock. [Scot.] { Dis´pli•cence , Dis´pli•cen•cy } n. [L. displicentia. See Displacency.] Dislike; dissatisfaction; discontent. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dis•plode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disploded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disploding.] [L. displodere, displosum; dis- + plodere, plaudere, to clap, strike, beat.] To discharge; to explode. “In posture to displode their second tire
Of thunder.” Milton.

Dis•plode´, v. i. To burst with a loud report; to explode. ´Disploding engines.´ Young.

Dis•plo´sion , n. Explosion. “The vast displosion dissipates the clouds.” Young.

Dis•plo´sive , a. Explosive.

Dis•plume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displumed p. pr. & vb. n. Displuming.] [Pref. dis- + plume: cf. OF. desplumer, F. deplumer.] To strip of, or as of, a plume, or plumes; to deprive of decoration; to dishonor; to degrade. “Displumed, degraded, and metamorphosed.” Burke.

Dis´po•line , n. (Chem.) One of several isomeric organic bases of the quinoline series of alkaloids.

Dis•pond´ , n. See Despond.

Di•spon´dee , n. [L. dispondeus, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + spondee.] (Gr. Lat. Pros.) A double spondee; a foot consisting of four long syllables.

Dis•pone´ , v. t. [L. disponere. See Disposition.] 1. (Her.) To dispose. 2. To dispose of. Chaucer. 3. (Scots Law) To make over, or convey, legally. “He has disponed … the whole estate.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•po•nee´ , n. (Scots Law) The person to whom any property is legally conveyed.

Dis•pon´er , n. (Scots Law) One who legally transfers property from himself to another.

Dis•ponge´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + sponge.] To sprinkle, as with water from a sponge. [Poetic & Rare] [Written also dispunge.] “O sovereign mistress of true melancholy,
The poisonous damp of night disponge upon me”. Shak.

Dis•pope´ , v. t. To refuse to consider as pope; to depose from the popedom. “One whom they disposed.” Tennyson.

Di•spor´ous , a. [Pref. di- + sporous.] (Biol.) Having two spores.

Dis•port´ , n. [OF. desport, deport. See Disport, v. i., and cf. Sport.] Play; sport; pastime; diversion; playfulness. Milton.

Dis•port´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disported; p. pr. & vb. n. Disporting.] [OF. se desporter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. porter to carry; orig. therefore, to carry one’s self away from work, to go to amuse one’s self. See Port demeanor, and cf. Sport.] To play; to wanton; to move in gayety; to move lightly and without restraint; to amuse one’s self. “Where light disports in ever mingling dyes.” Pope. “Childe Harold basked him in the noontide sun,
Disporting there like any other fly.” Byron.

Dis•port´, v. t. [OF. desporter. See Disport, v. i.] 1. To divert or amuse; to make merry. “They could disport themselves.” Buckle. 2. To remove from a port; to carry away. Prynne.

Dis•port´ment , n. Act of disporting; diversion; play. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dis•pos´a•ble , a. [From Dispose.] Subject to disposal; free to be used or employed as occasion may require; not assigned to any service or use. “The great of this kingdom … has easily afforded a disposable surplus.” Burke.

Dis•pos´al , n. [From Dispose.] 1. The act of disposing, or disposing of, anything; arrangement; orderly distribution; a putting in order; as the disposal of the troops in two lines. 2. Ordering; regulation; adjustment; management; government; direction. “The execution leave to high disposal.” Milton. 3. Regulation of the fate, condition, application, etc., of anything; the transference of anything into new hands, a new place, condition, etc.; alienation, or parting; as a disposal of property. “A domestic affair of great importance, which is no less than the disposal of my sister Jenny for life.” Tatler. 4. Power or authority to dispose of, determine the condition of, control, etc., especially in the phrase at, or in, the disposal of. “The sole and absolute disposal of him an his concerns.” South. Syn. — Disposition; dispensation; management; conduct; government; distribution; arrangement; regulation; control.

Dis•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disposed p. pr. & vb. n. Disposing.] [F. disposer; pref. dis- + poser to place. See Pose.] 1. To distribute and put in place; to arrange; to set in order; as to dispose the ships in the form of a crescent. “Who hath disposed the whole world?” Job xxxiv. 13. “All ranged in order and disposed with grace.” Pope. “The rest themselves in troops did else dispose.” Spenser. 2. To regulate; to adjust; to settle; to determine. “The knightly forms of combat to dispose.” Dryden. 3. To deal out; to assign to a use; to bestow for an object or purpose; to apply; to employ; to dispose of. “Importuned him that what he designed to bestow on her funeral, he would rather dispose among the poor.” Evelyn. 4. To give a tendency or inclination to; to adapt; to cause to turn; especially, to incline the mind of; to give a bent or propension to; to incline; to make inclined; — usually followed by to, sometimes by for before the indirect object. “Endure and conquer; Jove will soon dispose
To future good our past and present woes.” Dryden. “Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to jealousy, and wise men to irresolution and melancholy.” Bacon. To dispose of. (a) To determine the fate of; to exercise the power of control over; to fix the condition, application, employment, etc. of; to direct or assign for a use. “Freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons.” Locke. (b) To exercise finally one’s power of control over; to pass over into the control of some one else, as by selling; to alienate; to part with; to relinquish; to get rid of; as to dispose of a house; to dispose of one’s time. “More water … than can be disposed of.” T. Burnet. “I have disposed of her to a man of business.” Tatler. “A rural judge disposed of beauty’s prize.” Waller. Syn. — To set; arrange; order; distribute; adjust; regulate; adapt; fit; incline; bestow; give.

Dis•pose´ , v. i. To bargain; to make terms. [Obs.] “She had disposed with Caesar.” Shak.

Dis•pose´, n. 1. Disposal; ordering; management; power or right of control. [Obs.] “But such is the dispose of the sole Disposer of empires.” Speed. 2. Cast of mind; disposition; inclination; behavior; demeanor. [Obs.] “He hath a person, and a smooth dispose
To be suspected.” Shak.

Dis•posed´ , p. a. 1. Inclined; minded. “When he was disposed to pass into Achaia.” Acts xviii. 27. 2. Inclined to mirth; jolly. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Well disposed, in good condition; in good health. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•pos´ed•ness , n. The state of being disposed or inclined; inclination; propensity. [R.]

Dis•pose´ment , n. Disposal. [Obs.] Goodwin.

Dis•pos´er , n. One who, or that which, disposes; a regulator; a director; a bestower. “Absolute lord and disposer of all things.” Barrow.

Dis•pos´ing•ly, adv. In a manner to dispose.

Dis•pos´it•ed , a. [See Disposition.] Disposed. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Dis•po•si´tion , n. [F. disposition, dispositio, fr. disponere to dispose; dis- + ponere to place. See Position, and cf. Dispone.] 1. The act of disposing, arranging, ordering, regulating, or transferring; application; disposal; as the disposition of a man’s property by will. “Who have received the law by the disposition of angels.” Acts vii. 53. “The disposition of the work, to put all things in a beautiful order and harmony, that the whole may be of a piece.” Dryden. 2. The state or the manner of being disposed or arranged; distribution; arrangement; order; as the disposition of the trees in an orchard; the disposition of the several parts of an edifice. 3. Tendency to any action or state resulting from natural constitution; nature; quality; as a disposition in plants to grow in a direction upward; a disposition in bodies to putrefaction. 4. Conscious inclination; propension or propensity. “How stands your disposition to be married?” Shak. 5. Natural or prevailing spirit, or temperament of mind, especially as shown in intercourse with one’s fellow-men; temper of mind. ´A man of turbulent disposition.´ Hallam. ´He is of a very melancholy disposition.´ Shak. “His disposition led him to do things agreeable to his quality and condition wherein God had placed him.” Strype. 6. Mood; humor. “As I perchance hereafter shall think meet
To put an antic disposition on.” Shak. Syn. — Disposal; adjustment; regulation; arrangement; distribution; order; method; adaptation; inclination; propensity; bestowment; alienation; character; temper; mood. — Disposition, Character, Temper. Disposition is the natural humor of a person, the predominating quality of his character, the constitutional habit of his mind. Character is this disposition influenced by motive, training, and will. Temper is a quality of the fiber of character, and is displayed chiefly when the emotions, especially the passions, are aroused.

Dis•po•si´tion•al , a. Pertaining to disposition.

Dis•po•si´tioned , a. Having (such) a disposition; — used in compounds; as well- dispositioned.

Dis•pos´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. dispositif.] 1. Disposing; tending to regulate; decretive. [Obs.] “His dispositive wisdom and power.” Bates. 2. Belonging to disposition or natural, tendency. [Obs.] ´Dispositive holiness.´ Jer. Taylor.

Dis•pos´i•tive•ly, adv. In a dispositive manner; by natural or moral disposition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. “Do dispositively what Moses is recorded to have done literally, … break all the ten commandments at once.” Boyle.

Dis•pos´it•or , n. [L. See Disposition.] 1. A disposer. 2. (Astrol.) The planet which is lord of the sign where another planet is. [Obs.] Crabb.

Dis•pos•sess´ ( see Possess), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispossessed p. pr. & vb. n. Dispossessing.] [Pref. dis- + possess: cf. F. deposseder.] To put out of possession; to deprive of the actual occupancy of, particularly of land or real estate; to disseize; to eject; — usually followed by of before the thing taken away; as to dispossess a king of his crown. “Usurp the land, and dispossess the swain.” Goldsmith.

Dis•pos•ses´sion , n. [Cf. F. depossession.] 1. The act of putting out of possession; the state of being dispossessed. Bp. Hall. 2. (Law) The putting out of possession, wrongfully or otherwise, of one who is in possession of a freehold, no matter in what title; — called also ouster.

Dis•pos•sess´or , n. One who dispossesses. Cowley.

Dis•post´ , v. t. To eject from a post; to displace. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode).

Dis•po´sure , n. [From Dispose.] 1. The act of disposing; power to dispose of; disposal; direction. “Give up
My estate to his disposure.” Massinger. 2. Disposition; arrangement; position; posture. [Obs.] “In a kind of warlike disposure.” Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•prais´a•ble , a. Blamable. [R.]

Dis•praise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispraised p. pr. & vb. n. Dispraising.] [OE. dispreisen, OF. desprisier, despreisier, F. depriser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + prisier, F. priser, to prize, praise. See Praise, and cf. Disprize, Depreciate.] To withdraw praise from; to notice with disapprobation or some degree of censure; to disparage; to blame. “Dispraising the power of his adversaries.” Chaucer. “I dispraised him before the wicked, that the wicked might not fall in love with him.” Shak.

Dis•praise´, n. [Cf. OF. despris. See Dispraise, v. t.] The act of dispraising; detraction; blame censure; reproach; disparagement. Dryden. “In praise and in dispraise the same.” Tennyson.

Dis•prais´er , n. One who blames or dispraises.

Dis•praising•ly, adv. By way of dispraise.

Dis•pread´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + spread.] To spread abroad, or different ways; to spread apart; to open; as the sun dispreads his beams. Spenser.

Dis•pread´, v. i. To extend or expand itself. [R.] “While tyrant Heat, dispreading through the sky.” Thomson.

Dis•pread´er , n. One who spreads abroad. “Dispreaders both of vice and error.” Milton.

Dis•prej´u•dice , v. t. To free from prejudice. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Dis•pre•pare´ , v. t. To render unprepared. [Obs.] Hobbes.

Dis•prince´ , v. t. To make unlike a prince. [R.] “For I was drench’d with ooze, and torn with briers, …
And, all one rag, disprinced from head to heel.” Tennyson.

Dis•pris´on , v. t. To let loose from prison, to set at liberty. [R.] Bulwer.

Dis•priv´i•lege , v. t. To deprive of a privilege or privileges. [R.]

Dis•prize´ , v. t. [Cf. Dispraise.] To depreciate. [R.] Cotton (Ode to Lydia).

Dis•pro•fess´ , v. t. To renounce the profession or pursuit of. “His arms, which he had vowed to disprofess.” Spenser.

Dis•prof´it , n. Loss; damage. Foxe.

Dis•prof´it, v. i. & i. To be, or to cause to be, without profit or benefit. [Obs. or Archaic] Bale.

Dis•prof´it•a•ble , a. Unprofitable. [Obs.]

Dis•proof´ , n. [Pref. dis- + proof. Cf. Disprove.] A proving to be false or erroneous; confutation; refutation; as to offer evidence in disproof of a statement. “I need not offer anything farther in support of one, or in disproof of the other.” Rogers.

Dis•prop´er•ty , v. t. To cause to be no longer property; to dispossess of. [R.] Shak.

Dis•pro•por´tion , n. [Pref. dis- + proportion: cf. F. disproportion.] 1. Want of proportion in form or quantity; lack of symmetry; as the arm may be in disproportion to the body; the disproportion of the length of a building to its height. 2. Want of suitableness, adequacy, or due proportion to an end or use; unsuitableness; disparity; as the disproportion of strength or means to an object.

Dis•pro•por´tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disproportioned p. pr. & vb. n. Disproportioning.] To make unsuitable in quantity, form, or fitness to an end; to violate symmetry in; to mismatch; to join unfitly. “To shape my legs of an unequal size;
To disproportion me in every part.” Shak. “A degree of strength altogether disproportioned to the extent of its territory.” Prescott.

Dis•pro•por´tion•a•ble , a. Disproportional; unsuitable in form, size, quantity, or adaptation; disproportionate; inadequate. — Dis•pro•por´tion•a•ble•ness, n. Hammond. — Dis•pro•por´tion•a•bly, adv.

Dis•pro•por´tion•al , a. Not having due proportion to something else; not having proportion or symmetry of parts; unsuitable in form, quantity or value; inadequate; unequal; as a disproportional limb constitutes deformity in the body; the studies of youth should not be disproportional to their understanding.

Dis•pro•por•tion•al´i•ty , n. The state of being disproportional. Dr. H. More.

Dis•pro•por´tion•al•ly, adv. In a disproportional manner; unsuitably in form, quantity, or value; unequally.

Dis•pro•por´tion•ate , a. Not proportioned; unsymmetrical; unsuitable to something else in bulk, form, value, or extent; out of proportion; inadequate; as in a perfect body none of the limbs are disproportionate; it is wisdom not to undertake a work disproportionate means. - - Dis•pro•por´tion•ate•ly, adv. — Dis•pro•por´tion•ate•ness, n.

Dis•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [L. dis- + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one’s own, proper.] To cancel the appropriation of; to disappropriate. [R.]

Dis•prov´a•ble , a. Capable of being disproved or refuted. Boyle.

Dis•prov´al , n. Act of disproving; disproof. [R.]

Dis•prove´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disproved p. pr. & vb. n. Disproving.] [Pref. dis- + prove: cf. OF. desprover.] 1. To prove to be false or erroneous; to confute; to refute. “That false supposition I advanced in order to disprove it.” Atterbury. 2. To disallow; to disapprove of. [Obs.] Stirling.

Dis•prov´er , n. One who disproves or confutes.

Dis•pro•vide´ , v. t. Not to provide; to fail to provide. [Obs.] Boyle.

Dis•punct´ , a. Wanting in punctilious respect; discourteous. [Obs.] “That were dispunct to the ladies.” B. Jonson.

Dis•punct´, v. t. [See 1st Dispunge.] To expunge. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dis•punge´ , v. t. [L. dispungere to prick apart, i. e., check off the debts and credits of an account; dis- + pungere to prick.] To expunge; to erase. [Obs.]

Dis•punge´, v. t. See Disponge. [Obs.]

Dis•pun´ish•a•ble , a. Without penal restraint; not punishable. [R.] Swift.

Dis•pur´pose , v. t. To dissuade; to frustrate; as to dispurpose plots. [R.] A. Brewer.

Dis•purse´ , v. t. To disburse. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•pur•vey´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + purvey: cf. OF. desporveoir, F. depourvoir.] To disfurnish; to strip. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•pur•vey´ance , n. Want of provisions; ack of food. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•pu•ta•ble ( 277), a. [L. disputabilis: cf. F. disputable. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Capable of being disputed; liable to be called in question, controverted, or contested; or doubtful certainty or propriety; controvertible; as disputable opinions, propositions, points, or questions. “Actions, every one of which is very disputable.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Disputatious; contentious. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•pu•ta•ble•ness, n. State of being disputable.

Dis•pu•tac´i•ty , n. [See Dispute, v. i.] Proneness to dispute. [Obs.] Bp. Ward.

Dis´pu•tant , a. [L. disputants, p. pr. of disputare: cf. F. disputant. See Dispute, v. i.] Disputing; engaged in controversy. Milton.

Dis´pu•tant, n. One who disputes; one who argues in opposition to another; one appointed to dispute; a controvertist; a reasoner in opposition. “A singularly eager, acute, and pertinacious disputant.” Macaulay.

Dis•pu•ta´tion , n. [OE. desputeson, disputacion, OF. desputeison, F. disputation, fr. L. disputatio. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides; controversy in words; verbal contest respecting the truth of some fact, opinion, proposition, or argument. 2. A rhetorical exercise in which parties reason in opposition to each other on some question proposed.

Dis•pu•ta´tious , a. Inclined to dispute; apt to civil or controvert; characterized by dispute; as a disputatious person or temper. “The Christian doctrine of a future life was no recommendation of the new religion to the wits and philosophers of that disputations period.” Buckminster. — Dis•pu•ta´tious•ly, adv. — Dis•pu•ta´tious•ness, n.

Dis•put´a•tive , a. [L. disputativus.] Disposed to dispute; inclined to cavil or to reason in opposition; as a disputative temper. I. Watts.

Dis•pute´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disputing.] [OE. desputen, disputen, OF. desputer, disputer, F. disputer, from L. disputare, disputatum; dis- + putare to clean; hence, fig., to clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Putative, Pure.] To contend in argument; to argue against something maintained, upheld, or claimed, by another; to discuss; to reason; to debate; to altercate; to wrangle. “Therefore disputed [reasoned, Rev. Ver.] he in synagogue with the Jews.” Acts xvii. 17.

Dis•pute´, v. t. 1. To make a subject of disputation; to argue pro and con; to discuss. “The rest I reserve it be disputed how the magistrate is to do herein.” Milton. 2. To oppose by argument or assertion; to attempt to overthrow; to controvert; to express dissent or opposition to; to call in question; to deny the truth or validity of; as to dispute assertions or arguments. “To seize goods under the disputed authority of writs of assistance.” Bancroft. 3. To strive or contend about; to contest. “To dispute the possession of the ground with the Spaniards.” Prescott. 4. To struggle against; to resist. [Obs.] “Dispute it [grief] like a man.” Shak. Syn. — To controvert; contest; gainsay; doubt; question; argue; debate; discuss; impugn. See Argue.

Dis•pute´, n. [Cf. F. dispute. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Verbal controversy; contest by opposing argument or expression of opposing views or claims; controversial discussion; altercation; debate. “Addicted more
To contemplation and profound dispute.” Milton. 2. Contest; struggle; quarrel. De Foe. Beyond dispute, Without dispute, indisputably; incontrovertibly. Syn. — Altercation; controversy; argumentation; debate; discussion; quarrel; disagreement; difference; contention; wrangling. See Altercation.

Dis•pute´less, a. Admitting no dispute; incontrovertible. Bailey.

Dis•put´er , n. One who disputes, or who is given to disputes; a controvertist. “Where is the disputer of this world?” 1 Cor. i. 20.

Dis•pu´ti•son , n. [See Disputation.] Dispute; discussion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•qual•i•fi•ca´tion , n. 1. The act of disqualifying, or state of being disqualified; want of qualification; incompetency; disability; as the disqualification of men for holding certain offices. 2. That which disqualifies; that which incapacitates or makes unfit; as conviction of crime is a disqualification of a person for office; sickness is a disqualification for labor. “I must still retain the consciousness of those disqualifications which you have been pleased to overlook.” Sir J. Shore.

Dis•qual´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disqualified p. pr. & vb. n. Disqualifying.] 1. To deprive of the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose; to render unfit; to incapacitate; — with for or from before the purpose, state, or act. “My common illness disqualifies me for all conversation; I mean my deafness.” Swift. “Me are not disqualified by their engagements in trade from being received in high society.” Southey. 2. To deprive of some power, right, or privilege, by positive restriction; to disable; to debar legally; as a conviction of perjury disqualifies a man to be a witness.

Dis•quan´ti•ty , v. t. To diminish the quantity of; to lessen. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•qui´et , a. Deprived of quiet; impatient; restless; uneasy. [R.] Shak.

Dis•qui´et, n. Want of quiet; want of tranquility in body or mind; uneasiness; restlessness; disturbance; anxiety. Swift.

Dis•qui´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disquieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disquieting.] To render unquiet; to deprive of peace, rest, or tranquility; to make uneasy or restless; to disturb. “Why art thou cast down, O my soul, and why art thou disquieted within me?” Ps. xlii. 11. “As quiet as these disquieted times will permit.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — To harass; disturb; vex; fret; excite; agitate.

Dis•qui´et•al , n. The act of disquieting; a state of disquiet. [Obs.] “[It] roars and strives ’gainst its disquietal.” Dr. H. More.

Dis•qui´et•er , n. One who, or that which, disquiets, or makes uneasy; a disturber.

Dis•qui´et•ful , a. Producing inquietude or uneasiness. [R.] Barrow.

Dis•qui´et•ive , a. Tending to disquiet. [R.]

Dis•qui´et•ly, adv. In a disquiet manner; uneasily; as he rested disquietly that night. [R.] Wiseman.

Dis•qui´et•ment , n. State of being disquieted; uneasiness; harassment. [R.] Hopkins.

Dis•qui´et•ness, n. Disturbance of quiet in body or mind; restlessness; uneasiness. Hooker.

Dis•qui´et•ous , a. Causing uneasiness. [R.] “So distasteful and disquietous to a number of men.” Milton.

Dis•qui´et•tude , n. Want of peace or tranquility; uneasiness; disturbance; agitation; anxiety. “Fears and disquietude, and unavoidable anxieties of mind.” Abp. Sharp.

Dis•qui•si´tion , n. [L. disquisitio, fr. disquirere to inquire diligently, investigate; dis- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] A formal or systematic inquiry into, or discussion of, any subject; a full examination or investigation of a matter, with the arguments and facts bearing upon it; elaborate essay; dissertation. “For accurate research or grave disquisition he was not well qualified.” Macaulay.

Dis•qui•si´tion•al , a. Pertaining to disquisition; of the nature of disquisition.

Dis•qui•si´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to disquisition; disquisitional.

Dis•quis´i•tive , a. Relating to disquisition; fond of discussion or investigation; examining; inquisitive.

Dis•quis•i•to´ri•al , a. Disquisitory.

Dis•quis´i•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to disquisition; disquisitive. Ed. Rev.

Dis•range´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + range: cf. OF. desrengier, F. derangier. See Derange, Disrank.] To disarrange. [Obs.] Wood.

Dis•rank´ ( see Dis-), v. t. [Cf. Derange.] 1. To degrade from rank. [Obs.] 2. To throw out of rank or into confusion. Decker.

Dis•rate´ , v. t. To reduce to a lower rating or rank; to degrade. Marryat.

Dis•ray´ , variant of Disarray. [Obs.] Holland.

Dis•re´al•ize , v. t. To divest of reality; to make uncertain. [Obs.] Udall.

Dis•re•gard´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disregarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disregarding.] Not to regard; to pay no heed to; to omit to take notice of; to neglect to observe; to slight as unworthy of regard or notice; as to disregard the admonitions of conscience. “Studious of good, man disregarded fame.” Blackmore.

Dis•re•gard´, n. The act of disregarding, or the state of being disregarded; intentional neglect; omission of notice; want of attention; slight. “The disregard of experience.” Whewell.

Dis•re•gard´er , n. One who disregards.

Dis•re•gard´ful , a. Neglect; negligent; heedless; regardless.

Dis•re•gard´ful•ly, adv. Negligently; heedlessly.

Dis•rel´ish ( see Dis-), n. 1. Want of relish; dislike (of the palate or of the mind); distaste; a slight degree of disgust; as a disrelish for some kinds of food. “Men love to hear of their power, but have an extreme disrelish to be told of their duty.” Burke. 2. Absence of relishing or palatable quality; bad taste; nauseousness. Milton.

Dis•rel´ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrelished p. pr. & vb. n. Disrelishing.] 1. Not to relish; to regard as unpalatable or offensive; to feel a degree of disgust at. Pope. 2. To deprive of relish; to make nauseous or disgusting in a slight degree. Milton.

Dis•re•mem´ber , v. t. To fail to remember; to forget. [Obs. or Archaic]

Dis•re•pair´ , n. A state of being in bad condition, and wanting repair. “The fortifications were ancient and in disrepair.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•rep•u•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being disreputable. [R.]

Dis•rep´u•ta•ble , a. Not reputable; of bad repute; not in esteem; dishonorable; disgracing the reputation; tending to bring into disesteem; as it is disreputable to associate familiarly with the mean, the lewd, and the profane. “Why should you think that conduct disreputable in priests which you probably consider as laudable in yourself?” Bp. Watson. Syn. — Dishonorable; discreditable; low; mean; disgraceful; shameful.

Dis•rep´u•ta•bly, adv. In a disreputable manner.

Dis•rep•u•ta´tion , n. Loss or want of reputation or good name; dishonor; disrepute; disesteem. ´A disreputation of piety.´ Jer. Taylor.

Dis•re•pute´ , n. Loss or want of reputation; ill character; disesteem; discredit. “At the beginning of the eighteenth century astrology fell into general disrepute.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Disesteem; discredit; dishonor; disgrace.

Dis•re•pute´, v. t. To bring into disreputation; to hold in dishonor. [R.] “More inclined to love them than to disrepute them.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•re•spect´ , n. Want of respect or reverence; disesteem; incivility; discourtesy. “Impatience of bearing the least affront or disrespect.” Pope.

Dis•re•spect´, v. t. To show disrespect to. “We have disrespected and slighted God.” Comber.

Dis•re•spect•a•bil´i•ty , n. Want of respectability. Thackeray.

Dis•re•spect´a•ble , a. Not respectable; disreputable. M. Arnold.

Dis•re•spect´er , n. One who disrespects.

Dis•re•spect´ful , a. Wanting in respect; manifesting disesteem or lack of respect; uncivil; as disrespectful behavior. — Dis•re•spect´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•re•spect´ful•ness, n.

Dis•re•spect´ive , a. Showing want of respect; disrespectful. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•rev´er•ence , v. t. To treat irreverently or with disrespect. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Dis•robe´ ( see Dis-), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disrobed p. pr. & vb. n. Disrobing.] To divest of a robe; to undress; figuratively, to strip of covering; to divest of that which clothes or decorates; as autumn disrobes the fields of verdure. “Two great peers were disrobed of their glory.” Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•rob´er , n. One who, or that which, disrobes.

Dis•roof´ , v. t. To unroof. [R.] Carlyle.

Dis•root´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrooting.] To tear up the roots of, or by the roots; hence, to tear from a foundation; to uproot. “A piece of ground disrooted from its situation by subterraneous inundations.” Goldsmith.

Dis•rout´ , v. i. [Cf. OF. desrouter, F. derouter.] To put to rout. Taylor (1630).

Dis•rud´der , v. t. To deprive of the rudder, as a ship.

Dis•ru´li•ly , adv. In a disorderly manner. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Dis•ru´ly , a. Unruly; disorderly. [Obs.]

Dis•rupt´ , a. [L. disruptus, diruptus, p. p. of disrumpere, to break or burst asunder; dis- + rumpere to break, burst. See Rupture.] Rent off; torn asunder; severed; disrupted.

Dis•rupt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrupting.] To break asunder; to rend. Thomson.

Dis•rup´tion , n. [L. disruptio, diruptio.] The act or rending asunder, or the state of being rent asunder or broken in pieces; breach; rent; dilaceration; rupture; as the disruption of rocks in an earthquake; disruption of a state.

Dis•rupt´ive , a. Causing, or tending to cause, disruption; caused by disruption; breaking through; bursting; as the disruptive discharge of an electrical battery. Nichol.

Dis•rup´ture , n. Disruption. [R.] Jefferson.

Dis•sat•is•fac´tion , n. The state of being dissatisfied, unsatisfied, or discontented; uneasiness proceeding from the want of gratification, or from disappointed wishes and expectations. “The ambitious man has little happiness, but is subject to much uneasiness and dissatisfaction.” Addison. Syn. — Discontent; discontentment; displeasure; disapprobation; distaste; dislike.

Dis•sat•is•fac´to•ry , a. Causing dissatisfaction; unable to give content; unsatisfactory; displeasing. “To have reduced the different qualifications in the different States to one uniform rule, would probably have been as dissatisfactory to some of the States, as difficult for the Convention.” A. Hamilton. — Dis•sat•is•fac´to•ri•ness (#), n.

Dis•sat´is•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissatisfied p. pr. & vb. n. Dissatisfying.] To render unsatisfied or discontented; to excite uneasiness in by frustrating wishes or expectations; to displease by the want of something requisite; as to be dissatisfied with one’s fortune. “The dissatisfied factions of the autocracy.” Bancroft.

Dis•seat´ , v. t. To unseat. [R.] Shak.

Dis•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissected; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissecting.] [L. dissectus, p. p. of dissecare; dis- + secare to cut. See Section.] 1. (Anat.) To divide into separate parts; to cut in pieces; to separate and expose the parts of, as an animal or a plant, for examination and to show their structure and relations; to anatomize. 2. To analyze, for the purposes of science or criticism; to divide and examine minutely. “This paragraph … I have dissected for a sample.” Atterbury.

Dis•sect´ed , a. 1. Cut into several parts; divided into sections; as a dissected map. 2. (Bot.) Cut deeply into many lobes or divisions; as a dissected leaf.

Dis•sect´i•ble , a. Capable of being dissected, or separated by dissection. Paley.

Dis•sect´ing, a. 1. Dividing or separating the parts of an animal or vegetable body; as a dissecting aneurism, one which makes its way between or within the coats of an artery. 2. Of or pertaining to, or received during, a dissection; as a dissecting wound. 3. Used for or in dissecting; as a dissecting knife; a dissecting microscope.

Dis•sec´tion , n. [Cf. F. dissection.] 1. The act of dissecting an animal or plant; as dissection of the human body was held sacrilege till the time of Francis I. 2. Fig.: The act of separating or dividing for the purpose of critical examination. 3. Anything dissected; especially, some part, or the whole, of an animal or plant dissected so as to exhibit the structure; an anatomical so prepared. Dissection wound, a poisoned wound incurred during the dissection of a dead body.

Dis•sect´or , n. [Cf. F. dissecteur.] One who dissects; an anatomist.

Dis•seize´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disseized p. pr. & vb. n. Disseizing.] [Pref. dis- + seize: cf. F. dessaisir.] (Law) To deprive of seizin or possession; to dispossess or oust wrongfully (one in freehold possession of land); — followed by of; as to disseize a tenant of his freehold. [Written also disseise.] “Which savage beasts strive as eagerly to keep and hold those golden mines, as the Arimaspians to disseize them thereof.” Holland.

Dis•sei•zee´ , n. (Law) A person disseized, or put out of possession of an estate unlawfully; — correlative to disseizor. [Written also disseisee.]

Dis•sei´zin , n. [OF. dessaisine.] (Law) The act of disseizing; an unlawful dispossessing and ouster of a person actually seized of the freehold. [Written also disseisin.] Blackstone.

Dis•sei´zor , n. (Law) One who wrongfully disseizes, or puts another out of possession of a freehold. [Written also disseisor.] Blackstone.

Dis•sei´zor•ess, n. (Law) A woman disseizes.

Dis•sei´zure ( 135), n. Disseizin. Speed.

Dis•sem´blance , n. [Cf. F. dissemblance. See Dissemble.] Want of resemblance; dissimilitude. [R.] Osborne.

Dis•sem´blance, n. [Dissemble + -ance.] The act or art of dissembling; dissimulation. [Obs.]

Dis•sem´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissembled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissembling ] [OF. dissembler to be dissimilar; pref. dis- (L. dis-) + F. sembler to seem, L. simulare to simulate; cf. L. dissimulare to dissemble. See Simulate, and cf. Dissimulate.] 1. To hide under a false semblance or seeming; to feign (something) not to be what it really is; to put an untrue appearance upon; to disguise; to mask. “Dissemble all your griefs and discontents.” Shak. “Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love,
But — why did you kick me down stairs?” J. P. Kemble. 2. To put on the semblance of; to make pretense of; to simulate; to feign. “He soon dissembled a sleep.” Tatler. Syn. — To conceal; disguise; cloak; cover; equivocate. See Conceal.

Dis•sem´ble, v. i. To conceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, under some pretense; to assume a false appearance; to act the hypocrite. “He that hateth dissembleth with his lips.” Prov. xxvi. 24. “He [an enemy] dissembles when he assumes an air of friendship.” C. J. Smith.

Dis•sem´bler , n. One who dissembles; one who conceals his opinions or dispositions under a false appearance; a hypocrite. “It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest dissemblers.” Bacon. “Priests, princes, women, no dissemblers here.” Pope. Syn. — Dissembler, Hypocrite. A person is called a dissembler with reference to his concealment of his real character, and a hypocrite with reference to his assumption of a false character. But hypocrite is the stronger word, being commonly used to characterize a person who is habitually insincere and false, especially one who makes professions of goodness when his aims are selfish and his life corrupt.

Dis•sem´bling , a. That dissembles; hypocritical; false. — Dis•sem´bling•ly, adv.

Dis•sem´i•nate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disseminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disseminating.] [L. disseminatus, p. p. of disseminare to disseminate; dis- + seminare to sow, semen seed. See Seminary.] 1. To sow broadcast or as seed; to scatter for growth and propagation, like seed; to spread abroad; to diffuse; as principles, ideas opinions, and errors are disseminated when they are spread abroad for propagation. 2. To spread or extend by dispersion. “A nearly uniform and constant fire or heat disseminated throughout the body of the earth.” Woodward. Syn. — To spread; diffuse; propagate; circulate; disperse; scatter.

Dis•sem´i•na•ted , p. a. (Min.) Occurring in small portions scattered through some other substance.

Dis•sem•i•na´tion , n. [L. disseminatio: cf. F. dissemination.] The act of disseminating, or the state of being disseminated; diffusion for propagation and permanence; a scattering or spreading abroad, as of ideas beliefs, etc. “The universal dissemination of those writings.” Wayland.

Dis•sem´i•na•tive , a. Tending to disseminate, or to become disseminated. “The effect of heresy is, like the plague, infectious and disseminative.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•sem´i•na•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, disseminates, spreads, or propagates; as disseminators of disease.

Dis•sen´sion , n. [L. dissensio: cf. F. dissension. See Dissent.] Disagreement in opinion, usually of a violent character, producing warm debates or angry words; contention in words; partisan and contentious divisions; breach of friendship and union; strife; discord; quarrel. “Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them.” Acts xv. 2. “Debates, dissension, uproars are thy joy.” Dryden. “A seditious person and raiser-up of dissension among the people.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Dis•sen´sious , a. Disposed to discord; contentious; dissentious. [R.] Ascham. — Dis•sen´sious•ly, adv. Chapman.

Dis•sent´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dissented; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissenting.] [L. dissentire, dissentum; dis- + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] 1. To differ in opinion; to be of unlike or contrary sentiment; to disagree; — followed by from. “The bill passed … without a dissenting voice.” Hallam. “Opinions in which multitudes of men dissent from us.” Addison. 2. (Eccl.) To differ from an established church in regard to doctrines, rites, or government. 3. To differ; to be of a contrary nature. Hooker.

Dis•sent´, n. 1. The act of dissenting; difference of opinion; refusal to adopt something proposed; nonagreement, nonconcurrence, or disagreement. “The dissent of no small number [of peers] is frequently recorded.” Hallam. 2. (Eccl.) Separation from an established church, especially that of England; nonconformity. “It is the dissidence of dissent and the protestantism of the Protestant religion.” Burke. 3. Contrariety of nature; diversity in quality. [Obs.] “The dissent of the metals.” Bacon. Syn. — Disagreement; variance; difference; nonconcurrence; nonconformity.

Dis•sen•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. dissentaneus.] Disagreeing; contrary; differing; — opposed to consentaneous. [R.] Barrow.

Dis´sen•ta•ny , a. Dissentaneous; inconsistent. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•sen•ta´tion , n. Dissension. [Obs.] W. Browne.

Dis•sent´er , n. 1. One who dissents; one who differs in opinion, or declares his disagreement. 2. (Eccl.) One who separates from the service and worship of an established church; especially, one who disputes the authority or tenets of the Church of England; a nonconformist. “Dissenters from the establishment of their several countries.” Burke. “Robert Brown is said to have the first formal dissenter.” Shipley. ´The word is commonly applied only to Protestants. The Roman Catholics are generally referred to as a distinct class.´ Brande & C.

Dis•sent´er•ism , n. The spirit or principles of dissenters. Ed. Rev.

Dis•sen´ti•ate , v. t. To throw into a state of dissent. [R.] Feltham.

Dis•sen´tient , a. [L. dissentiens, p. pr. of dissentire. See Dissent, v. i.] Disagreeing; declaring dissent; dissenting. — n. One who dissents. Macaulay.

Dis•sen´tious , a. Marked by dissensions; apt to breed discord; quarrelsome; contentious; factious. — Dis•sen´tious•ly, adv.

Dis•sent´ive , a. Disagreeing; inconsistent. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•sep´i•ment , n. [L. dissaepimentum, fr. dissaepire; dis- + saepire to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A separating tissue; a partition; a septum. 2. (Bot.) One of the partitions which divide a compound ovary into cells. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the transverse, calcareous partitions between the radiating septa of a coral.

Dis•sert´ , v. i. [L. dissertus, p. p. of disserere; dis- + serere to join, connect: cf. F. disserter. See Series.] To discourse or dispute; to discuss. [R.] “We have disserted upon it a little longer than was necessary.” Jeffrey.

Dis´ser•tate , v. i. [L. dissertatus, p. p. of dissertare to discuss, intents, fr. disserere. See Dissert.] To deal in dissertation; to write dissertations; to discourse. [R.] J. Foster.

Dis•ser•ta´tion , n. [L. dissertatio: cf. F. dissertation.] A formal or elaborate argumentative discourse, oral or written; a disquisition; an essay; a discussion; as Dissertations on the Prophecies.

Dis•ser•ta´tion•al , a. Relating to dissertations; resembling a dissertation.

Dis•ser•ta´tion•ist, n. A writer of dissertations.

Dis´ser•ta•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. dissertateur.] One who writers a dissertation; one who discourses. Boyle.

Dis•sert´ly , adv. See Disertly. [Obs.]

Dis•serve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Di p. pr. & vb. n. Disserving.] [Pref. dis- + serve: cf. F. desservir.] To fail to serve; to do injury or mischief to; to damage; to hurt; to harm. “Have neither served nor disserved the interests of any party.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•serv´ice , n. [Pref. dis- + service: cf. F. desservice.] Injury; mischief. “We shall rather perform good offices unto truth than any disservice unto their relators.” Sir T. Browne.

Dis•serv´ice•a•ble , a. Calculated to do disservice or harm; not serviceable; injurious; harmful; unserviceable. Shaftesbury. — Dis•serv´ice•a•ble•ness, n. Norris. — Dis•serv´ice•a•bly, adv.

Dis•set´tle , v. t. To unsettle. [Obs.]

Dis•set´tle•ment , n. The act of unsettling, or the state of being unsettled. Marvell.

Dis•sev´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissevered p. pr. & vb. n. Dissevering.] [OE. dessevrer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + sevrer to sever, F. sevrer to wean, L. separate to separate. In this word the prefix is intensive. See Dis-, and Sever.] To part in two; to sever thoroughly; to sunder; to disunite; to separate; to disperse. “The storm so dissevered the company … that most of therm never met again.” Sir P. Sidney. “States disserved, discordant, belligerent.” D. Webster.

Dis•sev´er, v. i. To part; to separate. Chaucer.

Dis•sev´er•ance , n. [OF. dessevrance.] The act of disserving; separation.

Dis•sev•er•a´tion , n. The act of disserving; disseverance. [Obs.]

Dis•sev´er•ment , n. [Cf. OF. dessevrement.] Disseverance. Sir W. Scott.

Dis•shad´ow , v. t. To free from shadow or shade. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Dis•sheathe´ , v. i. To become unsheathed. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Dis•ship´ , v. t. To dismiss from service on board ship. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Dis•shiv´er , v. t. & i. To shiver or break in pieces. [Obs.]

Dis´si•dence , n. [L. dissidentia: cf. F. dissidence. See Dissident, a.] Disagreement; dissent; separation from the established religion. I. Taylor. “It is the dissidence of dissent.” Burke.

Dis´si•dent , a. [L. dissidens, -entis, p. pr. of dissidere to sit apart, to disagree; dis- + sedere to sit: cf. F. dissident. See Sit.] No agreeing; dissenting; discordant; different. “Our life and manners be dissident from theirs.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Dis´si•dent, n. (Eccl.) One who disagrees or dissents; one who separates from the established religion. “The dissident, habituated and taught to think of his dissidenc as a laudable and necessary opposition to ecclesiastical usurpation.” I. Taylor.

Dis´si•dent•ly, adv. In a dissident manner. { Dis•sil´i•ence ( 106), Dis•sil´i•en•cy , } n. The act of leaping or starting asunder. Johnson.

Dis•sil´i•ent , a. [L. dissiliens, -entis, p. pr. of dissilire to leap asunder: dis- + salire to leap.] Starting asunder; bursting and opening with an elastic force; dehiscing explosively; as a dissilient pericarp.

Dis•si•li´tion , n. The act of bursting or springing apart. [R.] Boyle.

Dis•sim´i•lar , a. [Pref. dis- + similar: cf. F. dissimilaire.] Not similar; unlike; heterogeneous; as the tempers of men are as dissimilar as their features. “This part very dissimilar to any other.” Boyle.

Dis•sim•i•lar´i•ty , n. Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilitude; variety; as the dissimilarity of human faces and forms. Sir W. Jones.

Dis•sim´i•lar•ly , adv. In a dissimilar manner; in a varied style. “With verdant shrubs dissimilarly gay.” C. Smart.

Dis•sim´i•late , v. t. To render dissimilar.

Dis•sim•i•la´tion , n. The act of making dissimilar. H. Sweet.

Dis•sim´i•le , n. [L. dissimile, neut. of dissimilis unlike.] (Rhet.) Comparison or illustration by contraries.

Dis•si•mil´i•tude , n. [L. dissimilitudo, fr. dissimilis: cf. F. dissimilitude.] 1. Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilarity. “Dissimilitude between the Divinity and images.” Stillingfleet. 2. (Rhet.) A comparison by contrast; a dissimile.

Dis•sim´u•late , a. [L. dissimulatus, p. p. of dissimulare. See Dissemble.] Feigning; simulating; pretending. [Obs.] Henryson.

Dis•sim´u•late , v. i. To dissemble; to feign; to pretend.

Dis•sim•u•la´tion , n. [L. dissimulatio: cf. F. dissimulation.] The act of dissembling; a hiding under a false appearance; concealment by feigning; false pretension; hypocrisy. “Let love be without dissimulation.” Rom. xii. 9. “Dissimulation … when a man lets fall signs and arguments that he is not that he is.” Bacon. “Simulation is a pretense of what is not, and dissimulation a concealment of what is.” Tatler.

Dis•sim´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who dissimulates; a dissembler.

Dis•sim´ule , v. t. & i. [F. dissimuler. See Dissimulate.] To dissemble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis•sim´u•ler , n. A dissembler. [Obs.]

Dis•sim´u•lour , n. [OF. dissimuleur.] A dissembler. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dis´si•pa•ble , a. [L. dissipabilis.] Capable of being scattered or dissipated. [R.] “The heat of those plants is very dissipable.” Bacon.

Dis´si•pate (dis´si•pat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissipating.] [L. dissipatus, p. p. of dissipare; dis- + an obsolete verb sipare, supare. to throw.] 1. To scatter completely; to disperse and cause to disappear; — used esp. of the dispersion of things that can never again be collected or restored. “Dissipated those foggy mists of error.” Selden. “I soon dissipated his fears.” Cook. “The extreme tendency of civilization is to dissipate all intellectual energy.” Hazlitt. 2. To destroy by wasteful extravagance or lavish use; to squander. “The vast wealth … was in three years dissipated.” Bp. Burnet. Syn. — To disperse; scatter; dispel; spend; squander; waste; consume; lavish.

Dis´si•pate, v. i. 1. To separate into parts and disappear; to waste away; to scatter; to disperse; to vanish; as a fog or cloud gradually dissipates before the rays or heat of the sun; the heat of a body dissipates. 2. To be extravagant, wasteful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure; to engage in dissipation.

Dis´si•pa•ted (dis´si•pa•ted), a. 1. Squandered; scattered. ´Dissipated wealth.´ Johnson. 2. Wasteful of health, money, etc., in the pursuit of pleasure; dissolute; intemperate. “A life irregular and dissipated.” Johnson.

Dis•si•pa´tion , n. [L. dissipatio: cf. F. dissipation.] 1. The act of dissipating or dispersing; a state of dispersion or separation; dispersion; waste. “Without loss or dissipation of the matter.” Bacon. “The famous dissipation of mankind.” Sir M. Hale. 2. A dissolute course of life, in which health, money, etc., are squandered in pursuit of pleasure; profuseness in vicious indulgence, as late hours, riotous living, etc.; dissoluteness. “To reclaim the spendthrift from his dissipation and extravagance.” P. Henry. 3. A trifle which wastes time or distracts attention. “Prevented from finishing them [the letters] a thousand avocations and dissipations.” Swift. Dissipation of energy. Same as Degradation of energy, under Degradation.

Dis´si•pa•tive , a. Tending to dissipate. Dissipative system (Mech.), an assumed system of matter and motions in which forces of friction and resistances of other kinds are introduced without regard to the heat or other molecular actions which they generate; — opposed to conservative system.

Dis•si•pa•tiv´i•ty , n. The rate at which palpable energy is dissipated away into other forms of energy.

Dis´site , a. [L. dissitus.] Lying apart. [Obs.] “Lands far dissite and remote asunder.” Holland.

Dis•slan´der , v. t. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + slander.] To slander. [Obs.] Legend of Dido.

Dis•slan´der, n. Slander. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Dis•slan´der•ous , a. Slanderous. [Obs.]

Dis•so•cia•bil´i•ty , n. Want of sociability; unsociableness. Bp. Warburton.

Dis•so´cia•ble , a. [L. dissociabilis, fr. dissociare: cf. F. dissociable. See Dissociate.] 1. Not well associated or assorted; incongruous. “They came in two and two, though matched in the most dissociable manner.” Spectator. 2. Having a tendency to dissolve social connections; unsuitable to society; unsociable.

Dis•so´cial , a. [Pref. dis- + social: cf. L. dissocialis. See Dissociate, v. t.] Unfriendly to society; contracted; selfish; as dissocial feelings.

Dis•so´cial•ize , v. t. To render unsocial.

Dis•so´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissociated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissociating.] [L. dissociatus, p. p. of dissociare to dissociate; dis- + sociare to unite, associate, socius companion. See Social.] To separate from fellowship or union; to disunite; to disjoin; as to dissociate the particles of a concrete substance. “Before Wyclif’s death in 1384, John of Gaunt had openly dissociated himself from the reformer.” A. W. Ward.

Dis•so•ci•a´tion ( 106), n. [L. dissociatio: cf. F. dissociation.] 1. The act of dissociating or disuniting; a state of separation; disunion. “It will add infinitely dissociation, distraction, and confusion of these confederate republics.” Burke. 2. (Chem.) The process by which a compound body breaks up into simpler constituents; — said particularly of the action of heat on gaseous or volatile substances; as the dissociation of the sulphur molecules; the dissociation of ammonium chloride into hydrochloric acid and ammonia.

Dis•so´ci•a•tive , a. Tending or leading to dissociation.

Dis•so•lu•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being dissoluble; capacity of being dissoluble; capacity of being dissolved by heat or moisture, and converted into a fluid.

Dis´so•lu•ble , a. [L. dissolubilis: cf. F. dissoluble. See Dissolve, and cf. Dissolvable.] 1. Capable of being dissolved; having its parts separable by heat or moisture; convertible into a fluid. Woodward. 2. Capable of being disunited.

Dis´so•lu•ble•ness, n. The quality of being dissoluble; dissolubility. Boyle.

Dis´so•lute , a. [L. dissolutus, p. p. of dissolvere: cf. F. dissolu. See Dissolve.] 1. With nerves unstrung; weak. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Loosed from restraint; esp., loose in morals and conduct; recklessly abandoned to sensual pleasures; profligate; wanton; lewd; debauched. ´A wild and dissolute soldier.´ Motley. Syn. — Uncurbed; unbridled; disorderly; unrestrained; reckless; wild; wanton; vicious; lax; licentious; lewd; rakish; debauched; profligate.

Dis´so•lute•ly , adv. In a dissolute manner.

Dis´so•lute•ness, n. State or quality of being dissolute; looseness of morals and manners; addictedness to sinful pleasures; debauchery; dissipation. “Chivalry had the vices of dissoluteness.” Bancroft.

Dis•so•lu´tion , n. [OE. dissolucioun dissoluteness, F. dissolution, fr. L. dissolutio, fr. dissolvere. See Dissolve.] 1. The act of dissolving, sundering, or separating into component parts; separation. “Dissolutions of ancient amities.” Shak. 2. Change from a solid to a fluid state; solution by heat or moisture; liquefaction; melting. 3. Change of form by chemical agency; decomposition; resolution. “The dissolution of the compound.” South. 4. The dispersion of an assembly by terminating its sessions; the breaking up of a partnership. “Dissolution is the civil death of Parliament.” Blackstone. 5. The extinction of life in the human body; separation of the soul from the body; death. “We expected
Immediate dissolution.” Milton. 6. The state of being dissolved, or of undergoing liquefaction. “A man of continual dissolution and thaw.” Shak. 7. The new product formed by dissolving a body; a solution. Bacon. 8. Destruction of anything by the separation of its parts; ruin. “To make a present dissolution of the world.” Hooker. 9. Corruption of morals; dissipation; dissoluteness. [Obs. or R.] Atterbury.

Dis•solv•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of being dissolved; solubility. Richardson.

Dis•solv´a•ble , a. [From Dissolve, cf. Dissoluble.] Capable of being dissolved, or separated into component parts; capable of being liquefied; soluble. — Dis•solv´a•ble•ness, n. “Though everything which is compacted be in its own nature dissolvable.” Cudworth. “Such things as are not dissolvable by the moisture of the tongue.” Sir I. Newton.

Dis•solv´a•tive , n. Having the power to dissolve anything; solvent. [Obs.] Frampton.

Dis•solve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissolved p. pr. & vb. n. Dissolving.] [L. dissolvere, dissolutum; dis- + solvere to loose, free. See Solve, and cf. Dissolute.] 1. To separate into competent parts; to disorganize; to break up; hence, to bring to an end by separating the parts, sundering a relation, etc.; to terminate; to destroy; to deprive of force; as to dissolve a partnership; to dissolve Parliament. “Lest his ungoverned rage dissolve the life.” Shak. 2. To break the continuity of; to disconnect; to disunite; to sunder; to loosen; to undo; to separate. “Nothing can dissolve us.” Shak. “Down fell the duke, his joints dissolved asunder.” Fairfax. “For one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another.” The Declaration of Independence. 3. To convert into a liquid by means of heat, moisture, etc.,; to melt; to liquefy; to soften. “As if the world were all dissolved to tears.” Shak. 4. To solve; to clear up; to resolve. ´Dissolved the mystery.´ Tennyson. “Make interpretations and dissolve doubts.” Dan. v. 16. 5. To relax by pleasure; to make powerless. “Angels dissolved in hallelujahs lie.” Dryden. 6. (Law) To annul; to rescind; to discharge or release; as to dissolve an injunction. Syn. — See Adjourn.

Dis•solve´, v. i. 1. To waste away; to be dissipated; to be decomposed or broken up. 2. To become fluid; to be melted; to be liquefied. “A figure
Trenched in ice, which with an hour’s heat
Dissolves to water, and doth lose his form.” Shak. 3. To fade away; to fall to nothing; to lose power. “The charm dissolves apace.” Shak.

Dis•solv´ent , a. [L. dissolvens, -entis, p. pr. of dissolvere.] Having power to dissolve power to dissolve a solid body; as the dissolvent juices of the stomach. Ray.

Dis•solv´ent, n. 1. That which has the power of dissolving or melting other substances, esp. by mixture with them; a menstruum; a solvent. “Melted in the crucible dissolvents.” A. Smith. “The secret treaty of December acted as an immediate dissolvent to the truce.” Mothley. 2. (Med.) A remedy supposed capable of dissolving concretions in the body, such as calculi, tubercles, etc.

Dis•solv´er , n. One who, or that which, has power to dissolve or dissipate. “Thou kind dissolver of encroaching care.” Otway.

Dis•solv´ing, a. Melting; breaking up; vanishing. — Dis•solv´ing•ly, adv. Dissolving view, a picture which grows dim and is gradually replaced by another on the same field; — an effect produced by magic lanterns.

Dis´so•nance , n. [L. dissonantia: cf. F. dissonance.] 1. A mingling of discordant sounds; an inharmonious combination of sounds; discord. “Filled the air with barbarous dissonance.” Milton. 2. Want of agreement; incongruity. Milton.

Dis´so•nan•cy , n. Discord; dissonance.

Dis´so•nant , a. [L. dissonans, -antis, p. pr. of dissonare to disagree in sound, be discordant; dis- + sonare to sound: cf. F. dissonant. See Sonant.] 1. Sounding harshly; discordant; unharmonious. “With clamor of voices dissonant and loud.” Longfellow. 2. Disagreeing; incongruous; discrepant, — with from or to. ´Anything dissonant to truth.´ South. “What can be dissonant from reason and nature than that a man, naturally inclined to clemency, should show himself unkind and inhuman?” Hakewill.

Dis•spir´it , v. t. See Dispirit.

Dis•suade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissuaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissuading.] [L. dissuadere, dissuasum; dis- + suadere to advise, persuade: cf. F. dissuader. See Suasion.] 1. To advise or exhort against; to try to persuade (one from a course). [Obsolescent] “Mr. Burchell, on the contrary, dissuaded her with great ardor: and I stood neuter.” Goldsmith. “War, therefore, open or concealed, alike
My voice dissuades.” Milton. 2. To divert by persuasion; to turn from a purpose by reasons or motives; — with from; as I could not dissuade him from his purpose. “I have tried what is possible to dissuade him.” Mad. D’ Arblay.

Dis•suad´er , n. One who dissuades; a dehorter.

Dis•sua´sion , n. [L. dissuasio: cf. F. dissuasion. See Dissuade.] 1. The act of dissuading; exhortation against a thing; dehortation. “In spite of all the dissuasions of his friends.” Boyle. 2. A motive or consideration tending to dissuade; a dissuasive.

Dis•sua´sive , a. Tending to dissuade or divert from a measure or purpose; dehortatory; as dissuasive advice. — n. A dissuasive argument or counsel; dissuasion; dehortation. Prynne. — Dis•sua´sive•ly, adv.

Dis•sua´so•ry , n. A dissuasive. [R.] “This virtuous and reasonable person, however, has ill luck in all his dissuasories.” Jeffrey.

Dis•sun´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissundered p. pr. & vb. n. Dissundering.] [Pref. dis- (intens) + sunder.] To separate; to sunder; to destroy. [R.] Chapman.

Dis•sweet´en , v. t. To deprive of sweetness. [R.] Bp. Richardson.

Dis•syl•lab´ic (dis•sil•lab´ik), a. [Cf. F. dissyllabique. See Dissylable.] Consisting of two syllables only; as a dissyllabic foot in poetry. B. Jonson.

Dis•syl•lab•i•fi•ca´tion , n. A forming into two syllables.

Dis•syl•lab´i•fy , v. t. [Dissyllable + -fly.] To form into two syllables. Ogilvie.

Dis•syl´la•bize , v. t. To form into two syllables; to dissyllabify.

Dis•syl´la•ble ( 277), n. [F. dissyllabe, L. disyllabus, adj., of two syllables, fr. Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + syllable. See Syllable.] A word of two syllables; as pa- per.

Dis•sym•met´ric•al , a. Not having symmetry; asymmetrical; unsymmetrical.

Dis•sym´me•try , n. [Pref. dis- + symmetry.] Absence or defect of symmetry; asymmetry.

Dis•sym´pa•thy , n. Lack of sympathy; want of interest; indifference. [R.]

Dis´tad , adv. [Distal + L. ad toward.] (Anat.) Toward a distal part; on the distal side of; distally.

Dis´taff , n.; pl. Distaffs (#), rarely Distaves (#). [OE. distaf, dysestafe, AS. distaef; cf. LG. diesse the bunch of flax on a distaff, and E. dizen. See Staff.] 1. The staff for holding a bunch of flax, tow, or wool, from which the thread is drawn in spinning by hand. “I will the distaff hold; come thou and spin.” Fairfax. 2. Used as a symbol of the holder of a distaff; hence, a woman; women, collectively. “His crown usurped, a distaff on the throne.” Dryden. “Some say the crozier, some say the distaff was too busy.” Howell. The plural is regular, but Distaves occurs in Beaumont & Fletcher. Descent by distaff, descent on the mother’s side. — Distaff Day, or Distaff’s Day, the morrow of the Epiphany, that is, January 7, because working at the distaff was then resumed, after the Christmas festival; — called also Rock Day, a distaff being called a rock. Shipley.

Dis•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distained p. pr. & vb. n. Distaining.] [OE. desteinen, OF. desteindre to take away the color, F. deteindre; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. teindre to tinge, dye, L. tingere. See Tinge, and cf. Stain.] To tinge with a different color from the natural or proper one; to stain; to discolor; to sully; to tarnish; to defile; — used chiefly in poetry. ´Distained with dirt and blood.´ Spenser. “[She] hath … distained her honorable blood.” Spenser. “The worthiness of praise distains his worth.” Shak.

Dis´tal , a. [From Distant.] (Physiol.) (a) Remote from the point of attachment or origin; as the distal end of a bone or muscle; — opposed to proximal. (b) Pertaining to that which is distal; as the distal tuberosities of a bone.

Dis´tal•ly, adv. (Anat.) Toward a distal part.

Dis´tance , n. [F. distance, L. distantia.] 1. The space between two objects; the length of a line, especially the shortest line joining two points or things that are separate; measure of separation in place. “Every particle attracts every other with a force … inversely proportioned to the square of the distance.” Sir I. Newton. 2. Remoteness of place; a remote place. “Easily managed from a distance.” W. Irving. “’T is distance lends enchantment to the view.” T. Campbell. “[He] waits at distance till he hears from Cato.” Addison. 3. (Racing) A space marked out in the last part of a race course. “The horse that ran the whole field out of distance.” L’Estrange. In trotting matches under the rules of the American Association, the distance varies with the conditions of the race, being 80 yards in races of mile heats, best two in three, and 150 yards in races of two-mile heats. At that distance from the winning post is placed the distance post. If any horse has not reached this distance post before the first horse in that heat has reached the winning post, such horse is distanced, and disqualified for running again during that race. 4. (Mil.) Relative space, between troops in ranks, measured from front to rear; — contrasted with interval, which is measured from right to left. ´Distance between companies in close column is twelve yards.´ Farrow. 5. Space between two antagonists in fencing. Shak. 6. (Painting) The part of a picture which contains the representation of those objects which are the farthest away, esp. in a landscape. In a picture, the Middle distance is the central portion between the foreground and the distance or the extreme distance. In a perspective drawing, the Point of distance is the point where the visual rays meet. 7. Ideal disjunction; discrepancy; contrariety. Locke. 8. Length or interval of time; period, past or future, between two eras or events. “Ten years’ distance between one and the other.” Prior. “The writings of Euclid at the distance of two thousand years.” Playfair. 9. The remoteness or reserve which respect requires; hence, respect; ceremoniousness. “I hope your modesty
Will know what distance to the crown is due.” Dryden. “’T is by respect and distance that authority is upheld.” Atterbury. 10. A withholding of intimacy; alienation; coldness; disagreement; variance; restraint; reserve. “Setting them [factions] at distance, or at least distrust amongst themselves.” Bacon. “On the part of Heaven,
Now alienated, distance and distaste.” Milton. 11. Remoteness in succession or relation; as the distance between a descendant and his ancestor. 12. (Mus.) The interval between two notes; as the distance of a fourth or seventh. Angular distance, the distance made at the eye by lines drawn from the eye to two objects. — Lunar distance. See under Lunar. — North polar distance (Astron.), the distance on the heavens of a heavenly body from the north pole. It is the complement of the declination. — Zenith distance (Astron.), the arc on the heavens from a heavenly body to the zenith of the observer. It is the complement of the altitude. — To keep one’s distance, to stand aloof; to refrain from familiarity. “If a man makes me keep my distance, the comfort is he keeps his at the same time.” Swift.

Dis´tance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distanced p. pr. & vb. n. Distancing ] 1. To place at a distance or remotely. “I heard nothing thereof at Oxford, being then miles distanced thence.” Fuller. 2. To cause to appear as if at a distance; to make seem remote. “His peculiar art of distancing an object to aggrandize his space.” H. Miller. 3. To outstrip by as much as a distance (see Distance, n., 3); to leave far behind; to surpass greatly. “He distanced the most skillful of his contemporaries.” Milner.

Dis´tan•cy , n. Distance. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dis´tant , a. [F., fr. L. distans, -antis, p. pr. of distare to stand apart, be separate or distant; dis- + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. Separated; having an intervening space; at a distance; away. “One board had two tenons, equally distant.” Ex. xxxvi. 22. “Diana’s temple is not distant far.” Shak. 2. Far separated; far off; not near; remote; — in place, time, consanguinity, or connection; as distant times; distant relatives. “The success of these distant enterprises.” Prescott. 3. Reserved or repelling in manners; cold; not cordial; somewhat haughty; as a distant manner. “He passed me with a distant bow.” Goldsmith. 4. Indistinct; faint; obscure, as from distance. “Some distant knowledge.” Shak. “A distant glimpse.” W. Irving. 5. Not conformable; discrepant; repugnant; as a practice so widely distant from Christianity. Syn. — Separate; far; remote; aloof; apart; asunder; slight; faint; indirect; indistinct.

Dis•tan´tial , a. Distant. [Obs.] “More distantial from the eye.” W. Montagu.

Dis´tant•ly , adv. At a distance; remotely; with reserve.

Dis•taste´ , n. 1. Aversion of the taste; dislike, as of food or drink; disrelish. Bacon. 2. Discomfort; uneasiness. “Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes, and adversity is not without comforts and hopes.” Bacon. 3. Alienation of affection; displeasure; anger. “On the part of Heaven,
Now alienated, distance and distaste.” Milton. Syn. — Disrelish; disinclination; dislike; aversion; displeasure; dissatisfaction; disgust.

Dis•taste´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distasting.] 1. Not to have relish or taste for; to disrelish; to loathe; to dislike. “Although my will distaste what it elected.” Shak. 2. To offend; to disgust; to displease. [Obs.] “He thought in no policy to distaste the English or Irish by a course of reformation, but sought to please them.” Sir J. Davies. 3. To deprive of taste or relish; to make unsavory or distasteful. Drayton.

Dis•taste´ , v. i. To be distasteful; to taste ill or disagreeable. [Obs.] “Dangerous conceits are, in their natures, poisons,
Which at the are scarce found to distaste.” Shak.

Dis•taste´ful , a. 1. Unpleasant or disgusting to the taste; nauseous; loathsome. 2. Offensive; displeasing to the feelings; disagreeable; as a distasteful truth. “Distasteful answer, and sometimes unfriendly actions.” Milton. 3. Manifesting distaste or dislike; repulsive. ´Distasteful looks.´ Shak. Syn. — Nauseous; unsavory; unpalatable; offensive; displeasing; dissatisfactory; disgusting. - Dis•taste´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•taste´ful•ness, n.

Dis•taste´ive , a. Tending to excite distaste. [Obs.] — n. That which excites distaste or aversion. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Dis•tas´ture ( 135), n. Something which excites distaste or disgust. [Obs.] Speed.

Dis•tem´per , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distempered p. pr. & vb. n. Distempering.] [OF. destemprer, destremper, to distemper, F. detremper to soak, soften, slake (lime); pref. des- (L. dis-) + OF. temprer, tremper, F. tremper, L. temperare to mingle in due proportion. See Temper, and cf. Destemprer.] 1. To temper or mix unduly; to make disproportionate; to change the due proportions of. [Obs.] “When … the humors in his body ben distempered.” Chaucer. 2. To derange the functions of, whether bodily, mental, or spiritual; to disorder; to disease. Shak. “The imagination, when completely distempered, is the most incurable of all disordered faculties.” Buckminster. 3. To deprive of temper or moderation; to disturb; to ruffle; to make disaffected, ill-humored, or malignant. ´Distempered spirits.´ Coleridge. 4. To intoxicate. [R.] “The courtiers reeling,
And the duke himself, I dare not say distempered,
But kind, and in his tottering chair carousing.” Massinger. 5. (Paint.) To mix (colors) in the way of distemper; as to distemper colors with size. [R.]

Dis•tem´per, n. [See Distemper, v. t., and cf. Destemprer.] 1. An undue or unnatural temper, or disproportionate mixture of parts. Bacon. This meaning and most of the following are to be referred to the Galenical doctrine of the four ´humors´ in man. See Humor. According to the old physicians, these humors, when unduly tempered, produce a disordered state of body and mind. 2. Severity of climate; extreme weather, whether hot or cold. [Obs.] “Those countries … under the tropic, were of a distemper uninhabitable.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. A morbid state of the animal system; indisposition; malady; disorder; — at present chiefly applied to diseases of brutes; as a distemper in dogs; the horse distemper; the horn distemper in cattle. “They heighten distempers to diseases.” Suckling. 4. Morbid temper of the mind; undue predominance of a passion or appetite; mental derangement; bad temper; ill humor. [Obs.] “Little faults proceeding on distemper.” Shak. “Some frenzy distemper had got into his head.” Bunyan. 5. Political disorder; tumult. Waller. 6. (Paint.) (a) A preparation of opaque or body colors, in which the pigments are tempered or diluted with weak glue or size (cf. Tempera) instead of oil, usually for scene painting, or for walls and ceilings of rooms. (b) A painting done with this preparation. Syn. — Disease; disorder; sickness; illness; malady; indisposition; ailment. See Disease.

Dis•tem´per•ance , n. Distemperature. [Obs.]

Dis•tem´per•ate , a. [LL. distemperatus, p. p.] 1. Immoderate. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Diseased; disordered. [Obs.] Wodroephe.

Dis•tem´per•ate•ly, adv. Unduly. [Obs.]

Dis•tem´per•a•ture ( 135), n. 1. Bad temperature; intemperateness; excess of heat or cold, or of other qualities; as the distemperature of the air. [Obs.] 2. Disorder; confusion. Shak. 3. Disorder of body; slight illness; distemper. “A huge infectious troop
Of pale distemperatures and foes to life.” Shak. 4. Perturbation of mind; mental uneasiness. “Sprinkled a little patience on the heat of his distemperature.” Sir W. Scott.

Dis•tem´per•ment , n. Distempered state; distemperature. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distended; p. pr. & vb. n. Distending.] [L. distendere, distentum, distensum; dis- + tendere to stretch, stretch out: cf. F. distendre to distend, detendre to unbend. See Tend, and cf. Detent.] 1. To extend in some one direction; to lengthen out; to stretch. [R.] “But say, what mean those colored streaks in heaven
Distended as the brow of God appeased?” Milton. 2. To stretch out or extend in all directions; to dilate; to enlarge, as by elasticity of parts; to inflate so as to produce tension; to cause to swell; as to distend a bladder, the stomach, etc. “The warmth distends the chinks.” Dryden. Syn. — To dilate; expand; enlarge; swell; inflate.

Dis•tend´, v. i. To become expanded or inflated; to swell. ´His heart distends with pride.´ Milton.

Dis•ten•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or capacity of being distensible. [R.]

Dis•ten´si•ble , a. Capable of being distended or dilated.

Dis•ten´sion , n. Same as Distention.

Dis•ten´sive , a. Distending, or capable of being distended.

Dis•tent´ , a. [L. distentus, p. p. See Distend.] Distended. [Poetic] Thomson.

Dis•tent´, n. Breadth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Dis•ten´tion , n. [L. distentio: cf. F. distension.] 1. The act of distending; the act of stretching in breadth or in all directions; the state of being Distended; as the distention of the lungs. 2. Breadth; extent or space occupied by the thing distended.

Dis•ter´ , v. t. [L. dis- + terra earth, country; cf. Sp. & Pg. desterrar.] To banish or drive from a country. [Obs.] Howell.

Dis•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. disterminatus, p. p. of disterminare to limit. See Terminate.] Separated by bounds. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [L. disterminatio.] Separation by bounds. [Obs.] Hammond.

Dis´thene , n. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + force: cf. F. disthène.] (Min.) Cyanite or kyanite; — so called in allusion to its unequal hardness in two different directions. See Cyanite.

Dis•throne´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- + throne: cf. OF. desthroner, F. detroner.] To dethrone. [Obs.]

Dis•thron´ize , v. t. To dethrone. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis´tich , n. [L. distichon, Gr. , neut. of with two rows, of two verses; di- = di•s- twice + row, verse, fr. to ascend; akin to AS. stigan to ascend: cf. F. distique. See Stirrup.] (Pros.) A couple of verses or poetic lines making complete sense; an epigram of two verses. { Dis´tich , Dis´tich•ous } a. [Gr. . See Distich, n.] Disposed in two vertical rows; two- ranked.

Dis´tich•ous•ly, adv. In a distichous manner.

Dis•til´ , v. t. & i. See Distill.

Dis•till´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Distilled p. pr. & vb. n. Distilling.] [F. distiller, from L. destillare, destillatum; de + stillare to drop, stilla a drop, prob. fr. stiria frozen drop, icicle; prob. akin to stare, E. stand. Cf. Still, n. & v., Instill.] [Written also distil.] 1. To drop; to fall in drops; to trickle. “Soft showers distilled, and suns grew warm in vain.” Pope. 2. To flow gently, or in a small stream. “The Euphrates distilleth out of the mountains of Armenia.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. To practice the art of distillation. Shak.

Dis•till´, v. t. 1. To let fall or send down in drops. “Or o’er the glebe distill the kindly rain.” Pope. “The dew which on the tender grass
The evening had distilled.” Drayton. 2. To obtain by distillation; to extract by distillation, as spirits, essential oil, etc.; to rectify; as to distill brandy from wine; to distill alcoholic spirits from grain; to distill essential oils from flowers, etc.; to distill fresh water from sea water. ´Distilling odors on me.´ Tennyson. 3. To subject to distillation; as to distill molasses in making rum; to distill barley, rye, corn, etc. 4. To dissolve or melt. [R.] “Swords by the lightning’s subtle force distilled.” Addison.

Dis•till´a•ble , a. (Chem.) Capable of being distilled; especially, capable of being distilled without chemical change or decomposition; as alcohol is distillable; olive oil is not distillable.

Dis•till´ate , n. (Chem.) The product of distillation; as the distillate from molasses.

Dis•til•la´tion , n. [F. distillation, L. destillatio.] 1. The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring out in drops. 2. That which falls in drops. [R.] Johnson 3. (Chem.) The separation of the volatile parts of a substance from the more fixed; specifically, the operation of driving off gas or vapor from volatile liquids or solids, by heat in a retort or still, and the condensation of the products as far as possible by a cool receiver, alembic, or condenser; rectification; vaporization; condensation; as the distillation of illuminating gas and coal, of alcohol from sour mash, or of boric acid in steam. The evaporation of water, its condensation into clouds, and its precipitation as rain, dew, frost, snow, or hail, is an illustration of natural distillation. 4. The substance extracted by distilling. Shak. Destructive distillation (Chem.), the distillation, especially of complex solid substances, so that the ultimate constituents are separated or evolved in new compounds, — usually requiring a high degree of heat; as the destructive distillation of soft coal or of wood. — Dry distillation, the distillation of substances by themselves, or without the addition of water or of other volatile solvent; as the dry distillation of citric acid. — Fractional distillation. (Chem.) See under Fractional.

Dis•til´la•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. distillatoire.] Belonging to, or used in, distilling; as distillatory vessels. — n. A distillatory apparatus; a still.

Dis•till´er , n. 1. One who distills; esp., one who extracts alcoholic liquors by distillation. 2. The condenser of a distilling apparatus.

Dis•till´er•y , n.; pl. Distilleries (#). [F. distillerie.] 1. The building and works where distilling, esp. of alcoholic liquors, is carried on. 2. The act of distilling spirits. [R.] Todd.

Dis•till´ment , n. Distillation; the substance obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•tinct´ , a. [L. distinctus, p. p. of distinguere: cf. F. distinct. See Distinguish.] 1. Distinguished; having the difference marked; separated by a visible sign; marked out; specified. [Obs.] “Wherever thus created — for no place
Is yet distinct by name.” Milton. 2. Marked; variegated. [Obs.] “The which [place] was dight
With divers flowers distinct with rare delight.” Spenser. 3. Separate in place; not conjunct; not united by growth or otherwise; — with from. “The intention was that the two armies which marched out together should afterward be distinct.” Clarendon. 4. Not identical; different; individual. “To offend, and judge, are distinct offices.” Shak. 5. So separated as not to be confounded with any other thing; not liable to be misunderstood; not confused; well- defined; clear; as we have a distinct or indistinct view of a prospect. “Relation more particular and distinct.” Milton. Syn. — Separate; unconnected; disjoined; different; clear; plain; conspicuous; obvious.

Dis•tinct´ , v. t. To distinguish. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Dis•tinc´tion , n. [L. distinctio: cf. F. distinction.] 1. A marking off by visible signs; separation into parts; division. [Obs.] “The distinction of tragedy into acts was not known.” Dryden. 2. The act of distinguishing or denoting the differences between objects, or the qualities by which one is known from others; exercise of discernment; discrimination. “To take away therefore that error, which confusion breedeth, distinction is requisite.” Hooker. 3. That which distinguishes one thing from another; distinguishing quality; sharply defined difference; as the distinction between real and apparent good. “The distinction betwixt the animal kingdom and the inferior parts of matter.” Locke. 4. Estimation of difference; regard to differences or distinguishing circumstance. “Maids, women, wives, without distinction, fall.” Dryden. 5. Conspicuous station; eminence; superiority; honorable estimation; as a man of distinction. “Your country’s own means of distinction and defense.” D. Webster. Syn. — Difference; variation, variety; contrast; diversity; contrariety; disagreement; discrimination; preference; superiority; rank; note; eminence.

Dis•tinc´tive , a. [Cf. F. distinctif.] 1. Marking or expressing distinction or difference; distinguishing; characteristic; peculiar. “The distinctive character and institutions of New England.” Bancroft. 2. Having the power to distinguish and discern; discriminating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Dis•tinc´tive•ly, adv. With distinction; plainly.

Dis•tinc´tive•ness, n. State of being distinctive.

Dis•tinct´ly , adv. 1. With distinctness; not confusedly; without the blending of one part or thing another; clearly; plainly; as to see distinctly. 2. With meaning; significantly. [Obs.] “Thou dost snore distinctly;
There’s meaning in thy snores.” Shak. Syn. — Separately; clearly; plainly; obviously.

Dis•tinct´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being distinct; a separation or difference that prevents confusion of parts or things. “The soul’s … distinctness from the body.” Cudworth. 2. Nice discrimination; hence, clearness; precision; as he stated his arguments with great distinctness. Syn. — Plainness; clearness; precision; perspicuity.

Dis•tinc´ture , n. Distinctness. [R.]

Dis•tin´guish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distinguished p. pr. & vb. n. Distinguishing.] [F. distinguer, L. distinguere, distinctum; di- = dis- + stinguere to quench, extinguish; prob. orig., to prick, and so akin to G. stechen, E. stick, and perh. sting. Cf. Extinguish.] 1. Not set apart from others by visible marks; to make distinctive or discernible by exhibiting differences; to mark off by some characteristic. “Not more distinguished by her purple vest,
Than by the charming features of her face.” Dryden. “Milton has distinguished the sweetbrier and the eglantine.” Nares. 2. To separate by definition of terms or logical division of a subject with regard to difference; as to distinguish sounds into high and low. “Moses distinguished the causes of the flood into those that belong to the heavens, and those that belong to the earth.” T. Burnet. 3. To recognize or discern by marks, signs, or characteristic quality or qualities; to know and discriminate (anything) from other things with which it might be confounded; as to distinguish the sound of a drum. “We are enabled to distinguish good from evil, as well as truth from falsehood.” Watts. “Nor more can you distinguish of a man,
Than of his outward show.” Shak. 4. To constitute a difference; to make to differ. “Who distinguisheth thee?” 1 Cor. iv. 7. (Douay version). 5. To separate from others by a mark of honor; to make eminent or known; to confer distinction upon; — with by or for.´To distinguish themselves by means never tried before.´ Johnson. Syn. — To mark; discriminate; differentiate; characterize; discern; perceive; signalize; honor; glorify.

Dis•tin´guish, v. i. 1. To make distinctions; to perceive the difference; to exercise discrimination; — with between; as a judge distinguishes between cases apparently similar, but differing in principle. 2. To become distinguished or distinctive; to make one’s self or itself discernible. [R.] “The little embryo … first distinguishes into a little knot.” Jer. Taylor.

Dis•tin´guish•a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being distinguished; separable; divisible; discernible; capable of recognition; as a tree at a distance is distinguishable from a shrub. “A simple idea being in itself uncompounded … is not distinguishable into different ideas.” Locke. 2. Worthy of note or special regard. Swift.

Dis•tin´guish•a•ble•ness , n. The quality of being distinguishable.

Dis•tin´guish•a•bly, adv. So as to be distinguished.

Dis•tin´guished , a. 1. Marked; special. “The most distinguished politeness.” Mad. D’ Arblay. 2. Separated from others by distinct difference; having, or indicating, superiority; eminent or known; illustrious; — applied to persons and deeds. Syn. — Marked; noted; famous; conspicuous; celebrated; transcendent; eminent; illustrious; extraordinary; prominent. — Distinguished, Eminent, Conspicuous, Celebrated, Illustrious. A man is eminent, when he stands high as compared with those around him; conspicuous, when he is so elevated as to be seen and observed; distinguished, when he has something which makes him stand apart from others in the public view; celebrated, when he is widely spoken of with honor and respect; illustrious, when a splendor is thrown around him which confers the highest dignity.

Dis•tin´guish•ed•ly , adv. In a distinguished manner. [R.] Swift.

Dis•tin´guish•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, distinguishes or separates one thing from another by marks of diversity. Sir T. Browne. 2. One who discerns accurately the difference of things; a nice or judicious observer. Dryden.

Dis•tin´guish•ing, a. Constituting difference, or distinction from everything else; distinctive; peculiar; characteristic. “The distinguishing doctrines of our holy religion.” Locke. Distinguishing pennant (Naut.), a special pennant by which any particular vessel in a fleet is recognized and signaled. Simmonds.

Dis•tin´guish•ing•ly, adv. With distinction; with some mark of preference. Pope.

Dis•tin´guish•ment , n. Observation of difference; distinction. Graunt.

Dis•ti´tle , v. t. To deprive of title or right. [R.] B. Jonson.

Dis´to•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di•s- twice + mouth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic, trematode worms, having two suckers for attaching themselves to the part they infest. See 1st Fluke, 2.

Dis•tort´ , a. [L. distortus, p. p. of distorquere to twist, distort; dis- + torquere to twist. See Torsion.] Distorted; misshapen. [Obs.] “Her face was ugly and her mouth distort.” Spenser.

Dis•tort´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distorting.] 1. To twist of natural or regular shape; to twist aside physically; as to distort the limbs, or the body. “Whose face was distorted with pain.” Thackeray. 2. To force or put out of the true posture or direction; to twist aside mentally or morally. “Wrath and malice, envy and revenge, do darken and distort the understandings of men.” Tillotson. 3. To wrest from the true meaning; to pervert; as to distort passages of Scripture, or their meaning. Syn. — To twist; wrest; deform; pervert.

Dis•tort´er , n. One who, or that which, distorts.

Dis•tor´tion , n. [L. distortio: cf. F. distortion.] 1. The act of distorting, or twisting out of natural or regular shape; a twisting or writhing motion; as the distortions of the face or body. 2. A wresting from the true meaning. Bp. Wren. 3. The state of being distorted, or twisted out of shape or out of true position; crookedness; perversion. 4. (Med.) An unnatural deviation of shape or position of any part of the body producing visible deformity.

Dis•tort´ive , a. Causing distortion.

Dis•tract´ , a. [L. distractus, p. p. of distrahere to draw asunder; dis- + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Distraught.] 1. Separated; drawn asunder. [Obs.] 2. Insane; mad. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dis•tract´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distracted, old p. p. Distraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Distracting.] 1. To draw apart or away; to divide; to disjoin. “A city … distracted from itself.” Fuller. 2. To draw (the sight, mind, or attention) in different directions; to perplex; to confuse; as to distract the eye; to distract the attention. “Mixed metaphors … distract the imagination.” Goldsmith. 3. To agitate by conflicting passions, or by a variety of motives or of cares; to confound; to harass. “Horror and doubt distract
His troubled thoughts.” Milton. 4. To unsettle the reason of; to render insane; to craze; to madden; — most frequently used in the participle, distracted. “A poor mad soul; … poverty hath distracted her.” Shak.

Dis•tract´ed, a. Mentally disordered; unsettled; mad. “My distracted mind.” Pope.

Dis•tract´ed•ly, adv. Disjointedly; madly. Shak.

Dis•tract´ed•ness, n. A state of being distracted; distraction. Bp. Hall.

Dis•tract´er , n. One who, or that which, distracts away.

Dis•tract´ful , a. Distracting. [R.] Heywood.

Dis•tract´i•ble , a. Capable of being drawn aside or distracted.

Dis•tract´ile , a. (Bot.) Tending or serving to draw apart.

Dis•tract´ing, a. Tending or serving to distract.

Dis•trac´tion , n. [L. distractio: cf. F. distraction.] 1. The act of distracting; a drawing apart; separation. “To create distractions among us.” Bp. Burnet. 2. That which diverts attention; a diversion. ´Domestic distractions.´ G. Eliot. 3. A diversity of direction; detachment. [Obs.] “His power went out in such distractions as
Beguiled all species.” Shak. 4. State in which the attention is called in different ways; confusion; perplexity. “That ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction.” 1 Cor. vii. 35. 5. Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as political distractions. “Never was known a night of such distraction.” Dryden. 6. Agitation from violent emotions; perturbation of mind; despair. “The distraction of the children, who saw both their parents together, would have melted the hardest heart.” Tatler. 7. Derangement of the mind; madness. Atterbury. Syn. — Perplexity; confusion; disturbance; disorder; dissension; tumult; derangement; madness; raving; franticness; furiousness.

Dis•trac´tious , a. Distractive. [Obs.]

Dis•trac´tive , a. Causing perplexity; distracting. ´Distractive thoughts.´ Bp. Hall.

Dis•train´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distrained p. pr. & vb. n. Distraining.] [OE. destreinen to force, OF. destreindre to press, oppress, force, fr. L. distringere, districtum, to draw asunder, hinder, molest, LL., to punish severely; di- = stringere to draw tight, press together. See Strain, and cf. Distress, District, Distraint.] 1. To press heavily upon; to bear down upon with violence; hence, to constrain or compel; to bind; to distress, torment, or afflict. [Obs.] ´Distrained with chains.´ Chaucer. 2. To rend; to tear. [Obs.] “Neither guile nor force might it [a net] distrain.” Spenser. 3. (Law) (a) To seize, as a pledge or indemnification; to take possession of as security for nonpayment of rent, the reparation of an injury done, etc.; to take by distress; as to distrain goods for rent, or of an amercement. (b) To subject to distress; to coerce; as to distrain a person by his goods and chattels.

Dis•train´, v. i. To levy a distress. “Upon whom I can distrain for debt.” Camden.

Dis•train´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, distrained. Blackstone.

Dis•train´er , n. Same as Distrainor.

Dis•train´or , n. (Law) One who distrains; the party distraining goods or chattels. Blackstone.

Dis•traint´ , n. [OF. destrainte distress, force.] (Law) The act or proceeding of seizing personal property by distress. Abbott.

Dis•trait´ , a. [F. See Distract.] Absent-minded; lost in thought; abstracted.

Dis•traught´ , p. p. & a. [OE. distract, distrauht. See Distract, a.] 1. Torn asunder; separated. [Obs.] ´His greedy throat … distraught.´ Spenser. 2. Distracted; perplexed. ´Distraught twixt fear and pity.´ Spenser. “As if thou wert distraught and mad with terror.” Shak. “To doubt betwixt our senses and our souls
Which are the most distraught and full of pain.” Mrs. Browning.

Dis•traught´ed, a. Distracted. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•tream´ , v. i. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + stream.] To flow. [Poetic] “Yet o’er that virtuous blush distreams a tear.” Shenstone.

Dis•tress´ , n. [OE. destresse, distresse, OF. destresse, destrece, F. detresse, OF. destrecier to distress, (assumed) LL. districtiare, fr. L. districtus, p. p. of distringere. See Distrain, and cf. Stress.] 1. Extreme pain or suffering; anguish of body or mind; as to suffer distress from the gout, or from the loss of friends. “Not fearing death nor shrinking for distress.” Shak. 2. That which occasions suffering; painful situation; misfortune; affliction; misery. “Affliction’s sons are brothers in distress.” Burns. 3. A state of danger or necessity; as a ship in distress, from leaking, loss of spars, want of provisions or water, etc. 4. (Law) (a) The act of distraining; the taking of a personal chattel out of the possession of a wrongdoer, by way of pledge for redress of an injury, or for the performance of a duty, as for nonpayment of rent or taxes, or for injury done by cattle, etc. (b) The thing taken by distraining; that which is seized to procure satisfaction. Bouvier. Kent. Burrill. “If he were not paid, he would straight go and take a distress of goods and cattle.” Spenser. “The distress thus taken must be proportioned to the thing distrained for.” Blackstone. Abuse of distress. (Law) See under Abuse. Syn. — Affliction; suffering; pain; agony; misery; torment; anguish; grief; sorrow; calamity; misfortune; trouble; adversity. See Affliction.

Dis•tress´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distressed p. pr. & vb. n. Distressing.] [Cf. OF. destrecier. See Distress, n.] 1. To cause pain or anguish to; to pain; to oppress with calamity; to afflict; to harass; to make miserable. “We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed.” 2 Cor. iv. 8. 2. To compel by pain or suffering. “Men who can neither be distressed nor won into a sacrifice of duty.” A. Hamilton. 3. (Law) To seize for debt; to distrain. Syn. — To pain; grieve; harass; trouble; perplex; afflict; worry; annoy.

Dis•tress´ed•ness, n. A state of being distressed or greatly pained.

Dis•tress´ful , a. Full of distress; causing, indicating, or attended with, distress; as a distressful situation. ´Some distressful stroke.´ Shak. ´Distressful cries.´ Pope. — Dis•tress´ful•ly, adv.

Dis•tress´ing (dis•tres´ing), a. Causing distress; painful; unpleasant.

Dis•tress´ing, adv. In a distressing manner.

Dis•trib´u•ta•ble , a. Capable of being distributed. Sir W. Jones.

Dis•trib´u•ta•ry , a. Tending to distribute or be distributed; that distributes; distributive.

Dis•trib´ute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Distributing.] [L. distributus, p. p. of distribuere to divide, distribute; dis- + tribuere to assign, give, allot. See Tribute.] 1. To divide among several or many; to deal out; to apportion; to allot. “She did distribute her goods to all them that were nearest of kindred.” Judith xvi. 24. 2. To dispense; to administer; as to distribute justice. Shak. 3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, kinds, or species; to classify; to assort, as specimens, letters, etc. 4. (Printing) (a) To separate (type which has been used) and return it to the proper boxes in the cases. (b) To spread (ink) evenly, as upon a roller or a table. 5. (Logic) To employ (a term) in its whole extent; to take as universal in one premise. “A term is said to be distributed when it is taken universal, so as to stand for everything it is capable of being applied to.” Whately. Syn. — To dispense; deal out; apportion; allot; share; assign; divide.

Dis•trib´ute, v. i. To make distribution. “Distributing to the necessity of saints.” Rom. xii. 13.

Dis•trib´u•ter , n. One who, or that which, distributes or deals out anything; a dispenser. Addison.

Dis•trib´u•ting, a. That distributes; dealing out. Distributing past office, an office where the mails for a large district are collected to be assorted according to their destination and forwarded.

Dis•tri•bu´tion , n. [L. distributio: cf. F. distribution.] 1. The act of distributing or dispensing; the act of dividing or apportioning among several or many; apportionment; as the distribution of an estate among heirs or children. “The phenomena of geological distribution are exactly analogous to those of geography.” A. R. Wallace. 2. Separation into parts or classes; arrangement of anything into parts; disposition; classification. 3. That which is distributed. ´Our charitable distributions.´ Atterbury. 4. (Logic) A resolving a whole into its parts. 5. (Print.) The sorting of types and placing them in their proper boxes in the cases. 6. (Steam Engine) The steps or operations by which steam is supplied to and withdrawn from the cylinder at each stroke of the piston; viz., admission, suppression or cutting off, release or exhaust, and compression of exhaust steam prior to the next admission. Geographical distribution, the natural arrangements of animals and plants in particular regions or districts. Syn. — Apportionments; allotment; dispensation; disposal; dispersion; classification; arrangement.

Dis•tri•bu´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to distribution. Huxley.

Dis•tri•bu´tion•ist, n. A distributer. [R.] Dickens.

Dis•trib´u•tive , a. [Cf. F. distributif.] 1. Tending to distribute; serving to divide and assign in portions; dealing to each his proper share. ´Distributive justice.´ Swift. 2. (Logic) Assigning the species of a general term. 3. (Gram.) Expressing separation; denoting a taking singly, not collectively; as a distributive adjective or pronoun, such as each, either, every; a distributive numeral, as (Latin) bini (two by two). Distributive operation (Math.), any operation which either consists of two or more parts, or works upon two or more things, and which is such that the result of the total operation is the same as the aggregated result of the two or more partial operations. Ordinary multiplication is distributive, since a × (b + c) = ab + ac, and (a + b) × c = ac + bc. — Distributive proportion. (Math.) See Fellowship.

Dis•trib´u•tive, n. (Gram.) A distributive adjective or pronoun; also a distributive numeral.

Dis•trib´u•tive•ly, adv. By distribution; singly; not collectively; in a distributive manner.

Dis•trib´u•tive•ness, n. Quality of being distributive.

Dis´trict , a. [L. districtus, p. p.] Rigorous; stringent; harsh. [Obs.] “Punishing with the rod of district severity.” Foxe.

Dis´trict, n. [LL. districtus district, fr. L. districtus, p. p. of distringere: cf. F. district. See Distrain.] 1. (Feudal Law) The territory within which the lord has the power of coercing and punishing. 2. A division of territory; a defined portion of a state, town, or city, etc., made for administrative, electoral, or other purposes; as a congressional district, judicial district, land district, school district, etc. “To exercise exclusive legislation … over such district not exceeding ten miles square.” The Constitution of the United States. 3. Any portion of territory of undefined extent; a region; a country; a tract. “These districts which between the tropics lie.” Blackstone. Congressional district. See under Congressional. — District attorney, the prosecuting officer of a district or district court. — District court, a subordinate municipal, state, or United States tribunal, having jurisdiction in certain cases within a judicial district. — District judge, one who presides over a district court. — District school, a public school for the children within a school district. [U.S.] Syn. — Division; circuit; quarter; province; tract; region; country.

Dis´trict, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Districted; p. pr. & vb. n. Districting.] To divide into districts or limited portions of territory; as legislatures district States for the choice of representatives.

Dis•tric´tion , n. [L. districtio a stretching out.] Sudden display; flash; glitter. [R.] “A smile … breaks out with the brightest distriction.” Collier.

Dis´trict•ly , adv. Strictly. [Obs.] Foxe.

Dis•trin´gas , n. [L., that you distrain, fr. distringere. See Distrain.] (Law) A writ commanding the sheriff to distrain a person by his goods or chattels, to compel a compliance with something required of him.

Dis•trou´ble , v. t. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + trouble.] To trouble. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dis•trust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distrusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distrusting.] [Cf. Mistrust.] To feel absence of trust in; not to confide in or rely upon; to deem of questionable sufficiency or reality; to doubt; to be suspicious of; to mistrust. “Not distrusting my health.” 2 Mac. ix. 22. “To distrust the justice of your cause.” Dryden. “He that requireth the oath doth distrust that other.” Udall. “Of all afraid,
Distrusting all, a wise, suspicious maid.” Collins. Mistrust has been almost wholly driven out by distrust. T. L. K. Oliphant.

Dis•trust´, n. 1. Doubt of sufficiency, reality, or sincerity; want of confidence, faith, or reliance; as distrust of one’s power, authority, will, purposes, schemes, etc. 2. Suspicion of evil designs. “Alienation and distrust … are the growth of false principles.” D. Webster. 3. State of being suspected; loss of trust. Milton.

Dis•trust´er , n. One who distrusts.

Dis•trust´ful , a. 1. Not confident; diffident; wanting confidence or thrust; modest; as distrustful of ourselves, of one’s powers. “Distrustful sense with modest caution speaks.” Pope. 2. Apt to distrust; suspicious; mistrustful. Boyle. — Dis•trust´ful•ly, adv. — Dis•trust´ful•ness, n.

Dis•trust´ing, a. That distrusts; suspicious; lacking confidence in. — Dis•trust´ing•ly, adv.

Dis•trust´less, a. Free from distrust. Shenstone.

Dis•tune´ , v. t. To put out of tune. [Obs.]

Dis•turb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disturbed p. pr. & vb. n. Disturbing.] [OE. desturben, destourben, OF. destorber, desturber, destourber, fr. L. disturbare, disturbatum; dis- + turbare to disturb, trouble, turba disorder, tumult, crowd. See Turbid.] 1. To throw into disorder or confusion; to derange; to interrupt the settled state of; to excite from a state of rest. “Preparing to disturb
With all-cofounding war the realms above.” Cowper. “The bellow’s noise disturbed his quiet rest.” Spenser. “The utmost which the discontented colonies could do, was to disturb authority.” Burke. 2. To agitate the mind of; to deprive of tranquillity; to disquiet; to render uneasy; as a person is disturbed by receiving an insult, or his mind is disturbed by envy. 3. To turn from a regular or designed course. [Obs.] “And disturb
His inmost counsels from their destined aim.” Milton. Syn. — To disorder; disquiet; agitate; discompose; molest; perplex; trouble; incommode; ruffle.

Dis•turb´, n. Disturbance. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•turb´ance , n. [OF. destorbance.] 1. An interruption of a state of peace or quiet; derangement of the regular course of things; disquiet; disorder; as a disturbance of religious exercises; a disturbance of the galvanic current. 2. Confusion of the mind; agitation of the feelings; perplexity; uneasiness. “Any man … in a state of disturbance and irritation.” Burke. 3. Violent agitation in the body politic; public commotion; tumult. “The disturbance was made to support a general accusation against the province.” Bancroft. 4. (Law) The hindering or disquieting of a person in the lawful and peaceable enjoyment of his right; the interruption of a right; as the disturbance of a franchise, of common, of ways, and the like. Blackstone. Syn. — Tumult; brawl; commotion; turmoil; uproar; hubbub; disorder; derangement; confusion; agitation; perturbation; annoyance.

Dis•tur•ba´tion , n. [L. disturbatio.] Act of disturbing; disturbance. [Obs.] Daniel.

Dis•turb´er , n. [Cf. OF. destorbeor.] 1. One who, or that which, disturbs of disquiets; a violator of peace; a troubler. “A needless disturber of the peace of God’s church and an author of dissension.” Hooker. 2. (Law) One who interrupts or incommodes another in the peaceable enjoyment of his right.

Dis•turn´ , v. t. [OF. destourner, F. detourner. See Detour.] To turn aside. [Obs.] Daniel.

Dis´tyle , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + pillar: cf. F. distyle.] (Arch.) Having two columns in front; — said of a temple, portico, or the like. Distyle in antis, having columns between two antae. See Anta.

Di•sul´phate , n. [Pref. di- + sulphate.] (Chem.) (a) A salt of disulphuric or pyrosulphuric acid; a pyrosulphate. (b) An acid salt of sulphuric acid, having only one equivalent of base to two of the acid.

Di•sul´phide ( 104), n. [Pref. di- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphur containing two atoms of sulphur in each molecule; — formerly called disulphuret. Cf. Bisulphide.

Di•sul´phu•ret , n. [Pref. di- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) See Disulphide.

Di•sul•phu´ric , a. [Pref. di- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Applied to an acid having in each molecule two atoms of sulphur in the higher state of oxidation. Disulphuric acid, a thick oily liquid, H2S2O7, called also Nordhausen acid (from Nordhausen in the Harts, where it was originally manufactured), fuming sulphuric acid, and especially pyrosulphuric acid. See under Pyrosulphuric.

Dis•u´ni•form , a. Not uniform. [Obs.]

Dis•un´ion , n. [Pref. dis- + union: cf. F. desunion.] 1. The termination of union; separation; disjunction; as the disunion of the body and the soul. 2. A breach of concord and its effect; alienation. “Such a disunion between the two houses as might much clou the happiness of this kingdom.” Clarendon. 3. The termination or disruption of the union of the States forming the United States. “I have not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion.” D. Webster.

Dis•un´ion•ist, n. An advocate of disunion, specifically, of disunion of the United States.

Dis•u•nite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disunited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disuniting.] 1. To destroy the union of; to divide; to part; to sever; to disjoin; to sunder; to separate; as to disunite particles of matter. 2. To alienate in spirit; to break the concord of. “Go on both in hand, O nations, never be disunited, be the praise … of all posterity!” Milton.

Dis•u•nite´, v. i. To part; to fall asunder; to become separated. “The joints of the body politic do separate and disunite.” South.

Dis•u•nit´er , n. One who, or that which, disjoins or causes disunion.

Dis•u´ni•ty , n. A state of separation or disunion; want of unity. Dr. H. More.

Dis•us´age , n. Gradual cessation of use or custom; neglect of use; disuse. [R.] Hooker.

Dis•use´ ( see Dis-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disused p. pr. & vb. n. Disusing.] 1. To cease to use; to discontinue the practice of. 2. To disaccustom; — with to or from; as disused to toil. ´Disuse me from … pain.´ Donne.

Dis•use´ , n. Cessation of use, practice, or exercise; inusitation; desuetude; as the limbs lose their strength by disuse. “The disuse of the tongue in the only … remedy.” Addison. “Church discipline then fell into disuse.” Southey.

Dis•u´til•ize , v. t. To deprive of utility; to render useless. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Dis•val•u•a´tion , n. Disesteem; depreciation; disrepute. Bacon.

Dis•val´ue ( see Dis-), v. t. To undervalue; to depreciate. Shak.

Dis•val´ue, n. Disesteem; disregard. B. Jonson.

Dis•van•ta´geous , a. [Pref. dis- + vantage.] Disadvantageous. [Obs.] ´Disadvantageous ground.´ Drayton.

Dis•vel´op , v. t. To develop. [Obs.]

Dis•ven´ture ( 135), n. A disadventure. [Obs.] Shelton.

Dis•vouch´ , v. t. To discredit; to contradict. [Obs.] Shak.

Dis•warn´ , v. t. [Pref. dis- (intens.) + warn.] To dissuade from by previous warning. [Obs.]

Dis•wit´ted , a. Deprived of wits or understanding; distracted. [Obs.] Drayton.

Dis•wont´ , v. t. To deprive of wonted usage; to disaccustom. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Dis•work´man•ship , n. Bad workmanship. [Obs.] Heywood.

Dis•wor´ship , v. t. To refuse to worship; to treat as unworthy. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Dis•wor´ship, n. A deprivation of honor; a cause of disgrace; a discredit. [Obs.] Milton.

Dis•worth´ , v. t. To deprive of worth; to degrade. [Obs.] Feltham.

Dis•yoke´ , v. t. To unyoke; to free from a yoke; to disjoin. [Poetic] R. Browning.

Dit , n. [Ditty.] 1. A word; a decree. [Obs.] 2. A ditty; a song. [Obs.]

Dit, v. t. [AS. dyttan, akin to Icel. ditta.] To close up. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Di•ta´tion , n. [L. ditare to enrich, fr. dis, ditis, same as dives, rich.] The act of making rich; enrichment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ditch ( 224), n.; pl. Ditches (#). [OE. dich, orig. the same word as dik. See Dike.] 1. A trench made in the earth by digging, particularly a trench for draining wet land, for guarding or fencing inclosures, or for preventing an approach to a town or fortress. In the latter sense, it is called also a moat or a fosse. 2. Any long, narrow receptacle for water on the surface of the earth.

Ditch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ditched p. pr. & vb. n. Ditching.] 1. To dig a ditch or ditches in; to drain by a ditch or ditches; as to ditch moist land. 2. To surround with a ditch. Shak. 3. To throw into a ditch; as the engine was ditched and turned on its side.

Ditch, v. i. To dig a ditch or ditches. Swift.

Ditch´er , n. One who digs ditches.

Dite , v. t. [See Dight.] To prepare for action or use; to make ready; to dight. [Obs.] “His hideous club aloft he dites.” Spenser.

Di•ter´e•bene , n. [Pref. di- + terebene.] (Chem.) See Colophene. { Di•the´cal , Di•the´cous } a. [Pref. di- + theca.] (Bot.) Having two thecae, cells, or compartments.

Di´the•ism , n. [Pref. di- + theism: cf. F. ditheisme.] The doctrine of those who maintain the existence of two gods or of two original principles (as in Manicheism), one good and one evil; dualism.

Di´the•ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of ditheism; a dualist. Cudworth. { Di•the•is´tic , Di•the•is´tic•al } a. Pertaining to ditheism; dualistic.

Di•thi•on´ic , a. [Pref. di- + -thionic.] (Chem.) Containing two equivalents of sulphur; as dithionic acid. Dithionic acid (Chem.), an unstable substance, H2S2O6, known only in its solutions, and in certain well-defined salts.

Dith´y•ramb , n. [L. dithyrambus, Gr. a kind of lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus; also a name of Bacchus; of unknown origin: cf. F. dithyrambe.] A kind of lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus, usually sung by a band of revelers to a flute accompaniment; hence, in general, a poem written in a wild irregular strain. Bentley.

Dith•y•ram´bic , a. [L. dithyrambicus, Gr. : cf. F. dithyrambique.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a dithyramb; wild and boisterous. ´Dithyrambic sallies.´ Longfellow. — n. A dithyrambic poem; a dithyramb.

Dith•y•ram´bus , n. [L.] See Dithyramb.

Di´tion , n. [L. ditio, dicio: cf. F. dition.] Dominion; rule. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Di´tion•a•ry , a. Under rule; subject; tributary. [Obs.] Chapman.

Di´tion•a•ry, n. A subject; a tributary. [Obs.] Eden.

Di´to•kous , a. [Gr. di- = di•s- twice + a bringing forth, offspring.] (Zoöl.) (a) Having two kinds of young, as certain annelids. (b) Producing only two eggs for a clutch, as certain birds do.

Di•tol´yl , n. [Pref. di- + tolyl.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, C14H14, consisting of two radicals or residues of toluene.

Di´tone , n. [Gr. of two tones; di- = di•s- twice + tone.] (Mus.) The Greek major third, which comprehend two major tones (the modern major third contains one major and one minor whole tone).

Di•tri•chot´o•mous , a. [Pref. di- + trichotomous.] 1. Divided into twos or threes. 2. (Bot.) Dividing into double or treble ramifications; — said of a leaf or stem. [R.] Loudon.

Di•tro•che´an , a. (Pros.) Containing two trochees.

Di•tro´chee , n. [L. ditrochaeus, Gr. ; di- = di•s- twice + trochee.] (Pros.) A double trochee; a foot made up of two trochees.

Dit´ro•ite , n. [Named from Ditro in Transylvania.] (Min.) An igneous rock composed of orthoclase, elaeolite, and sodalite.

Ditt , n. See Dit, n., 2. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dit•tan´der , n. [See Dittany.] (Bot.) A kind of peppergrass (Lepidium latifolium).

Dit´ta•ny , n. [OE. dytane, detane, dytan, OF. ditain, F. dictame, L. dictamnum, fr. Gr. di•ktamnon , di•ktamnos, a plant growing in abundance on Mount Dicte in Crete. Cf. Dittander.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the Mint family (Origanum Dictamnus), a native of Crete. (b) The Dictamnus Fraxinella. See Dictamnus. (c) In America, the Cunila Mariana, a fragrant herb of the Mint family.

Dit´tied , a. [From Ditty.] Set, sung, or composed as a ditty; — usually in composition. “Who, with his soft pipe, and smooth-dittied song.” Milton.

Dit´to , n.; pl. Dittos . [It., detto, ditto, fr. L. dictum. See Dictum.] The aforesaid thing; the same (as before). Often contracted to do., or to two ´turned commas´ (´), or small marks. Used in bills, books of account, tables of names, etc., to save repetition. “A spacious table in the center, and a variety of smaller dittos in the corners.” Dickens.

Dit´to, adv. As before, or aforesaid; in the same manner; also.

Dit•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. dittologi•a. Attic form of dissologi•a repetition of words: twofold + to speak.] A double reading, or twofold interpretation, as of a Scripture text. [R.]

Dit´ty , n.; pl. Ditties (#). [OE. dite, OF. ditie, fr. L. dictatum, p. p. neut. of dictare to say often, dictate, compose. See Dictate, v. t.] 1. A saying or utterance; especially, one that is short and frequently repeated; a theme. “O, too high ditty for my simple rhyme.” Spenser. 2. A song; a lay; a little poem intended to be sung. ´Religious, martial, or civil ditties.´ Milton. “And to the warbling lute soft ditties sing.” Sandys.

Dit´ty, v. i. To sing; to warble a little tune. “Beasts fain would sing; birds ditty to their notes.” Herbert.

Dit´ty-bag, n. A sailor’s small bag to hold thread, needles, tape, etc.; — also called sailor’s housewife.

Dit´ty-box , n. A small box to hold a sailor’s thread, needless, comb, etc.

Di•u´re•ide , n. [Di- + ureide.] (Chem.) One of a series of complex nitrogenous substances regarded as containing two molecules of urea or their radicals, as uric acid or allantoin. Cf. Ureide.

Di•u•re´sis , n. [NL. See Diuretic.] (Med.) Free excretion of urine.

Di•u•ret´ic , a. [L. diureticus, Gr. , fr. to make water; through + to make water, fr. urine: cf. F. diuretique.] (Med.) Tending to increase the secretion and discharge of urine. — n. A medicine with diuretic properties. Diuretic salt (Med.), potassium acetate; — so called because of its diuretic properties.

Di•u•ret´ic•al , a. Diuretic. [Obs.] Boyle.

Di•u•ret´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being diuretical; diuretic property.

Di•ur´na , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day.] (Zoöl.) A division of Lepidoptera, including the butterflies; — so called because they fly only in the daytime.

Di•ur´nal , a. [L. diurnalis, fr. dies day. See Deity, and cf. Journal.] 1. Relating to the daytime; belonging to the period of daylight, distinguished from the night; — opposed to nocturnal; as diurnal heat; diurnal hours. 2. Daily; recurring every day; performed in a day; going through its changes in a day; constituting the measure of a day; as a diurnal fever; a diurnal task; diurnal aberration, or diurnal parallax; the diurnal revolution of the earth. “Ere twice the horses of the sun shall bring
Their fiery torcher his diurnal ring.” Shak. 3. (Bot.) Opening during the day, and closing at night; — said of flowers or leaves. 4. (Zoöl.) Active by day; — applied especially to the eagles and hawks among raptorial birds, and to butterflies (Diurna) among insects. Diurnal aberration (Anat.), the aberration of light arising from the effect of the earth’s rotation upon the apparent direction of motion of light. — Diurnal arc, the arc described by the sun during the daytime or while above the horizon; hence, the arc described by the moon or a star from rising to setting. — Diurnal circle, the apparent circle described by a celestial body in consequence of the earth’s rotation. — Diurnal motion of the earth, the motion of the earth upon its axis which is described in twenty-four hours. — Diurnal motion of a heavenly body, that apparent motion of the heavenly body which is due to the earth’s diurnal motion. — Diurnal parallax. See under Parallax. — Diurnal revolution of a planet, the motion of the planet upon its own axis which constitutes one complete revolution. Syn. — See Daily.

Di•ur´nal , n. [Cf. F. diurnal a prayerbook. See Diurnal, a.] 1. A daybook; a journal. [Obs.] Tatler. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A small volume containing the daily service for the ´little hours,´ viz., prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline. 3. (Zoöl.) A diurnal bird or insect.

Di•ur´nal•ist, n. A journalist. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Di•ur´nal•ly, adv. Daily; every day.

Di•ur´nal•ness, n. The quality of being diurnal.

Di•ur•na´tion , n. 1. Continuance during the day. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) The condition of sleeping or becoming dormant by day, as is the case of the bats.

Di•u•tur´nal , a. [L. diuturnus, fr. diu a long time, by day; akin to dies day.] Of long continuance; lasting. [R.] Milton.

Di•u•tur´ni•ty , n. [L. diuturnitas.] Long duration; lastingness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Di•va•ga´tion , n. [L. divagari to wander about; di- = dis- + vagari to stroll about: cf. F. divagation. See Vagary.] A wandering about or going astray; digression. “Let us be set down at Queen’s Crawley without further divagation.” Thackeray.

Div´a•lent , a. [Pref. di- + L. valens, valentis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having two units of combining power; bivalent. Cf. Valence.

Di•van´ , n. [Per. diwan a book of many leaves, an account book, a collection of books, a senate, council: cf. Ar. daiwan, F. divan.] 1. A book; esp., a collection of poems written by one author; as the divan of Hafiz. [Persia] 2. In Turkey and other Oriental countries: A council of state; a royal court. Also used by the poets for a grand deliberative council or assembly. Pope. 3. A chief officer of state. [India] 4. A saloon or hall where a council is held, in Oriental countries, the state reception room in places, and in the houses of the richer citizens. Cushions on the floor or on benches are ranged round the room. 5. A cushioned seat, or a large, low sofa or couch; especially, one fixed to its place, and not movable. 6. A coffee and smoking saloon. [Colloq.]

Di•var´i•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Divaricated; p. pr. & vb. n. Divaricating.] [L. divaricatus, p. p. of divaricare to stretch apart; di- = dis- + varicare to straddle, fr. varicus straddling, fr. varus stretched outwards.] 1. To part into two branches; to become bifid; to fork. 2. To diverge; to be divaricate. Woodward.

Di•var´i•cate, v. t. To divide into two branches; to cause to branch apart.

Di•var´i•cate , a. [L. divaricatus, p. p.] 1. Diverging; spreading asunder; widely diverging. 2. (Biol.) Forking and diverging; widely diverging; as the branches of a tree, or as lines of sculpture, or color markings on animals, etc.

Di•var´i•cate•ly, adv. With divarication.

Di•var•i•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. divarication.] 1. A separation into two parts or branches; a forking; a divergence. 2. An ambiguity of meaning; a disagreement of difference in opinion. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Biol.) A divergence of lines of color sculpture, or of fibers at different angles.

Di•var•i•ca´tor , n. (Zoöl.) One of the muscles which open the shell of brachiopods; a cardinal muscle. See Illust. of Brachiopoda.

Di•vast´ , a. Devastated; laid waste. [Obs.]

Dive (div), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dived (divd), colloq. Dove (dov), a relic of the AS. strong forms deáf, dofen; p. pr. & vb. n. Diving.] [OE. diven, duven, AS. dyfan to sink, v. t., fr. dufan, v. i.; akin to Icel. dyfa, G. taufen, E. dip, deep, and perh. to dove, n. Cf. Dip.] 1. To plunge into water head foremost; to thrust the body under, or deeply into, water or other fluid. “It is not that pearls fetch a high price because men have dived for them.” Whately. The colloquial form dove is common in the United States as an imperfect tense form. “All [the walruses] dove down with a tremendous splash.” Dr. Hayes. “When closely pressed it [the loon] dove … and left the young bird sitting in the water.” J. Burroughs. 2. Fig.: To plunge or to go deeply into any subject, question, business, etc.; to penetrate; to explore. South.

Dive , v. t. 1. To plunge (a person or thing) into water; to dip; to duck. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. To explore by diving; to plunge into. [R.] “The Curtii bravely dived the gulf of fame.” Denham. “He dives the hollow, climbs the steeps.” Emerson.

Dive, n. 1. A plunge headforemost into water, the act of one who dives, literally or figuratively. 2. A place of low resort; a dispreputable bar or nightclub; a dingy hotel; a joint. [Slang] “The music halls and dives in the lower part of the city.” J. Hawthorne.

Dive´dap•per , n. [See Dive, Didapper.] (Zoöl.) A water fowl; the didapper. See Dabchick.

Di•vel´ , v. t. [L. divellere; dit- = dis- + vellere to pluck.] To rend apart. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Di•vel´lent , a. [L. divellens, p. pr.] Drawing asunder. [R.]

Di•vel´li•cate , v. t. [L. di- = vellicatus, p. p. of vellicare to pluck, fr. vellere to pull.] To pull in pieces. [Obs. or R.]

Div´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, dives. “Divers and fishers for pearls.” Woodward. 2. Fig.: One who goes deeply into a subject, study, or business. ´A diver into causes.´ Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Zoöl.) Any bird of certain genera, as Urinator (formerly Colymbus), or the allied genus Colymbus, or Podiceps, remarkable for their agility in diving. The northern diver (Urinator imber) is the loon; the black diver or velvet scoter (Oidemia fusca) is a sea duck. See Loon, and Scoter.

Di´verb , n. [L. diverbium the colloquial part of a comedy, dialogue; di- = dis- + verbum word.] A saying in which two members of the sentence are contrasted; an antithetical proverb. [Obs.] “Italy, a paradise for horses, a hell for women, as the diverb goes.” Burton.

Di•ver´ber•ate , v. t. [L. diverberatus, p. p. of diverberare to strike asunder; di- = dis- + verberare. See Verberate.] To strike or sound through. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode).

Di•ver•ber•a´tion , n. A sounding through.

Di•verge´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diverged p. pr. & vb. n. Diverging.] [L. di- = dis- + vergere to bend, incline. See Verge.] 1. To extend from a common point in different directions; to tend from one point and recede from each other; to tend to spread apart; to turn aside or deviate (as from a given direction); — opposed to converge; as rays of light diverge as they proceed from the sun. 2. To differ from a typical form; to vary from a normal condition; to dissent from a creed or position generally held or taken.

Di•verge´ment , n. Divergence. { Di•ver´gence , Di•ver´gen•cy } n. [Cf. F. divergence.] 1. A receding from each other in moving from a common center; the state of being divergent; as an angle is made by the divergence of straight lines. “Rays come to the eye in a state of divergency.” . 2. Disagreement; difference. “Related with some divergence by other writers.” Sir G. C. Lewis.

Di•ver´gent , a. [Cf. F. divergent. See Diverge.] 1. Receding farther and farther from each other, as lines radiating from one point; deviating gradually from a given direction; — opposed to convergent. 2. (Optics) Causing divergence of rays; as a divergent lens. 3. Fig.: Disagreeing from something given; differing; as a divergent statement. Divergent series. (Math.) See Diverging series, under Diverging.

Di•ver´ging, a. Tending in different directions from a common center; spreading apart; divergent. Diverging series (Math.), a series whose terms are larger as the series is extended; a series the sum of whose terms does not approach a finite limit when the series is extended indefinitely; — opposed to a converging series.

Di•ver´ging•ly , adv. In a diverging manner.

Di´vers , a. [F. divers, L. diversus turned in different directions, different, p. p. of divertere. See Divert, and cf. Diverse.] 1. Different in kind or species; diverse. [Obs.] “Every sect of them hath a divers posture.” Bacon. “Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds.” Deut. xxii. 9. 2. Several; sundry; various; more than one, but not a great number; as divers philosophers. Also used substantively or pronominally. “Divers of Antonio’s creditors.” Shak. Divers is now limited to the plural; as divers ways (not divers way). Besides plurality it ordinarily implies variety of kind.

Di´verse ( 277), a. [The same word as divers. See Divers.] 1. Different; unlike; dissimilar; distinct; separate. “The word … is used in a sense very diverse from its original import.” J. Edwards. “Our roads are diverse: farewell, love! said she.” R. Browning. 2. Capable of various forms; multiform. “Eloquence is a great and diverse thing.” B. Jonson.

Di•verse´ , adv. In different directions; diversely.

di•verse´ (di•vers´), v. i. To turn aside. [Obs.] “The redcross knight diverst, but forth rode Britomart.” Spenser.

Di´verse•ly , adv. 1. In different ways; differently; variously. ´Diversely interpreted.´ Bacon. “How diversely love doth his pageants play.” Spenser. 2. In different directions; to different points. “On life’s vast ocean diversely we sail.” Pope.

Di•verse´ness , n. The quality of being diverse.

Di•ver•si•fi•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or capacity of being diversifiable. Earle.

Di•ver´si•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being diversified or varied. Boyle.

Di•ver•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Diversify.] 1. The act of making various, or of changing form or quality. Boyle. 2. State of diversity or variation; variegation; modification; change; alternation. “Infinite diversifications of tints may be produced.” Adventurer.

Di•ver´si•fied , a. Distinguished by various forms, or by a variety of aspects or objects; variegated; as diversified scenery or landscape.

Di•ver´si•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, diversifies.

Di•ver´si•form , a. [L. diversus diverse + -form.] Of a different form; of varied forms.

Di•ver´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diversified p. pr. & vb. n. Diversifying.] [F. diversifier, LL. diversificare, fr. L. diversus diverse + ficare (in comp.), akin to facere to make. See Diverse.] To make diverse or various in form or quality; to give variety to; to variegate; to distinguish by numerous differences or aspects. “Separated and diversified on from another.” Locke. “Its seven colors, that diversify all the face of nature.” I. Taylor.

Di•ver•sil´o•quent , a. [L. diversus diverse + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Speaking in different ways. [R.]

Di•ver´sion , n. [Cf. F. diversion. See Divert.] 1. The act of turning aside from any course, occupation, or object; as the diversion of a stream from its channel; diversion of the mind from business. 2. That which diverts; that which turns or draws the mind from care or study, and thus relaxes and amuses; sport; play; pastime; as the diversions of youth. ´Public diversions.´ V. Knox. “Such productions of wit and humor as expose vice and folly, furnish useful diversion to readers.” Addison. 3. (Mil.) The act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the point where the principal attack is to be made; the attack, alarm, or feint which diverts. Syn. — Amusement; entertainment; pastime; recreation; sport; game; play; solace; merriment.

Di•ver´si•ty , n.; pl. Diversities (#). [F. diversite, L. diversitas, fr. diversus. See Diverse.] 1. A state of difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness. “They will prove opposite; and not resting in a bare diversity, rise into a contrariety.” South. 2. Multiplicity of difference; multiformity; variety. ´Diversity of sounds.´ Shak. ´Diversities of opinion.´ Secker. 3. Variegation. ´Bright diversities of day.´ Pope. Syn. — See Variety.

Di•ver•siv´o•lent , a. [L. diversus diverse + volens, -entis, p. pr. of velle to wish.] Desiring different things. [Obs.] Webster (White Devil).

Di•ver´so•ry , a. Serving or tending to divert; also distinguishing. [Obs.]

Di•ver´so•ry, n. [L. diversorium, deversorium, an inn or lodging.] A wayside inn. [Obs. or R.] Chapman.

Di•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diverting.] [F. divertir, fr. L. divertere, diversum, to go different ways, turn aside; di- = dis- + vertere to turn. See Verse, and cf. Divorce.] 1. To turn aside; to turn off from any course or intended application; to deflect; as to divert a river from its channel; to divert commerce from its usual course. “That crude apple that diverted Eve.” Milton. 2. To turn away from any occupation, business, or study; to cause to have lively and agreeable sensations; to amuse; to entertain; as children are diverted with sports; men are diverted with works of wit and humor. “We are amused by a tale, diverted by a comedy.” C. J. Smith. Syn. — To please; gratify; amuse; entertain; exhilarate; delight; recreate. See Amuse.

Di•vert´, v. i. To turn aside; to digress. [Obs.] “I diverted to see one of the prince’s palaces.” Evelyn.

Di•vert´er , n. One who, or that which, diverts, turns off, or pleases.

Di•vert´i•ble , a. Capable of being diverted.

Di•ver´ti•cle , n. [L. diverticulum, deverticulum, a bypath, fr. divertere to turn away.] 1. A turning; a byway; a bypath. [Obs.] Hales. 2. (Anat.) A diverticulum.

Div•er•tic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a diverticulum.

Div•er•tic´u•lum , n.; pl. Diverticula (#). [L. See Diverticle.] (Anat.) A blind tube branching out of a longer one.

Di•ver•ti•men´to , n.; pl. -ti (#). [It.] (Mus.) A light and pleasing composition.

Di•vert´ing , a. Amusing; entertaining. — Di•vert´ing•ly, adv. — Di•vert´ing•ness, n.

Di•vert´ise , v. t. [F. divertir, p. pr. divertissant.] To divert; to entertain. [Obs.] Dryden.

Di•vert´ise•ment , n. [Cf. the next word.] Diversion; amusement; recreation. [R.]

Di•ver•tisse•ment´ , n. [F.] A short ballet, or other entertainment, between the acts of a play. Smart.

Di•vert´ive , a. [From Divert.] Tending to divert; diverting; amusing; interesting. “Things of a pleasant and divertive nature.” Rogers.

Di´ves , n. [L., rich.] The name popularly given to the rich man in our Lord’s parable of the ´Rich Man and Lazarus´ (Luke xvi. 19-31). Hence, a name for a rich worldling.

Di•vest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divested; p. pr. & vb. n. Divesting.] [LL. divestire (di- = dis- + L. vestire to dress), equiv. to L. devestire. It is the same word as devest, but the latter is rarely used except as a technical term in law. See Devest, Vest.] 1. To unclothe; to strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage; — opposed to invest. 2. Fig.: To strip; to deprive; to dispossess; as to divest one of his rights or privileges; to divest one’s self of prejudices, passions, etc. “Wretches divested of every moral feeling.” Goldsmith. “The tendency of the language to divest itself of its gutturals.” Earle. 3. (Law) See Devest. Mozley & W.

Di•vest´i•ble , a. Capable of being divested.

Di•vest´i•ture ( 135), n. The act of stripping, or depriving; the state of being divested; the deprivation, or surrender, of possession of property, rights, etc.

Di•vest´ment , n. The act of divesting. [R.]

Di•ves´ture ( 135), n. Divestiture. [Obs.]

Div´et , n. See Divot.

Di•vid´a•ble , a. [From Divide.] 1. Capable of being divided; divisible. 2. Divided; separated; parted. [Obs.] Shak.

Di•vid´ant , a. Different; distinct. [Obs.] Shak.

Di•vide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divided; p. pr. & vb. n. Dividing.] [L. dividere, divisum; di- = dis- + root signifying to part; cf. Skr. vyadh to pierce; perh. akin to L. vidua widow, and E. widow. Cf. Device, Devise.] 1. To part asunder (a whole); to sever into two or more parts or pieces; to sunder; to separate into parts. “Divide the living child in two.” 1 Kings iii. 25. 2. To cause to be separate; to keep apart by a partition, or by an imaginary line or limit; as a wall divides two houses; a stream divides the towns. “Let it divide the waters from the waters.” Gen. i. 6. 3. To make partition of among a number; to apportion, as profits of stock among proprietors; to give in shares; to distribute; to mete out; to share. “True justice unto people to divide.” Spenser. “Ye shall divide the land by lot.” Num. xxxiii. 54. 4. To disunite in opinion or interest; to make discordant or hostile; to set at variance. “If a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom can not stand.” Mark iii. 24. “Every family became now divided within itself.” Prescott. 5. To separate into two parts, in order to ascertain the votes for and against a measure; as to divide a legislative house upon a question. 6. (Math.) To subject to arithmetical division. 7. (Logic) To separate into species; - - said of a genus or generic term. 8. (Mech.) To mark divisions on; to graduate; as to divide a sextant. 9. (Music) To play or sing in a florid style, or with variations. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To sever; dissever; sunder; cleave; disjoin; disunite; detach; disconnect; part; distribute; share.

Di•vide´, v. i. 1. To be separated; to part; to open; to go asunder. Milton. “The Indo-Germanic family divides into three groups.” J. Peile. 2. To cause separation; to disunite. “A gulf, a strait, the sea intervening between islands, divide less than the matted forest.” Bancroft. 3. To break friendship; to fall out. Shak. 4. To have a share; to partake. Shak. 5. To vote, as in the British Parliament, by the members separating themselves into two parties (as on opposite sides of the hall or in opposite lobbies), that is, the ayes dividing from the noes. “The emperors sat, voted, and divided with their equals.” Gibbon.

Di•vide´, n. A dividing ridge of land between the tributaries of two streams; a watershed.

Di•vid´ed, a. 1. Parted; disunited; distributed. 2. (Bot.) Cut into distinct parts, by incisions which reach the midrib; — said of a leaf.

Di•vid´ed•ly, adv. Separately; in a divided manner.

Div´i•dend , n. [L. dividendum thing to be divided, neut. of the gerundive of dividere: cf. F. dividende.] 1. A sum of money to be divided and distributed; the share of a sum divided that falls to each individual; a distribute sum, share, or percentage; — applied to the profits as appropriated among shareholders, and to assets as apportioned among creditors; as the dividend of a bank, a railway corporation, or a bankrupt estate. 2. (Math.) A number or quantity which is to be divided.

Div´i•dent , n. Dividend; share. [Obs.] Foxe.

Di•vid´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, divides; that which separates anything into parts. 2. One who deals out to each his share. “Who made me a judge or a divider over you?” Luke xii. 14. 3. One who, or that which, causes division. “Hate is of all things the mightiest divider.” Milton. “Money, the great divider of the world.” Swift. 4. pl. An instrument for dividing lines, describing circles, etc., compasses. See Compasses. The word dividers is usually applied to the instrument as made for the use of draughtsmen, etc.; compasses to the coarser instrument used by carpenters.

Di•vid´ing , a. That divides; separating; marking divisions; graduating. Dividing engine, a machine for graduating circles (as for astronomical instruments) or bars (as for scales); also for spacing off and cutting teeth in wheels. — Dividing sinker. (Knitting Mach.). See under Sinker.

Di•vid´ing•ly , adv. By division.

Di´vi-di´vi , n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A small tree of tropical America (Caesalpinia coriaria), whose legumes contain a large proportion of tannic and gallic acid, and are used by tanners and dyers.

Di•vid´u•al ( 135), a. [See Dividuous.] Divided, shared, or participated in, in common with others. [R.] Milton.

Di•vid´u•al•ly, adv. By dividing. [R.]

Di•vid´u•ous , a. [L. dividuus divisible, divided, fr. dividere.] Divided; dividual. [R.] “He so often substantiates distinctions into dividuous, selfsubsistent.” Coleridge.

Div•i•na´tion , n. [L. divinatio, fr. divinare, divinatum, to foresee, foretell, fr. divinus: cf. F. divination. See Divine.] 1. The act of divining; a foreseeing or foretelling of future events; the pretended art discovering secret or future by preternatural means. “There shall not be found among you any one that … useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter.” Deut. xviii. 10. Among the ancient heathen philosophers natural divination was supposed to be effected by a divine afflatus; artificial divination by certain rites, omens, or appearances, as the flight of birds, entrails of animals, etc. 2. An indication of what is future or secret; augury omen; conjectural presage; prediction. “Birds which do give a happy divination of things to come.” Sir T. North.

Div´i•na•tor , n. [L. See Divination.] One who practices or pretends to divination; a diviner. [R.] Burton.

Di•vin´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. divinatoire.] Professing, or relating to, divination. ´A natural divinatory instinct.´ Cowley.

Di•vine´ , a. [Compar. Diviner ; superl. Divinest.] [F. divin, L. divinus divine, divinely inspired, fr. divus, dius, belonging to a deity; akin to Gr. , and L. deus, God. See Deity.] 1. Of or belonging to God; as divine perfections; the divine will. ´The immensity of the divine nature.´ Paley. 2. Proceeding from God; as divine judgments. ´Divine protection.´ Bacon. 3. Appropriated to God, or celebrating his praise; religious; pious; holy; as divine service; divine songs; divine worship. 4. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, a deity; partaking of the nature of a god or the gods. ´The divine Apollo said.´ Shak. 5. Godlike; heavenly; excellent in the highest degree; supremely admirable; apparently above what is human. In this application, the word admits of comparison; as the divinest mind. Sir J. Davies. ´The divine Desdemona.´ Shak. “A divine sentence is in the lips of the king.” Prov. xvi. 10. “But not to one in this benighted age
Is that diviner inspiration given.” Gray. 6. Presageful; foreboding; prescient. [Obs.] “Yet oft his heart, divine of something ill,
Misgave him.” Milton. 7. Relating to divinity or theology. “Church history and other divine learning.” South. Syn. — Supernatural; superhuman; godlike; heavenly; celestial; pious; holy; sacred; preëminent.

Di•vine´, n. [L. divinus a soothsayer, LL., a theologian. See Divine, a.] 1. One skilled in divinity; a theologian. ´Poets were the first divines.´ Denham. 2. A minister of the gospel; a priest; a clergyman. “The first divines of New England were surpassed by none in extensive erudition.” J. Woodbridge.

Di•vine´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divined p. pr. & vb. n. Divining.] [L. divinare: cf. F. deviner. See Divination.] 1. To foresee or foreknow; to detect; to anticipate; to conjecture. “A sagacity which divined the evil designs.” Bancroft. 2. To foretell; to predict; to presage. “Darest thou … divine his downfall?” Shak. 3. To render divine; to deify. [Obs.] “Living on earth like angel new divined.” Spenser. Syn. — To foretell; predict; presage; prophesy; prognosticate; forebode; guess; conjecture; surmise.

Di•vine´, v. i. 1. To use or practice divination; to foretell by divination; to utter prognostications. “The prophets thereof divine for money.” Micah iii. 11. 2. To have or feel a presage or foreboding. “Suggest but truth to my divining thoughts.” Shak. 3. To conjecture or guess; as to divine rightly.

Di•vine´ly, adv. 1. In a divine or godlike manner; holily; admirably or excellently in a supreme degree. “Most divinely fair.” Tennyson. 2. By the agency or influence of God. “Divinely set apart … to be a preacher of righteousness.” Macaulay.

Di•vine´ment , n. Divination. [Obs.]

Di•vine´ness, n. The quality of being divine; superhuman or supreme excellence. Shak.

Di•vin´er , n. 1. One who professes divination; one who pretends to predict events, or to reveal occult things, by supernatural means. “The diviners have seen a lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain.” Zech. x. 2. 2. A conjecture; a guesser; one who makes out occult things. Locke.

Di•vin´er•ess, n. A woman who divines. Dryden.

Div´ing , a. That dives or is used or diving. Diving beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Dytiscidae, which habitually lives under water; — called also water tiger. — Diving bell, a hollow inverted vessel, sometimes bell-shaped, in which men may descend and work under water, respiration being sustained by the compressed air at the top, by fresh air pumped in through a tube from above. — Diving dress. See Submarine armor, under Submarine. — Diving stone, a kind of jasper.

Di•vin´i•fy , v. t. [L. divinus divine + -fy.] To render divine; to deify. [Obs.] ´Blessed and divinified soul.´ Parth. Sacra (1633).

Di•vin´ing , a. That divines; for divining. Divining rod, a rod, commonly of witch hazel, with forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover water or metals under ground.

Di•vin´ing•ly, adv. In a divining manner.

Div•i•nis´tre , n. A diviner. [Obs.] ´ I am no divinistre.´ Chaucer.

Di•vin´i•ty , n.; pl. Divinities (#). [F. divinite, L. divinitas. See Divine, a.] 1. The state of being divine; the nature or essence of God; deity; godhead. “When he attributes divinity to other things than God, it is only a divinity by way of participation.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. The Deity; the Supreme Being; God. “This the divinity that within us.” Addison. 3. A pretended deity of pagans; a false god. “Beastly divinities, and droves of gods.” Prior. 4. A celestial being, inferior to the supreme God, but superior to man. “God … employing these subservient divinities.” Cheyne. 5. Something divine or superhuman; supernatural power or virtue; something which inspires awe. “They say there is divinity in odd numbers.” Shak. “There’s such divinity doth hedge a king.” Shak. 6. The science of divine things; the science which treats of God, his laws and moral government, and the way of salvation; theology. “Divinity is essentially the first of the professions.” Coleridge. Case divinity, casuistry.

Div•i•ni•za´tion , n. A making divine. M. Arnold.

Div´i•nize , v. t. To invest with a divine character; to deify. [R.] M. Arnold. “Man had divinized all those objects of awe.” Milman.

Di•vis•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. divisibilite.] The quality of being divisible; the property of bodies by which their parts are capable of separation. “Divisibility … is a primary attribute of matter.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Di•vis´i•ble , a. [L. divisibilis, fr. dividere: cf. F. divisible. See Divide.] Capable of being divided or separated. “Extended substance … is divisible into parts.” Sir W. Hamilton. Divisible contract (Law), a contract containing agreements one of which can be separated from the other. — Divisible offense (Law), an offense containing a lesser offense in one of a greater grade, so that on the latter there can be an acquittal, while on the former there can be a conviction. — Di•vis´i•ble•ness, n. — Di•vis´i•bly, adv.

Di•vis´i•ble, n. A divisible substance. Glanvill.

Di•vi´sion , n. [F. division, L. divisio, from dividere. See Divide.] 1. The act or process of diving anything into parts, or the state of being so divided; separation. “I was overlooked in the division of the spoil.” Gibbon. 2. That which divides or keeps apart; a partition. 3. The portion separated by the divining of a mass or body; a distinct segment or section. “Communities and divisions of men.” Addison. 4. Disunion; difference in opinion or feeling; discord; variance; alienation. “There was a division among the people.” John vii. 43. 5. Difference of condition; state of distinction; distinction; contrast. Chaucer. “I will put a division between my people and thy people.” Ex. viii. 23. 6. Separation of the members of a deliberative body, esp. of the Houses of Parliament, to ascertain the vote. “The motion passed without a division.” Macaulay. 7. (Math.) The process of finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another; the reverse of multiplication; also the rule by which the operation is performed. 8. (Logic) The separation of a genus into its constituent species. 9. (Mil.) (a) Two or more brigades under the command of a general officer. (b) Two companies of infantry maneuvering as one subdivision of a battalion. (c) One of the larger districts into which a country is divided for administering military affairs. 10. (Naut.) One of the groups into which a fleet is divided. 11. (Mus.) A course of notes so running into each other as to form one series or chain, to be sung in one breath to one syllable. 12. (Rhet.) The distribution of a discourse into parts; a part so distinguished. 13. (Biol.) A grade or rank in classification; a portion of a tribe or of a class; or, in some recent authorities, equivalent to a subkingdom. Cell division (Biol.), a method of cell increase, in which new cells are formed by the division of the parent cell. In this process, the cell nucleus undergoes peculiar differentiations and changes, as shown in the figure (see also Karyokinesis). At the same time the protoplasm of the cell becomes gradually constricted by a furrow transverse to the long axis of the nuclear spindle, followed, on the completion of the division of the nucleus, by a separation of the cell contents into two masses, called the daughter cells. — Long division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mostly written down. — Short division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mentally performed and only the results written down; — used principally when the divisor is not greater than ten or twelve. Syn. — compartment; section; share; allotment; distribution; separation; partition; disjunction; disconnection; difference; variance; discord; disunion.

Di•vi´sion•al , a. That divides; pertaining to, making, or noting, a division; as a divisional line; a divisional general; a divisional surgeon of police. Divisional planes (Geol.), planes of separation between rock masses. They include joints.

Di•vi´sion•al•ly, adv. So as to be divisional.

Di•vi´sion•a•ry , a. Divisional.

Di•vi´sion•or , n. One who divides or makes division. [Obs.] Sheldon.

Di•vi´sive , a. [Cf. F. divisif.] 1. Indicating division or distribution. Mede. 2. Creating, or tending to create, division, separation, or difference. “It [culture] is after all a dainty and divisive quality, and can not reach to the depths of humanity.” J. C. Shairp. — Di•vi´sive•ly, adv. — Di•vi´sive•ness, n. Carlyle.

Di•vi´sor , n. [L., fr. dividere. See Divide.] (Math.) The number by which the dividend is divided. Common divisor. (Math.) See under Common, a.

Di•vorce´ , n. [F. divorce, L. divortium, fr. divortere, divertere, to turn different ways, to separate. See Divert.] 1. (Law) (a) A legal dissolution of the marriage contract by a court or other body having competent authority. This is properly a divorce, and called, technically, divorce a vinculo matrimonii. ´from the bond of matrimony.´ (b) The separation of a married woman from the bed and board of her husband — divorce a mensa et toro (or thoro), ´from bed and board.´ 2. The decree or writing by which marriage is dissolved. 3. Separation; disunion of things closely united. “To make divorce of their incorporate league.” Shak. 4. That which separates. [Obs.] Shak. Bill of divorce. See under Bill.

Di•vorce´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divorced p. pr. & vb. n. Divorcing.] [Cf. F. divorcer. See Divorce, n.] 1. To dissolve the marriage contract of, either wholly or partially; to separate by divorce. 2. To separate or disunite; to sunder. “It [a word] was divorced from its old sense.” Earle. 3. To make away; to put away. “Nothing but death
Shall e’er divorce my dignities.” Shak.

Di•vorce´a•ble , a. Capable of being divorced.

Di•vor•cee´ , n. A person divorced.

Di•vorce´less , a. Incapable of being divorced or separated; free from divorce.

Di•vorce´ment , n. Dissolution of the marriage tie; divorce; separation. “Let him write her a divorcement.” Deut. xxiv. 1. “The divorcement of our written from our spoken language.” R. Morris.

Di•vor´cer, n. The person or cause that produces or effects a divorce. Drummond.

Di•vor´ci•ble , a. Divorceable. Milton.

Di•vor´cive , a. Having power to divorce; tending to divorce. ´This divorcive law.´ Milton.

Div´ot , n. A thin, oblong turf used for covering cottages, and also for fuel. [Scot.] Simmonds.

Di•vul´gate , a. [L. divulgatus, p. p. of divulgare. See Divulge.] Published. [Obs.] Bale.

Di•vul´gate , v. t. To divulge. [Obs.] Foxe.

Div´ul•ga•ter , n. A divulger. [R.]

Div•ul•ga´tion , n. [L. divulgatio: cf. F. divulgation.] The act of divulging or publishing. [R.] “Secrecy hath no use than divulgation.” Bp. Hall.

Di•vulge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divulged p. pr. & vb. n. Divulging.] [F. divulguer, L. divulgare; di- = dis- + vulgare to spread among the people, from vulgus the common people. See Vulgar.] 1. To make public; to several or communicate to the public; to tell (a secret) so that it may become generally known; to disclose; — said of that which had been confided as a secret, or had been before unknown; as to divulge a secret. “Divulge not such a love as mine.” Cowper. 2. To indicate publicly; to proclaim. [R.] “God … marks
The just man, and divulges him through heaven.” Milton. 3. To impart; to communicate. “Which would not be” “To them [animals] made common and divulged.” Milton. Syn. — To publish; disclose; discover; uncover; reveal; communicate; impart; tell.

Di•vulge´, v. i. To become publicly known. [R.] ´To keep it from divulging.´ Shak.

Di•vul´sive , a. Tending to pull asunder, tear, or rend; distracting.

Dix´ie (diks´y), n. A colloquial name for the Southern portion of the United States, esp. during the Civil War. [U.S.]

Diz´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dizened p. pr. & vb. n. Dizening.] [Perh. orig., to dress in a foolish manner, and allied to dizzy: but cf. also OE. dysyn (Palsgrave) to put tow or flax on a distaff, i. e., to dress it. Cf. Distaff.] 1. To dress; to attire. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To dress gaudily; to overdress; to bedizen; to deck out. “Like a tragedy queen, he has dizened her out.” Goldsmith. “To-morrow when the masks shall fall
That dizen Nature’s carnival.” Emerson.

Dizz (diz), v. t. [See Dizzy.] To make dizzy; to astonish; to puzzle. [Obs.] Gayton.

Diz´zard (diz´zerd), n. [See Dizzy, and cf. Disard.] A blockhead. [Obs.] [Written also dizard, and disard.] — Diz´zard•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Diz´zi•ly (diz´zi•ly), adv. In a dizzy manner or state.

Diz´zi•ness, n. [AS. dysigness folly. See Dizzy.] Giddiness; a whirling sensation in the head; vertigo.

Diz´zy (diz´zy), a. [Compar. Dizzier (-zi•er); superl. Dizziest.] [OE. dusi, disi, desi, foolish, AS. dysig; akin to LG. düsig dizzy, OD. deuzig, duyzig, OHG. tusig foolish, OFries. dusia to be dizzy; LG. dusel dizziness, duselig, dusselig, D. duizelig, dizzy, Dan. dösig drowsy, slepy, döse to make dull, drowsy, dös dullness, drowsiness, and to AS. dwaes foolish, G. thor fool. rad.71. Cf. Daze, Doze.] 1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling, with a tendency to fall; vertiginous; giddy; hence, confused; indistinct. “Alas! his brain was dizzy.” Drayton. 2. Causing, or tending to cause, giddiness or vertigo. “To climb from the brink of Fleet Ditch by a dizzy ladder.” Macaulay. 3. Without distinct thought; unreflecting; thoughtless; heedless. ´The dizzy multitude.´ Milton.

Diz´zy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dizzied p. pr. & vb. n. Dizzying.] To make dizzy or giddy; to give the vertigo to; to confuse. “If the jangling of thy bells had not dizzied thy understanding.” Sir W. Scott.

Djer•eed´ or Djer•rid´ , n. [F. djerid, fr. Ar. See Jereed.] (a) A blunt javelin used in military games in Moslem countries. (b) A game played with it. [Written also jereed, jerrid, etc.]

Djin´nee , n.; pl. Jjinn or Djinns . See Jinnee, Jinn.

Do. , n. An abbreviation of Ditto.

Do (do), n. (Mus.) A syllable attached to the first tone of the major diatonic scale for the purpose of solmization, or solfeggio. It is the first of the seven syllables used by the Italians as manes of musical tones, and replaced, for the sake of euphony, the syllable Ut, applied to the note C. In England and America the same syllables are used by many as a scale pattern, while the tones in respect to absolute pitch are named from the first seven letters of the alphabet.

Do (doo), v. t. or auxiliary. [imp. Did (did); p. p. Done (ducr/n); p. pr. & vb. n. Doing (doo´ing). This verb, when transitive, is formed in the indicative, present tense, thus: I do, thou doest (doo´est) or dost (dust), he does (duz), doeth (doo´eth), or doth (duth); when auxiliary, the second person is, thou dost. As an independent verb, dost is obsolete or rare, except in poetry. ´What dost thou in this world?´ Milton. The form doeth is a verb unlimited, doth, formerly so used, now being the auxiliary form. The second pers, sing., imperfect tense, is didst (didst), formerly didest (did´est).] [AS. don; akin to D. doen, OS. duan, OHG. tuon, G. thun, Lith. deti, OSlav. deti, OIr. denim I do, Gr. tiqe•nai to put, Skr. dha, and to E. suffix -dom, and prob. to L. facere to do, E. fact, and perh. to L. -dere in some compounds, as addere to add, credere to trust. rad.65. Cf. Deed, Deem, Doom, Fact, Creed, Theme.] 1. To place; to put. [Obs.] Tale of a Usurer (about 1330). 2. To cause; to make; — with an infinitive. [Obs.] “My lord Abbot of Westminster did do shewe to me late certain evidences.” W. Caxton. “I shall … your cloister do make.” Piers Plowman. “A fatal plague which many did to die.” Spenser. “We do you to wit [i. e., We make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia.” 2 Cor. viii. 1. We have lost the idiom shown by the citations (do used like the French faire or laisser), in which the verb in the infinitive apparently, but not really, has a passive signification, i. e., cause … to be made. 3. To bring about; to produce, as an effect or result; to effect; to achieve. “The neglecting it may do much danger.” Shak. “He waved indifferently ’twixt doing them neither good not harm.” Shak. 4. To perform, as an action; to execute; to transact to carry out in action; as to do a good or a bad act; do our duty; to do what I can. “Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work.” Ex. xx. 9. “We did not do these things.” Ld. Lytton. “You can not do wrong without suffering wrong.” Emerson. Hence: To do homage, honor, favor, justice, etc., to render homage, honor, etc. 5. To bring to an end by action; to perform completely; to finish; to accomplish; — a sense conveyed by the construction, which is that of the past participle done. ´Ere summer half be done.´ ´I have done weeping.´ Shak. 6. To make ready for an object, purpose, or use, as food by cooking; to cook completely or sufficiently; as the meat is done on one side only. 7. To put or bring into a form, state, or condition, especially in the phrases, to do death, to put to death; to slay; to do away (often do away with), to put away; to remove; to do on, to put on; to don; to do off, to take off, as dress; to doff; to do into, to put into the form of; to translate or transform into, as a text. “Done to death by slanderous tongues.” Shak. “The ground of the difficulty is done away.” Paley. “Suspicions regarding his loyalty were entirely done away.” Thackeray. “To do on our own harness, that we may not; but we must do on the armor of God.” Latimer. “Then Jason rose and did on him a fair
Blue woolen tunic.” W. Morris (Jason). “Though the former legal pollution be now done off, yet there is a spiritual contagion in idolatry as much to be shunned.” Milton. “It [´Pilgrim’s Progress´] has been done into verse: it has been done into modern English.” Macaulay. 8. To cheat; to gull; to overreach. [Colloq.] “He was not be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy- five per cent.” De Quincey. 9. To see or inspect; to explore; as to do all the points of interest. [Colloq.] 10. (Stock Exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note. (a) Do and did are much employed as auxiliaries, the verb to which they are joined being an infinitive. As an auxiliary the verb do has no participle. ´I do set my bow in the cloud.´ Gen. ix. 13. [Now archaic or rare except for emphatic assertion.] “Rarely … did the wrongs of individuals to the knowledge of the public.” Macaulay. (b) They are often used in emphatic construction. ´You don’t say so, Mr. Jobson. — but I do say so.´ Sir W. Scott. ´I did love him, but scorn him now.´ Latham. (c) In negative and interrogative constructions, do and did are in common use. I do not wish to see them; what do you think? Did Caesar cross the Tiber? He did not. ´Do you love me?´ Shak. (d) Do, as an auxiliary, is supposed to have been first used before imperatives. It expresses entreaty or earnest request; as do help me. In the imperative mood, but not in the indicative, it may be used with the verb to be; as do be quiet. Do, did, and done often stand as a general substitute or representative verb, and thus save the repetition of the principal verb. ´To live and die is all we have to do.´ Denham. In the case of do and did as auxiliaries, the sense may be completed by the infinitive (without to) of the verb represented. ´When beauty lived and died as flowers do now.´ Shak. ´I … chose my wife as she did her wedding gown.´ Goldsmith. “My brightest hopes giving dark fears a being.
As the light does the shadow.” Longfellow. In unemphatic affirmative sentences do is, for the most part, archaic or poetical; as ´This just reproach their virtue does excite.´ Dryden. To do one’s best, To do one’s diligence (and the like), to exert one’s self; to put forth one’s best or most or most diligent efforts. ´We will … do our best to gain their assent.´ Jowett (Thucyd.). — To do one’s business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. — To do one shame, to cause one shame. [Obs.] — To do over. (a) To make over; to perform a second time. (b) To cover; to spread; to smear. ´Boats … sewed together and done over with a kind of slimy stuff like rosin.´ De Foe. — To do to death, to put to death. (See 7.) [Obs.] — To do up. (a) To put up; to raise. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To pack together and envelop; to pack up. (c) To accomplish thoroughly. [Colloq.] (d) To starch and iron. ´A rich gown of velvet, and a ruff done up with the famous yellow starch.´ Hawthorne. — To do way, to put away; to lay aside. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To do with, to dispose of; to make use of; to employ; — usually preceded by what. ´Men are many times brought to that extremity, that were it not for God they would not know what to do with themselves.´ Tillotson. — To have to do with, to have concern, business or intercourse with; to deal with. When preceded by what, the notion is usually implied that the affair does not concern the person denoted by the subject of have. ´Philology has to do with language in its fullest sense.´ Earle. ´What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah? 2 Sam. xvi. 10.

Do , v. i. 1. To act or behave in any manner; to conduct one’s self. “They fear not the Lord, neither do they after … the law and commandment.” 2 Kings xvii. 34. 2. To fare; to be, as regards health; as they asked him how he did; how do you do to- day? 3. [Perh. a different word. OE. dugen, dowen, to avail, be of use, AS. dugan. See Doughty.] To succeed; to avail; to answer the purpose; to serve; as if no better plan can be found, he will make this do. “You would do well to prefer a bill against all kings and parliaments since the Conquest; and if that won’t do; challenge the crown.” Collier. To do by. See under By. — To do for. (a) To answer for; to serve as; to suit. (b) To put an end to; to ruin; to baffle completely; as a goblet is done for when it is broken. [Colloq.] “Some folks are happy and easy in mind when their victim is stabbed and done for.” Thackeray. — To do withal, to help or prevent it. [Obs.] ´I could not do withal.´ Shak. — To do without, to get along without; to dispense with. - - To have done, to have made an end or conclusion; to have finished; to be quit; to desist. — To have done with, to have completed; to be through with; to have no further concern with. — Well to do, in easy circumstances.

Do, n. 1. Deed; act; fear. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. 2. Ado; bustle; stir; to do. [R.] “A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.” Selden. 3. A cheat; a swindle. [Slang, Eng.]

Do´ab , [Pers. & Hind. doab, prop., two waters.] A tongue or tract of land included between two rivers; as the doab between the Ganges and the Jumna. [India] Am. Cyc.

Do´a•ble , a. Capable of being done. Carlyle.

Do´-all , n. General manager; factotum. “Under him, Dunstan was the do-all at court, being the king’s treasurer, councilor, chancellor, confessor, all things.” Fuller.

Do´and , p. pr. Doing. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Doat , v. i. See Dote.

Dob´ber , n. 1. (Zoöl.) See Dabchick. 2. A float to a fishing line. [Local, U. S.]

Dob´bin , n. 1. An old jaded horse. Shak. 2. Sea gravel mixed with sand. [Prov. Eng.]

Dob´chick , n. (Zoöl.) See Dabchick.

Dob´son , n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a large neuropterous insect (Corydalus cornutus), used as bait in angling. See Hellgamite.

Dob´ule , n. (Zoöl.) The European dace.

Do´cent , a. [L. docens, - entis, p. pr. of docere to teach.] Serving to instruct; teaching. [Obs.]

Do•ce´tae , n. pl. [NL., fr. to appear.] (Eccl. Hist.) Ancient heretics who held that Christ’s body was merely a phantom or appearance.

Do•cet´ic , a. Pertaining to, held by, or like, the Docetae. ´Docetic Gnosticism.´ Plumptre.

Doc´e•tism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of the Docetae.

Doch´mi•ac , a. (Pros.) Pertaining to, or containing, the dochmius.

Doch´mi•us , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Pros.) A foot of five syllables (usually — - - ). { Doc•i•bil´i•ty , Doc´i•ble•ness } n. [L. docibilitas.] Aptness for being taught; teachableness; docility. “To persons of docibility, the real character may be easily taught in a few days.” Boyle. “The docibleness of dogs in general.” Walton.

Doc´i•ble , a. [L. docibilis, fr. docere to teach.] Easily taught or managed; teachable. Milton.

Doc´ile , a. [L. docilis,fr. docere to teach; cf. Gr. , and L. discere to learn, Gr. learned, knowing: cf. F. docile. Cf. Doctor, Didactic, Disciple.] 1. Teachable; easy to teach; docible. [Obs.] 2. Disposed to be taught; tractable; easily managed; as a docile child. “The elephant is at once docible and docile.” C. J. Smith.

Do•cil´i•ty , n. [L. docilitas, fr. docilis: cf. F. docilite.] 1. teachableness; aptness for being taught; docibleness. [Obs. or R.] 2. Willingness to be taught; tractableness. “The humble docility of little children is, in the New Testament, represented as a necessary preparative to the reception of the Christian faith.” Beattie.

Doc´i•ma•cy , n. [Gr. an assay, examination, fr. to examine (Metals), fr. assayed, tested, fr. to take, approve: cf. F. docimasie.] The art or practice of applying tests to ascertain the nature, quality, etc., of objects, as of metals or ores, of medicines, or of facts pertaining to physiology.

Doc•i•mas´tic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. docimastique.] Proving by experiments or tests. Docimastic art, metallurgy, or the art of assaying metals; the art of separating metals from foreign matters, and determining the nature and quantity of metallic substances contained in any ore or mineral.

Doc•i•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a test + -logy.] A treatise on the art of testing, as in assaying metals, etc.

Doc´i•ty , n. Teachableness. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.]

Dock (dok), n. [AS. docce; of uncertain origin; cf. G. docken-blätter, Gael. dogha burdock, OF. doque; perh. akin to L. daucus, daucum, Gr. , , a kind of parsnip or carrot, used in medicine. Cf. Burdock.] (Bot.) A genus of plants (Rumex), some species of which are well-known weeds which have a long taproot and are difficult of extermination. Yellow dock is Rumex crispus, with smooth curly leaves and yellow root, which that of other species is used medicinally as an astringent and tonic.

Dock, n. [Cf. Icel. dockr a short tail, Fries. dok a little bundle or bunch, G. docke bundle, skein, a short and thick column.] 1. The solid part of an animal’s tail, as distinguished from the hair; the stump of a tail; the part of a tail left after clipping or cutting. Grew. 2. A case of leather to cover the clipped or cut tail of a horse.

Dock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Docked p. pr. & vb. n. Docking.] [See Dock a tail. Cf. W. tociaw, and twciaw, to dock, clip.] 1. to cut off, as the end of a thing; to curtail; to cut short; to clip; as to dock the tail of a horse. “His top was docked like a priest biforn.” Chaucer. 2. To cut off a part from; to shorten; to deduct from; to subject to a deduction; as to dock one’s wages. 3. To cut off, bar, or destroy; as to dock an entail.

Dock, n. [Akin to D. dok; of uncertain origin; cf. LL. doga ditch, L. doga ditch, L. doga sort of vessel, Gr. receptacle, fr. to receive.] 1. An artificial basin or an inclosure in connection with a harbor or river, — used for the reception of vessels, and provided with gates for keeping in or shutting out the tide. 2. The slip or water way extending between two piers or projecting wharves, for the reception of ships; — sometimes including the piers themselves; as to be down on the dock. 3. The place in court where a criminal or accused person stands. Balance dock, a kind of floating dock which is kept level by pumping water out of, or letting it into, the compartments of side chambers. — Dry dock, a dock from which the water may be shut or pumped out, especially, one in the form of a chamber having walls and floor, often of masonry and communicating with deep water, but having appliances for excluding it; — used in constructing or repairing ships. The name includes structures used for the examination, repairing, or building of vessels, as graving docks, floating docks, hydraulic docks, etc. — Floating dock, a dock which is made to become buoyant, and, by floating, to lift a vessel out of water. — Graving dock, a dock for holding a ship for graving or cleaning the bottom, etc. — Hydraulic dock, a dock in which a vessel is raised clear of the water by hydraulic presses. — Naval dock, a dock connected with which are naval stores, materials, and all conveniences for the construction and repair of ships. — Sectional dock, a form of floating dock made in separate sections or caissons. — Slip dock, a dock having a sloping floor that extends from deep water to above high-water mark, and upon which is a railway on which runs a cradle carrying the ship. — Wet dock, a dock where the water is shut in, and kept at a given level, to facilitate the loading and unloading of ships; — also sometimes used as a place of safety; a basin.

Dock , v. t. To draw, law, or place (a ship) in a dock, for repairing, cleaning the bottom, etc.

Dock´age , n. A charge for the use of a dock.

Dock´-cress , n. (Bot.) Nipplewort.

Dock´et , n. [Dock to cut off + dim. suffix -et.] 1. A small piece of paper or parchment, containing the heads of a writing; a summary or digest. 2. A bill tied to goods, containing some direction, as the name of the owner, or the place to which they are to be sent; a label. Bailey. 3. (Law) (a) An abridged entry of a judgment or proceeding in an action, or register or such entries; a book of original, kept by clerks of courts, containing a formal list of the names of parties, and minutes of the proceedings, in each case in court. (b) (U. S.) A list or calendar of causes ready for hearing or trial, prepared for the use of courts by the clerks. 4. A list or calendar of business matters to be acted on in any assembly. On the docket, in hand; in the plan; under consideration; in process of execution or performance. [Colloq.]

Dock´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Docketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Docketing.] 1. To make a brief abstract of (a writing) and indorse it on the back of the paper, or to indorse the title or contents on the back of; to summarize; as to docket letters and papers. Chesterfield. 2. (Law) (a) To make a brief abstract of and inscribe in a book; as judgments regularly docketed. (b) To enter or inscribe in a docket, or list of causes for trial. 3. To mark with a ticket; as to docket goods.

Dock´yard , n. A yard or storage place for all sorts of naval stores and timber for shipbuilding.

Doc•o•glos´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a beam + the tongue.] (Zoöl.) An order of gastropods, including the true limpets, and having the teeth on the odontophore or lingual ribbon.

Doc´quet , n. & v. See Docket.

Doc´tor , n. [OF. doctur, L. doctor, teacher, fr. docere to teach. See Docile.] 1. A teacher; one skilled in a profession, or branch of knowledge; a learned man. [Obs.] “One of the doctors of Italy, Nicholas Macciavel.” Bacon. 2. An academical title, originally meaning a man so well versed in his department as to be qualified to teach it. Hence: One who has taken the highest degree conferred by a university or college, or has received a diploma of the highest degree; as a doctor of divinity, of law, of medicine, of music, or of philosophy. Such diplomas may confer an honorary title only. 3. One duly licensed to practice medicine; a member of the medical profession; a physician. “By medicine life may be prolonged, yet death
Will seize the doctor too.” Shak. 4. Any mechanical contrivance intended to remedy a difficulty or serve some purpose in an exigency; as the doctor of a calico-printing machine, which is a knife to remove superfluous coloring matter; the doctor, or auxiliary engine, called also donkey engine. 5. (Zoöl.) The friar skate. [Prov. Eng.] Doctors’ Commons. See under Commons. — Doctor’s stuff, physic, medicine. G. Eliot. — Doctor fish (Zoöl.), any fish of the genus Acanthurus; the surgeon fish; — so called from a sharp lancetlike spine on each side of the tail. Also called barber fish. See Surgeon fish.

Doc´tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doctored p. pr. & vb. n. Doctoring.] 1. To treat as a physician does; to apply remedies to; to repair; as to doctor a sick man or a broken cart. [Colloq.] 2. To confer a doctorate upon; to make a doctor. 3. To tamper with and arrange for one’s own purposes; to falsify; to adulterate; as to doctor election returns; to doctor whisky. [Slang]

Doc´tor, v. i. To practice physic. [Colloq.]

Doc´tor•al, a. [Cf. F. doctoral.] Of or relating to a doctor, or to the degree of doctor. “Doctoral habit and square cap.” Wood.

Doc´tor•al•ly, adv. In the manner of a doctor.[R.]

Doc´tor•ate , n. [Cf. F. doctorat.] The degree, title, or rank, of a doctor.

Doc´tor•ate , v. t. To make (one) a doctor. “He was bred … in Oxford and there doctorated.” Fuller.

Doc´tor•ess, n. A female doctor.[R.]

Doc´tor•ly, a. Like a doctor or learned man. [Obs.] ´Doctorly prelates.´ Foxe.

Doc´tor•ship, n. Doctorate. [R.] Clarendon.

Doc´tress , n. A female doctor. [R.]

Doc´tri•na•ble , a. Of the nature of, or constituting, doctrine. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Doc•tri•naire´ , n. [F. See Doctrine.] One who would apply to political or other practical concerns the abstract doctrines or the theories of his own philosophical system; a propounder of a new set of opinions; a dogmatic theorist. Used also adjectively; as doctrinaire notions. In french history, the Doctrinaires were a constitutionalist party which originated after the restoration of the Bourbons, and represented the interests of liberalism and progress. After the Revolution of July, 1830, when they came into power, they assumed a conservative position in antagonism with the republicans and radicals. Am. Cyc.

Doc´tri•nal (dok´tri•nal), a. [LL. doctrinalis, fr. L. doctrina: cf. F. doctrinal. See Doctrine.] 1. Pertaining to, or containing, doctrine or something taught and to be believed; as a doctrinal observation. ´Doctrinal clauses.´ Macaulay. 2. Pertaining to, or having to do with, teaching. “The word of God serveth no otherwise than in the nature of a doctrinal instrument.” Hooker.

Doc´tri•nal, n. A matter of doctrine; also a system of doctrines. T. Goodwin. Sir T. Elyot.

Doc´tri•nal•ly, adv. In a doctrinal manner or form; by way of teaching or positive direction.

Doc´tri•na´ri•an , n. A doctrinaire. J. H. Newman.

Doc•tri•na´ri•an•ism , n. The principles or practices of the Doctrinaires.

Doc´trine (dok´trin), n. [F. doctrine, L. doctrina, fr. doctor. See Doctor.] 1. Teaching; instruction. “He taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, Hearken.” Mark iv. 2. 2. That which is taught; what is held, put forth as true, and supported by a teacher, a school, or a sect; a principle or position, or the body of principles, in any branch of knowledge; any tenet or dogma; a principle of faith; as the doctrine of atoms; the doctrine of chances. ´The doctrine of gravitation.´ I. Watts. “Articles of faith and doctrine.” Hooker. The Monroe doctrine (Politics), a policy enunciated by President Monroe (Message, Dec. 2, 1823), the essential feature of which is that the United States will regard as an unfriendly act any attempt on the part of European powers to extend their systems on this continent, or any interference to oppress, or in any manner control the destiny of, governments whose independence had been acknowledged by the United States. Syn. — Precept; tenet; principle; maxim; dogma. — Doctrine, Precept. Doctrine denotes whatever is recommended as a speculative truth to the belief of others. Precept is a rule down to be obeyed. Doctrine supposes a teacher; precept supposes a superior, with a right to command. The doctrines of the Bible; the precepts of our holy religion. “Unpracticed he to fawn or seek for power
By doctrines fashioned to the varying hour.” Goldsmith.

Doc´u•ment (-u•ment), n. [LL. documentum, fr. docere to teach: cf. F. document. See Docile.] 1. That which is taught or authoritatively set forth; precept; instruction; dogma. [Obs.] “Learners should not be too much crowded with a heap or multitude of documents or ideas at one time.” I. Watts. 2. An example for instruction or warning. [Obs.] “They were forth with stoned to death, as a document to others.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. An original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof, or support of anything else; — in its most extended sense, including any writing, book, or other instrument conveying information in the case; any material substance on which the thoughts of men are represented by any species of conventional mark or symbol. “Saint Luke … collected them from such documents and testimonies as he … judged to be authentic.” Paley.

Doc´u•ment, v. t. 1. To teach; to school. [Obs.] “I am finely documented by my own daughter.” Dryden. 2. To furnish with documents or papers necessary to establish facts or give information; as a ship should be documented according to the directions of law.

Doc•u•men´tal , a. 1. Of or pertaining to instruction. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. Of or pertaining to written evidence; documentary; as documental testimony.

Doc•u•men´ta•ry , a. Pertaining to written evidence; contained or certified in writing. ´Documentary evidence.´ Macaulay. { Dodd , Dod }, v. t. [OE. dodden.] To cut off, as wool from sheep’s tails; to lop or clip off. Halliwell.

Dod´dart , n. A game much like hockey, played in an open field; also the, bent stick for playing the game. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell.

Dod´ded, a. [See Dodd.] Without horns; as dodded cattle; without beards; as dodded corn. Halliwell.

Dod´der , n. [Cf. Dan. dodder, Sw. dodra, G. dotter.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cuscuta. It is a leafless parasitical vine with yellowish threadlike stems. It attaches itself to some other plant, as to flax, goldenrod, etc., and decaying at the root, is nourished by the plant that supports it.

Dod´der, v. t. & i. [Cf. AS. dyderian to deceive, delude, and E. didder, dudder.] To shake, tremble, or totter. ´The doddering mast.´ Thomson.

Dod´dered , a. Shattered; infirm. ´A laurel grew, doddered with age.´ Dryden.

Do•dec´a•gon , n. [Gr. twelve + angle: cf. F. dodecagone.] (Geom.) A figure or polygon bounded by twelve sides and containing twelve angles.

Do•dec•a•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. twelve + woman, female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having twelve styles. { Do•dec•a•gyn´i•an , Do•de•cag´y•nous } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Dodecagynia; having twelve styles.

Do•dec•a•he´dral , a. Pertaining to, or like, a dodecahedion; consisting of twelve equal sides. Dodecahedral cleavage. See under Cleavage.

Do•dec•a•he´dron , n. [Gr. ; twelve + seat, bottom, base: cf. F. dodecaèdre.] (Geom. & Crystallog.) A solid having twelve faces. The regular dodecahedron is bounded by twelve equal and regular pentagons; the pyritohedron (see Pyritohedron) is related to it; the rhombic dodecahedron is bounded by twelve equal rhombic faces.

Do•de•can´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. twelve + , , man, male.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants including all that have any number of stamens between twelve and nineteen. { Do•de•can´dri•an , Do•de•can´drous } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Dodecandria; having twelve stamens, or from twelve to nineteen.

Do´de•cane , n. [Gr. twelve.] (Chem.) Any one of a group of thick oily hydrocarbons, C12H26, of the paraffin series.

Do•dec´a•style , a. [Gr. twelve + column: cf. F. dodecastyle.] (Arch.) Having twelve columns in front. — n. A dodecastyle portico, or building.

Do•dec•a•syl•lab´ic , a. [Gr. twelve + E. syllabic.] Having twelve syllables.

Do•dec´a•syl•la•ble , n. A word consisting of twelve syllables.

Do•dec•a•tem´o•ry , n. [Gr. ; twelve + , dim. of part: cf. F. dodecatemorie.] (Astron.) A tern applied to the twelve houses, or parts, of the zodiac of the primum mobile, to distinguish them from the twelve signs; also any one of the twelve signs of the zodiac.

Dodge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dodged p. pr. & vb. n. Dodging.] [Of uncertain origin: cf. dodder, v., daddle, dade, or dog, v. t.] 1. To start suddenly aside, as to avoid a blow or a missile; to shift place by a sudden start. Milton. 2. To evade a duty by low craft; to practice mean shifts; to use tricky devices; to play fast and loose; to quibble. “Some dodging casuist with more craft than sincerity.” Milton.

Dodge, v. t. 1. To evade by a sudden shift of place; to escape by starting aside; as to dodge a blow aimed or a ball thrown. 2. Fig.: To evade by craft; as to dodge a question; to dodge responsibility. [Colloq.] S. G. Goodrich. 3. To follow by dodging, or suddenly shifting from place to place. Coleridge.

Dodge, n. The act of evading by some skillful movement; a sudden starting aside; hence, an artful device to evade, deceive, or cheat; a cunning trick; an artifice. [Colloq.] “Some, who have a taste for good living, have many harmless arts, by which they improve their banquet, and innocent dodges, if we may be permitted to use an excellent phrase that has become vernacular since the appearance of the last dictionaries.” Thackeray.

Dodg´er , n. 1. One who dodges or evades; one who plays fast and loose, or uses tricky devices. Smart. 2. A small handbill. [U. S.] 3. See Corndodger.

Dodg´er•y , n. trickery; artifice. [Obs.] Hacket. { Dod´i•pate , Dod´i•poll } n. [Perh. fr. OE. dodden to cut off, to shear, and first applied to shaven-polled priests.] A stupid person; a fool; a blockhead. “Some will say, our curate is naught, an ass-head, a dodipoll.” Latimer.

Dod´kin , n. [D. duitken, dim. of duit. See Doit, and cf. Doitkin.] A doit; a small coin. Shelton.

Dod´man , n. 1. A snail; also a snail shell; a hodmandod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Nares. 2. (Zoöl.) Any shellfish which casts its shell, as a lobster. [Prov. Eng.]

Do´do , n.; pl. Dodoes (#). [Said to be fr. Pg. doudo silly, foolish (cf. Booby); this is fr. Prov. E. dold, the same word as E. dolt.] (Zoöl.) A large, extinct bird (Didus ineptus), formerly inhabiting the Island of Mauritius. It had short, half-fledged wings, like those of the ostrich, and a short neck and legs; — called also dronte. It was related to the pigeons.

Doe (do), n. [AS. da; cf. Dan. daa, daa-dyr, deer, and perh. L. dama. rad.66.] (Zoöl.) A female deer or antelope; specifically, the female of the fallow deer, of which the male is called a buck. Also applied to the female of other animals, as the rabbit. See the Note under Buck.

Doe (doo), n. A feat. [Obs.] See Do, n. Hudibras.

Dœg´lic , a. Pertaining to, or obtained from, the dœgling; as dœglic acid (Chem.), an oily substance resembling oleic acid.

Dœg´ling , n. [Native name in Faroe Islands.] (Zoöl.) The beaked whale (Balaenoptera rostrata), from which dœgling oil is obtained.

Do´er , n. [From Do, v. t. & i.] 1. One who does; one who performs or executes; one who is wont and ready to act; an actor; an agent. “The doers of the law shall be justified.” Rom. ii. 13. 2. (Scots Law) An agent or attorney; a factor. Burrill.

Does (duz). The 3d pers. sing. pres. of Do.

Doe´skin , n. 1. The skin of the doe. 2. A firm woolen cloth with a smooth, soft surface like a doe’s skin; — made for men’s wear.

Doff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doffed p. pr. & vb. n. Doffing.] [Do + off. See Do, v. t., 7.] 1. To put off, as dress; to divest one’s self of; hence, figuratively, to put or thrust away; to rid one’s self of. “And made us doff our easy robes of peace.” Shak. “At night, or in the rain,
He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn.” Emerson. 2. To strip; to divest; to undress. “Heaven’s King, who doffs himself our flesh to wear.” Crashaw.

Doff, v. i. To put off dress; to take off the hat.

Doff´er , n. (Mach.) A revolving cylinder, or a vibrating bar with teeth, in a carding machine, which doffs, or strips off, the cotton from the cards. Ure.

Dog (dog), n. [AS. docga; akin to D. dog mastiff, Dan. dogge, Sw. dogg.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Canis, esp. the domestic dog (C. familiaris). The dog is distinguished above all others of the inferior animals for intelligence, docility, and attachment to man. There are numerous carefully bred varieties, as the beagle, bloodhound, bulldog, coachdog, collie, Danish dog, foxhound, greyhound, mastiff, pointer, poodle, St. Bernard, setter, spaniel, spitz dog, terrier, etc. There are also many mixed breeds, and partially domesticated varieties, as well as wild dogs, like the dingo and dhole. (See these names in the Vocabulary.) 2. A mean, worthless fellow; a wretch. “What is thy servant, which is but a dog, that he should do this great thing?” 2 Kings viii. 13 (Rev. Ver. ) 3. A fellow; — used humorously or contemptuously; as a sly dog; a lazy dog. [Colloq.] 4. (Astron.) One of the two constellations, Canis Major and Canis Minor, or the Greater Dog and the Lesser Dog. Canis Major contains the Dog Star (Sirius). 5. An iron for holding wood in a fireplace; a firedog; an andiron. 6. (Mech.) (a) A grappling iron, with a claw or claws, for fastening into wood or other heavy articles, for the purpose of raising or moving them. (b) An iron with fangs fastening a log in a saw pit, or on the carriage of a sawmill. (c) A piece in machinery acting as a catch or clutch; especially, the carrier of a lathe, also an adjustable stop to change motion, as in a machine tool. Dog is used adjectively or in composition, commonly in the sense of relating to, or characteristic of, a dog. It is also used to denote a male; as dog fox or g-fox, a male fox; dog otter or dog-otter, dog wolf, etc.; — also to denote a thing of cheap or mean quality; as dog Latin. A dead dog, a thing of no use or value. 1 Sam. xxiv. 14. — A dog in the manger, an ugly-natured person who prevents others from enjoying what would be an advantage to them but is none to him. — Dog ape (Zoöl.), a male ape. — Dog cabbage, or Dog’s cabbage (Bot.), a succulent herb, native to the Mediterranean region (Thelygonum Cynocrambe). — Dog cheap, very cheap. See under Cheap. — Dog ear (Arch.), an acroterium. [Colloq.] — Dog flea (Zoöl.), a species of flea (Pulex canis) which infests dogs and cats, and is often troublesome to man. In America it is the common flea. See Flea, and Aphaniptera. — Dog grass (Bot.), a grass (Triticum caninum) of the same genus as wheat. — Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; as the dog Latin of pharmacy. — Dog lichen (Bot.), a kind of lichen (Peltigera canina) growing on earth, rocks, and tree trunks, - - a lobed expansion, dingy green above and whitish with fuscous veins beneath. — Dog louse (Zoöl.), a louse that infests the dog, esp. Haematopinus piliferus; another species is Trichodectes latus. — Dog power, a machine operated by the weight of a dog traveling in a drum, or on an endless track, as for churning. — Dog salmon (Zoöl.), a salmon of northwest America and northern Asia; — the gorbuscha; — called also holia, and hone. — Dog shark. (Zoöl.) See Dogfish. — Dog’s meat, meat fit only for dogs; refuse; offal. — Dog Star. See in the Vocabulary. — Dog wheat (Bot.), Dog grass. — Dog whelk (Zoöl.), any species of univalve shells of the family Nassidae, esp. the Nassa reticulata of England. — To give, or throw, to the dogs, to throw away as useless. ´Throw physic to the dogs; I’ll none of it.´ Shak. — To go to the dogs, to go to ruin; to be ruined.

Dog , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dogged p. pr. & vb. n. Dogging.] To hunt or track like a hound; to follow insidiously or indefatigably; to chase with a dog or dogs; to worry, as if by dogs; to hound with importunity. “I have been pursued, dogged, and waylaid.” Pope. “Your sins will dog you, pursue you.” Burroughs. “Eager ill-bred petitioners, who do not so properly supplicate as hunt the person whom they address to, dogging him from place to place, till they even extort an answer to their rude requests.” South.

Do´gal , a. [LL. dogalis for ducalis. See Doge.] Of or pertaining to a doge.[R.]

Do´gate , n. [Cf. F. dogat, It. dogato. See Doge, and cf. Dogeate.] The office or dignity of a doge.

Dog´bane , n. [Said to be poisonous to dogs. Cf. Apocynaceous.] (Bot.) A small genus of perennial herbaceous plants, with poisonous milky juice, bearing slender pods pods in pairs.

Dog´ bee A male or drone bee. Halliwell.

Dog´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The berry of the dogwood; — called also dogcherry. Dr. Prior. Dogberry tree (Bot.), the dogwood.

Dog´bolt , n. (Gun.) The bolt of the cap-square over the trunnion of a cannon. Knight.

Dog´-bri•er , n. (Bot.) The dog-rose.

Dog´cart , n. A light one- horse carriage, commonly two-wheeled, patterned after a cart. The original dogcarts used in England by sportsmen had a box at the back for carrying dogs. { Dog´ day• Dog´day• }. One of the dog days. Dogday cicada (Zoöl.), a large American cicada (C. pruinosa), which trills loudly in midsummer.

Dog´ days A period of from four to six weeks, in the summer, variously placed by almanac makers between the early part of July and the early part of September; canicular days; — so called in reference to the rising in ancient times of the Dog Star (Sirius) with the sun. Popularly, the sultry, close part of the summer. The conjunction of the rising of the Dog Star with the rising of the sun was regarded by the ancients as one of the causes of the sultry heat of summer, and of the maladies which then prevailed. But as the conjunction does not occur at the same time in all latitudes, and is not constant in the same region for a long period, there has been much variation in calendars regarding the limits of the dog days. The astronomer Roger Long states that in an ancient calendar in Bede (died 735) the beginning of dog days is placed on the 14th of July; that in a calendar prefixed to the Common Prayer, printed in the time of Queen Elizabeth, they were said to begin on the 6th of July and end on the 5th of September; that, from the Restoration (1660) to the beginning of New Style (1752), British almanacs placed the beginning on the 19th of July and the end on the 28th of August; and that after 1752 the beginning was put on the 30th of July, the end on the 7th of September. Some English calendars now put the beginning on July 3d, and the ending on August 11th. A popular American almanac of the present time (1890) places the beginning on the 25th of July, and the end on the 5th of September.

Dog´draw , n. (Eng. Forest Law) The act of drawing after, or pursuing, deer with a dog. Cowell.

Doge , n. [It doge, dogio, for duce, duca, fr. L. dux, ducis, a leader, commander. See Duke.] The chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa.

Dog´-eared , a. Having the corners of the leaves turned down and soiled by careless or long- continued usage; — said of a book. “Statute books before unopened, not dog- eared.” Ld. Mansfield.

Doge´ate , n. Dogate. Wright.

Doge´less, a. Without a doge. Byron.

Dog´-faced , a. Having a face resembling that of a dog. Dog-faced baboon (Zoöl.), any baboon of the genus Cynocephalus. See Drill.

Dog´ fan•cier One who has an unusual fancy for, or interest in, dogs; also one who deals in dogs.

Dog´fish , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small shark, of many species, of the genera Mustelus, Scyllium, Spinax, etc. The European spotted dogfishes (Scyllium catudus, and S. canicula) are very abundant; the American smooth, or blue dogfish is Mustelus canis; the common picked, or horned dogfish (Squalus acanthias) abundant on both sides of the Atlantic. 2. The bowfin (Amia calva). See Bowfin. 3. The burbot of Lake Erie.

Dog´-fox , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A male fox. See the Note under Dog, n., 6. Sir W. Scott. (b) The Arctic or blue fox; — a name also applied to species of the genus Cynalopex.

Dog´ged , a. [Fron. Dog.] 1. Sullen; morose. [Obs. or R.] “The sulky spite of a temper naturally dogged.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Sullenly obstinate; obstinately determined or persistent; as dogged resolution; dogged work.

Dog´ged•ly, adv. In a dogged manner; sullenly; with obstinate resolution.

Dog´ged•ness, n. 1. Sullenness; moroseness. [R.] 2. Sullen or obstinate determination; grim resolution or persistence.

Dog´ger , n. [D., fr. dogger codfish, orig. used in the catching of codfish.] (Naut.) A two-masted fishing vessel, used by the Dutch.

Dog´ger, n. A sort of stone, found in the mines with the true alum rock, chiefly of silica and iron.

Dog´ger•el , a. [OE. dogerel.] Low in style, and irregular in measure; as doggerel rhymes. “This may well be rhyme doggerel, quod he.” Chaucer.

Dog´ger•el, n. A sort of loose or irregular verse; mean or undignified poetry. “Doggerel like that of Hudibras.” Addison. “The ill-spelt lines of doggerel in which he expressed his reverence for the brave sufferers.” Macaulay.

Dog´ger•man , n. A sailor belonging to a dogger.

Dog´get , n. Docket. See Docket. [Obs.]

Dog´gish , a. Like a dog; having the bad qualities of a dog; churlish; growling; brutal. — Dog´gish•ly, adv. — Dog´gish•ness, n.

Dog´grel , a. & n. Same as Doggerel.

Dog´-head•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Having a head shaped like that of a dog; — said of certain baboons.

Dog´-heart•ed , a. Inhuman; cruel. Shak.

Dog´hole , n. A place fit only for dogs; a vile, mean habitation or apartment. Dryden.

dog´-leg•ged , a. (Arch) Noting a flight of stairs, consisting of two or more straight portions connected by a platform (landing) or platforms, and running in opposite directions without an intervening wellhole.

Dog´ma (dog´ma), n.; pl. E. Dogmas (-maz), L. Dogmata (-ma•ta). [L. dogma, Gr. do•gma, pl. do•gmata, fr. dokei^n to think, seem, appear; akin to L. decet it is becoming. Cf. Decent.] 1. That which is held as an opinion; a tenet; a doctrine. “The obscure and loose dogmas of early antiquity.” Whewell. 2. A formally stated and authoritatively settled doctrine; a definite, established, and authoritative tenet. 3. A doctrinal notion asserted without regard to evidence or truth; an arbitrary dictum. Syn. — tenet; opinion; proposition; doctrine. — Dogma, Tenet. A tenet is that which is maintained as true with great firmness; as the tenets of our holy religion. A dogma is that which is laid down with authority as indubitably true, especially a religious doctrine; as the dogmas of the church. A tenet rests on its own intrinsic merits or demerits; a dogma rests on authority regarded as competent to decide and determine. Dogma has in our language acquired, to some extent, a repulsive sense, from its carrying with it the idea of undue authority or assumption. This is more fully the case with its derivatives dogmatical and dogmatism.

Dog•mat´ic (dog•mat´ik), n. One of an ancient sect of physicians who went by general principles; — opposed to the Empiric. { Dog•mat´ic (dog•mat´ik), Dog•mat•ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [L. dogmaticus, Gr. dogmatiko•s, fr. do•gma: cf. F. dogmatique.] 1. Pertaining to a dogma, or to an established and authorized doctrine or tenet. 2. Asserting a thing positively and authoritatively; positive; magisterial; hence, arrogantly authoritative; overbearing. “Critics write in a positive, dogmatic way.” Spectator. “[They] are as assertive and dogmatical as if they were omniscient.” Glanvill. Dogmatic theology. Same as Dogmatics. Syn. — Magisterial; arrogant. See Magisterial.

Dog•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a dogmatic manner; positively; magisterially.

Dog•mat´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being dogmatical; positiveness.

Dog•ma•ti´cian , n. A dogmatist.

Dog•mat´ics , n. The science which treats of Christian doctrinal theology.

Dog´ma•tism , n. The manner or character of a dogmatist; arrogance or positiveness in stating opinion. “The self-importance of his demeanor, and the dogmatism of his conversation.” Sir W. Scott.

Dog´ma•tist , n. [L. dogmatistes, Gr. , fr. .] One who dogmatizes; one who speaks dogmatically; a bold and arrogant advancer of principles. “I expect but little success of all this upon the dogmatist; his opinioned assurance is paramount to argument.” Glanvill.

Dog´ma•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dogmatized p. pr. & vb. n. Dogmatizing.] [L. dogmatizare to lay down an opinion, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dogmatiser. See Dogma.] To assert positively; to teach magisterially or with bold and undue confidence; to advance with arrogance. “The pride of dogmatizing schools.” Blackmore.

Dog´ma•tize, v. t. To deliver as a dogma. [R.]

Dog´ma•ti•zer , n. One who dogmatizes; a bold asserter; a magisterial teacher. Hammond.

Dog´-rose , n. (Bot.) A common European wild rose, with single pink or white flowers.

Dog’s´-bane , n. (Bot.) See Dogbane.

Dog’s´-ear , n. The corner of a leaf, in a book, turned down like the ear of a dog. Gray. — Dog’s´-eared• (#), a. Cowper.

Dog´ship , n. The character, or individuality, of a dog.

Dog´shore , n. (Naut.) One of several shores used to hold a ship firmly and prevent her moving while the blocks are knocked away before launching.

Dog´sick , a. Sick as a dog sometimes is very sick. [Colloq.]

Dog´skin , n. The skin of a dog, or leather made of the skin. Also used adjectively.

Dog´sleep , n. 1. Pretended sleep. Addison. 2. (Naut.) The fitful naps taken when all hands are kept up by stress.

Dog’s´-tail grass , n. (Bot.) A hardy species of British grass (Cynosurus cristatus) which abounds in grass lands, and is well suited for making straw plait; — called also goldseed.

Dog´ Star Sirius, a star of the constellation Canis Major, or the Greater Dog, and the brightest star in the heavens; — called also Canicula, and, in astronomical charts, α Canis Majoris. See Dog days.

Dog’s´-tongue , n. (Bot.) Hound’s-tongue.

Dog´tie , n. (Arch.) A cramp.

Dog´tooth , n.; pl. Dogteeth . 1. See Canine tooth, under Canine. 2. (Arch.) An ornament common in Gothic architecture, consisting of pointed projections resembling teeth; — also called tooth ornament. Dogtooth spar (Min.), a variety of calcite, in acute crystals, resembling the tooth of a dog. See Calcite. — Dogtooth violet (Bot.), a small, bulbous herb of the Lily family (genus Erythronium). It has two shining flat leaves and commonly one large flower. [Written also dog’s-tooth violet.]

Dog´trick , n. A gentle trot, like that of a dog.

Dog´vane , n. (Naut.) A small vane of bunting, feathers, or any other light material, carried at the masthead to indicate the direction of the wind. Totten.

Dog´watch , n. (Naut.) A half watch; a watch of two hours, of which there are two, the first dogwatch from 4 to 6 o’clock, p. m., and the second dogwatch from 6 to 8 o’clock, p. m. Totten.

Dog´-wea•ry , a. Extremely weary. Shak.

Dog´wood (-wood•), n. [So named from skewers (dags) being made of it. Dr. Prior. See Dag, and Dagger.] (Bot.) The Cornus, a genus of large shrubs or small trees, the wood of which is exceedingly hard, and serviceable for many purposes. There are several species, one of which, Cornus mascula, called also cornelian cherry, bears a red acid berry. C. florida is the flowering dogwood, a small American tree with very showy blossoms. Dogwood tree. (a) The dogwood or Cornus. (b) A papilionaceous tree (Piscidia erythrina) growing in Jamaica. It has narcotic properties; — called also Jamaica dogwood.

Doh´tren (do´tren), n. pl. Daughters. [Obs.]

Doi´ly , n. [So called from the name of the dealer.] 1. A kind of woolen stuff. [Obs.] ´Some doily petticoats.´ Dryden. “A fool and a doily stuff, would now and then find days of grace, and be worn for variety.” Congreve. 2. A small napkin, used at table with the fruit, etc.; — commonly colored and fringed.

Do´ing , n.; pl. Doings . Anything done; a deed; an action good or bad; hence, in the plural, conduct; behavior. See Do. “To render an account of his doings.” Barrow.

Doit , n. [D. duit, Icel. pveit, prop., a piece cut off. See Thwaite a piece of ground, Thwite.] 1. A small Dutch coin, worth about half a farthing; also a similar small coin once used in Scotland; hence, any small piece of money. Shak. 2. A thing of small value; as I care not a doit.

Doit´kin , n. A very small coin; a doit.

Dok•i•mas´tic , a. Docimastic.

Do´ko , n. (Zoöl.) See Lepidosiren.

Do•la´bra , n. [L., fr. dolare to hew.] A rude ancient ax or hatchet, seen in museums.

Do•lab´ri•form , a. [L. dolabra a mattock + -form.] Shaped like the head of an ax or hatchet, as some leaves, and also certain organs of some shellfish. { Dol´ce , Dol•ce•men´te } adv. [It., fr. L. dulcis sweet, soft.] (Mus.) Softly; sweetly; with soft, smooth, and delicate execution.

Dol•ci´no , or Dul•ci´no , n. [Cf. It. dolcigno sweetish.] (Mus.) A small bassoon, formerly much used. Simmonds.

Dol´drums (dol´drumz), n. pl. [Cf. Gael. doltrum grief, vexation?] A part of the ocean near the equator, abounding in calms, squalls, and light, baffling winds, which sometimes prevent all progress for weeks; — so called by sailors. To be in the doldrums, to be in a state of listlessness ennui, or tedium.

Dole (dol), n. [OE. deol, doel, dol, OF. doel, fr. doloir to suffer, fr. L. dolere; perh. akin to dolare to hew.] grief; sorrow; lamentation. [Archaic] “And she died.
So that day there was dole in Astolat.” Tennyson.

Dole, n. [L. dolus: cf. F. dol.] (Scots Law) See Dolus.

Dole, n. [AS. dal portion; same word as dl. See Deal.] 1. Distribution; dealing; apportionment. “At her general dole,
Each receives his ancient soul.” Cleveland. 2. That which is dealt out; a part, share, or portion also a scanty share or allowance. 3. Alms; charitable gratuity or portion. “So sure the dole, so ready at their call,
They stood prepared to see the manna fall.” Dryden. “Heaven has in store a precious dole.” Keble. 4. A boundary; a landmark. Halliwell. 5. A void space left in tillage. [Prov. Eng.] Dole beer, beer bestowed as alms. [Obs.] — Dole bread, bread bestowed as alms. [Obs.] — Dole meadow, a meadow in which several persons have a common right or share.

Dole (dol), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doled (dold); p. pr. & vb. n. Doling.] To deal out in small portions; to distribute, as a dole; to deal out scantily or grudgingly. “The supercilious condescension with which even his reputed friends doled out their praises to him.” De Quincey.

Dole´ful , a. Full of dole or grief; expressing or exciting sorrow; sorrowful; sad; dismal. “With screwed face and doleful whine.” South. “Regions of sorrow, doleful shades.” Milton. Syn. — Piteous; rueful; sorrowful; woeful; melancholy; sad gloomy; dismal; dolorous; woe-begone. — Dole´ful•ly, adv. — Dole´ful•ness, n.

Do´lent , a. [L. dolens, p. pr. of dolere: cf. F. dolent. See Dole sorrow.] Sorrowful. [Obs.] Ford.

Do•len´te , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Plaintively. See Doloroso.

Dol´er•ite , n. [Gr. deceitful; because it was easily confounded with diorite.] (Geol. & Min.) A dark-colored, basic, igneous rock, composed essentially of pyroxene and a triclinic feldspar with magnetic iron. By many authors it is considered equivalent to a coarse-grained basalt.

Dol•er•it´ic , a. Of the nature of dolerite; as much lava is doleritic lava. Dana.

Dole´some, a. Doleful; dismal; gloomy; sorrowful. — Dole´some•ly, adv. — Dole´some•ness, n.

Dolf , imp. of Delve. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Dol•i•cho•ce•phal´ic (dol•i•ko•se•fal´ik), Dol•i•cho•ceph´a•lous (-sef´a•lus), } a. [Gr. dolicho•s long + kefalh• head.] (Anat.) Having the cranium, or skull, long to its breadth; long-headed; — opposed to brachycephalic. — Dol•i•cho•ceph´al (#), a. & n. { Dol•i•cho•ceph´a•ly (-a•ly), Dol•i•cho•ceph´a•lism (-a•liz’m) }, n. [Cf. F. dolichcephalie.] The quality or condition of being dolichocephalic.

Do´li•o•form , a. [L. dolium large jar + -form.] (Biol.) Barrel-shaped, or like a cask in form.

Do•li´o•lum , n. [L. doliolum a small cask.] (Zoöl.) A genus of freeswimming oceanic tunicates, allied to Salpa, and having alternate generations.

Do´-lit•tle , n. One who performs little though professing much. [Colloq.] “Great talkers are commonly dolittles.” Bp. Richardson.

Do´li•um , n. [L. large jar.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large univalve mollusks, including the partridge shell and tun shells.

Doll , n. [A contraction of Dorothy; or less prob. an abbreviation of idol; or cf. OD. dol a whipping top, D. dollen to rave, and E. dull.] A child’s puppet; a toy baby for a little girl.

Dol´lar , n. [D. daalder, LG. dahler, G. thaler, an abbreviation of Joachimsthaler, i. e., a piece of money first coined, about the year 1518, in the valley (G. thal) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia. See Dale.] 1. (a) A silver coin of the United States containing 371.25 grains of silver and 41.25 grains of alloy, that is, having a total weight of 412.5 grains. (b) A gold coin of the United States containing 23.22 grains of gold and 2.58 grains of alloy, that is, having a total weight of 25.8 grains, nine-tenths fine. It is no longer coined. Previous to 1837 the silver dollar had a larger amount of alloy, but only the same amount of silver as now, the total weight being 416 grains. The gold dollar as a distinct coin was first made in 1849. The eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles coined before 1834 contained 24.75 grains of gold and 2.25 grains of alloy for each dollar. 2. A coin of the same general weight and value, though differing slightly in different countries, current in Mexico, Canada, parts of South America, also in Spain, and several other European countries. 3. The value of a dollar; the unit commonly employed in the United States in reckoning money values. Chop dollar. See under 9th Chop. — Dollar fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the United States coast (Stromateus triacanthus), having a flat, roundish form and a bright silvery luster; — called also butterfish, and Lafayette. See Butterfish. — Trade dollar, a silver coin formerly made at the United States mint, intended for export, and not legal tender at home. It contained 378 grains of silver and 42 grains of alloy.

Dol•lar•dee´ , n. (Zoöl.) A species of sunfish (Lepomis pallidus), common in the United States; — called also blue sunfish, and copper-nosed bream.

Doll´man , n. See Dolman.

Dol´ly , n.; pl. Dollies . 1. (Mining) A contrivance, turning on a vertical axis by a handle or winch, and giving a circular motion to the ore to be washed; a stirrer. 2. (Mach.) A tool with an indented head for shaping the head of a rivet. Knight. 3. In pile driving, a block interposed between the head of the pile and the ram of the driver. 4. A small truck with a single wide roller used for moving heavy beams, columns, etc., in bridge building. 5. A compact, narrow-gauge locomotive used for moving construction trains, switching, etc.

Dol´ly , n. A child’s mane for a doll. Dolly shop, a shop where rags, old junk, etc., are bought and sold; usually, in fact, an unlicensed pawnbroker’s shop, formerly distinguished by the sign of a black doll. [England]

Dol´ly Var´den 1. A character in Dickens’s novel ´Barnaby Rudge,´ a beautiful, lively, and coquettish girl who wore a cherry-colored mantle and cherry-colored ribbons. 2. A style of light, bright-figured dress goods for women; also a style of dress. Dolly Varden trout (Zoöl.), a trout of northwest America; — called also bull trout, malma, and red-spotted trout. See Malma.

Dol´man (dol´man), n. [Turk. dolaman: cf. F. doliman.] 1. A long robe or outer garment, with long sleeves, worn by the Turks. [Written also doliman.] 2. A cloak of a peculiar fashion worn by women.

Dol´men (dol´men), n. [Armor. taol, tol, table + mean, maen, men, stone: cf. F. dolmen.] A cromlech. See Cromlech. [Written also tolmen.]

Dol´o•mite (dol´o•mit), n. [After the French geologist Dolomieu.] (Geol. & Min.) A mineral consisting of the carbonate of lime and magnesia in varying proportions. It occurs in distinct crystals, and in extensive beds as a compact limestone, often crystalline granular, either white or clouded. It includes much of the common white marble. Also called bitter spar.

Dol•o•mit´ic , a. Pertaining to dolomite.

Dol´o•mize , v. t. To convert into dolomite. — Dol•o•mi•za´tion (#), n.

Do´lor , n. [OE. dolor, dolur, dolour, F. douleur, L. dolor, fr. dolere. See 1st Dole.] Pain; grief; distress; anguish. [Written also dolour.] [Poetic] “Of death and dolor telling sad tidings.” Spenser.

Dol•or•if´er•ous , a. [L. dolor pain + -ferous.] Producing pain. Whitaker. { Dol•or•if´ic , Dol•or•if´ic•al } a. [LL. dolorificus; L. dolor pain + facere to make.] Causing pain or grief. Arbuthnot.

Do•lo•ro´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Plaintive; pathetic; — used adverbially as a musical direction.

Dol´or•ous , a. [L. dolorosus, from dolor: cf. F. douloureux. See Dolor.] 1. Full of grief; sad; sorrowful; doleful; dismal; as a dolorous object; dolorous discourses. “You take me in too dolorous a sense;
I spake to you for your comfort.” Shak. 2. Occasioning pain or grief; painful. “Their dispatch is quick, and less dolorous than the paw of the bear or teeth of the lion.” Dr. H. More. — Dol´or•ous•ly, adv. — Dol´or•ous•ness, n.

Dol´phin (dol´fin), n. [F. dauphin dolphin, dauphin, earlier spelt also doffin; cf. OF. dalphinal of the dauphin; fr. L. delphinus, Gr. delfi•s a dolphin (in senses 1, 2, & 5), perh. properly, belly fish; cf. delfy•s womb, Skr. garbha; perh. akin to E. calf. Cf. Dauphin, Delphine.] 1. (Zool.) (a) A cetacean of the genus Delphinus and allied genera (esp. D. delphis); the true dolphin. (b) The Coryphaena hippuris, a fish of about five feet in length, celebrated for its surprising changes of color when dying. It is the fish commonly known as the dolphin. See Coryphaenoid. The dolphin of the ancients (D. delphis) is common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and attains a length of from six to eight feet. 2. [Gr. delfi•s] (Gr. Antiq.) A mass of iron or lead hung from the yardarm, in readiness to be dropped on the deck of an enemy’s vessel. 3. (Naut.) (a) A kind of wreath or strap of plaited cordage. (b) A spar or buoy held by an anchor and furnished with a ring to which ships may fasten their cables. R. H. Dana. (c) A mooring post on a wharf or beach. (d) A permanent fender around a heavy boat just below the gunwale. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 4. (Gun.) In old ordnance, one of the handles above the trunnions by which the gun was lifted. 5. (Astron.) A small constellation between Aquila and Pegasus. See Delphinus, n., 2. Dolphin fly (Zoöl.), the black, bean, or collier, Aphis (Aphis fable), destructive to beans. — Dolphin striker (Naut.), a short vertical spar under the bowsprit.

Dol´phin•et , n. A female dolphin. [R.] Spenser.

Dolt (dolt; 110), n. [OE. dulte, prop. p. p. of dullen to dull. See Dull.] A heavy, stupid fellow; a blockhead; a numskull; an ignoramus; a dunce; a dullard. “This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt.” Drayton.

Dolt, v. i. To behave foolishly. [Obs.]

Dolt´ish, a. Doltlike; dull in intellect; stupid; blockish; as a doltish clown. — Dolt´ish•ly, adv. — Dolt´ish•ness, n.

Do´lus , n. [L., deceit; akin to Gr. .] (Law) Evil intent, embracing both malice and fraud. See Culpa. Wharton.

Dolv´en , p. p. of Delve. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

-dom . A suffix denoting: (a) Jurisdiction or property and jurisdiction, dominion, as in kingdom earldom. (b) State, condition, or quality of being, as in wisdom, freedom. It is from the same root as doom meaning authority and judgment. . See Doom.

Dom , n. [Pg. See Don.] 1. A title anciently given to the pope, and later to other church dignitaries and some monastic orders. See Don, and Dan. 2. In Portugal and Brazil, the title given to a member of the higher classes.

Dom´a•ble , a. [L. domabilis, fr. domare to tame.] Capable of being tamed; tamable.

Dom´a•ble•ness, n. Tamableness.

Dom´age , n. [See Damage.] 1. Damage; hurt. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. Subjugation. [Obs.] Hobbes.

Do•main´ , n. [F. domaine, OF. demaine, L. dominium, property, right of ownership, fr. dominus master, owner. See Dame, and cf Demesne, Dungeon.] 1. Dominion; empire; authority. 2. The territory over which dominion or authority is exerted; the possessions of a sovereign or commonwealth, or the like. Also used figuratively. “The domain of authentic history.” E. Everett. “The domain over which the poetic spirit ranges.” J. C. Shairp. 3. Landed property; estate; especially, the land about the mansion house of a lord, and in his immediate occupancy; demesne. Shenstone. 4. (Law) Ownership of land; an estate or patrimony which one has in his own right; absolute proprietorship; paramount or sovereign ownership. Public domain, the territory belonging to a State or to the general government; public lands. [U.S.] — Right of eminent domain, that superior dominion of the sovereign power over all the property within the state, including that previously granted by itself, which authorizes it to appropriate any part thereof to a necessary public use, reasonable compensation being made.

Do´mal , a. [L. domus house.] (Astrol.) Pertaining to a house. Addison.

Do•ma´ni•al , a. Of or relating to a domain or to domains.

Dome, n. [F. dôme, It. duomo, fr. L. domus a house, domus Dei or Domini, house of the Lord, house of God; akin to Gr. house, to build, and E. timber. See Timber.] 1. A building; a house; an edifice; — used chiefly in poetry. “Approach the dome, the social banquet share.” Pope. 2. (Arch.) A cupola formed on a large scale. ´The Italians apply the term il duomo to the principal church of a city, and the Germans call every cathedral church Dom; and it is supposed that the word in its present English sense has crept into use from the circumstance of such buildings being frequently surmounted by a cupola.´ Am. Cyc. 3. Any erection resembling the dome or cupola of a building; as the upper part of a furnace, the vertical steam chamber on the top of a boiler, etc. 4. (Crystallog.) A prism formed by planes parallel to a lateral axis which meet above in a horizontal edge, like the roof of a house; also one of the planes of such a form. If the plane is parallel to the longer diagonal (macrodiagonal) of the prism, it is called a macrodome; if parallel to the shorter (brachydiagonal), it is a brachydome; if parallel to the inclined diagonal in a monoclinic crystal, it is called a clinodome; if parallel to the orthodiagonal axis, an orthodome. Dana.

Dome, n. [See Doom.] Decision; judgment; opinion; a court decision. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dome´book , n. [Dome doom + book.] (O. Eng. Law) A book said to have been compiled under the direction of King Alfred. It is supposed to have contained the principal maxims of the common law, the penalties for misdemeanors, and the forms of judicial proceedings. Domebook was probably a general name for book of judgments. Burrill.

Domed , a. Furnished with a dome; shaped like a dome.

Domes´day , n. A day of judgment. See Doomsday. [Obs.] Domesday Book, the ancient record of the survey of most of the lands of England, made by order of William the Conqueror, about 1086. It consists of two volumes, a large folio and a quarto, and gives the proprietors’ tenures, arable land, woodland, etc. [Written also Doomsday Book.]

Domes´man , n.; pl. Domesmen (#). [See Doom.] A judge; an umpire. [Obs.]

Do•mes´tic , a. [L. domesticus, fr. domus use: cf. F. domestique. See 1st Dome.] 1. Of or pertaining to one’s house or home, or one’s household or family; relating to home life; as domestic concerns, life, duties, cares, happiness, worship, servants. “His fortitude is the more extraordinary, because his domestic feelings were unusually strong.” Macaulay. 4. Of or pertaining to a nation considered as a family or home, or to one’s own country; intestine; not foreign; as foreign wars and domestic dissensions. Shak. 3. Remaining much at home; devoted to home duties or pleasures; as a domestic man or woman. 4. Living in or near the habitations of man; domesticated; tame as distinguished from wild; as domestic animals. 5. Made in one’s own house, nation, or country; as domestic manufactures, wines, etc.

Do•mes´tic, n. 1. One who lives in the family of an other, as hired household assistant; a house servant. “The master labors and leads an anxious life, to secure plenty and ease to the domestic.” V. Knox. 2. pl. (Com.) Articles of home manufacture, especially cotton goods. [U. S.]

Do•mes´tic•al , a. Domestic. [Obs.] “Our private and domestical matter.” Sir. P. Sidney.

Do•mes´tic•al, n. A family; a household. [Obs.]

Do•mes´tic•al•ly, adv. In a domestic manner; privately; with reference to domestic affairs.

Do•mes´ti•cant , a. Forming part of the same family. [Obs.] Sir E. Dering.

Do•mes´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domesticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Domesticating.] [LL. domesticatus, p. p. of domesticare to reside in, to tame. See Domestic, a.] 1. To make domestic; to habituate to home life; as to domesticate one’s self. 2. To cause to be, as it were, of one’s family or country; as to domesticate a foreign custom or word. 3. To tame or reclaim from a wild state; as to domesticate wild animals; to domesticate a plant.

Do•mes•ti•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. domestication.] The act of domesticating, or accustoming to home; the action of taming wild animals.

Do•mes´ti•ca•tor , n. One who domesticates.

Do•mes•tic´i•ty , n. [LL. domesticitas: cf. F. domesticite.] The state of being domestic; domestic character; household life.

Dom´ett , n. A kind of baize of which the ward is cotton and the weft woolen. Blakely.

Do´mey•kite , n. [Named after Domeyko, a mineralogist of Chili.] (Min.) A massive mineral of tin-white or steel-gray color, an arsenide of copper.

Dom´i•cal , a. Relating to, or shaped like, a dome.

Dom´i•cile , n. [L. domicilium; domus house + (prob.) root of celare to conceal: cf. F. domicile. See Dome, and Conceal.] 1. An abode or mansion; a place of permanent residence, either of an individual or a family. 2. (Law) A residence at a particular place accompanied with an intention to remain there for an unlimited time; a residence accepted as a final abode. Wharton.

Dom´i•cile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domiciled p. pr. & vb. n. Domiciling.] [Cf. F. domicilier. Cf. Domiciliate.] To establish in a fixed residence, or a residence that constitutes habitancy; to domiciliate. Kent.

Dom•i•cil´i•ar , n. A member of a household; a domestic.

Dom•i•cil´i•a•ry , a. [LL. domiciliarius.] Of or pertaining to a domicile, or the residence of a person or family. “The personal and domiciliary rights of the citizen scrupulously guarded.” Motley. Domiciliary visit (Law), a visit to a private dwelling, particularly for searching it, under authority.

Dom•i•cil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domiciliated p. pr. & vb. n. Domiciliating ] [See Domicile.] 1. To establish in a permanent residence; to domicile. 2. To domesticate. Pownall.

Dom•i•cil•i•a´tion , n. The act of domiciliating; permanent residence; inhabitancy. Milman.

Dom´i•cul•ture ( 135), n. [L. domus house + E. culture. See 1st Dome.] The art of house-keeping, cookery, etc. [R.] R. Park.

Dom´i•fy , v. t. [L. domus + - fy: cf. F. domifier.] 1. (Astrol.) To divide, as the heavens, into twelve houses. See House, in astrological sense. [Obs.] 2. To tame; to domesticate. [Obs.] Johnson.

Dom´i•na , n. [L., lady. See Dame.] (O. Eng. Law) Lady; a lady; — a title formerly given to noble ladies who held a barony in their own right. Burrill. { Dom´i•nance , Dom´i•nan•cy } n. Predominance; ascendency; authority.

Dom´i•nant , a. [L. dominans, -antis, p. pr. of dominari: cf. F. dominant. See Dominate.] Ruling; governing; prevailing; controlling; predominant; as the dominant party, church, spirit, power. “The member of a dominant race is, in his dealings with the subject race, seldom indeed fraudulent, … but imperious, insolent, and cruel.” Macaulay. Dominant estate or tenement (Law), the estate to which a servitude or easement is due from another estate, the estate over which the servitude extends being called the servient estate or tenement. Bouvier. Wharton’s Law Dict. — Dominant owner (Law), one who owns lands on which there is an easement owned by another. Syn. — Governing; ruling; controlling; prevailing; predominant; ascendant.

Dom´i•nant, n. (Mus.) The fifth tone of the scale; thus G is the dominant of C, A of D, and so on. Dominant chord (Mus.), the chord based upon the dominant.

Dom´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dominating.] [L. dominatus, p. p. of dominari to dominate, fr. dominus master, lord. See Dame, and cf. Domineer.] To predominate over; to rule; to govern. ´A city dominated by the ax.´ Dickens. “We everywhere meet with Slavonian nations either dominant or dominated.” W. Tooke.

Dom´i•nate, v. i. To be dominant. Hallam.

Dom•i•na´tion , n. [F. domination, L. dominatio.] 1. The act of dominating; exercise of power in ruling; dominion; supremacy; authority; often, arbitrary or insolent sway. “In such a people, the haughtiness of domination combines with the spirit of freedom.” Burke. 2. A ruling party; a party in power. [R.] Burke. 3. pl. A high order of angels in the celestial hierarchy; — a meaning given by the schoolmen. “Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers.” Milton.

Dom´i•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. dominatif.] Governing; ruling; imperious. Sir E. Sandys.

Dom´i•na•tor , n. [L.] A ruler or ruling power. ´Sole dominator of Navarre.´ Shak. “Jupiter and Mars are dominators for this northwest part of the world.” Camden.

Dom´i•ne , n. [See Dominie.] 1. A name given to a pastor of the Reformed Church. The word is also applied locally in the United States, in colloquial speech, to any clergyman. 2. [From Sp. domine a schoolmaster.] (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish (Epinula magistralis), of the family Trichiuridae. It is a long-bodied, voracious fish.

Dom•i•neer´ , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Domineered p. pr. & vb. n. Domineering.] [F. dominer, L. dominari: cf. OD. domineren to feast luxuriously. See Dominate, v. t.] To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway; to play the master; to be overbearing; to tyrannize; to bluster; to swell with conscious superiority or haughtiness; — often with over; as to domineer over dependents. “Go to the feast, revel and domineer.” Shak. “His wishes tend abroad to roam,
And hers to domineer at home.” Prior.

Dom•i•neer´ing, a. Ruling arrogantly; overbearing. “A violent, brutal, domineering old reprobate.” Blackw. Mag. Syn. — Haughty; overbearing; lordly. See Imperious. — Dom•i•neer´ing•ly, adv.

Do•min´ic•al , a. [LL. dominicalis, for L. dominicus belonging to a master or lord (dominica dies the Lord’s day), fr. dominus master or lord: cf. F. dominical. See Dame.] 1. Indicating, or pertaining to, the Lord’s day, or Sunday. 2. Relating to, or given by, our Lord; as the dominical (or Lord’s) prayer. Howell. “Some words altered in the dominical Gospels.” Fuller. Dominical altar (Eccl.), the high altar. — Dominical letter, the letter which, in almanacs, denotes Sunday, or the Lord’s day (dies Domini). The first seven letters of the alphabet are used for this purpose, the same letter standing for Sunday during a whole year (except in leap year, when the letter is changed at the end of February). After twenty-eight years the same letters return in the same order. The dominical letters go backwards one day every common year, and two every leap year; e. g., if the dominical letter of a common year be G, F will be the dominical letter for the next year. Called also Sunday letter. Cf. Solar cycle, under Cycle, n.

Do•min´ic•al, n. The Lord’s day or Sunday; also the Lord’s prayer. [Obs.]

Do•min´i•can , a. [NL. Dominicanus, fr. Dominicus, Dominic, the founder: cf. F. Dominicain.] Of or pertaining to St. Dominic (Dominic de Guzman), or to the religious communities named from him. Dominican nuns, an order of nuns founded by St. Dominic, and chiefly employed in teaching. — Dominican tertiaries (the third order of St. Dominic). See Tertiary.

Do•min´i•can, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of mendicant monks founded by Dominic de Guzman, in 1215. A province of the order was established in England in 1221. The first foundation in the United States was made in 1807. The Master of the Sacred Palace at Rome is always a Dominican friar. The Dominicans are called also preaching friars, friars preachers, black friars (from their black cloak), brothers of St. Mary, and in France, Jacobins.

Do•min´i•cide , n. [L. dominus master + caedere to cut down, kill.] 1. The act of killing a master. 2. One who kills his master.

Dom´i•nie , n. [L. dominus master. See Don, Dame.] 1. A schoolmaster; a pedagogue. [Scot.] “This was Abel Sampson, commonly called, from occupation as a pedagogue, Dominie Sampson.” Sir W. Scott. 2. A clergyman. See Domine, 1. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Do•min´ion , n. [LL. dominio, equiv. to L. dominium. See Domain, Dungeon.] 1. Sovereign or supreme authority; the power of governing and controlling; independent right of possession, use, and control; sovereignty; supremacy. “I praised and honored him that liveth forever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion.” Dan. iv. 34. “To choose between dominion or slavery.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). 2. Superior prominence; predominance; ascendency. “Objects placed foremost ought … have dominion over things confused and transient.” Dryden. 3. That which is governed; territory over which authority is exercised; the tract, district, or county, considered as subject; as the dominions of a king. Also used figuratively; as the dominion of the passions. 4. pl. A supposed high order of angels; dominations. See Domination, 3. Milton. “By him were all things created … whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers.” Col. i. 16. Syn. — Sovereignty; control; rule; authority; jurisdiction; government; territory; district; region.

Dom´i•no , n.; pl. Dominos or (esp. the pieces for a game) Dominoes (#). [F. domino, or It. dominò, or Sp. dominó, fr. L. dominus master. The domino was orig. a hood worn by the canons of a cathedral. See Don, Dame.] 1. A kind of hood worn by the canons of a cathedral church; a sort of amice. Kersey. 2. A mourning veil formerly worn by women. 3. A kind of mask; particularly, a half mask worn at masquerades, to conceal the upper part of the face. Dominos were formerly worn by ladies in traveling. 4. A costume worn as a disguise at masquerades, consisting of a robe with a hood adjustable at pleasure. 5. A person wearing a domino. 6. pl. A game played by two or more persons, with twenty-eight pieces of wood, bone, or ivory, of a flat, oblong shape, plain at the back, but on the face divided by a line in the middle, and either left blank or variously dotted after the manner of dice. The game is played by matching the spots or the blank of an unmatched half of a domino already played Hoyle. 7. One of the pieces with which the game of dominoes is played. Hoyle.

Dom´i•nus , n.; pl. Domini (#). [L., master. See Dame.] Master; sir; — a title of respect formerly applied to a knight or a clergyman, and sometimes to the lord of a manor. Cowell.

Dom´i•ta•ble , a. [L. domitare to tame, fr. domare.] That can be tamed. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Do´mite , n. (Min.) A grayish variety of trachyte; — so called from the Puy-de- Dôme in Auvergne, France, where it is found.

Don (don), n. [Sp. don; akin to Pg. dom, It. donno; fr. L. dominus master. See Dame, and cf. Domine, Dominie, Domino, Dan, Dom.] 1. Sir; Mr; Signior; — a title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now common to all classes. “Don is used in Italy, though not so much as in Spain. France talks of Dom Calmet, England of Dan Lydgate.” Oliphant. 2. A grand personage, or one making pretension to consequence; especially, the head of a college, or one of the fellows at the English universities. [Univ. Cant] ´The great dons of wit.´ Dryden.

Don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Donned (dond); p. pr. & vb. n. Donning.] [Do + on; — opposed to doff. See Do, v. t., 7.] To put on; to dress in; to invest one’s self with. “Should I don this robe and trouble you.” Shak. “At night, or in the rain,
He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn.” Emerson.

Do´ña , n. [Sp. doña. See Duenna.] Lady; mistress; madam; - - a title of respect used in Spain, prefixed to the Christian name of a lady.

Do´na•ble , a. [L. donabilis, fr. donare to donate.] Capable of being donated or given. [R.]

Do´na•ry , n. [L. donarium, fr. donare.] A thing given to a sacred use. [R.] Burton.

Don´at , n. [From Donatus, a famous grammarian.] A grammar. [Obs.] [Written also donet.]

Don´a•ta•ry , n. See Donatory.

Do´nate (do´nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Donated; p. pr. & vb. n. Donating.] [L. donatus, p. p. of donare to donate, fr. donum gift, fr. dare to give. See 2d Date.] To give; to bestow; to present; as to donate fifty thousand dollars to a college.

Do•na´tion , n. [L. donatio; cf. F. donation.] 1. The act of giving or bestowing; a grant. “After donation there is an absolute change and alienation of the property of the thing given.” South. 2. That which is given as a present; that which is transferred to another gratuitously; a gift. “And some donation freely to estate
On the bless’d lovers.” Shak. 3. (Law) The act or contract by which a person voluntarily transfers the title to a thing of which be is the owner, from himself to another, without any consideration, as a free gift. Bouvier. Donation party, a party assembled at the house of some one, as of a clergyman, each one bringing some present. [U.S.] Bartlett. Syn. — Gift; present; benefaction; grant. See Gift.

Don´a•tism , n. [Cf. F. Donatisme.] (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets of the Donatists.

Don´a•tist , n. [LL. Donatista: cf. F. Donatiste.] (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Donatus, the leader of a body of North African schismatics and purists, who greatly disturbed the church in the 4th century. They claimed to be the true church.

Don•a•tis´tic , a. Pertaining to Donatism.

Don´a•tive , n. [L. donativum, fr. donare: cf. F. donatif. See Donate.] 1. A gift; a largess; a gratuity; a present. ´The Romans were entertained with shows and donatives.´ Dryden. 2. (Eccl. Law) A benefice conferred on a person by the founder or patron, without either presentation or institution by the ordinary, or induction by his orders. See the Note under Benefice, n., 3.

Don´a•tive, a. Vested or vesting by donation; as a donative advowson. Blackstone.

Do•na´tor , n. [L. Cf. Donor.] (Law) One who makes a gift; a donor; a giver.

Don´a•to•ry , n. (Scots Law) A donee of the crown; one the whom, upon certain condition, escheated property is made over.

Do´-naught , n. [Do + naught.] A lazy, good-for-nothing fellow.

Do´nax , n. [L., reed, also a sea fish, Gr. .] (Bot.) A canelike grass of southern Europe (Arundo Donax), used for fishing rods, etc.

Don•cel´la , n. [Sp., lit., a maid. Cf. Damsel.] (Zoöl.) A handsome fish of Florida and the West Indies (Platyglossus radiatus). The name is applied also to the ladyfish (Harpe rufa) of the same region.

Done , p. p. from Do, and formerly the infinitive. 1. Performed; executed; finished. 2. It is done or agreed; let it be a match or bargain; — used elliptically. Done brown, a phrase in cookery; applied figuratively to one who has been thoroughly deceived, cheated, or fooled. [Colloq.] — Done for, tired out; used up; collapsed; destroyed; dead; killed. [Colloq.] — Done up. (a) Wrapped up. (b) Worn out; exhausted. [Colloq.]

Done, a. [Prob. corrupted from OF. done, F. donne, p. p. of OF. doner, F. donner, to give, issue, fr. L. donare to give. See Donate, and cf. Donee.] Given; executed; issued; made public; — used chiefly in the clause giving the date of a proclamation or public act.

Do•nee´ , n. [OF. done, F. donne, p. p. See the preceding word.] 1. The person to whom a gift or donation is made. 2. (Law) Anciently, one to whom lands were given; in later use, one to whom lands and tenements are given in tail; in modern use, one on whom a power is conferred for execution; — sometimes called the appointor.

Don´et , n. Same as Donat. Piers Plowman.

Do´ni , n. [Tamil tni.] (Naut.) A clumsy craft, having one mast with a long sail, used for trading purposes on the coasts of Coromandel and Ceylon. [Written also dhony, doney, and done.] Balfour.

Do•nif´er•ous (do•nif´er•us), a. [L. donum gift + -ferous.] Bearing gifts. [R.]

Don´jon (dun´jun), n. [See Dungeon.] The chief tower, also called the keep; a massive tower in ancient castles, forming the strongest part of the fortifications. See Illust. of Castle.

Don´key (don´ky), n.; pl. Donkeys (-kiz). [Prob. dun, in allusion to the color of the animal + a dim. termination.] 1. An ass; or (less frequently) a mule. 2. A stupid or obstinate fellow; an ass. Donkey engine, a small auxiliary engine not used for propelling, but for pumping water into the boilers, raising heavy weights, and like purposes. — Donkey pump, a steam pump for feeding boilers, extinguishing fire, etc.; — usually an auxiliary. — Donkey’s eye (Bot.), the large round seed of the Mucuna pruriens, a tropical leguminous plant.

Don´na , n. [It. donna, L. domina. See Don, Dame.] A lady; madam; mistress; — the title given a lady in Italy.

Don´nat , n. [Corrupted from do- naught.] See Do-naught. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Don´nism , n. [Don, n., 2.] Self-importance; loftiness of carriage. [Cant, Eng. Universities]

Do´nor , n. [F. donneur, OF. daneor, fr. donner. See Donee, and cf. Donator.] 1. One who gives or bestows; one who confers anything gratuitously; a benefactor. 2. (Law) One who grants an estate; in later use, one who confers a power; — the opposite of donee. Kent. “Touching, the parties unto deeds and charters, we are to consider as well the donors and granters as the donees or grantees.” Spelman.

Do´-noth•ing , a. Doing nothing; inactive; idle; lazy; as a do-nothing policy. { Do´-noth•ing•ism , Do´-noth•ing•ness } n. Inactivity; habitual sloth; idleness. [Jocular] Carlyle. Miss Austen.

Don´ship , n. The quality or rank of a don, gentleman, or knight. Hudibras.

Don´zel , n. [Cf. It. donzello, Sp. doncel, OF. danzel. See Damsel, Don, n.] A young squire, or knight’s attendant; a page. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Doo , n. (Zoöl.) A dove. [Scot.]

Doob´ grass [Hind. db.] (Bot.) A perennial, creeping grass (Cynodon dactylon), highly prized, in Hindostan, as food for cattle, and acclimated in the United States. [Written also doub grass.]

Doo´dle , n. [Cf. Dawdle.] A trifler; a simple fellow.

Doo´dle•sack , n. [Cf. G. dudelsack.] The Scotch bagpipe. [Prov. Eng.]

Doole , n. Sorrow; dole. [Obs.] Spenser.

Doo´ly , n.; pl. Doolies (#). [Skr. dla.] A kind of litter suspended from men’s shoulders, for carrying persons or things; a palanquin. [Written also doolee and doolie.] [East Indies] “Having provided doolies, or little bamboo chairs slung on four men’s shoulders, in which I put my papers and boxes, we next morning commenced the ascent.” J. D. Hooker.

Doom (doom), n. [As. dom; akin to OS. dom, OHG. tuom, Dan. & Sw. dom, Icel. domr, Goth. doms, Gr. qe•mis law; fr. the root of E. do, v. t. rad.65. See Do, v. t., and cf. Deem, -dom.] 1. Judgment; judicial sentence; penal decree; condemnation. “The first dooms of London provide especially the recovery of cattle belonging to the citizens.” J. R. Green. “Now against himself he sounds this doom.” Shak. 2. That to which one is doomed or sentenced; destiny or fate, esp. unhappy destiny; penalty. “Ere Hector meets his doom.” Pope. “And homely household task shall be her doom.” Dryden. 3. Ruin; death. “This is the day of doom for Bassianus.” Shak. 4. Discriminating opinion or judgment; discrimination; discernment; decision. [Obs.] “And there he learned of things and haps to come,
To give foreknowledge true, and certain doom.” Fairfax. Syn. — Sentence; condemnation; decree; fate; destiny; lot; ruin; destruction.

Doom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doomed p. pr. & vb. n. Dooming.] 1. To judge; to estimate or determine as a judge. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To pronounce sentence or judgment on; to condemn; to consign by a decree or sentence; to sentence; as a criminal doomed to chains or death. “Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls.” Dryden. 3. To ordain as penalty; hence, to mulct or fine. “Have I tongue to doom my brother’s death?” Shak. 4. To assess a tax upon, by estimate or at discretion. [New England] J. Pickering. 5. To destine; to fix irrevocably the destiny or fate of; to appoint, as by decree or by fate. “A man of genius … doomed to struggle with difficulties.” Macaulay.

Doom´age , n. A penalty or fine for neglect. [Local, New England]

Doom´ful , a. Full of condemnation or destructive power. [R.] ´That doomful deluge.´ Drayton.

Doom´ palm [Ar. daum, dum: cf. F. doume.] (Bot.) A species of palm tree (Hyphaene Thebaica), highly valued for the fibrous pulp of its fruit, which has the flavor of gingerbread, and is largely eaten in Egypt and Abyssinia. [Written also doum palm.]

Dooms´day , n. [AS. dmes dag. See Doom, and Day.] 1. A day of sentence or condemnation; day of death. ´My body’s doomsday.´ Shak. 2. The day of the final judgment. “I could not tell till doomsday.” Chaucer. Doomsday Book. See Domesday Book.

Dooms´man, n. [Doom + man.] A judge; an umpire. [Obs.] Hampole.

Doom´ster , n. Same as Dempster. [Scot.]

Door , n. [OE. dore, dure, AS. duru; akin to OS. dura, dor, D. deur, OHG. turi, door, tor gate, G. thür, thor, Icel. dyrr, Dan. dör, Sw. dörr, Goth. daur, Lith. durys, Russ. dvere, Olr. dorus, L. fores, Gr. ; cf. Skr. dur, dvara. rad.246. Cf. Foreign.] 1. An opening in the wall of a house or of an apartment, by which to go in and out; an entrance way. “To the same end, men several paths may tread,
As many doors into one temple lead.” Denham. 2. The frame or barrier of boards, or other material, usually turning on hinges, by which an entrance way into a house or apartment is closed and opened. “At last he came unto an iron door
That fast was locked.” Spenser. 3. Passage; means of approach or access. “I am the door; by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved.” John x. 9. 4. An entrance way, but taken in the sense of the house or apartment to which it leads. “Martin’s office is now the second door in the street.” Arbuthnot. Blank door, Blind door, etc. (Arch.) See under Blank, Blind, etc. — In doors, or Within doors, within the house. — Next door to, near to; bordering on. “A riot unpunished is but next door to a tumult.” L’Estrange. — Out of doors, or Without doors, and, colloquially, Out doors, out of the house; in open air; abroad; away; lost. “His imaginary title of fatherhood is out of doors.” Locke. — To lay (a fault, misfortune, etc.) at one’s door, to charge one with a fault; to blame for. — To lie at one’s door, to be imputable or chargeable to. “If I have failed, the fault lies wholly at my door.” Dryden. Door is used in an adjectival construction or as the first part of a compound (with or without the hyphen), as door frame, doorbell or door bell, door knob or doorknob, door latch or doorlatch, door jamb, door handle, door mat, door panel.

Door´case , n. The surrounding frame into which a door shuts.

Door´cheek , n. The jamb or sidepiece of a door. Ex. xii. 22 (Douay version).

Door´ga , n. [Skr. Durga.] (Myth.) A Hindoo divinity, the consort of Siva, represented with ten arms. [Written also Durga.] Malcom.

Door´ing , n. The frame of a door. Milton.

Door´keep•er , n. One who guards the entrance of a house or apartment; a porter; a janitor.

Door´less, a. Without a door.

Door´nail , n. The nail or knob on which in ancient doors the knocker struck; — hence the old saying, ´As dead as a doornail.´

Door´plane , n. A plane on a door, giving the name, and sometimes the employment, of the occupant.

Door´post , n. The jamb or sidepiece of a doorway.

Door´sill , n. The sill or threshold of a door.

Door´stead , n. Entrance or place of a door. [Obs. or Local] Bp. Warburton.

Door´step , n. The stone or plank forming a step before an outer door.

Door´stone , n. The stone forming a threshold.

Door´stop , n. (Carp.) The block or strip of wood or similar material which stops, at the right place, the shutting of a door.

Door´way , n. The passage of a door; entrance way into a house or a room.

Door´yard , n. A yard in front of a house or around the door of a house. { Dop , Doop } , n. A little copper cup in which a diamond is held while being cut.

Dop, v. i. [Cf. Dap, Dip.] To dip. [Obs.] Walton.

Dop, n. A dip; a low courtesy. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dop´per , n. [D. dooper.] [Written also doper.] An Anabaptist or Baptist. [Contemptuous] B. Jonson.

Dop´pler•ite , n. [Named after the physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler.] (Min.) A brownish black native hydrocarbon occurring in elastic or jellylike masses.

Doq´uet , n. A warrant. See Docket.

Dor , n. [Cf. AS. dora drone, locust, D. tor beetle, L. taurus a kind of beetle. Cf. Dormouse.] (Zoöl.) A large European scaraboid beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius), which makes a droning noise while flying. The name is also applied to allied American species, as the June bug. Called also dorr, dorbeetle, or dorrbeetle, dorbug, dorrfly, and buzzard clock.

Dor, n. [Cf. Dor a beetle, and Hum, Humbug.] A trick, joke, or deception. Beau. & Fl. To give one the dor, to make a fool of him. [Archaic] P. Fletcher.

Dor, v. t. To make a fool of; to deceive. [Obs.] [Written also dorr.] B. Jonson.

Do•ra´do , n. [Sp. dorado gilt, fr. dorar to gild, fr. L. deaurare. See 1st Dory, and cf. Fl Dorado.] 1. (Astron.) A southern constellation, within which is the south pole of the ecliptic; — called also sometimes Xiphias, or the Swordfish. 2. (Zoöl.) A large, oceanic fish of the genus Coryphaena.

Dor´bee•tle , n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Dor.

Do´ree , n. [See Dory.] (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Zeus faber), of a yellow color. See Illust. of John Doree. The popular name in England is John Doree, or Dory, well known to be a corruption of F. jaune- doree, i. e., golden-yellow. See 1st Dory.

Dore´tree , n. A doorpost. [Obs.] ´As dead as a doretree.´ Piers Plowman.

Dor´hawk , n. (Zoöl.) The European goatsucker; — so called because it eats the dor beetle. See Goatsucker. [Written also dorrhawk.] Booth.

Do´ri•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks of Doris; Doric; as a Dorian fashion. 2. (Mus.) Same as Doric, 3. ´Dorian mood.´ Milton. Dorian mode (Mus.), the first of the authentic church modes or tones, from D to D, resembling our D minor scale, but with the B natural. Grove.

Do´ri•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Doris in Greece.

Dor´ic , a. [L. Doricus, Gr. , fr. the Dorians.] 1. Pertaining to Doris, in ancient Greece, or to the Dorians; as the Doric dialect. 2. (Arch.) Belonging to, or resembling, the oldest and simplest of the three orders of architecture used by the Greeks, but ranked as second of the five orders adopted by the Romans. See Abacus, Capital, Order. This order is distinguished, according to the treatment of details, as Grecian Doric, or Roman Doric. 3. (Mus.) Of or relating to one of the ancient Greek musical modes or keys. Its character was adapted both to religions occasions and to war.

Dor´ic, n. The Doric dialect.

Dor´i•cism , n. A Doric phrase or idiom.

Do´ris , n. [L. Doris, the daughter of Oceanus, and wife of Nereus, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks having a wreath of branchiae on the back.

Do´rism , n. [Gr. .] A Doric phrase or idiom.

Dor´king fowl [From the town of Dorking in England.] (Zoöl.) One of a breed of large-bodied domestic fowls, having five toes, or the hind toe double. There are several strains, as the white, gray, and silver- gray. They are highly esteemed for the table.

Dor´man•cy , n. [From Dormant.] The state of being dormant; quiescence; abeyance.

Dor´mant , a. [F., p. pr. of dormir to sleep, from L. dormire; cf. Gr. , Skr. dra, OSlav. drmati.] 1. Sleeping; as a dormant animal; hence, not in action or exercise; quiescent; at rest; in abeyance; not disclosed, asserted, or insisted on; as dormant passions; dormant claims or titles. “It is by lying dormant a long time, or being … very rarely exercised, that arbitrary power steals upon a people.” Burke. 2. (Her.) In a sleeping posture; as a lion dormant; — distinguished from couchant. Dormant partner (Com.), a partner who takes no share in the active business of a company or partnership, but is entitled to a share of the profits, and subject to a share in losses; — called also sleeping or silent partner. — Dormant window (Arch.), a dormer window. See Dormer. — Table dormant, a stationary table. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dor´mant , n. [See Dormant, a.] (Arch.) A large beam in the roof of a house upon which portions of the other timbers rest or ´ sleep.´ Arch. Pub. Soc. — Called also dormant tree, dorman tree, dormond, and dormer. Halliwell.

Dor´mer , or Dor´mer win´dow , n. [Literally, the window of a sleeping apartment. F. dormir to sleep. See Dormant, a. & n.] (Arch.) A window pierced in a roof, and so set as to be vertical while the roof slopes away from it. also the gablet, or houselike structure, in which it is contained.

Dor´mi•tive , a. [Cf. F. dormitif, fr. dormire to sleep.] Causing sleep; as the dormitive properties of opium. Clarke. — n. (Med.) A medicine to promote sleep; a soporific; an opiate.

Dor´mi•to•ry , n.; pl. Dormitories (#). [L. dormitorium, fr. dormitorius of or for sleeping, fr. dormire to sleep. See Dormant.] 1. A sleeping room, or a building containing a series of sleeping rooms; a sleeping apartment capable of containing many beds; esp., one connected with a college or boarding school. Thackeray. 2. A burial place. [Obs.] Ayliffe. “My sister was interred in a very honorable manner in our dormitory, joining to the parish church.” Evelyn.

Dor´mouse , n.; pl. Dormice (#). [Perh. fr. F. dormir to sleep (Prov. E. dorm to doze) + E. mouse; or perh. changed fr. F. dormeuse, fem., a sleeper, though not found in the sense of a dormouse.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent of the genus Myoxus, of several species. They live in trees and feed on nuts, acorns, etc.; — so called because they are usually torpid in winter.

Dorn , n. [Cf. G. dorn thorn, D. doorn, and G. dornfisch stickleback.] (Zoöl.) A British ray; the thornback. { Dor´nick , or Dor´nock }, n. A coarse sort of damask, originally made at Tournay (in Flemish, Doornick), Belgium, and used for hangings, carpets, etc. also a stout figured linen manufactured in Scotland. [Formerly written also darnex, dornic, dorneck, etc.] Halliwell. Jamieson. Ure says that dornock, a kind of stout figured linen, derives its name from a town in Scotland where it was first manufactured for tablecloths.

Dorp , n. [LG. & D. dorp. See Thorpe.] A hamlet. ´A mean fishing dorp.´ Howell.

Dorr , n. The dorbeetle; also a drone or an idler. See 1st Dor. Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Dorr, v. t. 1. To deceive. [Obs.] See Dor, v. t. 2. To deafen with noise. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Dorr´fly , n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Dor.

Dorr´hawk , n. (Zoöl.) See Dorhawk.

Dor´sad , adv. [Dorsum +L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Toward the dorsum or back; on the dorsal side; dorsally.

Dor´sal , a. [F. dorsal, LL. dorsalis, fr. L. dorsualis, fr. dorsum back; cf. Gr. , , mountain ridge. Cf. Dorse, Dorsel, Dosel.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the back, or dorsum, of an animal or of one of its parts; notal; tergal; neural; as the dorsal fin of a fish; the dorsal artery of the tongue; — opposed to ventral. 2. (Bot.) (a) Pertaining to the surface naturally inferior, as of a leaf. (b) Pertaining to the surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss. Dorsal vessel (Zoöl.), a central pulsating blood vessel along the back of insects, acting as a heart.

Dor´sal, n. [LL. dorsale, neut. fr. dorsalis. See Dorsal, a.] (Fine Arts) A hanging, usually of rich stuff, at the back of a throne, or of an altar, or in any similar position.

Dor´sale , n. Same as Dorsal, n.

Dor´sal•ly , adv. (Anat.) On, or toward, the dorsum, or back; on the dorsal side of; dorsad.

Dorse , n. [Cf. L. dorsum the back. See Dorsel, Dosel.] 1. Same as dorsal, n. [Obs.] 2. The back of a book. [Obs.] “Books, all richly bound, with gilt dorses.” Wood.

Dorse, n. (Zoöl.) The Baltic or variable cod (Gadus callarias), by some believed to be the young of the common codfish.

Dor´sel , n. [See Dosser.] 1. A pannier. 2. Same as Dorsal, n.

Dor´ser , n. See Dosser.

dor•si•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., from L. dorsum back + branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of chaetopod annelids in which the branchiae are along the back, on each side, or on the parapodia. [See Illusts. under Annelida and Chaetopoda.]

Dor•si•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having branchiae along the back; belonging to the Dorsibranchiata. — n. One of the Dorsibranchiata.

Dor•sif´er•ous ,. [Dorsum + -ferous; cf. F. dorsifère.] (Biol.) Bearing, or producing, on the back; — applied to ferns which produce seeds on the back of the leaf, and to certain Batrachia, the ova of which become attached to the skin of the back of the parent, where they develop; dorsiparous.

Dor•si•mes´on , n. [Dorsum + meson.] (Anat.) See Meson.

Dor•sip´a•rous , a. [Dorsum + L. parere to bring forth.] (Biol.) Same as Dorsiferous.

Dor•si•ven´tral , a. [Dorsum + ventral.] 1. (Biol.) Having distinct upper and lower surfaces, as most common leaves. The leaves of the iris are not dorsiventral. 2. (Anat.) See Dorsoventral.

Dor•so•ven´tral , a. [dorsum + ventral.] (Anat.) From the dorsal to the ventral side of an animal; as the dorsoventral axis.

Dor´sum , n. [L.] 1. The ridge of a hill. 2. (Anat.) The back or dorsal region of an animal; the upper side of an appendage or part; as the dorsum of the tongue. { Dor´tour , Dor´ture } n. [F. dortoir, fr. L. dormitorium.] A dormitory. [Obs.] Bacon.

Do´ry , n.; pl. Dories (#). [Named from 1st color, fr. F. doree gilded, fr. dorer to gild, L. deaurare. See Deaurate, and cf. Aureole.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European fish. See Doree, and John Doree. 2. (Zoöl.) The American wall-eyed perch; — called also dore. See Pike perch.

Do´ry, n.; pl. Dories . A small, strong, flat-bottomed rowboat, with sharp prow and flaring sides.

Do•ryph´o•ra , n. [NL. See Doryphoros.] (Zoöl.) A genus of plant-eating beetles, including the potato beetle. See Potato beetle.

Do•ryph´o•ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., spear bearing; a spear + fe•rein to bear.] (Fine Arts) A spear bearer; a statue of a man holding a spear or in the attitude of a spear bearer. Several important sculptures of this subject existed in antiquity, copies of which remain to us.

Dose (dos), n. [F. dose, Gr. do•sis a giving, a dose, fr. dido•nai to give; akin to L. dare to give. See Date point of time.] 1. The quantity of medicine given, or prescribed to be taken, at one time. 2. A sufficient quantity; a portion; as much as one can take, or as falls to one to receive. 3. Anything nauseous that one is obliged to take; a disagreeable portion thrust upon one. “I am for curing the world by gentle alteratives, not by violent doses.” W. Irving. “I dare undertake that as fulsome a dose as you give him, he shall readily take it down.” South.

Dose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dosed p. pr. & vb. n. dosing.] [Cf. F. doser. See Dose, n.] 1. To proportion properly (a medicine), with reference to the patient or the disease; to form into suitable doses. 2. To give doses to; to medicine or physic to; to give potions to, constantly and without need. “A self-opinioned physician, worse than his distemper, who shall dose, and bleed, and kill him, ´secundum artem.´” South 3. To give anything nauseous to.

Dos´el , n. [OF. dossel; cf. LL. dorsale. See Dorsal, and cf. Dorse, Dorsel.] Same as Dorsal, n. [R.]

Do•sol´o•gy , n. [Dose +- logy.] Posology. [R.] Ogilvie.

Dos´sel , n. [See Dosel, n.] Same as Dorsal, n.

Dos´ser , n. [LL. dosserum, or F. dossier bundle of papers, part of a basket resting on the back, fr. L. dorsum back. See Dorsal, and cf. Dosel.] [Written also dorser and dorsel.] 1. A pannier, or basket. “To hire a ripper’s mare, and buy new dossers.” Beau. & Fl. 2. A hanging tapestry; a dorsal.

Dos´sil , n. [OE. dosil faucet of a barrel, OF. dosil, duisil, spigot, LL. diciculus, ducillus, fr. L. ducere to lead, draw. See Duct, Duke.] 1. (Surg.) A small ovoid or cylindrical roil or pledget of lint, for keeping a sore, wound, etc., open; a tent. 2. (Printing) A roll of cloth for wiping off the face of a copperplate, leaving the ink in the engraved lines.

Dost , 2d pers. sing. pres. of Do.

Dot , n. [F., fr. L. dos, dotis, dowry. See Dower, and cf. Dote dowry.] (Law) A marriage portion; dowry. [Louisiana]

Dot, n. [Cf. AS. dott small spot, speck; of uncertain origin.] 1. A small point or spot, made with a pen or other pointed instrument; a speck, or small mark. 2. Anything small and like a speck comparatively; a small portion or specimen; as a dot of a child.

Dot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dotting.] 1. To mark with dots or small spots; as to dot a line. 2. To mark or diversify with small detached objects; as, a landscape dotted with cottages.

Dot, v. i. To make dots or specks.

Do´tage , n. [From Dote, v. i.] 1. Feebleness or imbecility of understanding or mind, particularly in old age; the childishness of old age; senility; as a venerable man, now in his dotage. “Capable of distinguishing between the infancy and the dotage of Greek literature.” Macaulay. 2. Foolish utterance; drivel. “The sapless dotages of old Paris and Salamanca.” Milton. 3. Excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection. “The dotage of the nation on presbytery.” Bp. Burnet.

Do´tal , a. [L. dotalis, fr. dos, dotis, dowry: cf. F. dotal. See Dot dowry.] Pertaining to dower, or a woman’s marriage portion; constituting dower, or comprised in it. Garth.

Do´tant , n. A dotard. [Obs.] Shak.

Do´tard , n. [Dote, v. i.] One whose mind is impaired by age; one in second childhood. “The sickly dotard wants a wife.” Prior.

Do´tard•ly, a. Foolish; weak. Dr. H. More.

Do´ta•ry , n. A dotard’s weakness; dotage. [Obs.] Drayton.

Do•ta´tion , n. [LL. dotatio, fr. L. dotare to endow, fr. dos, dotis, dower: cf. F. dotation. See Dot dowry.] 1. The act of endowing, or bestowing a marriage portion on a woman. 2. Endowment; establishment of funds for support, as of a hospital or eleemosynary corporation. Blackstone.

Dote , n. [See Dot dowry.] 1. A marriage portion. [Obs.] See 1st Dot, n. Wyatt. 2. pl. Natural endowments. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Dote, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doted; p. pr. & vb. n. Doting.] [OE. doten; akin to OD. doten, D. dutten, to doze, Icel. dotta to nod from sleep, MHG. tzen to keep still: cf. F. doter, OF. radoter (to dote, rave, talk idly or senselessly), which are from the same source.] [Written also doat.] 1. To act foolishly. [Obs.] “He wol make him doten anon right.” Chaucer. 2. To be weak-minded, silly, or idiotic; to have the intellect impaired, especially by age, so that the mind wanders or wavers; to drivel. “Time has made you dote, and vainly tell
Of arms imagined in your lonely cell.” Dryden. “He survived the use of his reason, grew infatuated, and doted long before he died.” South. 3. To be excessively or foolishly fond; to love to excess; to be weakly affectionate; — with on or upon; as the mother dotes on her child. “Sing, siren, for thyself, and I will dote.” Shak. “What dust we dote on, when ’t is man we love.” Pope.

Dote, n. An imbecile; a dotard. Halliwell.

Dot´ed , a. 1. Stupid; foolish. [Obs.] “Senseless speech and doted ignorance.” Spenser. 2. Half-rotten; as doted wood. [Local, U. S.]

Dote´head , n. A dotard. [R.] Tyndale.

Dot´er , n. 1. One who dotes; a man whose understanding is enfeebled by age; a dotard. Burton. 2. One excessively fond, or weak in love. Shak.

Dot´er•y , n. The acts or speech of a dotard; drivel. [R.]

Doth , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Do.

Dot´ing , a. That dotes; silly; excessively fond. — Dot´ing•ly, adv. — Dot´ing•ness, n.

Dot´ish, a. Foolish; weak; imbecile. Sir W. Scott.

Dot´tard , n. [For Dotard ?] An old, decayed tree. [R.] Bacon.

Dot´ted , a. Marked with, or made of, dots or small spots; diversified with small, detached objects. Dotted note (Mus.), a note followed by a dot to indicate an increase of length equal to one half of its simple value; thus, a dotted semibreve is equal to three minims, and a dotted quarter to three eighth notes. — Dotted rest, a rest lengthened by a dot in the same manner as a dotted note. Notes and rests are sometimes followed by two dots, to indicate an increase of length equal to three quarters of their simple value, and they are then said to be double-dotted.

Dot´ter•el , a. [Cf. Dottard.] Decayed. ´Some old dotterel trees.´ [Obs.] Ascham.

Dot´ter•el, n. [From Dote, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European bird of the Plover family (Eudromias or Charadrius, morinellus). It is tame and easily taken, and is popularly believed to imitate the movements of the fowler. “In catching of dotterels we see how the foolish bird playeth the ape in gestures.” Bacon. The ringed dotterel (or ring plover) is Charadrius hiaticula. 2. A silly fellow; a dupe; a gull. Barrow.

Dot´ting pen See under Pun.

Dot´trel , n. (Zoöl.) See Dotterel.

Do´ty , a. [See Dottard.] Half-rotten; as doty timber. [Local, U. S.]

Dou•ane´ , n. [F.] A customhouse.

Dou•a´nier´ , n. [F.] An officer of the French customs. [Anglicized form douaneer.]

Dou´ar , n. [F., fr. Ar. dar.] A village composed of Arab tents arranged in streets.

Dou´ay Bi´ble [From Douay, or Douai, a town in France.] A translation of the Scriptures into the English language for the use of English-speaking Roman Catholics; — done from the Latin Vulgate by English scholars resident in France. The New Testament portion was published at Rheims, A. D. 1582, the Old Testament at Douai, A. D. 1609-10. Various revised editions have since been published. [Written also Doway Bible. Called also the Rheims and Douay version.]

Doub´ grass (doob´ gras).(Bot.) Doob grass.

Dou´ble (dub´’l), a. [OE. doble, duble, double, OF. doble, duble, double, F. double, fr. L. duplus, fr. the root of duo two, and perh. that of plenus full; akin to Gr. diplo•os double. See Two, and Full, and cf. Diploma, Duple.] 1. Twofold; multiplied by two; increased by its equivalent; made twice as large or as much, etc. “Let a double portion of thy spirit be upon me.” 2 Kings ii. 9. “Darkness and tempest make a double night.” Dryden. 2. Being in pairs; presenting two of a kind, or two in a set together; coupled. “[Let] The swan, on still St. Mary’s lake,
Float double, swan and shadow.” Wordsworth. 3. Divided into two; acting two parts, one openly and the other secretly; equivocal; deceitful; insincere. “With a double heart do they speak.” Ps. xii. 2. 4. (Bot.) Having the petals in a flower considerably increased beyond the natural number, usually as the result of cultivation and the expense of the stamens, or stamens and pistils. The white water lily and some other plants have their blossoms naturally double. Double is often used as the first part of a compound word, generally denoting two ways, or twice the number, quantity, force, etc., twofold, or having two. Double base, or Double bass (Mus.), the largest and lowest-toned instrument in the violin form; the contrabasso or violone. — Double convex. See under Convex. — Double counterpoint (Mus.), that species of counterpoint or composition, in which two of the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them an octave higher or lower. — Double court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for four players, two on each side. — Double dagger (Print.), a reference mark (‡) next to the dagger (†) in order; a diesis. — Double drum (Mus.), a large drum that is beaten at both ends. — Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States having the value of 20 dollars. - - Double entry. See under Bookkeeping. — Double floor (Arch.), a floor in which binding joists support flooring joists above and ceiling joists below. See Illust. of Double-framed floor. — Double flower. See Double, a., 4. — Double-framed floor (Arch.), a double floor having girders into which the binding joists are framed. - - Double fugue (Mus.), a fugue on two subjects. — Double letter. (a) (Print.) Two letters on one shank; a ligature. (b) A mail requiring double postage. — Double note (Mus.), a note of double the length of the semibreve; a breve. See Breve. — Double octave (Mus.), an interval composed of two octaves, or fifteen notes, in diatonic progression; a fifteenth. — Double pica. See under Pica. — Double play (Baseball), a play by which two players are put out at the same time. — Double plea (Law), a plea alleging several matters in answer to the declaration, where either of such matters alone would be a sufficient bar to the action. Stephen. — Double point (Geom.), a point of a curve at which two branches cross each other. Conjugate or isolated points of a curve are called double points, since they possess most of the properties of double points (see Conjugate). They are also called acnodes, and those points where the branches of the curve really cross are called crunodes. The extremity of a cusp is also a double point. — Double quarrel. (Eccl. Law) See Duplex querela, under Duplex. — Double refraction. (Opt.) See Refraction. — Double salt. (Chem.) (a) A mixed salt of any polybasic acid which has been saturated by different bases or basic radicals, as the double carbonate of sodium and potassium, NaKCO3.6H2O. (b) A molecular combination of two distinct salts, as common alum, which consists of the sulphate of aluminium, and the sulphate of potassium or ammonium. — Double shuffle, a low, noisy dance. — Double standard (Polit. Econ.), a double standard of monetary values; i. e., a gold standard and a silver standard, both of which are made legal tender. — Double star (Astron.), two stars so near to each other as to be seen separate only by means of a telescope. Such stars may be only optically near to each other, or may be physically connected so that they revolve round their common center of gravity, and in the latter case are called also binary stars. — Double time (Mil.). Same as Double-quick. — Double window, a window having two sets of glazed sashes with an air space between them.

Dou´ble , adv. Twice; doubly. “I was double their age.” Swift.

Dou´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doubled p. pr. & vb. n. Doubling ] [OE. doblen, dublen, doublen, F. doubler, fr. L. duplare, fr. duplus. See Double, a.] 1. To increase by adding an equal number, quantity, length, value, or the like; multiply by two; as to double a sum of money; to double a number, or length. “Double six thousand, and then treble that.” Shak. 2. To make of two thicknesses or folds by turning or bending together in the middle; to fold one part upon another part of; as to double the leaf of a book, and the like; to clinch, as the fist; — often followed by up; as to double up a sheet of paper or cloth. Prior. “Then the old man
Was wroth, and doubled up his hands.” Tennyson. 3. To be the double of; to exceed by twofold; to contain or be worth twice as much as. “Thus reënforced, against the adverse fleet,
Still doubling ours, brave Rupert leads the way.” Dryden. 4. To pass around or by; to march or sail round, so as to reverse the direction of motion. “Sailing along the coast, the doubled the promontory of Carthage.” Knolles. 5. (Mil.) To unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one from each two.

Dou´ble, v. i. 1. To be increased to twice the sum, number, quantity, length, or value; to increase or grow to twice as much. “’T is observed in particular nations, that within the space of three hundred years, notwithstanding all casualties, the number of men doubles.” T. Burnet. 2. To return upon one’s track; to turn and go back over the same ground, or in an opposite direction. “Doubling and turning like a hunted hare.” Dryden. “Doubling and doubling with laborious walk.” Wordsworth. 3. To play tricks; to use sleights; to play false. “What penalty and danger you accrue,
If you be found to double.” J. Webster. 4. (Print.) To set up a word or words a second time by mistake; to make a doublet. To double upon (Mil.), to inclose between two fires.

Dou´ble, n. 1. Twice as much; twice the number, sum, quantity, length, value, and the like. “If the thief be found, let him pay double.” Ex. xxii. 7. 2. Among compositors, a doublet (see Doublet, 2.); among pressmen, a sheet that is twice pulled, and blurred. 3. That which is doubled over or together; a doubling; a plait; a fold. “Rolled up in sevenfold double
Of plagues.” Marston. 4. A turn or circuit in running to escape pursues; hence, a trick; a shift; an artifice. “These men are too well acquainted with the chase to be flung off by any false steps or doubles.” Addison. 5. Something precisely equal or counterpart to another; a counterpart. Hence, a wraith. “My charming friend … has I am almost sure, a double, who preaches his afternoon sermons for him.” Atlantic Monthly. 6. A player or singer who prepares to take the part of another player in his absence; a substitute. 7. Double beer; strong beer. 8. (Eccl.) A feast in which the antiphon is doubled, hat is, said twice, before and after the Psalms, instead of only half being said, as in simple feasts. Shipley. 9. (Lawn Tennis) A game between two pairs of players; as a first prize for doubles. 10. (Mus.) An old term for a variation, as in Bach’s Suites.

Dou´ble-act•ing , a. Acting or operating in two directions or with both motions; producing a twofold result; as a double-acting engine or pump.

Dou´ble-bank´ , v. t. (Naut.) To row by rowers sitting side by side in twos on a bank or thwart. To double-bank an oar, to set two men to pulling one oar.

Dou´ble-banked , a. Applied to a kind of rowing in which the rowers sit side by side in twos, a pair of oars being worked from each bank or thwart. { Dou´ble-bar•reled , or -bar•relled }, a. Having two barrels; — applied to a gun.

Dou´ble-beat• valve´ See under Valve.

Dou´ble-breast•ed , a. Folding or lapping over on the breast, with a row of buttons and buttonholes on each side; as a double-breasted coat.

Dou´ble-charge , v. t. 1. To load with a double charge, as of gunpowder. 2. To overcharge. Shak.

Dou´ble deal´er One who practices double dealing; a deceitful, trickish person. L’Estrange.

Dou´ble deal´ing False or deceitful dealing. See Double dealing, under Dealing. Shak.

Dou´ble-deck´er , n. 1. (Naut.) A man-of-war having two gun decks. 2. A public conveyance, as a street car, with seats on the roof. [Colloq.]

Dou´ble-dye , v. t. To dye again or twice over. “To double-dye their robes in scarlet.” J. Webster.

Dou´ble-dyed , a. Dyed twice; thoroughly or intensely colored; hence; firmly fixed in opinions or habits; as a double-dyed villain.

Dou´ble-end´er , n. (a) (Naut.) A vessel capable of moving in either direction, having bow and rudder at each end. (b) (Railroad) A locomotive with pilot at each end. Knight.

Dou´ble-en•ten´dre , n. [F. double double + entendre to mean. This is a barbarous compound of French words. The true French equivalent is double entente.] A word or expression admitting of a double interpretation, one of which is often obscure or indelicate.

Dou´ble-eyed , a. Having a deceitful look. [R.] ´Deceitful meanings is double- eyed.´ Spenser.

Dou´ble-faced , a. 1. Having two faces designed for use; as a double-faced hammer. 2. Deceitful; hypocritical; treacherous. Milton.

Dou´ble first (Eng. Universities) (a) A degree of the first class both in classics and mathematics. (b) One who gains at examinations the highest honor both in the classics and the mathematics. Beaconsfield.

Dou´ble-hand´ed , a. 1. Having two hands. 2. Deceitful; deceptive. Glanvill.

Dou´ble-head´ed , a. Having two heads; bicipital. Double-headed rail (Railroad), a rail whose flanges are duplicates, so that when one is worn the other may be turned uppermost.

Dou´ble•heart´ed , a. Having a false heart; deceitful; treacherous. Sandys.

Dou´ble-hung , a. Having both sashes hung with weights and cords; — said of a window.

Dou´ble-lock , v. t. To lock with two bolts; to fasten with double security. Tatler.

Dou´ble-milled , a. Twice milled or fulled, to render more compact or fine; — said of cloth; as double-milled kerseymere.

Dou´ble•mind´ed , a. Having different minds at different times; unsettled; undetermined. “A double-minded man is unstable in all his ways.” Jas. i. 8.

Dou´ble•ness , n. 1. The state of being double or doubled. 2. Duplicity; insincerity. Chaucer.

Dou´ble-quick , a. (Mil.) Of, or performed in, the fastest time or step in marching, next to the run; as a double-quick step or march.

Dou´ble-quick, n. Double-quick time, step, or march. Double-quick time requires 165 steps, each 33 inches in length, to be taken in one minute. The number of steps may be increased up to 180 per minute.

Dou´ble-quick, v. i. & t. (Mil.) To move, or cause to move, in double-quick time.

Dou´bler , n. 1. One who, or that which, doubles. 2. (Elec.) An instrument for augmenting a very small quantity of electricity, so as to render it manifest by sparks or the electroscope.

Dou´ble-rip´per , n. A kind of coasting sled, made of two sleds fastened together with a board, one before the other. [Local, U. S.]

Dou´ble-shade , v. t. To double the natural darkness of (a place). Milton.

Doub´let , n. [In sense 3, OF. doublet; in sense 4, F. doublet, dim. of double double. See Double, a.] 1. Two of the same kind; a pair; a couple. 2. (Print.) A word or words unintentionally doubled or set up a second time. 3. A close-fitting garment for men, covering the body from the neck to the waist or a little below. It was worn in Western Europe from the 15th to the 17th century. 4. (Lapidary Work) A counterfeit gem, composed of two pieces of crystal, with a color them, and thus giving the appearance of a naturally colored gem. also a piece of paste or glass covered by a veneer of real stone. 5. (Opt.) An arrangement of two lenses for a microscope, designed to correct spherical aberration and chromatic dispersion, thus rendering the image of an object more clear and distinct. W. H. Wollaston. 6. pl. (See No. 1.) Two dice, each of which, when thrown, has the same number of spots on the face lying uppermost; as to throw doublets. 7. pl. [Cf. Pr. doblier, dobler draughtboard.] A game somewhat like backgammon. Halliwell. 8. One of two or more words in the same language derived by different courses from the same original from; as crypt and grot are doublets; also guard and ward; yard and garden; abridge and abbreviate, etc.

Dou´ble•thread•ed , a. 1. Consisting of two threads twisted together; using two threads. 2. (Mech.) Having two screw threads instead of one; — said of a screw in which the pitch is equal to twice the distance between the centers of adjacent threads.

Dou´ble-tongue , n. Deceit; duplicity. “Now cometh the sin of double-tongue, such as speak fair before folk and wickedly behind.” Chaucer.

Dou´ble-tongued , a. Making contrary declarations on the same subject; deceitful. “Likewise must the deacons be grave, not double- tongued.” 1 Tim. iii. 8.

Dou´ble-tongu•ing , n. (Mus.) A peculiar action of the tongue by flute players in articulating staccato notes; also the rapid repetition of notes in cornet playing.

Dou´ble•tree , n. The bar, or crosspiece, of a carriage, to which the singletrees are attached.

Doub´lets , n. pl. See Doublet, 6 and 7.

Dou´bling , n. 1. The act of one that doubles; a making double; reduplication; also that which is doubled. 2. A turning and winding; as the doubling of a hunted hare; shift; trick; artifice. Dryden. 3. (Her.) The lining of the mantle borne about the shield or escutcheon. 4. The process of redistilling spirits, to improve the strength and flavor. Doubling a cape, promontory, etc. (Naut.), sailing around or passing beyond a cape, promontory, etc.

Doub•loon´ , n. [F. doublon, Sp. doblon. See Double, a., and cf. Dupion.] A Spanish gold coin, no longer issued, varying in value at different times from over fifteen dollars to about five. See Doblon in Sup.

Dou´bly , adv. 1. In twice the quantity; to twice the degree; as doubly wise or good; to be doubly sensible of an obligation. Dryden. 2. Deceitfully. ´A man that deals doubly.´ Huloet.

Doubt , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Douted; p. pr. & vb. n. Doubting.] [OE. duten, douten, OF. duter, doter, douter, F. douter, fr. L. dubitare; akin to dubius doubtful. See Dubious.] 1. To waver in opinion or judgment; to be in uncertainty as to belief respecting anything; to hesitate in belief; to be undecided as to the truth of the negative or the affirmative proposition; to b e undetermined. “Even in matters divine, concerning some things, we may lawfully doubt, and suspend our judgment.” Hooker. “To try your love and make you doubt of mine.” Dryden. 2. To suspect; to fear; to be apprehensive. [Obs.] Syn. — To waver; vacillate; fluctuate; hesitate; demur; scruple; question.

Doubt, v. t. 1. To question or hold questionable; to withhold assent to; to hesitate to believe, or to be inclined not to believe; to withhold confidence from; to distrust; as I have heard the story, but I doubt the truth of it. “To admire superior sense, and doubt their own!” Pope. “I doubt not that however changed, you keep
So much of what is graceful.” Tennyson. To doubt not but. “I do not doubt but I have been to blame.” Dryden. “We doubt not now
But every rub is smoothed on our way.” Shak. That is, we have no doubt to prevent us from believing, etc. (or notwithstanding all that may be said to the contrary) — but having a preventive sense, after verbs of ´doubting´ and ´denying´ that convey a notion of hindrance. E. A. Abbott. 2. To suspect; to fear; to be apprehensive of. [Obs.] “Edmond [was a] good man and doubted God.” R. of Gloucester. “I doubt some foul play.” Shak. “That I of doubted danger had no fear.” Spenser. 3. To fill with fear; to affright. [Obs.] “The virtues of the valiant Caratach
More doubt me than all Britain.” Beau. & Fl.

Doubt, n. [OE. dute, doute, F. doute, fr. douter to doubt. See Doubt, v. i.] 1. A fluctuation of mind arising from defect of knowledge or evidence; uncertainty of judgment or mind; unsettled state of opinion concerning the reality of an event, or the truth of an assertion, etc.; hesitation. “Doubt is the beginning and the end of our efforts to know.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Doubt, in order to be operative in requiring an acquittal, is not the want of perfect certainty (which can never exist in any question of fact) but a defect of proof preventing a reasonable assurance of quilt.” Wharton. 2. Uncertainty of condition. “Thy life shall hang in doubt before thee.” Deut. xxviii. 66. 3. Suspicion; fear; apprehension; dread. [Obs.] “I stand in doubt of you.” Gal. iv. 20. “Nor slack her threatful hand for danger’s doubt.” Spenser. 4. Difficulty expressed or urged for solution; point unsettled; objection. “To every doubt your answer is the same.” Blackmore. No doubt, undoubtedly; without doubt. - - Out of doubt, beyond doubt. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — Uncertainty; hesitation; suspense; indecision; irresolution; distrust; suspicion; scruple; perplexity; ambiguity; skepticism.

Doubt´a•ble , a. [OF. doutable, L. dubitabilis, from dubitare. Cf. Dubitable.] 1. Capable of being doubted; questionable. 2. Worthy of being feared; redoubtable. [Obs.]

Doubt´ance , n. [OF. doutance. Cf. Dubitancy.] State of being in doubt; uncertainty; doubt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Doubt´er , n. One who doubts; one whose opinion is unsettled; one who scruples.

Doubt´ful , a. 1. Not settled in opinion; undetermined; wavering; hesitating in belief; also used, metaphorically, of the body when its action is affected by such a state of mind; as we are doubtful of a fact, or of the propriety of a measure. “Methinks I should know you, and know this man;
Yet I am doubtful.” Shak. “With doubtful feet and wavering resolution.” Milton. 2. Admitting of doubt; not obvious, clear, or certain; questionable; not decided; not easy to be defined, classed, or named; as a doubtful case, hue, claim, title, species, and the like. “Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good.” Shak. “Is it a great cruelty to expel from our abode the enemy of our peace, or even the doubtful friend [i. e., one as to whose sincerity there may be doubts]?” Bancroft. 3. Characterized by ambiguity; dubious; as a doubtful expression; a doubtful phrase. 4. Of uncertain issue or event. “We … have sustained one day in doubtful fight.” Milton. “The strife between the two principles had been long, fierce, and doubtful.” Macaulay. 5. Fearful; apprehensive; suspicious. [Obs.] “I am doubtful that you have been conjunct
And bosomed with her.” Shak. Syn. — Wavering; vacillating; hesitating; undetermined; distrustful; dubious; uncertain; equivocal; ambiguous; problematical; questionable.

Doubt´ful•ly , adv. In a doubtful manner. “Nor did the goddess doubtfully declare.” Dryden.

Doubt´ful•ness, n. 1. State of being doubtful. 2. Uncertainty of meaning; ambiguity; indefiniteness. ´ The doubtfulness of his expressions.´ Locke. 3. Uncertainty of event or issue. Bacon.

Doubt´ing, a. That is uncertain; that distrusts or hesitates; having doubts. — Doubt´ing•ly, adv.

Doubt´less, a. Free from fear or suspicion. [Obs.] “Pretty child, sleep doubtless and secure.” Shak.

Doubt´less, adv. Undoubtedly; without doubt.

Doubt´less•ly, adv. Unquestionably. Beau. & Fl.

Doubt´ous , a. [OF. dotos, douteus, F. douteux.] Doubtful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Douc , n. (Zoöl.) A monkey (Semnopithecus nemaeus), remarkable for its varied and brilliant colors. It is a native of Cochin China.

Douce , a. [F. doux, masc., douce, fem., sweet, fr. L. duleis sweet.] 1. Sweet; pleasant. [Obs.] 2. Sober; prudent; sedate; modest. [Scot.] “And this is a douce, honest man.” Sir W. Scott.

Douce´pere , n. [F. les douze pairs the twelve peers of France, renowned in romantic fiction.] One of the twelve peers of France, companions of Charlemagne in war. [Written also douzepere.] [Obs.] “Big-looking like a doughty doucepere.” Spenser. { Dou´cet , Dow´set }, n. [F. doucet sweet, dim. of doux. See Douce.] 1. A custard. [Obs.] 2. A dowcet, or deep’s testicle.

Dou•ceur´ , n. [F., fr. doux sweet. See Douce.] 1. Gentleness and sweetness of manner; agreeableness. Chesterfield. 2. A gift for service done or to be done; an honorarium; a present; sometimes, a bribe. Burke.

Douche , n. [F., fr. It. doccia, fr. docciare to flow, pour, fr. an assumed LL. ductiare, fr. L. ducere, ductum, to lead, conduct (water). See Duct.] 1. A jet or current of water or vapor directed upon some part of the body to benefit it medicinally; a douche bath. 2. (Med.) A syringe.

Dou´cine , n. [F.] (Arch.) Same as Cymarecta, under Cyma.

Douck´er , n. [From aouck, for duck. See Duck, v. t.] (Zoöl.) A grebe or diver; — applied also to the golden-eye, pochard, scoter, and other ducks. [Written also ducker.] [Prov. Eng.]

Dough , n. [OE. dagh, dogh, dow, AS. dah; akin to D. deeg, G. teig, Icel. deig, Sw. deg, Dan. deig, Goth. daigs; also to Goth. deigan to knead, L. fingere to form, shape, Skr. dih to smear; cf. Gr. wall, to touch, handle. . Cf. Feign, Figure, Dairy, Duff.] 1. Paste of bread; a soft mass of moistened flour or meal, kneaded or unkneaded, but not yet baked; as to knead dough. 2. Anything of the consistency of such paste. To have one’s cake dough. See under Cake.

Dough´-baked , a. Imperfectly baked; hence, not brought to perfection; unfinished; also of weak or dull understanding. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Dough´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The Eskimo curlew (Numenius borealis). See Curlew.

Dough´face , n. A contemptuous nickname for a timid, yielding politician, or one who is easily molded. [Political cant, U. S.]

Dough´-faced , a. Easily molded; pliable.

Dough´face•ism , n. The character of a doughface; truckling pliability.

Dough´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being doughy.

Dough´-knead•ed , a. Like dough; soft. “He demeans himself … like a dough-kneaded thing.” Milton.

Dough´nut , n. A small cake (usually sweetened) fried in a kettle of boiling lard.

Dough´ti•ly , adv. In a doughty manner.

Dough´ti•ness, n. The quality of being doughty; valor; bravery.

Dough´tren , n. pl. [See Daughter.] Daughters. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dough´ty (dou´ty), a. [Compar. Doughtier (-ti•er); superl. Doughtiest.] [OE. duhti, dohti, douhti, brave, valiant, fit, useful, as dyhtig; akin to G. tüchtig, Dan. dygtig, Sw. dygdig virtuous, and fr. AS. dugan to avail, be of use, be strong, akin to D. deugen, OHG. tugan, G. taugen, Icel. & Sw. duga, Dan. due, Goth. dugan, but of uncertain origin; cf. Skr. duh to milk, give milk, draw out, or Gr. ty•chh fortune. rad.68.] Able; strong; valiant; redoubtable; as a doughty hero. “Sir Thopas wex [grew] a doughty swain.” Chaucer. “Doughty families, hugging old musty quarrels to their hearts, buffet each other from generation to generation.” Motley. Now seldom used, except in irony or burlesque.

Dough´y (do´y), a. Like dough; soft and heavy; pasty; crude; flabby and pale; as a doughy complexion.

Dou•loc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. doy^los slave + kratei^n to rule.] A government by slaves. [Written also dulocracy.] Hare.

Doum´ palm (doom´ päm•). See Doom palm.

Doupe , n. (Zoöl.) The carrion crow. [Written also dob.] [Prov. Eng.]

Dour , a. [Cf. F. dur, L. durus.] Hard; inflexible; obstinate; sour in aspect; hardy; bold. [Scot.] “A dour wife, a sour old carlin.” C. Reade.

Dou´ra , n. A kind of millet. See Durra.

Dou•rou•cou´li , n. See Durukuli.

Douse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doused p. pr. & vb. n. Dousing.] [Cf. Dowse, and OD. donsen to strike with the fist on the back, Sw. dunsa to fall down violently and noisily; perh. akin to E. din.] 1. To plunge suddenly into water; to duck; to immerse; to dowse. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. (Naut.) To strike or lower in haste; to slacken suddenly; as douse the topsail.

Douse, v. i. To fall suddenly into water. Hudibras.

Douse, v. t. [AS. dwaescan. (Skeat.)] To put out; to extinguish. [Slang] ´ To douse the glim.´ Sir W. Scott.

Dous´ing-chock , n. (Shipbuilding) One of several pieces fayed across the apron and lapped in the knightheads, or inside planking above the upper deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Dout , v. t. [Do + out. Cf. Doff.] To put out. [Obs.] ´It douts the light.´ Sylvester.

Dout´er , n. An extinguisher for candles. [Obs.]

Dove , n. [OE. dove, duve, douve, AS. dfe; akin to OS. dba, D. duif, OHG. tba, G. taube, Icel. dfa, Sw. dufva, Dan. due, Goth. db; perh. from the root of E. dive.] 1. (Zoöl.) A pigeon of the genus Columba and various related genera. The species are numerous. The domestic dove, including the varieties called fantails, tumblers, carrier pigeons, etc., was derived from the rock pigeon (Columba livia) of Europe and Asia; the turtledove of Europe, celebrated for its sweet, plaintive note, is C. turtur or Turtur vulgaris; the ringdove, the largest of European species, is C. palumbus; the Carolina dove, or Mourning dove, is Zenaidura macroura; the sea dove is the little auk (Mergulus alle or Alle alle). See Turtledove, Ground dove, and Rock pigeon. The dove is a symbol of innocence, gentleness, and affection; also in art and in the Scriptures, the typical symbol of the Holy Ghost. 2. A word of endearment for one regarded as pure and gentle. “O my dove, … let me hear thy voice.” Cant. ii. 14. Dove tick (Zoöl.), a mite (Argas reflexus) which infests doves and other birds. — Soiled dove, a prostitute. [Slang] { Dove´cot• , Dove´cote• } n. A small house or box, raised to a considerable height above the ground, and having compartments, in which domestic pigeons breed; a dove house. “Like an eagle in a dovecote, I
Fluttered your Volscians in Corioli.” Shak.

Dove´-eyed , a. Having eyes like a dove; meekeyed; as dove-eyed Peace.

Dove´kie , n. (Zoöl.) A guillemot (Uria grylle), of the arctic regions. Also applied to the little auk or sea dove. See under Dove.

Dove´let , n. A young or small dove. Booth.

Dove´like , a. Mild as a dove; gentle; pure and lovable. Longfellow.

Dove´ plant (Bot.) A Central American orchid (Peristeria elata), having a flower stem five or six feet high, with numerous globose white fragrant flowers. The column in the center of the flower resembles a dove; — called also Holy Spirit plant.

Do´ver’s Pow´der [From Dr. Dover, an English physician.] (Med.) A powder of ipecac and opium, compounded, in the United States, with sugar of milk, but in England (as formerly in the United States) with sulphate of potash, and in France (as in Dr. Dover’s original prescription) with nitrate and sulphate of potash and licorice. It is an anodyne diaphoretic.

Dove’s´-foot , n. (Bot.) (a) A small annual species of Geranium, native in England; — so called from the shape of the leaf. (b) The columbine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dove´ship , n. The possession of dovelike qualities, harmlessness and innocence. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Dove´tail , n. (Carp.) A flaring tenon, or tongue (shaped like a bird’s tail spread), and a mortise, or socket, into which it fits tightly, making an interlocking joint between two pieces which resists pulling a part in all directions except one. Dovetail molding (Arch.), a molding of any convex section arranged in a sort of zigzag, like a series of dovetails. — Dovetail saw (Carp.), a saw used in dovetailing.

Dove´tail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dovetailed p. pr. & vb. n. Dovetailing.] 1. (Carp.) (a) To cut to a dovetail. (b) To join by means of dovetails. 2. To fit in or connect strongly, skillfully, or nicely; to fit ingeniously or complexly. “He put together a piece of joinery so crossly indented and whimsically dovetailed … that it was indeed a very curious show.” Burke.

Dov´ish , a. Like a dove; harmless; innocent. ´Joined with dovish simplicity.´ Latimer.

Dow , n. A kind of vessel. See Dhow.

Dow, v. t. [F. douer. See Dower.] To furnish with a dower; to endow. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Dow´a•ble , a. [From Dow, v. t.] Capable of being endowed; entitled to dower. Blackstone.

Dow´a•ger , n. [OF. douagiere, fr. douage dower. See Dower.] 1. (Eng. Law) A widow endowed, or having a jointure; a widow who either enjoys a dower from her deceased husband, or has property of her own brought by her to her husband on marriage, and settled on her after his decease. Blount. Burrill. 2. A title given in England to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her husband’s heir bearing the same name; — chiefly applied to widows of personages of rank. “With prudes for proctors, dowagers for deans.” Tennyson. Queen dowager, the widow of a king.

Dow´a•ger•ism , n. The rank or condition of a dowager; formality, as that of a dowager. Also used figuratively. “Mansions that have passed away into dowagerism.” Thackeray.

Dow´cet , n. [See Doucet.] One of the testicles of a hart or stag. [Spelt also doucet.] B. Jonson.

Dow´dy , a. [Compar. Dowdier superl. Dowdiest.] [Scot. dawdie slovenly, daw, da sluggard, drab, Prov. E. dowd flat, dead.] Showing a vulgar taste in dress; awkward and slovenly in dress; vulgar-looking. — Dow´di•ly (#), adv. — Dow´di•ness, n.

Dow´dy, n.; pl. Dowdies . An awkward, vulgarly dressed, inelegant woman. Shak. Dryden.

Dow´dy•ish, a. Like a dowdy.

Dow´el , n. [Cf. G. döbel peg, F. douelle state of a cask, surface of an arch, douille socket, little pipe, cartridge.] (Mech.) 1. A pin, or block, of wood or metal, fitting into holes in the abutting portions of two pieces, and being partly in one piece and partly in the other, to keep them in their proper relative position. 2. A piece of wood driven into a wall, so that other pieces may be nailed to it. Dowel joint, a joint secured by a dowel or dowels. — Dowel pin, a dowel. See Dowel, n., 1.

Dow´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doweled or Dowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Doweling or Dowelling.] To fasten together by dowels; to furnish with dowels; as a cooper dowels pieces for the head of a cask.

Dow´er , n. [F. douaire, LL. dotarium, from L. dotare to endow, portion, fr. dos dower; akin to Gr. gift, and to L. dare to give. See 1st Date, and cf. Dot dowry, Dotation.] 1. That with which one is gifted or endowed; endowment; gift. “How great, how plentiful, how rich a dower!” Sir J. Davies. “Man in his primeval dower arrayed.” Wordsworth. 2. The property with which a woman is endowed; especially: (a) That which a woman brings to a husband in marriage; dowry. [Obs.] “His wife brought in dower Cilicia’s crown.” Dryden. (b) (Law) That portion of the real estate of a man which his widow enjoys during her life, or to which a woman is entitled after the death of her husband. Blackstone. Dower, in modern use, is and should be distinguished from dowry. The former is a provision for a widow on her husband’s death; the latter is a bride’s portion on her marriage. Abbott. Assignment of dower. See under Assignment.

Dow´ered , p. a. Furnished with, or as with, dower or a marriage portion. Shak.

Dow´er•less, a. Destitute of dower; having no marriage portion. Shak.

Dow´er•y , n. See Dower.

Dow´itch•er , n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted or gray snipe (Macrorhamphus griseus); - - called also brownback, and grayback.

Dowl (doul), n. Same as Dowle.

Dow´las , n. [Prob. fr. Doullens, a town of Picardy, in France, formerly celebrated for this manufacture.] A coarse linen cloth made in the north of England and in Scotland, now nearly replaced by calico. Shak.

Dowle (doul), n. [Cf. OF. douille soft. Cf. Ductile.] Feathery or wool-like down; filament of a feather. Shak. “No feather, or dowle of a feather.” De Quincey.

Down (doun), n. [Akin to LG. dune, dun, Icel. dunn, Sw. dun, Dan. duun, G. daune, cf. D. dons; perh. akin to E. dust.] 1. Fine, soft, hairy outgrowth from the skin or surface of animals or plants, not matted and fleecy like wool; esp.: (a) (Zoöl.) The soft under feathers of birds. They have short stems with soft rachis and bards and long threadlike barbules, without hooklets. (b) (Bot.) The pubescence of plants; the hairy crown or envelope of the seeds of certain plants, as of the thistle. (c) The soft hair of the face when beginning to appear. “And the first down begins to shade his face.” Dryden. 2. That which is made of down, as a bed or pillow; that which affords ease and repose, like a bed of down “When in the down I sink my head,
Sleep, Death’s twin brother, times my breath.” Tennyson. “Thou bosom softness, down of all my cares!” Southern. Down tree (Bot.), a tree of Central America (Ochroma Lagopus), the seeds of which are enveloped in vegetable wool.

Down (doun´), v. t. To cover, ornament, line, or stuff with down. [R.] Young.

Down, n. [OE. dun, doun, AS. dun; of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. dun hill, fortified hill, Gael. dun heap, hillock, hill, W. din a fortified hill or mount; akin to E. town. See Town, and cf. Down, adv. & prep., Dune.] 1. A bank or rounded hillock of sand thrown up by the wind along or near the shore; a flattish-topped hill; — usually in the plural. “Hills afford prospects, as they must needs acknowledge who have been on the downs of Sussex.” Ray. “She went by dale, and she went by down.” Tennyson. 2. A tract of poor, sandy, undulating or hilly land near the sea, covered with fine turf which serves chiefly for the grazing of sheep; — usually in the plural. [Eng.] “Seven thousand broad-tailed sheep grazed on his downs.” Sandys. 3. pl. A road for shipping in the English Channel or Straits of Dover, near Deal, employed as a naval rendezvous in time of war. “On the 11th [June, 1771] we run up the channel … at noon we were abreast of Dover, and about three came to an anchor in the Downs, and went ashore at Deal.” Cook (First Voyage). 4. pl. [From the adverb.] A state of depression; low state; abasement. [Colloq.] “It the downs of life too much outnumber the ups.” M. Arnold.

Down, adv. [For older adown, AS. adn, adne, prop., from or off the hill. See 3d Down, and cf. Adown, and cf. Adown.] 1. In the direction of gravity or toward the center of the earth; toward or in a lower place or position; below; - - the opposite of up. 2. Hence, in many derived uses, as: (a) From a higher to a lower position, literally or figuratively; in a descending direction; from the top of an ascent; from an upright position; to the ground or floor; to or into a lower or an inferior condition; as into a state of humility, disgrace, misery, and the like; into a state of rest; — used with verbs indicating motion. “It will be rain to-night. Let it come down.” Shak. “I sit me down beside the hazel grove.” Tennyson. “And that drags down his life.” Tennyson. “There is not a more melancholy object in the learned world than a man who has written himself down.” Addison. “The French … shone down [i. e., outshone] the English.” Shak. (b) In a low or the lowest position, literally or figuratively; at the bottom of a descent; below the horizon; on the ground; in a condition of humility, dejection, misery, and the like; in a state of quiet. “I was down and out of breath.” Shak. “The moon is down; I have not heard the clock.” Shak. “He that is down needs fear no fall.” Bunyan. 3. From a remoter or higher antiquity. “Venerable men! you have come down to us from a former generation.” D. Webster. 4. From a greater to a less bulk, or from a thinner to a thicker consistence; as to boil down in cookery, or in making decoctions. Arbuthnot. Down is sometimes used elliptically, standing for go down, come down, tear down, take down, put down, haul down, pay down, and the like, especially in command or exclamation. “Down, therefore, and beg mercy of the duke.” Shak. “If he be hungry more than wanton, bread alone will down.” Locke. Down is also used intensively; as to be loaded down; to fall down; to hang down; to drop down; to pay down. “The temple of Herè at Argos was burnt down.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). Down, as well as up, is sometimes used in a conventional sense; as down East. “Persons in London say down to Scotland, etc., and those in the provinces, up to London.” Stormonth. Down helm (Naut.), an order to the helmsman to put the helm to leeward. — Down on or upon (joined with a verb indicating motion, as go, come, pounce), to attack, implying the idea of threatening power. “Come down upon us with a mighty power.” Shak. — Down with, take down, throw down, put down; — used in energetic command. ´Down with the palace; fire it.´ Dryden. — To be down on, to dislike and treat harshly. [Slang, U.S.] — To cry down. See under Cry, v. t. — To cut down. See under Cut, v. t. — Up and down, with rising and falling motion; to and fro; hither and thither; everywhere. ´Let them wander up and down.´ Ps. lix. 15.

Down, prep. [From Down, adv.] 1. In a descending direction along; from a higher to a lower place upon or within; at a lower place in or on; as down a hill; down a well. 2. Hence: Towards the mouth of a river; towards the sea; as to sail or swim down a stream; to sail down the sound. Down the country, toward the sea, or toward the part where rivers discharge their waters into the ocean. — Down the sound, in the direction of the ebbing tide; toward the sea.

Down, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Downed (dound); p. pr. & vb. n. Downing.] To cause to go down; to make descend; to put down; to overthrow, as in wrestling; hence, to subdue; to bring down. [Archaic or Colloq.] ´To down proud hearts.´ Sir P. Sidney. “I remember how you downed Beauclerk and Hamilton, the wits, once at our house.” Madame D’Arblay.

Down, v. i. To go down; to descend. Locke.

Down, a. 1. Downcast; as a down look. [R.] 2. Downright; absolute; positive; as a down denial. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 3. Downward; going down; sloping; as a down stroke; a down grade; a down train on a railway. Down draught, a downward draft, as in a flue, chimney, shaft of a mine, etc. — Down in the mouth, chopfallen; dejected.

Down´bear , v. t. To bear down; to depress.

Down´cast (doun´kast•), a. Cast downward; directed to the ground, from bashfulness, modesty, dejection, or guilt. “’T is love, said she; and then my downcast eyes,
And guilty dumbness, witnessed my surprise.” Dryden. — Down´cast•ly, adv. — Down´cast•ness, n.

Down´cast, n. 1. Downcast or melancholy look. “That downcast of thine eye.” Beau. & Fl. 2. (mining) A ventilating shaft down which the air passes in circulating through a mine.

Down´come (-kum), n. 1. Sudden fall; downfall; overthrow. Milton. 2. (Iron Manuf.) A pipe for leading combustible gases downward from the top of the blast furnace to the hot-blast stoves, boilers, etc., where they are burned.

Down´fall (-fal•), n. 1. A sudden fall; a body of things falling. “Those cataracts or downfalls aforesaid.” Holland. “Each downfall of a flood the mountains pour.” Dryden. 2. A sudden descent from rank or state, reputation or happiness; destruction; ruin. “Dire were the consequences which would follow the downfall of so important a place.” Motley.

Down´fall•en (-fal•’n), a. Fallen; ruined. Carew.

Down´fall•ing, a. Falling down.

Down´gyved , a. Hanging down like gyves or fetters. [Poetic & Rare] Shak.

Down´haul , n. (Naut.) A rope to haul down, or to assist in hauling down, a sail; as a staysail downhaul; a trysail downhaul.

Down´heart•ed , a. Dejected; low-spirited.

Down´hill , adv. Towards the bottom of a hill; as water runs downhill.

Down´hill, a. Declivous; descending; sloping. ´A downhill greensward.´ Congrewe.

Down´hill, n. Declivity; descent; slope. “On th’ icy downhills of this slippery life.” Du Bartas (Trans. ).

Down´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being downy.

Down´looked , a. Having a downcast countenance; dejected; gloomy; sullen. [R.] Dryden.

Down´ly•ing , n. The time of retiring to rest; time of repose. Cavendish. At the downlying, at the travail in childbirth. [Scot.]

Down´pour , n. A pouring or streaming downwards; esp., a heavy or continuous shower.

Down´right , adv. 1. Straight down; perpendicularly. 2. In plain terms; without ceremony. “We shall chide downright, if I longer stay.” Shak. 3. Without delay; at once; completely. [Obs.] “She fell downright into a fit.” Arbuthnot.

Down´right, a. 1. Plain; direct; unceremonious; blunt; positive; as he spoke in his downright way. “A man of plain, downright character.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Open; artless; undisguised; absolute; unmixed; as downright atheism. “The downright impossibilities charged upon it.” South. “Gloomy fancies which in her amounted to downright insanity.” Prescott. — Down´right•ly, adv. — Down´right•ness, n.

Down´-share , n. A breastplow used in paring off turf on downs. [Eng.] Knight.

Down´sit•ting , n. The act of sitting down; repose; a resting. “Thou knowest my downsitting and my uprising.” Ps. cxxxix. 2.

Down´stairs , adv. Down the stairs; to a lower floor. — a. Below stairs; as a downstairs room.

Down´steep•y , a. Very steep. [Obs.] Florio.

Down´stream , adv. Down the stream; as floating downstream.

Down´stroke , n. (Penmanship) A stroke made with a downward motion of the pen or pencil.

Down´throw , n. (Geol.) The sudden drop or depression of the strata of rocks on one side of a fault. See Throw, n. { Down´trod• , Down´trod•den } a. Trodden down; trampled down; abused by superior power. Shak. { Down´ward , Down´wards } adv. [AS. adnweard. See Down, adv., and -ward.] 1. From a higher place to a lower; in a descending course; as to tend, move, roll, look, or take root, downward or downwards. ´Looking downwards.´ Pope. “Their heads they downward bent.” Drayton. 2. From a higher to a lower condition; toward misery, humility, disgrace, or ruin. “And downward fell into a groveling swine.” Milton. 3. From a remote time; from an ancestor or predecessor; from one to another in a descending line. “A ring the county wears,
That downward hath descended in his house,
From son to son, some four or five descents.” Shak.

Down´ward, a. 1. Moving or extending from a higher to a lower place; tending toward the earth or its center, or toward a lower level; declivous. “With downward force
That drove the sand along he took his way.” Dryden. 2. Descending from a head, origin, or source; as a downward line of descent. 3. Tending to a lower condition or state; depressed; dejected; as downward thoughts. Sir P. Sidney.

Down´weed , n. (Bot.) Cudweed, a species of Gnaphalium.

Down•weigh´ (-wa´), v. t. To weigh or press down. “A different sin downweighs them to the bottom.” Longfellow.

Down´y (-y), a. 1. Covered with down, or with pubescence or soft hairs. ´A downy feather.´ Shak. “Plants that … have downy or velvet rind upon their leaves.” Bacon. 2. Made of, or resembling, down. Hence, figuratively: Soft; placid; soothing; quiet. ´A downy shower.´ Keble. ´Downy pillow.´ Pope. “Time steals on with downy feet.” Young. 3. Cunning; wary. [Slang, Eng.] Latham.

Dow´ral , a. Of or relating to a dower. [R.]

Dow´ress, n. A woman entitled to dower. Bouvier.

Dow´ry , n.; pl. Dowries (#). [Contr. from dowery; cf. LL. dotarium. See Dower.] 1. A gift; endowment. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The money, goods, or estate, which a woman brings to her husband in marriage; a bride’s portion on her marriage. See Note under Dower. Shak. Dryden. 3. A gift or presents for the bride, on espousal. See Dower. “Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give …; but give me the damsel to wife.” Gen. xxxiv. 12.

Dowse , v. t. [Cf. 1st Douse.] 1. To plunge, or duck into water; to immerse; to douse. 2. [Cf. OD. doesen to strike, Norw. dusa to break.] To beat or thrash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dowse, v. i. To use the dipping or divining rod, as in search of water, ore, etc. “Adams had the reputation of having dowsed successfully for more than a hundred wells.” Eng. Cyc.

Dowse, n. A blow on the face. [Low] Colman.

Dows´er , n. 1. A divining rod used in searching for water, ore, etc., a dowsing rod. [Colloq.] 2. One who uses the dowser or divining rod. Eng. Cyc.

Dowst , n. A dowse. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Dow´ve , n. A dove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dox•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to doxology; giving praise to God. Howell.

Dox•ol´o•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doxologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Doxologizing.] To give glory to God, as in a doxology; to praise God with doxologies.

Dox•ol´o•gy , n.; pl. Doxologies (#). [LL. doxologia, Gr. , fr. praising, giving glory; opinion, estimation, glory, praise (from to think, imagine) + to speak: cf. F. doxologie. See Dogma, and Legend.] In Christian worship: A hymn expressing praise and honor to God; a form of praise to God designed to be sung or chanted by the choir or the congregation. “David breaks forth into these triumphant praises and doxologies.” South.

Dox´y , n.; pl. Doxies (#). [See Duck a pet.] A loose wench; a disreputable sweetheart. Shak.

Doy´ly , n. See Doily.

Doze (doz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dozed (dozd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dozing.] [Prob. akin to daze, dizzy: cf. Icel. dusa to doze, Dan. döse to make dull, heavy, or drowsy, dös dullness, drowsiness, dösig drowsy, AS. dwaes dull, stupid, foolish. rad.71. Cf. Dizzy.] To slumber; to sleep lightly; to be in a dull or stupefied condition, as if half asleep; to be drowsy. “If he happened to doze a little, the jolly cobbler waked him.” L’Estrange.

Doze, v. t. 1. To pass or spend in drowsiness; as to doze away one’s time. 2. To make dull; to stupefy. [Obs.] “I was an hour … in casting up about twenty sums, being dozed with much work.” Pepys. “They left for a long time dozed and benumbed.” South.

Doze, n. A light sleep; a drowse. Tennyson.

Doz´en (duz´’n), n.; pl. Dozen (before another noun), Dozens . [OE. doseine, dosein, OF. doseine, F. douzaine, fr. douze twelve, fr. L. duodecim; duo two + decem ten. See Two, Ten, and cf. Duodecimal.] 1. A collection of twelve objects; a tale or set of twelve; with or without of before the substantive which follows. ´Some six or seven dozen of Scots.´ ´A dozen of shirts to your back.´ ´A dozen sons.´ ´Half a dozen friends.´ Shak. 2. An indefinite small number. Milton. A baker’s dozen, thirteen; — called also a long dozen.

Doz´enth , a. Twelfth. [R.]

Doz´er , n. One who dozes or drowses.

Doz´i•ness , n. The state of being dozy; drowsiness; inclination to sleep.

Doz´y , a. Drowsy; inclined to doze; sleepy; sluggish; as a dozy head. Dryden.

Doz´zled , a. [rad.71.] Stupid; heavy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Drab , n. [AS. drabbe dregs, lees; akin to D. drab, drabbe, dregs, G. treber; for sense 1, cf. also Gael. drabag a slattern, drabach slovenly. Cf. Draff.] 1. A low, sluttish woman. King. 2. A lewd wench; a strumpet. Shak. 3. A wooden box, used in salt works for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling pans.

Drab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drabbed p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbing.] To associate with strumpets; to wench. Beau. & Fl.

Drab, n. [F. drap cloth: LL. drappus, trapus, perh. orig., a firm, solid stuff, cf. F. draper to drape, also to full cloth; prob. of German origin; cf. Icel. drepa to beat, strike, AS. drepan, G. treffen; perh. akin to E. drub. Cf. Drape, Trappings.] 1. A kind of thick woolen cloth of a dun, or dull brownish yellow, or dull gray, color; — called also drabcloth. 2. A dull brownish yellow or dull gray color.

Drab, a. Of a color between gray and brown. — n. A drab color.

Drab´ber , n. One who associates with drabs; a wencher. Massinger.

Drab´bet , n. A coarse linen fabric, or duck.

Drab´bish, a. Somewhat drab in color.

Drab´bish , a. Having the character of a drab or low wench. ´The drabbish sorceress.´ Drant.

Drab´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbling ] [.See Drab, Draff.] To draggle; to wet and befoul by draggling; as to drabble a gown or cloak. Halliwell.

Drab´ble , v. i. To fish with a long line and rod; as to drabble for barbels.

Drab´bler , n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas fastened by lacing to the bonnet of a sail, to give it a greater depth, or more drop.

Drab´ble-tail , n. A draggle- tail; a slattern. Halliwell.

Dra•cae´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. she-dragon.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants with woody stems and funnel-shaped flowers. Dracaena Draco, the source of the dragon’s blood of the Canaries, forms a tree, sometimes of gigantic size.

Dra´canth , n. A kind of gum; - - called also gum tragacanth, or tragacanth. See Tragacanth.

Drachm , n. [See Drachma.] 1. A drachma. 2. Same as Dram.

Drach´ma , n.; pl. E. Drachmas (#), L. Drachmae (#). [L., fr. Gr. . See Dram.] 1. A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, having a different value in different States and at different periods. The average value of the Attic drachma is computed to have been about 19 cents. 2. A gold and silver coin of modern Greece worth 19.3 cents. 3. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight of about 66.5 grains; among the modern Greeks, a weight equal to a gram.

Drach´me , n. [F.] See Drachma.

Dra´cin , n. [Cf. F. dracine.] (Chem.) See Draconin.

Dra´co , n. [L. See Dragon.] 1. (Astron.) The Dragon, a northern constellation within which is the north pole of the ecliptic. 2. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards. See Dragon, 6.

Dra•co´ni•an , a. Pertaining to Draco, a famous lawgiver of Athens, 621 b. c. Draconian code, or Draconian laws, a code of laws made by Draco. Their measures were so severe that they were said to be written in letters of blood; hence, any laws of excessive rigor.

Dra•con´ic , a. Relating to Draco, the Athenian lawgiver; or to the constellation Draco; or to dragon’s blood.

Dra•co´nin , n. [Cf. F. draconine. See Draco.] (Chem.) A red resin forming the essential basis of dragon’s blood; — called also dracin.

Dra•con´tic , a. [From L. draco dragon, in allusion to the terms dragon’s head and dragon’s tail.] (Astron.) Belonging to that space of time in which the moon performs one revolution, from ascending node to ascending node. See Dragon’s head, under Dragon. [Obs.] ´Dracontic month.´ Crabb.

Dra•con´tine , a. [L. draco dragon.] Belonging to a dragon. Southey.

Dra•cun´cu•lus , n.; pl. Dracunculi (#). [L., dim. of draco dragon.] (Zoöl.) (a) A fish; the dragonet. (b) The Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis).

Drad , p. p. & a. Dreaded. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drad´de , imp. of Dread. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dradge , n. (Min.) Inferior ore, separated from the better by cobbing. Raymond.

Draff (draf), n. [Cf. D. draf the sediment of ale, Icel. draf draff, husks. Cf. 1st Drab.] Refuse; lees; dregs; the wash given to swine or cows; hogwash; waste matter. “Prodigals lately come from swine keeping, from eating draff and husks.” Shak. “The draff and offal of a bygone age.” Buckle. “Mere chaff and draff, much better burnt.” Tennyson.

Draff´ish, a. Worthless; draffy. Bale.

Draff´y , a. Dreggy; waste; worthless. “The dregs and draffy part.” Beau. & Fl.

Draft (draft), n. [The same word as draught. OE. draught, draht, fr. AS. dragan to draw. See Draw, and cf. Draught.] 1. The act of drawing; also the thing drawn. Same as Draught. “Everything available for draft burden.” S. G. Goodrich. 2. (Mil.) A selecting or detaching of soldiers from an army, or from any part of it, or from a military post; also from any district, or any company or collection of persons, or from the people at large; also the body of men thus drafted. “Several of the States had supplied the deficiency by drafts to serve for the year.” Marshall. 3. An order from one person or party to another, directing the payment of money; a bill of exchange. “I thought it most prudent to defer the drafts till advice was received of the progress of the loan.” A. Hamilton. 4. An allowance or deduction made from the gross weight of goods. Simmonds. 5. A drawing of lines for a plan; a plan delineated, or drawn in outline; a delineation. See Draught. 6. The form of any writing as first drawn up; the first rough sketch of written composition, to be filled in, or completed. See Draught. 7. (Masonry) (a) A narrow border left on a finished stone, worked differently from the rest of its face. (b) A narrow border worked to a plane surface along the edge of a stone, or across its face, as a guide to the stone-cutter. 8. (Milling) The slant given to the furrows in the dress of a millstone. 9. (Naut.) Depth of water necessary to float a ship; the depth below the water surface to which the bottom of a ship sinks when bearing a specific load. See Draught. 10. A current of air. Same as Draught.

Draft, a. 1. Pertaining to, or used for, drawing or pulling (as vehicles, loads, etc.). Same as Draught. 2. Relating to, or characterized by, a draft, or current of air. Same as Draught. The forms draft and draught, in the senses above-given, are both in approved use. Draft box, Draft engine, Draft horse, Draft net, Draft ox, Draft tube. Same as Draught box, Draught engine, etc. See under Draught.

Draft , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Drafting.] 1. To draw the outline of; to delineate. 2. To compose and write; as to draft a memorial. 3. To draw from a military band or post, or from any district, company, or society; to detach; to select. “Some royal seminary in Upper Egypt, from whence they drafted novices to supply their colleges and temples.” Holwell. 4. To transfer by draft. “All her rents been drafted to London.” Fielding.

Drafts´man , n. See Draughtsman.

Drag , n. [See 3d Dredge.] A confection; a comfit; a drug. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragged p. pr. & vb. n. Dragging ] [OE. draggen; akin to Sw. dragga to search with a grapnel, fr. dragg grapnel, fr. draga to draw, the same word as E. draw. See Draw.] 1. To draw slowly or heavily onward; to pull along the ground by main force; to haul; to trail; — applied to drawing heavy or resisting bodies or those inapt for drawing, with labor, along the ground or other surface; as to drag stone or timber; to drag a net in fishing. “Dragged by the cords which through his feet were thrust.” Denham. “The grossness of his nature will have weight to drag thee down.” Tennyson. “A needless Alexandrine ends the song
That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.” Pope. 2. To break, as land, by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to harrow; to draw a drag along the bottom of, as a stream or other water; hence, to search, as by means of a drag. “Then while I dragged my brains for such a song.” Tennyson. 3. To draw along, as something burdensome; hence, to pass in pain or with difficulty. “Have dragged a lingering life.” Dryden. To drag an anchor (Naut.), to trail it along the bottom when the anchor will not hold the ship. Syn. — See Draw.

Drag, v. i. 1. To be drawn along, as a rope or dress, on the ground; to trail; to be moved onward along the ground, or along the bottom of the sea, as an anchor that does not hold. 2. To move onward heavily, laboriously, or slowly; to advance with weary effort; to go on lingeringly. “The day drags through, though storms keep out the sun.” Byron. “Long, open panegyric drags at best.” Gay. 3. To serve as a clog or hindrance; to hold back. “A propeller is said to drag when the sails urge the vessel faster than the revolutions of the screw can propel her.” Russell. 4. To fish with a dragnet.

Drag, n. [See Drag, v. t., and cf. Dray a cart, and 1st Dredge.] 1. The act of dragging; anything which is dragged. 2. A net, or an apparatus, to be drawn along the bottom under water, as in fishing, searching for drowned persons, etc. 3. A kind of sledge for conveying heavy bodies; also a kind of low car or handcart; as a stone drag. 4. A heavy coach with seats on top; also a heavy carriage. [Collog.] Thackeray. 5. A heavy harrow, for breaking up ground. 6. (a) Anything towed in the water to retard a ship’s progress, or to keep her head up to the wind; esp., a canvas bag with a hooped mouth, so used. See Drag sail (below). (b) also a skid or shoe, for retarding the motion of a carriage wheel. (c) Hence, anything that retards; a clog; an obstacle to progress or enjoyment. “My lectures were only a pleasure to me, and no drag.” J. D. Forbes. 7. Motion affected with slowness and difficulty, as if clogged. ´Had a drag in his walk.´ Hazlitt. 8. (Founding) The bottom part of a flask or mold, the upper part being the cope. 9. (Masonry) A steel instrument for completing the dressing of soft stone. 10. (Marine Engin.) The difference between the speed of a screw steamer under sail and that of the screw when the ship outruns the screw; or between the propulsive effects of the different floats of a paddle wheel. See Citation under Drag, v. i., 3. Drag sail (Naut.), a sail or canvas rigged on a stout frame, to be dragged by a vessel through the water in order to keep her head to the wind or to prevent drifting; — called also drift sail, drag sheet, drag anchor, sea anchor, floating anchor, etc. — Drag twist (Mining), a spiral hook at the end of a rod for cleaning drilled holes.

Dra•gan´tine , n. [See Dracanth.] A mucilage obtained from, or containing, gum tragacanth.

Drag´bar , n. Same as Drawbar (b). Called also draglink, and drawlink. [U. S.]

Drag´bolt , n. A coupling pin. See under Coupling. [U. S.]

Dra•gees´ , n. pl. [F. See 3d Dredge.] (Pharmacy) Sugar-coated medicines.

Drag´gle (drag´g’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draggled (-g’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Draggling (-gling).] [Freq. of drag. rad.73. Cf. Drawl.] To wet and soil by dragging on the ground, mud, or wet grass; to drabble; to trail. Gray. “With draggled nets down-hanging to the tide.” Trench.

Drag´gle, v. i. To be dragged on the ground; to become wet or dirty by being dragged or trailed in the mud or wet grass. Hudibras.

Drag´gle-tail , n. A slattern who suffers her gown to trail in the mire; a drabble-tail.

Drag´gle-tailed , a. Untidy; sluttish; slatternly. W. Irving.

Drag´link , n. (Mach.) (a) A link connecting the cranks of two shafts. (b) A drawbar.

Drag´man , n.; pl. Dragmen . A fisherman who uses a dragnet. Sir M. Hale.

Drag´net , n. [Cf. AS. draegnet.] A net to be drawn along the bottom of a body of water, as in fishing.

Drag´o•man , n.; pl. Dragomans (#). [From F. dragoman, or Sp. dragoman, or It. dragomanno; all fr. LGr. , Ar. tarjuman, from the same source as E. targum. Cf. Drogman, Truchman.] An interpreter; — so called in the Levant and other parts of the East.

Drag´on , n. [F. dragon, L. draco, fr. Gr. , prob. fr. , , to look (akin to Skr. dar to see), and so called from its terrible eyes. Cf. Drake a dragon, Dragoon.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous animal, generally represented as a monstrous winged serpent or lizard, with a crested head and enormous claws, and regarded as very powerful and ferocious. “The dragons which appear in early paintings and sculptures are invariably representations of a winged crocodile.” Fairholt. In Scripture the term dragon refers to any great monster, whether of the land or sea, usually to some kind of serpent or reptile, sometimes to land serpents of a powerful and deadly kind. It is also applied metaphorically to Satan. “Thou breakest the heads of the dragons in the waters.” Ps. lxxiv. 13. “Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder; the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet.” Ps. xci. 13. “He laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, and bound him a thousand years.” Rev. xx. 2. 2. A fierce, violent person, esp. a woman. Johnson. 3. (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere figured as a dragon; Draco. 4. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds, seeming to move through the air as a winged serpent. 5. (Mil. Antiq.) A short musket hooked to a swivel attached to a soldier’s belt; — so called from a representation of a dragon’s head at the muzzle. Fairholt. 6. (Zoöl.) A small arboreal lizard of the genus Draco, of several species, found in the East Indies and Southern Asia. Five or six of the hind ribs, on each side, are prolonged and covered with weblike skin, forming a sort of wing. These prolongations aid them in making long leaps from tree to tree. Called also flying lizard. 7. (Zoöl.) A variety of carrier pigeon. 8. (Her.) A fabulous winged creature, sometimes borne as a charge in a coat of arms. Dragon is often used adjectively, or in combination, in the sense of relating to, resembling, or characteristic of, a dragon. Dragon arum (Bot.), the name of several species of Arisaema, a genus of plants having a spathe and spadix. See Dragon root(below). — Dragon fish (Zoöl.), the dragonet. — Dragon fly (Zoöl.), any insect of the family Libellulidae. They have finely formed, large and strongly reticulated wings, a large head with enormous eyes, and a long body; — called also mosquito hawks. Their larvae are aquatic and insectivorous. — Dragon root (Bot.), an American aroid plant (Arisaema Dracontium); green dragon. — Dragon’s blood, a resinous substance obtained from the fruit of several species of Calamus, esp. from C. Rotang and C. Draco, growing in the East Indies. A substance known as dragon’s blood is obtained by exudation from Dracaena Draco; also from Pterocarpus Draco, a tree of the West Indies and South America. The color is red, or a dark brownish red, and it is used chiefly for coloring varnishes, marbles, etc. Called also Cinnabar Graecorum. — Dragon’s head. (a) (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Dracocephalum. They are perennial herbs closely allied to the common catnip. (b) (Astron.) The ascending node of a planet, indicated, chiefly in almanacs, by the symbol . The deviation from the ecliptic made by a planet in passing from one node to the other seems, according to the fancy of some, to make a figure like that of a dragon, whose belly is where there is the greatest latitude; the intersections representing the head and tail; — from which resemblance the denomination arises. Encyc. Brit. - - Dragon shell (Zoöl.), a species of limpet. — Dragon’s skin, fossil stems whose leaf scars somewhat resemble the scales of reptiles; — a name used by miners and quarrymen. Stormonth. — Dragon’s tail (Astron.), the descending node of a planet, indicated by the symbol . See Dragon’s head (above). — Dragon’s wort (Bot.), a plant of the genus Artemisia (A. dracunculus). — Dragon tree (Bot.), a West African liliaceous tree (Dracaena Draco), yielding one of the resins called dragon’s blood. See Dracaena. — Dragon water, a medicinal remedy very popular in the earlier half of the 17th century. ´Dragon water may do good upon him.´ Randolph (1640). — Flying dragon, a large meteoric fireball; a bolide.

Drag´on•et , n. 1. A little dragon. Spenser. 2. (Zoöl.) A small British marine fish (Callionymuslyra); — called also yellow sculpin, fox, and gowdie.

Drag´on•ish, a. resembling a dragon. Shak.

Drag´on•like (-lik•), a. Like a dragon. Shak.

Drag•on•nade´ (drag•on•nad´), n. [F., fr. dragon dragoon, because Louis XIV., in persecuting the Protestants of his kingdom, quartered dragoons upon them.] The severe persecution of French Protestants under Louis XIV., by an armed force, usually of dragoons; hence, a rapid and devastating incursion; dragoonade. “He learnt it as he watched the dragonnades, the tortures, the massacres of the Netherlands.” C. Kingsley. { Drag´on’s blood , Drag´on’s head , Drag´on’s tail }. See Dragon’s blood, Dragon’s head, etc., under Dragon.

Dra•goon´ (dra•goon´), n. [F. dragon dragon, dragoon, fr. L. draco dragon, also a cohort’s standard (with a dragon on it). The name was given from the sense standard. See Dragon.] 1. ((Mil.) Formerly, a soldier who was taught and armed to serve either on horseback or on foot; now, a mounted soldier; a cavalry man. 2. A variety of pigeon. Clarke. Dragoon bird (Zoöl.), the umbrella bird.

Dra•goon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragooned p. pr. & vb. n. Dragooning.] 1. To harass or reduce to subjection by dragoons; to persecute by abandoning a place to the rage of soldiers. 2. To compel submission by violent measures; to harass; to persecute. “The colonies may be influenced to anything, but they can be dragooned to nothing.” Price. “Lewis the Fourteenth is justly censured for trying to dragoon his subjects to heaven.” Macaulay.

Drag•oon•ade´ , n. See Dragonnade.

Dra•goon´er , n. A dragoon. [Obs.]

Drail (dral), v. t. & i. [rad.73.] To trail; to draggle. [Obs.] South.

Drain (dran), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drained (drand); p. pr. & vb. n. Draining.] [AS. drehnigean to drain, strain; perh. akin to E. draw.] 1. To draw off by degrees; to cause to flow gradually out or off; hence, to cause the exhaustion of. “Fountains drain the water from the ground adjacent.” Bacon. “But it was not alone that the he drained their treasure and hampered their industry.” Motley. 2. To exhaust of liquid contents by drawing them off; to make gradually dry or empty; to remove surface water, as from streets, by gutters, etc.; to deprive of moisture; hence, to exhaust; to empty of wealth, resources, or the like; as to drain a country of its specie. “Sinking waters, the firm land to drain,
Filled the capacious deep and formed the main.” Roscommon. 3. To filter. “Salt water, drained through twenty vessels of earth, hath become fresh.” Bacon.

Drain, v. i. 1. To flow gradually; as the water of low ground drains off. 2. To become emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping; as let the vessel stand and drain.

Drain, n. 1. The act of draining, or of drawing off; gradual and continuous outflow or withdrawal; as the drain of specie from a country. 2. That means of which anything is drained; a channel; a trench; a water course; a sewer; a sink. 3. pl. The grain from the mashing tub; as brewers’ drains. [Eng.] Halliwell. Box drain, Counter drain. See under Box, Counter. — Right of drain (Law), an easement or servitude by which one man has a right to convey water in pipes through or over the estate of another. Kent.

Drain´a•ble , a. Capable of being drained.

Drain´age , n. 1. A draining; a gradual flowing off of any liquid; also that which flows out of a drain. 2. The mode in which the waters of a country pass off by its streams and rivers. 3. (Engin.) The system of drains and their operation, by which superfluous water is removed from towns, railway beds, mines, and other works. 4. Area or district drained; as the drainage of the Po, the Thames, etc. Latham. 5. (Surg.) The act, process, or means of drawing off the pus or fluids from a wound, abscess, etc. Drainage tube (Surg.), a tube introduced into a wound, etc., to draw off the discharges.

Draine , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The missel thrush.

Drain´er , n. One who, or that which, drains.

Drain´ing, vb. n. of Drain, v. t. (Agric.) The art of carrying off surplus water, as from land. Draining tile. Same as Draintile.

Drain´pipe , n. A pipe used for carrying off surplus water.

Drain´tile , n. A hollow tile used in making drains; — called also draining tile.

Drain´trap , n. See 4th Trap, 5.

Drake (drak), n. [Akin to LG. drake, OHG. antrache, anetrecho, G. enterich, Icel. andriki, Dan. andrik, OSw. andrak, andrage, masc., and fr. AS. ened, fem., duck; akin to D. eend, G. ente, Icel. önd, Dan. and, Sw. and, Lith. antis, L. anas, Gr. (for ), and perh. Skr. ati a water fowl. rad.207. In English the first part of the word was lost. The ending is akin to E. rich. Cf. Gulaund.] 1. The male of the duck kind. 2. [Cf. Dragon fly, under Dragon.] The drake fly. “The drake will mount steeple height into the air.” Walton. Drake fly, a kind of fly, sometimes used in angling. “The dark drake fly, good in August.” Walton.

Drake, n. [AS. draca dragon, L. draco. See Dragon.] 1. A dragon. [Obs.] “Beowulf resolves to kill the drake.” J. A. Harrison (Beowulf). 2. A small piece of artillery. [Obs.] “Two or three shots, made at them by a couple of drakes, made them stagger.” Clarendon.

Drake, n. [Cf. F. dravik, W. drewg, darnel, cockle, etc.] Wild oats, brome grass, or darnel grass; — called also drawk, dravick, and drank. [Prov. Eng.] Dr. Prior.

Drake´stone , n. A flat stone so thrown along the surface of water as to skip from point to point before it sinks; also the sport of so throwing stones; — sometimes called ducks and drakes. “Internal earthquakes, that, not content with one throe, run along spasmodically, like boys playing at what is called drakestone.” De Quincey.

Dram (dram), n. [OF. drame, F. drachme, L. drachma, drachm, drachma, fr. Gr. drachmh•, prop., a handful, fr. dra•ssesqai to grasp. Cf. Drachm, Drachma.] 1. A weight; in Apothecaries’ weight, one eighth part of an ounce, or sixty grains; in Avoirdupois weight, one sixteenth part of an ounce, or 27.34375 grains. 2. A minute quantity; a mite. “Were I the chooser, a dram of well-doing should be preferred before many times as mush the forcible hindrance of evildoing.” Milton. 3. As much spirituous liquor as is usually drunk at once; as a dram of brandy; hence, a potation or potion; as a dram of poison. Shak. 4. (Numis.) A Persian daric. Ezra ii. 69. Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm. See under Fluid.

Dram, v. i. & t. To drink drams; to ply with drams. [Low] Johnson. Thackeray.

Dra´ma (drä´ma or dra´ma; 277), n. [L. drama, Gr. dra^ma, fr. dra^n to do, act; cf. Lith. daryti.] 1. A composition, in prose or poetry, accommodated to action, and intended to exhibit a picture of human life, or to depict a series of grave or humorous actions of more than ordinary interest, tending toward some striking result. It is commonly designed to be spoken and represented by actors on the stage. “A divine pastoral drama in the Song of Solomon.” Milton. 2. A series of real events invested with a dramatic unity and interest. ´The drama of war.´ Thackeray. “Westward the course of empire takes its way;
The four first acts already past,
A fifth shall close the drama with the day;
Time’s noblest offspring is the last.” Berkeley. “The drama and contrivances of God’s providence.” Sharp. 3. Dramatic composition and the literature pertaining to or illustrating it; dramatic literature. The principal species of the drama are tragedy and comedy; inferior species are tragi-comedy, melodrama, operas, burlettas, and farces. The romantic drama, the kind of drama whose aim is to present a tale or history in scenes, and whose plays (like those of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and others) are stories told in dialogue by actors on the stage. J. A. Symonds. { Dra•mat´ic , Dra•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. dramatique.] Of or pertaining to the drama; appropriate to, or having the qualities of, a drama; theatrical; vivid. “The emperor … performed his part with much dramatic effect.” Motley.

Dra•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a dramatic manner; theatrically; vividly.

Dram´a•tis per•so´nae [L.] The actors in a drama or play.

Dram´a•tist , n. [Cf. F. dramatiste.] The author of a dramatic composition; a writer of plays.

Dram´a•ti•za•ble , a. Capable of being dramatized.

Dram•a•ti•za´tion , n. Act of dramatizing.

Dram´a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dramatized p. pr. & vb. n. Dramatizing ] [Cf. F. dramatiser.] To compose in the form of the drama; to represent in a drama; to adapt to dramatic representation; as to dramatize a novel, or an historical episode. “They dramatized tyranny for public execration.” Motley.

Dram•a•tur´gic , a. Relating to dramaturgy.

Dram´a•tur•gist , n. One versed in dramaturgy. Carlyle.

Dram´a•tur•gy , n. [Gr. dramatic composition; drama + a root akin to E. work: cf. F. dramaturgie.] The art of dramatic composition and representation.

Dram´ming , n. The practice of drinking drams.

Dram´sell•er , n. One who sells distilled liquors by the dram or glass.

Dram´shop , n. A shop or barroom where spirits are sold by the dram.

Drank , imp. of Drink.

Drank, n. [Cf. 3d Drake.] Wild oats, or darnel grass. See Drake a plant. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Drap• d’e•te´ [F., clot of summer.] A thin woolen fabric, twilled like merino.

Drape , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draped p. pr. & vb. n. Draping ] [F. draper, fr. drap cloth. See 3d Drab.] 1. To cover or adorn with drapery or folds of cloth, or as with drapery; as to drape a bust, a building, etc. “The whole people were draped professionally.” De Quincey. “These starry blossoms, [of the snow] pure and white,
Soft falling, falling, through the night,
Have draped the woods and mere”. Bungay. 2. To rail at; to banter. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Drape, v. i. 1. To make cloth. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To design drapery, arrange its folds, etc., as for hangings, costumes, statues, etc.

Dra´per , n. [F. drapier.] One who sells cloths; a dealer in cloths; as a draper and tailor.

Dra´per•ied , a. Covered or supplied with drapery. [R.] Byron.

Dra´per•y , n.; pl. Draperies (#). [F. draperie.] 1. The occupation of a draper; cloth-making, or dealing in cloth. Bacon. 2. Cloth, or woolen stuffs in general. “People who ought to be weighing out grocery or measuring out drapery.” Macaulay. 3. A textile fabric used for decorative purposes, especially when hung loosely and in folds carefully disturbed; as: (a) Garments or vestments of this character worn upon the body, or shown in the representations of the human figure in art. (b) Hangings of a room or hall, or about a bed. “Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.” Bryant. “All the decent drapery of life is to be rudely torn off.” Burke. Casting of draperies. See under Casting. “The casting of draperies … is one of the most important of an artist’s studies.” Fairholt.

Dra´pet , n. [Dim. of drap.] Cloth. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dras´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to do, act: cf. F. drastique. See Drama.] (Med.) Acting rapidly and violently; efficacious; powerful; — opposed to bland; as drastic purgatives. — n. (Med.) A violent purgative. See Cathartic.

Dras´ty , a. [AS. daerstan, dresten, dregs.] Filthy; worthless. [Obs.] ´Drasty ryming.´ Chaucer.

Draugh , n. See Draft. [Obs.]

Draught , n. [The same as draft, the spelling with gh indicating an older pronunciation. See Draft, n., Draw.] 1. The act of drawing or pulling; as: (a) The act of moving loads by drawing, as by beasts of burden, and the like. “A general custom of using oxen for all sort of draught would be, perhaps, the greatest improvement.” Sir W. Temple. (b) The drawing of a bowstring. [Obs.] “She sent an arrow forth with mighty draught.” Spenser. (c) Act of drawing a net; a sweeping the water for fish. “Upon the draught of a pond, not one fish was left.” Sir M. Hale. (d) The act of drawing liquor into the mouth and throat; the act of drinking. “In his hands he took the goblet, but a while the draught forbore.” Trench. (e) A sudden attack or drawing upon an enemy. [Obs.] “By drawing sudden draughts upon the enemy when he looketh not for you.” Spenser. (f) (Mil.) The act of selecting or detaching soldiers; a draft (see Draft, n., 2) (g) The act of drawing up, marking out, or delineating; representation. Dryden. 2. That which is drawn; as: (a) That which is taken by sweeping with a net. “Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.” Luke v. 4. “He laid down his pipe, and cast his net, which brought him a very great draught.” L’Estrange. (b) (Mil.) The force drawn; a detachment; — in this sense usually written draft. (c) The quantity drawn in at once in drinking; a potion or potation. “Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, Slavery, … still thou art a bitter draught.” Sterne. “Low lies that house where nut-brown draughts inspired.” Goldsmith. (d) A sketch, outline, or representation, whether written, designed, or drawn; a delineation. “A draught of a Toleration Act was offered to the Parliament by a private member.” Macaulay. “No picture or draught of these things from the report of the eye.” South. (e) (Com.) An order for the payment of money; — in this sense almost always written draft. (f) A current of air moving through an inclosed place, as through a room or up a chimney. Thackeray. “He preferred to go and sit upon the stairs, in … a strong draught of air, until he was again sent for.” Dickens. 3. That which draws; as: (a) A team of oxen or horses. Blackstone. (b) A sink or drain; a privy. Shak. Matt. xv. 17. (c) pl. (Med.) A mild vesicatory; a sinapism; as to apply draughts to the feet. 4. Capacity of being drawn; force necessary to draw; traction. “The Hertfordshire wheel plow … is of the easiest draught.” Mortimer. 5. (Naut.) The depth of water necessary to float a ship, or the depth a ship sinks in water, especially when laden; as a ship of twelve feet draught. 6. (Com.) An allowance on weighable goods. [Eng.] See Draft, 4. 7. A move, as at chess or checkers. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. The bevel given to the pattern for a casting, in order that it may be drawn from the sand without injury to the mold. 9. (Masonry) See Draft, n., 7. Angle of draught, the angle made with the plane over which a body is drawn by the line in which the pulling force acts, when the latter has the direction best adapted to overcome the obstacles of friction and the weight of the body. - - Black draught. See under Black, a. — Blast draught, or Forced draught, the draught produced by a blower, as by blowing in air beneath a fire or drawing out the gases from above it. — Natural draught, the draught produced by the atmosphere flowing, by its own weight, into a chimney wherein the air is rarefied by heat. — On draught, so as to be drawn from the wood (as a cask, barrel, etc.) in distinction from being bottled; as ale on draught. — Sheer draught. See under Sheer.

Draught, a. 1. Used for drawing vehicles, loads, etc.; as a draught beast; draught hooks. 2. Relating to, or characterized by, a draft, or current of air. 3. Used in making drawings; as draught compasses. 4. Drawn directly from the barrel, or other receptacle, in distinction from bottled; on draught; — said of ale, cider, and the like. This word, especially in the first and second meanings, is often written draft, a spelling which is approved by many authorities. Draught box. See Draught tube, below. — Draught engine (Mining), an engine used for pumping, raising heavy weights, and the like. — Draught hook (Mil.), one of the hooks on a cannon carriage, used in drawing the gun backward and forward. — Draught horse, a horse employed in drawing loads, plowing, etc., as distinguished from a saddle horse or carriage horse. — Draught net, a seine or hauling net. — Draught ox, an ox employed in hauling loads, plowing, etc. — Draught tube (Water Wheels), an air- tight pipe extending downward into the tailrace from a turbine wheel located above it, to make the whole fall available; — called also draught box.

Draught (draft), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draughted; p. pr. & vb. n. Draughting.] 1. To draw out; to call forth. See Draft. Addison. 2. To diminish or exhaust by drawing. [R.] “The Parliament so often draughted and drained.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To draw in outline; to make a draught, sketch, or plan of, as in architectural and mechanical drawing. Draughting room, a room draughtsmen to work in, and where plans are kept.

Draught´board (-bord•), n. A checkered board on which draughts are played. See Checkerboard.

Draught´house (-hous•), n. A house for the reception of waste matter; a privy. [Obs.] 2 Kings x. 27.

Draughts , n. pl. A mild vesicatory. See Draught, n., 3 (c).

Draughts, n. pl. A game, now more commonly called checkers. See Checkers. Polish draughts is sometimes played with 40 pieces on a board divided into 100 squares. Am. Cyc.

Draughts´man , n.; pl. Draughtsmen . 1. One who draws pleadings or other writings. 2. One who draws plans and sketches of machinery, structures, and places; also more generally, one who makes drawings of any kind. 3. A ´man´ or piece used in the game of draughts. 4. One who drinks drams; a tippler. [Obs.] Tatler.

Draughts´man•ship, n. The office, art, or work of a draughtsman.

Draught´y , a. Pertaining to a draught, or current of air; as a draughtly, comfortless room.

Drave , old imp. of Drive. [Obs.]

Dra´vi•da , n. pl. [Skr. Dravida, prob. meaning, Tamil.] (Ethnol.) A race of Hindostan, believed to be the original people who occupied the land before the Hindoo or Aryan invasion.

Dra•vid´i•an , a. [From Skr. Dravida, the name of the southern portion of the peninsula of India.] (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the Dravida. Dravidian languages, a group of languages of Southern India, which seem to have been the idioms of the natives, before the invasion of tribes speaking Sanskrit. Of these languages, the Tamil is the most important.

Draw (dra), v. t. [imp. Drew (dru); p. p. Drawn (dran); p. pr. & vb. n. Drawing.] [OE. dra&yogh;en, drahen, draien, drawen, AS. dragan; akin to Icel. & Sw. draga, Dan. drage to draw, carry, and prob. to OS. dragan to bear, carry, D. dragen, G. tragen, Goth. dragan; cf. Skr. dhraj to move along, glide; and perh. akin to Skr. dhar to hold, bear. rad.73. Cf. 2d Drag, Dray a cart, 1st Dredge.] 1. To cause to move continuously by force applied in advance of the thing moved; to pull along; to haul; to drag; to cause to follow. “He cast him down to ground, and all along
Drew him through dirt and mire without remorse.” Spenser. “He hastened to draw the stranger into a private room.” Sir W. Scott. “Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats?” James ii. 6. “The arrow is now drawn to the head.” Atterbury. 2. To influence to move or tend toward one’s self; to exercise an attracting force upon; to call towards itself; to attract; hence, to entice; to allure; to induce. “The poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods.” Shak. “All eyes you draw, and with the eyes the heart.” Dryden. 3. To cause to come out for one’s use or benefit; to extract; to educe; to bring forth; as: (a) To bring or take out, or to let out, from some receptacle, as a stick or post from a hole, water from a cask or well, etc. “The drew out the staves of the ark.” 2 Chron. v. 9. “Draw thee waters for the siege.” Nahum iii. 14. “I opened the tumor by the point of a lancet without drawing one drop of blood.” Wiseman. (b) To pull from a sheath, as a sword. “I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them.” Ex. xv. 9. (c) To extract; to force out; to elicit; to derive. “Spirits, by distillations, may be drawn out of vegetable juices, which shall flame and fume of themselves.” Cheyne. “Until you had drawn oaths from him.” Shak. (d) To obtain from some cause or origin; to infer from evidence or reasons; to deduce from premises; to derive. “We do not draw the moral lessons we might from history.” Burke. (e) To take or procure from a place of deposit; to call for and receive from a fund, or the like; as to draw money from a bank. (f) To take from a box or wheel, as a lottery ticket; to receive from a lottery by the drawing out of the numbers for prizes or blanks; hence, to obtain by good fortune; to win; to gain; as he drew a prize. (g) To select by the drawing of lots. “Provided magistracies were filled by men freely chosen or drawn.” Freeman. 4. To remove the contents of; as: (a) To drain by emptying; to suck dry. “Sucking and drawing the breast dischargeth the milk as fast as it can generated.” Wiseman. (b) To extract the bowels of; to eviscerate; as to draw a fowl; to hang, draw, and quarter a criminal. “In private draw your poultry, clean your tripe.” King. 5. To take into the lungs; to inhale; to inspire; hence, also to utter or produce by an inhalation; to heave. ´Where I first drew air.´ Milton. “Drew, or seemed to draw, a dying groan.” Dryden. 6. To extend in length; to lengthen; to protract; to stretch; to extend, as a mass of metal into wire. “How long her face is drawn!” Shak. “And the huge Offa’s dike which he drew from the mouth of Wye to that of Dee.” J. R. Green. 7. To run, extend, or produce, as a line on any surface; hence, also to form by marking; to make by an instrument of delineation; to produce, as a sketch, figure, or picture. 8. To represent by lines drawn; to form a sketch or a picture of; to represent by a picture; to delineate; hence, to represent by words; to depict; to describe. “A flattering painter who made it his care
To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are.” Goldsmith. “Can I, untouched, the fair one’s passions move,
Or thou draw beauty and not feel its power?” Prior. 9. To write in due form; to prepare a draught of; as to draw a memorial, a deed, or bill of exchange. “Clerk, draw a deed of gift.” Shak. 10. To require (so great a depth, as of water) for floating; — said of a vessel; to sink so deep in (water); as a ship draws ten feet of water. 11. To withdraw. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Go wash thy face, and draw the action.” Shak. 12. To trace by scent; to track; — a hunting term. Draw, in most of its uses, retains some shade of its original sense, to pull, to move forward by the application of force in advance, or to extend in length, and usually expresses an action as gradual or continuous, and leisurely. We pour liquid quickly, but we draw it in a continued stream. We force compliance by threats, but we draw it by gradual prevalence. We may write a letter with haste, but we draw a bill with slow caution and regard to a precise form. We draw a bar of metal by continued beating. To draw a bow, to bend the bow by drawing the string for discharging the arrow. — To draw a cover, to clear a cover of the game it contains. - - To draw a curtain, to cause a curtain to slide or move, either closing or unclosing. ´Night draws the curtain, which the sun withdraws.´ Herbert. — To draw a line, to fix a limit or boundary. — To draw back, to receive back, as duties on goods for exportation. — To draw breath, to breathe. Shak. — To draw cuts or lots. See under Cut, n. — To draw in. (a) To bring or pull in; to collect. (b) To entice; to inveigle. — To draw interest, to produce or gain interest. — To draw off, to withdraw; to abstract. Addison. — To draw on, to bring on; to occasion; to cause. ´War which either his negligence drew on, or his practices procured.´ Hayward. — To draw (one) out, to elicit cunningly the thoughts and feelings of another. — To draw out, to stretch or extend; to protract; to spread out. — ´Wilt thou draw out thine anger to all generations?´ Ps. lxxxv. 5. ´Linked sweetness long drawn out.´ Milton. — To draw over, to cause to come over, to induce to leave one part or side for the opposite one. — To draw the longbow, to exaggerate; to tell preposterous tales. — To draw (one) to or on to (something), to move, to incite, to induce. ´How many actions most ridiculous hast thou been drawn to by thy fantasy?´ Shak. — To draw up. (a) To compose in due form; to draught; to form in writing. (b) To arrange in order, as a body of troops; to array. ´Drawn up in battle to receive the charge.´ Dryden. Syn. — To Draw, Drag. Draw differs from drag in this, that drag implies a natural inaptitude for drawing, or positive resistance; it is applied to things pulled or hauled along the ground, or moved with toil or difficulty. Draw is applied to all bodies moved by force in advance, whatever may be the degree of force; it commonly implies that some kind of aptitude or provision exists for drawing. Draw is the more general or generic term, and drag the more specific. We say, the horses draw a coach or wagon, but they drag it through mire; yet draw is properly used in both cases.

Draw , v. i. 1. To pull; to exert strength in drawing anything; to have force to move anything by pulling; as a horse draws well; the sails of a ship draw well. A sail is said to draw when it is filled with wind. 2. To draw a liquid from some receptacle, as water from a well. “The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep.” John iv. 11. 3. To exert an attractive force; to act as an inducement or enticement. “Keep a watch upon the particular bias of their minds, that it may not draw too much.” Addison. 4. (Med.) To have efficiency as an epispastic; to act as a sinapism; — said of a blister, poultice, etc. 5. To have draught, as a chimney, flue, or the like; to furnish transmission to smoke, gases, etc. 6. To unsheathe a weapon, especially a sword. “So soon as ever thou seest him, draw; and as thou drawest, swear horrible.” Shak. 7. To perform the act, or practice the art, of delineation; to sketch; to form figures or pictures. ´Skill in drawing.´ Locke. 8. To become contracted; to shrink. ´To draw into less room.´ Bacon. 9. To move; to come or go; literally, to draw one’s self; — with prepositions and adverbs; as to draw away, to move off, esp. in racing, to get in front; to obtain the lead or increase it; to draw back, to retreat; to draw level, to move up even (with another); to come up to or overtake another; to draw off, to retire or retreat; to draw on, to advance; to draw up, to form in array; to draw near, nigh, or towards, to approach; to draw together, to come together, to collect. 10. To make a draft or written demand for payment of money deposited or due; — usually with on or upon. “You may draw on me for the expenses of your journey.” Jay. 11. To admit the action of pulling or dragging; to undergo draught; as a carriage draws easily. 12. To sink in water; to require a depth for floating. ´Greater hulks draw deep.´ Shak. To draw to a head. (a) (Med.) To begin to suppurate; to ripen, as a boil. (b) Fig.: To ripen, to approach the time for action; as the plot draws to a head.

Draw, n. 1. The act of drawing; draught. 2. A lot or chance to be drawn. 3. A drawn game or battle, etc. [Colloq.] 4. That part of a bridge which may be raised, swung round, or drawn aside; the movable part of a drawbridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. [U.S.]

Draw´a•ble , a. Capable of being drawn.

Draw´back , n. 1. A loss of advantage, or deduction from profit, value, success, etc.; a discouragement or hindrance; objectionable feature. “The avarice of Henry VII … . must be deemed a drawback from the wisdom ascribed to him.” Hallam. 2. (Com.) Money paid back or remitted; especially, a certain amount of duties or customs, sometimes the whole, and sometimes only a part, remitted or paid back by the government, on the exportation of the commodities on which they were levied. M•Culloch.

Draw´bar , n. (Railroad) (a) An openmouthed bar at the end of a car, which receives a coupling link and pin by which the car is drawn. It is usually provided with a spring to give elasticity to the connection between the cars of a train. (b) A bar of iron with an eye at each end, or a heavy link, for coupling a locomotive to a tender or car.

Draw´bench , n. (Med.) A machine in which strips of metal are drawn through a drawplate; especially, one in which wire is thus made; — also called drawing bench.

Draw´bolt , n. (Engin.) A coupling pin. See under Coupling.

Draw´bore , n. (Joinery) A hole bored through a tenon nearer to the shoulder than the holes through the cheeks are to the edge or abutment against which the shoulder is to rest, so that a pin or bolt, when driven into it, will draw these parts together. Weale.

Draw´bore, v. t. 1. To make a drawbore in; as to drawbore a tenon. 2. To enlarge the bore of a gun barrel by drawing, instead of thrusting, a revolving tool through it.

Draw´boy , n. (Weaving) A boy who operates the harness cords of a hand loom; also a part of power loom that performs the same office.

Draw´bridge , n. A bridge of which either the whole or a part is made to be raised up, let down, or drawn or turned aside, to admit or hinder communication at pleasure, as before the gate of a town or castle, or over a navigable river or canal. The movable portion, or draw, is called, specifically, a bascule, balance, or lifting bridge, a turning, swivel, or swing bridge, or a rolling bridge, according as it turns on a hinge vertically, or on a pivot horizontally, or is pushed on rollers.

Draw´can•sir , n. [From the name of a bullying braggart character in the play by George Villiers called ´The Rehearsal.´] A blustering, bullying fellow; a pot-valiant braggart; a bully. “The leader was of an ugly look and gigantic stature; he acted like a drawcansir, sparing neither friend nor foe.” Addison.

Draw´-cut , n. A single cut with a knife.

Draw•ee´ , n. (Law) The person on whom an order or bill of exchange is drawn; — the correlative of drawer.

Draw´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, draws; as: (a) One who draws liquor for guests; a waiter in a taproom. Shak. (b) One who delineates or depicts; a draughtsman; as a good drawer. (c) (Law) One who draws a bill of exchange or order for payment; — the correlative of drawee. 2. That which is drawn; as: (a) A sliding box or receptacle in a case, which is opened by pulling or drawing out, and closed by pushing in. (b) pl. An under-garment worn on the lower limbs. Chest of drawers. See under Chest.

Draw´fil•ing , n. The process of smooth filing by working the file sidewise instead of lengthwise.

Draw´gear , n. 1. A harness for draught horses. 2. (Railroad) The means or parts by which cars are connected to be drawn.

Draw´gloves , n. pl. An old game, played by holding up the fingers. Herrick.

Draw´head , n. (Railroad) The flanged outer end of a drawbar; also a name applied to the drawgear.

Draw´ing, n. 1. The act of pulling, or attracting. 2. The act or the art of representing any object by means of lines and shades; especially, such a representation when in one color, or in tints used not to represent the colors of natural objects, but for effect only, and produced with hard material such as pencil, chalk, etc.; delineation; also the figure or representation drawn. 3. The process of stretching or spreading metals as by hammering, or, as in forming wire from rods or tubes and cups from sheet metal, by pulling them through dies. 4. (Textile Manuf.) The process of pulling out and elongating the sliver from the carding machine, by revolving rollers, to prepare it for spinning. 5. The distribution of prizes and blanks in a lottery. Drawing is used adjectively or as the first part of compounds in the sense of pertaining to drawing, for drawing (in the sense of pulling, and of pictorial representation); as drawing master or drawing-master, drawing knife or drawing-knife, drawing machine, drawing board, drawing paper, drawing pen, drawing pencil, etc. A drawing of tea, a small portion of tea for steeping. — Drawing knife. See in the Vocabulary. — Drawing paper (Fine Arts), a thick, sized paper for draughtsman and for water- color painting. — Drawing slate, a soft, slaty substance used in crayon drawing; — called also black chalk, or drawing chalk. — Free-hand drawing, a style of drawing made without the use of guiding or measuring instruments, as distinguished from mechanical or geometrical drawing; also a drawing thus executed. { Draw´ing knife´ , Draw´knife• }, n. 1. A joiner’s tool having a blade with a handle at each end, used to shave off surfaces, by drawing it toward one; a shave; — called also drawshave, and drawing shave. 2. (Carp.) A tool used for the purpose of making an incision along the path a saw is to follow, to prevent it from tearing the surface of the wood.

Draw´ing-room , n. [Abbrev. fr. withdraw-ing-room.] 1. A room appropriated for the reception of company; a room to which company withdraws from the dining room. 2. The company assembled in such a room; also a reception of company in it; as to hold a drawing- room. “He [Johnson] would amaze a drawing-room by suddenly ejaculating a clause of the Lord’s Prayer.” Macaulay. Drawing-room car. See Palace car, under Car.

Drawl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drawled p. pr. & vb. n. Drawling.] [Prob. fr. draw: cf. D. dralen to linger, tarry, Icel. dralla to loiter. See Draw, and cf. Draggle.] To utter in a slow, lengthened tone.

Drawl, v. i. To speak with slow and lingering utterance, from laziness, lack of spirit, affectation, etc. “Theologians and moralists … talk mostly in a drawling and dreaming way about it.” Landor.

Drawl, n. A lengthened, slow monotonous utterance.

Draw´latch , n. A housebreaker or thief. [Obs.] Old Play (1631).

Drawl´ing , n. The act of speaking with a drawl; a drawl. — Drawl´ing•ly, adv. Bacon.

Draw´link , n. Same as Drawbar (b).

Draw´loom , n. 1. A kind of loom used in weaving figured patterns; — called also drawboy. 2. A species of damask made on the drawloom.

Drawn , p. p. & a. See Draw, v. t. & i. Drawn butter, butter melter and prepared to be used as a sort of gravy. — Drawn fowl, an eviscerated fowl. — Drawn game or battle, one in which neither party wins; one equally contested. — Drawn fox, one driven from cover. Shak. — Drawn work, ornamental work made by drawing out threads from fine cloth, and uniting the cross threads, to form a pattern.

Draw´net , n. A net for catching the larger sorts of birds; also a dragnet. Crabb.

Draw´plate , n. A hardened steel plate having a hole, or a gradation of conical holes, through which wires are drawn to be reduced and elongated.

Draw´rod , n. (Railroad) A rod which unites the drawgear at opposite ends of the car, and bears the pull required to draw the train.

Draw´shave , n. See Drawing knife.

Draw´spring , n. (Railroad) The spring to which a drawbar is attached.

Dray , n. A squirrel’s nest. Cowper.

Dray, n. [AS. draege a dragnet, fr. dragan. . See Draw, and cf. 2d Drag, 1st Dredge.] 1. A strong low cart or carriage used for heavy burdens. Addison. 2. A kind of sledge or sled. Halliwell. Dray cart, a dray. — Dray horse, a heavy, strong horse used in drawing a dray.

Dray´age , n. 1. Use of a dray. 2. The charge, or sum paid, for the use of a dray.

Dray´man , n.; pl. Draymen . A man who attends a dray.

Draz´el , n. [Cf. Dross, Drossel.] A slut; a vagabond wench. Same as Drossel. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Dread , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dreaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dreading.] [AS. drdan, in comp.; akin to OS. dradan, OHG. tratan, both only in comp.] To fear in a great degree; to regard, or look forward to, with terrific apprehension. “When at length the moment dreaded through so many years came close, the dark cloud passed away from Johnson’s mind.” Macaulay.

Dread, v. i. To be in dread, or great fear. “Dread not, neither be afraid of them.” Deut. i. 29.

Dread, n. 1. Great fear in view of impending evil; fearful apprehension of danger; anticipatory terror. “The secret dread of divine displeasure.” Tillotson. “The dread of something after death.” Shak. 2. Reverential or respectful fear; awe. “The fear of you, and the dread of you, shall be upon every beast of the earth.” Gen. ix. 2. “His scepter shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings.” Shak. 3. An object of terrified apprehension. 4. A person highly revered. [Obs.] ´Una, his dear dread.´ Spenser. 5. Fury; dreadfulness. [Obs.] Spenser. 6. Doubt; as out of dread. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Awe; fear; affright; terror; horror; dismay; apprehension. See Reverence.

Dread, a. 1. Exciting great fear or apprehension; causing terror; frightful; dreadful. “A dread eternity! how surely mine.” Young. 2. Inspiring with reverential fear; awful’ venerable; as dread sovereign; dread majesty; dread tribunal.

Dread´a•ble , a. Worthy of being dreaded.

Dread´-bolt•ed , a. Armed with dreaded bolts. ´Dread-bolted thunder.´ [Poetic] Shak.

Dread´er , n. One who fears, or lives in fear.

Dread´ful , a. 1. Full of dread or terror; fearful. [Obs.] ´With dreadful heart.´ Chaucer. 2. Inspiring dread; impressing great fear; fearful; terrible; as a dreadful storm. ´ Dreadful gloom.´ Milton. “For all things are less dreadful than they seem.” Wordsworth. 3. Inspiring awe or reverence; awful. [Obs.] ´God’s dreadful law.´ Shak. Syn. — Fearful; frightful; terrific; terrible; horrible; horrid; formidable; tremendous; awful; venerable. See Frightful.

Dread´ful•ly , adv. In a dreadful manner; terribly. Dryden.

Dread´ful•ness, n. The quality of being dreadful.

Dread´ing•ly, adv. With dread. Warner.

Dread´less, a. 1. Free from dread; fearless; intrepid; dauntless; as dreadless heart. ´The dreadless angel.´ Milton. 2. Exempt from danger which causes dread; secure. ´ safe in his dreadless den.´ Spenser.

Dread´less, adv. Without doubt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dread´less•ness, n. Freedom from dread.

Dread´ly, a. Dreadful. [Obs.] ´Dreadly spectacle.´ Spenser. — adv. With dread. [Obs.] ´Dreadly to shake.´ Sylvester (Du Bartas).

Dread´naught , n. 1. A fearless person. 2. Hence: A garment made of very thick cloth, that can defend against storm and cold; also the cloth itself; fearnaught.

Dream (drem), n. [Akin to OS. drom, D. droom, G. traum, Icel. draumr, Dan. & Sw. dröm; cf. G. trügen to deceive, Skr. druh to harm, hurt, try to hurt. AS. dreám joy, gladness, and OS. drom joy are, perh., different words; cf. Gr. qry^los noise.] 1. The thoughts, or series of thoughts, or imaginary transactions, which occupy the mind during sleep; a sleeping vision. “Dreams are but interludes which fancy makes.” Dryden. “I had a dream which was not all a dream.” Byron. 2. A visionary scheme; a wild conceit; an idle fancy; a vagary; a revery; — in this sense, applied to an imaginary or anticipated state of happiness; as a dream of bliss; the dream of his youth. “There sober thought pursued the amusing theme,
Till Fancy colored it and formed a dream.” Pope. “It is not them a mere dream, but a very real aim which they propose.” J. C. Shairp.

Dream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dreamed (dremd) or Dreamt (dremt); p. pr. & vb. n. Dreaming.] [Cf. AS. dreman, dryman, to rejoice. See Dream, n.] 1. To have ideas or images in the mind while in the state of sleep; to experience sleeping visions; — often with of; as to dream of a battle, or of an absent friend. 2. To let the mind run on in idle revery or vagary; to anticipate vaguely as a coming and happy reality; to have a visionary notion or idea; to imagine. “Here may we sit and dream
Over the heavenly theme”. Keble. “They dream on in a constant course of reading, but not digesting”. Locke.

Dream, v. t. To have a dream of; to see, or have a vision of, in sleep, or in idle fancy; — often followed by an objective clause. “Your old men shall dream dreams”. Acts ii. 17. “At length in sleep their bodies they compose,
And dreamt the future fight”. Dryden. “And still they dream that they shall still succeed”. Cowper. To dream away, out, through, etc., to pass in revery or inaction; to spend in idle vagaries; as to dream away an hour; to dream through life. ´ Why does Antony dream out his hours?´ Dryden.

Dream´er , n. 1. One who dreams. 2. A visionary; one lost in wild imaginations or vain schemes of some anticipated good; as a political dreamer.

Dream´ful , a. Full of dreams. ´ Dreamful ease.´ Tennyson. — Dream´ful•ly, adv.

Dream´i•ly , adv. As if in a dream; softly; slowly; languidly. Longfellow.

Dream´i•ness, n. The state of being dreamy.

Dream´ing•ly, adv. In a dreamy manner.

Dream´land , n. An unreal, delightful country such as in sometimes pictured in dreams; region of fancies; fairyland. “[He] builds a bridge from dreamland for his lay.” Lowell.

Dream´less, a. Free from, or without, dreams. Camden. — Dream´less•ly, adv.

Dream´y , a. [Compar. Dreamier superl. Dreamiest ] Abounding in dreams or given to dreaming; appropriate to, or like, dreams; visionary. ´The dreamy dells.´ Tennyson.

Drear (drer), a. [See Dreary.] Dismal; gloomy with solitude. ´A drear and dying sound.´ Milton.

Drear, n. Sadness; dismalness. [Obs.] Spenser. { Drear´i•head (-i•hed), Drear´i•hood (-i•hood), } n. Affliction; dreariness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drear´i•ly, adv. Gloomily; dismally.

Drear´i•ment , n. Dreariness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drear´i•ness, n. 1. Sorrow; wretchedness. [Obs.] 2. Dismalness; gloomy solitude.

Drear´ing, n. Sorrow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drear´i•some (-sum), a. Very dreary. Halliwell.

Drear´y (drer´y), a. [Compar. Drearier superl. Dreariest.] [OE. dreori, dreri, AS. dreórig, sad; akin to G. traurig, and prob. to AS. dreósan to fall, Goth. driusan. Cf. Dross, Drear, Drizzle, Drowse.] 1. Sorrowful; distressful. [Obs.] ´ Dreary shrieks.´ Spenser. 2. Exciting cheerless sensations, feelings, or associations; comfortless; dismal; gloomy. ´ Dreary shades.´ Dryden. ´The dreary ground.´ Prior. “Full many a dreary anxious hour.” Keble. “Johnson entered on his vocation in the most dreary part of that dreary interval which separated two ages of prosperity.” Macaulay.

Drec´che , v. t. [AS. dreccan, dreccean.] 1. To vex; to torment; to trouble. [Obs.] “As man that in his dream is drecched sore.” Chaucer.

Drec´che, v. i. To delay. [Obs.] Gower.

Dredge (drej), n. [F. drège, dreige, fish net, from a word akin to E. draw; cf. D. dreg, dregge, small anchor, dregnet dragnet. rad.73. See Draw.] 1. Any instrument used to gather or take by dragging; as: (a) A dragnet for taking up oysters, etc., from their beds. (b) A dredging machine. (c) An iron frame, with a fine net attached, used in collecting animals living at the bottom of the sea. 2. (Mining) Very fine mineral matter held in suspension in water. Raymond.

Dredge (drej), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dredged (drejd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dredging.] To catch or gather with a dredge; to deepen with a dredging machine. R. Carew. Dredging machine, a machine (commonly on a boat) used to scoop up mud, gravel, or obstructions from the bottom of rivers, docks, etc., so as to deepen them.

Dredge, n. [OE. dragge, F. dragee, dredge, also sugar plum; cf. Prov. dragea, It. treggea; corrupted fr. LL. tragemata, pl., sweetmeats, Gr. , fr. to gnaw.] A mixture of oats and barley. [Obs.] Kersey.

Dredge, v. t. To sift or sprinkle flour, etc., on, as on roasting meat. Beau. & Fl. Dredging box. (a) Same as 2d Dredger. (b) (Gun.) A copper box with a perforated lid; — used for sprinkling meal powder over shell fuses. Farrow.

Dredg´er , n. 1. One who fishes with a dredge. 2. A dredging machine.

Dredg´er, n. (Cookery) A box with holes in its lid; — used for sprinkling flour, as on meat or a breadboard; — called also dredging box, drudger, and drudging box.

Dree , v. t. [AS. dreógan to bear, endure, complete.] To endure; to suffer. [Scot.]

Dree, v. i. To be able to do or endure. [Obs.]

Dree, a. Wearisome; tedious. [Prov. Eng.]

Dreg , n. [Prob. from Icel. dregg; akin to Sw. drägg, cf. Icel. & Sw. draga to draw. Cf. Draw.] Corrupt or defiling matter contained in a liquid, or precipitated from it; refuse; feculence; lees; grounds; sediment; hence, the vilest and most worthless part of anything; as the dregs of society. “We, the dregs and rubbish of mankind.” Dryden. Used formerly (rarely) in the singular, as by Spenser and Shakespeare, but now chiefly in the plural.

Dreg´gi•ness , n. Fullness of dregs or lees; foulness; feculence.

Dreg´gish , a. Foul with lees; feculent. Harvey.

Dreg´gy , a. Containing dregs or lees; muddy; foul; feculent. Boyle.

Drein , v. i. To drain. [Obs.] Congreve.

Drein´te , imp., Dreint , p. p. of Drench to drown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dreis´se•na , n. [NL. Named after Dreyssen, a Belgian physician.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells of which one species (D. polymorpha) is often so abundant as to be very troublesome in the fresh waters of Europe.

Drench , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drenched p. pr. & vb. n. Drenching.] [AS. drencan to give to drink, to drench, the causal of drincan to drink; akin to D. drenken, Sw. dränka, G. tränken. See Drink.] 1. To cause to drink; especially, to dose by force; to put a potion down the throat of, as of a horse; hence. to purge violently by physic. “As ´to fell,´ is ´to make to fall,´ and ´to lay,´ to make to lie.´ so ´to drench,´ is ´to make to drink.´” Trench. 2. To steep in moisture; to wet thoroughly; to soak; to saturate with water or other liquid; to immerse. “Now dam the ditches and the floods restrain;
Their moisture has already drenched the plain.” Dryden.

Drench, n. [AS. drenc. See Drench, v. t.] A drink; a draught; specifically, a potion of medicine poured or forced down the throat; also a potion that causes purging. ´A drench of wine.´ Dryden. “Give my roan horse a drench.” Shak.

Drench, n. [AS. dreng warrior, soldier, akin to Icel. drengr.] (O. Eng. Law) A military vassal mentioned in Domesday Book. [Obs.] Burrill.

Drench´e , v. t. & i. To drown. [Obs.] “In the sea he drenched.” Chaucer.

Drench´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, west or steeps. 2. One who administers a drench.

Dren´gage , n. (O. Eng. Law) The tenure by which a drench held land. [Obs.] Burrill.

Drent , p. p. [See Dreinte.] Drenched; drowned. [Obs.] ´Condemned to be drent.´ Spenser.

Dres´den ware A superior kind of decorated porcelain made near Dresden in Saxony.

Dress (dres), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dressed (drest) or Drest; p. pr. & vb. n. Dressing.] [OF. drecier to make straight, raise, set up, prepare, arrange, F. dresser, (assumed) LL. directiare, fr. L. dirigere, directum, to direct; dis- + regere to rule. See Right, and cf. Address, Adroit, Direct, Dirge.] 1. To direct; to put right or straight; to regulate; to order. [Obs.] “At all times thou shalt bless God and pray Him to dress thy ways.” Chaucer. Dress is used reflexively in Old English, in sense of ´to direct one’s step; to address one’s self.´ “To Grisild again will I me dresse.” Chaucer. 2. (Mil.) To arrange in exact continuity of line, as soldiers; commonly to adjust to a straight line and at proper distance; to align; as to dress the ranks. 3. (Med.) To treat methodically with remedies, bandages, or curative appliances, as a sore, an ulcer, a wound, or a wounded or diseased part. 4. To adjust; to put in good order; to arrange; specifically: (a) To prepare for use; to fit for any use; to render suitable for an intended purpose; to get ready; as to dress a slain animal; to dress meat; to dress leather or cloth; to dress or trim a lamp; to dress a garden; to dress a horse, by currying and rubbing; to dress grain, by cleansing it; in mining and metallurgy, to dress ores, by sorting and separating them. “And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it.” Gen. ii. 15. “When he dresseth the lamps he shall burn incense.” Ex. xxx. 7. “Three hundred horses … smoothly dressed.” Dryden. “Dressing their hair with the white sea flower.” Tennyson. “If he felt obliged to expostulate, he might have dressed his censures in a kinder form.” Carlyle. (b) To cut to proper dimensions, or give proper shape to, as to a tool by hammering; also to smooth or finish. (c) To put in proper condition by appareling, as the body; to put clothes upon; to apparel; to invest with garments or rich decorations; to clothe; to deck. “Dressed myself in such humility.” Shak. “Prove that ever Idress myself handsome till thy return.” Shak. (d) To break and train for use, as a horse or other animal. To dress up or out, to dress elaborately, artificially, or pompously. ´You see very often a king of England or France dressed up like a Julius Caesar.´ Addison. — To dress a ship (Naut.), to ornament her by hoisting the national colors at the peak and mastheads, and setting the jack forward; when dressed full, the signal flags and pennants are added. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Syn. — To attire; apparel; clothe; accouter; array; robe; rig; trim; deck; adorn; embellish.

Dress, v. i. 1. (Mil.) To arrange one’s self in due position in a line of soldiers; — the word of command to form alignment in ranks; as Right, dress! 2. To clothe or apparel one’s self; to put on one’s garments; to pay particular regard to dress; as to dress quickly. ´To dress for a ball.´ Latham. “To flaunt, to dress, to dance, to thrum.” Tennyson. To dress to the right, To dress to the left, To dress on the center (Mil.), to form alignment with reference to the soldier on the extreme right, or in the center, of the rank, who serves as a guide.

Dress, n. 1. That which is used as the covering or ornament of the body; clothes; garments; habit; apparel. ´In your soldier’s dress.´ Shak. 2. A lady’s gown; as silk or a velvet dress. 3. Attention to apparel, or skill in adjusting it. “Men of pleasure, dress, and gallantry.” Pope. 4. (Milling) The system of furrows on the face of a millstone. Knight. Dress circle. See under Circle. — Dress parade (Mil.), a parade in full uniform for review.

Dress´ coat A coat with skirts behind only, as distinct from the frock coat, of which the skirts surround the body. It is worn on occasions of ceremony. The dress coat of officers of the United States army is a full-skirted frock coat.

Dress´er , n. 1. One who dresses; one who put in order or makes ready for use; one who on clothes or ornaments. 2. (Mining) A kind of pick for shaping large coal. 3. An assistant in a hospital, whose office it is to dress wounds, sores, etc. 4. [F. dressoir. See Dress, v. t.] (a) A table or bench on which meat and other things are dressed, or prepared for use. (b) A cupboard or set of shelves to receive dishes and cooking utensils. “The pewter plates on the dresser
Caught and reflected the flame, as shields of armies the sunshine.” Longfellow.

Dress´ goods´ A term applied to fabrics for the gowns of women and girls; — most commonly to fabrics of mixed materials, but also applicable to silks, printed linens, and calicoes.

Dress´i•ness , n. The state of being dressy.

Dress´ing, n. 1. Dress; raiment; especially, ornamental habiliment or attire. B. Jonson. 2. (Surg.) An application (a remedy, bandage, etc.) to a sore or wound. Wiseman. 3. Manure or compost over land. When it remains on the surface, it is called a top-dressing. 4. (Cookery) (a) A preparation to fit food for use; a condiment; as a dressing for salad. (b) The stuffing of fowls, pigs, etc.; forcemeat. 5. Gum, starch, and the like, used in stiffening or finishing silk, linen, and other fabrics. 6. An ornamental finish, as a molding around doors, windows, or on a ceiling, etc. 7. Castigation; scolding; — often with down. [Colloq.] Dressing case, a case of toilet utensils. — Dressing forceps, a variety of forceps, shaped like a pair of scissors, used in dressing wounds. — Dressing gown, a light gown, such as is used by a person while dressing; a study gown. — Dressing room, an apartment appropriated for making one’s toilet. — Dressing table, a table at which a person may dress, and on which articles for the toilet stand. — Top-dressing, manure or compost spread over land and not worked into the soil.

Dress´mak•er , n. A maker of gowns, or similar garments; a mantuamaker.

Dress´mak•ing, n. The art, process, or occupation, of making dresses.

Dress´y , a. Showy in dress; attentive to dress. “A dressy flaunting maidservant.” T. Hook. “A neat, dressy gentleman in black.” W. Irving.

Drest , p. p. of Dress.

Dretch , v. t. & i. See Drecche. [Obs.]

Dreul , v. i. To drool. [Obs.]

Drev´il , n. A fool; a drudge. See Drivel.

Drew , imp. of Draw.

Drey , n. A squirrel’s nest. See Dray. [Obs.]

Dreye , a. Dry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dreyn´te , imp., Dreynt , p. p., of Drench to drown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drib , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dribbed p. pr. & vb. n. Dribbing.] [Cf. Drip.] To do by little and little; as: (a) To cut off by a little at a time; to crop. (b) To appropriate unlawfully; to filch; to defalcate. “He who drives their bargain dribs a part.” Dryden. (c) To lead along step by step; to entice. “With daily lies she dribs thee into cost.” Dryden.

Drib , v. t. & i. (Archery) To shoot (a shaft) so as to pierce on the descent. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Drib, n. A drop. [Obs.] Swift.

Drib´ber , n. One who dribs; one who shoots weakly or badly. [Obs.] Ascham.

Drib´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dribbled p. pr. & vb. n. Dribbing ] [Freq. of drib, which is a variant of drip.] 1. To fall in drops or small drops, or in a quick succession of drops; as water dribbles from the eaves. 2. To slaver, as a child or an idiot; to drivel. 3. To fall weakly and slowly. [Obs.] ´The dribbling dart of love.´ Shak. (Meas. for Meas. , i. 3, 2). [Perhaps an error for dribbing.]

Drib´ble, v. t. To let fall in drops. “Let the cook … dribble it all the way upstairs.” Swift.

Drib´ble, n. A drizzling shower; a falling or leaking in drops. [Colloq.]

Drib´bler , n. One who dribbles. { Drib´blet , Drib´let } n. [From Dribble.] A small piece or part; a small sum; a small quantity of money in making up a sum; as the money was paid in dribblets. “When made up in dribblets, as they could, their best securities were at an interest of twelve per cent.” Burke.

Drie , v. t. [See Dree.] To endure. [Obs.] “So causeless such drede for to drie.” Chaucer.

Dried (drid), imp. & p. p. of Dry. Also adj.; as dried apples.

Dri´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, dries; that which may expel or absorb moisture; a desiccative; as the sun and a northwesterly wind are great driers of the earth. 2. (Paint.) Drying oil; a substance mingled with the oil used in oil painting to make it dry quickly.

Dri´er, compar., Dri´est, superl., of Dry, a.

Drift , n. [From drive; akin to LG. & D. drift a driving, Icel. drift snowdrift, Dan. drift, impulse, drove, herd, pasture, common, G. trift pasturage, drove. See Drive.] 1. A driving; a violent movement. “The dragon drew him [self] away with drift of his wings.” King Alisaunder (1332). 2. The act or motion of drifting; the force which impels or drives; an overpowering influence or impulse. “A bad man, being under the drift of any passion, will follow the impulse of it till something interpose.” South. 3. Course or direction along which anything is driven; setting. ´Our drift was south.´ Hakluyt. 4. The tendency of an act, argument, course of conduct, or the like; object aimed at or intended; intention; hence, also import or meaning of a sentence or discourse; aim. “He has made the drift of the whole poem a compliment on his country in general.” Addison. “Now thou knowest my drift.” Sir W. Scott. 5. That which is driven, forced, or urged along; as: (a) Anything driven at random. ´Some log … a useless drift.´ Dryden. (b) A mass of matter which has been driven or forced onward together in a body, or thrown together in a heap, etc., esp. by wind or water; as a drift of snow, of ice, of sand, and the like. “Drifts of rising dust involve the sky.” Pope. “We got the brig a good bed in the rushing drift [of ice].” Kane. (c) A drove or flock, as of cattle, sheep, birds. [Obs.] “Cattle coming over the bridge (with their great drift doing much damage to the high ways).” Fuller. 6. (Arch.) The horizontal thrust or pressure of an arch or vault upon the abutments. [R.] Knight. 7. (Geol.) A collection of loose earth and rocks, or boulders, which have been distributed over large portions of the earth’s surface, especially in latitudes north of forty degrees, by the agency of ice. 8. In South Africa, a ford in a river. 9. (Mech.) A slightly tapered tool of steel for enlarging or shaping a hole in metal, by being forced or driven into or through it; a broach. 10. (Mil.) (a) A tool used in driving down compactly the composition contained in a rocket, or like firework. (b) A deviation from the line of fire, peculiar to oblong projectiles. 11. (Mining) A passage driven or cut between shaft and shaft; a driftway; a small subterranean gallery; an adit or tunnel. 12. (Naut.) (a) The distance through which a current flows in a given time. (b) The angle which the line of a ship’s motion makes with the meridian, in drifting. (c) The distance to which a vessel is carried off from her desired course by the wind, currents, or other causes. (d) The place in a deep-waisted vessel where the sheer is raised and the rail is cut off, and usually terminated with a scroll, or driftpiece. (e) The distance between the two blocks of a tackle. 13. The difference between the size of a bolt and the hole into which it is driven, or between the circumference of a hoop and that of the mast on which it is to be driven. Drift is used also either adjectively or as the first part of a compound. See Drift, a. Drift of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an examination or view of the cattle in a forest, in order to see whose they are, whether they are commonable, and to determine whether or not the forest is surcharged. Burrill.

Drift, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Drifting.] 1. To float or be driven along by, or as by, a current of water or air; as the ship drifted astern; a raft drifted ashore; the balloon drifts slowly east. “We drifted o’er the harbor bar.” Coleridge. 2. To accumulate in heaps by the force of wind; to be driven into heaps; as snow or sand drifts. 3. (mining) to make a drift; to examine a vein or ledge for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of metals or ores; to follow a vein; to prospect. [U.S.]

Drift , v. t. 1. To drive or carry, as currents do a floating body. J. H. Newman. 2. To drive into heaps; as a current of wind drifts snow or sand. 3. (Mach.) To enlarge or shape, as a hole, with a drift.

Drift, a. That causes drifting or that is drifted; movable by wind or currents; as drift currents; drift ice; drift mud. Kane. Drift anchor. See Sea anchor, and also Drag sail, under Drag, n. - - Drift epoch (Geol.), the glacial epoch. — Drift net, a kind of fishing net. — Drift sail. Same as Drag sail. See under Drag, n.

Drift´age , n. 1. Deviation from a ship’s course due to leeway. 2. Anything that drifts.

Drift´bolt , n. A bolt for driving out other bolts.

Drift´less, a. Having no drift or direction; without aim; purposeless.

Drift´piece´ , n. (Shipbuilding) An upright or curved piece of timber connecting the plank sheer with the gunwale; also a scroll terminating a rail.

Drift´pin , n. (Mech.) A smooth drift. See Drift, n., 9.

Drift´way , n. 1. A common way, road, or path, for driving cattle. Cowell. Burrill. 2. (Mining) Same as Drift, 11.

Drift´weed , n. Seaweed drifted to the shore by the wind. Darwin.

Drift´wind , n. A driving wind; a wind that drives snow, sand, etc., into heaps. Beau. & Fl.

Drift´wood , n. 1. Wood drifted or floated by water. 2. Fig.: Whatever is drifting or floating as on water. “The current of humanity, with its heavy proportion of very useless driftwood.” New Your Times.

Drift´y , a. Full of drifts; tending to form drifts, as snow, and the like.

Drill , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drilled p. pr. & vb. n. Drilling.] [D. drillen to bore, drill (soldiers); probably akin to AS. pyrlian, pyrelian, to pierce. See Thrill.] 1. To pierce or bore with a drill, or a with a drill; to perforate; as to drill a hole into a rock; to drill a piece of metal. 2. To train in the military art; to exercise diligently, as soldiers, in military evolutions and exercises; hence, to instruct thoroughly in the rudiments of any art or branch of knowledge; to discipline. “He [Frederic the Great] drilled his people, as he drilled his grenadiers.” Macaulay.

Drill, v. i. To practice an exercise or exercises; to train one’s self.

Drill, n. 1. An instrument with an edged or pointed end used for making holes in hard substances; strictly, a tool that cuts with its end, by revolving, as in drilling metals, or by a succession of blows, as in drilling stone; also a drill press. 2. (Mil.) The act or exercise of training soldiers in the military art, as in the manual of arms, in the execution of evolutions, and the like; hence, diligent and strict instruction and exercise in the rudiments and methods of any business; a kind or method of military exercises; as infantry drill; battalion drill; artillery drill. 3. Any exercise, physical or mental, enforced with regularity and by constant repetition; as a severe drill in Latin grammar. 4. (Zoöl.) A marine gastropod, of several species, which kills oysters and other bivalves by drilling holes through the shell. The most destructive kind is Urosalpinx cinerea. Bow drill, Breast drill. See under Bow, Breast. — Cotter drill, or Traverse drill, a machine tool for drilling slots. — Diamond drill. See under Diamond. — Drill jig. See under Jig. — Drill pin, the pin in a lock which enters the hollow stem of the key. - - Drill sergeant (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer whose office it is to instruct soldiers as to their duties, and to train them to military exercises and evolutions. — Vertical drill, a drill press.

Drill, v. t. [Cf. Trill to trickle, Trickle, Dribble, and W. rhillio to put in a row, drill.] 1. To cause to flow in drills or rills or by trickling; to drain by trickling; as waters drilled through a sandy stratum. [R.] Thomson. 2. To sow, as seeds, by dribbling them along a furrow or in a row, like a trickling rill of water. 3. To entice; to allure from step; to decoy; — with on. [Obs.] “See drilled him on to five-fifty.” Addison. 4. To cause to slip or waste away by degrees. [Obs.] “ This accident hath drilled away the whole summer.” Swift.

Drill, v. i. 1. To trickle. [Obs. or R.] Sandys. 2. To sow in drills.

Drill, n. 1. A small trickling stream; a rill. [Obs.] “Springs through the pleasant meadows pour their drills.” Sandys. 2. (Agr.) (a) An implement for making holes for sowing seed, and sometimes so formed as to contain seeds and drop them into the hole made. (b) A light furrow or channel made to put seed into sowing. (c) A row of seed sown in a furrow. Drill is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as drill barrow or drill-barrow; drill husbandry; drill plow or drill-plow. Drill barrow, a wheeled implement for planting seed in drills. — Drill bow, a small bow used for the purpose of rapidly turning a drill around which the bowstring takes a turn. — Drill harrow, a harrow used for stirring the ground between rows, or drills. — Drill plow, or Drill plough, a sort plow for sowing grain in drills.

Drill , n. [Cf. Mandrill.] (Zoöl.) A large African baboon (Cynocephalus leucophaeus).

Drill, n. [Usually in pl.] (Manuf.) Same as Drilling. Imperial drill, a linen fabric having two threads in the warp and three in the filling.

Drill´er , n. One who, or that which, drills.

Drill´ing, n. 1. The act of piercing with a drill. 2. A training by repeated exercises.

Drill´ing, n. The act of using a drill in sowing seeds.

Drill´ing, n. [G. drillich, fr. L. trilix having three threads, fr. the of tres three + licium a thread of the warm. See Three, and cf. Twill.] (Manuf.) A heavy, twilled fabric of linen or cotton.

Drill´mas•ter , n. One who teaches drill, especially in the way of gymnastics. Macaulay.

Drill´ press . A machine for drilling holes in metal, the drill being pressed to the metal by the action of a screw.

Drill´stock , n. (Mech.) A contrivance for holding and turning a drill. Knight.

Dri´ly , adv. See Dryly. Thackeray.

Dri´mys (dri´mis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. drimy•s sharp, acrid.] (Bot.) A genus of magnoliaceous trees. Drimys aromatica furnishes Winter’s bark.

Drink (drink), v. i. [imp. Drank (drank), formerly Drunk (drunk); & p. p. Drunk, Drunken (-’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Drinking. Drunken is now rarely used, except as a verbal adj. in sense of habitually intoxicated; the form drank, not infrequently used as a p. p., is not so analogical.] [AS. drincan; akin to OS. drinkan, D. drinken, G. trinken, Icel. drekka, Sw. dricka, Dan. drikke, Goth. drigkan. Cf. Drench, Drunken, Drown.] 1. To swallow anything liquid, for quenching thirst or other purpose; to imbibe; to receive or partake of, as if in satisfaction of thirst; as to drink from a spring. “Gird thyself, and serve me, till have eaten and drunken; and afterward thou shalt eat and drink.” Luke xvii. 8. “He shall drink of the wrath the Almighty.” Job xxi. 20. “Drink of the cup that can not cloy.” Keble. 2. To quaff exhilarating or intoxicating liquors, in merriment or feasting; to carouse; to revel; hence, to lake alcoholic liquors to excess; to be intemperate in the se of intoxicating or spirituous liquors; to tipple. Pope. “And they drank, and were merry with him.” Gem. xliii. 34. “Bolingbroke always spoke freely when he had drunk freely.” Thackeray. To drink to, to salute in drinking; to wish well to, in the act of taking the cup; to pledge in drinking. “I drink to the general joy of the whole table,
And to our dear friend Banquo.” Shak.

Drink, v. t. 1. To swallow (a liquid); to receive, as a fluid, into the stomach; to imbibe; as to drink milk or water. “There lies she with the blessed gods in bliss,
There drinks the nectar with ambrosia mixed.” Spenser. “The bowl of punch which was brewed and drunk in Mrs. Betty’s room.” Thackeray. 2. To take in (a liquid), in any manner; to suck up; to absorb; to imbibe. “And let the purple violets drink the stream.” Dryden. 3. To take in; to receive within one, through the senses; to inhale; to hear; to see. “To drink the cooler air,” Tennyson. “My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words
Of that tongue’s utterance.” Shak. “Let me … drink delicious poison from thy eye.” Pope. 4. To smoke, as tobacco. [Obs.] “And some men now live ninety years and past,
Who never drank to tobacco first nor last.” Taylor (1630.) To drink down, to act on by drinking; to reduce or subdue; as to drink down unkindness. Shak. — To drink in, to take into one’s self by drinking, or as by drinking; to receive and appropriate as in satisfaction of thirst. ´Song was the form of literature which he [Burns] had drunk in from his cradle.´ J. C. Shairp. — To drink off or up, to drink the whole at a draught; as to drink off a cup of cordial. — To drink the health of, or To drink to the health of, to drink while expressing good wishes for the health or welfare of.

Drink, n. 1. Liquid to be swallowed; any fluid to be taken into the stomach for quenching thirst or for other purposes, as water, coffee, or decoctions. “Give me some drink, Titinius.” Shak. 2. Specifically, intoxicating liquor; as when drink is on, wit is out. Drink money, or Drink penny, an allowance, or perquisite, given to buy drink; a gratuity. — Drink offering (Script.), an offering of wine, etc., in the Jewish religious service. — In drink, drunk. ´The poor monster’s in drink.´ Shak. — Strong drink, intoxicating liquor; esp., liquor containing a large proportion of alcohol. ´ Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging.´ Prov. xx. 1.

Drink´a•ble , a. Capable of being drunk; suitable for drink; potable. Macaulay. Also used substantively, esp. in the plural. Steele.

Drink´a•ble•ness, n. State of being drinkable.

Drink´er , n. One who drinks; as the effects of tea on the drinker; also one who drinks spirituous liquors to excess; a drunkard. Drinker moth (Zoöl.), a large British moth (Odonestis potatoria).

Drink´ing, n. 1. The act of one who drinks; the act of imbibing. 2. The practice of partaking to excess of intoxicating liquors. 3. An entertainment with liquors; a carousal. Drinking is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as a drinking song, drinking cup, drinking glass, drinking house, etc. Drinking horn, a drinking vessel made of a horn.

Drink´less, a. Destitute of drink. Chaucer.

Drip , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dripped or Dript; p. pr. & vb. n. Dripping.] [Akin to LG. drippen, Dan. dryppe, from a noun. See Drop.] 1. To fall in drops; as water drips from the eaves. 2. To let fall drops of moisture or liquid; as a wet garment drips. “The dark round of the dripping wheel.” Tennyson.

Drip, v. t. To let fall in drops. “Which from the thatch drips fast a shower of rain.” Swift.

Drip, n. 1. A falling or letting fall in drops; a dripping; that which drips, or falls in drops. “The light drip of the suspended oar.” Byron. 2. (Arch.) That part of a cornice, sill course, or other horizontal member, which projects beyond the rest, and is of such section as to throw off the rain water. Right of drip (Law), an easement or servitude by which a man has the right to have the water flowing from his house fall on the land of his neighbor.

Drip´ping, n. 1. A falling in drops, or the sound so made. 2. That which falls in drops, as fat from meat in roasting. Dripping pan, a pan for receiving the fat which drips from meat in roasting.

Drip´ple , a. [From Drip, cf. Dribble.] Weak or rare. [Obs.]

Drip´stone , n. (Arch.) A drip, when made of stone. See Drip, 2.

Drive (driv), v. t. [imp. Drove (drov), formerly Drave (drav); p. p. Driven (driv’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Driving.] [AS. drifan; akin to OS. driban, D. drijven, OHG. triban, G. treiben, Icel. drifa, Goth. dreiban. Cf. Drift, Drove.] 1. To impel or urge onward by force in a direction away from one, or along before one; to push forward; to compel to move on; to communicate motion to; as to drive cattle; to drive a nail; smoke drives persons from a room. “A storm came on and drove them into Pylos.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “Shield pressed on shield, and man drove man along.” Pope. “Go drive the deer and drag the finny prey.” Pope. 2. To urge on and direct the motions of, as the beasts which draw a vehicle, or the vehicle borne by them; hence, also to take in a carriage; to convey in a vehicle drawn by beasts; as to drive a pair of horses or a stage; to drive a person to his own door. “How … proud he was to drive such a brother!” Thackeray. 3. To urge, impel, or hurry forward; to force; to constrain; to urge, press, or bring to a point or state; as to drive a person by necessity, by persuasion, by force of circumstances, by argument, and the like. ´ Enough to drive one mad.´ Tennyson. “He, driven to dismount, threatened, if I did not do the like, to do as much for my horse as fortune had done for his.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. To carry or; to keep in motion; to conduct; to prosecute. [Now used only colloquially.] Bacon. “The trade of life can not be driven without partners.” Collier. 5. To clear, by forcing away what is contained. “To drive the country, force the swains away.” Dryden. 6. (Mining) To dig Horizontally; to cut a horizontal gallery or tunnel. Tomlinson. 7. To pass away; — said of time. [Obs.] Chaucer. Drive, in all its senses, implies forcible or violent action. It is the reverse of to lead. To drive a body is to move it by applying a force behind; to lead is to cause to move by applying the force before, or in front. It takes a variety of meanings, according to the objects by which it is followed; as to drive an engine, to direct and regulate its motions; to drive logs, to keep them in the current of a river and direct them in their course; to drive feathers or down, to place them in a machine, which, by a current of air, drives off the lightest to one end, and collects them by themselves. ´My thrice-driven bed of down.´ Shak.

Drive, v. i. 1. To rush and press with violence; to move furiously. “Fierce Boreas drove against his flying sails.” Dryden. “Under cover of the night and a driving tempest.” Prescott. “Time driveth onward fast,
And in a little while our lips are dumb.” Tennyson. 2. To be forced along; to be impelled; to be moved by any physical force or agent; to be driven. “The hull drives on, though mast and sail be torn.” Byron. “The chaise drives to Mr. Draper’s chambers.” Thackeray. 3. To go by carriage; to pass in a carriage; to proceed by directing or urging on a vehicle or the animals that draw it; as the coachman drove to my door. 4. To press forward; to aim, or tend, to a point; to make an effort; to strive; — usually with at. “Let them therefore declare what carnal or secular interest he drove at.” South. 5. To distrain for rent. [Obs.] To let drive, to aim a blow; to strike with force; to attack. ´Four rogues in buckram let drive at me.´ Shak.

Drive (driv), p. p. Driven. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drive (driv), n. 1. The act of driving; a trip or an excursion in a carriage, as for exercise or pleasure; — distinguished from a ride taken on horseback. 2. A place suitable or agreeable for driving; a road prepared for driving. 3. Violent or rapid motion; a rushing onward or away; esp., a forced or hurried dispatch of business. “The Murdstonian drive in business.” M. Arnold. 4. In type founding and forging, an impression or matrix, formed by a punch drift. 5. A collection of objects that are driven; a mass of logs to be floated down a river. [Colloq.] Syn. — See Ride.

Drive´bolt , n. A drift; a tool for setting bolts home.

Driv´el , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Driveled or Drivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Driveling or Drivelling.] [Cf. OE. dravelen, drabelen, drevelen, drivelen, to slaver, and E. drabble. Cf. Drool.] 1. To slaver; to let spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like a child, idiot, or dotard. 2. [Perh. a different word: cf. Icel. drafa to talk thick.] To be weak or foolish; to dote; as a driveling hero; driveling love. Shak. Dryden.

Driv´el, n. 1. Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth. 2. Inarticulate or unmeaning utterance; foolish talk; babble. 3. A driveler; a fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 4. A servant; a drudge. [Obs.] Huloet.

Driv´el•er , n. A slaverer; a slabberer; an idiot; a fool. [Written also driveller.]

Driv´en , p. p. of Drive. Also adj. Driven well, a well made by driving a tube into the earth to an aqueous stratum; — called also drive well.

Drive´pipe , n. A pipe for forcing into the earth.

Driv´er , n. [From Drive.] 1. One who, or that which, drives; the person or thing that urges or compels anything else to move onward. 2. The person who drives beasts or a carriage; a coachman; a charioteer, etc.; hence, also one who controls the movements of a locomotive. 3. An overseer of a gang of slaves or gang of convicts at their work. 4. (Mach.) A part that transmits motion to another part by contact with it, or through an intermediate relatively movable part, as a gear which drives another, or a lever which moves another through a link, etc. Specifically: (a) The driving wheel of a locomotive. (b) An attachment to a lathe, spindle, or face plate to turn a carrier. (c) A crossbar on a grinding mill spindle to drive the upper stone. 5. (Naut.) The after sail in a ship or bark, being a fore-and-aft sail attached to a gaff; a spanker. Totten. Driver ant (Zoöl.), a species of African stinging ant; one of the visiting ants (Anomma arcens); — so called because they move about in vast armies, and drive away or devour all insects and other small animals.

Drive´way , n. A passage or way along or through which a carriage may be driven.

Driv´ing, a. 1. Having great force of impulse; as a driving wind or storm. 2. Communicating force; impelling; as a driving shaft. Driving axle, the axle of a driving wheel, as in a locomotive. — Driving box (Locomotive), the journal box of a driving axle. See Illust. of Locomotive. — Driving note (Mus.), a syncopated note; a tone begun on a weak part of a measure and held through the next accented part, thus anticipating the accent and driving it through. — Driving spring, a spring fixed upon the box of the driving axle of a locomotive engine to support the weight and deaden shocks. [Eng.] Weale. — Driving wheel (Mach.), a wheel that communicates motion; one of the large wheels of a locomotive to which the connecting rods of the engine are attached; — called also simply, driver. See Illust. of Locomotive.

Driv´ing, n. 1. The act of forcing or urging something along; the act of pressing or moving on furiously. 2. Tendency; drift. [R.]

Driz´zle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drizzled p. pr. & vb. n. Drizzling ] [Prop. freq. of AS. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] To rain slightly in very small drops; to fall, as water from the clouds, slowly and in fine particles; as it drizzles; drizzling drops or rain. ´Drizzling tears.´ Spenser.

Driz´zle, v. t. To shed slowly in minute drops or particles. ´The air doth drizzle dew.´ Shak.

Driz´zle, n. Fine rain or mist. Halliwell.

Driz´zly , a. Characterized by small rain, or snow; moist and disagreeable. ´Winter’s drizzly reign.´ Dryden.

Drock , n. A water course. [Prov. Eng.] { Drof´land , Dryf´land }, n. [See Drove.] (Law) An ancient yearly payment made by some tenants to the king, or to their landlords, for the privilege of driving their cattle through a manor to fairs or markets. Cowell.

Dro´gher , n. [Cf. Drag.] A small craft used in the West India Islands to take off sugars, rum, etc., to the merchantmen; also a vessel for transporting lumber, cotton, etc., coastwise; as a lumber drogher. [Written also droger.] Ham. Nar. Encyc. { Drog´man , Drog´o•man }, n. See Dragoman.

Drogue , n. (Naut.) See Drag, n., 6, and Drag sail, under Drag, n.

Droh , imp. of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Droil , v. i. [D. druilen to mope.] To work sluggishly or slowly; to plod. [Obs.]

Droil, n. [D. druil sluggard. Cf. Droll.] 1. A drudge. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. Mean labor; toil.[Obs.]

Droit , n. [F. See Direct.] A right; law in its aspect of the foundation of rights; also in old law, the writ of right. Abbott. Droit d’aubaine. See under Aubaine. — Droits of the Admiralty (Eng. Law), rights or perquisites of the Admiralty, arising from seizure of an enemy’s ships in port on the breaking out of war, or those coming into port in ignorance of hostilities existing, or from such ships as are taken by noncommissioned captors; also the proceeds of wrecks, and derelict property at sea. The droits of admiralty are now paid into the Exchequer for the public benefit.

Droi´tu•ral , a. (O. Eng. Law) relating to the mere right of property, as distinguished from the right of possession; as droitural actions. [Obs.] Burrill.

Droitzsch´ka , n. See Drosky.

Droll , a. [Compar. Droller superl. Drollest ] [F. drôle; cf. G. & D. drollig, LG. drullig, D. drol a thick and short person, a droll, Sw. troll a magical appearance, demon, trolla to use magic arts, enchant, Dan. trold elf, imp, Icel. tröll giant, magician, evil spirit, monster. If this is the origin, cf. Trull.] Queer, and fitted to provoke laughter; ludicrous from oddity; amusing and strange. Syn. — Comic; comical; farcical; diverting; humorous; ridiculous; queer; odd; waggish; facetious; merry; laughable; ludicrous. — Droll, Laughable, Comical. Laughable is the generic term, denoting anything exciting laughter or worthy of laughter; comical denotes something of the kind exhibited in comedies, something humorous of the kind exhibited in comedies, something, as it were, dramatically humorous; droll stands lower on the scale, having reference to persons or things which excite laughter by their buffoonery or oddity. A laughable incident; a comical adventure; a droll story.

Droll, n. 1. One whose practice it is to raise mirth by odd tricks; a jester; a buffoon; a merry-andrew. Prior. 2. Something exhibited to raise mirth or sport, as a puppet, a farce, and the like.

Droll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drolled p. pr. & vb. n. Drolling.] To jest; to play the buffoon. [R.]

Droll, v. t. 1. To lead or influence by jest or trick; to banter or jest; to cajole. “Men that will not be reasoned into their senses, may yet be laughed or drolled into them.” L’Estrange. 2. To make a jest of; to set in a comical light. [R.] “This drolling everything is rather fatiguing.” W. D. Howells.

Droll´er, n. A jester; a droll. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Droll´er•y , n.; pl. Drolleries (#). [F. drôlerie. See Droll.] 1. The quality of being droll; sportive tricks; buffoonery; droll stories; comical gestures or manners. “The rich drollery of ´She Stoops to Conquer.´” Macaulay. 2. Something which serves to raise mirth; as: (a) A puppet show; also a puppet. [Obs.] Shak. (b) A lively or comic picture. [Obs.] “I bought an excellent drollery, which I afterward parted with to my brother George of Wotton.” Evelyn.

Droll´ing•ly, adv. In a jesting manner.

Droll´ish, a. Somewhat droll. Sterne.

Droll´ist, n. A droll. [R.] Glanvill.

Dro•mae•og´na•thous , a. [NL. dromaius emu + Gr. jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the structure of the palate like that of the ostrich and emu.

Drom•a•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. droma•s running + qhri•on beast. See Dromedary.] (Paleon.) A small extinct triassic mammal from North Carolina, the earliest yet found in America.

Drome (drom), n. [F., fr. Gr. droma•s running. See Dromedary.] (Zoöl.) The crab plover (Dromas ardeola), a peculiar North African bird, allied to the oyster catcher.

Drom´e•da•ry (drum´e•da•ry), n.; pl. Dromedaries (#). [F. dromadaire, LL. dromedarius, fr. L. dromas (sc. camelus), fr. Gr. droma•s running, from dramei•n, used as aor. of tre•chein to run; cf. Skr. dram to run.] (Zoöl.) The Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), having one hump or protuberance on the back, in distinction from the Bactrian camel, which has two humps. In Arabia and Egypt the name is restricted to the better breeds of this species of camel. See Deloul. { Drom´ond , or Drom´on }. [OF. dromont, L. dromo, fr. Gr. dro•mwn light vessel, prob. fr. dramei^n to run. See Dromedary.] In the Middle Ages, a large, fast-sailing galley, or cutter; a large, swift war vessel. [Hist. or Archaic] Fuller. “The great dromond swinging from the quay.” W. Morris.

Drone , n. [OE. drane a dronebee, AS. dran; akin to OS. dran, OHG. treno, G. drohne, Dan. drone, cf. Gr. a kind of wasp, dial. Gr. drone. Prob. named fr. the droning sound. See Drone, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) The male of bees, esp. of the honeybee. It gathers no honey. See Honeybee. “All with united force combine to drive
The lazy drones from the laborious hive.” Dryden. 2. One who lives on the labors of others; a lazy, idle fellow; a sluggard. “By living as a drone,to be an unprofitable and unworthy member of so noble and learned a society.” Burton. 3. That which gives out a grave or monotonous tone or dull sound; as: (a) A drum. [Obs.] Halliwell. (b) The part of the bagpipe containing the two lowest tubes, which always sound the key note and the fifth. 4. A humming or deep murmuring sound. “The monotonous drone of the wheel.” Longfellow. 5. (Mus.) A monotonous bass, as in a pastoral composition.

Drone , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Droned p. pr. & vb. n. Droning.] [Cf. (for sense 1) D. dreunen, G. dröhnen, Icel. drynja to roar, drynr a roaring, Sw. dröna to bellow, drone, Dan. dröne, Goth. drunjus sound, Gr. dirge, to cry aloud, Skr. dhran to sound. Cf. Drone, n.] 1. To utter or make a low, dull, monotonous, humming or murmuring sound. “Where the beetle wheels his droning flight.” T. Gray. 2. To love in idleness; to do nothing. ´Race of droning kings.´ Dryden.

Drone´ bee (Zoöl.) The male of the honeybee; a drone.

Drone´ fly (Zoöl.) A dipterous insect (Eristalis tenax), resembling the drone bee. See Eristalis.

Drone´pipe, n. One of the low- toned tubes of a bagpipe.

Dron´go , n.; pl. Drongos . (Zoöl.) A passerine bird of the family Dicruridae. They are usually black with a deeply forked tail. They are natives of Asia, Africa, and Australia; — called also drongo shrikes.

Dron´ish , a. Like a drone; indolent; slow. Burke. — Dron´ish•ly, adv. — Dron´ish•ness, n.

Dron´ke•lewe , a. [See Drink.] Given to drink; drunken. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dron´te , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The dodo.

Dron´y , a. Like a drone; sluggish; lazy.

Drool , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drooled p. pr. & vb. n. Drooling.] [Contr. fr. drivel.] To drivel, or drop saliva; as the child drools. “His mouth drooling with texts.” T. Parker.

Droop , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drooped p. pr. & vb. n. Drooping.] [Icel. drpa; akin to E. drop. See Drop.] 1. To hang bending downward; to sink or hang down, as an animal, plant, etc., from physical inability or exhaustion, want of nourishment, or the like. ´The purple flowers droop.´ ´Above her drooped a lamp.´ Tennyson. “I saw him ten days before he died, and observed he began very much to droop and languish.” Swift. 2. To grow weak or faint with disappointment, grief, or like causes; to be dispirited or depressed; to languish; as her spirits drooped. “I’ll animate the soldier’s drooping courage.” Addison. 3. To proceed downward, or toward a close; to decline. ´Then day drooped.´ Tennyson.

Droop, v. t. To let droop or sink. [R.] M. Arnold. “Like to a withered vine
That droops his sapless branches to the ground.” Shak.

Droop, n. A drooping; as a droop of the eye.

Droop´er , n. One who, or that which, droops.

Droop´ing•ly, adv. In a drooping manner.

Drop , n. [OE. drope, AS. dropa; akin to OS. dropo, D. drop, OHG. tropo, G. tropfen, Icel. dropi, Sw. droppe; and Fr. AS. dreópan to drip, drop; akin to OS. driopan, D. druipen, OHG. triofan, G. triefen, Icel. drjpa. Cf. Drip, Droop.] 1. The quantity of fluid which falls in one small spherical mass; a liquid globule; a minim; hence, also the smallest easily measured portion of a fluid; a small quantity; as a drop of water. “With minute drops from off the eaves.” Milton. “As dear to me as are the ruddy drops
That visit my sad heart.” Shak. “That drop of peace divine.” Keble. 2. That which resembles, or that which hangs like, a liquid drop; as a hanging diamond ornament, an earring, a glass pendant on a chandelier, a sugarplum (sometimes medicated), or a kind of shot or slug. 3. (Arch.) (a) Same as Gutta. (b) Any small pendent ornament. 4. Whatever is arranged to drop, hang, or fall from an elevated position; also a contrivance for lowering something; as: (a) A door or platform opening downward; a trap door; that part of the gallows on which a culprit stands when he is to be hanged; hence, the gallows itself. (b) A machine for lowering heavy weights, as packages, coal wagons, etc., to a ship’s deck. (c) A contrivance for temporarily lowering a gas jet. (d) A curtain which drops or falls in front of the stage of a theater, etc. (e) A drop press or drop hammer. (f) (Mach.) The distance of the axis of a shaft below the base of a hanger. 5. pl. Any medicine the dose of which is measured by drops; as lavender drops. 6. (Naut.) The depth of a square sail; — generally applied to the courses only. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 7. Act of dropping; sudden fall or descent. Ague drop, Black drop. See under Ague, Black. — Drop by drop, in small successive quantities; in repeated portions. ´Made to taste drop by drop more than the bitterness of death.´ Burke. — Drop curtain. See Drop, n., 4. (d). — Drop forging. (Mech.) (a) A forging made in dies by a drop hammer. (b) The process of making drop forgings. — Drop hammer (Mech.), a hammer for forging, striking up metal, etc., the weight being raised by a strap or similar device, and then released to drop on the metal resting on an anvil or die. — Drop kick (Football), a kick given to the ball as it rebounds after having been dropped from the hands. — Drop lake, a pigment obtained from Brazil wood. Mollett. — Drop letter, a letter to be delivered from the same office where posted. — Drop press (Mech.), a drop hammer; sometimes, a dead- stroke hammer; — also called drop. — Drop scene, a drop curtain on which a scene is painted. See Drop, n., 4. (d). — Drop seed. (Bot.) See the List under Glass. — Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis.

Drop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dropped or Dropt; p. pr. & vb. n. Dropping.] [OE. droppen, AS. dropan, v. i. See Drop, n.] 1. To pour or let fall in drops; to pour in small globules; to distill. ´The trees drop balsam.´ Creech. “The recording angel, as he wrote it down, dropped a tear upon the word and blotted it out forever.” Sterne. 2. To cause to fall in one portion, or by one motion, like a drop; to let fall; as to drop a line in fishing; to drop a courtesy. 3. To let go; to dismiss; to set aside; to have done with; to discontinue; to forsake; to give up; to omit. “They suddenly drop’t the pursuit.” S. Sharp. “That astonishing ease with which fine ladies drop you and pick you up again.” Thackeray. “The connection had been dropped many years.” Sir W. Scott. “Dropping the too rough H in Hell and Heaven.” Tennyson. 4. To bestow or communicate by a suggestion; to let fall in an indirect, cautious, or gentle manner; as to drop hint, a word of counsel, etc. 5. To lower, as a curtain, or the muzzle of a gun, etc. 6. To send, as a letter; as please drop me a line, a letter, word. 7. To give birth to; as to drop a lamb. 8. To cover with drops; to variegate; to bedrop. “Show to the sun their waved coats dropped with gold.” Milton. To drop a vessel (Naut.), to leave it astern in a race or a chase; to outsail it.

Drop, v. i. 1. To fall in drops. “The kindly dew drops from the higher tree,
And wets the little plants that lowly dwell.” Spenser. 2. To fall, in general, literally or figuratively; as ripe fruit drops from a tree; wise words drop from the lips. “Mutilations of which the meaning has dropped out of memory.” H. Spencer. “When the sound of dropping nuts is heard.” Bryant. 3. To let drops fall; to discharge itself in drops. “The heavens … dropped at the presence of God.” Ps. lxviii. 8. 4. To fall dead, or to fall in death. “Nothing, says Seneca, so soon reconciles us to the thoughts of our own death, as the prospect of one friend after another dropping round us.” Digby. 5. To come to an end; to cease; to pass out of mind; as the affair dropped. Pope. 6. To come unexpectedly; — with in or into; as my old friend dropped in a moment. Steele. “Takes care to drop in when he thinks you are just seated.” Spectator. 7. To fall or be depressed; to lower; as the point of the spear dropped a little. 8. To fall short of a mark. [R.] “Often it drops or overshoots by the disproportion of distance.” Collier. 9. To be deep in extent; to descend perpendicularly; as her main topsail drops seventeen yards. To drop astern (Naut.), to go astern of another vessel; to be left behind; to slacken the speed of a vessel so as to fall behind and to let another pass a head. — To drop down (Naut.), to sail, row, or move down a river, or toward the sea. — To drop off, to fall asleep gently; also to die. [Colloq.]

Drop´let , n. A little drop; a tear. Shak.

Drop´light , n. An apparatus for bringing artificial light down from a chandelier nearer to a table or desk; a pendant. { Drop´meal• , Drop´mele• } , adv. [AS. drop-maelum; dropa drop + mael portion. Cf. Piecemeal.] By drops or small portions. [Obs.] “Distilling dropmeal, a little at once.” Holland.

Drop´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, drops. Specif.: (Fishing) A fly that drops from the leader above the bob or end fly. 2. A dropping tube. 3. (Mining) A branch vein which drops off from, or leaves, the main lode. 4. (Zoöl.) A dog which suddenly drops upon the ground when it sights game, — formerly a common, and still an occasional, habit of the setter.

Drop´ping , n. 1. The action of causing to drop or of letting drop; falling. 2. pl. That which falls in drops; the excrement or dung of animals. Dropping bottle, an instrument used to supply small quantities of a fluid to a test tube or other vessel. — Dropping fire, a continued irregular discharge of firearms. — Dropping tube, a tube for ejecting any liquid in drops.

Drop´ping•ly, adv. In drops.

Drop´si•cal , a. [From Dropsy.] 1. Diseased with dropsy; hydropical; tending to dropsy; as a dropsical patient. 2. Of or pertaining to dropsy.

Drop´si•cal•ness, n. State of being dropsical.

Drop´sied , a. Diseased with drops. Shak.

Drop´sy , n.; pl. Dropsies (#). [OE. dropsie, dropesie, OF. idropisie, F. hydropisie, L. hydropisis, fr. Gr. dropsy, fr. water. See Water, and cf. Hydropsy.] (Med.) An unnatural collection of serous fluid in any serous cavity of the body, or in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. Dunglison.

Dropt , imp. & p. p. of Drop, v. G. Eliot.

Drop´wise , adv. After the manner of a drop; in the form of drops. “Trickling dropwise from the cleft.” Tennyson.

Drop´worm (drop´wûrm•), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth, which drops from trees by means of a thread of silk, as the cankerworm.

Drop´wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) An Old World species of Spiraea (S. filipendula), with finely cut leaves.

Dros´e•ra (dros´e•ra), n. [NL., fr. Gr. drosero•s dewy.] (Bot.) A genus of low perennial or biennial plants, the leaves of which are beset with gland-tipped bristles. See Sundew. Gray.

Dros´ky (dros´ky), n.; pl. Droskies (-kiz). [Russ. drojki, dim. of drogi a kind of carriage, prop. pl. of droga shaft or pole of a carriage.] A low, four-wheeled, open carriage, used in Russia, consisting of a kind of long, narrow bench, on which the passengers ride as on a saddle, with their feet reaching nearly to the ground. Other kinds of vehicles are now so called, esp. a kind of victoria drawn by one or two horses, and used as a public carriage in German cities. [Written also droitzschka, and droschke.]

Dro•som´e•ter , n. [Gr. dro•sos dew + -meter: cf. F. drosometre.] (Meteorol.) An instrument for measuring the quantity of dew on the surface of a body in the open air. It consists of a balance, having a plate at one end to receive the dew, and at the other a weight protected from the deposit of dew.

Dross , n. [AS. dros, fr. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] 1. The scum or refuse matter which is thrown off, or falls from, metals in smelting the ore, or in the process of melting; recrement. 2. Rust of metals. [R.] Addison. 3. Waste matter; any worthless matter separated from the better part; leavings; dregs; refuse. “All world’s glory is but dross unclean.” Spenser. “At the devil’s booth are all things sold,
Each ounce of dross coats its ounce of gold.” Lowell.

Dros´sel , n. [Cf. Drazel.] A slut; a hussy; a drazel. [Obs.] Warner.

Dross´less, a. Free from dross. Stevens.

Dross´y , a. [Compar. Drossier superl. Drossiest ] Of, pertaining to, resembling, dross; full of dross; impure; worthless. ´ Drossy gold.´ Dryden. ´Drossy rhymes.´ Donne. — Dross´i•ness, n.

Drotch´el , n. See Drossel. [Obs.]

Drough , imp. of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drought (drout), n. [OE. droght, drougth, dru&yogh;ð, AS. drugað, from drugian to dry. See Dry, and cf. Drouth, which shows the original final sound.] 1. Dryness; want of rain or of water; especially, such dryness of the weather as affects the earth, and prevents the growth of plants; aridity. “The drought of March hath pierced to the root.” Chaucer. “In a drought the thirsty creatures cry.” Dryden. 2. Thirst; want of drink. Johnson. 3. Scarcity; lack. “A drought of Christian writers caused a dearth of all history.” Fuller.

Drought´i•ness , n. A state of dryness of the weather; want of rain.

Drought´y , a. 1. Characterized by drought; wanting rain; arid; adust. “Droughty and parched countries.” Ray. 2. Dry; thirsty; wanting drink. “Thy droughty throat.” Philips.

Drou´my , a. [Cf. Scot. drum, dram, melancholy, Icel prumr a moper, W. trwm heavy, sad.] Troubled; muddy. [Obs.] Bacon.

Drouth , n. Same as Drought. Sandys. “Another ill accident is drouth at the spindling of corn.” Bacon. “One whose drouth [thirst],
Yet scarce allayed, still eyes the current stream.” Milton. “In the dust and drouth of London life.” Tennyson.

Drouth´y , a. Droughty.

Drove , imp. of Drive.

Drove, n. [AS. draf, fr. drifan to drive. See Drive.] 1. A collection of cattle driven, or cattle collected for driving; a number of animals, as oxen, sheep, or swine, driven in a body. 2. Any collection of irrational animals, moving or driving forward; as a finny drove. Milton. 3. A crowd of people in motion. “Where droves, as at a city gate, may pass.” Dryden. 4. A road for driving cattle; a driftway. [Eng.] 5. (Agric.) A narrow drain or channel used in the irrigation of land. Simmonds. 6. (Masonry) (a) A broad chisel used to bring stone to a nearly smooth surface; — called also drove chisel. (b) The grooved surface of stone finished by the drove chisel; — called also drove work.

Dro´ven , p. p. of Drive. [Obs.]

Dro´ver , n. 1. One who drives cattle or sheep to market; one who makes it his business to purchase cattle, and drive them to market. “Why, that’s spoken like an honest drover; so they sell bullocks.” Shak. 2. A boat driven by the tide. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dro´vy , a. [AS. drf dirty; cf. D. droef, G. trübe, Goth. drbjan to trouble.] Turbid; muddy; filthy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drow , imp. of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drown , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowned p. pr. & vb. n. Drowning.] [OE. drunen, drounen, earlier drunknen, druncnien, AS. druncnian to be drowned, sink, become drunk, fr. druncen drunken. See Drunken, Drink.] To be suffocated in water or other fluid; to perish in water. “Methought, what pain it was to drown.” Shak.

Drown, v. t. 1. To overwhelm in water; to submerge; to inundate. ´They drown the land.´ Dryden. 2. To deprive of life by immersion in water or other liquid. 3. To overpower; to overcome; to extinguish; — said especially of sound. “Most men being in sensual pleasures drowned.” Sir J. Davies. “My private voice is drowned amid the senate.” Addison. To drown up, to swallow up. [Obs.] Holland.

Drown´age , n. The act of drowning. [R.]

Drown´er , n. One who, or that which, drowns.

Drowse , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowsed p. pr. & vb. n. Drowsing.] [AS. drsian, drsan, to sink, become slow or inactive; cf. OD. droosen to be sleepy, fall asleep, LG. drsen, druusken, to slumber, fall down with a noise; prob, akin to AS. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] To sleep imperfectly or unsoundly; to slumber; to be heavy with sleepiness; to doze. ´He drowsed upon his couch.´ South. “In the pool drowsed the cattle up to their knees.” Lowell.

Drowse, v. t. To make heavy with sleepiness or imperfect sleep; to make dull or stupid. Milton.

Drowse, n. A slight or imperfect sleep; a doze. “But smiled on in a drowse of ecstasy.” Mrs. Browning.

Drow´si•head , n. Drowsiness. Thomson.

Drow´si•hed, n. Drowsihead. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drow´si•ly, adv. In a drowsy manner.

Drow´si•ness, n. State of being drowsy. Milton.

Drow´sy , a. [Compar. Drowsier superl. Drowsiest.] 1. Inclined to drowse; heavy with sleepiness; lethargic; dozy. ´When I am drowsy.´ Shak. “Dapples the drowsy east with spots of gray.” Shak. “To our age’s drowsy blood
Still shouts the inspiring sea.” Lowell. 2. Disposing to sleep; lulling; soporific. “The drowsy hours, dispensers of all good.” Tennyson. 3. Dull; stupid. ´ Drowsy reasoning.´ Atterbury. Syn. — Sleepy; lethargic; dozy; somnolent; comatose; dull heavy; stupid.

Drowth , n. See Drought. Bacon.

Droyle , v. i. See Droil. [Obs.] Spenser.

Drub , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Drubbing.] [Cf. Prov. E. drab to beat, Icel. & Sw. drabba to hit, beat, Dan. draebe to slay, and perh. OE. drepen to strike, kill, AS. drepan to strike, G. & D. freffen to hit, touch, Icel. drepa to strike, kill.] To beat with a stick; to thrash; to cudgel. “Soundly Drubbed with a good honest cudgel.” L’Estrange.

Drub, n. A blow with a cudgel; a thump. Addison.

Drub´ber , n. One who drubs. Sir W. Scott.

Drudge , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drudged p. pr. & vb. n. Drudging.] [OE. druggen; prob not akin to E. drag, v. t., but fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. drugaire a slave or drudge.] To perform menial work; to labor in mean or unpleasant offices with toil and fatigue. “He gradually rose in the estimation of the booksellers for whom he drudged.” Macaulay.

Drudge, v. t. To consume laboriously; — with away. “Rise to our toils and drudge away the day.” Otway.

Drudge, n. One who drudges; one who works hard in servile employment; a mental servant. Milton.

Drudg´er , n. 1. One who drudges; a drudge. 2. A dredging box.

Drudg´er•y , n. The act of drudging; disagreeable and wearisome labor; ignoble or slavish toil. “The drudgery of penning definitions.” Macaulay. “Paradise was a place of bliss … without drudgery and with out sorrow.” Locke. Syn. — See Toll.

Drudg´ing box See Dredging box.

Drudg´ing•ly, adv. In a drudging manner; laboriously.

Dru´er•y , n. [OF. druerie.] Courtship; gallantry; love; an object of love. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Drug , v. i. [See 1st Drudge.] To drudge; to toil laboriously. [Obs.] ´To drugge and draw.´ Chaucer.

Drug, n. A drudge Shak. (Timon iv. 3, 253).

Drug, n. [F. drogue, prob. fr. D. droog; akin to E. dry; thus orig., dry substance, hers, plants, or wares. See Dry.] 1. Any animal, vegetable, or mineral substance used in the composition of medicines; any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. “Whence merchants bring” “Their spicy drugs.” Milton. 2. Any commodity that lies on hand, or is not salable; an article of slow sale, or in no demand. ´But sermons are mere drugs.´ Fielding. “And virtue shall a drug become.” Dryden.

Drug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drugged p. pr. & vb. n. Drugging.] [Cf. F. droguer.] To prescribe or administer drugs or medicines. B. Jonson.

Drug, v. t. 1. To affect or season with drugs or ingredients; esp., to stupefy by a narcotic drug. Also Fig. “The laboring masses … [were] drugged into brutish good humor by a vast system of public spectacles.” C. Kingsley. “Drug thy memories, lest thou learn it.” Tennyson. 2. To tincture with something offensive or injurious. “Drugged as oft,
With hatefullest disrelish writhed their jaws.” Milton. 3. To dose to excess with, or as with, drugs. “With pleasure drugged, he almost longed for woe.” Byron.

Drug´ger , n. A druggist. [Obs.] Burton.

Drug´get , n. [F. droguet, prop. dim. of drogue trash, stuff, perh, the same word as drogue drug, but cf. also W. drwg evil, bad, Ir. & Gael. droch, Arm. droug, drouk. See 3d Drug.] (a) A coarse woolen cloth dyed of one color or printed on one side; generally used as a covering for carpets. (b) By extension, any material used for the same purpose.

Drug´gist , n. [F. droguiste, fr. drogue. See 3d Drug.] One who deals in drugs; especially, one who buys and sells drugs without compounding them; also a pharmaceutist or apothecary. The same person often carries on the business of the druggist and the apothecary. See the Note under Apothecary.

Drug´ster , n. A druggist. [Obs.] Boule.

Dru´id , n. [L. Druides; of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. draoi, druidh, magician, Druid, W. derwydd Druid.] 1. One of an order of priests which in ancient times existed among certain branches of the Celtic race, especially among the Gauls and Britons. The Druids superintended the affairs of religion and morality, and exercised judicial functions. They practiced divination and magic, and sacrificed human victims as a part of their worship. They consisted of three classes; the bards, the vates or prophets, and the Druids proper, or priests. Their most sacred rites were performed in the depths of oak forests or of caves. 2. A member of a social and benevolent order, founded in London in 1781, and professedly based on the traditions of the ancient Druids. Lodges or groves of the society are established in other countries. Druid stones, a name given, in the south of England, to weatherworn, rough pillars of gray sandstone scattered over the chalk downs, but in other countries generally in the form of circles, or in detached pillars.

Dru´id•ess, n. A female Druid; a prophetess. { Dru•id´ic , Dru•id´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Druids. Druidical circles. See under Circle.

Dru´id•ish , a. Druidic.

Dru´id•ism , n. The system of religion, philosophy, and instruction, received and taught by the Druids; the rites and ceremonies of the Druids.

Drum , n. [Cf. D. trom, trommel, LG. trumme, G. trommel, Dan. tromme, Sw. trumma, OHG. trumba a trumpet, Icel. pruma a clap of thunder, and as a verb, to thunder, Dan. drum a booming sound, drumme to boom; prob. partly at least of imitative origin; perh. akin to E. trum, or trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) An instrument of percussion, consisting either of a hollow cylinder, over each end of which is stretched a piece of skin or vellum, to be beaten with a stick; or of a metallic hemisphere (kettledrum) with a single piece of skin to be so beaten; the common instrument for marking time in martial music; one of the pair of tympani in an orchestra, or cavalry band. “The drums cry bud-a-dub.” Gascoigne. 2. Anything resembling a drum in form; as: (a) A sheet iron radiator, often in the shape of a drum, for warming an apartment by means of heat received from a stovepipe, or a cylindrical receiver for steam, etc. (b) A small cylindrical box in which figs, etc., are packed. (c) (Anat.) The tympanum of the ear; — often, but incorrectly, applied to the tympanic membrane. (d) (Arch.) One of the cylindrical, or nearly cylindrical, blocks, of which the shaft of a column is composed; also a vertical wall, whether circular or polygonal in plan, carrying a cupola or dome. (e) (Mach.) A cylinder on a revolving shaft, generally for the purpose of driving several pulleys, by means of belts or straps passing around its periphery; also the barrel of a hoisting machine, on which the rope or chain is wound. 3. (Zoöl.) See Drumfish. 4. A noisy, tumultuous assembly of fashionable people at a private house; a rout. [Archaic] “Not unaptly styled a drum, from the noise and emptiness of the entertainment.” Smollett. There were also drum major, rout, tempest, and hurricane, differing only in degrees of multitude and uproar, as the significant name of each declares. 5. A tea party; a kettledrum. G. Eliot. Bass drum. See in the Vocabulary. — Double drum. See under Double.

Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drummed p. pr. & vb. n. Drumming.] 1. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or play a tune on a drum. 2. To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to make a noise like that of a beaten drum; as the ruffed grouse drums with his wings. “Drumming with his fingers on the arm of his chair.” W. Irving. 3. To throb, as the heart. [R.] Dryden. 4. To go about, as a drummer does, to gather recruits, to draw or secure partisans, customers, etc,; — with for.

Drum, v. t. 1. To execute on a drum, as a tune. 2. (With out) To expel ignominiously, with beat of drum; as to drum out a deserter or rogue from a camp, etc. 3. (With up) To assemble by, or as by, beat of drum; to collect; to gather or draw by solicitation; as to drum up recruits; to drum up customers.

Drum´beat , n. The sound of a beaten drum; drum music. “Whose morning drumbeat, following the sun, and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.” D. Webster.

Drum´ble , v. i. [See Drumly.] 1. To be sluggish or lazy; to be confused. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To mumble in speaking. [Obs.]

Drum´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Sciaenidae, which makes a loud noise by means of its air bladder; — called also drum. The common drumfish (Pogonias chromis) is a large species, common south of New Jersey. The southern red drum or red horse (Sciaena ocellata), and the fresh-water drum or croaker (Aplodionotus grunniens), are related species.

Drum´head , n. 1. The parchment or skin stretched over one end of a drum. 2. The top of a capstan which is pierced with sockets for levers used in turning it. See Illust. of Capstan. Drumhead court-martial (Mil.), a summary court-martial called to try offenses on the battlefield or the line of march, when, sometimes, a drumhead has to do service as a writing table.

Drum´lin , n. [Gael. druim the ridge of a hill.] (Geol.) A hill of compact, unstratified, glacial drift or till, usually elongate or oval, with the larger axis parallel to the former local glacial motion.

Drum´ly, a. [Cf. Droumy.] Turbid; muddy. [Scot. & Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wodroephe (1623). Burns.

Drum´ ma´jor . 1. The chief or first drummer of a regiment; an instructor of drummers. 2. The marching leader of a military band. [U.S.] 3. A noisy gathering. [R.] See under Drum, n., 4.

Drum´mer , n. 1. One whose office is to best the drum, as in military exercises and marching. 2. One who solicits custom; a commercial traveler. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. 3. (Zoöl.) A fish that makes a sound when caught; as: (a) The squeteague. (b) A California sculpin. 4. (Zoöl.) A large West Indian cockroach (Blatta gigantea) which drums on woodwork, as a sexual call.

Drum´ming , n. The act of beating upon, or as if upon, a drum; also the noise which the male of the ruffed grouse makes in spring, by beating his wings upon his sides.

Drum´mond light [From Thomas Drummond, a British naval officer.] A very intense light, produced by turning two streams of gas one oxygen and the other hydrogen, or coal gas in a state of ignition, upon a ball of lime; or a stream of oxygen gas through a flame of alcohol upon a ball or disk of lime; — called also oxycalcium light, or lime light. The name is also applied sometimes to a heliostat, invented by Drummond, for rendering visible a distant point, as in geodetic surveying, by reflecting upon it a beam of light from the sun.

Drum´stick , n. 1. A stick with which a drum is beaten. 2. Anything resembling a drumstick in form, as the tibiotarsus, or second joint, of the leg of a fowl.

Drunk , a. [OE. dronke, drunke, dronken, drunken, AS. druncen. Orig. the same as drunken, p. p. of drink. See Drink.] 1. Intoxicated with, or as with, strong drink; inebriated; drunken; — never used attributively, but always predicatively; as the man is drunk (not, a drunk man). “Be not drunk with wine, where in is excess.” Eph. v. 18. “Drunk with recent prosperity.” Macaulay. 2. Drenched or saturated with moisture or liquid. “I will make mine arrows drunk with blood.” Deut. xxxii. 42.

Drunk, n. A drunken condition; a spree. [Slang]

Drunk´ard , n. [Drunk + - ard.] One who habitually drinks strong liquors immoderately; one whose habit it is to get drunk; a toper; a sot. “The drunkard and glutton shall come to poverty.” Prov. xxiii. 21.

Drunk´en , a. [AS. druncen, prop., that has drunk, p. p. of drincan, taken as active. See Drink, v. i., and cf. Drunk.] 1. Overcome by strong drink; intoxicated by, or as by, spirituous liquor; inebriated. “Drunken men imagine everything turneth round.” Bacon. 2. Saturated with liquid or moisture; drenched. “Let the earth be drunken with our blood.” Shak. 3. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, intoxication. “The drunken quarrels of a rake.” Swift.

Drunk´en•head , n. Drunkenness. [Obs.]

Drunk´en•ly, adv. In a drunken manner. [R.] Shak.

Drunk´en•ness, n. 1. The state of being drunken with, or as with, alcoholic liquor; intoxication; inebriety; — used of the casual state or the habit. “The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate drunkenness by bringing a drunken man into their company.” I. Watts. 2. Disorder of the faculties, resembling intoxication by liquors; inflammation; frenzy; rage. “Passion is the drunkenness of the mind.” South. Syn. — Intoxication; inebriation; inebriety. — Drunkenness, Intoxication, Inebriation. Drunkenness refers more to the habit; intoxication and inebriation, to specific acts. The first two words are extensively used in a figurative sense; a person is intoxicated with success, and is drunk with joy. ´This plan of empire was not taken up in the first intoxication of unexpected success.´ Burke. { Drunk´en•ship , Drunk´ship } n. The state of being drunk; drunkenness. [Obs.] Gower.

Dru•pa´ceous , a. [Cf. F. drupace.] (Bot.) Producing, or pertaining to, drupes; having the form of drupes; as drupaceous trees or fruits.

Drup´al , a. (Bot.) Drupaceous.

Drupe , n. [F. drupe, L. drupa an overripe, wrinkled olive, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) A fruit consisting of pulpy, coriaceous, or fibrous exocarp, without valves, containing a nut or stone with a kernel. The exocarp is succulent in the plum, cherry, apricot, peach, etc.; dry and subcoriaceous in the almond; and fibrous in the cocoanut. { Drup´el , Drupe´let } n. [Dim. of Drupe.] (Bot.) A small drupe, as one of the pulpy grains of the blackberry.

Druse , n. [Cf. G. druse bonny, crystallized piece of ore, Bohem. druza. Cf. Dross.] (Min.) A cavity in a rock, having its interior surface studded with crystals and sometimes filled with water; a geode.

Druse , n. One of a people and religious sect dwelling chiefly in the Lebanon mountains of Syria. “The Druses separated from the Mohammedan Arabs in the 9th century. Their characteristic dogma is the unity of God.” Am. Cyc. { Dru´sy , Drused } a. (Min.) Covered with a large number of minute crystals. { Drux´ey , Drux´y } , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Having decayed spots or streaks of a whitish color; — said of timber. Weale.

Dry , a. [Compar. Drier superl. Driest.] [OE. drue, druye, drie, AS. dryge; akin to LG. dröge, D. droog, OHG. trucchan, G. trocken, Icel. draugr a dry log. Cf. Drought, Drouth, 3d Drug.] 1. Free from moisture; having little humidity or none; arid; not wet or moist; deficient in the natural or normal supply of moisture, as rain or fluid of any kind; — said especially: (a) Of the weather: Free from rain or mist. “The weather, we agreed, was too dry for the season.” Addison. (b) Of vegetable matter: Free from juices or sap; not succulent; not green; as dry wood or hay. (c) Of animals: Not giving milk; as the cow is dry. (d) Of persons: Thirsty; needing drink. “Give the dry fool drink.” Shak (e) Of the eyes: Not shedding tears. “Not a dry eye was to be seen in the assembly.” Prescott. (f) (Med.) Of certain morbid conditions, in which there is entire or comparative absence of moisture; as dry gangrene; dry catarrh. 2. Destitute of that which interests or amuses; barren; unembellished; jejune; plain. “These epistles will become less dry, more susceptible of ornament.” Pope. 3. Characterized by a quality somewhat severe, grave, or hard; hence, sharp; keen; shrewd; quaint; as a dry tone or manner; dry wit. “He was rather a dry, shrewd kind of body.” W. Irving. 4. (Fine Arts) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness of execution, or the want of a delicate contour in form, and of easy transition in coloring. Dry area (Arch.), a small open space reserved outside the foundation of a building to guard it from damp. — Dry blow. (a) (Med.) A blow which inflicts no wound, and causes no effusion of blood. (b) A quick, sharp blow. — Dry bone (Min.), Smithsonite, or carbonate of zinc; — a miner’s term. — Dry castor (Zoöl.) a kind of beaver; — called also parchment beaver. — Dry cupping. (Med.) See under Cupping. - - Dry dock. See under Dock. — Dry fat. See Dry vat (below). — Dry light, pure unobstructed light; hence, a clear, impartial view. Bacon. “The scientific man must keep his feelings under stern control, lest they obtrude into his researches, and color the dry light in which alone science desires to see its objects.” J. C. Shairp. — Dry masonry. See Masonry. — Dry measure, a system of measures of volume for dry or coarse articles, by the bushel, peck, etc. — Dry pile (Physics), a form of the Voltaic pile, constructed without the use of a liquid, affording a feeble current, and chiefly useful in the construction of electroscopes of great delicacy; — called also Zamboni’s , from the names of the two earliest constructors of it. — Dry pipe (Steam Engine), a pipe which conducts dry steam from a boiler. — Dry plate (Photog.), a glass plate having a dry coating sensitive to light, upon which photographic negatives or pictures can be made, without moistening. — Dry-plate process, the process of photographing with dry plates. — Dry point. (Fine Arts) (a) An engraving made with the needle instead of the burin, in which the work is done nearly as in etching, but is finished without the use acid. (b) A print from such an engraving, usually upon paper. (c) Hence: The needle with which such an engraving is made. — Dry rent (Eng. Law), a rent reserved by deed, without a clause of distress. Bouvier. — Dry rot, a decay of timber, reducing its fibers to the condition of a dry powdery dust, often accompanied by the presence of a peculiar fungus (Merulius lacrymans), which is sometimes considered the cause of the decay; but it is more probable that the real cause is the decomposition of the wood itself. D. C. Eaton. Called also sap rot, and, in the United States, powder post. Hebert. — Dry stove, a hothouse adapted to preserving the plants of arid climates. Brande & C. — Dry vat, a vat, basket, or other receptacle for dry articles. — Dry wine, that in which the saccharine matter and fermentation were so exactly balanced, that they have wholly neutralized each other, and no sweetness is perceptible; — opposed to sweet wine, in which the saccharine matter is in excess.

Dry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dried p. pr. & vb. n. Drying.] [AS. drygan; cf. drugian to grow dry. See Dry, a.] To make dry; to free from water, or from moisture of any kind, and by any means; to exsiccate; as to dry the eyes; to dry one’s tears; the wind dries the earth; to dry a wet cloth; to dry hay. To dry up. (a) To scorch or parch with thirst; to deprive utterly of water; to consume. “Their honorable men are famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst.” Is. v. 13. “The water of the sea, which formerly covered it, was in time exhaled and dried up by the sun.” Woodward. (b) To make to cease, as a stream of talk. “Their sources of revenue were dried up.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) — To dry, or dry up, a cow, to cause a cow to cease secreting milk. Tylor.

Dry, v. i. 1. To grow dry; to become free from wetness, moisture, or juice; as the road dries rapidly. 2. To evaporate wholly; to be exhaled; — said of moisture, or a liquid; — sometimes with up; as the stream dries, or dries up. 3. To shrivel or wither; to lose vitality. “And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not pull it in again to him.” I Kings xiii. 4.

Dry´ad , n. [L. dryas, pl. dryades, Gr. , pl. , fr. oak, tree. See Tree.] (Class. Myth.) A wood nymph; a nymph whose life was bound up with that of her tree.

Dry•an´dra , n. [NL. Named after J. Dryander.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs growing in Australia, having beautiful, hard, dry, evergreen leaves.

Dry´as , n.; pl. Dryades (#). [L. See Dryad.] (Class. Myth.) A dryad.

Dry´-beat , v. t. To beat severely. Shak.

Dry´-boned , a. Having dry bones, or bones without flesh.

Dry´ dock (Naut.) See under Dock.

Dry´er , n. See Drier. Sir W. Temple.

Dry´-eyed , a. Not having tears in the eyes.

Dry´-fist•ed , a. Niggardly.

Dry´foot , n. The scent of the game, as far as it can be traced. [Obs.] Shak.

Dry´ goods A commercial name for textile fabrics, cottons, woolens, linen, silks, laces, etc., — in distinction from groceries. [U.S.]

Dry´ing, a. 1. Adapted or tending to exhaust moisture; as a drying wind or day; a drying room. 2. Having the quality of rapidly becoming dry. Drying oil, an oil which, either naturally or after boiling with oxide of lead, absorbs oxygen from the air and dries up rapidly. Drying oils are used as the bases of many paints and varnishes.

Dry´ly, adv. In a dry manner; not succulently; without interest; without sympathy; coldly.

Dry´ness, n. The state of being dry. See Dry.

Dry´ nurse A nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand; — in distinction from a wet nurse, who suckles it.

Dry´nurse, v. t. To feed, attend, and bring up without the breast. Hudibras.

Dry•o•bal´a•nops , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dry^s oak + ba•lanos acorn + ’o•psis appearance. The fruit remotely resembles an acorn in its cup.] (Bot.) The genus to which belongs the single species D. Camphora, a lofty resinous tree of Borneo and Sumatra, yielding Borneo camphor and camphor oil.

Dry´-rub , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dry-rubbed p. pr. & vb. n. Dry-rubbing.] To rub and cleanse without wetting. Dodsley.

Dry´salt•er , n. A dealer in salted or dried meats, pickles, sauces, etc., and in the materials used in pickling, salting, and preserving various kinds of food Hence drysalters usually sell a number of saline substances and miscellaneous drugs. Brande & C.

Dry´salt•er•y , n. The articles kept by a drysalter; also the business of a drysalter.

Dry´-shod , a. Without wetting the feet.

Dry´-stone , a. Constructed of uncemented stone. ´Dry-stone walls.´ Sir W. Scott. { Dryth , or Drith }, n. Drought. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Du´ad , n. [See Dyad.] A union of two; duality. [R.] Harris.

Du´al , a. [L. dualis, fr. duo two. See Two.] Expressing, or consisting of, the number two; belonging to two; as the dual number of nouns, etc. , in Greek. “Here you have one half of our dual truth.” Tyndall.

Du´a•lin , n. (Chem.) An explosive substance consisting essentially of sawdust or wood pulp, saturated with nitroglycerin and other similar nitro compounds. It is inferior to dynamite, and is more liable to explosion.

Du´al•ism , n. [Cf. F. dualisme.] State of being dual or twofold; a twofold division; any system which is founded on a double principle, or a twofold distinction; as: (a) (Philos.) A view of man as constituted of two original and independent elements, as matter and spirit. (Theol.) (b) A system which accepts two gods, or two original principles, one good and the other evil. (c) The doctrine that all mankind are divided by the arbitrary decree of God, and in his eternal foreknowledge, into two classes, the elect and the reprobate. (d) (Physiol.) The theory that each cerebral hemisphere acts independently of the other. “An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole.” Emerson.

Du´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. dualiste.] 1. One who believes in dualism; a ditheist. 2. One who administers two offices. Fuller.

Du•al•is´tic , a. Consisting of two; pertaining to dualism or duality. Dualistic system or theory (Chem.), the theory, originated by Lavoisier and developed by Berzelius, that all definite compounds are binary in their nature, and consist of two distinct constituents, themselves simple or complex, and possessed of opposite chemical or electrical affinities.

Du´al´i•ty , n. [L. dualitas: cf. F. dualite.] The quality or condition of being two or twofold; dual character or usage.

Du´an , n. [Gael. & Ir.] A division of a poem corresponding to a canto; a poem or song. [R.]

Du´ar•chy , n. [Gr. two + - archy.] Government by two persons.

Dub (dub), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dubbed (dubd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dubbing.] [AS. dubban to strike, beat (´dubbade his sunu … to ridere.´ AS. Chron. an. 1086); akin to Icel. dubba; cf. OF. adouber (prob. fr. Icel.) a chevalier, Icel. dubba til riddara.] 1. To confer knighthood upon; as the king dubbed his son Henry a knight. The conclusion of the ceremony was marked by a tap on the shoulder with the sword. 2. To invest with any dignity or new character; to entitle; to call. “A man of wealth is dubbed a man of worth.” Pope. 3. To clothe or invest; to ornament; to adorn. [Obs.] “His diadem was dropped down
Dubbed with stones.” Morte d’Arthure. 4. To strike, rub, or dress smooth; to dab; as: (a) To dress with an adz; as to dub a stick of timber smooth. (b) To strike cloth with teasels to raise a nap. Halliwell. (c) To rub or dress with grease, as leather in the process of cyrrying it. Tomlinson. (d) To prepare for fighting, as a gamecock, by trimming the hackles and cutting off the comb and wattles. To dub a fly, to dress a fishing fly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — To dub out (Plastering), to fill out, as an uneven surface, to a plane, or to carry out a series of small projections.

Dub , v. i. To make a noise by brisk drumbeats. ´Now the drum dubs.´ Beau. & Fl.

Dub, n. A blow. [R.] Hudibras.

Dub, n. [Cf. Ir. dób mire, stream, W. dwvr water.] A pool or puddle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dubb , n. [Ar.] (Zoöl.) The Syrian bear. See under Bear. [Written also dhubb, and dub.]

Dub´ber , n. One who, or that which, dubs.

Dub´ber, n. [Hind. dabbah.] A globular vessel or bottle of leather, used in India to hold ghee, oil, etc. [Also written dupper.] M’Culloch.

Dub´bing , n. 1. The act of dubbing, as a knight, etc. 2. The act of rubbing, smoothing, or dressing; a dressing off smooth with an adz. 3. A dressing of flour and water used by weavers; a mixture of oil and tallow for dressing leather; daubing. 4. The body substance of an angler’s fly. Davy.

Du•bi´e•ty , n.; pl. Dubieties (#). [L. dubietas, fr. dubius. See Dubious.] Doubtfulness; uncertainty; doubt. [R.] Lamb. ´The dubiety of his fate.´ Sir W. Scott.

Du•bi•os´i•ty , n.; pl. Dubiosities (#). [L. dubiosus.] The state of being doubtful; a doubtful statement or thing. [R.] “Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities.” Sir T. Browne.

Du´bi•ous , a. [L. dubius, dubiosus, fr. duo two. See Two, and cf. Doubt.] 1. Doubtful or not settled in opinion; being in doubt; wavering or fluctuating; undetermined. ´Dubious policy.´ Sir T. Scott. “A dubious, agitated state of mind.” Thackeray. 2. Occasioning doubt; not clear, or obvious; equivocal; questionable; doubtful; as a dubious answer. “Wiping the dingy shirt with a still more dubious pocket handkerchief.” Thackeray. 3. Of uncertain event or issue; as in dubious battle. Syn. — Doubtful; doubting; unsettled; undetermined; equivocal; uncertain. Cf. Doubtful.

Du´bi•ous•ly, adv. In a dubious manner.

Du´bi•ous•ness, n. State of being dubious.

Du´bi•ta•ble , a. [L. dubitabilis. Cf. Doubtable.] Liable to be doubted; uncertain. [R.] Dr. H. More. — Du´bi•ta•bly, adv. [R.]

Du´bi•tan•cy , n. [LL. dubitantia.] Doubt; uncertainty. [R.] Hammond.

Du´bi•tate , v. i. [L. dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare. See Doubt.] To doubt. [R.] “If he … were to loiter dubitating, and not come.” Carlyle.

Du•bi•ta´tion , n. [L. dubitatio.] Act of doubting; doubt. [R.] Sir T. Scott.

Du´bi•ta•tive , a. [L. dubitativus: cf. F. dubitatif.] Tending to doubt; doubtful. [R.] — Du´bi•ta•tive•ly, adv. [R.] . Eliot.

Du•bois´i•a , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Duboisine.

Du•bois´ine , n. (Med.) An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of an Australian tree (Duboisia myoporoides), and regarded as identical with hyoscyamine. It produces dilation of the pupil of the eye.

Du´cal , a. [F. ducal. See Duke.] Of or pertaining to a duke. “His ducal cap was to be exchanged for a kingly crown.” Motley.

Du´cal•ly, adv. In the manner of a duke, or in a manner becoming the rank of a duke.

Duc´at , n. [F. ducat, It. ducato, LL. ducatus, fr. dux leader or commander. See Duke.] A coin, either of gold or silver, of several countries in Europe; originally, one struck in the dominions of a duke. The gold ducat is generally of the value of nine shillings and four pence sterling, or somewhat more that two dollars. The silver ducat is of about half this value.

Duc•a•toon´ , n. [F. or Sp. ducaton, fr. ducat.] A silver coin of several countries of Europe, and of different values.

Du´ces te´cum [L., bring with thee.] A judicial process commanding a person to appear in court and bring with him some piece of evidence or other thing to be produced to the court.

Duch´ess , n. [F. duchesse, fr. duc duke.] The wife or widow of a duke; also a lady who has the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right.

Du•chesse´ d’An•gou•lême´ [F.] (Bot.) A variety of pear of large size and excellent flavor.

Duch´y (duch´y), n.; pl. Duchies (#). [F. duche, OF. duchee, (assumed) LL. ducitas, fr. L. dux. See Duke.] The territory or dominions of a duke; a dukedom.

Duck (duk), n. [Cf. Dan. dukke, Sw. docka, OHG. doccha, G. docke. Cf. Doxy.] A pet; a darling. Shak.

Duck, n. [D. doek cloth, canvas or Icel. dukr cloth; akin to OHG. tuoh, G. tuch, Sw. duk, Dan. dug.] 1. A linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric, finer and lighter than canvas — used for the lighter sails of vessels, the sacking of beds, and sometimes for men’s clothing. 2. (Naut.) pl. The light clothes worn by sailors in hot climates. [Colloq.]

Duck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ducked p. pr. & vb. n. Ducking.] [OE. duken, douken, to dive; akin to D. duiken, OHG. thhan, MHG. tucken, tücken, tchen, G. tuchen. Cf. 5th Duck.] 1. To thrust or plunge under water or other liquid and suddenly withdraw. “Adams, after ducking the squire twice or thrice, leaped out of the tub.” Fielding. 2. To plunge the head of under water, immediately withdrawing it; as duck the boy. 3. To bow; to bob down; to move quickly with a downward motion. ´ Will duck his head aside.´ Swift.

Duck (duk), v. i. 1. To go under the surface of water and immediately reappear; to dive; to plunge the head in water or other liquid; to dip. “In Tiber ducking thrice by break of day.” Dryden. 2. To drop the head or person suddenly; to bow. “The learned pate
Ducks to the golden fool.” Shak.

Duck, n. [OE. duke, doke. See Duck, v. t. ] 1. (Zool.) Any bird of the subfamily Anatinae, family Anatidae. The genera and species are numerous. They are divided into river ducks and sea ducks. Among the former are the common domestic duck (Anas boschas); the wood duck (Aix sponsa); the beautiful mandarin duck of China (Dendronessa galeriliculata); the Muscovy duck, originally of South America (Cairina moschata). Among the sea ducks are the eider, canvasback, scoter, etc. 2. A sudden inclination of the bead or dropping of the person, resembling the motion of a duck in water. “Here be, without duck or nod,
Other trippings to be trod.” Milton. Bombay duck (Zoöl.), a fish. See Bummalo. — Buffel duck, or Spirit duck. See Buffel duck. — Duck ant (Zoöl.), a species of white ant in Jamaica which builds large nests in trees. — Duck barnacle. (Zoöl.) See Goose barnacle. — Duck hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States: The peregrine falcon. (b) In England: The marsh harrier or moor buzzard. — Duck mole (Zoöl.), a small aquatic mammal of Australia, having webbed feet and a bill resembling that of a duck (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). It belongs the subclass Monotremata and is remarkable for laying eggs like a bird or reptile; — called also duckbill, platypus, mallangong, mullingong, tambreet, and water mole. — To make ducks and drakes, to throw a flat stone obliquely, so as to make it rebound repeatedly from the surface of the water, raising a succession of jets; hence: To play at ducks and drakes, with property, to throw it away heedlessly or squander it foolishly and unprofitably. — Lame duck. See under Lame.

Duck´bill, n. (Zoöl.) See Duck mole, under Duck, n.

Duck´-billed , a. Having a bill like that of a duck..

Duck´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, ducks; a plunger; a diver. 2. A cringing, servile person; a fawner.

Duck´ing, n. & a., from Duck, v. t. & i. Ducking stool, a stool or chair in which common scolds were formerly tied, and plunged into water, as a punishment. See Cucking stool. The practice of ducking began in the latter part of the 15th century, and prevailed until the early part of the 18th, and occasionally as late as the 19th century. Blackstone. Chambers.

Duck´-legged , a. Having short legs, like a waddling duck; short-legged. Dryden.

Duck´ling , n. A young or little duck. Gay. { Duck´meat• , or Duck’s´-meat• }, n. (Bot.) Duckweed.

Duck’s´-bill, a. Having the form of a duck’s bill. Duck’s-bill limpet (Zoöl.), a limpet of the genus Parmaphorus; — so named from its shape.

Duck’s´-foot , n. (Bot.) The May apple (Podophyllum peltatum).

Duck´weed , n. (Bot.) A genus (Lemna) of small plants, seen floating in great quantity on the surface of stagnant pools fresh water, and supposed to furnish food for ducks; — called also duckmeat.

Duct , n. [L. ductus a leading, conducting, conduit, fr. ducere, ductum, to lead. See Duke, and cf. Douche.] 1. Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other substance is conducted or conveyed. 2. (Anat.) One of the vessels of an animal body by which the products of glandular secretion are conveyed to their destination. 3. (Bot.) A large, elongated cell, either round or prismatic, usually found associated with woody fiber. Ducts are classified, according to the character of the surface of their walls, or their structure, as annular, spiral, scalariform, etc. 4. Guidance; direction. [Obs.] Hammond.

Duc´ti•ble , a. Capable of being drawn out [R.] Feltham.

Duc´tile , a. [L. ductilis, fr. ducere to lead: cf. F. ductile. See Duct.] 1. Easily led; tractable; complying; yielding to motives, persuasion, or instruction; as a ductile people. Addison. “Forms their ductile minds
To human virtues.” Philips. 2. Capable of being elongated or drawn out, as into wire or threads. “Gold … is the softest and most ductile of all metals.” Dryden. — Duc´tile•ly (#), adv. — Duc´tile•ness, n.

Duc•ti•lim´e•ter , n. [Ductile + -meter.] An instrument for accurately determining the ductility of metals.

Duc•til´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ductilite.] 1. The property of a metal which allows it to be drawn into wires or filaments. 2. Tractableness; pliableness. South.

Duc´tion , n. [L. ductio, fr. ducere to lead.] Guidance. [Obs.] Feltham.

Duct´less , a. Having to duct or outlet; as a ductless gland.

Duc´tor , n. [L., fr. ducere to lead.] 1. One who leads. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Mach.) A contrivance for removing superfluous ink or coloring matter from a roller. See Doctor, 4. Knight. Ductor roller (Printing), the roller which conveys or supplies ink to another roller. Knight.

Duc´ture , n. Guidance. [Obs.] South.

Dud´der , v. t. [In Suffolk, Eng., to shiver, shake, tremble; also written dodder.] To confuse or confound with noise. Jennings.

Dud´der, v. i. To shiver or tremble; to dodder. “I dudder and shake like an aspen leaf.” Ford.

Dud´der, n. [From Duds.] A peddler or hawker, especially of cheap and flashy goods pretended to be smuggled; a duffer. [Eng.]

Dud´der•y , n. A place where rags are bought and kept for sale. [Eng.]

Dude , n. A kind of dandy; especially, one characterized by an ultrafashionable style of dress and other affectations. [Recent] “The social dude who affects English dress and English drawl.” The American.

Du•deen´ , n. A short tobacco pipe. [Written also dudheen.] [Irish]

Dudg´eon , n. 1. The root of the box tree, of which hafts for daggers were made. Gerarde (1597). 2. The haft of a dagger. Shak. 3. A dudgeon-hafted dagger; a dagger. Hudibras.

Dudg´eon, n. [W. dygen anger, grudge.] Resentment; ill will; anger; displeasure. “I drink it to thee in dudgeon and hostility.” “Sir T. Scott.”

Dudg´eon, a. Homely; rude; coarse. [Obs.] “By my troth, though I am plain and dudgeon,
I would not be an ass.” Beau. & Fl.

Dud´ish , a. Like, or characterized of, a dude.

Duds , n. pl. [Scot. dud rag, pl. duds clothing of inferior quality.] 1. Old or inferior clothes; tattered garments. [Colloq.] 2. Effects, in general.[Slang]

Due , a. [OF. deu, F. dû, p. p. of devoir to owe, fr. L. debere. See Debt, Habit, and cf. Duty.] 1. Owed, as a debt; that ought to be paid or done to or for another; payable; owing and demandable. 2. Justly claimed as a right or property; proper; suitable; becoming; appropriate; fit. “Her obedience, which is due to me.” Shak. “With dirges due, in sad array,
Slow through the churchway path we saw him borne.” Gray. 3. Such as (a thing) ought to be; fulfilling obligation; proper; lawful; regular; appointed; sufficient; exact; as due process of law; due service; in due time. 4. Appointed or required to arrive at a given time; as the steamer was due yesterday. 5. Owing; ascribable, as to a cause. “This effect is due to the attraction of the sun.” J. D. Forbes.

Due, adv. Directly; exactly; as a due east course.

Due, n. 1. That which is owed; debt; that which one contracts to pay, or do, to or for another; that which belongs or may be claimed as a right; whatever custom, law, or morality requires to be done; a fee; a toll. “He will give the devil his due.” Shak. “Yearly little dues of wheat, and wine, and oil.” Tennyson. 2. Right; just title or claim. “The key of this infernal pit by due … I keep.” Milton.

Due, v. t. To endue. [Obs.] Shak.

Due´bill , n. (Com.) A brief written acknowledgment of a debt, not made payable to order, like a promissory note. Burrill.

Due´ful , a. Fit; becoming. [Obs.] Spenser.

Du´el , n. [It. duello, fr. L. duellum, orig., a contest between two, which passed into the common form bellum war, fr. duo two: cf. F. duel. See Bellicose, Two, and cf. Duello.] A combat between two persons, fought with deadly weapons, by agreement. It usually arises from an injury done or an affront given by one to the other. Trial by duel (Old Law), a combat between two persons for proving a cause; trial by battel.

Du´el, v. i. & t. To fight in single combat. [Obs.]

Du´el•er, n. One who engages in a duel. [R.] [Written also dueller.] South.

Du´el•ing, n. The act or practice of fighting in single combat. Also adj. [Written also duelling.]

Du´el•ist , n. [F. duelliste.] One who fights in single combat. [Written also duellist.] “A duelist … always values himself upon his courage, his sense of honor, his fidelity and friendship.” Hume.

Du•e´lo , n. [It. See Duel.] A duel; also the rules of dueling. [Obs.] Shak.

Du•e´ña , n. [Sp.] See Doña.

Due´ness , n. Quality of being due; debt; what is due or becoming. T. Goodwin.

Du•en´na , n.; pl. Duennas (#). [Sp. dueña, doña, fr. L. domina. See Dame.] 1. The chief lady in waiting on the queen of Spain. Brande. 2. An elderly lady holding a station between a governess and companion, and appointed to have charge over the younger ladies in a Spanish or a Portuguese family. Brande & C. 3. Any old woman who is employed to guard a younger one; a governess. Arbuthnot.

Du•et´ , n. [Duetto.] (Mus.) A composition for two performers, whether vocal or instrumental.

Du•et•ti´no , n. [It ., dim. fr. duetto a duet.] A duet of short extent and concise form.

Du•et´to , n. [It., fr. It & L. duo two. See Two.] See Duet.

Duff (duf), n. [From OE. dagh. rad.67. See Dough.] 1. Dough or paste. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A stiff flour pudding, boiled in a bag; — a term used especially by seamen; as plum duff.

Duf´fel , n. [D. duffel, from Duffel, a town not far from Antwerp.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth, having a thick nap or frieze. [Written also duffle.] “Good duffel gray and flannel fine.” Wordsworth.

Duf´fer , n. 1. A peddler or hawker, especially of cheap, flashy articles, as sham jewelry; hence, a sham or cheat. [Slang, Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A stupid, awkward, inefficient person.[Slang]

Duf´fle , n. See Duffel.

Du•fren´ite , n. [From ierre Armand Dufrenoy, a French geologist.] (Min.) A mineral of a blackish green color, commonly massive or in nodules. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron.

Dug (dug), n. [Akin to Sw. dägga to suckle (a child), Dan. daegge, and prob. to Goth. daddjan. rad.66.] A teat, pap, or nipple; — formerly that of a human mother, now that of a cow or other beast. “With mother’s dug between its lips.” Shak.

Dug, imp. & p. p. of Dig.

Du•gong´ (du•gog´), n. [Malayan dyng, or Javan. duyung.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic herbivorous mammal (Halicore dugong), of the order Sirenia, allied to the manatee, but with a bilobed tail. It inhabits the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, East Indies, and Australia. [Written also duyong.]

Dug´out (dug´out), n. 1. A canoe or boat dug out from a large log. [U.S.] “A man stepped from his slender dugout.” G. W. Cable. 2. A place dug out. 3. A house made partly in a hillside or slighter elevation. [Western U.S.] Bartlett.

Dug´way , n. A way or road dug through a hill, or sunk below the surface of the land. [U.S.]

Duke n. [F. duc, fr. L. dux, ducis, leader, commander, fr. ducere to lead; akin to AS. teón to draw; cf. AS. heretoga (here army) an army leader, general, G. herzog duke. See Tue, and cf. Doge, Duchess, Ducat, Duct, Adduce, Deduct.] 1. A leader; a chief; a prince. [Obs.] “Hannibal, duke of Carthage.” Sir T. Elyot. “All were dukes once, who were ´duces´ — captains or leaders of their people.” Trench. 2. In England, one of the highest order of nobility after princes and princesses of the royal blood and the four archbishops of England and Ireland. 3. In some European countries, a sovereign prince, without the title of king. Duke’s coronet. See Illust. of Coronet. — To dine with Duke Humphrey, to go without dinner. See under Dine.

Duke, v. i. To play the duke. [Poetic] “Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence.” Shak.

Duke´dom , n. 1. The territory of a duke. 2. The title or dignity of a duke. Shak.

Duke´ling, n. A little or insignificant duke. Ford.

Duke´ship, n. The quality or condition of being a duke; also the personality of a duke. Massinger.

Dul•ca•ma´ra , n. [NL., fr. L. dulcis sweet + amarus bitter.] (Bot.) A plant (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet, n., 3 (a).

Dul•ca•ma´rin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara), as a yellow amorphous substance. It probably occasions the compound taste. See Bittersweet, 3(a).

Dulce , v. t. To make sweet; to soothe. [Obs.]

Dulce´ness, n. Sweetness. [Obs.] Bacon.

Dul´cet , a. [OF. doucet, dim. of dous sweet, F. doux, L. dulcis; akin to Gr. . Cf. Doucet.] 1. Sweet to the taste; luscious. [Obs.] “She tempers dulcet creams.” Milton. 2. Sweet to the ear; melodious; harmonious. “Their dainty lays and dulcet melody.” Spenser.

Dul•ci•an´a , n. [NL., fr. L. dulcis sweet.] (Mus.) A sweet-toned stop of an organ.

Dul•ci•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. dulcification.] The act of dulcifying or sweetening. Boyle.

Dul´ci•fied , a. Sweetened; mollified. Dulcified spirit or spirits, a compound of alcohol with mineral acids; as dulcified spirits of niter.

Dul•cif´lu•ous , a. [L. dulcis sweet + fluere to flow.] Flowing sweetly. [R.]

Dul´ci•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dulcified p. pr. & vb. n. Dulcifying.] [L. dulcis sweet + -fy: cf. F. dulcifier.] 1. (Pharm.) To sweeten; to free from acidity, saltness, or acrimony. Wiseman. 2. Fig. : To mollify; to sweeten; to please. “As she … was further dulcified by her pipe of tobacco.” Hawthorne.

Dul•cil´o•quy , n. [L. dulcis sweet + loqui to speak.] A soft manner of speaking.

Dul´ci•mer , n. [It. dolcemele,r Sp. dulcemele, fr. L. dulcis sweet + melos song, melody, Gr. ; cf. OF. doulcemele. See Dulcet, and Melody.] (Mus.) (a) An instrument, having stretched metallic wires which are beaten with two light hammers held in the hands of the performer. (b) An ancient musical instrument in use among the Jews. Dan. iii. 5. It is supposed to be the same with the psaltery.

Dul•cin´e•a , n. [Sp., from Dulcinea del Toboso the mistress of the affections of Don Quixote.] A mistress; a sweetheart. “I must ever have some Dulcinea in my head.” Sterne.

Dul´ci•ness , n. See Dulceness. [Obs.]

Dul•ci´no , n. (Mus.) See Dolcino.

Dul´cite , n. [Cf. F. dulcite, fr. L. dulcis sweet.] (Chem.) A white, sugarlike substance, C6H8.(OH)2, occurring naturally in a manna from Madagascar, and in certain plants, and produced artificially by the reduction of galactose and lactose or milk sugar.

Dul´ci•tude , n. [L. dulcitudo, fr. dulcis sweet. Sweetness. [R.] Cockeram.

Dul´co•rate , v. t. [L. dulcoratus, p. p. of dulcorare, fr. dulcor sweetness, fr. dulcis sweet.] To sweeten; to make less acrimonious. [R.] Bacon.

Dul•co•ra´tion , n. [LL. dulcoratio.] The act of sweetening. [R.] Bacon.

Du´ledge , n. (Mil.) One of the dowels joining the ends of the fellies which form the circle of the wheel of a gun carriage. Wilhelm.

Du•li´a , n. [LL., fr. Gr. servitude, fr. slave.] (R. C. Ch.) An inferior kind of veneration or worship, given to the angels and saints as the servants of God.

Dull , a. [Compar. Duller superl. Dullest.] [AS. dol foolish; akin to gedwelan to err, D. dol mad, dwalen to wander, err, G. toll mad, Goth. dwals foolish, stupid, cf. Gr. turbid, troubled, Skr. dhvr to cause to fall. Cf. Dolt, Dwale, Dwell, Fraud.] 1. Slow of understanding; wanting readiness of apprehension; stupid; doltish; blockish. ´Dull at classical learning.´ Thackeray. “She is not bred so dull but she can learn.” Shak. 2. Slow in action; sluggish; unready; awkward. “This people’s heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing.” Matt. xiii. 15. “O, help my weak wit and sharpen my dull tongue.” Spenser. 3. Insensible; unfeeling. “Think me not
So dull a devil to forget the loss
Of such a matchless wife.” Beau. & Fl. 4. Not keen in edge or point; lacking sharpness; blunt. ´Thy scythe is dull.´ Herbert. 5. Not bright or clear to the eye; wanting in liveliness of color or luster; not vivid; obscure; dim; as a dull fire or lamp; a dull red or yellow; a dull mirror. 6. Heavy; gross; cloggy; insensible; spiritless; lifeless; inert. ´The dull earth.´ Shak. “As turning the logs will make a dull fire burn, so changes of study a dull brain.” Longfellow. 7. Furnishing little delight, spirit, or variety; uninteresting; tedious; cheerless; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; as a dull story or sermon; a dull occupation or period; hence, cloudy; overcast; as a dull day. “Along life’s dullest, dreariest walk.” Keble. Syn. — Lifeless; inanimate; dead; stupid; doltish; heavy; sluggish; sleepy; drowsy; gross; cheerless; tedious; irksome; dismal; dreary; clouded; tarnished; obtuse. See Lifeless.

Dull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duller p. pr. & vb. n. Dulling.] 1. To deprive of sharpness of edge or point. ´This … dulled their swords.´ Bacon. “Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.” Shak. 2. To make dull, stupid, or sluggish; to stupefy, as the senses, the feelings, the perceptions, and the like. “Those [drugs] she has
Will stupefy and dull the sense a while.” Shak. “Use and custom have so dulled our eyes.” Trench. 3. To render dim or obscure; to sully; to tarnish. ´Dulls the mirror.´ Bacon. 4. To deprive of liveliness or activity; to render heavy; to make inert; to depress; to weary; to sadden. “Attention of mind … wasted or dulled through continuance.” Hooker.

Dull, v. i. To become dull or stupid. Rom. of R.

Dull´ard , n. [Dull + - ard.] A stupid person; a dunce. Shak. — a. Stupid. Bp. Hall.

Dull´-brained , a. Stupid; doltish. Shak.

Dull´-browed , a. Having a gloomy look.

Dull´er , n. One who, or that which, dulls.

Dull´-eyed , a. Having eyes wanting brightness, liveliness, or vivacity. Shak.

Dull´head , n. A blockhead; a dolt. Ascham.

Dull´ish, a. Somewhat dull; uninteresting; tiresome. ´A series of dullish verses.´ Prof. Wilson.

Dull´ness, n. The state of being dull; slowness; stupidity; heaviness; drowsiness; bluntness; obtuseness; dimness; want of luster; want of vividness, or of brightness. [Written also dulness.] “And gentle dullness ever loves a joke.” Pope.

Dull´-sight•ed , a. Having poor eyesight.

Dull´some , a. Dull. [R.] Gataker.

Dull´-wit•ted , a. Stupid.

Dul´ly , adv. In a dull manner; stupidly; slowly; sluggishly; without life or spirit. “Supinely calm and dully innocent.” G. Lyttelton.

Du•loc´ra•cy , n. See Doulocracy.

Dulse (duls), n. [Cf. Gael. duileasg; duille leaf + uisge water. Cf. Whisky.] (Bot.) A seaweed of a reddish brown color, which is sometimes eaten, as in Scotland. The true dulse is Sarcophyllis edulis; the common is Rhodymenia. [Written also dillisk.] “The crimson leaf of the dulse is seen
To blush like a banner bathed in slaughter.” Percival.

Dul´wil•ly , n. [Prob. imitative.] (Zoöl.) The ring plover. [Prov. Eng.]

Du´ly , adv. In a due, fit, or becoming manner; as it (anything) ought to be; properly; regularly.

Du´mal , a. [L. dumus bramble.] Pertaining to, or set with, briers or bushes; brambly. [R.]

Dumb , a. [AS. dumb; akin to D. dom stupid, dumb, Sw. dumb, Goth. dumbs; cf. Gr. blind. See Deaf, and cf. Dummy.] 1. Destitute of the power of speech; unable; to utter articulate sounds; as the dumb brutes. “To unloose the very tongues even of dumb creatures.” Hooker. 2. Not willing to speak; mute; silent; not speaking; not accompanied by words; as dumb show. “This spirit, dumb to us, will speak to him.” Shak. “To pierce into the dumb past.” J. C. Shairp. 3. Lacking brightness or clearness, as a color. [R.] “Her stern was painted of a dumb white or dun color.” De Foe. Deaf and dumb. See Deaf-mute. — Dumb ague, or Dumb chill, a form of intermittent fever which has no well-defined ´chill.´ [U.S.] — Dumb animal, any animal except man; - - usually restricted to a domestic quadruped; — so called in contradistinction to man, who is a ´speaking animal.´ — Dumb cake, a cake made in silence by girls on St. Mark’s eve, with certain mystic ceremonies, to discover their future husbands. Halliwell. — Dumb cane (Bot.), a west Indian plant of the Arum family (Dieffenbachia seguina), which, when chewed, causes the tongue to swell, and destroys temporarily the power of speech. - - Dumb crambo. See under crambo. — Dumb show. (a) Formerly, a part of a dramatic representation, shown in pantomime. ´Inexplicable dumb shows and noise.´ Shak. (b) Signs and gestures without words; as to tell a story in dumb show. — To strike dumb, to confound; to astonish; to render silent by astonishment; or, it may be, to deprive of the power of speech. Syn. — Silent; speechless; noiseless. See Mute.

Dumb, v. t. To put to silence. [Obs.] Shak.

Dumb´-bell , n. A weight, consisting of two spheres or spheroids, connected by a short bar for a handle; used (often in pairs) for gymnastic exercise.

Dum´ble•dor , n. [The first part is prob. of imitative origin. See Dor a beetle.] (Zoöl.) A bumblebee; also a cockchafer. [Prov. Eng.]

Dumb´ly , adv. In silence; mutely.

Dumb´ness, n. The quality or state of being dumb; muteness; silence; inability to speak.

Dumb´-wait•er , n. A framework on which dishes, food, etc., are passed from one room or story of a house to another; a lift for dishes, etc.; also a piece of furniture with movable or revolving shelves.

Du´me•tose , a. [From L. dumetum a thicket.] (Bot.) Dumose.

Dum´found , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dumfounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dumfounding.] To strike dumb; to confuse with astonishment. [Written also dumbfound.] Spectator.

Dum´found•er , v. t. To dumfound; to confound. [Written also dumbfounder.]

Dum´ma•dor , n. A dumbledor.

Dum´mer•er , n. One who feigns dumbness. [Obs.] Burton.

Dum´my , a. [See Dumb.] 1. Silent; mute; noiseless; as a dummy engine. 2. Fictitious or sham; feigned; as a dummy watch. Dummy car. See under Car.

Dum´my, n.; pl. Dummies . 1. One who is dumb. H. Smith. 2. A sham package in a shop, or one which does not contain what its exterior indicates. 3. An imitation or copy of something, to be used as a substitute; a model; a lay figure; as a figure on which clothing is exhibited in shop windows; a blank paper copy used to show the size of the future book, etc. 4. (Drama) One who plays a merely nominal part in any action; a sham character. 5. A thick-witted person; a dolt. [Colloq.] 6. (Railroad) A locomotive with condensing engines, and, hence, without the noise of escaping steam; also a dummy car. 7. (Card Playing) The fourth or exposed hand when three persons play at a four-handed game of cards. 8. A floating barge connected with a pier. Knight. To play dummy, to play the exposed or dummy hand in cards. The partner of the dummy plays it. { Du•mose´ , Du´mous } a. [L. dumosus, fr. dumus a thornbush, a bramble.] 1. Abounding with bushes and briers. 2. (Bot.) Having a compact, bushy form.

Dump , n. [See Dumpling.] A thick, ill-shapen piece; a clumsy leaden counter used by boys in playing chuck farthing. [Eng.] Smart.

Dump, n. [Cf. dial. Sw. dumpin melancholy, Dan. dump dull, low, D. dompig damp, G. dumpf damp, dull, gloomy, and E. damp, or rather perh. dump, v. t. Cf. Damp, or Dump, v. t.] 1. A dull, gloomy state of the mind; sadness; melancholy; low spirits; despondency; ill humor; — now used only in the plural. “March slowly on in solemn dump.” Hudibras. “Doleful dumps the mind oppress.” Shak. “I was musing in the midst of my dumps.” Bunyan. The ludicrous associations now attached to this word did not originally belong to it. ´Holland’s translation of Livy represents the Romans as being •in the dumps’ after the battle of Cannae.´ Trench. 2. Absence of mind; revery. Locke. 3. A melancholy strain or tune in music; any tune. [Obs.] ´Tune a deploring dump.´ ´Play me some merry dump.´ Shak. 4. An old kind of dance. [Obs.] Nares.

Dump , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dumped p. pr. & vb. n. Dumping.] [OE. dumpen to throw down, fall down, cf. Icel. dumpa to thump, Dan. dumpe to fall suddenly, rush, dial. Sw. dimpa to fall down plump. Cf. Dump sadness.] 1. To knock heavily; to stump. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. To put or throw down with more or less of violence; hence, to unload from a cart by tilting it; as to dump sand, coal, etc. [U.S.] Bartlett. Dumping car or cart, a railway car, or a cart, the body of which can be tilted to empty the contents; — called also dump car, or dump cart.

Dump, n. 1. A car or boat for dumping refuse, etc. 2. A ground or place for dumping ashes, refuse, etc. 3. That which is dumped. 4. (Mining) A pile of ore or rock.

Dump´age , n. 1. The act of dumping loads from carts, especially loads of refuse matter; also a heap of dumped matter. 2. A fee paid for the privilege of dumping loads.

Dump´i•ness , n. The state of being dumpy.

Dump´ish, a. Dull; stupid; sad; moping; melancholy. ´ A … dumpish and sour life.´ Lord Herbert. — Dump´ish•ly, adv. — Dump´ish•ness, n.

Dum´ple , v. t. [See Dumpling.] To make dumpy; to fold, or bend, as one part over another. [R.] “He was a little man, dumpled up together.” Sir W. Scott.

Dump´ling , n. [Dimin. of dump an illshapen piece; cf. D. dompelen to plunge, dip, duck, Scot. to dump in to plunge into, and E. dump, v. t.] A roundish mass of dough boiled in soup, or as a sort of pudding; often, a cover of paste inclosing an apple or other fruit, and boiled or baked; as an apple dumpling.

Dump´y , a. [Compar. Dumpier superl. Dumpiest.] [1. From Dump a short ill-shapen piece. 2. From Dump sadness.] 1. Short and thick; of low stature and disproportionately stout. 2. Sullen or discontented. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dun , n. [See Dune.] A mound or small hill.

Dun, v. t. To cure, as codfish, in a particular manner, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with salt grass or some like substance.

Dun (dun), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dunned (dund); p. pr. & vb. n. Dunning (dun´ning).] [AS. dyne noise, dynian to make a noise, or fr. Icel. dynr, duna, noise, thunder, duna to thunder; the same word as E. din. rad.74. See Din.] To ask or beset, as a debtor, for payment; to urge importunately. “Hath she sent so soon to dun?” Swift.

Dun, n. 1. One who duns; a dunner. “To be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun.” Arbuthnot. 2. An urgent request or demand of payment; as he sent his debtor a dun.

Dun, a. [AS. dunn, of Celtic origin; cf. W. dwn, Ir. & Gael. donn.] Of a dark color; of a color partaking of a brown and black; of a dull brown color; swarthy. “Summer’s dun cloud comes thundering up.” Pierpont. “Chill and dun
Falls on the moor the brief November day.” Keble. Dun crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow; — so called from its color; — also called hoody, and hoddy. — Dun diver (Zoöl.), the goosander or merganser.

Dun´bird , n. [Named from its color.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pochard; — called also dunair, and dunker, or dun- curre. (b) An American duck; the ruddy duck.

Dunce , n. [From Joannes Duns Scotus, a schoolman called the Subtle Doctor, who died in 1308. Originally in the phrase ´a Duns man´. See Note below.] One backward in book learning; a child or other person dull or weak in intellect; a dullard; a dolt. “I never knew this town without dunces of figure.” Swift. The schoolmen were often called, after their great leader Duns Scotus, Dunsmen or Duncemen. In the revival of learning they were violently opposed to classical studies; hence, the name of Dunce was applied with scorn and contempt to an opposer of learning, or to one slow at learning, a dullard.

Dunce´dom , n. The realm or domain of dunces. [Jocose] Carlyle.

Dun´cer•y , n. Dullness; stupidity.

Dun´ci•cal , a. Like a dunce; duncish. “The most dull and duncical commissioner.” Fuller.

Dun´ci•fy , v. t. [Dunce + -fy.] To make stupid in intellect. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Dun´cish , a. Somewhat like a dunce. [R.] — Dun´cish•ness, n. [R.]

Dun´der , n. [Cf. Sp. redundar to overflow.] The lees or dregs of cane juice, used in the distillation of rum. [West Indies] “The use of dunder in the making of rum answers the purpose of yeast in the fermentation of flour.” B. Edwards.

Dun´der•head , n. [Prov. Eng. also dunderpoll, from dunder, same as thunder.] A dunce; a numskull; a blockhead. Beau. & Fl.

Dun´der-head•ed, a. Thick-headed; stupid.

Dun´der•pate , n. See Dunderhead.

Dune , n. [The same word as down: cf. D. duin. See Down a bank of sand.] A low hill of drifting sand usually formed on the coats, but often carried far inland by the prevailing winds. [Written also dun.] “Three great rivers, the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt, had deposited their slime for ages among the dunes or sand banks heaved up by the ocean around their mouths.” Motley.

Dun´fish , n. Codfish cured in a particular manner, so as to be of a superior quality.

Dung , n. [AS. dung; akin to G. dung, dünger, OHG. tunga, Sw. dynga; cf. Icel. dyngja heap, Dan. dynge, MHG. tunc underground dwelling place, orig., covered with dung. Cf. Dingy.] The excrement of an animal. Bacon.

Dung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dunged p. pr. & vb. n. Dunging.] 1. To manure with dung. Dryden. 2. (Calico Print.) To immerse or steep, as calico, in a bath of hot water containing cow dung; — done to remove the superfluous mordant.

Dung, v. i. To void excrement. Swift.

Dun•ga•ree´ , n. A coarse kind of unbleached cotton stuff. [Written also dungari.] [India]

Dun´geon , n. [OE. donjoun highest tower of a castle, tower, prison, F. donjon tower or platform in the midst of a castle, turret, or closet on the top of a house, a keep of a castle, LL. domnio, the same word as LL. dominus lord. See Dame, Don, and cf. Dominion, Domain, Demesne, Danger, Donjon.] A close, dark prison, common, under ground, as if the lower apartments of the donjon or keep of a castle, these being used as prisons. “Down with him even into the deep dungeon.” Tyndale. “Year after year he lay patiently in a dungeon.” Macaulay.

Dun´geon, v. t. To shut up in a dungeon. Bp. Hall.

Dung´fork , n. A fork for tossing dung.

Dung´hill , n. 1. A heap of dung. 2. Any mean situation or condition; a vile abode. “He … lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill.” 1. Sam. ii. 8. Dunghill fowl, a domestic fowl of common breed.

Dung´meer , n. [Dung + (prob.) meer a pool.] A pit where dung and weeds rot for manure.

Dung´y , a. Full of dung; filthy; vile; low. Shak.

Dung´yard , n. A yard where dung is collected.

Dun´ker , n. [G. tunken to dip.] One of a religious denomination whose tenets and practices are mainly those of the Baptists, but partly those of the Quakers; — called also Tunkers, Dunkards, Dippers, and, by themselves, Brethren, and German Baptists. The denomination was founded in Germany in 1708, but after a few years the members emigrated to the United States. Seventh-day Dunkers, a sect which separated from the Dunkers and formed a community, in 1728. They keep the seventh day or Saturday as the Sabbath.

Dun´lin , n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. dun hill (E. dune), and linne pool, pond, lake, E. lin.] (Zoöl.) A species of sandpiper (Tringa alpina); — called also churr, dorbie, grass bird, and red-backed sandpiper. It is found both in Europe and America.

Dun´nage , n. [Cf. Dun a mound.] (Naut.) Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, laid on the bottom of the hold for the cargo to rest upon to prevent injury by water, or stowed among casks and other cargo to prevent their motion.

Dun´ner , n. [From Dun to ask payment from.] One employed in soliciting the payment of debts.

Dun´nish , a. Inclined to a dun color. Ray.

Dun´nock , n. [Cf. Dun,a.] (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow or hedge accentor. [Local, Eng.]

Dun´ny , a. Deaf; stupid.[Prov. Eng.] “My old dame Joan is something dunny, and will scarce know how to manage.” Sir W. Scott.

Dunt , n. [Dint.] A blow. [Obs.] R. of Glouc.

Dunt´ed, a. Beaten; hence, blunted. [Obs.] “Fencer’s swords … having the edge dunted.” Fuller.

Dun´ter , n. (Zoöl.) A porpoise. [Scott.] Dunter goose (Zoöl.) the eider duck. J. Brand.

Du´o , n. [It. duo, fr. L. duo two. See Duet.] (Mus.) A composition for two performers; a duet.

Du•o•dec•a•he´dral a. Du•o•dec•a•he´dron n. See Dodecahedral and Dodecahedron.

Du•o•de•cen´ni•al , a. [L. duodecennis; duodecim twelve + annus year.] Consisting of twelve years. [R.] Ash.

Du•o•dec´i•mal , a. [L. duodecim twelve. See Dozen.] Proceeding in computation by twelves; expressed in the scale of twelves. — Du•o•dec´i•mal•ly, adv.

Du•o•dec´i•mal, n. 1. A twelfth part; as the duodecimals of an inch. 2. pl. (Arch.) A system of numbers, whose denominations rise in a scale of twelves, as of feet and inches. The system is used chiefly by artificers in computing the superficial and solid contents of their work.

Du•o•dec´im•fid , a. [L. duodecim twelve + findere to cleave.] Divided into twelve parts.

Du•o•dec´i•mo , a. [L. in duodecimo in twelfth, fr. duodecimus twelfth, fr. duodecim twelve. See Dozen.] Having twelve leaves to a sheet; as a duodecimo from, book, leaf, size, etc.

Du•o•dec´i•mo, n.; pl. Duodecimos . A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into twelve leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; — usually written 12mo or 12°.

Du•o•dec´u•ple , a. [L. duo two + decuple.] Consisting of twelves. Arbuthnot.

Du•o•de´nal , a. [Cf. F. duodenal.] Of or pertaining to the duodenum; as duodenal digestion.

Du•o•den´a•ry , a. [L. duodenarius, fr. duodeni twelve each: cf. F. duodenaire.] Containing twelve; twelvefold; increasing by twelves; duodecimal.

Du•o•de´num , n. [NL., fr. duodeni twelve each: cf. F. duodenum. So called because its length is about twelve fingers’ breadth.] (Anat.) The part of the small intestines between the stomach and the jejunum. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus, under Digestive.

Du•o•lit´er•al , a. [L. duo two + E. literal.] Consisting of two letters only; biliteral. Stuart.

Duo´mo , n. [It. See Done.] A cathedral. See Dome, 2. “Of tower or duomo, sunny sweet.” Tennyson.

Dup , v. t. [Contr. fr. do up, that is, to lift up the latch. Cf. Don, Doff.] To open; as to dup the door. [Obs.] Shak.

Dup´a•ble , a. Capable of being duped.

Dupe (dup), n. [F., prob. from Prov. F. dupe, dube; of unknown origin; equiv. to F. huppe hoopoe, a foolish bird, easily caught. Cf. Armor. houperik hoopoe, a man easily deceived. Cf. also Gull, Booby.] One who has been deceived or who is easily deceived; a gull; as the dupe of a schemer.

Dupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duped (dupt); p. pr. & vb. n. Duping.] [Cf. F. duper, fr. dupe. See Dupe, n.] To deceive; to trick; to mislead by imposing on one’s credulity; to gull; as dupe one by flattery. “Ne’er have I duped him with base counterfeits.” Coleridge.

Dup´er , n. One who dupes another.

Dup´er•y , n. [F. duperie, fr. duper.] The act or practice of duping. [R.]

Du´pi•on , n. [F. doupion, It. doppione, fr. doppio double, L. duplus. See Double, and cf. Doubloon.] A double cocoon, made by two silkworms.

Du´ple , a. [L. duplus. See Double.] Double. Duple ratio (Math.), that in which the antecedent term is double the consequent, as of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, etc.

Du´plex , a. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See Two, and Complex.] Double; twofold. Duplex escapement, a peculiar kind of watch escapement, in which the scape-wheel has two sets of teeth. See Escapement. — Duplex lathe, one for turning off, screwing, and surfacing, by means of two cutting tools, on opposite sides of the piece operated upon. — Duplex pumping engine, a steam pump in which two steam cylinders are placed side by side, one operating the valves of the other. — Duplex querela [L., double complaint] (Eccl. Law), a complaint in the nature of an appeal from the ordinary to his immediate superior, as from a bishop to an archbishop. Mozley & W. — Duplex telegraphy, a system of telegraphy for sending two messages over the same wire simultaneously. — Duplex watch, one with a duplex escapement.

Du´pli•cate , a. [L. duplicatus, p. p. of duplicare to double, fr. duplex double, twofold. See Duplex.] Double; twofold. Duplicate proportion or ratio (Math.), the proportion or ratio of squares. Thus, in geometrical proportion, the first term to the third is said to be in a duplicate ratio of the first to the second, or as its square is to the square of the second. Thus, in 2, 4, 8, 16, the ratio of 2 to 8 is a duplicate of that of 2 to 4, or as the square of 2 is to the square of 4.

Du´pli•cate, n. 1. That which exactly resembles or corresponds to something else; another, correspondent to the first; hence, a copy; a transcript; a counterpart. “I send a duplicate both of it and my last dispatch.” Sir W. Temple. 2. (Law) An original instrument repeated; a document which is the same as another in all essential particulars, and differing from a mere copy in having all the validity of an original. Burrill.

Du´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duplicated p. pr. & vb. n. Duplicating.] 1. To double; to fold; to render double. 2. To make a duplicate of (something); to make a copy or transcript of. Glanvill. 3. (Biol.) To divide into two by natural growth or spontaneous action; as infusoria duplicate themselves.

Du•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. duplicatio: cf. F. duplication.] 1. The act of duplicating, or the state of being duplicated; a doubling; a folding over; a fold. 2. (Biol.) The act or process of dividing by natural growth or spontaneous action; as the duplication of cartilage cells. Carpenter. Duplication of the cube (Math.), the operation of finding a cube having a volume which is double that of a given cube.

Du´pli•ca•tive , a. 1. Having the quality of duplicating or doubling. 2. (Biol.) Having the quality of subdividing into two by natural growth. ´Duplicative subdivision.´ Carpenter.

Du´pli•ca•ture , n. [Cf. F. duplicature.] A doubling; a fold, as of a membrane.

Du•plic´i•ty , n.; pl. Duplicities (#). [F. duplicite, L. duplicitas, fr. duplex double. See Duplex.] 1. Doubleness; a twofold state. [Archaic] “Do not affect duplicities nor triplicities, nor any certain number of parts in your division of things.” I. Watts. 2. Doubleness of heart or speech; insincerity; a sustained form of deception which consists in entertaining or pretending to entertain one set of feelings, and acting as if influenced by another; bad faith. “Far from the duplicity wickedly charged on him, he acted his part with alacrity and resolution.” Burke. 3. (Law) (a) The use of two or more distinct allegations or answers, where one is sufficient. Blackstone. (b) In indictments, the union of two incompatible offenses. Wharton. Syn. — Double dealing; dissimulation; deceit; guile; deception; falsehood.

Dup´per , n. See 2d Dubber.

Dur , a. [G., fr. L. durus hard, firm, vigorous.] (Mus.) Major; in the major mode; as C dur, that is, C major.

Du´ra , n. Short form for Dura mater.

Du•ra•bil´i•ty, n. [L. durabilitas.] The state or quality of being durable; the power of uninterrupted or long continuance in any condition; the power of resisting agents or influences which tend to cause changes, decay, or dissolution; lastingness. “A Gothic cathedral raises ideas of grandeur in our minds by the size, its height, … its antiquity, and its durability.” Blair.

Du´ra•ble , a. [L. durabilis, fr. durare to last: cf. F. durable. See Dure.] Able to endure or continue in a particular condition; lasting; not perishable or changeable; not wearing out or decaying soon; enduring; as durable cloth; durable happiness. “Riches and honor are with me; yea, durable riches and righteousness.” Prov. viii. 18. “An interest which from its object and grounds must be so durable.” De Quincey. Syn. — Lasting; permanent; enduring; firm; stable; continuing; constant; persistent. See Lasting.

Du´ra•ble•ness, n. Power of lasting, enduring, or resisting; durability. “The durableness of the metal that supports it.” Addison.

Du´ra•bly, adv. In a lasting manner; with long continuance.

Du´ral , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the dura, or dura mater.

Du´ra ma´ter [L., lit., hard mother. The membrane was called mater, or mother, because it was formerly thought to give rise to every membrane of the body.] (Anat.) The tough, fibrous membrane, which lines the cavity of the skull and spinal column, and surrounds the brain and spinal cord; — frequently abbreviated to dura.

Du•ra´men , n. [L., hardness, a hardened, i. e., ligneous, vine branch, fr. durare to harden. See Dure.] (Bot.) The heartwood of an exogenous tree.

Dur´ance , n. [OF. durance duration, fr. L. durans, -antis, p. pr. durare to endure, last. See Dure, and cf. Durant.] 1. Continuance; duration. See Endurance. [Archaic] “Of how short durance was this new-made state!” Dryden. 2. Imprisonment; restraint of the person; custody by a jailer; duress. Shak. ´Durance vile.´ Burns. “In durance, exile, Bedlam or the mint.” Pope. 3. (a) A stout cloth stuff, formerly made in imitation of buff leather and used for garments; a sort of tammy or everlasting. “Where didst thou buy this buff? let me not live but I will give thee a good suit of durance.” J. Webster. (b) In modern manufacture, a worsted of one color used for window blinds and similar purposes.

Dur´an•cy , n. Duration. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Dur´ant , n. [F. durant, p. pr. of durer to last. Cf. Durance.] See Durance, 3.

Du•ran´te , prep. [L., abl. case of the p. pr. of durare to last.] (Law) During; as durante vita, during life; durante bene placito, during pleasure.

Du•ra´tion , n. [OF. duration. See Dure.] The state or quality of lasting; continuance in time; the portion of time during which anything exists. “It was proposed that the duration of Parliament should be limited.” Macaulay. “Soon shall have passed our own human duration.” D. Webster.

Dur´a•tive , a. Continuing; not completed; implying duration. “Its durative tense, which expresses the thought of it as going on.” J. Byrne.

Dur´bar , n. [Hind. darbar, fr. Per darar house, court, hall of audience; dar door, gate + bar court, assembly.] An audience hall; the court of a native prince; a state levee; a formal reception of native princes, given by the governor general of India. [India] [Written also darbar.]

Dure , a. [L. durus; akin to Ir. & Gael. dur , stubborn, W. dir certain, sure, cf. Gr. force.] Hard; harsh; severe; rough; toilsome. [R.] “The winter is severe, and life is dure and rude.” W. H. Russell.

Dure, v. i. [F. durer, L. durare to harden, be hardened, to endure, last, fr. durus hard. See Dure, a.] To last; to continue; to endure. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. “Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while.” Matt. xiii. 21.

Dure´ful , a. Lasting. [Obs.] Spenser.

Dure´less, a. Not lasting. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Du´rene , n. [L. durus hard; — so called because solid at ordinary temperatures.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, C6H2(CH3)4, off artificial production, with an odor like camphor.

Du´ress , n. [OF. duresse, du, hardship, severity, L. duritia, durities, fr. durus hard. See Dure.] 1. Hardship; constraint; pressure; imprisonment; restraint of liberty. “The agreements … made with the landlords during the time of slavery, are only the effect of duress and force.” Burke. 2. (Law) The state of compulsion or necessity in which a person is influenced, whether by the unlawful restrain of his liberty or by actual or threatened physical violence, to incur a civil liability or to commit an offense.

Du•ress´ , v. t. To subject to duress. ´The party duressed.´ Bacon.

Du•ress´or , n. (Law) One who subjects another to duress Bacon.

Dur´ga , n. (Myth.) Same as Doorga.

Dur´ham , n. One or a breed of short-horned cattle, originating in the county of Durham, England. The Durham cattle are noted for their beef-producing quality. { Du´ri•an , or Du´ri•on }, n. (Bot.) The fruit of the durio. It is oval or globular, and eight or ten inches long. It has a hard prickly rind, containing a soft, cream-colored pulp, of a most delicious flavor and a very offensive odor. The seeds are roasted and eaten like chestnuts.

Dur´ing , prep. [Orig., p. pr. of dure.] In the time of; as long as the action or existence of; as during life; during the space of a year.

Du´ri•o , n. [NL., fr. Malay dri thorn.] (Bot.) A fruit tree (D. zibethinus, the only species known) of the Indian Archipelago. It bears the durian.

Du´ri•ty , n. [L. duritas, fr. durus hard.] [Obs.] 1. Hardness; firmness. Sir T. Browne. 2. Harshness; cruelty. Cockeram.

Du•rom´e•ter , n. [L. durus hard + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the degree of hardness; especially, an instrument for testing the relative hardness of steel rails and the like.

Du´rous , a. [L. durus.] Hard. [Obs. & R.]

Dur´ra , n. [Ar. dhorra.] (Bot.) A kind of millet, cultivated throughout Asia, and introduced into the south of Europe; a variety of Sorghum vulgare; — called also Indian millet, and Guinea corn. [Written also dhoorra, dhurra, doura, etc.]

Durst , imp. of Dare. See Dare, v. i.

Du•ru•ku´li , n. (Zoöl.) A small, nocturnal, South American monkey (Nyctipthecus trivirgatus). [Written also douroucouli.]

Du•ryl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, allied to, or derived from, durene; as durylic acid.

Duse , n. A demon or spirit. See Deuce.

Dusk , a. [OE. dusc, dosc, deosc; cf. dial. Sw. duska to drizzle, dusk a slight shower. .] Tending to darkness or blackness; moderately dark or black; dusky. “A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades.” Milton.

Dusk, n. 1. Imperfect obscurity; a middle degree between light and darkness; twilight; as the dusk of the evening. 2. A darkish color. “Whose duck set off the whiteness of the skin.” Dryden.

Dusk, v. t. To make dusk. [Archaic] “After the sun is up, that shadow which dusketh the light of the moon must needs be under the earth.” Holland.

Dusk, v. i. To grow dusk. [R.] Chaucer.

Dusk´en , v. t. To make dusk or obscure. [R.] “Not utterly defaced, but only duskened.” Nicolls.

Dusk´i•ly , adv. In a dusky manner. Byron.

Dusk´i•ness, n. The state of being dusky.

Dusk´ish, a. Somewhat dusky. ´ Duskish smoke.´ Spenser. — Dusk´ish•ly, adv. — Dusk´ish•ness, n.

Dusk´ness, n. Duskiness. [R.] Sir T. Elyot.

Dusk´y , a. 1. Partially dark or obscure; not luminous; dusk; as a dusky valley. “Through dusky lane and wrangling mart.” Keble. 2. Tending to blackness in color; partially black; dark-colored; not bright; as a dusky brown. Bacon. “When Jove in dusky clouds involves the sky.” Dryden. “The figure of that first ancestor invested by family tradition with a dim and dusky grandeur.” Hawthorne. 3. Gloomy; sad; melancholy. “This dusky scene of horror, this melancholy prospect.” Bentley. 4. Intellectually clouded. “Though dusky wits dare scorn astrology.” Sir P. Sidney.

Dust (dust), n. [AS. dust; cf. LG. dust, D. duist meal dust, OD. doest, donst, and G. dunst vapor, OHG. tunist, dunist, a blowing, wind, Icel. dust dust, Dan. dyst mill dust; perh. akin to L. fumus smoke, E. fume. rad.71.] 1. Fine, dry particles of earth or other matter, so comminuted that they may be raised and wafted by the wind; that which is crumbled to minute portions; fine powder; as clouds of dust; bone dust. “Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.” Gen. iii. 19. “Stop! — for thy tread is on an empire’s dust.” Byron. 2. A single particle of earth or other matter. [R.] ´To touch a dust of England’s ground.´ Shak. 3. The earth, as the resting place of the dead. “For now shall sleep in the dust.” Job vii. 21. 4. The earthy remains of bodies once alive; the remains of the human body. “And you may carve a shrine about my dust.” Tennyson. 5. Figuratively, a worthless thing. “And by the merit of vile gold, dross, dust.” Shak. 6. Figuratively, a low or mean condition. “[God] raiseth up the poor out of the dust.” 1 Sam. ii. 8. 7. Gold dust; hence: (Slang) Coined money; cash. Down with the dust, deposit the cash; pay down the money. [Slang] ´My lord, quoth the king, presently deposit your hundred pounds in gold, or else no going hence all the days of your life… . The Abbot down with his dust, and glad he escaped so, returned to Reading.´ Fuller. — Dust brand (Bot.), a fungous plant (Ustilago Carbo); — called also smut. — Gold dust, fine particles of gold, such as are obtained in placer mining; — often used as money, being transferred by weight. — In dust and ashes. See under Ashes. — To bite the dust. See under Bite, v. t. — To raise, or kick up, dust, to make a commotion. [Colloq.] — To throw dust in one’s eyes, to mislead; to deceive. [Colloq.]

Dust , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dusting.] 1. To free from dust; to brush, wipe, or sweep away dust from; as to dust a table or a floor. 2. To sprinkle with dust. 3. To reduce to a fine powder; to levigate. Sprat. To dyst one’s jacket, to give one a flogging. [Slang.]

Dust´brush , n. A brush of feathers, bristles, or hair, for removing dust from furniture.

Dust´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, dusts; a utensil that frees from dust. Specifically: (a) (Paper Making) A revolving wire-cloth cylinder which removes the dust from rags, etc. (b) (Milling) A blowing machine for separating the flour from the bran. 2. A light over-garment, worn in traveling to protect the clothing from dust. [U.S.]

Dust´i•ness , n. The state of being dusty.

Dust´less, a. Without dust; as a dustless path.

Dust´man (-man), p.; pl. Dustmen (-men). One whose employment is to remove dirt and refuse. Gay.

Dust´pan (-pan•), n. A shovel-like utensil for conveying away dust brushed from the floor.

Dust´-point , n. An old rural game. “With any boy at dust-point they shall play.” Peacham (1620).

Dust´y (-y), a. [Compar. Dustier (-i•er); superl. Dustiest (-i•est).] [AS. dystig. See Dust.] 1. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust; clouded with dust; as a dusty table; also reducing to dust. “And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death.” Shak. 2. Like dust; of the color of dust; as a dusty white. Dusty miller (Bot.), a plant (Cineraria maritima); — so called because of the ashy-white coating of its leaves.

Dutch , a. [D. duitsch German; or G. deutsch, orig., popular, national, OD. dietsc, MHG. diutsch, tiutsch, OHG. diutisk, fr. diot, diota, a people, a nation; akin to AS. peód, OS. thiod, thioda, Goth. piuda; cf. Lith. tauta land, OIr. tuath people, Oscan touto. The English have applied the name especially to the Germanic people living nearest them, the Hollanders. Cf. Derrick, Teutonic.] Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhabitants. Dutch auction. See under Auction. — Dutch cheese, a small, pound, hard cheese, made from skim milk. — Dutch clinker, a kind of brick made in Holland. It is yellowish, very hard, and long and narrow in shape. — Dutch clover (Bot.), common white clover (Trifolium repens), the seed of which was largely imported into England from Holland. — Dutch concert, a so-called concert in which all the singers sing at the same time different songs. [Slang] — Dutch courage, the courage of partial intoxication. [Slang] Marryat. — Dutch door, a door divided into two parts, horizontally, so arranged that the lower part can be shut and fastened, while the upper part remains open. — Dutch foil, Dutch leaf, or Dutch gold, a kind of brass rich in copper, rolled or beaten into thin sheets, used in Holland to ornament toys and paper; — called also Dutch mineral, Dutch metal, brass foil, and bronze leaf. — Dutch liquid (Chem.), a thin, colorless, volatile liquid, C2H4Cl2, of a sweetish taste and a pleasant ethereal odor, produced by the union of chlorine and ethylene or olefiant gas; — called also Dutch oil. It is so called because discovered (in 1795) by an association of four Hollandish chemists. See Ethylene, and Olefiant. - - Dutch oven, a tin screen for baking before an open fire or kitchen range; also in the United States, a shallow iron kettle for baking, with a cover to hold burning coals. — Dutch pink, chalk, or whiting dyed yellow, and used in distemper, and for paper staining. etc. Weale. — Dutch rush (Bot.), a species of horsetail rush or Equisetum (E. hyemale) having a rough, siliceous surface, and used for scouring and polishing; — called also scouring rush, and shave grass. See Equisetum. — Dutch tile, a glazed and painted ornamental tile, formerly much exported, and used in the jambs of chimneys and the like. Dutch was formerly used for German. “Germany is slandered to have sent none to this war [the Crusades] at this first voyage; and that other pilgrims, passing through that country, were mocked by the Dutch, and called fools for their pains.” Fuller.

Dutch, n. 1. pl. The people of Holland; Dutchmen. 2. The language spoken in Holland.

Dutch´man , n.; pl. Dutchmen . A native, or one of the people, of Holland. Dutchman’s breeches (Bot.), a perennial American herb (Dicentra cucullaria), with peculiar double-spurred flowers. See Illust. of Dicentra. - - Dutchman’s laudanum (Bot.), a West Indian passion flower (Passiflora Murucuja); also its fruit. — Dutchman’s pipe (Bot.), an American twining shrub (Aristolochia Sipho). Its flowers have their calyx tubes curved like a tobacco pipe.

Du´te•ous , a. [From Duty.] 1. Fulfilling duty; dutiful; having the sentiments due to a superior, or to one to whom respect or service is owed; obedient; as a duteous son or daughter. 2. Subservient; obsequious. “Duteous to the vices of thy mistress.” Shak. — Du´te•ous•ly, adv. — Du´te•ous•ness, n.

Du´ti•a•ble , a. [From Duty.] Subject to the payment of a duty; as dutiable goods. [U.S.] “All kinds of dutiable merchandise.” Hawthorne.

Du´tied , a. Subjected to a duty. Ames.

Du´ti•ful , a. 1. Performing, or ready to perform, the duties required by one who has the right to claim submission, obedience, or deference; submissive to natural or legal superiors; obedient, as to parents or superiors; as a dutiful son or daughter; a dutiful ward or servant; a dutiful subject. 2. Controlled by, proceeding from, a sense of duty; respectful; deferential; as dutiful affection. Syn. — Duteous; obedient; reverent; reverential; submissive; docile; respectful; compliant. — Du´ti•ful•ly, adv. — Du´ti•ful•ness, n.

Du´ty , n.; pl. Duties (#). [From Due.] 1. That which is due; payment. [Obs. as signifying a material thing.] “When thou receivest money for thy labor or ware, thou receivest thy duty.” Tyndale. 2. That which a person is bound by moral obligation to do, or refrain from doing; that which one ought to do; service morally obligatory. “Forgetting his duty toward God, his sovereign lord, and his country.” Hallam. 3. Hence, any assigned service or business; as the duties of a policeman, or a soldier; to be on duty. “With records sweet of duties done.” Keble. “To employ him on the hardest and most imperative duty.” Hallam. “Duty is a graver term than obligation. A duty hardly exists to do trivial things; but there may be an obligation to do them.” C. J. Smith. 4. Specifically, obedience or submission due to parents and superiors. Shak. 5. Respect; reverence; regard; act of respect; homage. ´My duty to you.´ Shak. 6. (Engin.) The efficiency of an engine, especially a steam pumping engine, as measured by work done by a certain quantity of fuel; usually, the number of pounds of water lifted one foot by one bushel of coal (94 lbs. old standard), or by 1 cwt. (112 lbs., England, or 100 lbs., United States). 7. (Com.) Tax, toll, impost, or customs; excise; any sum of money required by government to be paid on the importation, exportation, or consumption of goods. An impost on land or other real estate, and on the stock of farmers, is not called a duty, but a direct tax. [U.S.] Ad valorem duty, a duty which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of the article taxed. See Ad valorem. — Specific duty, a duty of a specific sum assessed on an article without reference to its value or market. — On duty, actually engaged in the performance of one’s assigned task.

Du•um´vir , n.; pl. E. Duumvirs (#), L. Duumviri (#). [L., fr. duo two + vir man.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of two Roman officers or magistrates united in the same public functions.

Du•um´vi•ral , a. [L. duumviralis.] Of or belonging to the duumviri or the duumvirate.

Du•um´vi•rate , n. [L. duumviratus, fr. duumvir.] The union of two men in the same office; or the office, dignity, or government of two men thus associated, as in ancient Rome.

Dux , n. [L., leader.] (Mus.) The scholastic name for the theme or subject of a fugue, the answer being called the comes, or companion.

Duy´ker•bok , n. [D. duiker diver + bok a buck, lit., diver buck. So named from its habit of diving suddenly into the bush.] (Zoöl.) A small South African antelope (Cephalous mergens); — called also impoon, and deloo.

Du•young´ , n. (Zoöl.) See Dugong.

D´ valve (Mech.) A kind of slide valve. See Slide valve, under Slide.

Dver´gr , n.; pl. Dvergar (#). [See Dwarf.] (Scand. Myth.) A dwarf supposed to dwell in rocks and hills and to be skillful in working metals.

Dwale , n. [OE. dwale, dwole, deception, deadly nightshade, AS. dwala, dwola, error, doubt; akin to E. dull. See Dull, a.] 1. (Bot.) The deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladonna), having stupefying qualities. 2. (Her.) The tincture sable or black when blazoned according to the fantastic system in which plants are substituted for the tinctures. 3. A sleeping potion; an opiate. Chaucer.

Dwang , n. [Cf. D. dwingen to force, compel.] 1. (Carp.) A piece of wood set between two studs, posts, etc., to stiffen and support them. 2. (Mech.) (a) A kind of crowbar. (b) A large wrench. Knight.

Dwarf , n.; pl. Dwarfs (#). [OE. dwergh, dwerf, dwarf, AS. dweorg, dweorh; akin to D. dwerg, MHG. twerc, G. zwerg, Icel. dvergr, Sw. & Dan. dverg; of unknown origin.] An animal or plant which is much below the ordinary size of its species or kind; especially, a diminutive human being. During the Middle Ages dwarfs as well as fools shared the favor of courts and the nobility. Dwarf is used adjectively in reference to anything much below the usual or normal size; as dwarf tree; dwarf honeysuckle. Dwarf elder (Bot.), danewort. — Dwarf wall (Arch.), a low wall, not as high as the story of a building, often used as a garden wall or fence. Gwilt.

Dwarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dwarfed p. pr. & vb. n. Dwarfing.] To hinder from growing to the natural size; to make or keep small; to stunt. Addison. “Even the most common moral ideas and affections … would be stunted and dwarfed, if cut off from a spiritual background.” J. C. Shairp.

Dwarf, v. i. To become small; to diminish in size. “Strange power of the world that, the moment we enter it, our great conceptions dwarf.” Beaconsfield.

Dwarf´ish, a. Like a dwarf; below the common stature or size; very small; petty; as a dwarfish animal, shrub. — Dwarf´ish•ly, adv. — Dwarf´ish•ness, n.

Dwarf´ling , n. A diminutive dwarf.

Dwarf´y , a. Much undersized. [R.] Waterhouse. { Dwaul , Dwaule } , v. i. [See Dull, Dwell.] To be delirious. [Obs.] Junius.

Dwell , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwelled , usually contracted into Dwelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Dwelling.] [OE. dwellen, dwelien, to err, linger, AS. dwellan to deceive, hinder, delay, dwelian to err; akin to Icel. dvelja to delay, tarry, Sw. dväljas to dwell, Dan. dvaele to linger, and to E. dull. See Dull, and cf. Dwale.] 1. To delay; to linger. [Obs.] 2. To abide; to remain; to continue. “I ’ll rather dwell in my necessity.” Shak. “Thy soul was like a star and dwelt apart.” Wordsworth. 3. To abide as a permanent resident, or for a time; to live in a place; to reside. “The parish in which I was born, dwell, and have possessions.” Peacham. “The poor man dwells in a humble cottage near the hall where the lord of the domain resides.” C. J. Smith. To dwell in, to abide in (a place); hence, to depend on. ´My hopes in heaven to dwell.´ Shak. — To dwell on or upon, to continue long on or in; to remain absorbed with; to stick to; to make much of; as to dwell upon a subject; a singer dwells on a note. “They stand at a distance, dwelling on his looks and language, fixed in amazement.” Buckminster. Syn. — To inhabit; live; abide; sojourn; reside; continue; stay; rest.

Dwell , v. t. To inhabit. [R.] Milton.

Dwell´er , n. An inhabitant; a resident; as a cave dweller. ´Dwellers at Jerusalem.´ Acts i. 19.

Dwell´ing, n. Habitation; place or house in which a person lives; abode; domicile. “Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons.” Jer. xlix. 33. “God will deign
To visit oft the dwellings of just men.” Milton. “Philip’s dwelling fronted on the street.” Tennyson. Dwelling house, a house intended to be occupied as a residence, in distinction from a store, office, or other building. — Dwelling place, place of residence.

Dwelt , imp. & p. p.of Dwell.

Dwin´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwindled p. pr. & vb. n. Dwindling ] [From OE. dwinen to languish, waste away, AS. dwinan; akin to LG. dwinen, D. dwijnen to vanish, Icel. dvina to cease, dwindle, Sw. tvina; of uncertain origin. The suffix -le, preceded by d excrescent after n, is added to the root with a diminutive force.] To diminish; to become less; to shrink; to waste or consume away; to become degenerate; to fall away. “Weary sennights nine times nine
Shall he dwindle, peak and pine.” Shak. “Religious societies, though begun with excellent intentions,
are said to have dwindled into factious clubs.” Swift.

Dwin´dle, v. t. 1. To make less; to bring low. “Our drooping days are dwindled down to naught.” Thomson. 2. To break; to disperse. [R.] Clarendon.

Dwin´dle, n. The process of dwindling; dwindlement; decline; degeneracy. [R.] Johnson.

Dwin´dle•ment , n. The act or process of dwindling; a dwindling. [R.] Mrs. Oliphant.

Dwine , v. i. [See Dwindle.] To waste away; to pine; to languish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower.

Dy´ad , n. [L. dyas, dyadis, the number two. Gr. : cf. F. dyade. See two, and cf. Duad.] 1. Two units treated as one; a couple; a pair. 2. (Chem.) An element, atom, or radical having a valence or combining power of two.

Dy´ad, a. (Chem.) Having a valence or combining power of two; capable of being substituted for, combined with, or replaced by, two atoms of hydrogen; as oxygen and calcium are dyad elements. See Valence.

Dy•ad´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. two.] Pertaining to the number two; of two parts or elements. Dyadic arithmetic, the same as binary arithmetic.

Dy´aks , n. pl.; sing. Dyak. (Ethnol.) The aboriginal and most numerous inhabitants of Borneo. They are partially civilized, but retain many barbarous practices.

Dy´as , n. [L. dyas the number two.] (Geol.) A name applied in Germany to the Permian formation, there consisting of two principal groups.

Dye , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dyed p. pr. & vb. n. Dyeing.] [OE. deyan, dyen, AS. deágian.] To stain; to color; to give a new and permanent color to, as by the application of dyestuffs. “Cloth to be dyed of divers colors.” Trench. “The soul is dyed by its thoughts.” Lubbock. To dye in the grain, To dye in the wool (Fig.), to dye firmly; to imbue thoroughly. “He might truly be termed a legitimate son of the revenue system dyed in the wool.” Hawthorne. Syn. — See Stain.

Dye, n. 1. Color produced by dyeing. 2. Material used for dyeing; a dyestuff.

Dye, n. Same as Die, a lot. Spenser.

Dye´house , n. A building in which dyeing is carried on.

Dye´ing , n. The process or art of fixing coloring matters permanently and uniformly in the fibers of wool, cotton, etc.

Dy´er , n. One whose occupation is to dye cloth and the like. Dyer’s broom, Dyer’s rocket, Dyer’s weed. See Dyer’s broom, under Broom.

Dye´stuff , n. A material used for dyeing.

Dye´wood , n. Any wood from which coloring matter is extracted for dyeing.

Dy´ing , a. 1. In the act of dying; destined to death; mortal; perishable; as dying bodies. 2. Of or pertaining to dying or death; as dying bed; dying day; dying words; also simulating a dying state.

Dy´ing, n. The act of expiring; passage from life to death; loss of life.

Dy´ing•ly, adv. In a dying manner; as if at the point of death. Beau. & Fl.

Dy´ing•ness, n. The state of dying or the stimulation of such a state; extreme languor; languishment. [R.] “Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you see that picture, Foible, — a swimmingness in the eyes; yes, I’ll look so.” Congreve.

Dyke , n. See Dike. The spelling dyke is restricted by some to the geological meaning.

Dy•nac•ti•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. power + E. actinometer.] An instrument for measuring the intensity of the photogenic (light-producing) rays, and computing the power of object glasses.

Dy´nam , n. [Cf. F. dyname. See Dynamic.] A unit of measure for dynamical effect or work; a foot pound. See Foot pound. Whewell.

Dy•nam´e•ter , n. [Gr. power + -meter: cf. F. dynamètre. Cf. Dynamometer.] 1. A dynamometer. 2. (Opt.) An instrument for determining the magnifying power of telescopes, consisting usually of a doubleimage micrometer applied to the eye end of a telescope for measuring accurately the diameter of the image of the object glass there formed; which measurement, compared with the actual diameter of the glass, gives the magnifying power.

Dy•na•met´ric•al , a. Pertaining to a dynameter. { Dy•nam´ic , Dy•nam´ic•al } a. [Gr. powerful, fr. power, fr. to be able; cf. L. durus hard, E. dure: cf. F. dynamique.] 1. Of or pertaining to dynamics; belonging to energy or power; characterized by energy or production of force. “Science, as well as history, has its past to show, — a past indeed, much larger; but its immensity is dynamic, not divine.” J. Martineau. “The vowel is produced by phonetic, not by dynamic, causes.” J. Peile. 2. Relating to physical forces, effects, or laws; as dynamical geology. “As natural science has become more dynamic, so has history.” Prof. Shedd. Dynamical electricity. See under Electricity.

Dy•nam´ic•al•ly, adv. In accordance with the principles of dynamics or moving forces. J. Peile.

Dy•nam´ics , n. 1. That branch of mechanics which treats of the motion of bodies (kinematics) and the action of forces in producing or changing their motion (kinetics). Dynamics is held by some recent writers to include statics and not kinematics. 2. The moving moral, as well as physical, forces of any kind, or the laws which relate to them. 3. (Mus.) That department of musical science which relates to, or treats of, the power of tones.

Dy´na•mism , n. [Cf. F. dynamisme. See Dynamics.] The doctrine of Leibnitz, that all substance involves force.

Dy´na•mist , n. One who accounts for material phenomena by a theory of dynamics. “Those who would resolve matter into centers of force may be said to constitute the school of dynamists.” Ward (Dyn. Sociol. ).

Dy´na•mi•tard , n. A political dynamiter. [A form found in some newspapers.]

Dy´na•mite , n. [Gr. power. See Dynamic.] (Chem.) An explosive substance consisting of nitroglycerin absorbed by some inert, porous solid, as infusorial earth, sawdust, etc. It is safer than nitroglycerin, being less liable to explosion from moderate shocks, or from spontaneous decomposition.

Dy´na•mi•ter , n. One who uses dynamite; esp., one who uses it for the destruction of life and property.

Dy´na•mi•ting , n. Destroying by dynamite, for political ends. “Dynamiting is not the American way.” The Century.

Dy´na•mi•tism , n. The work of dynamiters.

Dy´na•mi•za•tion , [Gr. power. See Dynamic.] (Homeop.) The act of setting free the dynamic powers of a medicine, as by shaking the bottle containing it.

Dy´na•mo , n. A dynamo-electric machine.

Dy•na•mo-e•lec´tric , a. [Gr. power + E. electric. See Dynamic.] Pertaining to the development of electricity, especially electrical currents, by power; producing electricity or electrical currents by mechanical power.

Dy•nam´o•graph , n. [Gr. power + -graph. See Dynamic.] (Physiol.) A dynamometer to which is attached a device for automatically registering muscular power.

Dy•na•mom´e•ter , n. [Cf. F. dynamomètre. See Dynameter.] An apparatus for measuring force or power; especially, muscular effort of men or animals, or the power developed by a motor, or that required to operate machinery. It usually embodies a spring to be compressed or weight to be sustained by the force applied, combined with an index, or automatic recorder, to show the work performed. { Dy•na•mo•met´ric , Dy•na•mo•met´ric•al , } a. Relating to a dynamometer, or to the measurement of force doing work; as dynamometrical instruments.

Dy•na•mom´e•try , n. The art or process of measuring forces doing work.

Dy´nast , n. [L. dynastes, Gr. , fr. to be able or strong: cf. F. dynaste. See Dynamic.] 1. A ruler; a governor; a prince. 2. A dynasty; a government. [Obs.]

Dy•nas´ta , n. [NL. See Dynast.] A tyrant. [Obs.] Milton.

Dy•nas´tic , a. [Gr. of a dynast, fr. : cf. F. dunastique.] Of or relating to a dynasty or line of kings. Motley.

Dy•nas´tic•al , a. Dynastic.

Dy•nas´ti•dan , n. [Gr. , fem. of . See Dynast. The name alludes to the immense size of some species.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of gigantic, horned beetles, including Dynastus Neptunus, and the Hercules beetle (D. Hercules) of tropical America, which grow to be six inches in length.

Dy´nas•ty (di´nas•ty or din´as•ty; 277), n.; pl. Dynasties (-tiz). [Gr. dynastei•a lordship, fr. dynastey•ein to hold power or lordship, fr. dyna•sths: cf. F. dynastie dynasty. See Dynast.] 1. Sovereignty; lordship; dominion. Johnson. 2. A race or succession of kings, of the same line or family; the continued lordship of a race of rulers.

Dyne , n. [Formed fr. Gr. power. See Dynamic.] (Physics) The unit of force, in the C. G. S. (Centimeter Gram Second) system of physical units; that is, the force which, acting on a gram for a second, generates a velocity of a centimeter per second.

Dys- An inseparable prefix, fr. the Greek hard, ill, and signifying ill, bad, hard, difficult, and the like; cf. the prefixes, Skr. dus-, Goth. tuz-, OHG. zur-, G. zer-, AS. to-, Icel. tor-, Ir. do-.

Dys•aes•the´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dys- ill, bad + to perceive, to feel.] (Med.) Impairment of any of the senses, esp. of touch.

Dys•cra´si•a , n. [NL. dyscrasia, fr. Gr. dyskrasi•a; dys- bad + kra^sis mixture, fr. keranny•nai to mix: cf. F. dycrasie.] (Med.) An ill habit or state of the constitution; — formerly regarded as dependent on a morbid condition of the blood and humors.

Dys´cra•site , n. [Gr. dys- bad + compound.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of antimony and silver.

Dys´cra•sy , n.; pl. Discrasies . Dycrasia. “Sin is a cause of dycrasies and distempers.” Jer. Taylor. { Dys•en•ter´ic , Dys•en•ter´ic•al } a. [L. dysentericus, Gr. ; cf. F. dysenterigue.] Of or pertaining to dysentery; having dysentery; as a dysenteric patient. ´Dysenteric symptoms.´ Copland.

Dys´en•ter•y , n. [L. dysenteria, Gr. ; dys- ill, bad + , pl. , intestines, fr. ’ento•s within, fr. in, akin to E. in: cf. F. dysenterie. See Dys, and In.] (Med.) A disease attended with inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum, and characterized by griping pains, constant desire to evacuate the bowels, and the discharge of mucus and blood. When acute, dysentery is usually accompanied with high fevers. It occurs epidemically, and is believed to be communicable through the medium of the alvine discharges.

Dys•ge•nes´ic , a. Not procreating or breeding freely; as one race may be dysgenesic with respect to another. Darwin.

Dys•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. dys- + genesis.] (Biol.) A condition of not generating or breeding freely; infertility; a form of homogenesis in which the hybrids are sterile among themselves, but are fertile with members of either parent race.

Dys•lo•gis´tic , a. [Gr. dys- ill, bad, + discourse, fr. to speak.] Unfavorable; not commendatory; — opposed to eulogistic. “There is no course of conduct for which dyslogistic or eulogistic epithets may be found.” J. F. Stephen. “The paternity of dyslogistic — no bantling, but now almost a centenarian — is adjudged to that genius of common sense, Jeremy Bentham.” Fitzed. Hall.

Dys´lu•ite , n. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + to loose, dissolve.] (Min.) A variety of the zinc spinel or gahnite.

Dys´ly•sin , n. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + a loosing.] (Physiol. Chem.) A resinous substance formed in the decomposition of cholic acid of bile; — so called because it is difficult to solve.

Dys•men•or•rhe´a , n. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + month + to flow.] (Med.) Difficult and painful menstruation.

Dys´no•my , n. [Gr. ; dys- ill, bad + law.] Bad legislation; the enactment of bad laws. Cockeram.

Dys´o•dile , n. [Gr. ill smell, from ill-smelling; dys- ill, bad + to smell.] (Min.) An impure earthy or coaly bitumen, which emits a highly fetid odor when burning. { Dys•pep´si•a , Dys•pep´sy ( 277), }[L. dyspepsia, Gr. , fr. hard to digest; dys- ill, hard + to cook, digest; akin to E. cook: cf. F. dyspepsie. See Dys-, and 3d Cook.] (Med.) A kind of indigestion; a state of the stomach in which its functions are disturbed, without the presence of other diseases, or, if others are present, they are of minor importance. Its symptoms are loss of appetite, nausea, heartburn, acrid or fetid eructations, a sense of weight or fullness in the stomach, etc. Dunglison. { Dys•pep´tic , Dys•pep´tic•al } a. Pertaining to dyspepsia; having dyspepsia; as a dyspeptic or dyspeptical symptom.

Dys•pep´tic, n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia.

Dys•pep´tone , n. [Pref. dys- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) An insoluble albuminous body formed from casein and other proteid substances by the action of gastric juice. Meissner. { Dys•pha´gi•a , Dys´pha•gy } n. [NL. dysphagia, fr. Gr. dys- ill, hard + to eat.] (Med.) Difficulty in swallowing. { Dys•pho´ni•a , Dys´pho•ny } n. [NL. dysphonia, Gr. ; dys- ill, hard + sound, voice: cf. F. dysphonie.] (Med.) A difficulty in producing vocal sounds; enfeebled or depraved voice.

Dys•pho´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. hard to bear; dys- ill, hard + fe•rein to bear: cf. F. dysphorie.] (Med.) Impatience under affliction; morbid restlessness; dissatisfaction; the fidgets.

Dysp•nœ´a , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. short of breath; pref. dys- ill, hard + , , breathing, to blow, breathe: cf. F. dyspnee.] (Med.) Difficulty of breathing.

Dysp•no´ic , a. (Med.) Affected with shortness of breath; relating to dyspnœa.

Dys•te•le•ol´o•gy , n. [Pref. dys- + teleology.] (Biol.) The doctrine of purposelessness; a term applied by Haeckel to that branch of physiology which treats of rudimentary organs, in view of their being useless to the life of the organism. “To the doctrine of dysteleology, or the denial of final causes, a proof of the real existence of such a thing as instinct must necessarily be fatal.” Word (Dynamic Sociology).

Dys•to´ci•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; dys- ill, hard + to•kos delivery.] (Med.) Difficult delivery pr parturition.

Dys´tome , a. [Gr. dys- ill, hard + tomo•s cutting, diate•mnein to cut.] (Min.) Cleaving with difficulty. Datolite was called dystome spar by Mohs. { Dys•u´ri•a , Dys´u•ry } n. [L. dysuria, Gr. ; dys- + urine: cf. F. dysurie.] (Med.) Difficult or painful discharge of urine.

Dys•u´ric , a. [Gr. : cf. F. dysurique.] Pertaining to, or afflicted with, dysury. { Dze´ren , Dze´ron } n. (Zoöl.) The Chinese yellow antelope (Procapra gutturosa), a remarkably swift-footed animal, inhabiting the deserts of Central Asia, Thibet, and China.

Dzig´ge•tai , n. (Zoöl.) The kiang, a wild horse or wild ass of Thibet (Asinus hemionus). The name is sometimes applied also to the koulan or onager. See Koulan. E.

E (e). 1. The fifth letter of the English alphabet. It derives its form, name, and value from the Latin, the form and value being further derived from the Greek, into which it came from the Phœnician, and ultimately, probably, from the Egyptian. Its etymological relations are closest with the vowels i, a, and o, as illustrated by to fall, to fell; man, pl. men; drink, drank, drench; dint, dent; doom, deem; goose, pl. geese; beef, OF. boef, L. bos; and E. cheer, OF. chiere, LL. cara. The letter e has in English several vowel sounds, the two principal being its long or name sound, as in eve, me, and the short, as in end, best. Usually at the end of words it is silent, but serves to indicate that the preceding vowel has its long sound, where otherwise it would be short, as in mane, cane, mete, which without the final e would be pronounced man, can, met. After c and g, the final e indicates that these letters are to be pronounced as s and j; respectively, as in lace, rage. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 74-97. 2. (Mus.) E is the third tone of the model diatonic scale. E&flat; (E flat) is a tone which is intermediate between D and E.

E-. A Latin prefix meaning out, out of, from; also without. See Ex-.

Each (ech), a. or a. pron. [OE. eche, aelc, elk, ilk, AS. aelc; a always + gelic like; akin to OD. iegelik, OHG. eogilih, MHG. iegelich, G. jeglich. rad.209. See 3d Aye, Like, and cf. Either, Every, Ilk.] 1. Every one of the two or more individuals composing a number of objects, considered separately from the rest. It is used either with or without a following noun; as each of you or each one of you. ´Each of the combatants.´ Fielding. To each corresponds other. ´Let each esteem other better than himself.´ Each other, used elliptically for each the other. It is our duty to assist each other; that is, it is our duty, each to assist the other, each being in the nominative and other in the objective case. “It is a bad thing that men should hate each other; but it is far worse that they should contract the habit of cutting one another’s throats without hatred.” Macaulay. “Let each
His adamantine coat gird well.” Milton. “In each cheek appears a pretty dimple.” Shak. “Then draw we nearer day by day,
Each to his brethren, all to God.” Keble. “The oak and the elm have each a distinct character.” Gilpin. 2. Every; — sometimes used interchangeably with every. Shak. “I know each lane and every alley green.” Milton. “In short each man’s happiness depends upon himself.” Sterne. This use of each for every, though common in Scotland and in America, is now un-English. Fitzed. Hall. Syn. — See Every.

Each´where , adv. Everywhere. [Obs.] “The sky eachwhere did show full bright and fair.” Spenser.

Ead´ish , n. See Eddish.

Ea´ger , a. [OE. egre sharp, sour, eager, OF. agre, aigre, F. aigre, fr. L. acer sharp, sour, spirited, zealous; akin to Gr. highest, extreme, Skr. ara point; fr. a root signifying to be sharp. Cf. Acrid, Edge.] 1. Sharp; sour; acid. [Obs.] ´Like eager droppings into milk.´ Shak. 2. Sharp; keen; bitter; severe. [Obs.] ´A nipping and an eager air.´ ´Eager words.´ Shak. 3. Excited by desire in the pursuit of any object; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain; keenly desirous; hotly longing; earnest; zealous; impetuous; vehement; as the hounds were eager in the chase. “And gazed for tidings in my eager eyes.” Shak. “How eagerly ye follow my disgraces!” Shak. “When to her eager lips is brought
Her infant’s thrilling kiss.” Keble. “A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys.” Hawthorne. “Conceit and grief an eager combat fight.” Shak. 4. Brittle; inflexible; not ductile. [Obs.] “Gold will be sometimes so eager, as artists call it, that it will as little endure the hammer as glass itself.” Locke. Syn. — Earnest; ardent; vehement; hot; impetuous; fervent; intense; impassioned; zealous; forward. See Earnest. — Eager, Earnest. Eager marks an excited state of desire or passion; thus, a child is eager for a plaything, a hungry man is eager for food, a covetous man is eager for gain. Eagerness is liable to frequent abuses, and is good or bad, as the case may be. It relates to what is praiseworthy or the contrary. Earnest denotes a permanent state of mind, feeling, or sentiment. It is always taken in a good sense; as a preacher is earnest in his appeals to the conscience; an agent is earnest in his solicitations.

Ea´ger, n. Same as Eagre.

Ea´ger•ly, adv. In an eager manner.

Ea´ger•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being eager; ardent desire. ´The eagerness of love.´ Addison. 2. Tartness; sourness. [Obs.] Syn. — Ardor; vehemence; earnestness; impetuosity; heartiness; fervor; fervency; avidity; zeal; craving; heat; passion; greediness.

Ea´gle , n. [OE. egle, F. aigle, fr. L. aquila; prob. named from its color, fr. aquilus dark-colored, brown; cf. Lith. aklas blind. Cf. Aquiline.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any large, rapacious bird of the Falcon family, esp. of the genera Aquila and Haliaeetus. The eagle is remarkable for strength, size, graceful figure, keenness of vision, and extraordinary flight. The most noted species are the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaëtus); the imperial eagle of Europe (A. mogilnik or imperialis); the American bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus); the European sea eagle (H. albicilla); and the great harpy eagle (Thrasaetus harpyia). The figure of the eagle, as the king of birds, is commonly used as an heraldic emblem, and also for standards and emblematic devices. See Bald eagle, Harpy, and Golden eagle. 2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value of ten dollars. 3. (Astron.) A northern constellation, containing Altair, a star of the first magnitude. See Aquila. 4. The figure of an eagle borne as an emblem on the standard of the ancient Romans, or so used upon the seal or standard of any people. “Though the Roman eagle shadow thee.” Tennyson. Some modern nations, as the United States, and France under the Bonapartes, have adopted the eagle as their national emblem. Russia, Austria, and Prussia have for an emblem a double-headed eagle. Bald eagle. See Bald eagle. — Bold eagle. See under Bold. — Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States worth twenty dollars. — Eagle hawk (Zoöl.), a large, crested, South American hawk of the genus Morphnus. — Eagle owl (Zoöl.), any large owl of the genus Bubo, and allied genera; as the American great horned owl (Bubo Virginianus), and the allied European species (B. maximus). See Horned owl. — Eagle ray (Zoöl.), any large species of ray of the genus Myliobatis (esp. M. aquila). — Eagle vulture (Zoöl.), a large West African bid (Gypohierax Angolensis), intermediate, in several respects, between the eagles and vultures.

Ea´gle-eyed , a. Sharp-sighted as an eagle. ´Inwardly eagle-eyed.´ Howell.

Ea´gle-sight•ed , a. Farsighted and strong-sighted; sharp-sighted. Shak.

Ea´gless , n. [Cf. OF. aiglesse.] (Zoöl.) A female or hen eagle. [R.] Sherwood.

Ea´gle•stone , n. (Min.) A concretionary nodule of clay ironstone, of the size of a walnut or larger, so called by the ancients, who believed that the eagle transported these stones to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs; aëtites.

Ea´glet , n. [Cf. OF. aiglet.] (Zoöl.) A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle.

Ea´gle-winged , a. Having the wings of an eagle; swift, or soaring high, like an eagle. Shak.

Ea´gle•wood , n. [From Skr. aguru, through Pg. aguila; cf. F. bois d’aigle.] A kind of fragrant wood. See Agallochum.

Ea´grass , n. See Eddish. [Obs.]

Ea´gre , n. [AS. eágor, gor, in comp., water, sea, eágor-streám water stream, sea.] A wave, or two or three successive waves, of great height and violence, at flood tide moving up an estuary or river; — commonly called the bore. See Bore. { Eal´der•man , Eal´dor•man }, n. An alderman. [Obs.]

Eale , n. [See Ale.] Ale. [Obs.] Shak.

Eame , n. [AS. eám; akin to D. oom, G. ohm, oheim; cf. L. avunculus.] Uncle. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ean , v. t. & i. [AS. eánian. See Yean.] To bring forth, as young; to yean. ´In eaning time.´ Shak.

Ean´ling , n. [See Ean, Yeanling.] A lamb just brought forth; a yeanling. Shak.

Ear , n. [AS. eáre; akin to OFries. áre, ár, OS. ra, D. oor, OHG. ra, G. ohr, Icel. eyra, Sw. öra, Dan. öre, Goth. auso, L. auris, Lith. ausis, Russ. ukho, Gr. ; cf. L. audire to hear, Gr. , Skr. av to favor , protect. Cf. Auricle, Orillon.] 1. The organ of hearing; the external ear. In man and the higher vertebrates, the organ of hearing is very complicated, and is divisible into three parts: the external ear, which includes the pinna or auricle and meatus or external opening; the middle ear, drum, or tympanum; and the internal ear, or labyrinth. The middle ear is a cavity connected by the Eustachian tube with the pharynx, separated from the opening of the external ear by the tympanic membrane, and containing a chain of three small bones, or ossicles, named malleus, incus, and stapes, which connect this membrane with the internal ear. The essential part of the internal ear where the fibers of the auditory nerve terminate, is the membranous labyrinth, a complicated system of sacs and tubes filled with a fluid (the endolymph), and lodged in a cavity, called the bony labyrinth, in the periotic bone. The membranous labyrinth does not completely fill the bony labyrinth, but is partially suspended in it in a fluid (the perilymph). The bony labyrinth consists of a central cavity, the vestibule, into which three semicircular canals and the canal of the cochlea (spirally coiled in mammals) open. The vestibular portion of the membranous labyrinth consists of two sacs, the utriculus and sacculus, connected by a narrow tube, into the former of which three membranous semicircular canals open, while the latter is connected with a membranous tube in the cochlea containing the organ of Corti. By the help of the external ear the sonorous vibrations of the air are concentrated upon the tympanic membrane and set it vibrating, the chain of bones in the middle ear transmits these vibrations to the internal ear, where they cause certain delicate structures in the organ of Corti, and other parts of the membranous labyrinth, to stimulate the fibers of the auditory nerve to transmit sonorous impulses to the brain. 2. The sense of hearing; the perception of sounds; the power of discriminating between different tones; as a nice ear for music; — in the singular only. “Songs … not all ungrateful to thine ear.” Tennyson. 3. That which resembles in shape or position the ear of an animal; any prominence or projection on an object, — usually one for support or attachment; a lug; a handle; as the ears of a tub, a skillet, or dish. The ears of a boat are outside kneepieces near the bow. See Illust. of Bell. 4. (Arch.) (a) Same as Acroterium. (b) Same as Crossette. 5. Privilege of being kindly heard; favor; attention. “Dionysius … would give no ear to his suit.” Bacon. “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” Shak. About the ears, in close proximity to; near at hand. — By the ears, in close contest; as to set by the ears; to fall together by the ears; to be by the ears. — Button ear (in dogs), an ear which falls forward and completely hides the inside. — Ear finger, the little finger. — Ear of Dionysius, a kind of ear trumpet with a flexible tube; — named from the Sicilian tyrant, who constructed a device to overhear the prisoners in his dungeons. — Ear sand (Anat.), otoliths. See Otolith. — Ear snail (Zoöl.), any snail of the genus Auricula and allied genera. — Ear stones (Anat.), otoliths. See Otolith. — Ear trumpet, an instrument to aid in hearing. It consists of a tube broad at the outer end, and narrowing to a slender extremity which enters the ear, thus collecting and intensifying sounds so as to assist the hearing of a partially deaf person. - - Ear vesicle (Zoöl.), a simple auditory organ, occurring in many worms, mollusks, etc. It consists of a small sac containing a fluid and one or more solid concretions or otocysts. — Rose ear (in dogs), an ear which folds backward and shows part of the inside. — To give ear to, to listen to; to heed, as advice or one advising. ´Give ear unto my song.´ Goldsmith. — To have one’s ear, to be listened to with favor. — Up to the ears, deeply submerged; almost overwhelmed; as to be in trouble up to one’s ears. [Colloq.]

Ear , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eared p. pr. & vb. n. Earing.] To take in with the ears; to hear. [Sportive] ´I eared her language.´ Two Noble Kinsmen.

Ear, n. [AS. ear; akin to D. aar, OHG. ahir, G. ähre, Icel., Sw., & Dan. ax, Goth. ahs. . Cf. Awn, Edge.] The spike or head of any cereal (as wheat, rye, barley, Indian corn, etc.), containing the kernels. “First the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear.” Mark iv. 28.

Ear, v. i. To put forth ears in growing; to form ears, as grain; as this corn ears well.

Ear, v. t. [OE. erien, AS. erian; akin to OFries. era, OHG. erran, MHG. eren, ern, Prov. G. aren, ären, Icel. erja, Goth. arjan, Lith. arti, OSlav. orati, L. arare, Gr. . Cf. Arable.] To plow or till; to cultivate. ´To ear the land.´ Shak.

Ear´a•ble , a. Arable; tillable. [Archaic]

Ear´ache , n. Ache or pain in the ear.

Ear´al , a. Receiving by the ear. [Obs.] Hewyt.

Ear´-bored , a. Having the ear perforated.

Ear´cap , n. A cap or cover to protect the ear from cold.

Ear´coc•kle , n. (Bot.) A disease in wheat, in which the blackened and contracted grain, or ear, is filled with minute worms.

Ear´drop , n. 1. A pendant for the ear; an earring; as a pair of eardrops. 2. (Bot.) A species of primrose. See Auricula.

Ear´drum , n. (Anat.) The tympanum. See Illust. of Ear.

Eared , a. 1. Having (such or so many) ears; — used in composition; as long- eared-eared; sharp-eared; full-eared; ten- eared. 2. (Zoöl.) Having external ears; having tufts of feathers resembling ears. Eared owl (Zoöl.), an owl having earlike tufts of feathers, as the long-eared owl, and short-eared owl. — Eared seal (Zoöl.), any seal of the family Otariidae, including the fur seals and hair seals. See Seal.

Ear´i•ness , n. [Scotch ery or eiry affected with fear.] Fear or timidity, especially of something supernatural. [Written also eiryness.] “The sense of eariness, as twilight came on.” De Quincey.

Ear´ing, n. (Naut.) (a) A line used to fasten the upper corners of a sail to the yard or gaff; — also called head earing. (b) A line for hauling the reef cringle to the yard; — also called reef earing. (c) A line fastening the corners of an awning to the rigging or stanchions.

Ear´ing, n. Coming into ear, as corn.

Ear´ing, n. A plowing of land. [Archaic] “Neither earing nor harvest.” Gen. xlv. 6.

Earl , n. [OE. eorl, erl, AS. eorl man, noble; akin to OS. erl boy, man, Icel. jarl nobleman, count, and possibly to Gr. male, Zend arshan man. Cf. Jarl.] A nobleman of England ranking below a marquis, and above a viscount. The rank of an earl corresponds to that of a count (comte) in France, and graf in Germany. Hence the wife of an earl is still called countess. See Count.

Earl, n. (Zoöl.) The needlefish. [Ireland]

Ear´lap , n. The lobe of the ear.

Earl´dom , n. [AS. eorl- dm; eorl man, noble + -dm -dom.] 1. The jurisdiction of an earl; the territorial possessions of an earl. 2. The status, title, or dignity of an earl. “He [Pulteney] shrunk into insignificancy and an earldom.” Chesterfield.

Earl´dor•man , n. Alderman. [Obs.]

Earl´duck , n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser (Merganser serrator).

Earles´ pen•ny [Cf. Arles, 4th Earnest.] Earnest money. Same as Arles penny. [Obs.]

Ear´less , a. Without ears; hence, deaf or unwilling to hear. Pope.

Ear´let , n. [Ear + - let.] An earring. [Obs.] “The Ismaelites were accustomed to wear golden earlets.” Judg. viii. 24 (Douay version).

Ear´li•ness , n. The state of being early or forward; promptness.

Earl´ mar´shal An officer of state in England who marshals and orders all great ceremonials, takes cognizance of matters relating to honor, arms, and pedigree, and directs the proclamation of peace and war. The court of chivalry was formerly under his jurisdiction, and he is still the head of the herald’s office or college of arms.

Ear´lock , n. [AS. eár- locca.] A lock or curl of hair near the ear; a lovelock. See Lovelock.

Ear´ly (er´ly), adv. [OE. erli, erliche, AS. aerlice; aer sooner + lic like. See Ere, and Like.] Soon; in good season; seasonably; betimes; as come early. “Those that me early shall find me.” Prov. viii. 17. “You must wake and call me early.” Tennyson.

Ear´ly, a. [Compar. Earlier (er´li•er); superl. Earliest.] [OE. earlich. rad.204. See Early, adv.] 1. In advance of the usual or appointed time; in good season; prior in time; among or near the first; — opposed to late; as the early bird; an early spring; early fruit. “Early and provident fear is the mother of safety.” Burke. “The doorsteps and threshold with the early grass springing up about them.” Hawthorne. 2. Coming in the first part of a period of time, or among the first of successive acts, events, etc. “Seen in life’s early morning sky.” Keble. “The forms of its earlier manhood.” Longfellow. “The earliest poem he composed was in his seventeenth summer.” J. C. Shairp. Early English (Philol.) See the Note under English. — Early English architecture, the first of the pointed or Gothic styles used in England, succeeding the Norman style in the 12th and 13th centuries. Syn. — Forward; timely; not late; seasonable.

Ear´mark , n. 1. A mark on the ear of sheep, oxen, dogs, etc., as by cropping or slitting. 2. A mark for identification; a distinguishing mark. “Money is said to have no earmark.” Wharton. “Flying, he [a slave] should be described by the rounding of his head, and his earmark.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “A set of intellectual ideas … have earmarks upon them, no tokens of a particular proprietor.” Burrow.

Ear´mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earmarked p. pr. & vb. n. Earmarking.] To mark, as sheep, by cropping or slitting the ear.

Earn , n. (Zoöl.) See Ern, n. Sir W. Scott.

Earn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earned p. pr. & vb. n. Earning.] [AS. earnian; akin to OHG. arnn to reap, aran harvest, G. ernte, Goth. asans harvest, asneis hireling, AS. esne; cf. Icel. önn working season, work.] 1. To merit or deserve, as by labor or service; to do that which entitles one to (a reward, whether the reward is received or not). “The high repute
Which he through hazard huge must earn.” Milton. 2. To acquire by labor, service, or performance; to deserve and receive as compensation or wages; as to earn a good living; to earn honors or laurels. “I earn that [what] I eat.” Shak. “The bread I have earned by the hazard of my life or the sweat of my brow.” Burke. Earned run (Baseball), a run which is made without the assistance of errors on the opposing side. Syn. — See Obtain.

Earn , v. t. & i. [See 1st Yearn.] To grieve. [Obs.]

Earn, v. i. [See 4th Yearn.] To long; to yearn. [Obs.] “And ever as he rode, his heart did earn
To prove his puissance in battle brave.” Spenser.

Earn, v. i. [AS. irnan to run. rad.11. See Rennet, and cf. Yearnings.] To curdle, as milk. [Prov. Eng.]

Ear´nest , n. [AS. eornost, eornest; akin to OHG. ernust, G. ernst; cf. Icel. orrosta battle, perh. akin to Gr. to excite, L. oriri to rise.] Seriousness; reality; fixed determination; eagerness; intentness. “Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest.” Sir P. Sidney. “And given in earnest what I begged in jest.” Shak. In earnest, serious; seriously; not in jest; earnestly.

Ear´nest, a. 1. Ardent in the pursuit of an object; eager to obtain or do; zealous with sincerity; with hearty endeavor; heartfelt; fervent; hearty; — used in a good sense; as earnest prayers. “An earnest advocate to plead for him.” Shak. 2. Intent; fixed closely; as earnest attention. 3. Serious; important. [Obs.] “They whom earnest lets do often hinder.” Hooker. Syn. — Eager; warm; zealous; ardent; animated; importunate; fervent; sincere; serious; hearty; urgent. See Eager.

Ear´nest, v. t. To use in earnest. [R.] “To earnest them [our arms] with men.” Pastor Fido (1602).

Ear´nest, n. [Prob. corrupted fr. F. arrhes, L. arra, arrha, arrhabo, Gr. ’arrabw•n, of Semitic origin, cf. Heb. eravon; or perh. fr. W. ernes, akin to Gael. earlas, perh. fr. L. arra. Cf. Arles, Earles penny.] 1. Something given, or a part paid beforehand, as a pledge; pledge; handsel; a token of what is to come. “Who hath also sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit in our hearts.” 2 Cor. i. 22. “And from his coffers
Received the golden earnest of our death.” Shak. 2. (Law) Something of value given by the buyer to the seller, by way of token or pledge, to bind the bargain and prove the sale. Kent. Ayliffe. Benjamin. Earnest money (Law), money paid as earnest, to bind a bargain or to ratify and prove a sale. Syn. — Earnest, Pledge. These words are here compared as used in their figurative sense. Earnest is not so strong as pledge. An earnest, like first fruits, gives assurance, or at least a high probability, that more is coming of the same kind; a pledge, like money deposited, affords security and ground of reliance for the future. Washington gave earnest of his talent as commander by saving his troops after Braddock’s defeat; his fortitude and that of his soldiers during the winter at Valley Forge might rightly be considered a pledge of their ultimate triumph.

Ear´nest•ful , a. Serious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ear´nest•ly, adv. In an earnest manner.

Ear´nest•ness, n. The state or quality of being earnest; intentness; anxiety. “An honest earnestness in the young man’s manner.” W. Irving.

Earn´ful , a. [From Earn to yearn.] Full of anxiety or yearning. [Obs.] P. Fletcher.

Earn´ing, n.; pl. Earnings . That which is earned; wages gained by work or services; money earned; — used commonly in the plural. “As to the common people, their stock is in their persons and in their earnings.” Burke.

Ear´pick , n. An instrument for removing wax from the ear.

Ear´-pier•cer , n. (Zoöl.) The earwig.

Ear´reach , n. Earshot. Marston.

Ear´ring , n. An ornament consisting of a ring passed through the lobe of the ear, with or without a pendant.

Earsh , n. See Arrish.

Ear´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) A flattened marine univalve shell of the genus Haliotis; — called also sea-ear. See Abalone.

Ear´shot , n. Reach of the ear; distance at which words may be heard. Dryden.

Ear´shrift , n. A nickname for auricular confession; shrift. [Obs.] Cartwright.

Ear´sore , n. An annoyance to the ear. [R.] “The perpetual jangling of the chimes … is no small earsore s.” Sir T. Browne.

Ear´-split•ting , a. Deafening; disagreeably loud or shrill; as ear-splitting strains.

Earst , adv. See Erst. [Obs.] Spenser.

Earth , n. [AS. eore; akin to OS. ertha, OFries. irthe, D. aarde, OHG. erda, G. erde, Icel. jör, Sw. & Dan. jord, Goth. airpa, OHG. ero, Gr. , adv., to earth, and perh. to E. ear to plow.] 1. The globe or planet which we inhabit; the world, in distinction from the sun, moon, or stars. also this world as the dwelling place of mortals, in distinction from the dwelling place of spirits. “That law preserves the earth a sphere
And guides the planets in their course.” S. Rogers. “In heaven, or earth, or under earth, in hell.” Milton. 2. The solid materials which make up the globe, in distinction from the air or water; the dry land. “God called the dry land earth.” Gen. i. 10. “He is pure air and fire, and the dull elements of earth and water never appear in him.” Shak. 3. The softer inorganic matter composing part of the surface of the globe, in distinction from the firm rock; soil of all kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, and the like; sometimes, soil favorable to the growth of plants; the visible surface of the globe; the ground; as loose earth; rich earth. “Give him a little earth for charity.” Shak. 4. A part of this globe; a region; a country; land. “Would I had never trod this English earth.” Shak. 5. Worldly things, as opposed to spiritual things; the pursuits, interests, and allurements of this life. “Our weary souls by earth beguiled.” Keble. 6. The people on the globe. “The whole earth was of one language.” Gen. xi. 1. 7. (Chem.) (a) Any earthy-looking metallic oxide, as alumina, glucina, zirconia, yttria, and thoria. (b) A similar oxide, having a slight alkaline reaction, as lime, magnesia, strontia, baryta. 8. A hole in the ground, where an animal hides himself; as the earth of a fox. Macaulay. “They [ferrets] course the poor conies out of their earths.” Holland. Earth is used either adjectively or in combination to form compound words; as earth apple or earth-apple; earth metal or earth-metal; earth closet or earth-closet. Adamic earth, Bitter earth, Bog earth, Chian earth, etc. See under Adamic, Bitter, etc. — Alkaline earths. See under Alkaline. — Earth apple. (Bot.) (a) A potato. (b) A cucumber. — Earth auger, a form of auger for boring into the ground; — called also earth borer. — Earth bath, a bath taken by immersing the naked body in earth for healing purposes. — Earth battery (Physics), a voltaic battery the elements of which are buried in the earth to be acted on by its moisture. — Earth chestnut, the pignut. — Earth closet, a privy or commode provided with dry earth or a similar substance for covering and deodorizing the faecal discharges. — Earth dog (Zoöl.), a dog that will dig in the earth, or enter holes of foxes, etc. — Earth hog, Earth pig (Zoöl.), the aard- vark. — Earth hunger, an intense desire to own land, or, in the case of nations, to extend their domain. — Earth light (Astron.), the light reflected by the earth, as upon the moon, and corresponding to moonlight; — called also earth shine. Sir J. Herschel. — Earth metal. See 1st Earth, 7. (Chem.) — Earth oil, petroleum. — Earth pillars or pyramids (Geol.), high pillars or pyramids of earth, sometimes capped with a single stone, found in Switzerland. Lyell. — Earth pitch (Min.), mineral tar, a kind of asphaltum. — Earth quadrant, a fourth of the earth’s circumference. — Earth table (Arch.), the lowest course of stones visible in a building; the ground table. — On earth, an intensive expression, oftenest used in questions and exclamations; as What on earth shall I do? Nothing on earth will satisfy him. [Colloq.]

Earth , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earthed p. pr. & vb. n. Earthing.] 1. To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth; to chase into a burrow or den. ´The fox is earthed.´ Dryden. 2. To cover with earth or mold; to inter; to bury; — sometimes with up. “The miser earths his treasure, and the thief,
Watching the mole, half beggars him ere noon.” Young. “Why this in earthing up a carcass?” R. Blair.

Earth, v. i. To burrow. Tickell.

Earth, n. [From Ear to plow.] A plowing. [Obs.] “Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
Two earths at the least, ere ye sow it, bestow.” Tusser.

Earth´bag , n. (Mil.) A bag filled with earth, used commonly to raise or repair a parapet.

Earth´bank , n. A bank or mound of earth.

Earth´board , n. (Agric.) The part of a plow, or other implement, that turns over the earth; the moldboard.

Earth´born , a. 1. Born of the earth; terrigenous; springing originally from the earth; human. “Some earthborn giant.” Milton. 2. Relating to, or occasioned by, earthly objects. “All earthborn cares are wrong.” Goldsmith.

Earth´bred , a. Low; grovelling; vulgar.

Earth´din , n. An earthquake. [Obs.]

Earth´drake , n. A mythical monster of the early Anglo-Saxon literature; a dragon. W. Spalding.

Earth´en , a. Made of earth; made of burnt or baked clay, or other like substances; as an earthen vessel or pipe.

Earth´en-heart•ed , a. Hard- hearted; sordid; gross. [Poetic] Lowell.

Earth´en•ware , n. Vessels and other utensils, ornaments, or the like, made of baked clay. See Crockery, Pottery, Stoneware, and Porcelain.

Earth´ flax (Min.) A variety of asbestus. See Amianthus.

Earth´fork , n. A pronged fork for turning up the earth.

Earth´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being earthy, or of containing earth; hence, grossness.

Earth´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being earthly; worldliness; grossness; perishableness.

Earth´ling , n. [Earth + - ling.] An inhabitant of the earth; a mortal. “Earthlings oft her deemed a deity.” Drummond.

Earth´ly, a. 1. Pertaining to the earth; belonging to this world, or to man’s existence on the earth; not heavenly or spiritual; carnal; worldly; as earthly joys; earthly flowers; earthly praise. “This earthly load
Of death, called life.” Milton. “Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.” Phil. iii. 19. 2. Of all things on earth; possible; conceivable. “What earthly benefit can be the result?” Pope. 3. Made of earth; earthy. [Obs.] Holland. Syn. — Gross; material; sordid; mean; base; vile; low; unsubstantial; temporary; corrupt; groveling.

Earth´ly, adv. In the manner of the earth or its people; worldly. “Took counsel from his guiding eyes
To make this wisdom earthly wise.” Emerson.

Earth´ly-mind•ed , a. Having a mind devoted to earthly things; worldly-minded; — opposed to spiritual-minded. — Earth´ly-mind•ed•ness, n.

Earth´mad , n. [Earth + mad an earthworm.] (Zoöl.) The earthworm. [Obs.] “The earthmads and all the sorts of worms … are without eyes.” Holland.

Earth´nut , n. (Bot.) A name given to various roots, tubers, or pods grown under or on the ground; as to: (a) The esculent tubers of the umbelliferous plants Bunium flexuosum and Carum Bulbocastanum. (b) The peanut. See Peanut.

Earth´pea , n. (Bot.) A species of pea (Amphicarpaea monoica). It is a climbing leguminous plant, with hairy underground pods.

Earth´quake , n. A shaking, trembling, or concussion of the earth, due to subterranean causes, often accompanied by a rumbling noise. The wave of shock sometimes traverses half a hemisphere, destroying cities and many thousand lives; — called also earthdin, earthquave, and earthshock. Earthquake alarm, a bell signal constructed to operate on the theory that a few seconds before the occurrence of an earthquake the magnet temporarily loses its power.

Earth´quake, a. Like, or characteristic of, an earthquake; loud; startling. “The earthquake voice of victory.” Byron.

Earth´quave , n. An earthquake.

Earth´ shine See Earth light, under Earth.

Earth´shock , n. An earthquake.

Earth´star , n. (Bot.) A curious fungus of the genus Geaster, in which the outer coating splits into the shape of a star, and the inner one forms a ball containing the dustlike spores.

Earth´-tongue , n. (Bot.) A fungus of the genus Geoglossum. { Earth´ward , Earth´wards } adv. Toward the earth; — opposed to heavenward or skyward.

Earth´work , n. 1. (Mil.) Any construction, whether a temporary breastwork or permanent fortification, for attack or defense, the material of which is chiefly earth. 2. (Engin.) (a) The operation connected with excavations and embankments of earth in preparing foundations of buildings, in constructing canals, railroads, etc. (b) An embankment or construction made of earth.

Earth´worm , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any worm of the genus Lumbricus and allied genera, found in damp soil. One of the largest and most abundant species in Europe and America is L. terrestris; many others are known; — called also angleworm and dewworm. 2. A mean, sordid person; a niggard. Norris.

Earth´y , a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, earth; terrene; earthlike; as earthy matter. “How pale she looks,
And of an earthy cold!” Shak. “All over earthy, like a piece of earth.” Tennyson. 2. Of or pertaining to the earth or to, this world; earthly; terrestrial; carnal. [R.] ´Their earthy charge.´ Milton. “The first man is of the earth, earthy; the second man is from heaven. As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy.” 1 Cor. xv. 47, 48 (Rev. Ver. ) “Earthy spirits black and envious are.” Dryden. 3. Gross; low; unrefined. ´Her earthy and abhorred commands.´ Shak. 4. (Min.) Without luster, or dull and roughish to the touch; as an earthy fracture.

Ear´wax , n. (Anat.) See Cerumen.

Ear´wig , n. [AS. eárwicga; eáre ear + wicga beetle, worm: cf. Prov. E. erri-wiggle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any insect of the genus Forticula and related genera, belonging to the order Euplexoptera. 2. (Zoöl.) In America, any small chilopodous myriapod, esp. of the genus Geophilus. Both insects are so called from the supposition that they creep into the human ear. 3. A whisperer of insinuations; a secret counselor. Johnson.

Ear´wig , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earwigged p. pr. & vb. n. Earwigging ] To influence, or attempt to influence, by whispered insinuations or private talk. ´No longer was he earwigged by the Lord Cravens.´ Lord Campbell.

Ear´wit•ness , n. A witness by means of his ears; one who is within hearing and does hear; a hearer. Fuller.

Ease , n. [OE. ese, eise, F. aise; akin to Pr. ais, aise, OIt. asio, It. agio; of uncertain origin; cf. L. ansa handle, occasion, opportunity. Cf. Agio, Disease.] 1. Satisfaction; pleasure; hence, accommodation; entertainment. [Obs.] “They him besought
Of harbor and or ease as for hire penny.” Chaucer. 2. Freedom from anything that pains or troubles; as: (a) Relief from labor or effort; rest; quiet; relaxation; as ease of body. “Usefulness comes by labor, wit by ease.” Herbert. “Give yourself ease from the fatigue of watching.” Swift. (b) Freedom from care, solicitude, or anything that annoys or disquiets; tranquillity; peace; comfort; security; as ease of mind. “Among these nations shalt thou find no ease.” Deut. xxviii. 65. “Take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry.” Luke xii. 19. (c) Freedom from constraint, formality, difficulty, embarrassment, etc.; facility; liberty; naturalness; — said of manner, style, etc.; as ease of style, of behavior, of address. “True ease in writing comes from art, not chance.” Pope. “Whate’er he did was done with so much ease,
In him alone ’t was natural to please.” Dryden. At ease, free from pain, trouble, or anxiety. ´His soul shall dwell at ease.´ Ps. xxv. 12. — Chapel of ease. See under Chapel. — Ill at ease, not at ease, disquieted; suffering; anxious. — To stand at ease (Mil.), to stand in a comfortable attitude in one’s place in the ranks. — With ease, easily; without much effort. Syn. — Rest; quiet; repose; comfortableness; tranquillity; facility; easiness; readiness.

Ease (ez), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Eased (ezd); p. pr. & vb. n. Easing.] [OE. esen, eisen, OF. aisier. See Ease, n.] 1. To free from anything that pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to relieve from toil or care; to give rest, repose, or tranquillity to; — often with of; as to ease of pain; to ease the body or mind. “Eased [from] the putting off
These troublesome disguises which we wear.” Milton. “Sing, and I ’ll ease thy shoulders of thy load.” Dryden. 2. To render less painful or oppressive; to mitigate; to alleviate. “My couch shall ease my complaint.” Job vii. 13. 3. To release from pressure or restraint; to move gently; to lift slightly; to shift a little; as to ease a bar or nut in machinery. 4. To entertain; to furnish with accommodations. [Obs.] Chaucer. To ease off, To ease away (Naut.), to slacken a rope gradually. — To ease a ship (Naut.), to put the helm hard, or regulate the sail, to prevent pitching when closehauled. — To ease the helm (Naut.), to put the helm more nearly amidships, to lessen the effect on the ship, or the strain on the wheel rope. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Syn. — To relieve; disburden; quiet; calm; tranquilize; assuage; alleviate; allay; mitigate; appease; pacify.

Ease´ful , a. Full of ease; suitable for affording ease or rest; quiet; comfortable; restful. Shak. — Ease´ful•ly, adv. — Ease´ful•ness, n.

Ea´sel , n. [D. ezel ass, donkey, hence, easel, or G. esel; akin to E. ass. See Ass.] A frame (commonly) of wood serving to hold a canvas upright, or nearly upright, for the painter’s convenience or for exhibition. Easel picture, Easel piece, a painting of moderate size such as is made while resting on an easel, as distinguished from a painting on a wall or ceiling.

Ease´less , a. Without ease. Donne.

Ease´ment , n. [OF. aisement. See Ease, n.] 1. That which gives ease, relief, or assistance; convenience; accommodation. “In need of every kind of relief and easement.” Burke. 2. (Law) A liberty, privilege, or advantage, which one proprietor has in the estate of another proprietor, distinct from the ownership of the soil, as a way, water course, etc. It is a species of what the civil law calls servitude. Kent. 3. (Arch.) A curved member instead of an abrupt change of direction, as in a baseboard, hand rail, etc.

Eas´i•ly , adv. [From Easy.] 1. With ease; without difficulty or much effort; as this task may be easily performed; that event might have been easily foreseen. 2. Without pain, anxiety, or disturbance; as to pass life well and easily. Sir W. Temple. 3. Readily; without reluctance; willingly. “Not soon provoked, she easily forgives.” Prior. 4. Smoothly; quietly; gently; gracefully; without umult or discord. 5. Without shaking or jolting; commodiously; as a carriage moves easily.

Eas´i•ness , n. 1. The state or condition of being easy; freedom from distress; rest. 2. Freedom from difficulty; ease; as the easiness of a task. 3. Freedom from emotion; compliance; disposition to yield without opposition; unconcernedness. “Give to him, and he shall but laugh at your easiness.” South. 4. Freedom from effort, constraint, or formality; — said of style, manner, etc. “With painful care, but seeming easiness.” Roscommon. 5. Freedom from jolting, jerking, or straining.

East (est), n. [OE. est, east, AS. eást; akin to D. oost, oosten, OHG. ostan, G. ost, osten, Icel. austr, Sw. ost, Dan. öst, östen, Lith. auszra dawn, L. aurora (for ausosa), Gr. ’hw•s, ´e•os, ’a•yws, Skr. ushas; cf. Skr. ush to burn, L. urere. rad.149, 288. Cf. Aurora, Easter, Sterling.] 1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen to rise at the equinox, or the corresponding point on the earth; that one of the four cardinal points of the compass which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and which is toward the right hand of one who faces the north; the point directly opposite to the west. “The east began kindle.” E. Everett. 2. The eastern parts of the earth; the regions or countries which lie east of Europe; the orient. In this indefinite sense, the word is applied to Asia Minor, Syria, Chaldea, Persia, India, China, etc.; as the riches of the East; the diamonds and pearls of the East; the kings of the East. “The gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.” Milton. 3. (U. S. Hist. and Geog.) Formerly, the part of the United States east of the Alleghany Mountains, esp. the Eastern, or New England, States; now, commonly, the whole region east of the Mississippi River, esp. that which is north of Maryland and the Ohio River; — usually with the definite article; as the commerce of the East is not independent of the agriculture of the West. East by north, East by south, according to the notation of the mariner’s compass, that point which lies 11¼° to the north or south, respectively, of the point due east. — East-northeast, East-southeast, that which lies 22½° to the north or south of east, or half way between east and northeast or southeast, respectively. See Illust. of Compass.

East , a. Toward the rising sun; or toward the point where the sun rises when in the equinoctial; as the east gate; the east border; the east side; the east wind is a wind that blows from the east.

East, adv. Eastward.

East, v. i. To move toward the east; to veer from the north or south toward the east; to orientate.

Eas´ter , n. [AS. eáster, eástran, paschal feast, Easter; akin to G. ostern; fr. AS. Eástre, a goddess of light or spring, in honor of whom a festival was celebrated in April; whence this month was called in AS. Eástermonað. From the root of E. east. See East.] 1. An annual church festival commemorating Christ’s resurrection, and occurring on Sunday, the second day after Good Friday. It corresponds to the pascha or passover of the Jews, and most nations still give it this name under the various forms of pascha, pasque, pâque, or pask. 2. The day on which the festival is observed; Easter day. Easter is used either adjectively or as the first element of a compound; as Easter day or Easter-day, Easter Sunday, Easter week, Easter gifts. “Sundays by thee more glorious break,
An Easter day in every week.” Keble. Easter day, on which the rest of the movable feasts depend, is always the first Sunday after the fourteenth day of the calendar moon which (fourteenth day) falls on, or next after, the 21st of March, according to the rules laid down for the construction of the calendar; so that if the fourteenth day happen on a Sunday, Easter day is the Sunday after. Eng. Cyc. Easter dues (Ch. of Eng.), money due to the clergy at Easter, formerly paid in communication of the tithe for personal labor and subject to exaction. For Easter dues, Easter offerings, voluntary gifts, have been substituted. — Easter egg. (a) A painted or colored egg used as a present at Easter. (b) An imitation of an egg, in sugar or some fine material, sometimes made to serve as a box for jewelry or the like, used as an Easter present.

East´er , v. i. (Naut.) To veer to the east; — said of the wind. Russell.

East´er•ling , n. [Cf. Sterling.] 1. A native of a country eastward of another; — used, by the English, of traders or others from the coasts of the Baltic. “Merchants of Norway, Denmark, … called … Easterlings because they lie east in respect of us.” Holinshed. 2. A piece of money coined in the east by Richard II. of England. Crabb. 3. (Zoöl.) The smew.

East´er•ling, a. Relating to the money of the Easterlings, or Baltic traders. See Sterling.

East´er•ly, a. 1. Coming from the east; as it was easterly wind. 2. Situated, directed, or moving toward the east; as the easterly side of a lake; an easterly course or voyage.

East´er•ly, adv. Toward, or in the direction of, the east.

East´ern , a. [AS. eástern.] 1. Situated or dwelling in the east; oriental; as an eastern gate; Eastern countries. “Eastern churches first did Christ embrace.” Stirling. 2. Going toward the east, or in the direction of east; as an eastern voyage. Eastern Church. See Greek Church, under Greek.

East´ern•most , a. Most eastern.

East´ In´di•an ( see Indian). Belonging to, or relating to, the East Indies. — n. A native of, or a dweller in, the East Indies.

East´ing, n. (Naut. & Surv.) The distance measured toward the east between two meridians drawn through the extremities of a course; distance of departure eastward made by a vessel.

East•-in´su•lar , a. Relating to the Eastern Islands; East Indian. [R.] Ogilvie. { East´ward , East´wards } adv. Toward the east; in the direction of east from some point or place; as New Haven lies eastward from New York.

Eas´y (ez´y), a. [Compar. Easier (-i•er); superl. Easiest.] [OF. aisie, F. aise, prop. p. p. of OF. aisier. See Ease, v. t.] 1. At ease; free from pain, trouble, or constraint; as: (a) Free from pain, distress, toil, exertion, and the like; quiet; as the patient is easy. (b) Free from care, responsibility, discontent, and the like; not anxious; tranquil; as an easy mind. (c) Free from constraint, harshness, or formality; unconstrained; smooth; as easy manners; an easy style. ´The easy vigor of a line.´ Pope. 2. Not causing, or attended with, pain or disquiet, or much exertion; affording ease or rest; as an easy carriage; a ship having an easy motion; easy movements, as in dancing. ´Easy ways to die.´ Shak. 3. Not difficult; requiring little labor or effort; slight; inconsiderable; as an easy task; an easy victory. “It were an easy leap.” Shak. 4. Causing ease; giving freedom from care or labor; furnishing comfort; commodious; as easy circumstances; an easy chair or cushion. 5. Not making resistance or showing unwillingness; tractable; yielding; complying; ready. “He gained their easy hearts.” Dryden. “He is too tyrannical to be an easy monarch.” Sir W. Scott. 6. Moderate; sparing; frugal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. (Com.) Not straitened as to money matters; as the market is easy; — opposed to tight. Honors are easy (Card Playing), said when each side has an equal number of honors, in which case they are not counted as points. Syn. — Quiet; comfortable; manageable; tranquil; calm; facile; unconcerned.

Eas´y-chair (ez´y•châr•), n. An armchair for ease or repose. ´Laugh … in Rabelais’ easy-chair.´ Pope.

Eas´y-go•ing (-go•ing), a. Moving easily; hence, mild-tempered; ease-loving; inactive.

Eat (et), v. t. [imp. Ate (at; 277), Obsolescent & Colloq. Eat (et); p. p. Eaten (et´’n), Obs. or Colloq. Eat (et); p. pr. & vb. n. Eating.] [OE. eten, AS. etan; akin to OS. etan, OFries. eta, D. eten, OHG. ezzan, G. essen, Icel. eta, Sw. äta, Dan. aede, Goth. itan, Ir. & Gael. ith, W. ysu, L. edere, Gr. ’e•dein, Skr. ad. rad.6. Cf. Etch, Fret to rub, Edible.] 1. To chew and swallow as food; to devour; — said especially of food not liquid; as to eat bread. ´To eat grass as oxen.´ Dan. iv. 25. “They … ate the sacrifices of the dead.” Ps. cvi. 28. “The lean … did eat up the first seven fat kine.” Gen. xli. 20. “The lion had not eaten the carcass.” 1 Kings xiii. 28. “With stories told of many a feat,
How fairy Mab the junkets eat.” Milton. “The island princes overbold
Have eat our substance.” Tennyson. “His wretched estate is eaten up with mortgages.” Thackeray. 2. To corrode, as metal, by rust; to consume the flesh, as a cancer; to waste or wear away; to destroy gradually; to cause to disappear. To eat humble pie. See under Humble. — To eat of (partitive use). ´Eat of the bread that can not waste.´ Keble. — To eat one’s words, to retract what one has said. (See the Citation under Blurt.) — To eat out, to consume completely. ´Eat out the heart and comfort of it.´ Tillotson. — To eat the wind out of a vessel (Naut.), to gain slowly to windward of her. Syn. — To consume; devour; gnaw; corrode.

Eat, v. i. 1. To take food; to feed; especially, to take solid, in distinction from liquid, food; to board. “He did eat continually at the king’s table.” 2 Sam. ix. 13. 2. To taste or relish; as it eats like tender beef. 3. To make one’s way slowly. To eat, To eat in or into, to make way by corrosion; to gnaw; to consume. ´A sword laid by, which eats into itself.´ Byron. — To eat to windward (Naut.), to keep the course when closehauled with but little steering; — said of a vessel.

Eat´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being eaten; fit to be eaten; proper for food; esculent; edible. — n. Something fit to be eaten.

Eat´age (-aj; 48), n. Eatable growth of grass for horses and cattle, esp. that of aftermath.

Eat´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, eats.

Eath (eth), a. & adv. [AS. eáðe.] Easy or easily. [Obs.] ´Eath to move with plaints.´ Fairfax.

Eat´ing , n. 1. The act of tasking food; the act of consuming or corroding. 2. Something fit to be eaten; food; as a peach is good eating. [Colloq.] Eating house, a house where cooked provisions are sold, to be eaten on the premises.

Eau• de Co•logne´ [F. eau water (L. aqua) + de of + Cologne.] Same as Cologne.

Eau• de vie´ [F., water of life; eau (L. aqua) water + de of + vie (L. vita) life.] French name for brandy. Cf. Aqua vitae, under Aqua. Bescherelle.

Eave´drop , n. A drop from the eaves; eavesdrop. [R.] Tennyson.

Eaves , n. pl. [OE. evese, pl. eveses, AS. efese eaves, brim, brink; akin to OHG. obisa, opasa, porch, hall, MHG. obse eaves, Icel. ups, Goth. ubizwa porch; cf. Icel. upsar- dropi, OSw. opsä-drup water dropping from the eaves. Probably from the root of E. over. The s of eaves is in English regarded as a plural ending, though not so in Saxon. See Over, and cf. Eavesdrop.] 1. (Arch.) The edges or lower borders of the roof of a building, which overhang the walls, and cast off the water that falls on the roof. 2. Brow; ridge. [Obs.] ´Eaves of the hill.´ Wyclif. 3. Eyelids or eyelashes. “And closing eaves of wearied eyes.” Tennyson. Eaves board (Arch.), an arris fillet, or a thick board with a feather edge, nailed across the rafters at the eaves of a building, to raise the lower course of slates a little, or to receive the lowest course of tiles; — called also eaves catch and eaves lath. — Eaves channel, Eaves gutter, Eaves trough. Same as Gutter, 1. — Eaves molding (Arch.), a molding immediately below the eaves, acting as a cornice or part of a cornice. — Eaves swallow (Zoöl.). (a) The cliff swallow; — so called from its habit of building retort-shaped nests of mud under the eaves of buildings. See Cliff swallow, under Cliff. (b) The European swallow.

Eaves´drop (evz´drop•), v. i. [Eaves + drop.] To stand under the eaves, near a window or at the door, of a house, to listen and learn what is said within doors; hence, to listen secretly to what is said in private. “To eavesdrop in disguises.” Milton.

Eaves´drop, n. The water which falls in drops from the eaves of a house.

Eaves´drop•per , n. One who stands under the eaves, or near the window or door of a house, to listen; hence, a secret listener.

Eaves´drop•ping , n. (Law) The habit of lurking about dwelling houses, and other places where persons meet for private intercourse, secretly listening to what is said, and then tattling it abroad. The offense is indictable at common law. Wharton.

Ebb (eb), n. (Zoöl.) The European bunting.

Ebb, n. [AS. ebba; akin to Fries. ebba, D. eb, ebbe, Dan. & G. ebbe, Sw. ebb, cf. Goth. ibuks backward; prob. akin to E. even.] 1. The reflux or flowing back of the tide; the return of the tidal wave toward the sea; — opposed to flood; as the boats will go out on the ebb. “Thou shoreless flood which in thy ebb and flow
Claspest the limits of morality!” Shelley. 2. The state or time of passing away; a falling from a better to a worse state; low state or condition; decline; decay. ´Our ebb of life.´ Roscommon. “Painting was then at its lowest ebb.” Dryden. Ebb and flow, the alternate ebb and flood of the tide; often used figuratively. “This alternation between unhealthy activity and depression, this ebb and flow of the industrial.” A. T. Hadley.

Ebb , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ebbed p. pr. & vb. n. Ebbing.] [AS. ebbian; akin to D. & G. ebben, Dan. ebbe. See 2d Ebb.] 1. To flow back; to return, as the water of a tide toward the ocean; — opposed to flow. “That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow.” Pope. 2. To return or fall back from a better to a worse state; to decline; to decay; to recede. “The hours of life ebb fast.” Blackmore. Syn. — To recede; retire; withdraw; decay; decrease; wane; sink; lower.

Ebb, v. t. To cause to flow back. [Obs.] Ford.

Ebb, a. Receding; going out; falling; shallow; low. “The water there is otherwise very low and ebb.” Holland.

Ebb´ tide The reflux of tide water; the retiring tide; — opposed to flood tide.

E´bi•o•nite , n. [Heb. ebyonim poor people.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of heretics, in the first centuries of the church, whose doctrine was a mixture of Judaism and Christianity. They denied the divinity of Christ, regarding him as an inspired messenger, and rejected much of the New Testament.

E´bi•o•ni•tism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The system or doctrine of the Ebionites.

Eb´la•nin , n. (Chem.) See Pyroxanthin.

Eb´lis , n. [Ar. iblis.] (Moham. Myth.) The prince of the evil spirits; Satan. [Written also Eblees.]

Eb´on , a. 1. Consisting of ebony. 2. Like ebony, especially in color; black; dark. “Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne.” Young.

Eb´on, n. Ebony. [Poetic] ´Framed of ebon and ivory.´ Sir W. Scott.

Eb´on•ist , n. One who works in ebony.

Eb´on•ite , n. (Chem.) A hard, black variety of vulcanite. It may be cut and polished, and is used for many small articles, as combs and buttons, and for insulating material in electric apparatus.

Eb´on•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ebonized p. pr. & vb. n. Ebonizing.] To make black, or stain black, in imitation of ebony; as to ebonize wood.

Eb´on•y , n.; pl. Ebonies (#). [F. ebène, L. ebenus, fr. Gr. ; prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. hobnim, pl. Cf. Ebon.] A hard, heavy, and durable wood, which admits of a fine polish or gloss. The usual color is black, but it also occurs red or green. The finest black ebony is the heartwood of Diospyros reticulata, of the Mauritius. Other species of the same genus (D. Ebenum, Melanoxylon, etc.), furnish the ebony of the East Indies and Ceylon. The West Indian green ebony is from a leguminous tree (Brya Ebenus), and from the Excaecaria glandulosa.

Eb´on•y, a. Made of ebony, or resembling ebony; black; as an ebony countenance. “This ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling.” Poe.

E•brac´te•ate , a. [Pref. e- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Without bracts.

E•brac´te•o•late , a. [Pref. e- + bracteolate.] (Bot.) Without bracteoles, or little bracts; — said of a pedicel or flower stalk.

E•brau´ke , a. [L. Hebraicus: cf. F. Hebraïque.] Hebrew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•bri´e•ty , n.; pl. Ebrieties (#). [L. ebrietas, from. ebrius intoxicated: cf. F. ebriete. Cf. Soer.] Drunkenness; intoxication by spirituous liquors; inebriety. ´Ruinous ebriety.´ Cowper.

E•bril´lade (e•bril´lad), n. [F.] (Man.) A bridle check; a jerk of one rein, given to a horse when he refuses to turn.

E•bri•os´i•ty (e•bri•os´i•ty), n. [L. ebriositas, from ebriousus given to drinking, fr. ebrius. See Ebriety.] Addiction to drink; habitual drunkenness.

E´bri•ous (e•bri•us), a. [L. ebrius.] Inclined to drink to excess; intoxicated; tipsy. [R.] M. Collins.

E•bul´li•ate , v. i. To boil or bubble up. [Obs.] Prynne. { E•bul´lience ( 106), E•bul´lien•cy } n. A boiling up or over; effervescence. Cudworth.

E•bul´lient , a. [L. ebulliens, -entis, p. pr. of ebullire to boil up, bubble up; e out, from + bullire to boil. See 1st Boil.] Boiling up or over; hence, manifesting exhilaration or excitement, as of feeling; effervescing. ´Ebullient with subtlety.´ De Quincey. “The ebullient enthusiasm of the French.” Carlyle.

E•bul´li•o•scope , n. [L. ebullire to boil up + -scope.] (Phys. Chem.) An instrument for observing the boiling point of liquids, especially for determining the alcoholic strength of a mixture by the temperature at which it boils.

Eb•ul•li´tion , n. [F. ebullition, L. ebullitio, fr. ebullire. See Ebullient.] 1. A boiling or bubbling up of a liquid; the motion produced in a liquid by its rapid conversion into vapor. 2. Effervescence occasioned by fermentation or by any other process which causes the liberation of a gas or an aëriform fluid, as in the mixture of an acid with a carbonated alkali. [Formerly written bullition.] 3. A sudden burst or violent display; an outburst; as an ebullition of anger or ill temper.

Eb´ur•in , n. A composition of dust of ivory or of bone with a cement; — used for imitations of valuable stones and in making moldings, seals, etc. Knight.

E•bur•na´tion , n. [L. eburnus of ivory, fr. ebur ivory: cf. F. eburnation. See Ivory.] (Med.) A condition of bone cartilage occurring in certain diseases of these tissues, in which they acquire an unnatural density, and come to resemble ivory.

E•bur´ne•an , a. [L. eburneus, fr. ebur ivory. See Ivory.] Made of or relating to ivory.

E•bur•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. eburnus of ivory (fr. ebur ivory) + facere to make.] The conversion of certain substances into others which have the appearance or characteristics of ivory.

Eb´ur•nine , a. Of or pertaining to ivory. ´[She] read from tablet eburnine.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•car´di•nes , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. e out, without + cardo a hinge.] (Zoöl.) An order of Brachiopoda; the Lyopomata. See Brachiopoda.

e•car•te´ , n. [F., prop. fr. ecarter to reject, discard.] A game at cards, played usually by two persons, in which the players may discard any or all of the cards dealt and receive others from the pack.

E•cau´date , a. [Pref. e- + caudate.] 1. (Bot.) Without a tail or spur. 2. (Zoöl.) Tailless.

Ec•bal´li•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Ecbole.] (Bot.) A genus of cucurbitaceous plants consisting of the single species Ecballium agreste (or Elaterium), the squirting cucumber. Its fruit, when ripe, bursts and violently ejects its seeds, together with a mucilaginous juice, from which elaterium, a powerful cathartic medicine, is prepared.

Ec´ba•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. a going out, issue, or event; out + to go.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the orator treats of things according to their events consequences.

Ec•bat´ic , a. [See Ecbasis.] (Gram.) Denoting a mere result or consequence, as distinguished from telic, which denotes intention or purpose; thus the phrase , if rendered ´so that it was fulfilled,´ is ecbatic; if rendered ´in order that it might be.´ etc., is telic.

Ec´bo•le , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a throwing out, a digression, fr. to throw out; out of + to throw.] (Rhet.) A digression in which a person is introduced speaking his own words.

Ec•bol´ic , n. [See Ecbole.] (Med.) A drug, as ergot, which by exciting uterine contractions promotes the expulsion of the contents of the uterus.

Ec´bo•line ( 104), n. [Gr. a throwing out; out + to throw.] (Chem.) An alkaloid constituting the active principle of ergot; — so named from its power of producing abortion.

Ec•ca•le•o´bi•on , n. [Gr. to call out ( out of + to call) + life.] A contrivance for hatching eggs by artificial heat.

Ec´ce ho´mo [L., behold the man. See John xix. 5.] (Paint.) A picture which represents the Savior as given up to the people by Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns.

Ec•cen´tric , a. [F. excentrique, formerly also spelled eccentrique, fr. LL. eccentros out of the center, eccentric, Gr. ; out of + center. See Ex-, and Center, and cf. Excentral.] 1. Deviating or departing from the center, or from the line of a circle; as an eccentric or elliptical orbit; pertaining to deviation from the center or from true circular motion. 2. Not having the same center; — said of circles, ellipses, spheres, etc., which, though coinciding, either in whole or in part, as to area or volume, have not the same center; — opposed to concentric. 3. (Mach.) Pertaining to an eccentric; as the eccentric rod in a steam engine. 4. Not coincident as to motive or end. “His own ends, which must needs be often eccentric to those of his master.” Bacon. 5. Deviating from stated methods, usual practice, or established forms or laws; deviating from an appointed sphere or way; departing from the usual course; irregular; anomalous; odd; as eccentric conduct. ´This brave and eccentric young man.´ Macaulay. “He shines eccentric, like a comet’s blaze.” Savage. Eccentric anomaly. (Astron.) See Anomaly. — Eccentric chuck (Mach.), a lathe chuck so constructed that the work held by it may be altered as to its center of motion, so as to produce combinations of eccentric combinations of eccentric circles. — Eccentric gear. (Mach.) (a) The whole apparatus, strap, and other parts, by which the motion of an eccentric is transmitted, as in the steam engine. (b) A cogwheel set to turn about an eccentric axis used to give variable rotation. — Eccentric hook or gab, a hook-shaped journal box on the end of an eccentric rod, opposite the strap. — Eccentric rod, the rod that connects as eccentric strap with any part to be acted upon by the eccentric. — Eccentric sheave, or Eccentric pulley, an eccentric. — Eccentric strap, the ring, operating as a journal box, that encircles and receives motion from an eccentric; — called also eccentric hoop. Syn. — Irregular; anomalous; singular; odd; peculiar; erratic; idiosyncratic; strange; whimsical.

Ec•cen´tric , n. 1. A circle not having the same center as another contained in some measure within the first. 2. One who, or that which, deviates from regularity; an anomalous or irregular person or thing. 3. (Astron.) (a) In the Ptolemaic system, the supposed circular orbit of a planet about the earth, but with the earth not in its center. (b) A circle described about the center of an elliptical orbit, with half the major axis for radius. Hutton. 4. (Mach.) A disk or wheel so arranged upon a shaft that the center of the wheel and that of the shaft do not coincide. It is used for operating valves in steam engines, and for other purposes. The motion derived is precisely that of a crank having the same throw. Back eccentric, the eccentric that reverses or backs the valve gear and the engine. — Fore eccentric, the eccentric that imparts a forward motion to the valve gear and the engine.

Ec•cen´tric•al , a. See Eccentric.

Ec•cen´tric•al•ly, adv. In an eccentric manner. “Drove eccentrically here and there.” Lew Wallace.

Ec•cen•tric´i•ty , n.; pl. Eccentricities (#). [Cf. F. excentricite.] 1. The state of being eccentric; deviation from the customary line of conduct; oddity. 2. (Math.) The ratio of the distance between the center and the focus of an ellipse or hyperbola to its semi-transverse axis. 3. (Astron.) The ratio of the distance of the center of the orbit of a heavenly body from the center of the body round which it revolves to the semi-transverse axis of the orbit. 4. (Mech.) The distance of the center of figure of a body, as of an eccentric, from an axis about which it turns; the throw.

Ec´chy•mose , v. t. (Med.) To discolor by the production of an ecchymosis, or effusion of blood, beneath the skin; — chiefly used in the passive form; as the parts were much ecchymosed.

Ec•chy•mo´sis , n.; pl. Ecchymoses . [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to extravasate; out of + to pour.] (Med.) A livid or black and blue spot, produced by the extravasation or effusion of blood into the areolar tissue from a contusion.

Ec•chy•mot´ic , a. Pertaining to ecchymosis.

Ec´cle , n. (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker; — also called ecall, eaquall, yaffle. [Prov. Eng.]

Ec•cle´si•a , n.; pl. Ecclesiae . [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The public legislative assembly of the Athenians. 2. (Eccl.) A church, either as a body or as a building.

Ec•cle´si•al , a. Ecclesiastical. [Obs.] Milton.

Ec•cle´si•arch , n. [LL. ecclesiarcha, fr. Gr. church + to rule: cf. F. ecclesiarque.] An official of the Eastern Church, resembling a sacrist in the Western Church.

Ec•cle´si•ast , n. 1. An ecclesiastic. Chaucer. 2. The Apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus. [Obs.]

Ec•cle•si•as´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. a preacher. See Ecclesiastic, a.] One of the canonical books of the Old Testament.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic ( 277), a. [L. ecclesiasticus, Gr. , fr. an assembly of citizens called out by the crier; also the church, fr. called out, fr. to call out; out + to call. See Ex-, and Hale, v. t., Haul.] Of or pertaining to the church. See Ecclesiastical. ´Ecclesiastic government.´ Swift.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic, n. A person in holy orders, or consecrated to the service of the church and the ministry of religion; a clergyman; a priest. “From a humble ecclesiastic, he was subsequently preferred to the highest dignities of the church.” Prescott.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic•al , a. [See Ecclesiastical, a.] Of or pertaining to the church; relating to the organization or government of the church; not secular; as ecclesiastical affairs or history; ecclesiastical courts. “Every circumstance of ecclesiastical order and discipline was an abomination.” Cowper. Ecclesiastical commissioners for England, a permanent commission established by Parliament in 1836, to consider and report upon the affairs of the Established Church. — Ecclesiastical courts, courts for maintaining the discipline of the Established Church; — called also Christian courts. [Eng.] — Ecclesiastical law, a combination of civil and canon law as administered in ecclesiastical courts. [Eng.] — Ecclesiastical modes (Mus.), the church modes, or the scales anciently used. — Ecclesiastical States, the territory formerly subject to the Pope of Rome as its temporal ruler; — called also States of the Church.

Ec•cle•si•as´tic•al•ly , adv. In an ecclesiastical manner; according ecclesiastical rules.

Ec•cle•si•as´ti•cism , n. Strong attachment to ecclesiastical usages, forms, etc.

Ec•cle•si•as´ti•cus , n. [L.] A book of the Apocrypha.

Ec•cle•si•o•log´ic•al , a. Belonging to ecclesiology.

Ec•cle•si•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in ecclesiology.

Ec•cle•si•ol´o•gy , n. [Ecclesia + -logy.] The science or theory of church building and decoration.

Ec•crit´ic , n. [Gr. secretive, fr. to choose out.] (Med.) A remedy which promotes discharges, as an emetic, or a cathartic.

Ec´der•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. out + skin.] (Anat.) See Ecteron. — Ec•der•on´ic (#), a.

Ec´dy•sis , n.; pl. Ecdyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•kdysis a getting out, fr. ’ekdy•ein, to put off; ’ek out + dy•ein to enter.] (Biol.) The act of shedding, or casting off, an outer cuticular layer, as in the case of serpents, lobsters, etc.; a coming out; as the ecdysis of the pupa from its shell; exuviation.

Ec´go•nine ( 104), n. [Gr. ’e•kgonos sprung from.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, nitrogenous base, obtained by the decomposition of cocaine.

e•chau•guette´ , n. [F.] A small chamber or place of protection for a sentinel, usually in the form of a projecting turret, or the like. See Castle.

Ech´e (esh´e), a. or a. pron. Each. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ech´e•lon (esh´e•lon), n. [F., fr. echelle ladder, fr. L. scala.] 1. (Mil.) An arrangement of a body of troops when its divisions are drawn up in parallel lines each to the right or the left of the one in advance of it, like the steps of a ladder in position for climbing. Also used adjectively; as echelon distance. Upton (Tactics). 2. (Naval) An arrangement of a fleet in a wedge or V formation. Encyc. Dict. Echelon lens (Optics), a large lens constructed in several parts or layers, extending in a succession of annular rings beyond the central lens; — used in lighthouses.

Ech´e•lon , v. t. (Mil.) To place in echelon; to station divisions of troops in echelon.

Ech´e•lon, v. i. To take position in echelon. “Change direction to the left, echelon by battalion from the right.” Upton (Tactics).

E•chid´na (e•kid´na), n. [L., a viper, adder, Gr. ’e•chidna.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A monster, half maid and half serpent. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of Monotremata found in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. They are toothless and covered with spines; — called also porcupine ant-eater, and Australian ant-eater.

E•chid´nine ( 104), n. [See Echidna.] (Chem.) The clear, viscid fluid secreted by the poison glands of certain serpents; also a nitrogenous base contained in this, and supposed to be the active poisonous principle of the virus. Brande & C. { Ech´i•nate , Ech´i•na•ted } a. [L. echinatus. See Echinus.] Set with prickles; prickly, like a hedgehog; bristled; as an echinated pericarp.

E•chi´nid , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Echinoid.

E•chin´i•dan , n. [Cf. F. echinide.] (Zoöl.) One the Echinoidea.

E•chin´i•tal , a. Of, or like, an echinite.

Ech´i•nite , n. [Cf. F. echinite. See Echinus.] (Paleon.) A fossil echinoid.

E•chi•no•coc´cus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hedgehog, sea urchin + grain, seed. So called because forming little granular bodies, each armed with hooklets and disposed upon the inner wall of the hydatid cysts.] (Zoöl.) A parasite of man and of many domestic and wild animals, forming compound cysts or tumors (called hydatid cysts) in various organs, but especially in the liver and lungs, which often cause death. It is the larval stage of the Taenia echinococcus, a small tapeworm peculiar to the dog.

E•chin´o•derm , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Echinodermata.

E•chi•no•der´mal , a. (Zoöl.) Relating or belonging to the echinoderms.

E•chi•no•der´ma•ta (e•ki•no•der´ma•ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’echi^nos hedgehog, sea urchin + de•rma, -atos, skin.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. By many writers it was formerly included in the Radiata. [Written also Echinoderma.] The species usually have an exterior calcareous skeleton, or shell, made of many pieces, and often covered with spines, to which the name. They may be star-shaped, cylindrical, disk-shaped, or more or less spherical. The body consists of several similar parts (spheromeres) repeated symmetrically around a central axis, at one end of which the mouth is situated. They generally have suckers for locomotion. The group includes the following classes: Crinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothurioidea. See these words in the Vocabulary, and also Ambulacrum.

E•chi•no•der´ma•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Relating to Echinodermata; echinodermal.

E•chi´noid , a. [Echinus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Echinoidea. — n. One of the Echinoidea.

Ech•i•noi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Echinus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) The class Echinodermata which includes the sea urchins. They have a calcareous shell, usually more or less spheroidal or disk-shaped, composed of many united plates, and covered with movable spines. See Spatangoid, Clypeastroid. [Written also Echinidea, and Echinoida.]

E•chi•no•zo´a (e•ki•no•zo´a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’echi^nos an echinus + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Echinodermata.

E•chin´u•late , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Set with small spines or prickles.

E•chi´nus , n.; pl. Echini (#). [L., a hedgehog, sea urchin, Gr. ’echi^nos.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hedgehog. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of echinoderms, including the common edible sea urchin of Europe. 3. (Arch.) (a) The rounded molding forming the bell of the capital of the Grecian Doric style, which is of a peculiar elastic curve. See Entablature. (b) The quarter-round molding (ovolo) of the Roman Doric style. See Illust. of Column (c) A name sometimes given to the egg and anchor or egg and dart molding, because that ornament is often identified with the Roman Doric capital. The name probably alludes to the shape of the shell of the sea urchin.

Ech•i•u•roi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. echiurus, the name of one genus (Gr. ’e•chis an adder + o’yra• tail) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Annelida which includes the genus Echiurus and allies. They are often classed among the Gephyrea, and called the armed Gephyreans.

Ech´o (ek´o), n.; pl. Echoes (ek´oz). [L. echo, Gr. ’hchw• echo, sound, akin to ’hchh•, ’h^chos, sound, noise; cf. Skr. vaç to sound, bellow; perh. akin to E. voice: cf. F. echo.] 1. A sound reflected from an opposing surface and repeated to the ear of a listener; repercussion of sound; repetition of a sound. “The babbling echo mocks the hounds.” Shak. “The woods shall answer, and the echo ring.” Pope. 2. Fig.: Sympathetic recognition; response; answer. “Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them.” Fuller. “Many kind, and sincere speeches found an echo in his heart.” R. L. Stevenson. 3. (a) (Myth. & Poetic) A wood or mountain nymph, regarded as repeating, and causing the reverberation of them. “Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv’st unseen
Within thy airy shell.” Milton. (b) (Gr. Myth.) A nymph, the daughter of Air and Earth, who, for love of Narcissus, pined away until nothing was left of her but her voice. “Compelled me to awake the courteous Echo
To give me answer from her mossy couch.” Milton. Echo organ (Mus.), a set organ pipes inclosed in a box so as to produce a soft, distant effect; — generally superseded by the swell. — Echo stop (Mus.), a stop upon a harpsichord contrived for producing the soft effect of distant sound. — To applaud to the echo, to give loud and continuous applause. M. Arnold. “I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That should applaud again.” Shak.

Ech´o, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Echoed p. pr. & vb. n. Echoing. — 3d pers. sing. pres. Echoes .] 1. To send back (a sound); to repeat in sound; to reverberate. “Those peals are echoed by the Trojan throng.” Dryden. “The wondrous sound
Is echoed on forever.” Keble. 2. To repeat with assent; to respond; to adopt. “They would have echoed the praises of the men whom they nvied, and then have sent to the newspaper anonymous libels upon them.” Macaulay.

Ech´o, v. i. To give an echo; to resound; to be sounded back; as the hall echoed with acclamations. ´Echoing noise.´ Blackmore.

Ech´o•er , n. One who, or that which, echoes.

Ech´o•less, a. Without echo or response.

E•chom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , sound + -meter: cf. F. echomètre.] (Mus) A graduated scale for measuring the duration of sounds, and determining their different, and the relation of their intervals. J. J. Rousseau.

E•chom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. echometrie.] 1. The art of measuring the duration of sounds or echoes. 2. The art of constructing vaults to produce echoes. { Ech•on´ , Ech•oon´ }, pron. Each one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ech´o•scope , n. [Gr. , , sound + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for intensifying sounds produced by percussion of the thorax. Knight.

e•clair´ , n. [F.] (Cookery) A kind of frosted cake, containing flavored cream.

E•clair´cise , v. t. [F. eclaircir; pref. es- (L. ex) + clair clear, L. clarus.] To make clear; to clear up what is obscure or not understood; to explain.

E•clair´cisse•ment , n. [F., fr. eclaircir. See Eclaircise, v. t.] The clearing up of anything which is obscure or not easily understood; an explanation. “The eclaircissement ended in the discovery of the informer.” Clarendon.

Ec•lamp´si•a , n. [NL., from Gr. a shining forth, fr. to shine forth; out + to shine.] (Med.) A fancied perception of flashes of light, a symptom of epilepsy; hence, epilepsy itself; convulsions. The term is generally restricted to a convulsive affection attending pregnancy and parturition, and to infantile convulsions.

Ec•lamp´sy , n. (Med.) Same as Eclampsia.

E•clat´ , n. [F. eclat a fragment, splinter, explosion, brilliancy, splendor, fr. eclater to splinter, burst, explode, shine brilliantly, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. sleizan to slit, split, fr. slizan, G. schleissen; akin to E. slit.] 1. Brilliancy of success or effort; splendor; brilliant show; striking effect; glory; renown. ´The eclat of Homer’s battles.´ Pope. 2. Demonstration of admiration and approbation; applause. Prescott.

Ec•lec´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to pick out, choose out: cf. F. eclectique. See Eclogue, and cf. Elect.] 1. Selecting; choosing (what is true or excellent in doctrines, opinions, etc.) from various sources or systems; as an eclectic philosopher. 2. Consisting, or made up, of what is chosen or selected; as an eclectic method; an eclectic magazine. Eclectic physician, one of a class of practitioners of medicine, who select their modes of practice and medicines from all schools; formerly, sometimes the same as botanic physician. [U.S.] — Eclectic school. (Paint.) See Bolognese school, under Bolognese.

Ec•lec´tic , n. One who follows an eclectic method.

Ec•lec´tic•al•ly , adv. In an eclectic manner; by an eclectic method.

Ec•lec´ti•cism , n. [Cf. F. eclecticisme. Cf. Electicism.] Theory or practice of an eclectic.

Ec•legm´ , n. [F. eclegme, L. ecligma, fr. Gr. , fr. to lick up.] (Med.) A medicine made by mixing oils with sirups. John Quincy.

E•clipse´ (e•klips´), n. [F. eclipse, L. eclipsis, fr. Gr. ’e•kleipsis, prop., a forsaking, failing, fr. ’eklei•pein to leave out, forsake; ’ek out + lei•pein to leave. See Ex-, and Loan.] 1. (Astron.) An interception or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or other luminous body, by the intervention of some other body, either between it and the eye, or between the luminous body and that illuminated by it. A lunar eclipse is caused by the moon passing through the earth’s shadow; a solar eclipse, by the moon coming between the sun and the observer. A satellite is eclipsed by entering the shadow of its primary. The obscuration of a planet or star by the moon or a planet, though of the nature of an eclipse, is called an occultation. The eclipse of a small portion of the sun by Mercury or Venus is called a transit of the planet. In ancient times, eclipses were, and among unenlightened people they still are, superstitiously regarded as forerunners of evil fortune, a sentiment of which occasional use is made in literature. “That fatal and perfidious bark,
Built in the eclipse, and rigged with curses dark.” Milton. 2. The loss, usually temporary or partial, of light, brilliancy, luster, honor, consciousness, etc.; obscuration; gloom; darkness. “All the posterity of our fist parents suffered a perpetual eclipse of spiritual life.” Sir W. Raleigh. “As in the soft and sweet eclipse,
When soul meets soul on lovers’ lips.” Shelley. Annular eclipse. (Astron.) See under Annular. — Cycle of eclipses. See under Cycle.

E•clipse´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eclipsed (e•klipst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Eclipsing.] 1. To cause the obscuration of; to darken or hide; — said of a heavenly body; as the moon eclipses the sun. 2. To obscure, darken, or extinguish the beauty, luster, honor, etc., of; to sully; to cloud; to throw into the shade by surpassing. ´His eclipsed state.´ Dryden. “My joy of liberty is half eclipsed.” Shak.

E•clipse´, v. i. To suffer an eclipse. “While the laboring moon
Eclipses at their charms.” Milton.

E•clip´tic (e•klip´tik), n. [Cf. F. ecliptique, L. linea ecliptica, Gr. ’ekleiptiko•s, prop. adj., of an eclipse, because in this circle eclipses of the sun and moon take place. See Ecliptic, a.] 1. (Astron.) A great circle of the celestial sphere, making an angle with the equinoctial of about 23° 28′. It is the apparent path of the sun, or the real path of the earth as seen from the sun. 2. (Geog.) A great circle drawn on a terrestrial globe, making an angle of 23° 28′ with the equator; — used for illustrating and solving astronomical problems.

E•clip´tic, a. [L. eclipticus belonging to an eclipse, Gr. ’ekleiptiko•s. See Eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to the ecliptic; as the ecliptic way. 2. Pertaining to an eclipse or to eclipses. Lunar ecliptic limit (Astron.), the space of 12° on the moon’s orbit from the node, within which, if the moon happens to be at full, it will be eclipsed. — Solar ecliptic limit, the space of 17° from the lunar node, within which, if a conjunction of the sun and moon occur, the sun will be eclipsed.

Ec´lo•gite , n. [See Ecloque.] (Min.) A rock consisting of granular red garnet, light green smaragdite, and common hornblende; — so called in reference to its beauty.

Ec´logue , n. [L. ecloga, Gr. a selection, choice extracts, fr. to pick out, choose out; out + to gather, choose: cf. F. egloque, ecloque. See Ex-, and Legend.] A pastoral poem, in which shepherds are introduced conversing with each other; a bucolic; an idyl; as the Ecloques of Virgil, from which the modern usage of the word has been established. { E•co•nom´ic ( 277), E•co•nom´ic•al } a. [F. economique, L. oeconomicus orderly, methodical, Gr. economical. See Economy.] 1. Pertaining to the household; domestic. ´In this economical misfortune [of ill- assorted matrimony.]´ Milton. 2. Relating to domestic economy, or to the management of household affairs. “And doth employ her economic art
And busy care, her household to preserve.” Sir J. Davies. 3. Managing with frugality; guarding against waste or unnecessary expense; careful and frugal in management and in expenditure; — said of character or habits. “Just rich enough, with economic care,
To save a pittance.” Harte. 4. Managed with frugality; not marked with waste or extravagance; frugal; — said of acts; saving; as an economical use of money or of time. 5. Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as economic purposes; economical truths. “These matters economical and political.” J. C. Shairp. “There was no economical distress in England to prompt the enterprises of colonization.” Palfrey. “Economic questions, such as money, usury, taxes, lands, and the employment of the people.” H. C. Baird. 6. Regulative; relating to the adaptation of means to an end. Grew. Economical is the usual form when meaning frugal, saving; economic is the form commonly used when meaning pertaining to the management of a household, or of public affairs.

E•co•nom´ic•al•ly , adv. With economy; with careful management; with prudence in expenditure.

E•co•nom´ics (e•k&ocr•;nom´iks), n. [Gr. ta• o’ikonomika•, equiv. to ´h o’ikonomi•a. See Economic.] 1. The science of household affairs, or of domestic management. 2. Political economy; the science of the utilities or the useful application of wealth or material resources. See Political economy, under Political. ´In politics and economics.´ V. Knox.

E•con´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. economiste.] 1. One who economizes, or manages domestic or other concerns with frugality; one who expends money, time, or labor, judiciously, and without waste. ´Economists even to parsimony.´ Burke. 2. One who is conversant with political economy; a student of economics.

E•con•o•mi•za´tion , n. The act or practice of using to the best effect. [R.] H. Spenser.

E•con´o•mize (e•kon´o•miz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Economized p. pr. & vb. n. Economizing.] [Cf. F. economiser.] To manage with economy; to use with prudence; to expend with frugality; as to economize one’s income. [Written also economise.] “Expenses in the city were to be economized.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “Calculating how to economize time.” W. Irving.

E•con´o•mize, v. i. To be prudently sparing in expenditure; to be frugal and saving; as to economize in order to grow rich. [Written also economise.] Milton.

E•con´o•mi•zer , n. 1. One who, or that which, economizes. 2. Specifically: (Steam Boilers) An arrangement of pipes for heating feed water by waste heat in the gases passing to the chimney.

E•con´o•my (-my), n.; pl. Economies (#). [F. economie, L. oeconomia household management, fr. Gr. o’ikonomi•a, fr. o’ikono•mos one managing a household; o’i^kos house (akin to L. vicus village, E. vicinity) + no•mos usage, law, rule, fr. ne•mein to distribute, manage. See Vicinity, Nomad.] 1. The management of domestic affairs; the regulation and government of household matters; especially as they concern expense or disbursement; as a careful economy. “Himself busy in charge of the household economies.” Froude. 2. Orderly arrangement and management of the internal affairs of a state or of any establishment kept up by production and consumption; esp., such management as directly concerns wealth; as political economy. 3. The system of rules and regulations by which anything is managed; orderly system of regulating the distribution and uses of parts, conceived as the result of wise and economical adaptation in the author, whether human or divine; as the animal or vegetable economy; the economy of a poem; the Jewish economy. “The position which they [the verb and adjective] hold in the general economy of language.” Earle. “In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, we shall see the economy … of poems better observed than in Terence.” B. Jonson. “The Jews already had a Sabbath, which, as citizens and subjects of that economy, they were obliged to keep.” Paley. 4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping; management without loss or waste; frugality in expenditure; prudence and disposition to save; as a housekeeper accustomed to economy but not to parsimony. Political economy. See under Political. Syn. — Economy, Frugality, Parsimony. Economy avoids all waste and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage; frugality cuts off indulgences, and proceeds on a system of saving. The latter conveys the idea of not using or spending superfluously, and is opposed to lavishness or profusion. Frugality is usually applied to matters of consumption, and commonly points to simplicity of manners; parsimony is frugality carried to an extreme, involving meanness of spirit, and a sordid mode of living. Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a vice. “I have no other notion of economy than that it is the parent to liberty and ease.” Swift. “The father was more given to frugality, and the son to riotousness [luxuriousness].” Golding.

e•cor•che´ , n. [F.] (Fine Arts) A manikin, or image, representing an animal, especially man, with the skin removed so that the muscles are exposed for purposes of study.

e•cos•saise´ , n. [F.] (Mus.) A dancing tune in the Scotch style.

E•cos´tate , a. [Pref. e- + costate.] (Bot.) Having no ribs or nerves; — said of a leaf.

e•coute´ , n. [F., a listening place.] (Mil.) One of the small galleries run out in front of the glacis. They serve to annoy the enemy’s miners.

Ec´pha•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to speak out.] (Rhet.) An explicit declaration.

Ec•pho•ne´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a thing called out, fr. to cry out; ’ek out + voice.] (Rhet.) A breaking out with some interjectional particle.

Ec´pho•neme , n. [See Ecphonema.] A mark (!) used to indicate an exclamation. G. Brown.

Ec•pho•ne´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Ecphonema.] (Rhet.) An animated or passionate exclamation. “The feelings by the ecphonesis are very various.” Gibbs.

Ec•phrac´tic , a. [Gr. , from to open; ’ek out + to block up: cf. F. ecphractique.] (Med.) Serving to dissolve or attenuate viscid matter, and so to remove obstructions; deobstruent. — n. An ecphractic medicine. Harvey.

e•crase•ment´ , n. [F.] (Surg.) The operation performed with an ecraseur.

e•cra•seur´ , n. [F., fr. ecraser to crush.] (Surg.) An instrument intended to replace the knife in many operations, the parts operated on being severed by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tightening of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows.

e•cru´ , a. [F., fr. L. crudus raw.] Having the color or appearance of unbleached stuff, as silk, linen, or the like.

Ec´sta•sy , n.; pl. Ecstasies (#). [F. extase, L. ecstasis, fr. Gr. , fr. to put out of place, derange; = ’ek out + to set, stand. See Ex-, and Stand.] [Also written extasy.] 1. The state of being beside one’s self or rapt out of one’s self; a state in which the mind is elevated above the reach of ordinary impressions, as when under the influence of overpowering emotion; an extraordinary elevation of the spirit, as when the soul, unconscious of sensible objects, is supposed to contemplate heavenly mysteries. “Like a mad prophet in an ecstasy.” Dryden. “This is the very ecstasy of love.” Shak. 2. Excessive and overmastering joy or enthusiasm; rapture; enthusiastic delight. “He on the tender grass
Would sit, and hearken even to ecstasy.” Milton. 3. Violent distraction of mind; violent emotion; excessive grief of anxiety; insanity; madness. [Obs.] “That unmatched form and feature of blown youth
Blasted with ecstasy.” Shak. “Our words will but increase his ecstasy.” Marlowe. 4. (Med.) A state which consists in total suspension of sensibility, of voluntary motion, and largely of mental power. The body is erect and inflexible; the pulsation and breathing are not affected. Mayne.

Ec´sta•sy, v. t. To fill ecstasy, or with rapture or enthusiasm. [Obs.] “The most ecstasied order of holy … spirits.” Jer. Taylor.

Ec•stat´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. extatique. See Ecstasy, n.] 1. Pertaining to, or caused by, ecstasy or excessive emotion; of the nature, or in a state, of ecstasy; as ecstatic gaze; ecstatic trance. “This ecstatic fit of love and jealousy.” Hammond. 2. Delightful beyond measure; rapturous; ravishing; as ecstatic bliss or joy.

Ec•stat´ic, n. An enthusiast. [R.] Gauden.

Ec•stat´ic•al , a. 1. Ecstatic. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Tending to external objects. [R.] Norris.

Ec•stat´ic•al•ly, adv. Rapturously; ravishingly. { Ect , Ec´to }. [Gr. outside.] A combining form signifying without, outside, external.

Ec´tad , adv. [Ect- + L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Toward the outside or surface; — opposed to entad. B. G. Wilder.

Ec´tal , a. [See Ect-.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the surface; outer; — opposed to ental. B. G. Wilder.

Ec•ta´si•a , n. [NL. See Ectasis.] (Med.) A dilatation of a hollow organ or of a canal.

Ec´ta•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’ek out + to stretch.] (Pros.) The lengthening of a syllable from short to long.

Ec•ten´tal , a. [Gr. outside + inside.] (Biol.) Relating to, or connected with, the two primitive germ layers, the ectoderm and ectoderm; as the ´ectental line´ or line of juncture of the two layers in the segmentation of the ovum. C. S. Minot.

Ec´ter•on , n. [See Ect-.] (Anat.) The external layer of the skin and mucous membranes; epithelium; ecderon. — Ec•ter•on´ic (#), a.

Ec•teth´moid , a. [Ect- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) External to the ethmoid; prefrontal.

Ec•thlip´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to squeeze out.] 1. The dropping out or suppression from a word of a consonant, with or without a vowel. 2. (Lat. Pros.) The elision of a final m, with the preceding vowel, before a word beginning with a vowel.

Ec•tho•re´um , n.; pl. Ecthorea (#). [NL., fr. Gr. to leap out; ek out + , , to leap, dart.] (Zoöl.) The slender, hollow thread of a nettling cell or cnida. See Nettling cell. [Written also ecthoraeum.]

Ec•thy´ma , n.; pl. Ecthymata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. pimple, fr. to break out.] (Med.) A cutaneous eruption, consisting of large, round pustules, upon an indurated and inflamed base. Dunglison.

Ec´to- See Ect-.

Ec´to•blast , n. [Ecto- + Gr. bud, germ.] (Biol.) (a) The outer layer of the blastoderm; the epiblast; the ectoderm. (b) The outer envelope of a cell; the cell wall. Agassiz.

Ec•to•bron´chi•um , n.; pl. Ectobronchia (#). [NL. See Ecto-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the dorsal branches of the main bronchi in the lungs of birds. { Ec•to•cu•ne´ri•form , Ec•to•cu´ni•form , } n. [Ecto- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) One of the bones of the tarsus. See Cuneiform.

Ec´to•cyst , n. [Ecto- + Gr. bladder.] (Zoöl.) The outside covering of the Bryozoa.

Ec´to•derm , n. [Ecto- + - derm.] (Biol.) (a) The outer layer of the blastoderm; epiblast. (b) The external skin or outer layer of an animal or plant, this being formed in an animal from the epiblast. See Illust. of Blastoderm. { Ec•to•der´mal , Ec•to•der´mic } a. (Biol.) Of or relating to the ectoderm.

Ec•to•lec´i•thal , a. [Ecto- + Gr. the yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Having the food yolk, at the commencement of segmentation, in a peripheral position, and the cleavage process confined to the center of the egg; as ectolecithal ova.

Ec´to•mere , n. [Ecto- + - mere.] (Biol.) The more transparent cells, which finally become external, in many segmenting ova, as those of mammals.

Ec•to•par´a•site , n. (Zoöl.) Any parasite which lives on the exterior of animals; — opposed to endoparasite. — Ec•to•par•a•sit´ic (#), a.

Ec•to´pi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ek out + place.] (Med.) A morbid displacement of parts, especially such as is congenial; as ectopia of the heart, or of the bladder.

Ec•top´ic , a. (Med.) Out of place; congenitally displaced; as an ectopic organ.

Ec´to•plasm , n. [Ecto- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) (a) The outer transparent layer of protoplasm in a developing ovum. (b) The outer hyaline layer of protoplasm in a vegetable cell. (c) The ectosarc of protozoan.

Ec•to•plas´tic , a. [Ecto- + Gr. to mold.] Pertaining to, or composed of, ectoplasm.

Ec•to•proc´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. outside + the anus.] (Zoöl.) An order of Bryozoa in which the anus lies outside the circle of tentacles.

Ec´to•py , n. (Med.) Same as Ectopia.

Ect•or´gan•ism , n. [Ect- + organism.] (Biol.) An external parasitic organism.

Ec´to•sarc , n. [Ecto- + Gr. , , flesh.] (Biol.) The semisolid external layer of protoplasm in some unicellular organisms, as the amœba; ectoplasm; exoplasm.

Ec•tos´te•al , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to ectostosis; as ectosteal ossification.

Ec•tos•to´sis , n. [NL. See Ect-, and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) A process of bone formation in which ossification takes place in the perichondrium and either surrounds or gradually replaces the cartilage.

Ec•to•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) See Epizoic.

Ec•to•zo´ön , n.; pl. Ectozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’ekto•s outside outside + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) See Epizoön.

Ec•tro´pi•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. a turning aside; from + to turn.] (Med.) An unnatural eversion of the eyelids.

Ec•tro´pi•um , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Ectropion.

Ec•trot´ic , a. [Gr. for abortion; ’ek out + to wound, cause mischief to.] (Med.) Having a tendency to prevent the development of anything, especially of a disease.

Ec´ty•pal , a. [L. ectypus worked in high relief, Gr. ; ’ek out + stamp, figure. See Type.] Copied, reproduced as a molding or cast, in contradistinction from the original model.

Ec´type , n. [Cf. F. ectype. See Ectypal.] 1. (Classical Archaeol.) (a) A copy, as in pottery, of an artist’s original work. Hence: (b) A work sculptured in relief, as a cameo, or in bas-relief (in this sense used loosely). 2. A copy from an original; a type of something that has previously existed. “Some regarded him [Klopstock] as an ectype of the ancient prophets.” Eng. Cyc. .

Ec•ty•pog´ra•phy , n. [Ectype + -graphy.] A method of etching in which the design upon the plate is produced in relief. { Ec•u•men´ic , Ec•u•men´ic•al } a. [L. oecumenicus, Gr. (sc. ) the inhabited world, fr. to inhabit, from house, dwelling. See Economy.] General; universal; in ecclesiastical usage, that which concerns the whole church; as an ecumenical council. [Written also œcumenical.] Ecumenical Bishop, a title assumed by the popes. — Ecumenical council. See under Council.

Ec´u•rie , n. [F. See Equerry.] A stable.

Ec´ze•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•kzema; ´ek out + zei^n to boil.] (Med.) An inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by the presence of redness and itching, an eruption of small vesicles, and the discharge of a watery exudation, which often dries up, leaving the skin covered with crusts; — called also tetter, milk crust, and salt rheum.

Ec•zem´a•tous , a. (Med.) Pertaining to eczema; having the characteristic of eczema.

-ed The termination of the past participle of regular, or weak, verbs; also of analogous participial adjectives from nouns; as pigmented; talented.

E•da´cious , a. [L. edax, edacis, fr. edere to eat.] Given to eating; voracious; devouring. “Swallowed in the depths of edacious Time.” Carlyle. — E•da´cious•ly, adv. — E•da´cious•ness, n.

E•dac´i•ty , n. [L. edacitas.] Greediness; voracity; ravenousness; rapacity. Bacon.

Ed´da , n.; pl. Eddas (#). [Icel., lit. great-grandmother (i. e., of Scandinavian poetry), so called by Bishop Brynjúlf Sveinsson, who brought it again to light in 1643.] The religious or mythological book of the old Scandinavian tribes of German origin, containing two collections of Sagas (legends, myths) of the old northern gods and heroes. There are two Eddas. The older, consisting of 39 poems, was reduced to writing from oral tradition in Iceland between 1050 and 1133. The younger or prose Edda, called also the Edda of Snorri, is the work of several writers, though usually ascribed to Snorri Sturleson, who was born in 1178. { Ed•da´ic , Ed´dic }, a. Relating to the Eddas; resembling the Eddas.

Ed´der , n. [See Adder.] (Zoöl.) An adder or serpent. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ed´der, n. [AS. edor hedge, fence; akin to etar.] Flexible wood worked into the top of hedge stakes, to bind them together. [Obs.] Tusser.

Ed´der, v. t. To bind the top interweaving edder; as to edder a hedge. [Obs.]

Ed´dish , n. [AS. edisc; cf. AS. pref. ed- again, anew. Cf. Eddy, and Arrish.] Aftermath; also stubble and stubble field. See Arrish. [Eng.]

Ed´does , n. pl. (Bot.) The tubers of Colocasia antiquorum. See Taro.

Ed´dy (ed´dy), n.; pl. Eddies (-diz). [Prob. fr. Icel. iða; cf. Icel. pref. ið- back, AS. ed-, OS. idug-, OHG. ita-; Goth. id-.] 1. A current of air or water running back, or in a direction contrary to the main current. 2. A current of water or air moving in a circular direction; a whirlpool. “And smiling eddies dimpled on the main.” Dryden. “Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play.” Addison. Used also adjectively; as eddy winds. Dryden.

Ed´dy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eddied p. pr. & vb. n. Eddying.] To move as an eddy, or as in an eddy; to move in a circle. “Eddying round and round they sink.” Wordsworth.

Ed´dy, v. t. To collect as into an eddy. [R.] “The circling mountains eddy in
From the bare wild the dissipated storm.” Thomson.

E´del•weiss , n. [G., fr. edel noble + weiss white.] (Bot.) A little, perennial, white, woolly plant (Leontopodium alpinum), growing at high elevations in the Alps.

E•de´ma , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as œdema. { E•de´ma•tous , or E•de´ma•tose• }, a. (Med.) Same as œdematous.

E´den , n. [Heb. eden delight, pleasure; also a place of pleasure, Eden.] The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt; hence, a delightful region or residence.

E•den´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Eden; paradisaic. ´Edenic joys.´ Mrs. Browning.

E´den•ite , n. [From Edenville, N. Y.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole. See Amphibole.

E´den•ized , a. Admitted to a state of paradisaic happiness. [R.] Davies (Wit’s Pilgr. ).

E•den´tal , a. See Edentate, a. — n. (Zoöl.) One of the Edentata.

E•den´tal•ous , a. See Edentate, a.

E•den•ta´ta , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. edentatus, p. p. of edentare to render toothless; e out + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammals including the armadillos, sloths, and anteaters; — called also Bruta. The incisor teeth are rarely developed, and in some groups all the teeth are lacking.

E•den´tate , a. 1. Destitute of teeth; as an edentate quadruped; an edentate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Edentata.

E•den´tate , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Edentata.

E•den•ta•ted , a. Same as Edentate, a.

E•den•ta´tion , n. A depriving of teeth. [R.] Cockeram.

E•den´tu•lous ( 135), a. [L. edentulus; e out + dens, dentis, tooth.] Toothless.

Edge (ej), n. [OE. eg, egge, AS. ecg; akin to OHG. ekka, G. ecke, Icel. & Sw. egg, Dan. eg, and to L. acies, Gr. ’akh• point, Skr. açri edge. rad.1. Cf. Egg, v. t., Eager, Ear spike of corn, Acute.] 1. The thin cutting side of the blade of an instrument; as the edge of an ax, knife, sword, or scythe. Hence, figuratively, that which cuts as an edge does, or wounds deeply, etc. “He which hath the sharp sword with two edges.” Rev. ii. 12. “Slander,
Whose edge is sharper than the sword.” Shak. 2. Any sharp terminating border; a margin; a brink; extreme verge; as the edge of a table, a precipice. “Upon the edge of yonder coppice.” Shak. “In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge
Of battle.” Milton. “Pursue even to the very edge of destruction.” Sir W. Scott. 3. Sharpness; readiness or fitness to cut; keenness; intenseness of desire. “The full edge of our indignation.” Sir W. Scott. “Death and persecution lose all the ill that they can have, if we do not set an edge upon them by our fears and by our vices.” Jer. Taylor. 4. The border or part adjacent to the line of division; the beginning or early part; as in the edge of evening. ´On the edge of winter.´ Milton. Edge joint (Carp.), a joint formed by two edges making a corner. — Edge mill, a crushing or grinding mill in which stones roll around on their edges, on a level circular bed; — used for ore, and as an oil mill. Called also Chilian mill. — Edge molding (Arch.), a molding whose section is made up of two curves meeting in an angle. — Edge plane. (a) (Carp.) A plane for edging boards. (b) (Shoemaking) A plane for edging soles. — Edge play, a kind of swordplay in which backswords or cutlasses are used, and the edge, rather than the point, is employed. — Edge rail. (Railroad) (a) A rail set on edge; — applied to a rail of more depth than width. (b) A guard rail by the side of the main rail at a switch. Knight. — Edge railway, a railway having the rails set on edge. — Edge stone, a curbstone. — Edge tool. (a) Any tool or instrument having a sharp edge intended for cutting. (b) A tool for forming or dressing an edge; an edging tool. — To be on edge, to be eager, impatient, or anxious. — To set the teeth on edge, to cause a disagreeable tingling sensation in the teeth, as by bringing acids into contact with them. Bacon.

Edge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edged p. pr. & vb. n. Edging.] 1. To furnish with an edge as a tool or weapon; to sharpen. “To edge her champion’s sword.” Dryden. 2. To shape or dress the edge of, as with a tool. 3. To furnish with a fringe or border; as to edge a dress; to edge a garden with box. “Hills whose tops were edged with groves.” Pope. 4. To make sharp or keen, figuratively; to incite; to exasperate; to goad; to urge or egg on. [Obs.] “By such reasonings, the simple were blinded, and the malicious edged.” Hayward. 5. To move little by little or cautiously, as by pressing forward edgewise; as edging their chairs forwards. Locke.

Edge, v. i. 1. To move sideways; to move gradually; as edge along this way. 2. To sail close to the wind. “I must edge up on a point of wind.” Dryden. To edge away or To edge off (Naut.), to increase the distance gradually from the shore, vessel, or other object. — To edge down (Naut.), to approach by slow degrees, as when a sailing vessel approaches an object in an oblique direction from the windward. — To edge in, to get in edgewise; to get in by degrees. — To edge in with, as with a coast or vessel (Naut.), to advance gradually, but not directly, toward it.

Edge´bone , n. Same as Aitchbone.

Edge´less, a. Without an edge; not sharp; blunt; obtuse; as an edgeless sword or weapon.

Edge´long ( 115), adv. In the direction of the edge. [Obs.] “Three hundred thousand pieces have you stuck
Edgelong into the ground.” B. Jonson.

Edge´shot , a. (Carp.) Having an edge planed, — said of a board. Knight. { Edge´ways , Edge´wise } adv. With the edge towards anything; in the direction of the edge. “Glad to get in a word, as they say, edgeways.” Sir W. Scott.

Edg´ing , n. 1. That which forms an edge or border, as the fringe, trimming, etc., of a garment, or a border in a garden. Dryden. 2. The operation of shaping or dressing the edge of anything, as of a piece of metal. Edging machine, a machine tool with a revolving cutter, for dressing edges, as of boards, or metal plates, to a pattern or templet.

Edg´ing•ly, adv. Gradually; gingerly. [R.]

Edg´y , a. [From Edge.] 1. Easily irritated; sharp; as an edgy temper. 2. (Fine Arts) Having some of the forms, such as drapery or the like, too sharply defined. ´An edgy style of sculpture.´ Hazlitt.

Edh , n. The name of the Anglo- Saxon letter ð, capital form Ð. It is sounded as ´English th in a similar word: oðer, other, dôð, doth.´ March.

Ed•i•bil´i•ty , n. Suitableness for being eaten; edibleness.

Ed´i•ble , a. [L. edibilis, fr. edere to eat. See Eat.] Fit to be eaten as food; eatable; esculent; as edible fishes. Bacon. — n. Anything edible. Edible bird’s nest. See Bird’s nest, 2. — Edible crab (Zoöl.), any species of crab used as food, esp. the American blue crab (Callinectes hastatus). See Crab. — Edible frog (Zoöl.), the common European frog (Rana esculenta), used as food. — Edible snail (Zoöl.), any snail used as food, esp. Helix pomatia and H. aspersa of Europe.

Ed´i•ble•ness, n. Suitableness for being eaten.

E´dict , n. [L. edictum, fr. edicere, edictum, to declare, proclaim; e out + dicere to say: cf. F. edit. See Diction.] A public command or ordinance by the sovereign power; the proclamation of a law made by an absolute authority, as if by the very act of announcement; a decree; as the edicts of the Roman emperors; the edicts of the French monarch. “It stands as an edict in destiny.” Shak. Edict of Nantes (French Hist.), an edict issued by Henry IV. (A. D. 1598), giving toleration to Protestants. Its revocation by Louis XIV. (A. D. 1685) was followed by terrible persecutions and the expatriation of thousands of French Protestants. Syn. — Decree; proclamation; law; ordinance; statute; rule; order; manifesti; command. See Law.

E•dic´tal , a. Relating to, or consisting of, edicts; as the Roman edictal law.

Ed´i•fi•cant , a. [L. aedificans, -antis, p. pr. of aedificare. See Edify.] Building; constructing. [R.] Dugard.

Ed•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. aedificatio: cf. F. edification. See Edify.] 1. The act of edifying, or the state of being edified; a building up, especially in a moral or spiritual sense; moral, intellectual, or spiritual improvement; instruction. “The assured edification of his church.” Bp. Hall. “Out of these magazines I shall supply the town with what may tend to their edification.” Addison. 2. A building or edifice. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Ed´i•fi•ca•to•ry , a. Tending to edification. Bp. Hall.

Ed´i•fice , n. [L. aedificium, fr. aedificare: cf. F. edifice. See Edify.] A building; a structure; an architectural fabric; — chiefly applied to elegant houses, and other large buildings; as a palace, a church, a statehouse.

Ed•i•fi´cial , a. [L. aedificialis.] Pertaining to an edifice; structural.

Ed´i•fi•er , n. 1. One who builds. [Obs.] 2. One who edifies, builds up, or strengthens another by moral or religious instruction.

Ed´i•fy , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Edified p. pr. & vb. n. Edifying.] [F. edifier, L. aedificare; aedes a building, house, orig., a fireplace (akin to Gr. to burn, Skr. idh to kindle, OHG. eit funeral pile, AS. ad, OIr. aed fire) + facere to make. See Fact, -fy.] 1. To build; to construct. [Archaic] “There was a holy chapel edified.” Spenser. 2. To instruct and improve, especially in moral and religious knowledge; to teach. “It does not appear probable that our dispute [about miracles] would either edify or enlighten the public.” Gibbon. 3. To teach or persuade. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ed´i•fy, v. i. To improve. [R.] Swift.

Ed´i•fy•ing , a. Instructing; improving; as an edifying conversation. — Ed´i•fy•ing•ly, adv. — Ed´i•fy•ing•ness, n.

E´dile , n. [L. aedilis: cf. F. edile. Cf. AEdile.] (Rom. Antiq.) See AEdile.

E´dile•ship, n. The office of aedile. T. Arnold.

Ed´ing•ton•ite , n. (Min.) A grayish white zeolitic mineral, in tetragonal crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta.

Ed´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edited; p. pr. & vb. n. Editing.] [F. editer, or L. editus, p. p. of edere to give out, put forth, publish; e out + dare to give. See Date a point of time.] To superintend the publication of; to revise and prepare for publication; to select, correct, arrange, etc., the matter of, for publication; as to edit a newspaper. “Philosophical treatises which have never been edited.” Enfield.

E•di´tion , n. [L. editio, fr. edere to publish; cf. F. edition. See Edit.] 1. A literary work edited and published, as by a certain editor or in a certain manner; as a good edition of Chaucer; Chalmers’ edition of Shakespeare. 2. The whole number of copies of a work printed and published at one time; as the first edition was soon sold.

e•di•tion´ de luxe´ [F.] See Luxe.

E•di•tion•er , n. An editor. [Obs.]

Ed´i•tor , n. [L., that which produces, from edere to publish: cf. F. editeur.] One who edits; esp., a person who prepares, superintends, revises, and corrects a book, magazine, or newspaper, etc., for publication.

Ed•i•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an editor; written or sanctioned by an editor; as editorial labors; editorial remarks.

Ed•i•to´ri•al, n. A leading article in a newspaper or magazine; an editorial article; an article published as an expression of the views of the editor.

Ed•i•to´ri•al•ly , adv. In the manner or character of an editor or of an editorial article.

Ed´i•tor•ship , n. The office or charge of an editor; care and superintendence of a publication.

Ed´i•tress , n. A female editor.

E•dit´u•ate , v. t. [LL. aedituatus, p. p. of aedituare, fr. L. aedituus a temple warden; aedes building, temple + tueri to guard.] To guard as a churchwarden does. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

E´dom•ite , n. One of the descendants of Esau or Edom, the brother of Jacob; an Idumean.

Ed•ri•oph•thal´ma , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´edrai^os steadfast + ’ofqalmo•s the eye.] (Zoöl.) A group of Crustacea in which the eyes are without stalks; the Arthrostraca. [Written also Edriophthalmata.]

Ed•ri•oph•thal´mous , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Edriophthalma.

Ed•u•ca•bil´i•ty (ed•u•ka•bil´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. educabilite.] Capability of being educated.

Ed´u•ca•ble (ed´u•ka•b’l; 135), a. [Cf. F. educable.] Capable of being educated. ´Men are educable.´ M. Arnold.

Ed´u•cate (-kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Educated (- ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Educating (-ka•ting).] [L. educatus, p. p. of educare to bring up a child physically or mentally, to educate, fr. educere to lead forth, bring up (a child). See Educe.] To bring up or guide the powers of, as a child; to develop and cultivate, whether physically, mentally, or morally, but more commonly limited to the mental activities or senses; to expand, strengthen, and discipline, as the mind, a faculty, etc.; to form and regulate the principles and character of; to prepare and fit for any calling or business by systematic instruction; to cultivate; to train; to instruct; as to educate a child; to educate the eye or the taste. Syn. — To develop; instruct; teach; inform; enlighten; edify; bring up; train; breed; rear; discipline; indoctrinate.

Ed´u•ca•ted , a. Formed or developed by education; as an educated man.

Ed•u•ca´tion ( 135), n. [L. educatio; cf. F. education.] The act or process of educating; the result of educating, as determined by the knowledge skill, or discipline of character, acquired; also the act or process of training by a prescribed or customary course of study or discipline; as an education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education. “To prepare us for complete living is the function which education has to discharge.” H. Spenser. Syn. — Education, Instruction, Teaching, Training, Breeding. Education, properly a drawing forth, implies not so much the communication of knowledge as the discipline of the intellect, the establishment of the principles, and the regulation of the heart. Instruction is that part of education which furnishes the mind with knowledge. Teaching is the same, being simply more familiar. It is also applied to practice; as teaching to speak a language; teaching a dog to do tricks. Training is a department of education in which the chief element is exercise or practice for the purpose of imparting facility in any physical or mental operation. Breeding commonly relates to the manners and outward conduct.

Ed•u•ca´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to education. ´His educational establishment.´ J. H. Newman.

Ed•u•ca´tion•ist, n. One who is versed in the theories of, or who advocates and promotes, education.

Ed´u•ca•tive ( 135), a. [Cf. F. educatif.] Tending to educate; that gives education; as an educative process; an educative experience.

Ed´u•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who educates; a teacher.

E•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Educed p. pr. & vb. n. Educing ] [L. educere; e out + ducere to lead. See Duke.] To bring or draw out; to cause to appear; to produce against counter agency or influence; to extract; to evolve; as to educe a form from matter. “The eternal art educing good from ill.” Pope. “They want to educe and cultivate what is best and noblest in themselves.” M. Arnold.

E•du´ci•ble , a. Capable of being educed.

E´duct , n. [L. eductum, fr. educere.] That which is educed, as by analysis. Sir W. Hamilton.

E•duc´tion , n. [L. eductio.] The act of drawing out or bringing into view. Eduction pipe, ∧ Eduction port. See Exhaust pipe and Exhaust port, under Exhaust, a.

E•duc´tive , a. Tending to draw out; extractive.

E•duc´tor , n. [L., tutor.] One who, or that which, brings forth, elicits, or extracts. “Stimulus must be called an eductor of vital ether.” E. Darwin.

E•dul´co•rant , a. [See Edulcorate.] Having a tendency to purify or to sweeten by removing or correcting acidity and acrimony.

E•dul´co•rant, n. An edulcorant remedy.

E•dul´co•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edulcorated p. pr. & vb. n. Edulcorating.] [L. e out + dulcoratus, p. p. of dulcorare to sweeten, fr. dulcor sweetness, fr. dulcis sweet: cf. F. edulcorer.] 1. To render sweet; to sweeten; to free from acidity. “Succory … edulcorated with sugar and vinegar.” Evelyn. 2. (Chem.) To free from acids, salts, or other soluble substances, by washing; to purify. [R.]

E•dul•co•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. edulcoration.] 1. The act of sweetening or edulcorating. 2. (Chem.) The act of freeing from acids or any soluble substances, by affusions of water. [R.] Ure.

E•dul´co•ra•tive , a. Tending to weeten or purify by affusions of water.

E•dul´co•ra•tor , n. A contrivance used to supply small quantities of sweetened liquid, water, etc., to any mixture, or to test tubes, etc.; a dropping bottle.

E•du´li•ous , a. [L. edulis, fr. edere to eat.] Edible. [Obs.] ´Edulious pulses.´ Sir T. Browne.

-ee [Formed on the F. p. p. ending -e, masc.] A suffix used, chiefly in law terms, in a passive signification, to indicate the direct or indirect object of an action, or the one to whom an act is done or on whom a right is conferred; as in assignee, donee, alienee, grantee, etc. It is correlative to -or, the agent or doer. { Eek , Eeke }, v. t. See Eke. [Obs.] Spenser.

Eel , n. [AS. l; akin to D., G., & Dan. aal, Icel. all, Sw. ål.] (Zoöl.) An elongated fish of many genera and species. The common eels of Europe and America belong to the genus Anguilla. The electrical eel is a species of Gymnotus. The so called vinegar eel is a minute nematode worm. See Conger eel, Electric eel, and Gymnotus.

Eel´buck , n. An eelpot or eel basket.

Eel´fare , n. [Eel + fare a journey or passage.] (Zoöl.) A brood of eels. [Prov. Eng.]

Eel´grass , n. (Bot.) A plant (Zostera marina), with very long and narrow leaves, growing abundantly in shallow bays along the North Atlantic coast.

Eel´-moth•er , n. (Zoöl.) The eelpout.

Eel´pot , n. A boxlike structure with funnel-shaped traps for catching eels; an eelbuck.

Eel´pout , n. [AS. lepute.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish (Zoarces viviparus), remarkable for producing living young; — called also greenbone, guffer, bard, and Maroona eel. also an American species (Z. anguillaris), — called also mutton fish, and, erroneously, congo eel, ling, and lamper eel. Both are edible, but of little value. (b) A fresh-water fish, the burbot.

Eel´spear , n. A spear with barbed forks for spearing eels.

E’en , adv. A contraction for even. See Even. “I have e’en done with you.” L’Estrange.

Een , n. The old plural of Eye. “And eke with fatness swollen were his een.” Spenser.

E’er ( 277), adv. A contraction for ever. See Ever. { Ee´rie , Ee´ry } , a. [Scotch, fr. AS. earh timid.] 1. Serving to inspire fear, esp. a dread of seeing ghosts; wild; weird; as eerie stories. “She whose elfin prancer springs
By night to eery warblings.” Tennyson. 2. Affected with fear; affrighted. Burns.

Ee´ri•ly , adv. In a strange, unearthly way.

Ee´ri•some , a. Causing fear; eerie. [Scot.]

Eet , obs. imp. of Eat. Chaucer.

Ef´fa•ble , a. [L. effabilis; ex out + fari to speak.] Capable of being uttered or explained; utterable. Barrow.

Ef•face´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effaced p. pr. & vb. n. Effacing ] [F. effacer; pref. es- (L. ex) + face face; prop., to destroy the face or form. See Face, and cf. Deface.] 1. To cause to disappear (as anything impresses or inscribed upon a surface) by rubbing out, striking out, etc.; to erase; to render illegible or indiscernible; as to efface the letters on a monument, or the inscription on a coin. 2. To destroy, as a mental impression; to wear away. “Efface from his mind the theories and notions vulgarly received.” Bacon. Syn. — To blot out; expunge; erase; obliterate; cancel; destroy. — Efface, Deface. To deface is to injure or impair a figure; to efface is to rub out or destroy, so as to render invisible.

Ef•face´a•ble , a. Capable of being effaced.

Ef•face´ment , n. [Cf. F. effacement.] The act if effacing; also the result of the act.

Ef•fas´ci•nate , v. t. [L. effascinare.] To charm; to bewitch. [Obs.] Heywood.

Ef•fas•ci•na´tion , n. [L. effascinatio.] A charming; state of being bewitched or deluded. [Obs.]

Ef•fect´ , n. [L. effectus, fr. efficere, effectum, to effect; ex + facere to make: cf. F. effet, formerly also spelled effect. See Fact.] 1. Execution; performance; realization; operation; as the law goes into effect in May. “That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between
The effect and it.” Shak. 2. Manifestation; expression; sign. “All the large effects
That troop with majesty.” Shak. 3. In general: That which is produced by an agent or cause; the event which follows immediately from an antecedent, called the cause; result; consequence; outcome; fruit; as the effect of luxury. “The effect is the unfailing index of the amount of the cause.” Whewell. 4. Impression left on the mind; sensation produced. “Patchwork … introduced for oratorical effect.” J. C. Shairp. “The effect was heightened by the wild and lonely nature of the place.” W. Irving. 5. Power to produce results; efficiency; force; importance; account; as to speak with effect. 6. Consequence intended; purpose; meaning; general intent; — with to. “They spake to her to that effect.” 2 Chron. xxxiv. 22. 7. The purport; the sum and substance. ´The effect of his intent.´ Chaucer. 8. Reality; actual meaning; fact, as distinguished from mere appearance. “No other in effect than what it seems.” Denham. 9. pl. Goods; movables; personal estate; — sometimes used to embrace real as well as personal property; as the people escaped from the town with their effects. For effect, for an exaggerated impression or excitement. — In effect, in fact; in substance. See 8, above. — Of no effect, Of none effect, To no effect, or Without effect, destitute of results, validity, force, and the like; vain; fruitless. ´Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition.´ Mark vii. 13. ´All my study be to no effect.´ Shak. — To give effect to, to make valid; to carry out in practice; to push to its results. — To take effect, to become operative, to accomplish aims. Shak. Syn. — Effect, Consequence, Result. These words indicate things which arise out of some antecedent, or follow as a consequent. Effect, which may be regarded as the generic term, denotes that which springs directly from something which can properly be termed a cause. A consequence is more remote, not being strictly caused, nor yet a mere sequence, but following out of and following indirectly, or in the train of events, something on which it truly depends. A result is still more remote and variable, like the rebound of an elastic body which falls in very different directions. We may foresee the effects of a measure, may conjecture its consequences, but can rarely discover its final results. “Resolving all events, with their effects
And manifold results, into the will
And arbitration wise of the Supreme.” Cowper. “Shun the bitter consequence, for know,
The day thou eatest thereof, … thou shalt die.” Milton.

Ef•fect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effected; p. pr. & vb. n. Effecting.] 1. To produce, as a cause or agent; to cause to be. “So great a body such exploits to effect.” Daniel. 2. To bring to pass; to execute; to enforce; to achieve; to accomplish. “To effect that which the divine counsels had decreed.” Bp. Hurd. “They sailed away without effecting their purpose.” Jowett (Th. ). Syn. — To accomplish; fulfill; achieve; complete; execute; perform; attain. See Accomplish.

Ef•fect´er , n. One who effects.

Ef•fect´i•ble , a. Capable of being done or achieved; practicable; feasible. Sir T. Browne.

Ef•fec´tion , n. [L. effectio: cf. F. effection.] Creation; a doing. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ef•fect´ive , a. [L. effectivus: cf. F. effectif.] Having the power to produce an effect or effects; producing a decided or decisive effect; efficient; serviceable; operative; as an effective force, remedy, speech; the effective men in a regiment. “They are not effective of anything, nor leave no work behind them.” Bacon. “Whosoever is an effective, real cause of doing his heighbor wrong, is criminal.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Efficient; forcible; active; powerful; energetic; competent. See Effectual.

Ef•fect´ive, n. 1. That which produces a given effect; a cause. Jer. Taylor. 2. One who is capable of active service. “He assembled his army — 20,000 effectives — at Corinth.” W. P. Johnston. 3. [F. effectif real, effective, real amount.] (Com.) Specie or coin, as distinguished from paper currency; — a term used in many parts of Europe. Simmonds.

Ef•fect´ive•ly, adv. With effect; powerfully; completely; thoroughly.

Ef•fect´ive•ness, n. The quality of being effective.

Ef•fect´less , a. Without effect or advantage; useless; bootless. Shak. — Ef•fect´less•ly, adv.

Ef•fect´or , n. [L.] An effecter. Derham.

Ef•fec´tu•al ( 135), a. [See Effect, n.] Producing, or having adequate power or force to produce, an intended effect; adequate; efficient; operative; decisive. Shak. “Effectual steps for the suppression of the rebellion.” Macaulay. Effectual calling (Theol.), a doctrine concerning the work of the Holy Spirit in producing conviction of sin and acceptance of salvation by Christ, — one of the five points of Calvinism. See Calvinism. Syn. — Effectual, Efficacious, Effective. An efficacious remedy is had recourse to, and proves effective if it does decided good, effectual if it does all the good desired. C. J. Smith.

Ef•fec´tu•al•ly, adv. 1. With effect; efficaciously. 2. Actually; in effect. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ef•fec´tu•al•ness, n. The quality of being effectual.

Ef•fec´tu•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effectuated p. pr. & vb. n. Effectuating.] [Cf. F. effectuer. See Effect, n. & v. t.] To bring to pass; to effect; to achieve; to accomplish; to fulfill. “A fit instrument to effectuate his desire.” Sir P. Sidney. “In order to effectuate the thorough reform.” G. T. Curtis.

Ef•fec•tu•a´tion , n. Act of effectuating. { Ef•fec´tu•ose• , Ef•fec´tu•ous } a. Effective. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ef•fec´tu•ous•ly, adv. Effectively. [Obs.]

Ef•fem´i•na•cy , n.; pl. Effeminacies (#). [From Effeminate.] Characteristic quality of a woman, such as softness, luxuriousness, delicacy, or weakness, which is unbecoming a man; womanish delicacy or softness; — used reproachfully of men. Milton.

Ef•fem´i•nate , a. [L. effeminatus, p. p. of effeminare to make a woman of; ex out + femina a woman. See Feminine, a.] 1. Having some characteristic of a woman, as delicacy, luxuriousness, etc.; soft or delicate to an unmanly degree; womanish; weak. “The king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, became effeminate, and less sensible of honor.” Bacon. “An effeminate and unmanly foppery.” Bp. Hurd. 2. Womanlike; womanly; tender; — in a good sense. “Gentle, kind, effeminate remorse.” Shak. Effeminate and womanish are generally used in a reproachful sense; feminine and womanly, applied to women, are epithets of propriety or commendation.

Ef•fem´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effeminated p. pr. & vb. n. Effeminating ] To make womanish; to make soft and delicate; to weaken. “It will not corrupt or effeminate children’s minds.” Locke.

Ef•fem´i•nate, v. i. To grow womanish or weak. “In a slothful peace both courage will effeminate and manners corrupt.” Pope.

Ef•fem´i•nate•ly , adv. 1. In an effeminate or womanish manner; weakly; softly; delicately. ´Proud and effeminately gay.´ Fawkes. 2. By means of a woman; by the power or art of a woman. [R.] ´Effeminately vanquished.´ Milton.

Ef•fem´i•nate•ness, n. The state of being effeminate; unmanly softness. Fuller.

Ef•fem•i•na´tion , n. [L. effeminatio.] Effeminacy; womanishness. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ef•fem´i•nize , v. t. To make effeminate. [Obs.]

Ef•fen´di , n. [Turk. efendi, fr. Modern Gr. , fr. Gr. a chief. See Authentic.] Master; sir; — a title of a Turkish state official and man of learning, especially one learned in the law.

Ef´fe•rent , a. [L. efferens, -entis, p. pr. of effere to bear out; ex out + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) (a) Conveying outward, or discharging; — applied to certain blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, etc. (b) Conveyed outward; as efferent impulses, i. e., such as are conveyed by the motor or efferent nerves from the central nervous organ outwards; — opposed to afferent.

Ef´fe•rent , n. An efferent duct or stream.

Ef´fer•ous , a. [L. efferus savage; ex (intens.) + ferus wild.] Like a wild beast; fierce. [Obs.]

Ef•fer•vesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Effervesced p. pr. & vb. n. Effervescing ] [L. effervescere; ex + fervescere to begin boiling, incho., fr. fervere to boil. See Fervent.] 1. To be in a state of natural ebullition; to bubble and hiss, as fermenting liquors, or any fluid, when some part escapes in a gaseous form. 2. To exhibit, in lively natural expression, feelings that can not be repressed or concealed; as to effervesce with joy or merriment. { Ef•fer•ves´cence , Ef•fer•ves´cen•cy } n. [Cf. F. effervescence.] A kind of natural ebullition; that commotion of a fluid which takes place when some part of the mass flies off in a gaseous form, producing innumerable small bubbles; as the effervescence of a carbonate with citric acid.

Ef•fer•ves´cent , a. [L. effervescences, p. pr. of effervescere: cf. F. effervescent.] Gently boiling or bubbling, by means of the disengagement of gas

Ef•fer•ves´ci•ble , a. Capable of effervescing.

Ef•fer•ves´cive , a. Tending to produce effervescence. ´An effervescive force.´ Hickok.

Ef´fet , n. [See Eft, n.] (Zoöl.) The common newt; — called also asker, eft, evat, and ewt.

Ef•fete´ , a. [L. effetus that has brought forth, exhausted; ex + fetus that has brought forth. See Fetus.] No longer capable of producing young, as an animal, or fruit, as the earth; hence, worn out with age; exhausted of energy; incapable of efficient action; no longer productive; barren; sterile. “Effete results from virile efforts.” Mrs. Browning “If they find the old governments effete, worn out, … they may seek new ones.” Burke.

Ef•fi•ca´cious , a. [L. eficax, -acis, fr. efficere. See Effect, n.] Possessing the quality of being effective; productive of, or powerful to produce, the effect intended; as an efficacious law. Syn. — See Effectual. — Ef•fi•ca´cious•ly, adv. — Ef•fi•ca´cious•ness, n.

Ef•fi•cac´i•ty , n. [L. efficacitas: cf. F. efficacite.] Efficacy. [R.] J. Fryth.

Ef´fi•ca•cy , n. [L. efficacia, fr. efficax. See Efficacious.] Power to produce effects; operation or energy of an agent or force; production of the effect intended; as the efficacy of medicine in counteracting disease; the efficacy of prayer. ´Of noxious efficacy.´ Milton. Syn. — Virtue; force; energy; potency; efficiency. { Ef•fi´cience , Ef•fi´cien•cy } n. [L. efficientia.] 1. The quality of being efficient or producing an effect or effects; efficient power; effectual agency. “The manner of this divine efficiency being far above us.” Hooker. 2. (Mech.) The ratio of useful work to energy expended. Rankine. Efficiency of a heat engine, the ratio of the work done by an engine, to the work due to the heat supplied to it.

Ef•fi´cient (-ent), a. [L. efficiens, -entis, p. pr. of efficere to effect: cf. F. efficient. See Effect, n.] Causing effects; producing results; that makes the effect to be what it is; actively operative; not inactive, slack, or incapable; characterized by energetic and useful activity; as an efficient officer, power. “The efficient cause is the working cause.” Wilson. Syn. — Effective; effectual; competent; able; capable; material; potent.

Ef•fi´cient , n. An efficient cause; a prime mover. “God … moveth mere natural agents as an efficient only.” Hooker.

Ef•fi´cient•ly, adv. With effect; effectively.

Ef•fierce´ , v. t. [Pref. ex- (intens.) + fierce.] To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ef•fig´i•al , a. Relating to an effigy.

Ef•fig´i•ate , v. t. [L. effigiatus, p. p. of effigiare to form, fr. effigies. See Effigy.] To form as an effigy; hence, to fashion; to adapt. “[He must] effigiate and conform himself to those circumstances.” Jer. Taylor.

Ef•fig•i•a´tion , n. [Cf. LL. effigiatio.] The act of forming in resemblance; an effigy. Fuller.

Ef•fig´i•es , n. [L.] See Effigy. Dryden.

Ef´fi•gy , n.; pl. Effigies (#). [L. effigies, fr. effingere to form, fashion; ex + fingere to form, shape, devise. See Feign.] The image, likeness, or representation of a person, whether a full figure, or a part; an imitative figure; — commonly applied to sculptured likenesses, as those on monuments, or to those of the heads of princes on coins and medals, sometimes applied to portraits. To burn, or To hang, in effigy, to burn or to hang an image or picture of a person, as a token of public odium.

Ef•flag´i•tate , v. t. [L. efflagitatus, p. p. of efflagitare.] To ask urgently. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ef•flate´ , v. t. [L. efflatus, p. p. of efflare to blow or breathe out; ex + flare to blow.] To fill with breath; to puff up. Sir T. Herbert.

Ef•fla´tion , n. The act of filling with wind; a breathing or puffing out; a puff, as of wind. “A soft efflation of celestial fire.” Parnell.

Ef•flo•resce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Effloresced p. pr. & vb. n. Efflorescing ] [L. efflorescere to bloom, blossom; ex + florescere to begin to blossom, incho., fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos a flower. See Flower.] 1. To blossom forth. Carlyle. 2. (Chem.) To change on the surface, or throughout, to a whitish, mealy, or crystalline powder, from a gradual decomposition, esp. from the loss of water, on simple exposure to the air; as Glauber’s salts, and many others, effloresce. 3. To become covered with a whitish crust or light crystallization, from a slow chemical change between some of the ingredients of the matter covered and an acid proceeding commonly from an external source; as the walls of limestone caverns sometimes effloresce with nitrate of calcium in consequence of the action in consequence of nitric acid formed in the atmosphere.

Ef•flo•res´cence , n. [F. efflorescence.] 1. (Bot.) Flowering, or state of flowering; the blooming of flowers; blowth. 2. (Med.) A redness of the skin; eruption, as in rash, measles, smallpox, scarlatina, etc. 3. (Chem.) (a) The formation of the whitish powder or crust on the surface of efflorescing bodies, as salts, etc. (b) The powder or crust thus formed.

Ef•flo•res´cen•cy , n. The state or quality of being efflorescent; efflorescence.

Ef•flo•res´cent , a. [F. efflorescent, L. efflorescens, -entis, blooming, p. pr. of efflorescere. See Effloresce, v. i.] 1. That effloresces, or is liable to effloresce on exposure; as an efflorescent salt. 2. Covered with an efflorescence.

Ef•flow´er , v. t. [Cf. F. effleurer.] (Leather Making) To remove the epidermis of (a skin) with a concave knife, blunt in its middle part, — as in making chamois leather.

Ef´flu•ence , n. [Cf. F. effluence.] 1. A flowing out, or emanation. 2. That which flows or issues from any body or substance; issue; efflux. “Bright effluence of bright essence increate!” Milton. “And, as if the gloom of the earth and sky had been but the effluence of these two mortal hearts, it vanished with their sorrow.” Hawthorne.

Ef´flu•en•cy , n. Effluence.

Ef´flu•ent , a. [L. effluens, -entis, p. pr. of effluere to flow out; ex + fluere to flow: cf. F. effluent. See Fluent.] Flowing out; as effluent beams. Parnell.

Ef´flu•ent, n. (Geog.) A stream that flows out of another stream or lake.

Ef•flu´vi•a•ble , a. Capable of being given off as an effluvium. ´Effluviable matter.´ Boyle.

Ef•flu´vi•al , a. Belonging to effluvia.

Ef•flu´vi•ate , v. i. To give forth effluvium. [R.] ´An effluviating power.´ Boyle.

Ef•flu´vi•um , n.; pl. Effluvia (#). [L., a flowing out, fr. effluere to flow out. See Effluent, a.] Subtile or invisible emanation; exhalation perceived by the sense of smell; especially, noisome or noxious exhalation; as the effluvium from diseased or putrefying bodies, or from ill drainage.

Ef´flux , n. [See Effluent, Flux.] 1. The act or process of flowing out, or issuing forth; effusion; outflow; as the efflux of matter from an ulcer; the efflux of men’s piety. “It is then that the devout affections … are incessantly in efflux.” I. Taylor. 2. That which flows out; emanation; effluence. “Prime cheerer, light! …
Efflux divine.” Thomson.

Ef•flux´ , v. i. To run out; to flow forth; to pass away. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ef•flux´ion , n. [From Efflux.] 1. The act of flowing out; effusion. 2. That which flows out; effluvium; emanation. “Some light effluxions from spirit to spirit.” Bacon.

Ef•fo´di•ent , a. [L. effodiens, p. pr. of effodere to dig out; ex + fodere to dig.] Digging up.

Ef•force , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Efforced p. pr. & vb. n. Efforcing ] [OF. esforcier (F. s’efforcer to exert one’s self), LL. exforciare; L. ex + fortis strong. See Force.] To force; to constrain; to compel to yield. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ef•form´ , v. t. [Pref. ex- + form.] To form; to shape. [Obs.] “Efforming their words within their lips.” Jer. Taylor.

Ef•for•ma´tion , n. The act of giving shape or form. [Obs.] Ray.

Ef´fort , n. [F. effort, OF. esfort, for esfors, esforz, fr. esforcier. See Efforce.] 1. An exertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental, in performing an act or aiming at an object; more or less strenuous endeavor; struggle directed to the accomplishment of an object; as an effort to scale a wall. “We prize the stronger effort of his power.” Pope. 2. (Mech.) A force acting on a body in the direction of its motion. Rankine. Syn. — Endeavor; exertion; struggle; strain; straining; attempt; trial; essay. See Attempt.

Ef´fort, v. t. To stimulate. [Obs.] ´He efforted his spirits.´ Fuller.

Ef´fort•less, a. Making no effort. Southey.

Ef•fos´sion , n. [L. effossio. See Effodient.] A digging out or up. [R.] ´The effossion of coins.´ Arbuthnot.

Ef•fran´chise , v. t. [Pref. ex- + franchise: cf. OF. esfranchir.] To enfranchise.

Ef•fray´ , v. t. [F. effrayer. See Affray.] To frighten; to scare. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ef•fray´a•ble , a. Frightful. [Obs.] Harvey.

Ef•fre•na´tion , n. [L. effrenatio, fr. effrenare to unbridle; ex + frenum a bridle.] Unbridled license; unruliness. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ef•front´ , v. t. To give assurance to. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ef•front´er•y , n.; pl. Effronteries (#). [F. effronterie, fr. effronte shameless, fr. L. effrons, - ontis, putting forth the forehead, i. e., barefaced, shameless; ex + frons the forehead. See Front.] Impudence or boldness in confronting or in transgressing the bounds of duty or decorum; insulting presumptuousness; shameless boldness; barefaced assurance. “Corruption lost nothing of its effrontery.” Bancroft. Syn. — Impudence; sauciness. See Impudence.

Ef•front´it , a. [F. effronte.] Marked by impudence. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ef•fron´tu•ous•ly ( 135), adv. Impudently. [Obs.] R. North.

Ef•fulge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effulged p. pr. & vb. n. Effulging ] [L. effulgere to shine forth; ex + fulgere to flash, shine. See Fulgent.] To cause to shine with abundance of light; to radiate; to beam. [R.] “His eyes effulging a peculiar fire.” Thomson.

Ef•fulge´, v. i. To shine forth; to beam.

Ef•ful´gence , n. The state of being effulgent; extreme brilliancy; a flood of light; great luster or brightness; splendor. “The effulgence of his glory abides.” Milton. “The bright and the balmy effulgence of morn.” Beattie.

Ef•ful´gent , a. [L. effulgens, -entis, p. pr. of effulgere.] Diffusing a flood of light; shining; luminous; beaming; bright; splendid. ´Effulgent rays of light.´ Cowper.

Ef•ful´gent•ly, adv. In an effulgent manner.

Ef•fu•ma•bil´i•ty , n. The capability of flying off in fumes or vapor. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ef•fume´ , v. t. [L. effumare to emit smoke; ex + fumare to smoke, fr. fumus smoke.] To breathe or puff out. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ef•fund´ , v. t. [L. effundere. See Effuse.] To pour out. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ef•fuse´ , a. [L. effusus, p. p. of effundere to pour out; ex + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] 1. Poured out freely; profuse. [Obs.] “So should our joy be very effuse.” Barrow. 2. Disposed to pour out freely; prodigal. [Obs.] Young. 3. (Bot.) Spreading loosely, especially on one side; as an effuse inflorescence. Loudon. 4. (Zoöl.) Having the lips, or edges, of the aperture abruptly spreading; — said of certain shells.

Ef•fuse´, n. Effusion; loss. ´Much effuse of blood.´ Shak.

Ef•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effused p. pr. & vb. n. Effusing.] To pour out like a stream or freely; to cause to exude; to shed. [R.] “With gushing blood effused.” Milton.

Ef•fuse´, v. i. To emanate; to issue. Thomson.

Ef•fu´sion , n. [L. effusio: cf. F. effusion.] 1. The act of pouring out; as effusion of water, of blood, of grace, of words, and the like. “To save the effusion of my people’s blood.” Dryden. 2. That which is poured out, literally or figuratively. “Wash me with that precious effusion, and I shall be whiter than sow.” Eikon Basilike. “The light effusions of a heedless boy.” Byron. 3. (Pathol.) (a) The escape of a fluid out of its natural vessel, either by rupture of the vessel, or by exudation through its walls. It may pass into the substance of an organ, or issue upon a free surface. (b) The liquid escaping or exuded.

Ef•fu´sive , a. Pouring out; pouring forth freely. ´Washed with the effusive wave.´ Pope. Effusive rocks (Geol.), volcanic rocks, in distinction from so-called intrusive, or plutonic, rocks. — Ef•fu´sive•ly, adv. — Ef•fu´sive•ness, n.

Ef´reet , n. See Afrit.

Eft , n. [AS. efete lizard. See Newt.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European lizard of the genus Seps. (b) A salamander, esp. the European smooth newt (Triton punctatus).

Eft, adv. [AS. eft, aeft, again, back, afterward. See Aft, After.] Again; afterwards; soon; quickly. [Obs.] “I wold never eft comen into the snare.” Spenser. { Eft•soon´ , Eft•soons´ } adv. [OE. eftsone, eftsones; AS. eft + sna soon. See Eft, and Soon.] Again; anew; a second time; at once; speedily. [Archaic] “And, if he fall from his capel [horse] eftsone.” Chaucer. “The champion stout eftsoons dismounted.” Spenser.

E•gad´ , interj. [Euphemistic corruption of the oath, ´by God.´] An exclamation expressing exultation or surprise, etc.

E´gal , a. [F. egal. See Equal.] Equal; impartial. [Obs.] Shak.

E•gal´i•ty , n. [OE. egalite, F. egalite.] Equality. Chaucer. Tennyson.

E•ge´an , a. See AEgean.

E´gence , n. [L. egens, - entis, p. pr. of egere to be needy, suffer want.] The state of needing, or of suffering a natural want. [R.] J. Grote. { E´ger , E´gre }, a. [See Eager.] Sharp; bitter; acid; sour. [Obs.] “The egre words of thy friend.” Chaucer.

E´ger, n. An impetuous flood; a bore. See Eagre.

E•ger´mi•nate , v. i. [From L. egerminare to sprout.] To germinate. [Obs.]

E•gest´ , v. t. [L. egestus, p. p. of egerere to carry out, to discharge; e out + gerere to carry.] (Physiol.) To cast or throw out; to void, as excrement; to excrete, as the indigestible matter of the food; in an extended sense, to excrete by the lungs, skin, or kidneys.

E•ges´ta , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from p. p. of L. egere. See Egest.] (Physiol.) That which is egested or thrown off from the body by the various excretory channels; excrements; — opposed to ingesta.

E•ges´tion , n. [L. egestio.] Act or process of egesting; a voiding. Sir M. Hale.

Egg , n. [OE., fr. Icel. egg; akin to AS. aeg (whence OE. ey), Sw. ägg, Dan. aeg, G. & D. ei, and prob. to OSlav. aje, jaje, L. ovum, Gr. ’w,o•n, Ir. ugh, Gael. ubh, and perh. to L. avis bird. Cf. Oval.] 1. (Popularly) The oval or roundish body laid by domestic poultry and other birds, tortoises, etc. It consists of a yolk, usually surrounded by the ´white´ or albumen, and inclosed in a shell or strong membrane. 2. (Biol.) A simple cell, from the development of which the young of animals are formed; ovum; germ cell. 3. Anything resembling an egg in form. Egg is used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as egg beater or egg- beater, egg case, egg ladle, egg-shaped, etc. Egg and anchor (Arch.), an egg-shaped ornament, alternating with another in the form of a dart, used to enrich the ovolo; — called also egg and dart, and egg and tongue. See Anchor, n., 5. Ogilvie. — Egg cleavage (Biol.), a process of cleavage or segmentation, by which the egg undergoes endogenous division with formation of a mass of nearly similar cells, from the growth and differentiation of which the new organism is ultimately formed. See Segmentation of the ovum, under Segmentation. — Egg development (Biol.), the process of the development of an egg, by which the embryo is formed. — Egg mite (Zoöl.), any mite which devours the eggs of insects, as Nothrus ovivorus, which destroys those of the canker worm. — Egg parasite (Zoöl.), any small hymenopterous insect, which, in the larval stage, lives within the eggs of other insects. Many genera and species are known.

Egg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egged p. pr. & vb. n. Egging ] [OE. eggen, Icel. eggja, fr. egg edge. . See Edge.] To urge on; to instigate; to incite “Adam and Eve he egged to ill.” Piers Plowman. “[She] did egg him on to tell
How fair she was.” Warner.

Eg´gar , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Any bombycid moth of the genera Eriogaster and Lasiocampa; as the oak eggar (L. roboris) of Europe.

Egg´-bird , n. (Zoöl.) A species of tern, esp. the sooty tern (Sterna fuliginosa) of the West Indies. In the Bahama Islands the name is applied to the tropic bird, Phaëthon flavirostris.

Egg´-cup , n. A cup used for holding an egg, at table.

Eg´ge•ment , n. [Egg, v. t. + -ment.] Instigation; incitement. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Egg´er , n. [See Egg, n.] One who gathers eggs; an eggler.

Egg´er, n. [See Egg, v. t.] One who eggs or incites.

Egg´er•y , n. A place where eggs are deposited (as by sea birds) or kept; a nest of eggs. [R.]

Egg´-glass , n. A small sandglass, running about three minutes, for marking time in boiling eggs; also a small glass for holding an egg, at table.

Egg´hot , n. A kind of posset made of eggs, brandy, sugar, and ale. Lamb.

Egg´ler , n. One who gathers, or deals in, eggs.

Egg•nog´ , n. A drink consisting of eggs beaten up with sugar, milk, and (usually) wine or spirits.

Egg´plant , n. (Bot.) A plant (Solanum Melongena), of East Indian origin, allied to the tomato, and bearing a large, smooth, edible fruit, shaped somewhat like an egg; mad-apple.

Egg´-shaped , a. Resembling an egg in form; ovoid.

Egg´shell , n. 1. The shell or exterior covering of an egg. Also used figuratively for anything resembling an eggshell. 2. (Zoöl.) A smooth, white, marine, gastropod shell of the genus Ovulum, resembling an egg in form.

Egg´ squash A variety of squash with small egg-shaped fruit.

E´ghen , n. pl. Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Eg•i•lop´ic•al , a. [See AEgilops.] (Med.) Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with, an aegilops, or tumor in the corner of the eye.

Eg´i•lops , n. See AEgilops. { E•glan´du•lose• ( 135), E•glan´du•lous , } a. [Pref. e- + glandulose, glandulosus.] Destitute of glands.

Eg´lan•tine , n. [F. eglantine, fr. OF. aiglent brier, hip tree, fr. (assumed) LL. acuculentus, fr. a dim. of L. acus needle; cf. F. aiguille needle. Cf. Aglet.] (Bot.) (a) A species of rose (Rosa Eglanteria), with fragrant foliage and flowers of various colors. (b) The sweetbrier (R. rubiginosa). Milton, in the following lines, has applied the name to some twining plant, perhaps the honeysuckle. “Through the sweetbrier, or the vine,
Or the twisted eglantine.” L’Allegro, 47. ´In our early writers and in Gerarde and the herbalists, it was a shrub with white flowers.´ Dr. Prior.

Eg´la•tere , n. Eglantine. [Obs. or R.] [Written also eglantere.] Tennyson.

Eg´ling , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European perch when two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

E•glom´er•ate , v. t. [Pref. e- + glomerate.] To unwind, as a thread from a ball. [R.]

E´go , n. [L., I.] (Met.) The conscious and permanent subject of all psychical experiences, whether held to be directly known or the product of reflective thought; — opposed to non-ego.

E•go´i•cal , a. Pertaining to egoism. [R.]

E´go•ism , n. [F. egoïsme, fr. L. -ego I. See I, and cf. Egotism.] 1. (Philos.) The doctrine of certain extreme adherents or disciples of Descartes and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, which finds all the elements of knowledge in the ego and the relations which it implies or provides for. 2. Excessive love and thought of self; the habit of regarding one’s self as the center of every interest; selfishness; — opposed to altruism.

E´go•ist, n. [F. egoïste. See Egoism.] 1. One given overmuch to egoism or thoughts of self. “I, dullard egoist, taking no special recognition of such nobleness.” Carlyle. 2. (Philos.) A believer in egoism. { E•go•is´tic , E•go•is´tic•al } a. Pertaining to egoism; imbued with egoism or excessive thoughts of self; self-loving. “Ill-natured feeling, or egoistic pleasure in making men miserable.” G. Eliot.

E•go•is´tic•al•ly, adv. In an egoistic manner.

E•go´i•ty , n. Personality. [R.] Swift.

E´go•mism , n. Egoism. [R.] A. Baxter.

E•go•phon´ic , a. Belonging to, or resembling, egophony.

E•goph´o•ny , n. [Gr. , , goat + voice.] (Med.) The sound of a patient’s voice so modified as to resemble the bleating of a goat, heard on applying the ear to the chest in certain diseases within its cavity, as in pleurisy with effusion.

E´go•the•ism , n. [Gr. ’egw• I + qeo•s God.] The deification of self. [R.]

E´go•tism ( 277), n. [L. ego I + ending -tism for -ism, prob. influenced by other English words in -tism fr. the Greek, where t is not part of the ending, as baptism. See Egoism.] The practice of too frequently using the word I; hence, a speaking or writing overmuch of one’s self; self-exaltation; self-praise; the act or practice of magnifying one’s self or parading one’s own doings. The word is also used in the sense of egoism. “His excessive egotism, which filled all objects with himself.” Hazlitt. Syn. — Egotism, Self-conceit, Vanity, Egoism. Self-conceit is an overweening opinion of one’s talents, capacity, attractions, etc.; egotism is the acting out of self-conceit, or self-importance, in words and exterior conduct; vanity is inflation of mind arising from the idea of being thought highly of by others. It shows itself by its eagerness to catch the notice of others. Egoism is a state in which the feelings are concentrated on one’s self. Its expression is egotism.

E´go•tist , n. [L. ego I + ending -tist for -ist. See Egotism, and cf. Egoist.] One addicted to egotism; one who speaks much of himself or magnifies his own achievements or affairs. { E•go•tis´tic , E•go•tis´tic•al } a. Addicted to, or manifesting, egotism. Syn. — Conceited; vain; self-important; opinionated.

E•go•tis´tic•al•ly, adv. With egotism.

E´go•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Egotized p. pr. & vb. n. Egotizing ] [See Egotism.] To talk or write as an egotist. Cowper.

E•gran´u•lose , a. [Pref. e- + granule.] (Bot.) Having no granules, as chlorophyll in certain conditions. R. Brown.

E´gre , a. & n. See Eager, and Eagre. [Obs.]

E•gre´gious ( 277), a. [L. egregius; lit., separated or chosen from the herd, i. e., distinguished, excellent; e out + grex, gregis, herd. See Gregarious.] Surpassing; extraordinary; distinguished (in a bad sense); — formerly used with words importing a good quality, but now joined with words having a bad sense; as an egregious rascal; an egregious ass; an egregious mistake. “The egregious impudence of this fellow.” Bp. Hall. “His [Wyclif’s] egregious labors are not to be neglected.” Milton.

E•gre´gious•ly , adv. Greatly; enormously; shamefully; as egregiously cheated.

E•gre´gious•ness ( 277), n. The state of being egregious.

Eg´re•moin , n. [See Agrimony.] Agrimony (Agrimonia Eupatoria). [Obs.] Chaucer.

E´gress , n. [L. egressus, fr. egredi to go out; e out + gradi to go. See Grade.] 1. The act of going out or leaving, or the power to leave; departure. “Embarred from all egress and regress.” Holland. “Gates of burning adamant,
Barred over us, prohibit all egress.” Milton. 2. (Astron.) The passing off from the sun’s disk of an inferior planet, in a transit.

E•gress´ , v. i. To go out; to depart; to leave.

E•gres´sion , n. [L. egressio.] The act of going; egress. [R.] B. Jonson.

E•gress´or , n. One who goes out. [R.]

E´gret , n. [See Aigret, Heron.] 1. (Zoöl.) The name of several species of herons which bear plumes on the back. They are generally white. Among the best known species are the American egret (Ardea, or Herodias egretta); the great egret (A. alba); the little egret (A. garzetta), of Europe; and the American snowy egret (A. candidissima). “A bunch of egrets killed for their plumage.” G. W. Cable. 2. A plume or tuft of feathers worn as a part of a headdress, or anything imitating such an ornament; an aigrette. 3. (Bot.) The flying feathery or hairy crown of seeds or achenes, as the down of the thistle. 4. (Zoöl.) A kind of ape.

E•grette´ , n. [See Aigrette.] Same as Egret, n., 2.

Eg´ri•mo•ny , [Corrupted fr. agrimony.] (Bot.) The herb agrimony. [Obs.]

Eg´ri•mo•ny, n. [L. aegrimonia.] Sorrow. [Obs.]

E´gri•ot , n. [F. aigrette, griotte, formerly agriote; cf. aigre sour.] A kind of sour cherry. Bacon.

E´gri•tude , n. [L. aegritudo, fr. aeger sick.] Sickness; ailment; sorrow. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

E•gyp´tian , a. [L. Aegyptius, Gr. , fr. (L. Aegyptus) Egypt: cf. F. egyptien. Cf. Gypsy.] Pertaining to Egypt, in Africa. Egyptian bean. (Bot.) (a) The beanlike fruit of an aquatic plant (Nelumbium speciosum), somewhat resembling the water lily. (b) See under Bean, 1. — Egyptian cross. See Illust. (No. 6) of Cross. — Egyptian thorn (Bot.), a medium-sized tree (Acacia vera). It is one of the chief sources of the best gum arabic.

E•gyp´tian, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Egypt; also the Egyptian language. 2. A gypsy. [Obs.] Shak.

E´gypt•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egyptized p. pr. & vb. n. Egyptizing ] To give an Egyptian character or appearance to. Fairbairn. { E•gyp•tol´o•ger , E•gyp•tol´o•gist } n. One skilled in the antiquities of Egypt; a student of Egyptology.

E•gyp•to•log´ic•al , a. Of, pertaining to, or devoted to, Egyptology.

E•gyp•tol´o•gy , n. [Egypt + -logy.] The science or study of Egyptian antiquities, esp. the hieroglyphics.

Eh , interj. [OE. ei, ey.] An expression of inquiry or slight surprise.

Eh´lite , n. [From Ehl near Linz, where it occurs.] (Min.) A mineral of a green color and pearly luster; a hydrous phosphate of copper.

Ei´der , n. [Of Scand. origin, cf. Icel aer; akin to Sw. eider, Dan. ederfugl.] (Zoöl.) Any species of sea duck of the genus Somateria, esp. Somateria mollissima, which breeds in the northern parts of Europe and America, and lines its nest with fine down (taken from its own body) which is an article of commerce; — called also eider duck. The American eider (S. Dresseri), the king eider (S. spectabilis), and the spectacled eider (Arctonetta Fischeri) are related species. Eider down. [Cf. Icel. aeðardun, Sw. eiderdun, Dan. ederduun.] Down of the eider duck, much sought after as an article of luxury.

Ei´do•graph , n. [Gr. form + graph.] An instrument for copying drawings on the same or a different scale; a form of the pantograph.

Ei•do´lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. image. See Idol.] An image or representation; a form; a phantom; an apparition. Sir W. Scott.

Eigh , interj. An exclamation expressing delight.

Eight (at), n. [See Ait.] An island in a river; an ait. [Obs.] ´Osiers on their eights.´ Evelyn.

Eight, a. [AS. eahta; akin to OS. ahto, OFries. achta, D. & G. acht, OHG. ahto, Icel. atta, Sw. åtta, Dan. otte, Goth. ahtau, Lith. aszt&uring;ni, Ir. & Gael. ochd, W. wyth, Armor. eich, eiz, L. octo, Gr. ’oktw•, Skr. ashtan. rad.306. Cf. Octave.] Seven and one; as eight years.

Eight (at), n. 1. The number greater by a unit than seven; eight units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eight units, as 8 or viii.

Eight´een (a´ten•), a. [AS. eahtatyne, eahtatene. See Eight, and Ten, and cf. Eighty.] Eight and ten; as eighteen pounds.

Eight´een, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than seventeen; eighteen units or objects. 2. A symbol denoting eighteen units, as 18 or xviii.

Eight•een´mo , a. & n. See Octodecimo.

Eight´eenth , a. [From Eighteen.] 1. Next in order after the seventeenth. 2. Consisting of one of eighteen equal parts or divisions of a thing.

Eight´eenth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eighteen; one of eighteen equal parts or divisions. 2. The eighth after the tenth.

Eight´e•teth•e , a. [OE., fr. AS. eahtateóða; eahta eight + teóða tenth. Cf. Eighteenth, Tenth.] Eighteenth. [Obs.]

Eight´fold , a. Eight times a quantity.

Eighth (atth), a. [AS. eahtoða.] 1. Next in order after the seventh. 2. Consisting of one of eight equal divisions of a thing. Eighth note (Mus.), the eighth part of a whole note, or semibreve; a quaver.

Eighth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eight; one of eight equal parts; an eighth part. 2. (Mus.) The interval of an octave.

Eighth´ly, adv. As the eighth in order.

Eight´i•eth , a. [From Eighty.] 1. The next in order after seventy-ninth. 2. Consisting of one of eighty equal parts or divisions.

Eight´i•eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by eighty; one of eighty equal parts.

Eight´ling , n. [Eight + - ling.] (Crystallog.) A compound or twin crystal made up of eight individuals.

Eight´score , a. & n. Eight times twenty; a hundred and sixty.

Eight´y , a. [AS. eahtatig, where the ending -tig is akin to English ten; cf. G. achtzig. See Eight, and Ten.] Eight times ten; fourscore.

Eight´y, n. 1. The sum of eight times ten; eighty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eighty units, or ten eight times repeated, as 80 or lxxx.

Eigne , a. [OF. aisne, ainsne, F. aîne, fr. L. ante natus born before. Cf. Esnecy.] 1. (Law) Eldest; firstborn. Blackstone. 2. Entailed; belonging to the eldest son. [Obs.] Bastard eigne, a bastard eldest son whose parents afterwards intermarry.

Eik´ing , n. (Naut.) See Eking.

Ei´kon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. e’ikw•n.] An image or effigy; — used rather in an abstract sense, and rarely for a work of art.

Ei´ko•sane , n. [Gr. e’i•kosi.] (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon, C20H42, of the paraffine series, of artificial production, and also probably occurring in petroleum.

Ei•kos´y•lene , n. [Gr. e’i•kosi twenty + acetylene.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C20H38, of the acetylene series, obtained from brown coal.

Eild , n. [See Eld.] Age. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Eire , n. Air. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ei•re•narch , n. [See Irenarch.] (Gr. Antiq.) A justice of the peace; irenarch.

Ei•ren´ic , a. Pacific. See Irenic.

Ei´rie , n. See Aerie, and Eyrie.

Ei´sel , n. [OF. aisil, aissil, fr. L. acetum. Cf. Acetic.] Vinegar; verjuice. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Eis•tedd´fod (as•teth´vod), n. [W., session, fr. eistedd to sit.] An assembly or session of the Welsh bards; an annual congress of bards, minstrels and literati of Wales, — being a patriotic revival of the old custom.

Ei´ther (e´ther or i´ther; 277), a. & pron. [OE. either, aither, AS. aegðer, aeghwaeðer (akin to OHG. eogiwedar, MHG. iegeweder); a + ge + hwaeðer whether. See Each, and Whether, and cf. Or, conj.] 1. One of two; the one or the other; — properly used of two things, but sometimes of a larger number, for any one. “Lepidus flatters both,
Of both is flattered; but he neither loves,
Nor either cares for him.” Shak. “Scarce a palm of ground could be gotten by either of the three.” Bacon. “There have been three talkers in Great British, either of whom would illustrate what I say about dogmatists.” Holmes. 2. Each of two; the one and the other; both; — formerly, also each of any number. “His flowing hair
In curls on either cheek played.” Milton. “On either side … was there the tree of life.” Rev. xxii. 2. “The extreme right and left of either army never engaged.” Jowett (Thucyd).

Ei´ther, conj. Either precedes two, or more, coördinate words or phrases, and is introductory to an alternative. It is correlative to or. “Either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth.” 1 Kings xviii. 27. “Few writers hesitate to use either in what is called a triple alternative; such as We must either stay where we are, proceed, or recede.” Latham. Either was formerly sometimes used without any correlation, and where we should now use or. “Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear olive berries? either a vine, figs?” James iii. 12.

E•jac´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejaculated p. pr. & vb. n. Ejaculating.] [L. ejaculatus, p. p. of ejaculari to throw out; e out + ejaculari to throw, fr. jaculum javelin, dart, fr. jacere to throw. See Eject.] 1. To throw out suddenly and swiftly, as if a dart; to dart; to eject. [Archaic or Technical] “Its active rays ejaculated thence.” Blackmore. 2. To throw out, as an exclamation; to utter by a brief and sudden impulse; as to ejaculate a prayer.

E•jac´u•late , v. i. To utter ejaculations; to make short and hasty exclamations. [R.] ´Ejaculating to himself.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•jac•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. ejaculation.] 1. The act of throwing or darting out with a sudden force and rapid flight. [Archaic or Technical] ´An ejaculation or irradiation of the eye.´ Bacon. 2. The uttering of a short, sudden exclamation or prayer, or the exclamation or prayer uttered. “In your dressing, let there be jaculations fitted to the several actions of dressing.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Physiol.) The act of ejecting or suddenly throwing, as a fluid from a duct.

E•jac´u•la•tor , n. [NL. See Ejaculate.] (Anat.) A muscle which helps ejaculation.

E•jac´u•la•to•ry , a. 1. Casting or throwing out; fitted to eject; as ejaculatory vessels. 2. Suddenly darted out; uttered in short sentences; as an ejaculatory prayer or petition. 3. Sudden; hasty. [Obs.] ´Ejaculatory repentances, that take us by fits and starts.´ L’Estrange.

E•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Ejecting.] [L. ejectus, p. p. of ejicere; e out + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To expel; to dismiss; to cast forth; to thrust or drive out; to discharge; as to eject a person from a room; to eject a traitor from the country; to eject words from the language. ´Eyes ejecting flame.´ H. Brooke. 2. (Law) To cast out; to evict; to dispossess; as to eject tenants from an estate. Syn. — To expel; banish; drive out; discharge; oust; evict; dislodge; extrude; void.

E•jec´tion , n. [L. ejectio: cf. F. ejection.] 1. The act of ejecting or casting out; discharge; expulsion; evacuation. ´Vast ejection of ashes.´ Eustace. ´The ejection of a word.´ Johnson. 2. (Physiol.) The act or process of discharging anything from the body, particularly the excretions. 3. The state of being ejected or cast out; dispossession; banishment.

E•ject´ment , n. 1. A casting out; a dispossession; an expulsion; ejection; as the ejectment of tenants from their homes. 2. (Law) A species of mixed action, which lies for the recovery of possession of real property, and damages and costs for the wrongful withholding of it. Wharton.

E•ject´or , n. 1. One who, or that which, ejects or dispossesses. 2. (Mech.) A jet jump for lifting water or withdrawing air from a space. Ejector condenser (Steam Engine), a condenser in which the vacuum is maintained by a jet pump.

E´joo (e´joo), n. [Malay iju or hiju.] Gomuti fiber. See Gomuti.

Ej•u•la´tion , n. [L. ejulatio, fr. ejulare to wail, lament.] A wailing; lamentation. [Obs.] ´Ejulation in the pangs of death.´ Philips. { Ek´a•bor• (ek´a•bor•), Ek´a•bo´ron (-bo´ron), } n. [G., fr. Skr. eka one + G. bor, boron, E. boron.] (Chem.) The name given by Mendelejeff in accordance with the periodic law, and by prediction, to a hypothetical element then unknown, but since discovered and named scandium; — so called because it was a missing analogue of the boron group. See Scandium.

Ek•al•u•min´i•um , n. [Skr. eka one + E. aluminium.] (Chem.) The name given to a hypothetical element, — later discovered and called gallium. See Gallium, and cf. Ekabor.

Ek•a•sil´i•con , n. [Skr. eka one + E. silicon.] (Chem.) The name of a hypothetical element predicted and afterwards discovered and named germanium; — so called because it was a missing analogue of the silicon group. See Germanium, and cf. Ekabor.

Eke (ek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eked p. pr. & vb. n. Eking.] [AS. ekan, ykan; akin to OFries, aka, OS. kian, OHG. ouhhon to add, Icel. auka to increase, Sw. öka, Dan. öge, Goth. aukan, L. augere, Skr. jas strength, ugra mighty, and probably to English wax, v. i. Cf. Augment, Nickname.] To increase; to add to; to augment; — now commonly used with out, the notion conveyed being to add to, or piece out by a laborious, inferior, or scanty addition; as to eke out a scanty supply of one kind with some other. ´To eke my pain.´ Spenser. “He eked out by his wits an income of barely fifty pounds.” Macaulay.

Eke, adv. [AS. eác; akin to OFries. ák, OS. k, D. ok, OHG. ouh, G. auch, Icel. auk, Sw. och and, Dan. og, Goth. auk for, but. Prob. from the preceding verb.] In addition; also; likewise. [Obs. or Archaic] “’T will be prodigious hard to prove
That this is eke the throne of love.” Prior. “A trainband captain eke was he
Of famous London town.” Cowper. Eke serves less to unite than to render prominent a subjoined more important sentence or notion. Mätzner.

Eke, n. An addition. [R.] “Clumsy ekes that may well be spared.” Geddes.

Ek´e•berg•ite , n. [From Ekeberg, a German.] (Min.) A variety of scapolite.

Eke´name , n. [See Nickname.] An additional or epithet name; a nickname. [Obs.]

Ek´ing , n. [From Eke, v. t.] (Shipbuilding) (a) A lengthening or filling piece to make good a deficiency in length. (b) The carved work under the quarter piece at the aft part of the quarter gallery. [Written also eiking.]

E´-la , n. Originally, the highest note in the scale of Guido; hence, proverbially, any extravagant saying. ´Why, this is above E-la!´ Beau. & Fl.

E•lab´o•rate , a. [L. elaboratus, p. p. of elaborare to work out; e out + laborare to labor, labor labor. See Labor.] Wrought with labor; finished with great care; studied; executed with exactness or painstaking; as an elaborate discourse; an elaborate performance; elaborate research. “Drawn to the life in each elaborate page.” Waller. Syn. — Labored; complicated; studied; perfected; high- wrought. — E•lab´o•rate•ly, adv. — E•lab´o•rate•ness, n.

E•lab´o•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elaborated p. pr. & vb. n. Elaborating ] 1. To produce with labor “They in full joy elaborate a sigh,” Young. 2. To perfect with painstaking; to improve or refine with labor and study, or by successive operations; as to elaborate a painting or a literary work. “The sap is … still more elaborated and exalted as it circulates through the vessels of the plant.” Arbuthnot.

elaborated adj. developed or executed with care and in minute detail; as the carefully elaborated theme.
Syn. — detailed, elaborate.
[WordNet 1.5]

E•lab•o•ra´tion , n. [L. elaboratio: cf. F. elaboration.] 1. The act or process of producing or refining with labor; improvement by successive operations; refinement. 2. (Physiol.) The natural process of formation or assimilation, performed by the living organs in animals and vegetables, by which a crude substance is changed into something of a higher order; as the elaboration of food into chyme; the elaboration of chyle, or sap, or tissues.

E•lab´o•ra•tive , a. Serving or tending to elaborate; constructing with labor and minute attention to details. Elaborative faculty (Metaph.), the intellectual power of discerning relations and of viewing objects by means of, or in, relations; the discursive faculty; thought.

E•lab´o•ra•tor , n. One who, or that which, elaborates.

E•lab´o•ra•to•ry , a. Tending to elaborate.

E•lab´o•ra•to•ry, n. A laboratory. [Obs.]

E•lae•ag´nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a Bœotian marsh plant; olive + sacred, pure.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or small trees, having the foliage covered with small silvery scales; oleaster.

E•lae´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. olive tree.] (Bot.) A genus of palms. Elaeis Guineensis, the African oil palm, is a tree twenty or thirty feet high, with immense pinnate leaves and large masses of fruit. The berries are rather larger than olives, and when boiled in water yield the orange-red palm oil.

E•lae´o•lite , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of hephelite, usually massive, of greasy luster, and gray to reddish color. Elaeolite syenite, a kind of syenite characterized by the presence of elaeolite.

E•lae•op´tene , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + winged, fleeting.] (Chem.) The more liquid or volatile portion of certain oily substance, as distinguished from stearoptene, the more solid parts. [Written also elaoptene.]

E•la´i•date , n. (Chem.) A salt of elaidic acid.

E•la•id´ic , a. [Cf. F. elaïdique. See Elaine.] Relating to oleic acid, or elaine. Elaidic acid (Chem.), a fatty acid isomeric with oleic acid, and obtained from it by the action of nitrous acid.

E•la´i•din , n. [Cf. F. elaïdine.] (Chem.) A solid isomeric modification of olein. { E•la´ine , or E•la´in }, n. [Gr. olive oil, oil, from the olive tree: cf. F. elaïne.] (Chem.) Same as Olein.

E•lai•od´ic , a. [Gr. olive oil, oil + form.] (Chem.) Derived from castor oil; ricinoleic; as elaiodic acid. [R.]

E•lai•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + -meter.] (Chem.) An apparatus for determining the amount of oil contained in any substance, or for ascertaining the degree of purity of oil.

E´lam•ite , n. A dweller in Flam (or Susiana), an ancient kingdom of Southwestern Asia, afterwards a province of Persia.

E•lamp´ing , a. [See Lamp.] Shining. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

e•lan´ , n. [F., fr. elancer to dart.] Ardor inspired by passion or enthusiasm.

E•lance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elanced p. pr. & vb. n. Elancing ] [F. elancer, OF. eslancier; pref. es- (L. ex) + F. lancer to dart, throw, fr. lance.] To throw as a lance; to hurl; to dart. [R.] “While thy unerring hand elanced … a dart.” Prior.

E´land , n. [D. eland elk, of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. jelen stag, Russ. olene, Lith. elnis; perh. akin to E. elk.] 1. (Zoöl.) A species of large South African antelope (Oreas canna). It is valued both for its hide and flesh, and is rapidly disappearing in the settled districts; — called also Cape elk. 2. (Zoöl.) The elk or moose.

E•la´net , n. (Zoöl.) A kite of the genus Elanus.

E•la´o•lite , n. (Min.) See Elaeolite.

E•la•op´tene , n. (Chem.) See Elaeoptene.

El´a•phine , a. [Gr. stag.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, resembling, or characteristic of, the stag, or Cervus elaphus.

El´a•phure , n. (Zoöl.) A species of deer (Elaphurus Davidianus) found in china. It is about four feet high at the shoulder and has peculiar antlers.

E•lap•i•da´tion , n. [L. elapidatus cleared from stones; e out + lapis stone.] A clearing away of stones. [R.]

El´a•pine , a. [See Elaps.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Elapidae, a family of poisonous serpents, including the cobras. See Ophidia.

E´laps , n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of venomous snakes found both in America and the Old World. Many species are known. See Coral snake, under Coral.

E•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Elapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Elapsing.] [L. elapsus, p. p. of elabi to glide away; e out + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.] To slip or glide away; to pass away silently, as time; — used chiefly in reference to time. “Eight days elapsed; at length a pilgrim came.” Hoole.

E•lap´sion , n. The act of elapsing. [R.]

E•la´que•ate , v. t. [L. elaqueatus, p. p. of elaqueare to unfetter.] To disentangle. [R.]

El•a•sip´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. metal beaten out, metal plate + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of holothurians mostly found in the deep sea. They are remarkable for their bilateral symmetry and curious forms. [Written also Elasmopoda.]

E•las´mo•branch , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Elasmobranchii. — n. One of the Elasmobranchii.

E•las•mo•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Elasmobranchii. — n. One of the Elasmobranchii.

E•las•mo•bran´chi•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a metal plate + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of fishes, comprising the sharks, the rays, and the Chimaera. The skeleton is mainly cartilaginous.

E•las•mo•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a metal plate + a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct, long-necked, marine, cretaceous reptile from Kansas allied to Plesiosaurus.

E•las´tic , a. [Formed fr. Gr. to drive; prob. akin to L. alacer lively, brisk, and E. alacrity: cf. F. elastique.] 1. Springing back; having a power or inherent property of returning to the form from which a substance is bent, drawn, pressed, or twisted; springy; having the power of rebounding; as a bow is elastic; the air is elastic; India rubber is elastic. “Capable of being drawn out by force like a piece of elastic gum, and by its own elasticity returning, when the force is removed, to its former position.” Paley. 2. Able to return quickly to a former state or condition, after being depressed or overtaxed; having power to recover easily from shocks and trials; as elastic spirits; an elastic constitution. Elastic bitumen. (Min.) See Elaterite. — Elastic curve. (a) (Geom.) The curve made by a thin elastic rod fixed horizontally at one end and loaded at the other. (b) (Mech.) The figure assumed by the longitudinal axis of an originally straight bar under any system of bending forces. Rankine. — Elastic fluids, those which have the property of expanding in all directions on the removal of external pressure, as the air, steam, and other gases and vapors. — Elastic limit (Mech.), the limit of distortion, by bending, stretching, etc., that a body can undergo and yet return to its original form when relieved from stress; also the unit force or stress required to produce this distortion. Within the elastic limit the distortion is directly proportional to the stress producing it. — Elastic tissue (Anat.), a variety of connective tissue consisting of a network of slender and very elastic fibers which are but slightly affected by acids or alkalies. — Gum elastic, caoutchouc.

E•las´tic, n. An elastic woven fabric, as a belt, braces or suspenders, etc., made in part of India rubber. [Colloq.]

E•las´tic•al , a. Elastic. [R.] Bentley.

E•las´tic•al•ly, adv. In an elastic manner; by an elastic power; with a spring.

E•las•tic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. elasticite.] 1. The quality of being elastic; the inherent property in bodies by which they recover their former figure or dimensions, after the removal of external pressure or altering force; springiness; tendency to rebound; as the elasticity of caoutchouc; the elasticity of the air. 2. Power of resistance to, or recovery from, depression or overwork. Coefficient of elasticity, the quotient of a stress (of a given kind), by the strain (of a given kind) which it produces; — called also coefficient of resistance. — Surface of elasticity (Geom.), the pedal surface of an ellipsoid (see Pedal); a surface used in explaining the phenomena of double refraction and their relation to the elastic force of the luminous ether in crystalline media.

E•las´tic•ness , n. The quality of being elastic; elasticity.

E•las´tin , n. [Elastic + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, somewhat resembling albumin, which forms the chemical basis of elastic tissue. It is very insoluble in most fluids, but is gradually dissolved when digested with either pepsin or trypsin.

E•late´ , a. [L. elatus elevated, fig., elated, proud (the figure, perh., being borrowed from a prancing horse); e out + latus (used as p. p. of ferre to bear), for tlatus, and akin to E. tolerate. See Tolerate, and cf. Extol.] 1. Lifted up; raised; elevated. “With upper lip elate.” Fenton. “And sovereign law, that State’s collected will,
O’er thrones and globes, elate,
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill.” Sir W. Jones. 2. Having the spirits raised by success, or by hope; flushed or exalted with confidence; elated; exultant. “O, thoughtless mortals! ever blind to fate,
Too soon dejected, and dejected, and too soon elate.” Pope. “Our nineteenth century is wonderfully set up in its own esteem, wonderfully elate at its progress.” Mrs. H. H. Jackson. Syn. — Puffed up; lofty; proud; haughty; exalted; inspirited; transported; delighted; overjoyed.

E•late´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elating.] 1. To raise; to exalt. [R.] “By the potent sun elated high.” Thomson. 2. To exalt the spirit of; to fill with confidence or exultation; to elevate or flush with success; to puff up; to make proud. “Foolishly elated by spiritual pride.” Warburton. “You ought not be elated at the chance mishaps of your enemies.” Jowett (Thucyd. ).

E•lat´ed•ly , adv. With elation.

E•lat´ed•ness, n. The state of being elated.

E•lat´er , n. One who, or that which, elates.

El´a•ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. driver, fr. to drive.] 1. (Bot.) An elastic spiral filament for dispersing the spores, as in some liverworts. 2. (Zoöl.) Any beetle of the family Elateridae, having the habit, when laid on the back, of giving a sudden upward spring, by a quick movement of the articulation between the abdomen and thorax; — called also click beetle, spring beetle, and snapping beetle. 3. (Zoöl.) The caudal spring used by Podura and related insects for leaping. See Collembola.

El´a•ter , n. (Chem.) The active principle of elaterium, being found in the juice of the wild or squirting cucumber (Ecballium agreste, formerly Motordica Elaterium) and other related species. It is extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance, which is a violent purgative.

El´a•ter•ite , n. (Min.) A mineral resin, of a blackish brown color, occurring in soft, flexible masses; — called also mineral caoutchouc, and elastic bitumen.

El•a•te´ri•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , neut. of driving. See 2d Elater.] A cathartic substance obtained, in the form of yellowish or greenish cakes, as the dried residue of the juice of the wild or squirting cucumber (Ecballium agreste, formerly called Momordica Elaterium).

El•a•ter•om´e•ter , n. Same as Elatrometer.

El´a•ter•y , n. [See 2d Elater.] Acting force; elasticity. [Obs.] Ray.

E•la´tion , n. [L. elatio. See Elate.] A lifting up by success; exaltation; inriation with pride of prosperity. ´Felt the elation of triumph.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•la´tive , a. (Gram.) Raised; lifted up; — a term applied to what is also called the absolute superlative, denoting a high or intense degree of a quality, but not excluding the idea that an equal degree may exist in other cases.

El•a•trom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a driver + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the degree of rarefaction of air contained in the receiver of an air pump. [Spelt also elaterometer.]

E•la´yl , n. [Gr. olive oil, oil + yl.] (Chem.) Olefiant gas or ethylene; — so called by Berzelius from its forming an oil combining with chlorine. [Written also elayle.] See Ethylene.

El´bow , n. [AS. elboga, elnboga (akin to D. elleboga, OHG. elinbogo, G. ellbogen, ellenbogen, Icel. lnbogi; prop.; arm-bend); eln ell (orig., forearm) + boga a bending. See 1st Ell, and 4th Bow.] 1. The joint or bend of the arm; the outer curve in the middle of the arm when bent. “Her arms to the elbows naked.” R. of Gloucester. 2. Any turn or bend like that of the elbow, in a wall, building, and the like; a sudden turn in a line of coast or course of a river; also an angular or jointed part of any structure, as the raised arm of a chair or sofa, or a short pipe fitting, turning at an angle or bent. 3. (Arch.) A sharp angle in any surface of wainscoting or other woodwork; the upright sides which flank any paneled work, as the sides of windows, where the jamb makes an elbow with the window back. Gwilt. Elbow is used adjectively or as part of a compound, to denote something shaped like, or acting like, an elbow; as elbow joint; elbow tongs or elbow-tongs; elbowroom, elbow-room, or elbow room. At the elbow, very near; at hand. — Elbow grease, energetic application of force in manual labor. [Low] — Elbow in the hawse (Naut.), the twisting together of two cables by which a vessel rides at anchor, caused by swinging completely round once. Totten. — Elbow scissors (Surg.), scissors bent in the blade or shank for convenience in cutting. Knight. — Out at elbow, with coat worn through at the elbows; shabby; in needy circumstances.

El´bow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elbowed p. pr. & vb. n. Elbowing.] To push or hit with the elbow, as when one pushes by another. “They [the Dutch] would elbow our own aldermen off the Royal Exchange.” Macaulay. To elbow one’s way, to force one’s way by pushing with the elbows; as to elbow one’s way through a crowd.

El´bow , v. i. 1. To jut into an angle; to project or to bend after the manner of an elbow. 2. To push rudely along; to elbow one’s way. ´Purseproud, elbowing Insolence.´ Grainger.

El´bow•board , n. The base of a window casing, on which the elbows may rest.

El´bow•chair , n. A chair with arms to support the elbows; an armchair. Addison.

El´bow•room , n. Room to extend the elbows on each side; ample room for motion or action; free scope. ´My soul hath elbowroom.´ Shak. “Then came a stretch of grass and a little more elbowroom.” W. G. Norris.

El•ca´ja , n. [Ar.] (Bot.) An Arabian tree (Trichilia emetica). The fruit, which is emetic, is sometimes employed in the composition of an ointment for the cure of the itch.

El•ce´sa•ite , n. [From Elcesai, the leader of the sect.] (Eccl.) One of a sect of Asiatic Gnostics of the time of the Emperor Trajan.

Eld , a. [AS. eald.] Old. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Eld, n. [AS. yldu, yldo, eldo, old age, fr. ald, eald, old. See Old.] 1. Age; esp., old age. [Obs. or Archaic] “As sooth is said, eelde hath great avantage.” Chaucer. “Great Nature, ever young, yet full of eld.” Spenser. 2. Old times; former days; antiquity. [Poetic] “Astrologers and men of eld.” Longfellow.

Eld, v. i. To age; to grow old. [Obs.]

Eld, v. t. To make old or ancient. [Obs.] “Time, that eldeth all things.” Rom. of R.

Eld´er , a. [AS. yldra, compar. of eald old. See Old.] 1. Older; more aged, or existing longer. “Let the elder men among us emulate their own earlier deeds.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. Born before another; prior in years; senior; earlier; older; as his elder brother died in infancy; — opposed to younger, and now commonly applied to a son, daughter, child, brother, etc. “The elder shall serve the younger.” Gen. xxv. 23. “But ask of elder days, earth’s vernal hour.” Keble. Elder hand (Card Playing), the hand playing, or having the right to play, first. Hoyle.

Eld´er, n. [AS. ealdor an elder, prince, fr. eald old. See Old, and cf. Elder, a., Alderman.] 1. One who is older; a superior in age; a senior. 1 Tim. v. 1. 2. An aged person; one who lived at an earlier period; a predecessor. “Carry your head as your elders have done.” L’Estrange. 3. A person who, on account of his age, occupies the office of ruler or judge; hence, a person occupying any office appropriate to such as have the experience and dignity which age confers; as the elders of Israel; the elders of the synagogue; the elders in the apostolic church. In the modern Presbyterian churches, elders are lay officers who, with the minister, compose the church session, with authority to inspect and regulate matters of religion and discipline. In some churches, pastors or clergymen are called elders, or presbyters. 4. (M. E. Ch.) A clergyman authorized to administer all the sacraments; as a traveling elder. Presiding elder (Meth. Ch.), an elder commissioned by a bishop to have the oversight of the churches and preachers in a certain district. — Ruling elder, a lay presbyter or member of a Presbyterian church session. Schaff.

El´der , n. [OE. ellern, eller, AS. ellen, cf. LG. elloorn; perh. akin to OHG. holantar, holuntar, G. holunder; or perh. to E. alder, n.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs (Sambucus) having broad umbels of white flowers, and small black or red berries. The common North American species is Sambucus Canadensis; the common European species (S. nigra) forms a small tree. The red-berried elder is S. pubens. The berries are diaphoretic and aperient. Box elder. See under 1st Box. — Dwarf elder. See Danewort. — Elder tree. (Bot.) Same as Elder. Shak. — Marsh elder, the cranberry tree Viburnum Opulus).

Eld´er•ish , a. Somewhat old; elderly. [R.]

Eld´er•ly, a. Somewhat old; advanced beyond middle age; bordering on old age; as elderly people.

El´dern , a. Made of elder. [Obs.] “He would discharge us as boys do eldern guns.” Marston.

Eld´er•ship , n. 1. The state of being older; seniority. ´Paternity an eldership.´ Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Office of an elder; collectively, a body of elders.

El´der•wort , n. (Bot.) Danewort.

Eld´est , a. [AS. yldest, superl. of eald old. See Elder, a.] 1. Oldest; longest in duration. Shak. 2. Born or living first, or before the others, as a son, daughter, brother, etc.; first in origin. See Elder. ´My lady’s eldest son.´ Shak. “Their eldest historians are of suspected credit.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Eldest hand (Card Playing), the player on the dealer’s left hand. R. A. Proctor.

El´ding , n. [Icel. elding, fr. elda to kindle, eldr fire; akin to AS. aeld fire, aelan to burn.] Fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

El• Do•ra´do , pl. El Doradoes . [Sp., lit., the gilt (sc. land); el the + dorado gilt, p. p. of dorare to gild. Cf. Dorado.] 1. A name given by the Spaniards in the 16th century to an imaginary country in the interior of South America, reputed to abound in gold and precious stones. 2. Any region of fabulous wealth; exceeding richness. “The whole comedy is a sort of El Dorado of wit.” T. Moore.

El´dritch , a. Hideous; ghastly; as an eldritch shriek or laugh. [Local, Eng.]

E•le•at´ic , a. [L. eleaticus, from Elea (or Velia) in Italy.] Of or pertaining to a certain school of Greek philosophers who taught that the only certain science is that which owes nothing to the senses, and all to the reason. — n. A philosopher of the Eleatic school.

E•le•at´i•cism , n. The Eleatic doctrine.

El•e•cam•pane´ , n. [F. enulecampane, NL. inula campana; L. inula elecampane + LL. campana a bell; cf. G. glockenwurz, i. e., ´bellwort.´] 1. (Bot.) A large, coarse herb (Inula Helenium), with composite yellow flowers. The root, which has a pungent taste, is used as a tonic, and was formerly of much repute as a stomachic. 2. A sweetmeat made from the root of the plant.

E•lect´ , a. [L. electus, p. p. of eligere to elect; e out + legere to choose. See Legend, and cf. Elite, Eclectic.] 1. Chosen; taken by preference from among two or more. ´Colors quaint elect.´ Spenser. 2. (Theol.) Chosen as the object of mercy or divine favor; set apart to eternal life. ´The elect angels.´ 1 Tim. v. 21. 3. Chosen to an office, but not yet actually inducted into it; as bishop elect; governor or mayor elect.

E•lect´, n. 1. One chosen or set apart. “Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth.” Is. xlii. 1. 2. pl. (Theol.) Those who are chosen for salvation. “Shall not God avenge his won elect?” Luke xviii. 7.

E•lect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elected; p. pr. & vb. n. Electing.] 1. To pick out; to select; to choose. “The deputy elected by the Lord.” Shak. 2. To select or take for an office; to select by vote; as to elect a representative, a president, or a governor. 3. (Theol.) To designate, choose, or select, as an object of mercy or favor. Syn. — To choose; prefer; select. See Choose.

E•lect´ant , n. [L. electans, p. pr. of electare.] One who has the power of choosing; an elector. [R.]

E•lec´ta•ry , n. (Med.) See Electuary.

E•lec´tic , a. See Eclectic.

E•lec´ti•cism , n. See Eclecticism.

E•lec´tion , n. [F. election, L. electio, fr. eligere to choose out. See Elect, a.] 1. The act of choosing; choice; selection. 2. The act of choosing a person to fill an office, or to membership in a society, as by ballot, uplifted hands, or viva voce; as the election of a president or a mayor. “Corruption in elections is the great enemy of freedom.” J. Adams. 3. Power of choosing; free will; liberty to choose or act. ´By his own election led to ill.´ Daniel. 4. Discriminating choice; discernment. [Obs.] “To use men with much difference and election is good.” Bacon. 5. (Theol.) Divine choice; predestination of individuals as objects of mercy and salvation; — one of the ´five points´ of Calvinism. “There is a remnant according to the election of grace.” Rom. xi. 5. 6. (Law) The choice, made by a party, of two alternatives, by taking one of which, the chooser is excluded from the other. 7. Those who are elected. [Obs.] “The election hath obtained it.” Rom. xi. 7. To contest an election. See under Contest. — To make one’s election, to choose. “He has made his election to walk, in the main, in the old paths.” Fitzed. Hall.

E•lec•tion•eer´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Electionered p. pr. & vb. n. Electioneering.] To make interest for a candidate at an election; to use arts for securing the election of a candidate. “A master of the whole art of electioneering.” Macaulay.

E•lec•tion•eer´er , n. One who electioneers.

E•lect´ive , a. [Cf. F. electif.] 1. Exerting the power of choice; selecting; as an elective act. 2. Pertaining to, or consisting in, choice, or right of choosing; electoral. “The independent use of their elective franchise.” Bancroft. 3. Dependent on choice; bestowed or passing by election; as an elective study; an elective office. “Kings of Rome were at first elective; … for such are the conditions of an elective kingdom.” Dryden. Elective affinity or attraction (Chem.), a tendency to unite with certain things; chemism.

E•lect´ive, n. In an American college, an optional study or course of study. [Colloq.]

E•lect´ive•ly, adv. In an elective manner; by choice.

E•lect´or , n. [L., fr. eligere: cf. F. electeur.] 1. One who elects, or has the right of choice; a person who is entitled to take part in an election, or to give his vote in favor of a candidate for office. 2. Hence, specifically, in any country, a person legally qualified to vote. 3. In the old German empire, one of the princes entitled to choose the emperor. 4. One of the persons chosen, by vote of the people in the United States, to elect the President and Vice President.

E•lect´or , a. [Cf. F. electoral.] Pertaining to an election or to electors. “In favor of the electoral and other princes.” Burke. Electoral college, the body of princes formerly entitled to elect the Emperor of Germany; also a name sometimes given, in the United States, to the body of electors chosen by the people to elect the President and Vice President.

E•lect•or•al´i•ty , n. The territory or dignity of an elector; electorate. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

E•lect´or•ate , n. [Cf. F. electorat.] 1. The territory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an elector, as in the old German empire. 2. The whole body of persons in a nation or state who are entitled to vote in an election, or any distinct class or division of them. “The middle-class electorate of Great Britain.” M. Arnold.

E•lect´or•ess , n. [Fem. of Elector.] An electress. Bp. Burnet.

E•lec•to´ri•al , a. Electoral. Burke.

E•lect´or•ship , n. The office or status of an elector. { E•lec´tre , E•lec´ter } , n. [L. electrum: cf. F. electre mixture of gold and silver. See Electrum.] 1. Amber. See Electrum. [Obs.] 2. A metallic substance compounded of gold and silver; an alloy. [Obs.] Wyclif.

E•lec•trep´e•ter (e•lek•trep´e•ter), n. [Electro + Gr. tre•pein to turn.] An instrument used to change the direction of electric currents; a commutator. [R.]

E•lect´ress (e•lek´tres), n. [Cf. F. electrice. Cf. Electoress.] The wife or widow of an elector in the old German empire. Burke. { E•lec´tric (e•lek´trik), E•lec´tric•al (-tri•kal), } a. [L. electrum amber, a mixed metal, Gr. ’h•lektron; akin to ’hle•ktwr the beaming sun, cf. Skr. arc to beam, shine: cf. F. electrique. The name came from the production of electricity by the friction of amber.] 1. Pertaining to electricity; consisting of, containing, derived from, or produced by, electricity; as electric power or virtue; an electric jar; electric effects; an electric spark. 2. Capable of occasioning the phenomena of electricity; as an electric or electrical machine or substance. 3. Electrifying; thrilling; magnetic. ´Electric Pindar.´ Mrs. Browning. Electric atmosphere, or Electric aura. See under Aura. — Electrical battery. See Battery. — Electrical brush. See under Brush. — Electric cable. See Telegraph cable, under Telegraph. — Electric candle. See under Candle. — Electric cat (Zoöl.), one of three or more large species of African catfish of the genus Malapterurus (esp. M. electricus of the Nile). They have a large electrical organ and are able to give powerful shocks; — called also sheathfish. — Electric clock. See under Clock, and see Electro-chronograph. — Electric current, a current or stream of electricity traversing a closed circuit formed of conducting substances, or passing by means of conductors from one body to another which is in a different electrical state. — Electric, or Electrical, eel, (Zoöl.), a South American eel-like fresh-water fish of the genus Gymnotus (G. electricus), from two to five feet in length, capable of giving a violent electric shock. See Gymnotus. — Electrical fish (Zoöl.), any fish which has an electrical organ by means of which it can give an electrical shock. The best known kinds are the torpedo, the gymnotus, or electrical eel, and the electric cat. See Torpedo, and Gymnotus. — Electric fluid, the supposed matter of electricity; lightning. — Electrical image (Elec.), a collection of electrical points regarded as forming, by an analogy with optical phenomena, an image of certain other electrical points, and used in the solution of electrical problems. Sir W. Thomson. — Electrical light, the light produced by a current of electricity which in passing through a resisting medium heats it to incandescence or burns it. See under Carbon. — Electric, or Electrical, machine, an apparatus for generating, collecting, or exciting, electricity, as by friction. — Electric motor. See Electro-motor, 2. — Electric osmose. (Physics) See under Osmose. — Electric pen, a hand pen for making perforated stencils for multiplying writings. It has a puncturing needle driven at great speed by a very small magneto-electric engine on the penhandle. — Electric railway, a railway in which the machinery for moving the cars is driven by an electric current. — Electric ray (Zoöl.), the torpedo. — Electric telegraph. See Telegraph.

E•lec´tric , n. (Physics) A nonconductor of electricity, as amber, glass, resin, etc., employed to excite or accumulate electricity.

E•lec´tric•al•ly , adv. In the manner of electricity, or by means of it; thrillingly.

E•lec´tric•al•ness, a. The state or quality of being electrical.

E•lec•tri´cian (e•lek•trish´an), n. An investigator of electricity; one versed in the science of electricity.

E•lec•tric´i•ty (-tris´i•ty), n.; pl. Electricities (- tiz). [Cf. F. electricite. See Electric.] 1. A power in nature, a manifestation of energy, exhibiting itself when in disturbed equilibrium or in activity by a circuit movement, the fact of direction in which involves polarity, or opposition of properties in opposite directions; also by attraction for many substances, by a law involving attraction between surfaces of unlike polarity, and repulsion between those of like; by exhibiting accumulated polar tension when the circuit is broken; and by producing heat, light, concussion, and often chemical changes when the circuit passes between the poles or through any imperfectly conducting substance or space. It is generally brought into action by any disturbance of molecular equilibrium, whether from a chemical, physical, or mechanical, cause.
[1913 Webster] Electricity is manifested under following different forms: (a) Statical electricity, called also Frictional or Common, electricity, electricity in the condition of a stationary charge, which may be produced by friction, as of glass, amber, etc., or by induction. (b) Dynamical electricity, called also Voltaic electricity, electricity in motion, or as a current produced by chemical decomposition, as by means of a voltaic battery, or by mechanical action, as by dynamo-electric machines. (c) Thermoelectricity, in which the disturbing cause is heat (attended possibly with some chemical action). It is developed by uniting two pieces of unlike metals in a bar, and then heating the bar unequally. (d) Atmospheric electricity, any condition of electrical disturbance in the atmosphere or clouds, due to some or all of the above mentioned causes. (e) Magnetic electricity, electricity developed by the action of magnets. (f) Positive electricity, the electricity that appears at the positive pole or anode of a battery, or that is produced by friction of glass; — called also vitreous electricity. (g) Negative electricity, the electricity that appears at the negative pole or cathode, or is produced by the friction of resinous substance; — called also resinous electricity. (h) Organic electricity, that which is developed in organic structures, either animal or vegetable, the phrase animal electricity being much more common. 2. The science which unfolds the phenomena and laws of electricity; electrical science. 3. Fig.: Electrifying energy or characteristic.
[1913 Webster]

E•lec´tri•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of receiving electricity, or of being charged with it.

E•lec•tri•fi•ca´tion , n. (Physics) The act of electrifying, or the state of being charged with electricity.

E•lec´tri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrified p. pr. & vb. n. Electrifying.] [Electric + -fy.] 1. To communicate electricity to; to charge with electricity; as to electrify a jar. 2. To cause electricity to pass through; to affect by electricity; to give an electric shock to; as to electrify a limb, or the body. 3. To excite suddenly and violently, esp. by something highly delightful or inspiriting; to thrill; as this patriotic sentiment electrified the audience. “If the sovereign were now to immure a subject in defiance of the writ of habeas corpus … the whole nation would be instantly electrified by the news.” Macaulay. “Try whether she could electrify Mr. Grandcourt by mentioning it to him at table.” G. Eliot.

E•lec´tri•fy, v. i. To become electric.

E•lec´trine , a. [L. electrinus of amber. See Electric.] 1. Belonging to, or made of, amber. 2. Made of electrum, an alloy used by the ancients.

E•lec•tri´tion , n. (Physiol.) The recognition by an animal body of the electrical condition of external objects.

E•lec•tri•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. electrisation.] The act of electrizing; electrification.

E•lec´trize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrized p. pr. & vb. n. Electrizing ] [Cf. F. electriser.] To electricity. Eng. Cyc.

E•lec´tri•zer , n. One who, or that which, electrizes.

E•lec´tro- [L. electrum amber. See Electric.] A prefix or combining form signifying pertaining to electricity, produced by electricity, producing or employing electricity, etc.; as electro-negative; electro-dynamic; electro- magnet.

E•lec´tro, n. An electrotype.

E•lec•tro-bal•lis´tic , a. Pertaining to electro-ballistics.

E•lec•tro-bal•lis´tics , n. The art or science of measuring the force or velocity of projectiles by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-bi•ol´o•gist , n. (Biol.) One versed in electro-biology.

E•lec•tro-bi•ol´o•gy , n. (Biol.) 1. That branch of biology which treats of the electrical phenomena of living organisms. 2. That phase of mesmerism or animal magnetism, the phenomena of which are supposed to be produced by a form of electricity.

E•lec•tro-bi•os´co•py , n. [Electro- + Gr. life + -scopy.] (Biol.) A method of determining the presence or absence of life in an animal organism with a current of electricity, by noting the presence or absence of muscular contraction.

E•lec•tro-cap•il•lar´i•ty , n. (Physics) The occurrence or production of certain capillary effects by the action of an electrical current or charge.

E•lec•tro-cap´il•la•ry , a. (Physics) Pert. to, or caused by, electro- capillarity.

E•lec•tro-chem´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to electro-chemistry. Ure.

E•lec•tro-chem´is•try , n. That branch of science which treats of the relation of electricity to chemical changes.

E•lec•tro-chron´o•graph , n. (Astron. Physics) An instrument for obtaining an accurate record of the time at which any observed phenomenon occurs, or of its duration. It has an electro-magnetic register connected with a clock. See Chronograph.

E•lec•tro-chron•o•graph´ic , a. Belonging to the electro-chronograph, or recorded by the aid of it.

E•lec´tro•cute , v. t. [Electro- + cute in execute.] To execute or put to death by electricity. — E•lec•tro•cu´tion, n. [Recent; Newspaper words]

E•lec´trode (e•lek´trod), n. [Electro- + Gr. ´odo•s way, path: cf. F. electrode.] (Elec.) The path by which electricity is conveyed into or from a solution or other conducting medium; esp., the ends of the wires or conductors, leading from source of electricity, and terminating in the medium traversed by the current. { E•lec•tro-dy•nam´ic , E•lec•tro- dy•nam´ic•al } a. (Physics) Pertaining to the movements or force of electric or galvanic currents; dependent on electric force.

E•lec•tro-dy•nam´ics , n. 1. The phenomena of electricity in motion. 2. The branch of science which treats of the properties of electric currents; dynamical electricity.

E•lec•tro-dy•na•mom´e•ter , n. An instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic currents.

E•lec•tro-en•grav´ing , n. The art or process of engraving by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-etch´ing , n. A mode of etching upon metals by electrolytic action.

E•lec•tro•gen´e•sis , n. [Electro- + genesis.] (Physiol.) Same as Electrogeny.

E•lec•tro•gen´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to electrogenesis; as an electrogenic condition.

E•lec•trog´e•ny , n. [Electro- + Gr. to produce.] (Physiol.) A term sometimes applied to the effects (tetanus) produced in the muscles of the limbs, when a current of electricity is passed along the spinal cord or nerves.

E•lec•tro-gild´ing , n. The art or process of gilding copper, iron, etc., by means of voltaic electricity.

E•lec´tro-gilt , a. Gilded by means of voltaic electricity.

E•lec´tro•graph , n. [Electro- + -graph.] A mark, record, or tracing, made by the action of electricity.

E•lec•tro-ki•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to electro-kinetics.

E•lec•tro-ki•net´ics , n. That branch of electrical science which treats of electricity in motion.

E•lec•tro•lier´ , n. [Formed from electric in imitation of chandelier.] A branching frame, often of ornamental design, to support electric illuminating lamps.

E•lec•trol´o•gy , n. [Electro- + -logy.] That branch of physical science which treats of the phenomena of electricity and its properties.

E•lec•trol´y•sis , n. [Electro- + Gr. a loosing, dissolving, fr. to loose, dissolve.] (Physics & Chem.) The act or process of chemical decomposition, by the action of electricity; as the electrolysis of silver or nickel for plating; the electrolysis of water.

E•lec´tro•lyte , n. [Electro- + Gr. a dissoluble: cf. F. electrolyte.] (Physics & Chem.) A compound decomposable, or subjected to decomposition, by an electric current. { E•lec•tro•lyt´ic , E•lec•tro•lyt´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. electrolytique.] Pertaining to electrolysis; as electrolytic action. — E•lec•tro•lyt´ic•al•ly, adv.

E•lec´tro•ly•za•ble , a. Capable of being electrolyzed, or decomposed by electricity.

E•lec•tro•ly•za´tion , n. The act or the process of electrolyzing.

E•lec´tro•lyze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrolyzed p. pr. & vb. n. Electrolyzing ] [Cf. F. electrolyser. See Electrolysis.] To decompose by the direct action of electricity. Faraday.

E•lec•tro-mag´net , n. A mass, usually of soft iron, but sometimes of some other magnetic metal, as nickel or cobalt, rendered temporarily magnetic by being placed within a coil of wire through which a current of electricity is passing. The metal is generally in the form of a bar, either straight, or bent into the shape of a horseshoe.

E•lec•tro-mag•net´ic , a. Of, Pertaining to, or produced by, magnetism which is developed by the passage of an electric current. Electro-magnetic engine, an engine in which the motive force is electro-magnetism. — Electro- magnetic theory of light (Physics), a theory of light which makes it consist in the rapid alternation of transient electric currents moving transversely to the direction of the ray.

E•lec•tro-mag´net•ism , n. The magnetism developed by a current of electricity; the science which treats of the development of magnetism by means of voltaic electricity, and of the properties or actions of the currents evolved.

E•lec•tro-met´al•lur•gy , n. The act or art precipitating a metal electro-chemical action, by which a coating is deposited, on a prepared surface, as in electroplating and electrotyping; galvanoplasty.

E•lec•trom´e•ter , n. [Electro- + -meter: cf. F. electromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the quantity or intensity of electricity; also sometimes, and less properly, applied to an instrument which indicates the presence of electricity (usually called an electroscope). Balance electrometer. See under Balance. { E•lec•tro-met´ric , E•lec•tro-met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. electrometrique.] Pertaining to electrometry; made by means of an electrometer; as an electrometrical experiment.

E•lec•trom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. electrometrie.] (Physics) The art or process of making electrical measurements.

E•lec•tro-mo´tion , n. The motion of electricity or its passage from one metal to another in a voltaic circuit; mechanical action produced by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-mo´tive , a. Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects. Electro-motive force (Physics), the force which produces, or tends to produce, electricity, or an electric current; sometimes used to express the degree of electrification as equivalent to potential, or more properly difference of potential.

E•lec•tro•mo´tor , n. [Cf. F. electromoteur.] 1. (Physics) A mover or exciter of electricity; as apparatus for generating a current of electricity. 2. (Mech.) An apparatus or machine for producing motion and mechanical effects by the action of electricity; an electro-magnetic engine.

E•lec•tro-mus´cu•lar , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining the reaction (contraction) of the muscles under electricity, or their sensibility to it.

E•lec´tron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’h•lektron. See Electric.] Amber; also the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.

E•lec•tro-neg´a•tive , a. (Chem. & Physics) (a) Having the property of being attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis, by the law that opposite electricities attract each other. (b) Negative; nonmetallic; acid; — opposed to positive, metallic, or basic.

E•lec•tro-neg´a•tive, n. (Chem. & Physics) A body which passes to the positive pole in electrolysis.

E•lec•trop´a•thy , n. [Electro- + Gr. pa•qos suffering.] (Med.) The treatment of disease by electricity.

E•lec´tro•phone , n. [Electro- + Gr. fwnh• sound.] (Physics) An instrument for producing sound by means of electric currents.

E•lec•troph´o•rus , n.; pl. Electrophori (#). [NL., fr. combining form electro- + Gr. fe•rein to bear.] (Physics) An instrument for exciting electricity, and repeating the charge indefinitely by induction, consisting of a flat cake of resin, shellac, or ebonite, upon which is placed a plate of metal.

E•lec•tro-phys•i•o•log´ic•al , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to electrical results produced through physiological agencies, or by change of action in a living organism.

E•lec•tro-phys•i•ol´o•gy , n. (Physiol.) That branch of physiology which treats of electric phenomena produced through physiological agencies.

E•lec´tro•plate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electroplating.] (Mech.) To plate or cover with a coating of metal, usually silver, nickel, or gold, by means of electrolysis.

E•lec´tro•pla•ter , n. One who electroplates.

E•lec´tro•pla•ting , n. The art or process of depositing a coating (commonly) of silver, gold, or nickel on an inferior metal, by means of electricity.

E•lec•tro-po´lar , a. (Physics) Possessing electrical polarity; positively electrified at one end, or on one surface, and negatively at the other; — said of a conductor.

E•lec•tro-pos´i•tive , a. 1. (Physics) Of such a nature relatively to some other associated body or bodies, as to tend to the negative pole of a voltaic battery, in electrolysis, while the associated body tends to the positive pole; — the converse or correlative of electro-negative. An element that is electro-positive in one compound may be electro-negative in another, and vice versa. 2. (Chem.) Hence: Positive; metallic; basic; — distinguished from negative, nonmetallic, or acid.

E•lec•tro-pos´i•tive, n. (Chem. & Physics) A body which passes to the negative pole in electrolysis. { E•lec•tro-punc•tu•ra´tion , E•lec•tro- punc•tur•ing ( 135) }, n. (Med.) See Electropuncture.

E•lec•tro-punc•ture ( 135), n. (Med.) An operation that consists in inserting needless in the part affected, and connecting them with the poles of a galvanic apparatus.

E•lec´tro•scope , n. [Electro- + -scope: cf. F. electroscope.] (Physics) An instrument for detecting the presence of electricity, or changes in the electric state of bodies, or the species of electricity present, as by means of pith balls, and the like. Condensing electroscope (Physics), a form of electroscope in which an increase of sensibility is obtained by the use of a condenser.

E•lec•tro•scop´ic , a. Relating to, or made by means of, the electroscope.

E•lec•tro•stat´ic , a. Pertaining to electrostatics.

E•lec•tro•stat´ics , n. (Physics) That branch of science which treats of statical electricity or electric force in a state of rest.

E•lec•tro-ste´re•o•type , n. Same as Electrotype.

E•lec•tro-tel•e•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to the electric telegraph, or by means of it.

E•lec•tro-te•leg´ra•phy , n. The art or science of constructing or using the electric telegraph; the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph.

E•lec•tro-ther•a•peu´tics , n. (Med.) The branch of medical science which treats of the applications agent.

E•lec•tro-ther´man•cy , n. That branch of electrical science which treats of the effect of an electric current upon the temperature of a conductor, or a part of a circuit composed of two different metals.

E•lec´tro-tint , n. (Fine Arts) A style of engraving in relief by means of voltaic electricity. A picture is drawn on a metallic plate with some material which resists the fluids of a battery; so that, in electro- typing, the parts not covered by the varnish, etc., receive a deposition of metal, and produce the required copy in intaglio. A cast of this is then the plate for printing.

E•lec•tro•ton´ic , a. 1. (Physics) Of or pertaining to electrical tension; — said of a supposed peculiar condition of a conducting circuit during its exposure to the action of another conducting circuit traversed by a uniform electric current when both circuits remain stationary. Faraday. 2. (Physiol.) Relating to electrotonus; as the electrotonic condition of a nerve.

E•lec•trot´o•nize , v. t. (Physiol.) To cause or produce electrotonus.

E•lec•trot´o•nous , a. Electrotonic.

E•lec•trot´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. combining form electro- + Gr. tension.] (Physiol.) The modified condition of a nerve, when a constant current of electricity passes through any part of it. See Anelectrotonus, and Catelectrotonus.

E•lec´tro•type , n. [Electro- + -type.] A facsimile plate made by electrotypy for use in printing; also an impression or print from such plate. Also used adjectively. The face of an electrotype consists of a shell of copper, silver, or the like, produced by the action of an electrical current upon a plate of metal and a wax mold suspended in an acid bath and connected with opposite poles of the battery. It is backed up with a solid filling of type metal.

E•lec´tro•type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrotyped p. pr. & vb. n. Electrotyping ] To make facsimile plates of by the electrotype process; as to electrotype a page of type, a book, etc. See Electrotype, n.

E•lec´tro•ty•per , n. One who electrotypes.

E•lec•tro•typ´ic , a. Pertaining to, or effected by means of, electrotypy.

E•lec´tro•ty•ping , n. The act or the process of making electrotypes.

E•lec´tro•ty•py , n. The process of producing electrotype plates. See Note under Electrotype, n.

E•lec•tro-vi´tal , a. Derived from, or dependent upon, vital processes; — said of certain electric currents supposed by some physiologists to circulate in the nerves of animals.

E•lec•tro-vi´tal•ism , n. (Physiol.) The theory that the functions of living organisms are dependent upon electricity or a kindred force.

E•lec´trum , n. [L., fr. Gr. . See Electric, and cf. Electre, Electron.] 1. Amber. 2. An alloy of gold and silver, of an amber color, used by the ancients. 3. German-silver plate. See German silver, under German.

E•lec´tu•a•ry ( 135), n.; pl. Electuaries (#). [OE. letuaire, OF. lettuaire, electuaire, F. electuaire, L. electuarium, electarium. prob. fr. Gr. , a medicine that is licked away, fr. Gr. to lick up; ’ek out + to lick. See Lick, and cf. Eclegm.] (Med.) A medicine composed of powders, or other ingredients, incorporated with some convserve, honey, or sirup; a confection. See the note under Confection.

El•ee•mos´y•na•ri•ly , adv. In an eleemosynary manner; by charity; charitably.

El•ee•mos´y•na•ry ( 277), a. [LL. eleemosynarius, fr. eleemosyna alms, Gr. alms. See Alms.] 1. Relating to charity, alms, or almsgiving; intended for the distribution of charity; as an eleemosynary corporation. 2. Given in charity or alms; having the nature of alms; as eleemosynary assistance. ´Eleemosynary cures.´ Boyle. 3. Supported by charity; as eleemosynary poor.

El•ee•mos´y•na•ry, n.; pl. Eleemosynaries . One who subsists on charity; a dependent. South. { El´e•gance , El´e•gan•cy } n. [L. elegantia, fr. elegans, - antis, elegant: cf. F. elegance.] 1. The state or quality of being elegant; beauty as resulting from choice qualities and the complete absence of what deforms or impresses unpleasantly; grace given by art or practice; fine polish; refinement; — said of manners, language, style, form, architecture, etc. “That grace that elegance affords.” Drayton. “The endearing elegance of female friendship.” Johnson. “A trait of native elegance, seldom seen in the masculine character after childhood or early youth, was shown in the General’s fondness for the sight and fragrance of flowers.” Hawthorne. 2. That which is elegant; that which is tasteful and highly attractive. “The beautiful wildness of nature, without the nicer elegancies of art.” Spectator. Syn. — Elegance, Grace. Elegance implies something of a select style of beauty, which is usually produced by art, skill, or training; as elegance of manners, composition, handwriting, etc.; elegant furniture; an elegant house, etc. Grace, as the word is here used, refers to bodily movements, and is a lower order of beauty. It may be a natural gift; thus, the manners of a peasant girl may be graceful, but can hardly be called elegant.

El´e•gant , a. [L. elegans, -antis; akin to eligere to pick out, choose, select: cf. F. elegant. See Elect.] 1. Very choice, and hence, pleasing to good taste; characterized by grace, propriety, and refinement, and the absence of every thing offensive; exciting admiration and approbation by symmetry, completeness, freedom from blemish, and the like; graceful; tasteful and highly attractive; as elegant manners; elegant style of composition; an elegant speaker; an elegant structure. “A more diligent cultivation of elegant literature.” Prescott. 2. Exercising a nice choice; discriminating beauty or sensitive to beauty; as elegant taste. Syn. — Tasteful; polished; graceful; refined; comely; handsome; richly ornamental.

El´e•gant•ly, adv. In a manner to please nice taste; with elegance; with due symmetry; richly.

E•le´gi•ac ( 277), a. [L. elegiacus, Gr. : cf. F. elegiaque. See Elegy.] 1. Belonging to elegy, or written in elegiacs; plaintive; expressing sorrow or lamentation; as an elegiac lay; elegiac strains. “Elegiac griefs, and songs of love.” Mrs. Browning. 2. Used in elegies; as elegiac verse; the elegiac distich or couplet, consisting of a dactylic hexameter and pentameter.

E•le´gi•ac , n. Elegiac verse.

El•e•gi´a•cal , a. Elegiac.

E•le´gi•ast , n. One who composes elegies. Goldsmith.

El•e•gi•og´ra•pher , n. [Gr. an elegy + -graph + -er.] An elegist. [Obs.]

El´e•gist , n. A write of elegies. T. Warton.

E•le´git , n. [L., he has chosen, fr. eligere to choose. See Elect.] (Law) A judicial writ of execution, by which a defendant’s goods are appraised and delivered to the plaintiff, and, if not sufficient to satisfy the debt, all of his lands are delivered, to be held till the debt is paid by the rents and profits, or until the defendant’s interest has expired.

El´e•gize , v. t. To lament in an elegy; to celebrate in elegiac verse; to bewail. Carlyle.

El´e•gy , n.; pl. Elegies (#). [L. elegia, Gr. , fem. sing. (cf. , prop., neut. pl. of a distich in elegiac verse), fr. elegiac, fr. a song of mourning.] A mournful or plaintive poem; a funereal song; a poem of lamentation. Shak.

E•le´i•din , n. (Biol.) Lifeless matter deposited in the form of minute granules within the protoplasm of living cells.

El´e•ment , n. [F. element, L. elementum.] 1. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based. 2. One of the ultimate, undecomposable constituents of any kind of matter. Specifically: (Chem.) A substance which cannot be decomposed into different kinds of matter by any means at present employed; as the elements of water are oxygen and hydrogen. The elements are naturally classified in several families or groups, as the group of the alkaline elements, the halogen group, and the like. They are roughly divided into two great classes, the metals, as sodium, calcium, etc., which form basic compounds, and the nonmetals or metalloids, as oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, which form acid compounds; but the distinction is only relative, and some, as arsenic, tin, aluminium, etc., form both acid and basic compounds. The essential fact regarding every element is its relative atomic weight or equivalent. When the elements are tabulated in the order of their ascending atomic weights, the arrangement constitutes the series of the Periodic law of Mendelejeff. See Periodic law, under Periodic. This Periodic law enables us to predict the qualities of unknown elements. The number of elements known is about seventy-five, but the gaps in the Periodic law indicate the possibility of many more. Many of the elements with which we are familiar, as hydrogen, carbon, iron, gold, etc., have been recognized, by means of spectrum analysis, in the sun and the fixed stars. From certain evidence (as that afforded by the Periodic law, spectrum analysis, etc.) it appears that the chemical elements probably may not be simple bodies, but only very stable compounds of some simpler body or bodies. In formulas the elements are designated by abbreviations of their names in Latin or New Latin. The Elements
——————————————————————————————
Name |Sym-|Atomic Weight|
|bol | O=16 | H=1 |
——————————————————————————————
Aluminum | Al | 27.1 | 26.9|
Antimony(Stibium)
Argon
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium (see Glucinum)
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Columbium
Copper (Cuprum)
Erbium
Fluorine
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Glucinum
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron (Ferrum)
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lead (Plumbum)
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury (Hydrargyrum)
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Nickel
Niobium (see Columbium)
Nirogen
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium (Kalium)
Praseodymium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
—————————————————————————————-
The Elements — continued
——————————————————————————————
Name
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver (Argentum)
Sodium (Natrium)
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin (Stannum)
Titanium
Tungsten (Wolframium)
Uranium
Vanadium
Wolfranium (see Tungsten)
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
——————————————————————————————
Several other elements have been announced, as holmium, vesbium, austrium, etc., but their properties, and in some cases their existence, have not yet been definitely established. 3. One of the ultimate parts which are variously combined in anything; as letters are the elements of written language; hence, also a simple portion of that which is complex, as a shaft, lever, wheel, or any simple part in a machine; one of the essential ingredients of any mixture; a constituent part; as quartz, feldspar, and mica are the elements of granite. “The simplicity which is so large an element in a noble nature was laughed to scorn.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 4. (a) One out of several parts combined in a system of aggregation, when each is of the nature of the whole; as a single cell is an element of the honeycomb. (b) (Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of the organism, as a blood corpuscle, a muscular fiber. 5. (Biol.) One of the simplest essential parts, more commonly called cells, of which animal and vegetable organisms, or their tissues and organs, are composed. 6. (Math.) (a) An infinitesimal part of anything of the same nature as the entire magnitude considered; as in a solid an element may be the infinitesimal portion between any two planes that are separated an indefinitely small distance. In the calculus, element is sometimes used as synonymous with differential. (b) Sometimes a curve, or surface, or volume is considered as described by a moving point, or curve, or surface, the latter being at any instant called an element of the former. (c) One of the terms in an algebraic expression. 7. One of the necessary data or values upon which a system of calculations depends, or general conclusions are based; as the elements of a planet’s orbit. 8. pl. The simplest or fundamental principles of any system in philosophy, science, or art; rudiments; as the elements of geometry, or of music. 9. pl. Any outline or sketch, regarded as containing the fundamental ideas or features of the thing in question; as the elements of a plan. 10. One of the simple substances, as supposed by the ancient philosophers; one of the imaginary principles of matter. (a) The four elements were, air, earth, water, and fire; whence it is said, water is the proper element of fishes; air is the element of birds. Hence, the state or sphere natural to anything or suited for its existence. “Of elements
The grosser feeds the purer: Earth the Sea;
Earth and the Sea feed Air; the Air those Fires
Ethereal.” Milton. “Does not our life consist of the four elements?” Shak. “And the complexion of the element [i. e.,the sky or air]
In favor’s like the work we have in hand,
Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible.” Shak. “About twelve ounces [of food], with mere element for drink.” Cheyne. “They show that they are out of their element.” T. Baker. Esp., the conditions and movements of the air. ´The elements be kind to thee.´ (b) The elements of the alchemists were salt, sulphur, and mercury. Brande & C. 11. pl. The whole material composing the world. “The elements shall melt with fervent heat.” 2 Peter iii. 10. 12. pl. (Eccl.) The bread and wine used in the eucharist or Lord’s supper. Magnetic element, one of the hypothetical elementary portions of which a magnet is regarded as made up.

El´e•ment (el´e•ment), v. t. 1. To compound of elements or first principles. [Obs.] ´[Love] being elemented too.´ Donne. 2. To constitute; to make up with elements. “His very soul was elemented of nothing but sadness.” Walton.

El•e•men´tal (el•e•men´tal), a. 1. Pertaining to the elements, first principles, and primary ingredients, or to the four supposed elements of the material world; as elemental air. ´Elemental strife.´ Pope. 2. Pertaining to rudiments or first principles; rudimentary; elementary. ´The elemental rules of erudition.´ Cawthorn.

El•e•men´tal•ism (-iz’m), a. The theory that the heathen divinities originated in the personification of elemental powers.

E•le•men•tal´i•ty (- men•tal´i•ty), n. The condition of being composed of elements, or a thing so composed.

El•e•men´tal•ly , adv. According to elements; literally; as the words, ´Take, eat; this is my body,´ elementally understood.

El•e•men´tar , a. Elementary. [Obs.] Skelton.

El•e•men´ta•ri•ness , n. The state of being elementary; original simplicity; uncompounded state.

El•e•men•tar´i•ty , n. Elementariness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

El•e•men´ta•ry , a. [L. elementarius: cf. F. elementaire.] 1. Having only one principle or constituent part; consisting of a single element; simple; uncompounded; as an elementary substance. 2. Pertaining to, or treating of, the elements, rudiments, or first principles of anything; initial; rudimental; introductory; as an elementary treatise. 3. Pertaining to one of the four elements, air, water, earth, fire. ´Some luminous and fiery impressions in the elementary region.´ J. Spencer.

El•e•men•ta´tion , n. Instruction in the elements or first principles. [R.]

El´e•men•toid , a. [Element + -oid.] Resembling an element.

El´e•mi , n. [Cf. F. elemi, It. elemi, Sp. elemi; of American or Oriental. origin.] A fragrant gum resin obtained chiefly from tropical trees of the genera Amyris and Canarium. A. elemifera yields Mexican elemi; C. commune, the Manila elemi. It is used in the manufacture of varnishes, also in ointments and plasters.

El´e•min , n. (Chem.) A transparent, colorless oil obtained from elemi resin by distillation with water; also a crystallizable extract from the resin.

E•lench´ (e•lenk´), n.; pl. Elenchs (#). [L. elenchus, Gr. , fr. to convict, confute, prove: cf. OF. elenche.] (Logic) (a) That part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends; that which convinces of refutes an antagonist; a refutation. (b) A specious but fallacious argument; a sophism.

E•len´chic•al , a. Pertaining to an elench.

E•len´chic•al•ly, adv. By means of an elench.

E•len´chize , v. i. To dispute. [R.] B. Jonson. { E•lench´tic , E•lench´tic•al }, a. Same as Elenctic.

E•len´chus , n. [L.] Same as Elench. { E•lenc´tic , E•lenc´tic•al } a. [Gr..] (Logic) Serving to refute; refutative; — applied to indirect modes of proof, and opposed to deictic.

El´enge , a. [Cf. AS. ellende foreign, strange, G. elend miserable.] Sorrowful; wretched; full of trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

El´enge•ness, n. Loneliness; misery. [Obs.]

El´e•phan•sy , n. [L. elephantia.] Elephantiasis. [Obs.] Holland.

El´e•phant (el´e•fant), n. [OE. elefaunt, olifant, OF. olifant, F. elephant, L. elephantus, elephas, -antis, fr. Gr. ’ele•fas, -fantos; of unknown origin; perh. fr. Skr. ibha, with the Semitic article al, el, prefixed, or fr. Semitic Aleph hindi Indian bull; or cf. Goth. ulbandus camel, AS. olfend.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mammal of the order Proboscidia, of which two living species, Elephas Indicus and E. Africanus, and several fossil species, are known. They have a proboscis or trunk, and two large ivory tusks proceeding from the extremity of the upper jaw, and curving upwards. The molar teeth are large and have transverse folds. Elephants are the largest land animals now existing. 2. Ivory; the tusk of the elephant. [Obs.] Dryden. Elephant apple (Bot.), an East Indian fruit with a rough, hard rind, and edible pulp, borne by Feronia elephantum, a large tree related to the orange. — Elephant bed (Geol.), at Brighton, England, abounding in fossil remains of elephants. Mantell. — Elephant beetle (Zoöl.), any very large beetle of the genus Goliathus (esp. G. giganteus), of the family Scarabaeidae. They inhabit West Africa. — Elephant fish (Zoöl.), a chimaeroid fish (Callorhynchus antarcticus), with a proboscis-like projection of the snout. — Elephant paper, paper of large size, 23 × 28 inches. — Double elephant paper, paper measuring 26¾ × 40 inches. See Note under Paper. — Elephant seal (Zoöl.), an African jumping shrew (Macroscelides typicus), having a long nose like a proboscis. — Elephant’s ear (Bot.), a name given to certain species of the genus Begonia, which have immense one-sided leaves. — Elephant’s foot (Bot.) (a) A South African plant (Testudinaria Elephantipes), which has a massive rootstock covered with a kind of bark cracked with deep fissures; — called also tortoise plant. The interior part is barely edible, whence the plant is also called Hottentot’s bread. (b) A genus (Elephantopus) of coarse, composite weeds. — Elephant’s tusk (Zoöl.), the tooth shell. See Dentalium.

El•e•phan´ti•ac , a. (Med.) Affected with elephantiasis; characteristic of elephantiasis.

El•e•phan•ti´a•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from ’ele•fas, -fantos, an elephant.] (Med.) A disease of the skin, in which it become enormously thickened, and is rough, hard, and fissured, like an elephant’s hide.

El•e•phan´tine , a. [L. elephantinus of ivory, Gr. : cf. F. elephantin.] Pertaining to the elephant, or resembling an elephant (commonly, in size); hence, huge; immense; heavy; as of elephantine proportions; an elephantine step or tread. Elephantine epoch (Geol.), the epoch distinguished by the existence of large pachyderms. Mantell. — Elephantine tortoise (Zoöl.), a huge land tortoise; esp., Testudo elephantina, from islands in the Indian Ocean; and T. elephantopus, from the Galapagos Islands. { El´e•phan•toid• ( 277), El•e•phan•toid´al } a. [Elephant + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an elephant in form or appearance.

El•eu•sin´i•an , a. [L. Eleusinius, Gr. .] Pertaining to Eleusis, in Greece, or to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated; as Eleusinian mysteries or festivals.

E•leu•ther•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. ’eleu•qeros free + E. mania.] A mania or frantic zeal for freedom. [R.] Carlyle.

E•leu•ther•o•ma´ni•ac, a. Mad for freedom. [R.]

E•leu•ther•o-pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. ’eleu•qeros free + E. petal.] (Bot.) Having the petals free, that is, entirely separate from each other; — said of both plant and flower.

El´e•vate , a. [L. elevatus, p. p.] Elevated; raised aloft. [Poetic] Milton.

El´e•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elevated p. pr. & vb. n. Elevating ] [L. elevatus, p. p. of elevare; e + levare to lift up, raise, akin to levis light in weight. See Levity.] 1. To bring from a lower place to a higher; to lift up; to raise; as to elevate a weight, a flagstaff, etc. 2. To raise to a higher station; to promote; as to elevate to an office, or to a high social position. 3. To raise from a depressed state; to animate; to cheer; as to elevate the spirits. 4. To exalt; to ennoble; to dignify; as to elevate the mind or character. 5. To raise to a higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness; — said of sounds; as to elevate the voice. 6. To intoxicate in a slight degree; to render tipsy. [Colloq. & Sportive] ´The elevated cavaliers sent for two tubs of merry stingo.´ Sir W. Scott. 7. To lessen; to detract from; to disparage. [A Latin meaning] [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. To elevate a piece (Gun.), to raise the muzzle; to lower the breech. Syn. — To exalt; dignify; ennoble; erect; raise; hoist; heighten; elate; cheer; flush; excite; animate.

El´e•va•ted , a. Uplifted; high; lofty; also animated; noble; as elevated thoughts. Elevated railway, one in which the track is raised considerably above the ground, especially a city railway above the line of street travel.

El´e•va•ted•ness, n. The quality of being elevated.

El•e•va´tion , n. [L. elevatio: cf. F. elevation.] 1. The act of raising from a lower place, condition, or quality to a higher; — said of material things, persons, the mind, the voice, etc.; as the elevation of grain; elevation to a throne; elevation of mind, thoughts, or character. 2. Condition of being elevated; height; exaltation. ´Degrees of elevation above us.´ Locke. “His style … wanted a little elevation.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. That which is raised up or elevated; an elevated place or station; as an elevation of the ground; a hill. 4. (Astron.) The distance of a celestial object above the horizon, or the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between it and the horizon; altitude; as the elevation of the pole, or of a star. 5. (Dialing) The angle which the style makes with the substylar line. 6. (Gunnery) The movement of the axis of a piece in a vertical plane; also the angle of elevation, that is, the angle between the axis of the piece and the line o sight; — distinguished from direction. 7. (Drawing) A geometrical projection of a building, or other object, on a plane perpendicular to the horizon; orthographic projection on a vertical plane; — called by the ancients the orthography. Angle of elevation (Geodesy), the angle which an ascending line makes with a horizontal plane. — Elevation of the host (R. C. Ch.), that part of the Mass in which the priest raises the host above his head for the people to adore.

El´e•va•tor , n. [L., one who raises up, a deliverer: cf. F. elevateur.] One who, or that which, raises or lifts up anything; as: (a) A mechanical contrivance, usually an endless belt or chain with a series of scoops or buckets, for transferring grain to an upper loft for storage. (b) A cage or platform and the hoisting machinery in a hotel, warehouse, mine, etc., for conveying persons, goods, etc., to or from different floors or levels; — called in England a lift; the cage or platform itself. (c) A building for elevating, storing, and discharging, grain. (d) (Anat.) A muscle which serves to raise a part of the body, as the leg or the eye. (e) (Surg.) An instrument for raising a depressed portion of a bone. Elevator head, leg, ∧ boot, the boxes in which the upper pulley, belt, and lower pulley, respectively, run in a grain elevator.

El´e•va•to•ry , a. Tending to raise, or having power to elevate; as elevatory forces.

El´e•va•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. elevatoire.] (Surg.) See Elevator, n. (e). Dunglison.

e•lève´ (a•lav´), n. [F., fr. elever to raise, bring up.] A pupil; a student.

E•lev´en (e•lev´’n), a. [OE. enleven, AS. endleofan, endlufon, for nleofan; akin to LG. eleve, ölwe, ölwen, D. elf, G. elf, eilf, OHG. einlif, Icel. ellifu, Sw. elfva, Dan. elleve, Goth. ainlif, cf. Lith. vënolika; and fr. the root of E. one + (prob.) a root signifying ´to be left over, remain,´ appearing in E. loan, or perh. in leave, v. t., life. See One, and cf. Twelve.] Ten and one added; as eleven men.

E•lev´en, n. 1. The sum of ten and one; eleven units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. 3. (Cricket & American Football) The eleven men selected to play on one side in a match, as the representatives of a club or a locality; as the all-England eleven.

E•lev´enth , a. [Cf. AS. endlyfta. See Eleven.] 1. Next after the tenth; as the eleventh chapter. 2. Constituting one of eleven parts into which a thing is divided; as the eleventh part of a thing. 3. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to the interval of the octave and the fourth.

E•lev´enth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eleven; one of eleven equal parts. 2. (Mus.) The interval consisting of ten conjunct degrees; the interval made up of an octave and a fourth.

Elf (elf), n.; pl. Elves (elvz). [AS. aelf, ylf; akin to MHG. alp, G. alp nightmare, incubus, Icel. alfr elf, Sw. alf, elfva; cf. Skr. rbhu skillful, artful, rabh to grasp. Cf. Auf, Oaf.] 1. An imaginary supernatural being, commonly a little sprite, much like a fairy; a mythological diminutive spirit, supposed to haunt hills and wild places, and generally represented as delighting in mischievous tricks. “Every elf, and fairy sprite,
Hop as light as bird from brier.” Shak. 2. A very diminutive person; a dwarf. Elf arrow, a flint arrowhead; — so called by the English rural folk who often find these objects of prehistoric make in the fields and formerly attributed them to fairies; — called also elf bolt, elf dart, and elf shot. — Elf child, a child supposed to be left by elves, in room of one they had stolen. See Changeling. — Elf fire, the ignis fatuus. Brewer. — Elf owl (Zoöl.), a small owl (Micrathene Whitneyi) of Southern California and Arizona.

Elf, v. t. To entangle mischievously, as an elf might do. “Elf all my hair in knots.” Shak.

Elf´in (-in), a. Relating to elves.

Elf´in, n. A little elf or urchin. Shenstone.

Elf´ish, a. Of or relating to the elves; elflike; implike; weird; scarcely human; mischievous, as though caused by elves. ´Elfish light.´ Coleridge. “The elfish intelligence that was so familiar an expression on her small physiognomy.” Hawthorne.

Elf´ish•ly, adv. In an elfish manner.

Elf´ish•ness, n. The quality of being elfish.

Elf´kin , n. A little elf.

Elf´land , n. Fairyland. Tennyson.

Elf´lock , n. Hair matted, or twisted into a knot, as if by elves.

El´gin mar´bles Greek sculptures in the British Museum. They were obtained at Athens, about 1811, by Lord Elgin.

E•lic´it , a. [L. elictus, p. p. of elicere to elicit; e + lacere to entice. Cf. Delight, Lace.] Elicited; drawn out; made real; open; evident. [Obs.] ´An elicit act of equity.´ Jer. Taylor.

E•lic´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elicited; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliciting.] To draw out or entice forth; to bring to light; to bring out against the will; to deduce by reason or argument; as to elicit truth by discussion.

E•lic´i•tate , v. t. To elicit. [Obs.]

E•lic•i•ta´tion , n. The act of eliciting. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

E•lide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elided; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliding.] [L. elidere to strike out or off; e + laedere to hurt by striking: cf. F. elider. See Lesion.] 1. To break or dash in pieces; to demolish; as to elide the force of an argument. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. (Gram.) To cut off, as a vowel or a syllable, usually the final one; to subject to elision.

El•i•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. eligibilite.] The quality of being eligible; eligibleness; as the eligibility of a candidate; the eligibility of an offer of marriage.

El´i•gi•ble , a. [F. eligible, fr. L. eligere. See Elect.] 1. That may be selected; proper or qualified to be chosen; legally qualified to be elected and to hold office. 2. Worthy to be chosen or selected; suitable; desirable; as an eligible situation for a house. “The more eligible of the two evils.” Burke.

El´i•gi•ble•ness, n. The quality of being worthy or qualified to be chosen; suitableness; desirableness.

El´i•gi•bly, adv. In an eligible manner.

El´i•mate , v. t. [L. elimatus, p. p. of elimare to file up; e out + limare to file, fr. lima file.] To render smooth; to polish. [Obs.]

E•lim´i•nant , n. (Math.) The result of eliminating n variables between n homogeneous equations of any degree; — called also resultant.

E•lim´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eliminated p. pr. & vb. n. Eliminating ] [L. eliminatus, p. p. of eliminare; e out + limen threshold; prob. akin to limes boundary. See Limit.] 1. To put out of doors; to expel; to discharge; to release; to set at liberty. “Eliminate my spirit, give it range
Through provinces of thought yet unexplored.” Young. 2. (Alg.) To cause to disappear from an equation; as to eliminate an unknown quantity. 3. To set aside as unimportant in a process of inductive inquiry; to leave out of consideration. “Eliminate errors that have been gathering and accumulating.” Lowth. 4. To obtain by separating, as from foreign matters; to deduce; as to eliminate an idea or a conclusion. [Recent, and not well authorized] 5. (Physiol.) To separate; to expel from the system; to excrete; as the kidneys eliminate urea, the lungs carbonic acid; to eliminate poison from the system.

E•lim•i•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. elimination.] 1. The act of expelling or throwing off; (Physiol.) the act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances through the various emunctories. 2. (Alg.) Act of causing a quantity to disappear from an equation; especially, in the operation of deducing from several equations containing several unknown quantities a less number of equations containing a less number of unknown quantities. 3. The act of obtaining by separation, or as the result of eliminating; deduction. [See Eliminate, 4.]

E•lim´i•na•tive , a. (Physiol.) Relating to, or carrying on, elimination.

E•lin´guate , v. t. [L. elinguare.] To deprive of the tongue. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).

E•lin•gua´tion , n. [L. elinguatio. See Elinguid.] (O. Eng. Law) Punishment by cutting out the tongue.

E•lin´guid , a. [L. elinguis, prop., deprived of the tongue; hence, speechless; e + lingua tongue.] Tongue-tied; dumb. [Obs.]

E•liq´ua•ment , n. A liquid obtained from fat, or fat fish, by pressure.

El•i•qua´tion , n. [L. eliquatio, fr. eliquare to clarify, strain; e + liquare to make liquid, melt.] (Metallurgy) The process of separating a fusible substance from one less fusible, by means of a degree of heat sufficient to melt the one and not the other, as an alloy of copper and lead; liquation. Ure.

E•li´son , n. [L. elisio, fr. elidere, elisum, to strike out: cf. F. elision. See Elide.] 1. Division; separation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) The cutting off or suppression of a vowel or syllable, for the sake of meter or euphony; esp., in poetry, the dropping of a final vowel standing before an initial vowel in the following word, when the two words are drawn together.

E•li´sor , n. [F. eliseur, fr. elire to choose, L. eligere. See Elect.] (Eng. Law) An elector or chooser; one of two persons appointed by a court to return a jury or serve a writ when the sheriff and the coroners are disqualified.

e•lite´ , n. [F., fr. elire to choose, L. eligere. See Elect.] A choice or select body; the flower; as the elite of society.

E•lix´ , v. t. [See Elixate.] To extract. [Obs.] Marston.

E•lix´ate , v. t. [L. elixatus, p. p. of elixare to seethe, fr. elixus thoroughly boiled; e + lixare to boil, lix ashes.] To boil; to seethe; hence, to extract by boiling or seething. [Obs.] Cockeram.

El•ix•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. elixation.] A seething; digestion. [Obs.] Burton.

E•lix´ir , n. [F. elixir, Sp. elixir, Ar. eliksir the philosopher’s stone, prob. from Gr. dry, (hence probably) a dry powder; cf. Skr. ksha to burn.] 1. (Med.) A tincture with more than one base; a compound tincture or medicine, composed of various substances, held in solution by alcohol in some form. 2. (Alchemy) An imaginary liquor capable of transmuting metals into gold; also one for producing life indefinitely; as elixir vitae, or the elixir of life. 3. The refined spirit; the quintessence. “The … elixir of worldly delights.” South. 4. Any cordial or substance which invigorates. “The grand elixir, to support the spirits of human nature.” Addison.

E•liz´a•beth•an , a. Pertaining to Queen Elizabeth or her times, esp. to the architecture or literature of her reign; as the Elizabethan writers, drama, literature. — n. One who lived in England in the time of Queen Elizabeth. Lowell.

Elk , n. [Icel. elgr; akin to Sw. elg, AS. eolh, OHG. elaho, MHG. elch, cf. L. alces; perh. akin to E. eland.] (Zoöl.) A large deer, of several species. The European elk (Alces machlis or Cervus alces) is closely allied to the American moose. The American elk, or wapiti (Cervus Canadensis), is closely related to the European stag. See Moose, and Wapiti. Irish elk (Paleon.), a large, extinct, Quaternary deer (Cervus giganteus) with widely spreading antlers. Its remains have been found beneath the peat of swamps in Ireland and England. See Illustration in Appendix; also Illustration of Antler. — Cape elk (Zoöl.), the eland. { Elk , Elke } , n. (Zoöl.) The European wild or whistling swan (Cygnus ferus).

Elk´nut , n. (Bot.) The buffalo nut. See under Buffalo.

Elk´wood , n. The soft, spongy wood of a species of Magnolia (M. Umbrella).

Ell , n. [AS. eln; akin to D. el, elle, G. elle, OHG. elina, Icel. alin, Dan. alen, Sw. aln, Goth. alenia, L. ulna elbow, ell, Gr. elbow. Cf. Elbow, Alnage.] A measure for cloth; — now rarely used. It is of different lengths in different countries; the English ell being 45 inches, the Dutch or Flemish ell 27, the Scotch about 37.

Ell, n. (Arch.) See L.

El´la•chick , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water tortoise (Chelopus marmoratus) of California; — used as food.

El•lag´ic , a. [F., fr. galle gall (with the letters reversed).] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gallnuts or gallic acid; as ellagic acid. Ellagic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C14H8O9, found in bezoar stones, and obtained by the oxidation of gallic acid.

El´le•bore , n. Hellebore. [Obs.] Chaucer.

El•leb´o•rin , n. See Helleborin.

El´leck , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The red gurnard or cuckoo fish. [Prov. Eng.] {El´lenge , El´linge , a., El´lenge•ness , El´linge•ness, n }. See Elenge, Elengeness. [Obs.]

El´les , adv. & conj. See Else. [Obs.]

El•lipse´ (el•lips´), n. [Gr. ’e•lleipsis, prop., a defect, the inclination of the ellipse to the base of the cone being in defect when compared with that of the side to the base: cf. F. ellipse. See Ellipsis.] 1. (Geom.) An oval or oblong figure, bounded by a regular curve, which corresponds to an oblique projection of a circle, or an oblique section of a cone through its opposite sides. The greatest diameter of the ellipse is the major axis, and the least diameter is the minor axis. See Conic section, under Conic, and cf. Focus. 2. (Gram.) Omission. See Ellipsis. 3. The elliptical orbit of a planet. “The Sun flies forward to his brother Sun;
The dark Earth follows wheeled in her ellipse.” Tennyson.

El•lip´sis (el•lip´sis), n.; pl. Ellipses (- sez). [L., fr. Gr. ’e•lleipsis a leaving, defect, fr. ’ellei•pein to leave in, fall short; ’en in + lei•pein to leave. See In, and Loan, and cf. Ellipse.] 1. (Gram.) Omission; a figure of syntax, by which one or more words, which are obviously understood, are omitted; as the virtues I admire, for, the virtues which I admire. 2. (Geom.) An ellipse. [Obs.]

El•lip´so•graph , n. [Ellipse + graph: cf. F. ellipsographe.] An instrument for describing ellipses; — called also trammel.

El•lip´soid , n. [Ellipse + -oid: cf. F. ellipsoide.] (Geom.) A solid, all plane sections of which are ellipses or circles. See Conoid, n., 2 (a). The ellipsoid has three principal plane sections, a, b, and c, each at right angles to the other two, and each dividing the solid into two equal and symmetrical parts. The lines of meeting of these principal sections are the axes, or principal diameters of the ellipsoid. The point where the three planes meet is the center. Ellipsoid of revolution, a spheroid; a solid figure generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. It is called a prolate spheroid, or prolatum, when the ellipse is revolved about the major axis, and an oblate spheroid, or oblatum, when it is revolved about the minor axis. { El•lip´soid , El•lip•soi´dal } a. Pertaining to, or shaped like, an ellipsoid; as ellipsoid or ellipsoidal form. { El•lip´tic , El•lip´tic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. elliptique. See Ellipsis.] 1. Of or pertaining to an ellipse; having the form of an ellipse; oblong, with rounded ends. “The planets move in elliptic orbits.” Cheyne. 2. Having a part omitted; as an elliptical phrase. Elliptic chuck. See under Chuck. — Elliptic compasses, an instrument arranged for drawing ellipses. — Elliptic function. (Math.) See Function. — Elliptic integral. (Math.) See Integral. — Elliptic polarization. See under Polarization.

El•lip´tic•al•ly, adv. 1. In the form of an ellipse. 2. With a part omitted; as elliptically expressed.

El•lip•tic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ellipticite.] Deviation of an ellipse or a spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere; especially, in reference to the figure of the earth, the difference between the equatorial and polar semidiameters, divided by the equatorial; thus, the ellipticity of the earth is &frac1x29966;. Some writers use ellipticity as the ratio of the difference of the two semiaxes to the minor axis, instead of the major. Nichol.

El•lip´tic-lan´ce•o•late , a. (Bot.) Having a form intermediate between elliptic and lanceolate.

El•lip´to•graph , n. Same as Ellipsograph.

Ell´wand , n. Formerly, a measuring rod an ell long.

Elm , n. [AS. elm; akin to D. olm, OHG. elm, G. ulme, Icel. almr, Dan. & Sw. alm, L. ulmus, and E. alder. Cf. Old.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Ulmus, of several species, much used as a shade tree, particularly in America. The English elm is Ulmus campestris; the common American or white elm is U. Americana; the slippery or red elm, U. fulva. Elm beetle (Zoöl.), one of several species of beetles (esp. Galeruca calmariensis), which feed on the leaves of the elm. — Elm borer (Zoöl.), one of several species of beetles of which the larvae bore into the wood or under the bark of the elm (esp. Saperda tridentata). — Elm butterfly (Zoöl.), one of several species of butterflies, which, in the caterpillar state, feed on the leaves of the elm (esp. Vanessa antiopa and Grapta comma). See Comma butterfly, under Comma. — Elm moth (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of moths of which the larvae destroy the leaves of the elm (esp. Eugonia subsignaria, called elm spanworm). — Elm sawfly (Zoöl.), a large sawfly (Cimbex Americana). The larva, which is white with a black dorsal stripe, feeds on the leaves of the elm.

Elm´en , a. Belonging to elms. [Obs.]

El´mo’s fire See Corposant; also Saint Elmo’s Fire, under Saint.

Elm´y , a. Abounding with elms. “The simple spire and elmy grange.” T. Warton.

El•o•ca´tion , n. [Pref. e- + locate.] 1. A removal from the usual place of residence. [Obs.] 2. Departure from the usual state; an ecstasy. [Obs.]

E•loc´u•lar (e•lok´u•ler), a. [Pref. e- + locular.] Having but one cell, or cavity; not divided by a septum or partition.

El•o•cu´tion , n. [L. elocutio, fr. eloqui, elocutus, to speak out: cf. F. elocution. See Eloquent.] 1. Utterance by speech. [R.] “[Fruit] whose taste …
Gave elocution to the mute, and taught
The tongue not made for speech to speak thy praise.” Milton. 2. Oratorical or expressive delivery, including the graces of intonation, gesture, etc.; style or manner of speaking or reading in public; as clear, impressive elocution. ´The elocution of a reader.´ Whately 3. Suitable and impressive writing or style; eloquent diction. [Obs.] “To express these thoughts with elocution.” Dryden.

El•o•cu´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to elocution.

El•o•cu´tion•ist, n. One who is versed in elocution; a teacher of elocution.

El´o•cu•tive , a. Pertaining to oratorical expression. [Obs.] Feltham.

E•lo´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of tortoises, including the terrapins, etc., in which the head and neck can be withdrawn.

e•loge´ , n. [F. See Elogium.] A panegyrical funeral oration.

El´o•gist , n. [F. elogiste.] One who pronounces an eloge. { E•lo´gi•um (e•lo´ji•um), El´o•gy (el´o•jy), } n. [L. elogium a short saying, an inscription, fr. Gr. lo•gos speech, fr. le•gein to speak. Cf. eloge.] The praise bestowed on a person or thing; panegyric; eulogy.

E•lo´him (e•lo´him), n. [Heb.] One of the principal names by which God is designated in the Hebrew Scriptures.

E•lo´hist , n. The writer, or one of the writers, of the passages of the Old Testament, notably those of the Pentateuch, which are characterized by the use of Elohim instead of Jehovah, as the name of the Supreme Being; — distinguished from Jehovist. S. Davidson.

El•o•his´tic , a. Relating to Elohim as a name of God; — said of passages in the Old Testament.

E•loign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eloigned p. pr. & vb. n. Eloigning.] [F. eloigner, OF. esloignier; pref. es- (L. ex) + OF. & F. loin far, far off, L. longe, fr. longus long. See Elongate.] [Written also eloin.] 1. To remove afar off; to withdraw. [Obs.] “From worldly cares he did himself eloign.” Spenser. 2. (Law) To convey to a distance, or beyond the jurisdiction, or to conceal, as goods liable to distress. “The sheriff may return that the goods or beasts are eloigned.” Blackstone.

E•loign´ate , v. t. To remove. [Obs.] Howell.

E•loign´ment , n. [F. eloignement.] Removal to a distance; withdrawal. [Obs.]

E•loin´ , v. t. See Eloign.

E•loin´ate , v. t. See Eloignate.

E•loin´ment , n. See Eloignment.

E•long´ ( 115), v. t. [See Eloign, Elongate.] 1. To lengthen out; to prolong. [Obs.] 2. To put away; to separate; to keep off. [Obs.] Wyatt.

E•lon´gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elongated p. pr. & vb. n. Elongating.] [LL. elongatus, p. p. of elongare to remove, to prolong; e + L. longus long. See Long, a., and cf. Eloign.] 1. To lengthen; to extend; to stretch; as to elongate a line. 2. To remove further off. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

E•lon´gate, v. i. To depart to, or be at, a distance; esp., to recede apparently from the sun, as a planet in its orbit. [R.]

E•lon´gate , a. [LL. elongatus.] Drawn out at length; elongated; as an elongate leaf. ´An elongate form.´ Earle.

E•lon•ga´tion ( 277), n. [LL. elongatio: cf. F. elongation.] 1. The act of lengthening, or the state of being lengthened; protraction; extension. ´Elongation of the fibers.´ Arbuthnot. 2. That which lengthens out; continuation. “May not the mountains of Westmoreland and Cumberland be considered as elongations of these two chains?” Pinkerton. 3. Removal to a distance; withdrawal; a being at a distance; distance. “The distant points in the celestial expanse appear to the eye in so small a degree of elongation from one another, as bears no proportion to what is real.” Glanvill. 4. (Astron.) The angular distance of a planet from the sun; as the elongation of Venus or Mercury.

E•lope´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eloped p. pr. & vb. n. Eloping.] [D. ontloopen to run away; pref. ont- (akin to G. ent-, AS. and-, cf. E. answer) + loopen to run; akin to E. leap. See Leap, v. t.] To run away, or escape privately, from the place or station to which one is bound by duty; — said especially of a woman or a man, either married or unmarried, who runs away with a paramour or a sweetheart. “Great numbers of them [the women] have eloped from their allegiance.” Addison.

E•lope´ment , n. The act of eloping; secret departure; — said of a woman and a man, one or both, who run away from their homes for marriage or for cohabitation.

E•lop´er , n. One who elopes.

E´lops , n. [L. elops, helops, a kind of sea fish, Gr. .] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes. See Saury. 2. A mythical serpent. [Obs.] Milton.

El´o•quence , n. [F. eloquence, L. eloquentia, fr. eloquens. See Eloquent.] 1. Fluent, forcible, elegant, and persuasive speech in public; the power of expressing strong emotions in striking and appropriate language either spoken or written, thereby producing conviction or persuasion. “Eloquence is speaking out … out of the abundance of the heart.” Hare. 2. Fig.: Whatever produces the effect of moving and persuasive speech. “Silence that spoke and eloquence of eyes.” Pope. “The hearts of men are their books; events are their tutors; great actions are their eloquence.” Macaulay. 3. That which is eloquently uttered or written. “O, let my books be then the eloquence
And dumb presagers of my speaking breast.” Shak. Syn. — Oratory; rhetoric.

El´o•quent , a. [F. eloquent, L. eloquens, -entis, p. pr. of eloqui to speak out, declaim; e + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] 1. Having the power of expressing strong emotions or forcible arguments in an elevated, impassioned, and effective manner; as an eloquent orator or preacher. “O Death, all-eloquent! You only prove
What dust we dote on when ’t is man we love.” Pope. 2. Adapted to express strong emotion or to state facts arguments with fluency and power; as an eloquent address or statement; an eloquent appeal to a jury.

El´o•quent•ly, adv. In an eloquent manner. { El´rich or El´ritch }, a. Ghastly; preternatural. Same as Eldritch. [Scot. & Local, Eng.]

Else , a. & pron. [OE. & AS. elles otherwise, gen. sing. of an adj. signifying other; akin to OHG. elles otherwise, OSw. äljes, Sw. eljest, Goth. aljis, adj., other, L. alius, Gr. . Cf. Alias, Alien.] Other; one or something beside; as Who else is coming? What else shall I give? Do you expect anything else? ´Bastards and else.´ Shak. This word always follows its noun. It is usual to give the possessive form to else rather than to the substantive; as somebody else’s; no one else’s. ´A boy who is fond of somebody else’s pencil case.´ G. Eliot. ´A suit of clothes like everybody else’s.´ Thackeray.

Else, adv. & conj. 1. Besides; except that mentioned; in addition; as nowhere else; no one else. 2. Otherwise; in the other, or the contrary, case; if the facts were different. “For thou desirest not sacrifice; else would I give it.” Ps. li. 16. After •or’, else is sometimes used expletively, as simply noting an alternative. ´Will you give thanks, … or else shall I?´ Shak.

Else´where , adv. 1. In any other place; as these trees are not to be found elsewhere. 2. In some other place; in other places, indefinitely; as it is reported in town and elsewhere.

Else´whith•er , adv. To some, or any, other place; as you will have to go elsewhither for it. R. of Gloucester. ´For elsewhither was I bound.´ Carlyle.

Else´wise , adv. Otherwise. [R.]

El´sin , n. A shoemaker’s awl. [Prov. Eng.]

E•lu´ci•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elucidated p. pr. & vb. n. Elucidating ] [LL. elucidatus, p. p. of elucidare; e + lucidus full of light, clear. See Lucid.] To make clear or manifest; to render more intelligible; to illustrate; as an example will elucidate the subject.

E•lu•ci•da´tion , n. [Cf. F. elucidation.] A making clear; the act of elucidating or that which elucidates, as an explanation, an exposition, an illustration; as one example may serve for further elucidation of the subject.

E•lu´ci•da•tive , a. Making clear; tending to elucidate; as an elucidative note.

E•lu´ci•da•tor , n. One who explains or elucidates; an expositor.

E•lu´ci•da•to•ry , a. Tending to elucidate; elucidative. [R.]

E•luc´tate , v. i. [L. eluctatus, p. p. of eluctari to struggle out; e + luctari to wrestle.] To struggle out; — with out. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

E•luc•ta´tion , n. [L. eluctatio.] A struggling out of any difficulty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

E•lu´cu•brate , v. i. [L. elucubratus, p. p. of elucubrare to compose by lamplight.] See Lucubrate. [Obs.] Blount.

E•lu•cu•bra´tion , n. [Cf. F. elucubration.] See Lucubration. [Obs.] Evelyn.

E•lude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Eluding.] [L. eludere, elusum; e + ludere to play: cf. F. eluder. See Ludicrous.] To avoid slyly, by artifice, stratagem, or dexterity; to escape from in a covert manner; to mock by an unexpected escape; to baffle; as to elude an officer; to elude detection, inquiry, search, comprehension; to elude the force of an argument or a blow. “Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
Then, hid in shades, eludes he eager swain.” Pope. “The transition from fetichism to polytheism seems a gradual process of which the stages elude close definition.” Tylor. Syn. — To evade; avoid; escape; shun; eschew; flee; mock; baffle; frustrate; foil.

E•lud´i•ble , a. Capable of being eluded; evadible.

E´lul , n. [Heb.] The sixth month of the Jewish year, by the sacred reckoning, or the twelfth, by the civil reckoning, corresponding nearly to the month of September.

E•lum´ba•ted , a. [L. elumbis; e + lumbus loin.] Weak or lame in the loins. [Obs.]

E•lu´sion , n. [LL. elusio, fr. L. eludere, elusum. See Elude.] Act of eluding; adroit escape, as by artifice; a mockery; a cheat; trickery.

E•lu´sive , a. Tending to elude; using arts or deception to escape; adroitly escaping or evading; eluding the grasp; fallacious. “Elusive of the bridal day, she gives
Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives.” Pope. — E•lu´sive•ly, adv. — E•lu´sive•ness, n.

E•lu´so•ry , a. [LL. elusorius.] Tending to elude or deceive; evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful; deceptive. — E•lu´so•ri•ness (#), n.

E•lute´ , v. t. [L. elutus, p. p. of eluers to elute; e + luere to wash.] To wash out. [R.] Arbuthnot.

E•lu´tri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elutriated p. pr. & vb. n. Elutriating ] [L. elutriatus, p. p. of elutriare.] To wash or strain out so as to purify; as to elutriate the blood as it passes through the lungs; to strain off or decant, as a powder which is separated from heavier particles by being drawn off with water; to cleanse, as by washing.

E•lu•tri•a´tion , n. The process of elutriating; a decanting or racking off by means of water, as finer particles from heavier.

E•lux´ate , v. t. [Pref. e- + luxate.] To dislocate; to luxate.

E•lux•a´tion , n. Dislocation; luxation.

Elv´an , a. 1. Pertaining to elves; elvish. 2. (Mining) Of or pertaining to certain veins of feldspathic or porphyritic rock crossing metalliferous veins in the mining districts of Cornwall; as an elvan course. { Elv´an , Elv´an•ite }, n. The rock of an elvan vein, or the elvan vein itself; an elvan course.

Elve , n. An old form of Elf.

El´ver , n. (Zoöl.) A young eel; a young conger or sea eel; — called also elvene.

Elves , n.; pl. of Elf.

Elv´ish , a. 1. Pertaining to elves; implike; mischievous; weird; also vacant; absent in demeanor. See Elfish. “He seemeth elvish by his countenance.” Chaucer. 2. Mysterious; also foolish. [Obs.]

Elv´ish•ly, adv. In an elvish manner. Sir W. Scott.

El´wand , n. [Obs.] See Ellwand.

E•ly´sian , a. [L. Elysius, fr. Elysium.] Pertaining, or the abode of the blessed after death; hence, yielding the highest pleasures; exceedingly delightful; beatific. ´Elysian shades.´ Massinger. ´Elysian age.´ Beattie. “This life of mortal breath
Is but a suburb of the life elysian.” Longfellow.

E•ly´sium , n.; pl. E. Elysiums (#), L. Elysia (#). [L., fr. Gr. , , Elysian field.] (Anc. Myth.) 1. A dwelling place assigned to happy souls after death; the seat of future happiness; Paradise. 2. Hence, any delightful place. “An Elysian more pure and bright than that pf the Greeks.” I. Taylor.

E•lyt´ri•form , a. [Elytrum + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form, or structure, of an elytron.

El´y•trin , n. [From Elytrum.] (Chem.) See Chitin.

El´y•troid , a. [Gr. sheath, a wing case + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling a beetle’s wing case.

El´y•tron ( 277), El´y•trum (-trm) n.; pl. Elytra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to roll round.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the anterior pair of wings in the Coleoptera and some other insects, when they are thick and serve only as a protection for the posterior pair. See Coleoptera. (b) One of the shieldlike dorsal scales of certain annelids. See Chaetopoda.

El´ze•vir , a. (Bibliog.) Applied to books or editions (esp. of the Greek New Testament and the classics) printed and published by the Elzevir family at Amsterdam, Leyden, etc., from about 1592 to 1680; also applied to a round open type introduced by them. “The Elzevir editions are valued for their neatness, and the elegant small types used.” Brande & C.

’Em An obsolete or colloquial contraction of the old form hem, them. Addison.

Em , n. (Print.) The portion of a line formerly occupied by the letter m, then a square type, used as a unit by which to measure the amount of printed matter on a page; the square of the body of a type.

Em-. A prefix. See En-.

E•mac´er•ate , v. t. & i. [L. emaceratus emaciated; e + macerare to make soft.] To make lean or to become lean; to emaciate. [Obs.] Bullokar.

E•mac•er•a´tion , n. Emaciation. [Obs.]

E•ma´ci•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emaciated p. pr. & vb. n. Emaciating.] [L. emaciatus, p. p. of emaciare to make lean; e + maciare to make lean or meager, fr. macies leanness, akin to macer lean. See Meager.] To lose flesh gradually and become very lean; to waste away in flesh. ´He emaciated and pined away.´ Sir T. Browne.

E•ma´ci•ate, v. t. To cause to waste away in flesh and become very lean; as his sickness emaciated him.

E•ma´ci•ate , a. [L. emaciatus, p. p.] Emaciated. ´Emaciate steeds.´ T. Warton.

E•ma•ci•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. emaciation.] 1. The act of making very lean. 2. The state of being emaciated or reduced to excessive leanness; an excessively lean condition.

E•mac´u•late , v. t. [L. emaculatus, p. p. of emaculare to clear from spots. See Maculate.] To clear from spots or stains, or from any imperfection. [Obs.] Hales.

E•mac•u•la´tion , n. The act of clearing from spots. [Obs.] Johnson.

AE•mail• om•brant´ [F., shaded enamel.] (Fine Arts) An art or process of flooding transparent colored glaze over designs stamped or molded on earthenware or porcelain. Ure.

Em´a•nant , a. [L. emanans, -antis, p. pr. of emanare. See Emanate.] Issuing or flowing forth; emanating; passing forth into an act, or making itself apparent by an effect; — said of mental acts; as an emanant volition.

Em´a•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emanated p. pr. & vb. n. Emanating.] [L. emanare, emanatum, to emanate; e out + manare to flow, prob. for madnare, and akin to madere to be wet, drip, madidus wet, drenched, drunk, Gr. , , wet, to be wet, Skr. mad to boil, matta drunk. Cf. Emane.] 1. To issue forth from a source; to flow out from more or less constantly; as fragrance emanates from flowers. 2. To proceed from, as a source or fountain; to take origin; to arise, to originate. “That subsisting from of government from which all special laws emanate.” De Quincey. Syn. — To flow; arise; proceed; issue; originate.

Em´a•nate , a. Issuing forth; emanant. [R.]

Em•a•na´tion , n. [L. emanatio: cf. F. emanation.] 1. The act of flowing or proceeding from a fountain head or origin. South. “Those profitable and excellent emanations from God.” Jer. Taylor. 2. That which issues, flows, or proceeds from any object as a source; efflux; an effluence; as perfume is an emanation from a flower. “An emanation of the indwelling life.” Bryant.

Em´a•na•tive , a. Issuing forth; effluent.

Em´a•na•tive•ly, adv. By an emanation.

Em´a•na•to•ry , a. Emanative; of the nature of an emanation. Dr. H. More.

E•man´ci•pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emancipated p. pr. & vb. n. Emancipating.] [L. emancipatus, p. p. of emancipare to emancipate; e + mancipare to transfer ownership in, fr. manceps purchaser, as being one who laid his hand on the thing bought; manus hand + capere to take. See Manual, and Capable.] To set free from the power of another; to liberate; as: (a) To set free, as a minor from a parent; as a father may emancipate a child. (b) To set free from bondage; to give freedom to; to manumit; as to emancipate a slave, or a country. “Brasidas … declaring that he was sent to emancipate Hellas.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). (c) To free from any controlling influence, especially from anything which exerts undue or evil influence; as to emancipate one from prejudices or error. “From how many troublesome and slavish impertinences … he had emancipated and freed himself.” Evelyn. “To emancipate the human conscience.” A. W. Ward.

E•man´ci•pate , a. [L. emancipatus, p. p.] Set at liberty.

E•man•ci•pa´tion , n. [L. emancipatio: cf. F. emancipation.] The act of setting free from the power of another, from slavery, subjection, dependence, or controlling influence; also the state of being thus set free; liberation; as the emancipation of slaves; the emancipation of minors; the emancipation of a person from prejudices; the emancipation of the mind from superstition; the emancipation of a nation from tyranny or subjection. Syn. — Deliverance; liberation; release; freedom; manumission; enfranchisement.

E•man•ci•pa´tion•ist, n. An advocate of emancipation, esp. the emancipation of slaves.

E•man´ci•pa•tor , n. [L.] One who emancipates.

E•man´ci•pa•to•ry , a. Pertaining to emancipation, or tending to effect emancipation. ´Emancipatory laws.´ G. Eliot.

E•man´ci•pist , n. A freed convict. [Australia]

E•mar´gi•nate , v. t. [L. emarginare; e out + marginare to furnish with a margin, fr. margo margin.] To take away the margin of. { E•mar´gi•nate , E•mar´gi•na•ted } a. 1. Having the margin interrupted by a notch or shallow sinus. 2. (Bot.) Notched at the summit. 3. (Cryst.) Having the edges truncated.

E•mar´gi•nate•ly, adv. In an emarginate manner.

E•mar•gi•na´tion , n. The act of notching or indenting the margin, or the state of being so notched; also a notch or shallow sinus in a margin.

E•mas´cu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emasculated p. pr. & vb. n. Emasculating ] [L. emasculare; e + masculus male, masculine. See Male masculine.] 1. To deprive of virile or procreative power; to castrate power; to castrate; to geld. 2. To deprive of masculine vigor or spirit; to weaken; to render effeminate; to vitiate by unmanly softness. “Luxury had not emasculated their minds.” V. Knox.

E•mas´cu•late , a. Deprived of virility or vigor; unmanned; weak. ´Emasculate slave.´ Hammond.

E•mas•cu•la´tion , n. 1. The act of depriving of virility, or the state of being so deprived; castration. 2. The act of depriving, or state of being deprived, of vigor or strength; unmanly weakness.

E•mas´cu•la•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, emasculates.

E•mas´cu•la•to•ry , a. Serving or tending to emasculate.

Em•bace´ , v. t. See Embase. [Obs.]

Em•bale´ , v. t. [F. emballer; pref. em- (L. in) + balle bale. See 1st Bale.] [Obs.] 1. To make up into a bale or pack. Johnson. 2. To bind up; to inclose. “Legs … embaled in golden buskins.” Spenser.

Em•ball´ , v. t. [See Embale.] To encircle or embrace. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Em•balm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embalmed p. pr. & vb. n. Embalming.] [F. embaumer; pref. em- (L. in) + baume balm. See Balm.] 1. To anoint all over with balm; especially, to preserve from decay by means of balm or other aromatic oils, or spices; to fill or impregnate (a dead body), with aromatics and drugs that it may resist putrefaction. “Joseph commanded his servants, the physicians, to embalm is father; and the physicians embalmed Israel.” Gem. l. 2. 2. To fill or imbue with sweet odor; to perfume. “With fresh dews embalmed the earth.” Milton. 3. To preserve from decay or oblivion as if with balm; to perpetuate in remembrance. “Those tears eternal that embalm the dead.” Pope.

Em•balm´er , n. One who embalms.

Em•balm´ment , n. [Cf. F. embaumement.] The act of embalming. [R.] Malone.

Em•bank´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embanked p. pr. & vb. n. Embanking.] [Pref. em- + bank. Cf. Imbank.] To throw up a bank so as to confine or to defend; to protect by a bank of earth or stone.

Em•bank´ment , n. 1. The act of surrounding or defending with a bank. 2. A structure of earth, gravel, etc., raised to prevent water from overflowing a level tract of country, to retain water in a reservoir, or to carry a roadway, etc.

Em•bar´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarred p. pr. & vb. n. Embanking.] [Pref. em- + bar: cf. F. embarrer. Cf. Embargo.] 1. To bar or shut in; to inclose securely, as with bars. “Where fast embarred in mighty brazen wall.” Spenser. 2. To stop; to hinder by prohibition; to block up. “He embarred all further trade.” Bacon.

Em•bar•ca´tion , n. Same as Embarkation.

Em•barge´ , v. t. To put in a barge. [Poetic] Drayton.

Em•bar´go , n.; pl. Embargoes (#). [Sp., fr. embargar to arrest, restrain; pref. em- (L. in) + Sp. barra bar, akin to F. barre bar. See Bar.] An edict or order of the government prohibiting the departure of ships of commerce from some or all of the ports within its dominions; a prohibition to sail. If the embargo is laid on an enemy’s ships, it is called a hostile embargo; if on the ships belonging to citizens of the embargoing state, it is called a civil embargo.

Em•bar´go, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embargoed p. pr. & vb. n. Embargoing.] To lay an embargo on and thus detain; to prohibit from leaving port; — said of ships, also of commerce and goods.

Em•bark´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarked p. pr. & vb. n. Embarking.] [F. embarquer; pref. em- (L. in) + barque bark: cf. Sp. embarcar, It. imbarcare. See Bark. a vessel.] 1. To cause to go on board a vessel or boat; to put on shipboard. 2. To engage, enlist, or invest (as persons, money, etc.) in any affair; as he embarked his fortune in trade. “It was the reputation of the sect upon which St. Paul embarked his salvation.” South.

Em•bark´, v. i. 1. To go on board a vessel or a boat for a voyage; as the troops embarked for Lisbon. 2. To engage in any affair. “Slow to embark in such an undertaking.” Macaulay.

Em•bar•ka´tion , n. 1. The act of putting or going on board of a vessel; as the embarkation of troops. 2. That which is embarked; as an embarkation of Jesuits. Smollett.

Em•bark´ment , n. [Cf. F. embarquement.] Embarkation. [R.] Middleton.

Em•bar´rass (em•bar´ras), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarrassed (- rast); p. pr. & vb. n. Embarrassing.] [F. embarrasser (cf. Sp. embarazar, Pg. embaraçar, Pr. barras bar); pref. em- (L. in) + LL. barra bar. See Bar.] 1. To hinder from freedom of thought, speech, or action by something which impedes or confuses mental action; to perplex; to discompose; to disconcert; as laughter may embarrass an orator. 2. To hinder from liberty of movement; to impede; to obstruct; as business is embarrassed; public affairs are embarrassed. 3. (Com.) To involve in difficulties concerning money matters; to incumber with debt; to beset with urgent claims or demands; — said of a person or his affairs; as a man or his business is embarrassed when he can not meet his pecuniary engagements. Syn. — To hinder; perplex; entangle; confuse; puzzle; disconcert; abash; distress. — To Embarrass, Puzzle, Perplex. We are puzzled when our faculties are confused by something we do not understand. We are perplexed when our feelings, as well as judgment, are so affected that we know not how to decide or act. We are embarrassed when there is some bar or hindrance upon us which impedes our powers of thought, speech, or motion. A schoolboy is puzzled by a difficult sum; a reasoner is perplexed by the subtleties of his opponent; a youth is sometimes so embarrassed before strangers as to lose his presence of mind.

Em•bar´rass, n. [F. embarras. See Embarrass, v. t.] Embarrassment. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

Em•bar´rass•ment , n. [F. embarrassement.] 1. A state of being embarrassed; perplexity; impediment to freedom of action; entanglement; hindrance; confusion or discomposure of mind, as from not knowing what to do or to say; disconcertedness. “The embarrassment which inexperienced minds have often to express themselves upon paper.” W. Irving. “The embarrassments tom commerce growing out of the late regulations.” Bancroft. 2. Difficulty or perplexity arising from the want of money to pay debts.

Em•base´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + base, a. or v. t.: cf. OF. embaissier.] To bring down or lower, as in position, value, etc.; to debase; to degrade; to deteriorate. [Obs.] “Embased the valleys, and embossed the hills.” Sylvester. “Alloy in coin of gold … may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it.” Bacon. “Such pitiful embellishments of speech as serve for nothing but to embase divinity.” South.

Em•base´ment , n. [From Embase, v. t.] Act of bringing down; depravation; deterioration. South.

Em´bas•sade , n. [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] An embassy. See Ambassade. [Obs.] Shak.

Em•bas´sa•dor , n. [F. ambassadeur, Sp. embajador, LL. ambassiator, ambasciator. See Embassy, and cf. Ambassador.] Same as Ambassador. “Stilbon, that was a wise embassadour,
Was sent to Corinth.” Chaucer. “Myself my king’s embassador will go.” Dryden.

Em•bas•sa•do´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. ambassadorial.] Same as Ambassadorial.

Em•bas´sa•dress , n. [Cf. F. ambassadrice.] Same as Ambassadress.

Em•bas´sa•dry , n. [Cf. OF. ambassaderie.] Embassy. [Obs.] Leland.

Em´bas•sage ( 48), n. 1. An embassy. ´He sent a solemn embassage.´ Bacon. “Except your embassages have better success.” Motley. 2. Message; errand. Shak.

Em´bas•sy , n.; pl. Embassies (#). [OF. ambassee, embascee, LL. ambasciata, fr. ambasciare for ambactiare to go on a mission, fr. L. ambactus vassal, dependent, of Celtic or German origin; cf. W. amaeth husbandman, Goth. andbahts servant, G. amt office, OHG. ambaht. Cf. Ambassador.] 1. The public function of an ambassador; the charge or business intrusted to an ambassador or to envoys; a public message to; foreign court concerning state affairs; hence, any solemn message. “He sends the angels on embassies with his decrees.” Jer. Taylor. 2. The person or persons sent as ambassadors or envoys; the ambassador and his suite; envoys. 3. The residence or office of an ambassador. Sometimes, but rarely, spelled ambassy.

Em•bas´tard•ize , v. t. [Pref. em- + bastardize.] To bastardize. [Obs.]

Em•bathe´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + bathe. Cf. Imbathe.] To bathe; to imbathe.

Em•bat´tail , v. t. [See Embattle.] To furnish with battlements; to fortify as with battlements. [Archaic] “To embattail and to wall about thy cause
With iron-worded proof.” Tennyson.

Em•bat´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embattled p. pr. & vb. n. Embattling ] [OF. embataillier; pref. em- (L. in) + F. bataille battle. See Battle, and cf. Battlement.] To arrange in order of battle; to array for battle; also to prepare or arm for battle; to equip as for battle. “One in bright arms embattled full strong.” Spenser. “Here once the embattled farmers stood
And fired the shot heard round the world.” Emerson.

Em•bat´tle, v. i. To be arrayed for battle. [Obs.]

Em•bat´tle, v. t. [See Battlement.] To furnish with battlements. ´Embattled house.´ Wordsworth.

Em•bat´tled , a. 1. Having indentations like a battlement. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Her.) Having the edge broken like battlements; — said of a bearing such as a fess, bend, or the like. 3. Having been the place of battle; as an embattled plain or field. J. Baillie.

Em•bat´tle•ment , n. 1. An intended parapet; a battlement. 2. The fortifying of a building or a wall by means of battlements.

Em•bay´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + bay to bathe.] To bathe; to soothe or lull as by bathing. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•bay´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embayed p. pr. & vb. n. Embaying.] [Pref. em- + 1st bay.] To shut in, or shelter, as in a bay. “If that the Turkish fleet
Be not ensheltered and embayed, they are drowned.” Shak.

Em•bay´ment , n. A bay. [R.] “The embayment which is terminated by the land of North Berwick.” Sir W. Scott.

Em•beam´ , v. t. To make brilliant with beams. [R.] G. Fletcher.

Em•bed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Embedding.] [Pref. em- + bed. Cf. Imbed.] To lay as in a bed; to lay in surrounding matter; to bed; as to embed a thing in clay, mortar, or sand.

Em•bed´ment , n. The act of embedding, or the state of being embedded.

Em•bel´lish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embellished p. pr. & vb. n. Embellishing.] [OE. embelisen, embelisshen, F. embellir; pref. em- (L. in) + bel, beau, beautiful. See Beauty.] To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; to decorate; to adorn; as to embellish a book with pictures, a garden with shrubs and flowers, a narrative with striking anecdotes, or style with metaphors. Syn. — To adorn; beautify; deck; bedeck; decorate; garnish; enrich; ornament; illustrate. See Adorn.

Em•bel´lish•er , n. One who embellishes.

Em•bel´lish•ment , n. [Cf. F. embellissement.] 1. The act of adorning, or the state of being adorned; adornment. “In the selection of their ground, as well as in the embellishment of it.” Prescott. 2. That which adds beauty or elegance; ornament; decoration; as pictorial embellishments. “The graces and embellishments of the exterior man.” I. Taylor.

Em´ber , n. [OE. emmeres, emeres, AS. myrie; akin to Icel. eimyrja, Dan. emmer, MHG. eimere; cf. Icel. eimr vapor, smoke.] A lighted coal, smoldering amid ashes; — used chiefly in the plural, to signify mingled coals and ashes; the smoldering remains of a fire. ´He rakes hot embers.´ Dryden. “He takes a lighted ember out of the covered vessel.” Colebrooke.

Em´ber, a. [OE. ymber, AS. ymbren, ymbryne, prop., running around, circuit; ymbe around + ryne a running, fr. rinnan to run. See Amb-, and Run.] Making a circuit of the year of the seasons; recurring in each quarter of the year; as ember fasts. Ember days (R. C. & Eng. Ch.), days set apart for fasting and prayer in each of the four seasons of the year. The Council of Placentia [a. d. 1095] appointed for ember days the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, Whitsuntide, the 14th of September, and the 13th of December. The weeks in which these days fall are called ember weeks.

Em´ber-goose , n. [Cf. Norw. embergaas, hav-imber, hav-immer, Icel. himbrin, himbrimi.] (Zoöl.) The loon or great northern diver. See Loon. [Written also emmer-goose and imber-goose.]

Em´ber•ings , n. pl. Ember days. [Obs.]

Emberizidae n. a natural subfamily including buntings and some New World sparrows.
Syn. — subfamily Emberizidae, subfamily Emberizinae.
[WordNet 1.5]

Em•bet´ter , v. t. To make better. [Obs.]

Em•bez´zle (em•bez´z’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embezzled (- z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Embezzling ] [Norm. F. embeseiller to destroy; cf. OF. besillier to ill treat, ravage, destroy. Cf. Bezzle.] 1. To appropriate fraudulently to one’s own use, as property intrusted to one’s care; to apply to one’s private uses by a breach of trust; as to embezzle money held in trust. 2. To misappropriate; to waste; to dissipate in extravagance. [Obs.] “To embezzle our money in drinking or gaming.” Sharp.

Em•bez´zle•ment , n. The fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom it has been intrusted; as the embezzlement by a clerk of his employer’s money; embezzlement of public funds by the public officer having them in charge. Larceny denotes a taking, by fraud or stealth, from another’s possession; embezzlement denotes an appropriation, by fraud or stealth, of property already in the wrongdoer’s possession. In England and in most of the United States embezzlement is made indictable by statute.

Em•bez´zler , n. One who embezzles.

Em•bil´low , v. i. To swell or heave like a wave of the sea. [R.] Lisle.

Em•bi•ot´o•coid , a. [NL. Embiotoca, the name of one genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Embiotocidae. — n. One of a family of fishes (Embiotocidae) abundant on the coast of California, remarkable for being viviparous; — also called surf fishes and viviparous fishes. See Illust. in Append.

Em•bit´ter , v. t. To make bitter or sad. See Imbitter.

Em•bit´ter•ment , n. The act of embittering; also that which embitters.

Em•blanch´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + 1st blanch.] To whiten. See Blanch. [Obs.] Heylin.

Em•blaze´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblazed p. pr. & vb. n. Emblazing.] [Pref. em- + 1st blaze.] 1. To adorn with glittering embellishments. “No weeping orphan saw his father’s stores
Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors.” Pope. 2. To paint or adorn with armorial figures; to blazon, or emblazon. [Archaic] “The imperial ensign, … streaming to the wind,
With gems and golden luster rich emblazed.” Milton.

Em•bla´zon , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblazoned p. pr. & vb. n. Emblazoning.] [Pref. em- + blazon. Cf. Emblaze.] 1. To depict or represent; — said of heraldic bearings. See Blazon. 2. To deck in glaring colors; to set off conspicuously; to display pompously; to decorate. “The walls were … emblazoned with legends in commemoration of the illustrious pair.” Prescott.

Em•bla´zon•er , n. One who emblazons; also one who publishes and displays anything with pomp.

Em•bla´zon•ing, n. The act or art of heraldic decoration; delineation of armorial bearings.

Em•bla´zon•ment , n. An emblazoning.

Em•bla´zon•ry , n.; pl. Emblazonries . The act or art of an emblazoner; heraldic or ornamental decoration, as pictures or figures on shields, standards, etc.; emblazonment. “Thine ancient standard’s rich emblazonry.” Trench.

Em´blem , n. [F. emblème, L. emblema, -atis, that which is put in or on, inlaid work, fr. Gr. a thing put in or on, fr. to throw, lay, put in; in + to throw. See In, and Parable.] 1. Inlay; inlaid or mosaic work; something ornamental inserted in a surface. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A visible sign of an idea; an object, or the figure of an object, symbolizing and suggesting another object, or an idea, by natural aptness or by association; a figurative representation; a typical designation; a symbol; as a balance is an emblem of justice; a scepter, the emblem of sovereignty or power; a circle, the emblem of eternity. ´His cicatrice, an emblem of war, here on his sinister cheek.´ Shak. 3. A picture accompanied with a motto, a set of verse, or the like, intended as a moral lesson or meditation. Writers and artists of the 17th century gave much attention and study to the composition of such emblems, and many collections of them were published. Syn. — Sign; symbol; type; device; signal; token. — Sign, Emblem, Symbol, Type. Sign is the generic word comprehending all significant representations. An emblem is a visible object representing another by a natural suggestion of characteristic qualities, or an habitual and recognized association; as a circle, having no apparent beginning or end, is an emblem of eternity; a particular flag is the emblem of the country or ship which has adopted it for a sign and with which it is habitually associated. Between emblem and symbol the distinction is slight, and often one may be substituted for the other without impropriety. See Symbol. Thus, a circle is either an emblem or a symbol of eternity; a scepter, either an emblem or a symbol of authority; a lamb, either an emblem or a symbol of meekness. ´An emblem is always of something simple; a symbol may be of something complex, as of a transaction … In consequence we do not speak of actions emblematic.´ C. J. Smith. A type is a representative example, or model, exhibiting the qualities common to all individuals of the class to which it belongs; as the Monitor is a type of a class of war vessels.

Em´blem , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblemed p. pr. & vb. n. Embleming.] To represent by an emblem; to symbolize. [R.] “Emblemed by the cozening fig tree.” Feltham. { Em•blem•at´ic , Em•blem•at´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. emblematique.] Pertaining to, containing, or consisting in, an emblem; symbolic; typically representative; representing as an emblem; as emblematic language or ornaments; a crown is emblematic of royalty; white is emblematic of purity. — Em•blem•at´ic•al•ly, adv.

Em•blem•at´ic•cize , v. t. To render emblematic; as to emblematicize a picture. [R.] Walpole.

Em•blem´a•tist , n. A writer or inventor of emblems. Sir T. Browne.

Em•blem´a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblematized p. pr. & vb. n. Emblematizing ] To represent by, or as by, an emblem; to symbolize. “Anciently the sun was commonly emblematized by a starry or radiate figure.” Bp. Hurd.

Em´ble•ment , n. [OF. embleer to sow with corn, F. emblaver, fr. LL. imbladare; pref. in- + LL. bladum grain, F. ble.] (Law) The growing crop, or profits of a crop which has been sown or planted; — used especially in the plural. The produce of grass, trees, and the like, is not emblement. Wharton’s Law Dict.

Em´blem•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblemized p. pr. & vb. n. Emblemizing ] To represent by an emblem; to emblematize. [R.]

Em•bloom´ , v. t. To emblossom. Savage.

Em•blos´som , v. t. To cover or adorn with blossoms. “On the white emblossomed spray.” J. Cunningham.

Em•bod´i•er , n. One who embodies.

Em•bod´i•ment , n. 1. The act of embodying; the state of being embodied. 2. That which embodies or is embodied; representation in a physical body; a completely organized system, like the body; as the embodiment of courage, or of courtesy; the embodiment of true piety.

Em•bod´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embodied p. pr. & vb. n. Embodying.] To form into a body; to invest with a body; to collect into a body, a united mass, or a whole; to incorporate; as to embody one’s ideas in a treatise. [Written also imbody.] “Devils embodied and disembodied.” Sir W. Scott. “The soul, while it is embodied, can no more be divided from sin.” South.

Em•bod´y, v. i. To unite in a body, a mass, or a collection; to coalesce. [Written also imbody.] “Firmly to embody against this court party.” Burke.

Em•bogue´ , v. i. [See Disembogue.] To disembogue; to discharge, as a river, its waters into the sea or another river. [R.]

Em•bo´guing , n. The mouth of a river, or place where its waters are discharged. [R.]

Em•boil´ , v. i. To boil with anger; to effervesce. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•boil´, v. t. To cause to boil with anger; to irritate; to chafe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•boîte´ment , n. [F., fr. emboîter to fit in, insert; en in + boîte box.] (Biol.) The hypothesis that all living things proceed from preëxisting germs, and that these encase the germs of all future living things, inclosed one within another. Buffon.

Em•bold´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboldened p. pr. & vb. n. Emboldening ] To give boldness or courage to; to encourage. Shak. “The self-conceit which emboldened him to undertake this dangerous office.” Sir W. Scott.

Em•bold´en•er , n. One who emboldens.

Em•bol´ic , a. [Gr. to throw in. See Embolism.] 1. Embolismic. 2. (Med.) Pertaining to an embolism; produced by an embolism; as an embolic abscess. 3. (Biol.) Pushing or growing in; — said of a kind of invagination. See under Invagination.

Em´bo•lism , n. [L. embolismus, from Gr. to throw or put in, insert; cf. intercalated: cf. F. embolisme. See Emblem.] 1. Intercalation; the insertion of days, months, or years, in an account of time, to produce regularity; as the embolism of a lunar month in the Greek year. 2. Intercalated time. Johnson. 3. (Med.) The occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus. Embolism in the brain often produces sudden unconsciousness and paralysis.

Em•bo•lis´mal , a. Pertaining to embolism; intercalary; as embolismal months. { Em•bo•lis•mat´ic , Em•bo•lis•mat´ic•al , } a. Embolismic. { Em•bo•lis´mic , Em•bo•lis´mic•al } a. [Cf. F. embolismique.] Pertaining to embolism or intercalation; intercalated; as an embolismic year, i. e., the year in which there is intercalation.

Em´bo•lite , n. [From Gr. something thrown in between.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of both the chloride and the bromide of silver.

Em´bo•lus , n.; pl. Emboli (#). [L., fr. Gr. pointed so as to be put or thrust in, fr. to throw, thrust, or put in. See Emblem.] 1. Something inserted, as a wedge; the piston or sucker of a pump or syringe. 2. (Med.) A plug of some substance lodged in a blood vessel, being brought thither by the blood current. It consists most frequently of a clot of fibrin, a detached shred of a morbid growth, a globule of fat, or a microscopic organism.

Em´bo•ly , n. [Gr. a putting into.] (Biol.) Embolic invagination. See under Invagination.

Em•bon•point´ , n. [F., fr. en bon point in good condition. See Bon, and Point.] Plumpness of person; — said especially of persons somewhat corpulent.

Em•bor´der , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + border: cf. OF. emborder.] To furnish or adorn with a border; to imborder.

Em•bos´om , v. t. [Written also imbosom.] 1. To take into, or place in, the bosom; to cherish; to foster. “Glad to embosom his affection.” Spenser. 2. To inclose or surround; to shelter closely; to place in the midst of something. “His house embosomed in the grove.” Pope. “Some tender flower … .
Embosomed in the greenest glade.” Keble.

Em•boss´ ( 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embossed ( 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Embossing.] [Pref. em- (L. in) + boss: cf. OF. embosser to swell in bunches.] 1. To raise the surface of into bosses or protuberances; particularly, to ornament with raised work. “Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss.” Milton. 2. To raise in relief from a surface, as an ornament, a head on a coin, or the like. “Then o’er the lofty gate his art embossed
Androgeo’s death.” Dryden. “Exhibiting flowers in their natural color embossed upon a purple ground.” Sir W. Scott.

Em•boss´, v. t. [Etymology uncertain.] To make to foam at the mouth, like a hunted animal. [Obs.]

Em•boss´, v. t. [Cf. Pr. & Sp. emboscar, It. imboscare, F. embusquer, and E. imbosk.] 1. To hide or conceal in a thicket; to imbosk; to inclose, shelter, or shroud in a wood. [Obs.] “In the Arabian woods embossed.” Milton. 2. To surround; to ensheath; to immerse; to beset. “A knight her met in mighty arms embossed.” Spenser.

Em•boss´, v. i. To seek the bushy forest; to hide in the woods. [Obs.] S. Butler.

Em•bossed´ ( 115), a. 1. Formed or covered with bosses or raised figures. 2. Having a part projecting like the boss of a shield. 3. Swollen; protuberant. [Obs.] ´An embossed carbuncle.´ Shak.

Em•boss´er ( 115), n. One who embosses.

Em•boss´ment , n. 1. The act of forming bosses or raised figures, or the state of being so formed. 2. A bosslike prominence; figure in relief; raised work; jut; protuberance; esp., a combination of raised surfaces having a decorative effect. ´The embossment of the figure.´ Addison.

Em•bot´tle , v. t. To bottle. [R.] Phillips.

Em•bou•chure´ , n. [F., fr. emboucher to put to the mouth; pref. em- (L. in) + bouche the mouth. Cf. Embouge, Debouch.] 1. The mouth of a river; also the mouth of a cannon. 2. (Mus.) (a) The mouthpiece of a wind instrument. (b) The shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece; as a flute player has a good embouchure.

Em•bow´ , v. t. To bend like a bow; to curve. ´Embowed arches.´ [Obs. or R.] Sir W. Scott. “With gilded horns embowed like the moon.” Spenser.

Em•bow´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboweled or Embowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Emboweling or Embowelling.] 1. To disembowel. “The barbarous practice of emboweling.” Hallam. “The boar … makes his trough
In your emboweled bosoms.” Shak. Disembowel is the preferable word in this sense. 2. To imbed; to hide in the inward parts; to bury. “Or deep emboweled in the earth entire.” Spenser.

Em•bow´el•er , n. One who takes out the bowels. [Written also emboweller.]

Em•bow´el•ment , n. Disembowelment.

Em•bow´er , v. t. To cover with a bower; to shelter with trees. [Written also imbower.] [Poetic] Milton. — v. i. To lodge or rest in a bower. [Poetic] ´In their wide boughs embow’ring. ´ Spenser.

Em•bowl´ , v. t. To form like a bowl; to give a globular shape to. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Em•box´ , v. t. To inclose, as in a box; to imbox.

Em•boysse´ment , n. [See Embushment.] An ambush. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Em•brace´ (em•bras´), v. t. [Pref. em- (intens.) + brace, v. t.] To fasten on, as armor. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•brace´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embraced (-brast´); p. pr. & vb. n. Embracing (-bra´sing).] [OE. embracier, F. embrasser; pref. em- (L. in) + F. bras arm. See Brace, n.] 1. To clasp in the arms with affection; to take in the arms; to hug. “I will embrace him with a soldier’s arm,
That he shall shrink under my courtesy.” Shak. “Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them.” Acts xx. 1. 2. To cling to; to cherish; to love. Shak. 3. To seize eagerly, or with alacrity; to accept with cordiality; to welcome. ´I embrace these conditions.´ ´You embrace the occasion.´ Shak. “What is there that he may not embrace for truth?” Locke. 4. To encircle; to encompass; to inclose. “Low at his feet a spacious plain is placed,
Between the mountain and the stream embraced.” Denham. 5. To include as parts of a whole; to comprehend; to take in; as natural philosophy embraces many sciences. “Not that my song, in such a scanty space,
So large a subject fully can embrace.” Dryden. 6. To accept; to undergo; to submit to. ´I embrace this fortune patiently.´ Shak. 7. (Law) To attempt to influence corruptly, as a jury or court. Blackstone. Syn. — To clasp; hug; inclose; encompass; include; comprise; comprehend; contain; involve; imply.

Em•brace´ , v. i. To join in an embrace.

Em•brace´, n. Intimate or close encircling with the arms; pressure to the bosom; clasp; hug. “We stood tranced in long embraces,
Mixed with kisses.” Tennyson.

Em•brace´ment , n. [Cf. F. embrassement.] 1. A clasp in the arms; embrace. “Dear though chaste embracements.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. State of being contained; inclosure. [Obs.] “In the embracement of the parts hardly reparable, as bones.” Bacon. 3. Willing acceptance. [Obs.] “A ready embracement of … his kindness.” Barrow.

Em•brace´or , n. (Law) One guilty of embracery.

Em•bra´cer , n. One who embraces.

Em•bra´cer•y , n. (Law) An attempt to influence a court, jury, etc., corruptly, by promises, entreaties, money, entertainments, threats, or other improper inducements.

Em•bra´cive , a. Disposed to embrace; fond of caressing. [R.] Thackeray.

Em•braid´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + 1st braid.] 1. To braid up, as hair. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To upbraid. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Em•branch´ment , n. [Cf. F. embranchement.] The branching forth, as of trees.

Em•bran´gle , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + brangle.] To confuse; to entangle. “I am lost and embrangled in inextricable difficulties.” Berkeley.

Em•bra´sure ( 135), n. [See Embrace.] An embrace. [Obs.] ´Our locked embrasures.´ Shak.

Em•bra´sure (277), n. [F., fr. embraser, perh. equiv. to ebraser to widen an opening; of unknown origin.] 1. (Arch.) A splay of a door or window. “Apart, in the twilight gloom of a window’s embrasure,
Sat the lovers.” Longfellow. 2. (Fort.) An aperture with slant sides in a wall or parapet, through which cannon are pointed and discharged; a crenelle. See Illust. of Casemate.

Em•brave´ , v. t. 1. To inspire with bravery. [Obs.] Beaumont. 2. To decorate; to make showy and fine. [Obs.] “And with sad cypress seemly it embraves.” Spenser.

Em•brawn´ , v. t. To harden. [Obs.] “It will embrawn and iron-crust his flesh.” Nash.

Em•bread´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + bread = 1st braid.] To braid. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•breathe´ment , n. The act of breathing in; inspiration. [R.] “The special and immediate suggestion, embreathement, and dictation of the Holy Ghost.” W. Lee.

Em•brew´ , v. t. To imbrue; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•bright´ , v. t. To brighten. [Obs.]

Em´bro•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embrocated p. pr. & vb. n. Embrocating.] [NL. embrocatus, p. p. of embrocare; cf. Gr. lotion, fomentation, fr. to foment; in + to wet.] (Med.) To moisten and rub (a diseased part) with a liquid substance, as with spirit, oil, etc., by means of a cloth or sponge.

Em•bro•ca´tion , n. [NL. embrocatio: cf. F. embrocation.] (Med.) (a) The act of moistening and rubbing a diseased part with spirit, oil, etc. (b) The liquid or lotion with which an affected part is rubbed.

Em•brogl´io , n. See Imbroglio.

Em•broid´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embroidered p. pr. & vb. n. Embroidering.] [OE. embrouden. See Broider.] To ornament with needlework; as to embroider a scarf. “Thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen.” Ex. xxviii. 39.

Em•broid´er•er , n. One who embroiders.

Em•broid´er•y , n.; pl. Embroideries . 1. Needlework used to enrich textile fabrics, leather, etc.; also the art of embroidering. 2. Diversified ornaments, especially by contrasted figures and colors; variegated decoration. “Fields in spring’s embroidery are dressed.” Addison. “A mere rhetorical embroidery of phrases.” J. A. Symonds.

Em•broil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embroiled p. pr. & vb. n. Embroiling.] [F. embrouiller; pref. em- (L. in) + brouiller. See 1st Broil, and cf. Imbroglio.] 1. To throw into confusion or commotion by contention or discord; to entangle in a broil or quarrel; to make confused; to distract; to involve in difficulties by dissension or strife. “The royal house embroiled in civil war.” Dryden. 2. To implicate in confusion; to complicate; to jumble. “The Christian antiquities at Rome … are so embroiled with able and legend.” Addison. Syn. — To perplex; entangle; distract; disturb; disorder; trouble; implicate; commingle.

Em•broil´, n. See Embroilment.

Em•broil´er , n. One who embroils.

Em•broil´ment , n. [Cf. F. embrouillement.] The act of embroiling, or the condition of being embroiled; entanglement in a broil. Bp. Burnet.

Em•bronze´ , v. t. 1. To embody in bronze; to set up a bronze representation of, as of a person. [Poetic] 2. To color in imitation of bronze. See Bronze, v. t.

Em•broth´el , v. t. To inclose in a brothel. [Obs.] Donne. { Em•broud´e , Em•browd´e, Em•broyd´e }, v. t. To embroider; to adorn. [Obs.] “Embrowded was he, as it were a mead
All full of fresshe flowers, white and red.” Chaucer.

Em•brown´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + brown.] To give a brown color to; to imbrown. “Summer suns embrown the laboring swain.” Fenton.

Em•brue´ , v. t. See Imbrue, Embrew. [Obs.]

Em•brute´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + brute. Cf. Imbrute.] To brutify; to imbrute. “All the man embruted in the swine.” Cawthorn.

Em´bry•o , n.; pl. Embryos (#). [F. embryon, Gr. ’e•mbryon, perh. fr. in (akin to L. E. in) + to be full of, swell with; perh. akin to E. brew.] (Biol.) The first rudiments of an organism, whether animal or plant; as: (a) The young of an animal in the womb, or more specifically, before its parts are developed and it becomes a fetus (see Fetus). (b) The germ of the plant, which is inclosed in the seed and which is developed by germination. In embryo, in an incipient or undeveloped state; in conception, but not yet executed. ´The company little suspected what a noble work I had then in embryo.´ Swift.

Em´bry•o, a. Pertaining to an embryo; rudimentary; undeveloped; as an embryo bud.

Em•bry•o•gen´ic , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to the development of an embryo.

Em•bry•og´e•ny , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + root of to produce: cf. F. embryogenie.] (Biol.) The production and development of an embryo.

Em•bry•og´o•ny , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + gonh• generation.] (Biol.) The formation of an embryo.

Em•bry•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + -graphy.] (Biol.) The general description of embryos. { Em•bry•o•log´ic , Em•bry•o•log´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to embryology.

Em•bry•ol´o•gist , n. One skilled in embryology.

Em•bry•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + -logy: cf. F. embryologie.] (Biol.) The science which relates to the formation and development of the embryo in animals and plants; a study of the gradual development of the ovum until it reaches the adult stage.

Em´bry•on , n. & a. [NL.] See Embryo.

Em´bry•o•nal , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to an embryo, or the initial state of any organ; embryonic.

Em´bry•o•na•ry , a. (Biol.) Embryonic. { Em´bry•o•nate , Em´bry•o•na•ted } a. (Biol.) In the state of, or having, an embryonal.

Em•bry•on´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an embryo; embryonal; rudimentary. Embryonic sac or vesicle (Bot.), the vesicle within which the embryo is developed in the ovule; — sometimes called also amnios sac, and embryonal sac.

Em•bry•o•nif´er•ous , a. [Embryo + -ferous.] (Biol.) Having an embryo.

Em•bry•on´i•form , a. [Embryo + -form.] (Biol.) Like an embryo in form.

Em•bry•o•plas´tic , n. [Embryo + plastic.] (Biol.) Relating to, or aiding in, the formation of an embryo; as embryoplastic cells.

Em´bry•o sac (Bot.) See under Embryonic.

Em•bry•ot´ic , a. (Biol.) Embryonic.

Em•bry•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. embryotomie.] (Med.) The cutting a fetus into pieces within the womb, so as to effect its removal.

Em´bry•o•troph , n. [Gr. ’e•mbryon an embryo + trofh• nourishment.] (Biol.) The material from which an embryo is formed and nourished.

Em´bry•ous , a. Embryonic; undeveloped. [R.]

Em•bulk´ , v. t. To enlarge in the way of bulk. [R.] Latham.

Em•burse´ , v. t. [See Imburse.] To furnish with money; to imburse. [Obs.]

Em•bush´ , v. t. [Cf. Ambush, Imbosk.] To place or hide in a thicket; to ambush. [Obs.] Shelton.

Em•bush´ment , n. [OE. embusshement, OF. embuschement, F. embûchement.] An ambush. [Obs.]

Em•bus´y , v. t. To employ. [Obs.] Skelton.

Eme , n. [See Eame.] An uncle. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•meer´ , n. Same as Emir.

E•men´a•gogue , n. See Emmenagogue.

E•mend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emended; p. pr. & vb. n. Emending.] [L. emendare; e out + menda, mendum, fault, blemish: cf. F. emender. Cf. Amend, Mend.] To purge of faults; to make better; to correct; esp., to make corrections in (a literary work); to alter for the better by textual criticism, generally verbal. Syn. — To amend; correct; improve; better; reform; rectify. See Amend.

E•mend´a•ble , a. [L. emendabilis. Cf. Amendable.] Corrigible; amendable. [R.] Bailey.

Em´en•date•ly , adv. Without fault; correctly. [Obs.]

Em•en•da´tion , n. [L. emendatio: cf. F. emendation.] 1. The act of altering for the better, or correcting what is erroneous or faulty; correction; improvement. ´He lies in his sin without repentance or emendation.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. Alteration by editorial criticism, as of a text so as to give a better reading; removal of errors or corruptions from a document; as the book might be improved by judicious emendations.

Em´en•da•tor , n. [L.] One who emends or critically edits.

E•mend´a•to•ry , a. [L. emendatorius.] Pertaining to emendation; corrective. ´Emendatory criticism.´ Johnson.

E•mend´er , n. One who emends.

E•men´di•cate , v. t. [L. emendicatus, p. p. of emendicare to obtain by begging. See Mendicate.] To beg. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Em´er•ald , n. [OE. emeraude, OF. esmeraude, esmeralde, F. emeraude, L. smaragdus, fr. Gr. ; cf. kr. marakata.] 1. (Min.) A precious stone of a rich green color, a variety of beryl. See Beryl. 2. (Print.) A kind of type, in size between minion and nonparel. It is used by English printers. This line is printed in the type called emerald.

Em´er•ald, a. Of a rich green color, like that of the emerald. ´Emerald meadows.´ Byron. Emerald fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the Gulf of Mexico (Gobionellus oceanicus), remarkable for the brilliant green and blue color of the base of the tongue; — whence the name; — called also esmeralda. — Emerald green, a very durable pigment, of a vivid light green color, made from the arseniate of copper; green bice; Scheele’s green; — also used adjectively; as emerald green crystals. — Emerald Isle, a name given to Ireland on account of the brightness of its verdure. — Emerald spodumene, or Lithia emerald. (Min.) See Hiddenite. — Emerald nickel. (Min.) See Zaratite.

Em´er•ald•ine ( 104), n. A green compound used as a dyestuff, produced from aniline blue when acted upon by acid.

Em´er•aud , n. [See Emerald, n.] An emerald. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•merge´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emerged p. pr. & vb. n. Emerging ] [L. emergere, emersum; e out + mergere to dip, plunge. See Merge.] To rise out of a fluid; to come forth from that in which anything has been plunged, enveloped, or concealed; to issue and appear; as to emerge from the water or the ocean; the sun emerges from behind the moon in an eclipse; to emerge from poverty or obscurity. ´Thetis … emerging from the deep.´ Dryden. “Those who have emerged from very low, some from the lowest, classes of society.” Burke.

E•mer´gence , n.; pl. Emergences . The act of rising out of a fluid, or coming forth from envelopment or concealment, or of rising into view; sudden uprisal or appearance. “The white color of all refracted light, at its very first emergence … is compounded of various colors.” Sir I. Newton. “When from the deep thy bright emergence sprung.” H. Brooke.

E•mer´gen•cy , n.; pl. Emergencies (#). [See Emergence.] 1. Sudden or unexpected appearance; an unforeseen occurrence; a sudden occasion. “Most our rarities have been found out by casual emergency.” Glanvill. 2. An unforeseen occurrence or combination of circumstances which calls for immediate action or remedy; pressing necessity; exigency. “To whom she might her doubts propose,
On all emergencies that rose.” Swift. “A safe counselor in most difficult emergencies.” Brougham. Syn. — Crisis; conjuncture; exigency; pinch; strait; necessity.

E•mer´gent , a. [L. emergens, p. pr. of emergere.] 1. Rising or emerging out of a fluid or anything that covers or conceals; issuing; coming to light. “The mountains huge appear emergent.” Milton. 2. Suddenly appearing; arising unexpectedly; calling for prompt action; urgent. “Protection granted in emergent danger.” Burke. Emergent year (Chron.), the epoch or date from which any people begin to compute their time or dates; as the emergent year of Christendom is that of the birth of Christ; the emergent year of the United States is that of the declaration of their independence. — E•mer´gent•ly, adv. — E•mer´gent•ness, n. [R.]

Em´er•il , n. 1. Emery. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. A glazier’s diamond. Crabb.

Em´er•it•ed , a. [See Emeritus.] Considered as having done sufficient public service, and therefore honorably discharged. [Obs.] Evelyn.

E•mer´i•tus , a. [L., having served out his time, p. p. of emerere, emereri, to obtain by service, serve out one’s term; e out + merere, mereri, to merit, earn, serve.] Honorably discharged from the performance of public duty on account of age, infirmity, or long and faithful services; — said of an officer of a college or pastor of a church.

E•mer´i•tus, n.; pl. Emeriti (#). [L.] A veteran who has honorably completed his service. { Em´er•ods , Em´er•oids } n. pl. [OF. emmeroides. See Hemorrhoids.] Hemorrhoids; piles; tumors; boils. [R.] Deut. xxviii. 27.

E•mersed´ , a. [L. emersus, p. p. See Emerge.] (Bot.) Standing out of, or rising above, water. Gray.

E•mer´sion , n. [Cf. F. emersion. See Emerge.] 1. The act of emerging, or of rising out of anything; as emersion from the sea; emersion from obscurity or difficulties. “Their immersion into water and their emersion out of the same.” Knatchbull. 2. (Astron.) The reappearance of a heavenly body after an eclipse or occultation; as the emersion of the moon from the shadow of the earth; the emersion of a star from behind the moon.

Em´er•y , n. [F. emeri, earlier emeril, It. smeriglio, fr. Gr. , , , cf. to wipe; perh. akin to E. smear. Cf. Emeril.] (Min.) Corundum in the form of grains or powder, used in the arts for grinding and polishing hard substances. Native emery is mixed with more or less magnetic iron. See the Note under Corundum. Emery board, cardboard pulp mixed with emery and molded into convenient. — Emery cloth or paper, cloth or paper on which the powder of emery is spread and glued for scouring and polishing. — Emery wheel, a wheel containing emery, or having a surface of emery. In machine shops, it is sometimes called a buff wheel, and by the manufacturers of cutlery, a glazer.

Em´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Emetic.] (Med.) A vomiting.

E•met´ic , a. [L. emeticus, Gr. , fr. to vomit, akin to L. vomere: cf. F. emetique. See Vomit.] (Med.) Inducing to vomit; exciting the stomach to discharge its contents by the mouth. — n. A medicine which causes vomiting.

E•met´ic•al , a. Inducing to vomit; producing vomiting; emetic. — E•met´ic•al•ly, adv.

Em´e•tine ( 104), n. [See Emetic.] (Chem.) A white crystalline bitter alkaloid extracted from ipecacuanha root, and regarded as its peculiar emetic principle.

Em•e•to-ca•thar´tic , a. [Gr. vomiting + E. cathartic.] (Med.) Producing vomiting and purging at the same time. { E´meu, or E´mew }, n. (Zoöl.) See Emu.

e•meute´ , n. [F.] A seditious tumult; an outbreak.

Em•forth´ , prep. [AS. em-, emn-, in comp. equiv. to efen equal + forð forth.] According to; conformably to. [Obs.] Chaucer. Emforth my might, so far as lies in my power. [Obs.]

Em•gal´la , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The South African wart hog. See Wart hog.

Em´i•cant , a. [L. emicans, p. pr. of emicare. See Emication.] Beaming forth; flashing. [R.] “Which emicant did this and that way dart.” Blackmore.

Em•i•ca´tion , n. [L. emicatio, fr. emicare to spring out or forth; e out + micare to move quickly to and fro, to sparkle.] A flying off in small particles, as heated iron or fermenting liquors; a sparkling; scintillation. Sir T. Browne.

E•mic´tion , n. [L. e out + mingere, mictum, to make water.] 1. The voiding of urine. 2. What is voided by the urinary passages; urine.

E•mic´to•ry , a. & n. (Med.) Diuretic.

Em´i•grant , a. [L. emigrans, -antis, p. pr. of emigrare to emigrate: cf. F. emigrant. See Emigrate, v. i.] 1. Removing from one country to another; emigrating; as an emigrant company or nation. 2. Pertaining to an emigrant; used for emigrants; as an emigrant ship or hospital.

Em´i•grant, n. One who emigrates, or quits one country or region to settle in another. Syn. — Emigrant, Immigrant. Emigrant and emigration have reference to the country from which the migration is made; the correlative words immigrant and immigration have reference to the country into which the migration is made, the former marking the going out from a country, the latter the coming into it.

Em´i•grate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emigrated p. pr. & vb. n. Emigrating.] [L. emigratus, p. p. of emigrare to remove, emigrate; e out + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] To remove from one country or State to another, for the purpose of residence; to migrate from home. “Forced to emigrate in a body to America.” Macaulay. “They [the Huns] were emigrating from Tartary into Europe in the time of the Goths.” J. H. Newman.

Em´i•grate , a. Migratory; roving. [Obs.]

Em•i•gra´tion , n. [L. emigratio: cf. F. emigration.] 1. The act of emigrating; removal from one country or state to another, for the purpose of residence, as from Europe to America, or, in America, from the Atlantic States to the Western. 2. A body emigrants; emigrants collectively; as the German emigration.

Em•i•gra´tion•al , a. Relating to emigration.

Em•i•gra´tion•ist, n. An advocate or promoter of emigration.

Em´i•gra•tor , n. One who emigrates; am emigrant. [R.]

e•mi•gre´ , n. [F., emigrant.] One of the natives of France who were opposed to the first Revolution, and who left their country in consequence.

Em´i•nence , n. [L. eminentia, fr. eminens eminent: cf. F. eminence.] 1. That which is eminent or lofty; a high ground or place; a height. “Without either eminences or cavities.” Dryden. “The temple of honor ought to be seated on an eminence.” Burke. 2. An elevated condition among men; a place or station above men in general, either in rank, office, or celebrity; social or moral loftiness; high rank; distinction; preferment. Milton. “You ’ve too a woman’s heart, which ever yet
Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty.” Shak. 3. A title of honor, especially applied to a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church.

Em´i•nen•cy , n.; pl. Eminences . State of being eminent; eminence. ´Eminency of estate.´ Tillotson.

Em´i•nent , a. [L. eminens, -entis, p. pr. of eminere to stand out, be prominent; e out + minere (in comp.) to project; of uncertain origin: cf. F. eminent. Cf. Menace.] 1. High; lofty; towering; prominent. ´A very eminent promontory.´ Evelyn 2. Being, metaphorically, above others, whether by birth, high station, merit, or virtue; high in public estimation; distinguished; conspicuous; as an eminent station; an eminent historian, statements, statesman, or saint. Right of eminent domain. (Law) See under Domain. Syn. — Lofty; elevated; exalted; conspicuous; prominent; remarkable; distinguished; illustrious; famous; celebrated; renowned; well-known. See Distinguished.

Em´i•nent•ly, adv. In an eminent manner; in a high degree; conspicuously; as to be eminently learned. { E´mir , E•meer´ }, n. [Ar. emir, amir, commander: cf. F. emir. Cf. Admiral, Ameer.] An Arabian military commander, independent chieftain, or ruler of a province; also an honorary title given to the descendants of Mohammed, in the line of his daughter Fatima; among the Turks, likewise, a title of dignity, given to certain high officials. { E•mir•ship , E•meer´ship }, n. The rank or office of an Emir.

Em´is•sa•ry , n.; pl. Emissaries (#). [L. emissarius, fr. emittere, emissum, to send out: cf. F. emissaire. See Emit.] An agent employed to advance, in a covert manner, the interests of his employers; one sent out by any power that is at war with another, to create dissatisfaction among the people of the latter. “Buzzing emissaries fill the ears
Of listening crowds with jealousies and fears.” Dryden. Syn. — Emissary, Spy. A spy is one who enters an enemy’s camp or territories to learn the condition of the enemy; an emissary may be a secret agent appointed not only to detect the schemes of an opposing party, but to influence their councils. A spy must be concealed, or he suffers death; an emissary may in some cases be known as the agent of an adversary without incurring similar hazard.

Em´is•sa•ry, a. 1. Exploring; spying. B. Jonson. 2. (Anat.) Applied to the veins which pass out of the cranium through apertures in its walls.

Em´is•sa•ry•ship, n. The office of an emissary.

E•mis´sion , n. [L. emissio: cf. F. emission. See Emit.] 1. The act of sending or throwing out; the act of sending forth or putting into circulation; issue; as the emission of light from the sun; the emission of heat from a fire; the emission of bank notes. 2. That which is sent out, issued, or put in circulation at one time; issue; as the emission was mostly blood. Emission theory (Physics), the theory of Newton, regarding light as consisting of emitted particles or corpuscles. See Corpuscular theory, under Corpuscular.

Em•is•si´tious , a. [L. emissitius, fr. emittere.] Looking, or narrowly examining; prying. [Obs.] ´Those emissitious eyes.´ Bp. Hall.

E•mis´sive , a. Sending out; emitting; as emissive powers.

Em•is•siv´i•ty , n. Tendency to emission; comparative facility of emission, or rate at which emission takes place, as of heat from the surface of a heated body.

E•mis´so•ry , a. (Anat.) Same as Emissary, a., 2.

E•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emitted p. pr. & vb. n. Emitting.] [L. emittere to send out; e out + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. To send forth; to throw or give out; to cause to issue; to give vent to; to eject; to discharge; as fire emits heat and smoke; boiling water emits steam; the sun emits light. “Lest, wrathful, the far-shooting god emit
His fatal arrows.” Prior. 2. To issue forth, as an order or decree; to print and send into circulation, as notes or bills of credit. “No State shall … emit bills of credit.” Const. of the U. S.

E•mit´tent , a. [L. emittens, p. pr. emittere.] Sending forth; emissive. Boyle.

Em•man´tle , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + mantle: cf. F. emmanteler. Cf. Inmantle.] To cover over with, or as with, a mantle; to put about as a protection. [Obs.] Holland.

Em•man´u•el , n. See Immanuel. Matt. i. 23.

Em•mar´ble , v. t. To turn to marble; to harden. [Obs.] “Thou dost emmarble the proud heart.” Spenser.

Em•men´a•gogue , n. [Gr. , n. pl., menses ( in + month) + leading, fr. to lead: cf. F. emmenagogue.] (Med.) A medicine that promotes the menstrual discharge.

Em´met (em´met), n. [OE. emete, amete, AS. aemete. See Ant.] (Zoöl.) An ant. Emmet hunter (Zoöl.), the wryneck.

Em•me•tro´pi•a (-me•tro´pi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•mmetros in measure, proportioned, suitable (’en in + me•tron measure) + ’w•ps, ’wpo•s, eye.] (Med.) That refractive condition of the eye in which the rays of light are all brought accurately and without undue effort to a focus upon the retina; — opposed to hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism.

Em•me•trop´ic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, emmetropia. “The normal or emmetropic eye adjusts itself perfectly for all distances.” J. Le Conte.

Em•met´ro•py , n. (Med.) Same as Emmetropia.

Em•mew´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + mew. Cf. Immew.] To mew or coop up. [Obs.] Shak.

Em•move´ , v. t. [For emove: cf. F. emouvoir, L. emovere. See Emotion.] To move; to rouse; to excite. [Obs.]

Em´o•din , n. (Chem.) An orange-red crystalline substance, C15H10O5, obtained from the buckthorn, rhubarb, etc., and regarded as a derivative of anthraquinone; — so called from a species of rhubarb (Rheum emodei).

Em•ol•les´cence , n. [L. e out + mollescere, incho. fr. mollere to be soft, mollis soft.] That degree of softness in a body beginning to melt which alters its shape; the first or lowest degree of fusibility.

E•mol´li•ate ( 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emolliated p. pr. & vb. n. Emolliating.] [See Emollient, a.] To soften; to render effeminate. “Emolliated by four centuries of Roman domination, the Belgic colonies had forgotten their pristine valor.” Pinkerton.

E•mol´lient ( 106), a. [L. emolliens, -entis, p. pr. of emollire to soften; e out + mollire to soften, mollis soft: cf. F. emollient. See Mollify.] Softening; making supple; acting as an emollient. ´Emollient applications.´ Arbuthnot.

E•mol´lient ( 105), n. (Med.) An external something or soothing application to allay irritation, soreness, etc.

Em•ol•li´tion , n. The act of softening or relaxing; relaxation. Bacon.

E•mol´u•ment , n. [L. emolumentum, lit., a working out, fr. emoliri to move out, work out; e out + moliri to set in motion, exert one’s self, fr. moles a huge, heavy mass: cf. F. emolument. See Mole a mound.] The profit arising from office, employment, or labor; gain; compensation; advantage; perquisites, fees, or salary. “A long … enjoyment of the emoluments of office.” Bancroft.

E•mol•u•men´tal , a. Pertaining to an emolument; profitable. [R.] Evelyn. { E•mong´ , E•mongst´ }, prep. Among. [Obs.]

E•mo´tion , n. [L. emovere, emotum, to remove, shake, stir up; e out + movere to move: cf. F. emotion. See Move, and cf. Emmove.] A moving of the mind or soul; excitement of the feelings, whether pleasing or painful; disturbance or agitation of mind caused by a specific exciting cause and manifested by some sensible effect on the body. “How different the emotions between departure and return!” W. Irving. “Some vague emotion of delight.” Tennyson. Syn. — Feeling; agitation; tremor; trepidation; perturbation; passion; excitement. — Emotion, Feeling, Agitation. Feeling is the weaker term, and may be of the body or the mind. Emotion is of the mind alone, being the excited action of some inward susceptibility or feeling; as an emotion of pity, terror, etc. Agitation may be bodily or mental, and usually arises in the latter case from a vehement struggle between contending desires or emotions. See Passion. ´Agitations have but one character, viz., that of violence; emotions vary with the objects that awaken them. There are emotions either of tenderness or anger, either gentle or strong, either painful or pleasing.´ Crabb.

E•mo´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, emotion; excitable; easily moved; sensational; as an emotional nature.

E•mo´tion•al•ism , n. The cultivation of an emotional state of mind; tendency to regard things in an emotional manner.

E•mo´tion•al•ize , v. t. To give an emotional character to. “Brought up in a pious family where religion was not talked about emotionalized, but was accepted as the rule of thought and conduct.” Froude.

E•mo´tioned , a. Affected with emotion. [R.] ´The emotioned soul.´ Sir W. Scott.

E•mo´tive , a. Attended by, or having the character of, emotion. H. Brooke. — E•mo´tive•ly, adv.

E•mo´tive•ness, n. Susceptibility to emotion. G. Eliot.

E•mo•tiv´i•ty , n. Emotiveness. Hickok.

E•move´ , v. t. To move. [Obs.] Thomson.

Em•pair´ , v. t. To impair. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pais´tic , a. [Gr. (sc. ), fr. to stamp in; in + to strike.] (Fine Arts) Having to do with inlaid work; — especially used with reference to work of the ancient Greeks.

Em•pale´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + pale: cf. OF. empalir.] To make pale. [Obs.] “No bloodless malady empales their face.” G. Fletcher.

Em•pale´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empaled p. pr. & vb. n. Empaling.] [OF. empaler to palisade, pierce, F. empaler to punish by empalement; pref. em- (L. in) + OF. & F. pal a pale, stake. See Pale a stake, and cf. Impale.] [Written also impale.] 1. To fence or fortify with stakes; to surround with a line of stakes for defense; to impale. “All that dwell near enemies empale villages, to save themselves from surprise.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. To inclose; to surround. See Impale. 3. To put to death by thrusting a sharpened stake through the body. 4. (Her.) Same as Impale.

Em•pale´ment , n. [Cf. F. empalement, fr. empaler. See Empale.] [Written also impalement.] 1. A fencing, inclosing, or fortifying with stakes. 2. A putting to death by thrusting a sharpened stake through the body. 3. (Her.) Same as Impalement.

Em•pan´el , n. [Pref. em- (L. in) + panel.] (Law) A list of jurors; a panel. [Obs.] Cowell.

Em•pan´el, v. t. See Impanel.

Em•pan´o•plied , a. [Pref. em- + panoply.] Completely armed; panoplied. Tennyson.

Em•par´a•dise , v. t. Same as Imparadise.

Em•park´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + park: cf. OF. emparchier, emparkier. Cf. Impark.] To make a park of; to inclose, as with a fence; to impark. [Obs.]

Em•par´lance , n. Parley; imparlance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pasm´ , n. [F. empasme, fr. Gr. to sprinkle in or on; in + to sprinkle.] A perfumed powder sprinkled upon the body to mask the odor of sweat.

Em•pas´sion , v. t. To move with passion; to affect strongly. See Impassion. [Obs.] “Those sights empassion me full near.” Spenser.

Em•pas´sion•ate , a. Strongly affected. [Obs.] “The Briton Prince was sore empassionate.” Spenser.

Em•pawn´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + pawn. Cf. Impawn.] To put in pawn; to pledge; to impawn. “To sell, empawn, and alienate the estates.” Milman.

Em•peach´ , v. t. To hinder. See Impeach. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pearl´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + pearl. Cf. Impearl.] To form like pearls; to decorate with, or as with, pearls; to impearl.

Em•peo´ple , v. t. To form into a people or community; to inhabit; to people. [Obs.] “We now know ’t is very well empeopled.” Sir T. Browne.

Em´per•ess , n. See Empress. [Obs.]

Em´per•ice , n. An empress. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Em•per´il , v. t. To put in peril. See Imperil. Spenser.

Em•per´ished , a. Perished; decayed. [Obs.] “I deem thy brain emperished be.” Spenser.

Em´per•or , n. [OF. empereor, empereour, F. empereur, L. imperator, fr. imperare to command; in in + parare to prepare, order. See Parade, and cf. Imperative, Empress.] The sovereign or supreme monarch of an empire; — a title of dignity superior to that of king; as the emperor of Germany or of Austria; the emperor or Czar of Russia. Emperor goose (Zoöl.), a large and handsome goose (Philacte canagica), found in Alaska. — Emperor moth (Zoöl.), one of several large and beautiful bombycid moths, with transparent spots on the wings; as the American Cecropia moth (Platysamia cecropia), and the European species (Saturnia pavonia). — Emperor paper. See under Paper. — Purple emperor (Zoöl.), a large, strong British butterfly (Apatura iris).

Em´per•or•ship, n. The rank or office of an emperor.

Em´per•y , n. [L. imperium, influenced by OF. emperie, empire. See Empire.] Empire; sovereignty; dominion. [Archaic] Shak. “Struggling for my woman’s empery.” Mrs. Browning.

Em´pha•sis (em´fa•sis), n.; pl. Emphases (- sez). [L., fr. Gr. ’e•mfasis significance, force of expression, fr. ’emfai•nein to show in, indicate; ’en in + fai•nein to show. See In, and Phase.] 1. (Rhet.) A particular stress of utterance, or force of voice, given in reading and speaking to one or more words whose signification the speaker intends to impress specially upon his audience. “The province of emphasis is so much more important than accent, that the customary seat of the latter is changed, when the claims of emphasis require it.” E. Porter. 2. A peculiar impressiveness of expression or weight of thought; vivid representation, enforcing assent; as to dwell on a subject with great emphasis. “External objects stand before us … in all the life and emphasis of extension, figure, and color.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Em´pha•size , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emphasized p. pr. & vb. n. Emphasizing ] To utter or pronounce with a particular stress of voice; to make emphatic; as to emphasize a word or a phrase. { Em•phat´ic , Em•phat´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. emphatique. See Emphasis.] 1. Uttered with emphasis; made prominent and impressive by a peculiar stress of voice; laying stress; deserving of stress or emphasis; forcible; impressive; strong; as to remonstrate in an emphatic manner; an emphatic word; an emphatic tone; emphatic reasoning. 2. Striking the sense; attracting special attention; impressive; forcible. ´Emphatical colors.´ Boyle. ´Emphatical evils.´ Bp. Reynolds. Syn. — Forcible; earnest; impressive; energetic; striking; positive; important; special; significant.

Em•phat´ic•al•ly, adv. 1. With emphasis; forcibly; in a striking manner or degree; preëminently. “He was indeed emphatically a popular writer.” Macaulay. 2. Not really, but apparently. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Em•phat´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being emphatic; emphasis.

Em•phrac´tic , a. [Gr. obstructing, fr. to block up.] (Med.) Having the quality of closing the pores of the skin.

Em•phren´sy , v. t. To madden. [Obs.]

Em•phy•se´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. inflation, fr. to inflate; in + to blow: cf. F. emphysème.] (Med.) A swelling produced by gas or air diffused in the cellular tissue. Emphysema of the lungs, Pulmonary emphysema (Med.), a common disease of the lungs in which the air cells are distended and their partition walls ruptured by an abnormal pressure of the air contained in them.

Em•phy•sem´a•tous , a. [Cf. F. emphysemateux.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, emphysema; swelled; bloated.

Em•phy•teu´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., an implanting, fr. to plant or improve land; in + to plant.] (Rom. Law) A real right, susceptible of assignment and of descent, charged on productive real estate, the right being coupled with the enjoyment of the property on condition of taking care of the estate and paying taxes, and sometimes a small rent. Heumann.

Em•phy•teu´tic , a. [L. emphyteuticus.] Of or pertaining to an emphyteusis; as emphyteutic lands.

Em•phy•teu´ti•ca•ry , n. [L. emphyteuticarius, a.] One who holds lands by emphyteusis.

Em•pierce´ , v. t. [Pref. em- + pierce. Cf. Impierce.] To pierce; to impierce. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•pight´ , a. [Pref. em- + pight pitched, fixed.] Fixed; settled; fastened. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em´pire , n. [F., fr. L. imperium a command, sovereignty, dominion, empire, fr. imperare. See Emperor; cf. Imperial.] 1. Supreme power; sovereignty; sway; dominion. ´The empire of the sea.´ Shak. “Over hell extend
His empire, and with iron scepter rule.” Milton. 2. The dominion of an emperor; the territory or countries under the jurisdiction and dominion of an emperor (rarely of a king), usually of greater extent than a kingdom, always comprising a variety in the nationality of, or the forms of administration in, constituent and subordinate portions; as the Austrian empire. “Empire carries with it the idea of a vast and complicated government.” C. J. Smith. 3. Any dominion; supreme control; governing influence; rule; sway; as the empire of mind or of reason. ´Under the empire of facts.´ M. Arnold. “Another force which, in the Middle Ages, shared with chivalry the empire over the minds of men.” A. W. Ward. Celestial empire. See under Celestial. — Empire City, a common designation of the city of New York. — Empire State, a common designation of the State of New York. Syn. — Sway; dominion; rule; control; reign; sovereignty; government; kingdom; realm; state.

Em•pir´ic ( 277), n. [L. empiricus an empiric, Gr. experienced, equiv. to ; in + a trial, experiment; akin to ford, way, and E. fare: cf. F. empirique. See In, and Fare.] 1. One who follows an empirical method; one who relies upon practical experience. 2. One who confines himself to applying the results of mere experience or his own observation; especially, in medicine, one who deviates from the rules of science and regular practice; an ignorant and unlicensed pretender; a quack; a charlatan. “Among the Greek physicians, those who founded their practice on experience called themselves empirics.” Krauth-Fleming. “Swallow down opinions as silly people do empirics’ pills.” Locke. { Em•pir´ic , Em•pir´ic•al } a. 1. Pertaining to, or founded upon, experiment or experience; depending upon the observation of phenomena; versed in experiments. “In philosophical language, the term empirical means simply what belongs to or is the product of experience or observation.” Sir W. Hamilton. “The village carpenter … lays out his work by empirical rules learnt in his apprenticeship.” H. Spencer. 2. Depending upon experience or observation alone, without due regard to science and theory; — said especially of medical practice, remedies, etc.; wanting in science and deep insight; as empiric skill, remedies. Empirical formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. Syn. — See Transcendental.

Em•pir´ic•al•ly, adv. By experiment or experience; without science; in the manner of quacks.

Em•pir´i•cism , n. 1. The method or practice of an empiric; pursuit of knowledge by observation and experiment. 2. Specifically, a practice of medicine founded on mere experience, without the aid of science or a knowledge of principles; ignorant and unscientific practice; charlatanry; quackery. 3. (Metaph.) The philosophical theory which attributes the origin of all our knowledge to experience.

Em•pir´i•cist , n. An empiric.

Em•pi•ris´tic , a. (Physics) Relating to, or resulting from, experience, or experiment; following from empirical methods or data; — opposed to nativistic.

Em•plas´ter , n. [OF. emplastre, F. emplâtre, L. emplastrum a plaster or salve, fr. Gr. , fr. to plaster up, daub over; in + to form, mold, apply as a plaster.] See Plaster. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Em•plas´ter, v. t. [Cf. OF. emplastrer, F. emplâtrer. See Emplaster, n.] To plaster over; to cover over so as to present a good appearance. [Obs.] ´Fair as ye his name emplaster.´ Chaucer.

Em•plas´tic , a. [Cf. F. emplastique, fr. Gr. clogging. See Emplaster.] Fit to be applied as a plaster; glutinous; adhesive; as emplastic applications.

Em•plas´tic, n. A medicine causing constipation.

Em•plas•tra´tion , n. [L. emplastratio a budding.] 1. The act or process of grafting by inoculation; budding. [Obs.] Holland. 2. [See 1st Emplaster.] (Med.) The application of a plaster or salve.

Em•plead´ , v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + plead: cf. F. emplaidier. Cf. Implead.] To accuse; to indict. See Implead.

Em•plec´tion , n. See Emplecton.

Em•plec´ton , n. [F. or L. emplecton, fr. Gr. , fr. interwoven, fr. to plait or weave in; in + to twist, weave.] A kind of masonry in which the outer faces of the wall are ashlar, the space between being filled with broken stone and mortar. Cross layers of stone are interlaid as binders. [R.] Weale.

Em•plore´ , v. t. See Implore. [Obs.]

Em•ploy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Employed p. pr. & vb. n. Employing.] [F. employer, fr. L. implicare to fold into, infold, involve, implicate, engage; in + plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicate.] 1. To inclose; to infold. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To use; to have in service; to cause to be engaged in doing something; — often followed by in, about, on, or upon, and sometimes by to; as: (a) To make use of, as an instrument, a means, a material, etc., for a specific purpose; to apply; as to employ the pen in writing, bricks in building, words and phrases in speaking; to employ the mind; to employ one’s energies. “This is a day in which the thoughts … ought to be employed on serious subjects.” Addison. (b) To occupy; as to employ time in study. (c) To have or keep at work; to give employment or occupation to; to intrust with some duty or behest; as to employ a hundred workmen; to employ an envoy. “Jonathan … and Jahaziah … were employed about this matter.” Ezra x. 15. “Thy vineyard must employ the sturdy steer
To turn the glebe.” Dryden. To employ one’s self, to apply or devote one’s time and attention; to busy one’s self. Syn. — To use; busy; apply; exercise; occupy; engross; engage. See Use.

Em•ploy´, n. [Cf. F. emploi.] That which engages or occupies a person; fixed or regular service or business; employment. “The whole employ of body and of mind.” Pope. In one’s employ, in one’s service.

Em•ploy´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. employable.] Capable of being employed; capable of being used; fit or proper for use. Boyle.

Em•ploy•e´ , n. [F., p. p. of employer.] One employed by another; a clerk or workman in the service of an employer.

Em•ploy•ee´ , n. [The Eng. form of employe.] One employed by another.

Em•ploy´er , n. One who employs another; as an employer of workmen.

Em•ploy´ment , n. 1. The act of employing or using; also the state of being employed. 2. That which engages or occupies; that which consumes time or attention; office or post of business; service; as agricultural employments; mechanical employments; public employments; in the employment of government. “Cares are employments, and without employ
The soul is on a rack.” Young. Syn. — Work; business; occupation; vocation; calling; office; service; commission; trade; profession.

Em•plumed´ , a. Plumed. [R.]

Em•plunge´ , v. t. [Cf. Implunge.] To plunge; to implunge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Em•poi´son , v. t. [F. empoisonner; pref. em- + F. poison. See Poison, and cf. Impoison.] To poison; to impoison. Shak.

Em•poi´son, n. Poison. [Obs.] Remedy of Love.

Em•poi´son•er , n. Poisoner. [Obs.] Bacon.

Em•poi´son•ment , n. [F. empoisonnement.] The act of poisoning. Bacon. { Em•po•ret´ic , Em•po•ret´ic•al } a. [L. emporeticus, Gr. . See Emporium.] Pertaining to an emporium; relating to merchandise. [Obs.] Johnson.

Em•po´ri•um , n.; pl. Emporiums (#), L. Emporia (#). [L., fr. Gr. , fr. belonging to commerce, fr. traveler, trader; in + way through and over, path. See In, and Empiric, Fare.] 1. A place of trade; a market place; a mart; esp., a city or town with extensive commerce; the commercial center of a country. “That wonderful emporium [Manchester] … was then a mean and ill-built market town.” Macaulay. “It is pride … which fills our streets, our emporiums, our theathers.” Knox. 2. (Physiol.) The brain. [Obs.]

Em•pov´er•ish , v. t. See Impoverish.

Em•pow´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empowered p. pr. & vb. n. Empowering.] 1. To give authority to; to delegate power to; to commission; to authorize (having commonly a legal force); as the Supreme Court is empowered to try and decide cases, civil or criminal; the attorney is empowered to sign an acquittance, and discharge the debtor. 2. To give moral or physical power, faculties, or abilities to. ´These eyes … empowered to gaze.´ Keble.

Em´press , n. [OE. empress, emperice, OF. empereis, empereris, fr. L. imperatrix, fem. of imperator. See Emperor.] 1. The consort of an emperor. Shak. 2. A female sovereign. 3. A sovereign mistress. ´Empress of my soul.´ Shak. Empress cloth, a cloth for ladies’ dresses, either wholly of wool, or with cotton warp and wool weft. It resembles merino, but is not twilled.

Em•print´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Imprint.

Em•prise´ , n. [OF. emprise, fr. emprendre to undertake; pref. em- (L. in) + F. prendre to take, L. prehendere, prendere; prae before + a verb akin to E. get. See Get, and cf. Enterprise, Impresa.] [Archaic] 1. An enterprise; endeavor; adventure. Chaucer. “In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise.” Spenser. “The deeds of love and high emprise.” Longfellow. 2. The qualifies which prompt one to undertake difficult and dangerous exploits. “I love thy courage yet and bolt emprise;
But here thy sword can do thee little stead.” Milton.

Em•prise´, v. t. To undertake. [Obs.] Sackville.

Em•pris´ing , a. [From Emprise, v. t.] Full of daring; adventurous. [Archaic] T. Campbell.

Em•pris´on , v. t. [Obs.] See Imprison.

Em•pros•thot´o•nos , n. [NL., fr. Gr. forward + to draw.] (Med.) A drawing of the body forward, in consequence of the spasmodic action of some of the muscles. Gross.

Emp´te , v. t. To empty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Emp´ti•er ( 215), n. One who, or that which, empties.

Emp´ti•er, compar. of Empty.

Emp´ti•ness, n. [From Empty.] 1. The state of being empty; absence of contents; void space; vacuum; as the emptiness of a vessel; emptiness of the stomach. 2. Want of solidity or substance; unsatisfactoriness; inability to satisfy desire; vacuity; hollowness; the emptiness of earthly glory. 3. Want of knowledge; lack of sense; vacuity of mind. “Eternal smiles his emptiness betray.” Pope. “The sins of emptiness, gossip, and spite.” Tennyson.

Emp´tion , n. [L. emptio, fr. emere to buy.] The act of buying. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Emp´tion•al , a. Capable of being purchased.

Emp´ty ( 215), a. [Compar. Emptier superl. Emptiest.] [AS. emtig, aemtig, aemetig, fr. aemta, aemetta, quiet, leisure, rest; of uncertain origin; cf. G. emsig busy.] 1. Containing nothing; not holding or having anything within; void of contents or appropriate contents; not filled; — said of an inclosure, as a box, room, house, etc.; as an empty chest, room, purse, or pitcher; an empty stomach; empty shackles. 2. Free; clear; devoid; — often with of. ´That fair female troop … empty of all good.´ Milton. “I shall find you empty of that fault.” Shak. 3. Having nothing to carry; unburdened. ´An empty messenger.´ Shak. “When ye go ye shall not go empty.” Ex. iii. 21. 4. Destitute of effect, sincerity, or sense; — said of language; as empty words, or threats. “Words are but empty thanks.” Cibber. 5. Unable to satisfy; unsatisfactory; hollow; vain; — said of pleasure, the world, etc. “Pleas’d in the silent shade with empty praise.” Pope. 6. Producing nothing; unfruitful; — said of a plant or tree; as an empty vine. “Seven empty ears blasted with the east wind.” Gen. xli. 27. 7. Destitute of, or lacking, sense, knowledge, or courtesy; as empty brains; an empty coxcomb. “That in civility thou seem’st so empty.” Shak. 8. Destitute of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial; as empty dreams. Empty is used as the first element in a compound; as empty-handed, having nothing in the hands, destitute; empty-headed, having few ideas; empty-hearted, destitute of feeling. Syn. — See Vacant.

Emp´ty , n.; pl. Empties . An empty box, crate, cask, etc.; — used in commerce, esp. in transportation of freight; as ´special rates for empties.´

Emp´ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emptied p. pr. & vb. n. Emptying.] To deprive of the contents; to exhaust; to make void or destitute; to make vacant; to pour out; to discharge; as to empty a vessel; to empty a well or a cistern. “The clouds … empty themselves upon the earth.” Eccl. xi. 3.

Emp´ty, v. i. 1. To discharge itself; as a river empties into the ocean. 2. To become empty. ´The chapel empties.´ B. Jonson.

Emp´ty•ing, n. 1. The act of making empty. Shak. 2. pl. The lees of beer, cider, etc.; yeast. [U.S.]

Em•pugn´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Impugn.

Em•pur´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empurpled p. pr. & vb. n. Empurpling ] [Pref. em- + purple. Cf. Impurple.] To tinge or dye of a purple color; to color with purple; to impurple. ´The deep empurpled ran.´ Philips.

Em•puse´ , n. [LL. empusa, Gr. .] A phantom or specter. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Em•puz´zle , v. t. [Pref. em- + puzzle.] To puzzle. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne.

Em•py•e´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , from to suppurate; in + pus.] (Med.) A collection of blood, pus, or other fluid, in some cavity of the body, especially that of the pleura. Dunglison. The term empyema is now restricted to a collection of pus in the cavity of the pleura.

Em•py•e´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. suppuration.] (Med.) An eruption of pustules.

Em•pyr´e•al , a. [L. empyrius, empyreus, fiery, Gr. , , in fire, fiery; in + fire. See In, and Fire.] Formed of pure fire or light; refined beyond aërial substance; pertaining to the highest and purest region of heaven. “Go, soar with Plato to the empyreal sphere.” Pope. Empyreal air, oxygen gas.

Em•pyr´e•al, n. Empyrean. Mrs. Browning.

Em•py•re´an ( 277), n. [See Empyreal.] The highest heaven, where the pure element of fire was supposed by the ancients to subsist. “The empyrean rung
With hallelujahs.” Milton.

Em•py•re´an, a. Empyreal. Akenside.

Em•py•reu´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. a live coal covered with ashes, fr. to set on fire, fr. : cf. F. empyreume. See Empyreal.] (Chem.) The peculiar smell and taste arising from products of decomposition of animal or vegetable substances when burnt in close vessels. { Em•py•reu•mat´ic , Em•py•reu•mat´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. empyreumatique.] Of or pertaining to empyreuma; as an empyreumatic odor. Empyreumatic oils, oils obtained by distilling various organic substances at high temperatures. Brande & C.

Em•py•reu´ma•tize , v. t. To render empyreumatic. [R.]

Em•pyr´ic•al , a. [Gr. in fire. See Empyreal.] Containing the combustible principle of coal. Kirwan.

Em´py•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; in + to burn.] A general fire; a conflagration. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Em´rods , n. pl. See Emerods. [Obs.]

E´mu , n. [Cf. Pg. ema ostrich, F. emou, emeu, emu.] (Zoöl.) A large Australian bird, of two species (Dromaius Novae-Hollandiae and D. irroratus), related to the cassowary and the ostrich. The emu runs swiftly, but is unable to fly. [Written also emeu and emew.] The name is sometimes erroneously applied, by the Brazilians, to the rhea, or South American ostrich. Emu wren. See in the Vocabulary.

Em´u•la•ble , a. [L. aemulari to emulate + -able.] Capable of being emulated. [R.] “Some imitable and emulable good.” Abp. Leighton.

Em´u•late , a. [L. aemulatus, p. p. of aemulari, fr. aemulus emulous; prob. akin to E. imitate.] Striving to excel; ambitious; emulous. [Obs.] ´A most emulate pride.´ Shak.

Em´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emulated p. pr. & vb. n. Emulating ] To strive to equal or to excel in qualities or actions; to imitate, with a view to equal or to outdo, to vie with; to rival; as to emulate the good and the great. “Thine eye would emulate the diamond.” Shak.

Em•u•la´tion , n. [L. aemulatio: cf. F. emulation.] 1. The endeavor to equal or to excel another in qualities or actions; an assiduous striving to equal or excel another; rivalry. “A noble emulation heats your breast.” Dryden. 2. Jealous rivalry; envy; envious contention. “Such factious emulations shall arise.” Shak. Syn. — Competition; rivalry; contest; contention; strife. — Emulation, Competition, Rivalry. Competition is the struggle of two or more persons for the same object. Emulation is an ardent desire for superiority, arising from competition, but now implying, of necessity, any improper feeling. Rivalry is a personal contest, and, almost of course, has a selfish object and gives rise to envy. ´Competition and emulation have honor for their basis; rivalry is but a desire for selfish gratification. Competition and emulation animate to effort; rivalry usually produces hatred. Competition and emulation seek to merit success; rivalry is contented with obtaining it.´ Crabb.

Em´u•la•tive , a. Inclined to emulation; aspiring to competition; rivaling; as an emulative person or effort. ´Emulative zeal.´ Hoole.

Em´u•la•tive•ly, adv. In an emulative manner; with emulation.

Em´u•la•tor , n. [L. aemulator.] One who emulates, or strives to equal or surpass. “As Virgil rivaled Homer, Milton was the emulator of both.” Bp. Warburton.

Em´u•la•to•ry , a. Pertaining to emulation; connected with rivalry. [R.] ´Emulatory officiousness.´ Bp. Hall.

Em´u•la•tress , n. A female emulator. [R.]

Em´ule , v. t. [F. emuler. See Emulate.] To emulate. [Obs.] ´Emuled of many.´ Spenser.

E•mulge´ , v. t. [L. emulgere, emulsum; e out + mulgere to milk; akin to E. milk. See Milk.] To milk out; to drain. [Obs.] Bailey.

E•mul´gent , a. [L. emulgens, p. pr. of emulgere to milk out: cf. F. emulgent. So called because regarded by the ancients as straining out the serum, as if by milking, and so producing the urine.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the kidneys; renal; as emulgent arteries and veins. — n. An emulgent vessel, as a renal artery or vein.

E•mul´gent, n. (Med.) A medicine that excites the flow of bile. [Obs.] Hoblyn.

Em´u•lous , a. [L. aemulus. See Emulate.] 1. Ambitiously desirous to equal or even to excel another; eager to emulate or vie with another; desirous of like excellence with another; — with of; as emulous of another’s example or virtues. 2. Vying with; rivaling; hence, contentious, envious. ´Emulous Carthage.´ B. Jonson. “Emulous missions ’mongst the gods.” Shak.

Em´u•lous•ly, adv. In an emulous manner.

Em´u•lous•ness, n. The quality of being emulous.

E•mul´sic , a. Pertaining to, or produced from, emulsin; as emulsic acid. Hoblyn.

E•mul´si•fy , v. t. [Emulsion + -fy.] To convert into an emulsion; to form an emulsion; to reduce from an oily substance to a milky fluid in which the fat globules are in a very finely divided state, giving it the semblance of solution; as the pancreatic juice emulsifies the oily part of food.

E•mul´sin , n. [See Emulsion, Emulge.] (Chem.) (a) The white milky pulp or extract of bitter almonds. [R.] (b) An unorganized ferment (contained in this extract and in other vegetable juices), which effects the decomposition of certain glucosides.

E•mul´sion , n. [From L. emulgere, emulsum: cf. F. emulsion. See Emulge.] Any liquid preparation of a color and consistency resembling milk; as: (a) In pharmacy, an extract of seeds, or a mixture of oil and water united by a mucilaginous substance. (b) In photography, a liquid preparation of collodion holding salt of silver, used in the photographic process.

E•mul´sive , a. [Cf. F. emulsif.] 1. Softening; milklike. 2. Yielding oil by expression; as emulsive seeds. 3. Producing or yielding a milklike substance; as emulsive acids.

E•munc´to•ry , n.; pl. Emunctories (#). [L. emunctorium a pair of snuffers, fr. emungere, emunctum, to blow the nose, hence, to wipe, cleanse; e out + mungere to blow the nose: cf. F. emonctoire, formerly spelled also emonctoire.] (Physiol.) Any organ or part of the body (as the kidneys, skin, etc.,) which serves to carry off excrementitious or waste matter.

Em•us•ca´tion , n. [L. emuscare to clear from moss; e out + muscus moss.] A freeing from moss. [Obs.]

E´mu wren (Zoöl.) A small wrenlike Australian bird (Stipiturus malachurus), having the tail feathers long and loosely barbed, like emu feathers.

E´myd , n.; pl. E. Emyds (#), E. Emyd (#). [See Emydea.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water tortoise of the family Emydidae.

E•myd´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Emys a genus of tortoises, L. emys a kind of fresh- water tortoise, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A group of chelonians which comprises many species of fresh-water tortoises and terrapins.

En- 1. [F. en-, L. in.] A prefix signifying in or into, used in many English words, chiefly those borrowed from the French. Some English words are written indifferently with en-or in-. For ease of pronunciation it is commonly changed to em-before p, b, and m, as in employ, embody, emmew. It is sometimes used to give a causal force, as in enable, enfeeble, to cause to be, or to make, able, or feeble; and sometimes merely gives an intensive force, as in enchasten. See In-. 2. A prefix from Gr. in, meaning in; as encephalon, entomology. See In- .

-en. 1. A suffix from AS. - an, formerly used to form the plural of many nouns, as in ashen, eyen, oxen, all obs. except oxen. In some cases, such as children and brethren, it has been added to older plural forms. 2. A suffix corresponding to AS. -en and -on, formerly used to form the plural of verbs, as in housen, escapen. 3. A suffix signifying to make, to cause, used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives; as in strengthen, quicken, frighten. This must not be confused with -en corresponding in Old English to the AS. infinitive ending -an. 4. [AS. -en; akin to Goth. -eins, L. -inus, Gr. .] An adjectival suffix, meaning made of; as in golden, leaden, wooden. 5. [AS. -en; akin to Skr. -na.] The termination of the past participle of many strong verbs; as in broken, gotten, trodden.

En , n. (Print.) Half an em, that is, half of the unit of space in measuring printed matter. See Em.

En•a´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enabled p. pr. & vb. n. Enabling ] 1. To give strength or ability to; to make firm and strong. [Obs.] ´Who hath enabled me.´ 1 Tim. i. 12. “Receive the Holy Ghost, said Christ to his apostles, when he enabled them with priestly power.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To make able (to do, or to be, something); to confer sufficient power upon; to furnish with means, opportunities, and the like; to render competent for; to empower; to endow. “Temperance gives Nature her full play, and enables her to exert herself in all her force and vigor.” Addison.

En•a´ble•ment , n. The act of enabling, or the state of being enabled; ability. Bacon.

En•act´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enacting.] 1. To decree; to establish by legal and authoritative act; to make into a law; especially, to perform the legislative act with reference to (a bill) which gives it the validity of law. 2. To act; to perform; to do; to effect. [Obs.] “The king enacts more wonders than a man.” Shak. 3. To act the part of; to represent; to play. “I did enact Julius Caesar.” Shak. Enacting clause, that clause of a bill which formally expresses the legislative sanction.

En•act´, n. Purpose; determination. [Obs.]

En•act´ive , a. Having power to enact or establish as a law. Abp. Bramhall.

En•act´ment , n. 1. The passing of a bill into a law; the giving of legislative sanction and executive approval to a bill whereby it is established as a law. 2. That which is enacted or passed into a law; a law; a decree; a statute; a prescribed requirement; as a prohibitory enactment; a social enactment.

En•act´or , n. One who enacts a law; one who decrees or establishes as a law. Atterbury.

En•ac´ture ( 135), n. Enactment; resolution. [Obs.] Shak.

En•al´i•o•saur , n. (Paleon.) One of the Enaliosauria.

En•al•i•o•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. marine ( in + the sea) + a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct group of marine reptiles, embracing both the Ichthyosauria and the Plesiosauria, now regarded as distinct orders.

En•al•i•o•sau´ri•an , a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to the Enaliosauria. — n. One of the Enaliosauria.

E•nal´la•ge , n. [L., fr. Gr. an exchange, fr. to exchange; in + to change.] (Gram.) A substitution, as of one part of speech for another, of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the same word, for another.

En•am´bush , v. t. To ambush. [Obs.]

En•am´el , n. [Pref. en- + amel. See Amel, Smelt, v. t.] 1. A variety of glass, used in ornament, to cover a surface, as of metal or pottery, and admitting of after decoration in color, or used itself for inlaying or application in varied colors. 2. (Min.) A glassy, opaque bead obtained by the blowpipe. 3. That which is enameled; also any smooth, glossy surface, resembling enamel, especially if variegated. 4. (Anat.) The intensely hard calcified tissue entering into the composition of teeth. It merely covers the exposed parts of the teeth of man, but in many animals is intermixed in various ways with the dentine and cement. Enamel painting, painting with enamel colors upon a ground of metal, porcelain, or the like, the colors being afterwards fixed by fire. — Enamel paper, paper glazed a metallic coating.

En•am´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enameled or Enamelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Enameling or Enamelling.] 1. To lay enamel upon; to decorate with enamel whether inlaid or painted. 2. To variegate with colors as if with enamel. “Oft he [the serpent]bowed
His turret crest and sleek enameled neck.” Milton. 3. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon; as to enamel card paper; to enamel leather or cloth. 4. To disguise with cosmetics, as a woman’s complexion.

En•am´el , v. i. To practice the art of enameling.

En•am´el, a. Relating to the art of enameling; as enamel painting. Tomlinson.

En•am´el•ar , a. Consisting of enamel; resembling enamel; smooth; glossy. [R.] Craig.

En•am´eled , a. Coated or adorned with enamel; having a glossy or variegated surface; glazed. [Written also enamelled.] { En•am´el•er , En•am´el•ist } n. One who enamels; a workman or artist who applies enamels in ornamental work. [Written also enameller, enamellist.]

En•am´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enamored p. pr. & vb. n. Enamoring.] [OF. enamourer, enamorer; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. amour love, L. amor. See Amour, and cf. Inamorato.] To inflame with love; to charm; to captivate; — with of, or with, before the person or thing; as to be enamored with a lady; to be enamored of books or science. [Written also enamour.] “Passionately enamored of this shadow of a dream.” W. Irving.

En•am´or•ment , n. The state of being enamored. [R.]

E•nan•ti•o•mor´phous , a. [Gr. ’enanti•os opposite + morfh• form.] (Crystallog.) Similar, but not superposable, i. e., related to each other as a right-handed to a left-handed glove; — said of certain hemihedral crystals.

E•nan•ti•o•path´ic , a. (Med.) Serving to palliate; palliative. Dunglison.

E•nan•ti•op´a•thy , n. [Gr. of contrary properties or affections; ’enanti•os opposite + suffering, affection, fr. , , to suffer.] 1. An opposite passion or affection. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Med.) Allopathy; — a term used by followers of Hahnemann, or homeopathists.

E•nan•ti•o´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. contradiction, fr. ’enanti•os opposite.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which what is to be understood affirmatively is stated negatively, and the contrary; affirmation by contraries.

En•arch´ , v. t. To arch. [Obs.] Lydgate.

En•arched´ , a. (Her.) Bent into a curve; — said of a bend or other ordinary.

En•ar´gite , n. (Min.) An iron-black mineral of metallic luster, occurring in small orthorhombic crystals, also massive. It contains sulphur, arsenic, copper, and often silver.

En•armed´ , a. (Her.) Same as Armed, 3.

En•ar•ra´tion , n. [L. enarratio. See Narration.] A detailed exposition; relation. [Obs.] Hakewill.

En•ar•thro´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in + . See Arthrodia.] (Anat.) See Enarthrosis. — En•ar•thro´di•al, a.

En•ar•thro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. jointed; in + joint.] (Anat.) A ball and socket joint, or the kind of articulation represented by such a joint. See Articulation.

E•nas´cent , a. [L. enascens, p. pr. of enasci to spring up; e out + nasci to be born.] Coming into being; nascent. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

E•na•ta´tion , n. [L. enatare to swim out. See Natation.] A swimming out. [Obs.] Bailey.

E•nate´ , a. [L. enatus, p. p. of enasci. See Enascent.] Growing out.

E•na´tion , n. (Bot.) Any unusual outgrowth from the surface of a thing, as of a petal; also the capacity or act of producing such an outgrowth.

E•naun´ter , adv. [Pref. en- + aunter.] Lest that. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•nav´i•gate , v. t. [L. enavigatus, p. p. of enavigare.] To sail away or over. [Obs.] Cockeram.

En•bat´tled , a. Embattled. [Obs.]

En•bibe´ , v. t. To imbibe. [Obs.] Skelton.

En•broud´e , v. t. See Embroude.

En•cage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encaged p. pr. & vb. n. Engaging.] [Pref. en- + cage: cf. F. encager.] To confine in a cage; to coop up. Shak.

En•cal´en•dar , v. t. To register in a calendar; to calendar. Drayton.

En•camp´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Encamped ( 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Encamping.] To form and occupy a camp; to prepare and settle in temporary habitations, as tents or huts; to halt on a march, pitch tents, or form huts, and remain for the night or for a longer time, as an army or a company traveling. “The host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim.” 1 Chron. xi. 15.

En•camp´, v. t. To form into a camp; to place in a temporary habitation, or quarters. “Bid him encamp his soldiers.” Shak.

En•camp´ment , n. 1. The act of pitching tents or forming huts, as by an army or traveling company, for temporary lodging or rest. 2. The place where an army or a company is encamped; a camp; tents pitched or huts erected for temporary lodgings. “A square of about seven hundred yards was sufficient for the encampment of twenty thousand Romans.” Gibbon. “A green encampment yonder meets the eye.” Guardian.

En•can´ker , v. t. To canker. [Obs.]

En•cap•su•la´tion , n. (Physiol.) The act of inclosing in a capsule; the growth of a membrane around (any part) so as to inclose it in a capsule.

En•car´nal•ize , v. t. To carnalize; to make gross. [R.] ´Encarnalize their spirits.´ Tennyson.

En•car´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. containing fruit; in + fruit; cf. L. encarpa, pl., Gr. .] (Arch.) An ornament on a frieze or capital, consisting of festoons of fruit, flowers, leaves, etc. [Written also encarpa.]

En•case´ , v. t. [Cf. Enchase.] To inclose as in a case. See Incase. Beau. & Fl.

En•case´ment , n. [Cf. Casement.] 1. The act of encasing; also that which encases. 2. (Biol.) An old theory of generation similar to emboîtement. See Ovulist.

En•cash´ , v. t. (Eng. Banking) To turn into cash; to cash. Sat. Rev.

En•cash´ment , n. (Eng. Banking) The payment in cash of a note, draft, etc.

En•cau´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. mark caused by burning, fr. . See Encaustic.] (Med.) An ulcer in the eye, upon the cornea, which causes the loss of the humors. Dunglison.

En•caus´tic , a. [L. encausticus, Gr. , fr. to burn in; in + to burn: cf. F. encaustique. See Caustic, and cf. Ink.] (Fine Arts) Prepared by means of heat; burned in. Encaustic painting (Fine Arts), painting by means of wax with which the colors are combined, and which is afterwards fused with hot irons, thus fixing the colors. — Encaustic tile (Fine Arts), an earthenware tile which has a decorative pattern and is not wholly of one color.

En•caus´tic, n. [L. encaustica, Gr. (sc. ): cf. F. encaustique. See Encaustic, a.] The method of painting in heated wax, or in any way where heat is used to fix the colors.

En•cave´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + cave: cf. F. encaver. Cf. Incavated.] To hide in, or as in, a cave or recess. ´Do but encave yourself.´ Shak.

-ence [F. -ence, L. -entia.] A noun suffix signifying action, state, or quality; also that which relates to the action or state; as in emergence, diffidence, diligence, influence, difference, excellence. See - ance.

En•ceinte´ , n. [F., fr. enceindre to gird about, surround, L. incingere; in (intens). + cingere to gird. See Cincture.] 1. (Fort.) The line of works which forms the main inclosure of a fortress or place; — called also body of the place. 2. The area or town inclosed by a line of fortification. “The suburbs are not unfrequently larger than their enceinte.” S. W. Williams.

En•ceinte´, a. [F., fr. L. in not + cinctus, p. p. of cingere to gird about.] Pregnant; with child.

En•ce´ni•a , n. pl. [LL. encaenia, fr. Gr. a feast of dedication; in + new.] A festival commemorative of the founding of a city or the consecration of a church; also the ceremonies (as at Oxford and Cambridge, England) commemorative of founders or benefactors.

En•cense´ , v. t. & i. [F. encenser, fr. encens. See Incense, n.] To offer incense to or upon; to burn incense. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•ce•phal´ic , a. [See Encephalon.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the encephalon or brain.

En•ceph•a•li´tis , n. [NL., from Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the brain. — En•ceph•a•lit´ic (#), a.

En•ceph´a•lo•cele , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + kh•lh tumor.] (Med.) Hernia of the brain.

En•ceph´a•loid , a. [Gr. ’egke•falos + -oid.] Resembling the material of the brain; cerebriform. Encephaloid cancer (Med.), a very malignant form of cancer of brainlike consistency. See under Cancer.

En•ceph´a•loid, n. An encephaloid cancer.

En•ceph•a•lol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + -logy.] The science which treats of the brain, its structure and functions.

En•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Encephalos.] (Anat.) The contents of the cranium; the brain.

En•ceph•a•lop´a•thy , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + pa•schein, paqei^n, to suffer.] (Med.) Any disease or symptoms of disease referable to disorders of the brain; as lead encephalopathy, the cerebral symptoms attending chronic lead poisoning.

En•ceph´a•los , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’egke•falos; ’en in + kefalh• head.] (Anat.) The encephalon. “In man the encephalos reaches its full size about seven years of age.” Sir W. Hamilton.

En•ceph•a•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’egke•falos the brain + a cutting.] (Surg.) The act or art of dissecting the brain.

En•ceph´a•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Having a head; — said of most Mollusca; — opposed to acephalous.

En•chafe´ , v. t. To chafe; to enrage; to heat. [Obs.] Shak.

En•chaf´ing, n. Heating; burning. [Obs.] “The wicked enchaufing or ardure of this sin [lust].” Chaucer.

En•chain´ , v. t. [F. enchaîner; pref. en- (L. in) chaîne chain. See Chain, and cf. Incatenation.] 1. To bind with a chain; to hold in chains. 2. To hold fast; to confine; as to enchain attention. 3. To link together; to connect. Howell.

En•chain´ment , n. [Cf. F. enchaînement.] The act of enchaining, or state of being enchained.

En•chair´ , v. t. To seat in a chair. Tennyson.

En•chan´nel , v. t. To make run in a channel. ´Its waters were enchanneled.´ Sir D. Brewster.

En•chant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enchanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enchanting.] [F. enchanter, L. incantare to chant or utter a magic formula over or against one, to bewitch; in in, against + cantare to sing. See Chant, and cf. Incantation.] 1. To charm by sorcery; to act on by enchantment; to get control of by magical words and rites. “And now about the caldron sing,
Like elves and fairies in a ring,
Enchanting all that you put in.” Shak. “He is enchanted, cannot speak.” Tennyson. 2. To delight in a high degree; to charm; to enrapture; as music enchants the ear. “Arcadia was the charmed circle where all his spirits forever should be enchanted.” Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — To charm; bewitch; fascinate. Cf. Charm.

En•chant´ed , a. Under the power of enchantment; possessed or exercised by enchanters; as an enchanted castle.

En•chant´er , n. [Cf. F. enchanteur.] One who enchants; a sorcerer or magician; also one who delights as by an enchantment. “Like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing.” Shelley. Enchanter’s nightshade (Bot.), a genus (Circaea) of low inconspicuous, perennial plants, found in damp, shady places.

En•chant´ing, a. Having a power of enchantment; charming; fascinating. — En•chant´ing•ly, adv.

En•chant´ment , n. [F. enchantement.] 1. The act of enchanting; the production of certain wonderful effects by the aid of demons, or the agency of supposed spirits; the use of magic arts, spells, or charms; incantation. “After the last enchantment you did here.” Shak. 2. The effect produced by the act; the state of being enchanted; as to break an enchantment. 3. That which captivates the heart and senses; an influence or power which fascinates or highly delights. “Such an enchantment as there is in words.” South. Syn. — Incantation; necromancy; magic; sorcery; witchcraft; spell; charm; fascination; witchery.

En•chant´ress , n. [Cf. F. enchanteresse.] A woman versed in magical arts; a sorceress; also a woman who fascinates. Shak.

En•charge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encharged p. pr. & vb. n. Encharging ] [OF. enchargier, F. encharger; pref. en- (L. in) + F. charger. See Charge.] To charge (with); to impose (a charge) upon. “His countenance would express the spirit and the passion of the part he was encharged with.” Jeffrey.

En•charge´, n. A charge. [Obs.] A. Copley.

En•chase´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enchased p. pr. & vb. n. Enchasing.] [F. enchâsser; pref. en- (L. in) + châsse box containing relics, frame, case, the same word as caisse case. See 1st Case, and cf. Chase, Encase, Incase.] 1. To incase or inclose in a border or rim; to surround with an ornamental casing, as a gem with gold; to encircle; to inclose; to adorn. “Enchased with a wanton ivy twine.” Spenser. “An precious stones, in studs of gold enchased,
The shaggy velvet of his buskins graced.” Mickle. 2. To chase; to ornament by embossing or engraving; as to enchase a watch case. “With golden letters … well enchased.” Spenser. 3. To delineate or describe, as by writing. [Obs.] “All which … for to enchase,
Him needeth sure a golden pen, I ween.” Spenser.

En•chas´er , n. One who enchases.

En•chas´ten , v. t. To chasten. [Obs.] { En•che´son , En•chea´son }, n. [OF. enchaison, fr. L. incidere to happen; in + cadere to fall.] Occasion, cause, or reason. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•chest´ , v. t. [Cf. Inchest.] To inclose in a chest. Vicars.

En•chi•rid´i•on , n. [L., from Gr. ; in + hand.] Handbook; a manual of devotions. Evelyn.

En•chis´el , v. t. To cut with a chisel.

En´cho•dus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a spear + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct Cretaceous fishes; — so named from their spear-shaped teeth. They were allied to the pike (Esox).

En•chon•dro´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in + cartilage + -oma.] (Med.) A cartilaginous tumor growing from the interior of a bone. Quain. { En•cho´ri•al , En•chor´ic } a. [Gr. domestic, native; in + place, country.] Belonging to, or used in, a country; native; domestic; popular; common; — said especially of the written characters employed by the common people of ancient Egypt, in distinction from the hieroglyphics. See Demotic.

En•chy•lem´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to pour in + anything received.] (Biol.) The basal substance of the cell nucleus; a hyaline or granular substance, more or less fluid during life, in which the other parts of the nucleus are imbedded.

En´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•gchyma an infusion; ’en in + chei^n to pour.] (Biol.) The primitive formative juice, from which the tissues, particularly the cellular tissue, are formed.

En•cinc´ture , n. A cincture. [Poetic] “The vast encincture of that gloomy sea.” Wordsworth.

En•cin´dered , a. Burnt to cinders. [R.]

En•cir´cle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encircled p. pr. & vb. n. Encircling ] [Pref. en- + circle: cf. OF. encercler.] To form a circle about; to inclose within a circle or ring; to surround; as to encircle one in the arms; the army encircled the city. “Her brows encircled with his serpent rod.” Parnell. Syn. — To encompass; surround; environ; inclose.

En•cir´clet , n. [Encircle + -let.] A small circle; a ring. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

En•clasp´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + clasp. Cf. Inclasp.] To clasp. See Inclasp.

En•clave´ , n. [F., fr. L. in + clavus a nail.] A tract of land or a territory inclosed within another territory of which it is independent. See Exclave. [Recent]

En•clave´, v. t. [Cf. F. enclaver.] To inclose within an alien territory. [Recent]

En•clave´ment , n. [F.] The state of being an enclave. [Recent] { En•clit´ic (en•klit´ik), En•clit´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [L. encliticus, Gr. ’egkli•tikos, fr. ’egkli•nein to incline; ’en in + kli•nein to bend. See In, and Lean, v. i.] (Gram.) Affixed; subjoined; — said of a word or particle which leans back upon the preceding word so as to become a part of it, and to lose its own independent accent, generally varying also the accent of the preceding word.

En•clit´ic, n. (Gram.) A word which is joined to another so closely as to lose its proper accent, as the pronoun thee in prithee (pray thee).

En•clit´ic•al•ly, adv. In an enclitic manner; by throwing the accent back. Walker.

En•clit´ics , n. (Gram.) The art of declining and conjugating words.

En•clois´ter , v. t. [Cf. Incloister.] To shut up in a cloister; to cloister.

En•close´ , v. t. [F. enclos, p. p. of enclore to enclose; pref. en- (L. in) + clore to close. See Close, and cf. Inclose, Include.] To inclose. See Inclose.

En•clo´sure ( 135), n. Inclosure. See Inclosure. The words enclose and enclosure are written indiscriminately enclose or inclose and enclosure or inclosure.

En•clothe´ , v. t. To clothe.

En•cloud´ , v. t. [Cf. Incloud.] To envelop in clouds; to cloud. [R.] Spenser.

En•coach´ , v. t. [Cf. Incoach.] To carry in a coach. [R.] Davies (Wit’s Pilgr.)

En•cof´fin , v. t. To put in a coffin. [R.]

En•cold´en , v. t. To render cold. [Obs.]

En•col´lar , v. t. To furnish or surround with a collar. [R.]

En•col´or , v. t. To color. [R.]

En•co•lure´ , n. [F.] The neck of horse. R. Browning.

En•com´ber , v. t. See Encumber. [Obs.]

En•com´ber•ment , n. [See Encumberment.] Hindrance; molestation.[Obs.] Spenser.

En•co´mi•ast , n. [Gr. , fr. to praise, fr. encomium: cf. F. encomiaste. See Encomium.] One who praises; a panegyrist. Locke. { En•co•mi•as´tic , En•co•mi•as´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Bestowing praise; praising; eulogistic; laudatory; as an encomiastic address or discourse. — En•co•mi•as´tic•al•ly, adv.

En•co•mi•as´tic, n. A panegyric. B. Jonson.

En•co´mi•on , n. [NL.] Encomium; panegyric. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En•co´mi•um , n.; pl. Encomiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. (a song) chanted in a Bacchic festival in praise of the god; in + a jovial festivity, revel. See Comedy.] Warm or high praise; panegyric; strong commendation. “His encomiums awakened all my ardor.” W. Irving. Syn. — See Eulogy.

En•com´pass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encompassed p. pr. & vb. n. Encompassing.] To circumscribe or go round so as to surround closely; to encircle; to inclose; to environ; as a ring encompasses the finger; an army encompasses a city; a voyage encompassing the world. Shak. “A question may be encompassed with difficulty.” C. J. Smith. “The love of all thy sons encompass thee.” Tennyson. Syn. — To encircle; inclose; surround; include; environ; invest; hem in; shut up.

En•com´pass•ment , n. The act of surrounding, or the state of being surrounded; circumvention. “By this encompassment and drift of question.” Shak.

En•core´ , adv. or interj. [F. The last part of the word is fr. L. hora hour. See Hour.] Once more; again; — used by the auditors and spectators of plays, concerts, and other entertainments, to call for a repetition of a particular part.

En•core´, n. A call or demand (as by continued applause) for a repetition; as the encores were numerous.

En•core´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encored p. pr. & vb. n. Encoring.] To call for a repetition or reappearance of; as to encore a song or a singer. “[Rebecca] insisted upon encoring one of the duets.” Thackeray.

En•cor´po•ring , n. [Pref. en- + L. corpus body.] Incorporation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•cou•bert´ , n. [F., Pg. encorberto, encuberto, lit., covered.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of armadillos of the genera Dasypus and Euphractus, having five toes both on the fore and hind feet.

En•coun´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encountered p. pr. & vb. n. Encountering.] [OF. encontrer; pref. en- (L. in) + contre against, L. contra. See Counter, adv.] To come against face to face; to meet; to confront, either by chance, suddenly, or deliberately; especially, to meet in opposition or with hostile intent; to engage in conflict with; to oppose; to struggle with; as to encounter a friend in traveling; two armies encounter each other; to encounter obstacles or difficulties, to encounter strong evidence of a truth. “Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him.” Acts xvii. 18. “I am most fortunate thus accidentally to encounter you.” Shak.

En•coun´ter, v. i. To meet face to face; to have a meeting; to meet, esp. as enemies; to engage in combat; to fight; as three armies encountered at Waterloo. “I will encounter with Andronicus.” Shak. “Perception and judgment, employed in the investigation of all truth, have in the first place to encounter with particulars.” Tatham.

En•coun´ter, n. [OF. encontre, fr. encontrer. See Encounter, v. t.] 1. A meeting face to face; a running against; a sudden or incidental meeting; an interview. “To shun the encounter of the vulgar crowd.” Pope. 2. A meeting, with hostile purpose; hence, a combat; a battle; as a bloody encounter. “As one for … fierce encounters fit”. Spenser. “To join their dark encounter in mid- air”. Milton. Syn. — Contest; conflict; fight; combat; assault; rencounter; attack; engagement; onset. See Contest.

En•coun´ter•er , n. One who encounters; an opponent; an antagonist. Atterbury.

En•cour´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encouraged ( 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Encouraging ] [F. encourager; pref. en- (L. in) + courage courage. See Courage.] To give courage to; to inspire with courage, spirit, or hope; to raise, or to increase, the confidence of; to animate; enhearten; to incite; to help forward; — the opposite of discourage. “David encouraged himself in the Lord.” 1 Sam. xxx. 6. Syn. — To embolden; inspirit; animate; enhearten; hearten; incite; cheer; urge; impel; stimulate; instigate; countenance; comfort; promote; advance; forward; strengthen.

En•cour´age•ment , n. [Cf. F. encouragement.] 1. The act of encouraging; incitement to action or to practice; as the encouragement of youth in generosity. “All generous encouragement of arts.” Otway. 2. That which serves to incite, support, promote, or advance, as favor, countenance, reward, etc.; incentive; increase of confidence; as the fine arts find little encouragement among a rude people. “To think of his paternal care,
Is a most sweet encouragement to prayer.” Byron.

En•cour´a•ger , n. One who encourages, incites, or helps forward; a favorer. “The pope is … a great encourager of arts.” Addison.

En•cour´a•ging , a. Furnishing ground to hope; inspiriting; favoring. — En•cour´a•ging•ly, adv.

En•cowl´ , v. t. To make a monk (or wearer of a cowl) of. [R.] Drayton.

En•cra´dle , v. t. To lay in a cradle.

En´cra•tite , n. [L. Encratitae, pl., fr. Gr. self-disciplined; in + strength.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the 2d century who abstained from marriage, wine, and animal food; — called also Continent.

En•crease´ , v. t. & i. [Obs.] See Increase.

En•crim´son , v. t. To give a crimson or red color to; to crimson. Shak. { En•crin´ic , En•cri´nal , En•crin´i•tal } a. (Paleon.) Relating to encrinites; containing encrinites, as certain kinds of limestone.

En´cri•nite , n. [Gr. in + a lily: cf. F. encrinite.] (Paleon.) A fossil crinoid, esp. one belonging to, or resembling, the genus Encrinus. Sometimes used in a general sense for any crinoid. { En•cri•nit´ic , En•cri•nit´ic•al } a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to encrinites; encrinal.

En•cri•noid´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Encrinus and -oid.] (Zoöl.) That order of the Crinoidea which includes most of the living and many fossil forms, having jointed arms around the margin of the oral disk; — also called Brachiata and Articulata. See Illusts. under Comatula and Crinoidea.

En´cri•nus , n.; pl. Encrini (#). [NL. See Encrinite.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil encrinoidea, from the Mesozoic rocks.

En•crisped´ , a. Curled. [Obs.] Skelton.

En•croach´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Encroached p. pr. & vb. n. Encroaching.] [OF. encrochier to perch, prop., to hook, fasten a hook (perh. confused with acrochier, F. accrocher, to hook, get hold of, E. accroach); pref. en- (L. in) + F. croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Accroach.] To enter by gradual steps or by stealth into the possessions or rights of another; to trespass; to intrude; to trench; — commonly with on or upon; as to encroach on a neighbor; to encroach on the highway. “No sense, faculty, or member must encroach upon or interfere with the duty and office of another.” South. “Superstition, … a creeping and encroaching evil.” Hooker. “Exclude the encroaching cattle from thy ground.” Dryden. Syn. — To intrude; trench; infringe; invade; trespass.

En•croach´, n. Encroachment. [Obs.] South.

En•croach´er , n. One who by gradual steps enters on, and takes possession of, what is not his own.

En•croach´ing•ly, adv. By way of encroachment.

En•croach´ment , n. 1. The act of entering gradually or silently upon the rights or possessions of another; unlawful intrusion. “An unconstitutional encroachment of military power on the civil establishment.” Bancroft. 2. That which is taken by encroaching on another. 3. (Law) An unlawful diminution of the possessions of another.

En•crust´ , v. t. To incrust. See Incrust.

En•crust´ment , n. That which is formed as a crust; incrustment; incrustation. “Disengaging truth from its encrustment of error.” I. Taylor.

En•cum´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Encumbering.] [F. encombrer; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. combrer to hinder. See Cumber, and cf. Incumber.] [Written also incumber.] 1. To impede the motion or action of, as with a burden; to retard with something superfluous; to weigh down; to obstruct or embarrass; as his movements were encumbered by his mantle; his mind is encumbered with useless learning. “Not encumbered with any notable inconvenience.” Hooker. 2. To load with debts, or other legal claims; as to encumber an estate with mortgages. Syn. — To load; clog; oppress; overload; embarrass; perplex; hinder; retard; obstruct; check; block.

En•cum´ber•ment , n. [Cf. F. encombrement.] Encumbrance. [R.]

En•cum´brance , n. [Cf. OF. encombrance. Cf. Incumbrance.] 1. That which encumbers; a burden which impedes action, or renders it difficult and laborious; a clog; an impediment. See Incumbrance. 2. (Law) Same as Incumbrance. Syn. — Burden; clog; impediment; check; hindrance.

En•cum´bran•cer , n. (Law) Same as Incumbrancer.

En•cur´tain , v. t. To inclose with curtains.

-en•cy [L. -entia.] A noun suffix having much the same meaning as -ence, but more commonly signifying the quality or state; as emergency, efficiency. See -ancy. { En•cyc´lic , En•cyc´li•cal } a. [L. encyclios of a circle, general, Gr. ; in + circle: cf. F. encyclique. See Cycle.] Sent to many persons or places; intended for many, or for a whole order of men; general; circular; as an encyclical letter of a council, of a bishop, or the pope. { En•cyc´lic , En•cyc´li•cal } n. An encyclical letter, esp. one from a pope. Shipley. { En•cy•clo•pe´di•a , En•cy•clo•pae´di•a } , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , for , instruction in the circle of arts and sciences: cf. F. encyclopedie. See Cyclopedia, and Encyclical.] [Formerly written encyclopaedy and encyclopedy.] The circle of arts and sciences; a comprehensive summary of knowledge, or of a branch of knowledge; esp., a work in which the various branches of science or art are discussed separately, and usually in alphabetical order; a cyclopedia.

En•cy•clo•pe•di´a•cal , a. Encyclopedic.

En•cy•clo•pe´di•an , a. Embracing the whole circle of learning, or a wide range of subjects. { En•cy•clo•ped´ic , En•cy•clo•ped´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. encyclopedique.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, an encyclopedia; embracing a wide range of subjects.

En•cy•clo•pe´dism , n. The art of writing or compiling encyclopedias; also possession of the whole range of knowledge; encyclopedic learning.

En•cy•clo•pe´dist , n. [Cf. F. encyclopediste.] The compiler of an encyclopedia, or one who assists in such compilation; also one whose knowledge embraces the whole range of the sciences. The Encyclopedists, the writers of the great French encyclopedia which appeared in 1751-1772. The editors were Diderot and D’Alembert. Among the contributors were Voltaire and Rousseau.

En•cyst´ , v. t. To inclose in a cyst.

En•cys•ta´tion , n. Encystment.

En•cyst´ed , a. Inclosed in a cyst, or a sac, bladder, or vesicle; as an encysted tumor. “The encysted venom, or poison bag, beneath the adder’s fang.” Coleridge.

En•cyst´ment , n. 1. (Biol.) A process which, among some of the lower forms of life, precedes reproduction by budding, fission, spore formation, etc. The animal (a) first contracts its body to a globular mass (b) and then secretes a transparent cyst (c), after which the mass divides into two or more parts (as in d e), each of which attains freedom by the bursting of the cyst, and becomes an individual animal. 2. (Zoöl.) A process by which many internal parasites, esp. in their larval states, become inclosed within a cyst in the muscles, liver, etc. See Trichina.

End (end), n. [OE. & AS. ende; akin to OS. endi, D. einde, eind, OHG. enti, G. ende, Icel. endir, endi, Sw. ände, Dan. ende, Goth. andeis, Skr. anta. rad.208. Cf. Ante-, Anti-, Answer.] 1. The extreme or last point or part of any material thing considered lengthwise (the extremity of breadth being side); hence, extremity, in general; the concluding part; termination; close; limit; as the end of a field, line, pole, road; the end of a year, of a discourse; put an end to pain; — opposed to beginning, when used of anything having a first part. “Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof.” Eccl. vii. 8. 2. Point beyond which no procession can be made; conclusion; issue; result, whether successful or otherwise; conclusive event; consequence. “My guilt be on my head, and there an end.” Shak. “O that a man might know
The end of this day’s business ere it come!” Shak. 3. Termination of being; death; destruction; extermination; also cause of death or destruction. “Unblamed through life, lamented in thy end.” Pope. “Confound your hidden falsehood, and award
Either of you to be the other’s end.” Shak. “I shall see an end of him.” Shak. 4. The object aimed at in any effort considered as the close and effect of exertion; ppurpose; intention; aim; as to labor for private or public ends. “Losing her, the end of living lose.” Dryden. “When every man is his own end, all things will come to a bad end.” Coleridge. 5. That which is left; a remnant; a fragment; a scrap; as odds and ends. “I clothe my naked villainy
With old odd ends stolen out of holy writ,
And seem a saint, when most I play the devil.” Shak. 6. (Carpet Manuf.) One of the yarns of the worsted warp in a Brussels carpet. An end. (a) On end; upright; erect; endways. Spenser (b) To the end; continuously. [Obs.] Richardson. — End bulb (Anat.), one of the bulblike bodies in which some sensory nerve fibers end in certain parts of the skin and mucous membranes; — also called end corpuscles. — End fly, a bobfly. — End for end, one end for the other; in reversed order. — End man, the last man in a row; one of the two men at the extremities of a line of minstrels. — End on (Naut.), bow foremost. — End organ (Anat.), the structure in which a nerve fiber ends, either peripherally or centrally. — End plate (Anat.), one of the flat expansions in which motor nerve fibers terminate on muscular fibers. — End play (Mach.), movement endwise, or room for such movement. — End stone (Horol.), one of the two plates of a jewel in a timepiece; the part that limits the pivot’s end play. — Ends of the earth, the remotest regions of the earth. — In the end, finally. Shak. — On end, upright; erect. — To the end, in order. Bacon. — To make both ends meet, to live within one’s income. Fuller. — To put an end to, to destroy.

End , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ending.] 1. To bring to an end or conclusion; to finish; to close; to terminate; as to end a speech. ´I shall end this strife.´ Shak. “On the seventh day God ended his work.” Gen. ii. 2. 2. To form or be at the end of; as the letter k ends the word back. 3. To destroy; to put to death. ´This sword hath ended him.´ Shak. To end up, to lift or tilt, so as to set on end; as to end up a hogshead.

End, v. i. To come to the ultimate point; to be finished; to come to a close; to cease; to terminate; as a voyage ends; life ends; winter ends.

End´a•ble , a. That may be ended; terminable.

End´-all , n. Complete termination. [R.] “That but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all here.” Shak.

En•dam´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endamaged ( 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Endamaging ] [Pref. en- + damage: cf. F. endommager.] To bring loss or damage to; to harm; to injure. [R.] “The trial hath endamaged thee no way.” Milton.

En•dam´age•a•ble , a. Capable of being damaged, or injured; damageable. [Obs.]

En•dam´age•ment , n. [Cf. F. endommagement.] Damage; injury; harm. [Obs.] Shak.

En•dam´ni•fy , v. t. To damnify; to injure. [R.] Sandys.

En•dan´ger , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endangered p. pr. & vb. n. Endangering.] 1. To put to hazard; to bring into danger or peril; to expose to loss or injury; as to endanger life or peace. “All the other difficulties of his reign only exercised without endangering him.” Burke. 2. To incur the hazard of; to risk. [Obs.] “He that turneth the humors back … endangereth malign ulcers.” Bacon.

En•dan´ger•ment , n. Hazard; peril. Milton.

En•dark´ , v. t. To darken. [Obs.] Feltham.

En•das•pid´e•an , a. [Endo- + Gr. , , a shield.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior scutes extending around the tarsus on the inner side; — said of certain birds.

En•daz´zle , v. t. To dazzle. [Obs.] ´Endazzled eyes.´ Milton.

En•dear´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeared p. pr. & vb. n. Endearing.] 1. To make dear or beloved. ´To be endeared to a king.´ Shak. 2. To raise the price or cost of; to make costly or expensive. [R.] King James I. (1618).

En•dear´ed•ly , adv. With affection or endearment; dearly.

En•dear´ed•ness, n. State of being endeared.

En•dear´ing, a. Making dear or beloved; causing love. — En•dear´ing•ly, adv.

En•dear´ment , n. The act of endearing or the state of being endeared; also that which manifests, excites, or increases, affection. ´The great endearments of prudent and temperate speech.´ Jer. Taylor. “Her first endearments twining round the soul.” Thomson.

En•deav´or , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeavored p. pr. & vb. n. Endeavoring.] [OE. endevor; pref. en- + dever, devoir, duty, F. devoir: cf. F. se mettre en devoir de faire quelque chose to try to do a thing, to go about it. See Devoir, Debt.] [Written also endeavour.] To exert physical or intellectual strength for the attainment of; to use efforts to effect; to strive to achieve or reach; to try; to attempt. “It is our duty to endeavor the recovery of these beneficial subjects.” Ld. Chatham. To endeavor one’s self, to exert one’s self strenuously to the fulfillment of a duty. [Obs.] ´A just man that endeavoreth himself to leave all wickedness.´ Latimer.

En•deav´or, v. i. To exert one’s self; to work for a certain end. “And such were praised who but endeavored well.” Pope. Usually with an infinitive; as to endeavor to outstrip an antagonist. “He had … endeavored earnestly to do his duty.” Prescott. Syn. — To attempt; try; strive; struggle; essay; aim; seek.

En•deav´or, n. [Written also endeavour.] An exertion of physical or intellectual strength toward the attainment of an object; a systematic or continuous attempt; an effort; a trial. “To employ all my endeavor to obey you.” Sir P. Sidney. To do one’s endeavor, to do one’s duty; to put forth strenuous efforts to attain an object; — a phrase derived from the Middle English phrase ´to do one’s dever´ (duty). ´Mr. Prynne proceeded to show he had done endeavor to prepare his answer.´ Fuller. Syn. — Essay; trial; effort; exertion. See Attempt.

En•deav´or•er , n. One who makes an effort or attempt. [Written also endeavourer.]

En•deav´or•ment , n. Act of endeavoring; endeavor. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•dec´a•gon , n. [See Hendecagon.] (Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and angles.

En•de•cag´y•nous , a. [Gr. eleven + female.] (Bot.) Having eleven pistils; as an endecagynous flower.

En´de•cane , n. [Gr. eleven.] (Chem.) One of the higher hydrocarbons of the paraffin series, C11H24, found as a constituent of petroleum. [Written also hendecane.]

En•de•caph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. eleven + leaf.] (Bot.) Composed of eleven leaflets; - - said of a leaf.

En•deic´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to point out, show; in + to show.] Serving to show or exhibit; as an endeictic dialogue, in the Platonic philosophy, is one which exhibits a specimen of skill. Enfield.

En•deix´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. indication. See Endeictic.] (Med.) An indication.

En•de´mi•al , a. Endemic. [R.] { En•de´mic , En•de´mic•al } a. [Gr. , ; + the people: cf. F. endemique.] (Med.) Peculiar to a district or particular locality, or class of persons; as an endemic disease. An endemic disease is one which is constantly present to a greater or less degree in any place, as distinguished from an epidemic disease, which prevails widely at some one time, or periodically, and from a sporadic disease, of which a few instances occur now and then.

En•dem´ic, n. (Med.) An endemic disease. “Fear, which is an endemic latent in every human heart, sometimes rises into an epidemic.” J. B. Heard.

En•dem´ic•al•ly, adv. In an endemic manner.

En•dem•i•ol´o•gy , n. The science which treats of endemic affections.

En•den•i•za´tion , n. The act of naturalizing. [R.]

En•den´ize , v. t. To endenizen. [Obs.]

En•den´i•zen , v. t. [Pref. en- + denizen. Cf. Indenizen.] To admit to the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

End´er , n. One who, or that which, makes an end of something; as the ender of my life.

En•der•mat´ic , a. Endermic.

En•der´mic , a. [Gr. in + skin.] (Med.) Acting through the skin, or by direct application to the skin. Endermic method, that in which the medicine enters the system through the skin, being applied either to the sound skin, or to the surface denuded of the cuticle by a blister.

En•der´mic•al•ly , adv. By the endermic method; as applied endermically.

En´de•ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in + skin.] (Anat.) The deep sensitive and vascular layer of the skin and mucous membranes. — En•de•ron´ic, a.

En•di´a•demed , a. Diademed. [R.]

En•di´a•per , v. t. [See Diaper.] To decorate with a diaper pattern.

En•dict´ , v. t. See Indict.

En•dict´ment , n. See Indictment.

End´ing , n. 1. Termination; concluding part; result; conclusion; destruction; death. 2. (Gram.) The final syllable or letter of a word; the part joined to the stem. See 3d Case, 5. Ending day, day of death. Chaucer.

En•dite , v. t. See Indite. Spenser.

En´dive , n. [F. endive (cf. Pr., Sp. Pg., & It. endivia), fr. a deriv. of L. intibus, intybus, endive.] (Bot.) A composite herb (Cichorium Endivia). Its finely divided and much curled leaves, when blanched, are used for salad. Wild endive (Bot.), chicory or succory.

End´less , a. [AS. endeleás. See End.] 1. Without end; having no end or conclusion; perpetual; interminable; — applied to length, and to duration; as an endless line; endless time; endless bliss; endless praise; endless clamor. 2. Infinite; excessive; unlimited. Shak. 3. Without profitable end; fruitless; unsatisfying. [R.] ´All loves are endless.´ Beau. & Fl. 4. Void of design; objectless; as an endless pursuit. Endless chain, a chain which is made continuous by uniting its two ends. — Endless screw. (Mech.) See under Screw. Syn. — Eternal; everlasting; interminable; infinite; unlimited; incessant; perpetual; uninterrupted; continual; unceasing; unending; boundless; undying; imperishable.

End´less•ly, adv. In an endless manner.

End´less•ness, n. [AS. endeleásnys.] The quality of being endless; perpetuity.

End´long ( 115), adv. & prep. [Cf. Along.] Lengthwise; along. [Archaic] “The doors were all of adamants eterne,
I-clenched overthwart and endelong
With iron tough.” Chaucer. “He pricketh endelong the large space.” Chaucer. “To thrust the raft endlong across the moat.” Sir W. Scott.

End´most , a. Farthest; remotest; at the very end. Tylor. { En´do- , End- }. [Gr. ’e•ndon within, fr. in. See In.] A combining form signifying within; as endocarp, endogen, endocuneiform, endaspidean.

En´do•blast , n. [Endo- + -blast.] (Biol.) Entoblast; endoplast. See Nucleus,

En•do•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Relating to the endoblast; as the endoblastic layer. { En•do•car´di•ac , En•do•car´di•al } a. 1. Pertaining to the endocardium. 2. (Med.) Seated or generated within the heart; as endocardial murmurs.

En•do•car•di´tis , n. [NL. See -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the endocardium.

En•do•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + kardi•a heart.] (Anat.) The membrane lining the cavities of the heart.

En´do•carp , n. [Endo- + Gr. fruit: cf. F. endocarpe.] (Bot.) The inner layer of a ripened or fructified ovary.

En•do•chon´dral , a. [Endo- + Gr. cartilage.] (Physiol.) Growing or developing within cartilage; — applied esp. to developing bone.

En´do•chrome , n. [Endo- + Gr. color.] (Bot.) The coloring matter within the cells of plants, whether green, red, yellow, or any other color.

En•doc´trine , v. t. [Pref. en- + doctrine.] To teach; to indoctrinate. [Obs.] Donne.

En´do•cyst , n. [Endo- + Gr. bladder, a bag.] (Zoöl.) The inner layer of the cells of Bryozoa.

En´do•derm , n. [Endo- + Gr. skin.] (Biol.) (a) The inner layer of the skin or integument of an animal. (b) The innermost layer of the blastoderm and the structures derived from it; the hypoblast; the entoblast. See Illust. of Ectoderm. { En•do•der´mal , En•do•der´mic } a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the endoderm.

En•do•der´mis , n. [NL. See Endoderm.] (Bot.) A layer of cells forming a kind of cuticle inside of the proper cortical layer, or surrounding an individual fibrovascular bundle.

En•dog´a•mous , a. [Endo- + Gr. marriage.] Marrying within the same tribe; — opposed to exogamous.

En•dog´a•my , n. Marriage only within the tribe; a custom restricting a man in his choice of a wife to the tribe to which he belongs; — opposed to exogamy.

En´do•gen , n. [Endo- + - gen: cf. F. endogène.] (Bot.) A plant which increases in size by internal growth and elongation at the summit, having the wood in the form of bundles or threads, irregularly distributed throughout the whole diameter, not forming annual layers, and with no distinct pith. The leaves of the endogens have, usually, parallel veins, their flowers are mostly in three, or some multiple of three, parts, and their embryos have but a single cotyledon, with the first leaves alternate. The endogens constitute one of the great primary classes of plants, and included all palms, true lilies, grasses, rushes, orchids, the banana, pineapple, etc. See Exogen.

En•do•gen´e•sis , n. [Endo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Endogeny.

En•do•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Endogenous.

En•dog´e•nous , a. 1. (Bot.) Increasing by internal growth and elongation at the summit, instead of externally, and having no distinction of pith, wood, and bark, as the rattan, the palm, the cornstalk. 2. (Biol.) Originating from within; increasing by internal growth. Endogenous multiplication (Biol.), a method of cell formation, seen in cells having a cell wall. The nucleus and protoplasm divide into two distinct masses; these in turn become divided and subdivided, each division becoming a new cell, until finally the original cell wall is ruptured and the new cells are liberated (see Segmentation, and Illust. of Cell Division, under Division). This mode of growth is characteristic of many forms of cells, both animal and vegetable.

En•dog´e•nous•ly, adv. By endogenous growth.

En•dog´e•ny , n. [See Endogenesis.] (Biol.) Growth from within; multiplication of cells by endogenous division, as in the development of one or more cells in the interior of a parent cell.

En´dog•nath , n. [Endo- + Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) The inner or principal branch of the oral appendages of Crustacea. See Maxilla.

En•dog´na•thal , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the endognath.

En´do•lymph , n. [Endo- + lymph: cf. F. endolymphe.] (Anat.) The watery fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear.

En´do•lym•phan´gi•al , a. [Endo- + lymphangial.] (Anat.) Within a lymphatic vessel.

En´do•lym•phat´ic , a. [Endo- + lymphatic.] (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or containing, endolymph; as the endolymphatic duct. (b) Within a lymphatic vessel; endolymphangial.

En•dome´ , v. t. To cover as with a dome.

En•do•me•tri´tis , n. [NL. See Endometrium, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the endometrium.

En•do•me´tri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + mh•tra the womb.] (Anat.) The membrane lining the inner surface of the uterus, or womb.

En´do•morph , n. [Endo- + Gr. form.] (Min.) A crystal of one species inclosed within one of another, as one of rutile inclosed in quartz.

En•do•my´si•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + my^s a muscle.] (Anat.) The delicate bands of connective tissue interspersed among muscular fibers.

En•do•neu´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + a sinew, nerve.] (Anat.) The delicate bands of connective tissue among nerve fibers.

En•do•par´a•site , n. [Endo- + parasite.] (Zoöl.) Any parasite which lives in the internal organs of an animal, as the tapeworms, Trichina, etc.; — opposed to ectoparasite. See Entozoön. — En•do•par•a•sit´ic (#), a.

En•do•phlœ´um (en•do•fle´um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + floio•s bark.] (Bot.) The inner layer of the bark of trees.

En•do•phrag´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon + fra•gma a fence.] (Zoöl.) A chitinous structure above the nervous cord in the thorax of certain Crustacea.

En•do•phrag´mal , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the endophragma.

En•doph´yl•lous , a. [Endo- + Gr. fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Wrapped up within a leaf or sheath.

En´do•plasm , n. [Endo- + Gr. anything formed or molded.] (Biol.) The protoplasm in the interior of a cell.

En•do•plas´ma , n. [NL. See Endoplasm.] (Biol.) Same as Entoplasm and Endosarc.

En´do•plast , n. [Endo- + Gr. to form.] (Biol.) See Nucleus.

En•do•plas´ti•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + plastic.] (Zoöl.) A group of Rhizopoda having a distinct nucleus, as the amœba.

En•do•plas´tule ( 135), n. [A dim. fr. endo- + Gr. to mold.] (Biol.) See Nucleolus.

En•do•pleu´ra, n. [NL., fr. Gr. within + rib, side. See Pleura.] (Bot.) The inner coating of a seed. See Tegmen.

En•do•pleu´rite , n. [Endo- + Gr. a rib.] (Zoöl.) The portion of each apodeme developed from the interepimeral membrane in certain crustaceans.

En•dop´o•dite , n. [Endo- + Gr. , , a foot.] (Zoöl.) The internal or principal branch of the locomotive appendages of Crustacea. See Maxilliped.

En•do•rhi´za , n.; pl. Endorhizae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. within + root.] (Bot.) Any monocotyledonous plant; — so named because many monocotyledons have an endorhizal embryo. Endorhiza was proposed by Richard as a substitute for the term endogen, and exorhiza as a substitute for the term exogen; but they have not been generally adopted. { En•do•rhi´zal , En•do•rhi´zous } a. (Bot.) Having the radicle of the embryo sheathed by the cotyledon, through which the embryo bursts in germination, as in many monocotyledonous plants.

En•dorse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endorsed p. pr. & vb. n. Endorsing.] [Formerly endosse, fr. F. endosser to put on the back, to endorse; pref. en- (L. in) + dos back, L. dorsum. See Dorsal, and cf. Indorse.] Same as Indorse. Both endorse and indorse are used by good writers; but the tendency is to the more general use of indorse and its derivatives indorsee, indorser, and indorsement.

En•dorse´, n. (Her.) A subordinary, resembling the pale, but of one fourth its width (according to some writers, one eighth).

En•dor•see´ , n. Same as Indorsee.

En•dorse´ment , n. [Cf. F. endossement.] Same as Indorsement.

En•dors´er , n. Same as Indorser.

En´do•sarc , n. [Endo- + Gr. , , flesh.] (Biol.) The semifluid, granular interior of certain unicellular organisms, as the inner layer of sarcode in the amœba; entoplasm; endoplasta.

En´do•scope , n. [Endo- + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for examining the interior of the rectum, the urethra, and the bladder.

En•dos´co•py , n. (Med.) The art or process of examining by means of the endoscope.

En•do•skel´e•tal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or connected with, the endoskeleton; as endoskeletal muscles.

En•do•skel´e•ton , n. [Endo- + skeleton.] (Anat.) The bony, cartilaginous, or other internal framework of an animal, as distinguished from the exoskeleton.

En•dos•mom´e•ter , n. [Endosmose + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the force or amount of endosmotic action.

En•dos•mo•met´ric , a. Pertaining to, or designed for, the measurement of endosmotic action. { En´dos•mose• , En•dos•mo´sis } n. [NL. endosmosis, fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + a thrusting, impulsion, fr. to push: cf. F. endosmose.] (Physics) The transmission of a fluid or gas from without inward in the phenomena, or by the process, of osmose.

En•dos•mos´mic , a. Endosmotic.

En•dos•mot´ic , a. Pertaining to endosmose; of the nature endosmose; osmotic. Carpenter.

En´do•sperm , n. [Endo- + Gr. seed.] (Bot.) The albumen of a seed; — limited by recent writers to that formed within the embryo sac.

En•do•sper´mic , a. (Bot.) Relating to, accompanied by, or containing, endosperm.

En´do•spore , n. [Endo- + spore.] (Bot.) The thin inner coat of certain spores.

En•do•spor´ous , a. (Bot.) Having the spores contained in a case; — applied to fungi.

En•doss´ ( 115), v. t. [F. endosser. See Endorse.] To put upon the back or outside of anything; — the older spelling of endorse. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•dos´te•al , a. (Physiol.) Relating to endostosis; as endosteal ossification.

En•do•ster´nite , n. [Endo- + sternum.] (Zoöl.) The part of each apodeme derived from the intersternal membrane in Crustacea and insects.

En•dos´te•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + a bone.] (Anat.) The layer of vascular connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone.

En•dos´to•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + , , the mouth.] (Zoöl.) A plate which supports the labrum in certain Crustacea.

En´do•stome , n. [See Endostoma.] 1. (Bot.) The foramen or passage through the inner integument of an ovule. 2. (Zoöl.) And endostoma.

En•dos•to´sis , n. [NL. See Endo- , and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) A process of bone formation in which ossification takes place within the substance of the cartilage.

En´do•style , n. [Endo- + Gr. a pillar.] (Zoöl.) A fold of the endoderm, which projects into the blood cavity of ascidians. See Tunicata.

En•do•the´ca , n. [NL., from Gr. ’e•ndon within + qh•kh a case, box, fr. to place.] (Zoöl.) The tissue which partially fills the interior of the interseptal chambers of most madreporarian corals. It usually consists of a series of oblique tranverse septa, one above another. — En•do•the´cal (#), a.

En•do•the´ci•um , n. [NL. See Endotheca.] (Bot.) The inner lining of an anther cell.

En•do•the´li•al , a. (Anat.) Of, or relating to, endothelium.

En•do•the´li•um , n.; pl. Endothelia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + nipple.] (Anat.) The thin epithelium lining the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities. See Epithelium.

En•do•the´loid , a. [Endothelium + -oid.] (Anat.) Like endothelium.

En•do•tho´rax , n. [Endo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) An internal process of the sternal plates in the thorax of insects.

En•dow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endowed p. pr. & vb. n. Endowing.] [OF. endouer; pref. en- (L. in) + F. douer to endow, L. dotare. See Dower, and cf. 2d Endue.] 1. To furnish with money or its equivalent, as a permanent fund for support; to make pecuniary provision for; to settle an income upon; especially, to furnish with dower; as to endow a wife; to endow a public institution. “Endowing hospitals and almshouses.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To enrich or furnish with anything of the nature of a gift (as a quality or faculty); — followed by with, rarely by of; as man is endowed by his Maker with reason; to endow with privileges or benefits.

En•dow´er , v. t. [Cf. OF. endouairer. See Dower, Endow.] To endow. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

En•dow´er, n. One who endows.

En•dow´ment , n. 1. The act of bestowing a dower, fund, or permanent provision for support. 2. That which is bestowed or settled on a person or an institution; property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated to any object; as the endowment of a church, a hospital, or a college. 3. That which is given or bestowed upon the person or mind; gift of nature; accomplishment; natural capacity; talents; — usually in the plural. “His early endowments had fitted him for the work he was to do.” I. Taylor.

En•do•zo´a (en•do•zo´a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ndon within + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) See Entozoa.

En•drudge´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + drudge.] To make a drudge or slave of. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

En•due´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endued p. pr. & vb. n. Enduing.] [L. induere, prob. confused with E. endow. See Indue.] To invest. Latham. “Tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high.” Luke xxiv. 49. “Endue them … with heavenly gifts.” Book of Common Prayer.

En•due´, v. t. An older spelling of Endow. Tillotson.

En•due´ment , n. Act of enduing; induement.

En•dur´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. endurable. See Endure.] Capable of being endured or borne; sufferable. Macaulay. — En•dur´a•ble•ness, n.

En•dur´a•bly, adv. In an endurable manner.

En•dur´ance , n. [Cf. OF. endurance. See Endure.] 1. A state or quality of lasting or duration; lastingness; continuance. “Slurring with an evasive answer the question concerning the endurance of his own possession.” Sir W. Scott. 2. The act of bearing or suffering; a continuing under pain or distress without resistance, or without being overcome; sufferance; patience. “Their fortitude was most admirable in their patience and endurance of all evils, of pain and of death.” Sir W. Temple. Syn. — Suffering; patience; fortitude; resignation.

En•dur´ant , a. Capable of enduring fatigue, pain, hunger, etc. “The ibex is a remarkably endurant animal.” J. G. Wood.

En•dure´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Endured p. pr. & vb. n. Enduring ] [F. endurer; pref. en- (L. in) + durer to last. See Dure, v. i., and cf. Indurate.] 1. To continue in the same state without perishing; to last; to remain. “Their verdure still endure.” Shak. “He shall hold it [his house] fast, but it shall not endure.” Job viii. 15. 2. To remain firm, as under trial or suffering; to suffer patiently or without yielding; to bear up under adversity; to hold out. “Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong in the days that I shall deal with thee?” Ezek. xxii. 14.

En•dure´, v. t. 1. To remain firm under; to sustain; to undergo; to support without breaking or yielding; as metals endure a certain degree of heat without melting; to endure wind and weather. “Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure,
As might the strokes of two such arms endure.” Dryden. 2. To bear with patience; to suffer without opposition or without sinking under the pressure or affliction; to bear up under; to put up with; to tolerate. “I will no longer endure it.” Shak. “Therefore I endure all things for the elect’s sake.” 2 Tim. ii. 10. “How can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people?” Esther viii. 6. 3. To harden; to toughen; to make hardy. [Obs.] “Manly limbs endured with little ease.” Spenser. Syn. — To last; remain; continue; abide; brook; submit to; suffer.

En•dure´ment , n. [Cf. OF. endurement.] Endurance. [Obs.] South.

En•dur´er , n. One who, or that which, endures or lasts; one who bears, suffers, or sustains.

En•dur´ing, a. Lasting; durable; long-suffering; as an enduring disposition. ´A better and enduring substance.´ Heb. x. 34. — En•dur´ing•ly, adv. T. Arnold. — En•dur´ing•ness, n. { End´ways• , End´wise } adv. 1. On end; erectly; in an upright position. 2. With the end forward.

En´dy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a garment.] (Anat.) See Ependyma.

En´dy•sis , n.; pl. Endyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a putting on, fr. to put on.] (Biol.) The act of developing a new coat of hair, a new set of feathers, scales, etc.; — opposed to ecdysis.

En´e•cate , v. t. [L. enecatus, p. p. of enecare; e out, utterly + necare to kill.] To kill off; to destroy. [Obs.] Harvey.

E•ne´id , n. Same as AEneid.

En´e•ma , n.; pl. L. Enemata (#). [L. enema, Gr. , fr. to send in; in + to send.] (Med.) An injection, or clyster, thrown into the rectum as a medicine, or to impart nourishment. Hoblyn.

En´e•my , n.; pl. Enemies (#). [OF. enemi, F. ennemi, from L. inimicus; in- (negative) + amicus friend. See Amicable.] One hostile to another; one who hates, and desires or attempts the injury of, another; a foe; an adversary; as an enemy of or to a person; an enemy to truth, or to falsehood. “To all good he enemy was still.” Spenser. “I say unto you, Love your enemies.” Matt. v. 44. The enemy (Mil.), the hostile force. In this sense it is construed with the verb and pronoun either in the singular or the plural, but more commonly in the singular; as we have met the enemy and he is ours or they are ours. “It was difficult in such a country to track the enemy. It was impossible to drive him to bay.” Macaulay. Syn. — Foe; antagonist; opponent. See Adversary.

En´e•my, a. Hostile; inimical. [Obs.] “They … every day grow more enemy to God.” Jer. Taylor.

En•ep•i•der´mic , a. [Pref. en- (Gr. ) + epidermic.] (Med.) Applied to the skin without friction; — said of medicines. { En•er•get´ic , En•er•get´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to work, be active, fr. active. See Energy.] 1. Having energy or energies; possessing a capacity for vigorous action or for exerting force; active. ´A Being eternally energetic.´ Grew. 2. Exhibiting energy; operating with force, vigor, and effect; forcible; powerful; efficacious; as energetic measures; energetic laws. Syn. — Forcible; powerful; efficacious; potent; vigorous; effective; strenuous. — En•er•get´ic•al•ly, adv. — En•er•get´ic•al•ness, n.

En•er•get´ics , n. That branch of science which treats of the laws governing the physical or mechanical, in distinction from the vital, forces, and which comprehends the consideration and general investigation of the whole range of the forces concerned in physical phenomena. [R.] { En•er´gic , En•er´gic•al } a. [Cf. F. energique.] 1. In a state of action; acting; operating. 2. Having energy or great power; energetic. “The energic faculty that we call will.” Blackw. Mag.

En´er•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Energized p. pr. & vb. n. Energizing ] [From Energy.] To use strength in action; to act or operate with force or vigor; to act in producing an effect. “Of all men it is true that they feel and energize first, they reflect and judge afterwards.” J. C. Shairp.

En´er•gize, v. t. To give strength or force to; to make active; to alacrify; as to energize the will.

En´er•gi•zer , n. One who, or that which, gives energy, or acts in producing an effect.

En´er•gi•zing , a. Capable of imparting or exercising energy. “Those nobler exercises of energizing love.” Bp. Horsley.

En•er•gu´men , n. [L. energumenos, fr. Gr. possessed by an evil spirit, from : cf. F. energumène. See Energetic.] (Eccl. Antiq.) One possessed by an evil spirit; a demoniac.

En´er•gy , n.; pl. Energies (#). [F. energie, LL. energia, fr. Gr., fr. active; in + work. See In, and Work.] 1. Internal or inherent power; capacity of acting, operating, or producing an effect, whether exerted or not; as men possessing energies may suffer them to lie inactive. “The great energies of nature are known to us only by their effects.” Paley. 2. Power efficiently and forcibly exerted; vigorous or effectual operation; as the energy of a magistrate. 3. Strength of expression; force of utterance; power to impress the mind and arouse the feelings; life; spirit; — said of speech, language, words, style; as a style full of energy. 4. (Physics) Capacity for performing work. The kinetic energy of a body is the energy it has in virtue of being in motion. It is measured by one half of the product of the mass of each element of the body multiplied by the square of the velocity of the element, relative to some given body or point. The available kinetic energy of a material system unconnected with any other system is that energy which is due to the motions of the parts of the system relative to its center of mass. The potential energy of a body or system is that energy which is not kinetic; — energy due to configuration. Kinetic energy is sometimes called actual energy. Kinetic energy is exemplified in the vis viva of moving bodies, in heat, electric currents, etc.; potential energy, in a bent spring, or a body suspended a given distance above the earth and acted on by gravity. Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, ∧ Degradation of energy, etc. (Physics) See under Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, etc. Syn. — Force; power; potency; vigor; strength; spirit; efficiency; resolution.

E•ner´vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enervated p. pr. & vb. n. Enervating.] [L. enervatus, p. p. of enervare, fr. enervis nerveless, weak; e out + nervus nerve. See Nerve.] To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or courage; to render feeble or impotent; to make effeminate; to impair the moral powers of. “A man … enervated by licentiousness.” Macaulay. “And rhyme began t’ enervate poetry.” Dryden. Syn. — To weaken; enfeeble; unnerve; debilitate.

E•ner´vate , a. [L. enervatus, p. p.] Weakened; weak; without strength of force. Pope.

En•er•va´tion , n. [L. enervatio: cf. F. enervation.] 1. The act of weakening, or reducing strength. 2. The state of being weakened; effeminacy. Bacon.

E•ner´va•tive , a. Having power, or a tendency, to enervate; weakening. [R.]

E•nerve´ , v. t. [Cf. F. enerver. See Enervate.] To weaken; to enervate. [Obs.] Milton.

E•nerv´ous , a. [L. enervis, enervus.] Lacking nerve or force; enervated. [R.]

En•fam´ish , v. t. To famish; to starve.

En•fect´ , a. [See Infect, a.] Contaminated with illegality. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•fee´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeebled p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeebling ] [OF. enfeblir, enfeiblir; pref. en- (L. in) + feble, F. faible, feeble. See Feeble.] To make feeble; to deprive of strength; to reduce the strength or force of; to weaken; to debilitate. “Enfeebled by scanty subsistence and excessive toil.” Prescott. Syn. — To weaken; debilitate; enervate.

En•fee´ble•ment , n. The act of weakening; enervation; weakness.

En•fee´bler , n. One who, or that which, weakens or makes feeble.

En•fee´blish, v. i. To enfeeble. [Obs.] Holland.

En•fel´oned , a. [Pref. en- + felon: cf. OF. enfelonner.] Rendered fierce or frantic. [Obs.] ´Like one enfeloned or distraught.´ Spenser.

En•feoff´ ( see Feoff, 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeoffed p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeoffing.] [Pref. en- + feoff, fief: cf. LL. infeofare, OF. enfeffer, enfeofer.] 1. (Law) To give a feud, or right in land, to; to invest with a fief or fee; to invest (any one) with a freehold estate by the process of feoffment. Mozley & W. 2. To give in vassalage; to make subservient. [Obs.] “[The king] enfeoffed himself to popularity.” Shak.

En•feoff´ment , n. (Law) (a) The act of enfeoffing. (b) The instrument or deed by which one is invested with the fee of an estate.

En•fes´ter , v. t. To fester. [Obs.] ´Enfestered sores.´ Davies (Holy Roode).

En•fet´ter , v. t. To bind in fetters; to enchain. ´Enfettered to her love.´ Shak.

En•fe´ver , v. t. [Pref. en- + fever: cf. F. enfievrer.] To excite fever in. [R.] A. Seward.

En•fierce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfierced p. pr. & vb. n. Enfiercing ] To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•fi•lade´ ( 277), n. [F., fr. enfiler to thread, go trough a street or square, rake with shot; pref. en- (L. in) + fil thread. See File a row.] 1. A line or straight passage, or the position of that which lies in a straight line. [R.] 2. (Mil.) A firing in the direction of the length of a trench, or a line of parapet or troops, etc.; a raking fire.

En•fi•lade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfiladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfilading.] (Mil.) To pierce, scour, or rake with shot in the direction of the length of, as a work, or a line of troops. Campbell.

En•filed´ , p. a. [F. enfiler to pierce, thread.] (Her.) Having some object, as the head of a man or beast, impaled upon it; as a sword which is said to be ´enfiled of´ the thing which it pierces.

En•fire´ , v. t. To set on fire. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•flesh´ , v. t. To clothe with flesh. [Obs.] “Vices which are … enfleshed in him.” Florio.

En•flow´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enflowered p. pr. & vb. n. Enflowering.] To cover or deck with flowers. [Poetic] “These odorous and enflowered fields.” B. Jonson.

En•fold´ , v. t. To infold. See Infold.

En•fold´ment , n. The act of infolding. See Infoldment.

En•force´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enforced p. pr. & vb. n. Enforcing ] [OF. enforcier to strengthen, force, F. enforcir; pref. en- (L. in) + F. force. See Force.] 1. To put force upon; to force; to constrain; to compel; as to enforce obedience to commands. “Inward joy enforced my heart to smile.” Shak. 2. To make or gain by force; to obtain by force; as to enforce a passage. ´Enforcing furious way.´ Spenser. 3. To put in motion or action by violence; to drive. “As swift as stones
Enforced from the old Assyrian slings.” Shak. 4. To give force to; to strengthen; to invigorate; to urge with energy; as to enforce arguments or requests. “Enforcing sentiment of the thrust humanity.” Burke. 5. To put in force; to cause to take effect; to give effect to; to execute with vigor; as to enforce the laws. 6. To urge; to ply hard; to lay much stress upon. “Enforce him with his envy to the people.” Shak.

En•force , v. i. 1. To attempt by force. [Obs.] 2. To prove; to evince. [R.] Hooker. 3. To strengthen; to grow strong. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•force´, n. Force; strength; power. [Obs.] “A petty enterprise of small enforce.” Milton.

En•force´a•ble , a. Capable of being enforced.

En•forced´ , a. Compelled; forced; not voluntary. ´Enforced wrong.´ ´Enforced smiles.´ Shak. — En•for´ced•ly, adv. Shak.

En•force´ment , n. [Cf. OF. enforcement.] 1. The act of enforcing; compulsion. “He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Confess ’t was hers, and by what rough enforcement
You got it from her.” Shak. 2. A giving force to; a putting in execution. “Enforcement of strict military discipline.” Palfrey. 3. That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied. “The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.” Locke.

En•for´cer , n. One who enforces.

En•for´ci•ble , a. That may be enforced.

En•for´cive , a. Serving to enforce or constrain; compulsive. Marsion. — En•for´cive•ly, adv.

En•for´est , v. t. To turn into a forest.

En•form´ , v. t. [F. enformer. See Inform.] To form; to fashion. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•foul´dred , a. [Pref. en- + OF. fouldre, foldre, lightning, F. foudre, L. fulgur.] Mixed with, or emitting, lightning. [Obs.] ´With foul enfouldred smoke.´ Spenser.

En•frame´ , v. t. To inclose, as in a frame.

En•fran´chise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfranchised p. pr. & vb. n. Enfranchising ] [Pref. en- + franchise: cf. F. enfranchir.] 1. To set free; to liberate from slavery, prison, or any binding power. Bacon. 2. To endow with a franchise; to incorporate into a body politic and thus to invest with civil and political privileges; to admit to the privileges of a freeman. 3. To receive as denizens; to naturalize; as to enfranchise foreign words. I. Watts.

En•fran´chise•ment , n. 1. Releasing from slavery or custody. Shak. 2. Admission to the freedom of a corporation or body politic; investiture with the privileges of free citizens. Enfranchisement of copyhold (Eng. Law), the conversion of a copyhold estate into a freehold. Mozley & W.

En•fran´chis•er , n. One who enfranchises.

En•free´ , v. t. To set free. [Obs.] ´The enfreed Antenor.´ Shak.

En•free´dom , v. t. To set free. [Obs.] Shak.

En•freeze´ , v. t. To freeze; to congeal. [Obs.] “Thou hast enfrozened her disdainful breast.” Spenser.

En•fro´ward , v. t. To make froward, perverse, or ungovernable. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

En•gage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engaged p. pr. & vb. n. Engaging ] [F. engager; pref. en- (L. in) + gage pledge, pawn. See Gage.] 1. To put under pledge; to pledge; to place under obligations to do or forbear doing something, as by a pledge, oath, or promise; to bind by contract or promise. ´I to thee engaged a prince’s word.´ Shak. 2. To gain for service; to bring in as associate or aid; to enlist; as to engage friends to aid in a cause; to engage men for service. 3. To gain over; to win and attach; to attract and hold; to draw. “Good nature engages everybody to him.” Addison. 4. To employ the attention and efforts of; to occupy; to engross; to draw on. “Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage.” Pope. “Taking upon himself the difficult task of engaging him in conversation.” Hawthorne. 5. To enter into contest with; to encounter; to bring to conflict. “A favorable opportunity of engaging the enemy.” Ludlow. 6. (Mach.) To come into gear with; as the teeth of one cogwheel engage those of another, or one part of a clutch engages the other part.

En•gage´, v. i. 1. To promise or pledge one’s self; to enter into an obligation; to become bound; to warrant. “How proper the remedy for the malady, I engage not.” Fuller. 2. To embark in a business; to take a part; to employ or involve one’s self; to devote attention and effort; to enlist; as to engage in controversy. 3. To enter into conflict; to join battle; as the armies engaged in a general battle. 4. (Mach.) To be in gear, as two cogwheels working together.

En•gaged´ , a. 1. Occupied; employed; busy. 2. Pledged; promised; especially, having the affections pledged; promised in marriage; affianced; betrothed. 3. Greatly interested; of awakened zeal; earnest. 4. Involved; esp., involved in a hostile encounter; as the engaged ships continued the fight. Engaged column. (Arch.) Same as Attached column. See under Attach, v. t.

En•ga´ged•ly , adv. With attachment; with interest; earnestly.

En•ga´ged•ness, n. The state of being deeply interested; earnestness; zeal.

En•gage´ment , n. [Cf. F. engagement.] 1. The act of engaging, pledging, enlisting, occupying, or entering into contest. 2. The state of being engaged, pledged or occupied; specif., a pledge to take some one as husband or wife. 3. That which engages; engrossing occupation; employment of the attention; obligation by pledge, promise, or contract; an enterprise embarked in; as his engagements prevented his acceptance of any office. “Religion, which is the chief engagement of our league.” Milton. 4. (Mil.) An action; a fight; a battle. “In hot engagement with the Moors.” Dryden. 5. (Mach.) The state of being in gear; as one part of a clutch is brought into engagement with the other part. Syn. — Vocation; business; employment; occupation; promise; stipulation; betrothal; word; battle; combat; fight; contest; conflict. See Battle.

En•ga´ger , n. One who enters into an engagement or agreement; a surety. “Several sufficient citizens were engagers.” Wood.

En•ga´ging , a. Tending to draw the attention or affections; attractive; as engaging manners or address. — En•ga´ging•ly, adv. - - En•ga´ging•ness, n. Engaging and disengaging gear or machinery, that in which, or by means of which, one part is alternately brought into gear or out of gear with another part, as occasion may require.

En•gal´lant , v. t. To make a gallant of. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En•gaol´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + gaol: cf. OF. engaoler, engeoler. See Gaol, and cf. Enjail.] To put in jail; to imprison. [Obs.] Shak.

En•gar´boil , v. t. [Pref. en- + garboil.] To throw into disorder; to disturb. [Obs.] ´To engarboil the church.´ Bp. Montagu.

En•gar´land , v. t. [Pref. en- + garland: cf. F. enguirlander.] To encircle with a garland, or with garlands. Sir P. Sidney.

En•gar´ri•son , v. t. To garrison; to put in garrison, or to protect by a garrison. Bp. Hall.

En•gas´tri•muth , n. [Gr. ; in + belly + to speak: cf. F. engastrimythe.] An ventriloquist. [Obs.]

En•gen´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engendered p. pr. & vb. n. Engendering.] [F. engender, L. ingenerare; in + generare to beget. See Generate, and cf. Ingenerate.] 1. To produce by the union of the sexes; to beget. [R.] 2. To cause to exist; to bring forth; to produce; to sow the seeds of; as angry words engender strife. “Engendering friendship in all parts of the common wealth.” Southey. Syn. — To breed; generate; procreate; propagate; occasion; call forth; cause; excite; develop.

En•gen´der, v. i. 1. To assume form; to come into existence; to be caused or produced. “Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there.” Dryden. 2. To come together; to meet, as in sexual embrace. ´I saw their mouths engender.´ Massinger.

En•gen´der , n. One who, or that which, engenders.

En•gen•drure´ , n. [OF. engendreure.] The act of generation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•gild´ , v. t. To gild; to make splendent. “Fair Helena, who most engilds the night.” Shak.

En´gine , n. [F. engin skill, machine, engine, L. ingenium natural capacity, invention; in in + the root of gignere to produce. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious, Gin a snare.] 1. (Pronounced, in this sense, .) Natural capacity; ability; skill. [Obs.] “A man hath sapiences three,
Memory, engine, and intellect also.” Chaucer. 2. Anything used to effect a purpose; any device or contrivance; an agent. Shak. “You see the ways the fisherman doth take
To catch the fish; what engines doth he make?” Bunyan. “Their promises, enticements, oaths, tokens, and all these engines of lust.” Shak. 3. Any instrument by which any effect is produced; especially, an instrument or machine of war or torture. ´Terrible engines of death.´ Sir W. Raleigh. 4. (Mach.) A compound machine by which any physical power is applied to produce a given physical effect. Engine driver, one who manages an engine; specifically, the engineer of a locomotive. — Engine lathe. (Mach.) See under Lathe. — Engine tool, a machine tool. J. Whitworth. — Engine turning (Fine Arts), a method of ornamentation by means of a rose engine. The term engine is more commonly applied to massive machines, or to those giving power, or which produce some difficult result. Engines, as motors, are distinguished according to the source of power, as steam engine, air engine, electro- magnetic engine; or the purpose on account of which the power is applied, as fire engine, pumping engine, locomotive engine; or some peculiarity of construction or operation, as single-acting or double-acting engine, high- pressure or low-pressure engine, condensing engine, etc.

En´gine, v. t. 1. To assault with an engine. [Obs.] “To engine and batter our walls.” T. Adams. 2. To equip with an engine; — said especially of steam vessels; as vessels are often built by one firm and engined by another. 3. (Pronounced, in this sense, .) To rack; to torture. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•gi•neer´ , n. [OE. enginer: cf. OF. engignier, F. ingenieur. See Engine, n.] 1. A person skilled in the principles and practice of any branch of engineering. See under Engineering, n. 2. One who manages as engine, particularly a steam engine; an engine driver. 3. One who carries through an enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance; an efficient manager. [Colloq.] Civil engineer, a person skilled in the science of civil engineering. — Military engineer, one who executes engineering works of a military nature. See under Engineering.

En•gi•neer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engineered p. pr. & vb. n. Engineering.] 1. To lay out or construct, as an engineer; to perform the work of an engineer on; as to engineer a road. J. Hamilton. 2. To use contrivance and effort for; to guide the course of; to manage; as to engineer a bill through Congress. [Colloq.]

En•gi•neer´ing, n. Originally, the art of managing engines; in its modern and extended sense, the art and science by which the mechanical properties of matter are made useful to man in structures and machines; the occupation and work of an engineer. In a comprehensive sense, engineering includes architecture as a mechanical art, in distinction from architecture as a fine art. It was formerly divided into military engineering, which is the art of designing and constructing offensive and defensive works, and civil engineering, in a broad sense, as relating to other kinds of public works, machinery, etc. — Civil engineering, in modern usage, is strictly the art of planning, laying out, and constructing fixed public works, such as railroads, highways, canals, aqueducts, water works, bridges, lighthouses, docks, embankments, breakwaters, dams, tunnels, etc. — Mechanical engineering relates to machinery, such as steam engines, machine tools, mill work, etc. — Mining engineering deals with the excavation and working of mines, and the extraction of metals from their ores, etc. Engineering is further divided into steam engineering, gas engineering, agricultural engineering, topographical engineering, electrical engineering, etc.

En´gine•man , n.; pl. Enginemen . A man who manages, or waits on, an engine.

En´gin•er , n. [See Engineer.] A contriver; an inventor; a contriver of engines. [Obs.] Shak.

En´gine•ry , n. 1. The act or art of managing engines, or artillery. Milton. 2. Engines, in general; instruments of war. “Training his devilish enginery.” Milton. 3. Any device or contrivance; machinery; structure or arrangement. Shenstone.

En´gine-sized , a. Sized by a machine, and not while in the pulp; — said of paper. Knight.

En´gi•nous , a. [OF. engignos. See Ingenious.] 1. Pertaining to an engine. [Obs.] “That one act gives, like an enginous wheel,
Motion to all.” Decker. 2. Contrived with care; ingenious. [Obs.] “The mark of all enginous drifts.” B. Jonson.

En•gird´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engirded or Engirt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Engirding.] [Pref. en- + gird. Cf. Ingirt.] To gird; to encompass. Shak.

En•gir´dle , v. t. To surround as with a girdle; to girdle.

En•girt´ , v. t. To engird. [R.] Collins.

En´gi•scope , n. [Gr. near + -scope.] (Opt.) A kind of reflecting microscope. [Obs.]

En•glaimed´ , a. [OE. engleimen to smear, gleim birdlime, glue, phlegm.] Clammy. [Obs.]

En´gle , n. [OE. enghle to coax or cajole. Cf. Angle a hook, one easily enticed, a gull, Ingle.] A favorite; a paramour; an ingle. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En´gle, v. t. To cajole or coax, as favorite. [Obs.] “I ’ll presently go and engle some broker.” B. Jonson.

Eng´lish , a. [AS. Englisc, fr. Engle, Angle, Engles, Angles, a tribe of Germans from the southeast of Sleswick, in Denmark, who settled in Britain and gave it the name of England. Cf. Anglican.] Of or pertaining to England, or to its inhabitants, or to the present so-called Anglo-Saxon race. English bond (Arch.) See 1st Bond, n., 8. — English breakfast tea. See Congou. — English horn. (Mus.) See Corno Inglese. — English walnut. (Bot.) See under Walnut.

Eng´lish, n. 1. Collectively, the people of England; English people or persons. 2. The language of England or of the English nation, and of their descendants in America, India, and other countries. The English language has been variously divided into periods by different writers. In the division most commonly recognized, the first period dates from about 450 to 1150. This is the period of full inflection, and is called Anglo-Saxon, or, by many recent writers, Old English. The second period dates from about 1150 to 1550 (or, if four periods be recognized, from about 1150 to 1350), and is called Early English, Middle English, or more commonly (as in the usage of this book), Old English. During this period most of the inflections were dropped, and there was a great addition of French words to the language. The third period extends from about 1350 to 1550, and is Middle English. During this period orthography became comparatively fixed. The last period, from about 1550, is called Modern English. 3. A kind of printing type, in size between Pica and Great Primer. See Type. The type called English. 4. (Billiards) A twist or spinning motion given to a ball in striking it that influences the direction it will take after touching a cushion or another ball. The King’s, or Queen’s, English. See under King.

Eng´lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englished p. pr. & vb. n. Englishing.] 1. To translate into the English language; to Anglicize; hence, to interpret; to explain. “Those gracious acts … may be Englished more properly, acts of fear and dissimulation.” Milton. “Caxton does not care to alter the French forms and words in the book which he was Englishing.” T. L. K. Oliphant. 2. (Billiards) To strike (the cue ball) in such a manner as to give it in addition to its forward motion a spinning motion, that influences its direction after impact on another ball or the cushion. [U.S.]

Eng´lish•a•ble , a. Capable of being translated into, or expressed in, English.

Eng´lish•ism , n. 1. A quality or characteristic peculiar to the English. M. Arnold. 2. A form of expression peculiar to the English language as spoken in England; an Anglicism.

Eng´lish•man (-man), n.; pl. Englishmen (-men). A native or a naturalized inhabitant of England.

Eng´lish•ry , n. 1. The state or privilege of being an Englishman. [Obs.] Cowell. 2. A body of English or people of English descent; — commonly applied to English people in Ireland. “A general massacre of the Englishry.” Macaulay.

Eng´lish•wom•an , n.; pl. Englishwomen . Fem. of Englishman. Shak.

En•gloom´ , v. t. To make gloomy. [R.]

En•glue´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + glue: cf. F. engluer to smear with birdlime.] To join or close fast together, as with glue; as a coffer well englued. Gower.

En•glut´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englutted p. pr. & vb. n. Englutting ] [Pref. en- + glut: cf. F. engloutir.] 1. To swallow or gulp down. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To glut. [Obs.] ´Englutted with vanity.´ Ascham.

En•gore´ , v. t. 1. To gore; to pierce; to lacerate. [Obs.] “Deadly engored of a great wild boar.” Spenser. 2. To make bloody. [Obs.] Chapman.

En•gorge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engorged p. pr. & vb. n. Engorging ] [Pref. en- + gorge: cf. F. engorger to obstruct, cram.] 1. To gorge; to glut. Mir. for Mag. 2. To swallow with greediness or in large quantities; to devour. Spenser.

En•gorge´, v. i. To feed with eagerness or voracity; to stuff one’s self with food. Beaumont.

En•gorged´ , p. a. 1. Swallowed with greediness, or in large draughts. 2. (Med.) Filled to excess with blood or other liquid; congested.

En•gorge´ment , n. [Cf. F. engorgement.] 1. The act of swallowing greedily; a devouring with voracity; a glutting. 2. (Med.) An overfullness or obstruction of the vessels in some part of the system; congestion. Hoblyn. 3. (Metal.) The clogging of a blast furnace.

En•gouled´ , a. (Her.) Partly swallowed; disappearing in the jaws of anything; as an infant engouled by a serpent; said also of an ordinary, when its two ends to issue from the mouths of lions, or the like; as a bend engouled.

En•gou•lee´ , a. [F., p. p. of engouler to swallow up; pref. en- (L. in) + gueule mouth.] (Her.) Same as Engouled.

En•graff´ , v. t. [See Ingraft.] To graft; to fix deeply. [Obs.]

En•graff´ment , n. See Ingraftment. [Obs.]

En•graft´ , v. t. See Ingraft. Shak. { En•graf•ta´tion , En•graft´ment } n. The act of ingrafting; ingraftment. [R.]

En•grail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrailed p. pr. & vb. n. Engrailing.] [F. engrêler; pref. en- (L. in) + grêle hail. See Grail gravel.] 1. To variegate or spot, as with hail. “A caldron new engrailed with twenty hues.” Chapman. 2. (Her.) To indent with small curves. See Engrailed.

En•grail´, v. i. To form an edging or border; to run in curved or indented lines. Parnell.

En•grailed´ , a. (Her.) Indented with small concave curves, as the edge of a bordure, bend, or the like.

En•grail´ment , n. 1. The ring of dots round the edge of a medal, etc. Brande & C. 2. (Her.) Indentation in curved lines, as of a line of division or the edge of an ordinary.

En•grain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrained p. pr. & vb. n. Engraining.] [Pref. en- + grain. Cf. Ingrain.] 1. To dye in grain, or of a fast color. See Ingrain. “Leaves engrained in lusty green.” Spenser. 2. To incorporate with the grain or texture of anything; to infuse deeply. See Ingrain. “The stain hath become engrained by time.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To color in imitation of the grain of wood; to grain. See Grain, v. t., 1.

En•grap´ple , v. t. & i. To grapple. [Obs.]

En•grasp´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrasped p. pr. & vb. n. Engrasping.] To grasp; to grip. [R.] Spenser.

En•grave´, v. t. [Pref. en- + grave a tomb. Cf. Engrave to carve.] To deposit in the grave; to bury. [Obs.] ´Their corses to engrave.´ Spenser.

En•grave´ , v. t. [imp. Engraved p. p. Engraved or Engraven ; p. pr. & vb. n. Engraving.] [Pref. en- + grave to carve: cf. OF. engraver.] 1. To cut in; to make by incision. [Obs.] “Full many wounds in his corrupted flesh
He did engrave.” Spenser. 2. To cut with a graving instrument in order to form an inscription or pictorial representation; to carve figures; to mark with incisions. “Like … . a signet thou engrave the two stones with the names of the children of Israel.” Ex. xxviii. 11. 3. To form or represent by means of incisions upon wood, stone, metal, or the like; as to engrave an inscription. 4. To impress deeply; to infix, as if with a graver. “Engrave principles in men’s minds.” Locke.

En•graved´ , a. 1. Made by engraving or ornamented with engraving. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface covered with irregular, impressed lines.

En•grave´ment , n. 1. Engraving. 2. Engraved work. [R.] Barrow.

En•grav´er , n. One who engraves; a person whose business it is to produce engraved work, especially on metal or wood.

En•grav´er•y , n. The trade or work of an engraver. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

En•grav´ing, n. 1. The act or art of producing upon hard material incised or raised patterns, characters, lines, and the like; especially, the art of producing such lines, etc., in the surface of metal plates or blocks of wood. Engraving is used for the decoration of the surface itself; also for producing an original, from which a pattern or design may be printed on paper. 2. That which is engraved; an engraved plate. 3. An impression from an engraved plate, block of wood, or other material; a print. Engraving on wood is called xylography; on copper, chalcography; on stone lithography. Engravings or prints take from wood blocks are usually called wood cuts, those from stone, lithographs.

En•greg´ge , v. t. [OF. engregier, from (assumed) LL. ingreviare; in + (assumed) grevis heavy, for L. gravis. Cf. Aggravate.] To aggravate; to make worse; to lie heavy on. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•grieve´ , v. t. To grieve. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•gross´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrossed p. pr. & vb. n. Engrossing.] [F., fr. pref. en- (L. in) + gros gross, grosse, n., an engrossed document: cf. OF. engrossir, engroissier, to make thick, large, or gross. See Gross.] 1. To make gross, thick, or large; to thicken; to increase in bulk or quantity. [Obs.] “Waves … engrossed with mud.” Spenser. “Not sleeping, to engross his idle body.” Shak. 2. To amass. [Obs.] “To engross up glorious deeds on my behalf.” Shak. 3. To copy or write in a large hand (en gross, i. e., in large); to write a fair copy of in distinct and legible characters; as to engross a deed or like instrument on parchment. “Some period long past, when clerks engrossed their stiff and formal chirography on more substantial materials.” Hawthorne. “Laws that may be engrossed on a finger nail.” De Quincey. 4. To seize in the gross; to take the whole of; to occupy wholly; to absorb; as the subject engrossed all his thoughts. 5. To purchase either the whole or large quantities of, for the purpose of enhancing the price and making a profit; hence, to take or assume in undue quantity, proportion, or degree; as to engross commodities in market; to engross power. Engrossed bill (Legislation), one which has been plainly engrossed on parchment, with all its amendments, preparatory to final action on its passage. — Engrossing hand (Penmanship), a fair, round style of writing suitable for engrossing legal documents, legislative bills, etc. Syn. — To absorb; swallow up; imbibe; consume; exhaust; occupy; forestall; monopolize. See Absorb.

En•gross´er , n. 1. One who copies a writing in large, fair characters. 2. One who takes the whole; a person who purchases such quantities of articles in a market as to raise the price; a forestaller. Locke.

En•gross´ment , n. 1. The act of engrossing; as the engrossment of a deed. “Engrossments of power and favor.” Swift. 2. That which has been engrossed, as an instrument, legislative bill, goods, etc.

En•guard´ , v. t. To surround as with a guard. [Obs.] Shak.

En•gulf´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engulfed p. pr. & vb. n. Engulfing.] [Pref. en- + gulf: cf. OF. engolfer. Cf. Ingulf.] To absorb or swallow up as in a gulf. “It quite engulfs all human thought.” Young. Syn. — See Absorb.

En•gulf´ment , n. A swallowing up as if in a gulf. [R.]

En•gyn´ Variant of Engine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•ha´lo , v. t. To surround with a halo.

En•hance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enhanced p. pr. & vb. n. Enhancing ] [Norm. F. enhauncer, enhaucer, OF. enhaleier, enhaucier; pref. en- (L. in) + haucier to lift, raise up, from an assumed L. altiare, fr. L. altus high; cf. Pr. enansar, enanzar, to advance, exalt, and E. advance. See Altitude, and cf. Hawser.] 1. To raise or lift up; to exalt. [Obs.] Wyclif. “Who, naught aghast, his mighty hand enhanced.” Spenser. 2. To advance; to augment; to increase; to heighten; to make more costly or attractive; as to enhance the price of commodities; to enhance beauty or kindness; hence, also to render more heinous; to aggravate; as to enhance crime. “The reputation of ferocity enhanced the value of their services, in making them feared as well as hated.” Southey.

En•hance´, v. i. To be raised up; to grow larger; as a debt enhances rapidly by compound interest.

En•hance´ment , n. The act of increasing, or state of being increased; augmentation; aggravation; as the enhancement of value, price, enjoyments, crime.

En•han´cer , n. One who enhances; one who, or that which, raises the amount, price, etc.

En•har´bor , v. t. To find harbor or safety in; to dwell in or inhabit. W. Browne.

En•hard´en , v. t. [Pref. en- + harden: cf. F. enhardir to embolden.] To harden; to embolden. [Obs.] Howell. { En•har•mon´ic (en•har•mon´ik), En•har•mon´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Gr. ’enarmoniko•s, ’enarmo•nios fitting, accordant; ’en in + ´armoni•a harmony: cf. F. enharmonique.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) Of or pertaining to that one of the three kinds of musical scale (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic) recognized by the ancient Greeks, which consisted of quarter tones and major thirds, and was regarded as the most accurate. 2. (Mus.) (a) Pertaining to a change of notes to the eye, while, as the same keys are used, the instrument can mark no difference to the ear, as the substitution of A&flat; for G&sharp;. (b) Pertaining to a scale of perfect intonation which recognizes all the notes and intervals that result from the exact tuning of diatonic scales and their transposition into other keys.

En•har•mon´ic•al•ly , adv. In the enharmonic style or system; in just intonation.

En•heart´en , v. t. To give heart to; to fill with courage; to embolden. “The enemy exults and is enheartened.” I. Taylor.

En•hedge´ , v. t. To surround as with a hedge. [R.] Vicars.

En•hort´ , v. t. [OF. enhorter, enorter, L. inhortari. Cf. Exhort.] To encourage. [Obs.] ´To enhort the people.´ Chaucer.

En•hun´ger , v. t. To make hungry. “Those animal passions which vice had … enhungered to feed on innocence and life.” J. Martineau.

En•hy´dros , n. [NL. See Enhydrous.] (Min.) A variety of chalcedony containing water.

En•hy´drous , a. [Gr. ; in + water.] Having water within; containing fluid drops; — said of certain crystals.

E•nig´ma (e•nig´ma), n.; pl. enigmas (- maz). [L. aenigma, Gr. a’i•nigma, fr. a’ini•ssesqai to speak darkly, fr. a’i^nos tale, fable.] 1. A dark, obscure, or inexplicable saying; a riddle; a statement, the hidden meaning of which is to be discovered or guessed. “A custom was among the ancients of proposing an enigma at festivals.” Pope. 2. An action, mode of action, or thing, which cannot be satisfactorily explained; a puzzle; as his conduct is an enigma. { E•nig•mat´ic ( 277), E•nig•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. enigmatique.] Relating to or resembling an enigma; not easily explained or accounted for; darkly expressed; obscure; puzzling; as an enigmatical answer.

E•nig•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. Darkly; obscurely.

E•nig´ma•tist , n. [Gr. .] One who makes, or talks in, enigmas. Addison.

E•nig´ma•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Enigmatized p. pr. & vb. n. Enigmatizing ] To make, or talk in, enigmas; to deal in riddles. { E•nig•ma•tog´ra•phy , E•nig•ma•tol´o•gy } n. [Gr. , , an enigma + - graphy, -logy.] The art of making or of solving enigmas.

En•isled´ , p. a. Placed alone or apart, as if on an island; severed, as an island. [R.] ´In the sea of life enisled.´ M. Arnold.

En•jail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjailed p. pr. & vb. n. Enjailing.] [Pref. en- + jail. Cf. Engaol.] To put into jail; to imprison. [R.] Donne.

En•join´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoined p. pr. & vb. n. Enjoining.] [F. enjoindre, L. injungere to join into, charge, enjoin; in + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Injunction.] 1. To lay upon, as an order or command; to give an injunction to; to direct with authority; to order; to charge. “High matter thou enjoin’st me.” Milton. “I am enjoined by oath to observe three things.” Shak. 2. (Law) To prohibit or restrain by a judicial order or decree; to put an injunction on. “This is a suit to enjoin the defendants from disturbing the plaintiffs.” Kent. Enjoin has the force of pressing admonition with authority; as a parent enjoins on his children the duty of obedience. But it has also the sense of command; as the duties enjoined by God in the moral law. ´This word is more authoritative than direct, and less imperious than command.´ Johnson.

En•join´, v. t. To join or unite. [Obs.] Hooker.

En•join´er , n. One who enjoins.

En•join´ment , n. Direction; command; authoritative admonition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

En•joy´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoyed p. pr. & vb. n. Enjoying.] [OF. enjoier to receive with joy; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. joie joy: cf. OF. enjoir to enjoy. See Joy.] 1. To take pleasure or satisfaction in the possession or experience of; to feel or perceive with pleasure; to be delighted with; as to enjoy the dainties of a feast; to enjoy conversation. 2. To have, possess, and use with satisfaction; to occupy or have the benefit of, as a good or profitable thing, or as something desirable; as to enjoy a free constitution and religious liberty. “That the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers.” Num. xxxvi. 8. “To enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season.” Heb. xi. 25. 3. To have sexual intercourse with. Milton. To enjoy one’s self, to feel pleasure; to be happy.

En•joy´, v. i. To take satisfaction; to live in happiness. [R.] Milton.

En•joy´a•ble , a. Capable of being enjoyed or of giving joy; yielding enjoyment. Milton.

En•joy´er , n. One who enjoys.

En•joy´ment , n. 1. The condition of enjoying anything; pleasure or satisfaction, as in the possession or occupancy of anything; possession and use; as the enjoyment of an estate. 2. That which gives pleasure or keen satisfaction. “The hope of everlasting enjoyments.” Glanvill. Syn. — Pleasure; satisfaction; gratification; fruition; happiness; felicity; delight.

En•ken´nel , v. t. To put into a kennel.

En•ker´chiefed , a. Bound with a kerchief; draped; hooded; covered. Milton. “That soft, enkerchiefed hair.” M. Arnold.

En•kin´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enkindled p. pr. & vb. n. Enkindling ] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle. Shak. 2. To excite; to rouse into action; to incite. “To enkindle the enthusiasm of an artist.” Talfourd.

En•lace´ , v. t. To bind or encircle with lace, or as with lace; to lace; to encircle; to enfold; hence, to entangle. “Ropes of pearl her neck and breast enlace.” P. Fletcher.

En•lace´ment , n. The act of enlacing, or state of being enlaced; a surrounding as with a lace.

En•lard´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + lard: cf. OF. enlarder to put on the spit, Pr. & Sp. enlardar to rub with grease, baste.] To cover or dress with lard or grease; to fatten. Shak.

En•large´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlarged p. pr. & vb. n. Enlarging ] [OF. enlargier; pref. en- (L. in) + F. large wide. See Large.] 1. To make larger; to increase in quantity or dimensions; to extend in limits; to magnify; as the body is enlarged by nutrition; to enlarge one’s house. “To enlarge their possessions of land.” Locke. 2. To increase the capacity of; to expand; to give free scope or greater scope to; also to dilate, as with joy, affection, and the like; as knowledge enlarges the mind. “O ye Corinthians, our … heart is enlarged.” 2 Cor. vi. 11. 3. To set at large or set free. [Archaic] “It will enlarge us from all restraints.” Barrow. Enlarging hammer, a hammer with a slightly rounded face of large diameter; — used by gold beaters. Knight. — To enlarge an order or rule (Law), to extend the time for complying with it. Abbott. — To enlarge one’s self, to give free vent to speech; to spread out discourse. ´They enlarged themselves on this subject.´ Clarendon. — To enlarge the heart, to make free, liberal, and charitable. Syn. — To increase; extend; expand; spread; amplify; augment; magnify. See Increase.

En•large´, v. i. 1. To grow large or larger; to be further extended; to expand; as a plant enlarges by growth; an estate enlarges by good management; a volume of air enlarges by rarefaction. 2. To speak or write at length; to be diffuse in speaking or writing; to expatiate; to dilate. “To enlarge upon this theme.” M. Arnold. 3. (Naut.) To get more astern or parallel with the vessel’s course; to draw aft; — said of the wind.

En•larged´ , a. Made large or larger; extended; swollen. — En•lar´ged•ly (#), adv. — En•lar´ged•ness, n.

En•large´ment , n. 1. The act of increasing in size or bulk, real or apparent; the state of being increased; augmentation; further extension; expansion. 2. Expansion or extension, as of the powers of the mind; ennoblement, as of the feelings and character; as an enlargement of views, of knowledge, of affection. 3. A setting at large, or being set at large; release from confinement, servitude, or distress; liberty. “Give enlargement to the swain.” Shak. 4. Diffusiveness of speech or writing; expatiation; a wide range of discourse or argument. “An enlargement upon the vices and corruptions that were got into the army.” Clarendon.

En•lar´ger , n. One that enlarges.

En•lay´ , v. t. See Inlay.

En•length´en , v. t. To lengthen. [Obs.]

En•lev´en , n. Eleven. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•light´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + light. Cf. Enlighten.] To illumine; to enlighten. [R.] “Which from the first has shone on ages past,
Enlights the present, and shall warm the last.” Pope.

En•light´en , v. t. [Pref. en- + lighten: cf. AS. inlihtan. Cf. Enlight.] 1. To supply with light; to illuminate; as the sun enlightens the earth. “His lightnings enlightened the world.” Ps. xcvii. 4. 2. To make clear to the intellect or conscience; to shed the light of truth and knowledge upon; to furnish with increase of knowledge; to instruct; as to enlighten the mind or understanding. “The conscience enlightened by the Word and Spirit of God.” Trench.

En•light´en•er , n. One who enlightens or illuminates; one who, or that which, communicates light to the eye, or clear views to the mind.

En•light´en•ment , n. Act of enlightening, or the state of being enlightened or instructed.

En•limn´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + limn. Cf. Enlumine, Illuminate.] To adorn by illuminating or ornamenting with colored and decorated letters and figures, as a book or manuscript. [R.] Palsgrave.

En•link´ , v. t. To chain together; to connect, as by links. Shak.

En•list´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enlisting.] 1. To enter on a list; to enroll; to register. 2. To engage for military or naval service, the name being entered on a list or register; as to enlist men. 3. To secure the support and aid of; to employ in advancing interest; as to enlist persons in the cause of truth, or in a charitable enterprise.

En•list´, v. i. 1. To enroll and bind one’s self for military or naval service; as he enlisted in the regular army; the men enlisted for the war. 2. To enter heartily into a cause, as if enrolled.

En•list´ment , n. 1. The act or enlisting, or the state of being enlisted; voluntary enrollment to serve as a soldier or a sailor. 2. The writing by which an enlisted man is bound.

En•live´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + live, a.] To enliven. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

En•liv´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlivened p. pr. & vb. n. Enlivening ] [Pref. en- + liven.]. 1. To give life, action, or motion to; to make vigorous or active; to excite; to quicken; as fresh fuel enlivens a fire. “Lo! of themselves th’ enlivened chessmen move.” Cowley. 2. To give spirit or vivacity to; to make sprightly, gay, or cheerful; to animate; as mirth and good humor enliven a company; enlivening strains of music. Syn. — To animate; rouse; inspire; cheer; encourage; comfort; exhilarate; inspirit; invigorate.

En•liv´en•er , n. One who, or that which, enlivens, animates, or invigorates.

En•lock´ , v. t. To lock; to inclose.

En•lu´mine , v. t. [F. enluminer; pref. en- (L. in) + L. luminare to light up, illumine. See Illuminate, and cf. Limn.] To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•lute´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + L. lutum mud, clay.] To coat with clay; to lute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•man•che´ , a. [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + manche sleeve.] (Her.) Resembling, or covered with, a sleeve; — said of the chief when lines are drawn from the middle point of the upper edge upper edge to the sides.

En•mar´ble , v. t. [Pref. en- + marble.] To make hard as marble; to harden. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•mesh´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.] To catch or entangle in, or as in, meshes. Shak. “My doubts enmesh me if I try.” Lowell.

En•mew´ , v. t. See Emmew.

En•mist´ , v. t. To infold, as in a mist.

En´mi•ty , n.; pl. Enmities (#). [OE. enemyte, fr. enemy: cf. F. inimitie, OF. enemistie. See Enemy, and cf. Amity.] 1. The quality of being an enemy; hostile or unfriendly disposition. “No ground of enmity between us known.” Milton. 2. A state of opposition; hostility. “The friendship of the world is enmity with God.” James iv. 4. Syn. — Rancor; hostility; hatred; aversion; antipathy; repugnance; animosity; ill will; malice; malevolence. See Animosity, Rancor.

En•mossed´ ( 115), a. [Pref. en- + moss.] Covered with moss; mossed. Keats.

En•move´ , v. t. See Emmove. [Obs.]

En•muf´fle , v. t. To muffle up.

En•mure´ , v. t. To immure. [Obs.]

En•na´tion , n. [Gr. ’enne•a nine.] (Zoöl.) The ninth segment in insects.

En´ne•ad , n. [Gr. , , fr. ’enne•a nine.] The number nine or a group of nine. The Enneads, the title given to the works of the philosopher Plotinus, published by his pupil Porphyry; — so called because each of the six books into which it is divided contains nine chapters.

En´ne•a•gon ( 277), n. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + gwni•a corner, angle: cf. enneagone.] (Geom.) A polygon or plane figure with nine sides and nine angles; a nonagon.

En•ne•ag´o•nal , a. (Geom.) Belonging to an enneagon; having nine angles.

En•ne•ag´y•nous , a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + woman, female.] (Bot.) Having or producing nine pistils or styles; — said of a flower or plant.

En•ne•a•he´dral , a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + side.] (Geom.) Having nine sides. { En•ne•a•he´dri•a , En•ne•a•he´dron } n. (Geom.) A figure having nine sides; a nonagon.

En•ne•an´dri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’enne•a nine + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man, male: cf. F. enneandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having nine stamens. { En•ne•an´dri•an , En•ne•an´drous } a. (Bot.) Having nine stamens.

En•ne•a•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine + E. petalous: cf. F. enneapetale.] (Bot.) Having nine petals, or flower leaves.

En•ne•a•sper´mous , a. [Gr. ’enne•a + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) Having nine seeds; — said of fruits. { En•ne•at´ic , En•ne•at´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’enne•a nine.] Occurring once in every nine times, days, years, etc.; every ninth. Enneatical day, every ninth day of a disease. — Enneatical year, every ninth year of a man’s life.

En•new´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + new. Cf. Innovate.] To make new. [Obs.] Skelton.

En•niche´ , v. t. To place in a niche. Sterne.

En•no´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ennobled p. pr. & vb. n. Ennobling ] [Pref. en- + noble: cf. F. ennoblir.] 1. To make noble; to elevate in degree, qualities, or excellence; to dignify. ´Ennobling all that he touches.´ Trench. “What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards?
Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards.” Pope. 2. To raise to the rank of nobility; as to ennoble a commoner. Syn. — To raise; dignify; exalt; elevate; aggrandize.

En•no´ble•ment, n. 1. The act of making noble, or of exalting, dignifying, or advancing to nobility. Bacon. 2. That which ennobles; excellence; dignity.

En•no´bler , n. One who ennobles.

En•nui´ , n. [F., fr. L. in odio in hatred. See Annoy.] A feeling of weariness and disgust; dullness and languor of spirits, arising from satiety or want of interest; tedium. T. Gray.

En•nuy•e´ , a. [F., p. p. of ennuyer. See Ennui.] Affected with ennui; weary in spirits; emotionally exhausted.

En•nuy•e´, n. [F.] One who is affected with ennui.

En•nuy•ee´ , n. [F.] A woman affected with ennui. Mrs. Jameson.

E•nod´al , a. (Bot.) Without a node. Gray.

En•o•da´tion , n. [L. enodatio explanation, fr. enodare to free from knots. See Enode.] The act or operation of clearing of knots, or of untying; hence, also the solution of a difficulty. [R.] Bailey.

E•node´ , v. t. [L. enodare; e out + nodare to fill with knots, nodus a knot.] To clear of knots; to make clear. [Obs.] Cockeram.

E•noint´ , a. Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•nom´o•tarch , n. [Gr. ; + leader. See Enomoty.] (Gr. Antiq.) The commander of an enomoty. Mitford.

E•nom´o•ty , n. [Gr. , fr. sworn; in + to swear.] (Gr. Antiq.) A band of sworn soldiers; a division of the Spartan army ranging from twenty- five to thirty-six men, bound together by oath.

En´o•pla , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. armed; in + , pl., armor.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Nemertina, characterized by the presence of a peculiar armature of spines or plates in the proboscis.

En•op´to•man•cy , n. [Gr. visible in (a thing) + -mancy.] Divination by the use of a mirror.

E•norm´ , a. [Cf. F. enorme. See Enormous.] Enormous. [Obs.] Spenser.

E•nor´mi•ty , n.; pl. Enormities (#). [L. enormitas, fr. enormis enormous: cf. F. enormite. See Enormous.] 1. The state or quality of exceeding a measure or rule, or of being immoderate, monstrous, or outrageous. “The enormity of his learned acquisitions.” De Quincey. 2. That which is enormous; especially, an exceeding offense against order, right, or decency; an atrocious crime; flagitious villainy; an atrocity. “These clamorous enormities which are grown too big and strong for law or shame.” South.

E•nor´mous , a. [L. enormis enormous, out of rule; e out + norma rule: cf. F. enorme. See Normal.] 1. Exceeding the usual rule, norm, or measure; out of due proportion; inordinate; abnormal. ´Enormous bliss.´ Milton. ´This enormous state.´ Shak. ´The hoop’s enormous size.´ Jenyns. “Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait.” Milton. 2. Exceedingly wicked; outrageous; atrocious; monstrous; as an enormous crime. “That detestable profession of a life so enormous.” Bale. Syn. — Huge; vast; immoderate; immense; excessive; prodigious; monstrous. — Enormous, Immense, Excessive. We speak of a thing as enormous when it overpasses its ordinary law of existence or far exceeds its proper average or standard, and becomes — so to speak — abnormal in its magnitude, degree, etc.; as a man of enormous strength; a deed of enormous wickedness. Immense expresses somewhat indefinitely an immeasurable quantity or extent. Excessive is applied to what is beyond a just measure or amount, and is always used in an evil; as enormous size; an enormous crime; an immense expenditure; the expanse of ocean is immense. ´Excessive levity and indulgence are ultimately excessive rigor.´ V. Knox. ´Complaisance becomes servitude when it is excessive.´ La Rochefoucauld (Trans).

E•nor´mous•ly, adv. In an enormous degree.

E•nor´mous•ness, n. The state of being enormous.

En•or´tho•trope , n. [Gr. in + upright, correct + to turn.] An optical toy; a card on which confused or imperfect figures are drawn, but which form to the eye regular figures when the card is rapidly revolved. See Thaumatrope.

E•nough´ (e•nuf´), a. [OE. inoh, inow, enogh, AS. genoh, genog, a. & adv. (akin to OS. ginog, D. genoeg, OHG. ginoug, G. genug, Icel. gnogr, Sw. nog, Dan. nok, Goth. ganohs), fr. geneah it suffices (akin to Goth. ganah); pref. ge- + a root akin to L. nancisci to get, Skr. naç, Gr. ’enegkei^n to carry.] Satisfying desire; giving content; adequate to meet the want; sufficient; — usually, and more elegantly, following the noun to which it belongs. “How many hired servants of my father’s have bread enough and to spare!” Luke xv. 17.

E•nough´, adv. 1. In a degree or quantity that satisfies; to satisfaction; sufficiently. 2. Fully; quite; — used to express slight augmentation of the positive degree, and sometimes equivalent to very; as he is ready enough to embrace the offer. “I know you well enough; you are Signior Antonio.” Shak. “Thou knowest well enough … that this is no time to lend money.” Shak. 3. In a tolerable degree; — used to express mere acceptableness or acquiescence, and implying a degree or quantity rather less than is desired; as the song was well enough. Enough usually follows the word it modifies.

E•nough´, n. A sufficiency; a quantity which satisfies desire, is adequate to the want, or is equal to the power or ability; as he had enough to do take care of himself. ´Enough is as good as a feast.´ “And Esau said, I have enough, my brother.” Gen. xxxiii. 9.

E•nough´, interj. An exclamation denoting sufficiency, being a shortened form of it is enough.

E•nounce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enounced p. pr. & vb. n. Enouncing ] [F. enoncer, L. enuntiare; e out + nuntiare to announce, fr. nuntius messenger. See Nuncio, and cf. Enunciate.] 1. To announce; to declare; to state, as a proposition or argument. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. To utter; to articulate. “The student should be able to enounce these [sounds] independently.” A. M. Bell.

E•nounce´ment , n. Act of enouncing; that which is enounced.

E•now´ A form of Enough. [Archaic] Shak.

En•pa´tron , v. t. To act the part of a patron towards; to patronize. [Obs.] Shak.

En•pierce´ , v. t. [See Empierce.] To pierce. [Obs.] Shak.

En•quere´ , v. i. To inquire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•quick´en , v. t. To quicken; to make alive. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

En•quire´ , v. i. & t. See Inquire.

En•quir´er , n. See Inquirer.

En•quir´y , n. See Inquiry.

En•race´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + race lineage.] To enroot; to implant. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•rage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraged p. pr. & vb. n. Enraging ] [F. enrager to be enraged; pref. en- (L. in) + rage rage. See Rage.] To fill with rage; to provoke to frenzy or madness; to make furious. Syn. — To irritate; incense; inflame; exasperate; provoke; anger; madden; infuriate.

En•rage´ment , n. Act of enraging or state of being enraged; excitement. [Obs.]

En•range´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + range. Cf. Enrank, Arrange.] 1. To range in order; to put in rank; to arrange. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To rove over; to range. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•rank´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + rank.] To place in ranks or in order. [R.] Shak.

En•rapt´ , p. a. [Pref. en- + rapt. Cf. Enravish.] Thrown into ecstasy; transported; enraptured. Shak.

En•rap´ture ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraptured ( 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Enrapturing.] To transport with pleasure; to delight beyond measure; to enravish. Shenstone.

En•rav´ish , v. t. To transport with delight; to enrapture; to fascinate. Spenser.

En•rav´ish•ing•ly, adv. So as to throw into ecstasy.

En•rav´ish•ment , n. The state of being enravished or enraptured; ecstasy; rapture. Glanvill.

En•reg´is•ter , v. t. [Pref. en- + register: cf. F. enregistrer. Cf. Inregister.] To register; to enroll or record; to inregister. “To read enregistered in every nook
His goodness, which His beauty doth declare.” Spenser.

En•rheum´ , v. i. [Pref. en- + rheum: cf. F. s’enrhumer.] To contract a rheum. [Obs.] Harvey.

En•rich´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enriched p. pr. & vb. n. Enriching.] [F. enrichir; pref. en- (L. in) + riche rich. See Rich.] 1. To make rich with any kind of wealth; to render opulent; to increase the possessions of; as to enrich the understanding with knowledge. “Seeing, Lord, your great mercy
Us hath enriched so openly.” Chaucer’s Dream. 2. To supply with ornament; to adorn; as to enrich a ceiling by frescoes. 3. To make rich with manure; to fertilize; — said of the soil; as to enrich land by irrigation. 4. To supply with knowledge; to instruct; to store; — said of the mind. Sir W. Raleigh.

En•rich´er , n. One who enriches.

En•rich´ment , n. The act of making rich, or that which enriches; increase of value by improvements, embellishment, etc.; decoration; embellishment.

En•ridge´ , v. t. To form into ridges. Shak.

En•ring´ , v. t. To encircle. [R.] “The Muses and the Graces, grouped in threes,
Enringed a billowing fountain in the midst.” Tennyson.

En•rip´en , v. t. To ripen. [Obs.] Donne.

En•rive´ , v. t. To rive; to cleave. [Obs.]

En•robe´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + robe: cf. OF. enrober.] To invest or adorn with a robe; to attire.

En•rock´ment , n. [Pref. en- + rock.] A mass of large stones thrown into water at random to form bases of piers, breakwaters, etc.

En•roll´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enrolled p. pr. & vb. n. Enrolling.] [Pref. en- + roll: cf. F. enrôler; pref. en- (L. in) + rôle roll or register. See Roll, n.] [Written also enrol.] 1. To insert in a roil; to register or enter in a list or catalogue or on rolls of court; hence, to record; to insert in records; to leave in writing; as to enroll men for service; to enroll a decree or a law; also reflexively, to enlist. “An unwritten law of common right, so engraven in the hearts of our ancestors, and by them so constantly enjoyed and claimed, as that it needed not enrolling.” Milton. “All the citizen capable of bearing arms enrolled themselves.” Prescott. 2. To envelop; to inwrap; to involve. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•roll´er , n. One who enrolls or registers.

En•roll´ment , n. [Cf. F. enrôlement.] [Written also enrolment.] 1. The act of enrolling; registration. Holland. 2. A writing in which anything is enrolled; a register; a record. Sir J. Davies.

En•root´ , v. t. To fix by the root; to fix fast; to implant deep. Shak.

En•round´ , v. t. To surround. [Obs.] Shak.

En• route´ [F.] On the way or road.

Ens , n. [L., ens, entis, a thing. See Entity.] 1. (Metaph.) Entity, being, or existence; an actually existing being; also God, as the Being of Beings. 2. (Chem.) Something supposed to condense within itself all the virtues and qualities of a substance from which it is extracted; essence. [Obs.]

En•safe´ (en•saf´), v. t. To make safe. [Obs.] Hall.

En•sam´ple , n. [OF. ensample, essample, F. exemple. See Example.] An example; a pattern or model for imitation. [Obs.] Tyndale. “Being ensamples to the flock.” 1 Pet. v. 3.

En•sam´ple , v. t. To exemplify, to show by example. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•san´guine , v. t. To stain or cover with blood; to make bloody, or of a blood-red color; as an ensanguined hue. ´The ensanguined field.´ Milton.

En´sate , a. [NL. ensatus, fr. L. ensis sword.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having sword-shaped leaves, or appendages; ensiform.

En•scale´ , v. t. To cover with scales.

En•sched´ule ( 135), v. t. To insert in a schedule. See Schedule. [R.] Shak.

En•sconce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensconced imp. & p. p. Ensconcing ] To cover or shelter, as with a sconce or fort; to place or hide securely; to conceal. “She shall not see me: I will ensconce me behind the arras.” Shak.

En•seal´ (en•sel´), v. t. To impress with a seal; to mark as with a seal; hence, to ratify. [Obs.] “This deed I do enseal.” Piers Plowman.

En•seam´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + seam suture. Cf. Inseam.] To sew up; to inclose by a seam; hence, to include; to contain. Camden.

En•seam´, v. t. [Pref. en- + seam grease.] To cover with grease; to defile; to pollute. [Obs.] “In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed.” Shak.

En•sear´ , v. t. To sear; to dry up. [Obs.] “Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb.” Shak.

En•search´ , v. i. [OF. encerchier. See Search.] To make search; to try to find something. [Obs.] — v. t. To search for. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

En•seel´ (en•sel´), v. t. To close eyes of; to seel; — said in reference to a hawk. [Obs.]

En•seint´ (en•sant´), a. (Law) With child; pregnant. See Enceinte. [Obs.]

En•sem´ble , n. [F.] The whole; all the parts taken together.

En•sem´ble, adv. [F.] All at once; together.

En•shel´ter , v. t. To shelter. [Obs.]

En•shield´ , v. t. To defend, as with a shield; to shield. [Archaic] Shak.

En•shield´, a. Shielded; enshielded. [Obs.] Shak.

En•shrine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enshrined p. pr. & vb. n. Enshrining.] To inclose in a shrine or chest; hence, to preserve or cherish as something sacred; as to enshrine something in memory. “We will enshrine it as holy relic.” Massinger.

En•shroud´ , v. t. To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to shroud. Churchill.

En•sif´er•ous , a. [L. ensifer; ensis sword + ferre to bear: cf. F. ensifère.] Bearing a sword.

En´si•form , a. [L. ensis sword + -form: cf. F. ensiforme.] Having the form of a sword blade; sword-shaped; as an ensiform leaf. Ensiform cartilage, ∧ Ensiform process. (Anat.) See Xiphisternum.

En´sign , n. [L. enseigne, L. insignia, pl. of insigne a distinctive mark, badge, flag; in + signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Insignia, 3d Ancient.] 1. A flag; a banner; a standard; esp., the national flag, or a banner indicating nationality, carried by a ship or a body of soldiers; — as distinguished from flags indicating divisions of the army, rank of naval officers, or private signals, and the like. “Hang up your ensigns, let your drums be still.” Shak. 2. A signal displayed like a standard, to give notice. “He will lift an ensign to the nations from far.” Is. v. 26. 3. Sign; badge of office, rank, or power; symbol. “The ensigns of our power about we bear.” Waller. 4. (a) Formerly, a commissioned officer of the army who carried the ensign or flag of a company or regiment. (b) A commissioned officer of the lowest grade in the navy, corresponding to the grade of second lieutenant in the army. Ham. Nav. Encyc. In the British army the rank of ensign was abolished in 1871. In the United States army the rank is not recognized; the regimental flags being carried by a sergeant called the color sergeant. Ensign bearer, one who carries a flag; an ensign.

En´sign, v. t. 1. To designate as by an ensign. [Obs.] “Henry but joined the roses that ensigned
Particular families.” B. Jonson. 2. To distinguish by a mark or ornament; esp. (Her.), by a crown; thus, any charge which has a crown immediately above or upon it, is said to be ensigned.

En´sign•cy ( 277), n.; pl. Ensigncies . The rank or office of an ensign.

En´sign•ship, n. The state or rank of an ensign.

En´si•lage , n. [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + silo. See Silo.] 1. The process of preserving fodder (such as cornstalks, rye, oats, millet, etc.) by compressing it while green and fresh in a pit or vat called a silo, where it is kept covered from the air; as the ensilage of fodder. 2. The fodder preserved in a silo.

En´si•lage , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensilaged p. pr. & vb. n. Ensilaging ] To preserve in a silo; as to ensilage cornstalks.

En•sky´ , v. t. To place in the sky or in heaven. [R.] ´A thing enskied and sainted.´ Shak.

En•slave´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enslaved p. pr. & vb. n. Enslaving.] To reduce to slavery; to make a slave of; to subject to a dominant influence. “The conquer’d, also and enslaved by war,
Shall, with their freedom lost, all virtue lose.” Milton. “Pleasure admitted in undue degree
Enslaves the will.” Cowper.

En•slav´ed•ness , n. State of being enslaved.

En•slave´ment , n. The act of reducing to slavery; state of being enslaved; bondage; servitude. “A fresh enslavement to their enemies.” South.

En•slav´er , n. One who enslaves. Swift.

En•snare´ , v. t. To catch in a snare. See Insnare.

En•snarl´ , v. t. To entangle. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•so´ber , v. t. To make sober. [Obs.] “Sad accidents to ensober his spirits.” Jer. Taylor.

En•soul´ , v. t. To indue or imbue (a body) with soul. [R.] Emerson.

En•sphere´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + sphere. Cf. Insphere.] 1. To place in a sphere; to envelop. “His ample shoulders in a cloud ensphered.” Chapman. 2. To form into a sphere.

En•stamp´ , v. t. To stamp; to mark as with a stamp; to impress deeply. “It is the motive … which enstamps the character.” Gogan.

En•state´ , v. t. See Instate.

En´sta•tite , n. [Named fr. Gr. an adversary, because infusible before the blowpipe.] (Min.) A mineral of the pyroxene group, orthorhombic in crystallization; often fibrous and massive; color grayish white or greenish. It is a silicate of magnesia with some iron. Bronzite is a ferriferous variety.

En•sta•tit´ic , a. Relating to enstatite.

En•store´ , v. t. [See Instaurate.] To restore. [Obs.] Wyclif.

En•style´ , v. t. To style; to name. [Obs.]

En•su´a•ble , a. Ensuing; following.

En•sue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensued p. pr. & vb. n. Ensuing.] [OF. ensevre, OF. & F. ensuivre, fr. L. insequi; in + sequi to pursue. See Sue.] To follow; to pursue; to follow and overtake. [Obs.] ´Seek peace, and ensue it.´ 1 Pet. iii. 11. “To ensue his example in doing the like mischief.” Golding.

En•sue´, v. i. To follow or come afterward; to follow as a consequence or in chronological succession; to result; as an ensuing conclusion or effect; the year ensuing was a cold one. “So spoke the Dame, but no applause ensued.” Pope. “Damage to the mind or the body, or to both, ensues, unless the exciting cause be presently removed.” I. Taylor. Syn. — To follow; pursue; succeed. See Follow.

En•sure´ , v. t. 1. To make sure. See Insure. 2. To betroth. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

En•sur´er , n. See Insurer.

En•swathe´ , v. t. To swathe; to envelop, as in swaddling clothes. Shak.

En•swathe´ment , n. The act of enswathing, or the state of being enswathed.

En•sweep´ , v. t. To sweep over or across; to pass over rapidly. [R.] Thomson.

Ent- A prefix signifying within. See Ento-.

-ent [F. -ent, L. -ens, - entis.] An adjective suffix signifying action or being; as corrodent, excellent, emergent, continent, quiescent. See - ant.

En•tab´la•ture ( 135), n. [OF. entablature: cf. It intavolatura, fr. LL. intabulare to construct a basis; L. in + tabulatum board work, flooring, fr. tabula. See Table.] (Arch.) The superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns. See Illust. of Column, Cornice. It is commonly divided into architrave, the part immediately above the column; frieze, the central space; and cornice, the upper projecting moldings. Parker.

En•tab´le•ment , n. [F. entablement, LL. intabulamentum.] See Entablature. [R.] Evelyn.

En•tac´kle , v. t. To supply with tackle. [Obs.] Skelton.

En´tad , adv. [Ent- + L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Toward the inside or central part; away from the surface; — opposed to ectad. B. G. Wilder.

En•tail´ , n. [OE. entaile carving, OF. entaille, F., an incision, fr. entailler to cut away; pref. en- (L. in) + tailler to cut; LL. feudum talliatum a fee entailed, i. e., curtailed or limited. See Tail limitation, Tailor.] 1. That which is entailed. Hence: (Law) (a) An estate in fee entailed, or limited in descent to a particular class of issue. (b) The rule by which the descent is fixed. “A power of breaking the ancient entails, and of alienating their estates.” Hume. 2. Delicately carved ornamental work; intaglio. [Obs.] ´A work of rich entail.´ Spenser.

En•tail´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Entailing.] [OE. entailen to carve, OF. entailler. See Entail, n.] 1. To settle or fix inalienably on a person or thing, or on a person and his descendants or a certain line of descendants; — said especially of an estate; to bestow as an heritage. “Allowing them to entail their estates.” Hume. “I here entail
The crown to thee and to thine heirs forever.” Shak. 2. To appoint hereditary possessor. [Obs.] “To entail him and his heirs unto the crown.” Shak. 3. To cut or carve in an ornamental way. [Obs.] “Entailed with curious antics.” Spenser.

En•tail´ment, n. 1. The act of entailing or of giving, as an estate, and directing the mode of descent. 2. The condition of being entailed. 3. A thing entailed. “Brutality as an hereditary entailment becomes an ever weakening force.” R. L. Dugdale.

En´tal , a. [See Ent-.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, central or deep parts; inner; — opposed to ectal. B. G. Wilder.

En•tame´ , v. t. To tame. [Obs.] Shak.

En•tan´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entangled p. pr. & vb. n. Entangling ] 1. To twist or interweave in such a manner as not to be easily separated; to make tangled, confused, and intricate; as to entangle yarn or the hair. 2. To involve in such complications as to render extrication a bewildering difficulty; hence, metaphorically, to insnare; to perplex; to bewilder; to puzzle; as to entangle the feet in a net, or in briers. ´Entangling alliances.´ Washington. “The difficulties that perplex men’s thoughts and entangle their understandings.” Locke. “Allowing her to entangle herself with a person whose future was so uncertain.” Froude.

En•tan´gle•ment , n. State of being entangled; intricate and confused involution; that which entangles; intricacy; perplexity.

En•tan´gler , n. One that entangles.

En•ta´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Entasis.] (Med.) Tonic spasm; — applied generically to denote any disease characterized by tonic spasms, as tetanus, trismus, etc.

En´ta•sis , n. [NL., from Gr. a stretching; fr. ; in + to extend.] 1. (Arch.) A slight convex swelling of the shaft of a column. 2. (Med.) Same as Entasia.

En•tass´ment , n. [F. entassement, fr. entasser to heap up.] A heap; accumulation. [R.]

En•tas´tic , a. [Formed as if fr. (assumed) Gr. . See Entasis.] (Med.) Relating to any disease characterized by tonic spasms.

En•tel´e•chy , n. [L. entelechia, Gr. , prob. fr. to be complete; + completion, end + to have or hold.] (Peripatetic Philos.) An actuality; a conception completely actualized, in distinction from mere potential existence.

En•tel´lus , n. [NL., the specific name, fr. Gr. to command.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian long-tailed bearded monkey (Semnopithecus entellus) regarded as sacred by the natives. It is remarkable for the caplike arrangement of the hair on the head. Called also hoonoomaun and hungoor.

En•tend´ , v. i. [F. entendre, fr. L. intendere. See Intend.] To attend to; to apply one’s self to. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•ten´der , v. t. 1. To make tender. [R.] Jer. Taylor. 2. To treat with tenderness. [R.] Young.

En•ten´tive , a. [OF. ententif.] Attentive; zealous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En´ter- [F. entre between, fr. L. inter. See Inter-] A prefix signifying between, among, part.

En´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entered p. pr. & vb. n. Entering.] [OE. entren, enteren, F. entrer, fr. L. intrare, fr. intro inward, contr. fr. intero (sc. loco), fr. inter in between, between. See Inter-, In, and cf. Interior.] 1. To come or go into; to pass into the interior of; to pass within the outer cover or shell of; to penetrate; to pierce; as to enter a house, a closet, a country, a door, etc.; the river enters the sea. “That darksome cave they enter.” Spenser. “I, … with the multitude of my redeemed,
Shall enter heaven, long absent.” Milton. 2. To unite in; to join; to be admitted to; to become a member of; as to enter an association, a college, an army. 3. To engage in; to become occupied with; as to enter the legal profession, the book trade, etc. 4. To pass within the limits of; to attain; to begin; to commence upon; as to enter one’s teens, a new era, a new dispensation. 5. To cause to go (into), or to be received (into); to put in; to insert; to cause to be admitted; as to enter a knife into a piece of wood, a wedge into a log; to enter a boy at college, a horse for a race, etc. 6. To inscribe; to enroll; to record; as to enter a name, or a date, in a book, or a book in a catalogue; to enter the particulars of a sale in an account, a manifest of a ship or of merchandise at the customhouse. 7. (Law) (a) To go into or upon, as lands, and take actual possession of them. (b) To place in regular form before the court, usually in writing; to put upon record in proper from and order; as to enter a writ, appearance, rule, or judgment. Burrill. 8. To make report of (a vessel or her cargo) at the customhouse; to submit a statement of (imported goods), with the original invoices, to the proper officer of the customs for estimating the duties. See Entry, 4. 9. To file or inscribe upon the records of the land office the required particulars concerning (a quantity of public land) in order to entitle a person to a right pf preëmption. [U.S.] Abbott. 10. To deposit for copyright the title or description of (a book, picture, map, etc.); as ´entered according to act of Congress.´ 11. To initiate; to introduce favorably. [Obs.] Shak.

En´ter, v. i. 1. To go or come in; — often with in used pleonastically; also to begin; to take the first steps. ´The year entering.´ Evelyn. “No evil thing approach nor enter in.” Milton. “Truth is fallen in the street, and equity can not enter.” Is. lix. 14. “For we which have believed do enter into rest.” Heb. iv. 3. 2. To get admission; to introduce one’s self; to penetrate; to form or constitute a part; to become a partaker or participant; to share; to engage; — usually with into; sometimes with on or upon; as a ball enters into the body; water enters into a ship; he enters into the plan; to enter into a quarrel; a merchant enters into partnership with some one; to enter upon another’s land; the boy enters on his tenth year; to enter upon a task; lead enters into the composition of pewter. 3. To penetrate mentally; to consider attentively; — with into. “He is particularly pleased with … Sallust for his entering into internal principles of action.” Addison.

En•ter•ad•e•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + a gland + -graphy.] A treatise upon, or description of, the intestinal glands.

En•ter•ad•e•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + a gland + -logy.] The science which treats of the glands of the alimentary canal.

En•ter•al´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + pain: cf. F. enteralgie.] (Med.) Pain in the intestines; colic.

En´ter•deal , n. [Enter- + deal.] Mutual dealings; intercourse. [Obs.] “The enterdeal of princes strange.” Spenser.

En´ter•er , n. One who makes an entrance or beginning. A. Seward.

En•ter´ic , a. [Gr. . See Enteritis.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the enteron, or alimentary canal; intestinal. Enteric fever (Med.), typhoid fever.

En•te•ri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the intestines. Hoblyn.

En•ter•lace´ , v. t. See Interlace.

En•ter•mete´ , v. i. [F. s’entremettre; entre between + mettre to place.] To interfere; to intermeddle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En´ter•mew•er , n. [Enter- + mew to molt.] (Zoöl.) A hawk gradually changing the color of its feathers, commonly in the second year.

En•ter•mise´ , n. [F. entremise, fr. s’entremettre. See Entermete.] Mediation. [Obs.]

En´ter•o•cele , n. [Gr. ’enterokh•lh; ’e•nteron an intestine + kh•lh tumor, hernia.] (Med.) A hernial tumor whose contents are intestine.

En´ter•o•cœle , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + koi^lon a hollow.] (Anat.) A perivisceral cavity which arises as an outgrowth or outgrowths from the digestive tract; distinguished from a schizocœle, which arises by a splitting of the mesoblast of the embryo.

En•ter•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. an intestine + -graphy.] (Anat.) A treatise upon, or description of, the intestines; enterology.

En´ter•o•lith , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + -lith.] (Med.) An intestinal concretion.

En•ter•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + -logy: cf. F. enterologie.] The science which treats of the viscera of the body.

En´te•ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine, fr. ’ento•s within.] (Anat.) The whole alimentary, or enteric, canal.

En•ter•op´a•thy , n. [Gr. intestine + suffering.] (Med.) Disease of the intestines.

En•te•rop•neus´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + to breathe.] (Zoöl.) A group of wormlike invertebrates having, along the sides of the body, branchial openings for the branchial sacs, which are formed by diverticula of the alimentary canal. Balanoglossus is the only known genus. See Illustration in Appendix.

En•ter•or´rha•phy , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + a sewing.] (Med.) The operation of sewing up a rent in the intestinal canal.

En´ter•o•tome , n. [F. enterotome. See Enterotomy.] (Med.) A kind of scissors used for opening the intestinal canal, as in post-mortem examinations.

En•ter•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’e•nteron an intestine + te•mnein to cut.] (Med.) Incision of the intestines, especially in reducing certain cases of hernia.

En•ter•par´lance , n. Mutual talk or conversation; conference. [Obs.] Sir J. Hayward.

En•ter•plead´ , v. i. Same as Interplead.

En´ter•prise , n. [F. enterprise, fr. entreprendre to undertake; entre between (L. inter) + prendre to take. See Inter, and Emprise.] 1. That which is undertaken; something attempted to be performed; a work projected which involves activity, courage, energy, and the like; a bold, arduous, or hazardous attempt; an undertaking; as a manly enterprise; a warlike enterprise. Shak. “Their hands can not perform their enterprise.” Job v. 12. 2. Willingness or eagerness to engage in labor which requires boldness, promptness, energy, and like qualities; as a man of great enterprise.

En´ter•prise, v. t. 1. To undertake; to begin and attempt to perform; to venture upon. [R.] “The business must be enterprised this night.” Dryden. “What would I not renounce or enterprise for you!” T. Otway. 2. To treat with hospitality; to entertain. [Obs.] “Him at the threshold met, and well did enterprise.” Spenser.

En´ter•prise, v. i. To undertake an enterprise, or something hazardous or difficult. [R.] Pope.

En´ter•pri•ser , n. One who undertakes enterprises. Sir J. Hayward.

En´ter•pri•sing , a. Having a disposition for enterprise; characterized by enterprise; resolute, active or prompt to attempt; as an enterprising man or firm. — En´ter•pri•sing•ly, adv.

En•ter•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entertained p. pr. & vb. n. Entertaining.] [F. entretenir; entre between (L. inter) + tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Tenable.] 1. To be at the charges of; to take or keep in one’s service; to maintain; to support; to harbor; to keep. “You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred.” Shak. 2. To give hospitable reception and maintenance to; to receive at one’s board, or into one’s house; to receive as a guest. “Be not forgetful to entertain strangers; for thereby some have entertained unawares.” Heb. xiii. 2. 3. To engage the attention of agreeably; to amuse with that which makes the time pass pleasantly; to divert; as to entertain friends with conversation, etc. “The weary time she can not entertain.” Shak. 4. To give reception to; to receive, in general; to receive and take into consideration; to admit, treat, or make use of; as to entertain a proposal. “I am not here going to entertain so large a theme as the philosophy of Locke.” De Quincey. “A rumor gained ground, — and, however absurd, was entertained by some very sensible people.” Hawthorne. 5. To meet or encounter, as an enemy. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To keep, hold, or maintain in the mind with favor; to keep in the mind; to harbor; to cherish; as to entertain sentiments. 7. To lead on; to bring along; to introduce. [Obs.] “To baptize all nations, and entertain them into the services institutions of the holy Jesus.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To amuse; divert; maintain. See Amuse.

En•ter•tain´ , v. i. To receive, or provide entertainment for, guests; as he entertains generously.

En•ter•tain´, n. [Cf. F. entretien, fr. entretenir.] Entertainment. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•ter•tain´er , n. One who entertains.

En•ter•tain´ing, a. Affording entertainment; pleasing; amusing; diverting. — En•ter•tain´ing•ly, adv. — En•ter•tain´ing•ness, n.

En•ter•tain´ment , n. [Cf. OF. entretenement.] 1. The act of receiving as host, or of amusing, admitting, or cherishing; hospitable reception; also reception or treatment, in general. “The entertainment of Christ by faith.” Baxter. “The sincere entertainment and practice of the precepts of the gospel.” Bp. Sprat. 2. That which entertains, or with which one is entertained; as: (a) Hospitality; hospitable provision for the wants of a guest; especially, provision for the table; a hospitable repast; a feast; a formal or elegant meal. (b) That which engages the attention agreeably, amuses or diverts, whether in private, as by conversation, etc., or in public, by performances of some kind; amusement. “Theatrical entertainments conducted with greater elegance and refinement.” Prescott. 3. Admission into service; service. “Some band of strangers in the adversary’s entertainment.” Shak. 4. Payment of soldiers or servants; wages. [Obs.] “The entertainment of the general upon his first arrival was but six shillings and eight pence.” Sir J. Davies. Syn. — Amusement; diversion; recreation; pastime; sport; feast; banquet; repast; carousal.

En•ter•take´ , v. t. To entertain. [Obs.]

En•ter•tis´sued , a. Same as Intertissued. { En´the•al , En´the•an } a. [Gr. full of the god, inspired; in + god.] Divinely inspired; wrought up to enthusiasm. [Obs.]

En´the•asm , n. Inspiration; enthusiasm. [R.] ´Religious entheasm.´ Byron.

En•the•as´tic , a. [Gr. inspired, fr. , fr. . See Entheal.] Of godlike energy; inspired. — En•the•as´tic•al•ly (#), adv.

En´the•at , a. [Cf. L. entheatus, fr. Gr. .] Divinely inspired. [Obs.] Drummond. { En•thel•min´tha , En•thel•min´thes } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + , , worm.] (Zoöl.) Intestinal worms. See Helminthes.

En•thet´ic (en•thet´ik), a. [Gr. ’enqetiko•s fit for inserting; ’en in + tiqe•nai to place.] (Med.) Caused by a morbific virus implanted in the system; as an enthetic disease like syphilis.

En•thrall´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + thrall. Cf. Inthrall.] [Written also enthral.] To hold in thrall; to enslave. See Inthrall. “The bars survive the captive they enthrall.” Byron.

En•thrall´ment , n. The act of enthralling, or state of being enthralled. See Inthrallment.

En•thrill´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + thrill.] To pierce; to thrill. [Obs.] Sackville.

En•throne´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + throne: cf. OF. enthroner. Cf. Inthronize.] 1. To seat on a throne; to exalt to the seat of royalty or of high authority; hence, to invest with sovereign authority or dignity. “Beneath a sculptured arch he sits enthroned.” Pope. “It [mercy] is enthroned in the hearts of kings.” Shak. 2. (Eccl.) To induct, as a bishop, into the powers and privileges of a vacant see.

En•throne´ment , n. The act of enthroning, or state of being enthroned. [Recent]

En•thron•i•za´tion , n. The act of enthroning; hence, the admission of a bishop to his stall or throne in his cathedral.

En•thron´ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enthronized p. pr. & vb. n. Enthronizing ] [See Inthronize.] To place on a throne; hence, to induct into office, as a bishop. “There openly enthronized as the very elected king.” Knolles.

En•thuse´ , v. t. & i. To make or become enthusiastic. [Slang]

En•thu´si•asm , n. [Gr. , fr. to be inspired or possessed by the god, fr. , , inspired: cf. enthousiasme. See Entheal, Theism.] 1. Inspiration as if by a divine or superhuman power; ecstasy; hence, a conceit of divine possession and revelation, or of being directly subject to some divine impulse. “Enthusiasm is founded neither on reason nor divine revelation, but rises from the conceits of a warmed or overweening imagination.” Locke. 2. A state of impassioned emotion; transport; elevation of fancy; exaltation of soul; as the poetry of enthusiasm. “Resolutions adopted in enthusiasm are often repented of when excitement has been succeeded by the wearing duties of hard everyday routine.” Froude. “Exhibiting the seeming contradiction of susceptibility to enthusiasm and calculating shrewdness.” Bancroft. 3. Enkindled and kindling fervor of soul; strong excitement of feeling on behalf of a cause or a subject; ardent and imaginative zeal or interest; as he engaged in his profession with enthusiasm. “Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.” Emerson. 4. Lively manifestation of joy or zeal. “Philip was greeted with a tumultuous enthusiasm.” Prescott.

En•thu´si•ast , n. [Gr. : cf. F. enthousiaste.] One moved or actuated by enthusiasm; as: (a) One who imagines himself divinely inspired, or possessed of some special revelation; a religious madman; a fanatic. (b) One whose mind is wholly possessed and heated by what engages it; one who is influenced by a peculiar; fervor of mind; an ardent and imaginative person. “Enthusiasts soon understand each other.” W. Irving. Syn. — Visionary; fanatic; devotee; zealot. { En•thu•si•as´tic , En•thu•si•as´tic•al , } a. [Gr. .] Filled with enthusiasm; characterized by enthusiasm; zealous; as an enthusiastic lover of art. ´Enthusiastical raptures.´ Calamy. — En•thu•si•as´tic•al•ly, adv. “A young man … of a visionary and enthusiastic character.” W. Irving.

En•thu•si•as´tic, n. An enthusiast; a zealot. [Obs.] { En•thy•me•mat´ic , En•thy•me•mat´ic•al , } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, or of the form of, an enthymeme.

En´thy•meme , n. [Gr. , fr. to keep in mind, consider; in + mind, soul.] (Logic) An argument consisting of only two propositions, an antecedent and consequent deduced from it; a syllogism with one premise omitted; as We are dependent; therefore we should be humble. Here the major proposition is suppressed. The complete syllogism would be, Dependent creatures should be humble; we are dependent creatures; therefore we should be humble.

En•tice´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enticed p. pr. & vb. n. Enticing ] [OE. entisen, enticen, OF. enticier, entichier; pref. en- (L. in) + a word of uncertain origin, cf. OF. atisier to stir a fire, provoke, L. titio firebrand, or MHG. zicken to push.] To draw on, by exciting hope or desire; to allure; to attract; as the bait enticed the fishes. Often in a bad sense: To lead astray; to induce to evil; to tempt; as the sirens enticed them to listen. “Roses blushing as they blow,
And enticing men to pull.” Beau. & Fl. “My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not.” Prov. i. 10. “Go, and thine erring brother gain,
Entice him home to be forgiven.” Keble. Syn. — To allure; lure; coax; decoy; seduce; tempt; inveigle; incite; persuade; prevail on. See Allure.

En•tice´a•ble , a. Capable of being enticed.

En•tice´ment , n. [OF. enticement.] 1. The act or practice of alluring or tempting; as the enticements of evil companions. 2. That which entices, or incites to evil; means of allurement; alluring object; as an enticement to sin. Syn. — Allurement; attraction; temptation; seduction; inveiglement; persuasion; inducement.

En•ti´cer , n. One who entices; one who incites or allures to evil. Burton.

En•ti´cing , a. That entices; alluring.

En•ti´cing•ly, adv. In an enticing manner; charmingly. ´She … sings most enticingly.´ Addison.

En•tier´ty , n. See Entirety. [Obs.]

En•tire´ , a. [F. entier, L. integer untouched, undiminished, entire; pref. in-, negative + the root of tangere to touch. See Tangent, and cf. Integer.] 1. Complete in all parts; undivided; undiminished; whole; full and perfect; not deficient; as the entire control of a business; entire confidence, ignorance. “That ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing.” James i. 4. “With strength entire and free will armed.” Milton. “One entire and perfect chrysolite.” Shak. 2. Without mixture or alloy of anything; unqualified; morally whole; pure; faithful. “Pure fear and entire cowardice.” Shak. “No man had ever a heart more entire to the king.” Clarendon. 3. (Bot.) (a) Consisting of a single piece, as a corolla. (b) Having an evenly continuous edge, as a leaf which has no kind of teeth. 4. Not gelded; — said of a horse. 5. Internal; interior. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — See Whole, and Radical.

En•tire´, n. 1. Entirely. ´Too long to print in entire.´ Thackeray. 2. (Brewing) A name originally given to a kind of beer combining qualities of different kinds of beer. [Eng.] ´Foker’s Entire.´ Thackeray.

En•tire´ly, adv. 1. In an entire manner; wholly; completely; fully; as the trace is entirely lost. “Euphrates falls not entirely into the Persian Sea.” Raleigh. 2. Without alloy or mixture; truly; sincerely. “To highest God entirely pray.” Spenser.

En•tire´ness , n. 1. The state or condition of being entire; completeness; fullness; totality; as the entireness of an arch or a bridge. “This same entireness or completeness.” Trench. 2. Integrity; wholeness of heart; honesty. [R.] “Entireness in preaching the gospel.” Udall. 3. Oneness; unity; — applied to a condition of intimacy or close association. [Obs.] “True Christian love may be separated from acquaintance, and acquaintance from entireness.” Bp. Hall.

En•tire´ty , n.; pl. Entireness (#). [OF. entierete. Cf. Integrity.] 1. The state of being entire; completeness; as entirely of interest. Blackstone. 2. That which is entire; the whole. Bacon.

En´ti•ta•tive , a. [See Entity.] Considered as pure entity; abstracted from all circumstances. Ellis. — En´ti•ta•tive•ly, adv.

En•ti´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entitled p. pr. & vb. n. Entitling ] [OF. entituler, F. intituler, LL. intitulare, fr. L. in + titulus title. See Title, and cf. Intitule.] 1. To give a title to; to affix to as a name or appellation; hence, also to dignify by an honorary designation; to denominate; to call; as to entitle a book ´Commentaries;´ to entitle a man ´Honorable.´ “That which … we entitle patience.” Shak. 2. To give a claim to; to qualify for, with a direct object of the person, and a remote object of the thing; to furnish with grounds for seeking or claiming with success; as an officer’s talents entitle him to command. 3. To attribute; to ascribe. [Obs.] “The ancient proverb … entitles this work … peculiarly to God himself.” Milton. Syn. — To name; designate; style; characterize; empower; qualify; enable; fit.

En•tit´ule , v. t. [See Entitle.] To entitle. B. Jonson.

En´ti•ty , n.; pl. Entities (#). [LL. entitas, fr. L. ens, entis, thing, prop. p. pr. of esse to be: cf. F. entite. See Essence, Is.] A real being, whether in thought (as an ideal conception) or in fact; being; essence; existence. “Self-subsisting entities, such as our own personality.” Shairp. “Fortune is no real entity, … but a mere relative signification.” Bentley.

En´to- [Gr. within, fr. in. See In.] A combining form signifying within; as entoblast.

En´to•blast , n. [Ento- + -blast.] (Biol.) The inner germ layer; endoderm. See Nucleolus.

En•to•bron´chi•um , n.; pl. Entobronchia (#). [See Ento-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the main bronchi in the lungs of birds. { En•to•cu•ne´i•form , En•to•cu´ni•form , } n. [Ento- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) One of the bones of the tarsus. See Cuneiform.

En´to•derm , n. [Ento- + Gr. skin.] (Biol.) See Endoderm, and Illust. of Blastoderm. { En•to•der´mal , En•to•der´mic } a. (Biol.) Relating to the entoderm.

En•to•gas´tric , a. [Ento- + Gr. the stomach.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the interior of the stomach; — applied to a mode of budding from the interior of the gastric cavity, in certain hydroids.

En•tog´e•nous , a. [Ento- + -genous.] (Biol.) See Endogenous.

En•to•glos´sal , a. [Ento- + Gr. the tongue.] (Anat.) Within the tongue; — applied to the glossohyal bone.

En•toil´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entoiled p. pr. & vb. n. Entoiling.] To take with toils or bring into toils; to insnare. [R.] “Entoiled in woofed phantasies.” Keats.

En•tomb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entombed p. pr. & vb. n. Entombing.] [Pref. en- + tomb: cf. OF. entomber.] To deposit in a tomb, as a dead body; to bury; to inter; to inhume. Hooker.

En•tomb´ment , n. The act of entombing or burying, or state of being entombed; burial. Barrow.

En´to•mere , n. [Ento- + - mere.] (Biol.) The more granular cells, which finally become internal, in many segmenting ova, as those of mammals. { En•tom´ic , En•tom´ic•al } a. [Gr. insect. See Entomology.] (Zoöl.) Relating to insects; entomological.

En´to•moid , a. [Gr. insect + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an insect. — n. An object resembling an insect.

En•tom´o•lin , n. [Gr. insect.] (Chem.) See Chitin.

En•tom´o•lite , n. [Gr. insect + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil insect. { En•to•mo•log´ic , En•to•mo•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. entomologique.] Of or relating to entomology. — En•to•mo•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

En•to•mol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. entomologiste.] One versed in entomology.

En•to•mol´o•gize , v. i. To collect specimens in the study of entomology. C. Kingsley.

En•to•mol´o•gy , n.; pl. Entomologies (#). [Gr. ’e•ntomon insect (so called because nearly cut in two, fr. ’e•ntomos cut in; ’en in + te•mnein to cut) + -logy: cf. F. entomologie. See In, and Tome, and cf. Insect.] 1. That part of zoölogy which treats of insects. 2. A treatise on the science of entomology.

En•to•moph´a•ga , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’e•ntomon an insect + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of a group of hymenopterous insects whose larvae feed parasitically upon living insects. See Ichneumon, 2. 2. A group of marsupials which are partly insectivorous, as the opossum. 3. A group of edentates, including the ant- eaters.

En•to•moph´a•gan , a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Entomophaga. — n. One of the Entomophaga.

En•to•moph´a•gous , a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on insects; insectivorous.

En•to•moph´i•lous , a. [Gr. insect + a lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of insects; — said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by insects.

En•to•mos´tra•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. cut in pieces + burnt clay, the hard shell of Testacea.] (Zoöl.) One of the subclasses of Crustacea, including a large number of species, many of them minute. The group embraces several orders; as the Phyllopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, and Pectostraca. See Copepoda, Phyllopoda, and Cladocera.

En•to•mos´tra•can , a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Entomostraca. — n. One of the Entomostraca.

En•to•mos´tra•cous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Entomostracans.

En•to•mot´o•mist , n. One who practices entomotomy.

En•to•mot´o•my , n. [Gr. insect + te•mnein to cut.] The science of the dissection of insects.

En•ton´ic , a. [Gr. strained, fr. to strain. See Entasis.] (Med.) Having great tension, or exaggerated action. Dunglison.

En•to•pe•riph´er•al , a. [Ento- + peripheral.] (Physiol.) Being, or having its origin, within the external surface of the body; — especially applied to feelings, such as hunger, produced by internal disturbances. Opposed to epiperipheral.

En´to•phyte , n. [Ento- + Gr. a plant.] (Med.) A vegetable parasite subsisting in the interior of the body.

En•to•phyt´ic , a. Of or pertaining to entophytes; as an entophytic disease.

En´to•plasm , n. [Ento- + Gr. anything formed.] (Biol.) (a) The inner granular layer of protoplasm in a developing ovum. (b) Endosarc.

En•to•plas´tic , a. [Ento- + Gr. to mold.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or composed of, entoplasm; as the entoplastic products of some Protozoa, or the entoplastic modification of the cell protoplasm, by which a nucleus is produced.

En•to•plas´tron , n.; pl. Entoplastra (#). [Ento- + plastron.] (Anat.) The median plate of the plastron of turtles; — called also entosternum.

En•to•proc´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + the anus.] (Zoöl.) A group of Bryozoa in which the anus is within the circle of tentacles. See Pedicellina.

Ent•op´tic , a. [Ent- + optic.] (Physiol.) Relating to objects situated within the eye; esp., relating to the perception of objects in one’s own eye.

Ent•or´gan•ism , n. [Ent- + organism.] (Biol.) An internal parasitic organism.

En•tor•ti•la´tion , n. [F. entortiller to twist; pref. en- (L. in) + tortiller to twist.] A turning into a circle; round figures. [Obs.] Donne.

En•to•ster´num , n.; pl. Entosterna (#). [NL. See Ento-, and Sternum.] (Anat.) See Entoplastron. - - En•to•ster´nal (#), a.

En•tos´tho•blast , n. [Gr. ’e•ntosthe from within + -blast.] (Biol.) The granule within the nucleolus or entoblast of a nucleated cell. Agassiz.

En•to•tho´rax , n. [Ento- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) See Endothorax.

Ent•ot´ic , a. [Ent- + Gr. , , the ear.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the interior of the ear.

En•to•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. within + an animal.] (Zoöl.) 1. A group of worms, including the tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, etc., most of which live parasitically in the interior of other animals; the Helminthes. 2. An artificial group, including all kinds of animals living parasitically in others. { En•to•zo´al , En•to•zo´ic } a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or consisting of, the Entozoa.

En•to•zo•öl´o•gist , n. [Entozoön + -logy + -ist.] One versed in the science of the Entozoa.

En•to•zo´ön , n.; pl. Entozoa (#). [NL. See Entozoa.] (Zoöl.) One of the Entozoa.

En•tr’acte´ , n. [F. Cf. Interact.] 1. The interval of time which occurs between the performance of any two acts of a drama. 2. A dance, piece of music, or interlude, performed between two acts of a drama.

En•trail´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + OF. treiller to grate, lattice, F. treille vine, arbor. See Trellis.] To interweave; to intertwine. [Obs.] Spenser.

En•trail´, n. Entanglement; fold. [Obs.] Spenser.

En´trails , n. pl. [F. entrailles, LL. intralia, intranea, fr. interaneum, pl. interanea, intestine, interaneus inward, interior, fr. inter between, among, within. See Internal.] 1. The internal parts of animal bodies; the bowels; the guts; viscera; intestines. 2. The internal parts; as the entrails of the earth. “That treasure … hid the dark entrails of America.” Locke.

En•train´ , v. t. [F. entrainer.] To draw along as a current does; as water entrained by steam.

En•train´, v. t. [Pref. en- + train.] To put aboard a railway train; as to entrain a regiment. [Recent, Eng.]

En•train´, v. i. To go aboard a railway train; as the troops entrained at the station. [Recent, Eng.]

En•tram´mel , v. t. [See Trammel.] To trammel; to entangle. Bp. Hacket.

En´trance , n. [OF. entrance, fr. OF. & F. entrant, p. pr. of entrer to enter. See Enter.] 1. The act of entering or going into; ingress; as the entrance of a person into a house or an apartment; hence, the act of taking possession, as of property, or of office; as the entrance of an heir upon his inheritance, or of a magistrate into office. 2. Liberty, power, or permission to enter; as to give entrance to friends. Shak. 3. The passage, door, or gate, for entering. “Show us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city.” Judg. i. 24. 4. The entering upon; the beginning, or that with which the beginning is made; the commencement; initiation; as a difficult entrance into business. ´Beware of entrance to a quarrel.´ Shak. “St. Augustine, in the entrance of one of his discourses, makes a kind of apology.” Hakewill. 5. The causing to be entered upon a register, as a ship or goods, at a customhouse; an entering; as his entrance of the arrival was made the same day. 6. (Naut.) (a) The angle which the bow of a vessel makes with the water at the water line. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) The bow, or entire wedgelike forepart of a vessel, below the water line. Totten.

En•trance´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entranced p. pr. & vb. n. Entrancing ] [Pref. en- + trance.] 1. To put into a trance; to make insensible to present objects. “Him, still entranced and in a litter laid,
They bore from field and to the bed conveyed.” Dryden. 2. To put into an ecstasy; to ravish with delight or wonder; to enrapture; to charm. “And I so ravished with her heavenly note,
I stood entranced, and had no room for thought.” Dryden.

En•trance´ment , n. The act of entrancing, or the state of trance or ecstasy. Otway.

En´trant , n. [See Entrance, n.] 1. One who enters; a beginner. ´The entrant upon life.´ Bp. Terrot. 2. An applicant for admission. Stormonth.

En•trap´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entrapped p. pr. & vb. n. Entrapping.] [Pref. en- + trap: cf. OF. entraper.] To catch in a trap; to insnare; hence, to catch, as in a trap, by artifices; to involve in difficulties or distresses; to catch or involve in contradictions; as to be entrapped by the devices of evil men. “A golden mesh, to entrap the hearts of men.” Shak. Syn. — To insnare; inveigle; tangle; decoy; entangle.

En•treat´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Entreating.] [OE. entreten to treat, request, OF. entraiter to treat of; pref. en- (L. in) + traitier to treat. See Treat.] 1. To treat, or conduct toward; to deal with; to use. [Obs.] “Fairly let her be entreated.” Shak. “I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well.” Jer. xv. 11. 2. To treat with, or in respect to, a thing desired; hence, to ask earnestly; to beseech; to petition or pray with urgency; to supplicate; to importune. ´Entreat my wife to come.´ ´I do entreat your patience.´ Shak. “I must entreat of you some of that money.” Shak. “Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door.” Poe. “Isaac entreated the Lord for his wife.” Gen. xxv. 21. 3. To beseech or supplicate successfully; to prevail upon by prayer or solicitation; to persuade. “It were a fruitless attempt to appease a power whom no prayers could entreat.” Rogers. 4. To invite; to entertain. [Obs.] ´Pleasures to entreat.´ Spenser. Syn. — To beseech; beg; solicit; crave; implore; supplicate. See Beseech.

En•treat´, v. i. 1. To treat or discourse; hence, to enter into negotiations, as for a treaty. [Obs.] “Of which I shall have further occasion to entreat.” Hakewill. “Alexander … was first that entreated of true peace with them.” 1 Mac. x. 47. 2. To make an earnest petition or request. “The Janizaries entreated for them as valiant men.” Knolles.

En•treat´, n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Ford.

En•treat´a•ble , a. That may be entreated.

En•treat´ance , n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Fairfax.

En•treat´er , n. One who entreats; one who asks earnestly; a beseecher.

En•treat´ful , a. Full of entreaty. [R.] See Intreatful.

En•treat´ing•ly, adv. In an entreating manner.

En•treat´ive , a. Used in entreaty; pleading. [R.] ´Entreative phrase.´ A. Brewer.

En•treat´ment , n. Entreaty; invitation. [Obs.] Shak.

En•treat´y, n.; pl. Entreaties . 1. Treatment; reception; entertainment. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. The act of entreating or beseeching; urgent prayer; earnest petition; pressing solicitation. “Fair entreaty, and sweet blandishment.” Spenser. Syn. — Solicitation; request; suit; supplication; importunity.

En•tree´ , n. [F. See Entry.] 1. A coming in, or entrance; hence, freedom of access; permission or right to enter; as to have the entree of a house. 2. (Cookery) In French usage, a dish served at the beginning of dinner to give zest to the appetite; in English usage, a side dish, served with a joint, or between the courses, as a cutlet, scalloped oysters, etc.

En•tre•mets´ , n. sing. & pl. [F., fr. entre between + mets a dish, mess.] 1. (Cookery) A side dish; a dainty or relishing dish usually eaten after the joints or principal dish; also a sweetmeat, served with a dinner. 2. Any small entertainment between two greater ones. [R.]

En•trench´ , v. t. See Intrench.

En•tre•pôt´ , n. [F.] A warehouse; a magazine for depositing goods, stores, etc.; a mart or place where merchandise is deposited; as an entrepôt for shipping goods in transit.

En•tre•pre•neur´ , n. [F. See Enterprise.] (Polit. Econ.) One who creates a product on his own account; whoever undertakes on his own account an industrial enterprise in which workmen are employed. F. A. Walker.

En•tre•sol´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) A low story between two higher ones, usually between the ground floor and the first story; mezzanine. Parker.

En•trick´ , v. t. [Cf. OE. entriken to perplex, OF. entriquer. Cf. Trick, Intrigue.] To trick, to perplex. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

En´tro•chal , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, entrochites, or the joints of encrinites; — used of a kind of stone or marble.

En´tro•chite , n. [Pref. en- + Gr. wheel.] (Paleon.) A fossil joint of a crinoid stem.

En•tro´pi•on , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Entropium.

En•tro´pi•um , n. [NL. See Entropy.] (Med.) The inversion or turning in of the border of the eyelids.

En´tro•py , n. [Gr. a turning in; in + a turn, fr. to turn.] (Thermodynamics) A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function. “The entropy of the universe tends towards a maximum.” Clausius.

En•trust´ , v. t. See Intrust.

En´try , n.; pl. Entries (#). [OE. entree, entre, F. entree, fr. entrer to enter. See Enter, and cf. Entree.] 1. The act of entering or passing into or upon; entrance; ingress; hence, beginnings or first attempts; as the entry of a person into a house or city; the entry of a river into the sea; the entry of air into the blood; an entry upon an undertaking. 2. The act of making or entering a record; a setting down in writing the particulars, as of a transaction; as an entry of a sale; also that which is entered; an item. “A notary made an entry of this act.” Bacon. 3. That by which entrance is made; a passage leading into a house or other building, or to a room; a vestibule; an adit, as of a mine. “A straight, long entry to the temple led.” Dryden. 4. (Com.) The exhibition or depositing of a ship’s papers at the customhouse, to procure license to land goods; or the giving an account of a ship’s cargo to the officer of the customs, and obtaining his permission to land the goods. See Enter, v. t., 8, and Entrance, n., 5. 5. (Law) (a) The actual taking possession of lands or tenements, by entering or setting foot on them. (b) A putting upon record in proper form and order. (c) The act in addition to breaking essential to constitute the offense or burglary. Burrill. Bill of entry. See under Bill. - - Double entry, Single entry. See Bookkeeping. — Entry clerk (Com.), a clerk who makes the original entries of transactions in a business. — Writ of entry (Law), a writ issued for the purpose of obtaining possession of land from one who has unlawfully entered and continues in possession. Bouvier.

En´tryng , n. Am entrance. [Obs.] “So great an entryng and so large.” Chaucer.

En•tune´ , v. t. To tune; to intone. Chaucer.

En•twine´ , v. t. [Pref. en- + twine. Cf. Intwine.] To twine, twist, or wreathe together or round. [Written also intwine.] “Entwined in duskier wreaths her braided locks.” Shelley. “Thy glorious household stuff did me entwine.” Herbert.

En•twine´, v. i. To be twisted or twined. “With whose imperial laurels might entwine no cypress.” De Quincey.

En•twine´ment , n. A twining or twisting together or round; union. Bp. Hacket.

En•twist´ , v. t. To twist or wreathe round; to intwine. Shak.

E•nu´bi•late , v. t. [L. enubilatus, p. p. of enubilare to enubilate; e out + nubila clouds, fr. nubilis cloudy, nubes cloud.] To clear from mist, clouds, or obscurity. [R.] Bailey.

E•nu´bi•lous , a. [See Enubilate.] Free from fog, mist, or clouds; clear. [R.]

E•nu´cle•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enucleated p. pr. & vb. n. Enucleating ] [L. enucleatus, p. p. of enucleare to enucleate; e out + nucleus kernel.] 1. To bring or peel out, as a kernel from its enveloping husks its enveloping husks or shell. 2. (Med.) To remove without cutting (as a tumor). 3. To bring to light; to make clear. Sclater (1654).

E•nu•cle•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. enucleation.] The act of enucleating; elucidation; exposition. “Neither sir, nor water, nor food, seem directly to contribute anything to the enucleation of this disease.” Tooke.

E•nu´mer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enumerated p. pr. & vb. n. Enumerating ] [L. enumeratus, p. p. of enumerare to count out, enumerate; e out + numerare to count, fr. numerus number. See Number.] To count; to tell by numbers; to count over, or tell off one after another; to number; to reckon up; to mention one by one; to name over; to make a special and separate account of; to recount; as to enumerate the stars in a constellation. “Enumerating the services he had done.” Ludlow. Syn. — To reckon; compute; calculate; count; estimate; relate; rehearse; recapitulate; detail.

E•nu•mer•a´tion , n. [L. enumeratio: cf. F. enumeration.] 1. The act of enumerating, making separate mention, or recounting. 2. A detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed. “Because almost every man we meet possesses these, we leave them out of our enumeration.” Paley. 3. (Rhet.) A recapitulation, in the peroration, of the heads of an argument.

E•nu´mer•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. enumeratif.] Counting, or reckoning up, one by one. “Enumerative of the variety of evils.” Jer. Taylor.

E•nu´mer•a•tor , n. One who enumerates.

E•nun´ci•a•ble , a. Capable of being enunciated or expressed.

E•nun´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enunciated p. pr. & vb. n. Enunciating ] [L. enuntiatus, - ciatus, p. p. of enuntiare, -ciare. See Enounce.] 1. To make a formal statement of; to announce; to proclaim; to declare, as a truth. “The terms in which he enunciates the great doctrines of the gospel.” Coleridge. 2. To make distinctly audible; to utter articulately; to pronounce; as to enunciate a word distinctly.

E•nun´ci•ate, v. i. To utter words or syllables articulately.

E•nun•ci•a´tion ( 277), n. [L. enuntiatio, -ciatio.] 1. The act of enunciating, announcing, proclaiming, or making known; open attestation; declaration; as the enunciation of an important truth. “By way of interpretation and enunciation.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Mode of utterance or pronunciation, especially as regards fullness and distinctness or articulation; as to speak with a clear or impressive enunciation. 3. That which is enunciated or announced; words in which a proposition is expressed; an announcement; a formal declaration; a statement. “Every intelligible enunciation must be either true or false.” A. Clarke.

E•nun´ci•a•tive , a. [L. enuntiativus, -ciativus.] Pertaining to, or containing, enunciation; declarative. Ayliffe. — E•nun´ci•a•tive•ly, adv.

E•nun´ci•a•tor , n. [L. enuntiator, enunciator.] One who enunciates or proclaims.

E•nun´ci•a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or containing, enunciation or utterance.

En•ure´ , v. t. See Inure.

En•u•re´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to urinate in; + urine.] (Med.) An involuntary discharge of urine; incontinence of urine.

En•vas´sal , v. t. To make a vassal of. [Obs.]

En•vault´ , v. t. To inclose in a vault; to entomb. [R.] Swift.

En•vei´gle , v. t. To entice. See Inveigle.

En•vel´op , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enveloped p. pr. & vb. n. Enveloping.] [OE. envolupen, envolipen, OF. envoluper, envoleper, F. envelopper; pref. en- (L. in) + voluper, voleper. See Develop.] To put a covering about; to wrap up or in; to inclose within a case, wrapper, integument or the like; to surround entirely; as to envelop goods or a letter; the fog envelops a ship. “Nocturnal shades this world envelop.” J. Philips. { En´vel•ope ( 277), En•vel´op ( 277), } n. [F. enveloppe.] 1. That which envelops, wraps up, encases, or surrounds; a wrapper; an inclosing cover; esp., the cover or wrapper of a document, as of a letter. 2. (Astron.) The nebulous covering of the head or nucleus of a comet; — called also coma. 3. (Fort.) A work of earth, in the form of a single parapet or of a small rampart. It is sometimes raised in the ditch and sometimes beyond it. Wilhelm. 4. (Geom.) A curve or surface which is tangent to each member of a system of curves or surfaces, the form and position of the members of the system being allowed to vary according to some continuous law. Thus, any curve is the envelope of its tangents.

En•vel´op•ment , n. [Cf. F. enveloppement.] 1. The act of enveloping or wrapping; an inclosing or covering on all sides. 2. That which envelops or surrounds; an envelop.

En•ven´ime , v. t. To envenom. [Obs.]

En•ven´om , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envenomed p. pr. & vb. n. Envenoming.] [OE. envenimen, F. envenimer; pref. en- (L. in) + F. venin poison. See Venom.] 1. To taint or impregnate with venom, or any substance noxious to life; to poison; to render dangerous or deadly by poison, as food, drink, a weapon; as envenomed meat, wine, or arrow; also to poison (a person) by impregnating with venom. “Alcides … felt the envenomed robe.” Milton. “O, what a world is this, when what is comely
Envenoms him that bears it!” Shak. 2. To taint or impregnate with bitterness, malice, or hatred; to imbue as with venom; to imbitter. “The envenomed tongue of calumny.” Smollett. “On the question of slavery opinion has of late years been peculiarly envenomed.” Sir G. C. Lewis.

En•ver´meil , v. t. [Pref. en- + vermeil: cf. OF. envermeiller. See Vermil.] To color with, or as with, vermilion; to dye red. [Obs.] Milton.

En´vi•a•ble , a. [From Envy.] Fitted to excite envy; capable of awakening an ardent desire to posses or to resemble. “One of most enviable of human beings.” Macaulay. — En´vi•a•ble•ness, n. — En´vi•a•bly, adv.

En•vie´ , v. i. [See Vie.] To vie; to emulate; to strive. [Obs.] Spenser.

En´vi•er , n. One who envies; one who desires inordinately what another possesses.

En•vig´or , v. t. To invigorate. [Obs.]

En´vi•ous , a. [OF. envios, F. envieux, fr. L. invidiosus, fr. invidia envy. See Envy, and cf. Invidious.] 1. Malignant; mischievous; spiteful. [Obs.] “Each envious brier his weary legs doth scratch.” Shak. 2. Feeling or exhibiting envy; actuated or directed by, or proceeding from, envy; — said of a person, disposition, feeling, act, etc.; jealously pained by the excellence or good fortune of another; maliciously grudging; — followed by of, at, and against; as an envious man, disposition, attack; envious tongues. “My soul is envious of mine eye.” Keble. “Neither be thou envious at the wicked.” Prov. xxiv. 19. 3. Inspiring envy. [Obs. or Poetic] “He to him leapt, and that same envious gage
Of victor’s glory from him snatched away.” Spenser. 4. Excessively careful; cautious. [Obs.] “No men are so envious of their health.” Jer. Taylor. — En´vi•ous•ly, adv. — En´vi•ous•ness, n.

En•vi´ron , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Environed p. pr. & vb. n. Environing.] [F. environner, fr. environ about, thereabout; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. viron circle, circuit, fr. OF. & F. virer to turn, LL. virare to turn up and down, topsy-turvy. Cf. Veer.] To surround; to encompass; to encircle; to hem in; to be round about; to involve or envelop. “Dwelling in a pleasant glade,
With mountains round about environed.” Spenser. “Environed he was with many foes.” Shak. “Environ me with darkness whilst I write.” Donne.

En•vi´ron, adv. [F.] About; around. [Obs.] “Lord Godfrey’s eye three times environ goes.” Fairfax.

En•vi´ron•ment , n. [Cf. F. environnement.] 1. Act of environing; state of being environed. 2. That which environs or surrounds; surrounding conditions, influences, or forces, by which living forms are influenced and modified in their growth and development. “It is no friendly environment, this of thine.” Carlyle.

En•vi´rons ( 277), n. pl. [F.] The parts or places which surround another place, or lie in its neighborhood; suburbs; as the environs of a city or town. Chesterfield.

En•vis´age ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envisaged ( 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Envisaging ] [F. envisager; pref. en- (L. in) + visage face, visage. See Visage.] To look in the face of; to apprehend; to regard. [R.] Keats. “From the very dawn of existence the infant must envisage self, and body acting on self.” McCosh.

En•vis´age•ment , n. The act of envisaging.

En•vol´ume , v. t. To form into, or incorporate with, a volume. [R.]

En•vol´up , v. t. [See Envelop.] To wrap up; to envelop. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En´voy , n. [F. envoye envoy, fr. envoyer to send; pref. en- (L. in) + voie way, L. via: cf. F. envoi an envoy (in sense 2). See Voyage, and cf. Invoice.] 1. One dispatched upon an errand or mission; a messenger; esp., a person deputed by a sovereign or a government to negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with a foreign sovereign or government; a minister accredited to a foreign government. An envoy’s rank is below that of an ambassador. 2. [F. envoi, fr. envoyer to send.] An explanatory or commendatory postscript to a poem, essay, or book; — also in the French from, l’envoi. “The envoy of a ballad is the ´sending´ of it forth.” Skeat.

En´voy•ship, n. The office or position of an envoy.

En´vy , n.; pl. Envies (#). [F. envie, L. invidia envious; akin to invidere to look askance at, to look with enmity; in against + videre to see. See Vision.] 1. Malice; ill will; spite. [Obs.] “If he evade us there,
Enforce him with his envy to the people.” Shak. 2. Chagrin, mortification, discontent, or uneasiness at the sight of another’s excellence or good fortune, accompanied with some degree of hatred and a desire to possess equal advantages; malicious grudging; — usually followed by of; as they did this in envy of Caesar. “Envy is a repining at the prosperity or good of another, or anger and displeasure at any good of another which we want, or any advantage another hath above us.” Ray. “No bliss
Enjoyed by us excites his envy more.” Milton. “Envy, to which the ignoble mind’s a slave,
Is emulation in the learned or brave.” Pope. 3. Emulation; rivalry. [Obs.] “Such as cleanliness and decency
Prompt to a virtuous envy.” Ford. 4. Public odium; ill repute. [Obs.] “To lay the envy of the war upon Cicero.” B. Jonson. 5. An object of envious notice or feeling. “This constitution in former days used to be the envy of the world.” Macaulay.

En´vy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envied p. pr. & vb. n. Envying.] [F. envier.] 1. To feel envy at or towards; to be envious of; to have a feeling of uneasiness or mortification in regard to (any one), arising from the sight of another’s excellence or good fortune and a longing to possess it. “A woman does not envy a man for his fighting courage, nor a man a woman for her beauty.” Collier. “Whoever envies another confesses his superiority.” Rambler. 2. To feel envy on account of; to have a feeling of grief or repining, with a longing to possess (some excellence or good fortune of another, or an equal good fortune, etc.); to look with grudging upon; to begrudge. “I have seen thee fight,
When I have envied thy behavior.” Shak. “Jeffrey … had actually envied his friends their cool mountain breezes.” Froude. 3. To long after; to desire strongly; to covet. “Or climb his knee the envied kiss to share.” T. Gray. 4. To do harm to; to injure; to disparage. [Obs.] “If I make a lie
To gain your love and envy my best mistress,
Put me against a wall.” J. Fletcher. 5. To hate. [Obs.] Marlowe. 6. To emulate. [Obs.] Spenser.

En´vy , v. i. 1. To be filled with envious feelings; to regard anything with grudging and longing eyes; — used especially with at. “Who would envy at the prosperity of the wicked?” Jer. Taylor. 2. To show malice or ill will; to rail. [Obs.] ´He has … envied against the people.´ Shak.

En•vyned´ , a. [OF. enviner to store with wine; pref. en- (L. in) + vin wine. See Vine.] Stored or furnished with wine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En•wall´ , v. t. See Inwall. Sir P. Sidney.

En•wal´low , v. t. To plunge into, or roll in, flith; to wallow. “So now all three one senseless lump remain,
Enwallowed in his own black bloody gore.” Spenser.

En•wheel´ , v. t. To encircle. Shak.

En•wid´en , v. t. To widen. [Obs.]

En•wind´ , v. t. To wind about; to encircle. “In the circle of his arms
Enwound us both.” Tennyson.

En•wom´an , v. t. To endow with the qualities of a woman. [R.] Daniel.

En•womb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enwombed p. pr. & vb. n. Enwombing.] 1. To conceive in the womb. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To bury, as it were in a womb; to hide, as in a gulf, pit, or cavern. Donne.

En•wrap´ , v. t. To envelop. See Inwrap.

En•wrap´ment , n. Act of enwrapping; a wrapping or an envelope. Shuckford.

En•wreathe´ , v. t. See Inwreathe. Shelton.

En•zo•öt´ic (en•zo•ot´ik), a. [Gr. ’en in + zw^,on an animal: cf. F. enzoötique.] Afflicting animals; — used of a disease affecting the animals of a district. It corresponds to an endemic disease among men.

En´zyme (en´zim), n. [Pref. en- (Gr. ’en in) + Gr. zy•mh leaven.] (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized or unformed ferment, in distinction from an organized or living ferment; a soluble, or chemical, ferment. Ptyalin, pepsin, diastase, and rennet are good examples of enzymes.

E´o•cene , a. [Gr. daybreak, dawn + new, recent.] (Geol.) Pertaining to the first in time of the three subdivisions into which the Tertiary formation is divided by geologists, and alluding to the approximation in its life to that of the present era; as Eocene deposits. — n. The Eocene formation. Lyell.

E•o´li•an , a. [See AEolian.] 1. AEolian. 2. (Geol.) Formed, or deposited, by the action of wind, as dunes. Eolian attachment, Eolian harp. See AEolian.

E•ol´ic , a. & n. See AEolic.

E•ol´i•pile , n. [Cf. F. eolipyle.] Same as AEolipile.

E´o•lis , n. [L. Aeolis a daughter of AEolus, Gr. A’ioli•s.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranch mollusks having clusters of branchial papillae along the back. See Ceratobranchia. [Written also AEolis.] { E´on , AE´on } n. [L. aeon, fr. Gr. a’iwn space or period of time, lifetime, age; akin to L. aevum. See Age.] 1. An immeasurable or infinite space of time; eternity; a long space of time; an age. “The eons of geological time.” Huxley. 2. (Gnostic Philos.) One of the embodiments of the divine attributes of the Eternal Being. “Among the higher AEons are Mind, Reason, Power, Truth, and Life.” Am. Cyc. Eons were considered to be emanations sent forth by God from the depths of His grand solitude to fulfill various functions in the material and spiritual universe.

E´o•phyte , n. [Gr. dawn + a plant.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant which is found in the lowest beds of the Silurian age.

E•o•phyt´ic , a. Of or pertaining to eophytes.

E´os , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’Hw•s.] (Gr. Myth.) Aurora, the goddess of morn.

E•o•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’hw•s dawn + say^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct marine reptile from the coal measures of Nova Scotia; — so named because supposed to be of the earliest known reptiles.

E´o•sin , n. [Gr. dawn.] (Chem.) A yellow or brownish red dyestuff obtained by the action of bromine on fluoresceïn, and named from the fine rose- red which it imparts to silk. It is also used for making a fine red ink. Its solution is fluorescent.

E•os´pho•rite , n. [From Gr. Bringer of morn.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of alumina and manganese. It is generally of a rose-pink color, — whence the name.

E•o•zo´ic , a. [See Eozoön.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to rocks or strata older than the Paleozoic, in many of which the eozoön has been found. This term has been proposed for the strata formerly called Azoic, and is preferred especially by those geologists who regard the eozoön as of organic origin. See Archaean.

E•o•zo´ön , n.; pl. Eozoöns (#), L. Eozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’hw•s dawn + zw^,on an animal.] (Paleon.) A peculiar structure found in the Archaean limestones of Canada and other regions. By some geologists it is believed to be a species of gigantic Foraminifera, but others consider it a concretion, without organic structure.

E•o•zo´ön•al (e•o•zo´on•al), a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to the eozoön; containing eozoöns; as eozoönal limestone.

Ep- (ep-). [Gr. ’epi•.] See Epi-.

Ep´a•cris (ep´a•kris), n. [NL., from Gr. ’e•pakros pointed at the end. So called in allusion to the sharply pointed leaves.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs, natives of Australia, New Zealand, etc., having pretty white, red, or purple blossoms, and much resembling heaths.

E´pact (e´pakt), n. [F. epacte, fr. Gr. ’epakto•s brought on or in, added, fr. ’epa•gein to bring on or in; ’epi• on, in + ’a•gein to bring or lead. See Epi-, and Act.] (Chron.) The moon’s age at the beginning of the calendar year, or the number of days by which the last new moon has preceded the beginning of the year. Annual epact, the excess of the solar year over the lunar year, — being eleven days. — Menstrual epact, or Monthly epact, the excess of a calendar month over a lunar.

Ep•a•go´ge , n. [L., from Gr. ’epagwgh• a bringing in, fr. ’epa•gein. See Epact.] (Logic) The adducing of particular examples so as to lead to a universal conclusion; the argument by induction.

Ep•a•gog´ic , a. Inductive. Latham.

E•pal´ate , a. [Pref. e- + palpus.] (Zoöl.) Without palpi.

Ep•an•a•di•plo´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to make double.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the same word is used both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence; as ´Rejoice in the Lord always: and again I say, Rejoice.´ Phil. iv. 4.

Ep•an•a•lep´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to take up.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the same word or clause is repeated after intervening matter. Gibbs.

Ep•a•naph´o•ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. a recurrence; ’epi• + to bring or carry back.] (Rhet.) Same as Anaphora. Gibbs.

Ep•a•nas´tro•phe , n. [NL., from Gr. a return, epanastrophe; ’epi• + to return.] (Rhet.) Same as Anadiplosis. Gibbs.

E•pan´o•dos , n. [L., fr. Gr. a rising, return; ’epi• + a way up, rising; up + way.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the parts of a sentence or clause are repeated in inverse order, as in the following: — “O more exceeding love, or law more just?
Just law, indeed, but more exceeding love!” Milton.

E•pan´o•dy , n. [See Epanodos.] (Bot.) The abnormal change of an irregular flower to a regular form; — considered by evolutionists to be a reversion to an ancestral condition.

Ep•an•or•tho´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to set right again; again + to set straight.] A figure by which a speaker recalls a word or words, in order to substitute something else stronger or more significant; as Most brave! Brave, did I say? most heroic act!

Ep•an´thous , a. [Pref. ep- + Gr. ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) Growing upon flowers; — said of certain species of fungi.

Ep´arch , n. [Gr. ; ’epi• over + chief, supreme power, dominion.] In ancient Greece, the governor or perfect of a province; in modern Greece, the ruler of an eparchy.

Ep´arch•y , n. [Gr. the post or office of an .] A province, prefecture, or territory, under the jurisdiction of an eparch or governor; esp., in modern Greece, one of the larger subdivisions of a monarchy or province of the kingdom; in Russia, a diocese or archdiocese.

Ep•ar•te´ri•al , a. [Pref. ep- + arterial.] (Anat.) Situated upon or above an artery; — applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off above the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus.

E•paule´ , n. [F. epaule shoulder, shoulder of a bastion. See Epaulet, and cf. Spall the shoulder.] (Fort.) The shoulder of a bastion, or the place where its face and flank meet and form the angle, called the angle of the shoulder.

E•paule´ment , n. [F. epaulement.] (Fort.) A side work, made of gabions, fascines, or bags, filled with earth, or of earth heaped up, to afford cover from the flanking fire of an enemy. { Ep´au•let• , Ep´au•lette•} , n. [F. epaulette, dim. of epaule shoulder, fr. L. spatula a broad piece (LL., shoulder), dim. of spatha abroad, flat instrument, fr. Gr. , also a broad rib, shoulder blade. See Spade the instrument, and cf. Epaule, Spatula.] (Mil.) A shoulder ornament or badge worn by military and naval officers, differences of rank being marked by some peculiar form or device, as a star, eagle, etc.; a shoulder knot. In the United States service the epaulet is reserved for full dress uniform. Its use was abolished in the British army in 1855. { Ep´au•let•ed , Ep´au•let•ted } a. Wearing epaulets; decorated with epaulets.

Ep•ax´i•al , a. [Pref. ep- + axial.] (Anat.) Above, or on the dorsal side of, the axis of the skeleton; episkeletal.

E•pei´ra , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of spiders, including the common garden spider (E. diadema). They spin geometrical webs. See Garden spider.

Ep´en , n. (Anat.) See Epencephalon.

Ep•en•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to the epencephalon. (b) Situated on or over the brain.

Ep•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon, near + brain.] (Anat.) The segment of the brain next behind the midbrain, including the cerebellum and pons; the hindbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to epen.

Ep•en´dy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. an upper garment; ’epi• upon + a garment; in + to put on.] (Anat.) The epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and the canal of the spinal cord; endyma; ependymis.

Ep•en´dy•mis , n. [NL.] See Ependyma.

Ep•e•net´ic , a. [Gr. , from to praise; ’epi• + to praise.] Bestowing praise; eulogistic; laudatory. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

E•pen´the•sis , n.; pl. Epentheses (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• + to put or set in.] (Gram.) The insertion of a letter or a sound in the body of a word; as the b in ´nimble´ from AS. nemol.

Ep•en•thet´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. epenthetique.] (Gram.) Inserted in the body of a word; as an epenthetic letter or sound.

e•pergne´ , n. [F. epargne a sparing or saving; a treasury. ´Our epergne is a little treasury of sweetmeats, fruits, and flowers.´ Brewer.] A centerpiece for table decoration, usually consisting of several dishes or receptacles of different sizes grouped together in an ornamental design.

e•per•lan´ , n. [F. eperlan, fr. G. spierling. See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) The European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus).

Ep•ex•e•ge´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. detailed narrative, fr. to recount in detail; ’epi• + to lead, point out. See Exegesis.] A full or additional explanation; exegesis.

Ep•ex•e•get´ic•al , a. Relating to epexegesis; explanatory; exegetical. { E´phah , or E´pha}, n. [Heb. ’ephah.] A Hebrew dry measure, supposed to be equal to two pecks and five quarts. ten ephahs make one homer.

E•phem´e•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a day fly, fr. daily, lasting but a day; over + day.] 1. (Med.) A fever of one day’s continuance only. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the day flies, or ephemeral flies. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral.

E•phem´er•al , a. 1. Beginning and ending in a day; existing only, or no longer than, a day; diurnal; as an ephemeral flower. 2. Short-lived; existing or continuing for a short time only. ´Ephemeral popularity.´ V. Knox. “Sentences not of ephemeral, but of eternal, efficacy.” Sir J. Stephen. Ephemeral fly (Zoöl.), one of a group of neuropterous insects, belonging to the genus Ephemera and many allied genera, which live in the adult or winged state only for a short time. The larvae are aquatic; — called also day fly and May fly.

E•phem´er•al, n. Anything lasting but a day, or a brief time; an ephemeral plant, insect, etc.

E•phem´er•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the ephemeral flies.

E•phem´e•ric , a. Ephemeral.

E•phem´e•ris , n.; pl. Ephemerides (#). [L., a diary, Gr. , also a calendar, fr. . See Ephemera.] 1. A diary; a journal. Johnson. 2. (Anat.) (a) A publication giving the computed places of the heavenly bodies for each day of the year, with other numerical data, for the use of the astronomer and navigator; an astronomical almanac; as the ´American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac.´ (b) Any tabular statement of the assigned places of a heavenly body, as a planet or comet, on several successive days. 3. (Literature) A collective name for reviews, magazines, and all kinds of periodical literature. Brande & C.

E•phem´er•ist , n. 1. One who studies the daily motions and positions of the planets. Howell. 2. One who keeps an ephemeris; a journalist.

E•phem´e•ron , n.; pl. Ephemera (#). [NL. See Ephemera.] (Zoöl.) One of the ephemeral flies.

E•phem´er•ous , a. Ephemeral. [R.] Burke.

E•phe´sian ( 106), a. [L. Ephesius: cf. F. ephesien.] Of or pertaining to Ephesus, an ancient city of Ionia, in Asia Minor.

E•phe´sian, n. 1. A native of Ephesus. 2. A jolly companion; a roisterer. [Obs.] Shak.

Eph•i•al´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , lit., one who leaps upon.] The nightmare. Brande & C.

E•phip´pi•al , a. Saddle- shaped; occupying an ephippium. Dana.

E•phip´pi•um , n. [L., saddle cloth, fr. Gr. ; ’epi• on + ´i•ppos horse.] 1. (Anat.) A depression in the sphenoid bone; the pituitary fossa. 2. (Zoöl.) A saddle-shaped cavity to contain the winter eggs, situated on the back of Cladocera.

Eph´od , n. [Heb. ’ephod, fr. ’aphad to put on.] (Jew. Antiq.) A part of the sacerdotal habit among Jews, being a covering for the back and breast, held together on the shoulders by two clasps or brooches of onyx stones set in gold, and fastened by a girdle of the same stuff as the ephod. The ephod for the priests was of plain linen; that for the high priest was richly embroidered in colors. The breastplate of the high priest was worn upon the ephod in front. Exodus xxviii. 6-12.

Eph´or , n.; pl. Ephors (#), L. Ephori (#). [L. ephorus, Gr. , fr. to oversee; + to see: cf. F. ephore.] (Gr. Antiq.) A magistrate; one of a body of five magistrates chosen by the people of ancient Sparta. They exercised control even over the king.

Eph´or•al , a. Pertaining to an ephor.

Eph´or•al•ty , n. The office of an ephor, or the body of ephors.

E´phra•im , n. [The proper name.] (Zoöl.) A hunter’s name for the grizzly bear.

Eph´y•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , an old name of Corinth.] (Zoöl.) A stage in the development of discophorous medusae, when they first begin to swim about after being detached from the strobila. See Strobila.

Ep´i- [Gr. ’epi• on, upon, to; akin to Skr. api besides, and prob. to L. ob to, before, on account of, and perh. to E. of, off.] A prefix, meaning upon, beside, among, on the outside, above, over. It becomes ep-before a vowel, as in epoch, and eph-before a Greek aspirate, as in ephemeral.

Ep´i•blast , n. [Pref. epi- + -blast.] (Biol.) The outer layer of the blastoderm; the ectoderm. See Blastoderm, Delamination.

Ep•i•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Of or relating to, or consisting of, the epiblast.

Ep•i•ble´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a cover; over + to throw.] (Bot.) The epidermal cells of rootlets, specially adapted to absorb liquids. Goodale.

Ep•i•bol´ic , a. [Gr. to throw upon, add to; ’epi• upon + to throw.] (Biol.) Growing or covering over; — said of a kind of invagination. See under Invagination.

E•pib´o•ly , n. [Cf. Gr. a throwing upon.] (Biol.) Epibolic invagination. See under Invagination.

Ep•i•bran´chi•al , a. [Pref. epi- + branchial.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the segment between the ceratobranchial and pharyngobranchial in a branchial arch. — n. An epibranchial cartilage or bone.

Ep´ic , a. [L. epicus, Gr. , from a word, speech, tale, song; akin to L. vox voice: cf. F. epique. See Voice.] Narrated in a grand style; pertaining to or designating a kind of narrative poem, usually called an heroic poem, in which real or fictitious events, usually the achievements of some hero, are narrated in an elevated style. “The epic poem treats of one great, complex action, in a grand style and with fullness of detail.” T. Arnold.

Ep´ic, n. An epic or heroic poem. See Epic, a.

Ep´ic•al , a. Epic. — Ep´ic•al•ly, adv. “Poems which have an epical character.” Brande & C. “His [Wordsworth’s] longer poems (miscalled epical).” Lowell.

Ep•i•car´di•ac , a. (Anat.) Of or relating to the epicardium.

Ep•i•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + kardi•a heart.] (Anat.) That part of the pericardium which forms the outer surface of the heart; the cardiac pericardium.

Ep•i•car´i•dan , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. , , a shrimp.] (Zoöl.) An isopod crustacean, parasitic on shrimps.

Ep´i•carp , [Pref. epi- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) The external or outermost layer of a fructified or ripened ovary. See Illust. under Endocarp.

Ep´i•cede , n. [L. epicedion, Gr. dirge, elegy, fr. funereal; + care, sorrow: cf. F. epicède.] A funeral song or discourse; an elegy. [R.] Donne.

Ep•i•ce´di•al , a. Elegiac; funereal.

Ep•i•ce´di•an , a. Epicedial. — n. An epicede.

Ep•i•ce´di•um , n. [L.] An epicede.

Ep´i•cene , a. & n. [L. epicoenus, Gr. ; fr. ’epi• + common; cf. F. epicène.] 1. Common to both sexes; — a term applied, in grammar, to such nouns as have but one form of gender, either the masculine or feminine, to indicate animals of both sexes; as boy^s, bos, for the ox and cow; sometimes applied to eunuchs and hermaphrodites. 2. Fig.: Sexless; neither one thing nor the other. “The literary prigs epicene.” Prof. Wilson. “He represented an epicene species, neither churchman nor layman.” J. A. Symonds.

Ep•i•cen´tral , a. [Pref. epi- + centrum.] (Anat.) Arising from the centrum of a vertebra. Owen.

Ep•i•ce•ras´tic , a. [Gr. tempering the humors; ’epi• + to mix: cf. F. epicerastique.] (Med.) Lenient; assuaging. [Obs.]

Ep•i•chi•re´ma , n.; pl. Epichiremata (#). [L., fr. Gr. , from to attempt to prove.] (Rhet. & Logic) A syllogism in which the proof of the major or minor premise, or both, is introduced with the premises themselves, and the conclusion is derived in the ordinary manner. [Written also epicheirema.]

Ep•i•chor´dal , a. [Pref. epi- + chordal.] (Anat.) Upon or above the notochord; — applied esp. to a vertebral column which develops upon the dorsal side of the notochord, as distinguished from a perichordal column, which develops around it.

Ep•i•cho´ri•al , a. [Gr. ; over + country.] In or of the country. [R.] “Epichorial superstitions from every district of Europe.” De Quincey.

Ep•i•clei´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a little key.] (Anat.) A projection, formed by a separate ossification, at the scapular end of the clavicle of many birds.

Ep•i•cli´nal , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. a couch.] (Bot.) Situated on the receptacle or disk of a flower.

Ep´i•c/’d2le (ep´i•sel), n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. koi^lon a hollow.] (Anat.) A cavity formed by the invagination of the outer wall of the body, as the atrium of an amphioxus and possibly the body cavity of vertebrates.

Ep´i•cœne , a. Epicene. [R.] Hadley.

Ep•i•col´ic , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. colon.] (Anat.) Situated upon or over the colon; — applied to the region of the abdomen adjacent to the colon.

Ep•i•con´dy•lar , n. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or resembling, an epicondyle.

Ep•i•con´dyle , n. [Pref. epi- + condyle.] (Anat.) A projection on the inner side of the distal end of the humerus; the internal condyle.

Ep•i•cor´a•coid , n. [Pref. epi- + coracoid.] (Anat.) A ventral cartilaginous or bony element of the coracoid in the shoulder girdle of some vertebrates.

Ep•i•cra´ni•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the epicranium; as epicranial muscles.

Ep•i•cra´ni•um , n. [NL. See Epi-, and Cranium.] 1. (Anat.) The upper and superficial part of the head, including the scalp, muscles, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The dorsal wall of the head of insects.

Ep•ic•te´tian , a. [Gr. , fr. Epictetus.] Pertaining to Epictetus, the Roman Stoic philosopher, whose conception of life was to be passionless under whatever circumstances.

Ep´i•cure , n. [L. Epicurus, Gr. , a famous Greek philosopher, who has been regarded, but erroneously, as teaching a doctrine of refined voluptuousness.] 1. A follower of Epicurus; an Epicurean. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. One devoted to dainty or luxurious sensual enjoyments, esp. to the luxuries of the table. Syn. — Voluptuary; sensualist.

Ep•i•cu•re´an ( 277), a. [L. Epicureus, Gr. : cf. epicurien.] 1. Pertaining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy. ´The sect Epicurean.´ Milton. 2. Given to luxury; adapted to luxurious tastes; luxurious; pertaining to good eating. “Courses of the most refined and epicurean dishes.” Prescott. Epicurean philosophy. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.

Ep•i•cu•re´an, n. 1. A follower or Epicurus. 2. One given to epicurean indulgence.

Ep•i•cu•re´an•ism , n. Attachment to the doctrines of Epicurus; the principles or belief of Epicurus.

Ep´i•cure•ly , adv. Luxuriously. Nash.

Ep•i•cu•re´ous , a. Epicurean. [Obs.]

Ep´i•cu•rism , n. [Cf. F. epicurisme.] 1. The doctrines of Epicurus. 2. Epicurean habits of living; luxury.

Ep´i•cu•rize , v. i. 1. To profess or tend towards the doctrines of Epicurus. Cudworth. 2. To feed or indulge like an epicure. Fuller.

Ep´i•cy•cle , n. [L. epicyclus, Gr. ; ’epi• upon + circle. See Cycle.] 1. (Ptolemaic Astron.) A circle, whose center moves round in the circumference of a greater circle; or a small circle, whose center, being fixed in the deferent of a planet, is carried along with the deferent, and yet, by its own peculiar motion, carries the body of the planet fastened to it round its proper center. “The schoolmen were like astronomers which did feign eccentrics, and epicycles, and such engines of orbs.” Bacon. 2. (Mech.) A circle which rolls on the circumference of another circle, either externally or internally.

Ep•i•cyc´lic , a. Pertaining to, resembling, or having the motion of, an epicycle. Epicyclic train (Mach.), a train of mechanism in which epicyclic motion is involved; esp., a train of spur wheels, bevel wheels, or belt pulleys, in which an arm, carrying one or more of the wheels, sweeps around a center lying in an axis common to the other wheels.

Ep•i•cy´cloid , n. [Epicycle + -oid: cf. F. epicycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which rolls on the convex side of a fixed circle. Any point rigidly connected with the rolling circle, but not in its circumference, traces a curve called an epitrochoid. The curve traced by a point in the circumference of the rolling circle when it rolls on the concave side of a fixed circle is called a hypocycloid; the curve traced by a point rigidly connected with the rolling circle in this case, but not its circumference, is called a hypotrochoid. All the curves mentioned above belong to the class class called roulettes or trochoids. See Trochoid.

Ep•i•cy•cloid´al , a. Pertaining to the epicycloid, or having its properties. Epicycloidal wheel, a device for producing straight-line motion from circular motion, on the principle that a pin fastened in the periphery of a gear wheel will describe a straight line when the wheel rolls around inside a fixed internal gear of twice its diameter.

Ep•i•deic´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to show forth, display; ’epi• + to show. Cf. Epidictic.] Serving to show forth, explain, or exhibit; - - applied by the Greeks to a kind of oratory, which, by full amplification, seeks to persuade. { Ep•i•dem´ic , Ep•i•dem´ic•al } a. [L. epidemus, Gr. , , among the people, epidemic; in + people: cf. F. epidemique. Cf. Demagogue.] 1. (Med.) Common to, or affecting at the same time, a large number in a community; — applied to a disease which, spreading widely, attacks many persons at the same time; as an epidemic disease; an epidemic catarrh, fever, etc. See Endemic. 2. Spreading widely, or generally prevailing; affecting great numbers, as an epidemic does; as epidemic rage; an epidemic evil. “It was the epidemical sin of the nation.” Bp. Burnet.

Ep•i•dem´ic , n. [Cf. Epidemy.] 1. (Med.) An epidemic disease. 2. Anything which takes possession of the minds of people as an epidemic does of their bodies; as an epidemic of terror.

Ep•i•dem´ic•al•ly, adv. In an epidemic manner.

Ep•i•de•mi•og´ra•phy , n. [Epidemy + -graphy.] (Med.) A treatise upon, or history of, epidemic diseases.

Ep•i•de•mi•o•log´ic•al , a. Connected with, or pertaining to, epidemiology.

Ep•i•de•mi•ol´o•gist , n. A person skilled in epidemiology.

Ep•i•de•mi•ol´o•gy , n. [Epidemy + -logy.] (Med.) That branch of science which treats of epidemics.

Ep´i•dem•y , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. epidemie. See Epidemic.] (Med.) An epidemic disease. Dunglison.

Ep´i•derm , n. [Cf. F. epiderme. See Epidermis.] (Anat.) The epidermis.

Ep•i•der´mal , a. Of or pertaining to the epidermis; epidermic; cuticular.

Ep•i•der•mat´ic , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´ma•toid , a. [Gr. ’epi• upon + de•rma, -atos, skin + -oid. Cf. Epidermoid.] (Anat.) Epidermoid. Owen.

Ep•i•der´me•ous , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´mic , a. [Cf. F. epidermique.] Epidermal; connected with the skin or the bark. Epidermic administration of medicine (Med.), the application of medicine to the skin by friction.

Ep•i•der´mic•al , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´mi•dal , a. Epidermal. [R.]

Ep•i•der´mis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; over + skin, fr. to skin. See Tear, v. t.] 1. (Anat.) The outer, nonsensitive layer of the skin; cuticle; scarfskin. See Dermis. 2. (Bot.) The outermost layer of the cells, which covers both surfaces of leaves, and also the surface of stems, when they are first formed. As stems grow old this layer is lost, and never replaced.

Ep•i•der´moid , a. [Cf. F. epidermoïde.] (Anat.) Like epidermis; pertaining to the epidermis.

Ep•i•der´mose , n. [See Epidermis.] (Physiol. Chem.) Keratin. { Ep•i•dic´tic , Ep•i•dic´tic•al } a. [L. epidictius. See Epideictic.] Serving to explain; demonstrative.

Ep•i•did´y•mis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• upon + testicle.] (Anat.) An oblong vermiform mass on the dorsal side of the testicle, composed of numerous convolutions of the excretory duct of that organ. — Ep•i•did´y•mal (#), a.

Ep•i•did•y•mi´tis , n. [NL. See Epididymis, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the epididymis, one of the common results of gonorrhea.

Ep´i•dote , n. [Gr. to give besides; over + to give: cf. F. epidote. So named from the enlargement of the base of the primary, in some of the secondary forms.] (Min.) A mineral, commonly of a yellowish green (pistachio) color, occurring granular, massive, columnar, and in monoclinic crystals. It is a silicate of alumina, lime, and oxide of iron, or manganese. The Epidote group includes ordinary epidote, zoisite or lime epidote, piedmontite or manganese epidote, allanite or cerium epidote.

Ep•i•dot´ic ,, a. Related to, resembling, or containing epidote; as an epidotic granite.

Ep•i•gae´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + earth.] (Bot.) An American genus of plants, containing but a single species (E. repens), the trailing arbutus.

Ep•i•gae´ous , a. [Gr. . See Epigaea, and cf. Epigee.] (Bot.) Growing on, or close to, the ground.

Ep•i•gas´tri•al , a. (Anat.) Epigastric.

Ep•i•gas´tric , a. [Gr. over the belly; ’epi• upon + belly: cf. F. epigastrique.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the epigastrium, or to the epigastric region. 2. (Zoöl.) Over the stomach; — applied to two of the areas of the carapace of crabs. Epigastric region. (Anat.) (a) The whole upper part of the abdomen. (b) An arbitrary division of the abdomen above the umbilical and between the two hypochondriac regions.

Ep•i•gas´tri•um , n. [NL., from Gr. .] (Anat.) The upper part of the abdomen.

Ep•i•ge´al , a. (Bot.) Epigaeous. [R.]

Ep´i•gee , n. [NL. epigeum, fr. Gr. upon the earth. See Epigaea.] See Perigee. [Obs.]

Ep´i•gene , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. to be born, grow.] 1. (Crystallog.) Foreign; unnatural; unusual; — said of forms of crystals not natural to the substances in which they are found. 2. (Geol.) Formed originating on the surface of the earth; — opposed to hypogene; as epigene rocks.

Ep•i•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. epi- + genesis.] (Biol.) The theory of generation which holds that the germ is created entirely new, not merely expanded, by the procreative power of the parents. It is opposed to the theory of evolution, also to syngenesis.

Ep•i•gen´e•sist , n. (Biol.) One who believes in, or advocates the theory of, epigenesis.

Ep•i•ge•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the epigenesis; produced according to the theory of epigenesis.

Ep•i•ge´ous , a. Same as Epigaeous.

Ep•i•ge´um , n. [NL. See Epigee.] See Perigee. [Obs.]

Ep•i•glot´tic , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or connected with, the epiglottis.

Ep•i•glot•tid´e•an , a. (Anat.) Same as Epiglottic.

Ep•i•glot´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’epi• upon + , , tongue. See Glottis.] (Anat.) A cartilaginous lidlike appendage which closes the glottis while food or drink is passing while food or drink is passing through the pharynx.

E•pig´na•thous , a. [Epi- + Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Hook- billed; having the upper mandible longer than the lower.

Ep´i•gram , n. [L. epigramma, fr. Gr. inscription, epigram, fr. to write upon, ’epi• upon + to write: cf. F. epigramme. See Graphic.] 1. A short poem treating concisely and pointedly of a single thought or event. The modern epigram is so contrived as to surprise the reader with a witticism or ingenious turn of thought, and is often satirical in character. “Dost thou think I care for a satire or an epigram?” Shak. Epigrams were originally inscription on tombs, statues, temples, triumphal arches, etc. 2. An effusion of wit; a bright thought tersely and sharply expressed, whether in verse or prose. 3. The style of the epigram. “Antithesis, i. e., bilateral stroke, is the soul of epigram in its later and technical signification.” B. Cracroft. { Ep•i•gram•mat´ic , Ep•i•gram•mat´ic•al , }[L. epigrammaticus: cf. F. epigrammatique.] 1. Writing epigrams; dealing in epigrams; as an epigrammatical poet. 2. Suitable to epigrams; belonging to epigrams; like an epigram; pointed; piquant; as epigrammatic style, wit, or sallies of fancy.

Ep•i•gram•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In the way of epigram; in an epigrammatic style.

Ep•i•gram´ma•tist , n. [L. epigrammatista: cf. F. epigrammatiste.] One who composes epigrams, or makes use of them. “The brisk epigrammatist showing off his own cleverness.” Holmes.

Ep•i•gram´ma•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Epigrammatized p. pr. & vb. n. Epigrammatizing ] To represent by epigrams; to express by epigrams.

Ep•i•gram´ma•ti•zer , n. One who writes in an affectedly pointed style. “Epigrammatizers of our English prose style.” Coleridge.

Ep´i•gram•mist , n. An epigrammatist. Jer. Taylor.

Ep´i•graph , n. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. epigraphe. See Epigram.] 1. Any inscription set upon a building; especially, one which has to do with the building itself, its founding or dedication. 2. (Literature) A citation from some author, or a sentence framed for the purpose, placed at the beginning of a work or of its separate divisions; a motto. { Ep•i•graph´ic , Ep•i•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to epigraphs or to epigraphy; as an epigraphic style; epigraphical works or studies.

Ep•i•graph´ics , n. The science or study of epigraphs.

E•pig´ra•phist , n. A student of, or one versed in, epigraphy.

E•pig´ra•phy , n. The science of inscriptions; the art of engraving inscriptions or of deciphering them.

E•pig´y•nous , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. woman, female: cf. F. epigyne.] (Bot.) Adnate to the surface of the ovary, so as to be apparently inserted upon the top of it; — said of stamens, petals, sepals, and also of the disk.

Ep•i•hy´al , n. [Pref. epi- + the Greek letter .] (Anat.) A segment next above the ceratohyal in the hyoidean arch.

Ep´i•lep•sy , n. [L. epilepsia, Gr. a seizure, the ´falling sickness,´ fr. to take besides, seize, attack; ’epi• upon, besides + to take: cf. F. epilepsie. Cf. Catalepsy.] (Med.) The ´falling sickness,´ so called because the patient falls suddenly to the ground; a disease characterized by paroxysms (or fits) occurring at interval and attended by sudden loss of consciousness, and convulsive motions of the muscles. Dunglison.

Ep•i•lep´tic , a. [L. epilepticus, Gr. : cf. F. epileptique.] Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature of, epilepsy.

Ep•i•lep´tic, n. 1. One affected with epilepsy. 2. A medicine for the cure of epilepsy.

Ep•i•lep´tic•al , a. Epileptic.

Ep•i•lep´ti•form , a. Resembling epilepsy.

Ep•i•lep•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. ’epi•lhptos epileptic + -genous.] (Med.) Producing epilepsy or epileptoid convulsions; — applied to areas of the body or of the nervous system, stimulation of which produces convulsions.

Ep•i•lep´toid , a. [Gr. ’epi•lhptos + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling epilepsy; as epileptoid convulsions.

Ep•i•lo•ga´tion , n. [LL. epilogatio.] A summing up in a brief account. [Obs.] Udall. { Ep•i•log´ic , Ep•i•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’epilogiko•s.] Of or pertaining to an epilogue.

E•pil´o•gism , n. [Gr. , fr. to reckon over, to deliver an epilogue; ’epi• upon + to count, reckon. See Epilogue.] Enumeration; computation. [R.] J. Gregory.

Ep•i•lo•gis´tic , a. [Cf. Gr. calculating. See Epilogism.] Of or pertaining to epilogue; of the nature of an epilogue. T. Warton.

E•pil´o•gize , v. i. & t. [See Epilogism.] To speak an epilogue to; to utter as an epilogue.

Ep´i•logue ( 115), n. [F. epilogue, L. epilogus, fr. Gr. conclusion, fr. to say in addition; ’epi• upon, besides + to say. See Legend.] 1. (Drama) A speech or short poem addressed to the spectators and recited by one of the actors, after the conclusion of the play. “A good play no epilogue, yet … good plays prove the better by the help of good epilogues.” Shak. 2. (Rhet.) The closing part of a discourse, in which the principal matters are recapitulated; a conclusion.

Ep´i•lo•guize , v. i. & t. Same as Epilogize.

E•pim´a•chus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. equipped for battle; for + battle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of highly ornate and brilliantly colored birds of Australia, allied to the birds of Paradise.

E•pim´e•ra , n. pl. See Epimeron.

E•pim´er•al , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the epimera.

Ep´i•mere , n. [Epi- + - mere.] (Biol.) One of the segments of the transverse axis, or the so called homonymous parts; as for example, one of the several segments of the extremities in vertebrates, or one of the similar segments in plants, such as the segments of a segmented leaf. Syd. Soc. Lex.

E•pim´e•ron , n.; pl. Epimera (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a part.] (Zoöl.) (a) In crustaceans: The part of the side of a somite external to the basal joint of each appendage. See Illust. under Crustacea. (b) In insects: The lateral piece behind the episternum. [Written also epimerum.]

Ep•i•nas´tic , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. pressed close.] (Physiol.) A term applied to that phase of vegetable growth in which an organ grows more rapidly on its upper than on its under surface. See Hyponastic.

Ep•i•neu´ral , a. [Pref. epi- + neural.] (Anat.) Arising from the neurapophysis of a vertebra.

Ep•i•neu´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a nerve.] (Anat.) The connective tissue framework and sheath of a nerve which bind together the nerve bundles, each of which has its own special sheath, or perineurium.

Ep•in•glette´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) An iron needle for piercing the cartridge of a cannon before priming.

Ep•i•ni´cial , a. [See Epinicion.] Relating to victory. ´An epinicial song.´ T. Warton.

Ep•i•ni´cion , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. belonging to victory; ’epi• upon, to + victory: cf. L. epinicium.] A song of triumph. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Ep•i•nik´i•an , a. Epinicial.

Ep•i•or´nis , n. [NL.: cf. F. epiornis. See AEpyornis.] (Zoöl.) One of the gigantic ostrichlike birds of the genus AEpiornis, only recently extinct. Its remains have been found in Madagascar. [Written also AEpyornis.]

Ep•i•o´tic , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. , gen. , ear.] (Anat.) The upper and outer element of periotic bone, — in man forming a part of the temporal bone.

Ep•i•pe•dom´e•try , n. [Gr. ’epi•pedos on the ground, level (’epi• + pe•don ground) + -metry.] (Geom.) The mensuration of figures standing on the same base. [Obs.]

Ep•i•pe•riph´er•al , a. [Pref. epi- + peripheral.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or having its origin upon, the external surface of the body; — especially applied to the feelings which originate at the extremities of nerves distributed on the outer surface, as the sensation produced by touching an object with the finger; — opposed to entoperipheral. H. Spenser.

Ep•i•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. epi- + petal.] (Bot.) Borne on the petals or corolla.

E•piph´a•ny , n. [F. epiphanie, L. epiphania, Gr. ’epifa•nia (sc. ), for ’epifa•neia appearance, fr. ’epifai•nein to show forth; ’epi• + fai•nein to show. See Fancy.] 1. An appearance, or a becoming manifest. “Whom but just before they beheld transfigured and in a glorious epiphany upon the mount.” Jer. Taylor. “An epic poet, if ever such a difficult birth should make its epiphany in Paris.” De Quincey. 2. (Eccl.) A church festival celebrated on the 6th of January, the twelfth day after Christmas in commemoration of the visit of the Magi of the East to Bethlehem, to see and worship the child Jesus; or, as others maintain, to commemorate the appearance of the star to the Magi, symbolizing the manifestation of Christ to the Gentles; Twelfthtide.

Ep•i•phar•yn•ge´al , a. [Pref. epi- + pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the segments above the epibranchial in the branchial arches of fishes. — n. An epipharyngeal bone or cartilage.

Ep•i•phar´ynx , n. [Epi- + pharynx.] (Zoöl.) A structure which overlaps the mouth of certain insects.

Ep•i•pho•ne´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’epifw•nhma, fr. ’epifwnei^n to mention; ’epi• + fwnei^n to speak.] (Rhet.) An exclamatory sentence, or striking reflection, which sums up or concludes a discourse.

E•piph´o•neme , n. Epiphonema. [R.]

E•piph´o•ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’epifora•, fr. ’epife•rein to bring to or upon; ’epi• + fe•rein to bring.] 1. (Med.) The watery eye; a disease in which the tears accumulate in the eye, and trickle over the cheek. 2. (Rhet.) The emphatic repetition of a word or phrase, at the end of several sentences or stanzas.

Ep´i•phragm , n. [Gr. a covering, lid, fr. to block up.] (Zoöl.) A membranaceous or calcareous septum with which some mollusks close the aperture of the shell during the time of hibernation, or aestivation.

Ep•i•phyl•lo•sper´mous , a. [Gr. ’epi• + fy•llon leaf + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit on the back of the leaves, as ferns. Harris (1710).

E•piph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. ’epi• + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Growing upon, or inserted into, the leaf.

Ep•i•phyl´lum , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of cactaceous plants having flattened, jointed stems, and petals united in a tube. The flowers are very showy, and several species are in cultivation. { Ep•i•phys´e•al , Ep•i•phys´i•al } (Anat.) Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an epiphysis.

E•piph´y•sis , n.; pl. Epiphyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi•fysis, fr. ’epify•ein to grow upon; ’epi• upon + fy•ein to grow.] (Anat.) (a) The end, or other superficial part, of a bone, which ossifies separately from the central portion, or diaphysis. (b) The cerebral epiphysis, or pineal gland. See Pineal gland, under Pineal.

E•piph´y•tal , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to an epiphyte.

Ep´i•phyte , n. [Gr. ’epi• upon + fyto•n plant, to grow: cf. F. epiphyte.] 1. (Bot.) An air plant which grows on other plants, but does not derive its nourishment from them. See Air plant. 2. (Med.) A vegetable parasite growing on the surface of the body. { Ep•i•phyt´ic , Ep•i•phyt´ic•al } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an epiphyte. — Ep•i•phyt´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ep•i•plas´tron , n.; pl. Epiplastra (#). [Pref. epi- + plastron.] (Anat.) One of the first pair of lateral plates in the plastron of turtles.

Ep•i•pleu´ral , a. [Pref. epi- + pleural.] (Anat.) Arising from the pleurapophysis of a vertebra. Owen.

Ep•i•plex´is , n. [L., reproof, fr. Gr. , fr. to strike at, reprove; ’epi• + to strike.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a person seeks to convince and move by an elegant kind of upbraiding.

E•pip´lo•ce , n. [L., connection, from Gr. a plaiting together, fr. to plait or braid in; ’epi• upon + to twist, plait.] (Rhet.) A figure by which one striking circumstance is added, in due gradation, to another; climax; e. g., ´He not only spared his enemies, but continued them in employment; not only continued, but advanced them.´ Johnson.

Ep•i•plo´ic , a. Relating to the epiploön.

E•pip´lo•ön , n.; pl. Epiploa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Anat.) See Omentum.

Ep•i•po´di•al , a. 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the epipodialia or the parts of the limbs to which they belong. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the epipodium of Mollusca.

Ep•i•po•di•a´le , n.; pl. Epipodialia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + , dim. of , , foot.] (Anat.) One of the bones of either the forearm or shank, the epipodialia being the radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula.

E•pip´o•dite , n. [See Epipodium.] (Zoöl.) The outer branch of the legs in certain Crustacea. See Maxilliped.

Ep•i•po´di•um , n.; pl. Epipodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) One of the lateral lobes of the foot in certain gastropods.

Ep•i•pol´ic , a. (Opt.) Producing, or relating to, epipolism or fluorescence. [R.]

E•pip´o•lism , n. [Gr. a surface; ’epi• + pe•lein to be.] (Opt.) See Fluorescence. [R.] Sir J. Herschel.

E•pip´o•lized , a. Changed to the epipolic condition, or that in which the phenomenon of fluorescence is presented; produced by fluorescence; as epipolized light. [R.] Stokes.

Ep•ip•ter´ic , a. [Pref. epi- + Gr. wing. So called because above the wing of the sphenoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to a small Wormian bone sometimes present in the human skull between the parietal and the great wing of the sphenoid. — n. The epipteric bone.

Ep•ip•ter´y•goid , a. [Pref. epi- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Situated upon or above the pterygoid bone. — n. An epipterygoid bone or cartilage; the columella in the skulls of many lizards.

Ep•i•pu´bic , a. Relating to the epipubis.

Ep•i•pu´bis , n.; pl. Epipubes (#). [NL., epi- + pubis.] (Anat.) A cartilage or bone in front of the pubis in some amphibians and other animals.

E•pis´co•pa•cy , n. [See Episcopate.] Government of the church by bishops; church government by three distinct orders of ministers — bishops, priests, and deacons — of whom the bishops have an authority superior and of a different kind.

E•pis´co•pal , a. [L. episcopalis, fr. episcopus: cf. F. episcopal. See Bishop.] 1. Governed by bishops; as an episcopal church. 2. Belonging to, or vested in, bishops; as episcopal jurisdiction or authority; the episcopal system.

E•pis•co•pa´li•an , a. Pertaining to bishops, or government by bishops; episcopal; specifically, of or relating to the Protestant Episcopal Church.

E•pis•co•pa´li•an, n. One who belongs to an episcopal church, or adheres to the episcopal form of church government and discipline; a churchman; specifically, in the United States, a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

E•pis•co•pa´li•an•ism , n. The doctrine and usages of Episcopalians; episcopacy.

E•pis´co•pal•ly , adv. By episcopal authority; in an episcopal manner.

E•pis´co•pant , n. A bishop. [Obs.] Milton.

E•pis•co•pa´ri•an , a. Episcopal. [R.] Wood.

E•pis´co•pate , n. [L. episcopatus, fr. episcopus: cf. F. episcopat. See Bishop.] 1. A bishopric; the office and dignity of a bishop. 2. The collective body of bishops. 3. The time of a bishop’s rule.

E•pis´co•pate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Episcopated p. pr. & vb. n. Episcopating.] To act as a bishop; to fill the office of a prelate. [Obs.] “Feeding the flock episcopating.” Milton.

E•pis´co•pi•cide , n. [L. episcopus bishop + caedere to kill.] The killing of a bishop.

E•pis´co•pize , v. t. To make a bishop of by consecration. Southey.

E•pis´co•pize, v. i. To perform the duties of a bishop.

E•pis´co•py , n. [Gr. , fr. . See Bishop.] 1. Survey; superintendence. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Episcopacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ep•i•sep´al•ous , a. [Pref. epi- + sepal.] (Bot.) Growing on the sepals or adnate to them.

Ep•i•skel´e•tal , a. [Pref. epi- + skeleletal.] (Anat.) Above or outside of the endoskeleton; epaxial.

Ep•i•so´dal , a. Same as Episodic.

Ep´i•sode , n. [Gr. a coming in besides, episode; into, besides + a coming in, into + way, cf. Skr. sad to go: cf. F. episode.] (Rhet.) A separate incident, story, or action, introduced for the purpose of giving a greater variety to the events related; an incidental narrative, or digression, separable from the main subject, but naturally arising from it.

Ep•i•so´di•al , a. Pertaining to an episode; by way of episode; episodic. { Ep•i•so´dic , Ep•i•so´dic•al } a. [Cf. F. episodique. See Episode.] Of or pertaining to an episode; adventitious. — Ep•i•so´dic•al•ly, adv. “Such a figure as Jacob Brattle, purely episodical though it be, is an excellent English portrait.” H. James.

Ep•i•spa´di•as , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + to draw, rend.] (Med.) A deformity in which the urethra opens upon the top of the penis, instead of at its extremity.

Ep´i•spas´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to draw to, attract; to + to draw: cf. F. epispastique.] (Med.) Attracting the humors to the skin; exciting action in the skin; blistering.

Ep´i•spas´tic, n. (Med.) An external application to the skin, which produces a puriform or serous discharge by exciting inflammation; a vesicatory.

Ep´i•sperm , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. seed: cf. F. episperme.] (Bot.) The skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. See Testa.

Ep•i•sper´mic , a. (Bot.) Pertaining, or belonging, to the episperm, or covering of a seed.

Ep´i•spore , n. [Pref. epi- + spore.] (Bot.) The thickish outer coat of certain spores.

Ep•i•stax´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + to drop.] (Med.) Bleeding at the nose.

E•pis•te•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. knowledge + -logy.] The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge.

Ep•i•ster´nal , a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the episternum.

Ep•i•ster´num , n.; pl. Episterna (#). [NL. See Epi-, and Sternum.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A median bone connected with the sternum, in many vertebrates; the interclavicle. (b) Same as Epiplastron. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the lateral pieces next to the sternum in the thorax of insects.

Ep•i•stil´bite , n. [Pref. epi- + stilbite.] (Min.) A crystallized, transparent mineral of the Zeolite family. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime.

E•pis´tle , n. [OE. epistle, epistel, AS. epistol, pistol, L. epistola, fr. Gr. anything sent by a messenger, message, letter, fr. to send to, tell by letter or message; ’epi• upon, to + to dispatch, send; cf. OF. epistle, epistre, F. epître. See Stall.] 1. A writing directed or sent to a person or persons; a written communication; a letter; — applied usually to formal, didactic, or elegant letters. “A madman’s epistles are no gospels.” Shak. 2. (Eccl.) One of the letters in the New Testament which were addressed to their Christian brethren by Apostles. Epistle side, the right side of an altar or church to a person looking from the nave toward the chancel. “One sees the pulpit on the epistle side.” R. Browning.

E•pis´tle, v. t. To write; to communicate in a letter or by writing. [Obs.] Milton.

E•pis´tler , n. 1. A writer of epistles, or of an epistle of the New Testament. M. Arnold. 2. (Eccl.) The ecclesiastic who reads the epistle at the communion service.

E•pis´to•lar , a. Epistolary. Dr. H. More.

E•pis´to•la•ry , a. [L. epistolaris, fr. epistola: cf. F. epistolaire.] 1. Pertaining to epistles or letters; suitable to letters and correspondence; as an epistolary style. 2. Contained in letters; carried on by letters. ´Epistolary correspondence.´ Addison.

Ep•is•to´le•an (ep•is•to´le•an), n. One who writes epistles; a correspondent. Mary Cowden Clarke.

E•pis´to•ler (e•pis´to•ler), n. (Eccl.) One of the clergy who reads the epistle at the communion service; an epistler.

E•pis´to•let (-let), n. A little epistle. Lamb. { Ep•is•tol´ic , Ep•is•tol´ic•al } a. [L. epistolicus, Gr. .] Pertaining to letters or epistles; in the form or style of letters; epistolary.

E•pis´to•lize , v. i. To write epistles.

E•pis´to•li•zer , n. A writer of epistles.

E•pis•to•lo•graph´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. epistolographique.] Pertaining to the writing of letters; used in writing letters; epistolary. Epistolographic character or mode of writing, the same as Demotic character. See under Demotic.

E•pis•to•log´ra•phy , n. [Gr. epistle + -graphy: cf. F. epistolographie.] The art or practice of writing epistles. { E•pis´to•ma , Ep´i•stome } n. [NL. epistoma, fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) (a) The region between the antennae and the mouth, in Crustacea. (b) A liplike organ that covers the mouth, in most Bryozoa. See Illust., under Entoprocta.

E•pis´tro•phe , n. [L., from Gr. a turning toward, return, fr. to turn toward; ’epi• upon, to + to turn.] (Rhet.) A figure in which successive clauses end with the same word or affirmation; e. g., ´Are they Hebrews? so am I. Are they Israelites? so am I.´ 2 Cor. xi. 22.

Ep´i•style , n. [L. epistylium, Gr. ; ’epi• upon + column: cf. F. epistyle.] (Anc. Arch.) A massive piece of stone or wood laid immediately on the abacus of the capital of a column or pillar; — now called architrave.

Ep•i•syl´lo•gism , n. [Pref. epi- + syllogism.] (Logic) A syllogism which assumes as one of its premises a proposition which was the conclusion of a preceding syllogism, called, in relation to this, the prosyllogism.

Ep´i•taph , n. [F. epitaphe, L. epitaphium a funeral oration, fr. Gr. , orig. an adj., over or at a tomb; ’epi• upon + tomb. Cf. Cenotaph.] 1. An inscription on, or at, a tomb, or a grave, in memory or commendation of the one buried there; a sepulchral inscription. “Hang her an epitaph upon her tomb.” Shak. 2. A brief writing formed as if to be inscribed on a monument, as that concerning Alexander: ´Sufficit huic tumulus, cui non sufficeret orbis.´

Ep´i•taph, v. t. To commemorate by an epitaph. [R.] “Let me be epitaphed the inventor of English hexameters.” G. Harvey.

Ep´i•taph, v. i. To write or speak after the manner of an epitaph. [R.] “The common in their speeches epitaph upon him … ´He lived as a wolf and died as a dog.´” Bp. Hall.

Ep´i•taph•er , n. A writer of epitaphs. Nash. { Ep•i•taph´i•al , Ep•i•taph´i•an } a. Relating to, or of the nature of, an epitaph. “The noble Pericles in his epitaphian speech.” Milton. “Epitaphial Latin verses are not to be taken too literally.” Lowell.

Ep•i•taph´ic , a. Pertaining to an epitaph; epitaphian. — n. An epitaph. Udall.

Ep´i•taph•ist , n. An epitapher.

E•pit´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a stretching, fr. to stretch upon or over; ’epi• upon + to stretch.] 1. That part which embraces the main action of a play, poem, and the like, and leads on to the catastrophe; — opposed to protasis. 2. (Med.) The period of violence in a fever or disease; paroxysm. Dunglison.

Ep•i•tha•lam´ic , a. Belonging to, or designed for, an epithalamium.

Ep•i•tha•la´mi•um , n.; pl. Epithalamiums (#), L. Epithalamia (#). [L., fr. Gr. , orig. an adj., nuptial; ’epi• upon, at + bride chamber.] A nuptial song, or poem in honor of the bride and bridegroom. “The kind of poem which was called epithalamium … sung when the bride was led into her chamber.” B. Jonson.

Ep•i•thal´a•my , n.; pl. Epithalamies . Epithalamium. [R.] Donne.

Ep•i•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + a case, box, fr. to place.] (Zoöl.) A continuous and, usually, structureless layer which covers more or less of the exterior of many corals.

Ep•i•the´li•al , a. Of or pertaining to epithelium; as epithelial cells; epithelial cancer.

Ep•i•the´li•oid , a. [Epithelium + -oid.] (Anat.) Like epithelium; as epithelioid cells.

Ep•i•the•li•o´ma , n. [NL. See Epithelium, and -oma.] (Med.) A malignant growth containing epithelial cells; — called also epithelial cancer.

Ep•i•the´li•um , n.; pl. E. Epitheliums (#), L. Epithelia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + nipple.] (Anat.) The superficial layer of cells lining the alimentary canal and all its appendages, all glands and their ducts, blood vessels and lymphatics, serous cavities, etc. It often includes the epidermis (i. e., keratin-producing epithelial cells), and it is sometimes restricted to the alimentary canal, the glands and their appendages, — the term endothelium being applied to the lining membrane of the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities.

Ep•i•the´loid , a. (Anat.) Epithelioid.

Ep´i•them , n. [L. epithema, Gr. , fr. to lay or put on: cf. F. epithème. See Epithet.] (Med.) Any external topical application to the body, except ointments and plasters, as a poultice, lotion, etc.

Ep•i•the´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. ’epi• upon + a case, box, fr. to place.] (Zoöl.) A horny excrescence upon the beak of birds.

E•pith´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a putting on; ’epi• upon + to place.] The addition of a letter at the end of a word, without changing its sense; as numb for num, whilst for whiles.

Ep´i•thet , n. [L. epitheton, Gr. , fr. added, fr. to add; ’epi• upon, to + to put, place: cf. F. epithète. See Do.] 1. An adjective expressing some quality, attribute, or relation, that is properly or specially appropriate to a person or thing; as a just man; a verdant lawn. “A prince [Henry III.] to whom the epithet ´worthless´ seems best applicable.” Hallam. 2. Term; expression; phrase. ´Stuffed with epithets of war.´ Shak. Syn. — Epithet, Title. The name epithet was formerly extended to nouns which give a title or describe character (as the ´epithet of liar´), but is now confined wholly to adjectives. Some rhetoricians, as Whately, restrict it still further, considering the term epithet as belonging only to a limited class of adjectives, viz., those which add nothing to the sense of their noun, but simply hold forth some quality necessarily implied therein; as the bright sun, the lofty heavens, etc. But this restriction does not prevail in general literature. Epithet is sometimes confounded with application, which is always a noun or its equivalent.

Ep´i•thet, v. t. To describe by an epithet. [R.] “Never was a town better epitheted.” Sir H. Wotton. { Ep•i•thet´ic , Ep•i•thet´ic•al } a. [Gr. added.] Pertaining to, or abounding with, epithets. ´In epithetic measured prose.´ Lloyd.

Ep´i•thite , n. [Gr. impostor.] A lazy, worthless fellow; a vagrant. [Obs.] Mason.

Ep•i•thu•met´ic , a. Epithumetical. [Obs.]

Ep•i•thu•met´ic•al , a. [Gr. , fr. to long for, lust after; ’epi• + qymo•s soul, heart, desire.] Pertaining to sexual desire; sensual. Sir T. Browne.

Ep•i•tith´i•des , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to place upon. See Epithet.] (Arch.) The uppermost member of the cornice of an entablature.

E•pit´o•ma•tor , n. [LL.] An epitomist. Sir W. Hamilton.

E•pit´o•me , n.; pl. Epitomes (#). [L., fr. Gr. a surface incision, also and abridgment, fr. to cut into, cut short; ’epi• upon + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. epitome. See Tome.] 1. A work in which the contents of a former work are reduced within a smaller space by curtailment and condensation; a brief summary; an abridgement. “[An] epitome of the contents of a very large book.” Sydney Smith. 2. A compact or condensed representation of anything. “An epitome of English fashionable life.” Carlyle. “A man so various that he seemed to be
Not one, but all mankind’s epitome.” Dryden. Syn. — Abridgement; compendium; compend; abstract; synopsis; abbreviature. See Abridgment.

E•pit´o•mist , n. One who makes an epitome; one who abridges; an epitomizer. Milton.

E•pit´o•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Epitomized p. pr. & vb. n. Epitomizing.] 1. To make an epitome of; to shorten or abridge, as a writing or discourse; to reduce within a smaller space; as to epitomize the works of Justin. 2. To diminish, as by cutting off something; to curtail; as to epitomize words. [Obs.] Addison.

E•pit´o•mi•zer , n. An epitomist. Burton.

Ep´i•trite , n. [Gr. containing an integer and one third (i. e., &frac43;, or in the ratio of 4 to 3); ’epi• upon, over + the third: cf. L. epitritos, F. epitrite.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A foot consisting of three long syllables and one short syllable. It is so called from being compounded of a spondee (which contains 4 times) with an iambus or a trochee (which contains 3 times). It is called 1st, 2d, 3d, or 4th epitrite according as the short syllable stands 1st, 2d, etc.

Ep•i•troch´le•a , n. [NL. See Epi-, and Trochlea.] (Anat.) A projection on the outer side of the distal end of the humerus; the external condyle.

Ep•i•troch´le•ar , a. Relating to the epitrochlea.

Ep•i•tro´choid , n. [Pref. epi- + Gr. wheel + -oid.] (Geom.) A kind of curve. See Epicycloid, any Trochoid.

E•pit´ro•pe , n. [L., fr. Gr. reference, arbitration, fr. to turn over, to give up, yield; ’epi• upon, over + to turn.] (Rhet.) A figure by which permission is either seriously or ironically granted to some one, to do what he proposes to do; e. g., ´He that is unjust, let him be unjust still.´

Ep•i•zeux´is , n. [L., fr. Gr. a fastening together, repetition, fr. to fasten to or upon; ’epi• upon + to join, yoke.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a word is repeated with vehemence or emphasis, as in the following lines: - “Alone, alone, all all alone,
Alone on a wide wide sea.” Coleridge.

Ep•i•zo´an , n. (Zoöl.) An epizoön.

Ep•i•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Living upon the exterior of another animal; ectozoic; — said of external parasites.

Ep•i•zo´ön , n.; pl. Epizoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’epi• upon + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) One of the artificial group of invertebrates of various kinds, which live parasitically upon the exterior of other animals; an ectozoön. Among them are the lice, ticks, many acari, the lerneans, or fish lice, and other crustaceans.

Ep•i•zo•öt´ic , a. [Cf. F. epizoötique.] 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to an epizoön. 2. (Geol.) Containing fossil remains; — said of rocks, formations, mountains, and the like. [Obs.] “Epizoötic mountains are of secondary formation.” Kirwan. 3. Of the nature of a disease which attacks many animals at the same time; — corresponding to epidemic diseases among men. { Ep•i•zo´ö•ty , Ep•i•zo•öt´ic }, n. [F. epizoötie.] An epizoötic disease; a murrain; an epidemic influenza among horses.

Ep´och (ep´ok or e´pok; 277), n. [LL. epocha, Gr. ’epochh• check, stop, an epoch of a star, an historical epoch, fr. ’epe•chein to hold on, check; ’epi• upon + ’e•chein to have, hold; akin to Skr. sah to overpower, Goth. sigis victory, AS. sigor, sige, G. sieg: cf. F. epoque. See Scheme.] 1. A fixed point of time, established in history by the occurrence of some grand or remarkable event; a point of time marked by an event of great subsequent influence; as the epoch of the creation; the birth of Christ was the epoch which gave rise to the Christian era. “In divers ages, … divers epochs of time were used.” Usher. “Great epochs and crises in the kingdom of God.” Trench. “The acquittal of the bishops was not the only event which makes the 30th of June, 1688, a great epoch in history.” Macaulay. Epochs mark the beginning of new historical periods, and dates are often numbered from them. 2. A period of time, longer or shorter, remarkable for events of great subsequent influence; a memorable period; as the epoch of maritime discovery, or of the Reformation. ´So vast an epoch of time.´ F. Harrison. “The influence of Chaucer continued to live even during the dreary interval which separates from one another two important epochs of our literary history.” A. W. Ward. 3. (Geol.) A division of time characterized by the prevalence of similar conditions of the earth; commonly a minor division or part of a period. “The long geological epoch which stored up the vast coal measures.” J. C. Shairp. 4. (Astron.) (a) The date at which a planet or comet has a longitude or position. (b) An arbitrary fixed date, for which the elements used in computing the place of a planet, or other heavenly body, at any other date, are given; as the epoch of Mars; lunar elements for the epoch March 1st, 1860. Syn. — Era; time; date; period; age. — Epoch, Era. We speak of the era of the Reformation, when we think of it as a period, during which a new order of things prevailed; so also the era of good feeling, etc. Had we been thinking of the time as marked by certain great events, or as a period in which great results were effected, we should have called the times when these events happened epochs, and the whole period an epoch. “The capture of Constantinople is an epoch in the history of Mahometanism; but the flight of Mahomet is its era.” C. J. Smith.

Ep´o•cha , n. [L.] See Epoch. J. Adams.

Ep´o•chal , a. Belonging to an epoch; of the nature of an epoch. ´Epochal points.´ Shedd.

Ep´ode , n. [L. epodos, Gr. , fr. , adj., singing to, sung or said after, fr. to sing to; ’epi• upon, to + to sing: cf. F. epode. See Ode.] (Poet.) (a) The after song; the part of a lyric ode which follows the strophe and antistrophe, — the ancient ode being divided into strophe, antistrophe, and epode. (b) A species of lyric poem, invented by Archilochus, in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one; as the Epodes of Horace. It does not include the elegiac distich.

E•pod´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, or resembling, an epode. { Ep´o•nym , Ep´o•nyme } , n. [Cf. F. eponyme. See Eponymous.] 1. The hypothetical individual who is assumed as the person from whom any race, city, etc., took its name; as Hellen is an eponym of the Hellenes. 2. A name, as of a people, country, and the like, derived from that of an individual.

Ep•o•nym´ic , a. Same as Eponymous. “Tablets … which bear eponymic dates.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

E•pon´y•mist , n. One from whom a race, tribe, city, or the like, took its name; an eponym.

E•pon´y•mous , a. [Gr. ; ’epi• upon, to + for name.] Relating to an eponym; giving one’s name to a tribe, people, country, and the like. “What becomes … of the Herakleid genealogy of the Spartan kings, when it is admitted that eponymous persons are to be canceled as fictions?” Grote.

E•pon´y•my , n. [Gr. a surname given after some person or thing.] The derivation of the name of a race, tribe, etc., from that of a fabulous hero, progenitor, etc.

Ep•o•öph´o•ron , n. [NL., from Gr. ’epi• upon + egg + fe•rein to bear.] (Anat.) See Parovarium. { Ep´o•pee• , Ep•o•pœ´ia } n. [F. epopee, Gr. ; ’e•pos song + to make. See Epos.] An epic poem; epic poetry.

Ep´opt , n. [Gr. one initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries.] One instructed in the mysteries of a secret system. Carlyle.

Ep´os , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] An epic.

Ep•o•ta´tion , n. [L. epotare, epotatum, to drink; e out + potare to drink.] A drinking up; a quaffing. [Obs.] Feltham.

e•prou•vette´ , n. [F.] (Gun.) An apparatus for testing or proving the strength of gunpowder.

Ep´som•ite , n. Native sulphate of magnesia or Epsom salt. { Ep´som salts• salt• }. (Med.) Sulphate of magnesia having cathartic qualities; — originally prepared by boiling down the mineral waters at Epsom, England, — whence the name; afterwards prepared from sea water; but now from certain minerals, as from siliceous hydrate of magnesia.

Ep´u•la•ry , a. [L. epularis, fr. epulum a feast: cf. F. epulaire.] Of or pertaining to a feast or banquet. [Obs.] Smart.

Ep•u•la´tion , n. [L. epulatio.] A feasting or feast; banquet. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

E•pu´lis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a gumboil; Gr. ’epi• upon + gums.] (Med.) A hard tumor developed from the gums.

Ep´u•lose , a. [L. epulum a feast.] Feasting to excess. [Obs.]

Ep•u•los´i•ty , n. A feasting to excess. [Obs.]

Ep•u•lot´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. to scar over or heal; ’epi• upon, over + whole.] Promoting the skinning over or healing of sores; as an epulotic ointment. — n. An epulotic agent.

Ep•u•ra´tion , n. [L. e out, quite + purare to purify, purus pure.] Purification.

e•pure´ , n. [F.] (Fine Arts) A draught or model from which to build; especially, one of the full size of the work to be done; a detailed drawing.

E•qua•bil´i•ty , n. [L. aequabilitas, fr. aequabilis. See Equable.] The quality or condition of being equable; evenness or uniformity; as equability of temperature; the equability of the mind. “For the celestial bodies, the equability and constancy of their motions argue them ordained by wisdom.” Ray.

E´qua•ble ( 277), a. [L. aequabilis, fr. aequare to make level or equal, fr. aequus even, equal. See Equal.] 1. Equal and uniform; continuing the same at different times; — said of motion, and the like; uniform in surface; smooth; as an equable plain or globe. 2. Uniform in action or intensity; not variable or changing; — said of the feelings or temper.

E´qua•ble•ness, n. Quality or state of being equable.

E´qua•bly, adv. In an equable manner.

E´qual , a. [L. aequalis, fr. aequus even, equal; akin to Skr. ka, and perh. to L. unus for older oinos one, E. one.] 1. Agreeing in quantity, size, quality, degree, value, etc.; having the same magnitude, the same value, the same degree, etc.; — applied to number, degree, quantity, and intensity, and to any subject which admits of them; neither inferior nor superior, greater nor less, better nor worse; corresponding; alike; as equal quantities of land, water, etc. ; houses of equal size; persons of equal stature or talents; commodities of equal value. 2. Bearing a suitable relation; of just proportion; having competent power, abilities, or means; adequate; as he is not equal to the task. “The Scots trusted not their own numbers as equal to fight with the English.” Clarendon. “It is not permitted to me to make my commendations equal to your merit.” Dryden. “Whose voice an equal messenger
Conveyed thy meaning mild.” Emerson. 3. Not variable; equable; uniform; even; as an equal movement. ´An equal temper.´ Dryden. 4. Evenly balanced; not unduly inclining to either side; characterized by fairness; unbiased; impartial; equitable; just. “Are not my ways equal?” Ezek. xviii. 29. “Thee, O Jove, no equal judge I deem.” Spenser. “Nor think it equal to answer deliberate reason with sudden heat and noise.” Milton. 5. Of the same interest or concern; indifferent. “They who are not disposed to receive them may let them alone or reject them; it is equal to me.” Cheyne. 6. (Mus.) Intended for voices of one kind only, either all male or all female; — opposed to mixed. [R.] 7. (Math.) Exactly agreeing with respect to quantity. Equal temperament. (Mus.) See Temperament. Syn. — Even; equable; uniform; adequate; proportionate; commensurate; fair; just; equitable.

E´qual, n. 1. One not inferior or superior to another; one having the same or a similar age, rank, station, office, talents, strength, or other quality or condition; an equal quantity or number; as ´If equals be taken from equals the remainders are equal.´ “Those who were once his equals envy and defame him.” Addison. 2. State of being equal; equality. [Obs.] Spenser.

E´qual, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equaled or Equalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Equaling or Equalling.] 1. To be or become equal to; to have the same quantity, the same value, the same degree or rank, or the like, with; to be commenurate with. “On me whose all not equals Edward’s moiety.” Shak. 2. To make equal return to; to recompense fully. “Who answered all her cares, and equaled all her love.” Dryden. 3. To make equal or equal to; to equalize; hence, to compare or regard as equals; to put on equality. “He would not equal the mind that he found in himself to the infinite and incomprehensible.” Berkeley.

E•qual•i•ta´ri•an , n. One who believes in equalizing the condition of men; a leveler.

E•qual´i•ty , n.; pl. Equalities (#). [L. aequalitas, fr. aequalis equal. See Equal.] 1. The condition or quality of being equal; agreement in quantity or degree as compared; likeness in bulk, value, rank, properties, etc.; as the equality of two bodies in length or thickness; an equality of rights. “A footing of equality with nobles.” Macaulay. 2. Sameness in state or continued course; evenness; uniformity; as an equality of temper or constitution. 3. Evenness; uniformity; as an equality of surface. 4. (Math.) Exact agreement between two expressions or magnitudes with respect to quantity; — denoted by the symbol =; thus, a = x signifies that a contains the same number and kind of units of measure that x does. Confessional equality. See under Confessional.

E•qual•i•za´tion , n. The act of equalizing, or state of being equalized. “Their equalization with the rest of their fellow subjects.” Burke.

E´qual•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equalized p. pr. & vb. n. Equalizing ] [Cf. F. egaliser.] 1. To make equal; to cause to correspond, or be like, in amount or degree as compared; as to equalize accounts, burdens, or taxes. “One poor moment can suffice
To equalize the lofty and the low.” Wordsworth. “No system of instruction will completely equalize natural powers.” Whately. 2. To pronounce equal; to compare as equal. “Which we equalize, and perhaps would willingly prefer to the Iliad.” Orrery. 3. To be equal to; equal; to match. [Obs.] “It could not equalize the hundredth part
Of what her eyes have kindled in my heart.” Waller. Equalizing bar (Railroad Mach.), a lever connecting two axle boxes, or two springs in a car truck or locomotive, to equalize the pressure on the axles.

E´qual•i•zer , n. One who, or that which, equalizes anything.

E´qual•ly, adv. In an equal manner or degree in equal shares or proportion; with equal and impartial justice; without difference; alike; evenly; justly; as equally taxed, furnished, etc.

E´qual•ness, n. Equality; evenness. Shak.

E•quan´gu•lar , a. [See Equiangular.] Having equal angles; equiangular. [R.] Johnson.

E•qua•nim´i•ty , n. [L. aequanimitas, fr. aequanimus: cf. F. equanimite. See Equanimous.] Evenness of mind; that calm temper or firmness of mind which is not easily elated or depressed; patience; calmness; composure; as to bear misfortunes with equanimity.

E•quan´i•mous , a. [L. aequanimus, fr. aequus equal + animus mind.] Of an even, composed frame of mind; of a steady temper; not easily elated or depressed. Bp. Gauden.

E´quant , n. [L. aequans, -antis, p. pr. of aequare: cf. F. equant. See Equate.] (Ptolemaic Astron.) A circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of ann epicycle was conceived to move uniformly; — called also eccentric equator.

E•quate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equated; p. pr. & vb. n. Equating.] [L. aequatus, p. p. of aequare to make level or equal, fr. aequus level, equal. See Equal.] To make equal; to reduce to an average; to make such an allowance or correction in as will reduce to a common standard of comparison; to reduce to mean time or motion; as to equate payments; to equate lines of railroad for grades or curves; equated distances. “Palgrave gives both scrolle and scrowe and equates both to F[rench] rolle.” Skeat (Etymol. Dict. ). Equating for grades (Railroad Engin.), adding to the measured distance one mile for each twenty feet of ascent. — Equating for curves, adding half a mile for each 360 degrees of curvature.

E•qua´tion , n. [L. aequatio an equalizing: cf. F. equation equation. See Equate.] 1. A making equal; equal division; equality; equilibrium. “Again the golden day resumed its right,
And ruled in just equation with the night.” Rowe. 2. (Math.) An expression of the condition of equality between two algebraic quantities or sets of quantities, the sign = being placed between them; as a binomial equation; a quadratic equation; an algebraic equation; a transcendental equation; an exponential equation; a logarithmic equation; a differential equation, etc. 3. (Astron.) A quantity to be applied in computing the mean place or other element of a celestial body; that is, any one of the several quantities to be added to, or taken from, its position as calculated on the hypothesis of a mean uniform motion, in order to find its true position as resulting from its actual and unequal motion. Absolute equation. See under Absolute. — Equation box, or Equational box, a system of differential gearing used in spinning machines for regulating the twist of the yarn. It resembles gearing used in equation clocks for showing apparent time. — Equation of the center (Astron.), the difference between the place of a planet as supposed to move uniformly in a circle, and its place as moving in an ellipse. — Equations of condition (Math.), equations formed for deducing the true values of certain quantities from others on which they depend, when different sets of the latter, as given by observation, would yield different values of the quantities sought, and the number of equations that may be found is greater than the number of unknown quantities. — Equation of a curve (Math.), an equation which expresses the relation between the coördinates of every point in the curve. — Equation of equinoxes (Astron.), the difference between the mean and apparent places of the equinox. — Equation of payments (Arith.), the process of finding the mean time of payment of several sums due at different times. — Equation of time (Astron.), the difference between mean and apparent time, or between the time of day indicated by the sun, and that by a perfect clock going uniformly all the year round. — Equation clock or watch, a timepiece made to exhibit the differences between mean solar and apparent solar time. Knight. — Normal equation. See under Normal. — Personal equation (Astron.), the difference between an observed result and the true qualities or peculiarities in the observer; particularly the difference, in an average of a large number of observation, between the instant when an observer notes a phenomenon, as the transit of a star, and the assumed instant of its actual occurrence; or, relatively, the difference between these instants as noted by two observers. It is usually only a fraction of a second; — sometimes applied loosely to differences of judgment or method occasioned by temperamental qualities of individuals. — Theory of equations (Math.), the branch of algebra that treats of the properties of a single algebraic equation of any degree containing one unknown quantity.

E•qua´tor , n. [L. aequator one who equalizes: cf. F. equateur equator. See Equate.] 1. (Geog.) The imaginary great circle on the earth’s surface, everywhere equally distant from the two poles, and dividing the earth’s surface into two hemispheres. 2. (Astron.) The great circle of the celestial sphere, coincident with the plane of the earth’s equator; - - so called because when the sun is in it, the days and nights are of equal length; hence called also the equinoctial, and on maps, globes, etc., the equinoctial line. Equator of the sun or of a planet (Astron.), the great circle whose plane passes through through the center of the body, and is perpendicular to its axis of revolution. — Magnetic equator. See Aclinic.

E•qua•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. equatorial.] Of or pertaining to the equator; as equatorial climates; also pertaining to an equatorial instrument.

E•qua•to´ri•al, n. (Astron.) An instrument consisting of a telescope so mounted as to have two axes of motion at right angles to each other, one of them parallel to the axis of the earth, and each carrying a graduated circle, the one for measuring declination, and the other right ascension, or the hour angle, so that the telescope may be directed, even in the daytime, to any star or other object whose right ascension and declination are known. The motion in right ascension is sometimes communicated by clockwork, so as to keep the object constantly in the field of the telescope. Called also an equatorial telescope. The term equatorial, or equatorial instrument, is sometimes applied to any astronomical instrument which has its principal axis of rotation parallel to the axis of the earth.

E•qua•to´ri•al•ly, adv. So as to have motion or direction parallel to the equator.

Eq´uer•ry ( 277), n.; pl. Equerries (#). [F. ecurie stable, for older escurie, escuirie (confused somewhat with F. ecuyer, OF. escuyer, squire), LL. scuria, OHG. skiura, scra, barn, shed, G. scheuer, from a root meaning to cover, protect, and akin to L. scutum shield. See Esquire, and cf. Ecurie, Querry.] 1. A large stable or lodge for horses. Johnson. 2. An officer of princes or nobles, charged with the care of their horses. In England equerries are officers of the royal household in the department of the Master of the Horse.

Eq´ue•ry , n. Same as Equerry.

E•ques´tri•an , a. [L. equester, from eques horseman, fr. equus horse: cf. F. equestre. See Equine.] 1. Of or pertaining to horses or horsemen, or to horsemanship; as equestrian feats, or games. 2. Being or riding on horseback; mounted; as an equestrian statue. “An equestrian lady appeared upon the plains.” Spectator. 3. Belonging to, or composed of, the ancient Roman equities or knights; as the equestrian order. Burke.

E•ques´tri•an, n. One who rides on horseback; a horseman; a rider.

E•ques´tri•an•ism , n. The art of riding on horseback; performance on horseback; horsemanship; as feats equestrianism.

E•ques´tri•enne , n. [Formed after analogy of the French language.] A woman skilled in equestrianism; a horsewoman.

E´qui- [L. aequus equal. See Equal.] A prefix, meaning equally; as equidistant; equiangular.

E´qui•an•gled , a. [Equi- + angle.] Equiangular. [Obs.] Boyle.

E•qui•an´gu•lar , a. [Equi- + angular. Cf. Equangular.] Having equal angles; as an equiangular figure; a square is equiangular. Equiangular spiral. (Math.) See under Spiral, n. — Mutually equiangular, applied to two figures, when every angle of the one has its equal among the angles of the other.

E•qui•bal´ance , n. [Equi- + balance.] Equal weight; equiponderance.

E•qui•bal´ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equibalanced p. pr. & vb. n. Equibalancing ] To make of equal weight; to balance equally; to counterbalance; to equiponderate.

E•qui•cres´cent , a. [Equi- + crescent.] (Math.) Increasing by equal increments; as an equicrescent variable.

E•qui•cru´ral , a. [L. aequicrurius; aequus equal + crus, cruris, leg.] Having equal legs or sides; isosceles. [R.] ´Equicrural triangles.´ Sir T. Browne.

E´qui•crure , a. Equicrural. [Obs.]

E•qui•dif´fer•ent , a. [Equi- + different: cf. F. equidifferent.] Having equal differences; as the terms of arithmetical progression are equidifferent.

E•qui•dis´tance , n. Equal distance.

E•qui•dis´tant , a. [L. aequidistans, -antis; aequus equal + distans distant: cf. F. equidistant.] Being at an equal distance from the same point or thing. — E•qui•dis´tant•ly, adv. Sir T. Browne.

E•qui•di•ur´nal , a. [Equi- + diurnal.] Pertaining to the time of equal day and night; — applied to the equinoctial line. Whewell.

E´qui•form , a. [L. aequiformis; aequus equal + forma form.] Having the same form; uniform. — E•qui•for´mi•ty (#), n. Sir T. Browne.

E•qui•lat´er•al , a. [L. aequilateralis; aequus equal + latus, lateris, side: cf. F. equilateral.] Having all the sides equal; as an equilateral triangle; an equilateral polygon. Equilateral hyperbola (Geom.), one whose axes are equal. — Equilateral shell (Zoöl.), one in which a transverse line drawn through the apex of the umbo bisects the valve, or divides it into two equal and symmetrical parts. — Mutually equilateral, applied to two figures, when every side of the one has its equal among the sides of the other.

E•qui•lat´er•al, n. A side exactly corresponding, or equal, to others; also a figure of equal sides.

E•qui•li´brate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equilibrated p. pr. & vb. n. Equilibrating ] [L. aequilibratus in equilibrium; aequus equal + libra balance. See Equilibrium.] To balance two scales, sides, or ends; to keep even with equal weight on each side; to keep in equipoise. H. Spenser.

E•qui•li•bra´tion , n. 1. Act of keeping a balance, or state of being balanced; equipoise. “In … running, leaping, and dancing, nature’s laws of equilibration are observed.” J. Denham. 2. (Biol.) The process by which animal and vegetable organisms preserve a physiological balance. H. Spenser.

E•qui•lib´ri•ous , a. Evenly poised; balanced. Dr. H. More. — E•qui•lib´ri•ous•ly, adv.

E•quil´i•brist , n. One who balances himself in unnatural positions and hazardous movements; a balancer. “When the equilibrist balances a rod upon his finger.” Stewart.

E•qui•lib´ri•ty , n. [L. aequilibritas equal distribution. See Equilibrium.] The state of being balanced; equality of weight. [R.] J. Gregory.

E•qui•lib´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Equilibriums (#), L. Equilibria (#). [L. aequilibrium, fr. aequilibris in equilibrium, level; aequus equal + libra balance. See Equal, and Librate.] 1. Equality of weight or force; an equipoise or a state of rest produced by the mutual counteraction of two or more forces. 2. A level position; a just poise or balance in respect to an object, so that it remains firm; equipoise; as to preserve the equilibrium of the body. “Health consists in the equilibrium between those two powers.” Arbuthnot. 3. A balancing of the mind between motives or reasons, with consequent indecision and doubt. Equilibrium valve (Steam Engine), a balanced valve. See under Valve.

E•qui•mo•men´tal , a. [Equi- + momental.] (Mech.) Having equal moments of inertia. Two bodies or systems of bodies are said to be equimomental when their moments of inertia about all straight lines are equal each to each. Equimomental cone of a given rigid body, a conical surface that has any given vertex, and is described by a straight line which moves in such manner that the moment of inertia of the given rigid body about the line is in all its positions the same.

E•qui•mul´ti•ple , a. [Equi- + multiple: cf. F. equimultiple.] Multiplied by the same number or quantity.

E•qui•mul´ti•ple, n. (Math.) One of the products arising from the multiplication of two or more quantities by the same number or quantity. Thus, seven times 2, or 14, and seven times 4, or 28, are equimultiples of 2 and 4.

E•qui´nal , a. See Equine. ´An equinal shape.´ Heywood.

E´quine , a. [L. equinus, fr. equus horse; akin to Gr. , Skr. ava, OS. ehu, AS. eh, eoh, Icel. jr, OIr. ech, cf. Skr. a to reach, overtake, perh. akin to E. acute, edge, eager, a. Cf. Hippopotamus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a horse. “The shoulders, body, things, and mane are equine; the head completely bovine.” Sir J. Barrow.

E•quin´i•a , n. [NL. See Equine.] (Med.) Glanders.

E•qui•noc´tial , a. [L. aequinoctials, fr. aequinoctium equinox: cf. F. equinoxial. See Equinox.] 1. Pertaining to an equinox, or the equinoxes, or to the time of equal day and night; as the equinoctial line. 2. Pertaining to the regions or climate of the equinoctial line or equator; in or near that line; as equinoctial heat; an equinoctial sun. 3. Pertaining to the time when the sun enters the equinoctial points; as an equinoctial gale or storm, that is, one happening at or near the time of the equinox, in any part of the world. Equinoctial colure (Astron.), the meridian passing through the equinoctial points. — Equinoctial line (Astron.), the celestial equator; — so called because when the sun is on it, the nights and days are of equal length in all parts of the world. See Equator. “Thrice the equinoctial line
He circled.” Milton. — Equinoctial points (Astron.), the two points where the celestial and ecliptic intersect each other; the one being in the first point of Aries, the other in the first point of Libra. — Equinoctial time (Astron.) reckoned in any year from the instant when the mean sun is at the mean vernal equinoctial point.

E•qui•noc´tial, n. The equinoctial line.

E•qui•noc´tial•ly, adv. Towards the equinox.

E´qui•nox , n. [OE. equinoxium, equenoxium, L. aequinoctium; aequus equal + nox, noctis, night: cf. F. equinoxe. See Equal, and Night.] 1. The time when the sun enters one of the equinoctial points, that is, about March 21 and September 22. See Autumnal equinox, Vernal equinox, under Autumnal and Vernal. “When descends on the Atlantic
The gigantic
Stormwind of the equinox.” Longfellow. 2. Equinoctial wind or storm. [R.] Dryden.

E•qui•nu´mer•ant , a. [Equi- + L. numerans, p. pr. of numerare to number.] Equal as to number. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

E•quip´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equipped p. pr. & vb. n. Equipping.] [F. equiper to supply, fit out, orig. said of a ship, OF. esquiper to embark; of German origin; cf. OHG. scif, G. schiff, Icel. skip, AS. scip. See Ship.] 1. To furnish for service, or against a need or exigency; to fit out; to supply with whatever is necessary to efficient action in any way; to provide with arms or an armament, stores, munitions, rigging, etc.; — said esp. of ships and of troops. Dryden. “Gave orders for equipping a considerable fleet.” Ludlow. 2. To dress up; to array; accouter. “The country are led astray in following the town, and equipped in a ridiculous habit, when they fancy themselves in the height of the mode.” Addison.

Eq´ui•page ( 48), n. [F. equipage, fr. equiper. See Equip.] 1. Furniture or outfit, whether useful or ornamental; especially, the furniture and supplies of a vessel, fitting her for a voyage or for warlike purposes, or the furniture and necessaries of an army, a body of troops, or a single soldier, including whatever is necessary for efficient service; equipments; accouterments; habiliments; attire. “Did their exercises on horseback with noble equipage.” Evelyn. “First strip off all her equipage of Pride.” Pope. 2. Retinue; train; suite. Swift. 3. A carriage of state or of pleasure with all that accompanies it, as horses, liveried servants, etc., a showy turn-out. “The rumbling equipages of fashion … were unknown in the settlement of New Amsterdam.” W. Irving.

Eq´ui•paged , a. Furnished with equipage. “Well dressed, well bred.
Well equipaged, is ticket good enough.” Cowper.

E•quip´a•ra•ble a. [L. aequiparabilis.] Comparable. [Obs. or R.]

E•quip´a•rate v. t. [L. aequiparatus, p. p. of aequiparare.] To compare. [R.]

E•quip´e•dal , a. [Equi- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Equal- footed; having the pairs of feet equal.

E•qui•pend´en•cy , n. [Equi- + pendency.] The act or condition of hanging in equipoise; not inclined or determined either way. South.

E•qui•pen´sate , v. t. [Equi- + pensatus, p. p. of pensare to weigh. Cf. Equipoise.] To weigh equally; to esteem alike. [Obs.]

E•quip´ment , n. [Cf. F. equipement. See Equip.] 1. The act of equipping, or the state of being equipped, as for a voyage or expedition. Burke. “The equipment of the fleet was hastened by De Witt.” Hume. 2. Whatever is used in equipping; necessaries for an expedition or voyage; the collective designation for the articles comprising an outfit; equipage; as a railroad equipment (locomotives, cars, etc. ; for carrying on business); horse equipments; infantry equipments; naval equipments; laboratory equipments. “Armed and dight,
In the equipments of a knight.” Longfellow.

E´qui•poise , n. [Equi- + poise.] 1. Equality of weight or force; hence, equilibrium; a state in which the two ends or sides of a thing are balanced, and hence equal; state of being equally balanced; — said of moral, political, or social interests or forces. “The means of preserving the equipoise and the tranquillity of the commonwealth.” Burke. “Our little lives are kept in equipoise
By opposite attractions and desires.” Longfellow. 2. Counterpoise. “The equipoise to the clergy being removed.” Buckle. { E•qui•pol´lence , E•qui•pol´len•cy }, n. [Cf. F. equipollence. See Equipollent.] 1. Equality of power, force, signification, or application. Boyle. 2. (Logic) Sameness of signification of two or more propositions which differ in language.

E•qui•pol´lent , a. [L. aequipollens; aequus equal + pollens, - entis, p. pr. of pollere to be strong, able: cf. F. equipollent.] 1. Having equal power or force; equivalent. Bacon. 2. (Logic) Having equivalent signification and reach; expressing the same thing, but differently.

E•qui•pol´lent•ly, adv. With equal power. Barrow. { E•qui•pon´der•ance , E•qui•pon´der•an•cy }, n. [Equi- + ponderance: cf. F. equiponderance.] Equality of weight; equipoise.

E•qui•pon´der•ant , a. [Cf. F. equiponderant.] Being of the same weight. “A column of air … equiponderant to a column of quicksilver.” Locke.

E•qui•pon´der•ate , v. i. [Equi- + L. ponderare to weigh. See Ponderate.] To be equal in weight; to weigh as much as another thing. Bp. Wilkins.

E•qui•pon´der•ate, v. t. To make equal in weight; to counterbalance. ´More than equiponderated the declension in that direction.´ De Quincey.

E•qui•pon´der•ous , a. [Equi- + L. pondus, ponderis, weight.] Having equal weight. Bailey.

E•qui•pon´di•ous , a. [L. aequipondium an equal weight; aequus equal + pondus weight.] Of equal weight on both sides; balanced. [Obs.] Glanvill.

E•qui•po•ten´tial , a. [Equi- + potential.] (Mech. & Physics) Having the same potential. Equipotential surface, a surface for which the potential is for all points of the surface constant. Level surfaces on the earth are equipotential.

E•qui•rad´i•cal a. [Equi- + radical.] Equally radical. [R.] Coleridge.

E•qui•ro´tal , a. [Equi- + L. rota wheel.] Having wheels of the same size or diameter; having equal rotation. [R.]

E•qui•se•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Equisetaceae, or Horsetail family.

E•qui•set´i•form , a. [Equisetum- + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of the equisetum.

Eq•ui•se´tum , n.; pl. Equiseta (#). [L., the horsetail, fr. equus horse + seta a thick,, stiff hair, bristle.] (Bot.) A genus of vascular, cryptogamic, herbaceous plants; — also called horsetails. The Equiseta have hollow jointed stems and no true leaves. The cuticle often contains siliceous granules, so that one species (E. hyemale) is used for scouring and polishing, under the name of Dutch rush or scouring rush.

E•quis´o•nance , n. [Equi- + L. sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound: cf. F. equisonnance. See Sonant.] (Mus.) An equal sounding; the consonance of the unison and its octaves.

E•quis´o•nant a. Of the same or like sound.

Eq´ui•ta•ble , a. [F. equitable, from equite. See Equity.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting equity; according to natural right or natural justice; marked by a due consideration for what is fair, unbiased, or impartial; just; as an equitable decision; an equitable distribution of an estate; equitable men. “No two … had exactly the same notion of what was equitable.” Macaulay. 2. (Law) That can be sustained or made available or effective in a court of equity, or upon principles of equity jurisprudence; as an equitable estate; equitable assets, assignment, mortgage, etc. Abbott. Syn. — Just; fair; reasonable; right; honest; impartial; candid; upright.

Eq´ui•ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being equitable, just, or impartial; as the equitableness of a judge, a decision, or distribution of property.

Eq´ui•ta•bly, adv. In an equitable manner; justly; as the laws should be equitably administered.

Eq´ui•tan•cy , n. [Cf. LL. equitantia. See Equitant.] Horsemanship.

Eq´ui•tant , a. [L. equitans, -antis, p. pr. of equitare to ride, fr. eques horseman, fr. equus horse.] 1. Mounted on, or sitting upon, a horse; riding on horseback. 2. (Bot.) Overlapping each other; — said of leaves whose bases are folded so as to overlap and bestride the leaves within or above them, as in the iris.

Eq•ui•ta´tion , n. [L. equitatio, fr. equitare: cf. F. equitation.] A riding, or the act of riding, on horseback; horsemanship. “The pretender to equitation mounted.” W. Irving.

E•qui•tem•po•ra´ne•ous , a. [L. aequus equal + tempus, temporis, time.] Contemporaneous. [Obs.] Boyle.

Eq´ui•tes n. pl [L., pl. of eques a horseman.] (Rom. Antiq.) An order of knights holding a middle place between the senate and the commonalty; members of the Roman equestrian order.

Eq´ui•ty , n.; pl. Equities (#). [F. equite, L. aequitas, fr. aequus even, equal. See Equal.] 1. Equality of rights; natural justice or right; the giving, or desiring to give, to each man his due, according to reason, and the law of God to man; fairness in determination of conflicting claims; impartiality. “Christianity secures both the private interests of men and the public peace, enforcing all justice and equity.” Tillotson. 2. (Law) An equitable claim; an equity of redemption; as an equity to a settlement, or wife’s equity, etc. “I consider the wife’s equity to be too well settled to be shaken.” Kent. 3. (Law) A system of jurisprudence, supplemental to law, properly so called, and complemental of it. “Equity had been gradually shaping itself into a refined science which no human faculties could master without long and intense application.” Macaulay. Equitable jurisprudence in England and in the United States grew up from the inadequacy of common-law forms to secure justice in all cases; and this led to distinct courts by which equity was applied in the way of injunctions, bills of discovery, bills for specified performance, and other processes by which the merits of a case could be reached more summarily or more effectively than by common-law suits. By the recent English Judicature Act (1873), however, the English judges are bound to give effect, in common-law suits, to all equitable rights and remedies; and when the rules of equity and of common law, in any particular case, conflict, the rules of equity are to prevail. In many jurisdictions in the United States, equity and common law are thus blended; in others distinct equity tribunals are still maintained. See Chancery. Equity of redemption (Law), the advantage, allowed to a mortgageor, of a certain or reasonable time to redeem lands mortgaged, after they have been forfeited at law by the nonpayment of the sum of money due on the mortgage at the appointed time. Blackstone. Syn. — Right; justice; impartiality; rectitude; fairness; honesty; uprightness. See Justice.

E•quiv´a•lence , n. [Cf. F. equivalence, LL. aequivalentia.] 1. The condition of being equivalent or equal; equality of worth, value, signification, or force; as an equivalence of definitions. 2. Equal power or force; equivalent amount. 3. (Chem.) (a) The quantity of the combining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; the number of hydrogen atoms can combine with, or be exchanged for; valency. See Valence. (b) The degree of combining power as determined by relative weight. See Equivalent, n., 2. [R.]

E•quiv´a•lence, v. t. To be equivalent or equal to; to counterbalance. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

E•quiv´a•len•cy , n. Same as Equivalence.

E•quiv´a•lent , a. [L. aequivalens, -entis, p. pr. of aequivalere to have equal power; aequus equal + valere to be strong, be worth: cf. F. equivalent. See Equal, and Valiant.] 1. Equal in worth or value, force, power, effect, import, and the like; alike in significance and value; of the same import or meaning. “For now to serve and to minister, servile and ministerial, are terms equivalent.” South. 2. (Geom.) Equal in measure but not admitting of superposition; — applied to magnitudes; as a square may be equivalent to a triangle. 3. (Geol.) Contemporaneous in origin; as the equivalent strata of different countries.

E•quiv´a•lent , n. 1. Something equivalent; that which is equal in value, worth, weight, or force; as to offer an equivalent for damage done. “He owned that, if the Test Act were repealed, the Protestants were entitled to some equivalent… . During some weeks the word equivalent, then lately imported from France, was in the mouths of all the coffeehouse orators.” Macaulay. 2. (Chem.) That comparative quantity by weight of an element which possesses the same chemical value as other elements, as determined by actual experiment and reference to the same standard. Specifically: (a) The comparative proportions by which one element replaces another in any particular compound; thus, as zinc replaces hydrogen in hydrochloric acid, their equivalents are 32.5 and 1. (b) The combining proportion by weight of a substance, or the number expressing this proportion, in any particular compound; as the equivalents of hydrogen and oxygen in water are respectively 1 and 8, and in hydric dioxide 1 and 16. This term was adopted by Wollaston to avoid using the conjectural expression atomic weight, with which, however, for a time it was practically synonymous. The attempt to limit the term to the meaning of a universally comparative combining weight failed, because of the possibility of several compounds of the substances by reason of the variation in combining power which most elements exhibit. The equivalent was really identical with, or a multiple of submultiple of, the atomic weight. 3. (Chem.) A combining unit, whether an atom, a radical, or a molecule; as in acid salt two or more equivalents of acid unite with one or more equivalents of base. Mechanical equivalent of heat (Physics), the number of units of work which the unit of heat can perform; the mechanical energy which must be expended to raise the temperature of a unit weight of water from 0° C. to 1° C., or from 32° F. to 33° F. The term was introduced by Dr. Mayer of Heilbronn. Its value was found by Joule to be 1390 foot pounds upon the Centigrade, or 772 foot pounds upon the Fahrenheit, thermometric scale, whence it is often called Joule’s equivalent, and represented by the symbol J. This is equal to 424 kilogram meters (Centigrade scale). A more recent determination by Professor Rowland gives the value 426.9 kilogram meters, for the latitude of Baltimore.

E•quiv´a•lent, v. t. To make the equivalent to; to equal; equivalence. [R.]

E•quiv´a•lent•ly, adv. In an equal manner.

E•qui•val´ue , v. t. To put an equal value upon; to put (something) on a par with another thing. W. Taylor. { E´qui•valve , E´qui•valved } a. [Equi- + valve.] (Zoöl.) Having the valves equal in size and from, as in most bivalve shells.

E•qui•val´vu•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Equivalve or Equivalved.

E•quiv´o•ca•cy , n. Equivocalness.

E•quiv´o•cal , a. [L. aequivocus: aequus equal + vox, vocis, word. See Equal, and Voice, and cf. Equivoque.] 1. (Literally, called equally one thing or the other; hence:) Having two significations equally applicable; capable of double interpretation; of doubtful meaning; ambiguous; uncertain; as equivocal words; an equivocal sentence. “For the beauties of Shakespeare are not of so dim or equivocal a nature as to be visible only to learned eyes.” Jeffrey. 2. Capable of being ascribed to different motives, or of signifying opposite feelings, purposes, or characters; deserving to be suspected; as his actions are equivocal. ´Equivocal repentances.´ Milton. 3. Uncertain, as an indication or sign; doubtful. ´How equivocal a test.´ Burke. Equivocal chord (Mus.), a chord which can be resolved into several distinct keys; one whose intervals, being all minor thirds, do not clearly indicate its fundamental tone or root; the chord of the diminished triad, and the diminished seventh. Syn. — Ambiguous; doubtful; uncertain; indeterminate. — Equivocal, Ambiguous. We call an expression ambiguous when it has one general meaning, and yet contains certain words which may be taken in two different senses; or certain clauses which can be so connected with other clauses as to divide the mind between different views of part of the meaning intended. We call an expression equivocal when, taken as a whole, it conveys a given thought with perfect clearness and propriety, and also another thought with equal propriety and clearness. Such were the responses often given by the Delphic oracle; as that to Crsus when consulting about a war with Persia: ´If you cross the Halys, you will destroy a great empire.´ This he applied to the Persian empire, which lay beyond that river, and, having crossed, destroyed his own, empire in the conflict. What is ambiguous is a mere blunder of language; what is equivocal is usually intended to deceive, though it may occur at times from mere inadvertence. Equivocation is applied only to cases where there is a design to deceive.

E•quiv´o•cal, n. A word or expression capable of different meanings; an ambiguous term; an equivoque. “In languages of great ductility, equivocals like that just referred to are rarely found.” Fitzed. Hall.

E•quiv´o•cal•ly, adv. In an equivocal manner.

E•quiv´o•cal•ness, n. The state of being equivocal.

E•quiv´o•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Equivocated p. pr. & vb. n. Equivocating.] [L. aequivocatus, p. p. of aequivocari to be called by the same name, fr. L. aequivocus: cf. F. equivoquer. See Equivocal, a.] To use words of equivocal or doubtful signification; to express one’s opinions in terms which admit of different senses, with intent to deceive; to use ambiguous expressions with a view to mislead; as to equivocate is the work of duplicity. “All that Garnet had to say for him was that he supposed he meant to equivocate.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. — To prevaricate; evade; shuffle; quibble. See Prevaricate.

E•quiv´o•cate , v. t. To render equivocal or ambiguous. “He equivocated his vow by a mental reservation.” Sir G. Buck.

E•quiv•o•ca´tion , n. The use of expressions susceptible of a double signification, with a purpose to mislead. “There being no room for equivocations, there is no need of distinctions.” Locke. Syn. — Prevarication; ambiguity; shuffling; evasion; guibbling. See Equivocal, a., and Prevaricate, v. i.

E•quiv´o•ca•tor , n. One who equivocates. “Here’s an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale, yet could not equivocate to heaven.” Shak.

E•quiv´o•ca•to•ry , a. Indicating, or characterized by, equivocation. { Eq´ui•voque , Eq´ui•voke } , n. [F. equivoque. See Equivocal.] 1. An ambiguous term; a word susceptible of different significations. Coleridge. 2. An equivocation; a guibble. B. Jonson.

E•quiv´o•rous , a. [L. equus horse + vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding on horseflesh; as equivorous Tartars.

E´quus , n. [L., horse.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mammals, including the horse, ass, etc.

-er . 1. [AS. -ere; akin to L. -arius.] The termination of many English words, denoting the agent; — applied either to men or things; as in hater, farmer, heater, grater. At the end of names of places, -er signifies a man of the place; as Londoner, i. e., London man. 2. [AS. -ra; akin to G. -er, Icel. -are, -re, Goth. -iza, -za, L. - ior, Gr. , Skr. -iyas.] A suffix used to form the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; as warmer, sooner, lat(e)er, earl(y)ier.

E´ra , n.; pl. Eras (#). [LL. aera an era, in earlier usage, the items of an account, counters, pl. of aes, aeris, brass, money. See Ore.] 1. A fixed point of time, usually an epoch, from which a series of years is reckoned. “The foundation of Solomon’s temple is conjectured by Ideler to have been an era.” R. S. Poole. 2. A period of time reckoned from some particular date or epoch; a succession of years dating from some important event; as the era of Alexander; the era of Christ, or the Christian era (see under Christian). “The first century of our era.” M. Arnold. 3. A period of time in which a new order of things prevails; a signal stage of history; an epoch. “Painting may truly be said to have opened the new era of culture.” J. A. Symonds. Syn. — Epoch; time; date; period; age; dispensation. See Epoch.

E•ra´di•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eradiated p. pr. & vb. n. Eradiating ] [Pref. e- + radiate.] To shoot forth, as rays of light; to beam; to radiate. Dr. H. More.

E•ra•di•a´tion , n. Emission of radiance.

E•rad´i•ca•ble , a. Capable of being eradicated.

E•rad´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eradicated p. pr. & vb. n. Eradicating ] [L. eradicatus, p. p. of eradicare to eradicate; e out + radix, radicis, root. See Radical.] 1. To pluck up by the roots; to root up; as an oak tree eradicated. 2. To root out; to destroy utterly; to extirpate; as to eradicate diseases, or errors. “This, although now an old an inveterate evil, might be eradicated by vigorous treatment.” Southey. Syn. — To extirpate; root out; exterminate; destroy; annihilate.

E•rad•i•ca´tion , n. [L. eradicatio: cf. F. eradication.] 1. The act of plucking up by the roots; a rooting out; extirpation; utter destruction. 2. The state of being plucked up by the roots.

E•rad´i•ca•tive , a. [Cf. eradicatif.] Tending or serving to eradicate; curing or destroying thoroughly, as a disease or any evil.

E•rad´i•ca•tive, n. (Med.) A medicine that effects a radical cure. Whitlock.

E•ras´a•ble , a. Capable of being erased.

E•rase´ (e•ras´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erased (-rast´); p. pr. & vb. n.. Erasing.] [L. erasus, p. p. of eradere to erase; e out + radere to scrape, scratch, shave. See Rase.] 1. To rub or scrape out, as letters or characters written, engraved, or painted; to efface; to expunge; to cross out; as to erase a word or a name. 2. Fig.: To obliterate; to expunge; to blot out; — used of ideas in the mind or memory. Burke.

E•rased´ (e•rast´), p. p. & a. 1. Rubbed or scraped out; effaced; obliterated. 2. (Her.) Represented with jagged and uneven edges, as is torn off; — used esp. of the head or limb of a beast. Cf. Couped.

E•rase´ment (ras´ment), n. The act of erasing; a rubbing out; expunction; obliteration. Johnson.

E•ras´er , n. One who, or that which, erases; esp., a sharp instrument or a piece of rubber used to erase writings, drawings, etc.

E•ra´sion , n. The act of erasing; a rubbing out; obliteration.

E•ras´tian ( 106), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the followers of Thomas Erastus, a German physician and theologian of the 16th century. He held that the punishment of all offenses should be referred to the civil power, and that holy communion was open to all. In the present day, an Erastian is one who would see the church placed entirely under the control of the State. Shipley.

E•ras´tian•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The principles of the Erastains.

E•ra´sure ( 135), n. [From Erase.] The act of erasing; a scratching out; obliteration.

Er´a•tive , a. Pertaining to the Muse Erato who presided over amatory poetry. Stormonth.

Er´a•to , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to love.] (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over lyric and amatory poetry.

Er´bi•um , n. [NL. from Ytterby, in Sweden, where gadolinite is found. Cf. Terbium, Yttrium, Ytterbium.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden. Symbol Er. Atomic weight 165.9. Its salts are rose-colored and give characteristic spectra. Its sesquioxide is called erbia.

Er•ce•de´ken , n. [OE., fr. pref. erce- = archi- + deken a deacon.] An archdeacon. [Obs.]

Erd , n. [OE. erd, eard, earth, land, country, AS. eard; akin to OS. ard dwelling place, OHG. art plowing, tillage, Icel. örð crop, and to L. arare to plow, E. ear to plow.] The earth. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Erd shrew (Zoöl.), the common European shrew (Sorex vulgaris); the shrewmouse.

Ere (ar or âr; 277), prep. & adv. [AS. aer, prep., adv., & conj.; akin to OS., OFries., & OHG. er, G. eher, D. eer, Icel. ar, Goth. air. rad.204. Cf. Early, Erst, Or, adv.] 1. Before; sooner than. [Archaic or Poetic] “Myself was stirring ere the break of day.” Shak. “Ere sails were spread new oceans to explore.” Dryden. “Sir, come down ere my child die.” John iv. 49. 2. Rather than. “I will be thrown into Etna, … ere I will leave her.” Shak. Ere long, before, shortly. Shak. — Ere now, formerly, heretofore. Shak. — Ere that, ∧ Or are. Same as Ere. Shak.

Ere , v. t. To plow. [Obs.] See Ear, v. t. Chaucer.

Er´e•bus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Greek Myth.) A place of nether darkness, being the gloomy space through which the souls passed to Hades. See Milton’s ´Paradise Lost,´ Book II., line 883. 2. (Greek Myth.) The son of Chaos and brother of Nox, who dwelt in Erebus. “To the infernal deep, with Erebus and tortures vile.” Shak.

E•rect´ , a. [L. erectus, p. p. of erigere to erect; e out + regere to lead straight. See Right, and cf. Alert.] 1. Upright, or having a vertical position; not inverted; not leaning or bent; not prone; as to stand erect. “Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall.” Milton. “Among the Greek colonies and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect — a column of ruins.” Gibbon. 2. Directed upward; raised; uplifted. “His piercing eyes, erect, appear to view
Superior worlds, and look all nature through.” Pope. 3. Bold; confident; free from depression; undismayed. “But who is he, by years
Bowed, but erect in heart?” Keble. 4. Watchful; alert. “Vigilant and erect attention of mind.” Hooker. 5. (Bot.) Standing upright, with reference to the earth’s surface, or to the surface to which it is attached. 6. (Her.) Elevated, as the tips of wings, heads of serpents, etc.

E•rect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erected; p. pr. & vb. n. Erecting.] 1. To raise and place in an upright or perpendicular position; to set upright; to raise; as to erect a pole, a flagstaff, a monument, etc. 2. To raise, as a building; to build; to construct; as to erect a house or a fort; to set up; to put together the component parts of, as of a machine. 3. To lift up; to elevate; to exalt; to magnify. “That didst his state above his hopes erect.” Daniel. “I, who am a party, am not to erect myself into a judge.” Dryden. 4. To animate; to encourage; to cheer. “It raiseth the dropping spirit, erecting it to a loving complaisance.” Barrow. 5. To set up as an assertion or consequence from premises, or the like. ´To erect conclusions.´ Sir T. Browne. ´Malebranche erects this proposition.´ Locke. 6. To set up or establish; to found; to form; to institute. ´To erect a new commonwealth.´ Hooker. Erecting shop (Mach.), a place where large machines, as engines, are put together and adjusted. Syn. — To set up; raise; elevate; construct; build; institute; establish; found.

E•rect´, v. i. To rise upright. [Obs.] “By wet, stalks do erect.” Bacon.

E•rect´a•ble a. Capable of being erected; as an erectable feather. Col. G. Montagu.

E•rect´er , n. An erector; one who raises or builds.

E•rect´ile , a. [Cf. F. erectile.] Capable of being erected; susceptible of being erected of dilated. Erectile tissue (Anat.), a tissue which is capable of being greatly dilated and made rigid by the distension of the numerous blood vessels which it contains.

E•rec•til´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being erectile.

E•rec´tion , n. [L. erectio: cf. F. erection.] 1. The act of erecting, or raising upright; the act of constructing, as a building or a wall, or of fitting together the parts of, as a machine; the act of founding or establishing, as a commonwealth or an office; also the act of rousing to excitement or courage. 2. The state of being erected, lifted up, built, established, or founded; exaltation of feelings or purposes. “Her peerless height my mind to high erection draws up.” Sidney 3. State of being stretched to stiffness; tension. 4. Anything erected; a building of any kind. 5. (Physiol.) The state of a part which, from having been soft, has become hard and swollen by the accumulation of blood in the erectile tissue.

E•rect´ive , a. Making erect or upright; raising; tending to erect.

E•rect´ly, adv. In an erect manner or posture.

E•rect´ness, n. Uprightness of posture or form.

E•rec´to-pat´ent , a. 1. (Bot.) Having a position intermediate between erect and patent, or spreading. 2. (Zoöl.) Standing partially spread and erect; — said of the wings of certain insects.

E•rec´tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, erects. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which raises any part. 3. (Physics) An attachment to a microscope, telescope, or other optical instrument, for making the image erect instead of inverted.

Ere•long´ ( 115), adv. Before the apse of a long time; soon; — usually separated, ere long. “A man, … following the stag, erelong slew him.” Spenser. “The world, erelong, a world of tears must weep.” Milton.

Er•e•ma•cau´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. quietly + burning, fr. to burn.] A gradual oxidation from exposure to air and moisture, as in the decay of old trees or of dead animals.

Er´e•mit•age , n. See Hermitage.

Er´e•mite , n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. “Thou art my heaven, and I thy eremite.” Keats. { Er•e•mit´ic , Er•e•mit´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to an eremite; hermitical; living in solitude. ´An eremitical life in the woods.´ Fuller. ´The eremitic instinct.´ Lowell.

Er´e•mi•tish , a. Eremitic. Bp. Hall.

Er´e•mit•ism , n. The state of a hermit; a living in seclusion from social life.

E•rep•ta´tion , n. [L. erepere to creep out; e out + repere to creep.] A creeping forth. [Obs.]

E•rep´tion , n. [L. ereptio, fr. eripere to snatch away; e out + rapere to snatch.] A snatching away. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Er´e•thism , n. [Gr. irritation, fr. to stir, rouse, fr. to stir: cf. F. erethisme.] (Med.) A morbid degree of excitement or irritation in an organ. Hoblyn.

Er•e•this´tic , a. [Gr. irritating.] Relating to erethism. { Ere•while´ , Ere•whiles´ } adv. Some time ago; a little while before; heretofore. [Archaic] “I am as fair now as I was erewhile.” Shak.

Erf , n.; pl. Erven (#). [D.] A garden plot, usually about half an acre. [Cape Colony]

Erg , n. [Gr. work.] (Physics) The unit of work or energy in the C. G. S. system, being the amount of work done by a dyne working through a distance of one centimeter; the amount of energy expended in moving a body one centimeter against a force of one dyne. One foot pound is equal to 13,560,000 ergs.

Er´gat , v. t. [L. ergo therefore.] To deduce logically, as conclusions. [Obs.] Hewyt.

Er´go , conj. or adv. [L.] Therefore; consequently; — often used in a jocular way. Shak.

Er´got , n. [F. ergot, argot, lit., a spur.] 1. A diseased condition of rye and other cereals, in which the grains become black, and often spur-shaped. It is caused by a parasitic fungus, Claviceps purpurea. 2. The mycelium or spawn of this fungus infecting grains of rye and wheat. It is a powerful remedial agent, and also a dangerous poison, and is used as a means of hastening childbirth, and to arrest bleeding. 3. (Far.) A stub, like soft horn, about the size of a chestnut, situated behind and below the pastern joint. 4. (Anat.) See 2d Calcar, 3 (b).

Er•got´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, ergot; as ergotic acid.

Er´go•tin , n. (Med.) An extract made from ergot.

Er´go•tine (Chem.) A powerful astringent alkaloid extracted from ergot as a brown, amorphous, bitter substance. It is used to produce contraction of the uterus.

Er´go•tism , n. [F. ergotisme, fr. L. ergo.] A logical deduction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Er´got•ism , n. [From Ergot, n.; cf. F. ergotisme.] (Med.) A diseased condition produced by eating rye affected with the ergot fungus.

Er´got•ized , a. Affected with the ergot fungus; as ergotized rye. { Er´i•ach , Er´ic } n. [Ir. eiric.] (Old Irish Law) A recompense formerly given by a murderer to the relatives of the murdered person.

E•ri´ca , n. [NL., fr. L. erice heath, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of shrubby plants, including the heaths, many of them producing beautiful flowers.

Er•i•ca´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Heath family, or resembling plants of that family; consisting of heats.

E•ric´i•nol (e•ris´i•nol), n. [NL. ericaceae the Heath family + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oil (quickly becoming brown), with a pleasant odor, obtained by the decomposition of ericolin.

E•ri´ci•us , n. [L., a hedgehog.] The Vulgate rendering of the Hebrew word qipod, which in the ´Authorized Version´ is translated bittern, and in the Revised Version, porcupine. “I will make it [Babylon] a possession for the ericius and pools of waters.” Is. xiv. 23 (Douay version).

E•ric´o•lin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bearberry (and others of the Ericaceae), and extracted as a bitter, yellow, amorphous mass.

E•rid´a•nus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , the Greek name of the River Po.] (Anat.) A long, winding constellation extending southward from Taurus and containing the bright star Achernar.

Er´i•gi•ble (er´i•ji•b’l), a. [See Erect.] Capable of being erected. [Obs.]

E´rin (e´rin), n. [Ir. Cf. Aryan.] An early, and now a poetic, name of Ireland.

Er•i•na´ceous , a. [L. erinaceus hedgehog.] (Zoöl.) Of the Hedgehog family; like, or characteristic of, a hedgehog.

E•rin´go , n. The sea holly. See Eryngo.

Er´i•nite , n. (Min.) A hydrous arseniate of copper, of an emerald-green color; — so called from Erin, or Ireland, where it occurs.

E•rin´ys , n.; pl. Erinyes (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) An avenging deity; one of the Furies; sometimes, conscience personified. [Written also Erinnys.]

E•ri•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. wool + -meter.] (Opt.) An instrument for measuring the diameters of minute particles or fibers, from the size of the colored rings produced by the diffraction of the light in which the objects are viewed.

E•ris´ta•lis , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects whose young (called rat-tailed larvae) are remarkable for their long tapering tail, which spiracles at the tip, and for their ability to live in very impure and salt waters; — also called drone fly. { E•ris´tic , E•ris´tic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to strive, wrangle, strife.] Controversial. [Archaic] “A specimen of admirable special pleading in the court of eristic logic.” Coleridge.

Erke , a. [Cf. Irk.] Slothful. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Erl´king , n. [G. erlkönig, fr. Dan. ellekonge elfking.] A personification, in German and Scandinavian mythology, of a spirit or natural power supposed to work mischief and ruin, esp. to children.

Erme , v. i. [OE. ermen, AS. yrman. Cf. Yearn.] To grieve; to feel sad. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Er´me•lin , Er´mi•lin }, n. (Zoöl.) See Ermine. Shenstone.

Er´min , n. [OF. Ermin, L. Armenius.] An Armenian. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Er´mine , n. [OF. ermine, F. hermine, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. harmo, G. hermelin, akin to Lith. szarm, szarmonys, weasel, cf. AS. hearma; but cf. also LL. armelinus, armellina, hermellina, and pellis Armenia, the fur of the Armenian rat, mus Armenius, the animal being found also in Armenia.] 1. (Zoöl.) A valuable fur-bearing animal of the genus Mustela (M. erminea), allied to the weasel; the stoat. It is found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. In summer it is brown, but in winter it becomes white, except the tip of the tail, which is always black. 2. The fur of the ermine, as prepared for ornamenting garments of royalty, etc., by having the tips of the tails, which are black, arranged at regular intervals throughout the white. 3. By metonymy, the office or functions of a judge, whose state robe, lined with ermine, is emblematical of purity and honor without stain. Chatham. 4. (Her.) One of the furs. See Fur (Her.) Ermine is represented by an argent field, tufted with black. Ermines is the reverse of ermine, being black, spotted or timbered with argent. Erminois is the same as ermine, except that or is substituted for argent. Ermine moth (Zoöl.), a white moth with black spots (esp. Yponomeuta padella of Europe); — so called on account of the resemblance of its covering to the fur of the ermine; also applied to certain white bombycid moths of America.

Er´mine, v. t. To clothe with, or as with, ermine. “The snows that have ermined it in the winter.” Lowell.

Er´mined , a. Clothed or adorned with the fur of the ermine. Pope.

Er´mines , n., Er´min•ois , n. (Her.) See Note under Ermine, n., 4.

Er´mit , n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. [Obs.] { Ern , Erne } , n. [AS. earn eagle; akin to D. arend, OHG. aro, G. aar, Icel., Sw., & Dan. örn, Goth. ara, and to Gr. bird. rad.11. Cf. Ornithology.] (Zoöl.) A sea eagle, esp. the European white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).

Ern , v. i. [Cf. Erme.] To stir with strong emotion; to grieve; to mourn. [Corrupted into yearn in modern editions of Shakespeare.] [Obs.]

Er´nest , n. See Earnest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Er´nest•ful , a. [See Earnest, a.] Serious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•rode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Eroding.] [L. erodere, erosum; e out + rodere to gnaw. See Rodent.] To eat into or away; to corrode; as canker erodes the flesh. ´The blood … erodes the vessels.´ Wiseman. “The smaller charge is more apt to … erode the gun.” Am. Cyc.

E•rod´ed, p. p. & a. 1. Eaten away; gnawed; irregular, as if eaten or worn away. 2. (Bot.) Having the edge worn away so as to be jagged or irregularly toothed.

E•rod´ent , n. [L. erodens, -entis, p. pr. of erodere. See Erode.] (Med.) A medicine which eats away extraneous growths; a caustic.

Er´o•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erogated p. pr. & vb. n. Erogating ] [L. erogatus, p. p. of erogare; e out + rogare to ask.] To lay out, as money; to deal out; to expend. [Obs.]

Er•o•ga´tion , n. [L. erogatio.] The act of giving out or bestowing. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

E´ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. love, (personified) Eros, fr. to love.] (Greek Myth.) Love; the god of love; — by earlier writers represented as one of the first and creative gods, by later writers as the son of Aphrodite, equivalent to the Latin god Cupid.

E•rose´ , a. [L. erosus, p. p. See Erode.] 1. Irregular or uneven as if eaten or worn away. 2. (Bot.) Jagged or irregularly toothed, as if nibbled out or gnawed. — E•rose´ly, adv.

E•ro´sion , n. [L. erosio. See Erode.] 1. The act or operation of eroding or eating away. 2. The state of being eaten away; corrosion; canker.

E•ro´sive , a. That erodes or gradually eats away; tending to erode; corrosive. Humble.

E•ros´trate , a. [Pref. e- out + rostrate.] (Bot.) Without a beak.

Er´o•teme , n. [Gr. question.] A mark indicating a question; a note of interrogation.

Er•o•te´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a questioning, fr. to ask.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which a strong affirmation of the contrary, is implied under the form of an earnest interrogation, as in the following lines; - “Must I give way and room to your rash choler?
Shall I be frighted when a madman stares?” Shak. { E•rot´ic , E•rot´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. erotique. See Eros.] Of or pertaining to the passion of love; treating of love; amatory.

E•rot´ic, n. An amorous composition or poem.

E•rot´i•cism , n. Erotic quality.

Er•pe•tol´o•gist , n. Herpetologist.

Er•pe•tol´o•gy , n. [Cf. F. erpetologie.] (Zoöl.) Herpetology.

Err , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Erred p. pr. & vb. n. Erring ( 277, 85).] [F. errer, L. errare; akin to G. irren, OHG. irran, v. t., irrn, v. i., OS. irrien, Sw. irra, Dan. irre, Goth, aírzjan to lead astray, airzise astray.] 1. To wander; to roam; to stray. [Archaic] ´Why wilt thou err from me?´ Keble. “What seemeth to you, if there were to a man an hundred sheep and one of them hath erred.” Wyclif (Matt. xviii. 12). 2. To deviate from the true course; to miss the thing aimed at. ´My jealous aim might err.´ Shak. 3. To miss intellectual truth; to fall into error; to mistake in judgment or opinion; to be mistaken. “The man may err in his judgment of circumstances.” Tillotson. 4. To deviate morally from the right way; to go astray, in a figurative sense; to do wrong; to sin. “Do they not err that devise evil?” Prov. xiv. 22. 5. To offend, as by erring.

Er´ra•ble , a. Liable to error; fallible.

Er´ra•ble•ness, n. Liability to error. Dr. H. More.

Er´ra•bund , a. [L. errabundus.] Erratic. ´Errabund guesses.´ Southey.

Er´ran•cy , n. [L. errantia.] A wandering; state of being in error.

Er´rand , n. [OE. erende, erande, message, business, AS. aerende, aerend; akin to OS. arundi, OHG. arunti, Icel. eyrendi, örendi, erendi, Sw. ärende, Dan. aerende; perh. akin to AS. earu swift, Icel. örr, and to L. oriri to rise, E. orient.] A special business intrusted to a messenger; something to be told or done by one sent somewhere for the purpose; often, a verbal message; a commission; as the servant was sent on an errand; to do an errand. also one’s purpose in going anywhere. “I have a secret errand to thee, O king.” Judg. iii. 19. “I will not eat till I have told mine errand.” Gen. xxiv. 33.

Er´rant , a. [F. errant, p. pr. fr. OF. errer to travel, LL. iterare, fr. L. iter journey; confused somewhat with L. errare to err. See Eyre, and cf. Arrant, Itinerant.] 1. Wandering; deviating from an appointed course, or from a direct path; roving. “Seven planets or errant stars in the lower orbs of heaven.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Notorious; notoriously bad; downright; arrant. “Would make me an errant fool.” B. Jonson. 3. (Eng. Law) Journeying; itinerant; - - formerly applied to judges who went on circuit and to bailiffs at large. Mozley & W.

Er´rant, n. One who wanders about. [Obs.] Fuller.

Er•ran´ti•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. errare to wander. See Err.] (Zoöl.) A group of chaetopod annelids, including those that are not confined to tubes. See Chaetopoda. [Written also Errantes.]

Er´rant•ry , n. 1. A wandering; a roving; esp., a roving in quest of adventures. Addison. 2. The employment of a knight-errant. Johnson.

Er•ra´ta , n. pl. [L.] See Erratum.

Er•rat´ic , a. [L. erraticus, fr. errare to wander: cf. F. erratique. See Err.] 1. Having no certain course; roving about without a fixed destination; wandering; moving; — hence, applied to the planets as distinguished from the fixed stars. “The earth and each erratic world.” Blackmore. 2. Deviating from a wise of the common course in opinion or conduct; eccentric; strange; queer; as erratic conduct. 3. Irregular; changeable. ´Erratic fever.´ Harvey. Erratic blocks, gravel, etc. (Geol.), masses of stone which have been transported from their original resting places by the agency of water, ice, or other causes. — Erratic phenomena, the phenomena which relate to transported materials on the earth’s surface.

Er•rat´ic, n. 1. One who deviates from common and accepted opinions; one who is eccentric or preserve in his intellectual character. 2. A rogue. [Obs.] Cockeram. 3. (Geol.) Any stone or material that has been borne away from its original site by natural agencies; esp., a large block or fragment of rock; a bowlder. In the plural the term is applied especially to the loose gravel and stones on the earth’s surface, including what is called drift.

Er•rat´ic•al , a. Erratic. — Er•rat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Er•rat´ic•al•ness, n.

Er•ra´tion , n. [L. erratio. See Err.] A wandering; a roving about. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Er•ra´tum , n.; pl. Errata (#). [L., fr. errare, erratum, to wander, err. See Err.] An error or mistake in writing or printing. “A single erratum may knock out the brains of a whole passage.” Cowper.

Er´rhine , n. [Gr. ; in + , , nose: cf. F. errhin.] (Med.) A medicine designed to be snuffed up the nose, to promote discharges of mucus; a sternutatory. Coxe. — a. Causing or increasing secretion of nasal mucus.

Er•ro´ne•ous , a. [L. erroneus, fr. errare to err. See Err.] 1. Wandering; straying; deviating from the right course; — hence, irregular; unnatural. [Obs.] ´Erroneous circulation.´ Arbuthnot. “Stopped much of the erroneous light, which otherwise would have disturbed the vision.” Sir I. Newman. 2. Misleading; misled; mistaking. [Obs.] “An erroneous conscience commands us to do what we ought to omit.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Containing error; not conformed to truth or justice; incorrect; false; mistaken; as an erroneous doctrine; erroneous opinion, observation, deduction, view, etc. — Er•ro´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Er•ro´ne•ous•ness, n.

Er´ror , n. [OF. error, errur, F. erreur, L. error, fr. errare to err. See Err.] 1. A wandering; a roving or irregular course. [Obs.] “The rest of his journey, his error by sea.” B. Jonson. 2. A wandering or deviation from the right course or standard; irregularity; mistake; inaccuracy; something made wrong or left wrong; as an error in writing or in printing; a clerical error. 3. A departing or deviation from the truth; falsity; false notion; wrong opinion; mistake; misapprehension. “H judgment was often in error, though his candor remained unimpaired.” Bancroft. 4. A moral offense; violation of duty; a sin or transgression; iniquity; fault. Ps. xix. 12. 5. (Math.) The difference between the approximate result and the true result; — used particularly in the rule of double position. 6. (Mensuration) (a) The difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity. (b) The difference between the observed value of a quantity and that which is taken or computed to be the true value; — sometimes called residual error. 7. (Law.) A mistake in the proceedings of a court of record in matters of law or of fact. 8. (Baseball) A fault of a player of the side in the field which results in failure to put out a player on the other side, or gives him an unearned base. Law of error, or Law of frequency of error (Mensuration), the law which expresses the relation between the magnitude of an error and the frequency with which that error will be committed in making a large number of careful measurements of a quantity. — Probable error. (Mensuration) See under Probable. — Writ of error (Law), an original writ, which lies after judgment in an action at law, in a court of record, to correct some alleged error in the proceedings, or in the judgment of the court. Bouvier. Burrill. Syn. — Mistake; fault; blunder; failure; fallacy; delusion; hallucination; sin. See Blunder.

Er´ror•ful , a. Full of error; wrong. Foxe.

Er´ror•ist, n. One who encourages and propagates error; one who holds to error.

Ers (ers), n. [F., fr. L. ervum a kind of pulse, bitter vetch.] (Bot.) The bitter vetch (Ervum Ervilia).

Erse (ers), n. [A modification of Irish, OE. Irishe.] A name sometimes given to that dialect of the Celtic which is spoken in the Highlands of Scotland; — called, by the Highlanders, Gaelic.

Erse, a. Of or pertaining to the Celtic race in the Highlands of Scotland, or to their language.

Ersh (ersh), n. See Arrish.

Erst (erst), adv. [Orig. superlative of ere; AS. aerest. See Ere.] [Archaic] 1. First. Chaucer. 2. Previously; before; formerly; heretofore. Chaucer. “Tityrus, with whose style he had erst disclaimed all ambition to match his pastoral pipe.” A. W. Ward. At erst, at first; at the beginning. — Now at erst, at this present time. Chaucer.

Erst•while´ (-hwil´), adv. Till then or now; heretofore; formerly. [Archaic] { Er•u•bes´cence ( 135), Er•u•bes´cen•cy , } n. [L. erubescentia: cf. F. erubescence.] The act of becoming red; redness of the skin or surface of anything; a blushing.

Er•u•bes´cent , a. [L. erubescens, p. pr. erubescere to grow red; e out + rubescere. See Rubescent.] Red, or reddish; blushing. Johnson.

Er•u•bes´cite , n. (Min.) See Bornite.

E•ru´ca , n.; pl. Erucae (#). [L., a caterpillar, also a sort of colewort.] (Zoöl.) An insect in the larval state; a caterpillar; a larva.

E•ru´cic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a genus of cruciferous Mediterranean herbs (Eruca or Brassica); as erucic acid, a fatty acid resembling oleic acid, and found in colza oil, mustard oil, etc.

E•ru´ci•from , a. [Eruca + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form of a caterpillar; — said of insect larvae. { E•ruct´ , E•ruc´tate }, v. t. [L. eructare; e out + ructare to belch: cf. F. eructer.] To eject, as wind, from the stomach; to belch. [R.] Howell.

Er•uc•ta´tion , n. [L. eructatio: cf. F. eructation.] 1. The act of belching wind from the stomach; a belch. 2. A violent belching out or emitting, as of gaseous or other matter from the crater of a volcano, geyser, etc.

E•ru´di•ate , v. t. [L. erudire.] To instruct; to educate; to teach. [Obs.] “The skillful goddess there erudiates these
In all she did.” Fanshawe.

Er´u•dite (er´u•dit; 135), a. [L. eruditus, p. p. of erudire to free from rudeness, to polish, instruct; e out + rudis rude: cf. F. erudit. See Rude.] Characterized by extensive reading or knowledge; well instructed; learned. ´A most erudite prince.´ Sir T. More. ´Erudite … theology.´ I. Taylor. — Er´u•dite•ly, adv. — Er´u•dite•ness, n.

Er•u•di´tion (-dish´un), n. [L. eruditio: cf. F. erudition.] The act of instructing; the result of thorough instruction; the state of being erudite or learned; the acquisitions gained by extensive reading or study; particularly, learning in literature or criticism, as distinct from the sciences; scholarship. “The management of a young lady’s person is not be overlooked, but the erudition of her mind is much more to be regarded.” Steele. “The gay young gentleman whose erudition sat so easily upon him.” Macaulay. Syn. — Literature; learning. See Literature.

Er´u•gate , a. [L. erugatus, p. p. of erugare to smooth; e out + ruga wrinkle.] Freed from wrinkles; smooth.

E•ru´gi•nous , a. [Cf. F. erugineux. See AEruginous.] Partaking of the substance or nature of copper, or of the rust copper; resembling the trust of copper or verdigris; aeruginous.

E•rum´pent , a. [L. erumpens, -entis, p. pr. of erumpere.] (Bot.) Breaking out; — said of certain fungi which burst through the texture of leaves.

E•rupt´ , v. t. [See Eruption.] To cause to burst forth; to eject; as to erupt lava. Huxley.

E•rup´tion , n. [L. eruptio, fr. erumpere, eruptum, to break out; e out + rumpere, to break: cf. F. eruption. See Rupture.] 1. The act of breaking out or bursting forth; as: (a) A violent throwing out of flames, lava, etc., as from a volcano of a fissure in the earth’s crust. (b) A sudden and overwhelming hostile movement of armed men from one country to another. Milton. (c) A violent commotion. “All Paris was quiet … to gather fresh strength for the next day’s eruption.” W. Irving. 2. That which bursts forth. 3. A violent exclamation; ejaculation. “He would … break out into bitter and passionate eruditions.” Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Med.) The breaking out of pimples, or an efflorescence, as in measles, scarlatina, etc.

E•rup´tion•al , a. Eruptive. [R.] R. A. Proctor.

E•rup´tive , a. [Cf. F. eruptif.] 1. Breaking out or bursting forth. “The sudden glance
Appears far south eruptive through the cloud.” Thomson. 2. (Med.) Attended with eruption or efflorescence, or producing it; as an eruptive fever. 3. (Geol.) Produced by eruption; as eruptive rocks, such as the igneous or volcanic.

E•rup´tive, n. (Geol.) An eruptive rock.

E•ryn´gi•um (e•rin´ji•um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’hry•ggion, dim. of ’h•ryggos eryngo; cf. L. eryngion, erynge.] (Bot.) A genus of umbelliferous plants somewhat like thistles in appearance. Eryngium maritimum, or sea holly, has been highly esteemed as an aphrodisiac, the roots being formerly candied.

E•ryn´go , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Eryngium.

Er•y•sip´e•las , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’erysi•pelas; ’eryqro•s red + pe•lla hide, skin. See Red, and Pell, n.] (Med.) St. Anthony’s fire; a febrile disease accompanied with a diffused inflammation of the skin, which, starting usually from a single point, spreads gradually over its surface. It is usually regarded as contagious, and often occurs epidemically.

Er•y•si•pel´a•toid , a. [Gr. ’erysi•pelas erysipelas + -oid.] Resembling erysipelas.

Er•y•si•pel´a•tous , a. [Cf. F. erysipelateux.] Resembling erysipelas or partaking of its nature.

Er•y•sip´e•lous , a. Erysipelatous.

Er•y•the´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to redden, fr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Med.) A disease of the skin, in which a diffused inflammation forms rose-colored patches of variable size.

Er•y•the•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. erythematique.] (Med.) Characterized by, or causing, a morbid redness of the skin; relating to erythema.

Er•y•them´a•tous , a. (Med.) Relating to, or causing, erythema. { Er•y•thre´an , Er•y•thrae´an }, a. [L. erythraeus; Gr. , fr. ’eryqro•s red.] Red in color. ´The erythrean main.´ Milton.

E•ryth´ric , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, erythrin. { E•ryth´rin , E•ryth´rine }, n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, C20H22O10, extracted from certain lichens, as the various species of Rocella. It is a derivative of orsellinic acid. So called because of certain red compounds derived from it. Called also erythric acid. 2. (Min.) See Erythrite, 2.

Er•y•thri´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants growing in the tropics; coral tree; — so called from its red flowers.

E•ryth´rism , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red: cf. F. erythrisme.] (Zoöl.) A condition of excessive redness. See Erythrochroism.

E•ryth´rite , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, C4H6.(OH)4, of a sweet, cooling taste, extracted from certain lichens, and obtained by the decomposition of erythrin; — called also erythrol, erythroglucin, erythromannite, pseudorcin, cobalt bloom, and under the name phycite obtained from the alga Protococcus vulgaris. It is a tetrabasic alcohol, corresponding to glycol and glycerin. 2. (Min.) A rose-red mineral, crystallized and earthy, a hydrous arseniate of cobalt, known also as cobalt bloom; — called also erythrin or erythrine.

E•ryth•ro•chro´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having, or subject to, erythrochroism.

E•ryth´ro•chro•ism , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + color.] (Zoöl.) An unusual redness, esp. in the plumage of birds, or hair of mammals, independently of age, sex, or season.

E•ryth•ro•dex´trin , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + E. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A dextrin which gives a red color with iodine. See Dextrin.

E•ryth´ro•gen , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + -gen.] (Chem.) (a) Carbon disulphide; — so called from certain red compounds which it produces in combination with other substances. (b) A substance reddened by acids, which is supposed to be contained in flowers. (c) A crystalline substance obtained from diseased bile, which becomes blood-red when acted on by nitric acid or ammonia.

E•ryth•ro•gran´u•lose , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + E. granulose.] (Physiol. Chem.) A term applied by Brücke to a substance present in small amount in starch granules, colored red by iodine.

Er´y•throid , a. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + -oid: cf. Gr. .] Of a red color; reddish; as the erythroid tunic (the cremaster muscle).

Er•y•thro´le•ic , a. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Having a red color and oily appearance; — applied to a purple semifluid substance said to be obtained from archil.

Er•y•thro´le•in , n. [See Erythroleic.] (Chem.) A red substance obtained from litmus.

E•ryth•ro•lit´min , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + E. litmus.] (Chem.) Erythrolein.

Er•y•thro´ni•um , n. [NL., from Gr. a kind of plant, fr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Chem.) A name originally given (from its red acid) to the metal vanadium. [R.]

E•ryth•ro•phle´ine ( 104), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline alkaloid, extracted from sassy bark (Erythrophleum Guineense). { E•ryth´ro•phyll , Er•y•throph´yl•lin }, n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + leaf.] (Physiol. Bot.) The red coloring matter of leaves, fruits, flowers, etc., in distinction from chlorophyll.

E•ryth´ro•sin , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red.] (Chem.) (a) A red substance formed by the oxidation of tyrosin. (b) A red dyestuff obtained from fluoresceïn by the action of iodine.

Er•y•throx´y•lon , n. [NL., from Gr. ’eryqro•s red + wood. So named from the red wood of some species.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or small trees of the Flax family, growing in tropical countries. E. Coca is the source of cocaine. See Coca.

E•ryth´ro•zyme , n. [Gr. ’eryqro•s red + leaven.] (Physiol. Chem.) A ferment extracted from madder root, possessing the power of inducing alcoholic fermentation in solutions of sugar.

Es•ca•lade´ , n. [F., Sp. escalada (cf. It. scalata), fr. Sp. escalar to scale, LL. scalare, fr. L. scala ladder. See Scale, v. t.] (Mil.) A furious attack made by troops on a fortified place, in which ladders are used to pass a ditch or mount a rampart. “Sin enters, not by escalade, but by cunning or treachery.” Buckminster.

Es•ca•lade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Escalading.] (Mil.) To mount and pass or enter by means of ladders; to scale; as to escalate a wall.

Es•cal´lop , n. See Escalop.

Es•cal´loped , a. See Escaloped.

Es•cal´op ( 277), n. [OF. escalope shell, F. escalope a sort of cut of meat. See Scallop.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve shell of the genus Pecten. See Scallop. 2. A regular, curving indenture in the margin of anything. See Scallop. ´So many jags or escalops.´ Ray. 3. (a) The figure or shell of an escalop, considered as a sign that the bearer had been on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Hence: (b) (Her.) A bearing or a charge consisting of an escalop shell.

Es•cal´oped , a. 1. Cut or marked in the form of an escalop; scalloped. 2. (Her.) Covered with a pattern resembling a series of escalop shells, each of which issues from between two others. Its appearance is that of a surface covered with scales. Escaloped oysters (Cookery). See under Scalloped.

Es•cam´bi•o , n. [LL. escambium, excambium. See Excamb.] (Eng. Law) A license formerly required for the making over a bill of exchange to another over sea. Cowell.

Es•cap´a•ble , a. Avoidable.

Es•ca•pade´ , n. [F., fr. Sp. escapada escape, fr. escapar to escape; or F., fr. It. scappata escape, escapade, fr. scappare to escape. see Escape.] 1. The fling of a horse, or ordinary kicking back of his heels; a gambol. 2. Act by which one breaks loose from the rules of propriety or good sense; a freak; a prank. Carlyle.

Es•cape´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaped p. pr. & vb. n. Escaping.] [OE. escapen, eschapen, OF. escaper, eschaper, F. echapper, fr. LL. ex cappa out of one’s cape or cloak; hence, to slip out of one’s cape and escape. See 3d Cape, and cf. Scape, v.] 1. To flee from and avoid; to be saved or exempt from; to shun; to obtain security from; as to escape danger. ´Sailors that escaped the wreck.´ Shak. 2. To avoid the notice of; to pass unobserved by; to evade; as the fact escaped our attention. “They escaped the search of the enemy.” Ludlow.

Es•cape´, v. i. 1. To flee, and become secure from danger; — often followed by from or out of. “Haste, for thy life escape, nor look behind” Keble. 2. To get clear from danger or evil of any form; to be passed without harm. “Such heretics … would have been thought fortunate, if they escaped with life.” Macaulay. 3. To get free from that which confines or holds; — used of persons or things; as to escape from prison, from arrest, or from slavery; gas escapes from the pipes; electricity escapes from its conductors. “To escape out of these meshes.” Thackeray.

Es•cape´, n. 1. The act of fleeing from danger, of evading harm, or of avoiding notice; deliverance from injury or any evil; flight; as an escape in battle; a narrow escape; also the means of escape; as a fire escape. “I would hasten my escape from the windy storm.” Ps. lv. 8. 2. That which escapes attention or restraint; a mistake; an oversight; also transgression. [Obs.] “I should have been more accurate, and corrected all those former escapes.” Burton. 3. A sally. ´Thousand escapes of wit.´ Shak. 4. (Law) The unlawful permission, by a jailer or other custodian, of a prisoner’s departure from custody. Escape is technically distinguishable from prison breach, which is the unlawful departure of the prisoner from custody, escape being the permission of the departure by the custodian, either by connivance or negligence. The term escape, however, is applied by some of the old authorities to a departure from custody by stratagem, or without force. Wharton. 5. (Arch.) An apophyge. 6. Leakage or outflow, as of steam or a liquid. 7. (Elec.) Leakage or loss of currents from the conducting wires, caused by defective insulation. Escape pipe (Steam Boilers), a pipe for carrying away steam that escapes through a safety valve. — Escape valve (Steam Engine), a relief valve; a safety valve. See under Relief, and Safety. — Escape wheel (Horol.), the wheel of an escapement.

Es•cape´ment , n. [Cf. F. echappement. See Escape.] 1. The act of escaping; escape. [R.] 2. Way of escape; vent. [R.] “An escapement for youthful high spirits.” G. Eliot. 3. The contrivance in a timepiece which connects the train of wheel work with the pendulum or balance, giving to the latter the impulse by which it is kept in vibration; — so called because it allows a tooth to escape from a pallet at each vibration. Escapements are of several kinds, as the vertical, or verge, or crown, escapement, formerly used in watches, in which two pallets on the balance arbor engage with a crown wheel; the anchor escapement, in which an anchor-shaped piece carries the pallets; — used in common clocks (both are called recoil escapements, from the recoil of the escape wheel at each vibration); the cylinder escapement, having an open-sided hollow cylinder on the balance arbor to control the escape wheel; the duplex escapement, having two sets of teeth on the wheel; the lever escapement, which is a kind of detached escapement, because the pallets are on a lever so arranged that the balance which vibrates it is detached during the greater part of its vibration and thus swings more freely; the detent escapement, used in chronometers; the remontoir escapement, in which the escape wheel is driven by an independent spring or weight wound up at intervals by the clock train, — sometimes used in astronomical clocks. When the shape of an escape- wheel tooth is such that it falls dead on the pallet without recoil, it forms a deadbeat escapement.

Es•cap´er , n. One who escapes.

Es•car´bun•cle , n. [OF. escarbuncle, F. escaboucle.] (Her.) See Carbuncle, 3.

Es•car•ga•toire´ , n. [F. escargotière, fr. escargot snail.] A nursery of snails. [Obs.] Addison.

Es•carp´ , n. [F. escarpe (cf. Sp. escarpa, It. scarpa), fr. escarper to cut steep, cut to a slope, prob. of German origin: cf. G. scharf sharp,, E. sharp, or perh. scrape.] (Fort.) The side of the ditch next the parapet; — same as scarp, and opposed to counterscarp.

Es•carp´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escarped p. pr. & vb. n. Escarping.] (Mil.) To make into, or furnish with, a steep slope, like that of a scrap. Carleton.

Es•carp´ment , n. [Cf. F. escarpement.] A steep descent or declivity; steep face or edge of a ridge; ground about a fortified place, cut away nearly vertically to prevent hostile approach. See Scarp.

-es´cent [From the ending -escens, - entis, of the p. pr. of inchoative verbs in Latin.] A suffix signifying beginning, beginning to be; as adolescent, effervescent, etc.

Esch•a•lot´ , n. (Bot.) See Shallot.

Es´char , n. [L. eschara, Gr. : cf. F. eschare. See Scar.] (Med.) A dry slough, crust, or scab, which separates from the healthy part of the body, as that produced by a burn, or the application of caustics.

Es´char , n. [Ir.] (Geol.) In Ireland, one of the continuous mounds or ridges of gravelly and sandy drift which extend for many miles over the surface of the country. Similar ridges in Scotland are called kames or kams. [Written also eskar and esker.]

Es´cha•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a grate, a pan of coals.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Bryozoa which produce delicate corals, often incrusting like lichens, but sometimes branched.

Es´cha•rine , a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Eschara, or family Escharidae.

Es•cha•rot´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. an eschar: cf. F. escharotique.] (Med.) Serving or tending to form an eschar; producing a scar; caustic.

Es•cha•rot´ic, n. (Med.) A substance which produces an eschar; a caustic, esp., a mild caustic.

Es•cha•to•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to the last or final things.

Es•cha•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. the furthest, last + -logy.] The doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, and the events therewith connected.

Es•chaunge´ , n. Exchange. [Obs.]

Es•cheat´ , n. [OE. eschete, escheyte, an escheat, fr. OF. escheit, escheoit, escheeite, esheoite, fr. escheoir (F. echoir) to fall to, fall to the lot of; pref. es- (L. ex) + cheoir, F. choir, to fall, fr. L. cadere. See Chance, and cf. Cheat.] 1. (Law) (a) (Feud. & Eng. Law) The falling back or reversion of lands, by some casualty or accident, to the lord of the fee, in consequence of the extinction of the blood of the tenant, which may happen by his dying without heirs, and formerly might happen by corruption of blood, that is, by reason of a felony or attainder. Tomlins. Blackstone. (b) (U. S. Law) The reverting of real property to the State, as original and ultimate proprietor, by reason of a failure of persons legally entitled to hold the same. A distinction is carefully made, by English writers, between escheat to the lord of the fee and forfeiture to the crown. But in this country, where the State holds the place of chief lord of the fee, and is entitled to take alike escheat and by forfeiture, this distinction is not essential. Tomlins. Kent. (c) A writ, now abolished, to recover escheats from the person in possession. Blackstone. 2. Lands which fall to the lord or the State by escheat. 3. That which falls to one; a reversion or return “To make me great by others’ loss is bad escheat.” Spenser.

Es•cheat´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Esheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Escheating.] (Law) To revert, or become forfeited, to the lord, the crown, or the State, as lands by the failure of persons entitled to hold the same, or by forfeiture. In this country it is the general rule that when the title to land fails by defect of heirs or devisees, it necessarily escheats to the State; but forfeiture of estate from crime is hardly known in this country, and corruption of blood is universally abolished. Kent. Bouvier.

Es•cheat´, v. t. (Law) To forfeit. Bp. Hall.

Es•cheat´a•ble , a. Liable to escheat.

Es•cheat´age ( 48), n. The right of succeeding to an escheat. Sherwood.

Es•cheat´or , n. (Law) An officer whose duty it is to observe what escheats have taken place, and to take charge of them. Burrill.

Es´che•vin , n. [OF. eschevin, a sort of magistrate, alderman, F. echevin.] The alderman or chief officer of an ancient guild. [Obs.]

Es•chew´ (es•chu´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eshewed (-chu´d); p. pr. & vb. n. Eshewing.] [OF. eschever, eschiver, eskiver, F. esquiver, fr. OHG. sciuhen, G. scheuen; akin to E. sky. See Shy, a.] 1. To shun; to avoid, as something wrong, or from a feeling of distaste; to keep one’s self clear of. “They must not only eschew evil, but do good.” Bp. Beveridge. 2. To escape from; to avoid. [Obs.] “He who obeys, destruction shall eschew.” Sandys.

Es•chew´er , n. One who eschews.

Es•chew´ment , n. The act of eschewing. [R.]

Esch•scholtz´i•a , n. [NL. Named after Dr. Eschscholtz, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of papaveraceous plants, found in California and upon the west coast of North America, some species of which produce beautiful yellow, orange, rose-colored, or white flowers; the California poppy.

Es´chy•nite , n. [Gr. shame.] (Min.) A rare mineral, containing chiefly niobium, titanium, thorium, and cerium. It was so called by Berzelius on account of the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate some of its constituents.

Es•coch´eon , n. Escutcheon. [Obs.] { Es•co•pet´ , Es•co•pette´ }, n. [Sp. escopeta, F. escopette.] A kind of firearm; a carbine.

Es•co´ri•al , n. [Sp.] See Escurial.

Es´cort , n. [F. escorte, It. scorta a guard or guide, fr. scorgere to perceive, discern, lead, fr. L. ex out, quite + corrigere to correct, set right. See Correct.] 1. A body of armed men to attend a person of distinction for the sake of affording safety when on a journey; one who conducts some one as an attendant; a guard, as of prisoners on a march; also a body of persons, attending as a mark of respect or honor; — applied to movements on land, as convoy is to movements at sea. “The troops of my escort marched at the ordinary rate.” Burke. 2. Protection, care, or safeguard on a journey or excursion; as to travel under the escort of a friend.

Es•cort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Escorting.] [Cf. F. escorter, It. scortare. See Escort, n.] To attend with a view to guard and protect; to accompany as safeguard; to give honorable or ceremonious attendance to; — used esp. with reference to journeys or excursions on land; as to escort a public functionary, or a lady; to escort a baggage wagon. Syn. — To accompany; attend. See Accompany.

Es•cot´ , n. [OF.] See Scot, a tax. [Obs.]

Es•cot´, v. t. To pay the reckoning for; to support; to maintain. [Obs.] Shak.

Es•couade´ , n. See Squad,

Es•cout´ , n. See Scout. [Obs.] Hayward.

Es•cribed´ , a. [L. e out, out of + scribere to write.] Drawn outside of; — used to designate a circle that touches one of the sides of a given triangle, and also the other two sides produced.

Es´cript , n. [OF.] A writing. [Obs.]

Es•cri•toire´ , n. [OF. escritoire, F. ecritoire, LL. scriptorium, fr. L. scriptorius belonging to writing, fr. sribere to write. See Script, and cf. Scrutoire.] A piece of furniture used as a writing table, commonly with drawers, pigeonholes, and the like; a secretary or writing desk.

Es•cri•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an escritoire.

Es•crod´ , n. See Scrod, a young cod. { Es•crol´ , Es•croll´ } , n. [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] 2. (Her.) (a) A long strip or scroll resembling a ribbon or a band of parchment, or the like, anciently placed above the shield, and supporting the crest. (b) In modern heraldry, a similar ribbon on which the motto is inscribed.

Es´crow , n. [OF. escroe, escroue, a roll of writings, bond. See Scroll.] (Law) A deed, bond, or other written engagement, delivered to a third person, to be held by him till some act is done or some condition is performed, and then to be by him delivered to the grantee. Blackstone.

Es´cu•age ( 48), n. [OF. escuage, F. ecuage, from OF. escu shield, F. ecu. See Esquire.] (Feud. Law) Service of the shield, a species of knight service by which a tenant was bound to follow his lord to war, at his own charge. It was afterward exchanged for a pecuniary satisfaction. Called also scutage. Blackstone.

Es•cu•la´pi•an , n. AEsculapian.

Es•cu•la´pi•us , n. Same as AEsculapius.

Es´cu•lent , a. [L. esculentus, fr. escare to eat, fr. esca food, fr. edere to eat: cf. F. esculent. See Eat.] Suitable to be used by man for food; eatable; edible; as esculent plants; esculent fish. “Esculent grain for food.” Sir W. Jones. Esculent swallow (Zoöl.), the swallow which makes the edible bird’s-nest. See Edible bird’s- nest, under Edible.

Es´cu•lent, n. Anything that is fit for eating; that which may be safely eaten by man.

Es•cu´lic , a. [From NL. Aesculus, the generic name of the horse-chestnut, fr. L. aesculus a kind of oak.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the horse-chestnut; as esculic acid.

Es•cu´lin , n. [See Esculic.] (Chem.) A glucoside obtained from the AEsculus hippocastanum, or horse-chestnut, and characterized by its fine blue fluorescent solutions. [Written also aesculin.]

Es•cu´ri•al , n. [Prop. Sp. escorial, i. e., a hill or heap of rubbish, earth, and stones brought out of a mine, fr. escoria dross of metal, L. scoria, fr. Gr. . Cf. Scoria.] A palace and mausoleum of the kings of Spain, being a vast and wonderful structure about twenty-five miles northwest of Madrid. The ground plan is said to be in the form of a gridiron, the structure being designed in honor of St. Lawrence, who suffered martyrdom by being broiled on a gridiron; but the resemblance is very slight. It is nearly square, inclosing several courts, and has a projecting mass which stands for the handle.

Es•cutch´eon , n. [OF. escusson, F. ecusson, from OF. escu shield, F. ecu. See Esquire, Scutcheon.] 1. (Her.) The surface, usually a shield, upon which bearings are marshaled and displayed. The surface of the escutcheon is called the field, the upper part is called the chief, and the lower part the base (see Chiff, and Field.). That side of the escutcheon which is on the right hand of the knight who bears the shield on his arm is called dexter, and the other side sinister. The two sides of an escutcheon are respectively designated as dexter and sinister, as in the cut, and the different parts or points by the following names: A, Dexter chief point; B, Middle chief point; C, Sinister chief point; D, Honor or color point; E, Fesse or heart point; F, Nombrill or navel point; G, Dexter base point; H, Middle base point; I, base point. 2. A marking upon the back of a cow’s udder and the space above it (the perineum), formed by the hair growing upward or outward instead of downward. It is esteemed an index of milking qualities. C. L. Flint. 3. (Naut.) That part of a vessel’s stern on which her name is written. R. H. Dane, Jr. 4. (Carp.) A thin metal plate or shield to protect wood, or for ornament, as the shield around a keyhole. 5. (Zoöl.) The depression behind the beak of certain bivalves; the ligamental area. Escutcheon of pretense, an escutcheon used in English heraldry to display the arms of the bearer’s wife; — not commonly used unless she an heiress. Cf. Impalement.

Es•cutch´eoned , a. Having an escutcheon; furnished with a coat of arms or ensign. Young.

Ese , n. Ease; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es•em•plas´tic , a. [Gr. ’es into, to + ´en one + plastiko•s molded, formed. See Plastic.] Shaped into one; tending to, or formative into, unity. [R.] Coleridge.

Es´er•ine ( 104), n. [From native name of the Calabar bean: cf. F. eserine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean, and the seed of Physostigma venenosum; physostigmine. It is used in ophthalmic surgery for its effect in contracting the pupil.

E•sex´u•al , a. [Pref. e- + sexual.] (Biol.) Sexless; asexual.

Es•guard´ , n. [Cf. OF. esgart regard, F. egard. See Guard.] Guard. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Es´kar , or Es´ker }, n. (Geol.) See Eschar.

Es´ki•mo , n.; pl. Eskimos (#). [Originally applied by the Algonquins to the Northern Indians, and meaning eaters of raw flesh.] (Ethnol.) One of a peculiar race inhabiting Arctic America and Greenland. In many respects the Eskimos resemble the Mongolian race. [Written also Esquimau.] Eskimo dog (Zoöl.), one of a breed of large and powerful dogs used by the Eskimos to draw sledges. It closely resembles the gray wolf, with which it is often crossed. Eskimo dog

Es•loin´ , v. t. [See Eloign.] To remove; to banish; to withdraw; to avoid; to eloign. [Obs.] “From worldly cares he did himself esloin.” Spenser.

Es´ne•cy , n. [See Eigne.] (Eng. Law) A prerogative given to the eldest coparcener to choose first after an inheritance is divided. Mozley & W.

E•sod´ic , a. [Gr. within + way.] (Physiol.) Conveying impressions from the surface of the body to the spinal cord; — said of certain nerves. Opposed to exodic.

E•soph´a•gal , a. (Anat.) Esophageal.

E•so•phag´e•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the esophagus. [Written also œsophageal.]

E•so•phag´e•an , a. (Anat.) Esophageal.

E•soph•a•got´o•my , n. [Gr. o’isofa•gos the esophagus + te•mnein to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of making an incision into the esophagus, for the purpose of removing any foreign substance that obstructs the passage. [Written also œsophagotomy.]

E•soph´a•gus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. o’isofa•gos; root of o’i•sw which is used as future of fe•rein to bear, carry (cf. Skr. vi to go, drive) + fagei^n to eat.] (Anat.) That part of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach; the gullet. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus, under Digestive. [Written also œsophagus.] { E•so´pi•an , E•so´pic } a. Same as AEsopian, AEsopic.

Es•o•ter´ic (es•o•te´ik), a. [Gr. ’eswteriko•s, fr. ’esw•teros inner, interior, comp. fr. ’e•sw in, within, fr. ’es, e’is, into, fr. ’en in. See In.] Designed for, and understood by, the specially initiated alone; not communicated, or not intelligible, to the general body of followers; private; interior; acroamatic; — said of the private and more recondite instructions and doctrines of philosophers. Opposed to exoteric. “Enough if every age produce two or three critics of this esoteric class, with here and there a reader to understand them.” De Quincey.

Es•o•ter´ic•al , a. Esoteric.

Es•o•ter´ic•al•ly, adv. In an esoteric manner.

Es•o•ter´i•cism , n. Esoteric doctrine or principles.

Es•o•ter´ics , n. Mysterious or hidden doctrines; secret science.

Es´o•ter•y , n. Mystery; esoterics; — opposed to exotery. A. Tucker.

E´sox , n. [L., a kind of pike.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water fishes, including pike and pickerel.

Es•pace´ , n. Space. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es´pa•don , n. [F. espadon, fr. Sp. espadon, fr. espada sword; or fr. It. spadone an espadon, spada sword.] A long, heavy, two-handed and two-edged sword, formerly used by Spanish foot soldiers and by executioners. Wilhelm.

Es•pal´ier , n. [F. espalier, fr. It. spalliera, fr. spalla shoulder, the same word as F. epaule. See Epaulet.] (Hort.) A railing or trellis upon which fruit trees or shrubs are trained, as upon a wall; a tree or row of trees so trained. “And figs from standard and espalier join.” Pope.

Es•pal´ier, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espaliered p. pr. & vb. n. Espaliering.] To form an espalier of, or to protect by an espalier.

Es•par´cet , n. [F. esparcet, esparcette, eparcet, fr. Sp. esparceta, esparcilla.] (Bot.) The common sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), an Old World leguminous forage plant.

Es•par´to , n. [Sp.; cf. L. spartum Spanish broom, Gr. .] (Bot.) A species of Spanish grass (Macrochloa tenacissima), of which cordage, shoes, baskets, etc., are made. It is also used for making paper.

Es•pau•liere´ , n. [OF. & F. epaulière. See Espalier.] A defense for the shoulder, composed of flexible overlapping plates of metal, used in the 15th century; — the origin of the modern epaulette. Fairholt.

Es•pe´cial , a. [OF. especial, F. special, L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality. See Species, and cf. Special.] Distinguished among others of the same class or kind; special; concerning a species or a single object; principal; particular; as in an especial manner or degree. Syn. — Peculiar; special; particular; uncommon; chief. See Peculiar.

Es•pe´cial•ly, adv. In an especial manner; chiefly; particularly; peculiarly; in an uncommon degree.

Es•pe´cial•ness , n. The state of being especial.

Es´pe•rance , n. [F. esperance, fr. L. sperans, p. pr. of sperare to hope.] Hope. [Obs.] Shak.

Es•pi•aille´ , n. Espial. [Obs.]

Es•pi´al , n. [OE. & Norm. F. espiaille. See Espy.] 1. The act of espying; notice; discovery. “Screened from espial by the jutting cape.” Byron. 2. One who espies; a spy; a scout. [Obs.] ´Their espials … brought word.´ Holland.

Es•pi´er , n. One who espies. Harmar.

Es´pi•nel , n. A kind of ruby. See Spinel.

Es´pi•o•nage ( 277), n. [F. espionnage, fr. espionner to spy, fr. espion spy, OF. espie. See Espy.] The practice or employment of spies; the practice of watching the words and conduct of others, to make discoveries, as spies or secret emissaries; secret watching.

Es•pla•nade´ , n. [F. esplanade, Sp. esplanada, explanada, cf. It. spianata; fr. Sp. explanar to level, L. explanare to flatten or spread out. See Explain.] 1. (Fort.) (a) A clear space between a citadel and the nearest houses of the town. Campbell (Mil. Dict. ). (b) The glacis of the counterscarp, or the slope of the parapet of the covered way toward the country. 2. (Hort.) A grass plat; a lawn. Simmonds. 3. Any clear, level space used for public walks or drives; esp., a terrace by the seaside.

Es•plees´ , n. pl. [LL. expletia, OF. espleit. Cf. Exploit.] (Old Eng. Law) The full profits or products which ground or land yields, as the hay of the meadows, the feed of the pasture, the grain of arable fields, the rents, services, and the like. Cowell.

Es•pous´age , n. Espousal. [Obs.] Latimer.

Es•pous´al , n. [OF. espousailles, pl., F. epousailles, L. sponsalia, fr. sponsalis belonging to betrothal or espousal. See Espouse, and cf. Sponsal, Spousal.] 1. The act of espousing or betrothing; especially, in the plural, betrothal; plighting of the troths; a contract of marriage; sometimes, the marriage ceremony. 2. The uniting or allying one’s self with anything; maintenance; adoption; as the espousal of a quarrel. “The open espousal of his cause.” Lord Orford.

Es•pouse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espoused p. pr. & vb. n. Espousing.] [OF. espouser, esposer, F. epouser, L. sponsare to betroth, espouse, fr. sponsus betrothed, p. p. of spondere to promise solemnly or sacredly. Cf. Spouse.] 1. To betroth; to promise in marriage; to give as spouse. “A virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph.” Luke i. 27. 2. To take as spouse; to take to wife; to marry. “Lavinia will I make my empress, …
And in the sacred Pantheon her espouse.” Shak. 3. To take to one’s self with a view to maintain; to make one’s own; to take up the cause of; to adopt; to embrace. ´He espoused that quarrel.´ Bacon. “Promised faithfully to espouse his cause as soon as he got out of the war.” Bp. Burnet.

Es•pouse´ment , n. [Cf. OF. espousement.] The act of espousing, or the state of being espoused.

Es•pous´er , n. One who espouses; one who embraces the cause of another or makes it his own.

Es•pres•si´vo , a. [It.] (Mus.) With expression.

Es•prin´gal , n. [See Springal.] (Mil. Antiq.) An engine of war used for throwing viretons, large stones, and other missiles; a springal.

Es•prit´ , n. [F. See Spirit.] Spirit. Esprit de corps , a French phrase much used by English writers to denote the common spirit pervading the members of a body or association of persons. It implies sympathy, enthusiasm, devotion, and jealous regard for the honor of the body as a whole.

Es•py´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espied p. pr. & vb. n. Espying.] [OF. espier, F. epier, from OHG. spehn to watch, spy, G. spähen; akin to L. specere to look, species sight, shape, appearance, kind. See Spice, Spy, and cf. Espionage.] 1. To catch sight of; to perceive with the eyes; to discover, as a distant object partly concealed, or not obvious to notice; to see at a glance; to discern unexpectedly; to spy; as to espy land; to espy a man in a crowd. “As one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in the inn, … he espied his money.” Gen. xlii. 27. “A goodly vessel did I then espy
Come like a giant from a haven broad.” Wordsworth. 2. To inspect narrowly; to examine and keep watch upon; to watch; to observe. “He sends angels to espy us in all our ways.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To discern; discover; detect; descry; spy.

Es•py´, v. i. To look or search narrowly; to look about; to watch; to take notice; to spy. “Stand by the way, and espy.” Jer. xlviii. 19.

Es•py´, n.; pl. Espies (#). [OF. espie. See Espy, v., Spy.] A spy; a scout. [Obs.] Huloet.

-esque [F., fr. It. -isco. Cf. -ish.] A suffix of certain words from the French, Italian, and Spanish. It denotes manner or style; like; as arabesque, after the manner of the Arabs.

Es´qui•mau , n.; pl. Esquimaux (#). [F.] Same as Eskimo. “It is … an error to suppose that where an Esquimau can live, a civilized man can live also.” McClintock.

Es•quire´ , n. [OF. escuyer, escuier, properly, a shield-bearer, F. ecuyer shield-bearer, armor-bearer, squire of a knight, esquire, equerry, rider, horseman, LL. scutarius shield-bearer, fr. L. scutum shield, akin to Gr. skin, hide, from a root meaning to cover; prob. akin to E. hide to cover. See Hide to cover, and cf. Equerry, Escutcheon.] Originally, a shield-bearer or armor-bearer, an attendant on a knight; in modern times, a title of dignity next in degree below knight and above gentleman; also a title of office and courtesy; — often shortened to squire. In England, the title of esquire belongs by right of birth to the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetual succession; to the eldest sons of younger sons of peers and their eldest sons in perpetual succession. It is also given to sheriffs, to justices of the peace while in commission, to those who bear special office in the royal household, to counselors at law, bachelors of divinity, law, or physic, and to others. In the United States the title is commonly given in courtesy to lawyers and justices of the peace, and is often used in the superscription of letters instead of Mr.

Es•quire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esquired p. pr. & vb. n. Esquiring.] To wait on as an esquire or attendant in public; to attend. [Colloq.]

Es•quisse´ , n. [F. See Sketch.] (Fine Arts) The first sketch of a picture or model of a statue.

-ess [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr. .] A suffix used to form feminine nouns; as actress, deaconess, songstress.

Es´say , n.; pl. Essays (#). [F. essai, fr. L. exagium a weighing, weight, balance; ex out + agere to drive, do; cf. examen, exagmen, a means of weighing, a weighing, the tongue of a balance, exigere to drive out, examine, weigh, Gr. ’exa•gion a weight, ’exagia•zein to examine, ’exa•gein to drive out, export. See Agent, and cf. Exact, Examine, Assay.] 1. An effort made, or exertion of body or mind, for the performance of anything; a trial; attempt; as to make an essay to benefit a friend. ´The essay at organization.´ M. Arnold. 2. (Lit.) A composition treating of any particular subject; — usually shorter and less methodical than a formal, finished treatise; as an essay on the life and writings of Homer; an essay on fossils, or on commerce. 3. An assay. See Assay, n. [Obs.] Syn. — Attempt; trial; endeavor; effort; tract; treatise; dissertation; disquisition.

Es•say´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essayed p. pr. & vb. n. Essaying.] [F. essayer. See Essay, n.] 1. To exert one’s power or faculties upon; to make an effort to perform; to attempt; to endeavor; to make experiment or trial of; to try. “What marvel if I thus essay to sing?” Byron. “Essaying nothing she can not perform.” Emerson. “A danger lest the young enthusiast … should essay the impossible.” J. C. Shairp. 2. To test the value and purity of (metals); to assay. See Assay. [Obs.] Locke.

Es•say´er , n. One who essays. Addison.

Es´say•ist ( 277), n. A writer of an essay, or of essays. B. Jonson.

Es´sence , n. [F. essence, L. essentia, formed as if fr. a p. pr. of esse to be. See Is, and cf. Entity.] 1. The constituent elementary notions which constitute a complex notion, and must be enumerated to define it; sometimes called the nominal essence. 2. The constituent quality or qualities which belong to any object, or class of objects, or on which they depend for being what they are (distinguished as real essence); the real being, divested of all logical accidents; that quality which constitutes or marks the true nature of anything; distinctive character; hence, virtue or quality of a thing, separated from its grosser parts. “The laws are at present, both in form and essence, the greatest curse that society labors under.” Landor. “Gifts and alms are the expressions, not the essence of this virtue [charity].” Addison. “The essence of Addison’s humor is irony.” Courthope. 3. Constituent substance. “And uncompounded is their essence pure.” Milton. 4. A being; esp., a purely spiritual being. “As far as gods and heavenly essences
Can perish.” Milton. “He had been indulging in fanciful speculations on spiritual essences, until … he had and ideal world of his own around him.” W. Irving. 5. The predominant qualities or virtues of a plant or drug, extracted and refined from grosser matter; or, more strictly, the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil; as the essence of mint, and the like. “The … word essence … scarcely underwent a more complete transformation when from being the abstract of the verb ´to be,´ it came to denote something sufficiently concrete to be inclosed in a glass bottle.” J. S. Mill. 6. Perfume; odor; scent; or the volatile matter constituting perfume. “Nor let the essences exhale.” Pope.

Es´sence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essenced p. pr. & vb. n. Essencing ] To perfume; to scent. ´Essenced fops.´ Addison.

Es•sene´ , n.; pl. Essenes (#). [Gr. , lit., physicians, because they practiced medicine, fr. Chald asaya to heal, cf. Heb. asa.] One of a sect among the Jews in the time of our Savior, remarkable for their strictness and abstinence.

Es´se•nism , n. The doctrine or the practices of the Essenes. De Quincey.

Es•sen´tial (es•sen´sjal), a. [Cf. F. essentiel. See Essence.] 1. Belonging to the essence, or that which makes an object, or class of objects, what it is. “Majestic as the voice sometimes became, there was forever in it an essential character of plaintiveness.” Hawthorne. 2. Hence, really existing; existent. “Is it true, that thou art but a name,
And no essential thing?” Webster (1623). 3. Important in the highest degree; indispensable to the attainment of an object; indispensably necessary. “Judgment’s more essential to a general
Than courage.” Denham. “How to live? — that is the essential question for us.” H. Spencer. 4. Containing the essence or characteristic portion of a substance, as of a plant; highly rectified; pure; hence, unmixed; as an essential oil. ´Mine own essential horror.´ Ford. 5. (Mus.) Necessary; indispensable; — said of those tones which constitute a chord, in distinction from ornamental or passing tones. 6. (Med.) Idiopathic; independent of other diseases. Essential character (Biol.), the prominent characteristics which serve to distinguish one genus, species, etc., from another. — Essential disease, Essential fever (Med.), one that is not dependent on another. — Essential oils (Chem.), a class of volatile oils, extracted from plants, fruits, or flowers, having each its characteristic odor, and hot burning taste. They are used in essences, perfumery, etc., and include many varieties of compounds; as lemon oil is a terpene, oil of bitter almonds an aldehyde, oil of wintergreen an ethereal salt, etc.; — called also volatile oils in distinction from the fixed or nonvolatile.

Es•sen´tial (es•sen´sjal), n. 1. Existence; being. [Obs.] Milton. 2. That which is essential; first or constituent principle; as the essentials of religion.

Es•sen•ti•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being essential; the essential part. Jer. Taylor.

Es•sen´tial•ly , adv. In an essential manner or degree; in an indispensable degree; really; as essentially different.

Es•sen´tial•ness, n. Essentiality. Ld. Digby.

Es•sen´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essentiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Essentiating.] To form or constitute the essence or being of. [Obs.] Boyle.

Es•sen´ti•ate, v. i. To become assimilated; to be changed into the essence. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Es•soin´ or Es•soign }, n. [OF. essoine, essoigne, F. exoine, L. essonia, exonia; pref. ex- (L. ex from) + sunnis, sunnia, sonia, hindrance, excuse. Cf. Icel. syn refusal, synja to deny, refuse, Goth. sunja truth, sunjon to justify, OS. sunnea impediment, OHG. sunna.] 1. (Eng. Law) An excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court. 2. Excuse; exemption. [Obs.] “From every work he challenged essoin.” Spenser. Essoin day (Eng. Law), the first general return day of the term, on which the court sits to receive essoins. Blackstone.

Es•soin´, v. t. [OF. essoinier, essoignier, essonier, LL. essoniare, exoniare. See Essoin, n.] (Eng. Law) To excuse for nonappearance in court. ´I ’ll not essoin thee.´ Quarles.

Es•soin´er , n. (Eng. Law) An attorney who sufficiently excuses the absence of another.

Es´so•nite , n. [Named from Gr. inferior, because not so hard as some minerals it resembles, e. g., hyacinth.] (Min.) Cinnamon stone, a variety of garnet. See Garnet.

Es´so•rant , a. [F.] (Her.) Standing, but with the wings spread, as if about to fly; — said of a bird borne as a charge on an escutcheon.

Est , n. & adv. East. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-est (-est). [AS. -ost, -est; akin to G. -est, -ist, Icel. -astr, -str, Goth. -ists, -osts, Skr. -ishtha.] A suffix used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs; as smoothest; earl(y)iest.

Es•tab´lish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Established p. pr. & vb. n. Establishing.] [OE. establissen, OF. establir, F. etablir, fr. L. stabilire, fr. stabilis firm, steady, stable. See Stable, a., -ish, and cf. Stablish.] 1. To make stable or firm; to fix immovably or firmly; to set (a thing) in a place and make it stable there; to settle; to confirm. “So were the churches established in the faith.” Acts xvi. 5. “The best established tempers can scarcely forbear being borne down.” Burke. “Confidence which must precede union could be established only by consummate prudence and self- control.” Bancroft. 2. To appoint or constitute for permanence, as officers, laws, regulations, etc.; to enact; to ordain. “By the consent of all, we were established
The people’s magistrates.” Shak. “Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it be not changed.” Dan. vi. 8. 3. To originate and secure the permanent existence of; to found; to institute; to create and regulate; — said of a colony, a state, or other institutions. “He hath established it [the earth], he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited.” Is. xlv. 18. “Woe to him that buildeth a town with blood, and establisheth a city by iniquity!” Hab. ii. 12. 4. To secure public recognition in favor of; to prove and cause to be accepted as true; as to establish a fact, usage, principle, opinion, doctrine, etc. “At the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.” Deut. xix. 15. 5. To set up in business; to place advantageously in a fixed condition; — used reflexively; as he established himself in a place; the enemy established themselves in the citadel.

Es•tab´lish•er , n. One who establishes.

Es•tab´lish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. establissement, F. etablissement.] 1. The act of establishing; a ratifying or ordaining; settlement; confirmation. 2. The state of being established, founded, and the like; fixed state. 3. That which is established; as: (a) A form of government, civil or ecclesiastical; especially, a system of religion maintained by the civil power; as the Episcopal establishment of England. (b) A permanent civil, military, or commercial, force or organization. (c) The place in which one is permanently fixed for residence or business; residence, including grounds, furniture, equipage, etc.; with which one is fitted out; also any office or place of business, with its fixtures; that which serves for the carrying on of a business; as to keep up a large establishment; a manufacturing establishment. “Exposing the shabby parts of the establishment.” W. Irving. Establishment of the port (Hydrography), a datum on which the tides are computed at the given port, obtained by observation, viz., the interval between the moon’s passage over the meridian and the time of high water at the port, on the days of new and full moon.

Es•tab•lish•men•ta´ri•an , n. One who regards the Church primarily as an establishment formed by the State, and overlooks its intrinsic spiritual character. Shipley.

Es•ta•cade´ , n. [F.; cf. It. steccata, Sp. estacada. Cf. Stake.] (Mil.) A dike of piles in the sea, a river, etc., to check the approach of an enemy. { Es•ta•fet´ , Es•ta•fette´ } , n. [F. estafette, cf. Sp. estafeta; fr. It. stafetta, fr. staffa stirrup, fr. OHG. stapho footstep, footprint, G. stapfe; akin to E. step.] A courier who conveys messages to another courier; a military courier sent from one part of an army to another.

Es•tan´ci•a (as•tan´the•a), n. [Sp. See Stanza.] A grazing farm; a country house. [Spanish America]

Es•tate´ (es•tat´), n. [OF. estat, F. etat, L. status, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. State.] 1. Settled condition or form of existence; state; condition or circumstances of life or of any person; situation. ´When I came to man’s estate.´ Shak. “Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.” Romans xii. 16. 2. Social standing or rank; quality; dignity. “God hath imprinted his authority in several parts, upon several estates of men.” Jer. Taylor. 3. A person of high rank. [Obs.] “She’s a duchess, a great estate.” Latimer. “Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee.” Mark vi. 21. 4. A property which a person possesses; a fortune; possessions, esp. property in land; also property of all kinds which a person leaves to be divided at his death. “See what a vast estate he left his son.” Dryden. 5. The state; the general body politic; the common-wealth; the general interest; state affairs. [Obs.] “I call matters of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever … concerneth manifestly any great portion of people.” Bacon. 6. pl. The great classes or orders of a community or state (as the clergy, the nobility, and the commonalty of England) or their representatives who administer the government; as the estates of the realm (England), which are (1) the lords spiritual, (2) the lords temporal, (3) the commons. 7. (Law) The degree, quality, nature, and extent of one’s interest in, or ownership of, lands, tenements, etc.; as an estate for life, for years, at will, etc. Abbott. The fourth estate, a name often given to the public press.

Es•tate´, v. t. 1. To establish. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. Tom settle as a fortune. [Archaic] Shak. 3. To endow with an estate. [Archaic] “Then would I …
Estate them with large land and territory.” Tennyson. { Es•tat´lich , Es´tat•ly } a. [OE.] Stately; dignified. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es•teem´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esteemed p. pr. & vb. n. Esteeming.] [F. estimer, L. aestimare, aestumare, to value, estimate; perh. akin to Skr. ish to seek, strive, and E. ask. Cf. Aim, Estimate.] 1. To set a value on; to appreciate the worth of; to estimate; to value; to reckon. “Then he forsook God, which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.” Deut. xxxii. 15. “Thou shouldst (gentle reader) esteem his censure and authority to be of the more weighty credence.” Bp. Gardiner. “Famous men, — whose scientific attainments were esteemed hardly less than supernatural.” Hawthorne. 2. To set a high value on; to prize; to regard with reverence, respect, or friendship. “Will he esteem thy riches?” Job xxxvi. 19. “You talk kindlier: we esteem you for it.” Tennyson. Syn. — To estimate; appreciate; regard; prize; value; respect; revere. See Appreciate, Estimate.

Es•teem´, v. i. To form an estimate; to have regard to the value; to consider. [Obs.] “We ourselves esteem not of that obedience, or love, or gift, which is of force.” Milton.

Es•teem´, n. [Cf. F. estime. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. Estimation; opinion of merit or value; hence, valuation; reckoning; price. “Most dear in the esteem
And poor in worth!” Shak. “I will deliver you, in ready coin,
The full and dear’st esteem of what you crave.” J. Webster. 2. High estimation or value; great regard; favorable opinion, founded on supposed worth. “Nor should thy prowess want praise and esteem.” Shak. Syn. — See Estimate, n.

Es•teem´a•ble , a. Worthy of esteem; estimable. [R.] ´Esteemable qualities.´ Pope.

Es•teem´er , n. One who esteems; one who sets a high value on any thing. “The proudest esteemer of his own parts.” Locke.

Es´ter , n. [A word invented by L. Gmelin, a German chemist.] (Chem.) An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc.

Es•the•si•om´e•ter , n. Same as AEsthesiometer.

Es´thete , n.; Es•thet´ic , a., Es•thet´ic•al , a., Es•thet´ics , n. etc. Same as AEsthete, AEsthetic, AEsthetical, AEsthetics, etc.

Es•tif´er•ous , a. [L. aestifer; aestus fire + ferre to bear.] Producing heat. [R.] Smart.

Es´ti•ma•ble , a. [F. estimable, or L. aestimabilis. See Esteem.] 1. Capable of being estimated or valued; as estimable damage. Paley. . 2. Valuable; worth a great price. [R.] “A pound of man’s flesh, taken from a man,
Is not so estimable, profitable neither,
As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats.” Shak. 3. Worth of esteem or respect; deserving our good opinion or regard. “A lady said of her two companions, that one was more amiable, the other more estimable.” Sir W. Temple.

Es´ti•ma•ble , n. A thing worthy of regard. [R.] “One of the peculiar estimables of her country.” Sir T. Browne.

Es´ti•ma•ble•ness, n. The quality of deserving esteem or regard.

Es´ti•ma•bly, adv. In an estimable manner.

Es´ti•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estimated p. pr. & vb. n. Estimating ] [L. aestimatus, p. p. of aestimare. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. To judge and form an opinion of the value of, from imperfect data, — either the extrinsic (money), or intrinsic (moral), value; to fix the worth of roughly or in a general way; as to estimate the value of goods or land; to estimate the worth or talents of a person. “It is by the weight of silver, and not the name of the piece, that men estimate commodities and exchange them.” Locke. “It is always very difficult to estimate the age in which you are living.” J. C. Shairp. 2. To from an opinion of, as to amount,, number, etc., from imperfect data, comparison, or experience; to make an estimate of; to calculate roughly; to rate; as to estimate the cost of a trip, the number of feet in a piece of land. Syn. — To appreciate; value; appraise; prize; rate; esteem; count; calculate; number. — To Estimate, Esteem. Both these words imply an exercise of the judgment. Estimate has reference especially to the external relations of things, such as amount, magnitude, importance, etc. It usually involves computation or calculation; as to estimate the loss or gain of an enterprise. Esteem has reference to the intrinsic or moral worth of a person or thing. Thus, we esteem a man for his kindness, or his uniform integrity. In this sense it implies a mingled sentiment of respect and attachment. We esteem it an honor to live in a free country. See Appreciate.

Es´ti•mate , n. A valuing or rating by the mind, without actually measuring, weighing, or the like; rough or approximate calculation; as an estimate of the cost of a building, or of the quantity of water in a pond. “Weigh success in a moral balance, and our whole estimate is changed.” J. C. Shairp. Syn. — Estimate, Estimation, Esteem. The noun estimate, like its verb, supposes chiefly an exercise of judgment in determining the amount, importance, or magnitude of things, with their other exterior relations; as an estimate of expenses incurred; a true estimate of life, etc. Esteem is a moral sentiment made up of respect and attachment, — the valuation of a person as possessing useful qualities or real worth. Thus we speak of the esteem of the wise and good as a thing greatly to be desired. Estimation seems to waver between the two. In our version of the Scriptures it is used simply for estimate; as ´If he be poorer than thy estimation.´ Lev. xxvii. 8. In other cases, it verges toward esteem; as ´I know him to be of worth and worthy estimation.´ Shak. It will probably settle down at last on this latter sense. ´Esteem is the value we place upon some degree of worth. It is higher than simple approbation, which is a decision of judgment. It is the commencement of affection.´ Gogan. “No; dear as freedom is, and in my heart’s
Just estimation prized above all price.” Cowper.

Es•ti•ma´tion , n. [L. aestimatio, fr. aestimare: cf. F. estimation. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. The act of estimating. Shak. 2. An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities. “If he be poorer that thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest, and the priest shall value him.” Lev. xxvii. 8. 3. Favorable opinion; esteem; regard; honor. “I shall have estimation among multitude, and honor with the elders.” Wisdom viii. 10. 4. Supposition; conjecture. “I speak not this in estimation,
As what I think might be, but what I know.” Shak. Syn. — Estimate; calculation; computation; appraisement; esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate, n.

Es´ti•ma•tive , a. [Cf. F. estimatif.] 1. Inclined, or able, to estimate; serving for, or capable of being used in, estimating. “We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty.” Sir M. Hale. 2. Pertaining to an estimate. [R.]

Es´ti•ma•tor , n. [L. aestimator.] One who estimates or values; a valuer. Jer. Taylor.

Es´ti•val , a., Es´ti•vate , v. i., Es•ti•va´tion , n. Same as AEstival, AEstivate, etc.

Es•toile´ , n. [OF.] (Her.) A six-pointed star whose rays are wavy, instead of straight like those of a mullet. [Written also etoile.] Estoile of eight points, a star which has four straight and four wavy rays. — Estoile of four points. Same as Cross estoile, under Cross.

Es•top´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estophed p. pr. & vb. n. Estopping.] [OF. estoper to stop, plug, close, F. etouper, LL. stuppare to close with tow, obstruct, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum, cf. Gr. sty•pph. Cf. Stop.] (Law) To impede or bar by estoppel. “A party will be estopped by his admissions, where his intent is to influence another, or derive an advantage to himself.” Abbott.

Es•top´pel , n. [From Estop.] (Law) (a) A stop; an obstruction or bar to one’s alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action, allegation, or denial; an admission, by words or conduct, which induces another to purchase rights, against which the party making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with the admission. (b) The agency by which the law excludes evidence to dispute certain admissions, which the policy of the law treats as indisputable. Wharton. Stephen. Burrill.

Es•to´vers (es•to´verz), n. pl. [OF. estoveir, estovoir, necessary, necessity, need, prop. an infin. meaning to suit, be fit, be necessary. See Stover.] (Law) Necessaries or supplies; an allowance to a person out of an estate or other thing for support; as of wood to a tenant for life, etc., of sustenance to a man confined for felony out of his estate, or alimony to a woman divorced out of her husband’s estate. Blackstone. Common of estovers. See under Common, n.

Es•trade´ (as•trad´), n. [F., fr. Sp. estrado, orig., a carpet on the floor of a room, also a carpeted platform, fr. L. stratum bed covering. See Stratum.] (Arch.) A portion of the floor of a room raised above the general level, as a place for a bed or a throne; a platform; a dais. “He [the teacher] himself should have his desk on a mounted estrade or platform.” J. G. Fitch.

Es•tra•ma•con´ , n. [F.] 1. A straight, heavy sword with two edges, used in the 16th and 17th centuries. 2. A blow with edge of a sword. Farrow.

Es•trange´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estranged p. pr. & vb. n. Estranging.] [OF. estrangier to remove, F. etranger, L. extraneare to treat as a stranger, from extraneus strange. See Strange.] 1. To withdraw; to withhold; hence, reflexively, to keep at a distance; to cease to be familiar and friendly with. “We must estrange our belief from everything which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced.” Glanvill. “Had we … estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent.” Hooker. 2. To divert from its original use or purpose, or from its former possessor; to alienate. “They … have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods.” Jer. xix. 4. 3. To alienate the affections or confidence of; to turn from attachment to enmity or indifference. “I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has estranged him from me.” Pope. “He … had pretended to be estranged from the Whigs, and had promised to act as a spy upon them.” Macaulay.

Es•tran´ged•ness , n. State of being estranged; estrangement. Prynne.

Es•trange´ment , n. [Cf. OF. estrangement.] The act of estranging, or the state of being estranged; alienation. “An estrangement from God.” J. C. Shairp. “A long estrangement from better things.” South.

Es•tran´ger , n. One who estranges.

Es•tran´gle , v. t. To strangle. [Obs.]

Es•tra•pade´ , n. [F.] (Man.) The action of a horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rears, plunges, and kicks furiously.

Es•tray´ , v. i. To stray. [Obs.] Daniel.

Es•tray´ n. (Law) Any valuable animal, not wild, found wandering from its owner; a stray. Burrill.

Es´tre , n. [OF. estre state, plan.] The inward part of a building; the interior. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Es•treat´ , n. [OF. estraite, prop., an extract, fr. p. p. of estraire to extract, F. extraire, fr. L. extrahere. See Extract.] (Law) A true copy, duplicate, or extract of an original writing or record, esp. of amercements or penalties set down in the rolls of court to be levied by the bailiff, or other officer. Cowell. Estreat of a recognizance, the extracting or taking out a forfeited recognizance from among the other records of the court, for the purpose of a prosecution in another court, or it may be in the same court. Burrill.

Es•treat´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estreating.] (Law) (a) To extract or take out from the records of a court, and send up to the court of exchequer to be enforced; — said of a forfeited recognizance. (b) To bring in to the exchequer, as a fine.

Es•trepe´ , v. t. [OF. estreper.] (Law) To strip or lay bare, as land of wood, houses, etc.; to commit waste.

Es•trepe´ment , n. [OF., damage, waste.] (Law) A destructive kind of waste, committed by a tenant for life, in lands, woods, or houses. Cowell.

Es´trich , n. 1. Ostrich. [Obs.] Massinger. 2. (Com.) The down of the ostrich. Brande & C.

Es´tu•ance , n. [From L. aestuans, p. pr. of aestuare. See Estuate.] Heat. [Obs.]

Es´tu•a•rine , a. Pertaining to an estuary; estuary.

Es´tu•a•ry , n.; pl. Estuaries (#). [L. aestuarium, from aestuare to surge. See Estuate.] [Written also aestuary.] 1. A place where water boils up; a spring that wells forth. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. A passage, as the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the current; an arm of the sea; a frith. “it to the sea was often by long and wide estuaries.” Dana.

Es´tu•a•ry, a. Belonging to, or formed in, an estuary; as estuary strata. Lyell.

Es´tu•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Estuated p. pr. & vb. n. Estuating.] [L. aestuare to be in violent motion, to boil up, burn, fr. aestus boiling or undulating motion, fire, glow, heat; akin to Gr. to burn. See Ether.] To boil up; to swell and rage; to be agitated. Bacon.

Es•tu•a´tion , n. [L. aestuatio.] The act of estuating; commotion, as of a fluid; agitation. “The estuations of joys and fears.” W. Montagu.

Es•tu´fa , n.; pl. Estufas (#). [Sp., a stove, a warm room. Cf. Stove.] An assembly room in dwelling of the Pueblo Indians. L. H. Morgan.

Es´ture ( 135), n. [See Estuate.] Commotion. [Obs.] Chapman.

E•su´ri•ent , a. [L. esuriens, p. pr. of ensurire, fr. edere to eat.] Inclined to eat; hungry; voracious. [R.] Bailey. ´Poor, but esurient.´ Carlyle.

E•su´ri•ent, n. One who is hungry or greedy. [R.] “An insatiable esurient after riches.” Wood.

Es´u•rine , a. [See Esurient.] Causing hunger; eating; corroding. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Es´u•rine, n. (Med.) A medicine which provokes appetites, or causes hunger. [Obs.]

-et [F. -et, masc., -ette, fem. Cf. -let.] A noun suffix with a diminutive force; as in baronet, pocket, facet, floweret, latchet.

E•taac´ , n. (Zoöl.) The blue buck.

E´ta•cism , n. [Gr. the letter , . Cf. Itacism.] (Greek Gram.) The pronunciation of the Greek η (eta) like the Italian e long, that is like a in the English word ate. See Itacism.

E´ta•cist , n. One who favors etacism.

e•ta•gère´ , n. [F., fr. etager to arrange on shelves, fr. etage story, floor. See Stage.] A piece of furniture having a number of uninclosed shelves or stages, one above another, for receiving articles of elegance or use. Fairholt.

e•tat´ Ma•jor´ [F., fr. etat state + L. major greater.] (Mil.) The staff of an army, including all officers above the rank of colonel, also all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymasters, physicians, signal officers, judge advocates; also the noncommissioned assistants of the above officers. { Et• cet´e•ra , Et• caet´e•ra } [L. et and + caetera other things.] Others of the like kind; and the rest; and so on; — used to point out that other things which could be mentioned are to be understood. Usually abbreviated into etc. or &c. (&c). Shak.

Etch , n. A variant of Eddish. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Etch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etched p. pr. & vb. n. Etching.] [D. etsen, G. ätzen to feed, corrode, etch. MHG. etzen, causative of ezzen to eat, G. essen . See Eat.] 1. To produce, as figures or designs, on mental, glass, or the like, by means of lines or strokes eaten in or corroded by means of some strong acid. The plate is first covered with varnish, or some other ground capable of resisting the acid, and this is then scored or scratched with a needle, or similar instrument, so as to form the drawing; the plate is then covered with acid, which corrodes the metal in the lines thus laid bare. 2. To subject to etching; to draw upon and bite with acid, as a plate of metal. “I was etching a plate at the beginning of 1875.” Hamerton. 3. To sketch; to delineate. [R.] “There are many empty terms to be found in some learned writes, to which they had recourse to etch out their system.” Locke.

Etch, v. i. To practice etching; to make etchings.

Etch´er , n. One who etches.

Etch´ing, n. 1. The act, art, or practice of engraving by means of acid which eats away lines or surfaces left unprotected in metal, glass, or the like. See Etch, v. t. 2. A design carried out by means of the above process; a pattern on metal, glass, etc., produced by etching. 3. An impression on paper, parchment, or other material, taken in ink from an etched plate. Etching figures (Min.), markings produced on the face of a crystal by the action of an appropriate solvent. They have usually a definite form, and are important as revealing the molecular structure. — Etching needle, a sharp-pointed steel instrument with which lines are drawn in the ground or varnish in etching. — Etching stitch (Needlework), a stitch used outline embroidery.

E•te•os´tic , n. [Gr. , , year + row.] A kind of chronogram. [R.] B. Jonson.

E•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [Pref. e- + terminable.] Interminable. [Obs.] Skelton. { E•tern´ E•terne´ }, a. [OF. eterne, L. aeternus, for aeviturnus, fr. aevum age. See Age, and cf. Eternal.] Eternal. [Poetic] Shak. “Built up to eterne significance.” Mrs. Browning.

E•ter´nal , a. [F. eternel, L. aeternalis, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Without beginning or end of existence; always existing. “The eternal God is thy refuge.” Deut. xxxiii. 27. “To know wether there were any real being, whose duration has been eternal.” Locke. 2. Without end of existence or duration; everlasting; endless; immortal. “That they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus, with eternal glory.” 2 Tim. ii. 10. 3. Continued without intermission; perpetual; ceaseless; constant. “And fires eternal in thy temple shine.” Dryden. 4. Existing at all times without change; immutable. “Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed.” Dryden. “What are the eternal objects of poetry among all nations, and at all times?” M. Arnold. 5. Exceedingly great or bad; — used as a strong intensive. ´Some eternal villain.´ The Eternal City, an appellation of Rome. Syn. — Everlasting; endless; infinite; ceaseless; perpetual; interminable. See Everlasting.

E•ter´nal, n. 1. One of the appellations of God. “Law whereby the Eternal himself doth work.” Hooker. 2. That which is endless and immortal. Young.

E•ter´nal•ist, n. One who holds the existence of matter to be from eternity. T. Burnet.

E•ter´nal•ize , v. t. To make eternal. Shelton.

E•ter´nal•ly, adv. In an eternal manner. “That which is morally good or evil at any time or in any case, must be also eternally and unchangeably so.” South. “Where western gales eternally reside.” Addison.

E•terne´ , a. See Etern.

E•ter´ni•fy , v. t. To make eternal. [Obs.] “Fame … eternifies the name.” Mir. for Mag.

E•ter´ni•ty , n.; pl. Eternities (#). [F. eternite, L. aeternitas, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Infinite duration, without beginning in the past or end in the future; also duration without end in the future; endless time. “The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.” Is. lvii. 15. 2. Condition which begins at death; immortality. “Thou know’st ’t is common; all that lives must die,
Passing through nature to eternity.” Shak.

E•ter•ni•za´tion , n. The act of eternizing; the act of rendering immortal or famous.

E•ter´nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eternized p. pr. & vb. n. Eterniziing.] [Cf. F. eterniser.] 1. To make eternal or endless. “This other [gift] served but to eternize woe.” Milton. 2. To make forever famous; to immortalize; as to eternize one’s self, a name, exploits. “St. Alban’s battle won by famous York,
Shall be eternized in all age to come.” Shak.

E•te´sian , a. [L. etesiae, pl., periodic winds, Gr. , fr. year: cf. F. etesien.] Periodical; annual; — applied to winds which annually blow from the north over the Mediterranean, esp. the eastern part, for an irregular period during July and August.

Eth´al , n. [Ether + alcohol: cf. F. ethal.] (Chem.) A white waxy solid, C16H33.OH; — called also cetylic alcohol. See Cetylic alcohol, under Cetylic.

Eth´ane , n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C2H6, forming a constituent of ordinary illuminating gas. It is the second member of the paraffin series, and its most important derivatives are common alcohol, aldehyde, ether, and acetic acid. Called also dimethyl.

Ethe , a. [See Eath.] Easy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Eth´el , a. [AS. eele, aeele. See Atheling.] Noble. [Obs.]

Eth´ene , n. (Chem.) Ethylene; olefiant gas.

E•then´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from. or resembling, ethene or ethylene; as ethenic ether.

Eth´e•nyl , n. [Ethene + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A trivalent hydrocarbon radical, CH3.C. (b) A univalent hydrocarbon radical of the ethylene series, CH2:CH; — called also vinyl. See Vinyl.

E•the•os´to•moid , a. [NL. etheostoma name of a genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, the genus Etheostoma. — n. Any fish of the genus Etheostoma and related genera, allied to the perches; — also called darter. The etheostomoids are small and often bright-colored fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of North America. About seventy species are known. See Darter.

E´ther (e´ther), n. [L. aether, Gr. a’iqh•r, fr. a’i•qein to light up, kindle, burn, blaze; akin to Skr. idh, indh, and prob. to E. idle: cf. F. ether.] [Written also aether.] 1. (Physics) A medium of great elasticity and extreme tenuity, supposed to pervade all space, the interior of solid bodies not excepted, and to be the medium of transmission of light and heat; hence often called luminiferous ether. 2. Supposed matter above the air; the air itself. 3. (Chem.) (a) A light, volatile, mobile, inflammable liquid, (C2H5)2O, of a characteristic aromatic odor, obtained by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid, and hence called also sulphuric ether. It is powerful solvent of fats, resins, and pyroxylin, but finds its chief use as an anaesthetic. Called also ethyl oxide. (b) Any similar oxide of hydrocarbon radicals; as amyl ether; valeric ether. Complex ether, Mixed ether (Chem.), an oxide of two different radicals in the same molecule; as ethyl methyl ether, C2H5.O.CH3. — Compound ether (Chem.), an ethereal salt or a salt of some hydrocarbon as the base; an ester. — Ether engine (Mach.), a condensing engine like a steam engine, but operated by the vapor of ether instead of by steam.

E•the´re•al , a. 1. Pertaining to the hypothetical upper, purer air, or to the higher regions beyond the earth or beyond the atmosphere; celestial; as ethereal space; ethereal regions. “Go, heavenly guest, ethereal messenger.” Milton. 2. Consisting of ether; hence, exceedingly light or airy; tenuous; spiritlike; characterized by extreme delicacy, as form, manner, thought, etc. “Vast chain of being, which from God began,
Natures ethereal, human, angel, man.” Pope. 3. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, ether; as ethereal salts. Ethereal oil. (Chem.) See Essential oil, under Essential. — Ethereal oil of wine (Chem.), a heavy, yellow, oily liquid consisting essentially of etherin, etherol, and ethyl sulphate. It is the oily residuum left after etherification. Called also heavy oil of wine (distinguished from oil of wine, or œnanthic ether). — Ethereal salt (Chem.), a salt of some organic radical as a base; an ester.

E•the´re•al•ism , n. Ethereality.

E•the•re•al´i•ty , n. The state of being ethereal; etherealness. “Something of that ethereality of thought and manner which belonged to Wordsworth’s earlier lyrics.” J. C. Shairp.

E•the•re•al•i•za´tion , n. An ethereal or spiritlike state. J. H. Stirling.

E•the´re•al•ize , v. t. 1. To convert into ether, or into subtile fluid; to saturate with ether. 2. To render ethereal or spiritlike. “Etherealized, moreover, by spiritual communications with the other world.” Hawthorne.

E•the´re•al•ly, adv. In an ethereal manner.

E•the´re•al•ness , n. Ethereality.

E•the´re•ous , a. [L. aethereus, Gr. See Ether.] 1. Formed of ether; ethereal. [Obs.] “This ethereous mold whereon we stand.” Milton. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or resembling, ether. Ethereous oil. See Ethereal oil, under Ethereal.

E•ther•i•fi•ca´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of making ether; specifically, the process by which a large quantity of alcohol is transformed into ether by the agency of a small amount of sulphuric, or ethyl sulphuric, acid.

E•ther´i•form , a. [Ether + form.] Having the form of ether.

E´ther•in, n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline hydrocarbon, regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, obtained in heavy oil of wine, the residue left after making ether; — formerly called also concrete oil of wine.

E•ther•i•za´tion n. (Med.) (a) The administration of ether to produce insensibility. (b) The state of the system under the influence of ether.

E´ther•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etherized p. pr. & vb. n. Etherizing ] [Cf. F. etheriser.] 1. To convert into ether. 2. To render insensible by means of ether, as by inhalation; as to etherize a patient.

E´ther•ol , n. [Ether + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An oily hydrocarbon regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, produced with etherin. { Eth´ic , Eth´ic•al } a. [L. ethicus, Gr. , fr. custom, usage, character, dwelling; akin to custom, Goth. sidus, G. sitte, Skr. svadh, prob. orig., one’s own doing; sva self + dh to set: cf. F. ethique. See So, Do.] Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy. “The ethical meaning of the miracles.” Trench. Ethical dative (Gram.), a use of the dative of a pronoun to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by some one; as Quid mihi Celsus agit? How does my friend Celsus do?

Eth´ic•al•ly, adv. According to, in harmony with, moral principles or character.

Eth´i•cist , n. One who is versed in ethics, or has written on ethics.

Eth´ics , n. [Cf. F. ethique. See Ethic.] The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concerting duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as political or social ethics; medical ethics. “The completeness and consistency of its morality is the peculiar praise of the ethics which the Bible has taught.” I. Taylor.

Eth´ide , n. (Chem.) Any compound of ethyl of a binary type; as potassium ethide.

Eth´i•dene , n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) Ethylidene. [Obs.]

Eth´ine , n. (Chem.) Acetylene.

Eth•i•on´ic , a. [Ethyl + thionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid so called. Ethionic acid (Chem.), a liquid derivative of ethylsulphuric and sulphuric (thionic) acids, obtained by the action of sulphur trioxide on absolute alcohol. { E´thi•op , E•thi•o´pi•an }, n. [L. Aethiops, Gr. ; to burn + face.] A native or inhabitant of Ethiopia; also in a general sense, a negro or black man. { E•thi•o´pi•an , E•thi•op´ic } a. Of or relating to Ethiopia or the Ethiopians.

E•thi•op´ic, n. The language of ancient Ethiopia; the language of the ancient Abyssinian empire (in Ethiopia), now used only in the Abyssinian church. It is of Semitic origin, and is also called Geez.

E´thi•ops n. [NL. See Ethiop.] (Old Chem.) A black substance; — formerly applied to various preparations of a black or very dark color. [Written also AEthiops.] [Obs.] Ethiops martial (Old Chem.), black oxide of iron. — Ethiops mineral (Old Chem.), black sulphide of mercury, obtained by triturating mercury with sulphur. — Ethiops per se (Old Chem.), mercury in finely divided state, having the appearance of a dark powder, obtained by shaking it up or by exposure to the air. { Eth´moid , Eth•moid´al } a. [Gr. like a sieve; sieve + from: cf. F. ethmoïde, ethmoïdal.] (Anat.) (a) Like a sieve; cribriform. (b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ethmoid bone. Ethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of complicated structure through which the olfactory nerves pass out of the cranium and over which they are largely distributed.

Eth´moid n. (Anat.) The ethmoid bone.

Eth•mo•tru´bi•nal , a. [Ethmoid + turbinal.] See Turbinal. - - n. An ethmoturbinal bone.

Eth•mo•vo´mer•ine , n. [Ethmoid + vomerine.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the region of the vomer and the base of the ethmoid in the skull. Ethmovomerine plate (Anat.), a cartilaginous plate beneath the front of the fetal brain which the ethmoid region of the skull is developed.

Eth´narch , n. [Gr. ; nation + leader, commander. See -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.) The governor of a province or people. Lew Wallace.

Eth´narch•y n. [Gr. .] The dominion of an ethnarch; principality and rule. Wright. { Eth´nic , Eth´nic•al } a. [L. ethnicus, Gr. , fr. nation, the nations, heathens, gentiles: cf. F. ethnique.] 1. Belonging to races or nations; based on distinctions of race; ethnological. 2. Pertaining to the gentiles, or nations not converted to Christianity; heathen; pagan; — opposed to Jewish and Christian.

Eth´nic n. A heathen; a pagan. [Obs.] “No better reported than impure ethnic and lay dogs.” Milton.

Eth´nic•al•ly , adv. In an ethnical manner.

Eth´ni•cism n. Heathenism; paganism; idolatry. [Obs.] ´Taint of ethnicism.´ B. Jonson.

Eth•nog´ra•pher n. One who investigates ethnography. { Eth•no•graph´ic , Eth•no•graph´ic•al , }. a. [Cf. F. ethnographique.] pertaining to ethnography.

Eth•no•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In an ethnographical manner.

Eth•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. nation + -graphy: cf. F. ethnographie.] That branch of knowledge which has for its subject the characteristics of the human family, developing the details with which ethnology as a comparative science deals; descriptive ethnology. See Ethnology. { Eth•no•log´ic , Eth•no•log´ic•al } a Of or pertaining to ethnology.

Eth•no•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In an ethnological manner; by ethnological classification; as one belonging ethnologically to an African race.

Eth•nol´o•gist , n. One versed in ethnology; a student of ethnology.

Eth•nol´o•gy n. [Gr. nation + -logy.] The science which treats of the division of mankind into races, their origin, distribution, and relations, and the peculiarities which characterize them. { Eth•o•log´ic , Eth•o•log´ic•al } a [See Ethology.] treating of, or pertaining to, ethnic or morality, or the science of character. J. S. Mill.

E•thol´o•gist n. One who studies or writes upon ethology.

E•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a depicting of character; custom, moral nature + to speak.] 1. A treatise on morality; ethics. 2. The science of the formation of character, national and collective as well as individual. J. S. Mill.

Eth´o•po•et´ic [Gr. ; custom, manners + to make or form.] Expressing character. [Obs.] Urquhart.

Eth´ule [Ether + Gr. substance, base. Cf. Ethyl, and see -yl.] (Chem.) Ethyl. [Obs.]

Eth´yl , n. [Ether + - yl.] (Chem.) A monatomic, hydrocarbon radical, C2H5 of the paraffin series, forming the essential radical of ethane, and of common alcohol and ether. Ethyl aldehyde. (Chem.) See Aldehyde.

Eth•yl•am´ine , n. [Ethyl + amine.] (Chem.) A colorless, mobile, inflammable liquid, C2H5.NH2, very volatile and with an ammoniacal odor. It is a strong base, and is a derivative of ammonia. Called also ethyl carbamine, and amido ethane.

Eth´yl•ate (-at), n. [From Ethyl.] (Chem.) A compound derived from ethyl alcohol by the replacement of the hydroxyl hydrogen, after the manner of a hydrate; an ethyl alcoholate; as potassium ethylate, C2H5.O.K.

Eth´yl•ene (-en), n. [From Ethyl.] (Chem.) A colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, C2H4, forming an important ingredient of illuminating gas and also obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid in alcohol. It is an unsaturated compound and combines directly with chlorine and bromine to form oily liquids (Dutch liquid), — hence called olefiant gas. Called also ethene, elayl, and formerly, bicarbureted hydrogen. Ethylene series (Chem.), the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons of which ethylene is the type, and represented by the general formula CnH2n.

E•thyl´ic (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, ethyl; as ethylic alcohol.

E•thyl´i•dene (Chem.) An unsymmetrical, divalent, hydrocarbon radical, C2H4 metameric with ethylene but written thus, CH3.CH to distinguish it from the symmetrical ethylene, CH2.CH2. Its compounds are derived from aldehyde. Formerly called also ethidene.

Eth´yl•in (Chem.) Any one of the several complex ethers of ethyl and glycerin.

Eth•yl•sul•phu´ric a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ethyl and sulphuric acid. Ethylsulphuric acid (Chem.), an acid sulphate of ethyl, H.C2H5.SO4, produced as a thick liquid by the action of sulphiric acid on alcohol. It appears to be the active catalytic agent in the process of etherification.

E´ti•o•late v. i. [imp. & p. p. Etiolated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Etiolating.] [F. etioler to blanch.] 1. To become white or whiter; to be whitened or blanched by excluding the light of the sun, as plants. 2. (Med.) To become pale through disease or absence of light.

E´ti•o•late, v. t. 1. To blanch; to bleach; to whiten by depriving of the sun’s rays. 2. (Med.) To cause to grow pale by disease or absence of light. { E´ti•o•late , E´ti•o•la•ted } a. Having a blanched or faded appearance, as birds inhabiting desert regions.

E•ti•o•la´tion , n. 1. The operation of blanching plants, by excluding the light of the sun; the condition of a blanched plant. 2. (Med.) Paleness produced by absence of light, or by disease. Dunglison.

E´ti•o•lin , n. [See Etiolate.] (Bot.) A yellowish coloring matter found in plants grown in darkness, which is supposed to be an antecedent condition of chlorophyll. Encyc. Brit.

E•ti•o•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or inquiring into, causes; aetiological.

E•ti•ol´o•gy , n. [Cf. F. etiologie.] The science of causes. Same as tiology.

Et´i•quette , n. [F. prop., a little piece of paper, or a mark or title, affixed to a bag or bundle, expressing its contents, a label, ticket, OF. estiquete, of German origin; cf. LG. stikke peg, pin, tack, stikken to stick, G. stecken. See Stick, and cf. Ticket.] The forms required by good breeding, or prescribed by authority, to be observed in social or official life; observance of the proprieties of rank and occasion; conventional decorum; ceremonial code of polite society. “The pompous etiquette to the court of Louis the Fourteenth.” Prescott.

Et´na , n. A kind of small, portable, cooking apparatus for which heat is furnished by a spirit lamp. “There should certainly be an etna for getting a hot cup of coffee in a hurry.” V. Baker.

Et•ne´an , a. [L. Aetnaeus, Gr. , fr. (L. Aetna, Aetne).] Pertaining to Etna, a volcanic mountain in Sicily.

e•toile´ (a•twäl´), n. [F.] (Her.) See Estoile.

E•tru´ri•an , a. Of or relating to ancient Etruria, in Italy. ´Etrurian Shades.´ Milton, — n. A native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria.

E•trus´can , n. [L. Etruscus.] Of or relating to Etruria. — n. A native or inhabitant of Etruria.

Et´ter pike , n. [Cf. Atter.] (Zoöl.) The stingfish, or lesser weever (Tranchinus vipera).

Et´tin , n. [SA. eten, eoten, orig., gluttonous, fr. etan to eat.] A giant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Et´tle , v. t. [Perh. the same word as addle to earn; bur cf. OE. atlien, etlien, to intend, prepare, Icel. aetla to think, suppose, mean.] To earn. [Obs.] See Addle, to earn. Boucher.

e•tude´ (a•tud´), n. [F. See Study.] 1. A composition in the fine arts which is intended, or may serve, for a study. 2. (Mus.) A study; an exercise; a piece for practice of some special point of technical execution.

e•tui´ (a•twe´), n. [F.] A case for one or several small articles; esp., a box in which scissors, tweezers, and other articles of toilet or of daily use are carried.

Et•wee´ (et•ee´), n. See etui. Shenstone.

Et´ym (et´im), n. See Etymon. H. F. Talbot.

E•tym´ic (e•tim´ik), a. Relating to the etymon; as an etymic word.

Et•y•mol´o•ger (et•i•mol´o•jer), n. An etymologist.

Et•y•mo•log´ic•al (- mo•loj´i•kal), a. [L. etymologicus, Gr. ’etymologiko•s: cf. F. etymologique. See Etymology.] Pertaining to etymology, or the derivation of words. — Et•y•mo•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Et•y•mo•log´i•con (-i•kon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’etymologiko•n, prop. neut. sing. from ’etymologiko•s.] An etymological dictionary or manual.

Et•y•mol´o•gist (et•i•mol´o•jist), n. [Cf. F. etymologiste.] One who investigates the derivation of words.

Et•y•mol´o•gize (-jiz), v. t. [Cf. F. etymologiser.] To give the etymology of; to trace to the root or primitive, as a word. Camden

Et•y•mol´o•gize, v. t. To search into the origin of words; to deduce words from their simple roots. “How perilous it is to etymologize at random.” Trench.

Et•y•mol´o•gy (-jy), n.; pl. Etymologies (-jiz). [L. etymologia, Gr. ’etymologi•a; ’e•tymon etymon + lo•gos discourse, description: cf. F. etymologie. See Etymon, and -logy.] 1. That branch of philological science which treats of the history of words, tracing out their origin, primitive significance, and changes of form and meaning. 2. That part of grammar which relates to the changes in the form of the words in a language; inflection.

Et´y•mon , n.; pl. E. Etymons (#), Gr. Etyma (#). [L., fr. Gr. ’e•tymon the true literal sense of a word according to its derivation, an etymon, fr. true, real, prob, akin to Skr. sotya, E. sooth. See Sooth.] 1. An original form; primitive word; root. 2. Original or fundamental signification. [R.] “Given as the etymon or genuine sense of the word.” Coleridge.

E•typ´ic•al , a. [Pref. e- + typical.] (Biol.) Diverging from, or lacking conformity to, a type.

Eu [Gr. well, orig. neut. of good; prob. connected with Skr. su, from the same root as E. is; or with Skr. vasu good, prob. fr. the same root as E. was.] A prefix used frequently in composition, signifying well, good, advantageous; — the opposite of dys-.

Eu•cai´rite , n. [Gr. seasonable, opportune; well, good + season.] (Min.) A metallic mineral, a selenide of copper and silver; — so called by Berzelius on account of its being found soon after the discovery of the metal selenium.

Eu´ca•lyn (u´ka•lin), n. (Chem.) An unfermentable sugar, obtained as an uncrystallizable sirup by the decomposition of melitose; also obtained from a Tasmanian eucalyptus, — whence its name.

Eu•ca•lyp•tol , n. [Eucalyptus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A volatile, terpenelike oil extracted from the eucalyptus, and consisting largely of cymene.

Eu•ca•lyp´tus , n. [NL., from GR. well, good + covered. The buds of Eucalyptus have a hemispherical or conical covering, which falls off at anthesis.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous genus of trees, mostly Australian. Many of them grow to an immense height, one or two species exceeding the height even of the California Sequoia. They have rigid, entire leaves with one edge turned toward the zenith. Most of them secrete resinous gums, whence they called gum trees, and their timber is of great value. Eucalyptus Globulus is the blue gum; E. gigantea, the stringy bark: E. amygdalina, the peppermint tree. E. Gunnii, the Tasmanian cider tree, yields a refreshing drink from wounds made in the bark in the spring. Other species yield oils, tars, acids, dyes and tans. It is said that miasmatic valleys in Algeria and Portugal, and a part of the unhealthy Roman Campagna, have been made more salubrious by planting groves of these trees.

Eu´cha•ris , n. [NL., fr. L. eucharis agreeable, Gr. e’y•charis See Eucharist.] (Bot.) A genus of South American amaryllidaceous plants with large and beautiful white blossoms.

Eu´cha•rist , n. [L. eucharistia, Gr. e’ycharisti•a, lit., a giving of thanks; e’y^ + cha•ris favor, grace, thanks; akin to chai•rein to rejoice, and prob. to yearn: cf. F. eucharistie.] 1. The act of giving thanks; thanksgiving. [Obs.] “Led through the vale of tears to the region of eucharist and hallelujahs.” South. 2. (Eccl.) The sacrament of the Lord’s Supper; the solemn act of ceremony of commemorating the death of Christ, in the use of bread and wine, as the appointed emblems; the communion. — See Sacrament. { Eu•cha•ris´tic , Eu•cha•ris´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. eucharistie.] 1. Giving thanks; expressing thankfulness; rejoicing. [Obs.] “The eucharistical part of our daily devotions.” Ray. 2. Pertaining to the Lord’s Supper. ´The eucharistic sacrament.´ Sir. G. C. Lewis.

Eu´chite , n. [From Gr. to pray.] One who resolves religion into prayer. [Obs.] Gauden.

Eu•chlo´ric , a. [Gr. e’y•chlwro•s fresh and green; e’y^ well + chlwro•s pale green.] (Chem.) Relating to, or consisting of, euchlorine; as euchloric gas. Davy.

Eu•chlo´rine , n. [Cf. F. euchlorine. See Euchloric.] (Chem.) A yellow or greenish yellow gas first prepared by Davy, evolved from potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid. It is supposed to consist of chlorine tetroxide with some free chlorine. { Eu•cho•lo´gi•on , Eu•chol´o•gy } n. [NL. euchologion, Gr. prayer book; prayer, vow (fr. to pray) + to say, speak.] (Eccl.) A formulary of prayers; the book of offices in the Greek Church, containing the liturgy, sacraments, and forms of prayers.

Eu´cho•logue, n. [F. euchologe.] Euchology. [R.]

Eu´chre , n. [Perh. from F. ecarte.] A game at cards, that may be played by two, three, or four persons, the highest card (except when an extra card called the Joker is used) being the knave of the same suit as the trump, and called right bower, the lowest card used being the seven, or frequently, in two-handed euchre, the nine spot. See Bower.

Eu´chre, v. t. 1. To defeat, in a game of euchre, the side that named the trump. 2. To defeat or foil thoroughly in any scheme. [Slang.]

Eu•chro´ic , a. [Gr. well- colored; well + color.] (Chem.) Having a fine color. Euchroic acid (Chem.), an organic, imide acid, obtained as a colorless crystalline substance, C12H4N2O8 by heating an ammonium salt of mellitic acid. By reduction it is changed to a dark blue substance (euchrone), — hence its name.

Eu´chro•ite , n. [See Euchroic.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in transparent emerald green crystals. It is hydrous arseniate of copper.

Eu´chrone n. (Chem.) A substance obtained from euchroic acid. See Eychroic.

Eu´chy•my , n. [Gr. well + juice liquid. See Chyme.] (Med.) A good state of the blood and other fluids of the body.

Eu´clase n. [Gr. well, easily + to break. Cf. F. euclase, G. euklas. See named from its brittleness.] (Min.) A brittle gem occurring in light green, transparent crystals, affording a brilliant clinodiagonal cleavage. It is a silicate of alumina and glucina.

Eu´clid , n. A Greek geometer of the 3d century b. c.; also his treatise on geometry, and hence, the principles of geometry, in general.

Eu•clid´i•an , n. Related to Euclid, or to the geometry of Euclid. Euclidian space (Geom.), the kind of space to which the axioms and definitions of Euclid, relative to straight lines and parallel lines, apply; — called also flat space, and homaloidal space.

Eu•co•pep´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Eu- and Copepoda.] (Zoöl.) A group which includes the typical copepods and the lerneans.

Eu´cra•sy [Gr. ; , well-tempered; e’y^ well + to mix, temper: cf. F. eucrasie.] (Med.) Such a due mixture of qualities in bodies as constitutes health or soundness. Quincy.

Euc´tic•al [Gr. , fr. to pray, wish.] Expecting a wish; supplicatory. [R.] “Sacrifices … distinguished into expiatory, euctical, and eucharistical.” Bp. Law. { Eu•de´mon , Eu•dae´mon }, n. [Gr. e’y^ well, good + one’s demon.] A good angel. Southey. { Eu•de•mon´ics , Eu•dae•mon´ics }, n. [Gr. conducive to happiness. See Eudemonism.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of happiness; the science of happiness; — contrasted with aretaics. J. Grote. { Eu•de´mon•ism , Eu•dae´mon•ism }, n. [Gr. a thinking happy, fr, blessed with a good genius, happy; e’y^ well, good + one’s demon of genius. See Demon.] That system of ethics which defines and enforces moral obligation by its relation to happiness or personal well-being. { Eu•de´mon•ist , Eu•dae´mon•ist }, n. One who believes in eudemonism. “I am too much of a eudaemonist; I hanker too much after a state of happiness both for myself and others.” De Quincey. { Eu•de•mon•is´tic , Eu•dae•mon•is´tic }, a. Of or pertaining to eudemonism. { Eu•de•mon•is´tic•al , Eu•dae•mon•is´tic•al }, a. Eudemonistic.

Eu•di´a•lyte , n. [Gr. e’y^ well, easily + to dissolve. So called because easily dissolvable in acids.] (Min.) A mineral of a brownish red color and vitreous luster, consisting chiefly of the silicates of iron, zirconia, and lime.

Eu•di•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. fair, clear weather, fr. fine, clear ( said of the air or weather) + -meter: cf. F. ediomètre.] (Chem.) An instrument for the volumetric measurement of gases; — so named because frequently used to determine the purity of the air. It usually consists of a finely graduated and calibrated glass tube, open at one end, the bottom; and having near the top a pair of platinum wires fused in, to allow the passage of an electric spark, as the process involves the explosion and combustion of one of the ingredients to be determined. The operation is conducted in a trough of mercury, or sometimes over water. Cf. Burette. Ure’s eudiometer has the tube bent in the form of the letter. U. { Eu•di•o•met´ric , Eu•di•o•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to a eudiometer; as eudiometrical experiments or results.

Eu•di•om´e•try , n. [Cf. F. eudiometrie.] (Chem.) The art or process of determining the constituents of a gaseous mixture by means of the eudiometer, or for ascertaining the purity of the air or the amount of oxygen in it.

Eu•di•pleu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. e’y^ well + double + rib,, pl.,side.] (Biol.) The fundamental forms of organic life, that are composed of two equal and symmetrical halves. Syd. Soc. Lex.

Eu•dox´i•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eudoxius, patriarch of Antioch and Constantinople in the 4th century, and a celebrated defender of the doctrines of Arius.

Eu•ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. e’y^ well + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl) A group which includes the bony ganoids, as the gar pikes.

Eu´ge , n. [L., well done! bravo! Gr. .] Applause. [Obs.] Hammond.

Eu•ge´ni•a (u•je´ni•a), n. [NL. Named in honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy.] (Bot.) A genus of myrtaceous plants, mostly of tropical countries, and including several aromatic trees and shrubs, among which are the trees which produce allspice and cloves of commerce.

Eu•gen´ic (u•jen´ik), a. [See Eugenia.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cloves; as eugenic acid.

Eu•gen´ic (u•jen´ik), a. [Gr. e’ygenh•s.] Well-born; of high birth. Atlantic Monthly.

Eu•gen´ics , n. The science of improving stock, whether human or animal. F. Galton.

Eu´ge•nin , n. (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline substance extracted from oil of cloves; — called also clove camphor.

Eu´ge•nol , n. [Eugenia + -ol.] (Chem.) A colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon, C10H12O2 resembling the phenols, and hence also called eugenic acid. It is found in the oils of pimento and cloves.

Eu´ge•ny [Gr. , fr. e’ygenh•s well born; e’y^ well + race.] Nobleness of birth. [Obs.] { Eu•get´ic , Eu•ge•tin´ic } a. (Chem) Pertaining to, or derived from, eugenol; as eugetic acid.

Eugh , n. [See Yew.] The yew. [Obs.] Dryden. { Eu•gu´bi•an , Eu´gu•bine } a. Of or pertaining to the ancient town of Eugubium (now Gubbio); as the Eugubine tablets, or tables, or inscriptions.

Eu•har•mon´ic , a. [Pref. -eu + harmonic.] (Mus.) Producing mathematically perfect harmony or concord; sweetly or perfectly harmonious.

Eu•hem´er•ism n. [L. Euhemerus, Gr. a philosopher, about 300 .] The theory, held by Euhemerus, that the gods of mythology were but deified mortals, and their deeds only the amplification in imagination of human acts.

Eu•hem´er•ist, n. One who advocates euhemerism.

Eu•hem•er•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to euhemerism.

Eu•hem´er•ize v. t. To interpret (mythology) on the theory of euhemerism.

Eu•i•sop´o•da pl. [NL. See Eu- and Isopoda.] (Zoöl.) A group which includes the typical Isopoda.

Eu´la•chon , n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The candlefish. [Written also oulachan, oolacan, and ulikon.] See Candlefish.

Eu•le´ri•an a. Pertaining to Euler, a German mathematician of the 18th century. Eulerian integrals, certain definite integrals whose properties were first investigated by Euler. { Eu•log´ic , Eu•log´ic•al } a. [See Eulogy.] Bestowing praise of eulogy; commendatory; eulogistic. [R.] — Eu•log´ic•al•ly, adv. [R.]

Eu´lo•gist n. One who eulogizes or praises; panegyrist; encomiast. Buckle. { Eu•lo•gis´tic , Eu•lo•gis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to eulogy; characterized by eulogy; bestowing praise; panegyrical; commendatory; laudatory; as eulogistic speech or discourse. — Eu´lo•gis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Eu•lo´gi•um n.; pl. Eulogiums (#). [LL., fr. Gr. eulogy.] A formal eulogy. Smollett.

Eu´lo•gize v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eulogized. ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eulogizing ] To speak or write in commendation of (another); to extol in speech or writing; to praise.

Eu´lo•gy , n.; pl. Eulogies (#). [Gr. , from well speaking; e’y^ well + to speak. Cf. Eulogium, and see Legend.] A speech or writing in commendation of the character or services of a person; as a fitting eulogy to worth. “Eulogies turn into elegies.” Spenser. Syn. — Encomium; praise; panegyric; applause. — Eulogy, Eulogium, Encomium, Panegyric. The idea of praise is common to all these words. The word encomium is used of both persons and things which are the result of human action, and denotes warm praise. Eulogium and eulogy apply only to persons and are more studied and of greater length. A panegyric was originally a set speech in a full assembly of the people, and hence denotes a more formal eulogy, couched in terms of warm and continuous praise, especially as to personal character. We may bestow encomiums on any work of art, on production of genius, without reference to the performer; we bestow eulogies, or pronounce a eulogium, upon some individual distinguished for his merit public services; we pronounce a panegyric before an assembly gathered for the occasion.

Eu´ly•tite , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + to dissolve.] (Min.) A mineral, consisting chiefly of the silicate of bismuth, found at Freiberg; — called also culytine.

Eu•men´i•des , n. pl. [L., from Gr. lit., gracious goddesses.] (Class. Myth.) A euphemistic name for the Furies of Erinyes.

Eu•mol´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sweetly singing.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, one species of which (E. viti) is very injurious to the vines in the wine countries of Europe.

Eu•no´mi•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicus (4th century A. D.), who held that Christ was not God but a created being, having a nature different from that of the Father. — a. Of or pertaining to Eunomius or his doctrine.

Eu´no•my , n. [Gr. ; e’y^ well + law.] Equal law, or a well-adjusted constitution of government. [R.] Mitford.

Eu´nuch , n. [L. eunuchus, Gr. , prop., keeping or guarding the couch; couch, bed, + to have, hold, keep.] A male of the human species castrated; commonly, one of a class of such persons, in Oriental countries, having charge of the women’s apartments. Some of them, in former times, gained high official rank. { Eu´nuch , Eu´nuch•ate } v. t. [L. eunuchare.] To make a eunuch of; to castrate. as a man. Creech. Sir. T. Browne.

Eu´nuch•ism , n. [L. eunuchismus an unmanning, Gr. : cf. F. eunuchisme eunuchism.] The state of being eunuch. Bp. Hall.

Eu•on´y•min , n. (Med.) A principle or mixture of principles derived from Euonymus atropurpureus, or spindle tree.

Eu•on´y•mus , n. [NL. (cf. L. euonymos). fr. Gr. , lit., of good name.] (Bot.) A genus of small European and American trees; the spindle tree. The bark is used as a cathartic.

Eu•or•ni´thes , n. pl. [NL., fr., Gr. e’y^ well + , a bird.] (Zoöl.) The division of Aves which includes all the typical birds, or all living birds except the penguins and birds of ostrichlike form.

Eu•os´mitte , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + a smell.] (Min.) A fossil resin, so called from its strong, peculiar, pleasant odor.

Eu´pa•thy , n. [Gr. comfort, happy condition of the soul. See Eu-, and Pathetic.] Right feeling. [R.] Harris. { Eu•pat´o•rin , Eu•pat´o•rine } , n. (Med.) A principle or mixture of principles extracted from various species of Eupatorium.

Eu•pa•to´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Eupator, king of Pontus, said to have used it as a medicine.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial, composite herbs including hemp agrimony, boneset, throughwort, etc.

Eu´pa•trid , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + father.] One well born, or of noble birth. { Eu•pep´si•a , Eu•pep´sy } n. [NL. eupepsia, Fr. Gr. , fr. easy of digestion; e’y^ well + to cook, digest.] (Med.) Soundness of the nutritive or digestive organs; good concoction or digestion; — opposed to dyspepsia.

Eu•pep´tic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to good digestion; easy of digestion; having a good digestion; as eupeptic food; an eupeptic man. “Wrapt in lazy eupeptic fat.” Carlyle.

Eu´phe•mism (u´fe•miz’m), n. [Gr. fr. to use word of a good omen; e’y^ well + to speak: cf. F. euphemisme. See Fame.] (Rhet.) A figure in which a harsh or indelicate word or expression is softened; a way of describing an offensive thing by an inoffensive expression; a mild name for something disagreeable. { Eu•phe•mis´tic , Eu•phe•mis´tic•al } a. Pertaining to euphemism; containing a euphemism; softened in expression. — Eu•phe•mis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Eu´phe•mize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Euphemized p. pr. & vb. n. Euphemizing.] [Gr. .] To express by a euphemism, or in delicate language; to make use of euphemistic expressions.

Eu•pho´ni•ad , n. [See Euphony.] (Mus.) An instrument in which are combined the characteristic tones of the organ and various other instruments. [R.] { Eu•phon´ic , Eu•phon´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, euphony; agreeable in sound; pleasing to the ear; euphonious; as a euphonic expression; euphonical orthography.

Eu•phon´i•con (u•fon´i•kon), n. [See Euphony.] (Mus.) A kind of upright piano.

Eu•pho´ni•ous , a. Pleasing or sweet in sound; euphonic; smooth-sounding. Hallam. — Eu•pho´ni•ous•ly, adv.

Eu´pho•nism , n. An agreeable combination of sounds; euphony.

Eu•pho´ni•um , n. [NL. See Euphony.] (Mus.) A bass instrument of the saxhorn family.

Eu´pho•nize , v. t. To make euphonic. [R.]

Eu´pho•non , n. [See Euphony.] (Mus.) An instrument resembling the organ in tone and the upright piano in form. It is characterized by great strength and sweetness of tone.

Eu´pho•nous , n. Euphonious. [R.]

Eu´pho•ny , n.; pl. Euphonies (#). [L. euphonia, Gr. , fr. sweet-voiced; e’y^ well + sound, voice; akin to to speak: cf. F. euphonie.] A pleasing or sweet sound; an easy, smooth enunciation of sounds; a pronunciation of letters and syllables which is pleasing to the ear.

Eu•phor´bi•a , n. [NL., fr. L. euphorbea. See Euphorrium.] (Bot.) Spurge, or bastard spurge, a genus of plants of many species, mostly shrubby, herbaceous succulents, affording an acrid, milky juice. Some of them are armed with thorns. Most of them yield powerful emetic and cathartic products. { Eu•phor•bi•a´ceous , Eu•phor´bi•al } a. (Bot.) Of, relating to, or resembling, the Euphorbia family. { Eu•phor´bin , Eu•phor´bine } , n. (Med.) A principle, or mixture of principles, derived from various species of Euphorbia.

Eu•phor´bi•um , n. [NL., fr. L. euphorbeum, from Gr. ; — so called after Euphorbus, a Greek physician.] (Med.) An inodorous exudation, usually in the form of yellow tears, produced chiefly by the African Euphorbia resinifera. It was formerly employed medicinally, but was found so violent in its effects that its use is nearly abandoned.

Eu´pho•tide , n. [Gr. e’y^ well + , , light. So called because of its pleasing combination of white and green.] (Min.) A rock occurring in the Alps, consisting of saussurite and smaragdite; — sometimes called gabbro.

Eu´phra•sy (u´fra•sy), n. [NL. euphrasia, fr. Gr. e’yfrasi•a delight, fr. e’yfrai•nein to delight; e’y^ well + frh•n heart, mind: cf. LL. eufrasia, F. eufraise.] (Bot.) The plant eyebright (Euphrasia officionalis), formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders of the eyes. “Then purged with euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve, for he had much to see.” Milton.

Eu´phroe , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A block or long slat of wood, perforated for the passage of the crowfoot, or cords by which an awning is held up. [Written also uphroe and uvrou.] Knight.

Eu´phu•ism (u´fu•iz’m), n. [Gr. e’yfyh•s well grown, graceful; e’y^ well + fyh• growth, fr. fy•ein to grow. This affected style of conversation and writing, fashionable for some time in the court of Elizabeth, had its origin from the fame of Lyly’s books, ´Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit,´ and ´Euphues and his England.´] (Rhet.) An affectation of excessive elegance and refinement of language; high-flown diction.

Eu´phu•ist, n. One who affects excessive refinement and elegance of language; — applied esp. to a class of writers, in the age of Elizabeth, whose productions are marked by affected conceits and high-flown diction.

Eu•phu•is´tic , a. Belonging to the euphuists, or euphuism; affectedly refined.

Eu´phu•ize , v. t. To affect excessive refinement in language; to be overnice in expression.

Eu´pi•one , n. [Gr. very fat; e’y^ well + fat.] (Chem.) A limpid, oily liquid obtained by the destructive distillation of various vegetable and animal substances; — specifically, an oil consisting largely of the higher hydrocarbons of the paraffin series. [Written also eupion.]

Eu•pit´tone , n. [Pref. eu- + pittacal + -one.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, resembling aurin, and obtained by the oxidation of pittacal; — called also eupittonic acid. [Written also eupitton.]

Eu•pit•ton´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, eupittone.

Eu•plas´tic , a. [Pref. eu- + -plastic.] (Med.) Having the capacity of becoming organizable in a high degree, as the matter forming the false membranes which sometimes result from acute inflammation in a healthy person. Dunglison.

Eu•plas´tic, n. (Med.) Organizable substance by which the tissues of an animal body are renewed.

Eu•plec•tel´la , n. [NL., fr. Gr. well plaited; e’y^ well + plaited.] (Zoöl) A genus of elegant, glassy sponges, consisting of interwoven siliceous fibers, and growing in the form of a cornucopia; — called also Venus’s flower-basket.

Eu•plex•op´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. e’y^ well + to plait + a wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects, including the earwig. The anterior wings are short, in the form of elytra, while the posterior wings fold up beneath them. See Earwig.

Eup•nae´a , n. [NL., fr. gr. easy breathing; well + to breathe.] (Physiol.) Normal breathing where arterialization of the blood is normal, in distinction from dyspnaea, in which the blood is insufficiently arterialized. Foster.

Eu•pyr´i•on , n. [Gr. well + fire.] A contrivance for obtaining a light instantaneously, as a lucifer match. Brande & C.

Eu•ra´sian , n. [European + Asian.] 1. A child of a European parent on the one side and an Asiatic on the other. 2. One born of European parents in Asia.

Eu•ra´sian , a. Of European and Asiatic descent; of or pertaining to both Europe and Asia; as the great Eurasian plain.

Eu•ra•si•at´io , a. (Geog.) Of or pertaining to the continents of Europe and Asia combined.

Eu•re´ka [Gr. I have found, perfect indicative of to find.] The exclamation attributed to Archimedes, who is said to have cried out ´Eureka! eureka!´ (I have found it! I have found it!), upon suddenly discovering a method of finding out how much the gold of King Hiero’s crown had been alloyed. Hence, an expression of triumph concerning a discovery.

Eu•rhip•i•du´rous , a. [Gr. well + a fan + a tail.] (Zoöl.) Having a fanlike tail; belonging to the Eurhipidurae, a division of Aves which includes all living birds.

Eu´ri•pize , v. t. [See Euripus.] To whirl hither and thither. [Obs.]

Eu•ri´pus , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; well + a rushing motion.] A strait; a narrow tract of water, where the tide, or a current, flows and reflows with violence, as the ancient frith of this name between Eubœa and Bœotia. Hence, a flux and reflux. Burke.

Eu´rite (u´rit), n. [Cf. F. eurite.] (Min.) A compact feldspathic rock; felsite. See Felsite.

Eu•rit´ic , a. Of or relating to eurite.

Eu•roc´ly•don , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; the southeast wind + wave, billow; according to another reading, , i. e. a north-east wind, as in the Latin Vulgate Euro-aquilo.] A tempestuous northeast wind which blows in the Mediterranean. See Levanter. “A tempestuous wind called Euroclydon.” Acts xxvii. 14.

Eu•ro•pe´an , a. [L. europeaus, Gr. , fr. Gr. (L. europa.)] Of or pertaining to Europe, or to its inhabitants. On the European plan, having rooms to let, and leaving it optional with guests whether they will take meals in the house; — said of hotels. [U. S.]

Eu•ro•pe´an, n. A native or an inhabitant of Europe.

Eu•ro•pe´an•ize , v. t. To cause to become like the Europeans in manners or character; to habituate or accustom to European usages. “A state of society … changed and Europeanized.” Lubbock.

Eu´rus , n. [L., gr. .] The east wind.

Eu•ry´a•le , n. [NL., fr. Euryale, one of the Gorgons.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of water lilies, growing in India and China. The only species (E. ferox) is very prickly on the peduncles and calyx. The rootstocks and seeds are used as food. 2. (Zoöl) A genus of ophiurans with much-branched arms.

Eu•ry•al´i•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of Ophiuroidea, including the genera Euryale, Astrophyton, etc. They generally have the arms branched. See Astrophyton.

Eu•ryc´er•ous , a. [Gr. broad + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) Having broad horns.

Eu•ryp´ter•oid , a. [Eurypterus + -oid.] (Paleon.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Euryperus.

Eu•ryp•te•roi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Eurypteroid.] (Paleont.) An extinct order of Merostomata, of which the genus Eurypterus is the type. They are found only in Paleozoic rocks. [Written also Eurypterida.]

Eu•ryp´te•rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. broad + a wing.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct Merostomata, found in Silurian rocks. Some of the species are more than three feet long.

Eu´ryth•my , n. [L. eurythmia, Gr. ; well + rhythm, measure, proportion, symmetry: cf. F. eurythmie.] 1. (Fine Arts) Just or harmonious proportion or movement, as in the composition of a poem, an edifice, a painting, or a statue. 2. (Med.) Regularly of the pulse.

Eu•se´bi•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, who was a friend and protector of Arius.

Eu•sta´chi•an , a. [From Eustachi, a learned Italian physician who died in Rome, 1574.] (Anat.) (a) Discovered by Eustachius. (b) Pertaining to the Eustachian tube; as Eustachian catheter. Eustachian catheter, a tubular instrument to be introduced into the Eustachian tube so as to allow of inflation of the middle ear through the nose or mouth. — Eustrachian tube (Anat.), a passage from the tympanum of the ear to the pharynx. See Ear. — Eustachian valve (Anat.), a crescent-shaped fold of the lining membrane of the heart at the entrance of the vena cava inferior. It directs the blood towards the left auricle in the fetus, but is rudimentary and functionless in the adult.

Eu´style , n. [Gr. , neut. of with pillars at the best distances; well + pillar: cf. F. eustyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumnlation.

Eu´tax•y , n. [Gr. ; well + arrangement: cf. F. eutaxie.] Good or established order or arrangement. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

Eu•ter´pe [L., fr. Gr. , fr. delightful; well + to delight.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over music. 2. (Bot.) A genus of palms, some species of which are elegant trees.

Eu•ter´pe•an a. Of or pertaining to Euterpe or to music.

Eu•tha•na´si•a n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; well + death, , , to die: cf. F. euthanasie.] An easy death; a mode of dying to be desired. ´An euthanasia of all thought.´ Hazlitt. “The kindest wish of my friends is euthanasia.” Arbuthnot.

Eu•than´a•sy , n. Same as Euthanasia.

Eu•thi•o•chro´ic , a. [Gr. well + sulphur + color.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid so called. Euthiochroic acid (Chem.), a complex derivative of hydroquinone and sulphonic (thionic) acid. — so called because it contains sulphur, and forms brilliantly colored (yellow) salts.

Eu•thy•neu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. straight + a nerve.] (Zoöl.) A large division of gastropod molluske, including the Pulmonifera and Opisthobranchiata.

Eu´tro•phy , n. [Gr. , fr. nourishing, healthy; well + to nourish.] (Med.) Healthy nutrition; soundless as regards the nutritive functions.

Eu•tych´i•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Eutyches [5th century], who held that the divine and the human in the person of Christ were blended together as to constitute but one nature; a monophysite; — opposed to Nestorian.

Eu•tych´i•an•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Eutyches and his followers.

Eux•an´thic a. (Chem.) Having a yellow color; pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, euxanthin. Euxanthic acid (Chem.), a yellow, crystalline, organic acid, extracted from euxanthin.

Eux•an´thin , n. [Gr. well + yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow pigment imported from India and China. It has a strong odor, and is said to be obtained from the urine of herbivorous animals when fed on the mango. It consists if a magnesium salt of euxanthic acid. Called also puri, purree, and Indian yellow.

Eux´e•nite , n. [Gr. hospitable. So named because it contains a number of rare elements.] (Min.) A brownish black mineral with a metallic luster, found in Norway. It contains niobium, titanium, yttrium, and uranium, with some other metals.

E•va´cate , v. t. [Pref. e- + vacate.] To empty. [Obs.] Harvey.

E•vac´u•ant , a. [L. evacuans, -antis, p. pr. of evacuare: cf. F. evacuant.] Emptying; evacuative; purgative; cathartic. — n. (Med.) A purgative or cathartic.

E•vac´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evacuated p. pr. & vb. n. Evacuating.] [l. evacuatus, p. p. of evacuare to empty, nullify; e out + vacuus empty, vacare to be empty. See Vacate.] 1. To make empty; to empty out; to remove the contents of; as to evacuate a vessel or dish. 2. Fig.: To make empty; to deprive. [R.] “Evacuate the Scriptures of their most important meaning.” Coleridge. 3. To remove; to eject; to void; to discharge, as the contents of a vessel, or of the bowels. 4. To withdraw from; to quit; to retire from; as soldiers from a country, city, or fortress. “The Norwegians were forced to evacuate the country.” Burke. 5. To make void; to nullify; to vacate; as to evacuate a contract or marriage. [Obs.] Bacon.

E•vac´u•ate, v. i. To let blood [Obs.] Burton.

E•vac•u•a´tion , n. [L. evacuatio: cf. F. evacuation.] 1. The act of emptying, clearing of the contents, or discharging. Specifically: (a) (Mil.) Withdrawal of troops from a town, fortress, etc. (b) (Med.) Voidance of any matter by the natural passages of the body or by an artificial opening; defecation; also a diminution of the fluids of an animal body by cathartics, venesection, or other means. 2. That which is evacuated or discharged; especially, a discharge by stool or other natural means. Quincy. 3. Abolition; nullification. [Obs.] Hooker. Evacuation day, the anniversary of the day on which the British army evacuated the city of New York, November 25, 1783.

E•vac´u•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. evacuatif.] Serving of tending to evacuate; cathartic; purgative.

E•vac´u•a•tor , n. One who evacuates; a nullifier. ´Evacuators of the law.´ Hammond.

E•vac´u•a•to•ry , n. A purgative.

E•vade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evaded; p. pr. & vb. n.. Evading.] [L. evadere, evasum, e out + vadere to go, walk: cf. F. s’evader. See Wade.] To get away from by artifice; to avoid by dexterity, subterfuge, address, or ingenuity; to elude; to escape from cleverly; as to evade a blow, a pursuer, a punishment; to evade the force of an argument. “The heathen had a method, more truly their own, of evading the Christian miracles.” Trench.

E•vade´, v. t. 1. To escape; to slip away; — sometimes with from. ´Evading from perils.´ Bacon. “Unarmed they might
Have easily, as spirits evaded swift
By quick contraction or remove.” Milton. 2. To attempt to escape; to practice artifice or sophistry, for the purpose of eluding. “The ministers of God are not to evade and take refuge any of these … ways.” South. Syn. — To equivocate; shuffle. See Prevaricate.

E•vad´i•ble , a. Capable of being evaded. [R.]

Ev•a•ga´tion , n. [L. evagatio, fr. evagari to wander forth: cf. F. evagation. See Vagary.] A wandering about; excursion; a roving. [R.] Ray.

E•vag•i•na´tion , n. [L. evaginatio an extending, evaginare to unsheathe; e out + vagina sheath.] The act of unsheathing.

E´val (e´val), a. [L. aevum lifetime, age, eternity.] Relating to time or duration. [Obs.]

E•val´u•ate (e•val´u•at), v. t. [See Evaluation.] To fix the value of; to rate; to appraise.

E•val•u•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. evaluation, LL. evaluatio.] Valuation; appraisement. J. S. Mill.

Ev•a•nesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Evanesced p. pr. & vb. n. Evanescing. .] [L. evanescere; e out + vanescere to vanish, fr. vanus empty, vain. See Vain, and cf. Evanish.] To vanish away; to become dissipated and disappear, like vapor. “I believe him to have evanesced or evaporated.” De Quincey.

Ev•a•nes´cence , n. The act or state of vanishing away; disappearance; as the evanescence of vapor, of a dream, of earthly plants or hopes. Rambler.

Ev•a•nes´cent , a. [L. evanescens, -entis, p. pr. of evanescere.] 1. Liable to vanish or pass away like vapor; vanishing; fleeting; as evanescent joys. “So evanescent are the fashions of the world in these particulars.” Hawthorne. 2. Vanishing from notice; imperceptible. “The difference between right and wrong, is some petty cases, is almost evanescent.” Wollaston.

Ev•a•nes´cent•ly, adv. In a vanishing manner; imperceptibly. Chalmers.

E•van´gel , n. [F. evangile, L. evangelium, Gr. good news, glad tidings, gospel, fr. bringing good news; well + to bear a message. See Eu-, and cf. Evangely.] Good news; announcement of glad tidings; especially, the gospel, or a gospel. Milton. “Her funeral anthem is a glad evangel.” Whittier.

E•van•ge´li•an , a. Rendering thanks for favors.

E•van•gel´ic , a. [L. evangelicus, Gr. : cf. F. evangelique. See Evangel.] Belonging to, or contained in, the gospel; evangelical. ´Evangelic truth.´ J. Foster.

E•van•gel´ic•al , a. 1. Contained in, or relating to, the four Gospels; as the evangelical history. 2. Belonging to, agreeable or consonant to, or contained in, the gospel, or the truth taught in the New Testament; as evangelical religion. 3. Earnest for the truth taught in the gospel; strict in interpreting Christian doctrine; preëminently orthodox; — technically applied to that party in the Church of England, and in the Protestant Episcopal Church, which holds the doctrine of ´Justification by Faith alone;´ the Low Church party. The term is also applied to other religious bodies not regarded as orthodox. Evangelical Alliance, an alliance for mutual strengthening and common work, comprising Christians of different denominations and countries, organized in Liverpool, England, in 1845. — Evangelical Church. (a) The Protestant Church in Germany. (b) A church founded by a fusion of Lutherans and Calvinists in Germany in 1817. — Evangelical Union, a religious sect founded in Scotland in 1843 by the Rev. James Morison; — called also Morisonians.

E•van•gel´ic•al, n. One of evangelical principles.

E•van•gel´ic•al•ism , n. Adherence to evangelical doctrines; evangelism. G. Eliot.

E•van•gel´ic•al•ly, adv. In an evangelical manner.

E•van•gel´ic•al•ness, n. State of being evangelical.

E•van•gel´i•cism n. Evangelical principles; evangelism.

E•van•ge•lic´i•ty , n. Evangelicism.

E•van´gel•ism n. The preaching or promulgation of the gospel. Bacon.

E•van´gel•ist, n. [F. evangeliste, L. evangelista, fr. Gr. .] A bringer of the glad tidings of Church and his doctrines. Specifically: (a) A missionary preacher sent forth to prepare the way for a resident pastor; an itinerant missionary preacher. (b) A writer of one of the four Gospels (With the definite article); as the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. (c) A traveling preacher whose efforts are chiefly directed to arouse to immediate repentance. “The Apostles, so far as they evangelized, might claim the title though there were many evangelists who were not Apostles.” Plumptre.

E•van•gel•is´ta•ry , n. [LL. evangelistarium.] A selection of passages from the Gospels, as a lesson in divine service. Porson.

E•van•gel•is´tic , a. Pertaining to the four evangelists; designed or fitted to evangelize; evangelical; as evangelistic efforts.

E•van•gel•i•za´tion n. The act of evangelizing; the state of being evangelized. “The work of Christ’s ministers is evangelization.” Hobbes.

E•van´gel•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evangelized p. pr. & vb. n. Evangelizing ]. [F. evangelisre, LL. evangelizare, fr. Gr. .] To instruct in the gospel; to preach the gospel to; to convert to Christianity; as to evangelize the world. “His apostles whom he sends
To evangelize the nations.” Milton.

E•van´gel•ize, v. i. To preach the gospel.

E•van´ge•ly , n. Evangel. [Obs.] “The sacred pledge of Christ’s evangely.” Spenser.

E•van´gile , n. [F. evangile. See Evangel.] Good tidings; evangel. [R.] “Above all, the Servians … read, with much avidity, the evangile of their freedom.” Landor.

E•van´id , a. [L. evanidus, fr. evanescere. See Evanesce.] Liable to vanish or disappear; faint; weak; evanescent; as evanid color. [Obs.] “They are very transitory and evanid.” Barrow.

E•van´ish , v. i. [Pref. e- + vanish: cf. L. evanescere. See Evanesce, vanish.] To vanish. “Or like the rainbow’s lovely form,
Evanishing amid the storm.” Burns.

E•van´ish•ment , n. A vanishing; disappearance. [R.] T. Jefferson.

E•vap´o•ra•ble , a. Capable of being converted into vapor, or dissipated by evaporation.

E•vap´o•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evaporated p. pr. & vb. n. Evaporating ] [L. evaporatus, p. p. of evaporare; e out + vapor steam or vapor. See Vapor.] 1. To pass off in vapor, as a fluid; to escape and be dissipated, either in visible vapor, or in particles too minute to be visible. 2. To escape or pass off without effect; to be dissipated; to be wasted, as the spirit of a writer often evaporates in the process of translation. “To give moderate liberty for griefs and discontents to evaporate … is a safe way.” Bacon.

E•vap´o•rate, v. t. 1. To convert from a liquid or solid state into vapor (usually) by the agency of heat; to dissipate in vapor or fumes. 2. To expel moisture from (usually by means of artificial heat), leaving the solid portion; to subject to evaporation; as to evaporate apples. 3. To give vent to; to dissipate. [R.] “My lord of Essex evaporated his thoughts in a sonnet.” Sir. H. Wotton. Evaporating surface (Steam Boilers), that part of the heating surface with which water is in contact.

E•vap´o•rate , a. [L. evaporatus, p. p.] Dispersed in vapors. Thomson.

E•vap•o•ra´tion , n. [L. evaporatio: cf. F. evaporation.] 1. The process by which any substance is converted from a liquid state into, and carried off in, vapor; as the evaporation of water, of ether, of camphor. 2. The transformation of a portion of a fluid into vapor, in order to obtain the fixed matter contained in it in a state of greater consistence. 3. That which is evaporated; vapor. 4. (Steam Engine) See Vaporization.

E•vap´o•ra•tive , a. [L. evaporatius: cf. F. evaporatif.] Pertaining to, or producing, evaporation; as the evaporative process.

E•vap´o•ra•tor , n. An apparatus for condensing vegetable juices, or for drying fruit by heat.

E•vap•o•rom´e•ter , n. [L. evaporare to evaporate + -meter: cf. F. evapormètre.] (Physics) An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of a fluid evaporated in a given time; an atmometer.

E•va´si•ble , a. That may be evaded. [R.]

E•va´sion , n. [L. evasio: cf. F. evasion. See Evade.] The act of eluding or avoiding, particularly the pressure of an argument, accusation, charge, or interrogation; artful means of eluding. “Thou … by evasions thy crime uncoverest more.” Milton. Syn. — Shift; subterfuge; shuffling; prevarication; equivocation.

E•va´sive , a. [Cf. F. evasif. See Evade.] Tending to evade, or marked by evasion; elusive; shuffling; avoiding by artifice. “Thus he, though conscious of the ethereal guest,
Answered evasive of the sly request.” Pope. “Stammered out a few evasive phrases.” Macaulay. — E•va´sive•ly , adv. — E•va´sive•ness, n.

Eve , n. [See Even, n.] 1. Evening. [Poetic] “Winter oft, at eve resumes the breeze.” Thomson. 2. The evening before a holiday, — from the Jewish mode of reckoning the day as beginning at sunset, not at midnight; as Christians eve is the evening before Christmas; also the period immediately preceding some important event. ´On the eve of death.´ Keble. Eve churr (Zoöl), the European goatsucker or nightjar; — called also night churr, and churr owl.

E•vec´tics , n. [Gr. healthy.] The branch of medical science which teaches the method of acquiring a good habit of body. [Obs.]

E•vec´tion [L. evectio a going up, fr. evehere to carry out; e out + vehere to carry: cf. F evection.] 1. The act of carrying up or away; exaltation. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 2. (Astron.) (a) An inequality of the moon’s motion is its orbit to the attraction of the sun, by which the equation of the center is diminished at the syzygies, and increased at the quadratures by about 1° 20′. (b) The libration of the moon. Whewell.

E´ven (ev´’n) n. [OE. eve, even, efen, aefen. AS. aefen; akin to OS. aband, OFries, avend, D. avond, OHG. aband, Icel. aptan, Sw. afton, Dan. aften; of unknown origin. Cf. Eve, Evening.] Evening. See Eve, n. 1. [Poetic.] Shak.

E´ven, a. [AS. efen. efn; akin to OS. eban, D. even, OHG. eban, G. efen, Icel. jafn, Dan. jevn, Sw. jämn, Goth. ibns. Cf. Anent, Ebb.] 1. Level, smooth, or equal in surface; not rough; free from irregularities; hence uniform in rate of motion of action; as even ground; an even speed; an even course of conduct. 2. Equable; not easily ruffed or disturbed; calm; uniformly self-possessed; as an even temper. 3. Parallel; on a level; reaching the same limit. “And shall lay thee even with the ground.” Luke xix. 44. 4. Balanced; adjusted; fair; equitable; impartial; just to both side; owing nothing on either side; — said of accounts, bargains, or persons indebted; as our accounts are even; an even bargain. “To make the even truth in pleasure flow.” Shak. 5. Without an irregularity, flaw, or blemish; pure. ´I know my life so even.´ Shak. 6. Associate; fellow; of the same condition. [Obs.] ´His even servant.´ Wyclif (Matt. xviii. 29). 7. Not odd; capable of division by two without a remainder; — said of numbers; as 4 and 10 are even numbers. “Whether the number of the stars is even or odd.” Jer. Taylor. On even ground, with equal advantage. - - On even keel (Naut.), in a level or horizontal position.

E´ven , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evened p. pr. & vb. n. Evening ] 1. To make even or level; to level; to lay smooth. “His temple Xerxes evened with the soil.” Sir. W. Raleigh. “It will even all inequalities” Evelyn. 2. To equal. [Obs.] ´To even him in valor.´ Fuller. 3. To place in an equal state, as to obligation, or in a state in which nothing is due on either side; to balance, as accounts; to make quits. Shak. 4. To set right; to complete. 5. To act up to; to keep pace with. Shak.

E´ven , v. i. To be equal. [Obs.] R. Carew.

E´ven, adv. [AS. efne. See Even, a., and cf. E’en.] 1. In an equal or precisely similar manner; equally; precisely; just; likewise; as well. ´Is it even so?´ Shak. “Even so did these Gauls possess the coast.” Spenser. 2. Up to, or down to, an unusual measure or level; so much as; fully; quite. “Thou wast a soldier
Even to Cato’s wish.” Shak. “Without … making us even sensible of the change.” Swift. 3. As might not be expected; — serving to introduce what is unexpected or less expected. “I have made several discoveries, which appear new, even to those who are versed in critical learning.” Addison. 4. At the very time; in the very case. “I knew they were bad enough to please, even when I wrote them.” Dryden. Even is sometimes used to emphasize a word or phrase. ´I have debated even in my soul.´ Shak. “By these presence, even the presence of Lord Mortimer.” Shak.

E•vene´ , v. i. [L. evenire. See Event.] To happen. [Obs.] Hewyt.

E´ven•er , n. 1. One who, or that which makes even. 2. In vehicles, a swinging crossbar, to the ends of which other crossbars, or whiffletrees, are hung, to equalize the draught when two or three horses are used abreast.

E´ven•fall , n. Beginning of evening. ´At the quiet evenfall.´ Tennyson.

E´ven•hand , n. Equality. [Obs.] Bacon.

E´ven•hand•ed, a. Fair or impartial; unbiased. ´Evenhanded justice.´ Shak. — E´ven•hand•ed•ly, adv. — E´ven•hand•ed•ness, n. .

E´ven•ing , n. [AS. aefnung. See even, n., and cf. Eve.] 1. The latter part and close of the day, and the beginning of darkness or night; properly, the decline of the day, or of the sun. “In the ascending scale
Of heaven, the stars that usher evening rose.” Milton. Sometimes, especially in the Southern parts of the United States, the afternoon is called evening. Bartlett. 2. The latter portion, as of life; the declining period, as of strength or glory. Sometimes used adjectively; as evening gun. ´Evening Prayer.´ Shak. Evening flower (Bot.), a genus of iridaceous plants (Hesperantha) from the Cape of Good Hope, with sword-shaped leaves, and sweet-scented flowers which expand in the evening. — Evening grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American singing bird (Coccothraustes vespertina) having a very large bill. Its color is olivaceous, with the crown, wings, and tail black, and the under tail coverts yellow. So called because it sings in the evening. — Evening primrose. See under Primrose. — The evening star, the bright star of early evening in the western sky, soon passing below the horizon; specifically, the planet Venus; — called also Vesper and Hesperus. During portions of the year, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are also evening stars. See Morning Star.

E´ven•ly , adv. With an even, level, or smooth surface; without roughness, elevations, or depression; uniformly; equally; comfortably; impartially; serenely.

E´ven•mind•ed , a. Having equanimity.

E´ven•ness, n. The state of being ven, level, or disturbed; smoothness; horizontal position; uniformity; impartiality; calmness; equanimity; appropriate place or level; as evenness of surface, of a fluid at rest, of motion, of dealings, of temper, of condition. “It had need be something extraordinary, that must warrant an ordinary person to rise higher than his own evenness.” Jer. Taylor.

E´ven•song , n. [AS. aefensang.] A song for the evening; the evening service or form of worship (in the Church of England including vespers and compline); also the time of evensong. Wyclif. Milton.

E•vent´ , n. [L. eventus, fr. evenire to happen, come out; e out + venire to come. See Come.] 1. That which comes, arrives, or happens; that which falls out; any incident, good or bad. ´The events of his early years.´ Macaulay. “To watch quietly the course of events.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) “There is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked.” Eccl. ix. 2. 2. An affair in hand; business; enterprise. [Obs.] ´Leave we him to his events.´ Shak. 3. The consequence of anything; the issue; conclusion; result; that in which an action, operation, or series of operations, terminates. “Dark doubts between the promise and event.” Young. Syn. — Incident; occurrence; adventure; issue; result; termination; consequence; conclusion. — Event, Occurrence, Incident, Circumstance. An event denotes that which arises from a preceding state of things. Hence we speak or watching the event; of tracing the progress of events. An occurrence has no reference to any antecedents, but simply marks that which meets us in our progress through life, as if by chance, or in the course of divine providence. The things which thus meet us, if important, are usually connected with antecedents; and hence event is the leading term. In the ´Declaration of Independence´ it is said, ´When, in the cource of human events, it becomes necessary.´ etc. Here, occurrences would be out of place. An incident is that which falls into a state of things to which is does not primarily belong; as the incidents of a journey. The term is usually applied to things of secondary importance. A circumstance is one of the things surrounding us in our path of life. These may differ greatly in importance; but they are always outsiders, which operate upon us from without, exerting greater or less influence according to their intrinsic importance. A person giving an account of a campaign might dwell on the leading events which it produced; might mention some of its striking occurrences; might allude to some remarkable incidents which attended it; and might give the details of the favorable or adverse circumstances which marked its progress.

E•vent´ , v. t. [F. eventer to fan, divulge, LL. eventare to fan, fr., L. e out + ventus wind.] To break forth. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

E•ven´ter•ate , v. t. [L. e out + venter the belly: cf. F. eventer.] To rip open; to disembowel. [Obs.] Sir. T. Brown.

E•vent´ful a. Full of, or rich in, events or incidents; as an eventful journey; an eventful period of history; an eventful period of life.

E´ven•tide n. [AS. aefentid. See Tide.] The time of evening; evening. [Poetic.] Spenser.

E•ven´ti•late , v. t. [L. eventilatus, p. p. of eventilare to fan. See Ventilate.] 1. To winnow out; to fan. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. To discuss; to ventilate. [Obs.] Johnson.

E•ven•ti•la´tion , n. The act of eventilating; discussion. [Obs.] Bp. Berkely.

E•vent´less , a. Without events; tame; monotonous; marked by nothing unusual; uneventful.

Ev•en•tog´na•thi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Dr. well + within gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including a vast number of freshwater species such as the carp, loach, chub, etc.

E•ven•tra•tion , n. [L. e out + venter belly.] (Med.) (a) A tumor containing a large portion of the abdominal viscera, occasioned by relaxation of the walls of the abdomen. (b) A wound, of large extent, in the abdomen, through which the greater part of the intestines protrude. (c) The act of disemboweling.

E•ven´tu•al , a. [Cf. F. eventiel. See Event.] 1. Coming or happening as a consequence or result; consequential. Burke. 2. Final; ultimate. ´Eventual success.´ Cooper. 3. (Law) Dependent on events; contingent. Marshall.

E•ven•tu•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Eventualities (#). [Cf. F. eventualite.] 1. The coming as a consequence; contingency; also an event which comes as a consequence. 2. (Phren.) Disposition to take cognizance of events.

E•ven´tu•al•ly , adv. In an eventual manner; finally; ultimately.

E•ven´tu•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eventuated p. pr. & vb. n. Eventuating.] To come out finally or in conclusion; to result; to come to pass.

E•ven•tu•a´tion , n. The act of eventuating or happening as a result; the outcome. R. W. Hamilton.

Ev´er adv. [OE. ever, aefre, AS. aefre; perh. akin to AS. a always. Cf. Aye, Age,Evry, Never.] [Sometimes contracted into e’er.] 1. At any time; at any period or point of time. “No man ever yet hated his own flesh.” Eph. v. 29. 2. At all times; through all time; always; forever. “He shall ever love, and always be
The subject of by scorn and cruelty.” Dryder. 3. Without cessation; continually. Ever is sometimes used as an intensive or a word of enforcement. ´His the old man e’er a son?´ Shak. “To produce as much as ever they can.” M. Arnold. Ever and anon, now and then; often. See under Anon. — Ever is one, continually; constantly. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Ever so, in whatever degree; to whatever extent; — used to intensify indefinitely the meaning of the associated adjective or adverb. See Never so, under Never. ´Let him be ever so rich.´ Emerson. “And all the question (wrangle e’er so long),
Is only this, if God has placed him wrong.” Pope. “You spend ever so much money in entertaining your equals and betters.” Thackeray. — For ever, eternally. See Forever. — For ever and a day, emphatically forever. Shak. “She [Fortune] soon wheeled away, with scornful laughter, out of sight for ever and day.” Prof. Wilson. — Or ever (for or ere), before. See Or, ere. [Archaic] “Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven
Or ever I had seen that day, Horatio!” Shak. Ever is sometimes joined to its adjective by a hyphen, but in most cases the hyphen is needless; as ever memorable, ever watchful, ever burning.

Ev•er•dur´ing a. Everlasting. Shak.

Ev•er•glade , n. A swamp or low tract of land inundated with water and interspersed with hummocks, or small islands, and patches of high grass; as the everglades of Florida. [U. S.]

Ev´er•green a. (Bot.) Remaining unwithered through the winter, or retaining unwithered leaves until the leaves of the next year are expanded, as pines cedars, hemlocks, and the like.

Ev´er•green, n. 1. (Bot.) An evergreen plant. 2. pl. Twigs and branches of evergreen plants used for decoration. ´The funeral evengreens entwine.´ Keble. { Ev´er•ich , Ev´er•ych }, a. [OE. see Every.] each one; every one; each of two. See Every. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Ev•er•ich•on´ , Ev•er•ych•on´ } , pron. [OE. everich + oon, on, one. See Every, and One.] Every one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ever•last´ing a. 1. Lasting or enduring forever; exsisting or continuing without end; immortal; eternal. ´The Everlasting God.´ Gen. xx1. 33. 2. Continuing indefinitely, or during a long period; perpetual; sometimes used, colloquially, as a strong intensive; as this everlasting nonsence. “I will give to thee, and to thy seed after thee … the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession.” Gen xvii. 8. “And heard thy everlasting yawn confess
The pains and penalties of idleness.” Pope. Syn. — Eternal; immortal, interminable; endless; never- ending; infinite; unceasing; uninterrupted; continual; unintermitted; incessant. — Everlasting, Eternal. Eternal denotes (when taken strictly) without beginning or end of duration; everlasting is sometimes used in our version of the Scriptures in the sense of eternal, but in modern usage is confined to the future, and implies no intermission as well as no end. “Whether we shall meet again I know not;
Therefore our everlasting farewell take;
Forever, and forever farewell, Cassius.” Shak. Everlasting flower. Sane as Everlasting, n., 3. — Everlasting pea, an ornamental plant (Lathyrus latifolius) related to the pea; — so called because it is perennial.

Ev•er•last´ing, n. 1. Eternal duration, past or future; eternity. “From everlasting to everlasting, thou art God.” Ps. xc. 2. 2. (With the definite article) The Eternal Being; God. 3. (Bot.) A plant whose flowers may be dried without losing their form or color, as the pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), the immortelle of the French, the cudweeds, etc. 4. A cloth fabric for shoes, etc. See Lasting.

Ev•er•last´ing•ly, adv. In an everlasting manner.

Ev•er•last´ing•ness, n. The state of being everlasting; endless duration; indefinite duration.

Ev•er•liv´ing , a. 1. Living always; immoral; eternal; as the everliving God. 2. Continual; incessant; unintermitted.

Ev•er•more´ , adv. During eternity; always; forever; for an indefinite period; at all times; — often used substantively with for. “Seek the Lord … Seek his face evermore.” Ps. cv. 4. “And, behold, I am alive for evermore.” Rev. i. 18. “Which flow from the presence of God for evermore.” Tillotson. “I evermore did love you, Hermia.” Shak.

E•ver´nic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to Evernia, a genus of lichens; as evernic acid.

E•verse´ , v. t. [L. eversus, p. p. of evertere to turn out, overthrow; e out + vertere to turn. Cf. Evert.] To overthrow or subvert. [Obs.] Glanvill.

E•ver´sion , n. [L. eversio: cf. F. eversion.] 1. The act of eversing; destruction. Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being turned back or outward; as eversion of eyelids; ectropium.

E•ver´sive , a. Tending to evert or overthrow; subversive; with of. “A maxim eversive … of all justice and morality.” Geddes.

E•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Everted; p. pr. & vb. n. Everting.] [L. evertere. See Everse.] 1. To overthrow; to subvert. [R.] Ayliffe. 2. To turn outwards, or inside out, as an intestine.

Ev´er•y , a. & a. pron. [OE. everich, everilk; AS. aefre ever + aelc each. See Ever, each.] 1. All the parts which compose a whole collection or aggregate number, considered in their individuality, all taken separately one by one, out of an indefinite number. “Every man at his best state is altogether vanity.” Ps. xxxix. 5. “Every door and window was adorned with wreaths of flowers.” Macaulay. 2. Every one. Cf. Each. [Obs.] ´Every of your wishes.´ Shak. “Daily occasions given to every of us.” Hooker. Every each, every one. [Obs.] ´Every each of them hath some vices.´ Burton.. — Every now and then, at short intervals; occasionally; repeatedly; frequently. [Colloq.] Every may, by way of emphasis, precede the article the with a superlative adjective; as every, the least variation. Locke. Syn. — Every, Each, Any. Any denotes one, or some, taken indifferently from the individuals which compose a class. Every differs from each in giving less prominence to the selection of the individual. Each relates to two or more individuals of a class. It refers definitely to every one of them, denoting that they are considered separately, one by one, all being included; as each soldier was receiving a dollar per day. Every relates to more than two and brings into greater prominence the notion that not one of all considered is excepted; as every soldier was on service, except the cavalry, that is, all the soldiers, etc. “In each division there were four pentecosties, in every pentecosty four enomoties, and of each enomoty there fought in the front rank four [soldiers].” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “If society is to be kept together and the children of Adam to be saved from setting up each for himself with every one else his foe.” J. H. Newman.

Ev´er•y•bod•y , n. Every person.

Ev´er•y•day , a. Used or fit for every day; common; usual; as an everyday suit of clothes. “The mechanical drudgery of his everyday employment.” Sir. J. Herchel.

Ev´er•y•one , n. [OE. everychon.] Everybody; — commonly separated, every one.

Ev´er•y•thing , n. Whatever pertains to the subject under consideration; all things. “More wise, more learned, more just, more everything.” Pope.

Ev´er•y•when , adv. At any or all times; every instant. [R.] ´Eternal law is silently present everywhere and everywhen.´ Carlyle.

Ev´er•y•where , adv. In every place; in all places; hence, in every part; thoroughly; altogether.

Ev´er•y•where•ness , n. Ubiquity; omnipresence. [R.] Grew.

Eves´drop , v. i. See Eavesdrop.

Eves´drop•per , n. See Eavesdropper.

E•ves´ti•gate , v. t. [L. evestigatus traced out; e out + vestigatus, p. p. of vestigare. See Vestigate.] To investigate. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ev´et , n. [See Eft, n.] (Zoöl.) The common newt or eft. In America often applied to several species of aquatic salamanders. [Written also evat.]

E•vi´brate , v. t. & i. [L. evibrare. See Vibrate.] To vibrate. [Obs.] Cockeram.

E•vict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Evicting.] [L. evictus, p. p. of evincere to overcome completely, evict. See Evince.] 1. (Law) To dispossess by a judicial process; to dispossess by paramount right or claim of such right; to eject; to oust. “The law of England would speedily evict them out of their possession.” Sir. J. Davies. 2. To evince; to prove. [Obs.] Cheyne.

E•vic´tion , n. [L. evictio: cf. F. eviction.] 1. The act or process of evicting; or state of being evicted; the recovery of lands, tenements, etc., from another’s possession by due course of law; dispossession by paramount title or claim of such title; ejectment; ouster. 2. Conclusive evidence; proof. [Obs.] “Full eviction of this fatal truth.” South.

Ev´i•dence , n. [F. evidence, L. Evidentia. See Evident.] 1. That which makes evident or manifest; that which furnishes, or tends to furnish, proof; any mode of proof; the ground of belief or judgement; as the evidence of our senses; evidence of the truth or falsehood of a statement. “Faith is … the evidence of things not seen.” Heb. xi. 1. “O glorious trial of exceeding love
Illustrious evidence, example high.” Milton. 2. One who bears witness. [R.] ´Infamous and perjured evidences.´ Sir W. Scott. 3. (Law) That which is legally submitted to competent tribunal, as a means of ascertaining the truth of any alleged matter of fact under investigation before it; means of making proof; — the latter, strictly speaking, not being synonymous with evidence, but rather the effect of it. Greenleaf. Circumstantial evidence, Conclusive evidence, etc. See under Circumstantial, Conclusive, etc. — Crown’s, King’s, or Queen’s evidence, evidence for the crown. [Eng.] — State’s evidence, evidence for the government or the people. [U. S. ] — To turn King’s, Queen’s or State’s evidence, to confess a crime and give evidence against one’s accomplices. Syn. — Testimony; proof. See Testimony.

Ev´i•dence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evidenced p, pr. & vb. n. Evidencing ] To render evident or clear; to prove; to evince; as to evidence a fact, or the guilt of an offender. Milton.

Ev´i•den•cer , n. One who gives evidence.

Ev´i•dent , a. [F. evinent, l. evidens, -entis; e out + videns, p. pr. of videre to see. See Vision.] Clear to the vision; especially, clear to the understanding, and satisfactory to the judgment; as the figure or color of a body is evident to the senses; the guilt of an offender can not always be made evident. “Your honor and your goodness is so evident.” Shak. “And in our faces evident the signs
Of foul concupiscence.” Milton. Syn. — Manifest; plain; clear; obvious; visible; apparent; conclusive; indubitable; palpable; notorious. See Manifest.

Ev•i•den´tial , a. Relating to, or affording, evidence; indicative; especially, relating to the evidences of Christianity. Bp. Fleetwood. ´Evidential tracks.´ Earle.. — Ev•i•den´tial•ly, adv.

Ev•i•den´ti•a•ry , a. Furnishing evidence; asserting; proving; evidential. “When a fact is supposed, although incorrectly, to be evidentiary of, or a mark of, some other fact.” J. S. Mill.

Ev´i•dent•ly , adv. In an evident manner; clearly; plainly. “Before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth.” Gal. iii. 1. “He was evidently in the prime of youth.” W. Irving.

Ev´i•dent•ness, n. State of being evident.

E•vig•i•la´tion , n. [L. evigilatio; e out + vigilare to be awake. See Vigilant.] A waking up or awakening. [Obs.]

E•vil (e´v’l) a. [OE. evel, evil, ifel, uvel, AS. yfel; akin to OFries, evel, D. euvel, OS. & OHG. ubil, G. übel, Goth. ubils, and perh. to E. over.] 1. Having qualities tending to injury and mischief; having a nature or properties which tend to badness; mischievous; not good; worthless or deleterious; poor; as an evil beast; and evil plant; an evil crop. “A good tree can not bring forth evil fruit.” Matt. vii. 18. 2. Having or exhibiting bad moral qualities; morally corrupt; wicked; wrong; vicious; as evil conduct, thoughts, heart, words, and the like. “Ah, what a sign it is of evil life,
When death’s approach is seen so terrible.” Shak. 3. Producing or threatening sorrow, distress, injury, or calamity; unpropitious; calamitous; as evil tidings; evil arrows; evil days. “Because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel.” Deut. xxii. 19. “The owl shrieked at thy birth — an evil sign.” Shak. “Evil news rides post, while good news baits.” Milton. Evil eye, an eye which inflicts injury by some magical or fascinating influence. It is still believed by the ignorant and superstitious that some persons have the supernatural power of injuring by a look. “It almost led him to believe in the evil eye.” J. H. Newman. — Evil speaking, speaking ill of others; calumny; censoriousness. — The evil one, the Devil; Satan. Evil is sometimes written as the first part of a compound (with or without a hyphen). In many cases the compounding need not be insisted on. Examples: Evil doer or evildoer, evil speaking or evil-speaking, evil worker, evil wishing, evil-hearted, evil-minded. Syn. — Mischieveous; pernicious; injurious; hurtful; destructive; wicked; sinful; bad; corrupt; perverse; wrong; vicious; calamitous.

E´vil (e´v’l) n. 1. Anything which impairs the happiness of a being or deprives a being of any good; anything which causes suffering of any kind to sentient beings; injury; mischief; harm; — opposed to good. “Evils which our own misdeeds have wrought.” Milton. “The evil that men do lives after them.” Shak. 2. Moral badness, or the deviation of a moral being from the principles of virtue imposed by conscience, or by the will of the Supreme Being, or by the principles of a lawful human authority; disposition to do wrong; moral offence; wickedness; depravity. “The heart of the sons of men is full of evil.” Eccl. ix. 3. 3. malady or disease; especially in the phrase king’s evil, the scrofula. [R.] Shak. “He [Edward the Confessor] was the first that touched for the evil.” Addison.

E´vil, adv. In an evil manner; not well; ill; badly; unhappily; injuriously; unkindly. Shak. “It went evil with his house.” 1 Chron. vii. 23. “The Egyptians evil entreated us, and affected us.” Deut. xxvi. 6.

E´vil eye See Evil eye under Evil, a.

E´vil-eyed a. Possessed of the supposed evil eye; also looking with envy, jealousy, or bad design; malicious. Shak.

E´vil-fa•vored , a. Having a bad countenance or appearance; ill-favored; blemished; deformed. Bacon. — E´vil-fa•vored•ness, n. Deut. xvi. 1.

E´vil•ly , adv. In an evil manner; not well; ill. [Obs.] ´Good deeds evilly bestowed.´ Shak.

E´vil-mind•ed , a. Having evil dispositions or intentions; disposed to mischief or sin; malicious; malignant; wicked. — E´vil-mind•ed•ness, n.

E´vil•ness, n. The condition or quality of being evil; badness; viciousness; malignity; vileness; as evilness of heart; the evilness of sin.

E•vince´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evinced p. pr. & vb. n. Evincing ] [L. evincere vanquish completely, prevail, succeed in proving; e out + vincere to vanquish. See Victor, and cf. Evict.] 1. To conquer; to subdue. [Obs.] “Error by his own arms is best evinced.” Milton. 2. To show in a clear manner; to prove beyond any reasonable doubt; to manifest; to make evident; to bring to light; to evidence. “Common sense and experience must and will evince the truth of this.” South.

E•vince´ment , n. The act of evincing or proving, or the state of being evinced.

E•vin´ci•ble , a. Capable of being proved or clearly brought to light; demonstrable. Sir. M. Hale. —E•vin´ci•bly, adv.

E•vin´cive , a. Tending to prove; having the power to demonstrate; demonstrative; indicative.

E´vi•rate , v. t. [L. eviratus, p. p. of evirare to castrate; e out + vir man.] To emasculate; to dispossess of manhood. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ev•i•ra´tion , n. [L. eviratio.] Castration. [Obs.]

E•vis´cer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eviscerated p. pr. & vb. n. Eviscerating ] [L. evisceratus, p. p. of eviscerare to eviscerate; e out + viscera the bowels. See Viscera.] To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; to gut.

E•vis•cer•a´tion , a. A disemboweling.

Ev´i•ta•ble , a. [L. evitabilis: cf. F. evitable.] Avoidable. [R.] Hooker.

Ev´i•tate , v. t. [L. evitatus, p. p. of evitare to shun; e out + vitare to shun.] To shun; to avoid. [Obs.] Shak.

Ev•i•ta´tion , n. [L. evitatio.] A shunning; avoidance. [Obs.] Bacon.

E•vite´ , v. t. [Cf. F. eviter. See Evitate.] To shun. [Obs.] Dryton.

Ev•i•ter´nal , a. [L. eviternus, aeternus. See Etern.] Eternal; everlasting. [Obs.] — Ev•i•ter´nal•ly, adv. Bp. Hall.

Ev•i•ter´ni•ty , n. Eternity. [Obs.]

Ev´o•cate , v. t. [L. evocatus, p. p. of evocare. See Evoke.] To call out or forth; to summon; to evoke. [R.] Stackhouse.

Ev•o•ca´tion , n. [L. evocatio: cf. F. evocation.] The act of calling out or forth. Sir. T. Browne. “The evocation of that better spirit.” M. Arnold.

E•vo´ca•tive , a. Calling forth; serving to evoke; developing. “Evocative power over all that is eloquent and expressive in the better soul of man.” W. Pater.

Ev´o•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who calls forth. [R.]

E•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evoked p. pr. & vb. n. Evoking.] [L. evocare; e out + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice: cf. F evoquer. See Voice, and cf. Evocate.] 1. To call out; to summon forth. “To evoke the queen of the fairies.” T. Warton. “A requlating discipline of exercise, that whilst evoking the human energies, will not suffer them to be wasted.” De Quincey. 2. To call away; to remove from one tribunal to another. [R.] ´The cause was evoked to Rome.´ Hume. { Ev•o•lat´ic , Ev•o•lat´ic•al } a. [L. evolare to fly away; e out + volare to fly.] Apt to fly away. [Obs. or R.] Blount.

Ev•o•la´tion , n. [L. evolatio.] A flying out or up. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ev´o•lute , n. [L. evolutus unrolled, p. p. of evolvere. See Evolve.] (Geom.) A curve from which another curve, called the involute or evolvent, is described by the end of a thread gradually wound upon the former, or unwound from it. See Involute. It is the locus of the centers of all the circles which are osculatory to the given curve or evolvent. Any curve may be an evolute, the term being applied to it only in its relation to the involute.

Ev•o•lu•til´i•ty , n. [See Evolution.] (Biol.) The faculty possessed by all substances capable of self-nourishment of manifesting the nutritive acts by changes of form, of volume, or of structure. Syd. Soc. Lex.

Ev•o•lu´tion , n. [L. evolutio an unrolling: cf. F. evolution evolution. See Evolve.] 1. The act of unfolding or unrolling; hence, in the process of growth; development; as the evolution of a flower from a bud, or an animal from the egg. 2. A series of things unrolled or unfolded. ´The whole evolution of ages.´ Dr. H. More. 3. (Geom.) The formation of an involute by unwrapping a thread from a curve as an evolute. Hutton. 4. (Arith. & Alg.) The extraction of roots; — the reverse of involution. 5. (Mil. & Naval) A prescribed movement of a body of troops, or a vessel or fleet; any movement designed to effect a new arrangement or disposition; a maneuver. “Those evolutions are best which can be executed with the greatest celerity, compatible with regularity.” Campbell. 6. (Biol.) (a) A general name for the history of the steps by which any living organism has acquired the morphological and physiological characters which distinguish it; a gradual unfolding of successive phases of growth or development. (b) That theory of generation which supposes the germ to preëxist in the parent, and its parts to be developed, but not actually formed, by the procreative act; — opposed to epigenesis. 7. (Metaph.) That series of changes under natural law which involves continuous progress from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous in structure, and from the single and simple to the diverse and manifold in quality or function. The pocess is by some limited to organic beings; by others it is applied to the inorganic and the psychical. It is also applied to explain the existence and growth of institutions, manners, language, civilization, and every product of human activity. The agencies and laws of the process are variously explained by different philosophers. “Evolution is to me series with development.” Gladstone.

Ev•o•lu´tion•al , a. Relating to evolution. ´Evolutional changes.´ H. Spenser.

Ev•o•lu´tion•a•ry , a. Relating to evolution; as evolutionary discussions.

Ev•o•lu´tion•ism , n. The theory of, or belief in, evolution. See Evolution, 6 and 7.

Ev•o•lu´tion•ist , n. 1. One skilled in evolutions. 2. one who holds the doctrine of evolution, either in biology or in metaphysics. Darwin.

E•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evolved p. pr. & vb. n. Evolving.] [L. evolvere, evolutum; e out + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] 1. To unfold or unroll; to open and expand; to disentangle and exhibit clearly and satisfactorily; to develop; to derive; to educe. “The animal soul sooner evolves itself to its full orb and extent than the human soul.” Sir. M. Hale. “The principles which art involves, science alone evolves.” Whewell. “Not by any power evolved from man’s own resources, but by a power which descended from above.” J. C. Shairp. 2. To throw out; to emit; as to evolve odors.

E•volve´, v. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed; to pass through a process of evolution. Prior.

E•volve´ment , n. The act of evolving, or the state of being evolved; evolution.

E•volv´ent , n. [L. evolvents. -entis, unrolling, p. pr. of evolvere.] (Geom.) The involute of a curve. See Involute, and Evolute.

E•vom´it , v. t. [L. evomitus, p. p. of evomere to vomit forth; e out + vomere.] To vomit. [Obs.]

Ev•o•mi´tion , n. The act of vomiting. [Obs.] Swift.

E•vul´gate v. t. [L. evulgatus, p. p. of evulgare to publish.] To publish abroad. [Obs.]

Ev•ul•ga´tion , n. A divulging. [Obs.]

E•vul´sion , n. [L. evulsio, fr. evellere, evulsum, to pluck out; e out + vellere to pluck; cf. F. evulsion.] The act of plucking out; a rooting out.

Ew , n. [See Yew.] A yew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ewe (u), n. [AS. eówu; akin to D. ooi, OHG. awi, ouwi, Icel. aer, Goth. aweþi a flock of sheep, awistr a sheepfold, Lith. avis a sheep, L. ovis, Gr. , Skr. avi. rad.231.] (Zoöl.) The female of the sheep, and of sheeplike animals.

Ewe´-necked , a. Having a neck like a ewe; — said of horses in which the arch of the neck is deficent, being somewhat hollowed out. Youwatt.

Ew´er , n. [OF. ewer, euwier, prop. a water carrier, F. evier a washing place, sink, aiguière ewer, L. aquarius, adj., water carrying, n., a water carrier, fr. aqua water; akin to Goth. ahwa water, river, OHG, aha, G. au, aue, meadow. rad.219. Cf. Aquarium, Aquatic, Island.] A kind of widemouthed pitcher or jug; esp., one used to hold water for the toilet. “Basins and ewers to lave her dainty hands.” Shak. { Ew´er•y , Ew´ry } n. [From Ewer.] An office or place of household service where the ewers were formerly kept. [Enq.] Parker.

Ewt , n. [See Newt.] (Zoöl.) The newt.

Ex- A prefix from the latin preposition, ex, akin to Gr. ’ex or ’ek signifying out of, out, proceeding from. Hence, in composition, it signifies out of, as in exhale, exclude; off, from, or out. as in exscind; beyond, as in excess, exceed, excel; and sometimes has a privative sense of without, as in exalbuminuos, exsanguinous. In some words, it intensifies the meaning; in others, it has little affect on the signification. It becomes ef- before f, as in effuse. The form e- occurs instead of ex- before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, and v, as in ebullient, emanate, enormous, etc. In words from the French it often appears as es-, sometimes as s- or e-; as escape, scape, elite. Ex-, prefixed to names implying office, station, condition, denotes that the person formerly held the office, or is out of the office or condition now; as ex-president, ex-governor, ex-mayor, ex-convict. The Greek form ’ex becomes ex in English, as in exarch; ’ek becomes ec, as in eccentric.

Ex•ac´er•bate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exacerrated p. pr. & vb. n. Exacerrating ] [L. exacerbatus, p. p. of exacerbare; ex out (intens.) + acerbare. See Acerbate.] To render more violent or bitter; to irritate; to exasperate; to imbitter, as passions or disease. Broughman.

Ex•ac•er•ba´tion n. [Cf. F. exacerbation.] 1. The act rendering more violent or bitter; the state of being exacerbated or intensified in violence or malignity; as exacerbation of passion. 2. (Med.) A periodical increase of violence in a disease, as in remittent or continious fever; an increased energy of diseased and painful action.

Ex•ac•er•bes´cence , n. [L. exacerbescens, -entis, p. pr. of exacerbescere, incho. of exacerbare.] Increase of irritation or violence, particularly the increase of a fever or disease.

Ex•ac•er•va´tion , n. [L. exacervare to heap up exceedingly. See Ex-, and Acervate.] The act of heaping up. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•ac´i•nate , v. t. [L. ex out + acinus kernel.] To remove the kernel form.

Ex•ac•i•na´tion , n. Removal of the kernel.

Ex•act´ , a. [L. exactus precise, accurate, p. p. of exigere to drive out, to demand, enforce, finish, determine, measure; ex out + agere to drive; cf. F. exact. See Agent, Act.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a standard, a fact, or the truth; perfectly conforming; neither exceeding nor falling short in any respect; true; correct; precise; as the clock keeps exact time; he paid the exact debt; an exact copy of a letter; exact accounts. “I took a great pains to make out the exact truth.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. Habitually careful to agree with a standard, a rule, or a promise; accurate; methodical; punctual; as a man exact in observing an appointment; in my doings I was exact. ´I see thou art exact of taste.´ Milton. 3. Precisely or definitely conceived or stated; strict. “An exact command,
Larded with many several sorts of reason.” Shak.

Ex•act´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exacting.] [From L. exactus, p. p. of exigere; or fr. LL. exactare: cf. OF. exacter. See Exact, a.] To demand or require authoritatively or peremptorily, as a right; to enforce the payment of, or a yielding of; to compel to yield or to furnish; hence, to wrest, as a fee or reward when none is due; — followed by from or of before the one subjected to exaction; as to exact tribute, fees, obedience, etc., from or of some one. “He said into them, Exact no more than that which is appointed you.” Luke. iii. 13. “Years of servise past
From grateful souls exact reward at last” Dryden. “My designs
Exact me in another place.” Massinger.

Ex•act´, v. i. To practice exaction. [R.] “The anemy shall not exact upon him.” Ps. lxxxix. 22.

Ex•act´er , n. An exactor. [R.]

Ex•act´ing, a. Oppressive or unreasonably severe in making demands or requiring the exact fulfillment of obligations; harsh; severe. ´A temper so exacting.´ T. Arnold — Ex•act´ing•ly, adv. — Ex•act´ing•ness, n.

Ex•ac´tion , n. [L. exactio: cf. F. exaction.] 1. The act of demanding with authority, and compelling to pay or yield; compulsion to give or furnish; a levying by force; a driving to compliance; as the exaction to tribute or of obedience; hence, extortion. “Take away your exactions from my people.” Ezek. xlv. 9. “Daily new exactions are devised.” Shak. “Illegal exactions of sheriffs and officials.” Bancroft. 2. That which is exacted; a severe tribute; a fee, reward, or contribution, demanded or levied with severity or injustice. Daniel.

Ex•act´i•tude , n. [Cf. F. exactitude.] The quality of being exact; exactness.

Ex•act´ly, adv. In an exact manner; precisely according to a rule, standard, or fact; accurately; strictly; correctly; nicely. ´Exactly wrought.´ Shak. “His enemies were pleased, for he had acted exactly as their interests required.” Bancroft.

Ex•act´ness, n. 1. The condition of being exact; accuracy; nicety; precision; regularity; as exactness of judgement or deportment. 2. Careful observance of method and conformity to truth; as exactness in accounts or business. “He had … that sort of exactness which would have made him a respectable antiquary.” Macaulay.

Ex•act´or , n. [L.: cf. F. exacteur.] One who exacts or demands by authority or right; hence, an extortioner; also one unreasonably severe in injunctions or demands. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•act´ress , n. [Cf. L. exactrix.] A woman who is an exactor. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ex•ac´u•ate , v. t. [L. exacure; ex out (intens.) + acuere to make sharp.] To whet or sharpen. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Ex•ac•u•a´tion (#), n. [Obs.]

Ex•aer´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a taking away.] (Surg.) In old writers, the operations concerned in the removal of parts of the body.

Ex•ag´ger•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exaggerated p. pr. & vb. n. Exaggerating . ] [L. exaggeratus , p. p. of exaggerare to heap up; ex out + aggerare to heap up, fr. agger heap, aggerere to bring to; ad to + gerere to bear. See Jest. ] 1. To heap up; to accumulate. [Obs.] ´Earth exaggerated upon them [oaks and firs].´ Sir M. Hale. 2. To amplify; to magnify; to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth ; to delineate extravagantly ; to overstate the truth concerning. “A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues.” Addison.

Ex•ag´ger•a•ted , a. Enlarged beyond bounds or the truth. — Ex•ag´ger•a•ted•ly, adv.

Ex•ag´ger•a•ting a. That exaggerates; enlarging beyond bounds. — Ex•ag´ger•a•ting•ly, adv.

Ex•ag•ger•a´tion , n. [L. exaggeratio : cf. F. exageration.] 1. The act of heaping or piling up. [Obs.] ´Exaggeration of sand.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. The act of exaggerating; the act of doing or representing in an excessive manner; a going beyond the bounds of truth reason, or justice; a hyperbolical representation; hyperbole; overstatement. “No need of an exaggeration of what they saw.” I. Taylor. 3. (Paint.) A representation of things beyond natural life, in expression, beauty, power, vigor.

Ex•ag´ger•a•tive , a. Tending to exaggerate; involving exaggeration. ´Exaggerative language.´ Geddes. ´Exaggerative pictures.´ W. J. Linton. — Ex•ag´ger•a•tive•ly, adv. Carlyle.

Ex•ag´ger•a•tor , n. [L.] One who exaggerates; one addicted to exaggeration. L. Horner.

Ex•ag´ger•a•to•ry , a. Containing, or tending to, exaggeration; exaggerative. Johnson.

Ex•ag´i•tate , v. t. [L. exagitatus, p. p. of exagitare. See Ex-, and Agitate.] 1. To stir up; to agitate. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. 2. To satirize; to censure severely. [Obs.] Hooker.

Ex•ag•i•ta´tion , n. [L. exagitatio : cf. OF. exagitation.] Agitation. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•al•bu´mi•nous , a. [Pref. ex- + albumen.] (Bot.) Having no albumen about the embryo; — said of certain seeds.

Ex•alt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exalted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exalting.] [L. exaltare; ex out (intens.) + altare to make high, altus high: cf.F. exalter. See Altitude.] 1. To raise high; to elevate; to lift up. “I will exalt my throne above the stars of God.” Is. xiv. 13. “Exalt thy towery head, and lift thine eyes” Pope. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, power, wealth, character, or the like; to dignify; to promote; as to exalt a prince to the throne, a citizen to the presidency. “Righteousness exalteth a nation.” Prov. xiv. 34. “He that humbleth himself shall be exalted.” Luke xiv. 11. 3. To elevate by prise or estimation; to magnify; to extol; to glorify. ´Exalt ye the Lord.´ Ps. xcix. 5. “In his own grace he doth exalt himself.” Shak. 4. To lift up with joy, pride, or success; to inspire with delight or satisfaction; to elate. “They who thought they got whatsoever he lost were mightily exalted.” Dryden. 5. To elevate the tone of, as of the voice or a musical instrument. Is. xxxvii. 23. “Now Mars, she said, let Fame exalt her voice.” Prior. 6. (Alchem.) To render pure or refined; to intensify or concentrate; as to exalt the juices of bodies. “With chemic art exalts the mineral powers.” Pope.

Ex´al•tate , a. [L. exaltatus, p. p. of exaltare to exalt.] (Astrol.) Exercising its highest influence; — said of a planet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ex•al•ta´tion , n. [L. exaltatio: cf. F. exaltation.] 1. The act of exalting or raising high; also the state of being exalted; elevation. “Wondering at my flight, and change
To this high exaltation.” Milton. 2. (Alchem.) The refinement or subtilization of a body, or the increasing of its virtue or principal property. 3. (Astrol.) That place of a planet in the zodiac in which it was supposed to exert its strongest influence.

Ex•alt´ed , a. Raised to lofty height; elevated; extolled; refined; dignified; sublime. “Wiser far than Solomon,
Of more exalted mind.” Milton. “Time never fails to bring every exalted reputation to a strict scrutiny.” Ames. — Ex•alt´ed•ly, adv. — Ex•alt´ed•ness, n. ´The exaltedness of some minds.´ T. Gray.

Ex•alt´er , n. One who exalts or raises to dignity.

Ex•alt´ment , n. Exaltation. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ex•a´men , n. [L., the tongue of a balance, examination; for exagmen, fr. exigere to weigh accurately, to treat: cf. F. examen. See Exact, a.] Examination; inquiry. [R.] ´A critical examen of the two pieces.´ Cowper.

Ex•am´e•tron , n. [NL. See Hexameter.] An hexameter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ex•am´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being examined or inquired into. Bacon.

Ex•am´i•nant , n. [L. examinans, -antis, examining.] 1. One who examines; an examiner. Sir W. Scott. 2. One who is to be examined. [Obs.] H. Prideaux.

Ex•am´i•nate , n. [L. examinatus, p. p. of examinare. See Examine. ] A person subjected to examination. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•am•i•na´tion , n. [L. examinatio: cf. F. examination.] 1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by study or experiment. 2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; as the examination of a student, or of a candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry. “He neglected the studies, … stood low at the examinations.” Macaulay. Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that examination which is made of a witness by a party calling him. — Cross- examination, that made by the opposite party. — Reëxamination, or Re-direct examination, that made by a party calling a witness, after, and upon matters arising out of, the cross- examination. Syn. — Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny; inquisition; inspection; exploration.

Ex•am´i•na•tor (#), n. [L.: cf. F. examinateur.] An examiner. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•am´ine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Examined p. pr. & vb. n. Examining.] [L. examinare, examinatum, fr. examen, examinis: cf. F. examiner. See Examen.] 1. To test by any appropriate method; to inspect carefully with a view to discover the real character or state of; to subject to inquiry or inspection of particulars for the purpose of obtaining a fuller insight into the subject of examination, as a material substance, a fact, a reason, a cause, the truth of a statement; to inquire or search into; to explore; as to examine a mineral; to examine a ship to know whether she is seaworthy; to examine a proposition, theory, or question. “Examine well your own thoughts.” Chaucer. “Examine their counsels and their cares.” Shak. 2. To interrogate as in a judicial proceeding; to try or test by question; as to examine a witness in order to elicit testimony, a student to test his qualifications, a bankrupt touching the state of his property, etc. “The offenders that are to be examined.” Shak. Syn. — To discuss; debate; scrutinize; search into; investigate; explore. See Discuss.

Ex•am•i•nee´ , n. A person examined.

Ex•am´in•er , n. One who examines, tries, or inspects; one who interrogates; an officer or person charged with the duty of making an examination; as an examiner of students for a degree; an examiner in chancery, in the patent office, etc.

Ex•am´in•er•ship, n. The office or rank of an examiner.

Ex•am´in•ing, a. Having power to examine; appointed to examine; as an examining committee.

Ex´am•pla•ry , a. [From Example, cf. Exemplary.] Serving for example or pattern; exemplary. [Obs.] Hooker.

Ex•am´ple , n. [A later form for ensample, fr. L. exemplum, orig., what is taken out of a larger quantity, as a sample, from eximere to take out. See Exempt, and cf. Ensample, Sample.] 1. One or a portion taken to show the character or quality of the whole; a sample; a specimen. 2. That which is to be followed or imitated as a model; a pattern or copy. “For I have given you an example, that ye should do as I have done to you.” John xiii. 15. “I gave, thou sayest, the example; I led the way.” Milton. 3. That which resembles or corresponds with something else; a precedent; a model. “Such temperate order in so fierce a cause
Doth want example.” Shak. 4. That which is to be avoided; one selected for punishment and to serve as a warning; a warning. “Hang him; he’ll be made an example.” Shak. “Now these things were our examples, to the intent that we should not lust after evil things, as they also lusted.” 1 Cor. x. 6. 5. An instance serving for illustration of a rule or precept, especially a problem to be solved, or a case to be determined, as an exercise in the application of the rules of any study or branch of science; as in trigonometry and grammar, the principles and rules are illustrated by examples. Syn. — Precedent; case; instance. — Example, Instance. The discrimination to be made between these two words relates to cases in which we give ´instances´ or ´examples´ of things done. An instance denotes the single case then ´standing´ before us; if there be others like it, the word does not express this fact. On the contrary, an example is one of an entire class of like things, and should be a true representative or sample of that class. Hence, an example proves a rule or regular course of things; an instance simply points out what may be true only in the case presented. A man’s life may be filled up with examples of the self-command and kindness which marked his character, and may present only a solitary instance of haste or severity. Hence, the word ´example´ should never be used to describe what stands singly and alone. We do, however, sometimes apply the word instance to what is really an example, because we are not thinking of the latter under this aspect, but solely as a case which ´stands before us.´ See Precedent.

Ex•am´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exampled p. pr. & vb. n. Exampling ] To set an example for; to give a precedent for; to exemplify; to give an instance of; to instance. [Obs.] ´I may example my digression by some mighty precedent.´ Shak. “Burke devoted himself to this duty with a fervid assiduity that has not often been exampled, and has never been surpassed.” J. Morley.

Ex•am´ple•less , a. Without or above example. [R.]

Ex•am´pler , n. [See Exemplar, Example, and cf. Sampler.] A pattern; an exemplar. [Obs.]

Ex•am´pless , a. Exampleless. [Wrongly formed.] B. Jonson.

Ex•an´gui•ous , a. Bloodless. [Obs.] See Exsanguious. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•an´gu•lous , a. [Pref ex- + angulous.] Having no corners; without angles. [R.]

Ex•an´i•mate , a. [L. exanimatus, p. p. of exanimare to deprive of life or spirit; ex out + anima air, breath, life, spirit.] 1. Lifeless; dead. [R.] ´Carcasses exanimate.´ Spenser. 2. Destitute of animation; spiritless; disheartened. [R.] ´Pale … wretch, exanimate by love.´ Thomson.

Ex•an´i•mate , v. t. To deprive of animation or of life. [Obs.]

Ex•an•i•ma´tion , n.[L. exanimatio.] Deprivation of life or of spirits. [R.] Bailey.

Ex•an´i•mous , a. [L. exanimus, exanimis; ex out, without + anima life.] Lifeless; dead. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•an´nu•late , a. [Pref. ex- + annulate.] (Bot.) Having the sporangium destitute of a ring; — said of certain genera of ferns.

Ex•an´them , n. Same as Exanthema.

Ex•an•the´ma , n.; pl. Exanthemata (#). [L., fr. Gr., fr. to burst forth as flowers, break out, as ulcers; , , out + ’anqei^n to bloom, ’a•nqos flower: cf. F. exanthème.] (Med.) An efflorescence or discoloration of the skin; an eruption or breaking out, as in measles, smallpox, scarlatina, and the like diseases; — sometimes limited to eruptions attended with fever. Dunglison. { Ex•an•the•mat´ic , Ex•an•them´a•tous } a. Of, relating to, or characterized by, exanthema; efflorescent; as an exanthematous eruption.

Ex•an•the´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. . See Exanthema. ] (Med.) An eruption of the skin; cutaneous efflorescence.

Ex•ant´late , v. t. [L. exantlatus, p. p. of exantlare, exanclare, to endure.] To exhaust or wear out. [Obs.] ´Seeds … wearied or exantlated.´ Boyle.

Ex•ant•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. exantlation.] Act of drawing out ; exhaustion. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex´a•rate , v. t. [L. exaratus, p. p. of exarare to plow up, to write; ex out + arare to plow.] To plow up; also to engrave; to write. [Obs.] Blount.

Ex•a•ra´tion , n. [L. exaratio.] Act of plowing; also act of writing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex´arch , n. [L. exarchus, Gr. commander; ,, out + to lead, rule: cf. F. exarque.] A viceroy; in Ravenna, the title of the viceroys of the Byzantine emperors; in the Eastern Church, the superior over several monasteries; in the modern Greek Church, a deputy of the patriarch , who visits the clergy, investigates ecclesiastical cases, etc.

Ex•ar´chate , n. [LL. exarchatus, fr. L. exarchus: cf. F. exarchat.] The office or the province of an exarch. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•ar´il•late , a. [Pref. ex- + arillate.] (Bot.) Having no aril; — said of certain seeds, or of the plants producing them.

Ex•ar•tic´u•late , a. [Pref. ex- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Having but one joint; — said of certain insects.

Ex•ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. [Pref. ex- + articulation.] Luxation; the dislocation of a joint. Bailey.

Ex•as´per•ate , a. [L. exasperatus, p. p. of exsasperare to roughen, exasperate; ex out (intens.) + asperare to make rough, asper rough. See Asperity.] Exasperated; imbittered. [Obs.] Shak. “Like swallows which the exasperate dying year
Sets spinning.” Mrs. Browning.

Ex•as´per•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exsasperated p. pr. & vb. n. Exasperating ] 1. To irritate in a high degree; to provoke; to enrage; to excite or to inflame the anger of; as to exasperate a person or his feelings. “To exsasperate them against the king of France.” Addison. 2. To make grievous, or more grievous or malignant; to aggravate; to imbitter; as to exasperate enmity. “To exasperate the ways of death.” Sir T. Browne. Syn. — To irritate; provoke. See Irritate.

Ex•as´per•a•ter , n. One who exasperates or inflames anger, enmity, or violence.

Ex•as•per•a´tion , n. [L. exasperatio: cf. F. exasperation.] 1. The act of exasperating or the state of being exasperated; irritation; keen or bitter anger. “Extorted from him by the exasperation of his spirits.” South. 2. Increase of violence or malignity; aggravation; exacerbation. ´Exasperation of the fits.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Ex•as•pid´e•an , a. [Gr. out + , , a shield.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior scutes extending around the tarsus on the outer side, leaving the inner side naked; — said of certain birds.

Ex•auc´tor•ate , v. t. See Exauthorate. [Obs.]

Ex•auc•tor•a´tion , n. See Exauthoration.

Ex•au´gu•rate , v. t. [L. exauguratus, p. p. of exaugurare to profane; ex out + augurari to act as an augur, fr. augur. ] To annul the consecration of; to secularize; to unhellow. [Obs.] Holland.

Ex•au•gu•ra´tion , n. [L. exauguratio desecration.] The act of exaugurating; desecration. [Obs.]

Ex•au´thor•ate , v. t. [L. exauctoratus, p. p. of exauctorare to dismiss; ex out + auctorare to bind to something, to hire, fr. auctor. See Author.] To deprive of authority or office; to depose; to discharge. [Obs.] “Exauthorated for their unworthiness.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex•au•thor•a´tion , n. Deprivation of authority or dignity; degration. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ex•au´thor•ize , v. t. [Pref. ex- + authorize.] To deprive of uthority. [Obs.] Selden.

Ex•au´thor•ize , v. t. [Pref. ex- + authorize.] To deprive of authority. [Obs.] Selden.

Ex•cal´ce•ate , v. t. [L. excalceatus, p. p. of excalceare to unshoe. See Calceated.] To deprive of shoes. [Obs.] Chambers.

Ex•cal•ce•a´tion , n. The act of depriving or divesting of shoes. [Obs.] Chambers.

Ex•cal•fac´tion , n. [L. excalfactio.] A heating or warming; calefaction. [Obs.] Blount.

Ex•cal•fac´tive , a. [L. excalfacere to warm; ex out (intens.) + calfacere to warm.] Serving to heat; warming. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Ex•cal•fac´to•ry , a. [L. excalfactorius.] Heating; warming. [Obs.] Holland.

Ex•cal´i•bur , n. The name of King Arthur’s mythical sword. [Written also Excalibar, Excalibor, Escalibar, and Caliburn.] Tennyson. { Ex•camb´ , Ex•cam´bie } v. t. [LL. excambiare, excambire; L. ex out + cambire. See Change, and cf. Exchange.] (Scots Law) To exchange; — used with reference to transfers of land. { Ex•cam´bi•on , Ex•cam´bi•um } n. [LL. excambium. See Excamb.] (Scots Law) Exchange; barter; — used commonly of lands.

Ex•can•des´cence , n. [L. excandescentia.] 1. A growing hot; a white or glowing heat; incandescence. [R.] 2. Violent anger; a growing angry. [Obs.] Blount.

Ex•can•des´cent , a. [L. excandescens, p. pr. of excandescere to take fire, glow; ex out (intens.) + candescere to begin to glisten or glow, fr. candere. See Candid.] White or glowing with heat. [R.] Ure.

Ex•can•ta´tion , n. [L. excantare to charm out. See Ex, and Chant.] Disenchantment by a countercharm. [Obs.] Gayton.

Ex•car´nate , v. t. [LL. excarnatus, p. p. of excarnare; L. ex out + caro, carnis, flesh.] To deprive or clear of flesh. Grew.

Ex•car•na´tion , n. The act of depriving or divesting of flesh; excarnification; — opposed to incarnation.

Ex•car´ni•fi•cate , v. t. [L. ex out + LL. carnificatus, p. p. carnificare to carnify; cf. L. excarnificare to tear to pieces, torment. See Carnify.] To clear of flesh; to excarnate. Dr. H. More.

Ex•car•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of excarnificating or of depriving of flesh; excarnation. Johnson.

Ex´ca•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excavated p. pr. & vb. n. Excavating] [L. excavatus, p. p. of excavare to excavate; ex out + cavare to make hollow, cavus hollow. See Cave.] 1. To hollow out; to form cavity or hole in; to make hollow by cutting, scooping, or digging; as to excavate a ball; to excavate the earth. 2. To form by hollowing; to shape, as a cavity, or anything that is hollow; as to excavate a canoe, a cellar, a channel. 3. (Engin.) To dig out and remove, as earth. “The material excavated was usually sand.” E. L. Corthell. Excavating pump, a kind of dredging apparatus for excavating under water, in which silt and loose material mixed with water are drawn up by a pump. Knight.

Ex•ca•va´tion , n. [L. excavatio: cf. F. excavation.] 1. The act of excavating, or of making hollow, by cutting, scooping, or digging out a part of a solid mass. 2. A cavity formed by cutting, digging, or scooping. ´A winding excavation.´ Glover. 3. (Engin.) (a) An uncovered cutting in the earth, in distinction from a covered cutting or tunnel. (b) The material dug out in making a channel or cavity. “The delivery of the excavations at a distance of 250 feet.” E. L. Corthell.

Ex´ca•va•tor , n. One who, or that which, excavates or hollows out; a machine, as a dredging machine, or a tool, for excavating.

Ex•cave´ , v. t. [L. excavare.] To excavate. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•ce´cate , v. t. [L. excaecatus, p. p. of excaecare to blind; ex (intens.) + caecare to blind, caecus blind.] To blind. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•ce•ca´tion , n. The act of making blind. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson.

Ex•ced´ent , n. [L. excedens, -entis, p. pr. of excedere. See Exceed, v. t.] Excess. [R.]

Ex•ceed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exceeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exceeding.] [L. excedere, excessum, to go away or beyond; ex out + cedere to go, to pass: cf. F. exceder. See Cede.] To go beyond; to proceed beyond the given or supposed limit or measure of; to outgo; to surpass; — used both in a good and a bad sense; as one man exceeds another in bulk, stature, weight, power, skill, etc.; one offender exceeds another in villainy; his rank exceeds yours. “Name the time, but let it not
Exceed three days.” Shak. “Observes how much a chintz exceeds mohair.” Pope. Syn. — To outdo; surpass; excel; transcend; outstrip; outvie; overtop.

Ex•ceed´, v. i. 1. To go too far; to pass the proper bounds or measure. ´In our reverence to whom, we can not possibly exceed.´ Jer. Taylor. “Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.” Deut. xxv. 3. 2. To be more or greater; to be paramount. Shak.

Ex•ceed´a•ble , a. Capable of exceeding or surpassing. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Ex•ceed´er , n. One who exceeds. Bp. Montagu.

Ex•ceed´ing, a. More than usual; extraordinary; more than sufficient; measureless. ´The exceeding riches of his grace.´ Eph. ii. 7. — Ex•ceed´ing•ness, n. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ex•ceed´ing, adv. In a very great degree; extremely; exceedingly. [Archaic. It is not joined to verbs.] ´The voice exceeding loud.´ Keble. “His raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow.” Mark ix. 3. “The Genoese were exceeding powerful by sea.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Ex•ceed´ing•ly , adv. To a very great degree; beyond what is usual; surpassingly. It signifies more than very.

Ex•cel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excelled p. pr. & vb. n. Excelling.] [L. excellere, excelsum; ex out + a root found in culmen height, top; cf. F. exceller. See Culminate, Column.] 1. To go beyond or surpass in good qualities or laudable deeds; to outdo or outgo, in a good sense. “Excelling others, these were great;
Thou, greater still, must these excel.” Prior. “I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness.” Eccl. ii. 13. 2. To exceed or go beyond; to surpass. “She opened; but to shut
Excelled her power; the gates wide open stood.” Milton.

Ex•cel´, v. i. To surpass others in good qualities, laudable actions, or acquirements; to be distinguished by superiority; as to excel in mathematics, or classics. “Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel.” Gen. xlix. 4. “Then peers grew proud in horsemanship t’ excel.” Pope.

Ex´cel•lence , n. [F. excellence, L. excellentia.] 1. The quality of being excellent; state of possessing good qualities in an eminent degree; exalted merit; superiority in virtue. “Consider first that great
Or bright infers not excellence.” Milton. 2. An excellent or valuable quality; that by which any one excels or is eminent; a virtue. “With every excellence refined.” Beattie. 3. A title of honor or respect; — more common in the form excellency. “I do greet your excellence
With letters of commission from the king.” Shak. Syn. — Superiority; preëminence; perfection; worth; goodness; purity; greatness.

Ex´cel•len•cy , n.; pl. Excellencies . 1. Excellence; virtue; dignity; worth; superiority. “His excellency is over Israel.” Ps. lxviii. 34. “Extinguish in men the sense of their own excellency.” Hooker. 2. A title of honor given to certain high dignitaries, esp. to viceroys, ministers, and ambassadors, to English colonial governors, etc. It was formerly sometimes given to kings and princes.

Ex´cel•lent , a. [F. excellent, L. excellens, -entis, p. pr. of excellere. See Excel.] 1. Excelling; surpassing others in some good quality or the sum of qualities; of great worth; eminent, in a good sense; superior; as an excellent man, artist, citizen, husband, discourse, book, song, etc.; excellent breeding, principles, aims, action. “To love …
What I see excellent in good or fair.” Milton. 2. Superior in kind or degree, irrespective of moral quality; — used with words of a bad significance. [Obs. or Ironical] ´An excellent hypocrite.´ Hume. “Their sorrows are most excellent.” Beau. & Fl. Syn. — Worthy; choice; prime; valuable; select; exquisite; transcendent; admirable; worthy.

Ex´cel•lent, adv. Excellently; eminently; exceedingly. [Obs.] ´This comes off well and excellent.´ Shak.

Ex´cel•lent•ly, adv. 1. In an excellent manner; well in a high degree. 2. In a high or superior degree; — in this literal use, not implying worthiness. [Obs.] “When the whole heart is excellently sorry.” J. Fletcher.

Ex•cel´si•or, a. [L., compar. of excelsus elevated, lofty, p. p. of excellere. See Excel, v. t.] More lofty; still higher; ever upward.

Ex•cel´si•or, n. A kind of stuffing for upholstered furniture, mattresses, etc., in which curled shreds of wood are substituted for curled hair.

Ex•cen´tral , a. [Pref. ex- + central.] (Bot.) Out of the center. { Ex•cen´tric , Ex•cen´tric•al } a. 1. Same as Eccentric, Eccentrical. 2. (Bot.) One-sided; having the normally central portion not in the true center. Gray.

Ex•cen•tric´i•ty (Math.) Same as Eccentricity.

Ex•cept´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excepting.] [L. exceptus, p. p. of excipere to take or draw out, to except; ex out + capere to take: cf. F. excepter. See Capable.] 1. To take or leave out (anything) from a number or a whole as not belonging to it; to exclude; to omit. “Who never touched
The excepted tree.” Milton. “Wherein (if we only except the unfitness of the judge) all other things concurred.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To object to; to protest against. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•cept´, v. i. To take exception; to object; — usually followed by to, sometimes by against; as to except to a witness or his testimony. “Except thou wilt except against my love.” Shak.

Ex•cept´, prep. [Originally past participle, or verb in the imperative mode.] With exclusion of; leaving or left out; excepting. “God and his Son except,
Created thing naught valued he nor … shunned.” Milton. Syn. — Except, Excepting, But, Save, Besides. Excepting, except, but, and save are exclusive. Except marks exclusion more pointedly. ´I have finished all the letters except one,´ is more marked than ´I have finished all the letters but one.´ Excepting is the same as except, but less used. Save is chiefly found in poetry. Besides (lit., by the side of) is in the nature of addition. ´There is no one here except or but him,´ means, take him away and there is nobody present. ´There is nobody here besides him,´ means, he is present and by the side of, or in addition to, him is nobody. ´Few ladies, except her Majesty, could have made themselves heard.´ In this example, besides should be used, not except.

Ex•cept´ , conj. Unless; if it be not so that. “And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me.” Gen. xxxii. 26. “But yesterday you never opened lip,
Except, indeed, to drink.” Tennyson. As a conjunction unless has mostly taken the place of except.

Ex•cept´ant , a. Making exception.

Ex•cept´ing, prep. & conj., but properly a participle. With rejection or exception of; excluding; except. ´Excepting your worship’s presence.´ Shak. “No one was ever yet made utterly miserable, excepting by himself.” Lubbock.

Ex•cep´tion , n. [L. exceptio: cf. F. exception.] 1. The act of excepting or excluding; exclusion; restriction by taking out something which would otherwise be included, as in a class, statement, rule. 2. That which is excepted or taken out from others; a person, thing, or case, specified as distinct, or not included; as almost every general rule has its exceptions. “Such rare exceptions, shining in the dark,
Prove, rather than impeach, the just remark.” Cowper. Often with to. “That proud exception to all nature’s laws.” Pope. 3. (Law) An objection, oral or written, taken, in the course of an action, as to bail or security; or as to the decision of a judge, in the course of a trail, or in his charge to a jury; or as to lapse of time, or scandal, impertinence, or insufficiency in a pleading; also as in conveyancing, a clause by which the grantor excepts something before granted. Burrill. 4. An objection; cavil; dissent; disapprobation; offense; cause of offense; — usually followed by to or against. “I will never answer what exceptions they can have against our account [relation].” Bentley. “He … took exception to the place of their burial.” Bacon. “She takes exceptions at your person.” Shak. Bill of exceptions (Law), a statement of exceptions to the decision, or instructions of a judge in the trial of a cause, made for the purpose of putting the points decided on record so as to bring them before a superior court or the full bench for review.

Ex•cep´tion•a•ble , a. Liable to exception or objection; objectionable. — Ex•cep´tion•a•ble•ness, n. “This passage I look upon to be the most exceptionable in the whole poem.” Addison.

Ex•cep´tion•al , a. [Cf. F. exceptionnel.] Forming an exception; not ordinary; uncommon; rare; hence, better than the average; superior. Lyell. “This particular spot had exceptional advantages.” Jowett (Th. ) — Ex•cep´tion•al•ly(#), adv.

Ex•cep´tion•er , n. One who takes exceptions or makes objections. [Obs.] Milton.

Ex•cep´tion•less, a. Without exception. “A universal, … exceptionless disqualification.” Bancroft.

Ex•cep´tious , a. Disposed or apt to take exceptions, or to object; captious. [Obs.] “At least effectually silence the doubtful and exceptious.” South. — Ex•cep´tious•ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ex•cept´ive , a. That excepts; including an exception; as an exceptive proposition. I. Watts. “A particular and exceptive law.” Milton.

Ex•cept´less, a. Not exceptional; usual. [Obs.] “My general and exceptless rashness.” Shak.

Ex•cept´or , n. [L., a scribe.] One who takes exceptions. T. Burnet.

Ex•cer•e•bra´tion , n. [L. excerebratus deprived of brains; ex out + cerebrum brain.] The act of removing or beating out the brains.

Ex•cer´e•brose , a. [See Excerebration.] Brainless. [R.]

Ex•cern´ , v. t. [L. excernere. See Excrete.] To excrete; to throw off through the pores; as fluids are excerned in perspiration. [R.] Bacon.

Ex•cern´ent , a. [See Excern.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or pertaining to, excretion.

Ex•cerp´ , v. t. [L. excerpere, excerptum; ex out + carpere to pick, gather. See Harvest, and cf. Scarce, a.] To pick out. [Obs.] Hales.

Ex•cerpt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excerpted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excerpting.] [From L. excerptus, p. p. See Excerp.] To select; to extract; to cite; to quote. “Out of which we have excerpted the following particulars.” Fuller.

Ex•cerp´t (277), n. An extract; a passage selected or copied from a book or record.

Ex•cerp´tion , n. [L. excerptio.] 1. The act of excerpting or selecting. [R.] 2. That which is selected or gleaned; an extract. [R.] “His excerptions out of the Fathers.” Fuller.

Ex•cerp´tive , a. That excerpts, selects, or chooses. D. L. Mackenzie.

Ex•cerp´tor , n. One who makes excerpts; a picker; a culler.

Ex•cess´ , n. [OE. exces, excess, ecstasy, L. excessus a going out, loss of self- possession, fr. excedere, excessum, to go out, go beyond: cf. F. excès. See Exceed.] 1. The state of surpassing or going beyond limits; the being of a measure beyond sufficiency, necessity, or duty; that which exceeds what is usual or proper; immoderateness; superfluity; superabundance; extravagance; as an excess of provisions or of light. “To gild refined gold, to paint the lily,
To throw a perfume on the violet, …
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.” Shak. “That kills me with excess of grief, this with excess of joy.” Walsh. 2. An undue indulgence of the appetite; transgression of proper moderation in natural gratifications; intemperance; dissipation. “Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess.” Eph. v. 18. “Thy desire … leads to no excess
That reaches blame.” Milton. 3. The degree or amount by which one thing or number exceeds another; remainder; as the difference between two numbers is the excess of one over the other. Spherical excess (Geom.), the amount by which the sum of the three angles of a spherical triangle exceeds two right angles. The spherical excess is proportional to the area of the triangle.

Ex•cess´ive (ek•ses´iv), a. [Cf. F. excessif.] Characterized by, or exhibiting, excess; overmuch. “Excessive grief [is] the enemy to the living.” Shak. Syn. — Undue; exorbitant; extreme; overmuch; enormous; immoderate; monstrous; intemperate; unreasonable. See Enormous —Ex•cess•ive•ly, adv. - Ex•cess´ive•ness, n.

Ex•change´ (eks•chanj´), n. [OE. eschange, eschaunge, OF. eschange, fr. eschangier, F. echanger, to exchange; pref. ex- out + F. changer. See Change, and cf. Excamb.] 1. The act of giving or taking one thing in return for another which is regarded as an equivalent; as an exchange of cattle for grain. 2. The act of substituting one thing in the place of another; as an exchange of grief for joy, or of a scepter for a sword, and the like; also the act of giving and receiving reciprocally; as an exchange of civilities or views. 3. The thing given or received in return; esp., a publication exchanged for another. Shak. 4. (Com.) The process of setting accounts or debts between parties residing at a distance from each other, without the intervention of money, by exchanging orders or drafts, called bills of exchange. These may be drawn in one country and payable in another, in which case they are called foreign bills; or they may be drawn and made payable in the same country, in which case they are called inland bills. The term bill of exchange is often abbreviated into exchange; as to buy or sell exchange. A in London is creditor to B in New York, and C in London owes D in New York a like sum. A in London draws a bill of exchange on B in New York; C in London purchases the bill, by which A receives his debt due from B in New York. C transmits the bill to D in New York, who receives the amount from B. 5. (Law) A mutual grant of equal interests, the one in consideration of the other. Estates exchanged must be equal in quantity, as fee simple for fee simple. Blackstone. 6. The place where the merchants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet at certain hours, to transact business. In this sense often contracted to ’Change. Arbitration of exchange. See under Arbitration. — Bill of exchange. See under Bill. — Exchange broker. See under Broker. — Par of exchange, the established value of the coin or standard of value of one country when expressed in the coin or standard of another, as the value of the pound sterling in the currency of France or the United States. The par of exchange rarely varies, and serves as a measure for the rise and fall of exchange that is affected by the demand and supply. Exchange is at par when, for example, a bill in New York, for the payment of one hundred pounds sterling in London, can be purchased for the sum. Exchange is in favor of a place when it can be purchased there at or above par. — Telephone exchange, a central office in which the wires of any two telephones or telephone stations may be connected to permit conversation. Syn. — Barter; dealing; trade; traffic; interchange.

Ex•change´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exchanged p. pr. & vb. n. Exchanging ] [Cf.OF. eschangier, F. echanger. See Exchange, n.] 1. To part with give, or transfer to another in consideration of something received as an equivalent; — usually followed by for before the thing received. “Exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a sparking pebble or a diamond.” Locke. 2. To part with for a substitute; to lay aside, quit, or resign (something being received in place of the thing parted with); as to exchange a palace for cell. “And death for life exchanged foolishly.” Spenser. “To shift his being
Is to exchange one misery with another.” Shak. 3. To give and receive reciprocally, as things of the same kind; to barter; to swap; as to exchange horses with a neighbor; to exchange houses or hats. “Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet.” Shak. Syn. — To barter; change; commute; interchange; bargain; truck; swap; traffic.

Ex•change´, v. i. To be changed or received in exchange for; to pass in exchange; as dollar exchanges for ten dimes.

Ex•change•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being exchangeable. “The law ought not be contravened by an express article admitting the exchangeability of such persons.” Washington.

Ex•change´a•ble , a. [Cf.F. echangeable.] 1. Capable of being exchanged; fit or proper to be exchanged. “The officers captured with Burgoyne were exchangeable within the powers of General Howe.” Marshall. 2. Available for making exchanges; ratable. ´An exchangeable value.´ J. S. Mill.

Ex•change´a•bly, adv. By way of exchange.

Ex•chan´ger , n. One who exchanges; one who practices exchange. Matt. xxv. 27.

Ex•cheat´ , n. See Escheat. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•cheat´or , n. See Escheator. [Obs.]

Ex•cheq´uer , n. [OE. escheker, OF. eichekier, fr. LL. scaccarium. See Checker, Chess, Check.] 1. One of the superior courts of law; — so called from a checkered cloth, which covers, or formerly covered, the table. [Eng.] The exchequer was a court of law and equity. In the revenue department, it had jurisdiction over the proprietary rights of the crown against subjects; in the common law department, it administered justice in personal actions between subject and subject. A person proceeding against another in the revenue department was said to exchequer him. The judges of this court were one chief and four puisne barons, so styled. The Court of Exchequer Chamber sat as court of error in which the judgments of each of the superior courts of common law, in England, were subject to revision by the judges of the other two sitting collectively. Causes involving difficult questions of law were sometimes after argument, adjourned into this court from the other courts, for debate before judgment in the court below. Recent legislation in England (1880) has abolished the Court of Exchequer and the Court of Exchequer Chamber, as distinct tribunals, a single board of judiciary, the High Court of Justice, being established for the trial of all classes of civil cases. Wharton. 2. The department of state having charge of the collection and management of the royal revenue. [Eng.] Hence, the treasury; and, colloquially, pecuniary possessions in general; as the company’s exchequer is low. Barons of the exchequer. See under Baron. — Chancellor of the exchequer. See under Chancellor. — Exchequer bills or bonds (Eng.), bills of money, or promissory bills, issued from the exchequer by authority of Parliament; a species of paper currency emitted under the authority of the government, and bearing interest.

Ex•cheq´uer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exchequered p. pr. & vb. n. Exchequering.] To institute a process against (any one) in the Court of Exchequer.

Ex•cide´ , v. t. [L. excidere, excisum; ex out + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Excise to cut off.] To cut off. [R.]

Ex•cip´i•ent , a. [L. excipients, -entis, p. pr. of exipere. See Except, v. t.] Taking an exception.

Ex•cip´i•ent, n. 1. An exceptor. [R.] 2. (Med.) An inert or slightly active substance used in preparing remedies as a vehicle or medium of administration for the medicinal agents. Chambers. { Ex´ci•ple , Ex•cip´u•lum } n. [NL. excipulum, fr. L. excipere. See Except.] (Bot.) The outer part of the fructification of most lichens.

Ex•cis´a•ble , a. Liable or subject to excise; as tobacco in an excisable commodity.

Ex•cise´ , n. [Apparently fr. L. excisum cut off, fr. excidere to cut out or off; ex out, off + caedere to cut; or, as the word was formerly written accise, fr. F. accise, LL. accisia, as if fr. L. accidere, accisum, to cut into; ad + caedere to cut; but prob. transformed fr. OF. assise, LL. assisa, assisia, assize. See Assize, Concise.] 1. In inland duty or impost operating as an indirect tax on the consumer, levied upon certain specified articles, as tobacco, ale, spirits, etc., grown or manufactured in the country. It is also levied to pursue certain trades and deal in certain commodities. Certain direct taxes (as in England, those on carriages, servants, plate, armorial bearings, etc.), are included in the excise. Often used adjectively; as excise duties; excise law; excise system. “The English excise system corresponds to the internal revenue system in the United States.” Abbot. “An excise … is a fixed, absolute, and direct charge laid on merchandise, products, or commodities.” 11 Allen’s (Mass. ) Rpts. 2. That department or bureau of the public service charged with the collection of the excise taxes. [Eng.]

Ex•cise´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excised p. pr. & vb. n. Excising.] 1. To lay or impose an excise upon. 2. To impose upon; to overcharge. [Prov. Eng.]

Ex•cise´, v. t. [See Excide.] To cut out or off; to separate and remove; as to excise a tumor.

Ex•cise´man , n.; pl. Excisemen . An officer who inspects and rates articles liable to excise duty. Macaulay.

Ex•ci´sion , n. [L. excisio: cf. F. excision. See Excide.] 1. The act of excising or cutting out or off; extirpation; destruction. “Such conquerors are the instruments of vengeance on those nations that have … grown ripe for excision.” Atterbury. 2. (Eccl.) The act of cutting off from the church; excommunication. 3. (Surg.) The removal, especially of small parts, with a cutting instrument. Dunglison.

Ex•cit´a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. excitabilite.] 1. The quality of being readily excited; proneness to be affected by exciting causes. 2. (Physiol.) The property manifested by living organisms, and the elements and tissues of which they are constituted, of responding to the action of stimulants; irritability; as nervous excitability.

Ex•cit´a•ble , a. [L. excitabilis inciting: cf. F. excitable.] Capable of being excited, or roused into action; susceptible of excitement; easily stirred up, or stimulated.

Ex•cit´ant , a. [L. excitans, -antis, p. pr. of excitare: cf. F. excitant.] Tending to excite; exciting.

Ex•cit´ant, n. (Physiol.) An agent or influence which arouses vital activity, or produces increased action, in a living organism or in any of its tissues or parts; a stimulant.

Ex•cit´ate , v. t. [L. excitatus, p. p. of excitare. See Excite.] To excite. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•ci•ta´tion n. [L. excitatio: cf. F. excitation.] 1. The act of exciting or putting in motion; the act of rousing up or awakening. Bacon. 2. (Physiol.) The act of producing excitement (stimulation); also the excitement produced.

Ex•cit´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. excitatif.] Having power to excite; tending or serving to excite; excitatory. Barrow.

Ex´ci•ta•tor , n. [L., one who rouses.] (Elec.) A kind of discarder.

Ex•cit´a•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. excitatoire.] Tending to excite; containing excitement; excitative.

Ex•cite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excited; p. pr. & vb. n. exciting.] [L. excitare; ex out + citare to move rapidly, to rouse: cf. OF. esciter, exciter, F. exciter. See Cite.] 1. To call to activity in any way; to rouse to feeling; to kindle to passionate emotion; to stir up to combined or general activity; as to excite a person, the spirits, the passions; to excite a mutiny or insurrection; to excite heat by friction. 2. (Physiol.) To call forth or increase the vital activity of an organism, or any of its parts. Syn. — To incite; awaken; animate; rouse or arouse; stimulate; inflame; irritate; provoke. — To Excite, Incite. When we excite we rouse into action feelings which were less strong; when we incite we spur on or urge forward to a specific act or end. Demosthenes excited the passions of the Athenians against Philip, and thus incited the whole nation to unite in the war against him. Antony, by his speech over the body of Caesar, so excited the feelings of the populace, that Brutus and his companions were compelled to flee from Rome; many however, were incited to join their standard, not only by love of liberty, but hopes of plunder.

Ex•cite´ful , n. Full of exciting qualities; as an exciteful story; exciteful players. Chapman.

Ex•cite´ment n. [Cf. OF. excitement, escitement.] 1. The act of exciting, or the state of being roused into action, or of having increased action; impulsion; agitation; as an excitement of the people. 2. That which excites or rouses; that which moves, stirs, or induces action; a motive. “The cares and excitements of a season of transition and struggle.” Talfowrd. 3. (Physiol.) A state of aroused or increased vital activity in an organism, or any of its organs or tissues.

Ex•cit´er , n. One who, or that which, excites. “Hope is the grand exciter of industry.” Dr. H. More.

Ex•cit´ing, a. Calling or rousing into action; producing excitement; as exciting events; an exciting story. — Ex•cit´ing•ly, adv. Exciting causes (Med.), those which immediately produce disease, or those which excite the action of predisposing causes.

Ex•cit´ive , a. Serving or tending to excite; excitative. [R.] Bamfield.

Ex•cit´ive, n. That which excites; an excitant. [R.]

Ex•ci•to-mo´tion , n. (Physiol.) Motion excited by reflex nerves. See Excito-motory.

Ex•ci•to-mo´tor , a. (Physiol.) Excito-motory; as excito-motor power or causes.

Ex•ci•to-mo´to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Exciting motion; — said of that portion of the nervous system concerned in reflex actions, by which impressions are transmitted to a nerve center and then reflected back so as to produce muscular contraction without sensation or volition.

Ex•ci•to-nu´tri•ent , a (Physiol.) Exciting nutrition; said of the reflex influence by which the nutritional processes are either excited or modified.

Ex•ci•to-se•cre´to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Exciting secretion; — said of the influence exerted by reflex action on the function of secretion, by which the various glands are excited to action.

Ex•claim´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Exclaimed p. pr. & vb. n. Exclaiming.] [L. exclamare, exclamatum; ex + clamare to cry out; cf. OF. exclamer. See Clam.] To cry out from earnestness or passion; to utter with vehemence; to call out or declare loudly; to protest vehemently; to vociferate; to shout; as to exclaim against oppression with wonder or astonishment; ´The field is won!´ he exclaimed.

Ex•claim´, n. Outcry; clamor. [Archaic] “Cursing cries and deep exclaims.” Shak.

Ex•claim´er, n. One who exclaims.

Ex•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. exclamatio: cf. F. exclamation.] 1. A loud calling or crying out; outcry; loud or emphatic utterance; vehement vociferation; clamor; that which is cried out, as an expression of feeling; sudden expression of sound or words indicative of emotion, as in surprise, pain, grief, joy, anger, etc. “Exclamations against abuses in the church.” Hooker. “Thus will I drown your exclamations.” Shak. “A festive exclamation not unsuited to the occasion.” Trench. 2. (Rhet.) A word expressing outcry; an interjection; a word expressing passion, as wonder, fear, or grief. 3. (Print.) A mark or sign by which outcry or emphatic utterance is marked; thus [!]; — called also exclamation point.

Ex•clam´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. exclamatif.] Exclamatory. Earle. — Ex•clam´a•tive•ly, adv.

Ex•clam´a•to•ry , a. Containing, expressing, or using exclamation; as an exclamatory phrase or speaker. South. — Ex•clam´a•to•ti•ly (#), adv.

Ex•clave´ , n. [Formed fr. enclave by substitution of ex- for en-] A portion of a country which is separated from the main part and surrounded by politically alien territory. [Recent.] The same territory is an enclave in respect to the surrounding country and an exclave with respect to the country to which it is politically attached.

Ex•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Excluding.] [L. excludere, exclusum; ex out + claudere to shut. See Close.] 1. To shut out; to hinder from entrance or admission; to debar from participation or enjoyment; to deprive of; to except; — the opposite to admit; as to exclude a crowd from a room or house; to exclude the light; to exclude one nation from the ports of another; to exclude a taxpayer from the privilege of voting. “And none but such, from mercy I exclude.” Milton. 2. To thrust out or eject; to expel; as to exclude young animals from the womb or from eggs. Excluded middle. (logic) The name given to the third of the ´three logical axioms,´ so-called, namely, to that one which is expressed by the formula: ´Everything is either A or Not-A.´ no third state or condition being involved or allowed. See Principle of contradiction, under Contradiction.

Ex•clu´sion , n. [L. exclusio: cf. F. exclusion. See Exclude.] 1. The act of excluding, or of shutting out, whether by thrusting out or by preventing admission; a debarring; rejection; prohibition; the state of being excluded. “His sad exclusion from the doors of bliss.” Milton. “The exclusion of the duke from the crown of England and Ireland.” Hume. 2. (Physiol.) The act of expelling or ejecting a fetus or an egg from the womb. 3. Thing emitted. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•clu´sion•a•ry , a. Tending to exclude; causing exclusion; exclusive.

Ex•clu´sion•ism , n. The character, manner, or principles of an exclusionist.

Ex•clu´sion•ist, n. One who would exclude another from some right or privilege; esp., one of the anti- popish politicians of the time of Charles II.

Ex•clu´sive a. [Cf. F. exclusif.] 1. Having the power of preventing entrance; debarring from participation or enjoyment; possessed and enjoyed to the exclusion of others; as exclusive bars; exclusive privilege; exclusive circles of society. 2. Not taking into the account; excluding from consideration; — opposed to inclusive; as five thousand troops, exclusive of artillery.

Ex•clu´sive, n. One of a coterie who exclude others; one who from real of affected fastidiousness limits his acquaintance to a select few.

Ex•clu´sive•ness, n. Quality of being exclusive.

Ex•clu´siv•ism , n. The act or practice of excluding being exclusive; exclusiveness.

Ex•clu´siv•ist, n. One who favor or practices any from of exclusiveness or exclusivism. “The field of Greek mythology … the favorite sporting ground of the exclusivists of the solar theory.” Gladstone.

Ex•clu´so•ry , a. [L. exclusorius.] Able to exclude; excluding; serving to exclude.

Ex•coct´ v. t. [L. excoctus, p. p. of excoquere to excoct. See 3d Cook.] To boil out; to produce by boiling. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•coc´tion [L. excoctio.] The act of excocting or boiling out. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•cog´i•tate v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excogitated (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Excogitating.] [L. excogitatus, p. p. of excogitare to excogitate; ex out + cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] To think out; to find out or discover by thinking; to devise; to contrive. ´Excogitate strange arts.´ Stirling. “This evidence … thus excogitated out of the general theory.” Whewell.

Ex•cog´i•tate, v. i. To cogitate. [R.] Bacon.

Ex•cog•i•ta´tion , n. [L. excogitatio: cf. F. excogitation.] The act of excogitating; a devising in the thoughts; invention; contrivance.

Ex•com•mune´ v. t. [Cf. F. excommuier. See Excommunicate.] To exclude from participation in; to excommunicate. [Obs.] “Poets … were excommuned Plato’s common wealth” Gayton.

Ex•com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. [See Excommunicate.] Liable or deserving to be excommunicated; making excommunication possible or proper. ´Persons excommunicable .´ Bp. Hall. “What offenses are excommunicable ?” Kenle.

Ex•com•mu´ni•cant , n. One who has been excommunicated.

Ex´com•mu´ni•cate , a. [L. excommunicatus, p. p. of communicare to excommunicate; ex out + communicare. See Communicate.] Excommunicated; interdicted from the rites of the church. — n. One excommunicated. “Thou shalt stand cursed and excommunicate.” Shak.

Ex•com•mu´ni•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excommunicated p. pr. & vb. n. Excommunicating ] 1. To put out of communion; especially, to cut off, or shut out, from communion with the church, by an ecclesiastical sentence. 2. To lay under the ban of the church; to interdict. “Martin the Fifth … was the first that excommunicated the reading of heretical books.” Miltin.

Ex•com•mu•ni•ca´tion , n. [L. excommunicatio: cf. F. excommunication.] The act of communicating or ejecting; esp., an ecclesiastical censure whereby the person against whom it is pronounced is, for the time, cast out of the communication of the church; exclusion from fellowship in things spiritual. excommunication is of two kinds, the lesser and the greater; the lesser excommunication is a separation or suspension from partaking of the Eucharist; the greater is an absolute execution of the offender from the church and all its rights and advantages, even from social intercourse with the faithful.

Ex•com•mu´ni•ca•tor n. [Cf. LL. excommunicator.] One who excommunicates.

Ex•com•mun´ion A shutting out from communion; excommunication. [Obs.] “Excommunication is the utmost of ecclesiastical judicature.” Milton.

Ex•co´ri•a•ble Capable of being excoriated. “ The scaly covering of fishes, … even in such as are excoriatable.” Sir T. Browne.

Ex•co´ri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excoriated p. pr. & vb. n. excoriating ] [L. excoriare; ex out + corium hide. cf. Scourge; see Cuirass.] To strip or wear off the skin of; to abrade; to gall; to break and remove the cuticle of, in any manner, as by rubbing, beating, or by the action of acrid substances.

Ex•co•ri•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. excoriation.] 1. The act of excoriating or flaying, or state of being excoriated, or stripped of the skin; abrasion. 2. Stripping of possession; spoliation. [Obs.] “A pitiful excoriation of the poorer sort.” Howell.

Ex•cor´ti•cate , v. t. [L. ex out, from + cortex, corticis, bark.] To strip of bark or skin; to decorticate. [Obs.] ´Excorticate the tree.´ Evelyn.

Ex•cor•ti•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. excortication.] The act of stripping off bark, or the state of being thus stripped; decortication.

Ex´cre•a•ble , a. [L. excreabilis, exscreabilis, fr. exscreare. See Excreate.] Capable of being discharged by spitting. [Obs.] Swift.

Ex´cre•ate , v. t. [L. excreare, exsreare; ex out + screare to hawk.] To spit out; to discharge from the throat by hawking and spitting. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•cre•a´tion , n. [L. excreatio, exscreatio.] Act of spitting out. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex´cre•ment , n. [L. excrementum, fr. excernere, excretum, to skin out, discharge: cf. F. excrement. See Excrete.] Matter excreted and ejected; that which is excreted or cast out of the animal body by any of the natural emunctories; especially, alvine, discharges; dung; ordure.

Ex´cre•ment, n. [L. excrementum, fr. excrescere, excretum, to grow out. See Excrescence.] An excrescence or appendage; an outgrowth. [Obs.] ´Ornamental excrements.´ Fuller. “Living creatures put forth (after their period of growth) nothing that is young but hair and nails, which are excrements and no parts.” Bacon.

Ex•cre•men´tal , a. Of or pertaining to excrement. { Ex•cre•men•ti´tial , Ex•cre•men•ti´tious } a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or consisting of, excrement; of the nature of excrement.

Ex•cre•men´tive , a. Serving to excrete; connected with excretion or excrement. [R.] ´The excrementive parts.´ Felthman.

Ex´cre•ment•ize v. i. To void excrement. [R.] Life of A. Wood .

Ex•cres´cence n. [F. excrescence, excroissanse, L. excrescentia excrescences, neut. pl. of p. pr. of excrescere. See Excrescent.] An excrescent appendage, as a wart or tumor; anything growing out unnaturally from anything else; a preternatural or morbid development; hence, a troublesome superfluity; an incumbrance; as an excrescence on the body, or on a plant. ´Excrescences of joy.´ Jer. Taylor. “The excrescences of the Spanish monarchy.” Addison.

Ex•cres´cen•cy , n. Excrescence. [Obs.]

Ex•cres´cent , a. [L. excresens, -entis, p. pr. of excrescere to grow out ; ex out + crescere to grow. See Crescent.] Growing out in an abnormal or morbid manner or as a superfluity. “Expunge the whole, or lip the excrescent parts.” Pope. Excrescent letter (Philol.), a letter which has been added to a root; as the d in alder (AS. alr) is an excrescent letter.

Ex•cres•cen´tial a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an excrescence. [R.] Hawthorne.

Ex•cre´ta , n. pl. [L.] Matters to be excreted.

Ex•crete´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excreting.] [L. excretus, p. p. of excernere to sift out, discharge; ex out + cernere to sift, separate. See Crisis.] To separate and throw off; to excrete urine. ´The mucus thus excreted.´ Hooper.

Ex´cre•tin , n. [From Excrete.] (physiol. Chem.) A nonnitrogenous, crystalline body, present in small quantity in human faeces.

Ex•cre´tion , n. [Cf. F. excretion.] 1. The act of excreting. “To promote secretion and excretion.” Pereira. 2. That which is excreted; excrement. Bacon.

Ex•cre´tive , a. Having the power of excreting, or promoting excretion. Harvey.

Ex•cre´to•ry , a. [Cf. F. excretoire.] Having the quality of excreting, or throwing off excrementitious matter.

Ex•cru´ci•a•ble , a. [L. excruciabilis.] Liable to torment. [R.] Bailey.

Ex•cru´ci•ate , a. [L. excruciatus, p. p. of excruciare to excruciate; ex out + cruciare to put to death on a cross, to torment. See Cruciate, Cross.] Excruciated; tortured. “And here my heart long time excruciate.” Chapman.

Ex•cru´ci•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excruciated p. pr. & vb. n. Excruciating ] To inflict agonizing pain upon; to torture; to torment greatly; to rack; as to excruciate the heart or the body. “Their thoughts, like devils, them excruciate.” Drayton.

Ex•cru´ci•a•ting Torturing; racking. ´Excruciating pain.´ V. Knox. ´Excruciating fears.´ Bentley — Ex•cru´ci•a•ting•ly, adv.

Ex•cru•ci•a´tion n. [L. excruciatio.] The act of inflicting agonizing pain, or the state of being thus afflicted; that which excruciates; torture. Feltham.

Ex•cu•ba´tion n. [L. excubatio, fr. excubare to lie out on guard; ex out on guard; ex out + cubare to lie down.] A keeping watch. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•cu•bi•to´ri•um , n. [LL. excubitorium; ex out + cubare, cubitum, to lie.] (Eccl. Antiq.) A gallery in a church, where persons watched all night.

Ex•cul´pa•ble Capable of being exculpated; deserving exculpation. Sir G. Buck.

Ex•cul´pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exculpated , p. pr. & vb. n.. Exculpating .] [L. ex out + culpatus, p. p. of culpare to find fault with, to blame, culpa fault. See Culpable.] To clear from alleged fault or guilt; to prove to be guiltless; to relieve of blame; to acquit. “He exculpated himself from being the author of the heroic epistle.” Mason. “I exculpate him further for his writing against me.” Milman. Syn. — To exonerate; absolve; clear; acquit; excuse; vindicate; justify.

Ex•cul•pa´tion , n. [Cf. LL. exculpatio.] The act of exculpating from alleged fault or crime; that which exculpates; excuse. “These robbers, however, were men who might have made out a strong case in exculpation of themselves.” Southey.

Ex•cul´pa•to•ry Clearing, or tending to clear, from alleged fault or guilt; excusing. ´An exculpatory letter.´ Johnson.

Ex•cur´ v. i. [L. excurrere. See Excurrent.] To run out or forth; to extend. [Obs.] Harvey.

Ex•cur´rent , a. [L. excurrens, p. p. of excurrere, excursum, to run out; ex out + currere to run. See Current.] 1. Running or flowing out; as: (Bot.) Running or extending out; as an excurrent midrib, one which projects beyond the apex of a leaf; an excurrent steam or trunk, one which continues to the top. 2. (Zoöl) Characterized by a current which flows outward; as an excurrent orifice or tube.

Ex•curse´ , v. t. [See excurrent.] To journey or pass thought. [R.]

Ex•cur´sion [L. excursio: cf. F. excursion. See Excurrent.] 1. A running or going out or forth; an expedition; a sally. “Far on excursion toward the gates of hell.” Milton. “They would make excursions and waste the country.” Holland. 2. A journey chiefly for recreation; a pleasure trip; a brief tour; as an excursion into the country. 3. A wandering from a subject; digression. “I am not in a scribbling mood, and shall therefore make no excursions.” Cowper. 4. (Mach.) Length of stroke, as of a piston; stroke. [An awkward use of the word.] Syn. — Journey; tour; ramble; jaunt. See Journey.

Ex•cur´sion•ist, n. One who goes on an excursion, or pleasure trip.

Ex•cur´sive , a. Prone to make excursions; wandering; roving; exploring; as an excursive fancy. “The course of excursive … understandings.” I. Taylor. — Ex•cur´sive•ly, adv. — Ex•cur´sive•ness, , n.

Ex•cur´sus , n. [L., fr. excurrere, excursum. See Excurrent.] A dissertation or digression appended to a work, and containing a more extended exposition of some important point or topic.

Ex•cus´a•ble a. [L. excusabilis: cf. F. excusable. See Excuse.] That may be excused, forgiven, justified, or acquitted of blame; pardonable; as the man is excusable; an excusable action. — Ex•cus´a•ble•ness, n. — Ex•cus´a•bly, adv. “The excusableness of my dissatisfaction.” Boyle.

Ex•cu•sa´tion , n. [L. excusatio: cf. F. excusation.] Excuse; apology. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•cu•sa´tor , n. [L.] One who makes, or is authorized to make, an excuse; an apologist. [Obs.] Hume.

Ex•cus´a•to•ry , a. Making or containing excuse or apology; apologetical; as an excusatory plea.

Ex•cuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excused p. pr. & vb. n. Excusing.] [OE. escusen, cusen, OF. escuser, excuser, F. excuser, fr. L. excusare; ex out + causa cause, causari to plead. See Cause.] 1. To free from accusation, or the imputation of fault or blame; to clear from guilt; to release from a charge; to justify by extenuating a fault; to exculpate; to absolve; to acquit. “A man’s persuasion that a thing is duty, will not excuse him from guilt in practicing it, if really and indeed it be against Gog’s law.” Abp. Sharp. 2. To pardon, as a fault; to forgive entirely, or to admit to be little censurable, and to overlook; as we excuse irregular conduct, when extraordinary circumstances appear to justify it. “I must excuse what can not be amended.” Shak. 3. To regard with indulgence; to view leniently or to overlook; to pardon. “And in our own (excuse some courtly stains.)
No whiter page than Addison remains.” Pope. 4. To free from an impending obligation or duty; hence, to disengage; to dispense with; to release by favor; also to remit by favor; not to exact; as to excuse a forfeiture. “I pray thee have me excused.” xiv. 19. 5. To relieve of an imputation by apology or defense; to make apology for as not seriously evil; to ask pardon or indulgence for. “Think ye that we excuse ourselves to you?” 2 Cor. xii. 19. Syn. — To vindicate; exculpate; absolve; acquit. - To Pardon, Excuse, Forgive. A superior pardons as an act of mercy or generosity; either a superior or an equal excuses. A crime, great fault, or a grave offence, as one against law or morals, may be pardoned; a small fault, such as a failure in social or conventional obligations, slight omissions or neglects may be excused. Forgive relates to offenses against one’s self, and punishment foregone; as to forgive injuries or one who has injured us; to pardon grave offenses, crimes, and criminals; to excuse an act of forgetfulness, an unintentional offense. Pardon is also a word of courtesy employed in the sense of excuse.

Ex•cuse´ , n. [Cf. F. excuse. See Excuse, v. t.] 1. The act of excusing, apologizing, exculpating, pardoning, releasing, and the like; acquittal; release; absolution; justification; extenuation. “Pleading so wisely in excuse of it.” Shak. 2. That which is offered as a reason for being excused; a plea offered in extenuation of a fault or irregular deportment; apology; as an excuse for neglect of duty; excuses for delay of payment. “Hence with denial vain and coy excuse.” Milton. 3. That which excuses; that which extenuates or justifies a fault. ´It hath the excuse of youth.´ Shak. “If eyes were made for seeing.
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.” Emerson. Syn. — See Apology.

Ex•cuse´less, a. Having no excuse; not admitting of excuse or apology. Whillock.

Ex•cuse´ment , n. [Cf. OF. excusement.] Excuse. [Obs.] Gower.

Ex•cus´er , n. 1. One who offers excuses or pleads in extenuation of the fault of another. Swift. 2. One who excuses or forgives another. Shelton.

Ex•cuss´ , v. t. [L. excussus. p. p. of excutere to shake off; ex out, from + quatere to shake. Cf. Quash.] 1. To shake off; to discard. [R.] “To excuss the notation of a Geity out of their minds.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To inspect; to investigate; to decipher. [R.] “To take some pains in excusing some old monuments.” F. Junius (1654). 3. To seize and detain by law, as goods. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Ex•cus´sion , n. [L. excussio a shaking down; LL., a threshing of corn: cf. F. excussion.] The act of excusing; seizure by law. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Ex´e•at , n. [L., let him go forth.] 1. A license for absence from a college or a religious house. [Eng.] Shipley. 2. A permission which a bishop grants to a priest to go out of his diocese. Wharton.

Ex´e•cra•ble , a. [L. execrabilis, exsecrabilis: cf. F. execrable. See Execrate.] Deserving to be execrated; accursed; damnable; detestable; abominable; as an execrable wretch. ´Execrable pride.´ Hooker. — Ex´e•cra•ble•ness, n. — Ex´e•cra•bly, adv.

Ex´e•crate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Execrated p. pr. & vb. n. Execrating ] [L. execratus, exsecratus, p. p. of execrare, exsecrare, to execrate; ex out + sacer holy, sacred. See Sacred.] To denounce evil against, or to imprecate evil upon; to curse; to protest against as unholy or detestable; hence, to detest utterly; to abhor; to abominate. ´They … execrate their lct.´ Cowper.

Ex•e•cra´tion , n. [L. execratio, exsecratio: cf. F. execration.] 1. The act of cursing; a curse dictated by violent feelings of hatred; imprecation; utter detestation expressed. “Cease, gentle, queen, these execrations.” Shak. 2. That which is execrated; a detested thing. “Ye shall be an execration and … a curse.” Jer. xlii. 18. Syn. — See Malediction.

Ex´e•cra•tive , a. Cursing; imprecatory; vilifying. Carlyle. — Ex´e•cra•tive•ly, adv.

Ex´e•cra•tive, n. A word used for cursing; an imprecatory word or expression. Earle.

Ex´e•cra•to•ry , a. Of the nature of execration; imprecatory; denunciatory. C. Kingsley. — n. A formulary of execrations. L. Addison.

Ex•ect´ , v. t. [See Exsect.] To cut off or out. [Obs.] See Exsect. Harvey.

Ex•ec´tion , n. [Obs.] See Exsection.

Ex´e•cu•ta•ble , a. Capable of being executed; feasible; as an executable project. [R.]

Ex•ec´u•tant , n. One who executes or performs; esp., a performer on a musical instrument. “Great executants on the organ.” De Quincey.

Ex´e•cute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Executed p. pr. & vb. n. Executing ] [F. executer, L. executus, exsecutus, p. p. of exequi to follow to the end, pursue; ex out + sequi to follow. See Second, Sue to follow up, and cf. Exequy.] 1. To follow out or through to the end; to carry out into complete effect; to complete; to finish; to effect; to perform. “Why delays
His hand to execute what his decree
Fixed on this day?” Milton. 2. To complete, as a legal instrument; to perform what is required to give validity to, as by signing and perhaps sealing and delivering; as to execute a deed, lease, mortgage, will, etc. 3. To give effect to; to do what is provided or required by; to perform the requirements or stipulations of; as to execute a decree, judgment, writ, or process. 4. To infect capital punishment on; to put to death in conformity to a legal sentence; as to execute a traitor. 5. To put to death illegally; to kill. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Mus.) To perform, as a piece of music, either on an instrument or with the voice; as to execute a difficult part brilliantly. Syn. — To accomplish; effect; fulfill; achieve; consummate; finish; complete. See Accomplish.

Ex´e•cute, v. i. 1. To do one’s work; to act one’s part or purpose. [R.] Hayward. 2. To perform musically.

Ex´e•cu•ter , n. One who performs or carries into effect. See Executor.

Ex•e•cu´tion , n. [F. execution, L. executio, exsecutio.] 1. The act of executing; a carrying into effect or to completion; performance; achievement; consummation; as the execution of a plan, a work, etc. “The excellence of the subject contributed much to the happiness of the execution.” Dryden. 2. A putting to death as a legal penalty; death lawfully inflicted; as the execution of a murderer. “A warrant for his execution.” Shak. 3. The act of the mode of performing a work of art, of performing on an instrument, of engraving, etc.; as the execution of a statue, painting, or piece of music. “The first quality of execution is truth.” Ruskin. 4. (Law) (a) The carrying into effect the judgment given in a court of law. (b) A judicial writ by which an officer is empowered to carry a judgment into effect; final process. (c) The act of signing, and delivering a legal instrument, or giving it the forms required to render it valid; as the execution of a deed, or a will. 5. That which is executed or accomplished; effect; effective work; — usually with do. “To do some fatal execution.” Shak. 6. The act of sacking a town. [Obs.] Beau. & FL.

Ex•e•cu´tion•er , n. 1. One who executes; an executer. Bacon. 2. One who puts to death in conformity to legal warrant, as a hangman.

Ex•ec´u•tive , a. [Cf.F. executif.] Designed or fitted for execution, or carrying into effect; as executive talent; qualifying for, concerned with, or pertaining to, the execution of the laws or the conduct of affairs; as executive power or authority; executive duties, officer, department, etc. In government, executive is distinguished from legislative and judicial; legislative being applied to the organ or organs of government which make the laws; judicial, to that which interprets and applies the laws; executive, to that which carries them into effect or secures their due performance.

Ex•ec´u•tive, n. An impersonal title of the chief magistrate or officer who administers the government, whether king, president, or governor; the governing person or body.

Ex•ec´u•tive•ly, adv. In the way of executing or performing.

Ex•ec´u•tor , n. [L. executor, exsecutor: cf. F. executeur. Cf. Executer.] 1. One who executes or performs; a doer; as an executor of baseness. Shak. 2. An executioner. [Obs.] “Delivering o’er to executors paw
The lazy, yawning drone.” Shak. 3. (Law) The person appointed by a testator to execute his will, or to see its provisions carried into effect, after his decease. Executor de son tort [Of., executor of his own wrong] (Law), a stranger who intermeddles without authority in the distribution of the estate of a deceased person.

Ex•ec•u•to´ri•al , a. [LL. executorialis.] Of or pertaining to an executive.

Ex•ec´u•tor•ship , n. The office of an executor.

Ex•ec´u•to•ry , a. [LL. executorius, L. exsecutorius: cf.F. executoire.] 1. Pertaining to administration, or putting the laws in force; executive. “The official and executory duties of government.” Burke. 2. (Law) Designed to be executed or carried into effect in time to come, or to take effect on a future contingency; as an executory devise, reminder, or estate; an executory contract. Blackstone.

Ex•ec´u•tress , n. [Cf.F. executrice.] An executrix.

Ex•ec´u•trix , n. [LL.] (Law) A woman exercising the functions of an executor.

Ex´e•dent , a. [L. exedent, -entis, p. pr. of exedere. See Exesion.] Eating out; consuming. [R.]

Ex´e•dra (eks´e•dra), n.; pl. Exedrae (- dre). [L., fr. Gr ’exe•dra; ’ex out + ´e•dra seat.] 1. (Class. Antiq.) A room in a public building, furnished with seats. 2. (Arch.) (a) The projection of any part of a building in a rounded form. (b) Any out-of-door seat in stone, large enough for several persons; esp., one of curved form.

Ex•e•ge´sis , n.; pl. Exegeses (#). [NL., fr.Gr. ,fr. to explain, interpret; out + to guide, lead, akin, to to lead. See Agent.] 1. Exposition; explanation; especially, a critical explanation of a text or portion of Scripture. 2. (Math.) The process of finding the roots of an equation. [Obs.]

Ex´e•gete , n. [Gr. : cf.F. exegète. See Exegesis.] An exegetist. { Ex•e•get´ic , Ex•e•get´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. exegetique.] Pertaining to exegesis; tending to unfold or illustrate; explanatory; expository. Walker. Ex•e•get´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ex•e•get´ics , n. The science of interpretation or exegesis.

Ex•e•ge´tist , n. One versed in the science of exegesis or interpretation; — also called exegete.

Ex•em´plar , n. [L. exemplar, exemplum: cf. F. exemplaire. See Example, and cf. Examper, Sampler.] 1. A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or imitated; a specimen; sometimes; an ideal model or type, as that which an artist conceives. “Such grand exemplar as make their own abilities the sole measure of what is fit or unfit.” South. 2. A copy of a book or writing. [Obs.] Udall.

Ex•em´plar, a. Exemplary. [Obs.] “The exemplar piety of the father of a family.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex´em•pla•ri•ly , adv. In a manner fitted or designed to be an example for imitation or for warning; by way of example. “She is exemplarily loyal.” Howell. “Some he punisheth exemplarily.” Hakewill.

Ex´em•pla•ri•ness, n. The state or quality of being exemplary; fitness to be an example.

Ex•em•plar´i•ty , n. [Cf. LL. exemplaritas.] Exemplariness. [R.] “The exemplarity of Christ’s life.” Abp. Sharp.

Ex´em•pla•ry , a. [L. exemplaris, fr. exemplar: cf. F. exemplaire. See Exemplar.] 1. Serving as a pattern; deserving to be proposed for imitation; commendable; as an exemplary person; exemplary conduct. “[Bishops’] lives and doctrines ought to be exemplary.” Bacon. 2. Serving as a warning; monitory; as exemplary justice, punishment, or damages. 3. Illustrating as the proof of a thing. Fuller. Exemplary damages. (Law) See under Damage.

Ex´em•pla•ry, n. An exemplar; also a copy of a book or writing. [Obs.] Donne.

Ex•em´pli•fi•a•ble , a. That can be exemplified.

Ex•em•pli•fi•ca´tion , n. 1. The act of exemplifying; a showing or illustrating by example. 2. That which exemplifies; a case in point; example. 3. (Law) A copy or transcript attested to be correct by the seal of an officer having custody of the original.

Ex•em´pli•fi•er , n. One who exemplifies by following a pattern.

Ex•em´pli•fy v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exemplified p. pr. &. vb. n. Exemplifying.] [L. exemplum example + - fy: cf. LL. exemplificare to copy, serve as an example.] 1. To show or illustrate by example. “He did but … exemplify the principles in which he had been brought up.” Cowper. 2. To copy; to transcribe; to make an attested copy or transcript of, under seal, as of a record. Holland. 3. To prove or show by an attested copy.

Ex•empt´ , a. [F. exempt, L. exemptus, p. p. of eximere to take out, remove, free; ex out + emere to buy, take. Cf. Exon, Redeem.] 1. Cut off; set apart. [Obs.] “Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry.” Shak. 2. Extraordinary; exceptional. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. Free, or released, from some liability to which others are subject; excepted from the operation or burden of some law; released; free; clear; privileged; — (with from): not subject to; not liable to; as goods exempt from execution; a person exempt from jury service. “True nobility is exempt from fear.” Shak. “T is laid on all, not any one exempt.” Dryden.

Ex•empt´, n. 1. One exempted or freed from duty; one not subject. 2. One of four officers of the Yeomen of the Royal Guard, having the rank of corporal; an Exon. [Eng.]

Ex•empt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exempting.] [F. exempter. See Exempt, a.] 1. To remove; to set apart. [Obs.] Holland. 2. To release or deliver from some liability which others are subject to; to except or excuse from he operation of a law; to grant immunity to; to free from obligation; to release; as to exempt from military duty, or from jury service; to exempt from fear or pain. “Death
So snatched will not exempt us from the pain
We are by doom to pay.” Milton.

Ex•empt´i•ble , a. That may be exempted.

Ex•emp´tion , n. [L. exenptio a removing: cf. F. exemption exemption.] The act of exempting; the state of being exempt; freedom from any charge, burden, evil, etc., to which others are subject; immunity; privilege; as exemption of certain articles from seizure; exemption from military service; exemption from anxiety, suffering, etc.

Ex•emp•ti´tious , a. Separable. [Obs.] ´Exemptitious from matter.´ Dr. H. More.

Ex•en´ter•ate , v. t. [L. exenteratus, p. p. of exenterare; cf. Gr. ; out + intestine.] To take out the bowels or entrails of; to disembowel; to eviscerate; as exenterated fishes. [R.] “Exenterated rule-mongers and eviscerated logicians.” Hare.

Ex•en•ter•a´tion , n. [LL. exenteratio.] Act of exenterating. [R.]

Ex•e•qua´tur , n. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of exequi, exsequi, to perform, execute.] 1. A written official recognition of a consul or commercial agent, issued by the government to which he is accredited, and authorizing him to exercise his powers in the place to which he is assigned. 2. Official recognition or permission. Prescott.

Ex•e´qui•al , a. [L. exequialis, exsequialis, fr. exsequiae exequies.] Of or pertaining to funerals; funereal.

Ex•e´qui•ous , a. Funereal. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ex´e•quy , n.; pl. Exequies (#). [L. exequiae, exsequiae, a funeral procession, fr. exsequi to follow out: cf. OF. exeques. See Exequte.] A funeral rite (usually in the plural); the ceremonies of burial; obsequies; funeral procession. “But see his exequies fulfilled in Rouen.” Shak.

Ex•er´cent , a. [L. exercents, -entis, p. pr. of exercere. See Exercise.] Practicing; professional. [Obs.] ´Every exercent advocate.´ Ayliffe.

Ex´er•ci•sa•ble a. That may be exercised, used, or exerted.

Ex´er•cise , n. [F. exercice, L. exercitium, from exercere, exercitum, to drive on, keep, busy, prob. orig., to thrust or drive out of the inclosure; ex out + arcere to shut up, inclose. See Ark.] 1. The act of exercising; a setting in action or practicing; employment in the proper mode of activity; exertion; application; use; habitual activity; occupation, in general; practice. “exercise of the important function confided by the constitution to the legislature.” Jefferson. “O we will walk this world,
Yoked in all exercise of noble end.” Tennyson. 2. Exertion for the sake of training or improvement whether physical, intellectual, or moral; practice to acquire skill, knowledge, virtue, perfectness, grace, etc. ´Desire of knightly exercise.´ Spenser. “An exercise of the eyes and memory.” Locke. 3. Bodily exertion for the sake of keeping the organs and functions in a healthy state; hygienic activity; as to take exercise on horseback. “The wise for cure on exercise depend.” Dryden. 4. The performance of an office, a ceremony, or a religious duty. “Lewis refused even those of the church of England … the public exercise of their religion.” Addison. “To draw him from his holy exercise.” Shak. 5. That which is done for the sake of exercising, practicing, training, or promoting skill, health, mental, improvement, moral discipline, etc.; that which is assigned or prescribed for such ends; hence, a disquisition; a lesson; a task; as military or naval exercises; musical exercises; an exercise in composition. “The clumsy exercises of the European tourney.” Prescott. “He seems to have taken a degree, and performed public exercises in Cambridge, in 1565.” Brydges. 6. That which gives practice; a trial; a test. “Patience is more oft the exercise
Of saints, the trial of their fortitude.” Milton. Exercise bone (Med.), a deposit of bony matter in the soft tissues, produced by pressure or exertion.

Ex´er•cise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exercised p. pr. & vb. n. Exercising ] 1. To set in action; to cause to act, move, or make exertion; to give employment to; to put in action habitually or constantly; to school or train; to exert repeatedly; to busy. “Herein do I Exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence.” Acts xxiv. 16. 2. To exert for the sake of training or improvement; to practice in order to develop; hence, also to improve by practice; to discipline, and to use or to for the purpose of training; as to exercise arms; to exercise one’s self in music; to exercise troops. “About him exercised heroic games
The unarmed youth.” Milton. 3. To occupy the attention and effort of; to task; to tax, especially in a painful or vexatious manner; harass; to vex; to worry or make anxious; to affect; to discipline; as exercised with pain. “Where pain of unextinguishable fire
Must exercise us without hope of end.” Milton. 4. To put in practice; to carry out in action; to perform the duties of; to use; to employ; to practice; as to exercise authority; to exercise an office. “I am the Lord which exercise loving-kindness, judgment, and righteousness in the earth.” Jer. ix. 24. “The people of the land have used oppression and exercised robbery.” Ezek. xxii. 29.

Ex´er•cise, v. i. To exercise one’s self, as under military training; to drill; to take exercise; to use action or exertion; to practice gymnastics; as to exercise for health or amusement. “I wear my trusty sword,
When I do exercise.” Cowper.

Ex´er•ci•ser , n. One who exercises.

Ex´er•ci•si•ble , a. Capable of being exercised, employed, or enforced; as the authority of a magistrate is exercisible within his jurisdiction.

Ex•er•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. exercitatio, fr. exercitare, intense., fr. exercere to exercise: Cf. f. exercitation.] exercise; practice; use. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•ergue´ , n. [F., fr. Gr. out + work; lit., out work, i. e., accessory work. See Work.] (Numis.) The small space beneath the base line of a subject engraved on a coin or medal. It usually contains the date, place, engraver’s name, etc., or other subsidiary matter. Fairholt.

Ex•ert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exerting.] [L. exertus, exsertus, p. p. of exerere, exserere, to thrust out; ex out + serere to join or bind together. See Series, and cf. Exsert.] 1. To thrust forth; to emit; to push out. [Obs.] “So from the seas exerts his radiant head
The star by whom the lights of heaven are led.” Dryden. 2. To put force, ability, or anything of the nature of an active faculty; to put in vigorous action; to bring into active operation; as to exert the strength of the body, limbs, faculties, or imagination; to exert the mind or the voice. 3. To put forth, as the result or exercise of effort; to bring to bear; to do or perform. “When we will has exerted an act of command on any faculty of the soul or member of the body.” South. To exert one’s self, to use efforts or endeavors; to strive; to make an attempt.

Ex•er´tion , n. The act of exerting, or putting into motion or action; the active exercise of any power or faculty; an effort, esp. a laborious or perceptible effort; as an exertion of strength or power; an exertion of the limbs or of the mind; it is an exertion for him to move, to-day. Syn. — Attempt; endeavor; effort; essay; trial. See Attempt.

Ex•ert´ive , a. Having power or a tendency to exert; using exertion.

Ex•ert´ment , n. Exertion. [R.]

Ex•e´sion , n. [L. exedere, exesum, to eat up; ex out + edere to eat.] The act of eating out or through. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•es´tu•ate , v. i. [L. exaestuatus,p. p. of exaestuare to boil up. See Estuate.] To be agitated; to boil up; to effervesce. [Obs.]

Ex•es•tu•a´tion , n. [L. exaestuatio.] A boiling up; effervescence. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ex´e•unt [L., 3d pers. pl. pres. of exire to go out.] They go out, or retire from the scene; as exeunt all except Hamlet. See 1st Exit.

Ex•fe•ta´tion , n [Pref. ex- + fetation.] (Med.) Imperfect fetation in some organ exterior to the uterus; extra-uterine fetation. Hoblyn.

Ex•fo´li•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exfoliated p. pr. & vb. n. Exfoliating ] [L. exfoliare to strip of leaves; ex out, from + folium leaf.] 1. To separate and come off in scales or laminae, as pieces of carious bone or of bark. 2. (Min.) To split into scales, especially to become converted into scales at the result of heat or decomposition.

Ex•fo´li•ate v. t. To remove scales, laminae, or splinters from the surface of.

Ex•fo•li•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. exfoliation.] The scaling off of a bone, a rock, or a mineral, etc.; the state of being exfoliated.

Ex•fo´li•a´tive , a. [Cf.F. exfoliatif.] Having the power of causing exfoliation. — n. An exfoliative agent. Wiseman.

Ex•hal´a•ble , a. Capable of being exhaled or evaporated. Boyle.

Ex•hal´ant , a. [Cf. F. exhalant.] Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating.

Ex•ha•la´tion , n. [L. exhalatio: cf. F. exhalaison, exhalation.] 1. The act or process of exhaling, or sending forth in the form of steam or vapor; evaporation. 2. That which is exhaled, or which rises in the form of vapor, fume, or steam; effluvium; emanation; as exhalations from the earth or flowers, decaying matter, etc. “Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise
From hill or steaming lake.” Milton. 3. A bright phenomenon; a meteor. “I shall fall
Like a bright exhalation in the evening.” Shak.

Ex•hale´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exaled , p. pr. & vb. n.. Exaling.] [L. exhalare; ex out + halare to breathe; cf.F. exhaler. Cf. Inhale.] 1. To breathe out. Hence: To emit, as vapor; to send out, as an odor; to evaporate; as the earth exhales vapor; marshes exhale noxious effluvia. “Less fragrant scents the unfolding rose exhales.” Pope. 2. To draw out; to cause to be emitted in vapor; as the sun exhales the moisture of the earth.

Ex•hale´, v. i. To rise or be given off, as vapor; to pass off, or vanish. “Their inspiration exhaled in elegies.” Prescott.

Ex•hale´ment , n. Exhalation. [Obs.]

Ex•hal´ence , n. Exhalation. [R.]

Ex•haust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhausted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhausting.] [L. exhaustus, p. p. of exhaurire; ex out + haurire, haustum, to draw, esp. water; perhaps akin to Icel. asua to sprinkle, pump.] 1. To draw or let out wholly; to drain off completely; as to exhaust the water of a well; the moisture of the earth is exhausted by evaporation. 2. To empty by drawing or letting out the contents; as to exhaust a well, or a treasury. 3. To drain, metaphorically; to use or expend wholly, or till the supply comes to an end; to deprive wholly of strength; to use up; to weary or tire out; to wear out; as to exhaust one’s strength, patience, or resources. “A decrepit, exhausted old man at fifty- five.” Motley. 4. To bring out or develop completely; to discuss thoroughly; as to exhaust a subject. 5. (Chem.) To subject to the action of various solvents in order to remove all soluble substances or extractives; as to exhaust a drug successively with water, alcohol, and ether. Exhausted receiver. (Physics) See under Receiver. Syn. — To spend; consume; tire out; weary.

Ex•haust´, a. [L. exhaustus, p. p.] 1. Drained; exhausted; having expended or lost its energy. 2. Pertaining to steam, air, gas etc., that is released from the cylinder of an engine after having preformed its work. Exhaust draught, a forced draught produced by drawing air through a place, as through a furnace, instead of blowing it through. — Exhaust fan, a fan blower so arranged as to produce an exhaust draught, or to draw air or gas out of a place, as out of a room in ventilating it. — Exhaust nozzle, Exhaust orifice (Steam Engine), the blast orifice or nozzle. — Exhaust pipe (Steam Engine), the pipe that conveys exhaust steam from the cylinder to the atmosphere or to the condenser. Exhaust port (Steam Engine), the opening, in the cylinder or valve, by which the exhaust steam escapes. — Exhaust purifier (Milling), a machine for sorting grains, or purifying middlings by an exhaust draught. Knight. — Exhaust steam (Steam Engine), steam which is allowed to escape from the cylinder after having been employed to produce motion of the piston. — Exhaust valve (Steam Engine), a valve that lets exhaust steam escape out of a cylinder.

Ex•haust´, n. (Steam Engine) 1. The steam let out of a cylinder after it has done its work there. 2. The foul air let out of a room through a register or pipe provided for the purpose.

Ex•haust´er n. One who, or that which, exhausts or draws out.

Ex•haust•i•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being exhausted. “I was seriously tormented by the thought of the exhaustibility of musical combinations.” J. S. Mill.

Ex•haust´i•ble , a. Capable of being exhausted, drained off, or expended. Johnson.

Ex•haust´ing, a. Producing exhaustion; as exhausting labors. — Ex•haust´ing, adv.

Ex•haus´tion , n. [Cf. F. exhaustion.] 1. The act of draining out or draining off; the act of emptying completely of the contents. 2. The state of being exhausted or emptied; the state of being deprived of strength or spirits. 3. (Math.) An ancient geometrical method in which an exhaustive process was employed. It was nearly equivalent to the modern method of limits. The method of exhaustions was applied to great variety of propositions, pertaining to rectifications and quadratures, now investigated by the calculus.

Ex•haust´ive , a. Serving or tending to exhaust; exhibiting all the facts or arguments; as an exhaustive method. Ex•haust´ive•ly, adv.

Ex•haust´less, a. Not be exhausted; inexhaustible; as an exhaustless fund or store.

Ex•haust´ment , n. Exhaustion; drain. [Obs.]

Ex•haus´ture , n. Exhaustion. Wraxall.

Ex´he•dra , n. [NL.] See Exedra.

Ex•her´e•date , v. t. [L., exheredatus, p. p. of exheredare to disinherit; ex out + heres, heredis, heir.] To disinherit. [R.] Huloet.

Ex•her•e•da´tion , n. [L., exheredatio: cf. F. exheredation.] A disinheriting; disherison. [R.]

Ex•he•red•i•ta´tion , n. [LL. exhereditare, exhereditatum, disinherit.] A disinheriting; disherison. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

Ex•hib´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhibiting.] [L. exhibitus, p. p. of exhibere to hold forth, to tender, exhibit; ex out + habere to have or hold. See Habit.] 1. To hold forth or present to view; to produce publicly, for inspection; to show, especially in order to attract notice to what is interesting; to display; as to exhibit commodities in a warehouse, a picture in a gallery. “Exhibiting a miserable example of the weakness of mind and body.” Pope. 2. (Law) To submit, as a document, to a court or officer, in course of proceedings; also to present or offer officially or in legal form; to bring, as a charge. “He suffered his attorney-general to exhibit a charge of high treason against the earl.” Clarendon. 3. (Med.) To administer as a remedy; as to exhibit calomel. To exhibit a foundation or prize, to hold it forth or to tender it as a bounty to candidates. — To exibit an essay, to declaim or otherwise present it in public. [Obs.]

Ex•hib´it, n. 1. Any article, or collection of articles, displayed to view, as in an industrial exhibition; a display; as this exhibit was marked A; the English exhibit. 2. (Law) A document produced and identified in court for future use as evidence.

Ex•hib´it•er , n. [Cf. Exhibitor.] One who exhibits; one who presents a petition, charge or bill. Shak.

Ex•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. exhibitio a delivering: cf. F. exhibition.] 1. The act of exhibiting for inspection, or of holding forth to view; manifestation; display. 2. That which is exhibited, held forth, or displayed; also any public show; a display of works of art, or of feats of skill, or of oratorical or dramatic ability; as an exhibition of animals; an exhibition of pictures, statues, etc.; an industrial exhibition. 3. Sustenance; maintenance; allowance, esp. for meat and drink; pension. Specifically: (Eng. Univ.) Private benefaction for the maintenance of scholars. “What maintenance he from his friends receives,
Like exhibition thou shalt have from me.” Shak. “I have given more exhibitions to scholars, in my days, than to the priests.” Tyndale. 4. (Med.) The act of administering a remedy.

Ex•hi•bi´tion•er , n. (Eng. Univ.) One who has a pension or allowance granted for support. “A youth who had as an exhibitioner from Christ’s Hospital.” G. Eliot.

Ex•hib´it•ive , a. Serving for exhibition; representative; exhibitory. Norris. — Ex•hib´it•ive•ly, adv.

Ex•hib´it•or , n. [Cf. L. exhibitor a giver.] One who exhibits.

Ex•hib´it•o•ry , a. [L. exhibitorius relating to giving up: cf. F. exhibitoire exhibiting.] Exhibiting; publicly showing. J. Warton.

Ex•hil´a•rant , a. [L. exhilarans. -antis, p. pr. See Exhilarate.] Exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. — n. That which exhilarates.

Ex•hil´a•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhilarated p. pr. & vb. n. Exilarating.] [L. exhilaratus, p. p. of exhilarare to gladden; ex out + hilarare to make merry, hilaris merry, cheerful. See Hilarious.] To make merry or jolly; to enliven; to animate; to gladden greatly; to cheer; as good news exhilarates the mind; wine exhilarates a man.

Ex•hil´a•rate, v. i. To become joyous. [R.] Bacon.

Ex•hil´a•ra•ting , a. That exhilarates; cheering; gladdening. — Ex•hil´a•ra•ting•ly, adv.

Ex•hil•a•ra´tion , n. [L., exhilaratio.] 1. The act of enlivening the spirits; the act of making glad or cheerful; a gladdening. 2. The state of being enlivened or cheerful. “Exhilaration hath some affinity with joy, though it be a much lighter motion.” Bacon. Syn. — Animation; joyousness; gladness; cheerfulness; gayety; hilarity; merriment; jollity.

Ex•hort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhorting.] [L. exhortari; ex out + hortari to incite, encourage; cf. F. exhorter. See Hortative.] To incite by words or advice; to animate or urge by arguments, as to a good deed or laudable conduct; to address exhortation to; to urge strongly; hence, to advise, warn, or caution. “Examples gross as earth exhort me.” Shak. “Let me exhort you to take care of yourself.” J. D. Forbes.

Ex•hort´, v. i. To deliver exhortation; to use words or arguments to incite to good deeds. “With many other words did he testify and exhort.” Acts ii. 40.

Ex•hort´, n. Exhortation. [Obs.] Pope.

Ex•hor•ta´tion , n. [L. exhortatio: cf. F. exhortation.] 1. The act of practice of exhorting; the act of inciting to laudable deeds; incitement to that which is good or commendable. 2. Language intended to incite and encourage; advice; counsel; admonition. “I’ll end my exhortation after dinner.” Shak.

Ex•hor´ta•tive , a. [L. exhortativus: cf. F. exhortatif.] Serving to exhort; exhortatory; hortative. Barrow.

Ex•hor´ta•to•ry a. [L. exhortatorius: cf. F. exhortatoire.] Of or pertaining to exhortation; hortatory. Holinshed.

Ex•hort´er , n. One who exhorts or incites.

Ex•hu´ma•ted , a. Disinterred. [Obs.]

Ex•hu•ma´tion , n. [Cf. LL. exhumatio, F. exhumation.] The act of exhuming that which has been buried; as the exhumation of a body.

Ex•hume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhumed p. pr. & vb. n.. Exhuming.] [LL. exhumare; L. ex out + humus ground, soil: cf. F. exhumer. See Humble.] To dig out of the ground; to take out of a place of burial; to disinter. Mantell.

Ex´ic•cate , v. t. See Exsiccate. [Obs.] Holland.

Ex•ic•ca´tion , n. See Exsiccation. [Obs.]

Ex´i•gence , n. [F.] Exigency. Hooker.

Ex´i•gen•cy , n.; pl. Exigencies (#). [LL. exigentia: cf. F. exigence.] The state of being exigent; urgent or exacting want; pressing necessity or distress; need; a case demanding immediate action, supply, or remedy; as an unforeseen exigency. ´The present exigency of his affairs.´ Ludlow. Syn. — Demand; urgency; distress; pressure; emergency; necessity; crisis.

Ex•i•gen´da•ry , n. See Exigenter.

Ex•i•gent, a. [L. exigens, - entis, p. pr. of exigere to drive out or forth, require, exact. See Exact.] Exacting or requiring immediate aid or action; pressing; critical. ´At this exigent moment.´ Burke.

Ex´i•gent, n. 1. Exigency; pressing necessity; decisive moment. [Obs.] “Why do you cross me in this exigent?” Shak. 2. (o. Eng. Law) The name of a writ in proceedings before outlawry. Abbott.

Ex´i•gent•er , n. (O. Eng. Law) An officer in the Court of King’s Bench and Common Pleas whose duty it was to make out exigents. The office is now abolished. Cowell.

Ex´i•gi•ble , a. [Cf. F. exigible. See Exigent.] That may be exacted; repairable. [R.] A. Smith.

Ex•i•gu´i•ty , n. [L. exiguitas, fr. exiguus small: cf. F. exiguite.] Scantiness; smallness; thinness. [R.] Boyle.

Ex•ig´u•ous , a. [L. exiguus.] Scanty; small; slender; diminutive. [R.] ´Exiguous resources.´ Carlyle. — Ex•ig´uous•ness, n. [R.]

Ex´ile , n. [OE. exil, fr. L. exilium, exsilium, fr. exsuil one who quits, or is banished from, his native soil; ex out + solum ground, land, soil, or perh. fr.the root of salire to leap, spring; cf. F. exil. Cf. Sole of the foot, Saltation.] 1. Forced separation from one’s native country; expulsion from one’s home by the civil authority; banishment; sometimes, voluntary separation from one’s native country. “Let them be recalled from their exile.” Shak. 2. The person expelled from his country by authority; also one who separates himself from his home. “Thou art in exile, and thou must not stay.” Shak. Syn. — Banishment; proscription; expulsion.

Ex´ile v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exiled p. pr. & vb. n. Exiling.] To banish or expel from one’s own country or home; to drive away. ´Exiled from eternal God.´ Tennyson. “Calling home our exiled friends abroad.” Shak. Syn. — See Banish.

Ex•ile´ , a. [L. exilis.] Small; slender; thin; fine. [Obs.] ´An exile sound.´ Bacon.

Ex´ile•ment , n. [Cf. OF. exilement.] Banishment. [R.] Sir. H. Wotton.

Ex•il´ic , a. Pertaining to exile or banishment, esp. to that of the Jews in Babylon. Encyc. Dict.

Ex•i•li´tion , n. [L. exsilire to spring from; ex out + salire to spring, leap.] A sudden springing or leaping out. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•il´ity , n. [L. exilitas: cf. F. exilite. See Exile, a.] Smallness; meagerness; slenderness; fineness, thinness. [R.] Paley.

Ex•im´ious a. [L. eximius taken out, i. e. select, fr. eximere to take out. See Exempt.] Select; choice; hence, extraordinary, excellent. [Obs.] “The eximious and arcane science of physic.” Fuller.

Ex•in´a•nite , v. t. [L. exinanitus, p. p. of exinanire; ex out (intens.) + inanire to make empty, inanis, empty.] To make empty; to render of no effect; to humble. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Ex•in•a•ni´tion n. [L. exinanitio.] An emptying; an enfeebling; exhaustion; humiliation. [Obs.] “Fastings to the exinanition of spirits.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex•ist´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Existed; p. pr. & vb. n. Existing.] [L. existere, exsistere, to step out or forth, emerge, appear, exist; ex out + sistere to cause to stand, to set, put, place, stand still, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. exister. See Stand.] 1. To be as a fact and not as a mode; to have an actual or real being, whether material or spiritual. “Who now, alas! no more is missed
Than if he never did exist.” Swift. “To conceive the world … to have existed from eternity.” South. 2. To be manifest in any manner; to continue to be; as great evils existed in his reign. 3. To live; to have life or the functions of vitality; as men can not exist in water, nor fishes on land. Syn. — See Be.

Ex•ist´ence , n. [Cf. F. existence.] 1. The state of existing or being; actual possession of being; continuance in being; as the existence of body and of soul in union; the separate existence of the soul; immortal existence. “The main object of our existence.” Lubbock. 2. Continued or repeated manifestation; occurrence, as of events of any kind; as the existence of a calamity or of a state of war. “The existence therefore, of a phenomenon, is but another word for its being perceived, or for the inferred possibility of perceiving it.” J. S. Mill. 3. That which exists; a being; a creature; an entity; as living existences.

Ex•ist´en•cy , n. Existence. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ex•ist´ent , a. [L. existens, -entis, p. pr. of existere. See Exist.] Having being or existence; existing; being; occurring now; taking place. “The eyes and mind are fastened on objects which have no real being, as if they were truly existent.” Dryden.

Ex•is•ten´tial , a. Having existence. [Archaic] Bp. Barlow. — Ex•is•ten´tial•ly, adv. [Archaic] “Existentially as well as essentially intelligent.” Colerige.

Ex•ist´er , n. One who exists.

Ex•ist´i•ble , a. Capable of existence. Grew.

Ex•is•ti•ma´tion , n. [L. existimatio judgment, opinion, fr. existimare to estimate. See Estimate.] Esteem; opinion; reputation. [Obs.] Steele.

Ex´it [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. of exire to go out. See Exeunt, Issue.] He (or she ) goes out, or retires from view; as exit Macbeth. The Latin words exit (he or she goes out), and exeunt ( they go out), are used in dramatic writings to indicate the time of withdrawal from the stage of one or more of the actors.

Ex´it, n. [See 1st Exit.] 1. The departure of a player from the stage, when he has performed his part. “They have their exits and their entrances.” Shak. 2. Any departure; the act of quitting the stage of action or of life; death; as to make one’s exit. “Sighs for his exit, vulgarly called death.” Cowper. 3. A way of departure; passage out of a place; egress; way out. “Forcing the water forth through its ordinary exits.” Woodward. { Ex•i´tial , Ex•i´tious } a. [L. exitialis, exitious, fr. exitium a going out, a going to naught, i. e., ruin, fr. exire to go out: cf. F. exitial.] Destructive; fatal. [Obs.] ´Exitial fevers.´ Harvey.

Ex´o- [Gr. out of, outside, fr. out. See Ex-.] A prefix signifying out of, outside; as in exocarp, exogen, exoskeleton. { Ex•o•car´di•ac , Ex•o•car´di•al } a. [Exo- + Gr. kardi•a heart.] (Anat.) Situated or arising outside of the heart; as exocardial murmurs; — opposed to endocardiac.

Ex´o•carp , n. [Exo- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) The outer portion of a fruit, as the flesh of a peach or the rind of an orange. See Illust. of Drupe.

Ex•oc•cip´i•tal , a. [Pref. ex- + occipital.] (Anat.) Pertaining to a bone or region on each side of the great foremen of the skull. — n. The exoccipital bone, which often forms a part of the occipital in the adult, but is usually distinct in the young.

Ex•o•ce´tus Ex•ocœ´tus, n. [NL. exocetus, L. exocoetus a fish that sleeps on the shore Gr. ’exw•koitos lit. sleeping out ’e•xw outside of + koi•th bed.] (Zoöl) A genus of fishes including the common flying fishes. See Flying fish.

Ex•oc´u•late , v. t. [L. exoculatus, p. p. of exoculare to exoculate; ex out + oculus an eye.] To deprive of eyes. [R.] W. C. Hazlitt.

Ex´ode n. [L. exodium, Gr. (sc. song) fr. belonging to an exit, or to the finale of a tragedy, fr. : cf. F. exode. See Exodus.] 1. Departure; exodus; esp., the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. [Obs.] L. Coleman. Bolingbroke. 2. (Gr. Drama) The final chorus; the catastrophe. 3. (Rom. Antiq.) An afterpiece of a comic description, either a farce or a travesty.

Ex•od´ic , a. [Gr. belonging to departure. See Exodus.] (Physiol.) Conducting influences from the spinal cord outward; — said of the motor or efferent nerves. Opposed to esodic.

Ex•o´di•um , n. [L.] See Exode.

Ex´o•dus , n. [L., the book of Exodus, Gr. a going or marching out; out + way, cf. Skr. a-sad to approach.] 1. A going out; particularly (the Exodus), the going out or journey of the Israelites from Egypt under the conduct of Moses; and hence, any large migration from a place. 2. The second of the Old Testament, which contains the narrative of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt.

Ex´o•dy , n. Exodus; withdrawal. [Obs.] “The time of the Jewish exody.” Sir M. Hale.

Ex•-of•fi´cial , a. Proceeding from office or authority.

Ex• of•fi´ci•o pl. Ex officiis (#). [L.] From office; by virtue, or as a consequence, of an office; officially.

Ex•og´a•mous , a. [Exo- + Gr. marriage.] Relating to exogamy; marrying outside of the limits of one’s own tribe; — opposed to endogenous.

Ex•og´a•my , n. The custom, or tribal law, which prohibits marriage between members of the same tribe; marriage outside of the tribe; — opposed to endogamy. Lubbock.

Ex´o•gen , n. [Exo- + - gen: cf. F. exogène.] (Bot.) A plant belonging to one of the greater part of the vegetable kingdom, and which the plants are characterized by having c wood bark, and pith, the wood forming a layer between the other two, and increasing, if at all, by the animal addition of a new layer to the outside next to the bark. The leaves are commonly netted-veined, and the number of cotyledons is two, or, very rarely, several in a whorl. Cf. Endogen. Gray.

Ex•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Arising or growing from without; exogenous.

Ex•og´e•nous , a. 1. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or having the character of, an exogen; — the opposite of endogenous. 2. (Biol.) Growing by addition to the exterior. 3. (Anat.) Growing from previously ossified parts; — opposed to autogenous. Owen. Exogenous aneurism (Med.), an aneurism which is produced by causes acting from without, as from injury.

Ex•o•gy´ra n. [NL., fr. Gr. out, outside + circle.] (Paleon.) A genus of Cretaceous fossil shells allied to oysters.

Ex´o•lete , a. [L. exoletus, p. p. of exolescere to grow out, grow out of use; ex out + olescere to grow.] Obsolete; out of use; state; insipid. [Obs.]

Ex•o•lu´tion , n. [L. exolutio a release. See Exolve.] See Exsolution. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•olve´ , v. t. [L. exolvere, exsolutum; ex out + solvere.] To loose; to pay. [Obs.]

Ex´on , n. [NL., from E. Exe (Celt. uisge water) the name of a river.] A native or inhabitant of Exeter, in England.

Ex´on, n. [F. expect an under officer.] An officer of the Yeomen of the Guard; an Exempt. [Eng.]

Ex•on´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exonerated p. pr. & vb. n. Exonerating ] [L. exoneratus, p. p. of exonerare to free from a burden; ex out, from onerare to load, onus load. See Onerous.] 1. To unload; to disburden; to discharge. [Obs.] “All exonerate themselves into one common duct.” Ray. 2. To relieve, in a moral sense, as of a charge, obligation, or load of blame resting on one; to clear of something that lies upon oppresses one, as an accusation or imputation; as to exonerate one’s self from blame, or from the charge of avarice. Burke. 3. To discharge from duty or obligation, as a bail. Syn. — To absolve; acquit; exculpate. See Absolve.

Ex•on•er•a´tion , n. [L. exoneratio: cf. F. Exoneration.] The act of disburdening, discharging, or freeing morally from a charge or imputation; also the state of being disburdened or freed from a charge.

Ex•on´er•a•tive , a. Freeing from a burden or obligation; tending to exonerate.

Ex•on´er•a•tor , n. [L., an unloader.] One who exonerates or frees from obligation.

Ex•oph•thal´mi•a , n. [Nl.,fr. Gr. with prominent eyes; out + the eye.] (Med.) The protrusion of the eyeball so that the eyelids will not cover it, in consequence of disease.

Ex•oph•thal´mic , a. Of or pertaining to, or characterized by, exophthalmia. Exophthalmic golter. Same as Rasedow’s disease.

Ex•oph•thal´mos , Ex•oph•thal´mus , n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Exophthalmia.

Ex•oph•thal´my , n. (Med.) Exophthalmia.

Ex•oph´yl•lous , a. [Exo- + Gr. .] (Bot.) Not sheathed in another leaf.

Ex´o•plasm , n. [Exo- + Gr. from, fr. to mold.] (Biol.) See Ectosarc, and Ectoplasm.

Ex•op´o•dite , n. [Exo- + Gr. , foot.] (Zoöl) The external branch of the appendages of Crustacea.

Ex•op´ta•ble , a. [L. exoptabilis.] Very desirable. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•op´tile , n. [F., fr.Gr. without + feather, plumage.] (Bot.) A name given by Lestiboudois to dicotyledons; — so called because the plumule is naked.

Ex´o•ra•ble , a. [L. exorabilis: cf. F. exorable. See Exorate.] Capable of being moved by entreaty; pitiful; tender. Milton.

Ex´o•rate , v. t. [L. exoratus, p. p. of exorare to gain by entreaty; ex out, from + orare to pay.] To persuade, or to gain, by entreaty. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•o•ra´tion , n. [L. exoratio.] Entreaty. [R.] Beau. & Fl. { Ex•or´bi•tance , Ex•or´bi•tan•cy }, n. A going out of or beyond the usual or due limit; hence, enormity; extravagance; gross deviation from rule, right, or propriety; as the exorbitances of the tongue or of deportment; exorbitance of demands. ´A curb to your exorbitancies.´ Dryden. “The lamentable exorbitances of their superstitions.” Bp. Hall.

Ex•or´bi•tant , a. [L. exorbitans, -antis, p. pr. of exorbitare to go out of the track; ex out + orbita track: cf. F. exorbitant. See Orbit.] 1. Departing from an orbit or usual track; hence, deviating from the usual or due course; going beyond the appointed rules or established limits of right or propriety; excessive; extravagant; enormous; inordinate; as exorbitant appetites and passions; exorbitant charges, demands, or claims. “Foul exorbitant desires.” Milton. 2. Not comprehended in a settled rule or method; anomalous. “The Jews … [were] inured with causes exorbitant, and such as their laws had not provided for.” Hooker.

Ex•or´bi•tant•ly, adv. In an exorbitant, excessive, or irregular manner; enormously.

Ex•or´bi•tate , v. i. [L. exorbitatus, p. p. of exorbitare. See Exorbitant.] To go out of the track; to deviate. [Obs.] Bentley.

Ex´or•cise (eks´or•siz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exorcised (- sizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Exorcising (- si•zing).] [L. exorcizare, Gr. ’exorki•zein; ’ex out + ´orki•zein to make one swear, bind by an oath, fr. ´o•rkos oath: cf. F. exorciser.] 1. To cast out, as a devil, evil spirits, etc., by conjuration or summoning by a holy name, or by certain ceremonies; to expel (a demon) or to conjure (a demon) to depart out of a person possessed by one. “He impudently excorciseth devils in the church.” Prynne. 2. To deliver or purify from the influence of an evil spirit or demon. “Exorcise the beds and cross the walls.” Dryden. “Mr. Spectator … do all you can to exorcise crowds who are … processed as I am.” Spectator.

Ex´or•ci•ser (-si•zer), n. An exorcist.

Ex´or•cism (-siz’m), n. [L. exorcismus, Gr. ’exorkizmo•s; cf. F. exorcisme.] 1. The act of exorcising; the driving out of evil spirits from persons or places by conjuration; also the form of conjuration used. 2. Conjuration for raising spirits. [R.] Shak.

Ex´or•cist (-sist), n. [L. exorcista, Gr. ’exorkisth•s: cf. F. exorciste.] 1. One who expels evil spirits by conjuration or exorcism. “Certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists.” Acts xix. 13. 2. A conjurer who can raise spirits. [R.] “Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjured up
My mortified spirit.” Shak.

Ex•or´di•al (egz•ôr´di•al), a. Pertaining to the exordium of a discourse: introductory. “The exordial paragraph of the second epistle.” I. Taylor.

Ex•or´di•um (-um), n.; pl. E. Exordiums (-umz), L. Exordia (-a). [L. fr. exordiri to begin a web, lay a warp, begin; ex out + ordiri to begin a web, begin; akin to E. order. See Order.] A beginning; an introduction; especially, the introductory part of a discourse or written composition, which prepares the audience for the main subject; the opening part of an oration. ´The exordium of repentance.´ Jer. Taylor. ´Long prefaces and exordiums. ´ Addison.

Ex•o•rhi´za (eks•o•ri´za), n.; pl. Exorhizae (- ze). [NL. fr. Gr. ’e•xw outside + ’ri•za root.] (Bot.) A plant Whose radicle is not inclosed or sheathed by the cotyledons or plumule. Gray. { Ex•o•rhi´zal , Ex•o•rhi•zous } a. (Bot.) Having a radicle which is not inclosed by the cotyledons or plumule; of or relating to an exorhiza.

Ex•or•na´tion , n. [L. exornatio, fr. exornare. See Ornate.] Ornament; decoration; embellishment. [Obs.] “Hyperbolical exornations … many much affect.” Burton.

Ex•or•tive , a. [L. exortivus, fr. exortus a coming forth, rising; ex out + orivi to rise, come forth.] Rising; relating to the east. [R.]

Ex•os´cu•late , v. t. [L. exosculatus, p. p. of exosculari to kiss. See Osculate.] To kiss; especially, to kiss repeatedly or fondly. [Obs.]

Ex•o•skel´e•tal , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the exoskeleton; as exoskeletal muscles.

Ex•o•skel´e•ton , n. [Exo- + skeleton] (Anat.) The hardened parts of the external integument of an animal, including hair, feathers, nails, horns, scales, etc.,as well as the armor of armadillos and many reptiles, and the shells or hardened integument of numerous invertebrates; external skeleton; dermoskeleton.

Ex´os•mose , n. [Exo+osmose: cf. F. ezosmose.] (Physics) The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids through membranes or porous media from within outward, in the phenomena of osmose; — opposed to endosmose. See Osmose.

Ex•os•mo´sis , n. [NL. See Exo- , and Osmose.] (Physics) See Exosmose.

Ex•os•mot•ic , a. Pertaining to exosmose.

Ex•o•spore , n. [Exo + spore.] (Biol.) The extreme outer wall of a spore; the epispore.

Ex•os´sate , v. t. [L. exossatus, p. p. of exossare to bone , fr. exos without bones; ex out + os, ossis, bone.] To deprive of bones; to take out the bones of; to bone. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•os•sa´tion , n. A depriving of bone or of fruit stones. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•os´se•ous , a. [Ex + osseous.] Boneless. ´Exosseous animals. ´ Sir T. Browne.

Ex´o•stome , n. [Exo- + Gr. mouth: cf. F. exostome.] (Bot.) The small aperture or foremen in the outer coat of the ovule of a plant.

Ex•os•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; out + bone: cf. F. exostose.] 1. (Med.) Any protuberance of a bone which is not natural; an excrescence or morbid enlargement of a bone. Coxe. 2. (Bot.) A knot formed upon or in the wood of trees by disease. { Ex•o•ter´ic , Ex•o•ter´ic•al } a. [L. exotericus, Gr. fr. out: cf. F. exoterique. See Ex-] External; public; suitable to be imparted to the public; hence, capable of being readily or fully comprehended; — opposed to esoteric, or secret. “The foppery of an exoteric and esoteric doctrine.” De Quincey.

Ex•o•ter•ics , n. pl. (Philos.) The public lectures or published writings of Aristotle. See Esoterics.

Ex´o•ter•y , n.; pl. Exoteries (-). That which is obvious, public, or common. “Dealing out exoteries only to the vulgar.” A. Tucker.

Ex•o•the´ca , n. [Nl., fr. Gr. ’e•xw outside + a case, box.] (Zoöl.) The tissue which fills the interspaces between the costae of many madreporarian corals, usually consisting of small transverse or oblique septa.

Ex•o•the´ci•um , n. [NL. See Exotheca.] (Bot.) The outer coat of the anther.

Ex•ot´ic , a. [L. exoticus, Gr. fr. ’e•xw outside: cf. F. exotique. See Exoteric.] Introduced from a foreign country; not native; extraneous; foreign; as an exotic plant; an exotic term or word. “Nothing was so splendid and exotic as the ambassador.” Evelyn.

Ex•ot´ic , n. Anything of foreign origin; something not of native growth, as a plant, a word, a custom. “Plants that are unknown to Italy, and such as the gardeners call exotics.” Addison.

Ex•ot´ic•al , a. Foreign; not native; exotic. [R.] — Ex•ot´ic•al•ness, n.

Ex•ot´i•cism , n. The state of being exotic; also anything foreign, as a word or idiom; an exotic.

Ex•pand´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expanding.] [L. expandere, expansum; ex out + pandere to spread out, to throw open; perh. akin to E. patent. Cf. Spawn.] 1. To lay open by extending; to open wide; to spread out; to diffuse; as a flower expands its leaves. “Then with expanded wings he steers his flight.” Milton. 2. To cause the particles or parts of to spread themselves or stand apart, thus increasing bulk without addition of substance; to make to occupy more space; to dilate; to distend; to extend every way; to enlarge; — opposed to contract; as to expand the chest; heat expands all bodies; to expand the sphere of benevolence. 3. (Math.) To state in enlarged form; to develop; as to expand an equation. See Expansion, 5.

Ex•pand´, v. i. To become widely opened, spread apart, dilated, distended, or enlarged; as flowers expand in the spring; metals expand by heat; the heart expands with joy. Dryden.

Ex•pand´er , n. Anything which causes expansion esp. (Mech.) a tool for stretching open or expanding a tube, etc.

Ex•pand´ing, a. That expands, or may be expanded; extending; spreading; enlarging. Expanding bit, Expanding drill (Mech.), a bit or drill made adjustable for holes of various sizes; one which can be expanded in diameter while boring. — Expanding pulley (Mach.), a pulley so made, as in sections, that its diameter can be increased or diminished.

Ex•panse´ , n. [From L. expansus, p. p. of expandere. See Expand.] That which is expanded or spread out; a wide extent of space or body; especially, the arch of the sky. ´The green expanse.´ Savage. “Lights … high in the expanse of heaven.” Milton. “The smooth expanse of crystal lakes.” Pope.

Ex•panse´, v. t. To expand. [Obs.] “That lies expansed unto the eyes of all.” Sir. T. Browne.

Ex•pan•si•bil´i•ty , n. The capacity of being expanded; as the expansibility of air.

Ex•pan´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. expansible.] Capable of being expanded or spread out widely. “Bodies are not expansible in proportion to their weight.” Grew. — Ex•pan´si•ble•ness ,n. - Ex•pan´si•bly ,adv.

Ex•pan´sile , a. Expansible. “Ether and alcohol are more expansile than water.” Brande & C.

Ex•pan´sion , n. [L. expansio: cf. F. expansion.] 1. The act of expanding or spreading out; the condition of being expanded; dilation; enlargement. 2. That which is expanded; expanse; extend surface; as the expansion of a sheet or of a lake; the expansion was formed of metal. “The starred expansion of the skies.” Beattie. 3. Space through which anything is expanded; also pure space. “Lost in expansion, void and infinite.” Blackmore. 4. (Com.) Enlargement or extension of business transactions; esp., increase of the circulation of bank notes. 5. (Math.) The developed result of an indicated operation; as the expansion of (a + b)2 is a2 + 2ab + b2. 6. (Steam Engine) The operation of steam in a cylinder after its communication with the boiler has been cut off, by which it continues to exert pressure upon the moving piston. 7. (Nav. Arch.) The enlargement of the ship mathematically from a model or drawing to the full or building size, in the process of construction. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Expansion is also used adjectively, as in expansion joint, expansion gear, etc. Expansion curve, a curve the coördinates of which show the relation between the pressure and volume of expanding gas or vapor; esp. (Steam engine), that part of an indicator diagram which shows the declining pressure of the steam as it expands in the cylinder. — Expansion gear (Steam Engine). a cut-off gear. See Illust. of Link motion. — Automatic expansion gear or cut-off, one that is regulated by the governor, and varies the supply of steam to the engine with the demand for power. — Fixed expansion gear, or Fixed cut-off, one that always operates at the same fixed point of the stroke. — Expansion joint, or Expansion coupling (Mech. & Engin.), a yielding joint or coupling for so uniting parts of a machine or structure that expansion, as by heat, is prevented from causing injurious strains; as: (a) A slide or set of rollers, at the end of bridge truss, to support it but allow end play. (b) A telescopic joint in a steam pipe, to permit one part of the pipe to slide within the other. (c) A clamp for holding a locomotive frame to the boiler while allowing lengthwise motion. — Expansion valve (Steam Engine), a cut-off valve, to shut off steam from the cylinder before the end of each stroke.

Ex•pan´sive (eks•pan´siv), a. [Cf. F. expansif.] Having a capacity or tendency to expand or dilate; diffusive; of much expanse; wide- extending; as the expansive force of heat; the expansive quality of air. “A more expansive and generous compassion.” Eustace. “His forehead was broad and expansive.” Prescott. — Ex•pan´sive•ly, adv. - Ex•pan´sive•ness, n.

Ex•pan´sure (?shur; 135), n. Expanse. [Obs.] ´Night’s rich expansure.´

Ex• par´te [L. See Ex-, and Part.] Upon or from one side only; one-sided; partial; as an ex parte statement. Ex parte application, one made without notice or opportunity to oppose. — Ex parte council, one that assembles at the request of only one of the parties in dispute. — Ex parte hearing or evidence (Law), that which is had or taken by one side or party in the absence of the other. Hearings before grand juries, and affidavits, are ex parte. Wharton’s Law Dict. Burrill.

Ex•pa´ti•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Expatiated p. pr. & vb. n. Expariating ] [L. expatiatus, exspatiatus, p. p. of expatiari, exspatiari, to expatiate; ex out + spatiari to walk about spread out, fr. spatium space. See Space.] 1. To range at large, or without restraint. “Bids his free soul expatiate in the skies.” Pope. 2. To enlarge in discourse or writing; to be copious in argument or discussion; to descant. “He expatiated on the inconveniences of trade.” Addison.

Ex•pa´ti•ate, v. t. To expand; to spread; to extend; to diffuse; to broaden. “Afford art an ample field in which to expatiate itself.” Dryden.

Ex•pa•ti•a´tion , n. Act of expatiating.

Ex•pa´ti•a•to•ry , a. Expansive; diffusive. [R.]

Ex•pa´tri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expatriated p. pr. & vb. n. Expatriating ] [LL. expatriatus, p. p. of expatriare; L. ex out + patria fatherland, native land, fr. pater father. See Patriot.] 1. To banish; to drive or force (a person) from his own country; to make an exile of. “The expatriated landed interest of France.” Burke. 2. Reflexively, as To expatriate one’s self: To withdraw from one’s native country; to renounce the rights and liabilities of citizenship where one is born, and become a citizen of another country.

Ex•pa•tri•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. expatriation.] The act of banishing, or the state of banishment; especially, the forsaking of one’s own country with a renunciation of allegiance. “Expatriation was a heavy ransom to pay for the rights of their minds and souls.” Palfrey.

Ex•pect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expected; p. pr. & vb. n. Expecting.] [L. expectatum, to look out for, await, expect; ex + out spectare to look at. See Spectacle.] 1. To wait for; to await. [Obs.] “Let’s in, and there expect their coming.” Shak. 2. To look for (mentally); to look forward to, as to something that is believed to be about to happen or come; to have a previous apprehension of, whether of good or evil; to look for with some confidence; to anticipate; — often followed by an infinitive, sometimes by a clause (with, or without, that); as I expect to receive wages; I expect that the troops will be defeated. ´Good: I will expect you.´ Shak. ´Expecting thy reply.´ Shak. “The Somersetshire or yellow regiment … was expected to arrive on the following day.” Macaulay. Syn. — To anticipate; look for; await; hope. — To Expect, Think, Believe, Await. Expect is a mental act and has aways a reference to the future, to some coming event; as a person expects to die, or he expects to survive. Think and believe have reference to the past and present, as well as to the future; as I think the mail has arrived; I believe he came home yesterday, that he is he is at home now. There is a not uncommon use of expect, which is a confusion of the two; as I expect the mail has arrived; I expect he is at home. This misuse should be avoided. Await is a physical or moral act. We await that which, when it comes, will affect us personally. We expect what may, or may not, interest us personally. See Anticipate.

Ex•pect´, v. t. To wait; to stay. [Obs.] Sandys.

Ex•pect´, n. Expectation. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•pect´a•ble , a. [L. expectabilis.] That may be expected or looked for. Sir T. Browne. { Ex•pect´ance , Ex•pect´an•cy } n. 1. The act of expecting ; expectation. Milton. 2. That which is expected, or looked or waited for with interest; the object of expectation or hope. “The expectancy and rose of the fair state.” Shak. Estate in expectancy (Law), one the possession of which a person is entitled to have at some future time, either as a remainder or reversion, or on the death of some one. Burrill.

Ex•pect´ant , a. [L. expectans, exspectans, p. pr. of expectare, exspectare: cf. F. expectant.] Waiting in expectation; looking for; (Med.) waiting for the efforts of nature, with little active treatment. Expectant estate (Law), an estate in expectancy. See under Expectancy.

Ex•pect´ant, n. One who waits in expectation; one held in dependence by hope of receiving some good. “An expectant of future glory.” South. “Those who had employments, or were expectants.” Swift.

Ex•pec•ta´tion n. [L. expectio. exspectio: cf. F. expectation.] 1. The act or state of expecting or looking forward to an event as about to happen. ´In expectation of a guest.´ Tennyson. “My soul, wait thou only upon God, for my expectation is from him.” Ps. lxii. 5. 2. That which is expected or looked for. “Why our great expectation should be called
The seed of woman.” Milton. 3. The prospect of the future; grounds upon which something excellent is expected to happen; prospect of anything good to come, esp. of property or rank. “His magnificent expectations made him, in the opinion of the world, the best match in Europe.” Prescott. “By all men’s eyes a youth of expectation.” Otway. 4. The value of any chance (as the prospect of prize or property) which depends upon some contingent event. Expectations are computed for or against the occurrence of the event. 5. (Med.) The leaving of the disease principally to the efforts of nature to effect a cure. Expectation of life, the mean or average duration of the life individuals after any specified age. Syn. — Anticipation; confidence; trust.

Ex•pect´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. expectatif.] Constituting an object of expectation; contingent. Expectative grace, a mandate given by the pope or a prince appointing a successor to any benefice before it becomes vacant. Foxe.

Ex•pect´a•tive, n. [F. expectative, fr. expectatif expectant.] Something in expectation; esp., an expectative grace. Milman.

Ex•pect´ed•ly, adv. In conformity with expectation. [R.] Walpole.

Ex•pect´er , n. One who expects.

Ex•pect´ing•ly, adv. In a state of expectation.

Ex•pect´ive , a. Expectative. [R.] Shipley.

Ex•pec´to•rant , a. [L. expectorans, p. pr. of expectorare to drive from the breast: cf. F. expectorant.] (Med.) Tending to facilitate expectoration or to promote discharges of mucus, etc., from the lungs or throat. — n. An expectorant medicine.

Ex•pec´to•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expectorated p. pr. & vb. n. Expectorating ] [L. expecrorare to drive from the breast; ex out + pectus, pectiris, breast. See Pectoral.] To eject from the trachea or lungs; to discharge, as phlegm or other matter, by coughing, hawking, and spitting; to spit forth.

Ex•pec´to•rate, v. i. To discharge matter from the lungs or throat by hawking and spitting; to spit.

Ex•pec•to•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. expectoration.] 1. The act of ejecting phlegm or mucus from the throat or lungs, by coughing, hawking, and spitting. 2. That which is expectorated, as phlegm or mucus.

Ex•pec´to•ra•tive , a. & n. Same as Expectorant. Harvey.

Ex•pede´ v. t. To expedite; to hasten. [Obs.]

Ex•pe´di•ate , v. t. [Cf. F. expedier. See Expedite.] To hasten; to expedite. [Obs.] ´To expediate their business.´ Sir E. Sandys. { Ex•pe´di•ence , Ex•pe´di•en•cy }, n. 1. The quality of being expedient or advantageous; fitness or suitableness to effect a purpose intended; adaptedness to self-interest; desirableness; advantage; advisability; — sometimes contradistinguished from moral rectitude. “Divine wisdom discovers no expediency in vice.” Cogan. “To determine concerning the expedience of action.” Sharp. “Much declamation may be heard in the present day against expediency, as if it were not the proper object of a deliberative assembly, and as if it were only pursued by the unprincipled.” Whately. 2. Expedition; haste; dispatch. [Obs.] “Making hither with all due expedience.” Shak. 3. An expedition; enterprise; adventure. [Obs.] “Forwarding this dear expedience.” Shak.

Ex•pe´di•ent a. [L. expediens, -entis, p. pr. of expedire to be expedient, release, extricate: cf. F. expedient. See Expedite.] 1. Hastening or forward; hence, tending to further or promote a proposed object; fit or proper under the circumstances; conducive to self-interest; desirable; advisable; advantageous; — sometimes contradistinguished from right. “It is expedient for you that I go away.” John xvi. 7. “Nothing but the right can ever be expedient, since that can never be true expediency which would sacrifice a greater good to a less.” Whately. 2. Quick; expeditious. [Obs.] “His marches are expedient to this town.” Shak.

Ex•pe´di•ent, n. 1. That which serves to promote or advance; suitable means to accomplish an end. “What sure expedient than shall Juno find,
To calm her fears and ease her boding mind?” Philips. 2. Means devised in an exigency; shift. Syn. — Shift; contrivance; resource; substitute.

Ex•pe•di•en´tial Governed by expediency; seeking advantage; as an expediential policy. ´Calculating, expediential understanding.´ Hare. — Ex•pe•di•en´tial•ly , adv. .

Ex•pe´di•ent•ly adv. 1. In an expedient manner; fitly; suitably; conveniently. 2. With expedition; quickly. [Obs.]

Ex•ped´i•ment n. An expedient. [Obs.] “A like expediment to remove discontent.” Barrow.

Ex•ped´i•tate , v. t. [LL. expeditatus, p. p. of expeditare to expeditate; ex out + pes, pedis, foot.] (Eng. Forest Laws) To deprive of the claws or the balls of the fore feet; as to expeditate a dog that he may not chase deer.

Ex´pe•dite , a. [L. expeditus, p. p. of expedire to free one caught by the foot, to extricate, set free, bring forward, make ready; ex out + pes, prdis, t. See Foot.] 1. Free of impediment; unimpeded. “To make the way plain and expedite.” Hooker. 2. Expeditious; quick; speedily; prompt. “Nimble and expedite … in its operation.” Tollotson. “Speech is a very short and expedite way of conveying their thoughts.” Locke.

Ex´pe•dite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expedited p. pr. & vb. n. Expediting ] 1. To relieve of impediments; to facilitate; to accelerate the process or progress of; to hasten; to quicken; as to expedite the growth of plants. “To expedite your glorious march.” Milton. 2. To despatch; to send forth; to issue officially. “Such charters be expedited of course.” Bacon.

Ex´pe•dite•ly , adv. In expedite manner; expeditiously.

Ex´pe•dite•ness, n. Quality of being expedite.

Ex•pe•di´tion , n. [L. expeditio: cf.F. expedition.] 1. The quality of being expedite; efficient promptness; haste; dispatch; speed; quickness; as to carry the mail with expedition. “With winged expedition” “Swift as the lightning glance. ” 2. A sending forth or setting forth the execution of some object of consequence; progress. “Putting it straight in expedition. ” 3. An important enterprise, implying a change of place; especially, a warlike enterprise; a march or a voyage with martial intentions; an excursion by a body of persons for a valuable end; as a military, naval, exploring, or scientific expedition; also the body of persons making such excursion. “The expedition miserably failed.” Prescott. “Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains.” J. C. Fremont.

Ex•pe•di´tion•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to an expedition; as an expeditionary force.

Ex•pe•di´tion•ist, n. One who goes upon an expedition. [R].

Ex•pe•di´tious , a. Possessed of, or characterized by, expedition, or efficiency and rapidity in action; performed with, or acting with, expedition; quick; having celerity; speedily; as an expeditious march or messenger. — Ex•pe•di´tious•ly, adv. — Ex•pe•di´tious•ness, n. Syn. — Prompt; ready; speedy; alert. See Prompt.

Ex•ped´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. expeditif.] Performing with speed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expelled , p. pr. & vb. n.. Expelling.] [L. expellere, expulsum; ex out + pellere to drive: cf.F. expeller. See Pulse a beat.] 1. To drive or force out from that within which anything is contained, inclosed, or situated; to eject; as to expel air from a bellows. “Did not ye … expel me out of my father’s house?” Judg. xi. 7. 2. To drive away from one’s country; to banish. “Forewasted all their land, and them expelled.” Spenser.. “He shall expel them from before you … and ye shall possess their land.” Josh. xxiii. 5. 3. To cut off from further connection with an institution of learning, a society, and the like; as to expel a student or member. 4. To keep out, off, or away; to exclude. ´To expel the winter’s flaw.´ Shak. 5. To discharge; to shoot. [Obs.] “Then he another and another [shaft] did expel.” Spenser.. Syn. — To banish; exile; eject; drive out. See Banish.

Ex•pel´la•ble , a. Capable of being expelled or driven out. ´Expellable by heat.´ Kirwan.

Ex•pel´ler , n. One who, or that which, expels.

Ex•pend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expended; p. pr. & vb. n. Expending.] [L. expendere, expensum, to weigh out, pay out, lay out, lay out; ex out + pendere to weigh. See Poise, and cf. Spend.] To lay out, apply, or employ in any way; to consume by use; to use up or distribute, either in payment or in donations; to spend; as they expend money for food or in charity; to expend time labor, and thought; to expend hay in feeding cattle, oil in a lamp, water in mechanical operations. “If my death might make this island happy …
I would expend it with all willingness.” Shak.

Ex•pend´, v. i. 1. To be laid out, used, or consumed. 2. To pay out or disburse money. “They go elsewhere to enjoy and to expend.” Macaulay.

Ex•pend´i•tor , n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) A disburser; especially, one of the disbursers of taxes for the repair of sewers. Mozley & W.

Ex•pend´iture , n. 1. The act of expending; a laying out, as of money; disbursement. “Our expenditure purchased commerce and conquest.” Burke. 2. That which is expended or paid out; expense. “The receipts and expenditures of this extensive country.” A. Hamilton.

Ex•pense´ , n. [L. expensa (sc. pecunia), or expensum, fr. expensus, p. p. of expendere. See Expend.] 1. A spending or consuming; disbursement; expenditure. “Husband nature’s riches from expense.” Shak. 2. That which is expended, laid out, or consumed; cost; outlay; charge; — sometimes with the notion of loss or damage to those on whom the expense falls; as the expenses of war; an expense of time. “Courting popularity at his party’s expense.” Brougham. 3. Loss. [Obs.] Shak. “And moan the expense of many a vanished sight.” Spenser. Expense magazine (Mil.), a small magazine containing ammunition for immediate use. H. L. Scott.

Ex•pense´full , a. Full of expense; costly; chargeable. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. — Ex•pense´ful•ly, adv. [R.] — Ex•pense´ful•ness, n. [R.]

Ex•pense´less, a. Without cost or expense.

Ex•pen´sive , a. 1. Occasioning expense; calling for liberal outlay; costly; dear; liberal; as expensive dress; an expensive house or family. “War is expensive, and peace desirable.” Burke. 2. Free in expending; very liberal; especially, in a bad sense: extravagant; lavish. [R.] “An active, expensive, indefatigable goodness.” Sprat. “The idle and expensive are dangerous.” Sir W. Temple. Syn. — Costly; dear; high-priced; lavish; extravagant. — Ex•pen´sive•ly, adv. — Ex•pen´sive•ness, n.

Ex•pe´ri•ence , n. [F. experience, L. experientia, tr. experiens, -entis, p. pr. of experiri, expertus, to try; ex out + the root of pertus experienced. See Peril, and cf. Expert.] 1. Trial, as a test or experiment. [Obs.] “She caused him to make experience
Upon wild beasts.” Spenser. 2. The effect upon the judgment or feelings produced by any event, whether witnessed or participated in; personal and direct impressions as contrasted with description or fancies; personal acquaintance; actual enjoyment or suffering. ´Guided by other’s experiences.´ Shak. “I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience.” P. Henry “To most men experience is like the stern lights of a ship, which illumine only the track it has passed.” Coleridge. “When the consuls … came in … they knew soon by experience how slenderly guarded against danger the majesty of rulers is where force is wanting.” Holland. “Those that undertook the religion of our Savior upon his preaching, had no experience of it.” Sharp. 3. An act of knowledge, one or more, by which single facts or general truths are ascertained; experimental or inductive knowledge; hence, implying skill, facility, or practical wisdom gained by personal knowledge, feeling or action; as a king without experience of war. “Whence hath the mind all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer in one word, from experience.” Locke. “Experience may be acquired in two ways; either, first by noticing facts without any attempt to influence the frequency of their occurrence or to vary the circumstances under which they occur; this is observation; or, secondly, by putting in action causes or agents over which we have control, and purposely varying their combinations, and noticing what effects take place; this is experiment.” Sir J. Herschel.

Ex•pe´ri•ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Experienced (-enst); p. pr. & vb. n. Experiencing (-en-s?ng).] 1. To make practical acquaintance with; to try personally; to prove by use or trial; to have trial of; to have the lot or fortune of; to have befall one; to be affected by; to feel; as to experience pain or pleasure; to experience poverty; to experience a change of views. “The partial failure and disappointment which he had experienced in India.” Thirwall. 2. To exercise; to train by practice. “The youthful sailors thus with early care
Their arms experience, and for sea prepare.” Harte. To experience religion (Theol.), to become a convert to the doctrines of Christianity; to yield to the power of religious truth.

Ex•pe´ri•enced (-enst), p. p. & a. Taught by practice or by repeated observations; skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or observation; as an experienced physician, workman, soldier; an experienced eye. “The ablest and most experienced statesmen.” Bancroft.

Ex•pe´ri•en•cer (-en-s?r), n. 1. One who experiences. 2. An experimenter. [Obs.] Sir. K. Gigby.

Ex•pe´ri•ent (-ent), a. Experienced. [Obs.] “The prince now ripe and full experient.” Beau. & Fl.

Ex•pe•ri•en´tial , a. Derived from, or pertaining to, experience. Coleridge. “It is called empirical or experiential … because it is divan to us by experience or observation, and not obtained as the result of inference or reasoning.” Sir. W. Hamiltion. — Ex•pe•ri•en´tial•ly, adv. DR. H. More.

Ex•pe•ri•en´tial•ism , n. (Philos.) The doctrine that experience, either that ourselves or of others, is the test or criterion of general knowledge; — opposed to intuitionalism. “Experientialism is in short, a philosophical or logical theory, not a psychological one.” G. C. Robertson.

Ex•pe•ri•en´tial•ist, n. One who accepts the doctrine of experientialism. Also used adjectively.

Ex•per´i•ment , n. [L. experimentum, fr. experiri to try: cf. OF. esperiment, experiment. See Experience.] 1. A trial or special observation, made to confirm or disprove something doubtful; esp., one under conditions determined by the experimenter; an act or operation undertaken in order to discover some unknown principle or effect, or to test, establish, or illustrate some suggested or known truth; practical test; proof. “A political experiment can not be made in a laboratory, nor determined in a few hours.” J. Adams. 2. Experience. [Obs.] “Adam, by sad experiment I know
How little weight my words with thee can find.” Milton.

Ex•per´i•ment , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Experimented; p. pr. & vb. n. Experinenting.] To make experiment; to operate by test or trial; — often with on, upon, or in, referring to the subject of an experiment; with, referring to the instrument; and by, referring to the means; as to experiment upon electricity; he experimented in plowing with ponies, or by steam power.

Ex•per´i•ment, v. t. To try; to know, perceive, or prove, by trial or experience. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Ex•per•i•men´tal , a. [Cf.F. experimental.] 1. Pertaining to experiment; founded on, or derived from, experiment or trial; as experimental science; given to, or skilled in, experiment; as an experimental philosopher. 2. Known by, or derived from, experience; as experimental religion.

Ex•per•i•men´tal•ist, n. One who makes experiments; an experimenter. Whaterly.

Ex•per•i•men´tal•ize , v. i. To make experiments (upon); to experiment. J. S. Mill.

Ex•per•i•men´tal•ly , adv. By experiment; by experience or trial. J. S. Mill.

Ex•per•i•men•ta´ri•an , a. Relying on experiment or experience. ´an experimentarian philosopher.´ Boyle. — n. One who relies on experiment or experience. [Obs.]

Ex•per•i•men•ta´tion , n. The act of experimenting; practice by experiment. J. S. Mill.

Ex•per•i•men´ta•tive , a. Experimental; of the nature of experiment. [R.]

Ex•per´i•men•ta•tor , n. [LL.] An experimenter. [R.]

Ex•per´i•men•ter , n. One who makes experiments; one skilled in experiments. Faraday.

Ex•per´i•men•tist , n. An experimenter.

Ex•per•rec´tion , n. [L. expergisci, p. p. experrectus, to rouse up; ex out + pergere to wake up.] A waking up or arousing. [Obs.] Holland

Ex•pert´ , a. [F. expert, L. expertus, p. p. of experiri to try. See Experience.] Taught by use, practice, or experience, experienced; having facility of operation or performance from practice; knowing and ready from much practice; clever; skillful; as an expert surgeon; expert in chess or archery. “A valiant and most expert gentleman.” Shak. “What practice, howsoe’er expert
In fitting aptest words to things …
Hath power to give thee as thou wert?” Tennyson. Syn. — Adroit; dexterous; clever; ready; prompt.

Ex´pert , n. 1. An expert or experienced person; one instructed by experience; one who has skill, experience, or extensive knowledge in his calling or in any special branch of learning. 2. (Law) (a) A specialist in a particular profession or department of science requiring for its mastery peculiar culture and erudition. Such specialists may be witnesses in matters as to which ordinary observers could not without such aid form just conclusions, and are liable for negligence in case they injure another from want of proper qualifications or proper care in the exercise of their specialty. (b) A sworn appraiser.

Ex•pert´ , v. t. To experience. [Obs.] “Die would we daily, once it to expert.” Spencer.

Ex•pert´ly, adv. In a skillful or dexterous manner; adroitly; with readiness and accuracy.

Ex•pert´ness, n. Skill derived from practice; readiness; as expertness in seamanship, or in reasoning. Syn. — Facility; readiness; dexterity; adroitness; skill. See Facility.

Ex•pet´ible , a. [L., expetibilis, fr. expetere to wish for; ex out + petere to seek.] Worthy of being wished for; desirable. [Obs.] Puller.

Ex´pi•a•ble , a. [See Expiate.] Capable of being expiated or atoned for; as an expiable offense; expiable guilt. Bp. Hall.

Ex´pi•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expiated p. pr. & vb. n. Expiating] [L. expiatus, p. p. of expiare to expiate; ex out + piare to seek to appease, to purify with sacred rites, fr. pius pious. See Pious.] 1. To extinguish the guilt of by sufferance of penalty or some equivalent; to make complete satisfaction for; to atone for; to make amends for; to make expiation for; as to expiate a crime, a guilt, or sin. “To expiate his treason, hath naught left.” Milton. “The Treasurer obliged himself to expiate the injury.” Clarendon. 2. To purify with sacred rites. [Obs.] “Neither let there be found among you any one that shall expiate his son or daughter, making them to pass through the fire.” Deut. xviii. 10 (Douay version)

Ex´pi•ate , a. [L. expiatus,p. p] Terminated. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•pi•a´tion , n. [L. expiatio: cf.F. expiation] 1. The act of making satisfaction or atonement for any crime or fault; the extinguishing of guilt by suffering or penalty. “His liberality seemed to have something in it of self- abasement and expiation.” W. Irving. 2. The means by which reparation or atonement for crimes or sins is made; an expiatory sacrifice or offering; an atonement. “Those shadowy expiations weak,
The blood of bulls and goats.” Milton. 3. An act by which the threats of prodigies were averted among the ancient heathen. [Obs.] Hayward.

Ex´pi•a•tist , n. An expiator. [R.]

Ex´pi•a•tor , n. [L.] One who makes expiation or atonement.

Ex•pi•a•to´ri•ous , a. Of an expiatory nature; expiatory. Jer. Taylor.

Ex´pi•a•to•ry , a. [L. expiatorius: cf. F. expiatoire.] Having power, or intended, to make expiation; atoning; as an expiatory sacrifice.

Ex•pi•la´tion , n. [L. expiatio.] The act of expilating or stripping off; plunder; pillage. [Obs.] “This ravenous expilation of the state.” Daniel.

Ex´pi•la•tor , n. [L.] One who pillages; a plunderer; a pillager. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•pir´a•ble , a. That may expire; capable of being brought to an end.

Ex•pir´ant , n. One who expires or is expiring.

Ex•pi•ra´tion , n. [L. expiratio,exspiratio: cf. F. expiration. See Expire.] 1. The act of expiring; as: (a)(Physiol.) The act or process of breathing out, or forcing air from the lungs through the nose or mouth; as respiration consists of inspiration and expiration; — opposed to inspiration. (b) Emission of volatile matter; exhalation. “The true cause of cold is an expiration from the globe of the earth.” Bacon. (c) The last emission of breath; death. ´The groan of expiration.´ Rambler. (d) A coming to a close; cessation; extinction; termination; end. “Before the expiration of thy time.” Shak. 2. That which is expired; matter breathed forth; that which is produced by breathing out, as a sound. “The aspirate ´he,´ which is … a gentle expiration.” G. Sharp.

Ex•pir´a•to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or employed in, the expiration or emission of air from the lungs; as the expiratory muscles.

Ex•pire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expired p. pr & vb. n. Expiring.] [L. expirare, exspirare, expiratum, exspiratum; ex out + spirare to breathe: cf. F. expirer. See Spirit.] 1. To breathe out; to emit from the lungs; to throw out from the mouth or nostrils in the process of respiration; - - opposed to inspire. “Anatomy exhibits the lungs in a continual motion of inspiring and expiring air.” Harvey. “This chafed the boar; his nostrils flames expire.” Dryden. 2. To give forth insensibly or gently, as a fluid or vapor; to emit in minute particles; to exhale; as the earth expires a damp vapor; plants expire odors. “The expiring of cold out of the inward parts of the earth in winter.” Bacon. 3. To emit; to give out. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. To bring to a close; to terminate. [Obs.] “Expire the term
Of a despised life.” Shak.

Ex•pire´, v. i. 1. To emit the breath. 2. To emit the last breath; to breathe out the life; to die; as to expire calmly; to expire in agony. 3. To come to an end; to cease; to terminate; to perish; to become extinct; as the flame expired; his lease expires to-day; the month expired on Saturday. 4. To burst forth; to fly out with a blast. [Obs.] ´The ponderous ball expires.´ Dryden.

Ex•pir´ing , a. 1. Breathing out air from the lungs; emitting fluid or volatile matter; exhaling; breathing the last breath; dying; ending; terminating. 2. Pertaining to, or uttered at, the time of dying; as expiring words; expiring groans.

Ex´pi•ry , n. Expiration. “He had to leave at the expiry of the term.” Lamb. “The Parliament … now approaching the expiry of its legal term.” J. Morley.

Ex•pis´cate , v. t. [L. expiscatus, p. p. of expiscari to fish out; ex out+piscari to fish, piscis fish.] To fish out; to find out by skill or laborious investigation; to search out. ´To expiscate principles.´ [R.] Nichol. “Dr. Burton has with much ingenuity endeavored to expiscate the truth which may be involved in them.” W. L. Alexander.

Ex•pis•ca´tion , n. The act of expiscating; a fishing. [R.] Chapman.

Ex•pis´ca•to•ry , a. Tending to fish out; searching out [R.] Carlyle.

Ex•plain´ (eks•plan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explained(- pland´); p. pr. & vb. n. Explaining.] [L. explandare to flatten, spread out, explain; ex out + plandare to make level or plain, planus plain: cf. OF. esplaner, explaner. See Plain,a., and cf. Esplanade.] 1. To flatten; to spread out; to unfold; to expand. [Obs.] “The horse-chestnut is … ready to explain its leaf.” Evelyn. 2. To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to clear of obscurity; to expound; to unfold and illustrate the meaning of; as to explain a chapter of the Bible. “Commentators to explain the difficult passages to you.” Gay. To explain away, to get rid of by explanation. ´Those explain the meaning quite away.´ Pope. Syn. — To expound; interpret; elucidate; clear up.

Ex•plain´, v. i. To give an explanation.

Ex•plain´a•ble , a. [L. explainabilis.] Capable of being explained or made plain to the understanding; capable of being interpreted. Sir. T. Browne.

Ex•plain´er , n. One who explains; an expounder or expositor; a commentator; an interpreter.

Ex´pla•nate, a. [L. explanatus, p. p. of explanare. See Explain.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Spreading or extending outwardly in a flat form.

Ex•pla•na´tion , n. [L. explanatio: cf. OF. esplanation.] 1. The act of explaining, expounding, or interpreting; the act of clearing from obscurity and making intelligible; as the explanation of a passage in Scripture, or of a contract or treaty. 2. That which explains or makes clear; as a satisfactory explanation. 3. The meaning attributed to anything by one who explains it; definition; interpretation; sense. “Different explanations [of the Trinity].” Bp. Burnet. 4. A mutual exposition of terms, meaning, or motives, with a view to adjust a misunderstanding, and reconcile differences; reconciliation; agreement; as to come to an explanation. Syn. — Definition; description; explication; exposition; interpretation; detail. See Definition.

Ex•plan´a•tive , a. Explanatory.

Ex•plan´a•to•ri•ness , n. The quality of being explanatory.

Ex•plan´a•to•ry , a. [L. explanatorius.] Serving to explain; containing explanation; as explanatory notes. Swift. { Ex•plat´ , Ex•plate´ } v. t. [Pref. ex- + plat or plait.] To explain; to unfold. [Obs.] “Like Solon’s self explatest the knotty laws.” B. Jonson.

Ex•ple´tion , n. [L. expletio a satisfying. See Expletive.] Accomplishment; fulfillment. [Obs.] Killingbeck.

Ex´ple•tive , a. [L. expletivus, from expletus, p. p. of explere to fill up; ex out+plere to fill, akin to plenus full: cf. F. expletif. See Full.] Filling up; hence, added merely for the purpose of filling up; superfluous. ´Expletive imagery.´ Hallam. “Expletive phrases to plump his speech.” Barrow.

Ex´ple•tive, n. A word, letter, or syllable not necessary to the sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy; an oath. “While explectives their feeble aid to join,
And ten low words oft creep in one dull line.” Pope.

Ex´ple•tive•ly, adv. In the manner of an expletive.

Ex´ple•to•ry , a. Serving to fill up; expletive; superfluous; as an expletory word. Bp. Burnet.

Ex´pli•ca•ble , a. [L. explicabilis: cf. F. explicable.] Capable of being explicated; that may be explained or accounted for; admitting explanation. “It is not explicable upon any grounds.” Burke.

Ex´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. Quality of being explicable.

Ex´pli•cate , a. [L. explicatus, p. p. of explicare.] Evolved; unfolded. Jer. Taylor.

Ex´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explicated p. pr. & vb. n. Explicating] 1. To unfold; to expand; to lay open. [Obs.] ´They explicate the leaves.´ Blackmore. 2. To unfold the meaning or sense of; to explain; to clear of difficulties or obscurity; to interpret. “The last verse of his last satire is not yet sufficiently explicated.” Dryden.

Ex•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. explicatio: cf. F. explication.] 1. The act of opening, unfolding, or explaining; explanation; exposition; interpretation. “The explication of our Savior’s parables.” Atterbury. 2. The sense given by an expositor. Bp. Burnet.

Ex´pli•ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. explicatif.] Serving to unfold or explain; tending to lay open to the understanding; explanatory. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ex´pli•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who unfolds or explains; an expounder; an explainer.

Ex´pli•ca•to•ry , a. Explicative. Barrow.

Ex´pli•cit [LL., an abbreviation of explicitus (est liber) the book (which anciently was a roll of parchment) is unfolded (and, of course, ´finished´). See Explicit, a.] A word formerly used (as finis is now) at the conclusion of a book to indicate the end.

Ex•plic´it , a. [L. explicitus; p. p. of explicare to unfold: cf. F. explicite. See Explicate, Exploit.] 1. Not implied merely, or conveyed by implication; distinctly stated; plain in language; open to the understanding; clear; not obscure or ambiguous; express; unequivocal; as an explicit declaration. “The language of the charter was too explicit to admit of a doubt.” Bancroft. 2. Having no disguised meaning or reservation; unreserved; outspoken; — applied to persons; as he was earnest and explicit in his statement. Explicit function. (Math.) See under Function. Syn. — Express; clear; plain; open; unreserved; unambiguous. — Explicit, Express. Explicit denotes a setting forth in the plainest language, so that the meaning can not be misunderstood; as an explicit promise. Express is stronger than explicit: it adds force to clearness. An express promise or engagement is not only unambiguous, but stands out in bold relief, with the most binding hold on the conscience. An explicit statement; a clear and explicit notion; explicit direction; no words can be more explicit. An explicit command; an express prohibition. ´An express declaration goes forcibly and directly to the point. An explicit declaration leaves nothing ambiguous.´ C. J. Smith.

Ex•plic´it•ly , adv. In an explicit manner; clearly; plainly; without disguise or reservation of meaning; not by inference or implication; as he explicitly avows his intention.

Ex•plic´it•ness, n. The quality of being explicit; clearness; directness. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•plode´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exploded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exploding.] [L. explodere, explosum, to drive out, drive out a player by clapping; ex out+plaudere, plodere, to clap, strike, applaud: cf. OF. exploder. See Plausible.] 1. To become suddenly expanded into a great volume of gas or vapor; to burst violently into flame; as gunpowder explodes. 2. To burst with force and a loud report; to detonate, as a shell filled with powder or the like material, or as a boiler from too great pressure of steam. 3. To burst forth with sudden violence and noise; as at this, his wrath exploded.

Ex•plode´, v. t. 1. To drive from the stage by noisy expressions of disapprobation; to hoot off; to drive away or reject noisily; as to explode a play. [Obs.] “Him old and young
Exploded, and seized with violent hands.” Milton. 2. To bring into disrepute, and reject; to drive from notice and acceptance; as to explode a scheme, fashion, or doctrine. “Old exploded contrivances of mercantile fraud.” Burke. “To explode and exterminate dark atheism.” Bently. 3. To cause to explode or burst noisily; to detonate; as to explode powder by touching it with fire. 4. To drive out with violence and noise, as by powder. “But late the kindled powder did explode
The massy ball and the brass tube unload.” Blackmore.

Ex•plod´ent , n. 1. An instrument or agent causing explosion; an exploder; also an explosive. 2. See Explosive, n., 2.

Ex•plod´er , n. 1. One who or that which explodes. 2. One who rejects an opinion or scheme with open contempt. South.

Ex•ploit´ , n. [OE. esploit success, OF. esploit, espleit,revenue, product, vigor, force, exploit, F. exploit exploit, fr. L. explicitum, prop. p. p. neut. of explicare to unfold, display, exhibit; ex + plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Explicit, Explicate.] 1. A deed or act; especially, a heroic act; a deed of renown; an adventurous or noble achievement; as the exploits of Alexander the Great. “Ripe for exploits and mighty enterprises.” Shak. 2. Combat; war. [Obs.] “He made haste to exploit some warlike service.” Holland. 2. [F. exploiter.] To utilize; to make available; to get the value or usefulness out of; as to exploit a mine or agricultural lands; to exploit public opinion. [Recent] 3. Hence: To draw an illegitimate profit from; to speculate on; to put upon. [Recent] “In no sense whatever does a man who accumulates a fortune by legitimate industry exploit his employes or make his capital ´out of´ anybody else.” W. G. Sumner.

Ex•ploi•ta´tion , n. [F.] The act of exploiting or utilizing. J. D. Whitney.

Ex•ploi´ture ( 135), n. 1. The act of exploiting or accomplishing; achievement. [Obs.] Udall. 2. Exploitation. Harper’s Mag.

Ex•plor´a•ble , a. That may be explored; as an explorable region.

Ex•plo´rate , v. t. [L. explorare, exploratum.] To explore. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.

Ex•plo•ra´tion , n. [L. exploratio: cf. F. exploration.] The act of exploring, penetrating, or ranging over for purposes of discovery, especially of geographical discovery; examination; as the exploration of unknown countries; (Med.) physical examination. “´An exploration of doctrine.´” Bp. Hall.

Ex•plor´a•tive , a. Exploratory.

Ex´plo•ra•tor , n. [L.] One who explores; one who examines closely; a searcher.

Ex•plor´a•to•ry , a. [L. exploratorius.] Serving or intended to explore; searching; examining; explorative. Sir H. Wotton.

Ex•plore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explored p. pr. & vb. n. Exploring.] [L. explorare to explore; ex out+plorare to cry out aloud,prob. orig., to cause to flow; perh. akin to E. flow: cf. F. explorer.] 1. To seek for or after; to strive to attain by search; to look wisely and carefully for. [Obs.] “Explores the lost, the wandering sheep directs.” Pope. 2. To search through or into; to penetrate or range over for discovery; to examine thoroughly; as to explore new countries or seas; to explore the depths of science. ´Hidden frauds [to] explore.´ Dryden.

Ex•plore´ment, n. The act of exploring; exploration. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•plor´er , n. One who explores; also an apparatus with which one explores, as a diving bell.

Ex•plor´ing, a. Employed in, or designed for, exploration. ´Exploring parties.´ Bancroft.

Ex•plo´sion , n. [L. explosio a driving off by clapping: cf. F. explosion explosion. See Explode.] 1. The act of exploding; detonation; a chemical action which causes the sudden formation of a great volume of expanded gas; as the explosion of gunpowder, of fire damp,etc. 2. A bursting with violence and loud noise, because of internal pressure; as the explosion of a gun, a bomb, a steam boiler, etc. 3. A violent outburst of feeling, manifested by excited language, action, etc.; as an explosion of wrath. “A formidable explosion of high-church fanaticism.” Macaulay.

Ex•plo´sive , a. [Cf. F. explosif.] Driving or bursting out with violence and noise; causing explosion; as the explosive force of gunpowder.

Ex•plo´sive, n. 1. An explosive agent; a compound or mixture susceptible of a rapid chemical reaction, as gunpowder, or nitro-glycerine. 2. A sound produced by an explosive impulse of the breath; (Phonetics) one of consonants p, b, t, d, k, g, which are sounded with a sort of explosive power of voice. [See Guide to Pronunciation, rad. 155-7, 184.]

Ex•plo´sive•ly, adv. In an explosive manner.

Ex•po•li•a´tion , n. See Exspoliation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ex•pol´ish , v. t. [Cf. L. expolire. See Polish.] To polish thoroughly. [Obs.] Heywood.

Ex•pone´ , v. t. [OE. exponen. See Expound.] To expound; to explain; also to expose; to imperil. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Drummond.

Ex•po´nent , n. [L. exponens, -entis, p. pr. of exponere to put out, set forth, expose. See Expound.] 1. (Alg.) A number, letter, or any quantity written on the right hand of and above another quantity, and denoting how many times the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power indicated; thus a2 denotes the second power, and ax the xth power, of a (2 and x being the exponents). A fractional exponent, or index, is used to denote the root of a quantity. Thus, a&frac13; denotes the third or cube root of a. 2. One who, or that which, stands as an index or representative; as the leader of a party is the exponent of its principles. Exponent of a ratio, the quotient arising when the antecedent is divided by the consequent; thus, 6 is the exponent of the ratio of 30 to 5. [R.]

Ex•po•nen´tial , a. [Cf. F. exponentiel.] Pertaining to exponents; involving variable exponents; as an exponential expression; exponential calculus; an exponential function. Exponential curve, a curve whose nature is defined by means of an exponential equation. — Exponential equation, an equation which contains an exponential quantity, or in which the unknown quantity enters as an exponent. — Exponential quantity (Math.), a quantity whose exponent is unknown or variable, as ax. — Exponential series, a series derived from the development of exponential equations or quantities.

Ex•port´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exported; p. pr. & vb. n. Exporting.] [L. exportare, exportatum; ex out+portare to carry : cf. F. exporter. See Port demeanor.] 1. To carry away; to remove. [Obs.] “[They] export honor from a man, and make him a return in envy.” Bacon. 2. To carry or send abroad, or out of a country, especially to foreign countries, as merchandise or commodities in the way of commerce; — the opposite of import; as to export grain, cotton, cattle, goods, etc.

Ex´port , n. 1. The act of exporting; exportation; as to prohibit the export of wheat or tobacco. 2. That which is exported; a commodity conveyed from one country or State to another in the way of traffic; — used chiefly in the plural, exports. “The ordinary course of exchange … between two places must likewise be an indication of the ordinary course of their exports and imports.” A. Smith.

Ex•port•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being suitable for exportation. “To increase the exportability of native goods.” J. P. Peters.

Ex•port´a•ble , a. Suitable for exportation; as exportable products.

Ex•por•ta´tion , n. [L. exportatio: cf. F. exporation.] 1. The act of exporting; the act of conveying or sending commodities abroad or to another country, in the course of commerce. 2. Commodity exported; an export. 3. The act of carrying out. [R.] Bourne.

Ex•port´er , n. One who exports; the person who sends goods or commodities to a foreign country, in the way of commerce; — opposed to importer.

Ex•pos´al , n. Exposure. Swift.

Ex•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exposed p. pr. & vb. n. Exposing.] [F. exposer; pref. ex- (L. ex out)+poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To set forth; to set out to public view; to exhibit; to show; to display; as to expose goods for sale; to expose pictures to public inspection. “Those who seek truth only, freely expose their principles to the test, and are pleased to have them examined.” Locke. 2. To lay bare; to lay open to attack, danger, or anything objectionable; to render accessible to anything which may affect, especially detrimentally; to make liable; as to expose one’s self to the heat of the sun, or to cold, insult, danger, or ridicule; to expose an army to destruction or defeat. “Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel.” Shak. 3. To deprive of concealment; to discover; to lay open to public inspection, or bring to public notice, as a thing that shuns publicity, something criminal, shameful, or the like; as to expose the faults of a neighbor. “You only expose the follies of men, without arraigning their vices.” Dryden. 4. To disclose the faults or reprehensible practices of; to lay open to general condemnation or contempt by making public the character or arts of; as to expose a cheat, liar, or hypocrite.

Ex•po•se´ , n. [F., prop. p. p. of exposer. See Expose, v. t.] A formal recital or exposition of facts; exposure, or revelation, of something which some one wished to keep concealed.

Ex•pos´ed•ness , n. The state of being exposed, laid open, or unprotected; as an exposedness to sin or temptation.

Ex•pos´er , n. One who exposes or discloses.

Ex•po•si´tion , n. [L. expositio, fr. exponere, expositum: cf. F. exposition. See Expound.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open; a setting out or displaying to public view. 2. The act of expounding or of laying open the sense or meaning of an author, or a passage; explanation; interpretation; the sense put upon a passage; a law, or the like, by an interpreter; hence, a work containing explanations or interpretations; a commentary. “You know the law; your exposition
Hath been most sound.” Shak. 3. Situation or position with reference to direction of view or accessibility to influence of sun, wind, etc.; exposure; as an easterly exposition; an exposition to the sun. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. 4. A public exhibition or show, as of industrial and artistic productions; as the Paris Exposition of 1878. [A Gallicism]

Ex•pos´i•tive , a. Serving to explain; expository. Bp. Pearson.

Ex•pos´i•tor , n. [L. See Expound.] One who, or that which, expounds or explains; an expounder; a commentator. Bp. Horsley.

Ex•pos´i•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or containing, exposition; serving to explain; explanatory; illustrative; exegetical. “A glossary or expository index to the poetical writers.” Johnson. { Ex´ post• fac´to, or Ex´ post•fac´to (eks´ post´ fak´to) }. [L., from what is done afterwards.] (Law) From or by an after act, or thing done afterward; in consequence of a subsequent act; retrospective. Ex post facto law, a law which operates by after enactment. The phrase is popularly applied to any law, civil or criminal, which is enacted with a retrospective effect, and with intention to produce that effect; but in its true application, as employed in American law, it relates only to crimes, and signifies a law which retroacts, by way of criminal punishment, upon that which was not a crime before its passage, or which raises the grade of an offense, or renders an act punishable in a more severe manner that it was when committed. Ex post facto laws are held to be contrary to the fundamental principles of a free government, and the States are prohibited from passing such laws by the Constitution of the United States. Burrill. Kent.

Ex•pos´tu•late ( 135), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Expostulated p. pr. & vb. n. Expostulating.] [L. expostulatus, p. p. of expostulare to demand vehemently; ex out + postulare to ask, require. See Postulate.] To reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his conduct, representing the wrong he has done or intends, and urging him to make redress or to desist; to remonstrate; — followed by with. “Men expostulate with erring friends; they bring accusations against enemies who have done them a wrong.” Jowett (Thuc. ). Syn. — To remonstrate; reason. See Remonstrate.

Ex•pos´tu•late, v. t. To discuss; to examine. [Obs.] “To expostulate
What majesty should be, what duty is.” Shak.

Ex•pos•tu•la´tion , n. [L. expostulatio.] The act of expostulating or reasoning with a person in opposition to some impropriety of conduct; remonstrance; earnest and kindly protest; dissuasion. “We must use expostulation kindly.” Shak.

Ex•pos´tu•la•tor (135), n. One who expostulates. Lamb.

Ex•pos´tu•la•to•ry , a. Containing expostulation or remonstrance; as an expostulatory discourse or letter.

Ex•pos´ture (135), n. [Cf. Imposture.] Exposure. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•po´sure (135), n. [From Expose.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open, setting forth, laying bare of protection, depriving of care or concealment, or setting out to reprobation or contempt. “The exposure of Fuller … put an end to the practices of that vile tribe.” Macaulay. 2. The state of being exposed or laid open or bare; openness to danger; accessibility to anything that may affect, especially detrimentally; as exposure to observation, to cold, to inconvenience. “When we have our naked frailties hid,
That suffer in exposure.” Shak. 3. Position as to points of compass, or to influences of climate, etc. ´Under a southern exposure.´ Evelyn. “The best exposure of the two for woodcocks.” Sir. W. Scott. 4. (Photog.) The exposing of a sensitized plate to the action of light.

Ex•pound´ (eks•pound´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expounding.] [OE. exponen, expounen, expounden, fr. L. exponere to set out, expose, expound; ex out + ponere to put: cf. OE. expondre, expondre. See Position.] 1. To lay open; to expose to view; to examine. [Obs.] “He expounded both his pockets.” Hudibras. 2. To lay open the meaning of; to explain; to clear of obscurity; to interpret; as to expound a text of Scripture, a law, a word, a meaning, or a riddle. “Expound this matter more fully to me.” Bunyan.

Ex•pound´er (-er), n. One who expounds or explains; an interpreter.

Ex•press´ (eks•pres´), a. [F. exprès, L. expressus, p. p. of exprimere to express; ex. out + premere To press. See Press.] 1. Exactly representing; exact. “Their human countenance
The express resemblance of the gods.” Milton. 2. Directly and distinctly stated; declared in terms; not implied or left to inference; made unambiguous by intention and care; clear; not dubious; as express consent; an express statement. “I have express commandment.” Shak. 3. Intended for a particular purpose; relating to an express; sent on a particular errand; dispatched with special speed; as an express messenger or train. Also used adverbially. “ A messenger sent express from the other world.” Atterbury. Express color. (Law) See the Note under Color, n., 8. Syn. — Explicit; clear; unambiguous. See Explicit.

Ex•press´, n. [Cf. F. exprès a messenger.] 1. A clear image or representation; an expression; a plain declaration. [Obs.] “The only remanent express of Christ’s sacrifice on earth.” Jer. Taylor. 2. A messenger sent on a special errand; a courier; hence, a regular and fast conveyance; commonly, a company or system for the prompt and safe transportation of merchandise or parcels; also a railway train for transporting passengers or goods with speed and punctuality. 3. An express office. “She charged him … to ask at the express if anything came up from town.” E. E. Hale. 4. That which is sent by an express messenger or message. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike. Express office, an office where packages for an express are received or delivered.

Ex•press´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expressed p. pr. & vb. n. Expressing.] [Cf. OF. espresser, expresser, L. exprimere, expressum. See Express, a.; cf. Sprain.] 1. To press or squeeze out; as to express the juice of grapes, or of apples; hence, to extort; to elicit. “All the fruits out of which drink is expressed.” Bacon. “And th’idle breath all utterly expressed.” Spenser. “Halters and racks can not express from thee
More than by deeds.” B. Jonson. 2. To make or offer a representation of; to show by a copy or likeness; to represent; to resemble. “Each skillful artist shall express thy form.” E. Smith. “So kids and whelps their sires and dams express.” Dryden. 3. To give a true impression of; to represent and make known; to manifest plainly; to show in general; to exhibit, as an opinion or feeling, by a look, gesture, and esp. by language; to declare; to utter; to tell. “My words express my purpose.” Shak. “They expressed in their lives those excellent doctrines of morality.” Addison. 4. To make known the opinions or feelings of; to declare what is in the mind of; to show (one’s self); to cause to appear; — used reflexively. “Mr. Phillips did express with much indignation against me, one evening.” Pope. 5. To denote; to designate. “Moses and Aaron took these men, which are expressed by their names.” Num. i. 17. 6. To send by express messenger; to forward by special opportunity, or through the medium of an express; as to express a package. Syn. — To declare; utter; signify; testify; intimate.

Ex•press´age (eks•pres´aj; 48), n. The charge for carrying a parcel by express.

Ex•press´i•ble (-i•b’l), a. Capable of being expressed, squeezed out, shown, represented, or uttered. — Express´i•bly,adv.

Ex•pres´sion (eks•presh´un), n. [L. expressio: cf. F. expression.] 1. The act of expressing; the act of forcing out by pressure; as the expression of juices or oils; also of extorting or eliciting; as a forcible expression of truth. 2. The act of declaring or signifying; declaration; utterance; as an expression of the public will. “With this tone of philosophy were mingled expressions of sympathy.” Prescott. 3. Lively or vivid representation of meaning, sentiment, or feeling, etc.; significant and impressive indication, whether by language, appearance, or gesture; that manner or style which gives life and suggestive force to ideas and sentiments; as he reads with expression; her performance on the piano has expression. “The imitators of Shakespeare, fixing their attention on his wonderful power of expression, have directed their imitation to this.” M. Arnold. 4. That which is expressed by a countenance, a posture, a work of art, etc.; look, as indicative of thought or feeling. ´The expression of an eye.´ Tennyson. “It still wore the majesty of expression so conspicuous in his portraits by the inimitable pencil of Titian.” Prescott. 5. A form of words in which an idea or sentiment is conveyed; a mode of speech; a phrase; as a common expression; an odd expression. 6. (Math.) The representation of any quantity by its appropriate characters or signs. Past expression, Beyond expression, beyond the power of description. ´Beyond expression bright.´ Milton.

Ex•pres´sion•al (-al), a. Of, or relating to, expression; phraseological; also vividly representing or suggesting an idea or sentiment. Fitzed. Hall. Ruskin.

Ex•pres´sion•less, a. Destitute of expression.

Ex•press´ive , a. [Cf. F. expressif.] 1. Serving to express, utter, or represent; indicative; communicative; — followed by of; as words expressive of his gratitude. “Each verse so swells expressive of her woes.” Tickell. 2. Full of expression; vividly representing the meaning or feeling meant to be conveyed; significant; emphatic; as expressive looks or words. “You have restrained yourself within the list of too cold an adieu; be more expressive to them.” Shak. “Through her expressive eyes her soul distinctly spoke.” Littelton. — Ex•press´ive•ly,adv. — Ex•press´ive•ness,n.

Ex•press´ly, adv. In an express manner; in direct terms; with distinct purpose; particularly; as a book written expressly for the young. “The word of the Lord came expressly unto Ezekiel.” Ezek. i. 3. “I am sent expressly to your lordship.” Shak.

Ex•press´man (-man), n.; pl. Expressmen (-men). A person employed in the express business; also the driver of a job wagon. W. D. Howells.

Ex•press´ness, n. The state or quality of being express; definiteness. [Obs.] Hammond.

Ex•pres´sure (135), n. The act of expressing; expression; utterance; representation. [Obs.] “An operation more divine
Than breath or pen can give expressure to.” Shak.

Ex´pro•brate , v. t. [L. exprobratus, p. p. of exprobrare; ex out + probrum a shameful or disgraceful act.] To charge upon with reproach; to upbraid. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•pro•bra´tion , n. [L. exprobration: cf. F. exprobration.] Reproachful accusation; upbraiding. [Obs.] “A fearful exprobration of our unworthiness.” Jer. Taylor. { Ex•pro´bra•tive , Ex•pro´bra•to•ry } a. Expressing reproach; upbraiding; reproachful. [R.] Sir A. Shirley.

Ex•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [L. ex out, from + proprius one’s own: cf. F. exproprier.] To put out of one’s possession; to surrender the ownership of; also to deprive of possession or proprietary rights. Boyle. “Expropriate these [bad landlords] as the monks were expropriated by Act of Parliament.” M. Arnold.

Ex•pro•pri•a´tion, n. [Cf. F. expropriation.] The act of expropriating; the surrender of a claim to exclusive property; the act of depriving of ownership or proprietary rights. W. Montagu. “The expropriation of bad landlords.” M. Arnold.

Ex•pugn´ (eks•pun´), v. t. [L. expugnare; ex out + pugnare to fight, pugna fight. Cf. Impugn.] To take by assault; to storm; to overcome; to vanquish; as to expugn cities; to expugn a person by arguments.

Ex•pug´nable (eks•pug´na•b’l), a. [L. expugnabilis.] Capable of being expugned.

Ex•pug•na´tion , n. [L. expugnatio.] The act of taking by assault; conquest. [R.] Sandys.

Ex•pugn´er , n. One who expugns.

Ex•pulse´ , v. t. [F. expulser or L. expulsare, intens. fr. expellere. See Expel.] To drive out; to expel. [Obs.] “If charity be thus excluded and expulsed.” Milton.

Ex•puls´er , n. An expeller. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Ex•pul´sion , n. [L. expulsio, fr. expellere: cf. F. expulsion. See Expel.] 1. The act of expelling; a driving or forcing out; summary removal from membership, association, etc. “The expulsion of the Tarquins.” Shak. 2. The state of being expelled or driven out.

Ex•pul´sive , a. [Cf. F. expulsif.] Having the power of driving out or away; serving to expel. “The expulsive power of a new affection.” Chalmers.

Ex•punc´tion , n. [L. expunctio execution, performance, from expungere. See Expunge.] The act of expunging or erasing; the condition of being expunged. Milton.

Ex•punge´ (eks•punj´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expunged (- punjd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Expunging (- pun´jing).] [L. expungere, expunctum, prick out, expunge, settle an account, execute; ex out + pungere to prick, puncture. See Pungent.] 1. To blot out, as with pen; to rub out; to efface designedly; to obliterate; to strike out wholly; as to expunge words, lines, or sentences. 2. To strike out; to wipe out or destroy; to annihilate; as to expunge an offense. Sandys. “Expunge the whole, or lop th’ excrescent parts.” Pope. Syn. — To efface; erase; obliterate; strike out; destroy; annihilate; cancel.

Ex´pur•gate (eks´pur•gat or eks•pûr´gat; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expurgated (- ga´ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Expurgating (-ga´ting).] [L. expurgatus, p. p. of expurgare to purge, purify; ex out, from + purgare to cleanse, purify, purge. See Purge, and cf. Spurge.] To purify; to clear from anything noxious, offensive, or erroneous; to cleanse; to purge; as to expurgate a book.

Ex•pur•ga´tion , n. [L. expurgatio justification, excuse: cf. F. expurgation.] The act of expurgating, purging, or cleansing; purification from anything noxious, offensive, sinful, or erroneous. Milton.

Ex´pur•ga•tor ( 277), n. One who expurgates or purifies.

Ex•pur•ga•to´ri•al , a. Tending or serving to expurgate; expurgatory. Milman.

Ex•pur•ga•to´ri•ous , a. Expurgatory. [Obs.] ´Expurgatorious indexes.´ Milton.

Ex•pur´ga•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. expurgatoire.] Serving to purify from anything noxious or erroneous; cleansing; purifying. ´Expurgatory animadversions.´ Sir T. Browne. Expurgatory Index. See Index Expurgatorius, under Index.

Ex•purge´ , v. t. [Cf. OF. espurgier. See Expurgate.] To purge away. [Obs.] Milton.

Ex•quire´ , v. t. [L. exquirere. See Exquisite.] To search into or out. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ex´qui•site , a. [L. exquisitus, p. p. of exquirere to search out; ex out + quarere to seek, search. See Quest.] 1. Carefully selected or sought out; hence, of distinguishing and surpassing quality; exceedingly nice; delightfully excellent; giving rare satisfaction; as exquisite workmanship. “Plate of rare device, and jewels
Of reach and exquisite form.” Shak. “I have no exquisite reason for ’t, but I have reason good enough.” Shak. 2. Exceeding; extreme; keen; — used in a bad or a good sense; as exquisite pain or pleasure. 3. Of delicate perception or close and accurate discrimination; not easy to satisfy; exact; nice; fastidious; as exquisite judgment, taste, or discernment. “His books of Oriental languages, wherein he was exquisite.” Fuller. Syn. — Nice; delicate; exact; refined; choice; rare; matchless; consummate; perfect.

Ex´qui•site, n. One who manifests an exquisite attention to external appearance; one who is overnice in dress or ornament; a fop; a dandy.

Ex´qui•site•ly, adv. In an exquisite manner or degree; as lace exquisitely wrought. “To a sensitive observer there was something exquisitely painful in it.” Hawthorne.

Ex´qui•site•ness, n. Quality of being exquisite.

Ex•quis´i•tive , a. Eager to discover or learn; curious. [Obs.] Todd. — Ex•quis´i•tive•ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ex•san´guine , a. Bloodless. [R.]

Ex•san•guin´e•ous , a. Destitute of blood; anaemic; exsanguious.

Ex•san•guin´i•ty , n. (Med.) Privation or destitution of blood; — opposed to plethora. Dunglison.

Ex•san´gui•nous , a. See Exsanguious.

Ex•san´gui•ous , a. [L. exsanguis; ex out + sanguis, sanguinis, blood. Cf. Exsanguineous.] 1. Destitute of blood. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) Destitute of true, or red, blood, as insects.

Ex•scind´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exscinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exscinding.] [L. exscindere; ex out, from + scindere to cut.] To cut off; to separate or expel from union; to extirpate. Barrow. “The second presbytery of Philadelphia was also exscinded by that Assembly.” Am. Cyc.

Ex•scribe´ , v. t. [L. excribere; ex out, from + scribere to write.] To copy; to transcribe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ex´script , n. [L. exscriptus, p. p. of exscribere.] A copy; a transcript. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•scrip´tur•al ( 135), a. [Pref. ex-+scriptural.] Not in accordance with the doctrines of Scripture; unscriptural.

Ex•scu´tel•late , a. [Pref. ex- + scutellate.] (Zoöl.) Without, or apparently without, a scutellum; — said of certain insects.

Ex•sect´ , v. t. [L. exsectio.] 1. A cutting out or away. E. Darwin. 2. (Surg.) The removal by operation of a portion of a limb; particularly, the removal of a portion of a bone in the vicinity of a joint; the act or process of cutting out. { Ex•sert´ , Ex•sert´ed } a. [L. exsertus, p. p. of exserere to stretch out or forth. See Exert.] Standing out; projecting beyond some other part; as exsert stamens. “A small portion of the basal edge of the shell exserted.” D. H. Barnes.

Ex•sert´ile , a. (Biol.) Capable of being thrust out or protruded. J. Fleming.

Ex•sic´cant , a. [L. exsiccans, p. pr. of exsiccare. See Exsiccate.] Having the quality of drying up; causing a drying up. — n. (Med.) An exsiccant medicine.

Ex´sic•cate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exsiccated p. pr. & vb. n. Exsiccating.] [L. exsiccatus, p. p. of exsiccare to dry up; ex out + siccare to make dry, siccus dry.] To exhaust or evaporate moisture from; to dry up. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•sic•ca´tion , n. [L. exsiccatio: cf. F. exsiccation.] The act of operation of drying; evaporation or expulsion of moisture; state of being dried up; dryness. Sir T. Browne.

Ex•sic´ca•tive , a. Tending to make dry; having the power of drying.

Ex´sic•ca•tor , n. (Chem.) An apparatus for drying substances or preserving them from moisture; a desiccator; also less frequently, an agent employed to absorb moisture, as calcium chloride, or concentrated sulphuric acid.

Ex•sil´i•en•cy ( 106), n. [L. exsiliens leaping out, p. pr. of exsilire; ex out + salire to leap.] A leaping out. [R.] Latham.

Ex•so•lu´tion , n. [L. exsolutio a release.] Relaxation. [R.] Richardson (Dict. ).

Ex•spo•li•a´tion , n. [L. exspoliatio, fr. exspoliare to spoil, to plunder; ex out, from + spoliare. See Spoliate.] Spoliation. [Obs. or R.] Bp. Hall.

Ex•spu•i´tion , n. [L. exspuitio; ex out + spuere to spit: cf. F. exspuition.] A discharge of saliva by spitting. [R.] E. Darwin.

Ex•spu´to•ry , a. Spit out, or as if spit out. ´Exsputory lines.´ Cowper.

Ex•stip´u•late , a. [Pref. ex- + stipulate.] (Bot.) Having no stipules. Martyn.

Ex´stro•phy , n. [Gr. to turn inside out; = out + to turn.] (Med.) The eversion or turning out of any organ, or of its inner surface; as exstrophy of the eyelid or of the bladder.

Ex•suc´cous , a. [L. exsuccus; ex out + succus juice.] Destitute of juice; dry; sapless. Latham.

Ex•suc´tion , n. [L. exsugere, exsuctum, to suck out; ex out + sugere to suck: cf. F. exsuccion.] The act of sucking out.

Ex•su•da´tion , n. Exudation.

Ex•suf•flate´ , v. t. [L. exsufflare to blow at or upon; ex out + sufflare. See Sufflate.] (Eccles.) To exorcise or renounce by blowing.

Ex•suf•fla´tion , n. [Cf. LL. exsufflatio.] 1. A blast from beneath. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Eccles.) A kind of exorcism by blowing with the breath. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Physiol.) A strongly forced expiration of air from the lungs.

Ex•suf´fli•cate , a. Empty; frivolous. [A Shakespearean word only once used.] “Such exsufflicate and blown surmises.” Shak. (Oth. iii. 3, 182).

Ex•sus´ci•tate , v. t. [L. exsuscitatus, p. p. of exsuscitare; ex out + suscitare. See Suscitate.] To rouse; to excite. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•sus•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. exsuscitatio.] A stirring up; a rousing. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Ex´ta•cy , n. See Ecstasy. [Obs.]

Ex´tance , n. [L. extantia, exstantia, a standing out, fr. exstans, p. pr. See Extant.] Outward existence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex´tan•cy , n. [L. extantia, exstantia.] The state of rising above others; a projection. Evelyn. Boyle.

Ex´tant , a. [L. extans, - antis, or exstans, -antis, p. pr. of extare, exstare, to stand out or forth; ex out + stare to stand: cf. F. extant. See Stand.] 1. Standing out or above any surface; protruded. “That part of the teeth which is extant above the gums.” Ray. “A body partly immersed in a fluid and partly extant.” Bentley. 2. Still existing; not destroyed or lost; outstanding. “Writings that were extant at that time.” Sir M. Hale. “The extant portraits of this great man.” I. Taylor. 3. Publicly known; conspicuous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ex´ta•sy , n. & v. t. See Ecstasy, n. & v. t.

Ex•tat´ic , a. See Ecstatic, a.

Ex•tem´po•ral , a. [L. extemporalis, from ex tempore.] Extemporaneous; unpremeditated. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Ex•tem´po•ral•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•an , a. Extemporaneous. [Obs] Burton.

Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•ous , a. [See Extempore.] Composed, performed, or uttered on the spur of the moment, or without previous study; unpremeditated; off-hand; extempore; extemporary; as an extemporaneous address or production. — Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Ex•tem•po•ra´ne•ous•ness,n.

Ex•tem´po•ra•ri•ly , adv. Extemporaneously.

Ex•tem´po•ra•ry , a. 1. Extemporaneous. ´In extemporary prayer.´ Fuller. 2. Made for the occasion; for the time being. [Obs.] ´Extemporary habitations.´ Maundrell.

Ex•tem´po•re , adv. [L. ex out + tempus, temporis, time. See Temporal.] Without previous study or meditation; without preparation; on the spur of the moment; suddenly; extemporaneously; as to write or speak extempore. Shak. — a. Done or performed extempore. ´Extempore dissertation.´ Addison. ´Extempore poetry.´ Dryden. — n. Speaking or writing done extempore. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Ex•tem´po•ri•ness , n. The quality of being done or devised extempore [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•tem•po•ri•za´tion , n. The act of extemporizing; the act of doing anything extempore.

Ex•tem´po•rize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Extemporized p. pr. & vb. n. Extemporizing] To speak extempore; especially, to discourse without special preparation; to make an offhand address.

Ex•tem´po•rize, v. t. To do, make, or utter extempore or off-hand; to prepare in great haste, under urgent necessity, or with scanty or unsuitable materials; as to extemporize a dinner, a costume, etc. “Themistocles … was of all men the best able to extemporize the right thing to be done.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “Pitt, of whom it was said that he could extemporize a Queen’s speech” Lord Campbell.

Ex•tem´po•ri•zer , n. One who extemporizes.

Ex•tend´ (eks•tend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extended; p. pr. & vb. n. Extending.] [L. extendere, extentum, extensum; ex out + tendere to stretch. See Trend.] 1. To stretch out; to prolong in space; to carry forward or continue in length; as to extend a line in surveying; to extend a cord across the street. “Few extend their thoughts toward universal knowledge.” Locke. 2. To enlarge, as a surface or volume; to expand; to spread; to amplify; as to extend metal plates by hammering or rolling them. 3. To enlarge; to widen; to carry out further; as to extend the capacities, the sphere of usefulness, or commerce; to extend power or influence; to continue, as time; to lengthen; to prolong; as to extend the time of payment or a season of trial. 4. To hold out or reach forth, as the arm or hand. “His helpless hand extend.” Dryden. 5. To bestow; to offer; to impart; to apply; as to extend sympathy to the suffering. 6. To increase in quantity by weakening or adulterating additions; as to extend liquors. G. P. Burnham. 7. (Eng. Law) To value, as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt; to assign by writ of extent. Extended letter (Typog.), a letter, or style of type, having a broader face than is usual for a letter or type of the same height. This is extended type. Syn. — To increase; enlarge; expand; widen; diffuse. See Increase.

Ex•tend´ant , a. (Her.) Displaced. Ogilvie.

Ex•tend´ed•ly , adv. In an extended manner.

Ex•tend´er , n. One who, or that which, extends or stretches anything.

Ex•tend´i•ble , a. 1. Capable of being extended, susceptible of being stretched, extended, enlarged, widened, or expanded. 2. (Law) Liable to be taken by a writ of extent.

Ex•tend´less•ness, n. Unlimited extension. [Obs.] “An … extendlessness of excursions.” Sir. M. Hale.

Ex•tense´ , a. [L. extensus, p. p. See Extend, v. t.] Outreaching; expansive; extended, superficially or otherwise. “Men and gods are too extense;
Could you slacken and condense?” Emerson.

Ex•ten•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being extensible; the capacity of being extended; as the extensibility of a fiber, or of a plate of metal.

Ex•ten´si•ble , a. [Cf. F. extensible. See Extend.] Capable of being extended, whether in length or breadth; susceptible of enlargement; extensible; extendible; — the opposite of contractible or compressible. ´An extensible membrane´ Holder.

Ex•ten´si•ble•ness, n. Extensibility.

Ex•ten´sile a. Suited for, or capable of, extension; extensible. Owen.

Ex•ten´sion , n. [L. extensio: cf. F. extension. See Extend, v. t.] 1. The act of extending or the state of being extended; a stretching out; enlargement in breadth or continuation of length; increase; augmentation; expansion. 2. (Physics) That property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space. 3. (Logic & Metaph.) Capacity of a concept or general term to include a greater or smaller number of objects; — correlative of intension. “The law is that the intension of our knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension.” Sir W. Hamilton. “The extension of [the term] plant is greater than that of geranium, because it includes more objects.” Abp. Thomson. 4. (Surg.) The operation of stretching a broken bone so as to bring the fragments into the same straight line. 5. (Physiol.) The straightening of a limb, in distinction from flexion. 6. (Com.) A written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing a debtor further time to pay a debt. Counter extension. (Surg.) See under Counter. — Extension table, a table so constructed as to be readily extended or contracted in length.

Ex•ten´sion•al , a. Having great extent.

Ex•ten´sion•ist, n. One who favors or advocates extension.

Ex•ten´sive , a. [L. extensivus: cf. F. extensif. See Extend.] 1. Having wide extent; of much superficial extent; expanded; large; broad; wide; comprehensive; as an extensive farm; an extensive lake; an extensive sphere of operations; extensive benevolence; extensive greatness. 2. Capable of being extended. [Obs.] “Silver beaters choose the finest coin, as that which is most extensive under the hammer.” Boyle.

Ex•ten´sive•ly, adv. To a great extent; widely; largely; as a story is extensively circulated.

Ex•ten´sive•ness , n. The state of being extensive; wideness; largeness; extent; diffusiveness.

Ex•ten•som´e•ter , n. [Extension + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the extension of a body, especially for measuring the elongation of bars of iron, steel, or other material, when subjected to a tensile force.

Ex•ten´sor , n. [L., one who stretches. See Extend.] (Anat.) A muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the body, as an arm or a finger; — opposed to flexor.

Ex•ten´sure , n. Extension. [R.] Drayton.

Ex•tent´ , a. [L. extentus, p. p. of extendere. See Extend.] Extended. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•tent´, n. [L. extentus, fr. extendere. See Extend.] 1. Space or degree to which a thing is extended; hence, superficies; compass; bulk; size; length; as an extent of country or of line; extent of information or of charity. “Life in its large extent is scare a span.” Cotton. 2. Degree; measure; proportion. ´The extent to which we can make ourselves what we wish to be.´ Lubbock. 3. (Eng. Law) (a) A peculiar species of execution upon debts due to the crown, under which the lands and goods of the debtor may be seized to secure payment. (b) A process of execution by which the lands and goods of a debtor are valued and delivered to the creditor.

Ex•ten´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extenuated p. pr. & vb. n. Extenuating] [L. extenuatus, p. p. of extenuare to make thin, loosen, weaken; ex out + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Tenuity.] 1. To make thin or slender; to draw out so as to lessen the thickness. “His body behind the head becomes broad, from whence it is again extenuated all the way to the tail.” Grew. 2. To lessen; to palliate; to lessen or weaken the force of; to diminish the conception of, as crime, guilt, faults, ills, accusations, etc.; — opposed to aggravate. “But fortune there extenuates the crime.” Dryden. “Let us extenuate, conceal, adorn the unpleasing reality.” I. Taylor. 3. To lower or degrade; to detract from. [Obs.] “Who can extenuate thee?” Milton. Syn. — To palliate; to mitigate. See Palliate.

Ex•ten´u•ate, v. i. To become thinner; to make excuses; to advance palliating considerations. Burke.

Ex•ten´u•ate , a. [L. extenuatus, p. p.] Thin; slender. [Obs.] Huloet.

Ex•ten•u•a´tion , n. [L. extenuatio: cf. F. extenuation.] The act of axtenuating or the state of being extenuated; the act of making thin, slender, or lean, or of palliating; diminishing, or lessening; palliation, as of a crime; mitigation, as of punishment. “To listen … to every extenuation of what is evil.” I. Taylor.

Ex•ten´u•a•tor , n. One who extenuates.

Ex•ten´u•a•to•ry , a. [Cf. L. extenuatorius attenuating.] Tending to extenuate or palliate. Croker.

Ex•te´ri•or, a. [L. exterior, compar. of exter or exterus on the outside, outward, foreign, strange, a compar. fr. ex: cf. F. exterieur. See Ex, and cf. Extreme, Interior.] 1. External; outward; pertaining to that which is external; — opposed to interior; as the exterior part of a sphere. “Sith nor the exterior nor the inward man
Resemble that it was.” Shak. 2. External; on the outside; without the limits of; extrinsic; as an object exterior to a man, opposed to what is within, or in his mind. “Without exterior help sustained.” Milton. 3. Relating to foreign nations; foreign; as the exterior relations of a state or kingdom. Exterior angle (Geom.), the angle included between any side of a triangle or polygon and the prolongation of the adjacent side; also an angle included between a line crossing two parallel lines and either of the latter on the outside. — Exterior side (Fort.), the side of the polygon upon which a front of fortification is formed. Wilhelm. See Illust. of Ravelin.

Ex•te´ri•or, n. 1. The outward surface or part of a thing; that which is external; outside. 2. Outward or external deportment, form, or ceremony; visible act; as the exteriors of religion.

Ex•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. exteriorite.] Surface; superficies; externality.

Ex•te´ri•or•ly , adv. Outwardly; externally; on the exterior. Shak. “They are exteriorly lifelike.” J. H. Morse.

Ex•ter´mi•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exterminated p. pr. & vb. n. Exterminating] [L. exterminatus, p. p. of exterminare to abolish, destroy, drive out or away; ex out + terminus boundary, limit. See Term.] 1. To drive out or away; to expel. “They deposed, exterminated, and deprived him of communion.” Barrow. 2. To destroy utterly; to cut off; to extirpate; to annihilate; to root out; as to exterminate a colony, a tribe, or a nation; to exterminate error or vice. “To explode and exterminate rank atheism.” Bentley. 3. (Math.) To eliminate, as unknown quantities. [R.]

Ex•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. extermination.] 1. The act of exterminating; total destruction; eradication; excision; as the extermination of inhabitants or tribes, of error or vice, or of weeds from a field. 2. (Math.) Elimination. [R.]

Ex•ter´mi•na•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, exterminates. Buckle.

Ex•ter´mi•na•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to extermination; tending to exterminate. ´Exterminatory war.´ Burke.

Ex•ter´mine , v. t. [F. exterminer.] To exterminate; to destroy. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tern´ , a. [Cf. F. externe. See External.] External; outward; not inherent. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tern´, n. [Cf. F. externe.] 1. A pupil in a seminary who lives without its walls; a day scholar. 2. Outward form or part; exterior. [R.]

Ex•ter´nal , a. [L. externus, fr. exter, exterus, on the outside, outward. See Exterior.] 1. Outward; exterior; relating to the outside, as of a body; being without; acting from without; — opposed to internal; as the external form or surface of a body. “Of all external things, …
She [Fancy] forms imaginations, aery shapes.” Milton. 2. Outside of or separate from ourselves; (Metaph.) separate from the perceiving mind. 3. Outwardly perceptible; visible; physical or corporeal, as distinguished from mental or moral. “Her virtues graced with external gifts.” Shak. 4. Not intrinsic nor essential; accidental; accompanying; superficial. “The external circumstances are greatly different.” Trench. 5. Foreign; relating to or connected with foreign nations; as external trade or commerce; the external relations of a state or kingdom. 6. (Anat.) Away from the mesial plane of the body; lateral. External angles. (Geom.) See under Angle.

Ex•ter´nal, n. Something external or without; outward part; that which makes a show, rather than that which is intrinsic; visible form; — usually in the plural. “Adam was then no less glorious in his externals” South. “God in externals could not place content.” Pope.

Ex•ter´nal•ism n. 1. The quality of being manifest to the senses; external acts or appearances; regard for externals. “This externalism gave Catholicism a great advantage on all sides.” E. Eggleston. 2. (Metaph.) That philosophy or doctrine which recognizes or deals only with externals, or objects of sense perception; positivism; phenomenalism.

Ex•ter•nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to externalism. North Am. Rev.

Ex•ter•nal´i•ty , n. State of being external; exteriority; (Metaph.) separation from the perceiving mind. “Pressure or resistance necessarily supposes externality in the thing which presses or resists.” A. Smith.

Ex•ter´nal•ize , v. t. To make external; to manifest by outward form. “Thought externalizes itself in language.” Soyce.

Ex•ter´nal•ly, adv. In an external manner; outwardly; on the outside; in appearance; visibly.

Ex•terne´ , n. [F. Cf. Extern.] (med.) An officer in attendance upon a hospital, but not residing in it; esp., one who cares for the out- patients.

Ex•ter•ra´ne•ous , a. [L. exterraneus; es out + terra land.] Foreign; belonging to, or coming from, abroad.

Ex•ter•ri•to´ri•al , a. [Pref. ex + territorial.] Beyond the territorial limits; foreign to, or exempt from, the territorial jurisdiction. — Ex•ter•ri•to´ri•al•ly(#),adv.

Ex•ter•ri•to•ri•al´i•ty , n. 1. The state of being beyond the limits of a country. 2. The state of being free from the jurisdiction of a country when within its territorial limits.

Ex•ter´sion , n. [L. extergere, extersum, to wipe out; ex out + tergere to wipe or rub off.] The act of wiping or rubbing out. [Obs.]

Ex•till´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Extilled p. pr. & vb. n. Extilling.] [L. extillare, exstillare; ex out + stillare to drop, stilla drop.] To drop or distill. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•til•la´tion , n. Distillation. [Obs.] “An exudation or extillation of petrifying juices.” Derham.

Ex•tim´u•late , v. t. [L. extimulatus, exstimulatus, p. p. of extimulare, exstimulare, to goad. See Stimulate.] To stimulate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•tim•u•la´tion , n. Stimulation. [Obs.] “Things insipid, and without any extimulation.” Bacon.

Ex•tinct´ , a. [L. extinctus, exstinctus, p. p. of extinguere, exstinguere. See Extinguish.] 1. Extinguished; put out; quenched; as a fire, a light, or a lamp, is extinct; an extinct volcano. “Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct.” Milton. 2. Without a survivor; without force; dead; as a family becomes extinct; an extinct feud or law.

Ex•tinct´, v. t. To cause to be extinct. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tinc´tion , n. [L. extinctio, exstinction: cf. F. extinction.] 1. The act of extinguishing or making extinct; a putting an end to; the act of putting out or destroying light, fire, life, activity, influence, etc. 2. State of being extinguished or of ceasing to be; destruction; suppression; as the extinction of life, of a family, of a quarrel, of claim.

Ex´tine ( 104), n. [L. exter on the outside. Cf. Intine.] (bot.) The outer membrane of the grains of pollen of flowering plants.

Ex•tin´guish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extinguished p pr. & vb. n. Extinguishing.] [L. extinguere, exstinguere; ex out + stinguere to quench. See Distinguish, Finish.] 1. To quench; to put out, as a light or fire; to stifle; to cause to die out; to put an end to; to destroy; as to extinguish a flame, or life, or love, or hope, a pretense or a right. “A light which the fierce winds have no power to extinguish.” Prescott. “This extinguishes my right to the reversion.” Blackstone. 2. To obscure; to eclipse, as by superior splendor. “Natural graces that extinguish art.” Shak.

Ex•tin´guish•a•ble , a. Capable of being quenched, destroyed, or suppressed.

Ex•tin´guish•er , n. One who, or that which, extinguishes; esp., a hollow cone or other device for extinguishing a flame, as of a torch or candle.

Ex•tin´guish•ment , n. 1. The act of extinguishing, putting out, or quenching, or the state of being extinguished; extinction; suppression; destruction; nullification; as the extinguishment of fire or flame, of discord, enmity, or jealousy, or of love or affection. 2. (Law) The annihilation or extinction of a right or obligation. Abbott.

Ex•tirp´ , v. t. [Cf. F. extirper.] To extirpate. [Obs.] “It is impossible to extirp it quite, friar.” Shak.

Ex•tir´pa•ble , a. Capable of being extirpated or eradicated; as an extirpable plant. Evelyn.

Ex´tir•pate ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extirpated p. pr. & vb. n. Extirpating] [L. extirpatus, exstirpatus, p. p. of extirpare, exstirpare; ex out + strips stock, stem, root.] To pluck up by the stem or root; to root out; to eradicate, literally or figuratively; to destroy wholly; as to extirpate weeds; to extirpate a tumor; to extirpate a sect; to extirpate error or heresy. Syn. — To eradicate; root out; destroy; exterminate; annihilate; extinguish.

Ex•tir•pa´tion , n. [L. extirpatio, exstirpatio: cf. F. extirpation.] The act of extirpating or rooting out, or the state of being extirpated; eradication; excision; total destruction; as the extirpation of weeds from land, of evil from the heart, of a race of men, of heresy.

Ex´tir•pa•tive , a. Capable of rooting out, or tending to root out. Cheyne.

Ex´tir•pa•tor ( 277), n. [L. extirpator, exstirpator: cf. F. extirpateur.] One who extirpates or roots out; a destroyer.

Ex•tir´pa•to•ry , a. Extirpative.

Ex•tirp´er , n. Extirpator. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•ti•spi´cious , a. [L. extispicium an inspection of the inwards for divination; extra the entrails + specer to look at.] Relating to the inspection of entrails for prognostication. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•tog´e•nous , a. [L. exter outward + genous.] (Biol.) Exogenous.

Ex•tol´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extolled p. pr. & vb. n. Extolling.] [L. extollere; ex out + tollere to lift, take up, or raise: cf. OF. extoller. See Tollerate, and cf. Flate.] 1. To place on high; to lift up; to elevate. [Obs.] “Who extolled you in the half-crown boxes,
Where you might sit and muster all the beauties.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To elevate by praise; to eulogize; to praise; to magnify; as to extol virtue; to extol an act or a person. “Wherein have I so deserved of you,
That you extol me thus?” Shak. Syn. — To praise; applaud; commend; magnify; celebrate; laud; glorify. See Praise.

Ex•tol´ler , n.One who extols; one who praises.

Ex•tol´ment , n. Praise. [Obs.] Shak.

Ex•tor´sive , a. [See Extort.] Serving or tending to extort. [R.] Johnson. — Ex•tor´sive•ly, adv. [R.]

Ex•tort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Extorting.] [L. extortus, p. p. of extorquere to twist or wrench out, to extort; ex out + torquere to turn about, twist. See Torsion.] 1. To wrest from an unwilling person by physical force, menace, duress, torture, or any undue or illegal exercise of power or ingenuity; to wrench away (from); to tear away; to wring (from); to exact; as to extort contributions from the vanquished; to extort confessions of guilt; to extort a promise; to extort payment of a debt. 2. (Law) To get by the offense of extortion. See Extortion, 2.

Ex•tort´, v. i. To practice extortion. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•tort´, p. p. & a. [L. extortus. p. p.] Extorted. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•tort´er , n. One who practices extortion.

Ex•tor´tion , n. [F. extorsion.] 1. The act of extorting; the act or practice of wresting anything from a person by force, by threats, or by any undue exercise of power; undue exaction; overcharge. 2. (Law) The offense committed by an officer who corruptly claims and takes, as his fee, money, or other thing of value, that is not due, or more than is due, or before it is due. Abbott. 3. That which is extorted or exacted by force. Syn. — Oppression; rapacity; exaction; overcharge.

Ex•tor´tion•a•ry , a. Extortionate.

Ex•tor´tion•ate , a. Characterized by extortion; oppressive; hard.

Ex•tor´tion•er , n. One who practices extortion.

Ex•tor´tious , a. Extortionate. [Obs.] ´Extortious cruelties.´ Bp. Hall — Ex•tor´tious•ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex´tra- [L., fr. exter. See Exterior.] A Latin preposition, denoting beyond, outside of; — often used in composition as a prefix signifying outside of, beyond, besides, or in addition to what is denoted by the word to which it is prefixed.

Ex´tra, a. Beyond what is due, usual, expected, or necessary; additional; supernumerary; also extraordinarily good; superior; as extra work; extra pay. ´By working extra hours.´ H. Spencer.

Ex´tra , n.; pl. Extras . Something in addition to what is due, expected, or customary; something in addition to the regular charge or compensation, or for which an additional charge is made; as at European hotels lights are extras. [Colloq.]

Ex•tra•ar•tic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Situated outside of a joint. { Ex•tra•ax´il•lar , Ex•tra•ax´il•la•ry } a. (Bot.) Growing outside of the axils; as an extra-axillary bud.

Ex•tra•bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Outside of the branchial arches; — said of the cartilages thus placed in some fishes.

Ex•tra•cap´su•lar , a. (Anat.) Situated outside of a capsule, esp. outside the capsular ligament of a joint.

Ex•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Extracting.] [L. extractus, p. p. of extrahere to extract; ex out + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Estreat.] 1. To draw out or forth; to pull out; to remove forcibly from a fixed position, as by traction or suction, etc.; as to extract a tooth from its socket, a stump from the earth, a splinter from the finger. “The bee
Sits on the bloom extracting liquid sweet.” Milton. 2. To withdraw by expression, distillation, or other mechanical or chemical process; as to extract an essence. Cf. Abstract, v. t., 6. “Sunbeams may be extracted from cucumbers, but the process is tedious.” 3. To take by selection; to choose out; to cite or quote, as a passage from a book. “I have extracted out of that pamphlet a few notorious falsehoods.” Swift. To extract the root (Math.), to ascertain the root of a number or quantity.

Ex´tract , n. 1. That which is extracted or drawn out. 2. A portion of a book or document, separately transcribed; a citation; a quotation. 3. A decoction, solution, or infusion made by drawing out from any substance that which gives it its essential and characteristic virtue; essence; as extract of beef; extract of dandelion; also any substance so extracted, and characteristic of that from which it is obtained; as quinine is the most important extract of Peruvian bark. 4. (Med.) A solid preparation obtained by evaporating a solution of a drug, etc., or the fresh juice of a plant; — distinguished from an abstract. See Abstract, n., 4. 5. (Old Chem.) A peculiar principle once erroneously supposed to form the basis of all vegetable extracts; — called also the extractive principle. [Obs.] 6. Extraction; descent. [Obs.] South. 7. (Scots Law) A draught or copy of writing; certified copy of the proceedings in an action and the judgement therein, with an order for execution. Tomlins. Fluid extract (Med.), a concentrated liquid preparation, containing a definite proportion of the active principles of a medicinal substance. At present a fluid gram of extract should represent a gram of the crude drug. { Ex•tract´a•ble , Ex•tract´i•ble } a. Capable of being extracted.

Ex•tract´i•form , a. (Chem.) Having the form, appearance, or nature, of an extract.

Ex•trac´tion , n. [Cf. F. extraction.] 1. The act of extracting, or drawing out; as the extraction of a tooth, of a bone or an arrow from the body, of a stump from earth, of a passage from a book, of an essence or tincture. 2. Derivation from a stock or family; lineage; descent; birth; the stock from which one has descended. ´A family of ancient extraction.´ Clarendon. 3. That which is extracted; extract; essence. “They [books] do preserve as in a vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect that bred them.” Milton. The extraction of roots. (Math.) (a) The operation of finding the root of a given number or quantity. (b) The method or rule by which the operation is performed; evolution.

Ex•tract´ive , a. [Cf. F. extractif.] 1. Capable of being extracted. ´Thirty grains of extractive matter.´ Kirwan. 2. Tending or serving to extract or draw out. “Certain branches of industry are conveniently designated extractive: e.g., agriculture, pastoral and mining pursuits, cutting of lumber, etc.” Cairnes.

Ex•tract´ive, n. 1. Anything extracted; an extract. “Extractives, of which the most constant are urea, kreatin, and grape sugar.” H. N. Martin. 2. (Chem.) (a) A chemical principle once supposed to exist in all extracts. [Obs.] (b) Any one of a large class of substances obtained by extraction, and consisting largely of nitrogenous hydrocarbons, such as xanthin, hypoxanthin, and creatin extractives from muscle tissue.

Ex•tract´or , n. One who, or that which, extracts; as: (a) (Surg.) A forceps or instrument for extracting substances. (b) (Breech-loading Firearms) A device for withdrawing a cartridge or spent cartridge shell from the chamber of the barrel.

Ex•tra•dic´tion•a•ry , a. [Pref. extra- + L. dictio a saying. See Diction.] Consisting not in words, but in realities. [Obs.] “Of these extradictionary and real fallacies, Aristotle and logicians make in number six.” Sir T. Browne.

Ex´tra•di•ta•ble , a. 1. Subject, or liable, to extradition, as a fugitive from justice. 2. Making liable to extradition; as extraditable offenses.

Ex´tra•dite , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extradited p. pr. & vb. n. Extraditing] To deliver up by one government to another, as a fugitive from justice. See Extradition.

Ex•tra•di´tion , n. [L. ex out + traditio a delivering up: cf. F. extradition. See Tradition.] The surrender or delivery of an alleged criminal by one State or sovereignty to another having jurisdiction to try charge.

Ex•tra´dos , n. [F.; pref. extra- outside + dos (L. dorsum) the back.] (Arch.) The exterior curve of an arch; esp., the upper curved face of the whole body of voussoirs. See Intrados.

Ex•tra•do´tal , a. [Pref. extra- + dotal.] Forming no part of the dowry; as extradotal property.

Ex•tra•fo•li•a´ceous , a. [Pref. extra + foliaceous.] (Bot.) Away from the leaves, or inserted in a different place from them; as extrafoliaceous prickles. Loudon.

Ex•tra•fo•ra´ne•ous , a. [Pref. extra- + L. foras out of doors.] Pertaining to that which is out of doors. ´Extraforaneous occupations.´ Cowper.

Ex•tra•ge´ne•ous , a. [Pref. extra- + L. genus race.] Belonging to another race or kind.

Ex•tra•ju•di´cial , a. Out of or beyond the proper authority of a court or judge; beyond jurisdiction; not legally required. ´An extrajudicial opinion.´ Hallam. — Ex•tra•ju•di´cial•ly, adv.

Ex•tra•lim´it•a•ry , a. Being beyond the limit or bounds; as extraliminary land. Mitford.

Ex•tra•log´ic•al , a. Lying outside of the domain of logic. — Ex•tra•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ex•tra•mis´sion , n. A sending out; emission. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•tra•mun´dane , a. [L. extramundanus; extra + mundus world.] Beyond the material world. ´An extramundane being.´ Bp. Warburton.

Ex•tra•mu´ral , a. Outside of the walls, as of a fortified or walled city.

Ex•tra•ne´i•ty , n. State of being without or beyond a thing; foreignness. [Obs.]

Ex•tra´ne•ous , a. [L. extraneus, from extra. See Extra-, Strange.] Not belonging to, or dependent upon, a thing; without or beyond a thing; not essential or intrinsic; foreign; as to separate gold from extraneous matter. “Nothing is admitted extraneous from the indictment.” Landor. — Ex•tra´ne•ous•ly, adv.

Ex•tra-oc´u•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Inserted exterior to the eyes; — said of the antennae of certain insects.

Ex•tra-of•fi´cial , a. Not prescribed by official duty.

Ex•traor´di•na•ri•ly , adv. In an extraordinary manner or degree.

Ex•traor´di•na•ri•ness, n. The quality of being extraordinary. [R.] Gov. of the Tongue.

Ex•traor´di•na•ry , a. [L. extraordinarius; extra on the outside + ordinarius: cf. F. extraordinaire. See Ordinary.] 1. Beyond or out of the common order or method; not usual, customary, regular, or ordinary; as extraordinary evils; extraordinary remedies. “Which dispose
To something extraordinary my thoughts.” Milton. 2. Exceeding the common degree, measure. or condition; hence, remarkable; uncommon; rare; wonderful; as extraordinary talents or grandeur. 3. Employed or sent upon an unusual or special service; as an ambassador extraordinary.

Ex•traor´di•na•ry, n.; pl. Extraordinaries . That which is extraordinary; — used especially in the plural; as extraordinaries excepted, there is nothing to prevent success. “Their extraordinary did consist especially in the matter of prayers and devotions.” Jer. Taylor.

Ex•tra•pa•ro´chi•al , a. Beyond the limits of a parish. — Ex•tra•pa•ro´chi•al•ly, adv.

Ex•tra•phys´i•cal , a. Not subject to physical laws or methods.

Ex•tra•pro•fes´sion•al , a. Foreign to a profession; not within the ordinary limits of professional duty or business.

Ex•tra•pro•vin´cial , a. Not within of pertaining to the same province or jurisdiction. Ayliffe.

Ex•tra•reg´u•lar , a. Not comprehended within a rule or rules. Jer. Taylor.

Ex•tra•sta•pe´di•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which, in many animals, projects beyond the connection with the stapes. — n. The extrastapedial part of columella.

Ex•tra•ter•ri•to´ri•al , a. Beyond the limits of a territory or particular jurisdiction; exterritorial. — Ex•tra•ter•ri•to´ri•al•ly(#), adv.

Ex•tra•ter•ri•to•ri•al´i•ty , n. The state of being beyond the limits of a particular territory; esp. (Internat. Law), A fiction by which a public minister, though actually in a foreign country, is supposed still to remain within the territory of his own sovereign or nation. Wheaton.

Ex•tra•trop´ic•al , a. Beyond or outside of the tropics. Whewell.

Ex•traught´ , p. p. of Extract. [Cf. Distraught.] Extracted; descended. [Obs.] “Knowing whence thou art extraught” Shak.

Ex•tra-u´ter•ine , a. (Anat. & Med.) Outside of the uterus, or womb. Extra-uterine pregnancy (Med.), a condition of pregnancy in which the fetus is not in the uterus, but in the Fallopian tube or in the abdominal cavity.

Ex•trav´a•gance , n. [Cf. F. extravagance. See Extravagant, and cf. Extravaganza.] 1. A wandering beyond proper limits; an excursion or sally from the usual way, course, or limit. 2. The state of being extravagant, wild, or prodigal beyond bounds of propriety or duty; want of moderation; excess; especially, undue expenditure of money; vaid and superfluous expense; prodigality; as extravagance of anger, love, expression, imagination, demands. “Some verses of my own, Maximin and Almanzor, cry vengeance on me for their extravagance.” Dryden. “The income of three dukes was enough to supply her extravagance.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — Wildness; irregularity; excess; prodigality; profusion; waste; lavishness; unreasonableness; recklessness.

Ex•trav´a•gan•cy , n.; pl. Extravagancies . Extravagance.

Ex•trav´a•gant , a. [F. extravagant, fr. L. extra on the outside + vagans, -antis, p. pr. of vagari to wander, from vagus wandering, vague. See Vague.] 1. Wandering beyond one’s bounds; roving; hence, foreign. [Obs.] “The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine.” Shak. 2. Exceeding due bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained; as extravagant acts, wishes, praise, abuse. “There appears something nobly wild and extravagant in great natural geniuses.” Addison. 3. Profuse in expenditure; prodigal; wasteful; as an extravagant man. ´Extravagant expense.´ Bancroft.

Ex•trav´a•gant, n. 1. One who is confined to no general rule. L’Estrange. 2. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) Certain constitutions or decretal epistles, not at first included with others, but subsequently made a part of the canon law.

Ex•trav´a•gant•ly, adv. In an extravagant manner; wildly; excessively; profusely.

Ex•trav´a•gant•ness, n. The state of being extravagant or in excess; excess; extravagance.

Ex•trav•a•gan´za , n. [Extravagance with an Italian ending: cf. It. stravaganza.] 1. A composition, as in music, or in the drama, designed to produce effect by its wild irregularity; esp., a musical caricature. 2. An extravagant flight of sentiment or language.

Ex•trav´a•gate , v. i. [Pref. extra- + L. vagatus, p. p. of vagari to rove. See Extravagant.] To rove. Bp. Warburton.

Ex•trav•a•ga´tion , n. A wandering beyond limits; excess. [Obs.] Smollett.

Ex•trav´a•sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extravasated p. pr. & vb. n. Extravasating] [Pref. extra- + L. vas vessel: cf. F. extravaser. See Vase.] To force or let out of the proper vessels or arteries, as blood.

Ex•trav•a•sa´tion , n. [Cf. F. extravasation.] The act of forcing or letting out of its proper vessels or ducts, as a fluid; effusion; as an extravasation of blood after a rupture of the vessels.

Ex•tra•vas´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) (a) Outside the vessels; — said of the substance of all the tissues. (b) Destitute of vessels; non-vascular.

Ex•trav´e•nate , a. [Pref. extra- + L. vena vein.] Let out of the veins. [Obs.] ´Extravenate blood.´ Glanvill.

Ex•tra•ver´sion , n. [Pref. extra- + L. vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. extraversion.] The act of throwing out; the state of being turned or thrown out. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ex•treat´ , n. [See Estreat, Extract.] Extraction. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ex•treme´ , a. [L. extremus, superl. of exter, extrus, on the outside, outward: cf. F. extrême. See Exterior.] 1. At the utmost point, edge, or border; outermost; utmost; farthest; most remote; at the widest limit. 2. Last; final; conclusive; — said of time; as the extreme hour of life. 3. The best of worst; most urgent; greatest; highest; immoderate; excessive; most violent; as an extreme case; extreme folly. ´The extremest remedy.´ Dryden. ´Extreme rapidity.´ Sir W. Scott. “Yet extreme gusts will blow out fire.” Shak. 4. Radical; ultra; as extreme opinions. “The Puritans or extreme Protestants.” Gladstone. 5. (Mus.) Extended or contracted as much as possible; — said of intervals; as an extreme sharp second; an extreme flat forth. Extreme and mean ratio (Geom.), the relation of a line and its segments when the line is so divided that the whole is to the greater segment is to the less. — Extreme distance. (Paint.) See Distance., n., 6. — Extreme unction. See under Unction. Although this adjective, being superlative in signification, is not properly subject to comparison, the superlative form not unfrequently occurs, especially in the older writers. ´Tried in his extremest state.´ Spenser. ´Extremest hardships.´ Sharp. ´Extremest of evils.´ Bacon. ´Extremest verge of the swift brook.´ Shak. ´The sea’s extremest borders.´ Addison.

Ex•treme´, n. 1. The utmost point or verge; that part which terminates a body; extremity. 2. Utmost limit or degree that is supposable or tolerable; hence, furthest degree; any undue departure from the mean; — often in the plural: things at an extreme distance from each other, the most widely different states, etc.; as extremes of heat and cold, of virtue and vice; extremes meet. “His parsimony went to the extreme of meanness.” Bancroft. 3. An extreme state or condition; hence, calamity, danger, distress, etc. ´Resolute in most extremes.´ Shak. 4. (Logic) Either of the extreme terms of a syllogism, the middle term being interposed between them. 5. (Math.) The first or the last term of a proportion or series. In the extreme as much as possible. ´The position of the Port was difficult in the extreme.´ J. P. Peters.

Ex•treme´less , a. Having no extremes; infinite.

Ex•treme´ly, adv. In an extreme manner or state; in the utmost degree; to the utmost point; exceedingly; as extremely hot or cold.

Ex•trem´ist , n. A supporter of extreme doctrines or practice; one who holds extreme opinions.

Ex•trem´i•ty , n.; pl. Extremities. [L. extremitas: cf. F. extremite.] 1. The extreme part; the utmost limit; the farthest or remotest point or part; as the extremities of a country. “They sent fleets … to the extremities of Ethiopia.” Arbuthnot. 2. (Zoöl.) One of locomotive appendages of an animal; a limb; a leg or an arm of man. 3. The utmost point; highest degree; most aggravated or intense form. ´The extremity of bodily pain.´ Ray. 4. The highest degree of inconvenience, pain, or suffering; greatest need or peril; extreme need; necessity. “Divers evils and extremities that follow upon such a compulsion shall here be set in view.” Milton. “Upon mere extremity he summoned this last Parliament.” Milton. Syn. — Verge; border; extreme; end; termination.

Ex´tri•ca•ble , a. Capable of being extricated. Sir W. Jones.

Ex´tri•cate (eks´tri•kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extricated(- ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Extricating(-ka•ting).] [L. extricatus, p. p. of extricare to extricate; ex out + tricae trifles, impediments, perplexities. Cf. Intricate.] 1. To free, as from difficulties or perplexities; to disentangle; to disembarrass; as to extricate a person from debt, peril, etc. “We had now extricated ourselves from the various labyrinths and defiles.” Eustace. 2. To cause to be emitted or evolved; as to extricate heat or moisture. Syn. — To disentangle; disembarrass; disengage; relieve; evolve; set free; liberate.

Ex•tri•ca´tion , n. 1. The act or process of extricating or disentangling; a freeing from perplexities; disentanglement. 2. The act of sending out or evolving.

Ex•trin´sic , a. [L. extrinsecus; exter on the outside + secus otherwise, beside; akin to E. second: cf. F. extrinsèque. See Exterior, Second.] 1. Not contained in or belonging to a body; external; outward; unessential; — opposed to intrinsic. “The extrinsic aids of education and of artificial culture.” I. Taylor. 2. (Anat.) Attached partly to an organ or limb and partly to some other part; — said of certain groups of muscles. Opposed to intrinsic.

Ex•trin´sic•al , a. Extrinsic. — Ex•trin´sic•al•ly(#), adv. { Ex•trin•si•cal´i•ty , Ex•trin´sic•al•ness } n. The state or quality of being extrinsic.

Ex•tro´i•tive , a. [L. extra on the outside + ire, itum, to go.] Seeking or going out after external objects. [R.] “Their natures being almost wholly extroitive.” Coleridge.

Ex•tror´sal , a. (Bot.) Extrorse.

Ex•trorse´ , a. [As if from an assumed L. extrorsus, for extroversus; extra on the outside + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. extrorse.] (Bot.) Facing outwards, or away from the axis of growth; — said esp. of anthers occupying the outer side of the filament.

Ex•tro•ver´sion , n. [See Extrorse.] The condition of being turned wrong side out; as extroversion of the bladder. Dunglison.

Ex•truct´ , v. t. [L. extructus, exstructus, p. p. of extruere, exstruere, to build up; ex out + struere to build.] To construct. [Obs.] Byrom.

Ex•truc´tion , n. [L. exstructio.] A building up; construction. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•truct´ive , a. Constructive. [Obs.] Fulke.

Ex•truct´or , n. [L.] A builder. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•trude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Extruding.] [L. extrudere, extrusum; ex out + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat. See Threat.] To thrust out; to force, press, or push out; to expel; to drive off or away. ´Parentheses thrown into notes or extruded to the margin.´ Coleridge.

Ex•tru´sion , n. The act of thrusting or pushing out; a driving out; expulsion.

Ex•tu´ber•ance , n. A swelling or rising; protuberance. [R.] Moxon.

Ex•tu´ber•an•cy , n. Extuberance. [R.]

Ex•tu´ber•ant , a. [L. extuberare.] Swollen out; protuberant. [R.] ´Extuberant lips.´ Gayton.

Ex•tu´ber•ate , v. i. [L. extuberatus, p. pr. of extuberare to swell; ex out + tuber a swelling.] To swell out. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ex•tu•ber•a´tion , n. [L. extuberatio.] Protuberance. [Obs.] Farindon.

Ex•tu•mes´cence , n. [L. ex. + tumescens, p. pr. of tumescere, incho. fr. tumere to swell: cf. F. extumescence.] A swelling or rising. [R.] Cotgrave.

Ex•u´ber•ance , n. [L. exuberantia: cf. F. exuberance.] The state of being exuberant; an overflowing quantity; a copious or excessive production or supply; superabundance; richness; as an exuberance of joy, of fancy, or of foliage. Syn. — Abundance; superabundance; excess; plenty; copiousness; profusion; richness; overflow; overgrowth; rankness; wantonness. See Abundance.

Ex•u´ber•an•cy , n. Exuberance.

Ex•u´ber•ant , a. [L. exuberans, exuberantis, p. pr. of exuberare to be abundant; ex + uberare to be fruitful, fr. uber fruitful, fertile, uber udder: cf. F. exuberant. See Udder.] Characterized by abundance or superabundance; plenteous; rich; overflowing; copious or excessive in production; as exuberant goodness; an exuberant intellect; exuberant foliage. ´Exuberant spring.´ Thomson. — Ex•u´ber•ant•ly, adv.

Ex•u´ber•ate , v. i. [L. exuberatus, p. p. of exuberare. See Exuberant, n.] To abound; to be in great abundance. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ex•uc´cous , a. See Exsuccous. [Obs.]

Ex•u´date , v. t. & i. [See Exude.] To exude. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ex•u•da´tion , n. The act of exuding; sweating; a discharge of humors, moisture, juice, or gum, as through pores or incisions; also the substance exuded. “Resins, a class of proximate principles, existing in almost all plants and appearing on the external surface of many of them in the form of exudations.” Am. Cyc.

Ex•ude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exuded; p. pr. & vb. n. exuding.] [L. exudare, exsudare, exudatum, exsudatum, to sweat out; ex out + sudare to sweat: cf. F. exuder, exsuder. See Sweat.] To discharge through pores or incisions, as moisture or other liquid matter; to give out. “Our forests exude turpentine in … abundance.” Dr. T. Dwight.

Ex•ude´, v. i. To flow from a body through the pores, or by a natural discharge, as juice.

Ex•ul´cer•ate , v. t. & i. [L. exulceratus, p. p. of exulcerare to make sore; ex out + ulcerare. See Ulcerate.] 1. To ulcerate. [Obs.] ´To exulcerate the lungs.´ Evelyn. 2. To corrode; to fret; to chafe; to inflame. [Obs.] “Minds exulcerated in themselves.” Hooker.

Ex•ul´cer•ate , a. [L. exulceratus, p. p.] Very sore; ulcerated. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ex•ul•cer•a´tion , n. [L. exulceratio: cf. F. exulceration.] [Obs. or R.] 1. Ulceration. Quincy. 2. A fretting; a festering; soreness. Hooker.

Ex•ul´cer•a•tive , a. Tending to cause ulcers; exulceratory. Holland.

Ex•ul´cer•a•to•ry , a. [L. exulceratorius: cf. F. exulceratoire.] Having a tendency to form ulcers; rendering ulcerous.

Ex•ult´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exulting.] [L. exultare, exsultare, exultatum, exsultatum, to leap vigorously, to exult, intens. fr. exsilire to spring out or up; ex out + salire to spring, leap: cf. F. exulter. See Salient.] To be in high spirits; figuratively, to leap for joy; to rejoice in triumph or exceedingly; to triumph; as an exulting heart. ´An exulting countenance.´ Bancroft. “The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
And leap exulting like the bounding roe.” Pope. { Ex•ult´ance , Ex•ult´an•cy } n. [L. exsultantia.] Exultation. [Obs.] Burton. Hammond.

Ex•ult´ant , a. [L. exsultans, exsultantis, p. pr. of exsultare. See Exult.] Inclined to exult; characterized by, or expressing, exultation; rejoicing triumphantly. “Break away, exultant, from every defilement.” I. Tay;or.

Ex•ul•ta´tion ( 277), n. [L. exsultatio: cf. F. exultation.] The act of exulting; lively joy at success or victory, or at any advantage gained; rapturous delight; triumph. “His bosom swelled with exultation.” Prescott.

Ex•ult´ing, a. Rejoicing triumphantly or exceedingly; exultant. — Ex•ult´ing•ly, adv.

Ex•un´date , v. i. [L. exundatus, p. p. of exundare to overflow; ex out + undare. See Undated waved.] To overflow; to inundate. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ex•un•da´tion , n. [L. exundatio.] An overflow, or overflowing abundance. [R.] Ray.

Ex•un´gu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exungulated p. pr. & vb. n. Exungulating] [L. exungulare to lose the hoof, ex out, from + ungula. See Ungula.] To pare off, as nails, the hoof, etc. [R.]

Ex•u´per•a•ble , a. [L. exuperabilis, exsuperabilis. See Exuperate.] Surmountable; superable. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ex•u´per•ance , n. [L. exuperantia, exsuperantia.] Superiority; superfluity. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

Ex•u´per•ant , a. [L. exuperans, exsuperans, p. pr.] Surpassing; exceeding; surmounting. [Obs.]

Ex•u´per•ate , v. t. [L. exuperatus, exsuperatus, p. p. of exuperare, exsuperare to excel; ex out + superare to go over, super above, over.] To excel; to surmount. [Obs.]

Ex•u•per•a´tion , n. [See Exurgent.] The act of rising or coming into view. [Obs.] Baxter.

Ex•ur´gent , a. [L. exurgens, exsurgens, p. pr. of exurgere, exsurgere, to rise up; ex out + surgere to rise.] Arising; coming to light. [Obs.]

Ex•us´ci•tate , v. t. See Exsuscitate [Obs.] T. Adams.

Ex•us´tion ( 106), n. [L. exustio, fr. exurere, exustum, to burn up; ex out + urere to burn.] The act or operation of burning up. Bailey.

Ex•u´to•ry , n. [Cf. F. exutoire. See Exuve.] (Med.) An issue.

Ex•u´vi•a , n. sing. of Exuviae.

Ex•u•vi•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of shedding the skin periodically. Craig.

Ex•u´vi•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. exuviable.] Capable of being cast off in the form of exuviae.

Ex•u´vi•ae, n. pl. [L., fr. exuere to draw out or off, to pull off.] 1. (Zoöl) Cast skins, shells, or coverings of animals; any parts of animals which are shed or cast off, as the skins of snakes, the shells of lobsters, etc. 2. (Geol.) The fossil shells and other remains which animals have left in the strata of the earth.

Ex•u´vi•al , a. Of or pertaining to exuviae. ´Exuvial layers.´ ´Exuvial deposits.´

Ex•u´vi•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exuviated, p. pr. & vb. n. Exuviating.] [From Exuviae.] (Zoöl.) To shed an old covering or condition preliminary to taking on a new one; to molt. “There is reason to suppose that very old crayfish do not exuviate every year.” Huxley.

Ex•u•vi•a´tion , n. (Zoöl.) The rejecting or casting off of some part, more particularly, the outer cuticular layer, as the shells of crustaceans, skins of snakes, etc.; molting; ecdysis.

Ex•-vo´to , n.; pl. Ex-votos (-töz). [L. ex out of, in accordance with + voto, abl. of votum a vow.] An offering to a church in fulfillment of a vow.

Ey , n.[AS. ig. Cf.Eyot.] An island. [Obs.]

Ey, n.; pl. Eyren . See Egg. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ey, An interj. of wonder or inquiry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

E•ya•let´ , n. [Turk., fr. Ar. iyalah.] Formerly, one of the administrative divisions or provinces of the Ottoman Empire; — now called a vilayet.

Ey•as , n. [F. niais fresh from the nest, a derivative fr. L. nidus nest. E. an eyas for a nias. See Nest, and cf. Nias, Jashawk.] (Zoöl.) A nesting or unfledged bird; in falconry, a young hawk from the nest, not able to prey for itself. Shak J. H. Walsh

Ey´as, a. Unfledged, or newly fledged. [Obs.] “Like eyas hawk up mounts unto the skies,
His newly budded pinions to assay.” Spebser.

Ey´as•mus•ket , n. [Eyas + muske the brid.] An unfledged or young male sparrow hawk. [Obs.] Shak.

Eye (i), n. [Prob. fr. nye, an eye being for a nye. See Nye.] (Zoöl.) A brood; as an eye of pheasants.

Eye (i), n. [OE. eghe, eighe, eie, eye, AS. eáge; akin to OFries. age, OS. oga, D. oog, Ohg. ouga, G. auge, Icel. auga, Sw. öga, Dan. öie, Goth. augo; cf. OSlav. oko, Lith. akis, L. okulus, Gr. ’o•kkos, eye, ’o•sse, the two eyes, Skr. akshi. rad.10, 212. Cf. Diasy, Ocular, Optic, Eyelet, Ogle.] 1. The organ of sight or vision. In man, and the vertebrates generally, it is properly the movable ball or globe in the orbit, but the term often includes the adjacent parts. In most invertebrates the eyes are immovable ocelli, or compound eyes made up of numerous ocelli. See Ocellus. Description of illustration: a b Conjunctiva; c Cornea; d Sclerotic; e Choroid; f Cillary Muscle; g Cillary Process; h Iris; i Suspensory Ligament; k Prosterior Aqueous Chamber between h and i; l Anterior Aqueous Chamber; m Crystalline Lens; n Vitreous Humor; o Retina; p Yellow spot; q Center of blind spot; r Artery of Retina in center of the Optic Nerve. The essential parts of the eye are inclosed in a tough outer coat, the sclerotic, to which the muscles moving it are attached, and which in front changes into the transparent cornea. A little way back of cornea, the crystalline lens is suspended, dividing the eye into two unequal cavities, a smaller one in front filled with a watery fluid, the aqueous humor, and larger one behind filled with a clear jelly, the vitreous humor. The sclerotic is lined with a highly pigmented membrane, the choroid, and this is turn is lined in the back half of the eyeball with the nearly transparent retina, in which the fibers of the optic nerve ramify. The choroid in front is continuous with the iris, which has a contractile opening in the center, the pupil, admitting light to the lens which brings the rays to a focus and forms an image upon the retina, where the light, falling upon delicate structures called rods and cones, causes them to stimulate the fibres of the optic nerve to transmit visual impressions to the brain. 2. The faculty of seeing; power or range of vision; hence, judgment or taste in the use of the eye, and in judging of objects; as to have the eye of a sailor; an eye for the beautiful or picturesque. 3. The action of the organ of sight; sight, look; view; ocular knowledge; judgment; opinion. “In my eye, she is the sweetest lady that I looked on.” Shak. 4. The space commanded by the organ of sight; scope of vision; hence, face; front; the presence of an object which is directly opposed or confronted; immediate presence. “We shell express our duty in his eye.” Shak. “Her shell your hear disproved to her eyes.” Shak. 5. Observation; oversight; watch; inspection; notice; attention; regard. ´Keep eyes upon her.´ Shak. “Booksellers … have an eye to their own advantage.” Addison. 6. That which resembles the organ of sight, in form, position, or appearance; as: (a) (Zoöl.) The spots on a feather, as of peacock. (b) The scar to which the adductor muscle is attached in oysters and other bivalve shells; also the adductor muscle itself, esp. when used as food, as in the scallop. (c) The bud or sprout of a plant or tuber; as the eye of a potato. (d) The center of a target; the bull’s-eye. (e) A small loop to receive a hook; as hooks and eyes on a dress. (f) The hole through the head of a needle. (g) A loop forming part of anything, or a hole through anything, to receive a rope, hook, pin, shaft, etc.; as an eye at the end of a tie bar in a bridge truss; an eye through a crank; an eye at the end of rope. (h) The hole through the upper millstone. 7. That which resembles the eye in relative importance or beauty. ´The very eye of that proverb.´ Shak. “Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts.” Milton. 8. Tinge; shade of color. [Obs.] “Red with an eye of blue makes a purple.” Boyle. By the eye, in abundance. [Obs.] Marlowe. — Elliott eye (Naut.), a loop in a hemp cable made around a thimble and served. — Eye agate, a kind of circle agate, the central parts of which are of deeper tints than the rest of the mass. Brande & C. — Eye animalcule (Zoöl), a flagellate infusorian belonging to Euglena and related genera; — so called because it has a colored spot like an eye at one end. — Eye doctor, an oculist. — Eye of a volute (Arch.), the circle in the center of volute. — Eye of day, Eye of the morning, Eye of heaven, the sun. ´So gently shuts the eye of day.´ Mrs. Barbauld. — Eye of a ship, the foremost part in the bows of a ship, where, formerly, eyes were painted; also the hawser holes. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Half an eye, very imperfect sight; a careless glance; as to see a thing with half an eye; often figuratively. ´Those who have but half an eye.´ B. Jonson. — To catch one’s eye, to attract one’s notice. — To find favor in the eyes (of), to be graciously received and treated. — To have an eye to, to pay particular attention to; to watch. ´Have an eye to Cinna.´ Shak. — To keep an eye on, to watch. — To set the eyes on, to see; to have a sight of. — In the eye of the wind (Naut.), in a direction opposed to the wind; as a ship sails in the eye of the wind.

Eye , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Eying or Eyeing.] To fix the eye on; to look on; to view; to observe; particularly, to observe or watch narrowly, or with fixed attention; to hold in view. “Eye me, blest Providence, and square my trial
To my proportioned strength.” Milton.

Eye, v. i. To appear; to look. [Obs.] “My becomings kill me, when they do not
Eye well to you.” Shak.

Eye´ball , n. The ball or globe of the eye.

Eye´bar , n. (Engin.) A bar with an eye at one or both ends.

Eye´beam , n. A glance of the eye. Shak.

Eye´bolt , n. (Mach.) A bolt with a looped head, or an opening in the head.

Eye´bright , n. (Bot.) A small annual plant (Euphrasia officinalis), formerly much used as a remedy for diseases of the eye.

Eye´brow , n. The brow or hairy arch above the eye. Shak.

Eye´cup , n. A small oval porcelain or glass cup, having a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye. it is used in the application of liquid remedies to eyes; — called also eyeglass.

Eyed , a. Heaving (such or so many) eyes; — used in composition; as sharp-eyed; dull- eyed; sad-eyed; ox-eyed Juno; myriad- eyed.

Eye´drop´ , n. A tear. [Poetic] Shak.

Eye´flap´ , n. A blinder on a horse’s bridle.

Eye´ful , a. Filling or satisfying the eye; visible; remarkable. [Obs.] ´Eyeful trophies.´ Chapman.

Eye´glance , n. A glance of eye.

Eye´glass , n. 1. A lens of glass to assist the sight. Eyeglasses are used singly or in pairs. 2. Eyepiece of a telescope, microscope, etc. 3. The retina. [Poetic] 4. A glass eyecup. See Eyecup.

Eye´hole , n. A circular opening to recive a hook, cord, ring, or rope; an eyelet.

Eye´lash , n. 1. The fringe of hair that edges the eyelid; — usually in the pl. 2. A hair of the fringe on the edge of the eyelid.

Eye´less , a. Without eyes; blind. ´Eyeless rage.´ Shak.

Eye´let , n. [F. œillet, dim. of œil eye, fr. L. oculus. See Eye, and cf. Oillet.] 1. A small hole or perforation to receive a cord or fastener, as in garments, sails, etc. 2. A metal ring or grommet, or short metallic tube, the ends of which can be bent outward and over to fasten it in place; — used to line an eyelet hole. Eyelet hole, a hole made for an eyelet. — Eyelet punch, a machine for punching eyelet holes and fastening eyelets, as in paper or cloth. — Eyelet ring. See Eyelet, 2.

Eye•let•eer´ , n. A small, sharp-pointed instrument used in piercing eyelet holes; a stiletto.

Eye•lid´ , n. (Anat.) The cover of the eye; that portion of movable skin with which an animal covers or uncovers the eyeball at pleasure.

Ey´en , n. pl. Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Eye´piece , n. (Opt.) The lens, or combination of lenses, at the eye end of a telescope or other optical instrument, through which the image formed by the mirror or object glass is viewed. Collimating eyepiece. See under Collimate. — Negative, or Huyghenian, eyepiece, an eyepiece consisting of two plano-convex lenses with their curved surfaces turned toward the object glass, and separated from each other by about half the sum of their focal distances, the image viewed by the eye being formed between the two lenses. it was devised by Huyghens, who applied it to the telescope. Campani applied it to the microscope, whence it is sometimes called Campani’s eyepiece. — Positive eyepiece, an eyepiece consisting of two plano-convex lenses placed with their curved surfaces toward each other, and separated by a distance somewhat less than the focal distance of the one nearest eye, the image of the object viewed being beyond both lenses; — called also from the name of the inventor, Ramsden’s eyepiece. — terrestrial, or Erecting eyepiece, an eyepiece used in telescopes for viewing terrestrial objects, consisting of three, or usually four, lenses, so arranged as to present the image of the object viewed in an erect position.

Ey´er , n. One who eyes another. Gayton.

Eye´reach , n. The range or reach of the eye; eyeshot. ´A seat in eyereach of him.´ B. Jonson.

Eye´-saint , n. An object of interest to the eye; one worshiped with the eyes. [Obs.] “That’s the eye-saint, I know,
Among young gallants.” Beau. & Fl.

Eye´salve , n. Ointment for the eye.

Eye´serv•ant , n. A servant who attends faithfully to his duty only when watched.

Eye´serv•ice , n. Service performed only under inspection, or the eye of an employer. “Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers.” Col. iii. 22.

Eye´shot , n. Range, reach, or glance of the eye; view; sight; as to be out of eyeshot. Dryden.

Eye´sight , n. Sight of the eye; the sense of seeing; view; observation. “Josephus sets this down from his own eyesight.” Bp. Wilkins.

Eye´sore , n. Something offensive to the eye or sight; a blemish. “Mordecai was an eyesore to Haman.” L’Estrange.

Eye´-splice , n. (Naut.) A splice formed by bending a rope’s end back, and fastening it into the rope, forming a loop or eye. See Illust. under Splice.

Eye´-spot , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A simple visual organ found in many invertebrates, consisting of pigment cells covering a sensory nerve termination. (b) An eyelike spot of color.

Eye´-spot•ted , a. Marked with spots like eyes. “Juno’s bird, in her eye-spotted train.” Spenser.

Eye´stalk , n. (Zoöl.) One of the movable peduncles which, in the decapod Crustacea, bear the eyes at the tip.

Eye´stone (i´ston•), n. 1. A small, lenticular, calcareous body, esp. an operculum of a small marine shell of the family Turbinidae, used to remove a foreign substance from the eye. It is put into the inner corner of the eye under the lid, and allowed to work its way out at the outer corner, bringing with it the substance. 2. (Min.) Eye agate. See under Eye.

Eye´string , n. The tendon by which the eye is moved. Shak.

Ey´et , n. An island. See Eyot.

Eye´tooth (i´tooth•), n.; pl. Eyeteeth (i´teth•) (Anat.) A canine tooth of the upper jaw. See Teeth. To cut one’s eyeteeth, to become acute or knowing. [Colloq.]

Eye´wash , n. See Eyewater.

Eye´wa•ter , n. (Med.) A wash or lotion for application to the eyes.

Eye´wink , n. A wink; a token. Shak.

Eye´wink•er , n. An eyelash. [A child’s word.]

Eye´wit•ness , n. One who sees a thing done; one who has ocular view of anything. “We … were eyewitnesses of his majesty.” 2 Pet. i. 16.

Ey´ghen , n. pl. Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Eyght (at), n. An island. See Eyot.

Eyle (al) v. t. & i. To ail. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ey´li•ad , n. See Œiliad. { Eyne , or Ey´en }, n. Plural of eye; — now obsolete, or used only in poetry. Shak. “With such a plaintive gaze their eyne
Are fastened upwardly on mine.” Mrs. Browning.

Ey´ot (i´ot or at), n. [Ey (AS. ig or Icel. ey) + F. dim. termination -ot; cf. AS. igeoð. See Island, and cf. Ait.] A little island in a river or lake. See Ait. [Written also ait, ayt, ey, eyet, and eyght.] Blackstone.

Eyr (âr), n. [See Air.] Air. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ey´ra , n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) A wild cat (Felis eyra) ranging from southern Brazil to Texas. It is reddish yellow and about the size of the domestic cat, but with a more slender body and shorter legs.

Eyre (âr), n. [OF. erre journey, march, way, fr. L. iter, itineris, a going, way, fr. the root of ire to go. Cf. Errant, Itinerant, Issue.] (O. Eng. Law) A journey in circuit of certain judges called justices in eyre (or in itinere). They were itinerant judges, who rode the circuit, holding courts in the different counties.

Ey´ren , n. pl. See Ey, an egg. { Ey´rie , Ey´ry (a´ry or e´ry; 277) }, n.; pl. Ey´ries (-riz). [See Aerie] The nest of a bird of prey or other large bird that builds in a lofty place; aerie. “The eagle and the stork
On cliffs and cedar tops their eyries build.” Milton.

Ey´sell , n. Same as Eisel. [Obs.] Shak.

F (ef). 1. F is the sixth letter of the English alphabet, and a nonvocal consonant. Its form and sound are from the Latin. The Latin borrowed the form from the Greek digamma , which probably had the value of English w consonant. The form and value of Greek letter came from the Phœnician, the ultimate source being probably Egyptian. Etymologically f is most closely related to p, k, v, and b; as in E. five, Gr. pe•nte; E. wolf, L. lupus, Gr. ly•kos; E. fox, vixen ; fragile, break; fruit, brook, v. t.; E. bear, L. ferre. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178, 179, 188, 198, 230. 2. (Mus.) The name of the fourth tone of the model scale, or scale of C. F sharp (F &sharp;) is a tone intermediate between F and G. F clef, the bass clef. See under Clef.

Fa (fä), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization. (b) The tone F.

Fa•ba´ceous (fa•ba´shus), a. [L. fabaceus, fr. faba bean.] Having the nature of a bean; like a bean.

Fa•bel´la , n.; pl. Fabellae (-l). [NL., dim. of L. faba a bean.] (Anat.) One of the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur, in some mammals.

Fa´bi•an , a. [L. Fabianus, Fabius, belonging to Fabius.] Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; cautious; dilatory; avoiding a decisive contest. Fabian policy, a policy like that of Fabius Maximus, who, by carefully avoiding decisive contests, foiled Hannibal, harassing his army by marches, countermarches, and ambuscades; a policy of delays and cautions.

Fa´ble (fa´b’l), n. [F., fr. L. fabula, fr. fari to speak, say. See Ban, and cf. Fabulous, Fame.] 1. A Feigned story or tale, intended to instruct or amuse; a fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept; an apologue. See the Note under Apologue. “Jotham’s fable of the trees is the oldest extant.” Addison. 2. The plot, story, or connected series of events, forming the subject of an epic or dramatic poem. “The moral is the first business of the poet; this being formed, he contrives such a design or fable as may be most suitable to the moral.” Dryden. 3. Any story told to excite wonder; common talk; the theme of talk. ´Old wives’ fables. ´ 1 Tim. iv. 7. “We grew
The fable of the city where we dwelt.” Tennyson. 4. Fiction; untruth; falsehood. “It would look like a fable to report that this gentleman gives away a great fortune by secret methods.” Addison.

Fa´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabled p. pr. & vb. n. Fabling ] To compose fables; hence, to write or speak fiction ; to write or utter what is not true. ´He Fables not.´ Shak. “Vain now the tales which fabling poets tell.” Prior. “He fables, yet speaks truth.” M. Arnold.

Fa´ble, v. t. To feign; to invent; to devise, and speak of, as true or real; to tell of falsely. “The hell thou fablest.” Milton.

Fa´bler (fa´bler), n. A writer of fables; a fabulist; a dealer in untruths or falsehoods. Bp. Hall.

Fa•bli•au´ , n.; pl. Fabliaux (-o´). [F., fr. OF. fablel, dim. of fable a fable.] (Fr. Lit.) One of the metrical tales of the Trouvères, or early poets of the north of France.

Fab´ric , n. [L. fabrica fabric, workshop: cf. F. fabrique fabric. See Forge.] 1. The structure of anything; the manner in which the parts of a thing are united; workmanship; texture; make; as cloth of a beautiful fabric. 2. That which is fabricated; as: (a) Framework; structure; edifice; building. “Anon out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose like an exhalation.” Milton. (b) Cloth of any kind that is woven or knit from fibers, either vegetable or animal; manufactured cloth; as silks or other fabrics. 3. The act of constructing; construction. [R.] “Tithe was received by the bishop, … for the fabric of the churches for the poor.” Milman. 4. Any system or structure consisting of connected parts; as the fabric of the universe. “The whole vast fabric of society.” Macaulay.

Fab´ric, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricked p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricking.] To frame; to build; to construct. [Obs.] ´Fabric their mansions.´ J. Philips.

Fab´ri•cant , n. [F.] One who fabricates; a manufacturer. Simmonds.

Fab´ri•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricated p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricating ] [L. fabricatus, p. p. of fabricari, fabricare, to frame, build, forge, fr. fabrica. See Fabric, Farge.] 1. To form into a whole by uniting its parts; to frame; to construct; to build; as to fabricate a bridge or ship. 2. To form by art and labor; to manufacture; to produce; as to fabricate woolens. 3. To invent and form; to forge; to devise falsely; as to fabricate a lie or story. “Our books were not fabricated with an accomodation to prevailing usages.” Paley.

Fab•ri•ca´tion , n. [L. fabricatio; cf. F. fabrication.] 1. The act of fabricating, framing, or constructing; construction; manufacture; as the fabrication of a bridge, a church, or a government. Burke. 2. That which is fabricated; a falsehood; as the story is doubtless a fabrication. Syn. — See Fiction.

Fab´ri•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who fabricates; one who constructs or makes. “The fabricator of the works of Ossian.” Mason.

Fab´ri•ca•tress , n. A woman who fabricates.

Fab´rile , a. [L. fabrilis, fr. faber workman. See Forge.] Pertaining to a workman, or to work in stone, metal, wood etc.; as fabrile skill.

Fab´u•list , n. [Cf. F. fabuliste, fr. L. fabula. See Fable.] One who invents or writes fables.

Fab´u•lize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabulized p. pr. & vb. n. Fabulizing ] [Cf. F. fabuliser. See Fable.] To invent, compose, or relate fables or fictions. G. S. Faber.

Fab•u•los´i•ty , n. [L. fabulositas: cf. F. fabulosite.] 1. Fabulousness. [R.] Abp. Abbot. 2. A fabulous or fictitious story. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Fab´u•lous (fab´u•lus), a. [L. fabulosus; cf. F. fabuleux. See Fable.] 1. Feigned, as a story or fable; related in fable; devised; invented; not real; fictitious; as a fabulous description; a fabulous hero. “The fabulous birth of Minerva.” Chesterfield. 2. Passing belief; exceedingly great; as a fabulous price. Macaulay. Fabulous age, that period in the history of a nation of which the only accounts are myths and unverified legends; as the fabulous age of Greece and Rome. — Fab´u•lous•ly (#), adv. — Fab´u•lous•ness, n.

Fab´ur•den (fab´ur•den), n. [F. faux bourdon. See False, and Burden a verse.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A species of counterpoint with a drone bass. (b) A succession of chords of the sixth. [Obs.] 2. A monotonous refrain. [Obs.] Holland.

Fac (fak), n. [Abbrev. of facsimile.] A large ornamental letter used, esp. by the early printers, at the commencement of the chapters and other divisions of a book. Brande & C.

Fa•çade´ (fa•sad´ or fa•sad´), n. [F., fr. It. facciata, fr. faccia face, L. facies. See Face.] (Arch.) The front of a building; esp., the principal front, having some architectural pretensions. Thus a church is said to have its façade unfinished, though the interior may be in use.

Face , n. [F., from L. facies form, shape, face, perh. from facere to make (see Fact); or perh. orig. meaning appearance, and from a root meaning to shine, and akin to E. fancy. Cf. Facetious.] 1. The exterior form or appearance of anything; that part which presents itself to the view; especially, the front or upper part or surface; that which particularly offers itself to the view of a spectator. “A mist … watered the whole face of the ground.” Gen. ii. 6. “Lake Leman wooes me with its crystal face.” Byron. 2. That part of a body, having several sides, which may be seen from one point, or which is presented toward a certain direction; one of the bounding planes of a solid; as a cube has six faces. 3. (Mach.) (a) The principal dressed surface of a plate, disk, or pulley; the principal flat surface of a part or object. (b) That part of the acting surface of a cog in a cog wheel, which projects beyond the pitch line. (c) The width of a pulley, or the length of a cog from end to end; as a pulley or cog wheel of ten inches face. 4. (Print.) (a) The upper surface, or the character upon the surface, of a type, plate, etc. (b) The style or cut of a type or font of type. 5. Outside appearance; surface show; look; external aspect, whether natural, assumed, or acquired. “To set a face upon their own malignant design.” Milton. “This would produce a new face of things in Europe.” Addison. “We wear a face of joy, because
We have been glad of yore.” Wordsworth. 6. That part of the head, esp. of man, in which the eyes, cheeks, nose, and mouth are situated; visage; countenance. “In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.” Gen. iii. 19. 7. Cast of features; expression of countenance; look; air; appearance. “We set the best faceon it we could.” Dryden. 8. (Astrol.) Ten degrees in extent of a sign of the zodiac. Chaucer. 9. Maintenance of the countenance free from abashment or confusion; confidence; boldness; shamelessness; effrontery. “This is the man that has the face to charge others with false citations.” Tillotson. 10. Presence; sight; front; as in the phrases, before the face of, in the immediate presence of; in the face of, before, in, or against the front of; as to fly in the face of danger; to the face of, directly to; from the face of, from the presence of. 11. Mode of regard, whether favorable or unfavorable; favor or anger; mostly in Scriptural phrases. “The Lord make his face to shine upon thee.” Num. vi. 25. “My face [favor] will I turn also from them.” Ezek. vii. 22. 12. (Mining) The end or wall of the tunnel, drift, or excavation, at which work is progressing or was last done. 13. (Com.) The exact amount expressed on a bill, note, bond, or other mercantile paper, without any addition for interest or reduction for discount. McElrath. Face is used either adjectively or as part of a compound; as face guard or face-guard; face cloth; face plan or face-plan; face hammer. Face ague (Med.), a form of neuralgia, characterized by acute lancinating pains returning at intervals, and by twinges in certain parts of the face, producing convulsive twitches in the corresponding muscles; — called also tic douloureux. — Face card, one of a pack of playing cards on which a human face is represented; the king, queen, or jack. — Face cloth, a cloth laid over the face of a corpse. — Face guard, a mask with windows for the eyes, worn by workman exposed to great heat, or to flying particles of metal, stone, etc., as in glass works, foundries, etc. — Face hammer, a hammer having a flat face. — Face joint (Arch.), a joint in the face of a wall or other structure. — Face mite (Zoöll.), a small, elongated mite (Demdex folliculorum), parasitic in the hair follicles of the face. — Face mold, the templet or pattern by which carpenters, ect., outline the forms which are to be cut out from boards, sheet metal, ect. — Face plate. (a) (Turning) A plate attached to the spindle of a lathe, to which the work to be turned may be attached. (b) A covering plate for an object, to receive wear or shock. (c) A true plane for testing a dressed surface. Knight. — Face wheel. (Mach.) (a) A crown wheel. (b) A Wheel whose disk face is adapted for grinding and polishing; a lap. Cylinder face (Steam Engine), the flat part of a steam cylinder on which a slide valve moves. — Face of an anvil, its flat upper surface. — Face of a bastion (Fort.), the part between the salient and the shoulder angle. — Face of coal (Mining), the principal cleavage plane, at right angles to the stratification. — Face of a gun, the surface of metal at the muzzle. — Face of a place (Fort.), the front comprehended between the flanked angles of two neighboring bastions. Wilhelm. — Face of a square (Mil.), one of the sides of a battalion when formed in a square. — Face of a watch, clock, compass, card etc., the dial or graduated surface on which a pointer indicates the time of day, point of the compass, etc. — Face to face. (a) In the presence of each other; as to bring the accuser and the accused face to face. (b) Without the interposition of any body or substance. ´Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face.´ 1 Cor. xiii. 12. (c) With the faces or finished surfaces turned inward or toward one another; vis à vis; — opposed to back to back. — To fly in the face of, to defy; to brave; to withstand. — To make a face, to distort the countenance; to make a grimace. Shak.

Face , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faced p. pr. & vb. n. Facing ] 1. To meet in front; to oppose with firmness; to resist, or to meet for the purpose of stopping or opposing; to confront; to encounter; as to face an enemy in the field of battle. “I’ll face
This tempest, and deserve the name of king.” Dryden. 2. To Confront impudently; to bully. “I will neither be facednor braved.” Shak. 3. To stand opposite to; to stand with the face or front toward; to front upon; as the apartments of the general faced the park. “He gained also with his forces that part of Britain which faces Ireland.” Milton. 4. To cover in front, for ornament, protection, etc.; to put a facing upon; as a building faced with marble. 5. To line near the edge, esp. with a different material; as to face the front of a coat, or the bottom of a dress. 6. To cover with better, or better appearing, material than the mass consists of, for purpose of deception, as the surface of a box of tea, a barrel of sugar, etc. 7. (Mach.) To make the surface of (anything) flat or smooth; to dress the face of (a stone, a casting, etc.); esp., in turning, to shape or smooth the flat surface of, as distinguished from the cylindrical surface. 8. To cause to turn or present a face or front, as in a particular direction. To face down, to put down by bold or impudent opposition. ´He faced men down.´ Prior. — To face (a thing) out, to persist boldly or impudently in an assertion or in a line of conduct. ´That thinks with oaths to face the matter out.´ Shak.

Face, v. i. 1. To carry a false appearance; to play the hypocrite. ´To lie, to face, to forge.´ Spenser. 2. To turn the face; as to face to the right or left. “Face about, man; a soldier, and afraid!” Dryden. 3. To present a face or front.

Faced (fast), a. Having (such) a face, or (so many) faces; as smooth-faced, two- faced.

Fa´cer (fa´ser), n. 1. One who faces; one who puts on a false show; a bold-faced person. [Obs.] “There be no greater talkers, nor boasters, nor fasers.” Latimer. 2. A blow in the face, as in boxing; hence, any severe or stunning check or defeat, as in controversy. [Collog.] “I should have been a stercoraceous mendicant if I had hollowed when I got a facer.” C. Kingsley.

Fac´et , n. [F. facette, dim. of face face. See Face.] 1. A little face; a small, plane surface; as the facets of a diamond. [Written also facette.] 2. (Anat.) A smooth circumscribed surface; as the articular facet of a bone. 3. (Arch.) The narrow plane surface between flutings of a column. 4. (Zoöl.) One of the numerous small eyes which make up the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans.

Fac´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faceted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faceting.] To cut facets or small faces upon; as to facet a diamond.

Fa•cete´ , a. [L. facetus elegant, fine, facetious; akin to facies. See Face, and cf. Facetious.] Facetious; witty; humorous. [Archaic] ´A facete discourse.´ Jer. Taylor. “´How to interpose´ with a small, smart remark, sentiment facete, or unctuous anecdote.” Prof. Wilson. — Fa•cete´ly, adv. — Fa•cete´ness, n.

Fac´et•ed , a. Having facets.

Fa•ce´ti•ae , n. pl. [L., fr. facetus. See Facete.] Witty or humorous writings or saying; witticisms; merry conceits.

Fa•ce´tious , a. [Cf. F. facetieux. See Facetiae.] 1. Given to wit and good humor; merry; sportive; jocular; as a facetious companion. 2. Characterized by wit and pleasantry; exciting laughter; as a facetious story or reply. — Fa•ce´tious•ly, adv. — Fa•ce´tious•ness, n.

Fa•cette´ , n. [F.] See Facet, n.

Face´work , n. The material of the outside or front side, as of a wall or building; facing.

Fa´ci•a , n. (Arch.) See Fascia.

Fa´cial , a. [LL. facialis, fr. L. facies face : cf. F. facial.] Of or pertaining to the face; as the facial artery, vein, or nerve. — Fa´cial•ly, adv. Facial angle (Anat.), the angle, in a skull, included between a straight line (ab, in the illustrations), from the most prominent part of the forehead to the front efge of the upper jaw bone, and another (cd) from this point to the center of the external auditory opening. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic.

Fa´ci•end , n. [From neut. of L. faciendus, gerundive of facere to do.] (Mach.) The multiplicand. See Facient, 2.

Fa´cient , n. [L. faciens, — entis, p. pr. of facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. One who does anything, good or bad; a doer; an agent. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. 2. (Mach.) (a) One of the variables of a quantic as distinguished from a coefficient. (b) The multiplier. The terms facient, faciend, and factum, may imply that the multiplication involved is not ordinary multiplication, but is either some specified operation, or, in general, any mathematical operation. See Multiplication.

Fa´ci•es , n. [L., from, face. See Face.] 1. The anterior part of the head; the face. 2. (Biol.) The general aspect or habit of a species, or group of species, esp. with reference to its adaptation to its environment. 3. (Zoöl.) The face of a bird, or the front of the head, excluding the bill. Facies Hippocratica. (Med.) See Hippocratic.

Fac´ile a. [L. facilis, prop., capable of being done or made, hence, facile, easy, fr. facere to make, do: cf. F. facile. Srr Fact, and cf. Faculty.] 1. Easy to be done or performed: not difficult; performable or attainable with little labor. “Order … will render the work facile and delightful.” Evelyn. 2. Easy to be surmounted or removed; easily conquerable; readily mastered. “The facile gates of hell too slightly barred.” Milton. 3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous; not haughty, austere, or distant; affable; complaisant. “I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet.” B. Jonson. 4. Easily persuaded to good or bad; yielding; ductile to a fault; pliant; flexible. “Since Adam, and his facile consort Eve,
Lost Paradise, deceived by me.” Milton. “This is treating Burns like a child, a person of so facile a disposition as not to be trusted without a keeper on the king’s highway.” Prof. Wilson. 5. Ready; quick; expert; as he is facile in expedients; he wields a facile pen. — Fac´ile•ly, adv. — Fac´ile•ness, n.

Fa•cil´i•tate (fa•sil´i•tat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Facilitated (-ta•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Facilitating (-ta•ting).] [Cf. F. faciliter. See Facility.] To make easy or less difficult; to free from difficulty or impediment; to lessen the labor of; as to facilitate the execution of a task. “To invite and facilitate that line of proceeding which the times call for.” I. Taylor.

Fa•cil•i•ta´tion , n. The act of facilitating or making easy.

Fa•cil´i•ty (fa•sil´i•ty), n.; pl. Facilities (- tiz). [L. facilitas, fr. facilis easy: cf. F. facilite. See Facile.] 1. The quality of being easily performed; freedom from difficulty; ease; as the facility of an operation. “The facility with which government has been overturned in France.” Burke. 2. Ease in performance; readiness proceeding from skill or use; dexterity; as practice gives a wonderful facility in executing works of art. 3. Easiness to be persuaded; readiness or compliance; — usually in a bad sense; pliancy. “It is a great error to take facility for good nature.” L’Estrange. 4. Easiness of access; complaisance; affability. “Offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility.” South. 5. That which promotes the ease of any action or course of conduct; advantage; aid; assistance; — usually in the plural; as special facilities for study. Syn. — Ease; expertness; readiness; dexterity; complaisance; condescension; affability. — Facility, Expertness, Readiness. These words have in common the idea of performing any act with ease and promptitude. Facility supposes a natural or acquired power of dispatching a task with lightness and ease. Expertness is the kind of facility acquired by long practice. Readiness marks the promptitude with which anything is done. A merchant needs great facility in dispatching business; a banker, great expertness in casting accounts; both need great readiness in passing from one employment to another. ´The facility which we get of doing things by a custom of doing, makes them often pass in us without our notice.´ Locke. ´The army was celebrated for the expertness and valor of the soldiers.´ ´A readiness to obey the known will of God is the surest means to enlighten the mind in respect to duty.´

Fa´cing , n. 1. A covering in front, for ornament or other purpose; an exterior covering or sheathing; as the facing of an earthen slope, sea wall, etc. , to strengthen it or to protect or adorn the exposed surface. 2. A lining placed near the edge of a garment for ornament or protection. 3. (Arch.) The finishing of any face of a wall with material different from that of which it is chiefly composed, or the coating or material so used. 4. (Founding) A powdered substance, as charcoal, bituminous coal, ect., applied to the face of a mold, or mixed with the sand that forms it, to give a fine smooth surface to the casting. 5. (Mil.) (a) pl. The collar and cuffs of a military coat; — commonly of a color different from that of the coat. (b) The movement of soldiers by turning on their heels to the right, left, or about; — chiefly in the pl. Facing brick, front or pressed brick.

Fa´cing•ly, adv. In a facing manner or position.

Fa•cin´o•rous , a. [L. facinorous, from facinus deed, bad deed, from facere to make, do.] Atrociously wicked. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Fa•cin´o•rous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Fac´ound , n. [F. faconde, L. facundia. See Facund.] Speech; eloquence. [Obs.] “Her facound eke full womanly and plain.” Chaucer.

Fac•sim´i•le , n.; pl. Facsimiles (-lz). [L. fac simile make like; or an abbreviation of factum simile made like; facere to make + similes like. See Fact, and Simile.] A copy of anything made, either so as to be deceptive or so as to give every part and detail of the original; an exact copy or likeness. Facsimile telegraph, a telegraphic apparatus reproducing messages in autograph.

Fac•sim´i•le, , v. t. To make a facsimile of.

Fact (fakt), n. [L. factum, fr. facere to make or do. Cf. Feat, Affair, Benefit, Defect, Fashion, and -fy.] 1. A doing, making, or preparing. [Obs.] “A project for the fact and vending
Of a new kind of fucus, paint for ladies.” B. Jonson. 2. An effect produced or achieved; anything done or that comes to pass; an act; an event; a circumstance. “What might instigate him to this devilish fact, I am not able to conjecture.” Evelyn. “He who most excels in fact of arms.” Milton. 3. Reality; actuality; truth; as he, in fact, excelled all the rest; the fact is, he was beaten. 4. The assertion or statement of a thing done or existing; sometimes, even when false, improperly put, by a transfer of meaning, for the thing done, or supposed to be done; a thing supposed or asserted to be done; as history abounds with false facts. “I do not grant the fact.” De Foe. “This reasoning is founded upon a fact which is not true.” Roger Long. The term fact has in jurisprudence peculiar uses in contrast with law; as attorney at law, and attorney in fact; issue in law, and issue in fact. There is also a grand distinction between law and fact with reference to the province of the judge and that of the jury, the latter generally determining the fact, the former the law. Burrill Bouvier.
[1913 Webster] Accessary before, or after, the fact. See under Accessary. — Matter of fact, an actual occurrence; a verity; used adjectively: of or pertaining to facts; prosaic; unimaginative; as a matter-of-fact narration. Syn. — Act; deed; performance; event; incident; occurrence; circumstance.

Fac´tion (fak´shun), n. [L. factio a doing, a company of persons acting together, a faction: cf. F. faction See Fashion.] 1. (Anc. Hist.) One of the divisions or parties of charioteers (distinguished by their colors) in the games of the circus. 2. A party, in political society, combined or acting in union, in opposition to the government, or state; — usually applied to a minority, but it may be applied to a majority; a combination or clique of partisans of any kind, acting for their own interests, especially if greedy, clamorous, and reckless of the common good. 3. Tumult; discord; dissension. “They remained at Newbury in great faction among themselves.” Clarendon. Syn. — Combination; clique; junto. See Cabal.

Fac´tion•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. factionnaire, L. factionarius the head of a company of charioteers.] Belonging to a faction; being a partisan; taking sides. [Obs.] “Always factionary on the party of your general.” Shak.

Fac´tion•er (-?r), n. One of a faction. Abp. Bancroft.

Fac´tion•ist, n. One who promotes faction.

Fac´tious a. [L. factiosus: cf. F. factieux.] 1. Given to faction; addicted to form parties and raise dissensions, in opposition to government or the common good; turbulent; seditious; prone to clamor against public measures or men; — said of persons. “Factious for the house of Lancaster.” Shak. 2. Pertaining to faction; proceeding from faction; indicating, or characterized by, faction; — said of acts or expressions; as factious quarrels. “Headlong zeal or factious fury.” Burke. — Fac´tious•ly, adv. — Fac´tious- ness, n.

Fac•ti´tious , a. [L. factitius, fr. facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Fetich.] Made by art, in distinction from what is produced by nature; artificial; sham; formed by, or adapted to, an artificial or conventional, in distinction from a natural, standard or rule; not natural; as factitious cinnabar or jewels; a factitious taste. — Fac-ti´tious•ly, adv. — Fac•ti´tious-ness, n. “He acquires a factitious propensity, he forms an incorrigible habit, of desultory reading.” De Quincey. Syn. — Unnatural. — Factitious, Unnatural. Anything is unnatural when it departs in any way from its simple or normal state; it is factitious when it is wrought out or wrought up by labor and effort, as a factitious excitement. An unnatural demand for any article of merchandise is one which exceeds the ordinary rate of consumption; a factitious demand is one created by active exertions for the purpose. An unnatural alarm is one greater than the occasion requires; a factitious alarm is one wrought up with care and effort.

Fac´ti•tive a. [See Fact.] 1. Causing; causative. 2. (Gram.) Pertaining to that relation which is proper when the act, as of a transitive verb, is not merely received by an object, but produces some change in the object, as when we say, He made the water wine. “Sometimes the idea of activity in a verb or adjective involves in it a reference to an effect, in the way of causality, in the active voice on the immediate objects, and in the passive voice on the subject of such activity. This second object is called the factitive object.” J. W. Gibbs.

Fac´tive , a. Making; having power to make. [Obs.] ´You are … factive, not destructive.´ Bacon.

Fac´to , adv. [L., ablative of factum deed, fact.] (Law) In fact; by the act or fact. De facto. (Law) See De facto.

Fac´tor , n. [L. factor a doer: cf. F. facteur a factor. See Fact.] 1. (Law) One who transacts business for another; an agent; a substitute; especially, a mercantile agent who buys and sells goods and transacts business for others in commission; a commission merchant or consignee. He may be a home factor or a foreign factor. He may buy and sell in his own name, and he is intrusted with the possession and control of the goods; and in these respects he differs from a broker. Story. Wharton. “My factor sends me word, a merchant’s fled
That owes me for a hundred tun of wine.” Marlowe. 2. A steward or bailiff of an estate. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. 3. (Math.) One of the elements or quantities which, when multiplied together, form a product. 4. One of the elements, circumstances, or influences which contribute to produce a result; a constituent. “The materal and dynamical factors of nutrition.” H. Spencer.

Fac´tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factored (-t?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factoring.] (Mach.) To resolve (a quantity) into its factors.

Fac´tor•age , n. [Cf. F. factorage.] The allowance given to a factor, as a compensation for his services; — called also a commission.

Fac´tor•ess , n. A factor who is a woman. [R.]

Fac•to´ri•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a factory. Buchanan. 2. (Math.) Related to factorials.

Fac•to´ri•al, n. (Math.) (a) pl. A name given to the factors of a continued product when the former are derivable from one and the same function F(x) by successively imparting a constant increment or decrement h to the independent variable. Thus the product F(x).F(x + h).F(x + 2h) … F[x + (n-1)h] is called a factorial term, and its several factors take the name of factorials. Brande & C. (b) The product of the consecutive numbers from unity up to any given number.

Fac´tor•ing , n. (Math.) The act of resolving into factors.

Fac´tor•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factorized (-?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factorizing (-?´z?ng).] (Law) (a) To give warning to; — said of a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, the warning being to the effect that he shall not pay the money or deliver the property of the defendant in his hands to him, but appear and answer the suit of the plaintiff. (b) To attach (the effects of a debtor) in the hands of a third person ; to garnish. See Garnish. [Vt. & Conn.]

Fac´tor•ship, n. The business of a factor.

Fac´to•ry , n.; pl. Factories (-rz). [Cf. F. factorerie.] 1. A house or place where factors, or commercial agents, reside, to transact business for their employers. ´The Company’s factory at Madras.´ Burke. 2. The body of factors in any place; as a chaplain to a British factory. W. Guthrie. 3. A building, or collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture of goods; the place where workmen are employed in fabricating goods, wares, or utensils; a manufactory; as a cotton factory. Factory leg (Med.), a variety of bandy leg, associated with partial dislocation of the tibia, produced in young children by working in factories.

Fac•to´tum (fak•to´tum), n.; pl. Factotums (- tumz). [L., do everything; facere to do + totus all : cf. F. factotum. See Fact, and Total.] A person employed to do all kinds of work or business. B. Jonson.

Fac´tu•al (fak•tu´al), a. Relating to, or containing, facts. [R.]

Fac´tum (fak´tum), n.; pl. Facta (#). [L. See Fact.] 1. (Law) A man’s own act and deed; particularly: (a) (Civil Law) Anything stated and made certain. (b) (Testamentary Law) The due execution of a will, including everything necessary to its validity. 2. (Mach.) The product. See Facient, 2.

Fac´ture , n. [F. facture a making, invoice, L. factura a making. See Fact.] 1. The act or manner of making or doing anything; — now used of a literary, musical, or pictorial production. Bacon. 2. (Com.) An invoice or bill of parcels.

Fac´u•lae , n. pl. [L., pl. of facula a little torch.] (Astron.) Groups of small shining spots on the surface of the sun which are brighter than the other parts of the photosphere. They are generally seen in the neighborhood of the dark spots, and are supposed to be elevated portions of the photosphere. Newcomb.

Fac´u•lar a. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the faculae. R. A. Proctor.

Fac´ul•ty , n.; pl. Faculties (#). [F. facult, L. facultas, fr. facilis easy (cf. facul easily), fr. fecere to make. See Fact, and cf. Facility.] 1. Ability to act or perform, whether inborn or cultivated; capacity for any natural function; especially, an original mental power or capacity for any of the well-known classes of mental activity; psychical or soul capacity; capacity for any of the leading kinds of soul activity, as knowledge, feeling, volition; intellectual endowment or gift; power; as faculties of the mind or the soul. “But know that in the soul
Are many lesser faculties that serve
Reason as chief.” Milton. “What a piece of work is a man ! how noble in reason ! how infinite in faculty !” Shak. 2. Special mental endowment; characteristic knack. “He had a ready faculty, indeed, of escaping from any topic that agitated his too sensitive and nervous temperament.” Hawthorne. 3. Power; prerogative or attribute of office. [R.] “This Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek.” Shak. 4. Privilege or permission, granted by favor or indulgence, to do a particular thing; authority; license; dispensation. “The pope … granted him a faculty to set him free from his promise.” Fuller. “It had not only faculty to inspect all bishops’ dioceses, but to change what laws and statutes they should think fit to alter among the colleges.” Evelyn. 5. A body of a men to whom any specific right or privilege is granted; formerly, the graduates in any of the four departments of a university or college (Philosophy, Law, Medicine, or Theology), to whom was granted the right of teaching (profitendi or docendi) in the department in which they had studied; at present, the members of a profession itself; as the medical faculty; the legal faculty, ect. 6. (Amer. Colleges) The body of person to whom are intrusted the government and instruction of a college or university, or of one of its departments; the president, professors, and tutors in a college. Dean of faculty. See under Dean. — Faculty of advocates. (Scot.) See under Advocate. Syn. — Talent; gift; endowment; dexterity; expertness; cleverness; readiness; ability; knack.

Fac´und , a. [L. facundus, fr. fari to speak.] Eloquent. [Archaic]

Fa•cun´di•ous , a. [L. facundiosus.] Eloquement; full of words. [Archaic]

Fa•cun´di•ty , n. [L. facunditas.] Eloquence; readiness of speech. [Archaic]

Fad , n. [Cf. Faddle.] A hobby ; freak; whim. — Fad´dist, n. “It is your favorite fad to draw plans.” G. Eliot.

Fad´dle , v. i. [Cf. Fiddle, Fiddle-faddle.] To trifle; to toy. — v. t. To fondle; to dandle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fade a. [F., prob. fr. L. vapidus vapid, or possibly fr,fatuus foolish, insipid.] Weak; insipid; tasteless; commonplace. [R.] ´Passages that are somewhat fade.´ Jeffrey. “His masculine taste gave him a sense of something fade and ludicrous.” De Quincey.

Fade , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fading.] [OE. faden, vaden, prob. fr. fade, a.; cf. Prov. D. vadden to fade, wither, vaddigh languid, torpid. Cf. Fade, a., Vade.] 1. To become fade; to grow weak; to lose strength; to decay; to perish gradually; to wither, as a plant. “The earth mourneth and fadeth away.” Is. xxiv. 4. 2. To lose freshness, color, or brightness; to become faint in hue or tint; hence, to be wanting in color. ´Flowers that never fade.´ Milton. 3. To sink away; to disappear gradually; to grow dim; to vanish. “The stars shall fade away.” Addison “He makes a swanlike end,
Fading in music.” Shak.

Fade, v. t. To cause to wither; to deprive of freshness or vigor; to wear away. “No winter could his laurels fade.” Dryden.

Fad´ed , a. That has lost freshness, color, or brightness; grown dim. ´His faded cheek.´ Milton. “Where the faded moon
Made a dim silver twilight.” Keats.

Fad´ed•ly, adv. In a faded manner. “A dull room fadedly furnished.” Dickens.

Fade´less, a. Not liable to fade; unfading.

Fa´der , n. Father. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fadge , v. i. [Cf. OE. faden to flatter, and AS. fgan to join, unit, G. fügen, or AS. afaegian to depict; all perh. form the same root as E. fair. Cf. Fair, a., Fay to fit.] To fit; to suit; to agree. “They shall be made, spite of antipathy, to fadge together.” Milton. “Well, Sir, how fadges the new design ?” Wycherley.

Fadge , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A small flat loaf or thick cake; also a fagot. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fad´ing , a. Losing freshness, color, brightness, or vigor. — n. Loss of color, freshness, or vigor. — Fad´ing•ly, adv. — Fad´ing•ness, n.

Fad´ing, n. An Irish dance; also the burden of a song. ´Fading is a fine jig.´ [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fad´me , n. A fathom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fad´y , a. Faded. [R.] Shenstone.

Fae´cal , a. See Fecal.

Fae´ces , n. pl. [L. faex, pl. faeces, dregs.] Excrement; ordure; also settlings; sediment after infusion or distillation. [Written also feces.]

Faec´u•la , n. [L.] See Fecula.

Fa´ër•y , n. & a. Fairy. [Archaic] Spenser.

Faf´fle , v. i. [Cf. Famble, Maffle.] To stammer. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fag (fag) n. A knot or coarse part in cloth. [Obs.]

Fag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fagged (fagd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fagging (fag´ging).] [Cf. LG. fakk wearied, weary, vaak slumber, drowsiness, OFries. fai, equiv. to fach devoted to death, OS. fegi, OHG. feigi, G. feig, feige, cowardly, Icel. feigr fated to die, AS. faege, Scot. faik, to fail, stop, lower the price; or perh. the same word as E. flag to droop.] 1. To become weary; to tire.
[1913 Webster] “Creighton withheld his force till the Italian began to fag.” G. Mackenzie. 2. To labor to wearness; to work hard; to drudge. “Read, fag, and subdue this chapter.” Coleridge. 3. To act as a fag, or perform menial services or drudgery, for another, as in some English schools. To fag out, to become untwisted or frayed, as the end of a rope, or the edge of canvas.

Fag, v. t. 1. To tire by labor; to exhaust; as he was almost fagged out. 2. Anything that fatigues. [R.] “It is such a fag, I came back tired to death.” Miss Austen. Brain fag. (Med.) See Cerebropathy.

Fag´-end´ , n. 1. An end of poorer quality, or in a spoiled condition, as the coarser end of a web of cloth, the untwisted end of a rope, ect. 2. The refuse or meaner part of anything. “The fag-end of business.” Collier.

Fag´ging (fag´ging), n. Laborious drudgery; esp., the acting as a drudge for another at an English school.

Fag´ot (fag´ut) n. [F., prob. aug. of L. fax, facis, torch, perh. orig., a bundle of sticks; cf. Gr. fa•kelos bundle, fagot. Cf. Fagotto.] 1. A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of trees, used for fuel, for raising batteries, filling ditches, or other purposes in fortification; a fascine. Shak. 2. A bundle of pieces of wrought iron to be worked over into bars or other shapes by rolling or hammering at a welding heat; a pile. 3. (Mus.) A bassoon. See Fagotto. 4. A person hired to take the place of another at the muster of a company. [Eng.] Addison. 5. An old shriveled woman. [Slang, Eng.] Fagot iron, iron, in bars or masses, manufactured from fagots. — Fagot vote, the vote of a person who has been constituted a voter by being made a landholder, for party purposes. [Political cant, Eng.]

Fag´ot v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fagoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fagoting.] To make a fagot of; to bind together in a fagot or bundle; also to collect promiscuously. Dryden.

Fa•got´to , n. [It. See Fagot.] (Mus.) The bassoon; — so called from being divided into parts for ease of carriage, making, as it were, a small fagot.

Fa´ham , n. The leaves of an orchid (Angraecum fragrans), of the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius, used (in France) as a substitute for Chinese tea.

Fahl´band , n. [G., fr. fahl dun-colored + band a band.] (Mining) A stratum in crystalline rock, containing metallic sulphides. Raymond. { Fahl´erz , Fahl´band } n. [G. fahlerz; fahl dun-colored, fallow + erz ore.] (Min.) Same as Tetrahedrite.

Fah´lun•ite (fä´lun•it), n. [From Fahlun, a place in Sweden.] (Min.) A hydrated silica of alumina, resulting from the alteration of iolite.
[1913 Webster]

Fah´ren•heit a. [G.] Conforming to the scale used by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in the graduation of his thermometer; of or relating to Fahrenheit’s thermometric scale. — n. The Fahrenheit thermometer or scale. The Fahrenheit thermometer is so graduated that the freezing point of water is at 32 degrees above the zero of its scale, and the boiling point at 212 degrees above. It is commonly used in the United States and in England.

Fa•ï•ence´ , n. [F., fr. Faenza, a town in Italy, the original place of manufacture.] Glazed earthenware; esp., that which is decorated in color.

Fail (fal) v. i. [imp. & p. p. Failed (fald); p. pr. & vb. n. Failing.] [F. failir, fr. L. fallere, falsum, to deceive, akin to E. fall. See Fail, and cf. Fallacy, False, Fault.] 1. To be wanting; to fall short; to be or become deficient in any measure or degree up to total absence; to cease to be furnished in the usual or expected manner, or to be altogether cut off from supply; to be lacking; as streams fail; crops fail. “As the waters fail from the sea.” Job xiv. 11. “Till Lionel’s issue fails, his should not reign.” Shak. 2. To be affected with want; to come short; to lack; to be deficient or unprovided; — used with of. “If ever they fail of beauty, this failure is not be attributed to their size.” Berke. 3. To fall away; to become diminished; to decline; to decay; to sink. “When earnestly they seek
Such proof, conclude they then begin to fail.” Milton. 4. To deteriorate in respect to vigor, activity, resources, etc.; to become weaker; as a sick man fails. 5. To perish; to die; — used of a person. [Obs.] “Had the king in his last sickness failed.” Shak. 6. To be found wanting with respect to an action or a duty to be performed, a result to be secured, etc.; to miss; not to fulfill expectation. “Take heed now that ye fail not to do this.” Ezra iv. 22. “Either my eyesight fails, or thou look’st pale.” Shak. 7. To come short of a result or object aimed at or desired ; to be baffled or frusrated. “Our envious foe hath failed.” Milton. 8. To err in judgment; to be mistaken. “Which ofttimes may succeed, so as perhaps
Shall grieve him, if I fail not.” Milton. 9. To become unable to meet one’s engagements; especially, to be unable to pay one’s debts or discharge one’s business obligation; to become bankrupt or insolvent.

Fail , v. t. 1. To be wanting to ; to be insufficient for; to disappoint; to desert. “There shall not fail thee a man on the throne.” 1 Kings ii. 4. 2. To miss of attaining; to lose. [R.] “Though that seat of earthly bliss be failed.” Milton.

Fail, n. [OF. faille, from failir. See Fail, v. i.] 1. Miscarriage; failure; deficiency; fault; — mostly superseded by failure or failing, except in the phrase without fail. ´His highness’ fail of issue.´ Shak. 2. Death; decease. [Obs.] Shak.

Fail´ance , n. [Of. faillance, fr. faillir.] Fault; failure; omission. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Fail´ing, n. 1. A failing short; a becoming deficient; failure; deficiency; imperfection; weakness; lapse; fault; infirmity; as a mental failing. “And ever in her mind she cast about
For that unnoticed failing in herself.” Tennyson. 2. The act of becoming insolvent of bankrupt. Syn. — See Fault.

Faille , n. [F.] A soft silk, heavier than a foulard and not glossy.

Fail´ure , n. [From Fail.] 1. Cessation of supply, or total defect; a failing; deficiency; as failure of rain; failure of crops. 2. Omission; nonperformance; as the failure to keep a promise. 3. Want of success; the state of having failed. 4. Decay, or defect from decay; deterioration; as the failure of memory or of sight. 5. A becoming insolvent; bankruptcy; suspension of payment; as failure in business. 6. A failing; a slight fault. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fain , a. [OE. fain, fagen, AS. faegen; akin to OS. fagan, Icel. faginn glad; AS. faegnian to rejoice, OS. faganon, Icel. fagna, Goth. faginon, cf. Goth. faheds joy; and fr. the same root as E. fair. Srr Fair, a., and cf. Fawn to court favor.] 1. Well-pleased; glad; apt; wont; fond; inclined. “Men and birds are fain of climbing high.” Shak. “To a busy man, temptation is fainto climb up together with his business.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Satisfied; contented; also constrained. Shak. “The learned Castalio was fain to make trechers at Basle to keep himself from starving.” Locke.

Fain, adv. With joy; gladly; — with wold. “He would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat.” Luke xv. 16. “Fain Would I woo her, yet I dare not.” Shak.

Fain, v. t. & i. To be glad ; to wish or desire. [Obs.] “Whoso fair thing does fain to see.” Spencer.

Fai•ne•ant´ (fa•na•äN´), a. [F.; fait he does + neant nothing.] Doing nothing; shiftless. — n. A do-nothing; an idle fellow; a sluggard. Sir W. Scott.

Faint (fant), a. [Compar. Fainter (-er); superl. Faintest.] [OE. feint, faint, false, faint, F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign, suppose, hesitate. See Feign, and cf. Feint.] 1. Lacking strength; weak; languid; inclined to swoon; as faint with fatigue, hunger, or thirst. 2. Wanting in courage, spirit, or energy; timorous; cowardly; dejected; depressed; as ´Faint heart ne’er won fair lady.´ Old Proverb. 3. Lacking distinctness; hardly perceptible; striking the senses feebly; not bright, or loud, or sharp, or forcible; weak; as a faint color, or sound. 4. Performed, done, or acted, in a weak or feeble manner; not exhibiting vigor, strength, or energy; slight; as faint efforts; faint resistance. “The faint prosecution of the war.” Sir J. Davies.

Faint, n. The act of fainting, or the state of one who has fainted; a swoon. [R.] See Fainting, n. “The saint,
Who propped the Virgin in her faint.” Sir W. Scott.

Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fainting.] 1. To become weak or wanting in vigor; to grow feeble; to lose strength and color, and the control of the bodily or mental functions; to swoon; — sometimes with away. See Fainting, n. “Hearing the honor intended her, she fainted away.” Guardian. “If I send them away fasting … they will faint by the way.” Mark viii. 8. 2. To sink into dejection; to lose courage or spirit; to become depressed or despondent. “If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small.” Prov. xxiv. 10. 3. To decay; to disappear; to vanish. “Gilded clouds, while we gaze upon them, faint before the eye.” Pope.

Faint , v. t. To cause to faint or become dispirited; to depress; to weaken. [Obs.] “It faints me to think what follows.” Shak.

Faint´-heart•ed , a. Wanting in courage; depressed by fear; easily discouraged or frightened; cowardly; timorous; dejected. “Fear not, neither be faint- hearted.” Is. vii. 4. — Faint´-heart•ed•ly, adv. — Faint´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Faint´ing , n. Syncope, or loss of consciousness owing to a sudden arrest of the blood supply to the brain, the face becoming pallid, the respiration feeble, and the heat’s beat weak. Fainting fit, a fainting or swoon; syncope. [Colloq.]

Faint´ish, a. Slightly faint; somewhat faint. — Faint´ish•ness, n.

Faint´ling , a. Timorous; feeble-minded. [Obs.] ´A fainting, silly creature.´ Arbuthnot.

Faint´ly, adv. In a faint, weak, or timidmanner.

Faint´ness, n. 1. The state of being faint; loss of strength, or of consciousness, and self-control. 2. Want of vigor or energy. Spenser. 3. Feebleness, as of color or light; lack of distinctness; as faintness of description. 4. Faint-heartedness; timorousness; dejection. “I will send a faintness into their hearts.” Lev. xxvi. 36.

Faints , n. pl. The impure spirit which comes over first and last in the distillation of whisky; — the former being called the strong faints, and the latter, which is much more abundant, the weak faints. This crude spirit is much impregnated with fusel oil. Ure.

Faint´y , a. Feeble; languid. [R.] Dryden.

Fair (fâr), a. [Compar. Fairer superl. Fairest.] [OE. fair, fayer, fager, AS. faeger; akin to OS. & OHG. fagar, Icel. fagr, Sw. fager, Dan. faver, Goth. fagrs fit, also to E. fay, G. fügen, to fit. fegen to sweep, cleanse, and prob. also to E. fang, peace, pact, Cf. Fang, Fain, Fay to fit.] 1. Free from spots, specks, dirt, or imperfection; unblemished; clean; pure. “A fair white linen cloth.” Book of Common Prayer. 2. Pleasing to the eye; handsome; beautiful. “Who can not see many a fair French city, for one fair French made.” Shak. 3. Without a dark hue; light; clear; as a fair skin. “The northern people large and fair- complexioned.” Sir M. Hale. 4. Not overcast; cloudless; clear; pleasant; propitious; favorable; — said of the sky, weather, or wind, etc.; as a fair sky; a fair day. “You wish fair winds may waft him over.” Prior. 5. Free from obstacles or hindrances; unobstructed; unincumbered; open; direct; — said of a road, passage, etc.; as a fair mark; in fair sight; a fair view. “The caliphs obtained a mighty empire, which was in a fair way to have enlarged.” Sir W. Raleigh. 6. (Shipbuilding) Without sudden change of direction or curvature; smooth; flowing; — said of the figure of a vessel, and of surfaces, water lines, and other lines. 7. Characterized by frankness, honesty, impartiality, or candor; open; upright; free from suspicion or bias; equitable; just; — said of persons, character, or conduct; as a fair man; fair dealing; a fair statement. ´I would call it fair play.´ Shak. 8. Pleasing; favorable; inspiring hope and confidence; — said of words, promises, etc. “When fair words and good counsel will not prevail on us, we must be frighted into our duty.” L’ Estrange. 9. Distinct; legible; as fair handwriting. 10. Free from any marked characteristic; average; middling; so-so; as a fair specimen. “The news is very fair and good, my lord.” Shak. Fair ball. (Baseball) (a) A ball passing over the home base at the height called for by the batsman, and delivered by the pitcher while wholly within the lines of his position and facing the batsman. (b) A batted ball that falls inside the foul lines; — called also a fair hit. — Fair maid. (Zoöl.) (a) The European pilchard (Clupea pilchardus) when dried. (b) The southern scup (Stenotomus Gardeni). [Virginia] — Fair one, a handsome woman; a beauty, — Fair play, equitable or impartial treatment; a fair or equal chance; justice. — From fair to middling, passable; tolerable. [Colloq.] — The fair sex, the female sex. Syn. — Candid; open; frank; ingenuous; clear; honest; equitable; impartial; reasonable. See Candid.

Fair, adv. Clearly; openly; frankly; civilly; honestly; favorably; auspiciously; agreeably. Fair and square, justly; honestly; equitably; impartially. [Colloq.] — To bid fair. See under Bid. — To speak fair, to address with courtesy and frankness. [Archaic]

Fair, n. 1. Fairness, beauty. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A fair woman; a sweetheart. “I have found out a gift for my fair.” Shenstone. 3. Good fortune; good luck. “Now fair befall thee !” Shak. The fair, anything beautiful; women, collectively. ´For slander’s mark was ever yet the fair.´ Shak.

Fair, v. t. 1. To make fair or beautiful. [Obs.] “Fairing the foul.” Shak. 2. (Shipbuilding) To make smooth and flowing, as a vessel’s lines.

Fair, n. [OE. feire, OF. feire, F. foire, fr. L. fariae, pl., days of rest, holidays, festivals, akin to festus festal. See Feast.] 1. A gathering of buyers and sellers, assembled at a particular place with their merchandise at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, for trade. 2. A festival, and sale of fancy articles. erc., usually for some charitable object; as a Grand Army fair. 3. A competitive exhibition of wares, farm products, etc., not primarily for purposes of sale; as the Mechanics’ fair; an agricultural fair. After the fair, Too late. [Colloq.]

Fair´-haired , a. Having fair or light-colored hair.

Fair´hood , n. Fairness; beauty. [Obs.] Foxe.

Fair´i•ly , adv. In the manner of a fairy. “Numerous as shadows haunting fairily
The brain.” Keats.

Fair´ing, n. A present; originally, one given or purchased at a fair. Gay. Fairing box, a box receiving savings or small sums of money. Hannah More.

Fair´ish, a. Tolerably fair. [Colloq.] W. D. Howells.

Fair´-lead•er , n. (Naut.) A block, or ring, serving as a guide for the running rigging or for any rope.

Fair´ly, adv. 1. In a fair manner; clearly; openly; plainly; fully; distinctly; frankly. “Even the nature of Mr. Dimmesdale’s disease had never fairly been revealed to him.” Hawthorne. 2. Favorably; auspiciously; commodiously; as a town fairly situated for foreign trade. 3. Honestly; properly. “Such means of comfort or even luxury, as lay fairly within their grasp.” Hawthorne. 4. Softly; quietly; gently. [Obs.] Milton.

Fair´-mind•ed , a. Unprejudiced; just; judicial; honest. — Fair´- mind•ed•ness, n.

Fair´-na•tured , a. Well- disposed. ´A fair-natured prince.´ Ford.

Fair´ness, n. The state of being fair, or free form spots or stains, as of the skin; honesty, as of dealing; candor, as of an argument, etc.

Fair´-spo•ken , a. Using fair speech, or uttered with fairness; bland; civil; courteous; plausible. ´A marvelous fair-spoken man.´ Hooker.

Fair´way , n. The navigable part of a river, bay, etc., through which vessels enter or depart; the part of a harbor or channel ehich is kept open and unobstructed for the passage of vessels. Totten.

Fair´-weath•er , a. 1. Made or done in pleasant weather, or in circumstances involving but little exposure or sacrifice; as a fair-weather voyage. Pope. 2. Appearing only when times or circumstances are prosperous; as a fair-weather friend. Fair-weather sailor, a make-believe or inexperienced sailor; — the nautical equivalent of carpet knight.

Fair´-world n. State of prosperity. [Obs.] “They think it was never fair-world with them since.” Milton.

Fair´y , n.; pl. Fairies (#). [OE. fairie, faierie, enchantment, fairy folk, fairy, OF. faerie enchantment, F. feer, fr. LL. Fata one of the goddesses of fate. See Fate, and cf. Fay a fairy.] [Written also faëry.] 1. Enchantment; illusion. [Obs.] Chaucer. “The God of her has made an end,
And fro this worlde’s fairy
Hath taken her into company.” Gower. 2. The country of the fays; land of illusions. [Obs.] “He [Arthur] is a king y-crowned in Fairy.” Lydgate. 3. An imaginary supernatural being or spirit, supposed to assume a human form (usually diminutive), either male or female, and to meddle for good or evil in the affairs of mankind; a fay. See Elf, and Demon. “The fourth kind of spirit [is] called the Fairy.” K. James. “And now about the caldron sing,
Like elves and fairies in a ring.” Shak. 5. An enchantress. [Obs.] Shak. Fairy of the mine, an imaginary being supposed to inhabit mines, etc. German folklore tells of two species; one fierce and malevolent, the other gentle, See Kobold. “No goblin or swart fairy of the mine
Hath hurtful power over true virginity.” Milton.

Fair´y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to fairies. 2. Given by fairies; as fairy money. Dryden. Fairy bird (Zoöl.), the Euoropean little tern (Sterna minuta); — called also sea swallow, and hooded tern. — Fairy bluebird. (Zoöl.) See under Bluebird. — Fairy martin (Zoöl.), a European swallow (Hirrundo ariel) that builds flask-shaped nests of mud on overhanging cliffs. — Fairy rings or circles, the circles formed in grassy lawns by certain fungi (as Marasmius Oreades), formerly supposed to be caused by fairies in their midnight dances. — Fairy shrimp (Zoöl.), a European fresh-water phyllopod crustacean (Chirocephalus diaphanus); — so called from its delicate colors, transparency, and graceful motions. The name is sometimes applied to similar American species. — Fairy stone (Paleon.), an echinite.

Fair´y•land n. The imaginary land or abode of fairies.

Fair´y•like , a. Resembling a fairy, or what is made or done be fairies; as fairylike music.

Faith (fath), n. [OE. feith, fayth, fay, OF. feid, feit, fei, F. foi, fr. L. fides; akin to fidere to trust, Gr. pei•qein to persuade. The ending th is perhaps due to the influence of such words as truth, health, wealth. See Bid, Bide, and cf. Confide, Defy, Fealty.] 1. Belief; the assent of the mind to the truth of what is declared by another, resting solely and implicitly on his authority and veracity; reliance on testimony. 2. The assent of the mind to the statement or proposition of another, on the ground of the manifest truth of what he utters; firm and earnest belief, on probable evidence of any kind, especially in regard to important moral truth. “Faith, that is, fidelity, — the fealty of the finite will and understanding to the reason.” Coleridge. 3. (Theol.) (a) The belief in the historic truthfulness of the Scripture narrative, and the supernatural origin of its teachings, sometimes called historical and speculative faith. (b) The belief in the facts and truth of the Scriptures, with a practical love of them; especially, that confiding and affectionate belief in the person and work of Christ, which affects the character and life, and makes a man a true Christian, — called a practical, evangelical, or saving faith. “Without faith it is impossible to please him [God].” Heb. xi. 6. “The faith of the gospel is that emotion of the mind which is called ´trust´ or ´confidence´ exercised toward the moral character of God, and particularly of the Savior.” Dr. T. Dwight. “Faith is an affectionate, practical confidence in the testimony of God.” J. Hawes. 4. That which is believed on any subject, whether in science, politics, or religion; especially (Theol.), a system of religious belief of any kind; as the Jewish or Mohammedan faith; and especially, the system of truth taught by Christ; as the Christian faith; also the creed or belief of a Christian society or church. “Which to believe of her,
Must be a faith that reason without miracle
Could never plant in me.” Shak. “Now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed.” Gal. i. 23. 5. Fidelity to one’s promises, or allegiance to duty, or to a person honored and beloved; loyalty. “Children in whom is no faith.” Deut. xxvii. 20. “Whose failing, while her faith to me remains,
I should conceal.” Milton. 6. Word or honor pledged; promise given; fidelity; as he violated his faith. “For you alone
I broke me faith with injured Palamon.” Dryden. 7. Credibility or truth. [R.] “The faith of the foregoing narrative.” Mitford. Act of faith. See Auto-da- fe. — Breach of faith, Confession of faith, etc. See under Breach, Confession, etc. — Faith cure, a method or practice of treating diseases by prayer and the exercise of faith in God. — In good faith, with perfect sincerity.

Faith , interj. By my faith; in truth; verily.

Faithed , a. Having faith or a faith; honest; sincere. [Obs.] ´Make thy words faithed.´ Shak.

Faith´ful , a. 1. Full of faith, or having faith; disposed to believe, especially in the declarations and promises of God. “You are not faithful, sir.” B. Jonson. 2. Firm in adherence to promises, oaths, contracts, treaties, or other engagements. “The faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him.” Deut. vii. 9. 3. True and constant in affection or allegiance to a person to whom one is bound by a vow, by ties of love, gratitude, or honor, as to a husband, a prince, a friend; firm in the observance of duty; loyal; of true fidelity; as a faithful husband or servant. “So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found,
Among the faithless, faithful only he.” Milton. 4. Worthy of confidence and belief; conformable to truth ot fact; exact; accurate; as a faithful narrative or representation. “It is a faithful saying.” 2 Tim. ii. 11. The Faithful, the adherents of any system of religious belief; esp. used as an epithet of the followers of Mohammed. Syn. — Trusty; honest; upright; sincere; veracious; trustworthy. — Faith´ful•ly, adv. - Faith´ful•ness, n.

Faith´less, a. 1. Not believing; not giving credit. “Be not faithless, but believing.” John xx. 27. 2. Not believing on God or religion; specifically, not believing in the Christian religion. Shak. 3. Not observant of promises or covenants. 4. Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows; perfidious; trecherous; disloyal; not of true fidelity; inconstant, as a husband or a wife. “A most unnatural and faithless service.” Shak. 5. Serving to disappoint or deceive; delusive; unsatisfying. ´Yonder faithless phantom.´ Goldsmith. — Faith´less•ly, adv.Faith´less•ness, n.

Fai´tour , n. [OF. faitor a doer, L. factor. See Factor.] A doer or actor; particularly, an evil doer; a scoundrel. [Obs.] “Lo! faitour, there thy meed unto thee take.” Spenser.

Fake , n. [Cf. Scot. faik fold, stratum of stone, AS. faec space, interval, G. fach compartment, partition, row, and E. fay to fit.] (Naut.) One of the circles or windings of a cable or hawser, as it lies in a coil; a single turn or coil.

Fake, v. t. (Naut.) To coil (a rope, line, or hawser), by winding alternately in opposite directions, in layers usually of zigzag or figure of eight form,, to prevent twisting when running out. Faking box, a box in which a long rope is faked; used in the life-saving service for a line attached to a shot.

Fake, v. t. [Cf. Gael. faigh to get, acquire, reach, or OD. facken to catch or gripe.] [Slang in all its senses.] 1. To cheat; to swindle; to steal; to rob. 2. To make; to construct; to do. 3. To manipulate fraudulently, so as to make an object appear better or other than it really is; as to fake a bulldog, by burning his upper lip and thus artificially shortening it.

Fake, n. A trick; a swindle. [Slang]

Fa´kir , n. [Ar. faqir poor.] An Oriental religious ascetic or begging monk. [Written also faquir anf fakeer.]

Fa´la•na´ka , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A viverrine mammal of Madagascar (Eupleres Goudotii), allied to the civet; — called also Falanouc.

Fal•cade´ (fal•kad´), n. [F., ultimately fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] (Man.) The action of a horse, when he throws himself on his haunches two or three times, bending himself, as it were, in very quick curvets. Harris. { Fal´cate , Fal´ca•ted } a. [L. falcatus, fr. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] Hooked or bent like a sickle; as a falcate leaf; a falcate claw; — said also of the moon, or a planet, when horned or crescent- formed.

Fal•ca´tion , n. The state of being falcate; a bend in the form of a sickle. Sir T. Browne.

Fal´cer , n. [From L. falx, falcis, a sickle.] (Zoöl.) One of the mandibles of a spider.

Fal´chion , n. [OE. fauchon, OF. fauchon, LL. fälcio, fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle, cf. Gr. a ship’s rib, bandy-legged; perh, akin to E. falcon; cf. It. falcione. Cf. Defalcation.] 1. A broad-bladed sword, slightly curved, shorter and lighter than the ordinary sword; — used in the Middle Ages. 2. A name given generally and poetically to a sword, especially to the swords of Oriental and fabled warriors.

Fal•cid´i•an , a. [L. Falcidius.] Of or pertaining to Publius Falcidius, a Roman tribune. Falcidian law (Civil Law), a law by which a testator was obliged to leave at least a fourth of his estate to the heir. Burrill.

Fal´ci•form , a. [L. falx, falcis, a sickle + -form: cf. F. falciforme.] Having the shape of a scithe or sickle; resembling a reaping hook; as the falciform ligatment of the liver.

Fal´con , n. [OE. faucon, faucoun, OF. faucon, falcon, . faucon, fr. LL. falco, perh. from L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe, and named from its curving talons. Cf. Falchion.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a family (Falconidae) of raptorial birds, characterized by a short, hooked beak, strong claws, and powerful flight. (b) Any species of the genus Falco, distinguished by having a toothlike lobe on the upper mandible; especially, one of this genus trained to the pursuit of other birds, or game. “In the language of falconry, the female peregrine (Falco peregrinus) is exclusively called the falcon.” Yarrell. 2. (Gun.) An ancient form of cannon. Chanting falcon. (Zoöl.) See under Chanting.

Fal´con•er , n. [OE. fauconer, OF. falconier, fauconier, F. fauconnier. See Falcon.] A person who breeds or trains hawks for taking birds or game; one who follows the sport of fowling with hawks. Johnson.

Fal´co•net , n. [Dim. of falcon: cf. F. fauconneau, LL. falconeta, properly, a young falcon.] 1. One of the smaller cannon used in the 15th century and later. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several very small Asiatic falcons of the genus Microhierax. (b) One of a group of Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, resembling shrikes and titmice.

Fal´con•gen•til , n. [F. faucon- gentil. See Falcon, and Genteel.] (Zoöl.) The female or young of the goshawk (Astur palumbarius).

Fal´co•nine , a. (Zoöl.) Like a falcon or hawk; belonging to the Falconidae

Fal´con•ry , n. [Cf. F. fauconnerie. See Falcon.] 1. The art of training falcons or hawks to pursue and attack wild fowl or game. 2. The sport of taking wild fowl or game by means of falcons or hawks.

Fal´cu•la , n. [L., a small sickle, a billhook.] (Zoöl.) A curved and sharp- pointed claw.

Fal´cu•late , a. (Zoöl.) Curved and sharppointed, like a falcula, or claw of a falcon.

Fald´age , n. [LL. faldagium, fr. AS. fald, E. fold. Cf. Foldage.] (O. Eng. Law) A privilege of setting up, and moving about, folds for sheep, in any fields within manors, in order to manure them; — often reserved to himself by the lord of the manor. Spelman.

Fald´fee , n. [AS. fald (E. fold) + E. fee. See Faldage.] (O. Eng. Law) A fee or rent paid by a tenant for the privilege of faldage on his own ground. Blount.

Fald´ing, n. A frieze or rough- napped cloth. [Obs.]

Fal´dis•to•ry , n. [LL. faldistorium, faldestorium, from OHG. faldstuol; faldan, faltan, to fold (G. falten) + stuol stool. So called because it could be folded or laid together. See Fold, and Stool, and cf. Faldstool, Fauteuil.] The throne or seat of a bishop within the chancel. [Obs.]

Fald´stool , n. [See Faldistory.] A folding stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the manner of a camo stool. It was formerly placed in the choir for a bishop, when he offciated in any but his own cathedral church. Fairholt. In the modern practice of the Church of England, the term faldstool is given to the reading desk from which the litany is read. This esage is a relic of the ancient use of a lectern folding like a camp stool.

Fa•ler´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Mount Falernus, in Italy; as Falernianwine.

Falk (fak), n. (Zoöl.) The razorbill. [Written also falc, and faik.] [Prov. Eng.]

Fall (fal), v. i. [imp. Fell (fel); p. p. Fallen p. pr. & vb. n. Falling.] [AS. feallan; akin to D. vallen, OS. & OHG. fallan, G. fallen, Icel. Falla, Sw. falla, Dan. falde, Lith. pulti, L. fallere to deceive, Gr. sfa•llein to cause to fall, Skr. sphal, sphul, to tremble. Cf. Fail, Fell, v. t., to cause to fall.] 1. To Descend, either suddenly or gradually; particularly, to descend by the force of gravity; to drop; to sink; as the apple falls; the tide falls; the mercury falls in the barometer. “I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.” Luke x. 18. 2. To cease to be erect; to take suddenly a recumbent posture; to become prostrate; to drop; as a child totters and falls; a tree falls; a worshiper falls on his knees. “I fell at his feet to worship him.” Rev. xix. 10. 3. To find a final outlet; to discharge its waters; to empty; — with into; as the river Rhone falls into the Mediterranean. 4. To become prostrate and dead; to die; especially, to die by violence, as in battle. “A thousand shall fall at thy side.” Ps. xci. 7. “He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell.” Byron. 5. To cease to be active or strong; to die away; to lose strength; to subside; to become less intense; as the wind falls. 6. To issue forth into life; to be brought forth; — said of the young of certain animals. Shak. 7. To decline in power, glory, wealth, or importance; to become insignificant; to lose rank or position; to decline in weight, value, price etc.; to become less; as the price falls; stocks fell two points. “I am a poor fallen man, unworthy now
To be thy lord and master.” Shak. “The greatness of these Irish lords suddenly fell and vanished.” Sir J. Davies. 8. To be overthrown or captured; to be destroyed. “Heaven and earth will witness,
If Rome must fall, that we are innocent.” Addison. 9. To descend in character or reputation; to become degraded; to sink into vice, error, or sin; to depart from the faith; to apostatize; to sin. “Let us labor therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief.” Heb. iv. 11. 10. To become insnared or embarrassed; to be entrapped; to be worse off than before; as to fall into error; to fall into difficulties. 11. To assume a look of shame or disappointment; to become or appear dejected; — said of the countenance. “Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.” Gen. iv. 5. “I have observed of late thy looks are fallen.” Addison. 12. To sink; to languish; to become feeble or faint; as our spirits rise and fall with our fortunes. 13. To pass somewhat suddenly, and passively, into a new state of body or mind; to become; as to fall asleep; to fall into a passion; to fall in love; to fall into temptation. 14. To happen; to to come to pass; to light; to befall; to issue; to terminate. “The Romans fell on this model by chance.” Swift. “Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter will fall.” Ruth. iii. 18. “They do not make laws, they fall into customs.” H. Spencer. 15. To come; to occur; to arrive. “The vernal equinox, which at the Nicene Council fell on the 21st of March, falls now [1694] about ten days sooner.” Holder. 16. To begin with haste, ardor, or vehemence; to rush or hurry; as they fell to blows. “They now no longer doubted, but fell to work heart and soul.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). 17. To pass or be transferred by chance, lot, distribution, inheritance, or otherwise; as the estate fell to his brother; the kingdom fell into the hands of his rivals. 18. To belong or appertain. “If to her share some female errors fall,
Look on her face, and you’ll forget them all.” Pope. 19. To be dropped or uttered carelessly; as an unguarded expression fell from his lips; not a murmur fell from him. To fall abroad of (Naut.), to strike against; — applied to one vessel coming into collision with another. — To fall among, to come among accidentally or unexpectedly. — To fall astern (Naut.), to move or be driven backward; to be left behind; as a ship falls astern by the force of a current, or when outsailed by another. — To fall away. (a) To lose flesh; to become lean or emaciated; to pine. (b) To renounce or desert allegiance; to revolt or rebel. (c) To renounce or desert the faith; to apostatize. ´These … for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away.´ Luke viii. 13. (d) To perish; to vanish; to be lost. ´How … can the soul … fall away into nothing?´ Addison. (e) To decline gradually; to fade; to languish, or become faint. ´One color falls away by just degrees, and another rises insensibly.´ Addison. — To fall back. (a) To recede or retreat; to give way. (b) To fail of performing a promise or purpose; not to fulfill. — To fall back upon. (a) (Mil.) To retreat for safety to (a stronger position in the rear, as to a fort or a supporting body of troops). (b) To have recourse to (a reserved fund, or some available expedient or support). — To fall calm, to cease to blow; to become calm. — To fall down. (a) To prostrate one’s self in worship. ´All kings shall fall down before him.´ Ps. lxxii. 11. (b) To sink; to come to the ground. ´Down fell the beauteous youth.´ Dryden. (c) To bend or bow, as a suppliant. (d) (Naut.) To sail or drift toward the mouth of a river or other outlet. — To fall flat, to produce no response or result; to fail of the intended effect; as his speech fell flat. — To fall foul of. (a) (Naut.) To have a collision with; to become entangled with (b) To attack; to make an assault upon. — To fall from, to recede or depart from; not to adhere to; as to fall from an agreement or engagement; to fall from allegiance or duty. — To fall from grace (M. E. Ch.), to sin; to withdraw from the faith. — To fall home (Ship Carp.), to curve inward; — said of the timbers or upper parts of a ship’s side which are much within a perpendicular. — To fall in. (a) To sink inwards; as the roof fell in. (b) (Mil.) To take one’s proper or assigned place in line; as to fall in on the right. (c) To come to an end; to terminate; to lapse; as on the death of Mr. B., the annuuity, which he had so long received, fell in. (d) To become operative. ´The reversion, to which he had been nominated twenty years before, fell in.´ Macaulay. — To fall into one’s hands, to pass, often suddenly or unexpectedly, into one’s ownership or control; as to spike cannon when they are likely to fall into the hands of the enemy. — To fall in with. (a) To meet with accidentally; as to fall in with a friend. (b) (Naut.) To meet, as a ship; also to discover or come near, as land. (c) To concur with; to agree with; as the measure falls in with popular opinion. (d) To comply; to yield to. ´You will find it difficult to persuade learned men to fall in with your projects.´ Addison. — To fall off. (a) To drop; as fruits fall off when ripe. (b) To withdraw; to separate; to become detached; as friends fall off in adversity. ´Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide.´ Shak. (c) To perish; to die away; as words fall off by disuse. (d) To apostatize; to forsake; to withdraw from the faith, or from allegiance or duty. “Those captive tribes … fell off
From God to worship calves.” Milton. (e) To forsake; to abandon; as his customers fell off. (f) To depreciate; to change for the worse; to deteriorate; to become less valuable, abundant, or interesting; as a falling off in the wheat crop; the magazine or the review falls off. ´O Hamlet, what a falling off was there!´ Shak. (g) (Naut.) To deviate or trend to the leeward of the point to which the head of the ship was before directed; to fall to leeward. — To fall on. (a) To meet with; to light upon; as we have fallen on evil days. (b) To begin suddenly and eagerly. ´Fall on, and try the appetite to eat.´ Dryden. (c) To begin an attack; to assault; to assail. ´Fall on, fall on, and hear him not.´ Dryden. (d) To drop on; to descend on. — To fall out. (a) To quarrel; to begin to contend. “A soul exasperated in ills falls out
With everything, its friend, itself.” Addison. (b) To happen; to befall; to chance. ´There fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs and the mice.´ L’Estrange. (c) (Mil.) To leave the ranks, as a soldier. — To fall over. (a) To revolt; to desert from one side to another. (b) To fall beyond. Shak. — To fall short, to be deficient; as the corn falls short; they all fall short in duty. — To fall through, to come to nothing; to fail; as the engageent has fallen through. - - To fall to, to begin. ´Fall to, with eager joy, on homely food.´ Dryden. — To fall under. (a) To come under, or within the limits of; to be subjected to; as they fell under the jurisdiction of the emperor. (b) To come under; to become the subject of; as this point did not fall under the cognizance or deliberations of the court; these things do not fall under human sight or observation. (c) To come within; to be ranged or reckoned with; to be subordinate to in the way of classification; as these substances fall under a different class or order. — To fall upon. (a) To attack. [See To fall on.] (b) To attempt; to have recourse to. ´I do not intend to fall upon nice disquisitions.´ Holder. (c) To rush against. Fall primarily denotes descending motion, either in a perpendicular or inclined direction, and, in most of its applications, implies, literally or figuratively, velocity, haste, suddenness, or violence. Its use is so various, and so mush diversified by modifying words, that it is not easy to enumerate its senses in all its applications.

Fall , v. t. 1. To let fall; to drop. [Obs.] “For every tear he falls, a Trojan bleeds.” Shak. 2. To sink; to depress; as to fall the voice. [Obs.] 3. To diminish; to lessen or lower. [Obs.] “Upon lessening interest to four per cent, you fall the price of your native commodities.” Locke. 4. To bring forth; as to fall lambs. [R.] Shak. 5. To fell; to cut down; as to fall a tree. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Fall, n. 1. The act of falling; a dropping or descending be the force of gravity; descent; as a fall from a horse, or from the yard of ship. 2. The act of dropping or tumbling from an erect posture; as he was walking on ice, and had a fall. 3. Death; destruction; overthrow; ruin. “They thy fall conspire.” Denham. “Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.” Prov. xvi. 18. 4. Downfall; degradation; loss of greatness or office; termination of greatness, power, or dominion; ruin; overthrow; as the fall of the Roman empire. “Beholds thee glorious only in thy fall.” Pope. 5. The surrender of a besieged fortress or town ; as the fall of Sebastopol. 6. Diminution or decrease in price or value; depreciation; as the fall of prices; the fall of rents. 7. A sinking of tone; cadence; as the fall of the voice at the close of a sentence. 8. Declivity; the descent of land or a hill; a slope. 9. Descent of water; a cascade; a cataract; a rush of water down a precipice or steep; — usually in the plural, sometimes in the singular; as the falls of Niagara. 10. The discharge of a river or current of water into the ocean, or into a lake or pond; as the fall of the Po into the Gulf of Venice. Addison. 11. Extent of descent; the distance which anything falls; as the water of a stream has a fall of five feet. 12. The season when leaves fall from trees; autumn. “What crowds of patients the town doctor kills,
Or how, last fall, he raised the weekly bills.” Dryden. 13. That which falls; a falling; as a fall of rain; a heavy fall of snow. 14. The act of felling or cutting down. ´The fall of timber.´ Johnson. 15. Lapse or declension from innocence or goodness. Specifically: The first apostasy; the act of our first parents in eating the forbidden fruit; also the apostasy of the rebellious angels. 16. Formerly, a kind of ruff or band for the neck; a falling band; a faule. B. Jonson. 17. That part (as one of the ropes) of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting. Fall herring (Zoöl.), a herring of the Atlantic (Clupea mediocris); — also called tailor herring, and hickory shad. — To try a fall, to try a bout at wrestling. Shak.

Fal•la´cious , a. [L. fallaciosus, fr. fallacia: cf. F. fallacieux. See Fallacy.] Embodying or pertaining to a fallacy; illogical; fitted to deceive; misleading; delusive; as fallacious arguments or reasoning. — Fal•la´cious•ly, adv. - Fal•la´cious•ness, n.

Fal´la•cy (fal´la•sy), n.; pl. Fallacies (- siz). [OE. fallace, fallas, deception, F. fallace, fr. L. fallacia, fr. fallax deceitful, deceptive, fr. fallere to deceive. See Fail.] 1. Deceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness; that which misleads the eye or the mind; deception. “Winning by conquest what the first man lost,
By fallacy surprised.” Milton. 2. (Logic) An argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not; a sophism. Syn. — Deception; deceit; mistake. — Fallacy, Sophistry. A fallacy is an argument which professes to be decisive, but in reality is not; sophistry is also false reasoning, but of so specious and subtle a kind as to render it difficult to expose its fallacy. Many fallacies are obvious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its consummate art. ´Men are apt to suffer their minds to be misled by fallacies which gratify their passions. Many persons have obscured and confounded the nature of things by their wretched sophistry; though an act be never so sinful, they will strip it of its guilt.´ South.

Fal´-lals , n. pl. Gay ornaments; frippery; gewgaws. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Fal´lax , n. [L. fallax deceptive. See Fallacy.] Cavillation; a caviling. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Fall´en , a. Dropped; prostrate; degraded; ruined; decreased; dead. “Some ruined temple or fallen monument.” Rogers.

Fal´len•cy , n. [LL. fallentia, L. fallens p. pr of fallere.] An exception. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Fall´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, falls. 2. (Mach.) A part which acts by falling, as a stamp in a fulling mill, or the device in a spinning machine to arrest motion when a thread breaks.

Fall´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A fresh-water fish of the United States (Semotilus bullaris); — called also silver chub, and Shiner. The name is also applied to other allied species.

Fal•li•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being fallible; liability to deceive or to be deceived; as the fallibity of an argument or of an adviser.

Fal´li•ble , a. [LL. fallibilis, fr. L. fallere to deceive: cf. F. faillible. See Fail.] Liable to fail, mistake, or err; liable to deceive or to be deceived; as all men are fallible; our opinions and hopes are fallible.

Fal´li•bly, adv. In a fallible manner.

Fall´ing , a. & n. from Fall, v. i. Falling away, Falling off, etc. See To fall away, To fall off, etc., under Fall, v. i. — Falling band, the plain, broad, linen collar turning down over the doublet, worn in the early part of the 17th century. — Falling sickness (Med.), epilepsy. Shak. — Falling star. (Astron.) See Shooting star. — Falling stone, a stone falling through the atmosphere; a meteorite; an aërolite. — Falling tide, the ebb tide. — Falling weather, a rainy season. [Colloq.] Bartlett.

Fal•lo´pi•an , a. [From Fallopius, or Fallopio, a physician of Modena, who died in 1562.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, Fallopius; as the Fallopian tubes or oviducts, the ducts or canals which conduct the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

Fal´low , a. [AS. fealu, fealo, pale yellow or red; akin to D. vaal fallow, faded, OHG. falo, G. falb, fahl, Icel. fölr, and prob. to Lith. palvas, OSlav. plavu white, L. pallidus pale, pallere to be pale, Gr. polio•s gray, Skr. palita. Cf. Pale, Favel, a., Favor.] 1. Pale red or pale yellow; as a fallow deer or greyhound. Shak. 2. [Cf. Fallow, n.] Left untilled or unsowed after plowing; uncultivated; as fallow ground. Fallow chat, Fallow finch (Zoöl.), a small European bird, the wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). See Wheatear.

Fal´low, n. [So called from the fallow, or somewhat yellow, color of naked ground; or perh. akin to E. felly, n., cf. MHG. valgen to plow up, OHG. felga felly, harrow.] 1. Plowed land. [Obs.] “Who … pricketh his blind horse over the fallows.” Chaucer. 2. Land that has lain a year or more untilled or unseeded; land plowed without being sowed for the season. “The plowing of fallows is a benefit to land.” Mortimer. 3. The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing it for a season; as summer fallow, properly conducted, has ever been found a sure method of destroying weeds. “Be a complete summer fallow, land is rendered tender and mellow. The fallow gives it a better tilth than can be given by a fallow crop.” Sinclair. Fallow crop, the crop taken from a green fallow. [Eng.] — Green fallow, fallow whereby land is rendered mellow and clean from weeds, by cultivating some green crop, as turnips, potatoes, etc. [Eng.]

Fal´low , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fallowed p. pr. & vb. n. Fallowing.] [From Fallow, n.] To plow, harrow, and break up, as land, without seeding, for the purpose of destroying weeds and insects, and rendering it mellow; as it is profitable to fallow cold, strong, clayey land.

Fal´low deer [So called from its fallow or pale yellow color.] (Zoöl.) A European species of deer (Cervus dama), much smaller than the red deer. In summer both sexes are spotted with white. It is common in England, where it is often domesticated in the parks.

Fal´low•ist , n. One who favors the practice of fallowing land. [R.] Sinclair.

Fal´low•ness, n. A well or opening, through the successive floors of a warehouse or manufactory, through which goods are raised or lowered. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Fal´sa•ry , n. [L. falsarius, fr. falsus. See False, a.] A falsifier of evidence. [Obs.] Sheldon.

False , a. [Compar. Falser superl. Falsest.] [L. falsus, p. p. of fallere to deceive; cf. OF. faus, fals, F. faux, and AS. fals fraud. See Fail, Fall.] 1. Uttering falsehood; unveracious; given to deceit; dishnest; as a false witness. 2. Not faithful or loyal, as to obligations, allegiance, vows, etc.; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; as a false friend, lover, or subject; false to promises. “I to myself was false, ere thou to me.” Milton. 3. Not according with truth or reality; not true; fitted or likely to deceive or disappoint; as a false statement. 4. Not genuine or real; assumed or designed to deceive; counterfeit; hypocritical; as false tears; false modesty; false colors; false jewelry. “False face must hide what the false heart doth know.” Shak. 5. Not well founded; not firm or trustworthy; erroneous; as a false claim; a false conclusion; a false construction in grammar. “Whose false foundation waves have swept away.” Spenser. 6. Not essential or permanent, as parts of a structure which are temporary or supplemental. 7. (Mus.) Not in tune. False arch (Arch.), a member having the appearance of an arch, though not of arch construction. — False attic, an architectural erection above the main cornice, concealing a roof, but not having windows or inclosing rooms. — False bearing, any bearing which is not directly upon a vertical support; thus, the weight carried by a corbel has a false bearing. — False cadence, an imperfect or interrupted cadence. — False conception (Med.), an abnormal conception in which a mole, or misshapen fleshy mass, is produced instead of a properly organized fetus. — False croup (Med.), a spasmodic affection of the larynx attended with the symptoms of membranous croup, but unassociated with the deposit of a fibrinous membrane. — False door or window (Arch.), the representation of a door or window, inserted to complete a series of doors or windows or to give symmetry. — False fire, a combustible carried by vessels of war, chiefly for signaling, but sometimes burned for the purpose of deceiving an enemy; also a light on shore for decoying a vessel to destruction. — False galena. See Blende. — False imprisonment (Law), the arrest and imprisonment of a person without warrant or cause, or contrary to law; or the unlawful detaining of a person in custody. — False keel (Naut.), the timber below the main keel, used to serve both as a protection and to increase the shio’s lateral resistance. — False key, a picklock. — False leg. (Zoöl.) See Proleg. — False membrane (Med.), the fibrinous deposit formed in croup and diphtheria, and resembling in appearance an animal membrane. — False papers (Naut.), documents carried by a ship giving false representations respecting her cargo, destination, ect., for the purpose of deceiving. — False passage (Surg.), an unnatural passage leading off from a natural canal, such as the urethra, and produced usually by the unskillful introduction of instruments. — False personation (Law), the intentional false assumption of the name and personality of another. — False pretenses (Law), false representations concerning past or present facts and events, for the purpose of defrauding another. — False rail (Naut.), a thin piece of timber placed on top of the head rail to strengthen it. — False relation (Mus.), a progression in harmony, in which a certain note in a chord appears in the next chord prefixed by a flat or sharp. — False return (Law), an untrue return made to a process by the officer to whom it was delivered for execution. — False ribs (Anat.), the asternal rebs, of which there are five pairs in man. — False roof (Arch.), the space between the upper ceiling and the roof. Oxford Gloss. — False token, a false mark or other symbol, used for fraudulent purposes. — False scorpion (Zoöl.), any arachnid of the genus Chelifer. See Book scorpion. — False tack (Naut.), a coming up into the wind and filling away again on the same tack. — False vampire (Zoöl.), the Vampyrus spectrum of South America, formerly erroneously supposed to have blood-sucking habits; — called also vampire, and ghost vampire. The genuine blood-sucking bats belong to the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. See Vampire. — False window. (Arch.) See False door, above. — False wing. (Zoöl.) See Alula, and Bastard wing, under Bastard. — False works (Civil Engin.), construction works to facilitate the erection of the main work, as scaffolding, bridge centering, etc.

False, adv. Not truly; not honestly; falsely. ´You play me false.´ Shak.

False, v. t. [L. falsare to falsify, fr. falsus: cf. F. fausser. See False, a.] 1. To report falsely; to falsify. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To betray; to falsify. [Obs.] “[He] hath his truthe falsed in this wise.” Chaucer. 3. To mislead by want of truth; to deceive. [Obs.] “In his falsed fancy.” Spenser. 4. To feign; to pretend to make. [Obs.] ´And falsed oft his blows.´ Spenser.

False´-faced , a. Hypocritical. Shak.

False´-heart , a. False- hearted. Shak.

False´-heart•ed, a. Hollow or unsound at the core; treacherous; deceitful; perfidious. Bacon. — False´-heart•ed•ness, n. Bp. Stillingfleet.

False´hood , n. [False + - hood] 1. Want of truth or accuracy; an untrue assertion or representation; error; misrepresentation; falsity. “Though it be a lie in the clock, it is but a falsehood in the hand of the dial when pointing at a wrong hour, if rightly following the direction of the wheel which moveth it.” Fuller. 2. A deliberate intentional assertion of what is known to be untrue; a departure from moral integrity; a lie. 3. Treachery; deceit; perfidy; unfaithfulness. “Betrayed by falsehood of his guard.” Shak. 4. A counterfeit; a false appearance; an imposture. “For his molten image is falsehood.” Jer. x. 14. “No falsehood can endure
Touch of celestial temper.” Milton. Syn. — Falsity; lie; untruth; fiction; fabrication. See Falsity.

False´ly , adv. In a false manner; erroneously; not truly; perfidiously or treacherously. ´O falsely, falsely murdered.´ Shak. “Oppositions of science, falsely so called.” 1 Tim. vi. 20. “Will ye steal, murder … and swear falsely ?” Jer. vii. 9.

False´ness, n. The state of being false; contrariety to the fact; inaccuracy; want of integrity or uprightness; double dealing; unfaithfulness; treachery; perfidy; as the falseness of a report, a drawing, or a singer’s notes; the falseness of a man, or of his word.

Fals´er , n. A deceiver. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fal•set´to , n.; pl. Falsettos (#). [It. falsetto, dim. fr. L. falsus. See False.] A false or artificial voice; that voice in a man which lies above his natural voice; the male counter tenor or alto voice. See Head voice, under Voice.

Fal´si•cri´men [L.] (Civ. Law) The crime of falsifying. This term in the Roman law included not only forgery, but every species of fraud and deceit. It never has been used in so extensive a sense in modern common law, in which its predominant significance is forgery, though it also includes perjury and offenses of a like character. Burrill. Greenleaf.

Fal´si•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. falsifiable.] Capable of being falsified, counterfeited, or corrupted. Johnson.

Fal•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. falsification.] 1. The act of falsifying, or making false; a counterfeiting; the giving to a thing an appearance of something which it is not. “To counterfeit the living image of king in his person exceedeth all falsifications.” Bacon. 2. Willful misstatement or misrepresentation. “Extreme necessity … forced him upon this bold and violent falsification of the doctrine of the alliance.” Bp. Warburton. 3. (Equity) The showing an item of charge in an account to be wrong. Story.

Fal´si•fi•ca•tor , n. [Cf. F. falsificateur.] A falsifier. Bp. Morton.

Fal´si•fi•er , n. One who falsifies, or gives to a thing a deceptive appearance; a liar.

Fal´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Falsified p. pr. & vb. n. Falsifying.] [L. falsus false + -ly: cf. F. falsifier. See False, a.] 1. To make false; to represent falsely. “The Irish bards use to forge and falsify everything as they list, to please or displease any man.” Spenser. 2. To counterfeit; to forge; as to falsify coin. 3. To prove to be false, or untrustworthy; to confute; to disprove; to nullify; to make to appear false. “By how much better than my word I am,
By so much shall I falsify men’s hope.” Shak. “Jews and Pagans united all their endeavors, under Julian the apostate, to baffie and falsify the prediction.” Addison. 4. To violate; to break by falsehood; as to falsify one’s faith or word. Sir P. Sidney. 5. To baffle or escape; as to falsify a blow. Butler. 6. (Law) To avoid or defeat; to prove false, as a judgment. Blackstone. 7. (Equity) To show, in accounting, (an inem of charge inserted in an account) to be wrong. Story. Daniell. 8. To make false by multilation or addition; to tamper with; as to falsify a record or document.

Fal´si•fy, v. i. To tell lies; to violate the truth. “It is absolutely and universally unlawful to lie and falsify.” “South.”

Fals´ism , n. That which is evidently false; an assertion or statement the falsity of which is plainly apparent; — opposed to truism.

Fal´si•ty , n.;pl. Falsities (#). [L. falsitas: cf. F. faussete, OF. also falsite. See False, a.] 1. The quality of being false; coutrariety or want of conformity to truth. “Probability does not make any alteration, either in the truth or falsity of things.” South. 2. That which is false; falsehood; a lie; a false assertion. “Men often swallow falsities for truths.” Sir T. Brown. Syn. — Falsehood; lie; deceit. — Falsity, Falsehood, Lie. Falsity denotes the state or quality of being false. A falsehood is a false declaration designedly made. A lie is a gross, unblushing falsehood. The falsity of a person’s assertion may be proved by the evidence of others and thus the charge of falsehood be fastened upon him.

Fal´ter , v. t. To thrash in the chaff; also to cleanse or sift, as barley. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fal´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faltered p. pr. & vb. n. Faltering.] [OE. falteren, faltren, prob. from fault. See Fault, v. & n.] 1. To hesitate; to speak brokenly or weakly; to stammer; as his tongue falters. “With faltering speech and visage incomposed.” Milton. 2. To tremble; to totter; to be unsteady. ´He found his legs falter.´ Wiseman. 3. To hesitate in purpose or action. “Ere her native king
Shall falter under foul rebellion’s arms.” Shak. 4. To fail in distinctness or regularity of exercise; — said of the mind or of thought. “Here indeed the power of disinct conception of space and distance falters.” I. Taylor.

Fal´ter, v. t. To utter with hesitation, or in a broken, trembling, or weak manner. “And here he faltered forth his last farewell.” Byron. “Mde me most happy, faltering ´I am thine.´” Tennyson.

Fal´ter , n. [See Falter, v. i.] Hesitation; trembling; feebleness; an uncertain or broken sound; as a slight falter in her voice. “The falter of an idle shepherd’s pipe.” Lowell.

Fal´ter•ing, a. Hesitating; trembling. ´With faltering speech.´ Milton. — n. Falter; halting; hesitation. — Fal´ter•ing•ly, adv.

Fa•luns´ , n. [F.] (Geol.) A series of strata, of the Middle Tertiary period, of France, abounding in shells, and used by Lyell as the type of his Miocene subdivision.

Fal´we , a. & n. Fallow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Falx , n. [L., a sickle.] (Anat.) A curved fold or process of the dura mater or the peritoneum; esp., one of the partitionlike folds of the dura mater which extend into the great fissures of the brain.

Fam´ble , v. i. [OE. falmelen; cf. SW. famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, falter, hesitate, Icel. falma to grope. Cf. Famble.] To stammer. [Obs.] Nares.

Fam´ble, n. [Cf. Famble, v.] A hand. [Slang & Obs.] ´We clap our fambles.´ Beau. & Fl.

Fame , n. [OF. fame, L. fama, fr. fari to speak, akin to Gr. a saying, report, to speak. See Ban, and cf. Fable, Fate, Euphony, Blame.] 1. Public report or rumor. “The fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh’s house.” Gen. xlv. 16. 2. Report or opinion generally diffused; renown; public estimation; celebrity, either favorable or unfavorable; as the fame of Washington. “I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited.” Shak. Syn. — Notoriety; celebrity; renown; reputation.

Fame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famed ,; p. pr. & vb. n. Faming.] 1. To report widely or honorably. “The field where thou art famed
To have wrought such wonders.” Milton. 2. To make famous or renowned. “Those Hesperian gardens famed of old.” Milton.

Fame´less, a. Without fame or renown. — Fame´less•ly, adv.

Fa•mil•iar , a. [OE. familer, familier, F. familier, fr. L. familiaris, fr. familia family. See Family.] 1. Of or pertaining to a family; domestic. ´Familiar feuds.´ Byron. 2. Closely acquainted or intimate, as a friend or companion; well versed in, as any subject of study; as familiar with the Scriptures. 3. Characterized by, or exhibiting, the manner of an intimate friend; not formal; unconstrained; easy; accessible. ´In loose, familiar strains.´ Addison. “Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.” Shak. 4. Well known; well understood; common; frequent; as a familiar illustration. “That war, or peace, or both at once, may be
As things acquainted and familiar to us.” Shak. “There is nothing more familiar than this.” Locke. 5. Improperly acquainted; wrongly intimate. Camden. Familiar spirit, a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at call. 1 Sam. xxviii. 3, 7-9.

Fa•mil´iar, n. 1. An intimate; a companion. “All my familiars watched for my halting.” Jer. xx. 10. 2. An attendant demon or evil spirit. Shak. 3. (Court of Inquisition) A confidential officer employed in the service of the tribunal, especially in apprehending and imprisoning the accused.

Fa•mil•iar´i•ty , n.; pl. Familiarities (#). [OE. familarite, F. familiaritefr. L. faniliaritas. See Familiar.] 1. The state of being familiar; intimate and frequent converse, or association; unconstrained intercourse; freedom from ceremony and constraint; intimacy; as to live in remarkable familiarity. 2. Anything said or done by one person to another unceremoniously and without constraint; esp., in the pl., such actions and words as propriety and courtesy do not warrant; liberties. Syn. — Acquaintance; fellowship; affability; intimacy. See Acquaintance.

Fa•mil•iar•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of making familiar; the result of becoming familiar; as familiarization with scenes of blood.

Fa•mil´iar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Familiarized p. pr. & vb. n. Familiarizing ] [Cf. F. familiariser.] 1. To make familiar or intimate; to habituate; to accustom; to make well known by practice or converse; as to familiarize one’s self with scenes of distress. 2. To make acquainted, or skilled, by practice or study; as to familiarize one’s self with a business, a book, or a science.

Fa´mil´iar•ly, adv. In a familiar manner.

Fa•mil´iar•ness, n. Familiarity. [R.]

Fa•mil´ia•ry , a. [L. familiaris. See Familiar.] Of or pertaining to a family or household; domestic. [Obs.] Milton.

Fam´i•lism , n. The tenets of the Familists. Milton.

Fam´i•list , n. [From Family.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of afanatical Antinomian sect originating in Holland, and existing in England about 1580, called the Family of Love, who held that religion consists wholly in love.

Fam´i•lis•ter•y , n.; pl. Familisteries . [F. familistère.] A community in which many persons unite as in one family, and are regulated by certain communistic laws and customs. { Fam•i•listic , Fam•i•lis´tic•al } a. Pertaining to Familists. Baxter.

Fam´i•ly , n.; pl. Families (#). [L. familia, fr. famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, cf. faamat he dwells, Skr. dhaman house, fr. dhato set, make, do: cf. F. famille. Cf. Do, v. t., Doom, Fact, Feat.] 1. The collective body of persons who live in one house, and under one head or manager; a household, including parents, children, and servants, and, as the case may be, lodgers or boarders. 2. The group comprising a husband and wife and their dependent children, constituting a fundamental unit in the organization of society. “The welfare of the family underlies the welfare of society.” H. Spencer. 3. Those who descend from one common progenitor; a tribe, clan, or race; kindred; house; as the human family; the family of Abraham; the father of a family. “Go ! and pretend your family is young.” Pope. 4. Course of descent; genealogy; line of ancestors; lineage. 5. Honorable descent; noble or respectable stock; as a man of family. 6. A group of kindred or closely related individuals; as a family of languages; a family of States; the chlorine family. 7. (Biol.) A group of organisms, either animal or vegetable, related by certain points of resemblance in structure or development, more comprehensive than a genus, because it is usually based on fewer or less pronounced points of likeness. In zoölogy a family is less comprehesive than an order; in botany it is often considered the same thing as an order. Family circle. See under Circle. — Family man. (a) A man who has a family; esp., one who has a wife and children living with him andd dependent upon him. (b) A man of domestic habits. ´The Jews are generally, when married, most exemplary family men.´ Mayhew. — Family of curves or surfaces (Geom.), a group of curves or surfaces derived from a single equation. — In a family way, like one belonging to the family. ´Why don’t we ask him and his ladies to come over in a family way, and dine with some other plain country gentlefolks?´ Thackeray. — In the family way, pregnant. [Colloq.]

Fam´ine , n. [F. famine, fr. L. fames hunger; cf. Gr. want, need, Skr. hani loss, lack, ha to leave.] General scarcity of food; dearth; a want of provisions; destitution. ´Worn with famine.´ Milton. “There was a famine in the land.” Gen. xxvi. 1. Famine fever (Med.), typhus fever.

Fam´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famished p. pr. & vb. n. Famishing.] [OE. famen; cf. OF. afamer, L. fames. See Famine, and cf. Affamish.] 1. To starve, kill, or destroy with hunger. Shak. 2. To exhaust the strength or endurance of, by hunger; to distress with hanger. “And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread.” Cen. xli. 55. “The pains of famished Tantalus he’ll feel.” Dryden. 3. To kill, or to cause to suffer extremity, by deprivation or denial of anything necessary. “And famish him of breath, if not of bread.” Milton. 4. To force or constrain by famine. “He had famished Paris into a surrender.” Burke.

Fam´ish, v. i. 1. To die of hunger; to starve. 2. To suffer extreme hunger or thirst, so as to be exhausted in strength, or to come near to perish. “You are all resolved rather to die than to famish?” Shak. 3. To suffer extremity from deprivation of anything essential or necessary. “The Lord will not suffer the soul of the righteous to famish.” Prov. x. 3.

Fam´ish•ment , n. State of being famished.

Fa•mos´i•ty , n. [L. famositas infamy: cf. F. famosite. See Famous.] The state or quality of being famous. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fa´mous , a. [L. famosus, fr. fama fame: cf. F. fameux. See Fame.] Celebrated in fame or public report; renowned; mach talked of; distinguished in story; — used in either a good or a bad sense, chiefly the former; often followed by for; as famous for erudition, for eloquence, for military skill; a famous pirate. “Famous for a scolding tongue.” Shak. Syn. — Noted; remarkable; signal; conspicuous; celebrated; renowned; illustrious; eminent; transcendent; excellent. — Famous, Renowned, Illustrious. Famous is applied to a person or thing widely spoken of as extraordinary; renowned is applied to those who are named again and again with honor; illustrious, to those who have dazzled the world by the splendor of their deeds or their virtues. See Distinguished.

Fa´moused , a. Renowned. [Obs.] Shak.

Fa´mous•ly , adv. In a famous manner; in a distinguished degree; greatly; splendidly. “Then this land was famously enriched
With politic grave counsel.” Shak.

Fa´mous•ness, n. The state of being famous.

Fam´u•lar , n. [Cf. L. famularis of servants.] Domestic; familiar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fam´u•late , v. i. [L. famulatus, p. p. of famulari to serve, fr. famulus servant.] To serve. [Obs.]

Fam´u•list , n. [L. famulus servant.] A collegian of inferior rank or position, corresponding to the sizar at Cambridge. [Oxford Univ., Eng.]

Fan , n. [AS. fann, fr. L. vannus fan, van for winnowing grain; cf. F. van. Cf. Van a winnowing machine, Winnow.] 1. An instrument used for producing artificial currents of air, by the wafting or revolving motion of a broad surface; as: (a) An instrument for cooling the person, made of feathers, paper, silk, etc., and often mounted on sticks all turning about the same pivot, so as when opened to radiate from the center and assume the figure of a section of a circle. (b) (Mach.) Any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air, in winnowing grain, blowing a fire, ventilation, etc., or for checking rapid motion by the resistance of the air; a fan blower; a fan wheel. (c) An instrument for winnowing grain, by moving which the grain is tossed and agitated, and the chaff is separated and blown away. (d) Something in the form of a fan when spread, as a peacock’s tail, a window, etc. (e) A small vane or sail, used to keep the large sails of a smock windmill always in the direction of the wind. “Clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan.” Is. xxx. 24. 2. That which produces effects analogous to those of a fan, as in exciting a flame, etc.; that which inflames, heightens, or strengthens; as it served as a fan to the flame of his passion. 3. A quintain; — from its form. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fan blower, a wheel with vanes fixed on a rotating shaft inclosed in a case or chamber, to create a blast of air (fan blast) for forge purposes, or a current for draft and ventilation; a fanner. — Fan cricket (Zoöl.), a mole cricket. — Fan light (Arch.), a window over a door; — so called from the semicircular form and radiating sash bars of those windows which are set in the circular heads of arched doorways. — Fan shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the family Pectinidae. See Scallop, n., 1. — Fan tracery (Arch.), the decorative tracery on the surface of fan vaulting. — Fan vaulting (Arch.), an elaborate system of vaulting, in which the ribs diverge somewhat like the rays of a fan, as in Henry VII.’s chapel in Westminster Abbey. It is peculiar to English Gothic. — Fan wheel, the wheel of a fan blower. — Fan window. Same as Fan light (above).

Fan , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanned p. pr. & vb. n. Fanning ] [Cf. OF. vanner, L. vannere. See Fan, n., Van a winnowing machine.] 1. To move as with a fan. “The air … fanned with unnumbered plumes.” Milton. 2. To cool and refresh, by moving the air with a fan; to blow the air on the face of with a fan. 3. To ventilate; to blow on; to affect by air put in motion. “Calm as the breath which fans our eastern groves.” Dryden. 4. To winnow; to separate chaff from, and drive it away by a current of air; as to fan wheat. Jer. li. 2. 5. To excite or stir up to activity, as a fan excites a flame; to stimulate; as this conduct fanned the excitement of the populace. Fanning machine, or Fanning mill, a machine for separating seed from chaff, etc., by a blast of air; a fanner.

Fa•nal´ , n. [F.] A lighthouse, or the apparatus placed in it for giving light.

Fa•nat´ic , a. [L. fanaticus inspired by divinity, enthusiastic, frantic, fr. fanum fane: cf. F. fanatique. See Fane.] Pertaining to, or indicating, fanaticism; extravagant in opinions; ultra; unreasonable; excessively enthusiastic, especially on religious subjects; as fanatic zeal; fanatic notions. “But Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast
To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last.” T. Moore.

Fa•nat´ic, n. A person affected by excessive enthusiasm, particularly on religious subjects; one who indulges wild and extravagant notions of religion. “There is a new word, coined within few months, called fanatics, which, by the close stickling thereof, seemeth well cut out and proportioned to signify what is meant thereby, even the sectaries of our age.” Fuller (1660). “Fanatics are governed rather by imagination than by judgment.” Stowe.

Fa•nat´ic•al , a. Characteristic of, or relating to, fanaticism; fanatic. - Fa•nat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Fa•nat´ic•al•ness, n.

Fa•nat´i•cism , n. [Cf. Fanatism.] Excessive enthusiasm, unreasoning zeal, or wild and extravagant notions, on any subject, especially religion; religious frenzy. Syn. — See Superstition.

Fa•nat´i•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanaticized p. pr. & vb. n. Fanaticizing ] To cause to become a fanatic.

Fan´a•tism , n. [Cf. F. fanatisme. Cf. Fanaticism.] Fanaticism. [R.] Gibbon.

Fan´cied , a. [From Fancy, v. t.] Formed or conceived by the fancy; unreal; as a fancied wrong.

Fan´ci•er , n. 1. One who is governed by fancy. ´Not reasoners, but fanciers.´ Macaulay. 2. One who fancies or has a special liking for, or interest in, a particular object or class or objects; hence, one who breeds and keeps for sale birds and animals; as bird fancier, dog fancier, etc.

Fan´ci•ful , a. 1. Full of fancy; guided by fancy, rather than by reason and experience; whimsical; as a fanciful man forms visionary projects. 2. Conceived in the fancy; not consistent with facts or reason; abounding in ideal qualities or figures; as a fanciful scheme; a fanciful theory. 3. Curiously shaped or constructed; as she wore a fanciful headdress. “Gather up all fancifullest shells.” Keats. Syn. — Imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; fantastical; wild. — Fanciful, Fantastical, Visionary. We speak of that as fanciful which is irregular in taste and judgment; we speak of it as fantastical when it becomes grotesque and extravagant as well as irregular; we speak of it as visionary when it is wholly unfounded in the nature of things. Fanciful notions are the product of a heated fancy, without any tems are made up of oddly assorted fancies, aften of the most whimsical kind; visionary expectations are those which can never be realized in fact. — Fan´ci•ful•ly, adv. - Fan´ci•ful•ness, n.

Fan´ci•less , a. Having no fancy; without ideas or imagination. [R.] “A pert or bluff important wight,
Whose brain is fanciless, whose blood is white.” Armstrong.

Fan´cy , n.; pl. Fancies (#). [Contr. fr. fantasy, OF. fantasie, fantaisie, F. fantaisie, L. phantasia, fr. Gr. appearance, imagination, the power of perception and presentation in the mind, fr. to make visible, to place before one’s mind, fr. to show; akin to , , light, Skr. bhato shine. Cf. Fantasy, Fantasia, Epiphany, Phantom.] 1. The faculty by which the mind forms an image or a representation of anything perceived before; the power of combining and modifying such objects into new pictures or images; the power of readily and happily creating and recalling such objects for the purpose of amusement, wit, or embellishment; imagination. “In the soul
Are many lesser faculties, that serve
Reason as chief. Among these fancy next
Her office holds.” Milton. 2. An image or representation of anything formed in the mind; conception; thought; idea; conceit. “How now, my lord ! why do you keep alone,
Of sorriest fancies your companoins making ?” Shak. 3. An opinion or notion formed without much reflection; caprice; whim; impression. “I have always had a fancy that learning might be made a play and recreation to children.” Locke. 4. Inclination; liking, formed by caprice rather than reason; as to strike one’s fancy; hence, the object of inclination or liking. “To fit your fancies to your father’s will.” Shak. 5. That which pleases or entertains the taste or caprice without much use or value. “London pride is a pretty fancy for borders.” Mortimer. 6. A sort of love song or light impromptu ballad. [Obs.] Shak. The fancy, all of a class who exhibit and cultivate any peculiar taste or fancy; hence, especially, sporting characters taken collectively, or any specific class of them, as jockeys, gamblers, prize fighters, etc. “At a great book sale in London, which had congregated all the fancy.” De Quincey. Syn. — Imagination; conceit; taste; humor; inclination; whim; liking. See Imagination.

Fan´cy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fancied , p. pr. & vb. n. Fancying .] 1. To figure to one’s self; to believe or imagine something without proof. “If our search has reached no farther than simile and metaphor, we rather fancy than know.” Locke. 2. To love. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´cy, v. t. 1. To form a conception of; to portray in the mind; to imagine. “He whom I fancy, but can ne’er express.” Dryden. 2. To have a fancy for; to like; to be pleased with, particularly on account of external appearance or manners. ´We fancy not the cardinal.´ Shak. 3. To believe without sufficient evidence; to imagine (something which is unreal). “He fancied he was welcome, because those arounde him were his kinsmen.” Thackeray.

Fan´cy, a. 1. Adapted to please the fancy or taste; ornamental; as fancy goods. 2. Extravagant; above real value. “This anxiety never degenerated into a monomania, like that which led his [Frederick the Great’s] father to pay fancy prices for giants.” Macaulay. Fancy ball, a ball in which porsons appear in fanciful dresses in imitation of the costumes of different persons and nations. — Fancy fair, a fair at which articles of fancy and ornament are sold, generally for some charitable purpose. — Fancy goods, fabrics of various colors, patterns, etc., as ribbons, silks, laces, etc., in distinction from those of a simple or plain color or make. — Fancy line (Naut.), a line rove through a block at the jaws of a gaff; — used to haul it down. — Fancy roller (Carding Machine), a clothed cylinder (usually having straight teeth) in front of the doffer. — Fancy stocks, a species of stocks which afford great opportunity for stock gambling, since they have no intrinsic value, and the fluctuations in their prices are artificial. — Fancy store, one where articles of fancy and ornament are sold. — Fancy woods, the more rare and expensive furniture woods, as mahogany, satinwood, rosewood, etc.

Fan´cy-free , a. Free from the power of love. ´In maiden meditation, fancy-free.´ Shak.

Fan´cy•mon•ger , n. A lovemonger; a whimsical lover. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´cy-sick , a. Love- sick. Shak.

Fan´cy•work , n. Ornamental work with a needle or hook, as embroidery, crocheting, netting, etc.

Fand , obs. imp. of Find. Spenser.

Fan•dan´go , n.; pl. Fandangoes (#). [Sp. A name brought, together with the dance, from the West Indies to Spain.] 1. A lively dance, in 3-8 or 6-8 time, much practiced in Spain and Spanish America. also the tune to which it is danced. 2. A ball or general dance, as in Mexico. [Colloq.]

Fane , n. [L. fanum a place dedicated to some deity, a sanctuary, fr. fari to speak. See Fame.] A temple; a place consecrated to religion; a church. [Poet.] “Such to this British Isle, her Christian fanes.” Wordsworth.

Fane, n. [See Vane.] A weathercock. [Obs.]

Fa•ne´ga , n. [Sp.] A dry measure in Spain and Spanish America, varying from 1 to 2 bushels; also a measure of land. De Colange.

Fan´fare , n. [F. Cf. Fanfaron.] A flourish of trumpets, as in coming into the lists, etc.; also a short and lively air performed on hunting horns during the chase. “The fanfare announcing the arrival of the various Christian princes.” Sir W. Scott.

Fan´fa•ron , n. [F., fr. Sp. fanfarron; cf. It. fanfano, and OSp. fanfa swaggering, boasting, also Ar. farfar talkative.] A bully; a hector; a swaggerer; an empty boaster. [R.] Dryden.

Fan•far•on•ade´ , n. [F. fanfaronnade, fr. Sp. fanfarronada. See Fanfaron.] A swaggering; vain boasting; ostentation; a bluster. Swift.

Fan´foot , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of gecko having the toes expanded into large lobes for adhesion. The Egyptian fanfoot (Phyodactylus gecko) is believed, by the natives, to have venomous toes. (b) Any moth of the genus Polypogon.

Fang (fang), v. t. [OE. fangen, fongen, fon (g orig. only in p. p. and imp. tense), AS. fon; akin to D. vangen, OHG. fahan, G. fahen, fangen, Icel. fa, Sw. få, fånga, Dan. fange, faae, Goth. fahan, and prob. to E. fair, peace, pact. Cf. Fair, a.] 1. To catch; to seize, as with the teeth; to lay hold of; to gripe; to clutch. [Obs.] Shak. “He’s in the law’s clutches; you see he’s fanged.” J. Webster. 2. To enable to catch or tear; to furnish with fangs. ´Chariots fanged with scythes.´ Philips.

Fang, n. [From Fang, v. t.; cf. AS. fang a taking, booty, G. fang.] 1. (Zoöl.) The tusk of an animal, by which the prey is seized and held or torn; a long pointed tooth; esp., one of the usually erectile, venomous teeth of serpents. also one of the falcers of a spider. “Since I am a dog, beware my fangs.” Shak. 2. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. “The protuberant fangs of the yucca.” Evelyn. 3. (Anat.) The root, or one of the branches of the root, of a tooth. See Tooth. 4. (Mining) A niche in the side of an adit or shaft, for an air course. Knight. 5. (Mech.) A projecting tooth or prong, as in a part of a lock, or the plate of a belt clamp, or the end of a tool, as a chisel, where it enters the handle. 6. (Naut.) (a) The valve of a pump box. (b) A bend or loop of a rope. In a fang, fast entangled. — To lose the fang, said of a pump when the water has gone out; hence: To fang a pump, to supply it with the water necessary to make it operate. [Scot.]

Fanged , a. Having fangs or tusks; as a fanged adder. Also used figuratively.

Fan´gle , n. [From Fang, v. t.; hence, prop., a taking up a new thing.] Something new-fashioned; a foolish innovation; a gewgaw; a trifling ornament.

Fan´gle, v. t. To fashion. [Obs.] “To control and new fangle the Scripture.” Milton.

Fan´gled , a. New made; hence, gaudy; showy; vainly decorated. [Obs., except with the prefix new.] See Newfangled. ´Our fangled world.´ Shak.

Fan´gle•ness , n. Quality of being fangled. [Obs.] “He them in new fangleness did pass.” Spenser.

Fang´less , a. Destitute of fangs or tusks. ´A fangless lion.´ Shak.

Fan´got , n. [Cf. It. fagotto, fangotto, a bundle. Cf. Fagot.] A quantity of wares, as raw silk, etc., from one hundred weight.

Fan´ion , n. [See Fanon.] 1. (Mil.) A small flag sometimes carried at the head of the baggage of a brigade. [Obs.] 2. A small flag for marking the stations in surveying.

Fan´like , a. Resembling a fan; — specifically (Bot.), folded up like a fan, as certain leaves; plicate.

Fan´nel , n. [Dim., from same source as fanon.] Same as Fanon.

Fan´ner , n. 1. One who fans. Jer. li. 2. 2. A fan wheel; a fan blower. See under Fan.

Fan´-nerved , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having the nerves or veins arranged in a radiating manner; — said of certain leaves, and of the wings of some insects.

Fan´on , n. [F. fanon, LL. fano, fr. OHG. fano banner cloth, G. fahne banner. See Vane, and cf. Fanion, Gonfalon.] (Eccl.) A term applied to various articles, as: (a) A peculiar striped scarf worn by the pope at mass, and by eastern bishops. (b) A maniple. [Written also fannel, phanon, etc.]

Fan´ palm (Bot.) Any palm tree having fan-shaped or radiate leaves; as the Chamaerops humilis of Southern Europe; the species of Sabal and Thrinax in the West Indies, Florida, etc.; and especially the great talipot tree (Corypha umbraculifera) of Ceylon and Malaya. The leaves of the latter are often eighteen feet long and fourteen wide, and are used for umbrellas tents, and roofs. When cut up, they are used for books and manuscripts.

Fan´tail (fan´tal•), n. (Zool.) (a) A variety of the domestic pigeon, so called from the shape of the tail. (b) Any bird of the Australian genus Rhipidura, in which the tail is spread in the form of a fan during flight. They belong to the family of flycatchers.

Fan´-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having an expanded, or fan-shaped, tail; as the fan-tailed pigeon.

Fan•ta´si•a , n. [It. See Fancy.] (Mus.) A continuous composition, not divided into what are called movements, or governed by the ordinary rules of musical design, but in which the author’s fancy roves unrestricted by set form.

Fan´ta•sied , a. [From Fantasy.] Filled with fancies or imaginations. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´tasm , n. [See Phantasm, Fancy.] Same as Phantasm.

Fan´tast , n. One whose manners or ideas are fantastic. [R.] Coleridge.

Fan•tas´tic , a. [F. fantastique, fr. Gr. able to represent, fr. to make visible. See Fancy.] 1. Existing only in imagination; fanciful; imaginary; not real; chimerical. 2. Having the nature of a phantom; unreal. Shak. 3. Indulging the vagaries of imagination; whimsical; full of absurd fancies; capricious; as fantastic minds; a fantastic mistress. 4. Resembling fantasies in irregularity, caprice, or eccentricity; irregular; oddly shaped; grotesque. “There at the foot of yonder nodding beech,
That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high.” T. Gray. Syn. — Fanciful; imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; queer. See Fanciful.

Fan•tas´tic, n. A person given to fantastic dress, manners, etc.; an eccentric person; a fop. Milton. “Our fantastics, who, having a fine watch, take all ocasions to draw it out to be seen.” Fuller.

Fan•tas´tic•al , a. Fanciful; unreal; whimsical; capricious; fantastic.

Fan•tas•ti•cal´i•ty , n. Fantastically. [Obs.]

Fan•tas´tic•al•ly , adv. In a fantastic manner. “the letter A, in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread, upon her bosom.” Hawthorne.

Fan•tas´tic-al•ness, n. The quality of being fantastic.

Fan•tas´ti•cism , n. The quality of being fantastical; fancifulness; whimsicality. Ruskin.

Fan•tas´tic•ly , adv. Fantastically. [Obs.]

Fan•tas´tic•ness, n. Fantasticalness. [Obs.]

Fan•tas´ti•co , n. [It.] A fantastic. [Obs.] Shak.

Fan´ta•sy , n.; pl. Fantasies (#). [See Fancy.] 1. Fancy; imagination; especially, a whimsical or fanciful conception; a vagary of the imagination; whim; caprice; humor. “Is not this something more than fantasy ?” Shak. “A thousand fantasies
Begin to throng into my memory.” Milton. 2. Fantastic designs. “Embroidered with fantasies and flourishes of gold thread.” Hawthorne.

Fan´ta•sy, v. t. To have a fancy for; to be pleased with; to like; to fancy. [Obs.] Cavendish. “Which he doth most fantasy.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Fan•toc•ci´ni , n. pl. [It., dim. fr. fante child.] Puppets caused to perform evolutions or dramatic scenes by means of machinery; also the representations in which they are used.

Fan´tom , n. See Phantom. Fantom corn, phantom corn. Grose.

Fap , a. Fuddled. [Obs.] Shak.

Fa•quir´ , n. See Fakir.

Far , n. [See Farrow.] (Zoöl.) A young pig, or a litter of pigs.

Far, a. [Farther (#) and Farthest (#) are used as the compar. and superl. of far, although they are corruptions arising from confusion with further and furthest. See Further.] [OE. fer, feor, AS. feor; akin to OS. fer, D. ver, OHG. ferro, adv., G. fern, a., Icel. fjarri, Dan. fjirn, Sw. fjerran, adv., Goth. fairra, adv., Gr. beyond, Skr. paras, adv., far, and prob. to L. per through, and E. prefix for-, as in forgive, and also to fare. Cf. Farther, Farthest.] 1. Distant in any direction; not near; remote; mutually separated by a wide space or extent. “They said, … We be come from a far country.” Josh. ix. 6. “The nations far and near contend in choice.” Dryden. 2. Remote from purpose; contrary to design or wishes; as far be it from me to justify cruelty. 3. Remote in affection or obedience; at a distance, morally or spiritually; t enmity with; alienated. “They that are far from thee ahsll perish.” Ps. lxxiii. 27. 4. Widely different in nature or quality; opposite in character. “He was far from ill looking, though he thought himself still farther.” F. Anstey. 5. The more distant of two; as the far side (called also off side) of a horse, that is, the right side, or the one opposite to the rider when he mounts. The distinction between the adjectival and adverbial use of far is sometimes not easily discriminated. By far, by much; by a great difference. — Far between, with a long distance (of space or time) between; at long intervals. ´The examinations are few and far between.´ Farrar.

Far, adv. 1. To a great extent or distance of space; widely; as we are separated far from each other. 2. To a great distance in time from any point; remotely; as he pushed his researches far into antiquity. 3. In great part; as the day is far spent. 4. In a great proportion; by many degrees; very much; deeply; greatly. “Who can find a virtuous woman ? for her price is far above rubies.” Prov. xxxi. 10. As far as, to the extent, or degree, that. See As far as, under As. — Far off. (a) At a great distance, absolutely or relatively. (b) Distant in sympathy or affection; alienated. ´But now, in Christ Jesus, ye who some time were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ.´ Eph. ii. 13. — Far other, different by a great degree; not the same; quite unlike. Pope. — Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. — Far and wide, distantly and broadly; comprehensively. ´Far and wide his eye commands.´ Milton. — From far, from a great distance; from a remote place. Far often occurs in self-explaining compounds, such as far-extended, far-reaching, far-spread.

Far´-a•bout , n. A going out of the way; a digression. [Obs.] Fuller.

Far´ad , n. [From Michael Faraday, the English electrician.] (Elec.) The standard unit of electrical capacity; the capacity of a condenser whose charge, having an electro-motive force of one volt, is equal to the amount of electricity which, with the same electromotive force, passes through one ohm in one second; the capacity, which, charged with one coulomb, gives an electro-motive force of one volt.

Far•ad´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Michael Faraday, the distinguished electrician; — applied especially to induced currents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of inductive apparatus, on account of Faraday’s investigations of their laws. { Far´a•dism , Far•a•di•za´tion } n. (Med.) The treatment with faradic or induced currents of electricity for remedial purposes.

Far´and , n. See Farrand, n.

Far´an•dams , n. A fabrik made of silk and wool or hair. Simmonds.

Far´ant•ly , a. [See Farrand.] Orderly; comely; respectable. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Farce , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farced , p. pr. & vb. n. Farcing .] [F. Farcir, L. farcire; akin to Gr. to fence in, stop up. Cf. Force to stuff, Diaphragm, Frequent, Farcy, Farse.] 1. To stuff with forcemeat; hence, to fill with mingled ingredients; to fill full; to stuff. [Obs.] “The first principles of religion should not be farced with school points and private tenets.” Bp. Sanderson. “His tippet was aye farsed full of knives.” Chaucer. 2. To render fat. [Obs.] “If thou wouldst farce thy lean ribs.” B. Jonson. 3. To swell out; to render pompous. [Obs.] “Farcing his letter with fustian.” Sandys.

Farce, n. [F. farce, from L. farsus (also sometimes farctus), p. p. pf farcire. See Farce, v. t.] 1. (Cookery) Stuffing, or mixture of viands, like that used on dressing a fowl; forcemeat. 2. A low style of comedy; a dramatic composition marked by low humor, generally written with little regard to regularity or method, and abounding with ludicrous incidents and expressions. “Farce is that in poetry which ´grotesque´ is in a picture: the persons and action of a farce are all unnatural, and the manners false.” Dryden. 3. Ridiculous or empty show; as a mere farce. ´The farce of state.´ Pope.

Farce´ment , n. Stuffing; forcemeat. [Obs.] “They spoil a good dish with … unsavory farcements.” Feltham.

Far´ci•cal , a. Pertaining to farce; appropriated to farce; ludicrous; unnatural; unreal. “They deny the characters to be farcical, because they are tually in in nature.” Gay. — Far´ci•cal•ly, adv. - Far´ci•cal•ness, n.

Far´ci•cal, a. Of or pertaining to the disease called farcy. See Farcy, n.

Far´ci•lite , n. [Farce+- lite.] (Min.) Pudding stone. [Obs.] Kirwan. { Far´ci•men , Far´cin } n. (Far.) Same as Farcy.

Far´cing , n. (Cookery) Stuffing; forcemeat.

Farc´tate , a. [L. farctus, p. p. of farcire. See Farce, v. t.] (Bot.) Stuffed; filled solid; as a farctate leaf, stem, or pericarp; — opposed to tubular or hollow. [Obs.]

Far´cy , n. [F. farcin; cf. L. farciminum a disease of horses, fr. farcire. See Farce.] (Far.) A contagious disease of horses, associated with painful ulcerating enlargements, esp. upon the head and limbs. It is of the same nature as glanders, and is often fatal. Called also farcin, and farcimen. Farcy, although more common in horses, is communicable to other animals and to human beings. Farcy bud, a hard, prominent swelling occurring upon the cutaneous surface in farcy, due to the obstruction and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, and followed by ulceration. Youatt.

Fard , n. [F., prob. fr. OHG. gifarit, gifarwit p. p. of farwjan to color, tinge, fr. farawa color, G. farbe.] Paint used on the face. [Obs.] ´Painted with French fard.´ J. Whitaker.

Fard, v. t. [F. farder to paint one’s face.] To paint; — said esp. of one’s face. [Obs.] Shenstone.

Far•dage´ , n. [F. See Fardel.] (Naut.) See Dunnage.

Far´del , n. [OF. fardel, F. fardeau; cf. Sp. fardel, fardillo, fardo, LL. fardellus; prob. fr. Ar. fard one of the two parts of an object divisible into two, hence, one of the two parts of a camel’s load. Cf. Furl.] A bundle or little pack; hence, a burden. [Obs.] Shak. “A fardel of never-ending misery and suspense.” Marryat.

Far´del, v. t. To make up in fardels. [Obs.] Fuller.

Far´ding-bag , n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. Fardel.] The upper stomach of a cow, or other ruminant animal; the rumen.

Far´ding•dale , n. A farthingale. [Obs.]

Far´ding•deal , n. [See Farthing, and Deal a part.] The fourth part of an acre of land. [Obs.] [Written also farding dale, fardingale, etc.]

Fare , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fared p. pr. & vb. n. Faring.] [AS. faran to travel, fare; akin to OS., Goth., & OHG. faran to travel, go, D. varen, G. fahren, OFries., Icel., & Sw. fara, Dan. fare, Gr. a way through, a ferry, strait, to convey, to go, march, beyond, on the other side, to pass through, L. peritus experienced, portus port, Skr. par to bring over. rad.78. Cf. Chaffer, Emporium, Far, Ferry, Ford, Peril, Port a harbor, Pore, n.] 1. To go; to pass; to journey; to travel. “So on he fares, and to the border comes
Of Eden.” Milton. 2. To be in any state, or pass through any experience, good or bad; to be attended with any circummstances or train of events, fortunate or unfortunate; as he fared well, or ill. “So fares the stag among the enraged hounds.” Denham. “I bid you most heartily well to fare.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “So fared the knight between two foes.” Hudibras. 3. To be treated or entertained at table, or with bodily or social comforts; to live. “There was a certain rich man which … fared sumptuously every day.” Luke xvi. 19. 4. To happen well, or ill; — used impersonally; as we shall see how it will fare with him. “So fares it when with truth falsehood contends.” Milton. 5. To behave; to conduct one’s self. [Obs.] “She ferde [fared] as she would die.” Chaucer.

Fare , n. [AS. faru journey, fr. faran. See Fare, v.] 1. A journey; a passage. [Obs.] “That nought might stay his fare.” Spenser. 2. The price of passage or going; the sum paid or due for conveying a person by land or water; as the fare for crossing a river; the fare in a coach or by railway. 3. Ado; bustle; business. [Obs.] “The warder chid and made fare.” Chaucer. 4. Condition or state of things; fortune; hap; cheer. “What fare? what news abroad ?” Shak. 5. Food; provisions for the table; entertainment; as coarse fare; delicious fare. ´Philosophic fare.´ Dryden. 6. The person or persons conveyed in a vehicle; as a full fare of passengers. A. Drummond. 7. The catch of fish on a fishing vessel. Bill of fare. See under Bill. — Fare indicator or register, a device for recording the number of passengers on a street car, etc. — Fare wicket. (a) A gate or turnstile at the entrance of toll bridges, exhibition grounds, etc., for registering the number of persons passing it. (b) An opening in the door of a street car for purchasing tickets of the driver or passing fares to the conductor. Knight.

Far´en , obs. p. p. of Fare, v. i. Chaucer.

Fare•well´ , interj. [Fare (thou, you) + well.] Go well; good-by; adieu; — originally applied to a person departing, but by custom now applied both to those who depart and those who remain. It is often separated by the pronoun; as fare you well; and is sometimes used as an expression of separation only; as farewell the year; farewell, ye sweet groves; that is, I bid you farewell. “So farewell hope, and with hope, farewell fear.” Milton. “Fare thee well! and if forever,
Still forever fare thee well.” Byron. The primary accent is sometimes placed on the first syllable, especially in poetry.

Fare•well´ , n. 1. A wish of happiness or welfare at parting; the parting compliment; a good-by; adieu. 2. Act of departure; leave-taking; a last look at, or reference to something. “And takes her farewell of the glorious sun.” Shak. “Before I take my farewell of the subject.” Addison.

Fare´well , a. Parting; valedictory; final; as a farewell discourse; his farewell bow. “Leans in his spear to take his farewell view.” Tickell. Farewell rock (Mining), the Millstone grit; — so called because no coal is found worth working below this stratum. It is used for hearths of furnaces, having power to resist intense heat. Ure.

Far´fet , a. [Far + fet, p. p. of Fette.] Farfetched. [Obs.] “York with his farfet policy.” Shak.

Far´fetch , v. t. [Far + fetch.] To bring from far; to seek out studiously. [Obs.] “To farfetch the name of Tartar from a Hebrew word.” Fuller.

Far´fetch, n. Anything brought from far, or brought about with studious care; a deep strategem. [Obs.] ´Politic farfetches.´ Hudibras.

Far´fetched , a. 1. Brought from far, or from a remote place. “Every remedy contained a multitude of farfetched and heterogeneous ingredients.” Hawthorne. 2. Studiously sought; not easily or naturally deduced or introduced; forced; strained.

Fa•ri´na (fa•ri´na or fa•re´na), n. [L., meal, flour, fr. far a sort of grain, spelt; akin to E. barley.] 1. A fine flour or meal made from cereal grains or from the starch or fecula of vegetables, extracted by various processes, and used in cookery. 2. (Bot.) Pollen. [R.] Craig.

Far•i•na´ceous , a. [L. farinaceus.] 1. Consisting or made of meal or flour; as a farinaceous diet. 2. Yielding farina or flour; as ffarinaceous seeds. 3. Like meal; mealy; pertaining to meal; as a farinaceous taste, smell, or appearance.

Far•i•nose´ , a. [L. farinosus: cf. F. farineux.] 1. Yielding farina; as farinose substances. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Covered with a sort of white, mealy powder, as the leaves of some poplars, and the body of certain insects; mealy.

Farl , v. t. Same as Furl. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Far´lie , n. [OE. ferlish wonder, as adj., strange, sudden, fearful, AS. faerlic sudden. See Fear.] An unusual or unexpected thing; a wonder. See Fearly. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drayton.

Farm , n. [OE. ferme rent, lease, F. ferme, LL. firma, fr. L. firmus firm, fast, firmare to make firm or fast. See Firm, a. & n.] 1. The rent of land, — originally paid by reservation of part of its products. [Obs.] 2. The term or tenure of a lease of land for cultivation; a leasehold. [Obs.] “It is great willfulness in landlords to make any longer farms to their tenants.” Spenser. 3. The land held under lease and by payment of rent for the purpose of cultivation. 4. Any tract of land devoted to agricultural purposes, under the management of a tenant or the owner. In English the ideas of a lease, a term, and a rent, continue to be in a great degree inseparable, even from the popular meaning of a farm, as they are entirely so from the legal sense. Burrill. 5. A district of country leased (or farmed) out for the collection of the revenues of government. “The province was devided into twelve farms.” Burke. 6. (O. Eng. Law) A lease of the imposts on particular goods; as the sugar farm, the silk farm. “Whereas G. H. held the farm of sugars upon a rent of 10,000 marks per annum.” State Trials (1196).

Farm , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farmed p. pr. & vb. n. Farming.] 1. To lease or let for an equivalent, as land for a rent; to yield the use of to proceeds. “We are enforced to farm our royal realm.” Shak. 2. To give up to another, as an estate, a business, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; as to farm the taxes. “To farm their subjects and their duties toward these.” Burke. 3. To take at a certain rent or rate. 4. To devote (land) to agriculture; to cultivate, as land; to till, as a farm. To farm let, To let to farm, to lease on rent.

Farm, v. i. To engage in the business of tilling the soil; to labor as a farmer.

Farm´a•ble , a. Capable of being farmed.

Farm´er , n. [Cf. F. fermier.] One who farms; as: (a) One who hires and cultivates a farm; a cultivator of leased ground; a tenant. Smart. (b) One who is devoted to the tillage of the soil; one who cultivates a farm; an agriculturist; a husbandman. (c) One who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other duties, to collect, either paying a fixed annuual rent for the privilege; as a farmer of the revenues. (d) (Mining) The lord of the field, or one who farms the lot and cope of the crown. Farmer-general [F. fermier-general], one to whom the right of levying certain taxes, in a particular district, was farmed out, under the former French monarchy, for a given sum paid down. — Farmers’ satin, a light material of cotton and worsted, used for coat linings. McElrath. — The king’s farmer (O. Eng. Law), one to whom the collection of a royal revenue was farmed out. Burrill.

Farm´er•ess, n. A woman who farms.

Farm´er•ship, n. Skill in farming.

Farm´er•y , n. The buildings and yards necessary for the business of a farm; a homestead. [Eng.]

Farm´house, n. A dwelling house on a farm; a farmer’s residence.

Farm´ing, a. Pertaining to agriculture; devoted to, adapted to, or engaged in, farming; as farming tools; farming land; a farming community.

Farm´ing, n. The business of cultivating land.

Far´most , a. Most distant; farthest. “A spacious cave within its farmost part.” Dryden.

Farm´stead , n. A farm with the building upon it; a homestead on a farm. Tennyson. “With its pleasant groves and farmsteads.” Carlyle.

Farm´stead•ing, n. A farmstead. [Scot.] Black.

Farm´yard , n. The yard or inclosure attached to a barn, or the space inclosed by the farm buildings.

Far´ness , n. [From Far, a.] The state of being far off; distance; remoteness. [R.] Grew.

Far´o , n. [Said to be so called because the Egyptian king Pharaoh was formerly represented upon one of the cards.] A gambling game at cards, in which all the other players play against the dealer or banker, staking their money upon the order in which the cards will lie and be dealt from the pack. Faro bank, the capital which the proprietor of a faro table ventures in the game; also the place where a game of faro is played. Hoyle.

Fa•ro•ese , n. sing. & pl. An inhabitant, or, collectively, inhabitants, of the Faroe islands.

Far´-off , a. Remote; as the far-off distance. Cf. Far-off, under Far, adv.

Far•rag•i•nous , a. [See Farrago.] Formed of various materials; mixed; as a farraginous mountain. [R.] Kirwan. “A farraginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers, sexes, and ages.” Sir T. Browne.

Far•ra´go , n. [L. farrago, -aginis, mixed fodder for cattle, mash, medley, fr. far a sort of grain. See Farina.] A mass composed of various materials confusedly mixed; a medley; a mixture. “A confounded farrago of doubts, fears, hopes, wishes, and all the flimsy furniture of a country miss’s brain.” Sheridan.

Far´rand , n. [OE. farand beautiful; cf. Gael. farranta neat, stout, stately; or perh. akin to E. fare.] Manner; custom; fashion; humor. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also farand.] Grose.

Far•re•a´tion , n. [L. farreatio.] Same as Confarreation.

Far´ri•er , n. [OE. farrour, ferrer, OF. ferreor, ferrier, LL. Ferrator, ferrarius equorum, from ferrare to shoe a horse, ferrum a horseshoe, fr. L. ferrum iron. Cf. Ferreous.] 1. A shoer of horses; a veterinary surgeon.

Far´ri•er, v. i. To practice as a farrier; to carry on the trade of a farrier. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Far´ri•er•y , n. 1. The art of shoeing horses. 2. The art of preventing, curing, or mitigating diseases of horses and cattle; the veterinary art. 3. The place where a smith shoes horses.

Far´row (far´ro), n. [AS. fearh a little pig; a akin to OHG. farh, farah, pig, dim. farheli little pig, G. fercel, D. varken pig, Lith. parszas OIr. orc, L. porcus, Gr. po•rkos. Cf. Pork.] A litter of pigs. Shak.

Far´row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Farrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Farrowing.] To bring forth (young); — said only of swine. Tusser.

Far´row, a. [Cf. Scot. ferry cow a cow that is not with calf, D. vaarkoe, vaars, heifer, G. färse, AS. fearr bull, G. farre. Cf. Heifer.] Not producing young in a given season or year; - - said only of cows. If a cow has had a calf, but fails in a subsequent year, she is said to be farrow, or to go farrow.

Far´ry , n. A farrow. [Obs.] Perry.

Farse , n. [See Farce, n.] (Eccl.) An addition to, or a paraphrase of, some part of the Latin service in the vernacular; — common in English before the Reformation.

Far´see•ing , a. 1. Able to see to a great distance; farsighted. 2. Having foresight as regards the future.

Far´sight•ed , a. 1. Seeing to great distance; hence, of good judgment regarding the remote effects of actions; sagacious. 2. (Med.) Hypermetropic.

Far´sight•ed•ness, n. 1. Quality of bbeing farsighted. 2. (Med.) Hypermetropia.

Far´-stretched , a. Stretched beyond ordinary limits.

Far´ther (fär´ther), a., compar. of Far. [superl. Farthest (-thest). See Further.] [For farrer, OE. ferrer, compar. of far; confused with further. Cf. Farthest.] 1. More remote; more distant than something else. 2. Tending to a greater distance; beyond a certain point; additional; further. “Before our farther way the fates allow.” Dryden. “Let me add a farther Truth.” Dryden. “Some farther change awaits us.” MIlton.

Far´ther, adv. 1. At or to a greater distance; more remotely; beyond; as let us rest with what we have, without looking farther. 2. Moreover; by way of progress in treating a subject; as farther, let us consider the probable event. No farther, (used elliptically for) go no farther; say no more, etc. “It will be dangerous to go on. No farther !” Shak.

Far´ther, v. t. To help onward. [R.] See Further.

Far´ther•ance , n. [Obs.] See Furtherance.

Far´ther•more , adv. [Obs.] See Furthermore.

Far´ther•most , a. Most remote; farthest.

Far´thest (fär´thest), a. Superl. of far. [See Farther and cf. Furthest] Most distant or remote; as the farthest degree. See Furthest.

Far´thest adv. At or to the greatest distance. See Furthest.

Far´thing , n. [OE. furthing, AS. feórðung, fr. feórða fourth, feór, feówer, four. See Four.] 1. The fourth of a penny; a small copper coin of Great Britain, being a cent in United States currency. 2. A very small quantity or value. [Obs.] “In her cup was no farthing seen of grease.” Chaucer. 3. A division of land. [Obs.] “Thirty acres make a farthing land; nine farthings a Cornish acre; and four Cornish acres a knight’s fee.” R. Carew.

Far´thin•gale , n. [OE. vardingale, fardingale, fr. OF. vertugale, verdugade, F. vertugade, vertugadin, from Sp. verdugado, being named from its hoops, fr. verdugo a young shoot of tree, fr. verde green, fr. L. viridis. See Verdant.] A hoop skirt or hoop petticoat, or other light, elastic material, used to extend the petticoat. “We’ll revel it as bravely as the best, …
With ruffs and cuffs, and farthingales and things.” Shak.

Fas´ces , n. pl. [L., pl. of fascis bundle; cf. fascia a band, and Gr. fa•kelos a bundle.], (Rom. Antiq.) A bundle of rods, having among them an ax with the blade projecting, borne before the Roman magistrates as a badge of their authority.

Fas´cet , n. (Glass Making) A wire basket on the end of a rod to carry glass bottles, etc., to the annealing furnace; also an iron rod to be thrust into the mouths of bottles, and used for the same purpose; — called also pontee and punty.

Fas´ci•a , n.; pl. Fasciae (#). [L., a band: cf. It. fascia. See Fasces, and cf. Fess.] 1. A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller. 2. (Arch.) A flat member of an order or building, like a flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands which make up the architrave, in the Ionic order. See Illust. of Column. 3. (Anat.) The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing all muscles; an aponeurosis. 4. (Zoöl.) A broad well-defined band of color.

Fas´ci•al , a. 1. Pertaining to the fasces. 2. (Anat.) Relating to a fascia. { Fas´ci•ate , Fas´ci•a•ted } a. [L. fasciatus, p. p. of fasciare to envelop with bands, fr. fascia band. See Fasces.] 1. Bound with a fillet, sash, or bandage. 2. (Bot.) (a) Banded or compacted together. (b) Flattened and laterally widened, as are often the stems of the garden cockscomb. 3. (Zoöl.) Broadly banded with color.

Fas•ci•a´tion, n. The act or manner of binding up; bandage; also the condition of being fasciated.

Fas´ci•cle , n. [L. fasciculus, dim. of fascis. See Fasces.] A small bundle or collection; a compact cluster; as a fascicle of fibers; a fascicle of flowers or roots.

Fas´ci•cled , a. Growing in a bundle, tuft, or close cluster; as the fascicled leaves of the pine or larch; the fascicled roots of the dahlia; fascicled muscle fibers; fascicled tufts of hair.

Fas•cic´u•lar , a. Pertaining to a fascicle; fascicled; as a fascicular root.

Fas•cic´u•lar•ly, adv. In a fascicled manner. Kirwan. { Fas•cic´u•late , Fas•cic´u•la•ted ,} a. Grouped in a fascicle; fascicled.

Fas•cic´u•lus , n.; pl. Fasciculi (#). [L. See Fascicle.] 1. A little bundle; a fascicle. 2. A division of a book.

Fas´ci•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fascinated , p. pr. & vb. n.. Fascinating .] [L. fascinare; cf. Gr. to slander, bewitch.] 1. To influence in an uncontrollable manner; to operate on by some powerful or irresistible charm; to bewitch; to enchant. “It has been almost universally believed that … serpents can stupefy and fascinate the prey which they are desirous to obtain.” Griffith (Cuvier). 2. To excite and allure irresistibly or powerfully; to charm; to captivate, as by physical or mental charms. “There be none of the passions that have been noted to fascinate or bewitch but love and envy.” Bacon. Syn. — To charm; enrapture; captivate; enchant; bewitch; attract.

Fas•ci•na´tion , n. [L. fascinatio; cf. F. fascination.] 1. The act of fascinating, bewitching, or enchanting; enchantment; witchcraft; the exercise of a powerful or irresistible influence on the affections or passions; unseen, inexplicable influence. “The Turks hang old rags … upon their fairest horses, and other goodly creatures, to secure them against fascination.” Waller. 2. The state or condition of being fascinated. 3. That which fascinates; a charm; a spell. “There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.” South.

Fas•cine´ , n. [F., fr. L. fascina a bundle of sticks, fr. fascis. See Fasces.] (Fort. & Engin.) A cylindrical bundle of small sticks of wood, bound together, used in raising batteries, filling ditches, strengthening ramparts, and making parapets; also in revetments for river banks, and in mats for dams, jetties, etc.

Fas´ci•nous , a. [L. fascinum witchcraft, akin to fascinare. See Fascinate.] Caused or acting by witchcraft. [Obs.] ´Fascinous diseases.´ Harvey.

Fas•ci´o•la , n.;pl. Fasciolae (#). [See Fasciole.] (Anat.) A band of gray matter bordering the fimbria in the brain; the dentate convolution. Wilder.

Fas´ci•ole , n. [L. fasciola a little bandage. See Fascia.] (Zoöl.) A band of minute tubercles, bearing modified spines, on the shells of spatangoid sea urchins. See Spatangoidea.

Fash , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashed p. pr. & vb. n. Fashing.] [OF. faschier, F. fcher, to anger, vex; cf. Pr. fasticar, fastigar, fr. L. fastidium dilike. See Fastidious.] To vex; to tease; to trouble. [Scot.]

Fash, n. Vexation; anxiety; care. [Scot.] “Without further fash on my part.” De Quincey.

Fash´ion , n. [OE. fasoun, facioun, shape, manner, F. facon, orig., a making, fr. L. factio a making, fr. facere to make. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Faction.] 1. The make or form of anything; the style, shape, appearance, or mode of structure; pattern, model; as the fashion of the ark, of a coat, of a house, of an altar, etc.; workmanship; execution. “The fashion of his countenance was altered.” Luke ix. 29. “I do not like the fashion of your garments.” Shak. 2. The prevailing mode or style, especially of dress; custom or conventional usage in respect of dress, behavior, etiquette, etc.; particularly, the mode or style usual among persons of good breeding; as to dress, dance, sing, ride, etc., in the fashion. “The innocent diversions in fashion.” Locke. “As now existing, fashion is a form of social regulation analogous to constitutional government as a form of political regulation.” H. Spencer. 3. Polite, fashionable, or genteel life; social position; good breeding; as men of fashion. 4. Mode of action; method of conduct; manner; custom; sort; way. ´After his sour fashion.´ Shak. After a fashion, to a certain extent; in a sort. — Fashion piece (Naut.), one of the timbers which terminate the transom, and define the shape of the stern. — Fashion plate, a pictorial design showing the prevailing style or a new style of dress.

Fash´ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashioned p. pr. & vb. n. Fashioning.] [Cf. F. faconner.] 1. To form; to give shape or figure to; to mold. “Here the loud hammer fashions female toys.” Gay. “Ingenious art …
Steps forth to fashion and refine the age.” Cowper. 2. To fit; to adapt; to accommodate; — with to. “Laws ought to be fashioned to the manners and conditions of the people.” Spenser. 3. To make according to the rule prescribed by custom. “Fashioned plate sells for more than its weight.” Locke. 4. To forge or counterfeit. [Obs.] Shak. Fashioning needle (Knitting Machine), a needle used for widening or narrowing the work and thus shaping it.

Fash´ion•a•ble , a. 1. Conforming to the fashion or established mode; according with the prevailing form or style; as a fashionable dress. 2. Established or favored by custom or use; current; prevailing at a particular time; as the fashionable philosophy; fashionable opinions. 3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion; as a fashionable man. 4. Genteel; well-bred; as fashionable society. “Time is like a fashionable host
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.” Shak.

Fash´ion•a•ble, n. A person who conforms to the fashions; — used chiefly in the plural.

Fash´ion•a•ble•ness, n. State of being fashionable.

Fash´ion•a•bly, adv. In a fashionable manner.

Fash´ioned , a. Having a certain style or fashion; as old-fashioned; new- fashioned.

Fash´ion•er , n. One who fashions, forms, ar gives shape to anything. [R.] “The fashioner had accomplished his task, and the dresses were brought home.” Sir W. Scott.

Fash´ion•ist , n. An obsequious follower of the modes and fashions. [R.] Fuller.

Fash´ion•less, a. Having no fashion.

Fash´ion-mon•ger , n. One who studies the fashions; a fop; a dandy. Marston.

Fash´ion-mon•ger•ing, a. Behaving like a fashion-monger. [R.] Shak.

Fas´sa•ite , n. (Min.) A variety of pyroxene, from the valley of Fassa, in the Tyrol.

Fast , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fasting.] [AS. faestan; akin to D. vasten, OHG. fasten, G. fasten, Icel. & Sw. fasta, Dan. faste, Goth. fastan to keep, observe, fast, and prob. to E. fast firm.] 1. To abstain from food; to omit to take nourishment in whole or in part; to go hungry. “Fasting he went to sleep, and fasting waked.” Milton. 2. To practice abstinence as a religious exercise or duty; to abstain from food voluntarily for a time, for the mortification of the body or appetites, or as a token of grief, or humiliation and penitence. “Thou didst fast and weep for the child.” 2 Sam. xii. 21. Fasting day, a fast day; a day of fasting.

Fast, n. [OE. faste, fast; cf. AS. faesten, OHG. fasta, G. faste. See Fast, v. i.] 1. Abstinence from food; omission to take nourishment. “Surfeit is the father of much fast.” Shak. 2. Voluntary abstinence from food, for a space of time, as a spiritual discipline, or as a token of religious humiliation. 3. A time of fasting, whether a day, week, or longer time; a period of abstinence from food or certain kinds of food; as an annual fast. Fast day, a day appointed for fasting, humiliation, and religious offices as a means of invoking the favor of God. — To break one’s fast, to put an end to a period of abstinence by taking food; especially, to take one’s morning meal; to breakfast. Shak.

Fast, a. [Compar. Faster superl. Fastest ] [OE., firm, strong, not loose, AS. fst; akin to OS. fast, D. vast, OHG. fasti, festi, G. fest, Icel. fastr, Sw. & Dan. fast, and perh. to E. fetter. The sense swift comes from the idea of keeping close to what is pursued; a Scandinavian use. Cf. Fast, adv., Fast, v., Avast.] 1. Firmly fixed; closely adhering; made firm; not loose, unstable, or easily moved; immovable; as to make fast the door. “There is an order that keeps things fast.” Burke. 2. Firm against attack; fortified by nature or art; impregnable; strong. “Outlaws … lurking in woods and fast places.” Spenser. 3. Firm in adherence; steadfast; not easily separated or alienated; faithful; as a fast friend. 4. Permanent; not liable to fade by exposure to air or by washing; durable; lasting; as fast colors. 5. Tenacious; retentive. [Obs.] “Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells.” Bacon. 6. Not easily disturbed or broken; deep; sound. “All this while in a most fast sleep.” Shak. 7. Moving rapidly; quick in mition; rapid; swift; as a fast horse. 8. Given to pleasure seeking; disregardful of restraint; reckless; wild; dissipated; dissolute; as a fast man; a fast liver. Thackeray. Fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined; inconstant, esp. in the phrases to play at fast and loose, to play fast and loose, to act with giddy or reckless inconstancy or in a tricky manner; to say one thing and do another. ´Play fast and loose with faith.´ Shak. - - Fast and loose pulleys (Mach.), two pulleys placed side by side on a revolving shaft, which is driven from another shaft by a band, and arranged to disengage and reëngage the machinery driven thereby. When the machinery is to be stopped, the band is transferred from the pulley fixed to the shaft to the pulley which revolves freely upon it, and vice versa. — Hard and fast (Naut.), so completely aground as to be immovable. — To make fast (Naut.), to make secure; to fasten firmly, as a vessel, a rope, or a door.

Fast , adv. [OE. faste firmly, strongly, quickly, AS. faeste. See Fast, a.] 1. In a fast, fixed, or firmly established manner; fixedly; firmly; immovably. “We will bind thee fast.” Judg. xv. 13. 2. In a fast or rapid manner; quickly; swiftly; extravagantly; wildly; as to run fast; to live fast. Fast by, or Fast beside, close or near to; near at hand. “He, after Eve seduced, unminded slunk
Into the wood fast by.” Milton. “Fast by the throne obsequious Fame resides.” Pope.

Fast, n. That which fastens or holds; especially, (Naut.) a mooring rope, hawser, or chain; - - called, according to its position, a bow, head, quarter, breast, or stern fast; also a post on a pier around which hawsers are passed in mooring.

Fas´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fastened p. pr. & vb. n. Fastening ] [AS. faestnian; akin to OHG. festinon. See Fast, a.] 1. To fix firmly; to make fast; to secure, as by a knot, lock, bolt, etc.; as to fasten a chain to the feet; to fasten a door or window. 2. To cause to hold together or to something else; to attach or unite firmly; to cause to cleave to something , or to cleave together, by any means; as to fasten boards together with nails or cords; to fasten anything in our thoughts. “The words Whig and Tory have been pressed to the service of many successions of parties, with very different ideas fastened to them.” Swift. 3. To cause to take close effect; to make to tell; to lay on; as to fasten a blow. [Obs.] Dryden. “If I can fasten but one cup upon him.” Shak. To fasten a charge, or a crime, upon, to make his guilt certain, or so probable as to be generally believed. — To fasten one’s eyes upon, to look upon steadily without cessation. Acts iii. 4. Syn. — To fix; cement; stick; link; affix; annex.

Fas´ten, v. i. To fix one’s self; to take firm hold; to clinch; to cling. “A horse leech will hardly fasten on a fish.” Sir T. Browne.

Fas´ten•er , n. One who, or that which, makes fast or firm.

Fas´ten•ing , n. Anything that binds and makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, buckle, etc.

Fast´er , n. One who abstains from food.

Fast´-hand•ed , a. Close- handed; close-fisted; covetous; avaricious. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fas´ti , n. pl. [L.] 1. The Roman calendar, which gave the days for festivals, courts, etc., corresponding to a modern almanac. 2. Records or registers of important events.

Fas•tid•i•os´i•ty , n. Fastidiousness; squeamishness. [Obs.] Swift.

Fas•tid´i•ous , a. [L. fastidiosus disdainful, fr. fastidium loathing, aversion, perh. fr. fastus arrogance (of uncertain origin) + taedium loathing. Cf. Tedious, Fash.] Difficult to please; delicate to a fault; suited with difficulty; squeamish; as a fastidious mind or ear; a fastidious appetite. “Proud youth ! fastidious of the lower world.” Young. Syn. — Squeamish; critical; overnice; difficult; punctilious. — Fastidious, Squeamish. We call a person fastidious when his taste or feelings are offended by trifling defects or errors; we call him squeamish when he is excessively nice or critical on minor points, and also when he is overscrupulous as to questions of duty. ´Whoever examines his own imperfections will cease to be fastidious; whoever restrains his caprice and scrupulosity will cease to be squeamish.´ Crabb. — Fas•tid´i•ous•ly, adv. — Fas•tid´i•ous•ness, n. { Fas•tig´i•ate , Fas•tig´i•a•ted } a. [L. fastigium gable end, top, height, summit.] 1. Narrowing towards the top. 2. (Bot.) Clustered, parallel, and upright, as the branches of the Lombardy poplar; pointed. 3. (Zoöl.) United into a conical bundle, or into a bundle with an enlarged head, like a sheaf of wheat.

Fast´ish , a. Rather fast; also somewhat dissipated. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Fast´ly, adv. Firmly; surely.

Fast´ness, n. [AS. faestnes, fr. faest fast. See Fast, a.] 1. The state of being fast and firm; firmness; fixedness; security; faithfulness. “All … places of fastness [are] laid open.” Sir J. Davies. 2. A fast place; a stronghold; a fortress or fort; a secure retreat; a castle; as the enemy retired to their fastnesses in the mountains. 3. Conciseness of style. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. The state of being fast or swift.

Fas´tu•ous , a. [L. fastuosus, from fastus haughtiness, pride: cf. F. fastueux.] Proud; haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Barrow. — Fas´tu•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Fat , n. [See Vat, n.] 1. A large tub, cistern, or vessel; a vat. [Obs.] “The fats shall overflow with wine and oil.” Joel ii. 24. 2. A measure of quantity, differing for different commodities. [Obs.] Hebert.

Fat, a. [Compar. Fatter superl. Fattest ] [AS. faett; akin to D. vet, G. fett, feist, Icel. feitr, Sw. fet, Dan. fed, and perh. to Gr. pi^dax spring, fountain, pidy•ein to gush forth, pi•wn fat, Skr. pi to swell.] 1. Abounding with fat; as: (a) Fleshy; characterized by fatness; plump; corpulent; not lean; as a fat man; a fat ox. (b) Oily; greasy; unctuous; rich; — said of food. 2. Exhibiting the qualities of a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; dull; stupid. “Making our western wits fat and mean.” Emerson. “Make the heart of this people fat.” Is. vi. 10. 3. Fertile; productive; as a fat soil; a fat pasture. 4. Rich; producing a large income; desirable; as a fat benefice; a fat office; a fat job. “Now parson of Troston, a fat living in Suffolk.” Carlyle. 5. Abounding in riches; affluent; fortunate. [Obs.] “Persons grown fat and wealthy by long impostures.” Swift. 6. (Typog.) Of a character which enables the compositor to make large wages; — said of matter containing blank, cuts, or many leads, etc.; as a fat take; a fat page. Fat lute, a mixture of pipe clay and oil for filling joints.

Fat , n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) An oily liquid or greasy substance making up the main bulk of the adipose tissue of animals, and widely distributed in the seeds of plants. See Adipose tissue, under Adipose. Animal fats are composed mainly of three distinct fats, tristearin, tripalmitin, and triolein, mixed in varying proportions. As olein is liquid at ordinary temperatures, while the other two fats are solid, it follows that the consistency or hardness of fats depends upon the relative proportion of the three individual fats. During the life of an animal, the fat is mainly in a liquid state in the fat cells, owing to the solubility of the two solid fats in the more liquid olein at the body temperature. Chemically, fats are composed of fatty acid, as stearic, palmitic, oleic, etc., united with glyceryl. In butter fat, olein and palmitin predominate, mixed with another fat characteristic of butter, butyrin. In the vegetable kingdom many other fats or glycerides are to be found, as myristin from nutmegs, a glyceride of lauric acid in the fat of the bay tree, etc. 2. The best or richest productions; the best part; as to live on the fat of the land. 3. (Typog.) Work. containing much blank, or its equivalent, and, therefore, profitable to the compositor. Fat acid. (Chem.) See Sebacic acid, under Sebacic. — Fat series, Fatty series (Chem.), the series of the paraffine hydrocarbons and their derivatives; the marsh gas or methane series. — Natural fats (Chem.), the group of oily substances of natural occurrence, as butter, lard, tallow, etc., as distinguished from certain fatlike substance of artificial production, as paraffin. Most natural fats are essentially mixtures of triglycerides of fatty acids.

Fat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatted p. pr. & vb. n. atting ] [OE. fatten, AS. faettian. See Fat, a., and cf. Fatten.] To make fat; to fatten; to make plump and fleshy with abundant food; as to fat fowls or sheep. “We fat all creatures else to fat us.” Shak.

Fat, v. i. To grow fat, plump, and fleshy. “An old ox fats as well, and is as good, as a young one.” Mortimer.

Fa´tal, a. [L. fatalis, fr. fatum: cf. F. fatal. See Fate.] 1. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate or destiny; necessary; inevitable. [R.] “These thing are fatal and necessary.” Tillotson. “It was fatal to the king to fight for his money.” Bacon. 2. Foreboding death or great disaster. [R.] “That fatal screech owl to our house
That nothing sung but death to us and ours.” Shak. 3. Causing death or destruction; deadly; mortal; destructive; calamitous; as a fatal wound; a fatal disease; a fatal day; a fatal error.

Fa´tal•ism , n. [Cf. F. fatalisme.] The doctrine that all things are subject to fate, or that they take place by inevitable necessity.

Fa´tal•ist , n. [Cf. F. fataliste.] One who maintains that all things happen by inevitable necessity.

Fa•tal•is´tic , a. Implying, or partaking of the nature of, fatalism.

Fa•tal´i•ty , n.;pl. Fatalities (#). [L. fatalitas: cf. F. fatalite] 1. The state of being fatal, or proceeding from destiny; invincible necessity, superior to, and independent of, free and rational control. “The Stoics held a fatality, and a fixed, unalterable course of events.” South. 2. The state of being fatal; tendency to destruction or danger, as if by decree of fate; mortaility. “The year sixty-three is conceived to carry with it the most considerable fatality.” Ser T. Browne. “By a strange fatality men suffer their dissenting.” Eikon Basilike. 3. That which is decreed by fate or which is fatal; a fatal event. Dryden.

Fa´tal•ly , adv. 1. In a manner proceeding from, or determined by, fate. Bentley. 2. In a manner issuing in death or ruin; mortally; destructively; as fatally deceived or wounded.

Fa´tal•ness, n. Quality of being fatal. Johnson.

Fa´ta Mor•ga´na [It.; — so called because this phenomenon was looked upon as the work of a fairy (It. fata) of the name of Morgána. See Fairy.] A kind of mirage by which distant objects appear inverted, distorted, displaced, or multiplied. It is noticed particularly at the Straits of Messina, between Calabria and Sicily.

Fat´back , n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden.

Fat´-brained , a. Dull of apprehension.

Fate , n. [L. fatum a prophetic declaration, oracle, what is ordained by the gods, destiny, fate, fr. fari to speak: cf. OF. fat. See Fame, Fable, Ban, and cf. 1st Fay, Fairy.] 1. A fixed decree by which the order of things is prescribed; the immutable law of the universe; inevitable necessity; the force by which all existence is determined and conditioned. “Necessity and chance
Approach not me; and what I will is fate.” Milton. “Beyond and above the Olympian gods lay the silent, brooding, everlasting fate of which victim and tyrant were alike the instruments.” Froude. 2. Appointed lot; allotted life; arranged or predetermined event; destiny; especially, the final lot; doom; ruin; death. “The great, th’important day, big with the fate
Of Cato and of Rome.” Addison. “Our wills and fates do so contrary run
That our devices still are overthrown.” Shak. “The whizzing arrow sings,
And bears thy fate, Antinous, on its wings.” Pope. 3. The element of chance in the affairs of life; the unforeseen and unestimated conitions considered as a force shaping events; fortune; esp., opposing circumstances against which it is useless to struggle; as fate was or the fates were, against him. “A brave man struggling in the storms of fate.” Pope. “Sometimes an hour of Fate’s serenest weather strikes through our changeful sky its coming beams.” B. Taylor. 4. pl. [L. Fata, pl. of fatum.] (Myth.) The three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, sometimes called the Destinies, or Parcaewho were supposed to determine the course of human life. They are represented, one as holding the distaff, a second as spinning, and the third as cutting off the thread. Among all nations it has been common to speak of fate or destiny as a power superior to gods and men — swaying all things irresistibly. This may be called the fate of poets and mythologists. Philosophical fate is the sum of the laws of the universe, the product of eternal intelligence and the blind properties of matter. Theological fate represents Deity as above the laws of nature, and ordaining all things according to his will — the expression of that will being the law. Krauth- Fleming. Syn. — Destiny; lot; doom; fortune; chance.

Fat´ed , p. p. & a. 1. Decreed by fate; destined; doomed; as he was fated to rule a factious people. “One midnight
Fated to the purpose.” Shak. 2. Invested with the power of determining destiny. [Obs.] ´The fated sky.´ Shak. 3. Exempted by fate. [Obs. or R.] Dryden.

Fate´ful , a. . Having the power of serving or accomplishing fate. ´The fateful steel.´ J. Barlow. 2. Significant of fate; ominous. “The fateful cawings of the crow.” Longfellow. — Fate´ful•ly, adv.- Fate´ful•ness, n.

Fat´head , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A cyprinoid fish of the Mississippi valley (Pimephales promelas); — called also black-headed minnow. (b) A labroid food fish of California; the redfish.

Fa´ther (fä´ther), n. [OE. fader, AS. faeder; akin to OS. fadar, D. vader, OHG. fatar, G. vater, Icel. faðir Sw. & Dan. fader, OIr. athir, L. pater, Gr. path•r, Skr. pitr, perh. fr. Skr. pa protect. rad.75, 247. Cf. Papa, Paternal, Patriot, Potential, Pablum.] 1. One who has begotten a child, whether son or daughter; a generator; a male parent. “A wise son maketh a glad father.” Prov. x. 1. 2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent; a progenitor; especially, a first ancestor; a founder of a race or family; — in the plural, fathers, ancestors. “David slept with his fathers.” 1 Kings ii. 10. “Abraham, who is the father of us all.” Rom. iv. 16. 3. One who performs the offices of a parent by maintenance, affetionate care, counsel, or protection. “I was a father to the poor.” Job xxix. 16. “He hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house.” Gen. xiv. 8. 4. A respectful mode of address to an old man. “And Joash the king of Israel came down unto him [Elisha], … and said, O my father, my father!” 2 Kings xiii. 14. 5. A senator of ancient Rome. 6. A dignitary of the church, a superior of a convent, a confessor (called also father confessor), or a priest; also the eldest member of a profession, or of a legislative assembly, etc. “Bless you, good father friar !” Shak. 7. One of the chief ecclesiastical authorities of the first centuries after Christ; — often spoken of collectively as the Fathers; as the Latin, Greek, or apostolic Fathers. 8. One who, or that which, gives origin; an originator; a producer, author, or contriver; the first to practice any art, profession, or occupation; a distinguished example or teacher. “The father of all such as handle the harp and organ.” Gen. iv. 21. “Might be the father, Harry, to that thought.” Shak. “The father of good news.” Shak. 9. The Supreme Being and Creator; God; in theology, the first person in the Trinity. “Our Father, which art in heaven.” Matt. vi. 9. “Now had the almighty Father from above …
Bent down his eye.” Milton. Adoptive father, one who adopts the child of another, treating it as his own. — Apostolic father, Conscript fathers, etc. See under Apostolic, Conscript, etc. — Father in God, a title given to bishops. — Father of lies, the Devil. — Father of the bar, the oldest practitioner at the bar. — Fathers of the city, the aldermen. — Father of the Faithful. (a) Abraham. Rom. iv. Gal. iii. 6- 9. (b) Mohammed, or one of the sultans, his successors. — Father of the house, the member of a legislative body who has had the longest continuous service. — Most Reverend Father in God, a title given to archbishops and metropolitans, as to the archbishops of Canterbury and York. — Natural father, the father of an illegitimate child. — Putative father, one who is presumed to be the father of an illegitimate child; the supposed father. — Spiritual father. (a) A religious teacher or guide, esp. one instrumental in leading a soul to God. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A priest who hears confession in the sacrament of penance. — The Holy Father (R. C. Ch.), the pope.

Fa´ther , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathered p. pr. & vb. n. Fathering.] 1. To make one’s self the father of; to beget. “Cowards father cowards, and base things sire base.” Shak. 2. To take as one’s own child; to adopt; hence, to assume as one’s own work; to acknowledge one’s self author of or responsible for (a statement, policy, etc.). “Men of wit
Often fathered what he writ.” Swift. 3. To provide with a father. [R.] “Think you I am no stronger than my sex,
Being so fathered and so husbanded ?” Shak. To father on or upon, to ascribe to, or charge upon, as one’s offspring or work; to put or lay upon as being responsible. ´Nothing can be so uncouth or extravagant, which may not be fathered on some fetch of wit, or some caprice of humor.´ Barrow.

Fa´ther•hood , n. The state of being a father; the character or authority of a father; paternity.

Fa´ther-in-law , n.; pl. Fathers-in-law . The father of one’s husband or wife; — correlative to son-in-law and daughter- in-law. A man who marries a woman having children already, is sometimes, though erroneously, called their father-in-law.

Fa´ther•land´ , n. [Imitated fr. D. vaderland. See Father, and Land.] One’s native land; the native land of one’s fathers or ancestors.

Fa´ther-lash•er , n. (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Cottus bubalis), allied to the sculpin; — called also lucky proach.

Fa´ther•less, a. 1. Destitute of a living father; as a fatherless child. 2. Without a known author. Beau. & Fl.

Fa´ther•less•ness, n. The state of being without a father.

Fa´ther•li•ness , n. [From Fatherly.] The qualities of a father; parantal kindness, care, etc.

Fa´ther long´legs (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs, 2.

Fa´ther•ly, a. 1. Like a father in affection and care; paternal; tender; protecting; careful. “You have showed a tender, fatherly regard.” Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to a father.

Fa´ther•ship, n. The state of being a father; fatherhood; paternity.

Fath´om (fath´um), n. [OE. fadme, faðme, AS. faeðm fathom, the embracing arms; akin to OS. faðmos the outstretched arms, D. vadem, vaam, fathom, OHG. fadom, fadum, G. faden fathom, thread, Icel. faðmr fathom, Sw. famn, Dan. favn; cf. Gr. to spread out, outspread, flat, L. patere to lie open, extend. Cf. Patent, Petal.] 1. A measure of length, containing six feet; the space to which a man can extend his arms; — used chiefly in measuring cables, cordage, and the depth of navigable water by soundings. 2. The measure or extant of one’s capacity; depth, as of intellect; profundity; reach; penetration. [R.] “Another of his fathom they have none
To lead their business.” Shak.

Fath´om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathomed p. pr. & vb. n. Fathoming.] 1. To encompass with the arms extended or encircling; to measure by throwing the arms about; to span. [Obs.] Purchas. 2. To measure by a sounding line; especially, to sound the depth of; to penetrate, measure, and comprehend; to get to the bottom of. Dryden. “The page of life that was spread out before me seemed dull and commonplace, only because I had not fathomed its deeper import.” Hawthotne.

Fath´om•a•ble , a. Capable of being fathomed.

Fath´om•er , n. One who fathoms.

Fath´om•less, a. 1. Incapable of being fathomed; immeasurable; that can not be sounded. “And buckle in a waist most fathomless.” Shak. 2. Incomprehensible. “The fathomless absurdity.” Milton.

Fa•tid´i•cal , a. [L. fatidicus; fatum fate + dicere to say, tell.] Having power to foretell future events; prophetic; fatiloquent; as the fatidical oak. [R.] Howell. — Fa•tid´i•cal•ly, adv.

Fa•tif´er•ous , a. [L. fatifer; fatum fate + ferre to bear, bring.] Fate-bringing; deadly; mortal; destructive. [R.] Johnson.

Fat´i•ga•ble , a. [L. fatigabilis: cf. F. fatigable. See Fatigue.] Easily tired. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fat´i•gate , a. [L. fatigatus, p. p. of fatigare. See Fatigue.] Wearied; tired; fatigued. [Obs.] “Requickened what in flesh was fatigate.” Shak.

Fat´i•gate , v. t. To weary; to tire; to fatigue. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Fat•i•ga´tion , n. [L. fatigatio: cf. OF. fatigation.] Weariness. [Obs.] W. Montaqu.

Fa•tigue´ , n. [F., fr. fatiguer to fatigue, L. fatigare; cf. L. affatim sufficiently.] 1. Weariness from bodily labor or mental exertion; lassitude or exhaustion of strength. 2. The cause of weariness; labor; toil; as the fatigues of war. Dryden. 3. The weakening of a metal when subjected to repeated vibrations or strains. Fatigue call (Mil.), a summons, by bugle or drum, to perform fatigue duties. — Fatigue dress, the working dress of soldiers. — Fatigue duty (Mil.), labor exacted from soldiers aside from the use of arms. Farrow. — Fatigue party, a party of soldiers on fatigue duty.

Fa•tigue´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatigued p. pr. & vb. n. Fatiguing, n.] [Cf. F. fatiguer. See Fatigue, n.] To weary with labor or any bodily or mental exertion; to harass with toil; to exhaust the strength or endurance of; to tire. Syn. — To jade; tire; weary; bore. See Jade.

Fa•til´o•quent , a. [See Fatiloquist.] Prophetic; fatidical. [Obs.] Blount.

Fa•til´o•quist , n. [L. fatiloquus declaring fate; fatum fate+ Loqui to speak.] A fortune teller. { Fat´i•mite , Fat´i•mide }, a. (Hist.) Descended from Fatima, the daughter and only child of Mohammed. — n. A descendant of Fatima.

Fa•tis´cence , n. [L. fatiscense, p. pr. of fatiscere to gape or crack open.] A gaping or opening; state of being chinky, or having apertures. Kirwan.

Fat´-kid•neyed , a. Gross; lubberly. “Peace, ye fat-kidneyed rascal !” Shak.

Fat´ling , n. [Fat + - ling.] A calf, lamb, kid, or other young animal fattened for slaughter; a fat animal; — said of such animals as are used for food. “He sacrificed oxen and fatlings.” 2 Sam. vi. 13.

Fat´ly, adv. Grossly; greasily.

Fat´ner , n. One who fattens. [R.] See Fattener. Arbuthnit.

Fat´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fat, plump, or full-fed; corpulency; fullness of flesh. “Their eyes stand out with fatness.” Ps. lxxiii. 7. 2. Hence; Richness; fertility; fruitfulness. “Rich in the fatness of her plenteous soil.” Rowe. 3. That which makes fat or fertile. “The clouds drop fatness.” Philips.

Fat´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fattened p. pr. & vb. n. Fattening ] [See Fat, v. t.] 1. To make fat; to feed for slaughter; to make fleshy or plump with fat; to fill full; to fat. 2. To make fertile and fruitful; to enrich; as to fatten land; to fatten fields with blood. Dryden.

Fat´ten, v. i. To grow fat or corpulent; to grow plump, thick, or fleshy; to be pampered. “And villains fatten with the brave man’s labor.” Otway.

Fat´ten•er , n. One who, or that which, fattens; that which gives fatness or fertility.

Fat´ti•ness , n. State or quality of being fatty.

Fat´tish , a. Somewhat fat; inclined to fatness. “Coleridge, a puffy, anxious, obstructed-looking, fattish old man.” Carlyle.

Fat´ty , a. Containing fat, or having the qualities of fat; greasy; gross; as a fatty substance. Fatty acid (Chem.), any one of the paraffin series of monocarbonic acids, as formic acid, acetic, etc.; — so called because the higher members, as stearic and palmitic acids, occur in the natural fats, and are themselves fatlike substances. — Fatty clays. See under Clay. — Fatty degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition, in which the oil globules, naturally present in certain organs, are so multiplied as gradually to destroy and replace the efficient parts of these organs. — Fatty heart, Fatty liver, etc. (Med.), a heart, liver, etc., which have been the subjects of fatty degeneration or infiltration. — Fatty infiltration (Med.), a condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of fat in an organ, without destruction of any essential parts of the latter. — Fatty tumor (Med.), a tumor consisting of fatty or adipose tissue; lipoma.

Fa•tu´i•tous , a. Stupid; fatuous.

Fa•tu´i•ty , n. [L. fatuitas, fr. fatuus foolish: cf. F. fatuite Cf. Fatuous.] Weakness or imbecility of mind; stupidity. “Those many forms of popular fatuity.” I Taylor.

Fat´u•ous , a. [L. fatuus.] 1. Feeble in mind; weak; silly; stupid; foolish; fatuitous. Glanvill. 2. Without reality; illusory, like the ignis fatuus. “Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth.” Danham.

Fat´-wit•ted , a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

Fau•bourg´ (fo•boor´; E. fo´boorg), n. [F.] A suburb of a French city; also a district now within a city, but formerly without its walls.

Fau´cal , a. [L. fauces throat.] Pertaining to the fauces, or opening of the throat; faucial; esp., (Phon.) produced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds found in the Semitic and some other languages. “Ayin is the most difficult of the faucals.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Fau´ces , n. pl. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx, situated between the soft palate and the base of the tongue; — called also the isthmus of the fauces. On either side of the passage two membranous folds, called the pillars of the fauces, inclose the tonsils. 2. (Bot.) The throat of a calyx, corolla, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) That portion of the interior of a spiral shell which can be seen by looking into the aperture.

Fau´cet , n. [F. fausset, perh. fr. L. fauces throat.] 1. A fixture for drawing a liquid, as water, molasses, oil, etc., from a pipe, cask, or other vessel, in such quantities as may be desired; — called also tap, and cock. It consists of a tubular spout, stopped with a movable plug, spigot, valve, or slide. 2. The enlarged end of a section of pipe which receives the spigot end of the next section.

Fau´chion , n. See Falchion. [Obs.]

Fau´cial , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the fauces; pharyngeal.

Faugh , interj. [Cf. Foh.] An exclamation of contempt, disgust, or abhorrence.

Faul´chion , n. See Falchion.

Faul´con , n. (Zoöl.) See Falcon.

Fauld , n. The arch over the dam of a blast furnace; the tymp arch.

Faule , n. A fall or falling band. [Obs.] “These laces, ribbons, and these faules.” Herrick.

Fault , n. [OE. faut, faute, F. faute (cf. It., Sp., & Pg. falta), fr. a verb meaning to want, fail, freq., fr. L. fallere to deceive. See Fail, and cf. Default.] 1. Defect; want; lack; default. “One, it pleases me, for fault of a better, to call my friend.” Shak. 2. Anything that fails, that is wanting, or that impairs excellence; a failing; a defect; a blemish. “As patches set upon a little breach
Discredit more in hiding of the fault.” Shak. 3. A moral failing; a defect or dereliction from duty; a deviation from propriety; an offense less serious than a crime. 4. (Geol. & Mining) (a) A dislocation of the strata of the vein. (b) In coal seams, coal rendered worthless by impurities in the seam; as slate fault, dirt fault, etc. Raymond. 5. (Hunting) A lost scent; act of losing the scent. “Ceasing their clamorous cry till they have singled,
With much ado, the cold fault cleary out.” Shak. 6. (Tennis) Failure to serve the ball into the proper court. At fault, unable to find the scent and continue chase; hence, in trouble or embarrassment, and unable to proceed; puzzled; thrown off the track. — To find fault, to find reason for blaming or complaining; to express dissatisfaction; to complain; — followed by with before the thing complained of; but formerly by at. ´Matter to find fault at.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). Syn. — — Error; blemish; defect; imperfection; weakness; blunder; failing; vice. — Fault, Failing, Defect, Foible. A fault is positive, something morally wrong; a failing is negative, some weakness or falling short in a man’s character, disposition, or habits; a defect is also negative, and as applied to character is the absence of anything which is necessary to its completeness or perfection; a foible is a less important weakness, which we overlook or smile at. A man may have many failings, and yet commit but few faults; or his faults and failings may be few, while his foibles are obvious to all. The faults of a friend are often palliated or explained away into mere defects, and the defects or foibles of an enemy exaggerated into faults. ´I have failings in common with every human being, besides my own peculiar faults; but of avarice I have generally held myself guiltless.´ Fox. ´Presumption and self-applause are the foibles of mankind.´ Waterland.

Fault , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faulting.] 1. To charge with a fault; to accuse; to find fault with; to blame. [Obs.] “For that I will not fault thee.” Old Song. 2. (Geol.) To interrupt the continuity of (rock strata) by displacement along a plane of fracture; — chiefly used in the p. p.; as the coal beds are badly faulted.

Fault, v. i. To err; to blunder, to commit a fault; to do wrong. [Obs.] “If after Samuel’s death the people had asked of God a king, they had not faulted.” Latimer.

Fault´er , n. One who commits a fault. [Obs.] “Behold the faulter here in sight.” Fairfax.

Fault´-find•er , n. One who makes a practice of discovering others’ faults and censuring them; a scold.

Fault´-find•ing, n. The act of finding fault or blaming; — used derogatively. Also Adj.

Fault´ful , a. Full of faults or sins. Shak.

Fault´i•ly , adv. In a faulty manner.

Fault´i•ness, n. Quality or state of being faulty. “Round, even to faultiness.” Shak.

Fault´ing, n. (Geol.) The state or condition of being faulted; the process by which a fault is produced.

Fault´less, a. Without fault; not defective or imperfect; free from blemish; free from incorrectness, vice, or offense; perfect; as a faultless poem. “Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see,
Thinks what ne’er was nor is, nor e’er shall be.” Pope. Syn. — Blameless; spotless; perfect. See Blameless. — Fault´less•ly, adv.- Fault´less•ness, n.

Fault´y , a. 1. Containing faults, blemishes, or defects; imperfect; not fit for the use intended. “Created once
So goodly and erect, though faulty since.” Milton. 2. Guilty of a fault, or of faults; hence, blamable; worthy of censure. Shak. “The king doth speak … as one which is faulty.” 2 Sam. xiv. 13.

Faun , n. [L. Faunus, fr. favere to be favorable. See Favor.] (Rom. Myth.) A god of fields and shipherds, diddering little from the satyr. The fauns are usually represented as half goat and half man. “Satyr or Faun, or Sylvan.” Milton.

Fau´na , n. [NL.: cf. F. faune. See Faun.] (Zoöl.) The animals of any given area or epoch; as the fauna of America; fossil fauna; recent fauna.

Fau´nal , a. Relating to fauna.

Fau´nist , n. One who describes the fauna of country; a naturalist. Gilbert White.

Fau´nus , n.;pl. Fauni (#). [L.] (Myth.) See Faun.

Fau´sen , n. [Cf. W. llysowen eel, ll sounding in Welsh almost like fl.] (Zoöl.) A young eel. [Prov. Eng.]

Fausse•-braye´ , n. [F. fausse- braie.] (Mil.) A second rampart, exterior to, and parallel to, the main rampart, and considerably below its level.

Fau•teuil´ , n. [F. See Faldistory.] 1. An armchair; hence (because the members sit in fauteuils or armchairs), membership in the French Academy. 2. Chair of a presiding officer.

Fau´tor , n. [L., contr. fr. favitor, fr. favere to be favorable: cf. F. fauteur. See Favor.] A favorer; a patron; one who gives countenance or support; an abettor. [Obs.] “The king and the fautors of his proceedings.” Latimer.

Fau´tress , n. [L. fauutrix: cf. F. fautrice.] A patroness. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fau•vette´ , n. [F., dim. fr. fauve fawn-colored.] (Zoöl.) A small singing bird, as the nightingale and warblers.

Faux , n.; pl. Fauces (#). [L.] See Fauces. faux• pas´ [F. See False and Pas] A false step a mistake or wrong measure.

Fa•vag´i•nous , a. [L. favus a honeycomb.] Formed like, or resembling, a honeycomb.

Fa´vas , n. See Favus, n., 2. Fairholt.

Fa´vel , a. [OF. fauvel, favel, dim. of F. fauve; of German oigin. See Fallow, a.] Yellow; falow; dun. [Obs.] Wright.

Fa´vel, n. A horse of a favel or dun color. To curry favel. See To curry favor, under Favor, n.

Fa´vel, n. [OF. favele, fr. L. fabella short fable, dim. of fabula. See Fable.] Flattery; cajolery; deceit. [Obs.] Skeat.

Fa•vel´la , n. [NL., prob. from L. favus a honeycomb.] (Bot.) A group of spores arranged without order and covered with a thin gelatinous envelope, as in certain delicate red algae.

Fa•ve´o•late , a. [L. favus honeycomb.] Honeycomb; having cavities or cells, somewhat resembling those of a honeycomb; alveolate; favose.

Fa•vil´lous , a. [L. favilla sparkling or glowing ashes.] Of or pertaining to ashes. [Obs.] “Light and favillous particles.” Sir T. Browne.

Fa•vo´ni•an , a. [L. Favonius the west wind.] Pertaining to the west wind; soft; mild; gentle.

Fa´vor , n. [Written also favour.] [OF. favor, F. faveur, L. favor, fr. favere to be favorable, cf. Skr. bhavaya to further, foster, causative of bhu to become, be. Cf. Be. In the phrase to curry favor, favor is prob. for favel a horse. See 2d Favel.] 1. Kind regard; propitious aspect; countenance; friendly disposition; kindness; good will. “Hath crawled into the favor of the king.” Shak. 2. The act of countenancing, or the condition of being countenanced, or regarded propitiously; support; promotion; befriending. “But found no favor in his lady’s eyes.” Dryden. “And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man.” Luke ii. 52. 3. A kind act or office; kindness done or granted; benevolence shown by word or deed; an act of grace or good will, as distinct from justice or remuneration. “Beg one favor at thy gracious hand.” Shak. 4. Mildness or mitigation of punishment; lenity. “I could not discover the lenity and favor of this sentence.” Swift. 5. The object of regard; person or thing favored. “All these his wondrous works, but chiefly man,
His chief delight and favor.” Milton. 6. A gift or represent; something bestowed as an evidence of good will; a token of love; a knot of ribbons; something worn as a token of affection; as a marriage favor is a bunch or knot of white ribbons or white flowers worn at a wedding. “Wear thou this favor for me, and stick it in thy cap.” Shak. 7. Appearance; look; countenance; face. [Obs.] “This boy is fair, of female favor.” Shak. 8. (Law) Partiality; bias. Bouvier. 9. A letter or epistle; — so called in civility or compliment; as your favor of yesterday is received. 10. pl. Love locks. [Obs.] Wright. Challenge to the favor or for favor (Law), the challenge of a juror on grounds not sufficient to constitute a principal challenge, but sufficient to give rise to a probable suspicion of favor or bias such as acquaintance, business relation, etc. See Principal challenge, under Challenge. — In favor of, upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. — In favor with, favored, countenanced, or encouraged by. — To curry favor [see the etymology of Favor, above], to seek to gain favor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. — With one’s favor, or By one’s favor, with leave; by kind permission. “But, with your favor, I will treat it here.” Dryden. Syn. — Kindness; countenance; patronage; support; lenity; grace; gift; present; benefit.

Fa´vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Favored p. pr. & vb. n. Favoring.] [Written also favour.] [Cf. OF. favorer, favorir. See Favor, n.] 1. To regard with kindness; to support; to aid, or to have the disposition to aid, or to wish success to; to be propitious to; to countenance; to treat with consideration or tenderness; to show partiality or unfair bias towards. “O happy youth! and favored of the skies.” Pope. “He that favoreth Joab, … let him go after Joab.” 2 Sam. xx. 11. “[The painter] has favored her squint admirably.” Swift. 2. To afford advantages for success to; to facilitate; as a weak place favored the entrance of the enemy. 3. To resemble in features; to have the aspect or looks of; as the child favors his father. “The porter owned that the gentleman favored his master.” Spectator.

Fa´vor•a•ble , a. [Written also favourable.] [F. favorable, L. favorabilis favored, popular, pleasing, fr. favor. See Favor, n.] 1. Full of favor; favoring; manifesting partiality; kind; propitious; friendly. “Lend favorable ears to our request.” Shak. “Lord, thou hast been favorable unto thy land.” Ps. lxxxv. 1. 2. Conducive; contributing; tending to promote or facilitate; advantageous; convenient. “A place very favorable for the making levies of men.” Clarendon. “The temper of the climate, favorable to generation, health, and long life.” Sir W. Temple. 3. Beautiful; well-favored. [Obs.] Spenser. — Fa´vora•ble•ness, n. — Fa´vor•a•bly, sdv. “The faborableness of the present times to all extertions in the cause of liberty.” Burke.

Fa´vored , a. 1. Countenanced; aided; regarded with kidness; as a favored friend. 2. Having a certain favor or appearance; featured; as well-favored; hard-favored, etc.

Fa´vored•ly , adv. In a favored or a favorable manner; favorably. [Obs.] Deut. xvii. 1. Arscham.

Fa´vored•ness, n. Appearance. [Obs.]

Fa´vor•er , n. One who favors; one who regards with kindness or friendship; a well-wisher; one who assists or promotes success or prosperity. [Written also favourer.] “And come to us as favorers, not as foes.” Shak.

Fa´vor•ess , n. A woman who favors or gives countenance. [Written also fovouress.]

Fa´vor•ing, a. That favors. — Fa´vor•ing•ly, adv.

Fa´vor•ite , n. [OF. favorit favored, F. favori, fem. favorite, p. p. of OF. favorir, cf. It. favorito, frm. favorita, fr. favorire to favor. See Favor.] 1. A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor; one treated with partiality; one preferred above others; especially, one unduly loved, trusted, and enriched with favors by a person of high rank or authority. “Committing to a wicked favorite
All public cares.” Milton. 2. pl. Short curls dangling over the temples; — fashionable in the reign of Charles II. [Obs.] Farquhar. 3. (Sporting) The competitor (as a horse in a race) that is judged most likely to win; the competitor standing highest in the betting.

Fa´vor•ite, a. Regarded with particular affection, esteem, or preference; as a favorite walk; a favorite child. ´His favorite argument.´ Macaulay.

Fa´vor•it•ism , n. [Cf. F. favoritisme.] The disposition to favor and promote the interest of one person or family, or of one class of men, to the neglect of others having equal claims; partiality. “A spirit of favoritism to the Bank of the United States.” A. Hamilton.

Fa´vor•less, a. 1. Unfavored; not regarded with favor; having no countenance or support. 2. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] ´Fortune favorless.´ Spenser.

Fa•vose´ , a. [L. favus honeycomb.] 1. (Bot.) Honeycombed. See Faveolate. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the disease called favus.

Fav´o•site , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Favosites.

Fav•o•si´tes , n. [NL. See Favose.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil corals abundant in the Silurian and Devonian rocks, having polygonal cells with perforated walls.

Fa´vus , n. [L., honeycomb.] 1. (Med.) A disease of the scalp, produced by a vegetable parasite. 2. A tile or flagstone cut into an hexagonal shape to produce a honeycomb pattern, as in a pavement; — called also favas and sectila. Mollett.

Fawe , a. [See Fain.] Fain; glad; delighted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fawk´ner , n. [See Falconer.] A falconer. [Obs.] Donne.

Fawn , n. [OF. faon the young one of any beast, a fawn, F. faon a fawn, for fedon, fr. L. fetus. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young deer; a buck or doe of the first year. See Buck. 2. The young of an animal; a whelp. [Obs.] “[The tigress] … followeth … after her fawns.” Holland. 3. A fawn color.

Fawn, a. Of the color of a fawn; fawn-colored.

Fawn, v. i. [Cf. F. faonner.] To bring forth a fawn.

Fawn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fawned p. pr. & vb. n. Fawning.] [OE. fawnen, fainen, fagnien, to rejoice, welcome, flatter, AS. faegnian to rejoice; akin to Icel. fagna to rejoice, welcome. See Fain.] To court favor by low cringing, frisking, etc., as a dog; to flatter meanly; — often followed by on or upon. “You showed your teeth like apes, and fawned like hounds.” Shak. “Thou with trembling fear,
Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest.” Milton. “Courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him.” Macaulay.

Fawn, n. A servile cringe or bow; mean flattery; sycophancy. Shak.

Fawn´-col•ored , a. Of the color of a fawn; light yellowish brown.

Fawn´er , n. One who fawns; a sycophant.

Fawn´ing•ly, adv. In a fawning manner.

Faxed , a. [AS. feaxede haired, fr. feax hair. Cf. Paxwax.] Hairy. [Obs.] amden.

Fay , n. [F. fee. See Fate, and cf. Fairy.] A fairy; an elf. ´Yellow-skirted fays.´ Milton.

Fay, n. [OF. fei, F. foi. See Faith.] Faith; as by my fay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fay (fa), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fayed p. pr. & vb. n. Faying.] [OE. feien, v.t. & i., AS. fegan to join, unite; akin to OS. fogian, D. voegen, OHG. fuogen, G. fügen, Sw. foga. See Fair, and cf. Fadge.] (Shipbuilding) To fit; to join; to unite closely, as two pieces of wood, so as to make the surface fit together.

Fay, v. i. (Shipbuilding) To lie close together; to fit; to fadge; — often with in, into, with, or together. Faying surface, that surface of an object which comes with another object to which it is fastened; — said of plates, angle irons, etc., that are riveted together in shipwork.

Fay´al•ite , n. [So called from the island Fayal.] (Min.) A black, greenish, or brownish mineral of the chrysolite group. It is a silicate of iron.

Fa•y•ence´ , n. See Faence.

Fay´tour , n. See Faitour. [Obs.] Spenser.

Faze , v. t. See Feeze.

Faz´zo•let , n. [It. fazzoletto.] A handkerchief. [R.] percival.

Fea´ber•ry , n. [Cf. Prov. E. feabe, theabe, thape.] (Bot.) A gooseberry. [Prov. Eng.] Prior.

Feague , v. t. [Cf. G. fegen to sweep, Icel. faegia to cleanse, polish, E. fair, fay, to fit, fey to cleanse.] To beat or whip; to drive. [Obs.] Otway.

Fe´al , a. [OF. feal, feel, feeil, fedeil, F. fidèle, L. fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith. See Faith.] Faithful; loyal. [Obs.] Wright.

Fe´al•ty , n. [OE. faute, OF. faute, fealte, feele, feelteit, fr. L. fidelitas, fr. fidelis faithful. See Feal, and cf. Fidelity.] 1. Fidelity to one’s lord; the feudal obligation by which the tenant or vassal was bound to be faithful to his lord; the special oath by which this obligation was assumed; fidelity to a superior power, or to a government; loyality. It is no longer the practice to exact the performance of fealty, as a feudal obligation. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Tomlins. 2. Fidelity; constancy; faithfulness, as of a friend to a friend, or of a wife to her husband. “He should maintain fealty to God.” I. Taylor. “Makes wicked lightnings of her eyes, and saps
The fealty of our friends.” tennyson. “Swore fealty to the new government.” Macaulay. Fealty is distinguished from homage, which is an acknowledgment of tenure, while fealty implies an oath. See Homage. Wharton. Syn. — Homage; loyality; fidelity; constancy.

Fear , n. A variant of Fere, a mate, a companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fear, n. [OE. fer, feer, fere, AS. fr a coming suddenly upon, fear, danger; akin to D. vaar, OHG. fara danger, G. gefahr, Icel. far harm, mischief, plague, and to E. fare, peril. See Fare.] 1. A painful emotion or passion excited by the expectation of evil, or the apprehension of impending danger; apprehension; anxiety; solicitude; alarm; dread. The degrees of this passion, beginning with the most moderate, may be thus expressed, — apprehension, fear, dread, fright, terror. “Fear is an uneasiness of the mind, upon the thought of future evil likely to befall us.” Locke. “Where no hope is left, is left no fear.” Milton. 2. (Script.) (a) Apprehension of incurring, or solicitude to avoid, God’s wrath; the trembling and awful reverence felt toward the Supreme Belng. (b) Respectful reverence for men of authority or worth. “I will put my fear in their hearts.” Jer. xxxii. 40. “I will teach you the fear of the Lord.” Ps. xxxiv. 11. “render therefore to all their dues; tribute to whom tribute is due … fear to whom fear.” Rom. xiii. 7. 3. That which causes, or which is the object of, apprehension or alarm; source or occasion of terror; danger; dreadfulness. “There were they in great fear, where no fear was.” Ps. liii. 5. “The fear of your adventure would counsel you to a more equal enterprise.” Shak. For fear, in apprehension lest. ´For fear you ne’er see chain nor money more.´ Shak.

Fear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feared p. pr. & vb. n. Fearing.] [OE. feren, faeren, to frighten, to be afraid, AS. fran to terrify. See Fear, n.] 1. To feel a painful apprehension of; to be afraid of; to consider or expect with emotion of alarm or solicitude. “I will fear no evil, for thou art with me.” Ps. xxiii. 4. With subordinate clause. “I greatly fear my money is not safe.” Shak. “I almost fear to quit your hand.” D. Jerrold. 2. To have a reverential awe of; to solicitous to avoid the displeasure of. “Leave them to God above; him serve and fear.” Milton. 3. To be anxious or solicitous for. [R.] “The sins of the father are to be laid upon the children, therefore … I fear you.” Shak. 4. To suspect; to doubt. [Obs.] “Ay what else, fear you not her courage?” Shak. 5. To affright; to terrify; to drive away or prevent approach of by fear. [Obs.] “fear their people from doing evil.” Robynsin (More’s utopia). “Tush, tush! fear boys with bugs.” Shak. Syn. — To apprehend; dread; reverence; venerate.

Fear, v. i. To be in apprehension of evil; to be afraid; to feel anxiety on account of some expected evil. “I exceedingly fear and quake.” Heb. xii. 21.

Fear´er , n. One who fars. Sir P. Sidney.

Fear´ful , a. 1. Full of fear, apprehension, or alarm; afraid; frightened. “Anxious amidst all their success, and fearful amidat all their power.” Bp. Warburton. 2. inclined to fear; easily frightened; without courage; timid. “What man is there that is fearful and faint- hearted?” Deut. xx. 8. 3. Indicating, or caused by, fear. “Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.” Shak. 4. Inspiring fear or awe; exciting apprehension or terror; terrible; frightful; dreadful. “This glorious and fearful name, The Lord thy God.” Deut. xxviii. 58. “Death is a fearful thing.” Shak. “In dreams they fearful precipices tread.” Dryden. Syn. — Apprehensive; afraid; timid; timorous; horrible; distressing; shocking; frightful; dreadful; awful.

Fear´ful•ly, adv. In a fearful manner.

Fear´ful•ness, n. The state of being fearful.

Fear´less, a. Free from fear. Syn. — Bold; courageous; intrepid; valorous; valiant; brave; undaunted; dauntless; heroic. — Fear´less•ly, adv. — Fear´less•ness, n.

Fear´naught , n. 1. A fearless person. 2. A stout woolen cloth of great thickness; dreadnaught; also a warm garment.

Fear´some a. 1. Frightful; causing fear. [Scotch] ´This fearsome wind.´ Sir W. Scott 2. Easily frightened; timid; timorous. ´A silly fearsome thing.´ B. Taylor

Fea´si•bil•ity n.; pl. Feasibilities (-tiz). [from Feasible] The quality of being feasible; practicability; also that which is feasible; as before we adopt a plan, let us consider its feasibility. “Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities.” Sir T. Browne.

Fea´si•ble a. [F. faisable, fr. faire to make or do, fr. L. facere. See Fact, Feat.] 1. Capable of being done, executed, or effected; practicable. “Always existing before their eyes as a thing feasible in practice.” Burke. “It was not feasible to gratify so many ambitions.” Beaconsfield. 2. Fit to be used or tailed, as land. [R.] R. Trumbull. Fea´si•ble•ness, n. — Fea´si•bly, adv.

Feast (fest), n. [OE. feste festival, holiday, feast, OF. feste festival, F. fête, fr. L. festum, pl. festa, fr. festus joyful, festal; of uncertain origin. Cf. Fair, n., Festal, Fête.] 1. A festival; a holiday; a solemn, or more commonly, a joyous, anniversary. “The seventh day shall be a feast to the Lord.” Ex. xiii. 6. “Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the passover.” Luke ii. 41. Ecclesiastical feasts are called immovable when they always occur on the same day of the year; otherwise they are called movable. 2. A festive or joyous meal; a grand, ceremonious, or sumptuous entertainment, of which many guests partake; a banquet characterized by tempting variety and abundance of food. “Enough is as good as a feast.” Old Proverb. “Belshazzar the King made a great feast to a thousand of his lords.” Dan. v. 1. 3. That which is partaken of, or shared in, with delight; something highly agreeable; entertainment. “The feast of reason, and the flow of soul.” Pope. Feast day, a holiday; a day set as a solemn commemorative festival. Syn. — Entertainment; regale; banquet; treat; carousal; festivity; festival. — Feast, Banquet, Festival, Carousal. A feast sets before us viands superior in quantity, variety, and abundance; a banquet is a luxurious feast; a festival is the joyful celebration by good cheer of some agreeable event. Carousal is unrestrained indulgence in frolic and drink.

Feast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Feasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Feasting.] [OE. festen, cf. OF. fester to rest from work, F. fêter to celebrate a holiday. See Feast, n.] 1. To eat sumptuously; to dine or sup on rich provisions, particularly in large companies, and on public festivals. “And his sons went and feasted in their houses.” Job. i. 4. 2. To be highly gratified or delighted. “With my love’s picture then my eye doth feast.” Shak.

Feast, v. t. 1. To entertain with sumptuous provisions; to treat at the table bountifully; as he was feasted by the king. Hayward. 2. To delight; to gratify; as to feast the soul. “Feast your ears with the music a while.” Shak.

Feast´er , n. 1. One who fares deliciously. 2. One who entertains magnificently. Johnson.

Feast´ful , a. Festive; festal; joyful; sumptuous; luxurious. ´Feastful days.´ Milton. — Feast´ful•ly, adv.

Feat , n. [OE. fet, OF. fet, fait, F. fait, factum, fr. L. facere, factum, to make or do. Cf. Fact, Feasible, Do.] 1. An act; a deed; an exploit. “The warlike feats I have done.” Shak. 2. A striking act of strength, skill, or cunning; a trick; as feats of horsemanship, or of dexterity.

Feat, v. t. To form; to fashion. [Obs.] “To the more mature,
A glass that feated them.” Shak.

Feat, a. [Compar. Feater superl. Featest.] [F. fait made, shaped, fit, p. p. of faire to make or do. See Feat, n.] Dexterous in movements or service; skillful; neat; nice; pretty. [Archaic] “Never master had a page … so feat.” Shak. “And look how well my garments sit upon me —
Much feater than before.” Shak.

Feat´-bod•ied , a. Having a feat or trim body. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Feat´e•ous , a. [Cf. OF. faitis, faitice, fetis, well made, fine, L. facticius made by art.] Dexterous; neat. [Obs.] Johnson. — Feat´e•ous•ly, adv.

Feath´er (feth´er), n. [OE. fether, AS. feðer; akin to D. veder, OHG. fedara, G. feder, Icel. fjöðr, Sw. fjäder, Dan. fjaeder, Gr. ptero•n wing, feather, pe•tesqai to fly, Skr. pattra wing, feather, pat to fly, and prob. to L. penna feather, wing. rad.76, 248. Cf. Pen a feather.] 1. One of the peculiar dermal appendages, of several kinds, belonging to birds, as contour feathers, quills, and down. An ordinary feather consists of the quill or hollow basal part of the stem; the shaft or rachis, forming the upper, solid part of the stem; the vanes or webs, implanted on the rachis and consisting of a series of slender laminae or barbs, which usually bear barbules, which in turn usually bear barbicels and interlocking hooks by which they are fastened together. See Down, Quill, Plumage. 2. Kind; nature; species; — from the proverbial phrase, ´Birds of a feather,´ that is, of the same species. [R.] “I am not of that feather to shake off
My friend when he must need me.” Shak. 3. The fringe of long hair on the legs of the setter and some other dogs. 4. A tuft of peculiar, long, frizzly hair on a horse. 5. One of the fins or wings on the shaft of an arrow. 6. (Mach. & Carp.) A longitudinal strip projecting as a fin from an object, to strengthen it, or to enter a channel in another object and thereby prevent displacement sidwise but permit motion lengthwise; a spline. 7. A thin wedge driven between the two semicylindrical parts of a divided plug in a hole bored in a stone, to rend the stone. Knight. 8. The angular adjustment of an oar or paddle-wheel float, with reference to a horizontal axis, as it leaves or enters the water. Feather is used adjectively or in combination, meaning composed of, or resembling, a feather or feathers; as feather fan, feather-heeled, feather duster. Feather alum (Min.), a hydrous sulphate of alumina, resulting from volcanic action, and from the decomposition of iron pyrites; — called also halotrichite. Ure. — Feather bed, a bed filled with feathers. — Feather driver, one who prepares feathers by beating. — Feather duster, a dusting brush of feathers. — Feather flower, an artifical flower made of feathers, for ladies’ headdresses, and other ornamental purposes. — Feather grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa pennata) which has a long feathery awn rising from one of the chaffy scales which inclose the grain. — Feather maker, one who makes plumes, etc., of feathers, real or artificial. — Feather ore (Min.), a sulphide of antimony and lead, sometimes found in capillary forms and like a cobweb, but also massive. It is a variety of Jamesonite. — Feather shot, or Feathered shot (Metal.), copper granulated by pouring into cold water. Raymond. — Feather spray (Naut.), the spray thrown up, like pairs of feathers, by the cutwater of a fast-moving vessel. — Feather star. (Zoöl.) See Comatula. — Feather weight. (Racing) (a) Scrupulously exact weight, so that a feather would turn the scale, when a jockey is weighed or weighted. (b) The lightest weight that can be put on the back of a horse in racing. Youatt. (c) In wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the lightest of the classes into which contestants are divided; — in contradistinction to light weight, middle weight, and heavy weight. — A feather in the cap an honour, trophy, or mark of distinction. [Colloq.] — To be in full feather, to be in full dress or in one’s best clothes. [Collog.] — To be in high feather, to be in high spirits. [Collog.] — To cut a feather. (a) (Naut.) To make the water foam in moving; in allusion to the ripple which a ship throws off from her bows. (b) To make one’s self conspicuous. [Colloq.] — To show the white feather, to betray cowardice, — a white feather in the tail of a cock being considered an indication that he is not of the true game breed.

Feath´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feathered (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Feathering.] 1. To furnish with a feather or feathers, as an arrow or a cap. “An eagle had the ill hap to be struck with an arrow feathered from her own wing.” L’Estrange. 2. To adorn, as with feathers; to fringe. “A few birches and oaks still feathered the narrow ravines.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To render light as a feather; to give wings to.[R.] “The Polonian story perhaps may feather some tedious hours.” Loveday. 4. To enrich; to exalt; to benefit. “They stuck not to say that the king cared not to plume his nobility and people to feather himself.” Bacon. Dryden. 5. To tread, as a cock. Dryden. To feather one’s nest, to provide for one’s self especially from property belonging to another, confided to one’s care; — an expression taken from the practice of birds which collect feathers for the lining of their nests. — To feather an oar (Naut), to turn it when it leaves the water so that the blade will be horizontal and offer the least resistance to air while reaching for another stroke. — To tar and feather a person, to smear him with tar and cover him with feathers, as a punishment or an indignity.

Feath´er, v. i. 1. To grow or form feathers; to become feathered; — often with out; as the birds are feathering out. 2. To curdle when poured into another liquid, and float about in little flakes or ´feathers;´ as the cream feathers. [Colloq.] 3. To turn to a horizontal plane; — said of oars. “The feathering oar returns the gleam.” Tickell. “Stopping his sculls in the air to feather accurately.” Macmillan’s Mag. 4. To have the appearance of a feather or of feathers; to be or to appear in feathery form. “A clump of ancient cedars feathering in evergreen beauty down to the ground.” Warren. “The ripple feathering from her bows.” Tennyson.

Feath´er-brained , a. Giddy; frivolous; feather-headed. [Colloq.]

Feath´ered , a. 1. Clothed, covered, or fitted with (or as with) feathers or wings; as a feathered animal; a feathered arrow. “Rise from the ground like feathered Mercury.” Shak. “Nonsense feathered with soft and delicate phrases and pointed with pathetic accent.” Dr. J. Scott. 2. Furnished with anything featherlike; ornamented; fringed; as land feathered with trees. 3. (Zoöl.) Having a fringe of feathers, as the legs of certian birds; or of hairs, as the legs of a setter dog. 4. (Her.) Having feathers; — said of an arrow, when the feathers are of a tincture different from that of the shaft.

Feath´er-edge , n. 1. (Zoöl.) The thin, new growth around the edge of a shell, of an oyster. 2. Any thin, as on a board or a razor.

Feath´er-edged , a. Having a feather-edge; also having one edge thinner than the other, as a board; — in the United States, said only of stuff one edge of which is made as thin as practicable.

Feath´er-few , n. (Bot.) Feverfew.

Feath´er-foil , n. [Feather + foil a leaf.] (Bot.) An aquatic plant (Hottonia palustris), having finely divided leaves.

Feath´er-head , n. A frivolous or featherbrained person. [Colloq.] H. James.

Feath´er-head•ed , a. Giddy; frivolous; foolish. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Feath´er-heeled , a. Light- heeled; gay; frisky; frolicsome. [Colloq.]

Feath´er•i•ness , n. The state or condition of being feathery.

Feath´er•ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Same as Foliation. 2. The act of turning the blade of the oar, as it rises from the water in rowing, from a vertical to a horizontal position. See To feather an oar, under Feather, v. t. 3. A covering of feathers. Feathering float (Naut.), the float or paddle of a feathering wheel. — Feathering screw (Naut.), a screw propeller, of which the blades may be turned so as to move edgewise through the water when the vessel is moving under sail alone. — Feathering wheel (Naut.), a paddle wheel whose floats turn automatically so as to dip about perpendicularly into the water and leave in it the same way, avoiding beating on the water in the descent and lifting water in the ascent.

Feath´er•less, a. Destitute of feathers.

Feath´er•ly, a. Like feathers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Feath´er-pat´ed , a. Feather- headed; frivolous. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Feath´er-veined , a. (Bot.) Having the veins (of a leaf) diverging from the two sides of a midrib.

Feath´er•y , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, feathers; covered with, or as with, feathers; as feathery spray or snow. Milton. “Ye feathery people of mid air.” Barry Cornwall.

Feat´ly , adv. [From Feat, a.] Neatly; dexterously; nimbly. [Archaic] “Foot featly here and there.” Shak.

Feat´ness, n. Skill; adroitness. [Archaic] Johnson.

Fea´ture ( 135), n. [OE. feture form, shape, feature, OF. faiture fashion, make, fr. L. factura a making, formation, fr. facere, factum, to make. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Facture.] 1. The make, form, or outward appearance of a person; the whole turn or style of the body; esp., good appearance. “What needeth it his feature to descrive?” Chaucer. “Cheated of feature by dissembling nature.” Shak. 2. The make, cast, or appearance of the human face, and especially of any single part of the face; a lineament. (pl.) The face, the countenance. “It is for homely features to keep home.” Milton. 3. The cast or structure of anything, or of any part of a thing, as of a landscape, a picture, a treaty, or an essay; any marked peculiarity or characteristic; as one of the features of the landscape. “And to her service bind each living creature
Through secret understanding of their feature.” Spenser. 4. A form; a shape. [R.] “So scented the grim feature, and upturned
His nostril wide into the murky air.” Milton.

Fea´tured ( 135), a. 1. Shaped; fashioned. “How noble, young, how rarely featured!” Shak. 2. Having features; formed into features. “The well-stained canvas or the featured stone.” Young.

Fea´ture•less ( 135), a. Having no distinct or distinctive features.

Fea´ture•ly, a. Having features; showing marked peculiarities; handsome. [R.] “Featurely warriors of Christian chivalry.” Coleridge.

Feaze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feazed p. pr. & vb. n. Feazing.] [Cf. OE. faseln to ravel, fr. AS. faes fringe; akin to G. fasen to separate fibers or threads, fasen, faser, thread, filament, OHG. faso.] To untwist; to unravel, as the end of a rope. Johnson.

Feaze, v. t. [See Feese.] To beat; to chastise; also to humble; to harass; to worry. [Obs.] insworth.

Feaze, n. A state of anxious or fretful excitement; worry; vexation. [Obs.]

Feaz´ings , n. pl. [See Feaze, v. t.] (Naut.) The unlaid or ragged end of a rope. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fe•bric´i•tate , v. i. [L. febricitare, fr. febris. See Febrile.] To have a fever. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fe•bric´u•lose , a. [L. febriculosus.] Somewhat feverish. [Obs.] Johnson.

Feb•ri•fa´cient , a. [L. febris fever + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Febrific. Dunglison. — n. That which causes fever. Beddoes.

Fe•brif´er•ous , a. [L. febris fever + -ferous.] Causing fever; as a febriferous locality.

Fe•brif´ic , a. [L. febris fever + ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy-.] Producing fever. Dunglison.

Fe•brif´u•gal , a. [See Febrifuge.] Having the quality of mitigating or curing fever. Boyle.

Feb´ri•fuge , n. [L. febris fever + fugare to put to flight, from fugere to flee: cf. F. febrifuge. see Febrile, Feverfew.] (Med.) A medicine serving to mitigate or remove fever. — a. Antifebrile.

Fe´brile ( 277), a. [F. febrile, from L. febris fever. See Fever.] Pertaining to fever; indicating fever, or derived from it; as febrile symptoms; febrile action. Dunglison.

Feb´ru•a•ry , n. [L. Februarius, orig., the month of expiation, because on the fifteenth of this month the great feast of expiation and purification was held, fr. februa, pl., the Roman festival or purification; akin to februare to purify, expiate.] The second month in the year, said to have been introduced into the Roman calendar by Numa. In common years this month contains twenty-eight days; in the bissextile, or leap year, it has twenty-nine days.

Feb•ru•a´tion , n. [L. februatio. See february.] Purification; a sacrifice. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fe´cal (fe´kal), a. [Cf. F. fecal. See Feces.] relating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordure; faecal.

Fec´che , v. t. To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe´ces , n. pl. dregs; sediment; excrement. See FAEces.

Fe´cial , a. [L. fetialis belonging to the fetiales, the Roman priests who sanctioned treaties and demanded satisfaction from the enemy before a formal declaration of war.] Pertaining to heralds, declarations of war, and treaties of peace; as fecial law. Kent.

Fe´ci•fork , n. [Feces + fork.] (Zoöl.) The anal fork on which the larvae of certain insects carry their faeces.

Feck´less , a. [Perh. a corruption of effectless.] Spiritless; weak; worthless. [Scot]

feck´less•ness n. absence of merit.
[WordNet 1.5]

Fecks , n. A corruption of the word faith. Shak.

Fec´u•la , n.; pl. FeculAE [L. faecula burnt tartar or salt of tartar, dim. of faex, faecis, sediment, dregs: cf. F. fecule.] Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply breaking down the texture, washing with water, and subsidence. Especially: (a) The nutritious part of wheat; starch or farina; — called also amylaceous fecula. (b) The green matter of plants; chlorophyll.

Fec´u•lence , n. [L. faeculentia dregs, filth: cf. F. feculence.] 1. The state or quality of being feculent; muddiness; foulness. 2. That which is feculent; sediment; lees; dregs.

Fec´u•len•cy , n. Feculence.

Fec´u•lent , a. [L. faeculentus, fr. faecula: cf. F. feculent. See Fecula.] Foul with extraneous or impure substances; abounding with sediment or excrementitious matter; muddy; thick; turbid. “Both his hands most filthy feculent.” Spenser.

Fec´und , a. [L. fecundus, from the root of fetus: cf. F. fecond. see Fetus.] Fruitful in children; prolific. Graunt.

Fec´un•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fecundated p. pr. & vb. n. Fecundating ] [L. fecundare, fr. fecundus. See Fecund.] 1. To make fruitful or prolific. W. Montagu. 2. (Biol.) To render fruitful or prolific; to impregnate; as in flowers the pollen fecundates the ovum through the stigma.

Fec•un•da´tion , n. [Cf. F. fecondation.] (Biol.) The act by which, either in animals or plants, material prepared by the generative organs the female organism is brought in contact with matter from the organs of the male, so that a new organism results; impregnation; fertilization.

Fe•cun´di•fy , v. t. [Fecund + -fy.] To make fruitful; to fecundate. Johnson.

Fe•cun´di•ty , n. [L. fecunditas: cf. F. fecondite. See Fecund.] 1. The quality or power of producing fruit; fruitfulness; especially (Biol.), the quality in female organisms of reproducing rapidly and in great numbers. 2. The power of germinating; as in seeds. 3. The power of bringing forth in abundance; fertility; richness of invention; as the fecundity of God’s creative power. Bentley.

Fed , imp. & p. p. of Feed.

Fed´a•ry , n. A feodary. [Obs.] Shak.

Fed´er•al , a. [L. foedus league, treaty, compact; akin to fides faith: cf. F. federal. see Faith.] 1. Pertaining to a league or treaty; derived from an agreement or covenant between parties, especially between nations; constituted by a compact between parties, usually governments or their representatives. “The Romans compelled them, contrary to all federal right, … to part with Sardinia.” Grew. 2. Specifically: (a) Composed of states or districts which retain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty, as the Union of the United States, or the Sonderbund of Switzerland. (b) Consisting or pertaining to such a government; as the Federal Constitution; a Federal officer. (c) Friendly or devoted to such a government; as the Federal party. see Federalist. Federal Congress. See under Congress.

Fed´er•al, n. See Federalist.

Fed´er•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. federalisme.] The principles of Federalists or of federal union.

Fed´er•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. federaliste.] An advocate of confederation; specifically (Amer. Hist.), a friend of the Constitution of the United States at its formation and adoption; a member of the political party which favored the administration of president Washington.

Fed´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Federalized p. pr. & vb. n. Federalizing ] [Cf. F. federaliser.] To unite in compact, as different States; to confederate for political purposes; to unite by or under the Federal Constitution. Barlow.

Fed´er•a•ry , n. [See Federal.] A partner; a confederate; an accomplice. [Obs.] hak.

Fed´er•ate , a. [L. foederatus, p. p. of foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus. See Federal.] United by compact, as sovereignties, states, or nations; joined in confederacy; leagued; confederate; as federate nations.

Fed•er•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. federation.] 1. The act of uniting in a league; confederation. 2. A league; a confederacy; a federal or confederated government. Burke.

Fed´er•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. federatif.] Uniting in a league; forming a confederacy; federal. ´A federative society.´ Burke.

Fed´i•ty , n. [L. foeditas, fr. foedus foul, filthy.] Turpitude; vileness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fee (fe), n. [OE. fe, feh, feoh, cattle, property, money, fief, AS. feoh cattle, property, money; the senses of ´property, money,´ arising from cattle being used in early times as a medium of exchange or payment, property chiefly consisting of cattle; akin to OS. fehu cattle, property, D. vee cattle, OHG. fihu, fehu, G. vieh, Icel. fe cattle, property, money, Goth. faíhu, L. pecus cattle, pecunia property, money, Skr. paçu cattle, perh. orig., ´a fastened or tethered animal,´ from a root signifying to bind, and perh. akin to E. fang, fair, a.; cf. OF. fie, flu, feu, fleu, fief, F. fief, from German, of the same origin. the sense fief is due to the French. rad.249. Cf. Feud, Fief, Fellow, Pecuniary.] 1. property; possession; tenure. ´Laden with rich fee.´ Spenser. “Once did she hold the gorgeous East in fee.” Wordsworth. 2. Reward or compensation for services rendered or to be rendered; especially, payment for professional services, of optional amount, or fixed by custom or laws; charge; pay; perquisite; as the fees of lawyers and physicians; the fees of office; clerk’s fees; sheriff’s fees; marriage fees, etc. “To plead for love deserves more fee than hate.” Shak. 3. (Feud. Law) A right to the use of a superior’s land, as a stipend for services to be performed; also the land so held; a fief. 4. (Eng. Law) An estate of inheritance supposed to be held either mediately or immediately from the sovereign, and absolutely vested in the owner. All the land in England, except the crown land, is of this kind. An absolute fee, or fee simple, is land which a man holds to himself and his heirs forever, who are called tenants in fee simple. In modern writers, by fee is usually meant fee simple. A limited fee may be a qualified or base fee, which ceases with the existence of certain conditions; or a conditional fee, or fee tail, which is limited to particular heirs. Blackstone. 5. (Amer. Law) An estate of inheritance belonging to the owner, and transmissible to his heirs, absolutely and simply, without condition attached to the tenure. Fee estate (Eng. Law), land or tenements held in fee in consideration or some acknowledgment or service rendered to the lord. — Fee farm (Law), land held of another in fee, in consideration of an annual rent, without homage, fealty, or any other service than that mentioned in the feoffment; an estate in fee simple, subject to a perpetual rent. Blackstone. — Fee farm rent (Eng. Law), a perpetual rent reserved upon a conveyance in fee simple. — Fee fund (Scot. Law), certain court dues out of which the clerks and other court officers are paid. — Fee simple (Law), an absolute fee; a fee without conditions or limits. “Buy the fee simple of my life for an hour and a quarter.” Shak. — Fee tail (Law), an estate of inheritance, limited and restrained to some particular heirs. Burill.

Fee (fe), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feed (fed); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeing.] To reward for services performed, or to be performed; to recompense; to hire or keep in hire; hence, to bribe. “The patient … fees the doctor.” Dryden. “There’s not a one of them but in his house
I keep a servant feed.” Shak.

Fee´ble (fe´b’l), a. [Compar. Feebler (-bler); superl. Feeblest (-blest).] [OE. feble, OF. feble, flebe, floibe, floible, foible, F. faible, L. flebilis to be wept over, lamentable, wretched, fr. flere to weep. Cf. Foible.] 1. Deficient in physical strength; weak; infirm; debilitated. “Carried all the feeble of them upon asses.” 2 Chron. xxviii. 15. 2. Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency in action or expression; not full, loud, bright, strong, rapid, etc.; faint; as a feeble color; feeble motion. ´A lady’s feeble voice.´ Shak.

Fee´ble, v. t. To make feble; to enfeeble. [Obs.] “Shall that victorious hand be feebled here?” Shak.

Fee´ble-mind´ed , a. Weak in intellectual power; wanting firmness or constancy; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile. ´comfort the feeble-minded.´ 1 Thess. v. 14. — Fee´ble-mind´ed•ness, n.

Fee´ble•ness, n. The quality or condition of being feeble; debility; infirmity. “That shakes for age and feebleness.” Shak.

Fee´bly , adv. In a feeble manner. “The restored church … contended feebly, and with half a heart.” Macaulay.

Feed (fed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fed (fed); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeding.] [AS. fedan, fr. foda food; akin to OS. fodian, OFries. feda, foda, D. voeden, OHG. fuottan, Icel. faeða, Sw. föda, Dan. föde. rad.75. See Food.] 1. To give food to; to supply with nourishment; to satisfy the physical huger of. “If thine enemy hunger, feed him.” Rom. xii. 20. “Unreasonable creatures feed their young.” Shak. 2. To satisfy; gratify or minister to, as any sense, talent, taste, or desire. “I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.” Shak. “Feeding him with the hope of liberty.” Knolles. 3. To fill the wants of; to supply with that which is used or wasted; as springs feed ponds; the hopper feeds the mill; to feed a furnace with coal. 4. To nourish, in a general sense; to foster, strengthen, develop, and guard. “Thou shalt feed my people Israel.” 2 Sam. v. 2. “Mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed.” B. Cornwall. 5. To graze; to cause to be cropped by feeding, as herbage by cattle; as if grain is too forward in autumn, feed it with sheep. “Once in three years feed your mowing lands.” Mortimer. 6. To give for food, especially to animals; to furnish for consumption; as to feed out turnips to the cows; to feed water to a steam boiler. 7. (Mach.) (a) To supply (the material to be operated upon) to a machine; as to feed paper to a printing press. (b) To produce progressive operation upon or with (as in wood and metal working machines, so that the work moves to the cutting tool, or the tool to the work).

Feed, v. i. 1. To take food; to eat. “Her kid … which I afterwards killed because it would not feed.” De Foe. 2. To subject by eating; to satisfy the appetite; to feed one’s self (upon something); to prey; — with on or upon. “Leaving thy trunk for crows to feed upon.” Shak. 3. To be nourished, strengthened, or satisfied, as if by food. ´He feeds upon the cooling shade.´ Spenser. 4. To place cattle to feed; to pasture; to graze. “If a man … shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man’s field.” Ex. xxii. 5.

Feed , n. 1. That which is eaten; esp., food for beasts; fodder; pasture; hay; grain, ground or whole; as the best feed for sheep. 2. A grazing or pasture ground. Shak. 3. An allowance of provender given to a horse, cow, etc.; a meal; as a feed of corn or oats. 4. A meal, or the act of eating. [R.] “For such pleasure till that hour
At feed or fountain never had I found.” Milton. 5. The water supplied to steam boilers. 6. (Mach.) (a) The motion, or act, of carrying forward the stuff to be operated upon, as cloth to the needle in a sewing machine; or of producing progressive operation upon any material or object in a machine, as in a turning lathe, by moving the cutting tool along or in the work. (b) The supply of material to a machine, as water to a steam boiler, coal to a furnace, or grain to a run of stones. (c) The mechanism by which the action of feeding is produced; a feed motion. Feed bag, a nose bag containing feed for a horse or mule. — Feed cloth, an apron for leading cotton, wool, or other fiber, into a machine, as for carding, etc. — Feed door, a door to a furnace, by which to supply coal. — Feed head. (a) A cistern for feeding water by gravity to a steam boiler. (b) (Founding) An excess of metal above a mold, which serves to render the casting more compact by its pressure; — also called a riser, deadhead, or simply feed or head Knight. — Feed heater. (a) (Steam Engine) A vessel in which the feed water for the boiler is heated, usually by exhaust steam. (b) A boiler or kettle in which is heated food for stock. — Feed motion, or Feed gear (Mach.), the train of mechanism that gives motion to the part that directly produces the feed in a machine. — Feed pipe, a pipe for supplying the boiler of a steam engine, etc., with water. — Feed pump, a force pump for supplying water to a steam boiler, etc. — Feed regulator, a device for graduating the operation of a feeder. Knight. — Feed screw, in lathes, a long screw employed to impart a regular motion to a tool rest or tool, or to the work. — Feed water, water supplied to a steam boiler, etc. — Feed wheel (Mach.), a kind of feeder. See Feeder, n., 8.

Feed´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, gives food or supplies nourishment; steward. “A couple of friends, his chaplain and feeder.” Goldsmith. 2. One who furnishes incentives; an encourager. ´The feeder of my riots.´ Shak. 3. One who eats or feeds; specifically, an animal to be fed or fattened. “With eager feeding, food doth choke the feeder.” Shak. 4. One who fattens cattle for slaughter. 5. A stream that flows into another body of water; a tributary; specifically (Hydraulic Engin.), a water course which supplies a canal or reservoir by gravitation or natural flow. 6. A branch railroad, stage line, or the like; a side line which increases the business of the main line. 7. (Mining) (a) A small lateral lode falling into the main lode or mineral vein. Ure. (b) A strong discharge of gas from a fissure; a blower. Raymond. 8. (Mach.) An auxiliary part of a machine which supplies or leads along the material operated upon. 9. (Steam Engine) A device for supplying steam boilers with water as needed.

Feed´ing, n. 1. the act of eating, or of supplying with food; the process of fattening. 2. That which is eaten; food. 3. That which furnishes or affords food, especially for animals; pasture land. Feeding bottle. See under Bottle.

Fee•-faw•-fum´ , n. A nonsensical exclamation attributed to giants and ogres; hence, any expression calculated to impose upon the timid and ignorant. ´Impudent fee-faw-fums.´ J. H. Newman.

Fee´jee , a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Fijian.

Feel (fel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felt (felt); p. pr. & vb. n. Feeling.] [AS. felan; akin to OS. gifolian to perceive, D. voelen to feel, OHG. fuolen, G. fühlen, Icel. falma to grope, and prob. to AS. folm palm of the hand, L. palma. Cf. Fumble, Palm.] 1. To perceive by the touch; to take cognizance of by means of the nerves of sensation distributed all over the body, especially by those of the skin; to have sensation excited by contact of (a thing) with the body or limbs. “Who feel
Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel.” Creecn. 2. To touch; to handle; to examine by touching; as feel this piece of silk; hence, to make trial of; to test; often with out. “Come near, … that I may feel thee, my son.” Gen. xxvii. 21. “He hath this to feel my affection to your honor.” Shak. 3. To perceive by the mind; to have a sense of; to experience; to be affected by; to be sensible of, or sensitive to; as to feel pleasure; to feel pain. “Teach me to feel another’s woe.” Pope. “Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing.” Eccl. viii. 5. “He best can paint them who shall feel them most.” Pope. “Mankind have felt their strength and made it felt.” Byron. 4. To take internal cognizance of; to be conscious of; to have an inward persuasion of. “For then, and not till then, he felt himself.” Shak. 5. To perceive; to observe. [Obs.] Chaucer. To feel the helm (Naut.), to obey it.

Feel , v. i. 1. To have perception by the touch, or by contact of anything with the nerves of sensation, especially those upon the surface of the body. 2. To have the sensibilities moved or affected. “[She] feels with the dignity of a Roman matron”. Burke. “And mine as man, who feel for all mankind.” Pope. 3. To be conscious of an inward impression, state of mind, persuasion, physical condition, etc.; to perceive one’s self to be; — followed by an adjective describing the state, etc.; as to feel assured, grieved, persuaded. “I then did feel full sick.” Shak. 4. To know with feeling; to be conscious; hence, to know certainly or without misgiving. “Garlands … which I feel
I am not worthy yet to wear.” Shak. 5. To appear to the touch; to give a perception; to produce an impression by the nerves of sensation; — followed by an adjective describing the kind of sensation. “Blind men say black feels rough, and white feels smooth.” Dryden. To feel after, to search for; to seek to find; to seek as a person groping in the dark. ´If haply they might feel after him, and find him.´ Acts xvii. 27. — To feel of, to examine by touching.

Feel , n. 1. Feeling; perception. [R.] “To intercept and have a more kindly feel of its genial warmth.” Hazlitt. 2. A sensation communicated by touching; impression made upon one who touches or handles; as this leather has a greasy feel. “The difference between these two tumors will be distinguished by the feel.” S. Sharp.

Feel´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, feels. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the sense organs or certain animals (as insects), which are used in testing objects by touch and in searching for food; an antenna; a palp. “Insects … perpetually feeling and searching before them with their feelers or antennae.” Derham. 3. Anything, as a proposal, observation, etc., put forth or thrown out in order to ascertain the views of others; something tentative.

Feel´ing, a. 1. Possessing great sensibility; easily affected or moved; as a feeling heart. 2. Expressive of great sensibility; attended by, or evincing, sensibility; as he made a feeling representation of his wrongs.

Feel´ing, n. 1. The sense by which the mind, through certain nerves of the body, perceives external objects, or certain states of the body itself; that one of the five senses which resides in the general nerves of sensation distributed over the body, especially in its surface; the sense of touch; nervous sensibility to external objects. “Why was the sight
To such a tender ball as the eye confined, …
And not, as feeling, through all parts diffused?” Milton. 2. An act or state of perception by the sense above described; an act of apprehending any object whatever; an act or state of apprehending the state of the soul itself; consciousness. “The apprehension of the good
Gives but the greater feeling to the worse.” Shak. 3. The capacity of the soul for emotional states; a high degree of susceptibility to emotions or states of the sensibility not dependent on the body; as a man of feeling; a man destitute of feeling. 4. Any state or condition of emotion; the exercise of the capacity for emotion; any mental state whatever; as a right or a wrong feeling in the heart; our angry or kindly feelings; a feeling of pride or of humility. “A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind.” Garrick. “Tenderness for the feelings of others.” Macaulay. 5. That quality of a work of art which embodies the mental emotion of the artist, and is calculated to affect similarly the spectator. Fairholt. Syn. — Sensation; emotion; passion; sentiment; agitation; opinion. See Emotion, Passion, Sentiment.

Feel´ing•ly, adv. In a feeling manner; pathetically; sympathetically.

Feere , n. [See Fere, n.] A consort, husband or wife; a companion; a fere. [Obs.]

Feese , n. [Cf. OE. fesien to put to flight, AS. fesian, fysian, fysan, fr. fus, prompt, willing.] The short run before a leap. [Obs.] Nares.

Feet , n. pl. See Foot.

Feet, n. [See Feat, n.] Fact; performance. [Obs.]

Feet´less, a. Destitute of feet; as feetless birds.

Feeze , v. t. [For sense 1, cf. F. visser to screw, vis screw, or 1st E. feaze, v.t.: for sense 2, see Feese.] 1. To turn, as a screw. [Scot] Jamieson. 2. To beat; to chastise; to humble; to worry. [Obs.] [Written also feaze, feize, pheese.] Beau. & Fl. To feeze up, to work into a passion. [Obs.]

Feeze, n. Fretful excitement. [Obs.] See Feaze.

Feh´ling , n. (Chem.) See Fehling’s solution, under Solution.

Feh´mic , a. See Vehmic.

Feign , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feigned p. pr. & vb. n. Feigning.] [OE. feinen, F. feindre (p. pr. feignant), fr. L. fingere; akin to L. figura figure,and E. dough. See Dough, and cf. Figure, Faint, Effigy, Fiction.] 1. To give a mental existence to, as to something not real or actual; to imagine; to invent; hence, to pretend; to form and relate as if true. “There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart.” Neh. vi. 8. “The poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods.” Shak. 2. To represent by a false appearance of; to pretend; to counterfeit; as to feign a sickness. Shak. 3. To dissemble; to conceal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Feigned , a. Not real or genuine; pretended; counterfeit; insincere; false. ´A feigned friend.´ Shak. “Give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips.” Ps. xvii. 1. — Feign´ed•ly (#), adv. — Feign´ed•ness, n. “Her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly.” Jer. iii. 10. Feigned issue (Law), an issue produced in a pretended action between two parties for the purpose of trying before a jury a question of fact which it becomes necessary to settle in the progress of a cause. Burill. Bouvier.

Feign´er , n. One who feigns or pretends.

Feign´ing, a. That feigns; insincere; not genuine; false. — Feign´ing•ly, adv.

Feine , v. t. & i. To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Feint , a. [F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign. See Feign.] Feigned; counterfeit. [Obs.] “Dressed up into any feint appearance of it.” Locke.

Feint, n. [F. feinte, fr. feint. See Feint, a.] 1. That which is feigned; an assumed or false appearance; a pretense; a stratagem; a fetch. “Courtley’s letter is but a feint to get off.” Spectator. 2. A mock blow or attack on one part when another part is intended to be struck; — said of certain movements in fencing, boxing, war, etc.

Feint, v. i. To make a feint, or mock attack.

Fei•tsui´ , n. (Min.) The Chinese name for a highly prized variety of pale green jade. See Jade.

Feize , v. t. See Feeze, v. t.

Fel´an•ders , n. pl. See Filanders. { Feld´spar• , Feld´spath• }, n. [G. feldspath; feld field + spath spar.] (Min.) A name given to a group of minerals, closely related in crystalline form, and all silicates of alumina with either potash, soda, lime, or, in one case, baryta. They occur in crystals and crystalline masses, vitreous in luster, and breaking rather easily in two directions at right angles to each other, or nearly so. The colors are usually white or nearly white, flesh-red, bluish, or greenish. The group includes the monoclinic (orthoclastic) species orthoclase or common potash feldspar, and the rare hyalophane or baryta feldspar; also the triclinic species (called in general plagioclase) microcline, like orthoclase a potash feldspar; anorthite or lime feldspar; albite or soda feldspar; also intermediate between the last two species, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, containing both lime and soda in varying amounts. The feldspars are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks, as granite, gneiss, mica, slate, most kinds of basalt and trachyte, etc. The decomposition of feldspar has yielded a large part of the clay of the soil, also the mineral kaolin, an essential material in the making of fine pottery. Common feldspar is itself largely used for the same purpose. { Feld•spath´ic , Feld•spath´ose }, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, feldspar.

Fele , a. [AS. fela, feola; akin to G. viel, gr. . See Full, a.] Many. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe•lic´ify , v. t. [L. felix happy + -fy.] To make happy; to felicitate. [Obs.] Quarles.

Fe•lic´i•tate , a. [L. felicitatus, p. p. of felicitare to felicitate, fr. felix, -icis, happy. See felicity.] Made very happy. [Archaic] “I am alone felicitate
In your dear highness’ love.” Shak.

Fe•lic´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felicitated p. pr. & vb. n. felicitating.] [Cf. F. feliciter.] 1. To make very happy; to delight. “What a glorious entertainment and pleasure would fill and felicitate his spirit.” I. Watts. 2. To express joy or pleasure to; to wish felicity to; to call or consider (one’s self) happy; to congratulate. “Every true heart must felicitate itself that its lot is cast in this kingdom.” W. Howitt. Syn. — See Congratulate.

Fe•lic•i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. felicitation.] The act of felicitating; a wishing of joy or happiness; congratulation.

Fe•lic´i•tous , a. Characterized by felicity; happy; prosperous; delightful; skillful; successful; happily applied or expressed; appropriate. “Felicitous words and images.” M. Arnold. — Fe•lic´i•tous•ly, adv. — Fe•lic´i•tous•ness, n.

Fe•lic´i•ty , n.; pl. Felicities (#). [OE. felicite, F. felicite, fr. L. felicitas, fr. felix, -icis, happy, fruitful; akin to fetus.] 1. The state of being happy; blessedness; blissfulness; enjoyment of good. “Our own felicity we make or find.” Johnson. “Finally, after this life, to attain everlasting joy and felicity.” Book of Common Prayer. 2. That which promotes happiness; a successful or gratifying event; prosperity; blessing. “the felicities of her wonderful reign.” Atterbury. 3. A pleasing faculty or accomplishment; as felicity in painting portraits, or in writing or talking. ´Felicity of expression.´ Bp. Warburton. Syn. — Happiness; bliss; beatitude; blessedness; blissfulness. See Happiness.

Fe´line , a. [L. felinus, fr. feles, felis, cat, prob. orig., the fruitful: cf. F. felin. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Catlike; of or pertaining to the genus Felis, or family Felidae; as the feline race; feline voracity. 2. Characteristic of cats; sly; stealthy; treacherous; as a feline nature; feline manners.

Fe´lis , n. [L., cat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, including the domestic cat, the lion, tiger, panther, and similar animals.

Fell , imp. of Fall.

Fell, a. [OE. fel, OF. fel cruel, fierce, perfidious; cf. AS. fel (only in comp.) OF. fel, as a noun also accus. felon, is fr. LL. felo, of unknown origin; cf. Arm fall evil, Ir. feal, Arm. falloni treachery, Ir. & Gael. feall to betray; or cf. OHG. fillan to flay, torment, akin to E. fell skin. Cf. Felon.] 1. Cruel; barbarous; inhuman; fierce; savage; ravenous. “While we devise fell tortures for thy faults.” Shak. 2. Eager; earnest; intent. [Obs.] “I am so fell to my business.” Pepys.

Fell, n. [Cf. L. fel gall, bile, or E. fell, a.] Gall; anger; melancholy. [Obs.] “Untroubled of vile fear or bitter fell.” Spenser.

Fell, n. [AS. fell; akin to D. vel, OHG. fel, G. fell, Icel. fell (in comp.), Goth fill in þrutsfill leprosy, L. pellis skin, G. . Cf. Film, Peel, Pell, n.] A skin or hide of a beast with the wool or hair on; a pelt; — used chiefly in composition, as woolfell. “We are still handling our ewes, and their fells, you know, are greasy.” Shak.

Fell , n. [Icel. fell, fjally; akin to Sw. fjäll a ridge or chain of mountains, Dan. fjeld mountain, rock and prob. to G. fels rock, or perh. to feld field, E. field.] 1. A barren or rocky hill. T. Gray. 2. A wild field; a moor. Dryton.

Fell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felled p. pr. & vb. n. Felling.] [AS. fellan, a causative verb fr. feallan to fall; akin to D. vellen, G. fällen, Icel. fella, Sw. fälla, Dan. faelde. See Fall, v. i.] To cause to fall; to prostrate; to bring down or to the ground; to cut down. “Stand, or I’ll fell thee down.” Shak.

Fell, n. (Mining) The finer portions of ore which go through the meshes, when the ore is sorted by sifting.

Fell, v. t. [Cf. Gael. fill to fold, plait, Sw. fåll a hem.] To sew or hem; — said of seams.

Fell, n. 1. (Sewing) A form of seam joining two pieces of cloth, the edges being folded together and the stitches taken through both thicknesses. 2. (Weaving) The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft.

Fell´a•ble , a. Fit to be felled.

Fel´lah , n.; pl. Ar. Fellahin (#), E. Fellahs (#). [Ar.] A peasant or cultivator of the soil among the Egyptians, Syrians, etc. W. M. Thomson.

Fell´er , n. One who, or that which, fells, knocks or cuts down; a machine for felling trees.

Fell´er, n. An appliance to a sewing machine for felling a seam.

Fell´fare , n. [Cf. AS. fealafor, and E. fieldfare.] (Zoöl.) The fieldfare.

Fel•lif´lu•ous , a. [L. fellifuus; fel gall + fluere to flow.] Flowing with gall. [R.] Johnson.

Fel•lin´ic , a. [L. fel, fellis, gall.] Of, relating to, or derived from, bile or gall; as fellinic acid.

Fell´mon•ger , n. A dealer in fells or sheepskins, who separates the wool from the pelts.

Fell´ness, n. [See Fell cruel.] The quality or state of being fell or cruel; fierce barbarity. Spenser.

Fel´loe , n. See Felly.

Fel´lon , n. Variant of Felon. [Obs.] “Those two were foes the fellonest on ground.” Spenser.

Fel´low , n. [OE. felawe, felaghe, Icel. felagi, fr. felag companionship, prop., a laying together of property; fe property + lag a laying, pl. lög law, akin to liggja to lie. See Fee, and Law, Lie to be low.] 1. A companion; a comrade; an associate; a partner; a sharer. “The fellows of his crime.” Milton. “We are fellows still,
Serving alike in sorrow.” Shak. “That enormous engine was flanked by two fellows almost of equal magnitude.” Gibbon. Commonly used of men, but sometimes of women. Judges xi. 37. 2. A man without good breeding or worth; an ignoble or mean man. “Worth makes the man, and want of it, the fellow.” Pope. 3. An equal in power, rank, character, etc. “It is impossible that ever Rome
Should breed thy fellow.” Shak. 4. One of a pair, or of two things used together or suited to each other; a mate; the male. “When they be but heifers of one year, … they are let go to the fellow and breed.” Holland. “This was my glove; here is the fellow of it.” Shak. 5. A person; an individual. “She seemed to be a good sort of fellow.” Dickens. 6. In the English universities, a scholar who is appointed to a foundation called a fellowship, which gives a title to certain perquisites and privileges. 7. In an American college or university, a member of the corporation which manages its business interests; also a graduate appointed to a fellowship, who receives the income of the foundation. 8. A member of a literary or scientific society; as a Fellow of the Royal Society. Fellow is often used in compound words, or adjectively, signifying associate, companion, or sometimes equal. Usually, such compounds or phrases are self- explanatory; as fellow-citizen, or fellow citizen; fellow-student, or fellow student; fellow- workman, or fellow workman; fellow-mortal, or fellow mortal; fellow-sufferer; bedfellow; playfellow; workfellow. “Were the great duke himself here, and would lift up
My head to fellow pomp amongst his nobles.” Ford.

Fel´low , v. t. To suit with; to pair with; to match. [Obs.] Shak.

Fel´low-com´mon•er , n. A student at Cambridge University, England, who commons, or dines, at the Fellow’s table.

Fel´low-crea´ture ( 135), n. One of the same race or kind; one made by the same Creator. “Reason, by which we are raised above our fellow- creatures, the brutes.” I. Watts.

Fel´low•feel´ , v. t. To share through sympathy; to participate in. [R.] D. Rodgers.

Fel´low-feel´ing, n. 1. Sympathy; a like feeling. 2. Joint interest. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Fel´low•less, a. Without fellow or equal; peerless. “Whose well-built walls are rare and fellowless.” Chapman.

Fel´low•like , a. Like a companion; companionable; on equal terms; sympathetic. [Obs.] Udall.

Fel´low•ly, a. Fellowlike. [Obs.] Shak.

Fel´low•ship , n. [Fellow + -ship.] 1. The state or relation of being or associate. 2. Companionship of persons on equal and friendly terms; frequent and familiar intercourse. “In a great town, friends are scattered, so that there is not that fellowship which is in less neighborhods.” Bacon. “Men are made for society and mutual fellowship.” Calamy. 3. A state of being together; companionship; partnership; association; hence, confederation; joint interest. “The great contention of the sea and skies
Parted our fellowship.” Shak. “Fellowship in pain divides not smart”. Milton. “Fellowship in woe doth woe assuage”. Shak. “The goodliest fellowship of famous knights,
Whereof this world holds record.” Tennyson. 4. Those associated with one, as in a family, or a society; a company. “The sorrow of Noah with his fellowship.” Chaucer. “With that a joyous fellowship issued
Of minstrels.” Spenser. 5. (Eng. & Amer. Universities) A foundation for the maintenance, on certain conditions, of a scholar called a fellow, who usually resides at the university. 6. (Arith.) The rule for dividing profit and loss among partners; — called also partnership, company, and distributive proportion. Good fellowship, companionableness; the spirit and disposition befitting comrades. “There’s neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellowship in thee.” Shak.

Fel´low•ship , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fellowshiped ; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fellowshiping.] (Eccl.) To acknowledge as of good standing, or in communion according to standards of faith and practice; to admit to Christian fellowship.

Fel´ly , adv. In a fell or cruel manner; fiercely; barbarously; savagely. Spenser.

Fel´ly, n.; pl. Fellies . [OE. feli, felwe, felow, AS. felg, felge; akin to D. velg, G. felge, OHG. felga felly (also a harrow, but prob. a different word), Dan. felge.] The exterior wooden rim, or a segment of the rim, of a wheel, supported by the spokes. [Written also felloe.] “Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel.” Shak.

Fe´lo-de-se , n.; pl. Felos-de-se (#). [LL. felo, E. felon + de of, concerning + se self.] (Law) One who deliberately puts an end to his own existence, or loses his life while engaged in the commission of an unlawful or malicious act; a suicide. Burrill.

Fel´on , n. [OE., adj., cruel, n., villain, ruffian, traitor, whitlow, F. felon traitor, in OF. also villain, fr. LL. felo. See Fell, a.] 1. (Law) A person who has committed a felony. 2. A person guilty or capable of heinous crime. 3. (Med.) A kind of whitlow; a painful imflammation of the periosteum of a finger, usually of the last joint. Syn. — Criminal; convict; malefactor; culprit.

Fel´on, a. Characteristic of a felon; malignant; fierce; malicious; cruel; traitorous; disloyal. “Vain shows of love to vail his felon hate.” Pope.

Fe•lo´ni•ous , a. Having the quality of felony; malignant; malicious; villainous; traitorous; perfidious; in a legal sense, done with intent to commit a crime; as felonious homicide. “O thievish Night,
Why should’st thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars?” Milton. — Fe•lo´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Fe•lo´ni•ous•ness, n.

Fel´o•nous , a. [Cf. OF. feloneus. Cf. Felonious.] Wicked; felonious. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fel´on•ry , n. A body of felons; specifically, the convict population of a penal colony. Howitt.

Fel´on•wort , n. (Bot.) The bittersweet nightshade (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet.

Fel´o•ny , n.; pl. Felonies (#). [OE. felonie cruelty, OF. felonie, F. felonie treachery, malice. See Felon, n.] 1. (Feudal Law) An act on the part of the vassal which cost him his fee by forfeiture. Burrill. 2. (O. Eng. Law) An offense which occasions a total forfeiture either lands or goods, or both, at the common law, and to which capital or other punishment may be added, according to the degree of guilt. 3. A heinous crime; especially, a crime punishable by death or imprisonment. Forfeiture for crime having been generally abolished in the United States, the term felony, in American law, has lost this point of distinction; and its meaning, where not fixed by statute, is somewhat vague and undefined; generally, however, it is used to denote an offense of a high grade, punishable either capitally or by a term of imprisonment. In Massachusetts, by statute, any crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison, and no other, is a felony; so in New York. the tendency now is to obliterate the distinction between felonies and misdemeanors; and this has been done partially in England, and completely in some of the States of the Union. The distinction is purely arbitrary, and its entire abolition is only a question of time. There is no lawyer who would undertake to tell what a felony is, otherwise than by enumerating the various kinds of offenses which are so called. originally, the word felony had a meaning: it denoted all offenses the penalty of which included forfeiture of goods; but subsequent acts of Parliament have declared various offenses to be felonies, without enjoining that penalty, and have taken away the penalty from others, which continue, nevertheless, to be called felonies, insomuch that the acts so called have now no property whatever in common, save that of being unlawful and purnishable. J. S. Mill. To compound a felony. See under Compound, v. t.

Fel´site , n. [Cf. Feldspar.] (Min.) A finegrained rock, flintlike in fracture, consisting essentially of orthoclase feldspar with occasional grains of quartz.

Fel•sit´ic , a. relating to, composed of, or containing, felsite. { Fel´spar• , Fel´spath• }, n. (Min.) See Feldspar.

Fel•spath´ic , a. See Feldspathic.

Fel´stone , n. [From G. feldstein, in analogy with E. felspar.] (Min.) See Felsite.

Felt , imp. & p. p. or a. from Feel.

Felt , n. [AS. felt; akin to D. vilt, G. filz, and possibly to Gr. hair or wool wrought into felt, L. pilus hair, pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. A cloth or stuff made of matted fibers of wool, or wool and fur, fulled or wrought into a compact substance by rolling and pressure, with lees or size, without spinning or weaving. “It were a delicate stratagem to shoe
A troop of horse with felt.” Shak. 2. A hat made of felt. Thynne. 3. A skin or hide; a fell; a pelt. [Obs.] “To know whether sheep are sound or not, see that the felt be loose.” Mortimer. Felt grain, the grain of timber which is transverse to the annular rings or plates; the direction of the medullary rays in oak and some other timber. Knight.

Felt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felted; p. pr. & vb. n. Felting.] 1. To make into felt, or a feltike substance; to cause to adhere and mat together. Sir M. Hale. 2. To cover with, or as with, felt; as to felt the cylinder of a steam engine.

Felt´er , v. t. To clot or mat together like felt. “His feltered locks that on his bosom fell.” Fairfax.

Felt´ing, n. 1. The material of which felt is made; also felted cloth; also the process by which it is made. 2. The act of splitting timber by the felt grain.

Fel´try , n. [OF. feltre.] See Felt, n. [Obs.]

Fe•luc´ca , n. [It. feluca (cf. Sp. faluca, Pg. falua), fr. Ar. fulk ship, or harraqah a sort of ship.] (Naut.) A small, swift-sailing vessel, propelled by oars and lateen sails, — once common in the Mediterranean. Sometimes it is constructed so that the helm may be used at either end.

Fel´wort , n. [Probably a corruption of fieldwort.] (Bot.) A European herb (Swertia perennis) of the Gentian family.

Fe´male , n. [OE. femel, femal, F. femelle, fr. L. femella, dim. of femina woman. See Feminine.] 1. An individual of the sex which conceives and brings forth young, or (in a wider sense) which has an ovary and produces ova. “The male and female of each living thing.” Drayton. 2. (Bot.) A plant which produces only that kind of reproductive organs which are capable of developing into fruit after impregnation or fertilization; a pistillate plant.

Fe´male, a. 1. Belonging to the sex which conceives and gives birth to young, or (in a wider sense) which produces ova; not male. “As patient as the female dove
When that her golden couplets are disclosed.” Shak. 2. Belonging to an individual of the female sex; characteristic of woman; feminine; as female tenderness. ´Female usurpation.’b8 Milton. “To the generous decision of a female mind, we owe the discovery of America.” Belknap. 3. (Bot.) Having pistils and no stamens; pistillate; or, in cryptogamous plants, capable of receiving fertilization. Female rhymes (Pros.), double rhymes, or rhymes (called in French feminine rhymes because they end in e weak, or feminine) in which two syllables, an accented and an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each line. A rhyme, in which the final syllables only agree (strain, complain) is called a male rhyme; one in which the two final syllables of each verse agree, the last being short (motion, ocean), is called female. Brande & C. — Female screw, the spiral-threaded cavity into which another, or male, screw turns. Nicholson. — Female fern (Bot.), a common species of fern with large decompound fronds (Asplenium Filixfaemina), growing in many countries; lady fern. The names male fern and female fern were anciently given to two common ferns; but it is now understood that neither has any sexual character. Syn. — Female, Feminine. We apply female to the sex or individual, as opposed to male; also to the distinctive belongings of women; as female dress, female form, female character, etc.; feminine, to things appropriate to, or affected by, women; as feminine studies, employments, accomplishments, etc. ´Female applies to sex rather than gender, and is a physiological rather than a grammatical term. Feminine applies to gender rather than sex, and is grammatical rather than physiological.´ Latham.

Fe´mal•ist , n. A gallant. [Obs.] “Courting her smoothly like a femalist.” Marston.

Fe´mal•ize , v. t. To make, or to describe as female or feminine. Shaftesbury.

Feme (fem or fam), n. [OF. feme, F. femme.] (Old Law) A woman. Burrill. Feme covert (Law), a married woman. See Covert, a., 3. — Feme sole (Law), a single or unmarried woman; a woman who has never been married, or who has been divorced, or whose husband is dead. — Feme sole trader or merchant (Eng. Law), a married woman, who, by the custom of London, engages in business on her own account, inpendently of her husband.

Fem´er•al , n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

Fem´er•ell , n. [OF. fumeraille part of a chimney. See Fume.] (Arch.) A lantern, or louver covering, placed on a roof, for ventilation or escape of smoke.

Fem´i•nal , a. Feminine. [Obs.] West.

Fem•i•nal´i•ty , n. Feminity.

Fem´i•nate , a. [L. feminatus effeminate.] Feminine. [Obs.]

Fem•i•ne´i•ty , n. [L. femineus womanly.] Womanliness; femininity. C. Reade.

Fem´i•nine , a. [L. femininus, fr. femina woman; prob. akin to L. fetus, or to Gr. qh^sqai to suck, qh^sai to suckle, Skr. dha to suck; cf. AS. faemme woman, maid: cf. F. feminin. See Fetus.] 1. Of or pertaining to a woman, or to women; characteristic of a woman; womanish; womanly. “Her letters are remarkably deficient in feminine ease and grace.” Macaulay. 2. Having the qualities of a woman; becoming or appropriate to the female sex; as in a good sense, modest, graceful, affectionate, confiding; or, in a bad sense, weak, nerveless, timid, pleasure-loving, effeminate. “Her heavenly form
Angelic, but more soft and feminine.” Milton. “Ninus being esteemed no man of war at all, but altogether feminine, and subject to ease and delicacy.” Sir W. Raleigh. Feminine rhyme. (Pros.) See Female rhyme, under Female, a. Syn. — See Female, a.

Fem´i•nine, n. 1. A woman. [Obs. or Colloq.] “They guide the feminines toward the palace.” Hakluyt. 2. (Gram.) Any one of those words which are the appellations of females, or which have the terminations usually found in such words; as actress, songstress, abbess, executrix. “There are but few true feminines in English.” Latham.

Fem´i•nine•ly, adv. In a feminine manner. Byron.

Fem´i•nine•ness, n. The quality of being feminine; womanliness; womanishness.

Fem•i•nin´i•ty , n. 1. The quality or nature of the female sex; womanliness. 2. The female form. [Obs.] “O serpent under femininitee.” Chaucer.

Fe•min´i•ty , n. Womanliness; femininity. [Obs.] ´Trained up in true feminity.´ Spenser.

Fem•i•ni•za´tion , n. The act of feminizing, or the state of being feminized.

Fem´i•nize , v. t. [Cf. F. feminiser.] To make womanish or effeminate. Dr. H. More.

Fem´i•nye , n. [OF. femenie, feminie, the female sex, realm of women.] The people called Amazons. [Obs.] ´[The reign of] feminye.´ Chaucer.

Femme , n. [F.] A woman. See Feme, n. Femme de chambre [F.] A lady’s maid; a chambermaid.

Fem´o•ral , a. [L. femur, femoris, thigh: cf. F. femoral.] Pertaining to the femur or thigh; as the femoral artery. ´Femoral habiliments.´ Sir W. Scott.

Fe´mur (fe´mur), n.; pl. Femora (fem´o•ra). [L. thigh.] (Anat.) (a) The thigh bone. (b) The proximal segment of the hind limb containing the thigh bone; the thigh. See Coxa.

Fen , n. [AS. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt; akin to D. veen, OFries. fenne, fene, OHG. fenna, G. fenn, Icel. fen, Goth. fani mud.] Low land overflowed, or covered wholly or partially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grasses, or other aquatic plants; boggy land; moor; marsh. “’Mid reedy fens wide spread.” Wordsworth. Fen is used adjectively with the sense of belonging to, or of the nature of, a fen or fens. Fen boat, a boat of light draught used in marshes. — Fen duck (Zoöl.), a wild duck inhabiting fens; the shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] — Fen fowl (Zoöl.), any water fowl that frequent fens. — Fen goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose of Europe. [Prov. Eng.] — Fen land, swamp land.

Fence , n. [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. That which fends off attack or danger; a defense; a protection; a cover; security; shield. “Let us be backed with God and with the seas
Which he hath given for fence impregnable.” Shak. “A fence betwixt us and the victor’s wrath.” Addison. 2. An inclosure about a field or other space, or about any object; especially, an inclosing structure of wood, iron, or other material, intended to prevent intrusion from without or straying from within. “Leaps o’er the fence with ease into the fold.” Milton. In England a hedge, ditch, or wall, as well as a structure of boards, palings, or rails, is called a fence. 3. (Locks) A projection on the bolt, which passes through the tumbler gates in locking and unlocking. 4. Self-defense by the use of the sword; the art and practice of fencing and sword play; hence, skill in debate and repartee. See Fencing. “Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetoric,
That hath so well been taught her dazzing fence.” Milton. “Of dauntless courage and consummate skill in fence.” Macaulay. 5. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where they are received. [Slang] Mayhew. Fence month (Forest Law), the month in which female deer are fawning, when hunting is prohibited. Bullokar. — Fence roof, a covering for defense. ´They fitted their shields close to one another in manner of a fence roof.´ Holland. — Fence time, the breeding time of fish or game, when they should not be killed. — Rail fence, a fence made of rails, sometimes supported by posts. — Ring fence, a fence which encircles a large area, or a whole estate, within one inclosure. — Worm fence, a zigzag fence composed of rails crossing one another at their ends; — called also snake fence, or Virginia rail fence. — To be on the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two opposing parties or policies. [Colloq.]

Fence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fenced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fencing ] 1. To fend off danger from; to give security to; to protect; to guard. “To fence my ear against thy sorceries.” Milton. 2. To inclose with a fence or other protection; to secure by an inclosure. “O thou wall! … dive in the earth,
And fence not Athens.” Shak. “A sheepcote fenced about with olive trees.” Shak. To fence the tables (Scot. Church), to make a solemn address to those who present themselves to commune at the Lord’s supper, on the feelings appropriate to the service, in order to hinder, so far as possible, those who are unworthy from approaching the table. McCheyne.

Fence , v. i. 1. To make a defense; to guard one’s self of anything, as against an attack; to give protection or security, as by a fence. “Vice is the more stubborn as well as the more dangerous evil, and therefore, in the first place, to be fenced against.” Locke. 2. To practice the art of attack and defense with the sword or with the foil, esp. with the smallsword, using the point only. “He will fence with his own shadow.” Shak. 3. Hence, to fight or dispute in the manner of fencers, that is, by thrusting, guarding, parrying, etc. “They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar;
Their dewlaps and their sides are bated in gore.” Dryden. “As when a billow, blown against,
Falls back, the voice with which I fenced
A little ceased, but recommenced.” Tennyson.

Fence´ful , a. Affording defense; defensive. [Obs.] Congreve.

Fence´less, a. Without a fence; uninclosed; open; unguarded; defenseless. Milton.

Fen´cer , n. One who fences; one who teaches or practices the art of fencing with sword or foil. “As blunt as the fencer’s foils.” Shak.

Fen´ci-ble , a. Capable of being defended, or of making or affording defense. [Obs.] “No fort so fencible, nor walls so strong.” Spenser.

Fen´ci•ble, n. (Mil.) A soldier enlisted for home service only; — usually in the pl.

Fen´cing , n. 1. The art or practice of attack and defense with the sword, esp. with the smallsword. See Fence, v. i., 2. 2. Disputing or debating in a manner resembling the art of fencers. Shak. 3. The materials used for building fences. [U.S.] 4. The act of building a fence. 5. The aggregate of the fences put up for inclosure or protection; as the fencing of a farm.

Fen´ crick•et (Zoöl.) The mole cricket. [Prov. Eng.]

Fend , n. A fiend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fended; p. pr. & vb. n. Fending.] [Abbrev. fr. defend.] To keep off; to prevent from entering or hitting; to ward off; to shut out; — often with off; as to fend off blows. “With fern beneath to fend the bitter cold.” Dryden. To fend off a boat or vessel (Naut.), to prevent its running against anything with too much violence.

Fend, v. i. To act on the defensive, or in opposition; to resist; to parry; to shift off. “The dexterous management of terms, and being able to fend … with them, passes for a great part of learning.” Locke.

Fen´der , n. [From Fend, v. t. & i., cf. Defender.] One who or that which defends or protects by warding off harm; as: (a) A screen to prevent coals or sparks of an open fire from escaping to the floor. (b) Anything serving as a cushion to lessen the shock when a vessel comes in contact with another vessel or a wharf. (c) A screen to protect a carriage from mud thrown off the wheels: also a splashboard. (d) Anything set up to protect an exposed angle, as of a house, from damage by carriage wheels.

Fend´liche , a. Fiendlike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fen´er•ate , v. i. [L. faeneratus, p. p. of faenerari lend on interest, fr. faenus interest.] To put money to usury; to lend on interest. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Fen•er•a´tion , n. [L. faeneratio.] The act of fenerating; interest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fen•es-tel´la , n. [L., dim. of fenestra window.] (Arch.) Any small windowlike opening or recess, esp. one to show the relics within an altar, or the like.

Fe•nes´tra , n.; pl. Fenestrae (#). [L., a window.] (Anat.) A small opening; esp., one of the apertures, closed by membranes, between the tympanum and internal ear.

Fe•nes´tral , a. [L. fenestra a window.] 1. (Arch.) Pertaining to a window or to windows. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a fenestra.

Fe•nes´tral, n. (Arch.) A casement or window sash, closed with cloth or paper instead of glass. Weale.

Fe•nes´trate , a. [L. fenestratus, p. p. of fenestrare to furnish with openings and windows.] 1. Having numerous openings; irregularly reticulated; as fenestrate membranes; fenestrate fronds. 2. (Zoöl.) Having transparent spots, as the wings of certain butterflies.

Fe•nes´tra•ted , a. 1. (Arch.) Having windows; characterized by windows. 2. Same as Fenestrate.

Fen•es•tra´tion , n. 1. (Arch.) The arrangement and proportioning of windows; — used by modern writers for the decorating of an architectural composition by means of the window (and door) openings, their ornaments, and proportions. 2. (Anat.) The state or condition of being fenestrated.

Fe•nes´trule , n. [L. fenestrula a little window, dim. of fenestra a window.] (Zoöl.) One of the openings in a fenestrated structure.

Fen´gite , n. (Min.) A kind of marble or alabaster, sometimes used for windows on account of its transparency.

Fe´ni•an , n. [From the Finians or Fenii, the old militia of Ireland, who were so called from Fin or Finn, Fionn, or Fingal, a popular hero of Irish traditional history.] A member of a secret organization, consisting mainly of Irishmen, having for its aim the overthrow of English rule in Ireland.

Fe´ni•an , a. Pertaining to Fenians or to Fenianism.

Fe´ni•an•ism , n. The principles, purposes, and methods of the Fenians.

Fenks (fenks), n. The refuse whale blubber, used as a manure, and in the manufacture of Prussian blue. Ure.

Fen´nec (fen´nek), n. [Ar. fanek.] (Zoöl.) A small, African, foxlike animal (Vulpes zerda) of a pale fawn color, remarkable for the large size of its ears.

Fen´nel (fen´nel), n. [AS. fenol, finol, from L. feniculum, faeniculum, dim. of fenum, faenum, hay: cf. F. fenouil. Cf. Fenugreek. Finochio.] (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Faeniculum (F. vulgare), having very finely divided leaves. It is cultivated in gardens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds. “Smell of sweetest fennel.” Milton. “A sprig of fennel was in fact the theological smelling bottle of the tender sex.” S. G. Goodrich. Azorean, or Sweet, fennel, (Faeniculum dulce). It is a smaller and stouter plant than the common fennel, and is used as a pot herb. — Dog’s fennel (Anthemis Cotula), a foul- smelling European weed; — called also mayweed. — Fennel flower (Bot.), an herb (Nigella) of the Buttercup family, having leaves finely divided, like those of the fennel. N. Damascena is common in gardens. N. sativa furnishes the fennel seed, used as a condiment, etc., in India. These seeds are the ´fitches´ mentioned in Isaiah (xxviii. 25). — Fennel water (Med.), the distilled water of fennel seed. It is stimulant and carminative. — Giant fennel (Ferula communis), has stems full of pith, which, it is said, were used to carry fire, first, by Prometheus. — Hog’s fennel, a European plant (Peucedanum officinale) looking something like fennel.

Fen´nish , a. Abounding in fens; fenny.

Fen´ny , a. [AS. fennig.] Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a fen; abounding in fens; swampy; boggy. ´Fenny snake.´ Shak.

Fen´owed , a. [AS. fynig musty, fynegean to become musty or filthy: cf. fennig fenny, muddy, dirty, fr. fen fen. Cf. Finew.] Corrupted; decayed; moldy. See Vinnewed. [Obs.] Dr. Favour.

Fen´si-ble , a. Fencible. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fen´-sucked , a. Sucked out of marches. ´Fen-sucked fogs.´ Shak.

Fen´u•greek , n. [L. faenum Graecum, lit., Greek hay: cf. F. fenugrec. Cf. Fennel.] (Bot.) A plant (trigonella Fœnum Graecum) cultivated for its strong-smelling seeds, which are ´now only used for giving false importance to horse medicine and damaged hay.´ J. Smith (Pop. Names of Plants, 1881).

Feod , n. A feud. See 2d Feud. Blackstone.

Feod´al , a. Feudal. See Feudal.

Feo•dal´i•ty , n. Feudal tenure; the feudal system. See Feudality. Burke.

Feod´a•ry , n. 1. An accomplice. “Art thou a feodary for this act?” Shak. 2. (Eng. Law) An ancient officer of the court of wards. Burrill.

Feod´a•to•ry , n. See Feudatory.

Feoff ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feoffed (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Feoffing.] [OE. feffen, OF. feffer, fieffer, F. fieffer, fr. fief fief; cf. LL. feoffare, fefare. See Fief.] (Law) To invest with a fee or feud; to give or grant a corporeal hereditament to; to enfeoff.

Feoff, n. (Law) A fief. See Fief.

Feof•fee´ ( 277), n. [OF. feoffe.] (Law) The person to whom a feoffment is made; the person enfeoffed.

Feoff´ment , n. [OF. feoffement, fieffement; cf. LL. feoffamentum.] (Law) (a) The grant of a feud or fee. (b) (Eng. Law) A gift or conveyance in fee of land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by actual delivery of possession. Burrill. (c) The instrument or deed by which corporeal hereditaments are conveyed. [Obs. in the U.S., Rare in Eng.] { Feo´for , Feof´fer }, n. [OF. feoour.] (Law) One who enfeoffs or grants a fee.

Fer , a. & adv. Far. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe•ra´cious , a. [L. ferax, -acis, fr. ferre to bear.] Fruitful; producing abundantly. [R.] Thomson.

Fe•rac´i•ty , n. [L. feracitas.] The state of being feracious or fruitful. [Obs.] Beattie.

Fe´rae , n. pl. [L., wild animals, fem. pl. of ferus wild.] (Zoöl.) A group of mammals which formerly included the Carnivora, Insectivora, Marsupialia, and lemurs, but is now often restricted to the Carnivora. Fe´rae na•tu´rae [L.] Of a wild nature; — applied to animals, as foxes, wild ducks, etc., in which no one can claim property.

Fe´ral , a. [L. ferus. See Fierce.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Wild; untamed; ferine; not domesticated; — said of beasts, birds, and plants.

Fe´ral, a. [L. feralis, belonging to the dead.] Funereal; deadly; fatal; dangerous. [R.] ´Feral accidents.´ Burton.

Ferde , obs. imp. of Fare. Chaucer.

Fer•-de-lance´ , n. [F., the iron of a lance, lance head.] (Zoöl.) A large, venomous serpent (Trigonocephalus lanceolatus) of Brazil and the West Indies. It is allied to the rattlesnake, but has no rattle.

Fer´ding , n. [See Farthing.] A measure of land mentioned in Domesday Book. It is supposed to have consisted of a few acres only. [Obs.]

Ferd´ness , n. [OE. ferd fear. See Fear.] Fearfulness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere , n. [OE. fere companion, AS. gefera, from feran to go, travel, faran to travel. rad.78. See Fare.] A mate or companion; — often used of a wife. [Obs.] [Written also fear and feere.] Chaucer. “And Cambel took Cambrina to his fere.” Spenser. In fere, together; in company. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, a. [Cf. L. ferus wild.] Fierce. [Obs.]

Fere, n. [See Fire.] Fire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, n. [See Fear.] Fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fere, v. t. & i. To fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer•e•to•ry , n. [L. feretrum bier, Gr. , fr. to bear, akin to L. ferre, E. bear to support.] A portable bier or shrine, variously adorned, used for containing relics of saints. Mollett.

Fer´forth , adv. Far forth. [Obs.] As ferforth as, as far as. — So ferforth, to such a degree.

Fer´forth•ly, adv. Ferforth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer´gu•son•ite , n. (Min.) A mineral of a brownish black color, essentially a tantalo- niobate of yttrium, erbium, and cerium; — so called after Robert Ferguson.

Fe´ri•a , n.; pl. Feriae . (Eccl.) A week day, esp. a day which is neither a festival nor a fast. Shipley.

Fe´ri•al , n. Same as Feria.

Fe´ri•al, a. [LL. ferialis, fr. L. ferie holidays: cf. F. ferial. See 5th Fair.] 1. Of or pertaining to holidays. [Obs.] J. Gregory. 2. Belonging to any week day, esp. to a day that is neither a festival nor a fast.

Fe•ri•a´tion , n. [L. feriari to keep holiday, fr. ferie holidays.] The act of keeping holiday; cessation from work. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fe´rie , n. [OF. ferie, fr. L. ferie holidays. See 5th Fair.] A holiday. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Fe´ri•er , a., compar. of Fere, fierce. [Obs.] “Rhenus ferier than the cataract.” Marston.

Fe´rine , a. [L. ferinus, fr. ferus wild. See Fierce.] Wild; untamed; savage; as lions, tigers, wolves, and bears are ferine beasts. Sir M. Hale. — n. A wild beast; a beast of prey. — Fe´rine•ly, adv. - - Fe´rine•ness, n.

Fer•in´gee , n. [Per. Farangi, or Ar. Firanji, properly, a Frank.] The name given to Europeans by the Hindos. [Written also Feringhee.]

Fer´i•ty , n. [L. feritas, from ferus wild.] Wildness; savageness; fierceness. [Obs.] Woodward.

Fer´ly , a. [AS. frlic sudden, unexpected. See Fear, n.] Singular; wonderful; extraordinary. [Obs.] — n. A wonder; a marvel. [Obs.] “Who hearkened ever such a ferly thing.” Chaucer. { Ferm , Ferme , n. }[See Farm.] Rent for a farm; a farm; also an abode; a place of residence; as he let his land to ferm. [Obs.] “Out of her fleshy ferme fled to the place of pain.” Spenser.

Fer´ma•cy , n. [OE. See Pharmacy.] Medicine; pharmacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer´ment , n. [L. fermentum ferment (in senses 1 & 2), perh. for fervimentum, fr. fervere to be boiling hot, boil, ferment: cf. F. ferment. Cf. 1st Barm, Fervent.] 1. That which causes fermentation, as yeast, barm, or fermenting beer. Ferments are of two kinds: (a) Formed or organized ferments. (b) Unorganized or structureless ferments. The latter are also called soluble or chemical ferments, and enzymes. Ferments of the first class are as a rule simple microscopic vegetable organisms, and the fermentations which they engender are due to their growth and development; as the acetic ferment, the butyric ferment, etc. See Fermentation. Ferments of the second class, on the other hand, are chemical substances, as a rule soluble in glycerin and precipitated by alcohol. In action they are catalytic and, mainly, hydrolytic. Good examples are pepsin of the dastric juice, ptyalin of the salvia, and disease of malt. 2. Intestine motion; heat; tumult; agitation. “Subdue and cool the ferment of desire.” Rogers. “the nation is in a ferment.” Walpole. 3. A gentle internal motion of the constituent parts of a fluid; fermentation. [R.] “Down to the lowest lees the ferment ran.” Thomson. ferment oils, volatile oils produced by the fermentation of plants, and not originally contained in them. These were the quintessences of the alchenists. Ure.

Fer•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fermented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fermenting.] [L. fermentare, fermentatum: cf. F. fermenter. See Ferment, n.] To cause ferment of fermentation in; to set in motion; to excite internal emotion in; to heat. “Ye vigorous swains! while youth ferments your blood.” Pope.

Fer•ment´, v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation; to be in motion, or to be excited into sensible internal motion, as the constituent particles of an animal or vegetable fluid; to work; to effervesce. 2. To be agitated or excited by violent emotions. “But finding no redress, ferment and rage.” Milton. “The intellect of the age was a fermenting intellect.” De Quincey.

Fer•ment•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of fermentation.

Fer•ment´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. fermentable.] Capable of fermentation; as cider and other vegetable liquors are fermentable.

Fer•ment´al , a. Fermentative. [Obs.]

Fer•men•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. fermentation.] 1. The process of undergoing an effervescent change, as by the action of yeast; in a wider sense (Physiol. Chem.), the transformation of an organic substance into new compounds by the action of a ferment, either formed or unorganized. It differs in kind according to the nature of the ferment which causes it. 2. A state of agitation or excitement, as of the intellect or the feelings. “It puts the soul to fermentation and activity.” Jer. Taylor. “A univesal fermentation of human thought and faith.” C. Kingsley. Acetous, or Acetic, fermentation, a form of oxidation in which alcohol is converted into vinegar or acetic acid by the agency of a specific fungus or ferment (Mycoderma aceti). The process involves two distinct reactions, in which the oxygen of the air is essential. An intermediate product, aldehyde, is formed in the first process. 1. C2H6O + O = H2O + C2H4O Alcohol. Water. Aldehyde. 2. C2H4O + O = C2H4O2 Aldehyde. Acetic acid. — Alcoholic fermentation, the fermentation which saccharine bodies undergo when brought in contact with the yeast plant or Torula. The sugar is converted, either directly or indirectly, into alcohol and carbonic acid, the rate of action being dependent on the rapidity with which the Torulae develop. - - Ammoniacal fermentation, the conversion of the urea of the urine into ammonium carbonate, through the growth of the special urea ferment. CON2H4 + 2H2O = (NH4)2CO3 Urea. Water. Ammonium carbonate. Whenever urine is exposed to the air in open vessels for several days it undergoes this alkaline fermentation. — Butyric fermentation, the decomposition of various forms of organic matter, through the agency of a peculiar worm-shaped vibrio, with formation of more or less butyric acid. It is one of the many forms of fermentation that collectively constitute putrefaction. See Lactic fermentation. — Fermentation by an unorganized ferment or enzyme. Fermentations of this class are purely chemical reactions, in which the ferment acts as a simple catalytic agent. Of this nature are the decomposition or inversion of cane sugar into levulose and dextrose by boiling with dilute acids, the conversion of starch into dextrin and sugar by similar treatment, the conversion of starch into like products by the action of diastase of malt or ptyalin of saliva, the conversion of albuminous food into peptones and other like products by the action of pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice or by the ferment of the pancreatic juice. — Fermentation theory of disease (Biol. & Med.), the theory that most if not all, infectious or zymotic disease are caused by the introduction into the organism of the living germs of ferments, or ferments already developed (organized ferments), by which processes of fermentation are set up injurious to health. See Germ theory. — Glycerin fermentation, the fermentation which occurs on mixing a dilute solution of glycerin with a peculiar species of schizomycetes and some carbonate of lime, and other matter favorable to the growth of the plant, the glycerin being changed into butyric acid, caproic acid, butyl, and ethyl alcohol. With another form of bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) ethyl alcohol and butyric acid are mainly formed. — Lactic fermentation, the transformation of milk sugar or other saccharine body into lactic acid, as in the souring of milk, through the agency of a special bacterium (Bacterium lactis of Lister). In this change the milk sugar, before assuming the form of lactic acid, presumably passes through the stage of glucose. C12H22O11.H2O = 4C3H6O3 Hydrated milk sugar. Lactic acid. In the lactic fermentation of dextrose or glucose, the lactic acid which is formed is very prone to undergo butyric fermentation after the manner indicated in the following equation: 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) = C4H8O2 (butyric acid) + 2CO2 (carbonic acid) + 2H2 (hydrogen gas). — Putrefactive fermentation. See Putrefaction.

Fer•ment´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. fermentatif.] Causing, or having power to cause, fermentation; produced by fermentation; fermenting; as a fermentative process. — Fer•ment´a•tive•ly, adv. — Fer•ment´a•tive•ness, n.

Fer´mer•ere , n. [OF. enfermerier, fr. enfermerie infirmary. See Infirmary.] The officer in a religious house who had the care of the infirmary. [Obs.]

Fer´mil•let , n. [OF., dim. of fermeil, fermail, clasp, prob. fr. OF. & F. fermer to make fast, fr. ferme fast. See Firm.] A buckle or clasp. [Obs.] Donne.

Fern , adv. Long ago. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fern, a. [AS. fyrn.] Ancient; old. [Obs.] ´Pilgrimages to … ferne halwes.´ [saints]. Chaucer.

Fern (fern), n. [AS. fearn; akin to D. varen, G. farn, farnkraut; cf. Skr. parn.a wing, feather, leaf, sort of plant, or Lith. papartis fern.] (Bot.) An order of cryptogamous plants, the Filices, which have their fructification on the back of the fronds or leaves. They are usually found in humid soil, sometimes grow epiphytically on trees, and in tropical climates often attain a gigantic size. The plants are asexual, and bear clustered sporangia, containing minute spores, which germinate and form prothalli, on which are borne the true organs of reproduction. The brake or bracken, the maidenhair, and the polypody are all well known ferns. Christmas fern. See under Christmas. — Climbing fern (Bot.), a delicate North American fern (Lygodium palmatum), which climbs several feet high over bushes, etc., and is much sought for purposes of decoration. — Fern owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European goatsucker. (b) The short-eared owl. [Prov. Eng.] — Fern shaw, a fern thicket. [Eng.] R. Browning.

Fern´er•y , n. A place for rearing ferns.

Fern´ti•cle , n. A freckle on the skin, resembling the seed of fern. [Prov. Eng.]

Fern´y , a. Abounding in ferns.

Fe•ro´cious , a. [L. ferox, -ocis, fierce: cf. F. feroce. See Ferocity.] Fierce; savage; wild; indicating cruelty; ravenous; rapacious; as ferocious look or features; a ferocious lion. “The humbled power of a ferocious enemy.” Lowth. Syn. — Ferocious, Fierce, Savage, Barbarous. When these words are applied to human feelings or conduct, ferocious describes the disposition; fierce, the haste and violence of an act; barbarous, the coarseness and brutality by which it was marked; savage, the cruel and unfeeling spirit which it showed. A man is ferocious in his temper, fierce in his actions, barbarous in the manner of carrying out his purposes, savage in the spirit and feelings expressed in his words or deeds. — Fe•ro´cious•ly, adv. — Fe•ro´cious•ness, n. “It [Christianity] has adapted the ferociousness of war.” Blair.

Fe•roc´i•ty , n. [L. ferocitas, fr. ferox, -ocis, fierce, kin to ferus wild: cf. F. ferocite. See Fierce.] Savage wildness or fierceness; fury; cruelty; as ferocity of countenance. “The pride and ferocity of a Highland chief.” Macaulay.

Fer•o´her , n. (Archaeol.) A symbol of the solar deity, found on monuments exhumed in Babylon, Nineveh, etc.

Fe´rous , a. [L. ferus. See Fierce.] Wild; savage. [R.] Arthur Wilson.

-fer•ous [L. -fer. fr. ferre to bear. See Bear to support.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing, yielding; as auriferous, yielding gold; chyliferous, producing chyle.

Fer•ran´dine , n. [F.; cf. OF. ferrant iron-gray, from L. ferrum iron.] A stuff made of silk and wool. “I did buy a colored silk ferrandine.” Pepys.

Fer•ra´ra , n. A sword bearing the mark of one of the Ferrara family of Italy. These swords were highly esteemed in England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Fer•ra•rese´ , a. Pertaining to Ferrara, in Italy. — n., sing. & pl. A citizen of Ferrara; collectively, the inhabitants of Ferrara.

Fer´ra•ry , n. [L. ferraria iron works. See Ferreous.] The art of working in iron. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fer´rate , n. [L. ferrum iron.] (Chem.) A salt of ferric acid. { Fer´re , Fer´rer , a. & adv. } Obs. compar. of Fer.

Fer´re•ous , a. [L. ferreus, fr. ferrum iron. Cf. Farrier, Ferrous.] Partaking of, made of, or pertaining to, iron; like iron. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fer´rest , a. & adv. Obs. superl. of Fer. Chaucer.

Fer´ret , n. [F. furet, cf. LL. furo; prob. fr. L. fur thief (cf. Furtive); cf. Arm. fur wise, sly.] (Zoöl.) An animal of the Weasel family (Mustela or Putorius furo), about fourteen inches in length, of a pale yellow or white color, with red eyes. It is a native of Africa, but has been domesticated in Europe. Ferrets are used to drive rabbits and rats out of their holes.

Fer´ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ferreting.] [Cf. F. fureter. See Ferret, n.] To drive or hunt out of a lurking place, as a ferret does the cony; to search out by patient and sagacious efforts; — often used with out; as to ferret out a secret. “Master Fer! I’ll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him.” Shak.

Fer´ret, n. [Ital. foretto, dim. of fiore flower; or F. fleuret. Cf. Floret.] A kind of narrow tape, usually made of woolen; sometimes of cotton or silk; — called also ferreting.

Fer´ret, n. [F. feret, dim. or fer iron, L. ferrum.] (Glass Making) The iron used for trying the melted glass to see if is fit to work, and for shaping the rings at the mouths of bottles.

Fer´ret•er , n. One who ferrets. Johnson.

Fer´ret-eye , n. (Zoöl.) The spur-winged goose; — so called from the red circle around the eyes.

Fer•ret´to , n. [It. ferretto di Spagna, dim. of ferro iron, fr. L. ferrum.] Copper sulphide, used to color glass. Hebert.

Fer´ri- . (Chem.) A combining form indicating ferric iron as an ingredient; as ferricyanide.

Fer´ri•age ( 48), n. [From Ferry.] The price or fare to be paid for passage at a ferry.

Fer´ric , a. [L. ferrum iron: cf. F. ferrique. See Ferrous.] Pertaining to, derived from, or containing iron. Specifically (Chem.), denoting those compounds in which iron has a higher valence than in the ferrous compounds; as ferric oxide; ferric acid. Ferric acid (Chem.), an acid, H2FeO4, which is not known in the free state, but forms definite salts, analogous to the chromates and sulphates. — Ferric oxide (Chem.), sesquioxide of iron, Fe2O3; hematite. See Hematite.

Fer•ri•cy´a•nate , n. [Ferri- + cyanate.] (Chem.) A salt of ferricyanic acid; a ferricyanide.

Fer•ri•cy•an´ic , a. [Ferri- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a ferricyanide. Ferricyanic acid (Chem.), a brown crystalline substance, H6(CN)12Fe2, obtained from potassium ferricyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferricyanides; — called also hydro-ferricyanic acid, hydrogen ferricyanide, etc.

Fer•ri•cy´a•nide ( 104), n. [Ferri- + cyanide.] (Chem.) One of a complex series of double cyanides of ferric iron and some other base. Potassium ferricyanide (Chem.), red prussiate of potash; a dark, red, crystalline salt, K6(CN)12Fe2, consisting of the double cyanide of potassium and ferric iron. From it is derived the ferrous ferricyanate, Turnbull’s blue.

Fer´ri•er , n. A ferryman. Calthrop.

Fer•rif´er•ous , a. [L. ferrum iron + -ferous: cf. F. ferrifère.] Producing or yielding iron.

Fer•ri•prus´si•ate (? or see Prussiate, 277), n. [Ferri- + prussiate.] (Chem.) A ferricyanate; a ferricyanide. [R.]

Fer•ri•prus´sic (? or see Prussik, 277), a. [Ferri- + prussic.] (Chem.) Ferricyanic. [R.]

Fer´ro- . (Chem.) A prefix, or combining form, indicating ferrous iron as an ingredient; as ferrocyanide.

Fer•ro•cal´cite , n. [Ferro- + calcite.] Limestone containing a large percentage of iron carbonate, and hence turning brown on exposure.

Fer•ro•cy´a•nate , n. [Ferro- + cyanate: cf. F. ferrocyanate.] (Chem.) A salt of ferrocyanic acid; a ferrocyanide.

Fer•ro•cy•an´ic , a. [Ferro- + cyanic: cf. F. ferrocyanique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a ferrocyanide. ferrocyanic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H4(CN)6Fe, of strong acid properties, obtained from potassium ferrocyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferrocyanides; — called also hydro-ferrocyanic acid, hydrogen ferrocyanide. etc.

Fer•ro•cy´a•nide (? or 104), n. [Ferro- + cyanide.] (Chem.) One of a series of complex double cyanides of ferrous iron and some other base. Potassium ferrocyanide (Chem.), yellow prussiate of potash; a tough, yellow, crystalline salt, K4(CN)6Fe, the starting point in the manufacture of almost all cyanogen compounds, and the basis of the ferric ferrocyanate, prussian blue. It is obtained by strongly heating together potash, scrap iron, and animal matter containing nitrogen, as horn, leather, blood, etc., in iron pots.

Fer•ro•prus´si•ate ( or or ; see Prussiate, 277), n. [Ferro- + prussiate.] (Chem.) A ferrocyanate; a ferocyanide. [R.]

Fer•ro•prus´sic (? or see Prussic, 277), a. [Ferro- + prussic.] (Chem.) Ferrocyanic.

Fer•ro´so- . (Chem.) See Ferro- .

Fer´ro•type , n. [L. ferrum iron + -type.] A photographic picture taken on an iron plate by a collodion process; — familiarly called tintype.

Fer´rous , a. [Cf. F. ferreux. See Ferreous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, iron; — especially used of compounds of iron in which the iron has its lower valence; as ferrous sulphate.

Fer•ru´gi•na•ted , a. [See Ferrugo.] Having the color or properties of the rust of iron.

Fer•ru•gin´e•ous , a. Ferruginous. [R.]

Fer•ru´gi•nous , a. [L. ferruginus, ferrugineus, fr. ferrugo, - ginis, iron rust: cf. F. ferrugineux. See Ferrugo.] 1. Partaking of iron; containing particles of iron. Boyle. 2. Resembling iron rust in appearance or color; brownish red, or yellowish red.

Fer•ru´go , n. [L., iron rust, fr. ferrum iron.] A disease of plants caused by fungi, commonly called the rust, from its resemblance to iron rust in color.

Fer´rule (? or 277), n. [Formerly verrel, F. virole, fr. L. viriola little bracelet, dim. of viriae, pl., bracelets; prob. akin to viere to twist, weave, and E. withe. The spelling with f is due to confusion with L. ferrum iron.] 1. A ring or cap of metal put round a cane, tool, handle, or other similar object, to strengthen it, or prevent splitting and wearing. 2. (Steam Boilers) A bushing for expanding the end of a flue to fasten it tightly in the tube plate, or for partly filling up its mouth.

Fer•ru´mi•nate , v. t. [L. ferruminatus, p. p. of ferruminare to cement, solder, fr. ferrumen cement, fr. ferrum iron.] To solder or unite, as metals. [R.] Coleridge.

Fer•ru•mi•na´tion , n. [L. ferruminatio: cf. F. ferrumination.] The soldering or uniting of metals. [R.] Coleridge.

Fer´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferried p. pr. & vb. n. Ferrying.] [OE. ferien to convey, AS. ferian, from faran to go; akin to Icel. ferja to ferry, Goth. farjan to sail. See Fare.] To carry or transport over a river, strait, or other narrow water, in a boat.

Fer´ry, v. i. To pass over water in a boat or by a ferry. “They ferry over this Lethean sound
Both to and fro.” Milton.

Fer´ry, n.; pl. Ferries (#). [OE. feri; akin to Icel. ferja, Sw. färja, Dan. faerge, G. fähre. See Ferry, v. t.] 1. A place where persons or things are carried across a river, arm of the sea, etc., in a ferryboat. “It can pass the ferry backward into light.” Milton. “To row me o’er the ferry.” Campbell. 2. A vessel in which passengers and goods are conveyed over narrow waters; a ferryboat; a wherry. 3. A franchise or right to maintain a vessel for carrying passengers and freight across a river, bay, etc., charging tolls. Ferry bridge, a ferryboat adapted in its structure for the transfer of railroad trains across a river or bay. — Ferry railway. See under Railway.

Fer´ry•boat , n. A vessel for conveying passengers, merchandise, etc., across streams and other narrow waters.

Fer´ry•man , n.; pl. Ferrymen . One who maintains or attends a ferry.

Fers , a. Fierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ferthe , a. Fourth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fer´tile (? or 277), a. [L. fertilis, fr. ferre to bear, produce: cf. F. fertile. See Bear to support.] 1. Producing fruit or vegetation in abundance; fruitful; able to produce abundantly; prolific; fecund; productive; rich; inventive; as fertile land or fields; a fertile mind or imagination. “Though he in a fertile climate dwell.” Shak. 2. (Bot.) (a) Capable of producing fruit; fruit-bearing; as fertile flowers. (b) Containing pollen; — said of anthers. 3. produced in abundance; plenteous; ample. “Henceforth, my early care …
Shall tend thee, and the fertile burden ease
Of thy full branches.” Milton. Syn. — Fertile, Fruitful. Fertile implies the inherent power of production; fruitful, the act. The prairies of the West are fertile by nature, and are turned by cultivation into fruitful fields. The same distinction prevails when these words are used figuratively. A man of fertile genius has by nature great readiness of invention; one whose mind is fruitful has resources of thought and a readiness of application which enable him to think and act effectively.

Fer´tile•ly (? or 277), adv. In a fertile or fruitful manner.

fer´tile•ness, n. Fertility. Sir P. Sidney.

Fer•til´i•tate , v. t. To fertilize; to fecundate. Sir T. Browne.

Fer•til´i•ty , n. [L. fertilitas: cf. F. fertilite.] The state or quality of being fertile or fruitful; fruitfulness; productiveness; fecundity; richness; abundance of resources; fertile invention; quickness; readiness; as the fertility of soil, or of imagination. ´fertility of resource.´ E. Everett. “And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps
Corrupting in its own fertility.” Shak. “Thy very weeds are beautiful; thy waste
More rich than other climes’ fertility.” Byron.

Fer•ti•li•za´tion , n. 1. The act or process of rendering fertile. 2. (Biol.) The act of fecundating or impregnating animal or vegetable germs; esp., the process by which in flowers the pollen renders the ovule fertile, or an analogous process in flowerless plants; fecundation; impregnation. Close fertilization (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by pollen derived from the stamens of the same blossom. — Cross fertilization, fertilization by pollen from some other blossom. See under Cross, a.

Fer´ti•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fertilized p. pr. & vb. n. Fertilizing ] [Cf. F. fertiliser.] 1. To make fertile or enrich; to supply with nourishment for plants; to make fruitful or productive; as to fertilize land, soil, ground, and meadows. “And fertilize the field that each pretends to gain.” Byron. 2. To fecundate; as to fertilize flower. A. R. Wallace.

Fer´ti•lizer , n. 1. One who fertilizes; the agent that carries the fertilizing principle, as a moth to an orchid. A. R. Wallace. 2. That which renders fertile; a general name for commercial manures, as guano, phosphate of lime, etc.

Fer´u•la , n. [L. ferula giant fennel (its stalks were used in punishing schoolboys), rod, whip, fr. ferire to strike; akin to OHG. berjan, Icel. berja. Cf. Ferule.] 1. A ferule. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. The imperial scepter in the Byzantine or Eastern Empire.

Fer•u•la´ceous , a. [L. ferulaceus, fr. ferula rod: cf. F. ferulace.] Pertaining to reeds and canes; having a stalk like a reed; as ferulaceous plants.

Fer´u•lar , n. A ferule. [Obs.] Milton.

Fer´ule (? or 277), n. [L. ferula: cf. F. ferule. See Ferula.] A flat piece of wood, used for striking, children, esp. on the hand, in punishment.

Fer´ule , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feruled p. pr. & vb. n. Feruling.] To punish with a ferule.

Fe•ru´lic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, asafetida (Ferula asafœtida); as ferulic acid. [Written also ferulaic.]

Fer´vence , n. Heat; fervency. [Obs.]

Fer´ven•cy , n. [Cf. OF. fervence. See Fervent.] The state of being fervent or warm; ardor; warmth of feeling or devotion; eagerness. “When you pray, let it be with attention, with fervency, and with perseverance.” Wake.

Fer´vent , a. [F. fervent, L. fervens, -entis. p. pr. of fervere o the boiling hot, to boil, glow.] 1. Hot; glowing; boiling; burning; as a fervent summer. “The elements shall melt with fervent heat.” 2 Pet. iii. 10. 2. Warm in feeling; ardent in temperament; earnest; full of fervor; zealous; glowing. “Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit.” Rom. iii. 11. “So spake the fervent angel.” Milton. “A fervent desire to promote the happiness of mankind.” Macaulay. — Fer´vent•ly, adv. — Fer´vent•ness, n. “Laboring fervently for you in prayers.” Col. iv. 12.

Fer•ves´cent , a. [L. fervescens, p. pr. of fervescere to become boiling hot, incho., fr. fervere. See Fervent.] Growing hot.

Fer´vid , a. [L. fervidus, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Very hot; burning; boiling. “The mounted sun
Shot down direct his fervid rays.” Milton. 2. Ardent; vehement; zealous. “The fervid wishes, holy fires.” Parnell. — Fer´vid•ly, adv. — Fer´vid•ness, n.

Fer´vor , n. [Written also fervour.] [OF. fervor, fervour, F. ferveur, L. fervor, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Heat; excessive warmth. “The fevor of ensuing day.” Waller. 2. Intensity of feeling or expression; glowing ardor; passion; holy zeal; earnestness. Hooker. “Winged with fervor of her love.” Shak. Syn. — Fervor, Ardor. Fervor is a boiling heat, and ardor is a burning heat. Hence, in metaphor, we commonly use fervor and its derivatives when we conceive of thoughts or emotions under the image of ebullition, or as pouring themselves forth. Thus we speak of the fervor of passion, fervid declamation, fervid importunity, fervent supplication, fervent desires, etc. Ardent is used when we think of anything as springing from a deepseated glow of soul; as ardent friendship, ardent zeal, ardent devotedness; burning with ardor for the fight.

Fes´cen•nine , a. [L. Fescenninus, fr. Fescennia, a city of Etruria.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the Fescennines. — n. A style of low, scurrilous, obscene poetry originating in fescennia.

Fes´cue (fes´ku), n. [OE. festu, OF. festu, F. fetu, fr. L. festuca stalk, straw.] 1. A straw, wire, stick, etc., used chiefly to point out letters to children when learning to read. ´Pedantic fescue.´ Sterne. “To come under the fescue of an imprimatur.” Milton. 2. An instrument for playing on the harp; a plectrum. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. The style of a dial. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Festuca. Fescue grass (Bot.), a genus of grasses (Festuca) containing several species of importance in agriculture. Festuca ovina is sheep’s fescue; F. elatior is meadow fescue.

Fes´cue (fes´ku), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Fescued p. pr. & vb. n. Fescuing.] To use a fescue, or teach with a fescue. Milton.

Fes´els , n. pl. [Written also fasels.] See Phasel. [Obs.] May (Georgics). { Fess , Fesse } , n. [OF. fesse, faisse, F. fasce, fr. L. fascia band. See Fascia.] (Her.) A band drawn horizontally across the center of an escutcheon, and containing in breadth the third part of it; one of the nine honorable ordinaries. Fess point (Her.), the exact center of the escutcheon. See Escutcheon.

Fes´si•tude , n. [L. fessus wearied, fatigued.] Weariness. [Obs.] Bailey.

Fess´wise , adv. In the manner of fess.

Fest , n. [See Fist.] The fist. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Fest , Fes´te , n. } A feast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fes´tal , a. [L. festum holiday, feast. See feast.] Of or pertaining to a holiday or a feast; joyous; festive. “You bless with choicer wine the festal day.” Francis.

Fes´tal•ly, adv. Joyously; festively; mirthfully.

Fes´ten•nine , n. A fescennine.

Fes´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Festered p. pr. & vb. n. Festering.] [OE. festern, fr. fester, n.; or fr. OF. festrir, fr. festre, n. See Fester, n.] 1. To generate pus; to become imflamed and suppurate; as a sore or a wound festers. “Wounds immedicable
Rankle, and fester, and gangrene.” Milton. “Unkindness may give a wound that shall bleed and smart, but it is treachery that makes it fester.” South. “Hatred … festered in the hearts of the children of the soil.” Macaulay. 2. To be inflamed; to grow virulent, or malignant; to grow in intensity; to rankle.

Fes•ter, v. t. To cause to fester or rankle. “For which I burnt in inward, swelt’ring hate,
And festered ranking malice in my breast.” Marston.

Fes´ter, n. [OF. festre, L. fistula a sort of ulcer. Cf. Fistula.] 1. A small sore which becomes inflamed and discharges corrupt matter; a pustule. 2. A festering or rankling. “The fester of the chain their necks.” I. Taylor.

Fes´ter•ment , n. A festering. [R.] Chalmers.

Fest´eye , v. t. [OF. festier, festeer, F. festoyer.] To feast; to entertain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fes´ti•nate , a. [L. festinatus, p. p. of festinare to hasten.] Hasty; hurried. [Obs.] — Fes´ti•nate•ly, adv. [Obs.] Shak.

Fes•ti•na´tion , n. [L. festinatio.] Haste; hurry. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fes´ti•val , a. [OF. festival, fr. L. festivum festive jollity, fr. festivus festive, gay. See Festive.] Pertaining to a fest; festive; festal; appropriate to a festival; joyous; mirthful. “I cannot woo in festival terms.” Shak.

Fes´ti-val, n. A time of feasting or celebration; an anniversary day of joy, civil or religious. “The morning trumpets festival proclaimed.” Milton. Syn. — Feast; banquet; carousal. See Feast.

Fes´tive , a. [L. festivus, fr. festum holiday, feast. See feast, and cf. Festivous.] Pertaining to, or becoming, a feast; festal; joyous; gay; mirthful; sportive. — Fes´tive•ly, adv. “The glad circle round them yield their souls
To festive mirth and wit that knows no gall.” Thomson.

Fes•tiv´i•ty , n.; pl. Festivities (#). [L. festivitas: cf. F. festivite.] 1. The condition of being festive; social joy or exhilaration of spirits at an entertaintment; joyfulness; gayety. “The unrestrained festivity of the rustic youth.” Bp. Hurd. 2. A festival; a festive celebration. Sir T. Browne.

Fes´ti•vous , a. [See Festive.] Pertaining to a feast; festive. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Fest´lich , a. [See Feast, n.] Festive; fond of festive occasions. [Obs.] ´A festlich man.´ Chaucer.

Fes•toon´ , n. [F. feston (cf. Sp. feston, It. festone), prob. fr. L. festum festival. See Feast.] 1. A garland or wreath hanging in a depending curve, used in decoration for festivals, etc.; anything arranged in this way. 2. (Arch. & Sculp.) A carved ornament consisting of flowers, and leaves, intermixed or twisted together, wound with a ribbon, and hanging or depending in a natural curve. See Illust. of Bucranium.

Fes•toon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Festooned p. pr. & vb. n. Festooning.] To form in festoons, or to adorn with festoons.

Fes•toon´y , a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, festoons. Sir J. Herschel.

Fes•tu•cine , a. [L. festula stalk, straw. Cf. Fescue.] Of a straw color; greenish yellow. [Obs.] “A little insect of a festucine or pale green.” Sir T. Browne.

Fes´tu•cous , a. Formed or consisting of straw. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fes´tue , n. [See Fescue.] A straw; a fescue. [Obs.] Holland.

Fet , n. [Cf. feat, F. fait, and It. fett slice, G. fetzen rag, Icel. fat garment.] A piece. [Obs.] Dryton.

Fet, v. t. [OE. fetten, feten, AS. fetian; akin to AS. faet a journey, and to E. foot; cf. G. fassen to seize. rad. 77. See Foot, and cf. Fetch.] To fetch. [Obs.] “And from the other fifty soon the prisoner fet.” Spenser.

Fet, p. p. of Fette. Fetched. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe´tal , a. [From Fetus.] Pertaining to, or connected with, a fetus; as fetal circulation; fetal membranes.

Fe•ta´tion , n. The formation of a fetus in the womb; pregnancy.

Fetch (fech; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fetched 2; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fetching.] [OE. fecchen, AS. feccan, perh. the same word as fetian; or cf. facian to wish to get, OFries. faka to prepare. rad. 77. Cf. Fet, v. t.] 1. To bear toward the person speaking, or the person or thing from whose point of view the action is contemplated; to go and bring; to get. “Time will run back and fetch the age of gold.” Milton. “He called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. And as she was going to fetch it he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bred in thine hand.” 1 Kings xvii. 11, 12. 2. To obtain as price or equivalent; to sell for. “Our native horses were held in small esteem, and fetched low prices.” Macaulay. 3. To recall from a swoon; to revive; — sometimes with to; as to fetch a man to. “Fetching men again when they swoon.” Bacon. 4. To reduce; to throw. “The sudden trip in wrestling that fetches a man to the ground.” South. 5. To bring to accomplishment; to achieve; to make; to perform, with certain objects; as to fetch a compass; to fetch a leap; to fetch a sigh. “I’ll fetch a turn about the garden.” Shak. “He fetches his blow quick and sure.” South. 6. To bring or get within reach by going; to reach; to arrive at; to attain; to reach by sailing. “Meantine flew our ships, and straight we fetched
The siren’s isle.” Chapman. 7. To cause to come; to bring to a particular state. “They could n’t fetch the butter in the churn.” W. Barnes. To fetch a compass (Naut.), to make a sircuit; to take a circuitious route going to a place. — To fetch a pump, to make it draw water by pouring water into the top and working the handle. — To fetch headway or sternway (Naut.), to move ahead or astern. — To fetch out, to develop. ´The skill of the polisher fetches out the colors [of marble]´ Addison. — To fetch up. (a) To overtake. [Obs.] ´Says [the hare], I can fetch up the tortoise when I please.´ L’Estrange. (b) To stop suddenly.

fetch, v. i. To bring one’s self; to make headway; to veer; as to fetch about; to fetch to windward. Totten. To fetch away (Naut.), to break loose; to roll slide to leeward. — To fetch and carry, to serve obsequiously, like a trained spaniel.

Fetch, n. 1. A stratagem by which a thing is indirectly brought to pass, or by which one thing seems intended and another is done; a trick; an artifice. “Every little fetch of wit and criticism.” South. 2. The apparation of a living person; a wraith. “The very fetch and ghost of Mrs. Gamp.” Dickens. Fetch candle, a light seen at night, superstitiously believed to portend a person’s death.

Fetch´er , n. One who fetches or brings.

Fete (fet), n. [See feat.] A feat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fete, n. pl. [See Foot.] Feet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fête (fat), n. [F. See Feast.] A festival. Fête champêtre [F.], a festival or entertainment in the open air; a rural festival.

Fête , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fêted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fêting.] [Cf. F. fêter.] To feast; to honor with a festival. { Fe´tich , Fe´tish , n. }[F. fetiche, from Pg. feitiço, adj., n., sorcery, charm, fr. L. facticius made by art, artifical, factitious. See Factitious.] 1. A material object supposed among certain African tribes to represent in such a way, or to be so connected with, a supernatural being, that the possession of it gives to the possessor power to control that being. 2. Any object to which one is excessively devoted. { fe´tich•ism , Fe´tish•ism ; 277), n. }[Cf. F. fetichisme.] [Written also feticism.] 1. The doctrine or practice of belief in fetiches. 2. Excessive devotion to one object or one idea; abject superstition; blind adoration. “The real and absolute worship of fire falls into two great divisions, the first belonging rather to fetichism, the second to polytheism proper.” Tylor. { Fe´tich•ist , Fe´tish•ist, n. } A believer in fetiches. “He was by nature a fetichist.” H. Holbeach. { Fe•tich•is´tic , Fe•tish•is´tic, a.} Pertaining to, or involving, fetichism. “A man of the fifteenth century, inheriting its strange web of belief and unbelief, of epicurean levity and fetichistic dread.” G. Eliot.

Fe´ti•cide , n. [Written also fœticide.] [Fetus + L. caedere to kill.] (Med. & Law) The act of killing the fetus in the womb; the offense of procuring an abortion.

Fe´ti•cism , n. See Fetichism.

Fet´id (? or 277), a. [L. fetidus, foetidus, fr. fetere, foetere, to have an ill smell, to stink: cf. F. fetide.] Having an offensive smell; stinking. “Most putrefactions … smell either fetid or moldy.” Bacon.

Fet•id´i•ty , n. Fetidness.

Fet´id•ness, n. The quality or state of being fetid.

Fe•tif´er•ous , a. [Fetus + -ferous.] Producing young, as animals.

Fe´tis , a. [OF. fetis, faitis. Cf. Factitious.] Neat; pretty; well made; graceful. [Obs.] “Full fetis was her cloak, as I was ware.” Chaucer.

Fe´tise•ly , adv. Neatly; gracefully; properly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fe´tish , n., Fe´tish•ism ( or ; 277), n., Fe•tish•is´tic , a. See Fetich, n., Fetichism, n., Fetichistic, a.

Fet´lock , n. [OE. fetlak, fitlock, cf. Icel. fet pace, step, fit webbed foot of water birds, akin to E. foot. rad.77. See Foot.] The cushionlike projection, bearing a tuft of long hair, on the back side of the leg above the hoof of the horse and similar animals. also the joint of the limb at this point (between the great pastern bone and the metacarpus), or the tuft of hair. “Their wounded steeds
Fret fetlock deep in gore.” Shak.

Fe´tor , n. [L. fetor, foetor. See Fetid.] A strong, offensive smell; stench; fetidness. Arbuthnot.

Fet´te , v. t. [imp. Fette, p. p. Fet.] [See Fet, v. t.] To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fet´ter (fet´ter), n. [AS. fetor, feter; akin to OS. feteros, pl., OD. veter, OHG. fezzera, Icel. fjöturr, L. pedica, Gr. pe•dh, and to E. foot. rad. 77. See Foot.] [Chiefly used in the plural, fetters.] 1. A chain or shackle for the feet; a chain by which an animal is confined by the foot, either made fast or disabled from free and rapid motion; a bond; a shackle. “[They] bound him with fetters of brass.” Judg. xvi. 21. 2. Anything that confines or restrains; a restraint. “Passion’s too fierce to be in fetters bound.” Dryden.

Fet´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fettered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fettering.] 1. To put fetters upon; to shackle or confine the feet of with a chain; to bind. “My heels are fettered, but my fist is free.” Milton. 2. To restrain from motion; to impose restraints on; to confine; to enchain; as fettered by obligations. “My conscience! thou art fettered
More than my shanks and wrists.” Shak.

Fet´tered , a. (Zoöl.) Seeming as if fettered, as the feet of certain animals which bend backward, and appear unfit for walking.

Fet´ter•er , n. One who fetters. Landor.

Fet´ter•less, a. Free from fetters. Marston.

Fet´tle , v. t. [OE. & Prov. E., to fettle (in sense 1), fettle, n., order, repair, preparation, dress; prob. akin to E. fit. See Fit, a.] 1. To repair; to prepare; to put in order. [Prov. Eng.] Carlyle. 2. (Metal.) To cover or line with a mixture of ore, cinders, etc., as the hearth of a puddling furnace.

Fet´tle, v. i. To make preparations; to put things in order; to do trifling business. [Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall.

Fet´tle, n. The act of fettling. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. In fine fettle, in good spirits.

Fet´tling , n. 1. (Metal.) A mixture of ore, cinders, etc., used to line the hearth of a puddling furnace. [Eng.] [It is commonly called fix in the United States.] 2. (Pottery) The operation of shaving or smoothing the surface of undried clay ware.

Fet´u•ous , a. Neat; feat. [Obs.] Herrick.

Fe´tus , n.; pl. Fetuses (#). [L. fetus, foetus, a bringing forth, brood, offspring, young ones, cf. fetus fruitful, fructified, that is or was filled with young; akin to E. fawn a deer, fecundity, felicity, feminine, female, and prob. to do, or according to others, to be.] The young or embryo of an animal in the womb, or in the egg; often restricted to the later stages in the development of viviparous and oviparous animals, embryo being applied to the earlier stages. [Written also fœtus.]

Fet´wah , n. [Ar.] A written decision of a Turkish mufti on some point of law. Whitworth.

Feu , n. [See 2d Feud, and Fee.] (Scots Law) A free and gratuitous right to lands made to one for service to be performed by him; a tenure where the vassal, in place of military services, makes a return in grain or in money. Burrill.

Feu´ar , n. [From Feu.] (Scots Law) One who holds a feu. Sir W. Scott.

Feud (fud), n. [OE. feide, AS. faehð, fr. fah hostile; akin to OHG. fehida, G. fehde, Sw. fejd, D. feide; prob. akin to E. fiend. See Foe.] 1. A combination of kindred to avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all his race. 2. A contention or quarrel; especially, an inveterate strife between families, clans, or parties; deadly hatred; contention satisfied only by bloodshed. “Mutual feuds and battles betwixt their several tribes and kindreds.” Purchas. Syn. — Affray; fray; broil; contest; dispute; strife.

Feud, n. [LL. feudum, feodum prob. of same origin as E. fief. See Fief, Fee.] (Law) A stipendiary estate in land, held of superior, by service; the right which a vassal or tenant had to the lands or other immovable thing of his lord, to use the same and take the profists thereof hereditarily, rendering to his superior such duties and services as belong to military tenure, etc., the property of the soil always remaining in the lord or superior; a fief; a fee.

Feu´dal , a. [F. feodal, or LL. feudalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or feels; as feudal rights or services; feudal tenures. 2. Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs; embracing tenures by military services; as the feudal system.

Feu´dal•ism , n. [Cf. F. feodalisme.] The feudal system; a system by which the holding of estates in land is made dependent upon an obligation to render military service to the kind or feudal superior; feudal principles and usages.

Feu´dal•ist, n. An upholder of feudalism.

Feu•dal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. feodalite.] The state or quality of being feudal; feudal form or constitution. Burke.

Feu•dal•i•za´tion , n. The act of reducing to feudal tenure.

Feu´dal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feudalized p. pr. & vb. n. Feudalizing ] To reduce to a feudal tenure; to conform to feudalism.

Feu´dal•ly, adv. In a feudal manner.

Feu´da•ry , a. [LL. feudarius, fr. feudum. See 2d Feud.] Held by, or pertaining to, feudal tenure.

Feu´da•ry, n. 1. A tenant who holds his lands by feudal service; a feudatory. Foxe. 2. A feodary. See Feodary.

Feu´da•ta•ry , a. & n. [LL. feudatarius: cf. F. feudataire.] See Feudatory.

Feu´da•to•ry , n.; pl. Feudatories . A tenant or vassal who held his lands of a superior on condition of feudal service; the tenant of a feud or fief. “The grantee … was styled the feudatory or vassal.” Blackstone. “[He] had for feudatories great princes.” J. H. Newman.

Feu´da•to•ry, a. Held from another on some conditional tenure; as a feudatory title. Bacon.

Feu• de joie´ [F., lit., fire of joy.] A fire kindled in a public place in token of joy; a bonfire; a firing of guns in token of joy.

Feud´ist , n. [Cf. F. feudiste.] A writer on feuds; a person versed in feudal law. Spelman.

Feu•illants´ , n. pl. A reformed branch of the Bernardines, founded in 1577 at Feuillans, near Toulouse, in France.

Feuille´mort , a. [F. feuille morte a dead leaf.] Having the color of a faded leaf. Locke.

Feu•ille•ton´ , n. [F., from feulle leaf.] A part of a French newspaper (usually the bottom of the page), devoted to light literature, criticism, etc.; also the article or tale itself, thus printed.

Feuill´ton•ist , n. [F. feuilletoniste.] A writer of feuilletons. F. Harrison.

feu´ter , v. t. [OE. feutre rest for a lance, OF. feutre, fautre, feltre, felt, cushion, rest for a lance, fr. LL. filtrum, feltrum; of German origin, and akin to E. felt. See Felt, and cf. Filter.] To set close; to fix in rest, as a spear. Spenser.

Feu´ter•er , n. [Either fr. G. fütterer feeder, or corrupted fr. OF. vautrier, vaultrier; fr. vaultre, viautre, a kind of hound, fr. L. vertragus, vertraga, a greyhound. The last is of Celtic origin.] A dog keeper. [Obs.] Massinger.

Fe´ver , n. [OE. fever, fefer, AS. fefer, fefor, L. febris: cf. F. fièvre. Cf. Febrile.] 1. (Med.) A diseased state of the system, marked by increased heat, acceleration of the pulse, and a general derangement of the functions, including usually, thirst and loss of appetite. Many diseases, of which fever is the most prominent symptom, are denominated fevers; as typhoid fever; yellow fever. Remitting fevers subside or abate at intervals; intermitting fevers intermit or entirely cease at intervals; continued or continual fevers neither remit nor intermit. 2. Excessive excitement of the passions in consequence of strong emotion; a condition of great excitement; as this quarrel has set my blood in a fever. “An envious fever
Of pale and bloodless emulation.” Shak. “After life’s fitful fever he sleeps well.” Shak. Brain fever, Continued fever, etc. See under Brain, Continued, etc. — Fever and ague, a form of fever recurring in paroxysms which are preceded by chills. It is of malarial origin. — Fever blister (Med.), a blister or vesicle often found about the mouth in febrile states; a variety of herpes. — Fever bush (Bot.), the wild allspice or spice bush. See Spicewood. — Fever powder. Same as Jame’s powder. — Fever root (Bot.), an American herb of the genus Triosteum (T. perfoliatum); — called also feverwort amd horse gentian. — Fever sore, a carious ulcer or necrosis. Miner.

Fe´ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fevered p. pr. & vb. n. Fevering.] To put into a fever; to affect with fever; as a fevered lip. [R.] “The white hand of a lady fever thee.” Shak.

Fe´ver•et , n. A slight fever. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Fe´ver•few , n. [AS. feferfuge, fr. L. febrifugia. See fever, Fugitive, and cf. Febrifuge.] (Bot.) A perennial plant (Pyrethrum, or Chrysanthemum, Parthenium) allied to camomile, having finely divided leaves and white blossoms; — so named from its supposed febrifugal qualities.

Fe´ver•ish, a. 1. Having a fever; suffering from, or affected with, a moderate degree of fever; showing increased heat and thirst; as the patient is feverish. 2. Indicating, or pertaining to, fever; characteristic of a fever; as feverish symptoms. 3. Hot; sultry. ´The feverish north.´ Dryden. 4. Disordered as by fever; excited; restless; as the feverish condition of the commercial world. “Strive to keep up a frail and feverish bing.” Milton. — Fe´ver•ish•ly, adv. — Fe´ver•ish•ness, n.

Fe´ver•ous , a. [Cf.F. fievreux.] 1. Affected with fever or ague; feverish. “His heart, love’s feverous citadel.” Keats. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fever; as a feverous pulse. “All maladies … all feverous kinds.” Milton. 3. Having the tendency to produce fever; as a feverous disposition of the year. [R.] Bacon.

Fe´ver•ous•ly, adv. Feverishly. [Obs.] Donne.

Fe´ver•wort , n. See Fever root, under Fever.

Fe´ver•y , a. Feverish. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Few (fu), a. [Compar. Fewer superl. Fewest.] [OE. fewe, feawe, AS. feá, pl. feáwe; akin to OS. fah, OHG. fo fao, Icel. far, Sw. få, pl., Dan. faa, pl., Goth. faus, L. paucus, cf. Gr. pay^ros. Cf. Paucity.] Not many; small, limited, or confined in number; — indicating a small portion of units or individuals constituing a whole; often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few people. ´Are not my days few?´ Job x. 20. “Few know and fewer care.” Proverb. Few is often used partitively; as few of them. A few, a small number. — In few, in a few words; briefly. Shak. — No few, not few; more than a few; many. Cowper. — The few, the minority; — opposed to the many or the majority.

Fe´wel , n. [See Fuel.] Fuel. [Obs.] Hooker.

Few´met , n. See Fumet. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Few´ness, n. 1. The state of being few; smallness of number; paucity. Shak. 2. Brevity; conciseness. [Obs.] Shak.

Fey , a. [AS. fga, Icel. feigr, OHG. feigi.] Fated; doomed. [Old Eng. & Scot.]

Fey , n. [See Fay faith.] Faith. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fey , v. t. [Cf. Feague.] To cleanse; to clean out. [Obs.] Tusser.

Feyne , v. t. To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Feyre , n. A fair or market. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fez , n. [F., fr. the town of Fez in Morocco.] A felt or cloth cap, usually red and having a tassel, — a variety of the tarboosh. See Tarboosh. B. Taylor.

Fia´cre , n. [F.] A kind of French hackney coach.

Fi´ance , v. t. [F. fiancer. See Affiance.] To betroth; to affiance. [Obs.] Harmar.

Fi•an•ce´ , n. [F.] A betrothed man.

Fi•an•cee´ , n. [F.] A betrothed woman.

Fi´ants , n. [F. fiente dung.] The dung of the fox, wolf, boar, or badger.

Fi´ar , n. [See Feuar.] 1. (Scots Law) One in whom the property of an estate is vested, subject to the estate of a life renter. “I am fiar of the lands; she a life renter.” Sir W. Scott. 2. pl. The price of grain, as legally fixed, in the counties of Scotland, for the current year.

Fi•as´co , n.; pl. Fiascoes (#). [It.] A complete or ridiculous failure, esp. of a musical performance, or of any pretentious undertaking.

Fi´at , n. [L., let it be done, 3d pers. sing., subj. pres., fr. fieri, used as pass. of facere to make. Cf. Be.] 1. An authoritative command or order to do something; an effectual decree. “His fiat laid the corner stone.” Willis. 2. (Eng. Law) (a) A warrant of a judge for certain processes. (b) An authority for certain proceedings given by the Lord Chancellor’s signature. Fiat money, irredeemable paper currency, not resting on a specie basis, but deriving its purchasing power from the declaratory fiat of the government issuing it.

Fi•aunt´ , n. Commission; fiat; order; decree. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fib , n. [Prob. fr. fable; cf. Prov. E. fibble-fabble nonsense.] A falsehood; a lie; — used euphemistically. “They are very serious; they don’t tell fibs.” H. James.

Fib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fibbed p. pr. & vb. n. Fibbing ] To speak falsely. [Colloq.]

Fib, v. t. To tell a fib to. [R.] De Quincey.

Fib´ber , n. One who tells fibs. { Fi´ber , Fi´bre }, , n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as the fiber of flax or of muscle. 2. Any fine, slender thread, or threadlike substance; as a fiber of spun glass; especially, one of the slender rootlets of a plant. 3. Sinew; strength; toughness; as a man of real fiber. “Yet had no fibers in him, nor no force.” Chapman. 4. A general name for the raw material, such as cotton, flax, hemp, etc., used in textile manufactures. Fiber gun, a kind of steam gun for converting, wood, straw, etc., into fiber. The material is shut up in the gun with steam, air, or gas at a very high pressure which is afterward relieved suddenly by letting a lid at the muzzle fly open, when the rapid expansion separates the fibers. — Fiber plants (Bot.), plants capable of yielding fiber useful in the arts, as hemp, flax, ramie, agave, etc. { Fi´bered , Fi´bred } , a. Having fibers; made up of fibers. { Fi´ber-faced• , Fi´bre-faced• } , a. Having a visible fiber embodied in the surface of; — applied esp. to a kind of paper for checks, drafts, etc. { Fi´ber•less , Fi´bre•less }, a. Having no fibers; destitute of fibers or fiber.

Fi´bri•form , a. [L. fibra a fiber + -form.] (Biol.) Having the form of a fiber or fibers; resembling a fiber.

Fi´bril , n. [F. fibrille, dim. of fibre, L. fibra.] A small fiber; the branch of a fiber; a very slender thread; a fibrilla. Cheyne.

Fi•bril´la , n.; pl. FibrillAE (#). [NL. See Fibril.] A minute thread or fiber, as one of the fibrous elements of a muscular fiber; a fibril.

Fi´bril•lar , a. Of or pertaining to fibrils or fibers; as fibrillar twitchings.

Fi´bril•la•ry , a. Of of pertaining to fibrils.

Fi´bril•la•ted , a. Furnished with fibrils; fringed.

Fi•bril•la´tion , n. The state of being reduced to fibers. Carpenter.

Fi•bril´lose , a. Covered with hairlike appendages, as the under surface of some lichens; also composed of little strings or fibers; as fibrillose appendages.

Fi•bril´lous , a. [Cf. F. fibraleux.] Pertaining to, or composed of, fibers.

Fi´brin , n. [Cf. F. fibrine. See Fiber.] (Physiol. Chem.) 1. A white, albuminous, fibrous substance, formed in the coagulation of the blood either by decomposition of fibrinogen, or from the union of fibrinogen and paraglobulin which exist separately in the blood. It is insoluble in water, but is readily digestible in gastric and pancreatic juice. 2. The white, albuminous mass remaining after washing lean beef or other meat with water until all coloring matter is removed; the fibrous portion of the muscle tissue; flesh fibrin. 3. An albuminous body, resembling animal fibrin in composition, found in cereal grains and similar seeds; vegetable fibrin. Fibrin factors (Physiol.), the albuminous bodies, paraglobulin and fibrinigen in the blood, which, by the action of the fibrin ferment, are changed into fibrin, in coagulation. — Fibrin ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment which makes its appearance in the blood shortly after it is shed, and is supposed to be the active agent in causing coagulation of the blood, with formation of fibrin.

Fi•bri•na´tion , n. (Med.) The state of acquiring or having an excess of fibrin.

Fi´brine , a. Belonging to the fibers of plants.

Fi•brin´o•gen , n. [Fibrin + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance existing in the blood, and in other animal fluids, which either alone or with fibrinoplastin or paraglobulin forms fibrin, and thus causes coagulation.

Fi•bri•nog´e•nous , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Possessed of properties similar to fibrinogen; capable of forming fibrin.

Fi•bri•no•plas´tic , a. (Physiol.Chem.) Like fibrinoplastin; capable of forming fibrin when brought in contact with fibrinogen.

Fi•bri•no•plas´tin , n. [Fibrin + Gr. to form, mold.] (Physiol.Chem.) An albuminous substance, existing in the blood, which in combination with fibrinogen forms fibrin; — called also paraglobulin.

Fi´bri•nous (? or 277), a. Having, or partaking of the properties of, fibrin; as fibrious exudation.

Fi•bro•car´ti•lage , n. [L. fibra a fiber + E. cartilage.] (Anat.) A kind of cartilage with a fibrous matrix and approaching fibrous connective tissue in structure. — Fi•bro•car•ti•lag´i•nous (#), a.

Fi•bro•chon•dros´te•al , a. [L. fibra a fiber + gr. cartilage + bone.] (Anat.) Partly fibrous, partly cartilaginous, and partly osseous. St. George Mivart.

Fi´broid , a. [L. fibra a fiber + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling or forming fibrous tissue; made up of fibers; as fibroid tumors. - - n. A fibroid tumor; a fibroma. Fibroid degeneration, a form of degeneration in which organs or tissues are converted into fibroid tissue. — Fibroid phthists, a form of pulmonary consumption associated with the formation of fibrous tissue in the lungs, and the gradual atrophy of the lungs, from the pressure due to the contraction of this tissue.

Fi´bro•in , n. [L. fibra a fiber.] (Chem.) A variety of gelatin; the chief ingredient of raw silk, extracted as a white amorphous mass.

Fi´bro•lite , n. [L. fibra a fiber + -lite: cf. F. fibrolithe.] (Min.) A silicate of alumina, of fibrous or columnar structure. It is like andalusite in composition; — called also sillimanite, and bucholizite.

Fi•bro´ma , n. [NL. See Fiber, and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor consisting mainly of fibrous tissue, or of same modification of such tissue.

Fi•bro•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fibra a fiber + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges having a fibrous skeleton, including the commercial sponges.

Fi´brous , a. [Cf. F. fibreux.] Containing, or consisting of, fibers; as the fibrous coat of the cocoanut; the fibrous roots of grasses. — Fi´brous•ness, n.

Fi•bro•vas´cu•lar , a. [L. fibra a fiber + E. vascular.] (Bot.) Containing woody fiber and ducts, as the stems of all flowering plants and ferns; — opposed to cellular.

Fib´ster , n. One who tells fibs. [Jocular]

Fib´u•la , n.; pl. FibulAE (#). [L., clasp, buckle.] 1. A brooch, clasp, or buckle. “Mere fibulae, without a robe to clasp.” Wordsworth. 2. (Anat.) The outer and usually the smaller of the two bones of the leg, or hind limb, below the knee. 3. (Surg.) A needle for sewing up wounds.

Fib´u-lar , a. Pertaining to the fibula.

Fib•u•la´re , n.; pl. Fibularia (#). [NL. See Fibula.] (Anat.) The bone or cartilage of the tarsus, which articulates with the fibula, and corresponds to the calcaneum in man and most mammals.

Fice , n. A small dog; — written also fise, fyce, fiste, etc. [Southern U.S.]

Fi•che , a. (Her.) See Fitche.

Fich´tel•ite , n. (Min.) A white crystallized mineral resin from the Fichtelgebirge, Bavaria.

Fich´u , n. [F., neckerchief.] A light cape, usually of lace, worn by women, to cover the neck and throat, and extending to the shoulders.

Fic´kle , a. [OE. fikel untrustworthy, deceitful, AS. ficol, fr. fic, gefic, fraud, deceit; cf. facen deceit, OS. fkn, OHG. feichan, Icel. feikn portent. Cf. Fidget.] Not fixed or firm; liable to change; unstable; of a changeable mind; not firm in opinion or purpose; inconstant; capricious; as Fortune’s fickle wheel. Shak. “They know how fickle common lovers are.” Dryden. Syn. — Wavering; irresolute; unsettled; vacillating; unstable; inconsonant; unsteady; variable; mutable; changeful; capricious; veering; shifting.

Fic´kle•ness , n. The quality of being fickle; instability; inconsonancy. Shak.

Fic´kly , adv. In a fickle manner. [Obs.] Pepys.

Fi´co , n.; pl. Ficoes (#). [It., a fig, fr. L. ficus. See Fig.] A fig; an insignificant trifle, no more than the snap of one’s thumb; a sign of contempt made by the fingers, expressing. A fig for you. “Steal! foh, a fico for the phrase.” Shak.

Fic´tile , a. [L. fictilis. See Fiction.] Molded, or capable of being molded, into form by art; relating to pottery or to molding in any soft material. “Fictile earth is more fragile than crude earth.” Bacon. “The earliest specimens of Italian fictile art.” C. Wordsworth. Fictile ware, ware made of any material which is molded or shaped while soft; hence, pottery of any sort. — Fic´tile•ness, n. — Fic•til´i•ty (#), n.

Fic´tion , n. [F. fiction, L. fictio, fr. fingere, fictum to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] 1. The act of feigning, inventing, or imagining; as by a mere fiction of the mind. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. That which is feigned, invented, or imagined; especially, a feigned or invented story, whether oral or written. Hence: A story told in order to deceive; a fabrication; — opposed to fact, or reality. “The fiction of those golden apples kept by a dragon.” Sir W. Raleigh. “When it could no longer be denied that her flight had been voluntary, numerous fictions were invented to account for it.” Macaulay. 3. Fictitious literature; comprehensively, all works of imagination; specifically, novels and romances. “The office of fiction as a vehicle of instruction and moral elevation has been recognized by most if not all great educators.” Dict. of Education. 4. (Law) An assumption of a possible thing as a fact, irrespective of the question of its truth. Wharton. 5. Any like assumption made for convenience, as for passing more rapidly over what is not disputed, and arriving at points really at issue. Syn. — Fabrication; invention; fable; falsehood. — Fiction, Fabrication. Fiction is opposed to what is real; fabrication to what is true. Fiction is designed commonly to amuse, and sometimes to instruct; a fabrication is always intended to mislead and deceive. In the novels of Sir Walter Scott we have fiction of the highest order. The poems of Ossian, so called, were chiefly fabrications by Macpherson.

Fic´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, fiction; fictitious; romantic.´Fictional rather than historical.´ Latham.

Fic´tion•ist, n. A writer of fiction. [R.] Lamb.

Fic´tious , a. Fictitious. [R.] Prior.

Fic•ti´tious , a. [L. fictitius. See Fiction.] Feigned; imaginary; not real; fabulous; counterfeit; false; not genuine; as fictitious fame. “The human persons are as fictitious as the airy ones.” Pope. — Fic•ti´tious•ly, adv. — Fic•ti´tious•ness, n.

Fic´tive , a. [Cf. F. fictif.] Feigned; counterfeit. ´The fount of fictive tears.´ Tennyson.

Fic´tor , n. [L.] An artist who models or forms statues and reliefs in any plastic material. [R.] Elmes.

Fi´cus , n. [L., a fig.] A genus of trees or shrubs, one species of which (F. Carica) produces the figs of commerce; the fig tree. Ficus Indica is the banyan tree; F. religiosa, the peepul tree; F. elastica, the India-rubber tree.

Fid , n. [Prov. E. fid a small, thick lump.] 1. (Naut.) A square bar of wood or iron, used to support the topmast, being passed through a hole or mortise at its heel, and resting on the trestle trees. 2. A wooden or metal bar or pin, used to support or steady anything. 3. A pin of hard wood, tapering to a point, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing. There are hand fids and standing fids (which are larger than the others, and stand upon a flat base). An iron implement for this purpose is called a marline spike. 4. (Mil.) A block of wood used in mounting and dismounting heavy guns.

Fi•dal´go , n. [Pg. See Hidalgo.] The lowest title of nobility in Portugal, corresponding to that of Hidalgo in Spain.

Fid´dle (fid´d’l), n. [OE. fidele, fithele, AS. fiðele; akin to D. vedel, OHG. fidula, G. fiedel, Icel. fiðla, and perh. to E. viol. Cf. Viol.] 1. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music played with a bow; a violin; a kit. 2. (Bot.) A kind of dock (Rumex pulcher) with fiddle-shaped leaves; — called also fiddle dock. 3. (Naut.) A rack or frame of bars connected by strings, to keep table furniture in place on the cabin table in bad weather. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Fiddle beetle (Zoöl.), a Japanese carabid beetle (Damaster blaptoides); — so called from the form of the body. — Fiddle block (Naut.), a long tackle block having two sheaves of different diameters in the same plane, instead of side by side as in a common double block. Knight. — Fiddle bow, fiddlestick. — Fiddle fish (Zoöl.), the angel fish. — Fiddle head, an ornament on a ship’s bow, curved like the volute or scroll at the head of a violin. — Fiddle pattern, a form of the handles of spoons, forks, etc., somewhat like a violin. — Scotch fiddle, the itch. (Low) — To play first, or second, fiddle, to take a leading or a subordinate part. [Colloq.]

Fid´dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fiddled p. pr. & vb. n. Fiddling ] 1. To play on a fiddle. “Themistocles … said he could not fiddle, but he could make a small town a great city.” Bacon. 2. To keep the hands and fingers actively moving as a fiddler does; to move the hands and fingers restlessy or in busy idleness; to trifle. “Talking, and fiddling with their hats and feathers.” Pepys.

Fid´dle , v. t. To play (a tune) on a fiddle.

Fid´dle•dee•dee , interj. An exclamatory word or phrase, equivalent to nonsense! [Colloq.]

Fid´dle-fad•dle , n. A trifle; trifling talk; nonsense. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Fid´dle-fad•dle, v. i. To talk nonsense. [Colloq.] Ford.

Fid´dler , n. [AS. fiðelere.] 1. One who plays on a fiddle or violin. 2. (Zoöl.) A burrowing crab of the genus Gelasimus, of many species. The male has one claw very much enlarged, and often holds it in a position similar to that in which a musician holds a fiddle, hence the name; — called also calling crab, soldier crab, and fighting crab. 3. (Zoöl.) The common European sandpiper (Tringoides hypoleucus); — so called because it continually oscillates its body. Fiddler crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler, n., 2.

Fid´dle-shaped , a. (Bot.) Inversely ovate, with a deep hollow on each side. Gray.

Fid´dle•stick , n. The bow, strung with horsehair, used in playing the fiddle; a fiddle bow.

Fid´dle•string , n. One of the catgut strings of a fiddle.

Fid´dle•wood , n. [Corrupted fr. F. bois-fidèle, lit., faithful wood; — so called from its durability.] The wood of several West Indian trees, mostly of the genus Citharexylum.

Fi•de•jus´sion , n. [L. fidejussio, from fidejubere to be surety or bail; fides faith + jubere to order: cf. F. fidejussion.] (Civil Law) The act or state of being bound as surety for another; suretyship.

Fi•de•jus´sor , n. [L.: cf. F. fidejusseur.] (Civil Law) A surety; one bound for another, conjointly with him; a guarantor. Blackstone.

Fi•del´i•ty , n. [L. fidelitas: cf. F. fidelite. See Fealty.] Faithfulness; adherence to right; careful and exact observance of duty, or discharge of obligations. Especially: (a) Adherence to a person or party to which one is bound; loyalty. “Whose courageous fidelity was proof to all danger.” Macaulay. “The best security for the fidelity of men is to make interest coincide with duty.” A. Hamilton. (b) Adherence to the marriage contract. (c) Adherence to truth; veracity; honesty. “The principal thing required in a witness is fidelity.” Hooker. Syn. — Faithfulness; honesty; integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty.

Fi´des , n. [L., faith.] (Roman Muth.) Faith personified as a goddess; the goddess of faith.

Fidge (fij), n. & v. i. See Fidget. [R.] Swift.

Fidg´et , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fidgeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fodgeting.] [From Fidge; cf. OE. fiken to fidget, to flatter, Icel. fika to hasten, Sw. fika to hunt after, AS. befician to deceive. Cf. Fickle.] To move uneasily one way and the other; to move irregularly, or by fits and starts. Moore.

Fidg´et, n. 1. Uneasiness; restlessness. Cowper. 2. pl. A general nervous restlessness, manifested by incessant changes of position; dysphoria. Dunglison.

Fidg´et•i•ness , n. Quality of being fidgety.

Fidg´et•y , a. Restless; uneasy. Lowell.

Fid´i•a , n. [NL., prob. fr. L. fidus trusty.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, of which one species (the grapevine Fidia, F. longipes) is very injurious to vines in America.

Fi•dic´i•nal , a. [L. fidicinus, fr. fidicen, -inis, a lute player.] (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a stringed instrument.

Fi•du´cial , a. [L. fiducia trust, confidence; akin to fides faith. See Faith.] 1. Having faith or trust; confident; undoubting; firm. ´Fiducial reliance on the promises of God.´ Hammond. 2. Having the nature of a trust; fiduciary; as fiducial power. Spelman. Fiducial edge (Astron. & Surv.), the straight edge of the alidade or ruler along which a straight line is to be drawn. — Fiducial line or point (Math. & Physics.), a line or point of reference, as for setting a graduated circle or scale used for measurments.

Fi•du´cial•ly, adv. With confidence. South. Fi•du´ci•a•ry a. [L. fiduciarus fr. fiducia: cf. F. fiduciaire. See Fiducial.] 1. Involving confidence or trust; confident; undoubting; faithful; firm; as in a fiduciary capacity. ´Fiduciary obedience.´ Howell. 2. Holding, held, or founded, in trust. Spelman.

Fi•du´ci•a•ry, n. 1. One who holds a thing in trust for another; a trustee. “Instrumental to the conveying God’s blessing upon those whose fiduciaries they are.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Theol.) One who depends for salvation on faith, without works; an Antinomian. Hammond.

Fie , interj. [OE. fi; cf. D. fif. G. pfui, Icel. f, Sw. & Dan. fy, F. fi, L. fi, phy.] An exclamation denoting contempt or dislike. See Fy. Fuller.

Fief , n. [F. fief; of German origin, and the same word as E. fee. See Fee, and cf. Feud, a tief.] (Law) An estate held of a superior on condition of military service; a fee; a feud. See under Benefice, n., 2.

Field (feld), n. [OE. feld, fild, AS. feld; akin to D. veld, G. feld, Sw. fält, Dan. felt, Icel. fold field of grass, AS. folde earth, land, ground, OS. folda.] 1. Cleared land; land suitable for tillage or pasture; cultivated ground; the open country. 2. A piece of land of considerable size; esp., a piece inclosed for tillage or pasture. “Fields which promise corn and wine.” Byron. 3. A place where a battle is fought; also the battle itself. “In this glorious and well-foughten field.” Shak. “What though the field be lost?” Milton. 4. An open space; an extent; an expanse. Esp.: (a) Any blank space or ground on which figures are drawn or projected. (b) The space covered by an optical instrument at one view. “Without covering, save yon field of stars.” Shak. “Ask of yonder argent fields above.” Pope. 5. (Her.) The whole surface of an escutcheon; also so much of it is shown unconcealed by the different bearings upon it. See Illust. of Fess, where the field is represented as gules (red), while the fess is argent (silver). 6. An unresticted or favorable opportunity for action, operation, or achievement; province; room. “Afforded a clear field for moral experiments.” Macaulay. 7. A collective term for all the competitors in any outdoor contest or trial, or for all except the favorites in the betting. 8. (Baseball) That part of the grounds reserved for the players which is outside of the diamond; — called also outfield. Field is often used adjectively in the sense of belonging to, or used in, the fields; especially with reference to the operations and equipments of an army during a campaign away from permanent camps and fortifications. In most cases such use of the word is sufficiently clear; as field battery; field fortification; field gun; field hospital, etc. A field geologist, naturalist, etc., is one who makes investigations or collections out of doors. A survey uses a field book for recording field notes, i.e., measurment, observations, etc., made in field work (outdoor operations). A farmer or planter employs field hands, and may use a field roller or a field derrick. Field sports are hunting, fishing, athletic games, etc. Coal field (Geol.) See under Coal. — Field artillery, light ordnance mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army. — Field basil (Bot.), a plant of the Mint family (Calamintha Acinos); — called also basil thyme. — Field colors (Mil.), small flags for marking out the positions for squadrons and battalions; camp colors. — Field cricket (Zoöl.), a large European cricket (Gryllus campestric), remarkable for its loud notes. — Field day. (a) A day in the fields. (b) (Mil.) A day when troops are taken into the field for instruction in evolutions. Farrow. (c) A day of unusual exertion or display; a gala day. — Field driver, in New England, an officer charged with the driving of stray cattle to the pound. - - Field duck (Zoöl.), the little bustard (Otis tetrax), found in Southern Europe. — Field glass. (Optics) (a) A binocular telescope of compact form; a lorgnette; a race glass. (b) A small achromatic telescope, from 20 to 24 inches long, and having 3 to 6 draws. (c) See Field lens. — Field lark. (Zoöl.) (a) The skylark. (b) The tree pipit. — Field lens (Optics), that one of the two lenses forming the eyepiece of an astronomical telescope or compound microscope which is nearer the object glass; — called also field glass. — Field madder (Bot.), a plant (Sherardia arvensis) used in dyeing. — Field marshal (Mil.), the highest military rank conferred in the British and other European armies. — Field mouse (Zoöl.), a mouse inhabiting fields, as the campagnol and the deer mouse. See Campagnol, and Deer mouse. — Field officer (Mil.), an officer above the rank of captain and below that of general. — Field officer’s court (U.S.Army), a court-martial consisting of one field officer empowered to try all cases, in time of war, subject to jurisdiction of garrison and regimental courts. Farrow. — Field plover (Zoöl.), the black-bellied plover (Charadrius squatarola); also sometimes applied to the Bartramian sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). — Field spaniel (Zoöl.), a small spaniel used in hunting small game. — Field sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American sparrow (Spizella pusilla). (b) The hedge sparrow. [Eng.] — Field staff> (Mil.), a staff formerly used by gunners to hold a lighted match for discharging a gun. — Field vole (Zoöl.), the European meadow mouse. — Field of ice, a large body of floating ice; a pack. — Field, or Field of view, in a telescope or microscope, the entire space within which objects are seen. — Field magnet. see under Magnet. — Magnetic field. See Magnetic. — To back the field, or To bet on the field. See under Back, v. t. — To keep the field. (a) (Mil.) To continue a campaign. (b) To maintain one’s ground against all comers. — To lay, or back, against the field, to bet on (a horse, etc.) against all comers. — To take the field (Mil.), to enter upon a campaign.

Field , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fielding.] 1. To take the field. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Ball Playing) To stand out in the field, ready to catch, stop, or throw the ball.

Field, v. t. (Ball Playing) To catch, stop, throw, etc. (the ball), as a fielder.

Field´ed, a. Engaged in the field; encamped. [Obs.] “To help fielded friends.” Shak.

Field´en , a. Consisting of fields. [Obs.] “The fielden country also and plains.” Holland.

Field´er , n. (Ball Playing) A ball payer who stands out in the field to catch or stop balls.

Field´fare ( 277), n. [OE. feldfare, AS. feldfare; field + faran to travel.] (Zoöl.) a small thrush (Turdus pilaris) which breeds in northern Europe and winters in Great Britain. The head, nape, and lower part of the back are ash-colored; the upper part of the back and wing coverts, chestnut; — called also fellfare.

Field´ing, n. (Ball Playing) The act of playing as a fielder.

Field´piece , n. A cannon mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army; a piece of field artillery; — called also field gun.

Field´work , n. (Mil.) Any temporary fortification thrown up by an army in the field; - - commonly in the plural. “All works which do not come under the head of permanent fortification are called fieldworks.” Wilhelm.

Field´y , a. Open, like a field. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Fiend , n. [OE. fend, find, fiend, feond, fiend, foe, AS. feónd; akin to OS. fiond, D. vijand enemy, OHG. fiant, G. feind, Icel. fjand, Sw. & Dan. fiende, Goth. fijands; orig. p. pr. of a verb meaning to hate, AS. feón, feógan, OHG. fin, Goth. fijan, Skr. piy to scorn; prob. akin to E. feud a quarrel. rad.81. Cf. Foe, Friend.] An implacable or malicious foe; one who is diabolically wicked or cruel; an infernal being; — applied specifically to the devil or a demon. “Into this wild abyss the wary fiend
Stood on the brink of Hell and looked a while.” Milton. “O woman! woman! when to ill thy mind
Is bent, all hell contains no fouler fiend.” Pope.

Fiend´ful , a. Full of fiendish spirit or arts. Marlowe. — Fiend´ful•ly, adv.

Fiend´ish , a. Like a fiend; diabolically wicked or cruel; infernal; malignant; devilish; hellish. — Fiend´ish•ly, adv. — Fiend´ish•ness, n.

Fiend´like , a. Fiendish; diabolical. Longfellow.

Fiend´ly, a. [AS. feóndlic.] Fiendlike; monstrous; devilish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fi•e•ras´fer , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, slender fishes, remarkable for their habit of living as commensals in other animals. One species inhabits the gill cavity of the pearl oyster near Panama; another lives within an East Indian holothurian.

Fierce , a. [Compar. Fiercer superl. Fiercest ] [OE. fers, fiers, OF. fier, nom. fiers, fierce, savage, cruel, F. fier proud, from L. ferus wild, savage, cruel; perh. akin to E. bear the animal. Cf. Feral, Ferocity.] 1. Furious; violent; unrestrained; impetuous; as a fierce wind. “His fierce thunder drove us to the deep.” Milton. 2. Vehement in anger or cruelty; ready or eager to kill or injure; of a nature to inspire terror; ferocious. ´A fierce whisper.´ Dickens. ´A fierce tyrant.´ Pope. “The fierce foe hung upon our broken rear.” Milton. “Thou huntest me as a fierce lion.” Job. x. 16. 3. Excessively earnest, eager, or ardent. Syn. — Ferocious; savage; cruel; vehement; impetuous; barbarous; fell. See Ferocious. — Fierce´ly, adv. — Fierce´ness, n.

Fi´e•ri fa´ci•as [L., cause it to be done.] (Law) A judicial writ that lies for one who has recovered in debt or damages, commanding the sheriff that he cause to be made of the goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the sum claimed. Blackstone. Cowell.

Fi´er•i•ness , n. The quality of being fiery; heat; acrimony; irritability; as a fieriness of temper. Addison.

Fi´er•y , a. [Formerly written firy, fr. fire.] 1. Consisting of, containing, or resembling, fire; as the fiery gulf of Etna; a fiery appearance. “And fiery billows roll below.” I. Watts. 2. Vehement; ardent; very active; impetuous. “Hath thy fiery heart so parched thine entrails?” Shak. “The fiery spirit of his forefathers.” W. Irwing. 3. Passionate; easily provoked; irritable. “You know the fiery quality of the duke.” Shak. 4. Unrestrained; fierce; mettlesome; spirited. “One curbed the fiery steed.” Dryden. 5. heated by fire, or as if by fire; burning hot; parched; feverish. Pope. “The sword which is made fiery.” Hooker. Fiery cross, a cross constructed of two firebrands, and pitched upon the point of a spear; formerly in Scotland borne by a runner as a signal for the clan to take up arms. Sir W. Scott.

Fife , n. [F. fifre, OHG. pfifa, LL. pipa pipe, pipare to play on the pipe, fr. L. pipire, pipare, to peep, pip, chirp, as a chiken. See Pipe.] (Mus.) A small shrill pipe, resembling the piccolo flute, used chiefly to accompany the drum in military music. Fife major (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer who superintends the fifers of a regiment. — Fife rail. (Naut.) (a) A rail about the mast, at the deck, to hold belaying pins, etc. (b) A railing around the break of a poop deck.

Fife, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fifed p. pr. & vb. n. fifing.] To play on a fife.

Fif´er , n. One who plays on a fife.

Fif´teen , a. [OE. fiftene, AS. fiftyne, fiftene. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifty.] Five and ten; one more than fourteen.

Fif´teen, n. 1. The sum of five and ten; fifteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fifteen units, as 15, or xv.

Fif´teenth , a. [OE. fiftenthe; cf. fiftethe, AS. fifteoða. See Fifteen.] 1. Next in order after the fourteenth; — the ordinal of fifteen. 2. Consisting of one of fifteen equal parts or divisions of a thing.

Fif´teenth, n. 1. One of fifteen equal parts or divisions; the quotient of a unit divided by fifteen. 2. A species of tax upon personal property formerly laid on towns, boroughs, etc., in England, being one fifteenth part of what the personal property in each town, etc., had been valued at. Burrill. 3. (Mus.) (a) A stop in an organ tuned two octaves above the diaposon. (b) An interval consisting of two octaves.

Fifth , a. [OE. fifte, fifthe, AS. fifta. See Five.] 1. Next in order after the fourth; — the ordinal of five. 2. Consisting of one of five equal divisions of a thing. Fifth monarchy men (Hist.), a fanatical sect in England, of the time of the commonwealth, who maintained that there would be a fifth universal monarchy, during which Christ would reign on earth a thousand years. — Fifth wheel, a horizontal wheel or segment above the fore axle of a carriage and beneath the body, forming an extended support to prevent careening.

Fifth , n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by five; one of five equal parts; a fifth part. 2. (Mus.) The interval of three tones and a semitone, embracing five diatonic degrees of the scale; the dominant of any key.

Fifth´ly, adv. In the fifth place; as the fifth in order.

Fif´ti•eth , a. [AS. fiftigoða. See Fifty.] 1. Next in order after the forty-ninth; — the ordinal of fifty. 2. Consisting of one of fifty equal parts or divisions.

Fif´ti•eth, n. One of fifty equal parts; the quotient of a unit divided by fifty.

Fif´ty , a. [AS. fiftig; akin to OHG. finfzug, fimfzuc, G. fünfzig, funfzig, Goth. fimftigjus. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifteen.] Five times ten; as fifty men.

Fif´ty, n.; pl. Fifties . 1. The sum of five tens; fifty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fifty units, as 50, or l.

Fig , n. [F. figue the fruit of the tree, Pr. figa, fr. L. ficus fig tree, fig. Cf. Fico.] 1. (Bot.) A small fruit tree (Ficus Carica) with large leaves, known from the remotest antiquity. It was probably native from Syria westward to the Canary Islands. 2. The fruit of a fig tree, which is of round or oblong shape, and of various colors. The fruit of a fig tree is really the hollow end of a stem, and bears numerous achenia inside the cavity. Many species have little, hard, inedible figs, and in only a few does the fruit become soft and pulpy. The fruit of the cultivated varieties is much prized in its fresh state, and also when dried or preserved. See Caprification. 3. A small piece of tobacco. [U.S.] 4. The value of a fig, practically nothing; a fico; — used in scorn or contempt. ´A fig for Peter.´ Shak. Cochineal fig. See Conchineal fig. — Fig dust, a preparation of fine oatmeal for feeding caged birds. — Fig faun, one of a class of rural deities or monsters supposed to live on figs. ´Therefore shall dragons dwell there with the fig fauns.´ Jer. i. 39. (Douay version). — Fig gnat (Zoöl.), a small fly said to be injurious to figs. — Fig leaf, the leaf tree; hence, in allusion to the first clothing of Adam and Eve (Genesis iii.7), a covering for a thing that ought to be concealed; esp., an inadequate covering; a symbol for affected modesty. — Fig marigold (Bot.), the name of several plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum, some of which are prized for the brilliancy and beauty of their flowers. — Fig tree (Bot.), any tree of the genus Ficus, but especially F. Carica which produces the fig of commerce.

Fig, v. t. [See Fico, Fig, n.] 1. To insult with a fico, or contemptuous motion. See Fico. [Obs.] “When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like
The bragging Spaniard.” Shak. 2. To put into the head of, as something useless o contemptible. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Fig, n. Figure; dress; array. [Colloq.] “Were they all in full fig, the females with feathers on their heads, the males with chapeaux bras?” Prof. Wilson.

Fi•ga•ro´ , n. [From the name of the barber in Beaumarchais’ ´Barber of Seville.´] An adroit and unscrupulous intriguer.

Fig´a•ry , n. [Corrupted fr. vagary.] A frolic; a vagary; a whim. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fig´eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large beetle (Allorhina nitida) which in the Southern United States destroys figs. The elytra are velvety green with pale borders. (b) A bird. See Figpecker.

Fig´ent , a. Fidgety; restless. [Obs.] “Such a little figent thing.” Beau. & Fl.

Fig´gum , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A juggler’s trick; conjuring. [Obs.] “The devil is the author of wicked figgum.” B. Jonson.

Fight (fit), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fought (fat); p. pr. & vb. n. Fighting.] [OE. fihten, fehten, AS. feohtan; akin to D. vechten, OHG. fehtan, G. fechten, Sw. fäkta, Dan. fegte, and perh. to E. fist; cf. L. pugnare to fight, pugnus fist.] 1. To strive or contend for victory, with armies or in single combat; to attempt to defeat, subdue, or destroy an enemy, either by blows or weapons; to contend in arms; — followed by with or against. “You do fight against your country’s foes.” Shak. “To fight with thee no man of arms will deign.” Milton. 2. To act in opposition to anything; to struggle against; to contend; to strive; to make resistance. To fight shy, to avoid meeting fairly or at close quarters; to keep out of reach.

Fight, v. t. 1. To carry on, or wage, as a conflict, or battle; to win or gain by struggle, as one’s way; to sustain by fighting, as a cause. “He had to fight his way through the world.” Macaulay. “I have fought a good fight.” 2 Tim. iv. 7. 2. To contend with in battle; to war against; as they fought the enemy in two pitched battles; the sloop fought the frigate for three hours. 3. To cause to fight; to manage or maneuver in a fight; as to fight cocks; to fight one’s ship. To fight it out, to fight until a decisive and conclusive result is reached.

Fight, n. [OE. fight, feht, AS. feoht. See Fight, v. i.] 1. A battle; an engagement; a contest in arms; a combat; a violent conflict or struggle for victory, between individuals or between armies, ships, or navies, etc. “Who now defies thee thrice to single fight.” Milton. 2. A struggle or contest of any kind. 3. Strength or disposition for fighting; pugnacity; as he has a great deal of fight in him. [Colloq.] 4. A screen for the combatants in ships. [Obs.] “Up with your fights, and your nettings prepare.” Dryden. Running fight, a fight in which the enemy is continually chased; also one which continues without definite end or result. Syn. — Combat; engagement; contest; struggle; encounter; fray; affray; action; conflict. See Battle.

Fight´er , n. [AS. feohtere.] One who fights; a combatant; a warrior. Shak.

Fight´ing, a. 1. Qualified for war; fit for battle. “An host of fighting men.” 2 Chron. xxvi. 11. 2. Occupied in war; being the scene of a battle; as a fighting field. Pope. A fighting chance, one dependent upon the issue of a struggle. [Colloq.] — Fighting crab (Zoöl.), the fiddler crab. — Fighting fish (Zoöl.), a remarkably pugnacious East Indian fish (Betta pugnax), reared by the Siamese for spectacular fish fights.

Fight´ing•ly, adv. Pugnaciously.

Fight´wite , n. [Fight + wite.] (O.Eng. Law) A mulct or fine imposed on a person for making a fight or quarrel to the disturbance of the peace.

Fig´ment , n. [L. figmentum, fr. fingere to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] An invention; a fiction; something feigned or imagined. “Social figments, feints, and formalism.” Mrs. Browning. “It carried rather an appearance of figment and invention … than of truth and reality.” Woodward.

Fig´peck•er , n. (Zoöl.) The European garden warbler (Sylvia, or Currica, hortensis); — called also beccafico and greater pettychaps.

Fig´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) A marine univalve shell of the genus Pyrula, or Ficula, resembling a fig in form. { Fig´u•late , Fig´u•la•ted }, a. [L. figulatus, p. p. of figulare to shape, fr. figulus potter, fr. fingere to shape.] Made of potter’s clay; molded; shaped. [R.] Johnson.

Fig´u•line , n. [F., fr. L. figulina pottery, fr. figulus. See Figulate.] A piece of pottery ornamented with representations of natural objects. “Whose figulines and rustic wares
Scarce find him bread from day to day.” Longfellow.

Fig•ur•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. figurabilite.] The quality of being figurable. Johnson.

Fig•ur•a•ble , a. [L. figurare to form, shape, fr. figura figure: cf. F. figurable. See Figure.] Capable of being brought to a fixed form or shape. “Lead is figurable, but water is not.” Johnson.

Fig´ur•al , a. [From Figure.] 1. Represented by figure or delineation; consisting of figures; as figural ornaments. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Mus.) Figurate. See Figurate. Figural numbers. See Figurate numbers, under Figurate.

Fig´u•rant , n. masc. [F., prop. p. pr. of figurer figure, represent, make a figure.] One who dances at the opera, not singly, but in groups or figures; an accessory character on the stage, who figures in its scenes, but has nothing to say; hence, one who figures in any scene, without taking a prominent part.

Fig´u•rante , n. fem. [F.] A female figurant; esp., a ballet girl.

Fig´ur•ate , a. [L. figuratus, p. p. of figurare. See Figure.] 1. Of a definite form or figure. “Plants are all figurate and determinate, which inanimate bodies are not.” Bacon. 2. Figurative; metaphorical. [Obs.] Bale. 3. (Mus.) Florid; figurative; involving passing discords by the freer melodic movement of one or more parts or voices in the harmony; as figurate counterpoint or descant. Figurate counterpoint or descant (Mus.), that which is not simple, or in which the parts do not move together tone for tone, but in which freer movement of one or more parts mingles passing discords with the harmony; — called also figural, figurative, and figured counterpoint or descant (although the term figured is more commonly applied to a bass with numerals written above or below to indicate the other notes of the harmony). — Figurate numbers (Math.), numbers, or series of numbers, formed from any arithmetical progression in which the first term is a unit, and the difference a whole number, by taking the first term, and the sums of the first two, first three, first four, etc., as the successive terms of a new series, from which another may be formed in the same manner, and so on, the numbers in the resulting series being such that points representing them are capable of symmetrical arrangement in different geometrical figures, as triangles, squares, pentagons, etc. In the following example, the two lower lines are composed of figurate numbers, those in the second line being triangular, and represented thus: — . 1, 2, 3, 4, etc… . 1, 3, 6, 10, etc… … . . etc. 1, 4, 10, 20, etc … … … …

Fig´ur•a•ted , a. Having a determinate form.

Fig´ur•ate•ly , adv. In a figurate manner.

Fig•u•ra´tion , n. [L. figuratio.] 1. The act of giving figure or determinate form; determination to a certain form. Bacon. 2. (Mus.) Mixture of concords and discords.

Fig´ur•a•tive , a. [L. figurativus: cf. F. figuratif. See Figurative.] 1. Representing by a figure, or by resemblance; typical; representative. “This, they will say, was figurative, and served, by God’s appointment, but for a time, to shadow out the true glory of a more divine sanctity.” Hooker. 2. Used in a sense that is tropical, as a metaphor; not literal; — applied to words and expressions. 3. Abounding in figures of speech; flowery; florid; as a highly figurative description. 4. Relating to the representation of form or figure by drawing, carving, etc. See Figure, n., 2. “They belonged to a nation dedicated to the figurative arts, and they wrote for a public familiar with painted form.” J. A. Symonds. Figurative counterpoint or descant. See under Figurate. — Fig´ur•a•tive•ly, adv. — Fig´ur•a•tive•ness, n.

Fig´ure (fig´ur; 135), n. [F., figure, L. figura; akin to fingere to form, shape, feign. See Feign.] 1. The form of anything; shape; outline; appearance. “Flowers have all exquisite figures.” Bacon. 2. The representation of any form, as by drawing, painting, modeling, carving, embroidering, etc.; especially, a representation of the human body; as a figure in bronze; a figure cut in marble. “A coin that bears the figure of an angel.” Shak. 3. A pattern in cloth, paper, or other manufactured article; a design wrought out in a fabric; as the muslin was of a pretty figure. 4. (Geom.) A diagram or drawing; made to represent a magnitude or the relation of two or more magnitudes; a surface or space inclosed on all sides; — called superficial when inclosed by lines, and solid when inclosed by surfaces; any arrangement made up of points, lines, angles, surfaces, etc. 5. The appearance or impression made by the conduct or career of a person; as a sorry figure. “I made some figure there.” Dryden. “Gentlemen of the best figure in the county.” Blackstone. 6. Distinguished appearance; magnificence; conspicuous representation; splendor; show. “That he may live in figure and indulgence.” Law. 7. A character or symbol representing a number; a numeral; a digit; as 1, 2,3, etc. 8. Value, as expressed in numbers; price; as the goods are estimated or sold at a low figure. [Colloq.] “With nineteen thousand a year at the very lowest figure.” Thackeray. 9. A person, thing, or action, conceived of as analogous to another person, thing, or action, of which it thus becomes a type or representative. “Who is the figure of Him that was to come.” Rom. v. 14. 10. (Rhet.) A mode of expressing abstract or immaterial ideas by words which suggest pictures or images from the physical world; pictorial language; a trope; hence, any deviation from the plainest form of statement. “To represent the imagination under the figure of a wing.” Macaulay. 11. (Logic) The form of a syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle term. 12. (Dancing) Any one of the several regular steps or movements made by a dancer. 13. (Astrol.) A horoscope; the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses. Johnson. 14. (Music) (a) Any short succession of notes, either as melody or as a group of chords, which produce a single complete and distinct impression. Grove. (b) A form of melody or accompaniment kept up through a strain or passage; a musical phrase or motive; a florid embellishment. Figures are often written upon the staff in music to denote the kind of measure. They are usually in the form of a fraction, the upper figure showing how many notes of the kind indicated by the lower are contained in one measure or bar. Thus, 2/4 signifies that the measure contains two quarter notes. The following are the principal figures used for this purpose: — 2/22/42/8 4/22/44/8 3/23/43/8 6/46/46/8 Academy figure, Canceled figures, Lay figure, etc. See under Academy, Cancel, Lay, etc. — Figure caster, or Figure flinger, an astrologer. ´This figure caster.´ Milton. - - Figure flinging, the practice of astrology. — Figure-of-eight knot, a knot shaped like the figure 8. See Illust. under Knot. — Figure painting, a picture of the human figure, or the act or art of depicting the human figure. — Figure stone (Min.), agalmatolite. — Figure weaving, the art or process of weaving figured fabrics. — To cut a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Fig´ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Figured p. pr. & vb. n. Figuring.] [F. figurer, L. figurare, fr. figura. See Figure, n.] 1. To represent by a figure, as to form or mold; to make an image of, either palpable or ideal; also to fashion into a determinate form; to shape. “If love, alas! be pain I bear,” “No thought can figure, and no tongue declare.Prior.” 2. To embellish with design; to adorn with figures. “The vaulty top of heaven
Figured quite o’er with burning meteors.” Shak. 3. To indicate by numerals; also to compute. “As through a crystal glass the figured hours are seen.” Dryden. 4. To represent by a metaphor; to signify or symbolize. “Whose white vestments figure innocence.” Shak. 5. To prefigure; to foreshow. “In this the heaven figures some event.” Shak. 6. (Mus.) (a) To write over or under the bass, as figures or other characters, in order to indicate the accompanying chords. (b) To embellish. To figure out, to solve; to compute or find the result of. — To figure up, to add; to reckon; to compute the amount of.

Fig´ure, v. i. 1. To make a figure; to be distinguished or conspicious; as the envoy figured at court. “Sociable, hospitable, eloquent, admired, figuring away brilliantly.” M. Arnold. 2. To calculate; to contrive; to scheme; as he is figuring to secure the nomination. [Colloq.]

Fig´ured , a. 1. Adorned with figures; marked with figures; as figured muslin. 2. Not literal; figurative. [Obs.] Locke. 3. (Mus.) (a) Free and florid; as a figured descant. See Figurate, 3. (b) Indicated or noted by figures. Figured bass. See Continued bass, under Continued.

Fig´ure•head , n. 1. (Naut.) The figure, statue, or bust, on the prow of a ship. 2. A person who allows his name to be used to give standing to enterprises in which he has no responsible interest or duties; a nominal, but not real, head or chief.

Fi•gu´ri•al , a. Represented by figure or delineation. [R.] Craig.

Fi•gu•rine´ , n. [F., dim. of figure.] A very small figure, whether human or of an animal; especially, one in terra cotta or the like; — distinguished from statuette, which is applied to small figures in bronze, marble, etc.

Fig´ur•ist , n. One who uses or interprets figurative expressions. Waterland.

Fig´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants (Scrophularia), mostly found in the north temperate zones. See Brownwort.

Fi´ji•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Fiji islands or their inhabitants. — n. A native of the Fiji islands. [Written also Feejeean, Feejee.]

Fike , n. See Fyke.

Fil , obs. imp. of Fall, v. i. Fell. Chaucer.

Fi•la´ceous , a. [L. filum thread.] Composed of threads. Bacon.

Fil´a•cer , n. [OE. filace a file, or thread, on which the records of the courts of justice were strung, F. filasse tow of flax or hemp, fr. L. filum thread.] (Eng. Law) A former officer in the English Court of Common Pleas; — so called because he filed the writs on which he made out process. [Obs.] Burrill.

Fil´a•ment , n. [F. filament, fr. L. filum thread. See File a row.] A thread or threadlike object or appendage; a fiber; esp. (Bot.), the threadlike part of the stamen supporting the anther.

Fil•a•men´ta•ry , a. Having the character of, or formed by, a filament.

Fil´a•men•toid , a. [Filament + -oid.] Like a filament.

Fil•a•men´tous , a. [Cf. F. filamenteux.] Like a thread; consisting of threads or filaments. Gray.

Fil´an•der , n. (Zoöl.) A species of kangaroo (Macropus Brunii), inhabiting New Guinea.

Fil´an•ders , n. pl. [F. filandres, fr. L. filum thread.] (Falconry) A disease in hawks, characterized by the presence of small threadlike worms, also of filaments of coagulated blood, from the rupture of a vein; — called also backworm. Sir T. Browne.

Fi´lar , a. [L. filum a thread.] Of or pertaining to a thread or line; characterized by threads stretched across the field of view; as a filar microscope; a filar micrometer.

Fi•la´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. filum a thread.] (Zoöl.) A genus of slender, nematode worms of many species, parasitic in various animals. See Guinea worm.

Fil´a•to•ry , n. [LL. filatorium place for spinning, fr. filare to spin, fr. L. filum a thread.] A machine for forming threads. [Obs.] W. Tooke.

Fil´a•ture ( 135), n. [LL. filatura, fr. filare to spin: cf. F. filature. See Filatory.] 1. A drawing out into threads; hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons. Ure. 2. A reel for drawing off silk from cocoons; also an establishment for reeling silk.

Fil´bert , n. [Perh. fr. fill + bread, as filling the bread or husk; cf. G. bartnuss (lit., bread nut) filbert; or perh. named from a St. Philibert, whose day, Aug. 22, fell in the nutting season.] (Bot.) The fruit of the Corylus Avellana or hazel. It is an oval nut, containing a kernel that has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to the palate. In England filberts are usually large hazelnuts, especially the nuts from selected and cultivated trees. The American hazelnuts are of two other species. Filbert gall (Zoöl.), a gall resembling a filbert in form, growing in clusters on grapevines. It is produced by the larva of a gallfly (Cecidomyia).

Filch (filch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filched (filcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Filching.] [Cf. AS. feolan to stick to, OHG. felhan, felahan, to hide, Icel. fela, Goth. filhan to hide, bury, Prov. E. feal to hide slyly, OE. felen.] To steal or take privily (commonly, that which is of little value); to pilfer. “Fain would they filch that little food away.” Dryden. “But he that filches from me my good name,
Robs me of that which not enriches him,
And makes me poor indeed.” Shak.

Filch´er (filch´er), n. One who filches; a thief.

Filch´ing•ly, adv. By pilfering or petty stealing.

File (fil), n. [F. file row (cf. Pr., Sp., Pg., & It. fila), LL. fila, fr. L. filum a thread. Cf. Enfilade, Filament, Fillet.] 1. An orderly succession; a line; a row; as: (a) (Mil) A row of soldiers ranged one behind another; — in contradistinction to rank, which designates a row of soldiers standing abreast; a number consisting the depth of a body of troops, which, in the ordinary modern formation, consists of two men, the battalion standing two deep, or in two ranks. The number of files in a company describes its width, as the number of ranks does its depth; thus, 100 men in ´fours deep´ would be spoken of as 25 files in 4 ranks. Farrow. (b) An orderly collection of papers, arranged in sequence or classified for preservation and reference; as files of letters or of newspapers; this mail brings English files to the 15th instant. (c) The line, wire, or other contrivance, by which papers are put and kept in order. “It is upon a file with the duke’s other letters.” Shak. (d) A roll or list. ´A file of all the gentry.´ Shak. 2. Course of thought; thread of narration. [Obs.] “Let me resume the file of my narration.” Sir H. Wotton. File firing, the act of firing by file, or each file independently of others. — File leader, the soldier at the front of any file, who covers and leads those in rear of him. — File marching, the marching of a line two deep, when faced to the right or left, so that the front and rear rank march side by side. Brande & C. —Indian file, or Single file, a line of men marching one behind another; a single row. — On file, preserved in an orderly collection. — Rank and file. (a) The body of soldiers constituing the mass of an army, including corporals and privates. Wilhelm. (b) Those who constitute the bulk or working members of a party, society, etc., in distinction from the leaders.

File , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filed p. pr. & vb. n. Filing.] 1. To set in order; to arrange, or lay away, esp. as papers in a methodical manner for preservation and reverence; to place on file; to insert in its proper place in an arranged body of papers. “I would have my several courses and my dishes well filed.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To bring before a court or legislative body by presenting proper papers in a regular way; as to file a petition or bill. Burrill. 3. (Law) To put upon the files or among the records of a court; to note on (a paper) the fact date of its reception in court. “To file a paper, on the part of a party, is to place it in the official custody of the clerk. To file, on the part of the clerk, is to indorse upon the paper the date of its reception, and retain it in his office, subject to inspection by whomsoever it may concern.” Burrill.

File, v. i. [Cf. F. filer.] (Mil.) To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not abreast, but one after another; — generally with off. To file with, to follow closely, as one soldier after another in file; to keep pace. “My endeavors
Have ever come too short of my desires,
Yet filed with my abilities.” Shak.

File (fil), n. [AS. feól; akin to D. viji, OHG. fila, fihala, G. feile, Sw. fil, Dan. fiil, cf. Icel. þel, Russ. pila, and Skr. piç to cut out, adorn; perh. akin to E. paint.] 1. A steel instrument, having cutting ridges or teeth, made by indentation with a chisel, used for abrading or smoothing other substances, as metals, wood, etc. A file differs from a rasp in having the furrows made by straight cuts of a chisel, either single or crossed, while the rasp has coarse, single teeth, raised by the pyramidal end of a triangular punch. 2. Anything employed to smooth, polish, or rasp, literally or figuratively. “Mock the nice touches of the critic’s file.” Akenside. 3. A shrewd or artful person. [Slang] Fielding. “Will is an old file in spite of his smooth face.” Thackeray. Bastard file, Cross file, etc. See under Bastard, Cross, etc. — Cross-cut file, a file having two sets of teeth crossing obliquely. — File blank, a steel blank shaped and ground ready for cutting to form a file. — File cutter, a maker of files. — Second-cut file, a file having teeth of a grade next finer than bastard. — Single-cut file, a file having only one set of parallel teeth; a float. — Smooth file, a file having teeth so fine as to make an almost smooth surface.

File, v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file; to sharpen with a file; as to file a saw or a tooth. 2. To smooth or polish as with a file. Shak. “File your tongue to a little more courtesy.” Sir W. Scott.

File, v. t. [OE. fulen, filen, foulen, AS. flan, fr. fl foul. See Foul, and cf. Defile, v. t.] To make foul; to defile. [Obs.] “All his hairy breast with blood was filed.” Spenser. “For Banquo’s issue have I filed my mind.” Shak.

File´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any plectognath fish of the genera Monacanthus, Alutera, balistes, and allied genera; — so called on account of the roughly granulated skin, which is sometimes used in place of sandpaper.

Fil´e•mot , n. See Feullemort. Swift.

Fil´er , n. One who works with a file.

Fil´ial , a. [L. filialis, fr. filius son, filia daughter; akin to e. female, feminine. Cf. Fitz.] 1. Of or pertaining to a son or daughter; becoming to a child in relation to his parents; as filial obedience. 2. Bearing the relation of a child. “And thus the filial Godhead answering spoke.” Milton.

Fil´ial•ly , adv. In a filial manner.

Fil´i•ate , v. t. To adopt as son or daughter; to establish filiation between. [R.] Southey.

Fil•i•a´tion , n. [LL. filiatio, fr. L. filius son: cf. F. filiation. See Filial.] 1. The relationship of a son or child to a parent, esp. to a father. “The relation of paternity and filiation.” Sir M. Hale. 2. (Law) The assignment of a bastard child to some one as its father; affiliation. Smart.

Fil´i•beg , n. [Gael. feileadhbeag, i. e., little kilt; feileadh kilt + beag little, small; cf. filleadh a plait, fold.] Same as Kilt. [Written also philibeg.]

Fil´i•bus•ter , n. [Sp. flibuster, flibustero, corrupted fr. E. freebooter. See Freebooter.] A lawless military adventurer, especially one in quest of plunder; a freebooter; — originally applied to buccaneers infesting the Spanish American coasts, but introduced into common English to designate the followers of Lopez in his expedition to Cuba in 1851, and those of Walker in his expedition to Nicaragua, in 1855.

Fil´i•bus•ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fillibustered p. pr. & vb. n. Filibustering.] 1. To act as a filibuster, or military freebooter. Bartlett. 2. To delay legislation, by dilatory motions or other artifices. [political cant or slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Fil´i•bus•ter•ism , n. The characteristics or practices of a filibuster. Bartlett.

Fil´i•cal , a. Belonging to the Filices, r ferns.

Fi•lic´ic , a. [L. filix, -icis, a fern.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ferns; as filicic acid.

Fil´i•cide , n. [L. filius son, filia daughter + caedere to kill.] The act of murdering a son or a daughter; also parent who commits such a murder.

Fi•lic´i•form , a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -form: cf. F. filiciforme] Shaped like a fern or like the parts of a fern leaf. Smart.

Fil´i•coid , a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -oid: cf. F. filicoiïde.] (Bot.) Fernlike, either in form or in the nature of the method of reproduction.

Fil´i•coid, n. (Bot.) A fernlike plant. Lindley.

Fi•li´e•ty , n. [L. filietas.] The relation of a son to a father; sonship; — the correlative of paternity. J. S. Mill.

Fi•lif´er•ous , a. [L. filum a thread + -ferous.] Producing threads. Carpenter.

Fil´i•form , a. [L. filum thread + -form: cf. F. filiforme.] Having the shape of a thread or filament; as the filiform papillae of the tongue; a filiform style or peduncle. See Illust. of AntennAE. { Fil´i•grain , Fil´i•grane } , n. [Sp. filigrana (cf. It. filigrana, E. filigrane), fr. L. filuma thread + granum grain. See File a row, and Grain, and cf. Filigree.] Filigree. [Archaic] “With her head … touches the crown of filigrane.” Longfellow.

Fil´i•graned , a. See Filigreed. [Archaic]

Fil´i•gree , n. [Corrupted fr. filigrane.] Ornamental work, formerly with grains or breads, but now composed of fine wire and used chiefly in decorating gold and silver to which the wire is soldered, being arranged in designs frequently of a delicate and intricate arabesque pattern.

Fil´i•gree, a. Relating to, composed of, or resembling, work in filigree; as a filigree basket. Hence: Fanciful; unsubstantial; merely decorative. “You ask for reality, not fiction and filigree work.” J. C. Shairp.

Fil´i•greed , a. Adorned with filigree. Tatler.

Fil´ing , n. A fragment or particle rubbed off by the act of filing; as iron filings.

Fil•i•pen´du•lous ( 135), a. [L. filum a thread + pendulus hanging, fr. pendre to hang.] (Bot.) Suspended by, or strung upon, a thread; — said of tuberous swellings in the middle or at the extremities of slender, threadlike rootlets.

Fill , n. [See Thill.] One of the thills or shafts of a carriage. Mortimer. Fill horse, a thill horse. Shak.

Fill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filled p. pr. & vb. n. Filling.] [OE. fillen, fullen, AS. fyllan, fr. full full; akin to D. vullen, G. füllen, Icel. fylla, Sw. fylla, Dan. fylde, Goth. fulljan. See Full, a.] 1. To make full; to supply with as much as can be held or contained; to put or pour into, till no more can be received; to occupy the whole capacity of. “The rain also filleth the pools.” Ps. lxxxiv. 6. “Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. Anf they filled them up to the brim.” John ii. 7. 2. To furnish an abudant supply to; to furnish with as mush as is desired or desirable; to occupy the whole of; to swarm in or overrun. “And God blessed them, saying. Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas.” Gen. i. 22. “The Syrians filled the country.” 1 Kings xx. 27. 3. To fill or supply fully with food; to feed; to satisfy. “Whence should we have so much bread in the wilderness, as to fillso great a multitude?” Matt. xv. 33. “Things that are sweet and fat are more filling.” Bacon. 4. To possess and perform the duties of; to officiate in, as an incumbent; to occupy; to hold; as a king fills a throne; the president fills the office of chief magistrate; the speaker of the House fills the chair. 5. To supply with an incumbent; as to fill an office or a vacancy. A. Hamilton. 6. (Naut.) (a) To press and dilate, as a sail; as the wind filled the sails. (b) To trim (a yard) so that the wind shall blow on the after side of the sails. 7. (Civil Engineering) To make an embankment in, or raise the level of (a low place), with earth or gravel. To fill in, to insert; as he filled in the figures. — To fill out, to extend or enlarge to the desired limit; to make complete; as to fill out a bill. — To fill up, to make quite full; to fill to the brim or entirely; to occupy completely; to complete. ´The bliss that fills up all the mind.´ Pope. ´And fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ.´ Col. i. 24.

Fill , v. i. 1. To become full; to have the whole capacity occupied; to have an abundant supply; to be satiated; as corn fills well in a warm season; the sail fills with the wind. 2. To fill a cup or glass for drinking. “Give me some wine; fill full.” Shak. To back and fill. See under Back, v. i. — To fill up, to grow or become quite full; as the channel of the river fills up with sand.

Fill, n. [AS. fyllo. See Fill, v. t.] A full supply, as much as supplies want; as much as gives complete satisfaction. ´Ye shall eat your fill.´ Lev. xxv. 19. “I’ll bear thee hence, where I may weep my fill.” Shak.

Fill´er , n. One who, or that which, fills; something used for filling. “’T is mere filler, to stop a vacancy in the hexameter.” Dryden. “They have six diggers to four fillers, so as to keep the fillers always at work.” Mortimer.

Fill´er, n. [From 1st Fill.] A thill horse. [Prov. Eng.]

Fil´let , n. [OE. filet, felet, fr. OF. filet thread, fillet of meat, dim. of fil a thread, fr. L. filum. See Fille a row.] 1. A little band, especially one intended to encircle the hair of the head. “A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair.” Pope. 2. (Cooking) A piece of lean meat without bone; sometimes, a long strip rolled together and tied. A fillet of beef is the under side of the sirlom; also called tenderloin. A fillet of veal or mutton is the fleshy part of the thigh. A fillet of fish is a slice of flat fish without bone. ´Fillet of a fenny snake.´ Shak. 3. A thin strip or ribbon; esp.: (a) A strip of metal from which coins are punched. (b) A strip of card clothing. (c) A thin projecting band or strip. 4. (Mach.) A concave filling in of a reëntrant angle where two surfaces meet, forming a rounded corner. 5. (Arch.) A narrow flat member; especially, a flat molding separating other moldings; a reglet; also the space between two flutings in a shaft. See Illust. of Base, and Column. 6. (Her.) An ordinary equaling in breadth one fourth of the chief, to the lowest portion of which it corresponds in position. 7. (Mech.) The thread of a screw. 8. A border of broad or narrow lines of color or gilt. 9. The raised molding about the muzzle of a gun. 10. Any scantling smaller than a batten. 11. (Anat.) A fascia; a band of fibers; applied esp. to certain bands of white matter in the brain. 12. (Man.) The loins of a horse, beginning at the place where the hinder part of the saddle rests. Arris fillet. See under Arris.

Fil´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Filleting.] To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet.

Fil´let•ing, n. 1. (Arch.) The protecting of a joint, as between roof and parapet wall, with mortar, or cement, where flashing is employed in better work. 2. The material of which fillets are made; also fillets, collectively.

Fil´li•beg , n. A kilt. See Filibeg.

Fil´li•bus•ter , n. See Filibuster.

Fill´ing , n. 1. That which is used to fill a cavity or any empty space, or to supply a deficiency; as filling for a cavity in a tooth, a depression in a roadbed, the space between exterior and interior walls of masonry, the pores of open-grained wood, the space between the outer and inner planks of a vessel, etc. 2. The woof in woven fabrics. 3. (Brewing) Prepared wort added to ale to cleanse it. Back filling. (Arch.) See under Back, a.

Fil´lip , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filliped p. pr. & vb. n. Filliping.] [For filp, flip. Cf. Flippant.] 1. To strike with the nail of the finger, first placed against the ball of the thumb, and forced from that position with a sudden spring; to snap with the finger. ´You filip me o’ the head.´ Shak. 2. To snap; to project quickly. “The use of the elastic switch to fillip small missiles with.” Tylor.

Fil´lip, n. 1. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly from the thumb; a smart blow. 2. Something serving to rouse or excite. “I take a glass of grog for a filip.” Dickens.

Fil´li•peen , n. See Philopena.

Fil´lis•ter , n. 1. The rabbet on the outer edge of a sash bar to hold the glass and the putty. Knight. 2. A plane for making a rabbet. Fillister screw had, a short cylindrical screw head, having a convex top.

Fil´ly , n.; pl. Fillies (#). [Cf. Icel. fylia, fr. foli foal. See Foal.] 1. (Zoöl.) A female foal or colt; a young mare. Cf. Colt, Foal. “Neighing in likeness of a filly foal.” Shak. 2. A lively, spirited young girl. [Colloq.] Addison.

Film , n. [AS. film skin, fr. fell skin; akin to fylmen membrane, OFries. filmene skin. See Fell skin.] 1. A thin skin; a pellicle; a membranous covering, causing opacity; hence, any thin, slight covering. “He from thick films shall purge the visual ray.” Pope. 2. A slender thread, as that of a cobweb. “Her whip of cricket’s bone, the lash of film.” Shak.

Film, v. t. To cover with a thin skin or pellicle. “It will but skin and film the ulcerous place.” Shak.

Film´i•ness , n. State of being filmy.

Film´y , a. Composed of film or films. “Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly.” Dryden.

Fil•o•plu•ma´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Having the structure of a filoplume.

Fil´o•plume , n. [L. filum a thread pluma a soft feather.] (Zoöl.) A hairlike feather; a father with a slender scape and without a web in most or all of its length.

Fi´lose , a. [L. filum a thread.] Terminating in a threadlike process.

Fil´ter , n. [F. filtre, the same word as feutre felt, LL. filtrum, feltrum, felt, fulled wool, this being used for straining liquors. See Feuter.] Any porous substance, as cloth, paper, sand, or charcoal, through which water or other liquid may passed to cleanse it from the solid or impure matter held in suspension; a chamber or device containing such substance; a strainer; also a similar device for purifying air. Filter bed, a pond, the bottom of which is a filter composed of sand gravel. — Filter gallery, an underground gallery or tunnel, alongside of a stream, to collect the water that filters through the intervening sand and gravel; — called also infiltration gallery.

Fil´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtered p. pr. & vb. n. Filtering] [Cf. F. filter. See Filter, n., and cf. Filtrate.] To purify or defecate, as water or other liquid, by causing it to pass through a filter. Filtering paper, or Filter paper, a porous unsized paper, for filtering.

Fil´ter, v. i. To pass through a filter; to percolate.

Fil´ter, n. Same as Philter.

Filth , n. [OE. filthe, fulðe, AS. flð, fr. ful foul; akin to OHG. fulida. See Foul, and cf. File.] 1. Foul matter; anything that soils or defiles; dirt; nastiness. 2. Anything that sullies or defiles the moral character; corruption; pollution. “To purify the soul from the dross and filth of sensual delights.” Tillotson. Filth disease (Med.), a disease supposed to be due to pollution of the soil or water.

Filth´i•ly , adv. In a filthy manner; foully.

Filth´i•ness, n. 1. The state of being filthy. “Let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit.” 2 Cor. vii. 1. 2. That which is filthy, or makes filthy; foulness; nastiness; corruption; pollution; impurity. “Carry forth the filthiness out of the holy place.” 2 Chron. xxix. 5.

Filth´y , a. [Compar. Filthier superl. Filthiest.] Defiled with filth, whether material or moral; nasty; dirty; polluted; foul; impure; obscene. ´In the filthy-mantled pool.´ Shak. “He which is filthy let him be filthy still.” Rev. xxii. 11. Syn. — Nasty; foul; dirty; squalid; unclean; sluttish; gross; vulgar; licentious. See Nasty.

Fil´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtrated p. pr. & vb. n. Filtrating. ] [Cf. LL. filtrare. See Filter.] To filter; to defecate; as liquid, by straining or percolation. Arbuthnot.

Fil´trate , n. That which has been filtered; the liquid which has passed through the filter in the process of filtration.

Fil•tra´tion , n. [Cf. F. filtration.] The act or process of filtering; the mechanical separation of a liquid from the undissolved particles floating in it. { Fim´ble, n., or Fim´ble hemp• (fim´b’l hemp•). }[Corrupted from female hemp.] Light summer hemp, that bears no seed.

Fim´bri•a , n.; pl. Fimbriae (#). [L., fringe. See Fringle.] (Anat.) (a) pl. A fringe, or fringed border. (b) A band of white matter bordering the hippocampus in the brain. — Fim´bri•al (#), a.

Fim•bri•ate , a. [L. fimbriatus fibrous, fringed, fr. fimbria fiber, fringe. See Fringe.] Having the edge or extremity bordered by filiform processes thicker than hairs; fringed; as the fimbriate petals of the pink; the fimbriate end of the Fallopian tube.

Fim´bri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fimbriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fimbriating.] To hem; to fringe. Fuller.

Fim´bri•a•ted , a. 1. Having a fringed border; fimbriate. 2. (Her.) Having a very narrow border of another tincture; — said esp. of an ordinary or subordinary.

Fim´bri•cate , a. 1. Fringed; jagged; fimbriate. 2. (Zoöl.) fringed, on one side only, by long, straight hairs, as the antennae of certain insects.

Fin , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finned p. pr. & vb. n. Finning.] [Cf. Fin of a fish.] To carve or cut up, as a chub.

Fin, n. [See Fine, n.] End; conclusion; object. [Obs.] ´She knew eke the fin of his intent.´ Chaucer.

Fin, n.[OE. finne, fin, AS. finn; akin to D. vin, G. & Dan. finne, Sw. fena, L. pinna, penna, a wing, feather. Cf. pen a feather.] 1. (Zoöl.) An organ of a fish, consisting of a membrane supported by rays, or little bony or cartilaginous ossicles, and serving to balance and propel it in the water. Fishes move through the water chiefly by means of the caudal fin or tail, the principal office of the other fins being to balance or direct the body, though they are also to a certain extent, employed in producing motion. 2. (Zoöl.) A membranous, finlike, swimming organ, as in pteropod and heteropod mollusks. 3. A finlike organ or attachment; a part of an object or product which protrudes like a fin, as: (a) The hand. [Slang] (b) (Com.) A blade of whalebone. [Eng.] McElrath. (c) (Mech.) A mark or ridge left on a casting at the junction of the parts of a mold. (d) (Mech.) The thin sheet of metal squeezed out between the collars of the rolls in the process of rolling. Raymond. (e) (Mech.) A feather; a spline. 4. A finlike appendage, as to submarine boats. Apidose fin. (Zoöl.) See under Adipose, a. — Fin ray (Anat.), one of the hornlike, cartilaginous, or bony, dermal rods which form the skeleton of the fins of fishes. — Fin whale (Zoöl.), a finback. — Paired fins (Zoöl.), the pectoral and ventral fins, corresponding to the fore and hind legs of the higher animals. — Unpaired, or Median, fins (Zoöl.), the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins.

Fin´a•ble , a. [From Fine.] Liable or subject to a fine; as a finable person or offense. Bacon.

Fi´nal (fi´nal), a. [F., fr. L. finalis, fr. finis boundary, limit, end. See Finish.] 1. Pertaining to the end or conclusion; last; terminating; ultimate; as the final day of a school term. “Yet despair not of his final pardon.” Milton. 2. Conclusive; decisive; as a final judgment; the battle of Waterloo brought the contest to a final issue. 3. Respecting an end or object to be gained; respecting the purpose or ultimate end in view. Final cause. See under Cause. Syn. — Final, Conclusive, Ultimate. Final is now appropriated to that which brings with it an end; as a final adjustment; the final judgment, etc. Conclusive implies the closing of all discussion, negotiation, etc.; as a conclusive argument or fact; a conclusive arrangement. In using ultimate, we have always reference to something earlier or proceeding; as when we say, a temporary reverse may lead to an ultimate triumph. The statements which a man finally makes at the close of a negotiation are usually conclusive as to his ultimate intentions and designs.

Fi•na´le (fe•nä´la), n. [It. See Final.] Close; termination; as: (a) (Mus.) The last movement of a symphony, sonata, concerto, or any instrumental composition. (b) The last composition performed in any act of an opera. (c) The closing part, piece, or scene in any public performance or exhibition.

Fi•nal´i•ty , n.; pl. Finalities (#). [L. finalitas the being last.] 1. The state of being final, finished, or complete; a final or conclusive arrangement; a settlement. Baxter. 2. The relation of end or purpose to its means. Janet.

Fi´nal•ly , adv. 1. At the end or conclusion; ultimately; lastly; as the contest was long, but the Romans finally conquered. “Whom patience finally must crown.” Milton. 2. Completely; beyond recovery. “Not any house of noble English in Ireland was utterly destroyed or finally rooted out.” Sir J. Davies.

Fi•nance´ , n. [F., fr. LL. financia payment of money, money, fr. finare to pay a fine or subsidy (cf. OF. finer to finish, pay), fr. L. finis end. See Fine, n., Finish.] 1. The income of a ruler or of a state; revenue; public money; sometimes, the income of an individual; often used in the plural for funds; available money; resources. “All the finances or revenues of the imperial crown.” Bacon. 2. The science of raising and expending the public revenue. ´Versed in the details of finance.´ Macaulay.

Fi•nan´cial , a. Pertaining to finance. ´Our financial and commercial system.´ Macaulay.

Fi•nan´cial•ist, n. A financier.

Fi•nan´cial•ly, adv. In a financial manner. Burke.

Fin•an•cier´ ( 277), n. [Cf. F. financier.] 1. One charged with the administration of finance; an officer who administers the public revenue; a treasurer. Burke. 2. One skilled in financial operations; one acquainted with money matters.

Fin•an•cier´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Financiered p. pr. & vb. n. Financiering.] To conduct financial operations.

Fin´a•ry , n. (Iron Works) See Finery.

Fi´na•tive , a. Conclusive; decisive; definitive; final. [Obs.] Greene (1593).

Fin´back , n. (Zoöl.) Any whale of the genera Sibbaldius, Balaenoptera, and allied genera, of the family Balaenopteridae, characterized by a prominent fin on the back. The common finbacks of the New England coast are Sibbaldius tectirostris and S. tuberosus.

Finch (finch), n.; pl. Finches (-ez). [AS. finc; akin to D. vink, OHG. fincho, G. fink; cf. W. pinc a finch; also E. spink.] (Zoöl.) A small singing bird of many genera and species, belonging to the family Fringillidae. The word is often used in composition, as in chaffinch, goldfinch, grassfinch, pinefinch, etc. Bramble finch. See Brambling. — Canary finch, the canary bird. — Copper finch. See Chaffinch. — Diamond finch. See under Diamond. - - Finch falcon (Zoöl.), one of several very small East Indian falcons of the genus Hierax. — To pull a finch, to swindle an ignorant or unsuspecting person. [Obs.] ´Privily a finch eke could he pull.´ Chaucer.

Finch´backed , a. Streaked or spotted on the back; — said of cattle.

Finched , a. Same as Finchbacked.

Find (find), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Found (found); p. pr. & vb. n. Finding.] [AS. findan; akin to D. vinden, OS. & OHG. findan, G. finden, Dan. finde, icel. & Sw. finna, Goth. finþan; and perh. to L. petere to seek, Gr. pi•ptein to fall, Skr. pat to fall, fly, E. petition.] 1. To meet with, or light upon, accidentally; to gain the first sight or knowledge of, as of something new, or unknown; hence, to fall in with, as a person. “Searching the window for a flint, I found
This paper, thus sealed up.” Shak. “In woods and forests thou art found.” Cowley. 2. To learn by experience or trial; to perceive; to experience; to discover by the intellect or the feelings; to detect; to feel. ´I find you passing gentle.´ Shak. “The torrid zone is now found habitable.” Cowley. 3. To come upon by seeking; as to find something lost. (a) To discover by sounding; as to find bottom. (b) To discover by study or experiment direct to an object or end; as water is found to be a compound substance. (c) To gain, as the object of desire or effort; as to find leisure; to find means. (d) To attain to; to arrive at; to acquire. “Seek, and ye shall find.” Matt. vii. 7. “Every mountain now hath found a tongue.” Byron. 4. To provide for; to supply; to furnish; as to find food for workemen; he finds his nephew in money. “Wages £14 and all found.” London Times. “Nothing a day and find yourself.” Dickens. 5. To arrive at, as a conclusion; to determine as true; to establish; as to find a verdict; to find a true bill (of indictment) against an accused person. “To find his title with some shows of truth.” Shak. To find out, to detect (a thief); to discover (a secret) — to solve or unriddle (a parable or enigma); to understand. ´Canst thou by searching find out God?´ Job. xi. 7. ´We do hope to find out all your tricks.´ Milton. — To find fault with, to blame; to censure. — To find one’s self, to be; to fare; — often used in speaking of health; as how do you find yourself this morning?

Find , v. i. (Law) To determine an issue of fact, and to declare such a determination to a court; as the jury find for the plaintiff. Burrill.

Find, n. Anything found; a discovery of anything valuable; especially, a deposit, discovered by archaeologists, of objects of prehistoric or unknown origin.

Find´a•ble , a. Capable of being found; discoverable. Fuller.

Find´er , n. One who, or that which, finds; specifically (Astron.), a small telescope of low power and large field of view, attached to a larger telescope, for the purpose of finding an object more readily.

Find´fault , n. A censurer or caviler. [Obs.]

Find´fault•ing, a. Apt to censure or cavil; faultfinding; captious. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Find´ing, n. 1. That which is found, come upon, or provided; esp. (pl.), that which a journeyman artisan finds or provides for himself; as tools, trimmings, etc. “When a man hath been laboring … in the deep mines of knowledge, hath furnished out his findings in all their equipage.” Milton. 2. Support; maintenance; that which is provided for one; expence; provision. 3. (Law) The result of a judicial examination or inquiry, especially into some matter of fact; a verdict; as the finding of a jury. Burrill. “After his friends finding and his rent.” Chaucer.

Fin´dy , a. [AS. finding heavy; cf. Dan. fyndig strong, energetical, fynd strength, energy, emphasis.] Full; heavy; firm; solid; substantial. [Obs.] “A cold May and a windy
Makes the barn fat amd findy.” Old Proverb.

Fine (fin), a. [Compar. Finer superl. Finest.] [F. fin, LL. finus fine, pure, fr. L. finire to finish; cf. finitus, p. p., finished, completed (hence the sense accomplished, perfect.) See Finish, and cf. Finite.] 1. Finished; brought to perfection; refined; hence, free from impurity; excellent; superior; elegant; worthy of admiration; accomplished; beautiful. “The gain thereof [is better] than fine gold.” Prov. iii. 14. “A cup of wine that’s brisk and fine.” Shak. “Not only the finest gentleman of his time, but one of the finest scholars.” Felton. “To soothe the sick bed of so fine a being [Keats].” Leigh Hunt. 2. Aiming at show or effect; loaded with ornament; overdressed or overdecorated; showy. “He gratified them with occasional … fine writing.” M. Arnold. 3. Nice; delicate; subtle; exquisite; artful; skillful; dexterous. “The spider’s touch, how exquisitely fine!” Pope. “The nicest and most delicate touches of satire consist in fine raillery.” Dryden. “He has as fine a hand at picking a pocket as a woman.” T. Gray. 4. Not coarse, gross, or heavy; as: (a) Not gross; subtile; thin; tenous. “The eye standeth in the finer medium and the object in the grosser.” Bacon. (b) Not coarse; comminuted; in small particles; as fine sand or flour. (c) Not thick or heavy; slender; filmy; as a fine thread. (d) Thin; attenuate; keen; as a fine edge. (e) Made of fine materials; light; delicate; as fine linen or silk. 5. Having (such) a proportion of pure metal in its composition; as coins nine tenths fine. 6. (Used ironically.) “Ye have made a fine hand, fellows.” Shak. Fine is often compounded with participles and adjectives, modifying them adverbially; a, fine-drawn, fine-featured, fine-grained, fine-spoken, fine-spun, etc. Fine arch (Glass Making), the smaller fritting furnace of a glasshouse. Knight. — Fine arts. See the Note under Art. — Fine cut, fine cut tobacco; a kind of chewing tobacco cut up into shreds. — Fine goods, woven fabrics of fine texture and quality. McElrath. — Fine stuff, lime, or a mixture of lime, plaster, etc., used as material for the finishing coat in plastering. — To sail fine (Naut.), to sail as close to the wind as possible. Syn. — Fine, Beautiful. When used as a word of praise, fine (being opposed to coarse) denotes no ´ordinary thing of its kind.´ It is not as strong as beautiful, in reference to the single attribute implied in the latter term; but when we speak of a fine woman, we include a greater variety of particulars, viz., all the qualities which become a woman, — breeding, sentiment, tact, etc. The term is equally comprehensive when we speak of a fine garden, landscape, horse, poem, etc.; and, though applied to a great variety of objects, the word has still a very definite sense, denoting a high degree of characteristic excellence.

Fine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fined (find); p. pr. & vb. n. Fining.] [From Fine, a.] 1. To make fine; to refine; to purify, to clarify; as to fine gold. “It hath been fined and refined by … learned men.” Hobbes. 2. To make finer, or less coarse, as in bulk, texture, etc.; as. to fine the soil. L. H. Bailey. 3. To change by fine gradations; as (Naut.), to fine down a ship’s lines, to diminish her lines gradually. “I often sate at home
On evenings, watching how they fined themselves
With gradual conscience to a perfect night.” Browning.

Fine , n. [OE. fin, L. finis end, also in LL., a final agreement or concord between the lord and his vassal; a sum of money paid at the end, so as to make an end of a transaction, suit, or prosecution; mulct; penalty; cf. OF. fin end, settlement, F. fin end. See Finish, and cf. Finance.] 1. End; conclusion; termination; extinction. [Obs.] ´To see their fatal fine.´ Spenser. “Is this the fine of his fines?” Shak. 2. A sum of money paid as the settlement of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in dispute; especially, a payment of money imposed upon a party as a punishment for an offense; a mulct. 3. (Law) (a) (Feudal Law) A final agreement concerning lands or rents between persons, as the lord and his vassal. Spelman. (b) (Eng. Law) A sum of money or price paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or privilege, as for admission to a copyhold, or for obtaining or renewing a lease. Fine for alienation (Feudal Law), a sum of money paid to the lord by a tenant whenever he had occasion to make over his land to another. Burrill. — Fine of lands, a species of conveyance in the form of a fictitious suit compromised or terminated by the acknowledgment of the previous owner that such land was the right of the other party. Burrill. See Concord, n., 4. — In fine, in conclusion; by way of termination or summing up.

Fine, v. t. [From Fine, n.] To impose a pecuniary penalty upon for an offense or breach of law; to set a fine on by judgment of a court; to punish by fine; to mulct; as the trespassers were fined ten dollars.

Fine, v. i. To pay a fine. See Fine, n., 3 (b). [R.] “Men fined for the king’s good will; or that he would remit his anger; women fined for leave to marry.” Hallam.

Fine, v. t. & i. [OF. finer, F. finir. See Finish, v. t.] To finish; to cease; or to cause to cease. [Obs.]

Fine´draw , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finedrawn p. pr. & vb. n. Finedrawing.] To sew up, so nicely that the seam is not perceived; to renter. Marryat.

Fine´draw•er , n. One who finedraws.

Fine´drawn , a. Drawn out with too much subtilty; overnice; as finedrawn speculations.

Fi•neer´ , v. i. To run in debt by getting goods made up in a way unsuitable for the use of others, and then threatening not to take them except on credit. [R.] Goldsmith.

Fi•neer´, v. t. To veneer.

Fine´less , a. [Fine end + -less.] Endless; boundless. [Obs.] Shak.

Fine´ly, adv. In a fine or finished manner.

Fine´ness, n. [From Fine, a.] 1. The quality or condition of being fine. 2. Freedom from foreign matter or alloy; clearness; purity; as the fineness of liquor. “The fineness of the gold, and chargeful fashion.” Shak. 3. The proportion of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion, or coins. The fineness of United States coin is nine tenths, that of English gold coin is eleven twelfths, and that of English silver coin is &frac925x1000;. 4. Keenness or sharpness; as the fineness of a needle’s point, or of the edge of a blade.

Fin´er , n. One who fines or purifies.

Fin´er•y , n. 1. Fineness; beauty. [Obs.] “Don’t choose your place of study by the finery of the prospects.” I. Watts. 2. Ornament; decoration; especially, excecially decoration; showy clothes; jewels. “Her mistress’ cast-off finery.” F. W. Robertson. 3. [Cf. Refinery.] (Iron Works) A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling.

Fine´spun , a. Spun so as to be fine; drawn to a fine thread; attenuated; hence, unsubstantial; visionary; as finespun theories.

Fi•nesse´ , n. [F., fr. fin fine. See Fine, a.] 1. Subtilty of contrivance to gain a point; artifice; stratagem. “This is the artificialest piece of finesse to persuade men into slavery.” Milton. 2. (Whist Playing) The act of finessing. See Finesse, v. i., 2.

Fi•nesse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Finessed p. pr. & vb. n. Finessing.] 1. To use artifice or stratagem. Goldsmith. 2. (Whist Playing) To attempt, when second or third player, to make a lower card answer the purpose of a higher, when an intermediate card is out, risking the chance of its being held by the opponent yet to play.

Fine´still , v. t. To distill, as spirit from molasses or some saccharine preparation.

Fine´still•er , n. One who finestills.

Fin´ew , n. [See Fenowed.] Moldiness. [R.]

Fin´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A finback whale. (b) (pl.) True fish, as distinguished from shellfish.

Fin´foot , n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird (Heliornis fulica) allied to the grebes. The name is also applied to several related species of the genus Podica.

Fin´-foot•ed, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having palmate feet. (b) Having lobate toes, as the coot and grebe.

Fin´ger (fin´ger), n. [AS. finger; akin to D. vinger, OS. & OHG. fingar, G. finger, Icel. fingr, Sw. & Dan. finger, Goth. figgrs; of unknown origin; perh. akin to E. fang.] 1. One of the five terminating members of the hand; a digit; esp., one of the four extremities of the hand, other than the thumb. 2. Anything that does the work of a finger; as the pointer of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; especially (Mech.) a small projecting rod, wire, or piece, which is brought into contact with an object to effect, direct, or restrain a motion. 3. The breadth of a finger, or the fourth part of the hand; a measure of nearly an inch; also the length of finger, a measure in domestic use in the United States, of about four and a half inches or one eighth of a yard. “A piece of steel three fingers thick.” Bp. Wilkins. 4. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in playing upon a musical instrument. [R.] “She has a good finger.” Busby. Ear finger, the little finger. — Finger alphabet. See Dactylology. - - Finger bar, the horizontal bar, carrying slotted spikes, or fingers, through which the vibratory knives of mowing and reaping machines play. — Finger board (Mus.), the part of a stringed instrument against which the fingers press the strings to vary the tone; the keyboard of a piano, organ, etc.; manual. — Finger bowl or glass, a bowl or glass to hold water for rinsing the fingers at table. — Finger flower (Bot.), the foxglove. — Finger grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Panicum sanguinale) with slender radiating spikes; common crab grass. See Crab grass, under Crab. — Finger nut, a fly nut or thumb nut. — Finger plate, a strip of metal, glass, etc., to protect a painted or polished door from finger marks. — Finger post, a guide post bearing an index finger. — Finger reading, reading printed in relief so as to be sensible to the touch; — so made for the blind. — Finger shell (Zoöl.), a marine shell (Pholas dactylus) resembling a finger in form. — Finger sponge (Zoöl.), a sponge having finger-shaped lobes, or branches. — Finger stall, a cover or shield for a finger. — Finger steel, a steel instrument for whetting a currier’s knife. To burn one’s fingers. See under Burn. — To have a finger in, to be concerned in. [Colloq.] — To have at one’s fingers’ ends, to be thoroughly familiar with. [Colloq.]

Fin´ger , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fingered p. pr. & vb. n. Fingering.] 1. To touch with the fingers; to handle; to meddle with. “Let the papers lie;
You would be fingering them to anger me.” Shak. 2. To touch lightly; to toy with. 3. (Mus.) (a) To perform on an instrument of music. (b) To mark the notes of (a piece of music) so as to guide the fingers in playing. 4. To take thievishly; to pilfer; to purloin. Shak. 5. To execute, as any delicate work.

Fin´ger, v. i. (Mus.) To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. Busby.

Fin´gered , a. 1. Having fingers. 2. (Bot.) Having leaflets like fingers; digitate. 3. (Mus.) Marked with figures designating which finger should be used for each note.

Fin´ger•er , n. One who fingers; a pilferer.

Fin´ger•ing, n. 1. The act or process of handling or touching with the fingers. “The mere sight and fingering of money.” Grew. 2. The manner of using the fingers in playing or striking the keys of an instrument of music; movement or management of the fingers in playing on a musical instrument, in typewriting, etc. 3. The marking of the notes of a piece of music to guide or regulate the action or use of the fingers. 4. Delicate work made with the fingers. Spenser.

Fin´ger•ling , n. [Finger + -ling.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon. See Parr.

Fin´gle-fan•gle , n. [From fangle.] A trifle. [Low] Hudibras.

Fin´gri•go , n.; pl. Fingrigos (#). [So called in Jamaica.] (Bot.) A prickly, climbing shrub of the genus Pisonia. The fruit is a kind of berry.

Fin´i•al , n. [L. finire to finish, end. See Finish.] (Arch.) The knot or bunch of foliage, or foliated ornament, that forms the upper extremity of a pinnacle in Gothic architecture; sometimes, the pinnacle itself.

Fin´i•cal , a. [From Fine, a.] Affectedly fine; overnice; unduly particular; fastidious. ´Finical taste.´ Wordsworth. “The gross style consists in giving no detail, the finical in giving nothing else.” Hazlitt. Syn. — Finical, Spruce, Foppish. These words are applied to persons who are studiously desirous to cultivate finery of appearance. One who is spruce is elaborately nice in dress; one who is finical shows his affectation in language and manner as well as in dress; one who is foppish distinguishes himself by going to the extreme of the fashion in the cut of his clothes, by the tawdriness of his ornaments, and by the ostentation of his manner. ´A finical gentleman clips his words and screws his body into as small a compass as possible, to give himself the air of a delicate person; a spruce gentleman strives not to have a fold wrong in his frill or cravat, nor a hair of his head to lie amiss; a foppish gentleman seeks … to render himself distinguished for finery.´ Crabb. — Fin´i•cal•ly, adv. — Fin´i•cal•ness, n.

Fin•i•cal´i•ty , n. The quality of being finical; finicalness. { Fin´ick•ing , Fin´ick•y, a. } Finical; unduly particular. [Colloq.]

Fi•nif´ic , n. [L. finis end + facere to make.] A limiting element or quality. [R.] “The essential finific in the form of the finite.” Coleridge.

Fin´i•fy , v. t. [Fine, a. + -fy.] To make fine; to dress finically. [Obs.] “Hath so pared and finified them [his feet.]” B. Jonson.

Fin´i•kin , a. [Fine, a. + -kin.] Precise in trifles; idly busy. [Colloq.] Smart.

Fin´ing , n. 1. The act of imposing a fin. 2. The process of fining or refining; clarification; also (Metal.), the conversion of cast iron into suitable for puddling, in a hearth or charcoal fire. 3. That which is used to refine; especially, a preparation of isinglass, gelatin, etc., for clarifying beer. Fining pot, a vessel in which metals are refined. Prov. xvii. 3.

Fi´nis , n. [L.] An end; conclusion. It is often placed at the end of a book.

Fin´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finished p. pr. & vb. n. Finishing.] [F. finir (with a stem finiss- in several forms, whence E. -ish: see -ish.),fr. L. finire to limit, finish, end, fr. finis boundary, limit, end; perh. for fidnis, and akin findere to cleave, E. fissure.] 1. To arrive at the end of; to bring to an end; to put an end to; to make an end of; to terminate. “And heroically hath finished
A life heroic.” Milton. 2. To bestow the last required labor upon; to complete; to bestow the utmost possible labor upon; to perfect; to accomplish; to polish. Syn. — To end; terminate; close; conclude; complete; accomplish; perfect.

Fin´ish, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to terminate. “His days may finish ere that hapless time.” Shak. 2. To end; to die. [R.] Shak.

Fin´ish, n. 1. That which finishes, puts an end to or perfects. 2. (Arch.) The joiner work and other finer work required for the completion of a building, especially of the interior. See Inside finish, and Outside finish. 3. (Fine Arts) (a) The labor required to give final completion to any work; hence, minute detail, careful elaboration, or the like. (b) See Finishing coat, under Finishing. 4. The result of completed labor, as on the surface of an object; manner or style of finishing; as a rough, dead, or glossy finish given to cloth, stone, metal, etc. 5. Completion; — opposed to start, or beginning.

Fin´ished , a. Polished to the highest degree of excellence; complete; perfect; as a finished poem; a finished education. Finished work (Mach.), work that is made smooth or polished, though not necessarily completed.

Fin´ish•er , n. 1. One who finishes, puts an end to, completes, or perfects; esp. used in the trades, as in hatting, weaving, etc., for the workman who gives a finishing touch to the work, or any part of it, and brings it to perfection. “O prophet of glad tidings, finisher
Of utmost hope!” Milton. 2. Something that gives the finishing touch to, or settles, anything. [Colloq.]

Fin´ish•ing, n. The act or process of completing or perfecting; the final work upon or ornamentation of a thing.

Fin´ish•ing, a. Tending to complete or to render fit for the market or for use. Finishing coat. (a) (Plastering) the final coat of plastering applied to walls and ceilings, usually white and rubbed smooth. (b) (Painting) The final coat of paint, usually differently mixed applied from the others. — Finishing press, a machine for pressing fabrics. — Finishing rolls (Iron Working), the rolls of a train which receive the bar from roughing rolls, and reduce it to its finished shape. Raymond.

Fi´nite , a. [L. finitus, p. p. of finire. See Finish, and cf. Fine, a.] Having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded; — opposed to infinite; as finite number; finite existence; a finite being; a finite mind; finite duration.

Fi´nite•less, a. Infinite. [Obs.] Sir T. browne.

Fi´nite•ly, adv. In a finite manner or degree.

Fi´nite•ness, n. The state of being finite.

Fin´i•tude , n. [L. finire. See Finish.] Limitation. Cheyne.

Fin´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of Finland.

Fin´less, a. (Zoöl.) destitute of fins.

Fin´let , n. [Fin + - let.] A little fin; one of the parts of a divided fin.

Fin´like , a. Resembling a fin.

Finn , a. A native of Finland; one of the Finn in the ethnological sense. See Finns.

Fin´nan had´die [See Haddock.] Haddock cured in peat smoke, originally at Findon (pron. fin´an), Scotland. the name is also applied to other kinds of smoked haddock. [Written also finnan haddock.]

Finned , a. Having a fin, or fins, or anything resembling a fin. Mortimer.

Fin´ner , n. (Zoöl.) A finback whale.

Finn´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Finns.

Fin´ni•kin , n. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon, with a crest somewhat resembling the mane of a horse. [Written also finikin.]

Finn´ish , a. Of or pertaining to Finland, to the Finns, or to their language. — n. A Northern Turanian group of languages; the language of the Finns.

Finns , n. pl.; sing. Finn. (Ethnol.) (a) Natives of Finland; Finlanders. (b) A branch of the Mongolian race, inhabiting Northern and Eastern Europe, including the Magyars, Bulgarians, Permians, Lapps, and Finlanders. [Written also Fins.]

Fin´ny , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having, or abounding in, fins, as fishes; pertaining to fishes. 2. Abounding in fishes. “With patient angle trolls the finny deep.” Goldsmoth.

Fi•no´chi•o ( 277), n. [It. finocchio fennel, LL. fenuclum. See Fennel.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Fœniculum dulce) having a somewhat tuberous stem; sweet fennel. The blanched stems are used in France and Italy as a culinary vegetable.

Fi´nos , n. pl. [Sp., pl., fr. fino fine.] Second best wool from Merino sheep. Gardner.

Fin´pike , n. (Zoöl.) The bichir. See Crossopterygii.

Fint , 3d pers. sing. pr. of Find, for findeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fin´-toed , a. (Zoöl.) Having toes connected by a membrane; palmiped; palmated; also lobate.

Fiord (fyrd; i or y consonant, § 272), n. [Dan. & Norw. fiord. See Frith.] A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating between high banks or rocks, as on the coasts of Norway and Alaska. [Written also fjord.]

Fi´o•rin , n. [Cf. Ir. fiothran a sort of grass.] (Bot.) A species of creeping bent grass (Agrostis alba); — called also fiorin grass.

Fi´o•rite , n. (Min.) A variety of opal occuring in the cavities of volcanic tufa, in smooth and shining globular and botryoidal masses, having a pearly luster; - - so called from Fiora, in Ischia.

Fio•ri•tu´re , n. pl. [It., pl. of fioritura a flowering.] (Mus.) Little flowers of ornament introduced into a melody by a singer or player.

Fip´pen•ny bit . [Corruption of five penny bit.] The Spanish half real, or one sixteenth of a dollar, - - so called in Pennsylvania and the adjacent States. [Obs.] Before the act of Congress, Feb. 21, 1857, caused the adoption of decimal coins and the withdrawal of foreign coinage from circulation, this coin passed currently for 6¼ cents, and was called in New England a fourpence ha’penny or fourpence; in New York a sixpence; in Pennsylvania, Virginia, etc., a fip; and in Louisiana, a picayune.

Fip´ple (fer), n. [perh. fr. L. fibula a clasp, a pin; cf. Prov. E. fible a stick used to stir pottage.] A stopper, as in a wind instrument of music. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fir (fer), n. [Dan. fyr, fyrr; akin to Sw. furu, Icel. fura, AS. furh in furhwudu fir wood, G. föhre, OHG. forha pine, vereheih a sort of oak, L. quercus oak.] (Bot.) A genus (Abies) of coniferous trees, often of large size and elegant shape, some of them valued for their timber and others for their resin. The species are distinguished as the balsam fir, the silver fir, the red fir, etc. The Scotch fir is a Pinus. Fir in the Bible means any one of several coniferous trees, including, cedar, cypress, and probably three species of pine. J. D. Hooker.

Fire (fir), n. [OE. fir, fyr, fur AS. fyr; akin to D. vuur, OS. & OHG. fiur, G. feuer, Icel. fyri, furr, Gr. py^r, and perh. to L. purus pure, E. pure Cf. Empyrean, Pyre.] 1. The evolution of light and heat in the combustion of bodies; combustion; state of ignition. The form of fire exhibited in the combustion of gases in an ascending stream or current is called flame. Anciently, fire, air, earth, and water were regarded as the four elements of which all things are composed. 2. Fuel in a state of combustion, as on a hearth, or in a stove or a furnace. 3. The burning of a house or town; a conflagration. 4. Anything which destroys or affects like fire. 5. Ardor of passion, whether love or hate; excessive warmth; consuming violence of temper. “he had fire in his temper.” Atterbury. 6. Liveliness of imagination or fancy; intellectual and moral enthusiasm; capacity for ardor and zeal. “And bless their critic with a poet’s fire.” Pope. 7. Splendor; brilliancy; luster; hence, a star. “Stars, hide your fires.” Shak. “As in a zodiac
representing the heavenly fires.” Milton. 8. Torture by burning; severe trial or affliction. 9. The discharge of firearms; firing; as the troops were exposed to a heavy fire. Blue fire, Red fire, Green fire (Pyrotech.), compositions of various combustible substances, as sulphur, niter, lampblack, etc., the flames of which are colored by various metallic salts, as those of antimony, strontium, barium, etc. — Fire alarm (a) A signal given on the breaking out of a fire. (b) An apparatus for giving such an alarm. — Fire annihilator, a machine, device, or preparation to be kept at hand for extinguishing fire by smothering it with some incombustible vapor or gas as carbonic acid. — Fire balloon. (a) A balloon raised in the air by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire placed in the lower part. (b) A balloon sent up at night with fireworks which ignite at a regulated height. Simmonds. — Fire bar, a grate bar. — Fire basket, a portable grate; a cresset. Knight. — Fire beetle. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. — Fire blast, a disease of plants which causes them to appear as if burnt by fire. — Fire box, the chamber of a furnace, steam boiler, etc., for the fire. — Fire brick, a refractory brick, capable of sustaining intense heat without fusion, usually made of fire clay or of siliceous material, with some cementing substance, and used for lining fire boxes, etc. — Fire brigade, an organized body of men for extinguished fires. — Fire bucket. See under Bucket. — Fire bug, an incendiary; one who, from malice or through mania, persistently sets fire to property; a pyromaniac. [U.S.] — Fire clay. See under Clay. — Fire company, a company of men managing an engine in extinguishing fires. — Fire cross. See Fiery cross. [Obs.] Milton. — Fire damp. See under Damp. — Fire dog. See Firedog, in the Vocabulary. — Fire drill. (a) A series of evolutions performed by fireman for practice. (b) An apparatus for producing fire by friction, by rapidly twirling a wooden pin in a wooden socket; — used by the Hindoos during all historic time, and by many savage peoples. — Fire eater. (a) A juggler who pretends to eat fire. (b) A quarrelsome person who seeks affrays; a hotspur. [Colloq.] — Fire engine, a portable forcing pump, usually on wheels, for throwing water to extinguish fire. — Fire escape, a contrivance for facilitating escape from burning buildings. — Fire gilding (Fine Arts), a mode of gilding with an amalgam of gold and quicksilver, the latter metal being driven off afterward by heat. — Fire gilt (Fine Arts), gold laid on by the process of fire gilding. — Fire insurance, the act or system of insuring against fire; also a contract by which an insurance company undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium or small percentage — usually made periodically — to indemnify an owner of property from loss by fire during a specified period. — Fire irons, utensils for a fireplace or grate, as tongs, poker, and shovel. — Fire main, a pipe for water, to be used in putting out fire. — Fire master (Mil), an artillery officer who formerly supervised the composition of fireworks. — Fire office, an office at which to effect insurance against fire. — Fire opal, a variety of opal giving firelike reflections. — Fire ordeal, an ancient mode of trial, in which the test was the ability of the accused to handle or tread upon red-hot irons. Abbot. — Fire pan, a pan for holding or conveying fire, especially the receptacle for the priming of a gun. — Fire plug, a plug or hydrant for drawing water from the main pipes in a street, building, etc., for extinguishing fires. — Fire policy, the writing or instrument expressing the contract of insurance against loss by fire. — Fire pot. (a) (Mil.) A small earthen pot filled with combustibles, formerly used as a missile in war. (b) The cast iron vessel which holds the fuel or fire in a furnace. (c) A crucible. (d) A solderer’s furnace. — Fire raft, a raft laden with combustibles, used for setting fire to an enemy’s ships. — Fire roll, a peculiar beat of the drum to summon men to their quarters in case of fire. — Fire setting (Mining), the process of softening or cracking the working face of a lode, to facilitate excavation, by exposing it to the action of fire; — now generally superseded by the use of explosives. Raymond. — Fire ship, a vessel filled with combustibles, for setting fire to an enemy’s ships. — Fire shovel, a shovel for taking up coals of fire. — Fire stink, the stench from decomposing iron pyrites, caused by the formation of sulphureted hydrogen. Raymond. — Fire surface, the surfaces of a steam boiler which are exposed to the direct heat of the fuel and the products of combustion; heating surface. — Fire swab, a swab saturated with water, for cooling a gun in action and clearing away particles of powder, etc. Farrow. — Fire teaser, in England, the fireman of a steam emgine. — Fire water, ardent spirits; — so called by the American Indians. — Fire worship, the worship of fire, which prevails chiefly in Persia, among the followers of Zoroaster, called Chebers, or Guebers, and among the Parsees of India. — Greek fire. See under Greek. — On fire, burning; hence, ardent; passionate; eager; zealous. — Running fire, the rapid discharge of firearms in succession by a line of troops. — St. Anthony’s fire, erysipelas; — an eruptive fever which St. Anthony was supposed to cure miraculously. Hoblyn. — St. Elmo’s fire. See under Saint Elmo. — To set on fire, to inflame; to kindle. — To take fire, to begin to burn; to fly into a passion.

Fire , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fired p. pr. & vb. n. Fring.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; as to fire a house or chimney; to fire a pile. 2. To subject to intense heat; to bake; to burn in a kiln; as to fire pottery. 3. To inflame; to irritate, as the passions; as to fire the soul with anger, pride, or revenge. “Love had fired my mind.” Dryden. 4. To animate; to give life or spirit to; as to fire the genius of a young man. 5. To feed or serve the fire of; as to fire a boiler. 6. To light up as if by fire; to illuminate. “[The sun] fires the proud tops of the eastern pines.” Shak. 7. To cause to explode; as to fire a torpedo; to disharge; as to fire a musket or cannon; to fire cannon balls, rockets, etc. 8. To drive by fire. [Obs.] “Till my bad angel fire my good one out.” Shak. 9. (Far.) To cauterize. To fire up, to light up the fires of, as of an engine.

Fire, v. i. 1. To take fire; to be kindled; to kindle. 2. To be irritated or inflamed with passion. 3. To discharge artillery or firearms; as they fired on the town. To fire up, to grow irritated or angry. ´He … fired up, and stood vigorously on his defense.´ Macaulay.

Fire´arm (-ärm•), n. A gun, pistol, or any weapon from which a shot is discharged by the force of an explosive substance, as gunpowder.

Fire´back , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of pheasants of the genus Euplocamus, having the lower back a bright, fiery red. They inhabit Southern Asia and the East Indies.

Fire´ball , n. (a) (Mil.) A ball filled with powder or other combustibles, intended to be thrown among enemies, and to injure by explosion; also to set fire to their works and light them up, so that movements may be seen. (b) A luminous meteor, resembling a ball of fire passing rapidly through the air, and sometimes exploding.

Fire´bare , n. A beacon. [Obs.] Burrill.

Fire´ bee•tle (Zoöl.) A very brilliantly luminous beetle (Pyrophorus noctilucus), one of the elaters, found in Central and South America; — called also cucujo. The name is also applied to other species. See Firefly.

Fire´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The Baltimore oriole.

Fire´board , n. A chimney board or screen to close a fireplace when not in use.

Fire´bote , n. (O. Eng. Law) An allowance of fuel. See Bote.

Fire´brand , n. 1. A piece of burning wood. L’Estrange. 2. One who inflames factions, or causes contention and mischief; an incendiary. Bacon.

Fire´crack•er , n. See Cracker., n., 3.

Fire´crest , n. (Zoöl.) A small European kinglet (Regulus ignicapillus), having a bright red crest; — called also fire-crested wren.

Fire´dog , n. A support for wood in a fireplace; an andiron.

Fire´drake , n. [AS. fyrdraca; fyr fire + draca a dragon. See Fire, and Drake a dragon.] [Obs.] 1. A fiery dragon. Beau. & Fl. 2. A fiery meteor; an ignis fatuus; a rocket. 3. A worker at a furnace or fire. B. Jonson.

Fire´-fanged , a. [Fire + fanged seized.] Injured as by fire; burned; — said of manure which has lost its goodness and acquired an ashy hue in consequence of heat generated by decomposition.

Fire´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A singular marine fish of the genus Pterois, family Scorpaenidae, of several species, inhabiting the Indo-Pacific region. They are usually red, and have very large spinose pectoral and dorsal fins.

Fire´flaire , n. [Fire + Prov. E. flaire a ray.] (Zoöl.) A European sting ray of the genus Trygon (T. pastinaca); — called also fireflare and fiery flaw.

Fire´flame , n. (Zoöl.) The European band fish (Cepola rubescens).

Fire´fly , n.; pl. Fireflies . (Zoöl.) Any luminous winged insect, esp. luminous beetles of the family Lampyridae. The common American species belong to the genera Photinus and Photuris, in which both sexes are winged. The name is also applied to luminous species of Elateridae. See Fire beetle.

Fire´less, a. Destitute of fire.

Fire´lock, n. An old form of gunlock, as the flintlock, which ignites the priming by a spark; perhaps originally, a matchlock. Hence, a gun having such a lock.

Fire´man , n.; pl. Firemen (-men). 1. A man whose business is to extinguish fires in towns; a member of a fire company. 2. A man who tends the fires, as of a steam engine; a stocker.

Fire´-new , a. Fresh from the forge; bright; quite new; brand-new. Charles reade. “Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current.” Shak.

Fire´place , n. The part a chimney appropriated to the fire; a hearth; — usually an open recess in a wall, in which a fire may be built.

Fire´proof , a. Proof against fire; incombustible.

Fire´proof•ing , n. The act or process of rendering anything incombustible; also the materials used in the process.

Fir´er , n. One who fires or sets fire to anything; an incendiary. [R.] R. Carew.

Fire´-set , n. A set of fire irons, including, commonly, tongs, shovel, and poker.

Fire´side , n. A place near the fire or hearth; home; domestic life or retirement.

Fire´stone ( 110), n. [AS. fyrstan flint; fyr fire + stan stone.] 1. Iron pyrites, formerly used for striking fire; also a flint. 2. A stone which will bear the heat of a furnace without injury; — especially applied to the sandstone at the top of the upper greensand in the south of England, used for lining kilns and furnaces. Ure.

Fire´tail , n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart; — called also fireflirt. [prov. Eng.]

Fire´ward•en , n. An officer who has authority to direct in the extinguishing of fires, or to order what precautions shall be taken against fires; — called also fireward.

Fire´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) An American plant (Erechthites hiercifolia), very troublesome in spots where brushwood has been burned. (b) The great willow-herb (Epilobium spicatum).

Fire´wood , n. Wood for fuel.

Fire´work , n. 1. A device for producing a striking display of light, or a figure or figures in plain or colored fire, by the combustion of materials that burn in some peculiar manner, as gunpowder, sulphur, metallic filings, and various salts. The most common feature of fireworks is a paper or pasteboard tube filled with the combustible material. A number of these tubes or cases are often combined so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of figures in fire, often variously colored. The skyrocket is a common form of firework. The name is also given to various combustible preparations used in war.
[1913 Webster] 2. pl. A pyrotechnic exhibition. [Obs. in the sing.] “Night before last, the Duke of Richmond gave a firework.” Walpole.

Fire´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small tortricid moth which eats the leaves of the cranberry, so that the vines look as if burned; — called also cranberry worm.

Fir´ing, n. 1. The act of discharging firearms. 2. The mode of introducing fuel into the furnace and working it. Knight. 3. The application of fire, or of a cautery. Dunglison. 4. The process of partly vitrifying pottery by exposing it to intense heat in a kiln. 5. Fuel; firewood or coal. [Obs.] Mortimer. Firing iron, an instrument used in cauterizing.

Firk , v. t. [Cf. OE. ferken to proceed, hasten, AS. fercian to bring, assist; perh. akin to faran to go, E. fare.] To beat; to strike; to chastise. [Obs.] “I’ll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him.” Shak.

Firk, v. i. To fly out; to turn out; to go off. [Obs.] “A wench is a rare bait, with which a man” “No sooner’s taken but he straight firks mad.B.Jonson.”

Firk, n. A freak; trick; quirk. [Obs.] Ford.

Fir´kin , n. [From AS. feówer four (or an allied word, perh. Dutch or Danish) + -kin. See Four.] 1. A varying measure of capacity, usually being the fourth part of a barrel; specifically, a measure equal to nine imperial gallons. [Eng.] 2. A small wooden vessel or cask of indeterminate size, — used for butter, lard, etc. [U.S.]

Fir´lot , n. [Scot., the fourth part of a boll of grain, from a word equiv. to E. four + lot part, portion. See Firkin.] A dry measure formerly used in Scotland; the fourth part of a boll of grain or meal. The Linlithgow wheat firlot was to the imperial bushel as 998 to 1000; the barley firlot as 1456 to 1000. Brande & C.

Firm , a. [Compar. Firmer superl. Firmest.] [OE. ferme, F. ferme, fr.L. firmus; cf. Skr. dharman support, law, order, dh to hold fast, carry. Cf. Farm, Throne.] 1. Fixed; hence, closely compressed; compact; substantial; hard; solid; — applied to the matter of bodies; as firm flesh; firm muscles, firm wood. 2. Not easily excited or disturbed; unchanging in purpose; fixed; steady; constant; stable; unshaken; not easily changed in feelings or will; strong; as a firm believer; a firm friend; a firm adherent. “Under spread ensigns, moving nigh, in slow
But firm battalion.” Milton. “By one man’s firm obediency fully tried.” Milton. 3. Solid; — opposed to fluid; as firm land. 4. Indicating firmness; as a firm tread; a firm countenance. Syn. — Compact; dense; hard; solid; stanch; robust; strong; sturdly; fixed; steady; resolute; constant.

Firm, n. [It. firma the (firm, sure, or confirming) signature or subscription, or Pg. firma signature, firm, cf. Sp. firma signature; all fr. L. firmus, adj., firm. See Firm, a.] The name, title, or style, under which a company transacts business; a partnership of two or more persons; a commercial house; as the firm of Hope & Co.

Firm, v. t. [OE. fermen to make firm, F. fermer, fr. L. firmare to make firm. See Firm, a.] 1. To fix; to settle; to confirm; to establish. [Obs.] “And Jove has firmed it with an awful nod.” Dryden. 2. To fix or direct with firmness. [Obs.] “He on his card and compass firms his eye.” Spenser.

Fir´ma•ment , n. [L. firmamentum, fr. firmare to make firm: cf. F. firmament. See Firm, v. & a.] 1. Fixed foundation; established basis. [Obs.] “Custom is the … firmament of the law.” Jer. Taylor. 2. The region of the air; the sky or heavens. “And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.” Gen. i. 6. “And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament.” Gen. i. 14. In Scripture, the word denotes an expanse, a wide extent; the great arch or expanse over out heads, in which are placed the atmosphere and the clouds, and in which the stars appear to be placed, and are really seen. 3. (Old Astron.) The orb of the fixed stars; the most rmote of the celestial spheres.

Fir•ma•men´tal , a. Pertaining to the firmament; celestial; being of the upper regions. Dryden.

Fir´man , n.; pl. Firmans (#) or (#). [Pers. ferman.] In Turkey and some other Oriental countries, a decree or mandate issued by the sovereign; a royal order or grant; — generally given for special objects, as to a traveler to insure him protection and assistance. [Written also firmaun.]

Firm´er-chis´el , n. A chisel, thin in proportion to its width. It has a tang to enter the handle instead of a socket for receiving it. Knight.

Firm´i•tude , n. [L. firmitudo. See Firm.] Strength; stability. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Firm´i•ty , n. [L. firmitas.] Strength; firmness; stability. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Firm´less, a. 1. Detached from substance. [Obs.] “Does passion still the firmless mind control?” Pope. 2. Infirm; unstable. ´Firmless sands.´ Sylvester.

Firm´ly, adv. In a firm manner.

Firm´ness, n. The state or quality of being firm. Syn. — Firmness, Constancy. Firmness belongs to the will, and constancy to the affections and principles; the former prevents us from yielding, and the latter from fluctuating. Without firmness a man has no character; ´without constancy,´ says Addison, ´there is neither love, friendship, nor virtue in the world.´

Firms , n. pl. [From Firm, a.] (Arch.) The principal rafters of a roof, especially a pair of rafters taken together. [Obs.]

Fir´ring , n. (Arch.) See Furring.

Fir´ry , a. Made of fir; abounding in firs. “In firry woodlands making moan.” Tennyson.

First , a. [OE. first, furst, AS. fyrst; akin to Icel. fyrstr, Sw. & Dan. förste, OHG. furist, G. fürst prince; a superlatiye form of E. for, fore. See For, Fore, and cf. Formeer, Foremost.] 1. Preceding all others of a series or kind; the ordinal of one; earliest; as the first day of a month; the first year of a reign. 2. Foremost; in front of, or in advance of, all others. 3. Most eminent or exalted; most excellent; chief; highest; as Demosthenes was the first orator of Greece. At first blush. See under Blush. — At first hand, from the first or original source; without the intervention of any agent. “It is the intention of the person to reveal it at first hand, by way of mouth, to yourself.” Dickens. — First coat (Plastering), the solid foundation of coarse stuff, on which the rest is placed; it is thick, and crossed with lines, so as to give a bond for the next coat. — First day, Sunday; — so called by the Friends. — First floor. (a) The ground floor. [U.S.] (b) The floor next above the ground floor. [Eng.] — First fruit or fruits. (a) The fruits of the season earliest gathered. (b) (Feudal Law) One year’s profits of lands belonging to the king on the death of a tenant who held directly from him. (c) (Eng. Eccl. Law) The first year’s whole profits of a benefice or spiritual living. (d) The earliest effects or results. “See, Father, what first fruits on earth are sprung
From thy implanted grace in man!” Milton. — First mate, an officer in a merchant vessel next in rank to the captain. — First name, same as Christian name. See under Name, n. — First officer (Naut.), in the merchant service, same as First mate (above). — First sergeant (Mil.), the ranking non-commissioned officer in a company; the orderly sergeant. Farrow. — First watch (Naut.), the watch from eight to twelve at midnight; also the men on duty during that time. — First water, the highest quality or purest luster; — said of gems, especially of diamond and pearls. Syn. — Primary; primordial; primitive; primeval; pristine; highest; chief; principal; foremost.

First , adv. Before any other person or thing in time, space, rank, etc.; — much used in composition with adjectives and participles. “Adam was first formed, then Eve.” 1 Tim. ii. 13. At first, At the first, at the beginning or origin. — First or last, at one time or another; at the beginning or end. “And all are fools and lovers first or last.” Dryden.

First, n. (Mus.) The upper part of a duet, trio, etc., either vocal or instrumental; — so called because it generally expresses the air, and has a preëminence in the combined effect.

First´born , a. First brought forth; first in the order of nativity; eldest; hence, most excellent; most distinguished or exalted.

First´-class , a. Of the best class; of the highest rank; in the first division; of the best quality; first-rate; as a first-class telescope. First-class car or First-class railway carriage, any passenger car of the highest regular class, and intended for passengers who pay the highest regular rate; — distinguished from a second-class car.

First´-hand , a. Obtained directly from the first or original source; hence, without the intervention of an agent. “One sphere there is … where the apprehension of him is first-hand and direct; and that is the sphere of our own mind.” J. Martineau.

First´ling , n. [First + - ling.] 1. The first produce or offspring; — said of animals, especially domestic animals; as the firstlings of his flock. Milton. 2. The thing first thought or done. “The very firstlings of my heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand.” Shak.

First´ling, a. Firstborn. “All the firstling males.” Deut. xv. 19.

First´ly, adv. In the first place; before anything else; — sometimes improperly used for first.

First´-rate , a. Of the highest excellence; preëminent in quality, size, or estimation. “Our only first-rate body of contemporary poetry is the German.” M. Arnold. “Hermocrates … a man of first-rate ability.” Jowett (Thucyd).

First´-rate, n. (Naut.) A war vessel of the highest grade or the most powerful class.

Firth , n. [Scot. See Frith.] (geog.) An arm of the sea; a frith.

Fir´ tree See Fir.

Fisc , n. [F. fisc, fr. L. fiscus basket, money basket, treasury; prob. akin to fascis bundle. See Fasces.] A public or state treasury. Burke.

Fis´cal , a. [F. fiscal, L. fiscalis, fr. fiscus. See Fisc.] Pertaining to the public treasury or revenue. “The fiscal arreangements of government.” A>Hamilton.

Fis´cal, n. 1. The income of a prince or a state; revenue; exhequer. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A treasurer. H. Swinburne. 3. A public officer in Scotland who prosecutes in petty criminal cases; — called also procurator fiscal. 4. The solicitor in Spain and Portugal; the attorney-general.

Fi•set´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to fustet or fisetin.

Fis´e•tin , n. [G. fisettholz a species of fustic.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance extracted from fustet, and regarded as its essential coloring principle; — called also fisetic acid.

Fish , n. [F. fiche peg, mark, fr. fisher to fix.] A counter, used in various games.

Fish, n.; pl. Fishes (#), or collectively, Fish. [OE. fisch, fisc, fis, AS. fisc; akin to D. visch, OS. & OHG. fisk, G. fisch, Icel. fiskr, Sw. & Dan. fisk, Goth. fisks, L. piscis, Ir. iasg. Cf. Piscatorial. In some cases, such as fish joint, fish plate, this word has prob. been confused with fish, fr. F. fichea peg.] 1. A name loosely applied in popular usage to many animals of diverse characteristics, living in the water. 2. (Zoöl.) An oviparous, vertebrate animal usually having fins and a covering scales or plates. It breathes by means of gills, and lives almost entirely in the water. See Pisces. The true fishes include the Teleostei (bony fishes), Ganoidei, Dipnoi, and Elasmobranchii or Selachians (sharks and skates). Formerly the leptocardia and Marsipobranciata were also included, but these are now generally regarded as two distinct classes, below the fishes. 3. pl. The twelfth sign of the zodiac; Pisces. 4. The flesh of fish, used as food. 5. (Naut.) (a) A purchase used to fish the anchor. (b) A piece of timber, somewhat in the form of a fish, used to strengthen a mast or yard. Fish is used adjectively or as part of a compound word; as fish line, fish pole, fish spear, fish-bellied. Age of Fishes. See under Age, n., 8. — Fish ball, fish (usually salted codfish) shared fine, mixed with mashed potato, and made into the form of a small, round cake. [U.S.] — Fish bar. Same as Fish plate (below). — Fish beam (Mech.), a beam one of whose sides (commonly the under one) swells out like the belly of a fish. Francis. — Fish crow (Zoöl.), a species of crow (Corvus ossifragus), found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It feeds largely on fish. — Fish culture, the artifical breeding and rearing of fish; pisciculture. — Fish davit. See Davit. — Fish day, a day on which fish is eaten; a fast day. — Fish duck (Zoöl.), any species of merganser. — Fish fall, the tackle depending from the fish davit, used in hauling up the anchor to the gunwale of a ship. — Fish garth, a dam or weir in a river for keeping fish or taking them easily. - - Fish glue. See Isinglass. — Fish joint, a joint formed by a plate or pair of plates fastened upon two meeting beams, plates, etc., at their junction; — used largely in connecting the rails of railroads. — Fish kettle, a long kettle for boiling fish whole. — Fish ladder, a dam with a series of steps which fish can leap in order to ascend falls in a river. — Fish line, or Fishing line, a line made of twisted hair, silk, etc., used in angling. — Fish louse (Zoöl.), any crustacean parasitic on fishes, esp. the parasitic Copepoda, belonging to Caligus, Argulus, and other related genera. See Branchiura. — Fish maw (Zoöl.), the stomach of a fish; also the air bladder, or sound. — Fish meal, fish desiccated and ground fine, for use in soups, etc. — Fish oil, oil obtained from the bodies of fish and marine animals, as whales, seals, sharks, from cods’ livers, etc. — Fish owl (Zoöl.), a fish-eating owl of the Old World genera Scotopelia and Ketupa, esp. a large East Indian species (K. Ceylonensis). — Fish plate, one of the plates of a fish joint. — Fish pot, a wicker basket, sunk, with a float attached, for catching crabs, lobsters, etc. — Fish pound, a net attached to stakes, for entrapping and catching fish; a weir. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. — Fish slice, a broad knife for dividing fish at table; a fish trowel. — Fish slide, an inclined box set in a stream at a small fall, or ripple, to catch fish descending the current. Knight. — Fish sound, the air bladder of certain fishes, esp. those that are dried and used as food, or in the arts, as for the preparation of isinglass. — Fish story, a story which taxes credulity; an extravagant or incredible narration. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. — Fish strainer. (a) A metal colander, with handles, for taking fish from a boiler. (b) A perforated earthenware slab at the bottom of a dish, to drain the water from a boiled fish. — Fish trowel, a fish slice. — Fish weir or wear, a weir set in a stream, for catching fish. — Neither fish nor flesh (Fig.), neither one thing nor the other.

Fish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fished p. pr. & vb. n. Fishing.] 1. To attempt to catch fish; to be employed in taking fish, by any means, as by angling or drawing a net. 2. To seek to obtain by artifice, or indirectly to seek to draw forth; as to fish for compliments. “Any other fishing question.” Sir W. Scott.

Fish, v. t. [OE. fischen, fisken, fissen, AS. fiscian; akin to G. fischen, OHG. fiscn, Goth. fiskn. See Fish the animal.] 1. To catch; to draw out or up; as to fish up an anchor. 2. To search by raking or sweeping. Swift. 3. To try with a fishing rod; to catch fish in; as to fish a stream. Thackeray. 4. To strengthen (a beam, mast, etc.), or unite end to end (two timbers, railroad rails, etc.) by bolting a plank, timber, or plate to the beam, mast, or timbers, lengthwise on one or both sides. See Fish joint, under Fish, n. To fish the anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor.

Fish´-bel•lied , a. Bellying or swelling out on the under side; as a fish-bellied rail. Knight.

Fish´-block , n. See Fish- tackle.

Fish´er , n. [AS. fiscere.] 1. One who fishes. 2. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela Canadensis); the pekan; the ´black cat.´

Fish´er•man , n.; pl. Fishermen . 1. One whose occupation is to catch fish. 2. (Naut.) A ship or vessel employed in the business of taking fish, as in the cod fishery.

Fish´er•y , n.; pl. Fisheries . 1. The business or practice of catching fish; fishing. Addison. 2. A place for catching fish. 3. (Law) The right to take fish at a certain place, or in particular waters. Abbott.

Fish´ful , a. Abounding with fish. [R.] ´My fishful pond.´ R. Carew.

Fish´gig , n. A spear with barbed prongs used for harpooning fish. Knight.

Fish´hawk , n. (Zoöl.) The osprey (Pandion haliaëtus), found both in Europe and America; — so called because it plunges into the water and seizes fishes in its talons. Called also fishing eagle, and bald buzzard.

Fish´hook , n. 1. A hook for catching fish. 2. (Naut.) A hook with a pendant, to the end of which the fish-tackle is hooked. Dana.

Fish´i•fy , v. t. To change to fish. [R.] Shak.

Fish´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being fishy or fishlike. Pennant.

Fish´ing, n. 1. The act, practice, or art of one who fishes. 2. A fishery. Spenser.

Fish´ing, a. [From Fishing, n.] Pertaining to fishing; used in fishery; engaged in fishing; as fishing boat; fishing tackle; fishing village. Fishing fly, an artificial fly for fishing. — Fishing line, a line used in catching fish. — Fishing net, a net of various kinds for catching fish; including the bag net, casting net, drag net, landing net, seine, shrimping net, trawl, etc. — Fishing rod, a long slender rod, to which is attached the line for angling. — Fishing smack, a sloop or other small vessel used in sea fishing. — Fishing tackle, apparatus used in fishing, as hook, line, rod, etc. — Fishing tube (Micros.), a glass tube for selecting a microscopic object in a fluid.

Fish´like , a. Like fish; suggestive of fish; having some of the qualities of fish. “A very ancient and fishlike smell.” Shak.

Fish´mon•ger , n. A dealer in fish.

Fish´skin , n. 1. The skin of a fish (dog fish, shark, etc.) 2. (Med.) See Ichthyosis.

Fish´-tac•kle , n. A tackle or purchase used to raise the flukes of the anchor up to the gunwale. The block used is called the fish-block.

Fish´-tail , a. Like the of a fish; acting, or producing something, like the tail of a fish. Fish-tail burner, a gas burner that gives a spreading flame shaped somewhat like the tail of a fish. — Fish-tail propeller (Steamship), a propeller with a single blade that oscillates like the tail of a fish when swimming.

Fish´wife , n. A fishwoman.

Fish´wom•an , n.; pl. Fishwomen . A woman who retails fish.

Fish´y , a. 1. Consisting of fish; fishlike; having the qualities or taste of fish; abounding in fish. Pope. 2. Extravagant, like some stories about catching fish; improbable; also rank or foul. [Colloq.]

Fisk , v. i. [Cf. Sw. fjeska to bustle about.] To run about; to frisk; to whisk. [Obs.] “He fisks abroad, and stirreth up erroneous opinions.” Latimer.

Fis•si•gem•ma´tion , n. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. gemmation.] (Biol.) A process of reproduction intermediate between fission and gemmation.

Fis´sile , a. [L. fissilis, fr. fissus, p. p. of findere to split. See Fissure.] Capable of being split, cleft, or divided in the direction of the grain, like wood, or along natural planes of cleavage, like crystals. “This crystal is a pellucid, fissile stone.” Sir I. Newton.

Fis•si•lin´gual , a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. lingual.] (Zoöl.) Having the tongue forked.

Fis•si•lin´gui•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. o f findere to split) + lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) A group of Lacertilia having the tongue forked, including the common lizards. [Written also Fissilingues.]

Fis•sil´i•ty , n. Quality of being fissile.

Fis´sion , n. [L. fissio. See Fissure.] 1. A cleaving, splitting, or breaking up into parts. 2. (Biol.) A method of asexual reproduction among the lowest (unicellular) organisms by means of a process of self-division, consisting of gradual division or cleavage of the into two parts, each of which then becomes a separate and independent organisms; as when a cell in an animal or plant, or its germ, undergoes a spontaneous division, and the parts again subdivide. See Segmentation, and Cell division, under Division. 3. (Zoöl.) A process by which certain coral polyps, echinoderms, annelids, etc., spontaneously subdivide, each individual thus forming two or more new ones. See Strobilation.

Fis•si•pal´mate , a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + palma palm.] (Zoöl.) Semipalmate and loboped, as a grebe’s foot. See Illust. under Aves.

Fis•sip´a•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Fissiparous.] (Zoöl.) Animals which reproduce by fission.

Fis•sip´a•rism , n. [See Fissiparous.] (Biol.) Reproduction by spontaneous fission.

Fis•si•par´i•ty , n. (Biol.) Quality of being fissiparous; fissiparism.

Fis•sip´a•rous , a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. fissipare.] (Biol.) Reproducing by spontaneous fission. See Fission. — Fis•sip´a•rous•ly, adv.

Fis•si•pa´tion , n. (Biol.) Reproduction by fission; fissiparism. { Fis´si•ped , Fis•sip´e•dal }, a. [Cf. F. fissipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the toes separated to the base. [See Aves.]

Fis´si•ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fissipedia.

Fis•si•pe´di•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. of findere to cleave) + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Carnivora, including the dogs, cats, and bears, in which the feet are not webbed; — opposed to Pinnipedia.

Fis•si•ros´tral , a. [Cf. F. fissirostre.] (Zoöl.) Having the bill cleft beyond the horny part, as in the case of swallows and goatsuckers.

Fis•si•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. of findere to cleave) + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds having the bill deeply cleft.

Fis´sur•al , a. Pertaining to a fissure or fissures; as the fissural pattern of a brain.

Fis•su•ra´tion , n. (Anat.) The act of dividing or opening; the state of being fissured.

Fis´sure , n. [L. fissura, fr. findere, fissum, to cleave, split; akin to E. bite: cf. F. fissure.] A narrow opening, made by the parting of any substance; a cleft; as the fissure of a rock. Cerebral fissures (Anat.), the furrows or clefts by which the surface of the cerebrum is divided; esp., the furrows first formed by the infolding of the whole wall of the cerebrum. — Fissure needle (Surg.), a spiral needle for catching together the gaping lips of wounds. Knight. — Fissure of rolando (Anat.), the furrow separating the frontal from the parietal lobe in the cerebrum. — Fissure of Sylvius (Anat.), a deep cerebral fissure separating the frontal from the temporal lobe. See Illust. under Brain. — Fissure vein (Mining), a crack in the earth’s surface filled with mineral matter. Raymond.

Fis´sure , v. t. To cleave; to divide; to crack or fracture.

Fis•su•rel´la , n. [NL., dim. of L. fissura a fissure.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropod mollusks, having a conical or limpetlike shell, with an opening at the apex; — called also keyhole limpet.

Fist (fist), n. [OE. fist, fust, AS. fyst; akin to D. vuist, OHG. fust, G. faust, and prob. to L. pugnus, Gr. pygmh• fist, py•x with the fist. Cf. Pugnacious, Pigmy.] 1. The hand with the fingers doubled into the palm; the closed hand, especially as clinched tightly for the purpose of striking a blow. “Who grasp the earth and heaven with my fist.” Herbert. 2. The talons of a bird of prey. [Obs.] “More light than culver in the falcon’s fist.” Spenser. 3. (print.) the index mark [], used to direct special attention to the passage which follows. Hand over fist (Naut.), rapidly; hand over hand.

Fist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fisting.] 1. To strike with the fist. Dryden. 2. To gripe with the fist. [Obs.] Shak.

Fist´ic , a. [From Fist.] Pertaining to boxing, or to encounters with the fists; puglistic; as fistic exploits; fistic heroes. [Colloq.]

Fist´i•cuff , n. A cuff or blow with the fist or hand; (pl.) a fight with the fists; boxing. Swift.

Fis´ti•nut , n. [Cf. Fr. fistinq, fistuq. See Pistachio.] A pistachio nut. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fis•tu´ca , n. [L.] An instrument used by the ancients in driving piles.

Fis´tu•la ( 135), n.; pl. Fistulae (#). [L.] 1. A reed; a pipe. 2. A pipe for convejing water. [Obs.] Knight. 3. (Med.) A permanent abnormal opening into the soft parts with a constant discharge; a deep, narrow, chronic abscess; an abnormal opening between an internal cavity and another cavity or the surface; as a salivary fistula; an anal fistula; a recto-vaginal fistula. Incomplete fistula (Med.), a fistula open at one end only.

Fis´tu•lar , a. [L. fistularis: cf. F. fistulaire.] Hollow and cylindrical, like a pipe or reed. Johnson.

Fis•tu•la´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. fistula pipe.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, having the head prolonged into a tube, with the mouth at the extremity.

Fis•tu•la´ri•oid , a. [Fistularia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Fistularia.

Fis´tu•late ( 135), v. t. & i. [Cf. L. fistulatus furnished with pipes.] To make hollow or become hollow like a fistula, or pipe. [Obs.] ´A fistulated ulcer.´ Fuller.

Fis´tule ( 135), n. A fistula.

Fis´tu•li•form , a. [Fistula + -form.] Of a fistular form; tubular; pipe-shaped. “Stalactite often occurs fistuliform.” W. Philips.

Fis´tu•lose ( 135), a. [L. fistulosus.] Formed like a fistula; hollow; reedlike. Craig.

Fis´tu•lous , a. [Cf. F. fistuleux.] 1. Having the form or nature of a fistula; as a fistulous ulcer. 2. Hollow, like a pipe or reed; fistulose. Lindley.

Fit , imp. & p. p. of Fight. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Fit, n. [AS. fitt a song.] In Old English, a song; a strain; a canto or portion of a ballad; a passus. [Written also fitte, fytte, etc.] “To play some pleasant fit.” Spenser.

Fit, a. [Compar. Fitter superl. Fittest ] [OE. fit, fyt; cf. E. feat neat, elegant, well made, or icel. fitja to web, knit, OD. vitten to suit, square, Goth. fetjan to adorn. rad.77.] 1. Adapted to an end, object, or design; suitable by nature or by art; suited by character, qualitties, circumstances, education, etc.; qualified; competent; worthy. “That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in.” Shak. “Fit audience find, though few.” Milton. 2. Prepared; ready. [Obs.] “So fit to shoot, she singled forth among
her foes who first her quarry’s strength should feel.” Fairfax. 3. Conformed to a standart of duty, properiety, or taste; convenient; meet; becoming; proper. “Is it fit to say a king, Thou art wicked?” Job xxxiv. 18. Syn. — Suitable; proper; appropriate; meet; becoming; expedient; congruous; correspondent; apposite; apt; adapted; prepared; qualified; competent; adequate.

Fit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fitted p. pr. & vb. n. Fitting ] 1. To make fit or suitable; to adapt to the purpose intended; to qualify; to put into a condition of readiness or preparation. “The time is fitted for the duty.” Burke. “The very situation for which he was peculiarly fitted by nature.” Macaulay. 2. To bring to a required form and size; to shape aright; to adapt to a model; to adjust; — said especially of the work of a carpenter, machinist, tailor, etc. “The carpenter … marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes.” Is. xliv. 13. 3. To supply with something that is suitable or fit, or that is shaped and adjusted to the use required. “No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves.” Shak. 4. To be suitable to; to answer the requirements of; to be correctly shaped and adjusted to; as if the coat fits you, put it on. “That’s a bountiful answer that fits all questions.” Shak. “That time best fits the work.” Shak. To fit out, to supply with necessaries or means; to furnish; to equip; as to fit out a privateer. — To fit up, to furnish with things suitable; to make proper for the reception or use of any person; to prepare; as to fit up a room for a guest.

Fit , v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming. “Nor fits it to prolong the feast.” Pope. 2. To be adjusted to a particular shape or size; to suit; to be adapted; as his coat fits very well.

Fit, n. 1. The quality of being fit; adjustment; adaptedness; as of dress to the person of the wearer. 2. (Mach.) (a) The coincidence of parts that come in contact. (b) The part of an object upon which anything fits tightly. Fit rod (Shipbuilding), a gauge rod used to try the depth of a bolt hole in order to determine the length of the bolt required. Knight.

Fit, n. [AS. fit strife, fight; of uncertain origin. rad. 77.] 1. A stroke or blow. [Obs. or R.] “Curse on that cross, quoth then the Sarazin,
That keeps thy body from the bitter fit.” Spenser. 2. A sudden and violent attack of a disorder; a stroke of disease, as of epilepsy or apoplexy, which produces convulsions or unconsciousness; a convulsion; a paroxysm; hence, a period of exacerbation of a disease; in general, an attack of disease; as a fit of sickness. “And when the fit was on him, I did mark
How he did shake.” Shak. 3. A mood of any kind which masters or possesses one for a time; a temporary, absorbing affection; a paroxysm; as a fit of melancholy, of passion, or of laughter. “All fits of pleasure we balanced by an equal degree of pain.” Swift. “The English, however, were on this subject prone to fits of jealously.” Macaulay. 4. A passing humor; a caprice; a sudden and unusual effort, activity, or motion, followed by relaxation or inaction; an impulsive and irregular action. “The fits of the season.” Shak. 5. A darting point; a sudden emission. [R.] “A tongue of light, a fit of flame.” Coleridge. By fits, By fits and starts, by intervals of action and repose; impulsively and irregularly; intermittently.

Fitch ( 224), n.; pl. Fitches (#). [See Vetch.] 1. (Bot.) A vetch. [Obs.] 2. pl. (Bot.) A word found in the Authorized Version of the Bible, representing different Hebrew originals. In Isaiah xxviii. 25, 27, it means the black aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, still used as a flavoring in the East. In Ezekiel iv. 9, the Revised Version now reads spelt.

Fitch, n. [Contr. of fitched.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; also its fur.

Fitch´e , a. [Cf. F. fiche, lit. p. p. of ficher to fasten, OF. fichier to pierce. Cf. 1st Fish.] (Her.) Sharpened to a point; pointed. Cross fitche, a cross having the lower arm pointed.

Fitched , a. (her.) Fitche. [Also fiched.] { Fitch´et , Fitch´ew }, n. [Cf. OF. fisseau, fissel, OD. fisse, visse, vitsche, D. vies nasty, loathsome, E. fizz.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat (Putorius fœtidus). See Polecat.

Fitch´y , a. Having fitches or vetches.

Fitch´y, a. [See Fitche.] (Her.) Fitche.

Fit´ful , a. [From 7th Fit.] Full of fits; irregularly variable; impulsive and unstable. “After life’s fitful fever, he sleeps well.” Shak. — Fit´ful•ly, adv. — Fit´ful•ness, n. “The victorious trumpet peal
Dies fitfully away.” Macaulay. { Fith´el , Fith´ul }, n. [OE. See Fiddle.] A fiddle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fit´ly , adv. In a fit manner; suitably; properly; conveniently; as a maxim fitly applied.

Fit´ment , n. The act of fitting; that which is proper or becoming; equipment. [Obs.] Shak.

Fit´ness, n. The state or quality of being fit; as the fitness of measures or laws; a person’s fitness for office.

Fitt , n. See 2d Fit.

Fit´ta•ble , a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Fit´ted•ness , n. The state or quality of being fitted; adaptation. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Fit´ter , n. 1. One who fits or makes to fit; esp.: (a) One who tries on, and adjusts, articles of dress. (b) One who fits or adjusts the different parts of machinery to each other. 2. A coal broker who conducts the sales between the owner of a coal pit and the shipper. [Eng.] Simmonds.

Fit´ter, n. A little piece; a flitter; a flinder. [Obs.] “Where’s the Frenchman? Alas he’s all fitters.” Beau. & Fl.

Fit´ting , n. Anything used in fitting up; especially (pl.), necessary fixtures or apparatus; as the fittings of a church or study; gas fittings.

Fit´ting, a. Fit; appropriate; suitable; proper. — Fit´ting•ly, adv. — Fit´ting•ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

Fit´weed , n. (Bot.) A plant (Eryngium fœtidum) supposed to be a remedy for fits.

Fitz , n. [OF. fils, filz, fiz, son, F. fils, L. filius. See Filial.] A son; — used in compound names, to indicate paternity, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes of the blood; as Fitzroy, the son of the king; Fitzclarence, the son of the duke of Clarence.

Five , a. [OE. fif, five, AS. fif, fife; akin to D. vijf, OS. fif, OHG. finf, funf, G. fünf, Icel. fimm, Sw. & Sw. Dan. fem, Goth. fimf, Lith. penki, W. pump, OIr. cóic, L. quinque, Gr. , AEol. , Skr. pacan. rad.303. Cf. Fifth, Cinque, Pentagon, Punch the drink, Quinary.] Four and one added; one more than four. Five nations (Ethnol.), a confederacy of the Huron-Iroquois Indians, consisting of five tribes: Mohawks, Onondagas Cayugas Oneidas and Senecas. They inhabited the region which is now the State of new York.

Five (fiv), n. 1. The number next greater than four, and less than six; five units or objects. “Five of them were wise, and five were foolish.” Matt. xxv. 2. 2. A symbol representing this number, as 5, or V.

Five´-fin•ger , n. 1. (Bot.) See Cinquefoil. 2. (Zoöl.) A starfish with five rays, esp. Asterias rubens.

Five´fold , a. & adv. In fives; consisting of five in one; five repeated; quintuple.

Five´-leaf , n. Cinquefoil; five-finger. { Five´-leafed• , Five´-leaved• }, a. (Bot.) Having five leaflets, as the Virginia creeper.

Five´ling , n. (Min.) A compound or twin crystal consisting of five individuals.

Fives (fivz), n. pl. A kind of play with a ball against a wall, resembling tennis; — so named because three fives, or fifteen, are counted to the game. Smart. Fives court, a place for playing fives.

Fives, n. [See Vives.] A disease of the glands under the ear in horses; the vives. Shak.

Five•-twen´ties , n. pl. Five- twenty bonds of the United States (bearing six per cent interest), issued in 1862, ’64, and ’65, redeemable after five and payable in twenty years.

Fix (fiks), a. [OE., fr. L. fixus, p. p. of figere to fix; cf. F. fixe.] Fixed; solidified. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fixed (fikst); p. pr. & vb. n. Fixing.] [Cf. F. fixer.] 1. To make firm, stable, or fast; to set or place permanently; to fasten immovably; to establish; to implant; to secure; to make definite. “An ass’s nole I fixed on his head.” Shak. “O, fix thy chair of grace, that all my powers
May also fix their reverence.” Herbert. “His heart is fixed, trusting in the Lord.” Ps. cxii. 7. “And fix far deeper in his head their stings.” Milton. 2. To hold steadily; to direct unwaveringly; to fasten, as the eye on an object, the attention on a speaker. “Sat fixed in thought the mighty Stagirite.” Pope. “One eye on death, and one full fix’d on heaven.” Young. 3. To transfix; to pierce. [Obs.] Sandys. 4. (Photog.) To render (an impression) permanent by treating with such applications as will make it insensible to the action of light. Abney. 5. To put in order; to arrange; to dispose of; to adjust; to set to rights; to set or place in the manner desired or most suitable; hence, to repair; as to fix the clothes; to fix the furniture of a room. [Colloq. U.S.] 6. (Iron Manuf.) To line the hearth of (a puddling furnace) with fettling. Syn. — To arrange; prepare; adjust; place; establish; settle; determine.

Fix, v. i. 1. To become fixed; to settle or remain permanently; to cease from wandering; to rest. “Your kindness banishes your fear,
Resolved to fix forever here.” Waller. 2. To become firm, so as to resist volatilization; to cease to flow or be fluid; to congeal; to become hard and malleable, as a metallic substance. Bacon. To fix on, to settle the opinion or resolution about; to determine regarding; as the contracting parties have fixed on certain leading points.

Fix, n. 1. A position of difficulty or embarassment; predicament; dilemma. [Colloq.] “Is he not living, then? No. is he dead, then? No, nor dead either. Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, — so that he is in an almighty fix.” De Quincey. 2. (Iron Manuf.) fettling. [U.S.]

Fix´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being fixed.

Fix•a´tion (fiks•a´shun), n. [Cf. F. fixation.] 1. The act of fixing, or the state of being fixed. “An unalterable fixation of resolution.” Killingbeck. “To light, created in the first day, God gave no proper place or fixation.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Marked stiffness or absolute fixation of a joint.” Quain. “A fixation and confinement of thought to a few objects.” Watts. 2. The act of uniting chemically with a solid substance or in a solid form; reduction to a non-volatile condition; — said of gaseous elements. 3. The act or process of ceasing to be fluid and becoming firm. Glanvill. 4. A state of resistance to evaporation or volatilization by heat; — said of metals. Bacon.

Fix´a•tive , n. That which serves to set or fix colors or drawings, as a mordant.

Fixed (fikst), a. 1. Securely placed or fastened; settled; established; firm; imovable; unalterable. 2. (Chem.) Stable; non- volatile. Fixed air (Old Chem.), carbonic acid or carbon dioxide; — so called by Dr. Black because it can be absorbed or fixed by strong bases. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. — Fixed alkali (Old Chem.), a non-volatile base, as soda, or potash, in distinction from the volatile alkali ammonia. — Fixed ammunition (Mil.), a projectile and powder inclosed together in a case ready for loading. — Fixed battery (Mil.), a battery which contains heavy guns and mortars intended to remain stationary; — distinguished from movable battery. — Fixed bodies, those which can not be volatilized or separated by a common menstruum, without great difficulty, as gold, platinum, lime, etc. — Fixed capital. See the Note under Capital, n., 4. — Fixed fact, a well established fact. [Colloq.] — Fixed light, one which emits constant beams; — distinguished from a flashing, revolving, or intermittent light. — Fixed oils (Chem.), non-volatile, oily substances, as stearine and olein, which leave a permanent greasy stain, and which can not be distilled unchanged; — distinguished from volatile or essential oils. — Fixed pivot (Mil.), the fixed point about which any line of troops wheels. — Fixed stars (Astron.), such stars as always retain nearly the same apparent position and distance with respect to each other, thus distinguished from planets and comets.

Fix´ed•ly (fiks´ed•ly), adv. In a fixed, stable, or constant manner.

Fix´ed•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being fixed; stability; steadfastness. 2. The quality of a body which resists evaporation or volatilization by heat; solidity; cohesion of parts; as the fixedness of gold.

Fix•id´i•ty (fiks•id´i•ty), n. Fixedness. [Obs.] Boyle.

Fix´ing (fiks´ing), n. 1. The act or process of making fixed. 2. That which is fixed; a fixture. 3. pl. Arrangements; embellishments; trimmings; accompaniments. [Colloq. U.S.]

Fix´i•ty (-i•ty), n. [Cf. F. fixite.] 1. Fixedness; as fixity of tenure; also that which is fixed. 2. Coherence of parts. Sir I. Newton.

Fix´ture (fiks´tur; 135), n. [Cf. Fixure.] 1. That which is fixed or attached to something as a permanent appendage; as the fixtures of a pump; the fixtures of a farm or of a dwelling, that is, the articles which a tenant may not take away. 2. State of being fixed; fixedness. “The firm fixture of thy foot.” Shak. 3. (Law) Anything of an accessory character annexed to houses and lands, so as to constitute a part of them. This term is, however, quite frequently used in the peculiar sense of personal chattels annexed to lands and tenements, but removable by the person annexing them, or his personal representatives. In this latter sense, the same things may be fixtures under some circumstances, and not fixtures under others. Wharton (Law Dict.). Bouvier. This word is frequently substituted for fixure (formerly the word in common use) in new editions of old works.

Fix´ure (-ur), n. [L. fixura a fastening, fr. figere to fix. See Fix, and cf. Fixture.] Fixed position; stable condition; firmness. [Obs.] Shak.

Fiz´gig (fiz´gig), n. A fishgig. [Obs.] Sandys.

Fiz´gig, n. [Fizz + gig whirling thing.] A firework, made of damp powder, which makes a fizzing or hissing noise when it explodes.

Fiz´gig, n. [See Gig a flirt.] A gadding, flirting girl. Gosson.

Fizz (fiz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzed (fizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzing.] [Cf. Icel. fisa to break wind, Dan. fise to foist, fizzle, OSw. fisa, G. fisten, feisten. Cf. Foist.] To make a hissing sound, as a burning fuse.

Fizz, n. A hissing sound; as the fizz of a fly.

Fiz´zle (fiz´z’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzled (-z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzling (-zling).] [See Fizz.] 1. To make a hissing sound. “It is the easiest thing, sir, to be done,
As plain as fizzling.” B. Jonson. 2. To make a ridiculous failure in an undertaking. [Colloq. or Low] To fizzle out, to burn with a hissing noise and then go out, like wet gunpowder; hence, to fail completely and ridiculously; to prove a failure. [Colloq.]

Fiz´zle, n. A failure or abortive effort. [Colloq.]

Fjord (fyôrd), n. See Fiord.

Flab´ber•gast , v. t. [Cf. Flap, and Aghast.] To astonish; to strike with wonder, esp. by extraordinary statements. [Jocular] Beaconsfield.

Flab•ber•gas•ta´tion , n. The state of being flabbergasted. [Jocular] London Punch.

Flab´bi•ly , adv. In a flabby manner.

Flab´bi•ness, n. Quality or state of being flabby.

Flab´by , a. [See Flap.] Yielding to the touch, and easily moved or shaken; hanging loose by its own weight; wanting firmness; flaccid; as flabby flesh.

Fla´bel , n. [L. flabellum a fan, dim. of flabrum a breeze, fr. flare to blow.] A fan. [Obs.] Huloet.

Fla•bel´late , a. [L. flabellatus, p. p. of flabellare to fan, fr. flabellum. See Flabbel.] (Bot.) Flabelliform.

Flab•el•la´tion , n. The act of keeping fractured limbs cool by the use of a fan or some other contrivance. Dunglison.

Fla•bel´li•form , a. [L. flabellum a fan + -form: cf. F. flabeliforme.] Having the form of a fan; fan-shaped; flabellate.

Fla•bel´li•nerved , a. [L. flabellum a fan + E. nerve.] (Bot.) Having many nerves diverging radiately from the base; — said of a leaf.

Fla•bel´lum , n. [L. See Flabel.] (Eccl.) A fan; especially, the fan carried before the pope on state occasions, made in ostrich and peacock feathers. Shipley.

Flab´ile , a. [L. flabilis.] Liable to be blown about. Bailey.

Flac´cid , a. [L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus flabby: cf. OF. flaccide.] Yielding to pressure for want of firmness and stiffness; soft and weak; limber; lax; drooping; flabby; as a flaccid muscle; flaccid flesh. “Religious profession … has become flacced.” I. Taylor. — Flac´cid•ly (#), adv. — Flac´cid•ness, n.

Flac•cid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. flaccidite.] The state of being flaccid.

Flack´er , v. i. [OE. flakeren, fr. flacken to move quickly to and fro; cf. icel. flakka to rove about, AS. flacor fluttering, flying, G. flackern to flare, flicker.] To flutter, as a bird. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Flack´et , n. [OF. flasquet little flask, dim. of flasque a flask.] A barrel-shaped bottle; a flagon.

Flag (flag), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flagged p. pr. & vb. n. Flagging ] [Cf. Icel. flaka to droop, hang loosely. Cf. Flacker, Flag an ensign.] 1. To hang loose without stiffness; to bend down, as flexible bodies; to be loose, yielding, limp. “As loose it [the sail] flagged around the mast.” T. Moore. 2. To droop; to grow spiritless; to lose vigor; to languish; as the spirits flag; the streugth flags. “The pleasures of the town begin to flag.” Swift. Syn. — To droop; decline; fail; languish; pine.

Flag (flag), v. t. 1. To let droop; to suffer to fall, or let fall, into feebleness; as to flag the wings. prior. 2. To enervate; to exhaust the vigor or elasticity of. “Nothing so flags the spirits.” Echard.

Flag, n. [Cf. LG. & G. flagge, Sw. flagg, Dan. flag, D. vlag. See Flag to hang loose.] 1. That which flags or hangs down loosely. 2. A cloth usually bearing a device or devices and used to indicate nationality, party, etc., or to give or ask information; — commonly attached to a staff to be waved by the wind; a standard; a banner; an ensign; the colors; as the national flag; a military or a naval flag. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A group of feathers on the lower part of the legs of certain hawks, owls, etc. (b) A group of elongated wing feathers in certain hawks. (c) The bushy tail of a dog, as of a setter. Black flag. See under Black. — Flag captain, Flag leutenant, etc., special officers attached to the flagship, as aids to the flag officer. — Flag officer, the commander of a fleet or squadron; an admiral, or commodore. — Flag of truse, a white flag carried or displayed to an enemy, as an invitation to conference, or for the purpose of making some communication not hostile. — Flag share, the flag officer’s share of prize money. — Flag station (Railroad), a station at which trains do not stop unless signaled to do so, by a flag hung out or waved. — National flag, a flag of a particular country, on which some national emblem or device, is emblazoned. — Red flag, a flag of a red color, displayed as a signal of danger or token of defiance; the emblem of anarchists. — To dip, the flag, to mlower it and quickly restore it to its place; — done as a mark of respect. — To hang out the white flag, to ask truce or quarter, or, in some cases, to manifest a friendly design by exhibiting a white flag. — To hang the flag half-mast high or half- staff, to raise it only half way to the mast or staff, as a token or sign of mourning. — To strike, or lower, the flag, to haul it down, in token of respect, submission, or, in an engagement, of surrender. — Yellow flag, the quarantine flag of all nations; also carried at a vessel’s fore, to denote that an infectious disease is on board.

Flag, v. t. [From Flag an ensign.] 1. To signal to with a flag; as to flag a train. 2. To convey, as a message, by means of flag signals; as to flag an order to troops or vessels at a distance.

Flag, n. [From Flag to hang loose, to bend down.] (Bot.) An aquatic plant, with long, ensiform leaves, belonging to either of the genera Iris and Acorus. Cooper’s flag, the cat-tail (Typha latifolia), the long leaves of which are placed between the staves of barrels to make the latter water-tight. — Corn flag. See under 2d Corn. — Flag broom, a coarse of broom, originally made of flags or rushes. — Flag root, the root of the sweet flag. — Sweet flag. See Calamus, n., 2.

Flag, v. t. To furnish or deck out with flags.

Flag, n. [Icel. flaga, cf. Icel. flag spot where a turf has been cut out, and E. flake layer, scale. Cf. Floe.] 1. A flat stone used for paving. Woodward. 2. (Geol.) Any hard, evenly stratified sandstone, which splits into layers suitable for flagstones.

Flag, v. t. To lay with flags of flat stones. “The sides and floor are all flagged with … marble.” Sandys.

Flag´el•lant , n. [L. flagellans, p. p. of flagellare: cf.F. flagellant. See Flagellate.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a fanatical sect which flourished in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, and maintained that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacrament; — called also disciplinant.

Flag•el•la´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr.L. flagellatus, p. p. See Flagellate, v. t.] (Zoöl.) An order of Infusoria, having one or two long, whiplike cilia, at the anterior end. It includes monads. See Infusoria, and Monad.

Flag´el•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flagellated p. pr. & vb. n. Flagellating ] [L. flagellatus, p. p. of flagellare to scoure, fr. flagellum whip, dim. of flagrum whip, scoure; cf. fligere to strike. Cf. Flall.] To whip; to scourge; to flog.

Fla•gel´late , a. 1. Flagelliform. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Flagellata.

Flag•el•la´tion , n. [L. flagellatio: cf. F. flagellation.] A beating or flogging; a whipping; a scourging. Garth.

Flag´el•la•tor , n. One who practices flagellation; one who whips or scourges.

Fla•gel´li•form , a. [L. flagellum a whip + -form.] Shaped like a whiplash; long, slender, round, flexible, and (comming) tapering.

Fla•gel´lum , n.; pl. E. Flagellums (#), L. Flagella (#). [L., a whip. See Flagellate, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) A young, flexible shoot of a plant; esp., the long trailing branch of a vine, or a slender branch in certain mosses. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A long, whiplike cilium. See Flagellata. (b) An appendage of the reproductive apparatus of the snail. (c) A lashlike appendage of a crustacean, esp. the terminal ortion of the antennae and the epipodite of the maxilipeds. See Maxilliped.

Flag´eo•let , n. [F. flageolet, dim. of OF. flajl (as if fr. a LL. flautio;us), of flaüte, flahute, F. flte. See Flute.] (Mus.) A small wooden pipe, having six or more holes, and a mouthpiece inserted at one end. It produces a shrill sound, softer than of the piccolo flute, and is said to have superseded the old recorder. Flageolet tones (Mus.), the naturel harmonics or overtones of stringed instruments.

Flag´gi•ness , n. The condition of being flaggy; laxity; limberness. Johnson.

Flag´ging , n. A pavement or sidewalk of flagstones; flagstones, collectively.

Flag´ging, a. Growing languid, weak, or spiritless; weakening; delaying. — Flag´ging•ly, adv.

Flag´gy , a. 1. Weak; flexible; limber. ´Flaggy wings.´ Spenser. 2. Tasteless; insipid; as a flaggy apple. [Obs.] Bacon.

Flag´gy, a. [From 5th Flag.] Abounding with the plant called flag; as a flaggy marsh.

Flag´i•tate , v. t. [L. flagitatus, p. p. of flagitare to demand. See Flagitious.] To importune; to demand fiercely or with passion. [Archaic] Carcyle.

Flag•i•ta´tion , n. [L. flagitatio.] Importunity; urgent demand. [Archaic] Carlyle.

Fla•gi´tious , a. [L. flagitiosus, fr. flagitium a shameful or disgraceful act, orig., a burning desire, heat of passion, from flagitare to demand hotly, fiercely; cf. flagrare to burn, E. flagrant.] 1. Disgracefully or shamefully criminal; grossly wicked; scandalous; shameful; — said of acts, crimes, etc. “Debauched principles and flagitious practices.” I. Taylor. 2. Guilty of enormous crimes; corrupt; profligate; — said of persons. Pope. 3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices; as flagitious times. Pope. Syn. — Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; profligate; abandoned. See Atrocious. — Fla•gi´tious•ly, adv. — Fla•gi´tious•ness, n. “A sentence so flagitiously unjust.” Macaulay.

Flag´man , n.; pl. Flagmen . One who makes signals with a flag.

Flag´on , n. [F. flacon, for flascon, fr. OF. flasche, from LL. flasco. See Flask.] A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying liquors. It is generally larger than a bottle, and of leather or stoneware rather than of glass. “A trencher of mutton chops, and a flagon of ale.” Macaulay.

Fla´grance , n. Flagrancy. Bp. Hall.

Fla´gran•cy , n.; pl. Flagrancies (#). [L. flagrantia a burning. See Flagrant.] 1. A burning; great heat; inflammation. [Obs.] “Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes.” Bacon. 2. The condition or quality of being flagrant; atrocity; heiniousness; enormity; excess. Steele.

Fla´grant , a. [L. flagrans, -antis, p. pr. of flagrate to burn, akin to Gr. : cf. F. flagrant. Cf. Flame, Phlox.] 1. Flaming; inflamed; glowing; burning; ardent. “The beadle’s lash still flagrant on their back.” Prior. “A young man yet flagrant from the lash of the executioner or the beadle.” De Quincey. “Flagrant desires and affections.” Hooker. 2. Actually in preparation, execution, or performance; carried on hotly; raging. “A war the most powerful of the native tribes was flagrant.” Palfrey. 3. Flaming into notice; notorious; enormous; heinous; glaringly wicked. Syn. — Atrocious; flagitious; glaring. See Atrocious.

Fla´grant•ly, adv. In a flagrant manner.

Fla´grate , v. t. [L. flagrare, flagratum, v.i. & t., to burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Greenhill.

Fla•gra´tion , n. A conflagration. [Obs.]

Flag´ship , n. (Naut.) The vessel which carries the commanding officer of a fleet or squadron and flies his distinctive flag or pennant.

Flag´staff , n.; pl. -staves or -staffs. A staff on which a flag is hoisted.

Flag´stone , n. A flat stone used in paving, or any rock which will split into such stones. See Flag, a stone.

Flag´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub found among flags and sedge.

Flail , n. [L. flagellum whip, scourge, in LL., a threshing flail: cf. OF. flael, flaiel, F. fleau. See Flagellum.] 1. An instrument for threshing or beating grain from the ear by hand, consisting of a wooden staff or handle, at the end of which a stouter and shorter pole or club, called a swipe, is so hung as to swing freely. “His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn.” Milton. 2. An ancient military weapon, like the common flail, often having the striking part armed with rows of spikes, or loaded. Fairholt. “No citizen thought himself safe unless he carried under his coat a small flail, loaded with lead, to brain the Popish assassins.” Macaulay.

Flail´y , a. Acting like a flail. [Obs.] Vicars.

Flain , obs. p. p. of Flay. Chaucer.

Flake (flak), n. [Cf. Icel. flaki, fleki, Dan. flage, D. vlaak.] 1. A paling; a hurdle. [prov. Eng.] 2. A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fast or interwoven, supported by stanchions, for drying codfish and other things. “You shall also after they be ripe, neither suffer them to have straw nor fern under them, but lay them either upon some smooth table, boards, or flakes of wands, and they will last the longer.” English Husbandman. 3. (Naut.) A small stage hung over a vessel’s side, for workmen to stand on in calking, etc.

Flake (flak), n. [Cf. Icel. flakna to flake off, split, flagna to flake off, Sw. flaga flaw, flake, flake plate, Dan. flage snowflake. Cf. Flag a flat stone.] 1. A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike layer of anything; a film; flock; lamina; layer; scale; as a flake of snow, tallow, or fish. ´Lottle flakes of scurf.´ Addison. “Great flakes of ice encompassing our boat.” Evelyn. 2. A little particle of lighted or incandescent matter, darted from a fire; a flash. “With flakes of ruddy fire.” Somerville. 3. (Bot.) A sort of carnation with only two colors in the flower, the petals having large stripes. Flake knife (Archaeol.), a cutting instrument used by savage tribes, made of a flake or chip of hard stone. Tylor. — Flake stand, the cooling tub or vessel of a still worm. Knight. — Flake white. (Paint.) (a) The purest white lead, in the form of flakes or scales. (b) The trisnitrate of bismuth. Ure.

Flake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flaked p. pr. & vb. n. Flaking.] To form into flakes. Pope.

Flake, v. i. To separate in flakes; to peel or scale off.

Flak´i•ness , n. The state of being flaky.

Flak´y , a. Consisting of flakes or of small, loose masses; lying, or cleaving off, in flakes or layers; flakelike. “What showers of mortal hail, what flaky fires!” Watts. “A flaky weight of winter’s purest snows.” Wordsworth.

Flam (flam), n. [Cf. AS. fleám, flaem, flight. rad. 84 . Cf. Flimflam.] A freak or whim; also a falsehood; a lie; an illusory pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.] “A perpetual abuse and flam upon posterity.” South.

Flam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flammed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flamming.] To deceive with a falsehood. [Obs.] “God is not to be flammed off with lies.” South.

Flam´beau n.; pl. Flambeaux (#) or Flambeaus (#). [F., fr. OF. flambe flame, for flamble, from L. flammula a little flame, dim. of flamma flame. See Flame.] A flaming torch, esp. one made by combining together a number of thick wicks invested with a quick-burning substance (anciently, perhaps, wax; in modern times, pitch or the like); hence, any torch.

Flam•boy´ant , a. [F.] (Arch.) Characterized by waving or flamelike curves, as in the tracery of windows, etc.; — said of the later (15th century) French Gothic style.

Flam•boy´er , n. [F. flamboyer to be bright.] (Bot.) A name given in the East and West Indies to certain trees with brilliant blossoms, probably species of Caesalpinia.

Flame (flam), n. [OE. flame, flaume, flaumbe, OF. flame, flambe, F. flamme, fr. L. flamma, fr. flamma, fr. flagrare to burn. See Flagrant, and cf. Flamneau, Flamingo.] 1. A stream of burning vapor or gas emitting light and heat; darting or streaming fire; a blaze; a fire. 2. Burning zeal or passion; elevated and noble enthusiasm; glowing imagination; passionate excitement or anger. ´In a flame of zeal severe.´ Milton. “Where flames refin’d in breasts seraphic glow.” Pope. “Smit with the love of sister arts we came,
And met congenial, mingling flame with flame.” Pope. 3. Ardor of affection; the passion of love. Coleridge. 4. A person beloved; a sweetheart. Thackeray. Syn. — Blaze; brightness; ardor. See Blaze. Flame bridge, a bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. — Flame color, brilliant orange or yellow. B. Jonson. — Flame engine, an early name for the gas engine. — Flame manometer, an instrument, invented by Koenig, to obtain graphic representation of the action of the human vocal organs. See Manometer. — Flame reaction (Chem.), a method of testing for the presence of certain elements by the characteristic color imparted to a flame; as sodium colors a flame yellow, potassium violet, lithium crimson, boracic acid green, etc. Cf. Spectrum analysis, under Spectrum. — Flame tree (Bot.), a tree with showy scarlet flowers, as the Rhododendron arboreum in India, and the Brachychiton acerifolium of Australia.

Flame, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flamed p. pr. & vb. n. Flaming.] [OE. flamen, flaumben, F. flamber, OF. also flamer. See Flame, n.] 1. To burn with a flame or blaze; to burn as gas emitted from bodies in combustion; to blaze. “The main blaze of it is past, but a small thing would make it flame again.” Shak. 2. To burst forth like flame; to break out in violence of passion; to be kindled with zeal or ardor. “He flamed with indignation.” Macaulay.

Flame, v. t. To kindle; to inflame; to excite. “And flamed with zeal of vengeance inwardly.” Spenser.

Flame´-col•ored , a. Of the color of flame; of a bright orange yellow color. Shak.

Flame´less, a. Destitute of flame. Sandys.

Flame´let , n. [Flame + - let.] A small flame. “The flamelets gleamed and flickered.” Longfellow.

Fla´men , n.; pl. E. Flammens (#), L. Flamines (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A priest devoted to the service of a particular god, from whom he received a distinguishing epithet. The most honored were those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, called respectively Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis. “Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.” Milton.

Fla•min´e•ous , a. Pertaining to a flamen; flaminical.

Flam´ing , a. 1. Emitting flames; afire; blazing; consuming; illuminating. 2. Of the color of flame; high-colored; brilliant; dazzling. ´In flaming yellow bright.´ Prior. 3. Ardent; passionate; burning with zeal; irrepressibly earnest; as a flaming proclomation or harangue.

Flam´ing•ly, adv. In a flaming manner.

Fla•min´go , n.; pl. Flamingoes (#). [Sp. flamenco, cf. Pg. flamingo, Prov. flammant, F. flamant; prop. a p. pr. meaning flaming. So called in allusion to its color. See Flame.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Phœnicopterus. The flamingoes have webbed feet, very long legs, and a beak bent down as if broken. Their color is usually red or pink. The American flamingo is P. ruber; the European is P. antiquorum.

Fla•min´i•cal , a. Pertaining to a flamen. Milton.

Flam•ma•bil´ity , n. The quality of being flammable; inflammability. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Flam´ma•ble , a. Inflammable. [Obs.]

Flam•ma´tion , n. The act of setting in a flame or blaze. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.

Flam´me•ous , a. [L. flammeus from flamma flame.] Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, flame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Flam•mif´er•ous , a. [L. flammifer; flamma flame + ferre to bear.] Producing flame.

Flam•miv´o•mous , a. [L. flammivomus; flamma flame + vomere to vomit.] Vomiting flames, as a volcano. W. Thompson. (1745).

Flam´mu•la•ted , a. [L. flammula little flame, dim. fr. flamma flame.] Of a reddish color.

Flam´y , a. [From Flame.] Flaming; blazing; flamelike; flame-colored; composed of flame. Pope.

Flanch , n.; pl. Flanches (#). [Prov. E., a projection, OF. flanche flank. See Flank.] 1. A flange. [R.]. (Her.) A bearing consisting of a segment of a circle encroaching on the field from the side. Flanches are always in pairs. A pair of flanches is considered one of the subordinaries.

Flanched , a. (Her.) Having flanches; — said of an escutcheon with those bearings.

Flan•co•nade´ , n. [F.] (Fencing) A thrust in the side.

Fla•neur´ , n. [F., fr. flâner to stroll.] One who strolls about aimlessly; a lounger; a loafer.

Flang , n. A miner’s two- pointed pick.

Flange (flanj), n. [Prov. E. flange to project, flanch a projection. See Flanch, Flank.] 1. An external or internal rib, or rim, for strength, as the flange of an iron beam; or for a guide, as the flange of a car wheel (see Car wheel.); or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc. Knight. 2. A plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe. Blind flange, a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. — Flange joint, a joint, as that of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Knight. - - Flange rail, a rail with a flange on one side, to keep wheels, etc. from running off. — Flange turning, the process of forming a flange on a wrought iron plate by bending and hammering it when hot.

Flange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanged (flanjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanging (flan´jing).] (Mach.) To make a flange on; to furnish with a flange.

Flange, v. i. To be bent into a flange.

Flanged (flanjd), a. Having a flange or flanges; as a flanged wheel.

Flank (flank), n. [F. flanc, prob. fr. L. flaccus flabby, with n inserted. Cf. Flaccid, Flanch, Flange.] 1. The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the ribs and the hip. See Illust. of Beef. 2. (Mil.) (a) The side of an army, or of any division of an army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion; the extreme right or left; as to attack an enemy in flank is to attack him on the side. “When to right and left the front” “Divided, and to either flank retired.” Milton. (b) (Fort.) That part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the curtain, the flank and face of the opposite bastion; any part of a work defending another by a fire along the outside of its parapet. See Illust. of Bastion. 3. (Arch.) The side of any building. Brands. 4. That part of the acting surface of a gear wheel tooth that lies within the pitch line. Flank attack (Mil.), an attack upon the side of an army or body of troops, distinguished from one upon its front or rear. — Flank company (Mil.), a certain number of troops drawn up on the right or left of a battalion; usually grenadiers, light infantry, or riflemen. — Flank defense (Fort.), protection of a work against undue exposure to an enemy’s direct fire, by means of the fire from other works, sweeping the ground in its front. — Flank en potence (Mil.), any part of the right or left wing formed at a projecting angle with the line. — Flank files, the first men on the right, and the last on the left, of a company, battalion, etc. — Flank march, a march made parallel or obliquely to an enemy’s position, in order to turn it or to attack him on the flank. — Flank movement, a change of march by an army, or portion of one, in order to turn one or both wings of the enemy, or to take up a new position. — Flanks of a frontier, salient points in a national boundary, strengthened to protect the frontier against hostile incursion. — Flank patrol, detachments acting independently of the column of an army, but patrolling along its flanks, to secure it against surprise and to observe the movements of the enemy.

Flank (flank), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanked (flankt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanking.] [Cf. F. flanquer. See Flank, n., and cf. Flanker, v. t.] 1. To stand at the flank or side of; to border upon. “Stately colonnades are flanked with trees.” Pitt. 2. To overlook or command the flank of; to secure or guard the flank of; to pass around or turn the flank of; to attack, or threaten to attack; the flank of.

Flank, v. i. 1. To border; to touch. Bp. Butler. 2. To be posted on the side.

Flank´er , n. One who, or that which, flanks, as a skirmisher or a body of troops sent out upon the flanks of an army toguard a line of march, or a fort projecting so as to command the side of an assailing body. “They threw out flankers, and endeavored to dislodge their assailants.” W. Irwing.

Flank´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flankered p. pr. & vb. n. Flankering.] [See Flank, v. t.] 1. To defend by lateral fortifications. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. To attack sideways. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Flan´nel (flan´nel), n. [F. flanelle, cf. OF. flaine a pillowcase, a mattress fr. W. gwlanen flannel, fr. gwlan wool; prob. akin to E. wool. Cf. Wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. Shak. Adam’s flannel. (Bot.) See under Adam. — Canton flannel, Cotton flannel. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton.

Flan´neled , a. Covered or wrapped in flannel.

Flan´nen , a. Made or consisting of flannel. [Obs.] ´Flannen robes.´ Dryden.

Flap , n. [OE. flappe, flap, blow, bly-flap; cf. D. flap, and E. flap, v.] Anything broad and limber that hangs loose, or that is attached by one side or end and is easily moved; as the flap of a garment. “A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx.” Sir T. Browne. 2. A hinged leaf, as of a table or shutter. 3. The motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke or sound made with it; as the flap of a sail or of a wing. 4. pl. (Far.) A disease in the lips of horses. Flap tile, a tile with a bent up portion, to turn a corner or catch a drip. — Flap valve (Mech.), a valve which opens and shuts upon one hinged side; a clack valve.

Flap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flapped p. pr. & vb. n. Flapping ] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. flappen, E. flap, n., flop, flippant, fillip.] 1. To beat with a flap; to strike. “Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings.” Pope. 2. To move, as something broad and flaplike; as to flap the wings; to let fall, as the brim of a hat. To flap in the mouth, to taunt. [Obs.] W. Cartwright.

Flap, v. i. 1. To move as do wings, or as something broad or loose; to fly with wings beating the air. “The crows flapped over by twos and threes.” Lowell. 2. To fall and hang like a flap, as the brim of a hat, or other broad thing. Gay.

Flap´drag•on , n. 1. A game in which the players catch raisins out burning brandy, and swallow them blazing. Johnson. 2. The thing thus caught and eaten. Johnson. “Cakes and ale, and flapdragons and mummer’s plays, and all the happy sports of Christians night.” C. Kingsley.

Flap´drag•on, v. t. To swallow whole, as a flapdragon; to devour. [Obs.] “See how the sea flapdragoned it.” Shak.

Flap´-eared , a. Having broad, loose, dependent ears. Shak.

Flap´jack , n. 1. A fklat cake turned on the griddle while cooking; a griddlecake or pacake. 2. A fried dough cake containing fruit; a turnover. [Prov. Eng.]

Flap´-mouthed , a. Having broad, hangling lips. [R.] Shak.

Flap´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, flaps. 2. See Flipper. ´The flapper of a porpoise.´ Buckley. Flapper skate (Zoöl.), a European skate (Raia intermedia).

Flare , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flared p. pr. & vb. n. Flaring.] [Cf. Norw. flara to blaze, flame, adorn with tinsel, dial. Sw. flasa upp, and E. flash, or flacker.] 1. To burn with an unsteady or waving flame; as the candle flares. 2. To shine out with a sudden and unsteady light; to emit a dazzling or painfully bright light. 3. To shine out with gaudy colors; to flaunt; to be offensively bright or showy. “With ribbons pendant, flaring about her head.” Shak. 4. To be exposed to too much light. [Obs.] “Flaring in sunshine all the day.” Prior. 5. To open or spread outwards; to project beyond the perpendicular; as the sides of a bowl flare; the bows of a ship flare. To flare up, to become suddenly heated or excited; to burst into a passion. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Flare, n. 1. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. 2. A spreading outward; as the flare of a fireplace.

Flare, n. Leaf of lard. ´Pig’s flare.´ Dunglison.

Flare´-up , n. A sudden burst of anger or passion; an angry dispute. [Colloq.]

Flar´ing , a. 1. That flares; flaming or blazing unsteadily; shining out with a dazzling light. “His [the sun’s] flaring beams.” Milton. 2. Opening or speading outwards.

Flar´ing•ly, adv. In a flaring manner.

Flash (flash), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flashed (flasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Flashing.] [Cf. OE. flaskien, vlaskien to pour, sprinkle, dial. Sw. flasa to blaze, E. flush, flare.] 1. To burst or break forth with a sudden and transient flood of flame and light; as the lighting flashes vividly; the powder flashed. 2. To break forth, as a sudden flood of light; to burst instantly and brightly on the sight; to show a momentary brilliancy; to come or pass like a flash. “Names which have flashed and thundered as the watch words of unnumbered struggles.” Talfourd. “The object is made to flash upon the eye of the mind.” M. Arnold. “A thought flashed through me, which I clothed in act.” Tennyson. 3. To burst forth like a sudden flame; to break out violently; to rush hastily. “Every hour
He flashes into one gross crime or other.” Shak. To flash in the pan, to fail of success. [Colloq.] See under Flash, a burst of light. Bartlett. Syn. — Flash, Glitter, Gleam, Glisten, Glister. Flash differs from glitter and gleam, denoting a flood or wide extent of light. The latter words may express the issuing of light from a small object, or from a pencil of rays. Flash differs from other words, also in denoting suddenness of appearance and disappearance. Flashing differs from exploding or disploding in not being accompanied with a loud report. To glisten, or glister, is to shine with a soft and fitful luster, as eyes suffused with tears, or flowers wet with dew.

Flash (flash), v. t. 1. To send out in flashes; to cause to burst forth with sudden flame or light. “The chariot of paternal Deity,
Flashing thick flames.” Milton. 2. To convey as by a flash; to light up, as by a sudden flame or light; as to flash a message along the wires; to flash conviction on the mind. 3. (Glass Making) To cover with a thin layer, as objects of glass with glass of a different color. See Flashing, n., 3 (b). 4. To trick up in a showy manner. “Limning and flashing it with various dyes.” A. Brewer. 5. [Perh. due to confusion between flash of light and plash, splash.] To strike and throw up large bodies of water from the surface; to splash. [Obs.] “He rudely flashed the waves about.” Spenser. Flashed glass. See Flashing, n., 3.

Flash, n.; pl. Flashes . 1. A sudden burst of light; a flood of light instantaneously appearing and disappearing; a momentary blaze; as a flash of lightning. 2. A sudden and brilliant burst, as of wit or genius; a momentary brightness or show. “The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind.” Shak. “No striking sentiment, no flash of fancy.” Wirt. 3. The time during which a flash is visible; an instant; a very brief period. “The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash.” Bacon. 4. A preparation of capsicum, burnt sugar, etc., for coloring and giving a fictitious strength to liquors. Flash light, or Flashing light, a kind of light shown by lighthouses, produced by the revolution of reflectors, so as to show a flash of light every few seconds, alternating with periods of dimness. Knight. — Flash in the pan, the flashing of the priming in the pan of a flintlock musket without discharging the piece; hence, sudden, spasmodic effort that accomplishes nothing.

Flash, a. 1. Showy, but counterfeit; cheap, pretentious, and vulgar; as flash jewelry; flash finery. 2. Wearing showy, counterfeit ornaments; vulgarly pretentious; as flash people; flash men or women; — applied especially to thieves, gamblers, and prostitutes that dress in a showy way and wear much cheap jewelry. Flash house, a house frequented by flash people, as thieves and whores; hence, a brothel. ´A gang of footpads, reveling with their favorite beauties at a flash house.´ Macaulay.

Flash, n. Slang or cant of thieves and prostitutes.

Flash, n. [OE. flasche, flaske; cf. OF. flache, F. flaque.] 1. A pool. [Prov. Eng.] Haliwell. 2. (Engineering) A reservoir and sluiceway beside a navigable stream, just above a shoal, so that the stream may pour in water as boats pass, and thus bear them over the shoal. Flash wheel (Mech.), a paddle wheel made to revolve in a breast or curved water way, by which water is lifted from the lower to the higher level.

Flash´board , n. A board placed temporarily upon a milldam, to raise the water in the pond above its usual level; a flushboard. [U.S.]

Flash´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, flashes. 2. A man of more appearance of wit than reality. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A large sparoid fish of the Atlantic coast and all tropical seas (Lobotes Surinamensis). (b) The European red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio); — called also flusher.

Flash´i•ly , adv. In a flashy manner; with empty show.

Flash´i•ness, n. The quality of being flashy.

Flash´ing, n. 1. (Engineering) The creation of an artifical flood by the sudden letting in of a body of water; — called also flushing. 2. (Arch.) Pieces of metal, built into the joints of a wall, so as to lap over the edge of the gutters or to cover the edge of the roofing; also similar pieces used to cover the valleys of roofs of slate, shingles, or the like. By extension, the metal covering of ridges and hips of roofs; also in the United States, the protecting of angles and breaks in walls of frame houses with waterproof material, tarred paper, or the like. Cf. Filleting. 3. (Glass Making) (a) The reheating of an article at the furnace aperture during manufacture to restore its plastic condition; esp., the reheating of a globe of crown glass to allow it to assume a flat shape as it is rotated. (b) A mode of covering transparent white glass with a film of colored glass. Knight. Flashing point (Chem.), that degree of temperature at which a volatile oil gives off vapor in sufficient quantity to burn, or flash, on the approach of a flame, used as a test of the comparative safety of oils, esp. kerosene; a flashing point of 100° F. is regarded as a fairly safe standard. The burning point of the oil is usually from ten to thirty degree above the flashing point of its vapor.

Flash´y , a. 1. Dazzling for a moment; making a momentary show of brilliancy; transitorily bright. “A little flashy and transient pleasure.” Barrow. 2. Fiery; vehement; impetuous. “A temper always flashy.” Burke. 3. Showy; gay; gaudy; as a flashy dress. 4. Without taste or spirit. “Lean and flashy songs.” Milton.

Flask , n. [AS. flasce, flaxe; akin to D. flesch, OHG. flasca, G. flasche, Icel. & Sw. flaska, Dan. flaske, OF. flasche, LL. flasca, flasco; of uncertain origin; cf. L. vasculum, dim. of vas a vessel, Gr. , , . Cf. Flagon, Flasket.] 1. A small bottle-shaped vessel for holding fluids; as a flask of oil or wine. 2. A narrow-necked vessel of metal or glass, used for various purposes; as of sheet metal, to carry gunpowder in; or of wrought iron, to contain quicksilver; or of glass, to heat water in, etc. 3. A bed in a gun carriage. [Obs.] Bailey. 4. (Founding) The wooden or iron frame which holds the sand, etc., forming the mold used in a foundry; it consists of two or more parts; viz., the cope or top; sometimes, the cheeks, or middle part; and the drag, or bottom part. When there are one or more cheeks, the flask is called a three part flask, four part flask, etc. Erlenmeyer flask, a thin glass flask, flat- bottomed and cone-shaped to allow of safely shaking its contents laterally without danger of spilling; — so called from Erlenmeyer, a German chemist who invented it. — Florence flask. [From Florence in Italy.] (a) Same as Betty, n., 3. (b) A glass flask, round or pear-shaped, with round or flat bottom, and usually very thin to allow of heating solutions. — Pocket flask, a kind of pocket dram bottle, often covered with metal or leather to protect it from breaking.

Flask´et , n. [Cf. W. fflasged a vessel of straw or wickerwork, fflasg flask, basket, and E. flask.] 1. A long, shallow basket, with two handles. [Eng.] “In which they gathered flowers to fill their flasket.” Spenser. 2. A small flask. 3. A vessel in which viands are served. [Obs.] Pope.

Flat , a. [Compar. Flatter superl. Flattest ] [Akin to Icel. flatr, Sw. flat, Dan. flad, OHG. flaz, and AS. flet floor, G. flötz stratum, layer.] 1. Having an even and horizontal surface, or nearly so, without prominences or depressions; level without inclination; plane. “Though sun and moon
Were in the flat sea sunk.” Milton. 2. Lying at full length, or spread out, upon the ground; level with the ground or earth; prostrate; as to lie flat on the ground; hence, fallen; laid low; ruined; destroyed. “What ruins kingdoms, and lays cities flat!” Milton. “I feel … my hopes all flat.” Milton. 3. (Fine Arts) Wanting relief; destitute of variety; without points of prominence and striking interest. “A large part of the work is, to me, very flat.” Coleridge. 4. Tasteless; stale; vapid; insipid; dead; as fruit or drink flat to the taste. 5. Unanimated; dull; uninteresting; without point or spirit; monotonous; as a flat speech or composition. “How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world.” Shak. 6. Lacking liveliness of commercial exchange and dealings; depressed; dull; as the market is flat. 7. Clear; unmistakable; peremptory; absolute; positive; downright. “Flat burglary as ever was committed.” Shak. “A great tobacco taker too, — that’s flat.” Marston. 8. (Mus.) (a) Below the true pitch; hence, as applied to intervals, minor, or lower by a half step; as a flat seventh; A flat. (b) Not sharp or shrill; not acute; as a flat sound. 9. (Phonetics) Sonant; vocal; — applied to any one of the sonant or vocal consonants, as distinguished from a nonsonant (or sharp) consonant. Flat arch. (Arch.) See under Arch, n., 2. (b). — Flat cap, cap paper, not folded. See under Paper. — Flat chasing, in fine art metal working, a mode of ornamenting silverware, etc., producing figures by dots and lines made with a punching tool. Knight. — Flat chisel, a sculptor’s chisel for smoothing. — Flat file, a file wider than its thickness, and of rectangular section. See File. — Flat nail, a small, sharp- pointed, wrought nail, with a flat, thin head, larger than a tack. Knight. — Flat paper, paper which has not been folded. — Flat rail, a railroad rail consisting of a simple flat bar spiked to a longitudinal sleeper. — Flat rods (Mining), horizontal or inclined connecting rods, for transmitting motion to pump rods at a distance. Raymond. — Flat rope, a rope made by plaiting instead of twisting; gasket; sennit. Some flat hoisting ropes, as for mining shafts, are made by sewing together a number of ropes, making a wide, flat band. Knight. — Flat space. (Geom.) See Euclidian space. — Flat stitch, the process of wood engraving. [Obs.] — Flat tint (Painting), a coat of water color of one uniform shade. — To fall flat (Fig.), to produce no effect; to fail in the intended effect; as his speech fell flat. “Of all who fell by saber or by shot,
Not one fell half so flat as Walter Scott.” Lord Erskine.

Flat , adv. 1. In a flat manner; directly; flatly. “Sin is flat opposite to the Almighty.” Herbert. 2. (Stock Exchange) Without allowance for accrued interest. [Broker’s Cant]

Flat, n. 1. A level surface, without elevation, relief, or prominences; an extended plain; specifically, in the United States, a level tract along the along the banks of a river; as the Mohawk Flats. “Envy is as the sunbeams that beat hotter upon a bank, or steep rising ground, than upon a flat.” Bacon. 2. A level tract lying at little depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide; a shoal; a shallow; a strand. “Half my power, this night
Passing these flats, are taken by the tide.” Shak. 3. Something broad and flat in form; as: (a) A flat-bottomed boat, without keel, and of small draught. (b) A straw hat, broad- brimmed and low-crowned. (c) (Railroad Mach.) A car without a roof, the body of which is a platform without sides; a platform car. (d) A platform on wheel, upon which emblematic designs, etc., are carried in processions. 4. The flat part, or side, of anything; as the broad side of a blade, as distinguished from its edge. 5. (Arch.) A floor, loft, or story in a building; especially, a floor of a house, which forms a complete residence in itself. 6. (Mining) A horizontal vein or ore deposit auxiliary to a main vein; also any horizontal portion of a vein not elsewhere horizontal. Raymond. 7. A dull fellow; a simpleton; a numskull. [Colloq.] “Or if you can not make a speech,
Because you are a flat.” Holmes. 8. (Mus.) A character [&flat;] before a note, indicating a tone which is a half step or semitone lower. 9. (Geom.) A homaloid space or extension.

Flat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flatted p. pr. & vb. n. Flatting ] 1. To make flat; to flatten; to level. 2. To render dull, insipid, or spiritless; to depress. “Passions are allayed, appetites are flatted.” Barrow. 3. To depress in tone, as a musical note; especially, to lower in pitch by half a tone.

Flat, v. i. 1. To become flat, or flattened; to sink or fall to an even surface. Sir W. Temple. 2. (Mus.) To fall form the pitch. To flat out, to fail from a promising beginning; to make a bad ending; to disappoint expectations. [Colloq.]

Flat´bill , n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Flatyrynchus. They belong to the family of flycatchers.

Flat´boat , n. A boat with a flat bottom and square ends; — used for the transportation of bulky freight, especially in shallow waters.

Flat´-bot•tomed , a. Having an even lower surface or bottom; as a flat-bottomed boat.

Flat´-cap , n. A kind of low- crowned cap formerly worn by all classes in England, and continued in London after disuse elsewhere; — hence, a citizen of London. Marston.

Flat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Pleuronectidae; esp., the winter flounder (Pleuronectes Americanus). The flatfishes have the body flattened, swim on the side, and have eyes on one side, as the flounder, turbot, and halibut. See Flounder.

Flat´ foot (Med.) A foot in which the arch of the instep is flattened so that the entire sole of the foot rests upon the ground; also the deformity, usually congential, exhibited by such a foot; splayfoot.

Flat´-foot•ed, a. 1. Having a flat foot, with little or no arch of the instep. 2. Firm-footed; determined. [Slang, U.S.]

Flat´head , a. Characterized by flatness of head, especially that produced by artificial means, as a certain tribe of American Indians.

Flat´head, n. (Ethnol.) A Chinook Indian. See Chinook, n., 1.

Flat´-head•ed , a. Having a head with a flattened top; as a flat-headed nail.

Flat´i•ron , n. An iron with a flat, smooth surface for ironing clothes.

Fla´tive , a. [L. flare, flatum to blow.] Producing wind; flatulent. [Obs.] A. Brewer.

Flat´ling , adv. [Flat, a. + adverbial suff. -ling.] With the flat side, as of a sword; flatlong; in a prostrate position. [Obs.] Spenser.

Flat´long ( 115), adv. With the flat side downward; not edgewise. Shak.

Flat´ly, adv. In a flat manner; evenly; horizontally; without spirit; dully; frigidly; peremptorily; positively; plainly. ´He flatly refused his aid.´ Sir P. Sidney. “He that does the works of religion slowly, flatly, and without appetite.” Jer. Taylor.

Flat´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being flat. 2. Eveness of surface; want of relief or prominence; the state of being plane or level. 3. Want of vivacity or spirit; prostration; dejection; depression. 4. Want of variety or flavor; dullness; insipidity. 5. Depression of tone; the state of being below the true pitch; — opposed to sharpness or acuteness.

Fla•tour´ , n. [OF.] A flatterer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flat´ten (flat´t’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattened p. pr. & vb. n. Flattening.] [From Flat, a.] 1. To reduce to an even surface or one approaching evenness; to make flat; to level; to make plane. 2. To throw down; to bring to the ground; to prostrate; hence, to depress; to deject; to dispirit. 3. To make vapid or insipid; to render stale. 4. (Mus.) To lower the pitch of; to cause to sound less sharp; to let fall from the pitch. To flatten a sail (Naut.), to set it more nearly fore-and-aft of the vessel. — Flattening oven, in glass making, a heated chamber in which split glass cylinders are flattened for window glass.

Flat´ten, v. i. To become or grow flat, even, depressed, dull, vapid, spiritless, or depressed below pitch.

Flat´ter (flat´ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, makes flat or flattens. 2. (Metal Working) (a) A flat-faced fulling hammer. (b) A drawplate with a narrow, rectangular orifice, for drawing flat strips, as watch springs, etc.

Flat´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattered p. pr. & vb. n. Flattering.] [OE. flateren, cf. OD. flatteren; akin to G. flattern to flutter, Icel. flara to fawn, flatter: cf. F. flatter. Cf. Flitter, Flutter, Flattery.] 1. To treat with praise or blandishments; to gratify or attempt to gratify the self-love or vanity of, esp. by artful and interested commendation or attentions; to blandish; to cajole; to wheedle. “When I tell him he hates flatterers,
He says he does, being then most flattered.” Shak. “A man that flattereth his neighbor, spreadeth a net for his feet.” Prov. xxix. 5. “Others he flattered by asking their advice.” Prescott. 2. To raise hopes in; to encourage or favorable, but sometimes unfounded or deceitful, representations. 3. To portray too favorably; to give a too favorable idea of; as his portrait flatters him.

Flat´ter, v. i. To use flattery or insincere praise. “If it may stand him more in stead to lie,
Say and unsay, feign, flatter, or adjure.” Milton.

Flat´ter•er , n. One who flatters. “The most abject flaterers degenerate into the greatest tyrants.” Addison.

Flat´ter•ing, a. That flatters (in the various senses of the verb); as a flattering speech. “Lay not that flattering unction to your soul.” Shak. “A flattering painter, who made it his care,
To draw men as they ought be, not as they are.” Goldsmith.

Flat´ter•ing•ly, adv. With flattery.

Flat´ter•y , n.; pl. Flatteries (#). [OE. flaterie, OF. flaterie, F. flaterie, fr. flater to flatter, F. flatter; of uncertain origin. See Flatter, v. t.] The act or practice of flattering; the act of pleasing by artful commendation or compliments; adulation; false, insincere, or excessive praise. “Just praise is only a debt, but flattery is a present.” Rambler. “Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver.” Burke. Syn. — Adulation; compliment; obsequiousness. See Adulation.

Flat´ting , n. 1. The process or operation of making flat, as a cylinder of glass by opening it out. 2. A mode of painting,in which the paint, being mixed with turpentine, leaves the work without gloss. Gwilt. 3. A method of preserving gilding unburnished, by touching with size. Knolles. 4. The process of forming metal into sheets by passing it between rolls. Flatting coat, a coat of paint so put on as to have no gloss. — Flatting furnace. Same as flattening oven, under Flatten. — Flatting mill. (a) A rolling mill producing sheet metal; esp., in mints, the ribbon from which the planchets are punched. (b) A mill in which grains of metal are flatted by steel rolls, and reduced to metallic dust, used for purposes of ornamentation.

Flat´tish , a. Somewhat flat. Woodward. { Flat´u•lence , Flat´u•len•cy }, n. [Cf. F. flatulence.] The state or quality of being flatulent.

Flat´u•lent , a. [L. flatus a blowing, flatus ventris windiness, flatulence, fr. flare to blow: cf. F. flatulent. See Blow.] 1. Affected with flatus or gases generated in the alimentary canal; windy. 2. Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stomach. “Vegetables abound more with aërial particles than animal substances, and therefore are more flatulent.” Arbuthnot. 3. Turgid with flatus; as a flatulent tumor. Quincy. 4. Pretentious without substance or reality; puffy; empty; vain; as a flatulent vanity. “He is too flatulent sometimes, and sometimes too dry.” Dryden.

Flat´u•lent•ly, adv. In a flatulent manner; with flatulence.

Flat•u•os´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. flatuosite.] Flatulence. [Obs.] Bacon.

Flat´u•ous , a. [Cf. F. flatueux.] Windy; generating wind. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fla´tus , n.; pl. E. Flatuses (#), L. Flatus. [L., fr. flare to blow.] 1. A breath; a puff of wind. Clarke. 2. Wind or gas generated in the stomach or other cavities of the body. Quincy.

Flat´ware , n. Articles for the table, as china or silverware, that are more or less flat, as distinguished from hollow ware.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Flat´wise , a. or adv. With the flat side downward, or next to another object; not edgewise.

Flat´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Any worm belonging to the Plathelminthes; also sometimes applied to the planarians.

Flaun´drish , a. Flemish. [Obs.]

Flaunt (flänt or flant; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flaunted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Flaunting.] [Cf. dial. G. flandern to flutter, wave; perh. akin to E. flatter, flutter.] To throw or spread out; to flutter; to move ostentatiously; as a flaunting show. “You flaunt about the streets in your new gilt chariot.” Arbuthnot. “One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade.” Pope.

Flaunt, v. t. To display ostentatiously; to make an impudent show of.

Flaunt, n. Anything displayed for show. [Obs.] “In these my borrowed flaunts.” Shak.

Flaunt´ing•ly, adv. In a flaunting way.

Flau´tist , n. [It. flauto a flute See Flute.] A player on the flute; a flutist.

Flau´to (flou´to), n. [It.] A flute. Flaute piccolo [It., little flute], an octave flute. — Flauto traverso [It., transverse flute], the German flute, held laterally, instead of being played, like the old flûte à bec, with a mouth piece at the end.

Fla•van´i•line (? or 104), n. [L. flavus yellow + E. aniline.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, organic dyestuff, C16H14N2, of artifical production. It is a strong base, and is a complex derivative of aniline and quinoline.

Fla•ves´cent , a. [L. flavescens, p. pr. of flavescere to turn yellow.] Turning yellow; yellowish.

Fla•vic´o•mous , a. [L. flavicomus; flavus yellow + coma hair.] Having yellow hair. [R.]

Fla´vin , n. [L. flavus yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow, vegetable dyestuff, resembling quercitron.

Fla´vine ( 104), n. (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, organic base, C13H12N2O, obtained artificially.

Fla´vol , n. [L. flavus yellow + -oil.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from anthraquinone, and regarded as a hydroxyl derivative of it.

Fla´vor , n. [OF. fleur, flaur (two syllables), odor, cf. F. fleurer to emit an odor, It. flatore a bad odor, prob. fr. L. flare to bow, whence the sense of exhalation. Cf. Blow.] [Written also flavour.] 1. That quality of anything which affects the smell; odor; fragrances; as the flavor of a rose. 2. That quality of anything which affects the taste; that quality which gratifies the palate; relish; zest; savor; as the flavor of food or drink. 3. That which imparts to anything a peculiar odor or taste, gratifying to the sense of smell, or the nicer perceptions of the palate; a substance which flavors. 4. That quality which gives character to any of the productions of literature or the fine arts.

Fla´vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flavored p. pr. & vb. n. Flavoring.] To give flavor to; to add something (as salt or a spice) to, to give character or zest.

Fla´vored , a. Having a distinct flavor; as high-flavored wine.

Fla´vor•less , a. Without flavor; tasteless.

Fla´vor•ous , a. Imparting flavor; pleasant to the taste or smell; sapid. Dryden.

Fla´vous , a. [L. flavus.] Yellow. [Obs.]

Flaw (fla), n. [OE. flai, flaw flake; cf. Sw. flaga flaw, crack, breach, flake, D. vlaag gust of wind, Norw. flage, flaag, and E. flag a flat stone.] 1. A crack or breach; a gap or fissure; a defect of continuity or cohesion; as a flaw in a knife or a vase. “This heart
Shall break into a hundered thousand flaws.” Shak. 2. A defect; a fault; as a flaw in reputation; a flaw in a will, in a deed, or in a statute. “Has not this also its flaws and its dark side?” South. 3. A sudden burst of noise and disorder; a tumult; uproar; a quarrel. [Obs.] “And deluges of armies from the town
Came pouring in; I heard the mighty flaw.” Dryden. 4. A sudden burst or gust of wind of short duration. “Snow, and hail, and stormy gust and flaw.” Milton. “Like flaws in summer laying lusty corn.” Tennyson. Syn. — Blemish; fault; imperfection; spot; speck.

Flaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flawed (flad); p. pr. & vb. n. Flawing.] 1. To crack; to make flaws in. “The brazen caldrons with the frosts are flawed.” Dryden. 2. To break; to violate; to make of no effect. [Obs.] “France hath flawed the league.” Shak.

Flaw´less, a. Free from flaws. Boyle.

Flawn (flan), n. [OF. flaon, F. flan, LL. flado, fr. OHG. flado, G. fladen, a sort of pancake; cf. Gr. broad. See Place.] A sort of flat custard or pie. [Obs.] Tusser.

Flaw´ter , v. t. [Cf. Flay.] To scrape or pare, as a skin. [Obs.] Johnson.

Flaw´y , a. 1. Full of flaws or cracks; broken; defective; faulty. Johnson. 2. Subject to sudden flaws or gusts of wind.

Flax (flaks), n. [AS. fleax; akin to D. vlas, OHG. flahs, G. flachs, and prob. to flechten to braid, plait,m twist, L. plectere to weave, plicare to fold, Gr. to weave, plait. See Ply.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Linum, esp. the L. usitatissimum, which has a single, slender stalk, about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers. The fiber of the bark is used for making thread and cloth, called linen, cambric, lawn, lace, etc. Linseed oil is expressed from the seed. 2. The skin or fibrous part of the flax plant, when broken and cleaned by hatcheling or combing. Earth flax (Min.), amianthus. — Flax brake, a machine for removing the woody portion of flax from the fibrous. — Flax comb, a hatchel, hackle, or heckle. — Flax cotton, the fiber of flax, reduced by steeping in bicarbonate of soda and acidulated liquids, and prepared for bleaching and spinning like cotton. Knight. — Flax dresser, one who breaks and swingles flax, or prepares it for the spinner. — Flax mill, a mill or factory where flax is spun or linen manufactured. — Flax puller, a machine for pulling flax plants in the field. — Flax wench. (a) A woman who spins flax. [Obs.] (b) A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. — Mountain flax (Min.), amianthus. — New Zealand flax (Bot.) See Flax- plant.

Flax´en , a. Made of flax; resembling flax or its fibers; of the color of flax; of a light soft straw color; fair and flowing, like flax or tow; as flaxen thread; flaxen hair.

Flax´-plant , n. (Bot.) A plant in new Zealand (Phormium tenax), allied to the lilies and aloes. The leaves are two inches wide and several feet long, and furnish a fiber which is used for making ropes, mats, and coarse cloth.

Flax´seed , n. The seed of the flax; linseed.

Flax´weed , n. (Bot.) See Toadflax.

Flax´y , a. Like flax; flaxen. Sir M. Sandys.

Flay (fla), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flayed (flad); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaying.] [OE. flean, flan, AS. fleán; akin to D. vlaen, Icel. fla, Sw. flå, Dan. flaae, cf. Lith. pleszti to tear, plyszti, v.i., to burst, tear; perh. akin to E. flag a flat stone, flaw.] To skin; to strip off the skin or surface of; as to flay an ox; to flay the green earth. “With her nails
She ’ll flay thy wolfish visage.” Shak.

Flay´er , n. One who strips off the skin.

Flea (fle), v. t. [See Flay.] To flay. [Obs.] “He will be fleaed first
And horse collars made of’s skin.” J. Fletcher.

Flea, n. [OE. fle, flee, AS. fleá, fleáh; akin to D. vtoo, OHG. floh, G. floh, Icel. flo, Russ. blocha; prob. from the root of E. flee. rad.84. See Flee.] (Zoöl.) An insect belonging to the genus Pulex, of the order Aphaniptera. Fleas are destitute of wings, but have the power of leaping energetically. The bite is poisonous to most persons. The human flea (Pulex irritans), abundant in Europe, is rare in America, where the dog flea (P. canis) takes its place. See Aphaniptera, and Dog flea. See Illustration in Appendix. A flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, annoying like a flea; an irritating repulse; as to put a flea in one’s ear; to go away with a flea in one’s ear. — Beach flea, Black flea, etc. See under Beach, etc.

Flea´bane , n. (Bot.) One of various plants, supposed to have efficacy in driving away fleas. They belong, for the most part, to the genera Conyza, Erigeron, and Pulicaria.

Flea´-bee•tle , n. (Zoöl.) A small beetle of the family Halticidae, of many species. They have strong posterior legs and leap like fleas. The turnip flea-beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) and that of the grapevine (Graptodera chalybea) are common injurious species.

Flea´-bite , n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red spot caused by the bite. 2. A trifling wound or pain, like that of the bite of a flea. Harvey.

Flea´-bit•ten , a. 1. Bitten by a flea; as a flea-bitten face. 2. White, flecked with minute dots of bay or sorrel; — said of the color of a horse.

Fleagh (fle), obs. imp. of Fly.

Fleak (flek), n. A flake; a thread or twist. [Obs.] “Little long fleaks or threads of hemp.” Dr. H. More.

Fleak´ing, n. A light covering of reeds, over which the main covering is laid, in thatching houses. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Flea´-louse , n. (Zoöl.) A jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidae, of many species. That of the pear tree is Psylla pyri.

Fleam , n. [F. flamme, OF. flieme, fr. LL. flevotomum, phlebotomum; cf. D. vlijm. See Phlebotomy.] (Surg. & Far.) A sharp instrument used for opening veins, lancing gums, etc.; a kind of lancet. Fleam tooth, a tooth of a saw shaped like an isosceles triangle; a peg tooth. Knight.

Fleam´y , a. Bloody; clotted. [Obs. or Prov.] “Foamy bubbling of a fleamy brain.” Marston.

Flear , v. t. & i. See Fleer.

Flea´wort , n. (Bot.) An herb used in medicine (Plantago Psyllium), named from the shape of its seeds. Loudon.

Flèche , n. [F. flèche, prop., an arrow.] (Fort.) A simple fieldwork, consisting of two faces forming a salient angle pointing outward and open at the gorge.

Fleck (flek), n. A flake; also a lock, as of wool. [Obs.] J. Martin.

Fleck , n. [Cf. Icel. flekkr; akin to Sw. fläck, D. vlek, G. fleck, and perh. to E. flitch.] A spot; a streak; a speckle. ´A sunny fleck.´ Longfellow. “Life is dashed with flecks of sin.” tennyson.

Fleck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flecked p. pr. & vb. n. Flecking.] [Cf. Icel. flekka, Sw. fläcka, D. vlekken, vlakken, G. flecken. See Fleck, n.] To spot; to streak or stripe; to variegate; to dapple. “Both flecked with white, the true Arcadian strain.” Dryden. “A bird, a cloud, flecking the sunny air.” Trench.

Fleck´er , v. t. To fleck. Johnson.

Fleck´less, a. Without spot or blame. [R.] “My consnience will not count me fleckless.” Tennyson.

Flec´tion , n. [See Flexion.] 1. The act of bending, or state of being bent. 2. The variation of words by declension, comparison, or conjugation; inflection.

Flec´tion•al , a. Capable of, or pertaining to, flection or inflection. “A flectional word is a phrase in the bud.” Earle.

Flec´tor , n. A flexor.

Fled , imp. & p. p. of Flee.

Fledge , a. [OE. flegge, flygge; akin to D. vlug, G. flügge, flücke, OHG. flucchi, Icel. fleygr, and to E. fly. rad.84. See Fly, v. i.] Feathered; furnished with feathers or wings; able to fly. “His shoulders, fledge with wings.” Milton.

Fledge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fledged p. pr. & vb. n. Fledging.] 1. To furnish with feathers; to supply with the feathers necessary for flight. “The birds were not as yet fledged enough to shift for themselves.” L’Estrange. 2. To furnish or adorn with any soft covering. “Your master, whose chin is not yet fledged.” Shak.

Fledge´ling , n. A young bird just fledged.

Flee (fle), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fled (fled); p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeing.] [OE. fleon, fleen, AS. fleón (imperf. fleáh); akin to D. vlieden, OHG. & OS. fliohan, G. fliehen, Icel. flyja (imperf. flyði), Dan. flye, Sw. fly (imperf. flydde), Goth. þliuhan. rad.84. Cf. Flight.] To run away, as from danger or evil; to avoid in an alarmed or cowardly manner; to hasten off; — usually with from. This is sometimes omitted, making the verb transitive. “[He] cowardly fled, not having struck one stroke.” Shak. “Flee fornication.” 1 Cor. vi. 18. “So fled his enemies my warlike father.” Shak. When great speed is to be indicated, we commonly use fly, not flee; as fly hence to France with the utmost speed. ´Whither shall I fly to ’scape their hands?´ Shak. See Fly, v. i., 5.

Fleece (fles), n. [OE. flees, AS. fleós; akin to D. flies, vlies .] 1. The entire coat of wool that covers a sheep or other similar animal; also the quantity shorn from a sheep, or animal, at one time. “Who shore me
Like a tame wether, all my precious fleece.” Milton. 2. Any soft woolly covering resembling a fleece. 3. (Manuf.) The fine web of cotton or wool removed by the doffing knife from the cylinder of a carding machine. Fleece wool, wool shorn from the sheep. — Golden fleece. See under Golden.

Fleece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleeced p. pr. & vb. n. Fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece, or natural covering of wool. 2. To strip of money or other property unjustly, especially by trickery or fraud; to bring to straits by oppressions and exactions. “Whilst pope and prince shared the wool betwixt them, the people were finely fleeced.” Fuller. 3. To spread over as with wool. [R.] Thomson.

Fleeced , a. 1. Furnished with a fleece; as a sheep is well fleeced. Spenser. 2. Stripped of a fleece; plundered; robbed.

Fleece´less , a. Without a fleece.

Flee´cer , n. One who fleeces or strips unjustly, especially by trickery or fraund. Prynne.

Flee´cy , a. Covered with, made of, or resembling, a fleece. ´Fleecy flocks.´ Prior.

Fleen , n. pl. Obs. pl. of Flea. Chaucer.

Fle´er , n. One who flees. Ld. Berners.

Fleer , [imp. & p. p. Fleered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleering.] [OE. flerien; cf. Scot. fleyr, Norw. flira to titter, giggle, laugh at nothing, MHG. vlerre, vlarre, a wide wound.] 1. To make a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn; to deride; to sneer; to mock; to gibe; as to fleer and flout. “To fleer and scorn at our solemnity.” Shak. 2. To grin with an air of civility; to leer. [Obs.] “Grinning and fleering as though they went to a bear baiting.” Latimer.

Fleer, v. t. To mock; to flout at. Beau. & Fl.

Fleer, n. 1. A word or look of derision or mockery. “And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorn.” Shak. 2. A grin of civility; a leer. [Obs.] “A sly, treacherous fleer on the face of deceivers.” South.

Fleer´er , n. One who fleers. Beau. & Fl.

Fleer´ing•ly, adv. In a fleering manner.

Fleet , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeting.] [OE. fleten, fleoten, to swim, AS. fleótan to swim, float; akin to D. vlieten to flow, OS. fliotan, OHG. fliozzan, G. fliessen, Icel. fljota to float, flow, Sw. flyta, D. flyde, L. pluere to rain, Gr. to sail, swim, float, Skr. plu to swim, sail. rad.84. Cf. Fleet, n. & a., Float, Pluvial, Flow.] 1. To sail; to float. [Obs.] “And in frail wood on Adrian Gulf doth fleet.” Spenser. 2. To fly swiftly; to pass over quickly; to hasten; to flit as a light substance. “All the unaccomplished works of Nature’s hand, …
Dissolved on earth, fleet hither.” Milton. 3. (Naut.) To slip on the whelps or the barrel of a capstan or windlass; — said of a cable or hawser.

Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly; to skin the surface of; as a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser. 2. To hasten over; to cause to pass away lighty, or in mirth and joy. “Many young gentlemen flock to him, and fleet the time carelessly.” Shak. 3. (Naut.) (a) To draw apart the blocks of; — said of a tackle. Totten. (b) To cause to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain.

Fleet, a. [Compar. Fleeter superl. Fleetest.] [Cf. Icel. fljtr quick. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. Swift in motion; moving with velocity; light and quick in going from place to place; nimble. “In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong.” Milton. 2. Light; superficially thin; not penetrating deep, as soil. [Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

Fleet, n. [OE. flete, fleote, AS. fleót ship, fr. fleótan to float, swim. See Fleet, v. i. and cf. Float.] A number of vessels in company, especially war vessels; also the collective naval force of a country, etc. Fleet captain, the senior aid of the admiral of a fleet, when a captain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fleet, n. [AS. fleót a place where vessels float, bay, river; akin to D. vliet rill, brook, G. fliess. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. A flood; a creek or inlet; a bay or estuary; a river; — obsolete, except as a place name, — as Fleet Street in London. “Together wove we nets to entrap the fish
In floods and sedgy fleets.” Matthewes. 2. A former prison in London, which originally stood near a stream, the Fleet (now filled up). Fleet parson, a clergyman of low character, in, or in the vicinity of, the Fleet prison, who was ready to unite persons in marriage (called Fleet marriage) at any hour, without public notice, witnesses, or consent of parents.

Fleet , v. t. [AS. flet cream, fr. fleótan to float. See Fleet, v. i.] To take the cream from; to skim. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Fleet´en , n. Fleeted or skimmed milk. [Obs.] Fleeten face, a face of the color of fleeten, i. e., blanched; hence, a coward. ´You know where you are, you fleeten face.´ Beau. & Fl.

Fleet´-foot , a. Swift of foot. Shak.

Fleet´ing, a. Passing swiftly away; not durable; transient; transitory; as the fleeting hours or moments. Syn. — Evanescent; ephemeral. See Transient.

Fleet´ing•ly, adv. In a fleeting manner; swiftly.

Fleet´ings , n. pl. A mixture of buttermilk and boiling whey; curds. [prov. Eng.] Wright.

Fleet´ly, adv. In a fleet manner; rapidly.

Fleet´ness, n. Swiftness; rapidity; velocity; celerity; speed; as the fleetness of a horse or of time.

Fleigh , obs. imp. of Fly. Chaucer.

Fleme , v. t. [AS. fleman, flyman.] To banish; to drive out; to expel. [Obs.] ´Appetite flemeth discretion.´ Chaucer.

Flem´er , n. One who, or that which, banishes or expels. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flem´ing , n. A native or inhabitant of Flanders.

Flem´ish , a. Pertaining to Flanders, or the Flemings. — n. The language or dialect spoken by the Flemings; also collectively, the people of Flanders. Flemish accounts (Naut.), short or deficient accounts. [Humorous] Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Flemish beauty (Bot.), a well known pear. It is one of few kinds which have a red color on one side. — Flemish bond. (Arch.) See Bond, n., 8. — Flemish brick, a hard yellow paving brick. — Flemish coil, a flat coil of rope with the end in the center and the turns lying against, without riding over, each other. — Flemish eye (Naut.), an eye formed at the end of a rope by dividing the strands and lying them over each other. — Flemish horse (Naut.), an additional footrope at the end of a yard.

Flench , v. t. Same as Flence.

Flense , v. t. [Cf. Dan. flense, D. vlensen, vlenzen, Scot. flinch.] To strip the blubber or skin from, as from a whale, seal, etc. “the flensed carcass of a fur seal.” U. S. Census (1880).

Flesh , n. [OE. flesch, flesc, AS. flsc; akin to OFries. flask, D. vleesch, OS. flsk, OHG. fleisc, G. fleisch, Icel. & Dan. flesk lard, bacon, pork, Sw. fläsk.] 1. The aggregate of the muscles, fat, and other tissues which cover the framework of bones in man and other animals; especially, the muscles. In composition it is mainly albuminous, but contains in adition a large number of crystalline bodies, such as creatin, xanthin, hypoxanthin, carnin, etc. It is also rich in phosphate of potash. 2. Animal food, in distinction from vegetable; meat; especially, the body of beasts and birds used as food, as distinguished from fish. “With roasted flesh, or milk, and wastel bread.” Chaucer. 3. The human body, as distinguished from the soul; the corporeal person. “As if this flesh, which walls about our life,
Were brass impregnable.” Shak. 4. The human eace; mankind; humanity. “All flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.” Gen. vi. 12. 5. Human nature: (a) In a good sense, tenderness of feeling; gentleness. “There is no flesh in man’s obdurate heart.” Cowper. (b) In a bad sense, tendency to transient or physical pleasure; desire for sensual gratification; carnality. (c) (Theol.) The character under the influence of animal propensities or selfish passions; the soul unmoved by spiritual influences. 6. Kindred; stock; race. “He is our brother and our flesh.” Gen. xxxvii. 27. 7. The soft, pulpy substance of fruit; also that part of a root, fruit, and the like, which is fit to be eaten. Flesh is often used adjectively or self-explaining compounds; as flesh broth or flesh-broth; flesh brush or fleshbrush; flesh tint or flesh-tint; flesh wound. After the flesh, after the manner of man; in a gross or earthly manner. ´Ye judge after the flesh.´ John viii. 15. — An arm of flesh, human strength or aid. — Flesh and blood. See under Blood. — Flesh broth, broth made by boiling flesh in water. — Flesh fly (Zoöl.), one of several species of flies whose larvae or maggots feed upon flesh, as the bluebottle fly; — called also meat fly, carrion fly, and blowfly. See Blowly. — Flesh meat, animal food. Swift. — Flesh side, the side of a skin or hide which was next to the flesh; — opposed to grain side. — Flesh tint (Painting), a color used in painting to imitate the hue of the living body. — Flesh worm (Zoöl.), any insect larva of a flesh fly. See Flesh fly (above). — Proud flesh. See under Proud. — To be one flesh, to be closely united as in marriage; to become as one person. Gen. ii. 24.

Flesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleshed p. pr. & vb. n. Fleshing.] 1. To feed with flesh, as an incitement to further exertion; to initiate; — from the practice of training hawks and dogs by feeding them with the first game they take, or other flesh. Hence, to use upon flesh (as a murderous weapon) so as to draw blood, especially for the first time. “Full bravely hast thou fleshed
Thy maiden sword.” Shak. “The wild dog
Shall flesh his tooth on every innocent.” Shak. 2. To glut; to satiate; hence, to harden, to accustom. ´Fleshed in triumphs.´ Glanvill. “Old soldiers
Fleshed in the spoils of Germany and France.” Beau. & Fl. 3. (Leather Manufacture) To remove flesh, membrance, etc., from, as from hides.

Fleshed , a. 1. Corpulent; fat; having flesh. 2. Glutted; satiated; initiated. “Fleshed with slaughter.” Dryden.

Flesh´er , n. 1. A butcher. “A flesher on a block had laid his whittle down.” Macaulay. 2. A two-handled, convex, blunt-edged knife, for scraping hides; a fleshing knife.

Flesh´hood , n. The state or condition of having a form of flesh; incarnation. [R.] “Thou, who hast thyself
Endured this fleshhood.” Mrs. Browning.

Flesh´i•ness , n. The state of being fleshy; plumpness; corpulence; grossness. Milton.

Flesh´ings , n. pl. Flesh- colored tights, worn by actors and dancers. D. Jerrold.

Flesh´less, a. Destitute of flesh; lean. Carlyle.

Flesh´li•ness , n. The state of being fleshly; carnal passions and appetites. Spenser.

Flesh´ling , n. A person devoted to fleshly things. [Obs.] Spenser.

Flesh´ly (-ly), a. [AS. flaesclic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the flesh; corporeal. ´Fleshly bondage.´ Denham. 2. Animal; not vegetable. Dryden. 3. Human; not celestial; not spiritual or divine. ´Fleshly wisdom.´ 2 Cor. i. 12. “Much ostentation vain of fleshly arm
And fragile arms.” Milton. 4. Carnal; wordly; lascivious. “Abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul.” 1 Pet. ii. 11.

Flesh´ly, adv. In a fleshly manner; carnally; lasciviously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flesh´ment , n. The act of fleshing, or the excitement attending a successful beginning. [R.] Shak.

Flesh´mon•ger , n. [AS. flaesc mangere.] One who deals in flesh; hence, a pimp; a procurer; a pander. [R.] Shak.

Flesh´pot , n. A pot or vessel in which flesh is cooked; hence (pl.), plenty; high living. “In the land of Egypt … we sat by the fleshpots, and … did eat bread to the full.” Ex. xvi. 3.

Flesh´quake , n. A quaking or trembling of the flesh; a quiver. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Flesh´y , a. [Compar. Fleshier superl. Fleshiest ] 1. Full of, or composed of, flesh; plump; corpulent; fat; gross. “The sole of his foot is fleshy.” Ray. 2. Human. [Obs.] ´Fleshy tabernacle.´ Milton. 3. (Bot.) Composed of firm pulp; succulent; as the houseleek, cactus, and agave are fleshy plants.

Flet , p. p. of Fleet. Skimmed. [Obs.]

Fletch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fletched p. pr. & vb. n. Fletching.] [F. flèche arrow.] To feather, as an arrow. Bp. Warburton. “[Congress] fletched their complaint, by adding: ´America loved his brother.´” Bancroft.

Fletch´er , n. [OF. flechier.] One who fletches or feathers arrows; a manufacturer of bows and arrows. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Flete , v. i. [See Fleet, v. i.] To float; to swim. [Obs.] ´Whether I sink or flete.´ Chaucer.

Fle•tif´er•ous , a. [L. fletifer; fletus a weeping (from flere, fletum, to weep) + ferre to bear.] Producing tears. [Obs.] Blount.

Fleur•-de-lis , n.; pl. Fleurs-de-lis (#). [F., flower of the lily. Cf. Flower-de-luce, Lily.] 1. (Bot.) The iris. See Flower-de-luce. 2. A conventional flower suggested by the iris, and having a form which fits it for the terminal decoration of a scepter, the ornaments of a crown, etc. It is also a heraldic bearing, and is identified with the royal arms and adornments of France.

Fleur´y , a. [F. fleuri covered with flowers, p. p. of fleurir. See Flourish.] (Her.) Finished at the ends with fleurs-de-lis; — said esp. of a cross so decorated.

Flew , imp. of Fly.

Flewed , a. Having large flews. Shak.

Flews , n. pl. The pendulous or overhanging lateral parts of the upper lip of dogs, especially prominent in hounds; — called also chaps. See Illust. of Bloodhound.

Flex , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flexed p. pr. & vb. n. Flexing.] [L. flexus, p. p. of flectere to bend, perh. flectere and akin to falx sickle, E. falchion. Cf. Flinch.] To bend; as to flex the arm.

Flex, n. Flax. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flex•an´i•mous , a. [L. flexanimus; flectere, flexum, to bend + animus mind.] Having power to change the mind. [Obs.] Howell.

Flex•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. flexibilitas: cf. F. flexibilite.] The state or quality of being flexible; flexibleness; pliancy; pliability; as the flexibility of strips of hemlock, hickory, whalebone or metal, or of rays of light. Sir I. Newton. “All the flexibility of a veteran courtier.” Macaulay.

Flex´i•ble , a. [L. flexibilis: cf. F. flexible.] 1. Capable of being flexed or bent; admitting of being turned, bowed, or twisted, without breaking; pliable; yielding to pressure; not stiff or brittle. “When the splitting wind
Makes flexible the knees of knotted oaks.” Shak. 2. Willing or ready to yield to the influence of others; not invincibly rigid or obstinate; tractable; manageable; ductile; easy and compliant; wavering. “Phocion was a man of great severity, and no ways flexible to the will of the people.” Bacon. “Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible.” Shak. 3. Capable or being adapted or molded; plastic,; as a flexible language. “This was a principle more flexible to their purpose.” Rogers. Syn. — Pliant; pliable; supple; tractable; manageable; ductile; obsequious; inconstant; wavering. — Flex´i•ble•ness, n. — Flex´i•bly, adv.

Flex•i•cos´tate , a. [L. flexus bent + E. costate.] (Anat.) Having bent or curved ribs.

Flex´ile , a. [L. flexilis.] Flexible; pliant; pliable; easily bent; plastic; tractable. Wordsworth.

Flex´ion , n. [L. flexio: cf. F. flexion.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning. 2. A bending; a part bent; a fold. Bacon. 3. (Gram.) Syntactical change of form of words, as by declension or conjugation; inflection. “Express the syntactical relations by flexion.” Sir W. Hamilton. 4. (Physiol.) The bending of a limb or joint; that motion of a joint which gives the distal member a continually decreasing angle with the axis of the proximal part; — distinguished from extension.

Flex´or , n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle which bends or flexes any part; as the flexors of the arm or the hand; — opposed to extensor.

Flex´u•ose ( 135), a. Flexuous.

Flex´u•ous , a. [L. flexuosus, fr. flexus a bending, turning.] 1. Having turns, windings, or flexures. 2. (Bot.) Having alternate curvatures in opposite directions; bent in a zigzag manner. 3. Wavering; not steady; flickering. Bacon.

Flex´u•ral , a. [From Flexure.] Of, pertaining to, or resulting from, flexure; of the nature of, or characterized by, flexure; as flexural elasticity.

Flex´ure ( 135), n. [L. flexura.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning or curving; flexion; hence, obsequious bowing or bending. “Will it give place to flexure and low bending?” Shak. 2. A turn; a bend; a fold; a curve. “Varying with the flexures of the valley through which it meandered.” British Quart. Rev. 3. (Zoöl.) The last joint, or bend, of the wing of a bird. 4. (Astron.) The small distortion of an astronomical instrument caused by the weight of its parts; the amount to be added or substracted from the observed readings of the instrument to correct them for this distortion. The flexure of a curve (Math.), the bending of a curve towards or from a straight line.

Flib´ber•gib , n. A sycophant. [Obs. & Humorous.] ´Flatterers and flibbergibs.´ Latimer.

Flib´ber•ti•gib•bet , n. An imp. Shak.

Fli•bus•tier´ , n. [F.] A buccaneer; an American pirate. See Filibuster. [Obs.]

Flick (flik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flicked (flikt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flicking.] [Cf. Flicker.] To whip lightly or with a quick jerk; to flap; as to flick a horse; to flick the dirt from boots. Thackeray.

Flick, n. A flitch; as a flick of bacon.

Flick´er (-er), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flickered (-erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flickering.] [OE. flikeren, flekeren, to flutter, AS. flicerian, flicorian, cf. D. flikkeren to sparkle. rad.84. Cf. Flacker.] 1. To flutter; to flap the wings without flying. “And flickering on her nest made short essays to sing.” Dryden. 2. To waver unsteadily, like a flame in a current of air, or when about to expire; as the flickering light. “The shadows flicker to fro.” Tennyson.

Flick´er, n. 1. The act of wavering or of fluttering; fluctuation; sudden and brief increase of brightness; as the last flicker of the dying flame. 2. (Zoöl.) The golden-winged woodpecker (Colaptes aurutus); — so called from its spring note. Called also yellow-hammer, high-holder, pigeon woodpecker, and yucca. “The cackle of the flicker among the oaks.” Thoureau.

Flick´ering•ly, adv. In a flickering manner.

Flick´er•mouse , n. (Zoöl.) See Flittermouse.

Flidge , a. Fledged; fledge. [Obs.] Holland.

Flidge, v. i. To become fledged; to fledge. [Obs.] “Every day build their nests, every hour flidge.” R. Greene.

Fli´er (fli´er), n. [Form Fly, v.; cf. Flyer] 1. One who flies or flees; a runaway; a fugitive. Shak. 2. (Mach.) A fly. See Fly, n., 9, and 13 (b). 3. (Spinning) See Flyer, n., 5. 4. (Arch.) See Flyer, n., 4.

Flight (flit), n. [AS. fliht, flyht, a flying, fr. fleógan to fly; cf. flyht a fleeing, fr. fleón to flee, G. flucht a fleeing, Sw. flykt, G. flug a flying, Sw. flygt, D. vlugt a fleeing or flying, Dan. flugt. rad.84. See Flee, Fly.] 1. The act of flying; a passing through the air by the help of wings; volitation; mode or style of flying. “Like the night owl’s lazy flight.” Shak. 2. The act of fleeing; the act of running away, to escape danger or expected evil; hasty departure. “Pray ye that your flight be not in the winter.” Matt. xxiv. 20. “Fain by flight to save themselves.” Shak. 3. Lofty elevation and excursion; a mounting; a soaring; as a flight of imagination, ambition, folly. “Could he have kept his spirit to that flight,
He had been happy.” Byron. “His highest flights were indeed far below those of Taylor.” Macaulay. 4. A number of beings or things passing through the air together; especially, a flock of birds flying in company; the birds that fly or migrate together; the birds produced in one season; as a flight of arrows. Swift. “Swift flights of angels ministrant.” Milton. “Like a flight of fowl
Scattered winds and tempestuous gusts.” Shak. 5. A series of steps or stairs from one landing to another. Parker. 6. A kind of arrow for the longbow; also the sport of shooting with it. See Shaft. [Obs.] “Challenged Cupid at the flight.” Shak. “Not a flight drawn home
E’er made that haste that they have.” Beau. & Fl. 7. The husk or glume of oats. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Flight feathers (Zoöl.), the wing feathers of a bird, including the quills, coverts, and bastard wing. See Bird. — To put to flight, To turn to flight, to compel to run away; to force to flee; to rout. Syn. — Pair; set. See Pair.

Flight´ed , a. 1. Taking flight; flying; — used in composition. ´Drowsy- flighted steeds.´ Milton. 2. (Her.) Feathered; — said of arrows.

Flight´er , n. (Brewing) A horizontal vane revolving over the surface of wort in a cooler, to produce a circular current in the liquor. Knight.

Flight´i•ly , adv. In a flighty manner.

Flight´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being flighty. “The flightness of her temper.” Hawthorne. Syn. — Levity; giddiness; volatility; lightness; wildness; eccentricity. See Levity.

Flight´-shot , n. The distance to which an arrow or flight may be shot; bowshot, — about the fifth of a mile. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “Within a flight-shot it inthe valley.” Evelyn. “Half a flight-shot from the king’s oak.” Sir W. Scott.

Flight´y , a. 1. Fleeting; swift; transient. “The flighty purpose never is o’ertook,
Unless the deed go with it.” Shak. 2. Indulging in flights, or wild and unrestrained sallies, of imagination, humor, caprice, etc.; given to disordered fancies and extravagant conduct; volatile; giddy; eccentric; slighty delirious. “Proofs of my flighty and paradoxical turn of mind.” Coleridge. “A harsh disciplinarian and a flighty enthusiast.” J. S. Harford.

Flim´flam , n. [Cf. Flam.] A freak; a trick; a lie. Beau. & Fl.

Flim´si•ly , adv. In a flimsy manner.

Flim´si•ness, n. The state or quality of being flimsy.

Flim´sy , a. [Compar. Flimsier superl. Flimsiest.] [Cf. W. llymsi naked, bare, empty, sluggish, spiritless. Cf. Limsy.] Weak; feeble; limp; slight; vain; without strength or solidity; of loose and unsubstantial structure; without reason or plausibility; as a flimsy argument, excuse, objection. “Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines.” Pope. “All the flimsy furniture of a country miss’s brain.” Sheridan. Syn. — Weak; feeble; superficial; shallow; vain.

Flim´sy, n. 1. Thin or transfer paper. 2. A bank note. [Slang, Eng.]

Flinch , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flinched p. pr. & vb. n. Flinching.] [Prob. fr. OE. flecchen to waver, give way, F. flechir, fr. L. flectere to bend; but prob. influenced by E. blench. Cf. Flex.] 1. To withdraw from any suffering or undertaking, from pain or danger; to fail in doing or perserving; to show signs of yielding or of suffering; to shrink; to wince; as one of the parties flinched from the combat. “A child, by a constant course of kindness, may be accustomed to bear very rough usage without flinching or complaining.” Locke. 2. (Croquet) To let the foot slip from a ball, when attempting to give a tight croquet.

Flinch, n. The act of flinching.

Flinch´er , n. One who flinches or fails.

Flinch´ing•ly, adv. In a flinching manner.

Flin´der•mouse , n.[OE. vlindre moth (cf. D. vlinder butterfly) + E. mouse. Cf. Flittermouse, Flinders.] (Zoöl.) A bat; a flittermouse.

Flin´ders , n. pl. [Scot. flenders, flendris; perh. akin to E. flutter; cf. D. flenters rags, broken pieces.] Small pieces or splinters; fragments. “The tough ash spear, so stout and true,
Into a thousand flinders flew.” Sir W. Scott.

Fling (fling), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flung (flung); p. pr. & vb. n. Flinging.] [OE. flingen, flengen, to rush, hurl; cf. Icel. flengia to whip, ride furiously, OSw. flenga to strike, Sw. flänga to romp, Dan. flenge to slash.] 1. To cast, send, to throw from the hand; to hurl; to dart; to emit with violence as if thrown from the hand; as to fing a stone into the pond. “’T is Fate that flings the dice: and, as she flings,
Of kings makes peasants, and of peasants kings.” Dryden. “He … like Jove, his lighting flung.” Dryden. “I know thy generous temper well.
Fling but the appearance of dishonor on it,
It straight takes fire.” Addison. 2. To shed forth; to emit; to scatter. “The sun begins to fling
His flaring beams.” Milton. “Every beam new transient colors flings.” Pope. 3. To throw; to hurl; to throw off or down; to prostrate; hence, to baffle; to defeat; as to fling a party in litigation. “His horse started, flung him, and fell upon him.” Walpole. To fling about, to throw on all sides; to scatter. — To fling away, to reject; to discard. “Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition.” Shak. —To fling down. (a) To throw to the ground; esp., to throw in defiance, as formerly knights cast a glove into the arena as a challenge. “This question so flung down before the guests, …
Was handed over by consent of all
To me who had not spoken.” Tennyson. (b) To overturn; to demolish; to ruin. — To fling in, to throw in; not to charge in an account; as in settling accounts, one party flings in a small sum, or a few days’ work. — To fling off, to baffle in the chase; to defeat of prey; also to get rid of. Addison. — To fling open, to throw open; to open suddenly or with violence; as to fling open a door. — To fling out, to utter; to speak in an abrupt or harsh manner; as to fling out hard words against another. — To fling up, to relinquish; to abandon; as to fling up a design.

Fling , v. i. 1. To throw; to wince; to flounce; as the horse began to kick and fling. 2. To cast in the teeth; to utter abusive language; to sneer; as the scold began to flout and fling. 3. To throw one’s self in a violent or hasty manner; to rush or spring with violence or haste. “And crop-full, out of doors he flings.” Milton. “I flung closer to his breast,
As sword that, after battle, flings to sheath.” Mrs. Browning. To fling out, to become ugly and intractable; to utter sneers and insinuations.

Fling, n. 1. A cast from the hand; a throw; also a flounce; a kick; as the fling of a horse. 2. A severe or contemptuous remark; an expression of sarcastic scorn; a gibe; a sarcasm. “I, who love to have a fling,
Both at senate house and king.” Swift. 3. A kind of dance; as the Highland fling. 4. A trifing matter; an object of contempt. [Obs.] “England were but a fling
Save for the crooked stick and the gray goose wing.” Old Proverb. To have one’s fling, to enjoy one’s self to the full; to have a season of dissipation. J. H. Newman. ´When I was as young as you, I had my fling. I led a life of pleasure.´ D. Jerrold.

Fling´dust , n. One who kicks up the dust; a streetwalker; a low manner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Fling´er , n. One who flings; one who jeers.

Flint , n. [AS. flint, akin to Sw. flinta, Dan. flint; cf. OHG. flins flint, G. flinte gun (cf. E. flintlock), perh. akin to Gr. brick. Cf. Plinth.] 1. (Min.) A massive, somewhat impure variety of quartz, in color usually of a gray to brown or nearly black, breaking with a conchoidal fracture and sharp edge. It is very hard, and strikes fire with steel. 2. A piece of flint for striking fire; — formerly much used, esp. in the hammers of gun locks. 3. Anything extremely hard, unimpressible, and unyielding, like flint. ´A heart of flint.´ Spenser. Flint age. (Geol.) Same as Stone age, under Stone. — Flint brick, a fire made principially of powdered silex. — Flint glass. See in the Vocabulary. — Flint implements (Archaeol.), tools, etc., employed by men before the use of metals, such as axes, arrows, spears, knives, wedges, etc., which were commonly made of flint, but also of granite, jade, jasper, and other hard stones. — Flint mill. (a) (Pottery) A mill in which flints are ground. (b) (Mining) An obsolete appliance for lighting the miner at his work, in which flints on a revolving wheel were made to produce a shower of sparks, which gave light, but did not inflame the fire damp. Knight. — Flint stone, a hard, siliceous stone; a flint. — Flint wall, a kind of wall, common in England, on the face of which are exposed the black surfaces of broken flints set in the mortar, with quions of masonry. — Liquor of flints, a solution of silica, or flints, in potash. — To skin a flint, to be capable of, or guilty of, any expedient or any meanness for making money. [Colloq.]

Flint´ glass (Chem.) A soft, heavy, brilliant glass, consisting essentially of a silicate of lead and potassium. It is used for tableware, and for optical instruments, as prisms, its density giving a high degree of dispersive power; — so called, because formerly the silica was obtained from pulverized flints. Called also crystal glass. Cf. Glass. The concave or diverging half on an achromatic lens is usually made of flint glass.

Flint´-heart•ed , a. Hard- hearted. Shak.

Flint´i•ness , n. The state or quality of being flinty; hardness; cruelty. Beau. & Fl.

Flint´lock , n. 1. A lock for a gun or pistol, having a flint fixed in the hammer, which on striking the steel ignites the priming. 2. A hand firearm fitted with a flintlock; esp., the old-fashioned musket of European and other armies.

Flint´ware , n. A superior kind of earthenware into whose composition flint enters largely. Knight.

Flint´wood , n. (Bot.) An Australian name for the very hard wood of the Eucalyptus piluralis.

Flint´y , a. [Compar. Flintier superl. Flintiest.] Consisting of, composed of, abounding in, or resembling, flint; as a flinty rock; flinty ground; a flinty heart. Flinty rock, or Flinty state, a siliceous slate; — basanite is here included. See Basanite.

Flip , n. [Cf. Prov. E. flip nimble, flippant, also a slight blow. Cf. Flippant.] A mixture of beer, spirit, etc., stirred and heated by a hot iron. Flip dog, an iron used, when heated, to warm flip.

Flip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flipped p. pr. & vb. n. Flipping.] To toss or fillip; as to flip up a cent. “As when your little ones
Do ’twixt their fingers flip their cherry stones.” W. Browne.

Flipe , v. t. To turn inside out, or with the leg part back over the foot, as a stocking in pulling off or for putting on. [Scot.]

Flip´-flap , n. [See Flip, and Flap.] The repeated stroke of something long and loose. Johnson.

Flip´-flap, adv. With repeated strokes and noise, as of something long and loose. Ash.

Flip´pan•cy , n.[See Flippant.] The state or quality of being flippant. “This flippancy of language.” Bp. Hurd.

Flip´pant , a. [Prov. E. flip to move nimbly; cf. W. llipa soft, limber, pliant, or Icel. fleipa to babble, prattle. Cf. Flip, Fillip, Flap, Flipper.] 1. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech; speaking with ease and rapidity; having a voluble tongue; talkative. “It becometh good men, in such cases, to be flippant and free in their speech.” Barrow. 2. Speaking fluently and confidently, without knowledge or consideration; empty; trifling; inconsiderate; pert; petulant. ´Flippant epilogues.´ Thomson. “To put flippant scorn to the blush.” I. Taylor. “A sort of flippant, vain discourse.” Burke.

Flip´pant, n. A flippant person. [R.] Tennyson.

Flip´pant•ly, adv. In a flippant manner.

Flip´pant•ness, n. State or quality of being flippant.

Flip´per , n. [Cf. Flip, Flippant.] 1. (Zoöl.) A broad flat limb used for swimming, as those of seals, sea turtles, whales, etc. 2. (Naut.) The hand. [Slang]

Flirt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flirting.] [Cf. AS. fleard trifle, folly, fleardian to trifle.] 1. To throw with a jerk or quick effort; to fling suddenly; as they flirt water in each other’s faces; he flirted a glove, or a handkerchief. 2. To toss or throw about; to move playfully to and fro; as to flirt a fan. 3. To jeer at; to treat with contempt; to mock. [Obs.] “I am ashamed; I am scorned; I am flirted.” Beau. & Fl.

Flirt, v. i. 1. To run and dart about; to act with giddiness, or from a desire to attract notice; especially, to play the coquette; to play at courtship; to coquet; as they flirt with the young men. 2. To utter contemptuous language, with an air of disdain; to jeer or gibe. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Flirt, n. 1. A sudden jerk; a quick throw or cast; a darting motion; hence, a jeer. “Several little flirts and vibrations.” Addison. “With many a flirt and flutter.” E. A. Poe. 2. [Cf. LG. flirtje, G. flirtchen. See Flirt, v. t.] One who flirts; esp., a woman who acts with giddiness, or plays at courtship; a coquette; a pert girl. “Several young flirts about town had a design to cast us out of the fashionable world.” Addison.

Flirt, a. Pert; wanton. [Obs.]

Flir•ta´tion , n. 1. Playing at courtship; coquetry. “The flirtations and jealousies of our ball rooms.” Macaulay.

Flirt´-gill , n. A woman of light behavior; a gill-flirt. [Obs.] Shak. “You heard him take me up like a flirt- gill.” Beau. & Fl.

Flirt´i•gig , n. A wanton, pert girl. [Obs.]

Flirt´ing•ly, adv. In a flirting manner.

Flisk , v. i. To frisk; to skip; to caper. [Obs. Scot.] ´The flisking flies.´ Gosson.

Flisk, n. A caper; a spring; a whim. [Scot.]

Flit , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flitted p. pr. & vb. n. Flitting ] [OE. flitten, flutten, to carry away; cf. Icel. flytja, Sw. flytta, Dan. flytte. rad.84. Cf. Fleet, v. i.] 1. To move with celerity through the air; to fly away with a rapid motion; to dart along; to fleet; as a bird flits away; a cloud flits along. “A shadow flits before me.” Tennyson. 2. To flutter; to rove on the wing. Dryden. 3. To pass rapidly, as a light substance, from one place to another; to remove; to migrate. “It became a received opinion, that the souls of men, departing this life, did flit out of one body into some other.” Hooker. 4. To remove from one place or habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Wright. Jamieson. 5. To be unstable; to be easily or often moved. “And the free soul to flitting air resigned.” Dryden.

Flit, a. Nimble; quick; swift. [Obs.] See Fleet.

Flitch , n.; pl. Flitches (#). [OE. flicche, flikke, AS. flicce, akin to Icel. flikki; cf. Icel. flik flap, tatter; perh. akin to E. fleck. Cf. Flick, n.] 1. The side of a hog salted and cured; a side of bacon. Swift. 2. One of several planks, smaller timbers, or iron plates, which are secured together, side by side, to make a large girder or built beam. 3. The outside piece of a sawed log; a slab. [Eng.]

Flite , v. i. [AS. flitan to strive, contend, quarrel; akin to G. fleiss industry.] To scold; to quarrel. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Flit´ter , v. i. To flutter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flit´ter, v. t. To flutter; to move quickly; as to flitter the cards. [R.] Lowell.

Flit´ter, n. [Cf. G. flitter spangle, tinsel, flittern to make a tremulous motion, to glitter. Cf. Flitter, v. i.] A rag; a tatter; a small piece or fragment.

Flit´ter•mouse , n. [Flitter, v.i. + mouse; cf. G. fledermaus, OHG. fledarmus. Cf. Flickermouse, Flindermouse.] (Zoöl.) A bat; — called also flickermouse, flindermouse, and flintymouse.

Flit´tern , a. A term applied to the bark obtained from young oak trees. McElrath.

Flit´ti•ness , n. [From Flitty.] Unsteadiness; levity; lightness. [Obs.] Bp. Hopkins.

Flit´ting , n. 1. A flying with lightness and celerity; a fluttering. 2. A removal from one habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] “A neighbor had lent his cart for the flitting, and it was now standing loaded at the door, ready to move away.” Jeffrey.

Flit´ting•ly, adv. In a flitting manner.

Flit´ty , a. [From Flit.] Unstable; fluttering. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Flix , n. [Cf. Flax.] Down; fur. [Obs. or Eng.] J. Dyer.

Flix, n. The flux; dysentery. [Obs.] Udall. Flix weed (Bot.), the Sisymbrium Sophia, a kind of hedge mustard, formerly used as a remedy for dysentery.

Flo (flo), n.; pl. Flon (flon). [AS. fla, flan.] An arrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Float (flot), n.[OE. flote ship, boat, fleet, AS. flota ship, fr. fleótan to float; akin to D. vloot fleet, G. floss raft, Icel. floti float, raft, fleet, Sw. flotta. rad. 84. See Fleet, v. i., and cf. Flotilla, Flotsam, Plover.] 1. Anything which floats or rests on the surface of a fluid, as to sustain weight, or to indicate the height of the surface, or mark the place of, something. Specifically: (a) A mass of timber or boards fastened together, and conveyed down a stream by the current; a raft. (b) The hollow, metallic ball of a self-acting faucet, which floats upon the water in a cistern or boiler. (c) The cork or quill used in angling, to support the bait line, and indicate the bite of a fish. (d) Anything used to buoy up whatever is liable to sink; an inflated bag or pillow used by persons learning to swim; a life preserver. “This reform bill … had been used as a float by the conservative ministry.” J. P. Peters. 2. A float board. See Float board (below). 3. (Tempering) A contrivance for affording a copious stream of water to the heated surface of an object of large bulk, as an anvil or die. Knight. 4. The act of flowing; flux; flow. [Obs.] Bacon. 5. A quantity of earth, eighteen feet square and one foot deep. [Obs.] Mortimer. 6. (Plastering) The trowel or tool with which the floated coat of plastering is leveled and smoothed. 7. A polishing block used in marble working; a runner. Knight. 8. A single-cut file for smoothing; a tool used by shoemakers for rasping off pegs inside a shoe. 9. A coal cart. [Eng.] Simmonds. 10. The sea; a wave. See Flote, n. Float board, one of the boards fixed radially to the rim of an undershot water wheel or of a steamer’s paddle wheel; — a vane. — Float case (Naut.), a caisson used for lifting a ship. — Float copper or gold (Mining), fine particles of metallic copper or of gold suspended in water, and thus liable to be lost. — Float ore, water-worn particles of ore; fragments of vein material found on the surface, away from the vein outcrop. Raymond. — Float stone (Arch.), a siliceous stone used to rub stonework or brickwork to a smooth surface. — Float valve, a valve or cock acted upon by a float. See Float, 1 (b).

Float, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floated; p. pr. & vb. n. Floating.] [OE. flotien, flotten, AS. flotian to float, swim, fr. fleótan. See Float, n.] 1. To rest on the surface of any fluid; to swim; to be buoyed up. “The ark no more now floats, but seems on ground.” Milton. “Three blustering nights, borne by the southern blast,
I floated.” Dryden. 2. To move quietly or gently on the water, as a raft; to drift along; to move or glide without effort or impulse on the surface of a fluid, or through the air. “They stretch their broad plumes and float upon the wind.” Pope. “There seems a floating whisper on the hills.” Byron.

Float, v. t. 1. To cause to float; to cause to rest or move on the surface of a fluid; as the tide floated the ship into the harbor. “Had floated that bell on the Inchcape rock.” Southey. 2. To flood; to overflow; to cover with water. “Proud Pactolus floats the fruitful lands.” Dryden. 3. (Plastering) To pass over and level the surface of with a float while the plastering is kept wet. 4. To support and sustain the credit of, as a commercial scheme or a joint-stock company, so as to enable it to go into, or continue in, operation.

Float´a•ble , a. That may be floated.

Float´age ( 48), n. Same as Flotage.

Float•a´tion , n. See Flotation.

Float´er , n. 1. One who floats or swims. 2. A float for indicating the height of a liquid surface.

Float´ing, a. 1. Buoyed upon or in a fluid; a, the floating timbers of a wreck; floating motes in the air. 2. Free or lose from the usual attachment; as the floating ribs in man and some other animals. 3. Not funded; not fixed, invested, or determined; as floating capital; a floating debt. “Trade was at an end. Floating capital had been withdrawn in great masses from the island.” Macaulay. Floating anchor (Naut.), a drag or sea anchor; drag sail. — Floating battery (Mil.), a battery erected on rafts or the hulls of ships, chiefly for the defense of a coast or the bombardment of a place. — Floating bridge. (a) A bridge consisting of rafts or timber, with a floor of plank, supported wholly by the water; a bateau bridge. See Bateau. (b) (Mil.) A kind of double bridge, the upper one projecting beyond the lower one, and capable of being moved forward by pulleys; — used for carrying troops over narrow moats in attacking the outworks of a fort. (c) A kind of ferryboat which is guided and impelled by means of chains which are anchored on each side of a stream, and pass over wheels on the vessel, the wheels being driven by stream power. (d) The landing platform of a ferry dock. — Floating cartilage (Med.), a cartilage which moves freely in the cavity of a joint, and often interferes with the functions of the latter. — Floating dam. (a) An anchored dam. (b) A caisson used as a gate for a dry dock. — Floating derrick, a derrick on a float for river and harbor use, in raising vessels, moving stone for harbor improvements, etc. — Floating dock. (Naut.) See under Dock. — Floating harbor, a breakwater of cages or booms, anchored and fastened together, and used as a protection to ships riding at anchor to leeward. Knight. — Floating heart (Bot.), a small aquatic plant (Limnanthemum lacunosum) whose heart-shaped leaves float on the water of American ponds. — Floating island, a dish for dessert, consisting of custard with floating masses of whipped cream or white of eggs. — Floating kidney. (Med.) See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. — Floating light, a light shown at the masthead of a vessel moored over sunken rocks, shoals, etc., to warn mariners of danger; a light-ship; also a light erected on a buoy or floating stage. — Floating liver. (Med.) See Wandering liver, under Wandering. — Floating pier, a landing stage or pier which rises and falls with the tide. — Floating ribs (Anat.), the lower or posterior ribs which are not connected with the others in front; in man they are the last two pairs. — Floating screed (Plastering), a strip of plastering first laid on, to serve as a guide for the thickness of the coat. — Floating threads (Weaving), threads which span several other threads without being interwoven with them, in a woven fabric.

Float´ing , n. 1. (Weaving) Floating threads. See Floating threads, above. 2. The second coat of three-coat plastering. Knight.

Float´ing•ly, adv. In a floating manner.

Float´y , a. Swimming on the surface; buoyant; light. Sir W. Raleigh.

Flo´bert , n. (Gun.) A small cartridge designed for target shooting; — sometimes called ball cap. Flobert rifle, a rifle adapted to the use of floberts.

Floc•cil•la´tion , n. [L. floccus a flock of wool. Cf. Flock of wool.] (Med.) A delirious picking of bedclothes by a sick person, as if to pick off flocks of wool; carphology; — an alarming symptom in acute diseases. Dunglison.

Floc•cose´ , a. [L. floccosus. Cf. 2d Flock, n.] 1. Spotted with small tufts like wool. Wright. 2. (Bot.) Having tufts of soft hairs, which are often deciduous.

Floc´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the flocculus.

Floc´cu•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Flocculating.] (Geol.) To aggregate into small lumps.

Floc´cu•late , a. (Zoöl.) Furnished with tufts of curly hairs, as some insects.

Floc•cu•la´tion , n. (Geol.) The process by which small particles of fine soils and sediments aggregate into larger lumps.

Floc´cu•lence , n. The state of being flocculent.

Floc´cu•lent , a. [See Flock of wool.] 1. Clothed with small flocks or flakes; woolly. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Applied to the down of newly hatched or unfledged birds.

Floc´cu•lus , n.; pl. Flocculi (#). [NL., dim. of L. floccus a lock or flock of wool.] (Anat.) A small lobe in the under surface of the cerebellum, near the middle peduncle; the subpeduncular lobe.

Floc´cus , n.; pl. Flocci (#). [L., a flock of wool.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The tuft of hair terminating the tail of mammals. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of young birds. 2. (Bot.) A woolly filament sometimes occuring with the sporules of certain fungi.

Flock , n. [AS. flocc flock, company; akin to Icel. flokkr crowd, Sw. flock, Dan. flok; prob. orig. used of flows, and akin to E. fly. See Fly.] 1. A company or collection of living creatures; — especially applied to sheep and birds, rarely to persons or (except in the plural) to cattle and other large animals; as a flock of ravenous fowl. Milton. “The heathen … came to Nicanor by flocks.” 2 Macc. xiv. 14. 2. A Christian church or congregation; considered in their relation to the pastor, or minister in charge. “As half amazed, half frighted all his flock.” Tennyson.

Flock, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocked p. pr. & vb. n. Flocking.] To gather in companies or crowds. “Friends daily flock.” Dryden. Flocking fowl (Zoöl.), the greater scaup duck.

Flock, v. t. To flock to; to crowd. [Obs.] “Good fellows, trooping, flocked me so.” Taylor (1609).

Flock, n. [OE. flokke; cf. D. vlok, G. flocke, OHG. floccho, Icel. floki, perh. akin to E. flicker, flacker, or cf. L. floccus, F. floc.] 1. A lock of wool or hair. “I prythee, Tom, beat Cut’s saddle, put a few flocks in the point [pommel].” Shak. 2. Woolen or cotton refuse (sing. or pl.), old rags, etc., reduced to a degree of fineness by machinery, and used for stuffing unpholstered furniture. 3. Very fine, sifted, woolen refuse, especially that from shearing the nap of cloths, used as a coating for wall paper to give it a velvety or clothlike appearance; also the dust of vegetable fiber used for a similar purpose. Flock bed, a bed filled with flocks or locks of coarse wool, or pieces of cloth cut up fine. ´Once a flock bed, but repaired with straw.´ Pope. — Flock paper, paper coated with flock fixed with glue or size.

Flock, v. t. To coat with flock, as wall paper; to roughen the surface of (as glass) so as to give an appearance of being covered with fine flock.

Flock´ling, n. A lamb. [Obs.] Brome (1659).

Flock´ly, adv. In flocks; in crowds. [Obs.]

Flock´mel , adv. [AS. flocmlum. See Meal part.] In a flock; in a body. [Obs.] “That flockmel on a day they to him went.” Chaucer.

Flock´y, a. Abounding with flocks; floccose.

Floe (flo), n. [Cf. Dan. flag af iis, iisflage, Sw. flaga, flake, isflaga, isflake. See Flag a flat stone.] A low, flat mass of floating ice. Floe rat (Zoöl.), a seal (Phoca fœtida).

Flog (flog), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flogged (flogd); p. pr. & vb. n. Flogging (-ging).] [Cf. Scot. fleg blow, stroke, kick, AS. flocan to strike, or perh. fr. L. flagellare to whip. Cf. Flagellate.] To beat or strike with a rod or whip; to whip; to lash; to chastise with repeated blows.

Flog´ger , n. 1. One who flogs. 2. A kind of mallet for beating the bung stave of a cask to start the bung. Knight.

Flog´ging , a. & n. from Flog, v. t. Flogging chisel (Mach.), a large cold chisel, used in chipping castings. — Flogging hammer, a small sledge hammer used for striking a flogging chisel.

Flon , n. pl. See Flo. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flong , obs. imp. & p. p. of Fling.

Flood , n. [OE. flod a flowing, stream, flood, AS. flod; akin to D. vloed, OS. flod, OHG. fluot, G. flut, Icel. floð, Sw. & Dan. flod, Goth. flodus; from the root of E. flow. rad.80. See Flow, v. i.] 1. A great flow of water; a body of moving water; the flowing stream, as of a river; especially, a body of water, rising, swelling, and overflowing land not usually thus covered; a deluge; a freshet; an inundation. “A covenant never to destroy
The earth again by flood.” Milton. 2. The flowing in of the tide; the semidiurnal swell or rise of water in the ocean; — opposed to ebb; as young flood; high flood. “There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.” Shak. 3. A great flow or stream of any fluid substance; as a flood of light; a flood of lava; hence, a great quantity widely diffused; an overflowing; a superabundance; as a flood of bank notes; a flood of paper currency. 4. Menstrual disharge; menses. Harvey. Flood anchor (Naut.) , the anchor by which a ship is held while the tide is rising. — Flood fence, a fence so secured that it will not be swept away by a flood. — Flood gate, a gate for shutting out, admitting, or releasing, a body of water; a tide gate. — Flood mark, the mark or line to which the tide, or a flood, rises; high-water mark. — Flood tide, the rising tide; — opposed to ebb tide. — The Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah.

Flood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Flooding.] 1. To overflow; to inundate; to deluge; as the swollen river flooded the valley. 2. To cause or permit to be inundated; to fill or cover with water or other fluid; as to flood arable land for irrigation; to fill to excess or to its full capacity; as to flood a country with a depreciated currency.

Flood´age ( 48), n. Inundation. [R.] Carlyle.

Flood´er , n. One who floods anything.

Flood´ing, n. The filling or covering with water or other fluid; overflow; inundation; the filling anything to excess. 2. (Med.) An abnormal or excessive discharge of blood from the uterus. Dunglison.

Flook , n. A fluke of an anchor. { Flook´an , Flu´kan }, n. (Mining) See Flucan.

Flook´y , a. Fluky.

Floor , n. [AS. flr; akin to D. vloer, G. flur field, floor, entrance hall, Icel. flr floor of a cow stall, cf. Ir. & Gael. lar floor, ground, earth, W. llawr, perh. akin to L. planus level. Cf. Plain smooth.] 1. The bottom or lower part of any room; the part upon which we stand and upon which the movables in the room are supported. 2. The structure formed of beams, girders, etc., with proper covering, which divides a building horizontally into stories. Floor in sense 1 is, then, the upper surface of floor in sense 2. 3. The surface, or the platform, of a structure on which we walk or travel; as the floor of a bridge. 4. A story of a building. See Story. 5. (Legislative Assemblies) (a) The part of the house assigned to the members. (b) The right to speak. [U.S.] Instead of he has the floor, the English say, he is in possession of the house. 6. (Naut.) That part of the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson which is most nearly horizontal. 7. (Mining) (a) The rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit. (b) A horizontal, flat ore body. Raymond. Floor cloth, a heavy fabric, painted, varnished, or saturated, with waterproof material, for covering floors; oilcloth. — Floor cramp, an implement for tightening the seams of floor boards before nailing them in position. — Floor light, a frame with glass panes in a floor. — Floor plan. (a) (Shipbuilding) A longitudinal section, showing a ship as divided at the water line. (b) (Arch.) A horizontal section, showing the thickness of the walls and partitions, arrangement of passages, apartments, and openings at the level of any floor of a house.

Floor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floored p. pr. & vb. n. Flooring.] 1. To cover with a floor; to furnish with a floor; as to floor a house with pine boards. 2. To strike down or lay level with the floor; to knock down; hence, to silence by a conclusive answer or retort; as to floor an opponent. “Floored or crushed by him.” Coleridge. 3. To finish or make an end of; as to floor a college examination. [Colloq.] “I’ve floored my little-go work.” T. Hughes.

Floor´age ( 48), n. Floor space.

Floor´er , n. Anything that floors or upsets a person, as a blow that knocks him down; a conclusive answer or retort; a task that exceeds one’s abilities. [Colloq.]

Floor´heads, n. pl. (Naut.) The upper extermities of the floor of a vessel.

Floor´ing, n. A platform; the bottom of a room; a floor; pavement. See Floor, n. Addison. 2. Material for the construction of a floor or floors.

Floor´less, a. Having no floor.

Floor´walk•er , n. One who walks about in a large retail store as an overseer and director. [U.S.]

Flop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flopped p. pr. & vb. n. Flopping.] [A variant of flap.] 1. To clap or strike, as a bird its wings, a fish its tail, etc.; to flap. 2. To turn suddenly, as something broad and flat. [Colloq.] Fielding.

Flop , v. i. 1. To strike about with something broad and flat, as a fish with its tail, or a bird with its wings; to rise and fall; as the brim of a hat flops. 2. To fall, sink, or throw one’s self, heavily, clumsily, and unexpectedly on the ground. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Flop, n. Act of flopping. [Colloq.] W. H. Russell.

Flop´py , n. Having a tendency to flop or flap; as a floppy hat brim. G. Eliot.

Flop´wing , n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing.

Flo´ra , n. [L., the goddess of flowers, from flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of flowers and spring. 2. (Bot.) The complete system of vegetable species growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, or period; a list or description of, or treatise on, such plants.

Flo´ral , a. [L. Floralis belonging to Flora: cf. F. floral. See Flora.] 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; made of flowers; as floral games, wreaths. 2. (Bot.) Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters. Martyn. Floral envelope (Bot.), the calyx and corolla, one or the other of which (mostly the corolla) may be wanting.

Flo´ral•ly, adv. In a floral manner.

Flo´ra•mour , n.[L. flos, floris, flower + amorlove.] The plant love-lies- bleeding. [Obs.] Prior.

Flo´ran , n. (Mining) Tin ore scarcely perceptible in the stone; tin ore stamped very fine. Pryce.

Flo•real´ , n. [F. floreal, fr. L. flos, floris, flower.] The eight month of the French republican calendar. It began April 20, and ended May 19. See Vendemiare.

Flor´en , n. [LL. florenus. See Florin.] A cerain gold coin; a Florence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Flor´ence , n. [From the city of Florence: cf. F. florence a kind of cloth, OF. florin.] 1. An ancient gold coin of the time of Edward III., of six shillings sterling value. Camden. 2. A kind of cloth. Johnson. Florence flask. See under Flask. — Florence oil, olive oil prepared in Florence.

Flor´en•tine (? or 277), a. [L. Florentinus, fr. Florentia Florence: cf. F. florentin.] Belonging or relating to Florence, in Italy. Florentine mosaic, a mosaic of hard or semiprecious stones, often so chosen and arranged that their natural colors represent leaves, flowers, and the like, inlaid in a background, usually of black or white marble.

Flor´en•tine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Florence, a city in Italy. 2. A kind of silk. Knight. 3. A kind of pudding or tart; a kind of meat pie. [Obs.] “Stealing custards, tarts, and florentines.” Beau. & Fl.

Flo•res´cence , n. [See Florescent.] (Bot.) A bursting into flower; a blossoming. Martyn.

Flo•res´cent , a. [L. florescens, p. pr. of florescere begin to blossom, incho. fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] Expanding into flowers; blossoming.

Flo´ret , n. [OF. florete, F. fleurette, dim. of OF. lor, F. fleur. See Flower, and cf. Floweret, 3d Ferret.] 1. (Bot.) A little flower; one of the numerous little flowers which compose the head or anthodium in such flowers as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Gray. 2. [F. fleuret.] A foil; a blunt sword used in fencing. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Flo´ri•age , n. [L. flos, floris, flower.] Bloom; blossom. [Obs.] J. Scott.

Flo´ri•a•ted , a. (Arch.) Having floral ornaments; as floriated capitals of Gothic pillars.

Flo•ric´o•mous , a. [L. flos, floris, flower + coma hair.] Having the head adorned with flowers. [R.]

Flo•ri•cul´tur•al (? or 135), a. Pertaining to the cultivation of flowering plants.

Flo´ri•cul•ture (? or 135, 277), n. [L. flos, floris, flower + cultura culture.] The cultivation of flowering plants.

Flo•ri•cul´tur•ist , n. One skilled in the cultivation of flowers; a florist.

Flor´id , a. [L. floridus, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. Covered with flowers; abounding in flowers; flowery. [R.] “Fruit from a pleasant and florid tree.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Bright in color; flushed with red; of a lively reddish color; as a florid countenance. 3. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric; enriched to excess with figures; excessively ornate; as a florid style; florid eloquence. 4. (Mus.) Flowery; ornamental; running in rapid melodic figures, divisions, or passages, as in variations; full of fioriture or little ornamentations.

Flor´i•da bean´ (Bot.) (a) The large, roundish, flattened seed of Mucuna urens. See under Bean. (b) One of the very large seeds of the Entada scandens.

Flo•rid´e•ae , n. pl. [NL., from L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) A subclass of algae including all the red or purplish seaweeds; the Rhodospermeae of many authors; — so called from the rosy or florid color of most of the species.

Flo•rid´i•ty , n. The quality of being florid; floridness. Floyer.

Flor´id•ly , adv. In a florid manner.

Flor´id•ness, n. The quality of being florid. Boyle.

Flo•rif´er•ous , a. [L. florifer; flos, floris, flower + ferre to bear; cf. F. florifère.] Producing flowers. Blount.

Flo•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. flos, floris, flower + facere to make.] The act, process, or time of flowering; florescence.

Flo´ri•form , a. [L. flos, floris, flower + -form: cf. F. floriforme.] Having the form of a flower; flower- shaped.

Flo´ri•ken , n. (Zoöl.) An Indian bustard (Otis aurita). The Bengal floriken is Sypheotides Bengalensis. [Written also florikan, florikin, florican.]

Flo´ri•lege , n. [L. florilegus flower-culling; flos, floris, flower + legere to gather: cf. F. florilège.] The act of gathering flowers.

Flo´ri•mer , n. (Bot.) See Floramour. [Obs.]

Flor´in , n. [F. florin, It. florino, orig., a Florentine coin, with a lily on it, fr. flore a flower, fr. L. flos. See Flower, and cf. Floren.] A silver coin of Florence, first struck in the twelfth century, and noted for its beauty. The name is given to different coins in different countries. The florin of England, first minted in 1849, is worth two shillings, or about 48 cents; the florin of the Netherlands, about 40 cents; of Austria, about 36 cents.

Flo´rist (? or 277), n. [Cf. F. fleuriste, floriste, fr. F. fleur flower. See Flower.] 1. A cultivator of, or dealer in, flowers. 2. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants.

Flo•roon´ , n. [F. fleuron. See Flower.] A border worked with flowers. Wright.

Flor´u•lent , a. [L. florulentus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] Flowery; blossoming. [Obs.] Blount.

Flos´cu•lar , a. (Bot.) Flosculous.

Flos•cu•la´ri•an , n. [From L. flosculus a floweret.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of stalked rotifers, having ciliated tentacles around the lobed disk.

Flos•cule , n. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos flower: cf. F. floscule.] (Bot.) A floret.

Flos´cu•lous , a. (Bot.) Consisting of many gamopetalous florets.

Flos•-fer´ri , n.[L., flower of iron.] (Min.) A variety of aragonite, occuring in delicate white coralloidal forms; — common in beds of iron ore.

Flosh , n. [Cf. G. flösse a trough in which tin ore is washed.] (Metallurgy) A hopper-shaped box or nortar in which ore is placed for the action of the stamps. Knight.

Floss ( 195), n. [It. floscio flabby, soft, fr. L. fluxus flowing, loose, slack. See Flux, n.] 1. (Bot.) The slender styles of the pistillate flowers of maize; also called silk. 2. Untwisted filaments of silk, used in embroidering. Floss silk, silk that has been twisted, and which retains its loose and downy character. It is much used in embroidery. Called also floxed silk. — Floss thread, a kind of soft flaxen yarn or thread, used for embroidery; — called also linen floss, and floss yarn. McElrath.

Floss, n. [Cf. G. floss a float.] 1. A small stream of water. [Eng.] 2. Fluid glass floating on iron in the puddling furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxides and earths which are present. Floss hole. (a) A hole at the back of a puddling furnace, at which the slags pass out. (b) The tap hole of a melting furnace. Knight.

Flos•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. Florification.] A flowering; florification. [R.] Craig.

Floss´y ( 115), a. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, floss; hence, light; downy.

Flo´ta , n. [Sp. See Flotilla.] A fleet; especially, a eet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mexico, to transport to Spain the production of Spanish America.

Flo´tage , n. [OF. flotage, F. flottage, fr. flotter to float.] 1. The state of floating. 2. That which floats on the sea or in rivers. [Written also floatage.]

Flo´tant , a. [OF. flotant, F. flottant, p. pr. of flotter to float.] (Her.) Represented as flying or streaming in the air; as a banner flotant.

Flo•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. flottation a floating, flottaison water line, fr. flotter to float. See Flotilla.] 1. The act, process, or state of floating. 2. The science of floating bodies. Center of flotation. (Shipbuilding) (a) The center of any given plane of flotation. (b) More commonly, the middle of the length of the load water line. Rankine. — Plane, or Line, of flotation, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it. See Bearing, n., 9 (c). — Surface of flotation (Shipbuilding), the imaginary surface which all the planes of flotation touch when a vessel rolls or pitches; the envelope of all such planes.

Flote , v. t. To fleet; to skim. [Obs.] Tusser.

Flote, n. [Cf. F. flot, L. fluctus; also cf. Float, n.] A wave. [Obs.] ´The Mediterranean flote.´ Shak.

Flot´er•y , a. Wavy; flowing. [Obs.] “With flotery beard.” Chaucer.

Flo•til´la , n. [Sp. flotilla, dim. of flota fleet; akin to F. flotte, It. flotta, and F. flot wave, fr. L. fluctus, but prob. influenced by words akin to E. float. See Fluctuate, and cf. Float, n.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels. { Flot´sam , Flot´son }, n. [F. flotter to float. See FFlotilla, and cf. Jetsam.] (Law) Goods lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea; — in distinction from jetsam or jetson. Blackstone.

Flot´ten , p. p. of Flote, v. t. Skimmed. [Obs.]

Flounce , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flounced (flounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Flouncing ] [Cf. OSw. flunsa to immerge.] To throw the limbs and body one way and the other; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence; to struggle, as a horse in mire; to flounder; to throw one’s self with a jerk or spasm, often as in displeasure. “To flutter and flounce will do nothing but batter and bruise us.” Barrow. “With his broad fins and forky tail he laves
The rising sirge, and flounces in the waves.” Addison.

Flounce , n. The act of floucing; a sudden, jerking motion of the body.

Flounce, n. [Cf. G. flaus, flausch, a tuft of wool or hair; akin to vliess, E. fleece; or perh. corrupted fr. rounce.] An ornamental appendage to the skirt of a woman’s dress, consisting of a strip gathered and sewed on by its upper edge around the skirt, and left hanging.

Flounce, v. t. To deck with a flounce or flounces; as to flounce a petticoat or a frock.

Floun´der , n. [Cf. Sw. flundra; akin to Dan. flynder, Icel. flyra, G. flunder, and perh. to E. flounder, v.i.] 1. (Zoöl.) A flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae, of many species. The common English flounder is Pleuronectes flesus. There are several common American species used as food; as the smooth flounder (P. glabra); the rough or winter flounder (P. Americanus); the summer flounder, or plaice (Paralichthys dentatus), Atlantic coast; and the starry flounder (Pleuronectes stellatus). 2. (Bootmaking) A tool used in crimping boot fronts.

Floun´der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floundered p. pr. & vb. n. Floundering.] [Cf. D. flodderen to flap, splash through mire, E. flounce, v.i., and flounder the fish.] To fling the limbs and body, as in making efforts to move; to struggle, as a horse in the mire, or as a fish on land; to roll, toss, and tumble; to flounce. “They have floundered on from blunder to blunder.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Floun´der, n. The act of floundering.

Flour , n. [F. fleur de farine the flower (i.e., the best) of meal, cf. Sp. flor de la harina superfine flour, Icel. flür flower, flour. See Flower.] The finely ground meal of wheat, or of any other grain; especially, the finer part of meal separated by bolting; hence, the fine and soft powder of any substance; as flour of emery; flour of mustard. Flour bolt, in milling, a gauze-covered, revolving, cylindrical frame or reel, for sifting the flour from the refuse contained in the meal yielded by the stones. — Flour box a tin box for scattering flour; a dredging box. — Flour dredge or dredger, a flour box. — Flour dresser, a mashine for sorting and distributing flour according to grades of fineness. — Flour mill, a mill for grinding and sifting flour.

Flour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floured p. pr. & vb. n. Flouring.] 1. To grind and bolt; to convert into flour; as to flour wheat. 2. To sprinkle with flour.

Floured , p. a. Finely granulated; — said of quicksilver which has been granulated by agitation during the amalgamation process. Raymond.

Flour´ish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flourished p. pr. & vb. n. Flourishing.] [OE. florisshen, flurisshen, OF. flurir, F. fleurir, fr. L. florere to bloom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower, and - ish.] 1. To grow luxuriantly; to increase and enlarge, as a healthy growing plant; a thrive. “A tree thrives and flourishes in a kindly … soil.” Bp. Horne. 2. To be prosperous; to increase in wealth, honor, comfort, happiness, or whatever is desirable; to thrive; to be prominent and influental; specifically, of authors, painters, etc., to be in a state of activity or production. “When all the workers of iniquity do flourish.” Ps. xcii 7 “Bad men as frequently prosper and flourish, and that by the means of their wickedness.” Nelson. “We say
Of those that held their heads above the crowd,
They flourished then or then.” Tennyson. 3. To use florid language; to indulge in rhetorical figures and lofty expressions; to be flowery. “They dilate … and flourish long on little incidents.” J. Watts. 4. To make bold and sweeping, fanciful, or wanton movements, by way of ornament, parade, bravado, etc.; to play with fantastic and irregular motion. “Impetuous spread
The stream, and smoking flourished o’er his head.” Pope. 5. To make ornamental strokes with the pen; to write graceful, decorative figures. 6. To execute an irregular or fanciful strain of music, by way of ornament or prelude. “Why do the emperor’s trumpets flourish thus?” Shak. 7. To boast; to vaunt; to brag. Pope.

Flour´ish, v. t. 1. To adorn with flowers orbeautiful figures, either natural or artificial; to ornament with anything showy; to embellish. [Obs.] Fenton. 2. To embellish with the flowers of diction; to adorn with rhetorical figures; to grace with ostentatious eloquence; to set off with a parade of words. [Obs.] “Sith that the justice of your title to him
Doth flourish the deceit.” Shak. 3. To move in bold or irregular figures; to swing about in circles or vibrations by way of show or triumph; to brandish. “And flourishes his blade in spite of me.” Shak. 4. To develop; to make thrive; to expand. [Obs.] “Bottoms of thread … which with a good needle, perhaps may be flourished into large works.” Bacon.

Flour´ish , n.; pl. Flourishes . 1. A flourishing condition; prosperity; vigor. [Archaic] “The Roman monarchy, in her highest flourish, never had the like.” Howell. 2. Decoration; ornament; beauty. “The flourish of his sober youth
Was the pride of naked truth.” Crashaw. 3. Something made or performed in a fanciful, wanton, or vaunting manner, by way of ostentation, to excite admiration, etc.; ostentatious embellishment; ambitious copiousness or amplification; parade of words and figures; show; as a flourish of rhetoric or of wit. “He lards with flourishes his long harangue.” Dryden. 4. A fanciful stroke of the pen or graver; a merely decorative figure. “The neat characters and flourishes of a Bible curiously printed.” Boyle. 5. A fantastic or decorative musical passage; a strain of triumph or bravado, not forming part of a regular musical composition; a cal; a fanfare. “A flourish, trumpets! strike alarum, drums!” Shak. 6. The waving of a weapon or other thing; a brandishing; as the flourish of a sword.

Flour´ish•er , n. One who flourishes.

Flour´ish•ing•ly, adv. In a flourishing manner; ostentatiously.

Flour´y , a. Of or resembling flour; mealy; covered with flour. Dickens.

Flout , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flouting.] [OD. fluyten to play the flute, to jeer, D. fluiten, fr. fluit, fr. French. See Flute.] To mock or insult; to treat with contempt. “Phillida flouts me.” Walton. “Three gaudy standards flout the pale blue sky.” Byron.

Flout, v. i. To practice mocking; to behave with contempt; to sneer; to fleer; — often with at. “Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout.” Swift.

Flout, n. A mock; an insult. “Who put your beauty to this flout and scorn.” Tennyson.

Flout´er , n. One who flouts; a mocker.

Flout´ing•ly, adv. With flouting; insultingly; as to treat a lover floutingly.

Flow (flo), obs. imp. sing. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer.

Flow (flo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowed (flod); p. pr. & vb. n. Flowing.] [AS. flowan; akin to D. vloeijen, OHG. flawen to wash, Icel. floa to deluge, Gr. plw•ein to float, sail, and prob. ultimately to E. float, fleet. rad.80. Cf. Flood.] 1. To move with a continual change of place among the particles or parts, as a fluid; to change place or circulate, as a liquid; as rivers flow from springs and lakes; tears flow from the eyes. 2. To become liquid; to melt. “The mountains flowed down at thy presence.” Is. lxiv. 3. 3. To proceed; to issue forth; as wealth flows from industry and economy. “Those thousand decencies that daily flow
From all her words and actions.” Milton. 4. To glide along smoothly, without harshness or asperties; as a flowing period; flowing numbers; to sound smoothly to the ear; to be uttered easily. “Virgil is sweet and flowingin his hexameters.” Dryden. 5. To have or be in abundance; to abound; to full, so as to run or flow over; to be copious. “In that day … the hills shall flow with milk.” Joel iii. 18. “The exhilaration of a night that needed not the influence of the flowing bowl.” Prof. Wilson. 6. To hang loose and waving; as a flowing mantle; flowing locks. “The imperial purple flowing in his train.” A. Hamilton. 7. To rise, as the tide; — opposed to ebb; as the tide flows twice in twenty-four hours. “The river hath thrice flowed, no ebb between.” Shak. 8. To discharge blood in excess from the uterus.

Flow, v. t. 1. To cover with water or other liquid; to overflow; to inundate; to flood. 2. To cover with varnish.

Flow, n. 1. A stream of water or other fluid; a current; as a flow of water; a flow of blood. 2. A continuous movement of something abundant; as a flow of words. 3. Any gentle, gradual movement or procedure of thought, diction, music, or the like, resembling the quiet, steady movement of a river; a stream. “The feast of reason and the flow of soul.” Pope. 4. The tidal setting in of the water from the ocean to the shore. See Ebb and flow, under Ebb. 5. A low-lying piece of watery land; — called also flow moss and flow bog. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Flow´age ( 48), n. An overflowing with water; also the water which thus overflows.

Flow´en , obs. imp. pl. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer.

Flow´er , n. [OE. flour, OF. flour, flur, flor, F. fleur, fr. L. flos, floris. Cf. Blossom, Effloresce, Floret, Florid, Florin, Flour, Flourish.] 1. In the popular sense, the bloom or blossom of a plant; the showy portion, usually of a different color, shape, and texture from the foliage. 2. (Bot.) That part of a plant destined to produce seed, and hence including one or both of the sexual organs; an organ or combination of the organs of reproduction, whether inclosed by a circle of foliar parts or not. A complete flower consists of two essential parts, the stamens and the pistil, and two floral envelopes, the corolla and callyx. In mosses the flowers consist of a few special leaves surrounding or subtending organs called archegonia. See Blossom, and Corolla. If we examine a common flower, such for instance as a geranium, we shall find that it consists of: First, an outer envelope or calyx, sometimes tubular, sometimes consisting of separate leaves called sepals; secondly, an inner envelope or corolla, which is generally more or less colored, and which, like the calyx, is sometimes tubular, sometimes composed of separate leaves called petals; thirdly, one or more stamens, consisting of a stalk or filament and a head or anther, in which the pollen is produced; and fourthly, a pistil, which is situated in the center of the flower, and consists generally of three principal parts; one or more compartments at the base, each containing one or more seeds; the stalk or style; and the stigma, which in many familiar instances forms a small head, at the top of the style or ovary, and to which the pollen must find its way in order to fertilize the flower. Sir J. Lubbock. 3. The fairest, freshest, and choicest part of anything; as the flower of an army, or of a family; the state or time of freshness and bloom; as the flower of life, that is, youth. “The choice and flower of all things profitable the Psalms do more briefly contain.” Hooker. “The flower of the chivalry of all Spain.” Southey. “A simple maiden in her flower
Is worth a hundred coats of arms.” Tennyson. 4. Grain pulverized; meal; flour. [Obs.] “The flowers of grains, mixed with water, will make a sort of glue.” Arbuthnot. 5. pl. (Old Chem.) A substance in the form of a powder, especially when condensed from sublimation; as the flowers of sulphur. 6. A figure of speech; an ornament of style. 7. pl. (Print.) Ornamental type used chiefly for borders around pages, cards, etc. W. Savage. 8. pl. Menstrual discharges. Lev. xv. 24. Animal flower (Zoöl.) See under Animal. — Cut flowers, flowers cut from the stalk, as for making a bouquet. — Flower bed, a plat in a garden for the cultivation of flowers. — Flower beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon flowers, esp. any one of numerous small species of the genus Meligethes, family Nitidulidae, some of which are injurious to crops. - - Flower bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird of the genus Anthornis, allied to the honey eaters. — Flower bud, an unopened flower. — Flower clock, an assemblage of flowers which open and close at different hours of the day, thus indicating the time. — Flower head (Bot.), a compound flower in which all the florets are sessile on their receptacle, as in the case of the daisy. — Flower pecker (Zoöl.), one of a family (Dicaeidae) of small Indian and Australian birds. They resemble humming birds in habits. — Flower piece. (a) A table ornament made of cut flowers. (b) (Fine Arts) A picture of flowers. — Flower stalk (Bot.), the peduncle of a plant, or the stem that supports the flower or fructification.

Flow´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowered p. pr. & vb. n. Flowering.] [From the noun. Cf. Flourish.] 1. To blossom; to bloom; to expand the petals, as a plant; to produce flowers; as this plant flowers in June. 2. To come into the finest or fairest condition. “Their lusty and flowering age.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “When flowered my youthful spring.” Spenser. 3. To froth; to ferment gently, as new beer. “That beer did flower a little.” Bacon. 4. To come off as flowers by sublimation. [Obs.] “Observations which have flowered off.” Milton.

Flow´er, v. t. To embellish with flowers; to adorn with imitated flowers; as flowered silk.

Flow´er•age ( 48), n. State of flowers; flowers, collectively or in general. Tennyson.

Flow´er-de-luce´ , n. [Corrupted fr. fleur-de-lis.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Iris) with swordlike leaves and large three-petaled flowers often of very gay colors, but probably white in the plant first chosen for the royal French emblem. There are nearly one hundred species, natives of the north temperate zone. Some of the best known are Iris Germanica, I. Florentina, I. Persica, I. sambucina, and the American I. versicolor, I. prismatica, etc.

Flow´er•er , n. A plant which flowers or blossoms. “Many hybrids are profuse and persistent flowerers.” Darwin.

Flow´er•et , n. A small flower; a floret. Shak.

Flow´er-fence , n. (Bot.) A tropical leguminous bush (Poinciana, or Caesalpinia, pulcherrima) with prickly branches, and showy yellow or red flowers; — so named from its having been sometimes used for hedges in the West Indies. Baird.

Flow´er•ful , a. Abounding with flowers. Craig.

Flow´er-gen•tle , n. (Bot.) A species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus).

Flow´er•i•ness , n. The state of being flowery.

Flow´er•ing, a. (Bot.) Having conspicuous flowers; — used as an epithet with many names of plants; as flowering ash; flowering dogwood; flowering almond, etc. Flowering fern, a genus of showy ferns (Osmunda), with conspicuous bivalvular sporangia. They usually grow in wet places. — Flowering plants, plants which have stamens and pistils, and produce true seeds; phenogamous plants; — distinguished from flowerless plants. — Flowering rush, a European rushlike plant (Butomus umbellatus), with an umbel of rosy blossoms.

Flow´er•ing, n. 1. The act of blossoming, or the season when plants blossom; florification. 2. The act of adorning with flowers.

Flow´er•less, a. Having no flowers. Flowerless plants, plants which have no true flowers, and produce no seeds; cryptogamous plants.

Flow´er•less•ness, n. State of being without flowers.

Flow´er•pot , n. A vessel, commonly or earthenware, for earth in which plants are grown.

Flow´er•y , a. 1. Full of flowers; abounding with blossoms. 2. Highly embellished with figurative language; florid; as a flowery style. Milton. The flowery kingdom, China.

Flow´er•y-kir•tled , a. Dressed with garlands of flowers. [Poetic & Rare] Milton.

Flow´ing, a. That flows or for flowing (in various sense of the verb); gliding along smoothly; copious. Flowing battery (Elec.), a battery which is kept constant by the flowing of the exciting liquid through the cell or cells. Knight. — Flowing furnace, a furnace from which molten metal, can be drawn, as through a tap hole; a foundry cupola. — Flowing sheet (Naut.), a sheet when eased off, or loosened to the wind, as when the wind is abaft the beam. Totten.

Flow´ing , a. & n. from Flow, v. i. & t.

Flow´ing•ly, adv. In a flowing manner.

Flow´ing•ness, n. Flowing tendency or quality; fluency. [R.] W. Nichols.

Flowk , n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Fluke.

Flown , p. p. of Fly; — often used with the auxiliary verb to be; as the birds are flown.

Flown, a. Flushed, inflated. [Supposed by some to be a mistake for blown or swoln.] Pope. “Then wander forth the sons
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.” Milton.

Floxed´ silk See Floss silk, under Floss.

Floyte , n. & v. A variant of Flute. [Obs.]

Flu´ate , n. [Cf. F. fluate. See Fluor.] (Chem.) A fluoride. [Obs.]

Flu´a•vil , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon extracted from gutta-percha, as a yellow, resinous substance; — called also fluanil.

Flu´can , n. (Mining) Soft clayey matter in the vein, or surrounding it. [Written also flookan, flukan, and fluccan.]

Fluc•tif´er•ous , a. [L. fluctus wave + -ferous.] Tending to produce waves. Blount.

Fluc•tis´o•nous , a. [L. fluctisonus; fluctus wave + sonus sound.] Sounding like waves.

Fluc•tu•a•bil´i•ty ( 135), n. The capacity or ability to fluctuate. [R.] H. Walpole.

Fluc´tu•ant ( 135), a. [L. fluctuans, p. pr. of fluctuare. See Fluctuate.] 1. Moving like a wave; wavering; (Med.) showing undulation or fluctuation; as a fluctuant tumor. 2. Floating on the waves. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fluc´tu•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fluctuated p. pr. & vb. n. Fluctuating ] [L. fluctuatus, p. p. of fluctuare, to wave, fr. fluctus wave, fr. fluere, fluctum, to flow. See Fluent, and cf. Flotilla.] 1. To move as a wave; to roll hither and thither; to wave; to float backward and forward, as on waves; as a fluctuating field of air. Blackmore. 2. To move now in one direction and now in another; to be wavering or unsteady; to be irresolute or undetermined; to vacillate. Syn. — To waver; vacillate; hesitate; scruple. — To Fluctuate, Vacillate, Waver. — Fluctuate is applied both to things and persons and denotes that they move as they are acted upon. The stocks fluctuate; a man fluctuates between conflicting influences. Vacillate and waver are applied to persons to represent them as acting themselves. A man vacillates when he goes backward and forward in his opinions and purposes, without any fixity of mind or principles. A man wavers when he shrinks back or hesitates at the approach of difficulty or danger. One who is fluctuating in his feelings is usually vacillating in resolve, and wavering in execution.

Fluc´tu•ate, v. t. To cause to move as a wave; to put in motion. [R.] “And fluctuate all the still perfume.” Tennyson.

Fluc•tu•a´tion , n. [L. fluctuatio; cf. F. fluctuation.] 1. A motion like that of waves; a moving in this and that direction; as the fluctuations of the sea. 2. A wavering; unsteadiness; as fluctuations of opinion; fluctuations of prices. 3. (Med.) The motion or undulation of a fluid collected in a natural or artifical cavity, which is felt when it is subjected to pressure or percussion. Dunglison.

Flue , n. [Cf. OF. flue a flowing, fr. fluer to flow, fr. L. fluere (cf. Fluent); a perh. a corruption of E. flute.] An inclosed passage way for establishing and directing a current of air, gases, etc.; an air passage; esp.: (a) A compartment or division of a chimney for conveying flame and smoke to the outer air. (b) A passage way for conducting a current of fresh, foul, or heated air from one place to another. (c) (Steam Boiler) A pipe or passage for conveying flame and hot gases through surrounding water in a boiler; — distinguished from a tube which holds water and is surrounded by fire. Small flues are called fire tubes or simply tubes. Flue boiler. See under Boiler. - - Flue bridge, the separating low wall between the flues and the laboratory of a reverberatory furnace. — Flue plate (Steam Boiler), a plate to which the ends of the flues are fastened; — called also flue sheet, tube sheet, and tube plate. — Flue surface (Steam Boiler), the aggregate surface of flues exposed to flame or the hot gases.

Flue , n. [Cf. F. flou light, tender, G. flau weak, W. llwch dust. rad.84.] Light down, such as rises from cotton, fur, etc.; very fine lint or hair. Dickens.

Flu´ence , n. Fluency. [Obs.] Milton.

Flu´en•cy , n. [L. fluentia: cf. F. fluence. See Fluent.] The quality of being fluent; smoothness; readiness of utterance; volubility. “The art of expressing with fluency and perspicuity.” Macaulay.

Flu´ent , a. [L. fluens, - entis, p. pr. of fluere to flow; cf. Gr. to boil over. Cf. Fluctuate, Flux.] 1. Flowing or capable of flowing; liquid; glodding; easily moving. 2. Ready in the use of words; voluble; copious; having words at command; and uttering them with facility and smoothness; as a fluent speaker; hence, flowing; voluble; smooth; — said of language; as fluent speech. “With most fluent utterance.” Denham. “Fluent as the flight of a swallow is the sultan’s letter.” De Quincey.

Flu´ent, n. 1. A current of water; a stream. [Obs.] 2. [Cf. F. fluente.] (Math.) A variable quantity, considered as increasing or diminishing; — called, in the modern calculus, the function or integral.

Flu´ent•ly, adv. In a fluent manner.

Flu´ent•ness, n. The quality of being fluent.

Flue´work , n. (Mus.) A general name for organ stops in which the sound is caused by wind passing through a flue or fissure and striking an edge above; — in distinction from reedwork.

Flue´y , a. [2d Flue.] Downy; fluffy. [R.]

Fluff , n. [Cf. 2d Flue. rad.84.] Nap or down; flue; soft, downy feathers.

Fluff´y , a. [Compar. Fluffier superl. Fluffiest.] Pertaining to, or resembling, fluff or nap; soft and downy. ´The carpets were fluffy.´ Thackeray. “The present Barnacle … had a youthful aspect, and the fluffiest little whisker, perhaps, that ever was seen.” Dickens. — Fluff´i•ness, n.

Flü´gel , n. [G., a wing.] (Mus.) A grand piano or a harpsichord, both being wing- shaped.

Flu´gel•man , n. [G. flügelman.] (Mil.) Same as Fugleman.

Flu´id (fluid), a. [L. fluidus, fr. fluere to flow: cf. F. fluide. See Fluent.] Having particles which easily move and change their relative position without a separation of the mass, and which easily yield to pressure; capable of flowing; liquid or gaseous.

Flu´id, n. A fluid substance; a body whose particles move easily among themselves. Fluid is a generic term, including liquids and gases as species. Water, air, and steam are fluids. By analogy, the term is sometimes applied to electricity and magnetism, as in phrases electric fluid, magnetic fluid, though not strictly appropriate. Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm, a measure of capacity equal to one eighth of a fluid ounce. — Fluid ounce. (a) In the United States, a measure of capacity, in apothecaries’ or wine measure, equal to one sixteenth of a pint or 29.57 cubic centimeters. This, for water, is about 1.04158 ounces avoirdupois, or 455.6 grains. (b) In England, a measure of capacity equal to the twentieth part of an imperial pint. For water, this is the weight of the avoirdupois ounce, or 437.5 grains. — Fluids of the body. (Physiol.) The circulating blood and lymph, the chyle, the gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices, the saliva, bile, urine, aqueous humor, and muscle serum are the more important fluids of the body. The tissues themselves contain a large amount of combined water, so much, that an entire human body dried in vacuo with a very moderate degree of heat gives about 66 per cent of water. — Burning fluid, Elastic fluid, Electric fluid, Magnetic fluid, etc. See under Burning, Elastic, etc.

Flu´id•al , a. Pertaining to a fluid, or to its flowing motion. Fluidal structure (Geol.), the structure characteristic of certain volcanic rocks in which the arrangement of the minute crystals shows the lines of flow of thew molten material before solidification; — also called fluxion structure.

Flu•id´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fluidite.] The quality of being fluid or capable of flowing; a liquid, aëriform, or gaseous state; — opposed to solidity. “It was this want of organization, this looseness and fluidity of the new movement, that made it penetrate through every class of society.” J. R. Green.

Flu´id•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluidized p. pr. & vb. n. Fluidizing.] To render fluid.

Flu´id•ness, n. The state of being fluid; fluidity.

Flu´id•ounce, n. See Fluid ounce, under Fluid.

Flu´i•drachm , n. See Fluid dram, under Fluid. Pharm. of the U. S.

Flu´kan , n. (Mining) Flucan.

Fluke (fluk), n. [Cf. AS. floc a kind of flatfish, Icel. floki a kind of halibut.] 1. (Zoöl.) The European flounder. See Flounder. [Written also fleuk, flook, and flowk].
[1913 Webster] 2. (Zoöl.) A parasitic trematode worm of several species, having a flat, lanceolate body and two suckers. Two species (Fasciola hepatica and Distoma lanceolatum) are found in the livers of sheep, and produce the disease called rot.
[1913 Webster]

Fluke (fluk), n. [Cf. LG. flunk, flunka wing, the palm of an anchor; perh. akin to E. fly.] 1. The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground; a flook. See Anchor. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the lobes of a whale’s tail, so called from the resemblance to the fluke of an anchor. 3. An instrument for cleaning out a hole drilled in stone for blasting. 4. An accidental and favorable stroke at billiards (called a scratch in the United States); hence, any accidental or unexpected advantage; as he won by a fluke. [Cant, Eng.] A. Trollope.

Fluke´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Same as 1st Fluke, 2.

Fluk´y , a. Formed like, or having, a fluke.

Flume , n. [Cf. OE. flum river, OF, flum, fr. L. flumen, fr. fluere to flow. rad.84. See Fluent.] A stream; especially, a passage channel, or conduit for the water that drives a mill wheel; or an artifical channel of water for hydraulic or placer mining; also a chute for conveying logs or lumber down a declivity.

Flu´mi•nous , a. [L. flumen, fluminis, river.] Pertaining to rivers; abounding in streama.

Flum´mer•y , n. [W. llumru, or llumruwd, a kind of food made of oatmeal steeped in water until it has turned sour, fr. llumrig harsh, raw, crude, fr. llum sharp, severe.] 1. A light kind of food, formerly made of flour or meal; a sort of pap. “Milk and flummery are very fit for children.” Locke. 2. Something insipid, or not worth having; empty compliment; trash; unsubstantial talk of writing. “The flummery of modern criticism.” J. Morley.

Flung , imp. & p. p. of Fling.

Flunk (flunk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flunked (flunkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flunking.] [Cf. Funk.] To fail, as on a lesson; to back out, as from an undertaking, through fear.

Flunk, v. t. To fail in; to shirk, as a task or duty. [Colloq. U.S.]

Flunk, n. A failure or backing out; specifically (College cant), a total failure in a recitation. [U.S.]

Flun´ky (flun´ky), n.; pl. Flunkies (- kiz). [Prob. fr. or akin to flank.] [Written also flunkey.] 1. A contemptuous name for a liveried servant or a footman. 2. One who is obsequious or cringing; a snob. 3. One easily deceived in buying stocks; an inexperienced and unwary jobber. [Cant, U.S.]

Flun´ky•dom , n. The place or region of flunkies. C. Kingsley.

Flun´ly•ism , n. The quality or characteristics of a flunky; readiness to cringe to those who are superior in wealth or position; toadyism. Thackeray.

Flu´o- . (Chem.) A combining form indicating fluorine as an ingredient; as in fluosilicate, fluobenzene.

Flu•o•bo´rate , n. [Cf. F. fluoborate.] (Chem.) A salt of fluoboric acid; a fluoboride.

Flu•o•bo´ric , a. [Fluo- boric: cf. F. fluoborique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or consisting of, fluorine and boron. Fluoridic acid (Chem.), a double fluoride, consisting essentially of a solution of boron fluoride, in hydrofluoric acid. It has strong acid properties, and is the type of the borofluorides. Called also borofluoric acid.

Flu•o•bo´ride , n. (Chem.) See Borofluoride. { Flu•o•ce´rine , Flu•o•ce´rite }, n. [Fluo- + cerium.] (Min.) A fluoride of cerium, occuring near Fahlun in Sweden. Tynosite, from Colorado, is probably the same mineral.

Flu•o•hy´dric , a. [Fluo- + hydrogen.] (Chem.) See Hydrofluoric.

Flu•o•phos´phate , n. [Fluo- + phosphate.] (Chem.) A double salt of fluoric and phosphoric acids.

Flu´or , n. [L., a flowing, fr. fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. A fluid state. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 2. Menstrual flux; catamenia; menses. [Obs.] 3. (Min.) See Fluorite.

Flu´or albus [L., white flow.] (Med.) The whites; leucorrhaea.

Flu•or•an´thene , n. [Fluorene + anthracene.] (Chem.) A white crystalline hydrocarbon C15H10, of a complex structure, found as one ingredient of the higher boiling portion of coal tar.

Flu´or•a•ted , a. (Chem.) Combined with fluorine; subjected to the action of fluoride. [R.]

Flu•or•ene , n. (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon, C13H10 having a beautiful violet fluorescence; whence its name. It occurs in the higher boiling products of coal tar, and is obtained artificially.

Flu•o•res´ce•in , n. (Chem.) A yellowish red, crystalline substance, C20H12O5, produced by heating together phthalic anhydride and resorcin; — so called, from the very brilliant yellowish green fluorescence of its alkaline solutions. It has acid properties, and its salts of the alkalies are known to the trade under the name of uranin.

Flu•o•res´cence , n. [From Fluor.] (Opt.) That property which some transparent bodies have of producing at their surface, or within their substance, light different in color from the mass of the material, as when green crystals of fluor spar afford blue reflections. It is due not to the difference in the color of a distinct surface layer, but to the power which the substance has of modifying the light incident upon it. The light emitted by fluorescent substances is in general of lower refrangibility than the incident light. Stockes.

Flu•o•res´cent , a. Having the property of fluorescence.

Flu•o•res´cin , n. (Chem.) A colorless, amorphous substance which is produced by the reduction of fluoresceïn, and from which the latter may be formed by oxidation.

Flu•or´ic , a. [Cf. F. fluorique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, obtained from, or containing, fluorine.

Flu´or•ide (? or 104), n. [Cf. F. fluoride.] (Chem.) A binary compound of fluorine with another element or radical. Calcium fluoride (Min.), fluorite, CaF2. See Fluorite.

Flu´or•ine (flu´or•in or -en; 104), n. [NL. fluorina: cf. G. fluorin, F. fluorine. So called from its occurrence in the mineral fluorite.] (Chem.) A non-metallic, gaseous element, strongly acid or negative, and associated with chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in the halogen group of which it is the first member. It always occurs combined, is very active chemically, and possesses such an avidity for most elements, and silicon especially, that it can neither be prepared nor kept in glass vessels. If set free it immediately attacks the containing material, so that it was not isolated until 1886. It is a pungent, corrosive, colorless gas. Symbol F. Atomic weight 19. Fluorine unites with hydrogen to form hydrofluoric acid, which is the agent employed in etching glass. It occurs naturally, principally combined as calcium fluoride in fluorite, and as a double fluoride of aluminium and sodium in cryolite.

Flu´or•ite , n. (Min.) Calcium fluoride, a mineral of many different colors, white, yellow, purple, green, red, etc., often very beautiful, crystallizing commonly in cubes with perfect octahedral cleavage; also massive. It is used as a flux. Some varieties are used for ornamental vessels. Also called fluor spar, or simply fluor.

Flu´or•oid , n. [Fluor + - oid.] (Crystallog.) A tetrahexahedron; — so called because it is a common form of fluorite.

Flu•or´o•scope , n. [Fluorescence + -scope.] (Phys.) An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluorescence.

Flu´or•ous , a. Pertaining to fluor.

Flu´or spar (Min.) See Fluorite.

Flu•o•sil´i•cate , n. [Cf. F. fluosilicate.] (Chem.) A double fluoride of silicon and some other (usually basic) element or radical, regarded as a salt of fluosilicic acid; — called also silicofluoride.

Flu•o•si•lic´ic , a. [Fluo- + silicic: cf. F. fluosilicique.] (Chem.) Composed of, or derived from, silicon and fluorine. Fluosilicic acid, a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon, H2F6Si, obtained in solution in water as a sour fuming liquid, and regarded as the type of the fluosilicates; — called also silicofluoric acid, and hydrofluosilicic acid.

Flur´ried , a. Agitated; excited. — Flur´ried•ly adv.

Flur´ry , n.; pl. Flurries (#). [Prov. E. flur to ruffle.] 1. A sudden and brief blast or gust; a light, temporary breeze; as a flurry of wind. 2. A light shower or snowfall accompanied with wind. “Like a flurry of snow on the whistling wind.” Longfellow. 3. Violent agitation; commotion; bustle; hurry. “The racket and flurry of London.” Blakw. Mag. 4. The violent spasms of a dying whale.

Flur´ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flurried p. pr. & vb. n. Flurrying.] To put in a state of agitation; to excite or alarm. H. Swinburne.

Flurt , n. A flirt. [Obs.] Quarles.

Flush , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flushed p. pr. & vb. n. Flushing.] [Cf. OE. fluschen to fly up, penetrate, F. fluz a flowing, E. flux, dial. Sw. flossa to blaze, and E. flash; perh. influenced by blush. rad.84.] 1. To flow and spread suddenly; to rush; as blood flushes into the face. “The flushing noise of many waters.” Boyle. “It flushes violently out of the cock.” Mortimer. 2. To become suddenly suffused, as the cheeks; to turn red; to blush. 3. To snow red; to shine suddenly; to glow. “In her cheek, distemper flushing glowed.” Milton. 4. To start up suddenly; to take wing as a bird. “Flushing from one spray unto another.” W. Browne.

Flush, v. t. 1. To cause to be full; to flood; to overflow; to overwhelm with water; as to flush the meadows; to flood for the purpose of cleaning; as to flush a sewer. 2. To cause the blood to rush into (the face); to put to the blush, or to cause to glow with excitement. “Nor flush with shame the passing virgin’s cheek.” Gay. “Sudden a thought came like a full-blown rose,
Flushing his brow.” Keats. 3. To make suddenly or temporarily red or rosy, as if suffused with blood. “How faintly flushed. how phantom fair,
Was Monte Rosa, hanging there!” Tennyson. 4. To excite; to animate; to stir. “Such things as can only feed his pride and flush his ambition.” South. 5. To cause to start, as a hunter a bird. Nares. To flush a joints (Masonry), to fill them in; to point the level; to make them flush.

Flush, n. 1. A sudden flowing; a rush which fills or overflows, as of water for cleansing purposes. “In manner of a wave or flush.” Ray. 2. A suffusion of the face with blood, as from fear, shame, modesty, or intensity of feeling of any kind; a blush; a glow. “The flush of angered shame.” Tennyson. 3. Any tinge of red color like that produced on the cheeks by a sudden rush of blood; as the flush on the side of a peach; the flush on the clouds at sunset. 4. A sudden flood or rush of feeling; a thrill of excitement. animation, etc.; as a flush of joy. 5. A flock of birds suddenly started up or flushed. 6. [From F. or Sp. flux. Cf. Flux.] A hand of cards of the same suit.

Flush, a. 1. Full of vigor; fresh; glowing; bright. “With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May.” Shak. 2. Affluent; abounding; well furnished or suppled; hence, liberal; prodigal. “Lord Strut was not very flush in ready.” Arbuthnot. 3. (Arch. & Mech.) Unbroken or even in surface; on a level with the adjacent surface; forming a continuous surface; as a flush panel; a flush joint. 4. (Card Playing) Consisting of cards of one suit. Flush bolt. (a) A screw bolt whose head is countersunk, so as to be flush with a surface. (b) A sliding bolt let into the face or edge of a door, so as to be flush therewith. — Flush deck. (Naut.) See under Deck, n., 1. — Flush tank, a water tank which can be emptied rapidly for flushing drainpipes, etc.

Flush , adv. So as to be level or even.

Flush´board , n. Same as Flashboard.

Flush´er , n. 1. A workman employed in cleaning sewers by flushing them with water. 2. (Zoöl.) The red-backed shrike. See Flasher.

Flush´ing, n. 1. A heavy, coarse cloth manufactured from shoddy; — commonly in the [Eng.] 2. (Weaving) A surface formed of floating threads.

Flush´ing•ly, adv. In a flushing manner.

Flush´ness, n. The state of being flush; abundance.

Flus´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flustering.] [Cf. Icel. flaustra to be flustered, flaustr a fluster.] To make hot and rosy, as with drinking; to heat; hence, to throw into agitation and confusion; to confuse; to muddle. “His habit or flustering himself daily with claret.” Macaulay.

Flus´ter, v. i. To be in a heat or bustle; to be agitated and confused. “The flstering, vainglorious Greeks.” South.

Flus´ter, n. Heat or glow, as from drinking; agitation mingled with confusion; disorder.

Flus•ter•a´tion , n. The act of flustering, or the state of being flustered; fluster. [Colloq.]

Flus´trate , v. t. [See Fluster, v. t.] To fluster. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Flus•tra´tion , n. The act of flustrating; confusion; flurry. [Colloq.] Richardson.

Flute , n. [OE. floute, floite, fr. OF. flaüte, flahute, flahuste, F. flte; cf. LL. flauta, D. fluit. See Flute, v. i.] 1. A musical wind instrument, consisting of a hollow cylinder or pipe, with holes along its length, stopped by the fingers or by keys which are opened by the fingers. The modern flute is closed at the upper end, and blown with the mouth at a lateral hole. “The breathing flute’s soft notes are heard around.” Pope. 2. (Arch.) A channel of curved section; — usually applied to one of a vertical series of such channels used to decorate columns and pilasters in classical architecture. See Illust. under Base, n. 3. A similar channel or groove made in wood or other material, esp. in plaited cloth, as in a lady’s ruffle. 4. A long French breakfast roll. Simonds. 5. A stop in an organ, having a flutelike sound. Flute bit, a boring tool for piercing ebony, rosewood, and other hard woods. — Flute pipe, an organ pipe having a sharp lip or wind-cutter which imparts vibrations to the column of air in the pipe. Knight.
[1913 Webster]

Flute (flut), n. [Cf. F. flûte a transport, D. fluit.] A kind of flyboat; a storeship. Armed en flûte (Nav.), partially armed.

Flute , v. i. [OE. flouten, floiten, OF. flaüter, fleüter, flouster, F. flûter, cf. D. fluiten; ascribed to an assumed LL. flautare, flatuare, fr. L. flatus a blowing, fr. flare to blow. Cf. Flout, Flageolet, Flatulent.] To play on, or as on, a flute; to make a flutelike sound.

Flute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluted p. pr. & vb. n. Fluting ] 1. To play, whistle, or sing with a clear, soft note, like that of a flute. “Knaves are men,
That lute and flute fantastic tenderness.” Tennyson. “ The redwing flutes his o-ka-lee.” Emerson. 2. To form flutes or channels in, as in a column, a ruffle, etc.

Flûte• à bec´ [F.] (Mus.) A beak flute, an older form of the flute, played with a mouthpiece resembling a beak, and held like a flageolet.

Flut´ed , a. 1. Thin; fine; clear and mellow; flutelike; as fluted notes. Busby. 2. Decorated with flutes; channeled; grooved; as a fluted column; a fluted ruffle; a fluted spectrum.

Flute´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Aulostoma, having a much elongated tubular snout.

Flut´er , n. 1. One who plays on the flute; a flutist or flautist. 2. One who makes grooves or flutings.

Flut´ing, n. Decoration by means of flutes or channels; a flute, or flutes collectively; as the fluting of a column or pilaster; the fluting of a lady’s ruffle. Fluting iron, a laundry iron for fluting ruffles; — called also Italian iron, or gaufering iron. Knight. — Fluting lathe, a machine for forming spiral flutes, as on balusters, table legs, etc.

Flut´ist , n. [Cf. F. flûtiste.] A performer on the flute; a flautist. Busby. 2. To move with quick vibrations or undulations; as a sail flutters in the wind; a fluttering fan. 3. To move about briskly, irregularly, or with great bustle and show, without much result. “ No rag, no scrap, of all the beau, or wit,
That once so fluttered, and that once so writ.” Pope. 4. To be in agitation; to move irregularly; to flucttuate; to be uncertainty. “ Long we fluttered on the wings of doubtful success.” Howell. “ His thoughts are very fluttering and wandering.” I. Watts.

Flut´ter , v. t. 1. To vibrate or move quickly; as a bird flutters its wings. 2. To drive in disorder; to throw into confusion. “ Like an eagle in a dovecote, I
Fluttered your Volscians in Corioli.” Shak.

Flut´ter, n. 1. The act of fluttering; quick and irregular motion; vibration; as the flutter of a fan. “ The chirp and flutter of some single bird” Milnes. . 2. Hurry; tumult; agitation of the mind; confusion; disorder. Pope. Flutter wheel, a water wheel placed below a fall or in a chute where rapidly moving water strikes the tips of the floats; — so called from the spattering, and the fluttering noise it makes.

Flut´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, flutters.

Flut´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a fluttering manner.

Flut´y , a. Soft and clear in tone, like a flute.

Flu´vi•al , a. [L. fluvialis, from fluvius river, fr. fluere to flow: cf.F. fluvial. See Fluent.] Belonging to rivers; growing or living in streams or ponds; as a fluvial plant.

Flu´vi•al•ist, n. One who exlpains geological phenomena by the action of streams. [R.]

Flu•vi•at´ic , a. [L. fluviaticus. See Fluvial.] Belonging to rivers or streams; fluviatile. Johnson.

Flu´vi•a•tile , a. [L. fluviatilis, fr. fluvius river: cf. F. fluviatile.] Belonging to rivers or streams; existing in or about rivers; produced by river action; fluvial; as fluviatile starta, plants. Lyell.

Flu•vi•o-ma•rine´ , a. [L. fluvius river + E. marine.] (Geol.) Formed by the joint action of a river and the sea, as deposits at the mouths of rivers.

Flux (fluks), n. [L. fluxus, fr. fluere, fluxum, to flow: cf.F. flux. See Fluent, and cf. 1st & 2d Floss, Flush, n., 6.] 1. The act of flowing; a continuous moving on or passing by, as of a flowing stream; constant succession; change. “ By the perpetual flux of the liquids, a great part of them is thrown out of the body.” Arbuthnot. “Her image has escaped the flux of things,
And that same infant beauty that she wore
Is fixed upon her now forevermore.” Trench. “ Languages, like our bodies, are in a continual flux.” Felton. 2. The setting in of the tide toward the shore, — the ebb being called the reflux. 3. The state of being liquid through heat; fusion. 4. (Chem. & Metal.) Any substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals, as alkalies, borax, lime, fluorite. White flux is the residuum of the combustion of a mixture of equal parts of niter and tartar. It consists chiefly of the carbonate of potassium, and is white. — Black flux is the ressiduum of the combustion of one part of niter and two of tartar, and consists essentially of a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal. 5. (Med.) (a) A fluid discharge from the bowels or other part; especially, an excessive and morbid discharge; as the bloody flux or dysentery. See Bloody flux. (b) The matter thus discharged. 6. (Physics) The quantity of a fluid that crosses a unit area of a given surface in a unit of time.

Flux, a. [L. fluxus, p. p. of fluere. See Flux, n.] Flowing; unstable; inconstant; variable. “The flux nature of all things here.” Barrow.

Flux, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluxed (flukst); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluxing.] 1. To affect, or bring to a certain state, by flux. “He might fashionably and genteelly … have been dueled or
fluxed into another world.” South. 2. To cause to become fluid; to fuse. Kirwan. 3. (Med.) To cause a discharge from; to purge.

Flux•a´tion , n. The act of fluxing.

Flux•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. LL. fluxibilitas fluidity.] The quality of being fluxible. Hammond.

Flux´i•ble , a. [Cf.LL. fluxibilis fluid, OF. fluxible.] Capable of being melted or fused, as a mineral. Holland. — Flux´i•ble•ness, n.

Flux´ile , a. [L. fluxilis, a., fluid.] Fluxible. [R.]

Flux•il´i•ty , n. State of being fluxible.[Obs.]

Flux´ion , n. [Cf. F. fluxion.] The act of flowing. Cotgrave. 2. The matter that flows. Wiseman. 3. Fusion; the running of metals into a fluid state. 4. (Med.) An unnatural or excessive flow of blood or fluid toward any organ; a determination. 5. A constantly varying indication. “Less to be counted than the fluxions of sun dials.” De Quincey. 6. (Math.) (a) The infinitely small increase or decrease of a variable or flowing quantity in a certain infinitely small and constant period of time; the rate of variation of a fluent; an incerement; a differential. (b) pl. A method of analysis developed by Newton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion, and involving in their changes the notion of velocity or rate of change. Its results are the same as those of the differential and integral calculus, from which it differs little except in notation and logical method.

Flux´ion•al , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fluxion or fluxions; variable; inconstant. “ The merely human,the temporary and fluxional.” Coleridge. Fluxional structure (Geol.), fluidal structure.

Flux´ion•a•ry , a. 1. Fluxional. Berkeley. 2. (Med.) Pertaining to, or caused by, an increased flow of blood to a part; congestive; as a fluxionary hemorrhage.

Flux´ion•ist, n. One skilled in fluxions. Berkeley.

Flux´ions , n. pl. (Math.) See Fluxion, 6(b).

Flux´ive , a. Flowing; also wanting solidity. B. Jonson.

Flux´ure ( 138), n. [L. fluxura a flowing.] 1. The quality of being fluid. [Obs.] Fielding. 2. Fluid matter. [Obs.] Drayton.

Fly (fli), v. i. [imp. Flew (flu); p. p. Flown (flon); p. pr. & vb. n. Flying.] [OE. fleen, fleen, fleyen, flegen, AS. fleógan; akin to D. vliegen, OHG. fliogan, G. fliegen, Icel. fljuga, Sw. flyga, Dan. flyve, Goth. us-flaugjan to cause to fly away, blow about, and perh. to L. pluma feather, E. plume. rad.84. Cf. Fledge, Flight, Flock of animals.] 1. To move in or pass through the air with wings, as a bird. 2. To move through the air or before the wind; esp., to pass or be driven rapidly through the air by any impulse. 3. To float, wave, or rise in the air, as sparks or a flag. “ Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.” Job v. 7. 4. To move or pass swiftly; to hasten away; to circulate rapidly; as a ship flies on the deep; a top flies around; rumor flies. “Fly, envious Time, till thou run out thy race.” Milton. “The dark waves murmured as the ships flew on.” Bryant. 5. To run from danger; to attempt to escape; to flee; as an enemy or a coward flies. See Note under Flee. “Fly, ere evil intercept thy flight.” Milton. “Whither shall I fly to escape their hands ?” Shak. 6. To move suddenly, or with violence; to do an act suddenly or swiftly; — usually with a qualifying word; as a door flies open; a bomb flies apart. To fly about (Naut.), to change frequently in a short time; — said of the wind. — To fly around, to move about in haste. [Colloq.] — To fly at, to spring toward; to rush on; to attack suddenly. — To fly in the face of, to insult; to assail; to set at defiance; to oppose with violence; to act in direct opposition to; to resist. — To fly off, to separate, or become detached suddenly; to revolt. — To fly on, to attack. — To fly open, to open suddenly, or with violence. — To fly out. (a) To rush out. (b) To burst into a passion; to break out into license. — To let fly. (a) To throw or drive with violence; to discharge. ´A man lets fly his arrow without taking any aim.´ Addison. (b) (Naut.) To let go suddenly and entirely; as to let fly the sheets.

Fly, v. t. 1. To cause to fly or to float in the air, as a bird, a kite, a flag, etc. “The brave black flag I fly.” W. S. Gilbert. 2. To fly or flee from; to shun; to avoid. “Sleep flies the wretch.” Dryden. “To fly the favors of so good a king.” Shak. 3. To hunt with a hawk. [Obs.] Bacon. To fly a kite (Com.), to raise money on commercial notes. [Cant or Slang]

Fly, n.; pl. Flies (fliz). [OE. flie, flege, AS. flyge, fleóge, fr. fleógan to fly; akin to D. vlieg, OHG. flioga, G. fliege, Icel. & Sw. fluga, Dan. flue. rad. 84. See Fly, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any winged insect; esp., one with transparent wings; as the Spanish fly; firefly; gall fly; dragon fly. (b) Any dipterous insect; as the house fly; flesh fly; black fly. See Diptera, and Illust. in Append. 2. A hook dressed in imitation of a fly, — used for fishing. ´The fur-wrought fly.´ Gay. 3. A familiar spirit; a witch’s attendant. [Obs.] “A trifling fly, none of your great familiars.” B. Jonson. 4. A parasite. [Obs.] Massinger. 5. A kind of light carriage for rapid transit, plying for hire and usually drawn by one horse. [Eng.] 6. The length of an extended flag from its staff; sometimes, the length from the ´union´ to the extreme end. 7. The part of a vane pointing the direction from which the wind blows. 8. (Naut.) That part of a compass on which the points are marked; the compass card. Totten. 9. (Mech.) (a) Two or more vanes set on a revolving axis, to act as a fanner, or to equalize or impede the motion of machinery by the resistance of the air, as in the striking part of a clock. (b) A heavy wheel, or cross arms with weights at the ends on a revolving axis, to regulate or equalize the motion of machinery by means of its inertia, where the power communicated, or the resistance to be overcome, is variable, as in the steam engine or the coining press. See Fly wheel (below). 10. (Knitting Machine) The piece hinged to the needle, which holds the engaged loop in position while the needle is penetrating another loop; a latch. Knight. 11. The pair of arms revolving around the bobbin, in a spinning wheel or spinning frame, to twist the yarn. 12. (Weaving) A shuttle driven through the shed by a blow or jerk. Knight. 13. (a) Formerly, the person who took the printed sheets from the press. (b) A vibrating frame with fingers, attached to a power to a power printing press for doing the same work. 14. The outer canvas of a tent with double top, usually drawn over the ridgepole, but so extended as to touch the roof of the tent at no other place. 15. One of the upper screens of a stage in a theater. 16. The fore flap of a bootee; also a lap on trousers, overcoats, etc., to conceal a row of buttons. 17. (Baseball) A batted ball that flies to a considerable distance, usually high in the air, also called a fly ball; also the flight of a ball so struck; as it was caught on the fly. Black fly, Cheese fly, Dragon fly, etc. See under Black, Cheese, etc. — Fly agaric (Bot.), a mushroom (Agaricus muscarius), having a narcotic juice which, in sufficient quantities, is poisonous. — Fly block (Naut.), a pulley whose position shifts to suit the working of the tackle with which it is connected; — used in the hoisting tackle of yards. — Fly board (Printing Press), the board on which printed sheets are deposited by the fly. — Fly book, a case in the form of a book for anglers’ flies. Kingsley. — Fly cap, a cap with wings, formerly worn by women. — Fly drill, a drill having a reciprocating motion controlled by a fly wheel, the driving power being applied by the hand through a cord winding in reverse directions upon the spindle as it rotates backward and forward. Knight. — Fly fishing, the act or art of angling with a bait of natural or artificial flies. Walton. — Fly flap, an implement for killing flies. — Fly governor, a governor for regulating the speed of an engine, etc., by the resistance of vanes revolving in the air. — Fly honeysuckle (Bot.), a plant of the honeysuckle genus (Lonicera), having a bushy stem and the flowers in pairs, as L. ciliata and L. Xylosteum. — Fly hook, a fishhook supplied with an artificial fly. — Fly leaf, an unprinted leaf at the beginning or end of a book, circular, programme, etc. — Fly maggot, a maggot bred from the egg of a fly. Ray. — Fly net, a screen to exclude insects. — Fly nut (Mach.), a nut with wings; a thumb nut; a finger nut. — Fly orchis (Bot.), a plant (Ophrys muscifera), whose flowers resemble flies. - - Fly paper, poisoned or sticky paper for killing flies that feed upon or are entangled by it. — Fly powder, an arsenical powder used to poison flies. — Fly press, a screw press for punching, embossing, etc., operated by hand and having a heavy fly. — Fly rail, a bracket which turns out to support the hinged leaf of a table. — Fly rod, a light fishing rod used in angling with a fly. — Fly sheet, a small loose advertising sheet; a handbill. — Fly snapper (Zoöl.), an American bird (Phainopepla nitens), allied to the chatterers and shrikes. The male is glossy blue-black; the female brownish gray. — Fly wheel (Mach.), a heavy wheel attached to machinery to equalize the movement (opposing any sudden acceleration by its inertia and any retardation by its momentum), and to accumulate or give out energy for a variable or intermitting resistance. See Fly, n., 9. — On the fly (Baseball), still in the air; — said of a batted ball caught before touching the ground..

Fly , a. Knowing; wide awake; fully understanding another’s meaning. [Slang] Dickens.

flyaway adj. 1. frivolous; — of people. serious
Syn. — flighty.
[WordNet 1.5] 2. Tending to move away from a center, rather than remain in a compact group; — used of hair or clothing or of small particles of matter. Light objects or particles readily taking a static electric charge may be moved apart by acquisition of a charge, or by approach of a charged object. Such a property is called flyaway.
Syn. — fluttering.
[WordNet 1.5]

Fly´bane , n. (Bot.) A kind of catchfly of the genus Silene; also a poisonous mushroom (Agaricus muscarius); fly agaric.

Fly´-bit•ten , a. Marked by, or as if by, the bite of flies. Shak.

Fly´blow , v. t. To deposit eggs upon, as a flesh fly does on meat; to cause to be maggoty; hence, to taint or contaminate, as if with flyblows. Bp. Srillingfleet.

Fly´blow, n. (Zoöl.) One of the eggs or young larvae deposited by a flesh fly, or blowfly.

Fly´blown , a. Tainted or contaminated with flyblows; damaged; foul. “ Wherever flyblown reputations were assembled.” Thackeray.

Fly´boat , n. [Fly + boat: cf. D. vlieboot.] 1. (Naut.) A large Dutch coasting vessel. “ Captain George Weymouth made a voyage of discovery to the northwest with two flyboats.” Purchas. 2. A kind of passenger boat formerly used on canals.

Fly´-case , n. (Zoöl.) The covering of an insect, esp. the elytra of beetles.

Fly´catch•er , n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of birds that feed upon insects, which they take on the wing. The true flycatchers of the Old World are Oscines, and belong to the family Muscicapidae, as the spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola). The American flycatchers, or tyrant flycatchers, are Clamatores, and belong to the family Tyrannidae, as the kingbird, pewee, crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), and the vermilion flycatcher or churinche (Pyrocephalus rubineus). Certain American flycatching warblers of the family Sylvicolidae are also called flycatchers, as the Canadian flycatcher (Sylvania Canadensis), and the hooded flycatcher (S. mitrata). See Tyrant flycatcher.

Fly´-catch•ing, a. (Zoöl.) Having the habit of catching insects on the wing.

Fly´er , n. [See Flier.] 1. One that uses wings. 2. The fly of a flag: See Fly, n., 6. 3. Anything that is scattered abroad in great numbers as a theatrical programme, an advertising leaf, etc. 4. (Arch.) One in a flight of steps which are parallel to each other(as in ordinary stairs), as distinguished from a winder. 5. The pair of arms attached to the spindle of a spinning frame, over which the thread passes to the bobbin; — so called from their swift revolution. See Fly, n., 11. 6. The fan wheel that rotates the cap of a windmill as the wind veers. Internat. Cyc. 7. (Stock Jobbing) A small operation not involving ? considerable part of one’s capital, or not in the line of one’s ordinary business; a venture. [Cant] Bartlett.

Fly´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A California scorpaenoid fish (Sebastichthys rhodochloris), having brilliant colors.

Fly´-fish, v. i. To angle, using flies for bait. Walton.

Fly´ing , a. [From Fly, v. i.] Moving in the air with, or as with, wings; moving lightly or rapidly; intended for rapid movement. Flying army (Mil.) a body of cavalry and infantry, kept in motion, to cover its own garrisons and to keep the enemy in continual alarm. Farrow. —Flying artillery (Mil.), artillery trained to rapid evolutions, — the men being either mounted or trained to spring upon the guns and caissons when they change position. — Flying bridge, Flying camp. See under Bridge, and Camp. — Flying buttress (Arch.), a contrivance for taking up the thrust of a roof or vault which can not be supported by ordinary buttresses. It consists of a straight bar of masonry, usually sloping, carried on an arch, and a solid pier or buttress sufficient to receive the thrust. The word is generally applied only to the straight bar with supporting arch. — Flying colors, flags unfurled and waving in the air; hence: To come off with flying colors, to be victorious; to succeed thoroughly in an undertaking. — Flying doe (Zoöl.), a young female kangaroo. — Flying dragon. (a) (Zoöl.) See Dragon, 6. (b) A meteor. See under Dragon. — Flying Dutchman. (a) A fabled Dutch mariner condemned for his crimes to sail the seas till the day of judgment. (b) A spectral ship. — Flying fish. (Zoöl.) See Flying fish, in the Vocabulary. — Flying fox (Zoöl.), the colugo. — Flying frog (Zoöl.), an East Indian tree frog of the genus Rhacophorus, having very large and broadly webbed feet, which serve as parachutes, and enable it to make very long leaps. — Flying gurnard (Zoöl.), a species of gurnard of the genus Cephalacanthus or Dactylopterus, with very large pectoral fins, said to be able to fly like the flying fish, but not for so great a distance. Three species are known; that of the Atlantic is Cephalacanthus volitans. — Flying jib (Naut.), a sail extended outside of the standing jib, on the flying-jib boom. — Flying-jib boom (Naut.), an extension of the jib boom. — Flying kites (Naut.), light sails carried only in fine weather. — Flying lemur. (Zoöl.) See Colugo. — Flying level (Civil Engin.), a reconnoissance level over the course of a projected road, canal, etc. — Flying lizard. (Zoöl.) See Dragon, n. 6. — Flying machine, an apparatus for navigating the air; a form of balloon. — Flying mouse (Zoöl.), the opossum mouse (Acrobates pygmaeus), of Australia. It has lateral folds of skin, like the flying squirrels. — Flying party (Mil.), a body of soldiers detailed to hover about an enemy. — Flying phalanger (Zoöl.), one of several species of small marsuupials of the genera Petaurus and Belideus, of Australia and New Guinea, having lateral folds like those of the flying squirrels. The sugar squirrel (B. sciureus), and the ariel (B. ariel), are the best known; — called also squirrel petaurus and flying squirrel. See Sugar squirrel. — Flying pinion, the fly of a clock. — Flying sap (Mil.), the rapid construction of trenches (when the enemy’s fire of case shot precludes the method of simple trenching), by means of gabions placed in juxtaposition and filled with earth. — Flying shot, a shot fired at a moving object, as a bird on the wing. — Flying spider. (Zoöl.) See Ballooning spider. — Flying squid (Zoöl.), an oceanic squid (Ommastrephes, or Sthenoteuthis, Bartramii), abundant in the Gulf Stream, which is able to leap out of the water with such force that it often falls on the deck of a vessel. — Flying squirrel (Zoöl.) See Flying squirrel, in the Vocabulary. — Flying start, a start in a sailing race in which the signal is given while the vessels are under way. — Flying torch (Mil.), a torch attached to a long staff and used for signaling at night.

Fly´ing fish (Zoöl.) A fish which is able to leap from the water, and fly a considerable distance by means of its large and long pectoral fins. These fishes belong to several species of the genus Exocœtus, and are found in the warmer parts of all the oceans.

Fly´ing squir´rel . (Zoöl.) One of a group of squirrels, of the genera Pteromus and Sciuropterus, having parachute-like folds of skin extending from the fore to the hind legs, which enable them to make very long leaps. The species of Pteromys are large, with bushy tails, and inhabit southern Asia and the East Indies; those of Sciuropterus are smaller, with flat tails, and inhabit the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The American species (Sciuropterus volucella) is also called Assapan. The Australian flying squirrels, or flying phalangers, are marsupials. See Flying phalanger (above).

Fly´man , n.; pl. Flymen (-men). The driver of a fly, or light public carriage.

Flysch (flesh), n. [A Swiss word, fr. G. fliessen to flow, melt.] (Geol.) A name given to the series of sandstones and schists overlying the true nummulitic formation in the Alps, and included in the Eocene Tertiary.

Fly´speck (fl?’sp?k), n. A speck or stain made by the excrement of a fly; hence, any insignificant dot.

Fly´speck , v. t. To soil with flyspecks.

Fly´trap , n. 1. A trap for catching flies. 2. (Bot.) A plant (Dionaea muscipula), called also Venus’s flytrap, the leaves of which are fringed with stiff bristles, and fold together when certain hairs on their upper surface are touched, thus seizing insects that light on them. The insects so caught are afterwards digested by a secretion from the upper surface of the leaves.

Fnese , v. i. [AS. fnsan, gefnsan.] To breathe heavily; to snort. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fo , n. The Chinese name of Buddha.

Foal (fol), n. [OE. fole, AS. fola; akin to OHG. folo, G. fohlen, Goth. fula, Icel. foli, Sw. fåle, Gr. pw^los, L. pullus a young animal. Cf. Filly, Poultry, Pullet.] (Zoö.) The young of any animal of the Horse family (Equidae); a colt; a filly. Foal teeth (Zoöl.), the first set of teeth of a horse. — In foal, With foal, being with young; pregnant; — said of a mare or she ass.

Foal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foaled (fold); p. pr. & vb. n. Foaling.] To bring forth (a colt); — said of a mare or a she ass.

Foal, v. i. To bring forth young, as an animal of the horse kind.

Foal´foot (-foot•), n. (Bot.) See Coltsfoot.

Foam (fom), n. [OE. fam, fom, AS. fam; akin to OHG. & G. feim.] The white substance, consisting of an aggregation of bubbles, which is formed on the surface of liquids, or in the mouth of an animal, by violent agitation or fermentation; froth; spume; scum; as the foam of the sea. Foam cock, in steam boilers, a cock at the water level, to blow off impurities.

Foam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foamed (fomd); p. pr. & vb. n. Foaming.] [AS. f?man. See Foam, n.] 1. To gather foam; to froth; as the billows foam. “He foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth.” Mark ix. 18. 2. To form foam, or become filled with foam; — said of a steam boiler when the water is unduly agitated and frothy, as because of chemical action.

Foam, v. t. To cause to foam; as to foam the goblet; also (with out), to throw out with rage or violence, as foam. ´Foaming out their own shame.´ Jude 13.

Foam´ing•ly , adv. With foam; frothily.

Foam´less, a. Having no foam.

Foam´y (-&tcr;), a. Covered with foam; frothy; spumy. “Behold how high the foamy billows ride!” Dryden.

Fob (fob), n. [Cf. Prov. G. fuppe pocket.] A little pocket for a watch. Fob chain, a short watch chain worn with a watch carried in the fob.

Fob , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fobbed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fobbing.] [Cf.Fop.] 1. To beat; to maul. [Obs.] 2. To cheat; to trick; to impose on. Shak. To fob off, to shift off by an artifice; to put aside; to delude with a trick.´A conspiracy of bishops could prostrate and fob off the right of the people.´ Milton.

Fo´cal , a. [Cf. F. focal. See Focus.] Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as a focal point. Focal distance, or length, of a lens or mirror (Opt.), the distance of the focus from the surface of the lens or mirror, or more exactly, in the case of a lens, from its optical center. —Focal distance of a telescope, the distance of the image of an object from the object glass.

Fo•cal•i•za´tion , n. The act of focalizing or bringing to a focus, or the state of being focalized.

Fo´cal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focalized p. pr. & vb. n. Focalizing ] To bring to a focus; to focus; to concentrate. “Light is focalized in the eye, sound in the ear.” De Quincey.

Foc´il•late , v. t. [L. focilatus, p. p. of focillare.] To nourish. [Obs.] Blount.

Foc•il•la´tion , n. Comfort; support. [Obs.]

Fo•cim´e•ter , n. [Focus + -meter.] (Photog.) An assisting instrument for focusing an object in or before a camera. Knight.

Fo´cus , n.; pl. E. Focuses (#), L. Foci (#). [L. focus hearth, fireplace; perh. akin to E. bake. Cf. Curfew, Fuel, Fusil the firearm.] 1. (Opt.) A point in which the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refracted, and at which the image is formed; as the focus of a lens or mirror. 2. (Geom.) A point so related to a conic section and certain straight line called the directrix that the ratio of the distance between any point of the curve and the focus to the distance of the same point from the directrix is constant. Thus, in the ellipse FGHKLM, A is the focus and CD the directrix, when the ratios FA:FE, GA:GD, MA:MC, etc., are all equal. So in the hyperbola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio HA:HK is constant for all points of the curve; and in the parabola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio BA:BC is constant. In the ellipse this ratio is less than unity, in the parabola equal to unity, and in the hyperbola greater than unity. The ellipse and hyperbola have each two foci, and two corresponding directrixes, and the parabola has one focus and one directrix. In the ellipse the sum of the two lines from any point of the curve to the two foci is constant; that is: AG+GB=AH+HB; and in the hyperbola the difference of the corresponding lines is constant. The diameter which passes through the foci of the ellipse is the major axis. The diameter which being produced passes through the foci of the hyperbola is the transverse axis. The middle point of the major or the transverse axis is the center of the curve. Certain other curves, as the lemniscate and the Cartesian ovals, have points called foci, possessing properties similar to those of the foci of conic sections. In an ellipse, rays of light coming from one focus, and reflected from the curve, proceed in lines directed toward the other; in an hyperbola, in lines directed from the other; in a parabola, rays from the focus, after reflection at the curve, proceed in lines parallel to the axis. Thus rays from A in the ellipse are reflected to B; rays from A in the hyperbola are reflected toward L and M away from B. 3. A central point; a point of concentration. Aplanatic focus. (Opt.) See under Aplanatic. — Conjugate focus (Opt.), the focus for rays which have a sensible divergence, as from a near object; — so called because the positions of the object and its image are interchangeable. — Focus tube (Phys.), a vacuum tube for Rœntgen rays in which the cathode rays are focused upon the anticathode, for intensifying the effect. — Principal, or Solar, focus (Opt.), the focus for parallel rays.

Fo´cus , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focused p. pr. & vb. n. Focusing.] To bring to a focus; to focalize; as to focus a camera. R. Hunt.

Fod´der (fod´der), n. [See 1st Fother.] A weight by which lead and some other metals were formerly sold, in England, varying from 19½ to 24 cwt.; a fother. [Obs.]

Fod´der, n. [AS. fodder, foddor, fodder (also sheath case), fr. foda food; akin to D. voeder, OHG. fuotar, G. futter, Icel. foðr, Sw. & Dan. foder. rad.75. See Food and cf. Forage, Fur.] That which is fed out to cattle horses, and sheep, as hay, cornstalks, vegetables, etc.

Fod´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foddered (-derd); p. pr. & vb. n. Foddering.] To feed, as cattle, with dry food or cut grass, etc.; to furnish with hay, straw, oats, etc.

Fod´der•er , n. One who fodders cattle.

Fo´di•ent , a. [L. fodiens, p. pr. of fodere to dig.] Fitted for, or pertaining to, digging.

Fo´di•ent , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fodientia.

Fo•di•en´ti•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fodiens p. pr., digging.] (Zoöl.) A group of African edentates including the aard-vark.

Foe (fo), n. [OE. fo, fa, AS. fah hostile; prob. akin to E. fiend. rad.81. See Fiend, and cf. Feud a quarrel.] 1. One who entertains personal enmity, hatred, grudge, or malice, against another; an enemy. “A man’s foes shall be they of his own household.” Matt. x. 36 2. An enemy in war; a hostile army. 3. One who opposes on principle; an opponent; an adversary; an ill-wisher; as a foe to religion. “A foe to received doctrines.” I. Watts

Foe , v. t. To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Foe´hood , n. Enmity. Bp. Bedell.

Foe´man (fo´man), n.; pl. Foemen (-men). [AS. fahman.] An enemy in war. “And the stern joy which warriors feel
In foemen worthy of their steel.” Sir W. Scott

Fœ´tal , a. Same as Fetal.

Fœ•ta´tion , n. Same as Fetation.

Fœ´ti•cide , n. Same as Feticide.

Fœ´tor , n. Same as Fetor.

Fœ´tus , n. Same as Fetus.

Fog (fog), n. [Cf. Scot. fog, fouge, moss, foggage rank grass, LL. fogagium, W. ffwg dry grass.] (Agric.) (a) A second growth of grass; aftergrass. (b) Dead or decaying grass remaining on land through the winter; — called also foggage. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. Sometimes called, in New England, old tore. In Scotland, fog is a general name for moss.

Fog v. t. (Agric.) To pasture cattle on the fog, or aftergrass, of; to eat off the fog from.

Fog v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To practice in a small or mean way; to pettifog. [Obs.] “Where wouldst thou fog to get a fee?” Dryden.

Fog n. [Dan. sneefog snow falling thick, drift of snow, driving snow, cf. Icel. fok spray, snowdrift, fjuk snowstorm, fjuka to drift.] 1. Watery vapor condensed in the lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its transparency. It differs from cloud only in being near the ground, and from mist in not approaching so nearly to fine rain. See Cloud. 2. A state of mental confusion. Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc., a bell, horn, whistle or other contrivance that sounds an alarm, often automatically, near places of danger where visible signals would be hidden in thick weather. - - Fog bank, a mass of fog resting upon the sea, and resembling distant land. — Fog ring, a bank of fog arranged in a circular form, — often seen on the coast of Newfoundland.

Fog , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fogged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fogging (#).] To envelop, as with fog; to befog; to overcast; to darken; to obscure.

Fog , v. i. (Photog.) To show indistinctly or become indistinct, as the picture on a negative sometimes does in the process of development.

Foge , n. The Cornish name for a forge used for smelting tin. Raymond

Fo’gey , n. See Fogy.

Fog’gage ( 48), n. (Agric.) See 1st Fog.

Fog’ger , n. One who fogs; a pettifogger. [Obs.] “A beggarly fogger.” Terence in English(1614)

Fog´gi•ly , adv. In a foggy manner; obscurely. Johnson.

Fog´gi•ness , n. The state of being foggy. Johnson.

Fog´gy , a. [Compar. Foggier superl. Foggiest.] [From 4th Fog.] 1. Filled or abounding with fog, or watery exhalations; misty; as a foggy atmosphere; a foggy morning. Shak. 2. Beclouded; dull; obscure; as foggy ideas. “Your coarse, foggy, drowsy conceit.” Hayward.

Fo´gie , n. See Fogy.

Fog´less , a. Without fog; clear. Kane.

Fo´gy , n.; pl. Fogies . A dull old fellow; a person behind the times, over-conservative, or slow; — usually preceded by old. [Written also fogie and fogey.] [Colloq.] “Notorious old bore; regular old fogy.” Thackeray. The word is said to be connected with the German vogt, a guard or protector. By others it is regarded as a diminutive of folk (cf. D. volkje). It is defined by Jamieson, in his Scottish Dictionary, as ´an invalid or garrison soldier,´ and is applied to the old soldiers of the Royal Hospital at Dublin, which is called the Fogies’ Hospital. In the fixed habits of such persons we see the origin of the present use of the term. Sir F. Head.

Fo´gy•ism , n. The principles and conduct of a fogy. [Colloq.]

Foh , interj. [Cf. Faugh.] An exclamation of abhorrence or contempt; poh; fie. Shak.

Fo´hist , n. A Buddhist priest. See Fo.

Foi´ble , a. [OF. foible. See Feeble.] Weak; feeble. [Obs.] Lord Herbert.

Foi´ble , n. 1. A moral weakness; a failing; a weak point; a frailty. “ A disposition radically noble and generous, clouded and overshadowed by superficial foibles.” De Quincey. 2. The half of a sword blade or foil blade nearest the point; — opposed to forte. [Written also faible.] Syn. — Fault; imperfection; failing; weakness; infirmity; frailty; defect. See Fault.

Foil (foil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foiled (foild); p. pr. & vb. n. Foiling.] [F. fouler to tread or trample under one’s feet, to press, oppress. See Full, v. t.] 1. To tread under foot; to trample. “ King Richard … caused the ensigns of Leopold to be pulled down and foiled under foot.” Knoless. “ Whom he did all to pieces breake and foyle,
In filthy durt, and left so in the loathely soyle.” Spenser. 2. To render (an effort or attempt) vain or nugatory; to baffle; to outwit; to balk; to frustrate; to defeat. “ And by mortal man at length am foiled.” Dryden. “ Her long locks that foil the painter’s power.” Byron. 3. To blunt; to dull; to spoil; as to foil the scent in chase. Addison.

Foil, v. t. [See 6th File.] To defile; to soil. [Obs.]

Foil, n. 1. Failure of success when on the point of attainment; defeat; frustration; miscarriage. Milton. “ Nor e’er was fate so near a foil.” Dryden. 2. A blunt weapon used in fencing, resembling a smallsword in the main, but usually lighter and having a button at the point. “ Blunt as the fencer’s foils, which hit, but hurt not.” Shak. “ Isocrates contended with a foil against Demosthenes with a word.” Mitford. 3. The track or trail of an animal. To run a foil,to lead astray; to puzzle; — alluding to the habits of some animals of running back over the same track to mislead their pursuers. Brewer.

Foil, n. [OE. foil leaf, OF. foil, fuil, fueil, foille, fueille, F. feuille, fr. L. folium, pl. folia; akin to Gr. , and perh. to E. blade. Cf. Foliage, Folio.] 1. A leaf or very thin sheet of metal; as brass foil; tin foil; gold foil. 2. (Jewelry) A thin leaf of sheet copper silvered and burnished, and afterwards coated with transparent colors mixed with isinglass; — employed by jewelers to give color or brilliancy to pastes and inferior stones. Ure. 3. Anything that serves by contrast of color or quality to adorn or set off another thing to advantage. “As she a black silk cap on him began
To set, for foil of his milk-white to serve.” Sir P. Sidney. “Hector has a foil to set him off.” Broome. 4. A thin coat of tin, with quicksilver, laid on the back of a looking-glass, to cause reflection. 5. (Arch.) The space between the cusps in Gothic architecture; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in windows, niches, etc. A group of foils is called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, etc., according to the number of arcs of which it is composed. Foil stone, an imitation of a jewel or precious stone.

Foil´a•ble , a. Capable of being foiled.

Foil´er , n. One who foils or frustrates. Johnson.

Foil´ing, n. (Arch.) A foil. Simmonds.

Foil´ing, n. [Cf. F. foulees. See 1st Foil.] (Hunting) The track of game (as deer) in the grass.

Foin (foin), n. [F. fouine a marten.] 1. (Zoöl.) The beech marten (Mustela foina). See Marten. 2. A kind of fur, black at the top on a whitish ground, taken from the ferret or weasel of the same name.[Obs.] “ He came to the stake in a fair black gown furred and faced with foins.” Fuller.

Foin, v. i. [OE. foinen, foignen; of uncertain origin; cf. dial. F. fouiner to push for eels with a spear, fr. F. fouine an eelspear, perh. fr. L. fodere to dig, thrust.] To thrust with a sword or spear; to lunge. [Obs.] “ He stroke, he soused, he foynd, he hewed, he lashed.” Spenser. “They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
Their corselets, and the thinnest parts explore.” Dryden.

Foin, v. t. To prick; to st?ng. [Obs.] Huloet.

Foin, n. A pass in fencing; a lunge. [Obs.] Shak.

Foin´er•y , n. Thrusting with the foil; fencing with the point, as distinguished from broadsword play. [Obs.] Marston.

Foin´ing•ly , adv. With a push or thrust. [Obs.]

Foi´son , n. [F. foison, fr. L. fusio a pouring, effusion. See Fusion.] Rich harvest; plenty; abundance. [Archaic] Lowell. “ That from the seedness the bare fallow brings
To teeming foison.” Shak.

Foist (foist), n. [OF. fuste stick, boat, fr. L. fustis cudgel. Cf. 1st Fust.] A light and fast-sailing ship. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Foist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Foisting.] [Cf. OD. vysten to fizzle, D. veesten, E. fizz, fitchet, bullfist.] To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant; to interpolate; to pass off (something spurious or counterfeit) as genuine, true, or worthy; — usually followed by in. “ Lest negligence or partiality might admit or foist in abuses and corruption.” R. Carew. “ When a scripture has been corrupted … by a supposititious foisting of some words in.” South.

Foist, n. 1. A foister; a sharper. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A trick or fraud; a swindle. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Foist´er , n. One who foists something surreptitiously; a falsifier. Mir. for Mag.

Foist´ied , a. [See 2d Fust.] Fusty. [Obs.]

Foist´i•ness , n. Fustiness; mustiness. [Obs.]

Foist´y , a. Fusty; musty. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fold (fold), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Folded; p. pr. & vb. n. Folding.] [OE. folden, falden, AS. fealdan; akin to OHG. faltan, faldan, G. falten, Icel. falda, Dan. folde, Sw. fålla, Goth. falþan, cf. Gr. di- pla•sios twofold, Skr. puta a fold. Cf. Fauteuil.] 1. To lap or lay in plaits or folds; to lay one part over another part of; to double; as to fold cloth; to fold a letter.
[1913 Webster] “As a vesture shalt thou fold them up.” Heb. i. 12. 2. To double or lay together, as the arms or the hands; as he folds his arms in despair. 3. To inclose within folds or plaitings; to envelop; to infold; to clasp; to embrace. “A face folded in sorrow.” J. Webster. “We will descend and fold him in our arms.” Shak. 4. To cover or wrap up; to conceal. “Nor fold my fault in cleanly coined excuses.” Shak.

Fold, v. i. To become folded, plaited, or doubled; to close over another of the same kind; to double together; as the leaves of the door fold. 1 Kings vi. 34.

Fold, n. [From Fold, v. In sense 2 AS. -feald, akin to fealdan to fold.] 1. A doubling,esp. of any flexible substance; a part laid over on another part; a plait; a plication. “Mummies … shrouded in a number of folds of linen.” Bacon. “ Folds are most common in the rocks of mountainous regions.” J. D. Dana. 2. Times or repetitions; — used with numerals, chiefly in composition, to denote multiplication or increase in a geometrical ratio, the doubling, tripling, etc., of anything; as fourfold, four times, increased in a quadruple ratio, multiplied by four. 3. That which is folded together, or which infolds or envelops; embrace. “Shall from your neck unloose his amorous fold.” Shak. Fold net, a kind of net used in catching birds.

Fold, n. [OE. fald, fold, AS. fald, falod.] 1. An inclosure for sheep; a sheep pen. “ Leaps o’er the fence with ease into the fold.” Milton. 2. A flock of sheep; figuratively, the Church or a church; as Christ’s fold. “ There shall be one fold and one shepherd.” John x. 16. “ The very whitest lamb in all my fold.” Tennyson. 3. A boundary; a limit. [Obs.] Creech. Fold yard, an inclosure for sheep or cattle.

Fold, v. t. To confine in a fold, as sheep.

Fold, v. i. To confine sheep in a fold. [R.] “ The star that bids the shepherd fold.” Milton.

Fold´age, n. [See Fold inclosure, Faldage.] (O.Eng.Law.) See Faldage.

Fold´er , n. One who, or that which, folds; esp., a flat, knifelike instrument used for folding paper.

Fol´de•rol , n. Nonsense. [Colloq.]

Fold´ing , n. 1. The act of making a fold or folds; also a fold; a doubling; a plication. “The lower foldings of the vest.” Addison. 2. (Agric.) The keepig of sheep in inclosures on arable land, etc. Folding boat, a portable boat made by stretching canvas etc., over jointed framework, used in campaigning, and by tourists, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Folding chair, a chair which may be shut up compactly for carriage or stowage; a camp chair. — Folding door, one of two or more doors filling a single and hung upon hinges.

Fold´less, a. Having no fold. Milman.

Fo•li•a´ceous , a. [L. foliaceus, fr. folium leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Belonging to, or having the texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves intermixed with flowers; as a foliaceous spike. 2. (Min.) Consisting of leaves or thin laminae; having the form of a leaf or plate; as foliaceous spar. 3. (Zoöl.) Leaflike in form or mode of growth; as a foliaceous coral.

Fo´li•age , n. [OF. foillage, fueillage, F. feuillage, fr. OF. foille, fueille, fueil, F. feulle, leaf, L. folium. See 3d Foil, and cf. Foliation, Filemot.] 1. Leaves, collectively, as produced or arranged by nature; leafage; as a tree or forest of beautiful foliage. 2. A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches; especially, the representation of leaves, flowers, and branches, in architecture, intended to ornament and enrich capitals, friezes, pediments, etc. Foliage plant (Bot.), any plant cultivated for the beauty of its leaves, as many kinds of Begonia and Coleus.

Fo´li•age , v. t. To adorn with foliage or the imitation of foliage; to form into the representation of leaves. [R.] Drummond.

Fo´li•aged , a. Furnished with foliage; leaved; as the variously foliaged mulberry.

Fo´li•ar , a. (Bot.) Consisting of, or pertaining to, leaves; as foliar appendages. Foliar gap (Bot.), an opening in the fibrovascular system of a stem at the point of origin of a leaf. — Foliar trace (Bot.), a particular fibrovascular bundle passing down into the stem from a leaf.

Fo´li•ate , a. [L. foliatus leaved, leafy, fr. folium leaf. See Foliage.] (Bot.) Furnished with leaves; leafy; as a foliate stalk. Foliate curve. (Geom.) Same as Folium.

Fo´li•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foliated p. pr. & vb. n. Foliating ] 1. To beat into a leaf, or thin plate. Bacon. 2. To spread over with a thin coat of tin and quicksilver; as to foliate a looking-glass.

Fo´li•a•ted , a. 1. Having leaves, or leaflike projections; as a foliated shell. 2. (Arch.) Containing, or consisting of, foils; as a foliated arch. 3. (Min.) Characterized by being separable into thin plates or folia; as graphite has a foliated structure. 4. (Geol.) Laminated, but restricted to the variety of laminated structure found in crystalline schist, as mica schist, etc.; schistose. 5. Spread over with an amalgam of tin and quicksilver. Foliated telluium. (Min.) See Nagyagite.

Fo´li•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. foliation.] 1. The process of forming into a leaf or leaves. 2. The manner in which the young leaves are dispoed within the bud. “ The … foliation must be in relation to the stem.” De Quincey. 3. The act of beating a metal into a thin plate, leaf, foil, or lamina. 4. The act of coating with an amalgam of tin foil and quicksilver, as in making looking-glasses. 5. (Arch.) The enrichment of an opening by means of foils, arranged in trefoils, quatrefoils, etc.; also one of the ornaments. See Tracery. 6. (Geol.) The property, possessed by some crystalline rocks, of dividing into plates or slabs, which is due to the cleavage structure of one of the constituents, as mica or hornblende. It may sometimes include slaty structure or cleavage, though the latter is usually independent of any mineral constituent, and transverse to the bedding, it having been produced by pressure.

Fo´li•a•ture , n. [L. foliatura foliage.] 1. Foliage; leafage. [Obs.] Shuckford. 2. The state of being beaten into foil. Johnson.

Fo´li•er , n. Goldsmith’s foil. [R.] Sprat.

Fo•lif´er•ous , a. [L. folium leaf+ -ferous: cf. F. foliifère.] Producing leaves. [Written also foliiferous.]

Fol´i•ly , a. Foolishly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fol´io , n.; pl. Folios (#). [Ablative of L. folium leaf. See 4th Foil.] 1. A leaf of a book or manuscript. 2. A sheet of paper once folded. 3. A book made of sheets of paper each folded once (four pages to the sheet); hence, a book of the largest kind. See Note under Paper. 4. (Print.) The page number. The even folios are on the left-hand pages and the odd folios on the right- hand. 5. A page of a book; (Bookkeeping) a page in an account book; sometimes, two opposite pages bearing the same serial number. 6. (Law) A leaf containing a certain number of words, hence, a certain number of words in a writing, as in England, in law proceedings 72, and in chancery, 90; in New York, 100 words. Folio post, a flat writing paper, usually 17 by 24 inches.

Fol´io, v. t. To put a serial number on each folio or page of (a book); to page.

Fol´io, a. Formed of sheets each folded once, making two leaves, or four pages; as a folio volume. See Folio, n., 3.

Fo´li•o•late , a. Of or pertaining to leaflets; — used in composition; as bi- foliolate. Gray.

Fo´li•ole , n. [Dim. of L. folium leaf: cf. F. foliole.] (Bot.) One of the distinct parts of a compound leaf; a leaflet.

Fo•li•o•mort´ , a. See Feuillemort.

Fo•li•ose´ , a. [L. foliosus, fr. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having many leaves; leafy.

Fo•li•os´i•ty , n. The ponderousness or bulk of a folio; voluminousness. [R.] De Quincey.

Fo´li•ous , a. [See Foliose.] 1. Like a leaf; thin; unsubstantial. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Foliose. [R.]

Fo´li•um , n.; pl. E. Foliums (#), L. Folia (#). [L., a leaf.] 1. A leaf, esp. a thin leaf or plate. 2. (Geom.) A curve of the third order, consisting of two infinite branches, which have a common asymptote. The curve has a double point, and a leaf-shaped loop; whence the name. Its equation is x3 + y3 = axy. { Folk (fok), Folks (foks) }, n. collect. & pl. [AS. folc; akin to D. volk, OS. & OHG. folk, G. volk, Icel. folk, Sw. & Dan. folk, Lith. pulkas crowd, and perh. to E. follow.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) In Anglo-Saxon times, the people of a group of townships or villages; a community; a tribe. [Obs.] “The organization of each folk, as such, sprang mainly from war.” J. R. Green. 2. People in general, or a separate class of people; — generally used in the plural form, and often with a qualifying adjective; as the old folks; poor folks. [Colloq.] “In winter’s tedious nights, sit by the fire
With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales.” Shak. 3. The persons of one’s own family; as our folks are all well. [Colloq. New Eng.] Bartlett. Folk song, one of a class of songs long popular with the common people. — Folk speech, the speech of the common people, as distinguished from that of the educated class.

Folk´land , n. [AS. folcland.] (O.Eng. Law) Land held in villenage, being distributed among the folk, or people, at the pleasure of the lord of the manor, and resumed at his discretion. Not being held by any assurance in writing, it was opposed to bookland or charter land, which was held by deed. Mozley & W. { Folk´lore• , n., or Folk´ lore• }. Tales, legends, or superstitions long current among the people. Trench.

Folk´mote , n. [AS. folcmot folk meeting.] An assembly of the people; esp. (Sax. Law), a general assembly of the people to consider and order matters of the commonwealth; also a local court. [Hist.] “To which folkmote they all with one consent
Agreed to travel.” Spenser.

Folk´mot•er , n. One who takes part in a folkmote, or local court. [Obs.] Milton.

Fol´li•cle , n. [L. folliculus a small bag, husk, pod, dim of follis bellows, an inflated ball, a leathern money bag, perh. akin to E. bellows: cf. F. follicule. Cf. 2d Fool.] 1. (Bot.) A simple podlike pericarp which contains several seeds and opens along the inner or ventral suture, as in the peony, larkspur and milkweed. 2. (Anat.) (a) A small cavity, tubular depression, or sac; as a hair follicle. (b) A simple gland or glandular cavity; a crypt. (c) A small mass of adenoid tissue; as a lymphatic follicle.

Fol•lic´u•lar , a. 1. Like, pertaining to, or consisting of, a follicles or follicles. 2. (Med.) Affecting the follicles; as follicular pharyngitis.

Fol•lic´u•la•ted , a. Having follicles.

Fol•lic´u•lous , a. [L. folliculosus full of husks: cf. F. folliculeux.] Having or producing follicles.

Fol´li•ful , a. Full of folly. [Obs.]

Fol´low , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Followed p. pr. & vb. n. Following.][OE. foluwen, folwen, folgen, AS. folgian, fylgean, fylgan; akin to D. volgen, OHG. folgn, G. folgen, Icel. fylgja, Sw. följa, Dan. fölge, and perh. to E. folk.] 1. To go or come after; to move behind in the same path or direction; hence, to go with (a leader, guide, etc.); to accompany; to attend. “ It waves me forth again; I’ll follow it.” Shak. 2. To endeavor to overtake; to go in pursuit of; to chase; to pursue; to prosecute. “ I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall follow them.” Ex. xiv. 17. 3. To accept as authority; to adopt the opinions of; to obey; to yield to; to take as a rule of action; as to follow good advice. “Approve the best, and follow what I approve”. Milton. “Follow peace with all men.” Heb. xii. 14. “ It is most agreeable to some men to follow their reason; and to others to follow their appetites.” J. Edwards. 4. To copy after; to take as an example. “ We had rather follow the perfections of them whom we like not, than in defects resemble them whom we love.” Hooker. 5. To succeed in order of time, rank, or office. 6. To result from, as an effect from a cause, or an inference from a premise. 7. To watch, as a receding object; to keep the eyes fixed upon while in motion; to keep the mind upon while in progress, as a speech, musical performance, etc.; also to keep up with; to understand the meaning, connection, or force of, as of a course of thought or argument. “ He followed with his eyes the flitting shade.” Dryden. 8. To walk in, as a road or course; to attend upon closely, as a profession or calling. “O, had I but followed the arts!” Shak. “O Antony! I have followed thee to this.” Shak. Follow board (Founding), a board on which the pattern and the flask lie while the sand is rammed into the flask. Knight. — To follow the hounds, to hunt with dogs. — To follow suit (Card Playing), to play a card of the same suit as the leading card; hence, colloquially, to follow an example set. — To follow up, to pursue indefatigably. Syn.- To pursue; chase; go after; attend; accompany; succeed; imitate; copy; embrace; maintain. - To Follow, Pursue. To follow (v.t.) denotes simply to go after; to pursue denotes to follow with earnestness, and with a view to attain some definite object; as a hound pursues the deer. So a person follows a companion whom he wishes to overtake on a journey; the officers of justice pursue a felon who has escaped from prison.

Fol´low, v. i. To go or come after; — used in the various senses of the transitive verb: To pursue; to attend; to accompany; to be a result; to imitate. Syn.- To Follow, Succeed, Ensue. To follow (v.i.) means simply to come after; as a crowd followed. To succeed means to come after in some regular series or succession; as day succeeds to day, and night to night. To ensue means to follow by some established connection or principle of sequence. As wave follows wave, revolution succeeds to revolution; and nothing ensues but accumulated wretchedness.

Fol´low•er , n. [OE. folwere, AS. folgere.] 1. One who follows; a pursuer; an attendant; a disciple; a dependent associate; a retainer. 2. A sweetheart; a beau. [Colloq.] A. Trollope. 3. (Steam Engine) (a) The removable flange, or cover, of a piston. See Illust. of Piston. (b) A gland. See Illust. of Stuffing box. 4. (Mach.) The part of a machine that receives motion from another part. See Driver. 5. Among law stationers, a sheet of parchment or paper which is added to the first sheet of an indenture or other deed. Syn. — Imitator; copier; disciple; adherent; partisan; dependent; attendant.

Fol´low•ing , n. 1. One’s followers, adherents, or dependents, collectively. Macaulay. 2. Vocation; business; profession.

Fol´low•ing, a. 1. Next after; succeeding; ensuing; as the assembly was held on the following day. 2. (Astron.) (In the field of a telescope) In the direction from which stars are apparently moving (in consequence of the earth’s rotation); as a small star, north following or south following. In the direction toward which stars appear to move is called preceding. The four principal directions in the field of a telescope are north, south, following, preceding.

Fol´ly , n.; pl. Follies (#). [OE. folie, foli, F. folie, fr. fol, fou, foolish, mad. See Fool.] 1. The state of being foolish; want of good sense; levity, weakness, or derangement of mind. 2. A foolish act; an inconsiderate or thoughtless procedure; weak or light-minded conduct; foolery. “ What folly ’tis to hazard life for ill.” Shak. 3. Scandalous crime; sin; specifically, as applied to a woman, wantonness. “[Achan] wrought folly in Israel.” Josh. vii. 15. “When lovely woman stoops to folly.” Goldsmith. 4. The result of a foolish action or enterprise. “ It is called this man’s or that man’s ´folly,´ and name of the foolish builder is thus kept alive for long after years.” Trench.

Fol´we , v. t. To follow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fo´mal•haut , n. [Ar., prop., mouth of the large fish: cf. F. Fomalhaut.] (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Piscis Australis, or Southern Fish.

Fo•ment´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fomented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fomenting.] [F. fomenter, fr. L. fomentare, fr. fomentum (for fovimentum) a warm application or lotion, fr. fovere to warm or keep warm; perh. akin to Gr. to roast, and E. bake.] 1. To apply a warm lotion to; to bathe with a cloth or sponge wet with warm water or medicated liquid. 2. To cherish with heat; to foster. [Obs.] “Which these soft fires … foment and warm.” Milton. 3. To nurse to life or activity; to cherish and promote by excitements; to encourage; to abet; to instigate; — used often in a bad sense; as to foment ill humors. Locke. “ But quench the choler you foment in vain.” Dryden. “ Exciting and fomenting a religious rebellion.” Southey.

Fo•men•ta´tion , n. [. fomentatio: cf. F. fomentation.] 1. (Med.) (a) The act of fomenting; the application of warm, soft, medicinal substances, as for the purpose of easing pain, by relaxing the skin, or of discussing tumors. (b) The lotion applied to a diseased part. 2. Excitation; instigation; encouragement. “Dishonest fomentation of your pride.” Young.

Fo•ment´er , n. One who foments; one who encourages or instigates; as a fomenter of sedition.

Fo´mes (fo´mez), n.; pl. Fomites (fom´i•tez). [L. fomes, -itis, touch-wood, tinder.] (Med.) Any substance supposed to be capable of absorbing, retaining, and transporting contagious or infectious germs; as woolen clothes are said to be active fomites.

Fon (fon), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fani silly, fana to act silly, Sw. fåne fool. Cf. Fond, a.] A fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fond , obs. imp. of Find. Found. Chaucer.

Fond, a. [Compar. Fonder superl. Fondest.] [For fonned, p. p. of OE. fonnen to be foolish. See Fon.] 1. Foolish; silly; simple; weak. [Archaic] “Grant I may never prove so fond
To trust man on his oath or bond.” Shak. 2. Foolishly tender and loving; weakly indulgent; over-affectionate. 3. Affectionate; loving; tender; — in a good sense; as a fond mother or wife. Addison. 4. Loving; much pleased; affectionately regardful, indulgent, or desirous; longing or yearning; — followed by of (formerly also by on). “ More fond on her than she upon her love.” Shak. “ You are as fond of grief as of your child.” Shak. “ A great traveler, and fond of telling his adventures.” Irving. 5. Doted on; regarded with affection. [R.] “ Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer.” Byron. 6. Trifling; valued by folly; trivial. [Obs.] Shak.

Fond, v. t. To caress; to fondle. [Obs.] “ The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast.” Dryden.

Fond, v. i. To be fond; to dote. [Obs.] Shak.

Fond´e , v. t. & i. [AS. fandian to try.] To endeavor; to strive; to try. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fon´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fondled p. pr. & vb. n. Fondling ] [From Fond, v.] To treat or handle with tenderness or in a loving manner; to caress; as a nurse fondles a child. Syn. — See Caress.

Fon´dler , n. One who fondles. Johnson.

Fon´dling , n. [From Fondle.] The act of caressing; manifestation of tenderness. “ Cyrus made no … amorous fondling
To fan her pride, or melt her guardless heart.” Mickle.

Fond´ling , n. [Fond + - ling.] 1. A person or thing fondled or caressed; one treated with foolish or doting affection. “Fondlings are in danger to be made fools.” L’Estrange. 2. A fool; a simpleton; a ninny. [Obs.] Chapman.

Fond´ly , adv. 1. Foolishly. [Archaic] Verstegan (1673). “ Make him speak fondly like a frantic man.” Shak. 2. In a fond manner; affectionately; tenderly. “ My heart, untraveled, fondly turns to thee.” Goldsmith.

Fond´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fond; foolishness. [Obs.] “Fondness it were for any, being free,
To covet fetters, though they golden be.” Spenser. 2. Doting affection; tender liking; strong appetite, propensity, or relish; as he had a fondness for truffles. “ My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee.” Addison. Syn. — Attachment; affection; love; kindness.

Fon´don , n. [Cf. F. fondant flux.] (Metal.) A large copper vessel used for hot amalgamation.

Fon•dus´ , n. [F. fondu, prop. p. p. of fondre to melt, blend. See Found to cast.] A style of printing calico, paper hangings, etc., in which the colors are in bands and graduated into each other. Ure.

Fone , n.; pl. of Foe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fong´e , v. t. [See Fang, v. t.] To take; to receive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fon´ly , adv. [See Fon.] Foolishly; fondly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fon´ne , n. A fon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Font , n. [F. fonte, fr. fondre to melt or cast. See Found to cast, and cf. Fount a font.] (Print.) A complete assortment of printing type of one size, including a due proportion of all the letters in the alphabet, large and small, points, accents, and whatever else is necessary for printing with that variety of types; a fount.

Font, n. [AS. font, fant, fr. L. fons, fontis, spring, fountain; cf. OF. font, funt, F. fonts, fonts baptismaux, pl. See Fount.] 1. A fountain; a spring; a source. “ Bathing forever in the font of bliss.” Young. 2. A basin or stone vessel in which water is contained for baptizing. “ That name was given me at the font.” Shak.

Font´al , a. Pertaining to a font, fountain, source, or origin; original; primitive. [R.] “ From the fontal light of ideas only can a man draw intellectual power.” Coleridge.

Fon´ta•nel , n. [F. fontanelle, prop., a little fountain, fr. fontaine fountain. See Fountain.] 1. (Med.) An issue or artificial ulcer for the discharge of humors from the body.[Obs.] Wiseman. 2. (Anat.) One of the membranous intervals between the incompleted angles of the parietal and neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull; — so called because it exhibits a rhythmical pulsation. In the human fetus there are six fontanels, of which the anterior, or bregmatic, situated at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, is much the largest, and remains open a considerable time after birth.

Fon•ta•nelle´ , n. [F.] (Anat.) Same as Fontanel, 2.

Fon•tange´ , n. [F., from the name of the first wearer, Mlle. de Fontanges, about 1679.] A kind of tall headdress formerly worn. Addison.

Food , n. [OE. fode, AS. foda; akin to Icel. faeða, faeði, Sw. föda, Dan. & LG. föde, OHG. fatunga, Gr. patei^sthai to eat, and perh. to Skr. pa to protect, L. pascere to feed, pasture, pabulum food, E. pasture. rad.75. Cf. Feed, Fodder food, Foster to cherish.] 1. What is fed upon; that which goes to support life by being received within, and assimilated by, the organism of an animal or a plant; nutriment; aliment; especially, what is eaten by animals for nourishment. In a physiological sense, true aliment is to be distinguished as that portion of the food which is capable of being digested and absorbed into the blood, thus furnishing nourishment, in distinction from the indigestible matter which passes out through the alimentary canal as faeces. Foods are divided into two main groups: nitrogenous, or proteid, foods, i.e., those which contain nitrogen, and nonnitrogenous, i.e., those which do not contain nitrogen. The latter group embraces the fats and carbohydrates, which collectively are sometimes termed heat producers or respiratory foods, since by oxidation in the body they especially subserve the production of heat. The proteids, on the other hand, are known as plastic foods or tissue formers, since no tissue can be formed without them. These latter terms, however, are misleading, since proteid foods may also give rise to heat both directly and indirectly, and the fats and carbohydrates are useful in other ways than in producing heat. 2. Anything that instructs the intellect, excites the feelings, or molds habits of character; that which nourishes. “This may prove food to my displeasure.” Shak. “In this moment there is life and food
For future years.” Wordsworth. Food is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds, as in food fish or food-fish, food supply. Food vacuole (Zoöl.), one of the spaces in the interior of a protozoan in which food is contained, during digestion. — Food yolk. (Biol.) See under Yolk. Syn. — Aliment; sustenance; nutriment; feed; fare; victuals; provisions; meat.

Food, v. t. To supply with food. [Obs.] Baret.

Food´ful , a. Full of food; supplying food; fruitful; fertile. ´The foodful earth.´ Dryden. “Bent by its foodful burden [the corn].” Glover.

Food´less, a. Without food; barren. Sandys.

Food´y , a. Eatable; fruitful. [R.] Chapman.

Fool , n. [Cf. F. fouler to tread, crush. Cf. 1st Foil.] A compound of gooseberries scalded and crushed, with cream; — commonly called gooseberry fool.

Fool, n. [OE. fol, n. & adj., F. fol, fou, foolish, mad; a fool, prob. fr. L. follis a bellows, wind bag, an inflated ball; perh. akin to E. bellows. Cf. Folly, Follicle.] 1. One destitute of reason, or of the common powers of understanding; an idiot; a natural. 2. A person deficient in intellect; one who acts absurdly, or pursues a course contrary to the dictates of wisdom; one without judgment; a simpleton; a dolt. “ Extol not riches, then, the toil of fools.” Milton. “ Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other.” Franklin. 3. (Script.) One who acts contrary to moral and religious wisdom; a wicked person. “ The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God.” Ps. xiv. 1. 4. One who counterfeits folly; a professional jester or buffoon; a retainer formerly kept to make sport, dressed fantastically in motley, with ridiculous accouterments. “ Can they think me … their fool or jester?” Milton. April fool, Court fool, etc. See under April, Court, etc. — Fool’s cap, a cap or hood to which bells were usually attached, formerly worn by professional jesters. — Fool’s errand, an unreasonable, silly, profitless adventure or undertaking. — Fool’s gold, iron or copper pyrites, resembling gold in color. — Fool’s paradise, a name applied to a limbo (see under Limbo) popularly believed to be the region of vanity and nonsense. Hence, any foolish pleasure or condition of vain self-satistaction. — Fool’s parsley (Bot.), an annual umbelliferous plant (AEthusa Cynapium) resembling parsley, but nauseous and poisonous. — To make a fool of, to render ridiculous; to outwit; to shame. [Colloq.] — To play the fool, to act the buffoon; to act a foolish part. ´I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly.´ 1 Sam. xxvi. 21.

Fool, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fooled p. pr. & vb. n. Fooling.] To play the fool; to trifle; to toy; to spend time in idle sport or mirth. “Is this a time for fooling?” Dryden.

Fool, v. t. 1. To infatuate; to make foolish. Shak. “For, fooled with hope, men favor the deceit.” Dryden. 2. To use as a fool; to deceive in a shameful or mortifying manner; to impose upon; to cheat by inspiring foolish confidence; as to fool one out of his money. “You are fooled, discarded, and shook off
By him for whom these shames ye underwent.” Shak. To fool away, to get rid of foolishly; to spend in trifles, idleness, folly, or without advantage.

Foo´lahs , n. pl.; sing. Foolah. (Ethnol.) Same as Fulahs.

Fool´-born , a. Begotten by a fool. Shak.

Fool´er•y , n.; pl. Fooleries . 1. The practice of folly; the behavior of a fool; absurdity. “Folly in fools bears not so strong a note,
As foolery in the wise, when wit doth dote.” Shak. 2. An act of folly or weakness; a foolish practice; something absurd or nonsensical. “That Pythagoras Plato, or Orpheus, believed in any of these fooleries, it can not be suspected.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Fool´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The orange filefish. See Filefish. (b) The winter flounder. See Flounder.

Fool´-hap•py , a. Lucky, without judgment or contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fool´har•di•hood , n. The state of being foolhardy; foolhardiness.

Fool´har•di•ly, adv. In a foolhardy manner.

Fool´har•di•ness, n. Courage without sense or judgment; foolish rashness; recklessness. Dryden.

Fool´har•dise , n. [Fool, F. fol, fou + F. hardiesse boldness.] Foolhardiness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fool´har•dy , a. [OF. folhardi. See Fool idiot, and Hardy.] Daring without judgment; foolishly adventurous and bold. Howell. Syn. — Rash; venturesome; venturous; precipitate; reckless; headlong; incautious. See Rash.

Fool´-has•ty , a. Foolishly hasty. [R.]

Fool´i•fy , v. t. [Fool + -fy.] To make a fool of; to befool. [R.] Holland.

Fool´ish, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of understanding; weak in intellect; without judgment or discretion; silly; unwise. “ I am a very foolish fond old man.” Shak. 2. Such as a fool would do; proceeding from weakness of mind or silliness; exhibiting a want of judgment or discretion; as a foolish act. 3. Absurd; ridiculous; despicable; contemptible. “ A foolish figure he must make.” Prior. Syn. — Absurd; shallow; shallow-brained; brainless; simple; irrational; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; silly; ridiculous; vain; trifling; contemptible. See Absurd.

Fool´ish•ly, adv. In a foolish manner.

Fool´ish•ness, n. 1. The quality of being foolish. 2. A foolish practice; an absurdity. “ The preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness.” 1 Cor. i. 18.

Fool´-large , a. [OF. follarge. See Fool, and Large.] Foolishly liberal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fool´-lar•gesse , n. [See Fool- large, Largess.] Foolish expenditure; waste. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fools´cap , n. [So called from the watermark of a fool’s cap and bells used by old paper makers. See Fool’s cap, under Fool.] A writing paper made in sheets, ordinarily 16 x 13 inches, and folded so as to make a page 13 x 8 inches. See Paper.

Foot (foot), n.; pl. Feet (fet). [OE. fot, foot, pl. fet, feet. AS. fot, pl. fet; akin to D. voet, OHG. fuoz, G. fuss, Icel. fotr, Sw. fot, Dan. fod, Goth. fotus, L. pes, Gr. poy•s, Skr. pad, Icel. fet step, pace measure of a foot, feta to step, find one’s way. rad.77, 250. Cf. Antipodes, Cap-a-pie, Expedient, Fet to fetch, Fetlock, Fetter, Pawn a piece in chess, Pedal.] 1. (Anat.) The terminal part of the leg of man or an animal; esp., the part below the ankle or wrist; that part of an animal upon which it rests when standing, or moves. See Manus, and Pes. 2. (Zoöl.) The muscular locomotive organ of a mollusk. It is a median organ arising from the ventral region of body, often in the form of a flat disk, as in snails. See Illust. of Buccinum. 3. That which corresponds to the foot of a man or animal; as the foot of a table; the foot of a stocking. 4. The lowest part or base; the ground part; the bottom, as of a mountain or column; also the last of a row or series; the end or extremity, esp. if associated with inferiority; as the foot of a hill; the foot of the procession; the foot of a class; the foot of the bed. “ And now at foot
Of heaven’s ascent they lift their feet.” Milton. 5. Fundamental principle; basis; plan; — used only in the singular. “ Answer directly upon the foot of dry reason.” Berkeley. 6. Recognized condition; rank; footing; — used only in the singular. [R.] “ As to his being on the foot of a servant.” Walpole. 7. A measure of length equivalent to twelve inches; one third of a yard. See Yard. This measure is supposed to be taken from the length of a man’s foot. It differs in length in different countries. In the United States and in England it is 304.8 millimeters. 8. (Mil.) Soldiers who march and fight on foot; the infantry, usually designated as the foot, in distinction from the cavalry. ´Both horse and foot.´ Milton. 9. (Pros.) A combination of syllables consisting a metrical element of a verse, the syllables being formerly distinguished by their quantity or length, but in modern poetry by the accent. 10. (Naut.) The lower edge of a sail. Foot is often used adjectively, signifying of or pertaining to a foot or the feet, or to the base or lower part. It is also much used as the first of compounds. Foot artillery. (Mil.) (a) Artillery soldiers serving in foot. (b) Heavy artillery. Farrow. — Foot bank (Fort.), a raised way within a parapet. — Foot barracks (Mil.), barracks for infantery. — Foot bellows, a bellows worked by a treadle. Knight. — Foot company (Mil.), a company of infantry. Milton. — Foot gear, covering for the feet, as stocking, shoes, or boots. — Foot hammer (Mach.), a small tilt hammer moved by a treadle. — Foot iron. (a) The step of a carriage. (b) A fetter. — Foot jaw. (Zoöl.) See Maxilliped. — Foot key (Mus.), an organ pedal. — Foot level (Gunnery), a form of level used in giving any proposed angle of elevation to a piece of ordnance. Farrow. — Foot mantle, a long garment to protect the dress in riding; a riding skirt. [Obs.] — Foot page, an errand boy; an attendant. [Obs.] — Foot passenger, one who passes on foot, as over a road or bridge. — Foot pavement, a paved way for foot passengers; a footway; a trottoir. — Foot poet, an inferior poet; a poetaster. [R.] Dryden. — Foot post. (a) A letter carrier who travels on foot. (b) A mail delivery by means of such carriers. — Fot pound, ∧ Foot poundal. (Mech.) See Foot pound and Foot poundal, in the Vocabulary. — Foot press (Mach.), a cutting, embossing, or printing press, moved by a treadle. — Foot race, a race run by persons on foot. Cowper. — Foot rail, a railroad rail, with a wide flat flange on the lower side. — Foot rot, an ulcer in the feet of sheep; claw sickness. — Foot rule, a rule or measure twelve inches long. — Foot screw, an adjusting screw which forms a foot, and serves to give a machine or table a level standing on an uneven place. — Foot secretion. (Zoöl.) See Sclerobase. — Foot soldier, a soldier who serves on foot. — Foot stick (Printing), a beveled piece of furniture placed against the foot of the page, to hold the type in place. — Foot stove, a small box, with an iron pan, to hold hot coals for warming the feet. — Foot tubercle. (Zoöl.) See Parapodium. — Foot valve (Steam Engine), the valve that opens to the air pump from the condenser. — Foot vise, a kind of vise the jaws of which are operated by a treadle. — Foot waling (Naut.), the inside planks or lining of a vessel over the floor timbers. Totten. — Foot wall (Mining), the under wall of an inclosed vein. By foot, or On foot, by walking; as to pass a stream on foot. — Cubic foot. See under Cubic. — Foot and mouth disease, a contagious disease (Eczema epizoötica) of cattle, sheep, swine, etc., characterized by the formation of vesicles and ulcers in the mouth and about the hoofs. — Foot of the fine (Law), the concluding portion of an acknowledgment in court by which, formerly, the title of land was conveyed. See Fine of land, under Fine, n.; also Chirograph. (b). — Square foot. See under Square. — To be on foot, to be in motion, action, or process of execution. — To keep the foot (Script.), to preserve decorum. ´Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God.´ Eccl. v. 1. — To put one’s foot down, to take a resolute stand; to be determined. [Colloq.] — To put the best foot foremost, to make a good appearance; to do one’s best. [Colloq.] — To set on foot, to put in motion; to originate; as to set on foot a subscription. — To put, or set, one on his feet, to put one in a position to go on; to assist to start. — Under foot. (a) Under the feet; (Fig.) at one’s mercy; as to trample under foot. Gibbon. (b) Below par. [Obs.] ´They would be forced to sell … far under foot.´ Bacon.

Foot , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Footed; p. pr. & vb. n. Footing.] 1. To tread to measure or music; to dance; to trip; to skip. Dryden. 2. To walk; — opposed to ride or fly. Shak.

Foot, v. t. 1. To kick with the foot; to spurn. Shak. 2. To set on foot; to establish; to land. [Obs.] “What confederacy have you with the traitors
Late footed in the kingdom?” Shak. 3. To tread; as to foot the green. Tickell. 4. To sum up, as the numbers in a column; — sometimes with up; as to foot (or foot up) an account. 5. To seize or strike with the talon. [Poet.] Shak. 6. To renew the foot of, as of a stocking. Shak. To foot a bill, to pay it. [Colloq.] — To foot it, to walk; also to dance. “If you are for a merry jaunt, I’ll try, for once, who can foot it farthest.” Dryden.

Foot´ball , n. An inflated ball to be kicked in sport, usually made in India rubber, or a bladder incased in Leather. Waller. 2. The game of kicking the football by opposing parties of players between goals. Arbuthnot.

Foot´band , n. A band of foot soldiers. [Obs.]

Foot´bath , n. A bath for the feet; also a vessel used in bathing the feet.

Foot´board , n. 1. A board or narrow platfrom upon which one may stand or brace his feet; as: (a) The platform for the engineer and fireman of a locomotive. (b) The foot-rest of a coachman’s box. 2. A board forming the foot of a bedstead. 3. A treadle.

Foot´boy , n. A page; an attendant in livery; a lackey. Shak.

Foot´breadth , n. The breadth of a foot; — used as a measure. Longfellow. “Not so much as a footbreadth.” Deut. ii. 5.

Foot´bridge , n. A narrow bridge for foot passengers only.

Foot´cloth , n. Formerly, a housing or caparison for a horse. Sir W. Scott.

Foot´ed, a. 1. Having a foot or feet; shaped in the foot. ´Footed like a goat.´ Grew. Footed is often used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) feet; as fourfooted beasts. 2. Having a foothold; established. “Our king … is footed in this land already.” Shak.

Foot´fall , n. A setting down of the foot; a footstep; the sound of a footstep. Shak. “Seraphim, whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor.” Poe.

Foot´fight , n. A conflict by persons on foot; — distinguished from a fight on horseback. Sir P. Sidney.

Foot´glove , n. A kind of stocking. [Obs.]

Foot´ Guards , pl. Infantry soldiers belonging to select regiments called the Guards. [Eng.]

Foot´halt , n. A disease affecting the feet of sheep.

Foot´hill , n. A low hill at the foot of higher hills or mountains.

Foot´hold , n. A holding with the feet; firm standing; that on which one may tread or rest securely; footing. L’Estrange.

Foot´hook , n. (Naut.) See Futtock.

Foot´hot , adv. Hastily; immediately; instantly; on the spot; hotfoot. Gower. “Custance have they taken anon, foothot.” Chaucer.

Foot´ing, n. 1. Ground for the foot; place for the foot to rest on; firm foundation to stand on. “In ascent, every step gained is a footing and help to the next.” Holder. 2. Standing; position; established place; basis for operation; permanent settlement; foothold. “As soon as he had obtained a footing at court, the charms of his manner … made him a favorite.” Macaulay. 3. Relative condition; state. “Lived on a footing of equality with nobles.” Macaulay. 4. Tread; step; especially, measured tread. “Hark, I hear the footing of a man.” Shak. 5. The act of adding up a column of figures; the amount or sum total of such a column. 6. The act of putting a foot to anything; also that which is added as a foot; as the footing of a stocking. 7. A narrow cotton lace, without figures. 8. The finer refuse part of whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. Simmonds. 9. (Arch. & Enging.) The thickened or sloping portion of a wall, or of an embankment at its foot. Footing course (Arch.), one of the courses of masonry at the foot of a wall, broader than the courses above. — To pay one’s footing, to pay a fee on first doing anything, as working at a trade or in a shop. Wright. — Footing beam, the tie beam of a roof.

Foot´less, a. Having no feet.

Foot´lick•er , n. A sycophant; a fawner; a toady. Cf. Bootlick. Shak.

Foot´light , n. One of a row of lights in the front of the stage in a theater, etc., and on a level therewith. Before the footlights, upon the stage; — hence, in the capacity of an actor.

Foot´man , n.; pl. Footmen . 1. A soldier who marches and fights on foot; a foot soldier. 2. A man in waiting; a male servant whose duties are to attend the door, the carriage, the table, etc. 3. Formerly, a servant who ran in front of his master’s carriage; a runner. Prior. 4. A metallic stand with four feet, for keeping anything warm before a fire. 5. (Zoöl.) A moth of the family Lithosidae; — so called from its livery-like colors.

Foot´man•ship, n. Art or skill of a footman.

Foot´mark , n. A footprint; a track or vestige. Coleridge.

Foot´note , n. A note of reference or comment at the foot of a page.

Foot´pace , n. 1. A walking pace or step. 2. A dais, or elevated platform; the highest step of the altar; a landing in a staircase. Shipley.

Foot´pad , n. A highwayman or robber on foot.

Foot´path , n.; pl. Footpaths . A narrow path or way for pedestrains only; a footway.

Foot´plate , n. (Locomotives) See Footboard (a).

Foot´ pound (Mech.) A unit of energy, or work, being equal to the work done in raising one pound avoirdupois against the force of gravity the height of one foot.

Foot´ pound•al (Mech.) A unit of energy or work, equal to the work done in moving a body through one foot against the force of one poundal.

Foot´print , n. The impression of the foot; a trace or footmark; as ´Footprints of the Creator.´

Foot´rope , n. (Aut.) (a) The rope rigged below a yard, upon which men stand when reefing or furling; — formerly called a horse. (b) That part of the boltrope to which the lower edge of a sail is sewed.

Foots , n. pl. The settlings of oil, molasses, etc., at the bottom of a barrel or hogshead. Simmonds.

Foot´-sore , a. Having sore or tender feet, as by reason of much walking; as foot-sore cattle.

Foot´stalk , n. 1. (Bot.) The stalk of a leaf or of flower; a petiole, pedicel, or reduncle. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The peduncle or stem by which various marine animals are attached, as certain brachiopods and goose barnacles. (b) The stem which supports which supports the eye in decapod Crustacea; eyestalk. 3. (Mach.) The lower part of a millstone spindle. It rests in a step. Knight.

Foot´stall , n. [Cf. Pedestal.] 1. The stirrup of a woman’s saddle. 2. (Arch.) The plinth or base of a pillar.

Foot´step , n. 1. The mark or impression of the foot; a track; hence, visible sign of a course pursued; token; mark; as the footsteps of divine wisdom. “How on the faltering footsteps of decay
Youth presses.” Bryant. 2. An inclined plane under a hand printing press.

Foot´stone ( 110), n. The stone at the foot of a grave; — opposed to headstone.

Foot´stool , n. A low stool to support the feet of one when sitting.

Foot´way , n. A passage for pedestrians only.

Foot´worn , a. Worn by, or weared in, the feet; as a footworn path; a footworn traveler.

Foot´y , a. 1. Having foots, or settlings; as footy oil, molasses, etc. [Eng.] 2. Poor; mean. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Fop , n. [OE. foppe, fop, fool; cf. E. fob to cheat, G. foppen to make a fool of one, jeer, D. foppen.] One whose ambition it is to gain admiration by showy dress; a coxcomb; an inferior dandy.

Fop´-doo•dle , n. A stupid or insignificant fellow; a fool; a simpleton. [R.] Hudibras.

Fop´ling , n. A petty fop. Landor.

Fop´per•y , n.; pl. Fopperies (#). [From Fop.] 1. The behavior, dress, or other indication of a fop; coxcombry; affectation of show; showy folly. 2. Folly; foolery. “Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter
My sober house.” Shak.

Fop´pish , a. Foplike; characteristic of a top in dress or manners; making an ostentatious display of gay clothing; affected in manners. Syn. — Finical; spruce; dandyish. See Finical. — Fop´pish•ly, adv. — Fop´pish•ness, n.

For- . [AS. for-; akin to D. & G. ver- , OHG. fir-, Icel. for-, Goth. fra-, cf. Skr. para- away, Gr. beside, and E. far, adj. Cf. Fret to rub.] A prefix to verbs, having usually the force of a negative or privative. It often implies also loss, detriment, or destruction, and sometimes it is intensive, meaning utterly, quite thoroughly, as in forbathe.

For , prep. [AS. for, fore; akin to OS. for, fora, furi, D. voor, OHG. fora, G. vor, OHG. furi, G. für, Icel. fyrir, Sw. för, Dan. for, adv. för, Goth. faúr, faúra, L. pro, Gr. , Skr. pra-. rad. 202. Cf. Fore, First, Foremost, Forth, Pro-.] In the most general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view of, or with reference to, which anything is done or takes place. 1. Indicating the antecedent cause or occasion of an action; the motive or inducement accompanying and prompting to an act or state; the reason of anything; that on account of which a thing is or is done. “With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath.” Shak. “How to choose dogs for scent or speed.” Waller. “Now, for so many glorious actions done,
For peace at home, and for the public wealth,
I mean to crown a bowl for Caesar’s health.” Dryden. “That which we, for our unworthiness, are afraid to crave, our prayer is, that God, for the worthiness of his Son, would, notwithstanding, vouchsafe to grant.” Hooker. 2. Indicating the remoter and indirect object of an act; the end or final cause with reference to which anything is, acts, serves, or is done. “The oak for nothing ill,
The osier good for twigs, the poplar for the mill.” Spenser. “It was young counsel for the persons, and violent counsel for the matters.” Bacon. “Shall I think the worls was made for one,
And men are born for kings, as beasts for men,
Not for protection, but to be devoured?” Dryden. “For he writes not for money, nor for praise.” Denham. 3. Indicating that in favor of which, or in promoting which, anything is, or is done; hence, in behalf of; in favor of; on the side of; — opposed to against. “We can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth.” 2 Cor. xiii. 8. “It is for the general good of human society, and consequently of particular persons, to be true and just; and it is for men’s health to be temperate.” Tillotson. “Aristotle is for poetical justice.” Dennis. 4. Indicating that toward which the action of anything is directed, or the point toward which motion is made; ntending to go to. “We sailed from Peru for China and Japan.” Bacon. 5. Indicating that on place of or instead of which anything acts or serves, or that to which a substitute, an equivalent, a compensation, or the like, is offered or made; instead of, or place of. “And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” Ex. xxi. 23, 24. 6. Indicating that in the character of or as being which anything is regarded or treated; to be, or as being. “We take a falling meteor for a star.” Cowley. “If a man can be fully assured of anything for a truth, without having examined, what is there that he may not embrace for tru?” Locke. “Most of our ingenious young men take up some cried- up English poet for their model.” Dryden. “But let her go for an ungrateful woman.” Philips. 7. Indicating that instead of which something else controls in the performing of an action, or that in spite of which anything is done, occurs, or is; hence, equivalent to notwithstanding, in spite of; — generally followed by all, aught, anything, etc. “The writer will do what she please for all me.” Spectator. “God’s desertion shall, for aught he knows, the next minute supervene.” Dr. H. More. “For anything that legally appears to the contrary, it may be a contrivance to fright us.” Swift. 8. Indicating the space or time through which an action or state extends; hence, during; in or through the space or time of. “For many miles about
There ’s scarce a bush.” Shak. “Since, hired for life, thy servile muse sing.” prior. “To guide the sun’s bright chariot for a day.” Garth. 9. Indicating that in prevention of which, or through fear of which, anything is done. [Obs.] “We ’ll have a bib, for spoiling of thy doublet.” Beau. & Fl. For, or As for, so far as concerns; as regards; with reference to; — used parenthetically or independently. See under As. “As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.” Josh. xxiv. 15. “For me, my stormy voyage at an end,
I to the port of death securely tend.” Dryden. — For all that, notwithstanding; in spite of. — For all the world, wholly; exactly. ´Whose posy was for all the world, like cutlers’ poetry.´ Shak. — For as much as, or Forasmuch as, in consideration that; seeing that; since. — For by. See Forby, adv. — For ever, eternally; at all times. See Forever. — For me, or For all me, as far as regards me. — For my life, or For the life of me, if my life depended on it. [Colloq.] T. Hook. — For that, For the reason that, because; since. [Obs.] ´For that I love your daughter.´ Shak. — For thy, or Forthy [AS. for.], for this; on this account. [Obs.] ´Thomalin, have no care for thy.´ Spenser. — For to, as sign of infinitive, in order to; to the end of. [Obs., except as sometimes heard in illiterate speech.] — ´What went ye out for to see?´ Luke vii. 25. See To, prep., 4. — O for, would that I had; may there be granted; — elliptically expressing desire or prayer. ´O for a muse of fire.´ Shak. — Were it not for, or If it were not for, leaving out of account; but for the presence or action of. ´Moral consideration can no way move the sensible appetite, were it not for the will.´ Sir M. Hale.

For , conj. 1. Because; by reason that; for that; indicating, in Old English, the reason of anything. “And for of long that way had walked none,
The vault was hid with plants and bushes hoar.” Fairfax. “And Heaven defend your good souls, that you think
I will your serious and great business scant,
For she with me.” Shak. 2. Since; because; introducing a reason of something before advanced, a cause, motive, explanation, justification, or the like, of an action related or a statement made. It is logically nearly equivalent to since, or because, but connects less closely, and is sometimes used as a very general introduction to something suggested by what has gone before. “Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good; for his mercy endureth forever.” Ps. cxxxvi. 1. “Heaven doth with us as we with torches do,
Not light them for themselves; for if our virtues
Did not go forth of us, ’t were all alike
As if we had them not.” Shak. For because, because. [Obs.] ´Nor for because they set less store by their own citizens.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). — For why. (a) Why; for that reason; wherefore. [Obs.] (b) Because. [Obs.] See Forwhy. Syn. — See Because.

For, n. One who takes, or that which is said on, the affrimative side; that which is said in favor of some one or something; — the antithesis of against, and commonly used in connection with it. The fors and against. those in favor and those opposed; the pros and the cons; the advantages and the disadvantages. Jane Austen.

For´age ( 48), n. [OF. fourage, F. fourrage, fr. forre, fuerre, fodder, straw, F. feurre, fr. LL. foderum, fodrum, of German or Scand, origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, G. futter. See Fodder food, and cf. Foray.] 1. The act of foraging; search for provisions, etc. “He [the lion] from forage will incline to play.” Shak. “One way a band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine.” Milton. “Mawhood completed his forage unmolested.” Marshall. 2. Food of any kind for animals, especially for horses and cattle, as grass, pasture, hay, corn, oats. Dryden. Forage cap. See under Cap. — Forage master (Mil.), a person charged with providing forage and the means of transporting it. Farrow.

For´age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foraging ] To wander or rove in search of food; to collect food, esp. forage, for horses and cattle by feeding on or stripping the country; to ravage; to feed on spoil. “His most mighty father on a hill
Stood smiling to behold his lion’s whelp
Forage in blood of French nobility.” Shak. Foraging ant (Zoöl.), one of several species of ants of the genus Eciton, very abundant in tropical America, remarkable for marching in vast armies in search of food. — Foraging cap, a forage cap. — Foraging party, a party sent out after forage.

For´age , v. t. To strip of provisions; to supply with forage; as to forage steeds. Pope.

For´a•ger , n. One who forages.

For´a•lite , n. [L. forare to bore + -lite.] (Geol.) A tubelike marking, occuring in sandstone and other strata.

Fo•ra´men , n.; pl. L. Foramina (#), E. Foramines (#). [L., fr. forare to bore, pierce.] A small opening, perforation, or orifice; a fenestra. Foramen of Monro (Anat.), the opening from each lateral into the third ventricle of the brain. — Foramen of Winslow (Anat.), the opening connecting the sac of the omentum with the general cavity of the peritoneum.

Fo•ram´i•na•ted , a. [L. foraminatus.] Having small opening, or foramina.

For•a•min´i•fer , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Foraminifera.

Fo•ram•i•nif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. foramen, -aminis, a foramen + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of rhizopods which generally have a chambered calcareous shell formed by several united zooids. Many of them have perforated walls, whence the name. Some species are covered with sand. See Rhizophoda.

Fo•ram•i•nif´er•ous , a. 1. Having small openings, or foramina. 2. Pertaining to, or composed of, Foraminifera; as foraminiferous mud.

Fo•ram´i•nous , a. [L. foraminosus.] Having foramina; full of holes; porous. Bacon.

For•as•much´ , conj. In consideration that; seeing that; since; because that; — followed by as. See under For, prep.

For´ay (for´a or fo•ra´; 277), n. [Another form of forahe. Cf. Forray.] A sudden or irregular incursion in border warfare; hence, any irregular incursion for war or spoils; a raid. Spenser. “The huge Earl Doorm, …
Bound on a foray, rolling eyes of prey.” Tennyson.

For´ay, v. t. To pillage; to ravage. “He might foray our lands.” Sir W. Scott.

For´ay•er , n. One who makes or joins in a foray. “They might not choose the lowland road,
For the Merse forayers were abroad.” Sir W. Scott.

For•bade´ , imp. of Forbid.

For•bathe´, v. t. To bathe. [Obs.]

For•bear´ (for•bâr´), n. [See Fore, and Bear to produce.] An ancestor; a forefather; — usually in the plural. [Scot.] ´Your forbears of old.´ Sir W. Scott.

For•bear´ (for•bâr´), v. i. [imp. Forbore (Forbare , [Obs.]); p. p. Forborne p. pr. & vb. n. Forbearing.] [OE. forberen, AS. forberan; pref. for- + beran to bear. See Bear to support.] 1. To refrain from proceeding; to pause; to delay. “Shall I go against Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I forbear?” 1 Kings xxii. 6. 2. To refuse; to decline; to give no heed. “Thou shalt speak my words unto them, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear.” Ezek. ii. 7. 3. To control one’s self when provoked. “The kindest and the happiest pair
Will find occasion to forbear.” Cowper. “Both bear and forbear.” Old Proverb.

For•bear´, v. t. 1. To keep away from; to avoid; to abstain from; to give up; as to forbear the use of a word of doubtful propriety. “But let me that plunder forbear.” Shenstone. “The King
In open battle or the tilting field
Forbore his own advantage.” Tennyson. 2. To treat with consideration or indulgence. “Forbearing one another in love.” Eph. iv. 2. 3. To cease from bearing. [Obs.] “Whenas my womb her burden would forbear.” Spenser.

For•bear´ance , n. The act of forbearing or waiting; the exercise of patience. “He soon shall find
Forbearance no acquittance ere day end.” Milton. 2. The quality of being forbearing; indulgence toward offenders or enemies; long-suffering. “Have a continent forbearance, till the speed of his rage goes slower.” Shak. Syn. — Abstinence; refraining; lenity; mildness.

For•bear´ant , a. Forbearing. [R.] Carlyle.

For•bear´er , n. One who forbears. Tusser.

For•bear´ing, a. Disposed or accustomed to forbear; patient; long-suffering. — For•bear´ing•ly, adv.

For•bid´ (for•bid´), v. t. [imp. Forbade (-bad´); p. p. Forbidden (-bid´d’n) (Forbid, [Obs.]); p. pr. & vb. n. Forbidding ] [OE. forbeden, AS. forbeódan; pref. for- + beódan to bid; akin to D. verbieden, G. verbieten, Icel. fyrirbjoða, forboða, Sw. förbjuda, Dan. forbyde. See Bid, v. t.] 1. To command against, or contrary to; to prohibit; to interdict. “More than I have said …
The leisure and enforcement of the time
Forbids to dwell upon.” Shak. 2. To deny, exclude from, or warn off, by express command; to command not to enter. “Have I not forbid her my house?” Shak. 3. To oppose, hinder, or prevent, as if by an effectual command; as an impassable river forbids the approach of the army. “A blaze of glory that forbids the sight.” Dryden. 4. To accurse; to blast. [Obs.] “He shall live a man forbid.” Shak. 5. To defy; to challenge. [Obs.] L. Andrews. Syn. — To prohibit; interdict; hinder; preclude; withhold; restrain; prevent. See Prohibit.

For•bid´ , v. i. To utter a prohibition; to prevent; to hinder. ´I did not or forbid.´ Milton.

For•bid´dance , n. The act of forbidding; prohibition; command or edict against a thing. [Obs.] “How hast thou yield to transgress
The strict forbiddance.” Milton.

For•bid´den , a. Prohibited; interdicted. “I know no spells, use no forbidden arts.” Milton. Forbidden fruit. (a) Any coveted unlawful pleasure, — so called with reference to the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden. (b) (Bot.) A small variety of shaddock (Citrus decumana). The name is given in different places to several varieties of Citrus fruits.

For•bid´den•ly, adv. In a forbidden or unlawful manner. Shak.

For•bid´der , n. One who forbids. Milton.

For•bid´ding , a. Repelling approach; repulsive; raising abhorrence, aversion, or dislike; disagreeable; prohibiting or interdicting; as a forbidding aspect; a forbidding formality; a forbidding air. Syn. — Disagreeable; unpleasant; displeasing; offensive; repulsive; odious; abhorrent. — For•bid´ding•ly, adv. — For•bid´ding•ness, n.

For•black´ , a. Very black. [Obs.] “As any raven’s feathers it shone forblack.” Chaucer.

For•bo´den , obs. p. p. of Forbid. Chaucer.

For•bore´ , imp. of Forbear.

For•borne´ , p. p. of Forbear.

For•bruise´ , v. t. To bruise sorely or exceedingly. [Obs.] “All forbrosed, both back and side.” Chaucer.

For•by´ , adv. & prep. [See Foreby.] Near; hard by; along; past. [Obs.] “To tell her if her child went ought forby.” Chaucer. “To the intent that ships may pass along forby all the sides of the city without let.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

For•carve´ , v. t. To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Force , v. t. [See Farce to stuff.] To stuff; to lard; to farce. [R.] “Wit larded with malice, and malice forced with wit.” Shak.

Force, n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fors, foss, Dan. fos.] A waterfall; a cascade. [Prov. Eng.] “To see the falls for force of the river Kent.” T. Gray.

Force, n. [F. force, LL. forcia, fortia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, n.] 1. Strength or energy of body or mind; active power; vigor; might; often, an unusual degree of strength or energy; capacity of exercising an influence or producing an effect; especially, power to persuade, or convince, or impose obligation; pertinency; validity; special signification; as the force of an appeal, an argument, a contract, or a term. “He was in the full force of the words, a good man.” Macaulay. 2. Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion. “Which now they hold by force, and not by right.” Shak. 3. Strength or power for war; hence, a body of land or naval combatants, with their appurtenances, ready for action; — an armament; troops; warlike array; — often in the plural; hence, a body of men prepared for action in other ways; as the laboring force of a plantation. “Is Lucius general of the forces?” Shak. 4. (Law) (a) Strength or power exercised without law, or contrary to law, upon persons or things; violence. (b) Validity; efficacy. Burrill. 5. (Physics) Any action between two bodies which changes, or tends to change, their relative condition as to rest or motion; or, more generally, which changes, or tends to change, any physical relation between them, whether mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic, or of any other kind; as the force of gravity; cohesive force; centrifugal force. Animal force (Physiol.), muscular force or energy. — Catabiotic force [Gr. down (intens.) + life.] (Biol.), the influence exerted by living structures on adjoining cells, by which the latter are developed in harmony with the primary structures. — Centrifugal force, Centripetal force, Coercive force, etc. See under Centrifugal, Centripetal, etc. — Composition of forces, Correlation of forces, etc. See under Composition, Correlation, etc. — Force and arms [trans. of L. vi et armis] (Law), an expression in old indictments, signifying violence. — In force, or Of force, of unimpaired efficacy; valid; of full virtue; not suspended or reversed. ´A testament is of force after men are dead.´ Heb. ix. 17. — Metabolic force (Physiol.), the influence which causes and controls the metabolism of the body. — No force, no matter of urgency or consequence; no account; hence, to do no force, to make no account of; not to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Of force, of necessity; unavoidably; imperatively. ´Good reasons must, of force, give place to better.´ Shak. — Plastic force (Physiol.), the force which presumably acts in the growth and repair of the tissues. — Vital force (Physiol.), that force or power which is inherent in organization; that form of energy which is the cause of the vital phenomena of the body, as distinguished from the physical forces generally known. Syn. — Strength; vigor; might; energy; stress; vehemence; violence; compulsion; coaction; constraint; coercion. — Force, Strength. Strength looks rather to power as an inward capability or energy. Thus we speak of the strength of timber, bodily strength, mental strength, strength of emotion, etc. Force, on the other hand, looks more to the outward; as the force of gravitation, force of circumstances, force of habit, etc. We do, indeed, speak of strength of will and force of will; but even here the former may lean toward the internal tenacity of purpose, and the latter toward the outward expression of it in action. But, though the two words do in a few cases touch thus closely on each other, there is, on the whole, a marked distinction in our use of force and strength. ´Force is the name given, in mechanical science, to whatever produces, or can produce, motion.´ Nichol. “Thy tears are of no force to mollify
This flinty man.” Heywood. “More huge in strength than wise in works he was.” Spenser. “Adam and first matron Eve
Had ended now their orisons, and found
Strength added from above, new hope to spring
Out of despair.” Milton.

Force , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forced p. pr. & vb. n. Forcing ] [OF. forcier, F. forcer, fr. LL. forciare, fortiare. See Force, n.] 1. To constrain to do or to forbear, by the exertion of a power not resistible; to compel by physical, moral, or intellectual means; to coerce; as masters force slaves to labor. 2. To compel, as by strength of evidence; as to force conviction on the mind. 3. To do violence to; to overpower, or to compel by violence to one’s will; especially, to ravish; to violate; to commit rape upon. “To force their monarch and insult the court.” Dryden. “I should have forced thee soon wish other arms.” Milton. “To force a spotless virgin’s chastity.” Shak. 4. To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress. 5. To impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., by main strength or violence; — with a following adverb, as along, away, from, into, through, out, etc. “It stuck so fast, so deeply buried lay
That scarce the victor forced the steel away.” Dryden. “To force the tyrant from his seat by war.” Sahk. “Ethelbert ordered that none should be forced into religion.” Fuller. 6. To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce. [Obs.] “What can the church force more?” J. Webster. 7. To exert to the utmost; to urge; hence, to strain; to urge to excessive, unnatural, or untimely action; to produce by unnatural effort; as to force a conceit or metaphor; to force a laugh; to force fruits. “High on a mounting wave my head I bore,
Forcing my strength, and gathering to the shore.” Dryden. 8. (Whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit of which he has none. 9. To provide with forces; to reënforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison. [Obs.] Shak. 10. To allow the force of; to value; to care for. [Obs.] “For me, I force not argument a straw.” Shak. Syn. — To compel; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce; drive; press; impel.

Force, v. i. [Obs. in all the senses.] 1. To use violence; to make violent effort; to strive; to endeavor. “Forcing with gifts to win his wanton heart.” Spenser. 2. To make a difficult matter of anything; to labor; to hesitate; hence, to force of, to make much account of; to regard. “Your oath once broke, you force not to forswear.” Shak. “I force not of such fooleries.” Camden. 3. To be of force, importance, or weight; to matter. “It is not sufficient to have attained the name and dignity of a shepherd, not forcing how.” Udall.

Forced , a. Done or produced with force or great labor, or by extraordinary exertion; hurried; strained; produced by unnatural effort or pressure; as a forced style; a forced laugh. Forced draught. See under Draught. — Forced march (Mil.), a march of one or more days made with all possible speed. — For´ced•ly (#), adv. — For´ced•ness, n.

Force´ful , a. Full of or processing force; exerting force; mighty. — Force´ful•ly, adv. “Against the steed he threw
His forceful spear.” Dryden.

Force´less, a. Having little or no force; feeble. “These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me.” Shak.

Force´meat , n. [Corrupt. for farce-meat, fr. F. farce stuffing. See Farce, n.] (Cookery) Meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, either served up alone, or used as a stuffing. [Written also forced meat.]

Force´ment , n. The act of forcing; compulsion. [Obs.] “It was imposed upon us by constraint;
And will you count such forcement treachery?” J. Webster.

For´ceps , n. [L. forceps, -cipis, from the root of formus Hot + capere to take; akin to E. heave. Cf. Furnace.] 1. A pair of pinchers, or tongs; an instrument for grasping, holding firmly, or exerting traction upon, bodies which it would be inconvenient or impracticable to seize with the fingers, especially one for delicate operations, as those of watchmakers, surgeons, accoucheurs, dentists, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The caudal forceps- shaped appendage of earwigs and some other insects. See Earwig. Dressing forceps. See under Dressing.

Force´ pump (Mach.) (a) A pump having a solid piston, or plunger, for drawing and forcing a liquid, as water, through the valves; in distinction from a pump having a bucket, or valved piston. (b) A pump adapted for delivering water at a considerable height above the pump, or under a considerable pressure; in distinction from one which lifts the water only to the top of the pump or delivers it through a spout. See Illust. of Plunger pump, under Plunger.

For´cer , n. 1. One who, or that which, forces or drives. 2. (Mech.) (a) The solid piston of a force pump; the instrument by which water is forced in a pump. (b) A small hand pump for sinking pits, draining cellars, etc.

For´ci•ble , a. [Cf. OF. forcible forcible, forceable that may be forced.] 1. Possessing force; characterized by force, efficiency, or energy; powerful; efficacious; impressive; influential. “How forcible are right words!” Job. vi. 2. “Sweet smells are most forcible in dry substances, when broken.” Bacon. “But I have reasons strong and forcible.” Shak. “That punishment which hath been sometimes forcible to bridle sin.” Hooker. “He is at once elegant and sublime, forcible and ornamented.” Lowth (Transl. ) 2. Violent; impetuous. “Like mingled streams, more forcible when joined.” Prior. 3. Using force against opposition or resistance; obtained by compulsion; effected by force; as forcible entry or abduction. “In embraces of King James … forcible and unjust.” Swift. Forcible entry and detainer (Law), the entering upon and taking and withholding of land and tenements by actual force and violence, and with a strong hand, to the hindrance of the person having the right to enter. Syn. — Violent; powerful; strong; energetic; mighty; potent; weighty; impressive; cogent; influential.

For´ci•ble-fee•ble , a. [From Feeble, a character in the Second Part of Shakespeare’s ´King Henry IV.,´ to whom Falstaff derisively applies the epithet ´forcible.´] Seemingly vigorous, but really weak or insipid. “He [Prof. Ayton] would purge his book of much offensive matter, if he struck out epithets which are in the bad taste of the forcible-feeble school.” N. Brit. Review.

For´ci•ble•ness, n. The quality of being forcible.

For´ci•bly, adv. In a forcible manner.

For´cing , n. 1. The accomplishing of any purpose violently, precipitately, prematurely, or with unusual expedition. 2. (Gardening) The art of raising plants, flowers, and fruits at an earlier season than the natural one, as in a hitbed or by the use of artificial heat. Forcing bed or pit, a plant bed having an under layer of fermenting manure, the fermentation yielding bottom heat for forcing plants; a hotbed. — Forcing engine, a fire engine. — Forcing fit (Mech.), a tight fit, as of one part into a hole in another part, which makes it necessary to use considerable force in putting the two parts together. — Forcing house, a greenhouse for the forcing of plants, fruit trees, etc. — Forcing machine, a powerful press for putting together or separating two parts that are fitted tightly one into another, as for forcing a crank on a shaft, or for drawing off a car wheel from the axle. — Forcing pump. See Force pump (b).

For´ci•pal , a. Forked or branched like a pair of forceps; constructed so as to open and shut like a pair of forceps. Sir T. Browne. { For´ci•pate , For´ci•pa•ted }, a. Like a pair of forceps; as a forcipated mouth.

For•ci•pa´tion , n. Torture by pinching with forceps or pinchers. Bacon.

For•cut´ , v. t. To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ford (ford), n. [AS. ford; akin to G. furt, Icel. fjörðr bay, and to E. fare. rad. 78. See Fare, v. i., and cf. Frith arm of the sea.] 1. A place in a river, or other water, where it may be passed by man or beast on foot, by wading. “He swam the Esk river where ford there was none.” Sir W. Scott. 2. A stream; a current. “With water of the ford
Or of the clouds.” Spenser. “Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford.” Dryden.

Ford, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fording.] To pass or cross, as a river or other water, by wading; to wade through. “His last section, which is no deep one, remains only to be forted.” Milton.

Ford´a•ble , a. Capable of being forded. — Ford´a•ble•ness, n.

Ford´less, a. Without a ford. “A deep and fordless river.” Mallock.

For•do´ , v. t. [OE. fordon, AS. fordn; pref. for- + dn to do. See For-, and Do, v. i.] 1. To destroy; to undo; to ruin. [Obs.] “This is the night
That either makes me or fordoes me quite.” Shak. 2. To overcome with fatigue; to exhaust. M. Arnold. “All with weary task fordone.” Shak.

For•done´ , a. [See Fordo.] Undone; ruined. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•drive´ , v. t. To drive about; to drive here and there. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

For•drunk´en , a. Utterly drunk; very drunk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•dry´ , a. Entirely dry; withered. [Obs.] ´A tree fordry.´ Chaucer.

For•dwine´ , v. i. To dwindle away; to disappear. [Obs.] Rom of R.

Fore, n. [AS. fr, fr. faran to go. See Fare, v. i.] Journey; way; method of proceeding. [Obs.] ´Follow him and his fore.´ Chaucer.

Fore, adv. [AS. fore, adv. & prep., another form of for. See For, and cf. Former, Foremost.] 1. In the part that precedes or goes first; — opposed to aft, after, back, behind, etc. 2. Formerly; previously; afore. [Obs. or Colloq.] “The eyes, fore duteous, now converted are.” Shak. 3. (Naut.) In or towards the bows of a ship. Fore and aft (Naut.), from stem to stern; lengthwise of the vessel; — in distinction from athwart. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Fore-and-aft rigged (Naut.), not rigged with square sails attached to yards, but with sails bent to gaffs or set on stays in the midship line of the vessel. See Schooner, Sloop, Cutter.

Fore , a. [See Fore, adv.] Advanced, as compared with something else; toward the front; being or coming first, in time, place, order, or importance; preceding; anterior; antecedent; earlier; forward; — opposed to back or behind; as the fore part of a garment; the fore part of the day; the fore and of a wagon. “The free will of the subject is preserved, while it is directed by the fore purpose of the state.” Southey. Fore is much used adjectively or in composition. Fore bay, a reservoir or canal between a mill race and a water wheel; the discharging end of a pond or mill race. — Fore body (Shipbuilding), the part of a ship forward of the largest cross-section, distinguished from middle body and after body. — Fore boot, a receptacle in the front of a vehicle, for stowing baggage, etc. — Fore bow, the pommel of a saddle. Knight. — Fore cabin, a cabin in the fore part of a ship, usually with inferior accommodations. — Fore carriage. (a) The forward part of the running gear of a four-wheeled vehicle. (b) A small carriage at the front end of a plow beam. — Fore course (Naut.), the lowermost sail on the foremost of a square-rigged vessel; the foresail. See Illust. under Sail. — Fore door. Same as Front door. — Fore edge, the front edge of a book or folded sheet, etc. — Fore elder, an ancestor. [Prov. Eng.] — Fore end. (a) The end which precedes; the earlier, or the nearer, part; the beginning. “I have … paid
More pious debts to heaven, than in all
The fore end of my time.” Shak. (b) In firearms, the wooden stock under the barrel, forward of the trigger guard, or breech frame. — Fore girth, a girth for the fore part (of a horse, etc.); a martingale. — Fore hammer, a sledge hammer, working alternately, or in time, with the hand hammer. — Fore leg, one of the front legs of a quadruped, or multiped, or of a chair, settee, etc. — Fore peak (Naut.), the angle within a ship’s bows; the portion of the hold which is farthest forward. — Fore piece, a front piece, as the flap in the fore part of a sidesaddle, to guard the rider’s dress. — Fore plane, a carpenter’s plane, in size and use between a jack plane and a smoothing plane. Knight. — Fore reading, previous perusal. [Obs.] Hales. — Fore rent, in Scotland, rent payable before a crop is gathered. — Fore sheets (Naut.), the forward portion of a rowboat; the space beyond the front thwart. See Stern sheets. — Fore shore. (a) A bank in advance of a sea wall, to break the force of the surf. (b) The seaward projecting, slightly inclined portion of a breakwater. Knight. (c) The part of the shore between high and low water marks. — Fore sight, that one of the two sights of a gun which is near the muzzle. — Fore tackle (Naut.), the tackle on the foremast of a ship. — Fore topmast. (Naut.) See Fore-topmast, in the Vocabulary. - - Fore wind, a favorable wind. [Obs.] “Sailed on smooth seas by fore winds borne.” Sandys. — Fore world, the antediluvian world. [R.] Southey.

Fore, n. The front; hence, that which is in front; the future. At the fore (Naut.), at the fore royal masthead; — said of a flag, so raised as a signal for sailing, etc. — To the fore. (a) In advance; to the front; to a prominent position; in plain sight; in readiness for use. (b) In existence; alive; not worn out, lost, or spent, as money, etc. [Irish] ´While I am to the fore.´ W. Collins. ´How many captains in the regiment had two thousand pounds to the fore?´ Thackeray.

Fore, prep. Before; — sometimes written ’fore as if a contraction of afore or before. [Obs.]

Fore•ad•mon´ish , v. t. To admonish beforehand, or before the act or event. Bp. Hall.

Fore•ad•vise´ , v. t. To advise or counsel before the time of action, or before the event. Shak.

Fore•al•lege´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forealleged p. pr. & vb. n. Forealleging ] To allege or cite before. Fotherby.

Fore•ap•point´ , v. t. To set, order, or appoint, beforehand. Sherwood.

Fore•ap•point´ment , n. Previous appointment; preordinantion. Sherwood.

Fore•arm´ , v. t. To arm or prepare for attack or resistance before the time of need. South.

Fore´arm , n. (Anat.) That part of the arm or fore limb between the elbow and wrist; the antibrachium.

Fore´beam , n. The breast beam of a loom.

Fore•bear´ , n. An ancestor. See Forbear.

Fore•bode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreboded; p. pr. & vb. n. Foreboding.] [AS. forebodian; fore + bodian to announce. See Bode v. t.] 1. To foretell. 2. To be prescient of (some ill or misfortune); to have an inward conviction of, as of a calamity which is about to happen; to augur despondingly. “His heart forebodes a mystery.” Tennyson. “Sullen, desponding, and foreboding nothing but wars and desolation, as the certain consequence of Caesar’s death.” Middleton. “I have a sort of foreboding about him.” H. James. Syn. — To foretell; predict; prognosticate; augur; presage; portend; betoken.

Fore•bode´, v. i. To foretell; to presage; to augur. “If I forebode aright.” Hawthorne.

Fore•bode´, n. Prognostication; presage. [Obs.]

Fore•bode´ment , n. The act of foreboding; the thing foreboded.

Fore•bod´er , n. One who forebodes.

Fore•bod´ing, n. Presage of coming ill; expectation of misfortune.

Fore•bod´ing•ly, adv. In a foreboding manner.

Fore´brace , n. (Naut.) A rope applied to the fore yardarm, to change the position of the foresail.

Fore´brain , n. (Anat.) The anterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the prosencephalon and thalamencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the prosencephalon only. See Brain.

Fore•by´ , prep. [Fore + by.] Near; hard by; along; past. See Forby. Spenser.

Fore•cast´ , v. t. 1. To plan beforehand; to scheme; to project. “He shall forecast his devices against the strongholds.” Dan. xi. 24. 2. To foresee; to calculate beforehand, so as to provide for. “It is wisdom to consider the end of things before we embark, and to forecast consequences.” L’Estrange.

Fore•cast´, v. i. To contrive or plan beforehand. “If it happen as I did forecast.” Milton.

Fore´cast , n. Previous contrivance or determination; predetermination. “He makes this difference to arise from the forecast and predetermination of the gods themselves.” Addison. 2. Foresight of consequences, and provision against them; prevision; premeditation. “His calm, deliberate forecast better fitted him for the council than the camp.” Prescott.

Fore•cast´er , n. One who forecast. Johnson.

Fore´cas•tle ( sailors say ), n. (Naut.) (a) A short upper deck forward, formerly raised like a castle, to command an enemy’s decks. (b) That part of the upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the after part of the fore channels. (c) In merchant vessels, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, where the sailors live.

Fore•cho´sen , a. Chosen beforehand.

Fore´cit•ed , a. Cited or quoted before or above. Arbuthnot.

Fore•close´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreclosed p. pr. & vb. n. Foreclosing ] [F. forclos, p. p. of forclore to exclude; OF. fors, F. hors, except, outside (fr. L. foris outside) + F. clore to close. See Foreign, and Close, v. t.] To shut up or out; to preclude; to stop; to prevent; to bar; to exclude. “The embargo with Spain foreclosed this trade.” Carew. To foreclose a mortgager (Law), to cut him off by a judgment of court from the power of redeeming the mortgaged premises, termed his equity of redemption. — To foreclose a mortgage, (not technically correct, but often used to signify) the obtaining a judgment for the payment of an overdue mortgage, and the exposure of the mortgaged property to sale to meet the mortgage debt. Wharton.

Fore•clo´sure ( 135), n. The act or process of foreclosing; a proceeding which bars or extinguishes a mortgager’s right of redeeming a mortgaged estate.

Fore•con•ceive´ , v. t. To preconceive; to imagine beforehand. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fore•date´ , v. t. To date before the true time; to antedate.

Fore´deck , n. (Naut.) The fore part of a deck, or of a ship.

Fore•deem´ , v. t. To recognize or judge in advance; to forebode. [Obs.] Udall. “Laugh at your misery, as foredeeming you
An idle meteor.” J. Webster.

Fore•deem´, v. i. [Cf. Foredoom.] To know or discover beforehand; to foretell. [Obs.] “Which [maid] could guess and foredeem of things past, present, and to come.” Genevan Test.

Fore•de•sign´ , v. t. To plan beforehand; to intend previously. Cheyne.

Fore•de•ter´mine , v. t. To determine or decree beforehand. Bp. Hopkins.

Fore•dis•pose´ , v. t. To bestow beforehand. [R.] “King James had by promise foredisposed the place on the Bishop of Meath.” Fuller.

Fore•doom´ , v. t. [Cf. Foredeem.] To doom beforehand; to predestinate. “Thou art foredoomed to view the Stygian state.” Dryden.

Fore´doom , n. Doom or sentence decreed in advance. ´A dread foredoom ringing in the ears of the guilty adult.´ Southey.

Fore´fa•ther ( 277), n. One who precedes another in the line of genealogy in any degree, but usually in a remote degree; an ancestor. “Respecting your forefathers, you would have been taught to respect yourselves.” Burke. Forefathers’ Day, the anniversary of the day (December 21) on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620). On account of a mistake in reckoning the change from Old Style to New Style, it has generally been celebrated on the 22d.

Fore•feel´ , v. t. To feel beforehand; to have a presentiment of. [Obs.] “As when, with unwieldy waves, the great sea forefeels winds.” Chapman.

Fore•fence´ , n. Defense in front. [Obs.]

Fore•fend´ , v. t. [OE. forfenden; pref. for- + fenden to fend. See Fend, v. t.] To hinder; to fend off; to avert; to prevent the approach of; to forbid or prohibit. See Forfend. “God forefend it should ever be recorded in our history.” Landor. “It would be a far better work … to forefend the cruelty.” I. Taylor.

Fore´fin•ger , n. The finger next to the thumb; the index.

Fore•flow´ , v. t. To flow before. [Obs.]

Fore´foot , n. 1. One of the anterior feet of a quadruped or multiped; — usually written fore foot. 2. (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end, connecting it with the lower end of the stem.

Fore´front , n. Foremost part or place. “Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle.” 2 Sam. xi. 15. “Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, standing in the forefront for all time, the masters of those who know.” J. C. Shairp.

Fore´game , n. A first game; first plan. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Fore´gang•er , n. [Prop., a goer before cf. G. voregänger. See Fore, and Gang.] (Naut.) A short rope grafted on a harpoon, to which a longer line may be attached. Totten.

Fore•gath´er , v. i. Same as Forgather.

Fore´gift , n. (Law) A premium paid by a lessee when taking his lease.

Fore´gleam , n. An antecedent or premonitory gleam; a dawning light. “The foregleams of wisdom.” Whittier.

Fore•go´ , v. t. [imp. Forewent 2; p. p. Foregone ( 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Foregoing.] [See Forgo.] 1. To quit; to relinquish; to leave. “Stay at the third cup, or forego the place.” Herbert. 2. To relinquish the enjoyment or advantage of; to give up; to resign; to renounce; — said of a thing already enjoyed, or of one within reach, or anticipated. “All my patrimony,,
If need be, I am ready to forego.” Milton. “Thy lovers must their promised heaven forego.” Keble. “[He] never forewent an opportunity of honest profit.” R. L. Stevenson. Forgo is the better spelling etymologically, but the word has been confused with Forego, to go before.

Fore•go´, v. t. [AS. foregan; fore + gan to go; akin to G. vorgehen to go before, precede. See Go, v. i.] To go before; to precede; — used especially in the present and past participles. “Pleasing remembrance of a thought foregone.” Wordsworth. “For which the very mother’s face forewent
The mother’s special patience.” Mrs. Browning. Foregone conclusion, one which has preceded argument or examination; one predetermined.

Fore•go´er , n. 1. One who goes before another; a predecessor; hence, an ancestor; a progenitor. 2. A purveyor of the king; — so called, formerly, from going before to provide for his household. [Obs.]

Fore•go´er, n. [Etymologically forgoer.] One who forbears to enjoy.

Fore´ground , n. On a painting, and sometimes in a bas-relief, mosaic picture, or the like, that part of the scene represented, which is nearest to the spectator, and therefore occupies the lowest part of the work of art itself. Cf. Distance, n., 6.

Fore•guess´ , v. t. To conjecture. [Obs.]

Fore´gut , n. (Anat.) The anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, or to the entrance of the bile duct.

Fore´hand , n. 1. All that part of a horse which is before the rider. Johnson. 2. The chief or most important part. Shak. 3. Superiority; advantage; start; precedence. “And, but for ceremony, such a wretch …
Had the forehand and vantage of a king.” Shak.

Fore´hand, a. Done beforehand; anticipative. “And so extenuate the forehand sin.” Shak.

Fore´hand•ed, a. 1. Early; timely; seasonable. ´Forehanded care.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. Beforehand with one’s needs, or having resources in advance of one’s necessities; in easy circumstances; as a forehanded farmer. [U.S.] 3. Formed in the forehand or fore parts. “A substantial, true-bred beast, bravely forehanded.” Dryden.

Fore´head ( 277), n. 1. The front of that part of the head which incloses the brain; that part of the face above the eyes; the brow. 2. The aspect or countenance; assurance. “To look with forehead bold and big enough
Upon the power and puissance of the king.” Shak. 3. The front or fore part of anything. “Flames in the forehead of the morning sky.” Milton. “So rich advantage of a promised glory
As smiles upon the forehead of this action.” Shak.

Fore•hear´ , v. i. & t. To hear beforehand.

Fore´hearth , n. (Metal.) The forward extension of the hearth of a blast furnace under the tymp.

Fore•hend´ , v. t. See Forhend. [Obs.]

Fore•hew´ , v. t. To hew or cut in front. [Obs.] Sackville.

Fore´hold , n. (Naut.) The forward part of the hold of a ship.

Fore•hold´ing , n. Ominous foreboding; superstitious prognostication. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Fore´hook , n. (Naut.) A piece of timber placed across the stem, to unite the bows and strengthen the fore part of the ship; a breast hook.

For´eign , a. [OE. forein, F. forain, LL. foraneus, fr. L. foras, foris, out of doors, abroad, without; akin to fores doors, and E. door. See Door, and cf. Foreclose, Forfeit, Forest, Forum.] 1. Outside; extraneous; separated; alien; as a foreign country; a foreign government. ´Foreign worlds.´ Milton. 2. Not native or belonging to a certain country; born in or belonging to another country, nation, sovereignty, or locality; as a foreign language; foreign fruits. ´Domestic and foreign writers.´ Atterbury. “Hail, foreign wonder!
Whom certain these rough shades did never breed.” Milton. 3. Remote; distant; strange; not belonging; not connected; not pertaining or pertient; not appropriate; not harmonious; not agreeable; not congenial; — with to or from; as foreign to the purpose; foreign to one’s nature. “This design is not foreign from some people’s thoughts.” Swift. 4. Held at a distance; excluded; exiled. [Obs.] “Kept him a foreign man still; which so grieved him,
That he ran mad and died.” Shak. Foreign attachment (Law), a process by which the property of a foreign or absent debtor is attached for the satisfaction of a debt due from him to the plaintiff; an attachment of the goods, effects, or credits of a debtor in the hands of a third person; — called in some States trustee, in others factorizing, and in others garnishee process. Kent. Tomlins. Cowell. — Foreign bill, a bill drawn in one country, and payable in another, as distinguished from an inland bill, which is one drawn and payable in the same country. In this latter, as well as in several other points of view, the different States of the United States are foreign to each other. See Exchange, n., 4. Kent. Story. — Foreign body (Med.), a substance occurring in any part of the body where it does not belong, and usually introduced from without. - - Foreign office, that department of the government of Great Britain which has charge British interests in foreign countries. Syn. — Outlandish; alien; exotic; remote; distant; extraneous; extrinsic.

For´eign•er , n. A person belonging to or owning allegiance to a foreign country; one not native in the country or jurisdiction under consideration, or not naturalized there; an alien; a stranger. “Joy is such a foreigner,
So mere a stranger to my thoughts.” Denham. “Nor could the majesty of the English crown appear in a greater luster, either to foreigners or subjects.” Swift.

For´eign•ism , n. Anything peculiar to a foreign language or people; a foreign idiom or custom. “It is a pity to see the technicalities of the so- called liberal professions distigured by foreignisms.” Fitzed. Hall.

For´eign•ness, n. The quality of being foreign; remoteness; want of relation or appropriateness. “Let not the foreignness of the subject hinder you from endeavoring to set me right.” Locke. “A foreignness of complexion.” G. Eliot.

For´ein , a. Foreign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fore•judge´ , v. t. [Fore + judge.] To judge beforehand, or before hearing the facts and proof; to prejudge.

Fore•judge´, v. t. [For forjudge, fr. F. forjuger; OF. fors outside, except + F. juger to judge.] (O. Eng. Law) To expel from court for some offense or misconduct, as an attorney or officer; to deprive or put out of a thing by the judgment of a court. Burrill.

Fore•judg´er , n. (Eng. Law) A judgment by which one is deprived or put out of a right or thing in question.

Fore•judg´ment , n. Prejudgment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore•know´ , v. t. [imp. Foreknew p. p. Foreknown p. pr. & vb. n. Foreknowing.] To have previous knowledge of; to know beforehand. “Who would the miseries of man foreknow?” Dryden.

Fore•know´a•ble , a. That may be foreknown. Dr. H. More.

Fore•know´er , n. One who foreknows.

Fore•know´ing•ly, adv. With foreknowledge. “He who … foreknowingly loses his life.” Jer. Taylor.

Fore•knowl´edge , n. Knowledge of a thing before it happens, or of whatever is to happen; prescience. “If I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault.” Milton.

For´el , n. [OE. forelcase, sheath, OF. forel, fourel, F. fourreau, LL. forellus, fr. OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, akin to Goth. fodr; prob. not the same word as E. fodder food. Cf. Fur, Fodder food.] A kind of parchment for book covers. See Forrill.

For´el, v. t. To bind with a forel. [R.] Fuller.

Fore´land , n. 1. A promontory or cape; a headland; as the North and South Foreland in Kent, England. 2. (Fort.) A piece of ground between the wall of a place and the moat. Farrow. 3. (Hydraul. Engin.) That portion of the natural shore on the outside of the embankment which receives the stock of waves and deadens their force. Knight.

Fore•lay´ , v. t. 1. To lay down beforehand. “These grounds being forelaid and understood.” Mede. 2. To waylay. See Forlay. [Obs.]

Fore•lead´er , n. One who leads others by his example; a guide.

Fore•lend´ , v. t. See Forlend. [Obs.] “As if that life to losse they had forelent.” Spenser.

Fore•let´ , v. t. See Forlet. [Obs.] Holland.

Fore•lie´ , v. i. To lie in front of. [Obs.] “Which forelay
Athwart her snowy breast.” Spenser.

Fore•lift´ , v. t. To lift up in front. [Obs.]

Fore´lock , n. 1. The lock of hair that grows from the forepart of the head. 2. (Mech.) A cotter or split pin, as in a slot in a bolt, to prevent retraction; a linchpin; a pin fastening the cap-square of a gun. Forelock bolt, a bolt retained by a key, gib, or cotter passing through a slot. — Forelock hook (Rope Making), a winch or whirl by which a bunch of three yarns is twisted into a standard. Knight. — To take time, or occasion, by the forelock, to make prompt use of anything; not to let slip an opportunity. “Time is painted with a lock before and bald behind, signifying thereby that we must take time by the forelock; for when it is once past, there is no recalling it.” Swift. “On occasion’s forelock watchful wait.” Milton.

Fore•look´ , v. i. To look beforehand or forward. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore´man , n.; pl. Foremen . The first or chief man; as: (a) The chief man of a jury, who acts as their speaker. (b) The chief of a set of hands employed in a shop, or on works of any kind, who superintends the rest; an overseer.

Fore´mast , n. (Naut.) The mast nearest the bow. Foremast hand or man (Naut.), a common sailor; also a man stationed to attend to the gear of the foremast.

Fore•meant´ , a. Intended beforehand; premeditated. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore´men•tioned , a. Mentioned before; already cited; aforementioned. Addison.

Fore´milk , n. (Physiol.) The milk secreted just before, or directly after, the birth of a child or of the young of an animal; colostrum.

Fore´most , a. [OE. formest first, AS. formest, fyrmest, superl. of forma first, which is a superl. fr. fore fore; cf. Goth. frumist, fruma, first. See Fore, adv., and cf. First, Former, Frame, v. t., Prime, a.] First in time or place; most advanced; chief in rank or dignity; as the foremost troops of an army. “THat struck the foremost man of all this world.” Shak.

Fore´most•ly, adv. In the foremost place or order; among the foremost. J. Webster.

Fore´moth•er , n. A female ancestor.

Fore´name , n. A name that precedes the family name or surname; a first name. Selden.

Fore´name, v. t. To name or mention before. Shak.

Fore´named , a. Named before; aforenamed.

Fore•nenst´ , prep. [See Fore, and Anent.] Over against; opposite to. [Now dialectic] “The land forenenst the Greekish shore.” Fairfax.

Fore´-night , n. The evening between twilight and bedtime. [Scot.]

Fore´noon´ , n. The early part of the day, from morning to meridian, or noon.

Fore´no•tice , n. Notice or information of an event before it happens; forewarning. [R.] Rymer.

Fo•ren´sal , a. Forensic. [R.]

Fo•ren´sic , a. [L. forensis, fr. forum a public place, market place. See Forum.] Belonging to courts of judicature or to public discussion and debate; used in legal proceedings, or in public discussions; argumentative; rhetorical; as forensic eloquence or disputes. Forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence; medicine in its relations to law.

Fo•ren´sic, n. (Amer. Colleges) An exercise in debate; a forensic contest; an argumentative thesis.

Fo•ren´sic•al , a. Forensic. Berkley.

Fore•or•dain´ , v. t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to preordain; to predestinate; to predetermine. Hooker.

Fore•or´di•nate , v. t. To foreordain.

Fore•or•di•na´tion , n. Previous ordination or appointment; predetermination; predestination. { Fore´ part• , or Fore´part• }, n. The part most advanced, or first in time or in place; the beginning.

Fore´past , a. Bygone. [Obs.] Shak.

Fore•pos•sessed´ , a. 1. Holding or held formerly in possession. [Obs.] 2. Preoccupied; prepossessed; preëngaged. [Obs.] “Not extremely forepossessed with prejudice.” Bp. Sanderson.

Fore•prize´ , v. t. To prize or rate beforehand. [Obs.] Hooker.

Fore•prom´ised , a. Promised beforehand; preëngaged. Bp. Hall.

Fore´quot•ed , a. Cited before; quoted in a foregoing part of the treatise or essay.

Fore•ran´ , imp. of Forerun.

Fore´rank , n. The first rank; the front.

Fore•reach´ , v. t. (Naut.) To advance or gain upon; — said of a vessel that gains upon another when sailing closehauled.

Fore•reach´, v. i. (Naut.) To shoot ahead, especially when going in stays. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Fore•read´ , v. t. To tell beforehand; to signify by tokens; to predestine. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore•re•cit´ed , a. Named or recited before. ´The forerecited practices.´ Shak.

Fore•re•mem´bered , a. Called to mind previously. Bp. Montagu.

Fore´right , a. Ready; directly forward; going before. [Obs.] ´A foreright wind.´ Chapman.

Fore´right, adv. Right forward; onward. [Obs.]

Fore•run´ , v. t. 1. To turn before; to precede; to be in advance of (something following). 2. To come before as an earnest of something to follow; to introduce as a harbinger; to announce. “These signs forerun the death or fall of kings.” Shak.

Fore•run´ner , n. 1. A messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of others; a harbinger; a sign foreshowing something; a prognostic; as the forerunner of a fever. “Whither the forerunner in for us entered, even Jesus.” Heb. vi. 20. “My elder brothers, my forerunners, came.” Dryden. 2. A predecessor; an ancestor. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Naut.) A piece of rag terminating the log line.

Fore´said , a. Mentioned before; aforesaid.

Fore´sail , n. (Naut.) (a) The sail bent to the foreyard of a square- rigged vessel, being the lowest sail on the foremast. (b) The gaff sail set on the foremast of a schooner. (c) The fore staysail of a sloop, being the triangular sail next forward of the mast.

Fore•say´ , v. t. [AS. foresecgan; fore + secgan to say. See Say, v. t.] To foretell. [Obs.] “Her danger nigh that sudden change foresaid.” Fairfax.

Fore•see´ , v. t. [AS. foreseón; fore + seón to see. See See, v. t.] 1. To see beforehand; to have prescience of; to foreknow. “A prudent man foreseeth the evil.” Prov. xxii. 3. 2. To provide. [Obs.] “Great shoals of people, which go on to populate, without foreseeing means of life.” Bacon.

Fore•see´, v. i. To have or exercise foresight. [Obs.]

Fore•seen´ , conj., or (strictly) p. p. Provided; in case that; on condition that. [Obs.] “One manner of meat is most sure to every complexion, foreseen that it be alway most commonly in conformity of qualities, with the person that eateth.” Sir T. Elyot.

Fore•se´er , n. One who foresees or foreknows.

Fore•seize´ , v. t. To seize beforehand.

Fore•shad´ow , v. t. To shadow or typiy beforehand; to prefigure. Dryden.

Fore•shew´ , v. t. See Foreshow.

Fore´ship , n. The fore part of a ship. [Obs.]

Fore•short´en , v. t. 1. (Fine Art) To represent on a plane surface, as if extended in a direction toward the spectator or nearly so; to shorten by drawing in perspective. 2. Fig.: To represent pictorially to the imagination. “Songs, and deeds, and lives that lie
Foreshortened in the tract of time.” Tennyson.

Fore•short´en•ing, n. (Fine Arts) Representation in a foreshortened mode or way.

Fore´shot , n. In distillation of low wines, the first portion of spirit that comes over, being a fluid abounding in fusel oil. Knight.

Fore•show´ , v. t. [AS. foresceáwian to foresee, provide; fore + sceáwian to see. See Show, v. t.] To show or exhibit beforehand; to give foreknowledge of; to prognosticate; to foretell. “Your looks foreshow
You have a gentle heart.” Shak. “Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose,
Whose purple blush the day foreshows.” Denham.

Fore•show´er , n. One who predicts.

Fore´side , n. 1. The front side; the front; esp., a stretch of country fronting the sea. 2. The outside or external covering. Spenser.

Fore´sight , n. 1. The act or the power of foreseeing; prescience; foreknowledge. Milton. 2. Action in reference to the future; provident care; prudence; wise forethought. “This seems an unseasonable foresight.” Milton. “A random expense, without plan or foresight.” Burke. 3. (Surv.) Any sight or reading of the leveling staff, except the backsight; any sight or bearing taken by a compass or theodolite in a forward direction. 4. (Gun.) Muzzle sight. See Fore sight, under Fore, a.

Fore´sight•ed , a. Sagacious; prudent; provident for the future. Bartram.

Fore´sight•ful , a. Foresighted. [Obs.]

Fore•sig´ni•fy , v. t. To signify beforehand; to foreshow; to typify. Milton.

Fore´skin , n. (Anat.) The fold of skin which covers the glans of the penis; the prepuce.

Fore´skirt , n. The front skirt of a garment, in distinction from the train. “Honor’s train
Is longer than his foreskirt.” Shak.

Fore•slack´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Forslack.

Fore´sleeve , n. The sleeve below the elbow.

Fore•slow´ , v. t. [See Forslow.] To make slow; to hinder; to obstruct. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. t. “No stream, no wood, no mountain could foreslow
Their hasty pace.” Fairfax.

Fore•slow´, v. i. To loiter. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. i.

Fore•speak´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Forspeak.

Fore•speak´, v. t. To foretell; to predict. [Obs.] “My mother was half a witch; never anything that she forespake but came to pass.” Beau. & Fl.

Fore´speak•ing, n. A prediction; also a preface. [Obs.] Camden. Huloet.

Fore´speech , n. A preface. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Fore•spent´ , a. [Fore + spent.] Already spent; gone by; past. [Obs.] Shak.

Fore•spent´, a. [Obs.] See Forspent.

Fore•spur´rer , n. One who rides before; a harbinger. [Obs.] Shak.

For´est , n. [OF. forest, F. forêt, LL. forestis, also forestus, forestum, foresta, prop., open ground reserved for the chase, fr. L. foris, foras, out of doors, abroad. See Foreign.] 1. An extensive wood; a large tract of land covered with trees; in the United States, a wood of native growth, or a tract of woodland which has never been cultivated. 2. (Eng. Law) A large extent or precinct of country, generally waste and woody, belonging to the sovereign, set apart for the keeping of game for his use, not inclosed, but distinguished by certain limits, and protected by certain laws, courts, and officers of its own. Burrill.

For´est, a. Of or pertaining to a forest; sylvan. Forest fly. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of blood-sucking flies, of the family Tabanidae, which attack both men and beasts. See Horse fly. (b) A fly of the genus Hippobosca, esp. H. equina. See Horse tick. — Forest glade, a grassy space in a forest. Thomson. — Forest laws, laws for the protection of game, preservation of timber, etc., in forests. — Forest tree, a tree of the forest, especially a timber tree, as distinguished from a fruit tree.

For´est, v. t. To cover with trees or wood.

Fore´staff , n. (Naut.) An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of heavenly bodies, now superseded by the sextant; — called also cross-staff. Brande & C.

For´est•age , n. [Cf. F. forestage.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A duty or tribute payable to the king’s foresters. (b) A service paid by foresters to the king.

For´est•al , a. Of or pertaining to forests; as forestal rights.

Fore•stall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forestalled p. pr. & vb. n. Forestalling.] [OE. forstallen to stop, to obstruct; to stop (goods) on the way to the market by buying them beforehand, from forstal obstruction, AS. forsteal, foresteall, prop., a placing one’s self before another. See Fore, and Stall.] 1. To take beforehand, or in advance; to anticipate. “What need a man forestall his date of grief,
And run to meet what he would most avoid?” Milton. 2. To take possession of, in advance of some one or something else, to the exclusion or detriment of the latter; to get ahead of; to preoccupy; also to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by prior occupation, or by measures taken in advance. “An ugly serpent which forestalled their way.” Fairfax. “But evermore those damsels did forestall
Their furious encounter.” Spenser. “To be forestalled ere we come to fall.” Shak. “Habit is a forestalled and obstinate judge.” Rush. 3. To deprive; — with of. [R.] “All the better; may
This night forestall him of the coming day!” Shak. 4. (Eng. Law) To obstruct or stop up, as a way; to stop the passage of on highway; to intercept on the road, as goods on the way to market. To forestall the market, to buy or contract for merchandise or provision on its way to market, with the intention of selling it again at a higher price; to dissuade persons from bringing their goods or provisions there; or to persuade them to enhance the price when there. This was an offense at law in England until 1844. Burrill. Syn. — To anticipate; monopolize; engross.

Fore•stall´er , n. One who forestalls; esp., one who forestalls the market. Locke.

Fore´stay , n. (Naut.) A large, strong rope, reaching from the foremast head to the bowsprit, to support the mast. See Illust. under Ship.

For´est•er , n. [F. forestier, LL. forestarius.] 1. One who has charge of the growing timber on an estate; an officer appointed to watch a forest and preserve the game. 2. An inhabitant of a forest. Wordsworth. 3. A forest tree. [R.] Evelyn. 4. (Zoöl.) A lepidopterous insect belonging to Alypia and allied genera; as the eight-spotted forester (A. octomaculata), which in the larval state is injurious to the grapevine.

Fore´stick , n. Front stick of a hearth fire.

For´est•ry , n. [Cf. OF. foresterie.] The art of forming or of cultivating forests; the management of growing timber. { Fore´swart• , Fore´swart• } a. [Obs.] See Forswat.

Fore´taste , n. A taste beforehand; enjoyment in advance; anticipation.

Fore•taste´ , v. t. 1. To taste before full possession; to have previous enjoyment or experience of; to anticipate. 2. To taste before another. ´Foretasted fruit.´ Milton.

Fore´tast•er , n. One who tastes beforehand, or before another.

Fore•teach´ , v. t. To teach beforehand. [Obs.]

Fore•tell´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretold p. pr. & vb. n. Foretelling.] To predict; to tell before occurence; to prophesy; to foreshow. “Deeds then undone my faithful tongue foretold.” Pope. “Prodigies, foretelling the future eminence and luster of his character.” C. Middleton. Syn. — To predict; prophesy; prognosticate; augur.

Fore•tell´, v. i. To utter predictions. Acts iii. 24.

Fore•tell´er , n. One who predicts. Boyle.

Fore•think´ , v. t. 1. To think beforehand; to anticipate in the mind; to prognosticate. [Obs.] “The soul of every man
Prophetically doth forethink thy fall.” Shak. 2. To contrive (something) beforehend. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fore•think´, v. i. To contrive beforehand. [Obs.]

Fore´thought , a. Thought of, or planned, beforehand; aforethought; prepense; hence, deliberate. ´Forethought malice.´ Bacon.

Fore´thought, n. A thinking or planning beforehand; prescience; premeditation; forecast; provident care. “A sphere that will demand from him forethought, courage, and wisdom.” I. Taylor.

Fore´thought•ful , a. Having forethought. [R.]

Fore´time , n. The past; the time before the present. ´A very dim foretime.´ J. C. Shairp.

Fore´to•ken , n. [AS. foretacen. See Token.] Prognostic; previous omen. Sir P. Sidney.

Fore•to´ken , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretokened p. pr. & vb. n. Foretokening ] [AS. foretacnian; fore + tacnian.] To foreshow; to presignify; to prognosticate. “Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood.” Daniel.

Fore´ tooth , pl. Fore teeth . (Anat.) One of the teeth in the forepart of the mouth; an incisor.

Fore´top , n. 1. The hair on the forepart of the head; esp., a tuft or lock of hair which hangs over the forehead, as of a horse. 2. That part of a headdress that is in front; the top of a periwig. 3. (Naut.) The platform at the head of the foremast.

Fore•-top•gal´lant , a. (Naut.) Designating the mast, sail, yard, etc., above the topmast; as the fore-topgallant sail. See Sail.

Fore•-top´mast , n. (Naut.) The mast erected at the head of the foremast, and at the head of which stands the fore-topgallant mast. See Ship.

Fore•-top´sail , n. (Naut.) See Sail.

For•ev´er (for•ev´er), adv. [For, prep. + ever.] 1. Through eternity; through endless ages; eternally. 2. At all times; always. In England, for and ever are usually written and printed as two separate words; but, in the United States, the general practice is to make but a single word of them. Forever and ever, an emphatic ´forever.´ Syn. — Constantly; continually; invariably; unchangeably; incessantly; always; perpetually; unceasingly; ceaselessly; interminably; everlastingly; endlessly; eternally.

Fore•vouched´ (for•voucht´), a. Formerly vouched or avowed; affirmed in advance. [R.] Shak.

Fore´ward (for´ward•), n. The van; the front. [Obs.] “My foreward shall be drawn out all in length,
Consisting equally of horse and foot.” Shak.

Fore•warn´ (for•warn´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forewarned (-warnd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Forewarning.] To warn beforehand; to give previous warning, admonition, information, or notice to; to caution in advance. “We were forewarned of your coming.” Shak.

Fore•waste´ , v. t. See Forewaste. Gascoigne.

Fore•wend´ , v. t. [Fore + wend.] To go before. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fore•wish´ , v. t. To wish beforehand.

Fore´wit , n. 1. A leader, or would-be leader, in matters of knowledge or taste. [Obs.] “Nor that the forewits, that would draw the rest unto their liking, always like the best.” B. Jonson. 2. Foresight; prudence. “Let this forewit guide thy thought.” Southwell.

Fore•wite´ , v. t. [pres. indic. sing., 1st & 3d pers. Forewot , 2d person Forewost , pl. Forewiten ; imp. sing. Forewiste , pl. Forewisten ; p. pr. & vb. n. Forewiting ] [AS. forewitan. See Wit to know.] To foreknow. [Obs.] [Written also forwete.] Chaucer.

Fore´wom•an , n.; pl. Forewomen . A woman who is chief; a woman who has charge of the work or workers in a shop or other place; a head woman. Tatler. W. Besant.

Fore´word , n. A preface. Furnvall.

Fore•worn´ , a. [See Forworn.] Worn out; wasted; used up. [Archaic] “Old foreworn stories almost forgotten.” Brydges.

Fore•wot´ , pres. indic., 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fore´yard , n. (Naut.) The lowermost yard on the foremast. [See Illust. of Ship.]

For´fal•ture , n. Forfeiture. [Obs.]

For´feit , n. [OE. forfet crime, penalty, F. forfait crime (LL. forefactum, forifactum), prop. p. p. of forfaire to forfeit, transgress, fr. LL. forifacere, prop., to act beyond; L. foris out of doors, abroad, beyond + facere to do. See Foreign, and Fact.] 1. Injury; wrong; mischief. [Obs. & R.] “To seek arms upon people and country that never did us any forfeit.” Ld. Berners. 2. A thing forfeit or forfeited; what is or may be taken from one in requital of a misdeed committed; that which is lost, or the right to which is alienated, by a crime, offense, neglect of duty, or breach of contract; hence, a fine; a mulct; a penalty; as he who murders pays the forfeit of his life. “Thy slanders I forgive; and therewithal
Remit thy other forfeits.” Shak. 3. Something deposited and redeemable by a sportive fine; — whence the game of forfeits. “Country dances and forfeits shortened the rest of the day.” Goldsmith.

For´feit, a. [F. forfait, p. p. of forfaire. See Forfeit, n.] Lost or alienated for an offense or crime; liable to penal seizure. “Thy wealth being forfeit to the state.” Shak. “To tread the forfeit paradise.” Emerson.

For´feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Forfeiting.] [OE. forfeten. See Forfeit, n.] To lose, or lose the right to, by some error, fault, offense, or crime; to render one’s self by misdeed liable to be deprived of; to alienate the right to possess, by some neglect or crime; as to forfeit an estate by treason; to forfeit reputation by a breach of promise; — with to before the one acquiring what is forfeited. “[They] had forfeited their property by their crimes.” Burke. “Undone and forfeited to cares forever!” Shak.

For´feit, v. i. 1. To be guilty of a misdeed; to be criminal; to transgress. [Obs.] 2. To fail to keep an obligation. [Obs.] “I will have the heart of him if he forfeit.” Shak.

For´feit, p. p. or a. In the condition of being forfeited; subject to alienation. Shak. “Once more I will renew
His lapsèd powers, though forfeite.” Milton.

For´feit•a•ble , a. Liable to be forfeited; subject to forfeiture. “For the future, uses shall be subject to the statutes of mortmain, and forfeitable, like the lands themselves.” Blackstone.

For´feit•er , n. One who incurs a penalty of forfeiture.

For´fei•ture ( 135), n. [F. forfeiture, LL. forisfactura.] 1. The act of forfeiting; the loss of some right, privilege, estate, honor, office, or effects, by an offense, crime, breach of condition, or other act. “Under pain of foreiture of the said goods.” Hakluyt. 2. That which is forfeited; a penalty; a fine or mulct. “What should I gain
By the exaction of the forfeiture?” Shak. Syn. — Fine; mulct; amercement; penalty.

For•fend´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + fend. See Forewend.] To prohibit; to forbid; to avert. [Archaic] “Which peril heaven forefend!” Shak. This is etymologically the preferable spelling.

For•fer´ed , p. p. & a. [See For- , and Fear.] Excessively alarmed; in great fear. [Obs.] ´Forfered of his death.´ Chaucer.

For´fete , v. i. [See Forfeit.] To incur a penalty; to transgress. [Obs.] “And all this suffered our Lord Jesus Christ that never forfeted.” Chaucer.

For´fex , n. [L.] A pair of shears. Pope.

For´fi•cate , a. [L. forfex, forficis, shears.] (Zoöl.) Deeply forked, as the tail of certain birds.

For•fic´u•la , n. [L., small shears, scissors, dim. of forfex shears.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the earwigs. See Earwig, 1.

For•gath´er , v. i. To convene; to gossip; to meet accidentally. [Scot.] Jamieson. “Within that circle he forgathered with many a fool.” Wilson.

For•gave´ , imp. of Forgive.

Forge (forj), n. [F. forge, fr. L. fabrica the workshop of an artisan who works in hard materials, fr. faber artisan, smith, as adj., skillful, ingenious; cf. Gr. soft, tender. Cf. Fabric.] 1. A place or establishment where iron or other metals are wrought by heating and hammering; especially, a furnace, or a shop with its furnace, etc., where iron is heated and wrought; a smithy. “In the quick forge and working house of thought.” Shak. 2. The works where wrought iron is produced directly from the ore, or where iron is rendered malleable by puddling and shingling; a shingling mill. 3. The act of beating or working iron or steel; the manufacture of metallic bodies. [Obs.] “In the greater bodies the forge was easy.” Bacon. American forge, a forge for the direct production of wrought iron, differing from the old Catalan forge mainly in using finely crushed ore and working continuously. Raymond. — Catalan forge. (Metal.) See under Catalan. — Forge cinder, the dross or slag form a forge or bloomary. — Forge rolls, Forge train, the train of rolls by which a bloom is converted into puddle bars. — Forge wagon (Mil.), a wagon fitted up for transporting a blackmith’s forge and tools. — Portable forge, a light and compact blacksmith’s forge, with bellows, etc., that may be moved from place to place.

Forge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forged (forjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Forging ] [F. forger, OF. forgier, fr. L. fabricare, fabricari, to form, frame, fashion, from fabrica. See Forge, n., and cf. Fabricate.] 1. To form by heating and hammering; to beat into any particular shape, as a metal. “Mars’s armor forged for proof eterne.” Shak. 2. To form or shape out in any way; to produce; to frame; to invent. “Those names that the schools forged, and put into the mouth of scholars, could never get admittance into common use.” Locke. “Do forge a life-long trouble for ourselves.” Tennyson. 3. To coin. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. To make falsely; to produce, as that which is untrue or not genuine; to fabricate; to counterfeit, as a signature, or a signed document. “That paltry story is untrue,
And forged to cheat such gulls as you.” Hudibras. “Forged certificates of his … moral character.” Macaulay. Syn. — To fabricate; counterfeit; feign; falsify.

Forge, v. i. [See Forge, v. t., and for sense 2, cf. Forge compel.] 1. To commit forgery. 2. (Naut.) To move heavily and slowly, as a ship after the sails are furled; to work one’s way, as one ship in outsailing another; — used especially in the phrase to forge ahead. Totten. “And off she [a ship] forged without a shock.” De Quincey.

Forge, v. t. (Naut.) To impel forward slowly; as to forge a ship forward.

Forge´man , n.; pl. Forgemen . A skilled smith, who has a hammerer to assist him.

For´ger , n.[Cf. F. forgeur metal worker, L. fabricator artificer. See Forge, n. & v. t., and cf. Fabricator.] One who forges, makes, of forms; a fabricator; a falsifier. 2. Especially: One guilty of forgery; one who makes or issues a counterfeit document.

For´ger•y , n.; pl. Forgeries (#). [Cf. F. forgerie.] 1. The act of forging metal into shape. [Obs.] “Useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear.” Milton. 2. The act of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely; esp., the crime of fraudulently making or altering a writing or signature purporting to be made by another; the false making or material alteration of or addition to a written instrument for the purpose of deceit and fraud; as the forgery of a bond. Bouvier. 3. That which is forged, fabricated, falsely devised, or counterfeited. “These are the forgeries of jealously.” Shak. “The writings going under the name of Aristobulus were a forgery of the second century.” Waterland. Syn. — Counterfeit; Forgery. Counterfeit is chiefly used of imitations of coin, or of paper money, or of securities depending upon pictorial devices and engraved designs for identity or assurance of genuineness. Forgery is more properly applied to making a false imitation of an instrument depending on signatures to show genuineness and validity. Abbott.

For•get´ , v. t. [imp. Forgot (Forgat , Obs.); p. p. Forgotten , Forgot; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgetting.] [OE. forgeten, foryeten, AS. forgietan, forgitan; pref. for- + gietan, gitan (only in comp.), to get; cf. D. vergeten, G. vergessen, Sw. förgäta, Dan. forgiette. See For-, and Get, v. t.] 1. To lose the remembrance of; to let go from the memory; to cease to have in mind; not to think of; also to lose the power of; to cease from doing. “Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.” Ps. ciii. 2. “Let my right hand forget her cunning.” Ps. cxxxvii. 5. “Hath thy knee forget to bow?” Shak. 2. To treat with inattention or disregard; to slight; to neglect. “Can a woman forget her sucking child? … Yes, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee.” Is. xlix. 15. To forget one’s self. (a) To become unmindful of one’s own personality; to be lost in thought. (b) To be entirely unselfish. (c) To be guilty of what is unworthy of one; to lose one’s dignity, temper, or self-control.

For•get´ful , a. 1. Apt to forget; easily losing remembrance; as a forgetful man should use helps to strengthen his memory. 2. Heedless; careless; neglectful; inattentive. “Be not forgetful to entertain strangers.” Heb. xiii. 2. 3. Causing to forget; inducing oblivion; oblivious. [Archaic or Poetic] ´The forgetful wine.´ J. Webster.

For•get´ful•ly, adv. In a forgetful manner.

For•get´ful•ness, n. 1. The quality of being forgetful; prononess to let slip from the mind. 2. Loss of remembrance or recollection; a ceasing to remember; oblivion. “A sweet forgetfulness of human care.” Pope. 3. Failure to bear in mind; careless omission; inattention; as forgetfulness of duty. Syn. — Forgetfulnes, Oblivion. Forgetfulness is Anglo-Saxon, and oblivion is Latin. The former commonly has reference to persons, and marks a state of mind; the latter commonly has reference to things, and indicates a condition into which they are sunk. We blame a man for his forgetfulness; we speak of some old custom as buried in oblivion. But this discrimination is not strictly adhered to.

For´ge•tive , a. [From Forge.] Inventive; productive; capable. [Obs.] Shak.

For•get´-me-not , n. [Cf. G. vergissmeinnicht.] (Bot.) A small herb, of the genus Myosotis (M. palustris, incespitosa, etc.), bearing a beautiful blue flower, and extensively considered the emblem of fidelity. Formerly the name was given to the Ajuga Chamaepitus.

For•get´ta•ble , a. Liable to be, or that may be, forgotten. Carlyle.

For•get´ter , n. One who forgets; a heedless person. Johnson.

For•get´ting•ly, adv. By forgetting.

For´ging , n. 1. The act of shaping metal by hammering or pressing. 2. The act of counterfeiting. 3. (Mach.) A piece of forged work in metal; — a general name for a piece of hammered iron or steel. “There are very few yards in the world at which such forgings could be turned out.” London Times.

For•giv´a•ble , a. Capable of being forgiven; pardonable; venial. Sherwood.

For•give´ , v. t. [imp. Forgave p. p. Forgiven p. pr. & vb. n. Forgiving] [OE. forgiven, foryiven, foryeven, AS. forgiefan, forgifan; perh. for- + giefan, gifan to give; cf. D. vergeven, G. vergeben, Icel. fyrirgefa, Sw. frgifva, Goth. fragiban to give, grant. See For-, and Give, v. t.] 1. To give wholly; to make over without reservation; to resign. “To them that list the world’s gay shows I leave,
And to great ones such folly do forgive.” Spenser. 2. To give up resentment or claim to requital on account of (an offense or wrong); to remit the penalty of; to pardon; — said in reference to the act forgiven. “And their sins should be forgiven them.” Mark iv. 12. “He forgive injures so readily that he might be said to invite them.” Macaulay. 3. To cease to feel resentment against, on account of wrong committed; to give up claim to requital from or retribution upon (an offender); to absolve; to pardon; — said of the person offending. “Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.” Luke xxiii. 34. “I as free forgive you, as I would be fforgiven.” Shak. Sometimes both the person and the offense follow as objects of the verb, sometimes one and sometimes the other being the indirect object. ´Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors.´ Matt. vi. 12. ´Be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee.´ Matt. ix. 2. Syn. — See excuse.

For•give´ness, n. [AS. forgifnes.] 1. The act of forgiving; the state of being forgiven; as the forgiveness of sin or of injuries. “To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses.” Dan. ix. 9. “In whom we have … the forgiveness of sin.” Eph. i. 7. 2. Disposition to pardon; willingness to forgive. “If thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand? But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared.” Ps. cxxx. 3, 4. Syn. — Pardon, remission. — Forgiveness, Pardon. Forgiveness is Anglo-Saxon, and pardon Norman French, both implying a giving back. The word pardon, being early used in our Bible, has in religious matters, the same sense as forgiveness; but in the language of common life there is a difference between them, such as we often find between corresponding Anglo-Saxon and Norman words. Forgive points to inward feeling, and suppose alienated affection; when we ask forgiveness, we primarily seek the removal of anger. Pardon looks more to outward things or consequences, and is often applied to trifling matters, as when we beg pardon for interrupting a man, or for jostling him in a crowd. The civil magistrate also grants a pardon, and not forgiveness. The two words are, therefore, very clearly distinguished from each other in most cases which relate to the common concerns of life.

For•giv´er , n. One who forgives. Johnson.

For•giv´ing, a. Disposed to forgive; inclined to overlook offenses; mild; merciful; compassionate; placable; as a forgiving temper. — For•giv´ing•ly, adv. — For•giv´ing•ness, n. J. C. Shairp.

For•go´ , v. t. [imp. Forwent; p. p. Forgone; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgoing.] [OE. forgan, forgon, forgoon, AS. forgan, prop., to go past, hence, to abstain from; pref. for- + gan to go; akin to G. vergehen to pass away, to transgress. See Go, v. i.] To pass by; to leave. See 1st Forego. “For sith [since] I shall forgoon my liberty
At your request.” Chaucer. “And four [days] since Florimell the court forwent.” Spenser. This word in spelling has been confused with, and almost superseded by, forego to go before. Etymologically the form forgo is correct.

For•got´ , imp. & p. p. of Forget.

For•got´ten , p. p. of Forget.

For•hall´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + hale to draw.] To harass; to torment; to distress. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•hend´ , v. t. To seize upon. [Obs.]

Fo•rin´se•cal , a. [L. forinsecus from without.] Foreign; alien. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Fo•ris•fa•mil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forisfamiliated p. pr. & vb. n. Forisfamiliating ] [LL. forisfamiliatus, p. p. of forisfamiliater to forisfamiliate; L. foris abroad, without + familia family.] (LAw) Literally, to put out of a family; hence, to portion off, so as to exclude further claim of inheritance; to emancipate (as a with his own consent) from paternal authority. Blackstone.

Fo•ris•fa•mil´i•ate, v. i. (Law) To renounce a legal title to a further share of paternal inheritance.

Fo•ris•fa•mil•i•a´tion , n. (Law) The act of forisfamiliating.

Fork (fôrk), n. [AS. forc, fr. L. furca. Cf. Fourche, Furcate.] 1. An instrument consisting of a handle with a shank terminating in two or more prongs or tines, which are usually of metal, parallel and slightly curved; — used for piercing, holding, taking up, or pitching anything. 2. Anything furcate or like a fork in shape, or furcate at the extremity; as a tuning fork. 3. One of the parts into which anything is furcated or divided; a prong; a branch of a stream, a road, etc.; a barbed point, as of an arrow. “Let it fall … though the fork invade
The region of my heart.” Shak. “A thunderbolt with three forks.” Addison. 4. The place where a division or a union occurs; the angle or opening between two branches or limbs; as the fork of a river, a tree, or a road. 5. The gibbet. [Obs.] Bp. Butler. Fork beam (Shipbuilding), a half beam to support a deck, where hatchways occur. — Fork chuck (Wood Turning), a lathe center having two prongs for driving the work. — Fork head. (a) The barbed head of an arrow. (b) The forked end of a rod which forms part of a knuckle joint. — In fork. (Mining) A mine is said to be in fork, or an engine to ´have the water in fork,´ when all the water is drawn out of the mine. Ure. — The forks of a river or a road, the branches into which it divides, or which come together to form it; the place where separation or union takes place.

Fork, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Forked p. pr. & vb. n. Forking.] 1. To shoot into blades, as corn. “The corn beginneth to fork.” Mortimer. 2. To divide into two or more branches; as a road, a tree, or a stream forks.

Fork, v. t. To raise, or pitch with a fork, as hay; to dig or turn over with a fork, as the soil. “Forking the sheaves on the high-laden cart.” Prof. Wilson. To fork over or out, to hand or pay over, as money. [Slang] G. Eliot.

Fork´beard , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish (Raniceps raninus), having a large flat head; — also called tadpole fish, and lesser forked beard. (b) The European forked hake or hake’s-dame (Phycis blennoides); — also called great forked beard.

Forked , a. 1. Formed into a forklike shape; having a fork; dividing into two or more prongs or branches; furcated; bifurcated; zigzag; as the forked lighting. “A serpent seen, with forked tongue.” Shak. 2. Having a double meaning; ambiguous; equivocal. Cross forked (Her.), a cross, the ends of whose arms are divided into two sharp points; — called also cross double fitche. A cross forked of three points is a cross, each of whose arms terminates in three sharp points. — Forked counsel, advice pointing more than one way; ambiguous advice. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Fork´ed•ly (#), adv. — Fork´ed•ness, n.

For•kerve , v. t. [Obs.] See Forcarve, v. t.

Fork´i•ness , n. The quality or state or dividing in a forklike manner.

Fork´less, a. Having no fork.

Fork´tail , n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several Asiatic and East Indian passerine birds, belonging to Enucurus, and allied genera. The tail is deeply forked. (b) A salmon in its fourth year’s growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Fork´-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer tail feathers longer than the median ones; swallow-tailed; — said of many birds. Fork-tailed flycatcher (Zoöl.), a tropical American flycatcher (Milvulus tyrannus). - - Fork-tailed gull (Zoöl.), a gull of the genus Xema, of two species, esp. X. Sabinii of the Arctic Ocean. — Fork-tailed kite (Zoöl.), a graceful American kite (Elanoides forficatus); — called also swallow-tailed kite.

Fork´y , a. Opening into two or more parts or shoots; forked; furcated. ´Forky tongues.´ Pope.

For•laft´ , obs. p. p. of Forleave. Chaucer.

For•lay´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + lay.] To lie in wait for; to ambush. “An ambushed thief forlays a traveler.” Dryden.

For•leave´ , v. t. [OE. forleven; pref. for- + leven to leave.] To leave off wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•lend´ , v. t. To give up wholly. [Obs.]

For•lese´ , v. t. [p. p. Forlore , Forlorn .] [OE. forlesen. See Forlorn.] To lose utterly. [Obs.] haucer.

For•let´, v. t. [OE. forleten, AS. forlaetan; pref. for- + laetan to allow; akin to G. verlassen to leave. See Let to allow.] To give up; to leave; to abandon. [Obs.] ´To forlet sin.´ Chaucer.

For•lie´ , v. i. See Forelie.

For•lore´ , imp. pl. & p. p. of Forlese. [Obs.] “The beasts their caves, the birds their nests forlore.” Fairfax.

For•lorn´ , a. [OE., p. p. of forlesen to lose utterly, AS. forleósan (p. p. forloren); pref. for- + leósan (in comp.) to lose; cf. D. verliezen to lose, G. verlieren, Sw. förlora, Dan. forloren, Goth. fraliusan to lose. See For-, and Lorn, a., Lose, v. t.] 1. Deserted; abandoned; lost. “Of fortune and of hope at once forlorn.” Spenser. “Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.” Shak. 2. Destitute; helpless; in pitiful plight; wretched; miserable; almost hopeless; desperate. “For here forlorn and lost I tread.” Goldsmith. “The condition of the besieged in the mean time was forlorn in the extreme.” Prescott. “She cherished the forlorn hope that he was still living.” Thomson. A forlorn hope [D. verloren hoop, prop., a lost band or troop; verloren, p. p. of verliezen to lose + hoop band; akin to E. heap. See For-, and Heap.] (Mil.), a body of men (called in F. enfants perdus, in G. verlornen posten) selected, usually from volunteers, to attempt a breach, scale the wall of a fortress, or perform other extraordinarily perilous service; also a desperate case or enterprise. Syn. — Destitute, lost; abandoned; forsaken; solitary; helpless; friendless; hopeless; abject; wretched; miserable; pitiable.

For•lorn´, n. 1. A lost, forsaken, or solitary person. “Forced to live in Scotland a forlorn.” Shak. 2. A forlorn hope; a vanguard. [Obs.] “Our forlorn of horse marched within a mile of the enemy.” Oliver Cromvell.

For•lorn´ly, adv. In a forlorn manner. Pollok.

For•lorn´ness, n. State of being forlorn. Boyle.

For•lye´ , v. i. Same as Forlie. [Obs.]

-form (-fôrm). [See Form, n.] A suffix used to denote in the form or shape of, resembling, etc.; as valiform; oviform.

Form (form; in senses 8 & 9, often form in England), n. [OE. & F. forme, fr. L. forma; cf. Skr. dhariman. Cf. Firm.] 1. The shape and structure of anything, as distinguished from the material of which it is composed; particular disposition or arrangement of matter, giving it individuality or distinctive character; configuration; figure; external appearance. “The form of his visage was changed.” Dan. iii. 19. “And woven close close, both matter, form, and style.” Milton. 2. Constitution; mode of construction, organization, etc.; system; as a republican form of government. 3. Established method of expression or practice; fixed way of proceeding; conventional or stated scheme; formula; as a form of prayer. “Those whom form of laws
Condemned to die.” Dryden. 4. Show without substance; empty, outside appearance; vain, trivial, or conventional ceremony; conventionality; formality; as a matter of mere form. “Though well we may not pass upon his life
Without the form of justice.” Shak. 5. Orderly arrangement; shapeliness; also comeliness; elegance; beauty. “The earth was without form and void.” Gen. i. 2. “He hath no form nor comeliness.” Is. liii. 2. 6. A shape; an image; a phantom. 7. That by which shape is given or determined; mold; pattern; model. 8. A long seat; a bench; hence, a rank of students in a school; a class; also a class or rank in society. ´Ladies of a high form.´ Bp. Burnet. 9. The seat or bed of a hare. “As in a form sitteth a weary hare.” Chaucer. 10. (Print.) The type or other matter from which an impression is to be taken, arranged and secured in a chase. 11. (Fine Arts) The boundary line of a material object. In painting, more generally, the human body. 12. (Gram.) The particular shape or structure of a word or part of speech; as participial forms; verbal forms. 13. (Crystallog.) The combination of planes included under a general crystallographic symbol. It is not necessarily a closed solid. 14. (Metaph.) That assemblage or disposition of qualities which makes a conception, or that internal constitution which makes an existing thing to be what it is; — called essential or substantial form, and contradistinguished from matter; hence, active or formative nature; law of being or activity; subjectively viewed, an idea; objectively, a law. 15. Mode of acting or manifestation to the senses, or the intellect; as water assumes the form of ice or snow. In modern usage, the elements of a conception furnished by the mind’s own activity, as contrasted with its object or condition, which is called the matter; subjectively, a mode of apprehension or belief conceived as dependent on the constitution of the mind; objectively, universal and necessary accompaniments or elements of every object known or thought of. 16. (Biol.) The peculiar characteristics of an organism as a type of others; also the structure of the parts of an animal or plant. Good form or Bad form, the general appearance, condition or action, originally of horses, atterwards of persons; as the members of a boat crew are said to be in good form when they pull together uniformly. The phrases are further used colloquially in description of conduct or manners in society; as it is not good form to smoke in the presence of a lady.

Form (fôrm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formed (fôrmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Forming.] [F. former, L. formare, fr. forma. See Form, n.] 1. To give form or shape to; to frame; to construct; to make; to fashion. “God formed man of the dust of the ground.” Gen. ii. 7. “The thought that labors in my forming brain.” Rowe. 2. To give a particular shape to; to shape, mold, or fashion into a certain state or condition; to arrange; to adjust; also to model by instruction and discipline; to mold by influence, etc.; to train. “’T is education forms the common mind.” Pope. “Thus formed for speed, he challenges the wind.” Dryden. 3. To go to make up; to act as constituent of; to be the essential or constitutive elements of; to answer for; to make the shape of; — said of that out of which anything is formed or constituted, in whole or in part. “The diplomatic politicians … who formed by far the majority.” Burke. 4. To provide with a form, as a hare. See Form, n., 9. “The melancholy hare is formed in brakes and briers.” Drayton. 5. (Gram.) To derive by grammatical rules, as by adding the proper suffixes and affixes.

Form, v. i. 1. To take a form, definite shape, or arrangement; as the infantry should form in column. 2. To run to a form, as a hare. B. Jonson. To form on (Mil.), to form a lengthened line with reference to (any given object) as a basis.

For´mal (fôr´mal), n. [L. formic + alcohol.] (Chem.) See Methylal.

Form´al (fôrm´al), a. [L. formalis: cf. F. formel.] 1. Belonging to the form, shape, frame, external appearance, or organization of a thing. 2. Belonging to the constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter composing it; having the power of making a thing what it is; constituent; essential; pertaining to or depending on the forms, so called, of the human intellect. “Of [the sounds represented by] letters, the material part is breath and voice; the formal is constituted by the motion and figure of the organs of speech.” Holder. 3. Done in due form, or with solemnity; according to regular method; not incidental, sudden or irregular; express; as he gave his formal consent. “His obscure funeral …
No noble rite nor formal ostentation.” Shak. 4. Devoted to, or done in accordance with, forms or rules; punctilious; regular; orderly; methodical; of a prescribed form; exact; prim; stiff; ceremonious; as a man formal in his dress, his gait, his conversation. “A cold-looking, formal garden, cut into angles and rhomboids.” W. Irwing. “She took off the formal cap that confined her hair.” Hawthorne. 5. Having the form or appearance without the substance or essence; external; as formal duty; formal worship; formal courtesy, etc. 6. Dependent in form; conventional. “Still in constraint your suffering sex remains,
Or bound in formal or in real chains.” Pope. 7. Sound; normal. [Obs.] “To make of him a formal man again.” Shak. Formal cause. See under Cause. Syn. — Precise; punctilious; stiff; starched; affected; ritual; ceremonial; external; outward. — Formal, Ceremonious. When applied to things, these words usually denote a mere accordance with the rules of form or ceremony; as to make a formal call; to take a ceremonious leave. When applied to a person or his manners, they are used in a bad sense; a person being called formal who shapes himself too much by some pattern or set form, and ceremonious when he lays too much stress on the conventional laws of social intercourse. Formal manners render a man stiff or ridiculous; a ceremonious carriage puts a stop to the ease and freedom of social intercourse.

For•mal´de•hyde , n. [Formic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile liquid, H2CO, resembling acetic or ethyl aldehyde, and chemically intermediate between methyl alcohol and formic acid.

Form´al•ism (fôrm´al•iz’m), n. The practice or the doctrine of strict adherence to, or dependence on, external forms, esp. in matters of religion. “Official formalism.” Sir H. Rawlinson.

Form´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. formaliste.] One overattentive to forms, or too much confined to them; esp., one who rests in external religious forms, or observes strictly the outward forms of worship, without possessing the life and spirit of religion. “As far a formalist from wisdom sits,
In judging eyes, as libertines from wits.” Young.

For•mal´i•ty , n.; pl. Formalities (#). [Cf. F. formalite.] 1. The condition or quality of being formal, strictly ceremonious, precise, etc. 2. Form without substance. “Such [books] as are mere pieces of formality, so that if you look on them, you look though them.” Fuller. 3. Compliance with formal or conventional rules; ceremony; conventionality. “Nor was his attendance on divine offices a matter of formality and custom, but of conscience.” Atterbury. 4. An established order; conventional rule of procedure; usual method; habitual mode. “He was installed with all the usual formalities.” C. Middleton. 5. pl. The dress prescribed for any body of men, academical, municipal, or sacerdotal. [Obs.] “The doctors attending her in their formalities as far as Shotover.” Fuller. 6. That which is formal; the formal part. “It unties the inward knot of marriage, … while it aims to keep fast the outward formality.” Milton. 7. The quality which makes a thing what it is; essence. “The material part of the evil came from our father upon us, but the formality of it, the sting and the curse, is only by ourselves.” Jer. Taylor. “The formality of the vow lies in the promise made to God.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 8. (Scholastic. Philos.) The manner in which a thing is conceived or constituted by an act of human thinking; the result of such an act; as animality and rationality are formalities.

Form´al•ize (fôrm´al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formalized p. pr. & vb. n. Formalizing ] 1. To give form, or a certain form, to; to model. [R.] 2. To render formal.

Form´al•ize, v. i. To affect formality. [Obs.] ales.

Form´al•ly, adv. In a formal manner; essentially; characteristically; expressly; regularly; ceremoniously; precisely. “That which formally makes this [charity] a Christian grace, is the spring from which it flows.” Smalridge. “You and your followers do stand formally divided against the authorized guides of the church and rest of the people.” Hooker.

For´mate , n. [See Formic.] (Chem.) A salt of formic acid. [Written also formiate.]

For•ma´tion (for•ma´shun), n. [L. formatio: cf. F. formation.] 1. The act of giving form or shape to anything; a forming; a shaping. Beattie. 2. The manner in which a thing is formed; structure; construction; conformation; form; as the peculiar formation of the heart. 3. A substance formed or deposited. 4. (Geol.) (a) Mineral deposits and rock masses designated with reference to their origin; as the siliceous formation about geysers; alluvial formations; marine formations. (b) A group of beds of the same age or period; as the Eocene formation. 5. (Mil.) The arrangement of a body of troops, as in a square, column, etc. Farrow.

Form´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. formatif.] 1. Giving form; having the power of giving form; plastic; as the formative arts. “The meanest plant can not be raised without seed, by any formative residing in the soil.” Bentley. 2. (Gram.) Serving to form; derivative; not radical; as a termination merely formative. 3. (Biol.) Capable of growth and development; germinal; as living or formative matter.

Form´a•tive, n. (Gram.) (a) That which serves merely to give form, and is no part of the radical, as the prefix or the termination of a word. (b) A word formed in accordance with some rule or usage, as from a root.

For•me´ , a. (Her.) Same as Pate or Patte.

For´me , a. [OE., fr. AS. forma. See Foremost.] First. [Obs.] ´Adam our forme father.´ Chaucer.

Formed , a. 1. (Astron.) Arranged, as stars in a constellation; as formed stars. [R.] 2. (Biol.) Having structure; capable of growth and development; organized; as the formed or organized ferments. See Ferment, n. Formed material (Biol.), a term employed by Beale to denote the lifeless matter of a cell, that which is physiologically dead, in distinction from the truly germinal or living matter.

For´me•don , n. [OF., fr. Latin. So called because the plaintiff claimed ´by the form of the gift,: L. per formam doni.] (O. Eng. Law) A writ of right for a tenant in tail in case of a discontinuance of the estate tail. This writ has been abolished.

For´mell , n. [Dim. of F. forme the female of a bird of prey.] (Zoöl.) The female of a hawk or falcon.

Form´er , n. 1. One who forms; a maker; a creator. 2. (Mech.) (a) A shape around which an article is to be shaped, molded, woven wrapped, pasted, or otherwise constructed. (b) A templet, pattern, or gauge by which an article is shaped. (c) A cutting die.

For´mer , a. [A compar. due to OE. formest. See Foremost.] 1. Preceding in order of time; antecedent; previous; prior; earlier; hence, ancient; long past. “For inquire, I pray thee, of the former age.” Job. viii. 8. “The latter and former rain.” Hosea vi. 3. 3. Near the beginning; preceeding; as the former part of a discourse or argument. 3. Earlier, as between two things mentioned together; first mentioned. “A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critic; a man may be the former merely through the misfortune of an ill judgment; but he can not be latter without both that and an ill temper.” Pope. Syn. — Prior; previous; anterior; antecedent; preceding; foregoing.

For•me•ret´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) One of the half ribs against the walls in a ceiling vaulted with ribs.

For´mer•ly , adv. In time past, either in time immediately preceding or at any indefinite distance; of old; heretofore.

Form´ful , a. Creative; imaginative. [R.] ´The formful brain.´ Thomson.

For´mic , a. [L. formica an ant: cf. F. formique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ants; as formic acid; in an extended sense, pertaining to, or derived from, formic acid; as formic ether. Amido formic acid, carbamic acid. — Formic acid, a colorless, mobile liquid, HCO.OH, of a sharp, acid taste, occurring naturally in ants, nettles, pine needles, etc., and produced artifically in many ways, as by the oxidation of methyl alcohol, by the reduction of carbonic acid or the destructive distillation of oxalic acid. It is the first member of the fatty acids in the paraffin series, and is homologous with acetic acid.

For•mi´ca , n. [L., an ant.] (Zoöl.) A Linnaean genus of hymenopterous insects, including the common ants. See Ant.

For•mi•ca´roid , a. [NL. Formicarius, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the family Formicaridae or ant thrushes.

For´mi•ca•ry , n. [LL. formicarium, fr. L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) The nest or dwelling of a swarm of ants; an ant-hill.

For´mi•cate , a. [L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, an ant or ants.

For•mi•ca´tion , n. [L. formicatio, fr. formicare to creep like an ant, to feel as if ants were crawling on one’s self, fr. formica ant: cf. F. formication.] (Med.) A sensation resembling that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. Dunglison.

For´mi•cid , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the ants. — n. One of the family Formicidae, or ants.

For•mi•da•bil´i•ty , n. Formidableness. Walpole.

For´mi•da•ble , a. [L. formidabilis, fr. formidare to fear, dread: cf. F. formidable.] Exciting fear or apprehension; impressing dread; adapted to excite fear and deter from approach, encounter, or undertaking; alarming. “They seemed to fear the formodable sight.” Dryden. “I swell my preface into a volume, and make it formidable, when you see so many pages behind.” Drydn. Syn. — Dreadful; fearful; terrible; frightful; shocking; horrible; terrific; tremendous.

For´mi•da•ble•ness, n. The quality of being formidable, or adapted to excite dread. Boyle.

For´mi•da•bly, adv. In a formidable manner.

For•mid´o•lose , a. [L. formidolosus, fr. formido fear.] Very much afraid. [Obs.] Bailey.

Form´ing , n. The act or process of giving form or shape to anything; as in shipbuilding, the exact shaping of partially shaped timbers.

Form´less, a. Shapeless; without a determinate form; wanting regularity of shape. — Form´less•ly, adv. — Form´less•ness, n.

For´mu•la , n.; pl. E. Formulas (#), L. Formulae (#). [L., dim. of forma form, model. SeeForm, n.] 1. A prescribed or set form; an established rule; a fixed or conventional method in which anything is to be done, arranged, or said. 2. (Eccl.) A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines. 3. (Math.) A rule or principle expressed in algebraic language; as the binominal formula. 4. (Med.) A prescription or recipe for the preparation of a medicinal compound. 5. (Chem.) A symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of the constituents or constitution of a compound. Chemical formulae consist of the abbreviations of the names of the elements, with a small figure at the lower right hand, to denote the number of atoms of each element contained. Empirical formula (Chem.), an expression which gives the simple proportion of the constituents; as the empirical formula of acetic acid is C2H4O2. — Graphic formula, Rational formula (Chem.), an expression of the constitution, and in a limited sense of the structure, of a compound, by the grouping of its atoms or radicals; as a rational formula of acetic acid is CH3.(C:O).OH; — called also structural formula, constitutional formula, etc. See also the formula of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene. — Molecular formula (Chem.), a formula indicating the supposed molecular constitution of a compound.

For•mu•la•ris´tic , a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, formularization. Emerson.

For•mu•lar•i•za´tion , n. The act of formularizing; a formularized or formulated statement or exhibition. C. Kingsley.

For´mu•lar•ize , v. t. To reduce to a forula; to formulate.

For´mu•la•ry , a. [Cf. F. formulaire. See Formula.] Stated; prescribed; ritual.

For´mu•la•ry, n.; pl. Formularies (#). [Cf. F. formulaire.] 1. A book containing stated and prescribed forms, as of oaths, declarations, prayers, medical formulaae, etc.; a book of precedents. 2. Prescribed form or model; formula.

For´mu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulated p. pr. & vb. n. Formulating ] To reduce to, or express in, a formula; to put in a clear and definite form of statement or expression. G. P. Marsh.

For•mu•la´tion , n. The act, process, or result of formulating or reducing to a formula.

For´mule , n. [F.] A set or prescribed model; a formula. [Obs.] Johnson.

For•mu•li•za´tion , n. The act or process of reducing to a formula; the state of being formulized.

For´mu•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulized p. pr. & vb. n. Formulizing ] To reduce to a formula; to formulate. Emerson.

For´myl , n. [Formic + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A univalent radical, H.C:O, regarded as the essential residue of formic acid and aldehyde. (b) Formerly, the radical methyl, CH3.

Forn•cast´ , p. p. [OE. foren + cast. See Forecast.] Predestined. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For´ni•cal , a. Relating to a fornix. { For´ni•cate , For´ni•ca•ted }, a. [L. fornicatus, fr. fornix, - icis, an arch, vault.] 1. Vaulted like an oven or furnace; arched. 2. (Bot.) Arching over; overarched. Gray.

For´ni•cate , v. i. [L. fornicatus, p. p. of fornicari to fornicate, fr. fornix, -icis, a vault, a brothel in an underground vault.] To commit fornication; to have unlawful sexual intercourse.

For•ni•ca´tion , n. [F. fornication, L. fornicatio.] 1. Unlawful sexual intercourse on the part of an unmarried person; the act of such illicit sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as does not by law amount to adultery. In England, the offense, though cognizable in the ecclesiastical courts, was not at common law subject to secular prosecution. In the United States it is indictable in some States at common law, in others only by statute. Whartyon. 2. (Script.) (a) Adultery. (b) Incest. (c) Idolatry.

For´ni•ca•tor , n. [F. fornicateur, OF. fornicator, from L. fornicator.] An unmarried person, male or female, who has criminal intercourse with the other sex; one guilty of fornication.

For´ni•ca•tress , n. [Cf. F. fornicatrice, L. fornicatrix.] A woman guilty of fornication. Shak.

For´nix , n.; pl. Fornices (#). [L., an arch.] (Anat.) (a) An arch or fold; as the fornix, or vault, of the cranium; the fornix, or reflection, of the conjuctiva. (b) Esp., two longitudinal bands of white nervous tissue beneath the lateral ventricles of the brain.

For•old´ , a. Very old. [Obs.] “A bear’s skin, coal-black, forold.” Chaucer.

For•pass´ , v. t. & i. To pass by or along; to pass over. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•pine´ , v. t. To waste away completely by suffering or torment. [Archaic] ´Pale as a forpined ghost.´ Chaucer.

For´ray , v. t. [OE. forrayen. See Foray.] To foray; to ravage; to pillage. “For they that morn had forrayed all the land.” Fairfax.

For´ray, n. The act of ravaging; a ravaging; a predatory excursion. See Foray.

For´rill , n. [See Forel.] Lambskin parchment; vellum; forel. McElrath.

For•sake´ , v. t. [imp. Forsook p. p. Forsaken p. pr. & vb. n. Forsaking.] [AS. forsacan to oppose, refuse; for- + sacan to contend, strive; akin to Goth. sakan. See For-, and Sake.] 1. To quit or leave entirely; to desert; to abandon; to depart or withdraw from; to leave; as false friends and flatterers forsake us in adversity. “If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments.” Ps. lxxxix. 30. 2. To renounce; to reject; to refuse. “If you forsake the offer of their love.” Shak. Syn. — To abandon; quit; desert; fail; relinquish; give up; renounce; reject. See Abandon.

For•sak´er , n. One who forsakes or deserts.

For•say´ , v. t. [AS. forsecgan to accuse; pref. for- + secgan to say.] To forbid; to renounce; to forsake; to deny. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•shape´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + shape, v.t.] To render misshapen. [Obs.] Gower.

For•slack´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + slack to neglect.] To neglect by idleness; to delay or to waste by sloth. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•slouth´e , v. t. [See For- , and Slouth.] To lose by sloth or negligence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•slow´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + slow.] To delay; to hinder; to neglect; to put off. [Obs.] Bacon.

For•slow´, v. i. To loiter. [Obs.] Shak.

For•slug´ge , v. t. [See Slug to be idle.] To lsoe by idleness or slotch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•sooth´ , adv. [AS. forsoð; for, prep. + soð sooth, truth. See For, prep., and Sooth.] In truth; in fact; certainly; very well; — formerly used as an expression of deference or respect, especially to woman; now used ironically or contemptuously. “A fit man, forsooth, to govern a realm!” Hayward. “Our old English word forsooth has been changed for the French madam.” Guardian.

For•sooth´, v. t. To address respectfully with the term forsooth. [Obs.] “The captain of the ´Charles´ had forsoothed her, though he knew her well enough and she him.” Pepys.

For•sooth´, n. A person who used forsooth much; a very ceremonious and deferential person. [R.] “You sip so like a forsooth of the city.” B. Jonson.

For•speak´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + speak.] 1. To forbid; to prohibit. Shak. 2. To bewitch. [Obs.] Drayton.

For•spent´ , a. [AS. forspendan to consume; pref. for- + spendan to spend.] Wasted in strength; tired; exhausted. [Archaic] “A gentleman almost forspent with speed.” Shak.

For•stall´ , v. t. To forestall. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fors´ter , n. A forester. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•straught´ , p. p. & a. [Pref. for- + straught; cf. distraught.] Distracted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•swat´ , a. [See Sweat.] Spent with heat; covered with sweat. [Obs.] P. Sidney.

For•swear´ , v. t. [imp. Forswore p. p. Forsworn p. pr. & vb. n. Forswearing.] [OE. forsweren, forswerien, AS. forswerian; pref. for- + swerian to swear. See For-, and Swear, v. i.] 1. To reject or renounce upon oath; hence, to renounce earnestly, determinedly, or with protestations. “I … do forswear her.” Shak. 2. To deny upon oath. “Like innocence, and as serenely bold
As truth, how loudly he forswears thy gold!” Dryden. To forswear one’s self, to swear falsely; to perjure one’s self. ´Thou shalt not forswear thyself.´ Matt. v. 33. Syn. — See Perjure.

For•swear´, v. i. To swear falsely; to commit perjury. Shak.

For•swear´er , n. One who rejects of renounces upon oath; one who swears a false oath.

For•swonk´ , a. [Pref. for- + swonk, p. p. of swinkto labor. See Swink.] Overlabored; exhausted; worn out. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•swore´ , imp. of Forswear.

For•sworn´ , p. p. of Forswear.

For•sworn´ness, n. State of being forsworn. [R.]

For•syth´i•a , a. [NL. Named after William Forsyth, who brought in from China.] (Bot.) A shrub of the Olive family, with yellow blossoms.

Fort , n. [F., from fort strong, L. fortis; perh. akin to Skr. darh to fix, make firm, and to E. firm Cf. Forte, Force, Fortalice, Comfort, Effort.] (Mil.) A strong or fortified place; usually, a small fortified place, occupied only by troops, surrounded with a ditch, rampart, and parapet, or with palisades, stockades, or other means of defense; a fortification. “Detached works, depending solely on their own strength, belong to the class of works termed forts.” Farrow.

Fort´a•lice , n. [LL. fortalitia, or OF. fortelesce. See Fortress.] (Mil.) A small outwork of a fortification; a fortilage; - - called also fortelace.

Forte (fort), n. [IT. forte: cf. F. fort. See Fort.] 1. The strong point; that in which one excels. “The construction of a fable seems by no means the forte of our modern poetical writers.” Jeffrey. 2. The stronger part of the blade of a sword; the part of half nearest the hilt; — opposed to foible.

For´te (fôr´ta or for´ta), adv. [It. forte, a. & adv., fr. L. fortis strong.] (Mus.) Loudly; strongly; powerfully.

Fort´ed , a. Furnished with, or guarded by, forts; strengthened or defended, as by forts. [R.] Shak.

Forth , v.[AS. forð, fr. for akin to D. voort, G. fort rad.78. See Fore, For, and cf. Afford, Further, adv.] 1. Forward; onward in time, place, or order; in advance from a given point; on to end; as from that day forth; one, two, three, and so forth. “Lucas was Paul’s companion, at the leastway from the sixteenth of the Acts forth.” Tyndale. “From this time forth, I never will speak word.” Shak. “I repeated the Ave Maria; the inquisitor bad me say forth; I said I was taught no more.” Strype. 2. Out, as from a state of concealment, retirement, confinement, nondevelopment, or the like; out into notice or view; as the plants in spring put forth leaves. “When winter past, and summer scarce begun,
Invites them forth to labor in the sun.” Dryden. 3. Beyond a (certain) boundary; away; abroad; out. “I have no mind of feasting forth to- night.” Shak. 4. Throughly; from beginning to end. [Obs.] Shak. And so forth, Back and forth, From forth. See under And, Back, and From. — Forth of, Forth from, out of. [Obs.] Shak. — To bring forth. See under Bring.

Forth, prep. Forth from; out of. [Archaic] “Some forth their cabins peep.” Donne.

Forth, n. [OE., a ford. 78. See Frith.] A way; a passage or ford. [Obs.] Todd.

Forth•by´ , adv. [Obs.] See Forby.

Forth´com•ing , a. Ready or about to appear; making appearance.

Forth´go•ing , n. A going forth; an utterance. A. Chalmers.

Forth´go•ing, a. Going forth.

For•think´ , v. t. To repent; to regret; to be sorry for; to cause regret. [Obs.] ´Let it forthink you.´ Tyndale. “That me forthinketh, quod this January.” Chaucer.

Forth´put•ing , a. Bold; forward; aggressive.

Forth´right , adv. [Forth, adv. + right, adv.] Straight forward; in a straight direction. [Archaic] Sir P. Sidney.

Forth´right, a. Direct; straightforward; as a forthright man. [Archaic] Lowell. “They were Night and Day, and Day and Night,
Piligrims wight with steps forthright.” Emerson.

Forth´right, n. A straight path. [Archaic] “Here’s a maze trod, indeed,
Through forthrights and meanders!” Shak.

Forth´right•ness, n. Straightforwardness; explicitness; directness. [Archaic] “Dante’s concise forthrightness of phrase.” Hawthorne.

Forth´ward , adv. [Forth, adv. + -ward.] Forward. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Forth•with´ (? or see With), adv. 1. Immediately; without delay; directly. “Immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales; and he received sight forthwith.” Acts ix. 18. 2. (Law) As soon as the thing required may be done by reasonable exertion confined to that object. Bouvier.

For•thy´ , adv. [AS. forðy; for, prep. + ðy, instrumental neut. of se, seó, ðaet, pron. demonstrative and article. See The.] Therefore. [Obs.] Spenser.

For´ties , n. pl. See Forty.

For´ti•eth , a. [AS. feówertigoa. See Forty.] 1. Following the thirty-ninth, or preceded by thirty-nine units, things, or parts. 2. Constituting one of forty equal parts into which anything is divided.

For´ti•eth, n. One of forty equal parts into which one whole is divided; the quotient of a unit divided by forty; one next in order after the thirty-ninth.

For´ti•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. fortifiable.] Capable of being fortified. Johnson.

For•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. fortificatio : cf. F. fortification.] 1. The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places in order to defend them against an enemy. 2. That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle. Fortification agate, Scotch pebble. Syn. — Fortress; citadel; bulwark. See Fortress.

For´ti•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, fortifies, strengthens, supports, or upholds.

For´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fortified p. pr. & vb. n. Fortifying.] [F. fortifier, L. fortificare; fortis strong + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Fort, and -fy.] 1. To add strength to; to strengthen; to confirm; to furnish with power to resist attack. “Timidity was fortified by pride.” Gibbon. “Pride came to the aid of fancy, and both combined to fortify his resolution.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To strengthen and secure by forts or batteries, or by surrounding with a wall or ditch or other military works; to render defensible against an attack by hostile forces.

For´ti•fy, v. i. To raise defensive works. Milton.

For´ti•lage ( 48), n. [Cf. Fortalice.] A little fort; a blockhouse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fort´in , n. [F. See Fort, n.] A little fort; a fortlet. [Obs.]

For•tis´si•mo , adv. [It., superl. of forte, adv. See Forte, adv.] (Mus.) Very loud; with the utmost strength or loudness.

For•ti´tion , n. [See Fortuitous.] Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard. [R.] “No mode of election operating in the spirit of fortition or rotation can be generally good.” Burke.

For´ti•tude , n. [L. fortitudo, fr. fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. Power to resist attack; strength; firmness. [Obs.] “The fortitude of the place is best known to you.” Shak. 2. That strength or firmness of mind which enables a person to encounter danger with coolness and courage, or to bear pain or adversity without murmuring, depression, or despondency; passive courage; resolute endurance; firmness in confronting or bearing up against danger or enduring trouble. “Extolling patience as the truest fortitude.” Milton. “Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues.” Locke. Syn. — Courage; resolution; resoluteness; endurance; bravery. See Courage, and Heroism.

For•ti•tu´di•nous , a. Having fortitude; courageous. [R.] Gibbon.

Fort´let , n. A little fort. [R.] Bailey.

Fort´night ( in U.S. often 277), n. [Contr. fr. fourteen nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights and winters; so, also seven nights, sennight, a week.] The space of fourteen days; two weeks.

Fort´night•ly , a. Occurring or appearing once in a fortnight; as a fortnightly meeting of a club; a fortnightly magazine, or other publication. — adv. Once in a fortnight; at intervals of a fortnight.

For•tread´ , v. t. To tread down; to trample upon. [Obs.] “In hell shall they be all fortroden of devils.” Chaucer.

For´tress , n.; pl. Fortresses (#). [F. forteresse, OF. forteresce, fortelesce, LL. foralitia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, and cf. Fortalice.] A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; a fort; a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security. Syn. — Fortress, Fortification, Castle, Citadel. A fortress is constructed for military purposes only, and is permanently garrisoned; a fortification is built to defend harbors, cities, etc.; a castle is a fortress of early times which was ordinarily a palatial dwelling; a citadel is the stronghold of a fortress or city, etc.

For´tress, v. t. To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard; to fortify. Shak.

For•tu´i•tous , a. [L. fortuitus; akin to forte, adv., by chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance. See Fortune.] 1. Happening by chance; coming or occuring unexpectedly, or without any known cause; chance; as the fortuitous concourse of atoms. “It was from causes seemingly fortuitous … that all the mighty effects of the Reformation flowed.” Robertson. “So as to throw a glancing and fortuitous light upon the whole.” Hazlitt. 2. (LAw) Happening independently of human will or means of foresight; resulting from unavoidable physical causes. Abbott. Syn. — Accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. See Accidental. — For•tu´i•tous•ly, adv. — For•tu´i•tous•ness, n.

For•tu´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fortuite.] Accident; chance; casualty. D. Forbes (1750).

For´tu•nate ( 135), a. [L. fortunatus, p. p. of fortunare to make fortunate or prosperous, fr. fortuna. See Fortune, n.] 1. Coming by good luck or favorable chance; bringing some good thing not foreseen as certain; presaging happiness; auspicious; as a fortunate event; a fortunate concurrence of circumstances; a fortunate investment. 2. Receiving same unforeseen or unexpected good, or some good which was not dependent on one’s own skill or efforts; favored with good forune; lucky. Syn. — Auspicious; lucky; prosperous; successful; favored; happy. — Fortunate, Successful, Prosperous. A man is fortunate, when he is favored of fortune, and has unusual blessings fall to his lot; successful when he gains what he aims at; prosperous when he succeeds in those things which men commonly desire. One may be fortunate, in some cases, where he is not successful; he may be successful, but, if he has been mistaken in the value of what he has aimed at, he may for that reason fail to be prosperous.

For´tu•nate•ly, adv. In a fortunate manner; luckily; successfully; happily.

For´tu•nate•ness, n. The condition or quality of being fortunate; good luck; success; happiness.

For´tune (fôr´tun; 135), n. [F. fortune, L. fortuna; akin to fors, fortis, chance, prob. fr. ferre to bear, bring. See Bear to support, and cf. Fortuitous.] 1. The arrival of something in a sudden or unexpected manner; chance; accident; luck; hap; also the personified or deified power regarded as determining human success, apportioning happiness and unhappiness, and distributing arbitrarily or fortuitously the lots of life. “’T is more by fortune, lady, than by merit.” Shak. “O Fortune, Fortune, all men call thee fickle.” Shak. 2. That which befalls or is to befall one; lot in life, or event in any particular undertaking; fate; destiny; as to tell one’s fortune. “You, who men’s fortunes in their faces read.” Cowley. 3. That which comes as the result of an undertaking or of a course of action; good or ill success; especially, favorable issue; happy event; success; prosperity as reached partly by chance and partly by effort. “Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give.” Dryden. “There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.” Shak. “His father dying, he was driven to seek his fortune.” Swift. 4. Wealth; large possessions; large estate; riches; as a gentleman of fortune. Syn. — Chance; accident; luck; fate. Fortune book, a book supposed to reveal future events to those who consult it. Crashaw. — Fortune hunter, one who seeks to acquire wealth by marriage. — Fortune teller, one who professes to tell future events in the life of another. — Fortune telling, the practice or art of professing to reveal future events in the life of another.

For´tune, v. t. [OF. fortuner, L. fortunare. See Fortune, n.] 1. To make fortunate; to give either good or bad fortune to. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To provide with a fortune. Richardson. 3. To presage; to tell the fortune of. [Obs.] Dryden.

For´tune, v. i. To fall out; to happen. “It fortuned the same night that a Christian, serving a Turk in the camp, secretely gave the watchmen warning.” Knolles.

For´tune•less, a. Luckless; also destitute of a fortune or portion. Spenser.

For´tun•ize , v. t. To regulate the fortune of; to make happy. [Obs.] Spenser.

For´ty (fôr´ty), a. [OE. forti, fourti, fowerti, AS. feówertig; feówer four + suff. - tig ten; akin to OS. fiwartig, fiartig, D. veertig, G. vierzig, Icel. fjörutiu, Sw. fyratio, Dan. fyrretyve, Goth. fidwor tigjus. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Fourteen.] Four times ten; thirty-nine and one more.

For´ty, n.; pl. Forties (-tiz). 1. The sum of four tens; forty units or objects. 2. A symbol expressing forty units; as 40, or xl.

For´ty-spot , n. (Zoöl.) The Tasmanian forty-spotted diamond bird (Pardalotus quadragintus).

Fo´rum , n.; pl. E. Forums (#), L. Fora (#). [L.; akin to foris, foras, out of doors. See Foreign.] 1. A market place or public place in Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people. 2. A tribunal; a court; an assembly empowered to hear and decide causes. “He [Lord Camden] was … more eminent in the senate than in the forum.” Brougham.

For•waked´ , p. p. & a. Tired out with excessive waking or watching. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•wan´der , v. i. To wander away; to go astray; to wander far and to weariness. [Obs.]

For´ward , n. [OE., fr. AS. foreweard; fore before + weard a ward. See Ward, n.] An agreement; a covenant; a promise. [Obs.] “Tell us a tale anon, as forward is.” Chaucer. { For´ward , For´wards }, adv. [AS. forweard, foreweard; for, fore + -weardes; akin to G. vorwärts. The s is properly a genitive ending. See For, Fore, and -ward, -wards.] Toward a part or place before or in front; onward; in advance; progressively; — opposed to backward.

For´ward, a. 1. Near, or at the fore part; in advance of something else; as the forward gun in a ship, or the forward ship in a fleet. 2. Ready; prompt; strongly inclined; in an ill sense, overready; too hasty. “Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which I also was forward to do.” Gal. ii. 10. “Nor do we find him forward to be sounded.” Shak. 3. Ardent; eager; earnest; in an ill sense, less reserved or modest than is proper; bold; confident; as the boy is too forward for his years. “I have known men disagreeably forward from their shyness.” T. Arnold. 4. Advanced beyond the usual degree; advanced for the season; as the grass is forward, or forward for the season; we have a forward spring. “The most forward bud
Is eaten by the canker ere it blow.” Shak.

For´ward , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forwarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Forwarding.] 1. To help onward; to advance; to promote; to accelerate; to quicken; to hasten; as to forward the growth of a plant; to forward one in improvement. 2. To send forward; to send toward the place of destination; to transmit; as to forward a letter.

For´ward•er , n. 1. One who forwards or promotes; a promoter. Udall. 2. One who sends forward anything; (Com.) one who transmits goods; a forwarding merchant. 3. (Bookbinding) One employed in forwarding.

For´ward•ing, n. 1. The act of one who forwards; the act or occupation of transmitting merchandise or other property for others. 2. (Bookbinding) The process of putting a book into its cover, and making it ready for the finisher.

For´ward•ly , adv. Eagerly; hastily; obtrusively.

For´ward•ness, n. The quality of being forward; cheerful readiness; promtness; as the forwardness of Christians in propagating the gospel. 2. An advanced stage of progress or of preparation; advancement; as his measures were in great forwardness. Robertson. 3. Eagerness; ardor; as it is difficult to restrain the forwardness of youth. 3. Boldness; confidence; assurance; want of due reserve or modesty. “In France it is usual to bring children into company, and cherish in them, from their infancy, a kind of forwardness and assurance.” Addison. 5. A state of advance beyond the usual degree; prematureness; precocity; as the forwardnessof spring or of corn; the forwardness of a pupil. “He had such a dexterous proclivity, as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness.” Sir H. Wotton. Syn. — Promptness; promptitude; eagerness; ardor; zeal; assurance; confidence; boldness; impudence; presumption.

For´wards , adv. Same as Forward.

For•waste´ , v. t. [Pref. for- + waste.] To desolate or lay waste utterly. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•wea´ry , v. t. To weary extremely; to dispirit. [Obs.] Spenser.

For•weep´ , v. i. To weep much. [Obs.]

For•wete´ , v. t. See Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•why´ , conj. [For + why, AS. hw, instrumental case of hwa who.] Wherefore; because. [Obs.]

For•worn´ , a. Much worn. [Obs.] “A silly man, in simple weeds forworn.” Spenser.

For•wot´ , pres. indic. 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forwete. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•wrap´ , v. t. To wrap up; to conceal. [Obs.] “All mote be said and nought excused, nor hid, nor forwrapped.” Chaucer.

For•yelde´ , v. t. [AS. forgieldan.] To repay; to requite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•yete´ , v. t. To forget. [Obs.] Chaucer.

For•yet´ten , obs. p. p. of Foryete. Chaucer.

For•zan´do , adv. [It., prop. p. p. of forzare to force.] (Mus.) See Sforzato.

Fos´sa , n.; pl. FossAE (#). [L., a ditch. See Fosse.] (Anat.) A pit, groove, cavity, or depression, of greater or less depth; as the temporal fossa on the side of the skull; the nasal fossae containing the nostrils in most birds.

Fos´sane , n. [Cf. F. fossane.] (Zoöl.) A species of civet (Viverra fossa) resembling the genet.

Fosse , n. [F., fr. L. fossa, fr. fodere, fossum, to dig.] 1. (Fort.) A ditch or moat. 2. (Anat.) See Fossa. Fosse road. See Fosseway.

Fos´set , n. A faucet. [Obs.] Shak.

Fos•sette´ , n. [F., dim. of fosse a fosse.] 1. A little hollow; hence, a dimple. 2. (Med.) A small, deep-centered ulcer of the transparent cornea.

Fosse´way , n. One of the great military roads constructed by the Romans in England and other parts of Europe; — so called from the fosse or ditch on each side for keeping it dry.

Fos´sil , a. [L. fossilis, fr. fodere to dig: cf. F. fossile. See Fosse.] 1. Dug out of the earth; as fossil coal; fossil salt. 2. (Paleon.) Like or pertaining to fossils; contained in rocks, whether petrified or not; as fossil plants, shells. Fossil copal, a resinous substance, first found in the blue clay at Highgate, near London, and apparently a vegetable resin, partly changed by remaining in the earth. — Fossil cork, flax, paper, or wood, varieties of amianthus. — Fossil farina, a soft carbonate of lime. — Fossil ore, fossiliferous red hematite. Raymond.

Fos´sil, n. 1. A substance dug from the earth. [Obs.] Formerly all minerals were called fossils, but the word is now restricted to express the remains of animals and plants found buried in the earth. Ure. 2. (Paleon.) The remains of an animal or plant found in stratified rocks. Most fossils belong to extinct species, but many of the later ones belong to species still living. 3. A person whose views and opinions are extremely antiquated; one whose sympathies are with a former time rather than with the present. [Colloq.]

Fos•sil•if´er•ous , a. [Fossil + -ferous.] (Paleon.) Containing or composed of fossils.

Fos•sil•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Fossil + L. facere to make.] The process of becoming fossil.

Fos´sil•ism , n. 1. The science or state of fossils. Coleridge. 2. The state of being extremely antiquated in views and opinions.

Fos´sil•ist, n. One who is versed in the science of fossils; a paleontologist. Joseph Black.

Fos•sil•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. fossilisation.] The process of converting, or of being converted, into a fossil.

Fos´sil•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fossilized p. pr. & vb. n. Fossilizing ] [Cf. F. fossiliser.] 1. To convert into a fossil; to petrify; as to fossilize bones or wood. 2. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, as by fossilization; to mummify; to deaden. “Ten layers of birthdays on a woman’s head
Are apt to fossilize her girlish mirth.” Mrs. Browning.

Fos´sil•ize, v. i. 1. To become fossil. 2. To become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, beyond the influence of change or progress.

Fos´sil•ized , a. Converted into a fossil; antiquated; firmly fixed in views or opinions. “A fossilized sample of confused provincialism.” Earle.

Fos•so´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fossor digger, fr. fodere to dig.] (Zoöl.) A group of hymenopterous insects including the sand wasps. They excavate cells in earth, where they deposit their eggs, with the bodies of other insects for the food of the young when hatched. [Written also Fossoria.]

Fos•so´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Fossores.

Fos•so´ri•al , a. [L. fossor a digger.] Fitted for digging, adapted for burrowing or digging; as a fossorial foot; a fossorial animal.

Fos•so´ri•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Adapted for digging; — said of the legs of certain insects.

Fos´su•late , a. [L. fossula little ditch, dim. of fossa. See Fosse.] Having, or surrounded by, long, narrow depressions or furrows.

Fos´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fostered , p. pr. & vb. n. Fostering.] [OE. fostren, fr. AS. foster, fostor, food, nourishment, fr. foda food. rad.75. See Food.] 1. To feed; to nourish; to support; to bring up. “Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.” Shak. 2. To cherish; to promote the growth of; to encourage; to sustain and promote; as to foster genius.

Fos´ter, v. i. To be nourished or trained up together. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fos´ter, a. [AS. foster, fostor, nourishment. See Foster, v. t.] Relating to nourishment; affording, receiving, or sharing nourishment or nurture; — applied to father, mother, child, brother, etc., to indicate that the person so called stands in the relation of parent, child, brother, etc., as regards sustenance and nurture, but not by tie of blood. Foster babe, or child, an infant of child nursed by a woman not its mother, or bred by a man not its father. — Foster brother, Foster sister, one who is, or has been, nursed at the same breast, or brought up by the same nurse as another, but is not of the same parentage. — Foster dam, one who takes the place of a mother; a nurse. Dryden. — Foster earth, earth by which a plant is nourished, though not its native soil. J. Philips. — Foster father, a man who takes the place of a father in caring for a child. Bacon. — Foster land. (a) Land allotted for the maintenance of any one. [Obs.] (b) One’s adopted country. — Foster lean [foster + AS. laen a loan See Loan.], remuneration fixed for the rearing of a foster child; also the jointure of a wife. [Obs.] Wharton. — Foster mother, a woman who takes a mother’s place in the nurture and care of a child; a nurse. — Foster nurse, a nurse; a nourisher. [R.] Shak. — Foster parent, a foster mother or foster father. — Foster son, a male foster child.

Fos´ter, n. A forester. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fos´ter•age ( 48), n. The care of a foster child; the charge of nursing. Sir W. Raleigh.

Fos´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, fosters.

Fos´ter•ling, n. [AS. fostorling.] A foster child.

Fos´ter•ment , n. Food; nourishment. [Obs.]

Fos´tress , n. [For fosteress.] A woman who feeds and cherishes; a nurse. B. Jonson.

Foth´er , n. [OE. fother, foder, AS. foer a cartload; akin to G. fuder a cartload, a unit of measure, OHG. fuodar, D. voeder, and perh. to E. fathom, or cf. Skr. patra vessel, dish. Cf. Fodder a fother.] 1. A wagonload; a load of any sort. [Obs.] “Of dung full many a fother.” Chaucer. 2. See Fodder, a unit of weight.

Foth´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fothered p. pr. & vb. n. Fothering.] [Cf. Fodder food, and G. füttern, futtern, to cover within or without, to line. rad.75.] To stop (a leak in a ship at sea) by drawing under its bottom a thrummed sail, so that the pressure of the water may force it into the crack. Totten.

Fo´tive , a. [L. fovere, fotum, to keep warm, to cherish.] Nourishing. [Obs.] T. Carew (1633).

Fot´mal , n. (Com.) Seventy pounds of lead. { Fou•gade´ , Fou•gasse´ }, n. (Mil.) A small mine, in the form of a well sunk from the surface of the ground, charged with explosive and projectiles. It is made in a position likely to be occupied by the enemy.

Fought , imp. & p. p. of Fight.

Fought´en , p. p. of Fight. [Archaic]

Foul (foul), n. [See Fowl.] A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Foul (foul), a. [Compar. Fouler (-er); superl. Foulest.] [OE. foul, ful, AS. ful; akin to D. vuil, G. faul rotten, OHG. ful, Icel. ful foul, fetid; Dan. fuul, Sw. ful foul, Goth. fuls fetid, Lith. puti to be putrid, L. putere to stink, be putrid, pus pus, Gr. py•on pus, to cause to rot, Skr. puy to stink. rad.82. Cf. Defile to foul, File to foul, Filth, Pus, Putrid.] 1. Covered with, or containing, extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, or obstructive; filthy; dirty; not clean; polluted; nasty; defiled; as a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney; foul air; a ship’s bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles; a gun becomes foul from repeated firing; a well is foul with polluted water. “My face is foul with weeping.” Job. xvi. 16. 2. Scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; as foul words; foul language. 3. Hateful; detestable; shameful; odious; wretched. ´The foul with Sycorax.´ Shak. “Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?” Milton. 4. Loathsome; disgusting; as a foul disease. 5. Ugly; homely; poor. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.” Shak. 6. Not favorable; unpropitious; not fair or advantageous; as a foul wind; a foul road; cloudy or rainy; stormy; not fair; — said of the weather, sky, etc. “So foul a sky clears not without a storm.” Shak. 7. Not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating; as foul play. 8. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; — opposed to clear; as a rope or cable may get foul while paying it out. Foul anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor. — Foul ball (Baseball), a ball that first strikes the ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls outside of certain limits. — Foul ball lines (Baseball), lines from the home base, through the first and third bases, to the boundary of the field. — Foul berth (Naut.), a berth in which a ship is in danger of fouling another vesel. — Foul bill, or Foul bill of health, a certificate, duly authenticated, that a ship has come from a place where a contagious disorder prevails, or that some of the crew are infected. — Foul copy, a rough draught, with erasures and corrections; — opposed to fair or clean copy. ´Some writers boast of negligence, and others would be ashamed to show their foul copies.´ Cowper. — Foul proof, an uncorrected proof; a proof containing an excessive quantity of errors. — Foul strike (Baseball), a strike by the batsman when any part of his person is outside of the lines of his position. — To fall foul, to fall out; to quarrel. [Obs.] ´If they be any ways offended, they fall foul.´ Burton. — To fall, or run, foul of. See under Fall. — To make foul water, to sail in such shallow water that the ship’s keel stirs the mud at the bottom.

Foul , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fouled p. pr. & vb. n. Fouling.] 1. To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to soil; as to foul the face or hands with mire. 2. (Mil.) To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the process of firing. 3. To cover (a ship’s bottom) with anything that impered its sailing; as a bottom fouled with barnacles. 4. To entangle, so as to impede motion; as to foul a rope or cable in paying it out; to come into collision with; as one boat fouled the other in a race.

Foul, v. i. 1. To become clogged with burnt powder in the process of firing, as a gun. 2. To become entagled, as ropes; to come into collision with something; as the two boats fouled.

Foul, n. 1. An entanglement; a collision, as in a boat race. 2. (Baseball) See Foul ball, under Foul, a.

Fou•lard´ , n. [F.] A thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton, originally imported from India, but now also made elsewhere.

Foul´der , v. i. [OE. fouldre lightning, fr. F. foudre, OF. also fouldre, fr. L. fulgur. See Fulgor.] To flash, as lightning; to lighten; to gleam; to thunder. [Obs.] ´Flames of fouldering heat.´ Spenser.

Foul´e , adv. Foully. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Foul´ly , v. In a foul manner; filthily; nastily; shamefully; unfairly; dishonorably. “I foully wronged him; do forgive me, do.” Gay.

Foul´-mouthed , a. Using language scurrilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; abusive. “So foul-mouthed a witness never appeared in any cause.” Addison.

Foul´ness, n. [AS. fulnes.] The quality or condition of being foul.

Foul´-spo•ken , a. Using profane, scurrilous, slanderous, or obscene language. Shak.

Fou´mart , n. [OE. folmard, fulmard; AS. fl foul + mearð, meard, marten: cf. F. marte, martre. See Foul, a., and Marten the quadruped.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; — called also European ferret, and fitchew. See Polecat. [Written also foulmart, foulimart, and fulimart.]

Found , imp. & p. p. of Find.

Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] [F. fondre, L. fundere to found, pour.] To form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold; to cast. ´Whereof to found their engines.´ Milton.

Found, n. A thin, single-cut file for combmakers.

Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom. See 1st Bottom, and cf. Founder, v. i., Fund.] 1. To lay the basis of; to set, or place, as on something solid, for support; to ground; to establish upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix firmly. “I had else been perfect,
Whole as the marble, founded as the rock.” Shak. “A man that all his time
Hath founded his good fortunes on your love.” Shak. “It fell not, for it was founded on a rock.” Matt. vii. 25. 2. To take the ffirst steps or measures in erecting or building up; to furnish the materials for beginning; to begin to raise; to originate; as to found a college; to found a family. “There they shall found
Their government, and their great senate choose.” Milton. Syn. — To base; ground; institute; establish; fix. See Predicate.

Foun•da´tion , n. [F. fondation, L. fundatio. See Found to establish.] 1. The act of founding, fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect. 2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; groundwork; basis. “Behold, I lay in Zion, for a foundation, a stone … a precious corner stone, a sure foundation.” Is. xxviii. 16. “The foundation of a free common wealth.” Motley. 3. (Arch.) The lowest and supporting part or member of a wall, including the base course (see Base course (a), under Base, n.) and footing courses; in a frame house, the whole substructure of masonry. 4. A donation or legacy appropriated to support a charitable institution, and constituting a permanent fund; endowment. “He was entered on the foundation of Westminster.” Macaulay. 5. That which is founded, or established by endowment; an endowed institution or charity. “Against the canon laws of our foundation.” Milton. Foundation course. See Base course, under Base, n. — Foundation muslin, an open-worked gummed fabric used for stiffening dresses, bonnets, etc. — Foundation school, in England, an endowed school. — To be on a foundation, to be entitled to a support from the proceeds of an endowment, as a scholar or a fellow of a college.

Foun•da´tion•er , n. One who derives support from the funds or foundation of a college or school. [Eng.]

Foun•da´tion•less, a. Having no foundation.

Found´er , n. [Cf. OF. fondeor, F. fondateur, L. fundator.] One who founds, establishes, and erects; one who lays a foundation; an author; one from whom anything originates; one who endows.

Found´er, n. [From Found to cast.] One who founds; one who casts metals in various forms; a caster; as a founder of cannon, bells, hardware, or types. Fonder’s dust. Same as Facing, 4. — Founder’s sand, a kind of sand suitable for purposes of molding.

Found´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foundered p. pr. & vb. n. Foundering.] [OF. fondrer to fall in, cf. F. s’effondrer, fr. fond bottom, L. fundus. See Found to establish.] 1. (Naut.) To become filled with water, and sink, as a ship. 2. To fall; to stumble and go lame, as a horse. “For which his horse feare gan to turn,
And leep aside, and foundrede as he leep.” Chaucer. 3. To fail; to miscarry. ´All his tricks founder.´ Shak.

Found´er, v. t. To cause internal inflammation and soreness in the feet or limbs of (a horse), so as to disable or lame him.

Found´er, n. (Far.) (a) A lameness in the foot of a horse, occasioned by inflammation; closh. (b) An inflammatory fever of the body, or acute rheumatism; as chest founder. See Chest ffounder. James White.

Foun´der•ous , a. Difficult to travel; likely to trip one up; as a founderous road. [R.] Burke.

Found´er•shaft , n. (Mining) The first shaft sunk. Raymond.

Found´er•y , n.; pl. Founderies (#). [F. fonderie, fr. fondre. See Found to cast, and cf. Foundry.] Same as Foundry.

Found´ing, n. The art of smelting and casting metals.

Found´ling , n. [OE. foundling, fundling; finden to find + - ling; cf. fündling, findling. See Find, v. t., and -ling.] A deserted or exposed infant; a child found without a parent or owner. Foundling hospital, a hospital for foundlings.

Found´ress , n. A female founder; a woman who founds or establishes, or who endows with a fund.

Found´ry , n.; pl. Foundries (#). [See Foundery.] 1. The act, process, or art of casting metals. 2. The buildings and works for casting metals. Foundry ladle, a vessel for holding molten metal and conveying it from cupola to the molds.

Fount , n. [See Font.] (Print.) A font.

Fount, n. [OF. font, funt, fr. L. fons, fontis, a fountain; of uncertain origin, perh. akin to fundere to pour, E. found to cast. Cf. Font.] A fountain.

Foun´tain (foun´tin), n. [F. fontaine, LL. fontana, fr. L. fons, fontis. See 2d Fount.] 1. A spring of water issuing from the earth. 2. An artificially produced jet or stream of water; also the structure or works in which such a jet or stream rises or flows; a basin built and constantly supplied with pure water for drinking and other useful purposes, or for ornament. 3. A reservoir or chamber to contain a liquid which can be conducted or drawn off as needed for use; as the ink fountain in a printing press, etc. 4. The source from which anything proceeds, or from which anything is supplied continuously; origin; source. “Judea, the fountain of the gospel.” Fuller. “Author of all being,
Fountain of light, thyself invisible.” Milton. Air fountain. See under Air. — Fountain heead, primary source; original; first principle. Young. — Fountain inkstand, an inkstand having a continual supply of ink, as from elevated reservoir. — Fountain lamp, a lamp fed with oil from an elevated reservoir. — Fountain pen, a pen with a reservoir in the handle which furnishes a supply of ink. — Fountain pump. (a) A structure for a fountain, having the form of a pump. (b) A portable garden pump which throws a jet, for watering plants, etc. — Fountain shell (Zoöl.), the large West Indian conch shell (Strombus gigas). — Fountain of youth, a mythical fountain whose waters were fabled to have the property of renewing youth.

Foun´tain•less, a. Having no fountain; destitute of springs or sources of water. “Barren desert, fountainless and dry.” Milton.

Fount´ful , a. Full of fountains. Pope.

Four (for), a. [OE. four, fower, feower, AS. feówer; akin to OS. fiwar, D. & G. vier, OHG. fior, Icel. fjorir, Sw. fyra, Dan. fire, Goth. fidwor, Russ. chetuire, chetvero, W. pedwar, L. quatuor, Gr. te•ttares, te•ssares, pi•syres, Skr. catur. rad.302. Cf. Farthing, Firkin, Forty, Cater four, Quater-cousin, Quatuor, Quire of paper, tetrarch.] One more than three; twice two.

Four, n. 1. The sum of four units; four units or objects. 2. A symbol representing four units, as 4 or iv. 3. Four things of the same kind, esp. four horses; as a chariot and four. All fours. See All fours, in the Vocabulary. { Fourb , Fourbe }, n. [F.] A tricky fellow; a cheat. [Obs.] Evelyn. Denham.

Four•che´ (foor•sha´), a. [F. See Fork.] (Her.) Having the ends forked or branched, and the ends of the branches terminating abruptly as if cut off; — said of an ordinary, especially of a cross.

Four•chette´ (foor•shet´), n. [F., dim. of fourche. See Fork.] 1. A table fork. 2. (Anat.) (a) A small fold of membrane, connecting the labia in the posterior part of the vulva. (b) The wishbone or furculum of birds. (c) The frog of the hoof of the horse and allied animals. 3. (Surg.) An instrument used to raise and support the tongue during the cutting of the fraenum. 4. (Glove Making) The forked piece between two adjacent fingers, to which the front and back portions are sewed. Knight.

Four´-cor•nered , a. Having four corners or angles.

Four•dri•nier´ , n. A machine used in making paper; — so named from an early inventor of improvements in this class of machinery.

Four´fold , a. & adv. [AS. feówerfeold.] Four times; quadruple; as a fourfold division. “He shall restore the lamb fourfold.” 2 Sam. xii. 6.

Four´fold, n. Four times as many or as much.

Four´fold, v. t. To make four times as much or as many, as an assessment; to quadruple.

Four´foot•ed , a. Having four feet; quadruped; as fourfooted beasts.

Four•gon´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) (a) An ammunition wagon. (b) A French baggage wagon.

Four´hand•ed , a. 1. Having four hands; quadrumanous. Goldsmith. 2. Requiring four ´hands´ or players; as a fourhanded game at cards.

Fou´ri•er•ism , n. The coöperative socialistic system of Charles Fourier, a Frenchman, who recommended the reorganization of society into small communities, living in common. { Fou´ri•er•ist , Fou´ri•er•ite }, n. One who adopts the views of Fourier.

Four´-in-hand , a. Consisting of four horses controlled by one person; as a four-in-hand team; drawn by four horses driven by one person; as a four-in- hand coach. — n. A team of four horses driven by one person; also a vehicle drawn by such a team. “As quaint a four-in-hand
As you shall see.” Tennyson.

Four´ling, n. 1. One of four children born at the same time. 2. (Crystallog.) A compound or twin crystal consisting of four individuals.

Four•neau´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) The chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed.

Four´-o’clock , n. 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mirabilis. There are about half a dozen species, natives of the warmer parts of America. The common four-o’clock is M. Jalapa. Its flowers are white, yellow, and red, and open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy weather; hence the name. It is also called marvel of Peru, and afternoon lady. 2. (Zoöl.) The friar bird; — so called from its cry, which resembles these words.

Four´pence , n. 1. A British silver coin, worth four pence; a groat. 2. A name formerly given in New England to the Spanish half real, a silver coin worth six and a quarter cents.

Four´-post•er , n. A large bedstead with tall posts at the corners to support curtains. [Colloq.]

Four´rier ( F. ), n. [F., fr. OF. forre. See Forage, n.] A harbinger. [Obs.]

Four´score , a. [Four + core, n.] Four times twenty; eighty.

Four´score, n. The product of four times twenty; eighty units or objects.

Four´square , a. Having four sides and four equal angles. Sir W. Raleigh.

Four´teen , a. [OE. fourtene, feowertene, AS. feówertyne, feówertene. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Forty.] Four and ten more; twice seven.

Four´teen, n. 1. The sum of ten and four; forteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fourteen, as 14 or xiv.

Four´teenth , a. [Cf. OE. fourtende, fourtethe, AS. feówerteoða.] 1. Next in order after the thirteenth; as the fourteenth day of the month. 2. Making or constituting one of fourteen equal parts into which anything may be divided.

Four´teenth, n. 1. One of fourteen equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by fourteen; one next after the thirteenth. 2. (Mus.) The octave of the seventh.

Fourth , a. [OE. fourthe, ferthe, feorthe, AS. feórða, fr. feówer four.] 1. Next in order after the third; the ordinal of four. 2. Forming one of four equal parts into which anything may be divided.

Fourth, n. 1. One of four equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by four; one coming next in order after the third. 2. (Mus.) The interval of two tones and a semitone, embracing four diatonic degrees of the scale; the subdominant of any key. The Fourth, specifically, in the United States, the fourth day of July, the anniversary of the declaration of American independence; as to celebrate the Fourth.

Fourth´ly, adv. In the fourth place.

Four´-way , a. Allowing passage in either of four directions; as a four-way cock, or valve. Francis. Four-way cock, a cock connected with four pipes or ports, and having two or more passages in the plug, by which the adjacent pipes or ports may be made to communicate; formerly used as a valve in the steam engine, and now for various other purposes. In the illustration, a leads to the upper end of a steam engine cylinder, and b to the lower end; c is the steam pipe, and d the exhaust pipe.

Four´-wheeled , a. Having four wheels.

Four´-wheel•er , n. A vehicle having four wheels. [Colloq.]

Fous´sa , n. [Natibe name.] (Zoöl.) A viverrine animal of Madagascar (Cryptoprocta ferox). It resembles a cat in size and form, and has retractile claws.

Fou´ter , n. [F. foutre to lecher, L. futuere. Cf. Fouty.] A despicable fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett.

Fou´tra , n. [See Fouter.] A fig; — a word of contempt. [Obs.] “A foutra for the world and wordlings base!” Shak.

Fou´ty , a. [Cf. F. foutu, p. p. of foutre; OF. foutu scoundrel. See Fouter.] Despicable. [Obs.]

Fo´ve•a , n.; pl. Foveae (#). [L., a small pit.] A slight depression or pit; a fossa.

Fo´ve•ate , a. [L. fovea a pit.] Having pits or depressions; pitted.

Fo•ve´o•la , n.; pl. Foveolae (#). [NL., dim. of L. fovea.] A small depression or pit; a fovea.

Fo´ve•o•late , a. Having small pits or depressions, as the receptacle in some composite flowers.

Fo´ve•o•la•ted , a. Foveolate.

Fo•vil´la , n.; pl. Fovillae (#). [Dim. fr. L. fovere to cherish.] (Bot.) One of the fine granules contained in the protoplasm of a pollen grain.

Fowl , n. Instead of the pl. Fowls the singular is often used collectively. [OE. foul, fowel, foghel, fuhel, fugel, AS. fugol; akin to OS. fugal D. & G. vogel, OHG. fogal, Icel. & Dan. fugl, Sw. fogel, fågel, Goth. fugls; of unknown origin, possibly by loss of l, from the root of E. fly, or akin to E. fox, as being a tailed animal.] 1. Any bird; esp., any large edible bird. “Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air.” Gen. i. 26. “Behold the fowls of the air; for they sow not.” Matt. vi. 26. “Like a flight of fowl
Scattered by winds and high tempestuous gusts.” Shak. 2. Any domesticated bird used as food, as a hen, turkey, duck; in a more restricted sense, the common domestic cock or hen (Gallus domesticus). Barndoor fowl, or Barnyard fowl, a fowl that frequents the barnyard; the common domestic cock or hen.

Fowl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fowled p. pr. & vb. n. Fowling.] To catch or kill wild fowl, for game or food, as by shooting, or by decoys, nets, etc. “Such persons as may lawfully hunt, fish, or fowl.” Blackstone. Fowling piece, a light gun with smooth bore, adapted for the use of small shot in killing birds or small quadrupeds.

Fowl´er , n. A sportsman who pursues wild fowl, or takes or kills for food.

Fow´ler•ite , n. [From Dr. Samuel Fowler.] (Min.) A variety of rhodonite, from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, containing some zinc.

Fow´ler’s so•lu´tion An aqueous solution of arsenite of potassium, of such strength that one hundred parts represent one part of arsenious acid, or white arsenic; — named from Fowler, an English physician who first brought it into use.

Fox , n.; pl. Foxes (#). [AS. fox; akin to D. vos, G. fuchs, OHG. fuhs, foha, Goth. faúh, Icel. fa fox, fox fraud; of unknown origin, cf. Skr. puccha tail. Cf. Vixen.] 1. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the genus Vulpes, family Canidae, of many species. The European fox (V. vulgaris or V. vulpes), the American red fox (V. fulvus), the American gray fox (V. Virginianus), and the arctic, white, or blue, fox (V. lagopus) are well-known species. The black or silver-gray fox is a variety of the American red fox, producing a fur of great value; the cross- gray and woods-gray foxes are other varieties of the same species, of less value. The common foxes of Europe and America are very similar; both are celebrated for their craftiness. They feed on wild birds, poultry, and various small animals. “Subtle as the fox for prey.” Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) The European dragonet. 3. (Zoöl.) The fox shark or thrasher shark; — called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark. 4. A sly, cunning fellow. [Colloq.] “We call a crafty and cruel man a fox.” Beattie. 5. (Naut.) Rope yarn twisted together, and rubbed with tar; — used for seizings or mats. 6. A sword; — so called from the stamp of a fox on the blade, or perhaps of a wolf taken for a fox. [Obs.] “Thou diest on point of fox.” Shak. 7. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which, with the Sacs, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin; — called also Outagamies. Fox and geese. (a) A boy’s game, in which one boy tries to catch others as they run one goal to another. (b) A game with sixteen checkers, or some substitute for them, one of which is called the fox, and the rest the geese; the fox, whose first position is in the middle of the board, endeavors to break through the line of the geese, and the geese to pen up the fox. — Fox bat (Zoöl.), a large fruit bat of the genus Pteropus, of many species, inhabiting Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, esp. P. medius of India. Some of the species are more than four feet across the outspread wings. See Fruit bat. — Fox bolt, a bolt having a split end to receive a fox wedge. — Fox brush (Zoöl.), the tail of a fox. — Fox evil, a disease in which the hair falls off; alopecy. — Fox grape (Bot.), the name of two species of American grapes. The northern fox grape (Vitis Labrusca) is the origin of the varieties called Isabella, Concord, Hartford, etc., and the southern fox grape (Vitis vulpina) has produced the Scuppernong, and probably the Catawba. — Fox hunter. (a) One who pursues foxes with hounds. (b) A horse ridden in a fox chase. — Fox shark (Zoöl.), the thrasher shark. See Thrasher shark, under Thrasher. — Fox sleep, pretended sleep. — Fox sparrow (Zoöl.), a large American sparrow (Passerella iliaca); — so called on account of its reddish color. — Fox squirrel (Zoöl.), a large North American squirrel (Sciurus niger, or S. cinereus). In the Southern States the black variety prevails; farther north the fulvous and gray variety, called the cat squirrel, is more common. — Fox terrier (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar breed of terriers, used in hunting to drive foxes from their holes, and for other purposes. There are rough- and smooth-haired varieties. — Fox trot, a pace like that which is adopted for a few steps, by a horse, when passing from a walk into a trot, or a trot into a walk. — Fox wedge (Mach. & Carpentry), a wedge for expanding the split end of a bolt, cotter, dowel, tenon, or other piece, to fasten the end in a hole or mortise and prevent withdrawal. The wedge abuts on the bottom of the hole and the piece is driven down upon it. Fastening by fox wedges is called foxtail wedging. — Fox wolf (Zoöl.), one of several South American wild dogs, belonging to the genus Canis. They have long, bushy tails like a fox.

Fox , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foxed p. pr. & vb. n. Foxing.] [See Fox, n., cf. Icel. fox imposture.] 1. To intoxicate; to stupefy with drink. “I drank … so much wine that I was almost foxed.” Pepys. 2. To make sour, as beer, by causing it to ferment. 3. To repair the feet of, as of boots, with new front upper leather, or to piece the upper fronts of.

Fox, v. i. To turn sour; — said of beer, etc., when it sours in fermenting.

Fox´earth , n. A hole in the earth to which a fox resorts to hide himself.

Foxed , a. 1. Discolored or stained; — said of timber, and also of the paper of books or engravings. 2. Repaired by foxing; as foxed boots.

Fox´e•ry , n. Behavior like that of a fox; cunning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fox´es , n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Fox, n., 7.

Fox´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The fox shark; — called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark. (b) The european dragonet. See Dragonet.

Fox´glove , n. [AS. foxes- glofa, foxes-clofa,foxes-clife.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Digitalis. The common English foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is a handsome perennial or biennial plant, whose leaves are used as a powerful medicine, both as a sedative and diuretic. See Digitalis. “Pan through the pastures oftentimes hath run
To pluck the speckled foxgloves from their stem.” W. Browne.

Fox´hound , n. (Zoöl.) One of a special breed of hounds used for chasing foxes.

Fox´-hunt•ing , a. Pertaining to or engaged in the hunting of foxes; fond of hunting foxes.

Fox´i•ness , n. 1. The state or quality of being foxy, or foxlike; craftiness; shrewdness. 2. The state of being foxed or discolored, as books; decay; deterioration. 3. A coarse and sour taste in grapes.

Fox´ish, a. Foxlike. [Obs.]

Fox´like , a. Resembling a fox in his characteristic qualities; cunning; artful; foxy.

Fox´ly, a. Foxlike. [Obs.] ´Foxly craft.´ Latimer.

Fox´ship, n. Foxiness; craftiness. [R.] Shak.

Fox´tail , n. 1. The tail or brush of a fox. 2. (Bot.) The name of several kinds of grass having a soft dense head of flowers, mostly the species of Alopecurus and Setaria. 3. (Metal.) The last cinders obtained in the fining process. Raymond. Foxtail saw, a dovetail saw. — Foxtail wedging. See Fox wedge, under Fox.

Fox´y , a. 1. Like or pertaining to the fox; foxlike in disposition or looks; wily. “Modred’s narrow, foxy face.” Tennyson. 2. Having the color of a fox; of a yellowish or reddish brown color; — applied sometimes to paintings when they have too much of this color. 3. Having the odor of a fox; rank; strong smeelling. 4. Sour; unpleasant in taste; — said of wine, beer, etc., not properly fermented; — also of grapes which have the coarse flavor of the fox grape.

Foy (foi), n. [F. foi, old spelling foy, faith. See Faith.] 1. Faith; allegiance; fealty. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A feast given by one about to leave a place. [Obs.] “He did at the Dog give me, and some other friends of his, his foy, he being to set sail to-day.” Pepys.

Foy•er´ , n. [F., fr. LL. focarium fireplace. See Focus, n.] 1. A lobby in a theater; a greenroom. 2. The crucible or basin in a furnace which receives the molten metal. Knight.

Foy´son , n. [Obs.] See Foison.

Fo´zi•ness , n. The state of being fozy; spiritlessness; dullness. [Scot.] “[The Whigs’] foziness can no longer be concealed.” Blackwood’s.

Fo´zy , a. Spongy; soft; fat and puffy. [Scot.]

Fra (fra), adv. & prep. [OE.] Fro. [Old Eng. & Scot.]

Fra (fra), n. [It., for frate. See Friar.] Brother; — a title of a monk or friar; as Fra Angelo. Longfellow.

Frab , v. i. & t. To scold; to nag. [Prov. Eng.]

Frab´bit , a. Crabbed; peevish. [Prov. Eng.]

Fra´cas (fra´kas; F. fra•kä´; 277), n. [F., crash, din, tumult, It. fracasso, fr. fracassare to break in pieces, perh. fr. fra within, among (L. infra) + cassare to annul, cashier. Cf. Cashier, v. t.] An uproar; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl.

Frache (frash), n. A shallow iron pan to hold glass ware while being annealed.

Frac´id , a. [L. fracidus mellow, soft.] Rotten from being too ripe; overripe. [Obs.] Blount.

Fract (frakt), v. t. [L. fractus, p. p. of frangere to break.] To break; to violate. [Obs.] Shak.

Frac´ted, a. (Her.) Having a part displaced, as if broken; — said of an ordinary. Macaulay.

Frac´tion , n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking, fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.] 1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially by violence. [Obs.] “Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to any fraction or breaking up.” Foxe. 2. A portion; a fragment. “Some niggard fractions of an hour.” Tennyson. 3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude. Common, or Vulgar, fraction, a fraction in which the number of equal parts into which the integer is supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters, called the denominator, written below a line, over which is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts included in the fraction; as ½, one half, &frac25;, two fifths. — Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed number in the numerator or denominator, or in both. Davies & Peck. — Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more fractions connected by of. — Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction, etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc. — Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is greater than the denominator. — Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator.

Frac´tion, v. t. (Chem.) To separate by means of, or to subject to, fractional distillation or crystallization; to fractionate; — frequently used with out; as to fraction out a certain grade of oil from pretroleum.

Frac´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting a fraction; as fractional numbers. 2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as a fractional part of the population. Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual and approximate purification and separation, by means of repeated solution and crystallization therefrom. — Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than the monetary unit. — Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing considerably from each other in their boiling points, can be separated into its constituents.

Frac´tion•al•ly, adv. By fractions or separate portions; as to distill a liquid fractionally, that is, so as to separate different portions.

Frac´tion•a•ry , a. Fractional. [Obs.]

Frac´tion•ate , v. t. To separate into different portions or fractions, as in the distillation of liquids.

Frac´tious , a. [Cf. Prov. E. frack forward, eager, E. freak, fridge; or Prov. E. fratch to squabble, quarrel.] Apt to break out into a passion; apt to scold; cross; snappish; ugly; unruly; as a fractious man; a fractious horse. Syn. — Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; perverse; pettish. — Frac´tious•ly, v. — Frac´tious•ness, n.

Frac´tur•al ( 135), a. Pertaining to, or consequent on, a fracture. [R.]

Frac´ture ( 135), n. [L. fractura, fr. frangere, fractum, to break: cf. F. fracture. See Fraction.] 1. The act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach. 2. (Surg.) The breaking of a bone. 3. (Min.) The texture of a freshly broken surface; as a compact fracture; an even, hackly, or conchoidal fracture. Comminuted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone is broken into several parts. — Complicated fracture (Surg.), a fracture of the bone combined with the lesion of some artery, nervous trunk, or joint. — Compound fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which there is an open wound from the surface down to the fracture. — Simple fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone only is ruptured. It does not communicate with the surface by an open wound. Syn. — Fracture, Rupture. These words denote different kinds of breaking, according to the objects to which they are applied. Fracture is applied to hard substances; as the fracture of a bone. Rupture is oftener applied to soft substances; as the rupture of a blood vessel. It is also used figuratively. ´To be an enemy and once to have been a friend, does it not embitter the rupture?´ South.

Frac´ture ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fractured (#; 135); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fracturing.] [Cf. F. fracturer.] To cause a fracture or fractures in; to break; to burst asunder; to crack; to separate the continuous parts of; as to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull.

Fraen´u•lum , n.; pl. Fraenula (#). [NL., dim. of L. fraenum a bridle.] (Anat.) A fraenum. { Frae´num , or Fre´num }, n.; pl. E. Fraenums (#), L. Fraena (#). [L., a bridle.] (Anat.) A connecting fold of membrane serving to support or restrain any part; as the fraenum of the tongue.

Frag´ile , a. [L. fragilis, from frangere to break; cf. F. fragile. See Break, v. t., and cf. Frail, a.] Easily broken; brittle; frail; delicate; easily destroyed. “The state of ivy is tough, and not fragile.” Bacon. Syn. — Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; frangible; slight. — Frag´ile•ly, adv.

Fra•gil´i•ty , n. [L. fragilitas: cf. F. fragilite. Cf. Frailty.] 1. The condition or quality of being fragile; brittleness; frangibility. Bacon. 2. Weakness; feebleness. “An appearance of delicacy, and even of fragility, is almost essential to it [beauty].” Burke. 3. Liability to error and sin; frailty. [Obs.] “The fragility and youthful folly of Qu. Fabius.” Holland.

Frag´ment , n. [L. fragmentum, fr. frangere to break: cf. F. fragment. See Break, v. t.] A part broken off; a small, detached portion; an imperfect part; as a fragment of an ancient writing. “Gather up the fragments that remain.” John vi. 12.

Frag•men´tal , a. 1. Fragmentary. 2. (Geol.) Consisting of the pulverized or fragmentary material of rock, as conglomerate, shale, etc.

Frag•men´tal, n. (Geol.) A fragmentary rock.

Frag´men•ta•ri•ly , adv. In a fragmentary manner; piecemeal.

Frag´men•ta•ri•ness, n. The quality or property of being in fragments, or broken pieces; incompleteness; want of continuity. G. Eliot.

Frag´men•ta•ry , a. [Cf. F. fragmentaire.] 1. Composed of fragments, or broken pieces; disconnected; not complete or entire. Donne. 2. (Geol.) Composed of the fragments of other rocks.

Frag´ment•ed , a. Broken into fragments.

Frag´ment•ist, n. A writer of fragments; as the fragmentist of Wolfenbüttel. [R.]

Fra´gor , n. [L., a breaking to pieces, fr. frangere to break.] 1. A loud and sudden sound; the report of anything bursting; a crash. I. Watts. 2. [Due to confusion with fragrant.] A strong or sweet scent. [Obs. & Illegitimate.] Sir T. Herbert. { Fra´grance , Fra´gran•cy }, n. [L. fragrantia: cf. OF. fragrance.] The quality of being fragrant; sweetness of smell; a sweet smell; a pleasing odor; perfume. “Eve separate he spies,
Veiled in a cloud of fragrance.” Milton. “The goblet crowned,
Breathed aromatic fragrancies around.” Pope.

Fra´grant , a. [L. fragrans. -antis, p. pr. of fragrare to emit a smell of fragrance: cf. OF. fragrant.] Affecting the olfactory nerves agreeably; sweet of smell; odorous; having or emitting an agreeable perfume. “Fragrant the fertile earth
After soft showers.” Milton. Syn. — Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; sweet- scented; redolent; ambrosial; balmy; spicy; aromatic. — Fra´grant•ly, adv.

Fraight , a. Same as Fraught. [Obs.] Spenser.

Frail , n. [OE. fraiel, fraile, OF. fraiel, freel, frael, fr. LL. fraellum.] A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs and raisins. 2. The quantity of raisins — about thirty- two, fifty-six, or seventy-five pounds, — contained in a frail. 3. A rush for weaving baskets. Johnson.

Frail, a. [Compar. Frailer superl. Frailest.] [OE. frele, freile, OF. fraile, frele, F. frêle, fr. L. fragilis. See Fragile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; not firm or durable; liable to fail and perish; easily destroyed; not tenacious of life; weak; infirm. “That I may know how frail I am.” Ps. xxxix. 4. “An old bent man, worn and frail.” Lowell. 2. Tender. [Obs.] “Deep indignation and compassion.” Spenser. 3. Liable to fall from virtue or be led into sin; not strong against temptation; weak in resolution; also unchaste; — often applied to fallen women. “Man is frail, and prone to evil.” Jer. Taylor.

Frail´ly, adv. Weakly; infirmly.

Frail´ness, n. Frailty.

Frail´ty (fral´ty), n.; pl. Frailties (-tiz). [OE. frelete, freilte, OF. frailete, fr. L. fragilitas. See Frail, a., and cf. Fragility.] 1. The condition or quality of being frail, physically, mentally, or morally; frailness; infirmity; weakness of resolution; liableness to be deceived or seduced. “God knows our frailty, [and] pities our weakness.” Locke. 2. A fault proceeding from weakness; foible; sin of infirmity. Syn. — Frailness; fragility; imperfection; failing.

Frai´scheur , n. [OF.; F fraicheur, fr. frais, fem. fraîche, fresh; of German origin. See Frash, a.] Freshness; coolness. [R.] Dryden.

Fraise , n. [See Froise.] A large and thick pancake, with slices of bacon in it. [Obs.] Johnson.

Fraise , n. [F. fraise, orig., a ruff, cf. F. frise frieze, E. frieze a coarse stuff.] 1. (Fort.) A defense consisting of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position. 2. (Mech.) A fluted reamer for enlarging holes in stone; a small milling cutter.

Fraise, v. t. (Mil.) To protect, as a line of troops, against an onset of cavalry, by opposing bayonets raised obliquely forward. Wilhelm.

Fraised , a. Fortified with a fraise.

Frak´en , n. A freckle. [Obs.] “A few fraknes in his face.” Chaucer.

Fram´a•ble , a. Capable of being framed.

Fram•bae´si•a , n. [F. & NL., fr. F. framboise raspberry.] (Med.) The yaws. See Yaws.

Frame , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Framed p. pr. & vb. n. Framing.] [OE. framen, fremen, to execute, build, AS. fremman to further, perform, effect, fr. fram strong, valiant; akin to E. foremost, and prob. to AS. fram from, Icel. fremja, frama, to further, framr forward, G. fromm worthy, excellent, pious. See Foremost, From, and cf. Furnish.] 1. (Arch. & Engin.) To construct by fitting and uniting the several parts of the skeleton of any structure; specifically, in woodwork, to put together by cutting parts of one member to fit parts of another. See Dovetail, Halve, v. t., Miter, Tenon, Tooth, Tusk, Scarf, and Splice. 2. To originate; to plan; to devise; to contrive; to compose; in a bad sense, to invent or fabricate, as something false. “How many excellent reasonings are framed in the mind of a man of wisdom and study in a length of years.” I. Watts. 3. To fit to something else, or for some specific end; to adjust; to regulate; to shape; to conform. “And frame my face to all occasions.” Shak. “We may in some measure frame our minds for the reception of happiness.” Landor. “The human mind is framed to be influenced.” I. Taylor. 4. To cause; to bring about; to produce. [Obs.] “Fear frames disorder, and disorder wounds.” Shak. 5. To support. [Obs. & R.] “That on a staff his feeble steps did frame.” Spenser. 6. To provide with a frame, as a picture.

Frame, v. i. 1. To shape; to arrange, as the organs of speech. [Obs.] Judg. xii. 6. 2. To proceed; to go. [Obs.] “The bauty of this sinful dame
Made many princes thither frame.” Shak.

Frame, n. 1. Anything composed of parts fitted and united together; a fabric; a structure; esp., the constructional system, whether of timber or metal, that gives to a building, vessel, etc., its model and strength; the skeleton of a structure. “These are thy glorious works, Parent of good,
Almighty! thine this universal frame.” Milton. 2. The bodily structure; physical constitution; make or build of a person. “Some bloody passion shakes your very frame.” Shak. “No frames could be strong enough to endure it.” Prescott. 3. A kind of open case or structure made for admitting, inclosing, or supporting things, as that which incloses or contains a window, door, picture, etc.; that on which anything is held or stretched; as: (a) The skeleton structure which supports the boiler and machinery of a locomotive upon its wheels. (b) (Founding) A molding box or flask, which being filled with sand serves as a mold for castings. (c) The ribs and stretchers of an umbrella or other structure with a fabric covering. (d) A structure of four bars, adjustable in size, on which cloth, etc., is stretched for quilting, embroidery, etc. (e) (Hort.) A glazed portable structure for protecting young plants from frost. (f) (Print.) A stand to support the type cases for use by the compositor. 4. (Mach.) A term applied, especially in England, to certain machines built upon or within framework; as a stocking frame; lace frame; spinning frame, etc. 5. Form; shape; proportion; scheme; structure; constitution; system; as a frameof government. “She that hath a heart of that fine frame
To pay this debt of love but to a brother.” Shak. “Put your discourse into some frame.” Shak. 6. Particular state or disposition, as of the mind; humor; temper; mood; as to be always in a happy frame. 7. Contrivance; the act of devising or scheming. [Obs.] “John the bastard
Whose spirits toil in frame of villainies.” Shak. Balloon frame, Cant frames, etc. See under Balloon, Cant, etc. — Frame building or house, a building of which the form and support is made of framed timbers. [U.S.] — Frame level, a mason’s level. — Frame saw, a thin saw stretched in a frame to give it rigidity.

Fram´er , n. One who frames; as the framer of a building; the framers of the Constitution.

Frame´work , n. 1. The work of framing, or the completed work; the frame or constructional part of anything; as the framework of society. “A staunch and solid piece of framework.” Milton. 2. Work done in, or by means of, a frame or loom.

Fram´ing, n. 1. The act, process, or style of putting together a frame, or of constructing anything; a frame; that which frames. 2. (Arch. & Engin.) A framework, or a sy of frames. Framing chisel (Carp.), a heavy chisel with a socket shank for making mortises. { Fram´pel , Fram´poid }, a. [Also written frampul, frampled, framfold.] [Cf. W. fframfol passionate, ffrom angry, fretting; or perh. akin to E. frump.] Peevish; cross; vexatious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Shak. “Is Pompey grown so malapert, so frampel?” Beau. & Fl.

Franc , n. [F., fr. franc a Franc. See Frank, a.] A silver coin of France, and since 1795 the unit of the French monetary system. It has been adopted by Belgium and Swizerland. It is equivalent to about nineteen cents, or ten pence, and is divided into 100 centimes.

Fran´chise (? or 277), n. [F., fr. franc, fem. franche, free. See Frank, a.] 1. Exemption from constraint or oppression; freedom; liberty. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (LAw) A particular privilege conferred by grant from a sovereign or a government, and vested in individuals; an immunity or exemption from ordinary jurisdiction; a constitutional or statutory right or privilege, esp. the right to vote. “Election by universal suffrage, as modified by the Constitution, is the one crowning franchise of the American people.” W. H. Seward. 3. The district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends; the limits of an immunity; hence, an asylum or sanctuary. “Churches and mobasteries in Spain are franchises for criminals.” London Encyc. 4. Magnanimity; generosity; liberality; frankness; nobility. ´Franchise in woman.´ [Obs.] Chaucer. Elective franchise, the privilege or right of voting in an election of public officers.

Fran´chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franchised p. pr. & vb. n. Franchising.] [Cf. OF. franchir to free, F., to cross.] To make free; to enfranchise; to give liberty to. Shak.

Fran´chise•ment , n. [Cf. OF. franchissement.] Release; deliverance; freedom. Spenser.

Fran´cic , a. [See Frank, a.] Pertaining to the Franks, or their language; Frankish.

Fran•cis´can , a. [LL. Franciscus Francis: cf. F. franciscain.] (R. C. Ch.) Belonging to the Order of St. Francis of the Franciscans. Franciscan Brothers, pious laymen who devote themselves to useful works, such as manual labor schools, and other educational institutions; — called also Brothers of the Third Order of St. Francis. — Franciscan Nuns, nuns who follow the rule of St. Francis, esp. those of the Second Order of St. Francis, — called also Poor Clares or Minoresses. — Franciscan Tertiaries, the Third Order of St. Francis.

Fran•cis´can, n. (R.C.Ch.) A monk or friar of the Order of St. Francis, a large and zealous order of mendicant monks founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi. They are called also Friars Minor; and in England, Gray Friars, because they wear a gray habit.

Fran´co•lin , n. [F.; cf. It. francolino, Sp. francolin.] (Zoöl.) A spurred partidge of the genus Francolinus and allied genera, of Asia and Africa. The common species (F. vulgaris) was formerly common in southern Europe, but is now nearly restricted to Asia.

Fran´co•lite , n. (Min.) A variety of apatite from Wheal Franco in Devonshire.

Fran´gent , a. [L. frangens, p. pr. of frangere. See Fraction.] Causing fracture; breaking. [R.] H. Walpole.

Fran•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. frangibilite.] The state or quality of being frangible. Fox.

Fran´gi•ble , a. [Cf. F. frangible.] Capable of being broken; brittle; fragile; easily broken.

Fran´gi•pane , n. [F. frangipane; supposed to be called so from the inventor, the Marquis Frangipani, major general under Louis XIV.] 1. A perfume of jasmine; frangipani. 2. A species of pastry, containing cream and almonds. { Fran•gi•pan´i , Fran•gi•pan´ni }, n. [Another spelling of frangipane.] A perfume derived from, or imitating the odor of, the flower of the red jasmine, a West Indian tree of the genus Plumeria. { Fran•gu´lic , Fran•gu•lin´ic }, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or drived from, frangulin, or a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn. Frangulinic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, resembling alizarin, and obtained by the decomposition of frangulin.

Fran´gu•lin , n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline dyestuff, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn; — called also rhamnoxanthin.

Fran´ion , n. [Perh. from F. faineant an idler.] A paramour; a loose woman; also a gay, idle fellow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Frank , n. [OF. franc.] A pigsty. [Obs.]

Frank, v. t. To shut up in a frank or sty; to pen up; hence, to cram; to fatten. [Obs.] Shak.

Frank, n. (Zoöl.) The common heron; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

Frank , a. [Compar Franker superl. Frankest.] [F. franc free, frank, L. Francus a Frank, fr. OHG. Franko the name of a Germanic people on the Rhine, who afterward founded the French monarchy; cf. AS. franca javelin, Icel. frakka. Cf. Franc, French, a., Franchise, n.] 1. Unbounded by restrictions, limitations, etc.; free. [R.] ´It is of frank gift.´ Spenser. 2. Free in uttering one’s real sentiments; not reserved; using no disguise; candid; ingenuous; as a frank nature, conversation, manner, etc. 3. Liberal; generous; profuse. [Obs.] “Frank of civilities that cost them nothing.” L’Estrange. 4. Unrestrained; loose; licentious; — used in a bad sense. Spenser. Syn. — Ingenuous; candid; artless; plain; open; unreserved; undisguised; sincere. See Candid, Ingenuous.

Frank , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franked p. pr. & vb. n. Franking.] 1. To send by public conveyance free of expense. Dickens. 2. To extempt from charge for postage, as a letter, package, or packet, etc.

Frank, n. [See Frank, a.] The privilege of sending letters or other mail matter, free of postage, or without charge; also the sign, mark, or signature denoting that a letter or other mail matter is to free of postage. “I have said so much, that, if I had not a frank, I must burn my letter and begin again.” Cowper.

Frank, n. [Cf. F. franc. See Frank, a.] 1. (Ethnol.) A member of one of the German tribes that in the fifth century overran and conquered Gaul, and established the kingdom of France. 2. A native or inhabitant of Western Europe; a European; — a term used in the Levant. 3. A French coin. See Franc.

Frank•al•moigne´ , n. [F. franc free + Norm. F. almoigne alma, for almosne, F. aumône. See Frank, a., and Almoner.] (Eng. Law) A tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands given to them and their successors forever, usually on condition of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs; — called also tenure by free alms. Burrill.

Frank´-chase , n. [Frank free + chase.] (Eng. Law) The liberty or franchise of having a chase; free chase. Burrill.

Frank´-fee , n. [Frank free + fee.] (Eng. Law) A species of tenure in fee simple, being the opposite of ancient demesne, or copyhold. Burrill.

Frank´fort black A black pigment used in copperplate printing, prepared by burning vine twigs, the lees of wine, etc. McElrath.

Frank´in•cense , n. [OF. franc free, pure + encens incense.] A fragrant, aromatic resin, or gum resin, burned as an incense in religious rites or for medicinal fumigation. The best kinds now come from East Indian trees, of the genus Boswellia; a commoner sort, from the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) and other coniferous trees. The frankincense of the ancient Jews is still unidentified.

Frank´ing , n. (Carp.) A method of forming a joint at the intersection of window-sash bars, by cutting away only enough wood to show a miter.

Frank´ish, a. Like, or pertaining to, the Franks.

Frank´-law , n. [Frank free + law.] (Eng. Law) The liberty of being sworn in courts, as a juror or witness; one of the ancient privileges of a freeman; free and common law; — an obsolete expression signifying substantially the same as the American expression civil rights. Abbot.

Frank´lin , n. [OE. frankelein; cf. LL. franchilanus. See Frank, a.] An English freeholder, or substantial householder. [Obs.] Chaucer. “The franklin, a small landholder of those days.” Sir J. Stephen.

Frank•lin´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Benjamin Franklin. Franklinic electricity, electricity produced by friction; called also statical electricity.

Frank´lin•ite , n. (Min.) A kind of mineral of the spinel group.

Frank´lin stove A kind of open stove introduced by Benjamin Franklin, the peculiar feature of which was that a current of heated air was directly supplied to the room from an air box; — now applied to other varieties of open stoves.

Frank´ly, adv. In a frank manner; freely. “Very frankly he confessed his treasons.” Shak. Syn. — Openly; ingenuously; plainly; unreservedly; undisguisedly; sincerely; candidly; artlessly; freely; readily; unhesitatingly; liberally; willingly.

Frank´-mar´riage , n. [Frank free + marriage.] (Eng. Law) A certain tenure in tail special; an estate of inheritance given to a man his wife (the wife being of the blood of the donor), and descendible to the heirs of their two bodies begotten. [Obs.] Blackstone.

Frank´ness, n. The quality of being frank; candor; openess; ingenuousness; fairness; liberality.

Frank´pledge , n. [Frank free + pledge.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A pledge or surety for the good behavior of freemen, — each freeman who was a member of an ancient decennary, tithing, or friborg, in England, being a pledge for the good conduct of the others, for the preservation of the public peace; a free surety. (b) The tithing itself. Bouvier. “The servants of the crown were not, as now, bound in frankpledge for each other.” Macaulay.

Fran´tic , a. [OE. frentik, frenetik, F. frentique, L. phreneticus, from Gr. . See Frenzy, and cf. Frenetic, Phrenetic.] Mad; raving; furious; violent; wild and disorderly; distracted. “Die, frantic wretch, for this accursed deed!” Shak. “Torrents of frantic abuse.” Macaulay. — Fran´tic•al•ly (#), adv. — Fran´tic•ly (#), adv. Shak. — Fran´tic•ness, n. Johnson.

Frap , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frapped p. pr. & vb. n. Frapping.] [Cf. F. frapper to strike, to seize ropes. Cf. Affrap.] 1. (Naut.) To draw together; to bind with a view to secure and strengthen, as a vessel by passing cables around it; to tighten; as a tackle by drawing the lines together. Tottem. 2. To brace by drawing together, as the cords of a drum. Knoght.

Frape , n. [Cf. frap, and Prov. E. frape to scold.] A crowd, a rabble. [Obs.] ares.

Frap´ler , n. A blusterer; a rowdy. [Obs.] “Unpolished, a frapler, and base.” B. Jonson.

Fra´ter, n. [L., a brother.] (Eccl.) A monk; also a frater house. [R.] Shipley. Frater house, an apartament in a convent used as an eating room; a refectory; — called also a fratery.

Fra•ter´nal , a.[F. fraternel, LL. fraternalis, fr. L. fraternus, fr. frater brother. See Brother.] Of, pertaining to, or involving, brethren; becoming to brothers; brotherly; as fraternal affection; a fraternal embrace. — Fra•ter´nal•ly, adv. “An abhorred, a cursed, a fraternal war.” Milton. “Fraternal love and friendship.” Addison.

Fra•ter´nate , v. i. To fraternize; to hold fellowship. Jefferson. { Fra•ter•na´tion , Fra´ter•nism }, n. Fraternization. [R.] Jefferson.

Fra•ter´ni•ty , n.; pl. Fraternities (#). [F. fraternite, L. fraternitas.] 1. The state or quality of being fraternal or brotherly; brotherhood. 2. A body of men associated for their common interest, business, or pleasure; a company; a brotherhood; a society; in the Roman Catholic Church, an association for special religious purposes, for relieving the sick and destitute, etc. 3. Men of the same class, profession, occupation, character, or tastes. “With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak of their own fraternity!” South.

Fra•ter•ni•za´tion , n. The act of fraternizing or uniting as brothers. “I hope that no French fraternization … could so change the hearts of Englishmen.” Burke.

Fra´ter•nize (? or 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fraternized (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fraternizing (#).] [Cf. F. fraterniser.] To associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like occupation or character; to have brotherly feelings.

Fra´ter•nize, v. t. To bring into fellowship or brotherly sympathy. “Correspondence for fraternizing the two nations.” Burke.

Frat´er•ni•zer ( 277), n. One who fraternizes. Burke.

Fra´ter•y , n. [L. frater brother: cf. It. frateria a brotherhood of monks. See Friar.] A frater house. See under Frater.

Fra´trage (? or 48), n. [L. frater a brother.] (Law) A sharing among brothers, or brothers’ kin. [Obs.] Crabb.

Fra•tri•cel´li , n. pl. [It. fraticelli, lit., little brothers, dim. fr. frate brother, L. frater.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) The name which St. Francis of Assisi gave to his followers, early in the 13th century. (b) A sect which seceded from the Franciscan Order, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, in 1294, repudiating the pope as an apostate, maintaining the duty of celibacy and poverty, and discountenancing oaths. Called also Fratricellians and Fraticelli.

Frat´ri•ci•dal , a. Of or pertaining to fratricide; of the nature of fratricide.

Frat´ri•cide , n. [L. fratricidium a brother’s murder, fr. fratricida a brother’s murderer; frater, fratris, brother + caedere to kill: cf. F. fratricide.] 1. The act of one who murders or kills his own brother. 2. [L. fratricida: cf. F. fratricide.] One who murders or kills his own brother.

Fraud (frad), n. [F. fraude, L. fraus, fraudis; prob. akin to Skr. dhurv to injure, dhvr to cause to fall, and E. dull.] 1. Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful or unfair advantage; artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured; injurious stratagem; deceit; trick. “If success a lover’s toil attends,
Few ask, if fraud or force attained his ends.” Pope. 2. (Law) An intentional perversion of truth for the purpose of obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another. 3. A trap or snare. [Obs.] “To draw the proud King Ahab into fraud.” Milton. Constructive fraud (Law), an act, statement, or omission which operates as a fraud, although perhaps not intended to be such. Mozley & W. — Pious fraud (Ch. Hist.), a fraud contrived and executed to benefit the church or accomplish some good end, upon the theory that the end justified the means. — Statute of frauds (Law), an English statute (1676), the principle of which is incorporated in the legislation of all the States of this country, by which writing with specific solemnities (varying in the several statutes) is required to give efficacy to certain dispositions of property. Wharton. Syn. — Deception; deceit; guile; craft; wile; sham; strife; circumvention; stratagem; trick; imposition; cheat. See Deception.

Fraud´ful , a. Full of fraud, deceit, or treachery; trickish; treacherous; fraudulent; — applied to persons or things. I. Taylor. — Fraud´ful•ly, adv.

Fraud´less, a. Free from fraud. — Fraud´less•ly, adv. — Fraud´less•ness, n. { Fraud´u•lence ( 135), Fraud´u•len•cy }, n. [L. fraudulentia.] The quality of being fraudulent; deliberate deceit; trickishness. Hooker.

Fraud´u•lent , a. [L. fraudulentus, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud: cf. F. fraudulent.] 1. Using fraud; tricky; deceitful; dishonest. 2. Characterized by, founded on, or proceeding from, fraud; as a fraudulent bargain. “He, with serpent tongue, …
His fraudulent temptation thus began.” Milton. 3. Obtained or performed by artifice; as fraudulent conquest. Milton. Syn. — Deceitful; fraudful; guileful; crafty; wily; cunning; subtle; deceiving; cheating; deceptive; insidious; treacherous; dishonest; designing; unfair.

Fraud´u•lent•ly , adv. In a fraudulent manner.

Fraught (frat), n. [OE. fraight, fraght; akin to Dan. fragt, Sw. frakt, D. vracht, G. fracht, cf. OHG. freht merit, reward; perh. from a pref. corresponding to E. for + The root of E. own. Cf. Freight.] A freight; a cargo. [Obs.] Shak.

Fraught, a. Freighted; laden; filled; stored; charged. “A vessel of our country richly fraught.” Shak. “A discourse fraught with all the commending excellences of speech.” South. “Enterprises fraught with world-wide benefits.” I. Taylor.

Fraught, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fraughted or Fraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Fraughting.] [Akin to Dan. fragte, Sw. frakta, D. bevrachten, G. frachten, cf. OHG. frehton to deserve. See Fraught, n.] To freight; to load; to burden; to fill; to crowd. [Obs.] “Upon the tumbling billows fraughted ride
The armed ships.” Fairfax.

Fraught´age ( 48), n. Freight; loading; cargo. [Obs.] Shak.

Fraught´ing, a. Constituting the freight or cargo. [Obs.] ´The fraughting souls within her.´ Shak.

Fraun´ho•fer lines (Physics.) The lines of the spectrum; especially and properly, the dark lines of the solar spectrum, so called because first accurately observed and interpreted by Fraunhofer, a German physicist.

Frax´in , n. [From Fraxinus.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and found in the bark of the ash (Fraxinus) and along with esculin in the bark of the horse-chestnut. It shows a delicate fluorescence in alkaline solutions; — called also paviin.

Frax´i•nus , n. [L., the ash tree.] (Bot.) A genus of deciduous forest trees, found in the north temperate zone, and including the true ash trees. Fraxinus excelsior is the European ash; F. Americana, the white ash; F. sambucifolia, the black ash or water ash.

Fray (fra), n. [Abbreviated from affray.] Affray; broil; contest; combat. “Who began this bloody fray?” Shak.

Fray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frayed (frad); p. pr. & vb. n. Fraying.] [See 1st Fray, and cf. Affray.] To frighten; to terrify; to alarm. I. Taylor. “What frays ye, that were wont to comfort me affrayed?” Spenser.

Fray, v. t. [Cf. OF. fraier. See Defray, v. t.] To bear the expense of; to defray. [Obs.] “The charge of my most curious and costly ingredients frayed, I shall acknowledge myself amply satisfied.” Massinger.

Fray, v. t. [OF. freier, fraier, froier, to rub. L. fricare; cf. friare to crumble, E. friable; perh. akin to Gr. chri•ein to anoint, chri^sma an anointing, Skr. ghrsh to rub, scratch. Cf. Friction.] To rub; to wear off, or wear into shreds, by rubbing; to fret, as cloth; as a deer is said to fray her head.

Fray, v. i. 1. To rub. “We can show the marks he made
When ’gainst the oak his antlers frayed.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To wear out or into shreads, or to suffer injury by rubbing, as when the threads of the warp or of the woof wear off so that the cross threads are loose; to ravel; as the cloth frays badly. “A suit of frayed magnificience.” tennyson.

Fray, n. A fret or chafe, as in cloth; a place injured by rubbing.

Fray´ing, n. (Zoöl.) The skin which a deer frays from his horns. B. Jonson.

Freak (frek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freaked (frekt); p. pr. & vb. n. Freaking.] [Akin to OE. frakin, freken, freckle, Icel. freknur, pl., Sw. fräkne, Dan. fregne, Gr. perkno•s dark- colored, Skr. prçni variegated. Cf. Freckle, Freck.] To variegate; to checker; to streak. [R.] “Freaked with many a mingled hue.” Thomson.

Freak, n. [Prob. from OE. frek bold, AS. frec bold, greedly; akin to OHG. freh greedly, G. frech insolent, Icel. frekr greedy, Goth. faíhufriks avaricious.] A sudden causeless change or turn of the mind; a whim of fancy; a capricious prank; a vagary or caprice. “She is restless and peevish, and sometimes in a freak will instantly change her habitation.” Spectator. Syn. — Whim; caprice; folly; sport. See Whim.

Freak´ing, a. Freakish. [Obs.] Pepys.

Freak´ish, a. Apt to change the mind suddenly; whimsical; capricious. “It may be a question whether the wife or the woman was the more freakish of the two.” L’Estrange. “Freakish when well, and fretful when she’s sick.” Pope. — Freak´ish•ly, adv. — Freak´ish•ness, n.

Freck , v. t. [Cf. Freak, v. t., Freckle.] To checker; to diversify. [R. & Poet.] “The painted windows, frecking gloom with glow.” Lowell.

Freck´le (frek´k’l), n. [Dim., from the same root as freak, v. t.] 1. A small yellowish or brownish spot in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or hands. 2. Any small spot or discoloration.

Frec´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freckled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Freckling (-kling).] To sprinkle or mark with freckles or small discolored spots; to spot.

Frec´kle (frek´k’l), v. i. To become covered or marked with freckles; to be spotted.

Frec´kled (frek´k’ld), a. Marked with freckles; spotted. ´The freckled trout.´ Dryden. “The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover.” Shak.

Frec´kled•ness (-k’ld•nes), n. The state of being freckled.

Frec´kly (-kly), a. Full of or marked with freckles; sprinkled with spots; freckled.

Fred (fred), n. [AS. frið peace. See Frith inclosure.] Peace; — a word used in composition, especially in proper names; as Alfred; Frederic.

Fred´stole (-stol•), n. [Obs.] See Fridstol. Fuller.

Free (fre), a. [Compar. Freer (-er); superl. Freest (-est).] [OE. fre, freo, AS. freó, fri; akin to D. vrij, OS. & OHG. fri, G. frei, Icel. fri, Sw. & Dan. fri, Goth. freis, and also to Skr. prija beloved, dear, fr. pri to love, Goth. frijon. Cf. Affray, Belfry, Friday, Friend, Frith inclosure.] 1. Exempt from subjection to the will of others; not under restraint, control, or compulsion; able to follow one’s own impulses, desires, or inclinations; determining one’s own course of action; not dependent; at liberty. “That which has the power, or not the power, to operate, is that alone which is or is not free.” Locke. 2. Not under an arbitrary or despotic government; subject only to fixed laws regularly and fairly administered, and defended by them from encroachments upon natural or acquired rights; enjoying political liberty. 3. Liberated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control of parents, guardian, or master. 4. Not confined or imprisoned; released from arrest; liberated; at liberty to go. “Set an unhappy prisoner free.” Prior. 5. Not subjected to the laws of physical necessity; capable of voluntary activity; endowed with moral liberty; — said of the will. “Not free, what proof could they have given sincere
Of true allegiance, constant faith, or love.” Milton. 6. Clear of offense or crime; guiltless; innocent. “My hands are guilty, but my heart is free.” Dryden. 7. Unconstrained by timidity or distrust; unreserved; ingenuous; frank; familiar; communicative. “He was free only with a few.” Milward. 8. Unrestrained; immoderate; lavish; licentious; — used in a bad sense. “The critics have been very free in their censures.” Felton. “A man may live a free life as to wine or women.” Shelley. 9. Not close or parsimonious; liberal; open- handed; lavish; as free with his money. 10. Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as free from pain; free from a burden; — followed by from, or, rarely, by of. “Princes declaring themselves free from the obligations of their treaties.” Bp. Burnet. 11. Characteristic of one acting without restraint; charming; easy. 12. Ready; eager; acting without spurring or whipping; spirited; as a free horse. 13. Invested with a particular freedom or franchise; enjoying certain immunities or privileges; admitted to special rights; — followed by of. “He therefore makes all birds, of every sect,
Free of his farm.” Dryden. 14. Thrown open, or made accessible, to all; to be enjoyed without limitations; unrestricted; not obstructed, engrossed, or appropriated; open; — said of a thing to be possessed or enjoyed; as a free school. “Why, sir, I pray, are not the streets as free
For me as for you?” Shak. 15. Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as free admission; a free gift. 16. Not arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty; defending individual rights against encroachment by any person or class; instituted by a free people; — said of a government, institutions, etc. 17. (O. Eng. Law) Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as free service; free socage. Burrill. 18. (Law) Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as a free fishery; a free warren. Burrill. 19. Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as free carbonic acid gas; free cells. Free agency, the capacity or power of choosing or acting freely, or without necessity or constraint upon the will. — Free bench (Eng. Law), a widow’s right in the copyhold lands of her husband, corresponding to dower in freeholds. — Free board (Naut.), a vessel’s side between water line and gunwale. — Free bond (Chem.), an unsaturated or unemployed unit, or bond, of affinity or valence, of an atom or radical. — Free-borough men (O.Eng. Law). See Friborg. — Free chapel (Eccles.), a chapel not subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary, having been founded by the king or by a subject specially authorized. [Eng.] Bouvier. — Free charge (Elec.), a charge of electricity in the free or statical condition; free electricity. — Free church. (a) A church whose sittings are for all and without charge. (b) An ecclesiastical body that left the Church of Scotland, in 1843, to be free from control by the government in spiritual matters. — Free city, or Free town, a city or town independent in its government and franchises, as formerly those of the Hanseatic league. — Free cost, freedom from charges or expenses. South. — Free and easy, unconventional; unrestrained; regardless of formalities. [Colloq.] ´Sal and her free and easy ways.´ W. Black. — Free goods, goods admitted into a country free of duty. — Free labor, the labor of freemen, as distinguished from that of slaves. — Free port. (Com.) (a) A port where goods may be received and shipped free of custom duty. (b) A port where goods of all kinds are received from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. — Free public house, in England, a tavern not belonging to a brewer, so that the landlord is free to brew his own beer or purchase where he chooses. Simmonds. — Free school. (a) A school to which pupils are admitted without discrimination and on an equal footing. (b) A school supported by general taxation, by endowmants, etc., where pupils pay nothing for tuition; a public school. — Free services (O.Eng. Law), such feudal services as were not unbecoming the character of a soldier or a freemen to perform; as to serve under his lord in war, to pay a sum of money, etc. Burrill. — Free ships, ships of neutral nations, which in time of war are free from capture even though carrying enemy’s goods. — Free socage (O.Eng. Law), a feudal tenure held by certain services which, though honorable, were not military. Abbott. — Free States, those of the United States before the Civil War, in which slavery had ceased to exist, or had never existed. — Free stuff (Carp.), timber free from knots; clear stuff. — Free thought, that which is thought independently of the authority of others. — Free trade, commerce unrestricted by duties or tariff regulations. — Free trader, one who believes in free trade. — To make free with, to take liberties with; to help one’s self to. [Colloq.] — To sail free (Naut.), to sail with the yards not braced in as sharp as when sailing closehauled, or close to the wind.

Free , adv. 1. Freely; willingly. [Obs.] “I as free forgive you
As I would be forgiven.” Shak. 2. Without charge; as children admitted free.

Free, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freed p. pr. & vb. n. Freeing.] [OE. freen, freoien, AS. freógan. See Free, a.] 1. To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; — followed by from, and sometimes by off; as to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences. Clarendon. “Our land is from the rage of tigers freed.” Dryden. “Arise, … free thy people from their yoke.” Milton. 2. To remove, as something that confines or bars; to relieve from the constraint of. “This master key
Frees every lock, and leads us to his person.” Dryden. 3. To frank. [Obs.] Johnson.

Free´boot•er , n. [D. vrijbuiter, fr. vrijbuiten to plunder; vrij free + buit booty, akin to E. booty. See Free, and Booty, and cf. Filibuster.] One who plunders or pillages without the authority of national warfare; a member of a predatory band; a pillager; a buccaneer; a sea robber. Bacon.

Free´boot•er•y , n. The act, practice, or gains of a freebooter; freebooting. Booth.

Free´boot•ing, n. Robbery; plunder; a pillaging.

Free´boot•ing, a. Acting the freebooter; practicing freebootery; robbing. “Your freebooting acquaintance.” Sir W. Scott.

Free´boot•y , n. Freebootery. [Obs.]

Free´born , a. Born free; not born in vassalage; inheriting freedom.

Free´-den•i•zen , v. t. To make free. [R.]

Freed´man , n.; pl. Freedmen . A man who has been a slave, and has been set free.

Free´dom (fre´dum), n. [AS. freódom; freófree + - dom. See Free, and -dom.] 1. The state of being free; exemption from the power and control of another; liberty; independence. “Made captive, yet deserving freedom more.” Milton. 2. Privileges; franchises; immunities. “Your charter and your caty’s freedom.” Shak. 3. Exemption from necessity, in choise and action; as the freedom of the will. 4. Ease; facility; as he speaks or acts with freedom. 5. Frankness; openness; unreservedness. “I emboldened spake and freedom used.” Milton. 6. Improper familiarity; violation of the rules of decorum; license. 7. Generosity; liberality. [Obs.] Chaucer. Freedom fine, a sum paid on entry to incorporations of trades. — Freedom of the city, the possession of the rights and privileges of a freeman of the city; formerly often, and now occasionally, conferred on one not a resident, as a mark of honorary distinction for public services. Syn. — See Liberty.

Freed´stool , n. [Obs.] See Fridstol.

Free´-hand , a. Done by the hand, without support, or the guidance of instruments; as free- hand drawing. See under Drawing.

Free´-hand•ed, a. Open-handed; liberal.

Free´-heart•ed , a. Open; frank; unreserved; liberal; generous; as free-hearted mirth. — Free´-heart•ed•ly, adv. — Free´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Free´hold , n. (LAw) An estate in real property, of inheritance (in fee simple or fee tail) or for life; or the tenure by which such estate is held. Kent. Burrill. To abate into a freehold. See under Abate.

Free´hold•er , n. (Law) The possessor of a freehold.

Free´-liv•er , n. One who gratifies his appetites without stint; one given to indulgence in eating and drinking.

Free´-liv•ing, n. Unrestrained indulgence of the appetites.

Free´-love , n. The doctrine or practice of consorting with the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage.

Free´-lov•er, n. One who believes in or practices free-love.

Freel´te , n. Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Free´ly, adv. [AS. freólice.] In a free manner; without restraint or compulsion; abundantly; gratuitously. “Of every tree of the garden thou mayst freely eat.” Gen. ii. 16. “Freely ye have received, freely give.” Matt. x. 8. “Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell.” Milton. “Freely we serve
Because we freely love.” Milton. Syn. — Independently; voluntarily; spontaneously; unconditionally; unobstructedly; willingly; readily; liberally; generously; bounteously; munificently; bountifully; abundantly; largely; copiously; plentifully; plenteously.

Free´man , n.; pl. Freemen (#). [AS. freóman; freófree + mann man.] 1. One who enjoys liberty, or who is not subject to the will of another; one not a slave or vassal. 2. A member of a corporation, company, or city, possessing certain privileges; a member of a borough, town, or State, who has the right to vote at elections. See Liveryman. Burrill. “Both having been made freemen on the same day.” Addison.

Free´-mar•tin , n. (Zoöl.) An imperfect female calf, twinborn with a male.

Free´ma•son , n. One of an ancient and secret association or fraternity, said to have been at first composed of masons or builders in stone, but now consisting of persons who are united for social enjoyment and mutual assistance.

Free•ma•son´ic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the institutions or the practices of freemasons; as a freemasonic signal.

Free´ma•son•ry , n. The institutions or the practices of freemasons.

Free´-mill•ing , a. Yielding free gold or silver; — said of certain ores which can be reduced by crushing and amalgamation, without roasting or other chemical treatment. Raymond.

Free´-mind•ed , a. Not perplexed; having a mind free from care. Bacon.

Free´ness, n. The state or quality of being free; freedom; liberty; openness; liberality; gratuitousness.

Fre´er , n. One who frees, or sets free.

Free´-soil , a. Pertaining to, or advocating, the non-extension of slavery; — esp. applied to a party which was active during the period 1846-1856. [U.S.] — Free´soil•er (#), n. [U.S.] — Free´-soil•ism (#), n. [U.S.]

Free´-spo•ken , a. Accustomed to speak without reserve. Bacon. — Free´-spo•ken-ness, n.

Free´stone , n. A stone composed of sand or grit; — so called because it is easily cut or wrought.

Free´stone, a. Having the flesh readily separating from the stone, as in certain kinds of peaches.

Free´-swim•ming , a. (Zoöl.) Swimming in the open sea; — said of certain marine animals.

Free´think•er , n. One who speculates or forms opinions independently of the authority of others; esp., in the sphere or religion, one who forms opinions independently of the authority of revelation or of the church; an unbeliever; — a term assumed by deists and skeptics in the eighteenth century. “Atheist is an old-fashioned word: I’m a freethinker, child.” Addison. Syn. — Infidel; skeptic; unbeliever. See Infidel.

Free´think•ing, n. Undue boldness of speculation; unbelief. Berkeley. — a. Exhibiting undue boldness of speculation; skeptical.

Free´-tongued , a. Speaking without reserve. Bp. Hall.

Free will 1. A will free from improper coercion or restraint. “To come thus was I not constrained, but did
On my free will.” Shak. 2. The power asserted of moral beings of willing or choosing without the restraints of physical or absolute necessity.

Free´will , a. Of or pertaining to free will; voluntary; spontaneous; as a freewill offering. Freewill Baptists. See under Baptist.

Freez´a•ble , a. Capable of being frozen.

Freeze , n. (Arch.) A frieze. [Obs.]

Freeze, v. i. [imp. Froze p. p. Frozen p. pr. & vb. n. Freezing.] [OE. fresen, freosen, AS. freósan; akin to D. vriezen, OHG. iosan, G. frieren, Icel. frjsa, Sw. frysa, Dan. fryse, Goth. frius cold, frost, and prob. to L. prurire to itch, E. prurient, cf. L. prna a burning coal, pruina hoarfrost, Skr. prushva ice, prush to spirt. 18. Cf. Frost.] 1. To become congealed by cold; to be changed from a liquid to a solid state by the abstraction of heat; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body. Water freezes at 32° above zero by Fahrenheit’s thermometer; mercury freezes at 40° below zero. 2. To become chilled with cold, or as with cold; to suffer loss of animation or life by lack of heat; as the blood freezes in the veins. To freeze up (Fig.), to become formal and cold in demeanor. [Colloq.]

Freeze, v. t. 1. To congeal; to harden into ice; to convert from a fluid to a solid form by cold, or abstraction of heat. 2. To cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat; to give the sensation of cold to; to chill. “A faint, cold fear runs through my veins,
That almost freezes up the heat of life.” Shak.

Freeze, n. The act of congealing, or the state of being congealed. [Colloq.]

Freez´er , n. One who, or that which, cools or freezes, as a refrigerator, or the tub and can used in the process of freezing ice cream.

Freez´ing, a. Tending to freeze; for freezing; hence, cold or distant in manner. — Frrez´ing•ly, adv. Freezing machine. See Ice machine, under Ice. — Freezing mixture, a mixture (of salt and snow or of chemical salts) for producing intense cold. — Freezing point, that degree of a thermometer at which a fluid begins to freeze; — applied particularly to water, whose freezing point is at 32° Fahr., and at 0° Centigrade.

Frei´es•le•ben•ite , n. [Named after the German chemist Freiesleben.] A sulphide of antimony, lead, and silver, occuring in monoclinic crystals.

Freight (frat), n. [F. fret, OHG. freht merit, reward. See Fraught, n.] 1. That with which anything is fraught or laden for transportation; lading; cargo, especially of a ship, or a car on a railroad, etc.; as a freight of cotton; a full freight. 2. (Law) (a) The sum paid by a party hiring a ship or part of a ship for the use of what is thus hired. (b) The price paid a common carrier for the carriage of goods. Wharton. 3. Freight transportation, or freight line.

Freight (frat), a. Employed in the transportation of freight; having to do with freight; as a freight car. Freight agent, a person employed by a transportation company to receive, forward, or deliver goods. — Freight car. See under Car. — Freight train, a railroad train made up of freight cars; — called in England goods train.

Freight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Freighting.] [Cf. F. freter.] To load with goods, as a ship, or vehicle of any kind, for transporting them from one place to another; to furnish with freight; as to freight a ship; to freight a car.

Freight´age (-aj; 48), n. 1. Charge for transportation; expense of carriage. 2. The transportation of freight. 3. Freight; cargo; lading. Milton.

Freight´er , n. 1. One who loads a ship, or one who charters and loads a ship. 2. One employed in receiving and forwarding freight. 3. One for whom freight is transported. 4. A vessel used mainly to carry freight.

Freight´less, a. Destitute of freight.

Frel´te , n. Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Fremd , Frem´ed } a. [OE., from AS. fremede, fremde; akin to G. fremd.] Strange; foreign. [Old Eng. & Scot.] Chaucer.

Fren (fren), n. [OE. frenne, contr. fr. forrene foreign. See Foreign, a.] A stranger. [Obs.] Spenser.

French (french), a. [AS. frencisc, LL. franciscus, from L. Francus a Frank: cf. OF. franceis, franchois, françois, F. français. See Frank, a., and cf. Frankish.] Of or pertaining to France or its inhabitants. French bean (Bot.), the common kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). — French berry (Bot.), the berry of a species of buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), which affords a saffron, green or purple pigment. — French casement (Arch.) See French window, under Window. — French chalk (Min.), a variety of granular talc; — used for drawing lines on cloth, etc. See under Chalk. — French cowslip (Bot.) The Primula Auricula. See Bear’s- ear. — French fake (Naut.), a mode of coiling a rope by running it backward and forward in parallel bends, so that it may run freely. — French honeysuckle (Bot.) a plant of the genus Hedysarum (H. coronarium); — called also garland honeysuckle. — French horn, a metallic wind instrument, consisting of a long tube twisted into circular folds and gradually expanding from the mouthpiece to the end at which the sound issues; — called in France cor de chasse. — French leave, an informal, hasty, or secret departure; esp., the leaving a place without paying one’s debts. — French pie [French (here used in sense of ´foreign´) + pie a magpie (in allusion to its black and white color)] (Zoöl.), the European great spotted woodpecker (Dryobstes major); — called also wood pie. — French polish. (a) A preparation for the surface of woodwork, consisting of gums dissolved in alcohol, either shellac alone, or shellac with other gums added. (b) The glossy surface produced by the application of the above. — French purple, a dyestuff obtained from lichens and used for coloring woolen and silken fabrics, without the aid of mordants. Ure. — French red rouge. — French rice, amelcorn. — French roof (Arch.), a modified form of mansard roof having a nearly flat deck for the upper slope. - - French tub, a dyer’s mixture of protochloride of tin and logwood; — called also plum tub. Ure. — French window. See under Window.

French, n. 1. The language spoken in France. 2. Collectively, the people of France.

French´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frenchified p. pr. & vb. n. Frenchifying.] [French + -fy.] To make French; to infect or imbue with the manners or tastes of the French; to Gallicize. Burke.

French´ism , n. A French mode or characteristic; an idiom peculiar to the French language. Earle.

French´man , n.; pl. Frenchmen . A native or one of the people of France.

Fre•net´ic , a. [See Frantic, a.] Distracted; mad; frantic; phrenetic. Milton.

Fre•net´ic•al , a. Frenetic; frantic; frenzied. — Frenet´ic•al•ly, adv.

Fre´num , n.; pl. E. Frenums (#), L. Frena (#). [L., a bridle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A cheek stripe of color. 2. (Anat.) Same as Fraenum.

Fren´zi•cal (fren´zi•kal), a. Frantic. [Obs.] Orrery.

Fren´zied , p. p. & a. Affected with frenzy; frantic; maddened. — Fren´zied•ly, adv. “The people frenzied by centuries of oppression.” Buckle. “Up starting with a frenzied look.” Sir W. Scott.

Fren´zy (-zy), n.; pl. Frenzies (-ziz). [OE. frenesie, fransey, F. frenesie, L. phrenesis, fr. Gr. fre•nhsis for freni^tis disease of the mind, phrenitis, fr. frhn mind. Cf. Frantic, Phrenitis.] Any violent agitation of the mind approaching to distraction; violent and temporary derangement of the mental faculties; madness; rage. “All else is towering frenzy and distraction.” Addison. “The poet’s eye in a fine frenzy rolling.” Shak. Syn. — Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; aberration; delirium. See Insanity.

Fren´zy, a. Mad; frantic. [R.] “They thought that some frenzy distemper had got into his head.” Bunyan.

Fren´zy, v. t. To affect with frenzy; to drive to madness [R.] ´Frenzying anguish.´ Southey.

Fre´quence , n. [See Frequency.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a concourse. [Archaic.] Tennyson. 2. Frequency; abundance. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Fre´quen•cy , n.; pl. Frequencies (#). [L. frequentia numerous attendance, multitude: cf. F. frequence. See Frequent.] 1. The condition of returning frequently; occurrence often repeated; common occurence; as the frequency of crimes; the frequency of miracles. “The reasons that moved her to remove were, because Rome was a place of riot and luxury, her soul being almost stifled with, the frequencies of ladies’ visits.” Fuller. 2. A crowd; a throng. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fre´quent , a. [L. frequens, -entis, crowded, frequent, akin to farcire to stuff: cf. F. frequent. Cf. Farce, n.] 1. Often to be met with; happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring; as frequent visits. ´Frequent feudal towers.´ Byron. 2. Addicted to any course of conduct; inclined to indulge in any practice; habitual; persistent. “He has been loud and frequent in declaring himself hearty for the government.” Swift. 3. Full; crowded; thronged. [Obs.] “’T is Caesar’s will to have a frequent senate.” B. Jonson. 4. Often or commonly reported. [Obs.] “’T is frequent in the city he hath subdued
The Catti and the Daci.” Massinger.

Fre•quent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frequented; p. pr. & vb. n. Frequenting.] [L. frequentare: cf. F. frequenter. See Frequent, a.] 1. To visit often; to resort to often or habitually. “He frequented the court of Augustus.” Dryden. 2. To make full; to fill. [Obs.] “With their sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite.” Milton.

Fre•quent´a•ble , a. Accessible. [R.] Sidney.

Fre•quent´age , n. The practice or habit of frequenting. [R.] Southey.

Fre´quen•ta´tion , n. [L. frequentatio a crowding together, frequency: cf. F. frequentation.] The act or habit of frequenting or visiting often; resort. Chesterfield.

Fre•quent´a•tive , a. [L. frequentativus: cf. F. frequentatif.] (Gram.) Serving to express the frequent repetition of an action; as a frequentative verb. — n. A frequentative verb.

Fre•quent•er , n. One who frequents; one who often visits, or resorts to customarily.

Fre•quent•ly , adv. At frequent or short intervals; many times; often; repeatedly; commonly.

Fre´quent•ness, n. The quality of being frequent.

Frère , n. [F. See Friar.] A friar. Chaucer.

Fres´cade , n. [See Fresco, Fresh, a.] A cool walk; shady place. [R.] Maunder.

Fres´co , n.; pl. Frescoes or Frescos (#). [It., fr. fresco fresh; of German origin. See Fresh, a.] 1. A cool, refreshing state of the air; duskiness; coolness; shade. [R.] Prior. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) The art of painting on freshly spread plaster, before it dries. (b) In modern parlance, incorrectly applied to painting on plaster in any manner. (c) A painting on plaster in either of senses a and b.

Fres´co, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frescoed p. pr. & vb. n. Frescoing.] To paint in fresco, as walls.

Fresh (fresh), a. [Compar. Fresher (-er); superl. Freshest.] [OE. fresch, AS. fersc; akin to D. versch, G. frisch, OHG. frisc, Sw. frisk, Dan. frisk, fersk, Icel. friskr frisky, brisk, ferskr fresh; cf. It. fresco, OF. fres, freis, fem. freske, fresche, F. frais, fem. fraîche, which are of German origin. Cf. Fraischeur, Fresco, Frisk.] 1. Possessed of original life and vigor; new and strong; unimpaired; sound. 2. New; original; additional. ´Fear of fresh mistakes.´ Sir W. Scott. “A fresh pleasure in every fresh posture of the limbs.” Landor. 3. Lately produced, gathered, or prepared for market; not stale; not dried or preserved; not wilted, faded, or tainted; in good condition; as fresh vegetables, flowers, eggs, meat, fruit, etc.; recently made or obtained; occurring again; repeated; as a fresh supply of goods; fresh tea, raisins, etc.; lately come or made public; as fresh news; recently taken from a well or spring; as fresh water. 4. Youthful; florid; as these fresh nymphs. Shak. 5. In a raw, green, or untried state; uncultivated; uncultured; unpracticed; as a fresh hand on a ship. 6. Renewed in vigor, alacrity, or readiness for action; as fresh for a combat; hence, tending to renew in vigor; rather strong; cool or brisk; as a fresh wind. 7. Not salt; as fresh water, in distinction from that which is from the sea, or brackish; fresh meat, in distinction from that which is pickled or salted. Fresh breeze (Naut.), a breeze between a moderate and a strong breeze; one blowinq about twenty miles an hour. — Fresh gale, a gale blowing about forty-five miles an hour. — Fresh way (Naut.), increased speed. Syn. — Sound; unimpaired; recent; unfaded: ruddy; florid; sweet; good: inexperienced; unpracticed: unused; lively; vigorous; strong.

Fresh, n.; pl. Freshes . 1. A stream or spring of fresh water. “He shall drink naught but brine; for I’ll not show him
Where the quick freshes are.” Shak. 2. A flood; a freshet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. The mingling of fresh water with salt in rivers or bays, as by means of a flood of fresh water flowing toward or into the sea. Beverly.

Fresh, v. t. To refresh; to freshen. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Fresh´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freshened p. pr. & vb. n. Freshening ] 1. To make fresh; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients; to make less salt; as to freshen water, fish, or flesh. 2. To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. (Naut.) To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing; as to freshen a hawse. Totten. To freshen ballast (Naut.), to shift Or restore it. — To freshen the hawse, to pay out a little more cable, so as to bring the chafe on another part. — To freshen the way, to increase the speed of a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Fresh´en , v. i. 1. To grow fresh; to lose saltness. 2. To grow brisk or strong; as the wind freshens.

Fresh´et , n. [OE. fresche flood + -et. See Fresh, a.] 1. A stream of fresh water. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A flood or overflowing of a stream caused by heavy rains or melted snow; a sudden inundation. “Cracked the sky, as ice in rivers
When the freshet is at highest.” Longfellow.

Fresh´ly, adv. In a fresh manner; vigorously; newly, recently; brightly; briskly; coolly; as freshly gathered; freshly painted; the wind blows freshly. “Looks he as freshly as he did?” Shak.

Fresh´man , n.; pl. Freshmen . A novice; one in the rudiments of knowledge; especially, a student during his first year in a college or university. “He drank his glass and cracked his joke,
And freshmen wondered as he spoke.” Goldsmith. Freshman class, the lowest of the four classes in an American college. [ U. S.]

Fresh´man•ship, n. The state of being a freshman.

Fresh´ment , n. Refreshment. [Obs.]

Fresh´ness, n. The state of being fresh. “The Scots had the advantage both for number and freshness
of men.” Hayward. “And breathe the freshness of the open air.” Dryden. “Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace.” Granville.

Fresh´-new , a. Unpracticed. [Obs.] Shak.

Fresh´-wa•ter , a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or living in, water not salt; as fresh-water geological deposits; a fresh- water fish; fresh-water mussels. 2. Accustomed to sail on fresh water only; unskilled as a seaman; as a fresh-water sailor. 3. Unskilled; raw. [Colloq.] ´Fresh- water soldiers.´ Knolles. { Fres•nel´ lamp´ , Fres’nel’ lan’tern } [From Fresnel the inventor, a French physicist.] A lantern having a lamp surrounded by a hollow cylindrical Fresnel lens.

Fres•nel´ lens´ [See Fresnel lamp.] (Optics) See under Lens.

Fret (fret), n. [Obs.] See 1st Frith.

Fret (fret), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fretted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fretting.] [OE. freten to eat, consume; AS. fretan, for foretan; pref. for- + etan to eat; akin to D. vreten, OHG. frezzan, G. fressen, Sw. fräta, Goth. fra-itan. See For, and Eat, v. t.] 1. To devour. [Obs.] “The sow frete the child right in the cradle.” Chaucer. 2. To rub; to wear away by friction; to chafe; to gall; hence, to eat away; to gnaw; as to fret cloth; to fret a piece of gold or other metal; a worm frets the plants of a ship. “With many a curve my banks I fret.” Tennyson. 3. To impair; to wear away; to diminish. “By starts
His fretted fortunes give him hope and fear.” Shak. 4. To make rough, agitate, or disturb; to cause to ripple; as to fret the surface of water. 5. To tease; to irritate; to vex. “Fret not thyself because of evil doers.” Ps. xxxvii. 1.

Fret, v. i. 1. To be worn away; to chafe; to fray; as a wristband frets on the edges. 2. To eat in; to make way by corrosion. “Many wheals arose, and fretted one into another with great excoriation.” Wiseman. 3. To be agitated; to be in violent commotion; to rankle; as rancor frets in the malignant breast. 4. To be vexed; to be chafed or irritated; to be angry; to utter peevish expressions. “He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.” Dryden.

Fret, n. 1. The agitation of the surface of a fluid by fermentation or other cause; a rippling on the surface of water. Addison. 2. Agitation of mind marked by complaint and impatience; disturbance of temper; irritation; as he keeps his mind in a continual fret. “Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret.” Pope. 3. Herpes; tetter. Dunglison. 4. pl. (Mining) The worn sides of river banks, where ores, or stones containing them, accumulate by being washed down from the hills, and thus indicate to the miners the locality of the veins.

Fret, v. t. [OE. fretten to adorn, AS. fraetwan, fraetwian; akin to OS. fratahon, cf. Goth. us-fratwjan to make wise, also AS. fraetwe ornaments, OS. fratahi adornment.] To ornament with raised work; to variegate; to diversify. “ Whose skirt with gold was fretted all about.” Spenser. “Yon gray lines,
That fret the clouds, are messengers of day.” Shak.

Fret, n. 1. Ornamental work in relief, as carving or embossing. See Fretwork. 2. (Arch.) An ornament consisting of small fillets or slats intersecting each other or bent at right angles, as in classical designs, or at oblique angles, as often in Oriental art. “His lady’s cabinet is a adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney-piece with … carving.” Evelyn. 3. The reticulated headdress or net, made of gold or silver wire, in which ladies in the Middle Ages confined their hair. “A fret of gold she had next her hair.” Chaucer. Fret saw, a saw with a long, narrow blade, used in cutting frets, scrolls, etc.; a scroll saw; a keyhole saw; a compass saw.

Fret , n. [F. frette a saltire, also a hoop, ferrule, prob. a dim. of L. ferrum iron. For sense 2, cf. also E. fret to rub.] 1. (Her.) A saltire interlaced with a mascle. 2. (Mus.) A short piece of wire, or other material fixed across the finger board of a guitar or a similar instrument, to indicate where the finger is to be placed.

Fret, v. t. To furnish with frets, as an instrument of music.

Fret´ful , a. [See 2d Fret.] Disposed to fret; ill-humored; peevish; angry; in a state of vexation; as a fretful temper. — Fret´ful•ly, adv. — Fret´ful•ness, n. Syn. — Peevish; ill-humored; ill-natured; irritable; waspish; captious; petulant; splenetic; spleeny; passionate; angry. - - Fretful, Peevish, Cross. These words all indicate an unamiable working and expression of temper. Peevish marks more especially the inward spirit: a peevish man is always ready to find fault. Fretful points rather to the outward act, and marks a complaining impatience: sickly children are apt to be fretful. Crossness is peevishness mingled with vexation or anger.

Frett , n. [See 2d Fret.] (Mining) The worn side of the bank of a river. See 4th Fret, n., 4.

Frett, n. [See Frit.] A vitreous compound, used by potters in glazing, consisting of lime, silica, borax, lead, and soda.

Fret´ted , p. p. & a. [From 2d Fret.] 1. Rubbed or worn away; chafed. 2. Agitated; vexed; worried.

Fret´ted, p. p. & a. [See 5th Fret.] 1. Ornamented with fretwork; furnished with frets; variegated; made rough on the surface. 2. (Her.) Interlaced one with another; — said of charges and ordinaries.

Fret´ten , a. [The old p. p. of fret to rub.] Rubbed; marked; as pock-fretten, marked with the smallpox. [Obs.] Wright.

Fret´ter , n. One who, or that which, frets.

Fret´ty, a. [See 5th Fret.] Adorned with fretwork.

Fre´tum , n.; pl. Freta (#). [L.] A strait, or arm of the sea.

Fret´work , n. [6th fret + work.] Work adorned with frets; ornamental openwork or work in relief, esp. when elaborate and minute in its parts. Hence, any minute play of light and shade, dark and light, or the like. “Banqueting on the turf in the fretwork of shade and sunshine.” Macaulay.

Frey´a (fri´a), n. [Icel. Freyja.] (Scand. Myth.) The daughter of Njörd, and goddess of love and beauty; the Scandinavian Venus; - - in Teutonic myths confounded with Frigga, but in Scandinavian, distinct. [Written also Frea, Freyia, and Freyja.]

Fri´a•bii´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. friabilite.] The quality of being friable; friableness. Locke.

Fri´a•ble , a. [L. friabilis, fr. friare to rub, break, or crumble into small pieces, cf. fricare to rub, E. fray: cf. F. friable.] Easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder. ´Friable ground.´ Evelyn. ´Soft and friable texture.´ Paley. — Fri’a•ble•ness, n.

Fri´ar , n. [OR. frere, F. frère brother, friar, fr. L. frater brother. See Brother.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A brother or member of any religious order, but especially of one of the four mendicant orders, viz: (a) Minors, Gray Friars, or Franciscans. (b) Augustines. (c) Dominicans or Black Friars. (d) White Friars or Carmelites. See these names in the Vocabulary. 2. (Print.) A white or pale patch on a printed page. 3. (Zoöl.) An American fish; the silversides. Friar bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird (Tropidorhynchus corniculatus), having the head destitute of feathers; — called also coldong, leatherhead, pimlico; poor soldier, and four- o’clock. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus. — Friar’s balsam (Med.), a stimulating application for wounds and ulcers, being an alcoholic solution of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam, and aloes; compound tincture of benzoin. Brande & C. — Friar’s cap (Bot.), the monkshood. — Friar’s cowl (Bot.), an arumlike plant (Arisarum vulgare) with a spathe or involucral leaf resembling a cowl. — Friar’s lantern, the ignis fatuus or Will-o’-the-wisp. Milton. — Friar skate (Zoöl.), the European white or sharpnosed skate (Raia alba); — called also Burton skate, border ray, scad, and doctor.

Fri´ar•ly, a. Like a friar; inexperienced. Bacon.

Fri´ar•y , a. [From Friar, n.] Like a friar; pertaining to friars or to a convent. [Obs.] Camden.

Fri´ar•y, n. [OF. frerie, frairie, fr. frère. See Friar.] 1. A monastery; a convent of friars. Drugdale. 2. The institution or practices of friars. Fuller.

Fri•a´tion , n. [See Friable.] The act of breaking up or pulverizing.

Frib´ble , a. [Cf. F. frivole, L. frivolus, or E. frippery.] Frivolous; trifling; silly.

Frib´ble, n. A frivolous, contemptible fellow; a fop. “A pert fribble of a peer.” Thackeray.

Frib´ble, v. i. 1. To act in a trifling or foolish manner; to act frivolously. “The fools that are fribbling round about you.” Thackeray. 2. To totter. [Obs.]

Frib´bler , n. A trifler; a fribble.

Frib´bling , a. Frivolous; trining; toolishly captious. { Fri´borg , Fri´borgh } , n. [AS. friðborh, lit., peace pledge; frið peace + borh, borg, pledge, akin to E. borrow. The first part of the word was confused with free, the last part, with borough.] (Old Eng. Law) The pledge and tithing, afterwards called by the Normans frankpledge. See Frankpledge. [Written also friburgh and fribourg.] Burril.

Fric´ace , n. [See Fricassee.] 1. Meat sliced and dressed with strong sauce. [Obs.] King. 2. An unguent; also the act of rubbing with the unguent.

Fri•can•deau´ , Fric•an•do´ , n. [F. fricandeau; cf. Sp. fricandó.] A ragout or fricassee of veal; a fancy dish of veal or of boned turkey, served as an entree, - - called also fricandel. A. J. Cooley.

Fric´as•see , n. [F. fricassee, fr. fricasser to fry, fricassee; cf. LL. fricare, perh. for frictare, fricare, frictum, to rub. Cf. Fry, Friction.] A dish made of fowls, veal, or other meat of small animals cut into pieces, and stewed in a gravy.

Fric´as•see, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fricasseed p. pr. &. vb. n. Fricasseeing.] To dress like a fricassee.

Fri•ca´tion , n. [L. fricatio, fr. fricare, fricatum, to rub. ] Friction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Fric´a•tive , a. [See Frication.] (Phon.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; — said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc. — n. A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-206, etc.

Fric´a•trice , n. [Cf. L. frictrix, fr. fricare to rub.] A lewd woman; a harlot. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fric´kle , n. A bushel basket. [Obs.]

Fric´tion , n. [L. frictio, fr. fricare, frictum,to rub: cf. F. friction. See Fray to rub, arid cf. Dentifrice.] 1. The act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another; attrition; in hygiene, the act of rubbing the body with the hand, with flannel, or with a brush etc., to excite the skin to healthy action. 2. (Mech.) The resistance which a body meets with from the surface on which it moves. It may be resistance to sliding motion, or to rolling motion. 3. A clashing between two persons or parties in opinions or work; a disagreement tending to prevent or retard progress. Angle of friction (Mech.), the angle which a plane onwhich a body is lying makes with a horizontal plane,when the hody is just ready to slide dewn the plane. This angle varies for different bodies, and for planes of different materials. — Anti-friction wheels (Mach.), wheels turning freely on small pivots, and sustaining, at the angle formed by their circumferences, the pivot or journal of a revolving shaft, to relieve it of friction; — called also friction wheels. — Friction balls, or Friction rollers, balls or rollers placed so as to receive the pressure or weight of bodies in motion, and relieve friction, as in the hub of a bicycle wheel. — Friction brake (Mach.), a form of dynamometer for measuring the power a motor exerts. A clamp around the revolving shaft or fly wheel of the motor resists the motion by its friction, the work thus absorbed being ascertained by observing the force required to keep the clamp from revolving with the shaft; a Prony brake. — Friction chocks, brakes attached to the common standing garrison carriages of guns, so as to raise the trucks or wheels off the platform when the gun begins to recoil, and prevent its running back. Earrow. — Friction clutch, Friction coupling, an engaging and disengaging gear for revolving shafts, pulleys, etc., acting by friction; esp.: (a) A device in which a piece on one shaft or pulley is so forcibly pressed against a piece on another shaft that the two will revolve together; as in the illustration, the cone a on one shaft, when thrust forcibly into the corresponding hollow cone b on the other shaft, compels the shafts to rotate together, by the hold the friction of the conical surfaces gives. (b) A toothed clutch, one member of which, instead of being made fast on its shaft, is held by friction and can turn, by slipping, under excessive strain or in starting. — Friction drop hammer, one in which the hammer is raised for striking by the friction of revolving rollers which nip the hammer rod. — Friction gear. See Frictional gearing, under Frictional. — Friction machine, an electrical machine, generating electricity by friction. — Friction meter, an instrument for measuring friction, as in testing lubricants. — Friction powder, Friction composition, a composition of chlorate of potassium, antimony, sulphide, etc, which readily ignites by friction. — Friction primer, Friction tube, a tube used for firing cannon by means of the friction of a roughened wire in the friction powder or composition with which the tube is filled. — Friction wheel (Mach.), one of the wheels in frictional gearing. See under Frictional.

Fric´tion•al , a. Relating to friction; moved by friction; produced by friction; as frictional electricity. Frictional gearing, wheels which transmit motion by surface friction instead of teeth. The faces are sometimes made more or less V-shaped to increase or decrease friction, as required.

Fric´tion•less, a. Having no friction.

Fri´day , n. [AS. frigedaeg, fr. Frigu, the gooddes of marriage; friqu love + daeg day; cf. Icel. Frigg name of a goddess, the wife of Odin or Wodan, OHG. Friatag, Icel. Frjadagr. AS. frigu is prob. from the root of E. friend, free. See Free, and Day.] The sixth day of the week, following Thursday and preceding Saturday.

Fridge , v. t. [AS. frician to dance, from free bold. Cf. Freak, n.] To rub; to fray. [Obs.] Sterne. { Frid´stol• (frid´stol•), Frith•stool´ (frith´stool•) }, n. [AS. friðstol. See Fred, and Stool.] A seat in churches near the altar, to which offenders formerly fled for sanctuary. [Written variously fridstool, freedstool, etc.] [Obs.]

Fried (frid), imp. & p. p. of Fry.

Friend (frend), n. [OR. frend, freond, AS. freónd, prop. p. pr. of freón, freógan, to love; akin to D. vriend friend, OS. friund friend, friohan to love, OHG. friunt friend, G. freund, Icel. fraendi kinsman, Sw. frände. Goth. frijonds friend, frijon to love. rad.83. See Free, and cf. Fiend.] 1. One who entertains for another such sentiments of esteem, respect, and affection that he seeks his society and welfare; a wellwisher; an intimate associate; sometimes, an attendant. “Want gives to know the flatterer from the friend.” Dryden. “A friend that sticketh closer than a brother.” Prov. xviii. 24. 2. One not inimical or hostile; one not a foe or enemy; also one of the same nation, party, kin, etc., whose friendly feelings may be assumed. The word is some times used as a term of friendly address. “Friend, how camest thou in hither?” Matt. xxii. 12. 3. One who looks propitiously on a cause, an institution, a project, and the like; a favorer; a promoter; as a friend to commerce, to poetry, to an institution. 4. One of a religious sect characterized by disuse of outward rites and an ordained ministry, by simplicity of dress and speech, and esp. by opposition to war and a desire to live at peace with all men. They are popularly called Quakers. “America was first visited by Friends in 1656.” T. Chase. 5. A paramour of either sex. [Obs.] Shak. A friend at court or in court, one disposed to act as a friend in a place of special opportunity or influence. — To be friends with, to have friendly relations with. ´He’s … friends with Caesar.´ Shak. — To make friends with, to become reconciled to or on friendly terms with. ´Having now made friends with the Athenians.´ Jowett (Thucyd.).

Friend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Friended; p. pr. & vb. n. Friending.] To act as the friend of; to favor; to countenance; to befriend. [Obs.] “Fortune friends the bold.” Spenser.

Friend´ed, a. 1. Having friends; [Obs.] 2. Inclined to love; well-disposed. [Obs.] Shak.

Friend´ing, n. Friendliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Friend´less, a. [AS. freóndleás.] Destitute of friends; forsaken. — Friend´less•ness, n.

Friend´li•ly , adv. In a friendly manner. Pope.

Friend´li•ness, n. The condition or quality of being friendly. Sir P. Sidney.

Friend´ly, a. [AS. freendlice.] 1. Having the temper and disposition of a friend; disposed to promote the good of another; kind; favorable. 2. Appropriate to, or implying, friendship; befitting friends; amicable. “In friendly relations with his moderate opponents.” Macaulay. 3. Not hostile; as a friendly power or state. 4. Promoting the good of any person; favorable; propitious; serviceable; as a friendly breeze or gale. “On the first friendly bank he throws him down.” Addison. Syn. — Amicable; kind; conciliatory; propitious; favorable. See Amicable.

Friend´ly, adv. In the manner of friends; amicably; like friends. [Obs.] Shak. “In whom all graces that can perfect beauty
Are friendly met.” Beau. & Fl.

Friend´ship, n. [AS. freóndscipe. See Friend, and -ship.] 1. The state of being friends; friendly relation, or attachment, to a person, or between persons; affection arising from mutual esteem and good will; friendliness; amity; good will. “There is little friendship in the world.” Bacon. “There can be no friendship without confidence, and no confidence without integrity.” Rambler. “Preferred by friendship, and not chosen by sufficiency.” Spenser. 2. Kindly aid; help; assistance, [Obs.] “Some friendship will it [a hovel] lend you gainst the tempest.” Shak. 3. Aptness to unite; conformity; affinity; harmony; correspondence. [Obs.] “Those colors … have a friendship with each other.” Dryden.

Fri´er , n. One who fries.

Friese , n. Same as Friesic, n.

Fries´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province in the northern part of the Netherlands.

Fries´ic, n. The language of the Frisians, a Teutonic people formerly occupying a large part of the coast of Holland and Northwestern Germany. The modern dialects of Friesic are spoken chiefly in the province of Friesland, and on some of the islands near the coast of Germany and Denmark.

Fries´ish, a. Friesic. [R.]

Frieze , n. [Perh. the same word as frieze a, kind of cloth. Cf. Friz.] (Arch.) (a) That part of the entablature of an order which is between the architrave and cornice. It is a flat member or face, either uniform or broken by triglyphs, and often enriched with figures and other ornaments of sculpture. (b) Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture. See Illust. of Column. “Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures graven.” Milton.

Frieze , n. [F. frise, perh. originally a woolen cloth or stuff from Friesland (F. Frise); cf. LL. frisii panni and frissatus pannus, a shaggy woolen cloth, F. friser to friz, curl. Cf. Friz.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth or stuff with a shaggy or tufted (friezed) nap on one side. ´Robes of frieze.´ Goldsmith.

Frieze, v. t. To make a nap on (cloth); to friz. See Friz, v. t., 2. Friezing machine, a machine for friezing cloth; a friezing machine.

Friezed , a. Gathered, or having the map gathered, into little tufts, knots, or protuberances. Cf. Frieze, v. t., and Friz, v. t., 2.

Frie´zer , n. One who, or that which, friezes or frizzes.

Frig´ate , n. [F. fregate, It. fregata, prob. contracted fr. L. fabricata something constructed or built. See Fabricate.] 1. Originally, a vessel of the Mediterranean propelled by sails and by oars. The French, about 1650, transferred the name to larger vessels, and by 1750 it had been appropriated for a class of war vessels intermediate between corvettes and ships of the line. Frigates, from about 1750 to 1850, had one full battery deck and, often, a spar deck with a lighter battery. They carried sometimes as many as fifty guns. After the application of steam to navigation steam frigates of largely increased size and power were built, and formed the main part of the navies of the world till about 1870, when the introduction of ironclads superseded them. [Formerly spelled frigat and friggot.] 2. Any small vessel on the water. [Obs.] Spenser. Frigate bird (Zoöl.), a web- footed rapacious bird, of the genus Fregata; — called also man-of-war bird, and frigate pelican. Two species are known; that of the Southern United States and West Indies is F. aquila. They are remarkable for their long wings and powerful flight. Their food consists of fish which they obtain by robbing gulls, terns, and other birds, of their prey. They are related to the pelicans. — Frigate mackerel (Zoöl.), an oceanic fish (Auxis Rochei) of little or no value as food, often very abundant off the coast of the United States. — Frigate pelican. (Zoöl.) Same as Frigate bird.

Frig´ate-built´ , a. (Naut.) Built like a frigate with a raised quarter-deck and forecastle.

Frig´a•toon , n. [It. fregatone: cf. F. fregaton. See Frigate.] (Naut.) A Venetian vessel, with a square stern, having only a mainmast, jigger mast, and bowsprit; also a sloop of war ship- rigged.

Frig´e•fac•tion , n. [L. frigere to be cold + facere to make.] The act of making cold. [Obs.]

Frig´e•fac•tive , a. Cooling. [Obs.] Boyle.

Frig´er•ate , v. t. [L. frigerare, fr. frigus cold.] To make cool. [Obs.] Blount. { Frigg , Frig´ga } n. [Icel. Frigg. See Friday.] (Scand. Myth.) The wife of Odin and mother of the gods; the supreme goddess; the Juno of the Valhalla. Cf. Freya.

Fright (frit), n. [OE. frigt, freyht, AS. fyrhto, fyrhtu; akin to OS. forhta, OHG. forhta, forahta, G. furcht, Dan. frygt, Sw. fruktan, Goth. faúrhtei fear, faúrhts timid.] 1. A state of terror excited by the sudden appearance of danger; sudden and violent fear, usually of short duration; a sudden alarm. 2. Anything strange, ugly or shocking, producing a feeling of alarm or aversion. [Colloq.] Syn. — Alarm; terror; consternation. See Alarm.

Fright , v. t. [imp. Frighted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Frighting.] [OE. frigten to fear, frighten, AS. fyrhtan to frighten, forhtian to fear; akin to OS. forhtian, OHG. furihten, forahtan, G. fürchten, Sw. frukta, Dan. frygte, Goth. faurhtjan. See Fright, n., and cf. Frighten.] To alarm suddenly; to shock by causing sudden fear; to terrify; to scare. “Nor exile or danger can fright a brave spirit.” Dryden. Syn. — To affright; dismay; daunt; intimidate.

Fright´en , v. t. [imp. Frightened (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Frightening (#).] [See Fright, v. t.] To disturb with fear; to throw into a state of alarm or fright; to affright; to terrify. “More frightened than hurt.” Old Proverb.

Fright´ful , a. 1. Full of fright; affrighted; frightened. [Obs.] “See how the frightful herds run from the wood.” W. Browne. 2. Full of that which causes fright; exciting alarm; impressing terror; shocking; as a frightful chasm, or tempest; a frightful appearance. Syn. — Terrible; dreadful; alarming; fearful; terrific; awful; horrid; horrible; shocking. — Frightful, Dreadful, Awful. These words all express fear. In frightful, it is a sudden emotion; in dreadful, it is deeper and more prolonged; in awful, the fear is mingled with the emotion of awe, which subdues us before the presence of some invisible power. An accident may be frightful; the approach of death is dreadful to most men; the convulsions of the earthquake are awful.

Fright´ful•ly , adv. In a frightful manner; to a frightful dagree.

Fright´ful•ness, n. The quality of being frightful.

Fright´less, a. Free from fright; fearless. [Obs.]

Fright´ment , n. Fear; terror. [Obs.]

Frig´id , a. [L. frigidus, fr. frigere to be cold; prob. akin to Gr. to shudder, or perh. to cold. Cf. Frill.] 1. Cold; wanting heat or warmth; of low temperature; as a frigid climate. 2. Wanting warmth, fervor, ardor, fire, vivacity, etc.; unfeeling; forbidding in manner; dull and unanimated; stiff and formal; as a frigid constitution; a frigid style; a frigid look or manner; frigid obedience or service. 3. Wanting natural heat or vigor sufficient to excite the generative power; impotent. Johnson. Frigid zone, that part of the earth which lies between either polar circle and its pole. It extends 23 28 from the pole. See the Note under Arctic.

Frig´i•da•ri•um , n.; pl. Frigidaria (#). [L., neut. of frigidarium cooling.] The cooling room of the Roman thermae, furnished with a cold bath.

Fri•gid´i•ty , n. [L. frigiditas: cf. F. frigidite.] 1. The condition or quality of being frigid; coldness; want of warmth. “Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Want of ardor, animation, vivacity, etc.; coldness of affection or of manner; dullness; stiffness and formality; as frigidity of a reception, of a bow, etc. 3. Want of heat or vigor; as the frigidity of old age.

Frig´id•ly , adv. In a frigid manner; coldly; dully; without affection.

Frig´id•ness, n. The state of being frigid; want of heat, vigor, or affection; coldness; dullness. { Frig´o•rif´ic , Frig´o•rif•ic•al } a. [L. frigorificus; frigus, frigoris, cold + facere to make: cf. F. frigorifique.] Causing cold; producing or generating cold. Quincy.

Frill , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frilled p. pr. & vb. n. Frilling.] [OF. friller, fr. L. frigidulus somewhat cold, dim. of frigidus cold; akin to F. frileux chilly.] 1. To shake or shiver as with cold; as the hawk frills. Johnson. 2. (Photog.) To wrinkle; — said of the gelatin film.

Frill, v. t. To provide or decorate with a frill or frills; to turn back. in crimped plaits; as to frill a cap.

Frill, n. [See Frill, v. i.]. (Zoöl.) (a) A ruffing of a bird’s feathers from cold. (b) A ruffle, consisting of a fold of membrane, of hairs, or of feathers, around the neck of an animal. See Frilled lizard (below). (c) A similar ruffle around the legs or other appendages of animals. (d) A ruffled varex or fold on certain shells. 2. A border or edging secured at one edge and left free at the other, usually fluted or crimped like a very narrow flounce.

Frilled , a. Furnished with a frill or frills. Frilled lizard (Zoöl.), a large Australian lizard (Chlamydosaurus Kingii) about three feet long, which has a large, erectile frill on each side of the neck.

Frim , a. [Cf. AS. freme good, bold, and E. frame.] Flourishing; thriving; fresh; in good case; vigorous. [Obs.] ´Frim pastures.´ Drayton.

Fri´maire , n. [F., fr. frimas hoarfrost.] The third month of the French republican calendar. It commenced November 21, and ended December 20., See Vendemiaire.

Fringe , n. [OF, fringe, F. frange, prob. fr. L. fimbria fiber, thread, fringe, cf. fibra fiber, E. fiber, fimbriate.] 1. An ornamental appendage to the border of a piece of stuff, originally consisting of the ends of the warp, projecting beyond the woven fabric; but more commonly made separate and sewed on, consisting sometimes of projecting ends, twisted or plaited together, and sometimes of loose threads of wool, silk, or linen, or narrow strips of leather, or the like. 2. Something resembling in any respect a fringe; a line of objects along a border or edge; a border; an edging; a margin; a confine. “The confines of grace and the fringes of repentance.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Opt.) One of a number of light or dark bands, produced by the interference of light; a diffraction band; — called also interference fringe. 4. (Bot.) The peristome or fringelike appendage of the capsules of most mosses. See Peristome. Fringe tree (Bot.), a small tree (Chionanthus Virginica), growing in the Southern United States, and having snow-white flowers, with long pendulous petals.

Fringe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fringed p. pr. & vb. a. Fringing.] To adorn the edge of with a fringe or as with a fringe. “Precipices fringed with grass.” Bryant. Fringing reef. See Coral reefs, under Coral.

Fringed , a. Furnished with a fringe. Fringed lear (Bot.), a leaf edged with soft parallel hairs.

Fringe´less, a. Having no fringe.

Frin´gent , a. Encircling like a fringe; bordering. [R.] ´The fringent air.´ Emerson.

Frin•gil´la , a. [NL., fr. L. fringilla a chaffinch.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds, with a short, conical, pointed bill. It formerly included all the sparrows and finches, but is now restricted to certain European finches, like the chaffinch and brambling.

Frin•gil•la´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Fringilline.

Frin•gil´line , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the family Fringillidae; characteristic of finches; sparrowlike.

Frin´gy , a. Aborned with fringes. Shak.

Frip´per , n. [F. fripier, fr. friper to rumple, fumble, waste.] One who deals in frippery or in old clothes. [Obs.] Bacon.

Frip´per•er , n. A fripper. [Obs.] Johnson.

Frip´per•y , n. [F. friperie, fr. fruper. See Fripper.] 1. Coast-off clothes. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. Hence: Secondhand finery; cheap and tawdry decoration; affected elegance. “Fond of gauze and French frippery.” Goldsmith. “The gauzy frippery of a French translation.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A place where old clothes are sold. Shak. 4. The trade or traffic in old clothes.

Frip´per•y , a. Trifling; contemptible.

Fri´seur’ , n. [F., fr. friser to curl, frizzle. See Frizzle.] A hairdresser.

Fri´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province of the Netherlands; Friesic.

Fri´sian, n. A native or inhabitant of Friesland; also the language spoken in Friesland. See Friesic, n.

Frisk , a. [OF. frieque, cf. OHG. frise lively, brisk, fresh, Dan. & Sw. frisk, Icel. friskr. See Fresh, a.] Lively; brisk; frolicsome; frisky. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Frisk, a. A frolic; a fit of wanton gayety; a gambol: a little playful skip or leap. Johnson.

Frisk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frisked p. pr. & vb. n. Frisking.] To leap, skip, dance, or gambol, in fronc and gayety. “The frisking satyrs on the summits danced.” Addison.

Frisk´al , n. A leap or caper. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Frisker , n. One who frisks; one who leaps of dances in gayety; a wanton; an inconstant or unsettled person. Camden.

Fris´ket , n. [F. frisguette. Perh. so named from the velocity or frequency of its motion. See Frisk a.] (Print.) The light frame which holds the sheet of paper to the tympan in printing.

Frisk´ful , a. Brisk; lively; frolicsome.

Frisk´i•ly’ , adv. In a frisky manner.

Frisk´i•ness, n. State or quality of being frisky.

Frisk´y, a. Inclined to frisk; frolicsome; gay. “He is too frisky for an old man.” Jeffrey.

Fris´let (friz´let), n. [Cf. Fraise a kind of defense; also Friz.] A kind of small ruffle. Halliwell.

Frist (frist), v. t. [OE. fristen, firsten, to lend, give respite, postpone, AS. firstan to give respite to; akin to first time, G. frist, Icel. frest delay.] To sell upon credit, as goods. [R.] Crabb.

Fri´sure , n. [F.] The dressing of the hair by crisping or curling. Smollett.

Frit , n. [F. fritte, fr. frit fried, p. p. of frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. (Glass Making) The material of which glass is made, after having been calcined or partly fused in a furnace, but before vitrification. It is a composition of silex and alkali, occasionally with other ingredients. Ure. 2. (Ceramics) The material for glaze of pottery. Frit brick, a lump of calcined glass materials, brought to a pasty condition in a reverberatory furnace, preliminary to the perfect vitrification in the melting pot.

Frit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fritted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fritting.] To prepare by heat (the materials for making glass); to fuse partially. Ure.

Frit, v. t. To fritter; — with away. [R.] Ld. Lytton.

Frith (frith), n. [OE. firth, Icel. fjörðr; akin to Sw. fjärd, Dan. fiord, E. ford. rad.78. See Ford, n., and cf. Firth, Fiord, Fret a frith, Port a harbor.] 1. (Geog.) A narrow arm of the sea; an estuary; the opening of a river into the sea; as the Frith of Forth. 2. A kind of weir for catching fish. [Eng.] Carew.

Frith, n. [OE. frith peace, protection, land inclosed for hunting, park, forest, AS. frið peace; akin to frenoð peace, protection, asylum, G. friede peace, Icel. friðr, and from the root of E. free, friend. See Free, a., and cf. Affray, Defray.] 1. A forest; a woody place. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. A small field taken out of a common, by inclosing it; an inclosure. [Obs.] Sir J. Wynne.

Frith´y , a. Woody. [Obs.] Skelton.

Frit´il•la•ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. fritillus dicebox: cf. F. fritillaire. So named from the checkered markings of the petals.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants, of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial.

Frit´il•la•ry , n. 1. (Bot.) A plant with checkered petals, of the genus Fritillaria: the Guinea-hen flower. See Fritillaria. 2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of butterflies belonging to Argynnis and allied genera; — so called because the coloring of their wings resembles that of the common Fritillaria. See Aphrodite.

Frit´i•nan•cy , n. [L. fritinnire to twitter.] A chirping or creaking, as of a cricket. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Frit´ter , n. [OR. fritour, friture, pancake, F. friture frying, a thing fried, from frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. A small quantity of batter, fried in boiling lard or in a frying pan. Fritters are of various kinds, named from the substance inclosed in the batter; as apple fritters, clam fritters, oyster fritters. 2. A fragment; a shred; a small piece. “And cut whole giants into fritters.” Hudibras. Corn fritter. See under Corn.

Frit´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frittered p. pr. & vb. n. Frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces, for frying. 2. To break into small pieces or fragments. “Break all nerves, and fritter all their sense.” Pope. To fritter away, to diminish; to pare off; to reduce to nothing by taking away a little at a time; also to waste piecemeal; as to fritter away time, strength, credit, etc.

Frit´ting , n. [See Frit to expose to heat.] The formation of frit or slag by heat with but incipient fusion.

Friv´o•lism , n. Frivolity. [R.] Pristley.

Fri•vol´i•ty , n.; pl. Frivolities (#). [Cg. F. frivolite. See Frivolous.] The condition or quality of being frivolous; also acts or habits of trifling; unbecoming levity of disposition.

Friv´o•lous , a. [L. frivolus; prob. akin to friare to rub, crumble, E. friable: cf. F. frivole.] 1. Of little weight or importance; not worth notice; slight; as a frivolous argument. Swift. 2. Given to trifling; marked with unbecoming levity; silly; interested especially in trifling matters. “His personal tastes were low and frivolous.” Macaulay. Syn. — Trifling; trivial; slight; petty; worthless. — Friv´o•lous•ly, adv. — Friv´o•lous•ness, n.

Friz , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzed p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzing ] [Cf. F. friser to curl, crisp, frizzle, to raise the nap (on certain stuffs); prob.akin to OFries. frisle hair of the head. Cf. Frieze kind of cloth.] [Written also frizz.] 1. To curl or form into small curls, as hair, with a crisping pin; to crisp. “With her hair frizzed short up to her ears.” Pepys. 2. To form into little burs, prominences, knobs, or tufts, as the nap of cloth. 3. (Leather Manufacture) To soften and make of even thickness by rubbing, as with pumice stone or a blunt instrument. Frizzing machine. (a) (Fabrics) A machine for frizzing the surface of cloth. (b) (Wood Working) A bench with a revolving cutter head slightly protruding above its surface, for dressing boards.

Friz, n.; pl. Frizzes . That which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled, as a wig; a frizzle. [Written also frizz.] “He [Dr. Johnson], who saw in his glass how his wig became his face and head, might easily infer that a similar fullbottomed, well-curled friz of words would be no less becoming to his thoughts.” Hare.

Frize , n. (Arch.) See 1st Frieze.

Friz´el , a. (Firearms) A movable furrowed piece of steel struck by the flint, to throw sparks into the pan, in an early form of flintlock. Knight.

Fri•zette´ , n. [F. frisette curl.] A curl of hair or silk; a pad of frizzed hair or silk worn by women under the hair to stuff it out.

Frizz , v. t. & n. See Friz, v. t. & n.

Friz´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling ] [Dim. of friz.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz; to crinkle. Gay. To frizzle up, to crinkle or crisp excessively.

Friz´zle, n. A curl; a lock of hair crisped. Milton.

Friz´zler , n. One who frizzles. { Friz´zly , Friz´zy } a. Curled or crisped; as frizzly, hair.

Fro (fro), adv. [OE. fra, fro, adv. & prep., Icel. fra, akin to Dan. fra from, E. from. See From.] From; away; back or backward; — now used only in opposition to the word to, in the phrase to and fro, that is, to and from. See To and fro under To. Milton.

Fro, prep. From. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Frock , n. [F. froc a monk’s cowl, coat, garment, LL. frocus, froccus, flocus, floccus, fr. L. floccus a flock of wool; hence orig., a flocky cloth or garment; cf. L. flaccus flabby, E. flaccid.] 1. A loose outer garment; especially, a gown forming a part of European modern costume for women and children; also a coarse shirtlike garment worn by some workmen over their other clothes; a smock frock; as a marketman’s frock. 2. A coarse gown worn by monks or friars, and supposed to take the place of all, or nearly all, other garments. It has a hood which can be drawn over the head at pleasure, and is girded by a cord. Frock coat, a body coat for men, usually double-breasted, the skirts not being in one piece with the body, but sewed on so as to be somewhat full. — Smock frock. See in the Vocabulary.

Frock, v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock. 2. To make a monk of. Cf. Unfrock.

Frocked , a. Clothed in a frock.

Frock´less , a. Destitute of a frock.

Froe (fro), n. [See Frow.] A dirty woman; a slattern; a frow. [Obs.] ´Raging frantic froes.´ Draylon.

Froe, n. [See Frow the tool] An iron cleaver or splitting tool; a frow. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Frog (frog), n. [AS. froggu, frocga a frog (in sensel); akin to D. vorsch, OHG. frosk, G. frosch, Icel. froskr, fraukr, Sw. & Dan. frö.] 1. (Zoöl.) An amphibious animal of the genus Rana and related genera, of many species. Frogs swim rapidly, and take long leaps on land. Many of the species utter loud notes in the springtime. The edible frog of Europe (Rana esculenta) is extensively used as food; the American bullfrog (R. Catesbiana) is remarkable for its great size and loud voice. 2. [Perh. akin to E. fork, cf. frush frog of a horse.] (Anat.) The triangular prominence of the hoof, in the middle of the sole of the foot of the horse, and other animals; the fourchette. 3. (Railroads) A supporting plate having raised ribs that form continuations of the rails, to guide the wheels where one track branches from another or crosses it. 4. [Cf. fraco of wool or silk, L. floccus, E. frock.] An oblong cloak button, covered with netted thread, and fastening into a loop instead of a button hole. 5. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or sword. Cross frog (Railroads), a frog adapted for tracks that cross at right angles. — Frog cheese, a popular name for a large puffball. — Frog eater, one who eats frogs; — a term of contempt applied to a Frenchman by the vulgar class of English. — Frog fly. (Zoöl.) See Frog hopper. — Frog hopper (Zoöl.), a small, leaping, hemipterous insect living on plants. The larvae are inclosed in a frothy liquid called cuckoo spit or frog spit. — Frog lily (Bot.), the yellow water lily (Nuphar). — Frog spit (Zoöl.), the frothy exudation of the frog hopper; — called also frog spittle. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

Frog , v. t. To ornament or fasten (a coat, etc.) with trogs. See Frog, n., 4.

Frog´bit , n. (Bot.) (a) A European plant (Hydrocharis Morsus- ranae), floating on still water and propagating itself by runners. It has roundish leaves and small white flowers. (b) An American plant (Limnobium Spongia), with similar habits.

Frog´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Angler, n., 2. (b) An oceanic fish of the genus Antennarius or Pterophrynoides; — called also mousefish and toadfish.

Frogged , a. Provided or ornamented with frogs; as a frogged coat. See Frog, n., 4. Ld. Lytton.

Frog´gy , a. Abounding in frogs. Sherwood.

Frog´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of Asiatic and East Indian birds of the genus Batrachostomus (family Podargidae); — so called from their very broad, flat bills.

Frog´s•-bit´ , n. (Bot.) Frogbit.

Frog´shell , n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of marine gastropod shells, belonging to Ranella and allied genera.

Froise , n. [OE. froise cf. F. froisser to bruise, E. frush to bruise,] A kind of pancake. See 1st Fraise. [Written also fraise.]

Frol´ic (frol´ik), a. [D. vroolijk; akin to G. frölich, fr. froh, OHG. fro, Dan. fro, OS. frah, cf. Icel. frar swift; all perh. akin to Skr. pru to spring up.] Full of levity; dancing, playing, or frisking about; full of pranks; frolicsome; gay; merry. “The frolic wind that breathes the spring.” Milton. “The gay, the frolic, and the loud.” Waller.

Frol´ic, n. 1. A wild prank; a flight of levity, or of gayety and mirth. “He would be at his frolic once again.” Roscommon. 2. A scene of gayety and mirth, as in lively play, or in dancing; a merrymaking.

Frol´ic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frolicked p. pr. & vb. n. Frolicking.] To play wild pranks; to play tricks of levity, mirth, and gayety; to indulge in frolicsome play; to sport. “Hither, come hither, and frolic and play.” Tennyson.

Frol´ic•ful , a. Frolicsome. [R.]

Frol´ick•y , a. Frolicsome. [Obs.] Richardson.

Frol´ic•ly, adv. In a frolicsome manner; with mirth and gayety. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Frol´ic•some , a. Full of gayety and mirth; given to pranks; sportive. “Old England, who takes a frolicsome brain fever once every two or three years, for the benefit of her doctors.” Sir W. Scott. — Frol´ic•some•ly, adv. — Frol´ic•some•ness, n.

From (from), prep. [AS. fram, from; akin to OS. fram out, OHG. & Icel. fram forward, Sw. fram, Dan. frem, Goth. fram from, prob. akin to E. forth. 202. Cf. Fro, Foremost.] Out of the neighborhood of; lessening or losing proximity to; leaving behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; — used whenever departure, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, occurrence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, separation, etc., are to be expressed. It is construed with, and indicates, the point of space or time at which the action, state, etc., are regarded as setting out or beginning; also less frequently, the source, the cause, the occasion, out of which anything proceeds; — the antithesis and correlative of to; as it, is one hundred miles from Boston to Springfield; he took his sword from his side; light proceeds from the sun; separate the coarse wool from the fine; men have all sprung from Adam, and often go from good to bad, and from bad to worse; the merit of an action depends on the principle from which it proceeds; men judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from testimony. “Experience from the time past to the time present.” Bacon. “The song began from Jove.” Drpden. “From high Maeonia’s rocky shores I came.” Addison. “If the wind blow any way from shore.” Shak. From sometimes denotes away from, remote from, inconsistent with. ´Anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing.´ Shak. From, when joined with another preposition or an adverb, gives an opportunity for abbreviating the sentence. ´There followed him great multitudes of people … from [the land] beyond Jordan.´ Math. iv. 25. In certain constructions, as from forth, from out, etc., the ordinary and more obvious arrangment is inverted, the sense being more distinctly forth from, out from — from being virtually the governing preposition, and the word the adverb. See From off, under Off, adv., and From afar, under Afar, adv. “Sudden partings such as press
The life from out young hearts.” Byron. { From´ward , From´wards } prep. [AS. framweard about to depart. Cf. Froward] A way from; — the contrary of toward. [Obs.] “Towards or fromwards the zenith.” Cheyne.

Frond , n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch, foliage.] (Bot.) The organ formed by the combination or union into one body of stem and leaf, and often bearing the fructification; as the frond of a fern or of a lichen or seaweed; also the peculiar leaf of a palm tree.

Fron•da´tion , n. [L. frondatio, from frons. See Frond.] The act of stripping, as trees, of leaves or branches; a kind of pruning. Evelyn.

Fronde , n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A political party in France, during the minority of Louis XIV., who opposed the government, and made war upon the court party.

Frond´ed , a. Furnished with fronds. ´Fronded palms.´ Whittier.

Fron´dent , a. [L. frondens, p. pr. of frondere to put forth leaves. See Frond.] Covered with leaves; leafy; as a frondent tree. [R.]

Fron•desce´ , v. i. [L. frondescere, inchoative fr. frondere. See Frondent.] To unfold leaves, as plants.

Fron•des´cence , n. (Bot.) (a) The time at which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. (b) The act of bursting into leaf. Milne. Martyn.

Fron´deur , n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A member of the Fronde.

Fron•dif´er•ous , a. [L. frondifer frons a leafy branch + ferre to bear: cf. F. frondifere.] Producing fronds.

Frond´let , n. (Bot.) A very small frond, or distinct portion of a compound frond.

Fron•dose´ , a. [L. frondosus leafy.] (Bot.) (a) Frond bearing; resembling a frond; having a simple expansion not separable into stem and leaves. (b) Leafy. Gray.

Fron´dous , a. (Bot.) Frondose. [R.]

Frons , n. [L., front.] (Anal.) The forehead; the part of the cranium between the orbits and the vertex.

Front , n. [F. frant forehead, L. frons, frontis; perh. akin to E. brow.] 1. The forehead or brow, the part of the face above the eyes; sometimes, also the whole face. “Bless’d with his father’s front, his mother’s tongue.” Pope. “Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front.” Shak. “His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.” Prior. 2. The forehead, countenance, or personal presence, as expressive of character or temper, and especially, of boldness of disposition, sometimes of impudence; seeming; as a bold front; a hardened front. “With smiling fronts encountering.” Shak. “The inhabitants showed a bold front.” Macaulay. 3. The part or surface of anything which seems to look out, or to be directed forward; the fore or forward part; the foremost rank; the van; — the opposite to back or rear; as the front of a house; the front of an army. “Had he his hurts before?
Ay, on the front.” Shak. 4. A position directly before the face of a person, or before the foremost part of a thing; as in front of un person, of the troops, or of a house. 5. The most conspicuous part. “The very head and front of my offending.” Shak. 6. That which covers the foremost part of the head: a front piece of false hair worn by women. “Like any plain Miss Smith’s, who wears s front.” Mrs. Browning. 7. The beginning. ´Summer’s front.´ Shak. Bastioned front (Mil.), a curtain connerting two half bastions. — Front door, the door in the front wall of a building, usually the principal entrance. — Front of fortification, the works constructed upon any one side of a polygon. Farrow. — Front of operations, all that part of the field of operations in front of the successive positions occupied by the army as it moves forward. Farrow. — To come to the front, to attain prominence or leadership.

Front, a. Of or relating to the front or forward part; having a position in front; foremost; as a front view.

Front, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fronting.] 1. To oppose face to face; to oppose directly; to meet in a hostile manner. “You four shall front them in the narrow lane.” Shak. 2. To appear before; to meet. “[Enid] daily fronted him
In some fresh splendor.” Tennyson. 3. To face toward; to have the front toward; to confront; as the house fronts the street. “And then suddenly front the changed reality.” J. Morley. 4. To stand opposed or opposite to, or over against as his house fronts the church. 5. To adorn in front; to supply a front to; as to front a house with marble; to front a head with laurel. “Yonder walls, that pertly front your town.” Shak.

Front, v. t. To have or turn the face or front in any direction; as the house fronts toward the east.

Front´age , n. The front part of an edifice or lot; extent of front.

Fron´tal , a. [Cf. F. frontal.] Belonging to the front part; being in front; esp. (Anat.), Of or pertaining to the forehead or the anterior part of the roof of the brain case; as the frontal bones.

Fron´tal, n. [F. frontal, fronteau, OF. Frontel, frontal, L. frontale an ornament for the forehead, frontlet. See Front.] 1. Something worn on the forehead or face; a frontlet; as: (a) An ornamental band for the hair. (b) (Mil.) The metal face guard of a soldier. 2. (Arch.) A little pediment over a door or window. 3. (Eccl.) A movable, decorative member in metal, carved wood, or, commonly, in rich stuff or in embroidery, covering the front of the altar. Frontals are usually changed according to the different ceremonies. 4. (Med.) A medicament or application for the forehead. [Obs.] Quincy. 5. (Anat.) The frontal bone, or one of the two frontal bones, of the cranium. Frontal hammer or helve, a forge hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a ´tongue´ immediately in front of the hammer head. Raymond. { Fron´tate , Fron’ta•ted } a. Growing broader and broader, as a leaf; truncate.

Front´ed , a. Formed with a front; drawn up in line. ´Fronted brigades.´ Milton.

Fron´tier , n. [F. frontière, LL. frontaria. See Front.] 1. That part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region; the marches; the border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bordering on another country; the border of the settled and cultivated part of a country; as the frontier of civilization. 2. (Fort.) An outwork. [Obs.] “Palisadoes, frontiers, parapets.” Shak.

Fron´tier, a. 1. Lying on the exterior part; bordering; conterminous; as a frontier town. 2. Of or relating to a frontier. ´Frontier experience.´ W. Irving.

Fron´tier, v. i. To constitute or form a frontier; to have a frontier; — with on. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Fron´tiered , p. a. Placed on the frontiers. [R.]

Fron´tiers•man , n.; pl. Frontiersmen . A man living on the frontier.

Fron•ti•gnac´ , Fron•ti•gnan´ , n. [So called from Frontignan, a town in Southern France.] 1. A sweet muscadine wine made in Frontignan (Languedoc), France. 2. (Bot.) A grape of many varieties and colors.

Front´ing•ly , adv. In a fronting or facing position; opposingly.

Fron•tin•iac´ , n. See Frontignac.

Fron´tis•piece , n. [F. frontispice, LL. frontispicium beginning, front of a church, fr. L. frons front + spicere, specere, to look at, view: cf. It. frontispizio. See Front and Spy.] The part which first meets the eye; as: (a) (Arch.) The principal front of a building. [Obs. or R.] (b) An ornamental figure or illustration fronting the first page, or titlepage, of a book; formerly, the titlepage itself.

Front´less , a. Without face or front; shameless; not diffident; impudent. [Obs.] ´Frontless vice.´ Dryden. ´Frontless flattery.´ Pope.

Front´less•ly, adv. Shamelessly; impudently. [Obs.]

Front´let , n. [OF. frontelet brow band, dim. of frontel, frontal. See Frontal, n.] 1. A frontal or brow band; a fillet or band worn on the forehead. “They shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.” Deut. vi. 8. 2. A frown (likened to a frontlet). [R. & Poetic] “What makes that frontlet on? Methinks you are too much of late i’ the frown.” Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) The margin of the head, behind the bill of birds, often bearing rigid bristles.

Fron´to- [L. frons, frontis, the forehead.] (Anat.) A combining form signifying relating to the forehead or the frontal bone; as fronto-parietal, relating to the frontal and the parietal bones; fronto-nasal, etc.

Fron•ton´ , n. [F., a pediment. See Front.] (Arch.) Same as Frontal, 2.

Frop´pish , a. [Cf. Frap, Frape.] Peevish; froward. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Frore , adv. [See Frorn.] Frostily. [Obs.] “The parching air
Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire.” Milton.

Frorn , p. a. [AS. froren, p. p. of freósun to freeze. See Freeze.] Frozen. [Obs.] “Well nigh frorn I feel.” Spenser.

Fro´ry , a. [AS. freórig. See Frorn.] 1. Frozen; stiff with cold. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Covered with a froth like hoarfrost. [Archaic] “The foaming steed with frory bit to steer.” Fairfax.

Frost (frost; 115), n. [OE. frost, forst, AS. forst, frost. fr. freósan to freeze; akin to D. varst, G., OHG., Icel., Dan., & Sw. frost. rad.18. See Freeze, v. i.] 1. The act of freezing; — applied chiefly to the congelation of water; congelation of fluids. 2. The state or temperature of the air which occasions congelation, or the freezing of water; severe cold or freezing weather. “The third bay comes a frost, a killing frost.” Shak. 3. Frozen dew; — called also hoarfrost or white frost. “He scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes.” Ps. cxlvii. 16. 4. Coldness or insensibility; severity or rigidity of character. [R.] “It was of those moments of intense feeling when the frost of the Scottish people melts like a snow wreath.” Sir W. Scott. Black frost, cold so intense as to freeze vegetation and cause it to turn black, without the formation of hoarfrost. — Frost bearer (Physics), a philosophical instrument illustrating the freezing of water in a vacuum; a cryophorus. — Frost grape (Bot.), an American grape, with very small, acid berries. — Frost lamp, a lamp placed below the oil tube of an Argand lamp to keep the oil limpid on cold nights; — used especially in lighthouses. Knight. — Frost nail, a nail with a sharp head driven into a horse’s shoe to keep him from slipping. — Frost smoke, an appearance resembling smoke, caused by congelation of vapor in the atmosphere in time of severe cold. “The brig and the ice round her are covered by a strange black
obscurity: it is the frost smoke of arctic winters.” Kane. — Frost valve, a valve to drain the portion of a pipe, hydrant, pump, etc., where water would be liable to freeze. — Jack Frost, a popular personification of frost.

Frost , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Frosting.] 1. To injure by frost; to freeze, as plants. 2. To cover with hoarfrost; to produce a surface resembling frost upon, as upon cake, metals, or glass. “While with a hoary light she frosts the ground.” Wordsworth. 3. To roughen or sharpen, as the nail heads or calks of horseshoes, so as to fit them for frosty weather.

Frost´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The golden plover.

Frost´bite , n. The freezing, or effect of a freezing, of some part of the body, as the ears or nose. Kane.
[1913 Webster]

Frost•bite´, v. t. To expose to the effect of frost, or a frosty air; to blight or nip with frost. “My wife up and with Mrs. Pen to walk in the fields to frostbite themselves.” Pepys.

Frost•-bit´ten , p. a. Nipped, withered, or injured, by frost or freezing.

Frost•-blite´ , n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Atriplex; orache. Gray. (b) The lamb’s- quarters (Chenopodium album). Dr. Prior.

Frost´ed, a. Covered with hoarfrost or anything resembling hoarfrost; ornamented with frosting; also frost-bitten; as a frosted cake; frosted glass. “Frosted work is introduced as a foil or contrast to burnished work.” Knight.

Frost•fish´ , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tomcod; — so called because it is abundant on the New England coast in autumn at about the commencement of frost. See Tomcod. (b) The smelt. [Local, U. S.] (c) A name applied in New Zealand to the scabbard fish (Lepidotus) valued as a food fish.

Frost´i•ly , adv. In a frosty manner.

Frost´i•ness, n. State or quality of being frosty.

Frost´ing, n. 1. A composition of sugar and beaten egg, used to cover or ornament cake, pudding, etc. 2. A lusterless finish of metal or glass; the process of producing such a finish.

Frost´less, a. Free from frost; as a frostless winter.

Frost´weed , n. (Bot.) An American species of rockrose (Helianthemum Canadense), sometimes used in medicine as an astringent or aromatic tonic. It has large yellow flowers which are often sterile, and later it has abundant but inconspicuous flowers which bear seed. It is so called because, late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root; — called also frostwort.

Frost•work´ , n. The figurework, often fantastic and delicate, which moisture sometimes forms in freezing, as upon a window pane or a flagstone.

Frost•wort´ , n. (Bot.) Same as Frostweed.

Frost´y , a. [Cf. AS. fyrstig.] 1. Attended with, or producing, frost; having power to congeal water; cold; freezing; as a frosty night. 2. Covered with frost; as the grass is frosty. 3. Chill in affection; without warmth of affection or courage. Johnson. 4. Appearing as if covered with hoarfrost; white; gray-haired; as a frosty head. Shak.

Frote , v. t. [F. frotter.] To rub or wear by rubbing; to chafe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Fro´ter•er , n. One who frotes; one who rubs or chafes. [Obs.] Marston.

Froth , n. [OE. frothe, Icel. froða; akin to Dan. fraade, Sw. fradga, AS. afreoðan to froth.] 1. The bubbles caused in fluids or liquors by fermentation or agitation; spume; foam; esp., a spume of saliva caused by disease or nervous excitement. 2. Any empty, senseless show of wit or eloquence; rhetoric without thought. Johnson. “It was a long speech, but all froth.” L’Estrange. 3. Light, unsubstantial matter. Tusser. Froth insect (Zoöl.), the cuckoo spit or frog hopper; — called also froth spit, froth worm, and froth fly. — Froth spit. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

Froth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frothed p. pr. & vb. n.. Frothing.] 1. To cause to foam. 2. To spit, vent, or eject, as froth. “He … froths treason at his mouth.” Dryden. “Is your spleen frothed out, or have ye more?” Tennyson. 3. To cover with froth; as a horse froths his chain.

Froth, v. i. To throw up or out spume, foam, or bubbles; to foam; as beer froths; a horse froths.

Froth´i•ly , adv. In a frothy manner.

Froth´i•ness, n. State or quality of being frothy.

Froth´ing, n. Exaggerated declamation; rant.

Froth´less, a. Free from froth.

Froth´y , a. [Compar. Frothier superl. Frothiest.] 1. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth or light bubbles; spumous; foamy. 2. Not firm or solid; soft; unstable. Bacon. 3. Of the nature of froth; light; empty; unsubstantial; as a frothy speaker or harangue. Tillotson.

Frounce , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frounced p. pr. & vb. n. Frouncing ] [OE. frouncen, fronsen, to told, wrinkle, OF. froncier, F. froncer, perh. fr. an assumed LL. frontiare to wrinkle the forehead, L. frons forehead. See Front, and cf. Flounce part of a dress.] To gather into or adorn with plaits, as a dress; to form wrinkles in or upon; to curl or frizzle, as the hair. “Not tricked and frounced, as she was wont.” Milton.

Frounce, v. i. To form wrinkles in the forehead; to manifest displeasure; to frown. [Obs.] “The Commons frounced and stormed.” Holland.

Frounce, n. 1. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a flounce; — also a frown. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. An affection in hawks, in which white spittle gathers about the hawk’s bill. Booth.

Frounce´less, a. Without frounces. Rom. of R.

Frou´zy , a. [Prov. E. frouzy froward, peevish, offensive to the eye or smell; cf. froust a musty smell, frouse to rumple, frouze to curl, and E. frounce, frowy.] Fetid, musty; rank; disordered and offensive to the smell or sight; slovenly; dingy. See Frowzy. ´Petticoats in frouzy heaps.´ Swift.

Frow , n. [D. vrouw; akin to G. frau woman, wife, goth, fráuja master, lord, AS. freá.] 1. A woman; especially, a Dutch or German woman. Beau. & Fl. 2. A dirty woman; a slattern. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Frow , n. [Cf. Frower.] A cleaving tool with handle at right angles to the blade, for splitting cask staves and shingles from the block; a frower.

Frow , a. Brittle. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Fro´ward , a. [Fro + - ward. See Fro, and cf. Fromward.] Not willing to yield or compIy with what is required or is reasonable; perverse; disobedient; peevish; as a froward child. “A froward man soweth strife.” Prov. xvi. 28. “A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing as innovation.” Bacon. Syn. — Untoward; wayward; unyielding; ungovernable: refractory; obstinate; petulant; cross; peevish. See Perverse. — Fro´ward•ly, adv. — Fro´ward•ness, n.

Frow´er , n. [Cf. frow a frower, and Prov. E, frommard.] A tool. See 2d Frow. Tusser.

Frow´ey , a. [See Frow, a.] (Carp.) Working smoothly, or without splitting; — said of timber.

Frown , v. i. [imp. &, p. p. Frowned p. pr. & vb. n. Frowning.] [OF. froignier, F. frogner, in se refrogner, se renfrogner, to knit the brow, to frown; perh. of Teutonic origin; cf. It. in frigno wrinkled, frowning, Prov. It. frignare to cringe the face, to make a wry face, dial. Sw. fryna to make a wry face,] 1. To contract the brow in displeasure, severity, or sternness; to scowl; to put on a stern, grim, or surly look. “The frowning wrinkle of her brow.” Shak. 2. To manifest displeasure or disapprobation; to look with disfavor or threateningly; to lower; as polite society frowns upon rudeness. “The sky doth frown and lower upon our army.” Shak.

Frown, v. t. To repress or repel by expressing displeasure or disapproval; to rebuke with a look; as frown the impudent fellow into silence.

Frown, n. 1. A wrinkling of the face in displeasure, rebuke, etc.; a sour, severe, or stere look; a scowl. “His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.” Prior. “Her very frowns are fairer far
Than smiles of other maidens are.” H. Coleridge. 2. Any expression of displeasure; as the frowns of Providence; the frowns of Fortune.

Frown´ing•ly, adv. In a frowning manner.

Frown´y , a. Frowning; scowling. [Obs.] “Her frowny mother’s ragged shoulder.” Sir F. Palgrave.

Frow´y , a. [Cf. Frowzy, Frouzy.] Musty. rancid; as frowy butter. ´Frowy feed.´ Spenser

Frow´zy , a. [See Frouzy.] Slovenly; unkempt; untidy; frouzy. ´With head all frowzy.´ Spenser. “The frowzy soldiers’ wives hanging out clothes.” W. D. Howells.

Froze , imp. of Freeze.

Fro´zen , a. 1. Congealed with cold; affected by freezing; as a frozen brook. “They warmed their frozen feet.” Dryden. 2. Subject to frost, or to long and severe cold; chilly; as the frozen north; the frozen zones. 3. Cold-hearted; unsympathetic; unyielding. [R.] “Be not ever frozen, coy.” T. Carew.

Fro´zen•ness, n. A state of being frozen.

Frub´ish , v. t. [See Furbish.] To rub up: to furbish. [Obs.] Beau. c& Et.

Fruc´ted , a. [L. fructus fruit. See Fruit.] (Her.) Bearing fruit; — said of a tree or plant so represented upon an escutcheon. Cussans.

Fruc•tes´cence , n. [L. fructus fruit.] (Bot.) The maturing or ripening of fruit. [R.] Martyn.

Fruc•tic´u•lose , a. Fruitful; full of fruit.

Fruc•ti•dor´ , n. [F., fr. L. fructus fruit.] The twelfth month of the French republican calendar; — commencing August 18, and ending September 16. See Vendemiaire.

Fruc•tif´er•uos , a. [L. fructifer; fructus fruit + ferre to bear; cf. F. fructifère.] Bearing or producing fruit. Boyle.

Fruc•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. fructificatio: cf. F. fructification.] 1. The act of forming or producing fruit; the act of fructifying, or rendering productive of fruit; fecundation. “The prevalent fructification of plants.” Sir T. Brown. 2. (Bot.) (a) The collective organs by which a plant produces its fruit, or seeds, or reproductive spores. (b) The process of producing fruit, or seeds, or spores.

Fruc´ti•fy (fruk´ti•fi), v. i. [F. fructifier, L. fructificare; fructus fruit + -ficare (only in comp.), akin to L. facere to make. See Fruit, and Fact.] To bear fruit. ´Causeth the earth to fructify.´ Beveridge.

Fruc´ti•fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fructified p. pr. & vb. n. Fructifying.] To make fruitful; to render productive; to fertilize; as to fructify the earth.

Fruc•tose´ (fruk•tos´ or fruk´tos), n. [L. fructus fruit.] (Chem.) Fruit sugar; levulose. [R.]

Fruc´tu•a•ry (fruk´tu•a•ry), n.; pl. Fructuaries (- riz). [L. fructuarius.] One who enjoys the profits, income, or increase of anything. “Kings are not proprietors nor fructuaries.” Prynne.

Fruc´tu•a•tion (-a´shun), n. Produce; fruit. [R.]

Fruc´tu•ous , a. [L. fructuosus: cf, F. fructueux.] Fruitful; productive; profitable. [Obs.] “Nothing fructuous or profitable.” Chaucer. — Fruc´tu•ous•ly, adv. — Fruc´tu•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Fruc´ture , n. [L. frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Use; fruition; enjoyment. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Frue´ van´ner [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mining) A moving, inclined, endless apron on which ore is concentrated by a current of water; a kind of buddle.

Fru´gal , a. [L. frugalis, fr. frugi, lit., for fruit; hence, fit for food, useful, proper, temperate, the dative of frux, frugis, fruit, akin to E. fruit: cf. F. frugal. See Fruit, n.] 1. Economical in the use or appropriation of resources; not wasteful or lavish; wise in the expenditure or application of force, materials, time, etc.; characterized by frugality; sparing; economical; saving; as a frugal housekeeper; frugal of time. “I oft admire
How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit
Such disproportions.” Milton. 2. Obtained by, or appropriate to, economy; as a frugal fortune. ´Frugal fare.´ Dryden.

Fru•gal´i•ty , n.; pl. Frugalities (#). [L. frugalitas: cf. F. frugalite.] 1. The quality of being frugal; prudent economy; that careful management of anything valuable which expends nothing unnecessarily, and applies what is used to a profitable purpose; thrift; —- opposed to extravagance. “Frugality is founded on the principle that all riches have
limits.” Burke. 2. A sparing use; sparingness; as frugality of praise. Syn. — Economy; parsimony. See Economy.

Fru´gal•ly , adv. Thriftily; prudently.

Fru´gal•ness, n. Quality of being frugal; frugality.

Fru•gif´er•ous , a. [L. frugifer; frux, frugis, fruit + ferre to bear: cf. F. frugifere.] Producing fruit; fruitful; fructiferous. Dr. H. More.

Fru•giv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Frugivorous.] (Zoöl.) The fruit bate; a group of the Cheiroptera, comprising the bats which live on fruits. See Eruit bat, under Fruit.

Fru•giv´o•rous , a. [L. frux, frugis, fruit + vorare to devour.: cf. F. frugivore.] Feeding on fruit, as birds and other animals. Pennant.

Fruit , n. [OE. fruit, frut, F. fruit, from L. fructus enjoyment, product, fruit, from frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy; akin to E. brook, v. t. See Brook, v. t., and cf. Fructify, Frugal.] 1. Whatever is produced for the nourishment or enjoyment of man or animals by the processes of vegetable growth, as corn, grass, cotton, flax, etc.; — commonly used in the plural. “Six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the
fruits thereof.” Ex. xxiii. 10. 2. (Hort.) The pulpy, edible seed vessels of certain plants, especially those grown on branches above ground, as apples, oranges, grapes, melons, berries, etc. See 3. 3. (Bot.) The ripened ovary of a flowering plant, with its contents and whatever parts are consolidated with it. Fruits are classified as fleshy, drupaceous, and dry. Fleshy fruits include berries, gourds, and melons, orangelike fruits and pomes; drupaceous fruits are stony within and fleshy without, as peaches, plums, and cherries; and dry fruits are further divided into achenes, follicles, legumes, capsules, nuts, and several other kinds.
[1913 Webster] 4. (Bot.) The spore cases or conceptacles of flowerless plants, as of ferns, mosses, algae, etc., with the spores contained in them. 6. The produce of animals; offspring; young; as the fruit of the womb, of the loins, of the body. “King Edward’s fruit, true heir to the English crown.” Shak. 6. That which is produced; the effect or consequence of any action; advantageous or desirable product or result; disadvantageous or evil consequence or effect; as the fruits of labor, of self-denial, of intemperance. “The fruit of rashness.” Shak. “What I obtained was the fruit of no bargain.” Burke. “They shall eat the fruit of their doings.” Is. iii 10. “The fruits of this education became visible.” Macaulay. Fruit is frequently used adjectively, signifying of, for, or pertaining to a fruit or fruits; as fruit bud; fruit frame; fruit jar; fruit knife; fruit loft; fruit show; fruit stall; fruit tree; etc. Fruit bat (Zoöl.), one of the Frugivora; — called also fruit-eating bat. — Fruit bud (Bot.), a bud that produces fruit; — in most oplants the same as the power bud. Fruit dot (Bot.), a collection of fruit cases, as in ferns. See Sorus. — Fruit fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Drosophila, which lives in fruit, in the larval state. — Fruit jar, a jar for holding preserved fruit, usually made of glass or earthenware. — Fruit pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons of the family Carpophagidae, inhabiting India, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. They feed largely upon fruit. and are noted for their beautiful colors. — Fruit sugar (Chem.), a kind of sugar occurring, naturally formed, in many ripe fruits, and in honey; levulose. The name is also though rarely, applied to invert sugar, or to the natural mixture or dextrose and levulose resembling it, and found in fruits and honey. — Fruit tree (Hort.), a tree cultivated for its edible fruit. — Fruit worm (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of insect larvae: which live in the interior of fruit. They are mostly small species of Lepidoptera and Diptera. — Small fruits (Hort.), currants, raspberries, strawberries, etc.

Fruit , v. i. To bear fruit. Chesterfield.

Fruit´age , n. [F. fruitage.] 1. Fruit, collectively; fruit, in general; fruitery. “The trees … ambrosial fruitage bear.” Milton. 2. Product or result of any action; effect, good or ill.

Fruit´er , a. A ship for carrying fruit.

Fruit´er•er , n. [Cf. F. fruitier.] One who deals in fruit; a seller of fruits.

Fruit´er•ess, n. A woman who sells fruit.

Fruit´er•y , n.; pl. Fruiteries (#). [F. fruiterie place where fruit is kept, in OF. also fruitage.] 1. Fruit, taken collectively; fruitage. J. Philips. 2. A repository for fruit. Johnson.

Fruit´es•tere , n. A fruiteress. [Obs.]

Fruit´ful , a. Full of fruit; producing fruit abundantly; bearing results; prolific; fertile; liberal; bountiful; as a fruitful tree, or season, or soil; a fruitful wife. — Fruit´ful•ly, adv. — Fruit´ful•ness, n. “Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth.” Gen. i. 28. “[Nature] By disburdening grows
More fruitful.” Milton. “The great fruitfulness of the poet’s fancy.” Addison. Syn. — Fertile; prolific; productive; fecund; plentiful; rich; abundant; plenteous. See Fertile.

Fruit´ing, a. Pertaining to, or producing, fruit.

Fruit´ing, n. The bearing of fruit.

Fru•i´tion , n. [OF. fruition, L. fruitio, enjoyment, fr. L. frui, p. p. fruitus, to use or enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Use or possession of anything, especially such as is accompanied with pleasure or satisfaction; pleasure derived from possession or use. ´Capacity of fruition.´ Rogers. ´Godlike fruition.´ Milton. “Where I may have fruition of her love.” Shak.

Fru´i•tive , a. [See Fruition.] Enjoying; possessing. [Obs.] Boyle.

Fruit´less , a. 1. Lacking, or not bearing, fruit; barren; destitute of offspring; as a fruitless tree or shrub; a fruitless marriage. Shak. 2. Productive of no advantage or good effect; vain; idle; useless; unprofitable; as a fruitless attempt; a fruitless controversy. “They in mutual accusation spent
The fruitless hours.” Milton. Syn. — Useless; barren; unprofitable; abortive; ineffectual; vain; idle; profitless. See Useless. — Fruit´less•ly, adv. — Fruit´lness•ness, n.

Fruit’y , a. Having the odor, taste, or appearance of fruit; also fruitful. Dickens.

Fru´men•ta´ceous , a. [L. frumentaceus, fr. frumentum corn or grain, from the root of frux fruit: cf. F. frumentace. See Frugal.] Made of, or resembling, wheat or other grain.

Fru•men•ta´ri•ous , a. [L. frumentarius.] Of or pertaining to wheat or grain. [R.] Coles.

Fru•men•ta´tion , n. [L. frumentatio.] (Rom. Antiq.) A largess of grain bestowed upon the people, to quiet them when uneasy.

Fru´men•ty , n. [OF. fromentee, fr. L. frumentum. See Frumentaceous.] Food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk, with sugar, plums, etc. [Written also furmenty and furmity.] Halliwell.

Frump , v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. frumple to wrinkle, ruffle, D. frommelen.] To insult; to flout; to mock; to snub. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Frump, n. 1. A contemptuous speech or piece of conduct; a gibe or flout. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. A cross, old-fashioned person; esp., an old woman; a gossip. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Frump´er , n. A mocker. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Frump´ish, a. 1. Cross-tempered; scornful. [Obs.] 2. Old-fashioned, as a woman’s dress. “Our Bell … looked very frumpish.” Foote.

Frush , v. t. [F. froisser to bruise. Cf. Froise.] To batter; to break in pieces. [Obs.] “I like thine armor well;
I’ll frush it and unlock the rivets all.” Shak.

Frush, a. Easily broken; brittle; crisp.

Frush, n. Noise; clatter; crash. [R.] Southey.

Frush, n. [Cf. OE. frosch, frosk, a frog (the animal), G. frosch frog (the animal), also carney or lampass of horses. See Frog, n., 2.] 1. (Far.) The frog of a horse’s foot. 2. A discharge of a fetid or ichorous matter from the frog of a horse’s foot; — also caled thrush.

Frus´tra•ble , a. [L. frustrabilis: cf. F. frustable.] Capable of beeing frustrated or defeated.

Frus•tra´ne•ous , a. [See Frustrate, a.] Vain; useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] South.

Frus´trate , a. [L. frustratus, p. p. of frustrare, frustrari, to deceive, frustrate, fr. frustra in vain, witout effect, in erorr, prob. for frudtra and akin to fraus, E. fraud.] Vain; ineffectual; useless; unprofitable; null; voil; nugatory; of no effect. ´Our frustrate search.´ Shak.

Frus´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frustrated p. pr. & vb. n. Frustrating.] 1. To bring to nothing; to prevent from attaining a purpose; to disappoint; to defeat; to baffle; as to frustrate a plan, design, or attempt; to frustrate the will or purpose. “Shall the adversary thus obtain
His end and frustrate thine ?” Milton. 2. To make null; to nullifly; to render invalid or of no effect; as to frustrate a conveyance or deed. Syn. — To balk; thwart; foil; baffle; defeat.

Frus´trate•ly , adv. In vain. [Obs.] Vicars.

Frus•tra´tion , n. [L. frustratio: cf. OF. frustration.] The act of frustrating; disappointment; defeat; as the frustration of one’s designs

Frus´tra•tive , a. Tending to defeat; fallacious. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Frus´tra•to•ry , a. [L. frustratorius: cf. F. frustratoire.] Making void; rendering null; as a frustratory appeal. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Frus´tule , n. [L. frustulum, dim. fr. frustum a piece: cf. F. frustule.] (Bot.) The siliceous shell of a diatom. It is composed of two valves, one overlapping the other, like a pill box and its cover.

Frus´tu•lent , a. [L. frustulentus. See Frustule.] Abounding in fragments. [R.]

Frus´tum , n.; pl. L. Frusta (#), E. Frustums (#). [L. fruslum piece, bit.] 1. (Geom.) The part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the, top; or the part of any solid, as of a cone, pyramid, etc., between two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined to each other. 2. (Arch.) One of the drums of the shaft of a column.

Frut´age , n. [Cf. Fruitage.] 1. A picture of fruit; decoration by representation of fruit. “The cornices consist of frutages and festoons.” Evelyn. 2. A confection of fruit. [Obs.] Nares.

Fru•tes´cent , a. [L. frutex, fruticis, shrub, bush: cf. F. frutescent, L. fruticescens, p. pr.] (Bot.) Somewhat shrubby in character; imperfectly shrubby, as the American species of Wistaria.

Fru´tex , n. [L.] (Bot.) A plant having a woody, durable stem, but less than a tree; a shrub.

Fru´ti•cant , a. [L. fruticans, p. pr. of fruticare, to become bushy, fr. frutex, fruticis, shrub.] Full of shoots. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Fru´ti•cose , a. [L. fruticosus, from frutex, fruticis, shrub] (Bot.) Pertaining to a shrub or shrubs; branching like a shrub; shrubby; shrublike; as a fruticose stem. Gray.

Fru´ti•cous , a. (Bot.) Fruticose. [R.]

Fru•tic´u•lose , a. [Dim. fr. L. fruticosus bushy: cf. F. fruticuleux.] (Bot.) Like, or pertaining to, a small shrub. Gray.

Fry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fried p. pr. & vb. n. Frying.] [OE. frien, F. frire, fr. L. frigere to roast, parch, fry, cf. Gr. , Skr. bhrajj. Cf. Fritter.] To cook in a pan or on a griddle (esp. with the use of fat, butter, or olive oil) by heating over a fire; to cook in boiling lard or fat; as to fry fish; to fry doughnuts.

Fry, v. i. 1. To undergo the process of frying; to be subject to the action of heat in a frying pan, or on a griddle, or in a kettle of hot fat. 2. To simmer; to boil. [Obs.] “With crackling flames a caldron fries.” Dryden “The frothy billows fry.” Spenser. 3. To undergo or cause a disturbing action accompanied with a sensation of heat. “To keep the oil from frying in the stomach.” Bacon. 4. To be agitated; to be greatly moved. [Obs.] “What kindling motions in their breasts do fry.” Fairfax.

Fry, n. 1. A dish of anything fried. 2. A state of excitement; as to be in a fry. [Colloq.]

Fry, n. [OE. fri, fry, seed, descendants, cf. OF. froye spawning, spawn of. fishes, little fishes, fr. L. fricare tosub (see Friction), but cf. also Icel. frae, frjo, seed, Sw. & Dan. frö, Goth. fraiw seed, descendants.] 1. (Zoöl.) The young of any fish. 2. A swarm or crowd, especially of little fishes; young or small things in general. “The fry of children young.” Spenser. “To sever … the good fish from the other fry.” Milton. “We have burned two frigates, and a hundred and twenty small fry.” Walpole.

Fry´ing, n. The process denoted by the verb fry. Frying pan, an iron pan with a long handle, used for frying meat, vegetables, etc.

Fu´age , n. Same as Fumage.

Fu´ar , n. Same as Feuar.

Fub , Fubs , n. [Cf. Fob a pocket.] A plump young person or child. [Obs.] Smart.

Fub, v. t. [The same word as fob to cheat.] To put off by trickery; to cheat. [Obs.] “I have been fubbed off, and fubbed off, and fabbed off, from this day to that day.” Shak.

Fub´ber•y , n. Cheating; deception. Marston. { Fub´by , Fub´sy } a. Plump; chubby; short and stuffy; as a fubsy sofa. [Eng.] “A fubsy, good-humored, silly … old maid.” Mme. D’Arblay. { Fu´cate , Fu´ca•ted } a. [L. fucatus, p. p. of fucare to color, paint, fr. fucus.] Painted; disguised with paint, or with false show.

Fuchs , n. [G., prop., a fox.] (German Univ.) A student of the first year.

Fuch´si•a , n.; pl. E. Fuchsias (#), L. Fuchsiae (#). [NL. Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants having elegant drooping flowers, with four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a single pistil. They are natives of Mexico and South America. Double- flowered varieties are now common in cultivation.

Fuch´sine , n. [Named by the French inventor, from Fuchs a fox, the German equivalent of his own name, Renard.] (Chem.) Aniline red; an artificial coal-tar dyestuff, of a metallic green color superficially, resembling cantharides, but when dissolved forming a brilliant dark red. It consists of a hydrochloride or acetate of rosaniline. See Rosaniline.

Fu•civ´o•rous , a. [Fucus + L. vorare to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating fucus or other seaweeds.

Fu´coid , a. [Fucus + - oid.] (Bot.) (a) Properly, belonging to an order of alga: (Fucoideae) which are blackish in color, and produce oöspores which are not fertilized until they have escaped from the conceptacle. The common rockweeds and the gulfweed (Sargassum) are fucoid in character. (b) In a vague sense, resembling seaweeds, or of the nature of seaweeds.

Fu´coid, n. (Bot.) A plant, whether recent or fossil, which resembles a seaweed. See Fucoid, a.

Fu•coid´al , a. 1. (Bot.) Fucoid. 2. (Geol.) Containing impressions of fossil fucoids or seaweeds; as fucoidal sandstone.

Fu´cus , n.; pl. Fuci (#). [L. rock lichen, orchil, used as a red dye, red or purple color, disguise, deceit.] 1. A paint; a dye; also false show. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) A genus of tough, leathery seaweeds, usually of a dull brownish green color; rockweed. Formerly most marine algae were called fuci.

Fu´cu•sol , n. [Fucus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, resembling, and possibly identical with, furfurol, and obtained from fucus, and other seaweeds.

Fud , n. [Of uncertain origin.] 1. The tail of a hare, coney, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. 2. Woolen waste, for mixing with mungo and shoddy.

Fud´der , n. See Fodder, a weight.

Fud´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p., Fuddled p. pr. & vb. n. Fuddling ] [Perh. formed as a kind of dim. of full. Cf. Fuzzle.] To make foolish by drink; to cause to become intoxicated. [Colloq.] “I am too fuddled to take care to observe your orders.” Steele.

Fud´dle, v. i. To drink to excess. [Colloq.]

Fud´dler , n. A drunkard. [Colloq.] Baxter.

Fudge , n. [Cf. Prov. F. fuche, feuche, an interj. of contempt.] A made-up story; stuff; nonsense; humbug; — often an exclamation of contempt.

Fudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fudged p. pr. & vb. n. Fudging.] 1. To make up; to devise; to contrive; to fabricate; as he never did the experiment, and merely fudged the data. “Fudged up into such a smirkish liveliness.” N. Fairfax. 2. To foist; to interpolate. “That last ´suppose´ is fudged in.” Foote.

Fudge´ wheel´ (Shoemaking) A tool for ornamenting the edge of a sole.

Fu•e´gi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Terra del Fuego. — n. A native of Terra del Fuego.

Fu´el , n. [OF. fouail, fuail, or fouaille, fuaille, LL. focalium, focale, fr. L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL., fire. See Focus.] [Formerly written also fewel.] 1. Any matter used to produce heat by burning; that which feeds fire; combustible matter used for fires, as wood, coal, peat, etc. 2. Anything that serves to feed or increase passion or excitement. Artificial fuel, fuel consisting of small particles, as coal dust, sawdust, etc., consolidated into lumps or blocks.

Fu´el, v. t. 1. To feed with fuel. [Obs.] “Never, alas I the dreadful name,
That fuels the infernal flame.” Cowley. 2. To store or furnish with fuel or firing. [Obs.] “Well watered and well fueled.” Sir H. Wotton.

Fu´el•er , n. One who, or that which, supplies fuel. [R.] [Written also fueller.] Donne.

Fu•e´ro , n. [Sp., fr. L. forum.] (Sp. Law) (a) A code; a charter; a grant of privileges. (b) A custom having the force of law. (c) A declaration by a magistrate. (d) A place where justice is administered. (e) The jurisdiction of a tribunal. Burrill.

Fuff , v. t. & i. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Puff.] To puff. [Prov. Eng. A Local, U. S.] Halliwel.

Fuff´y, a. Light; puffy. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.]

Fu´ga , n. [It.] (Mus.) A fugue.

Fu•ga´cious , a. [L. fugax, fugacis, from fugere: cf. F. fugace. See Fugitive.] 1. Flying, or disposed to fly; fleeing away; lasting but a short time; volatile. “Much of its possessions is so hid, so fugacious, and of so uncertain purchase.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Biol.) Fleeting; lasting but a short time; — applied particularly to organs or parts which are short-lived as compared with the life of the individual.

Fu•ga´cious•ness, n. Fugacity. [Obs.]

Fu•gac´i•ty , a. [L fugacitas: cf. F. fugacite.] 1. The quality of being fugacious; fugaclousness; volatility; as fugacity of spirits. Boyle. 2. Uncertainty; instability. Johnson.

Fu´ga•cy , n. Banishment. [Obs.] Milton.

Fu•ga´to , a. (Mus.) in the gugue style, but not strictly like a fugue. — n. A composition resembling a fugue.

Fugh , interj. An exclamation of disgust; foh; faugh. Dryden.

Fu•ghet´ta , n. [It.] (Mus.) a short, condensed fugue. Grove.

Fu´gi•tive , a. [OE. fugitif, F. fugitif, fr. L. fugitivus, fr. fugere to flee. See Bow to bend, and cf. Feverfew.] 1. Fleeing from pursuit, danger, restraint, etc., escaping, from service, duty etc.; as a fugitive solder; a fugitive slave; a fugitive debtor. “The fugitive Parthians follow.” Shak. “Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself while her parents are in tear?” Richardson “A libellous pamphlet of a fugitive physician.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. Not fixed; not durable; liable to disappear or fall away; volatile; uncertain; evanescent; liable to fade; — applied to material and immaterial things; as fugitive colors; a fugitive idea. “The me more tender and fugitive parts, the leaves … of vegatables.” Woodward. Fugitive compositions, Such as are short and occasional, and so published that they quickly escape notice. Syn. — Fleeting; unstable; wandering; uncertain; volatile; fugacious; fleeing; evanescent.

Fu´gi•tive , n. 1. One who flees from pursuit, danger, restraint, service, duty, etc.; a deserter; as a fugitive from justice. 2. Something hard to be caught or detained. “Or Catch that airy fugitive called wit.” Harte. Fugitive from justice (Law), one who, having committed a crime in one jurisdiction, flees or escapes into another to avoid punishment.

Fu´gi•tive•ly, adv. In a fugitive manner.

Fu´gi•tive•ness, n. The quality or condition of being fugitive; evanescence; volatility; fugacity; instability.

Fu´gle , v. i. To maneuver; to move hither and thither. [Colloq.] “Wooden arms with elbow joints jerking and fugling in the
air.” Carlyle.

Fu´gle•man , n.; pl. Fuglemen (#). [G. flügelmann file leader; flügel wing (akin to E. fly) + mann man. Cf. Flugrelman.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier especially expert and well drilled, who takes his place in front of a military company, as a guide for the others in their exercises; a file leader. He originally stood in front of the right wing. [Written also flugelman.] 2. Hence, one who leads the way. [Jocose]

Fugue , n. [F., fr. It. fuga, fr. L. fuga a fleeing, flight, akin to fugere to fiee. See Fugitive.] (Mus.) A polyphonic composition, developed from a given theme or themes, according to strict contrapuntal rules. The theme is first given out by one voice or part, and then, while that pursues its way, it is repeated by another at the interval of a fifth or fourth, and so on, until all the parts have answered one by one, continuing their several melodies and interweaving them in one complex progressive whole, in which the theme is often lost and reappears. “All parts of the scheme are eternally chasing each other, like the parts of a fugue.” Jer. Taylor.

Fu´guist , n. (Mus.) A musician who composes or performs fugues. Busby.

-ful [See Full, a.] A suffix signifying full of, abounding with; as boastful, harmful, woeful.

Fu´lahs• , Foo´lahs , n. pl.; sing. Fulah, Foolah . (Ethnol.) A peculiar African race of uncertain origin, but distinct from the negro tribes, inhabiting an extensive region of Western Soudan. Their color is brown or yellowish bronze. They are Mohammedans. Called also Fellatahs, Foulahs, and Fellani. Fulah is also used adjectively; as Fulah empire, tribes, language.

Ful´be , n. (Ethnol.) Same as Fulahs.

Ful´ci•ble , a. [L. fulcire to prop.] Capable of being propped up. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Ful´ci•ment , n. [L. fulcimentum, fr. fulcire to prop.] A prop; a fulcrum. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins.

Ful´cra , n. pl. See Fulcrum.

Ful´crate , a. [See Fulcrum.] 1. (Bot.) Propped; supported by accessory organs. [R.] Gray. 2. Furnished with fulcrums.

Ful´crum , n.; pl. L. Fulcra (#), E. Fulcrums (#). [L., bedpost, fr. fulcire to prop.] 1. A prop or support. 2. (Mech.) That by which a lever is sustained, or about which it turns in lifting or moving a body. 3. (Bot.) An accessory organ such as a tendril, stipule, spine, and the like. [R.] Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The horny inferior surface of the lingua of certain insects. (b) One of the small, spiniform scales found on the front edge of the dorsal and caudal fins of many ganoid fishes. 5. (Anat.) The connective tissue supporting the framework of the retina of the eye.

Ful•fill´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulfilled p. pr. & vb. n. Fulfilling.] [OE. fulfillen, fulfullen, AS. fulfyllan; ful full + fyllan to fill. See Full, a., and Fill, v. t.] [Written also fulfil.] 1. To fill up; to make full or complete. [>Obs.] ´Fulfill her week´ Gen. xxix. 27. “Suffer thou that the children be fulfilled first, for it is not good to take the bread of children and give to hounds.” Wyclif (Mark vii. 27). 2. To accomplish or carry into effect, as an intention, promise, or prophecy, a desire, prayer, or requirement, etc.; to complete by performance; to answer the requisitions of; to bring to pass, as a purpose or design; to effectuate. “He will, fulfill the desire of them fear him.” Ps. cxlv. 199. “Here Nature seems fulfilled in all her ends.” Milton. “Servants must their masters’ minds fulfill.” Shak.

Ful•fill´er , n. One who fulfills. South.

Ful•fill´ment , n. [Written also fulfilment.] 1. The act of fulfilling; accomplishment; completion; as the fulfillment of prophecy. 2. Execution; performance; as the fulfillment of a promise.

Fulgen•cy , n. [See fulgent.] Brightness; splendor; glitter; effulgence. Bailey.

Ful´gent , a. [L. fulgens, -entis, p. pr. of fulgere to flash, glitter, shine, akin to Gr. to burn. See Phlox, Flagrant.] Exquisitely bright; shining; dazzling; effulgent. “Other Thracians … fulgent morions wore.” Glower.

Ful´gent•ly, adv. Dazzlingly; glitteringly.

Ful´gid , a. [L. fulgidus. See Fulgent.] Shining; glittering; dazzling. [R.] Pope.

Ful•gid´i•ty , n. Splendor; resplendence; effulgence. [R.] Bailey.

Ful´gor , n. [L. fulgor, fr. fulgere to shine.] Dazzling brightness; splendor. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ful´gu•rant a. [L. fulgurans, p. pr. of fulgurare.] Lightening. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Ful´gu•ra´ta , n. [NL.] (Electricity) A spectro-electric tube in which the decomposition of a liquid by the passage of an electric spark is observed. Knight.

Ful´gu•rate , v. i. [L. fulguratus, p. p. of fulgurare to flash, fr. fulgur lightning, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent.] To flash as lightning. [R.]

Ful´gu•ra•ting , a. (Med.) Resembling lightning; — used to describe intense lancinating pains accompanying locomotor ataxy.

Ful´gu•ra•tion , n. [L. fulguratio: cf. F. fulguration.] 1. The act of lightening. [R.] Donne. 2. (Assaying) The sudden brightening of a fused globule of gold or silver, when the last film of the oxide of lead or copper leaves its surface; — also called blick. “A phenomenon called, by the old chemists, fulguration.” Ure.

Ful´gu•rite , n. [L. fulguritus, p. p. of fulgurire to strike with lightning, fr. fulgur lightning: cf. F. fulgurite.] A vitrified sand tube produced by the striking of lightning on sand; a lightning tube; also the portion of rock surface fused by a lightning discharge.

Ful´gu•ry , n. [L. fulgur.] Lightning. [Obs.]

Ful´ham , n. [So named because supposed to have been chiefly made at Fulham, in Middlesex, Eng.] A false die. [Cant] [Written also fullam.] Shak.

Fu•lig´i•nos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fuliginosite.] The condition or quality of being fuliginous; sootiness; matter deposited by smoke. [R.]

Fu•lig´i•nous , a. [L. fuliginosus, from fuligo soot: cf. F. fuligineux. See Fume.] 1. Pertaining to soot; sooty; dark; dusky. 2. Pertaining to smoke; resembling smoke.

Fu•lig´i•nous•ly, adv. In a smoky manner.

Fu´li•mart , n. Same as Foumart.

Full (ful), a. [Compar. Fuller (-er); superl. Fullest.] [OE. & AS. ful; akin to OS. ful, D. vol, OHG. fol, G. voll, Icel. fullr, Sw. full, Dan. fuld, Goth. fulls, L. plenus, Gr. plh•rhs, Skr. purna full, pra to fill, also to Gr. poly•s much, E. poly-, pref., G. viel, AS. fela. rad.80. Cf. Complete, Fill, Plenary, Plenty.] 1. Filled up, having within its limits all that it can contain; supplied; not empty or vacant; — said primarily of hollow vessels, and hence of anything else; as a cup full of water; a house full of people. “Had the throne been full, their meeting would not have been regular.” Blackstone. 2. Abundantly furnished or provided; sufficient in quantity, quality, or degree; copious; plenteous; ample; adequate; as a full meal; a full supply; a full voice; a full compensation; a house full of furniture. 3. Not wanting in any essential quality; complete; entire; perfect; adequate; as a full narrative; a person of full age; a full stop; a full face; the full moon. “It came to pass, at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh
dreamed.” Gen. xii. 1. “The man commands
Like a full soldier.” Shak. “I can not
Request a fuller satisfaction
Than you have freely granted.” Ford. 4. Sated; surfeited. “I am full of the burnt offerings of rams.” Is. i. 11. 5. Having the mind filled with ideas; stocked with knowledge; stored with information. “Reading maketh a full man.” Bacon. 6. Having the attention, thoughts, etc., absorbed in any matter, and the feelings more or less excited by it, as to be full of some project. “Every one is full of the miracles done by cold baths on decayed and weak constitutions.” Locke. 7. Filled with emotions. “The heart is so full that a drop overfills it.” Lowell. 8. Impregnated; made pregnant. [Obs.] “Ilia, the fair, … full of Mars.” Dryden. At full, when full or complete. Shak. — Full age (Law) the age at which one attains full personal rights; majority; — in England and the United States the age of 21 years. Abbott. — Full and by (Naut.), sailing closehauled, having all the sails full, and lying as near the wind as poesible. — Full band (Mus.), a band in which all the instruments are employed. — Full binding, the binding of a book when made wholly of leather, as distinguished from half binding. — Full bottom, a kind of wig full and large at the bottom. — Full brother or sister, a brother or sister having the same parents as another. — Full cry (Hunting), eager chase; — said of hounds that have caught the scent, and give tongue together. — Full dress, the dress prescribed by authority or by etiquette to be worn on occasions of ceremony. — Full hand (Poker), three of a kind and a pair. — Full moon. (a) The moon with its whole disk illuminated, as when opposite to the sun. (b) The time when the moon is full. — Full organ (Mus.), the organ when all or most stops are out. — Full score (Mus.), a score in which all the parts for voices and instruments are given. — Full sea, high water. — Full swing, free course; unrestrained liberty; ´Leaving corrupt nature to … the full swing and freedom of its own extravagant actings.´ South (Colloq.) — In full, at length; uncontracted; unabridged; written out in words, and not indicated by figures. — In full blast. See under Blast.

Full , n. Complete measure; utmost extent; the highest state or degree. “The swan’s-down feather,
That stands upon the swell at full of tide.” Shak. Full of the moon, the time of full moon.

Full, adv. Quite; to the same degree; without abatement or diminution; with the whole force or effect; thoroughly; completely; exactly; entirely. “The pawn I proffer shall be full as good.” Dryden. “The diapason closing full in man.” Dryden. “Full in the center of the sacred wood.” Addison. Full is placed before adjectives and adverbs to heighten or strengthen their signification. ´Full sad.´ Milton. ´Master of a full poor cell.´ Shak. ´Full many a gem of purest ray serene.´ T. Gray. Full is also prefixed to participles to express utmost extent or degree; as full-bloomed, full-blown, full-crammed full-grown, full-laden, full-stuffed, etc. Such compounds, for the most part, are self-defining.

Full, v. i. To become full or wholly illuminated; as the moon fulls at midnight.

Full, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulled p. pr. & vb. n. Fulling.] [OE. fullen, OF. fuler, fouler, F. fouler, LL. fullare, fr. L. fullo fuller, cloth fuller, cf. Gr. shining, white, AS. fullian to whiten as a fuller, to baptize, fullere a fuller. Cf. Defile to foul, Foil to frustrate, Fuller. n. ] To thicken by moistening, heating, and pressing, as cloth; to mill; to make compact; to scour, cleanse, and thicken in a mill.

Full, v. i. To become fulled or thickened; as this material fulls well.

Full´age , n. The money or price paid for fulling or cleansing cloth. Johnson.

Ful´lam , n. A false die. See Fulham.

Full´-blood•ed , a. 1. Having a full supply of blood. 2. Of pure blood; thoroughbred; as a full-blooded horse.

Full´-bloomed , a. Like a perfect blossom. ´Full-bloomed lips.´ Crashaw.

Full´-blown , a. 1. Fully expanded, as a blossom; as a full-bloun rose. Denham. 2. Fully distended with wind, as a sail. Dryden.

Full´-bot´tomed , a. 1. Full and large at the bottom, as wigs worn by certain civil officers in Great Britain. 2. (Naut.) Of great capacity below the water line.

Full´-butt´ , adv. With direct and violent opposition; with sudden collision. [Colloq.] L’Estrange.

Full•-drive´ , adv. With full speed. [Colloq.]

Full´er , n. [AS. fullere, fr. L. fullo. See Full, v. t.] One whose occupation is to full cloth. Fuller’s earth, a variety of clay, used in scouring and cleansing cloth, to imbibe grease. — Fuller’s herb (Bot.), the soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), formerly used to remove stains from cloth. — Fuller’s thistle or weed (Bot.), the teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) whose burs are used by fullers in dressing cloth. See Teasel.

Full´er, n. [From Full, a.] (Blacksmith’s Work) A die; a half- round set hammer, used for forming grooves and spreading iron; — called also a creaser.

Full´er, v. t. To form a groove or channel in, by a fuller or set hammer; as to fuller a bayonet.

Full´er•y , n.; pl. Fulleries . The place or the works where the fulling of cloth is carried on.

Full´-formed , a. Full in form or shape; rounded out with flesh. “The full-formed maids of Afric.” Thomson.

Full´-grown , a. Having reached the limits of growth; mature. ´Full-grown wings.´ Lowell.

Full´-heart•ed , a. Full of courage or confidence. Shak.

Full´-hot , a. Very fiery. Shak.

Full´ing, n. The process of cleansing, shrinking, and thickening cloth by moisture, heat, and pressure. Fulling mill, a mill for fulling cloth as by means of pesties or stampers, which alternately fall into and rise from troughs where the cloth is placed with hot water and fuller’s earth, or other cleansing materials.

Full´-manned , a. Completely furnished wiith men, as a ship.

Full´mart´ , n. See Foumart. B. Jonson.

Full´ness, n. The state of being full, or of abounding; abundance; completeness. [Written also fulness.] “´In thy presence is fullness of joy.´” Ps. xvi. 11.

Ful•lon´i•cal , a. [L. fullonicus, from fullo a cloth fuller.] Pertaining to a fuller of cloth. [Obs.] Blount.

Full´-orbed , a. Having the orb or disk complete or fully illuminated; like the full moon.

Full´-sailed , a. Having all its sails set,; hence, without restriction or reservation. Massinger.

Full´-winged , a. 1. Having large and strong or complete wings. Shak. 2. Ready for flight; eager. [Archaic] Beau. & Fl.

Ful´ly , adv. In a full manner or degree; completely; entirely; without lack or defect; adequately; satisfactorily; as to be fully persuaded of the truth of a proposition. Fully committed (Law), committed to prison for trial, in distinction from being detained for examination. Syn. — Completely; entirely; maturely; plentifully; abundantly; plenteously; copiously; largely; amply; sufficiently; clearly; distinctly; perfectly.

Ful´mar (fulmär), n. [Icel. fulmar. See foul, and Man a gull.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds, of the family Procellariidae, allied to the albatrosses and petrels. Among the well-known species are the arctic fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) (called also fulmar petrel, malduck, and mollemock), and the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea).

Ful´mi•nant , a. [L. fulminans, p. pr. of fulminare to lighten: cf. F. fulminant.] Thundering; fulminating. [R.] Bailey.

Ful´mi•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fulminated p. pr. & vb. n. Fulminating.] [L. fulminatus, p. p. of fulminare to lighten, strike with lightning, fr. fulmen thunderbolt, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent, and cf. Fulmine.] 1. To thunder; hence, to make a loud, sudden noise; to detonate; to explode with a violent report. 2. To issue or send forth decrees or censures with the assumption of supreme authority; to thunder forth menaces.

Ful´mi•nate, v. t. 1. To cause to explode. Sprat. 2. To utter or send out with denunciations or censures; — said especially of menaces or censures uttered by ecclesiastical authority. “They fulminated the most hostile of all decrees.” De Quincey.

Ful´mi•nate , n. [Cf. P. fulminate. See Fulminate, v. i.] (Chem.) (a) A salt of fulminic acid. See under Fulminic. (b) A fulminating powder. Fulminate of gold, an explosive compound of gold; — called also fulminating gold, and aurum fulminans.

Ful´mi•na´ting , a. 1. Thundering; exploding in a peculiarly sudden or violent manner. 2. Hurling denunciations, menaces, or censures. Fulminating oil, nitroglycerin. — Fulminating powder (Chem.) any violently explosive powder, but especially one of the fulminates, as mercuric fulminate.

Ful´mi•na•tion , n. [L. fulminatio a darting of lightning: cf. F. fulmination.] 1. The act of fulminating or exploding; detonation. 2. The act of thundering forth threats or censures, as with authority. 3. That which is fulminated or thundered forth; vehement menace or censure. “The fulminations from the Vatican were turned into ridicule.” Ayliffe.

Ful´mi•na•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. fulminatoire.] Thundering; striking terror. Cotgrave.

Ful´mine , v. i. [F. fulminer. See Fulminate, v.] To thunder. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton.

Ful´mine, v. t. To shoot; to dart like lightning; to fulminate; to utter with authority or vehemence. “She fulmined out her scorn of laws Salique.” Tennyson.

Ful•min´e•ous , a. [L. fulmen thunder.] Of, or concerning thunder.

Ful•min´ic , a. [Cf. F. fulminique.] Pertaining to fulmination; detonating; specifically (Chem.), pertaining to, derived from, or denoting, an acid, so called; as fulminic acid. Fulminic acid (Chem.), a complex acid, H2C2N2O2, isomeric with cyanic and cyanuric acids, and not known in the free state, but forming a large class of highly explosive salts, the fulminates. Of these, mercuric fulminate, the most common, is used, mixed with niter, to fill percussion caps, charge cartridges, etc. Fulminic acid is made by the action of nitric acid on alcohol.

Ful´mi•nu´ric , a. [Fulminic + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to fulminic and cyanuric acids, and designating an acid so called. Fulminuric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, explosive substance, H3C3N3O3, forming well known salts, and obtained from the fulminates. It is isomeric with cyanuric acid, and hence is also called isocyanuric acid.

Ful´ness , n. See Fullness.

Ful•sam´ic , a. [See Fulsome.] Fulsome. [Obs.]

Ful´some , a. [Full, a. + -some.] 1. Full; abundant; plenteous; not shriveled. [Obs.] “His lean, pale, hoar, and withered corpse grew fulsome, fair, and fresh.” Golding. 2. Offending or disgusting by overfullness, excess, or grossness; cloying; gross; nauseous; esp., offensive from excess of praise; as fulsome flattery. “And lest the fulsome artifice should fail
Themselves will hide its coarseness with a veil.” Cowper. 3. Lustful; wanton; obscene; also tending to obscenity. [Obs.] ´Fulsome ewes.´ Shak. — Ful´some•ly, adv. — Ful´some•ness, n. Dryden.

Ful´vid , a. [LL. fulvidus, fr. L. fulvus.] Fulvous. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Ful´vous , a. [L. fulvus.] Tawny; dull yellow, with a mixture of gray and brown. Lindley.

Fum , v. i. To play upon a fiddle. [Obs.] “Follow me, and fum as you go.” B. Jonson.

Fu•ma´cious , a. [From Fume.] Smoky; hence, fond of smoking; addicted to smoking tobacco.

Fu•made´ , Fu•ma´do , n.; pl. Fumades (#), Fumadoes (#). [Sp. fumodo smoked, p. p. of fumar to smoke, fr. L. fumare. See Fume, v. i.] A salted and smoked fish, as the pilchard.

Fu´mage , n. [OF. fumage, fumaige, fr. L. fumus smoke.] Hearth money. “Fumage, or fuage, vulgarly called smoke farthings.” Blackstone.

Fu´ma•rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of fumaric acid.

Fu•mar´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fumitory (Fumaria officinalis). Fumaric acid (Chem.), a widely occurring organic acid, extracted from fumitory as a white crystallline substance, C2H2(CO2H)2, and produced artificially in many ways, as by the distillation of malic acid; boletic acid. It is found also in the lichen, Iceland moss, and hence was also called lichenic acid.

Fu´ma•rine , n. [L. fumus smoke, fume.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from fumitory, as a white crystalline substance.

Fu´ma•role , n. [It. fumaruola, fr. fumo smoke, L. fumus: cf. F. fumerolle, fumarolle.] A hole or spot in a volcanic or other region, from which fumes issue.

Fu´ma•to•ry , n. See Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fum´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumbled p. pr. & vb. n. Fumbling ] [Akin to D. fommelen to crumple, fumble, Sw. fumla to fusuble, famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, fumble, Icel. falme, AS. folm palm of the hand. See Feel, and cf. Fanble, Palm.] 1. To feel or grope about; to make awkward attempts to do or find something. “Adams now began to fumble in his pockets.” Fielding. 2. To grope about in perplexity; to seek awkwardly; as to fumble for an excuse. Dryden. “My understanding flutters and my memory fumbles.” Chesterfield. “Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.” Wordsworth. 3. To handle much; to play childishly; to turn over and over. “I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers.” Shak.

Fum´ble, v. t. To handle or manage awkwardly; to crowd or tumble together. Shak.

Fum´bler , n. One who fumbles.

Fum´bling•ly , adv. In the manner of one who fumbles.

Fume (fum), n. [L. fumus; akin to Skr. dhuma smoke, dhu to shake, fan a flame, cf. Gr. qy•ein to sacrifice, storm, rage, qy•mon, qy•mos, thyme, and perh. to E. dust: cf. OF. fum smoke, F. fumee. Cf. Dust, n., Femerell, Thyme.] 1. Exhalation; volatile matter (esp. noxious vapor or smoke) ascending in a dense body; smoke; vapor; reek; as the fumes of tobacco. “The fumes of new shorn hay.” T. Warton. “The fumes of undigested wine.” Dryden. 2. Rage or excitement which deprives the mind of self-control; as the fumes of passion. South. 3. Anything vaporlike, unsubstantial, or airy; idle conceit; vain imagination. “A show of fumes and fancies.” Bacon. 4. The incense of praise; inordinate flattery. “To smother him with fumes and eulogies.” Burton. In a fume, in ill temper, esp. from impatience.

Fume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumed p. pr. & vb. n. Fuming.] [Cf. F. fumer, L. fumare to smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To smoke; to throw off fumes, as in combustion or chemical action; to rise up, as vapor. “Where the golden altar fumed.” Milton. “Silenus lay,
Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain.” Roscommon. 2. To be as in a mist; to be dulled and stupefied. “Keep his brain fuming.” Shak. 3. To pass off in fumes or vapors. “Their parts are kept from fuming away by their fixity.” Cheyne. 4. To be in a rage; to be hot with anger. “He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.” Dryden. “While her mother did fret, and her father did fume.” Sir W. Scott. To fume away, to give way to excitement and displeasure; to storm; also to pass off in fumes.

Fume, v. t. 1. To expose to the action of fumes; to treat with vapors, smoke, etc.; as to bleach straw by fuming it with sulphur; to fill with fumes, vapors, odors, etc., as a room. “She fumed the temple with an odorous flame.” Dryden. 2. To praise inordinately; to flatter. “They demi-deify and fume him so.” Cowper. 3. To throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vapor. “The heat will fume away most of the scent.” Montimer. “How vicious hearts fume frenzy to the brain!” Young.

Fume´less, a. Free from fumes.

Fum´er , n. 1. One that fumes. 2. One who makes or uses perfumes. [Obs.] “Embroiderers, feather makers, fumers.” Beau. & Fl.

Fu´mer•ell , n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

Fu´met , n. [Cf. F. fumier dung, OF. femier, fr. L. fimus dung.] The dung of deer. B. Jonson. { Fu´met Fu•mette´ } n. [F. fumet odor, fume of wine or meat, fr. L. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] The stench or high flavor of game or other meat when kept long. Swift.

Fu´me•tere´ , n. Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fu´mid , a. [L. fumidus, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.] Smoky; vaporous. Sir T. Broune. { Fu•mid´i•ty , Fu´mid•ness } n. The state of being fumid; smokiness.

Fu•mif´er•ous , a. [L. fumifer; fumus smoke + ferre to bear.] Producing smoke.

Fu•mif´u•gist , n. [L. fumus smoke + fugare to put to flight, fugere to flee.] One who, or that which, drives away smoke or fumes.

Fu´mi•fy , v. t. [Fume + - fy.] To subject to the action of smoke. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu´mi•gant , a. [L. fumigans, p. pr. of fumigare. See Fumigate.] Fuming. [R.]

Fu´mi•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fumigated p. pr. & vb. n. Fumigating ] [L. fumigate, p. p. of fumigare to fumigate, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To apply smoke to; to expose to smoke or vapor; to purify, or free from infection, by the use of smoke or vapors. 2. To smoke; to perfume. Dryden.

Fum•iga´tion , n. [Cf. F. fumigation.] 1. The act of fumigating, or applying smoke or vapor, as for disinfection. 2. Vapor raised in the process of fumigating.

Fu´mi•ga•tor , n. One who, or that which, fumigates; an apparattus for fumigating.

Fu´mi•ga•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. fumigatoire.] Having the quality of purifying by smoke. [R.]

Fum´i•ly , adv. Smokily; with fume.

Fum´ing, a. Producing fumes, or vapors. Cadet’s fuming liquid (Chem.), alkarsin. — Fuming liquor of Libavius (Old Chem.), stannic chloride; the chloride of tin, SnCl4, forming a colorless, mobile liquid which fumes in the air. Mixed with water it solidifies to the so-called butter of tin. — Fuming sulphuric acid. (Chem.) Same as Disulphuric acid, uder Disulphuric.

Fum´ing•ly, adv. In a fuming manner; angrily. ´They answer fumingly.´ Hooker.

Fum´ish, a. Smoky; hot; choleric.

Fum´ish•ness, n. Choler; fretfulness; passion.

Fu´mi•ter , n. (Bot.) Fumitory. [Obs.]

Fu´mi•to•ry , n. [OE. fumetere, F. fumeterre, prop., smoke of the ground, fr. L. fumus smoke + terra earth. See Fume, and Terrace.] (Bot.) The common uame of several species of the genus Fumaria, annual herbs of the Old World, with finely dissected leaves and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. F. officinalis is a common species, and was formerly used as an antiscorbutic. Climbing fumitory (Bot.), the Alleghany vine (Adlumia cirrhosa); a biennial climbing plant with elegant feathery leaves and large clusters of pretty white or pinkish flowers looking like grains of rice.

Fum´mel , n. (Zoöl.) A hinny.

Fu•mos´i•ty , n. [Cf. OF. fumosite.] The fumes of drink. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fum´ous , a. [L. fumosus, fr. fumus smoke: cf. F. fumeux.] 1. Producing smoke; smoky. 2. Producing fumes; full of fumes. “Garlic, onions, mustard, and such-like fumous things.” Barough (1625).

Fum´y , a. Producing fumes; fumous. ´Drowned in fumy wine.´ H. Brooke.

Fun , n. [Perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. fonn pleasure.] Sport; merriment; frolicsome amusement. ´Oddity, frolic, and fun.´ Goldsmith. To make fun of, to hold up to, or turn into, ridicule.

Fu•nam´bu•late , v. i. [See Funambulo.] To walk or to dance on a rope.

Fu•nam´bu•la•tion , n. Ropedancing.

Fu•nam´bu•la•to•ry , a. 1. Performing like a ropedancer. Chambers. 2. Narrow, like the walk of a ropedancer. “This funambulatory track.” Sir T. Browne.

Fu•nam´bu•list , n. A ropewalker or ropedancer. { Fu•nam´bu•lo , Fu•nam´bu•lus } n. [Sp. funambulo, or It. funambolo, fr. L. funambulus; funis rope (perh. akin to E. bind) + ambulare to walk. See Amble, and cf. Funambulist.] A ropewalker or ropedancer. [Obs.] Bacon.

Func´tion , n. [L. functio, fr. fungi to perform, execute, akin to Skr. bhuj to enjoy, have the use of: cf. F. fonction. Cf. Defunct.] 1. The act of executing or performing any duty, office, or calling; performance. ´In the function of his public calling.´ Swift. 2. (Physiol.) The appropriate action of any special organ or part of an animal or vegetable organism; as the function of the heart or the limbs; the function of leaves, sap, roots, etc.; life is the sum of the functions of the various organs and parts of the body. 3. The natural or assigned action of any power or faculty, as of the soul, or of the intellect; the exertion of an energy of some determinate kind. “As the mind opens, and its functions spread.” Pope. 4. The course of action which peculiarly pertains to any public officer in church or state; the activity appropriate to any business or profession. “Tradesmen … going about their functions.” Shak. “The malady which made him incapable of performing his
regal functions.” Macaulay. 5. (Math.) A quantity so connected with another quantity, that if any alteration be made in the latter there will be a consequent alteration in the former. Each quantity is said to be a function of the other. Thus, the circumference of a circle is a function of the diameter. If x be a symbol to which different numerical values can be assigned, such expressions as x2, 3x, Log. x, and Sin. x, are all functions of x. Algebraic function, a quantity whose connection with the variable is expressed by an equation that involves only the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a given power, and extracting a given root; — opposed to transcendental function. — Arbitrary function. See under Arbitrary. — Calculus of functions. See under Calculus. — Carnot’s function (Thermo-dynamics), a relation between the amount of heat given off by a source of heat, and the work which can be done by it. It is approximately equal to the mechanical equivalent of the thermal unit divided by the number expressing the temperature in degrees of the air thermometer, reckoned from its zero of expansion. — Circular functions. See Inverse trigonometrical functions (below). — Continuous function, a quantity that has no interruption in the continuity of its real values, as the variable changes between any specified limits. — Discontinuous function. See under Discontinuous. — Elliptic functions, a large and important class of functions, so called because one of the forms expresses the relation of the arc of an ellipse to the straight lines connected therewith. — Explicit function, a quantity directly expressed in terms of the independently varying quantity; thus, in the equations y = 6x2, y = 10 - x3, the quantity y is an explicit function of x. — Implicit function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is expressed indirectly by an equation; thus, y in the equation x2 + y2 = 100 is an implicit function of x. — Inverse trigonometrical functions, or Circular function, the lengths of arcs relative to the sines, tangents, etc. Thus, AB is the arc whose sine is BD, and (if the length of BD is x) is written sin -1x, and so of the other lines. See Trigonometrical function (below). Other transcendental functions are the exponential functions, the elliptic functions, the gamma functions, the theta functions, etc. — One- valued function, a quantity that has one, and only one, value for each value of the variable. — Transcendental functions, a quantity whose connection with the variable cannot be expressed by algebraic operations; thus, y in the equation y = 10x is a transcendental function of x. See Algebraic function (above). — Trigonometrical function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is the same as that of a certain straight line drawn in a circle whose radius is unity, to the length of a corresponding are of the circle. Let AB be an arc in a circle, whose radius OA is unity let AC be a quadrant, and let OC, DB, and AF be drawnpependicular to OA, and EB and CG parallel to OA, and let OB be produced to G and F. E Then BD is the sine of the arc AB; OD or EB is the cosine, AF is the tangent, CG is the cotangent, OF is the secant OG is the cosecant, AD is the versed sine, and CE is the coversed sine of the are AB. If the length of AB be represented by x (OA being unity) then the lengths of Functions. these lines (OA being unity) are the trigonometrical functions of x, and are written sin x, cos x, tan x (or tang x), cot x, sec x, cosec x, versin x, coversin x. These quantities are also considered as functions of the angle BOA. { Func´tion , Func´tion•ate } v. i. To execute or perform a function; to transact one’s regular or appointed business.

Func´tion•al , a. 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, a function or duty; official. 2. (Physiol.) Pertaining to the function of an organ or part, or to the functions in general. Functional disease (Med.), a disease of which the symptoms cannot be referred to any appreciable lesion or change of structure; the derangement of an organ arising from a cause, often unknown, external to itself opposed to organic disease, in which the organ itself is affected.

Func´tion•al•ize , v. t. To assign to some function or office. [R.]

Func´tion•al•ly, adv. In a functional manner; as regards normal or appropriate activity. “The organ is said to be functionally disordered.” Lawrence.

Func´tion•a•ry , n.; pl. Functionaries (#). [Cf. F. fonctionnaire.] One charged with the performance of a function or office; as a public functionary; secular functionaries.

Func´tion•less, a. Destitute of function, or of an appropriate organ. Darwin.

Fund , n. [OF. font, fond, nom. fonz, bottom, ground, F. fond bottom, foundation, fonds fund, fr. L. fundus bottom, ground, foundation, piece of land. See Found to establish.] 1. An aggregation or deposit of resources from which supplies are or may be drawn for carrying on any work, or for maintaining existence. 2. A stock or capital; a sum of money appropriated as the foundation of some commercial or other operation undertaken with a view to profit; that reserve by means of which expenses and credit are supported; as the fund of a bank, commercial house, manufacturing corporation, etc. 3. pl. The stock of a national debt; public securities; evidences (stocks or bonds) of money lent to government, for which interest is paid at prescribed intervals; — called also public funds. 4. An invested sum, whose income is devoted to a specific object; as the fund of an ecclesiastical society; a fund for the maintenance of lectures or poor students; also money systematically collected to meet the expenses of some permanent object. 5. A store laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a supply; a full provision of resources; as a fund of wisdom or good sense. “An inexhaustible fund of stories.” Macaulay. Sinking fund, the aggregate of sums of money set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for the extinguishment of the debt of a government, or of a corporation, by the accumulation of interest.

Fund, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Funded; p. pr. & vb. n. Funding.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of; to make permanent provision of resources (as by a pledge of revenue from customs) for discharging the interest of or principal of; as to fund government notes. 2. To place in a fund, as money. 3. To put into the form of bonds or stocks bearing regular interest; as to fund the floating debt.

Fund´a•ble , a. Capable of being funded, or converted into a fund; convertible into bonds.

Fun´da•ment , n. [OE. fundament, fundement, fondement, OF. fundement, fondement, F. fondement, fr. L. fundamentum foundation, fr. fundare to lay the bottom, to found, fr. fundus bottom. See Fund.] 1. Foundation. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The part of the body on which one sits; the buttocks; specifically (Anat.), the anus. Hume.

Fun•da•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. fondamental.] Pertaining to the foundation or basis; serving for the foundation. Hence: Essential, as an element, principle, or law; important; original; elementary; as a fundamental truth; a fundamental axiom. “The fundamental reasons of this war.” Shak. “Some fundamental antithesis in nature.” Whewell. Fundamental bass (Mus.), the root note of a chord; a bass formed of the roots or fundamental tones of the chords. — Fundamental chord (Mus.), a chord, the lowest tone of which is its root. — Fundamental colors, red, green, and violet-blue. See Primary colors, under Color.

Fun´da•men•tal, n. A leading or primary principle, rule, law, or article, which serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part, as the fundamentals of the Christian faith.

Fun•da•men´tal•ly, adv. Primarily; originally; essentially; radically; at the foundation; in origin or constituents. ´Fundamentally defective.´ Burke.

Fund´ed , a. 1. Existing in the form of bonds bearing regular interest; as funded debt. 2. Invested in public funds; as funded money.

Fund´hold´er , a. One who has money invested in the public funds. J. S. Mill.

Fund´ing, a. 1. Providing a fund for the payment of the interest or principal of a debt. 2. Investing in the public funds. Funding system, a system or scheme of finance or revenue by which provision is made for paying the interest or principal of a public debt.

Fund´less, a. Destitute of funds.

Fun´dus (fun´dus), n. [L., bottom.] (Anat.) The bottom or base of any hollow organ; as the fundus of the bladder; the fundus of the eye.

Fu•ne´bri•al (fu•ne´bri•al), a. [L. funebris belonging to a funeral, fr. funus funeral.] Pertaining to a funeral or funerals; funeral; funereal. [Obs.] [Written also funebral.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu•ne´bri•ous , a. Funebrial. [Obs.]

Fu´ner•al (fu´ner•al), n. [LL. funeralia, prop. neut. pl. of funeralis of a funeral, fr. L. funus, funeris, funeral: cf. F. funerailles.] 1. The solemn rites used in the disposition of a dead human body, whether such disposition be by interment, burning, or otherwise; esp., the ceremony or solemnization of interment; obsequies; burial; — formerly used in the plural. “King James his funerals were performed very solemnly in the collegiate church at Westminster.” Euller. 2. The procession attending the burial of the dead; the show and accompaniments of an interment. ´The long funerals.´ Pope. 3. A funeral sermon; — usually in the plural. [Obs.] “Mr. Giles Lawrence preached his funerals.” South.

Fu´ner•al, a. [LL. funeralis. See Funeral, n.] Per. taining to a funeral; used at the interment of the dead; as funeral rites, honors, or ceremonies. Shak. Funeral pile, a structure of combustible material, upon which a dead body is placed to be reduced to ashes, as part of a funeral rite; a pyre. — Fu´ner•al•ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Fu´ner•ate , v. t. [L. funeratus, p. p. of funerare to funerate, fr. funus. See Funeral.] To bury with funeral rites. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Fu•ner•a´tion , n. [L. funeratio.] The act of burying with funeral rites. [Obs.] Knatchbull.

Fu•ne´re•al , a. [L. funereus, fr. fentus a funeral.] Suiting a funeral; pertaining to burial; solemn. Hence: Dark; dismal; mournful. Jer. Taylor. “What seem to us but sad funereal tapers May be heaven’s distant lamps.” Longfellow. — Fu•ne´re•al•ly, adv.

Fu•nest´ , a. [L. funestus, fr. funus a funeral, destruction: cf. F. funeste.] Lamentable; doleful. [R.] ´Funest and direful deaths.´ Coleridge. “A forerunner of something very funest.” Evelyn.

Fun´gal , a. Of or pertaining to fungi.

Fun´gate , n. [Cf. F. fongate.] (Chem.) A salt of fungic acid. [Formerly written also fungiate.]

Funge , n. [L. fungus mushroom, dolt.] A blockhead; a dolt; a fool. [Obs.] Burton.

Fun´gi , n. pl. (Bot.) See Fungus.

Fun´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fongie.] (Zoöl.) A genus of simple, stony corals; — so called because they are usually flat and circular, with radiating plates, like the gills of a mushroom. Some of them are eighteen inches in diameter.

Fun´gi•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Fungidae, a family of stony corals. — n. One of the Fungidae.

Fun´gi•bles , n. pl. [LL. (res) fungibiles, probably fr. L. fungi to discharge. ´A barbarous term, supposed to have originated in the use of the words functionem recipere in the Digeste.´ Bouvier. ´Called fungibiles, quia una alterius vice fungitur.´ John Taylor (1755). Cf. Function.] 1. (Civ. Law) Things which may be furnished or restored in kind, as distinguished from specific things; — called also fungible things. Burrill. 2. (Scots Law) Movable goods which may be valued by weight or measure, in contradistinction from those which must be judged of individually. Jamieson.

Fun´gic , a. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fungique, fongique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, mushrooms; as fungic acid.

Fun´gi•cide , n. [Fungi + -cide, fr. L. caedere to kill.] Anything that kills fungi. — Fun•gi•ci´dal (#), n.

Fun´gi•form , a. [Eungus + -form: cf. F. fongiforme.] Shaped like a fungus or mushroom. Fungiform papillae (Anat.), numerous small, rounded eminences on the upper surface of the tongue.

Fun•gil´li•form , a. Shaped like a small fungus.

Fun´gin , n. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F, fongine, fungine.] (Chem.) A name formerly given to cellulose found in certain fungi and mushrooms.

Fun´gite , n. [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. pongite.] (Paleon.) A fossil coral resembling Fungia.

Fun•giv´o•rous , a. [L. fungus + vorare to eat greedily: cf. F. fongivore.] (Zoöl.) Eating fungi; — said of certain insects and snails.

Fun´goid , a. [Fungus + - oil: cf. F. fongoïde.] Like a fungus; fungous; spongy.

Fun•gol´o•gist , n. A mycologist.

Fun•gol´o•gy , n. [Fungus + -logy.] Mycology.

Fun•gos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fungosite, fongosite.] The quality of that which is fungous; fungous excrescence. Dunglison.

Fun´gous , a. [L. fungosus: cf. F. fungueux.] 1. Of the nature of fungi; spongy. 2. Growing suddenly, but not substantial or durable.

Fun´gus , n.; pl. L. Fungi (#), E. Funguses (#). [L., a mushroom; perh. akin to a doubtful Gr. sponge, for ; if so, cf. E. sponge.] 1. (Bot.) Any one of the Fungi, a large and very complex group of thallophytes of low organization, — the molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls, and the allies of each. The fungi are all destitute of chorophyll, and, therefore, to be supplied with elaborated nourishment, must live as saprophytes or parasites. They range in size from single microscopic cells to systems of entangled threads many feet in extent, which develop reproductive bodies as large as a man’s head. The vegetative system consists of septate or rarely unseptate filaments called hyphae; the aggregation of hyphae into structures of more or less definite form is known as the mycelium. See Fungi, in the Supplement. 2. (Med.) A spongy, morbid growth or granulation in animal bodies, as the proud flesh of wounds. Hoblyn.

Fu´nic , a. (Anat.) Funicular.

Fu´ni•cle , n. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis cord, rope: cf. F. funicule funicle (in sense 2). Cf. Funambulo.] (Bot.) 1. A small cord, ligature, or fiber. 2. (Bot.) The little stalk that attaches a seed to the placenta.

Fu•nic´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. funiculaire.] 1. Consisting of a small cord or fiber. 2. Dependent on the tension of a cord. 3. (Anat.) Pertaining to a funiculus; made up of, or resembling, a funiculus, or funiculi; as a funicular ligament. Funicular action (Mech.), the force or action exerted by a rope in drawing together the supports to which its ends are Fastened, when acted upon by forces applied in a direction transverse to the rope, as in the archer’s bow. — Funicular curve. Same as Catenary. — Funicular machine (Mech.), an apparatus for illustrating certain principles in statics, consisting of a cord or chain attached at one end to a fixed point, and having the other passed over a pulley and sustaining a weight, while one or more other weights are suspended from the cord at points between the fixed support and the pulley. — Funicular polygon (Mech.), the polygonal figure assumed by a cord fastened at its extremities, and sustaining weights at different points.

Fu•nic´u•late , a. Forming a narrow ridge.

Fu•nic´u•lus , n.; pl. Funiculi (#). [L., a little cord. See Funicle.] 1. (Anat.) A cord, baud, or bundle of fibers; esp., one of the small bundles of fibers, of which large nerves are made up; applied also to different bands of white matter in the brain and spinal cord. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A short cord which connects the embryo of some myriapods with the amnion. (b) In Bryozoa, an organ extending back from the stomach. See Bryozoa, and Phylactolema.

Fu•nil´i•form , a. [L. funis rope + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling a cord in toughness and flexibility, as the roots of some endogenous trees.

Fu´nis , n. [L., a rope. ] A cord; specifically, the umbilical cord or navel string.

Funk , n. [OE. funke a little fire; akin to Prov. E. funk touchwood, G. funke spark, and perh. to Goth. fn fire.] An offensive smell; a stench. [Low]

Funk, v. t. To envelop with an offensive smell or smoke. [Obs.] King.

Funk, v. i. 1. To emit an offensive smell; to stink. 2. To be frightened, and shrink back; to flinch; as to funk at the edge of a precipice. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley. To funk out, to back out in a cowardly fashion. [Colloq.] “To funk right out o’ political strife.” Lowell (Biglow Papers). { Funk , Funk´ing } n. A shrinking back through fear. [Colloq.] ´The horrid panic, or funk (as the men of Eton call it).´ De Quincey.

Funk´y , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, great fear, or funking. [Colloq. Eng.]

Fun´nel , n. [OE. funel, fonel, prob. through OF. fr, L. fundibulum, infundibulum, funnel, fr. infundere to pour in; in in + fundere to pour; cf. Armor. founil funnel, W. ffynel air hole, chimney. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. A vessel of the shape of an inverted hollow cone, terminating below in a pipe, and used for conveying liquids into a close vessel; a tunnel. 2. A passage or avenue for a fluid or flowing substance; specifically, a smoke flue or pipe; the iron chimney of a steamship or the like. Funnel box (Mining), an apparatus for collecting finely crushed ore from water. Knight. — Funnel stay (Naut.), one of the ropes or rods steadying a steamer’s funnel.

Fun´nel•form , a. (Bot.) Having the form of a funnel, or tunnel; that is, expanding gradually from the bottom upward, as the corolla of some flowers; infundibuliform.

Fun´ny , a. [Compar. Funnier superl. Funniest.] [From Fun.] Droll; comical; amusing; laughable. Funny bone. See crazy bone, under Crazy.

Fun´ny, n.; pl. Funnies . A clinkerbuit, narrow boat for sculling. [Eng.]

Fur (fûr), n. [OE. furre, OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar lining, case, G. futter; akin to Icel. foðr lining, Goth. fodr, scabbard; cf. Skr. patra vessel, dish. The German and Icel. words also have the sense, fodder, but this was probably a different word originally. Cf. Fodder food, Fother, v. t., Forel, n.] 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals, growing thick on the skin, and distinguished from the hair, which is longer and coarser. 2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur; peltry; as a cargo of furs. 3. Strips of dressed skins with fur, used on garments for warmth or for ornament. 4. pl. Articles of clothing made of fur; as a set of furs for a lady (a collar, tippet, or cape, muff, etc.). “Wrapped up in my furs.” Lady M. W. Montagu. 5. Any coating considered as resembling fur; as: (a) A coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue in persons affected with fever. (b) The soft, downy covering on the skin of a peach. (c) The deposit formed on the interior of boilers and other vessels by hard water. 6. (Her.) One of several patterns or diapers used as tinctures. There are nine in all, or, according to some writers, only six. See Tincture.

Fur , a. Of or pertaining to furs; bearing or made of fur; as a fur cap; the fur trade. Fur seal (Zoöl.) one of several species of seals of the genera Callorhinus and Arclocephalus, inhabiting the North Pacific and the Antarctic oceans. They have a coat of fine and soft fur which is highly prized. The northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) breeds in vast numbers on the Prybilov Islands, off the coast of Alaska; — called also sea bear.

Fur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furred p. pr. & vb. n. Furring.] 1. To line, face, or cover with fur; as furred robes. ´You fur your gloves with reason.´ Shak. 2. To cover with morbid matter, as the tongue. 3. (Arch.) To nail small strips of board or larger scantling upon, in order to make a level surface for lathing or boarding, or to provide for a space or interval back of the plastered or boarded surface, as inside an outer wall, by way of protection against damp. Gwill.

Fu•ra´cious , a. [L. furax, -racis thievish, from fur thief.] Given to theft; thievish. [Obs.]

Fu•rac´i•ty , n. [L. furacitas.] Addictedness to theft; thievishness. [Obs.]

Fur´be•low , n. [Prov. F. farbala, equiv. to F. falbala, It. falbalà .] A plaited or gathered flounce on a woman’s garment.

Fur´be•low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbelowed p. pr. & vb. n. Furbelowing.] To put a furbelow on; to ornament.

Fur´bish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbished p. pr. & vb. n. Furbishing.] [OE. forbischen, OF. forbir, furbir, fourbir, F. fourbir, fr. OHG. furban to clean. See -ish.] To rub or scour to brightness; to clean; to burnish; as to furbish a sword or spear. Shak. “Furbish new the name of John a Gaunt.” Shak.

Fur´bish•a•ble , a. Capable of being furbished.

Fur´bish•er , n. [Cf. F. fourbisseur.] One who furbishes; esp., a sword cutler, who finishes sword blades and similar weapons. { Fur´cate , Fur´ca•ted } a. [L. furca fork. See Fork.] Forked; branching like a fork; as furcate twigs.

Fur•ca´tion , n. A branching like a fork.

Fur•cif´er•ous , a. [L. furcifer yoke bearer, scoundrel; furca fork, yoke, fork-shaped instrument of punishment + ferre to bear.] Rascally; scandalous. [R.] ´Furciferous knaves.´ De Quincey.

Fur´cu•la , n. [L., a forked prop, dim. of furca a fork.] (Anat.) A forked process; the wishbone or furculum.

Fur´cu•lar , a. Shaped like a fork; furcate.

Fur´cu•lum , n. [NL., dim. of L. furca a fork.] (Anat.) The wishbone or merrythought of birds, formed by the united clavicles.

Fur´dle , v. t. [See Fardel, and cf. Furl.] To draw up into a bundle; to roll up. [Ods.]

Fur´fur , n. [L.] Scurf; dandruff.

Fur´fu•ra´ceous , a. [L. furfuraceus.] Made of bran; like bran; scurfy.

Fur´fu•ran , n. [L. furfur bran.] (Chem.) A colorless, oily substance, C4H4O, obtained by distilling certain organic substances, as pine wood, salts of pyromucic acid, etc.; — called also tetraphenol.

Fur´fu•ra´tion , n. [L. furfur bran, scurf.] Falling of scurf from the head; desquamation.

Fur´fu•rine , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline base, obtained indirectly from furfurol.

Fur´fu•rol , n. [L. furfur bran + oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, C4H3O.CHO, of a pleasant odor, obtained by the distillation of bran, sugar, etc., and regarded as an aldehyde derivative of furfuran; — called also furfural.

Fur´fu•rous , a. Made of bran; furfuraceous. [R.] ´Furfurous bread.´ Sydney Smith.

Fu´ri•al , a. [L. furialis: cf. OF. furial.] Furious; raging; tormenting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Fu•ri•bun´dal , a. [L. furibundus, fr. furere to rage.] Full of rage. [Obs.] G. Harvey.

Fu´ries , n. pl. See Fury, 3.

Fu´rile , n. [Furfurol + benzile.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline substance, (C4H3O)2.C2O2, obtained by the oxidation of furoin. [Written also furil.]

Fu•ril´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, furile; as furilic acid.

Fu´ri•o´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) With great force or vigor; vehemently.

Fu´ri•ous , a. [L. furiosus, fr. furia rage, fury: cf. F. furieux. See Fury.] 1. Transported with passion or fury; raging; violent; as a furious animal. 2. Rushing with impetuosity; moving with violence; as a furious stream; a furious wind or storm. Syn. — Impetuous; vehement; boisterous; fierce; turbulent; tumultuous; angry; mad; frantic; frenzied. — Fu´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Fu´ri•ous•ness, n.

Furl (fûrl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furled (fûrl); p. pr. & vb. n. Furling.] [Contr. fr. furdle, fr. fardel bundle: cf. F. ferler to furl, OF. fardeler to pack. See Furdle, Fardel, and cf. Farl.] To draw up or gather into close compass; to wrap or roll, as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast, or, as a flag, close to or around its staff, securing it there by a gasket or line. Totten.

Fur´long , n. [OE. furlong, furlang, AS. furlang, furlung, prop., the length of a furrow; furh furrow + lang long. See Furrow, and Long, a.] A measure of length; the eighth part of a mile; forty rods; two hundred and twenty yards.

Fur´lough , n. [Prob. fr. D. verlof, fr. a prefix akin to E. for + the root of E. lief, and akin to Dan. forlov, Sw. förlof, G. verlaub permission. See Life, a.] (Mil.) Leave of absence; especially, leave given to an officer or soldier to be absent from service for a certain time; also the document granting leave of absence.

Fur´lough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furloughed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Furloughing.] (Mil.) To furnish with a furlough; to grant leave of absence to, as to an officer or soldier. { Fur´mon•ty , Fur´mi•ty } n. Same as Frumenty.

Fur´nace , n. [OE. fornais, forneis, OF. fornaise, F. fournaise, from L. fornax; akin to furnus oven, and prob. to E. forceps.] 1. An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc. Furnaces are classified as wind or air. furnaces when the fire is urged only by the natural draught; as blast furnaces, when the fire is urged by the injection artificially of a forcible current of air; and as reverberatory furnaces, when the flame, in passing to the chimney, is thrown down by a low arched roof upon the materials operated upon. 2. A place or time of punishment, affiction, or great trial; severe experience or discipline. Deut. iv. 20. Bustamente furnace, a shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores. — Furnace bridge, Same as Bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. — Furnace cadmiam or cadmia, the oxide of zinc which accumulates in the chimneys of furnaces smelting zinciferous ores. Raymond. — Furnace hoist (Iron Manuf.), a lift for raising ore, coal, etc., to the mouth of a blast furnace.

Fur´nace, n. 1. To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also to put into a furnace. [Obs. or R.] “He furnaces
The thick sighs from him.” Shak.

Fur´ni•ment , n. [Cf. F. fourniment. See Furnish.] Furniture. [Obs.] Spenser.

Fur´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furnished p. pr. & vb. n. Furnishing.] [OF. furnir, fornir, to furnish, finish, F. fournir; akin to Pr. formir, furmir, fromir, to accomplish, satisfy, fr. OHG. frumjan to further, execute, do, akin to E. frame. See Frame, v. t., and - ish.] 1. To supply with anything necessary, useful, or appropriate; to provide; to equip; to fit out, or fit up; to adorn; as to furnish a family with provisions; to furnish one with arms for defense; to furnish a Cable; to furnish the mind with ideas; to furnish one with knowledge or principles; to furnish an expedition or enterprise, a room or a house. “That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished
unto all good works.” 2 Tim. iii. 17, 2. To offer for use; to provide (something); to give (something); to afford; as to furnish food to the hungry: to furnish arms for defense. “Ye are they … that furnish the drink offering unto that number.” Is. lxv. 11. “His writings and his life furnish abundant proofs that he was not a man of strong sense.” Macaulay.

Fur´nish, n. That which is furnished as a specimen; a sample; a supply. [Obs.] Greene.

Fur´nish•er , n. One who supplies or fits out.

Fur´nish•ment , n. The act of furnishing, or of supplying furniture; also furniture. [Obs.] Daniel.

Fur´ni•ture , n. [F. fourniture. See Furnish, v. t.] 1. That with which anything is furnished or supplied; supplies; outfit; equipment. “The form and all the furniture of the earth.” Tillotson. “The thoughts which make the furniture of their minds.” M. Arnold. 2. Articles used for convenience or decoration in a house or apartment, as tables, chairs, bedsteads, sofas carpets, curtains, pictures, vases, etc. 3. The necessary appendages to anything, as to a machine, a carriage, a ship, etc. (a) (Naut.) The masts and rigging of a ship. (b) (Mil.) The mountings of a gun. (c) Builders’ hardware such as locks, door and window trimmings. (d) (Print) Pieces of wood or metal of a lesser height than the type, placed around the pages or other matter in a form, and, with the quoins, serving to secure the form in its place in the chase. 4. (Mus.) A mixed or compound stop in an organ; — sometimes called mixture.

Fu´ro•in , n. [See Furfurol.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline substance, C10H8O4, from furfurol.

Fu•ro´re , n. [It.] Excitement; commotion; enthusiasm.

Fur´ri•er , n. [Cf. F. fourreur.] A dealer in furs; one who makes or sells fur goods.

Fur´ri•er•y , n. 1. Furs, in general. Tooke. 2. The business of a furrier; trade in furs.

Fur´ring , n. 1. (Carp.) (a) The leveling of a surface, or the preparing of an air space, by means of strips of board or of larger pieces. See Fur, v. t., 3. (b) The strips thus laid on. 2. (Shipbuilding) Double planking of a ship’s side. 3. A deposit from water, as on the inside of a boiler; also the operation of cleaning away this deposit.

Fur´row , n. [OE. forow, forgh, furgh, AS. furh; akin to D. voor, OHG. furuh, G. furche, Dan. fure, Sw. fra, Icel. for drain, L. porca ridge between two furrows.] 1. A trench in the earth made by, or as by, a plow. 2. Any trench, channel, or groove, as in wood or metal; a wrinkle on the face; as the furrows of age. Farrow weed a weed which grows on plowed land. Shak. — To draw a straight furrow, to live correctly; not to deviate from the right line of duty. Lowell.

Fur´row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Furrowing.] [From Furrow, n.; cf. AS. fyrian.] 1. To cut a furrow in; to make furrows in; to plow; as to furrow the ground or sea. Shak. 2. To mark with channels or with wrinkles. “Thou canst help time to furrow me with age.” Shak. “Fair cheeks were furrowed with hot tears.” Byron.

Fur´row•y , a. Furrowed. [R.] Tennyson.

Fur´ry , a. [From Fur.] 1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur. ´Furry nations.´ Thomson. 2. Consisting of fur; as furry spoils. Dryden. 3. Resembling fur.

Fur´ther , adv. [A comparative of forth; OE. further, forther, AS. furor, farur; akin to G. fürder. See Forth, adv.] To a greater distance; in addition; moreover. See Farther. “Carries us, I know not how much further, into familiar company.” M. Arnold. “They sdvanced us far as Eleusis and Thria; but no further.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). Further off, not so near; apart by a greater distance.

Fur´ther, a. compar. [Positive wanting; superl. Furthest.] 1. More remote; at a greater distance; more in advance; farther; as the further end of the field. See Farther. 2. Beyond; additional; as a further reason for this opinion; nothing further to suggest. The forms further and farther are in general not differentiated by writers, but further is preferred by many when application to quantity or degree is implied.

Fur´ther´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furthered p. pr. & vb. n. Furthering.] [OE. furthren, forthren, AS. fyrðran, fyrðrian. See Further, adv.] To help forward; to promote; to advance; to forward; to help or assist. “This binds thee, then, to further my design.” Dryden. “I should nothing further the weal public.” Robynsom (More’s Utopia).

Fur´ther•ance , n. The act of furthering or helping forward; promotion; advancement; progress. “I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your
furthersnce and joy of faith.” Phil. i. 25. “Built of furtherance and pursuing, Not of spent deeds, but of doing.” Emerson.

Fur´ther•er , n. One who furthers. or helps to advance; a promoter. Shak.

Fur´ther•more´ , adv. or conj. Moreover; besides; in addition to what has been said.

Fur´ther•most´ , a. Most remote; furthest.

Fur´ther•some , a. Tending to further, advance, or promote; helpful; advantageous. [R.] “You will not find it furthersome.” Carlyle.

Fur´thest , a. superl. Most remote; most in advance; farthest. See Further, a.

Fur´thest, adv. At the greatest distance; farthest.

Fur´tive , a. [L. furtivus, fr. furtum theft, fr. fur thief, akin to ferre to bear: cf. F. furtif. See Fertile.] Stolen; obtained or characterized by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy; as a furtive look. Prior. “A hasty and furtive ceremony.” Hallam.

Fur´tive•ly, adv. Stealthily by theft. Lover.

Fu´run•cle , n. [L. furunculus a petty thief, a boil, dim. of fur thief: cf. F. furoncle.] (Med.) A superficial, inflammatory tumor, suppurating with a central core; a boil.

Fu•run´cu•lar , a. Of or pertaining to a furuncle; marked by the presence of furuncles.

Fu´ry , n. [L. fur.] A thief. [Obs.] “Have an eye to your plate, for there be furies.” J. Fleteher.

Fu´ry, n.; pl. Furies (#). [L. furia, fr. furere to rage: cf. F. furie. Cf. Furor.] 1. Violent or extreme excitement; overmastering agitation or enthusiasm. “Her wit began to be with a divine fury inspired.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. Violent anger; extreme wrath; rage; — sometimes applied to inanimate things, as the wind or storms; impetuosity; violence. ´Fury of the wind.´ Shak. “I do oppose my patience to his fury.” Shak. 3. pl. (Greek Myth.) The avenging deities, Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaera; the Erinyes or Eumenides. “The Furies, they said, are attendants on justice, and if the sun in heaven should transgress his path would punish him.” Emerson. 4. One of the Parcae, or Fates, esp. Atropos. [R.] “Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears,
And slits the thin-spun life.” Milton. 5. A stormy, turbulent violent woman; a hag; a vixen; a virago; a termagant. Syn. — Anger; indignation; resentment; wrath; ire; rage; vehemence; violence; fierceness; turbulence; madness; frenzy. See Anger.

Furze , n. [OE. firs, As. fyrs.] (Bot.) A thorny evergreen shrub (Ulex Europaeus), with beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain; — called also gorse, and whin. The dwarf furze is Ulex nanus.

Furze´chat´ , n. (Zoöl.) The whinchat; — called also furzechuck.

Furze´ling , n. (Zoöl.) An English warbler (Melizophilus provincialis); — called also furze wren, and Dartford warbler.

Furz´en , a. Furzy; gorsy. [Obs.] Holland.

Furz´y , a. Abounding in, or overgrown with, furze; characterized by furze. Gay.

Fu´sain´ , n. [F., the spindle tree; also charcoal made from it.] (Fine Arts) (a) Fine charcoal of willow wood, used as a drawing implement. (b) A drawing made with it. See Charcoal, n. 2, and Charcoal drawing, under Charcoal.

Fu´sa•role , n. [F. fusarolle, fr. It. fusaruolo, fr. fuso spindle, shaft of a column. See Fusee a conical wheel.] (Arch.) A molding generally placed under the echinus or quarter round of capitals in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders of architecture.

Fus•ca´tion , n. [L. fuscare, fuscatum, to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] A darkening; obscurity; obfuscation. [R.] Blount.

Fus´cin , n. [L. fuscus dark- colored, tawny.] (Physiol. Chem.) A brown, nitrogenous pigment contained in the retinal epithelium; a variety of melanin.

Fus´cine , n. (Chem.) A dark-colored substance obtained from empyreumatic animal oil. [R.]

Fus´cous , a. [L. fuscus.] Brown or grayish black; darkish. “Sad and fuscous colors, as black or brown, or deep purple
and the like.” Burke.

Fuse (fuz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fused (fuzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fusing.] [L. fusus, p. p. of fundere to pour, melt, cast. See Foundo to cast, and cf. Futile.] 1. To liquefy by heat; to render fluid; to dissolve; to melt. 2. To unite or blend, as if melted together. “Whose fancy fuses old and new.” Tennyson.

Fuse, v. i. 1. To be reduced from a solid to a fluid state by heat; to be melted; to melt. 2. To be blended, as if melted together. Fusing point, the degree of temperature at which a substance melts; the point of fusion.

Fuse, n. [For fusee, fusil. See 2d Fusil.] (Gunnery, Mining, etc.) A tube or casing filled with combustible matter, by means of which a charge of powder is ignited, as in blasting; — called also fuzee. See Fuze. Fuse hole, the hole in a shell prepared for the reception of the fuse. Farrow.

Fu•see´ , n. [See 2d Fusil, and cf. Fuse, n.] 1. A flintlock gun. See 2d Fusil. [Obs.] 2. A fuse. See Fuse, n. 3. A kind of match for lighting a pipe or cigar.

Fu•see´, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] The track of a buck. Ainsworth.

Fu•see´, n. [F. fusee a spindleful, fusee, LL. fusata, fr. fusare to use a spindle, L. fusus spindle.] (a) The cone or conical wheel of a watch or clock, designed to equalize the power of the mainspring by having the chain from the barrel which contains the spring wind in a spiral groove on the surface of the cone in such a manner that the diameter of the cone at the point where the chain acts may correspond with the degree of tension of the spring. (b) A similar wheel used in other machinery.

Fu´sel , n., Fu´sel oil. [G. fusel bad liquor.] (Chem.) A hot acrid oily liquid accompanying many alcoholic liquors (as potato whisky corn whisky etc.) as an undesirable ingredient and consisting of several of the higher alcohols and compound ethers but particularly of amyl alcohol hence specifically applied to amyl alcohol.

Fu´si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. fusibilite.] The quality of being fusible.

Fu´si•ble , a. [F. fusible. See Fuse, v. t.] CapabIe of being melted or liquefied. Fusible metal, any alloy of different metals capable of being easily fused, especially an alloy of five parts of bismuth, three of lead, and two of tin, which melts at a temperature below that of boiling water. Ure. — Fusible plug (Steam Boiler), a piece of easily fusible alloy, placed in one of the sheets and intended to melt and blow off the steam in case of low water.

Fu´si•form , a. [L. fusus spindle + -form: cf. F. fusiforme.] Shaped like a spindle; tapering at each end; as a fusiform root; a fusiform cell.

Fu´sil , a. [L. fusilis molten, fluid, fr. fundere, fusum, to pour, cast. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. Capable of being melted or rendered fluid by heat; fusible. [R.] ´A kind of fusil marble´ Woodward. 2. Running or flowing, as a liquid. [R.] ´A fusil sea.´ J. Philips. 3. Formed by melting and pouring into a mold; cast; founded. [Obs.] Milton.

Fu´sil , n. [F. fusil, LL. fosile a steel for kindling fire, from L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL. fire. See Focus, and cf. Fusee a firelock.] A light kind of flintlock musket, formerly in use.

Fu´sil, n. [See 3d Fusee.] (Her.) A bearing of a rhomboidal figure; — named from its shape, which resembles that of a spindle. It differs from a lozenge in being longer in proportion to its width.

Fu´sile , a. Same as Fusil, a. { Fu´sil•eer´ , Fu´sil•ier´ } , n. [F. fusilier, fr. fusil.] (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a soldier armed with a fusil. Hence, in the plural: (b) A title now borne by some regiments and companies; as ´The Royal Fusiliers,´ etc.

Fu´sil•lade´ , n. [F. fusillade, cf. It. fucilata. See Fusil a firelock.] (Mil.) A simultaneous discharge of firearms.

Fu´sil•lade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fusillader; p. pr. & vb. n. Fusillading.] To shoot down of shoot at by a simultaneous discharge of firearms.

Fu´sion , n. [L. fusio, fr. fundere, fusum to pour, melt: cf. F. fusion. See Fuse, v. t., and cf. Foison.] 1. The act or operation of melting or rendering fluid by heat; the act of melting together; as the fusion of metals. 2. The state of being melted or dissolved by heat; a state of fluidity or flowing in consequence of heat; as metals in fusion. 3. The union or blending together of things, as melted together. “The universal fusion of races, languages, and customs …
had produced a corresponding fusion of creeds.” C. Kingsley. Watery fusion (Chem.) the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallization. 4. (Biol.) The union, or binding together, of adjacent parts or tissues.

Fu´some , a. [AS. fsan to hasten, fr. fs ready, prompt, quick; akin to OS. fs, OHG. funs, Icel. fuss willing; prob. from the root of E. find.] Handy; reat; handsome; notable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Fuss , n. [Cf. Fusome.] 1. A tumult; a bustle; unnecessary or annoying ado about trifles. Byron. “Zealously, assiduously, and with a minimum of fuss or noise” Carlyle. 2. One who is unduly anxious about trifles. [R.] “I am a fuss and I don’t deny it.” W. D. Howell.

Fuss, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fussed p. pr. & vb. n. Fussing.] To be overbusy or unduly anxious about trifles; to make a bustle or ado. Sir W. Scott.

Fuss´i•ly , adv. In a fussy manner. Byron.

Fuss´i•ness, n. The quality of being fussy.

Fuss´y , a. [Compar. Fussier superl Fussiest.] Making a fuss; disposed to make an unnecessary ado about trifles; overnice; fidgety. “Not at all fussy about his personal appearance.” R. G. White.

Fust (fust), n. [OF. fust, F. fût, fr. L. fustis stick staff.] (Arch.) The shaft of a column, or trunk of a pilaster. Gwilt.

Fust, n. [OF. fust cask, F. fût cask, taste or smell of the cask, fustiness, cf. sentir le fût to taste of the cask. See 1st Fust.] A strong, musty smell; mustiness.

Fust, v. i. To become moldy; to smell ill. [Obs.]

Fust´ed, a. Moldy; ill- smelling. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Fus´ter•ic , n. The coloring matter of fustet. Ure.

Fus´tet , n. [F. fustet (cf. Sp. & Pg. fustete), LL. fustetus, fr. L. fustis stick, in LL., tree, See 1st Fust, and cf. Fustic.] The wood of the Rhus Cotinus or Venice sumach, a shrub of Southern Europe, which yields a fine orange color, which, however, is not durable without a mordant. Ure.

Fus´tian , n. [OE. fustan, fustian, OF. fustaine, F. futaine, It. fustagno, fr. LL. fustaneum, fustanum; cf. Pr. fustani, Sp. fustan. So called from Fustat, i. e., Cairo, where it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse twilled cotton or cotton and linen stuff, including corduroy, velveteen, etc. 2. An inflated style of writing; a kind of writing in which high-sounding words are used, above the dignity of the thoughts or subject; bombast. “Claudius … has run his description into the most wretched
fustian.” Addison.

Fus´tian, a. 1. Made of fustian. 2. Pompous; ridiculously tumid; inflated; bombastic; as fustian history. Walpole.

Fus´tian•ist, n. A writer of fustian. [R.] Milton.

Fus´tic , n. [F. fustoc, Sp. fustoc. Cf. Fustet.] The wood of the Maclura tinctoria, a tree growing in the West Indies, used in dyeing yellow; — called also old fustic. [Written also fustoc.] Other kinds of yellow wood are often called fustic; as that of species of Xanthoxylum, and especially the Rhus Cotinus, which is sometimes called young fustic to distinguish it from the Maclura. See Fustet.

Fus´ti•gate , v. t. [L. fustigare, fr. fustis stick. See 1st Fust.] To cudgel. [R.] Bailey.

Fus´ti•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. fustigation.] A punishment by beating with a stick or club; cudgeling. “This satire, composed of actual fustigation.” Motley.

Fus´ti•la´ri•an , n. [From Fusty.] A low fellow; a stinkard; a scoundrel. [Obs.] Shak. { Fus´ti•lug• , Fus´ti•lugs• }, n. [Fusty + lug something heavy, to be drawn or carried.] A gross, fat, unwieldy person. [Obs.] F. Junius.

Fust´i•ness , n. A fusty state or quality; moldiness; mustiness; an ill smell from moldiness.

Fusty , a. [Compar. Fustier (#); superl Fustiest.] [See 2d Fust.] 1. Moldy; musty; ill-smelling; rank. ´A fusty nut.´ ´Fusty plebeians.´ Shak. 2. Moping. [Archaic] “A melancholy, fusty humor.” Pepys.

Fu´sure , n. [L. fusura, fr. fundere, fusum. See Fuse, v. t.] Act of fusing; fusion. [R.]

Futch´el , n. The jaws between which the hinder end of a carriage tongue is inserted. Knight.

Fu´tile ( 277), a. [L. futilis that easily pours out, that easily lets loose, vain, worthless, from the root of fundere to pour out: cf. F. futile. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. Talkative; loquacious; tattling. [Obs.] “Talkers and futile persons.” Bacon. 2. Of no importance; answering no useful end; useless; vain; worthless. ´Futile theories.´ I. Taylor. “His reasoning … was singularly futile.” Macaulay.

Fu´tile•ly, adv. In a futile manner.

Fu´til•i•ty , n. [L. futilitas: cf. F. futilite.] 1. The quality of being talkative; talkativeness; loquaciousness; loquacity. [Obs.] 2. The quality of producing no valuable effect, or of coming to nothing; uselessness. “The futility of this mode of philosophizing.” Whewell.

Fu´til•ous , a. Futile; trifling. [Obs.]

Fu´ttock , n. [Prob. corrupted fr. foothook.] (Naut.) One of the crooked timbers which are scarfed together to form the lower part of the compound rib of a vessel; one of the crooked transverse timbers passing across and over the keel. Futtock plates (Naut.), plates of iron to which the dead-eyes of the topmast rigging are secured. — Futtock shrouds, short iron shrouds leading from the upper part of the lower mast or of the main shrouds to the edge of the top, or through it, and connecting the topmast rigging with the lower mast. Totten.

Fu´tur•a•ble ( 135), a. Capable of being future; possible to occur. [R.] “Not only to things future, but futurable.” Fuller.

Fu´ture ( 135), a. [F. futur, L. futurus, used as fut. p. of esse to be, but from the same root as E. be. See Be, v. i.] That is to be or come hereafter; that will exist at any time after the present; as the next moment is future, to the present. Future tense (Gram.), the tense or modification of a verb which expresses a future act or event.

Fu´ture , n. [Cf. F. futur. See Future, a.] 1. Time to come; time subsequent to the present (as the future shall be as the present); collectively, events that are to happen in time to come. ´Lay the future open.´ Shak. 2. The possibilities of the future; — used especially of prospective success or advancement; as he had great future before him. 3. (Gram.) A future tense. To deal in futures, to speculate on the future values of merchandise or stocks. [Brokers’ cant]

Fu´ture•less, a. Without prospect of betterment in the future. W. D. Howells.

Fu´ture•ly, adv. In time to come. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Fu´tur•ist, n. 1. One whose chief interests are in what is to come; one who anxiously, eagerly, or confidently looks forward to the future; an expectant. 2. (Theol.) One who believes or maintains that the fulfillment of the prophecies of the Bible is to be in the future.

Fu•tu•ri´tial ( 135), a. Relating to what is to come; pertaining to futurity; future. [R.]

Fu•tu•ri´tion , n. [Cf. F. futurition.] The state of being future; futurity. [R.] “Nothing … can have this imagined futurition, but as it is decreed.” Coleridge.

Fu•tu´ri•ty , n.; pl. Futurities . 1. State of being that is yet to come; future state. 2. Future time; time to come; the future. 3. Event to come; a future event. “All futurities are naked before the All-seeing Eye.” South.

Fuze , n. A tube, filled with combustible matter, for exploding a shell, etc. See Fuse, n. Chemical fuze, a fuze in which substances separated until required for action are then brought into contact, and uniting chemically, produce explosion. — Concussion fuze, a fuze ignited by the striking of the projectile. — Electric fuze, a fuze which is ignited by heat or a spark produced by an electric current. - - Friction fuze, a fuze which is ignited by the heat evolved by friction. — Percussion fuze, a fuze in which the ignition is produced by a blow on some fulminating compound. — Time fuze, a fuze adapted, either by its length or by the character of its composition, to burn a certain time before producing an explosion.

Fuzz , v. t. To make drunk. [Obs.] Wood.

Fuzz, n. [Cf. Prov. E. fuzzy that ravels (of silk or cotton), D. voos spongy, fungous, G. faser filament. E. feaze to untwist.] Fine, light particles or fibers; loose, volatile matter. Fuzz ball, a kind of fungus or mushroom, which, when pressed, bursts and scatters a fine dust; a puffball.

Fuzz, v. i. To fly off in minute particles.

Fuz´zle , v. t. [Cf. LG. fuseln to drink common liquor, fr. fusel bad liquor.] To make drunk; to intoxicate; to fuddle. [Obs.] Burton.

Fuzz´y , a. [See Fuzz, n.] 1. Not firmly woven; that ravels. [Written also fozy.] [Prov. Eng.] 2. Furnished with fuzz; having fuzz; like fuzz; as the fuzzy skin of a peach.

-fy [Through French verbs in -fier, L. - ficare, akin to facere to do, make. See Fact.] A suffix signifying to make, to form into, etc.; as acetify, amplify, dandify, Frenchify, etc.

Fy , interj. [See Fie, interj.] A word which expresses blame, dislike, disapprobation, abhorrence, or contempt. See Fie.

Fyke , n. [D. fuik a bow net.] A long bag net distended by hoops, into which fish can pass easily, without being able to return; — called also fyke net. Cozzens.

Fyl´lot , n. [Prov. fr. AS. fyerfte, fierfte, feówerfte. See Four, and Foot, n.] A rebated cross, formerly used as a secret emblem, and a common ornament. It is also called gammadion, and swastika.

Fyrd , Fyr´dung , n. [AS.; akin to E. fare, v. i.] (Old. Eng. Hist.) The military force of the whole nation, consisting of all men able to bear arms. “The national fyrd or militia.” J. R. Green.

Fytte , n. See Fit a song. [Archaic] G.

G (je) 1. G is the seventh letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It has two sounds; one simple, as in gave, go, gull; the other compound (like that of j), as in gem, gin, dingy. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 231-6, 155, 176, 178, 179, 196, 211, 246. The form of G is from the Latin, in the alphabet which it first appeared as a modified form of C. The name is also from the Latin, and probably comes to us through the French. Etymologically it is most closely related to a c hard, k y, and w; as in corn, grain, kernel; kin L. genus, Gr. ; E. garden, yard; drag, draw; also to ch and h; as in get, prehensile; guest, host (an army); gall, choler; gust, choose. See C. 2. (Mus.) G is the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model scale; — called also sol by the Italians and French. It was also originally used as the treble clef, and has gradually changed into the character represented in the margin. See Clef. G&sharp; (G sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A.

Gab , n. [Cf. Gaff.] (Steam Engine) The hook on the end of an eccentric rod opposite the strap. See. Illust. of Eccentric.

Gab, n. [OE. gabbe gabble, mocking, fr. Icel. gabb mocking, mockery, or OF. gab, gabe; perh. akin to E. gape, or gob. Cf. Gab, v. i., Gibber.] The mouth; hence, idle prate; chatter; unmeaning talk; loquaciousness. [Colloq.] Gift of gab, facility of expression. [Colloq.]

Gab, v. i. [OE. gabben to jest, lie, mock, deceive, fr. Icel. gabba to mock, or OF. gaber. See 2d Gab, and cf. Gabble.] 1. To deceive; to lie. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To talk idly; to prate; to chatter. Holinshed.

Gab´ar•age , n. A kind of coarse cloth for packing goods. [Obs.]

Gab•ar•dine´ , Gab•er•dine´ , n. [Sp. gabardina; cf. It. gavardina, OF. galvardine, calvardine, gavardine, galeverdine; perh. akin to Sp. & OF. gaban a sort of cloak or coat for rainy weather, F. caban great coat with a hood and sleeves, It. gabbano and perh. to E. cabin.] A coarse frock or loose upper garment formerly worn by Jews; a mean dress. Shak.

Gab´ber , n. 1. A liar; a deceiver. [Obs.] 2. One addicted to idle talk.

Gab´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Gabbling ] [Freq. of gab. See Gab, v. i.] 1. To talk fast, or to talk without meaning; to prate; to jabber. Shak. 2. To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity; as gabbling fowls. Dryden.

Gab´ble, n. 1. Loud or rapid talk without meaning. “Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders.” Milton. 2. Inarticulate sounds rapidly uttered; as of fowls.

Gab´bler , n. One who gabbles; a prater.

Gab´bro , n. [It.] (Geol.) A name originally given by the Italians to a kind of serpentine, later to the rock called euphotide, and now generally used for a coarsely crystalline, igneous rock consisting of lamellar pyroxene (diallage) and labradorite, with sometimes chrysolite (olivine gabbro).

Ga´bel , n. [F. gabelle, LL. gabella, gabulum, gablum; of uncertain origin. Cf.Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) A rent, service, tribute, custom, tax, impost, or duty; an excise. Burrill. “He enables St. Peter to pay his gabel by the ministry of a fish.” Jer. Taylor.

Ga´bel•er , n. (O. Eng. Law) A collector of gabels or taxes.

Ga•belle´ , n. [F. See Gabel.] A tax, especially on salt. [France] Brande & C.

Ga•belle´man , n. A gabeler. Carlyle.

Gab•er•dine´ , n. See Gabardine.

Gab´er-lun•zie , n. [Gael. gabair talker + lunndair idler.] A beggar with a wallet; a licensed beggar. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gab´ert , n. [Cf.F. gabare, Arm. kobar, gobar.] A lighter, or vessel for inland navigation. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Ga´bi•on , n.[F., from It. gabbione a large cage, gabion, from gabbia cage, L. cavea. See Cage.] 1. (Fort.) A hollow cylinder of wickerwork, like a basket without a bottom. Gabions are made of various sizes, and filled with earth in building fieldworks to shelter men from an enemy’s fire. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) An openwork frame, as of poles, filled with stones and sunk, to assist in forming a bar dyke, etc., as in harbor improvement.

Ga•bi•on•ade´ , n. [F. gabionnade.] 1. (Fort.) A traverse made with gabions between guns or on their flanks, protecting them from enfilading fire. 2. A structure of gabions sunk in lines, as a core for a sand bar in harbor improvements.

Ga´bi•on•age , n. [F. gabionnage.] (Mil.) The part of a fortification built of gabions.

Ga´bi•oned , p. a. Furnished with gabions.

Ga•bion•nade´ , n. See Gabionade.

Ga´ble , n. A cable. [Archaic] Chapman.

Ga´ble, n. [OE. gable, gabil, F. gable, fr. LL. gabalum front of a building, prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. OHG. gibil, G. giebel gable, Icel. gafl, Goth. gibla pinnacle; perh. akin to Gr. head, and E. cephalic, or to G. gabel fork, AS. geafl, E. gaffle, L. gabalus a kind of gallows.] (Arch.) (a) The vertical triangular portion of the end of a building, from the level of the cornice or eaves to the ridge of the roof. also a similar end when not triangular in shape, as of a gambrel roof and the like. Hence: (b) The end wall of a building, as distinguished from the front or rear side. (c) A decorative member having the shape of a triangular gable, such as that above a Gothic arch in a doorway. Bell gable. See under Bell. — Gable roof, a double sloping roof which forms a gable at each end. — Gable wall. Same as Gable (b). — Gable window, a window in a gable.

Ga´blet , n. (Arch.) A small gable, or gable-shaped canopy, formed over a tabernacle, niche, etc.

Gab´lock , n. [See Gavelock.] A false spur or gaff, fitted on the heel of a gamecock. Wright.

Ga´by , n. [Icel. gapi a rash, reckless man. Cf. Gafe.] A simpleton; a dunce; a lout. [Colloq.]

Gad , n. [OE. gad, Icel. gaddr goad, sting; akin to Sw. gadd sting, Goth. gazds, G. gerte switch. See Yard a measure.] 1. The point of a spear, or an arrowhead. 2. A pointed or wedge-shaped instrument of metal, as a steel wedge used in mining, etc. “I will go get a leaf of brass,
And with a gad of steel will write these words.” Shak. 3. A sharp-pointed rod; a goad. 4. A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling. Fairholt. 5. A wedge-shaped billet of iron or steel. [Obs.] “Flemish steel … some in bars and some in gads.” Moxon. 6. A rod or stick, as a fishing rod, a measuring rod, or a rod used to drive cattle with. [Prov. Eng. Local, U.S.] Halliwell. Bartlett. Upon the gad, upon the spur of the moment; hastily. [Obs.] ´All this done upon the gad!´ Shak.

Gad, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gadded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gadding.] [Prob. fr. gad, n., and orig. meaning to drive about.] To walk about; to rove or go about, without purpose; hence, to run wild; to be uncontrolled. ´The gadding vine.´ Milton. “Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way?” Jer. ii. 36.

Gad´a•bout , n. A gadder [Colloq.]

Gad´bee , n. (Zoöl.) The gadfly.

Gad´der , n. One who roves about idly, a rambling gossip.

Gad´ding, a. & n. Going about much, needlessly or without purpose. “Envy is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets.” Bacon. “The good nuns would check her gadding tongue.” Tennyson. Gadding car, in quarrying, a car which carries a drilling machine so arranged as to drill a line of holes.

Gad´ding•ly , adv. In a roving, idle manner.

Gad´dish , a. Disposed to gad. — Gad´dish•nes, n. ´Gaddishness and folly.´ Abp. Leighton.

Gade , n. [Cf. Cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small British fish (Motella argenteola) of the Cod family. (b) A pike, so called at Moray Firth; — called also gead. [Prov. Eng.]

Gad´er•e , Gad´re , v. t. & i. To gather. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gad´fly , n.; pl. Gadflies (#). [Gad + fly.] (Zoöl.) Any dipterous insect of the genus Oestrus, and allied genera of botflies. The sheep gadfly (Oestrus ovis) deposits its young in the nostrils of sheep, and the larvae develop in the frontal sinuses. The common species which infests cattle (Hypoderma bovis) deposits its eggs upon or in the skin where the larvae or bots live and produce sores called wormels. The gadflies of the horse produce the intestinal parasites called bots. See Botfly, and Bots. The true horseflies are often erroneously called gadflies, and the true gadflies are sometimes incorrectly called breeze flies. Gadfly petrel (Zoöl.), one of several small petrels of the genus Oestrelata.

Gadhel´ic (gal´ik), a. [See Gaelic.] Of or pertaining to that division of the Celtic languages, which includes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx. J. Peile.

Gad´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the cod (Gadus); — applied to an acid obtained from cod-liver oil, viz., gadic acid.

Gad•i•ta•ni•an , a. [L. Gaditanus, fr. Gades Cadiz.] Of or relating to Cadiz, in Spain. — n. A native or inhabitant of Cadiz.

Gad´ling , n. [Gad, n. + - ling.] (Mediaeval Armor) [R.] See Gad, n., 4.

Gad´ling, a. [See Gad, v. i.] Gadding about. [Obs.]

Gad´ling, n. A roving vagabond. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Gadman , n. A gadsman.

Ga´doid ( 277), a. [NL. gadus cod + -oid: cf. F. gadoïde gadoid, Gr. a sort of fish, F. gade.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family of fishes (Gadidae) which includes the cod, haddock, and hake. — n. One of the Gadidae. [Written also gadid.]

Gad•o•lin´i•a , n. [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) A rare earth, regarded by some as an oxide of the supposed element gadolinium, by others as only a mixture of the oxides of yttrium, erbium, ytterbium, etc.

Gad•o•lin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to or containing gadolinium.

Gad´o•lin•ite , n. [Named after Gadolin, a Russian chemist.] (Min.) A mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of yttrium, cerium, and iron.

Gad•o•lin´i•um , n. [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) A supposed rare metallic element, with a characteristic spectrum, found associated with yttrium and other rare metals. Its individuality and properties have not yet been determined.

Gads´man , n. One who uses a gad or goad in driving.

Gad´u•in , n.[NL. gadus codfish.] (Chem.) A yellow or brown amorphous substance, of indifferent nature, found in cod-liver oil.

Gad´wall , n. [Gad to walk about + well.] (Zoöl.) A large duck (Anas strepera), valued as a game bird, found in the northern parts of Europe and America; — called also gray duck. [Written also gaddwell.]

Gael , n.sing. & pl. [See Gaelic.] (Ethnol.) A Celt or the Celts of the Scotch Highlands or of Ireland; now esp., a Scotch Highlander of Celtic origin.

Gael´ic ( 277), a. [Gael. Gàidhealach, Gaelach, from Gàidheal, Gael, a Scotch Highlander.] (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the Gael, esp. to the Celtic Highlanders of Scotland; as the Gaelic language.

Gael´ic , n. [Gael. Gaelig, Gàilig.] The language of the Gaels, esp. of the Highlanders of Scotland. It is a branch of the Celtic.

Gaff , n. [OE. gaffe, F. gaffe an iron hook with which seamen pull great fishes into their ships; cf. Ir. gaf, gafa hook; perh. akin to G. gabel fork, Skr. gabhasti. Cf. Gaffle, Gable.] 1. A barbed spear or a hook with a handle, used by fishermen in securing heavy fish. 2. (Naut.) The spar upon which the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail is extended. 3. Same as Gaffle, 1. Wright.

Gaff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaffed p. pr. & vb. n. Gaffing.] To strike with a gaff or barbed spear; to secure by means of a gaff; as to gaff a salmon.

Gaf´fer , n. [Possibly contr. fr. godfather; but prob. fr. gramfer for grandfather. Cf. Gammer.] 1. An old fellow; an aged rustic. “Go to each gaffer and each goody.” Fawkes. Gaffer was originally a respectful title, now degenerated into a term of familiarity or contempt when addressed to an aged man in humble life. 2. A foreman or overseer of a gang of laborers. [Prov. Eng.]

Gaf´fle , n. [Cf. AS. geafl fork, LG., D., Sw., & Dan. gaffel, G. gabel, W. gafl, Ir. & Gael. gabhal. Cf. Gaff.] 1. An artificial spur or gaff for gamecocks. 2. A lever to bend crossbows.

Gaff•-top´sail , n. (Naut.) A small triangular sail having its foot extended upon the gaff and its luff upon the topmast.

Gag , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gagged p. pr. & vb. n. Gagging ] [Prob. fr. W. cegio to choke or strangle, fr. ceg mouth, opening, entrance.] 1. To stop the mouth of, by thrusting sometimes in, so as to hinder speaking; hence, to silence by authority or by violence; not to allow freedom of speech to. Marvell. “The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hood winked.” Maccaulay. 2. To pry or hold open by means of a gag. “Mouths gagged to such a wideness.” Fortescue (Transl.). 3. To cause to heave with nausea.

Gag, v. i. 1. To heave with nausea; to retch. 2. To introduce gags or interpolations. See Gag, n., 3. [Slang] Cornill Mag.

Gag, n. 1. Something thrust into the mouth or throat to hinder speaking. 2. A mouthful that makes one retch; a choking bit; as a gag of mutton fat. Lamb. 3. A speech or phrase interpolated offhand by an actor on the stage in his part as written, usually consisting of some seasonable or local allusion. [Slang] Gag rein (Harness), a rein for drawing the bit upward in the horse’s mouth. — Gag runner (Harness), a loop on the throat latch guiding the gag rein.

Gag´ate ( 48), n. [L. gagates. See Jet a black mineral.] Agate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Gage , n. [F. gage, LL. gadium, wadium; of German origin; cf. Goth. wadi, OHG. wetti, weti, akin to E. wed. See Wed, and cf. Wage, n.] 1. A pledge or pawn; something laid down or given as a security for the performance of some act by the person depositing it, and forfeited by nonperformance; security. “Nor without gages to the needy lend.” Sandys. 2. A glove, cap, or the like, cast on the ground as a challenge to combat, and to be taken up by the accepter of the challenge; a challenge; a defiance. ´There I throw my gage.´ Shak.

Gage , n. [So called because an English family named Gage imported the greengage from France, in the last century.] A variety of plum; as the greengage; also the blue gage, frost gage, golden gage, etc., having more or less likeness to the greengage. See Greengage.

Gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaged p. pr & vb. n. Gaging ] [Cf. F. gager. See Gage, n., a pledge.] 1. To give or deposit as a pledge or security for some act; to wage or wager; to pawn or pledge. [Obs.] “A moiety competent
Was gaged by our king.” Shak. 2. To bind by pledge, or security; to engage. “Great debts
Wherein my time, sometimes too prodigal,
Hath left me gaged.” Shak.

Gage, n. A measure or standard. See Gauge, n.

Gage, v. t. To measure. See Gauge, v. t. “You shall not gage me
By what we do to-night.” Shak.

Ga´ger , n. A measurer. See Gauger.

Gag´ger , n. 1. One who gags. 2. (Founding) A piece of iron imbedded in the sand of a mold to keep the sand in place.

Gag´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaggled p. pr. & vb. n. Gaggling ] [Of imitative origin; cf. D. gaggelen, gagelen, G. gackeln, gackern, MHG. ggen, E. giggle, cackle.] To make a noise like a goose; to cackle. Bacon.

Gag´gle, n. [Cf. Gaggle v. i.] (Zoöl.) A flock of wild geese. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Gag´tooth , n.; pl. Gagteeth . A projecting tooth. [Obs.]

Gag´-toothed´ , a. Having gagteeth. [Obs.]

Gahn´ite , n. [Named after Gahn, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Zinc spinel; automolite.

Ga•id´ic , a. [Gr. earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to hypogeic acid; — applied to an acid obtained from hypogeic acid.

Gai´e•ty , n. Same as Gayety.

Gail´er , n. A jailer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gail•lard´ , a. [F. See Galliard.] Gay; brisk; merry; galliard. Chaucer.

Gail•liarde´ , n. [See Galliard a dance.] A lively French and Italian dance.

Gai´ly , adv. [From Gay.] Merrily; showily. See gaily.

Gain (gan), n. [Cf. W. gan a mortise.] (Arch.) A square or beveled notch cut out of a girder, binding joist, or other timber which supports a floor beam, so as to receive the end of the floor beam.

Gain, a. [OE. gein, gain, good, near, quick; cf. Icel. gegn ready, serviceable, and gegn, adv., against, opposite. Cf. Ahain.] Convenient; suitable; direct; near; handy; dexterous; easy; profitable; cheap; respectable. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gain (gan), n. [OE. gain, gein, ga&yogh;hen, gain, advantage, Icel. gagn; akin to Sw. gagn, Dan. gavn, cf. Goth. gageigan to gain. The word was prob. influenced by F. gain gain, OF. gaain. Cf. Gain, v. t.] 1. That which is gained, obtained, or acquired, as increase, profit, advantage, or benefit; — opposed to loss. “But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ.” Phil. iii. 7. “Godliness with contentment is great gain.” 1 Tim. vi. 6. “Every one shall share in the gains.” Shak. 2. The obtaining or amassing of profit or valuable possessions; acquisition; accumulation. ´The lust of gain.´ Tennyson.

Gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gained (gand); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaining.] [From gain, n. but. prob. influenced by F. gagner to earn, gain, OF. gaaignier to cultivate, OHG. weidinon, weidinen to pasture, hunt, fr. weida pasturage, G. weide, akin to Icel. veiðr hunting, AS. waðu, cf. L. venari to hunt, E. venison. See Gain, n., profit.] 1. To get, as profit or advantage; to obtain or acquire by effort or labor; as to gain a good living. “What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?” Matt. xvi. 26. “To gain dominion, or to keep it gained.” Milton. “For fame with toil we gain, but lose with ease.” Pope. 2. To come off winner or victor in; to be successful in; to obtain by competition; as to gain a battle; to gain a case at law; to gain a prize. 3. To draw into any interest or party; to win to one’s side; to conciliate. “If he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother.” Matt. xviii. 15. “To gratify the queen, and gained the court.” Dryden. 4. To reach; to attain to; to arrive at; as to gain the top of a mountain; to gain a good harbor. “Forded Usk and gained the wood.” Tennyson. 5. To get, incur, or receive, as loss, harm, or damage. [Obs. or Ironical] “Ye should … not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss.” Acts xxvii. 21. Gained day, the calendar day gained in sailing eastward around the earth. — To gain ground, to make progress; to advance in any undertaking; to prevail; to acquire strength or extent. — To gain over, to draw to one’s party or interest; to win over. — To gain the wind (Naut.), to reach the windward side of another ship. Syn. — To obtain; acquire; get; procure; win; earn; attain; achieve. See Obtain. — To Gain, Win. Gain implies only that we get something by exertion; win, that we do it in competition with others. A person gains knowledge, or gains a prize, simply by striving for it; he wins a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it in a struggle with others.

Gain , v. i. To have or receive advantage or profit; to acquire gain; to grow rich; to advance in interest, health, or happiness; to make progress; as the sick man gains daily. “Thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbors by extortion.” Ezek. xxii. 12. Gaining twist, in rifled firearms, a twist of the grooves, which increases regularly from the breech to the muzzle. To gain on or upon. (a) To encroach on; as the ocean gains on the land. (b) To obtain influence with. (c) To win ground upon; to move faster than, as in a race or contest. (d) To get the better of; to have the advantage of. “The English have not only gained upon the Venetians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice itself.” Addison. “My good behavior had so far gained on the emperor, that I began to conceive hopes of liberty.” Swift.

Gain´a•ble , a. [CF. F. gagnable. See Gain, v. t.] Capable of being obtained or reached. Sherwood.

Gain´age (?, 48), n. [OF. gaignage pasturage, crop, F. gaignage pasturage. See Gain, v. t.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) The horses, oxen, plows, wains or wagons and implements for carrying on tillage. (b) The profit made by tillage; also the land itself. Bouvier.

Gain´er , n. One who gains. Shak.

Gain´ful , a. Profitable; advantageous; lucrative. ´A gainful speculation.´ Macaulay. — Gain´ful•ly, adv. — Gain´ful•ness, n.

Gain´giv•ing , n. [See Again, and Give.] A misgiving. [Obs.]

Gain´less, a. Not producing gain; unprofitable. Hammond. — Gain´less/ness, n.

Gain´ly, adv. [See Gain, a.] Handily; readily; dexterously; advantageously. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Gain´pain , n.[F. gagner to gain + pain bread.] Bread-gainer; — a term applied in the Middle Ages to the sword of a hired soldier.

Gain•say´ (? or 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainsaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gainsaying.] [OE. geinseien, ageinseien. See Again, and Say to utter.] To contradict; to deny; to controvert; to dispute; to forbid. “I will give you a mouth and wisdom which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist.” Luke xxi. 15. “The just gods gainsay
That any drop thou borrow’dst from thy mother,
My sacred aunt, should by my mortal sword
Be drained.” Shak.

Gain•say´er , n. One who gainsays, contradicts, or denies. ´To convince the gainsayers.´ Tit. i. 9.

Gain´some , a. 1. Gainful. 2. Prepossessing; well-favored. [Obs.] Massinger.

’Gainst , prep. A contraction of Against.

Gain´stand , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainstood; p. pr. & vb. n. gainstanding.] [See Again, and Stand.] To withstand; to resist. [Obs.] “Durst … gainstand the force of so many enraged desires.” Sir P. Sidney.

Gain´strive , v. t. & i. [See Again, and Strive.] To strive or struggle against; to withstand. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gair´fowl , n. (Zoöl.) See Garefowl.

Gair´ish , a., Gair´ish•ly, adv., Gair´ish/ness, n. Same as Garish, Garishly, Garishness.

Gait , n. [See Gate a way.] 1. A going; a walk; a march; a way. “Good gentleman, go your gait, and let poor folks pass.” Shak. 2. Manner of walking or stepping; bearing or carriage while moving. “’T is Cinna; I do know him by his gait.” Shak.

Gait´ed , a. Having (such) a gait; — used in composition; as slow-gaited; heavy- gaited.

Gait´er , n. [F. guêtre, cf. Armor. gweltren; or perh. of German origin, and akin to E. wear, v.] 1. A covering of cloth or leather for the ankle and instep, or for the whole leg from the knee to the instep, fitting down upon the shoe. 2. A kind of shoe, consisting of cloth, and covering the ankle.

Gai´ter , v. t. To dress with gaiters.

Gai´tre , Gay´tre , n. [OE. Cf. Gatten tree.] The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga´la , n. [F. gala show, pomp, fr. It. gala finery, gala; of German origin. See Gallant.] Pomp, show, or festivity. Macaulay. Gala day, a day of mirth and festivity; a holiday.

Ga•lac´ta-gogue , n. [Gr. , , milk + to lead.] (Med.) An agent exciting secretion of milk.

Ga•lac´tic , a. [Gr. milky, fr. , , milk. See Galaxy, and cf. Lactic.] 1. Of or pertaining to milk; got from milk; as galactic acid. 2. Of or pertaining to the galaxy or Milky Way. Galactic circle (Astron.), the great circle of the heavens, to which the course of the galaxy most nearly conforms. Herschel. — Galactic poles, the poles of the galactic circle.

Ga•lac´tin , n. [Gr. , , milk. Cf. Lactin.] (Chem.) (a) An amorphous, gelatinous substance containing nitrogen, found in milk and other animal fluids. It resembles peptone, and is variously regarded as a coagulating or emulsifying agent. (b) A white waxy substance found in the sap of the South American cow tree (Galactodendron). (c) An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate resembling gelose, found in the seeds of leguminous plants, and yielding on decomposition several sugars, including galactose.

Ga•lac•to•den•sim´e•ter , n. [Gr. , + E. densimeter.] Same as Galactometer.

Gal•ac•tom´e•ter , n. [Gr. , , milk + -meter: cf. F. galactomètre. Cf. Lactometer.] An instrument for ascertaining the quality of milk (i.e., its richness in cream) by determining its specific gravity; a lactometer.

Gal•ac•toph´a•gist , n. [Gr. , , milk + to eat: cf. to live on milk.] One who eats, or subsists on, milk.

Gal•ac•toph´a•gous , a. [Gr. : cf. F. galactophade.] Feeding on milk.

Gal•ac•toph´o•rous , a. [Gr. ; , , milk + to bear: cf. F. galactophore. Cf. Lactiferous.] (Anat.) Milk-carrying; lactiferous; — applied to the ducts of mammary glands.

Ga•lac•to•poi•et´ic , a. [Gr. , , milk + capable of making; fr. to make.] (Med.) Increasing the flow of milk; milk-producing. — n. A galactopoietic substance.

Ga•lac´tose , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline sugar, C6H12O6, isomeric with dextrose, obtained by the decomposition of milk sugar, and also from certain gums. When oxidized it forms mucic acid. Called also lactose (though it is not lactose proper).

Ga•lage´ , n. (Obs.) See Galoche. Spenser.

Ga•la´go , n.; pl. Galagos (#). [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A genus of African lemurs, including numerous species. The grand galago (Galago crassicaudata) is about the size of a cat; the mouse galago (G. murinus)is about the size of a mouse. { Ga•lan´ga , Ga•lan´gal }, n.[OE. galingale, OF. galingal, garingal, F. galanga (cf. Sp. galanga), prob. fr. Ar. khalanjn. ] The pungent aromatic rhizome or tuber of certain East Indian or Chinese species of Alpinia (A. Galanga and A. officinarum) and of the Kaempferia Galanga), — all of the Ginger family.

Gal´an•tine , n. [F. galantine.] A dish of veal, chickens, or other white meat, freed from bones, tied up, boiled, and served cold. Smart.

Gal´a•pee• tree´ , (Bot.) The West Indian Sciadophyllum Brownei, a tree with very large digitate leaves.

Ga•la´tian , a. Of or pertaining to Galatia or its inhabitants. — A native or inhabitant of Galatia, in Asia Minor; a descendant of the Gauls who settled in Asia Minor.

Gal´ax•y , n.; pl. Galaxies (#). [F. galaxie, L. galaxias, fr. Gr. (sc. circle), fr. , , milk; akin to L. lac. Cf. Lacteal.] 1. (Astron.) The Milky Way; that luminous tract, or belt, which is seen at night stretching across the heavens, and which is composed of innumerable stars, so distant and blended as to be distinguishable only with the telescope. The term has recently been used for remote clusters of stars. Nichol. 2. A splendid assemblage of persons or things. { Gal´ban , Gal´ba•num } n. [L. galbanum, Gr. , prob. from Heb. klekb’nh: cf. F. galbanum.] A gum resin exuding from the stems of certain Asiatic umbelliferous plants, mostly species of Ferula. The Bubon Galbanum of South Africa furnishes an inferior kind of galbanum. It has an acrid, bitter taste, a strong, unpleasant smell, and is used for medical purposes, also in the arts, as in the manufacture of varnish.

Gale (gal), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. gal furious, Icel. galinn, cf. Icel. gala to sing, AS. galan to sing, Icel. galdr song, witchcraft, AS. galdor charm, sorcery, E. nightingale; also Icel. gjola gust of wind, gola breeze. Cf. Yell.] 1. A strong current of air; a wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane. The most violent gales are called tempests. Gales have a velocity of from about eighteen (´moderate´) to about eighty (´very heavy´) miles an our. Sir. W. S. Harris. 2. A moderate current of air; a breeze. “A little gale will soon disperse that cloud.” Shak. “And winds of gentlest gale Arabian odors fanned
From their soft wings.” Milton. 3. A state of excitement, passion, or hilarity. “The ladies, laughing heartily, were fast getting into what, in New England, is sometimes called a gale.” Brooke (Eastford). Topgallant gale (Naut.), one in which a ship may carry her topgallant sails.

Gale , v. i. (Naut.) To sale, or sail fast.

Gale, n. [OE. gal. See Gale wind.] A song or story. [Obs.] Toone.

Gale, v. i. [AS. galan. See 1st Gale.] To sing. [Obs.] ´Can he cry and gale.´ Court of Love.

Gale, n. [AS. gagel, akin to D. gagel.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Myrica, growing in wet places, and strongly resembling the bayberry. The sweet gale (Myrica Gale) is found both in Europe and in America.

Gale, n. [Cf. Gabel.] The payment of a rent or annuity. [Eng.] Mozley & W. Gale day, the day on which rent or interest is due.

Ga´le•a , n. [L., a helmet.] 1. (Bot.) The upper lip or helmet-shaped part of a labiate flower. 2. (Surg.) A kind of bandage for the head. 3. (Pathol.) Headache extending all over the head. 4. (Paleon.) A genus of fossil echini, having a vaulted, helmet-shaped shell. 5. (Zoöl.) The anterior, outer process of the second joint of the maxillae in certain insects.

Gal´e•as , n. See Galleass. { Ga´le•ate , Ga´le•a•ted } a. [L. galeatus, p. p. of galeare helmet.] 1. Wearing a helmet; protected by a helmet; covered, as with a helmet. 2. (Biol.) Helmeted; having a helmetlike part, as a crest, a flower, etc.; helmet-shaped.

Ga´le•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Galeus, name of one genus, fr. Gr. a kind of shark.] (Zoöl.) That division of elasmobranch fishes which includes the sharks.

Ga•le´na , n.[L. galena lead ore, dross that remains after melting lead: cf. F. galène sulphide of lead ore, antidote to poison, stillness of the sea, calm, tranquility.] 1. (Med.) A remedy or antidote for poison; theriaca. [Obs.] Parr. 2. (Min.) Lead sulphide; the principal ore of lead. It is of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, and is cubic in crystallization and cleavage. False galena. See Blende.

Ga•len´ic , Ga•len´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or containing, galena.

Ga•len´ic , Ga•len´ic•al, a. [From Galen, the physician.] Relating to Galen or to his principles and method of treating diseases. Dunglison. Galenic pharmacy, that branch of pharmacy which relates to the preparation of medicines by infusion, decoction, etc., as distinguished from those which are chemically prepared.

Ga´len•ism , n. The doctrines of Galen.

Ga•len•ist, n. A follower of Galen.

Ga•le´nite , n. (Min.) Galena; lead ore.

Ga•le•o•pi•the´cus (ga•le•o•pi•the´kus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gale•h a weasel + pi•qhkos an ape.] (Zoöl.) A genus of flying Insectivora, formerly called flying lemurs. See Colugo.

Gal•er•ic´u•late , a. [L. galericulum, dim. of galerum a hat or cap, fr. galea helmet.] Covered as with a hat or cap. Smart.

Gal´er•ite , n. [L. galerum a hat, cap: cf. F. galerite.] (Paleon.) A cretaceous fossil sea urchin of the genus Galerites.

Ga•li´cian , a. [Cf. Sp. Galiciano, Gallego, fr. L. Gallaecus, Gallaicus, fr. Gallaeci a people in Western Spain.] Of or pertaining to Galicia, in Spain, or to Galicia, the kingdom of Austrian Poland. — n. A native of Galicia in Spain; — called also Gallegan.

Gal•i•le´an , a. Of or pertaining to Galileo; as the Galilean telescope. See Telescope.

Gal•i•le´an , a. [L. Galilaeus, fr. Galilaea Galilee, Gr. : cf. F. galileen.] Of or relating to Galilee.

Gal•i•le´an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Galilee, the northern province of Palestine under the Romans. 2. (Jewish Hist.) One of the party among the Jews, who opposed the payment of tribute to the Romans; — called also Gaulonite. 3. A Christian in general; — used as a term of reproach by Mohammedans and Pagans. Byron.

Gal´i•lee , n. [Supposed to have been so termed in allusion to the scriptural ´Galilee of the Gentiles.´ cf. OF. galilee.] (Arch.) A porch or waiting room, usually at the west end of an abbey church, where the monks collected on returning from processions, where bodies were laid previous to interment, and where women were allowed to see the monks to whom they were related, or to hear divine service. also frequently applied to the porch of a church, as at Ely and Durham cathedrals. Gwilt.

Gal•i•ma´tias , n. [F.] Nonsense; gibberish; confused and unmeaning talk; confused mixture. “Her dress, like her talk, is a galimatias of several countries.” Walpole.

Gal´in•gale , n. [See Galangal.] (Bot.) A plant of the Sedge family (Cyperus longus) having aromatic roots; also any plant of the same genus. Chaucer. “Meadow, set with slender galingale.” Tennyson.

Gal´i•ot , n. [OE. galiote, F. galiote. See Galley.] (Naut.) (a) A small galley, formerly used in the Mediterranean, built mainly for speed. It was moved both by sails and oars, having one mast, and sixteen or twenty seats for rowers. (b) A strong, light-draft, Dutch merchant vessel, carrying a mainmast and a mizzenmast, and a large gaff mainsail.

Gal´i•pot , n. [F. galipot; cf. OF. garipot the wild pine or pitch tree.] An impure resin of turpentine, hardened on the outside of pine trees by the spontaneous evaporation of its essential oil. When purified, it is called yellow pitch, white pitch, or Burgundy pitch.

Gall (gal), n.[OE. galle, gal, AS. gealla; akin to D. gal, OS. & OHG. galla, Icel. gall, SW. galla, Dan. galde, L. fel, Gr. , and prob. to E. yellow. rad.49. See Yellow, and cf. Choler] 1. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkaline, viscid fluid found in the gall bladder, beneath the liver. It consists of the secretion of the liver, or bile, mixed with that of the mucous membrane of the gall bladder. 2. The gall bladder. 3. Anything extremely bitter; bitterness; rancor. “He hath … compassed me with gall and travail.” Lam. iii. 5. “Comedy diverted without gall.” Dryden. 4. Impudence; brazen assurance. [Slang] Gall bladder (Anat.), the membranous sac, in which the bile, or gall, is stored up, as secreted by the liver; the cholecystis. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. — Gall duct, a duct which conveys bile, as the cystic duct, or the hepatic duct. — Gall sickness, a remitting bilious fever in the Netherlands. Dunglison. — Gall of the earth (Bot.), an herbaceous composite plant with variously lobed and cleft leaves, usually the Prenanthes serpentaria.

Gall , n. [F. galle, noix de galle, fr. L. galla.] (Zoöl.) An excrescence of any form produced on any part of a plant by insects or their larvae. They are most commonly caused by small Hymenoptera and Diptera which puncture the bark and lay their eggs in the wounds. The larvae live within the galls. Some galls are due to aphids, mites, etc. See Gallnut. The galls, or gallnuts, of commerce are produced by insects of the genus Cynips, chiefly on an oak (Quercus infectoria or Lusitanica) of Western Asia and Southern Europe. They contain much tannin, and are used in the manufacture of that article and for making ink and a black dye, as well as in medicine. Gall insect (Zoöl.), any insect that produces galls. — Gall midge (Zoöl.), any small dipterous insect that produces galls. — Gall oak, the oak (Quercus infectoria) which yields the galls of commerce. — Gall of glass, the neutral salt skimmed off from the surface of melted crown glass; — called also glass gall and sandiver. Ure. — Gall wasp. (Zoöl.) See Gallfly.

Gall, v. t. (Dyeing) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts. Ure.

Gall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galled p. pr. & vb. n. Galling.] [OE. gallen; cf. F. galer to scratch, rub, gale scurf, scab, G. galle a disease in horses’ feet, an excrescence under the tongue of horses; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gall gallnut.] 1. To fret and wear away by friction; to hurt or break the skin of by rubbing; to chafe; to injure the surface of by attrition; as a saddle galls the back of a horse; to gall a mast or a cable. “I am loth to gall a new-healed wound.” Shak. 2. To fret; to vex; as to be galled by sarcasm. “They that are most galled with my folly,
They most must laugh.” Shak. 3. To injure; to harass; to annoy; as the troops were galled by the shot of the enemy. “In our wars against the French of old, we used to gall them with our longbows, at a greater distance than they could shoot their arrows.” Addison.

Gall, v. i. To scoff; to jeer. [R.] Shak.

Gall, n. A wound in the skin made by rubbing.

Gal´lant , a. [F. gallant, prop. p. pr. of OF. galer to rejoice, akin to OF. gale amusement, It. gala ornament; of German origin; cf. OHG. geil merry, luxuriant, wanton, G. geil lascivious, akin to AS. gl wanton, wicked, OS. gl merry, Goth. gailjan to make to rejoice, or perh. akin to E. weal. See Gala, Galloon.] 1. Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay; well- dressed. “The town is built in a very gallant place.” Evelyn. “Our royal, good and gallant ship.” Shak. 2. Noble in bearing or spirit; brave; high- spirited; courageous; heroic; magnanimous; as a gallant youth; a gallant officer. “That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds.” Shak. “The gay, the wise, the gallant, and the grave.” Waller. Syn. — Gallant, Courageous, Brave. Courageous is generic, denoting an inward spirit which rises above fear; brave is more outward, marking a spirit which braves or defies danger; gallant rises still higher, denoting bravery on extraordinary occasions in a spirit of adventure. A courageous man is ready for battle; a brave man courts it; a gallant man dashes into the midst of the conflict.

Gal•lant´ ( 277), a. Polite and attentive to ladies; courteous to women; chivalrous.

Gal•lant´ ( 277), n. 1. A man of mettle or spirit; a gay, fashionable man; a young blood. Shak. 2. One fond of paying attention to ladies. 3. One who wooes; a lover; a suitor; in a bad sense, a seducer. Addison. In the first sense it is by some orthoëpists (as in Shakespeare) accented on the first syllable.

Gal•lant´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallanting.] 1. To attend or wait on, as a lady; as to gallant ladies to the play. 2. To handle with grace or in a modish manner; as to gallant a fan. [Obs.] Addison.

Gal•lant´ly , adv. In a polite or courtly manner; like a gallant or wooer.

Gal´lant•ly , adv. In a gallant manner.

Gal´lant•ness , n. The quality of being gallant.

Gal´lant•ry , n.; pl. Gallantries (#). [F. galanterie.] 1. Splendor of appearance; ostentatious finery. [Archaic] “Guess the gallantry of our church by this … when the desk whereon the priest read was inlaid with plates of silver.” Fuller. 2. Bravery; intrepidity; as the troops behaved with great gallantry. 3. Civility or polite attention to ladies; in a bad sense, attention or courtesy designed to win criminal favors from a female; freedom of principle or practice with respect to female virtue; intrigue. 4. Gallant persons, collectively. [R.] “Helenus, Antenor, and all the gallantry of Troy.” Shak. Syn. — See Courage, and Heroism.

Gal´late ( 277), n. [Cf. F. gallate. See Gall gallnut.] (Chem.) A salt of gallic acid.

Gal´la•ture ( 135), n. [From L. gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) The tread, treadle, or chalasa of an egg.

Gal´le•ass ( 135), n. [F. galeasse, galeace; cf. It. galeazza, Sp. galeaza; LL. galea a galley. See Galley.] (Naut.) A large galley, having some features of the galleon, as broadside guns; esp., such a vessel used by the southern nations of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. See Galleon, and Galley. [Written variously galeas, gallias, etc.] ´The galleasses … were a third larger than the ordinary galley, and rowed each by three hundred galley slaves. They consisted of an enormous towering structure at the stern, a castellated structure almost equally massive in front, with seats for the rowers amidships.´ Motley. { Gal•le´gan (gal•le´gan), Gal•le´go (gal•le´go or ga•lya´go), } n. [Sp. Gallego.] A native or inhabitant of Galicia, in Spain; a Galician.

Gal´le•ïn , n. [Pyrogallol + phthaleïn.] (Chem.) A red crystalline dyestuff, obtained by heating together pyrogallic and phthalic acids.

Gal´le•on , n. [Sp. galeon, cf. F. galion; fr. LL. galeo, galio. See Galley.] (Naut.) A sailing vessel of the 15th and following centuries, often having three or four decks, and used for war or commerce. The term is often rather indiscriminately applied to any large sailing vessel. “The galleons … were huge, round-stemmed, clumsy vessels, with bulwarks three or four feet thick, and built up at stem and stern, like castles.” Motley.

Gal´le•ot , n. (Naut.) See Galiot.

Gal´ler•y , n.; pl. Galleries (#). [F. galerie, It. galleria, fr. LL. galeria gallery, perh. orig., a festal hall, banquetting hall; cf. OF. galerie a rejoicing, fr. galer to rejoice. Cf. Gallant, a.] 1. A long and narrow corridor, or place for walking; a connecting passageway, as between one room and another; also a long hole or passage excavated by a boring or burrowing animal. 2. A room for the exhibition of works of art; as a picture gallery; hence, also a large or important collection of paintings, sculptures, etc. 3. A long and narrow platform attached to one or more sides of public hall or the interior of a church, and supported by brackets or columns; — sometimes intended to be occupied by musicians or spectators, sometimes designed merely to increase the capacity of the hall. 4. (Naut.) A frame, like a balcony, projecting from the stern or quarter of a ship, and hence called stern gallery or quarter gallery, — seldom found in vessels built since 1850. 5. (Fort.) Any communication which is covered overhead as well as at the sides. When prepared for defense, it is a defensive gallery. 6. (Mining) A working drift or level. Whispering gallery. See under Whispering.

Gal´le•tyle , n. [OE. gallytile. Cf. Gallipot.] A little tile of glazed earthenware. [Obs.] ´The substance of galletyle.´ Bacon.

Gal´ley , n.; pl. Galleys (#). [OE. gale, galeie (cf. OF. galie, galee, LL. galea, LGr. ; of unknown origin.] 1. (Naut.) A vessel propelled by oars, whether having masts and sails or not; as: (a) A large vessel for war and national purposes; — common in the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th century. (b) A name given by analogy to the Greek, Roman, and other ancient vessels propelled by oars. (c) A light, open boat used on the Thames by customhouse officers, press gangs, and also for pleasure. (d) One of the small boats carried by a man-of- war. The typical galley of the Mediterranean was from one hundred to two hundred feet long, often having twenty oars on each side. It had two or three masts rigged with lateen sails, carried guns at prow and stern, and a complement of one thousand to twelve hundred men, and was very efficient in mediaeval warfare. Galleons, galliots, galleasses, half galleys, and quarter galleys were all modifications of this type. 2. The cookroom or kitchen and cooking apparatus of a vessel; — sometimes on merchant vessels called the caboose. 3. (Chem.) An oblong oven or muffle with a battery of retorts; a gallery furnace. 4. [F. galee; the same word as E. galley a vessel.] (Print.) (a) An oblong tray of wood or brass, with upright sides, for holding type which has been set, or is to be made up, etc. (b) A proof sheet taken from type while on a galley; a galley proof. Galley slave, a person condemned, often as a punishment for crime, to work at the oar on board a galley. ´To toil like a galley slave.´ Macaulay.— Galley slice (Print.), a sliding false bottom to a large galley. Knight.

Gal´ley-bird , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker; also the spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.]

Gal´ley-worm , n. [Prob. so called because the numerous legs along the sides move rhythmically like the oars of a galley.] (Zoöl.) A chilognath myriapod of the genus Iulus, and allied genera, having numerous short legs along the sides; a milliped or ´thousand legs.´ See Chilognatha.

Gall´fly , n.; pl. Gallflies . (Zoöl.) An insect that deposits its eggs in plants, and occasions galls, esp. any small hymenopteran of the genus Cynips and allied genera. See Illust. of Gall.

Gal•li•am´bic , a. [L. galliambus a song used by the priests of Cybele; Gallus (a name applied to these priests) + iambus] (Pros.) Consisting of two iambic dimeters catalectic, the last of which lacks the final syllable; — said of a kind of verse.

Gal´li•an , a. [See Gallic.] Gallic; French. [Obs.] Shak.

Gal´liard , a. [OE., fr. F. gaillard, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. galach valiant, or AS. gagol, geagl, wanton, lascivious.] Gay; brisk; active. [Obs.]

Gal´liard, n. A brisk, gay man. [Obs.] “Selden is a galliard by himself.” Cleveland.

Gal´liard, n. [F. gaillarde, cf. Sp. gallarda. See Galliard, a.] A gay, lively dance. Cf. Gailliarde. “Never a hall such a galliard did grace.” Sir. W. Scott.

Gal•liard•ise , n. [F. gaillardise. See Galliard, a.] Excessive gayety; merriment. [Obs.] “The mirth and galliardise of company.” Sir. T. Browne.

Gal´liard•ness, n. Gayety. [Obs.] Gayton.

Gal´li•ass , n. Same as Galleass.

Gal´lic , a. [From Gallium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, gallium.

Gal´lic (277), a. [From Gall the excrescence.] Pertaining to, or derived from, galls, nutgalls, and the like. Gallic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, very widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, being found in the free state in galls, tea, etc., and produced artificially. It is a white, crystalline substance, C6H2(HO)3.CO2H, with an astringent taste, and is a strong reducing agent, as employed in photography. It is usually prepared from tannin, and both give a dark color with iron salts, forming tannate and gallate of iron, which are the essential ingredients of common black ink.

Gal´lic , a. [L. Gallicus belonging to the Gauls, fr. Galli the Gauls, Gallia Gaul, now France: cf. F. gallique.] Pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallican.

Gal´li•can , a. [L. Gallicanus: cf. F. gallican.] Of or pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallic; French; as the Gallican church or clergy.

Gal´li•can, n. An adherent to, and supporter of, Gallicanism. Shipley.

Gal´li•can•ism , n. The principles, tendencies, or action of those, within the Roman Catholic Church in France, who (esp. in 1682) sought to restrict the papal authority in that country and increase the power of the national church. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

Gal´li•cism , n. [F. gallicisme.] A mode of speech peculiar to the French; a French idiom; also in general, a French mode or custom.

Gal´li•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallicized p. pr. & vb. n. Gallicizing ] To conform to the French mode or idiom.

Gal´lied , p. p. & a. (Naut.) Worried; flurried; frightened. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Gal´li•form , a. (Zoöl.) Like the Gallinae (or Galliformes) in structure.

Gal•li•gas´kins , n. pl. [Prob. corrupted fr. It. Grechesco Grecian, a name which seems to have been given in Venice, and to have been afterwards confused with Gascony, as if they came from Gascony.] Loose hose or breeches; leather leg quards. The word is used loosely and often in a jocose sense.

Gal•li•ma´ti•a , n. Senseless talk. [Obs. or R.] See Galimatias.

Gal•li•mau´fry , n.; pl. Gallimaufries (#). [F. galimafree a sort of ragout or mixed hash of different meats.] 1. A hash of various kinds of meats, a ragout. “Delighting in hodge-podge, gallimaufries, forced meat.” King. 2. Any absurd medley; a hotchpotch. “The Mahometan religion, which, being a gallimaufry made up of many, partakes much of the Jewish.” South.

Gal´lin , n. (Chem.) A substance obtained by the reduction of galleïn.

Gal´li•nace•ae , n. pl. [NL. See Gallinaceous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Gallinae.

Gal•li•na´cean , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gallinae or gallinaceous birds.

Gal•li•na´ceous , a.[L. gallinaceus, fr. gallina hen, fr. gallus cock.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the domestic fowls and pheasants; of or pertaining to the Gallinae.

Gal•li´nae , n.; pl. [NL., fr. L. gallina a hen, gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the common domestic fowls, pheasants, grouse, quails, and allied forms; — sometimes called Rasores.

Gall´ing , a. Fitted to gall or chafe; vexing; harassing; irritating. — Gall´ing•ly, adv.

Gal´li•nip•per , n. A large mosquito.

Gal´li•nule , n. [L. gallinula chicken, dim. of gallina hen: cf. F. gallinule.] (Zoöl.) One of several wading birds, having long, webless toes, and a frontal shield, belonging to the family Rallidae. They are remarkable for running rapidly over marshes and on floating plants. The purple gallinule of America is Ionornis Martinica, that of the Old World is Porphyrio porphyrio. The common European gallinule (Gallinula chloropus) is also called moor hen, water hen, water rail, moor coot, night bird, and erroneously dabchick. Closely related to it is the Florida gallinule (Gallinula galeata). The purple gallinule of Southern Europe and Asia was formerly believed to be able to detect and report adultery, and for that reason, chiefly, it was commonly domesticated by the ancients.

Gal´li•ot , n. See Galiot.

Gal•lip´o•li oil An inferior kind of olive oil, brought from Gallipoli, in Italy.

Gal´li•pot , n. [Prob. fr. OD. gleypot, the first part of which is possibly akin to E. glad. See Glad, and Pot.] A glazed earthen pot or vessel, used by druggists and apothecaries for containing medicines, etc.

Gal´li•um , n. [NL., fr. L. Gallia France.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, found in certain zinc ores. It is white, hard, and malleable, resembling aluminium, and remarkable for its low melting point (86° F., 30° C). Symbol Ga. Atomic weight 69.9. The element was predicted with most of its properties, under the name ekaluminium, by the Russian chemist Mendelejeff, on the basis of the Periodic law. This prediction was verified in its discovery by the French chemist Lecoq de Boisbaudran by its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines), in an examination of a zinc blende from the Pyrenees.

Gal´li•vant , v. i. [From Gallant.] To play the beau; to wait upon the ladies; also to roam about for pleasure without any definite plan. [Slang] Dickens.

Gal´li•vat , n.[Prob. fr. Pg. galeota; cf. E. galiot, galley.] (Naut.) A small armed vessel, with sails and oars, — used on the Malabar coast. A. Chalmers.

Gal´li•wasp , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A West Indian lizard (Celestus occiduus), about a foot long, imagined by the natives to be venomous.

Gall´nut , n. (Zoöl.) A round gall produced on the leaves and shoots of various species of the oak tree. See Gall, and Nutgall.

Gal•lo•ma´ni•a , n. [L. Galli Gauls + mania madness.] An excessive admiration of what is French. — Gal•lo•ma´ni•ac (#), n.

Gal´lon , n. [OF galon, jalon, LL. galo, galona, fr. galum a liquid measure; cf. F. jale large bowl. Cf. Gill a measure.] A measure of capacity, containing four quarts; — used, for the most part, in liquid measure, but sometimes in dry measure. The standart gallon of the Unites States contains 231 cubic inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at its maximum density, and with the barometer at 30 inches. This is almost exactly equivalent to a cylinder of seven inches in diameter and six inches in height, and is the same as the old English wine gallon. The beer gallon, now little used in the United States, contains 282 cubic inches. The English imperial gallon contains 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at 62 of Fahrenheit, and barometer at 30 inches, equal to 277.274 cubic inches.

Gal•loon´ , n. [From F. or Sp. galon. See Gala. ] 1. A narrow tapelike fabric used for binding hats, shoes, etc., — sometimes made ornamental. 2. A similar bordering or binding of rich material, such as gold lace. “Silver and gold galloons, with the like glittering gewgaws.” Addison.

Gal•looned , a. Furnished or adorned with galloon.

Gal´lop , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Galloped p. pr. & vb. n. Galloping.] [OE. galopen, F. galoper, of German origin; cf. assumed Goth. ga-hlaupan to run, OHG. giloufen, AS. gehleápan to leap, dance, fr. root of E. leap, and a prefix; or cf. OFlem. walop a gallop. See Leap, and cf. 1st Wallop.] 1. To move or run in the mode called a gallop; as a horse; to go at a gallop; to run or move with speed. “But gallop lively down the western hill.” Donne. 2. To ride a horse at a gallop. 3. Fig.: To go rapidly or carelessly, as in making a hasty examination. “Such superficial ideas he may collect in galloping over it.” Locke.

Gal´lop , v. t. To cause to gallop.

Gal´lop, n. [Cf. F. galop. See Gallop, v. i., and cf. Galop.] A mode of running by a quadruped, particularly by a horse, by lifting alternately the fore feet and the hind feet, in successive leaps or bounds. Hand gallop, a slow or gentle gallop.

Gal´lo•pade , n. [F. galopade. See Gallop, n.] 1. I horsemanship, a sidelong or curveting kind of gallop. 2. A kind of dance; also music to the dance; a galop.

Gal•lo•pade´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gallopaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallopading.] 1. To gallop, as on horseback. 2. To perform the dance called gallopade.

Gal´lop•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, gallops. 2. (Mil.) A carriage on which very small guns were formerly mounted, the gun resting on the shafts, without a limber. Farrow. Galloper gun, a light gun, supported on a galloper, — formerly attached to British infantry regiments.

Gal´lo•pin , n.[F. galopin. See Gallop, v. i.] An under servant for the kitchen; a scullion; a cook’s errand boy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Gal´lop•ing , a. Going at a gallop; progressing rapidly; as a galloping horse.

Gal•lo•tan´nic , a. [Gall nutgall + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to the tannin or nutgalls. Gallotannic acid. See Tannic acid, under Tannic.

Gal´low , v. t. [Cf. AS. agelwan to stupefy.] To fright or terrify. See Gally, v. t. [Obs.] Shak.

Gal´lo•way , n. (Zoöl.) A small horse of a breed raised at Galloway, Scotland; — called also garran, and garron.

Gal´low•glass , n. [Ir. galloglach. Cf. Gillie.] A heavy-armed foot soldier from Ireland and the Western Isles in the time of Edward Shak.

Gal´lows , n. sing.; pl. Gallowses (#) or Gallows. [OE. galwes, pl., AS. galga, gealga, gallows, cross; akin to D. galg gallows, OS. & OHG. galgo, G. galgen, Icel. galgi, Sw. & Dan. galge, Goth. galga a cross. Etymologically and historically considered, gallows is a noun in the plural number, but it is used as a singular, and hence is preceded by a; as a gallows.] 1. A frame from which is suspended the rope with which criminals are executed by hanging, usually consisting of two upright posts and a crossbeam on the top; also a like frame for suspending anything. “So they hanged Haman on the gallows.” Esther vii. 10. “If I hang, I’ll make a fat pair of gallows.” Shak. “O, there were desolation of gaolers and gallowses!” Shak. 2. A wretch who deserves the gallows. [R.] Shak. 3. (Print.) The rest for the tympan when raised. 4. pl. A pair of suspenders or braces. [Colloq.] Gallows bird, a person who deserves the gallows. [Colloq.] — Gallows bitts (Naut.), one of two or more frames amidships on deck for supporting spare spars; — called also gallows, gallows top, gallows frame, etc. — Gallows frame. (a) The frame supporting the beam of an engine. (b) (Naut.) Gallows bitts. — Gallows, or Gallow tree, the gallows. “ At length him nailed on a gallow tree.” Spenser.

Gall´stone , n. A concretion, or calculus, formed in the gall bladder or biliary passages. See Calculus, n., 1.

Gal´ly , v. t. [See Gallow, v. t.] To frighten; to worry. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] T. Brown.

Gall´y , a. Like gall; bitter as gall. Cranmer.

Gal´ly , n. See Galley, n., 4.

Gal•ly•gas´kins, n. pl. See Galligaskins.

Ga•loche´ , Ga•loshe´ , [OE. galoche, galache, galage, shoe, F. galoche galoche, perh. altered fr. L. gallica a Gallic shoe, or fr. LL. calopedia wooden shoe, or shoe with a wooden sole, Gr. , dim. of , , a shoemaker’s last; wood + foot.] 1. A clog or patten. [Obs.] “Nor were worthy [to] unbuckle his galoche.” Chaucer. 2. Hence: An overshoe worn in wet weather. 3. A gaiter, or legging, covering the upper part of the shoe and part of the leg.

Ga•loot´ , n. A noisy, swaggering, or worthless fellow; a rowdy. [Slang, U. S.]

Gal´op , n. [F.] (Mus.) A kind of lively dance, in 2-4 time; also the music to the dance.

Ga•lore´ , n. & a. [Scot. gelore, gilore, galore, fr. Gael. gu leòr, enough; gu- to, also an adverbial prefix + leòr, leòir, enough; or fr. Ir. goleor, the same word.] Plenty; abundance; in abundance.

Ga•loshe´ , n. Same as Galoche.

Galpe , v. i. To gape,; to yawn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gal´some , a. [Gall bitterness + some.] Angry; malignant. [Obs.] Bp. Morton.

Galt , n. [See Gault.] Same as Gault.

Gal•van´ic , a. [From Galvani, a professor of physiology at Bologna, on account of his connection (about 1780) with the discovery of dynamical or current electricity: cf. F. galvanique.] Of or pertaining to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, galvanism; employing or producing electrical currents. Galvanic battery (Elec.), an apparatus for generating electrical currents by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; — now usually called voltaic battery. See Battery. — Galvanic circuit or circle. (Elec.) See under Circuit. — Galvanic pile (Elec.), the voltaic pile. See under Voltaic.

Gal´va•nism , n. [From Galvani: cf. F. galvanisme. See Galvanic.] (Physics) (a) Electricity excited by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; dynamical electricity. (b) The branch of physical science which treats of dynamical elecricity, or the properties and effects of electrical currents. The words galvanism and galvanic, formerly in very general use, are now rarely employed. For the latter, voltaic, from the name of Volta, is commonly used.

Gal´va•nist , n. One versed in galvanism.

Gal´va•niza•tion , n. The act of process of galvanizing.

Gal´va•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galvanized p pr. & vb. n. Galvanizing ] [Cf. F. galvaniser.] 1. To affect with galvanism; to subject to the action of electrical currents. 2. To plate, as with gold, silver, etc., by means of electricity. 3. To restore to consciousness by galvanic action (as from a state of suspended animation); hence, to stimulate or excite to a factitious animation or activity. 4. To coat, as iron, with zinc. See Galvanized iron. Galvanized iron, formerly, iron coated with zink by electrical deposition; now more commonly, iron coated with zink by plunging into a bath of melted zink, after its surface has been cleaned by friction with the aid of dilute acid.

Gal´va•ni•zer , n. One who, or that which, galvanize.

Gal•van•o•caus´tic , a. [Galvanic + caustic.] Relating to the use of galvanic heat as a caustic, especially in medicine.

Gal•van•o•cau´ter•y , n. (Med.) Cautery effected by a knife or needle heated by the passage of a galvanic current.

Gal•va•nog´ly•phy , n. [Galvanic + Gr. to engrave.] Same as Glyphography.

Gal•van´o•graph , n. [Galvanic + -graph.] (Engraving) A copperplate produced by the method of galvanography; also a picture printed from such a plate.

Gal•van•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to galvanography.

Gal•va•nog´ra•phy , n. [Galvanic + -graphy.] 1. The art or process of depositing metals by electricity; electrotypy. 2. A method of producing by means of electrotyping process (without etching) copperplates which can be printed from in the same manner as engraved plates.

Gal•va•nol´o•gist , n. One who describes the phenomena of galvanism; a writer on galvanism.

Gal•va•nol´o•gy n. [Galvanic + -logy.] A treatise on galvanism, or a description of its phenomena.

Gal•va•nom´e•ter , n. [Galvanic + -meter: cf. F. galvanomètre.] (Elec.) An instrument or apparatus for measuring the intensity of an electric current, usually by the deflection of a magnetic needle. Differential galvanometer. See under Differental, a. — Sine galvanometer, Cosine galvanometer, Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer in which the sine, cosine, or tangent respectively, of the angle through which the needle is deflected, is proportional to the strength of the current passed through the instrument.

Gal•van•o•met´ric , a. Of, pertaining to, or measured by, a galvanometer.

Gal•va•nom´e•try , n. The art or process of measuring the force of electric currents.

Gal•van•o•plas´tic , a. [Galvanic + -plastic.] Of or pertaining to the art or process of electrotyping; employing, or produced by, the process of electolytic deposition; as a galvano-plastic copy of a medal or the like.

Gal•van´o•plas•ty , n. [Cf. F. galanoplastie.] The art or process of electrotypy.

Gal•van•o•punc´ture , n. (Med.) Same as Electro-puncture.

Gal•van•o•scope , n. [Galvanic + -scope: cf. F. galvanoscope.] (Elec.) An instrument or apparatus for detecting the presence of electrical currents, especially such as are of feeble intensity.

Gal•van•o•scop´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a galvanoscope.

Gal•va•nos´co•py , n. (Physiol.) The use of galvanism in physiological experiments.

Gal•va•not´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. E. galvanic + Gr. to tone.] (Physiol.) Same as Electrotonus.

Gal•va•not´ro•pism , n. [Galvanic + Gr. to turn.] (Bot.) The tendency of a root to place its axis in the line of a galvanic current.

Gal´wes , n. Gallows. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga´ma grass [From Gama, a cluster of the Maldive Islands.] (Bot.) A species of grass (Tripsacum dactyloides) tall, stout, and exceedingly productive; cultivated in the West Indies, Mexico, and the Southern States of North America as a forage grass; — called also sesame grass.

Ga•mash´es , n. pl. [F. gamaches.] High boots or buskins; in Scotland, short spatterdashes or riding trousers, worn over the other clothing.

Gam´ba , n. A viola da gamba.

Gam•ba´does , n. pl. [I. or Sp. gamba leg. See Gambol, n.] Same as Gamashes. “His thin legs tenanted a pair of gambadoes fastened at the side with rusty clasps.” Sir W. Scott.

Gam´be•son , n. Same as Gambison.

Gam´bet , n. [Fr. gambette, or It. gambetta.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genuis Totanus. See Tattler.

Gam´bier , n. [Malayan.] (a) The inspissated juice of a plant (Uncaria Gambir) growing in Malacca. It is a powerful astringent, and, under the name of Terra Japonica, is used for chewing with the Areca nut, and is exported for tanning and dyeing. (b) Catechu. [Written also gambeer and gambir.]

Gam´bi•son , n. [OF. gambeson, gambaison, fr. gambais, wambais, of German origin: cf. MHG. wambeis, G. wams doublet, fr. OHG. wamba, stomach. See Womb.] A defensive garment formerly in use for the body, made of cloth stuffed and quilted.

Gam´bist , n. [It. gamba leg.] (Mus.) A performer upon the viola di gamba. See under Viola.

Gam´bit , n. [F. gambit, cf. It. gambitto gambit, a tripping up. See Gambol, n.] (Chess Playing) A mode of opening the game, in which a pawn is sacrificed to gain an attacking position.

Gam´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gambled p. pr. & vb. n. Gambling ] [Dim. of game. See 2d Game.] To play or game for money or other stake.

Gamble, v. t. To lose or squander by gaming; — usually with away. ´Bankrupts or sots who have gambled or slept away their estates.´ Ames.

Gam´bler , n. One who gambles.

Gam•boge´ , n. A concrete juice, or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylindrical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, — whence its name. The best kind is of a dense, compact texture, and of a beatiful reddish yellow. Taken internally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic and emetic. [Written also camboge.] There are several kinds of gamboge, but all are derived from species of Garcinia, a genus of trees of the order Guttiferae. The best Siam gamboge is thought to come from Garcinia Hanburii. Ceylon gamboge is from G. Morella. G. pictoria, of Western India, yields gamboge, and also a kind of oil called gamboge butter. { Gam•bo´gi•an , Gambogic } a. Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, gamboge.

Gam´bol (gam´bol), n. [OE. gambolde, gambaulde, F. gambade, gambol, fr. It. gambata kick, fr. L. gamba leg, akin to F. jambe, OF. also gambe, fr. L. gamba, hoof or perh. joint: cf. Gr. kamph• a binding, winding, W., Ir. & Gael. cam crooked; perh. akin to E. chamber: cf.F. gambiller to kick about. Cf. Jamb, n., Gammon ham, Gambadoes.] A skipping or leaping about in frolic; a hop; a sportive prank. Dryden.

Gam´bol v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamboled , or Gambolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gamboling or Gambolling.] To dance and skip about in sport; to frisk; to skip; to play in frolic, like boys or lambs.

Gam´brel , n. [OF. gambe, jambe leg, F. jambe. Cf. Cambrel, Chambrel, and see Gambol. n.] 1. The hind leg of a horse. 2. A stick crooked like a horse’s hind leg; - - used by butchers in suspending slaughtered animals. Gambrel roof (Arch.), a curb roof having the same section in all parts, with a lower steeper slope and an upper and flatter one, so that each gable is pentagonal in form.

Gam´brel v. t. To truss or hang up by means of a gambrel. Beau. & Fl.

Gam•broon´ , n. A kind of twilled linen cloth for lining. Simmonds.

Game , a. [Cf. W. cam crooked, and E. gambol, n.] Crooked; lame; as a game leg. [Colloq.]

Game, n. [OE. game, gamen, AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport; akin to OS., OHG., & Icel. gaman, Dan. gammen mirth, merriment, OSw. gamman joy. Cf. Gammon a game, Backgammon, Gamble v. i.] 1. Sport of any kind; jest, frolic. “We have had pastimes here, and pleasant game.” Shak. 2. A contest, physical or mental, according to certain rules, for amusement, recreation, or for winning a stake; as a game of chance; games of skill; field games, etc. “But war’s a game, which, were their subject wise,
Kings would not play at.” Cowper. Among the ancients, especially the Greeks and Romans, there were regularly recurring public exhibitions of strength, agility, and skill under the patronage of the government, usually accompanied with religious ceremonies. Such were the Olympic, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the Isthmian games. 3. The use or practice of such a game; a single match at play; a single contest; as a game at cards. “Talk the game o’er between the deal.” Lloyd. 4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game; also the number of points necessary to be scored in order to win a game; as in short whist five points are game. 5. (Card Playing) In some games, a point credited on the score to the player whose cards counts up the highest. 6. A scheme or art employed in the pursuit of an object or purpose; method of procedure; projected line of operations; plan; project. “Your murderous game is nearly up.” Blackw. Mag. “It was obviously Lord Macaulay’s game to blacken the greatest literary champion of the cause he had set himself to attack.” Saintsbury. 7. Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen; wild meats designed for, or served at, table. “Those species of animals … distinguished from the rest by the well-known appellation of game.” Blackstone. Confidence game. See under Confidence. — To make game of, to make sport of; to mock. Milton.

Game, a. 1. Having a resolute, unyielding spirit, like the gamecock; ready to fight to the last; plucky. “I was game … .I felt that I could have fought even to the death.” W. Irving. 2. Of or pertaining to such animals as are hunted for game, or to the act or practice of hunting. Game bag, a sportsman’s bag for carrying small game captured; also the whole quantity of game taken. — Game bird, any bird commonly shot for food, esp. grouse, partridges, quails, pheasants, wild turkeys, and the shore or wading birds, such as plovers, snipe, woodcock, curlew, and sandpipers. The term is sometimes arbitrarily restricted to birds hunted by sportsmen, with dogs and guns. — Game egg, an egg producing a gamecock. — Game laws, laws regulating the seasons and manner of taking game for food or for sport. — Game preserver, a land owner who regulates the killing of game on his estate with a view to its increase. [Eng.] — To be game. (a) To show a brave, unyielding spirit. (b) To be victor in a game. [Colloq.] — To die game, to maintain a bold, unyielding spirit to the last; to die fighting.

Game (gam), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamed (gamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaming.] [OE. gamen, gameen, to rejoice, AS. gamenian to play. See Game, n.] 1. To rejoice; to be pleased; — often used, in Old English, impersonally with dative. [Obs.] “God loved he best with all his whole hearte
At alle times, though him gamed or smarte.” Chaucer. 2. To play at any sport or diversion. 3. To play for a stake or prize; to use cards, dice, billiards, or other instruments, according to certain rules, with a view to win money or other thing waged upon the issue of the contest; to gamble.

Game´cock (-kok•), n. (Zoöl.) The male game fowl.

Game´ fowl (-foul•). (Zoöl.) A handsome breed of the common fowl, remarkable for the great courage and pugnacity of the males.

Game´ful (-ful), a. Full of game or games.

Game´keep•er (-kep•er), n. One who has the care of game, especially in a park or preserve. Blackstone.

Game´less, a. Destitute of game.

Game´ly, adv. In a plucky manner; spiritedly.

Game´ness, n. Endurance; pluck.

Game´some , a. Gay; sportive; playful; frolicsome; merry. Shak. “Gladness of the gamesome crowd.” Byron. — Game´some•ly, adv. — Game´some•ness, n.

Game´ster , n. [Game + - ster.] 1. A merry, frolicsome person. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A person who plays at games; esp., one accustomed to play for a stake; a gambler; one skilled in games. “When lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentlest gamester is the soonest winner.” Shak. 3. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obs.] Shak.

Gam´ic , a. [Gr. marriage.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or resulting from, sexual connection; formed by the union of the male and female elements.

Gam´in , n. [F.] A neglected and untrained city boy; a young street Arab. “In Japan, the gamins run after you, and say, ’Look at the Chinaman.’” L. Oliphant.

Gam´ing , n. The act or practice of playing games for stakes or wagers; gambling.

Gam´ma , n. The third letter (&GAMMA;, γ = Eng. G) of the Greek alphabet.

Gam•ma´di•on , n. A cross formed of four capital gammas formerly used as a mysterious ornament on ecclesiastical vestments, etc. See Fylfot.

Gam´mer (gam´mer), n. [Possibly contr. fr. godmother; but prob. fr. grammer for grandmother. Cf. Gaffer.] An old wife; an old woman; — correlative of gaffer, an old man.

Gam´mon (-mun), n. [OF. gambon, F. jambon, fr. OF. gambe leg, F. jambe. See Gambol, n., and cf. Ham.] The buttock or thigh of a hog, salted and smoked or dried; the lower end of a flitch. Goldsmith.

Gam´mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gammoned (-mund); p. pr. & vb. n. Gammoning.] To make bacon of; to salt and dry in smoke.
[1913 Webster]

Gam´mon, n. [See 2d Game.] 1. Backgammon. 2. An imposition or hoax; humbug. [Colloq.]

Gam´mon, v. t. 1. To beat in the game of backgammon, before an antagonist has been able to get his ´men´ or counters home and withdraw any of them from the board; as to gammon a person. 2. To impose on; to hoax; to cajole. [Colloq.] Hood.

Gam´mon, v. t. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) To fasten (a bowsprit) to the stem of a vessel by lashings of rope or chain, or by a band of iron. Totten.

Gam´mon•ing, n. [From 5th Gammon.] (Naut.) The lashing or iron band by which the bowsprit of a vessel is secured to the stem to opposite the lifting action of the forestays. Gammoning fashion, in the style of gammoning lashing, that is, having the turns of rope crossed. — Gammoning hole (Naut.), a hole cut through the knee of the head of a vessel for the purpose of gammoning the bowsprit.

Gam´mon•ing, n. [From 4th Gammon.] The act of imposing upon or hoaxing a person. [Colloq.]

Gam•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. marriage + E. genesis.] (Biol.) The production of offspring by the union of parents of different sexes; sexual reproduction; — the opposite of agamogenesis.

Gam•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to gamogenesis. — Gam•o•ge•net´ic•al•ly, adv.

Gam•o•mor´phism , n. [Gr. marriage + form, shape.] (Biol.) That stage of growth or development in an organism, in which the reproductive elements are generated and matured in preparation for propagating the species.

Gam•o•pet´al•ous , a. [Gr. marriage + E. petalous: cf. F. gamopetale.] (Bot.) Having the petals united or joined so as to form a tube or cup; monopetalous.

Ga•moph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. marriage + leaf.] (Bot.) Composed of leaves united by their edges (coalescent). Gray.

Gam•o•sep´al•ous , a. [Gr. marriage + E. sepal.] (Bot.) Formed of united sepals; monosepalous.

Gam´ut , n. [F. gamme + ut the name of a musical note. F. gamme is fr. the name of the Greek letter , which was used by Guido d’Arezzo to represent the first note of his model scale. See Gamma, and Ut.] (Mus.) The scale.

Gam´y , a. 1. (Cookery) Having the flavor of game, esp. of game kept uncooked till near the condition of tainting; high- flavored. 2. (Sporting) Showing an unyielding spirit to the last; plucky; furnishing sport; as a gamy trout.

Gan , imp. of Gin. [See Gin, v.] Began; commenced. Gan was formerly used with the infinitive to form compound imperfects, as did is now employed. Gan regularly denotes the singular; the plural is usually denoted by gunne or gonne. “This man gan fall (i.e., fell) in great suspicion.” Chaucer. “The little coines to their play gunne hie (i. e., hied).” Chaucer. Later writers use gan both for singular and plural. “Yet at her speech their rages gan relent.” Spenser.

Ganch , v. t. [Cf. F. ganche, n., also Sp. & Pg. gancho hook, It. gancio.] To drop from a high place upon sharp stakes or hooks, as the Turks dropped malefactors, by way of punishment. “Ganching, which is to let fall from on high upon hooks, and there to hang until they die.” Sandys.

Gan´der , n. [AS. gandra, ganra, akin to Prov. G. gander, ganter, and E. goose, gannet. See Goose.] The male of any species of goose.

Gane , v. i. [See Yawn.] To yawn; to gape. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ga•ne´sa , n. (Hind. Myth.) The Hindoo god of wisdom or prudence. He is represented as a short, fat, red-colored man, with a large belly and the head of an elephant. Balfour.

Gang , v. i. [AS. gangan, akin to OS. & OHG. gangan, Icel. ganga, Goth. gaggan; cf. Lith. engti to walk, Skr. jagha leg. rad.48. Cf. Go.] To go; to walk. Obsolete in English literature, but still used in the North of England, and also in Scotland.

Gang, n. [Icel. gangr a going, gang, akin to AS., D., G., & Dan. gang a going, Goth. gaggs street, way. See Gang, v. i.] 1. A going; a course. [Obs.] 2. A number going in company; hence, a company, or a number of persons associated for a particular purpose; a group of laborers under one foreman; a squad; as a gang of sailors; a chain gang; a gang of thieves. 3. A combination of similar implements arranged so as by acting together, to save time or labor; a set; as a gang of saws, or of plows. 4. (Naut.) A set; all required for an outfit; as a new gang of stays. 5. [Cf. Gangue.] (Mining) The mineral substance which incloses a vein; a matrix; a gangue. Gang board, or Gang plank. (Naut.) (a) A board or plank, with cleats for steps, forming a bridge by which to enter or leave a vessel. (b) A plank within or without the bulwarks of a vessel’s waist, for the sentinel to walk on. — Gang cask, a small cask in which to bring water aboard ships or in which it is kept on deck. — Gang cultivator, Gang plow, a cultivator or plow in which several shares are attached to one frame, so as to make two or more furrows at the same time. — Gang days, Rogation days; the time of perambulating parishes. See Gang week (below). — Gang drill, a drilling machine having a number of drills driven from a common shaft. — Gang master, a master or employer of a gang of workmen. — Gang plank. See Gang board (above). — Gang plow. See Gang cultivator (above). — Gang press, a press for operating upon a pile or row of objects separated by intervening plates. — Gang saw, a saw fitted to be one of a combination or gang of saws hung together in a frame or sash, and set at fixed distances apart. — Gang tide. See Gang week (below). — Gang tooth, a projecting tooth. [Obs.] Halliwell. — Gang week, Rogation week, when formerly processions were made to survey the bounds of parishes. Halliwell. — Live gang, or Round gang, the Western and the Eastern names, respectively, for a gang of saws for cutting the round log into boards at one operation. Knight. — Slabbing gang, an arrangement of saws which cuts slabs from two sides of a log, leaving the middle part as a thick beam.

Gang´er , n. One who oversees a gang of workmen. [R.] Mayhew.

Gan•get´ic , a. Pertaining to, or inhabiting, the Ganges; as the Gangetic shark.

Gang´-flow•er , n. (Bot.) The common English milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), so called from blossoming in gang week. Dr. Prior.

Gan´gion , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A short line attached to a trawl. See Trawl, n. { Gan´gli•ac , Gan´gli•al } a. (Anat.) Relating to a ganglion; ganglionic. { Gan´gli•ate , Gan´gli•a•ted } a. (Anat.) Furnished with ganglia; as the gangliated cords of the sympathetic nervous system. { Gan´gli•form• , Gan´gli•o•form• } a. [Ganglion + -form.] (Anat.) Having the form of a ganglion.

Gan´gli•on , n.; pl. L. Ganglia (#), E. Ganglions (#). [L. ganglion a sort of swelling or excrescence, a tumor under the skin, Gr. : cf. F. ganglion.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A mass or knot of nervous matter, including nerve cells, usually forming an enlargement in the course of a nerve. (b) A node, or gland in the lymphatic system; as a lymphatic ganglion. 2. (Med.) A globular, hard, indolent tumor, situated somewhere on a tendon, and commonly formed by the effusion of a viscid fluid into it; — called also weeping sinew. Ganglion cell, a nerve cell. See Illust. under Bipolar.

Gan´gli•on•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. ganglionnarie.] (Anat.) Ganglionic.

Gan•gli•on´ic , a. [Cf. F. ganglionique.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, ganglia or ganglion cells; as a ganglionic artery; the ganglionic columns of the spinal cord.

Gan´grel , a. [Cf. Gang, v. i.] Wandering; vagrant. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gan´gre•nate , v. t. To gangrene. [Obs.]

Gan´grene , n. [F. gangrène, L. gangraena, fr. Gr. , fr. to gnaw, eat; cf. Skr. gras, gar, to devour, and E. voracious, also canker, n., in sense 3.] (Med.) A term formerly restricted to mortification of the soft tissues which has not advanced so far as to produce complete loss of vitality; but now applied to mortification of the soft parts in any stage.

Gan´grene, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gangrened p. pr. & vb. n. Gangrening.] [Cf. F. gangrener.] To produce gangrene in; to be affected with gangrene.

Gan•gre•nes´cent , a. Tending to mortification or gangrene.

Gan´gre•nous , a. [Cf. F. gangreneux.] Affected by, or produced by, gangrene; of the nature of gangrene.

Gangue , n. [F. gangue, fr. G. gang a metallic vein, a passage. See Gang, n.] (Mining) The mineral or earthy substance associated with metallic ore.

Gang´way , n. [See Gang, v. i.] 1. A passage or way into or out of any inclosed place; esp., a temporary way of access formed of planks. 2. In the English House of Commons, a narrow aisle across the house, below which sit those who do not vote steadly either with the government or with the opposition. 3. (Naut.) The opening through the bulwarks of a vessel by which persons enter or leave it. 4. (Naut.) That part of the spar deck of a vessel on each side of the booms, from the quarter-deck to the forecastle; — more properly termed the waist. Totten. Gangway ladder, a ladder rigged on the side of a vessel at the gangway. — To bring to the gangway, to punish (a seaman) by flogging him at the gangway.

Gan´il , n. [F.] A kind of brittle limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Kirwan.

Gan´is•ter , Gan´nis•ter , n. (Mech.) A refractory material consisting of crushed or ground siliceous stone, mixed with fire clay; — used for lining Bessemer converters; also used for macadamizing roads.

Gan´ja , n. [Hind. ganjha.] The dried hemp plant, used in India for smoking. It is extremely narcotic and intoxicating.

Gan´net , n. [OE. gant, AS. ganet, ganot, a sea fowl, a fen duck; akin to D. gent gander, OHG. ganazzo. See Gander, Goose.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds of the genus Sula, allied to the pelicans. The common gannet of Europe and America (S. bassana), is also called solan goose, chandel goose, and gentleman. In Florida the wood ibis is commonly called gannet. Booby gannet. See Sula.

Gan•o•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. brightness + head.] (Paleon.) A group of fossil amphibians allied to the labyrinthodonts, having the head defended by bony, sculptured plates, as in some ganoid fishes.

Gan•o•ceph´a•lous , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Ganocephala.

Ga´noid , a. [Gr. brightness + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Ganoidei. — n. One of the Ganoidei. Ganoid scale (Zoöl.), one kind of scales of the ganoid fishes, composed of an inner layer of bone, and an outer layer of shining enamel. They are often so arranged as to form a coat of mail.

Ga•noid´al , a. (Zoöl.) Ganoid.

Ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) One of the subclasses of fishes. They have an arterial cone and bulb, spiral intestinal valve, and the optic nerves united by a chiasma. Many of the species are covered with bony plates, or with ganoid scales; others have cycloid scales. They were numerous, and some of them of large size, in early geological periods; but they are represented by comparatively few living species, most of which inhabit fresh waters, as the bowfin, gar pike, bichir, Ceratodus, paddle fish, and sturgeon.

Ga•noid´i•an , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Ganoid.

Ga´no•ine , n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar bony tissue beneath the enamel of a ganoid scale.

Gan´sa , n. Same as Ganza. Bp. Hall.

Gant´let , n. [Gantlet is corrupted fr. gantlope; gantlope is for gatelope, Sw. gatlopp, orig., a running down a lane; gata street, lane + lopp course, career, akin to löpa to run. See Gate a way, and Leap.] A military punishment formerly in use, wherein the offender was made to run between two files of men facing one another, who struck him as he passed. To run the gantlet, to suffer the punishment of the gantlet; hence, to go through the ordeal of severe criticism or controversy, or ill-treatment at many hands. “Winthrop ran the gantlet of daily slights.” Palfrey. Written also but less properly, gauntlet.

Gant´let, n. A glove. See Gauntlet.

Gant´line , n. A line rigged to a mast; — used in hoisting rigging; a girtline.

Gant´lope , n. See Gantlet. [Obs.]

Gan´try , n. See Gauntree.

Gan´za , n. [Sp. gansa, ganso, goose; of Gothic origin. See Gannet, Goose.] A kind of wild goose, by a flock of which a virtuoso was fabled to be carried to the lunar world. [Also gansa.] Johnson.

Gaol , n. [See Jail.] A place of confinement, especially for minor offenses or provisional imprisonment; a jail. [Preferably, and in the United States usually, written jail.] Commission of general gaol delivery, an authority conferred upon judges and others included in it, for trying and delivering every prisoner in jail when the judges, upon their circuit, arrive at the place for holding court, and for discharging any whom the grand jury fail to indict. [Eng.] — Gaol delivery. (Law) See Jail delivery, under Jail.

Gaol´er , n. The keeper of a jail. See Jailer.

Gap , n. [OE. gap; cf. Icel. gap an empty space, Sw. gap mouth, breach, abyss, Dan. gab mouth, opening, AS. geap expanse; as adj., wide, spacious. See Gape.] An opening in anything made by breaking or parting; as a gap in a fence; an opening for a passage or entrance; an opening which implies a breach or defect; a vacant space or time; a hiatus; a mountain pass. “Miseries ensued by the opening of that gap.” Knolles. “It would make a great gap in your own honor.” Shak. Gap lathe (Mach.), a turning lathe with a deep notch in the bed to admit of turning a short object of large diameter. — To stand in the gap, to expose one’s self for the protection of something; to make defense against any assailing danger; to take the place of a fallen defender or supporter. — To stop a gap, to secure a weak point; to repair a defect.

Gap, v. t. 1. To notch, as a sword or knife. 2. To make an opening in; to breach. “Their masses are gapp’d with our grape.” Tennyson.

Gape ( in Eng, commonly 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gaping] [OE. gapen, AS. geapan to open; akin to D. gapen to gape, G. gaffen, Icel. & Sw. gapa, Dan. gabe; cf. Skr. jabh to snap at, open the mouth. Cf. Gaby, Gap.] 1. To open the mouth wide; as: (a) Expressing a desire for food; as young birds gape. Dryden.(b) Indicating sleepiness or indifference; to yawn. “She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes,
And asks if it be time to rise.” Swift. (c) Showing self-forgetfulness in surprise, astonishment, expectation, etc. “With gaping wonderment had stared aghast.” Byron. (d) Manifesting a desire to injure, devour, or overcome. “They have gaped upon me with their mouth.” Job xvi. 10. 2. To pen or part widely; to exhibit a gap, fissure, or hiatus. “May that ground gape and swallow me alive!” Shak. 3. To long, wait eagerly, or cry aloud for something; — with for, after, or at. “The hungry grave for her due tribute gapes.” Denham. Syn. — To gaze; stare; yawn. See Gaze.

Gape, n. 1. The act of gaping; a yawn. Addison. 2. (Zoöl.) The width of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, etc. The gapes. (a) A fit of yawning. (b) A disease of young poultry and other birds, attended with much gaping. It is caused by a parasitic nematode worm (Syngamus trachealis), in the windpipe, which obstructs the breathing. See Gapeworm.

Gap´er , n. 1. One who gapes. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish. See 4th Comber. (b) A large edible clam (Schizothaerus Nuttalli), of the Pacific coast; — called also gaper clam. (c) An East Indian bird of the genus Cymbirhynchus, related to the broadbills.

Gape´seed , n. Any strange sight. Wright.

Gapes´ing , n. Act of gazing about; sightseeing. [Prov. Eng.]

Gape´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The parasitic worm that causes the gapes in birds. See Illustration in Appendix.

Gap´ing•stock , n. One who is an object of open-mouthed wonder. “I was to be a gapingstock and a scorn to the young volunteers.” Godwin.

Gap´-toothed , a. Having interstices between the teeth. Dryden.

Gar , n. [Prob. AS. gar dart, spear, lance. The name is applied to the fish on account of its long and slender body and pointed head. Cf. Goad, Gore, v.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any slender marine fish of the genera Belone and Tylosurus. See Garfish. (b) The gar pike. See Alligator gar (under Alligator), and Gar pike. Gar pike, or Garpike (Zoöl.), a large, elongated ganoid fish of the genus Lepidosteus, of several species, inhabiting the lakes and rivers of temperate and tropical America.

Gar, v. t. [Of Scand. origin. See Gear, n.] To cause; to make. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser.

Gar´an•cin ( 104), n. [F. garance madder, LL. garantia.] (Chem.) An extract of madder by sulphuric acid. It consists essentially of alizarin.

Garb , n. [OF. garbe looks, countenance, grace, ornament, fr. OHG. garawi, garwi, ornament, dress. akin to E. gear. See Gear, n.] 1. (a) Clothing in general. (b) The whole dress or suit of clothes worn by any person, especially when indicating rank or office; as the garb of a clergyman or a judge. (c) Costume; fashion; as the garb of a gentleman in the 16th century. 2. External appearance, as expressive of the feelings or character; looks; fashion or manner, as of speech. “You thought, because he could not speak English in the native garb, he could not therefore handle an English cudgel.” Shak.

Garb , n. [F. gerbe, OF. also garbe, OHG. garba, G. garbe; cf. Skr. grbh to seize, E. grab.] (Her.) A sheaf of grain (wheat, unless otherwise specified).

Garb, v. t. To clothe; array; deck. “These black dog-Dons
Garb themselves bravely.” Tennyson.

Gar´bage ( 48), n. [OE. also garbash, perh. orig., that which is purged or cleansed away; cf. OF. garber to make fine, neat, OHG. garawan to make ready, prepare, akin to E. garb dress; or perh. for garbleage, fr. garble; or cf. OF. garbage tax on sheaves, E. garb sheaf.] Offal, as the bowels of an animal or fish; refuse animal or vegetable matter from a kitchen; hence, anything worthless, disgusting, or loathsome. Grainger.

Gar´bage, v. t. To strip of the bowels; to clean. ´Pilchards … are garbaged.´ Holland.

Garbed , a. Dressed; habited; clad.

Gar´bel , n. (Naut.) Same as Garboard.

Gar´bel, n. [Cf. Garble, v. t.] Anything sifted, or from which the coarse parts have been taken. [Obs.]

Gar´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garbled p. pr. & vb. n. Garbling.] [Formerly, to pick out, sort, OF. grabeler, for garbeler to examine precisely, garble spices, fr. LL. garbellare to sift; cf. Sp. garbillar to sift, garbillo a coarse sieve, L. cribellum, dim. of cribrum sieve, akin to cernere to separate, sift (cf. E. Discern); or perh. rather from Ar. gharbal, gharbil, sieve.] 1. To sift or bolt, to separate the fine or valuable parts of from the coarse and useless parts, or from dros or dirt; as to garble spices. [Obs.] 2. To pick out such parts of as may serve a purpose; to mutilate; to pervert; as to garble a quotation; to garble an account.

Gar´ble, n. 1. Refuse; rubbish. [Obs.] Wolcott. 2. pl. Impurities separated from spices, drugs, etc.; — also called garblings.

Gar´bler , n. One who garbles.

Gar´board , n. (Naut.) One of the planks next the keel on the outside, which form a garboard strake. Garboard strake or streak, the first range or strake of planks laid on a ship’s bottom next the keel. Totten.

Gar´boil , n. [OF. garbouil; cf. Sp. garbullo, It. garbuglio; of uncertain origin; the last part is perh. fr. L. bullire to boil, E. boil.] Tumult; disturbance; disorder. [Obs.] Shak.

Gar•cin´i•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including the mangosteen tree (Garcinia Mangostana), found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago; — so called in honor of Dr. Garcin.

Gard , n. [See Garde, Yard] Garden. [Obs.] ´Trees of the gard.´ F. Beaumont.

Gard, v. & n. See Guard.

Gar´dant , a. [F. See Guardant.] (Her.) Turning the head towards the spectator, but not the body; — said of a lion or other beast.

Gar´den (gär´d’n; 277), n. [OE. gardin, OF. gardin, jardin, F. jardin, of German origin; cf. OHG. garto, G. garten; akin to AS. geard. See Yard an inclosure.] 1. A piece of ground appropriated to the cultivation of herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables. 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country. “I am arrived from fruitful Lombardy,
The pleasant garden of great Italy.” Shak. Garden is often used adjectively or in self- explaining compounds; as garden flowers, garden tools, garden walk, garden wall, garden house or gardenhouse. Garden balsam, an ornamental plant (Impatiens Balsamina). — Garden engine, a wheelbarrow tank and pump for watering gardens. — Garden glass. (a) A bell glass for covering plants. (b) A globe of dark-colored glass, mounted on a pedestal, to reflect surrounding objects; — much used as an ornament in gardens in Germany. — Garden house (a) A summer house. Beau. & Fl. (b) A privy. [Southern U.S.] — Garden husbandry, the raising on a small scale of seeds, fruits, vegetables, etc., for sale. — Garden mold or mould, rich, mellow earth which is fit for a garden. Mortimer. — Garden nail, a cast nail used, for fastening vines to brick walls. Knight. — Garden net, a net for covering fruits trees, vines, etc., to protect them from birds. — Garden party, a social party held out of doors, within the grounds or garden attached to a private residence. — Garden plot, a plot appropriated to a garden. Garden pot, a watering pot. — Garden pump, a garden engine; a barrow pump. — Garden shears, large shears, for clipping trees and hedges, pruning, etc. - - Garden spider, (Zoöl.), the diadem spider (Epeira diadema), common in gardens, both in Europe and America. It spins a geometrical web. See Geometric spider, and Spider web. — Garden stand, a stand for flower pots. — Garden stuff, vegetables raised in a garden. [Colloq.] — Garden syringe, a syringe for watering plants, sprinkling them with solutions for destroying insects, etc. — Garden truck, vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.] — Garden ware, garden truck. [Obs.] Mortimer. — Bear garden, Botanic garden, etc. See under Bear, etc. — Hanging garden. See under Hanging. — Kitchen garden, a garden where vegetables are cultivated for household use. — Market garden, a piece of ground where vegetable are cultivated to be sold in the markets for table use.

Gar´den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gardened p. pr. & vb. n. Gardening.] To lay out or cultivate a garden; to labor in a garden; to practice horticulture.

Gar´den, v. t. To cultivate as a garden.

Gar´den•er , n. One who makes and tends a garden; a horticulturist.

Garde´ni•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some species of which produce beautiful and fragrant flowers; Cape jasmine; — so called in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden.

Gar´den•ing , n. The art of occupation of laying out and cultivating gardens; horticulture.

Gar´den•less , a. Destitute of a garden. Shelley.

Gar´den•ly , a. Like a garden. [R.] W. Marshall.

Gar´den•ship, n. Horticulture. [Obs.]

Gar´don , n. [F] (Zoöl.) A European cyprinoid fish; the id.

Gar•dy•loo´ , n. [F. gare l’eau beware of the water.] An old cry in throwing water, slops, etc., from the windows in Edingburgh. Sir. W. Scott.

Gare , n. [Cf. Gear.] Coarse wool on the legs of sheep. Blount.

Gare´fowl , n. (Zoöl.) The great auk; also the razorbill. See Auk. [Written also gairfowl, and gurfel.]

Gar´fish , n. [See Gar, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European marine fish (Belone vulgaris); — called also gar, gerrick, greenback, greenbone, gorebill, hornfish, longnose, mackerel guide, sea needle, and sea pike. (b) One of several species of similar fishes of the genus Tylosurus, of which one species (T. marinus) is common on the Atlantic coast. T. Caribbaeus, a very large species, and T. crassus, are more southern; — called also needlefish. Many of the common names of the European garfish are also applied to the American species.

Gar´ga•lize , v. t. [Cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] To gargle; to rinse. [Obs.] Marston.

Gar´ga•ney , n. (Zoöl.) A small European duck (Anas querquedula); — called also cricket teal, and summer teal.

Gar•gan´tu•an ( 135), a. [From Gargantua, an allegorical hero of Rabelais.] Characteristic of Gargantua, a gigantic, wonderful personage; enormous; prodigious; inordinate.

Gar´ga•rism , n. [F. gargarisme, L. gargarisma. See Gargarize.] (Med.) A gargle.

Gar´ga•rize , v. t. [F. gargarizare, fr. Gr. .] To gargle; to rinse or wash, as the mouth and throat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Garget , n. [OE. garget, gargate, throat, OF. gargate. Cf. Gorge. The etymol. of senses 2, 3, & 4 is not certain.] 1. The throat. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A diseased condition of the udders of cows, etc., arising from an inflammation of the mammary glands. 3. A distemper in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appetite. Youatt. 4. (Bot.) See Poke.

Gar´gil , n. [Cf. Garget, Gargoyle.] A distemper in geese, affecting the head.

Gar´gle , n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Gar´gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garggled , p. pr. & vb. n. Gargling .] [F. gargouiller to dabble, paddle, gargle. Cf. Gargoyle, Gurgle.] 1. To wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat, particular the latter, agitating the liquid (water or a medicinal preparation) by an expulsion of air from the lungs. 2. To warble; to sing as if gargling [Obs.] Waller.

Gar´gle, n. A liquid, as water or some medicated preparation, used to cleanse the mouth and throat, especially for a medical effect.

Gar´gol , n. [Cf. Gargil.] A distemper in swine; garget. Mortimer.

Gar•gou•lette´ , n. [F.] A water cooler or jug with a handle and spout; a gurglet. Mollett.

Gar´goyle , n. [OE. garguilie, gargouille, cf. Sp. gárgola, prob. fr. the same source as F. gorge throat, influenced by L. gargarizare to gargle. See Gorge and cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] (Arch.) A spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely. [Written also gargle, gargyle, and gurgoyle.]

Gar´gyle , n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Ga•ri•bal´di , n. 1. A jacket worn by women; — so called from its resemblance in shape to the red shirt worn by the Italians patriot Garibaldi. 2. (Zoöl.) A California market fish (Pomancentrus rubicundus) of a deep scarlet color.

Gar´ish , a. [Cf. OE. gauren to stare; of uncertain origin. Cf. gairish.] 1. Showy; dazzling; ostentatious; attracting or exciting attention. ´The garish sun.´ ´A garish flag.´ Shak. ´In … garish colors.´ Asham. ´The garish day.´ J. H. Newman. “Garish like the laughters of drunkenness.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Gay to extravagance; flighty. “It makes the mind loose and garish.” South. — Gar´ish•ly, adv. — Garish•ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

Gar´land , n. [OE. garland, gerlond, OF. garlande, F. guirlande; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. wiara, wiera, crown, pure gold, MHG. wieren to adorn.] 1. The crown of a king. [Obs.] Graffon. 2. A wreath of chaplet made of branches, flowers, or feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, to be worn on the head like a crown; a coronal; a wreath. Pope. 3. The top; the thing most prized. Shak. 4. A book of extracts in prose or poetry; an anthology. “They [ballads] began to be collected into little miscellanies under the name of garlands.” Percy. 5. (Naut.) (a) A sort of netted bag used by sailors to keep provision in. (b) A grommet or ring of rope lashed to a spar for convenience in handling.

Gar´land , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garlanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Garlanding.] To deck with a garland. B. Jonson.

Gar´land•less, a. Destitute of a garland. Shelley.

Gar´lic , n. [OE. garlek, AS. garleác; gar spear, lance + leác leek. See Gar, n., and Leek.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Allium (A. sativum is the cultivated variety), having a bulbous root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. Each root is composed of several lesser bulbs, called cloves of garlic, inclosed in a common membranous coat, and easily separable. 2. A kind of jig or farce. [Obs.] Taylor (1630). Garlic mustard, a European plant of the Mustard family (Alliaria officinalis) which has a strong smell of garlic. — Garlic pear tree, a tree in Jamaica (Crataeva gynandra), bearing a fruit which has a strong scent of garlic, and a burning taste.

Gar´lick•y , a. Like or containing garlic.

Gar´ment , n. [OE. garnement, OF. garnement, garniment, fr. garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] Any article of clothing, as a coat, a gown, etc. “No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto old garment.” Matt. ix. 16.

Gar´ment•ed, p. a. Having on a garment; attired; enveloped, as with a garment. [Poetic] “A lovely lady garmented in light
From her own beauty.” Shelley.

Gar´men•ture , n. Clothing; dress.

Gar´ner , n. [OE. garner, gerner, greiner, OF. gernier, grenier, F. grenier, fr. L. granarium, fr. granum. See 1st Grain, and cf. Granary.] A granary; a building or place where grain is stored for preservation.

Gar´ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnered p. pr. & vb. n. Garnering.] To gather for preservation; to store, as in a granary; to treasure. Shak.

Gar´net , n. [OE. gernet, grenat, OF. grenet,grenat, F. grenat, LL. granatus, fr. L. granatum pomegranate, granatus having many grains or seeds, fr. granum grain, seed. So called from its resemblance in color and shape to the grains or seeds of the pomegranate. See Grain, and cf. Grenade, Pomegranate.] (Min.) A mineral having many varieties differing in color and in their constituents, but with the same crystallization (isometric), and conforming to the same general chemical formula. The commonest color is red, the luster is vitreous, and the hardness greater than that of quartz. The dodecahedron and trapezohedron are the common forms. There are also white, green, yellow, brown, and black varieties. The garnet is a silicate, the bases being aluminia lime (grossularite, essonite, or cinnamon stone), or aluminia magnesia (pyrope), or aluminia iron (almandine), or aluminia manganese (spessartite), or iron lime (common garnet, melanite, allochroite), or chromium lime (ouvarovite, color emerald green). The transparent red varieties are used as gems. The garnet was in part, the carbuncle of the ancients. Garnet is a very common mineral in gneiss and mica slate. Garnet berry (Bot.), the red currant; — so called from its transparent red color. — Garnet brown (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff, produced as an explosive brown crystalline substance with a green or golden luster. It consists of the potassium salt of a complex cyanogen derivative of picric acid.

Gar´net, n. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) A tackle for hoisting cargo in or out. Clew garnet. See under Clew.

Gar•net•if´er•ous , a. [1st garnet + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing garnets.

Gar´ni•er•ite , n. [Named after the French geologist Garnier.] (Min.) An amorphous mineral of apple-green color; a hydrous silicate of nickel and magnesia. It is an important ore of nickel.

Gar´nish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnished p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] [OE. garnischen, garnissen, OF. garnir to provide, strengthen, prepare, garnish, warn, F. garnir to provide, furnish, garnish, — of German origin; cf. OHG. warnon to provide, equip; akin to G. wahren to watch, E. aware, ware, wary, and cf. also E. warn. See Wary, -ish, and cf. Garment, Garrison.] 1. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to set off; to adorn; to embellish. “All within with flowers was garnished.” Spenser. 2. (Cookery) To ornament, as a dish, with something laid about it; as a dish garnished with parsley. 3. To furnish; to supply. 4. To fit with fetters. [Cant] Johnson. 5. (Law) To warn by garnishment; to give notice to; to garnishee. See Garnishee, v. t. Cowell.

Gar´nish, n. 1. Something added for embellishment; decoration; ornament; also dress; garments, especially such as are showy or decorated. “So are you, sweet,
Even in the lovely garnish of a boy.” Shak. “Matter and figure they produce;
For garnish this, and that for use.” Prior. 2. (Cookery) Something set round or upon a dish as an embellishment. See Garnish, v. t., 2. Smart. 3. Fetters. [Cant] 4. A fee; specifically, in English jails, formerly an unauthorized fee demanded by the old prisoners of a newcomer. [Cant] Fielding. Garnish bolt (Carp.), a bolt with a chamfered or faceted head. Knight.

Gar•nish•ee´ , n. (Law) One who is garnished; a person upon whom garnishment has been served in a suit by a creditor against a debtor, such person holding property belonging to the debtor, or owing him money. The order by which warning is made is called a garnishee order.

Gar•nish•ee´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnisheed (-ed); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnisheeing.] (Law) (a) To make (a person) a garnishee; to warn by garnishment; to garnish. (b) To attach (the fund or property sought to be secured by garnishment); to trustee.

Gar´nish•er , n. One who, or that which, garnishes.

Gar´nish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. garnissement protection, guarantee, warning.] 1. Ornament; embellishment; decoration. Sir H. Wotton. 2. (Law) (a) Warning, or legal notice, to one to appear and give information to the court on any matter. (b) Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods to the defendant, but to appear in court and give information as garnishee. 3. A fee. See Garnish, n., 4.

Gar´ni•ture , n. [F. garniture. See Garnish, v. t.] That which garnishes; ornamental appendage; embellishment; furniture; dress. “The pomp of groves and garniture of fields.” Beattie.

Ga•roo´kuh , n. A small fishing vessel met with in the Persian Gulf.

Ga´rous , a. [From Garum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, garum. Sir T. Browne.

Gar´ pike• Gar´pike. (Zoöl.) See under Gar.

Gar´ran , n. [Gael. garrán, gearrán, gelding, work horse, hack.] (Zoöl.) See Galloway. [Scot. garron or gerron. Jamieson.]

Gar´ret , n. [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, place of lookout, OF. garite, also meaning, a place of refuge, F. guerite a place of refuge, donjon, sentinel box, fr. OF. garir to preserve, save, defend, F. guerir to cure; of German origin; cf. OHG. werian to protect, defend, hinder, G. wehren, akin to Goth. warjan to hinder, and akin to E. weir, or perhaps to wary. See Weir, and cf. Guerite.] 1. A turret; a watchtower. [Obs.] “He saw men go up and down on the garrets of the gates and walls.” Ld. Berners. 2. That part of a house which is on the upper floor, immediately under or within the roof; an attic. “The tottering garrets which overhung the streets of Rome.” Macaulay.

Gar´ret•ed, a. Protected by turrets. [Obs.] R. Carew.

Gar•ret•eer´ , n. One who lives in a garret; a poor author; a literary hack. Macaulay.

Gar´ret•ing , n. Small splinters of stone inserted into the joints of coarse masonry. Weale.

Gar´ri•son , n. [OE. garnisoun, F. garnison garrison, in OF. & OE. also provision, munitions, from garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] (Mil.) (a) A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified town. (b) A fortified place, in which troops are quartered for its security. In garrison, in the condition of a garrison; doing duty in a fort or as one of a garrison.

Gar´ri•son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garrisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Garrisoning.] (Mil.) (a) To place troops in, as a fortification, for its defense; to furnish with soldiers; as to garrison a fort or town. (b) To secure or defend by fortresses manned with troops; as to garrison a conquered territory.

Gar´ron , n. Same as Garran. [Scot.]

Gar´rot , n. [F. Cf. Garrote.] (Surg.) A stick or small wooden cylinder used for tightening a bandage, in order to compress the arteries of a limb.

Gar´rot, n. (Zoöl.) The European golden-eye.

Gar•rote´ , n. [Sp. garrote, from garra claw, talon, of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. & W. gar leg, ham, shank. Cf. Garrot stick, Garter.] A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post and tightened by a screw until life become extinct; also the instrument by means of which the punishment is inflicted.

Gar•rote´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garroted; p. pr. & vb. n. Garroting.] To strangle with the garrote; hence, to seize by the throat, from behind, with a view to strangle and rob.

Gar•rot´er , n. One who seizes a person by the throat from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him.

Gar•ru´li•ty , n. [L. garrulitas: cf. F. garrulite.] Talkativeness; loquacity.

Gar´ru•lous , a. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire to chatter, talk; cf. Gr. voice, to speak, sing. Cf. Call.] 1. Talking much, especially about commonplace or trivial things; talkative; loquacious. “The most garrulous people on earth.” De Quincey. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a loud, harsh note; noisy; — said of birds; as the garrulous roller. Syn. — Garrulous, Talkative, Loquacious. A garrulous person indulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and lengthened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and loquacious a great flow of words at command. A child is talkative; a lively woman is loquacious; an old man in his dotage is garrulous. — Gar´ru•lous•ly, adv. — Gar´ru•lous•ness, n.

Gar•ru´pa , n. [Prob. fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Grouper the fish.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; — called also rockfish. See Rockfish.

Gar´ter , n. [OE. gartier, F. jarretière, fr. OF. garet bend of the knee, F. jarret; akin to Sp. garra claw, Prov. garra leg. See Garrote.] 1. A band used to prevent a stocking from slipping down on the leg. 2. The distinguishing badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter, instituted by Edward III.; also the Order itself. 3. (Her.) Same as Bendlet. Garter fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the genus Lepidopus, having a long, flat body, like the blade of a sword; the scabbard fish. — Garter king-at- arms, the chief of the official heralds of England, king-at-arms to the Order of the Garter; — often abbreviated to Garter. — Garter snake (Zoöl.), one of several harmless American snakes of the genus Eutaenia, of several species (esp. E. saurita and E. sirtalis); one of the striped snakes; — so called from its conspicuous stripes of color.

Gar´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gartered p. pr. & vb. n. Gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter. “He … could not see to garter his hose.” Shak. 2. To invest with the Order of the Garter. T. Warton.

Garth (gärth), n. [Icel. garðr yard. See Yard.] 1. A close; a yard; a croft; a garden; as a cloister garth. “A clapper clapping in a garth
To scare the fowl from fruit.” Tennyson. 2. A dam or weir for catching fish.

Garth, n. [Girth.] A hoop or band. [Prov. Eng.]

Ga´rum (ga´rum), n. [L., fr. Gr. ga•ros.] A sauce made of small fish. It was prized by the ancients.

Gar´vie , n. (Zoöl.) The sprat; — called also garvie herring, and garvock. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Gas (gas), n.; pl. Gases (-ez). [Invented by the chemist Van Helmont of Brussels, who died in 1644.] 1. An aëriform fluid; — a term used at first by chemists as synonymous with air, but since restricted to fluids supposed to be permanently elastic, as oxygen, hydrogen, etc., in distinction from vapors, as steam, which become liquid on a reduction of temperature. In present usage, since all of the supposed permanent gases have been liquified by cold and pressure, the term has resumed nearly its original signification, and is applied to any substance in the elastic or aëriform state. 2. (Popular Usage) (a) A complex mixture of gases, of which the most important constituents are marsh gas olefiant gas and hydrogen, artificially produced by the destructive distillation of gas coal, or sometimes of peat, wood, oil, resin, etc. It gives a brilliant light when burned, and is the common gas used for illuminating purposes. (b) Laughing gas. (c) Any irrespirable aëriform fluid. Gas is often used adjectively or in combination; as gas fitter or gasfitter; gas meter or gas-meter, etc. Air gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing air through some volatile hydrocarbon, as the lighter petroleums. The air is so saturated with combustible vapor as to be a convenient illuminating and heating agent. — Gas battery (Elec.), a form of voltaic battery, in which gases, especially hydrogen and oxygen, are the active agents. — Gas carbon, Gas coke, etc. See under Carbon, Coke, etc. — Gas coal, a bituminous or hydrogenous coal yielding a high percentage of volatile matters, and therefore available for the manufacture of illuminating gas. R. W. Raymond. — Gas engine, an engine in which the motion of the piston is produced by the combustion or sudden production or expansion of gas; — especially, an engine in which an explosive mixture of gas and air is forced into the working cylinder and ignited there by a gas flame or an electric spark. — Gas fitter, one who lays pipes and puts up fixtures for gas. — Gas fitting. (a) The occupation of a gas fitter. (b) pl. The appliances needed for the introduction of gas into a building, as meters, pipes, burners, etc. — Gas fixture, a device for conveying illuminating or combustible gas from the pipe to the gas- burner, consisting of an appendage of cast, wrought, or drawn metal, with tubes upon which the burners, keys, etc., are adjusted. — Gas generator, an apparatus in which gas is evolved; as: (a) a retort in which volatile hydrocarbons are evolved by heat; (b) a machine in which air is saturated with the vapor of liquid hydrocarbon; a carburetor; (c) a machine for the production of carbonic acid gas for aërating water, bread, etc. Knight. — Gas jet, a flame of illuminating gas. — Gas machine, an apparatus for carbureting air for use as illuminating gas. — Gas meter, an instrument for recording the quantity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular place. — Gas retort, a retort which contains the coal and other materials, and in which the gas is generated, in the manufacture of gas. — Gas stove, a stove for cooking or other purposes, heated by gas. — Gas tar, coal tar. — Gas trap, a drain trap; a sewer trap. See 4th Trap, 5. — Gas washer (Gas Works), an apparatus within which gas from the condenser is brought in contact with a falling stream of water, to precipitate the tar remaining in it. Knight. — Gas water, water through which gas has been passed for purification; — called also gas liquor and ammoniacal water, and used for the manufacture of sal ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and Prussian blue. Tomlinson. — Gas well, a deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. Raymond. — Gas works, a manufactory of gas with all the machinery and appurtenances; a place where gas is generated for lighting cities. — Laughing gas. See under Laughing. — Marsh gas (Chem.), a light, combustible, gaseous hydrocarbon, CH4, produced artificially by the dry distillation of many organic substances, and occurring as a natural product of decomposition in stagnant pools, whence its name. It is an abundant ingredient of ordinary illuminating gas and is the first member of the paraffin series. Called also methane, and in coal mines, fire damp. — Natural gas, gas obtained from wells, etc., in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere, and largely used for fuel and illuminating purposes. It is chiefly derived from the Coal Measures. — Olefiant gas (Chem.). See Ethylene. — Water gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing steam over glowing coals, whereby there results a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This gives a gas of intense heating power, but destitute of light-giving properties, and which is charged by passing through some volatile hydrocarbon, as gasoline.

Gas•a•lier´ , n. [Formed from gas, in imitation of chandelier.] A chandelier arranged to burn gas.

Gas´-burn•er , n. The jet piece of a gas fixture where the gas is burned as it escapes from one or more minute orifices.

Gas´coines , n. pl. See Gaskins, 1. Lyly.

Gas´con ( F. ?), a. [F.] Of or pertaining to Gascony, in France, or to the Gascons; also braggart; swaggering. — n. A native of Gascony; a boaster; a bully. See Gasconade.

Gas•con•ade´ , n. [F. gasconnade, from Gascon an inhabitant of Gascony, the people of which were noted for boasting.] A boast or boasting; a vaunt; a bravado; a bragging; braggodocio. Swift.

Gas•con•ade´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasconaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gasconading.] To boast; to brag; to bluster.

Gas•con•ad´er , n. A great boaster; a blusterer.

Gas´coynes , n. pl. Gaskins. Beau. & Fl.

Gas•e´i•ty , n. State of being gaseous. [R] Eng. Cyc.

Gas´e•ous (? or 277), a. [From Gas. Cf. F. gazeux.] 1. In the form, or of the nature, of gas or of an aëriform fluid. 2. Lacking substance or solidity; tenuous. ´Unconnected, gaseous information.´ Sir J. Stephen.

Gash (gash), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gashed (gasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Gashing.] [For older garth or garse, OF. garser to scarify, F. gercer to chap, perh. from an assumed LL. carptiare, fr. L. carpere, carptum, to pluck, separate into parts; cf. LL. carptare to wound. Cf. Carpet.] To make a gash, or long, deep incision in; — applied chiefly to incisions in flesh. “Grievously gashed or gored to death.” Hayward.

Gash, n. A deep and long cut; an incision of considerable length and depth, particularly in flesh.

Gash´ful , a. Full of gashes; hideous; frightful. [Obs.] ´A gashful, horrid, ugly shape.´ Gayton.

Gas•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Gasify.] The act or process of converting into gas.

Gas´i•form, a. Having a form of gas; gaseous.

Gas´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gasified p. pr. & vb. n. Gasifying.] [Gas + -fy.] To convert into gas or an aëriform fluid, as by the application of heat, or by chemical processes.

Gas´i•fy , v. i. To become gas; to pass from a liquid to a gaseous state. Scientific American.

Gas´ket , n. [Cf. F. garcette, It. gaschetta, Sp. cajeta caburn, garceta reef point.] 1. (Naut.) A line or band used to lash a furled sail securely. Sea gaskets are common lines; harbor gaskets are plaited and decorated lines or bands. Called also casket. 2. (Mech.) (a) The plaited hemp used for packing a piston, as of the steam engine and its pumps. (b) Any ring or washer of packing.

Gas´kins , n. pl. [Cf. Galligaskins.] 1. Loose hose or breeches; galligaskins. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Packing of hemp. Simmonds. 3. A horse’s thighs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Gas´light , n. 1. The light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas. 2. A gas jet or burner.

Gas´o•gen , n. [Gas + - gen.] 1. An apparatus for the generation of gases, or for impregnating a liquid with a gas or a gas with a volatile liquid. 2. A volatile hydrocarbon, used as an illuminant, or for charging illuminating gas.

Gas•o•lene , n. See Gasoline.

Gas•o•lier´ , n. Same as Gasalier.

Gas´o•line (? or 104), n. A highly volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum, as also by the distillation of bituminous coal. It is used in making air gas and in giving illuminating power to water gas. See Carburetor.

Gas•om´e•ter , n. [Gas + -meter. Cf. F. gazomètre.] An apparatus for holding and measuring of gas; in gas works, a huge iron cylinder closed at one end and having the other end immersed in water, in which it is made to rise or fall, according to the volume of gas it contains, or the pressure required. { Gas•o•met´ric , Gas•o•met´ric•al , } a. Of or pertaining to the measurement of gases; as gasometric analysis.

Gas•om´e•try , n. The art or practice of measuring gases; also the science which treats of the nature and properties of these elastic fluids. Coxe.

Gas´o•scope , n. [Gas + - scope.] An apparatus for detecting the presence of any dangerous gas from a gas leak in a coal mine or a dwelling house.

Gasp , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasped p. pr. & vb. n. Gasping.] [OE. gaspen, gaispen, to yawn, gasp, Icel. geispa to yawn; akin to Sw. gäspa, Dan. gispe to gasp.] 1. To open the mouth wide in catching the breath, or in laborious respiration; to labor for breath; to respire convulsively; to pant violently. “She gasps and struggles hard for life.” Lloyd. 2. To pant with eagerness; to show vehement desire. “Quenching the gasping furrows’ thirst with rain.” Spenser.

Gasp, v. t. To emit or utter with gasps; — with forth, out, away, etc. “And with short sobs he gasps away his breath.” Dryden.

Gasp, n. The act of opening the mouth convulsively to catch the breath; a labored respiration; a painful catching of the breath. At the last gasp, at the point of death. Addison.

Gas´per•eau , n. (Zoöl.) The alewife. [Local, Canada]

Gas•se´ri•an , a. Relating to Casserio (L. Gasserius), the discover of the Gasserian ganglion. Gasserian ganglion (Anat.), a large ganglion, at the root of the trigeminal, or fifth cranial, nerve.

Gas´sing , n. 1. (Manuf.) The process of passing cotton goods between two rollers and exposing them to numerous minute jets of gas to burn off the small fibers; any similar process of singeing. 2. Boasting; insincere or empty talk. [Slang]

Gas´sy , a. Full of gas; like gas. Hence: [Colloq.] Inflated; full of boastful or insincere talk.

Gast , v. t. [OE. gasten, gsten to frighten, akin to Goth. usgaisjan. See Aghast, Ghastly, and cf. Gaze.] To make aghast; to frighten; to terrify. See Aghast. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

Gast´er , v. t. To gast. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gas•te•ro•my•ce´tes , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. stomach + a mushroom.] (Bot.) An order of fungi, in which the spores are borne inside a sac called the peridium, as in the puffballs.

Gas´ter•o•pod , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropod.

Gas•te•rop•o•da , n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropoda.

Gas•ter•op´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropodous.

Gast´ful , Gast´ly , a. [Obs.] See Ghastful, Ghastly.

Gas´tight , a. So tightly fitted as to preclude the escape of gas; impervious to gas.

Gast´ness , n. See Ghastness. [Obs.]

Gas•tor´nis , n. [NL., from Gaston M. Plante, the discover + Gr. bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of large eocene birds from the Paris basin.

Gas•trae´a , n. [NL., from Gr. , , the stomach.] (Biol.) A primeval larval form; a double-walled sac from which, according to the hypothesis of Haeckel, man and all other animals, that in the first stages of their individual evolution pass through a two-layered structural stage, or gastrula form, must have descended. This idea constitutes the Gastraea theory of Haeckel. See Gastrula.

Gas•tral´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + pain.] (Med.) Pain in the stomach or epigastrium, as in gastric disorders.

Gas´tric , a. [Gr. , , stomach: cf. F. gastrique.] Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the stomach; as the gastric artery. Gastric digestion (Physiol.), the conversion of the albuminous portion of food in the stomach into soluble and diffusible products by the solvent action of gastric juice. — Gastric fever (Med.), a fever attended with prominent gastric symptoms; — a name applied to certain forms of typhoid fever; also to catarrhal inflammation of the stomach attended with fever. — Gastric juice (Physiol.), a thin, watery fluid, with an acid reaction, secreted by a peculiar set of glands contained in the mucous membrane of the stomach. It consists mainly of dilute hydrochloric acid and the ferment pepsin. It is the most important digestive fluid in the body, but acts only on proteid foods. — Gastric remittent fever (Med.), a form of remittent fever with pronounced stomach symptoms.

Gas•tril´o•quist , n. [Gr. gasth•r, gastro•s, stomach + L. loqui to speak.] One who appears to speak from his stomach; a ventriloquist.

Gas•tril´o•quous , a. Ventriloquous. [R.]

Gas•tril´o•quy , n. A voice or utterance which appears to proceed from the stomach; ventriloquy.

Gas•tri´tis , n. [NL., from. Gr. , , stomach + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach, esp. of its mucuos membrane.

Gas´tro- A combining form from the Gr. , , the stomach, or belly; as in gastrocolic, gastrocele, gastrotomy.

Gas•troc•ne´mi•us , n. [NL., from Gr. the calf of the leg.] (Anat.) The muscle which makes the greater part of the calf of the leg.

Gas•tro•col´ic , a. [Gastro- + colic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the stomach and the colon; as the gastrocolic, or great, omentum.

Gas•tro•disc , n. [Gastro- + disc.] (Biol.) That part of blastoderm where the hypoblast appears like a small disk on the inner face of the epibladst.

Gas•tro•du´o•de´nal , a. [Gastro- + -duodenal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and duodenum; as the gastroduodenal artery.

Gas•tro•du•o•de•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Gastroduodenal, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum. It is one of the most frequent causes of jaundice.

Gas•tro•el•y•trot´o•my , n. [Gastro- + Gr sheath + a cutting] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the upper part of the vagina, through the abdomen (without opening the peritoneum), for the purpose of removing a fetus. It is a substitute for the Caesarean operation, and less dangerous.

Gas•tro•en•te´ric , a. [Gastro- + -enteric.] (Anat. & Med.) Gastrointestinal.

Gas•tro•en•te•ri´tis , n. [NL. See Gastroenrteric, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lining membrane of the stomach and the intestines.

Gas•tro•ep•i•plo´ic , a. [Gastro- + -epiploic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the stomach and omentum.

Gas•tro•he•pat´ic , a. [Gastro- + -hepatic.] (Med.) Pertaining to the stomach and liver; hepatogastric; as the gastrohepatic, or lesser, omentum.

Gas•tro•hys•ter•ot´o•my , n. [Gastro- + Gr. womb + to cut.] (Surg.) Caesarean section. See under Caesarean.

Gas•tro•in•tes´ti•nal , a. [Gastro- + -intestinal.] (Anat. & Med.) Of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines; gastroenteric.

Gas•tro•lith , n. [Gastro- + -lith.] (Zoöl.) See Crab’s eyes, under Crab.

Gas•trol´o•gy , n. [Gr ; , , stomach + discourse: cf. F. gastrologie.] The science which treats of the structure and functions of the stomach; a treatise of the stomach.

Gas•tro•ma•la´ci•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + softness, fr. soft.] (Med.) A softening of the coats of the stomach; — usually a post- morten change.

Gas•tro•man´cy , n. [Gastro- + -mancy: cf. F. gastromancy.] (Antiq.) (a) A kind of divination, by means of words seemingly uttered from the stomach. (b) A species of divination, by means of glasses or other round, transparent vessels, in the center of which figures are supposed to appear by magic art.

Gas•tro•my´ces , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + , , a fungus.] (Biol.) The fungoid growths sometimes found in the stomach; such as Torula, etc.

Gas´tro•myth , n. [Gastro- + Gr. to say, speak.] One whose voice appears to proceed from the stomach; a ventriloquist. [Obs.] { Gas´tro•nome , Gas•tron´o•mer } n. [F. gastronome, fr. Gr. , , stomach + law, to distribute.] One fond of good living; an epicure. Sir W. Scott.

Gas•tro•nom´ic , Gas•tro•nom´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. gastronomique.] Pertaining to gastromony.

Gas•tron´o•mist , n. A gastromomer.

Gas•tron´o•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. gastronomie.] The art or science of good eating; epicurism; the art of good cheer.

Gas•tro•phren´ic , a. [Gastro- + -phrenic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and diaphragm; as the gastrophrenic ligament.

Gas•tro•pneu•mat´ic , a. [Gastro- + pneumatic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the alimentary canal and air passages, and to the cavities connected with them; as the gastropneumatic mucuos membranes.

Gas´tro•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gastropoda. [Written also gasteropod.]

Gas•trop´o•da , n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + -poda.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Mollusca, of great extent. It includes most of the marine spiral shells, and the land and fresh-water snails. They generally creep by means of a flat, muscular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. The head usually bears one or two pairs of tentacles. See Mollusca. [Written also Gasteropoda.] The Gastropoda are divided into three subclasses; viz.: (a) The Streptoneura or Dioecia, including the Pectinibranchiata, Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa, and Heteropoda. (b) The Euthyneura, including the Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia. (c) The Amphineura, including the Polyplacophora and Aplacophora.

Gas•trop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gastropoda.

Gas•tror´a•phy , n. [Gr.; , , stomach + a sewing, fr. to sew: cf. F. gastrorrhaphie.] (Surg.) The operation of sewing up wounds of the abdomen. Quincy.

Gas´tro•scope , n. [Gastro- + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for viewing or examining the interior of the stomach.

Gas•tro•scop´ic , a. Of or pertaining to gastroscopy.

Gas•tros´co•py , n. (Med.) Examination of the abdomen or stomach, as with the gastroscope.

Gas•tro•splen´ic , n. [Gastro- + splenic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the stomach and spleen; as the gastrosplenic ligament.

Gas•tros´tege , n. [Gastro- + Gr. roof.] (Zoöl.) One of the large scales on the belly of a serpent.

Gas•tros´to•my , n. [Gastro- + Gr. mouth.] (Surg.) The operation of making a permanent opening into the stomach, for the introduction of food.

Gas•trot´o•my , n. [Gastro + Gr. to cut: cf. F. gastrotomie.] (Surg.) A cutting into, or opening of, the abdomen or the stomach.

Gas•trot´ri•cha , n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. belly + , , hair.] (Zoöl.) A group of small wormlike animals, having cilia on the ventral side. The group is regarded as an ancestral or synthetic one, related to rotifers and annelids.

Gas•trot´ro•cha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , stomach + a wheel.] (Zoöl.) A form of annelid larva having cilia on the ventral side.

Gas•tro•vas´cu•lar , a. [Gastro- + -vascular.] (Zoöl.) Having the structure, or performing the functions, both of digestive and circulatory organs; as the gastrovascular cavity of cœlenterates.

Gas´tru•la , n.; pl. Gastrulae (#) [NL., dim. fr. Gr. the stomach.] (Biol.) An embryonic form having its origin in the invagination or pushing in of the wall of the planula or blastula (the blastosphere) on one side, thus giving rise to a double- walled sac, with one opening or mouth (the blastopore) which leads into the cavity (the archenteron) lined by the inner wall (the hypoblast). See Illust. under Invagination. In a more general sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. See Gastraea. — a. Of or pertaining to a gastrula.

Gas•tru•la´tion (gas•tru•la´shun), n. (Biol.) The process of invagination, in embryonic development, by which a gastrula is formed.

Gas•tru´ra (gas•tru´ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gasth•r belly + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) See Stomatopoda.

Gas•tru´rous (-rus), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gastrura.

Gat (gat), imp. of Get. [Obs.]

Gate (gat), n. [OE. &yogh;et, &yogh;eat, giat, gate, door, AS. geat, gat, gate, door; akin to OS., D., & Icel. gat opening, hole, and perh. to E. gate a way, gait, and get, v. Cf. Gate a way, 3d Get.] 1. A large door or passageway in the wall of a city, of an inclosed field or place, or of a grand edifice, etc.; also the movable structure of timber, metal, etc., by which the passage can be closed. 2. An opening for passage in any inclosing wall, fence, or barrier; or the suspended framework which closes or opens a passage. also figuratively, a means or way of entrance or of exit. “Knowest thou the way to Dover?
Both stile and gate, horse way and footpath.” Shak. “Opening a gate for a long war.” Knolles. 3. A door, valve, or other device, for stopping the passage of water through a dam, lock, pipe, etc. 4. (Script.) The places which command the entrances or access; hence, place of vantage; power; might. “The gates of hell shall not prevail against it.” Matt. xvi. 18. 5. In a lock tumbler, the opening for the stump of the bolt to pass through or into. 6. (Founding) (a) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mold; the ingate. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in the opening; a sprue or sullage piece. [Written also geat and git.] Gate chamber, a recess in the side wall of a canal lock, which receives the opened gate. — Gate channel. See Gate, 5. — Gate hook, the hook-formed piece of a gate hinge. — Gate money, entrance money for admission to an inclosure. — Gate tender, one in charge of a gate, as at a railroad crossing. — Gate valva, a stop valve for a pipe, having a sliding gate which affords a straight passageway when open. — Gate vein (Anat.), the portal vein. — To break gates (Eng. Univ.), to enter a college inclosure after the hour to which a student has been restricted. — To stand in the gate, or gates, to occupy places or advantage, power, or defense.

Gate, v. t. 1. To supply with a gate. 2. (Eng. Univ.) To punish by requiring to be within the gates at an earlier hour than usual.

Gate, n. [Icel. gata; akin to SW. gata street, lane, Dan. gade, Goth. gatwö, G. gasse. Cf. Gate a door, Gait.] 1. A way; a path; a road; a street (as in Highgate). [O. Eng. & Scot.] “I was going to be an honest man; but the devil has this very day flung first a lawyer, and then a woman, in my gate.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Manner; gait. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

Gat´ed , a. Having gates. Young.

Gate´house , n. A house connected or associated with a gate.

Gate´less, a. Having no gate.

Gate´man , n. A gate keeper; a gate tender.

Gate´post , n. 1. A post to which a gate is hung; — called also swinging or hinging post. 2. A post against which a gate closes; — called also shutting post.

Gate´way , n. A passage through a fence or wall; a gate; also a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate in hung, or a structure at an entrance or gate designed for ornament or defense.

Gate´wise , adv. In the manner of a gate. “Three circles of stones set up gatewise.” Fuller.

Gath´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gathered p. pr. & vb. n. Gathering.] [OE. gaderen, AS. gaderian, gadrian, fr. gador, geador, together, fr. gaed fellowship; akin to E. good, D. gaderen to collect, G. gatte husband, MHG. gate, also companion, Goth. gadiliggs a sister’s son. rad.29. See Good, and cf. Together.] 1. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate. “And Belgium’s capital had gathered them
Her beauty and her chivalry.” Byron. “When he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together.” Matt. ii. 4. 2. To pick out and bring together from among what is of less value; to collect, as a harvest; to harvest; to cull; to pick off; to pluck. “A rose just gathered from the stalk.” Dryden. “Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?” Matt. vii. 16. “Gather us from among the heathen.” Ps. cvi. 47. 3. To accumulate by collecting and saving little by little; to amass; to gain; to heap up. “He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.” Prov. xxviii. 8. “To pay the creditor … he must gather up money by degrees.” Locke. 4. To bring closely together the parts or particles of; to contract; to compress; to bring together in folds or plaits, as a garment; also to draw together, as a piece of cloth by a thread; to pucker; to plait; as to gather a ruffle. “Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand
In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand.” Pope. 5. To derive, or deduce, as an inference; to collect, as a conclusion, from circumstances that suggest, or arguments that prove; to infer; to conclude. “Let me say no more!
Gather the sequel by that went before.” Shak. 6. To gain; to win. [Obs.] “He gathers ground upon her in the chase.” Dryden. 7. (Arch.) To bring together, or nearer together, in masonry, as where the width of a fireplace is rapidly diminished to the width of the flue, or the like. 8. (Naut.) To haul in; to take up; as to gather the slack of a rope. To be gathered to one’s people, or to one’s fathers to die. Gen. xxv. 8. — To gather breath, to recover normal breathing after being out of breath; to get breath; to rest. Spenser. — To gather one’s self together, to collect and dispose one’s powers for a great effort, as a beast crouches preparatory to a leap. — To gather way (Naut.), to begin to move; to move with increasing speed.

Gath´er , v. i. 1. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate. “When small humors gather to a gout.” Pope. “Tears from the depth of some divine despair
Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes.” Tennyson. 2. To grow larger by accretion; to increase. “Their snowball did not gather as it went.” Bacon. 3. To concentrate; to come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus; as a boil has gathered. 4. To collect or bring things together. “Thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strewed.” Matt. xxv. 26.

Gath´er, n. 1. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker. 2. (Carriage Making) The inclination forward of the axle journals to keep the wheels from working outward. 3. (Arch.) The soffit or under surface of the masonry required in gathering. See Gather, v. t., 7.

Gath´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being gathered or collected; deducible from premises. [R.] Godwin.

Gath´er•er , n. 1. One who gathers or collects. 2. (Sewing Machine) An attachment for making gathers in the cloth.

Gath´er•ing, n. 1. The act of collecting or bringing together. 2. That which is gathered, collected, or brought together; as: (a) A crowd; an assembly; a congregation. (b) A charitable contribution; a collection. (c) A tumor or boil suppurated or maturated; an abscess.

Gath´er•ing, a. Assembling; collecting; used for gathering or concentrating. Gathering board (Bookbinding), a table or board on which signatures are gathered or assembled, to form a book. Knight. — Gathering coal, a lighted coal left smothered in embers over night, about which kindling wood is gathered in the morning. — Gathering hoop, a hoop used by coopers to draw together the ends of barrel staves, to allow the hoops to be slipped over them. — Gathering peat. (a) A piece of peat used as a gathering coal, to preserve a fire. (b) In Scotland, a fiery peat which was sent round by the Borderers as an alarm signal, as the fiery cross was by the Highlanders.

Gat´ling gun . [From the inventor, R.J. Gatling.] An American machine gun, consisting of a cluster of barrels which, being revolved by a crank, are automatically loaded and fired. The improved Gatling gun can be fired at the rate of 1,200 shots per minute. Farrow.

Gat´ten tree [Cf. Prov. E. gatter bush.] (Bot.) A name given to the small trees called guelder- rose (Viburnum Opulus), cornel (Cornus sanguinea), and spindle tree (Euonymus Europaeus).

Gat´-toothed , a. [OE. gat goat + tooth. See Goat the animal.] Goat-toothed; having a lickerish tooth; lustful; wanton. [Obs.]

Gauche (gosh), n. [F.] 1. Left handed; hence, awkward; clumsy. 2. (Geom.) Winding; twisted; warped; - - applied to curves and surfaces.

Gauche•rie´ , n. [F.] An awkward action; clumsiness; boorishness.

Gau´cho (gou´cho), n., pl. Gauchos (-choz) [Sp.] One of the native inhabitants of the pampas of Spanish-American descent. They live mostly by rearing cattle.

Gaud , n. [OE. gaude jest, trick, gaudi bead of a rosary, fr. L. gaudium joy, gladness. See Joy.] 1. Trick; jest; sport. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Deceit; fraud; artifice; device. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. An ornament; a piece of worthless finery; a trinket. ´An idle gaud.´ Shak.

Gaud, v. i. [Cf. F. se gaudir to rejoice, fr. L. gaudere. See Gaud, n.] To sport or keep festival. [Obs.] ´Gauding with his familiars. ´ [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Gaud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gauding.] To bedeck gaudily; to decorate with gauds or showy trinkets or colors; to paint. [Obs.] ´Nicely gauded cheeks.´ Shak.

Gaud´-day , n. See Gaudy, a feast.

Gaud´er•y , n. Finery; ornaments; ostentatious display. [R.] ´Tarnished gaudery.´ Dryden.

Gaud´ful , a. Joyful; showy. [Obs.]

Gaud´i•ly , adv. In a gaudy manner. Guthrie.

Gaud´i•ness, n. The quality of being gaudy. Whitlock.

Gaud´ish, a. Gaudy. ´Gaudish ceremonies.´ Bale.

Gaud´less, a. Destitute of ornament. [R.]

Gaud´y , a. [Compar. Gaudier superl. Gauidiest.] 1. Ostentatiously fine; showy; gay, but tawdry or meretricious. “Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy.” Shak. 2. Gay; merry; festal. Tennyson. “Let’s have one other gaudy night.” Shak.

Gaud´y, n.; pl. Gaudies (#) [See Gaud, n.] One of the large beads in the rosary at which the paternoster is recited. [Obs.] Gower.

Gaud´y, n. A feast or festival; — called also gaud-day and gaudy day. [Oxford Univ.] Conybeare.

Gaud´y•green , a. or n. [OE. gaude grene.] Light green. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gauf´fer , v. t. [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, velvet, and other stuffs, fr. gaufre honeycomb, waffle; of German origin. See Waffle, Wafer, and cf. Goffer, Gopher an animal.] To plait, crimp, or flute; to goffer, as lace. See Goffer.

Gauf´fer•ing , n. A mode of plaiting or fluting. Gauffering iron, a kind of fluting iron for fabrics. — Gauffering press (Flower Manuf.), a press for crimping the leaves and petals into shape.

Gauf´fre , n. [See Gopher.] (Zoöl.) A gopher, esp. the pocket gopher.

Gauge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauged p. pr. & vb. n. Gauging ] [OF. gaugier, F. jauger, cf. OF. gauge gauge, measuring rod, F. jauge; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an assumed L. qualificare to determine the qualities of a thing (see Qualify); but cf. also F. jalon a measuring stake in surveying, and E. gallon.] [Written also gage.] 1. To measure or determine with a gauge. 2. To measure or to ascertain the contents or the capacity of, as of a pipe, barrel, or keg. 3. (Mech.) To measure the dimensions of, or to test the accuracy of the form of, as of a part of a gunlock. “The vanes nicely gauged on each side.” Derham. 4. To draw into equidistant gathers by running a thread through it, as cloth or a garment. 5. To measure the capacity, character, or ability of; to estimate; to judge of. “You shall not gauge me
By what we do to-night.” Shak.

Gauge, n. [Written also gage.] 1. A measure; a standard of measure; an instrument to determine dimensions, distance, or capacity; a standard. “This plate must be a gauge to file your worm and groove to equal breadth by.” Moxon. “There is not in our hands any fixed gauge of minds.” I. Taylor. 2. Measure; dimensions; estimate. “The gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt.” Burke. 3. (Mach. & Manuf.) Any instrument for ascertaining or regulating the dimensions or forms of things; a templet or template; as a button maker’s gauge. 4. (Physics) Any instrument or apparatus for measuring the state of a phenomenon, or for ascertaining its numerical elements at any moment; — usually applied to some particular instrument; as a rain gauge; a steam gauge. 5. (Naut.) (a) Relative positions of two or more vessels with reference to the wind; as a vessel has the weather gauge of another when on the windward side of it, and the lee gauge when on the lee side of it. (b) The depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. Totten. 6. The distance between the rails of a railway. The standard gauge of railroads in most countries is four feet, eight and one half inches. Wide, or broad, gauge, in the United States, is six feet; in England, seven feet, and generally any gauge exceeding standard gauge. Any gauge less than standard gauge is now called narrow gauge. It varies from two feet to three feet six inches. 7. (Plastering) The quantity of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to accelerate its setting. 8. (Building) That part of a shingle, slate, or tile, which is exposed to the weather, when laid; also one course of such shingles, slates, or tiles. Gauge of a carriage, car, etc., the distance between the wheels; — ordinarily called the track. — Gauge cock, a stop cock used as a try cock for ascertaining the height of the water level in a steam boiler. — Gauge concussion (Railroads), the jar caused by a car-wheel flange striking the edge of the rail. — Gauge glass, a glass tube for a water gauge. — Gauge lathe, an automatic lathe for turning a round object having an irregular profile, as a baluster or chair round, to a templet or gauge. — Gauge point, the diameter of a cylinder whose altitude is one inch, and contents equal to that of a unit of a given measure; — a term used in gauging casks, etc. — Gauge rod, a graduated rod, for measuring the capacity of barrels, casks, etc. — Gauge saw, a handsaw, with a gauge to regulate the depth of cut. Knight. — Gauge stuff, a stiff and compact plaster, used in making cornices, moldings, etc., by means of a templet. — Gauge wheel, a wheel at the forward end of a plow beam, to determine the depth of the furrow. — Joiner’s gauge, an instrument used to strike a line parallel to the straight side of a board, etc. — Printer’s gauge, an instrument to regulate the length of the page. — Rain gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain at any given place. — Salt gauge, or Brine gauge, an instrument or contrivance for indicating the degree of saltness of water from its specific gravity, as in the boilers of ocean steamers. — Sea gauge, an instrument for finding the depth of the sea. — Siphon gauge, a glass siphon tube, partly filled with mercury, — used to indicate pressure, as of steam, or the degree of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an air pump or other vacuum; a manometer. — Sliding gauge. (Mach.) (a) A templet or pattern for gauging the commonly accepted dimensions or shape of certain parts in general use, as screws, railway-car axles, etc. (b) A gauge used only for testing other similar gauges, and preserved as a reference, to detect wear of the working gauges. (c) (Railroads) See Note under Gauge, n., 5. — Star gauge (Ordnance), an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore of a cannon at any point of its length. — Steam gauge, an instrument for measuring the pressure of steam, as in a boiler. — Tide gauge, an instrument for determining the height of the tides. — Vacuum gauge, a species of barometer for determining the relative elasticities of the vapor in the condenser of a steam engine and the air. — Water gauge. (a) A contrivance for indicating the height of a water surface, as in a steam boiler; as by a gauge cock or glass. (b) The height of the water in the boiler. — Wind gauge, an instrument for measuring the force of the wind on any given surface; an anemometer. — Wire gauge, a gauge for determining the diameter of wire or the thickness of sheet metal; also a standard of size. See under Wire.

Gauge´a•ble , a. Capable of being gauged.

Gauged , p. a. Tested or measured by, or conformed to, a gauge. Gauged brick, brick molded, rubbed, or cut to an exact size and shape, for arches or ornamental work. — Gauged mortar. See Gauge stuff, under Gauge, n.

Gau´ger , n. One who gauges; an officer whose business it is to ascertain the contents of casks.

Gau´ger-ship, n. The office of a gauger.

Gau´ging rod. See Gauge rod, under Gauge, n.

Gaul , n. [F. Gaule, fr. L. Gallia, fr. Gallus a Gaul.] 1. The Anglicized form of Gallia, which in the time of the Romans included France and Upper Italy (Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul). 2. A native or inhabitant of Gaul.

Gaul´ish , a. Pertaining to ancient France, or Gaul; Gallic. [R.]

Gault , n. [Cf. Norw. gald hard ground, Icel. gald hard snow.] (Geol.) A series of beds of clay and marl in the South of England, between the upper and lower greensand of the Cretaceous period.

Gaul•the´ri•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of ericaceous shrubs with evergreen foliage, and, often, edible berries. It includes the American winter- green (Gaultheria procumbens), and the larger-fruited salal of Northwestern America (Gaultheria Shallon).

Gaunt , a. [Cf. Norw. gand a thin pointed stick, a tall and thin man, and W. gwan weak.] Attenuated, as with fasting or suffering; lean; meager; pinched and grim. ´The gaunt mastiff.´ Pope. “A mysterious but visible pestilence, striding gaunt and fleshless across our land.” Nichols.

Gaunt´let , n. (Mil.) See Gantlet.

Gaunt´let , n. [F. gantelet, dim. of gant glove, LL. wantus, of Teutonic origin; cf. D. want, Sw. & Dan. vante, Icel. vöttr, for vantr.] 1. A glove of such material that it defends the hand from wounds. The gauntlet of the Middle Ages was sometimes of chain mail, sometimes of leather partly covered with plates, scales, etc., of metal sewed to it, and, in the 14th century, became a glove of small steel plates, carefully articulated and covering the whole hand except the palm and the inside of the fingers. 2. A long glove, covering the wrist. 3. (Naut.) A rope on which hammocks or clothes are hung for drying. To take up the gauntlet, to accept a challenge. — To throw down the gauntlet, to offer or send a challenge. The gauntlet or glove was thrown down by the knight challenging, and was taken up by the one who accepted the challenge; — hence the phrases.

Gaunt´lett•ed, a. Wearing a gauntlet.

Gaunt´ly, adv. In a gaunt manner; meagerly. { Gaun´tree , Gaun´try } n. [F. chantier, LL. cantarium, fr. L. canterius trellis, sort of frame.] 1. A frame for supporting barrels in a cellar or elsewhere. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Engin.) A scaffolding or frame carrying a crane or other structure. Knight.

Gaur (gar or gour), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian species of wild cattle (Bibos gauris), of large size and an untamable disposition. [Spelt also gour.]

Gaure (gar), v. i. To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gauze (gaz), n. [F. gaze; so called because it was first introduced from Gaza, a city of Palestine.] A very thin, slight, transparent stuff, generally of silk; also any fabric resembling silk gauze; as wire gauze; cotton gauze. Gauze dresser, one employed in stiffening gauze.

Gauze, a. Having the qualities of gauze; thin; light; as gauze merino underclothing.

Gauz´i•ness , n. The quality of being gauzy; flimsiness. Ruskin.

Gauz´y , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, gauze; thin and slight as gauze.

Gave (gav), imp. of Give.

Gav´el (gav´el), n. A gable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Gav´el, n. [OF. gavelle, F. javelle, prob. dim. from L. capulus handle, fr. capere to lay hold of, seize; or cf. W. gafael hold, grasp. Cf. Heave.] A small heap of grain, not tied up into a bundle. Wright.

Gav´el, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. The mallet of the presiding officer in a legislative body, public assembly, court, masonic body, etc. 2. A mason’s setting maul. Knight.

Gav´el, n. [OF. gavel, AS. gafol, prob. fr. gifan to give. See Give, and cf. Gabel tribute.] (Law) Tribute; toll; custom. [Obs.] See Gabel. Cowell.

Gav´el•et , n. [From Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) An ancient special kind of cessavit used in Kent and London for the recovery of rent. [Obs.]

Gav´el•kind , n. [OE. gavelkynde, gavelkende. See Gavel tribute, and Kind, n.] (O. Eng. Law) A tenure by which land descended from the father to all his sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, dying without issue, descended equally to his brothers. It still prevails in the county of Kent. Cowell.

Gav´e•loche , n. Same as Gavelock.

Gav´e•lock , n. [OE. gaveloc a dart, AS. gafeluc; cf. Icel. gaflok, MHG. gabilt, OF. gavelot, glavelot, F. javelot, Ir. gabhla spear, W. gaflach fork, dart, E. glave, gaff] 1. A spear or dart. [R. & Obs.] 2. An iron crow or lever. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

Ga´ver•ick , n. (Zoöl.) The European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). [Prov. Eng.]

Ga´viae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gavia a sea mew.] (Zoöl.) The division of birds which includes the gulls and terns.

Ga´vi•al (ga´vi•al), n. [Hind. ghariyal: cf. F. gavial.] (Zoöl.) A large Asiatic crocodilian (Gavialis Gangeticus); — called also nako, and Gangetic crocodile. The gavial has a long, slender muzzle, teeth of nearly uniform size, and feet completely webbed. It inhabits the Ganges and other rivers of India. The name is also applied to several allied fossil species.

Gav´ot (? or 277), n. [F. gavotte, fr. Gavots, a people inhabiting a mountainous district in France, called Gap.] (Mus.) A kind of difficult dance; a dance tune, the air of which has two brisk and lively, yet dignified, strains in common time, each played twice over. [Written also gavotte.]

Gaw´by (ga´by), n. A baby; a dunce. [Prov. Eng.]

Gawk (gak), n. [OE. gok, gowk, cuckoo, fool, Icel. gaukr cuckoo; akin to OHG. gouh, G. gauch cuckoo, fool, AS. geac cuckoo, Sw. gök, Dan. giög] 1. A cuckoo. Johnson. 2. A simpleton; a booby; a gawky. Carlyle.

Gawk, v. i. To act like a gawky.

Gawk´y , a. [Compar. Gawkier superl. Gawkiest.] Foolish and awkward; clumsy; clownish; as gawky behavior. — n. A fellow who is awkward from being overgrown, or from stupidity, a gawk.

Gawn , n. [Corrupted fr. gallon.] A small tub or lading vessel. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Gawn´tree , n. See Gauntree.

Gay , a. [Compar. Gayer superl. Gayest.] [F. gai, perhaps fr. OHG. ghi swift, rapid, G. gäh, jäh, steep, hasty; or cf. OHG. whi beatiful, good. Cf. Jay.] 1. Excited with merriment; manifesting sportiveness or delight; inspiring delight; livery; merry. “Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.” Pope. “Gay hope is theirs by fancy fed.” Gray. 2. Brilliant in colors; splendid; fine; richly dressed. “Why is my neighbor’s wife so gay?” Chaucer. “A bevy of fair women, richly gay
In gems and wanton dress!” Milton. 3. Loose; dissipated; lewd. [Colloq.] Syn. — Merry; gleeful; blithe; airy; lively; sprightly, sportive; light-hearted; frolicsome; jolly; jovial; joyous; joyful; glad; showy; splendid; vivacious.

Gay, n. An ornament [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Gay´al , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A Southern Asiatic species of wild cattle (Bibos frontalis).

Gay´di•ang , n. (Naut.) A vessel of Anam, with two or three masts, lofty triangular sails, and in construction somewhat resembling a Chinese junk.

Gay´e•ty , n.; pl. Gayeties . [Written also gaiety.] [F. gaiete. See Gay, a.] 1. The state of being gay; merriment; mirth; acts or entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry delight; — used often in the plural; as the gayeties of the season. 2. Finery; show; as the gayety of dress. Syn. — Liveliness; mirth; animation; vivacity; glee; blithesomeness; sprightliness; jollity. See Liveliness.

Gay´lus•site , n. [Named after Gay-Lussac, the French chemist.] (Min.) A yellowish white, translucent mineral, consisting of the carbonates of lime and soda, with water.

Gay´ly , adv. 1. With mirth and frolic; merrily; blithely; gleefully. 2. Finely; splendidly; showily; as ladies gayly dressed; a flower gayly blooming. Pope.

Gayne , v. i. [See Gain.] To avail. [Obs.]

Gay´ness , n. Gayety; finery. [R.]

Gay´some , a. Full of gayety. Mir. for Mag.

Gay´tre , n. [See Gaitre.] The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gaze (gaz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gazed (gazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gazing.] [OE. gasen, akin to dial. Sw. gasa, cf. Goth. us-gaisjan to terrify, us- geisnan to be terrified. Cf. Aghast, Ghastly, Ghost, Hesitate.] To fix the eyes in a steady and earnest look; to look with eagerness or curiosity, as in admiration, astonishment, or with studious attention. “Why stand ye gazing up into heaven?” Acts i. 11. Syn. — To gape; stare; look. — To Gaze, Gape, Stare. To gaze is to look with fixed and prolonged attention, awakened by excited interest or elevated emotion; to gape is to look fixedly, with open mouth and feelings of ignorant wonder; to stare is to look with the fixedness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover of nature gazes with delight on the beauties of the landscape; the rustic gapes with wonder at the strange sights of a large city; the idiot stares on those around with a vacant look.

Gaze, v. t. To view with attention; to gaze on. [R.] “And gazed a while the ample sky.” Milton.

Gaze, n. 1. A fixed look; a look of eagerness, wonder, or admiration; a continued look of attention. “With secret gaze
Or open admiration him behold.” Milton. 2. The object gazed on. “Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze.” Milton. At gaze (a) (Her.) With the face turned directly to the front; — said of the figures of the stag, hart, buck, or hind, when borne, in this position, upon an escutcheon. (b) In a position expressing sudden fear or surprise; — a term used in stag hunting to describe the manner of a stag when he first hears the hounds and gazes round in apprehension of some hidden danger; hence, standing agape; idly or stupidly gazing. “I that rather held it better men should perish one by one,
Than that earth should stand at gaze like Joshua’s moon in Ajalon!” Tennyson.

Ga•zee´bo , n. [Humorously formed from gaze.] A summerhouse so situated as to command an extensive prospect. [Colloq.]

Gaze´ful , a. Gazing. [R.] Spenser.

Gaze´hound , n. A hound that pursues by the sight rather than by the scent. Sir W. Scott.

Ga´zel , n. The black currant; also the wild plum. [Prov. Eng.]

Ga•zel´ , n. (Zoöl.) See Gazelle.

Ga•zelle´ , n. [F. gazelle, OF. also gazel; cf. Sp. gacela, Pr. gazella, It. gazella; all fr. Ar. ghazl a wild goat.] (Zoöl.) One of several small, swift, elegantly formed species of antelope, of the genus Gazella, esp. G. dorcas; — called also algazel, corinne, korin, and kevel. The gazelles are celebrated for the luster and soft expression of their eyes. [Written also gazel.] The common species of Northern Africa (Gazella dorcas); the Arabian gazelle, or ariel (G. Arabica); the mohr of West Africa (G. mohr); the Indian (G. Bennetti); the ahu or Persian (G. subgutturosa); and the springbok or tsebe (G. euchore) of South Africa, are the best known.

Gaze´ment , n. View. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gaz´er , n. One who gazes.

Ga•zet , n. [It. gazeta, gazzetta, prob. dim. of L. gaza royal treasure.] A Venetian coin, worth about three English farthings, or one and a half cents. [Obs.]

Ga•zette´ , n. [F. gazette, It. gazzetta, perh. from gazetta a Venetian coin (see Gazet), said to have been the price of the first newspaper published at Venice; or perh. dim. of gazza magpie, a name perh. applied to the first newspaper; cf. OHG. agalstra magpie, G. elster.] A newspaper; a printed sheet published periodically; esp., the official journal published by the British government, and containing legal and state notices.

Ga•zette´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gazetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gazetting.] To announce or publish in a gazette; to announce officially, as an appointment, or a case of bankruptcy.

Gaz•et•teer´ , n. [Cf. F. gazetier.] 1. A writer of news, or an officer appointed to publish news by authority. Johnson. 2. A newspaper; a gazette. [Obs.] Burke. 3. A geographical dictionary; a book giving the names and descriptions, etc., of many places. 4. An alphabetical descriptive list of anything.

Gaz´ing•stock , n. A person or thing gazed at with scorn or abhorrence; an object of curiosity or contempt. Bp. Hall.

Gaz´o•gene , n. [F. gazogène; gaz gas + -gène, E. - gen.] A portable apparatus for making soda water or aërated liquids on a small scale. Knight.

Ga•zon´ , n. [F. gazon turf, fr. OHG. waso, G. wasen.] (Fort.) One of the pieces of sod used to line or cover parapets and the faces of earthworks.

Ge- An Anglo-Saxon prefix. See Y- .

Geal , v. i. [F. geler, fr. L. gelare, fr. gelu. See Gelid.] To congeal. [Obs. or Scot.]

Gean , n. [F. guigne the fruit of the gean; cf. OHG. wihsila, G. weichsel.] (Bot.) A species of cherry tree common in Europe (Prunus avium); also the fruit, which is usually small and dark in color.

Ge•an•ti•cli´nal , n. [Gr. the earth + E. anticlinal.] (Geol.) An upward bend or flexure of a considerable portion of the earth’s crust, resulting in the formation of a class of mountain elevations called anticlinoria; — opposed to geosynclinal.

Gear , n. [OE. gere, ger, AS. gearwe clothing, adornment, armor, fr. gearo, gearu, ready, yare; akin to OHG. garawi, garwi ornament, dress. See Yare, and cf. Garb dress.] 1. Clothing; garments; ornaments. “Array thyself in thy most gorgeous gear.” Spenser. 2. Goods; property; household stuff. Chaucer. “Homely gear and common ware.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. Whatever is prepared for use or wear; manufactured stuff or material. “Clad in a vesture of unknown gear.” Spenser. 4. The harness of horses or cattle; trapping. 5. Warlike accouterments. [Scot.] Jamieson. 6. Manner; custom; behavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. Business matters; affairs; concern. [Obs.] “Thus go they both together to their gear.” Spenser. 8. (Mech.) (a) A toothed wheel, or cogwheel; as a spur gear, or a bevel gear; also toothed wheels, collectively. (b) An apparatus for performing a special function; gearing; as the feed gear of a lathe. (c) Engagement of parts with each other; as in gear; out of gear. 9. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b). 10. Anything worthless; stuff; nonsense; rubbish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright. “That servant of his that confessed and uttered this gear was an honest man.” Latimer. Bever gear. See Bevel gear. — Core gear, a mortise gear, or its skeleton. See Mortise wheel, under Mortise. — Expansion gear (Steam Engine), the arrangement of parts for cutting off steam at a certain part of the stroke, so as to leave it to act upon the piston expansively; the cut-off. See under Expansion. — Feed gear. See Feed motion, under Feed, n. — Gear cutter, a machine or tool for forming the teeth of gear wheels by cutting. — Gear wheel, any cogwheel. — Running gear. See under Running. — To throw in, or out of, gear (Mach.), to connect or disconnect (wheelwork or couplings, etc.); to put in, or out of, working relation.

Gear v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geared p. pr. & vb. n. Gearing.] 1. To dress; to put gear on; to harness. 2. (Mach.) To provide with gearing. Double geared, driven through twofold compound gearing, to increase the force or speed; — said of a machine.

Gear, v. i. (Mach.) To be in, or come into, gear.

Gear´ing, n. 1. Harness. 2. (Mach.) The parts by which motion imparted to one portion of an engine or machine is transmitted to another, considered collectively; as the valve gearing of locomotive engine; belt gearing; esp., a train of wheels for transmitting and varying motion in machinery. Frictional gearing. See under Frictional. — Gearing chain, an endless chain transmitted motion from one sprocket wheel to another. See Illust. of Chain wheel. — Spur gearing, gearing in which the teeth or cogs are ranged round either the concave or the convex surface (properly the latter) of a cylindrical wheel; — for transmitting motion between parallel shafts, etc.

Gea´son , a. [OE. gesen, geson, rare, scanty, AS. gsne barren, wanting. Cf. Geest.] Rare; wonderful. [Obs.] Spenser.

Geat (get), n. [See Gate a door.] (Founding) The channel or spout through which molten metal runs into a mold in casting. [Written also git, gate.]

Ge•car•cin´i•an (je•kär•sin´i•an), n. [Gr. gh^ earth + karki•nos crab.] (Zoöl.) A land crab of the genus Gecarcinus, or of allied genera.

Geck , n. [D. gek fool, fop; akin to G. geck; cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person.] 1. Scorn, derision, or contempt. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An object of scorn; a dupe; a gull. [Obs.] “To become the geck and scorn
O’the other’s villainy.” Shak.

Geck, v. t. [Cf. OD. ghecken, G. gecken. See Geck, n.] 1. To deride; to scorn; to mock. [Prov. Eng.] 2. To cheat; trick, or gull. [Obs.] Johnson.

Geck, v. i. To jeer; to show contempt. Sir W. Scott.

Geck´o (gek´o), n.; pl. Geckoes (-oz). [Cf. F. & G. gecko; — so called from the sound which the animal utters.] (Zoöl.) Any lizard of the family Geckonidae. The geckoes are small, carnivorous, mostly nocturnal animals with large eyes and vertical, elliptical pupils. Their toes are generally expanded, and furnished with adhesive disks, by which they can run over walls and ceilings. They are numerous in warm countries, and a few species are found in Europe and the United States. See Wall gecko, Fanfoot.

Geck•o´tian , n. (Zoöl.) A gecko.

Ged , Gedd , n. The European pike.

Gee , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geed p. pr. & vb. n. Geeing.] 1. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq. or Prov. Eng.] Forby. 2. [Cf. G. jü, interj., used in calling to a horse, It. giò, F. dia, used to turn a horse to the left.] To turn to the off side, or from the driver (i.e., in the United States, to the right side); — said of cattle, or a team; used most frequently in the imperative, often with off, by drivers of oxen, in directing their teams, and opposed to haw, or hoi. [Written also jee.] In England, the teamster walks on the right-hand side of the cattle; in the United States, on the left-hand side. In all cases, however, gee means to turn from the driver, and haw to turn toward him. Gee ho, or Gee whoa. Same as Gee.

Gee, v. t. [See Gee to turn.] To cause (a team) to turn to the off side, or from the driver. [Written also jee.]

Geer , Geer´ing [Obs.] See Gear, Gearing.

Geese , n., pl. of Goose.

Geest , n. [Cf. LG. geest, geestland, sandy, dry and, OFries. gest, gast, gestlond, gastlond, fr. Fries. gast barren. Cf. Geason.] Alluvial matter on the surface of land, not of recent origin. R. Jameson.

Geet , n. [See Jet.] Jet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Geez , n. The original native name for the ancient Ethiopic language or people. See Ethiopic.

Ge•hen´na (ge•hen´na), n. [L. Gehenna, Gr. Ge•enna, Heb. Ge Hinnom.] (Jewish Hist.) The valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, where some of the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, which, on this account, was afterward regarded as a place of abomination, and made a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. In the New Testament the name is transferred, by an easy metaphor, to Hell. “The pleasant valley of Hinnom. Tophet thence
And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell.” Milton.

Ge´ic , a. [Gr. earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, earthy or vegetable mold. Geic acid. (Chem.) See Humin.

Ge´in , n. [Gr. earth.] (Chem.) See Humin.

Geis´sler tube (Elec.) A glass tube provided with platinum electrodes, and containing some gas under very low tension, which becomes luminous when an electrical discharge is passed through it; — so called from the name of a noted maker in germany. It is called also Plücker tube, from the German physicist who devised it.

Gei´to•nog´a•my , n. [Gr. neighbor + marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of flowers by pollen from other flowers on the same plant.

Gel´a•ble , a. [L. gelare to congeal: cf. F. gelable. See Geal.] Capable of being congealed; capable of being converted into jelly.

Gel´a•da , n. (Zoöl.) A baboon (Gelada Ruppelli) of Abyssinia, remarkable for the length of the hair on the neck and shoulders of the adult male.

Ge•las´tic , a. [Gr. inclined to laugh, from to laugh.] Pertaining to laughter; used in laughing. ´Gelastic muscles.´ Sir T. Browne.

Ge•lat´i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Gelatin + L. -ficare. (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] (Physiol. Chem.) The formation of gelatin.

Gel•a•tig´e•nous , n. [Gelatin + -genous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Producing, or yielding, gelatin; gelatiniferous; as the gelatigeneous tissues.

Gel´a•tin , Gel´a•tine , n. [F. gelatine, fr. L. gelare to congeal. See Geal.] (Chem.) Animal jelly; glutinous material obtained from animal tissues by prolonged boiling. Specifically (Physiol. Chem.), a nitrogeneous colloid, not existing as such in the animal body, but formed by the hydrating action of boiling water on the collagen of various kinds of connective tissue (as tendons, bones, ligaments, etc.). Its distinguishing character is that of dissolving in hot water, and forming a jelly on cooling. It is an important ingredient of calf’s- foot jelly, isinglass, glue, etc. It is used as food, but its nutritious qualities are of a low order. Both spellings, gelatin and gelatine, are in good use, but the tendency of writers on physiological chemistry favors the form in -in, as in the United States Dispensatory, the United States Pharmacopœia, Fownes’ Watts’ Chemistry, Brande & Cox’s Dictionary. Blasting gelatin, an explosive, containing about ninety-five parts of nitroglycerin and five of collodion. — Gelatin process, a name applied to a number of processes in the arts, involving the use of gelatin. Especially: (a) (Photog.) A dry-plate process in which gelatin is used as a substitute for collodion as the sensitized material. This is the dry-plate process in general use, and plates of extreme sensitiveness are produced by it. (b) (Print.) A method of producing photographic copies of drawings, engravings, printed pages, etc., and also of photographic pictures, which can be printed from in a press with ink, or (in some applications of the process) which can be used as the molds of stereotype or electrotype plates. (c) (Print. or Copying) A method of producing facsimile copies of an original, written or drawn in aniline ink upon paper, thence transferred to a cake of gelatin softened with glycerin, from which impressions are taken upon ordinary paper. — Vegetable gelatin. See Gliadin.

Ge•lat´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelatinated p. pr. & vb. n. Gelatinating.] To convert into gelatin, or into a substance resembling jelly.

Ge•lat´i•nate, v. i. To be converted into gelatin, or into a substance like jelly. “Lapis lazuli, if calcined, does not effervesce, but gelatinates with the mineral acids.” Kirwan.

Ge•lat•i•na´tion , n. The act of process of converting into gelatin, or a substance like jelly.

Gel´a•tine , n. Same as Gelatin.

Gel•a•tin•if´er•ous , a. [Gelatin + -ferous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Yielding gelatin on boiling with water; capable of gelatination.

Gel•a•tin´i•form , a. Having the form of gelatin.

Ge•lat•i•ni•za´tion , n. Same as Gelatination.

Ge•lat´i•nize , v. t. 1. To convert into gelatin or jelly. Same as Gelatinate, v. t. 2. (Photog.) To coat, or otherwise treat, with gelatin.

Ge•lat´i•nize , v. i. Same as Gelatinate, v. i.

Ge•lat´i•nous , a. [Cf. F. gelatineux.] Of the nature and consistence of gelatin or the jelly; resembling jelly; viscous.

Ge•la´tion , n. [L. gelatio a freezing, fr. gelare to freeze.] (Astron.) The process of becoming solid by cooling; a cooling and solidifying.

Geld , n. [AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, payment, fr. gieldan to pay, render. See Yield.] Money; tribute; compensation; ransom.[Obs.] This word occurs in old law books in composition, as in danegeld, or danegelt, a tax imposed by the Danes; weregeld, compensation for the life of a man, etc.

Geld , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelded or Gelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gelding.] [Icel. gelda to castrate; akin to Dan. gilde, Sw. gälla, and cf. AS. gilte a young sow, OHG. galt dry, not giving milk, G. gelt, Goth. gilpa siclke.] 1. To castrate; to emasculate. 2. To deprive of anything essential. “Bereft and gelded of his patrimony.” Shak. 3. To deprive of anything exceptionable; as to geld a book, or a story; to expurgate. [Obs.] Dryden.

Geld´a•ble , a. Capable of being gelded.

Geld´a•ble, a. [From Geld money.] Liable to taxation. [Obs.] Burrill.

Geld´er , n. One who gelds or castrates.

Gel´der-rose , n. Same as Guelder-rose.

Geld´ing , n. [Icel. gelding a gelding, akin to geldingr wether, eunuch, Sw. gälling gelding, Dan. gilding eunuch. See Geld, v. t.] A castrated animal; — usually applied to a horse, but formerly used also of the human male. “They went down both into the water, Philip and the gelding, and Philip baptized him.” Wyclif (Acts viii. 38).

Geld´ing, p. pr., a., & vb. n. from Geld, v. t.

Gel´id (jel´id), a. [L. gelidus, fr. gelu frost, cold. See Cold, and cf. Congeal, Gelatin, Jelly.] Cold; very cold; frozen. ´Gelid founts.´ Thompson.

Ge•lid´i•ty , n. The state of being gelid.

Gel´id•ly , adv. In a gelid manner; coldly.

Gel´id•ness, n. The state of being gelid; gelidity.

Gel´ly (jel´ly), n. Jelly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ge•los´copy , n. [Gr. to laugh + -scopy.] Divination by means of laughter.

Ge•lose´ , n. [See Gelatin.] (Chem.) An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate, found in Gelidium, agar-agar, and other seaweeds.

Gel•se´mic , a. Gelseminic.

Gel´se•mine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens), as a bitter white semicrystalline substance; — called also gelsemia.

Gel•se•min´ic , n. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens); as gelseminic acid, a white crystalline substance resembling esculin.

Gel•se´mium , n. [NL., fr. It. gelsomino jasmine.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants. The yellow (false) jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens) is a native of the Southern United States. It has showy and deliciously fragrant flowers. 2. (Med.) The root of the yellow jasmine, used in malarial fevers, etc.

Gelt , n. [See 1st Geld.] Trubute, tax. [Obs.] “All these the king granted unto them … free from all gelts and payments, in a most full and ample manner.” Fuller.

Gelt, n. [See Gelt, v. t.] A gelding. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Gelt, n. Gilding; tinsel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gem , n. [OE. gemme precious stone, F. gemme, fr. L. gemma a precious stone, bud.] 1. (Bot.) A bud. “From the joints of thy prolific stem
A swelling knot is raised called a gem.” Denham. 2. A precious stone of any kind, as the ruby, emerald, topaz, sapphire, beryl, spinel, etc., especially when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel. Milton. 3. Anything of small size, or expressed within brief limits, which is regarded as a gem on account of its beauty or value, as a small picture, a verse of poetry, a witty or wise saying. Artificial gem, an imitation of a gem, made of glass colored with metallic oxide. Cf. Paste, and Strass.

Gem v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gemmed p. pr. & vb. n. Gemming] 1. To put forth in the form of buds. ´Gemmed their blossoms.´ [R.] Milton. 2. To adorn with gems or precious stones. 3. To embellish or adorn, as with gems; as a foliage gemmed with dewdrops. “England is … gemmed with castles and palaces.” W. Irving.

Ge•ma´ra , n. [Heb.] (Jewish Law) The second part of the Talmud, or the commentary on the Mishna (which forms the first part or text).

Ge•mar´ic , a. Pertaining to the Gemara.

Ge•ma´rist , n. One versed in the Gemara, or adhering to its teachings.

Gem´el , a. [OF. gemel twin, F. jumeau, L. gemellus twin, doubled, dim. of geminus. See Gemini, and cf. Gimmal.] (Her.) Coupled; paired. Bars gemel (Her.), two barrulets placed near and parallel to each other.

Gem´el , n. 1. One of the twins. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. (Heb.) One of the barrulets placed parallel and closed to each other. Cf. Bars gemel, under Gemel, a. “Two gemels silver between two griffins passant.” Strype. Gemel hinge (Locksmithing), a hinge consisting of an eye or loop and a hook. — Gemel ring, a ring with two or more links; a gimbal. See Gimbal. — Gemel window, a window with two bays.

Gem•el•lip´a-rous , a. [L. gemellipara, fem., gemellus twin + parere to bear, produce.] Producing twins. [R.] Bailey.

Gem´i•nal , a. [L. geminus twin.] A pair. [Obs.] Drayton.

Gem´i•nate , a. [L. geminatus, p. p. of genimare to double. See Gemini.] (Bot.) In pairs or twains; two together; binate; twin; as geminate flowers. Gray.

Gem´i•nate , v. t. To double. [R.] B. Jonson.

Gem•i•na´tion , n. [L. geminatio.] A doubling; duplication; repetition. [R.] Boyle.

Gem´i•ni , n. pl. [L., twins, pl. of geminus; cf. Skr. jmi related as brother or sister.] (Astron.) A constellation of the zodiac, containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux; also the third sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about May 20th.

Gem•i•ni•flo´rous , a. [L. geminus twin + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the flowers arranged in pairs.

Gem´i•nous , a. [L. geminus.] Double; in pairs. Sir T. Browne.

Gemi•ny , n. [See Gemini.] Twins; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] Shak.

Gem•i•to´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gemere, gemitum, to sign, moan.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the true pigeons.

Gem´ma , n.; pl. Gemmae (#). [L., a bud.] 1. (Bot.) A leaf bud, as distinguished from a flower bud. 2. (Biol.) A bud spore; one of the small spores or buds in the reproduction of certain Protozoa, which separate one at a time from the parent cell.

Gem•ma´ceous , a. Of or pertaining to gems or to gemmae; of the nature of, or resembling, gems or gemmae.

Gem´ma•ry , a. [L. gemmarius. See Gem.] Of or pertaining to gems.

Gem´ma•ry , n. A receptacle for jewels or gems; a jewel house; jewels or gems, collectively.

Gem´mate , a. [L. gemmatus, p. p. of gemmare to put forth buds, fr. gemma bud.] (Bot.) Having buds; reproducing by buds.

Gem´ma•ted , a. Having buds; adorned with gems or jewels.

Gem•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. gemmation.] 1. (Biol.) The formation of a new individual, either animal or vegetable, by a process of budding; an asexual method of reproduction; gemmulation; gemmiparity. See Budding. 2. (Bot.) The arrangement of buds on the stalk; also of leaves in the bud.

Gem´me•ous , a. [L. gemmeus. See Gem.] Pertaining to gems; of the nature of gems; resembling gems. Pennant.

Gem•mif´er•ous , a. [L. gemma bud + -ferous: cf. F. gemmifère.] Producing gems or buds; (Biol.) multiplying by buds.

Gem•mi•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. gemma bud + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] (Biol.) The production of a bud or gem.

Gem•mi•flo´rate , a. [L. gemma bud + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers like buds.

Gem´mi•ness , n. The state or quality of being gemmy; spruceness; smartness. { Gem•mip´a•ra Gem•mip´a•res } n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gemma bud + parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Animals which increase by budding, as hydroids.

Gem•mi•par´i•ty , n. (Biol.) Reproduction by budding; gemmation. See Budding.

Gem•mip´a•rous , a. [Cf. F. gemmipare.] (Biol.) Producing buds; reproducing by buds. See Gemmation, 1.

Gem•mos´i•ty , n. [L. gemmosus set with jewels. See Gem.] The quality or characteristics of a gem or jewel. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gem•mu•la´tion , n. [From L. gemmula, dim. of gemma bud.] (Biol.) See Gemmation.

Gem´mule , n. [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma: cf. F. gemmule. See Gem.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A little leaf bud, as the plumule between the cotyledons. (b) One of the buds of mosses. (c) One of the reproductive spores of algae. (d) An ovule. 2. (Biol.) (a) A bud produced in generation by gemmation. (b) One of the imaginary granules or atoms which, according to Darwin’s hypothesis of pangenesis, are continually being thrown off from every cell or unit, and circulate freely throughout the system, and when supplied with proper nutriment multiply by self-division and ultimately develop into cells like those from which they were derived. They are supposed to be transmitted from the parent to the offspring, but are often transmitted in a dormant state during many generations and are then developed. See Pangenesis.

Gem•mu•lif´er•ous , a. [Gemmule + -ferous.] Bearing or producing gemmules or buds.

Gem´my , a. [From Gem, n.] 1. Full of gems; bright; glittering like a gem. “The gemmy bridle glittered free.” Tennyson. 2. Spruce; smart. [Colloq. Eng.]

Ge•mote´ , n. [As. gemt an assembly. See Meet, v. t.] (AS. Hist.) A meeting; — used in combination, as Witenagemote, an assembly of the wise men.

Gems , n. [G.] (Zoöl.) The chamois.

Gems´bok , n. [D.; akin to G. gemsbock the male or buck of the chamois; gemse chamois, goat of the Alps + bock buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African antelope (Oryx Capensis), having long, sharp, nearly straight horns.

Gems´-horn , n. [G., prop., chamois horn.] (Mus.) An organ stop with conical tin pipes.

Ge•mul´ , n. (Zoöl.) A small South American deer (Furcifer Chilensis), with simple forked horns. [Written also guemul.]

-gen [(1) From Gr. -gen-, from the same root as ge•nos race, stock (see Genus). (2) From Gr. suffix -genh•s born. Cf. F. -gène.] 1. A suffix used in scientific words in the sense of producing, generating: as amphigen, amidogen, halogen. 2. A suffix meaning produced, generated; as exogen.

Ge´na , [L., the cheek.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird. (b) The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached.

Ge•nappe´ , n. [From Genappe, in Belgium.] A worsted yarn or cord of peculiar smoothness, used in the manufacture of braid, fringe, etc. Simmonds.

Gen•darme´ , n.; pl. Gendarmes (#), or Gens d’armes. [F.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of heavy cavalry. [Obs.] [France] 2. An armed policeman in France. Thackeray.

Gen•darm´er•y , n. [F. gendarmerie.] The body of gendarmes.

Gen´der (jen´der), n. [OF. genre, gendre (with excrescent d.), F. genre, fr. L. genus, generis, birth, descent, race, kind, gender, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born, akin to E. kin. See Kin, and cf. Generate, Genre, Gentle, Genus.] 1. Kind; sort. [Obs.] ´One gender of herbs.´ Shak. 2. Sex, male or female. [Obs. or Colloq.] 3. (Gram.) A classification of nouns, primarily according to sex; and secondarily according to some fancied or imputed quality associated with sex. “Gender is a grammatical distinction and applies to words only. Sex is natural distinction and applies to living objects.” R. Morris. Adjectives and pronouns are said to vary in gender when the form is varied according to the gender of the words to which they refer.

Gen´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gendered p. pr. & vb. n. Gendering.] [OF. gendrer, fr. L. generare. See Gender, n.] To beget; to engender.

Gen´der, v. i. To copulate; to breed. [R.] Shak.

Gen´der•less, a. Having no gender.

Gen•e•a•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. race + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Alternate generation. See under Generation.

Gen•e•a•log´ic , a. Genealogical.

Gen•e•a•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. genealogique.] Of or pertaining to genealogy; as a genealogical table; genealogical order. — Gen•e•a•log´ic•al•ly, adv. Genealogical tree, a family lineage or genealogy drawn out under the form of a tree and its branches.

Gen•e•al´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. genealogiste.] One who traces genealogies or the descent of persons or families.

Gen•e•al´o•gize , v. i. To investigate, or relate the history of, descents.

Gen•e•al´o•gy , n.; pl. Genealogies (#). [OE. genealogi, genelogie, OF. genelogie, F. genealogie, L. genealogia, fr. Gr. ; birth, race, descent (akin to L. genus) + discourse.] 1. An account or history of the descent of a person or family from an ancestor; enumeration of ancestors and their children in the natural order of succession; a pedigree. 2. Regular descent of a person or family from a progenitor; pedigree; lineage.

Gen´e•arch , n. [Gr. ; race + a leader.] The chief of a family or tribe.

Gen´e•ra , n. pl. See Genus.

Gen•er•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being generated. Johnstone.

Gen´er•a•ble , a. [L. generabilis.] Capable of being generated or produced. Bentley.

Gen´er•al , a. [F. general, fr. L. generalis. See Genus.] 1. Relating to a genus or kind; pertaining to a whole class or order; as a general law of animal or vegetable economy. 2. Comprehending many species or individuals; not special or particular; including all particulars; as a general inference or conclusion. 3. Not restrained or limited to a precise import; not specific; vague; indefinite; lax in signification; as a loose and general expression. 4. Common to many, or the greatest number; widely spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; as a general opinion; a general custom. “This general applause and cheerful shout
Argue your wisdom and your love to Richard.” Shak. 5. Having a relation to all; common to the whole; as Adam, our general sire. Milton. 6. As a whole; in gross; for the most part. “His general behavior vain, ridiculous.” Shak. 7. Usual; common, on most occasions; as his general habit or method. The word general, annexed to a name of office, usually denotes chief or superior; as attorney- general; adjutant general; commissary general; quartermaster general; vicar-general, etc. General agent (Law), an agent whom a principal employs to transact all his business of a particular kind, or to act in his affairs generally. — General assembly. See the Note under Assembly. — General average, General Court. See under Average, Court. — General court-martial (Mil.), the highest military and naval judicial tribunal. — General dealer (Com.), a shopkeeper who deals in all articles in common use. — General demurrer (Law), a demurrer which objects to a pleading in general terms, as insufficient, without specifying the defects. Abbott. — General epistle, a canonical epistle. — General guides (Mil.), two sergeants (called the right, and the left, general guide) posted opposite the right and left flanks of an infantry battalion, to preserve accuracy in marching. Farrow. — General hospitals (Mil.), hospitals established to receive sick and wounded sent from the field hospitals. Farrow. General issue (Law), an issue made by a general plea, which traverses the whole declaration or indictment at once, without offering any special matter to evade it. Bouvier. Burrill. — General lien (Law), a right to detain a chattel, etc., until payment is made of any balance due on a general account. — General officer (Mil.), any officer having a rank above that of colonel. — General orders (Mil.), orders from headquarters published to the whole command. — General practitioner, in the United States, one who practices medicine in all its branches without confining himself to any specialty; in England, one who practices both as physician and as surgeon. — General ship, a ship not chartered or let to particular parties. — General term (Logic), a term which is the sign of a general conception or notion. — General verdict (Law), the ordinary comprehensive verdict in civil actions, ´for the plaintiff´ or ´for the defendant´. Burrill. — General warrant (Law), a warrant, now illegal, to apprehend suspected persons, without naming individuals. Syn. General, Common, Universal. Common denotes primarily that in which many share; and hence, that which is often met with. General is stronger, denoting that which pertains to a majority of the individuals which compose a genus, or whole. Universal, that which pertains to all without exception. To be able to read and write is so common an attainment in the United States, that we may pronounce it general, though by no means universal.

Gen´er•al , n. [F. general. See General., a.] 1. The whole; the total; that which comprehends or relates to all, or the chief part; — opposed to particular. “In particulars our knowledge begins, and so spreads itself by degrees to generals.” Locke. 2. (Mil.) One of the chief military officers of a government or country; the commander of an army, of a body of men not less than a brigade. In European armies, the highest military rank next below field marshal. In the United States the office of General of the Army has been created by temporary laws, and has been held only by Generals U. S. Grant, W. T. Sherman, and P. H. Sheridan. Popularly, the title General is given to various general officers, as General, Lieutenant general, Major general, Brigadier general, Commissary general, etc. See Brigadier general, Lieutenant general, Major general, in the Vocabulary. 3. (Mil.) The roll of the drum which calls the troops together; as to beat the general. 4. (Eccl.) The chief of an order of monks, or of all the houses or congregations under the same rule. 5. The public; the people; the vulgar. [Obs.] Shak. In general, in the main; for the most part.

Gen•e•ra´li•a , n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. generalis.] Generalities; general terms. J. S. Mill.

Gen•er•al•is´si•mo , n. [It., superl. of generale general. See General, a.] The chief commander of an army; especially, the commander in chief of an army consisting of two or more grand divisions under separate commanders; — a title used in most foreign countries.

Gen•er•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Generalities (#). [L. generalitas: cf. F. generalite. Cf. Generalty.] 1. The state of being general; the quality of including species or particulars. Hooker. 2. That which is general; that which lacks specificalness, practicalness, or application; a general or vague statement or phrase. “Let us descend from generalities to particulars.” Landor. “The glittering and sounding generalities of natural right which make up the Declaration of Independence.” R. Choate. 3. The main body; the bulk; the greatest part; as the generality of a nation, or of mankind.

Gen´er•al•i•za•ble , a. Capable of being generalized, or reduced to a general form of statement, or brought under a general rule. “Extreme cases are … not generalizable.” Coleridge

Gen•er•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. generalisation.] 1. The act or process of generalizing; the act of bringing individuals or particulars under a genus or class; deduction of a general principle from particulars. “Generalization is only the apprehension of the one in the many.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A general inference.

Gen´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generalized p. pr. & vb. n. Generalizing ] [Cf. F. generaliser.] 1. To bring under a genus or under genera; to view in relation to a genus or to genera. “Copernicus generalized the celestial motions by merely referring them to the moon’s motion. Newton generalized them still more by referring this last to the motion of a stone through the air.” W. Nicholson. 2. To apply to other genera or classes; to use with a more extensive application; to extend so as to include all special cases; to make universal in application, as a formula or rule. “When a fact is generalized, our discontent is quited, and we consider the generality itself as tantamount to an explanation.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To derive or deduce (a general conception, or a general principle) from particulars. “A mere conclusion generalized from a great multitude of facts.” Coleridge.

Gen´er•al•ize, v. i. To form into a genus; to view objects in their relations to a genus or class; to take general or comprehensive views.

Gen´er•al•ized , a. (Zoöl.) Comprising structural characters which are separated in more specialized forms; synthetic; as a generalized type.

Gen´er•al•i•zer , n. One who takes general or comprehensive views. Tyndall.

Gen´er•al•ly, adv. 1. In general; commonly; extensively, though not universally; most frequently. 2. In a general way, or in general relation; in the main; upon the whole; comprehensively. “Generally speaking, they live very quietly.” Addison. 3. Collectively; as a whole; without omissions. [Obs.] “I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee.” 2 Sam. xvii. ll.

Gen´er•al•ness, n. The condition or quality of being general; frequency; commonness. Sir P. Sidney.

Gen´er•al•ship, n. 1. The office of a general; the exercise of the functions of a general; — sometimes, with the possessive pronoun, the personality of a general. “Your generalship puts me in mind of Prince Eugene.” Goldsmith. 2. Military skill in a general officer or commander. 3. Fig.: Leadership; management. “An artful stroke of generalship in Trim to raise a dust.” Sterne.

Gen´er•al•ty , n. Generality. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Gen´er•ant , a. [L. generans, p. pr. of generare.] Generative; producing; esp. (Geom.), acting as a generant.

Gen´er•ant, n. 1. That which generates. Glanvill. 2. (Geom.) A generatrix.

Gen´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generated p. pr. & vb. n. Generating.] [L. generatus, p. p. of generare to generate, fr. genus. See Genus, Gender.] 1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; to produce (a being similar to the parent); to engender; as every animal generates its own species. 2. To cause to be; to bring into life. Milton. 3. To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process; to produce; to cause. “Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle must likewise generate milk.” Arbuthnot. 4. (Math.) To trace out, as a line, figure, or solid, by the motion of a point or a magnitude of inferior order.

Gen•er•a´tion , n. [OE. generacioun, F. generation, fr.L. generatio.] 1. The act of generating or begetting; procreation, as of animals. 2. Origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; formation; as the generation of sounds, of gases, of curves, etc. 3. That which is generated or brought forth; progeny; offspiring. 4. A single step or stage in the succession of natural descent; a rank or remove in genealogy. Hence: The body of those who are of the same genealogical rank or remove from an ancestor; the mass of beings living at one period; also the average lifetime of man, or the ordinary period of time at which one rank follows another, or father is succeeded by child, usually assumed to be one third of a century; an age. “This is the book of the generations of Adam.” Gen. v. 1. “Ye shall remain there [in Babylon] many years, and for a long season, namely, seven generations.” Baruch vi. 3. “All generations and ages of the Christian church.” Hooker. 5. Race; kind; family; breed; stock. “Thy mother’s of my generation; what’s she, if I be a dog?” Shak. 6. (Geom.) The formation or production of any geometrical magnitude, as a line, a surface, a solid, by the motion, in accordance with a mathematical law, of a point or a magnitude; as the generation of a line or curve by the motion of a point, of a surface by a line, a sphere by a semicircle, etc. 7. (Biol.) The aggregate of the functions and phenomene which attend reproduction. There are four modes of generation in the animal kingdom: scissiparity or by fissiparous generation, gemmiparity or by budding, germiparity or by germs, and oviparity or by ova. Alternate generation (Biol.), alternation of sexual with asexual generation, in which the products of one process differ from those of the other, — a form of reproduction common both to animal and vegetable organisms. In the simplest form, the organism arising from sexual generation produces offspiring unlike itself, agamogenetically. These, however, in time acquire reproductive organs, and from their impregnated germs the original parent form is reproduced. In more complicated cases, the first series of organisms produced agamogenetically may give rise to others by a like process, and these in turn to still other generations. Ultimately, however, a generation is formed which develops sexual organs, and the original form is reproduced. — Spontaneous generation (Biol.), the fancied production of living organisms without previously existing parents from inorganic matter, or from decomposing organic matter, a notion which at one time had many supporters; abiogenesis.

Gen´er•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. generatif.] Having the power of generating, propagating, originating, or producing. ´That generative particle.´ Bentley.

Gen´er•a•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces. 2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort, or vessel for generating carbonic acid gas etc. 3. (Mus.) The principal sound or sounds by which others are produced; the fundamental note or root of the common chord — called also generating tone.

Gen•er•a´trix , n.; pl. L. Generatrices (#), E. Generatrixes (#). [L.] (Geom.) That which generates; the point, or the mathematical magnitude, which, by its motion, generates another magnitude, as a line, surface, or solid; — called also describent. { Ge•ner´ic , Ge•ner´ic•al } a. [L. genus, generis, race, kind: cf. F. generique. See Gender.] 1. (Biol.) Pertaining to a genus or kind; relating to a genus, as distinct from a species, or from another genus; as a generic description; a generic difference; a generic name. 2. Very comprehensive; pertaining or appropriate to large classes or their characteristics; — opposed to specific.

Ge•ner´ic•al•ly, adv. With regard to a genus, or an extensive class; as an animal generically distinct from another, or two animals or plants generically allied.

Ge•ner´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being generic.

Ge•ner•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. genus kind, class + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of generalizing. “Out of this the universal is elaborated by generification.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Gen•er•os´i•ty , n. [L. generositas: cf. F. generosite.] 1. Noble birth. [Obs.] Harris (Voyages). 2. The quality of being noble; noble- mindedness. “Generosity is in nothing more seen than in a candid estimation of other men’s virtues and good qualities.” Barrow. 3. Liberality in giving; munificence. Syn. — Magnanimity; liberality.

Gen´er•ous , a. [F. genereux, fr. L. generous of noble birth, noble, excellent, magnanimous, fr. genus birth, race: cf. It. generoso. See 2d Gender.] 1. Of honorable birth or origin; highborn. [Obs.] “The generous and gravest citizens.” Shak. 2. Exhibiting those qualities which are popularly reregarded as belonging to high birth; noble; honorable; magnanimous; spirited; courageous. ´The generous critic.´ Pope. ´His generous spouse.´ Pope. ´A generous pack [of hounds].´ Addison. 3. Open-handed; free to give; not close or niggardly; munificent; as a generous friend or father. 4. Characterized by generosity; abundant; overflowing; as a generous table. Swift. 5. Full of spirit or strength; stimulating; exalting; as generous wine. Syn. — Magnanimous; bountiful. See Liberal. — Gen´er•ous•ly, adv. — Gen´er•ous•ness, n.

Gen•e•see´ ep´och (Geol.) The closing subdivision of the Hamilton period in the American Devonian system; - - so called because the formations of this period crop out in Genesee, New York.

Ge•ne´sial , a. Of or relating to generation.

Ge•ne•si•ol´gy , n. [Gr. birth + -logy.] The doctrine or science of generation.

Gen´e•sis , n. [L., from Gr. ge•nesis, fr. the root of gi•gnesqai to beget, be born; akin to L. genus birth, race. See Gender.] 1. The act of producing, or giving birth or origin to anything; the process or mode of originating; production; formation; origination. “The origin and genesis of poor Sterling’s club.” Carlyle. 2. The first book of the Old Testament; — so called by the Greek translators, from its containing the history of the creation of the world and of the human race. 3. (Geom.) Same as Generation.

Gen´et (jen´et or je•net´) Ge•nette´ (je•net´), n. [F. genette Sp. gineta fr. Ar. jarneit.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of several species of small Carnivora of the genus Genetta allied to the civets but having the scent glands less developed and without a pouch. The common genet (Genetta vulgaris) of Southern Europe Asia Minor and North Africa is dark gray spotted with black. The long tail is banded with black and white. The Cape genet (G. felina) and the berbe (G. pardina) are related African species. 2. The fur of the common genet (Genetta vulgaris) also any skin dressed in imitation of this fur.

Gen´et , n. [See Jennet.] A small-sized, well-proportioned, Spanish horse; a jennet. Shak.

Ge•neth´li•ac , a. [L. genethliacus, Gr. , fr. belonging to one’s birth, gene•qlh birth, fr. gi•gnesqai to be born.] Pertaining to nativities; calculated by astrologers; showing position of stars at one’s birth. Howell.

Ge•neth´li•ac, n. 1. A birthday poem. 2. One skilled in genethliacs.

Gen•eth•li´a•cal , a. Genethliac.

Ge•neth´li•acs , n. The science of calculating nativities, or predicting the future events of life from the stars which preside at birth. Johnson.

Ge•neth•li•al´o•gy , n. [Gr. geneqlhalogi•a astrology; gene•qlh birth + lo•gos discourse.] Divination as to the destinies of one newly born; the act or art of casting nativities; astrology.

Ge•neth•li•at´ic , n. One who calculates nativities. Sir W. Drummond.

Ge•net´ic (je•net´ik), a. Same as Genetical.

Ge•net´ic•al (-i•kal), a. [See Genesis.] Pertaining to, concerned with, or determined by, the genesis of anything, or its natural mode of production or development. “This historical, genetical method of viewing prior systems of philosophy.” Hare.

Ge•net´ic•al•ly, adv. In a genetical manner.

Ge•ne´va , n. The chief city of Switzerland. Geneva Bible, a translation of the Bible into English, made and published by English refugees in Geneva (Geneva, 1560; London, 1576). It was the first English Bible printed in Roman type instead of the ancient black letter, the first which recognized the division into verses, and the first which omitted the Apocrypha. In form it was a small quarto, and soon superseded the large folio of Cranmer’s translation. Called also Genevan Bible. — Geneva convention (Mil.), an agreement made by representatives of the great continental powers at Geneva and signed in 1864, establishing new and more humane regulation regarding the treatment of the sick and wounded and the status of those who minister to them in war. Ambulances and military hospitals are made neutral, and this condition affects physicians, chaplains, nurses, and the ambulance corps. Great Britain signed the convention in 1865. — Geneva cross (Mil.), a red Greek cross on a white ground; — the flag and badge adopted in the Geneva convention.

Ge•ne´va , n. [F. genièvre juniper, juniper berry, gin, OF. geneivre juniper, fr. L. juniperus the juniper tree: cf. D. jenever, fr. F. genièvre. See Juniper, and cf. Gin a liquor.] A strongly alcoholic liquor, flavored with juniper berries; — made in Holland; Holland gin; Hollands.

Ge•ne´van , a. Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevese.

Ge•ne´van, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Geneva. 2. A supported of Genevanism.

Ge•ne´van•ism , n. [From Geneva, where Calvin resided.] Strict Calvinism. Bp. Montagu.

Gen•e•vese´ , a. [Cf. L. Genevensis, F. genevois.] Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevan. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Geneva; collectively, the inhabitants of Geneva; people of Geneva.

Ge•ni´al , a. (Anat.) Same as Genian.

Gen´ial , a. [L. genialis: cf. OF. genial. See Genius.] 1. Contributing to, or concerned in, propagation or production; generative; procreative; productive. ´The genial bed.´ Milton. “Creator Venus, genial power of love.” Dryden. 2. Contributing to, and sympathizing with, the enjoyment of life; sympathetically cheerful and cheering; jovial and inspiring joy or happiness; exciting pleasure and sympathy; enlivening; kindly; as she was of a cheerful and genial disposition. “So much I feel my genial spirits droop.” Milton. 3. Belonging to one’s genius or natural character; native; natural; inborn. [Obs.] “Natural incapacity and genial indisposition.” Sir T. Browne. 4. Denoting or marked with genius; belonging to the higher nature. [R.] “Men of genius have often attached the highest value to their less genial works.” Hare. Genial gods (Pagan Mythol.), the powers supposed to preside over marriage and generation.

Ge•ni•al´i•ty , n. [L. genialitas.] The quality of being genial; sympathetic cheerfulness; warmth of disposition and manners.

Gen´ial•ly , adv. 1. By genius or nature; naturally. [Obs.] “Some men are genially disposed to some opinions.” Glanvill. 2. Gayly; cheerfully. Johnson.

Gen´ial•ness, n. The quality of being genial.

Ge•ni´an , a. [Gr. chin; akin to under jaw. Cf. Chin.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin; mental; as the genian prominence.

Ge•nic´u•late , a. [L. geniculatus, fr. geniculum little knee, knot or joint, dim. of genu knee. See Knee.] Bent abruptly at an angle, like the knee when bent; as a geniculate stem; a geniculate ganglion; a geniculate twin crystal.

Ge•nic´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geniculated p. pr. & vb. n. Geniculating.] To form joints or knots on. [R.] Cockeram.

Ge•nic´u•la•ted , a. Same as Geniculate.

Ge•nic•u•la´tion , n. [L. geniculatio a kneeling.] 1. The act of kneeling. [R.] Bp. Hall. 2. The state of being bent abruptly at an angle.

Ge•nie , n. [F.] See Genius.

Ge´ni•o , n. [It. See Genius.] A man of a particular turn of mind. [R.] Tatler.

Ge•ni•o•hy´oid , a. [Gr. the chin + E. hyoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin and hyoid bone; as the geniohyoid muscle.

Gen´i•pap , n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a West Indian tree (Genipa Americana) of the order Rubiaceae. It is oval in shape, as a large as a small orange, of a pale greenish color, and with dark purple juice.

Ge•nis´ta , n. [L., broom.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the common broom of Western Europe.

Gen´i•tal , a. [L. genitalis, fr. genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. genital. See Gender.] Pertaining to generation, or to the generative organs. Genital cord (Anat.), a cord developed in the fetus by the union of portions of the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts and giving rise to parts of the urogenital passages in both sexes.

Gen´i•tals , n. pl. [From Genital, a.: cf. L. genitalia.] The organs of generation; the sexual organs; the private parts.

Gen´i•ting , n. [See Jenneting.] A species of apple that ripens very early. Bacon.

Gen•i•ti´val , a. Possessing genitive from; pertaining to, or derived from, the genitive case; as a genitival adverb. — Gen•i•ti´val•ly, adv.

Gen´i•tive , a. [L. genitivus, fr. gignere, genitum, to beget: cf. F. genitif. See Gender.] (Gram.) Of or pertaining to that case (as the second case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses source or possession. It corresponds to the possessive case in English.

Gen´i•tive, n. (Gram.) The genitive case. Genitive absolute, a construction in Greek similar to the ablative absolute in Latin. See Ablative absolute.

Gen•i•to•cru´ral , a. [Genital + crural.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the genital organs and the thigh; — applied especially to one of the lumbar nerves.

Gen´i•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who begets; a generator; an originator. Sheldon. 2. pl. The genitals. [Obs.] Holland.

Gen•i•to•u´ri•na•ry , a. [Genital + urinary.] (Anat.) See Urogenital.

Gen´i•ture , n. [L. genitura: cf. F. geniture.] Generation; procreation; birth. Dryden.

Gen´ius , n.; pl. E. Geniuses (#); in sense 1, L. Genii (#). [L. genius, prop., the superior or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spirit, the tutelar deity or genius of a person or place, taste, talent, genius, from genere, gignere, to beget, bring forth. See Gender, and cf. Engine.] 1. A good or evil spirit, or demon, supposed by the ancients to preside over a man’s destiny in life; a tutelary deity; a supernatural being; a spirit, good or bad. Cf. Jinnee. “The unseen genius of the wood.” Milton. “We talk of genius still, but with thought how changed! The genius of Augustus was a tutelary demon, to be sworn by and to receive offerings on an altar as a deity.” Tylor. 2. The peculiar structure of mind with which each individual is endowed by nature; that disposition or aptitude of mind which is peculiar to each man, and which qualifies him for certain kinds of action or special success in any pursuit; special taste, inclination, or disposition; as a genius for history, for poetry, or painting. 3. Peculiar character; animating spirit, as of a nation, a religion, a language. 4. Distinguished mental superiority; uncommon intellectual power; especially, superior power of invention or origination of any kind, or of forming new combinations; as a man of genius. “Genius of the highest kind implies an unusual intensity of the modifying power.” Coleridge. 5. A man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind; a man of superior intellectual faculties; as Shakespeare was a rare genius. Syn. — Genius, Talent. Genius implies high and peculiar gifts of nature, impelling the mind to certain favorite kinds of mental effort, and producing new combinations of ideas imagery, etc. Talent supposes general strength of intellect, with a peculiar aptitude for being molded and directed to specific employments and valuable ends and purposes. Genius is connected more or less with the exercise of imagination, and reaches its ends by a kind of intuitive power. Talent depends more on high mental training, and a perfect command of all the faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, etc. Hence we speak of a genius for poetry, painting. etc., and a talent for business or diplomacy. Among English orators, Lord Chatham was distinguished for his genius; William Pitt for his preëminent talents, and especially his unrivaled talent for debate. Genius loci [L.], the genius or presiding divinity of a place; hence, the pervading spirit of a place or institution, as of a college, etc.

Gen•o•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Genoa, a city of Italy. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Genoa; collectively, the people of Genoa.

Ge•nouil•lère´ , n. [F.] 1. (Anc. Armor) A metal plate covering the knee. 2. (Fort.) That part of a parapet which lies between the gun platform and the bottom of an embrasure.

-ge•nous. [-gen + -ous.] A suffix signifying producing, yielding; as alkaligenous; endogenous.

Genre (zhäN´r’), n. [F. See Gender.] (Fine Arts) A style of painting, sculpture, or other imitative art, which illustrates everyday life and manners.

Gens (jenz), n.; pl. Gentes (jen´tez). [L. See Gentle, a.] (Rom. Hist.) 1. A clan or family connection, embracing several families of the same stock, who had a common name and certain common religious rites; a subdivision of the Roman curia or tribe. 2. (Ethnol.) A minor subdivision of a tribe, among American aborigines. It includes those who have a common descent, and bear the same totem.

Gent , a. [OF. gent, fr. L. genitus born, or (less prob.) fr. gentilis. See Genteel.] 1. Gentle; noble; of gentle birth. [Obs.] “All of a knight [who] was fair and gent.” Chaucer. 2. Neat; pretty; fine; elegant. [Obs.] Spenser. “Her body gent and small.” Chaucer.

Gen•teel´ , a. [F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful. See Gentle.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting the qualities popularly regarded as belonging to high birth and breeding; free from vulgarity, or lowness of taste or behavior; adapted to a refined or cultivated taste; polite; well-bred; as genteel company, manners, address. 2. Graceful in mien or form; elegant in appearance, dress, or manner; as the lady has a genteel person. Law. 3. Suited to the position of lady or a gentleman; as to live in a genteel allowance. Syn. — Polite; well-bred; refined; polished.

Gen•teel´ish, a. Somewhat genteel.

Gen•teel´ly, adv. In a genteel manner.

Gen•teel´ness, n. The quality of being genteel.

Gen´ter•ie , Gen´trie , n. [OE. See Gentry.] Nobility of birth or of character; gentility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen´tian (jen´shan or - shi•an), n. [OE. genciane, F. gentiane, L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, an Illyrian king, said to have discovered its properties.] (Bot.) Any one of a genus (Gentiana) of herbaceous plants with opposite leaves and a tubular four- or five-lobed corolla, usually blue, but sometimes white, yellow, or red. See Illust. of Capsule. Many species are found on the highest mountains of Europe, Asia, and America, and some are prized for their beauty, as the Alpine (Gentiana verna, Bavarica, and excisa), and the American fringed gentians (G. crinita and G. detonsa). Several are used as tonics, especially the bitter roots of Gentiana lutea, the officinal gentian of the pharmacopœias. Horse gentian, fever root. — Yellow gentian (Bot.), the officinal gentian (Gentiana lutea). See Bitterwort.

Gen•tian•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Gentianaceae) of which the gentian is the type.

Gen•tian•el´la , n. [See Gentian.] A kind of blue color. Johnson.

Gen•ti•an´ic , a. Pertaining to or derived from the gentian; as gentianic acid.

Gen´tian•ine , n. (Chem.) A bitter, crystallizable substance obtained from gentian.

Gen´tian•ose , n. (Chem.) A crystallizable, sugarlike substance, with a slightly sweetish taste, obtained from the gentian.

Gen´til , a. & n. Gentle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen´tile (jen´til), n. [L. gentilis belonging to the same clan, stock, race, people, or nation; in opposition to Roman, a foreigner; in opposition to Jew or Christian, a heathen: cf. F. gentil. See Gentle, a.] One of a non-Jewish nation; one neither a Jew nor a Christian; a worshiper of false gods; a heathen. The Hebrews included in the term goyim, or nations, all the tribes of men who had not received the true faith, and were not circumcised. The Christians translated goyim by the L. gentes, and imitated the Jews in giving the name gentiles to all nations who were neither Jews nor Christians. In civil affairs, the denomination was given to all nations who were not Romans. Syn. — Pagan; heathen. See Pagan.

Gen´tile, a. 1. Belonging to the nations at large, as distinguished from the Jews; ethnic; of pagan or heathen people. 2. (Gram.) Denoting a race or country; as a gentile noun or adjective.

Gen´tile-fal•con , n. (Zoöl.) See Falcon-gentil.

Gen•ti•lesse´ , n. [OF. gentilesse, gentelise, F. gentillesse. See Gentle. a.] Gentleness; courtesy; kindness; nobility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen´til•ish , a. Heathenish; pagan.

Gen´til•ism , n. [Cf. F. gentilisme.] 1. Hethenism; paganism; the worship of false gods. 2. Tribal feeling; devotion to one’s gens. { Gen•ti•li´tial , Gen•ti•li´tious } a. [L. gentilitius. See Gentile.] [Obs.] 1. Peculiar to a people; national. Sir T. Browne. 2. Hereditary; entailed on a family. Arbuthnot.

Gen•til´i•ty , n. [L. gentilitas the relationship of those who belong to the same clan, also heathenism: cf. F. gentilite heathenism. See Gentile.] 1. Good extraction; dignity of birth. Macaulay. “He … mines my gentility with my education.” Shak. 2. The quality or qualities appropriate to those who are well born, as self-respect, dignity, courage, courtesy, politeness of manner, a graceful and easy mien and behavior, etc.; good breeding. 3. The class in society who are, or are expected to be, genteel; the gentry. [R.] Sir J. Davies. 4. Paganism; heathenism. [Obs.] Hooker.

Gen´til•ize , v. i. [See Gentile.] 1. To live like a gentile or heathen. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To act the gentleman; — with it (see It, 5). [Obs.]

Gen´til•ize, v. i. To render gentile or gentlemanly; as to gentilize your unworthy sones. [R.] Sylvester.

Gen´til•ly , adv. [From Gentil, a.] In a gentle or hoble manner; frankly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gen•ti•o•pi´krin , n. [Gentian + Gr. bitter.] (Chem.) A bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and obtained from the gentian.

Gen´ti•sin , n. (Chem.) A tasteless, yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from the gentian; — called also gentianin.

Gen´tle , a. [Compar. Gentler superl. Gentlest ] [OE. gentil, F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful, fr. L. gentilis of the same clan or race, fr. gens, gentis, tribe, clan, race, orig. that which belongs together by birth, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget; hence gentle, properly, of birth or family, that is, of good or noble birth. See Gender, and cf. Genteel, Gentil, Gentile, Gentoo, Jaunty.] 1. Well-born; of a good family or respectable birth, though not noble. “British society is divided into nobility, gentry, and yeomanry, and families are either noble, gentle, or simple.” Johnson’s Cyc. “The studies wherein our noble and gentle youth ought to bestow their time.” Milton. 2. Quiet and refined in manners; not rough, harsh, or stern; mild; meek; bland; amiable; tender; as a gentle nature, temper, or disposition; a gentle manner; a gentle address; a gentle voice. 3. A compellative of respect, consideration, or conciliation; as gentle reader. ´Gentle sirs.´ ´Gentle Jew.´ ´Gentle servant.´ Shak. 4. Not wild, turbulent, or refractory; quiet and docile; tame; peaceable; as a gentle horse. 5. Soft; not violent or rough; not strong, loud, or disturbing; easy; soothing; pacific; as a gentle touch; a gentle gallop . ´Gentle music.´ Sir J. Davies. “O sleep! it is a gentle thing.” Coleridge. The gentle craft, the art or trade of shoemaking. Syn. — Mild; meek; placid; dovelike; quiet; peaceful; pacific; bland; soft; tame; tractable; docile. — Gentle, Tame, Mild, Meek. Gentle describes the natural disposition; tame, that which is subdued by training; mild implies a temper which is, by nature, not easily provoked; meek, a spirit which has been schooled to mildness by discipline or suffering. The lamb is gentle; the domestic fowl is tame; John, the Apostle, was mild; Moses was meek.

Gen´tle, n. 1. One well born; a gentleman. [Obs.] “Gentles, methinks you frown.” Shak. 2. A trained falcon. See Falcon- gentil. 3. (Zoöl.) A dipterous larva used as fish bait.

Gent´le, v. t. 1. To make genteel; to raise from the vulgar; to ennoble. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make smooth, cozy, or agreeable. [R. or Poet.] “To gentle life’s descent,
We shut our eyes, and think it is a plain.” Young. 3. To make kind and docile, as a horse. [Colloq.]

Gen´tle•folk• , Gen´tle•folks , n. pl. Persons of gentle or good family and breeding. [Generally in the United States in the plural form.] Shak.

Gen´tle-heart•ed , a. Having a kind or gentle disposition. Shak. — Gen´tle- heart•ed•ness, n.

Gen´tle•man , n.; pl. Gentlemen (#). [OE. gentilman nobleman; gentil noble + man man; cf. F. gentilhomme.] 1. A man well born; one of good family; one above the condition of a yeoman. 2. One of gentle or refined manners; a well- bred man. 3. (Her.) One who bears arms, but has no title. 4. The servant of a man of rank. “The count’s gentleman, one Cesario.” Shak. 5. A man, irrespective of condition; — used esp. in the plural (= citizens; people), in addressing men in popular assemblies, etc. In Great Britain, the term gentleman is applied in a limited sense to those having coats of arms, but who are without a title, and, in this sense, gentlemen hold a middle rank between the nobility and yeomanry. In a more extended sense, it includes every man above the rank of yeoman, comprehending the nobility. In the United States, the term is applied to men of education and good breeding of every occupation. Gentleman commoner, one of the highest class of commoners at the University of Oxford. — Gentleman usher, one who ushers visitors into the presence of a sovereign, etc. — Gentleman usher of the black rod, an usher belonging to the Order of the Garter, whose chief duty is to serve as official messenger of the House of Lords. — Gentlemen-at-arms, a band of forty gentlemen who attend the sovereign on state occasions; formerly called gentlemen pensioners. [Eng.]

Gen´tle•man•hood , n. The qualities or condition of a gentleman. [R.] Thackeray. { Gen´tle•man•like• , Gen´tle•man•ly } a. Of, pertaining to, resembling, or becoming, a gentleman; well-behaved; courteous; polite.

Gen´tle•man•li•ness , n. The state of being gentlemanly; gentlemanly conduct or manners.

Gen´tle•man•ship, n. The carriage or quality of a gentleman.

Gen´tle•ness, n. The quality or state of being gentle, well-born, mild, benevolent, docile, etc.; gentility; softness of manners, disposition, etc.; mildness.

Gen´tle•ship, n. The deportment or conduct of a gentleman. [Obs.] Ascham.

Gent´lesse , n. Gentilesse; gentleness. [Obs.]

Gen´tle•wom•an , n.; pl. Gentlewomen . 1. A woman of good family or of good breeding; a woman above the vulgar. Bacon. 2. A woman who attends a lady of high rank. Shak.

Gen´tly , adv. In a gentle manner. “My mistress gently chides the fault I made.” Dryden.

Gen•too´ , n.; pl. Gentoos (#). [Pg. gentio gentile, heathen. See Gentile.] A native of Hindostan; a Hindoo. [Archaic]

Gen´try , n. [OE. genterie, gentrie, noble birth, nobility, cf. gentrise, and OF. gentelise, genterise, E. gentilesse, also OE. genteleri high-mindedness. See Gent, a., Gentle, a.] 1. Birth; condition; rank by birth. [Obs.] ´Pride of gentrie.´ Chaucer. “She conquers him by high almighty Jove,
By knighthood, gentry, and sweet friendship’s oath.” Shak. 2. People of education and good breeding; in England, in a restricted sense, those between the nobility and the yeomanry. Macaulay. 3. Courtesy; civility; complaisance. [Obs.] “To show us so much gentry and good will.” Shak.

Gen´ty , a. [From F. gentil. Cf. Jaunty.] Neat; trim. [Scot.] Burns.

Ge´nu , n.; pl. Genua (#). [L., the knee.] (Anat.) (a) The knee. (b) The kneelike bend, in the anterior part of the callosum of the brain.

Gen•u•flect´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Genuflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Genuflecting.] [See Genuflection.] To bend the knee, as in worship.

Gen•u•flec´tion , n. [F. genuflexion, fr. LL. genuflexio, fr. L. genu knee + flexio a bending, fr. flectere, flexum, to bend. See Knee, Flexible.] The act of bending the knee, particularly in worship. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Gen´u•ine , a. [L. genuinus, fr. genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born: cf. F. genuine. See Gender.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, the original stock; native; hence, not counterfeit, spurious, false, or adulterated; authentic; real; natural; true; pure; as a genuine text; a genuine production; genuine materials. ´True, genuine night.´ Dryden. Syn. — Authentic; real; true; pure; unalloyed; unadulterated. See Authentic. — Gen´u•ine•ly, adv. — Gen´u•ine•ness, n. “The evidence, both internal and external, against the genuineness of these letters, is overwhelming.” Macaulay.

Ge´nus (je´nus), n.; pl. Genera (#). [L., birth, race, kind, sort; akin to Gr. . See Gender, and cf. Benign.] 1. (Logic) A class of objects divided into several subordinate species; a class more extensive than a species; a precisely defined and exactly divided class; one of the five predicable conceptions, or sorts of terms. 2. (Biol.) An assemblage of species, having so many fundamental points of structure in common, that in the judgment of competent scientists, they may receive a common substantive name. A genus is not necessarily the lowest definable group of species, for it may often be divided into several subgenera. In proportion as its definition is exact, it is natural genus; if its definition can not be made clear, it is more or less an artificial genus. Thus in the animal kingdom the lion, leopard, tiger, cat, and panther are species of the Cat kind or genus, while in the vegetable kingdom all the species of oak form a single genus. Some genera are represented by a multitude of species, as Solanum (Nightshade) and Carex (Sedge), others by few, and some by only one known species. Subaltern genus (Logic), a genus which may be a species of a higher genus, as the genus denoted by quadruped, which is also a species of mammal. — Summum genus [L.] (Logic), the highest genus; a genus which can not be classed as a species, as being.

Ge´nys (je´nis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ge•nys the under jaw.] (Zoöl.) See Gonys. { Ge•o•cen´tric , Ge•o•cen´tric•al } a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + ke•ntron center: cf. F. geocentrique.] (Astron.) (a) Having reference to the earth as center; in relation to or seen from the earth, — usually opposed to heliocentric, as seen from the sun; as the geocentric longitude or latitude of a planet. (b) Having reference to the center of the earth. Geocentric latitude (of place) the angle included between the radius of the earth through the place and the plane of the equator, in distinction from geographic latitude. It is a little less than the geographic latitude.

Ge•o•cen´tric•al•ly, adv. In a geocentric manner.

Ge•oc´ro•nite , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + Kro•nos Saturn, the alchemistic name of lead: cf. G. geokronit.] (Min.) A lead-gray or grayish blue mineral with a metallic luster, consisting of sulphur, antimony, and lead, with a small proportion of arsenic.

Ge•o•cyc´lic , a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + ky•klos circle.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or illustrating, the revolutions of the earth; as a geocyclic machine. 2. Circling the earth periodically.

Ge´ode (je´od), n. [F. geode, L. geodes, fr. Gr. earthlike; ge•a, gh^, the earth + e’i^dos form.] (Min.) (a) A nodule of stone, containing a cavity, lined with crystals or mineral matter. (b) The cavity in such a nodule.

Ge•o•deph´a•gous (je•o•def´a•gus), a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + ’adhfa•gos eating one’s fill; gluttonous.] (Zoöl.) Living in the earth; — applied to the ground beetles. { Ge•o•des´ic (je•o•des´ik), Ge•o•des´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Cf. F. geodesique.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to geodesy; geodetic.

Ge•o•des´ic, n. A geodetic line or curve.

Ge•od´e•sist , n. One versed in geodesy.

Ge•od´e•sy , n. [Gr. ; ge•a, gh^, the earth + to divide: cf. F. geodesie.] (Math.) That branch of applied mathematics which determines, by means of observations and measurements, the figures and areas of large portions of the earth’s surface, or the general figure and dimenshions of the earth; or that branch of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account, as in the surveys of States, or of long lines of coast. { Ge•o•det´ic , Ge•o•det´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to geodesy; obtained or determined by the operations of geodesy; engaged in geodesy; geodesic; as geodetic surveying; geodetic observers. Geodetic line or curve, the shortest line that can be drawn between two points on the elipsoidal surface of the earth; a curve drawn on any given surface so that the osculating plane of the curve at every point shall contain the normal to the surface; the minimum line that can be drawn on any surface between any two points.

Ge•o•det´ic•al•ly, adv. In a geodetic manner; according to geodesy.

Ge•o•det´ics , n. Same as Geodesy.

Ge•o•dif´er•ous , a. [Geode + -ferous.] (Min.) Producing geodes; containing geodes.

Ge´o•duck , n. [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A gigantic clam (Glycimeris generosa) of the Pacific coast of North America, highly valued as an article of food.

Ge•og•no´sis , n. [See Geognosy.] Knowledge of the earth. [R.] G. Eliot.

Ge´og•nost , n. [Cf. F. geognoste.] One versed in geognosy; a geologist. [R.] { Ge•og•nos´tic , Ge•og•nos´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. geognostique.] Of or pertaining to geognosy, or to a knowledge of the structure of the earth; geological. [R.]

Ge•og´no•sy , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + gnw^sis knowing, knowledge, fr. gignw•skein to know: cf. F. geognosie.] That part of geology which treats of the materials of the earth’s structure, and its general exterior and interior constitution. { Ge•o•gon´ic , Ge•o•gon´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. geogonique.] Of or pertaining to geogony, or to the formation of the earth.

Ge•og´o•ny , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + generation, birth, fr. the root of to be born: cf. F. geogonie.] The branch of science which treats of the formation of the earth.

Ge•og´ra•pher , n. One versed in geography. { Ge•o•graph´ic , Ge•o•graph´ic•al } a. [L. geographicus, Gr. : cf. F. geographique.] Of or pertaining to geography. Geographical distribution. See under Distribution. — Geographic latitude (of a place), the angle included between a line perpendicular or normal to the level surface of water at rest at the place, and the plane of the equator; differing slightly from the geocentric latitude by reason of the difference between the earth’s figure and a true sphere. — Geographical mile. See under Mile. — Geographical variation, any variation of a species which is dependent on climate or other geographical conditions.

Ge•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In a geographical manner or method; according to geography.

Ge•og´ra•phy , n.; pl. Geographies (#). [F. geographie, l. geographia, fr. Gr. ; ge•a, gh^, the earth + description, fr. to write, describe. See Graphic.] 1. The science which treats of the world and its inhabitants; a description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure, features, products, political divisions, and the people by whom it is inhabited. 2. A treatise on this science. Astronomical, or Mathematical, geography treats of the earth as a planet, of its shape, its size, its lines of latitude and longitude, its zones, and the phenomena due to to the earth’s diurnal and annual motions. — Physical geography treats of the conformation of the earth’s surface, of the distribution of land and water, of minerals, plants, animals, etc., and applies the principles of physics to the explanation of the diversities of climate, productions, etc. — Political geography treats of the different countries into which earth is divided with regard to political and social and institutions and conditions.

Ge•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + worship.] The worship of the earth. G. W. Cox. The Geological Series. The science of geology, as treating of the history of the globe, involves a description of the different strata which compose its crust, their order of succession, characteristic forms of animal and vegetable life, etc. The principal subdivisions of geological time, and the most important strata, with their relative positions, are indicated in the following diagram. { Ge•ol´o•ger , Ge•o•lo´gi•an } n. A geologist. { Ge•o•log´ic , Ge•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. geologique.] Of or pertaining to geology, or the science of the earth.

Ge•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In a geological manner.

Ge•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. Geologiste.] One versed in the science of geology.

Ge•ol´o•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geologized p. pr. & vb. n. Geologizing ] To study geology or make geological investigations in the field; to discourse as a geologist. “During midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire.” Darwin.

Ge•ol´o•gy , n.; pl. Geologies (#). [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + -logy: cf. F. geologie.] 1. The science which treats: (a) Of the structure and mineral constitution of the globe; structural geology. (b) Of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys, mountains, climates, life, etc.; historical geology. (c) Of the causes and methods by which its structure, features, changes, and conditions have been produced; dynamical geology. See Chart of The Geological Series. 2. A treatise on the science.

Ge•om´a•lism , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + ´omalismo•s a leveling.] (Biol.) The tendency of an organism to respond, during its growth, to the force of gravitation.

Ge´o•man•cer , n. One who practices, or is versed in, geomancy.

Ge´o•man•cy , n. [OE. geomance, geomancie, F. geomance, geomancie, LL. geomantia, fr. Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + mantei•a divination.] A kind of divination by means of figures or lines, formed by little dots or points, originally on the earth, and latterly on paper. { Ge•o•man´tic , Ge•o•man´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. geomantique.] Pertaining or belonging to geomancy.

Ge•om´e•ter , n. [F. geomètre, L. geometres, geometra, fr. Gr. gewme•trhs, fr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + me•tron measure. See Meter measure.] 1. One skilled in geometry; a geometrician; a mathematician. I. Watts. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of geometrid moth; a geometrid.

Ge•om´e•tral , a. [Cf. F. geometral.] Pertaining to geometry. [Obs.] { Ge•o•met´ric , Ge•o•met´ric•al } a. [L. geometricus; Gr. : cf. F. geometrique.] Pertaining to, or according to the rules or principles of, geometry; determined by geometry; as a geometrical solution of a problem. Geometric is often used, as opposed to algebraic, to include processes or solutions in which the propositions or principles of geometry are made use of rather than those of algebra. Geometrical is often used in a limited or strictly technical sense, as opposed to mechanical; thus, a construction or solution is geometrical which can be made by ruler and compasses, i. e., by means of right lines and circles. Every construction or solution which requires any other curve, or such motion of a line or circle as would generate any other curve, is not geometrical, but mechanical. By another distinction, a geometrical solution is one obtained by the rules of geometry, or processes of analysis, and hence is exact; while a mechanical solution is one obtained by trial, by actual measurements, with instruments, etc., and is only approximate and empirical. Geometrical curve. Same as Algebraic curve; — so called because their different points may be constructed by the operations of elementary geometry. — Geometric lathe, an instrument for engraving bank notes, etc., with complicated patterns of interlacing lines; — called also cycloidal engine. — Geometrical pace, a measure of five feet. — Geometric pen, an instrument for drawing geometric curves, in which the movements of a pen or pencil attached to a revolving arm of adjustable length may be indefinitely varied by changing the toothed wheels which give motion to the arm. — Geometrical plane (Persp.), the same as Ground plane . — Geometrical progression, proportion, ratio. See under Progression, Proportion and Ratio. — Geometrical radius, in gearing, the radius of the pitch circle of a cogwheel. Knight. — Geometric spider (Zoöl.), one of many species of spiders, which spin a geometrical web. They mostly belong to Epeira and allied genera, as the garden spider. See Garden spider. — Geometric square, a portable instrument in the form of a square frame for ascertaining distances and heights by measuring angles. — Geometrical staircase, one in which the stairs are supported by the wall at one end only. — Geometrical tracery, in architecture and decoration, tracery arranged in geometrical figures.

Ge•o•met´ric•al•ly , adv. According to the rules or laws of geometry.

Ge•om•e•tri´cian , n. One skilled in geometry; a geometer; a mathematician.

Ge•om´e•trid , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining or belonging to the Geometridae.

Ge•om´e•trid, n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous genera and species of moths, of the family Geometridae; — so called because their larvae (called loopers, measuring worms, spanworms, and inchworms) creep in a looping manner, as if measuring. Many of the species are injurious to agriculture, as the cankerworms.

Ge•om´e•trize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geometrized p. pr. & vb. n. Geometrizing ] To investigate or apprehend geometrical quantities or laws; to make geometrical constructions; to proceed in accordance with the principles of geometry. “Nature geometrizeth, and observeth order in all things.” Sir T. Browne.

Ge•om´e•try , n.; pl. Geometries (#) [F. geometrie, L. geometria, fr. Gr. , fr. to measure land; ge•a, gh^, the earth + to measure. So called because one of its earliest and most important applications was to the measurement of the earth’s surface. See Geometer.] 1. That branch of mathematics which investigates the relations, properties, and measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles; the science which treats of the properties and relations of magnitudes; the science of the relations of space. 2. A treatise on this science. Analytical, or Coördinate, geometry, that branch of mathematical analysis which has for its object the analytical investigation of the relations and properties of geometrical magnitudes. — Descriptive geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the graphic solution of all problems involving three dimensions. — Elementary geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the simple properties of straight lines, circles, plane surface, solids bounded by plane surfaces, the sphere, the cylinder, and the right cone. — Higher geometry, that pert of geometry which treats of those properties of straight lines, circles, etc., which are less simple in their relations, and of curves and surfaces of the second and higher degrees.

Ge•oph´a•gism , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + to eat.] The act or habit of eating earth. See Dirt eating, under Dirt. Dunglison.

Ge•oph´a•gist , n. One who eats earth, as dirt, clay, chalk, etc.

Ge•oph´a•gous , a. Earth- eating.

Ge•oph´i•la , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + to love.] (Zoöl.) The division of Mollusca which includes the land snails and slugs. { Ge•o•pon´ic , Ge•o•pon´ic•al } a. [Gr. ; ge•a, gh^, earth + toilsome, fr. labor: cf. F. geoponique.] Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agriculture.

Ge•o•pon´ics , n. [Gr. : cf. F. geoponique.] The art or science of cultivating the earth; agriculture. Evelin.

Ge•o•ra´ma , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + sight, view, to see, view: cf. F. georama.] A hollow globe on the inner surface of which a map of the world is depicted, to be examined by one standing inside.

Geor´die , n. A name given by miners to George Stephenson’s safety lamp. Raymond.

George (jôrj), n. [F. George, or Georges, a proper name, fr. Gr. gewrgo•s husbandman, laborer; ge•a, gh^, the earth + ’e•rgein to work; akin to E. work. See Work.] 1. A figure of St. George (the patron saint of England) on horseback, appended to the collar of the Order of the Garter. See Garter. 2. A kind of brown loaf. [Obs.] Dryden.

George´ no•ble [So called from the image of St. George on it.] A gold noble of the time of Henry VIII. See Noble, n.

Geor´gi•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Georgia, in Asia, or to Georgia, one of the United States. 2. Of or relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britan; as the Georgian era.

Geor´gi•an, n. A native of, or dweller in, Georgia.

Geor´gic (-jik), n. [L. georgicum (sc. carmen), and georgica, pl., Gr. bi•blion gewrgiko•n, and ta~ gewrgika•: cf. F. georgiques, pl. See Georgic, a.] A rural poem; a poetical composition on husbandry, containing rules for cultivating lands, etc.; as the Georgics of Virgil. { Geor´gic (jôr´jik), Geor´gic•al (-ji•kal), } a. [L. georgicus, Gr. gewrgiko•s, fr. gewrgi•a tillage, agriculture: cf. F. georgique. See George.] Relating to agriculture and rural affairs.

Geor´gi•um Si•dus [NL., the star of George (III. of England).] (Astron.) The planet Uranus, so named by its discoverer, Sir W. Herschel.

Ge•os´co•py , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + -scopy: cf. F. geoscopie.] Knowledge of the earth, ground, or soil, obtained by inspection. Chambers.

Ge•o•se•len´ic , a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + moon.] Pertaining to the earth and moon; belonging to the joint action or mutual relations of the earth and moon; as geoselenic phenomena.

Ge•o•stat´ic , a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, earth + E. static.] (Civil Engin.) Relating to the pressure exerted by earth or similar substance. Geostatic arch, an arch having a form adapted to sustain pressure similar to that exerted by earth. Rankine.

Ge•o•syn•cli´nal , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + E. synclinal.] (Geol.) the downward bend or subsidence of the earth’s crust, which allows of the gradual accumulation of sediment, and hence forms the first step in the making of a mountain range; — opposed to geanticlinal.

Ge•o•ther•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + E. thermometer.] (Physics) A thermometer specially constructed for measuring temperetures at a depth below the surface of the ground.

Ge•ot´ic a. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth.] Belonging to earth; terrestrial. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ge•o•trop´ic , a. [See Geotropism.] (Biol.) Relating to, or showing, geotropism.

Ge•ot´ro•pism , n. [Gr. ge•a, gh^, the earth + to turn.] (Biol.) A disposition to turn or incline towards the earth; the influence of gravity in determining the direction of growth of an organ. In plants, organs which grow towards the center of the earth are said to be positively geotropic, and those growing in the opposite direction negatively geotropic. In animals, geotropism is supposed by some to have an influence either direct or indirect on the plane of division of the ovum.

Ge•phyr´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a dam, a bridge.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine Annelida, in which the body is imperfectly, or not at all, annulated externally, and is mostly without setae.

Ge•phyr´e•an , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Gephyrea. — n. One of the Gerphyrea.

Ge•phyr´e•oid , a. & n. [Gephyrea + -oid.] Gephyrean.

Ge•pound´ , n. See Gipoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ge´rah , n. [Heb. grah, lit., a bean.] (Jewish Antiq.) A small coin and weight; 1-20th of a shekel. The silver gerah is supposed to have been worth about three cents; the gold about fifty-four cents; the weight equivalent to about thirteen grains.

Ge•ra•ni•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of pants (Geraniaceae) which includes the genera Geranium, Pelargonium, and many others. { Ge•ra´ni•ine , Ger´a•nine } n. [See Geranium.] 1. (Med.) A valuable astringent obtained from the root of the Geranium maculatum or crane’s- bill. 2. (Chem.) A liquid terpene, obtained from the crane’s-bill (Geranium maculatum), and having a peculiar mulberry odor. [Written also geraniin.]

Ge•ra´ni•um (je•ra´ni•um), n. [L., fr. Gr. gera•nion, from ge•ranos crane: cf. F. geranium. See Crane, n.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants having a beaklike torus or receptacle, around which the seed capsules are arranged, and membranous projections, or stipules, at the joints. Most of the species have showy flowers and a pungent odor. Called sometimes crane’s-bill. 2. (Floriculture) A cultivated pelargonium. Many plants referred to the genus Geranium by the earlier botanists are now separated from it under the name of Pelargonium, which includes all the commonly cultivated ´geraniums´, mostly natives of South Africa.

Ge´rant , n. [F. gerant.] The manager or acting partner of a company, joint-stock association, etc.

Gerbe , n. [F., prop. a sheaf.] (Pyrotechny) A kind of ornamental firework. Farrow. { Ger´bil (jer´bil), Ger•bille´ (zhar•bel´), } n. [F. gerbille. Cf. Jerboa.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small, jumping, murine rodents, of the genus Gerbillus. In their leaping powers they resemble the jerboa. They inhabit Africa, India, and Southern Europe.

Ger•bo´a , n. (Zoöl.) The jerboa.

Gere , n. Gear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ge´rent , a. [L. gerens, p. pr. of gerere to bear, manage.] Bearing; carrying. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ger´fal•con , n. (Zoöl.) See Gyrfalcon.

Ger´ful , a. [Cf. OF. girer to twirl, E. gyrate.] Changeable; capricious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ger´land , Ger´lond, n. A garland. [Obs.]

Ger´lind , n. (Zoöl.) A salmon returning from the sea the second time. [Prov. Eng.]

Germ , n. [F. germe, fr. L. germen, germinis, sprout, but, germ. Cf. Germen, Germane.] 1. (Biol.) That which is to develop a new individual; as the germ of a fetus, of a plant or flower, and the like; the earliest form under which an organism appears. “In the entire process in which a new being originates … two distinct classes of action participate; namely, the act of generation by which the germ is produced; and the act of development, by which that germ is evolved into the complete organism.” Carpenter. 2. That from which anything springs; origin; first principle; as the germ of civil liberty. Disease germ (Biol.), a name applied to certain tiny bacterial organisms or their spores, such as Anthrax bacillus and the Micrococcus of fowl cholera, which have been demonstrated to be the cause of certain diseases. See Germ theory (below). — Germ cell (Biol.), the germ, egg, spore, or cell from which the plant or animal arises. At one time a part of the body of the parent, it finally becomes detached,and by a process of multiplication and growth gives rise to a mass of cells, which ultimately form a new individual like the parent. See Ovum. — Germ gland. (Anat.) See Gonad. — Germ stock (Zoöl.), a special process on which buds are developed in certain animals. See Doliolum. — Germ theory (Biol.), the theory that living organisms can be produced only by the evolution or development of living germs or seeds. See Biogenesis, and Abiogenesis. As applied to the origin of disease, the theory claims that the zymotic diseases are due to the rapid development and multiplication of various bacteria, the germs or spores of which are either contained in the organism itself, or transferred through the air or water. See Fermentation theory.

Germ , v. i. To germinate. [R.] J. Morley.

Ger•main´ , a. [Obs.] See Germane.

Ger´man , a. [OE. german, germain, F. germain, fr. L. germanus full, own (said of brothers and sisters who have the same parents); akin to germen germ. Cf. Germ, Germane.] Nearly related; closely akin. “Wert thou a leopard, thou wert german to the lion.” Shak. Brother german. See Brother german. — Cousins german. See the Note under Cousin.

Ger´man, n.; pl. Germans (#) [L. Germanus, prob. of Celtis origin.] 1. A native or one of the people of Germany. 2. The German language. 3. (a) A round dance, often with a waltz movement, abounding in capriciosly involved figures. (b) A social party at which the german is danced. High German, the Teutonic dialect of Upper or Southern Germany, — comprising Old High German, used from the 8th to the 11th century; Middle H. G., from the 12th to the 15th century; and Modern or New H. G., the language of Luther’s Bible version and of modern German literature. The dialects of Central Germany, the basis of the modern literary language, are often called Middle German, and the Southern German dialects Upper German; but High German is also used to cover both groups. — Low German, the language of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, — including Friesic; Anglo-Saxon or Saxon; Old Saxon; Dutch or Low Dutch, with its dialect, Flemish; and Plattdeutsch (called also Low German), spoken in many dialects.

Ger´man, a. [L. Germanus. See German, n.] Of or pertaining to Germany. German Baptists. See Dunker. — German bit, a wood-boring tool, having a long elliptical pod and a scew point. — German carp (Zoöl.), the crucian carp. — German millet (Bot.), a kind of millet (Setaria Italica, var.), whose seed is sometimes used for food. — German paste, a prepared food for caged birds. — German process (Metal.), the process of reducing copper ore in a blast furnace, after roasting, if necessary. Raymond. — German sarsaparilla, a substitute for sarsaparilla extract. — German sausage, a polony, or gut stuffed with meat partly cooked. — German silver (Chem.), a silver-white alloy, hard and tough, but malleable and ductile, and quite permanent in the air. It contains nickel, copper, and zinc in varying proportions, and was originally made from old copper slag at Henneberg. A small amount of iron is sometimes added to make it whiter and harder. It is essentially identical with the Chinese alloy packfong. It was formerly much used for tableware, knife handles, frames, cases, bearings of machinery, etc., but is now largely superseded by other white alloys. — German steel (Metal.), a metal made from bog iron ore in a forge, with charcoal for fuel. — German text (Typog.), a character resembling modern German type, used in English printing for ornamental headings, etc., as in the words, This line is German Text. — German tinder. See Amadou.

Ger•man´der , n. [OE. germaunder, F. germandree, It. calamandrea, L. chamaedrys, fr. Gr.; on the earth or ground + tree. See Humble, and Tree.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Teucrium (esp. Teucrium Chamaedrys or wall germander), mintlike herbs and low shrubs. American germander, Teucrium Canadense. — Germander chickweed, Veronica agrestis. — Water germander, Teucrium Scordium. — Wood germander, Teucrium Scorodonia.

Ger•mane´ , a. [See German akin, nearly related.] Literally, near akin; hence, closely allied; appropriate or fitting; relevant. “The phrase would be more germane to the matter.” Shak. “[An amendment] must be germane.” Barclay (Digest).

Ger•man´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, germanium.

Ger•man´ic, a. [L. Germanicus: cf. F. germanique. See German, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Germany; as the Germanic confederacy. 2. Teutonic. [A loose sense]

Ger´man•ism , n. [Cf. F. germanisme.] 1. An idiom of the German language. 2. A characteristic of the Germans; a characteristic German mode, doctrine, etc.; rationalism. J. W. Alexander.

Ger•ma´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. L. Germania Germany.] (Chem.) A rare element, recently discovered (1885), in a silver ore (argyrodite) at Freiberg. It is a brittle, silver-white metal, chemically intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, resembles tin, and is in general identical with the predicted ekasilicon. Symbol Ge. Atomic weight 72.3.

Ger•man•i•za´tion , n. The act of Germanizing. M. Arnold.

Ger´man•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Germanized p. pr. & vb. n. Germanizing ] To make German, or like what is distinctively German; as to Germanize a province, a language, a society.

Ger´man•ize, v. i. To reason or write after the manner of the Germans.

Ger•ma´ri•um , n. [NL. See Germ.] (Zoöl.) An organ in which the ova are developed in certain Turbellaria.

Ger´men (jer´men), n.; pl. E. Germens (#), L. Germina (#). [L.] See Germ.

Ger´mi•ci•dal (jer´mi•si•dal), a. Germicide.

Ger´mi•cide (jer´mi•sid), a. [Germ + L. caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Destructive to germs; — applied to any agent which has a destructive action upon living germs, particularly bacteria, or bacterial germs, which are considered the cause of many infectious diseases. — n. A germicide agent.

Ger´mi•nal , a. [See Germ.] Pertaining or belonging to a germ; as the germinal vesicle. Germinal layers (Biol.), the two layers of cells, the ectoblast and entoblast, which form respectively the outer covering and inner wall of the gastrula. A third layer of cells, the mesoblast, which is formed later and lies between these two, is sometimes included. — Germinal membrane. (Biol.) Same as Blastoderm. — Germinal spot (Biol.), the nucleolus of the ovum. — Germinal vesicle, (Biol.) , the nucleus of the ovum of animals.

Ger•mi•nal´ , n. [F. See Germ .] The seventh month of the French republican calendar [1792 — 1806]. It began March 21 and ended April 19. See Vendemiaire.

Ger´mi•nant , a. [L. germinans, p. pr.] Sprouting; sending forth germs or buds.

Ger´mi•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Germinated p. pr. & vb. n. Germinating.] [L. germinatus, p. p. of germinare to sprout, fr. germen. See Germ.] To sprout; to bud; to shoot; to begin to vegetate, as a plant or its seed; to begin to develop, as a germ. Bacon.

Ger´mi•nate, v. t. To cause to sprout. Price (1610).

Ger•mi•na´tion , n. [L. germinatio: cf. F. germination.] The process of germinating; the beginning of vegetation or growth in a seed or plant; the first development of germs, either animal or vegetable. Germination apparatus, an apparatus for malting grain.

Ger´mi•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. germinatif.] Pertaining to germination; having power to bud or develop. Germinative spot, Germinative vesicle. (Biol.) Same as Germinal spot, Germinal vesicle, under Germinal.

Ger•mi•par´i•ty , n. [Germ + L. parere to produce.] (Biol.) Reproduction by means of germs.

Germ´less, a. Without germs.

Ger´mo•gen , n. [Germ + - gen.] (Biol.) (a) A polynuclear mass of protoplasm, not divided into separate cells, from which certain ova are developed. Balfour. (b) The primitive cell in certain embryonic forms. Balfour.

Germ´ plasm , (Biol.) See Plasmogen, and Idioplasm.

Germ´ule , n. [Dim. fr. germ.] (Biol.) A small germ.

Gern , v. t. [See Grin.] To grin or yawn. [Obs.] ´[/He] gaped like a gulf when he did gern.´ Spenser.

Ger´ner , n. A garner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ger•o•co´mi•a , n. [NL.] See Gerocomy.

Ger•o•com´ic•al , a. Pertaining to gerocomy. Dr. John Smith.

Ge•roc´o•my , n. [F. gerocomie, fr. Gr. an old man + to take care of.] That part of medicine which treats of regimen for old people.

Ge•ron´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , .] (Gr. Antiq.) Magistrates in Sparta, who with the ephori and kings, constituted the supreme civil authority.

Ger•on•toc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. , , an old man + to rule.] Government by old men. [R.] Gladstone.

Ger•o•pig´i•a , n. [Pg. geropiga.] A mixture composed of unfermented grape juice, brandy, sugar, etc., for adulteration of wines. [Written also jerupigia.]

-ger•ous [L. -ger, fr. gerere to bear, carry. See Jest.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing; as calcigerous; dentigerous.

Ger•ry•man´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gerrymandered p. pr. & vb. n. Gerrymandering.] To divide (a State) into districts for the choice of representatives, in an unnatural and unfair way, with a view to give a political party an advantage over its opponent. [Political Cant, U. S.] This was done in Massachusetts at a time when Elbridge Gerry was governor, and was attributed to his influence, hence the name; though it is now known that he was opposed to the measure. Bartlett.

Ger´und , n. [L. gerundium, fr. gerere to bear, carry, perform. See Gest a deed, Jest.] (Lat. Gram.) 1. A kind of verbal noun, having only the four oblique cases of the singular number, and governing cases like a participle. 2. (AS. Gram.) A verbal noun ending in -e, preceded by to and usually denoting purpose or end; — called also the dative infinitive; as ´Ic haebbe mete tô etanne´ (I have meat to eat.) In Modern English the name has been applied to verbal or participal nouns in -ing denoting a transitive action; e. g., by throwing a stone.

Ge•run´di•al , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a gerund; as a gerundial use.

Ge•run´dive , a. [L. gerundivus.] Pertaining to, or partaking of, the nature of the gerund; gerundial. — n. (Lat. Gram.) The future passive participle; as amandus, i. e., to be loved.

Ge•run´dive•ly, adv. In the manner of a gerund; as or in place of, a gerund.

Ger´y , a. [See Gerful.] Changeable; fickle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ges´ling , n. A gosling. [Prov. Eng.]

Gesse , v. t. & i. To guess. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gest , n. A guest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gest , n. [OF. geste exploit. See Jest.] 1. Something done or achieved; a deed or an action; an adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. An action represented in sports, plays, or on the stage; show; ceremony. [Obs.] Mede. 3. A tale of achievements or adventures; a stock story. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. 4. Gesture; bearing; deportment. [Archaic] “Through his heroic grace and honorable gest.” Spenser.

Gest , n. [Cf. Gist a resting place.] 1. A stage in traveling; a stop for rest or lodging in a journey or progress; a rest. [Obs.] Kersey. 2. A roll recting the several stages arranged for a royal progress. Many of them are extant in the herald’s office. [Obs.] Hanmer.

Ges´tant , a. [L. gestans, p. pr. of gestare.] Bearing within; laden; burdened; pregnant. [R.] ´Clouds gestant with heat.´ Mrs. Browning.

Ges•ta´tion , n. [L. gestatio a bearing, carrying, fr. gestare to bear, carry, intens. fr. gerere, gestum, to bear: cf. F. gestation. See Gest deed, Jest.] 1. The act of wearing (clothes or ornaments). [Obs.] 2. The act of carrying young in the womb from conception to delivery; pregnancy. 3. Exercise in which one is borne or carried, as on horseback, or in a carriage, without the exertion of his own powers; passive exercise. Dunglison.

Ges´ta•to•ry , a. [L. gestatorius that serves for carrying: cf. F. gestatoire.] 1. Pertaining to gestation or pregnancy. 2. Capable of being carried or worn. [Obs. or R.]

Geste , v. i. To tell stories or gests. [Obs.]

Ges´tic , a. [See Gest a deed, Gesture.] 1. Pertaining to deeds or feats of arms; legendary. “And the gay grandsire, skilled in gestic lore.” Goldsmith. 2. Relating to bodily motion; consisting of gestures; — said especially with reference to dancing. “Carried away by the enthusiasm of the gestic art.” Sir W. Scott.

Ges•tic´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gesticulated p. pr. & vb. n. Gesticulating.] [L. gesticulatus, p. p. of gesticulari to gesticulate, fr. gesticulus a mimic gesture, gesticulation, dim. of gestus gesture, fr. gerere, gestum, to bear, carry, peform. See Gestic.] To make gestures or motions, as in speaking; to use postures. Sir T. Herbert.

Ges•tic´u•late, v. t. To represent by gesture; to act. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ges•tic•u•la´tion , n. [L. gesticulatio: cf. F. gesticulation.] 1. The act of gesticulating, or making gestures to express passion or enforce sentiments. 2. A gesture; a motion of the body or limbs in speaking, or in representing action or passion, and enforcing arguments and sentiments. Macaulay. 3. Antic tricks or motions. B. Jonson.

Ges•tic´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who gesticulates.

Ges•tic´u•la•to•ry , a. Representing by, or belonging to, gestures. T. Warton.

Ges´tour , n. [See Gest a deed.] A reciter of gests or legendary tales; a story- teller. [Obs.] “Minstrels and gestours for to tell tales.” Chaucer.

Ges´tur•al , a. Relating to gesture.

Ges´ture , n. [LL. gestura mode of action, fr. L. gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, perform, act. See Gest a deed.] 1. Manner of carrying the body; position of the body or limbs; posture. [Obs.] “Accubation, or lying down at meals, was a gesture used by many nations.” Sir T. Browne. 2. A motion of the body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion; any action or posture intended to express an idea or a passion, or to enforce or emphasize an argument, assertion, or opinion. “Humble and reverent gestures.” Hooker. “Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye,
In every gesture dignity and love.” Milton.

Ges´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gestured p. pr. & vb. n. Gesturing.] To accompany or illustrate with gesture or action; to gesticulate. “It is not orderly read, nor gestured as beseemeth.” Hooker.

Ges´ture, v. i. To make gestures; to gesticulate. “The players … gestured not undecently withal.” Holland.

Ges´ture•less, a. Free from gestures.

Ges´ture•ment , n. Act of making gestures; gesturing. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Get , n. Jet, the mineral. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get , n. [OF. get.] 1. Fashion; manner; custom. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Artifice; contrivance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get (get), v. t. [imp. Got (got) (Obs. Gat (gat)); p. p. Got (Obsolescent Gotten (got´t’n)); p. pr. & vb. n. Getting.] [OE. geten, AS. gitan, gietan (in comp.); akin to Icel. geta, Goth. bigitan to find, L. prehendere to seize, take, Gr. chanda•nein to hold, contain. Cf. Comprehend, Enterprise, Forget, Impregnable, Prehensile.] 1. To procure; to obtain; to gain possession of; to acquire; to earn; to obtain as a price or reward; to come by; to win, by almost any means; as to get favor by kindness; to get wealth by industry and economy; to get land by purchase, etc. 2. Hence, with have and had, to come into or be in possession of; to have. Johnson. “Thou hast got the face of man.” Herbert. 3. To beget; to procreate; to generate. “I had rather to adopt a child than get it.” Shak. 4. To obtain mental possession of; to learn; to commit to memory; to memorize; as to get a lesson; also with out; as to get out one’s Greek lesson. “It being harder with him to get one sermon by heart, than to pen twenty.” Bp. Fell. 5. To prevail on; to induce; to persuade. “Get him to say his prayers.” Shak. 6. To procure to be, or to cause to be in any state or condition; — with a following participle. “Those things I bid you do; get them dispatched.” Shak. 7. To betake; to remove; — in a reflexive use. “Get thee out from this land.” Gen. xxxi. 13. “He … got himself … to the strong town of Mega.” Knolles. Get, as a transitive verb, is combined with adverbs implying motion, to express the causing to, or the effecting in, the object of the verb, of the kind of motion indicated by the preposition; thus, to get in, to cause to enter, to bring under shelter; as to get in the hay; to get out, to make come forth, to extract; to get off, to take off, to remove; to get together, to cause to come together, to collect. To get by heart, to commit to memory. - - To get the better of, To get the best of, to obtain an advantage over; to surpass; to subdue. — To get up, to cause to be established or to exit; to prepare; to arrange; to construct; to invent; as to get up a celebration, a machine, a book, an agitation. Syn. — To obtain; gain; win; acquire. See Obtain.

Get (get), v. i. 1. To make acquisition; to gain; to profit; to receive accessions; to be increased. “We mourn, France smiles; we lose, they daily get.” Shak. 2. To arrive at, or bring one’s self into, a state, condition, or position; to come to be; to become; — with a following adjective or past participle belonging to the subject of the verb; as to get sober; to get awake; to get beaten; to get elected. “To get rid of fools and scoundrels.” Pope. “His chariot wheels get hot by driving fast.” Coleridge. It [get] gives to the English language a middle voice, or a power of verbal expression which is neither active nor passive. Thus we say to get acquitted, beaten, confused, dressed. Earle. Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a following preposition, or adverb of motion, to indicate, on the part of the subject of the act, movement or action of the kind signified by the preposition or adverb; or, in the general sense, to move, to stir, to make one’s way, to advance, to arrive, etc.; as to get away, to leave, to escape; to disengage one’s self from; to get down, to descend, esp. with effort, as from a literal or figurative elevation; to get along, to make progress; hence, to prosper, succeed, or fare; to get in, to enter; to get out, to extricate one’s self, to escape; to get through, to traverse; also to finish, to be done; to get to, to arrive at, to reach; to get off, to alight, to descend from, to dismount; also to escape, to come off clear; to get together, to assemble, to convene. To get ahead, to advance; to prosper. - - To get along, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. — To get a mile (or other distance), to pass over it in traveling. — To get among, to go or come into the company of; to become one of a number. — To get asleep, to fall asleep. — To get astray, to wander out of the right way. — To get at, to reach; to make way to. To get away with, to carry off; to capture; hence, to get the better of; to defeat. — To get back, to arrive at the place from which one departed; to return. — To get before, to arrive in front, or more forward. — To get behind, to fall in the rear; to lag. — To get between, to arrive between. — To get beyond, to pass or go further than; to exceed; to surpass. ´Three score and ten is the age of man, a few get beyond it.´ Thackeray. — To get clear, to disengage one’s self; to be released, as from confinement, obligation, or burden; also to be freed from danger or embarrassment. — To get drunk, to become intoxicated. — To get forward, to proceed; to advance; also to prosper; to advance in wealth. — To get home, to arrive at one’s dwelling, goal, or aim. — To get into. (a) To enter, as ´she prepared to get into the coach.´ Dickens. (b) To pass into, or reach; as ´ a language has got into the inflated state.´ Keary. — To get loose or free, to disengage one’s self; to be released from confinement. — To get near, to approach within a small distance. — To get on, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. — To get over. (a) To pass over, surmount, or overcome, as an obstacle or difficulty. (b) To recover from, as an injury, a calamity. — To get through. (a) To pass through something. (b) To finish what one was doing. — To get up. (a) To rise; to arise, as from a bed, chair, etc. (b) To ascend; to climb, as a hill, a tree, a flight of stairs, etc.

Get, n. Offspring; progeny; as the get of a stallion.

Get´en , obs. p. p. of Get. Chaucer.

Geth , the original third pers. sing. pres. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Get´-pen•ny , n. Something which gets or gains money; a successful affair. [Colloq.] Chapman.

Get´ta•ble , a. That may be obtained. [R.]

Get´ter , n. One who gets, gains, obtains, acquires, begets, or procreates.

Get´ter•up, n. One who contrives, makes, or arranges for, anything, as a book, a machine, etc. [Colloq.] “A diligent getter-up of miscellaneous works.” W. Irving.

Get´ting , n. 1. The act of obtaining or acquiring; acquisition. “With all thy getting, get understanding.” Prov. iv. 7. 2. That which is got or obtained; gain; profit.

Get´-up , n. General composition or structure; manner in which the parts of a thing are combined; make-up; style of dress, etc. [Colloq.] H. Kingsley.

Gew´gaw , n. [OE. gigawe, gugawe, gewgaude, prob. the same word as OE. givegove gewgaw, apparently a reduplicated form fr. AS. gifan to give; cf. also F. joujou plaything, and E. gaud, n. See Give, and cf. Giffgaff.] A showy trifle; a toy; a splendid plaything; a pretty but worthless bauble. “A heavy gewgaw called a crown.” Dryden.

Gew´gaw, a. Showy; unreal; pretentious. “Seeing his gewgaw castle shine.” Tennyson.

Gey´ser , n. [Icel. geysir, fr. geysa to rush furiously, fr. gjosa to gush. Cf. Gush.] A boiling spring which throws forth at frequent intervals jets of water, mud, etc., driven up by the expansive power of steam. Geysers were first known in Iceland, and later in New Zealand. In the Yellowstone region in the United States they are numerous, and some of them very powerful, throwing jets of boiling water and steam to a height of 200 feet. They are grouped in several areas called geyser basins. The mineral matter, or geyserite, with which geyser water is charged, forms geyser cones about the orifice, often of great size and beauty.

Gey´ser•ite , n. [From Geyser.] (Min.) A loose hydrated form of silica, a variety of opal, deposited in concretionary cauliflowerlike masses, around some hot springs and geysers.

Ghar´ry , n. [Hind. gai.] Any wheeled cart or carriage. [India]

Ghast , v. t. [OE. gasten. See Ghastly, a.] To strike aghast; to affright. [Obs.] “Ghasted by the noise I made.
Full suddenly he fled.” Shak.

Ghast´ful , a. [See Ghastly, a.] Fit to make one aghast; dismal. [Obs.] — Ghast´ful•ly, adv.

Ghast´li•ness , n. The state of being ghastly; a deathlike look.

Ghast´ly , a. [Compar. Ghastlier superl. Ghastliest.] [OE. gastlich, gastli, fearful, causing fear, fr. gasten to terrify, AS. gaestan. Cf. Aghast, Gast, Gaze, Ghostly.] 1. Like a ghost in appearance; deathlike; pale; pallid; dismal. “Each turned his face with a ghastly pang.” Coleridge. “His face was so ghastly that it could scarcely be recognized.” Macaulay. 2. Horrible; shocking; dreadful; hideous. “Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail.” Milton.

Ghast´ly, adv. In a ghastly manner; hideously. “Staring full ghastly like a strangled man.” Shak.

Ghast´ness, n. Ghastliness. [Obs.] Shak. { Ghat Ghaut } , n. [Hind. ghat.] 1. A pass through a mountain. [India] J. D. Hooker. 2. A range of mountains. Balfour (Cyc. of Ind. ). 3. Stairs descending to a river; a landing place; a wharf. [India] Malcom.

Gha•wa´zi , n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] Egyptian dancing girls, of a lower sort than the almeh. { Ghe´ber , Ghe´bre } , n. [Pers. ghebr: cf. F. Guèbre. Cf. Giaour.] A worshiper of fire; a Zoroastrian; a Parsee.

Ghee (ge), n. [Hind. ghi clarified butter, Skr. ghrta.] Butter clarified by boiling, and thus converted into a kind of oil. [India] Malcom.

Gher´kin (ger´kin), n. [D. agurkje, a dim. akin to G. gurke, Dan. agurke; cf. Pol. ogórek, Bohem. okurka, LGr. ’aggoy•rion watermelon, Ar. al-khiyar, Per. khiyar.] 1. (Bot.) A kind of small, prickly cucumber, much used for pickles. 2. (Zoöl.) See Sea gherkin.

Ghess , v. t. & i. See Guess. [Obs.]

Ghet´to , n. [It.] The Jews’quarter in an Italian town or city. “I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell.” Evelyn.

Ghib´el•line , n. [It. Ghibellino; of German origin.] (It. Hist.) One of a faction in Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which favored the German emperors, and opposed the Guelfs, or adherents of the poses. Brande & C.

Ghole , n. See Ghoul.

Ghost , n. [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gast breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. gst spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.] 1. The spirit; the soul of man. [Obs.] “Then gives her grieved ghost thus to lament.” Spenser. 2. The disembodied soul; the soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death; an apparition; a specter. “The mighty ghosts of our great Harrys rose.” Shak. “I thought that I had died in sleep,
And was a blessed ghost.” Coleridge. 3. Any faint shadowy semblance; an unsubstantial image; a phantom; a glimmering; as not a ghost of a chance; the ghost of an idea. “Each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.” Poe. 4. A false image formed in a telescope by reflection from the surfaces of one or more lenses. Ghost moth (Zoöl.), a large European moth (Hepialus humuli); so called from the white color of the male, and the peculiar hovering flight; — called also great swift. — Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit; the Paraclete; the Comforter; (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity. — To give up or yield up the ghost, to die; to expire. “And he gave up the ghost full softly.” Chaucer. “Jacob … yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people”. Gen. xlix. 33.

Ghost, v. i. To die; to expire. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ghost, v. t. To appear to or haunt in the form of an apparition. [Obs.] Shak.

Ghost´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A pale unspotted variety of the wrymouth.

Ghost´less, a. Without life or spirit. [R.]

Ghost´like , a. Like a ghost; ghastly.

Ghost´li•ness, n. The quality of being ghostly.

Ghost´ly, a. [OE. gastlich, gostlich, AS. gastlic. See Ghost.] 1. Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; spiritual; as a ghostly confessor. “Save and defend us from our ghostly enemies.” Book of Common Prayer [Ch. of Eng. ] “One of the gostly children of St. Jerome.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Of or pertaining to apparitions. Akenside.

Ghost´ly, adv. Spiritually; mystically. Chaucer.

Ghost•ol´o•gy , n. Ghost lore. [R.] “It seemed even more unaccountable than if it had been a thing of ghostology and witchcraft.” Hawthorne.

Ghoul (gool), n. [Per. ghol an imaginary sylvan demon, supposed to devour men and animals: cf. Ar. ghul, F. goule.] An imaginary evil being among Eastern nations, which was supposed to feed upon human bodies. [Written also ghole .] Moore.

Ghoul´ish, a. Characteristic of a ghoul; vampirelike; hyenalike.

Ghyll , n. A ravine. See Gill a woody glen. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wordsworth.

Gial•lo•li´no , n. [It., from giallo yellow, prob. fr. OHG. gelo, G. gelb; akin to E. yellow.] A term variously employed by early writers on art, though commonly designating the yellow oxide of lead, or massicot. Fairholt.

Giam´beux (zham´bu), n. pl. [See Jambeux.] Greaves; armor for the legs. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gi´ant , n. [OE. giant, geant, geaunt, OF. jaiant, geant, F. geant, L. gigas, fr. Gr. , , from the root of E. gender, genesis. See Gender, and cf. Gigantic.] 1. A man of extraordinari bulk and stature. “Giants of mighty bone and bold emprise.” Milton. 2. A person of extraordinary strength or powers, bodily or intellectual. 3. Any animal, plant, or thing, of extraordinary size or power. Giant’s Causeway, a vast collection of basaltic pillars, in the county of Antrim on the northern coast of Ireland.

Gi´ant, a. Like a giant; extraordinary in size, strength, or power; as giant brothers; a giant son. Giant cell. (Anat.) See Myeloplax. — Giant clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve shell of the genus Tridacna, esp. T. gigas, which sometimes weighs 500 pounds. The shells are sometimes used in churches to contain holy water. — Giant heron (Zoöl.), a very large African heron (Ardeomega goliath). It is the largest heron known. — Giant kettle, a pothole of very large dimensions, as found in Norway in connection with glaciers. See Pothole. — Giant powder. See Nitroglycerin. — Giant puffball (Bot.), a fungus (Lycoperdon giganteum), edible when young, and when dried used for stanching wounds. — Giant salamander (Zoöl.), a very large aquatic salamander (Megalobatrachus maximus), found in Japan. It is the largest of living Amphibia, becoming a yard long. — Giant squid (Zoöl.), one of several species of very large squids, belonging to Architeuthis and allied genera. Some are over forty feet long.

Gi´ant•ess, n. A woman of extraordinary size.

Gi´ant•ize , v. i. [Cf. F. geantiser.] To play the giant. [R.] Sherwood.

Gi´ant•ly, a. Appropriate to a giant. [Obs.] Usher.

Gi´ant•ry , n. The race of giants. [R.] Cotgrave.

Gi´ant•ship, n. The state, personality, or character, of a giant; — a compellation for a giant. “His giantship is gone somewhat crestfallen”. Milton.

Giaour , n. [Turk. giaur an infidel, Per. gawr, another form of ghebr fire worshiper. Cf. Kaffir, Gheber .] An infidel; — a term applied by Turks to disbelievers in the Mohammedan religion, especially Christrians. Byron.

Gib , n. [Abbreviated fr. Gilbert, the name of the cat in the old story of ´Reynard the Fox´. in the ´Romaunt of the Rose´, etc.] A male cat; a tomcat. [Obs.]

Gib, v. i. To act like a cat. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gib , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A piece or slip of metal or wood, notched or otherwise, in a machine or structure, to hold other parts in place or bind them together, or to afford a bearing surface; — usually held or adjusted by means of a wedge, key, or screw. Gib and key, or Gib and cotter (Steam Engine), the fixed wedge or gib, and the driving wedge,key, or cotter, used for tightening the strap which holds the brasses at the end of a connecting rod.

Gib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbed p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbing.] To secure or fasten with a gib, or gibs; to provide with a gib, or gibs. Gibbed lathe, an engine lathe in which the tool carriage is held down to the bed by a gib instead of by a weight.

Gib , v. i. To balk. See Jib, v. i. Youatt.

Gib•bar´tas , n. [Cf. Ar. jebbar giant; or L. gibber humpbacked: cf. F. gibbar.] (Zoöl.) One of several finback whales of the North Atlantic; — called also Jupiter whale. [Written also jubartas, gubertas, dubertus.]

Gib´ber , n. [From Gib to balk.] A balky horse. Youatt.

Gib´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibbered p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbering.] [Akin to jabber, and gabble.] To speak rapidly and inarticulately. Shak.

Gib´ber•ish , n. [From Gibber, v. i.] Rapid and inarticulate talk; unintelligible language; unmeaning words; jargon. “He, like a gypsy, oftentimes would go;
All kinds of gibberish he had learnt to know.” Drayton. “Such gibberish as children may be heard amusing themselves with.” Hawthorne.

Gib´ber•ish, a. Unmeaning; as gibberish language.

Gib´bet , n. [OE. gibet, F. gibet, in OF. also club, fr. LL. gibetum;; cf. OF. gibe sort of sickle or hook, It. giubbetto gibbet, and giubbetta, dim. of giubba mane, also an under waistcoat, doublet, Prov. It. gibba (cf. Jupon); so that it perhaps originally signified a halter, a rope round the neck of malefactors; or it is, perhaps, derived fr. L. gibbus hunched, humped, E. gibbous; or cf. E. jib a sail.] 1. A kind of gallows; an upright post with an arm projecting from the top, on which, formerly, malefactors were hanged in chains, and their bodies allowed to remain as a warning. 2. The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended; the jib.

Gib´bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbeted p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbeting.] 1. To hang and expose on a gibbet. 2. To expose to infamy; to blacken. “I’ll gibbet up his name.” Oldham.

Gib´bier , n. [F. gibier.] Wild fowl; game. [Obs.] Addison.

Gib´bon , n. [Cf. F. gibbon.] (Zoöl.) Any arboreal ape of the genus Hylobates, of which many species and varieties inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. They are tailless and without cheek pouches, and have very long arms, adapted for climbing. The white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), the crowned (H. pilatus), the wou-wou or singing gibbon (H. agilis), the siamang, and the hoolock. are the most common species.

Gib´ boom See Jib boom.

Gib•bose´ , a. [L. gibbosus, fr. gibbus, gibba, hunch, hump. Cf. Gibbous.] Humped; protuberant; — said of a surface which presents one or more large elevations. Brande & C.

Gib•bost´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. gibbosite.] The state of being gibbous or gibbose; gibbousness.

Gib´bous , a. [Cf. F. gibbeux. See Gibbose.] 1. Swelling by a regular curve or surface; protuberant; convex; as the moon is gibbous between the half- moon and the full moon. “The bones will rise, and make a gibbous member.” Wiseman. 2. Hunched; hump-backed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Gib´bous•ly, adv. — Gib´bous•ness, n.

Gibbs´ite , n. [Named after George Gibbs.] (Min.) A hydrate of alumina.

Gib´-cat , n. A male cat, esp. an old one. See lst Gib. n. [Obs.] Shak.

Gibe , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibed p. pr. & vb. n. Gibing.] [Cf. Prov. F. giber, equiv. to F. jouer to play, Icel. geipa to talk nonsense, E. jabber.] To cast reproaches and sneering expressions; to rail; to utter taunting, sarcastic words; to flout; to fleer; to scoff. “Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout.” Swift.

Gibe, v. i. To reproach with contemptuous words; to deride; to scoff at; to mock. “Draw the beasts as I describe them,
From their features, while I gibe them.” Swift.

Gibe, n. An expression of sarcastic scorn; a sarcastic jest; a scoff; a taunt; a sneer. “Mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns.” Shak. “With solemn gibe did Eustace banter me.” Tennyson.

Gib´el , n. [G. gibel, giebel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of carp (Cyprinus gibelio); — called also Prussian carp.

Gib´er n. One who utters gibes. B. Jonson.

Gib´fish , n. The male of the salmon. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Gib´ing•ly , adv. In a gibing manner; scornfully.

Gib´let , a. Made of giblets; as a giblet pie.

Gib´lets , n. pl. [OE. gibelet, OF. gibelet game: cf. F. gibelotte stewed rabbit. Cf. Gibbier.] The inmeats, or edible viscera (heart, gizzard, liver, etc.), of poultry.

Gib´staff , n. [Prov. E. gib a hooked stick + E. staff.] 1. A staff to guage water, or to push a boat. 2. A staff formerly used in fighting beasts on the stage. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gid , n. [Cf. Giddy, a.] A disease of sheep, characterized by vertigo; the staggers. It is caused by the presence of the Cnurus, a larval tapeworm, in the brain. See Cnurus.

Gid´di•ly , adv. In a giddy manner.

Gid´di•ness, n. The quality or state of being giddy.

Gid´dy , a. [Compar. Giddier superl. Giddiest.] [OE. gidi mad, silly, AS. gidig, of unknown origin, cf. Norw. gidda to shake, tremble.] 1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling about; having lost the power of preserving the balance of the body, and therefore wavering and inclined to fall; lightheaded; dizzy. “By giddy head and staggering legs betrayed.” Tate. 2. Promoting or inducing giddiness; as a giddy height; a giddy precipice. Prior. “Upon the giddy footing of the hatches.” Shak. 3. Bewildering on account of rapid turning; running round with celerity; gyratory; whirling. “The giddy motion of the whirling mill.” Pope. 4. Characterized by inconstancy; unstable; changeable; fickle; wild; thoughtless; heedless. ´Giddy, foolish hours.´ Rowe. ´Giddy chance.´ Dryden. “Young heads are giddy and young hearts are warm.” Cowper.

Gid´dy, v. i. To reel; to whirl. Chapman.

Gid´dy, v. t. To make dizzy or unsteady. [Obs.]

Gid´dy-head , n. A person without thought fulness, prudence, or judgment. [Colloq.] Burton.

Gid´dy-head•ed , a. Thoughtless; unsteady.

Gid´dy-paced , a. Moving irregularly; flighty; fickle. [R.] Shak.

Gie , v. t. To guide. See Gye . [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gie , v. t. To give. [Scot.] Burns.

Gier´-ea•gle , n. [Cf. D. gier vulture, G. gier, and E. gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) A bird referred to in the Bible (Lev. xi. 18and Deut. xiv. 17) as unclean, probably the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus).

Gier´-fal•con , n. [Cf. Gier- eagle, Gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) The gyrfalcon.

Gie´seck•ite , n. [Named after Karl Giesecke.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in greenish gray six-sided prisms, having a greasy luster. It is probably a pseudomorph after elaeolite.

Gif , conj. [AS. See If.] If. [Obs.] Gif is the old form of if, and frequently occurs in the earlier English writers. See If.

Gif´fard in•ject´or (Mach.) See under Injector.

Giff´gaff , n. [Reduplicated fr. give.] Mutual accommodation; mutual giving. [Scot.]

Gif´fy , n. [Obs.] See Jiffy.

Gift , n. [OE. gift, yift, yeft, AS. gift, fr. gifan to give; akin to D. & G. gift, Icel. gift, gipt, Goth. gifts (in comp.). See Give, v. t.] 1. Anything given; anything voluntarily transferred by one person to another without compensation; a present; an offering. “Shall I receive by gift, what of my own, …
I can command ?” Milton. 2. The act, right, or power of giving or bestowing; as the office is in the gift of the President. 3. A bribe; anything given to corrupt. “Neither take a gift, for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise.” Deut. xvi. 19. 4. Some quality or endowment given to man by God; a preëminent and special talent or aptitude; power; faculty; as the gift of wit; a gift for speaking. 5. (Law) A voluntary transfer of real or personal property, without any consideration. It can be perfected only by deed, or in case of personal property, by an actual delivery of possession. Bouvier. Burrill. Gift rope (Naut), a rope extended to a boat for towing it; a guest rope. Syn. — Present; donation; grant; largess; benefaction; boon; bounty; gratuity; endowment; talent; faculty. — Gift, Present, Donation. These words, as here compared, denote something gratuitously imparted to another out of one’s property. A gift is something given whether by a superior or an inferior, and is usually designed for the relief or benefit of him who receives it. A present is ordinarly from an equal or inferior, and is always intended as a compliment or expression of kindness. Donation is a word of more dignity, denoting, properly, a gift of considerable value, and ordinarly a gift made either to some public institution, or to an individual on account of his services to the public; as a donation to a hospital, a charitable society, or a minister.

Gift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gifting.] To endow with some power or faculty. “He was gifted … with philosophical sagacity.” I. Taylor.

Gift´ed•ness, n. The state of being gifted. Echard.

Gig (jig or gig), n. [Cf. OF. gigue. See Jig, n.] A fiddle. [Obs.]

Gig (gig), v. t. [Prob. fr. L. gignere to beget.] To engender. [Obs.] Dryden.

Gig, n. A kind of spear or harpoon. See Fishgig.

Gig, v. t. To fish with a gig.

Gig, n. [OE. gigge. Cf. Giglot.] A playful or wanton girl; a giglot.

Gig, n. [Cf. Icel. gigja fiddle, MHG. gige, G. geige, Icel. geiga to take a wrong direction, rove at random, and E. jig.] 1. A top or whirligig; any little thing that is whirled round in play. “Thou disputest like an infant; go, whip thy gig.” Shak. 2. A light carriage, with one pair of wheels, drawn by one horse; a kind of chaise. 3. (Naut.) A long, light rowboat, generally clinkerbuilt, and designed to be fast; a boat appropriated to the use of the commanding officer; as the captain’s gig. 4. (Mach.) A rotatory cylinder, covered with wire teeth or teasels, for teaseling woolen cloth. Gig machine, Gigging machine, Gig mill, or Napping machine. See Gig, 4. — Gig saw. See Jig saw.

Gi•gan•te´an , a. [L. giganteus, fr. gigas, antis. See Giant.] Like a giant; mighty; gigantic. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Gi•gan•tesque´ , a. [F.] Befitting a giant; bombastic; magniloquent. “The sort of mock-heroic gigantesque
With which we bantered little Lilia first.” Tennyson.

Gi•gan´tic , a. [L. gigas, -antis, giant. See Giant.] 1. Of extraordinary size; like a giant. 2. Such as a giant might use, make, or cause; immense; tremendous; extraordinarly; as gigantic deeds; gigantic wickedness. Milton. “When descends on the Atlantic
The gigantic
Strom wind of the equinox.” Longfellow.

Gi•gan´tic•al, a. Bulky, big. [Obs.] Burton. — Gi•gan´tic•al•ly, adv.

Gi•gan´ti•cide , n. [. gigas, -antis, giant + caedere to kill.] The act of killing, or one who kills, a giant. Hallam.

Gi•gan´tine , a. Gigantic. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Gi•gan•tol´og•y , n. [Gr. , , giant + -logy: cf. F. gigantologie.] An account or description of giants.

Gi•gan•tom´a•chy , n. [L. gigantomachia, fr. Gr. ; , , giant + battle: cf. F. gigantomachie.] A war of giants; especially, the fabulous war of the giants against heaven.

Gige (gij or gej), Guige, n. [OF. guide, guiche.] (Anc. Armor) The leather strap by which the shield of a knight was slung across the shoulder or across the neck and shoulder. Meyrick (Ancient Armor).

Gi•ge´ri•um , n.; pl. Gigeria (#). [NL., fr. L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry.] (Anat.) The muscular stomach, or gizzard, of birds.

Gig´get , n. Same as Gigot. “Cut the slaves to giggets.” Beau. & Fl.

Gig´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Giggled p. pr. & vb. n. Giggling ] [Akin to gaggle: cf. OD. ghichelen, G. kichern.] To laugh with short catches of the breath or voice; to laugh in a light, affected, or silly manner; to titter with childish levity. “Giggling and laughing with all their might
At the piteous hap of the fairy wight.” J. R. Drake.

Gig´gle , n. A kind of laugh, with short catches of the voice or breath; a light, silly laugh.

Gig´gler , n. One who giggles or titters.

Gig´gly , a. Prone to giggling. Carlyle.

Gig´got , n. See Gigot. [Obs.] Chapman.

Gig´gyng , n. [See Gige.] The act of fastending the gige or leather strap to the shield. [Obs.] ´Gigging of shields.´ Chaucer. { Gig´lot , Gig´let } n. [Cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person, Dan. giek a fool, silly man, AS. gagol, gaegl, lascivious, wanton, MHG. gogel wanton, giege fool, and E. gig a wanton person.] A wanton; a lascivious or light, giddy girl. [Obs.] “The giglet is willful, and is running upon her fate.” Sir W. Scott.

Gig´lot , a. Giddi; light; inconstant; wanton. [Obs.] ´O giglot fortune!´ Shak.

Gig´ot , Gig´got , n. [F., fr. OF. gigue fiddle; — on account of the resemblance in shape. See Jig, n.] 1. A leg of mutton. 2. A small piece of flesh; a slice. [Obs.] “The rest in giggots cut, they spit.” Chapman.

Gi´la mon´ster (Zoöl.) A large tuberculated lizard (Heloderma suspectum) native of the dry plains of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. It is the only lizard known to have venomous teeth.

Gild , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gilded or Gilt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gilding.] [AS. gyldan, from gold gold. rad.234. See Gold.] 1. To overlay with a thin covering of gold; to cover with a golden color; to cause to look like gold. ´Gilded chariots.´ Pope. “No more the rising sun shall gild the morn.” Pope. 2. To make attractive; to adorn; to brighten. “Let oft good humor, mild and gay,
Gild the calm evening of your day.” Trumbull. 3. To give a fair but deceptive outward appearance to; to embellish; as to gild a lie. Shak. 4. To make red with drinking. [Obs.] “This grand liquior that hath gilded them.” Shak.

Gild´ale , n. [AS. gilgan to pay + E. ale. See Yield, v. t., and Ale.] A drinking bout in which every one pays an equal share. [Obs.]

Gild´en , a. Gilded. Holland.

Gild´er , n. One who gilds; one whose occupation is to overlay with gold.

Gil´der , n. A Dutch coin. See Guilder.

Gild´ing (gild´ing), n. 1. The art or practice of overlaying or covering with gold leaf; also a thin coating or wash of gold, or of that which resembles gold. 2. Gold in leaf, powder, or liquid, for application to any surface. 3. Any superficial coating or appearance, as opposed to what is solid and genuine. Gilding metal, a tough kind of sheet brass from which cartridge shells are made.

Gile , n. [See Guile.] Guile. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gill , n. [Dan. giaelle, gelle; akin to Sw. gäl, Icel. gjölnar gills; cf. AS. geagl, geahl, jaw.] 1. (Anat.) An organ for aquatic respiration; a branchia. “Fishes perform respiration under water by the gills.” Ray. Gills are usually lamellar or filamentous appendages, through which the blood circulates, and in which it is exposed to the action of the air contained in the water. In vertebrates they are appendages of the visceral arches on either side of the neck. In invertebrates they occupy various situations. 2. pl. (Bot.) The radiating, gill-shaped plates forming the under surface of a mushroom. 3. (Zoöl.) The fleshy flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl; a wattle. 4. The flesh under or about the chin. Swift. 5. (Spinning) One of the combs of closely ranged steel pins which divide the ribbons of flax fiber or wool into fewer parallel filaments. [Prob. so called from F. aiguilles, needles. Ure.] Gill arches, Gill bars. (Anat.) Same as Branchial arches. — Gill clefts. (Anat.) Same as Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. — Gill cover, Gill lid. See Operculum. — Gill frame, or Gill head (Flax Manuf.), a spreader; a machine for subjecting flax to the action of gills. Knight. — Gill net, a flat net so suspended in the water that its meshes allow the heads of fish to pass, but catch in the gills when they seek to extricate themselves. — Gill opening, or Gill slit (Anat.), an opening behind and below the head of most fishes, and some amphibians, by which the water from the gills is discharged. In most fishes there is a single opening on each side, but in the sharks and rays there are five, or more, on each side. — Gill rakes, or Gill rakers (Anat.), horny filaments, or progresses, on the inside of the branchial arches of fishes, which help to prevent solid substances from being carried into gill cavities.

Gill, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A two-wheeled frame for transporting timber. [Prov. Eng.]

Gill, n. A leech. [Also gell.] [Scot.] Jameison.

Gill, n. [Icel. gil.] A woody glen; a narrow valley containing a stream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Gill , n. [OF. gille, gelle, a sort of measure for wine, LL. gillo, gello., Cf. Gallon.] A measure of capacity, containing one fourth of a pint.

Gill , n. [Abbrev. from Gillian.] 1. A young woman; a sweetheart; a flirting or wanton girl. ´Each Jack with his Gill.´ B. Jonson. 2. (Bot.) The ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma); — called also gill over the ground, and other like names. 3. Malt liquor medicated with ground ivy. Gill ale. (a) Ale flavored with ground ivy. (b) (Bot.) Alehoof.

Gill´-flirt , n. A thoughtless, giddy girl; a flirt-gill. Sir W. Scott.

Gill´house, n. A shop where gill is sold. “Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn.” Pope.

Gil´li•an , n. [OE. Gillian, a woman’s name, for Julian, Juliana. Cf. Gill a girl.] A girl; esp., a wanton; a gill. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Gil´lie , Gil´ly } , n. [Gael. gille, giolla, boy, lad.] A boy or young man; a manservant; a male attendant, in the Scottish Highlands. Sir W. Scott.

Gil´ly•flow•er , n. [OE. gilofre, gilofer, clove, OF. girofre, girofle, F. girofle: cf. F. giroflee gillyflower, fr. girofle, Gr. clove tree; nut + leaf, akin to E. foliage. Cf. Caryophyllus, July- flower.] (Bot.) 1. A name given by old writers to the clove pink (Dianthus Caryophyllus) but now to the common stock (Matthiola incana), a cruciferous plant with showy and fragrant blossoms, usually purplish, but often pink or white. 2. A kind of apple, of a roundish conical shape, purplish red color, and having a large core. [Written also gilliflower.] Clove gillyflower, the clove pink. — Marsh gillyflower, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi). — Queen’s, or Winter, gillyflower, damewort. — Sea gillyflower, the thrift (Armeria vulgaris). — Wall gillyflower, the wallflower (Cheiranthus Cheiri). — Water gillyflower, the water violet.

Gil´our , n. [OF.] A guiler; deceiver. [Obs.]

Gilse , n. [W. gleisiad, fr. glas blue.] (Zoöl.) See Grilse.

Gilt , n. [See Geld, v. t.] (Zoöl.) A female pig, when young.

Gilt, imp. & p. p. of Gild.

Gilt, p. p. & a. Gilded; covered with gold; of the color of gold; golden yellow. ´Gilt hair´ Chaucer.

Gilt, n. 1. Gold, or that which resembles gold, laid on the surface of a thing; gilding. Shak. 2. Money. [Obs.] ´The gilt of France.´ Shak. { Gilt´-edge• , Gilt´-edged• } a. 1. Having a gilt edge; as gilt-edged paper. 2. Of the best quality; — said of negotiable paper, etc. [Slang, U. S.]

Gilt´head , n. (Zoöl.) A marine fish. The name is applied to two species: (a) The Pagrus, or Chrysophrys, auratus, a valuable food fish common in the Mediterranean (so named from its golden-colored head); — called also giltpoll. (b) The Crenilabrus melops, of the British coasts; — called also golden maid, conner, sea partridge.

Gilt´if , a. [For gilti, by confusion with -if, -ive, in French forms. See Guilty.] Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gilt´tail , n. A yellow-tailed worm or larva.

Gim , a. [Cf. Gimp, a.] Neat; spruce. [Prov.]

Gim´bal , or Gim´bals , n. [See Gimmal, n.] A contrivance for permitting a body to incline freely in all directions, or for suspending anything, as a barometer, ship’s compass, chronometer, etc., so that it will remain plumb, or level, when its support is tipped, as by the rolling of a ship. It consists of a ring in which the body can turn on an axis through a diameter of the ring, while the ring itself is so pivoted to its support that it can turn about a diameter at right angles to the first. Gimbal joint (Mach.), a universal joint embodying the principle of the gimbal. — Gimbal ring, a single gimbal, as that by which the cockeye of the upper millstone is supported on the spindle.

Gim´blet , n. & v. See Gimlet.

Gim´crack , n. [OE., a spruce and pert pretender, also a spruce girl, prob. fr. gim + crack lad, boaster.] A trivial mechanism; a device; a toy; a pretty thing. Arbuthnot.

Gim´let , n. [Also written and pronounced gimbled ] [OF. guimbelet, guibelet, F. gibelet, prob. fr. OD. wimpel, weme, a bore, wemelen to bore, to wimble. See Wimble, n.] A small tool for boring holes. It has a leading screw, a grooved body, and a cross handle. Gimlet eye, a squint-eye. [Colloq.] Wright.

Gim´let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gimleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gimleting.] 1. To pierce or make with a gimlet. 2. (Naut.) To turn round (an anchor) by the stock, with a motion like turning a gimlet.

Gim´mal , n. [Prob. the same word as gemel. See Gemel, and cf. Gimbal.] 1. Joined work whose parts move within each other; a pair or series of interlocked rings. 2. A quaint piece of machinery; a gimmer. [Obs.]

Gim´mal, a. Made or consisting of interlocked rings or links; as gimmal mail. “In their pale dull mouths the gimmal bit
Lies foul with chewed grass.” Shak. Gimmal joint. See Gimbal joint, under Gimbal.

Gim´mer , Gim´mor , n. [Cf. Gimmal, n.] A piece of mechanism; mechanical device or contrivance; a gimcrack. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Shak.

Gimp , a. [W. gwymp fair, neat, comely.] Smart; spruce; trim; nice. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gimp, n. [OF. guimpe, guimple, a nun’s wimple, F. guimpe, OHG. wimpal a veil G. wimpel pennon, pendant. See Wimple, n.] A narrow ornamental fabric of silk, woolen, or cotton, often with a metallic wire, or sometimes a coarse cord, running through it; — used as trimming for dresses, furniture, etc. “Gimp nail, an upholsterer’s small nail.”

Gimp, v. t. To notch; to indent; to jag.

Gin , prep. [AS. geán. See Again.] Against; near by; towards; as gin night. [Scot.] A. Ross (1778).

Gin, conj. [See Gin, prep.] If. [Scotch] Jamieson.

Gin , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gan , Gon , or Gun ; p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] [OE. ginnen, AS. ginnan (in comp.), prob. orig., to open, cut open, cf. OHG. inginnan to begin, open, cut open, and prob. akin to AS. ginan to yawn, and E. yawn. See Yawn, v. i., and cf. Begin.] To begin; — often followed by an infinitive without to; as gan tell. See Gan. [Obs. or Archaic] ´He gan to pray.´ Chaucer.

Gin , n. [Contr. from Geneva. See 2d Geneva.] A strong alcoholic liquor, distilled from rye and barley, and flavored with juniper berries; — also called Hollands and Holland gin, because originally, and still very extensively, manufactured in Holland. Common gin is usually flavored with turpentine.

Gin , n. [A contraction of engine.] 1. Contrivance; artifice; a trap; a snare. Chaucer. Spenser. 2. (a) A machine for raising or moving heavy weights, consisting of a tripod formed of poles united at the top, with a windlass, pulleys, ropes, etc. (b) (Mining) A hoisting drum, usually vertical; a whim. 3. A machine for separating the seeds from cotton; a cotton gin. The name is also given to an instrument of torture worked with screws, and to a pump moved by rotary sails. Gin block, a simple form of tackle block, having one wheel, over which a rope runs; — called also whip gin, rubbish pulley, and monkey wheel. — Gin power, a form of horse power for driving a cotton gin. — Gin race, or Gin ring, the path of the horse when putting a gin in motion. Halliwell. — Gin saw, a saw used in a cotton gin for drawing the fibers through the grid, leaving the seed in the hopper. — Gin wheel. (a) In a cotton gin, a wheel for drawing the fiber through the grid; a brush wheel to clean away the lint. (b) (Mining) the drum of a whim.

Gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ginned p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] 1. To catch in a trap. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To clear of seeds by a machine; as to gin cotton.

Ging , n. Same as Gang, n., 2. [Obs.] “There is a knot, a ging, a pack, a conspiracy against me.” Shak.

Gin•gal´ , n. See Jingal.

Gin´ger , n. [OE. ginger, gingever, gingivere, OF. gengibre, gingimbre, F. gingembre, L. zingiber, zingiberi, fr. Gr. ; of Oriental origin; cf. Ar. & Pers. zenjebil, fr. Skr. gavëra, prop., hornshaped; ga horn + vëra body.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Zingiber, of the East and West Indies. The species most known is Z. officinale. 2. The hot and spicy rootstock of Zingiber officinale, which is much used in cookery and in medicine. Ginger beer or ale, a mild beer impregnated with ginger. — Ginger cordial, a liquor made from ginger, raisins, lemon rind, and water, and sometimes whisky or brandy. — Ginger pop. See Ginger beer (above). — Ginger wine, wine impregnated with ginger. — Wild ginger (Bot.), an American herb (Asarum Canadense) with two reniform leaves and a long, cordlike rootstock which has a strong taste of ginger.

Gin´ger•bread , n. A kind of plain sweet cake seasoned with ginger, and sometimes made in fanciful shapes. ´Gingerbread that was full fine.´ Chaucer. Gingerbread tree (Bot.), the doom palm; — so called from the resemblance of its fruit to gingerbread. See Doom Palm. — Gingerbread work, ornamentation, in architecture or decoration, of a fantastic, trivial, or tawdry character.

Gin´ger•ly, adv. [Prov. E. ginger brittle, tender; cf. dial. Sw. gingla, gängla, to go gently, totter, akin to E. gang.] Cautiously; timidly; fastidiously; daintily. “What is’t that you took up so gingerly ?” Shak.

Gin´ger•ness, n. Cautiousness; tenderness.

Ging´ham , n. [F. guingan; cf. Jav. ginggang; or perh. fr. Guingamp, in France.] A kind of cotton or linen cloth, usually in stripes or checks, the yarn of which is dyed before it is woven; — distinguished from printed cotton or prints.

Ging´ing , n. (Mining) The lining of a mine shaft with stones or bricks to prevent caving.

Gin´gi•val , a. [L. gingiva the gum.] Of or pertaining to the gums. Holder.

Gin´gle , n. & v. [Obs.] See Jingle.

Gin´gly•form , a. (Anat.) Ginglymoid.

Gin•gly•mo´di , n. [NL.; cf. Gr. ginglymoid. See Ginglymoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, including the modern gar pikes and many allied fossil forms. They have rhombic, ganoid scales, a heterocercal tail, paired fins without an axis, fulcra on the fins, and a bony skeleton, with the vertebrae convex in front and concave behind, forming a ball and socket joint. See Ganoidel. { Gin´gly•moid , Gin•gly•moid´al } a. [Gr. ; ginglymus + form: cf. F. ginglymoide, ginglymoïdal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a ginglymus, or hinge joint; ginglyform.

Gin´gly•mus , n.; pl. Ginglymi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a hingelike joint, a ball and socket joint.] (Anat.) A hinge joint; an articulation, admitting of flexion and extension, or motion in two directions only, as the elbow and the ankle.

Gin´house , n. A building where cotton is ginned.

Gink´go , n.; pl. Ginkgoes (#). [Chin., silver fruit.] (Bot.) A large ornamental tree (Ginkgo biloba) from China and Japan, belonging to the Yew suborder of Coniferae. Its leaves are so like those of some maidenhair ferns, that it is also called the maidenhair tree.

Gin´nee , n.; pl. Ginn . See Jinnee.

Gin´net , n. See Genet, a horse.

Gin´ning , n. [See Gin, v. i.] Beginning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gin´ny-car•riage , n. A small, strong carriage for conveying materials on a railroad. [Eng.]

Gin´seng , n. [Chinese.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Aralia, the root of which is highly valued as a medicine among the Chinese. The Chinese plant (Aralia Schinseng) has become so rare that the American (A. quinquefolia) has largely taken its place, and its root is now an article of export from America to China. The root, when dry, is of a yellowish white color, with a sweetness in the taste somewhat resembling that of licorice, combined with a slight aromatic bitterness.

Gin´shop , n. A shop or barroom where gin is sold as a beverage. [Colloq.]

Gip , v. t. To take out the entrails of (herrings).

Gip, n. A servant. See Gyp. Sir W. Scott.

Gi•poun´ , n. [See Jupon.] A short cassock. [Written also gepoun, gypoun, jupon, juppon.] [Obs.] { Gip´ser , Gip´sire } n. [F. gibecière a game pouch or game pocket. Cf. Gibbier.] A kind of pouch formerly worn at the girdle. Ld. Lytton. “A gipser all of silk,
Hung at his girdle, white as morne milk.” Chaucer.

Gip´sy (jip´sy), n. & a. See Gypsy.

Gip´sy•ism , n. See Gypsyism.

Gi•raffe´ , n. [F. girafe, Sp. girafa, from Ar. zurafa, zarafa.] (Zoöl.) An African ruminant (Camelopardalis giraffa) related to the deers and antelopes, but placed in a family by itself; the camelopard. It is the tallest of animals, being sometimes twenty feet from the hoofs to the top of the head. Its neck is very long, and its fore legs are much longer than its hind legs.

Gir´an•dole , n. [F. See Gyrate.] 1. An ornamental branched candlestick. 2. A flower stand, fountain, or the like, of branching form. 3. (Pyrotechny) A kind of revolving firework. 4. (Fort.) A series of chambers in defensive mines. Farrow. { Gir´a•sole Gir´a•sol } , n. [It. girasole, or F. girasol, fr. L. gyrare to turn around + sol sun.] 1. (Bot.) See Heliotrope. [Obs.] 2. (Min.) A variety of opal which is usually milk white, bluish white, or sky blue; but in a bright light it reflects a reddish color.

Gird (gerd), n. [See Yard a measure.] 1. A stroke with a rod or switch; a severe spasm; a twinge; a pang. “Conscience … is freed from many fearful girds and twinges which the atheist feels.” Tillotson. 2. A cut; a sarcastic remark; a gibe; a sneer. “I thank thee for that gird, good Tranio.” Shak.

Gird, v. t. [See Gird, n., and cf. Girde, v.] 1. To strike; to smite. [Obs.] “To slay him and to girden off his head.” Chaucer. 2. To sneer at; to mock; to gibe. “Being moved, he will not spare to gird the gods.” Shak.

Gird, v. i. To gibe; to sneer; to break a scornful jest; to utter severe sarcasms. “Men of all sorts take a pride to gird at me.” Shak.

Gird (gerd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girt or Girded; p. pr. & vb. n. Girding.] [OE. girden, gurden, AS. gyrdan; akin to OS. gurdian, D. gorden, OHG. gurten, G. gürten, Icel. gyrða, Sw. gjorda, Dan. giorde, Goth. bigaírdan to begird, and prob. to E. yard an inclosure. Cf. Girth, n. & v., Girt, v. t.] 1. To encircle or bind with any flexible band. 2. To make fast, as clothing, by binding with a cord, girdle, bandage, etc. 3. To surround; to encircle, or encompass. “That Nyseian isle,
Girt with the River Triton.” Milton. 4. To clothe; to swathe; to invest. “I girded thee about with fine linen.” Ezek. xvi. 10. “The Son … appeared
Girt with omnipotence.” Milton. 5. To prepare; to make ready; to equip; as to gird one’s self for a contest. “Thou hast girded me with strength.” Ps. xviii. 39. To gird on, to put on; to fasten around or to one securely, like a girdle; as to gird on armor or a sword. “Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off.” 1 Kings xx. 11. — To gird up, to bind tightly with a girdle; to support and strengthen, as with a girdle. “He girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab.” 1 Kings xviii. 46. “Gird up the loins of your mind.” 1 Pet. i. 13. — Girt up; prepared or equipped, as for a journey or for work, in allusion to the ancient custom of gathering the long flowing garments into the girdle and tightening it before any exertion; hence, adjectively, eagerly or constantly active; strenuous; striving. ´A severer, more girt-up way of living.´ J. C. Shairp.

Gird´er , n. [From Gird to sneer at.] One who girds; a satirist.

Gird´er, n. [From Gird to encircle.] 1. One who, or that which, girds. 2. (Arch. & Engin.) A main beam; a stright, horizontal beam to span an opening or carry weight, such as ends of floor beams, etc.; hence, a framed or built-up member discharging the same office, technically called a compound girder. See Illusts. of Frame, and Doubleframed floor, under Double. Bowstring girder, Box girder, etc. See under Bowstring, Box, etc. — Girder bridge. See under Bridge. — Lattice girder, a girder consisting of longitudinal bars united by diagonal crossing bars. — Half-lattice girder, a girder consisting of horizontal upper and lower bars connected by a series of diagonal bars sloping alternately in opposite directions so as to divide the space between the bars into a series of triangles. Knight. — Sandwich girder, a girder consisting of two parallel wooden beams, between which is an iron plate, the whole clamped together by iron bolts.

Gird´ing, n. That with which one is girded; a girdle. “Instead of a stomacher, a girding of sackcloth.” Is. iii. 24.

Gir´dle , n. A griddle. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Gir´dle, n. [OE. gurdel, girdel, AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan; akin to D. gordel, G. gürtel, Icel. gyrill. See Gird, v. t., to encircle, and cf. Girth, n.] 1. That which girds, encircles, or incloses; a circumference; a belt; esp., a belt, sash, or article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; a cestus. “ Within the girdle of these walls.” Shak. “Their breasts girded with golden girdles.” Rev. xv. 6. 2. The zodiac; also the equator. [Poetic] Bacon. “From the world’s girdle to the frozen pole.” Cowper. “That gems the starry girdle of the year.” Campbell. 3. (Jewelry) The line ofgreatest circumference of a brilliant-cut diamond, at which it is grasped by the setting. See Illust. of Brilliant. Knight. 4. (Mining) A thin bed or stratum of stone. Raymond. 5. (Zoöl.) The clitellus of an earthworm. Girdle bone (Anat.), the sphenethmoid. See under Sphenethmoid. — Girdle wheel, a spinning wheel. — Sea girdle (Zoöl.), a ctenophore. See Venus’s girdle, under Venus. — Shoulder, Pectoral, ∧ Pelvic, girdle. (Anat.) See under Pectoral, and Pelvic. — To have under the girdle, to have bound to one, that is, in subjection.

Gir´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girdled p. pr. & vb. n. Girdling ] 1. To bind with a belt or sash; to gird. Shak. 2. To inclose; to environ; to shut in. “Those sleeping stones,
That as a waist doth girdle you about.” Shak. 3. To make a cut or gnaw a groove around (a tree, etc.) through the bark and alburnum, thus killing it. [U. S.]

Gir´dler , n. 1. One who girdles. 2. A maker of girdles. 3. (Zoöl.) An American longicorn beetle (Oncideres cingulatus) which lays its eggs in the twigs of the hickory, and then girdles each branch by gnawing a groove around it, thus killing it to provide suitable food for the larvae.

Gir´dle•stead , n. [Girdle + stead place.] 1. That part of the body where the girdle is worn. [Obs.] “Sheathed, beneath his girdlestead.” Chapman. 2. The lap. [R.] “There fell a flower into her girdlestead.” Swinburne.

Gire , n. [Obs.] See Gyre.

Gir´kin , n. [Obs.] See Gherkin.

Girl , n. [OE. girle, gerle, gurle, a girl (in sense 1): cf. LG. gör child.] 1. A young person of either sex; a child. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A female child, from birth to the age of puberty; a young maiden. 3. A female servant; a maidservant. [U. S.] 4. (Zoöl.) A roebuck two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

Girl´hood , n. State or time of being a girl.

Girl´ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a girl; of or pertaining to girlhood; innocent; artless; immature; weak; as girlish ways; girlish grief. — Girl´ish•ly, adv. — Girl´ish•ness, n.

Gir´lond , n. [See Garland, n.] A garland; a prize. [Obs.] Chapman.

Girn , v. i. [See Grin, n.] To grin. [Obs.]

Gi•ron´dist , n. [F. Girondiste.] A member of the moderate republican party formed in the French legislative assembly in 1791. The Girondists were so called because their leaders were deputies from the department of La Gironde.

Gi•ron´dist, a. Of or pertaining to the Girondists. [Written also Girondin.]

Gir´rock , n. [Cf. Prov. F. chicarou.] (Zoöl.) A garfish. Johnson.

Girt , imp. & p. p. of Gird.

Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girted; p. pr. & vb. n. Girting.] [From Girt, n., cf. Girth, v.] To gird; to encircle; to invest by means of a girdle; to measure the girth of; as to girt a tree. “We here create thee the first duke of Suffolk,
And girt thee with the sword.” Shak.

Girt, a. (Naut.) Bound by a cable; — used of a vessel so moored by two anchors that she swings against one of the cables by force of the current or tide.

Girt (gert), n. Same as Girth.

Girth (gerth), n. [Icel. gjörð girdle, or gerð girth; akin to Goth. gaírda girdle. See Gird to girt, and cf. Girdle, n.] 1. A band or strap which encircles the body; especially, one by which a saddle is fastened upon the back of a horse. 2. The measure round the body, as at the waist or belly; the circumference of anything. “He’s a lu
sty, jolly fellow, that lives well, at least three yards in the girth.” Addison. 3. A small horizontal brace or girder.

Girth, v. t. [From Girth, n., cf. Girt, v. t.] To bind as with a girth. [R.] Johnson.

Girt´line , n. (Naut.) A gantline. Hammock girtline, a line rigged for hanging out hammocks to dry.

Gis•arm´ , n. [OF. gisarme, guisarme.] (Mediaeval Armor) A weapon with a scythe-shaped blade, and a separate long sharp point, mounted on a long staff and carried by foot soldiers.

Gise , v. t. [See Agist.] To feed or pasture. [Obs.]

Gise , n. Guise; manner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gis´le , n. [AS. gisel; akin to G. geisel, Icel. gisl.] A pledge. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson. { Gis•mon´dine , Gis•mon´dite } n. [From the name of the discoverer, Gismondi.] (Min.) A native hydrated silicate of alumina, lime, and potash, first noticed near Rome.

Gist , n. [OF. giste abode, lodgings, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, L. jacre, prop., to be thrown, hence, to lie, fr. jac re to throw. In the second sense fr. OF. gist, F. gît, 3d pers. sing. ind. of gesir to lie, used in a proverb, F., c’est là que gît le lièvre, it is there that the hare lies, i. e., that is the point, the difficulty. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Agist, Joist, n., Gest a stage in traveling.] 1. A resting place. [Obs.] “These quails have their set gists; to wit, ordinary resting and baiting places.” Holland. 2. The main point, as of a question; the point on which an action rests; the pith of a matter; as the gist of a question.

Git , n. (Founding) See Geat.

Gite , n. A gown. [Obs.] “She came often in a gite of red.” Chaucer.

Gith , n. [Prov. E., corn cockle; cf. W. gith corn cockle.] (Bot.) The corn cockle; also anciently applied to the Nigella, or fennel flower.

Git´tern , n. [OE. giterne, OF. guiterne, ultimately from same source as E. guitar. See Guitar, and cf. Cittern.] An instrument like a guitar. ´Harps, lutes, and giternes.´ Chaucer.

Git´tern, v. i. To play on gittern. Milton.

Git´tith , n. [Heb.] A musical instrument, of unknown character, supposed by some to have been used by the people of Gath, and thence obtained by David. It is mentioned in the title of Psalms viii., lxxxi., and lxxxiv. Dr. W. Smith.

Giust (just), n. [Obs.] Same as Joust. Spenser.

Gius´to , a. [It., fr. L. justus. See Just, a.] (Mus.) In just, correct, or suitable time.

Give (giv), v. t. [imp. Gave (gav); p. p. Given (giv´’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Giving.] [OE. given, yiven, yeven, AS. gifan, giefan; akin to D. geven, OS. geðan, OHG. geban, G. geben, Icel. gefa, Sw. gifva, Dan. give, Goth. giban. Cf. Gift, n.] 1. To bestow without receiving a return; to confer without compensation; to impart, as a possession; to grant, as authority or permission; to yield up or allow. “For generous lords had rather give than pay.” Young. 2. To yield possesion of; to deliver over, as property, in exchange for something; to pay; as we give the value of what we buy. “What shall a man give in exchange for his soul ?” Matt. xvi. 26. 3. To yield; to furnish; to produce; to emit; as flint and steel give sparks. 4. To communicate or announce, as advice, tidings, etc.; to pronounce; to render or utter, as an opinion, a judgment, a sentence, a shout, etc. 5. To grant power or license to; to permit; to allow; to license; to commission. “It is given me once again to behold my friend.” Rowe. “Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine.” Pope. 6. To exhibit as a product or result; to produce; to show; as the number of men, divided by the number of ships, gives four hundred to each ship. 7. To devote; to apply; used reflexively, to devote or apply one’s self; as the soldiers give themselves to plunder; also in this sense used very frequently in the past participle; as the people are given to luxury and pleasure; the youth is given to study. 8. (Logic & Math.) To set forth as a known quantity or a known relation, or as a premise from which to reason; — used principally in the passive form given. 9. To allow or admit by way of supposition. “I give not heaven for lost.” Mlton. 10. To attribute; to assign; to adjudge. “I don’t wonder at people’s giving him to me as a lover.” Sheridan. 11. To excite or cause to exist, as a sensation; as to give offense; to give pleasure or pain. 12. To pledge; as to give one’s word. 13. To cause; to make; — with the infinitive; as to give one to understand, to know, etc. “But there the duke was given to understand
That in a gondola were seen together
Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica.” Shak. To give away, to make over to another; to transfer. “Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses during our lives, is given away from ourselves.” Atterbury. — To give back, to return; to restore. Atterbury. — To give the bag, to cheat. [Obs.] “I fear our ears have given us the bag.” J. Webster. — To give birth to. (a) To bear or bring forth, as a child. (b) To originate; to give existence to, as an enterprise, idea. — To give chase, to pursue. — To give ear to. See under Ear. — To give forth, to give out; to publish; to tell. Hayward. — To give ground. See under Ground, n. — To give the hand, to pledge friendship or faith. — To give the hand of, to espouse; to bestow in marriage. — To give the head. See under Head, n. — To give in. (a) To abate; to deduct. (b) To declare; to make known; to announce; to tender; as to give in one’s adhesion to a party. — To give the lie to (a person), to tell (him) that he lies. — To give line. See under Line. — To give off, to emit, as steam, vapor, odor, etc. — To give one’s self away, to make an inconsiderate surrender of one’s cause, an unintentional disclosure of one’s purposes, or the like. [Colloq.] — To give out. (a) To utter publicly; to report; to announce or declare. “One that gives out himself Prince Florizel.” Shak. “Give out you are of Epidamnum.” Shak. (b) To send out; to emit; to distribute; as a substance gives out steam or odors. — To give over. (a) To yield completely; to quit; to abandon. (b) To despair of. (c) To addict, resign, or apply (one’s self). “The Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice.” Grew. — To give place, to withdraw; to yield one’s claim. — To give points. (a) In games of skill, to equalize chances by conceding a certain advantage; to allow a handicap. (b) To give useful suggestions. [Colloq.] — To give rein. See under Rein, n. — To give the sack. Same as To give the bag. — To give and take. (a) To average gains and losses. (b) To exchange freely, as blows, sarcasms, etc. — To give time (Law), to accord extension or forbearance to a debtor. Abbott. — To give the time of day, to salute one with the compliment appropriate to the hour, as ´good morning.´ ´good evening´, etc. — To give tongue, in hunter’s phrase, to bark; — said of dogs. — To give up. (a) To abandon; to surrender. ´Don’t give up the ship.´ “He has … given up
For certain drops of salt, your city Rome.” Shak. (b) To make public; to reveal. “I’ll not state them
By giving up their characters.” Beau. & Fl. (c) (Used also reflexively.) — To give up the ghost. See under Ghost. — To give one’s self up, to abandon hope; to despair; to surrender one’s self. — To give way. (a) To withdraw; to give place. (b) To yield to force or pressure; as the scaffolding gave way. (c) (Naut.) To begin to row; or to row with increased energy. (d) (Stock Exchange). To depreciate or decline in value; as railroad securities gave way two per cent. — To give way together, to row in time; to keep stroke. Syn. — To Give, Confer, Grant. To give is the generic word, embracing all the rest. To confer was originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent grants or privileges; as to confer the order of knighthood; and hence it still denotes the giving of something which might have been withheld; as to confer a favor. To grant is to give in answer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way dependent or inferior.

Give , v. i. 1. To give a gift or gifts. 2. To yield to force or pressure; to relax; to become less rigid; as the earth gives under the feet. 3. To become soft or moist. [Obs.] Bacon . 4. To move; to recede. “Now back he gives, then rushes on amain.” Daniel. 5. To shed tears; to weep. [Obs.] “Whose eyes do never give
But through lust and laughter.” Shak. 6. To have a misgiving. [Obs.] “My mind gives ye’re reserved
To rob poor market women.” J. Webster. 7. To open; to lead. [A Gallicism] “This, yielding, gave into a grassy walk.” Tennyson. To give back, to recede; to retire; to retreat. “They gave back and came no farther.” Bunyan. — To give in, to yield; to succumb; to acknowledge one’s self beaten; to cease opposition. “The Scots battalion was enforced to give in.” Hayward. “This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases.” Pope. — To give off, to cease; to forbear. [Obs.] Locke. — To give on or upon. (a) To rush; to fall upon. [Obs.] (b) To have a view of; to be in sight of; to overlook; to look toward; to open upon; to front; to face. [A Gallicism: cf. Fr. donner sur.] “Rooms which gave upon a pillared porch.” Tennyson. “The gloomy staircase on which the grating gave.” Dickens. — To give out. (a) To expend all one’s strength. Hence: (b) To cease from exertion; to fail; to be exhausted; as my feet being to give out; the flour has given out. — To give over, to cease; to discontinue; to desist. “It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give over, and to desist from any further pursuits after fame.” Addison. — To give up, to cease from effort; to yield; to despair; as he would never give up.

Giv´en , p. p. & a. from Give, v. 1. (Math. & Logic) Granted; assumed; supposed to be known; set forth as a known quantity, relation, or premise. 2. Disposed; inclined; — used with an adv.; as virtuously given. Shak. 3. Stated; fixed; as in a given time. Given name, the Christian name, or name given by one’s parents or guardians, as distinguished from the surname, which is inherited. [Colloq.]

Giv´er , n. One who gives; a donor; a bestower; a grantor; one who imparts or distributes. “It is the giver, and not the gift, that engrosses the heart of the Christian.” Kollock.

Gives , n. pl. [See Give, n.] Fetters.

Giv´ing , n. 1. The act of bestowing as a gift; a conferring or imparting. 2. A gift; a benefaction. [R.] Pope. 3. The act of softening, breaking, or yielding. ´Upon the first giving of the weather.´ Addison. Giving in, a falling inwards; a collapse. — Giving out, anything uttered or asserted; an outgiving. “His givings out were of an infinite distance
From his true meant design.” Shak.

Giz´zard , n. [F. gesier, L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry. Cf. Gigerium.] 1. (Anat.) The second, or true, muscular stomach of birds, in which the food is crushed and ground, after being softened in the glandular stomach (crop), or lower part of the esophagus; the gigerium. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A thick muscular stomach found in many invertebrate animals. (b) A stomach armed with chitinous or shelly plates or teeth, as in certain insects and mollusks. Gizzard shad (Zoöl.), an American herring (Dorosoma cepedianum) resembling the shad, but of little value. — To fret the gizzard, to harass; to vex one’s self; to worry. [Low] Hudibras. — To stick in one’s gizzard, to be difficult of digestion; to be offensive. [Low]

Gla•bel´la , n.; pl. Glabell (#). [NL., fr. L. glabellus hairless, fr. glaber bald.] (Anat.) The space between the eyebrows, also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the mesophryon. — Gla•bel´lar (#), a.

Gla•bel´lum , n.; pl. Glabella (#). [NL. See Glabella.] (Zoöl.) The median, convex lobe of the head of a trilobite. See Trilobite.

Gla´brate , a. [L. glabrare, fr. glaber smooth.] (Bot.) Becoming smooth or glabrous from age. Gray. { Gla´bre•ate , Gla´bri•ate } v. t. [See Glabrate.] To make smooth, plain, or bare. [Obs.]

Glab´ri•ty , n. [L. glabritas.] Smoothness; baldness. [R.]

Gla´brous , a. [L. glaber; cf. Gr. hollow, smooth, to hollow.] Smooth; having a surface without hairs or any unevenness.

Gla´cial , a. [L. glacialis, from glacies ice: cf. F. glacial.] 1. Pertaining to ice or to its action; consisting of ice; frozen; icy; esp., pertaining to glaciers; as glacial phenomena. Lyell. 2. (Chem.) Resembling ice; having the appearance and consistency of ice; — said of certain solid compounds; as glacial phosphoric or acetic acids. Glacial acid (Chem.), an acid of such strength or purity as to crystallize at an ordinary temperature, in an icelike form; as acetic or carbolic acid. — Glacial drift (Geol.), earth and rocks which have been transported by moving ice, land ice, or icebergs; bowlder drift. — Glacial epoch or period (Geol.), a period during which the climate of the modern temperate regions was polar, and ice covered large portions of the northern hemisphere to the mountain tops. — Glacial theory or hypothesis. (Geol.) See Glacier theory, under Glacier.

Gla´cial•ist, n. One who attributes the phenomena of the drift, in geology, to glaciers.

Gla´ci•ate , v. i. [L. glaciatus, p. p. of glaciare to freeze, fr. glacies ice.] To turn to ice.

Gla´ci•ate, v. t. 1. To convert into, or cover with, ice. 2. (Geol.) To produce glacial effects upon, as in the scoring of rocks, transportation of loose material, etc. Glaciated rocks, rocks whose surfaces have been smoothed, furrowed, or striated, by the action of ice.

Gla•ci•a´tion , n. 1. Act of freezing. 2. That which is formed by freezing; ice. 3. The process of glaciating, or the state of being glaciated; the production of glacial phenomena.

Gla´cier , n. [F. glacier, fr. glace ice, L. glacies.] An immense field or stream of ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down a mountain slope or valley, as in the Alps, or over an extended area, as in Greenland. The mass of compacted snow forming the upper part of a glacier is called the firn, or neve; the glacier proper consist of solid ice, deeply crevassed where broken up by irregularities in the slope or direction of its path. A glacier usually carries with it accumulations of stones and dirt called moraines, which are designated, according to their position, as lateral, medial, or terminal (see Moraine). The common rate of flow of the Alpine glaciers is from ten to twenty inches per day in summer, and about half that in winter. Glacier theory (Geol.), the theory that large parts of the frigid and temperate zones were covered with ice during the glacial, or ice, period, and that, by the agency of this ice, the loose materials on the earth’s surface, called drift or diluvium, were transported and accumulated.

Gla´cious , a. Pertaining to, consisting of or resembling, ice; icy. Sir T. Browne.

Gla´cis , n. [F. glacis; — so named from its smoothness. See Glacier.] A gentle slope, or a smooth, gently sloping bank; especially (Fort.), that slope of earth which inclines from the covered way toward the exterior ground or country (see Illust. of Ravelin).

Glad , a. [Compar. Gladder superl. Gladdest ] [AS. glaed bright, glad; akin to D. glad smooth, G. glatt, OHG. glat smooth, shining, Icel. glar glad, bright, Dan. & Sw. glad glad, Lith. glodas smooth, and prob. to L. glaber, and E. glide. Cf. Glabrous.] 1. Pleased; joyous; happy; cheerful; gratified; — opposed to sorry, sorrowful, or unhappy; — said of persons, and often followed by of, at, that, or by the infinitive, and sometimes by with, introducing the cause or reason. “A wise son maketh a glad father.” Prov. x. 1. “He that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished.” Prov. xvii. 5. “The Trojan, glad with sight of hostile blood.” Dryden. “He, glad of her attention gained.” Milton. “As we are now glad to behold your eyes.” Shak. “Glad am I that your highness is so armed.” Shak. Glad on ’t, glad of it. [Colloq.] Shak. 2. Wearing a gay or bright appearance; expressing or exciting joy; producing gladness; exhilarating. “Her conversation
More glad to me than to a miser money is.” Sir P. Sidney. “Glad evening and glad morn crowned the fourth day.” Milton. Syn. — Pleased; gratified; exhilarated; animated; delighted; happy; cheerful; joyous; joyful; cheering; exhilarating; pleasing; animating. — Glad, Delighted, Gratified. Delighted expresses a much higher degree of pleasure than glad. Gratified always refers to a pleasure conferred by some human agent, and the feeling is modified by the consideration that we owe it in part to another. A person may be glad or delighted to see a friend, and gratified at the attention shown by his visits.

Glad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gladding.] [AS. gladian. See Glad, a., and cf. Gladden, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to gladden; to exhilarate. Chaucer. “That which gladded all the warrior train.” Dryden. “Each drinks the juice that glads the heart of man.” Pope.

Glad, v. i. To be glad; to rejoice. [Obs.] Massinger.

Glad´den , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladdened p. pr. & vb. n. Gladdening ] [See Glad, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to please; to gratify; to rejoice; to exhilarate. “A secret pleasure gladdened all that saw him.” Addison.

Glad´den, v. i. To be or become glad; to rejoice. “The vast Pacific gladdens with the freight.” Wordsworth.

Glad´der , n. One who makes glad. Chaucer.

Glade , n. [Prob. of Scand. origin, and akin to glad, a.; cf. also W. golead, goleuad, a lighting, illumination, fr. goleu light, clear, bright, goleu fwlch glade, lit., a light or clear defile.] 1. An open passage through a wood; a grassy open or cleared space in a forest. “There interspersed in lawns and opening glades.” Pope. 2. An everglade. [Local, U. S.] 3. An opening in the ice of rivers or lakes, or a place left unfrozen; also smooth ice. [Local, U. S.] Bottom glade. See under Bottom. — Glade net, in England, a net used for catching woodcock and other birds in forest glades.

Gla´den , n. [AS. glaedene, cf. L. gladius a sword. Cf. Gladiole.] (Bot.) Sword grass; any plant with sword-shaped leaves, esp. the European Iris fœtidissima. [Written also gladwyn, gladdon, and glader.]

Glad´eye , n. (Zoöl.) The European yellow-hammer.

Glad´ful , a. Full of gladness; joyful; glad. [R.] — Glad´ful•ness, n. [R.] Spenser. “It followed him with gladful glee.” Spenser.

Glad´i•ate , a. [L. gladius sword.] (Bot.) Sword-shaped; resembling a sword in form, as the leaf of the iris, or of the gladiolus.

Glad´i•a•tor , n. [L., fr. gladius sword. See Glaive.] 1. Originally, a swordplayer; hence, one who fought with weapons in public, either on the occasion of a funeral ceremony, or in the arena, for public amusement. 2. One who engages in any fierce combat or controversy. { Glad•i•a•to´ri•al , Glad•i•a•to´ri•an , } a. Of or pertaining to gladiators, or to contests or combatants in general.

Glad´i•a•tor•ism , n. The art or practice of a gladiator.

Glad´i•a•tor•ship, n. Conduct, state, or art, of a gladiator.

Glad´i•a•to•ry , a. [L. gladiatorius.] Gladiatorial. [R.]

Glad´i•a•ture , n. [L. gladiatura.] Swordplay; fencing; gladiatorial contest. Gayton.

Glad´i•ole , n. [L. gladiolus a small sword, the sword lily, dim. of gladius sword. See Glaive.] (Bot.) A lilylike plant, of the genus Gladiolus; — called also corn flag.

Gla•di´o•lus , n.; pl. L. Gladioli (#), E. Gladioluses (#). [L. See Gladiole.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants having bulbous roots and gladiate leaves, and including many species, some of which are cultivated and valued for the beauty of their flowers; the corn flag; the sword lily. 2. (Anat.) The middle portion of the sternum in some animals; the mesosternum.

Gla´di•us , n.; pl. Gladii (#). [L., a sword.] (Zoöl.) The internal shell, or pen, of cephalopods like the squids.

Glad´ly , adv. [From Glad, a.] 1. Preferably; by choice. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. With pleasure; joyfully; cheerfully; eagerly. “The common people heard him gladly.” Mark xii. 37.

Glad´ness , n. [AS. glaednes.] State or quality of being glad; pleasure; joyful satisfaction; cheerfulness. “They … did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart.” Acts ii. 46. Gladness is rarely or never equivalent to mirth, merriment, gayety, and triumph, and it usually expresses less than delight. It sometimes expresses great joy. “The Jews had joy and gladness, a feast and a good day.” Esther viii. 17.

Glad´ship, n. [AS. glaedscipe.] A state of gladness. [Obs.] Gower.

Glad´some , a. 1. Pleased; joyful; cheerful. 2. Causing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness; having the appearance of gayety; pleasing. “Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day.” Prior. — Glad´some•ly, adv. — Glad´some•ness, n. “Hours of perfect gladsomeness.” Wordsworth.

Glad´stone , n. [Named after Wm. E. Gladstone.] A four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two inside seats, calash top, and seats for driver and footman.

Glad´wyn , n. (Bot.) See Gladen.

Glair , n. [F. glaire, glaire d’uf, the glair of an egg, prob. fr. L. clarus clear, bright. See Clear, a.] 1. The white of egg. It is used as a size or a glaze in bookbinding, for pastry, etc. 2. Any viscous, transparent substance, resembling the white of an egg. 3. A broadsword fixed on a pike; a kind of halberd.

Glair, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glaired p. pr. & vb. n. Glairing.] To smear with the white of an egg.

Glaire , n. See Glair.

Glair´e•ous , a. Glairy; covered with glair.

Glair´in , n. A glairy viscous substance, which forms on the surface of certain mineral waters, or covers the sides of their inclosures; — called also baregin.

Glair´y , a. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities; covered with glair; viscous and transparent; slimy. Wiseman.

Glaive , n. [F. glaive, L. gladius; prob. akin to E. claymore. Cf. Gladiator.] 1. A weapon formerly used, consisting of a large blade fixed on the end of a pole, whose edge was on the outside curve; also a light lance with a long sharp- pointed head. Wilhelm. 2. A sword; — used poetically and loosely. “The glaive which he did wield.” Spenser.

Gla´ma , n. [NL.; cf. Gr. , L. gramiae, Gr. blear-eyed.] (Med.) A copious gummy secretion of the humor of the eyelids, in consequence of some disorder; blearedness; lippitude.

Gla´mour , n. [Scot. glamour, glamer; cf. Icel. glámeggdr one who is troubled with the glaucoma or Icel. glam-syni weakness of sight, glamour; glamr name of the moon, also of a ghost + syni sight, akin to E. see. Perh., however, a corruption of E. gramarye.] 1. A charm affecting the eye, making objects appear different from what they really are. 2. Witchcraft; magic; a spell. Tennyson. 3. A kind of haze in the air, causing things to appear different from what they really are. “The air filled with a strange, pale glamour that seemed to lie over the broad valley.” W. Black. 4. Any artificial interest in, or association with, an object, through which it appears delusively magnified or glorified. 5. A quality of a person which allures and fascinates, usually by good looks and a charming manner; — of people; as the glamour of John F. Kennedy..
[PJC] 6. An attractive quality which provides excitement, adventure, the thrill of unusual activity, or the potential to become famous; — of activities; as the glamour of movie stardom.
[PJC] Glamour gift, Glamour might, the gift or power of producing a glamour. The former is used figuratively, of the gift of fascination peculiar to women. “It had much of glamour might
To make a lady seem a knight.” Sir W. Scott.

Glam´ou•rie , n. Glamour. [Scot.]

Glance , n. [Akin to D. glans luster, brightness, G. glanz, Sw. glans, D. glands brightness, glimpse. Cf. Gleen, Glint, Glitter, and Glance a mineral.] 1. A sudden flash of light or splendor. “Swift as the lightning glance.” Milton. 2. A quick cast of the eyes; a quick or a casual look; a swift survey; a glimpse. “Dart not scornful glances from those eyes.” Shak. 3. An incidental or passing thought or allusion. “How fleet is a glance of the mind.” Cowper. 4. (Min.) A name given to some sulphides, mostly dark-colored, which have a brilliant metallic luster, as the sulphide of copper, called copper glance. Glance coal, anthracite; a mineral composed chiefly of carbon. — Glance cobalt, cobaltite, or gray cobalt. — Glance copper, chalcocite. — Glance wood, a hard wood grown in Cuba, and used for gauging instruments, carpenters’ rules, etc. McElrath.

Glance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glanced p. pr. & vb. n. Glancing ] 1. To shoot or emit a flash of light; to shine; to flash. “From art, from nature, from the schools,
Let random influences glance,
Like light in many a shivered lance,
That breaks about the dappled pools.” Tennyson. 2. To strike and fly off in an oblique direction; to dart aside. ´Your arrow hath glanced´. Shak. “On me the curse aslope
Glanced on the ground.” Milton. 3. To look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye; to snatch a momentary or hasty view. “The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven.” Shak. 4. To make an incidental or passing reflection; to allude; to hint; — often with at. “Wherein obscurely
Caesar\’b6s ambition shall be glanced at.” Shak. “He glanced at a certain reverend doctor.” Swift. 5. To move quickly, appearing and disappearing rapidly; to be visible only for an instant at a time; to move interruptedly; to twinkle. “And all along the forum and up the sacred seat,
His vulture eye pursued the trip of those small glancing feet.” Macaulay.

Glance , v. t. 1. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely; to cast for a moment; as to glance the eye. 2. To hint at; to touch lightly or briefly. [Obs.] “In company I often glanced it.” Shak.

Glan´cing , a. 1. Shooting, as light. “When through the gancing lightnings fly.” Rowe. 2. Flying off (after striking) in an oblique direction; as a glancing shot.

Glan´cing•ly, adv. In a glancing manner; transiently; incidentally; indirectly. Hakewill.

Gland , n. [F. glande, L. glans, glandis, acorn; akin to Gr. for , and to cast, throw, the acorn being the dropped fruit. Cf. Parable, n.] 1. (Anat.) (a) An organ for secreting something to be used in, or eliminated from, the body; as the sebaceous glands of the skin; the salivary glands of the mouth. (b) An organ or part which resembles a secreting, or true, gland, as the ductless, lymphatic, pineal, and pituitary glands, the functions of which are very imperfectly known. The true secreting glands are, in principle, narrow pouches of the mucous membranes, or of the integument, lined with a continuation of the epithelium, or of the epidermis, the cells of which produce the secretion from the blood. In the larger glands, the pouches are tubular, greatly elongated, and coiled, as in the sweat glands, or subdivided and branched, making compound and racemose glands, such as the pancreas. 2. (Bot.) (a) A special organ of plants, usually minute and globular, which often secretes some kind of resinous, gummy, or aromatic product. (b) Any very small prominence. 3. (Steam Mach.) The movable part of a stuffing box by which the packing is compressed; — sometimes called a follower. See Illust. of Stuffing box, under Stuffing. 4. (Mach.) The crosspiece of a bayonet clutch.

Glan´dage , n. [Cf. OF. glandage. See Gland.] A feeding on nuts or mast. [Obs.] Crabb.

Glan´dered , a. Affected with glanders; as a glandered horse. Yuatt.

Glan´der•ous , a. Of or pertaining to glanders; of the nature of glanders. Youatt.

Glan´ders , n. [From Gland.] (Far.) A highly contagious and very destructive disease of horses, asses, mules, etc., characterized by a constant discharge of sticky matter from the nose, and an enlargement and induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw. It may transmitted to dogs, goats, sheep, and to human beings.

Glan•dif´er•ous , a. [L. glandifer; glans, glandis, acorn + ferre to bear; cf. F. glandifère.] Bearing acorns or other nuts; as glandiferous trees.

Gland´i•form , a. [L. glans, glandis, acorn + -form: cf. F. glandiforme .] Having the form of a gland or nut; resembling a gland.

Glan´du•lar , a. [Cf. F. glandulaire. See Glandule.] Containing or supporting glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands.

Glan•du•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. glandulation.] (Bot.) The situation and structure of the secretory vessels in plants. Martyn. “Glandulation respects the secretory vessels, which are either glandules, follicles, or utricles.” J. Lee.

Glan´dule , n. [L. glandula, dim. of glans, glandis, acorn: cf. F. glandule. See Gland.] A small gland or secreting vessel.

Glan•du•lif´er•ous , a. [L. glandula gland + -ferous; cf. F. glandulifère.] Bearing glandules.

Glan´du•lose , a. Same as Glandulous.

Glan•du•los´i•ty , n. Quality of being glandulous; a collection of glands. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Glan´du•lous , a. [L. glandulosus: cf. F. glanduleux.] Containing glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands; resembling glands.

Glans n.; pl. Glandes (#). [L. See Gland.] 1. (Anat.) The vascular body which forms the apex of the penis, and the extremity of the clitoris. 2. (Bot.) The acorn or mast of the oak and similar fruits. Gray. 3. (Med.) (a) Goiter. (b) A pessary. [Obs.]

Glare (glâr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glared p. pr. & vb. n. Glaring.] [OE. glaren, gloren; cf. AS. glaer amber, LG. glaren to glow or burn like coals, D. gloren to glimmer; prob. akin to E. glass.] 1. To shine with a bright, dazzling light. “The cavern glares with new-admitted light.” Dryden. 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes; to stare earnestly, angrily, or fiercely. “And eye that scorcheth all it glares upon.” Byron. 3. To be bright and intense, as certain colors; to be ostentatiously splendid or gay. “She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring.” Pope.

Glare, v. t. To shoot out, or emit, as a dazzling light. “Every eye
Glared lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire.” Milton.

Glare, n. 1. A bright, dazzling light; splendor that dazzles the eyes; a confusing and bewildering light. “The frame of burnished steel that cast a glare.” Dryden. 2. A fierce, piercing look or stare. “About them round,
A lion now he stalks with fiery glare.” Milton. 3. A viscous, transparent substance. See Glair. 4. A smooth, bright, glassy surface; as a glare of ice. [U. S. ]

Glare, a. [See Glary, and Glare, n.] Smooth and bright or translucent; — used almost exclusively of ice; as skating on glare ice. [U. S.]

Glar´e•ous (glâr´e•us), a. [Cf. F. glaireux. See Glair.] Glairy. John Gregory (1766). { Glar´i•ness , Glar´ing•ness } n. A dazzling luster or brilliancy.

Glar´ing, a. Clear; notorious; open and bold; barefaced; as a glaring crime; a glaring mistake. — Glar´ing•ly, adv.

Glar´y , a. Of a dazzling luster; glaring; bright; shining; smooth. “Bright, crystal glass is glary.” Boyle.

Glass (glas), n. [OE. glas, gles, AS. glaes; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. glas, Icel. glas, gler, Dan. glar; cf. AS. glaer amber, L. glaesum. Cf. Glare, n., Glaze, v. t.] 1. A hard, brittle, translucent, and commonly transparent substance, white or colored, having a conchoidal fracture, and made by fusing together sand or silica with lime, potash, soda, or lead oxide. It is used for window panes and mirrors, for articles of table and culinary use, for lenses, and various articles of ornament. Glass is variously colored by the metallic oxides; thus, manganese colors it violet; copper (cuprous), red, or (cupric) green; cobalt, blue; uranium, yellowish green or canary yellow; iron, green or brown; gold, purple or red; tin, opaque white; chromium, emerald green; antimony, yellow. 2. (Chem.) Any substance having a peculiar glassy appearance, and a conchoidal fracture, and usually produced by fusion. 3. Anything made of glass. Especially: (a) A looking-glass; a mirror. (b) A vessel filled with running sand for measuring time; an hourglass; and hence, the time in which such a vessel is exhausted of its sand. “She would not live
The running of one glass.” Shak. (c) A drinking vessel; a tumbler; a goblet; hence, the contents of such a vessel; especially; spirituous liquors; as he took a glass at dinner. (d) An optical glass; a lens; a spyglass; — in the plural, spectacles; as a pair of glasses; he wears glasses. (e) A weatherglass; a barometer. Glass is much used adjectively or in combination; as glass maker, or glassmaker; glass making or glassmaking; glass blower or glassblower, etc. Bohemian glass, Cut glass, etc. See under Bohemian, Cut, etc. — Crown glass, a variety of glass, used for making the finest plate or window glass, and consisting essentially of silicate of soda or potash and lime, with no admixture of lead; the convex half of an achromatic lens is composed of crown glass; — so called from a crownlike shape given it in the process of blowing. — Crystal glass, or Flint glass. See Flint glass, in the Vocabulary. — Cylinder glass, sheet glass made by blowing the glass in the form of a cylinder which is then split longitudinally, opened out, and flattened. — Glass of antimony, a vitreous oxide of antimony mixed with sulphide. — Glass blower, one whose occupation is to blow and fashion glass. — Glass blowing, the art of shaping glass, when reduced by heat to a viscid state, by inflating it through a tube. — Glass cloth, a woven fabric formed of glass fibers. — Glass coach, a coach superior to a hackney-coach, hired for the day, or any short period, as a private carriage; — so called because originally private carriages alone had glass windows. [Eng.] Smart. “Glass coaches are [allowed in English parks from which ordinary hacks are excluded], meaning by this term, which is never used in America, hired carriages that do not go on stands.” J. F. Cooper. — Glass cutter. (a) One who cuts sheets of glass into sizes for window panes, ets. (b) One who shapes the surface of glass by grinding and polishing. (c) A tool, usually with a diamond at the point, for cutting glass. — Glass cutting. (a) The act or process of dividing glass, as sheets of glass into panes with a diamond. (b) The act or process of shaping the surface of glass by appylying it to revolving wheels, upon which sand, emery, and, afterwards, polishing powder, are applied; especially of glass which is shaped into facets, tooth ornaments, and the like. Glass having ornamental scrolls, etc., cut upon it, is said to be engraved. — Glass metal, the fused material for making glass. — Glass painting, the art or process of producing decorative effects in glass by painting it with enamel colors and combining the pieces together with slender sash bars of lead or other metal. In common parlance, glass painting and glass staining (see Glass staining, below) are used indifferently for all colored decorative work in windows, and the like. — Glass paper, paper faced with pulvirezed glass, and used for abrasive purposes. — Glass silk, fine threads of glass, wound, when in fusion, on rapidly rotating heated cylinders. — Glass silvering, the process of transforming plate glass into mirrors by coating it with a reflecting surface, a deposit of silver, or a mercury amalgam. - - Glass soap, or Glassmaker’s soap, the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass. — Glass staining, the art or practice of coloring glass in its whole substance, or, in the case of certain colors, in a superficial film only; also decorative work in glass. Cf. Glass painting. — Glass tears. See Rupert’s drop. — Glass works, an establishment where glass is made. — Heavy glass, a heavy optical glass, consisting essentially of a borosilicate of potash. — Millefiore glass. See Millefiore. — Plate glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, and flattened by heavy rollers, — used for mirrors and the best windows. — Pressed glass, glass articles formed in molds by pressure when hot. — Soluble glass (Chem.), a silicate of sodium or potassium, found in commerce as a white, glassy mass, a stony powder, or dissolved as a viscous, sirupy liquid; — used for rendering fabrics incombustible, for hardening artificial stone, etc.; — called also water glass. — Spun glass, glass drawn into a thread while liquid. — Toughened glass, Tempered glass, glass finely tempered or annealed, by a peculiar method of sudden cooling by plunging while hot into oil, melted wax, or paraffine, etc.; — called also from the name of the inventor of the process, Bastie glass. — Water glass. (Chem.) See Soluble glass, above. — Window glass, glass in panes suitable for windows.

Glass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glassed p. pr. & vb. n. Glassing.] 1. To reflect, as in a mirror; to mirror; — used reflexively. “Happy to glass themselves in such a mirror.” Motley. “Where the Almighty’s form glasses itself in tempests.” Byron. 2. To case in glass. [R.] Shak. 3. To cover or furnish with glass; to glaze. Boyle. 4. To smooth or polish anything, as leater, by rubbing it with a glass burnisher.

Glass´-crab , n. (Zoöl.) The larval state (Phyllosoma) of the genus Palinurus and allied genera. It is remarkable for its strange outlines, thinness, and transparency. See Phyllosoma.

Glass´en , a. Glassy; glazed. [Obs.] “And pursues the dice with glassen eyes.” B. Jonson.

Glass´eye , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A fish of the great lakes; the wall-eyed pike. 2. (Far.) A species of blindness in horses in which the eye is bright and the pupil dilated; a sort of amaurosis. Youatt.

Glass´-faced , a. Mirror- faced; reflecting the sentiments of another. [R.] ´The glass-faced flatterer.´ Shak.

Glass´ful , n.; pl. Glassfuls . The contents of a glass; as much of anything as a glass will hold.

Glass´ful, a. Glassy; shining like glass. [Obs.] ´Minerva’s glassful shield.´ Marston.

Glass´-gaz•ing , a. Given to viewing one’s self in a glass or mirror; finical. [Poetic] Shak.

Glass´house , n. A house where glass is made; a commercial house that deals in glassware.

Glass´i•ly , adv. So as to resemble glass.

Glass´i•ness, n. The quality of being glassy.

Glass´ite , n. A member of a Scottish sect, founded in the 18th century by John Glass, a minister of the Established Church of Scotland, who taught that justifying faith is ´no more than a simple assent to the divine testimone passively recived by the understanding.´ The English and American adherents of this faith are called Sandemanians, after Robert Sandeman, the son-in-law and disciple of Glass.

Glass´ mak•er or Glass´mak•er n. One who makes, or manufactures, glass. — Glass´ mak•ing, or Glass´mak•ing, n.

Glass´-rope , n. (Zoöl.) A remarkable vitreous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, first brought from Japan. It has a long stem, consisting of a bundle of long and large, glassy, siliceous fibers, twisted together.

Glass´-snail , n. (Zoöl.) A small, transparent, land snail, of the genus Vitrina.

Glass´-snake , n. (Zoöl.) A long, footless lizard (Ophiosaurus ventralis), of the Southern United States; — so called from its fragility, the tail easily breaking into small pieces. It grows to the length of three feet. The name is applied also to similar species found in the Old World.

Glass´-sponge , n. (Zoöl.) A siliceous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, and allied genera; — so called from their glassy fibers or spicules; — called also vitreous sponge. See Glass-rope, and Euplectella.

Glass´ware , n. Ware, or articles collectively, made of glass.

Glass´work , n. Manufacture of glass; articles or ornamentation made of glass.

Glass´wort , n. (Bot.) A seashore plant of the Spinach family (Salicornia herbacea), with succulent jointed stems; also a prickly plant of the same family (Salsola Kali), both formerly burned for the sake of the ashes, which yield soda for making glass and soap.

Glass´y , a. 1. Made of glass; vitreous; as a glassy substance. Bacon. 2. Resembling glass in its properties, as in smoothness, brittleness, or transparency; as a glassy stream; a glassy surface; the glassy deep. 3. Dull; wanting life or fire; lackluster; — said of the eyes. ´In his glassy eye.´ Byron. Glassy feldspar (Min.), a variety of orthoclase; sanidine.

Glas´ton•bur•y thorn (Bot.) A variety of the common hawthorn. Loudon.

Glas´ynge , n. Glazing or glass. [Obs.]

Glau´ber•ite , n. [From Glauber, a German chemist, died 1668: cf. F. glauberite, G. glauberit.] (Min.) A mineral, consisting of the sulphates of soda and lime.

Glau´ber’s salt or Glau´ber’s salts . [G. glaubersalz from Glauber a German chemist who discovered it. See Glauberite.] Sulphate of soda a well- known cathartic. It is a white crystalline substance with a cooling slightly bitter taste and is commonly called ´salts.´ It occurs naturally and abundantly in some mineral springs and in many salt deposits as the mineral mirabilite. It is manufactured in large quantities as an intermediate step in the ´soda process´ and also for use in glass making.

Glau•ces´cent , a. [See Glaucous.] Having a somewhat glaucous appearance or nature; becoming glaucous.

Glau´cic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to the Glaucium or horned poppy; — formerly applied to an acid derived from it, now known to be fumaric acid.

Glau´cine , a. Glaucous or glaucescent.

Glau´cine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the plant Glaucium, as a bitter, white, crystalline substance.

Glau´co•dot , n. [Gr. glayko•s silvery, gray + dido•nai to give.] (Min.) A metallic mineral having a grayish tin-white color, and containing cobalt and iron, with sulphur and arsenic.

Glau•co´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. glay•kwma, fr. glayko•s light gray, blue gray.] (Med.) Dimness or abolition of sight, with a diminution of transparency, a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media of the eye, and a hard inelastic condition of the eyeball, with marked increase of tension within the eyeball.

Glau•co´ma•tous , a. Having the nature of glaucoma.

Glau•com´e•ter , n. See Gleucometer.

Glau´co•nite , n. [Cf. F. glauconite, glauconie, fr. L. glaucus. See Glaucous.] (Min.) The green mineral characteristic of the greensand of the chalk and other formations. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and potash. See Greensand.

Glau´co•phane , n. [Gr. glayko•s silvery, gray + fai•nesqai to appear.] (Min.) A mineral of a dark bluish color, related to amphibole. It is characteristic of certain crystalline rocks.

Glau•co´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. glay•kwsis.] (Med.) Same as Glaucoma.

Glau´cous (gla´kus), a. [L. glaucus, Gr. glayko•s.] 1. Of a sea-green color; of a dull green passing into grayish blue. Lindley. 2. (Bot.) Covered with a fine bloom or fine white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, or on a cabbage leaf. Gray.

Glau´cus , n. [L., sea green.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks, found in the warmer latitudes, swimming in the open sea. These mollusks are beautifully colored with blue and silvery white.

Glaum , v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To grope with the hands, as in the dark. [Scot.] To glaum at, to grasp or snatch at; to aspire to. “Wha glaum’d at kingdoms three.” Burns.

Glave , n. See Glaive.

Glav´er , v. i. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glafr flattery.] 1. To prate; to jabber; to babble. [Obs.] “Here many, clepid filosophirs, glavern diversely.” Wyclif. 2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Obs.] “Some slavish, glavering, flattering parasite.” South.

Glav´er•er , n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Glay´more , n. A claymore. Johnson.

Glaze (glaz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glazed (glazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Glazing.] [OE. glasen, glazen, fr. glas. See Glass.] 1. To furnish (a window, a house, a sash, a case, etc.) with glass. “Two cabinets daintily paved, richly handed, and glazed with crystalline glass.” Bacon. 2. To incrust, cover, or overlay with a thin surface, consisting of, or resembling, glass; as to glaze earthenware; hence, to render smooth, glasslike, or glossy; as to glaze paper, gunpowder, and the like. “Sorrow’s eye glazed with blinding tears.” Shak. 3. (Paint.) To apply thinly a transparent or semitransparent color to (another color), to modify the effect.

Glaze, v. i. To become glazed of glassy.

Glaze, n. 1. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain; anything used as a coating or color in glazing. See Glaze, v. t., 3. Ure. 2. (Cookery) Broth reduced by boiling to a gelatinous paste, and spread thinly over braised dishes. 3. A glazing oven. See Glost oven.

Glaz´en , a. [AS. glaesen.] Resembling glass; glasslike; glazed. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Glaz´er , n. 1. One who applies glazing, as in pottery manufacture, etc.; one who gives a glasslike or glossy surface to anything; a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, and the like. 2. A tool or machine used in glazing, polishing, smoothing, etc.; amoung cutlers and lapidaries, a wooden wheel covered with emery, or having a band of lead and tin alloy, for polishing cutlery, etc.

Gla´zier , n. [From Glaze.] One whose business is to set glass. Glazier’s diamond. See under Diamond.

Glaz´ing , n. 1. The act or art of setting glass; the art of covering with a vitreous or glasslike substance, or of polishing or rendering glossy. 2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame. etc. 3. The glass, glasslike, or glossy substance with which any surface is incrusted or overlaid; as the glazing of pottery or porcelain, or of paper. 4. (Paint.) Transparent, or semitransparent, colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect.

Glaz´y , a. Having a glazed appearance; — said of the fractured surface of some kinds of pin iron.

Glead , n. A live coal. See Gleed. [Archaic]

Gleam , v. i. [Cf. OE. glem birdlime, glue, phlegm, and E. englaimed.] (Falconry) To disgorge filth, as a hawk.

Gleam, n. [OE. glem, gleam, AS. glaem, prob. akin to E. glimmer, and perh. to Gr. warm, to warm. Cf. Glitter.] 1. A shoot of light; a small stream of light; a beam; a ray; a glimpse. “Transient unexpected gleams of joi.” Addison. “At last a gleam
Of dawning light turned thitherward in haste
His [Satan’s] traveled steps.” Milton. “A glimmer, and then a gleam of light.” Longfellow. 2. Brightness; splendor. “In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen.” Pope.

Gleam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleamed p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaming.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as rays of light; as at the dawn, light gleams in the east. 2. To shine; to cast light; to glitter. Syn. — To Gleam, Glimmer, Glitter. To gleam denotes a faint but distinct emission of light. To glimmer describes an indistinct and unsteady giving of light. To glitter imports a brightness that is intense, but varying. The morning light gleams upon the earth; a distant taper glimmers through the mist; a dewdrop glitters in the sun. See Flash.

Gleam, v. t. To shoot out (flashes of light, etc.). “Dying eyes gleamed forth their ashy lights.” Shak.

Gleam´y, a. Darting beams of light; casting light in rays; flashing; coruscating. “In brazed arms, that cast a gleamy ray,
Swift through the town the warrior bends his way.” Pope.

Glean , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleaned p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaning.] [OE. glenen, OF. glener, glaner, F. glaner, fr. LL. glenare; cf. W. glan clean, glanhu to clean, purify, or AS. gelm, gilm, a handul.] 1. To gather after a reaper; to collect in scattered or fragmentary parcels, as the grain left by a reaper, or grapes left after the gathering. “To glean the broken ears after the man
That the main harvest reaps.” Shak. 2. To gather from (a field or vineyard) what is left. 3. To collect with patient and minute labor; to pick out; to obtain. “Content to glean what we can from … experiments.” Locke.

Glean, v. i. 1. To gather stalks or ears of grain left by reapers. “And she went, and came, and gleaned in the field after the reapers.” Ruth ii. 3. 2. To pick up or gather anything by degrees. “Piecemeal they this acre first, then that;
Glean on, and gather up the whole estate.” Pope.

Glean, n. A collection made by gleaning. “The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs.” Dryden.

Glean, n. Cleaning; afterbirth. [Obs.] Holland.

Glean´er , n. 1. One who gathers after reapers. 2. One who gathers slowly with labor. Locke.

Glean´ing, n. The act of gathering after reapers; that which is collected by gleaning. “Glenings of natural knowledge.” Cook.

Glebe , n. [F. glèbe, L. gleba, glaeba, clod, land, soil.] 1. A lump; a clod. 2. Turf; soil; ground; sod. “Fertile of corn the glebe, of oil, and wine.” Milton. 3. (Eccl. Law) The land belonging, or yielding revenue, to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice.

Glebe´less, a. Having no glebe.

Gle•bos´i•ty , n. The quality of being glebous. [R.] { Gleb´ous , Gleb´y } a. [Cf. L. glaebosus cloddy.] Pertaining to the glebe; turfy; cloddy; fertile; fruitful. ´Gleby land.´ Prior.

Glede (gled), n. [AS. glida, akin to Icel. gleða, Sw. glada. Cf. Glide, v. i.] (Zoöl.) The common European kite (Milvus ictinus). This name is also sometimes applied to the buzzard. [Written also glead, gled, gleed, glade, and glide.]

Glede, n. [See Gleed.] A live coal. [Archaic] “The cruel ire, red as any glede.” Chaucer.

Glee (gle), n. [OE. gle, gleo, AS. gleów, gleó, akin to Icel. gly: cf. Gr. chley•n joke, jest.] 1. Music; minstrelsy; entertainment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Joy; merriment; mirth; gayety; paricularly, the mirth enjoyed at a feast. Spenser. 3. (Mus.) An unaccompanied part song for three or more solo voices. It is not necessarily gleesome.

Gleed (gled), n. [AS. gled, fr. glowan to glow as a fire; akin to D. gloed, G. glut, Icel. gloð. See Glow, v. i.] A live or glowing coal; a glede. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow.

Glee´ful , a. Merry; gay; joyous. Shak.

Gleek , n. [Prob. fr. Icel. leika to play, play a trick on, with the prefix ge-; akin to AS. gelacan, Sw. leka to play, Dan. lege.] 1. A jest or scoff; a trick or deception. [Obs.] “Where’s the Bastard’s braves, and Charles his gleeks ?” Shak. 2. [Cf. Glicke] An enticing look or glance. [Obs.] “A pretty gleek coming from Pallas’ eye.” Beau. & Fl.

Gleek, v. i. To make sport; to gibe; to sneer; to spend time idly. [Obs.] Shak.

Gleek, n. [OF. glic, G. glück, fortune. See Luck.] 1. A game at cards, once popular, played by three persons. [Obs.] Pepys. Evelyn. 2. Three of the same cards held in the same hand; — hence, three of anything. [Obs.]

Glee´man , n.; pl. Gleemen (#). [Glee + man; AS. gleóman.] A name anciently given to an itinerant minstrel or musician.

Gleen , v. i. [Cf. Glance, Glint.] To glisten; to gleam. [Obs.] Prior.

Glee´some , a. Merry; joyous; gleeful.

Gleet , n. [OE. glette, glet, glat, mucus, pus, filth, OF. glete.] (Med.) A transparent mucous discharge from the membrane of the urethra, commonly an effect of gonorrhea. Hoblyn.

Gleet, v. i. 1. To flow in a thin, limpid humor; to ooze, as gleet. Wiseman. 2. To flow slowly, as water. Cheyne.

Gleet´y , a. Ichorous; thin; limpid. Wiseman.

Gleg , a. [Icel. glöggr.] Quick of perception; alert; sharp. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gleire , Gleyre, n. See Glair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Glen , n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glyn a deep valley, Ir. & Gael. gleann valley, glen.] A secluded and narrow valley; a dale; a depression between hills. “And wooes the widow’s daughter of the glen.” Spenser. { Glen•liv´at , Glen•liv´et } n. A kind of Scotch whisky, named from the district in which it was first made. W. E. Aytoun.

Gle´noid , a. [Gr. ; socket of a joint + form; cf. F. glenoïde.] (Anat.) Having the form of a smooth and shallow depression; socketlike; — applied to several articular surfaces of bone; as the glenoid cavity, or fossa, of the scapula, in which the head of the humerus articulates.

Gle•noid´al , a. (Anat.) Glenoid.

Glent , n. & v. See Glint.

Gleu•com´e•ter , n. [Gr. must + -meter: cf. F. gleucomètre.] An instrument for measuring the specific gravity and ascertaining the quantity of sugar contained in must.

Glew , n. See Glue. [Obs.]

Gley , v. i. [OE. gli&yogh;en, glien, gleien, to shine, to squint; cf. Icel. glja to glitter.] To squint; to look obliquely; to overlook things. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gley , adv. Asquint; askance; obliquely.

Gli´a•din , n. [Gr. glue: cf. F. gliadine.] (Chem.) Vegetable glue or gelatin; glutin. It is one of the constituents of wheat gluten, and is a tough, amorphous substance, which resembles animal glue or gelatin.

Glib (glib), a. [Compar. Glibber superl. Glibbest ] [Prob. fr. D. glibberen, glippen, to slide, glibberig, glipperig, glib, slippery.] 1. Smooth; slippery; as ice is glib. [Obs.] 2. Speaking or spoken smoothly and with flippant rapidity; fluent; voluble; as a glib tongue; a glib speech. “I want that glib and oily art,
To speak and purpose not.” Shak. Syn. — Slippery; smooth; fluent; voluble; flippant.

Glib, v. t. To make glib. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Glib, n. [Ir. & Gael. glib a lock of hair.] A thick lock of hair, hanging over the eyes. [Obs.] “The Irish have, from the Scythians, mantles and long glibs, which is a thick curied bush of hair hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously disguising them.” Spenser. “Their wild costume of the glib and mantle.” Southey.

Glib, v. t. [Cf. O. & Prov. E. lib to castrate, geld, Prov. Dan. live, LG. & OD. lubben.] To castrate; to geld; to emasculate. [Obs.] Shak.

Glib´ber•y , a. 1. Slippery; changeable. [Obs.] “My love is glibbery; there is no hold on’t.” Marston. 2. Moving easily; nimble; voluble. [Obs.] “Thy lubrical and glibbery muse.” B. Jonson.

Glib´ly, adv. In a glib manner; as to speak glibly.

Glib´ness, n. The quality of being glib.

Glicke , n. [Cf. Gleek, n., 2, and Ir. & Gael. glic wise, cunning, crafty.] An ogling look. [Obs.]

Glid´den , obs. p. p. of Glide. Chaucer. { Glid´der , Glid´der•y } a. [Cf. Glide.] Giving no sure footing; smooth; slippery. [Prov. Eng.] “Shingle, slates, and gliddery stones.” R. D. Blackmore.

Glide , n. (Zoöl.) The glede or kite.

Glide, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glided; p. pr. & vb. n. Gliding.] [AS. glidan; akin to D. glijden, OHG. glitan, G. gleiten, Sw. glida, Dan. glide, and prob. to E. glad.] 1. To move gently and smoothly; to pass along without noise, violence, or apparent effort; to pass rapidly and easily, or with a smooth, silent motion, as a river in its channel, a bird in the air, a skater over ice. “The river glideth at his own sweet will.” Wordsworth. 2. (Phon.) To pass with a glide, as the voice.

Glide, n. 1. The act or manner of moving smoothly, swiftly, and without labor or obstruction. “They prey at last ensnared, he dreadful darts,
With rapid glide, along the leaning line.” Thomson. “Seeing Orlando, it unlink’d itself,
And with indented glides did slip away.” Shak. 2. (Phon.) A transitional sound in speech which is produced by the changing of the mouth organs from one definite position to another, and with gradual change in the most frequent cases; as in passing from the begining to the end of a regular diphthong, or from vowel to consonant or consonant to vowel in a syllable, or from one component to the other of a double or diphthongal consonant (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 19, 161, 162). Also (by Bell and others), the vanish (or brief final element) or the brief initial element, in a class of diphthongal vowels, or the brief final or initial part of some consonants (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 18, 97, 191). The on-glide of a vowel or consonant is the glidemade in passing to it, the off-glide, one made in passing from it. Glides of the other sort are distinguished as initial or final, or fore-glides and after-glides. For voice-glide, see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 17, 95.

Glid´en , obs. p. p. of Glide. Chaucer.

Glid´er , n. One who, or that which, glides.

Glid´ing•ly, adv. In a gliding manner.

Gliff , n. [Cf. OE. gliffen, gliften, to look with fear at.] 1. A transient glance; an unexpected view of something that startles one; a sudden fear. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. 2. A moment: as for a gliff. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Glike , n. [See Gleek a jest.] A sneer; a flout. [Obs.]

Glim , n. 1. Brightness; splendor. [Obs.] 2. A light or candle. [Slang] Dickens. Douse the glim, put out the light. [Slang]

Glim´mer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimmered p. pr. & vb. n. Glimmering.] [Akin to G. glimmer a faint, trembling light, mica, glimmern to glimmer, glimmen to shine faintly, glow, Sw. glimma, Dan. glimre, D. glimmen, glimpen. See Gleam a ray, and cf. Glimpse.] To give feeble or scattered rays of light; to shine faintly; to show a faint, unsteady light; as the glimmering dawn; a glimmering lamp. “The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day.” Shak. Syn. — To gleam; to glitter. See Gleam, Flash.

Glim´mer, n. 1. A faint, unsteady light; feeble, scattered rays of light; also a gleam. “Gloss of satin and glimmer of pearls.” Tennyson. 2. Mica. See Mica. Woodsward. Glimmer gowk, an owl. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Glim´mer•ing, n. 1. Faint, unsteady light; a glimmer. South. 2. A faint view or idea; a glimpse; an inkling.

Glimpse , n. [For glimse, from the root of glimmer.] 1. A sudden flash; transient luster. “LIght as the lightning glimpse they ran.” Milton. 2. A short, hurried view; a transitory or fragmentary perception; a quick sight. “Here hid by shrub wood, there by glimpses seen.” S. Rogers. 3. A faint idea; an inkling.

Glimpse , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimpsed p. pr. & vb. n. Glimpsing.] to appear by glimpses; to catch glimpses. Drayton.

Glimpse, v. t. To catch a glimpse of; to see by glimpses; to have a short or hurried view of. “Some glimpsing and no perfect sight.” Chaucer.

Glint , n. [OE. glent.] A glimpse, glance, or gleam. [Scot.] ´He saw a glint of light.´ Ramsay.

Glint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glinting.] [OE. glenten. Cf. Glance, v. i., Glitter, v. i.] To glance; to peep forth, as a flower from the bud; to glitter. Burns.

Glint, v. t. To glance; to turn; as to glint the eye.

Gli•o´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. glue + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor springing from the neuroglia or connective tissue of the brain, spinal cord, or other portions of the nervous system.

Gli´res , n. pl. [L., dormice.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammals; the Rodentia. — Gli´rine (#), a.

Glis•sade´ , n. [F., fr. glisser to slip.] A sliding, as down a snow slope in the Alps. Tyndall.

Glis•san´do , n. & a. [As if It. = Fr. glissant sliding.] (Mus.) A gliding effect; gliding.

Glis•sette´ , n. [F., fr. glisser to slip.] (Math.) The locus described by any point attached to a curve that slips continuously on another fixed curve, the movable curve having no rotation at any instant.

Glist , n. [From Glisten.] Glimmer; mica.

Glis´ten , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistened p. pr. & vb. n. Glistening ] [OE. glistnian, akin to glisnen, glisien, AS. glisian, glisnian, akin to E. glitter. See Glitter, v. i., and cf. Glister, v. i.] To sparkle or shine; especially, to shine with a mild, subdued, and fitful luster; to emit a soft, scintillating light; to gleam; as the glistening stars. Syn. — See Flash.

Glis´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistered p. pr. & vb. n. Glistering.] [OE. glistren; akin to G. glistern,glinstern, D. glinsteren, and E. glisten. See Glisten.] To be bright; to sparkle; to be brilliant; to shine; to glisten; to glitter. “All that glisters is not gold.” Shak.

Glis´ter, n. Glitter; luster.

Glis´ter, n. [Cf. OF. glistere.] Same as Clyster.

Glis´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a glistering manner.

Glit´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glittered p. pr. & vb. n. Glittering.] [OE. gliteren; akin to Sw. glittra, Icel. glitra, glita, AS. glitenian, OS. glitan, OHG. glizzan, G. gleissen, Goth. glitmunjan, and also to E. glint, glisten, and prob. glance, gleam.] 1. To sparkle with light; to shine with a brilliant and broken light or showy luster; to gleam; as a glittering sword. “The field yet glitters with the pomp of war.” Dryden. 2. To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attractive; as the glittering scenes of a court. Syn. — To gleam; to glisten; to shine; to sparkle; to glare. See Gleam, Flash.

Glit´ter, n. A bright, sparkling light; brilliant and showy luster; brilliancy; as the glitter of arms; the glitter of royal equipage. Milton.

Glit´ter•and , a. Glittering. [Obs.] Spenser.

Glit´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a glittering manner.

Gloam , v. i. [See Gloom, Glum.] 1. To begin to grow dark; to grow dusky. 2. To be sullen or morose. [Obs.]

Gloam, n. The twilight; gloaming. [R.] Keats.

Gloam´ing, n. [See Gloom.] 1. Twilight; dusk; the fall of the evening. [Scot. & North of Eng., and in poetry.] Hogg. 2. Sullenness; melancholy. [Obs.] J. Still.

Gloar , v. i. [OD. gloeren, glueren, gluyeren. Cf. Glower.] To squint; to stare. [Obs.]

Gloat , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gloating.] [Akin to Icel. glotta to smile scornfully, G. glotzen to gloat.] To look steadfastly; to gaze earnestly; — usually in a bad sense, to gaze with malignant satisfaction, passionate desire, lust, or avarice. “In vengeance gloating on another’s pain.” Byron.

Glo´bard , n. [OE. globerde, from glow.] A glowworm. [>Obs.] Holland. { Glo´bate , Glo´ba•ted } a. [L. globatus, p. p. of globare to make into a ball, fr. globus ball.] Having the form of a globe; spherical.

Globe , n. [L. globus, perh. akin to L. glomus a ball of yarn, and E. clump, golf: cf. F. globe.] 1. A round or spherical body, solid or hollow; a body whose surface is in every part equidistant from the center; a ball; a sphere. 2. Anything which is nearly spherical or globular in shape; as the globe of the eye; the globe of a lamp. 3. The earth; the terraqueous ball; — usually preceded by the definite article. Locke. 4. A round model of the world; a spherical representation of the earth or heavens; as a terrestrial or celestial globe; — called also artificial globe. 5. A body of troops, or of men or animals, drawn up in a circle; — a military formation used by the Romans, answering to the modern infantry square. “Him round
A globe of fiery seraphim inclosed.” Milton. Globe amaranth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gomphrena (G. globosa), bearing round heads of variously colored flowers, which long retain color when gathered. — Globe animalcule, a small, globular, locomotive organism (Volvox globator), once throught to be an animal, afterward supposed to be a colony of microscopic algae. — Globe of compression (Mil.), a kind of mine producing a wide crater; — called also overcharged mine. — Globe daisy (Bot.), a plant or flower of the genus Globularing, common in Europe. The flowers are minute and form globular heads. — Globe sight, a form of front sight placed on target rifles. — Globe slater (Zoöl.), an isopod crustacean of the genus Spheroma. — Globe thistle (Bot.), a thistlelike plant with the flowers in large globular heads (Cynara Scolymus); also certain species of the related genus Echinops. — Globe valve. (a) A ball valve. (b) A valve inclosed in a globular chamber. Knight. Syn. — Globe, Sphere, Orb, Ball. — Globe denotes a round, and usually a solid body; sphere is the term applied in astronomy to such a body, or to the concentric spheres or orbs of the old astronomers; orb is used, especially in poetry, for globe or sphere, and also for the pathway of a heavenly body; ball is applied to the heavenly bodies concieved of as impelled through space.

Globe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Globed p. pr. & vb. n. Globing.] To gather or form into a globe.

Globe´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A plectognath fish of the genera Diodon, Tetrodon, and allied genera. The globefishes can suck in water or air and distend the body to a more or less globular form. Called also porcupine fish, and sea hedgehog. See Diodon.

Globe´flow•er , n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Trollius (T. Europaeus), found in the mountainous parts of Europe, and producing handsome globe-shaped flowers. (b) The American plant Trollius laxus. Japan globeflower. See Corchorus.

Globe´-shaped , a. Shaped like a globe.

Glo•bif´er•ous , a. [Globe + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having a round or globular tip.

Glo•big•e•ri´na , n.; pl. Globigerinae (#). [NL., fr. L. globus a round body + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small Foraminifera, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a large part of the soft mud, generally found in depths below 3,000 feet, and called globigerina ooze. See Illust. of Foraminifera.

Glo•bose´ , a. [L. globosus.] Having a rounded form resembling that of a globe; globular, or nearly so; spherical. Milton.

Glo•bose´ly, adv. In a globular manner; globularly.

Glo•bos´i•ty , n. [L. globositas: cf. F. globosite.] Sphericity. Ray.

Glo´bous , a. [See Globose.] Spherical. Milton.

Glob´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. globulaire.] Globe-shaped; having the form of a ball or sphere; spherical, or nearly so; as globular atoms. Milton. Globular chart, a chart of the earth’s surface constructed on the principles of the globular projection. — Globular projection (Map Projection), a perspective projection of the surface of a hemisphere upon a plane parallel to the base of the hemisphere, the point of sight being taken in the axis produced beyond the surface of the opposite hemisphere a distance equal to the radius of the sphere into the sine of 45°. — Globular sailing, sailing on the arc of a great circle, or so as to make the shortest distance between two places; circular sailing.

Glob•u•lar´i•ty , n. The state of being globular; globosity; sphericity.

Glob´u•lar•ly , adv. Spherically.

Glob´u•lar•ness, n. Sphericity; globosity.

Glob´ule , n. [L. globulus, dim. of globus globe: cf. F. globule.] 1. A little globe; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form. “Globules of snow.” Sir I. Newton. “These minute globules [a mole’s eyes] are sunk … deeply in the skull.” Paley. 2. (Biol.) A minute spherical or rounded structure; as blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles, minute fungi, spores, etc. 3. A little pill or pellet used by homeopathists.

Glob´u•let , n. A little globule. Crabb.

Glob•u•lif´er•ous , a. [Globule + -ferous.] Bearing globules; in geology, used of rocks, and denoting a variety of concretionary structure, where the concretions are isolated globules and evenly distributed through the texture of the rock.

Glob•u•lim´e•ter , n. [Globule + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood. The method depends on the differences of tint obtained by mixing a sample of the blood with sodium carbonate solution.

Glob´u•lin , n. [From Globule: cf. F. globuline.] (Phisiol. Chem.) An albuminous body, insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute solutions of salt. It is present in the red blood corpuscles united with haematin to form haemoglobin. It is also found in the crystalline lens of the eye, and in blood serum, and is sometimes called crystallin. In the plural the word is applied to a group of proteid substances such as vitellin, myosin, fibrinogen, etc., all insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute salt solutions.

Glob´u•lite , n. [See Globule.] (Min.) A rudimentary form of crystallite, spherical in shape.

Glob´u•lous , a. [Cf. F. globuleux.] Globular; spherical; orbicular. — Glob´u•lous•ness, n.

Glob´y , a. Resembling, or pertaining to, a globe; round; orbicular. ´The globy sea.´ Milton.

Glo•chid´i•ate , a. [Gr. point of an arrow.] (Bot.) Having barbs; as glochidiate bristles. Gray.

Glo•chid´i•um , n.; pl. Glochidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. the point of an arrow.] (Zoöl.) The larva or young of the mussel, formerly thought to be a parasite upon the parent’s gills.

Glode , obs. imp. of Glide. Chaucer. { Glombe , Glome } v. i. To gloom; to look gloomy, morose, or sullen. [Obs.] Surrey.

Glome , n. Gloom. [Obs.]

Glome , n. [L. glomus a ball. Cf. Globe.] (Anat.) One of the two prominences at the posterior extremity of the frog of the horse’s foot.

Glom´er•ate , a. [L. glomeratus, p. p. of glomerare to glomerate, from glomus. See 3d Glome.] Gathered together in a roundish mass or dense cluster; conglomerate.

Glom´er•ate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Glomerated p. pr. & vb. n. Glomerating ] To gather or wind into a ball; to collect into a spherical form or mass, as threads.

Glom•er•a´tion , n. [L. glomeratio.] 1. The act of forming or gathering into a ball or round mass; the state of being gathered into a ball; conglomeration. 2. That which is formed into a ball; a ball. Bacon.

Glom´er•ous , a. [L. glomerosus, fr. glomus. See 3d Glome.] Gathered or formed into a ball or round mass. [Obs.] Blount.

Glom´er•ule , n. [Dim. fr. L. glomus ball.] 1. (Bot.) A head or dense cluster of flowers, formed by condensation of a cyme, as in the flowering dogwood. 2. (Anat.) A glomerulus.

Glo•mer´u•lus , n.; pl. Glomeruli (#). [NL., dim. of L. glomus. See 3d Glome.] (Anat.) The bunch of looped capillary blood vessels in a Malpighian capsule of the kidney.

Glom•u•lif´er•ous , a. [L. glomus a ball + -ferous.] (Biol.) Having small clusters of minutely branched coral-like excrescences. M. C. Cooke. { Glon´o•in , Glon´o•ine } , n. [Glycerin + oxygen + nitrogen + -in, -ine.] 1. Same as Nitroglycerin; — called also oil of glonoin. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) A dilute solution of nitroglycerin used as a neurotic.

Gloom (gloom), n. [AS. glom twilight, from the root of E. glow. See Glow, and cf. Glum, Gloam.] 1. Partial or total darkness; thick shade; obscurity; as the gloom of a forest, or of midnight. 2. A shady, gloomy, or dark place or grove. “Before a gloom of stubborn-shafted oaks.” Tennyson . 3. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind; melancholy; aspect of sorrow; low spirits; dullness. “A sullen gloom and furious disorder prevailed by fits.” Burke. 4. In gunpowder manufacture, the drying oven. Syn. — Darkness; dimness; obscurity; heaviness; dullness; depression; melancholy; dejection; sadness. See Darkness.

Gloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloomed p. pr. & vb. n. Glooming.] 1. To shine or appear obscurely or imperfectly; to glimmer. 2. To become dark or dim; to be or appear dismal, gloomy, or sad; to come to the evening twilight. “The black gibbet glooms beside the way.” Goldsmith. “[This weary day] … at last I see it gloom.” Spenser.

Gloom, v. t. 1. To render gloomy or dark; to obscure; to darken. “A bow window … gloomed with limes.” Walpole. “A black yew gloomed the stagnant air.” Tennyson. 2. To fill with gloom; to make sad, dismal, or sullen. “Such a mood as that which lately gloomed
Your fancy.” Tennison. “What sorrows gloomed that parting day.” Goldsmith.

Gloom´i•ly , adv. In a gloomy manner.

Gloom´i•ness, n. State of being gloomy. Addison.

Gloom´ing, n. [Cf. Gloaming.] Twilight (of morning or evening); the gloaming. “When the faint glooming in the sky
First lightened into day.” Trench. “The balmy glooming, crescent-lit.” Tennyson.

Gloomth , n. Gloom. [R.] Walpole.

Gloom´y , a. [Compar. Gloomier superl. Gloomiest.] 1. Imperfectly illuminated; dismal through obscurity or darkness; dusky; dim; clouded; as the cavern was gloomy. ´Though hid in gloomiest shade.´ Milton. 2. Affected with, or expressing, gloom; melancholy; dejected; as a gloomy temper or countenance. Syn. — Dark; dim; dusky; dismal; cloudy; moody; sullen; morose; melancholy; sad; downcast; depressed; dejected; disheartened.

Glop´pen (glop´pen), v. t. & i. [OE. glopnen to be frightened, frighten: cf. Icel. glupna to look downcast.] To surprise or astonish; to be startled or astonished. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Glore , v. i. [See Gloar.] To glare; to glower. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Glo´ri•a , n. [L., glory.] (Eccl.) (a) A doxology (beginning Gloria Patri, Glory be to the Father), sung or said at the end of the Psalms in the service of the Roman Catholic and other churches. (b) A portion of the Mass (Gloria in Excelsis Deo, Glory be to God on high), and also of the communion service in some churches. In the Episcopal Church the version in English is used. (c) The musical setting of a gloria.

Glo•ri•a´tion , n. [L. gloriatio, from gloriari to glory, boast, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.] Boast; a triumphing. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson. “Internal gloriation or triumph of the mind.” Hobbes.

Glo´ried , a. [See Glory.] Illustrious; honorable; noble. [Obs.] Milton.

Glo•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. glorificatio: cf. F. glorification. See Glorify.] 1. The act of glorifying or of giving glory to. Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being glorifed; as the glorification of Christ after his resurrection.

Glo´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glorified p. pr. & vb. n. Glorifying.] [F. glorifier, L. glorificare; gloria glory + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] 1. To make glorious by bestowing glory upon; to confer honor and distinction upon; to elevate to power or happiness, or to celestial glory. “Jesus was not yet glorified.” John vii. 39. 2. To make glorious in thought or with the heart, by ascribing glory to; to acknowledge the excellence of; to render homage to; to magnify in worship; to adore. “That we for thee may glorify the Lord.” Shak.

Glo´ri•ole , n. [L. gloriola a small glory, dim. of gloria glory.] An aureole. [R.] Msr. Browning.

Glo•ri•o´sa , n. [Nl., fr. L. gloriosus. See Glorious.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants with very showy lilylike blossoms, natives of India.

Glo•ri•o´ser , n. [From L. gloriosus boastful.] A boaster. [Obs.] Greene.

Glo•ri•o´so , n. [It.] A boaster. [Obs.] Fuller.

Glo´ri•ous , a. [OF. glorios, glorious, F. glorieux, fr. L. gloriosus. See Glory, n.] 1. Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of or receive glory; noble; praiseworthy; excellent; splendid; illustrious; inspiring admiration; as glorious deeds. “These are thy glorious works, Parent of good !” Milton. 2. Eager for glory or distinction; haughty; boastful; ostentatious; vainglorious. [Obs.] “Most miserable
Is the desire that’s glorious.” Shak. 3. Ecstatic; hilarious; elated with drink. [Colloq.] “kings may be blest, but Tam was glorious,
O’er all the ills of life victorious.” Burns. “During his office treason was no crime,
The sons of Belial had a glorious time.” Dryden. Syn. — Eniment; noble; excellent; renowned; illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; grand; splendid. — Glo´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Glo´ri•ous•ness, n. Udall. “Sing ye to the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriously.” Ex. xv. 21. “I speak it not gloriously, nor out of affectation.” B. Jonson.

Glo´ry (glo´ry; 111), n. [OE. glorie, OF. glorie, gloire, F. gloire, fr. L. gloria; prob. akin to Gr. kle•os, Skr. çravas glory, praise, çru to hear. See Loud.] 1. Praise, honor, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent to a person or thing; high reputation; honorable fame; renown. “Glory to God in the highest.” Luke ii. 14. “Spread his glory through all countries wide.” Spenser. 2. That quality in a person or thing which secures general praise or honor; that which brings or gives renown; an object of pride or boast; the occasion of praise; excellency; brilliancy; splendor. “Think it no glory to swell in tyranny.” Sir P. Sidney. “Jewels lose their glory if neglected.” Shak. “Your sex’s glory ’t is to shine unknown.” Young. 3. Pride; boastfulness; arrogance. “In glory of thy fortunes.” Chapman. 4. The presence of the Divine Being; the manifestations of the divine nature and favor to the blessed in heaven; celestial honor; heaven. “Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory.” Ps. lxxiii. 24. 5. An emanation of light supposed to proceed from beings of peculiar sanctity. It is represented in art by rays of gold, or the like, proceeding from the head or body, or by a disk, or a mere line. This is the general term; when confined to the head it is properly called nimbus; when encircling the whole body, aureola or aureole. Glory hole, an opening in the wall of a glass furnace, exposing the brilliant white light of the interior. Knight. — Glory pea (Bot.), the name of two leguminous plants (Clianthus Dampieri and C. puniceus) of Australia and New Zeland. They have showy scarlet or crimson flowers. — Glory tree (Bot.), a name given to several species of the verbenaceous genus Clerodendron, showy flowering shrubs of tropical regions.

Glo´ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloried p. pr. & vb. n. Glorying.] [OE. glorien, OF. glorier, fr. L. gloriari, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.] 1. To exult with joy; to rejoice. “Glory ye in his holy name.” Ps. cv. 2. To boast; to be proud. “God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ.” Gal. vi. 14 “No one … should glory in his prosperity.” Richardson.

Glose , n. & v. See Gloze. Chaucer.

Glos´er , n. See Glosser.

Gloss (glos), n. [Cf. Icel. glossi a blaze, glys finery, MHG. glosen to glow, G. glosten to glimmer; perh. akin to E. glass.] 1. Brightness or luster of a body proceeding from a smooth surface; polish; as the gloss of silk; cloth is calendered to give it a gloss. “It is no part … to set on the face of this cause any fairer gloss than the naked truth doth afford.” Hooker. 2. A specious appearance; superficial quality or show. “To me more dear, congenial to my heart,
One native charm than all the gloss of art.” Goldsmith.

Gloss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glossed p. pr. & vb. n. Glossing.] To give a superficial luster or gloss to; to make smooth and shining; as to gloss cloth. “The glossed and gleamy wave.” J. R. Drake.

Gloss, n. [OE. glose, F. glose, L. glossa a difficult word needing explanation, fr. Gr. tongue, language, word needing explanation. Cf. Gloze, Glossary, Glottis.] 1. A foreign, archaic, technical, or other uncommon word requiring explanation. [Obs.] 2. An interpretation, consisting of one or more words, interlinear or marginal; an explanatory note or comment; a running commentary. “All this, without a gloss or comment,
He would unriddle in a moment.” Hudibras. “Explaining the text in short glosses.” T. Baker. 3. A false or specious explanation. Dryden.

Gloss (glos), v. t. 1. To render clear and evident by comments; to illustrate; to explain; to annotate. 2. To give a specious appearance to; to render specious and plausible; to palliate by specious explanation. “You have the art to gloss the foulest cause.” Philips.

Gloss , v. i. 1. To make comments; to comment; to explain. Dryden. 2. To make sly remarks, or insinuations. Prior.

Glos´sa , n.; pl. Glossae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. the tongue.] (Zoöl.) The tongue, or lingua, of an insect. See Hymenoptera.

Glos´sal , a. Of or pertaining to the tongue; lingual.

Glos•san´thrax , n. [Gr. tongue + E. anthrax: cf. F. glossanthrax.] A disease of horses and cattle accompanied by carbuncles in the mouth and on the tongue.

Glos•sa´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to glosses or to a glossary; containing a glossary.

Glos•sa´ri•al•ly, adv. In the manner of a glossary.

Glos´sa•rist , n. A writer of glosses or of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Tyrwhitt.

Glos´sa•ry , n.; pl. Gossaries (#). [L. glossarium, fr. glossa: cf. F. glossaire. See 3d Gloss.] A collection of glosses or explanations of words and passages of a work or author; a partial dictionary of a work, an author, a dialect, art, or science, explaining archaic, technical, or other uncommon words.

Glos•sa´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Glossa.] (Zoöl.) The Lepidoptera.

Glos•sa´tor , n. [LL. See 3d Gloss.] A writer of glosses or comments; a commentator. [R.] ´The … glossators of Aristotle.´ Milman.

Gloss´er , n. [See lst Gloss.] A polisher; one who gives a luster.

Gloss´er, n. [See 3d Gloss.] A writer of glosses; a scholiast; a commentator. L. Addison.

Glos´sic (glos´sik), n. [L. glossa a word requiring a gloss. See 3d Gloss.] A system of phonetic spelling based upon the present values of English letters, but invariably using one symbol to represent one sound only. “Ingglish Glosik konvai·z hwotev·er proanusiai·shon iz inten·ded bei dhi reiter.” A. J. Ellis.

Gloss´i•ly , adv. In a glossy manner.

Gloss´i•ness, n. [From Glossy.] The condition or quality of being glossy; the luster or brightness of a smooth surface. Boyle.

Gloss´ist, n. A writer of comments. [Obs.] Milton.

Glos•si´tis , n. [NL., from Gr. tongue + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the tongue.

Gloss´ly , adv. Like gloss; specious. Cowley.

Glos•soc´o•mon , n.[NL., fr. Gr. a kind of case.] A kind of hoisting winch.

Glos•so•ep•i•glot´tic , a. [Gr. tongue + E. epiglottic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both tongue and epiglottis; as glossoepiglottic folds.

Glos´sog´ra•pher , n. [Gr. ; tongue + to write. See 3d Gloss.] A writer of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Hayward.

Glos•so•graph´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to glossography.

Glos´sog´ra•phy , n. [See Glossographer.] The writing of glossaries, glosses, or comments for illustrating an author.

Glos•so•hy´al , a. [Gr. the tongue + the letter .] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the hyoidean arch and the tongue; — applied to the anterior segment of the hyoidean arch in many fishes. — n. The glossohyal bone or cartilage; lingual bone; entoglossal bone. { Glos•so•la´li•a , Glos•sol´a•ly } n. [NL., fr. Gr. tongue + talk: cf. F. glossolalie.] The gift of tongues. Farrar.

Glos•so•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to glossology.

Glos•sol´o•gist , n. One who defines and explains terms; one who is versed in glossology.

Glos•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. tongue + -logy: cf. F. glossologie. See 3d Gloss.] 1. The definition and explanation of terms; a glossary. 2. The science of language; comparative philology; linguistics; glottology.

Glos•so•phar•yn•ge´al (glos´do•far•in•je´al or -fa•rin´je•al), a. [Gr. glw^ssa the tongue + E. pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both the tongue and the pharynx; — applied especially to the ninth pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the pharynx and tongue. — n. One of the glossopharyngeal nerves.

Gloss´y (glos´y), a. [Compar. Glossier (-i•er); superl. Glossiest.] [See Gloss luster.] 1. Smooth and shining; reflecting luster from a smooth surface; highly polished; lustrous; as glossy silk; a glossy surface. 2. Smooth; specious; plausible; as glossy deceit.

Glost´ ov•en An oven in which glazed pottery is fired; — also called glaze kiln, or glaze.

Glot´tal , a. Of or pertaining to, or produced by, the glottis; glottic. Glottal catch, an effect produced upon the breath or voice by a sudden opening or closing of the glotts. Sweet. { Glot´tic , Glot•tid´e•an } a. Of or pertaining to the glottis; glottal.

Glot´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , from , , the tongue. See Gloss an explanatory remark.] (Anat.) The opening from the pharynx into the larynx or into the trachea. See Larynx.

Glot•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to glottology.

Glot•tol´o•gist , n. A linguist; a philologist.

Glot•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , the tongue + -logy.] The science of tongues or languages; comparative philology; glossology.

Glout , v. i. [Scot. Cf. Gloat.] To pout; to look sullen. [Obs.] Garth.

Glout , v. t. To view attentively; to gloat on; to stare at. [Obs.] Wright.

Glove (gluv), n. [OE. glove, glofe, AS. glof; akin to Icel. glofi, cf. Goth. lofa palm of the hand, Icel. lofi.] 1. A cover for the hand, or for the hand and wrist, with a separate sheath for each finger. The latter characteristic distinguishes the glove from the mitten. 2. A boxing glove. Boxing glove. See under Boxing. — Glove fight, a pugilistic contest in which the fighters wear boxing gloves. — Glove money or silver. (a) A tip or gratuity to servants, professedly to buy gloves with. (b) (Eng. Law.) A reward given to officers of courts; also a fee given by the sheriff of a county to the clerk of assize and judge’s officers, when there are no offenders to be executed. — Glove sponge (Zoöl.), a fine and soft variety of commercial sponges (Spongia officinalis). — To be hand and glove with, to be intimately associated or on good terms with. ´Hand and glove with traitors.´ J. H. Newman. — To handle without gloves, to treat without reserve or tenderness; to deal roughly with. [Colloq.] — To take up the glove, to accept a challenge or adopt a quarrel. — To throw down the glove, to challenge to combat.

Glove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gloved p. pr. & vb. n. Gloving.] To cover with, or as with, a glove.

Glov´er , n. One whose trade it is to make or sell gloves. Glover’s suture or stitch, a kind of stitch used in sewing up wounds, in which the thread is drawn alternately through each side from within outward.

Glow (glo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowed (glod); p. pr. & vb. n. Glowing.] [AS. glowan; akin to D. gloeijen, OHG. gluoen, G. glühen, Icel. gloa, Dan. gloende glowing. rad.94. Cf. Gloom.] 1. To shine with an intense or white heat; to give forth vivid light and heat; to be incandescent. “Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees.” Pope. 2. To exhibit a strong, bright color; to be brilliant, as if with heat; to be bright or red with heat or animation, with blushes, etc. “Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays.” Dryden. “And glow with shame of your proceedings.” Shak. 3. To feel hot; to have a burning sensation, as of the skin, from friction, exercise, etc.; to burn. “Did not his temples glow
In the same sultry winds and acrching heats?” Addison. “The cord slides swiftly through his glowing hands.” Gay. 4. To feel the heat of passion; to be animated, as by intense love, zeal, anger, etc.; to rage, as passior; as the heart glows with love, zeal, or patriotism. “With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows.” Dryden. “Burns with one love, with one resentment glows.” Pope.

Glow, v. t. To make hot; to flush. [Poetic] “Fans, whose wind did seem
To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool.” Shak.

Glow, n. 1. White or red heat; incandscence. 2. Brightness or warmth of color; redness; a rosy flush; as the glow of health in the cheeks. 3. Intense excitement or earnestness; vehemence or heat of passion; ardor. “The red glow of scorn.” Shak. 4. Heat of body; a sensation of warmth, as that produced by exercise, etc.

Glow´bard , n. [See Globard.] The glowworm. [Obs.]

Glow´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowered p. pr. & vb. n. Glowering.] [Cf. Gloar.] to look intently; to stare angrily or with a scowl. Thackeray.

Glow´ing•ly , adv. In a glowing manner; with ardent heat or passion.

Glow´lamp , n. 1. (Chem.) An aphlogistic lamp. See Aphlogistic. 2. (Elect.) An incandescent lamp. See Incandescent, a.

Glow´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A coleopterous insect of the genus Lampyris; esp., the wingless females and larvae of the two European species (L. noctiluca, and L. splendidula), which emit light from some of the abdominal segments. “Like a glowworm in the night,
The which hath fire in darkness, none in light.” Shak. The male is winged, and is supposed to be attracted by the light of the female. In America, the luminous larvae of several species of fireflies and fire beetles are called glowworms. Both sexes of these are winged when mature. See Firefly.

Glox•in´i•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) American genus of herbaceous plants with very handsome bell-shaped blossoms; — named after B. P. Gloxin, a German botanist.

Gloze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glozed p. pr. & vb. n. Glozing.] [OE. glosen, F. gloser. See gloss explanation.] 1. To flatter; to wheedle; to fawn; to talk smoothly. Chaucer. “A false, glozing parasite.” South. “So glozed the tempter, and his proem tuned.” Milton. 2. To give a specious or false meaning; to ministerpret. Shak.

Gloze, v. t. To smooth over; to palliate. “By glozing the evil that is in the world.” I. Taylor.

Gloze, n. 1. Flattery; adulation; smooth speech. “Now to plain dealing; lay these glozes by.” Shak. 2. Specious show; gloss. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Gloz´er , n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Gifford (1580).

Glu´cic , a. [Gr. sweet.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar; as glucic acid.

Glu•ci´na , n. [Cf. F. glycine, glucine. So called because it forms sweet salts. See Glucinum.] (Chem.) A white or gray tasteless powder, the oxide of the element glucinum; — formerly called glucine.

Glu•cin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, glucinum; as glucinic oxide.

Glu•ci´num , n. [Cf. F. glucinium, glycium, fr. Gr. , sweet. Cf. Glycerin.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of a silver white color, and low specific gravity (2.1), resembling magnesium. It never occurs naturally in the free state, but is always combined, usually with silica or alumina, or both; as in the minerals phenacite, chrysoberyl, beryl or emerald, euclase, and danalite. It was named from its oxide glucina, which was known long before the element was isolated. Symbol Gl. Atomic weight 9.1. Called also beryllium. [Formerly written also glucinium.]

Glu´co•gen , n. [R.] See Glycogen.

Glu•co•gen´e•sis , n. Glycogenesis. [R.]

Glu•con´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, glucose. Gluconic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained as a colorless, sirupy liquid, by the oxidation of glucose; — called also maltonic acid, and dextronic acid.

Glu´cose , n. [Gr. sweet. Cf. Glycerin.] 1. A variety of sugar occurring in nature very abundantly, as in ripe grapes, and in honey, and produced in great quantities from starch, etc., by the action of heat and acids. It is only about half as sweet as cane sugar. Called also dextrose, grape sugar, diabetic sugar, and starch sugar. See Dextrose. 2. (Chem.) Any one of a large class of sugars, isometric with glucose proper, and including levulose, galactose, etc. 3. The trade name of a sirup, obtained as an uncrystallizable reside in the manufacture of glucose proper, and containing, in addition to some dextrose or glucose, also maltose, dextrin, etc. It is used as a cheap adulterant of sirups, beers, etc.

Glu´co•side , n. [See Glucose.] (Chem.) One of a large series of amorphous or crystalline substances, occurring very widely distributed in plants, rarely in animals, and regarded as influental agents in the formation and disposition of the sugars. They are frequently of a bitter taste, but, by the action of ferments, or of dilute acids and alkalies, always break down into some characteristic substance (acid, aldehyde, alcohol, phenole, or alkaloid) and glucose (or some other sugar); hence the name. They are of the nature of complex and compound ethers, and ethereal salts of the sugar carbohydrates.

Glu•co•su´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. E. glucose + Gr. urine.] (Med.) A condition in which glucose is discharged in the urine; diabetes mellitus.

Glue (glu), n. [F. glu, L. glus, akin to gluten, from gluere to draw together. Cf. Gluten.] A hard brittle brownish gelatin, obtained by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals. When gently heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenaceous, and is used as a cement for uniting substances. The name is also given to other adhesive or viscous substances. Bee glue. See under Bee. — Fish glue, a strong kind of glue obtained from fish skins and bladders; isinglass. — Glue plant (Bot.), a fucoid seaweed (Gloiopeltis tenax). — Liquid glue, a fluid preparation of glue and acetic acid or alcohol. — Marine glue, a solution of caoutchouc in naphtha, with shellac, used in shipbuilding.

Glue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glued p. pr. & vb. n. Gluing.] [F. gluer. See Glue, n.] To join with glue or a viscous substance; to cause to stick or hold fast, as if with glue; to fix or fasten. “This cold, congealed blood
That glues my lips, and will not let me speak.” Shak.

Glue´pot , n. A utensil for melting glue, consisting of an inner pot holding the glue, immersed in an outer one containing water which is heated to soften the glue.

Glu´er , n. One who cements with glue.

Glu´ey , a. Viscous; glutinous; of the nature of, or like, glue.

Glu´ey•ness, n. Viscidity.

Glu´ish, a. Somewhat gluey. Sherwood.

Glum , n. [See Gloom.] Sullenness. [Obs.] Skelton.

Glum, a. Moody; silent; sullen. “I frighten people by my glun face.” Thackeray.

Glum, v. i. To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum. [Obs.] Hawes.

Glu•ma´ceous , a. [Cf. F. glumance. See Glume.] Having glumes; consisting of glumes.

Glu´mal , a. (Bot.) Characterized by a glume, or having the nature of a glume.

Glume (glum), n. [L. gluma hull, husk, fr. glubere to bark or peel: cf. F. glume or gloume.] (Bot.) The bracteal covering of the flowers or seeds of grain and grasses; esp., an outer husk or bract of a spikelet. Gray. { Glu•mel´la , Glu´melle } n. [F. glumelle, dim. of glume.] (Bot.) One of the palets or inner chaffy scales of the flowers or spikelets of grasses.

Glum´ly , adv. In a glum manner; sullenly; moodily.

Glum´my , a. [See Gloom.] Dark; gloomy; dismal. [Obs.]

Glum´ness, n. Moodiness; sullenness.

Glump (glump), v. i. [See Glum.] To manifest sullenness; to sulk. [Colloq.]

Glump´y (glump´y), a. Glum; sullen; sulky. [Colloq.] ´He was glumpy enough.´ T. Hook.

Glunch (glunch), a. [Cf. Glump.] Frowning; sulky; sullen. Sir W. Scott. — n. A sullen, angry look; a look of disdain or dislike. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Glut (glut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glutting.] [OE. glotten, fr. OF. glotir, gloutir, L. glutire, gluttire; cf. Gr. to eat, Skr. gar. Cf. Gluttion, Englut.] 1. To swallow, or to swallow greedlly; to gorge. “Though every drop of water swear against it,
And gape at widest to glut him.” Shak. 2. To fill to satiety; to satisfy fully the desire or craving of; to satiate; to sate; to cloy. “His faithful heart, a bloody sacrifice,
Torn from his breast, to glut the tyrant’s eyes.” Dryden. “The realms of nature and of art were ransacked to glut the wonder, lust, and ferocity of a degraded populace.” C. Kingsley. To glut the market, to furnish an oversupply of any article of trade, so that there is no sale for it.

Glut, v. i. To eat gluttonously or to satiety. “Like three horses that have broken fence,
And glutted all night long breast-deep in corn.” Tennyson.

Glut, n. 1. That which is swallowed. Milton 2. Plenty, to satiety or repletion; a full supply; hence, often, a supply beyond sufficiency or to loathing; over abundance; as a glut of the market. “A glut of those talents which raise men to eminence.” Macaulay. 3. Something that fills up an opening; a clog. 4. (a) A wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. [Prov. Eng.] (b) (Mining) A piece of wood used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing. Raymond. (c) (Bricklaying) A bat, or small piece of brick, used to fill out a course. Knight. (d) (Arch.) An arched opening to the ashpit of a kiln. (e) A block used for a fulcrum. 5. (Zoöl.) The broad-nosed eel (Anguilla latirostris), found in Europe, Asia, the West Indies, etc.

Glu•ta•con´ic , a. [Glutaric + aconitic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, an acid intermediate between glutaric and aconitic acids.

Glu•tae´us , n. [NL. See Gluteal.] (Anat.) The great muscle of the buttock in man and most mammals, and the corresponding muscle in many lower animals. In man, the glutaeus is composed of three distinct parts, which extend and abduct the thigh, and help support the body in standing.

Glu•tam´ic , a. [Gluten + -amic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to gluten. Glutamic acid, a nitrogenous organic acid obtained from certain albuminoids, as gluten; — called also amido-glutaric acid.

Glu•tar´ic , a. [Glutamic + tartaric.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid so called; as glutaric ethers. Glutaric acid, an organic acid obtained as a white crystalline substance, isomeric with pyrotartaric acid; — called also normal pyrotartaric acid.

Glu´ta•zine , n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, forming a heavy, sandy powder, white or nearly so. It is a derivative of pyridine.

Glu´te•al , a. [G. rump, pl., the buttocks.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the glutaeus.

Glu´ten , n. [L., glue: cf. F. gluten. See Glue.] (Chem.) The viscid, tenacious substance which gives adhesiveness to dough. Gluten is a complex and variable mixture of glutin or gliadin, vegetable fibrin, vegetable casein, oily material, etc., and is a very nutritious element of food. It may be separated from the flour of grain by subjecting this to a current of water, the starch and other soluble matters being thus washed out. Gluten bread, bread containing a large proportion of gluten; — used in cases of diabetes. — Gluten casein (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the seeds of grasses, and extracted as a dark, amorphous, earthy mass. — Gluten fibrin (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the cereal grains, and extracted as an amorphous, brownish yellow substance.

Glu•te´us , n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Glutaeus.

Glu´tin , n. [See Gluten.] (Chem.) 1. Same as Gliadin. 2. Sometimes synonymous with Gelatin. [R.]

Glu´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutinated p. pr. & vb. n. Glutinating.] [L. glutinatus, p. p. of glutinare to glue, fr. gluten glue.] To unite with glue; to cement; to stick together. Bailey.

Glu•ti•na´tion , n. [L. glutinatio: cf. F. glutination.] The act of uniting with glue; sticking together.

Glu´ti•na•tive , a. [L. glutinativus: cf. F. glutinatif.] Having the quality of cementing; tenacious; viscous; glutinous.

Glu•ti•nos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. glutinosite .] The quality of being glutinous; viscousness. [R.]

Glu´ti•nous , a. [L. glutinosus, fr. gluten glue: cf. F. glutineux. See Gluten.] 1. Of the nature of glue; resembling glue; viscous; viscid; adhesive; gluey. 2. (Bot.) Havig a moist and adhesive or sticky surface, as a leaf or gland.

Glu´ti•nous•ness , n. The quality of being glutinous.

Glut´ton , n. [OE. glotoun, glotun, F. glouton, fr. L. gluto, glutto. See Glut.] 1. One who eats voraciously, or to excess; a gormandizer. 2. Fig.: One who gluts himself. “Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy.” Granville. 3. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal (Gulo luscus), of the family Mustelidae, about the size of a large badger. It was formerly believed to be inordinately voracious, whence the name; the wolverene. It is a native of the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia. Glutton bird (Zoöl.), the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea); — called also Mother Carey’s goose, and mollymawk.

Glut´ton , a. Gluttonous; greedy; gormandizing. ´Glutton souls.´ Dryden. “A glutton monastery in former ages makes a hungry ministry in our days.” Fuller.

Glut´ton, v. t. & i. To glut; to eat voraciously. [Obs.] “Gluttoned at last, return at home to pine.” Lovelace. “Whereon in Egypt gluttoning they fed.” Drayton.

Glut´ton•ish, a. Gluttonous; greedy. Sir P. Sidney.

Glut´ton•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gluttonized p. pr. & vb. n. Gluttonizing ] To eat to excess; to eat voraciously; to gormandize. Hallywell.

Glut´ton•ous , a. Given to gluttony; eating to excess; indulging the appetite; voracious; as a gluttonous age. — Glut´ton•ous•ly, adv. — Glut´ton•ous•ness, n.

Glut´ton•y , n.; pl. Gluttonies (#). [OE. glotonie, OF. glotonie, gloutonnie.] Excess in eating; extravagant indulgence of the appetite for food; voracity. “Their sumptuous gluttonies, and gorgeous feasts.” Milton.

Glyc´er•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of glyceric acid.

Gly•cer´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycerin. Glyceric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycerin, as a thick liquid. It is a hydroxyl derivative of propionic acid, and has both acid and alcoholic properties.

Glyc´er•ide , n. [See Glycerin.] (Chem.) A compound ether (formed from glycerin). Some glycerides exist ready formed as natural fats, others are produced artificially.

Glyc´er•in , Glyc´er•ine , n. [F. glycerine, fr. Gr. glykero•s, glyky•s, sweet. Cf. Glucose, Licorice.] (Chem.) An oily, viscous liquid, C3H5(OH)3, colorless and odorless, and with a hot, sweetish taste, existing in the natural fats and oils as the base, combined with various acids, as oleic, margaric, stearic, and palmitic. It is a triatomic alcohol, and hence is also called glycerol. See Note under Gelatin. It is obtained from fats by saponification, or, on a large scale, by the action of superheated steam. It is used as an ointment, as a solvent and vehicle for medicines, and as an adulterant in wine, beer, etc.

Glyc´er•ite , n. (Med.) A medicinal preparation made by mixing or dissolving a substance in glycerin.

Glyc´er•ol , n. (Chem.) Same as Glycerin.

Glyc´er•ole , n. [F. glycerole.] (Med.) Same as Glycerite.

Glyc´er•yl , n. [Glycerin + -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C3H5, regarded as the essential radical of glycerin. It is metameric with allyl. Called also propenyl.

Glyc´ide , n. [Glyceric + anhydride.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, obtained from certain derivatives of glycerin, and regarded as a partially dehydrated glycerin; — called also glycidic alcohol.

Gly•cid´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycide; as glycidic acid.

Gly´cin , n. [Gr. glyky•s sweet.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Glycocoll.

Gly•co•cho´late , n. [Glycocoll + cholic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A salt of glycocholic acid; as sodium glycocholate.

Gly•co•chol´ic , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or composed of, glycocoll and cholic acid. Glycocholic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a conjugate acid, composed of glycocoll and cholic acid, present in bile in the form of a sodium salt. The acid commonly forms a resinous mass, but can be crystallized in long, white needles.

Gly´co•cin , n. [Glycocoll + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Glycocoll.

Gly´co•coll , n. [Gr. glyky•s sweet + ko•lla glue.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, with a sweet taste, formed from hippuric acid by boiling with hydrochloric acid, and present in bile united with cholic acid. It is also formed from gelatin by decomposition with acids. Chemically, it is amido-acetic acid. Called also glycin, and glycocin.

Gly´co•gen , n. [Gr. sweet + -gen: cf. F. glycogène.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, amorphous, tasteless substance resembling starch, soluble in water to an opalescent fluid. It is found abundantly in the liver of most animals, and in small quantity in other organs and tissues, particularly in the embryo. It is quickly changed into sugar when boiled with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, and also by the action of amylolytic ferments.

Gly•co•gen´ic , a. Pertaining to, or caused by, glycogen; as the glycogenic function of the liver. { Gly•cog´e•ny , Gly•co•gen´e•sis } n. (Physiol.) The production or formation of sugar from gycogen, as in the liver.

Gly´col , n. [Glycerin + - ol. See Glycerin.] (Chem.) (a) A thick, colorless liquid, C2H4(OH)2, of a sweetish taste, produced artificially from certain ethylene compounds. It is a diacid alcohol, intermediate between ordinary ethyl alcohol and glycerin. (b) Any one of the large class of diacid alcohols, of which glycol proper is the type.

Gly•col´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycol; as glycolic ether; glycolic acid. Glycolic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, found naturally in unripe grapes and in the leaves of the wild grape (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), and produced artificially in many ways, as by the oxidation of glycol, — whence its name. It is a sirupy, or white crystalline, substance, HO.CH2.CO2H, has the properties both of an alcohol and an acid, and is a type of the hydroxy acids; — called also hydroxyacetic acid.

Gly´co•lide , n. [Glycol + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white amorphous powder, C4H4O, obtained by heating and dehydrating glycolic acid. [Written also glycollide.]

Gly•co•lu´ric , a. [Glycol + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, glycol and urea; as glycoluric acid, which is called also hydantoic acid.

Gly•co•lu´ril , n. [Glycolyl + uric.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, obtained by the reduction of allantoïn.

Gly´co•lyl , n. [Glycolic + -yl.] (Chem.) A divalent, compound radical, CO.CH2, regarded as the essential radical of glycolic acid, and a large series of related compounds.

Gly•co´ni•an , a. & n. Glyconic.

Gly•con´ic , a. [Gr. a kind of verse, so called from its inventor, Glycon.] (Pros.) Consisting of a spondee, a choriamb, and a pyrrhic; — applied to a kind of verse in Greek and Latin poetry. — n. (Pros.) A glyconic verse.

Gly´co•nin , n. An emulsion of glycerin and the yolk of eggs, used as an ointment, as a vehicle for medicines, etc.

Gly´co•sine , n. (Chem.) An organic base, C6H6N4, produced artificially as a white, crystalline powder, by the action of ammonia on glyoxal.

Gly•co•su´ri•a , n. (Med.) Same as Glucosuria.

Glyc•yr•rhi´za , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; sweet + root. Cf. Licorice.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous herbaceous plants, one species of which (G. glabra), is the licorice plant, the roots of which have a bittersweet mucilaginous taste. 2. (Med.) The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root), used as a demulcent, etc.

Glyc•yr•rhi•zim´ic , a. (Chem.) From, or pertaining to, glycyrrhizin; as glycyrrhizimic acid.

Gly•cyr´rhi•zin , n. [Cf. F. glycyrrhizine. See Glycyrrhiza.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza), in monesia bark (Chrysophyllum), in the root of the walnut, etc., and extracted as a yellow, amorphous powder, of a bittersweet taste. { Glyn , Glynne } , n. A glen. See Glen. [Obs. singly, but occurring often in locative names in Ireland, as Glen does in Scotland.] “He could not beat out the Irish, yet he did shut them up within those narrow corners and glyns under the mountain’s foot.” Spenser.

Gly•ox´al , n. [Glycol + oxalic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A white, amorphous, deliquescent powder, (CO.H)2, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycol. It is a double aldehyde, between glycol and oxalic acid.

Gly•ox•al´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an aldehyde acid, intermediate between glycol and oxalic acid. [Written also glyoxylic.]

Gly•ox´a•line , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline, organic base, C3H4N2, produced by the action of ammonia on glyoxal, and forming the origin of a large class of derivatives hence, any one of the series of which glyoxaline is a type; — called also oxaline.

Gly•ox´ime , n. [Glyoxal + oxime.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, produced by the action of hydroxylamine on glyoxal, and belonging to the class of oximes; also any one of a group of substances resembling glyoxime proper, and of which it is a type. See Oxime.

Glyph (glif), n. [Gr. glyfh• carving, fr. gly•fein to carve: cf. F. glyphe. Cf. Cleave to split.] (Arch.) A sunken channel or groove, usually vertical. See Triglyph.

Glyph´ic , a. [Gr. of or for carving.] (Fine Arts) Of or pertaining to sculpture or carving of any sort, esp. to glyphs.

Glyph´o•graph , n. A plate made by glyphography, or an impression taken from such a plate.

Glyph•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to glyphography.

Gly•phog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. to engrave + -graphy.] A process similar to etching, in which, by means of voltaic electricity, a raised copy of a drawing is made, so that it can be used to print from.

Glyp´tic , a. [See Glyph.] 1. Of or pertaining to gem engraving. 2. (Min.) Figured; marked as with figures.

Glyp´tics , n. [Cf. F. glyptique. See Glyph.] The art of engraving on precious stones.

Glyp´to•don , n. [Gr. carved, engraved + , , tooth. See Glyph.] (Paleon.) An extinct South American quaternary mammal, allied to the armadillos. It was as large as an ox, was covered with tessellated scales, and had fluted teeth. Owen.

Glyp´to•dont , n. (Paleon.) One of a family (Glyptodontidae) of extinct South American edentates, of which Glyptodon is the type. About twenty species are known.

Glyp•to•graph´ic , a. [Cf. F. glyptographique.] Relating to glyptography, or the art of engraving on precious stones. [R.]

Glyp•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. carved + -graphy: cf. F. glyptographie.] The art or process of engraving on precious stones. [R.]

Glyp•to•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. carved + case, box.] A building or room devoted to works of sculpture.

Glys´ter , n. (Med.) Same as Clyster.

Gmel´in•ite , n. [Named after the German chemist Gmelin.] (Min.) A rhombohedral zeolitic mineral, related in form and composition to chabazite.

Gna•pha´li•um , n. [Nl., from Gr. wool of the teasel.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants with white or colored dry and persistent involucres; a kind of everlasting.

Gnar , n. [OE. knarre, gnarre, akin to OD. knor, G. knorren. Cf. Knar, Knur, Gnarl.] A knot or gnarl in wood; hence, a tough, thickset man; — written also gnarr. [Archaic] “He was … a thick gnarre.” Chaucer.

Gnar , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarred p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarring.] [See Gnarl.] To gnarl; to snarl; to growl; — written also gnarr. [Archaic] “At them he gan to rear his bristles strong,
And felly gnarre.” Spenser. “A thousand wants
Gnarr at the heels of men.” Tennison.

Gnarl , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarled p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarling.] [From older gnar, prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knarren, knurren. D. knorren, Sw. knorra, Dan. knurre.] To growl; to snarl. “And wolves are gnarling who shall gnaw thee first.” Shak.

Gnarl, n. [See Gnar, n.] a knot in wood; a large or hard knot, or a protuberance with twisted grain, on a tree.

Gnarled , a. Knotty; full of knots or gnarls; twisted; crossgrained. “The unwedgeable and gnarled oak.” Shak.

Gnarl´y , a. Full of knots; knotty; twisted; crossgrained.

Gnash , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnashed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnashing.] [OE. gnasten, gnaisten, cf. Icel. gnastan a gnashing, gnsta to gnash, Dan. knaske, Sw. gnissla, D. knarsen, G. knirschen.] To strike together, as in anger or pain; as to gnash the teeth.

Gnash, v. i. To grind or strike the teeth together. “There they him laid,
Gnashing for anguish, and despite, and shame.” Milton.

Gnash´ing•ly, adv. With gnashing.

Gnat , n. [AS. gnaet.] 1. (Zoöl.) A blood-sucking dipterous fly, of the genus Culex, undergoing a metamorphosis in water. The females have a proboscis armed with needlelike organs for penetrating the skin of animals. These are wanting in the males. In America they are generally called mosquitoes. See Mosquito. 2. Any fly resembling a Culex in form or habits; esp., in America, a small biting fly of the genus Simulium and allies, as the buffalo gnat, the black fly, etc. Gnat catcher (Zoöl.), one of several species of small American singing birds, of the genus Polioptila, allied to the kinglets. — Gnat flower, the bee flower. — Gnat hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; — called also gnat owl. — Gnat snapper (Zoöl.), a bird that catches gnats. — Gnat strainer, a person ostentatiously punctilious about trifles. Cf. Matt. xxiii. 24.

Gnath´ic , a. [Gr. the jaw.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the jaw. Gnathic index, in a skull, the ratio of the distance from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the basion (taken equal to 100), to the distance from the basion to the middle of the front edge of the upper jaw; — called also alveolar index. “Skulls with the gnathic index below 98 are orthognathous, from 98 to 103 mesognathous, and above 103 are prognathous.” Flower.

Gna•thid´i•um , n.; pl. Gnathidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) The ramus of the lower jaw of a bird as far as it is naked; — commonly used in the plural.

Gnath´ite , n. [Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the mouth appendages of the Arthropoda. They are known as mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds. { Gna•thon´ic , Gna•thon´ic•al } a. [L. Gnatho, name of a parasite in the ´Eunuchus´ of Terence, Gr. ; hence, a parasite in general.] Flattering; deceitful. [Obs.]

Gnath´o•pod , n. [Gr. gna•qos the jaw + -pod.] (Zoöl.) A gnathopodite or maxilliped. See Maxilliped.

Gna•thop´o•dite , n. (Zoöl,) Any leglike appendage of a crustacean, when modified wholly, or in part, to serve as a jaw, esp. one of the maxillipeds.

Gna•thos´te•gite , n. [Gr. gna•qos the jaw + a roof.] (Zoöl.) One of a pair of broad plates, developed from the outer maxillipeds of crabs, and forming a cover for the other mouth organs.

Gna•thos´to•ma , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. gna•qos the jaw + , , the mouth.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of vertebrates, including all that have distinct jaws, in contrast with the leptocardians and marsipobranchs (Cyclostoma), which lack them. [Written also Gnathostomata.]

Gnath•o•the´ca , n.; pl. GnathothecAE (#). [NL., fr. Gr. gna•qos the jaw + a box.] (Zoöl.) The horney covering of the lower mandible of a bird.

Gnat´ling , n. (Zoöl.) A small gnat.

Gnat´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a gnat; — called also colloquially, wiggler.

Gnaw (na), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnawed (nad); p. pr. & vb. n. Gnawing.] [OE. gnawen, AS. gnagan; akin to D. knagen, OHG. gnagan, nagan, G. nagen, Icel. & Sw. gnaga, Dan. gnave, nage. Cf. Nag to tease.] 1. To bite, as something hard or tough, which is not readily separated or crushed; to bite off little by little, with effort; to wear or eat away by scraping or continuous biting with the teeth; to nibble at. “His bones clean picked; his very bones they gnaw.” Dryden. 2. To bite in agony or rage. “They gnawed their tongues for pain.” Rev. xvi. 10. 3. To corrode; to fret away; to waste.

Gnaw, v. i. To use the teeth in biting; to bite with repeated effort, as in eating or removing with the teethsomething hard, unwiedly, or unmanageable. “I might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the chain that ties me.” Sir P. Sidney.

Gnaw´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, gnaws. 2. (Zoöl.) A rodent.

Gneiss (nis), n. [G.] (Geol.) A crystalline rock, consisting, like granite, of quartz, feldspar, and mica, but having these materials, especially the mica, arranged in planes, so that it breaks rather easily into coarse slabs or flags. Hornblende sometimes takes the place of the mica, and it is then called hornblendic or syenitic gneiss. Similar varieties of related rocks are also called gneiss.

Gneis´sic (nis´sik), a. Relating to, or resembling, gneiss; consisting of gneiss.

Gneis´soid (-soid), a. [Gneiss + -oid.] Resembling gneiss; having some of the characteristics of gneiss; — applied to rocks of an intermediate character between granite and gneiss, or mica slate and gneiss.

Gneis´sose , a. Having the structure of gneiss.

Gnew (nu), obs. imp. of Gnaw. Chaucer.

Gnide (nid), v. t. [AS. gnidan.] To rub; to bruise; to break in pieces. [Obs.] This word is found in Tyrwhitt’s Chaucer, but improperly. The woed, though common in Old English, does not occur in Chaucer. T. R. Lounsbury.

Gnof (nof), n. Churl; curmudgeon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gnome , n. [F. gnome, prob. fr. Gr. gnw•mon one that knows, a guardian, i. e., of the treasures in the inner parts of the earth, or fr. intelligence, both fr. gnw^nai, gignw^skein, to know. See Know.] 1. An imaginary being, supposed by the Rosicrucians to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, etc. 2. A dwarf; a goblin; a person of small stature or misshapen features, or of strange appearance. 3. (Zoöl.) A small owl (Glaucidium gnoma) of the Western United States. 4. [Gr. .] A brief reflection or maxim. Peacham. { Gnom´ic , Gnom´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. : cf. F. gnomique. See Gnome maxim.] Sententious; uttering or containing maxims, or striking detached thoughts; aphoristic. “A city long famous as the seat of elegiac and gnomic poetry.” G. R. Lewes. Gnomic Poets, Greek poets, as Theognis and Solon, of the sixth century B. C., whose writings consist of short sententious precepts and reflections.

Gnom´ic•al, a. [See Gnomon.] Gnomonical. Boyle.

Gnom´ic•al•ly, adv. In a gnomic, didactic, or sententious manner. { Gno•mo•log´ic , Gno•mo•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a gnomology.

Gno•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; judgment, maxim + discourse: cf. F. gnomologie.] A collection of, or a treatise on, maxims, grave sentences, or reflections. [Obs.] Milton.

Gno´mon , n. [L. gnomon, Gr. one that knows, the index of a sundial. See Gnome.] 1. (Dialing) The style or pin, which by its shadow, shows the hour of the day. It is usually set parallel to the earth’s axis. 2. (Astron.) A style or column erected perpendicularly to the horizon, formerly used in astronomocal observations. Its principal use was to find the altitude of the sun by measuring the length of its shadow. 3. (Geom.) The space included between the boundary lines of two similar parallelograms, the one within the other, with an angle in common; as the gnomon bcdefg of the parallelograms ac and af. The parallelogram bf is the complement of the parallelogram df. 4. The index of the hour circle of a globe. { Gno•mon´ic , Gno•mon´ic•al } a. [L. gnomonicus, Gr. : cf. F. gnomonique. See Gnomon.] Of or pertaining to the gnomon, or the art of dialing. Gnomonic projection, a projection of the circles of the sphere, in which the point of sight is taken at the center of the sphere, and the principal plane is tangent to the surface of the sphere. ´The gnomonic projection derives its name from the connection between the methods of describing it and those for the construction of a gnomon or dial.´ Cyc. of Arts & Sciences.

Gno•mon´ic•al•ly , adv. According to the principles of the gnomonic projection.

Gno•mon´ics , n. [See Gnomonic.] The art or science of dialing, or of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by the shadow of a gnomon.

Gno´mon•ist , n. One skilled in gnomonics. Boyle.

Gno•mon•ol´o•gy , n. [Gnomon + -logy. Cf. Gnomonology.] A treatise on gnomonics.

Gnos´co•pine , n. [Gr. gignw•skein to know + E. opium?] (Chem.) An alkaloid existing in small quantities in opium.

Gno´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. gnw^sis.] (Metaph.) The deeper wisdom; knowledge of spiritual truth, such as was claimed by the Gnostics.

Gnos´tic , a. 1. Knowing; wise; shrewd. [Old Slang] “I said you were a gnostic fellow.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Gnosticism or its adherents; as the Gnostic heresy.

Gnos´tic, n. [L. gnosticus, Gr. good at knowing, sagacious; as a n., man that claims to have a deeper wisdom, fr. gignw•skein to know: cf. F. gnostique. See Know.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the so-called philosophers in the first ages of Christianity, who claimed a true philosophical interpretation of the Christian religion. Their system combined Oriental theology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. They held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and material, are derived from the Deity by successive emanations, which they called Eons.

Gnos´ti•cism , n. The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics.

Gnow , obs. imp. of Gnaw. Gnawed. Chaucer.

Gnu , n. [Hottentot gnu, or nju: cf. F. gnou.] (Zoöl.) One of two species of large South African antelopes of the genus Catoblephas, having a mane and bushy tail, and curved horns in both sexes. [Written also gnoo.] The common gnu or wildebeest (Catoblephas gnu) is plain brown; the brindled gnu or blue wildebeest (C. gorgon) is larger, with transverse stripes of black on the neck and shoulders.

Go (go), obs. p. p. of Go. Gone. Chaucer.

Go, v. i. [imp. Went (went); p. p. Gone (gon; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Going. Went comes from the as wendan. See Wend, v. i.] [OE. gan, gon, AS. gan, akin to D. gaan, G. gehn, gehen, OHG. gen, gan, SW. gå, Dan. gaae; cf. Gr. kicha•nai to reach, overtake, Skr. ha to go, AS. gangan, and E. gang. The past tense in AS., eode, is from the root i to go, as is also Goth. iddja went. rad.47a. Cf. Gang, v. i., Wend.] 1. To pass from one place to another; to be in motion; to be in a state not motionless or at rest; to proceed; to advance; to make progress; — used, in various applications, of the movement of both animate and inanimate beings, by whatever means, and also of the movements of the mind; also figuratively applied. 2. To move upon the feet, or step by step; to walk; also to walk step by step, or leisurely. In old writers go is much used as opposed to run, or ride. ´Whereso I go or ride.´ Chaucer. “You know that love
Will creep in service where it can not go.” Shak. “Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long that going will scarce serve the turn.” Shak. “He fell from running to going, and from going to clambering upon his hands and his knees.” Bunyan. In Chaucer go is used frequently with the pronoun in the objective used reflexively; as he goeth him home. 3. To be passed on fron one to another; to pass; to circulate; hence, with for, to have currency; to be taken, accepted, or regarded. “The man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul.” 1 Sa. xvii. 12. “[The money] should go according to its true value.” Locke. 4. To proceed or happen in a given manner; to fare; to move on or be carried on; to have course; to come to an issue or result; to succeed; to turn out. “How goes the night, boy ?” Shak. “I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man enough.” Arbuthnot. “Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay me the reward.” I Watts. 5. To proceed or tend toward a result, consequence, or product; to tend; to conduce; to be an ingredient; to avail; to apply; to contribute; — often with the infinitive; as this goes to show. “Against right reason all your counsels go.” Dryden. “To master the foul flend there goeth some complement knowledge of theology.” Sir W. Scott. 6. To apply one’s self; to set one’s self; to undertake. “Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute orator, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood.” Sir P. Sidney. Go, in this sense, is often used in the present participle with the auxiliary verb to be, before an infinitive, to express a future of intention, or to denote design; as I was going to say; I am going to begin harvest. 7. To proceed by a mental operation; to pass in mind or by an act of the memory or imagination; — generally with over or through. “By going over all these particulars, you may receive some tolerable satisfaction about this great subject.” South. 8. To be with young; to be pregnant; to gestate. “The fruit she goes with,
I pray for heartily, that it may find
Good time, and live.” Shak. 9. To move from the person speaking, or from the point whence the action is contemplated; to pass away; to leave; to depart; — in opposition to stay and come. “I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the Lord your God; … only ye shall not go very far away.” Ex. viii. 28. 10. To pass away; to depart forever; to be lost or ruined; to perish; to decline; to decease; to die. “By Saint George, he’s gone!
That spear wound hath our master sped.” Sir W. Scott. 11. To reach; to extend; to lead; as a line goes across the street; his land goes to the river; this road goes to New York. “His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow.” Dryden. 12. To have recourse; to resort; as to go to law. Go is used, in combination with many prepositions and adverbs, to denote motion of the kind indicated by the preposition or adverb, in which, and not in the verb, lies the principal force of the expression; as to go against to go into, to go out, to go aside, to go astray, etc. Go to, come; move; go away; — a phrase of exclamation, serious or ironical. — To go a- begging, not to be in demand; to be undesired. — To go about. (a) To set about; to enter upon a scheme of action; to undertake. ´They went about to slay him.´ Acts ix. 29. “They never go about … to hide or palliate their vices.” Swift. (b) (Naut.) To tack; to turn the head of a ship; to wear. — To go abraod. (a) To go to a foreign country. (b) To go out of doors. (c) To become public; to be published or disclosed; to be current. “Then went this saying abroad among the brethren.” John xxi. 23. — To go against. (a) To march against; to attack. (b) To be in opposition to; to be disagreeable to. — To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on; to make progress; to proceed. — To go and come. See To come and go, under Come. — To go aside. (a) To withdraw; to retire. “He … went aside privately into a desert place.” Luke. ix. 10. (b) To go from what is right; to err. Num. v. 29.— To go back on. (a) To retrace (one’s path or footsteps). (b) To abandon; to turn against; to betray. [Slang, U. S.] — To go below (Naut), to go below deck. — To go between, to interpose or mediate between; to be a secret agent between parties; in a bad sense, to pander. — To go beyond. See under Beyond. — To go by, to pass away unnoticed; to omit. — To go by the board (Naut.), to fall or be carried overboard; as the mast went by the board. — To go down. (a) To descend. (b) To go below the horizon; as the sun has gone down. (c) To sink; to founder; — said of ships, etc. (d) To be swallowed; — used literally or figuratively. [Colloq.] “Nothing so ridiculous, … but it goes down whole with him for truth.” L’ Estrange. — To go far. (a) To go to a distance. (b) To have much weight or influence. — To go for. (a) To go in quest of. (b) To represent; to pass for. (c) To favor; to advocate. (d) To attack; to assault. [Low] (e) To sell for; to be parted with for (a price). — To go for nothing, to be parted with for no compensation or result; to have no value, efficacy, or influence; to count for nothing. — To go forth. (a) To depart from a place. (b) To be divulged or made generally known; to emanate. “The law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.” Micah iv. 2. — To go hard with, to trouble, pain, or endanger. — To go in, to engage in; to take part. [Colloq.] — To go in and out, to do the business of life; to live; to have free access. John x. 9. — To go in for. [Colloq.] (a) To go for; to favor or advocate (a candidate, a measure, etc.). (b) To seek to acquire or attain to (wealth, honor, preferment, etc.) (c) To complete for (a reward, election, etc.). (d) To make the object of one’s labors, studies, etc. “He was as ready to go in for statistics as for anything else.” Dickens. — To go in to or unto. (a) To enter the presence of. Esther iv. 16. (b) To have sexual intercourse with. [Script.] — To go into. (a) To speak of, investigate, or discuss (a question, subject, etc.). (b) To participate in (a war, a business, etc.). — To go large. (Naut) See under Large. — To go off. (a) To go away; to depart. “The leaders … will not go off until they hear you.” Shak. (b) To cease; to intermit; as this sickness went off. (c) To die. Shak. (d) To explode or be discharged; — said of gunpowder, of a gun, a mine, etc. (e) To find a purchaser; to be sold or disposed of. (f) To pass off; to take place; to be accomplished. “The wedding went off much as such affairs do.” Mrs. Caskell. — To go on. (a) To proceed; to advance further; to continue; as to go on reading. (b) To be put or drawn on; to fit over; as the coat will not go on. — To go all fours, to correspond exactly, point for point. “It is not easy to make a simile go on all fours.” Macaulay. — To go out. (a) To issue forth from a place. (b) To go abroad; to make an excursion or expedition. “There are other men fitter to go out than I.” Shak. “What went ye out for to see ?” Matt. xi. 7, 8, 9. (c) To become diffused, divulged, or spread abroad, as news, fame etc. (d) To expire; to die; to cease; to come to an end; as the light has gone out. “Life itself goes out at thy displeasure.” Addison. — To go over. (a) To traverse; to cross, as a river, boundary, etc.; to change sides. “I must not go over Jordan.” Deut. iv. 22. “Let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan.” Deut. iii. 25. “Ishmael … departed to go over to the Ammonites.” Jer. xli. 10. (b) To read, or study; to examine; to review; as to go over one’s accounts. “If we go over the laws of Christianity, we shall find that … they enjoin the same thing.” Tillotson. (c) To transcend; to surpass. (d) To be postponed; as the bill went over for the session. (e) (Chem.) To be converted (into a specified substance or material); as monoclinic sulphur goes over into orthorhombic, by standing; sucrose goes over into dextrose and levulose. — To go through. (a) To accomplish; as to go through a work. (b) To suffer; to endure to the end; as to go through a surgical operation or a tedious illness. (c) To spend completely; to exhaust, as a fortune. (d) To strip or despoil (one) of his property. [Slang] (e) To botch or bungle a business. [Scot.] — To go through with, to perform, as a calculation, to the end; to complete. — To go to ground. (a) To escape into a hole; — said of a hunted fox. (b) To fall in battle. — To go to naught (Colloq.), to prove abortive, or unavailling. — To go under. (a) To set; — said of the sun. (b) To be known or recognized by (a name, title, etc.). (c) To be overwhelmed, submerged, or defeated; to perish; to succumb. — To go up, to come to nothing; to prove abortive; to fail. [Slang] — To go upon, to act upon, as a foundation or hypothesis. — To go with. (a) To accompany. (b) To coincide or agree with. (c) To suit; to harmonize with. — To go well, ill, or hard with, to affect (one) in such manner. — To go without, to be, or to remain, destitute of. — To go wrong. (a) To take a wrong road or direction; to wander or stray. (b) To depart from virtue. (c) To happen unfortunately. (d) To miss success. — To let go, to allow to depart; to quit one’s hold; to release.

Go , v. t. 1. To take, as a share in an enterprise; to undertake or become responsible for; to bear a part in. “They to go equal shares in the booty.” L’Estrange. 2. To bet or wager; as I’ll go you a shilling. [Colloq.] To go halves, to share with another equally. — To go it, to behave in a wild manner; to be uproarious; to carry on; also to proceed; to make progress. [Colloq.] — To go it alone (Card Playing), to play a hand without the assistance of one’s partner. — To go it blind. (a) To act in a rash, reckless, or headlong manner. [Slang] (b) (Card Playing) To bet without having examined the cards. — To go one’s way, to set forth; to depart.

Go, n. 1. Act; working; operation. [Obs.] “So gracious were the goes of marriage.” Marston. 2. A circumstance or occurrence; an incident. [Slang] “This is a pretty go.” Dickens. 3. The fashion or mode; as quite the go. [Colloq.] 4. Noisy merriment; as a high go. [Colloq.] 5. A glass of spirits. [Slang] 6. Power of going or doing; energy; vitality; perseverance; push; as there is no go in him. [Colloq.] 7. (Cribbage) That condition in the course of the game when a player can not lay down a card which will not carry the aggregate count above thirty-one. Great go, Little go, the final and the preliminary examinations for a degree. [Slang, Eng. Univ.] — No go, a failure; a fiasco. [Slang] Thackeray. — On the go, moving about; unsettled. [Colloq.]

Go´a , n. (Zoöl.) A species of antelope (Procapra picticauda), inhabiting Thibet.

Goad , n. [AS. gad; perh. akin to AS. gar a dart, and E. gore. See Gore, v. t.] A pointed instrument used to urge on a beast; hence, any necessity that urges or stimulates. “The daily goad urging him to the daily toil.” Macaulay.

Goad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Goading.] To prick; to drive with a goad; hence, to urge forward, or to rouse by anything pungent, severe, irritating, or inflaming; to stimulate. “That temptation that doth goad us on.” Shak. Syn. — To urge; stimulate; excite; arouse; irritate; incite; instigate.

Goaf n.; pl. Goafs (#) or Goaves (#). [Cf. lst Gob.] (Mining) That part of a mine from which the mineral has been partially or wholly removed; the waste left in old workings; — called also gob . To work the goaf or gob, to remove the pillars of mineral matter previously left to support the roof, and replace them with props. Ure.

Goal , n. [F. gaule pole, Prov. F. waule, of German origin; cf. Fries. walu staff, stick, rod, Goth. walus, Icel. völr a round stick; prob. akin to E. wale.] 1. The mark set to bound a race, and to or around which the constestants run, or from which they start to return to it again; the place at which a race or a journey is to end. “Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels.” Milton. 2. The final purpose or aim; the end to which a design tends, or which a person aims to reach or attain. “Each individual seeks a several goal.” Pope. 3. A base, station, or bound used in various games; in football, a line between two posts across which the ball must pass in order to score; also the act of kicking the ball over the line between the goal posts. Goal keeper, the player charged with the defense of the goal.

Go´a pow´der [So called from Goa, on the Malabar coast, whither it was shipped from Portugal.] A bitter powder (also called araroba) found in the interspaces of the wood of a Brazilian tree (Andira araroba) and used as a medicine. It is the material from which chrysarobin is obtained.

Goar , n. Same as lst Gore.

Goar´ish, a. Patched; mean. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Goat (got), n. [OE goot, got, gat, AS. gat; akin to D. geit, OHG. geiz, G. geiss, Icel. geit, Sw. get, Dan. ged, Goth. gaits, L. haedus a young goat, kid.] (Zoöl.) A hollow-horned ruminant of the genus Capra, of several species and varieties, esp. the domestic goat (C. hircus), which is raised for its milk, flesh, and skin. The Cashmere and Angora varieties of the goat have long, silky hair, used in the manufacture of textile fabrics. The wild or bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), of Asia Minor, noted for the bezoar stones found in its stomach, is supposed to be one of the ancestral species of the domestic goat. The Rocky Mountain goat (Haplocercus montanus) is more nearly related to the antelopes. See Mazame. Goat antelope (Zoöl), one of several species of antelopes, which in some respects resemble a goat, having recurved horns, a stout body, large hoofs, and a short, flat tail, as the goral, thar, mazame, and chikara. — Goat fig (Bot.), the wild fig. — Goat house. (a) A place for keeping goats. (b) A brothel. [Obs.] — Goat moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cossus, esp. the large European species (C. ligniperda), the larva of which burrows in oak and willow trees, and requires three years to mature. It exhales an odor like that of the he-goat. — Goat weed (Bot.), a scrophulariaceous plant, of the genus Capraria (C. biflora). — Goat’s bane (Bot.), a poisonous plant (Aconitum Lucoctonum), bearing pale yellow flowers, introduced from Switzerland into England; wolfsbane. — Goat’s beard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Tragopogon; — so named from the long silky beard of the seeds. One species is the salsify or oyster plant. — Goat’s foot (Bot.), a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis caprina) growing at the Cape of Good Hope. — Goat’s rue (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Galega officinalis of Europe, or Tephrosia Virginiana in the United States). — Goat’s thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Astragalus Tragacanthus), found in the Levant. — Goat’s wheat (Bot.), the genus Tragopyrum (now referred to Atraphaxis).

Goat•ee´ , n. A part of a man’s beard on the chin or lower lip which is allowed to grow, and trimmed so as to resemble the beard of a goat.

Goat´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Upeneus, inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. It is allied to the surmullet.

Goat´herd , n. One who tends goats. Spenser.

Goat´ish, a. Characteristic of a goat; goatlike. “Give your chaste body up to the embraces
Of goatish lust.” Massinger. — Goat´ish•ly, adv. — Goat´ish•ness, n.

Goat´like , a. Like a goat; goatish.

Goat´skin , n. The skin of a goat, or leather made from it. — a. Made of the skin of a goat.

Goat´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of insectivorous birds, belonging to Caprimulgus and allied genera, esp. the European species (Caprimulgus Europaeus); — so called from the mistaken notion that it sucks goats. The European species is also goat-milker, goat owl, goat chaffer, fern owl, night hawk, nightjar, night churr, churr-owl, gnat hawk, and dorhawk.

Goaves (govz), n. pl. [See Goaf, n.] (Mining) Old workings. See Goaf. Raymond.

Gob (gob), n. [Cf. Goaf.] (Mining) Same as Goaf.

Gob, n. [OF. gob morsel; cf. F. gobe, gobbe, a poisoned morsel, poison ball, gobet a piece swallowed, gober to swallow greedily and without tasting; cf. Gael. & Ir. gob mouth, snout, W. gwp a bird’s head and neck. Cf. Gobble, Job, n.] 1. A little mass or collection; a small quantity; a mouthful. [Low] L’Estrange. 2. The mouth. [Prov. Eng.or Low] Wright.

Gob´bet , n. [OE. & F. gobet. See 2d Gob.] A mouthful; a lump; a small piece. Spenser. “[He] had broken the stocks to small gobbets.” Wyclif.

Gob´bet, v. t. To swallow greedily; to swallow in gobbets. [Low] L’Estrange.

Gob´bet•ly, adv. In pieces. [Obs.] Huloet.

Gob´bing , n. [See lst Gob.] (Mining) (a) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal. It is called also gob stuff. Brande & C. (b) The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.

Gob´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gobbled p. pr. & vb. n. Gobbling ] [Freq. of 2d gob.] 1. To swallow or eat greedily or hastily; to gulp. “Supper gobbled up in haste.” Swift. 2. To utter (a sound) like a turkey cock. “He … gobbles out a note of self- approbation.” Goldsmith. To gobble up, to capture in a mass or in masses; to capture suddenly. [Slang]

Gob´ble, v. i. 1. To eat greedily. 2. To make a noise like that of a turkey cock. Prior.

Gob´ble, n. A noise made in the throat. “Ducks and geese … set up a discordant gobble.” Mrs. Gore.

Gob´bler , n. A turkey cock; a bubbling Jock.

Gob´e•lin , a. Pertaining to tapestry produced in the so-called Gobelin works, which have been maintained by the French Government since 1667.

Gobe•mouche´ , n. [F.] Literally, a fly swallower; hence, once who keeps his mouth open; a boor; a silly and credulous person.

Gob´et , n. See Gobbet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´-be•tween , n. An intermediate agent; a broker; a procurer; — usually in a disparaging sense. Shak.

Go´bi•oid , a. [NL. Gobius + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the goby, or the genus Gobius. — n. A gobioid fish.

Gob´let , n. [F. gobelet, LL. gobeletus, gobellus; cf. L. cupa tub, cask. See Cupel.] A kind of cup or drinking vessel having a foot or standard, but without a handle. “We love not loaded boards and goblets crowned.” Denham.

Gob´lin , n. [OE. gobelin, F. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, fr. Gr. knave, a mischievous goblin; or cf. G. kobold, E. kobold, cobalt, Armor. gobilin an ignis fatuus, goblin.] An evil or mischievous spirit; a playful or malicious elf; a frightful phantom; a gnome. “To whom the goblin, full of wrath, replied.” Milton.

Gob´line , n. (Naut.) One of the ropes or chains serving as stays for the dolphin striker or the bowsprit; — called also gobrope and gaubline.

Gob´lin•ize , v. t. To transform into a goblin. [R.] Lowell.

Go´by , n.; pl. Gobies (#). [F. gobie, L. gobius, gobio, Gr. Cf. Gudgeon.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small marine fishes of the genus Gobius and allied genera.

Go´-by , n. A passing without notice; intentional neglect; thrusting away; a shifting off; adieu; as to give a proposal the go-by. “Some songs to which we have given the go- by.” Prof. Wilson.

Go´cart , n. A framework moving on casters, designed to support children while learning to walk.

God , a. & n. Good. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God (god), n. [AS. god; akin to OS. & D. god, OHG. got, G. gott, Icel. guð, goð, Sw. & Dan. gud, Goth. gup, prob. orig. a p. p. from a root appearing in Skr. hu, p. p. huta, to call upon, invoke, implore. rad.30. Cf. Goodbye, Gospel, Gossip.] 1. A being conceived of as possessing supernatural power, and to be propitiated by sacrifice, worship, etc.; a divinity; a deity; an object of worship; an idol. “He maketh a god, and worshipeth it.” Is. xliv. 15. “The race of Israel … bowing lowly down
To bestial gods.” Milton. 2. The Supreme Being; the eternal and infinite Spirit, the Creator, and the Sovereign of the universe; Jehovah. “God is a Spirit; and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth.” John iv. 24. 3. A person or thing deified and honored as the chief good; an object of supreme regard. “Whose god is their belly.” Phil. iii. 19. 4. Figuratively applied to one who wields great or despotic power. [R.] Shak. Act of God. (Law) See under Act. — Gallery gods, the occupants of the highest and cheapest gallery of a theater. [Colloq.] — God’s acre, God’s field, a burial place; a churchyard. See under Acre. — God’s house. (a) An almshouse. [Obs.] (b) A church. — God’s penny, earnest penny. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. — God’s Sunday, Easter.

God, v. t. To treat as a god; to idolize. [Obs.] Shak.

God´child , n. One for whom a person becomes sponsor at baptism, and whom he promises to see educated as a Christian; a godson or goddaughter. See Godfather.

God´daugh•ter , n. [AS. goddohtor.] A female for whom one becomes sponsor at baptism.

God´dess , n. 1. A female god; a divinity, or deity, of the female sex. “When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself among a crowd of goddesses, she was distinguished by her graceful stature and superior beauty.” Addison. 2. A woman of superior charms or excellence.

Gode , a. & n. Good. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gode´lich , a. Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God´fa•ther , n. [AS. godfaeder. Cf. Gossip.] A man who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism, and makes himself a surety for its Christian training and instruction. “There shall be for every Male-child to be baptized, when they can be had, two Godfathers and one Godmother; and for every Female, one Godfather and two Godmothers; and Parents shall be admitted as Sponsors, if it is desired.” Book of Common Prayer (Prot. Episc. Ch., U. S. ).

God´fa•ther, v. t. To act as godfather to; to take under one’s fostering care. [R.] Burke.

God´-fear•ing , a. Having a reverential and loving feeling towards God; religious. “A brave god-fearing man.” Tennyson.

God´head , n. [OE. godhed. See -head, and cf. Godhood.] 1. Godship; deity; divinity; divine nature or essence; godhood. 2. The Deity; God; the Supreme Being. “The imperial throne
Of Godhead, fixed for ever.” Milton. 3. A god or goddess; a divinity. [Obs.] “Adoring first the genius of the place,
The nymphs and native godheads yet unknown.” Dryden.

God´hood , n. [God + - hood. Cf. Godhead.] Divine nature or essence; deity; godhead.

God´ild A corruption of God yield, i. e., God reward or bless. Shak.

God´less, a. Having, or acknowledging, no God; without reverence for God; impious; wicked. — God´less•ly, adv. — God´less•ness, n.

God´like , a. [God + like. Cf. Godly.] Resembling or befitting a god or God; divine; hence, preeminently good; as godlike virtue. — God´like•ness, n.

God´li•ly , adv. Righteously. H. Wharton.

God´li•ness, n. [From Godly.] Careful observance of, or conformity to, the laws of God; the state or quality of being godly; piety. “Godliness is profitable unto all things.” 1 Tim. iv. 8.

God´ling , n. A diminutive god. Dryden.

God´ly, a. [God, n. + -ly. Cf. Godlike, Like.] Pious; reverencing God, and his character and laws; obedient to the commands of God from love for, and reverence of, his character; conformed to God’s law; devout; righteous; as a godly life. “For godly sorrow worketh repentance.” 2 Cor. vii. 10.

God´ly , adv. Piously; devoutly; righteously. “All that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.” 2. Tim. iii. 12.

God´ly•head , n. [Cf. Goodlyhead.] Goodness. [Obs.] Spenser.

God´moth•er , n. [AS. godmdor.] A woman who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. See Godfather

Go•down´ , n. [Corruption of Malay gadong warehouse.] A warehouse. [East Indies]

Go•droon´ , n. [F. godron a round plait, godroon.] (Arch.) An ornament produced by notching or carving a rounded molding.

God´send , n. Something sent by God; an unexpected acquisiton or piece of good fortune.

God´ship, n. [God, n. + - ship.] The rank or character of a god; deity; divinity; a god or goddess. “O’er hills and dales their godships came.” Prior.

God´sib , n. A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer.

God´son , n. [AS. godsunu.] A male for whom one has stood sponsor in baptism. See Godfather.

God´speed , n. Success; prosperous journeying; — a contraction of the phrase, ´God speed you.´ [Written also as two separate words.] “Receive him not into house, neither bid him God speed.” 2 John 10.

God´ward , adv. Toward God. 2 Cor. iii. 4.

God´wit , n. [Prob. from AS. gd good + wiht creature, wight.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of long-billed, wading birds of the genus Limosa, and family Tringidae. The European black- tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), the American marbled godwit (L. fedoa), the Hudsonian godwit (L. haemastica), and others, are valued as game birds. Called also godwin.

Go´el (go´el), a. [Cf. Yellow. rad.49.] Yellow. [Obs.] Tusser.

Go•ë•land´ , n. [F. goëland.] (Zoöl.) A white tropical tern (Cygis candida).

Go•ë•min´ , n. [F. goëmon seaweed.] A complex mixture of several substances extracted from Irish moss.

Go´en , p. p. of Go. [Obs.]

Go´er , n. [From Go.] One who, or that which, goes; a runner or walker; as: (a) A foot. [Obs.] Chapman. (b) A horse, considered in reference to his gait; as a good goer; a safe goer. “This antechamber has been filled with comers and goers.” Macaulay.

Go´e•ty , n. [Gr. witchcraft, from to bewitch, sorcerer: cf. F. goetie.] Invocation of evil spirits; witchcraft. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Goff , n. [Cf. F. goffe ill- made, awkward, It. goffo, Sp. gofo, Prov. G. goff a blockhead, Gr. stupid.] A silly clown. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Goff, n. A game. See Golf. [Scot.] Halliwell.

Gof´fer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goffered p. pr. & vb. n. Goffering.] [See Gauffer.] To plait, flute, or crimp. See Gauffer. Clarke.

Gog , n. [Cf. agog, F. gogue sprightliness, also W. gogi to agitate, shake.] Haste; ardent desire to go. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gog´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Goggled p. pr. & vb. n. Goggling ] [Cf. Ir. & Gael. gog a nod, slight motion.] To roll the eyes; to stare. “And wink and goggle like an owl.” Hudibras.

Gog´gle, a. Full and rolling, or staring; — said of the eyes. “The long, sallow vissage, the goggle eyes.” Sir W. Scott.

Gog´gle, n. [See Goggle, v. i.] 1. A strained or affected rolling of the eye. 2. pl. (a) A kind of spectacles with short, projecting eye tubes, in the front end of which are fixed plain glasses for protecting the eyes from cold, dust, etc. (b) Colored glasses for relief from intense light. (c) A disk with a small aperture, to direct the sight forward, and cure squinting. (d) Any screen or cover for the eyes, with or without a slit for seeing through.

Gog´gled , a. Prominent; staring, as the eye.

Gog´gle-eye , n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of two or more species of American fresh-water fishes of the family Centrarchidae, esp. Chaenobryttus antistius, of Lake Michigan and adjacent waters, and Ambloplites rupestris, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; — so called from their prominent eyes. (b) The goggler.

Gog´gle-eyed , a. Having prominent and distorted or rolling eyes. Ascham.

Gog´gler , n. (Zoöl.) A carangoid oceanic fish (Trachurops crumenophthalmus), having very large and prominent eyes; — called also goggle- eye, big-eyed scad, and cicharra.

Gog´let , n. [Pg. gorgoleta.] See Gurglet.

Go´ing , n. 1. The act of moving in any manner; traveling; as the going is bad. 2. Departure. Milton. 3. Pregnancy; gestation; childbearing. Crew. 4. pl. Course of life; behavior; doings; ways. “His eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings.” Job xxxiv. 21. Going barrel. (Horology) (a) A barrel containing the mainspring, and having teeth on its periphery to drive the train. (b) A device for maintaining a force to drive the train while the timepiece is being wound up. — Going forth. (Script.) (a) Outlet; way of exit. ´Every going forth of the sanctuary.´ Ezek. xliv. 5. (b) A limit; a border. ´The going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadesh-barnea.´ Num. xxxiv. 4. — Going out, or Goings out. (Script.) (a) The utmost extremity or limit. ´The border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea.´ Num. xxxiv. 12. (b) Departure or journeying. ´And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys.´ Num. xxxiii. 2. — Goings on, behavior; actions; conduct; — usually in a bad sense. { Goi´ter , Goi´tre } , n. [F. goître, L. guttur throat, cf. tumidum guttur goiter, gutturosus goitered. See Guttural.] (Med.) An enlargement of the thyroid gland, on the anterior part of the neck; bronchocele. It is frequently associated with cretinism, and is most common in mountainous regions, especially in certain parts of Switzerland. { Goi´tered , Goi´tred } , a. Affected with goiter.

Goi´trous , a. [F. goîtreux, L. gutturosus. See Goiter.] Pertaining to the goiter; affected with the goiter; of the nature of goiter or bronchocele. “Let me not be understood as insinuating that the inhabitants in general are either goitrous or idiots.” W. Coxe. { Gold (gold), Golde , Goolde (goold), } n. (Bot.) An old English name of some yellow flower, — the marigold (Calendula), according to Dr. Prior, but in Chaucer perhaps the turnsole.

Gold (gold), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gulþ, Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. rad.49, 234. See Yellow, and cf. Gild, v. t.] 1. (Chem.) A metallic element, constituting the most precious metal used as a common commercial medium of exchange. It has a characteristic yellow color, is one of the heaviest substances known (specific gravity 19.32), is soft, and very malleable and ductile. It is quite unalterable by heat, moisture, and most corrosive agents, and therefore well suited for its use in coin and jewelry. Symbol Au (Aurum). Atomic weight 196.7. Native gold contains usually eight to ten per cent of silver, but often much more. As the amount of silver increases, the color becomes whiter and the specific gravity lower. Gold is very widely disseminated, as in the sands of many rivers, but in very small quantity. It usually occurs in quartz veins (gold quartz), in slate and metamorphic rocks, or in sand and alluvial soil, resulting from the disintegration of such rocks. It also occurs associated with other metallic substances, as in auriferous pyrites, and is combined with tellurium in the minerals petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, etc. Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use, and is hardened by alloying with silver and copper, the latter giving a characteristic reddish tinge. [See Carat.] Gold also finds use in gold foil, in the pigment purple of Cassius, and in the chloride, which is used as a toning agent in photography. 2. Money; riches; wealth. “For me, the gold of France did not seduce.” Shak. 3. A yellow color, like that of the metal; as a flower tipped with gold. 4. Figuratively, something precious or pure; as hearts of gold. Shak. Age of gold. See Golden age, under Golden. — Dutch gold, Fool’s gold, Gold dust, etc. See under Dutch, Dust, etc. — Gold amalgam, a mineral, found in Columbia and California, composed of gold and mercury. — Gold beater, one whose occupation is to beat gold into gold leaf. — Gold beater’s skin, the prepared outside membrane of the large intestine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal during the process of gold-beating. — Gold beetle (Zoöl.), any small gold-colored beetle of the family Chrysomelidae; — called also golden beetle. — Gold blocking, printing with gold leaf, as upon a book cover, by means of an engraved block. Knight. — Gold cloth. See Cloth of gold, under Cloth. — Gold Coast, a part of the coast of Guinea, in West Africa. — Gold cradle. (Mining) See Cradle, n., 7. — Gold diggings, the places, or region, where gold is found by digging in sand and gravel from which it is separated by washing. — Gold end, a fragment of broken gold or jewelry. — Gold-end man. (a) A buyer of old gold or jewelry. (b) A goldsmith’s apprentice. (c) An itinerant jeweler. ´I know him not: he looks like a gold-end man.´ B. Jonson. — Gold fever, a popular mania for gold hunting. — Gold field, a region in which are deposits of gold. — Gold finder. (a) One who finds gold. (b) One who empties privies. [Obs. & Low] Swift. — Gold flower, a composite plant with dry and persistent yellow radiating involucral scales, the Helichrysum Stœchas of Southern Europe. There are many South African species of the same genus. — Gold foil, thin sheets of gold, as used by dentists and others. See Gold leaf. — Gold knobs or knoppes (Bot.), buttercups. — Gold lace, a kind of lace, made of gold thread. — Gold latten, a thin plate of gold or gilded metal. — Gold leaf, gold beaten into a film of extreme thinness, and used for gilding, etc. It is much thinner than gold foil. — Gold lode (Mining), a gold vein. — Gold mine, a place where gold is obtained by mining operations, as distinguished from diggings, where it is extracted by washing. Cf. Gold diggings (above). — Gold nugget, a lump of gold as found in gold mining or digging; — called also a pepito. — Gold paint. See Gold shell. — Gold or Golden, pheasant. (Zoöl.) See under Pheasant. — Gold plate, a general name for vessels, dishes, cups, spoons, etc., made of gold. — Gold of pleasure. [Name perhaps translated from Sp. oro-de-alegria.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Camelina, bearing yellow flowers. C. sativa is sometimes cultivated for the oil of its seeds. — Gold shell. (a) A composition of powdered gold or gold leaf, ground up with gum water and spread on shells, for artists’ use; — called also gold paint. (b) (Zoöl.) A bivalve shell (Anomia glabra) of the Atlantic coast; — called also jingle shell and silver shell. See Anomia. — Gold size, a composition used in applying gold leaf. — Gold solder, a kind of solder, often containing twelve parts of gold, two of silver, and four of copper. — Gold stick, the colonel of a regiment of English lifeguards, who attends his sovereign on state occasions; — so called from the gilt rod presented to him by the sovereign when he receives his commission as colonel of the regiment. [Eng.] — Gold thread. (a) A thread formed by twisting flatted gold over a thread of silk, with a wheel and iron bobbins; spun gold. Ure. (b) (Bot.) A small evergreen plant (Coptis trifolia), so called from its fibrous yellow roots. It is common in marshy places in the United States. — Gold tissue, a tissue fabric interwoven with gold thread. — Gold tooling, the fixing of gold leaf by a hot tool upon book covers, or the ornamental impression so made. — Gold washings, places where gold found in gravel is separated from lighter material by washing. — Gold worm, a glowworm. [Obs.] — Jeweler’s gold, an alloy containing three parts of gold to one of copper. — Mosaic gold. See under Mosaic.

Gold´-beat•en , a. Gilded. [Obs.]

Gold´-beat•ing , n. The art or process of reducing gold to extremely thin leaves, by beating with a hammer. Ure.

Gold´-bound , a. Encompassed with gold.

Gold´crest , n. (Zoöl.) The European golden-crested kinglet (Regulus cristatus, or R. regulus); — called also golden-crested wren, and golden wren. The name is also sometimes applied to the American golden-crested kinglet. See Kinglet.

Gold´cup , n. (Bot.) The cuckoobud.

Gold´en , a. [OE. golden; cf. OE. gulden, AS. gylden, from gold. See Gold, and cf. Guilder.] 1. Made of gold; consisting of gold. 2. Having the color of gold; as the golden grain. 3. Very precious; highly valuable; excellent; eminently auspicious; as golden opinions. Golden age. (a) The fabulous age of primeval simplicity and purity of manners in rural employments, followed by the silver, bronze, and iron ages. Dryden. (b) (Roman Literature) The best part (B. C. 81 — A. D. 14) of the classical period of Latinity; the time when Cicero, Caesar, Virgil, etc., wrote. Hence: (c) That period in the history of a literature, etc., when it flourishes in its greatest purity or attains its greatest glory; as the Elizabethan age has been considered the golden age of English literature. — Golden balls, three gilt balls used as a sign of a pawnbroker’s office or shop; — originally taken from the coat of arms of Lombardy, the first money lenders in London having been Lombards. — Golden bull. See under Bull, an edict. — Golden chain (Bot.), the shrub Cytisus Laburnum, so named from its long clusters of yellow blossoms. — Golden club (Bot.), an aquatic plant (Orontium aquaticum), bearing a thick spike of minute yellow flowers. — Golden cup (Bot.), the buttercup. — Golden eagle (Zoöl.), a large and powerful eagle (Aquila Chrysaëtos) inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. It is so called from the brownish yellow tips of the feathers on the head and neck. A dark variety is called the royal eagle; the young in the second year is the ring-tailed eagle. — Golden fleece. (a) (Mythol.) The fleece of gold fabled to have been taken from the ram that bore Phryxus through the air to Colchis, and in quest of which Jason undertook the Argonautic expedition. (b) (Her.) An order of knighthood instituted in 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy; - - called also Toison d’Or. — Golden grease, a bribe; a fee. [Slang] — Golden hair (Bot.), a South African shrubby composite plant with golden yellow flowers, the Chrysocoma Coma- aurea. — Golden Horde (Hist.), a tribe of Mongolian Tartars who overran and settled in Southern Russia early in the 18th century. — Golden Legend, a hagiology (the ´Aurea Legenda´) written by James de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, in the 13th century, translated and printed by Caxton in 1483, and partially paraphrased by Longfellow in a poem thus entitled. — Golden marcasite tin. [Obs.] — Golden mean, the way of wisdom and safety between extremes; sufficiency without excess; moderation. “Angels guard him in the golden mean.” Pope. — Golden mole (Zoöl), one of several South African Insectivora of the family Chrysochloridae, resembling moles in form and habits. The fur is tinted with green, purple, and gold. — Golden number (Chronol.), a number showing the year of the lunar or Metonic cycle. It is reckoned from 1 to 19, and is so called from having formerly been written in the calendar in gold. — Golden oriole. (Zoöl.) See Oriole. — Golden pheasant. See under Pheasant. — Golden pippin, a kind of apple, of a bright yellow color. — Golden plover (Zoöl.), one of several species of plovers, of the genus Charadrius, esp. the European (C. apricarius, or pluvialis; — called also yellow, black-breasted, hill, ∧ whistling, plover. The common American species (C. dominicus) is also called frostbird, and bullhead. — Golden robin. (Zoöl.) See Baltimore oriole, in Vocab. — Golden rose (R. C. Ch.), a gold or gilded rose blessed by the pope on the fourth Sunday in Lent, and sent to some church or person in recognition of special services rendered to the Holy See. — Golden rule. (a) The rule of doing as we would have others do to us. Cf. Luke vi. 31. (b) The rule of proportion, or rule of three. — Golden samphire (Bot.), a composite plant (Inula crithmoides), found on the seashore of Europe. — Golden saxifrage (Bot.), a low herb with yellow flowers (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium), blossoming in wet places in early spring. - - Golden seal (Bot.), a perennial ranunculaceous herb (Hydrastis Canadensis), with a thick knotted rootstock and large rounded leaves. — Golden sulphide, or sulphuret, of antimony (Chem.), the pentasulphide of antimony, a golden or orange yellow powder. — Golden warbler (Zoöl.), a common American wood warbler (Dendroica aestiva); — called also blue-eyed yellow warbler, garden warbler, and summer yellow bird. — Golden wasp (Zoöl.), a bright- colored hymenopterous insect, of the family Chrysididae. The colors are golden, blue, and green. — Golden wedding. See under Wedding.

Gold´en-eye , n. (Zoöl.) A duck (Glaucionetta clangula), found in Northern Europe, Asia, and America. The American variety (var. Americana) is larger. Called whistler, garrot, gowdy, pied widgeon, whiteside, curre, and doucker. Barrow’s golden-eye of America (G. Islandica) is less common.

God´en•ly, adv. In golden terms or a golden manner; splendidly; delightfully. [Obs.] Shak.

Gold´en-rod , n. (Bot.) A tall herb (Solidago Virga-aurea), bearing yellow flowers in a graceful elongated cluster. The name is common to all the species of the genus Solidago. Golden-rod tree (Bot.), a shrub (Bosea Yervamora), a native of the Canary Isles.

Gold´finch , n. [AS. goldfinc. See Gold, and Finch.] (Zoöl.) (a) A beautiful bright- colored European finch (Carduelis elegans). The name refers to the large patch of yellow on the wings. The front of the head and throat are bright red; the nape, with part of the wings and tail, black; — called also goldspink, goldie, fool’s coat, drawbird, draw-water, thistle finch, and sweet William. (b) The yellow- hammer. (c) A small American finch (Spinus tristis); the thistle bird. The name is also applied to other yellow finches, esp. to several additional American species of Spinus.

Gold´fin•ny , n. (Zoöl.) One of two or more species of European labroid fishes (Crenilabrus melops, and Ctenolabrus rupestris); — called also goldsinny, and goldney.

Gold´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small domesticated cyprinoid fish (Carassius auratus); — so named from its color. It is a native of China, and is said to have been introduced into Europe in 1691. It is often kept as an ornament, in small ponds or glass globes. Many varieties are known. Called also golden fish, and golden carp. See Telescope fish, under Telescope. (b) A California marine fish of an orange or red color; the garibaldi.

Gold´-ham•mer , n. The yellow- hammer.

Gold´ie , n. [From Gold.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European goldfinch. (b) The yellow- hammer.

Gold´i•locks , n. Same as Goldylocks. { Gold´in , Gold´ing } n. (Bot.) [From the golden color of the blossoms.] A conspicuous yellow flower, commonly the corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum). [This word is variously corrupted into gouland, gools, gowan, etc.]

Gold´less , a. Destitute of gold.

Gold´ney , n. (Zoöl.) See Gilthead.

Gold´seed , n. (Bot.) Dog’s-tail grass.

Gold´sin•ny , n. (Zoöl.) See Goldfinny.

Gold´smith , n. [AS. goldsmi. See Gold., and Smith.] 1. An artisan who manufactures vessels and ornaments, etc., of gold. 2. A banker. [Obs.] The goldsmiths of London formerly received money on deposit because they were prepared to keep it safely. Goldsmith beetle (Zoöl.), a large, bright yellow, American beetle (Cotalpa lanigera), of the family Scarabaeidae

Gold´tit , n. (Zoöl.) See Verdin.

Gold´y•locks , n. (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Chrysocoma; — so called from the tufts of yellow flowers which terminate the stems; also the Ranunculus auricomus, a kind of buttercup.

Go´let , n. The gullet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´let, n. (Zoöl.) A California trout. See Malma.

Golf , n. [D. kolf club or bat, also a Dutch game played in an inclosed area with clubs and balls; akin to G. kolben club, but end, Icel. klfr tongue of a bell. bolt, Sw. kolf bolt, dart, but end, Dan. kolv bolt, arrow. Cf. Club, Globe.] A game played with a small ball and a bat or club crooked at the lower end. He who drives the ball into each of a series of small holes in the ground and brings it into the last hole with the fewest strokes is the winner. [Scot.] Strutt.

Golf´er , n. One who plays golf. [Scot.]

Gol´go•tha , n. Calvary. See the Note under Calvary.

Gol´iard (gol´yerd), n. [From OF. goliart glutton, buffoon, riotous student, Goliard, LL. goliardus, prob. fr. L. gula throat. Cf. Gules.] A buffoon in the Middle Ages, who attended rich men’s tables to make sport for the guests by ribald stories and songs.

Gol´iard•er•y , n. The satirical or ribald poetry of the Goliards. Milman.

Go•li´ath bee´tle [From Goliath, the Philistine giant.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Goliathus, a genus of very large and handsome African beetles.

Goll , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A hand, paw, or claw. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. B. Jonson.

Go•loe´-shoe , n. A galoche.

Go•lore´ , n. See Galore.

Go•loshe´ , n. See Galoche.

Golt´schut , n. 1. A small ingot of gold. 2. A silver ingot, used in Japan as money.

Gol´yard•eys , n. A buffoon. See Goliard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´man , n. [Prob. fr. good man; but cf. also AS. gumman a man, OHG. gomman man, husband.] A husband; a master of a family. [Obs.] { Go´mar•ist , Go´mar•ite } n. (Eccl.-Hist.) One of the followers of Francis Gomar or Gomarus, a Dutch disciple of Calvin in the 17th century, who strongly opposed the Arminians.

Gom´bo , n. See Gumbo.

Gome , n. [AS. guma; akin to Goth. guma, L. homo. See Bridegroom.] A man. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Gome, n. [Cf. Icel. gormr ooze, mud.] The black grease on the axle of a cart or wagon wheel; — called also gorm. See Gorm. [Prov. Eng.]

Go´mer , n. A Hebrew measure. See Homer.

Go´mer, n. (Gun.) A conical chamber at the breech of the bore in heavy ordnance, especially in mortars; — named after the inventor.

Gom´me•lin , n. [F. gommeline, from gomme gum.] (Chem.) See Dextrin.

Gom•phi´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. toothache or gnashing of teeth, fr. a grinder tooth, from a bolt.] (Med.) A disease of the teeth, which causes them to loosen and fall out of their sockets.

Gom•pho´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , prop., a bolting together, fr. to fasten with bolts or nails, bolt, nail: cf. F. gomphose.] (Anat.) A form of union or immovable articulation where a hard part is received into the cavity of a bone, as the teeth into the jaws.

Go•mu´ti , n. [Malayan gumuti.] A black, fibrous substance resembling horsehair, obtained from the leafstalks of two kinds of palms, Metroxylon Sagu, and Arenga saccharifera, of the Indian islands. It is used for making cordage. Called also ejoo.

Gon , imp. & p. p. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gon´ad , n.; pl. Gonads (#). [Gr. that which generates.] (Anat.) One of the masses of generative tissue primitively alike in both sexes, but giving rise to either an ovary or a testis; a generative gland; a germ gland. Wiedersheim.

Go´na•kie , n. (Bot.) An African timber tree (Acacia Adansonii).

Go•nan•gi´um , n.; pl. L. Gonangia (#), E. Gonangiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. offspring + vessel.] (Zoöl.) See Gonotheca.

Gon´do•la , n. [It., dim. of gonda a gondola; cf. LL. gandeia a kind of boat, Gr. a drinking vessel; said to be a Persian word; cf. F. gondole gondola, cup.] 1. A long, narrow boat with a high prow and stern, used in the canals of Venice. A gondola is usually propelled by one or two oarsmen who stand facing the prow, or by poling. A gondola for passengers has a small open cabin amidships, for their protection against the sun or rain. A sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now. 2. A flat-bottomed boat for freight. [U. S.] 3. A long platform car, either having no sides or with very low sides, used on railroads. [U. S.]

Gon´do•let , n. [It. gondoletta, dim. of gondola.] A small gondola. T. Moore.

Gon•do•lier´ , n. [It. gondoliere: cf. F. gondolier.] A man who rows a gondola.

Gone , p. p. of Go.

Gone´ness, n. A state of exhaustion; faintness, especially as resulting from hunger. [Colloq. U. S.] { Gon´fa•lon , Gon´fa•non } n. [OE. gonfanoun, OF. gonfanon, F. gonfalon, the same word as F. confalon, name of a religious brotherhood, fr. OHG. gundfano war flag; gund war (used in comp., and akin to AS. guð) + fano cloth, flag; akin to E. vane; cf. AS. guðfana. See Vane, and cf. Confalon.] 1. The ensign or standard in use by certain princes or states, such as the mediaeval republics of Italy, and in more recent times by the pope. 2. A name popularly given to any flag which hangs from a crosspiece or frame instead of from the staff or the mast itself. “Standards and gonfalons, ’twixt van and rear,
Stream in the air.” Milton.

Gon•fa•lon•ier´ , n. [F. gonfalonier: cf. It. gonfaloniere.] He who bears the gonfalon; a standard bearer; as: (a) An officer at Rome who bears the standard of the Church. (b) The chief magistrate of any one of several republics in mediaeveal Italy. (c) A Turkish general, and standard keeper.

Gong , n. [AS. gong, gang, a going, passage, drain. See Gang.] A privy or jakes. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gong farmer, Gong man, a cleaner of privies. [Obs.]

Gong, n. 1. [Malayan (Jav.) gong.] An instrument, first used in the East, made of an alloy of copper and tin, shaped like a disk with upturned rim, and producing, when struck, a harsh and resounding noise. “O’er distant deserts sounds the Tartar gong.” Longfellow. 2. (Mach.) A flat saucerlike bell, rung by striking it with a small hammer which is connected with it by various mechanical devices; a stationary bell, used to sound calls or alarms; — called also gong bell. Gong metal, an alloy (78 parts of copper, 22 of tin), from which Oriental gongs are made.

Go´ni•a•tite , n. [Gr. angle.] (Paleon.) One of an extinct genus of fossil cephalopods, allied to the Ammonites. The earliest forms are found in the Devonian formation, the latest, in the Triassic.

Go•nid´i•al , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia.

Go•nid´i•al, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the angles of the mouth; as a gonidial groove of an actinian.

Go•nid´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , dim. of angle.] (Zool.) A special groove or furrow at one or both angles of the mouth of many Anthozoa.

Go•nid´i•um, n.; pl. Gonidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. that which generates.] (Bot.) A component cell of the yellowish green layer in certain lichens.

Go•nim´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. productive, fr. that which generates.] (Bot.) Bluish green granules which occur in certain lichens, as Collema, Peltigera, etc., and which replace the more usual gonidia.

Gon´i•mous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia or gonimia, as that part of a lichen which contains the green or chlorophyll-bearing cells.

Go•ni•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. angle + -meter: cf. F. goniomètre.] An instrument for measuring angles, especially the angles of crystals, or the inclination of planes. Contact, or Hand, goniometer, a goniometer having two movable arms (ab, cd), between which (at ab) the faces of the crystals are placed. These arms turn about a fixed point, which is the center of the graduated circle or semicircle upon which the angle is read off. — Reflecting goniometer, an instrument for measuring the angles of crystals by determining through what angular space the crystal must be turned so that two rays reflected from two surfaces successively shall have the same direction; — called also Wollaston’s goniometer, from the inventor.

Go•ni•o•met´ric , Go•ni•o•met´ric•al , a. Pertaining to, or determined by means of, a goniometer; trigonometric.

Go•ni•om´e•try , n. [Cf. F. goniometrie.] (Math.) The art of measuring angles; trigonometry.

Gon•o•blas´tid , n. [See Gonoblastidium.] (Zoöl.) A reproductive bud of a hydroid; a simple gonophore.

Gon•o•blas•tid´i•um , n.; pl. Gonoblastidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. offspring + to bud.] (Zoöl.) A blastostyle.

Gon•o•ca´lyx , n. [Gr. offspring + E. calyx,] (Zoöl.) The bell of a sessile gonozooid.

Gon•o•cho´rism , n. [Gr. offspring + to separate.] (a) Separation of the sexes in different individuals; — opposed to hermaphroditism. (b) In ontogony, differentiation of male and female individuals from embryos having the same rudimentary sexual organs. (c) In phylogeny, the evolution of distinct sexes in species previously hermaphrodite or sexless.

Gon•o•coc´cus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. semen, the genitals + NL. & E. coccus.] (Med.) A vegetable microörganism of the genus Micrococcus, occurring in the secretion in gonorrhea. It is believed by some to constitute the cause of this disease.

Gon´oph , n. [Perh. fr. Heb. gannabh thief.] A pickpocket or thief. [Eng. Slang] Dickens.

Gon´o•phore , n. [Gr. offspring, seed + to bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) A sexual zooid produced as a medusoid bud upon a hydroid, sometimes becoming a free hydromedusa, sometimes remaining attached. See Hydroidea, and Illusts. of Athecata, Campanularian, and Gonosome. 2. (Bot.) A lengthened receptacle, bearing the stamens and carpels in a conspicuous manner. { Gon•or•rhe´a , Gon•or•rhœ´a } , n. [L. gonorrhoea, Gr. ; that which begets, semen, the genitals + to flow: cf. F. gonorrhee.] (Med.) A contagious inflammatory disease of the genitourinary tract, affecting especially the urethra and vagina, and characterized by a mucopurulent discharge, pain in urination, and chordee; clap. { Gon•or•rhe´al , Gon•or•rhœ´al } , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to gonorrhea; as gonorrheal rheumatism.

Gon´o•some , n. [Gr. offspring + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The reproductive zooids of a hydroid colony, collectively.

Gon•o•the´ca , n.; pl. Gonothec (#). [NL., fr. Gr. offspring + box.] (Zoöl.) A capsule developed on certain hydroids (Thecaphora), inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds or gonophores are developed; — called also gonangium, and teleophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Gon•o•zo´oid , n. [Gr. offspring + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) A sexual zooid, or medusoid bud of a hydroid; a gonophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian.

Go•nyd´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the gonys of a bird’s beak.

Go´nys , n. [Cf. Genys.] (Zoöl.) The keel or lower outline of a bird’s bill, so far as the mandibular rami are united.

Goo´ber , n. A peanut. [Southern U. S.]

Good , a. [Compar. Better superl. Best These words, though used as the comparative and superlative of good, are from a different root.] [AS. God, akin to D. goed, OS. god, OHG. guot, G. gut, Icel. goðr, Sw. & Dan. god, Goth. gods; prob. orig., fitting, belonging together, and akin to E. gather. rad.29 Cf. Gather.] 1. Possessing desirable qualities; adapted to answer the end designed; promoting success, welfare, or happiness; serviceable; useful; fit; excellent; admirable; commendable; not bad, corrupt, evil, noxious, offensive, or troublesome, etc. “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good.” Gen. i. 31. “Good company, good wine, good welcome.” Shak. 2. Possessing moral excellence or virtue; virtuous; pious; religious; — said of persons or actions. “In all things showing thyself a pattern of good works.” Tit. ii. 7. 3. Kind; benevolent; humane; merciful; gracious; polite; propitious; friendly; well-disposed; — often followed by to or toward, also formerly by unto. “The men were very good unto us.” 1 Sam. xxv. 15. 4. Serviceable; suited; adapted; suitable; of use; to be relied upon; — followed especially by for. “All quality that is good for anything is founded originally in merit.” Collier. 5. Clever; skillful; dexterous; ready; handy; — followed especially by at. “He … is a good workman; a very good tailor.” Shak. “Those are generally good at flattering who are good for nothing else.” South. 6. Adequate; sufficient; competent; sound; not fallacious; valid; in a commercial sense, to be depended on for the discharge of obligations incurred; having pecuniary ability; of unimpaired credit. “My reasons are both good and weighty.” Shak. “My meaning in saying he is a good man is … that he is sufficient … I think I may take his bond.” Shak. 7. Real; actual; serious; as in the phrases in good earnest; in good sooth. “Love no man in good earnest.” Shak. 8. Not small, insignificant, or of no account; considerable; esp., in the phrases a good deal, a good way, a good degree, a good share or part, etc. 9. Not lacking or deficient; full; complete. “Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over.” Luke vi. 38. 10. Not blemished or impeached; fair; honorable; unsullied; as in the phrases a good name, a good report, good repute, etc. “A good name is better than precious ointment”. Eccl. vii. 1. As good as. See under As. — For good, or For good and all, completely and finally; fully; truly. “The good woman never died after this, till she came to die for good and all.” L’Estrange. — Good breeding, polite or polished manners, formed by education; a polite education. “Distinguished by good humor and good breeding.” Macaulay. — Good cheap, literally, good bargain; reasonably cheap. — Good consideration (Law). (a) A consideration of blood or of natural love and affection. Blackstone. (b) A valuable consideration, or one which will sustain a contract. — Good fellow, a person of companionable qualities. [Familiar] — Good folk, or Good people, fairies; brownies; pixies, etc. [Colloq. Eng. & Scot.] — Good for nothing. (a) Of no value; useless; worthless. (b) Used substantively, an idle, worthless person. “My father always said I was born to be a good for nothing.” Ld. Lytton. — Good Friday, the Friday of Holy Week, kept in some churches as a fast, in memoory of our Savior’s passion or suffering; the anniversary of the crucifixion. — Good humor, or Good-humor, a cheerful or pleasant temper or state of mind. — Good nature, or Good-nature, habitual kindness or mildness of temper or disposition; amiability; state of being in good humor. “The good nature and generosity which belonged to his character.” Macaulay. “The young count’s good nature and easy persuadability were among his best characteristics.” Hawthorne. — Good people. See Good folk (above). — Good speed, good luck; good success; godspeed; — an old form of wishing success. See Speed. — Good turn, an act of kidness; a favor. — Good will. (a) Benevolence; well wishing; kindly feeling. (b) (Law) The custom of any trade or business; the tendency or inclination of persons, old customers and others, to resort to an established place of business; the advantage accruing from tendency or inclination. “The good will of a trade is nothing more than the probability that the old customers will resort to the old place.” Lord Eldon. — In good time. (a) Promptly; punctually; opportunely; not too soon nor too late. (b) (Mus.) Correctly; in proper time. — To hold good, to remain true or valid; to be operative; to remain in force or effect; as his promise holds good; the condition still holds good. — To make good, to fulfill; to establish; to maintain; to supply (a defect or deficiency); to indemmify; to prove or verify (an accusation); to prove to be blameless; to clear; to vindicate. “Each word made good and true.” Shak. “Of no power to make his wishes good.” Shak. “I … would by combat make her good.” Shak. “Convenient numbers to make good the city.” Shak. — To think good, to approve; to be pleased or satisfied with; to consider expedient or proper. “If ye think good, give me my price; and if not, forbear.” Zech. xi. 12. Good, in the sense of wishing well, is much used in greeting and leave-taking; as good day, good night, good evening, good morning, etc.

Good , n. 1. That which possesses desirable qualities, promotes success, welfare, or happiness, is serviceable, fit, excellent, kind, benevolent, etc.; — opposed to evil. “There be many that say, Who will show us any good ?” Ps. iv. 6. 2. Advancement of interest or happiness; welfare; prosperity; advantage; benefit; — opposed to harm, etc. “The good of the whole community can be promoted only by advancing the good of each of the members composing it.” Jay. 3. pl. Wares; commodities; chattels; - - formerly used in the singular in a collective sense. In law, a comprehensive name for almost all personal property as distinguished from land or real property. Wharton. “He hath made us spend much good.” Chaucer. “Thy lands and goods
Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate
Unto the state of Venice.” Shak. Dress goods, Dry goods, etc. See in the Vocabulary. — Goods engine, a freight locomotive. [Eng.] — Goods train, a freight train. [Eng.] — Goods wagon, a freight car [Eng.] See the Note under Car, n., 2.

Good, adv. Well, — especially in the phrase as good, with a following as expressed or implied; equally well with as much advantage or as little harm as possible. “As good almost kill a man as kill a good book.” Milton. As good as, in effect; virtually; the same as. “They who counsel ye to such a suppressing, do as good as bid ye suppress yourselves.” Milton.

Good, v. t. 1. To make good; to turn to good. [Obs.] 2. To manure; to improve. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. { Good•-by´ , Good•-bye´ } , n. or interj. [A contraction of God be with ye (God be wi ye, God bw’ ye, God bwye).] Farewell; a form of address used at parting. See the last Note under By, prep. Shak.

Good•-den´ , interj. [Corrupt. of good e’en, for good evening.] A form of salutation. [Obs.] Shak.

Good•-fel´low•ship , n. Agreeable companionship; companionableness.

Good´geon , n. (Naut.) Same as Gudgeon, 5.

Good•-hu´mored , a. Having a cheerful spirit and demeanor; good-tempered. See Good- natured.

Good•-hu´mored•ly, adv. With a cheerful spirit; in a cheerful or good-tempered manner.

Good´ish , a. Rather good than the contrary; not actually bad; tolerable. “Goodish pictures in rich frames.” Walpole.

Good´less, a. Having no goods. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Good´lich , a. Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Good´li•ness , n. [From Goodly.] Beauty of form; grace; elegance; comeliness. “Her goodliness was full of harmony to his eyes.” Sir P. Sidney.

Good´-look•ing , a. Handsome.

Good´ly, adv. Excellently. [Obs.] Spenser.

Good´ly, a. [Compar. Goodlier superl. Goodliest.] [OE. godlich, AS. godlic. See Good, and Like.] 1. Pleasant; agreeable; desirable. “We have many goodly days to see.” Shak. 2. Of pleasing appearance or character; comely; graceful; as a goodly person; goodly raiment, houses. “The goodliest man of men since born.” Milton. 3. Large; considerable; portly; as a goodly number. “Goodly and great he sails behind his link.” Dryden. { Good´ly•head , Good´ly•hood } n. Goodness; grace; goodliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Good´man , n. [Good + man] 1. A familiar appellation of civility, equivalent to ´My friend´, ´Good sir´, ´Mister;´ — sometimes used ironically. [Obs.] “With you, goodman boy, an you please.” Shak. 2. A husband; the master of a house or family; — often used in speaking familiarly. [Archaic] Chaucer. “Say ye to the goodman of the house, … Where is the guest-chamber ?” Mark xiv. 14. In the early colonial records of New England, the term goodman is frequently used as a title of designation, sometimes in a respectful manner, to denote a person whose first name was not known, or when it was not desired to use that name; in this use it was nearly equivalent to Mr. This use was doubtless brought with the first settlers from England.

Good•-na´tured , a. Naturally mild in temper; not easily provoked. Syn. — Good-natured, Good-tempered, Good- humored. Good-natured denotes a disposition to please and be pleased. Good-tempered denotes a habit of mind which is not easily ruffled by provocations or other disturbing influences. Good-humored is applied to a spirit full of ease and cheerfulness, as displayed in one’s outward deportment and in social intercourse. A good-natured man recommends himself to all by the spirit which governs him. A good-humored man recommends himself particularly as a companion. A good-tempered man is rarely betrayed into anything which can disturb the serenity of the social circle.

Good•-na´tured•ly, adv. With mildness of temper.

Good´ness , n. [AS. godnes.] The quality of being good in any of its various senses; excellence; virtue; kindness; benevolence; as the goodness of timber, of a soil, of food; goodness of character, of disposition, of conduct, etc.

Good´ now´ An exclamation of wonder, surprise, or entreaty. [Obs.] Shak.

Goods , n. pl. See Good, n., 3.

Good´ship, n. Favor; grace. [Obs.] Gower.

Good•-tem´pered , a. Having a good temper; not easily vexed. See Good-natured.

Good´wife , n. The mistress of a house. [Archaic] Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Good´y , n.; pl. goodies . 1. A bonbon, cake, or the like; — usually in the pl. [Colloq.] 2. (Zoöl.) An American fish; the lafayette or spot.

Good´y, n.; pl. Goodies (#). [Prob. contr. from goodwife.] Goodwife; — a low term of civility or sport.

Good´-year , n. [See Goujere.] The venereal disease; — often used as a mild oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Good´y-good•y, a. Mawkishly or weakly good; exhibiting goodness with silliness. [Colloq.]

Good´y•ship, n. The state or quality of a goody or goodwife [Jocose] Hudibraus.

Goo•roo´ , Gu•ru´ , n. [Hind. gur a spiritual parent or teacher, Skr. guru heavy, noble, venerable, teacher. Cf. Grief.] A spiritual teacher, guide, or confessor amoung the Hindoos. Malcom.

Goos´an•der , n. [OE. gossander, a tautological word formed fr. goose + gander. Cf. Merganser.] (Zoöl.) A species of merganser (M. merganser) of Northern Europe and America; — called also merganser, dundiver, sawbill, sawneb, shelduck, and sheldrake. See Merganser.

Goose (goos), n.; pl. Geese (ges). [OE. gos, AS. gos, pl. ges; akin to D. & G. gans, Icel. gas, Dan. gaas, Sw. gås, Russ. guse. OIr. geiss, L. anser, for hanser, Gr. chh•n, Skr. hamsa. rad.233. Cf. Gander, Gannet, Ganza, Gosling.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any large web-footen bird of the subfamily Anserinae, and belonging to Anser, Branta, Chen, and several allied genera. See Anseres. The common domestic goose is believed to have been derived from the European graylag goose (Anser anser). The bean goose (A. segetum), the American wild or Canada goose (Branta Canadensis), and the bernicle goose (Branta leucopsis) are well known species. The American white or snow geese and the blue goose belong to the genus Chen. See Bernicle, Emperor goose, under Emperor, Snow goose, Wild goose, Brant. 2. Any large bird of other related families, resembling the common goose. The Egyptian or fox goose (Alopochen AEgyptiaca) and the African spur-winged geese (Plectropterus) belong to the family Plectropteridae. The Australian semipalmated goose (Anseranas semipalmata) and Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis Novae-Hollandiae) are very different from northern geese, and each is made the type of a distinct family. Both are domesticated in Australia. 3. A tailor’s smoothing iron, so called from its handle, which resembles the neck of a goose. 4. A silly creature; a simpleton. 5. A game played with counters on a board divided into compartments, in some of which a goose was depicted. “The pictures placed for ornament and use,
The twelve good rules, the royal game of goose.” Goldsmith. A wild goose chase, an attempt to accomplish something impossible or unlikely of attainment. — Fen goose. See under Fen. — Goose barnacle (Zoöl.), any pedunculated barnacle of the genus Anatifa or Lepas; — called also duck barnacle. See Barnacle, and Cirripedia. — Goose cap, a silly person. [Obs.] Beau. & . — Goose corn (Bot.), a coarse kind of rush (Juncus squarrosus). — Goose feast, Michaelmas. [Colloq. Eng.] — Goose flesh, a peculiar roughness of the skin produced by cold or fear; — called also goose skin. — Goose grass. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Galium (G. Aparine), a favorite food of geese; — called also catchweed and cleavers. (b) A species of knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). (c) The annual spear grass (Poa annua). — Goose neck, anything, as a rod of iron or a pipe, curved like the neck of a goose; specially (Naut.), an iron hook connecting a spar with a mast. — Goose quill, a large feather or quill of a goose; also a pen made from it. — Goose skin. See Goose flesh, above. — Goose tongue (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea ptarmica), growing wild in the British islands. — Sea goose. (Zoöl.) See Phalarope. — Solan goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet.

Goose´ber•ry , n.; pl. Gooseberries (#), [Corrupted for groseberry or groiseberry, fr. OF. groisele, F. groseille, — of German origin; cf. G. krausbeere, kräuselbeere (fr. kraus crisp), D. kruisbes, kruisbezie (as if crossberry, fr. kruis cross; for kroesbes, kroesbezie, fr. kroes crisp), Sw. krusbär (fr. krus, krusing, crisp). The first part of the word is perh. akin to E. curl. Cf. Grossular, a.] 1. (Bot.) Any thorny shrub of the genus Ribes; also the edible berries of such shrub. There are several species, of which Ribes Grossularia is the one commonly cultivated. 2. A silly person; a goose cap. Goldsmith. Barbadoes gooseberry, a climbing prickly shrub (Pereskia aculeata) of the West Indies, which bears edible berries resembling gooseberries. — Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. — Gooseberry fool. See lst Fool. — Gooseberry worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Dakruma convolutella). It destroys the gooseberry by eating the interior.

Goose´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Angler.

Goose´foot , n. (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Chenopodium) mostly annual weeds; pigweed.

Goos´er•y , n.; pl. Gooseries . 1. A place for keeping geese. 2. The characteristics or actions of a goose; silliness. “The finical goosery of your neat sermon actor.” Milton.

Goose´wing , n. (Naut.) One of the clews or lower corners of a course or a topsail when the middle part or the rest of the sail is furled.

Goose´winged , a. (Naut.) (a) Having a ´goosewing.´ (b) Said of a fore-and-aft rigged vessel with foresail set on one side and mainsail on the other; wing and wing.

Goos´ish, a. Like a goose; foolish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goost , n. Ghost; spirit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goot , n. A goat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Go´-out , n. A sluice in embankments against the sea, for letting out the land waters, when the tide is out. [Written also gowt.]

Go´pher , n. [F. gaufre waffle, honeycomb. See Gauffer.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of several North American burrowing rodents of the genera Geomys and Thomomys, of the family Geomyidae; — called also pocket gopher and pouched rat. See Pocket gopher, and Tucan. The name was originally given by French settlers to many burrowing rodents, from their honeycombing the earth. 2. One of several western American species of the genus Spermophilus, of the family Sciuridae; as the gray gopher (Spermophilus Franklini) and the striped gopher (S. tridecemlineatus); — called also striped prairie squirrel, leopard marmot, and leopard spermophile. See Spermophile. 3. A large land tortoise (Testudo Carilina) of the Southern United States, which makes extensive burrows. 4. A large burrowing snake (Spilotes Couperi) of the Southern United States. Gopher drift (Mining), an irregular prospecting drift, following or seeking the ore without regard to regular grade or section. Raymond.

Go´pher wood [Heb. gopher.] A species of wood used in the construction of Noah’s ark. Gen. vi. 14.

Go•rac´co , n. A paste prepared from tobacco, and smoked in hookahs in Western India.

Go´ral , n. (Zoöl.) An Indian goat antelope (Nemorhedus goral), resembling the chamois.

Go´ra•my , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Gourami.

Gor´-bel•lied , a. Bog- bellied. [Obs.]

Gor´-bel•ly, n. [Gore filth, dirt + belly.] A prominent belly; a big-bellied person. [Obs.]

Gorce , n. [OF. gort, nom. gorz, gulf, L. gurges whirlpool, gulf, stream. See Gorge.] A pool of water to keep fish in; a wear. [Obs.]

Gor´cock , n. [Prob. from gore blood.] (Zoöl.) The moor cock, or red grouse. See Grouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor´crow , n. [AS. gor dung, dirt. See Gore blood, dirt.] (Zoöl.) The carrion crow; — called also gercrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Gord , n. [Written also gourd.] [Perh. hollow, and so named in allusion to a gourd.] An instrument of gaming; a sort of dice. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gor•di•a´ce•a , n. pl. [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) A division of nematoid worms, including the hairworms or hair eels (Gordius and Mermis). See Gordius, and Illustration in Appendix.

Gor´di•an , a. 1. Pertaining to Gordius, king of Phrygia, or to a knot tied by him; hence, intricate; complicated; inextricable. Gordian knot, an intricate knot tied by Gordius in the thong which connected the pole of the chariot with the yoke. An oracle having declared that he who should untie it should be master of Asia, Alexander the Great averted the ill omen of his inability to loosen it by cutting it with his sword. Hence, a Gordian knot is an inextricable difficulty; and to cut the Gordian knot is to remove a difficulty by bold and energetic measures. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gordiacea.

Gor´di•an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gordiacea.

Gor´di•us , n. [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) A genus of long, slender, nematoid worms, parasitic in insects until near maturity, when they leave the insect, and live in water, in which they deposit their eggs; — called also hair eel, hairworm, and hair snake, from the absurd, but common and widely diffused, notion that they are metamorphosed horsehairs.

Gore , n. [AS. gor dirt, dung; akin to Icel. gor, SW. gorr, OHG. gor, and perh. to E. cord, chord, and yarn; cf. Icel. görn, garnir, guts.] 1. Dirt; mud. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. 2. Blood; especially, blood that after effusion has become thick or clotted. Milton.

Gore, n. [OE. gore, gare, AS. gra angular point of land, fr. gr spear; akin to D. geer gore, G. gehre gore, ger spear, Icel. geiri gore, geir spear, and prob. to E. goad. Cf. Gar, n., Garlic, and Gore, v.] 1. A wedgeshaped or triangular piece of cloth, canvas etc., sewed into a garment, sail, etc., to give greater width at a particular part. 2. A small traingular piece of land. Cowell. 3. (Her.) One of the abatements. It is made of two curved lines, meeting in an acute angle in the fesse point. It is usually on the sinister side, and of the tincture called tenne. Like the other abatements it is a modern fancy and not actually used.

Gore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gored p. pr. & vb. n. Goring.] [OE. gar spear, AS. gr. See 2d Gore.] To pierce or wound, as with a horn; to penetrate with a pointed instrument, as a spear; to stab. “The low stumps shall gore
His daintly feet.” Coleridge.

Gore, v. t. To cut in a traingular form; to piece with a gore; to provide with a gore; as to gore an apron.

Gore´bill , n. [2d gore + bill.] (Zoöl.) The garfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor´fly , n.; pl. Gorflies (#). [Gore (AS. gor) dung + fly.] (Zoöl.) A dung fly.

Gorge , n. [F. gorge, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, and gorga abyss, whirlpool, prob. fr. L. gurgea whirlpool, gulf, abyss; cf. Skr. gargara whirlpool, gr. to devour. Cf. Gorget.] 1. The throat; the gullet; the canal by which food passes to the stomach. “Wherewith he gripped her gorge with so great pain.” Spenser. “Now, how abhorred! … my gorge rises at it.” Shak. 2. A narrow passage or entrance; as: (a) A defile between mountains. (b) The entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort; — usually synonymous with rear. See Illust. of Bastion. 3. That which is gorged or swallowed, especially by a hawk or other fowl. “And all the way, most like a brutish beast,
e spewed up his gorge, that all did him detest.” Spenser. 4. A filling or choking of a passage or channel by an obstruction; as an ice gorge in a river. 5. (Arch.) A concave molding; a cavetto. Gwilt. 6. (Naut.) The groove of a pulley. Gorge circle (Gearing), the outline of the smallest cross section of a hyperboloid of revolution. — Gorge hook, two fishhooks, separated by a piece of lead. Knight.

Gorge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gorged p. pr. & vb. n. Gorging ] [F. gorger. See Gorge, n.] 1. To swallow; especially, to swallow with greediness, or in large mouthfuls or quantities. “The fish has gorged the hook.” Johnson. 2. To glut; to fill up to the throat; to satiate. “The giant gorged with flesh.” Addison. “Gorge with my blood thy barbarous appetite.” Dryden.

Gorge, v. i. To eat greedily and to satiety. Milton.

Gorged , a. 1. Having a gorge or throat. 2. (Her.) Bearing a coronet or ring about the neck. 3. Glutted; fed to the full.

Gor´ge•let , n. (Zoöl.) A small gorget, as of a humming bird.

Gor´geous , a. [OF. gorgias beautiful, glorious, vain, luxurious; cf. OF. gorgias ruff, neck handkerchief, and F. gorge throat, and se pengorger to assume airs. Cf. Gorge, n.] Imposing through splendid or various colors; showy; fine; magnificent. “Cloud-land, gorgeous land.” Coleridge. “Gorgeous as the sun at midsummer.” Shak. — Gor´geous•ly, adv. — Gor´geous•ness, n.

Gor•ge•rin´ , n. [F., fr. gorge neck.] (Arch.) In some columns, that part of the capital between the termination of the shaft and the annulet of the echinus, or the space between two neck moldings; — called also neck of the capital, and hypotrachelium. See Illust. of Column.

Gor´get , n. [OF. gorgete, dim. of gorge throat. See Gorge, n.] 1. A piece of armor, whether of chain mail or of plate, defending the throat and upper part of the breast, and forming a part of the double breastplate of the 14th century. 2. A piece of plate armor covering the same parts and worn over the buff coat in the 17th century, and without other steel armor. “Unfix the gorget’s iron clasp.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A small ornamental plate, usually crescent-shaped, and of gilded copper, formerly hung around the neck of officers in full uniform in some modern armies. 4. A ruff worn by women. [Obs.] 5. (Surg.) (a) A cutting instrument used in lithotomy. (b) A grooved instrunent used in performing various operations; — called also blunt gorget. Dunglison. 6. (Zoöl.) A crescent-shaped, colored patch on the neck of a bird or mammal. Gorget hummer (Zoöl.), a humming bird of the genus Trochilus. See Rubythroat.

Gor´gon (gôr´gon), n. [L. Gorgo, -onis, Gr. Gorgw•, fr. gorgo•s terrible.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of three fabled sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, with snaky hair and of terrific aspect, the sight of whom turned the beholder to stone. The name is particularly given to Medusa. 2. Anything very ugly or horrid. Milton. 3. (Zoöl.) The brindled gnu. See Gnu.

Gor´gon, a. Like a Gorgon; very ugly or terrific; as a Gorgon face. Dryden.

Gor•go•na´ce•a (gôr•go•na´she•a), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Gorgoniacea.

Gor•go´ne•an (gôr•go´ne•an), a. See Gorgonian, 1.

Gor•go•ne´ion (gôr•go•ne´yon), n.; pl. Gorgoneia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. Gorgo•neios, equiv. to Gorgei^os belonging to a Gorgon.] (Arch.) A mask carved in imitation of a Gorgon’s head. Elmes.

Gor•go´ni•a (gôr•go´ni•a), n. [L., a coral which hardens in the air.] (Zoöl.) 1. A genus of Gorgoniacea, formerly very extensive, but now restricted to such species as the West Indian sea fan (Gorgonia flabellum), sea plume (G. setosa), and other allied species having a flexible, horny axis. 2. Any slender branched gorgonian.

Gor•go•ni•a´ce•a , n. pl. [NL. See Gorgonia.] (Zoöl.) One of the principal divisions of Alcyonaria, including those forms which have a firm and usually branched axis, covered with a porous crust, or cœnenchyma, in which the polyp cells are situated. The axis is commonly horny, but it may be solid and stony (composed of calcium carbonate), as in the red coral of commerce, or it may be in alternating horny and stony joints, as in Isis. See Alcyonaria, Anthozoa, Cœnenchyma.

Gor•go´ni•an , a. [L. Gorgoneus.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a Gorgon; terrifying into stone; terrific. “The rest his look
Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move.” Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gorgoniacea; as gorgonian coral.

Gor•go´ni•an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gorgoniacea.

Gor´gon•ize , v. t. To have the effect of a Gorgon upon; to turn into stone; to petrify. [R.]

Gor´hen , n. [Gor- as in gorcock + hen.] (Zoöl.) The female of the gorcock.

Go•ril´la , n. [An African word; found in a Greek translation of a treatise in Punic by Hanno, a Carthaginian.] (Zoöl.) A large, arboreal, anthropoid ape of West Africa. It is larger than a man, and is remarkable for its massive skeleton and powerful muscles, which give it enormous strength. In some respects its anatomy, more than that of any other ape, except the chimpanzee, resembles that of man.

Gor´ing , or Gor´ing cloth , n., (Naut.) A piece of canvas cut obliquely to widen a sail at the foot.

Gorm , n. Axle grease. See Gome. [Prov. Eng.]

Gorm, v. t. To daub, as the hands or clothing, with gorm; to daub with anything sticky. [Prov. Eng.]

Gor´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The European cormorant.

Gor´mand , n. [F. gourmand; cf. Prov. F. gourmer to sip, to lap, gourmacher to eat improperly, F. gourme mumps, glanders, Icel. gormr mud, mire, Prov. E. gorm to smear, daub; all perh. akin to E. gore blood, filth. Cf. Gourmand.] A greedy or ravenous eater; a luxurious feeder; a gourmand.

Gor´mand, a. Gluttonous; voracious. Pope.

Gor´mand•er , n. See Gormand, n. [Obs.]

Gor´mand•ism , n. Gluttony.

Gor´mand•ize , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Gormandized p. pr. & vb. n. Gormandizing ] [F. gourmandise gluttony. See Gormand.] To eat greedily; to swallow voraciously; to feed ravenously or like a glutton. Shak.

Gor´mand•i•zer , n. A greedy, voracious eater; a gormand; a glutton.

Go•roon´ shell (Zoöl.) A large, handsome, marine, univalve shell (Triton femorale).

Gorse , n. [OE. & AS. gorst; perh. akin to E. grow, grass.] (Bot.) Furze. See Furze. “The common, overgrown with fern, and rough
With prickly gorse.” Cowper. Gorse bird (Zoöl.), the European linnet; — called also gorse hatcher. [Prov. Eng.] — Gorse chat (Zoöl.), the winchat. — Gorse duck, the corncrake; — called also grass drake, land drake, and corn drake.

Gor´y , a. [From Gore.] 1. Covered with gore or clotted blood. “Thou canst not say I did it; never shake
Thy gory locks at me.” Shak. 2. Bloody; murderous. ´Gory emulation.´ Shak.

Gos´hawk , n. [AS. gshafuc, lit., goosehawk; or Icel. gashaukr. See Goose, and Hawk the bird.] (Zoöl.) Any large hawk of the genus Astur, of which many species and varieties are known. The European (Astur palumbarius) and the American (A. atricapillus) are the best known species. They are noted for their powerful flight, activity, and courage. The Australian goshawk (A. Novae-Hollandiae) is pure white.

Gos´herd , n. [OE. gosherde. See Goose, and Herd a herdsman.] One who takes care of geese.

Gos´let , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of pygmy geese, of the genus Nettepus. They are about the size of a teal, and inhabit Africa, India, and Australia.

Gos´ling , n. [AS. gs goose + -ling.] 1. A young or unfledged goose. 2. A catkin on nut trees and pines. Bailey.

Gos´pel , n. [OE. gospel, godspel, AS. godspell; god God + spell story, tale. See God, and Spell, v.] 1. Glad tidings; especially, the good news concerning Christ, the Kingdom of God, and salvation. “And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom.” Matt. iv. 23. “The steadfast belief of the promises of the gospel.” Bentley. It is probable that gospel is from. OE. godspel, God story, the narrative concerning God; but it was early confused with god spell, good story, good tidings, and was so used by the translators of the Authorized version of Scripture. This use has been retained in most cases in the Revised Version. “Thus the literal sense [of gospel] is the ´narrative of God,´ i. e., the life of Christ.” Skeat. 2. One of the four narratives of the life and death of Jesus Christ, written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. 3. A selection from one of the gospels, for use in a religious service; as the gospel for the day. 4. Any system of religious doctrine; sometimes, any system of political doctrine or social philosophy; as this political gospel. Burke. 5. Anything propounded or accepted as infallibly true; as they took his words for gospel. [Colloq.] “If any one thinks this expression hyperbolical, I shall only ask him to read Œdipus, instead of taking the traditional witticisms about Lee for gospel.” Saintsbury.

Gos´pel, a. Accordant with, or relating to, the gospel; evangelical; as gospel righteousness. Bp. Warburton.

Gos´pel, v. t. To instruct in the gospel. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos´pel•er , n. [AS. godspellere.] [Written also gospeller.] 1. One of the four evangelists. Rom. of R. “Mark the gospeler was the ghostly son of Peter in baptism.” Wyclif. 2. A follower of Wyclif, the first English religious reformer; hence, a Puritan. [Obs.] Latimer. “The persecution was carried on against the gospelers with much fierceness by those of the Roman persuasion.” Strype. 3. A priest or deacon who reads the gospel at the altar during the communion service. “The Archbishop of York was the celebrant, the epistoler being the dean, and the gospeler the Bishop of Sydney.” Pall Mall Gazette.

Gos´pel•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gospelized p. pr. & vb. n. Gospelizing ] [Written also gospellize.] 1. To form according to the gospel; as a command gospelized to us. Milton. 2. To instruct in the gospel; to evangelize; as to gospelize the savages. Boyle.

Goss , n. [See Gorse.] Gorse. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos´sa•mer , n. [OE. gossomer, gossummer, gosesomer, perh. for goose summer, from its downy appearance, or perh. for God’s summer, cf. G. mariengarr gossamer, properly Mary’s yarn, in allusion to the Virgin Mary. Perhaps the E. word alluded to a legend that the gossamer was the remnant of the Virgin Mary’s winding sheet, which dropped from her when she was taken up to heaven. For the use of summer in the sense of film or threads, cf. G. Mädchensommer, Altweibersommer, fliegender Sommer, all meaning, gossamer.] 1. A fine, filmy substance, like cobwebs, floating in the air, in calm, clear weather, especially in autumn. It is seen in stubble fields and on furze or low bushes, and is formed by small spiders. 2. Any very thin gauzelike fabric; also a thin waterproof stuff. 3. An outer garment, made of waterproof gossamer. Gossamer spider (Zoöl.), any small or young spider which spins webs by which to sail in the air. See Ballooning spider.

Gos´sa•mer•y , a. Like gossamer; flimsy. “The greatest master of gossamery affectation.” De Quincey.

Gos´san , n. (Geol.) Decomposed rock, usually reddish or ferruginous (owing to oxidized pyrites), forming the upper part of a metallic vein.

Gos•san•if´er•ous , a. [Gossan + -ferous.] Containing or producing gossan.

Gos´sat , n. (Zoöl.) A small British marine fish (Motella tricirrata); — called also whistler and three-bearded rockling. [Prov. Eng.]

Gos´sib , n. A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gos´sip , n. [OE. gossib, godsib, a relation or sponsor in baptism, a relation by a religious obligation, AS. godsibb, fr. god + sib alliance, relation; akin to G. sippe, Goth. sibja, and also to Skr. sabha assembly.] 1. A sponsor; a godfather or a godmother. “Should a great lady that was invited to be a gossip, in her place send her kitchen maid, ’t would be ill taken.” Selden. 2. A friend or comrade; a companion; a familiar and customary acquaintance. [Obs.] “My noble gossips, ye have been too prodigal.” Shak. 3. One who runs house to house, tattling and telling news; an idle tattler. “The common chat of gossips when they meet.” Dryden. 4. The tattle of a gossip; groundless rumor. “Bubbles o’er like a city with gossip, scandal, and spite.” Tennyson.

Gos´sip, v. t. To stand sponsor to. [Obs.] Shak.

Gos´sip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gossiped p. pr. & vb. n. Gossiping.] 1. To make merry. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To prate; to chat; to talk much. Shak. 3. To run about and tattle; to tell idle tales.

Gos´sip•er , n. One given to gossip. Beaconsfield.

Gos´sip•rede , n. [Cf. Kindred.] The relationship between a person and his sponsors. [Obs.]

Gos´sip•ry , n. 1. Spiritual relationship or affinity; gossiprede; special intimacy. Bale. 2. Idle talk; gossip. Mrs. Browning.

Gos´sip•y , a. Full of, or given to, gossip.

Gos•soon´ , n. [Scot. garson an attendant, fr. F. garçon, OF. gars.] A boy; a servant. [Ireland]

Gos•syp´i•um , n. [NL., fr. L. gossypion, gossipion.] (Bot.) A genus of plants which yield the cotton of the arts. The species are much confused. G. herbaceum is the name given to the common cotton plant, while the long-stapled sea-island cotton is produced by G. Barbadense, a shrubby variety. There are several other kinds besides these.

Got , imp. & p. p. of Get. See Get.

Gote , n. [Cf. LG. gote, gaute, canal, G. gosse; akin to giessen to pour, shed, AS. geótan, and E. fuse to melt.] A channel for water. [Prov. Eng.] Crose.

Go´ter , n. a gutter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Goth , n. [L. Gothi, pl.; cf. Gr. ] 1. (Ethnol.) One of an ancient Teutonic race, who dwelt between the Elbe and the Vistula in the early part of the Christian era, and who overran and took an important part in subverting the Roman empire. Under the reign of Valens, they took possession of Dacia (the modern Transylvania and the adjoining regions), and came to be known as Ostrogoths and Visigoths, or East and West Goths; the former inhabiting countries on the Black Sea up to the Danube, and the latter on this river generally. Some of them took possession of the province of Moesia, and hence were called Moesogoths. Others, who made their way to Scandinavia, at a time unknown to history, are sometimes styled Suiogoths. 2. One who is rude or uncivilized; a barbarian; a rude, ignorant person. Chesterfield.

Go´tham•ist , n. A wiseacre; a person deficient in wisdom; — so called from Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, England, noted for some pleasant blunders. Bp. Morton.

Go´tham•ite , n. 1. A gothamist. 2. An inhabitant of New York city. [Jocular] Irving.

Goth´ic , a. [L. Gothicus: cf. F. gothique.] 1. Pertaining to the Goths; as Gothic customs; also rude; barbarous. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to a style of architecture with pointed arches, steep roofs, windows large in proportion to the wall spaces, and, generally, great height in proportion to the other dimensions — prevalent in Western Europe from about 1200 to 1475 a. d. See Illust. of Abacus, and Capital.

Goth´ic, n. 1. The language of the Goths; especially, the language of that part of the Visigoths who settled in Moesia in the 4th century. See Goth. Bishop Ulfilas or Walfila translated most of the Bible into Gothic about the Middle of the 4th century. The portion of this translaton which is preserved is the oldest known literary document in any Teutonic language. 2. A kind of square-cut type, with no hair lines. This is Nonpareil GOTHIC. 3. (Arch.) The style described in Gothic, a., 2.

Goth´i•cism , n. 1. A Gothic idiom. 2. Conformity to the Gothic style of architecture. 3. Rudeness of manners; barbarousness.

Goth´i•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gothicized p. pr. & vb. n. Gothicizing ] To make Gothic; to bring back to barbarism.

Gö´thite, or Goe´thite , n. [After the poet Göthe.] (Min.) A hydrous oxide of iron, occurring in prismatic crystals, also massive, with a fibrous, reniform, or stalactitic structure. The color varies from yellowish to blackish brown.

Got´ten , p. p. of Get.

Gouache (gwash), n. [F., It. guazzo.] A method of painting with opaque colors, which have been ground in water and mingled with a preparation of gum; also a picture thus painted.

Goud , n. [Cf. OF. gaide, F. guède, fr. OHG. weit; or cf. F. gaude weld. Cf. Woad.] Woad. [Obs.]

Gou•dron´ , n. [F., tar.] (Mil.) a small fascine or fagot, steeped in wax, pitch, and glue, used in various ways, as for igniting buildings or works, or to light ditches and ramparts. Farrow.

Gouge , n. [F. gouge. LL. gubia, guvia, gulbia, gulvia, gulvium; cf. Bisc. gubia bow, gubioa throat.] 1. A chisel, with a hollow or semicylindrical blade, for scooping or cutting holes, channels, or grooves, in wood, stone, etc.; a similar instrument, with curved edge, for turning wood. 2. A bookbinder’s tool for blind tooling or gilding, having a face which forms a curve. 3. An incising tool which cuts forms or blanks for gloves, envelopes, etc. from leather, paper, etc. Knight. 4. (Mining) Soft material lying between the wall of a vein and the solid vein. Raymond. 5. The act of scooping out with a gouge, or as with a gouge; a groove or cavity scooped out, as with a gouge. 6. Imposition; cheat; fraud; also an impostor; a cheat; a trickish person. [Slang, U. S.] Gouge bit, a boring bit, shaped like a gouge.

Gouge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gouged p. pr. & vb. n. Gouging ] 1. To scoop out with a gouge. 2. To scoop out, as an eye, with the thumb nail; to force out the eye of (a person) with the thumb. [K S.] A barbarity mentioned by some travelers as formerly practiced in the brutal frays of desperadoes in some parts of the United States. 3. To cheat in a bargain; to chouse. [Slang, U. S.]

Gou´ger , n. (Zoöl.) See Plum Gouger.

Gouge´shell , n. (Zoöl.) A sharp-edged, tubular, marine shell, of the genus Vermetus; also the pinna. See Vermetus.

Gou´jere , n. [F. gouge prostitute, a camp trull. Cf. Good-year.] The venereal disease. [Obs.]

Gou´land , n. See Golding.

Gou•lard´s´ ex´tract´ [Named after the introducer, Thomas Goulard, a French surgeon.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of the subacetate of lead, used as a lotion in cases of inflammation. Goulard’s cerate is a cerate containing this extract.

Gour , n. [See Giaour.] 1. A fire worshiper; a Gheber or Gueber. Tylor. 2. (Zoöl.) See Koulan.

Gou´ra , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of large, crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, inhabiting New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Queen Victoria pigeon (Goura Victoria) and the crowned pigeon (G. coronata) are among the best known species.

Gou´ra•mi , n. (Zoöl.) A very largo East Indian freshwater fish (Osphromenus gorami), extensively reared in artificial ponds in tropical countries, and highly valued as a food fish. Many unsuccessful efforts have been made to introduce it into Southern Europe. [Written also goramy.]

Gourd , n. [F. gourde, OF. cougourde, gouhourde, fr. L. cucurbita gourd (cf. NPr. cougourdo); perh. akin to corbin basket, E. corb. Cf. Cucurbite.] 1. (Bot.) A fleshy, three-celled, many-seeded fruit, as the melon, pumpkin, cucumber, etc., of the order Cucurbitaceae; and especially the bottle gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) which occurs in a great variety of forms, and, when the interior part is removed, serves for bottles, dippers, cups, and other dishes. 2. A dipper or other vessel made from the shell of a gourd; hence, a drinking vessel; a bottle. Chaucer. Bitter gourd, colocynth.

Gourd, n. A false die. See Gord. { Gourd , Gourde } n. [Sp. gordo large.] A silver dollar; — so called in Cuba, Hayti, etc. Simmonds.

Gourd´i•ness , n. [From Gourdy.] (Far.) The state of being gourdy.

Gourd´ tree´ (Bot.) A tree (the Crescentia Cujete, or calabash tree) of the West Indies and Central America.

Gourd´worm´ , n. (Zoöl.) The fluke of sheep. See Fluke.

Gourd´y , a. [Either fr. gourd, or fr. F. gourd benumbed.] (Far.) Swelled in the legs.

Gour´mand , n. [F.] A greedy or ravenous eater; a glutton. See Gormand. “That great gourmand, fat Apicius” B. Jonson.

Gour•met´ (goor•ma´), n. [F.] A connoisseur in eating and drinking; an epicure.

Gour´net (gûr´net), n. (Zoöl.) A fish. See Gurnet.

Gout (gout), n. [F. goutte a drop, the gout, the disease being considered as a defluxion, fr. L. gutta drop.] 1. A drop; a clot or coagulation. “On thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood.” Shak. 2. (Med.) A constitutional disease, occurring by paroxysms. It consists in an inflammation of the fibrous and ligamentous parts of the joints, and almost always attacks first the great toe, next the smaller joints, after which it may attack the greater articulations. It is attended with various sympathetic phenomena, particularly in the digestive organs. It may also attack internal organs, as the stomach, the intestines, etc. Dunglison. 3. A disease of cornstalks. See Corn fly, under Corn. Gout stones. See Chalkstone, n., 2.

Goût (goo), n. [F., fr. L. gustus taste. See Gusto.] Taste; relish.

Gout´i•ly , adv. In a gouty manner.

Gout´i•ness, n. The state of being gouty; gout. { Gout´weed• , Gout´wort• } n. [So called from having been formerly used in assuaging the pain of the gout.] (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (AEgopodium Podagraria); — called also bishop’s weed, ashweed, and herb gerard.

Gout´y , a. 1. Diseased with, or subject to, the gout; as a gouty person; a gouty joint. 2. Pertaining to the gout. ´Gouty matter.´ Blackmore. 3. Swollen, as if from gout. Derham. 4. Boggy; as gouty land. [Obs.] Spenser. Gouty bronchitis, bronchitis arising as a secondary disease during the progress of gout. — Gouty concretions, calculi (urate of sodium) formed in the joints, kidneys, etc., of sufferers from gout. — Gouty kidney, an affection occurring during the progress of gout, the kidney shriveling and containing concretions of urate of sodium.

Gove (gov), n. [Also goaf, goof, goff.] A mow; a rick for hay. [Obs.] Tusser.

Gov´ern , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Governed p. pr. & vb. n. Governing.] [OF. governer, F. gouverner, fr. L. gubernare to steer, pilot, govern, Gr. kyberna^n. Cf. Gubernatorial.] 1. To direct and control, as the actions or conduct of men, either by established laws or by arbitrary will; to regulate by authority. ´Fit to govern and rule multitudes.´ Shak. 2. To regulate; to influence; to direct; to restrain; to manage; as to govern the life; to govern a horse. “Govern well thy appetite.” Milton. 3. (Gram.) To require to be in a particular case; as a transitive verb governs a noun in the objective case; or to require (a particular case); as a transitive verb governs the objective case.

Gov´ern, v. i. To exercise authority; to administer the laws; to have the control. Dryden.

Gov´ern•a•bil´i•ty , n. Governableness.

Gov´ern•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. gouvernable.] Capable of being governed, or subjected to authority; controllable; manageable; obedient. Locke.

Gov´ern•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being governable; manageableness.

Gov´ern•al , Gov´ern•ail , n. [Cf. F. gouvernail helm, rudder, L. gubernaculum.] Management; mastery. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Gov´ern•ance , n. [F. gouvernance.] Exercise of authority; control; government; arrangement. Chaucer. J. H. Newman.

Gov´ern•ante´ , n. [F. gouvernante. See Govern.] A governess. Sir W. Scott.

Gov´ern•ess , n. [Cf. OF. governeresse. See Governor.] A female governor; a woman invested with authority to control and direct; especially, one intrusted with the care and instruction of children, — usually in their homes.

Gov´ern•ing, a. 1. Holding the superiority; prevalent; controlling; as a governing wind; a governing party in a state. Jay. 2. (Gram.) Requiring a particular case.

Gov´ern•ment , n. [F. gouvernement. See Govern.] 1. The act of governing; the exercise of authority; the administration of laws; control; direction; regulation; as civil, church, or family government. 2. The mode of governing; the system of polity in a state; the established form of law. “That free government which we have so dearly purchased, free commonwealth.” Milton. 3. The right or power of governing; authority. “I here resign my government to thee.” Shak. 4. The person or persons authorized to administer the laws; the ruling power; the administration. “When we, in England, speak of the government, we generally understand the ministers of the crown for the time being.” Mozley & W. 5. The body politic governed by one authority; a state; as the governments of Europe. 6. Management of the limbs or body. Shak. 7. (Gram.) The influence of a word in regard to construction, requiring that another word should be in a particular case.

Gov´ern•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. gouvernemental.] Pertaining to government; made by government; as governmental duties.

Gov´ern•or , n. [OE. governor, governour, OF. governeor, F. gouverneur, fr. L. gubernator steersman, ruler, governor. See Govern.] 1. One who governs; especially, one who is invested with the supreme executive authority in a State; a chief ruler or magistrate; as the governor of Pennsylvania. ´The governor of the town.´ Shak. 2. One who has the care or guardianship of a young man; a tutor; a guardian. 3. (Naut.) A pilot; a steersman. [R.] 4. (Mach.) A contrivance applied to steam engines, water wheels, and other machinery, to maintain nearly uniform speed when the resistances and motive force are variable. The illustration shows a form of governor commonly used for steam engines, in wich a heavy sleeve (a) sliding on a rapidly revolving spindle (b), driven by the engine, is raised or lowered, when the speed varies, by the changing centrifugal force of two balls (c c) to which it is connected by links (d d), the balls being attached to arms (e e) which are jointed to the top of the spindle. The sleeve is connected with the throttle valve or cut-off through a lever (f), and its motion produces a greater supply of steam when the engine runs too slowly and a less supply when too fast. Governor cut-off (Steam Engine), a variable cut-off gear in which the governor acts in such a way as to cause the steam to be cut off from entering the cylinder at points of the stroke dependent upon the engine’s speed. — Hydraulic governor (Mach.), a governor which is operated by the action of a liquid in flowing; a cataract.

Gov´ern•or gen´er•al A governor who has lieutenant or deputy governors under him; as the governor general of Canada, of India.

Gov´ern•or•ship, n. The office of a governor.

Gow´an , n. [Scot., fr. Gael. gugan bud, flower, daisy.] 1. The daisy, or mountain daisy. [Scot.] “And pu’d the gowans fine.” Burns. 2. (Min.) Decomposed granite.

Gow´an•y , a. Having, abounding in, or decked with, daisies. [Scot.] “Sweeter than gowany glens or new-mown hay.” Ramsay.

Gowd , n. [Cf. Gold.] Gold; wealth. [Scot.] “The man’s the gowd for a’ that.” Burns.

Gowd´en , a. Golden. [Scot.]

Gow´die , n. (Zoöl.) See Dragont. [Scot.]

Gowd´nook´ , n. (Zoöl.) The saury pike; — called also gofnick.

Gowk , v. t. [See Gawk.] To make a, booby of one); to stupefy. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Gowk, n. [See Gawk.] (Zoöl.) 1. The European cuckoo; — called also gawky. 2. A simpleton; a gawk or gawky.

Gowl , v. i. [OE. gaulen, goulen. Cf. Yawl, v. i.] To howl. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Gown , n. [OE. goune, prob. from W. gwn gown, loose robe, akin to Ir. gunn, Gael. gùn; cf. OF. gone, prob. of the same origin.] 1. A loose, flowing upper garment; especially: (a) The ordinary outer dress of a woman; as a calico or silk gown. (b) The official robe of certain professional men and scholars, as university students and officers, barristers, judges, etc.; hence, the dress of peace; the dress of civil officers, in distinction from military. “He Mars deposed, and arms to gowns made yield.” Dryden. (c) A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors; a dressing gown. 2. Any sort of dress or garb. “He comes … in the gown of humility.” Shak.

Gowned , p. a. Dressed in a gown; clad. “Gowned in pure white, that fitted to the shape.” Tennyson.

Gowns´man , Gown´man , n.; pl. -men (-men). One whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and particularly a member of an English university; hence, a civilian, in distinction from a soldier.

Goz´zard , n. See Gosherd. [Prov. Eng.]

Graaf´i•an , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, Regnier de Graaf, a Dutch physician. Graafian follicles or vesicles, small cavities in which the ova are developed in the ovaries of mammals, and by the bursting of which they are discharged.

Graal (gral), n. See Grail, a dish.

Grab (grab), n. [Ar. & Hind. ghurab crow, raven, a kind of Arab ship.] (Naut.) A vessel used on the Malabar coast, having two or three masts.

Grab (grab), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbed (grabd); p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbing.] [Akin to Sw. grabba to grasp. Cf. Grabble, Grapple, Grasp.] To gripe suddenly; to seize; to snatch; to clutch.

Grab, n. 1. A sudden grasp or seizure. 2. An instrument for clutching objects for the purpose of raising them; — specially applied to devices for withdrawing drills, etc., from artesian and other wells that are drilled, bored, or driven. Grab bag, at fairs, a bag or box holding small articles which are to be drawn, without being seen, on payment of a small sum. [Colloq.] — Grab game, a theft committed by grabbing or snatching a purse or other piece of property. [Colloq.]

Grab´ber , n. One who seizes or grabs.

Grab´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbling .] [Freq. of grab; cf. D. grabbelen.] 1. To grope; to feel with the hands. “He puts his hands into his pockets, and keeps a grabbling and fumbling.” Selden. 2. To lie prostrate on the belly; to sprawl on the ground; to grovel. Ainsworth.

Grace , n. [F. grâce, L. gratia, from gratus beloved, dear, agreeable; perh. akin to Gr. to rejoice, favor, grace, Skr. hary to desire, and E. yearn. Cf. Grateful, Gratis.] 1. The exercise of love, kindness, mercy, favor; disposition to benefit or serve another; favor bestowed or privilege conferred. “To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee.” Milton. 2. (Theol.) The divine favor toward man; the mercy of God, as distinguished from His justice; also any benefits His mercy imparts; divine love or pardon; a state of acceptance with God; enjoyment of the divine favor. “And if by grace, then is it no more of works.” Rom. xi. 6. “My grace is sufficicnt for thee.” 2 Cor. xii. 9. “Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.” Rom. v. 20. “By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand.” Rom. v.2 3. (Law) (a) The prerogative of mercy execised by the executive, as pardon. (b) The same prerogative when exercised in the form of equitable relief through chancery. 4. Fortune; luck; — used commonly with hard or sorry when it means misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Inherent excellence; any endowment or characteristic fitted to win favor or confer pleasure or benefit. “He is complete in feature and in mind.
With all good grace to grace a gentleman.” Shak. “I have formerly given the general character of Mr. Addison’s style and manner as natural and unaffected, easy and polite, and full of those graces which a flowery imagination diffuses over writing.” Blair. 6. Beauty, physical, intellectual, or moral; loveliness; commonly, easy elegance of manners; perfection of form. “Grace in women gains the affections sooner, and secures them longer, than any thing else.” Hazlitt. “I shall answer and thank you again For the gift and the grace of the gift.” Longfellow. 7. pl. (Myth.) Graceful and beautiful females, sister goddesses, represented by ancient writers as the attendants sometimes of Apollo but oftener of Venus. They were commonly mentioned as three in number; namely, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, and were regarded as the inspirers of the qualities which give attractiveness to wisdom, love, and social intercourse. “The Graces love to weave the rose.” Moore. “The Loves delighted, and the Graces played.” Prior. 8. The title of a duke, a duchess, or an archbishop, and formerly of the king of England. “How fares your Grace !” Shak. 9. (Commonly pl.) Thanks. [Obs.] “Yielding graces and thankings to their lord Melibeus.” Chaucer. 10. A petition for grace; a blessing asked, or thanks rendered, before or after a meal. 11. pl. (Mus.) Ornamental notes or short passages, either introduced by the performer, or indicated by the composer, in which case the notation signs are called grace notes, appeggiaturas, turns, etc. 12. (Eng. Universities) An act, vote, or decree of the government of the institution; a degree or privilege conferred by such vote or decree. Walton. 13. pl. A play designed to promote or display grace of motion. It consists in throwing a small hoop from one player to another, by means of two sticks in the hands of each. Called also grace hoop or hoops. Act of grace. See under Act. — Day of grace (Theol.), the time of probation, when the offer of divine forgiveness is made and may be accepted. “That day of grace fleets fast away.” I. Watts. — Days of grace (Com.), the days immediately following the day when a bill or note becomes due, which days are allowed to the debtor or payer to make payment in. In Great Britain and the United States, the days of grace are three, but in some countries more, the usages of merchants being different. — Good graces, favor; friendship. — Grace cup. (a) A cup or vessel in which a health is drunk after grace. (b) A health drunk after grace has been said. “The grace cup follows to his sovereign’s health.” Hing. — Grace drink, a drink taken on rising from the table; a grace cup. “To [Queen Margaret, of Scotland] … we owe the custom of the grace drink, she having established it as a rule at her table, that whosoever staid till grace was said was rewarded with a bumper.” Encyc. Brit. — Grace hoop, a hoop used in playing graces. See Grace, n., 13. — Grace note (Mus.), an appoggiatura. See Appoggiatura, and def. 11 above. — Grace stroke, a finishing stoke or touch; a coup de grace. — Means of grace, means of securing knowledge of God, or favor with God, as the preaching of the gospel, etc. — To do grace, to reflect credit upon. “Content to do the profession some grace.” Shak. — To say grace, to render thanks before or after a meal. — With a good grace, in a fit and proper manner grace fully; graciously. — With a bad grace, in a forced, reluctant, or perfunctory manner; ungraciously. “What might have been done with a good grace would at least
be done with a bad grace.” Macaulay. Syn. — Elegance; comeliness; charm; favor; kindness; mercy. — Grace, Mercy. These words, though often interchanged, have each a distinctive and peculiar meaning. Grace, in the strict sense of the term, is spontaneous favor to the guilty or undeserving; mercy is kindness or compassion to the suffering or condemned. It was the grace of God that opened a way for the exercise of mercy toward men. See Elegance.

Grace , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graced p. pr. & vb. n. Gracing ] 1. To adorn; to decorate; to embellish and dignify. “Great Jove and Phoebus graced his noble line.” Pope. “We are graced with wreaths of victory.” Shak. 2. To dignify or raise by an act of favor; to honor. “He might, at his pleasure, grace or disgrace whom he would
in court.” Knolles. 3. To supply with heavenly grace. Bp. Hall. 4. (Mus.) To add grace notes, cadenzas etc., to.

Graced , a. Endowed with grace; beautiful; full of graces; honorable. Shak.

Grace´ful , a. Displaying grace or beauty in form or action; elegant; easy; agreeable in appearance; as a graceful walk, deportment, speaker, air, act, speech. “High o’er the rest in arms the graceful Turnus rode.” Dryden. — Grace´ful•ly, adv. Grace´ful•ness, n.

Grace´less, a. 1. Wanting in grace or excellence; departed from, or deprived of, divine grace; hence, depraved; corrupt. ´In a graceless age.´ Milton. 2. Unfortunate. Cf. Grace, n., 4. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Grace´less•ly, adv. — Grace´less-ness, n. { Grac´ile , Grac´il•lent } a. [L. gracilis, gracilentus.] Slender; thin. [Obs.] Bailey.

Gra•cil´i•ty , n. [L. gracilitas; cf. F. gracilite.] State of being gracilent; slenderness. Milman. ´Youthful gracility.´ W. D. Howells.

Gra´cious (gra´shus), a. [F. gracieux, L. gratiosus. See Grace.] 1. Abounding in grace or mercy; manifesting love, or bestowing mercy; characterized by grace; beneficent; merciful; disposed to show kindness or favor; condescending; as his most gracious majesty. “A god ready to pardon, gracious and merciful.” Neh. ix. 17. “So hallowed and so gracious in the time.” Shak. 2. Abounding in beauty, loveliness, or amiability; graceful; excellent. “Since the birth of Cain, the first male child, …
There was not such a gracious creature born.” Shak. 3. Produced by divine grace; influenced or controlled by the divine influence; as gracious affections. Syn. — Favorable; kind; benevolent; friendly; beneficent; benignant; merciful.

Gra´cious•ly , adv. 1. In a gracious manner; courteously; benignantly. Dryden. 2. Fortunately; luckily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gra´cious•ness, n. Quality of being gracious.

Grac´kle , n. [Cf. L. graculus jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several American blackbirds, of the family Icteridae; as the rusty grackle (Scolecophagus Carolinus); the boat-tailed grackle (see Boat-tail); the purple grackle (Quiscalus quiscula, or Q. versicolor). See Crow blackbird, under Crow. (b) An Asiatic bird of the genus Gracula. See Myna.

Gra´date , v. t. [See Grade.] 1. To grade or arrange (parts in a whole, colors in painting, etc.), so that they shall harmonize. 2. (Chem.) To bring to a certain strength or grade of concentration; as to gradate a saline solution.

Gra•da´tion , n., [L. gradatio: cf. F. gradation. See Grade.] 1. The act of progressing by regular steps or orderly arrangement; the state of being graded or arranged in ranks; as the gradation of castes. 2. The act or process of bringing to a certain grade. 3. Any degree or relative position in an order or series. “The several gradations of the intelligent universe.” I. Taylor. 4. (Fine Arts) A gradual passing from one tint to another or from a darker to a lighter shade, as in painting or drawing. 6. (Mus.) A diatonic ascending or descending succession of chords.

Gra•da´tion, v. t. To form with gradations. [R.]

Gra•da´tion•al , a. By regular steps or gradations; of or pertaining to gradation.

Grad´a•to•ry , a. [See Grade.] 1. Proceeding step by step, or by gradations; gradual. “Could we have seen [Macbeth’s] crimes darkening on their progress … could this gradatory apostasy have been shown us.” A. Seward. 2. (Zoöl.) Suitable for walking; — said of the limbs of an animal when adapted for walking on land.

Grad´a•to•ry, n. [Cf. LL. gradatarium.] (Arch.) A series of steps from a cloister into a church.

Grade , n. [F. grade, L. gradus step, pace, grade, from gradi to step, go. Cf. Congress, Degree, Gradus.] 1. A step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing; as grades of military rank; crimes of every grade; grades of flour. “They also appointed and removed, at their own pleasure,
teachers of every grade.” Buckle. 2. In a railroad or highway: (a) The rate of ascent or descent; gradient; deviation from a level surface to an inclined plane; — usually stated as so many feet per mile, or as one foot rise or fall in so many of horizontal distance; as a heavy grade; a grade of twenty feet per mile, or of 1 in 264. (b) A graded ascending, descending, or level portion of a road; a gradient. 3. (Stock Breeding) The result of crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the crossbreed have more than three fourths of the better blood, it is called high grade. At grade, on the same level; — said of the crossing of a railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they are on the same level at the point of crossing. — Down grade, a descent, as on a graded railroad. — Up grade, an ascent, as on a graded railroad. — Equating for grades. See under Equate. — Grade crossing, a crossing at grade.

Grade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grading.] 1. To arrange in order, steps, or degrees, according to size, quality, rank, etc. 2. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive ascent, as the line of a canal or road. 3. (Stock Breeding) To cross with some better breed; to improve the blood of.

Grade´ly, a. [Cf. AS. grad grade, step, order, fr. L. gradus. See Grade.] Decent; orderly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — adv. Decently; in order. [Prov. Eng.]

Grad´er , n. One who grades, or that by means of which grading is done or facilitated.

Gra´di•ent , a. [L. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi to step, to go. See Grade.] 1. Moving by steps; walking; as gradient automata. Wilkins. 2. Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination; as the gradient line of a railroad. 3. Adapted for walking, as the feet of certain birds.

Gra´di•ent, n. 1. The rate of regular or graded ascent or descent in a road; grade. 2. A part of a road which slopes upward or downward; a portion of a way not level; a grade. 3. The rate of increase or decrease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which represents it; as a thermometric gradient. Gradient post, a post or stake indicating by its height or by marks on it the grade of a railroad, highway, or embankment, etc., at that spot. { Gra´din , Gra•dine´ ,} n. [F. gradin, dim. of grade. See Grade.] (Arch.) Any member like a step, as the raised back of an altar or the like; a set raised over another. ´The gradines of the amphitheeater.´ Layard.

Gra•dine´ , n. [F. gradine.] A toothed chised by sculptors.

Grad´ing , n. The act or method of arranging in or by grade, or of bringing, as the surface of land or a road, to the desired level or grade.

Gra•di´no , n.; pl. Gradinos (#). [It.] (Arch.) A step or raised shelf, as above a sideboard or altar. Cf. Superaltar, and Gradin.

Grad´u•al´ a. [Cf; F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Gradual, n.] Proceeding by steps or degrees; advancing, step by step, as in ascent or descent or from one state to another; regularly progressive; slow; as a gradual increase of knowledge; a gradual decline. “Creatures animate with gradual life
Of growth, sense, reason, all summed up in man.” Milton.

Grad´u•al, n. [LL. graduale a gradual (in sense 1), fr. L. gradus step: cf. F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Grail a gradual.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An antiphon or responsory after the epistle, in the Mass, which was sung on the steps, or while the deacon ascended the steps. (b) A service book containing the musical portions of the Mass. 2. A series of steps. [Obs.] Dryden.

Grad´u•al´i•ty , n. The state of being gradual; gradualness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Grad´u•al•ly , adv. 1. In a gradual manner. 2. In degree. [Obs.] “Human reason doth not only gradually, but specifically, differ from the fantastic reason of brutes.” Grew.

Grad´u•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being gradual; regular progression or gradation; slowness. “The gradualness of this movement.” M. Arnold. “The gradualness of growth is a characteristic which strikes the simplest observer.” H. Drummond.

Grad´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graduated p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating .] [Cf. F. graduer. See Graduate, n., Grade.] 1. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc. 2. To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as he was graduated at Yale College. 3. To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by degrees or to a certain degree; to determine the degrees of; as to graduate the heat of an oven. “Dyers advance and graduate their colors with salts.” Browne. 4. (Chem.) To bring to a certain degree of consistency, by evaporation, as a fluid. Graduating engine, a dividing engine. See Dividing engine, under Dividing.

Grad´u•ate, v. i. 1. To pass by degrees; to change gradually; to shade off; as sandstone which graduates into gneiss; carnelian sometimes graduates into quartz. 2. (Zoöl.) To taper, as the tail of certain birds. 3. To take a degree in a college or university; to become a graduate; to receive a diploma. “He graduated at Oxford.” Latham. “He was brought to their bar and asked where he had graduated.” Macaulay.

Grad´u•ate , n. [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade. See Grade, n.] 1. One who has received an academical or professional degree; one who has completed the prescribed course of study in any school or institution of learning. 2. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists. See under Graduated.

Grad´u•ate, a. [See Graduate, n. & v.] Arranged by successive steps or degrees; graduated. “Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate
and subordinate stages.” Tatham.

Grad´u•a´ted , a. 1. Marked with, or divided into, degrees; divided into grades. 2. (Zoöl.) Tapered; — said of a bird’s tail when the outer feathers are shortest, and the others successively longer. Graduated tube, bottle, cap, or glass, a vessel, usually of glass, having horizontal marks upon its sides, with figures, to indicate the amount of the contents at the several levels. — Graduated spring (Railroads), a combination of metallic and rubber springs.

Grad´u•ate•ship, n. State of being a graduate. Milton.

Grad´u•a´tion , n. [LL. graduatio promotion to a degree: cf. F. graduation division into degrees.] 1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird’s tail, etc. 2. The marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity; a scale. 3. The exposure of a liquid in large surfaces to the air, so as to hasten its evaporation.

Grad´u•a´tor , n. 1. One who determines or indicates graduation; as a graduator of instruments. 2. An instrument for dividing any line, right or curve, into small, regular intervals. 3. An apparatus for diffusing a solution, as brine or vinegar, over a large surface, for exposure to the air.

Gra´dus , n. [From L. gradus ad Parnassum a step to Parnassus.] A dictionary of prosody, designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry. “He set to work … without gradus or other help.” T. Hughes.

Graf , n. [G. Cf. -grave.] A German title of nobility, equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. See Earl.

Graff , n. [OE. grafe, greife, greive. Cf. Margrave.] A steward; an overseer. “[A prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ.” John Knox.

Graff n. & v. See Graft.

Graff´age , n. [Cf. Grave, n.] The scarp of a ditch or moat. ´To clean the graffages.´ Miss Mitford.

Graf´fer , n. [See Greffier.] (Law.) a notary or scrivener. Bouvier.

Graf•fi´ti , n. pl. [It., pl. of graffito scratched] Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii.

Graft , n. [OE. graff, F. greffe, originally the same word as OF. grafe pencil, L. graphium, Gr. , , fr. to write; prob. akin to E. carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Cf. Graphic, Grammar.] (a) A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree, the stock of which is to support and nourish it. The two unite and become one tree, but the graft determines the kind of fruit. (b) A branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot. (c) (Surg.) A portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty.

Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grafting.] [F. greffer. See Graft, n.] 1. To insert (a graft) in a branch or stem of another tree; to propagate by insertion in another stock; also to insert a graft upon. [Formerly written graff.] 2. (Surg.) To implant a portion of (living flesh or akin) in a lesion so as to form an organic union. 3. To join (one thing) to another as if by grafting, so as to bring about a close union. “And graft my love immortal on thy fame !” Pope. 4. (Naut.) To cover, as a ring bolt, block strap, splicing, etc., with a weaving of small cord or rope- yarns.

Graft, v. i. To insert scions from one tree, or kind of tree, etc., into another; to practice grafting.

Graft´er , n. 1. One who inserts scions on other stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting. 2. An instrument by which grafting is facilitated. 3. The original tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting upon another tree. Shak.

Graft´ing n. 1. (Hort.) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts. 2. (Naut.) The act or method of weaving a cover for a ring, rope end, etc. 3. (Surg.) The transplanting of a portion of flesh or skin to a denuded surface; autoplasty. 4. (Carp.) A scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another. Cleft grafting (Hort.) a method of grafting in which the scion is placed in a cleft or slit in the stock or stump made by sawing off a branch, usually in such a manaer that its bark evenly joins that of the stock. — Crown, or Rind, grafting, a method of grafting which the alburnum and inner bark are separated, and between them is inserted the lower end of the scion cut slantwise. — Saddle grafting, a mode of grafting in which a deep cleft is made in the end of the scion by two sloping cuts, and the end of the stock is made wedge-shaped to fit the cleft in the scion, which is placed upon it saddlewise. — Side grafting, a mode of grafting in which the scion, cut quite across very obliquely, so as to give it the form of a slender wedge, is thrust down inside of the bark of the stock or stem into which it is inserted, the cut side of the scion being next the wood of the stock. — Skin grafting. (Surg.) See Autoplasty. — Splice grafting (Hort.), a method of grafting by cutting the ends of the scion and stock completely across and obliquely, in such a manner that the sections are of the same shape, then lapping the ends so that the one cut surface exactly fits the other, and securing them by tying or otherwise. — Whip grafting, tongue grafting, the same as splice grafting, except that a cleft or slit is made in the end of both scion and stock, in the direction of the grain and in the middle of the sloping surface, forming a kind of tongue, so that when put together, the tongue of each is inserted in the slit of the other. — Grafting scissors, a surgeon’s scissors, used in rhinoplastic operations, etc. — Grafting tool. (a) Any tool used in grafting. (b) A very strong curved spade used in digging canals. — Grafting wax, a composition of rosin, beeswax tallow, etc., used in binding up the wounds of newly grafted trees.

Gra´ham bread´ [From Sylvester Graham, a lecturer on dietetics.] Bread made of unbolted wheat flour. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Gra´ham•ite , n. [See Graham bread.] One who follows the dietetic system of Graham. [U. S.]

Grail , n. [OF. greel, LL. gradale. See Gradual, n.] A book of offices in the Roman Catholic Church; a gradual. [Obs.] T. Warton. “Such as antiphonals, missals, grails, processionals, etc.” Strype.

Grail, n. [OF. graal, greal, greet, F. graal, greal, LL. gradalis, gradale, prob. derived fr. L. crater bowl, mixing vessel, Gr. krath•r. See Crater.] A broad, open dish; a chalice; — only used of the Holy Grail. The Holy Grail, according to some legends of the Middle Ages, was the cup used by our Savior in dispensing the wine at the last supper; and according to others, the platter on which the paschal lamb was served at the last Passover observed by our Lord. This cup, according to the legend, if appoached by any but a perfectly pure and holy person, would be borne away and vanish from the sight. The quest of the Holy Grail was to be undertaken only by a knight who was perfectly chaste in thought, word, and act.

Grail, n. [F. grêle hail, from gres grit, OHG. griex, grioz, G. gries, gravel, grit. See Grit.] Small particles of earth; gravel. [Obs.] “Lying down upon the sandy grail.” Spenser.

Grail (gr&mac;l), n. [Cf. OF. graite slender, F. grête.] One of the small feathers of a hawk.

Graille (gr&mac;l), n. [Cf. F. grêle a sort of file.] A halfround single-cut file or fioat, having one curved face and one straight face, — used by comb makers. Knight.

Grain, v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

Grain (gr&mac;n), n. [F. grain, L. granum, grain, seed, small kernel, small particle. See Corn, and cf. Garner, n., Garnet, Gram the chick-pea, Granule, Kernel.] 1. A single small hard seed; a kernel, especially of those plants, like wheat, whose seeds are used for food. 2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish the chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or the plants themselves; — used collectively. “Storehouses crammed with grain.” Shak. 3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, any minute portion or particle; as a grain of gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc. “I … with a grain of manhood well resolved.” Milton. 4. The unit of the English system of weights; — so called because considered equal to the average of grains taken from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram. 5. A reddish dye made from the coccus insect, or kermes; hence, a red color of any tint or hue, as crimson, scarlet, etc.; sometimes used by the poets as equivalent to Tyrian purple. “All in a robe of darkest grain.” Milton. “Doing as the dyers do, who, having first dipped their silks in colors of less value, then give’ them the last tincture of crimson in grain.” Quoted by Coleridge, preface to Aids to Reflection. 6. The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as marble, sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain. “Hard box, and linden of a softer grain.” Dryden. 7. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, or of the strata in stone, slate, etc. “Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
Infect the sound pine and divert his grain
Tortive and errant from his course of growth.” Shak. 8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any fibrous material. 9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on that side. Knight. 10. pl. The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff. 11. (Bot.) A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock. See Grained, a., 4. 12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.] “Brothers … not united in grain.” Hayward. 13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.] “He cheweth grain and licorice,
To smellen sweet.” Chaucer. Against the grain, against or across the direction of the fibers; hence, against one’s wishes or tastes; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty. Swift. Saintsbury.— A grain of allowance, a slight indulgence or latitude a small allowance. — Grain binder, an attachment to a harvester for binding the grain into sheaves. — Grain colors, dyes made from the coccus or kermes insect. — Grain leather. (a) Dressed horse hides. (b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side for women’s shoes, etc. — Grain moth (Zoöl.), one of several small moths, of the family Tineidae (as Tinea granella and Butalis cerealella), whose larvae devour grain in storehouses. — Grain side (Leather), the side of a skin or hide from which the hair has been removed; — opposed to flesh side. — Grains of paradise, the seeds of a species of amomum. — grain tin, crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with charcoal. — Grain weevil (Zoöl.), a small red weevil (Sitophilus granarius), which destroys stored wheat and other grain, by eating out the interior. — Grain worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grain moth. See grain moth, above. — In grain, of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate; genuine. ´Anguish in grain.´ Herbert. — To dye in grain, to dye of a fast color by means of the coccus or kermes grain [see Grain, n., 5]; hence, to dye firmly; also to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. See under Dye. “The red roses flush up in her cheeks …
Likce crimson dyed in grain.” Spenser. — To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to; to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble.

Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grained (grand); p. pr. & vb. n. Graining.] 1. To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc. 2. To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains. 3. To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).

Grain, v. i. [F. grainer, grener. See Grain, n.] 1. To yield fruit. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To form grains, or to assume a granular form, as the result of crystallization; to granulate.

Grain (gran), n. [See Groin a part of the body.] 1. A branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant. [Obs.] G. Douglas. 2. A tine, prong, or fork. Specifically: (a) One the branches of a valley or of a river. (b) pl. An iron fish spear or harpoon, having four or more barbed points. 3. A blade of a sword, knife, etc. 4. (Founding) A thin piece of metal, used in a mold to steady a core.

Grained (grand), a. 1. Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough. 2. Dyed in grain; ingrained. “Persons lightly dipped, not grained, in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness. ” Sir T. Browne. 3. Painted or stained in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc. 4. (Bot.) Having tubercles or grainlike processes, as the petals or sepals of some flowers.

Grain´er (gran´er), n. 1. An infusion of pigeon’s dung used by tanners to neutralize the effects of lime and give flexibility to skins; — called also grains and bate. 2. A knife for taking the hair off skins. 3. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.; also the brush or tool used in graining.

Grain´field (-feld•), n. A field where grain is grown.

Grain´ing, n. 1. Indentation; roughening; milling, as on edges of coins. Locke. 2. A process in dressing leather, by which the skin is softened and the grain raised. 3. Painting or staining, in imitation of the grain of wood, stone, etc. 4. (Soap Making) The process of separating soap from spent lye, as with salt.

Grain´ing, n. (Zoöl.) A small European fresh-water fish (Leuciscus vulgaris); - - called also dobule, and dace.

Grains (granz), n. pl. 1. See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b). 2. Pigeon’s dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n., 1.

Grain´y (gran´y), a. Resembling grains; granular.

Graip (grap), n. [Perh. akin to grope, gripe.] A dungfork. [Scot.] Burns.

Graith (grath), v. t. [Obs.] See Greith. Chaucer.

Graith, n. Furniture; apparatus or accouterments for work, traveling, war, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Gra´kle (grak´’l), n. (Zoöl.) See Grackle.

Gral´lae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, for gradulae, fr. gradus. See Grade.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds which formerly included all the waders. By later writers it is usually restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms; — called also Grallatores.

Gral´la•to´res , n. pl. [NL. from L. grallator one who runs on stilts.] (Zo\94l.) See Grallae.

Gral•la•to´ri•al , Gral´la•to•ry , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallatores, or waders.

Gral´lic , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Grallae.

Gral´line (lin), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallae.

Gral´loch , n. Offal of a deer. — v. t. To remove the offal from (a deer).

-gram [Gr. ? a thing drawn or written, a letter, fr. gra•fein to draw, write. See Graphic.] A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a drawing, writing; — as monogram, telegram, chronogram.

Gram , a. [AS. gram; akin to E. grim. rad.35.] Angry. [Obs.] Havelok, the Dane.

Gram, n. [Pg. gr?o grain. See Grain.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of the chick- pea (Cicer arietinum) and its seeds; also other similar seeds there used for food.

Gram , Gramme , n. [F. gramme, from Gr. ? that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr. ? to write. See Graphic.] The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain, n., 4. Gram degree, or Gramme degree (Physics), a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. — Gram equivalent (Electrolysis), that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen.

Gra´ma grass [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.) The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya.

Gram´a•rye , n. [OE. gramer, grameri, gramori, grammar, magic, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire. See Grammar.] Necromancy; magic. Sir W. Scott.

Gra•mash´es , n. pl. [See Gamashes.] Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings. “Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth.” Sir W. Scott.

Grame , n. [See Gram, a.] 1. Anger; wrath; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Sorrow; grief; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gra•mer´cy , interj. [F. grand- merci. See Grand, and Mercy.] A word formerly used to express thankfulness, with surprise; many thanks. “Gramercy, Mammon, said the gentle knight.” Spenser.

Gram´i•na´ceous , a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the grasses; gramineous; as graminaceous plants.

Gra•min´e•al , a. Gramineous.

Gra•min´e•ous , a. [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, graminis, grass.] (Bot.) Like, Or pertaining to, grass. See Grass, n., 2.

Gram´i•ni•fo´li•ous , a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Bearing leaves resembling those of grass.

Gram´i•niv´o•rous , a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding or subsisting on grass, and the like food; — said of horses, cattle, and other animals.

Gram´ma•logue (gram´ma•log), n. [Gr. gra•mma letter + lo•gos word. Cf. Logogram.] (Phonography) Literally, a letter word; a word represented by a logogram; as it, represented by |, that is, t. Pitman.

Gram´mar , n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr , fem. of skilled in grammar, fr. letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical, Gramarye.] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one another; the art concerned with the right use and application of the rules of a language, in speaking or writing. The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence. Bain. 2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage; speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar. “The original bad grammar and bad spelling.” Macaulay. 3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing. 4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as a grammar of geography. Comparative grammar, the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms. — Grammar school. (a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities; as the famous Rugby Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States. “When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred
families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University.” Mass. Records (1647). (b) In the American system of graded common schools an intermediate grade between the primary school and the high school, in which the principles of English grammar are taught.

Gram´mar, v. i. To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gram•ma´ri•an , n. [Cf. F. grammairien.] 1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a philologist. ´The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of honorable distinction for all who were considered learned in any art or faculty whatever.´ Brande & C. 2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar.

Gram•ma´ri•an•ism , n. The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians. [R.]

Gram´mar•less , a. Without grammar.

Gram´mates , n. pl. [From Gr. letters, written rules.] Rudiments; first principles, as of grammar. [Obs.] Ford.

Gram•mat´ic , a. Grammatical.

Gram•mat´ic•al , a. [L. grammaticus, grammaticalis; Gr. skilled in grammar, knowing one’s letters, from a letter: cf. F. grammatical. See Grammar.] 1. Of or pertaining to grammar; of the nature of grammar; as a grammatical rule. 2. According to the rules of grammar; grammatically correct; as the sentence is not grammatical; the construction is not grammatical. —Gram•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Gram•mat´ic•al•ness, n.

Gram•mat´icas´ter , n. [LL.] A petty grammarian; a grammatical pedant or pretender. “My noble Neophite, my little grammaticaster.” B. Jonson.

Gram•mat´i•ca´tion , n. A principle of grammar; a grammatical rule. [Obs.] Dalgarno.

Gram•mat´i•cism , n. A point or principle of grammar. Abp. Leighton.

Gram•mat´i•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grammaticized p. pr. & vb. n. Grammaticizing ] To render grammatical. Fuller.

Gram´ma•tist , n. [L. grammatista schoolmaster, Gr. , from to teach the letters, to be a scribe: cf. F. grammatiste. See Grammatical.] A petty grammarian. [R] Tooke.

Gramme , n. Same as Gram the weight.

Gramme´ ma•chine´ (Elec.) A kind of dynamo-electric machine; — so named from its French inventor, M. Gramme. Knight.

Gram´pus , n.; pl. Grampuses (#). [Probably corrupted from It. gran pesce great fish, or Sp. gran pez, or Pg. gran peixe, all fr. L. grandis piscis. See Grand, and Fish. the animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) A toothed delphinoid cetacean, of the genus Grampus, esp. G. griseus of Europe and America, which is valued for its oil. It grows to be fifteen to twenty feet long; its color is gray with white streaks. Called also cowfish. The California grampus is G. Stearnsii. 2. A kind of tongs used in a bloomery. [U.S.] { Gra•nade´ , Gra•na´do } n. See Grenade.

Gran•a•dil´la , n. [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate. See Grenade, Garnet.] (Bot.) The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child’s head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

Gran´a•ry , n.; pl. Granaries (#). [L. granarium, fr. granum grain. See Garner.] A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after it is thrashed or husked; a cornhouse; also (Fig.), a region fertile in grain. “The exhaustless granary of a world.” Thomson.

Gran´ate , n. See Garnet.

Gra•na´tin , n. [L. granatum the pomegranate.] (Chem.) Mannite; — so called because found in the pomegranate.

Gran´a•tite , n. See Staurolite.

Grand , a. [Compar. Grander superl. Grandest.] [OE. grant, grount, OF. grant, F. grand, fr. L. grandis; perh. akin to gravis heavy, E. grave, a. Cf. Grandee.] 1. Of large size or extent; great; extensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; principal; as a grand mountain; a grand army; a grand mistake. ´Our grand foe, Satan.´ Milton. “Making so bold … to unseal
Their grand commission.” Shak. 2. Great in size, and fine or imposing in appearance or impression; illustrious, dignifled, or noble (said of persons); majestic, splendid, magnificent, or sublime (said of things); as a grand monarch; a grand lord; a grand general; a grand view; a grand conception. “They are the highest models of expression, the unapproached
masters of the grand style.” M. Arnold. 3. Having higher rank or more dignity, size, or importance than other persons or things of the same name; as a grand lodge; a grand vizier; a grand piano, etc. 4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of parentage or descent; — generalIy used in composition; as grandfather, grandson, grandchild, etc. “What cause
Mov’d our grand parents, in that happy state,
Favor’d of Heaven so highly, to fall off
From their Creator.” Milton. Grand action, a pianoforte action, used in grand pianos, in which special devices are employed to obtain perfect action of the hammer in striking and leaving the string. — Grand Army of the Republic, an organized voluntary association of men who served in the Union army or navy during the civil war in the United States. The order has chapters, called Posts, throughout the country. — Grand cross. (a) The highest rank of knighthood in the Order of the Bath. (b) A knight grand cross. — Grand cordon, the cordon or broad ribbon, identified with the highest grade in certain honorary orders; hence, a person who holds that grade. — Grand days (Eng. Law), certain days in the terms which are observed as holidays in the inns of court and chancery (Candlemas Ascension, St. John Baptist’s, and All Saints’ Days); called also Dies non juridici. — Grand duchess. (a) The wife or widow of a grand duke. (b) A lady having the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. (c) In Russia, a daughter of the Czar. — Grand duke. (a) A sovereign duke, inferior in rank to a king; as the Grand Duke of Tuscany. (b) In Russia, a son of the Czar. (c) (Zoöl.) The European great horned owl or eagle owl (Bubo maximas). — Grand- guard, or Grandegarde, a piece of plate armor used in tournaments as an extra protection for the left shoulder and breast. — Grand juror, a member of a grand jury. — Grand jury (Law), a jury of not less than twelve men, and not more than twenty-three, whose duty it is, in private session, to examine into accusations against persons charged with crime, and if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment against them, to be presented to the court; — called also grand inquest. — Grand juryman, a grand juror. — Grand larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. — Grand lodge, the chief lodge, or governing body, among Freemasons and other secret orders. — Grand master. (a) The head of one of the military orders of knighthood, as the Templars, Hospitallers, etc. (b) The head of the order of Freemasons or of Good Templars, etc. — Grand paunch, a glutton or gourmand. [Obs.] Holland. — Grand pensionary. See under Pensionary. — Grand piano (Mus.), a large piano, usually harp-shaped, in which the wires or strings are generally triplicated, increasing the power, and all the mechanism is introduced in the most effective manner, regardless of the size of the instrument. — Grand relief (Sculp.), alto relievo. — Grand Seignior. See under Seignior. — Grand stand, the principal stand, or erection for spectators, at a, race course, etc. — Grand vicar (Eccl.), a principal vicar; an ecclesiastical delegate in France. — Grand vizier. See under Vizier. Syn. — Magnificent; sublime; majestic; dignified; elevated; stately; august; pompous; lofty; eralted; noble. — Grand, Magnificent, Sublime. Grand, in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty; magnificent is applied to anything which is imposing from its splendor; sublime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an overhanging precipice is sublime. ´Grandeur admits of degrees and modifications; but magnificence is that which has already reached the highest degree of superiority naturally belonging to the object in question.´ Crabb.

Gran´dam , n. [F. grande, fem. of grand + dame. See Grand, and Dame.] An old woman; specifically, a grandmother. Shak.

Grand´aunt´ , n. [Cf. F. grand’tante.] The aunt of one’s father or mother.

Grand´child´ , n. A son’s or daughter’s child; a child in the second degree of descent.

Grand´daugh´ter , n. The daughter of one’s son or daughter.

Grand´-du´cal , a. Of or pertaining to a grand duke. H. James.

Gran•dee´ , n. [Sp. grande. See Grand.] A man of elevated rank or station; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who may be covered in the king’s presence.

Gran•dee´ship, n. The rank or estate of a grandee; lordship. H. Swinburne.

Gran´deur , n. [F., fr. grand. See Grand.] The state or quality of being grand; vastness; greatness; splendor; magnificence; stateliness; sublimity; dignity; elevation of thought or expression; nobility of action. “Nor doth this grandeur and majestic show
Of luxury … allure mine eye.” Milton. Syn. — Sublimity; majesty; stateliness; augustness; loftiness. See Sublimity.

Gran•dev´i•ty , n. [L. grandaevitas.] Great age; long life. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Gran•de´vous , a. [L. grandaevus; grandig grand+ aevum lifetime, age.] Of great age; aged; longlived. [R.] Bailey.

Grand´fa´ther , n. A father’s or mother’s father; an ancestor in the next degree above the father or mother in lineal ascent. Grandfather longlegs. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs.

Grand´fa´ther•ly, a. Like a grandfather in age or manner; kind; benignant; indulgent. “He was a grandfatherly sort of personage.” Hawthorne.

Gran•dif´ic , a. [L. grandificus; grandis grand + facere to make.] Making great. [R.] Bailey.

Gran•dil´o•quence , n. The use of lofty words or phrases; bombast; — usually in a bad sense. “The sin of grandiloquence or tall talking.” Thackeray,

Gran•dil´o•quent , a. [L. grandis grand + logui to speak.] Speaking in a lofty style; pompous; bombastic.

Gran•dil´o•quous , a. [L. grandiloquus; grandis grand + loqui to apeak.] Grandiloquent.

Gran´di•nous , a. [L. grandinosus, fr. qrando, grandinis, hail.] Consisting of hail; abounding in hail. [R.] Bailey.

Gran´di•ose´ , a. [F. grandiose, It. grandioso. See Grand.] 1. Impressive or elevating in effect; imposing; splendid; striking; — in a good sense. “The tone of the parts was to be perpetually kept down in order not to impair the grandiose effect of the whole.” M. Arnold. “The grandiose red tulips which grow wild.” C. Kingsley. 2. Characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor; flaunting; turgid; bombastic; — in a bad sense; as a grandiose style.

Gran´di•os´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. grandiosite, It. grandiosità .] The state or quality of being grandiose,

Grand´i•ty , n. [L. granditas: cf. OF. granite. See Grand.] Grandness. [Obs.] Camden.

Grand´ly, adv. In a grand manner. { Grand´ma´ , Grand´mam•ma´ } n. A grandmother.

Grand´ mer´cy See Gramercy. [Obs.]

Grand´moth´er , n. The mother of one’s father or mother.

Grand´moth´er•ly, a. Like a grandmother in age or manner; kind; indulgent.

Grand´neph´ew , n. The grandson of one’s brother or sister.

Grand´ness, n. Grandeur. Wollaston.

Grand´niece´ , n. The granddaughter of one’s brother or sister. { Grand´pa´ , Grand´pa•pa´ } n. A grandfather.

Grand´sire´ , n. [OF. grantsire. See Grand, and Sire.] Specifically, a grandfather; more generally, any ancestor.

Grand´son´ , n. A son’s or daughter’s son.

Grand´un´cle , n. [Cf. F. grand- oncle.] A father’s or mother’s uncle.

Grane , v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

Grange , n. [F. grange barn, LL. granea, from L. granum grain. See Grain a kernel.] 1. A building for storing grain; a granary. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A farmhouse, with the barns and other buildings for farming purposes. “And eke an officer out for to ride,
To see her granges and her bernes wide.” Chaucer. “Nor burnt the grange, nor bussed the milking maid.” Tennyson. 3. A farmhouse of a monastery, where the rents and tithes, paid in grain, were deposited. [Obs.] 4. A farm; generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbors. 5. An association of farmers, designed to further their interests, and particularly to bring producers and consumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct commercial relations, without intervention of middlemen or traders. The first grange was organized in 1867. [U. S.]

Gran´ger , n. 1. A farm steward. [Obs.] 2. A member of a grange. [U. S.]

Gran´ger•ism , n. [So called from the Rev. James Granger, whose ´Biographical History of England´ (1769) was a favorite book for illustration in this manner.] The practice of illustrating a particular book by engravings collected from other books.

Gran´ger•ite , n. One who collects illustrations from various books for the decoration of one book.

Gran´ger•ize , v. t. & i. To collect (illustrations from books) for decoration of other books. G. A. Sala.

Gra•nif´er•ous , a. [L. qranifer; granum grain + ferre to bear: cf. F. granifère.] Bearing grain, or seeds like grain. Humble.

Gran´i•form , a. [L. granum grain + -form; cf. F. graniforme.] Formed like of corn.

Gra•nil´la , n. [Sp., small seed.] Small grains or dust of cochineal or the coccus insect.

Gran´ite , n. [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, p. p. of granire to make grainy, fr. L. granum grain; cf. F. granit. See Grain.] (Geol.) A crystalline, granular rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and usually of a whitish, grayish, or flesh-red color. It differs from gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefore in being destitute of a schistose structure. Varieties containing hornblende are common. See also the Note under Mica. Gneissoid granite, granite in which the mica has traces of a regular arrangement. — Graphic granite, granite consisting of quartz and feldspar without mica, and having the quartz crystals so arranged in the transverse section like oriental characters. — Porphyritic granite, granite containing feldspar in distinct crystals. — Hornblende granite, or Syenitic granite, granite containing hornblende as well as mica, or, according to some authorities hornblende replacing the mica. — Granite ware. (a) A kind of stoneware. (b) A Kind of ironware, coated with an enamel resembling granite.

Gran´ite State. New Hampshire; — a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Gra•nit´ic , a. [Cf. F. granitique.] 1. Like granite in composition, color, etc.; having the nature of granite; as granitic texture. 2. Consisting of granite; as granitic mountains.

Gra•nit´ic•al , a. Granitic.

Gra•nit•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Granite + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act or the process of forming into granite. Humble.

Gra•nit´i•form , a. [Granite + -form.] (Geol.) Resembling granite in structure or shape.

Gran´i•toid , a. [Granite + -oid: cf. F. granitoïde.] Resembling granite in granular appearance; as granitoid gneiss; a granitoid pavement.

Gra•niv´o•rous , a. [L. granum grain + vorare to devour: cf. F. granivore.] Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds; as granivorous birds. Gay.

Gran´nam , n. A grandam. [Colloq.]

Gran´ny , n. A grandmother; a grandam; familiarly, an old woman. Granny’s bend, or Granny’s knot (Naut.), a kind of insecure knot or hitch; a reef knot crossed the wrong way.

Gran•o•lith´ic , n. [L. granum a grain (or E. granite) + -lith + -ic.] A kind of hard artificial stone, used for pavements.

Grant , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granted; p. pr. & vb. n. Granting.] [OE. graunten, granten, OF. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, yield, LL. creantare to promise, assure, for (assumed LL.) credentare to make believe, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere to believe. See Creed, Credit.] 1. To give over; to make conveyance of; to give the possession or title of; to convey; — usually in answer to petition. “Grant me the place of this threshing floor.” 1 Chrcn. xxi. 22. 2. To bestow or confer, with or without compensation, particularly in answer to prayer or request; to give. “Wherefore did God grant me my request.” Milton. 3. To admit as true what is not yet satisfactorily proved; to yield belief to; to allow; to yield; to concede. “Grant that the Fates have firmed by their decree.” Dryden. Syn.— To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; allow; concede. See Give.

Grant, v. i. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grant, n. [OE. grant, graunt, OF. graant, creant, promise, assurance. See Grant, v. t.] 1. The act of granting; a bestowing or conferring; concession; allowance; permission. 2. The yielding or admission of something in dispute. 3. The thing or property granted; a gift; a boon. 4. (Law) A transfer of property by deed or writing; especially, au appropriation or conveyance made by the government; as a grant of land or of money; also the deed or writing by which the transfer is made. Formerly, in English law, the term was specifically applied to transfrrs of incorporeal hereditaments, expectant estates, and letters patent from government and such is its present application in some of the United States. But now, in England the usual mode of transferring realty is by grant; and so, in some of the United States, the term grant is applied to conveyances of every kind of real property. Bouvier. Burrill.

Grant´a•ble , a. Capable of being granted.

Gran•tee´ , n. (Law) The person to whom a grant or conveyance is made. “His grace will not survive the poor grantee he despises.” Burke.

Grant´er , n. One who grants.

Grant´or , n. (Law) The person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.

Gran´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. granulaire. See Granule.] Consisting of, or resembling, grains; as a granular substance. Granular limestone, crystalline limestone, or marble, having a granular structure.

Gran´u•lar•ly , adv. In a granular form.

Gran´u•la•ry , a. Granular.

Gran´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granulated p. pr. & vb. n. Granulating ] [See Granule.] 1. To form into grains or small masses; as to granulate powder, sugar, or metal. 2. To raise in granules or small asperities; to make rough on the surface.

Gran´u•late, v. i. To collect or be formed into grains; as cane juice granulates into sugar. { Gran´u•late , Gran´u•la•ted } a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, grains; crystallized in grains; granular; as granulated sugar. 2. Having numerous small elevations, as shagreen. Granulated steel, a variety of steel made by a particular process beginning with the granulation of pig iron.

Gran•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. granulation.] 1. The act or process of forming or crystallizing into grains; as the granulation of powder and sugar. 2. The state of being granulated. 3. (Med.) (a) One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), and are the efficient agents in the process of healing. (b) The act or process of the formation of such prominences.

Gran´ule , n. [L. granulum, dim. of granum grain: cf. F. granule. See Grain a kernel.] A little grain a small particle; a pellet.

Gran•u•lif´er•ous , a. [Granule + -ferous.] Full of granulations.

Gra•nu´li•form , a. [Granule + -form.] (Min.) Having a granular structure; granular; as granuliform limestone.

Gran´u•lite , n. [From Granule.] (Geol.) A whitish, granular rock, consisting of feldspar and quartz intimately mixed; — sometimes called whitestone, and leptynite.

Gran´u•lose , n. [From Granule.] (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. Unlike cellulose, it is colored blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments.

Gran´u•lous , a. [Cf. F. granuleux.] Full of grains; abounding with granular substances; granular.

Grape , n. [OF. grape, crape, bunch or cluster of grapes, F. grappe, akin to F. grappin grapnel, hook; fr. OHG. chrapfo hook, G. krapfen, akin to E. cramp. The sense seems to have come from the idea of clutching. Cf. Agraffe, Cramp, Grapnel, Grapple.] 1. (Bot.) A well-known edible berry growing in pendent clusters or bunches on the grapevine. The berries are smooth-skinned, have a juicy pulp, and are cultivated in great quantities for table use and for making wine and raisins. 2. (Bot.) The plant which bears this fruit; the grapevine. 3. (Man.) A mangy tumor on the leg of a horse. 4. (Mil.) Grapeshot. Grape borer. (Zoöl.) See Vine borer. — Grape curculio (Zoöl.), a minute black weevil (Craponius inaequalis) which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes. — Grape flower, or Grape hyacinth (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Muscari racemosum) with small blue globular flowers in a dense raceme. — Grape fungus (Bot.), a fungus (Oidium Tuckeri) on grapevines; vine mildew. — Grape hopper (Zoöl.), a small yellow and red hemipterous insect, often very injurious to the leaves of the grapevine. — Grape moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Eudemis botrana), which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes, and often binds them together with silk. — Grape of a cannon, the cascabel or knob at the breech. — Grape sugar. See Glucose. — Grape worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grape moth. — Sour grapes, things which persons affect to despise because they can not possess them; — in allusion to AEsop’s fable of the fox and the grapes.

Grape´ fruit. The shaddock.

Grape´less, a. Wanting grapes or the flavor of grapes.

Grap´er•y , n. A building or inclosure used for the cultivation of grapes.

Grape´shot , n. (Mil.) A cluster, usually nine in number, of small iron balls, put together by means of cast-iron circular plates at top and bottom, with two rings, and a central connecting rod, in order to be used as a charge for a cannon. Formerly grapeshot were inclosed in canvas bags.

Grape´stone , n. A seed of the grape.

Grape´vine , n. (Bot.) A vine or climbing shrub, of the genus Vitis, having small green flowers and lobed leaves, and bearing the fruit called grapes. The common grapevine of the Old World is Vitis vinifera, and is a native of Central Asia. Another variety is that yielding small seedless grapes commonly called Zante currants. The northern Fox grape of the United States is the V. Labrusca, from which, by cultivation, has come the Isabella variety. The southern Fox grape, or Muscadine, is the V. vulpina. The Frost grape is V. cordifolia, which has very fragrant flowers, and ripens after the early frosts.

-graph (-graf) [From Gr. gra•fein to write. See Graphic.] A suffix signifying something written, a writing; also a writer; as autograph, crystograph, telegraph, photograph. { Graph´ic (graf´ik), Graph´ic•al (-i•kal) }, a. [L. graphicus, Gr. grafiko•s, fr. gra•fein to write; cf. F. graphique. See Graft.] 1. Of or pertaining to the arts of painting and drawing. 2. Of or pertaining to the art of writing. 3. Written or engraved; formed of letters or lines. “The finger of God hath left an inscription upon all his works, not graphical, or composed of letters.” Sir T. Browne. 4. Well delineated; clearly and vividly described. 5. Having the faculty of, or characterized by, clear and impressive description; vivid; as a graphic writer. Graphic algebra, a branch of algebra in which, the properties of equations are treated by the use of curves and straight lines. — Graphic arts, a name given to those fine arts which pertain to the representation on a flat surface of natural objects; as distinguished from music, etc., and also from sculpture. — Graphic formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. — Graphic granite. See under Granite. — Graphic method, the method of scientific analysis or investigation, in which the relations or laws involved in tabular numbers are represented to the eye by means of curves or other figures; as the daily changes of weather by means of curves, the abscissas of which represent the hours of the day, and the ordinates the corresponding degrees of temperature. — Graphical statics (Math.), a branch of statics, in which the magnitude, direction, and position of forces are represented by straight lines — Graphic tellurium. See Sylvanite.>

Graph´ic•al•ly , adv. In a graphic manner; vividly. { Graph´ic•ness , Graph´ic•al•ness } n. The quality or state of being graphic.

Graph´ics , n. The art or the science of drawing; esp. of drawing according to mathematical rules, as in perspective, projection, and the like.

Graph´i•scope , n. See Graphoscope.

Graph´ite , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write: cf. F. graphite. See Graphic.] (Min.) Native carbon in hexagonal crystals, also foliated or granular massive, of black color and metallic luster, and so soft as to leave a trace on paper. It is used for pencils (improperly called lead pencils), for crucibles, and as a lubricator, etc. Often called plumbago or black lead. Graphite battery (Elec.), a voltaic battery consisting of zinc and carbon in sulphuric acid, or other exciting liquid.

Gra•phit´ic , a. Pertaining to, containing, derived from, or resembling, graphite. Graphitic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, so called because obtained by the oxidation of graphite; — usually called mellitic acid. — Graphitic carbon, in iron or steel, that portion of the carbon which is present as graphite. Raymond. { Graph´i•toid , Graph´i•toid´al } a. Resembling graphite or plumbago.

Graph´o•lite , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + -lite: cf. F. grapholithe.] Any species of slate suitable to be written on.

Gra•phol´o•gy (gra•fol´o•jy), n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + - logy: cf. F. graphologie.] The art of judging of a person’s character, disposition, and aptitude from his handwriting.

Graph´o•scope , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + -scope.] An optical instrument for magnifying engravings, photographs, etc., usually having one large lens and two smaller ones.

Graph´o•type , n. [Gr. gra•fein to write + -type.] (Engraving) A process for producing a design upon a surface in relief so that it can be printed from. Prepared chalk or oxide of zinc is pressed upon a smooth plate by a hydraulic press, and the design is drawn upon this in a peculiar ink which hardens the surface wherever it is applied. The surface is then carefully rubbed or brushed, leaving the lines in relief.

-gra•phy [Gr. , fr. write. See Graphic.] A suffix denoting the art of writing or describing; also the writing or description itself; a treatise; as calligraphy, biography, geography.

Grap´nel , n. [OE. grapenel, dim. fr. F. grappin the grapple of a ship; of German origin. See Grape.] (Naut.) A small anchor, with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels; hence, any instrument designed to grapple or hold; a grappling iron; a grab; — written also grapline, and crapnel.

Grap´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grappled p. pr. & vb. n. Grappling ] [F. grappiller, OF. graypil the grapple of a ship, fr. graper to pluck, prop., to seize, clutch; of German origin. See Grape.] 1. To seize; to lay fast hold of; to attack at close quarters: as to grapple an antagonist. 2. To fasten, as with a grapple; to fix; to join indissolubly. “The gallies were grappled to the Centurion.” Hakluyt. “Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel.” Shak.

Grap´ple, v. i. To use a grapple; to contend in close fight; to attach one’s self as if by a grapple, as in wrestling; to close; to seize one another. To grapple with, to enter into contest with, resolutely and courageously. “And in my standard bear the arms of York,
To grapple with the house of Lancaster.” Shak.

Grap´ple, n. [See Grapple, v. t., and cf. Crapple.] 1. A seizing or seizure; close hug in contest; the wrestler’s hold. Milton. 2. (a) An instrument, usually with hinged claws, for seizing and holding fast to an object; a grab. (b) (Naut.) A grappling iron. “The iron hooks and grapples keen.” Spenser. Grapple plant (Bot.), a South African herb (Herpagophytum leptocarpum) having the woody fruits armed with long hooked or barbed thorns by which they adhere to cattle, causing intense annoyance. — Grapple shot (Life-saving Service), a projectile, to which are attached hinged claws to catch in a ship’s rigging or to hold in the ground; - - called also anchor shot.

Grapple•ment , n. A grappling; close fight or embrace. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grap´pling , n. 1. A laying fast ho1d of; also that by which anything is seized and held, a grapnel. 2. A grapple; a struggle. A match for yards in fight, in grappling for the bear. Dryden. Grappling iron, a hooked iron used for grappling and holding fast a vessel or other object. — Grappling tongs, broad-mouthed tongs for gathering oysters.

Grap´soid , a. [NL. Grapsus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the genus Grapsus or the family Grapsidae. — n. A grapsoid crab.

Grap´to•lite , n. [NL, Graptolithus, from Gr. is engraved, written (gra•fein to write) + stone.] (Paleon.) One of numerous species of slender and delicate fossils, of the genus Graptolites and allied genera, found in the Silurian rocks. They belong to an extinct group (Graptolithina) supposed to be hydroids.

Grap´to•lit•ic , a. Of or pertaining to graptolites; containing graptolites; as a graptolitic slate.

Grap´y , a. Composed of, or resembling, grapes. “The grapy clusters.” Addison.

Grasp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grasper p. pr. & vb. n. Qraspine.] [OE. graspen; prob. akin to LG. grupsen, or to E. grope. Cf. Grab, Grope.] 1. To seize and hold by clasping or embracing with the fingers or arms; to catch to take possession of. “Thy hand is made to grasp a palmer’s staff.” Shak. 2. To lay hold of with the mind; to become thoroughly acquainted or conversant with; to comprehend.

Grasp, v. i. To effect a grasp; to make the motion of grasping; to clutch; to struggle; to strive. “As one that grasped And tugged for life and was by strength subdued.” Shak. To grasp at, to catch at; to try to seize; as Alexander grasped at universal empire,

Grasp, n. 1. A gripe or seizure of the hand; a seizure by embrace, or infolding in the arms. ´The grasps of love.´ Shak. 2. Reach of the arms; hence, the power of seizing and holding; as it was beyond his grasp. 3. Forcible possession; hold. “The whole space that’s in the tyrant’s grasp.” Shak. 4. Wide-reaching power of intellect to comprehend subjects and hold them under survey. “The foremost minds of the next … era were not, in power of grasp, equal to their predecessors.” Z. Taylor. 5. The handle of a sword or of an oar.

Grasp´a•ble , a. Capable of being grasped.

Grasp´er , n. One who grasps or seizes; one who catches or holds.

Grasp´ing, a. 1. Seizing; embracing; catching. 2. Avaricious; greedy of gain; covetous; close; miserly; as he is a grasping man. — Grasp´ing•ly, adv. — Grasp´ing•ness, n.

Grasp´less, a. Without a grasp; relaxed. “From my graspless hand Drop friendship’s precious pearls.” Coleridge.

Grass , n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, as graes, gaers; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. graes, Sw. gräs, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. Graze.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts; pasture. 2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks or glumes in pairs, and the seed single. This definition includes wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants. 3. The season of fresh grass; spring. [Colloq.] “Two years old next grass.” Latham. 4. Metaphorically used for what is transitory. “Surely the people is grass.” Is. xl. 7. The following list includes most of the grasses of the United States of special interest, except cereals. Many of these terms will be found with definitions in the Vocabulary. See Illustrations in Appendix. Barnyard grass, for hay. South. Panicum Grus- galli. Bent, pasture and hay. Agrostis, several species. Bermuda grass, pasture. South. Cynodon Dactylon. Black bent. Same as Switch grass (below). Blue bent, hay. North and West. Andropogon provincialis. Blue grass, pasture. Poa compressa. Blue joint, hay. Northwest. Aqropyrum glaucum. Buffalo grass, grazing. Rocky Mts., etc. (a) Buchloë dectyloides. (b) Same as Grama grass (below). Bunch grass, grazing. Far West. Eriocoma, Festuca, Stips, etc. Chess, or Cheat, a weed. Bromus secalinus, etc. Couch grass. Same as Quick grass (below). Crab grass, (a) Hay, in South. A weed, in North. Panicum sanguinale. (b) Pasture and hay. South. Eleusine Indica. Darnel (a) Bearded, a noxious weed. Lolium temulentum. (b) Common. Same as Rye grass (below). Drop seed, fair for forage and hay. Muhlenbergia, several species. English grass. Same as Redtop (below). Fowl meadow grass. (a) Pasture and hay. Poa serotina. (b) Hay, on moist land. Gryceria nervata. Gama grass, cut fodder. South. Tripsacum dactyloides. Grama grass, grazing. West and Pacific slope. Bouteloua oligostachya, etc. Great bunch grass, pasture and hay. Far West. Festuca scabrella. Guinea grass, hay. South. Panicum jumentorum. Herd’s grass, in New England Timothy, in Pennsylvania and South Redtop. Indian grass. Same as Wood grass (below). Italian rye grass, forage and hay. Lolium Italicum. Johnson grass, grazing and hay. South and Southwest. Sorghum Halepense. Kentucky blue grass, pasture. Poa pratensis. Lyme grass, coarse hay. South. Elymus, several species. Manna grass, pasture and hay. Glyceria, several species. Meadow fescue, pasture and hay. Festuca elatior. Meadow foxtail, pasture, hay, lawn. North. Alopecurus pratensis. Meadow grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Poa, several species. Mesquite, or Muskit grass. Same as Grama grass (above). Nimble Will, a kind of drop seed. Muhlenbergia diffsa. Orchard grass, pasture and hay. Dactylis glomerata. Porcupine grass, troublesome to sheep. Northwest. Stipa spartea. Quaking grass, ornamental. Briza media and maxima. Quitch, or Quick, grass, etc., a weed. Agropyrum repens. Ray grass. Same as Rye grass (below). Redtop, pasture and hay. Agrostis vulgaris. Red-topped buffalo grass, forage. Northwest. Poa tenuifolia. Reed canary grass, of slight value. Phalaris arundinacea. Reed meadow grass, hay. North. Glyceria aquatica. Ribbon grass, a striped leaved form of Reed canary grass. Rye grass, pasture, hay. Lolium perenne, var. Seneca grass, fragrant basket work, etc. North. Hierochloa borealis. Sesame grass. Same as Gama grass (above). Sheep’s fescue, sheep pasture, native in Northern Europe and Asia. Festuca ovina. Small reed grass, meadow pasture and hay. North. Deyeuxia Canadensis. Spear grass, Same as Meadow grass (above). Squirrel-tail grass, troublesome to animals. Seacoast and Northwest. Hordeum jubatum. Switch grass, hay, cut young. Panicum virgatum. Timothy, cut young, the best of hay. North. Phleum pratense. Velvet grass, hay on poor soil. South. Holcus lanatus. Vernal grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Wire grass, valuable in pastures. Poa compressa. Wood grass, Indian grass, hay. Chrysopogon nutans. Many plants are popularly called grasses which are not true grasses botanically considered, such as black grass, goose grass, star grass, etc. Black grass, a kind of small rush (Juncus Gerardi), growing in salt marshes, used for making salt hay. — Grass of the Andes, an oat grass, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum of Europe.— Grass of Parnassus, a plant of the genus Parnassia growing in wet ground. The European species is P. palustris; in the United States there are several species. — Grass bass (Zoöl.), the calico bass. — Grass bird, the dunlin. — Grass cloth, a cloth woven from the tough fibers of the grass-cloth plant. — Grass-cloth plant, a perennial herb of the Nettle family (Bœhmeria nivea or Urtica nivea), which grows in Sumatra, China, and Assam, whose inner bark has fine and strong fibers suited for textile purposes. — Grass finch. (Zoöl.) (a) A common American sparrow (Poöcaetes gramineus); — called also vesper sparrow and bay-winged bunting. (b) Any Australian finch, of the genus Poëphila, of which several species are known. — Grass lamb, a lamb suckled by a dam running on pasture land and giving rich milk.— Grass land, land kept in grass and not tilled. — Grass moth (Zoöl.), one of many small moths of the genus Crambus, found in grass. — Grass oil, a fragrant essential volatile oil, obtained in India from grasses of the genus Andropogon, etc.; — used in perfumery under the name of citronella, ginger grass oil, lemon grass oil, essence of verbena etc. — Grass owl (Zoöl.), a South African owl (Strix Capensis). — Grass parrakeet (Zoöl.), any of several species of Australian parrots, of the genus Euphemia; — also applied to the zebra parrakeet. — Grass plover (Zoöl.), the upland or field plover. — Grass poly (Bot.), a species of willowwort (Lythrum Hyssopifolia). Johnson. — Crass quit (Zoöl.), one of several tropical American finches of the genus Euetheia. The males have most of the head and chest black and often marked with yellow. — Grass snake. (Zoöl.) (a) The common English, or ringed, snake (Tropidonotus natrix). (b) The common green snake of the Northern United States. See Green snake, under Green. — Grass snipe (Zoöl.), the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata); — called also jacksnipe in America. — Grass spider (Zoöl.), a common spider (Agelena naevia), which spins flat webs on grass, conspicuous when covered with dew. — Grass sponge (Zoöl.), an inferior kind of commercial sponge from Florida and the Bahamas. — Grass table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. — Grass vetch (Bot.), a vetch (Lathyrus Nissolia), with narrow grasslike leaves. — Grass widow. [Cf. Prov. R. an unmarried mother, G. strohwittwe a mock widow, Sw. gräsenka a grass widow.] (a) An unmarried woman who is a mother. [Obs.] (b) A woman separated from her husband by abandonment or prolonged absence; a woman living apart from her husband. [Slang.] — Grass wrack (Bot.) eelgrass. — To bring to grass (Mining.), to raise, as ore, to the surface of the ground. — To put to grass, To put out to grass, to put out to graze a season, as cattle.

Grass , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grassed p. pr. & vb. n. Grassing.] 1. To cover with grass or with turf. 2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc. 3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as to grass a fish. [Colloq.]

Grass , v. i. To produce grass. [R.] Tusser.

Gras•sa´tion , n. [L. grassatio, from grassari to go about.] A wandering about with evil intentions; a rioting. [Obs. & R.] Feltham.

Grass´-green , a. 1. Green with grass. 2. Of the color of grass; clear and vivid green.

Grass´-grown , a. Overgrown with grass; as a grass-grown road.

Grass´hop•per , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any jumping, orthopterous insect, of the families Acrididae and Locustidae. The species and genera are very numerous. The former family includes the Western grasshopper or locust (Caloptenus spretus), noted for the great extent of its ravages in the region beyond the Mississippi. In the Eastern United States the red-legged (Caloptenus femurrubrum and C. atlanis) are closely related species, but their ravages are less important. They are closely related to the migratory locusts of the Old World. See Locust. The meadow or green grasshoppers belong to the Locustidae. They have long antennae, large ovipositors, and stridulating organs at the base of the wings in the male. The European great green grasshopper (Locusta viridissima) belongs to this family. The common American green species mostly belong to Xiphidium, Orchelimum, and Conocephalus. 2. In ordinary square or upright pianos of London make, the escapement lever or jack, so made that it can be taken out and replaced with the key; — called also the hopper. Grove. Grasshopper engine, a steam engine having a working beam with its fulcrum at one end, the steam cylinder at the other end, and the connecting rod at an intermediate point. — Grasshopper lobster (Zoöl.) a young lobster. [Local, U. S.] — Grasshopper warbler (Zoöl.), cricket bird.

Grass´i•ness , n. [From Grassy.] The state of abounding with grass; a grassy state.

Grass´less, a. Destitute of grass.

Grass´plot , n. A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn. ´Here on this grassplot.´ Shak.

Grass´ tree´ (Bot.) (a) An Australian plant of the genus Xanthorrhœa, having a thick trunk crowned with a dense tuft of pendulous, grasslike leaves, from the center of which arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower spike looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. These plants are often called ´blackboys´ from the large trunks denuded and blackened by fire. They yield two kinds of fragrant resin, called Botany-bay gum, and Gum Acaroides. (b) A similar Australian plant (Kingia australis).

Grass´y a. 1. Covered with grass; abounding with grass; as a grassy lawn. Spenser. 2. Resembling grass; green.

Grate , a. [L. gratus agreeable, grateful: cf. It. & Sp. grato. See Grace, and cf. Agree.] Serving to gratify; agreeable. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Grate, n. [LL. grata, fr. L. crates hurdle; or It. grata, of the same origin. Sae Crate, Hurdle.] 1. A structure or frame containing parallel or crosed bars, with interstices; a kind of latticework, such as is used ia the windows of prisons and cloisters. ´A secret grate of iron bars.´ Shak. 2. A frame or bed, or kind of basket, of iron bars, for holding fuel while burning. Grate surface (Steam, Boiler) the area of the surface of the grate upon which the fuel lies in the furnace.

Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grated; p. pr. &. vb. n. Grating.] To furnish with grates; to protect with a grating or crossbars; as to grate a window.

Grate, v. t. [OF grater to scrape, scratch, F. gratter, LL. gratare, cratare; of German origin; cf. OHG. chrazzon G. kratzen, D. krassen, Sw. Kratta, and perh. E. scratch.] 1. To rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another, causing a harsh sound; as to grate the teeth; to produce (a harsh sound) by rubbing. “On their hinges grate
Harsh thunder.” Milton. 2. To reduce to small particles by rubbing with anything rough or indented; as to grate a nutmeg. 3. To fret; to irritate; to offend. “News, my good lord Rome … grates me.” Shak.

Grate, v. i. 1. To make a harsh sound by friction. “I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned,
Or a dry wheel grate on the exletree.” Shak. 2. To produce the effect of rubbing with a hard rough material; to cause wearing, tearing, or bruising. Hence; To produce exasperation, soreness, or grief; to offend by oppression or importunity. “This grated harder upon the hearts of men.” South. ! p. 647 this page badly done — in need of careful proofing !>

Grat´ed , a. [From 2d Grate.] Furnished with a grate or grating; as grated windows.

Grate´ful , a. [Grate, a. + full; cf. F. gre thanks, good will, fr. L. gratum, neut. of gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] 1. Having a due sense of benefits received; kindly disposed toward one from whom a favor has been received; willing to acknowledge and repay, or give thanks for, benefits; as a grateful heart. “A grateful mind
By owing, owes not, but still pays.” Milton. 2. Affording pleasure; pleasing to the senses; gratifying; delicious; as a grateful present; food grateful to the palate; grateful sleep. “Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine,
And grateful clusters swell.” Pope. Syn. — Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; delightful; delicious. — Grate´ful•ly, adv. — Grate´ful•ness, n.

Grat´er , a. [From Qrate, v.] One who, or that which, grates; especially, an instrument or utensil with a rough, indented surface, for rubbing off small particles of any substance; as a grater for nutmegs.

Gra•tic´u•la´tion , n. [F. graticulation, craticulation, fr. graticuler, craticuler, to square, fr. graticule, craticule, graticule, L. craticula, dim. of crates wickerwork. See 2d Grate.] The division of a design or draught into squares, in order the more easily to reproduce it in larger or smaller dimensions.

Grat´i•cule , n. [F. See Graticulation.] A design or draught which has been divided into squares, in order to reproduce it in other dimensions.

Grat´i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. gratificatio: cf. F. gratification.] 1. The act of gratifying, or pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite; as the gratification of the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the heart. 2. That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; enjoyment; fruition: delight. 3. A reward; a recompense; a gratuity. Bp. Morton.

Grat´i•fied , a. Pleased; indulged according to desire. Syn. — Glad; pleased. See Glad.

Grat´i•fi´er , n. One who gratifies or pleases.

Grat´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gratified (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gratifying (#).] [F. gratifier, L. gratificari; gratus pleasing + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] 1. To please; to give pleasure to; to satisfy; to soothe; to indulge; as to gratify the taste, the appetite, the senses, the desires, the mind, etc. “For who would die to gratify a foe?” Dryden. 2. To requite; to recompense. [Obs.] “It remains …
To gratify his noble service.” Shak. Syn. — To indulge; humor please; delight; requite; recompense. — To Gratify, Indulge, Humor. Gratify, is the generic term, and has reference simply to the pleasure communicated. To indulge a person implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weaknesses which he could not claim, and which had better, perhaps, be spared. To humor is to adapt ourselves to the varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We gratify a child by showing him the sights of a large city; we indulge him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we humor him when he is tired and exacting.

Grat´ing , n. [See 2d Grate.] 1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars; a latticework resembling a window grate; as the grating of a prison or convent. 2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; — called also diffraction grating. 3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a hatch, admitting light and air; also a movable Lattice used for the flooring of boats.
[1913 Webster]

Grat´ing, a. [See Grate to rub harshy.] That grates; making a harsh sound; harsh. — Grat´ing•ly, adv.

Grat´ing, n. A harsh sound caused by attrition.

Gra•ti´o•lin , n. (Chem.) One of the essential principles of the hedge hyssop (Gratiola officinalis).

Gra´tis , adv. [L., contr. fr. gratiis out of favor or kindness, without recompense, for nothing, fr. gratia favor. See Grace.] For nothing; without fee or recompense; freely; gratuitously.

Grat´i•tude , n. [F. gratitude, LL. gratitudo, from gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] The state of being grateful; warm and friendly feeling toward a benefactor; kindness awakened by a favor received; thankfulness. “The debt immense of endless gratitude.” Milton.

Gra•tu´i•tous a. [L. gratuitus, from gratus pleasing. See Grate, a., Gratis.] 1. Given without an equivalent or recompense; conferred without valuable consideration; granted without pay, or without claim or merit; not required by justice. “We mistake the gratuitous blessings of Heaven for the fruits of our own industry.” L’Estrange. 2. Not called for by the circumstances; without reason, cause, or proof; adopted or asserted without any good ground; as a gratuitous assumption. “Acts of gratuitous self- humiliation.” De Quincye. — Gra•tu´i•tous•ly, adv. — Gra•tu´i•tous•ness, n.

Gra•tu´i•ty , n.; pl. Gratuities (#). [F. gratuite, or LL. gratuitas.] 1. Something given freely or without recompense; a free gift; a present. Swift. 2. Something voluntarily given in return for a favor or service, as a recompense or acknowledgment.

Grat´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grqatulated p. pr. & vb. n. Gratulating ] [L. gratulatus, p. p. of gratulari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grate, a.] To salute with declaration of joy; to congratulate. [R.] Shak.

Grat´u•late , a. Worthy of gratulation. [Obs.] “There’s more behind that is more gratulate.” Shak.

Grat´u•la´tion , n. [L. gratulatio.] The act of gratulating or felicitating; congratulation. “I shall turn my wishes into gratulations.” South.

Grat´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. gratulatorius.] Expressing gratulation or joy; congratulatory. “The usual groundwork of such gratulatory odes.” Bp. Horsley.

Graunt , v. & n. [Obs.] See Grant. Chaucer.

Grau´wack•e , n. [G.] Graywacke.

Gra•va´men , n.; pl. L. Gravamina (#), E. Gravamens (#). [L., fr. gravare to load, burden, fr. gravis heavy, weighty. See Grave, a.] (Law) The grievance complained of; the substantial cause of the action; also in general, the ground or essence of a complaint. Bouvier.

-grave A final syllable signifying a ruler, as in landgrave, margrave. See Margrave.

Grave , v. t. (Naut.) To clean, as a vessel’s bottom, of barnacles, grass, etc., and pay it over with pitch; — so called because graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose.

Grave, a. [Compar. Graver (grav´er); superl. Gravest.] [F., fr. L. gravis heavy; cf. It. & Sp. grave heavy, grave. See Grief.] 1. Of great weight; heavy; ponderous. [Obs.] “His shield grave and great.” Chapman. 2. Of importance; momentous; weighty; influential; sedate; serious; — said of character, relations, etc.; as grave deportment, character, influence, etc. “Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors.” Shak. “A grave and prudent law, full of moral equity.” Milton. 3. Not light or gay; solemn; sober; plain; as a grave color; a grave face. 4. (Mus.) (a) Not acute or sharp; low; deep; — said of sound; as a grave note or key. “The thicker the cord or string, the more grave is the note or tone.” Moore (Encyc. of Music). (b) Slow and solemn in movement. Grave accent. (Pron.) See the Note under Accent, n., 2. Syn. — Solemn; sober; serious; sage; staid; demure; thoughtful; sedate; weighty; momentous; important. — Grave, Sober, Serious, Solemn. Sober supposes the absence of all exhilaration of spirits, and is opposed to gay or flighty; as sober thought. Serious implies considerateness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; as serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a state of mind, appearance, etc., which results from the pressure of weighty interests, and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or vivacity of manner; as a qrave remark; qrave attire. Solemn is applied to a case in which gravity is carried to its highest point; as a solemn admonition; a solemn promise.

Grave, v. t. [imp. Graved (gravd); p. p. Graven (grav´’n) or Graved; p. pr. & vb. n. Graving.] [AS. grafan to dig, grave, engrave; akin to OFries. greva, D. graven, G. graben, OHG. & Goth. graban, Dan. grabe, Sw. gräfva, Icel. grafa, but prob. not to Gr. gra•fein to write, E. graphic. Cf. Grave, n., Grove, n.] 1. To dig. [Obs.] Chaucer. “He hath graven and digged up a pit.” Ps. vii. 16 (Book of Common Prayer). 2. To carve or cut, as letters or figures, on some hard substance; to engrave. “Thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel.” Ex. xxviii. 9. 3. To carve out or give shape to, by cutting with a chisel; to sculpture; as to grave an image. “With gold men may the hearte grave.” Chaucer. 4. To impress deeply (on the mind); to fix indelibly. “O! may they graven in thy heart remain.” Prior. 5. To entomb; to bury. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Lie full low, graved in the hollow ground.” Shak.

Grave, v. i. To write or delineate on hard substances, by means of incised lines; to practice engraving.

Grave, n. [AS. gr?f, fr. grafan to dig; akin to D. & OS. graf, G. grab, Icel. gröf, Russ. grob’ grave, coffin. See Grave to carve.] An excavation in the earth as a place of burial; also any place of interment; a tomb; a sepulcher. Hence: Death; destruction. “He bad lain in the grave four days.” John xi. 17. Grave wax, adipocere.

Grave´clothes , n. pl. The clothes or dress in which the dead are interred.

Grave´dig•ger , n. 1. A digger of graves. 2. (Zoöl.) See Burying beetle, under Bury, v. t.

Grav´el , n. [OF. gravele, akin to F. gr?ve a sandy shore, strand; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. grouan gravel, W. gro coarse gravel, pebbles, and Skr. gravan stone.] 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone; very small pebbles, often intermixed with particles of sand. 2. (Med.) A deposit of small calculous concretions in the kidneys and the urinary or gall bladder; also the disease of which they are a symptom. Gravel powder, a coarse gunpowder; pebble powder.

Grav´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graveled or Gravelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Graveling or Gravelling.] 1. To cover with gravel; as to gravel a walk. 2. To run (as a ship) upon the gravel or beach; to run aground; to cause to stick fast in gravel or sand. “When we were fallen into a place between two seas they graveled the ship.” Acts xxvii. 41 (Rhemish version). “Willam the Conqueror … chanced as his arrival to be graveled; and one of his feet stuck so fast in the sand that he fell to the ground.” Camden. 3. To check or stop; to embarrass; to perplex. [Colloq.] “When you were graveled for lack of matter.” Shak. “The physician was so graveled and amazed withal, that he had not a word more to say.” Sir T. North. 4. To hurt or lame (a horse) by gravel lodged between the shoe and foot.

Grave´less , a. Without a grave; unburied.

Grav´el•ing , or Grav´el•ling, n. 1. The act of covering with gravel. 2. A layer or coating of gravel (on a path, etc.).

Grav´el•ing, or Grav´el•ling, n. (Zoöl.) A salmon one or two years old, before it has gone to sea.

Grav´el•li•ness , n. State of being gravelly.

Grav´el•ly , a. Abounding with gravel; consisting of gravel; as a gravelly soil.

Grav´el-stone´ , n. A pebble, or small fragment of stone; a calculus.

Grave´ly , adv. In a grave manner.

Grav´en , p. p. of Grave, v. t. Carved. Graven image, an idol; an object of worship carved from wood, stone, etc. ´Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.´ Ex. xx. 4.

Grave´ness, n. The quality of being grave. “His sables and his weeds,
Importing health and graveness.” Shak.

Gra´ven•stein´ , n. [So called because it came from Gravenstein, a place in Schleswig. Downing.] A kind of fall apple, marked with streaks of deep red and orange, and of excellent flavor and quality.

Gra•ve´o•lence , n. [L. graveolentia: cf. F. graveolence. See Graveolent.] A strong and offensive smell; rancidity. [R.] Bailey.

Gra•ve´o•lent , a. [L. graveolens; gravis heavy + olere to smell.] Having a rank smell. [R.] Boyle.

Graver , n. 1. One who graves; an engraver or a sculptor; one whose occupation is te cut letters or figures in stone or other hard material. 2. An ergraving or cutting tool; a burin.

Grav´er•y , n. The act, process, or art, of graving or carving; engraving. “Either of picture or gravery and embossing.” Holland.

Graves , n. pl. The sediment of melted tallow. Same as Greaves.

Graves´’ dis•ease´ [So called after Dr. Graves, of Dublin.] Same as Basedow’s disease.

Grave´stone , n. A stone laid over, or erected near, a grave, usually with an inscription, to preserve the memory of the dead; a tombstone.

Grave´yard´ , n. A yard or inclosure for the interment of the dead; a cemetery.

Grav´ic , a. Pertaining to, or causing, gravitation; as gravic forces; gravic attraction. [R.]

Grav´id , a. [L. gravidus, fr. gravis heavy, loaded. See Grave, a.] Being with child; heavy with young; pregnant; fruitful; as a gravid uterus; gravid piety. ´ His gravid associate.´ Sir T. Herbert.

Grav´i•da´ted , a. [L. gravidatus, p. p. of gravidare to load, impregnate. See Gravid.] Made pregnant; big. [Obs.] Barrow.

Grav´i•da´tion , n. Gravidity. [Obs.]

Gra•vid´i•ty , n. [L. graviditas.] The state of being gravidated; pregnancy. [R.]

Grav´i•grade , a. [L. gravis heavy + gradus step.] (Zoöl.) Slow-paced. — n. One of the pachyderms.

Gra•vim´e•ter , n. [L. gravis heavy + -meter: cf. F. gravimètre.] (Physics) An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of bodies.

Grav´i•met´ric , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to measurement by weight; measured by weight. — Grav´i•met´ric•al•ly (#), adv. Gravimetric analysis (Chem.), analysis in which the amounts of the constituents are determined by weight; — in distinction from volumetric analysis.

Grav´ing , n. [From Grave to clean.] The act of cleaning a ship’s bottom. Graving dock. (Naut.) See under Dock.

Grav´ing, n. [From Grave to dig.] 1. The act or art of carving figures in hard substances, esp. by incision or in intaglio. 2. That which is graved or carved. [R.] “Skillful to … grave any manner of graving.” 2 Chron. ii. 14. 3. Impression, as upon the mind or heart. “New gravings upon their souls.” Eikon Basilike

Grav´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gravitated p. pr. & vb. n. Gravitating ] [Cf. F. graviter. See Gravity.] To obey the law of gravitation; to exert a force Or pressure, or tend to move, under the influence of gravitation; to tend in any direction or toward any object. “Why does this apple fall to the ground? Because all bodies gravitate toward each other.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Politicians who naturally gravitate towards the stronger party.” Macaulay.

Grav´i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. gravitation. See Gravity.] 1. The act of gravitating. 2. (Pysics) That species of attraction or force by which all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other; called also attraction of gravitation, universal gravitation, and universal gravity. See Attraction, and Weight. Law of gravitation, that law in accordance with which gravitation acts, namely, that every two bodies or portions of matter in the universe attract each other with a force proportional directly to the quantity of matter they contain, and inversely to the squares of their distances.

Grav•i•tation•al , a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the force of gravity; as gravitational units.

Gravi•ta•tive , a. Causing to gravitate; tending to a center. Coleridge.

Grav´i•ty , n.; pl. Gravities (#). [L. gravitas, fr. gravis heavy; cf. F. gravite. See Grave, a., Grief.] 1. The state of having weight; beaviness; as the gravity of lead. 2. Sobriety of character or demeanor. ´Men of gravity and learning.´ Shak. ! p. 648 needs proofing ##proof - especially italicized words (also in etymologies) are not properly marked !> 3. Importance, significance, dignity, etc; hence, seriousness; enormity; as the gravity of an offense. “They derive an importance from … the gravity of the place where they were uttered.” Burke. 4. (Physics) The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction; esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth; terrestrial gravitation. 5. (Mus.) Lowness of tone; — opposed to acuteness. Center of gravity See under Center. — Gravity battery, See Battery, n., 4. — Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as the standard or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. Thus, 19, the specific gravity of gold, expresses the fact that, bulk for bulk, gold is nineteen times as heavy as water.

Gra´vy , n.; pl. Gravies (#). [OE. greavie; prob. fr. greaves, graves, the sediment of melted tallow. See Greaves.] 1. The juice or other liquid matter that drips from flesh in cooking, made into a dressing for the food when served up. 2. Liquid dressing for meat, fish, vegetables, etc.

Gray , a. [Compar. Grayer ; superl. Grayest.] [OE. gray, grey, AS. graeg, greg; akin to D. graauw, OHG. grao, G. grau, Dan. graa, Sw. grå, Icel. grar.] [Written also grey.] 1. White mixed with black, as the color of pepper and salt, or of ashes, or of hair whitened by age; sometimes, a dark mixed color; as the soft gray eye of a dove. “These gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing whites and blacks.” Sir I. Newton. 2. Gray-haired; gray-headed; of a gray color; hoary. 3. Old; mature; as gray experience. Ames. Gray antimony (Min.), stibnite. — Gray buck (Zoöl.), the chickara. — Gray cobalt (Min.), smaltite. — Gray copper (Min.), tetrahedrite. — Gray duck (Zoöl.), the gadwall; also applied to the female mallard. — Gray falcon (Zoöl.) the peregrine falcon. — Gray Friar. See Franciscan, and Friar. — Gray hen (Zoöl.), the female of the blackcock or black grouse. See Heath grouse. — Gray mill or millet (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Lithospermum; gromwell. — Gray mullet (Zoöl.) any one of the numerous species of the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidae, found both in the Old World and America; as the European species (M. capito, and M. auratus), the American striped mullet (M. albula), and the white or silver mullet (M. Braziliensis). See Mullet. — Gray owl (Zoöl.), the European tawny or brown owl (Syrnium aluco). The great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) inhabits arctic America. — Gray parrot (Zoöl.), a parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly domesticated, and noted for its aptness in learning to talk. — Gray pike. (Zoöl.) See Sauger. — Gray snapper (Zoöl.), a Florida fish; the sea lawyer. See Snapper. — Gray snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher in winter plumage. — Gray whale (Zoöl.), a rather large and swift California whale (Rhachianectes glaucus), formerly taken in large numbers in the bays; — called also grayback, devilfish, and hardhead.

Gray, n. 1. A gray color; any mixture of white and black; also a neutral or whitish tint. 2. An animal or thing of gray color, as a horse, a badger, or a kind of salmon. “Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day.
That coats thy life, my gallant gray.” Sir W. Scott.

Gray´back , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The California gray whale. (b) The redbreasted sandpiper or knot. (c) The dowitcher. (d) The body louse.

Gray´beard , n. An old man. Shak.

Gray´fly , n. (Zoöl.) The trumpet fly. Milton.

Gray´hound (-hound•), n. (Zoöl.) See Greyhound.

Gray´ish, a. Somewhat gray.

Gray´lag , n. (Zoöl.) The common wild gray goose (Anser anser) of Europe, believed to be the wild form of the domestic goose. See Illust. of Goose.

Gray´ling , n. [From Gray, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European fish (Thymallus vulgaris), allied to the trout, but having a very broad dorsal fin; — called also umber. It inhabits cold mountain streams, and is valued as a game fish. “And here and there a lusty trout,
And here and there a grayling.” Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) An American fish of the genus Thymallus, having similar habits to the above; one species (T. Ontariensis), inhabits several streams in Michigan; another (T. montanus), is found in the Yellowstone region.

Gray´ness, n. The quality of being gray.

Gray´stone , n. (Geol.) A grayish or greenish compact rock, composed of feldspar and augite, and allied to basalt.

Gray´wacke , n. [G. grauwacke; grau gray + wacke wacke. See Gray, and Wacke, and cf. Grauwacke.] (Geol.) A conglomerate or grit rock, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. This term, derived from the grauwacke of German miners, was formerly applied in geology to different grits and slates of the Silurian series; but it is now seldom used.

Graze (graz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grazed (grazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Grazing.] [OE. grasen, AS. grasian, fr. graes grass. See Grass.] 1. To feed or supply (cattle, sheep, etc.) with grass; to furnish pasture for. “A field or two to graze his cows.” Swift. 2. To feed on; to eat (growing herbage); to eat grass from (a pasture); to browse. “The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead.” Pope. 3. To tend (cattle, etc.) while grazing. “When Jacob grazed his uncle Laban’s sheep.” Shak. 4. To rub or touch lightly the surface of (a thing) in passing; as the bullet grazed the wall.

Graze, v. i. 1. To eat grass; to feed on growing herbage; as cattle graze on the meadows. 2. To yield grass for grazing. “The ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose.” Bacon. 3. To touch something lightly in passing.

Graze, n. 1. The act of grazing; the cropping of grass. [Colloq.] “Turning him out for a graze on the common.” T. Hughes. 2. A light touch; a slight scratch.

Graz´er , n. One that grazes; a creature which feeds on growing grass or herbage. “The cackling goose,
Close grazer, finds wherewith to ease her want.” J. Philips.

Gra´zier , n. One who pastures cattle, and rears them for market. “The inhabitants be rather … graziers than plowmen.” Stow.

Graz´ing , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, grazes. 2. A pasture; growing grass.

Gra´zi•o´so , adv. [It., adj. See Gracious.] (Mus.) Gracefully; smoothly; elegantly.

Gre , n. See Gree, a step. [Obs.]

Gre, n. See Gree, good will. [Obs.]

Grease (gres), n. [OE. grese, grece, F. graisse; akin to gras fat, greasy, fr. LL. grassus thick, fat, gross, L. crassus. Cf. Crass.] 1. Animal fat, as tallow or lard, especially when in a soft state; oily or unctuous matter of any kind. 2. (Far.) An inflammation of a horse’s heels, suspending the ordinary greasy secretion of the part, and producing dryness and scurfiness, followed by cracks, ulceration, and fungous excrescences. Grease bush. (Bot.) Same as Grease wood (below). — Grease moth (Zoöl.), a pyralid moth (Aglossa pinguinalis) whose larva eats greasy cloth, etc. — Grease wood (Bot.), a scraggy, stunted, and somewhat prickly shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) of the Spinach family, very abundant in alkaline valleys from the upper Missouri to California. The name is also applied to other plants of the same family, as several species of Atriplex and Obione.

Grease (grez or gres; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greased (grezd or gresd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greasing.] 1. To smear, anoint, or daub, with grease or fat; to lubricate; as to grease the wheels of a wagon. 2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents. “The greased advocate that grinds the poor.” Dryden. 3. To cheat or cozen; to overreach. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 4. (Far.) To affect (a horse) with grease, the disease. To grease in the hand, to corrupt by bribes. Usher.

Greas´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, greases; specifically, a person employed to lubricate the working parts of machinery, engines, carriages, etc. 2. A nickname sometimes applied in contempt to a Mexican of the lowest type. [Low, U. S.]

Greas´i•ly , adv. 1. In a greasy manner. 2. In a gross or indelicate manner. [Obs.] “You talk greasily; your lips grow foul.” Shak.

Greas´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being greasy, oiliness; unctuousness; grossness.

Greas´y , a. [Compar. Greasier ; superl. Greasiest.] 1. Composed of, or characterized by, grease; oily; unctuous; as a greasy dish. 2. Smeared or defiled with grease. “With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers.” Shak. 3. Like grease or oil; smooth; seemingly unctuous to the touch, as is mineral soapstone. 4. Fat of body; bulky. [R.] Shak. 5. Gross; indelicate; indecent. [Obs.] Marston. 6. (Far.) Affected with the disease called grease; as the heels of a horse. See Grease, n., 2.

Great , a. [Compar. Greater ; superl. Greatest.] [OE. gret, great, AS. greát; akin to OS. & LG. grot, D. groot, OHG. groz, G. gross. Cf. Groat the coin.] 1. Large in space; of much size; big; immense; enormous; expanded; — opposed to small and little; as a great house, ship, farm, plain, distance, length. 2. Large in number; numerous; as a great company, multitude, series, etc. 3. Long continued; lengthened in duration; prolonged in time; as a great while; a great interval. 4. Superior; admirable; commanding; — applied to thoughts, actions, and feelings. 5. Endowed with extraordinary powers; uncommonly gifted; able to accomplish vast results; strong; powerful; mighty; noble; as a great hero, scholar, genius, philosopher, etc. 6. Holding a chief position; elevated: lofty: eminent; distinguished; foremost; principal; as great men; the great seal; the great marshal, etc. “He doth object I am too great of birth.” Shak. 7. Entitled to earnest consideration; weighty; important; as a great argument, truth, or principle. 8. Pregnant; big (with young). “The ewes great with young.” Ps. lxxviii. 71. 9. More than ordinary in degree; very considerable in degree; as to use great caution; to be in great pain. “We have all
Great cause to give great thanks.” Shak. 10. (Genealogy) Older, younger, or more remote, by single generation; — often used before grand to indicate one degree more remote in the direct line of descent; as great-grandfather (a grandfather’s or a grandmother’s father), great- grandson, etc. Great bear (Astron.), the constellation Ursa Major. — Great cattle (Law), all manner of cattle except sheep and yearlings. Wharton. — Great charter (Eng. Hist.), Magna Charta. — Great circle of a sphere, a circle the plane of which passes through the center of the sphere. — Great circle sailing, the process or art of conducting a ship on a great circle of the globe or on the shortest arc between two places. — Great go, the final examination for a degree at the University of Oxford, England; — called also greats. T. Hughes. — Great guns. (Naut.) See under Gun. — The Great Lakes the large fresh-water lakes (Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) which lie on the northern borders of the United States. — Great master. Same as Grand master, under Grand. — Great organ (Mus.), the largest and loudest of the three parts of a grand organ (the others being the choir organ and the swell, and sometimes the pedal organ or foot keys), It is played upon by a separate keyboard, which has the middle position. — The great powers (of Europe), in modern diplomacy, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and Italy. — Great primer. See under Type. — Great scale (Mus.), the complete scale; — employed to designate the entire series of musical sounds from lowest to highest. — Great sea, the Mediterranean sea. In Chaucer both the Black and the Mediterranean seas are so called. — Great seal. (a) The principal seal of a kingdom or state. (b) In Great Britain, the lord chancellor (who is custodian of this seal); also his office. — Great tithes. See under Tithes. — The great, the eminent, distinguished, or powerful. — The Great Spirit, among the North American Indians, their chief or principal deity. — To be great (with one), to be intimate or familiar (with him). Bacon.

Great , n. The whole; the gross; as a contract to build a ship by the great.

Great´-bel•lied , a. Having a great belly; bigbellied; pregnant; teeming. Shak.

Great´coat´ , n. An overcoat.

Great´en , v. t. To make great; to aggrandize; to cause to increase in size; to expand. [R.] “A minister’s [business] is to greaten and exalt [his king].” Ken.

Great´en, v. i. To become large; to dilate. [R.] “My blue eyes greatening in the looking- glass.” Mrs. Browning.

Great´-grand´child , n. The child of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great´-grand´daugh•ter , n. [See Great, 10.] A daughter of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great´-grand´fa•ther , n. [See Great, 10.] The father of one’s grandfather or grandmother.

Great´-grand´moth•er , n. The mother of one’s grandfather or grandmother.

Great´-grand´son , n. [See Great, 10.] A son of one’s grandson or granddaughter.

Great´-heart•ed , a. 1. High-spirited; fearless. [Obs.] Clarendon. 2. Generous; magnanimous; noble.

Great´-heart•ed•ness, n. The quality of being greathearted; high-mindedness; magnanimity.

Great´ly, adv. 1. In a great degree; much. “I will greatly multiply thy sorrow.” Gen. iii. 16. 2. Nobly; illustriously; magnanimously. “By a high fate thou greatly didst expire.” Dryden.

Great´ness, n. [AS. greátnes.] 1. The state, condition, or quality of being great; as greatness of size, greatness of mind, power, etc. 2. Pride; haughtiness. [Obs.] “It is not of pride or greatness that he cometh not aboard your ships.” Bacon.

Greave , n. A grove. [Obs.] Spenser.

Greave, n. [OF. grees; cf. Sp. grevas.] Armor for the leg below the knee; — usually in the plural.

Greave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greaved (grevd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greaving.] [From Greaves.] (Naut.) To clean (a ship’s bottom); to grave.

Greaves (grevz), n. pl. [Cf. dial. Sw. grevar greaves, LG. greven, G. griebe, also AS. greofa pot. Cf. Gravy.] The sediment of melted tallow. It is made into cakes for dogs’ food. In Scotland it is called cracklings. [Written also graves.]

Grebe (greb), n. [F. grèbe, fr. Armor. krib comb; akin to kriben crest, W. crib comb, crest. So called in allusion to the crest of one species.] (Zoöl.) One of several swimming birds or divers, of the genus Colymbus (formerly Podiceps), and allied genera, found in the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia. They have strong, sharp bills, and lobate toes.

Gre´cian´ , a. [Cf. Greek.] Of or pertaining to Greece; Greek. Grecian bend, among women, an affected carriage of the body, the upper part being inclined forward. [Collog.] — Grecian fire. See Greek fire, under Greek.

Gre´cian, n. 1. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Greece; a Greek. 2. A jew who spoke Greek; a Hellenist. Acts vi. 1. The Greek word rendered Grecian in the Authorized Version of the New Testament is translated Grecian Jew in the Revised Version. 6. One well versed in the Greek language, literature, or history. De Quincey.

Gre´cism , n. [Cf. F. grecisme.] An idiom of the Greek language; a Hellenism. Addison. ! p. 649 most of page has no marks in etymology or in ´as´ sections (italics not marked) !>

Gre´cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grecized p. pr. & vb. n. Grecizing.] [Cf. F. greciser.] 1. To render Grecian; also to cause (a word or phrase in another language) to take a Greek form; as the name is Grecized. T. Warton. 2. To translate into Greek.

Gre´cize , Gre´cian•ize , v. i. To conform to the Greek custom, especially in speech.

Gre´co-Ro´man , a. Having characteristics that are partly Greek and partly Roman; as Greco- Roman architecture.

Grecque (grek), n. [F.] An ornament supposed to be of Greek origin, esp. a fret or meander.

Gree , n. [F. gre. See Grateful, and cf. Agree.] 1. Good will; favor; pleasure; satisfaction; — used esp. in such phrases as: to take in gree; to accept in gree; that is, to take favorably. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Accept in gree, my lord, the words I spoke.” Fairfax. 2. Rank; degree; position. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. “He is a shepherd great in gree.” Spenser. 3. The prize; the honor of the day; as to bear the gree, i. e., to carry off the prize. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

Gree, v. i. [From Agree.] To agree. [Obs.] Fuller.

Gree, n.; pl. Grees (grez); obs. plurals Greece (gres) Grice (gris or gres), Grise, Grize (griz or grez), etc. [OF. gre, F. grade. See Grade.] A step.

Greece , n. pl. See Gree a step. [Obs.]

Greed (gred´), n. [Akin to Goth. gredus hunger, Icel. graðr. rad.34. See Greedy.] An eager desire or longing; greediness; as a greed of gain.

Greed´i•ly , adv. In a greedy manner.

Greed´i•ness, n. [AS graedignes.] The quality of being greedy; vehement and selfish desire. “Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness.” Shak. Syn. — Ravenousness; voracity; eagerness; avidity.

Greed´y (-y), a. [Compar. Greedier (-i•er); superl. Greediest.] [OE. gredi, AS. graedig, gredig; akin to D. gretig, OS. gradag, OHG. gratag, Dan. graadig, OSw. gradig, grådig, Icel. graðugr, Goth. gredags greedy, greden to be hungry; cf. Skr. grdh to be greedy. Cf. Greed.] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink; ravenous; voracious; very hungry; — followed by of; as a lion that is greedy of his prey. 2. Having a keen desire for anything; vehemently desirous; eager to obtain; avaricious; as greedy of gain.

Greed´y-gut , n. A glutton. [Low] Todd.

Gree´gree• , Gri´gri , n. An African talisman or charm. A greegree man, an African magician or fetich priest.

Greek , a. [AS. grec, L. Graecus, Gr. ?: cf. F. grec. Cf. Grecian.] Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian. Greek calends. See under Calends. — Greek Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Eastern Church; that part of Christendom which separated from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century. It comprises the great bulk of the Christian population of Russia (of which this is the established church), Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The Greek Church is governed by patriarchs and is called also the Byzantine Church. — Greek cross. See Illust. (10) Of Cross. — Greek Empire. See Byzantine Empire. — Greek fire, a combustible composition which burns under water, the constituents of which are supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. Ure. — Greek rose, the flower campion.

Greek, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Greece; a Grecian; also the language of Greece. 2. A swindler; a knave; a cheat. [Slang] “Without a confederate the … game of baccarat does not … offer many chances for the Greek.” Sat. Rev. 3. Something unintelligible; as it was all Greek to me. [Colloq.]

Greek´ess , n. A female Greek. [R.]

Greek´ish, a. [Cf. AS. Grecisc.] Peculiar to Greece.

Greek´ling , n. A little Greek, or one of small esteem or pretensions. B. Jonson.

Green , a. [Compar. Greener ; superl. Greenest.] [OE. grene, AS. gr?ne; akin to D. groen, OS. gr?ni, OHG. gruoni, G. gr?n, Dan. & Sw. gr?n, Icel. gr?nn; fr. the root of E. grow. See Grow.] 1. Having the color of grass when fresh and growing; resembling that color of the solar spectrum which is between the yellow and the blue; verdant; emerald. 2. Having a sickly color; wan. “To look so green and pale.” Shak. 3. Full of life and vigor; fresh and vigorous; new; recent; as a green manhood; a green wound. “As valid against such an old and beneficent government as against … the greenest usurpation.” Burke. 4. Not ripe; immature; not fully grown or ripened; as green fruit, corn, vegetables, etc. 5. Not roasted; half raw. [R.] “We say the meat is green when half roasted.” L. Watts. 6. Immature in age or experience; young; raw; not trained; awkward; as green in years or judgment. “I might be angry with the officious zeal which supposes that its green conceptions can instruct my gray hairs.” Sir W. Scott. 7. Not seasoned; not dry; containing its natural juices; as green wood, timber, etc. Shak. Green brier (Bot.), a thorny climbing shrub (Emilaz rotundifolia) having a yellowish green stem and thick leaves, with small clusters of flowers, common in the United States; — called also cat brier. — Green con (Zoöl.), the pollock. — Green crab (Zoöl.), an edible, shore crab (Carcinus menas) of Europe and America; — in New England locally named joe-rocker. — Green crop, a crop used for food while in a growing or unripe state, as distingushed from a grain crop, root crop, etc. — Green diallage. (Min.) (a) Diallage, a variety of pyroxene. (b) Smaragdite. — Green dragon (Bot.), a North American herbaceous plant (Arisaema Dracontium), resembling the Indian turnip; — called also dragon root. — Green earth (Min.), a variety of glauconite, found in cavities in amygdaloid and other eruptive rock, and used as a pigment by artists; — called also mountain green. — Green ebony. (a) A south American tree (Jacaranda ovalifolia), having a greenish wood, used for rulers, turned and inlaid work, and in dyeing. (b) The West Indian green ebony. See Ebony. — Green fire (Pyrotech.), a composition which burns with a green flame. It consists of sulphur and potassium chlorate, with some salt of barium (usually the nitrate), to which the color of the flame is due. — Green fly (Zoöl.), any green species of plant lice or aphids, esp. those that infest greenhouse plants. — Green gage, (Bot.) See Greengage, in the Vocabulary. — Green gland (Zoöl.), one of a pair of large green glands in Crustacea, supposed to serve as kidneys. They have their outlets at the bases of the larger antennae. — Green hand, a novice. [Colloq.] — Green heart (Bot.), the wood of a lauraceous tree found in the West Indies and in South America, used for shipbuilding or turnery. The green heart of Jamaica and Guiana is the Nectandra Rodiœi, that of Martinique is the Colubrina ferruginosa. — Green iron ore (Min.) dufrenite. — Green laver (Bot.), an edible seaweed (Ulva latissima); — called also green sloke. — Green lead ore (Min.), pyromorphite. — Green linnet (Zoöl.), the greenfinch. — Green looper (Zoöl.), the cankerworm. — Green marble (Min.), serpentine. — Green mineral, a carbonate of copper, used as a pigment. See Greengill. — Green monkey (Zoöl.) a West African long-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), very commonly tamed, and trained to perform tricks. It was introduced into the West Indies early in the last century, and has become very abundant there. — Green salt of Magnus (Old Chem.), a dark green crystalline salt, consisting of ammonia united with certain chlorides of platinum. — Green sand (Founding) molding sand used for a mold while slightly damp, and not dried before the cast is made. — Green sea (Naut.), a wave that breaks in a solid mass on a vessel’s deck. — Green sickness (Med.), chlorosis. — Green snake (Zoöl.), one of two harmless American snakes (Cyclophis vernalis, and C. aestivus). They are bright green in color. — Green turtle (Zoöl.), an edible marine turtle. See Turtle. — Green vitriol. (a) (Chem.) Sulphate of iron; a light green crystalline substance, very extensively used in the preparation of inks, dyes, mordants, etc. (b) (Min.) Same as copperas, melanterite and sulphate of iron. — Green ware, articles of pottery molded and shaped, but not yet baked. — Green woodpecker (Zoöl.), a common European woodpecker (Picus viridis); — called also yaffle.

Green (gren), n. 1. The color of growing plants; the color of the solar spectrum intermediate between the yellow and the blue. 2. A grassy plain or plat; a piece of ground covered with verdant herbage; as the village green. “O’er the smooth enameled green.” Milton. 3. Fresh leaves or branches of trees or other plants; wreaths; — usually in the plural. “In that soft season when descending showers
Call forth the greens, and wake the rising flowers.” Pope. 4. pl. Leaves and stems of young plants, as spinach, beets, etc., which in their green state are boiled for food. 5. Any substance or pigment of a green color. Alkali green (Chem.), an alkali salt of a sulphonic acid derivative of a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green; — called also Helvetia green. — Berlin green. (Chem.) See under Berlin. — Brilliant green (Chem.), a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green in composition. — Brunswick green, an oxychloride of copper. — Chrome green. See under Chrome. — Emerald green. (Chem.) (a) A complex basic derivative of aniline produced as a metallic, green crystalline substance, and used for dyeing silk, wool, and mordanted vegetable fiber a brilliant green; — called also aldehyde green, acid green, malachite green, Victoria green, solid green, etc. It is usually found as a double chloride, with zinc chloride, or as an oxalate. (b) See Paris green (below). — Gaignet’s green (Chem.) a green pigment employed by the French artist, Adrian Gusgnet, and consisting essentially of a basic hydrate of chromium. — Methyl green (Chem.), an artificial rosaniline dyestuff, obtained as a green substance having a brilliant yellow luster; — called also light-green. — Mineral green. See under Mineral. - - Mountain green. See Green earth, under Green, a. — Paris green (Chem.), a poisonous green powder, consisting of a mixture of several double salts of the acetate and arsenite of copper. It has found very extensive use as a pigment for wall paper, artificial flowers, etc., but particularly as an exterminator of insects, as the potato bug; — called also Schweinfurth green, imperial green, Vienna green, emerald qreen, and mitis green. — Scheele’s green (Chem.), a green pigment, consisting essentially of a hydrous arsenite of copper; — called also Swedish green. It may enter into various pigments called parrot green, pickel green, Brunswick green, nereid green, or emerald green.

Green, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greened (great): p. pr. & vb. n. Greening.] To make green. “Great spring before
Greened all the year.” Thomson.

Green, v. i. To become or grow green. Tennyson. “By greening slope and singing flood.” Whittier.

Green´back´ , n. One of the legal tender notes of the United States; — first issued in 1862, and having the devices on the back printed with green ink, to prevent alterations and counterfeits.

Green´back´er , n. One of those who supported greenback or paper money, and opposed the resumption of specie payments. [Colloq. U. S.]

Green´bone , n. [So named because the bones are green when boiled.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any garfish (Belone or Tylosurus). (b) The European eelpout.

Green´-broom , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Genista (G. tinctoria); dyer’s weed; — called also greenweed.

Green´cloth (-kloth•; 115), n. A board or court of justice formerly held in the counting house of the British sovereign’s household, composed of the lord steward and his officers, and having cognizance of matters of justice in the household, with power to correct offenders and keep the peace within the verge of the palace, which extends two hundred yards beyond the gates.

Green´er•y , n. Green plants; verdure. “A pretty little one-storied abode, so rural, so smothered in greenery.” J. Ingelow.

Green´-eyed , a. 1. Having green eyes. 2. Seeing everything through a medium which discolors or distorts. ´Green-eyed jealousy.´ Shak.

Green´finch , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A European finch (Ligurinus chloris); — called also green bird, green linnet, green grosbeak, green olf, greeny, and peasweep. 2. The Texas sparrow (Embernagra rufivirgata), in which the general color is olive green, with four rufous stripes on the head.

Green´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish, and Pollock.

Green´gage , n. (Bot.) A kind of plum of medium size, roundish shape, greenish flesh, and delicious flavor. It is called in France Reine Claude, after the queen of Francis I. See Gage.

Green´gill , n. (Zoöl.) An oyster which has the gills tinged with a green pigment, said to be due to an abnormal condition of the blood.

Green´gro•cer , n. A retailer of vegetables or fruits in their fresh or green state.

Green´head , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The mallard. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. { Green´head , Green´hood } n. A state of greenness; verdancy. Chaucer.

Green´horn , n. A raw, inexperienced person; one easily imposed upon. W. Irving.

Green´house , n. A house in which tender plants are cultivated and sheltered from the weather.

Green´ing, n. A greenish apple, of several varieties, among which the Rhode Island greening is the best known for its fine-grained acid flesh and its excellent keeping quality.

Green´ish, a. Somewhat green; having a tinge of green; as a greenish yellow. — Green´ish•ness, n.

Green´land•er , n. A native of Greenland.

Green´-leek , n. (Zoöl.) An Australian parrakeet (Polytelis Barrabandi); — called also the scarlet-breasted parrot.

Green´let , n. 1. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of small American singing birds, of the genus Vireo, as the solitary, or blue- headed (Vireo solitarius); the brotherly-love (V. Philadelphicus); the warbling greenlet (V. gilvus); the yellow-throated greenlet (V. flavifrons) and others. See Vireo. 2. (Zoöl,) Any species of Cyclorhis, a genus of tropical American birds allied to the tits.

Green´ly, adv. With a green color; newly; freshly, immaturely. — a. Of a green color. [Obs.]

Green´ness, n. [AS. grennes. See Green.] 1. The quality of being green; viridity; verdancy; as the greenness of grass, or of a meadow. 2. Freshness; vigor; newness. 3. Immaturity; unripeness; as the greenness of fruit; inexperience; as the greenness of youth.

Green´ock•ite , n. [Named after Lord Greenock.] (Min.) Native cadmium sulphide, a mineral occurring in yellow hexagonal crystals, also as an earthy incrustation.

Green´room (gren´room•), n. The retiring room of actors and actresses in a theater.

Green´sand (-snd•), n. (Geol.) A variety of sandstone, usually imperfectly consolidated, consisting largely of glauconite, a silicate of iron and potash of a green color, mixed with sand and a trace of phosphate of lime. Greensand is often called marl, because it is a useful fertilizer. The greensand beds of the American Cretaceous belong mostly to the Upper Cretaceous.

Green´shank , n. (Zoöl.) A European sandpiper or snipe (Totanus canescens); — called also greater plover.

Green´-stall , n. A stall at which greens and fresh vegetables are exposed for sale.

Green´stone (gren´ston•), n. [So called from a tinge of green in the color.] (Geol.) A name formerly applied rather loosely to certain dark-colored igneous rocks, including diorite, diabase, etc.

Green´sward (-sward’) n. Turf green with grass.

Greenth (grenth), n. [Cf. Growth.] The state or quality of being green; verdure. [R.] “The greenth of summer.” G. Eliot.

Green´weed , n. (Bot.) See Greenbroom.

Green´wood , n. A forest as it appears in spring and summer.

Green´wood, a. Pertaining to a greenwood; as a greenwood shade. Dryden.

Greet , a. Great. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Greet, v. i. [OE. greten, AS. graetan, gretan; akin to Icel. grata, Sw. gråta, Dan. graede, Goth. grectan; cf. Skr. hrad to sound, roar. rad.50.] To weep; to cry; to lament. [Obs. or Scot.] [Written also greit.] Spenser.

Greet, n. Mourning. [Obs.] Spenser.

Greet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Greeting.] [OE. greten, AS. gretan to address, approach; akin to OS. grotian, LG. gröten, D. groeten, OHG. gruozzen, G. grüssen. rad.50.] 1. To address with salutations or expressions of kind wishes; to salute; to hail; to welcome; to accost with friendship; to pay respects or compliments to, either personally or through the intervention of another, or by writing or token. “My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you.” Shak. 2. To come upon, or meet, as with something that makes the heart glad. “In vain the spring my senses greets.” Addison. 3. To accost; to address. Pope. ! p. 650 Needs proof-reading … the etymologies and other italics are not marked !>

Greet , v. i. To meet and give salutations. “There greet in silence, as the dead are wont, And sleep in peace.” Shak.

Greet, n. Greeting. [Obs.] F. Beaumont.

Greet´er , n. One who greets or salutes another.

Greet´er, n. One who weeps or mourns. [Obs.]

Greet´ing, n. Expression of kindness or joy; salutation at meeting; a compliment from one absent. “Write to him … gentle adieus and greetings.” Shak. Syn. — Salutation; salute; compliment.

Greeve , n. See Grieve, an overseer.

Greeze , n. A step. See Gree, a step. [Obs.] “The top of the ladder, or first greeze, is this.” Latimer.

Gref´fi•er , n. [F., from LL. grafarius, graphiarius, fr. L. graphium, a writing style; cf. F. greffe a record office. See Graft, and cf. Graffer.] A registrar or recorder; a notary. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Gre´gal , a. [L. gregalis, fr. grex, gregis, herd.] Pertaining to, or like, a flock. “For this gregal conformity there is an excuse.” W. S. Mayo.

Gre•ga´ri•an , a. Gregarious; belonging to the herd or common sort; common. [Obs.] ´The gregarian soldiers.´ Howell.

Greg•a•ri´nae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gregarina the typical genus, fr. L. gregarius. See Gregarious.] (Zoöl.) An order of Protozoa, allied to the Rhizopoda, and parasitic in other animals, as in the earthworm, lobster, etc. When adult, they have a small, wormlike body inclosing a nucleus, but without external organs; in one of the young stages, they are amœbiform; — called also Gregarinida, and Gregarinaria.

Greg´a•rine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gregarinae. — n. One of the Gregarinae.

Greg•a•rin´i•da Gregarinae.

Gre•ga´ri•ous , a. [L. gregarius, fr. grex, gregis, herd; cf. Gr. to assemble, Skr. jar to approach. Cf. Congregate, Egregious.] Habitually living or moving in flocks or herds; tending to flock or herd together; not habitually solitary or living alone. Burke. “No birds of prey are gregarious.” Ray. — Gre•ga´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Gre•ga´ri•ous•ness, n.

Grege , Greg´ge , v. t. [OE. gregier to burden.] To make heavy; to increase. [Obs.] Wyclif. { Greg´goe , Gre´go } n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also griego.]

Gre•go´ri•an , a. [NL. Gregorianus, fr. Gregorius Gregory, Gr. : cf. F. gregorien.] Pertaining to, or originated by, some person named Gregory, especially one of the popes of that name. Gregorian calendar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, including the method of adjusting the leap years so as to harmonize the civil year with the solar, and also the regulation of the time of Easter and the movable feasts by means of epochs. See Gregorian year (below). — Gregorian chant (Mus.), plain song, or canto fermo, a kind of unisonous music, according to the eight celebrated church modes, as arranged and prescribed by Pope Gregory I. (called ´the Great´) in the 6th century. — Gregorian modes, the musical scales ordained by Pope Gregory the Great, and named after the ancient Greek scales, as Dorian, Lydian, etc. — Gregorian telescope (Opt.), a form of reflecting telescope, named from Prof. James Gregory, of Edinburgh, who perfected it in 1663. A small concave mirror in the axis of this telescope, having its focus coincident with that of the large reflector, transmits the light received from the latter back through a hole in its center to the eyepiece placed behind it. — Gregorian year, the year as now reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar. Thus, every year, of the current reckoning, which is divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 and not by 400, has 366 days; all other years have 365 days. See Bissextile, and Note under Style, n., 7.

Greil´lade , n. (Metal.) Iron ore in coarse powder, prepared for reduction by the Catalan process.

Grei´sen , n. (Min.) A crystalline rock consisting of quarts and mica, common in the tin regions of Cornwall and Saxony.

Greit , v. i. See Greet, to weep.

Greith , v. t. [Icel. greiða: cf. AS. geraedan to arrange; pref. ge- + raede ready. Cf. Ready.] To make ready; — often used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Greith, n. [Icel. greiði. See Greith, v.] Goods; furniture. [Obs.] See Graith.

Gre´mi•al , a. [L. gremium lap, bosom.] Of or pertaining to the lap or bosom. [R.]

Gre´mi•al, n. 1. A bosom friend. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. (Ecol.) A cloth, often adorned with gold or silver lace, placed on the bishop’s lap while he sits in celebrating mass, or in ordaining priests.

Gre•nade´ , n. [F. grenade a pomegranate, a grenade, or Sp. granada; orig., filled with seeds. So called from the resemblance of its shape to a pomegranate. See Carnet, Grain a kernel, and cf. Pomegranate.] (Min.) A hollow ball or shell of iron filled with powder of other explosive, ignited by means of a fuse, and thrown from the hand among enemies. Hand grenade. (a) A small grenade of iron or glass, usually about two and a half inches in diameter, to be thrown from the hand into the head of a sap, trenches, covered way, or upon besiegers mounting a breach. (b) A portable fire extinguisher consisting of a glass bottle containing water and gas. It is thrown into the flames. Called also fire grenade. — Rampart grenades, grenades of various sizes, which, when used, are rolled over the pararapet in a trough.

Gren•a•dier´ , n. [F. grenadier. See Grenade.] 1. (Mil.) Originaly, a soldier who carried and threw grenades; afterward, one of a company attached to each regiment or battalion, taking post on the right of the line, and wearing a peculiar uniform. In modern times, a member of a special regiment or corps; as a grenadier of the guard of Napoleon I. one of the regiment of Grenadier Guards of the British army, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Any marine fish of the genus Macrurus, in which the body and tail taper to a point; they mostly inhabit the deep sea; — called also onion fish, and rat-tail fish. 3. (Zoöl.) A bright-colored South African grosbeak (Pyromelana orix), having the back red and the lower parts black.

Gren•a•dil´lo , n. [Sp. granadillo.] A handsome tropical American wood, much used for making flutes and other wind instruments; — called also Grenada cocos, or cocus, and red ebony.

Gren•a•dine´ , n. [F.] 1. A thin gauzelike fabric of silk or wool, for women’s wear. 2. A trade name for a dyestuff, consisting essentially of impure fuchsine.

Gre•na´do , n. Same as Grenade.

Grene , a. Green. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gres , n. Grass. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Gres•so´ri•al , Gres•so´ri•ous } a. [L. gressus, p. p. of gradi to step, go.] (Zool.) Adapted for walking; anisodactylous; as the feet of certain birds and insects. See Illust. under Aves.

Gret , Grete , a. Great. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gret´to , obs. imp. of Greet, to salute.

Greve , n. A grove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grew (gru), imp. of Grow.

Grew´some , Grue´some, a. [From a word akin to Dan. gru horror, terror + -some; cf. D. gruwzaam, G. grausam. Cf. Grisly.] Ugly; frightful. “Grewsome sights of war.” C. Kingsley.

Grey , a. See Gray (the correct orthography).

Grey´hound , n. [OE. graihund, greihound, greahund, grihond, Icel. greyhundr; grey greyhound + hundr dog; cf. AS. grighund. The origin of the first syllable is unknown.] A slender, graceful breed of dogs, remarkable for keen sight and swiftness. It is one of the oldest varieties known, and is figured on the Egyptian monuments. [Written also grayhound.]

Grey´lag , n. (Zoöl.) See Graylag.

Grib´ble , n. [Cf. Prov. E. grib to bite.] (Zoöl.) A small marine isopod crustacean (Limnoria lignorum or L. terebrans), which burrows into and rapidly destroys submerged timber, such as the piles of wharves, both in Europe and America.

Grice , n. [OE. gris, grise; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. gr?ss, Sw. gris, Dan. grus, also Gr. , Skr. ghrshvi, boar. Cf. Grise, Griskin.] A little pig. [Written also grise.] [Scot.]

Grice , n. See Gree, a step. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Grid , n. A grating of thin parallel bars, similar to a gridiron.

Grid´dle , n. [OE. gredil, gredl, gridel, of Celtic origin; cf. W. greidell, Ir. greideal, greideil, griddle, gridiron, greadaim I burn, scorch. Cf. Gridiron.] 1. An iron plate or pan used for cooking cakes. 2. A sieve with a wire bottom, used by miners.

Grid´dle•cake , n. A cake baked or fried on a griddle, esp. a thin batter cake, as of buckwheat or common flour.

Gride (grid), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grided; p. pr. & vb. n. Griding.] [For gird, properly, to strike with a rod. See Yard a measure, and cf. Grid to strike, sneer.] To cut with a grating sound; to cut; to penetrate or pierce harshly; as the griding sword. Milton. “That through his thigh the mortal steel did gride.” Spenser.

Gride, n. A harsh scraping or cutting; a grating. “The gride of hatchets fiercely thrown.
On wigwam log, and tree, and stone.” Whittier.

Grid´e•lin (grid´e•lin), n. [F. gris de lin gray of flax, flax gray.] A color mixed of white, and red, or a gray violet. [Written also gredaline, grizelin.] Dryden.

Grid´i•ron , n. [OE. gredire, gredirne, from the same source as E. griddle, but the ending was confused with E. iron. See Griddle.] 1. A grated iron utensil for broiling flesh and fish over coals. 2. (Naut.) An openwork frame on which vessels are placed for examination, cleaning, and repairs. Gridiron pendulum. See under Pendulum. — Gridiron valve (Steam Engine), a slide valve with several parallel perforations corresponding to openings in the seat on which the valve moves.

Grief (gref), n. [OE. grief, gref, OF. grief, gref, F. grief, L. gravis heavy; akin to Gr. bary•s, Skr. guru, Goth. kaúrus. Cf. Barometer, Grave, a., Grieve, Gooroo.] 1. Pain of mind on account of something in the past; mental suffering arising from any cause, as misfortune, loss of friends, misconduct of one’s self or others, etc.; sorrow; sadness. “The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, … that she died for grief of it.” Addison. 2. Cause of sorrow or pain; that which afficts or distresses; trial; grievance. “Be factious for redress of all these griefs.” Shak. 3. Physical pain, or a cause of it; malady. [R.] “This grief (cancerous ulcers) hastened the end of that famous mathematician, Mr. Harriot.” Wood. To come to grief, to meet with calamity, accident, defeat, ruin, etc., causing grief; to turn out badly. [Colloq.] Syn. — Affiction; sorrow; distress; sadness; trial; grievance. Grief, Sorrow, Sadness. Sorrow is the generic term; grief is sorrow for some definite cause — one which commenced, at least, in the past; sadness is applied to a permanent mood of the mind. Sorrow is transient in many cases; but the grief of a mother for the loss of a favorite child too often turns into habitual sadness. ´Grief is sometimes considered as synonymous with sorrow; and in this case we speak of the transports of grief. At other times it expresses more silent, deep, and painful affections, such as are inspired by domestic calamities, particularly by the loss of friends and relatives, or by the distress, either of body or mind, experienced by those whom we love and value.´ Cogan. See Affliction.

Grief´ful , a. Full of grief or sorrow. Sackville.

Grief´less, a. Without grief. Huloet.

Grie´go , n. See Greggoe.

Griev´a•ble , a. Lamentable. [Obs.]

Griev´ance , n. [OF. grevance. See Grieve, v. t.] 1. A cause of uneasiness and complaint; a wrong done and suffered; that which gives ground for remonstrance or resistance, as arising from injustice, tyranny, etc.; injury. 2. Grieving; grief; affliction. “The … grievance of a mind unreasonably yoked.” Milton. Syn. — Burden; oppression; hardship; trouble.

Griev´an•cer , n. One who occasions a grievance; one who gives ground for complaint. [Obs.] “Petition … against the bishops as grand grievancers.” Fuller.

Grieve (grev), Greeve, n. [AS. gerefa. Cf. Reeve an officer.] A manager of a farm , or overseer of any work a reeve a manorial bailiff. [Scot.] “ Their children were horsewhipped by the grieve.” Sir W. Scott.

Grieve (grev), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grieved p. pr. & vb. n. Grieving.] [OE. greven, OF. grever, fr. L. gravare to burden, oppress, fr. gravis heavy. See Grief.] 1. To occasion grief to; to wound the sensibilities of; to make sorrowful; to cause to suffer; to afflict; to hurt; to try. “Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God.” Eph. iv. 30. “The maidens grieved themselves at my concern.” Cowper, 2. To sorrow over; as to grieve one’s fate. [R.]

Grieve, v. i. To feel grief; to be in pain of mind on account of an evil; to sorrow; to mourn; — often followed by at, for, or over. “Do not you grieve at this.” Shak.

Griev´er , n. One who, or that which, grieves.

Griev´ing, a. Sad; sorrowful; causing grief. — n. The act of causing grief; the state of being grieved. — Griev´ing•ly, adv. Shak.

Griev´ous , a. [OF. grevous, grevos, LL. gravosus. See Grief.] 1. Causing grief or sorrow; painful; afflictive; hard to bear; offensive; harmful. “The famine was grievous in the land.” Gen. xii. 10. “The thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight.” Gen. xxi. 11. 2. Characterized by great atrocity; heinous; aggravated; flagitious; as a grievous sin. Gen. xviii. 20. 3. Full of, or expressing, grief; showing great sorrow or affliction; as a grievous cry. — Griev´ous•ly, adv. — Griev´ous•ness, n.

Griff , n. [Cf. Gripe.] 1. Grasp; reach. [Obs.] “A vein of gold ore within one spade’s griff.” Holland. 2. [Cf. F. griffe, G. griff, prop., a grasping.] (Weaving) An arrangement of parallel bars for lifting the hooked wires which raise the warp threads in a loom for weaving figured goods. Knight.

Griffe , n. [F.] The offspring of a mulatto woman and a negro; also a mulatto. [Local, U. S.]

Grif´fin , n. An Anglo-Indian name for a person just arrived from Europe. H. Kingsley. { Grif´fin , Grif´fon } n. [OE. griffin, griffon, griffoun, F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, equiv to gryps, Gr. ; — so called because of the hooked beak, and akin to grypo•s curved, hook-nosed.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half lion and half eagle. It is often represented in Grecian and Roman works of art. 2. (Her.) A representation of this creature as an heraldic charge. 3. (Zoöl.) A species of large vulture (Gyps fulvus) found in the mountainous parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor; — called also gripe, and grype. It is supposed to be the ´eagle´ of the Bible. The bearded griffin is the lammergeir. [Written also gryphon.] 4. An English early apple.

Grig (grig), n. [Cf. Sw. kräk little creature, reptile; or D. kriek cricket, E. cricket.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A cricket or grasshopper. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Any small eel. (c) The broad-nosed eel. See Glut. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.] Audrey. As merry as a grig [etymology uncertain], a saying supposed by some to be a corruption of ´As merry as a Greek; ´ by others, to be an allusion to the cricket.

Gril (gril), a. [OE. gril harsh; akin to G. grell offending the ear or eye, shrill, dazzling, MHG. grel angry; cf. AS. gallan to provoke.] Harsh; hard; severe; stern; rough. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Grill, n. [F. gril. See Grill, v. t.] 1. A gridiron. “[They] make grills of [wood] to broil their meat.” Cotton. 2. That which is broiled on a gridiron, as meat, fish, etc.

Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grilled p. pr. & vb. n. Grilling.] [F. griller, fr. gril gridiron, OF. graïl, L. craticulum for craticula fine hurdlework, a small gridiron, dim. of crates hurdle. See Grate, n.] 1. To broil on a grill or gridiron.
[1913 Webster] “Boiling of men in caldrons, grilling them on gridirons.” Marvell. 2. To torment, as if by broiling. Dickens.

Gril•lade´ , n. [F. See Grill, v. t.] The act of grilling; also that which is grilled.

Gril´lage , n. [F.] (Hydraulic Eagin.) A framework of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in marshy or treacherous soil.

Grille , a. [F. See Grill, v. t.] A lattice or grating. “The grille which formed part of the gate.” L. Oliphant.

Gril´ly , v. t. [See Grill, v. t.] To broil; to grill; hence, To harass. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Grilse , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon after its first return from the sea.

Grim , a. [Compar. Grimmer (-mer); superl. Grimmest .] [AS. grim; akin to G. grimm, equiv. to G. & D. grimmig, Dan. grim, grum, Sw. grym, Icel. grimmr, G. gram grief, as adj., hostile; cf. Gr. , a crushing sound, to neigh.] Of forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect; fierce; stern; surly; cruel; frightful; horrible. “Whose grim aspect sets every joint a- shaking.” Shak. “The ridges of grim war.” Milton. Syn.— Fierce; ferocious; furious; horrid; horrible; frightful; ghastly; grisly; hideous; stern; sullen; sour.

Gri•mace´ (gri•mas´), n. [F., prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. grima mask, specter, Icel. grima mask, hood, perh. akin to E. grin.] A distortion of the countenance, whether habitual, from affectation, or momentary and occasional, to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, complacency, etc.; a smirk; a made-up face.
[1913 Webster] “Moving his face into such a hideous grimace, that every feature of it appeared under a different distortion.” Addison.
[1913 Webster] ´Half the French words used affectedly by Melantha in Dryden’s ´Marriage a-la-Mode,´ as innovations in our language, are now in common use: chagrin, double-entendre, eclaircissement, embarras, equivoque, foible, grimace, naïvete, ridicule. All these words, which she learns by heart to use occasionally, are now in common use.´ I. Disraeli.
[1913 Webster]

Gri•mace´, v. i. To make grimaces; to distort one’s face; to make faces. H. Martineau.

Gri•maced´ , a. Distorted; crabbed.

Gri•mal´kin , n. [For graymalkin; gray + malkin.] An old cat, esp. a she-cat. J. Philips.

Grime , n. [Cf. Dan. grim, griim, lampblack, soot, grime, Icel. grima mask, sort of hood, OD. grijmsel, grimsel, soot, smut, and E. grimace.] Foul matter; dirt, rubbed in; sullying blackness, deeply ingrained.

Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply; to dirt. Shak.

Grim´i•ly , adv. In a grimy manner.

Grim´i•ness n. The state of being grimy.

Grim´ly , a. Grim; hideous; stern. [R.] “In glided Margaret’s grimly ghost,
And stood at William’s feet.” D. Mallet.

Grim´ly, adv. In a grim manner; fiercely. Shak.

Grimme , n. [Cf. F. grimme.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Cephalophus rufilotus) of a deep bay color, with a broad dorsal stripe of black; — called also conquetoon.

Grim´ness , n. [AS. grimnes.] Fierceness of look; sternness; crabbedness; forbiddingness.

Grim´sir , n. A stern man. [Obs.] Burton.

Grim´y , a. [Compar. Grimier superl. Grimiest.] Full of grime; begrimed; dirty; foul.

Grin (grin), n. [AS. grin.] A snare; a gin. [Obs.] “Like a bird that hasteth to his grin.” Remedy of Love.

Grin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grinned (grind); p. pr. & vb. n. Grinning.] [OE. grinnen, grennen, AS. grennian, Sw. grina; akin to D. grijnen, G. greinen, OHG. grinan, Dan. grine. rad.35. Cf. Groan.] 1. To show the teeth, as a dog; to snarl. 2. To set the teeth together and open the lips, or to open the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, so as to show them, as in laughter, scorn, or pain. “The pangs of death do make him grin.” Shak.

Grin, v. t. To express by grinning. “Grinned horrible a ghastly smile.” Milton.

Grin, n. The act of closing the teeth and showing them, or of withdrawing the lips and showing the teeth; a hard, forced, or sneering smile. I. Watts. “He showed twenty teeth at a grin.” Addison.

Grind , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ground p. pr. & vb. n. Grinding.] [AS. grindan; perh. akin to L. frendere to gnash, grind. Cf. Grist.] 1. To reduce to powder by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth; to crush into small fragments; to produce as by the action of millstones. “Take the millstones, and grind meal.” Is. xivii. 2. 2. To wear down, polish, or sharpen, by friction; to make smooth, sharp, or pointed; to whet, as a knife or drill; to rub against one another, as teeth, etc. 3. To oppress by severe exactions; to harass. “To grind the subject or defraud the prince.” Dryden. 4. To study hard for examination. [College Slang]

Grind , v. i. 1. To perform the operation of grinding something; to turn the millstones. “Send thee
Into the common prison, there to grind.” Milton. 2. To become ground or pulverized by friction; as this corn grinds well. 3. To become polished or sharpened by friction; as glass grinds smooth; steel grinds to a sharp edge. 4. To move with much difficulty or friction; to grate. 5. To perform hard and distasteful service; to drudge; to study hard, as for an examination. Farrar.

Grind, n. 1. The act of reducing to powder, or of sharpening, by friction. 2. Any severe continuous work or occupation; esp., hard and uninteresting study. [Colloq.] T. Hughes. 3. A hard student; a dig. [College Slang]

Grind´ed, obs. p. p. of Grind. Ground. Sir W. Scott.

Grin•de´li•a , n. [NL. Named after D. H. Grindel, a Russian.] (Med.) The dried stems and leaves of tarweed (Grindelia), used as a remedy in asthma and bronchitis.

Grind´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, grinds. 2. One of the double teeth, used to grind or masticate the food; a molar. 3. (Zoöl.) The restless flycatcher (Seisura inquieta) of Australia; — called also restless thrush and volatile thrush. It makes a noise like a scissors grinder, to which the name alludes. Grinder’s asthma, phthisis, or rot (Med.), a lung disease produced by the mechanical irritation of the particles of steel and stone given off in the operation of grinding.

Grind´er•y , n. Leather workers’ materials. [Eng.] Grindery warehouse, a shop where leather workers’ materials and tools are kept on sale. [Eng.]

Grind´ing, a. & n. from Grind. Grinding frame, an English name for a cotton spinning machine. — Grinding mill. (a) A mill for grinding grain. (b) A lapidary’s lathe.

Grind´ing•ly, adv. In a grinding manner. [Colloq.]

Grin´dle , n. (Zoöl.) The bowfin; — called also Johnny Grindle. [Local, U. S.]

Grin´dle stone´ A grindstone. [Obs.]

Grind´let , n. A small drain.

Grind´stone , n. A flat, circular stone, revolving on an axle, for grinding or sharpening tools, or shaping or smoothing objects. To hold, pat, or bring one’s nose to the grindstone, to oppress one; to keep one in a condition of servitude. “They might be ashamed, for lack of courage, to suffer the Lacedaemonians to hold their noses to the grindstone.” Sir T. North.

Grin´ner , n. One who grins. Addison.

Grin´ning•ly, adv. In a grinning manner.

Grint , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Grind, contr. from grindeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grin´te , obs. imp. of Grin, v. i., 1. “[He] grinte with his teeth, so was he wroth.” Chaucer.

Grint´ing , n. Grinding. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grip , n. [L. gryps, gryphus. See Griffin, Grype.] (Zoöl.) The griffin. [Obs.]

Grip, n. [Cf. AS. grip furrow, hitch, D. greb.] A small ditch or furrow. Ray.

Grip, v. t. To trench; to drain.

Grip, n. [AS. gripe. Cf. Grip, v. t., Gripe, v. t.] 1. An energetic or tenacious grasp; a holding fast; strength in grasping. 2. A peculiar mode of clasping the hand, by which members of a secret association recognize or greet, one another; as a masonic grip. 3. That by which anything is grasped; a handle or gripe; as the grip of a sword. 4. A device for grasping or holding fast to something.

Grip, v. t. [From Grip a grasp; or P. gripper to seize; — of German origin. See Gripe, v. t.] To give a grip to; to grasp; to gripe.

Gripe , n. [See Grype.] (Zoöl.) A vulture; the griffin. [Obs.] “Like a white hind under the gripe’s sharp claws.” Shak. Gripe’s egg, an alchemist’s vessel. [Obs.] E. Jonson.

Gripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Griped p. pr. & vb. n. Griping.] [AS. gripan; akin to D. grijpen, G. greifen, OHG. grfan, Icel. gripa, Sw. gripe, Dan. gribe, Goth. greipan; cf. Lith. graibyti, Russ. grabite to plunder, Skr. grah, grabh, to seize. Cf. Grip, v. t., Grope.] 1. To catch with the hand; to clasp closely with the fingers; to clutch. 2. To seize and hold fast; to embrace closely. “Wouldst thou gripe both gain and pleasure ?” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. To pinch; to distress. Specifically, to cause pinching and spasmodic pain to the bowels of, as by the effects of certain purgative or indigestible substances. “How inly sorrow gripes his soul.” Shak.

Gripe, v. i. 1. To clutch, hold, or pinch a thing, esp. money, with a gripe or as with a gripe. 2. To suffer griping pains. Jocke. 3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the wind, as a ship which, when sailing closehauled, requires constant labor at the helm. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; fast hold; clutch. “A barren scepter in my gripe.” Shak. 2. That on which the grasp is put; a handle; a grip; as the gripe of a sword. 3. (Mech.) A device for grasping or holding anything; a brake to stop a wheel. 4. Oppression; cruel exaction; affiction; pinching distress; as the gripe of poverty. 5. Pinching and spasmodic pain in the intestines; — chiefly used in the plural. 6. (Naut.) (a) The piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end; the forefoot. (b) The compass or sharpness of a ship’s stern under the water, having a tendency to make her keep a good wind. (c) pl. An assemblage of ropes, dead-eyes, and hocks, fastened to ringbolts in the deck, to secure the boats when hoisted; also broad bands passed around a boat to secure it at the davits and prevent swinging. Gripe penny, a miser; a niggard. D. L. Mackenzie.

Gripe´ful , a. Disposed to gripe; extortionate.

Grip´er , a. One who gripes; an oppressor; an extortioner. Burton.

Grip´ing•ly , adv. In a griping or oppressive manner. Bacon.

Grip´man , n. The man who manipulates a grip.

Grippe , n. [F.] (Med.) The influenza or epidemic catarrh. Dunglison.

Grip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, grips or seizes. 2. pl. In printing presses, the fingers or nippers.

Grip´ple , n. A grasp; a gripe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grip´ple, a. [Dim. fr. gripe.] Griping; greedy; covetous; tenacious. [Obs.] Spenser.

Grip´ple•ness, n. The quality of being gripple. [Obs.]

Grip´sack , n. A traveler’s handbag. [Colloq.]

Gris , a. [OF. & F., fr. LL. griseus; of German origin; cf. MHG. gris, G. greis, hoary. Cf. Grizzle.] Gray. [R.] Chaucer.

Gris , n. [OF., fr. gris gray. Cf. G. grauwerk (lit. gray work) the gray skin of the Siberian squirrel. See Gris, a.] A costly kind of fur. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gris (gris), n. sing. & pl. [See Grice a pig.] A little pig. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Gri´saille , n. [F., from gris gray.] 1. (Fine Arts) Decorative painting in gray monochrome; — used in English especially for painted glass. 2. A kind of French fancy dress goods. Knight.

Gris´am•ber , n. [See Ambergris.] Ambergris. [Obs.] Milton.

Grise (gris), n. See Grice, a pig. [Prov. Eng.]

Grise (gris or gres), n. [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.] “Every grise of fortune
Is smoothed by that below.” Shak.

Gris´e•ous , a. [LL. griseus. See Gris.] Of a light color, or white, mottled with black or brown; grizzled or grizzly. Maunder.

Gri•sette´ , n. [F., fr. grisette a gray woolen cloth, fr. gris gray. Grisettes were so called because they wore gray gowns made of this stuff. See Gars.] A French girl or young married woman of the lower class; more frequently, a young working woman who is fond of gallantry. Sterne.

Gris´kin , n. [Grise a pig + - kin.] The spine of a hog. [Obs.]

Gri´sled , a. [Obs.] See Grizzled.

Gris´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being grisly; horrid. Sir P. Sidney.

Gris´ly , a. [OE, grisly, grislich, AS. grislic, gryslic, fr. grsan to shudder; cf. OD. grijselick horrible, OHG. grisenl?ch, and also AS. gre?san to frighten, and E. gruesome.] Frightful; horrible; dreadful; harsh; as grisly locks; a grisly specter. ´Grisly to behold.´ Chaucer. “A man of grisly and stern gravity.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). Grisly bear. (Zoöl.) See under Grizzly.

Gri´son , n. [F., fr. grison gray, gray-haired, gris gray. See Gris.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American animal of the family Mustelidae (Galictis vittata). It is about two feet long, exclusive of the tail. Its under parts are black. Also called South American glutton. (b) A South American monkey (Lagothrix infumatus), said to be gluttonous.

Gri´sons , n. pl. [F.] (Geog.) (a) Inhabitants of the eastern Swiss Alps. (b) sing. The largest and most eastern of the Swiss cantons.

Grist , n. [AS. grist, fr. grindan. See Grind.] 1. Ground corn; that which is ground at one time; as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces. “Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store.” Tusser. Q. 2. Supply; provision. Swift. 3. In rope making, a given size of rope, common grist being a rope three inches in circumference, with twenty yarns in each of the three strands. Knight. All is grist that comes to his mill, all that he has anything to do with is a source of profit. [Colloq.] — To bring grist to the maill, to bring profitable business into one’s hands; to be a source of profit. [Colloq.] Ayliffe.

Gris´tle , n. [OE. gristel, gristil, AS. gristl; akin to OFries. gristel, grestel. Perh. a dim. of grist but cf. OHG. krustila, krostela. Cf. Grist.] (Anat.) Cartilage. See Cartilage. Bacon.

Gris´tly , a. (Anat.) Consisting of, or containing, gristle; like gristle; cartilaginous.

Grist´mill´ , n. A mill for grinding grain; especially, a mill for grinding grists, or portions of grain brought by different customers; a custom mill.

Grit , n. [OE, greet, greot, sand, gravel, AS. greót grit, sant, dust; akin to OS griott, OFries. gret gravel, OHG. grioz, G. griess, Icel. grjot, and to E. groats, grout. See Groats, Grout, and cf. Grail gravel.] 1. Sand or gravel; rough, hard particles. 2. The coarse part of meal. 3. pl. Grain, esp. oats or wheat, hulled and coarsely ground; in high milling, fragments of cracked wheat smaller than groats. 4. (Geol.) A hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone; as millstone grit; — called also gritrock and gritstone. The name is also applied to a finer sharp-grained sandstone; as grindstone grit. 5. Structure, as adapted to grind or sharpen; as a hone of good grit. 6. Firmness of mind; invincible spirit; unyielding courage; fortitude. C. Reade. E. P. Whipple.

Grit (grit), v. i. To give forth a grating sound, as sand under the feet; to grate; to grind. “The sanded floor that grits beneath the tread.” Goldsmith.

Grit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gritted; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gritting.] To grind; to rub harshly together; to grate; as to grit the teeth. [Collog.]

Grith (grith), n. [AS. grið peace; akin to Icel. grid.] Peace; security; agreement. [Obs.] Gower. { Grit´rock• (grit´rok•), Grit´stone• (-ston•) } n. (Geol.) See Grit, n., 4.

Grit´ti•ness (-ti•nes), n. The quality of being gritty.

Grit´ty (-ty), a. 1. Containing sand or grit; consisting of grit; caused by grit; full of hard particles. 2. Spirited; resolute; unyielding. [Colloq., U. S.]

Griv´et (griv´et), n. [Cf. F. grivet.] (Zoöl.) A monkey of the upper Nile and Abyssinia (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), having the upper parts dull green, the lower parts white, the hands, ears, and face black. It was known to the ancient Egyptians. Called also tota.

Grize (griz or grez), n. Same as 2d Grise. [Obs.]

Griz´e•lin (griz´e•lin), a. See Gridelin.

Griz´zle , n. [F. gris: cf. grisaille hair partly gray, fr. gris gray. See Gris, and cf. Grisaille.] Gray; a gray color; a mixture of white and black. Shak.

Griz´zled , a. Gray; grayish; sprinkled or mixed with gray; of a mixed white and black. “Grizzled hair flowing in elf locks.” Sir W. Scott.

Griz´zly , a. Somewhat gray; grizzled. “Old squirrels that turn grizzly.” Bacon. Grizzly bear (Zoöl.), a large and ferocious bear (Ursus horribilis) of Western North America and the Rocky Mountains. It is remarkable for the great length of its claws.

Griz´zly, n.; pl. Grizzlies . 1. (Zoöl.) A grizzly bear. See under Grizzly, a. 2. pl. In hydraulic mining, gratings used to catch and throw out large stones from the sluices. [Local, U. S.] Raymond.

Groan , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groaned p. pr. & vb. n. Groaning.] [OE. gronen, granen, granien, AS. grnian, fr. the root of grennian to grin. rad.35. See 2d Grin, and cf. Grunt.] 1. To give forth a low, moaning sound in breathing; to utter a groan, as in pain, in sorrow, or in derision; to moan. “For we … do groan, being burdened.” 2 Cor. v. 4. “He heard the groaning of the oak.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To strive after earnestly, as with groans. “Nothing but holy, pure, and clear,
Or that which groaneth to be so.” Herbert.

Groan, v. t. To affect by groans.

Groan, n. A low, moaning sound; usually, a deep, mournful sound uttered in pain or great distress; sometimes, an expression of strong disapprobation; as the remark was received with groans. “Such groans of roaring wind and rain.” Shak. “The wretched animal heaved forth such groans.” Shak.

Groan´ful , a. Agonizing; sad. [Obs.] Spenser.

Groat , n. [LG. grote, orig., great, that is, a great piece of coin, larger than other coins in former use. See Great.] 1. An old English silver coin, equal to four pence. 2. Any small sum of money.

Groats , n. pl. [OE. grot, AS. gratan; akin to Icel. grautr porridge, and to E. gritt, grout. See Grout.] Dried grain, as oats or wheat, hulled and broken or crushed; in high milling, cracked fragments of wheat larger than grits. Embden groats, crushed oats.

Gro´cer , n. [Formerly written grosser, orig., one who sells by the gross, or deals by wholesale, fr. F. grossier, marchand grossier, fr. gros large, great. See Gross.] A trader who deals in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, fruits, and various other commodities. Grocer’s itch (Med.), a disease of the skin, caused by handling sugar and treacle.

Gro´cer•y , n.; pl. Groceries (#). [F. grosserie wholesale. See Grocer.] 1. The commodities sold by grocers, as tea, coffee, spices, etc.; — in the United States almost always in the plural form, in this sense. “A deal box … to carry groceries in.” Goldsmith. “The shops at which the best families of the neighborhood bought grocery and millinery.” Macaulay. 2. A retail grocer’s shop or store. [U. S.]

Grog , n. [So named from ´Old Grog´ a nickname given to Admiral Vernon, in allusion to his wearing a grogram cloak in foul weather. He is said to have been the first to dilute the rum of the sailors (about 1745).] A mixture of spirit and water not sweetened; hence, any intoxicating liquor. Grog blossom, a redness on the nose or face of persons who drink ardent spirits to excess. [Collog.]

Grog´ger•y , n.; pl. Groggeries (#). A grogshop. [Slang, U. S.]

Grog´gi•ness , n. 1. State of being groggy. 2. (Man.) Tenderness or stiffness in the foot of a horse, which causes him to move in a hobbling manner.

Grog´gy , a. 1. Overcome with grog; tipsy; unsteady on the legs. [Colloq.] 2. Weakened in a fight so as to stagger; — said of pugilists. [Cant or Slang] 3. (Man.) Moving in a hobbling manner, owing to ten der feet; — said of a horse. Youatt. { Grog´ram , Grog´ran } n. [OF. gros-grain, lit., gros-grain, of a coarse texture. See Gross, and Grain a kernel, and cf. Grog.] A coarse stuff made of silk and mohair, or of coarse silk.

Grog´shop , n. A shop or room where strong liquors are sold and drunk; a dramshop.

Groin , n. [F. groin, fr. grogner to grunt, L. grunnire.] The snout of a swine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Groin, v. i. [F. grogner to grunt, grumble.] To grunt to growl; to snarl; to murmur. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Bears that groined coatinually.” Spenser.

Groin, n. [Icel. grein distinction, division, branch; akin to Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs, Icel. greina to distinguish, divide, Sw. grena to branch, straddle. Cf. Grain a branch.] 1. (Anat.) The line between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh, or the region of this line; the inguen. 2. (Arch.) The projecting solid angle formed by the meeting of two vaults, growing more obtuse as it approaches the summit. 3. (Math.) The surface formed by two such vaults. 4. A frame of woodwork across a beach to accumulate and retain shingle. [Eng.] Weale.

Groin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Groined p. pr. & vb. n. Groining.] (Arch.) To fashion into groins; to build with groins. “The hand that rounded Peter’s dome,
And groined the aisles of Christian Rome,
Wrought in a sad sincerity.” Emerson.

Groined , a. (Arch.) Built with groins; as a groined ceiling; a groined vault.

Grom´et , n. Same as Grommet.

Grom´ill , n. (Bot.) See Gromwell.

Grom´met , n. [F. gourmette curb, curb chain, fr. gourmer to curb, thump, beat; cf. Armor. gromm a curb, gromma to curb.] 1. A ring formed by twisting on itself a single strand of an unlaid rope; also a metallic eyelet in or for a sail or a mailbag. Sometimes written grummet. 2. (Mil.) A ring of rope used as a wad to hold a cannon ball in place.

Grom´well , n. [Called also gromel, grommel, graymill, and gray millet, all prob. fr. F. gr?mil, cf. W. cromandi.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lithospermum (L. arvense), anciently used, because of its stony pericarp, in the cure of gravel. The German gromwell is the Stellera. [Written also gromill.]

Grond , obs. imp. of Grind. Chaucer.

Gron´te , obs. imp. of Groan. Chaucer.

Groom , n. [Cf. Scot. grome, groyme, grume, gome, guym, man, lover, OD. grom boy, youth; perh. the r is an insertion as in E. bridegroom, and the word is the same as AS. guma man. See Bridegroom.] 1. A boy or young man; a waiter; a servant; especially, a man or boy who has charge of horses, or the stable. Spenser. 2. One of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain’s department; as the groom of the chamber; the groom of the stole. 3. A man recently married, or about to be married; a bridegroom. Dryden. Groom porter, formerly an officer in the English royal household, who attended to the furnishing of the king’s lodgings and had certain privileges.

Groom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groomed p. pr. & vb. n. Grooming.] To tend or care for, or to curry or clean, as a, horse.

Groom´er , n. One who, or that which, grooms horses; especially, a brush rotated by a flexible or jointed revolving shaft, for cleaning horses.

Grooms´man , n.; pl. Groomsmen . A male attendant of a bridegroom at his wedding; — the correlative of bridesmaid.

Groop´er , n. (Zoöl.) See Grouper.

Groove , n. [D. groef, groeve; akin to E. grove. See Grove.] 1. A furrow, channel, or long hollow, such as may be formed by cutting, molding, grinding, the wearing force of flowing water, or constant travel; a depressed way; a worn path; a rut. 2. Hence: The habitual course of life, work, or affairs; fixed routine. “The gregarious trifling of life in the social groove.” J. Morley. 3. [See Grove.] (Mining) A shaft or excavation. [Prov. Eng.]

Groove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grooved p. pr. & vb. n. Groving.] To cut a groove or channel in; to form into channels or grooves; to furrow.

Groov´er , n. 1. One who or that which grooves. 2. A miner. [Prov. Eng.] Holloway.

Groov´ing , n. The act of forming a groove or grooves; a groove, or collection of grooves.

Grope (grop), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groped (gropt); p. pr. & vb. n. Groping.] [OE. gropen, gropien, grapien, AS. grapian to touch, grope, fr. gripan to gripe. See Gripe.] 1. To feel with or use the hands; to handle. [Obs.] 2. To search or attempt to find something in the dark, or, as a blind person, by feeling; to move about hesitatingly, as in darkness or obscurity; to feel one’s way, as with the hands, when one can not see. “We grope for the wall like the blind.” Is. lix. 10. “To grope a little longer among the miseries and sensualities ot a worldly life.” Buckminster.

Grope, v. t. 1. To search out by feeling in the dark; as we groped our way at midnight. 2. To examine; to test; to sound. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Felix gropeth him, thinking to have a bribe.” Genevan Test. (Acts xxiv. ).

Grop´er , n. One who gropes; one who feels his way in the dark, or searches by feeling.

Grop´ing-ly, adv. In a groping manner.

Gros , n. [F. See Gross.] A heavy silk with a dull finish; as gros de Naples; gros de Tours.

Gros´beak , n. [Gross + beak: cf. F. gros-bec.] (Zoöl.) One of various species of finches having a large, stout beak. The common European grosbeak or hawfinch is Coccothraustes vulgaris. Among the best known American species are the rose-breasted (Habia Ludoviciana); the blue (Guiraca cœrulea); the pine (Pinicola enucleator); and the evening grosbeak. See Hawfinch, and Cardinal grosbeak, Evening grosbeak, under Cardinal and Evening. [Written also grossbeak.]

Grosch´en , n. [G.] A small silver coin and money of account of Germany, worth about two cents. It is not included in the new monetary system of the empire.

Gros´grain , a. [F. Cf. Grogram.] Of a coarse texture; — applied to silk with a heavy thread running crosswise.

Gross , a. [Compar. Grosser ; superl. Grossest.] [F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. crassus thick, dense, fat, E. crass, cf. Skr. grathita tied together, wound up, hardened. Cf. Engross, Grocer, Grogram.] 1. Great; large; bulky; fat; of huge size; excessively large. ´A gross fat man.´ Shak. “A gross body of horse under the Duke.” Milton. 2. Coarse; rough; not fine or delicate. 3. Not easily aroused or excited; not sensitive in perception or feeling; dull; witless. “Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear.” Milton. 4. Expressing, or originating in, animal or sensual appetites; hence, coarse, vulgar, low, obscene, or impure. “The terms which are delicate in one age become gross in the next.” Macaulay. 5. Thick; dense; not attenuated; as a gross medium. 6. Great; palpable; serious; vagrant; shameful; as a gross mistake; gross injustice; gross negligence. 7. Whole; entire; total; without deduction; as the gross sum, or gross amount, the gross weight; — opposed to net. Gross adventure (Law) the loan of money upon bottomry, i. e., on a mortgage of a ship. — Gross average (Law), that kind of average which falls upon the gross or entire amount of ship, cargo, and freight; — commonly called general average. Bouvier. Burrill. — Gross receipts, the total of the receipts, before they are diminished by any deduction, as for expenses; — distinguished from net profits. Abbott. — Gross weight the total weight of merchandise or goods, without deduction for tare, tret, or waste; — distinguished from neat, or net, weight.

Gross, n. [F. gros (in sense 1), grosse (in sense 2). See Gross, a.] 1. The main body; the chief part, bulk, or mass. ´The gross of the enemy.´ Addison. “For the gross of the people, they are considered as a mere herd of cattle.” Burke. 2. sing. & pl. The number of twelve dozen; twelve times twelve; as a gross of bottles; ten gross of pens. Advowson in gross (Law), an advowson belonging to a person, and not to a manor. — A great gross, twelve gross; one hundred and forty-four dozen. — By the gross, by the quantity; at wholesale. — Common in gross. (Law) See under Common, n. — In the gross, In gross, in the bulk, or the undivided whole; all parts taken together.

Gross´beak , n. (Zoöl.) See Grosbeak.

Gross´-head•ed , a. Thick- skulled; stupid.

Gross•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Gross + L. ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] 1. The act of making gross or thick, or the state of becoming so. 2. (Bot.) The swelling of the ovary of plants after fertilization. Henslow.

Gross´ly, adv. In a gross manner; greatly; coarsely; without delicacy; shamefully; disgracefully.

Gross´ness, n. The state or quality of being gross; thickness; corpulence; coarseness; shamefulness. “Abhor the swinish grossness that delights to wound the’ ear of delicacy.” Dr. T. Dwight.

Gros´su•lar , a. [NL. grossularius, from Grossularia a subgenus of Ribes, including the gooseberry, fr. F. groseille. See Gooseberry.] Pertaining too, or resembling, a gooseberry; as grossular garnet.

Gros´su•lar, n. [See Grossular, a.] (Min.) A translucent garnet of a pale green color like that of the gooseberry; — called also grossularite.

Gros•su•la´ria , n. [NL. See Grossular.] (Min.) Same as Grossular.

Gros´su•lin , n. [See Grossular.] (Chem.) A vegetable jelly, resembling pectin, found in gooseberries (Ribes Grossularia) and other fruits.

Grot (grot), n. [F. grotte, It. grotta. See Grotto.] A grotto. [Poetic] Milton.

Grot , Grote , n. A groat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gro•tesque´ (gro•tesk´), a. [F., fr. It. grottesco, fr. grotta grotto. See Grotto.] Like the figures found in ancient grottoes; grottolike; wildly or strangely formed; whimsical; extravagant; of irregular forms and proportions; fantastic; ludicrous; antic. ´Grotesque design.´ Dryden. ´Grotesque incidents.´ Macaulay.

Gro•tesque, n. 1. A whimsical figure, or scene, such as is found in old crypts and grottoes. Dryden. 2. Artificial grotto-work.

Gro•tesque´ly, adv. In a grotesque manner.

Gro•tesque´ness, n. Quality of being grotesque.

Grot´to (grot´to), n.; pl. Grottoes (-toz). [Formerly grotta, fr. It. grotta, LL. grupta, fr. L. crypta a concealed subterranean passage, vault, cavern, Gr. kry•pth, fr. krypto•s concealed, fr. kry•ptein to conceal. Cf. Grot, Crypt.] A natural covered opening in the earth; a cave; also an artificial recess, cave, or cavernlike apartment.

Grot´to-work , n. Artificial and ornamental rockwork in imitation of a grotto. Cowper.

Ground (ground), n. [OE. ground, grund, AS. grund; akin to D. grond, OS., G., Sw., & Dan. grund, Icel. grunnr bottom, Goth. grundus (in composition); perh. orig. meaning, dust, gravel, and if so perh. akin to E. grind.] 1. The surface of the earth; the outer crust of the globe, or some indefinite portion of it. “There was not a man to till the ground.” Gen. ii. 5. “The fire ran along upon the ground.” Ex. ix. 23. Hence: A floor or pavement supposed to rest upon the earth. 2. Any definite portion of the earth’s surface; region; territory; country. Hence: A territory appropriated to, or resorted to, for a particular purpose; the field or place of action; as a hunting or fishing ground; a play ground. “From … old Euphrates, to the brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground.” Milton. 3. Land; estate; possession; field; esp. (pl.), the gardens, lawns, fields, etc., belonging to a homestead; as the grounds of the estate are well kept. “Thy next design is on thy neighbor’s grounds.” Dryden. 4. 4. The basis on which anything rests; foundation. Hence: The foundation of knowledge, belief, or conviction; a premise, reason, or datum; ultimate or first principle; cause of existence or occurrence; originating force or agency; as the ground of my hope. 5. (Paint. & Decorative Art) (a) That surface upon which the figures of a composition are set, and which relieves them by its plainness, being either of one tint or of tints but slightly contrasted with one another; as crimson Bowers on a white ground. See Background, Foreground, and Middle-ground. (b) In sculpture, a flat surface upon which figures are raised in relief. (c) In point lace, the net of small meshes upon which the embroidered pattern is applied; as Brussels ground. See Brussels lace, under Brussels. 6. (Etching) A gummy composition spread over the surface of a metal to be etched, to prevent the acid from eating except where an opening is made by the needle. 7. (Arch.) One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are attached; — usually in the plural. Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them. 8. (Mus.) (a) A composition in which the bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody. (b) The tune on which descants are raised; the plain song. Moore (Encyc.). “On that ground I’ll build a holy descant.” Shak. 9. (Elec.) A conducting connection with the earth, whereby the earth is made part of an electrical circuit. 10. pl. Sediment at the bottom of liquors or liquids; dregs; lees; feces; as coffee grounds. 11. The pit of a theater. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Ground angling, angling with a weighted line without a float. — Ground annual (Scots Law), an estate created in land by a vassal who instead of selling his land outright reserves an annual ground rent, which becomes a perpetual charge upon the land. — Ground ash. (Bot.) See Groutweed. — Ground bailiff (Mining), a superintendent of mines. Simmonds. — Ground bait, bits of bread, boiled barley or worms, etc., thrown into the water to collect the fish, Wallon. — Ground bass or base (Mus.), fundamental base; a fundamental base continually repeated to a varied melody. — Ground beetle (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of carnivorous beetles of the family Carabidae, living mostly in burrows or under stones, etc. — Ground chamber, a room on the ground floor. — Ground cherry. (Bot.) (a) A genus (Physalis) of herbaceous plants having an inflated calyx for a seed pod: esp., the strawberry tomato (P. Alkekengi). See Alkekengl. (b) A European shrub (Prunus Chamaecerasus), with small, very acid fruit. — Ground cuckoo. (Zoöl.) See Chaparral cock. — Ground cypress. (Bot.) See Lavender cotton. — Ground dove (Zoöl.), one of several small American pigeons of the genus Columbigallina, esp. C. passerina of the Southern United States, Mexico, etc. They live chiefly on the ground. — Ground fish (Zoöl.), any fish which constantly lives on the botton of the sea, as the sole, turbot, halibut. — Ground floor, the floor of a house most nearly on a level with the ground; — called also in America, but not in England, the first floor. — Ground form (Gram.), the stem or basis of a word, to which the other parts are added in declension or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, the same as the root. — Ground furze (Bot.), a low slightly thorny, leguminous shrub (Ononis arvensis) of Europe and Central Asia,; — called also rest- harrow. — Ground game, hares, rabbits, etc., as distinguished from winged game. — Ground hele (Bot.), a perennial herb (Veronica officinalis) with small blue flowers, common in Europe and America, formerly thought to have curative properties. — Ground of the heavens (Astron.), the surface of any part of the celestial sphere upon which the stars may be regarded as projected. — Ground hemlock (Bot.), the yew (Taxus baccata var. Canadensisi) of eastern North America, distinguished from that of Europe by its low, straggling stems. — Ground hog. (Zoöl.) (a) The woodchuck or American marmot (Arctomys monax). See Woodchuck. (b) The aardvark. — Ground hold (Naut.), ground tackle. [Obs.] Spenser. — Ground ice, ice formed at the bottom of a body of water before it forms on the surface. — Ground ivy. (Bot.) A trailing plant; alehoof. See Gill. — Ground joist, a joist for a basement or ground floor; a. sleeper. — Ground lark (Zoöl.), the European pipit. See Pipit. - - Ground laurel (Bot.). See Trailing arbutus, under Arbutus. — Ground line (Descriptive Geom.), the line of intersection of the horizontal and vertical planes of projection. — Ground liverwort (Bot.), a flowerless plant with a broad flat forking thallus and the fruit raised on peduncled and radiated receptacles (Marchantia polymorpha). — Ground mail, in Scotland, the fee paid for interment in a churchyard. — Ground mass (Geol.), the fine-grained or glassy base of a rock, in which distinct crystals of its constituents are embedded. — Ground parrakeet (Zoöl.), one of several Australian parrakeets, of the genera Callipsittacus and Geopsittacus, which live mainly upon the ground. — Ground pearl (Zoöl.), an insect of the family Coccidae (Margarodes formicarum), found in ants’ nests in the Bahamas and having a shelly covering. They are strung like beads, and made into necklaces by the natives. — Ground pig (Zoöl.), a large, burrowing, African rodent (Aulacodus Swinderianus) about two feet long, allied to the porcupines but with harsh, bristly hair, and no spines; — called also ground rat. — Ground pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons which live largely upon the ground, as the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), of the Samoan Islands, and the crowned pigeon, or goura. See Goura, and Ground dove (above). — Ground pine. (Bot.) (a) A blue-flowered herb of the genus Ajuga (A. Chamaepitys), formerly included in the genus Teucrium or germander, and named from its resinous smell. Sir J. Hill. (b) A long, creeping, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium (L. clavatum); — called also club moss. (c) A tree-shaped evergreen plant about eight inches in height, of the same genus (L. dendroideum) found in moist, dark woods in the northern part of the United States. Gray. — Ground plan (Arch.), a plan of the ground floor of any building, or of any floor, as distinguished from an elevation or perpendicular section. — Ground plane, the horizontal plane of projection in perspective drawing. — Ground plate. (a) (Arch.) One of the chief pieces of framing of a building; a timber laid horizontally on or near the ground to support the uprights; a ground sill or groundsel. (b) (Railroads) A bed plate for sleepers or ties; a mudsill. (c) (Teleg.) A metallic plate buried in the earth to conduct the electric current thereto. Connection to the pipes of a gas or water main is usual in cities. Knight. — Ground plot, the ground upon which any structure is erected; hence, any basis or foundation; also a ground plan. — Ground plum (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Astragalus caryocarpus) occurring from the Saskatchewan to Texas and having a succulent plum-shaped pod. — Ground rat. (Zoöl.) See Ground pig (above). — Ground rent, rent paid for the privilege of building on another man’s land. — Ground robin. (Zoöl.) See Chewink. — Ground room, a room on the ground floor; a lower room. Tatler. — Ground sea, the West Indian name for a swell of the ocean, which occurs in calm weather and without obvious cause, breaking on the shore in heavy roaring billows; — called also rollers, and in Jamaica, the North sea. — Ground sill. See Ground plate (a) (above). — Ground snake (Zoöl.), a small burrowing American snake (Celuta amœna). It is salmon colored, and has a blunt tail. — Ground squirrel. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of burrowing rodents of the genera Tamias and Spermophilus, having cheek pouches. The former genus includes the Eastern striped squirrel or chipmunk and some allied Western species; the latter includes the prairie squirrel or striped gopher, the gray gopher, and many allied Western species. See Chipmunk, and Gopher. (b) Any species of the African genus Xerus, allied to Tamias. — Ground story. Same as Ground floor (above). — Ground substance (Anat.), the intercellular substance, or matrix, of tissues. — Ground swell. (a) (Bot.) The plant groundsel. [Obs.] Holland. (b) A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt even at a remote distance after the gale has ceased. — Ground table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. — Ground tackle (Naut.), the tackle necessary to secure a vessel at anchor. Totten. — Ground thrush (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of bright-colored Oriental birds of the family Pittidae. See Pitta. — Ground tier. (a) The lowest tier of water casks in a vessel’s hold. Totten. (b) The lowest line of articles of any kind stowed in a vessel’s hold. (c) The lowest range of boxes in a theater. — Ground timbers (Shipbuilding) the timbers which lie on the keel and are bolted to the keelson; floor timbers. Knight. — Ground tit. (Zoöl.) See Ground wren (below). - - Ground wheel, that wheel of a harvester, mowing machine, etc., which, rolling on the ground, drives the mechanism. — Ground wren (Zoöl.), a small California bird (Chamaea fasciata) allied to the wrens and titmice. It inhabits the arid plains. Called also ground tit, and wren tit. — To bite the ground, To break ground. See under Bite, Break. — To come to the ground, To fall to the ground, to come to nothing; to fail; to miscarry. — To gain ground. (a) To advance; to proceed forward in conflict; as an army in battle gains ground. (b) To obtain an advantage; to have some success; as the army gains ground on the enemy. (c) To gain credit; to become more prosperous or influential. — To get, or To gather, ground, to gain ground. [R.] ´Evening mist … gathers ground fast.´ Milton. “There is no way for duty to prevail, and get ground of them, but by bidding higher.” South. — To give ground, to recede; to yield advantage. “These nine … began to give me ground.” Shak. — To lose ground, to retire; to retreat; to withdraw from the position taken; hence, to lose advantage; to lose credit or reputation; to decline. — To stand one’s ground, to stand firm; to resist attack or encroachment. Atterbury. — To take the ground to touch bottom or become stranded; — said of a ship.

Ground (ground), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grounding.] 1. To lay, set, or run, on the ground. 2. To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, reason, or principle; to furnish a ground for; to fix firmly. “Being rooted and grounded in love.” Eph. iii. 17. “So far from warranting any inference to the existence of a God, would, on the contrary, ground even an argument to his negation.” Sir W. Hamilton 3. To instruct in elements or first principles. 4. (Elec.) To connect with the ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical circuit. 5. (Fine Arts) To cover with a ground, as a copper plate for etching (see Ground, n., 5); or as paper or other materials with a uniform tint as a preparation for ornament.

Ground, v. i. To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed; as the ship grounded on the bar.

Ground, imp. & p. p. of Grind. Ground cock, a cock, the plug of which is ground into its seat, as distinguished from a compression cock. Knight. — Ground glass, glass the transparency of which has been destroyed by having its surface roughened by grinding. — Ground joint, a close joint made by grinding together two pieces, as of metal with emery and oil, or of glass with fine sand and water.

Ground´age , n. A local tax paid by a ship for the ground or space it occupies while in port. Bouvier.

Ground´ed•ly, adv. In a grounded or firmly established manner. Glanvill.

Ground´en , obs. p. p. of Grind. Chaucer.

Ground´ing, n. The act, method, or process of laying a groundwork or foundation; hence, elementary instruction; the act or process of applying a ground, as of color, to wall paper, cotton cloth, etc.; a basis.

Ground´less, a. [AS. grundleás bottomless.] Without ground or foundation; wanting cause or reason for support; not authorized; false; as groundless fear; a groundless report or assertion. — Ground´less•ly, adv. — Ground´less•ness, n.

Ground´ling, n. [Ground + - ling.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish that keeps at the bottom of the water, as the loach. 2. A spectator in the pit of a theater, which formerly was on the ground, and without floor or benches. “No comic buffoon to make the groundlings laugh.” Coleridge.

Ground´ly, adv. Solidly; deeply; thoroughly. [Obs.] “Those whom princes do once groundly hate, Let them provide to die as sure us fate.” Marston.

Ground´nut (-nut•), n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the Arachis hypogaea (native country uncertain); the peanut; the earthnut. (b) A leguminous, twining plant (Apios tuberosa), producing clusters of dark purple flowers and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste. (c) The dwarf ginseng (Aralia trifolia). [U. S.] Gray. (d) A European plant of the genus Bunium (B. flexuosum), having an edible root of a globular shape and sweet, aromatic taste; — called also earthnut, earth chestnut, hawknut, and pignut.
[1913 Webster]

Ground´sel , n. [OE. grundswilie, AS. grundeswylige, grundeswelge, earlier gundiswilge; gund matter, pus + swelgan to swallow. So named as being good for a running from the eye. See Swallow, v.] (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Senecio vulgaris), one of the most common and widely distributed weeds on the globe.

Ground´sel , Ground´sill , n. [Ground + sill.] See Ground plate (a), under Ground

Ground´work (-wûrk•), n. That which forms the foundation or support of anything; the basis; the essential or fundamental part; first principle. Dryden.

Group (groop), n. [F groupe, It. gruppo, groppo, cluster, bunch, packet, group; of G. origin: cf. G. kropf craw, crop, tumor, bunch. See Crop, n.] 1. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an assemblage, either of persons or things, collected without any regular form or arrangement; as a group of men or of trees; a group of isles. 2. An assemblage of objects in a certain order or relation, or having some resemblance or common characteristic; as groups of strata. 3. (Biol.) A variously limited assemblage of animals or plants, having some resemblance, or common characteristics in form or structure. The term has different uses, and may be made to include certain species of a genus, or a whole genus, or certain genera, or even several orders. 4. (Mus.) A number of eighth, sixteenth, etc., notes joined at the stems; — sometimes rather indefinitely applied to any ornament made up of a few short notes.

Group, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouped p. pr. & vb. n. Grouping.] [Cf. F. grouper. See Group, n.] To form a group of; to arrange or combine in a group or in groups, often with reference to mutual relation and the best effect; to form an assemblage of. “The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the painters term it, in grouping such a multitude of different objects.” Prior. Grouped columns (Arch.), three or more columns placed upon the same pedestal.

Group´er , n. [Corrupted fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Garbupa.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of valuable food fishes of the genus Epinephelus, of the family Serranidae, as the red grouper, or brown snapper (E. morio), and the black grouper, or warsaw (E. nigritus), both from Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. (b) The tripletail (Lobotes). (c) In California, the name is often applied to the rockfishes. [Written also groper, gruper, and trooper.]

Group´ing , n. (Fine Arts) The disposal or relative arrangement of figures or objects, as in, drawing, painting, and sculpture, or in ornamental design.

Grouse , n. sing. & pl. [Prob. after the analogy of mouse, mice, fr. the earlier grice, OF. griesche meor hen: cf. F. piegrièche shrike.] (Zoöl.) Any of the numerous species of gallinaceous birds of the family Tetraonidae, and subfamily Tetraoninae, inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. They have plump bodies, strong, well-feathered legs, and usually mottled plumage. The group includes the ptarmigans (Lagopus), having feathered feet. Among the European species are the red grouse (Lagopus Scoticus) and the hazel grouse (Bonasa betulina). See Capercaidzie, Ptarmigan, and Heath grouse. Among the most important American species are the ruffed grouse, or New England partridge (Bonasa umbellus); the sharp-tailed grouse (Pediocaetes phasianellus) of the West; the dusky blue, or pine grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) of the Rocky Mountains; the Canada grouse, or spruce partridge (D. Canadensis). See also Prairie hen, and Sage cock. The Old World sand grouse (Pterocles, etc.) belong to a very different family. See Pterocletes, and Sand grouse.

Grouse, v. i. To seek or shoot grouse.

Grou´ser , n. (Dredging, Pile Driving, etc.) A pointed timber attached to a boat and sliding vertically, to thrust into the ground as a means of anchorage.

Grout (grout), n. [AS. grut; akin to grytt, G. grütze, griess, Icel. grautr, Lith. grudas corn, kernel, and E. groats.] 1. Coarse meal; ground malt; pl. groats. 2. Formerly, a kind of beer or ale. [Eng.] 3. pl. Lees; dregs; grounds. [Eng.] ´Grouts of tea.´ Dickens. 4. A thin, coarse mortar, used for pouring into the joints of masonry and brickwork; also a finer material, used in finishing the best ceilings. Gwilt.

Grout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grouting.] To fill up or finish with grout, as the joints between stones.

Grout´head , n. [Obs.] See Growthead.

Grout´ing, n. The process of filling in or finishing with grout; also the grout thus filled in. Gwilt.

Grout´nol , n. [See Groat, and Noll, n.] [Obs.] Same as Growthead. Beau. & Fl.

Grout´y , a. Cross; sulky; sullen. [Colloq.]

Grove (grov), n. [AS. graf, fr. grafan to dig. The original sense seems to have been a lane cut through trees. See Grave, v., and cf. Groove.] A smaller group of trees than a forest, and without underwood, planted, or growing naturally as if arranged by art; a wood of small extent. The Hebrew word Asherah, rendered grove in the Authorized Version of the Bible, is left untranslated in the Revised Version. Almost all modern interpreters agree that by Asherah an idol or image of some kind is intended.

Grov´el , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groveled or Grovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Groveling or Grovelling.] [From OE. grovelinge, grufelinge, adv., on the face, prone, which was misunderstood as a p. pr.; cf. OE. gruf, groff, in the same sense; of Scand. origin, cf. Icel. grufa, in a grufu on the face, prone, grufa to grovel.] 1. To creep on the earth, or with the face to the ground; to lie prone, or move uneasily with the body prostrate on the earth; to lie flat on one’s belly, expressive of abjectness; to crawl. “To creep and grovel on the ground.” Dryden. 2. To tend toward, or delight in, what is sensual or base; to be low, abject, or mean.

Grov´el•er , n. One who grovels; an abject wretch. [Written also groveller.]

Grov´el•ing, a. Lying prone; low; debased. [Written also grovelling.] ´A groveling creature.´ Cowper.

Grov´y , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a grove; situated in, or frequenting, groves. Dampier.

Grow (gro), v. i. [imp. Grew (gru); p. p. Grown (gron); p. pr. & vb. n. Growing.] [AS. growan; akin to D. groeijen, Icel. groa, Dan. groe, Sw. gro. Cf. Green, Grass.] 1. To increase in size by a natural and organic process; to increase in bulk by the gradual assimilation of new matter into the living organism; — said of animals and vegetables and their organs. 2. To increase in any way; to become larger and stronger; to be augmented; to advance; to extend; to wax; to accrue. “Winter began to grow fast on.” Knolles. “Even just the sum that I do owe to you
Is growing to me by Antipholus.” Shak. 3. To spring up and come to maturity in a natural way; to be produced by vegetation; to thrive; to flourish; as rice grows in warm countries. “Where law faileth, error groweth.” Gower. 4. To pass from one state to another; to result as an effect from a cause; to become; as to grow pale. “For his mind
Had grown Suspicion’s sanctuary.” Byron. 5. To become attached or fixed; to adhere. “Our knees shall kneel till to the ground they grow.” Shak. Growing cell, or Growing slide, a device for preserving alive a minute object in water continually renewed, in a manner to permit its growth to be watched under the microscope. — Grown over, covered with a growth. — To grow out of, to issue from, as plants from the soil, or as a branch from the main stem; to result from. “These wars have grown out of commercial considerations.” A. Hamilton. — To grow up, to arrive at full stature or maturity; as grown up children. — To grow together, to close and adhere; to become united by growth, as flesh or the bark of a tree severed. Howells. Syn. — To become; increase; enlarge; augment; improve; expand; extend.

Grow , v. t. To cause to grow; to cultivate; to produce; as to grow a crop; to grow wheat, hops, or tobacco. Macaulay. Syn. — To raise; to cultivate. See Raise, v. t., 3.

Grow´a•ble , a. Capable of growth.

Grow´an , n. [Cf. Arm. grouan gravel, Corn. grow gravel, sand.] (Mining.) A decomposed granite, forming a mass of gravel, as in tin lodes in Cornwall.

Grow´er , n. One who grows or produces; as a grower of corn; also that which grows or increases; as a vine may be a rank or a slow grower.

Growl (groul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Growled (grould); p. pr. & vb. n. Growling.] [D. grollen to grunt, murmur, be angry; akin to G. grollen to be angry.] To utter a deep guttural sound, as an angry dog; to give forth an angry, grumbling sound. Gay.

Growl, v. t. To express by growling. Thomson.

Growl, n. The deep, threatening sound made by a surly dog; a grumbling sound.

Growl´er , n. 1. One who growls. 2. (Zoöl.) The large-mouthed black bass. [Local] 3. A four-wheeled cab. [Slang, Eng.]

Growl´ing•ly, adv. In a growling manner.

Grown , p. p. of Grow.

Growse , v. i. [Cf. gruesome, grewsome, and G. grausen to make shudder, shiver.] To shiver; to have chills. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Growth (groth), n. [Icel. groðr, groði. See Grow.] 1. The process of growing; the gradual increase of an animal or a vegetable body; the development from a seed, germ, or root, to full size or maturity; increase in size, number, frequency, strength, etc.; augmentation; advancement; production; prevalence or influence; as the growth of trade; the growth of power; the growth of intemperance. Idle weeds are fast in growth. Shak. 2. That which has grown or is growing; anything produced; product; consequence; effect; result. “Nature multiplies her fertile growth.” Milton.

Growt´head , n. [Lit., greathead.] A lazy person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Tusser.

Growth´ful , a. Having capacity of growth. [R.] J. Hamilton.

Groyne , n. [Obs.] See Groin.

Gro´zing i´ron 1. A tool with a hardened steel point, formerly used instead of a diamond for cutting glass. 2. (Plumbing) A tool for smoothing the solder joints of lead pipe. Knight.

Grub , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grubbed , p. pr. & vb. n. Grubbing .] [OE. grubbin., cf. E. grab, grope.] 1. To dig in or under the ground, generally for an object that is difficult to reach or extricate; to be occupied in digging. 2. To drudge; to do menial work. Richardson.

Grub, v. t. 1. To dig; to dig up by the roots; to root out by digging; — followed by up; as to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge. “They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.” Hare. 2. To supply with food. [Slang] Dickens.

Grub, n. 1. (Zoöl.) The larva of an insect, especially of a beetle; — called also grubworm. See Illust. of Goldsmith beetle, under Goldsmith. “Yet your butterfly was a grub.” Shak. 2. A short, thick man; a dwarf. [Obs.] Carew. 3. Victuals; food. [Slang] Halliwell. Grub ax or axe, a kind of mattock used in grubbing up roots, etc. — Grub breaker. Same as Grub hook (below). — Grub hoe, a heavy hoe for grubbing. — Grub hook, a plowlike implement for uprooting stumps, breaking roots, etc. — Grub saw, a handsaw used for sawing marble. — Grub Street, a street in London (now called Milton Street), described by Dr. Johnson as ´much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems, whence any mean production is called grubstreet.´ As an adjective, suitable to, or resembling the production of, Grub Street. “I ’d sooner ballads write, and grubstreet lays.” Gap.

Grub´ber, n. One who, or that which, grubs; especially, a machine or tool of the nature of a grub ax, grub hook, etc.

Grub´ble , v. t. & i. [Freq. of grub, but cf. grabble.] To feel or grope in the dark. [Obs.] Dryden.

Grub´by, a. [From Grub.] Dirty; unclean. [Colloq.] “The grubby game of marbles.” Lond. Sat. Rev.

Grub´by, n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Cottus; a sculpin. [Local, U. S.]

Grub´worm , n. (Zoöl.) See Grub, n., 1. “And gnats and grubworms crowded on his view.” C. Smart.

Grucche (gruch), v. i. [See Grudge.] To murmur; to grumble. [Obs.] “What aileth you, thus for grucche and groan.” Chaucer.

Grudge (gruj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grudger p. pr. & vb. n. Grudging.] [OE. grutchen, gruchen, grochen, to murmur, grumble, OF. grochier, grouchier, grocier, groucier; cf. Icel. krytja to murmur, krutr a murmur, or E. grunt.] 1. To look upon with desire to possess or to appropriate; to envy (one) the possession of; to begrudge; to covet; to give with reluctance; to desire to get back again; — followed by the direct object only, or by both the direct and indirect objects. “Tis not in thee To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train.” Shak. “I have often heard the Presbyterians say, they did not grudge us our employments.” Swift. “They have grudged us contribution.” Shak. 2. To hold or harbor with malicious disposition or purpose; to cherish enviously. [Obs.] “Perish they
That grudge one thought against your majesty !” Shak.

Grudge (gruj), v. i. 1. To be covetous or envious; to show discontent; to murmur; to complain; to repine; to be unwilling or reluctant. “Grudge not one against another.” James v. 9. “He eats his meat without grudging.” Shak. 2. To feel compunction or grief. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Grudge, n. 1. Sullen malice or malevolence; cherished malice, enmity, or dislike; ill will; an old cause of hatred or quarrel. “Esau had conceived a mortal grudge and enmity against his brother Jacob.” South. “The feeling may not be envy; it may not be imbittered by a grudge.” I. Taylor. 2. Slight symptom of disease. [Obs.] “Our shaken monarchy, that now lies … struggling against the grudges of more dreaded calamities.” Milton. Syn. — Pique; aversion; dislike; ill will; hatred; spite. See Pique.

Grudge´ful , a. Full of grudge; envious. ´Grudgeful discontent.´ Spenser.

Grud´geons , Gur´geons , n. pl. [Prob. from P. grugir to craunch; cf. D. gruizen to crush, grind, and E. grout.] Coarse meal. [Obs.]

Grudg´er (gruj´er), n. One who grudges.

Grudg´ing•ly, adv. In a grudging manner.

Grudg´ing•ness, n. The state or quality of grudging, or of being full of grudge or unwillingness.

Gru´el , n. [OF. gruel, F. gruau; of German origin; cf. OHG. gruzzi groats, G. grütze, As. grut. See Grout.] A light, liquid food, made by boiling meal of maize, oatmeal, or flour in water or milk; thin porridge.

Gru´el•ly, a. Like gruel; of the consistence of gruel.

Grue´some , a. Same as Grewsome. [Scot.]

Gruf , adv. [Cf. Grovel.] Forwards; with one’s face to the ground. [Obs.] “They fellen gruf, and cryed piteously.” Chaucer.

Gruff , a. [Compar. Gruffer ; superl. Gruffest.] [D. grof; akin to G. grob, OHG. gerob, grob, Dan. grov, Sw. grof, perh. akin to AS. rcófan to break, Z. reavc, rupture, g- standing for the AS. prefix ge- , Goth. ga-.] Of a rough or stern manner, voice, or countenance; sour; surly; severe; harsh. Addison. “Gruff, disagreeable, sarcastic remarks.” Thackeray. — Gruff´ly, adv. — Gruff´ness, n.

Gru´gru palm´ (Bot.) A West Indian name for several kinds of palm. See Macaw tree, under Macaw. [Written also grigri palm.]

Gru´gru worm´ (Zoöl.) The larva or grub of a large South American beetle (Calandra palmarum), which lives in the pith of palm trees and sugar cane. It is eaten by the natives, and esteemed a delicacy.

Grum , a. [Cf. Dan. grum furious, Sw. grym, AS. gram, and E. grim, and grumble. rad.35.] 1. Morose; severe of countenance; sour; surly; glum; grim. ´Nick looked sour and grum.´ Arbuthnof. 2. Low; deep in the throat; guttural; rumbling; as a grum voice.

Grum´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grunbled p. pr. & vb. n. Grumbling ] [Cf. LG. grummeln, grumen, D. grommelen, grommen, and F. grommeler, of German origin; cf. W. grwm, murmur, grumble, surly. rad.35. Cf. Grum, Grim.] 1. To murmur or mutter with discontent; to make ill-natured complaints in a low voice and a surly manner. “L’Avare, not using half his store,
Still grumbles that he has no more.” Prior. 2. To growl; to snarl in deep tones; as a lion grumbling over his prey. 3. To rumble; to make a low, harsh, and heavy sound; to mutter; as the distant thunder grumbles.

Grum´ble, v. t. To express or utter with grumbling.

Grum´ble, n. 1. The noise of one that grumbles. 2. A grumbling, discontented disposition. “A bad case of grumble.” Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

Grum´bler , n. One who grumbles.

Grum´bling•ly, adv. In a grumbling manner.

Grume (grum), n. [OF. grume, cf. F. grumeau a little heap, clot of blood, dim. fr. L. grumus.] A thick, viscid fluid; a clot, as of blood. Quincy.

Grum´ly , adv. In a grum manner.

Gru•mose´ , a. (Bot.) Clustered in grains at intervals; grumous.

Gru´mous , a. [Cf. F. grumeleux. See Grume.] 1. Resembling or containing grume; thick; concreted; clotted; as grumous blood. 2. (Bot.) See Grumose.

Gru´mous•ness, n. The state of being grumous.

Grump´i•ly , adv. In a surly manner; sullenly. [Colloq.]

Grump´y , a. [Cf. Grumble, and Grum.] Surly; dissatisfied; grouty. [Collog.] Ferby.

Grun´del , n. [See Groundling.] (Zoöl.) A groundling (fish). [Prov. Eng.]

Grundsel , n. Groundsel. [Obs.]

Grunt (grunt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grunting.] [OE. grunten; akin to As. grunian, G. grunzen, Dan. grynte, Sw. grymta; all prob. of imitative; or perh. akin to E. groan.] To make a deep, short noise, as a hog; to utter a short groan or a deep guttural sound. “Who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life.” Shak. Grunting ox (Zoöl.), the yak.

Grunt (grunt), n. 1. A deep, guttural sound, as of a hog. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of American food fishes, of the genus Haemulon, allied to the snappers, as the black grunt (A. Plumieri), and the redmouth grunt (H. aurolineatus), of the Southern United States; — also applied to allied species of the genera Pomadasys, Orthopristis, and Pristopoma. Called also pigfish, squirrel fish, and grunter; — so called from the noise it makes when taken.

Grunt´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, grunts; specifically, a hog. ´Bristled grunters.´ Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) One of several American marine fishes. See Sea robin, and Grunt, n., 2. 3. (Brass Founding) A hook used in lifting a crucible.

Grunt´ing•ly, adv. In a grunting manner.

Grun´tle , v. i. [Freq. of grunt.] To grunt; to grunt repeatedly. [Obs.]

Grunt´ling , n. A young hog.

Grutch , v. See Grudge. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Gru´yère• cheese´ . A kind of cheese made at Gruyère, Switzerland. It is a firm cheese containing numerous cells, and is known in the United States as Schweitzerkäse.

Gry , n. [Gr syllable, bit.] 1. A measure equal to one tenth of a line. [Obs.] Locke. 2. Anything very small, or of little value. [R.]

Gryde , v. i. To gride. See Gride. Spenser.

Gryf´on , n. [Obs.] See Griffin. Spenser.

Gryl´lus , n. [L., locust.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects including the common crickets.

Grype , v. t. To gripe. [Obs.] See Gripe. Spenser.

Grype, n. [Gr. gry•f, grypo•s, griffin. See Griffin.] (Zoöl.) A vulture; the griffin. [Written also gripe.] [Obs.]

Gry•phae´a , n. [NL., fr. I gryphus, or qryps, gen. gryphis, a griffin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cretaceous fossil shells allied to the oyster.

Gryph´ite , n. [Cf. F. gryphite.] (Paleon.) A shell of the genus Gryphea.

Gryph´on , n. (Zoöl.) The griffin vulture.

Grys´bok n. [D. grijs gray + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A small South African antelope (Neotragus melanotis). It is speckled with gray and chestnut, above; the under parts are reddish fawn.

Gua•cha´ro , n. [Cf. Sp. guácharo sickly, dropsical, guacharaca a sort of bird.] (Zoöl.) A nocturnal bird of South America and Trinidad (Steatornis Caripensis, or S. steatornis); — called also oilbird. It resembles the goatsuckers and nighthawks, but feeds on fruits, and nests in caverns. A pure oil, used in place of butter, is extracted from the young by the natives.

Gua´cho , n.; pl. Guachos [Spanish American.] 1. One of the mixed-blood (Spanish-Indian) inhabitants of the pampas of South America; a mestizo. 2. An Indian who serves as a messenger.

Gua´co , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A plant (Aristolochia anguicida) of Carthagena, used as an antidote to serpent bites. Lindley. (b) The Mikania Guaco, of Brazil, used for the same purpose.

Gua´iac , a. [See Guaiacum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, guaiacum. — n. Guaiacum.

Gua´ia•cum , n. [NL., fr. Sp. guayaco, from native name in Hayti.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of small, crooked trees, growing in tropical America. 2. The heart wood or the resin of the Guaiacum officinale or lignum-vitae, a large tree of the West Indies and Central America. It is much used in medicine. [Written also guaiac.]

Guan (gwän), n. ((Zoöl.) Any one of many species of large gallinaceous birds of Central and South America, belonging to Penelope, Pipile, Ortalis, and allied genera. Several of the species are often domesticated.

Gua´na (gwä´na), n. (Zoöl.) See Iguana.

Gua•na´co (gwa•nä´ko), n.; pl. Guanacos (- koz). [Sp. guanaco, Peruv. huanacu. Cf. Huanaco.] (Zoöl.) A South American mammal (Auchenia huanaco), allied to the llama, but of larger size and more graceful form, inhabiting the southern Andes and Patagonia. It is supposed by some to be the llama in a wild state. [Written also huanaco.]

Gua´ni•dine , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A strongly alkaline base, CN3H5, formed by the oxidation of guanin, and also obtained combined with methyl in the decomposition of creatin. Boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, it yields urea and ammonia.

Gua•nif´er•ous , a. [Guano + -ferous.] Yielding guano. Ure.

Gua´nin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance (C5H5N5O) contained in guano. It is also a constituent of the liver, pancreas and other glands in mammals.

Gua´no , n.; pl. Guanos (#). [Sp. guano, fr. Peruv. huanu dung.] A substance found in great abundance on some coasts or islands frequented by sea fowls, and composed chiefly of their excrement. It is rich in phosphates and ammonia, and is used as a powerful fertilizer.

Gua´ra , n. [Braz. guará.] (Zoöl.) (a) The scarlet ibis. See Ibis. (b) A large-maned wild dog of South America (Canis jubatus) - - named from its cry.

Gua´ra•na , n. [Pg.] (Med.) A preparation from the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a woody climber of Brazil, used in making an astringent drink, and also in the cure of headache.

Gua´ra•nine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from guarana. Same as Caffeine.

Guar•an•tee´ , n.; pl. Guarantees (#). [For guaranty, prob. influenced by words like assignee, lessee, etc. See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantee.] 1. In law and common usage: A promise to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failure of another person, who is, in the first instance, liable to such payment or performance; an engagement which secures or insures another against a contingency; a warranty; a security. Same as Guaranty. “His interest seemed to be a guarantee for his zeal.” Macaulay. 2. One who binds himself to see an undertaking of another performed; a guarantor. South. Guarantor is the correct form in this sense. 3. (Law) The person to whom a guaranty is made; — the correlative of guarantor. Syn. — Guarantee, Warranty. A guarantee is an engagement that a certain act will be done or not done in future. A warranty is an engagement as to the qualities or title of a thing at the time of the engagement.

Guar´an•tee, v. t. [imp. & p. p. guaranteed p, pr. & vb. n. Guaranteeing.] [From Guarantee, n.] In law and common usage: to undertake or engage for the payment of (a debt) or the performance of (a duty) by another person; to undertake to secure (a possession, right, claim, etc.) to another against a specified contingency, or at all events; to give a guarantee concerning; to engage, assure, or secure as a thing that may be depended on; to warrant; as to guarantee the execution of a treaty. “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government.” Constitution of the U. S.

Guar´an•tor , n. [See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantor.] (Law) (a) One who makes or gives a guaranty; a warrantor; a surety. (b) One who engages to secure another in any right or possession.

Guar´an•ty , n.; pl. Guaranies (#). [OF. guarantie, garantie, F. garantie, OF. guarantir, garantir, to warrant, to guaranty, E. garantir, fr. OF. guarant, garant, a warranter, F. garant; of German origin, and from the same word as warranty. See Warrant, and cf. Warranty, Guarantee.] In law and common usage: An undertaking to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some contract or duty, of another, in case of the failure of such other to pay or perform; a guarantee; a warranty; a security.

Guar´an•ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarantied p. pr. & vb. n. Guarantying.] [From Guaranty, n.] In law and common usage: To undertake or engage that another person shall perform (what he has stipulated); to undertake to be answerable for (the debt or default of another); to engage to answer for the performance of (some promise or duty by another) in case of a failure by the latter to perform; to undertake to secure (something) to another, as in the case of a contingency. See Guarantee, v. t. Guaranty agrees in form with warranty. Both guaranty and guarantee are well authorized by legal writers in the United States. The prevailing spelling, at least for the verb, is guarantee.

Guard , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarded; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gurding.] [OF. guarder, garder, warder, F. garder, fr. OHG. wartn to be on the watch, await, G. marten. See Ward, v. & n., and cf. Guard, n.] 1. To protect from danger; to secure against surprise, attack, or injury; to keep in safety; to defend; to shelter; to shield from surprise or attack; to protect by attendance; to accompany for protection; to care for. “For Heaven still guards the right.” Shak. 2. To keep watch over, in order to prevent escape or restrain from acts of violence, or the like. 3. To protect the edge of, esp. with an ornamental border; hence, to face or ornament with lists, laces, etc. “The body of your discourse it sometime guarded with fragments, and the guards are but slightly basted on neither.” Shak. 4. To fasten by binding; to gird. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Syn. — To defend, protect, shield; keep; watch.

Guard (gärd), v. i. To watch by way of caution or defense; to be caution; to be in a state or position of defense or safety; as careful persons guard against mistakes.

Guard, n. [OF. guarde, F. garde; of German origin; cf. OHG. wart, marto, one who watches, mata a watching, Goth. wardja watchman. See Guard, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, guards from injury, danger, exposure, or attack; defense; protection. “His greatness was no guard to bar heaven’s shaft.” Shak. 2. A man, or body of men, stationed to protect or control a person or position; a watch; a sentinel. “The guard which kept the door of the king’s house.” Kings xiv. 27. 3. One who has charge of a mail coach or a railway train; a conductor. [Eng.] 4. Any fixture or attachment designed to protect or secure against injury, soiling, or defacement, theft or loss; as: (a) That part of a sword hilt which protects the hand. (b) Ornamental lace or hem protecting the edge of a garment. (c) A chain or cord for fastening a watch to one’s person or dress. (d) A fence or rail to prevent falling from the deck of a vessel. (e) An extension of the deck of a vessel beyond the hull; esp., in side-wheel steam vessels, the framework of strong timbers, which curves out on each side beyond the paddle wheel, and protects it and the shaft against collision. (f) A plate of metal, beneath the stock, or the lock frame, of a gun or pistol, having a loop, called a bow, to protect the trigger. (g) (Bookbinding) An interleaved strip at the back, as in a scrap book, to guard against its breaking when filled. 5. A posture of defense in fencing, and in bayonet and saber exercise. 6. An expression or admission intended to secure against objections or censure. “They have expressed themselves with as few guards and restrictions as I.” Atterbury. 7. Watch; heed; care; attention; as to keep guard. 8. (Zoöl.) The fibrous sheath which covers the phragmacone of the Belemnites. Guard is often used adjectively or in combination; as guard boat or guardboat; guardroom or guard room; guard duty. Advanced guard, Coast guard, etc. See under Advanced, Coast, etc. — Grand guard (Mil.), one of the posts of the second line belonging to a system of advance posts of an army. Mahan. — Guard boat. (a) A boat appointed to row the rounds among ships of war in a harbor, to see that their officers keep a good lookout. (b) A boat used by harbor authorities to enforce the observance of quarantine regulations. — Guard cells (Bot.), the bordering cells of stomates; they are crescent-shaped and contain chlorophyll. — Guard chamber, a guardroom. — Guard detail (Mil.), men from a company regiment etc., detailed for guard duty. - - Guard duty (Mil.), the duty of watching patrolling, etc., performed by a sentinel or sentinels. — Guard lock (Engin.), a tide lock at the mouth of a dock or basin. — Guard of honor (Mil.), a guard appointed to receive or to accompany eminent persons. — Guard rail (Railroads), a rail placed on the inside of a main rail, on bridges, at switches, etc., as a safeguard against derailment. — Guard ship, a war vessel appointed to superintend the marine affairs in a harbor, and also in the English service, to receive seamen till they can be distributed among their respective ships. — Life guard (Mil.), a body of select troops attending the person of a prince or high officer. — Off one’s guard, in a careless state; inattentive; unsuspicious of danger. — On guard, serving in the capacity of a guard; doing duty as a guard or sentinel; watching. — On one’s guard, in a watchful state; alert; vigilant. — To mount guard (Mil.), to go on duty as a guard or sentinel. — To run the guard, to pass the watch or sentinel without leave. Syn. — Defense; shield; protection; safeguard; convoy; escort; care; attention; watch; heed.

Guard´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. gardable. See Guard, v. t.] Capable of being guarded or protected.

Guard´age , n. [Cf. OF. wardage. See Guard, v. t.] Wardship [Obs.] Shak.

Guard´ant , a. [OF. guardant, p. pr. of guard. See Guard, v. t.] 1. Acting as guardian. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Her.) Same as Gardant.

Guard´ant, n. A guardian. [Obs.] Shak.

Guard´ed, a. Cautious; wary; circumspect; as he was guarded in his expressions; framed or uttered with caution; as his expressions were guarded. — Guard´edly, adv. — Guard´ed•ness, n.

Guard´en•age , n. Guardianship. [Obs. & R.] ´ His tuition and guardenage.´ Holland.

Guard´er , n. One who guards.

Guard´fish , n. (Zoöl.) The garfish.

Guard´ful , a. Cautious; wary; watchful. [Obs. or Poetic.] — Guard´ful•ly, adv.

Guard´house , n. (Mil.) A building which is occupied by the guard, and in which soldiers are confined for misconduct; hence, a lock-up.

Guard´i•an , n. [OF. guardain, gardien, F. gardien, LL. guardianus. See Guard, v. t., and cf. Wasden.] 1. One who guards, preserves, or secures; one to whom any person or thing is committed for protection, security, or preservation from injury; a warden. 2. (Law) One who has or is entitled to, the custody of the person or property of an infant, a minor without living parents, or a person incapable of managing his own affairs. “Of the several species of guardians, the first are guardians by nature. — viz., the father and (in some cases) the mother of the child.” Blackstone. Guardian ad litem (Law), a guardian appointed by a court of justice to conduct a particular suit. — Guardians of the poor, the members of a board appointed or elected to care for the relief of the poor within a township, or district.

Guard´i•an , a. Performing, or appropriate to, the office of a protector; as a guardian care. Feast of Guardian Angels (R. C. Ch.) a church festival instituted by Pope Paul V., and celebrated on October 2d. — Guardian angel. (a) The particular spiritual being believed in some branches of the Christian church to have guardianship and protection of each human being from birth. (b) Hence, a protector or defender in general. O. W. Holmes. — Guardian spirit, in the belief of many pagan nations, a spirit, often of a deceased relative or friend, that presides over the interests of a household, a city, or a region.

Guard´i•an•age , n. Guardianship. [Obs.]

Guard´i•ance , n. Guardianship. [Obs.]

Guard´i•an•ess , n. A female guardian. “I have placed a trusty, watchful guardianess.” Beau. & Fl.

Guard´i•an•less, a. Without a guardian. Marston.

Guard´i•an•ship, n. The office, duty, or care, of a guardian; protection; care; watch.

Guard´less , a. Without a guard or defense; unguarded. Chapman.

Guard´room , n. (Mil.) The room occupied by the guard during its term of duty; also a room where prisoners are confined.

Guards (gärdz), n. pl. A body of picked troops; as ´The Household Guards.´

Guard´ship, n. Care; protection. [Obs.] Swift.

Guards´man , n.; pl. Guardsmen . 1. One who guards; a guard. 2. A member, either officer or private, of any military body called Guards.

Guar´ish , v. t. [OF. guarir, garir, F. guerir.] To heal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Gua•te•ma´la grass´ (Bot.) See Teosinte.

Gua´va , n. [Sp. guayaba the guava fruit, guayabo the guava tree; prob. fr. the native West Indian name.] A tropical tree, or its fruit, of the genus Psidium. Two varieties are well known, the P. pyriferum, or white guava, and P. pomiferum, or red guava. The fruit or berry is shaped like a pomegranate, but is much smaller. It is somewhat astringent, but makes a delicious jelly.

Gu´ber•nance , n. Government. [Obs.]

Gu´ber•nate , v. t. [L. gubernatus, p. p. of gubernare. See Govern.] To govern. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Gu´ber•na•tion , n. [L. gubernatio.] The act of governing; government [Obs.] I. Watts.

Gu´ber•na•tive , a. Governing. [Obs.]

Gu´ber•na•to•ri•al , a. [L. gubernator governor. See Gabernate.] Pertaining to a governor, or to government.

Gud´geon (guj´un), n. [OE. gojon, F. goujon, from L. gobio, or gobius, Gr. kwbio•s Cf. 1st Goby. ] 1. (Zoöl.) A small European freshwater fish (Gobio fluviatilis), allied to the carp. It is easily caught and often used for food and for bait. In America the killifishes or minnows are often called gudgeons. 2. What may be got without skill or merit. “Fish not, with this melancholy bait,
For this fool gudgeon, this opinion.” Shak. 3. A person easily duped or cheated. Swift. 4. (Mach.) The pin of iron fastened in the end of a wooden shaft or axle, on which it turns; formerly, any journal, or pivot, or bearing, as the pintle and eye of a hinge, but esp. the end journal of a horizontal. 6. (Naut.) A metal eye or socket attached to the sternpost to receive the pintle of the rudder. Ball gudgeon. See under Ball.

Gud´geon, v. t. To deprive fraudulently; to cheat; to dupe; to impose upon. [R.] “To be gudgeoned of the opportunities which had been given you.” Sir IV. Scott.

Gue , n. A sharper; a rogue. [Obs.] J. Webstar.

Gue´ber Gue´bre , n. Same as Gheber.

Guel´der•rose’ , n. [Supposed to be brought from Guelderland; hence, D. Geldersche roos, G. Gelderische rose, F. rose de Gueldre, It. rose di Gueldra, Sp. rosa de Gueldres.] (Bot.) A cultivated variety of a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), bearing large bunches of white flowers; — called also snowball tree. { Guelph , Guelf } (gwelf), n. [It. Guelfo, from Welf, the name of a German family.] (Hist.) One of a faction in Germany and Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which supported the House of Guelph and the pope, and opposed the Ghibellines, or faction of the German emperors. { Guelph´ic , Guelf´ic } , a. Of or pertaining to the family or the faction of the Guelphs.

Guenon´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) One of several long-tailed Oriental monkeys, of the genus Cercocebus, as the green monkey and grivet.

Gue•parde´ , n. [Cf. F. guepard.] (Zoöl.) The cheetah.

Guer´don , n. [OF. guerdon, guerredon, LL. widerdonum (influenced by L. donum gift, cf. Donation ), fr. OHG. widarlon; widar again, against (G. wider wieder) + lon reward, G. lohn, akin to AS. leán Goth. laun. See Withers.] A reward; requital; recompense; — used in both a good and a bad sense. Macaulay. “So young as to regard men’s frown or smile
As loss or guerdon of a glorious lot.” Byron. “He shall, by thy revenging hand, at once receive the just guerdon of all his former villainies.” Knolles.

Guer´don , v. t. [OF. guerdonner, guerredonner. See Guerdon, n.] To give guerdon to; to reward; to be a recompense for. [R.] “Him we gave a costly bribe
To guerdon silence.” Tennyson.

Guer´don•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. guerredonable.] Worthy of reward. Sir G. Buck.

Guer´don•less, a. Without reward or guerdon.

Gue•re´za , n. (Zoöl.) A beautiful Abyssinian monkey (Colobus guereza), having the body black, with a fringe of long, silky, white hair along the sides, and a tuft of the same at the end of the tail. The frontal band, cheeks, and chin are white.

Gue•ril´la , a. See Guerrilla.

Guer´ite , n. [F. guerite.] (Fort.) A projecting turret for a sentry, as at the salient angles of works, or the acute angles of bastions.

Guern´sey lil´y (Bot.) A South African plant (Nerine Sarniensis) with handsome lilylike flowers, naturalized on the island of Guernsey.

Guer•ril´la , n. [Sp., lit., a little war, skirmish, dim. of guerra war, fr. OHG. werra discord, strife. See War.] 1. An irregular mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of independent bands, adopted in the north of Spain during the Peninsular war. 2. One who carries on, or assists in carrying on, irregular warfare; especially, a member of an independent band engaged in predatory excursions in war time. The term guerrilla is the diminutive of the Spanish word guerra, war, and means petty war, that is, war carried on by detached parties; generally in the mountains… . A guerrilla party means, an irregular band of armed men, carrying on an irregular war, not being able, according to their character as a guerrilla party, to carry on what the law terms a regular war. F. Lieder.

Guer•ril´la, a. Pertaining to, or engaged in, warfare carried on irregularly and by independent bands; as a guerrilla party; guerrilla warfare.

Guess (ges), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guessed p. pr. & vb. n. Guessing.] [OE. gessen; akin to Dan. gisse, Sw. gissa, Icel. gizha, D. gissen: cf. Dan. giette to guess, Icel. geta to get, to guess. Probably originally, to try to get, and akin to E. get. See Get.] 1. To form an opinion concerning, without knowledge or means of knowledge; to judge of at random; to conjecture. “First, if thou canst, the harder reason guess.” Pope. 2. To judge or form an opinion of, from reasons that seem preponderating, but are not decisive. “We may then guess how far it was from his design.” Milton. “Of ambushed men, whom, by their arms and dress,
To be Taxallan enemies I guess.” Dryden. 3. To solve by a correct conjecture; to conjecture rightly; as he who guesses the riddle shall have the ring; he has guessed my designs. 4. To hit upon or reproduce by memory. [Obs.] “Tell me their words, as near as thou canst guess them.” Shak. 5. To think; to suppose; to believe; to imagine; — followed by an objective clause. “Not all together; better far, I guess,
That we do make our entrance several ways.” Shak. “But in known images of life I guess
The labor greater.” Pope. Syn. — To conjecture; suppose; surmise; suspect; divine; think; imagine; fancy. — To Guess, Think, Reckon. Guess denotes, to attempt to hit upon at random; as to guess at a thing when blindfolded; to conjecture or form an opinion on hidden or very slight grounds: as to guess a riddle; to guess out the meaning of an obscure passage. The use of the word guess for think or believe, although abundantly sanctioned by good English authors, is now regarded as antiquated and objectionable by discriminating writers. It may properly be branded as a colloguialism and vulgarism when used respecting a purpose or a thing about which there is no uncertainty; as I guess I ’ll go to bed.

Guess, v. i. To make a guess or random judgment; to conjecture; — with at, about, etc. “This is the place, as well as I may guess.” Milton.

Guess, n. An opinion as to anything, formed without sufficient or decisive evidence or grounds; an attempt to hit upon the truth by a random judgment; a conjecture; a surmise. “A poet must confess
His art ’s like physic — but a happy guess.” Dryden.

Guess´a•ble , a. Capable of being guessed.

Guess´er , n. One who guesses; one who forms or gives an opinion without means of knowing.

Guess´ing•ly, adv. By way of conjecture. Shak.

Guess´ive , a. Conjectural. [Obs.] Feltham.

Guess´ rope´ (Naut.) A guess warp.

Guess´ warp´ (Naut.) A rope or hawser by which a vessel is towed or warped along; — so called because it is necessary to guess at the length to be carried in the boat making the attachment to a distant object.

Guess´work , n. Work performed, or results obtained, by guess; conjecture.

Guest (gest), n. [OE. gest, AS. gaest, gest; akin to OS., D., & G. gast, Icel. gestr, Sw. gäst, Dan. Gjäst, Goth. gasts, Russ. goste, and to L. hostis enemy, stranger; the meaning stranger is the older one, but the root is unknown. Cf. Host an army, Hostile.] 1. A visitor; a person received and entertained in one’s house or at one’s table; a visitor entertained without pay. “To cheer his guests, whom he had stayed that night.” Spenser. “True friendship’s laws are by this rule exprest.
Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest.” Pope.

Guest , v. t. To receive or entertain hospitably. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Guest, v. i. To be, or act the part of, a guest. [Obs.] “And tell me, best of princes, who he was
That guested here so late.” Chapman.

Guest´ rope´ (Naut.) The line by which a boat makes fast to the swinging boom. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Guest´wise´ , adv. In the manner of a guest.

Gue´vi , n. (Zoöl.) One of several very small species and varieties of African antelopes, of the genus Cephalophus, as the Cape guevi or kleeneboc (Cephalophus pygmaea); — called also pygmy antelope.
[1913 Webster]

Guf•faw´ , n. A loud burst of laughter; a horse laugh. ´A hearty low guffaw.´ Carlyle.

Guf´fer , n. (Zoöl.) The eelpout; guffer eel.

Gug´gle , v. i. See Gurgle.

Guhr , n. [G.] A loose, earthy deposit from water, found in the cavities or clefts of rocks, mostly white, but sometimes red or yellow, from a mixture of clay or ocher. P. Cleaveland.

Gui´ac , n. Same as Guaiac.

Gui´a•col , n. [Guiac + - ol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, C6H4.OCH3.OH, resembling the phenols, found as a constituent of woodtar creosote, and produced by the dry distillation of guaiac resin.

Gui´a•cum , n. Same as Guaiacum.

Guib , n. (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Tragelaphus scriptus), curiously marked with white stripes and spots on a reddish fawn ground, and hence called harnessed antelope; — called also guiba.

Gui´co•war , n. [Mahratta gaekwar, prop., a cowherd.] The title of the sovereign of Guzerat, in Western India; — generally called the Guicowar of Baroda, which is the capital of the country.

Guid´a•ble , a. Capable of being guided; willing to be guided or counseled. Sprat.

Guid´age , n. [See Guide.] 1. The reward given to a guide for services. [R.] Ainsworth. 2. Guidance; lead; direction. [R.] Southey.

Guid´ance , n. [See Guide.] The act or result of guiding; the superintendence or assistance of a guide; direction; government; a leading. “ His studies were without guidance and without plan.” Macaulay.

Guide , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guided; p. pr. & vb. n. Guiding.] [OE. guiden, gyden, F. guiaer, It. guidare; prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. ritan to watch over, give heed to, Icel. viti signal, AS. witan to know. The word prob. meant, to indicate, point to, and hence, to show the way. Cf. Wit, Guy a rope, Gye.] 1. To lead or direct in a way; to conduct in a course or path; to pilot; as to guide a traveler. “I wish … you ’ld guide me to your sovereign’s court.” Shak. 2. To regulate and manage; to direct; to order; to superintend the training or education of; to instruct and influence intellectually or morally; to train. “He will guide his affairs with discretion.” Ps. cxii. 5. “The meek will he guide in judgment.” Ps. xxv. 9.

Guide, n. [OE. giae, F. guide, It. guida. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A person who leads or directs another in his way or course, as in a strange land; one who exhibits points of interest to strangers; a conductor; also that which guides; a guidebook. 2. One who, or that which, directs another in his conduct or course of life; a director; a regulator. “He will be our guide, even unto death.” Ps. xlviii. 14. 3. Any contrivance, especially one having a directing edge, surface, or channel, for giving direction to the motion of anything, as water, an instrument, or part of a machine, or for directing the hand or eye, as of an operator; as: (a) (Water Wheels) A blade or channel for directing the flow of water to the wheel buckets. (b) (Surgery) A grooved director for a probe or knife. (c) (Printing) A strip or device to direct the compositor’s eye to the line of copy he is setting. 4. (Mil.) A noncommissioned officer or soldier placed on the directing flank of each subdivision of a column of troops, or at the end of a line, to mark the pivots, formations, marches, and alignments in tactics. Farrow. Guide bar (Mach.), the part of a steam engine on which the crosshead slides, and by which the motion of the piston rod is kept parallel to the cylinder, being a substitute for the parallel motion; — called also guide, and slide bar. — Guide block (Steam Engine), a block attached in to the crosshead to work in contact with the guide bar. — Guide meridian. (Surveying) See under Meridian. — Guide pile (Engin.), a pile driven to mark a place, as a point to work to. — Guide pulley (Mach.), a pulley for directing or changing the line of motion of belt; an idler. Knight. — Guide rail (Railroads), an additional rail, between the others, gripped by horizontal driving wheels on the locomotive, as a means of propulsion on steep gradients.

Guide´board , n. A board, as upon a guidepost having upon it directions or information as to the road. Lowell.

Guide´book , n. A book of directions and information for travelers, tourists, etc.

Guide´less, a. Without a guide. Dryden.

Guide´post , n. A post at the fork of a road, with a guideboard on it, to direct travelers.

Guid´er , n. A guide; a director. Shak.

Guid´er•ess , n. A female guide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Guid´guid , n. (Zoöl.) A South American ant bird of the genus Hylactes; — called also barking bird.

Gui´don , n. [F. guidon, It. guidone. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A small flag or streamer, as that carried by cavalry, which is broad at one end and nearly pointed at the other, or that used to direct the movements of a body of infantry, or to make signals at sea; also the flag of a guild or fraternity. In the United States service, each company of cavalry has a guidon. “The pendants and guidons were carried by the officer of the army.” Evelyn. 2. One who carries a flag. Johnson. 3. One of a community established at Rome, by Charlemagne, to guide pilgrims to the Holy Land.

Guige (gij or gej), n. [Obs.] See Gige.

Guild , n. [OE. gilds, AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, a society or company where payment was made for its charge and support, fr. AS. gildan, gieldan, to pay. See Yield, v. t.] 1. An association of men belonging to the same class, or engaged in kindred pursuits, formed for mutual aid and protection; a business fraternity or corporation; as the Stationers’ Guild; the Ironmongers’ Guild. They were originally licensed by the government, and endowed with special privileges and authority. 2. A guildhall. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A religious association or society, organized for charitable purposes or for assistance in parish work.

Guild´a•ble , a. Liable to a tax. [Obs.]

Guil´der , n. [D. gulden, orig., golden. Cf. Golden.] A Dutch silver coin worth about forty cents; — called also florin and gulden.

Guild´hall , n. The hall where a guild or corporation usually assembles; a townhall.

Guile , n. [OE. guile, gile, OF. guile; of German origin, and the same word as E. wile. See Wile.] Craft; deceitful cunning; artifice; duplicity; wile; deceit; treachery. “Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile.” John i. 47. “To wage by force or guile eternal war.” Milton.

Guile, v. t. [OF. guiler. See Guile, n.] To disguise or conceal; to deceive or delude. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guile´ful , a. Full of guile; characterized by cunning, deceit, or treachery; guilty. — Guile´ful•ly, adv. — Guile´ful•ness, n.

Guile´less, a. Free from guile; artless. — Guile´less•ly, adv. Guile´less•ness, n.

Guil´er (gil´er), n. [Cf. OF. guileor.] A deceiver; one who deludes, or uses guile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guil´le•met , n. [F.] A quotation mark. [R.]

Guil´le•mot , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) One of several northern sea birds, allied to the auks. They have short legs, placed far back, and are expert divers and swimmers. The common guillemots, or murres, belong to the genus Uria (as U. troile); the black or foolish guillemot (Cepphus grylle, formerly Uria grylle), is called also sea pigeon and eligny. See Murre.

Guil•le•vat´ (-vat´), n. [F. guilloire (fr. guiller to work, ferment) + E. vat.] A vat for fermenting liquors.

Guil´loche , n. [F. guillochis; — said to be fr. Guillot, the inventor of a machine for carving it.] (Arch.) An ornament in the form of two or more bands or strings twisted over each other in a continued series, leaving circular openings which are filled with round ornaments.

Guil•loched´ , a. Waved or engine-turned. Mollett.

Guil´lo•tine (gil´lo•ten•), n. [F., from Guillotin, a French physician, who proposed, in the Constituent Assembly of 1789, to abolish decapitation with the ax or sword. The instrument was invented by Dr. Antoine Louis, and was called at first Louison or Louisette. Similar machines, however, were known earlier.] 1. A machine for beheading a person by one stroke of a heavy ax or blade, which slides in vertical guides, is raised by a cord, and let fall upon the neck of the victim. 2. Any machine or instrument for cutting or shearing, resembling in its action a guillotine.

Guil´lo•tine (gil•lo•ten´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guillotined p. pr. & vb. n. Guillotining.] [Cf. F. guillotiner.] To behead with the guillotine.

Guilt (gilt), n. [OE. gilt, gult, AS. gylt, crime; probably originally signifying, the fine or mulct paid for an offence, and afterward the offense itself, and akin to AS. gieldan to pay, E. yield. See Yield, v. t.] 1. The criminality and consequent exposure to punishment resulting from willful disobedience of law, or from morally wrong action; the state of one who has broken a moral or political law; crime; criminality; offense against right. “Satan had not answer, but stood struck
With guilt of his own sin.” Milton. 2. Exposure to any legal penalty or forfeiture. “A ship incurs guilt by the violation of a blockade.” Kent.

Guilt´i•ly (gilt´i•ly), adv. In a guilty manner.

Guilt´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being guilty.

Guilt´less, a. 1. Free from guilt; innocent. “The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.” Ex. xx. 7. 2. Without experience or trial; unacquainted (with). “Such gardening tools, as art, yet rude,
Guiltless of fire, had formed.” Milton. — Guilt´less•ly, adv. — Guilt´less•ness, n.

Guilt´-sick , a. Made sick by consciousness of guilt. ´A guilt-sick conscience.´ Beau. & Fl.

Guilt´y , a. [Compar. Gultier superl. Guiltiest.] [AS. gyltig liable. See Guilt.] 1. Having incurred guilt; criminal; morally delinquent; wicked; chargeable with, or responsible for, something censurable; justly exposed to penalty; — used with of, and usually followed by the crime, sometimes by the punishment. “They answered and said, He is guilty of death.” Matt. xxvi. 66. “Nor he, nor you, were guilty of the strife.” Dryden. 2. Evincing or indicating guilt; involving guilt; as a guilty look; a guilty act; a guilty feeling. 3. Conscious; cognizant. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. Condemned to payment. [Obs. & R.] Dryden.

Guilt´y•like (-lik•), adv. Guiltily. [Obs.] Shak.

Guin´ea (gin´e), n. 1. A district on the west coast of Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves) after which the Guinea fowl, Guinea grass, Guinea peach, etc., are named. 2. A gold coin of England current for twenty- one shillings sterling, or about five dollars, but not coined since the issue of sovereigns in 1817. “The guinea, so called from the Guinea gold out of which it
was first struck, was proclaimed in 1663, and to go for twenty shillings; but it never went for less than twenty-one shillings.” Pinkerton. Guinea corn. (Bot.) See Durra. — Guinea Current (Geog.), a current in the Atlantic Ocean setting southwardly into the Bay of Benin on the coast of Guinea. — Guinea dropper one who cheats by dropping counterfeit guineas. [Obs.] Gay. — Guinea fowl, Guinea hen (Zoöl.), an African gallinaceous bird, of the genus Numida, allied to the pheasants. The common domesticated species (N. meleagris), has a colored fleshy horn on each aide of the head, and is of a dark gray color, variegated with small white spots. The crested Guinea fowl (N. cristata) is a finer species. — Guinea grains (Bot.), grains of Paradise, or amomum. See Amomum. — Guinea grass (Bot.), a tall strong forage grass (Panicum jumentorum) introduced. from Africa into the West Indies and Southern United States. — Guinea-hen flower (Bot.), a liliaceous flower (Fritillaria Meleagris) with petals spotted like the feathers of the Guinea hen. — Guinea peach. See under Peach. — Guinea pepper (Bot.), the pods of the Xylopia aromatica, a tree of the order Anonaceae, found in tropical West Africa. They are also sold under the name of Piper AEthiopicum. —Guinea pig. [Prob. a mistake for Guiana pig.] (a) (Zoöl.) A small Brazilian rodent (Cavia cobaya), about seven inches in length and usually of a white color, with spots of orange and black. (b) A contemptuous sobriquet. Smollett — Guinea plum (Bot.), the fruit of Parinarium excelsum, a large West African tree of the order Chrysobalaneae, having a scarcely edible fruit somewhat resembling a plum, which is also called gray plum and rough-skin plum. — Guinea worm (Zoöl.), a long and slender African nematoid worm (Filaria Medinensis) of a white color. It lives in the cellular tissue of man, beneath the skin, and produces painful sores.

Gui•pure´ , n. [F.] A term used for lace of different kinds; most properly for a lace of large pattern and heavy material which has no ground or mesh, but has the pattern held together by connecting threads called bars or brides.

Guir´land , n. [Obs.] See Garland.

Guise , n. [OE. guise, gise, way, manner, F. guise, fr. OHG. wisa, G. weise. See Wise, n.] 1. Customary way of speaking or acting; custom; fashion; manner; behavior; mien; mode; practice; — often used formerly in such phrases as: at his own guise; that is, in his own fashion, to suit himself. Chaucer. “The swain replied, ´It never was our guise
To slight the poor, or aught humane despise.´” Pope. 2. External appearance in manner or dress; appropriate indication or expression; garb; shape. “As then the guise was for each gentle swain.” Spenser. “A … specter, in a far more terrific guise than any which
ever yet have overpowered the imagination.” Burke. 3. Cover; cloak; as under the guise of patriotism.

Guis´er , n. [From Guise.] A person in disguise; a masker; a mummer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Gui•tar´ , n. [F. guitare; cf. Pr., Sp., & Pg. guitarra, It. chitarra; all fr. Gr. ; cf. L. cithara. Cf. Cittern, Gittern.] A stringed instrument of music resembling the lute or the violin, but larger, and having six strings, three of silk covered with silver wire, and three of catgut, — played upon with the fingers.

Guit´guit , n. [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of small tropical American birds of the family Cœrebidae, allied to the creepers; — called also quit. See Quit.

Gu´la , n.; pl. L. GulAE (#), E. Gulas (#). [L., the throat, gullet.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat. (b) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum. 2. (Arch.) A capping molding. Same as Cymatium.

Gu´lar , a. [Cf. F. gulaire.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the gula or throat; as gular plates. See Illust. of Bird, and Bowfin.

Gu´laund , n. [Icel. gul- önd.] An arctic sea bird.

Gulch , n. 1. Act of gulching or gulping. [Obs.] 2. A glutton. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. A ravine, or part of the deep bed of a torrent when dry; a gully.

Gulch, v. t. [OE. gulchen; cf. dial. Sw. gölka to gulch, D. gulzig greedy, or E. gulp.] To swallow greedily; to gulp down. [Obs.]

Guld (guld), n. A flower. See Gold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gul´den , n. See Guilder.

Gule , v. t. To give the color of gules to.

Gule , n. The throat; the gullet. [Obs.] “Throats so wide and gules so gluttonous.” Gauden.

Gules (gulz), n. [OE. goules, F. gueules, the same word as gueule throat, OF. gole, goule, L. gula. So named from the red color of the throat. See Gullet, and cf. Gula.] (Her.) The tincture red, indicated in seals and engraved figures of escutcheons by parallel vertical lines. Hence, used poetically for a red color or that which is red. “His sev’n-fold targe a field of gules did stain
In which two swords he bore; his word,
´Divide and reign.´” P. Fletcher. “Follow thy drum;
With man’s blood paint the ground; gules, gules.” Shak. “Let’s march to rest and set in gules, like suns.” Beau. & Fl.

Gulf , n. [F. golfe, It. golfo, fr. Gr. bosom, bay, gulf, LGr. .] 1. A hollow place in the earth; an abyss; a deep chasm or basin, “He then surveyed
Hell and the gulf between.” Milton. “Between us and you there is a great gulf fixed.” Luke xvi. 26. 2. That which swallows; the gullet. [Obs.] Shak. 3. That which swallows irretrievably; a whirlpool; a sucking eddy. Shak. “A gulf of ruin, swallowing gold.” Tennyson. 4. (Geog.) A portion of an ocean or sea extending into the land; a partially land-locked sea; as the Gulf of Mexico. 5. (Mining) A large deposit of ore in a lode. Gulf Stream (Geog.), the warm ocean current of the North Atlantic. It originates in the westward equatorial current, due to the trade winds, is deflected northward by Cape St. Roque through the Gulf of Mexico, and flows parallel to the coast of North America, turning eastward off the island of Nantucket. Its average rate of flow is said to be about two miles an hour. The similar Japan current, or Kuro-Siwo, is sometimes called the Gulf Stream of the Pacific. — Gulf weed (Bot.), a branching seaweed (Sargassum bacciferum, or sea grape), having numerous berrylike air vessels, — found in the Gulf Stream, in the Sargasso Sea, and elsewhere.

Gulf´y , a. Full of whirlpools or gulfs. Chapman.

Gul´gul , n. [Hind. galgal.] A cement made in India from sea shells, pulverized and mixed with oil, and spread over a ship’s bottom, to prevent the boring of worms.

Gu´list , n. [L. gulo.] A glutton. [Obs.]

Gull , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulled p. pr. & vb. n. Gulling.] [Prob. fr. gull the bird; but cf. OSw. gylla to deceive, D. kullen, and E. cullibility.] To deceive; to cheat; to mislead; to trick; to defraud. “The rulgar, gulled into rebellion, armed.” Dryden. “I’m not gulling him for the emperor’s service.” Coleridge.

Gull, n. 1. A cheating or cheat; trick; fraud. Shak. 2. One easily cheated; a dupe. Shak.

Gull, n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Corn. gullan, W. gwylan.] (Zoöl.) One of many species of long-winged sea birds of the genus Larus and allied genera. Among the best known American species are the herring gull (Larus argentatus), the great black-backed gull (L. murinus) the laughing gull (L. atricilla), and Bonaparte’s gull (L. Philadelphia). The common European gull is Larus canus. Gull teaser (Zoöl.), the jager; — also applied to certain species of terns.

Gull´age , n. Act of being gulled. [Obs.] “Had you no quirk.
To avoid gullage, sir, by such a creature?” B. Jonson

Gull´er , n. One who gulls; a deceiver.

Gull´er•y , n. An act, or the practice, of gulling; trickery; fraud. [R.] ´A mere gullery.´ Selden.

Gul´let , n. [OE. golet, OF. Goulet, dim. of gole, goule, throat, F. gueule, L. gula; perh. akin to Skr. gula, G. kenle; cf. F. goulet the neck of a bottle, goulotte channel gutter. Cf. Gules, Gully.] 1. (Anat.) The tube by which food and drink are carried from the pharynx to the stomach; the esophagus. 2. Something shaped like the food passage, or performing similar functions; as: (a) A channel for water. (b) (Engin.) A preparatory cut or channel in excavations, of sufficient width for the passage of earth wagons. (c) A concave cut made in the teeth of some saw blades.

Gul´let•ing , n. (Engin.) A system of excavating by means of gullets or channels.

Gul´li•ble , a. Easily gulled; that may be duped. — Gul´li•bii•i•ty (#), n. Burke.

Gull´ish , a. Foolish; stupid. [Obs.] Gull´ish•ness, n. [Obs.]

Gul´ly , n.; pl. Gulles (#). [Etymol. uncertain] A large knife. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gul´ly, n.; pl. Gullies (#). [Formerly gullet.] 1. A channel or hollow worn in the earth by a current of water; a short deep portion of a torrent’s bed when dry. 2. A grooved iron rail or tram plate. [Eng.] Gully gut, a glutton. [Obs.] Chapman. — Gully hole, the opening through which gutters discharge surface water.

Gul´ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gullied (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Gullying.] To wear into a gully or into gullies.

Gul´ly, v. i. To flow noisily. [Obs.] Johnson.

Gu•los´i•ty , n. [L. gulositas, fr. gulosus gluttonous. See Gullet.] Excessive appetite; greediness; voracity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Gulp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulped p. pr. & vb. n. Gulping.] [D. gulpen, cf. OD. golpe gulf.] To swallow eagerly, or in large draughts; to swallow up; to take down at one swallow. “He does not swallow, but he gulps it down.” Cowper. “The old man … glibly gulped down the whole narrative.” Fielding. To gulp up, to throw up from the stomach; to disgorge.

Gulp, n. 1. The act of taking a large mouthful; a swallow, or as much as is awallowed at once. 2. A disgorging. [Colloq.]

Gulph , n. [Obs.] See Gulf.

Gult , n. Guilt. See Guilt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gult´y , a. Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gul´y , a. Of or pertaining to gules; red. ´Those fatal guly dragons.´ Milton.

Gum , n. [OE. gome, AS. gama palate; akin Co G. gaumen, OHG. goumo, guomo, Icel. gmr, Sw. gom; cf. Gr. to gape.] The dense tissues which invest the teeth, and cover the adjacent parts of the jaws. Gum rash (Med.), strophulus in a teething child; red gum. — Gum stick, a smooth hard substance for children to bite upon while teething.

Gum, v. t. To deepen and enlarge the spaces between the teeth of (a worn saw). See Gummer.

Gum, n. [OE. gomme, gumme, F. gomme, L. gummi and commis, fr. Gr. , prob. from an Egyptian form kam; cf. It. gomma.] 1. A vegetable secretion of many trees or plants that hardens when it exudes, but is soluble in water; as gum arabic; gum tragacanth; the gum of the cherry tree. also with less propriety, exudations that are not soluble in water; as gum copal and gum sandarac, which are really resins. 2. (Bot.) See Gum tree, below. 3. A hive made of a section of a hollow gum tree; hence, any roughly made hive; also a vessel or bin made of a hollow log. [Southern U. S.] 4. A rubber overshoe. [Local, U. S.] Black gum, Blue gum, British gum, etc. See under Black, Blue, etc. — Gum Acaroidea, the resinous gum of the Australian grass tree (Xanlhorrhœa). — Gum animal (Zoöl.), the galago of West Africa; — so called because it feeds on gums. See Galago. — Gum animi or anime. See Anime. - - Gum arabic, a gum yielded mostly by several species of Acacia (chiefly A. vera and A. Arabica) growing in Africa and Southern Asia; — called also gum acacia. East Indian gum arabic comes from a tree of the Orange family which bears the elephant apple. — Gum butea, a gum yielded by the Indian plants Butea frondosa and B. superba, and used locally in tanning and in precipitating indigo. — Gum cistus, a plant of the genus Cistus (Cistus ladaniferus), a species of rock rose. — Gum dragon. See Tragacanth. — Gum elastic, Elastic gum. See Caoutchouc. — Gum elemi. See Elemi. — Gum juniper. See Sandarac. — Gum kino. See under Kino. — Gum lac. See Lac. — Gum Ladanum, a fragrant gum yielded by several Oriental species of Cistus or rock rose. — Gum passages, sap receptacles extending through the parenchyma of certain plants (Amygdalaceae, Cactaceae, etc.), and affording passage for gum. — Gum pot, a varnish maker’s utensil for melting gum and mixing other ingredients. — Gum resin, the milky juice of a plant solidified by exposure to air; one of certain inspissated saps, mixtures of, or having properties of, gum and resin; a resin containing more or less mucilaginous and gummy matter. — Gum sandarac. See Sandarac. — Gum Senegal, a gum similar to gum arabic, yielded by trees (Acacia Verek and A. Adansoniä) growing in the Senegal country, West Africa. — Gum tragacanth. See Tragacanth. — Gum tree, the name given to several trees in America and Australia: (a) The black gum (Nyssa multiflora), one of the largest trees of the Southern States, bearing a small blue fruit, the favorite food of the opossum. Most of the large trees become hollow. (b) A tree of the genus Eucalyptus. See Eucalpytus. (c) The sweet gum tree of the United States (Liquidambar styraciflua), a large and beautiful tree with pointedly lobed leaves and woody burlike fruit. It exudes an aromatic terebinthine juice. — Gum water, a solution of gum, esp. of gum arabic, in water. — Gum wood, the wood of any gum tree, esp. the wood of the Eucalyptus piperita, of New South Wales.

Gum, v. t. [imp. &. p. Gummed p. pr. & vb. n. Gumming.] To smear with gum; to close with gum; to unite or stiffen by gum or a gumlike substance; to make sticky with a gumlike substance. “He frets like a gummed velvet.” Shak.

Gum, v. i. To exude or from gum; to become gummy.

Gum´bo , n. [Written also gombo.] 1. A soup thickened with the mucilaginous pods of the okra; okra soup. 2. The okra plant or its pods.

Gum´boil , n. (Med.) A small suppurating inflamed spot on the gum.

Gum´ma , n.; pl. Gummata (#). [NL. So called from its gummy contents See Gum.] (Med.) A kind of soft tumor, usually of syphilitic origin.

Gum•ma´tous , a. (Med.) Belonging to, or resembling, gumma.

Gum´mer , n. [From 2d Gum.] A punch-cutting tool, or machine for deepening and enlarging the spaces between the teeth of a worn saw.

Gum•mif´er•ous , a. [L. gummi gum + -ferous.] Producing gum; gum- bearing.

Gum´mi•ness , n. The state or quality of being gummy; viscousness.

Gum´mite , n. [So called because it occurs in rounded or flattened pieces which look like gum.] (Min.) A yellow amorphous mineral, essentially a hydrated oxide of uranium derived from the alteration of uraninite.

Gum•mos´i•ty , n. Gumminess; a viscous or adhesive quality or nature. [R.] Floyer.

Gum´mous , a. [L. gummosus; cf. F. gommeux.] 1. Gumlike, or composed of gum; gummy. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a gumma.

Gum´my , a. [Compar. Gummer ; superl. Gummirst.] Consisting of gum; viscous; adhesive; producing or containing gum; covered with gum or a substance resembling gum. “Kindles the gummy bark of fir or pine.” Milton. “Then rubs his gummy eyes.” Dryden. Gummy tumor (Med.), a gumma.

Gump (gump), n. [Cf. Sw. & Dan. gump buttocks, rump, Icel. gumpr.] A dolt; a dunce. [Low.] Holloway.

Gump´tion , n. [OE. gom, gome, attention; akin to AS. geómian, gyman, to regard, observe, gyme care, OS. gomean to heed, Goth. gaumjan to see, notice.] 1. Capacity; shrewdness; common sense. [Colloq.] “One does not have gumption till one has been properly cheated.” Lord Lytton. 2. (Paint.) (a) The art of preparing colors. Sir W. Scott. (b) Megilp. Fairholt.

Gun (gun), n. [OE. gonne, gunne; of uncertain origin; cf. Ir., Gael., & LL. gunna, W. gum; possibly (like cannon) fr. L. canna reed, tube; or abbreviated fr. OF. mangonnel, E. mangonel, a machine for hurling stones.] 1. A weapon which throws or propels a missile to a distance; any firearm or instrument for throwing projectiles by the explosion of gunpowder, consisting of a tube or barrel closed at one end, in which the projectile is placed, with an explosive charge behind, which is ignited by various means. Muskets, rifles, carbines, and fowling pieces are smaller guns, for hand use, and are called small arms. Larger guns are called cannon, ordnance, fieldpieces, carronades, howitzers, etc. See these terms in the Vocabulary. “As swift as a pellet out of a gunne
When fire is in the powder runne.” Chaucer. “The word gun was in use in England for an engine to cast a thing from a man long before there was any gunpowder found out.” Selden. 2. (Mil.) A piece of heavy ordnance; in a restricted sense, a cannon. 3. pl. (Naut.) Violent blasts of wind. Guns are classified, according to their construction or manner of loading as rifled or smoothbore, breech- loading or muzzle-loading, cast or built-up guns; or according to their use, as field, mountain, prairie, seacoast, and siege guns. Armstrong gun, a wrought iron breech-loading cannon named after its English inventor, Sir William Armstrong. — Great gun, a piece of heavy ordnance; hence (Fig.), a person superior in any way. — Gun barrel, the barrel or tube of a gun. — Gun carriage, the carriage on which a gun is mounted or moved. — Gun cotton (Chem.), a general name for a series of explosive nitric ethers of cellulose, obtained by steeping cotton in nitric and sulphuric acids. Although there are formed substances containing nitric acid radicals, yet the results exactly resemble ordinary cotton in appearance. It burns without ash, with explosion if confined, but quietly and harmlessly if free and open, and in small quantity. Specifically, the lower nitrates of cellulose which are insoluble in ether and alcohol in distinction from the highest (pyroxylin) which is soluble. See Pyroxylin, and cf. Xyloidin. The gun cottons are used for blasting and somewhat in gunnery: for making celluloid when compounded with camphor; and the soluble variety (pyroxylin) for making collodion. See Celluloid, and Collodion. Gun cotton is frequenty but improperly called nitrocellulose. It is not a nitro compound, but an ethereal salt of nitric acid. — Gun deck. See under Deck. — Gun fire, the time at which the morning or the evening gun is fired. — Gun metal, a bronze, ordinarily composed of nine parts of copper and one of tin, used for cannon, etc. The name is also given to certain strong mixtures of cast iron. — Gun port (Naut.), an opening in a ship through which a cannon’s muzzle is run out for firing. — Gun tackle (Naut.), the blocks and pulleys affixed to the side of a ship, by which a gun carriage is run to and from the gun port. - - Gun tackle purchase (Naut.), a tackle composed of two single blocks and a fall. Totten. — Krupp gun, a wrought steel breech-loading cannon, named after its German inventor, Herr Krupp. — Machine gun, a breech-loading gun or a group of such guns, mounted on a carriage or other holder, and having a reservoir containing cartridges which are loaded into the gun or guns and fired in rapid succession, sometimes in volleys, by machinery operated by turning a crank. Several hundred shots can be fired in a minute with accurate aim. The Gatling gun, Gardner gun, Hotchkiss gun, and Nordenfelt gun, named for their inventors, and the French mitrailleuse, are machine guns. — To blow great guns (Naut.), to blow a gale. See Gun, n., 3.

Gun , v. i. To practice fowling or hunting small game; — chiefly in participial form; as to go gunning.

Gu´na (goo´na), n. [Skr. guna quality.] In Sanskrit grammar, a lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, e, by prefixing an a element. The term is sometimes used to denote the same vowel change in other languages.

Gu´nar•chy , n. See Gynarchy.

Gun´boat , n. (Nav.) A vessel of light draught, carrying one or more guns.

Gun´cot•ton See under Gun.

Gun´de•let , n. [Obs.] See Gondola. Marston.

Gun´flint , n. A sharpened flint for the lock of a gun, to ignite the charge. It was in common use before the introduction of percussion caps.

Gun´jah , n. (Bot.) See Ganja.

Gun´lock , n. The lock of a gun, for producing the discharge. See Lock.

Gun´nage , n. The number of guns carried by a ship of war.

Gun´nel , n. [See Gunwale.] 1. A gunwale. 2. (Zoöl.) A small, eel-shaped, marine fish of the genus Muraenoides; esp., M. gunnellus of Europe and America; — called also gunnel fish, butterfish, rock eel.

Gun´ner , n. 1. One who works a gun, whether on land or sea; a cannoneer. 2. A warrant officer in the navy having charge of the ordnance on a vessel. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The great northern diver or loon. See Loon. (b) The sea bream. [Prov. Eng. or Irish] Gunner’s daughter, the gun to which men or boys were lashed for punishment. [Sailor’s slang] W. C. Russell.

Gun´ner•y , n. That branch of military science which comprehends the theory of projectiles, and the manner of constructing and using ordnance.

Gun´nie , n. (Mining.) Space left by the removal of ore.

Gun´ning , n. The act or practice of hunting or shooting game with a gun. “The art of gunning was but little practiced.” Goldsmith.

Gun´ny , n., Gun´ny cloth . [Hind. gon, gon,, a sack, sacking.] A strong, coarse kind of sacking, made from the fibers (called jute) of two plants of the genus Corchorus (C. olitorius and C. capsularis), of India. The fiber is also used in the manufacture of cordage. Gunny bag a sack made of gunny used for coarse commodities.

Gu•noc´ra•cy , n. See Gyneocracy.

Gun´pow•der , n. (Chem.) A black, granular, explosive substance, consisting of an intimate mechanical mixture of niter, charcoal, and sulphur. It is used in gunnery and blasting. Gunpowder consists of from 70 to 80 per cent of niter, with 10 to 15 per cent of each of the other ingredients. Its explosive energy is due to the fact that it contains the necessary amount of oxygen for its own combustion, and liberates gases (chiefly nitrogen and carbon dioxide), which occupy a thousand or fifteen hundred times more space than the powder which generated them. Gunpowder pile driver, a pile driver, the hammer of which is thrown up by the explosion of gunpowder. — Gunpowder plot (Eng. Hist.), a plot to destroy the King, Lords, and Commons, in revenge for the penal laws against Catholics. As Guy Fawkes, the agent of the conspirators, was about to fire the mine, which was placed under the House of Lords, he was seized, Nov. 5, 1605. Hence, Nov. 5 is known in England as Guy Fawkes Day. — Gunpowder tea, a species of fine green tea, each leaf of which is rolled into a small ball or pellet.

Gun´reach , n. The reach or distance to which a gun will shoot; gunshot.

Gun´room , n. (Naut.) An apartment on the after end of the lower gun deck of a ship of war, usually occupied as a messroom by the commissioned officers, except the captain; — called wardroom in the United States navy.

Gun´shot , n. 1. Act of firing a gun; a shot. 2. The distance to which shot can be thrown from a gun, so as to be effective; the reach or range of a gun. “Those who are come over to the royal party are supposed to be out of gunshot.” Dryden.

Gun´shot, a. Made by the shot of a gun: as. a gunshot wound.

Gun´smith , n. One whose occupation is to make or repair small firearms; an armorer. { Gunsmith•er•y , Gun´smith• ing } n. The art or business of a gunsmith.

Gun´stick , n. A stick to ram down the charge of a musket, etc.; a rammer or ramrod. [R.]

Gun´stock , n. The stock or wood to which the barrel of a hand gun is fastened.

Gun´stome , n. A cannon ball; — so called because originally made of stone. [Obs.] Shak.

Gun´ter rig (Naut.) A topmast arranged with metal bands so that it will readily slide up and down the lower mast.

Gun´ter’s chain (Surveying) The chain ordinarily used in measuring land. See Chain, n., 4, and Gunter’s scale.

Gun´ter’s line A logarithmic line on Gunter’s scale, used for performing the multiplication and division of numbers mechanically by the dividers; — called also line of lines, and line of numbers.

Gun´ter’s quad•rant A thin quadrant, made of brass, wood, etc., showing a stereographic projection on the plane of the equator. By it are found the hour of the day, the sun’s azimuth, the altitude of objects in degrees, etc. See Gunter’s scale.

Gun´ter’s scale A scale invented by the Rev. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, who invented also Gunter’s chain, and Gunter’s quadrant. Gunter’s scale is a wooden rule, two feet long, on one side of which are marked scales of equal parts, of chords, sines, tangents, rhombs, etc., and on the other side scales of logarithms of these various parts, by means of which many problems in surveying and navigation may be solved, mechanically, by the aid of dividers alone.

Gun´wale , n. [Gun + wale. So named because the upper guns were pointed from it.] (Naut.) The upper edge of a vessel’s or boat’s side; the uppermost wale of a ship (not including the bulwarks); or that piece of timber which reaches on either side from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, being the uppermost bend, which finishes the upper works of the hull. [Written also gunnel.]

Gurge (gûrj), n. [L. gurges.] A whirlpool. [Obs.] “The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge
Boils out from under ground.” Milton.

Gurge, v. t. [See Gorge.] To swallow up. [Obs.]

Gur´geons , n. pl. [Obs.] See Grudgeons.

Gur´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gurgled p. pr. & vb. n. Gurgling ] [Cf. It. gorgogliare to gargle, bubble up, fr. L. gurgulio gullet. Cf. Gargle, Gorge.] To run or flow in a broken, irregular, noisy current, as water from a bottle, or a small stream among pebbles or stones. “Pure gurgling rills the lonely desert trace,
And waste their music on the savage race.” Young.

Gur´gle, n. The act of gurgling; a broken, bubbling noise. ´Tinkling gurgles.´ W. Thompson.

Gur´glet , n. [See Goglet.] A porous earthen jar for cooling water by evaporation.

Gur´gling•ly , adv. In a gurgling manner.

Gur´goyle , n. See Gargoyle.

Gur´jun , n. A thin balsam or wood oil derived from the Diptcrocarpus laevis, an East Indian tree. It is used in medicine, and as a substitute for linseed oil in the coarser kinds of paint.

Gurl , n. A young person of either sex. [Obs.] See Girl. Chaucer.

Gur´let , n. (Masonry) A pickax with one sharp point and one cutting edge. Knight.

Gur´my , n. (Mining) A level; a working. { Gur´nard , Gur´net } n. [OF. gornal, gournal, gornart, perh. akin to F. grogner to grunt; cf. Ir. guirnead gurnard.] (Zoöl.) One ofseveral European marine fishes, of the genus Trigla and allied genera, having a large and spiny head, with mailed cheeks. Some of the species are highly esteemed for food. The name is sometimes applied to the American sea robins. [Written also gournet.] Plyling gurnard. See under Flying.

Gur´ni•ad , n. (Zoöl.) See Gwiniad.

Gur´ry , n. An alvine evacuation; also refuse matter. [Obs. or Local] Holland.

Gur´ry, n. [Hind. garhi.] A small fort. [India]

Gurt (gûrt), n. (Mining) A gutter or channel for water, hewn out of the bottom of a working drift. Page.

Gurts (gûrts), n. pl. [Cf. Grout.] Groats. [Obs.]

Gush (gush), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gushed (gusht); p. pr. & vb. n. Gushing.] [OE. guschen, cf. Icel. gusa and gjsa, also D. gucsen; perh. akin to AS. geótan to pour, G. giessen, Goth. giutan, E. gut. Cf. Found to cast.] 1. To issue with violence and rapidity, as a fluid; to rush forth as a fluid from confinement; to flow copiously. “He smote the rock that the waters gushed out.” Ps ixxviii 20. “A sea of blood gushed from the gaping wound.” Spenser. 2. To make a sentimental or untimely exhibition of affection; to display enthusiasm in a silly, demonstrative manner. [Colloq.]

Gush, v. t. 1. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from an inclosed plase; an emission of a liquid in a large quantity, and with force; the fluid thus emitted; a rapid outpouring of anything; as a gush of song from a bird. “The gush of springs,
An fall of lofty foundains.” Byron. 2. A sentimental exhibition of affection or enthusiasm, etc.; effusive display of sentiment. [Collog.]

Gush´er , n. One who gushes. [Colloq.]

Gush´ing, a. 1. Rushing forth with violence, as a fluid; flowing copiously; as gushing waters. ´Gushing blood.´ Milton. 2. Emitting copiously, as tears or words; weakly and unreservedly demonstrative in matters of affection; sentimental. [Colloq.]

Gush´ing•ly , adv. 1. In a gushing manner; copiously. Byron. 2. Weakly; sentimentally; effusively. [Colloq.]

Gus´set , n. [F. gousset armpit, fob, gusset, dim. of gousse pod, husk; cf. It. guscio shell, or W. cwysed gore, gusset.] 1. A small piece of cloth inserted in a garment, for the purpose of strengthening some part or giving it a tapering enlargement. “Seam and gusset and band.” Hood. 2. Anything resembling a gusset in a garment; as: (a) (Armor) A small piece of chain mail at the openings of the joints beneath the arms. (b) (Mach.) A kind of bracket, or angular piece of iron, fastened in the angles of a structure to give strength or stiffness; esp., the part joining the barrel and the fire box of a locomotive boiler. 3. (Her.) An abatement or mark of dishonor in a coat of arms, resembling a gusset.

Gust (g&uc;st), n. [Icel. gustr a cool breeze. Cf. Gush.] 1. A sudden squall; a violent blast of wind; a sudden and brief rushing or driving of the wind. “Snow, and hail, stormy gust and flaw.” Milton. 2. A sudden violent burst of passion. Bacon.

Gust, n. [L. gustus; cf. It. & Sp. gusto. rad.46.] 1. The sense or pleasure of tasting; relish; gusto. “An ox will relish the tender flesh of kids with as much gust and appetite.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Gratification of any kind, particularly that which is exquisitely relished; enjoyment. “Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust.” Pope. 3. Intellectual taste; fancy. “A choice of it may be made according to the gust and manner of the ancients.” Dryden.

Gust, v. t. [Cf. L. gustare, It. gustare, Sp. gustar. See GUST a relish.] To taste; to have a relish for. [Obs.]

Gust´a•ble , a. [See Gust, v.] [Obs.] 1. Capable of being tasted; tastable. “This position informs us of a vulgar error, terming the gall
bitter; whereas there is nothing gustable sweeter.” Harvey. 2. Pleasant to the taste; toothsome; savory. “A gustable thing, seen or smelt, excites the appetite, and affects the glands and parts of the mouth.” Derham.

Gust´a•ble, n. Anything that can be tasted. [Obs.]

Gus´tard , n. (Zoöl.) The great bustard.

Gus•ta´tion , n. [L. gustatio: cf. F. gustation.] The act of tasting. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Gust´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or subservient to, the sense of taste; as the gustatory nerve which supplies the front of the tongue.

Gust´ful , a. Tasteful; well- tasted. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. — Gust´ful•ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow.

Gust´ful, a. Gusty. [R.] “A gustful April morn.” Tennyson.

Gust´less, a. Tasteless; insipid. [R.]

Gus´to , n. [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus; akin to E. choose. Cf. 2d GUST, GOUR.] Nice or keen appreciation or enjoyment; relish; taste; fancy. Dryden.

Gus•to´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Tasteful; in a tasteful, agreeable manner.

Gust´y , a. Subject to, or characterized by, gusts or squalls; windy; stormy; tempestuous. “Upon a raw and gusty day.” Shak.

Gut , n. [OE. gut, got, AS. gut, prob. orig., a channel, and akin to geótan to pour. See FOUND to cast.] 1. A narrow passage of water; as the Gut of Canso. 2. An intenstine; a bowel; the whole alimentary canal; the enteron; (pl.) bowels; entrails. 3. One of the prepared entrails of an animal, esp. of a sheep, used for various purposes. See Catgut. 4. The sac of silk taken from a silkworm (when ready to spin its cocoon), for the purpose of drawing it out into a thread. This, when dry, is exceedingly strong, and is used as the snood of a fish line. Blind gut. See CAEcum, n. (b).

Gut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gutted p. pr. & vb. n. Gutting.] 1. To take out the bowels from; to eviscerate. 2. To plunder of contents; to destroy or remove the interior or contents of; as a mob gutted the house. “Tom Brown, of facetious memory, having gutted a proper
name of its vowels, used it as freely as he pleased.” Addison.

Gut´ta , n.; pl. GuttAE (#). [L.] 1. A drop. 2. (Arch.) One of a series of ornaments, in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the lower part of the triglyphs, and also to the lower faces of the mutules, in the Doric order; — called also campana, and drop. Gutta serena [L., lit. serene or clear drop] (Med.), amaurosis. — Guttae band> (Arch.), the listel or band from which the guttae hang.

Gut´ta-per•cha , n. [Malay gutah gum + pertja the tree from which is it procured.] A concrete juice produced by various trees found in the Malayan archipelago, especially by the Isonandra, or Dichopsis, Gutta. It becomes soft, and unpressible at the tamperature of boiling water, and, on cooling, retains its new shape. It dissolves in oils and ethers, but not in water. In many of its properties it resembles caoutchouc, and it is extensively used for many economical purposes. The Mimusops globosa of Guiana also yields this material.

Gut´tate , a. [L. guttatus. Cf. Gutty.] Spotted, as if discolored by drops.

Gut´ta•ted , a. [See Guttate.] Besprinkled with drops, or droplike spots. Bailey.

Gut´ta•trap , n. The inspissated juice of a tree of the genus Artocarpus (A. incisa, or breadfruit tree), sometimes used in making birdlime, on account of its glutinous quality.

Gut´ter , n. [OE. gotere, OF. goutiere, F. gouttière, fr. OF. gote, goute, drop, F. goutte, fr. L. gutta.] 1. A channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away the rain; an eaves channel; an eaves trough. 2. A small channel at the roadside or elsewhere, to lead off surface water. “Gutters running with ale.” Macaulay. 3. Any narrow channel or groove; as a gutter formed by erosion in the vent of a gun from repeated firing. Gutter member (Arch.), an architectural member made by treating the outside face of the gutter in a decorative fashion, or by crowning it with ornaments, regularly spaced, like a diminutive battlement. — Gutter plane, a carpenter’s plane with a rounded bottom for planing out gutters. — Gutter snipe, a neglected boy running at large; a street Arab. [Slang] — Gutter stick (Printing), one of the pieces of furniture which separate pages in a form.

Gut•ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guttered (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Guttering.] 1. To cut or form into small longitudinal hollows; to channel. Shak. 2. To supply with a gutter or gutters. [R.] Dryden.

Gut´ter, v. i. To become channeled, as a candle when the flame flares in the wind.

Gut´ti•fer , n. [NL., fr. L. gutta drop+ ferre to bear.] (Bot.) A plant that exudes gum or resin.

Gut•tif´er•ous , a. (Bot.) (a) Yielding gum or resinous substances. (b) Pertaining to a natural order of trees and shrubs (Guttiferae) noted for their abounding in a resinous sap.

Gut´ti•form , a. [L. gutta a drop + -form.] Drop-shaped, as a spot of color.

Gut´tle , v. t. & i. [From GUT, n.] To put into the gut; to swallow greedily; to gorge; to gormandize. [Obs.] L’Estrange. Dryden.

Gut´tler , n. A greedy eater; a glutton. [Obs.]

Gut´tu•lous , a. [L. guttula a little drop, dim. of gutta drop.] In droplike form. [Obs.] “In its [hail’s] guttulous descent from the air.” Sir T. Browne.

Gut´tur•al , a. [L. guttur throat: cf. F. gutural.] Of or pertaining to the throat; formed in the throat; relating to, or characteristic of, a sound formed in the throat. “Children are occasionally born with guttural swellings.” W. Guthrie. “In such a sweet, guttural accent.” Landor.

Gut´tur•al, n. A sound formed in the throat; esp., a sound formed by the aid of the back of the tongue, much retracted, and the soft palate; also a letter representing such a sound.

Gut´tur•al•ism , n. The quality of being guttural; as the gutturalism of A [in the 16th cent.] Earle.

Gut´tur•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being guttural. [R.] ´The old gutturality of k.´ Earle.

Gut´tur•al•ize , v. t. To speak gutturally; to give a guttural sound to.

Gut´tur•al•ly, adv. In a guttural manner.

Gut´tur•al•ness, n. The quality of being guttural.

Gut´tur•ine , a. [L. guttur throat.] Pertaining to the throat. [Obs.] ´Gutturine tumor.´ Ray.

Gut´tur•ize , v. t. [L. guttur throat.] To make in the throat; to gutturalize. [R.] “For which the Germans gutturize a sound.” Coleridge.

Gut´tur•o- A combining form denoting relation to the throat; as gutturo-nasal, having both a guttural and a nasal character; gutturo-palatal.

Gut´ty , a. [L. gutta drop: cf. F. goutte. Cf. Guttated.] (Her.) Charged or sprinkled with drops.

Gut´wort , n. (Bot.) A plant, Globularia Alypum, a violent purgative, found in Africa.

Guy , n. [Sp. guia guide, a guy or small rope used on board of ships to keep weighty things in their places; of Teutonic origin, and the same word as E. guide. See Guide, and cf. Gye.] A rope, chain, or rod attached to anything to steady it; as: a rope to steady or guide an object which is being hoisted or lowered; a rope which holds in place the end of a boom, spar, or yard in a ship; a chain or wire rope connecting a suspension bridge with the land on either side to prevent lateral swaying; a rod or rope attached to the top of a structure, as of a derrick, and extending obliquely to the ground, where it is fastened.

Guy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guyed p. pr. & vb. n. Guying.] To steady or guide with a guy.

Guy, n. 1. A grotesque effigy, like that of Guy Fawkes, dressed up in England on the fifth of November, the day of the Gunpowder Plot. “The lady … who dresses like a guy.” W. S. Gilbert. 2. A person of queer looks or dress. Dickens.

Guy, v. t. To fool; to baffle; to make (a person) an object of ridicule. [Local & Collog U.S.]

Guyle , v. t. To guile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Guze (guz), n. [Cf. Gules.] (Her.) A roundlet of tincture sanguine, which is blazoned without mention of the tincture.

Guz´zle (gu´z’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Guzzled (-z’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Guzzling (-zling).] [OP. gosillier, prob. orig., to pass through the throat; akin to F. gosier throat; cf. It. gozzo a bird’s crop.] To swallow liquor greedily; to drink much or frequently. “Those that came to guzzle in his wine cellar.” Milton. “Well-seasoned bowls the gossip’s spirits raise,
Who, while she guzzles, chats the doctor’s praise.” Roscommon. “To fat the guzzling hogs with floods of whey.” Gay.

Guz´zle, v. t. To swallow much or often; to swallow with immoderate gust; to drink greedily or continually; as one who guzzles beer. Dryden.

Guz´zle, n. An insatiable thing or person. “That sink of filth, that guzzle most impure.” Marston.

Guz´zler (-zler), n. An immoderate drinker.

Gwin´i•ad (gwin´i•ad), n. [W. gwyniad a whiting, the name of various fishes, fr. gwyn white.] (Zoöl.) A fish (Coregonus ferus) of North Wales and Northern Europe, allied to the lake whitefish; — called also powan, and schelly. [Written also gwyniad, guiniad, gurniad.]

Gy´all (gi´al), n. (Zoöl.) See Gayal.

Gyb (jib), Gybe (jib), n. (Naut.) See Jib. [Obs.]

Gybe (jib), n. & v. See Gibe.

Gybe, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gybed (jibd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gybing.] [See Jibe.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of a vessel to the other; — said of the boom of a fore-and-aft sail when the vessel is steered off the wind until the sail fills on the opposite side. [Also jibe.]

Gye (gi or ge), v. t. [OF. guier; of German origin. See Guide, and cf. Guy.] To guide; to govern. [Obs.] “Discreet enough his country for to gye.” Chaucer.

Gyle (gil), n. [F. guiller to ferment. Cf. Guillevat.] Fermented wort used for making vinegar. Gyle tan (Brewing), a large vat in which wort ferments.

Gym´nal (gim´nal), a. & n. Same as Gimmal.

Gym•na´si•arch (jim•na´zi•ärk), n. [L. gymnasiarchus, Gr. gymnasi•archos; gymna•sion + ’a•rchein to govern: cf. F. gymnasiarque.] (Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasia, and provided the oil and other necessaries at his own expense.

Gym•na´si•um (-zi•um or - zhi•um; 277) n.; pl. E. Gymnasiums (-umz), L. Gymnasia (-a). [L., fr. Gr. gymna•sion, fr. gymna•zein to exercise (naked), fr. gymno•s naked.] 1. A place or building where athletic exercises are performed; a school for gymnastics. 2. A school for the higher branches of literature and science; a preparatory school for the university; — used esp. of German schools of this kind. “More like ordinary schools of gymnasia than universities.” Hallam.

Gym´nast (jim´nast), n. [Gr. gymnasth•s a trainer of athletes: cf. F. gymnaste. See Gymnasium.] One who teaches or practices gymnastic exercises; the manager of a gymnasium; an athlete. { Gym•nas´tic (jim•nas´tik), Gym•nas´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. [L. gymnasticus, Gr. gymnastiko•s: cf. F. gymnastique. See Gymnasium.] Pertaining to athletic exercises intended for health, defense, or diversion; — said of games or exercises, as running, leaping, wrestling, throwing the discus, the javelin, etc.; also pertaining to disciplinary exercises for the intellect; athletic; as gymnastic exercises, contests, etc.

Gym•nas´tic, n. A gymnast. [Obs.]

Gym•nas´tic•al•ly, adv. In a gymnastic manner.

Gym•nas´tics (-tiks), n. Athletic or disciplinary exercises; the art of performing gymnastic exercises; also disciplinary exercises for the intellect or character. { Gym´nic (jim´nik), Gym´nic•al (- ni•kal), } a. [L. gymnicus, Gr. gymniko•s: cf. F. gymnique. See Gymmasium.] Athletic; gymnastic. [Obs.] “Have they not swordplayers, and every sort
Of gymnic artists, wrestlers, riders, runners?” Milton.

Gym´nic, n. Athletic exercise. [Obs.] Burton.

Gym´nite (-nit), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked. So called as coming from the Bare Hills, Maryland.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesia.

Gym•no•blas´te•a (jim•no•blas´te•a), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + blasta•nein to sprout.] (Zoöl.) The Athecata; — so called because the medusoid buds are not inclosed in a capsule.

Gym•no•blas´tic (-tik), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gymnoblastea.

Gym•no•car´pous (-kär´pus), a. [Gr. gymno•s naked + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) Naked-fruited, the fruit either smooth or not adherent to the perianth. Gray.

Gym•noch´ro•a (jim•nok´ro•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + chro•a skin, body.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea including the hydra. See Hydra.

Gym•noc´la•dus (jim•no´la•dus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + kla•dos a branch.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants; the Kentucky coffee tree. The leaves are cathartic, and the seeds a substitute for coffee.

Gym•no•co´pa (jim•no•ko´pa), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + kw•ph an oar.] (Zoöl.) A group of transparent, free-swimming Annelida, having setae only in the cephalic appendages.

Gym´no•cyte (jim´no•sit), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + ky•tos a hollow vessel.] (Biol.) A cytode without a proper cell wall, but with a nucleus. Haeckel.

Gym•no•cy´tode (jim•no•si´tod), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + E. cytode.] (Biol.) A cytode without either a cell wall or a nucleus. Haeckel.

Gym´no•dont (jim´no•dont), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of plectognath fishes (Gymnodontes), having the teeth and jaws consolidated into one or two bony plates, on each jaw, as the diodonts and tetradonts. See Bur fish, Globefish, Diodon.

Gym´no•gen (-jen), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + -gen.] (Bot.) One of a class of plants, so called by Lindley, because the ovules are fertilized by direct contact of the pollen. Same as Gymnosperm.

Gym•no•glos´sa (-glos´sa), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + glw^ssa tongue.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropods in which the odontophore is without teeth. { Gym•no•lae´ma (-le´ma), Gym•no•lae´ma•ta (-ma•ta), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + laimo•s the throat.] (Zoöl.) An order of Bryozoa, having no epistome.

Gym•no•no´ti (-no´ti), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + nw^tos the back.] (Zoöl.) The order of fishes which includes the Gymnotus or electrical eel. The dorsal fin is wanting.

Gym•no•paed´ic (-ped´ik or - pe´dik), a. [Gr. gymno•s naked + pai^s, paido•s, a child.] (Zoöl.) Having young that are naked when hatched; psilopaedic; — said of certain birds.

Gym•no•phi´o•na (-fi´o•na), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + ’ofio•neos serpentlike.] (Zoöl.) An order of Amphibia, having a long, annulated, snakelike body. See Ophiomorpha.

Gym•noph•thal´ma•ta (- nof•thal´ma•ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + ’ofqalmo•s the eye.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs, including the naked-eyed medusae; the hydromedusae. Most of them are known to be the free-swimming progeny (gonophores) of hydroids.

Gym´no•plast (jim´no•plast), n. [Gr. gymno•s naked + pla•ssein to shape, mold.] (Biol.) A cell or mass of protoplasm devoid of an envelope, as a white blood corpuscle.

Gym’no•rhi´nal (-ri´nal), a. [Gr. gymno•s naked + ´ri•s, ´rino•s, the nose.] (Zoöl.) Having unfeathered nostrils, as certain birds.

Gym•no•so´ma•ta (-so´ma•ta or - som´a•ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + sw^ma, sw•matos, the body.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Pteropoda. They have no shell.

Gym•nos´o•phist (jim•nos´o•fist), n. [Gr. gymnosofisth•s; gymno•s naked + sofisth•s philosopher; cf. F. gymnosophiste.] One of a sect of philosophers, said to have been found in India by Alexander the Great, who went almost naked, denied themselves the use of flesh, renounced bodily pleasures, and employed themselves in the contemplation of nature.

Gym•nos´o•phy (-fy), n. The doctrines of the Gymnosophists. Good.

Gym´no•sperm (jim´no•sperm), n. (Bot.) A plant that bears naked seeds (i. e., seeds not inclosed in an ovary), as the common pine and hemlock. Cf. Angiosperm.

Gym•no•sper´mous (-sper´mus), a. [Gr. gymno•spermos; gymno•s naked + spe•rma seed: cf. F. gymnosperme.] (Bot.) (a) Having naked seeds, or seeds not inclosed in a capsule or other vessel. (b) Belonging to the class of plants consisting of gymnosperms.

Gym•not´o•ka (jim•not´o•ka), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + to•kos a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) The Athecata.

Gym•no´tus (jim•no´tus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gymno•s naked + nw^tos the back: cf. F. gymnote.] (Zoöl.) A genus of South American fresh-water fishes, including the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel. It has a greenish, eel-like body, and is possessed of electric power. “One fearful shock, fearful but momentary, like that from the electric blow of the gymnotus.” De Quincey.

Gyn (gin), v. i. To begin. [Obs.] See Gin. { Gyn•ae•ce´um (jin•e•se´um), Gyn•ae•ci´um (jin•e•si´um), } n. [L., fr. Gr. gynaikei^on women’s apartments, fr. gynh• a woman.] That part of a large house, among the ancients, exclusively appropriated to women. [Written also gyneceum, gynecium.] Tennyson.

Gy•nae´cian (ji•ne´shan), a. The same as Gynecian.

Gy•nae´co•phore (ji•ne´ko•for), n. [Gr. gynaikei^on the women’s apartments + fe•rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A ventral canal or groove, in which the males of some diœcious trematodes carry the female. See Illust. of Haematozoa.

Gy•nan´der (ji•nan´der), n. [See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) A plant having the stamens inserted in the pistil.

Gy•nan´dri•a (-dri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) A class of plants in the Linnaean system, whose stamens grow out of, or are united with, the pistil. { Gy•nan´dri•an (-an), Gy•nan´drous (- drus), } a. [Gr. gy•nandros of doubtful sex; gynh• a woman + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, man: cf. F. gynandre.] (Bot.) Having stamens inserted in the pistil; belonging to the class Gynandria.

Gy•nan´dro•morph (-dro•môrf), n. (Zoöl.) An animal affected with gynandromorphism.

Gy•nan•dro•mor´phism (- môr´fiz’m),n. [Gr. gynh• a woman, female + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man, male + morfh• form.] (Zoöl.) An abnormal condition of certain animals, in which one side has the external characters of the male, and the other those of the female.

Gy•nan•dro•mor´phous (-fus), a. (Zoöl.) Affected with gynandromorphism.

Gy•nan´ther•ous (-ther•us), a. [Gr. gynh• a woman + E. anther.] (Bot.) Pertaining to an abnormal condition of the flower, in which the stamens are converted into pistils. R. Brown.

Gyn´ar•chy (jin´ar•ky), n. [Gr. gynh• a woman + -archy.] Government by a woman. Chesterfield.

Gyn•e•ce´um (jin•e•se´um), n. See Gynaeceum.

Gy•ne´cian (ji•ne´shan), a. [Gr. gynaikei^os.] Of or relating to women.

Gyn•e•coc´ra•cy (jin•e•kok´ra•sy), n. [Gr. gynaikokrati•a; gynh•, gynaiko•s, a woman + kratei^n to rule: cf. F. gynecocratie. Cf. Gynocracy.] Government by a woman, female power; gyneocracy. Bailey.

Gyn•e•co•log´ic•al (jin•e•ko•loj´i•kal or gi•ne-), a. Of or pertaining to gynecology.

Gyn•e•col´o•gy (jin•e•kol´o•jy or gi•ne-), n. [Gr. gynh•, gynaiko•s, a woman + -logy.] The science which treats of the structure and diseases of women. — Gyn•e•col´o•gist.

Gyn´e•oc•ra•cy (jin•e•ok´ra•sy), n. See Gynecocracy.

Gyn•e•ol´a•try (-ol´a•try), n. [Gr. gynh• a woman + latrei•a worship.] The adoration or worship of woman. “The sentimental gyneolatry of chivalry, which was at best but skin-deep.” Lowell.

Gyn•e•pho´bi•a (-fo´bi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gynh• a woman + fo•bos fear.] Hatred of women; repugnance to the society of women. Holmes.

Gyn´ne (gin´ne), v. i. To begin. See Gin. [Obs.]

Gyn´o•base (jin´o•bas), n. [Gr. gynh• a woman, female + E. base.] (Bot.) A dilated base or receptacle, supporting a multilocular ovary.

Gyn•o•ba´sic (-ba´sik), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or having, a gynobase.

Gy•noc´ra•cy (ji•nok´ra•sy), n. [See Gynecocracy.] Female government; gynecocracy. “The aforesaid state has repeatedly changed from absolute despotism to republicanism, not forgetting the intermediate stages of oligarchy, limited monarchy, and even gynocracy; for I myself remember Alsatia governed for nearly nine months by an old fishwoman.” Sir W. Scott.

Gy•no•di•œ´cious (ji•no•di•e´shus), a. [Gr. gynh• a woman + E. diœcious.] (Bot.) Diœcious, but having some hermaphrodite or perfect flowers on an individual plant which bears mostly pistillate flowers.

Gy•nœ´ci•um (ji•ne´si•um or -shi•um), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gynh• a woman + oi^kos house.] (Bot.) The pistils of a flower, taken collectively. See Illust. of Carpophore.

Gyn´o•phore (jin´o•for), n. [Gr. gynh• woman, female + fe•rein to bear, produce: cf. F. gynophore.] 1. (Bot.) The pedicel raising the pistil or ovary above the stamens, as in the passion flower. Lindley. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the branches bearing the female gonophores, in certain Siphonophora.

Gyp (jip), n. [Said to be a sportive application of Gr. gy•ps a vulture.] A college servant; — so called in Cambridge, England; at Oxford called a scout. [Cant]

Gypse (jips), n. [F.] See Gypsum. [Obs.] Pococke.

Gyp´se•ous (jip´se•us), a. [L. gypseus. See Gypsum.] Resembling or containing gypsum; partaking of the qualities of gypsum.

Gyp´sey (-sy), n. A gypsy. See Gypsy.

Gyp•sif´er•ous (jip•sif´er•us), a. [Gypsum + -ferous: cf. F. gypsifère.] Containing gypsum.

Gyp´sine (jip´sin), a. Gypseous. [R.] Chambers.

Gyp•sog´ra•phy (jip•sog´ra•fy), n. [Gypsum + -graphy.] The act or art of engraving on gypsum.

Gyp´so•plast (jip´so•plast), n. [Gypsum + Gr. pla•ssein to mold.] A cast taken in plaster of Paris, or in white lime.

Gyp´sum (jip´sum), n. [L. gypsum, Gr. gy•psos; cf. Ar. jibs plaster, mortar, Per. jabsin lime.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of lime (calcium). When calcined, stype forms plaster of Paris. Selenite is a transparent, crystalline variety; alabaster, a fine, white, massive variety.

Gyp´sy (jip´sy), n.; pl. Gypsies (-siz). [OE. Gypcyan, F. egyptien Egyptian, gypsy, L. Aegyptius. See Egyptian.] [Also spelled gipsy and gypsey.] 1. One of a vagabond race, whose tribes, coming originally from India, entered Europe in the 14th or 15th century, and are now scattered over Turkey, Russia, Hungary, Spain, England, etc., living by theft, fortune telling, horsejockeying, tinkering, etc. Cf. Bohemian, Romany. “Like a right gypsy, hath, at fast and loose,
Beguiled me to the very heart of loss.” Shak. 2. The language used by the gypsies. 3. A dark-complexioned person. Shak. 4. A cunning or crafty person [Colloq.] Prior.

Gyp´sy a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, gypsies. Gypsy hat, a woman’s or child’s broad-brimmed hat, usually of straw or felt. — Gypsy winch, a small winch, which may be operated by a crank, or by a ratchet and pawl through a lever working up and down.

Gyp´sy (jip´sy), v. i. To play the gypsy; to picnic in the woods. Mostly, Gyp´sy•ing, vb. n.

Gyp´sy•ism (jip´si•iz’m), n. 1. The arts and practices or habits of gypsies; deception; cheating; flattery. 2. The state of a gypsy.

Gyp´sy•wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) A labiate plant (the Lycopus Europaeus). Gypsies are said to stain their skin with its juice.

Gyr•a•can´thus (jir•a•kan´thus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro•s round + ’a•kanqa spine.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil fishes, found in Devonian and carboniferous strata; — so named from their round, sculptured spines.

Gy´ral (ji´ral), a. [See Gyre.] 1. Moving in a circular path or way; whirling; gyratory. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a gyrus, or convolution.

Gy´rant (-rant), a. Gyrating. [R.]

Gy´rate (-rat), a. [L. gyratus made in a circular form, p. p. of gyrare.] Winding or coiled round; curved into a circle; taking a circular course.

Gy´rate (-rat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gyrated (-ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Gyrating.] [L. gyratus, p. p. of gyrare to gyrate. See Gyre, n.] To revolve round a central point; to move spirally about an axis, as a tornado; to revolve.

Gy•ra´tion (ji•ra´shun), n. 1. The act of turning or whirling, as around a fixed center; a circular or spiral motion; motion about an axis; rotation; revolution. “The gyrations of an ascending balloon.” De Quincey. “If a burning coal be nimbly moved round in a circle, with gyrations continually repeated, the whole circle will appear like fire.” Sir I. Newton. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the whorls of a spiral univalve shell. Center of gyration. (Mech.) See under Center. — Radius of gyration, the distance between the axis of a rotating body and its center of gyration. Rankine.

Gy´ra•to•ry (ji´ra•to•ry), a. Moving in a circle, or spirally; revolving; whirling around.

Gyre (jir), n. [L. gyrus, Gr. gy^ros, cf. gyro•s round.] A circular motion, or a circle described by a moving body; a turn or revolution; a circuit. “Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres.” Dryden. “Still expanding and ascending gyres.” Mrs. Browning.

Gyre, v. t. & i. [Cf. OF. gyrer, girer. See Gyrate.] To turn round; to gyrate. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Drayton.

Gyre´ful (-ful), a. Abounding in gyres. [Obs.]

Gyr•en•ceph´a•la (jir•en•sef´a•la), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gyro•s round + ’egke•falos the brain.] (Zoöl.) The higher orders of Mammalia, in which the cerebrum is convoluted. — Gyr•en•ceph´a•lous (-lus), a.

Gyr´fal•con (jer´fa•k’n), n. [OE. gerfaucon, OF. gerfaucon, LL. gyrofalco, perh. fr. L. gyrus circle + falco falcon, and named from its circling flight; or cf. E. gier-eagle. See Gyre, n., Falcon.] (Zoöl.) One of several species and varieties of large Arctic falcons, esp. Falco rusticolus and the white species F. Islandicus, both of which are circumpolar. The black and the gray are varieties of the former. See Illust. of Accipiter. [Written also gerfalcon, gierfalcon, and jerfalcon.]

Gy´ri (ji´ri), n. pl. See Gyrus.

Gyr´land (ger´land), v. t. [See Garland.] To garland. [Obs.] “Their hair loose and flowing, gyrlanded with sea grass.” B. Jonson.

Gyr´o•dus (jir´o•dus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro•s round + ’odoy•s tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct oölitic fishes, having rounded teeth in several rows adapted for crushing.

Gy•rog´o•nite (ji•rog´o•nit), n. [Gr. gy^ros circle, ring + go•nos fruit.] (Paleon.) The petrified fruit of the Chara hispida, a species of stonewort. See Stonewort. Lyell.

Gy•roid´al (ji•roid´al), a. [Gr. gy^ros circle + -oid + -al.] 1. Spiral in arrangement or action. 2. (Crystallog.) Having the planes arranged spirally, so that they incline all to the right (or left) of a vertical line; — said of certain hemihedral forms. 3. (Opt.) Turning the plane of polarization circularly or spirally to the right or left.

Gy•rol´e•pis (ji•rol´e•pis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro•s round + lepi•s scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of ganoid fishes, found in strata of the new red sandstone, and the lias bone beds. Agassiz.

Gy•ro´ma (ji•ro´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyroy^n to round, bend, fr. gyro•s round.] A turning round. [R.]

Gyr´o•man•cy (jir´o•man•sy or ji´ro-), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + -mancy: cf. F. gyromancie.] A kind of divination performed by drawing a ring or circle, and walking in or around it. Brande & C.

Gy´ron (ji´ron), n. [F. giron; of German origin. See Gore a piece of cloth.] (Her.) A subordinary of triangular form having one of its angles at the fess point and the opposite side at the edge of the escutcheon. When there is only one gyron on the shield it is bounded by two lines drawn from the fess point, one horizontally to the dexter side, and one to the dexter chief corner.

Gy´ron•ny (ji´ron•ny), a. [F. gironne.] (Her.) Covered with gyrons, or divided so as to form several gyrons; — said of an escutcheon.

Gy´ro-pi•geon (ji´ro•pij•un), n. [L. gyrare to revolve + E. pigeon.] A flying object simulating a pigeon in flight, when projected from a spring trap. It is used as a flying target in shooting matches. Knight.

Gy´ro•scope (ji´ro•skop), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + - scope.] 1. A rotating wheel, mounted in a ring or rings, for illustrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, the composition of rotations, etc. It was devised by Professor W. R. Johnson, in 1832, by whom it was called the rotascope. 2. A form of the above apparatus, invented by M. Foucault, mounted so delicately as to render visible the rotation of the earth, through the tendency of the rotating wheel to preserve a constant plane of rotation, independently of the earth’s motion.

Gy•ro•scop´ic (-skop´ik), a. Pertaining to the gyroscope; resembling the motion of the gyroscope.

Gy•rose´ (ji•ros´ or ji´ros), a. [See Gyre.] (Bot.) Turned round like a crook, or bent to and fro. Loudon.

Gy´ro•stat (ji´ro•stat), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + ´ista•nai to cause to stand.] (Physics) A modification of the gyroscope, consisting essentially of a fly wheel fixed inside a rigid case to which is attached a thin flange of metal for supporting the instrument. It is used in studying the dynamics of rotating bodies.

Gy•ro•stat´ic (-stat´ik), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the gyrostat or to gyrostatics.

Gy•ro•stat´ics (-iks), n. (Physics) The doctrine or theory of the gyrostat, or of the phenomena of rotating bodies.

Gy´rus (ji´rus), n.; pl. Gyri (-ri). [L. See Gyre, n.] A convoluted ridge between grooves; a convolution; as the gyri of the brain; the gyri of brain coral. See Brain.

Gyse (giz), n. Guise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gyte (git), a. Delirious; senselessly extravagant; as the man is clean gyte. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Gyve (jiv), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. gefyn, Ir. geibhionn, Gael. geimheal.] A shackle; especially, one to confine the legs; a fetter. [Written also give.] “Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves.” Shak. “With gyves upon his wrist.” Hood.

Gyve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gyved (jivd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gyving.] To fetter; to shackle; to chain. Spenser. “I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.” Shak. H.

H (ach), the eighth letter of the English alphabet, is classed among the consonants, and is formed with the mouth organs in the same position as that of the succeeding vowel. It is used with certain consonants to form digraphs representing sounds which are not found in the alphabet, as sh, th, th, as in shall, thing, thine (for zh see §274); also to modify the sounds of some other letters, as when placed after c and p, with the former of which it represents a compound sound like that of tsh, as in charm (written also tch as in catch), with the latter, the sound of f, as in phase, phantom. In some words, mostly derived or introduced from foreign languages, h following c and g indicates that those consonants have the hard sound before e, i, and y, as in chemistry, chiromancy, chyle, Ghent, Ghibelline, etc.; in some others, ch has the sound of sh, as in chicane. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 153, 179, 181-3, 237-8. The name (aitch) is from the French ache; its form is from the Latin, and this from the Greek H, which was used as the sign of the spiritus asper (rough breathing) before it came to represent the long vowel, Gr. η. The Greek H is from Phœnician, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically H is most closely related to c; as in E. horn, L. cornu, Gr. ke•ras; E. hele, v. t., conceal; E. hide, L. cutis, Gr. ky•tos; E. hundred, L. centum, Gr. ´e- kat-on, Skr. cata. H piece (Mining), the part of a plunger pump which contains the valve.

H (hä). (Mus.) The seventh degree in the diatonic scale, being used by the Germans for B natural. See B.

Ha (hä), interj. [AS.] An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or grief. Both as uttered and as written, it expresses a great variety of emotions, determined by the tone or the context. When repeated, ha, ha, it is an expression of laughter, satisfaction, or triumph, sometimes of derisive laughter; or sometimes it is equivalent to ´Well, it is so.´ “Ha-has, and inarticulate hootings of satirical rebuke.” Carlyle.

Haaf (häf), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & Sw. haf the sea, Dan. hav, perh. akin to E. haven.] The deepsea fishing for cod, ling, and tusk, off the Shetland Isles.

Haak (hak), n. (Zoöl.) A sea fish. See Hake. Ash.

Haar (här), n. [See Hoar.] A fog; esp., a fog or mist with a chill wind. [Scot.] T. Chalmers.

Ha´be•as cor´pus (ha´be•as kôr´pus). [L. you may have the body.] (Law) A writ having for its object to bring a party before a court or judge; especially, one to inquire into the cause of a person’s imprisonment or detention by another, with the view to protect the right to personal liberty; also one to bring a prisoner into court to testify in a pending trial. Bouvier.

Ha•ben´dum (ha•ben´dum), n. [L., that must be had.] (Law) That part of a deed which follows the part called the premises, and determines the extent of the interest or estate granted; — so called because it begins with the word Habendum. Kent.

Hab´er•dash (hab´er•dash), v. i. [See Haberdasher.] To deal in small wares. [R.] “To haberdash in earth’s base ware.” Quarles.

Hab´er•dash•er (-dash•er), n. [Prob. fr. Icel. hapurtask trumpery, trifles, perh. through French. It is possibly akin to E. haversack, and to Icel. taska trunk, chest, pocket, G. tasche pocket, and the orig. sense was perh., peddler’s wares.] 1. A dealer in small wares, as tapes, pins, needles, and thread; also a hatter. [Obs.] “The haberdasher heapeth wealth by hats.” Gascoigne. 2. A dealer in drapery goods of various descriptions, as laces, silks, trimmings, etc.

Hab´er•dash•er•y (-y), n. The goods and wares sold by a haberdasher; also (Fig.), trifles. Burke.

Hab•er•dine´ (hab•er•den´ or ha´ber•din), n. [D. abberdaan, labberdaan; or a French form, cf. OF. habordeau, from the name of a Basque district, cf. F. Labourd, adj. Labourdin. The l was misunderstood as the French article.] A cod salted and dried. Ainsworth.

Ha•ber´ge•on (ha•ber´je•on or hab´er•jun), n. [F. haubergeon a small hauberk, dim. of OF. hauberc, F. haubert. See Hauberk.] Properly, a short hauberk, but often used loosely for the hauberk. Chaucer.

Hab´i•la•to•ry (hab´i•la•to•ry), a. Of or pertaining to clothing; wearing clothes. Ld. Lytton.

Hab´ile (hab´il), a. [F. habile, L. habilis. See Able, Habit.] Fit; qualified; also apt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ha•bil´i•ment (ha•bil´i•ment), n. [F. habillement, fr. habiller to dress, clothe, orig., to make fit, make ready, fr. habile apt, skillful, L. habilis. See Habile.] 1. A garment; an article of clothing. Camden. 2. pl. Dress, in general. Shak.

Ha•bil´i•ment•ed, a. Clothed. Taylor (1630).

Ha•bil´i•tate (-tat), a. [LL. habilitatus, p. p. of habilitare to enable.] Qualified or entitled. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ha•bil´i•tate (-tat), v. t. To fit out; to equip; to qualify; to entitle. Johnson.

Ha•bil•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [LL. habilitatio: cf. F. habilitation.] Equipment; qualification. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ha•bil´i•ty (ha•bil´i•ty), n. [See Ability.] Ability; aptitude. [Obs.] Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Hab´it (hab´it) n. [OE. habit, abit, F. habit fr. L. habitus state, appearance, dress, fr. habere to have, be in a condition; prob. akin to E. have. See Have, and cf. Able, Binnacle, Debt, Due, Exhibit, Malady.] 1. The usual condition or state of a person or thing, either natural or acquired, regarded as something had, possessed, and firmly retained; as a religious habit; his habit is morose; elms have a spreading habit; esp., physical temperament or constitution; as a full habit of body. 2. (Biol.) The general appearance and manner of life of a living organism. 3. Fixed or established custom; ordinary course of conduct; practice; usage; hence, prominently, the involuntary tendency or aptitude to perform certain actions which is acquired by their frequent repetition; as habit is second nature; also peculiar ways of acting; characteristic forms of behavior. “A man of very shy, retired habits.” W. Irving. 4. Outward appearance; attire; dress; hence, a garment; esp., a closely fitting garment or dress worn by ladies; as a riding habit. “Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.” Shak. “There are, among the statues, several of Venus, in different habits.” Addison. Syn. — Practice; mode; manner; way; custom; fashion. — Habit, Custom. Habit is a disposition or tendency leading us to do easily, naturally, and with growing certainty, what we do often; custom is external, being habitual use or the frequent repetition of the same act. The two operate reciprocally on each other. The custom of giving produces a habit of liberality; habits of devotion promote the custom of going to church. Custom also supposes an act of the will, selecting given modes of procedure; habit is a law of our being, a kind of ´second nature´ which grows up within us. “How use doth breed a habit in a man !” Shak. “He who reigns … upheld by old repute,
Consent, or custom.” Milton.

Hab´it (hab´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habited; p. pr. & vb. n. Habiting.] [OE. habiten to dwell, F. habiter, fr. L. habitare to have frequently, to dwell, intens. fr. habere to have. See Habit, n.] 1. To inhabit. [Obs.] “In thilke places as they [birds] habiten.” Rom. of R. 2. To dress; to clothe; to array. “They habited themselves like those rural deities.” Dryden. 3. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.] Chapman.

Hab•it•a•bil´i•ty (- a•bil´i•ty), n. Habitableness.

Hab´it•a•ble (hab´it•a•b’l), a. [F. habitable, L. habitabilis.] Capable of being inhabited; that may be inhabited or dwelt in; as the habitable world. — Hab´it•a•ble•ness, n. — Hab´it•a•bly, adv.

Hab´it•a•cle (hab´it•a•k’l), n. [F. habitacle dwelling place, binnacle, L. habitaculum dwelling place. See Binnacle, Habit, v.] A dwelling place. Chaucer. Southey.

Ha•bi•tan´ (a•be•tä&nsc;´), n. Same as Habitant, 2. “General Arnold met an emissary … sent … to ascertain the feelings of the habitans or French yeomanry.” W. Irwing.

Hab´it•ance (hab´it•ans), n. [OF. habitance, LL. habitantia.] Dwelling; abode; residence. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hab´it•an•cy (-an•sy), n. Same as Inhabitancy.

Hab´it•ant (-ant), n. [F. habitant. See Habit, v. t.] 1. An inhabitant; a dweller. Milton. Pope. 2. [F. pron. a•be•tä&nsc;´] An inhabitant or resident; — a name applied to and denoting farmers of French descent or origin in Canada, especially in the Province of Quebec; — usually in the plural. “The habitants or cultivators of the soil.” Parkman.

Hab´i•tat (hab´i•tat), n. [L., it dwells, fr. habitare. See Habit, v. t.] 1. (Biol.) The natural abode, locality or region of an animal or plant. 2. Place where anything is commonly found. “This word has its habitat in Oxfordshire.” Earle.

Hab•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [F. habitation, L. habitatio.] 1. The act of inhabiting; state of inhabiting or dwelling, or of being inhabited; occupancy. Denham. 2. Place of abode; settled dwelling; residence; house. “The Lord … blesseth the habitation of the just.” Prov. iii. 33.

Hab´i•ta•tor (hab´i•ta•ter), n. [L.] A dweller; an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Hab´it•ed (-it•ed), p. p. & a. 1. Clothed; arrayed; dressed; as he was habited like a shepherd. 2. Fixed by habit; accustomed. [Obs.] “So habited he was in sobriety.” Fuller. 3. Inhabited. [Archaic] “Another world, which is habited by the ghosts of men and women.” Addison.

Ha•bit´u•al (ha•bit´u•al; 135), a. [Cf. F. habituel, LL. habitualis. See Habit, n.] 1. Formed or acquired by habit or use. “An habitual knowledge of certain rules and maxims.” South. 2. According to habit; established by habit; customary; constant; as the habitual practice of sin. “It is the distinguishing mark of habitual piety to be grateful for the most common and ordinary blessings.” Buckminster. Syn. — Customary; accustomed; usual; common; wonted; ordinary; regular; familiar. — Ha•bit´u•al•ly, adv. — Ha•bit´u•al•ness, n.

Ha•bit´u•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habituated (- a•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Habituating (-a•ting).] [L. habituatus, p. p. of habituare to bring into a condition or habit of body: cf. F. habituer. See Habit.] 1. To make accustomed; to accustom; to familiarize. “Our English dogs, who were habituated to a colder clime.” Sir K. Digby. “Men are first corrupted … and next they habituate themselves to their vicious practices.” Tillotson. 2. To settle as an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Ha•bit´u•ate (-at), a. Firmly established by custom; formed by habit; habitual. [R.] Hammond.

Ha•bit•u•a´tion (-a´shun), n. [Cf. F. habituation.] The act of habituating, or accustoming; the state of being habituated.

Hab´i•tude (hab´i•tud), n. [F., fr. L. habitudo condition. See Habit.] 1. Habitual attitude; usual or accustomed state with reference to something else; established or usual relations. South. “The same ideas having immutably the same habitudes one to another.” Locke. “The verdict of the judges was biased by nothing else than their habitudes of thinking.” Landor. 2. Habitual association, intercourse, or familiarity. “To write well, one must have frequent habitudes with the best company.” Dryden. 3. Habit of body or of action. Shak. “It is impossible to gain an exact habitude without an infinite number of acts and perpetual practice.” Dryden.

Ha•bi•tu•e´ (a•be•tu•a´), n. [F., p. p. of habituer. See Habituate.] One who habitually frequents a place; as an habitue of a theater.

Hab´i•ture (hab´i•tur; 135), n. Habitude. [Obs.]

Hab´i•tus (-tus), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Habitude; mode of life; general appearance.

Ha´ble (ha´b’l), a. See Habile. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hab´nab (hab´nab), adv. [Hobnob.] By chance. [Obs.]

Hach´ure (hach´ur), n. [F., fr. hacher to hack. See Hatching.] (Fine Arts) A short line used in drawing and engraving, especially in shading and denoting different surfaces, as in map drawing. See Hatching.

Ha•ci•en´da (ä•the•an´da or hä•si•en´da), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. facienda employment, estate, fr. L. facienda, pl. of faciendum what is to be done, fr. facere to do. See Fact.] A large estate where work of any kind is done, as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, or raising of animals; a cultivated farm, with a good house, in distinction from a farming establishment with rude huts for herdsmen, etc.; — a word used in Spanish-American regions.

Hack (hak), n. [See Hatch a half door.] 1. A frame or grating of various kinds; as a frame for drying bricks, fish, or cheese; a rack for feeding cattle; a grating in a mill race, etc. 2. Unburned brick or tile, stacked up for drying.

Hack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hacked (hakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hacking.] [OE. hakken, AS. haccian; akin to D. hakken, G. hacken, Dan. hakke, Sw. hacka, and perh. to E. hew. Cf. Hew to cut, Haggle.] 1. To cut irregulary, without skill or definite purpose; to notch; to mangle by repeated strokes of a cutting instrument; as to hack a post. “My sword hacked like a handsaw.” Shak. 2. Fig.: To mangle in speaking. Shak.

Hack, v. i. To cough faintly and frequently, or in a short, broken manner; as a hacking cough.

Hack, n. 1. A notch; a cut. Shak. 2. An implement for cutting a notch; a large pick used in breaking stone. 3. A hacking; a catch in speaking; a short, broken cough. Dr. H. More. 4. (Football) A kick on the shins. T. Hughes. Hack saw, a handsaw having a narrow blade stretched in an iron frame, for cutting metal.

Hack (hak), n. [Shortened fr. hackney. See Hackney.] 1. A horse, hackneyed or let out for common hire; also a horse used in all kinds of work, or a saddle horse, as distinguished from hunting and carriage horses. 2. A coach or carriage let for hire; particularly, a coach with two seats inside facing each other; a hackney coach. “On horse, on foot, in hacks and gilded chariots.” Pope. 3. A bookmaker who hires himself out for any sort of literary work; an overworked man; a drudge. “Here lies poor Ned Purdon, from misery freed,
Who long was a bookseller’s hack.” Goldsmith. 4. A procuress.

Hack, a. Hackneyed; hired; mercenary. Wakefield. Hack writer, a hack; one who writes for hire. ´A vulgar hack writer.´ Macaulay.

Hack, v. t. 1. To use as a hack; to let out for hire. 2. To use frequently and indiscriminately, so as to render trite and commonplace. “The word ´remarkable´ has been so hacked of late.” J. H. Newman.

Hack, v. i. 1. To be exposed or offered to common use for hire; to turn prostitute. Hanmer. 2. To live the life of a drudge or hack. Goldsmith.

Hack´a•more (-a•mor), n. [Cf. Sp. jaquima headstall of a halter.] A halter consisting of a long leather or rope strap and headstall, — used for leading or tieing a pack animal. [Western U. S.]

Hack´ber•ry (hak´ber•ry), n. (Bot.) A genus of trees (Celtis) related to the elm, but bearing drupes with scanty, but often edible, pulp. C. occidentalis is common in the Eastern United States. Gray.

Hack´bolt (-bolt•), n. (Zoöl.) The greater shearwater or hagdon. See Hagdon.

Hack´buss (-bus), n. Same as Hagbut.

Hack´ee (-e), n. (Zoöl.) The chipmunk; also the chickaree or red squirrel. [U. S.]

Hack´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, hacks. Specifically: A cutting instrument for making notches; esp., one used for notching pine trees in collecting turpentine; a hack.

Hack´er•y (-y), n. [Hind. chhakra.] A cart with wooden wheels, drawn by bullocks. [Bengal] Malcom.

Hac´kle (hak´k’l), n. [See Heckle, and cf. Hatchel.] 1. A comb for dressing flax, raw silk, etc.; a hatchel. 2. Any flimsy substance unspun, as raw silk. 3. One of the peculiar, long, narrow feathers on the neck of fowls, most noticeable on the cock, — often used in making artificial flies; hence, any feather so used. 4. An artificial fly for angling, made of feathers.

Hac´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hackling (-kling).] 1. To separate, as the coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or hatchel. 2. To tear asunder; to break in pieces. “The other divisions of the kingdom being hackled and torn to pieces.” Burke.

Hac´kly (hak´ly), a. [From Hackle.] 1. Rough or broken, as if hacked. 2. (Min.) Having fine, short, and sharp points on the surface; as the hackly fracture of metallic iron.

Hack´man (-man), n.; pl. Hackmen (-men). The driver of a hack or carriage for public hire.

Hack´ma•tack (-ma•tak•), n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) The American larch (Larix Americana), a coniferous tree with slender deciduous leaves; also its heavy, close-grained timber. Called also tamarack.

Hack´ney (-ny), n.; pl. Hackneys (-niz). [OE. hakeney, hakenay; cf. F. haquenee a pacing horse, an ambling nag, OF. also haguenee, Sp. hacanea, OSp. facanea, D. hakkenei, also OF. haque horse, Sp. haca, OSp. faca; perh. akin to E. hack to cut, and nag, and orig. meaning, a jolting horse. Cf. Hack a horse, Nag.] 1. A horse for riding or driving; a nag; a pony. Chaucer. 2. A horse or pony kept for hire. 3. A carriage kept for hire; a hack; a hackney coach. 4. A hired drudge; a hireling; a prostitute.

Hack´ney, a. Let out for hire; devoted to common use; hence, much used; trite; mean; as hackney coaches; hackney authors. ´Hackney tongue.´ Roscommon.

Hack´ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackneyed (-nid); p. pr. & vb. n. Hackneying.] 1. To devote to common or frequent use, as a horse or carriage; to wear out in common service; to make trite or commonplace; as a hackneyed metaphor or quotation. “Had I so lavish of my presence been,
So common-hackneyed in the eyes of men.” Shak. 2. To carry in a hackney coach. Cowper.

Hack´ney•man (-man), n.; pl. Hackneymen (-men). A man who lets horses and carriages for hire.

Hack´ster (-ster), n. [From Hack to cut.] A bully; a bravo; a ruffian; an assassin. [Obs.] Milton.

Hac´que•ton (hak´ke•ton), n. Same as Acton. [Obs.]

Had (had), imp. & p. p. of Have. [OE. had, hafde, hefde, AS. haefde.] See Have. Had as lief, Had rather, Had better, Had as soon, etc., with a nominative and followed by the infinitive without to, are well established idiomatic forms. The original construction was that of the dative with forms of be, followed by the infinitive. See Had better, under Better. “And lever me is be pore and trewe.
[And more agreeable to me it is to be poor and true.]” C. Mundi (Trans.). “Him had been lever to be syke.
[To him it had been preferable to be sick.]” Fabian. “For him was lever have at his bed’s head
Twenty bookes, clad in black or red, …
Than robes rich, or fithel, or gay sawtrie.” Chaucer. Gradually the nominative was substituted for the dative, and had for the forms of be. During the process of transition, the nominative with was or were, and the dative with had, are found. “Poor lady, she were better love a dream.” Shak. “You were best hang yourself.” Beau. & Fl. “Me rather had my heart might feel your love
Than my unpleased eye see your courtesy.” Shak. “I hadde levere than my scherte,
That ye hadde rad his legende, as have I.” Chaucer. “I had as lief not be as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.” Shak. “I had rather be a dog and bay the moon,
Than such a Roman.” Shak. “I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness.” Ps. lxxxiv. 10.

Had´der (had´der), n. Heather; heath. [Obs.] Burton.

Had´die (-di), n. (Zoöl.) The haddock. [Scot.]

Had´dock (-duk), n. [OE. hadok, haddok, of unknown origin; cf. Ir. codog, Gael. adag, F. hadot.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), allied to the cod, inhabiting the northern coasts of Europe and America. It has a dark lateral line and a black spot on each side of the body, just back of the gills. Galled also haddie, and dickie. Norway haddock, a marine edible fish (Sebastes marinus) of Northern Europe and America. See Rose fish.

Hade (had), n. [Cf. AS. heald inclined, bowed down, G. halde declivity.] 1. The descent of a hill. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) The inclination or deviation from the vertical of any mineral vein.

Hade, v. i. (Mining) To deviate from the vertical; — said of a vein, fault, or lode.

Ha´des (ha´dez), n. [Gr. ´a’,dhs, ´A’idhs; ’a priv. + ’idei^n to see. Cf. Un-, Wit.] The nether world (according to classical mythology, the abode of the shades, ruled over by Hades or Pluto); the invisible world; the grave. “And death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them.” Rev. xx. 13 (Rev. Ver.). “Neither was he left in Hades, nor did his flesh see corruption.” Acts ii. 31 (Rev. Ver.). “And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torments.” Luke xvi. 23 (Rev. Ver.).

Hadj (haj), n. [Ar. hajj, fr. hajja to set out, walk, go on a pilgrimage.] The pilgrimage to Mecca, performed by Mohammedans.

Hadj´i (-i), n. [Ar. hajji. See Hadj.] 1. A Mohammedan pilgrim to Mecca; — used among Orientals as a respectful salutation or a title of honor. G. W. Curtis. 2. A Greek or Armenian who has visited the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem. Heyse.

Had•ro•sau´rus (had•ro•sa´rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´adro•s thick + say^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) An American herbivorous dinosaur of great size, allied to the iguanodon. It is found in the Cretaceous formation.

Haec•ce´i•ty (hek•se´i•ty), [L. haecce this.] (Logic) Literally, this-ness. A scholastic term to express individuality or singleness; as this book.

Haem´a- (hem´a- or he´ma-), Haem´a•to- (hem´a•to- or he´ma•to-), Haem´o- (hem´o- or he´mo-). [Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] Combining forms indicating relation or resemblance to blood, association with blood; as haemapod, haematogenesis, haemoscope. Words from Gr. a´i^ma are written hema-, hemato-, hemo-, as well as haema-, haemato-, haemo-.

Haem´a•chrome (hem´a•krom or he´ma-), n. [Haema- + Gr. chrw^ma color.] (Physiol. Chem.) Hematin.

Haem•a•cy´a•nin (-si´a•nin), n. [Haema- + Gr. ky•anos a dark blue substance.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance found in the blood of the octopus, which gives to it its blue color. When deprived of oxygen it is colorless, but becomes quickly blue in contact with oxygen, and is then generally called oxyhaemacyanin. A similar blue coloring matter has been detected in small quantity in the blood of other animals and in the bile.

Haem•a•cy•tom´e•ter (- si•tom´e•ter), n. [Haema + Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel + - meter.] (Physiol.) An apparatus for determining the number of corpuscles in a given quantity of blood.

Hae´mad (he´mad), adv. [Haema- + L. ad toward.] (Anat.) Toward the haemal side; on the haemal side of; — opposed to neurad. { Haem•a•drom´e•ter (hem•a•drom´e•ter or he•ma- ), Haem•a•dro•mom´e•ter (- dro•mom´e•ter), } n. Same as Hemadrometer. { Haem•a•drom´e•try (- drom´e•try),Haem•a•dro•mom´e•try (dro•mom´e•try), } n. Same as Hemadrometry.

Haem•a•drom´o•graph (-drom´o•graf), n. [Haema- + Gr. dro•mos course + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for registering the velocity of the blood.

Hae•ma•dy•nam´e•ter (he•ma•di•nam´e•ter or hem•a•di-) Hae•ma•dy•na•mom´e•ter (he•ma•di•na•mom´e•ter or hem•a•din•a-), Same as Hemadynamometer.

Haema•dy•nam´ics (he•ma•di•nam´iks or hem•a•di-), n. Same as Hemadynamics.

Hae´mal (he´mal), a. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] Pertaining to the blood or blood vessels; also ventral. See Hemal.

Haem•a•phae´in (hem•a•fe´in or he•ma-), n. [Haema- + Gr. faio•s dusky.] (Physiol.) A brownish substance sometimes found in the blood, in cases of jaundice.

Haem´a•pod (hem´a•pod or he´ma•pod), n. [Haema + -pod.] (Zoöl.) An haemapodous animal. G. Rolleston.

Hae•map´o•dous (he•map´o•dus), a. (Anat.) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the ventral or hemal side, as in vertebrates; — opposed to neuropodous.

Haem•a•poi•et´ic (hem•a•poi•et´ik or he•ma-), a. [Haema- + Gr. poihtiko•s productive.] (Physiol.) Blood-forming; as the haemapoietic function of the spleen.

Haem•a•poph´y•sis (- pof´i•sis), n. [NL.] Same as Hemapophysis. — Haem•a•po•phys´i•al (- po•fiz´i•al), a.

Haem•a•stat´ics, n. Same as Hemastatics.

Haem•a•ta•chom´e•ter (- ta•kom´e•ter), n. [Haema- + Gr. tachy•s swift + -meter.] (Physiol.) A form of apparatus (somewhat different from the hemadrometer) for measuring the velocity of the blood.

Haem•a•ta•chom´e•try (-try), n. (Physiol.) The measurement of the velocity of the blood.

Haem•a•tem´e•sis, n. Same as Hematemesis.

Hae•mat´ic (he•mat´ik), a. [Gr. a´imatiko•s] Of or pertaining to the blood; sanguine; brownish red. Haematic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a hypothetical acid, supposed to be formed from hemoglobin during its oxidation in the lungs, and to have the power of freeing carbonic acid from the sodium carbonate of the serum. Thudichum.

Haem´a•tin, n. Same as Hematin.

Haem•a•ti•nom´e•ter, n. Same as Hematinometer.

Haem•a•tin•o•met´ric, a. Same as Hematinometric.

Haem´a•tite, n. Same as Hematite.

Haem•a•tit´ic (hem•a•tit´ik), a. (Zoöl.) Of a blood-red color; crimson; (Bot.) brownish red.

Haem´a•to- (hem´a•to- or he´- ), prefix. See Haema-.

Haem´a•to•blast (-blast•), n. [Haemato- + -blast.] (Anat.) One of the very minute, disk-shaped bodies found in blood with the ordinary red corpuscles and white corpuscles; a third kind of blood corpuscle, supposed by some to be an early stage in the development of the red corpuscles; — called also blood plaque, and blood plate.

Haem•a•toc´ry•a (tok´ri•a), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The cold-blooded vertebrates. Same as Hematocrya.

Haem••a•toc´ry•al (-al), a. Cold-blooded.

Haem•a•to•crys´tal•lin, n. Same as Hematocrystallin.

Hae•ma•to•dy•na•mom´e•ter (he•ma•to•di•na•mom´e•ter or hem•a•to•din•a-), n. Same as Hemadynamometer.

Haem•a•to•gen´e•sis (hem•a•to•jen´e•sis or he•ma•to-), n. [Haemato- + genesis.] (Physiol.) (a) The origin and development of blood. (b) The transformation of venous into arterial blood by respiration; hematosis.

Haem•a•to•gen´ic (-jen´ik), a. (Physiol.) Relating to haematogenesis.

Haem•a•tog´e•nous (-toj´e•nus), a. (Physiol.) Originating in the blood.

Haem•a•to•glob´u•lin, n. Same as Hematoglobulin.

Haem´a•toid, a. Same as Hematoid.

Haem•a•toid´in, n. Same as Hematoidin.

Hae•mat´o•in (he•mat´o•in), n. [Haemato- + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance formed from the hematin of blood, by removal of the iron through the action of concentrated sulphuric acid. Two like bodies, called respectively haematoporphyrin and haematolin, are formed in a similar manner.

Hae•mat´o•lin (-lin), n. See Haematoin.

Haem•a•tol´o•gy (hem•a•tol´o•jy or he•ma-), n. The science which treats of the blood. Same as Hematology.

Haem•a•tom´e•ter (-tom´e•ter), n. [Haemato- + -meter.] (Physiol.) (a) Same as Hemadynamometer. (b) An instrument for determining the number of blood corpuscles in a given quantity of blood.

Haem•a•to•phi•li´na (- to•fi•li´na), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood +filei^n to love.] (Zoöl.) A division of Cheiroptera, including the bloodsucking bats. See Vampire.

Haem´a•to•plast (-plast•), n. [Haemato- + Gr. pla•ssein to mold.] (Anat.) Same as Haematoblast.

Haem•a•to•plas´tic (-plas´tik), a. [Haemato- + -plastic.] (Physiol.) Blood formative; — applied to a substance in early fetal life, which breaks up gradually into blood vessels.

Haem•a•to•por´phy•rin (- pôr´fi•rin), n. [Haemato- + Gr. porfy•ra purple.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Haematoin.

Haem´a•to•sac (-sak•), n. [Haemato- + sac.] (Anat.) A vascular sac connected, beneath the brain, in many fishes, with the infundibulum.

Haem´a•to•scope (-skop•), n. A haemoscope.

Haem•a•to´sin (hem•a•to´sin or he•mat´o•sin), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Hematin. [R.]

Haem•a•to´sis, n. Same as Hematosis.

Haem•a•to•ther´ma (hem•a•to•ther´ma or he•ma-), n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Hematotherma.

Haem•a•to•ther´mal (-mal), a. Warm-blooded; homoiothermal.

Haem•a•to•tho´rax, n. Same as Hemothorax.

Haem•a•tox´y•lin (-toks´i•lin), n. [See Haematoxylon.] (Chem.) The coloring principle of logwood. It is obtained as a yellow crystalline substance, C16H14O6, with a sweetish taste. Formerly called also hematin.

Haem•a•tox´y•lon (-lon), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + xy•lon wood.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants containing but a single species, the H. Campechianum or logwood tree, native in Yucatan.

Haem•a•to•zo´ön (-to•zo´on), n.; pl. Haematozoa (- a). [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) A parasite inhabiting the blood; esp.: (a) Certain species of nematodes of the genus Filaria, sometimes found in the blood of man, the horse, the dog, etc. (b) The trematode, Bilharzia haematobia, which infests the inhabitants of Egypt and other parts of Africa, often causing death.

Hae´mic (he´mik or hem´ik), a. Pertaining to the blood; hemal.

Hae´min (ha´min), n. Same as Hemin.

Haem´o- (hem´o- or he´mo-), prefix. See Haema-.

Haem´o•chrome (-krom), n. Same as Haemachrome.

Haem•o•chro´mo•gen (-kro´mo•jen), n. [Haemochrome + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body obtained from hemoglobin, by the action of reducing agents in the absence of oxygen.

Haem•o•chro•mom´e•ter (- kro•mom´e•ter), n. [Haemochrome + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) An apparatus for measuring the amount of hemoglobin in a fluid, by comparing it with a solution of known strength and of normal color.

Haem•o•cy´a•nin (-si´a•nin), n. Same as Haemacyanin.

Haem•o•cy•tol´y•sis (- si•tol´i•sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + ky•tos hollow vessel + ly•ein to loosen, dissolve.] (Physiol.) See Haemocytotrypsis.

Haem•o•cy•tom´e•ter, n. See Haemacytometer.

Haem•o•cy•to•tryp´sis (- si•to•trip´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + ky•tos hollow vessel + tri•bein to rub, grind.] (Physiol.) A breaking up of the blood corpuscles, as by pressure, in distinction from solution of the corpuscles, or haemocytolysis.

Haem•o•drom´o•graph, n. Same as Haemadromograph.

Haem•o•dro•mom´e•ter(- dro•mom´e•ter),n.Same as Hemadrometer.

Hae•mo•dy•nam´e•ter (he•mo•di•nam´e•ter or hem•o•di-), n. Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hae•mo•dy•nam´ics,n.Same as Hemadynamics.

Haem•o•glo´bin, n. Same as Hemoglobin.

Haem•o•glo•bin•om´e•ter (- om´e•ter), n. [Haemoglobin + -meter.] Same as Hemochromometer.

Haem•o•lu´te•in (-lu´te•in), n. [Haemo- + corpus luteum.] (Physiol.) See Hematoidin.

Haem•o•ma•nom´e•ter (- ma•nom´e•ter), n. [Haemo- + manometer.] Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hae•mom´e•ter (he•mom´e•ter), n. [Haemo- + -meter.] (Physiol.) Same as Hemadynamometer.

Hae´mo•ny (he´mo•ny), n. [L. Haemonia a name of Thessaly, the land of magic.] A plant described by Milton as ´of sovereign use against all enchantments.´

Haem•o•plas´tic, a. Same as Haematoplastic.

Haem´or•rhoid´al, a. Same as Hemorrhoidal.

Haem´o•scope (hem´o•skop or he´mo-), n. [Haemo- + - scope.] (Physiol.) An instrument devised by Hermann, for regulating and measuring the thickness of a layer of blood for spectroscopic examination.

Haem•o•stat´ic (-stat´ik), a. Same as Hemostatic.

Haem•o•ta•chom´e•ter (- ta•kom´e•ter), n. Same as Haematachometer.

Haem•o•ta•chom´e•try (-try), n. Same as Haematachometry.

Haf (häf), imp. of Heave. Hove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Haf´fle (haf´f’l), v. i. [Cf. G. haften to cling, stick to, Prov. G., to stop, stammer.] To stammer; to speak unintelligibly; to prevaricate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Haft (haft), n. [AS. haeft; akin to D. & G. heft, Icel. hepti, and to E. heave, or have. Cf. Heft.] 1. A handle; that part of an instrument or vessel taken into the hand, and by which it is held and used; — said chiefly of a knife, sword, or dagger; the hilt. “This brandish’d dagger
I’ll bury to the haft in her fair breast.” Dryden. 2. A dwelling. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Haft, v. t. To set in, or furnish with, a haft; as to haft a dagger.

Haft´er (-er), n. [Cf. G. haften to cling or stick to, and E. haffle.] A caviler; a wrangler. [Obs.] Baret.

Hag (hag), n. [OE. hagge, hegge, witch, hag, AS. haegtesse; akin to OHG. hagazussa, G. hexe, D. heks, Dan. hex, Sw. häxa. The first part of the word is prob. the same as E. haw, hedge, and the orig. meaning was perh., wood woman, wild woman. rad.12.] 1. A witch, sorceress, or enchantress; also a wizard. [Obs.] ´[Silenus] that old hag.´ Golding. 2. An ugly old woman.Dryden. 3. A fury; a she-monster. Crashaw. 4. (Zoöl.) An eel-like marine marsipobranch (Myxine glutinosa), allied to the lamprey. It has a suctorial mouth, with labial appendages, and a single pair of gill openings. It is the type of the order Hyperotreta. Called also hagfish, borer, slime eel, sucker, and sleepmarken. 5. (Zoöl.) The hagdon or shearwater. 6. An appearance of light and fire on a horse’s mane or a man’s hair. Blount. Hag moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Phobetron pithecium), the larva of which has curious side appendages, and feeds on fruit trees. — Hag’s tooth (Naut.), an ugly irregularity in the pattern of matting or pointing.

Hag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hagged (hagd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hagging.] To harass; to weary with vexation. “How are superstitious men hagged out of their wits with the fancy of omens.” L’Estrange.

Hag, n. [Scot. hag to cut; cf. E. hack.] 1. A small wood, or part of a wood or copse, which is marked off or inclosed for felling, or which has been felled. “This said, he led me over hoults and hags;
Through thorns and bushes scant my legs I drew.” Fairfax. 2. A quagmire; mossy ground where peat or turf has been cut. Dugdale.

Hag´ber•ry (hag´ber•ry), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Prunus (P. Padus); the bird cherry. [Scot.]

Hag´born (-bôrn•), a. Born of a hag or witch. Shak.

Hag´but (-but), n. [OF. haquebute, prob. a corruption of D. haakbus; haak hook + bus gun barrel. See Hook, and 2d Box, and cf. Arquebus.] A harquebus, of which the but was bent down or hooked for convenience in taking aim. [Written also haguebut and hackbuss.]

Hag´but•ter (hag´but•ter), n. A soldier armed with a hagbut or arquebus. [Written also hackbutter.] Froude.

Hag´don (hag´don), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds of the genus Puffinus; esp., P. major, the greater shearwarter, and P. Stricklandi, the black hagdon or sooty shearwater; — called also hagdown, haglin, and hag. See Shearwater.

Hag´fish(- fish•),n.(Zoöl.) See Hag, 4.

Hag•ga´da (hag•gä´da), n.; pl. Haggadoth (- doth). [Rabbinic haggadha, fr. Heb. higgidh to relate.] A story, anecdote, or legend in the Talmud, to explain or illustrate the text of the Old Testament. [Written also hagada.]

Hag´gard (hag´gerd), a. [F. hagard; of German origin, and prop. meaning, of the hegde or woods, wild, untamed. See Hedge, 1st Haw, and - ard.] 1. Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty; untamed; as a haggard or refractory hawk. [Obs.] Shak. 2. [For hagged, fr. hag a witch, influenced by haggard wild.] Having the expression of one wasted by want or suffering; hollow-eyed; having the features distorted or wasted by pain; wild and wasted, or anxious in appearance; as haggard features, eyes. “Staring his eyes, and haggard was his look.” Dryden.

Hag´gard, n. [See Haggard, a.] 1. (Falconry) A young or untrained hawk or falcon. 2. A fierce, intractable creature. “I have loved this proud disdainful haggard.” Shak. 3. [See Haggard, a., 2.] A hag. [Obs.] Garth.

Hag´gard, n. [See 1st Haw, Hedge, and Yard an inclosed space.] A stackyard. [Prov. Eng.] Swift.

Hag´gard•ly, adv. In a haggard manner. Dryden.

Hag´ged (-ged), a. Like a hag; lean; ugly. [R.]

Hag´gis (-gis), n. [Scot. hag to hack, chop, E. hack. Formed, perhaps, in imitation of the F. hachis (E. hash), fr. hacher.] A Scotch pudding made of the heart, liver, lights, etc., of a sheep or lamb, minced with suet, onions, oatmeal, etc., highly seasoned, and boiled in the stomach of the same animal; minced head and pluck. [Written also haggiss, haggess, and haggies.]

Hag´gish (-gish), a. Like a hag; ugly; wrinkled. “But on us both did haggish age steal on.” Shak.

Hag´gish•ly, adv. In the manner of a hag.

Hag´gle (hag´g’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haggled (-g’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Haggling (-gling).] [Freq. of Scot. hag, E. hack. See Hack to cut.] To cut roughly or hack; to cut into small pieces; to notch or cut in an unskillful manner; to make rough or mangle by cutting; as a boy haggles a stick of wood. “Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled o’er,
Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteeped.” Shak.

Hag´gle, v. i. To be difficult in bargaining; to stick at small matters; to chaffer; to higgle. “Royalty and science never haggled about the value of blood.” Walpole.

Hag´gle, n. The act or process of haggling. Carlyle.

Hag´gler (hag´gler), n. 1. One who haggles or is difficult in bargaining. 2. One who forestalls a market; a middleman between producer and dealer in London vegetable markets.

Ha´gi•ar•chy (ha´ji•är•ky), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred, holy + - archy.] A sacred government; government by holy orders of men. Southey.

Ha•gi•oc´ra•cy (-ok´ra•sy), n. [Gr. ´a•gios holy, and kratei^n to govern.] Government by a priesthood; hierarchy.

Ha•gi•og´ra•pha (-og´ra•fa), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ´agio•grafa (sc. bibli•a), fr. ´agio•grafos written by inspiration; ´a•gios sacred, holy + gra•fein to write.] 1. The last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, or that portion not contained in the Law and the Prophets. It comprises Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The lives of the saints. Brande & C.

Ha•gi•og´ra•phal (-fal), Pertaining to the hagiographa, or to sacred writings.

Ha•gi•og´ra•pher (-fer), n. One of the writers of the hagiographa; a writer of lives of the saints. Shipley.

Ha•gi•og´ra•phy (-fy; 277), n. Same as Hagiographa.

Ha•gi•ol´a•try (-ol´a•try), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred + latrei•a worship.] The invocation or worship of saints.

Ha•gi•ol´o•gist (-o•jist), n. One who treats of the sacred writings; a writer of the lives of the saints; a hagiographer. Tylor. “Hagiologists have related it without scruple.” Southey.

Ha•gi•ol´o•gy (-jy), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred + -logy.] The history or description of the sacred writings or of sacred persons; a narrative of the lives of the saints; a catalogue of saints. J. H. Newman.

Ha´gi•o•scope (ha´ji•o•skop•), n. [Gr. ´a•gios sacred + -scope.] An opening made in the interior walls of a cruciform church to afford a view of the altar to those in the transepts; — called, in architecture, a squint. Hook.

Hag´-rid•den (hag´rid•d’n), a. Ridden by a hag or witch; hence, afflicted with nightmare. Beattie. Cheyne.

Hag´seed (hag´sed), n. The offspring of a hag. Shak.

Hag´ship, n. The state or title of a hag. Middleton.

Hag´-ta•per (-ta•per), n. [Cf. 1st Hag, and Hig-taper.] (Bot.) The great woolly mullein (Verbascum Thapsus).

Hague´but (hag´but), n. See Hagbut.

Hah (hä), interj. Same as Ha.

Ha-ha´ (hä•hä´), n. [See Haw-haw.] A sunk fence; a fence, wall, or ditch, not visible till one is close upon it. [Written also haw- haw.]

Hai´ding•er•ite (hi´ding•er•it), n. (Min.) A mineral consisting chiefly of the arseniate of lime; — so named in honor of W. Haidinger, of Vienna.

Hai´duck (hi´duk), n. [G. haiduck, heiduck, fr. Hung. hajdu.] Formerly, a mercenary foot soldier in Hungary, now, a halberdier of a Hungarian noble, or an attendant in German or Hungarian courts. [Written also hayduck, haiduk, heiduc, heyduck, and heyduk.]

Haik (hak; Ar. hä•ek), n. [Ar. haïk, fr. haka to weave.] A large piece of woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs as an outer garment. [Written also hyke.] Heyse.

Hai´kal (hi´kal), n. The central chapel of the three forming the sanctuary of a Coptic church. It contains the high altar, and is usually closed by an embroidered curtain.

Hail (hal), n. [OE. hail, ha&yogh;el, AS. haegel, hagol; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. hagel; Icel. hagl; cf. Gr. ka•chlhx pebble.] Small roundish masses of ice precipitated from the clouds, where they are formed by the congelation of vapor. The separate masses or grains are called hailstones. “Thunder mixed with hail,
Hail mixed with fire, must rend the Egyptian sky.” Milton.

Hail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hailed (hald); p. pr. & vb. n. Hailing.] [OE. hailen, AS. hagalian.] To pour down particles of ice, or frozen vapors.

Hail, v. t. To pour forcibly down, as hail. Shak.

Hail, a. Healthy. See Hale (the preferable spelling).

Hail, v. t. [OE. hailen, heilen, Icel. heill hale, sound, used in greeting. See Hale sound.] 1. To call loudly to, or after; to accost; to salute; to address. 2. To name; to designate; to call. “And such a son as all men hailed me happy.” Milton.

Hail, v. i. 1. To declare, by hailing, the port from which a vessel sails or where she is registered; hence, to sail; to come; — used with from; as the steamer hails from New York. 2. To report as one’s home or the place from whence one comes; to come; — with from. [Colloq.] C. G. Halpine.

Hail, interj. [See Hail, v. t.] An exclamation of respectful or reverent salutation, or, occasionally, of familiar greeting. ´Hail, brave friend.´ Shak. All hail. See in the Vocabulary. — Hail Mary, a form of prayer made use of in the Roman Catholic Church in invocation of the Virgin. See Ave Maria.

Hail, n. A wish of health; a salutation; a loud call. ´Their puissant hail.´ M. Arnold. “The angel hail bestowed.” Milton.

Hail´-fel•low (-fel•lo), n. An intimate companion. “Hail-fellow well met.” Lyly.

Hailse (hals), v. t. [OE. hailsen, Icel. heilsa. Cf. Hail to call to.] To greet; to salute. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Hail´shot (hal´shot•), n. pl. Small shot which scatter like hailstones. [Obs.] Hayward.

Hail´stone (-ston•), n. A single particle of ice falling from a cloud; a frozen raindrop; a pellet of hail.

Hail´storm (-stôrm•), n. A storm accompanied with hail; a shower of hail.

Hail´y (-y), a. Of hail. ´Haily showers.´ Pope.

Hain (han), v. t. [Cf. Sw. hägn hedge, inclosure, Dan. hegn hedge, fence. See Hedge.] To inclose for mowing; to set aside for grass. ´A ground … hained in.´ Holland.

Hain’t (hant). A contraction of have not or has not; as I hain’t, he hain’t, we hain’t. [Colloq. or illiterate speech.] [Written also han’t.]

Hair (hâr), n. [OE. her, heer, haer, AS. haer; akin to OFries. her, D. & G. haar, OHG. & Icel. har, Dan. haar, Sw. hår; cf. Lith. kasa.] 1. The collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. 2. One the above-mentioned filaments, consisting, in vertebrate animals, of a long, tubular part which is free and flexible, and a bulbous root imbedded in the skin. “Then read he me how Sampson lost his hairs.” Chaucer. “And draweth new delights with hoary hairs.” Spenser. 3. Hair (human or animal) used for various purposes; as hair for stuffing cushions. 4. (Zoöl.) A slender outgrowth from the chitinous cuticle of insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Such hairs are totally unlike those of vertebrates in structure, composition, and mode of growth. 5. (Bot.) An outgrowth of the epidermis, consisting of one or of several cells, whether pointed, hooked, knobbed, or stellated. Internal hairs occur in the flower stalk of the yellow frog lily (Nuphar). 6. A spring device used in a hair-trigger firearm. 7. A haircloth. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. Any very small distance, or degree; a hairbreadth. Hairs is often used adjectively or in combination; as hairbrush or hair brush, hair dye, hair oil, hairpin, hair powder, a brush, a dye, etc., for the hair. Against the hair, in a rough and disagreeable manner; against the grain. [Obs.] ´You go against the hair of your professions.´ Shak. — Hair bracket (Ship Carp.), a molding which comes in at the back of, or runs aft from, the figurehead. — Hair cells (Anat.), cells with hairlike processes in the sensory epithelium of certain parts of the internal ear. — Hair compass, Hair divider, a compass or divider capable of delicate adjustment by means of a screw. — Hair glove, a glove of horsehair for rubbing the skin. — Hair lace, a netted fillet for tying up the hair of the head. Swift. — Hair line, a line made of hair; a very slender line. — Hair moth (Zoöl.), any moth which destroys goods made of hair, esp. Tinea biselliella. — Hair pencil, a brush or pencil made of fine hair, for painting; — generally called by the name of the hair used; as a camel’s hair pencil, a sable’s hair pencil, etc. - - Hair plate, an iron plate forming the back of the hearth of a bloomery fire. — Hair powder, a white perfumed powder, as of flour or starch, formerly much used for sprinkling on the hair of the head, or on wigs. — Hair seal (Zoöl.), any one of several species of eared seals which do not produce fur; a sea lion. — Hair seating, haircloth for seats of chairs, etc. — Hair shirt, a shirt, or a band for the loins, made of horsehair, and worn as a penance. — Hair sieve, a strainer with a haircloth bottom. — Hair snake. See Gordius. — Hair space (Printing), the thinnest metal space used in lines of type. — Hair stroke, a delicate stroke in writing. — Hair trigger, a trigger so constructed as to discharge a firearm by a very slight pressure, as by the touch of a hair. Farrow. — Not worth a hair, of no value. — To a hair, with the nicest distinction. — To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety.

Hair´bell (hâr´bel•), n. (Bot.) See Harebell.

Hair´bird (-berd), n. (Zoöl.) The chipping sparrow.

Hair´brained (-brand•), a. See Harebrained.

Hair´breadth (-bredth), Hair’s´ breadth (hârz´). The diameter or breadth of a hair; a very small distance; sometimes definitely the forty-eighth part of an inch. “Every one could sling stones at an hairbreadth and not miss.” Judg. xx. 16.

Hair´breadth, a. Having the breadth of a hair; very narrow; as a hairbreadth escape.

Hair´-brown (-broun•), a. Of a clear tint of brown, resembling brown human hair. It is composed of equal proportions of red and green.

Hair´brush (-brush•), n. A brush for cleansing and smoothing the hair.

Hair´cloth (-kloth•), n. Stuff or cloth made wholly or in part of hair.

Hair´dress•er (-dres•er), n. One who dresses or cuts hair; a barber.

Haired (hârd), a. 1. Having hair. ´A beast haired like a bear.´ Purchas. 2. In composition: Having (such) hair; as red-haired.

Hai´ren (hâr´en), a. [AS. haeren.] Hairy. [Obs.] “His hairen shirt and his ascetic diet.” J. Taylor.

Hair´ grass (gras•). (Bot.) A grass with very slender leaves or branches; as the Agrostis scabra, and several species of Aira or Deschampsia.

Hair´i•ness (-i•nes), n. The state of abounding, or being covered, with hair. Johnson.

Hair´less, a. Destitute of hair. Shak.

Hair´pin (-pin•), n. A pin, usually forked, or of bent wire, for fastening the hair in place, — used by women.

Hair´-salt (-salt•), n. [A translation of G. haarsalz.] (Min.) A variety of native Epsom salt occurring in silky fibers.

Hair´split•ter (-split•ter), n. One who makes excessively nice or needless distinctions in reasoning; one who quibbles. ´The caviling hairsplitter.´ De Quincey.

Hair´split•ting (-ting), a. Making excessively nice or trivial distinctions in reasoning; subtle. — n. The act or practice of making trivial distinctions. “The ancient hairsplitting technicalities of special pleading.” Charles Sumner.

Hair´spring (-spring•), n. (Horology) The slender recoil spring which regulates the motion of the balance in a timepiece.

Hair´streak (-strek•), n. A butterfly of the genus Thecla; as the green hairstreak (T. rubi).

Hair´tail (-tal•), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of marine fishes of the genus Trichiurus; esp., T. lepturus of Europe and America. They are long and like a band, with a slender, pointed tail. Called also bladefish.

Hair´ worm (wûrm•). (Zoöl.) A nematoid worm of the genus Gordius, resembling a hair. See Gordius.

Hair´y (-y), a. Bearing or covered with hair; made of or resembling hair; rough with hair; hirsute. “His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge.” Milton.

Hai´ti•an (ha´ti•an), a. & n. See Haytian.

Ha´je (hä´je), n. [Ar. hayya snake.] (Zoöl.) The Egyptian asp or cobra (Naja haje.) It is related to the cobra of India, and like the latter has the power of inflating its neck into a hood. Its bite is very venomous. It is supposed to be the snake by means of whose bite Cleopatra committed suicide, and hence is sometimes called Cleopatra’s snake or asp. See Asp.

Hake (hak), n. [See Hatch a half door.] A drying shed, as for unburned tile.

Hake, n. [Also haak.] [Akin to Norweg. hakefisk, lit., hook fish, Prov. E. hake hook, G. hecht pike. See Hook.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of marine gadoid fishes, of the genera Phycis, Merlucius, and allies. The common European hake is M. vulgaris; the American silver hake or whiting is M. bilinearis. Two American species (Phycis chuss and P. tenius) are important food fishes, and are also valued for their oil and sounds. Called also squirrel hake, and codling.

Hake (hak), v. i. To loiter; to sneak. [Prov. Eng.]

Hake’s´-dame (haks´dam•), n. See Forkbeard.

Hak´e•ton (hak´e•ton), n. Same as Acton. [Obs.]

Ha•kim´ (ha•kem´), n. [Ar. hakim.] A wise man; a physician, esp. a Mohammedan. [India]

Ha´kim (hä´kem), n. [Ar. hakim.] A Mohammedan title for a ruler; a judge. [India]

Ha•la´cha (ha•lä´ka), n.; pl. Halachoth (- koth). [Heb. halachah.] The general term for the Hebrew oral or traditional law; one of two branches of exposition in the Midrash. See Midrash.

Ha•la´tion (ha•la´shun), n. (Photog.) An appearance as of a halo of light, surrounding the edges of dark objects in a photographic picture.

Hal´berd (hol´berd; 277), n. [F. hallebarde; of German origin; cf. MHG. helmbarte, G. hellebarte; prob. orig., an ax to split a helmet, fr. G. barte a broad ax (orig. from the same source as E. beard; cf. Icel. barða, a kind of ax, skegg beard, skeggja a kind of halberd) + helm helmet; but cf. also MHG. helm, halm, handle, and E. helve. See Beard, Helmet.] (Mil.) An ancient long-handled weapon, of which the head had a point and several long, sharp edges, curved or straight, and sometimes additional points. The heads were sometimes of very elaborate form. [Written also halbert.]

Hal•berd•ier´ (ho•berd•er´), n. [F. hallebardier.] One who is armed with a halberd. Strype.

Hal´berd-shaped (-shapt•), a. Hastate.

Hal´cy•on (hal´si•on), n. [L. halcyon, alcyon, Gr. ´alkyw•n, ’alkyw•n: cf. F. halcyon.] (Zoöl.) A kingfisher. By modern ornithologists restricted to a genus including a limited number of species having omnivorous habits, as the sacred kingfisher (Halcyon sancta) of Australia. “Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be
As halcyons brooding on a winter sea.” Dryden.

Hal´cy•on, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, the halcyon, which was anciently said to lay her eggs in nests on or near the sea during the calm weather about the winter solstice. 2. Hence: Calm; quiet; peaceful; undisturbed; happy. ´Deep, halcyon repose.´ De Quincy.

Hal•cy•o´ni•an (hal•si•o´ni•an), a. Halcyon; calm.

Hal´cy•o•noid (hal´si•o•noid), a. & n. [Halcyon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) See Alcyonoid.

Hale (hal), a. [Written also hail.] [OE. heil, Icel. heill; akin to E. whole. See Whole.] Sound; entire; healthy; robust; not impaired; as a hale body. “Last year we thought him strong and hale.” Swift.

Hale, n. Welfare. [Obs.] “All heedless of his dearest hale.” Spenser.

Hale (hal or hal; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haled (hald or hald); p. pr. & vb. n. Haling.] [OE. halen, halien; cf. AS. holian, to acquire, get. See Haul.] To pull; to drag; to haul. See Haul. Chaucer. “Easier both to freight, and to hale ashore.” Milton. “As some dark priest hales the reluctant victim.” Shelley.

Ha•le´si•a (ha•le´zhi•a), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of American shrubs containing several species, called snowdrop trees, or silver-bell trees. They have showy, white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels.

Half (häf), a. [AS. healf, half, half; as a noun, half, side, part; akin to OS., OFries., & D. half, G. halb, Sw. half, Dan. halv, Icel. halfr, Goth. halbs. Cf. Halve, Behalf.] 1. Consisting of a moiety, or half; as a half bushel; a half hour; a half dollar; a half view. The adjective and noun are often united to form a compound. 2. Consisting of some indefinite portion resembling a half; approximately a half, whether more or less; partial; imperfect; as a half dream; half knowledge. “Assumed from thence a half consent.” Tennyson. Half ape (Zoöl.), a lemur. — Half back. (Football) See under 2d Back. — Half bent, the first notch, for the sear point to enter, in the tumbler of a gunlock; the halfcock notch. — Half binding, a style of bookbinding in which only the back and corners are in leather. — Half boarder, one who boards in part; specifically, a scholar at a boarding school who takes dinner only. — Half-breadth plan (Shipbuilding), a horizontal plan of one half a vessel, divided lengthwise, showing the lines. — Half cadence (Mus.), a cadence on the dominant. — Half cap, a slight salute with the cap. [Obs.] Shak. — At half cock, the position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch. — Half hitch, a sailor’s knot in a rope; half of a clove hitch. — Half hose, short stockings; socks. — Half measure, an imperfect or weak line of action. — Half note (Mus.), a minim, one half of a semibreve. — Half pay, half of the wages or salary; reduced pay; as an officer on half pay. — Half price, half the ordinary price; or a price much reduced. — Half round. (a) (Arch.) A molding of semicircular section. (b) (Mech.) Having one side flat and the other rounded; — said of a file. — Half shift (Mus.), a position of the hand, between the open position and the first shift, in playing on the violin and kindred instruments. See Shift. — Half step (Mus.), a semitone; the smallest difference of pitch or interval, used in music. — Half tide, the time or state of the tide equally distant from ebb and flood. — Half time, half the ordinary time for work or attendance; as the half-time system. — Half tint (Fine Arts), a middle or intermediate tint, as in drawing or painting. See Demitint. — Half truth, a statement only partially true, or which gives only a part of the truth. Mrs. Browning. — Half year, the space of six months; one term of a school when there are two terms in a year.

Half, adv. In an equal part or degree; in some part approximating a half; partially; imperfectly; as half-colored, half done, half-hearted, half persuaded, half conscious. ´Half loth and half consenting.´ Dryden. “Their children spoke halfin the speech of Ashdod.” Neh. xiii. 24.

Half (häf), n.; pl. Halves (hävz). [AS. healf. See Half, a.] 1. Part; side; behalf. [Obs.] Wyclif. “The four halves of the house.” Chaucer. 2. One of two equal parts into which anything may be divided, or considered as divided; — sometimes followed by of; as a half of an apple. “Not half his riches known, and yet despised.” Milton. “A friendship so complete
Portioned in halves between us.” Tennyson. Better half. See under Better. - - In half, in two; an expression sometimes used improperly instead of in or into halves; as to cut in half. [Colloq.] Dickens. — In, or On, one’s half, in one’s behalf; on one’s part. [Obs.] — To cry halves, to claim an equal share with another. — To go halves, to share equally between two.

Half, v. t. To halve. [Obs.] See Halve. Sir H. Wotton.

Half•-and-half´, n. A mixture of two malt liquors, esp. porter and ale, in about equal parts. Dickens.

Half´beak (häf´bek•), n. (Zoöl.) Any slender, marine fish of the genus Hemirhamphus, having the upper jaw much shorter than the lower; — called also balahoo.

Half´ blood (blud). 1. The relation between persons born of the same father or of the same mother, but not of both; as a brother or sister of the half blood. See Blood, n., 2 and 4. 2. A person so related to another. 3. A person whose father and mother are of different races; a half-breed. In the 2d and 3d senses usually with a hyphen.

Half´-blood•ed, a. 1. Proceeding from a male and female of different breeds or races; having only one parent of good stock; as a half-blooded sheep. 2. Degenerate; mean. Shak.

Half´-boot (-boot•), n. A boot with a short top covering only the ankle. See Cocker, and Congress boot, under Congress.

Half´-bound (-bound•), n. Having only the back and corners in leather, as a book.

Half´-bred (-bred•), a. 1. Half-blooded. [Obs.] 2. Imperfectly acquainted with the rules of good-breeding; not well trained. Atterbury.

Half´-breed (-bred•), a. Half-blooded.

Half´-breed, n. A person who is half-blooded; the offspring of parents of different races, especially of the American Indian and the white race.

Half´-broth•er (-bruth•er), n. A brother by one parent, but not by both.

Half´-caste (-kast), n. One born of a European parent on the one side, and of a Hindoo or Mohammedan on the other. Also adjective; as half-caste parents.

Half´-clammed (-klamd•), a. Half-filled. [Obs.] “Lions’ half-clammed entrails roar for food.” Marston.

Half´cock (-kok•), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halfcocked(-kokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Halfcocking.] To set the cock of (a firearm) at the first notch. To go off halfcocked. (a) To be discharged prematurely, or with the trigger at half cock; — said of a firearm. (b) To do or say something without due thought or care. [Colloq. or Low]

Half´-cracked (-krakt•), a. Half-demented; half-witted. [Colloq.]

Half´-deck (-dek•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A shell of the genus Crepidula; a boat shell. See Boat shell. 2. See Half deck, under Deck.

Half´-decked (-dekt), a. Partially decked. “The half-decked craft … used by the latter Vikings.” Elton.

Half´en (-’n), a. [From Half.] Wanting half its due qualities. [Obs.] Spenser.

Half´en•deal (-’n•del•), adv. [OE. halfendele. See Half, and Deal.] Half; by the half part. [Obs.] Chaucer. — n. A half part. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

Half´er (-er), n. 1. One who possesses or gives half only; one who shares. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. 2. A male fallow deer gelded. Pegge (1814).

Half´-faced (-fast•), a. Showing only part of the face; wretched looking; meager. Shak.

Half´-fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) A salmon in its fifth year of growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Half´-hatched (-hacht•), a. Imperfectly hatched; as half-hatched eggs. Gay.

Half´-heard (-herd•), a. Imperfectly or partly heard; not heard to the end. “And leave half-heard the melancholy tale.” Pope.

Half´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. 1. Wanting in heart or spirit; ungenerous; unkind. B. Jonson. 2. Lacking zeal or courage; lukewarm. H. James.

Half´-hour•ly (-our•ly), a. Done or happening at intervals of half an hour.

Half´-learned (häf´lernd•), a. Imperfectly learned.

Half´-length (-length•), a. Of half the whole or ordinary length, as a picture.

Half´-mast (-mast•), n. A point some distance below the top of a mast or staff; as a flag a half-mast (a token of mourning, etc.).

Half´-moon (-moon•), n. 1. The moon at the quarters, when half its disk appears illuminated. 2. The shape of a half-moon; a crescent. “See how in warlike muster they appear,
In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings.” Milton. 3. (Fort.) An outwork composed of two faces, forming a salient angle whose gorge resembles a half-moon; — now called a ravelin. 4. (Zoöl.) A marine, sparoid, food fish of California (Caesiosoma Californiense). The body is ovate, blackish above, blue or gray below. Called also medialuna.

Half´ness (häf´nes), n. The quality of being half; incompleteness. [R.] “As soon as there is any departure from simplicity, and attempt at halfness, or good for me that is not good for him, my neighbor feels the wrong.” Emerson.

Half´pace (-pas•), n. (Arch.) A platform of a staircase where the stair turns back in exactly the reverse direction of the lower flight. See Quarterpace. This term and quarterpace are rare or unknown in the United States, platform or landing being used instead.

Half´-pen•ny(ha´pen•ny or häf´-; 277),n.;pl. Half-pence (- pens) or Half-pennies(- pen•niz). An English coin of the value of half a penny; also the value of half a penny.

Half´-pike (häf´pik•), n. (Mil.) A short pike, sometimes carried by officers of infantry, sometimes used in boarding ships; a spontoon. Tatler.

Half´-port (-port•), n. (Naut.) One half of a shutter made in two parts for closing a porthole.

Half´-ray (-ra•), n. (Geom.) A straight line considered as drawn from a center to an indefinite distance in one direction, the complete ray being the whole line drawn to an indefinite distance in both directions.

Half´-read (-red•), a. Informed by insufficient reading; superficial; shallow. Dryden.

Half´ seas• o´ver (sez• o´ver). Half drunk. [Slang: used only predicatively.] Spectator.

Half´-sight•ed (-sit•ed), a. Seeing imperfectly; having weak discernment. Bacon.

Half´-sis•ter (-sis•ter), n. A sister by one parent only.

Half´-strained (-strand•), a. Half-bred; imperfect. [R.] ´A half-strained villain.´ Dryden.

Half´-sword (-sord•), n. Half the length of a sword; close fight. ´At half- sword.´ Shak.

Half´-tim•bered (-tim•berd), a. (Arch.) Constructed of a timber frame, having the spaces filled in with masonry; — said of buildings.

Half´-tongue (-tung•), n. (O. Law) A jury, for the trial of a foreigner, composed equally of citizens and aliens.

Half´way (häf´wa•), adv. In the middle; at half the distance; imperfectly; partially; as he halfway yielded. “Temples proud to meet their gods halfway.” Young.

Half´way, a. Equally distant from the extremes; situated at an intermediate point; midway. Halfway covenant, a practice among the Congregational churches of New England, between 1657 and 1662, of permitting baptized persons of moral life and orthodox faith to enjoy all the privileges of church membership, save the partaking of the Lord’s Supper. They were also allowed to present their children for baptism. — Halfway house, an inn or place of call midway on a journey.

Half´-wit (-wit•), n. A foolish person; a dolt; a blockhead; a dunce. Dryden.

Half´-wit•ted (-ted), a. Weak in intellect; silly.

Half´-year•ly (-yer•ly), a. Two in a year; semiannual. — adv. Twice in a year; semiannually.

Hal´i•but (hol´i•but; 277), n. [OE. hali holy + but, butte, flounder; akin to D. bot, G. butte; cf. D. heilbot, G. heilbutt. So named as being eaten on holidays. See Holy, Holiday.] (Zoöl.) A large, northern, marine flatfish (Hippoglossus vulgaris), of the family Pleuronectidae. It often grows very large, weighing more than three hundred pounds. It is an important food fish. [Written also holibut.]

Hal•i•chon´dri•ae (hal•i•kon´dri•e), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, sea + cho•ndros cartilage.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges, having simple siliceous spicules and keratose fibers; — called also Keratosilicoidea.

Hal´i•core (hal´i•kor; L. ha•lik´o•re), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls sea + ko•rh maiden.] Same as Dugong.

Hal´i•dom (hal´i•dum), n. [AS. haligdom holiness, sacrament, sanctuary, relics; halig holy + - dom, E. -dom. See Holy.] 1. Holiness; sanctity; sacred oath; sacred things; sanctuary; — used chiefly in oaths. [Archaic] “So God me help and halidom.” Piers Plowman. “By my halidom, I was fast asleep.” Shak. 2. Holy doom; the Last Day. [R.] Shipley.

Hal•i•eu´tics (-u´tiks), n. [L. halieuticus pertaining to fishing, Gr. ´alieytiko•s.] A treatise upon fish or the art of fishing; ichthyology.

Hal´i•mas (-mas), a. [See Hallowmas.] The feast of All Saints; Hallowmas. [Obs.]

Ha•li•og´ra•pher (ha•li•og´ra•fer or hal•i-), n. One who writes about or describes the sea.

Ha•li•og´ra•phy (-fy), n. [Gr. ´a•ls the sea + -graphy.] Description of the sea; the science that treats of the sea.

Ha•li•o´tis (ha•li•o´tis or hal•i-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls sea + o’y^s, ’wto•s, ear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine shells; the ear-shells. See Abalone.

Ha´li•o•toid (ha´li•o•toid• or hal´i-), a. [Haliotis + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Haliotis; ear-shaped.

Hal•i•sau´ri•a (hal•i•sa´ri•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, sea + say^ros.] (Paleon.) The Enaliosauria.

Ha´lite (ha´lit or hal´it), n. [Gr. ´a•ls salt.] (Min.) Native salt; sodium chloride.

Ha•lit´u•ous (ha•lit´u•us; 135), a. [L. halitus breath, vapor, fr. halare to breathe: cf. F. halitueux.] Produced by, or like, breath; vaporous. Boyle.

Halk (hak), n. A nook; a corner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hall (hal), n. [OE. halle, hal, AS. heal, heall; akin to D. hal, OS. & OHG. halla, G. halle, Icel. höll, and prob. from a root meaning, to hide, conceal, cover. See Hell, Helmet.] 1. A building or room of considerable size and stateliness, used for public purposes; as Westminster Hall, in London. 2. (a) The chief room in a castle or manor house, and in early times the only public room, serving as the place of gathering for the lord’s family with the retainers and servants, also for cooking and eating. It was often contrasted with the bower, which was the private or sleeping apartment. “Full sooty was her bower and eke her hall.” Chaucer. Hence, as the entrance from outside was directly into the hall: (b) A vestibule, entrance room, etc., in the more elaborated buildings of later times. Hence: (c) Any corridor or passage in a building. 3. A name given to many manor houses because the magistrate’s court was held in the hall of his mansion; a chief mansion house. Cowell. 4. A college in an English university (at Oxford, an unendowed college). 5. The apartment in which English university students dine in common; hence, the dinner itself; as hall is at six o’clock. 6. Cleared passageway in a crowd; — formerly an exclamation. [Obs.] ´A hall! a hall!´ B. Jonson. Syn. — Entry; court; passage. See Vestibule.

Hall´age (-aj; 48), n. (O. Eng. Law) A fee or toll paid for goods sold in a hall. { Hal•le•lu´iah , Hal•le•lu´jah } (hal•le•lu´ya), n. & interj. [Heb. See Alleluia.] Praise ye Jehovah; praise ye the Lord; — an exclamation used chiefly in songs of praise or thanksgiving to God, and as an expression of gratitude or adoration. Rev. xix. 1 (Rev. Ver.) “So sung they, and the empyrean rung
With Hallelujahs.” Milton. “In those days, as St. Jerome tells us,´any one as he walked in the fields, might hear the plowman at his hallelujahs.´” Sharp.

Hal•le•lu•jat´ic (-lu•yat´ik), a. Pertaining to, or containing, hallelujahs. [R.]

Hal´liard (hal´yerd), n. See Halyard.

Hal´li•dome (hal´li•dom), n. Same as Halidom.

Hal´li•er (hal´li•er or hal´yer), n. [From Hale to pull.] A kind of net for catching birds.

Hall´-mark (hal´märk•), n. The official stamp of the Goldsmiths’ Company and other assay offices, in the United Kingdom, on gold and silver articles, attesting their purity. Also used figuratively; — as a word or phrase lacks the hall-mark of the best writers.

Hal•loa´ (hal•lo´). See Halloo.

Hal•loo´ (hal•loo´), n. [Perh. fr. ah + lo; cf. AS. eala, G. halloh, F. haler to set (a dog) on. Cf. Hollo, interj.] A loud exclamation; a call to invite attention or to incite a person or an animal; a shout. “List! List! I hear
Some far off halloo break the silent air.” Milton.

Hal•loo´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hallooed (-lood´); p. pr. & vb. n. Hallooing.] To cry out; to exclaim with a loud voice; to call to a person, as by the word halloo. “Country folks hallooed and hooted after me.” Sir P. Sidney.

Hal•loo´, v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. “Old John hallooes his hounds again.” Prior. 2. To chase with shouts or outcries. “If I fly … Halloo me like a hare.” Shak. 3. To call or shout to; to hail. Shak.

Hal•loo´, interj. [OE. halow. See Halloo, n.] An exclamation to call attention or to encourage one.

Hal´low (hal´lo), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hallowed(-lod); p. pr. & vb. n. Hallowing.] [OE. halowen, halwien, halgien, AS. halgian, fr. halig holy. See Holy.] To make holy; to set apart for holy or religious use; to consecrate; to treat or keep as sacred; to reverence. ´Hallowed be thy name.´ Matt. vi. 9. “Hallow the Sabbath day, to do no work therein.” Jer. xvii. 24. “His secret altar touched with hallowed fire.” Milton. “In a larger sense … we can not hallow this ground [Gettysburg].” A. Lincoln.

Hal•low•een´ (hal•lo•en´), n. The evening preceding Allhallows or All Saints’ Day. [Scot.] Burns.

Hal´low•mas (hal´lo•mas), n. [See Mass the eucharist.] The feast of All Saints, or Allhallows. “To speak puling, like a beggar at Hallowmas.” Shak.

Hal•loy´site (hal•loi´sit), n. [Named after Omalius d’Halloy.] (Min.) A claylike mineral, occurring in soft, smooth, amorphous masses, of a whitish color.

Hal´lu•cal (hal´lu•kal), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hallux.

Hal•lu´ci•nate (hal•lu´si•nat), v. i. [L. hallucinatus, alucinatus, p. p. of hallucinari, alucinari, to wander in mind, talk idly, dream.] To wander; to go astray; to err; to blunder; — used of mental processes. [R.] Byron.

Hal•lu•ci•na´tion (-na´shun), n. [L. hallucinatio: cf. F. hallucination.] 1. The act of hallucinating; a wandering of the mind; error; mistake; a blunder. “This must have been the hallucination of the transcriber.” Addison. 2. (Med.) The perception of objects which have no reality, or of sensations which have no corresponding external cause, arising from disorder of the nervous system, as in delirium tremens; delusion. “Hallucinations are always evidence of cerebral derangement and are common phenomena of insanity.” W. A. Hammond.

Hal•lu´ci•na•tor (hal•lu´si•na•ter), n. [L.] One whose judgment and acts are affected by hallucinations; one who errs on account of his hallucinations. N. Brit. Rev.

Hal•lu´ci•na•to•ry (-na•to•ry), a. Partaking of, or tending to produce, hallucination.

Hal´lux (hal´luks), n. [NL., fr. L. hallex, allex.] (Anat.) The first, or preaxial, digit of the hind limb, corresponding to the pollux in the fore limb; the great toe; the hind toe of birds.

Halm (ham), n. (Bot.) Same as Haulm.

Hal´ma (hal´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•lma, fr. ´a•llesqai to leap.] (Greek Antiq.) The long jump, with weights in the hands, — the most important of the exercises of the Pentathlon.

Ha´lo (ha´lo), n.; pl. Halos (-loz). [L. halos, acc. halo, Gr. ´a•lws a thrashing floor, also (from its round shape) the disk of the sun or moon, and later a halo round it; cf. Gr. e’ily•ein to enfold, ’ely•ein to roll round, L. volvere, and E. voluble.] 1. A luminous circle, usually prismatically colored, round the sun or moon, and supposed to be caused by the refraction of light through crystals of ice in the atmosphere. Connected with halos there are often white bands, crosses, or arches, resulting from the same atmospheric conditions. 2. A circle of light; especially, the bright ring represented in painting as surrounding the heads of saints and other holy persons; a glory; a nimbus. 3. An ideal glory investing, or affecting one’s perception of, an object. 4. A colored circle around a nipple; an areola.

Ha´lo, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Haloed (-lod); p. pr. & vb. n. Haloing.] To form, or surround with, a halo; to encircle with, or as with, a halo. “The fire
That haloed round his saintly brow.” Southey.

Ha´loed (ha´lod), a. Surrounded with a halo; invested with an ideal glory; glorified. “Some haloed face bending over me.” C. Bronte.

Hal´o•gen (hal´o•jen), n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + -gen: cf. F. halogène.] (Chem.) An electro-negative element or radical, which, by combination with a metal, forms a haloid salt; especially, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; sometimes, also fluorine and cyanogen. See Chlorine family, under Chlorine.

Ha•log´e•nous (ha•loj´e•nus), a. Of the nature of a halogen.

Ha´loid (ha´loid or hal´oid), a. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s salt + -oid: cf. F. haloïde.] (Chem.) Resembling salt; — said of certain binary compounds consisting of a metal united to a negative element or radical, and now chiefly applied to the chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sometimes also to the fluorides and cyanides. — n. A haloid substance.

Hal´o•man•cy (hal´o•man•sy), n. See Alomancy.

Ha•lom´e•ter (ha•lom´e•ter), n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the forms and angles of salts and crystals; a goniometer.

Ha•lo´nes (ha•lo´nez), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•lwn, ´a•lwnos, a halo.] (Biol.) Alternating transparent and opaque white rings which are seen outside the blastoderm, on the surface of the developing egg of the hen and other birds.

Hal´o•phyte (hal´o•fit), n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + fyto•n a plant.] (Bot.) A plant found growing in salt marshes, or in the sea.

Ha´lo•scope (ha´lo•skop), n. [Halo + -scope.] An instrument for exhibition or illustration of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the like.

Hal•o•tri´chite (hal•o•tri´kit), n. [Gr. ´a•ls sea + qri•x, tricho•s, hair.] (Min.) An iron alum occurring in silky fibrous aggregates of a yellowish white color.

Ha•lox´y•line, n. [Gr. ´a•ls, ´alo•s, salt + xy•lon wood.] An explosive mixture, consisting of sawdust, charcoal, niter, and ferrocyanide of potassium, used as a substitute for gunpowder.

Halp (hälp), imp. of Help. Helped. [Obs.]

Hal´pace (hal´pas), n. (Arch.) See Haut pas.

Hals (hals), n. [AS. heals; akin to D., G., & Goth. hals. See Collar.] The neck or throat. [Obs.] “Do me hangen by the hals.” Chaucer.

Halse (hals), v. t. [AS. healsian.] 1. To embrace about the neck; to salute; to greet. [Obs.] “Each other kissed glad
And lovely halst.” Spenser. 2. To adjure; to beseech; to entreat. [Obs.] “O dere child, I halse thee,
In virtue of the Holy Trinity.” Chaucer.

Halse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halsed (halst); p. pr. & vb. n. Halsing.] [Cf. Hawser.] To haul; to hoist. [Obs.] Grafton

Hal´sen•ing (hal´sen•ing), a. Sounding harshly in the throat; inharmonious; rough. [Obs.] Carew.

Hals´er (has´er), n. See Hawser. Pope.

Halt (halt), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contraction for holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Halt (halt), n. [Formerly alt, It. alto, G. halt, fr. halten to hold. See Hold.] A stop in marching or walking, or in any action; arrest of progress. “Without any halt they marched.” Clarendon. “[Lovers] soon in passion’s war contest,
Yet in their march soon make a halt.” Davenant.

Halt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Halted; p. pr. & vb. n. Halting.] 1. To hold one’s self from proceeding; to hold up; to cease progress; to stop for a longer or shorter period; to come to a stop; to stand still. 2. To stand in doubt whether to proceed, or what to do; to hesitate; to be uncertain. “How long halt ye between two opinions?” 1 Kings xviii. 21.

Halt (halt), v. t. (Mil.) To cause to cease marching; to stop; as the general halted his troops for refreshment.

Halt, a. [AS. healt; akin to OS., Dan., & Sw. halt, Icel. haltr, halltr, Goth. halts, OHG. halz.] Halting or stopping in walking; lame. “Bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind.” Luke xiv. 21.

Halt, n. The act of limping; lameness.

Halt, v. i. [OE. halten, AS. healtian. See Halt, a.] 1. To walk lamely; to limp. 2. To have an irregular rhythm; to be defective. “The blank verse shall halt for it.” Shak.

Halt´er (-er), n. One who halts or limps; a cripple.

Hal´ter (hal´ter), n. [OE. halter, helter, helfter, AS. haelftre; akin to G. halfter, D. halfter, halster, and also to E. helve. See Helve.] A strong strap or cord. Especially: (a) A rope or strap, with or without a headstall, for leading or tying a horse. (b) A rope for hanging malefactors; a noose. Shak. “No man e’er felt the halter draw
With good opinion of the law.” Trumbull.

Hal´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haltered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Haltering.] To tie by the neck with a rope, strap, or halter; to put a halter on; to subject to a hangman’s halter. ´A haltered neck.´ Shak.

Hal•te´res (hal•te´rez), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´alth^res weights used in jumping, fr. ´a•llesqai to leap.] (Zoöl.) Balancers; the rudimentary hind wings of Diptera.

Hal´ter-sack (hal´ter•sak•), n. A term of reproach, implying that one is fit to be hanged. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Halt´ing•ly (halt´ing•ly), adv. In a halting or limping manner.

Hal´vans (hal´vanz), n. pl. (Mining) Impure ore; dirty ore. Raymond.

Hal´ve (häl´ve), n. A half. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Halve (häv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halved (hävd); p. pr. & vb. n. Halving.] [From Half.] 1. To divide into two equal parts; as to halve an apple; to be or form half of. “So far apart their lives are thrown
From the twin soul that halves their own.” M. Arnold. 2. (Arch.) To join, as two pieces of timber, by cutting away each for half its thickness at the joining place, and fitting together.

Halved (hävd), a. Appearing as if one side, or one half, were cut away; dimidiate.

Halves (hävz), n., pl. of Half. By halves, by one half at once; halfway; fragmentarily; partially; incompletely. “I can not believe by halves; either I have faith, or I have it not.” J. H. Newman. To go halves. See under Go.

Hal´we (häl´we), n. [OE., fr. AS. halga. See Holy.] A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hal´yard (hal´yerd), n. [Hale, v. t. + yard.] (Naut.) A rope or tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, flags, etc. [Written also halliard, haulyard.]

Hal•y•si´tes (hal•i•si´tez), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´a•lysis a chain.] (Paleon.) A genus of Silurian fossil corals; the chain corals. See Chain coral, under Chain.

Ham (häm), n. Home. [North of Eng.] Chaucer.

Ham (ham), n. [AS. ham; akin to D. ham, dial. G. hamme, OHG. hamma. Perh. named from the bend at the ham, and akin to E. chamber. Cf. Gammon ham.] 1. (Anat.) The region back of the knee joint; the popliteal space; the hock. 2. The thigh of any animal; especially, the thigh of a hog cured by salting and smoking. “A plentiful lack of wit, together with most weak hams.” Shak.

Ham´a•dry•ad (ham´a•dri•ad), n.; pl. E. Hamadryads (- adz), L. Hamadryades (- dri´a•dez). [L. Hamadryas, -adis, Gr. ´Amadrya•s; ´a•ma together + dry^s oak, tree: cf. F. hamadryade. See Same, and Tree.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A tree nymph whose life ended with that of the particular tree, usually an oak, which had been her abode. 2. (Zoöl.) A large venomous East Indian snake (Ophiophagus bungarus), allied to the cobras.

Ha•ma´dry•as (ha•ma´dri•as), n. [L., a hamadryad. See Hamadryad.] (Zoöl.) The sacred baboon of Egypt (Cynocephalus Hamadryas).

Ham•a•me´lis (ham•a•me´lis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´amamhli•s a kind of medlar or service tree; ´a•ma at the same time + mh^lon an apple, any tree fruit.] (Bot.) A genus of plants which includes the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica), a preparation of which is used medicinally.

Ha´mate (ha´mat), a. [L. hamatus, fr. hamus hook.] Hooked; bent at the end into a hook; hamous.

Ha´ma•ted (ha´ma•ted), a. Hooked, or set with hooks; hamate. Swift.

Ha•ma´tum (ha•ma´tum), n. [NL., fr. L. hamatus hooked.] (Anat.) See Unciform.

Ham´ble (ham´b’l), v. t. [OE. hamelen to mutilate, AS. hamelian; akin to OHG. hamalon to mutilate, hamal mutilated, ham mutilated, Icel. hamla to mutilate. Cf.Hamper to fetter.] To hamstring. [Obs.]

Ham´burg (-bûrg), n. A commercial city of Germany, near the mouth of the Elbe. Black Hamburg grape. See under Black. — Hamburg edging, a kind of embroidered work done by machinery on cambric or muslin; — used for trimming. — Hamburg lake, a purplish crimson pigment resembling cochineal.

Hame (ham), n. Home. [Scot. & O. Eng.]

Hame, n. [Scot. haims, hammys, hems, OE. ham; cf. D. haam.] One of the two curved pieces of wood or metal, in the harness of a draught horse, to which the traces are fastened. They are fitted upon the collar, or have pads fitting the horse’s neck attached to them.

Ham´el (ham´el), v. t. [Obs.] Same as Hamble. { Hame´seck•en (ham´sek•’n), Hame´suck•en (-suk•’n), } n. [AS. hamsocn. See Home, and Seek.] (Scots Law) The felonious seeking and invasion of a person in his dwelling house. Bouvier.

Ha´mi•form (ha´mi•fôrm), a. [L. hamus hook + -form.] Hook-shaped.

Ham´il•ton pe´ri•od (ham´il•tun pe´ri•ud). (Geol.) A subdivision of the Devonian system of America; — so named from Hamilton, Madison Co., New York. It includes the Marcellus, Hamilton, and Genesee epochs or groups. See the Chart of Geology.

Ham•i•nu´ra (ham•i•nu´ra), n. (Zoöl.) A large edible river fish (Erythrinus macrodon) of Guiana.

Ha´mite (ha´mit), n.[L. hamus hook.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod of the genus Hamites, related to the ammonites, but having the last whorl bent into a hooklike form.

Ham´ite (ham´it), n. A descendant of Ham, Noah’s second son. See Gen. x. 6- 20.

Ham•it´ic (ham•it´ik), a. Pertaining to Ham or his descendants. Hamitic languages, the group of languages spoken mainly in the Sahara, Egypt, Galla, and Somâli Land, and supposed to be allied to the Semitic. Keith Johnston.

Ham´let (ham´let), n. [OE. hamelet, OF. hamelet, dim. of hamel, F. hameau, LL. hamellum, a dim. of German origin; cf. G. heim home. rad.220. See Home.] A small village; a little cluster of houses in the country. “The country wasted, and the hamlets burned.” Dryden. Syn. — Village; neighborhood. See Village.

Ham´let•ed, p. a. Confined to a hamlet. Feltham.

Ham´mer (-mer), n. [OE. hamer, AS. hamer, hamor; akin to D. hamer, G. & Dan. hammer, Sw. hammare, Icel. hamarr, hammer, crag, and perh. to Gr. ’a•kmwn anvil, Skr. açman stone.] 1. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, and the like, consisting of a head, usually of steel or iron, fixed crosswise to a handle. “With busy hammers closing rivets up.” Shak. 2. Something which in form or action resembles the common hammer; as: (a) That part of a clock which strikes upon the bell to indicate the hour. (b) The padded mallet of a piano, which strikes the wires, to produce the tones. (c) (Anat.) The malleus. See under Ear. (d) (Gun.) That part of a gunlock which strikes the percussion cap, or firing pin; the cock; formerly, however, a piece of steel covering the pan of a flintlock musket and struck by the flint of the cock to ignite the priming. (e) also a person or thing that smites or shatters; as St. Augustine was the hammer of heresies. “He met the stern legionaries [of Rome] who had been the ´massive iron hammers´ of the whole earth.” J. H. Newman. Atmospheric hammer, a dead-stroke hammer in which the spring is formed by confined air. — Drop hammer, Face hammer, etc. See under Drop, Face, etc. — Hammer fish. See Hammerhead. — Hammer hardening, the process of hardening metal by hammering it when cold. — Hammer shell (Zoöl.), any species of Malleus, a genus of marine bivalve shells, allied to the pearl oysters, having the wings narrow and elongated, so as to give them a hammer-shaped outline; — called also hammer oyster. — To bring to the hammer, to put up at auction.

Ham´mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hammered (-merd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hammering.] 1. To beat with a hammer; to beat with heavy blows; as to hammer iron. 2. To form or forge with a hammer; to shape by beating. ´Hammered money.´ Dryden. 3. To form in the mind; to shape by hard intellectual labor; — usually with out. “Who was hammering out a penny dialogue.” Jeffry.

Ham´mer, v. i. 1. To be busy forming anything; to labor hard as if shaping something with a hammer. “Whereon this month I have been hammering.” Shak. 2. To strike repeated blows, literally or figuratively. “Blood and revenge are hammering in my head.” Shak.

Ham´mer•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being formed or shaped by a hammer. Sherwood.

Ham´mer-beam (-bem•), n. (Gothic Arch.) A member of one description of roof truss, called hammer-beam truss, which is so framed as not to have a tiebeam at the top of the wall. Each principal has two hammer-beams, which occupy the situation, and to some extent serve the purpose, of a tiebeam.

Ham´mer•cloth (-kloth; 115), n. [Prob. fr. D. hemel heaven, canopy, tester (akin to G. himmel, and perh. also to E. heaven) + E. cloth; or perh. a corruption of hamper cloth.] The cloth which covers a coach box.

Ham´mer-dressed (-drest•), a. Having the surface roughly shaped or faced with the stonecutter’s hammer; — said of building stone.

Ham´mer•er (-er), n. One who works with a hammer.

Ham´mer-hard•en (-härd•’n), v. t. To harden, as a metal, by hammering it in the cold state.

Ham´mer•head (-hed•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A shark of the genus Sphyrna or Zygaena, having the eyes set on projections from the sides of the head, which gives it a hammer shape. The Sphyrna zygaena is found in the North Atlantic. Called also hammer fish, and balance fish. 2. (Zoöl.) A fresh-water fish; the stone-roller. 3. (Zoöl.) An African fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); — so called from its large blunt nozzle.

Ham´mer•kop (ham´mer•kop), n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the Heron family; the umber.

Ham´mer-less, a. (Firearms) Without a visible hammer; — said of a gun having a cock or striker concealed from sight, and out of the way of an accidental touch.

Ham´mer•man (-man), n.; pl. Hammermen (-men). A hammerer; a forgeman.

Ham•mo•chry´sos (ham•mo•kri´sos), n. [L., fr. Gr. ´ammo•chrysos; ´a•mmos, ’a•mmos, sand + chryso•s gold.] A stone with spangles of gold color in it.

Ham´mock (ham´mok), n. [A word of Indian origin: cf. Sp. hamaca. Columbus, in the Narrative of his first voyage, says: ´A great many Indians in canoes came to the ship to-day for the purpose of bartering their cotton, and hamacas, or nets, in which they sleep.´] 1. A swinging couch or bed, usually made of netting or canvas about six feet long and three feet wide, suspended by clews or cords at the ends. 2. A piece of land thickly wooded, and usually covered with bushes and vines. Used also adjectively; as hammock land. [Southern U. S.] Bartlett. Hammock nettings (Naut.), formerly, nets for stowing hammocks; now, more often, wooden boxes or a trough on the rail, used for that purpose. { Ha•mose´ (ha•mos´), Ha´mous (ha´mus), }[L. hamus hook.] (Bot.) Having the end hooked or curved.

Ham´per (ham´per), n. [Contr. fr. hanaper.] A large basket, usually with a cover, used for the packing and carrying of articles; as a hamper of wine; a clothes hamper; an oyster hamper, which contains two bushels.

Ham´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hampered (-perd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hampering.] To put in a hamper.

Ham´per, v. t. [OE. hamperen, hampren, prob. of the same origin as E. hamble.] To put a hamper or fetter on; to shackle; to insnare; to inveigle; to entangle; hence, to impede in motion or progress; to embarrass; to encumber. ´Hampered nerves.´ Blackmore. “A lion hampered in a net.” L’Estrange. “They hamper and entangle our souls.” Tillotson.

Ham´per, n. [See Hamper to shackle.] 1. A shackle; a fetter; anything which impedes. W. Browne. 2. (Naut.) Articles ordinarily indispensable, but in the way at certain times. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Top hamper (Naut.), unnecessary spars and rigging kept aloft.

Ham´shac•kle (ham´shak•’l), v. t. [Ham + shackle.] To fasten (an animal) by a rope binding the head to one of the fore legs; as to hamshackle a horse or cow; hence, to bind or restrain; to curb.

Ham´ster (-ster), n. [G. hamster.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent (Cricetus frumentarius). It is remarkable for having a pouch on each side of the jaw, under the skin, and for its migrations.

Ham´string (ham´string•), n. (Anat.) One of the great tendons situated in each side of the ham, or space back of the knee, and connected with the muscles of the back of the thigh.

Ham´string, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hamstrung; p. pr. & vb. n. Hamstringing. See String.] To lame or disable by cutting the tendons of the ham or knee; to hough; hence, to cripple; to incapacitate; to disable. “So have they hamstrung the valor of the subject by seeking to effeminate us all at home.” Milton.

Ham´u•lar (ham´u•ler), a. Hooked; hooklike; hamate; as the hamular process of the sphenoid bone.

Ham´u•late (-lat), a. Furnished with a small hook; hook-shaped. Gray.

Ham´ule (-ul), n. [L. hamulus.] A little hook.

Ham´u•lose (-u•los•), a. [L. hamulus, dim. of hamus a hook.] Bearing a small hook at the end. Gray.

Ham´u•lus (-lus), n.; pl. Hamuli (-li). [L., a little hook.] 1. (Anat.) A hook, or hooklike process. 2. (Zoöl.) A hooked barbicel of a feather.

Han (han), contr. inf. & plural pres. of Haven. To have; have. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “Him thanken all, and thus they han an end.” Chaucer.

Han´ap (-ap), n. [F. hanap. See Hanaper.] A rich goblet, esp. one used on state occasions. [Obs.]

Han´a•per (-a•per), n. [LL. hanaperium a large vase, fr. hanapus vase, bowl, cup (whence F. hanap); of German origin; cf. OHG. hnapf, G. napf, akin to AS. hnaep cup, bowl. Cf. Hamper, Nappy, n.] A kind of basket, usually of wickerwork, and adapted for the packing and carrying of articles; a hamper. Hanaper office, an office of the English court of chancery in which writs relating to the business of the public, and the returns to them, were anciently kept in a hanaper or hamper. Blackstone.

Hance (hans), v. t. [See Enhance.] To raise; to elevate. [Obs.] Lydgate. { Hance (hans), Hanch (hanch), } n. [See Hanse.] 1. (Arch.) See Hanse. 2. (Naut.) A sudden fall or break, as the fall of the fife rail down to the gangway.

Hand (hand), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. hönd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hinþan to seize (in comp.). Cf. Hunt.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in man and monkeys, and the corresponding part in many other animals; manus; paw. See Manus. 2. That which resembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a human hand; as: (a) A limb of certain animals, as the foot of a hawk, or any one of the four extremities of a monkey. (b) An index or pointer on a dial; as the hour or minute hand of a clock. 3. A measure equal to a hand’s breadth, — four inches; a palm. Chiefly used in measuring the height of horses. 4. Side; part; direction, either right or left. “On this hand and that hand, were hangings.” Ex. xxxviii. 15. “The Protestants were then on the winning hand.” Milton. 5. Power of performance; means of execution; ability; skill; dexterity. “He had a great mind to try his hand at a Spectator.” Addison. 6. Actual performance; deed; act; workmanship; agency; hence, manner of performance. “To change the hand in carrying on the war.” Clarendon. “Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by my hand.” Judges vi. 36. 7. An agent; a servant, or laborer; a workman, trained or competent for special service or duty; a performer more or less skillful; as a deck hand; a farm hand; an old hand at speaking. “A dictionary containing a natural history requires too many hands, as well as too much time, ever to be hoped for.” Locke. “I was always reckoned a lively hand at a simile.” Hazlitt. 8. Handwriting; style of penmanship; as a good, bad, or running hand. Hence, a signature. “I say she never did invent this letter;
This is a man’s invention and his hand.” Shak. “Some writs require a judge’s hand.” Burril. 9. Personal possession; ownership; hence, control; direction; management; — usually in the plural. ´Receiving in hand one year’s tribute.´ Knolles. “Albinus … found means to keep in his hands the government of Britain.” Milton. 10. Agency in transmission from one person to another; as to buy at first hand, that is, from the producer, or when new; at second hand, that is, when no longer in the producer’s hand, or when not new. 11. Rate; price. [Obs.] ´Business is bought at a dear hand, where there is small dispatch.´ Bacon. 12. That which is, or may be, held in a hand at once; as: (a) (Card Playing) The quota of cards received from the dealer. (b) (Tobacco Manuf.) A bundle of tobacco leaves tied together. 13. (Firearms) The small part of a gunstock near the lock, which is grasped by the hand in taking aim. Hand is used figuratively for a large variety of acts or things, in the doing, or making, or use of which the hand is in some way employed or concerned; also as a symbol to denote various qualities or conditions, as: (a) Activity; operation; work; — in distinction from the head, which implies thought, and the heart, which implies affection. ´His hand will be against every man.´ Gen. xvi. 12.(b) Power; might; supremacy; — often in the Scriptures. ´With a mighty hand … will I rule over you.´ Ezek. xx. 33. (c) Fraternal feeling; as to give, or take, the hand; to give the right hand. (d) Contract; — commonly of marriage; as to ask the hand; to pledge the hand. Hand is often used adjectively or in compounds (with or without the hyphen), signifying performed by the hand; as hand blow or hand-blow, hand gripe or hand-gripe: used by, or designed for, the hand; as hand ball or handball, hand bow, hand fetter, hand grenade or hand-grenade, handgun or hand gun, handloom or hand loom, handmill or hand organ or handorgan, handsaw or hand saw, hand-weapon: measured or regulated by the hand; as handbreadth or hand’s breadth, hand gallop or hand-gallop. Most of the words in the following paragraph are written either as two words or in combination. Hand bag, a satchel; a small bag for carrying books, papers, parcels, etc. — Hand basket, a small or portable basket. — Hand bell, a small bell rung by the hand; a table bell. Bacon. — Hand bill, a small pruning hook. See 4th Bill. — Hand car. See under Car. — Hand director (Mus.), an instrument to aid in forming a good position of the hands and arms when playing on the piano; a hand guide. — Hand drop. See Wrist drop. — Hand gallop. See under Gallop. — Hand gear (Mach.), apparatus by means of which a machine, or parts of a machine, usually operated by other power, may be operated by hand. — Hand glass. (a) A glass or small glazed frame, for the protection of plants. (b) A small mirror with a handle. — Hand guide. Same as Hand director (above). — Hand language, the art of conversing by the hands, esp. as practiced by the deaf and dumb; dactylology. — Hand lathe. See under Lathe. — Hand money, money paid in hand to bind a contract; earnest money. — Hand organ (Mus.), a barrel organ, operated by a crank turned by hand. — Hand plant. (Bot.) Same as Hand tree (below). — Hand rail, a rail, as in staircases, to hold by. Gwilt. — Hand sail, a sail managed by the hand. Sir W. Temple. — Hand screen, a small screen to be held in the hand. — Hand screw, a small jack for raising heavy timbers or weights; (Carp.) a screw clamp. — Hand staff (pl. Hand staves), a javelin. Ezek. xxxix. 9. — Hand stamp, a small stamp for dating, addressing, or canceling papers, envelopes, etc. — Hand tree (Bot.), a lofty tree found in Mexico (Cheirostemon platanoides), having red flowers whose stamens unite in the form of a hand. — Hand vise, a small vise held in the hand in doing small work. Moxon. — Hand work, or Handwork, work done with the hands, as distinguished from work done by a machine; handiwork. — All hands, everybody; all parties. — At all hands, On all hands, on all sides; from every direction; generally. — At any hand, At no hand, in any (or no) way or direction; on any account; on no account. ´And therefore at no hand consisting with the safety and interests of humility.´ Jer. Taylor. — At first hand, At second hand. See def. 10 (above). — At hand. (a) Near in time or place; either present and within reach, or not far distant. ´Your husband is at hand; I hear his trumpet.´ Shak. (b) Under the hand or bridle. [Obs.] ´Horses hot at hand.´ Shak. — At the hand of, by the act of; as a gift from. ´Shall we receive good at the hand of God and shall we not receive evil?´ Job ii. 10. — Bridle hand. See under Bridle. — By hand, with the hands, in distinction from instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals; as to weed a garden by hand; to lift, draw, or carry by hand. — Clean hands, freedom from guilt, esp. from the guilt of dishonesty in money matters, or of bribe taking. ´He that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger.´ Job xvii. 9. — From hand to hand, from one person to another. — Hand in hand. (a) In union; conjointly; unitedly. Swift. (b) Just; fair; equitable.
“As fair and as good, a kind of hand in hand comparison.” Shak.
— Hand over hand, Hand over fist, by passing the hands alternately one before or above another; as to climb hand over hand; also rapidly; as to come up with a chase hand over hand. — Hand over head, negligently; rashly; without seeing what one does. [Obs.] Bacon. — Hand running, consecutively; as he won ten times hand running. — Hands off! keep off! forbear! no interference or meddling! — Hand to hand, in close union; in close fight; as a hand to hand contest. Dryden. — Heavy hand, severity or oppression. — In hand. (a) Paid down. ´A considerable reward in hand, and … a far greater reward hereafter.´ Tillotson. (b) In preparation; taking place. Chaucer. ´Revels … in hand.´ Shak. (c) Under consideration, or in the course of transaction; as he has the business in hand. — In one’s hand or hands. (a) In one’s possession or keeping. (b) At one’s risk, or peril; as I took my life in my hand. — Laying on of hands, a form used in consecrating to office, in the rite of confirmation, and in blessing persons. — Light hand, gentleness; moderation. — Note of hand, a promissory note. — Off hand, Out of hand, forthwith; without delay, hesitation, or difficulty; promptly. ´She causeth them to be hanged up out of hand.´ Spenser. — Off one’s hands, out of one’s possession or care. — On hand, in present possession; as he has a supply of goods on hand. — On one’s hands, in one’s possession care, or management. — Putting the hand under the thigh, an ancient Jewish ceremony used in swearing. — Right hand, the place of honor, power, and strength. — Slack hand, idleness; carelessness; inefficiency; sloth. — Strict hand, severe discipline; rigorous government. — To bear a hand (Naut.), to give help quickly; to hasten. — To bear in hand, to keep in expectation with false pretenses. [Obs.] Shak. — To be hand and glove, or in glove, with. See under Glove. — To be on the mending hand, to be convalescent or improving. — To bring up by hand, to feed (an infant) without suckling it. — To change hand. See Change. — To change hands, to change sides, or change owners. Hudibras. — To clap the hands, to express joy or applause, as by striking the palms of the hands together. — To come to hand, to be received; to be taken into possession; as the letter came to hand yesterday. — To get hand, to gain influence. [Obs.]
“Appetites have … got such a hand over them.” Baxter.
— To get one’s hand in, to make a beginning in a certain work; to become accustomed to a particular business. — To have a hand in, to be concerned in; to have a part or concern in doing; to have an agency or be employed in. — To have in hand. (a) To have in one’s power or control. Chaucer. (b) To be engaged upon or occupied with. — To have one’s hands full, to have in hand all that one can do, or more than can be done conveniently; to be pressed with labor or engagements; to be surrounded with difficulties. — To have, or get, the (higher) upper hand, to have, or get, the better of another person or thing. — To his hand, To my hand, etc., in readiness; already prepared. ´The work is made to his hands.´ Locke. — To hold hand, to compete successfully or on even conditions. [Obs.] Shak. — To lay hands on, to seize; to assault. — To lend a hand, to give assistance. — To lift, or put forth, the hand against, to attack; to oppose; to kill. — To live from hand to mouth, to obtain food and other necessaries as want compels, without previous provision. - - To make one’s hand, to gain advantage or profit. — To put the hand unto, to steal. Ex. xxii. 8.— To put the last, or finishing, hand to, to make the last corrections in; to complete; to perfect. — To set the hand to, to engage in; to undertake.
“That the Lord thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to.” Deut. xxiii. 20.
— To stand one in hand, to concern or affect one. — To strike hands, to make a contract, or to become surety for another’s debt or good behavior. — To take in hand. (a) To attempt or undertake. (b) To seize and deal with; as he took him in hand. — To wash the hands of, to disclaim or renounce interest in, or responsibility for, a person or action; as to wash one’s hands of a business. Matt. xxvii. 24. — Under the hand of, authenticated by the handwriting or signature of; as the deed is executed under the hand and seal of the owner.

Hand (hand), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handed; p. pr. & vb. n. Handing.] 1. To give, pass, or transmit with the hand; as he handed them the letter. 2. To lead, guide, or assist with the hand; to conduct; as to hand a lady into a carriage. 3. To manage; as I hand my oar. [Obs.] Prior. 4. To seize; to lay hands on. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To pledge by the hand; to handfast. [R.] 6. (Naut.) To furl; — said of a sail. Totten. To hand down, to transmit in succession, as from father to son, or from predecessor to successor; as fables are handed down from age to age; to forward to the proper officer (the decision of a higher court); as the Clerk of the Court of Appeals handed down its decision. — To hand over, to yield control of; to surrender; to deliver up.

Hand, v. i. To coöperate. [Obs.] Massinger.

Hand´bar•row (-bar•ro), n. A frame or barrow, without a wheel, carried by hand.

Hand´bill (-bil•), n. 1. A loose, printed sheet, to be distributed by hand. 2. A pruning hook. [Usually written hand bill.]

Hand´book (-book•), n. [Hand + book; cf. AS. handboc, or G. handbuch.] A book of reference, to be carried in the hand; a manual; a guidebook.

Hand´breadth (-bredth•), n. A space equal to the breadth of the hand; a palm. Ex. xxxvii. 12.

Hand´cart, n. A cart drawn or pushed by hand.

Hand´cloth (-kloth•; 115), n. A handkerchief.

Hand´craft (-kraft•), n. Same as Handicraft.

Hand´crafts•man (-man), n.; pl. -men (-men). A handicraftsman.

Hand´cuff (-kuf•), n. [AS. handcops; hand hand + cosp, cops, fetter. The second part was confused with E. cuffs,] A fastening, consisting of an iron ring around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with one on the other wrist; a manacle; — usually in the plural.

Hand´cuff (hand´kuf•), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handcuffed (- kuft•); p. pr. & vb. n. Handcuffing.] To apply handcuffs to; to manacle. Hay (1754).

Hand´ed, a. 1. With hands joined; hand in hand. “Into their inmost bower,
Handed they went.” Milton. 2. Having a peculiar or characteristic hand. “As poisonous tongued as handed.” Shak. Handed is used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) hands; as bloody- handed; free-handed; heavy-handed; left- handed; single-handed.

Hand´er (-er), n. One who hands over or transmits; a conveyer in succession. Dryden.

Hand´fast (-fast•), n. 1. Hold; grasp; custody; power of confining or keeping. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Contract; specifically, espousal. [Obs.]

Hand´fast, a. Fast by contract; betrothed by joining hands. [Obs.] Bale.

Hand´fast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Handfasting.] To pledge; to bind; to betroth by joining hands, in order to permit cohabitation, before the celebration of marriage. [Obs.]

Hand´fast, a. [G. handfest; hand hand + fest strong. See Fast.] Strong; steadfast.[R.] Carlyle.

Hand´fast•ly, adv. In a handfast or publicly pledged manner. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Hand´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) The frogfish.

Hand´ful (-ful), n.; pl. Handfuls (-fulz). [AS. handfull.] 1. As much as the hand will grasp or contain. Addison. 2. A hand’s breadth; four inches. [Obs.] “Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.” Bacon. 3. A small quantity or number. “This handful of men were tied to very hard duty.” Fuller. To have one’s handful, to have one’s hands full; to have all one can do. [Obs.] “They had their handful to defend themselves from firing.” Sir. W. Raleigh.

Hand´-hole (-hol•), n. (Steam Boilers) A small hole in a boiler for the insertion of the hand in cleaning, etc. Hand-hole plate, the cover of a hand- hole.

Hand´i•cap (han´di•kap), n. [From hand in cap; — perh. in reference to an old mode of settling a bargain by taking pieces of money from a cap.] 1. An allowance of a certain amount of time or distance in starting, granted in a race to the competitor possessing inferior advantages; or an additional weight or other hindrance imposed upon the one possessing superior advantages, in order to equalize, as much as possible, the chances of success; as the handicap was five seconds, or ten pounds, and the like. 2. A race, for horses or men, or any contest of agility, strength, or skill, in which there is an allowance of time, distance, weight, or other advantage, to equalize the chances of the competitors. 3. An old game at cards. [Obs.] Pepys.

Hand´i•cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handicapped (-kapt); p. pr. & vb. n. Handicapping.] To encumber with a handicap in any contest; hence, in general, to place at disadvantage; as the candidate was heavily handicapped.

Hand´i•cap•per (-kap•per), n. One who determines the conditions of a handicap.

Hand´i•craft (hand´i•kraft), n. [For handcraft, influenced by handiwork; AS. handcraeft.] 1. A trade requiring skill of hand; manual occupation; handcraft. Addison. 2. A man who earns his living by handicraft; a handicraftsman. [R.] Dryden.

Hand´i•crafts•man (-krafts•man), n.; pl. -men (- men). A man skilled or employed in handcraft. Bacon.

Hand´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. [See Handy.] In a handy manner; skillfully; conveniently.

Hand´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being handy.

Hand´i•ron (-i•urn), n. See Andiron. [Obs.]

Hand´i•work (-i•wûrk•), n. [OE. handiwerc, AS. handgeweorc; hand hand + geweorc work; prefix ge- + weorc. See Work.] Work done by the hands; hence, any work done personally. “The firmament showeth his handiwork.” Ps. xix. 1.

Hand´ker•cher (han´ker•cher), n. A handkerchief. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chapman (1654). Shak.

Hand´ker•chief (han´ker•chif; 277), n. [Hand + kerchief.] 1. A piece of cloth, usually square and often fine and elegant, carried for wiping the face or hands. 2. A piece of cloth shaped like a handkerchief to be worn about the neck; a neckerchief; a neckcloth.

Han´dle (han´d’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handled (-d’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Handling(-dling).] [OE. handlen, AS. handlian; akin to D. handelen to trade, G. handeln. See Hand.] 1. To touch; to feel with the hand; to use or hold with the hand. “Handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh.” Luke xxiv. 39. “About his altar, handling holy things.” Milton. 2. To manage in using, as a spade or a musket; to wield; often, to manage skillfully. “That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper.” Shak. 3. To accustom to the hand; to work upon, or take care of, with the hands. “The hardness of the winters forces the breeders to house and handle their colts six months every year.” Sir W. Temple. 4. To receive and transfer; to have pass through one’s hands; hence, to buy and sell; as a merchant handles a variety of goods, or a large stock. 5. To deal with; to make a business of. “They that handle the law knew me not.” Jer. ii. 8. 6. To treat; to use, well or ill. “How wert thou handled being prisoner?” Shak. 7. To manage; to control; to practice skill upon. “You shall see how I will handle her.” Shak. 8. To use or manage in writing or speaking; to treat, as a theme, an argument, or an objection. “We will handle what persons are apt to envy others.” Bacon. To handle without gloves. See under Glove. [Colloq.]

Han´dle (han´d’l), v. i. To use the hands. “They have hands, but they handle not.” Ps. cxv. 7.

Han´dle, n. [AS. handle. See Hand.] 1. That part of vessels, instruments, etc., which is held in the hand when used or moved, as the haft of a sword, the knob of a door, the bail of a kettle, etc. 2. That of which use is made; the instrument for effecting a purpose; a tool. South. To give a handle, to furnish an occasion or means.

Han´dle•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being handled.

Hand´less (hand´les), a. Without a hand. Shak.

Han´dling (han´dling), n. [AS. handlung.] 1. A touching, controlling, managing, using, etc., with the hand or hands, or as with the hands. See Handle, v. t. “The heavens and your fair handling
Have made you master of the field this day.” Spenser. 2. (Drawing, Painting, etc.) The mode of using the pencil or brush, etc.; style of touch. Fairholt.

Hand´made (hand´mad•), a. Manufactured by hand; as handmade shoes. { Hand´maid• (-mad•), Hand´maiden (-’n), } n. A maid that waits at hand; a female servant or attendant.

Hand´saw (-sa•) n. A saw used with one hand.

Hand´sel (hand´sel), n. [Written also hansel.] [OE. handsal, hansal, hansel, AS. handselena giving into hands, or more prob. fr. Icel. handsal; hand hand + sal sale, bargain; akin to AS. sellan to give, deliver. See Sell, Sale. ] 1. A sale, gift, or delivery into the hand of another; especially, a sale, gift, delivery, or using which is the first of a series, and regarded as an omen for the rest; a first installment; an earnest; as the first money received for the sale of goods in the morning, the first money taken at a shop newly opened, the first present sent to a young woman on her wedding day, etc. “Their first good handsel of breath in this world.” Fuller. “Our present tears here, not our present laughter,
Are but the handsels of our joys hereafter.” Herrick. 2. Price; payment. [Obs.] Spenser. Handsel Monday, the first Monday of the new year, when handsels or presents are given to servants, children, etc.

Hand´sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handseled or Handselled (hand´seld); p. pr. & vb. n. Handseling or Handselling.] [Written also hansel.] [OE handsellen, hansellen; cf. Icel. hadsala, handselja. See Handsel, n.] 1. To give a handsel to. 2. To use or do for the first time, esp. so as to make fortunate or unfortunate; to try experimentally. “No contrivance of our body, but some good man in Scripture hath handseled it with prayer.” Fuller.

Hand´some (han´sum; 277), a. [Compar. Handsomer (- er); superl. Handsomest.] [Hand + -some. It at first meant, dexterous; cf. D. handzaam dexterous, ready, limber, manageable, and E. handy.] 1. Dexterous; skillful; handy; ready; convenient; — applied to things as persons. [Obs.] “That they [engines of war] be both easy to be carried and handsome to be moved and turned about.” Robynson (Utopia). “For a thief it is so handsome as it may seem it was first invented for him.” Spenser. 2. Agreeable to the eye or to correct taste; having a pleasing appearance or expression; attractive; having symmetry and dignity; comely; — expressing more than pretty, and less than beautiful; as a handsome man or woman; a handsome garment, house, tree, horse. 3. Suitable or fit in action; marked with propriety and ease; graceful; becoming; appropriate; as a handsome style, etc. “Easiness and handsome address in writing.” Felton. 4. Evincing a becoming generosity or nobleness of character; liberal; generous. “Handsome is as handsome does.” Old Proverb. 5. Ample; moderately large. “He … accumulated a handsome sum of money.” V. Knox. To do the handsome thing, to act liberally. [Colloq.] Syn. — Handsome, Pretty. Pretty applies to things comparatively small, which please by their delicacy and grace; as a pretty girl, a pretty flower, a pretty cottage. Handsome rises higher, and is applied to objects on a larger scale. We admire what is handsome, we are pleased with what is pretty. The word is connected with hand, and has thus acquired the idea of training, cultivation, symmetry, and proportion, which enters so largely into our conception of handsome. Thus Drayton makes mention of handsome players, meaning those who are well trained; and hence we speak of a man’s having a handsome address, which is the result of culture; of a handsome horse or dog, which implies well proportioned limbs; of a handsome face, to which, among other qualities, the idea of proportion and a graceful contour are essential; of a handsome tree, and a handsome house or villa. So, from this idea of proportion or suitableness, we have, with a different application, the expressions, a handsome fortune, a handsome offer.

Hand´some, v. t. To render handsome. [Obs.] Donne

Hand´some•ly, adv. 1. In a handsome manner. 2. (Naut.) Carefully; in shipshape style.

Hand´some•ness, n. The quality of being handsome. “Handsomeness is the mere animal excellence, beauty the mere imaginative.” Hare.

Hand´spike (hand´spik•), n. A bar or lever, generally of wood, used in a windlass or capstan, for heaving anchor, and, in modified forms, for various purposes.

Hand´spring (-spring), n. A somersault made with the assistance of the hands placed upon the ground.

Hand´-tight (-tit•), a. (Naut.) As tight as can be made by the hand. Totten.

Hand´wheel (-hwel), n. (Mach.) Any wheel worked by hand; esp., one the rim of which serves as the handle by which a valve, car brake, or other part is adjusted.

Hand´-winged (hand´wingd•), a. (Zoöl.) Having wings that are like hands in the structure and arrangement of their bones; — said of bats. See Cheiroptera.

Hand´writ•ing (-rit´ing), n. 1. The cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand or person; chirography. 2. That which is written by hand; manuscript. The handwriting on the wall, a doom pronounced; an omen of disaster. Dan. v. 5.

Hand´y (hand´y), a. [Compar. Handier (-i•er); superl. Handiest.] [OE. hendi, AS. hendig (in comp.), fr. hand hand; akin to D. handig, Goth. handugs clever, wise.] 1. Performed by the hand. [Obs.] “To draw up and come to handy strokes.” Milton. 2. Skillful in using the hand; dexterous; ready; adroit. ´Each is handy in his way.´ Dryden. 3. Ready to the hand; near; also suited to the use of the hand; convenient; valuable for reference or use; as my tools are handy; a handy volume. 4. (Naut.) Easily managed; obedient to the helm; — said of a vessel.

Hand´y-dan•dy (-dan•dy), n. A child’s play, one child guessing in which closed hand the other holds some small object, winning the object if right and forfeiting an equivalent if wrong; hence, forfeit. Piers Plowman.

Hand´y•fight (-fit), n. A fight with the hands; boxing. ´Pollux loves handyfights.´ B. Jonson.

Hand´y•gripe (-grip•), n. Seizure by, or grasp of, the hand; also close quarters in fighting. Hudibras.

Hand´y•stroke (-strok•), n. A blow with the hand.

Hand´y•work (-wûrk•), n. See Handiwork.

Hang (hang), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hanged (hangd) or Hung (hung); p. pr. & vb. n. Hanging. The use of hanged is preferable to that of hung, when reference is had to death or execution by suspension, and it is also more common.] [OE. hangen, hongien, v. t. & i., AS. hangian, v. i., fr. hon, v. t. (imp. heng, p. p. hongen); akin to OS. hangon, v. i., D. hangen, v. t. & i., G. hangen, v. i., hängen, v. t., Icel. hanga, v. i., Goth. hahan, v. t. (imp. haíhah), hahan, v. i. (imp. hahaida), and perh. to L. cunctari to delay. rad.37. ] 1. To suspend; to fasten to some elevated point without support from below; — often used with up or out; as to hang a coat on a hook; to hang up a sign; to hang out a banner. 2. To fasten in a manner which will allow of free motion upon the point or points of suspension; — said of a pendulum, a swing, a door, gate, etc. 3. To fit properly, as at a proper angle (a part of an implement that is swung in using), as a scythe to its snath, or an ax to its helve. [U. S.] 4. To put to death by suspending by the neck; — a form of capital punishment; as to hang a murderer. 5. To cover, decorate, or furnish by hanging pictures, trophies, drapery, and the like, or by covering with paper hangings; — said of a wall, a room, etc. “Hung be the heavens with black.” Shak. “And hung thy holy roofs with savage spoils.” Dryden. 6. To paste, as paper hangings, on the walls of a room. 7. To hold or bear in a suspended or inclined manner or position instead of erect; to droop; as he hung his head in shame. “Cowslips wan that hang the pensive head.” Milton. To hang down, to let fall below the proper position; to bend down; to decline; as to hang down the head, or, elliptically, to hang the head. — To hang fire (Mil.), to be slow in communicating fire through the vent to the charge; as the gun hangs fire; hence, to hesitate, to hold back as if in suspense.

Hang, v. i. 1. To be suspended or fastened to some elevated point without support from below; to dangle; to float; to rest; to remain; to stay. 2. To be fastened in such a manner as to allow of free motion on the point or points of suspension. 3. To die or be put to death by suspension from the neck. [R.] ´Sir Balaam hangs.´ Pope. 4. To hold for support; to depend; to cling; — usually with on or upon; as this question hangs on a single point. ´Two infants hanging on her neck.´ Peacham. 5. To be, or be like, a suspended weight. “Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burden.” Addison. 6. To hover; to impend; to appear threateningly; — usually with over; as evils hang over the country. 7. To lean or incline; to incline downward. “To decide which way hung the victory.” Milton. “His neck obliquely o’er his shoulder hung.” Pope. 8. To slope down; as hanging grounds. 9. To be undetermined or uncertain; to be in suspense; to linger; to be delayed. “A noble stroke he lifted high,
Which hung not, but so swift with tempest fell
On the proud crest of Satan.” Milton. To hang around, to loiter idly about. - - To hang back, to hesitate; to falter; to be reluctant. ´If any one among you hangs back.´ Jowett (Thucyd.). — To hang by the eyelids. (a) To hang by a very slight hold or tenure. (b) To be in an unfinished condition; to be left incomplete. — To hang in doubt, to be in suspense. — To hang on (with the emphasis on the preposition), to keep hold; to hold fast; to stick; to be persistent, as a disease. — To hang on the lips, words, etc., to be charmed by eloquence. — To hang out. (a) To be hung out so as to be displayed; to project. (b) To be unyielding; as the juryman hangs out against an agreement. [Colloq.] — To hang over. (a) To project at the top. (b) To impend over. — To hang to, to cling. — To hang together. (a) To remain united; to stand by one another. ´We are all of a piece; we hang together.´ Dryden. (b) To be self- consistent; as the story does not hang together. [Colloq.] — To hang upon. (a) To regard with passionate affection. (b) (Mil.) To hover around; as to hang upon the flanks of a retreating enemy.

Hang, n. 1. The manner in which one part or thing hangs upon, or is connected with, another; as the hang of a scythe. 2. Connection; arrangement; plan; as the hang of a discourse. [Colloq.] 3. A sharp or steep declivity or slope. [Colloq.] To get the hang of, to learn the method or arrangement of; hence, to become accustomed to. [Colloq.]

Hang´bird (hang´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula); — so called because its nest is suspended from the limb of a tree. See Baltimore oriole.

Hang´-by (-bi•), n.; pl. Hang-bies (-biz•). A dependent; a hanger-on; — so called in contempt. B. Jonson.

Hang´dog (-dog•), n. A base, degraded person; a sneak; a gallows bird.

Hang´dog, a. Low; sneaking; ashamed. “The poor colonel went out of the room with a hangdog look.” Thackeray.

Hang´er (-er), n. 1. One who hangs, or causes to be hanged; a hangman. 2. That by which a thing is suspended. Especially: (a) A strap hung to the girdle, by which a dagger or sword is suspended. (b) (Mach.) A part that suspends a journal box in which shafting runs. See Illust. of Countershaft. (c) A bridle iron. 3. That which hangs or is suspended, as a sword worn at the side; especially, in the 18th century, a short, curved sword. 4. A steep, wooded declivity. [Eng.] Gilbert White.

Hang´er-on (-on•), n.; pl. Hangers-on (-erz-on•). One who hangs on, or sticks to, a person, place, or service; a dependent; one who adheres to others’ society longer than he is wanted. Goldsmith.

Hang´ing, a. 1. Requiring, deserving, or foreboding death by the halter. ´What a hanging face!´ Dryden. 2. Suspended from above; pendent; as hanging shelves. 3. Adapted for sustaining a hanging object; as the hanging post of a gate, the post which holds the hinges. Hanging compass, a compass suspended so that the card may be read from beneath. — Hanging garden, a garden sustained at an artificial elevation by any means, as by the terraces at Babylon. — Hanging indentation. See under Indentation. — Hanging rail (Arch.), that rail of a door or casement to which hinges are attached. — Hanging side (Mining), the overhanging side of an inclined or hading vein. — Hanging sleeves. (a) Strips of the same stuff as the gown, hanging down the back from the shoulders. (b) Loose, flowing sleeves. — Hanging stile. (Arch.) (a) That stile of a door to which hinges are secured. (b) That upright of a window frame to which casements are hinged, or in which the pulleys for sash windows are fastened. — Hanging wall (Mining), the upper wall of inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner’s head when working in the vein.

Hang´ing, n. 1. The act of suspending anything; the state of being suspended. 2. Death by suspension; execution by a halter. 3. That which is hung as lining or drapery for the walls of a room, as tapestry, paper, etc., or to cover or drape a door or window; — used chiefly in the plural. “Now purple hangings clothe the palace walls.” Dryden.

Hang´man (hang´man), n.; pl. Hangmen(-men). One who hangs another; esp., one who makes a business of hanging; a public executioner; — sometimes used as a term of reproach, without reference to office. Shak.

Hang´man•ship, n. The office or character of a hangman.

Hang´nail (-nal•), n. [A corruption of agnail.] A small piece or sliver of skin which hangs loose, near the root of a finger nail. Holloway.

Hang´nest (-nest•), n. 1. A nest that hangs like a bag or pocket. 2. A bird which builds such a nest; a hangbird.

Hank (hank), n. [Cf. Dan. hank handle, Sw. hank a band or tie, Icel. hanki hasp, clasp, hönk, hangr, hank, coil, skein, G. henkel, henk, handle; all prob. akin to E. hang. See Hang.] 1. A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of yarn or thread tied together. 2. A rope or withe for fastening a gate. [Prov. Eng.] 3. Hold; influence. “When the devil hath got such a hank over him.” Bp. Sanderson. 4. (Naut.) A ring or eye of rope, wood, or iron, attached to the edge of a sail and running on a stay.

Hank, v. t. 1. [OE. hanken.] To fasten with a rope, as a gate. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. To form into hanks.

Han´ker (han´ker), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hankered (- kerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hankering.] [Prob. fr. hang; cf. D. hunkeren, hengelen.] 1. To long (for) with a keen appetite and uneasiness; to have a vehement desire; — usually with for or after; as to hanker after fruit; to hanker after the diversions of the town. Addison. “He was hankering to join his friend.” J. A. Symonds. 2. To linger in expectation or with desire. Thackeray.

Han´ker•ing•ly, adv. In a hankering manner.

Han´key-pan´key (han´ky•pan´ky), n. [Cf. Hocus-pocus.] Professional cant; the chatter of conjurers to divert attention from their tricks; hence, jugglery. [Colloq.]

Han•o•ve´ri•an (han•o•ve´ri•an), a. Of or pertaining to Hanover or its people, or to the House of Hanover in England.

Han•o•ve´ri•an, n. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Hanover; one of the House of Hanover.

Han´sa (han´sa), n. See 2d Hanse.

Han´sard (-serd), n. An official report of proceedings in the British Parliament; — so called from the name of the publishers.

Han´sard, n. A merchant of one of the Hanse towns. See the Note under 2d Hanse.

Hanse (hans), n. [Cf. F. anse handle, anse de panier surbased arch, flat arch, vault, and E. haunch hip.] (Arch.) That part of an elliptical or many-centered arch which has the shorter radius and immediately adjoins the impost.

Hanse, n. [G. hanse, or F. hanse (from German), OHG. & Goth. hansa; akin to AS. hos band, troop.] An association; a league or confederacy. Hanse towns (Hist.), certain commercial cities in Germany which associated themselves for the protection and enlarging of their commerce. The confederacy, called also Hansa and Hanseatic league, held its first diet in 1260, and was maintained for nearly four hundred years. At one time the league comprised eighty-five cities. Its remnants, Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, are free cities, and are still frequently called Hanse towns.

Han•se•at´ic (han•se•at´ik), a. Pertaining to the Hanse towns, or to their confederacy. Hanseatic league. See under 2d Hanse.

Han´sel (han´sel), n. & v. See Handsel.

Han´sel•ines (hän´sel•inz), n. A sort of breeches. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Han´som (han´sum), n., Han´som cab (kab•). [From the name of the inventor.] A light, low, two-wheeled covered carriage with the driver’s seat elevated behind the reins being passed over the top. “He hailed a cruising hansom … ´ ’Tis the gondola of London´ said Lothair.” Beaconsfield.

Han’t (hant; in England, hänt). A contraction of have not, or has not, used in illiterate speech. In the United States the commoner spelling is hain’t.

Han´u•man (han´u•man), n. See Hoonoomaun.

Hap (hap), v. t. [OE. happen.] To clothe; to wrap. “The surgeon happed her up carefully.” Dr. J. Brown.

Hap, n. [Cf. Hap to clothe.] A cloak or plaid. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

Hap, n. [Icel. happ unexpected good luck. rad.39.] That which happens or comes suddenly or unexpectedly; also the manner of occurrence or taking place; chance; fortune; accident; casual event; fate; luck; lot. Chaucer. “Whether art it was or heedless hap.” Spenser. “Cursed be good haps, and cursed be they that build
Their hopes on haps.” Sir P. Sidney. “Loving goes by haps:
Some Cupid kills with arrows, some with traps.” Shak.

Hap, v. i. [OE. happen. See Hap chance, and cf. Happen.] To happen; to befall; to chance. Chaucer. “Sends word of all that haps in Tyre.” Shak.

Ha’´pen•ny (ha´pen•ny), n. A half-penny.

Hap´haz•ard (hap´haz•erd or hap•haz´-), n. [Hap + hazard.] Extra hazard; chance; accident; random. “We take our principles at haphazard, upon trust.” Locke.

Hap´less (hap´les), a. Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as hapless youth; hapless maid. Dryden.

Hap´less•ly, adv. In a hapless, unlucky manner.

Ha•plo´mi (ha•plo´mi), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´aplo•os simple + ’w^mos shoulder.] (Zoöl.) An order of freshwater fishes, including the true pikes, cyprinodonts, and blindfishes.

Hap•lo•stem´o•nous (hap•lo•stem´o•nus), a. [Gr. ´aplo•os simple + sth•mwn a thread.] (Bot.) Having but one series of stamens, and that equal in number to the proper number of petals; isostemonous.

Hap´ly (hap´ly), adv. By hap, chance, luck, or accident; perhaps; it may be. “Lest haply ye be found even to fight against God.” Acts v. 39.

Happed (hapt), p. a. [From 1st Hap.] Wrapped; covered; cloaked. [Scot.] “All happed with flowers in the green wood were.” Hogg.

Hap´pen (hap´p’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Happened (-p’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Happening.] [OE. happenen, hapnen. See Hap to happen.] 1. To come by chance; to come without previous expectation; to fall out. “There shall no evil happen to the just.” Prov. xii. 21. 2. To take place; to occur. “All these things which had happened.” Luke xxiv. 14. To happen on, to meet with; to fall or light upon. ´I have happened on some other accounts.´ Graunt. — To happen in, to make a casual call. [Colloq.]

Hap´pi•ly (hap´pi•ly), adv. [From Happy.] 1. By chance; peradventure; haply. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. By good fortune; fortunately; luckily. “Preferred by conquest, happily o’erthrown.” Waller. 3. In a happy manner or state; in happy circumstances; as he lived happily with his wife. 4. With address or dexterity; gracefully; felicitously; in a manner to insure success; with success. “Formed by thy converse, happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe.” Pope. Syn. — Fortunately; luckily; successfully; prosperously; contentedly; dexterously; felicitously.

Hap´pi•ness, n. [From Happy.] 1. Good luck; good fortune; prosperity. “All happiness bechance to thee in Milan!” Shak. 2. An agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended with enjoyment; the state of being happy; contentment; joyful satisfaction; felicity; blessedness. 3. Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace; — used especially of language. “Some beauties yet no precepts can declare,
For there’s a happiness, as well as care.” Pope. Syn. — Happiness, Felicity, Blessedness, Bliss. Happiness is generic, and is applied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that of the animal appetites; felicity is a more formal word, and is used more sparingly in the same general sense, but with elevated associations; blessedness is applied to the most refined enjoyment arising from the purest social, benevolent, and religious affections; bliss denotes still more exalted delight, and is applied more appropriately to the joy anticipated in heaven. “O happiness! our being’s end and aim!” Pope. “Others in virtue place felicity,
But virtue joined with riches and long life;
In corporal pleasures he, and careless ease.” Milton. “His overthrow heaped happiness upon him;
For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being little.” Shak.

Hap´py (hap´py), a. [Compar. Happier (-pi•er); superl. Happiest.] [From Hap chance.] 1. Favored by hap, luck, or fortune; lucky; fortunate; successful; prosperous; satisfying desire; as a happy expedient; a happy effort; a happy venture; a happy omen. “Chymists have been more happy in finding experiments than the causes of them.” Boyle. 2. Experiencing the effect of favorable fortune; having the feeling arising from the consciousness of well- being or of enjoyment; enjoying good of any kind, as peace, tranquillity, comfort; contented; joyous; as happy hours, happy thoughts. “Happy is that people, whose God is the Lord.” Ps. cxliv. 15. “The learned is happy Nature to explore,
The fool is happy that he knows no more.” Pope. 3. Dexterous; ready; apt; felicitous. “One gentleman is happy at a reply, another excels in a rejoinder.” Swift. Happy family, a collection of animals of different and hostile propensities living peaceably together in one cage. Used ironically of conventional alliances of persons who are in fact mutually repugnant. — Happy-go-lucky, trusting to hap or luck; improvident; easy-going. ´Happy- go-lucky carelessness.´ W. Black.

Ha•pu´ku (ha•poo´koo), n. (Zoöl.) A large and valuable food fish (Polyprion prognathus) of New Zealand. It sometimes weighs one hundred pounds or more.

Haque´but (hak´but), n. See Hagbut.

Ha´ra-ki•ri (ha´ra•ke•ri), n. [Jap., stomach cutting.] Suicide, by slashing the abdomen, formerly practiced in Japan, and commanded by the government in the cases of disgraced officials; disembowelment; - - also written, but incorrectly, hari-kari. W. E. Griffis.

Ha•rangue´ (ha•rang´), n. [F. harangue: cf. Sp. arenga, It. aringa; lit., a speech before a multitude or on the hustings, It. aringo arena, hustings, pulpit; all fr. OHG. hring ring, anything round, ring of people, G. ring. See Ring.] A speech addressed to a large public assembly; a popular oration; a loud address to a multitude; in a bad sense, a noisy or pompous speech; declamation; ranting. “Gray-headed men and grave, with warriors mixed,
Assemble, and harangues are heard.” Milton. Syn. — Harangue, Speech, Oration. Speech is generic; an oration is an elaborate and rhetorical speech; an harangue is a vehement appeal to the passions, or a noisy, disputatious address. A general makes an harangue to his troops on the eve of a battle; a demagogue harangues the populace on the subject of their wrongs.

Ha•rangue´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harangued (ha•rangd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Haranguing.] [Cf. F. haranguer, It. aringare.] To make an harangue; to declaim.

Ha•rangue´, v. t. To address by an harangue.

Ha•rangue´ful (-ful), a. Full of harangue.

Ha•rang´uer (ha•rang´er), n. One who harangues, or is fond of haranguing; a declaimer. “With them join’d all th’ haranguers of the throng,
That thought to get preferment by the tongue.” Dryden.

Har´ass (har´as), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harassed (-ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Harassing.] [F. harasser; cf. OF. harace a basket made of cords, harace, harasse,a very heavy and large shield; or harer to set (a dog) on.] To fatigue; to tire with repeated and exhausting efforts; esp., to weary by importunity, teasing, or fretting; to cause to endure excessive burdens or anxieties; — sometimes followed by out. “[Troops] harassed with a long and wearisome march.” Bacon. “Nature oppressed and harass’d out with care.” Addison. “Vext with lawyers and harass’d with debt.” Tennyson. Syn. — To weary; jade; tire; perplex; distress; tease; worry; disquiet; chafe; gall; annoy; irritate; plague; vex; molest; trouble; disturb; torment.

Har´ass, n. 1. Devastation; waste. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Worry; harassment. [R.] Byron.

Har´ass•er (-er), n. One who harasses.

Har´ass•ment (-ment), n. The act of harassing, or state of being harassed; worry; annoyance; anxiety. “Little harassments which I am led to suspect do occasionally molest the most fortunate.” Ld. Lytton.

Har´ber•ous (har´ber•us), a. Harborous. [Obs.] “A bishop must be faultless, the husband of one wife, honestly appareled, harberous.” Tyndale (1 Tim. iii. 2).

Har´bin•ger (-bin•jer), n. [OE. herbergeour, OF. herbergeor one who provides lodging, fr. herbergier to provide lodging, F. heberger, OF. herberge lodging, inn, F. auberge; of German origin. See Harbor.] 1. One who provides lodgings; especially, the officer of the English royal household who formerly preceded the court when traveling, to provide and prepare lodgings. Fuller. 2. A forerunner; a precursor; a messenger. “I knew by these harbingers who were coming.” Landor.

Har´bin•ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harbingered (-jerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harbingering.] To usher in; to be a harbinger of. ´Thus did the star of religious freedom harbinger the day.´ Bancroft.

Har´bor (-ber), n. [Written also harbour.] [OE. herbor, herberwe, herberge, Icel. herbergi (cf. OHG. heriberga), orig., a shelter for soldiers; herr army + bjarga to save, help, defend; akin to AS. here army, G. heer, OHG. heri, Goth. harjis, and AS. beorgan to save, shelter, defend, G. bergen. See Harry, 2d Bury, and cf. Harbinger.] 1. A station for rest and entertainment; a place of security and comfort; a refuge; a shelter. “[A grove] fair harbour that them seems.” Spenser. “For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.” Dryden. 2. Specif.: A lodging place; an inn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. (Astrol.) The mansion of a heavenly body. [Obs.] 4. A portion of a sea, a lake, or other large body of water, either landlocked or artificially protected so as to be a place of safety for vessels in stormy weather; a port or haven. 5. (Glass Works) A mixing box for materials. Harbor dues (Naut.), fees paid for the use of a harbor. — Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal. — Harbor watch, a watch set when a vessel is in port; an anchor watch.

Har´bor (här´ber), v. t. [Written also harbour.] [imp. & p. p. Harbored (-berd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harboring.] [OE. herberen, herberwen, herbergen; cf. Icel. herbergja. See Harbor, n.] To afford lodging to; to entertain as a guest; to shelter; to receive; to give a refuge to; to indulge or cherish (a thought or feeling, esp. an ill thought). “Any place that harbors men.” Shak. “The bare suspicion made it treason to harbor the person suspected.” Bp. Burnet. “Let not your gentle breast harbor one thought of outrage.” Rowe.

Har´bor, v. i. To lodge, or abide for a time; to take shelter, as in a harbor. “For this night let’s harbor here in York.” Shak.

Har´bor•age (-aj), n. Shelter; entertainment.[R.] “Where can I get me harborage for the night?” Tennyson.

Har´bor•er (-er), n. One who, or that which, harbors. “Geneva was … a harborer of exiles for religion.” Strype.

Har´bor•less, a. Without a harbor; shelterless.

Har´bor mas•ter (mas•ter). An officer charged with the duty of executing the regulations respecting the use of a harbor. { Har´bor•ough (-o), Har´brough (-bro), } n. [See Harbor.] A shelter. [Obs.]. Spenser.

Har´bor•ous (-ber•us), a. Hospitable. [Obs.]

Hard (härd), a. [Compar. Harder (-er); superl. Hardest.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. harðr, Dan. haard, Sw. hård, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty•s strong, ka•rtos, kra•tos, strength, and also to E. -ard, as in coward, drunkard, -crat, -cracy in autocrat, democracy; cf. Skr. kratu strength, kr to do, make. Cf. Hardy.] 1. Not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts; not yielding to pressure; firm; solid; compact; — applied to material bodies, and opposed to soft; as hard wood; hard flesh; a hard apple. 2. Difficult, mentally or judicially; not easily apprehended, decided, or resolved; as a hard problem. “The hard causes they brought unto Moses.” Ex. xviii. 26. “In which are some things hard to be understood.” 2 Peter iii. 16. 3. Difficult to accomplish; full of obstacles; laborious; fatiguing; arduous; as a hard task; a disease hard to cure. 4. Difficult to resist or control; powerful. “The stag was too hard for the horse.” L’Estrange. “ A power which will be always too hard for them.” Addison. 5. Difficult to bear or endure; not easy to put up with or consent to; hence, severe; rigorous; oppressive; distressing; unjust; grasping; as a hard lot; hard times; hard fare; a hard winter; hard conditions or terms. “I never could drive a hard bargain.” Burke. 6. Difficult to please or influence; stern; unyielding; obdurate; unsympathetic; unfeeling; cruel; as a hard master; a hard heart; hard words; a hard character. 7. Not easy or agreeable to the taste; harsh; stiff; rigid; ungraceful; repelling; as a hard style. “Figures harder than even the marble itself.” Dryden. 8. Rough; acid; sour, as liquors; as hard cider. 9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance; not aspirated, sibilated, or pronounced with a gradual change of the organs from one position to another; — said of certain consonants, as c in came, and g in go, as distinguished from the same letters in center, general, etc. 10. Wanting softness or smoothness of utterance; harsh; as a hard tone. 11. (Painting) (a) Rigid in the drawing or distribution of the figures; formal; lacking grace of composition. (b) Having disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in the coloring or light and shade. Hard cancer, Hard case, etc. See under Cancer, Case, etc. — Hard clam, or Hard-shelled clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. — Hard coal, anthracite, as distinguished from bituminous or soft coal. — Hard and fast. (Naut.) See under Fast. — Hard finish (Arch.), a smooth finishing coat of hard fine plaster applied to the surface of rough plastering. — Hard lines, hardship; difficult conditions. — Hard money, coin or specie, as distinguished from paper money. — Hard oyster (Zoöl.), the northern native oyster. [Local, U. S.] — Hard pan, the hard stratum of earth lying beneath the soil; hence, figuratively, the firm, substantial, fundamental part or quality of anything; as the hard pan of character, of a matter in dispute, etc. See Pan. — Hard rubber. See under Rubber. — Hard solder. See under Solder. — Hard water, water, which contains lime or some mineral substance rendering it unfit for washing. See Hardness, 3. — Hard wood, wood of a solid or hard texture; as walnut, oak, ash, box, and the like, in distinction from pine, poplar, hemlock, etc. — In hard condition, in excellent condition for racing; having firm muscles; — said of race horses. Syn. — Solid; arduous; powerful; trying; unyielding; stubborn; stern; flinty; unfeeling; harsh; difficult; severe; obdurate; rigid. See Solid, and Arduous.

Hard, adv. [OE. harde, AS. hearde.] 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligently; earnestly. “And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince.” Dryden. “My father
Is hard at study; pray now, rest yourself.” Shak. 2. With difficulty; as the vehicle moves hard. 3. Uneasily; vexatiously; slowly. Shak. 4. So as to raise difficulties. ´The question is hard set.´ Sir T. Browne. 5. With tension or strain of the powers; violently; with force; tempestuously; vehemently; vigorously; energetically; as to press, to blow, to rain hard; hence, rapidly; nimbly; as to run hard. 6. Close or near. “Whose house joined hard to the synagogue.” Acts xviii. 7. Hard by, near by; close at hand; not far off. ´Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.´ Milton. — Hard pushed, Hard run, greatly pressed; as he was hard pushed or hard run for time, money, etc. [Colloq.] — Hard up, closely pressed by want or necessity; without money or resources; as hard up for amusements. [Slang] Hard in nautical language is often joined to words of command to the helmsman, denoting that the order should be carried out with the utmost energy, or that the helm should be put, in the direction indicated, to the extreme limit, as Hard aport! Hard astarboard! Hard alee! Hard aweather! Hard up!
Hard is also often used in composition with a participle; as hard-baked; hard-earned; hard-featured; hard-working; hard-won.

Hard (härd), v. t. To harden; to make hard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hard, n. A ford or passage across a river or swamp.

Hard´bake (-bak•), n. A sweetmeat of boiled brown sugar or molasses made with almonds, and flavored with orange or lemon juice, etc. Thackeray.

Hard´beam (-bem•), n. (Bot.) A tree of the genus Carpinus, of compact, horny texture; hornbeam.

Hard´en (härd´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hardened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hardening (-’n•ing).] [OE. hardnen, hardenen.] 1. To make hard or harder; to make firm or compact; to indurate; as to harden clay or iron. 2. To accustom by labor or suffering to endure with constancy; to strengthen; to stiffen; to inure; also to confirm in wickedness or shame; to make unimpressionable. ´Harden not your heart.´ Ps. xcv. 8. “I would harden myself in sorrow.” Job vi. 10.

Hard´en, v. i. 1. To become hard or harder; to acquire solidity, or more compactness; as mortar hardens by drying. “The deliberate judgment of those who knew him [A. Lincoln] has hardened into tradition.” The Century. 2. To become confirmed or strengthened, in either a good or a bad sense. “They, hardened more by what might most reclaim.” Milton.

Hard´ened (-’nd), a. Made hard, or harder, or compact; made unfeeling or callous; made obstinate or obdurate; confirmed in error or vice. Syn. — Impenetrable; hard; obdurate; callous; unfeeling; unsusceptible; insensible. See Obdurate.

Hard´en•er (-’n•er), n. One who, or that which, hardens; specif., one who tempers tools.

Hard´en•ing, n. 1. Making hard or harder. 2. That which hardens, as a material used for converting the surface of iron into steel.

Har´der (här´der), n. (Zoöl.) A South African mullet, salted for food.

Har•de´ri•an (här•de´ri•an), a. (Anat.) A term applied to a lachrymal gland on the inner side of the orbit of many animals which have a third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate.

Hard´-fa•vored (härd´fa•verd), a. Hard-featured; ill-looking; as Vulcan was hard-favored. Dryden.

Hard´-fa•vored•ness, n. Coarseness of features.

Hard´-fea•tured (-fe•turd; 135), a. Having coarse, unattractive or stern features. Smollett.

Hard´fern (-fern•), n. (Bot.) A species of fern (Lomaria borealis), growing in Europe and Northwestern America.

Hard´-fist•ed (-fist•ed), a. 1. Having hard or strong hands; as a hard-fisted laborer. 2. Close-fisted; covetous; niggardly. Bp. Hall.

Hard´-fought (-fat•), a. Vigorously contested; as a hard-fought battle.

Hard´ grass (gras•). (Bot.) A name given to several different grasses, especially to the Roltböllia incurvata, and to the species of AEgilops, from one of which it is contended that wheat has been derived.

Hard´hack (-hak•), n. (Bot.) A very astringent shrub (Spiraea tomentosa), common in pastures. The Potentilla fruticosa is also called by this name.

Hard´-hand•ed (-hand•ed), a. Having hard hands, as a manual laborer. “Hard-handed men that work in Athens here.” Shak.

Hard´head (-hed•), n. 1. Clash or collision of heads in contest. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The menhaden. See Menhaden. [Local, U. S.] (b) Block’s gurnard (Trigla gurnardus) of Europe. (c) A California salmon; the steelhead. (d) The gray whale. See Gray whale, under Gray. (e) A coarse American commercial sponge (Spongia dura).

Hard´-head•ed, a. Having sound judgment; sagacious; shrewd. — Hard´-head•ed•ness, n.

Hard´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Unsympathetic; inexorable; cruel; pitiless. — Hard´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Har´di•head (här´di•hed), n. Hardihood. [Obs.]

Har´di•hood (-hood), n. [Hardy + -hood.] Boldness, united with firmness and constancy of mind; bravery; intrepidity; also audaciousness; impudence. “A bound of graceful hardihood.” Wordsworth. “It is the society of numbers which gives hardihood to iniquity.” Buckminster. Syn. — Intrepidity; courage; pluck; resolution; stoutness; audacity; effrontery; impudence.

Har´di•ly, adv. 1. Same as Hardly. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Boldly; stoutly; resolutely. Wyclif.

Har´di•ment (-ment), n. [OF. hardement. See Hardy.] Hardihood; boldness; courage; energetic action. [Obs.] “Changing hardiment with great Glendower.” Shak.

Har´di•ness (-di•nes), n. 1. Capability of endurance. 2. Hardihood; boldness; firmness; assurance. Spenser. “Plenty and peace breeds cowards; Hardness ever
Of hardiness is mother.” Shak. “They who were not yet grown to the hardiness of avowing the contempt of the king.” Clarendon. 3. Hardship; fatigue. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hard´ish (härd´ish), a. Somewhat hard.

Hard´-la•bored (härd´la•berd), a. Wrought with severe labor; elaborate; studied. Swift.

Hard´ly (härd´ly), adv. [AS. heardlice. See Hard.] 1. In a hard or difficult manner; with difficulty. “Recovering hardly what he lost before.” Dryden. 2. Unwillingly; grudgingly. “The House of Peers gave so hardly their consent.” Milton. 3. Scarcely; barely; not quite; not wholly. “Hardly shall you find any one so bad, but he desires the credit of being thought good.” South. 4. Severely; harshly; roughly. “He has in many things been hardly used.” Swift. 5. Confidently; hardily. [Obs.] Holland. 6. Certainly; surely; indeed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hard´-mouthed (-mouthd•), a. Not sensible to the bit; not easily governed; as a hard- mouthed horse.

Hard´ness, n. [AS. heardness.] 1. The quality or state of being hard, literally or figuratively. “The habit of authority also had given his manners some peremptory hardness.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Min.) The cohesion of the particles on the surface of a body, determined by its capacity to scratch another, or be itself scratched; — measured among minerals on a scale of which diamond and talc form the extremes. 3. (Chem.) The peculiar quality exhibited by water which has mineral salts dissolved in it. Such water forms an insoluble compound with soap, and is hence unfit for washing purposes. This quality is caused by the presence of calcium carbonate, causing temporary hardness which can be removed by boiling, or by calcium sulphate, causing permanent hardness which can not be so removed, but may be improved by the addition of sodium carbonate.

Har´dock (här´dok), n. [Obs.] See Hordock.

Hard´pan (härd´pan), n. The hard substratum. Same as Hard pan, under Hard, a.

Hards (härdz), n. pl. [OE. herdes, AS. heordan; akin to G. hede.] The refuse or coarse part of fiax; tow.

Hard´-shell (härd´shel•), a. Unyielding; insensible to argument; uncompromising; strict. [Colloq., U. S.]

Hard´ship (härd´ship), n. That which is hard to bear, as toil, privation, injury, injustice, etc. Swift.

Hard´spun, a. Firmly twisted in spinning.

Hard´-tack (-tak•), n. A name given by soldiers and sailors to a kind of hard biscuit or sea bread.

Hard´tail (-tal•), n. (Zoöl.) See Jurel.

Hard´-vis•aged (-viz•ajd; 48), a. Of a harsh or stern countenance; hard- featured. Burke.

Hard´ware (-wâr•), n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitchen utensils, and the like; ironmongery.

Hard´ware•man (-man), n.; pl. Hardwaremen (-men). One who makes, or deals in, hardware.

Har´dy (här´dy), a. [Compar. Hardier (-di•er); superl. Hardiest.] [F. hardi, p. p. fr. OF. hardir to make bold; of German origin, cf. OHG. hertan to harden, G. härten. See Hard, a.] 1. Bold; brave; stout; daring; resolute; intrepid. “Hap helpeth hardy man alway.” Chaucer. 2. Confident; full of assurance; in a bad sense, morally hardened; shameless. 3. Strong; firm; compact. “[A] blast may shake in pieces his hardy fabric.” South. 4. Inured to fatigue or hardships; strong; capable of endurance; as a hardy veteran; a hardy mariner. 5. Able to withstand the cold of winter. Plants which are hardy in Virginia may perish in New England. Half-hardy plants are those which are able to withstand mild winters or moderate frosts.

Har´dy, n. A blacksmith’s fuller or chisel, having a square shank for insertion into a square hole in an anvil, called the hardy hole.

Hare (hâr), v. t. [Cf. Harry, Harass.] To excite; to tease, harass, or worry; to harry. [Obs.] Locke.

Hare, n. [AS. hara; akin to D. haas, G. hase, OHG. haso, Dan. & Sw. hare, Icel. heri, Skr. çaça. rad.226.] 1. (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genus Lepus, having long hind legs, a short tail, and a divided upper lip. It is a timid animal, moves swiftly by leaps, and is remarkable for its fecundity. The species of hares are numerous. The common European hare is Lepus timidus. The northern or varying hare of America (L. Americanus), and the prairie hare (L. campestris), turn white in winter. In America, the various species of hares are commonly called rabbits. 2. (Astron.) A small constellation situated south of and under the foot of Orion; Lepus. Hare and hounds, a game played by men and boys, two, called hares, having a few minutes’ start, and scattering bits of paper to indicate their course, being chased by the others, called the hounds, through a wide circuit. — Hare kangaroo (Zoöl.), a small Australian kangaroo (Lagorchestes Leporoides), resembling the hare in size and color, — Hare’s lettuce (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sonchus, or sow thistle; — so called because hares are said to eat it when fainting with heat. Dr. Prior. — Jumping hare. (Zoöl.) See under Jumping. — Little chief hare, or Crying hare. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. - - Sea hare. (Zoöl.) See Aplysia.

Hare´bell (hâr´bel•), n. (Bot.) A small, slender, branching plant (Campanula rotundifolia), having blue bell-shaped flowers; also Scilla nutans, which has similar flowers; — called also bluebell. [Written also hairbell.] “E’en the light harebell raised its head.” Sir W. Scott.

Hare´brained (hâr´brand•), a. Wild; giddy; volatile; heedless. ´A mad hare-brained fellow.´ North (Plutarch). [Written also hairbrained.]

Hare´foot (-foot•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A long, narrow foot, carried (that is, produced or extending) forward; — said of dogs. 2. (Bot.) A tree (Ochroma Lagopus) of the West Indies, having the stamens united somewhat in the form of a hare’s foot. Harefoot clover (Bot.), a species of clover (Trifolium arvense) with soft and silky heads.

Hare´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Timorous; timid; easily frightened. Ainsworth.

Hare´hound (-hound•), n. See Harrier. A. Chalmers.

Har´eld (har´eld), n. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed duck. See Old Squaw.

Hare´lip (hâr´lip•), n. A lip, commonly the upper one, having a fissure of perpendicular division like that of a hare. — Hare´lipped• (- lipt•), a.

Ha´rem (ha´rem; 277), n.[Ar. haram, orig., anything forbidden or sacred, fr. harama to forbid, prohibit.] [Written also haram and hareem.] 1. The apartments or portion of the house allotted to females in Mohammedan families. 2. The family of wives and concubines belonging to one man, in Mohammedan countries; a seraglio.

Ha•ren´gi•form (ha•ren´ji•fôrm), a. [F. hareng herring (LL. harengus) + -form.] Herring-shaped.

Hare’s´-ear (hârz´er•), n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Bupleurum rotundifolium); — so named from the shape of its leaves. Dr. Prior.

Hare’s´-foot• fern (-foot• fern•). (Bot.) A species of fern (Davallia Canariensis) with a soft, gray, hairy rootstock; — whence the name.

Hare’s´-tail (-tal•), n. (Bot.) A kind of grass (Eriophorum vaginatum). See Cotton grass, under Cotton. Hare’s-tail grass (Bot.), a species of grass (Lagurus ovatus) whose head resembles a hare’s tail.

Har´fang (här´fang), n. [See Hare, n., and Fang.] (Zoöl.) The snowy owl.

Ha•ri•a´li grass (hä•ri•ä´li gras•). (Bot.) The East Indian name of the Cynodon Dactylon; dog’s-grass.

Har´i•cot (har´e•ko; F. a•re•ko´), n. [F.] 1. A ragout or stew of meat with beans and other vegetables. 2. The ripe seeds, or the unripe pod, of the common string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), used as a vegetable. Other species of the same genus furnish different kinds of haricots.

Har´i•er (har´i•er), n. (Zoöl.) See Harrier.

Ha´ri•ka•ri (hä´ri•kä•ri), n. See Hara-kiri.

Har•i•o•la´tion (har•i•o•la´shun), n. [See Ariolation.] Prognostication; soothsaying. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Har´ish (hâr´ish), a. Like a hare. [R.] Huloet.

Hark (härk), v. i. [OE. herken. See Hearken.] To listen; to hearken. [Now rare, except in the imperative form used as an interjection, Hark! listen.] Hudibras. Hark away! Hark back! Hark forward! (Sporting), cries used to incite and guide hounds in hunting. — To hark back, to go back for a fresh start, as when one has wandered from his direct course, or made a digression. “He must have overshot the mark, and must hark back. ”Haggard. “He harked back to the subject.” W. E. Norris.

Hark´en (-’n), v. t. & i. To hearken. Tennyson.

Harl (härl), n. [Cf. OHG. harluf noose, rope; E. hards refuse of flax.] 1. A filamentous substance; especially, the filaments of flax or hemp. 2. A barb, or barbs, of a fine large feather, as of a peacock or ostrich, — used in dressing artificial flies. [Written also herl.]

Harle (härl), n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser.

Har´lech group (här´lek groop•). [So called from Harlech in Wales.] (Geol.) A minor subdivision at the base of the Cambrian system in Wales.

Har´le•quin (här´le•kin or -kwin), n. [F. arlequin, formerly written also harlequin (cf. It, arlecchino), prob. fr. OF. hierlekin, hellequin, goblin, elf, which is prob. of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. hel hell. Cf. Hell, Kin.] A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes, who plays tricks, often without speaking, to divert the bystanders or an audience; a merry-andrew; originally, a droll rogue of Italian comedy. Percy Smith. “As dumb harlequin is exhibited in our theaters.” Johnson. Harlequin bat (Zoöl.), an Indian bat (Scotophilus ornatus), curiously variegated with white spots. — Harlequin beetle (Zoöl.), a very large South American beetle (Acrocinus longimanus) having very long legs and antennae. The elytra are curiously marked with red, black, and gray. — Harlequin cabbage bug. (Zoöl.) See Calicoback. — Harlequin caterpillar. (Zoöl.), the larva of an American bombycid moth (Euchaetes egle) which is covered with black, white, yellow, and orange tufts of hair. — Harlequin duck (Zoöl.), a North American duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). The male is dark ash, curiously streaked with white. — Harlequin moth. (Zoöl.) See Magpie Moth. — Harlequin opal. See Opal. — Harlequin snake (Zoöl.), a small, poisonous snake (Elaps fulvius), ringed with red and black, found in the Southern United States.

Har´le•quin (här´le•kin or -kwin), v. i. To play the droll; to make sport by playing ludicrous tricks.

Har´le•quin, v. t. To remove or conjure away, as by a harlequin’s trick. “And kitten, if the humor hit
Has harlequined away the fit.” M. Green.

Har´le•quin•ade (-ad•), n. [F. arlequinade.] A play or part of a play in which the harlequin is conspicuous; the part of a harlequin. Macaulay.

Har´lock (här´lok), n. Probably a corruption either of charlock or hardock. Drayton.

Har´lot (-lot), n. [OE. harlot, herlot, a vagabond, OF. harlot, herlot, arlot; cf. Pr. arlot, Sp. arlote, It. arlotto; of uncertain origin.] 1. A churl; a common man; a person, male or female, of low birth. [Obs.] “He was a gentle harlot and a kind.” Chaucer. 2. A person given to low conduct; a rogue; a cheat; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A woman who prostitutes her body for hire; a prostitute; a common woman; a strumpet.

Har´lot, a. Wanton; lewd; low; base. Shak.

Har´lot, v. i. To play the harlot; to practice lewdness. Milton.

Har´lot•ize (-iz), v. i. To harlot. [Obs.] Warner.

Har´lot•ry (-ry), n. 1. Ribaldry; buffoonery; a ribald story. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. 2. The trade or practice of prostitution; habitual or customary lewdness. Dryden. 3. Anything meretricious; as harlotry in art. 4. A harlot; a strumpet; a baggage. [Obs.] “He sups to-night with a harlotry.” Shak.

Harm (härm), n. [OE. harm, hearm, AS. hearm; akin to OS. harm, G. harm grief, Icel. harmr, Dan. harme, Sw. harm; cf. OSlav. & Russ. sram’ shame, Skr. çrama toil, fatigue.] 1. Injury; hurt; damage; detriment; misfortune. 2. That which causes injury, damage, or loss. “We, ignorant of ourselves,
Beg often our own harms.” Shak. Syn. — Mischief; evil; loss; injury. See Mischief.

Harm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harmed (härmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harming.] [OE. harmen, AS. hearmian. See Harm, n.] To hurt; to injure; to damage; to wrong. “Though yet he never harmed me.” Shak. “No ground of enmity between us known
Why he should mean me ill or seek to harm.” Milton.

Har´ma•line (här´ma•lin or -len), n. [Cf. F. harmaline See Harmel.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the plant Peganum harmala. It forms bitter, yellow salts.

Har•mat´tan (här•mat´tan), n. [F. harmattan, prob. of Arabic origin.] A dry, hot wind, prevailing on the Atlantic coast of Africa, in December, January, and February, blowing from the interior or Sahara. It is usually accompanied by a haze which obscures the sun.

Har´mel (här´mel), n. [Ar. harmal.] (Bot.) A kind of rue (Ruta sylvestris) growing in India. At Lahore the seeds are used medicinally and for fumigation.

Harm´ful (härm´ful), a. Full of harm; injurious; hurtful; mischievous. ´ Most harmful hazards.´ Strype. —Harm´ful•ly, adv. — Harm´ful•ness, n.

Har´mine (här´min or -men), n.[See Harmaline.] (Chem.) An alkaloid accompanying harmaline (in the Peganum harmala), and obtained from it by oxidation. It is a white crystalline substance.

Harm´less (härm´les), a. 1. Free from harm; unhurt; as to give bond to save another harmless. 2. Free from power or disposition to harm; innocent; inoffensive. ´ The harmless deer.´ Drayton Syn. — Innocent; innoxious; innocuous; inoffensive; unoffending; unhurt; uninjured; unharmed. —Harm´less•ly, adv.- Harm´less•ness, n.

Har•mon´ic (här•mon´ik), Har•mon´ic•al (-i•kal) a. [L. harmonicus Gr. ´armoniko•s cf. F. harmonique. See Harmony.] 1. Concordant Musical Consonant as harmonic sounds. “Harmonic twang! of leather horn and brass.” Pope. 2. (Mus.) Relating to harmony — as melodic relates to melody harmonious esp. relating to the accessory sounds or overtones which accompany the predominant and apparent single tone of any string or sonorous body. 3. (Math.) Having relations or properties bearing some resemblance to those of musical consonances — said of certain numbers ratios proportions points lines motions and the like. Harmonic interval (Mus.) the distance between two notes of a chord or two consonant notes. - - Harmonical mean (Arith. & Alg.) certain relations of numbers and quantities which bear an analogy to musical consonances. — Harmonic motion the motion of the point A of the foot of the perpendicular PA when P moves uniformly in the circumference of a circle and PA is drawn perpendicularly upon a fixed diameter of the circle. This is simple harmonic motion. The combinations in any way of two or more simple harmonic motions make other kinds of harmonic motion. The motion of the pendulum bob of a clock is approximately simple harmonic motion. — Harmonic proportion. See under Proportion. — Harmonic series or progression. See under Progression. — Spherical harmonic analysis a mathematical method sometimes referred to as that of Laplace’s Coefficients which has for its object the expression of an arbitrary periodic function of two independent variables in the proper form for a large class of physical problems involving arbitrary data over a spherical surface and the deduction of solutions for every point of space. The functions employed in this method are called spherical harmonic functions. Thomson & Tait. — Harmonic suture (Anat.) an articulation by simple apposition of comparatively smooth surfaces or edges as between the two superior maxillary bones in man — called also harmonia and harmony. — Harmonic triad (Mus.) the chord of a note with its third and fifth the common chord.

Har•mon´ic (här•mon´ik), n. (Mus.) A musical note produced by a number of vibrations which is a multiple of the number producing some other; an overtone. See Harmonics.

Har•mon´i•ca (-i•ka), n. [Fem. fr. L. harmonicus harmonic. See Harmonic, n. ] 1. A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones. 2. A toy instrument of strips of glass or metal hung on two tapes, and struck with hammers.

Har•mon´ic•al•ly (-i•kal•ly), adv. 1. In an harmonical manner; harmoniously. 2. In respect to harmony, as distinguished from melody; as a passage harmonically correct. 3. (Math.) In harmonical progression.

Har•mon´i•con (-i•kon), n. A small, flat, wind instrument of music, in which the notes are produced by the vibration of free metallic reeds.

Har•mon´ics (-iks), n. 1. The doctrine or science of musical sounds. 2. pl. (Mus.) Secondary and less distinct tones which accompany any principal, and apparently simple, tone, as the octave, the twelfth, the fifteenth, and the seventeenth. The name is also applied to the artificial tones produced by a string or column of air, when the impulse given to it suffices only to make a part of the string or column vibrate; overtones.

Har•mo´ni•ous (här•mo´ni•us), a. [Cf. F. harmonieux. See Harmony.] 1. Adapted to each other; having parts proportioned to each other; symmetrical. “God hath made the intellectual world harmonious and beautiful without us.” Locke. 2. Acting together to a common end; agreeing in action or feeling; living in peace and friendship; as an harmonious family. 3. Vocally or musically concordant; agreeably consonant; symphonious. — Har•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Har•mo´ni•ous•ness, n.

Har•mon´i•phon (här•mon´i•fon), n. [Gr. ´armoni•a harmony + fwnh• sound.] (Mus.) An obsolete wind instrument with a keyboard, in which the sound, which resembled the oboe, was produced by the vibration of thin metallic plates, acted upon by blowing through a tube.

Har´mo•nist (här´mo•nist), n. [Cf. F. harmoniste.] 1. One who shows the agreement or harmony of corresponding passages of different authors, as of the four evangelists. 2. (Mus.) One who understands the principles of harmony or is skillful in applying them in composition; a musical composer. { Har´mo•nist , Har´mo•nite (-nit), } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect, founded in Würtemburg in the last century, composed of followers of George Rapp, a weaver. They had all their property in common. In 1803, a portion of this sect settled in Pennsylvania and called the village thus established, Harmony.

Har•mo´ni•um (här•mo´ni•um), n. [NL. See Harmony. ] A musical instrument, resembling a small organ and especially designed for church music, in which the tones are produced by forcing air by means of a bellows so as to cause the vibration of free metallic reeds. It is now made with one or two keyboards, and has pedals and stops.

Har•mo•ni•za´tion (här•mo•ni•za´shun), n. The act of harmonizing.

Har´mo•nize (här´mo•niz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harmonized (- nizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harmonizing (- ni´zing).] [Cf. F. harmoniser. ] 1. To agree in action, adaptation, or effect on the mind; to agree in sense or purport; as the parts of a mechanism harmonize. 2. To be in peace and friendship, as individuals, families, or public organizations. 3. To agree in vocal or musical effect; to form a concord; as the tones harmonize perfectly.

Har´mo•nize, v. t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions; to cause to agree; to show the agreement of; to reconcile the apparent contradiction of. 2. (Mus.) To accompany with harmony; to provide with parts, as an air, or melody.

Har´mo•ni•zer (-ni•zer), n. One who harmonizes.

Har•mo•nom´e•ter (-nom´e•ter), n. [Gr. ´armoni•a harmony + meter: cf. F. harmonomètre.] An instrument for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. It is often a monochord furnished with movable bridges.

Har´mo•ny (här´mo•ny), n.; pl. Harmonies (- niz). [ F. harmonie, L. harmonia, Gr. ´armoni•a joint, proportion, concord, fr. ´armo•s a fitting or joining. See Article.] 1. The just adaptation of parts to each other, in any system or combination of things, or in things intended to form a connected whole; such an agreement between the different parts of a design or composition as to produce unity of effect; as the harmony of the universe. 2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc.; good correspondence; peace and friendship; as good citizens live in harmony. 3. A literary work which brings together or arranges systematically parallel passages of historians respecting the same events, and shows their agreement or consistency; as a harmony of the Gospels. 4. (Mus.) (a) A succession of chords according to the rules of progression and modulation. (b) The science which treats of their construction and progression. “Ten thousand harps, that tuned
Angelic harmonies.” Milton. 5. (Anat.) See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic. Close harmony, Dispersed harmony, etc. See under Close, Dispersed, etc. — Harmony of the spheres. See Music of the spheres, under Music. Syn. — Harmony, Melody. Harmony results from the concord of two or more strains or sounds which differ in pitch and quality. Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single verse or strain.

Har´most (här´most), n. [Gr. ´armosth•s, fr. ´armo•zein to join, arrange, command: cf. F. harmoste. See Harmony.] (Gr. Antiq.) A city governor or prefect appointed by the Spartans in the cities subjugated by them.

Har´mo•tome (-mo•tom), n. [Gr. ´armo•s a joint + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. harmotome.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta, occurring usually in white cruciform crystals; cross- stone. A related mineral, called lime harmotome, and Phillipsite, contains lime in place of baryta. Dana.

Har´ness (-nes), n. [OE. harneis, harnes, OF. harneis, F. harnais, harnois; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. harnez old iron, armor, W. haiarn iron, Armor. houarn, Ir. iarann, Gael. iarunn. Cf. Iron.] 1. Originally, the complete dress, especially in a military sense, of a man or a horse; hence, in general, armor. “At least we’ll die with harness on our back.” Shak. 2. The equipment of a draught or carriage horse, for drawing a wagon, coach, chaise, etc.; gear; tackling. 3. The part of a loom comprising the heddles, with their means of support and motion, by which the threads of the warp are alternately raised and depressed for the passage of the shuttle. To die in harness, to die with armor on; hence, colloquially, to die while actively engaged in work or duty.

Har´ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harnessed (-nest); p. pr. & vb. n. Harnessing.] [OE. harneisen; cf. F. harnacher, OF. harneschier.] 1. To dress in armor; to equip with armor for war, as a horseman; to array. “Harnessed in rugged steel.” Rowe. “A gay dagger,
Harnessed well and sharp as point of spear.” Chaucer. 2. Fig.: To equip or furnish for defense. Dr. H. More. 3. To make ready for draught; to equip with harness, as a horse. Also used figuratively. “Harnessed to some regular profession.” J. C. Shairp. Harnessed antelope. (Zoöl.) See Guib. — Harnessed moth (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Arctia phalerata of Harris), having, on the fore wings, stripes and bands of buff on a black ground.

Har´ness cask (kask•). (Naut.) A tub lashed to a vessel’s deck and containing salted provisions for daily use; — called also harness tub. W. C. Russell.

Har´ness•er (-er), n. One who harnesses.

Harns (härnz), n. pl. [Akin to Icel. hjarni, Dan. hierne.] The brains. [Scot.]

Harp (härp), n. [OE. harpe, AS. hearpe; akin to D. harp, G. harfe, OHG. harpha, Dan. harpe, Icel. & Sw. harpa.] 1. A musical instrument consisting of a triangular frame furnished with strings and sometimes with pedals, held upright, and played with the fingers. 2. (Astron.) A constellation; Lyra, or the Lyre. 3. A grain sieve. [Scot.] AEolian harp. See under AEolian. Harp seal (Zoöl.), an arctic seal (Phoca Grœnlandica). The adult males have a light- colored body, with a harp-shaped mark of black on each side, and the face and throat black. Called also saddler, and saddleback. The immature ones are called bluesides. — Harp shell (Zoöl.), a beautiful marine gastropod shell of the genus Harpa, of several species, found in tropical seas. See Harpa.

Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harped (härpt) p. pr. & vb. n. Harping.] [AS. hearpian. See Harp, n.] 1. To play on the harp. “I heard the voice of harpers, harping with their harps.” Rev. xiv. 2. 2. To dwell on or recur to a subject tediously or monotonously in speaking or in writing; to refer to something repeatedly or continually; — usually with on or upon. ´Harpings upon old themes.´ W. Irving. “Harping on what I am,
Not what he knew I was.” Shak. To harp on one string, to dwell upon one subject with disagreeable or wearisome persistence. [Colloq.]

Harp, v. t. To play on, as a harp; to play (a tune) on the harp; to develop or give expression to by skill and art; to sound forth as from a harp; to hit upon. “Thou ’st harped my fear aright.” Shak.

Har´pa (här´pa), n. [L., harp.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine univalve shells; the harp shells; — so called from the form of the shells, and their ornamental ribs.

Har´pa•gon (-gon), n. [L. harpago, Gr. ´arpa•gh hook, rake.] A grappling iron. [Obs.]

Harp´er (härp´er), n. [AS. hearpere.] 1. A player on the harp; a minstrel. “The murmuring pines and the hemlocks …
Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms.” Longfellow. 2. A brass coin bearing the emblem of a harp, — formerly current in Ireland. B. Jonson.

Harp´ing (härp´ing), a. Pertaining to the harp; as harping symphonies. Milton.

Harp´ing i•ron (i•urn). [F. harper to grasp strongly. See Harpoon.] A harpoon. Evelyn.

Harp´ings (-ingz), n. pl. (Naut.) The fore parts of the wales, which encompass the bow of a vessel, and are fastened to the stem. [Written also harpins.] Totten.

Harp´ist, n. [Cf. F. harpiste.] A player on the harp; a harper. W. Browne.

Har•poon´ (här•poon´), n. [F. harpon, LL. harpo, perh. of Ger. origin, fr. the harp; cf. F. harper to take and grasp strongly, harpe a dog’s claw, harpin boathook (the sense of hook coming from the shape of the harp); but cf. also Gr. ´a•rph the kite, sickle, and E. harpy. Cf. Harp.] A spear or javelin used to strike and kill large fish, as whales; a harping iron. It consists of a long shank, with a broad, fiat, triangular head, sharpened at both edges, and is thrown by hand, or discharged from a gun. Harpoon fork, a kind of hayfork, consisting of bar with hinged barbs at one end and a loop for a rope at the other end, used for lifting hay from the load by horse power. — Harpoon gun, a gun used in the whale fishery for shooting the harpoon into a whale.

Har•poon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harpooned (-poond´); p. pr. & vb. n. Harpooning.] To strike, catch, or kill with a harpoon.

Har•poon•eer´ (här•poon•er´), n. An harpooner. Crabb.

Har•poon´er (här•poon´er), n. [Cf. F. harponneur.] One who throws the harpoon.

Harp´ress (härp´res), n. A female harper. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Harp´si•chon (härp´si•kon), n. A harpsichord. [Obs.]

Harp´si•chord (-kôrd), n. [OF. harpechorde, in which the harpe is of German origin. See Harp, and Chord.] (Mus.) A harp-shaped instrument of music set horizontally on legs, like the grand piano, with strings of wire, played by the fingers, by means of keys provided with quills, instead of hammers, for striking the strings. It is now superseded by the piano.

Har´py (här´py), n.; pl. Harpies (-piz). [F. harpie, L. harpyia, Gr. ´a•rpyia, from the root of ´arpa•zein to snatch, to seize. Cf. Rapacious.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A fabulous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having the face of a woman and the body of a vulture, with long claws, and the face pale with hunger. Some writers mention two, others three. “Both table and provisions vanished quite.
With sound of harpies’ wings and talons heard.” Milton. 2. One who is rapacious or ravenous; an extortioner. “The harpies about all pocket the pool.” Goldsmith. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The European moor buzzard or marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus). (b) A large and powerful, double-crested, short-winged American eagle (Thrasaëtus harpyia). It ranges from Texas to Brazil. Harpy bat (Zoöl.) (a) An East Indian fruit bat of the genus Harpyia (esp. H. cephalotes), having prominent, tubular nostrils. (b) A small, insectivorous Indian bat (Harpiocephalus harpia). — Harpy fly (Zoöl.), the house fly. { Har´que•bus , Har´que•buse } (här´kwe•bus), n. [See Arquebus.] A firearm with match holder, trigger, and tumbler, made in the second half of the 15th century. The barrel was about forty inches long. A form of the harquebus was subsequently called arquebus with matchlock.

Har´rage (har´raj; 48) v. t. [See Harry.] To harass; to plunder from. [Obs.] Fuller.

Har´re (här´re), n. [OE., fr. AS. heorr, híor.] A hinge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Har´ri•dan (har´ri•dan), n. [F. haridelle a worn-out horse, jade.] A worn-out strumpet; a vixenish woman; a hag. “Such a weak, watery, wicked old harridan, substituted for the pretty creature I had been used to see.” De Quincey.

Har´ri•er (-er), n. [From Hare, n.] (Zoöl.) One of a small breed of hounds, used for hunting hares. [Written also harier.]

Har´ri•er, n. [From Harry.] 1. One who harries. 2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of hawks or buzzards of the genus Circus which fly low and harry small animals or birds, — as the European marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), and the hen harrier (C. cyaneus). Harrier hawk(Zoöl.), one of several species of American hawks of the genus Micrastur.

Har´row (har´ro), n. [OE. harowe, harwe, AS. hearge; cf. D. hark rake, G. harke, Icel. herfi harrow, Dan. harve, Sw. harf. rad.16.] 1. An implement of agriculture, usually formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other, and set with iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, to stir the soil and make it fine, or to cover seed when sown. 2. (Mil.) An obstacle formed by turning an ordinary harrow upside down, the frame being buried. Bush harrow, a kind of light harrow made of bushes, for harrowing grass lands and covering seeds, or to finish the work of a toothed harrow. — Drill harrow. See under 6th Drill. — Under the harrow, subjected to actual torture with a toothed instrument, or to great affliction or oppression.

Har´row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harrowed (-rod); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrowing.] [OE. harowen, harwen; cf. Dan. harve. See Harrow, n.] 1. To draw a harrow over, as for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed; as to harrow land. “Will he harrow the valleys after thee?” Job xxxix. 10. 2. To break or tear, as with a harrow; to wound; to lacerate; to torment or distress; to vex. “My aged muscles harrowed up with whips.” Rowe. “I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word
Would harrow up thy soul.” Shak.

Har´row, interj. [OF. harau, haro; fr. OHG. hara, hera, herot, or fr. OS. herod hither, akin to E. here.] Help! Halloo! An exclamation of distress; a call for succor; — the ancient Norman hue and cry. ´Harrow and well away!´ Spenser. “Harrow! alas! here lies my fellow slain.” Chaucer.

Har´row, v. t. [See Harry.] To pillage; to harry; to oppress. [Obs.] Spenser. “Meaning thereby to harrow his people.” Bacon

Har´row•er (-er), n. One who harrows.

Har´row•er, n. One who harries. [Obs.]

Har´ry (-ry), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harried (-rid); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrying.] [OE. harwen, herien, her&yogh;ien, AS. hergian to act as an army, to ravage, plunder, fr. here army; akin to G. heer, Icel. herr, Goth. harjis, and Lith. karas war. Cf. Harbor, Herald, Heriot.] 1. To strip; to pillage; to lay waste; as the Northmen came several times and harried the land. “To harry this beautiful region.” W. Irving. “A red squirrel had harried the nest of a wood thrush.” J. Burroughs. 2. To agitate; to worry; to harrow; to harass. Shak. Syn. — To ravage; plunder; pillage; lay waste; vex; tease; worry; annoy; harass.

Har´ry, v. i. To make a predatory incursion; to plunder or lay waste. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Harsh (härsh), a. [Compar. Harsher (-er); superl. Harshest.] [OE. harsk; akin to G. harsch, Dan. harsk rancid, Sw. härsk; from the same source as E. hard. See Hard, a.] 1. Rough; disagreeable; grating; esp.: (a) To the touch. ´Harsh sand.´ Boyle. (b) To the taste. ´Berries harsh and crude.´ Milton. (c) To the ear. ´Harsh din.´ Milton. 2. Unpleasant and repulsive to the sensibilities; austere; crabbed; morose; abusive; abusive; severe; rough. “Clarence is so harsh, so blunt.” Shak. “Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charmed.” Dryden. 3. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) Having violent contrasts of color, or of light and shade; lacking in harmony.

Harsh´ly, adv. In a harsh manner; gratingly; roughly; rudely. “’T will sound harshly in her ears.” Shak.

Harsh´ness, n. The quality or state of being harsh. “O, she is
Ten times more gentle than her father’s crabbed,
And he’s composed of harshness.” Shak. “’Tis not enough no harshness gives offense,
The sound must seem an echo to the sense.” Pope. Syn. — Acrimony; roughness; sternness; asperity; tartness. See Acrimony.

Hars´let (härs´let), n. See Haslet.

Hart (härt), n. [OE. hart, hert, heort, AS. heort, heorot; akin to D. hert, OHG. hiruz, hirz, G. hirsch, Icel. hjörtr, Dan. & Sw. hjort, L. cervus, and prob. to Gr. kerao•s horned, ke•ras horn. rad.230. See Horn.] (Zoöl.) A stag; the male of the red deer. See the Note under Buck. “Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind.” Milton.

Hart´beest (-best•), n. [D. hertebeest. See Hart, and Beast.] (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Alcelaphus caama), formerly much more abundant than it is now. The face and legs are marked with black, the rump with white. [Written also hartebeest, and hartebest.]

Hart´en (-’n), v. t. To hearten; to encourage; to incite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hart´ford (härt´ferd), n. The Hartford grape, a variety of grape first raised at Hartford, Connecticut, from the Northern fox grape. Its large dark-colored berries ripen earlier than those of most other kinds.

Hart’s´ clo•ver (härts´ klo•ver). (Bot.) Melilot or sweet clover. See Melilot.

Hart’s´-ear (-er•), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic species of Cacalia (C. Kleinia), used medicinally in India.

Harts´horn (-hôrn•), n. 1. The horn or antler of the hart, or male red deer. 2. Spirits of hartshorn (see below); volatile salts. Hartshorn plantain (Bot.), an annual species of plantain (Plantago Coronopus); — called also buck’s-horn. Booth. — Hartshorn shavings, originally taken from the horns of harts, are now obtained chiefly by planing down the bones of calves. They afford a kind of jelly. Hebert. — Salt of hartshorn (Chem.), an impure solid carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the destructive distillation of hartshorn, or any kind of bone; volatile salts. Brande & C. — Spirits of hartshorn (Chem.), a solution of ammonia in water; — so called because formerly obtained from hartshorn shavings by destructive distillation. Similar ammoniacal solutions from other sources have received the same name.

Hart’s´-tongue (härts´tung•), n. (Bot.) (a) A common British fern (Scolopendrium vulgare), rare in America. (b) A West Indian fern, the Polypodium Phyllitidis of Linnaeus. It is also found in Florida.

Hart´wort (härt´wûrt•), n. (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (Tordylium maximum). The name is often vaguely given to other plants of the same order, as species of Seseli and Bupleurum.

Har´um-scar´um (hâr´um•skâr´um), a. [Cf. hare,v. t., and scare, v. t.] Wild; giddy; flighty; rash; thoughtless. [Colloq.] “They had a quarrel with Sir Thomas Newcome’s own son, a harum-scarum lad.” Thackeray.

Ha•rus•pi•ca´tion (ha•rus•pi•ka´shun), n. See Haruspicy. Tylor.

Ha•rus´pice (ha•rus´pis), n. [F., fr. L. haruspex.] A diviner of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspice.

Ha•rus´pi•cy (-pi•sy), n. The art or practices of haruspices. See Aruspicy.

Har´vest (här´vest), n. [OE. harvest, hervest, AS. haerfest autumn; akin to LG. harfst, D. herfst, OHG. herbist, G. herbst, and prob. to L. carpere to pluck, Gr. karpo•s fruit. Cf. Carpet.] 1. The gathering of a crop of any kind; the ingathering of the crops; also the season of gathering grain and fruits, late summer or early autumn. “Seedtime and harvest … shall not cease.” Gen. viii. 22. “At harvest, when corn is ripe.” Tyndale. 2. That which is reaped or ready to be reaped or gathered; a crop, as of grain (wheat, maize, etc.), or fruit. “Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe.” Joel iii. 13. “To glean the broken ears after the man
That the main harvest reaps.” Shak. 3. The product or result of any exertion or labor; gain; reward. “The pope’s principal harvest was in the jubilee.” Fuller. “The harvest of a quiet eye.” Wordsworth. Harvest fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of the Southern United States (Stromateus alepidotus); — called whiting in Virginia. Also applied to the dollar fish. — Harvest fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect of the genus Cicada, often called locust. See Cicada. — Harvest lord, the head reaper at a harvest. [Obs.] Tusser. — Harvest mite (Zoöl.), a minute European mite (Leptus autumnalis), of a bright crimson color, which is troublesome by penetrating the skin of man and domestic animals; — called also harvest louse, and harvest bug. — Harvest moon, the moon near the full at the time of harvest in England, or about the autumnal equinox, when, by reason of the small angle that is made by the moon’s orbit with the horizon, it rises nearly at the same hour for several days. — Harvest mouse (Zoöl.), a very small European field mouse (Mus minutus). It builds a globular nest on the stems of wheat and other plants. — Harvest queen, an image representing Ceres, formerly carried about on the last day of harvest. Milton. — Harvest spider. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs.

Har´vest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harvested; p. pr. & vb. n. Harvesting.] To reap or gather, as any crop.

Har´vest•er (-er), n. 1. One who harvests; a machine for cutting and gathering grain; a reaper. 2. (Zoöl.) A harvesting ant.

Har´vest-home´ (-hom), n. 1. The gathering and bringing home of the harvest; the time of harvest. “Showed like a stubble land at harvest- home.” Shak. 2. The song sung by reapers at the feast made at the close of the harvest; the feast itself. Dryden. 3. A service of thanksgiving, at harvest time, in the Church of England and in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. 4. The opportunity of gathering treasure. Shak.

Har´vest•ing, a. & n., from Harvest, v. t. Harvesting ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gathers and stores up seeds for food. Many species are known. The species found in Southern Europe and Palestine are Aphenogaster structor and A. barbara; that of Texas called agricultural ant, is Pogonomyrmex barbatus or Myrmica molifaciens; that of Florida is P. crudelis. See Agricultural ant, under Agricultural.

Har´vest•less, a. Without harvest; lacking in crops; barren. ´Harvestless autumns.´ Tennyson.

Har´vest•man (-man), n.; pl. Harvestmen (-men). 1. A man engaged in harvesting. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs, 1.

Har´vest•ry (-ry), n. The act of harvesting; also that which is harvested. Swinburne.

Har´y (har´y), v. t. [Cf. OF. harier to harass, or E. harry, v. t.] To draw; to drag; to carry off by violence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Has (haz), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have.

Has´ard (-erd), n. Hazard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hase (haz), v. t. [Obs.] See Haze, v. t.

Hash (hash), n. [Formerly hachey, hachee, F. hachis, fr. hacher to hash; of German origin; cf. G. hippe sickle, OHG. hippa, for happia. Cf. Hatchet.] 1. That which is hashed or chopped up; meat and vegetables, especially such as have been already cooked, chopped into small pieces and mixed. 2. A new mixture of old matter; a second preparation or exhibition. “I can not bear elections, and still less the hash of them over again in a first session.” Walpole.

Hash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hashed (hasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Hashing.] [From Hash, n.: cf. F. hacher to hash.] To chop into small pieces; to mince and mix; as to hash meat. Hudibras. { Hash´eesh Hash´ish } (hash´esh), n. [Ar. hashish.] A slightly acrid gum resin produced by the common hemp (Cannabis sativa), of the variety Indica, when cultivated in a warm climate; also the tops of the plant, from which the resinous product is obtained. It is narcotic, and has long been used in the East for its intoxicating effect. See Bhang, and Ganja.

Hask (hask), n. [See Hassock.] A basket made of rushes or flags, as for carrying fish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Has´let (has´let), n. [F. hâtelettes broil, for hastelettes, fr. F. haste spit; cf. L. hasta spear, and also OHG. harst gridiron.] The edible viscera, as the heart, liver, etc., of a beast, esp. of a hog. [Written also harslet.]

Hasp (hasp), n. [OE. hasp, hesp, AS. haepse; akin to G. haspe, häspe, Sw. & Dan. haspe, Icel. hespa.] 1. A clasp, especially a metal strap permanently fast at one end to a staple or pin, while the other passes over a staple, and is fastened by a padlock or a pin; also a metallic hook for fastening a door. 2. A spindle to wind yarn, thread, or silk on. 3. An instrument for cutting the surface of grass land; a scarifier.

Hasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hasped (haspt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hasping.] [AS. haepsian.] To shut or fasten with a hasp.

Has´sock (has´suk), n. [Scot. hassock, hassik, a besom, anything bushy, a large, round turf used as a seat, OE. hassok sedgy ground, W. hesgog sedgy, hesg sedge, rushes; cf. Ir. seisg, and E. sedge.] 1. A rank tuft of bog grass; a tussock. Forby. 2. A small stuffed cushion or footstool, for kneeling on in church, or for home use. “And knees and hassocks are well nigh divorced.” Cowper.

Hast (hast), 2d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contr. of havest. [Archaic] { Has´tate (has´tat), Has´ta•ted(- ta•ted), } a. [L. hastatus, fr. hasta spear. Cf. Gad, n.] Shaped like the head of a halberd; triangular, with the basal angles or lobes spreading; as a hastate leaf.

Haste (hast), n. [OE. hast; akin to D. haast, G., Dan., Sw., & OFries. hast, cf. OF. haste, F. hâte (of German origin); all perh. fr. the root of E. hate in a earlier sense of, to pursue. See Hate.] 1. Celerity of motion; speed; swiftness; dispatch; expedition; — applied only to voluntary beings, as men and other animals. “The king’s business required haste.” 1 Sam. xxi. 8. 2. The state of being urged or pressed by business; hurry; urgency; sudden excitement of feeling or passion; precipitance; vehemence. “I said in my haste, All men are liars.” Ps. cxvi. 11. To make haste, to hasten. Syn. — Speed; quickness; nimbleness; swiftness; expedition; dispatch; hurry; precipitance; vehemence; precipitation. — Haste, Hurry, Speed, Dispatch. Haste denotes quickness of action and a strong desire for getting on; hurry includes a confusion and want of collected thought not implied in haste; speed denotes the actual progress which is made; dispatch, the promptitude and rapidity with which things are done. A man may properly be in haste, but never in a hurry. Speed usually secures dispatch.

Haste, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hasting.] [OE. hasten; akin to G. hasten, D. haasten, Dan. haste, Sw. hasta, OF. haster, F. hâter. See Haste, n.] To hasten; to hurry. [Archaic] “I ’ll haste the writer.” Shak. “They were troubled and hasted away.” Ps. xlviii. 5.

Has´ten (has´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hastened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hastening (-’n•ing).] To press; to drive or urge forward; to push on; to precipitate; to accelerate the movement of; to expedite; to hurry. “I would hasten my escape from the windy storm.” Ps. lv. 8.

Has´ten, v. i. To move with celerity; to be rapid in motion; to act speedily or quickly; to go quickly. “I hastened to the spot whence the noise came.” De Foe.

Has´ten•er (-er), n. 1. One who hastens. 2. That which hastens; especially, a stand or reflector used for confining the heat of the fire to meat while roasting before it.

Has´tif (has´tif), a. [OF. See Hastive.] Hasty. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Has´tif•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Has´tile (has´til or -til), a. [L. hasta a spear.] (Bot.) Same as Hastate. Gray.

Has´ti•ly (has´ti•ly), adv. [From Hasty.] 1. In haste; with speed or quickness; speedily; nimbly. 2. Without due reflection; precipitately; rashly. “We hastily engaged in the war.” Swift. 3. Passionately; impatiently. Shak.

Has´ti•ness, n. The quality or state of being hasty; haste; precipitation; rashness; quickness of temper.

Has´tings (-tingz), n. pl. [From Haste, v.] Early fruit or vegetables; especially, early pease. Mortimer.

Has´tings sands (sandz•). (Geol.) The lower group of the Wealden formation; — so called from its development around Hastings, in Sussex, England.

Has´tive (-tiv), a. [OF. hastif. See Haste, n., and cf. Hastif.] Forward; early; — said of fruits. [Obs.]

Has´ty (has´ty), a. [Compar. Hastier (-ti•er); superl. Hastiest.] [Akin to D. haastig, G., Sw., & Dan. hastig. See Haste, n.] 1. Involving haste; done, made, etc., in haste; as a hasty retreat; a hasty sketch. 2. Demanding haste or immediate action. [R.] Chaucer. ´Hasty employment.´ Shak. 3. Moving or acting with haste or in a hurry; hurrying; hence, acting without deliberation; precipitate; rash; easily excited; eager. “Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? There is more hope of a fool than of him.” Prov. xxix. 20. “The hasty multitude
Admiring entered.” Milton. “Be not hasty to go out of his sight.” Eccl. viii. 3. 4. Made or reached without deliberation or due caution; as a hasty conjecture, inference, conclusion, etc., a hasty resolution. 5. Proceeding from, or indicating, a quick temper. “Take no unkindness of his hasty words.” Shak. 6. Forward; early; first ripe. [Obs.] ´As the hasty fruit before the summer.´ Is. xxviii. 4.

Has´ty pud´ding (has´ty pud´ding). 1. A thick batter pudding made of Indian meal stirred into boiling water; mush. [U. S.] 2. A batter or pudding made of flour or oatmeal, stirred into boiling water or milk. [Eng.]

Hat (hät), a. Hot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hat, sing. pres. of Hote to be called. Cf. Hatte. [Obs.] ´That one hat abstinence.´ Piers Plowman.

Hat (hat), n. [AS. haet, haett; akin to Dan. hat, Sw. hatt, Icel. hattr a hat, höttr hood, D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, and prob. to L. cassis helmet. rad.13. Cf. Hood.] A covering for the head; esp., one with a crown and brim, made of various materials, and worn by men or women for protecting the head from the sun or weather, or for ornament. Hat block, a block on which hats are formed or dressed. — To pass around the hat, to take up a collection of voluntary contributions, which are often received in a hat. [Colloq.] Lowell.

Hat´a•ble (hat´a•b’l), a. [From Hate.] Capable of being, or deserving to be, hated; odious; detestable.

Hat´band (hat´band•), n. A band round the crown of a hat; sometimes, a band of black cloth, crape, etc., worn as a badge of mourning.

Hat´box (-boks•), n. A box for a hat.

Hatch (hach), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatched (hacht); p. pr. & vb. n. Hatching.] [F. hacher to chop, hack. See Hash.] 1. To cross with lines in a peculiar manner in drawing and engraving. See Hatching. “Shall win this sword, silvered and hatched.” Chapman. “Those hatching strokes of the pencil.” Dryden. 2. To cross; to spot; to stain; to steep. [Obs.] “His weapon hatched in blood.” Beau. & Fl.

Hatch, v. t. [OE. hacchen, hetchen; akin to G. hecken, Dan. hekke; cf. MHG. hagen bull; perh. akin to E. hatch a half door, and orig. meaning, to produce under a hatch. rad.12.] 1. To produce, as young, from an egg or eggs by incubation, or by artificial heat; to produce young from (eggs); as the young when hatched. Paley. “As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not.” Jer. xvii. 11. “For the hens do not sit upon the eggs; but by keeping them in a certain equal heat they [the husbandmen] bring life into them and hatch them.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 2. To contrive or plot; to form by meditation, and bring into being; to originate and produce; to concoct; as to hatch mischief; to hatch heresy. Hooker. “Fancies hatched
In silken-folded idleness.” Tennyson.

Hatch, v. i. To produce young; — said of eggs; to come forth from the egg; — said of the young of birds, fishes, insects, etc.

Hatch, n. 1. The act of hatching. 2. Development; disclosure; discovery. Shak. 3. The chickens produced at once or by one incubation; a brood.

Hatch, n. [OE. hacche, AS. haec, cf. haca the bar of a door, D. hek gate, Sw. häck coop, rack, Dan. hekke manger, rack. Prob. akin to E. hook, and first used of something made of pieces fastened together. Cf. Heck, Hack a frame.] 1. A door with an opening over it; a half door, sometimes set with spikes on the upper edge. “In at the window, or else o’er the hatch.” Shak. 2. A frame or weir in a river, for catching fish. 3. A flood gate; a sluice gate. Ainsworth. 4. A bedstead. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. 5. An opening in the deck of a vessel or floor of a warehouse which serves as a passageway or hoistway; a hatchway; also; a cover or door, or one of the covers used in closing such an opening. 6. (Mining) An opening into, or in search of, a mine. Booby hatch, Buttery hatch, Companion hatch, etc. See under Booby, Buttery, etc. — To batten down the hatches (Naut.), to lay tarpaulins over them, and secure them with battens. — To be under hatches, to be confined below in a vessel; to be under arrest, or in slavery, distress, etc.

Hatch, v. t. To close with a hatch or hatches. “’T were not amiss to keep our door hatched.” Shak.

Hatch´-boat (hach´bot•), n. (Naut.) A vessel whose deck consists almost wholly of movable hatches; — used mostly in the fisheries.

Hatch´el (-el; 277), n. [OE. hechele, hekele; akin to D. hekel, G. hechel, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla, and prob. to E. hook. See Hook, and cf. Hackle, Heckle.] An instrument with long iron teeth set in a board, for cleansing flax or hemp from the tow, hards, or coarse part; a kind of large comb; — called also hackle and heckle.

Hatch´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatcheled or Hatchelled (-eld); p. pr. & vb. n. Hatcheling or Hatchelling.] [OE. hechelen, hekelen; akin to D. hekelen, G. hecheln, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla. See Hatchel, n.] 1. To draw through the teeth of a hatchel, as flax or hemp, so as to separate the coarse and refuse parts from the fine, fibrous parts. 2. To tease; to worry; to torment. [Colloq.]

Hatch´el•er (-er), n. One who uses a hatchel.

Hatch´er (-er), n. 1. One who hatches, or that which hatches; a hatching apparatus; an incubator. 2. One who contrives or originates; a plotter. “A great hatcher and breeder of business.” Swift.

Hatch´er•y (-y), n. A house for hatching fish, etc.

Hatch´et (-et), n. [F. hachette, dim. of hache ax. See 1st Hatch, Hash.] 1. A small ax with a short handle, to be used with one hand. 2. Specifically, a tomahawk. “Buried was the bloody hatchet.” Longfellow. Hatchet face, a thin, sharp face, like the edge of a hatchet; hence: Hatchet-faced, sharp-visaged. Dryden. — To bury the hatchet, to make peace or become reconciled. — To take up the hatchet, to make or declare war. The last two phrases are derived from the practice of the American Indians. { Hatch´et•tine (hach´et•tin), Hatch´et•tite (-tit), } n. [Named after the discoverer, Charles Hatchett.] (Min.) Mineral tallow; a waxy or spermaceti-like substance, commonly of a greenish yellow color.

Hatch´ing, n. [See 1st Hatch.] A mode of execution in engraving, drawing, and miniature painting, in which shading is produced by lines crossing each other at angles more or less acute; — called also crosshatching.

Hatch´ment (-ment), n. [Corrupt. fr. achievement.] 1. (Her.) A sort of panel, upon which the arms of a deceased person are temporarily displayed, — usually on the walls of his dwelling. It is lozenge-shaped or square, but is hung cornerwise. It is used in England as a means of giving public notification of the death of the deceased, his or her rank, whether married, widower, widow, etc. Called also achievement. “His obscure funeral;
No trophy, sword, or hatchment o’er his bones.” Shak. 2. A sword or other mark of the profession of arms; in general, a mark of dignity. “Let there be deducted, out of our main potation,
Five marks in hatchments to adorn this thigh.” Beau. & Fl.

Hatch´ure (-ur; 135), n. Same as Hachure.

Hatch´way (-wa•), n. A square or oblong opening in a deck or floor, affording passage from one deck or story to another; the entrance to a cellar.

Hate (hat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hating.] [OE. haten, hatien, AS. hatian; akin to OS. hatan, haton to be hostile to, D. haten to hate, OHG. hazzen, hazzon, G. hassen, Icel. & Sw. hata, Dan. hade, Goth. hatan, hatjan. rad.36. Cf. Hate, n., Heinous.] 1. To have a great aversion to, with a strong desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; to dislike intensely; to detest; as to hate one’s enemies; to hate hypocrisy. “Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer.” 1 John iii. 15. 2. To be very unwilling; followed by an infinitive, or a substantive clause with that; as to hate to get into debt; to hate that anything should be wasted. “I hate that he should linger here.” Tennyson. 3. (Script.) To love less, relatively. Luke xiv. 26. Syn. — To Hate, Abhor, Detest, Abominate, Loathe. Hate is the generic word, and implies that one is inflamed with extreme dislike. We abhor what is deeply repugnant to our sensibilities or feelings. We detest what contradicts so utterly our principles and moral sentiments that we feel bound to lift up our voice against it. What we abominate does equal violence to our moral and religious sentiments. What we loathe is offensive to our own nature, and excites unmingled disgust. Our Savior is said to have hated the deeds of the Nicolaitanes; his language shows that he loathed the lukewarmness of the Laodiceans; he detested the hypocrisy of the scribes and Pharisees; he abhorred the suggestions of the tempter in the wilderness.

Hate, n. [OE. hate, hete, AS. hete; akin to D. haat, G. hass, Icel. hatr, SW. hat, Dan. had, Goth. hatis. Cf. Hate, v.] Strong aversion coupled with desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; as exercised toward things, intense dislike; hatred; detestation; — opposed to love. “For in a wink the false love turns to hate.” Tennyson.

Hate´ful (-ful), a. 1. Manifesting hate or hatred; malignant; malevolent. [Archaic or R.] “And worse than death, to view with hateful eyes
His rival’s conquest.” Dryden. 2. Exciting or deserving great dislike, aversion, or disgust; odious. “Unhappy, wretched, hateful day!” Shak. Syn. — Odious; detestable; abominable; execrable; loathsome; abhorrent; repugnant; malevolent. — Hate´ful•ly, adv. — Hate´ful•ness, n.

Hat´el (hat´el), a. Hateful; detestable. [Obs.]

Hat´er (hat´er), n. One who hates. “An enemy to God, and a hater of all good.” Sir T. Browne.

Hath (hath), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contracted from haveth. Has. [Archaic]

Hat´less (hat´les), a. Having no hat.

Hat´rack (hat´rak•), n. A hatstand; hattree.

Ha´tred (ha´tred), n. [OE. hatred, hatreden. See Hate, and cf. Kindred.] Strong aversion; intense dislike; hate; an affection of the mind awakened by something regarded as evil. Syn. — Odium; ill will; enmity; hate; animosity; malevolence; rancor; malignity; detestation; loathing; abhorrence; repugnance; antipathy. See Odium.

Hat´stand (hat´stand•), n. A stand of wood or iron, with hooks or pegs upon which to hang hats, etc.

Hat´te (hät´te), pres. & imp. sing. & pl. of Hote, to be called. See Hote. [Obs.] Chaucer. “A full perilous place, purgatory it hatte.” Piers Plowman.

Hat´ted (hat´ted), a. Covered with a hat.

Hat´ter (-ter), v. t. [Prov. E., to entangle; cf. LG. verhaddern, verheddern, verhiddern.] To tire or worry; — with out. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hat´ter, n. One who makes or sells hats.

Hat•te´ri•a (hat•te´ri•a), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand lizard, which, in anatomical character, differs widely from all other existing lizards. It is the only living representative of the order Rhynchocephala, of which many Mesozoic fossil species are known; — called also Sphenodon, and Tuatera. See Rhynchocephala.

Hat´ting (hat´ting), n. The business of making hats; also stuff for hats.

Hat´ti-sher•if (hat´ti•sher•if or hät´te•sha•ref´), n. [Turk., fr. Ar. khatt a writing + sherif noble.] A irrevocable Turkish decree countersigned by the sultan.

Hat´tree (hat´tre•), n. A hatstand.

Hau•ber´ge•on (ha•ber´je•on), n. See Habergeon.

Hau´berk (ha´berk), n. [OF. hauberc, halberc, F. haubert, OHG. halsberc; hals neck + bergan to protect, G. bergen; akin to AS. healsbeorg, Icel. halsbjörg. See Collar, and Bury, v. t.] A coat of mail; especially, the long coat of mail of the European Middle Ages, as contrasted with the habergeon, which is shorter and sometimes sleeveless. By old writers it is often used synonymously with habergeon. See Habergeon. [Written variously hauberg, hauberque, hawberk, etc.] Chaucer. “Helm, nor hawberk’s twisted mail.” Gray.

Hau´er•ite (ha´er•it), n. [Named after Von Hauer, of Vienna.] (Min.) Native sulphide of manganese, a reddish brown or brownish black mineral.

Haugh (ha), n. [See Haw a hedge.] A low-lying meadow by the side of a river. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “On a haugh or level plain, near to a royal borough.” Sir W. Scott.

Haught (hat), a. [See Haughty.] High; elevated; hence, haughty; proud. [Obs.] Shak.

Haugh´ti•ly (ha´ti•ly), adv. [From Haughty.] In a haughty manner; arrogantly.

Haugh´ti•ness, n. [For hauteinness. See Haughty.] The quality of being haughty; disdain; arrogance. Syn. — Arrogance; disdain; contemptuousness; superciliousness; loftiness. — Haughtiness, Arrogance, Disdain. Haughtiness denotes the expression of conscious and proud superiority; arrogance is a disposition to claim for one’s self more than is justly due, and enforce it to the utmost; disdain in the exact reverse of condescension toward inferiors, since it expresses and desires others to feel how far below ourselves we consider them. A person is haughty in disposition and demeanor; arrogant in his claims of homage and deference; disdainful even in accepting the deference which his haughtiness leads him arrogantly to exact.

Haugh´ty (-ty), a. [Compar. Haughtier (-ti•er); superl. Haughtiest.] [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.] 1. High; lofty; bold. [Obs. or Archaic] “To measure the most haughty mountain’s height.” Spenser. “Equal unto this haughty enterprise.” Spenser. 2. Disdainfully or contemptuously proud; arrogant; overbearing. “A woman of a haughty and imperious nature.” Clarendon. 3. Indicating haughtiness; as a haughty carriage. “Satan, with vast and haughty strides advanced,
Came towering.” Milton.

Haul (hal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hauled (hald); p. pr. & vb. n. Hauling.] [OE. halen, halien, F. haler, of German or Scand. origin; akin to AS. geholian to acquire, get, D. halen to fetch, pull, draw, OHG. holon, halon, G. holen, Dan. hale to haul, Sw. hala, and to L. calare to call, summon, Gr. kalei^n to call. Cf. Hale, v. t., Claim. Class, Council, Ecclesiastic.] 1. To pull or draw with force; to drag. “Some dance, some haul the rope.” Denham. “Thither they bent, and hauled their ships to land.” Pope. “Romp-loving miss
Is hauled about in gallantry robust.” Thomson. 2. To transport by drawing, as with horses or oxen; as to haul logs to a sawmill. “When I was seven or eight years of age, I began hauling all the wood used in the house and shops.” U. S. Grant. To haul over the coals. See under Coal. — To haul the wind (Naut.), to turn the head of the ship nearer to the point from which the wind blows.

Haul, v. i. 1. (Naut.) To change the direction of a ship by hauling the wind. See under Haul, v. t. “I … hauled up for it, and found it to be an island.” Cook. 2. To pull apart, as oxen sometimes do when yoked. To haul around (Naut.), to shift to any point of the compass; — said of the wind. — To haul off (Naut.), to sail closer to the wind, in order to get farther away from anything; hence, to withdraw; to draw back.

Haul, n. 1. A pulling with force; a violent pull. 2. A single draught of a net; as to catch a hundred fish at a haul. 3. That which is caught, taken, or gained at once, as by hauling a net. 4. Transportation by hauling; the distance through which anything is hauled, as freight in a railroad car; as a long haul or short haul. 5. (Rope Making) A bundle of about four hundred threads, to be tarred.

Haul´age (-aj), n. Act of hauling; as the haulage of cars by an engine; charge for hauling.

Haul´er (-er), n. One who hauls.

Haulm (ham), n. [OE. halm, AS. healm; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. halm, Icel. halmr, L. calamus reed, cane, stalk, Gr. kalamo•s. Cf. Excel, Culminate, Culm, Shawm, Calamus.] The denuded stems or stalks of such crops as buckwheat and the cereal grains, beans, etc.; straw.

Haulm, n. A part of a harness; a hame.

Hauls (hals), n. [Obs.] See Hals.

Haulse (hals), v. [Obs.] See Halse.

Hault (halt), a. [OF. hault, F. haut. See Haughty.] Lofty; haughty. [Obs.] “Through support of countenance proud and hault.” Spenser.

Haum (ham), n. See Haulm, stalk. Smart.

Haunce (hans), v. t. To enhance. [Obs.] Lydgate.

Haunch (hänch; 277), n. [F. hanche, of German origin; cf. OD. hancke, hencke, and also OHG. ancha; prob. not akin to E. ankle.] 1. The hip; the projecting region of the lateral parts of the pelvis and the hip joint; the hind part. 2. Of meats: The leg and loin taken together; as a haunch of venison. Haunch bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. — Haunches of an arch (Arch.), the parts on each side of the crown of an arch. (See Crown, n., 11.) Each haunch may be considered as from one half to two thirds of the half arch.

Haunched (häncht), a. Having haunches.

Haunt (hänt; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Haunting.] [F. hanter; of uncertain origin, perh. from an assumed LL. ambitare to go about, fr. L. ambire (see Ambition); or cf. Icel. heimta to demand, regain, akin to heim home (see Home). rad.36.] 1. To frequent; to resort to frequently; to visit pertinaciously or intrusively; to intrude upon. “You wrong me, sir, thus still to haunt my house.” Shak. “Those cares that haunt the court and town.” Swift. 2. To inhabit or frequent as a specter; to visit as a ghost or apparition. “Foul spirits haunt my resting place.” Fairfax. 3. To practice; to devote one’s self to. [Obs.] “That other merchandise that men haunt with fraud … is cursed.” Chaucer. “Leave honest pleasure, and haunt no good pastime.” Ascham. 4. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.] “Haunt thyself to pity.” Wyclif.

Haunt, v. i. To persist in staying or visiting. “I’ve charged thee not to haunt about my doors.” Shak.

Haunt, n. 1. A place to which one frequently resorts; as drinking saloons are the haunts of tipplers; a den is the haunt of wild beasts. In Old English the place occupied by any one as a dwelling or in his business was called a haunt. Often used figuratively. “The household nook,
The haunt of all affections pure.” Keble. “The feeble soul, a haunt of fears.” Tennyson. 2. The habit of resorting to a place. [Obs.] “The haunt you have got about the courts.” Arbuthnot. 3. Practice; skill. [Obs.] “Of clothmaking she hadde such an haunt.” Chaucer.

Haunt´ed, a. Inhabited by, or subject to the visits of, apparitions; frequented by a ghost. “All houses wherein men have lived and died
Are haunted houses.” Longfellow.

Haunt´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, haunts.

Hau´ri•ent (ha´ri•ent), a. [L. hauriens, p. pr. of haurire to breathe.] (Her.) In pale, with the head in chief; — said of the figure of a fish, as if rising for air.

Hau´sen (ha´sen), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A large sturgeon (Acipenser huso) from the region of the Black Sea. It is sometimes twelve feet long.

Hausse (has), n. [F.] (Gun.) A kind of graduated breech sight for a small arm, or a cannon.

Haus•tel•la´ta (has•tel•la´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. haustellum, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to draw water, to swallow. See Exhaust.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of insects, including all those with a sucking proboscis.

Haus´tel•late (has´tel•lat or has•tel´lat), a. [See Haustellata.] (Zoöl.) Provided with a haustellum, or sucking proboscis. — n. One of the Haustellata.

Haus•tel´lum (has•tel´lum), n.; pl. Haustella (- la). [NL.] (Zoöl.) The sucking proboscis of various insects. See Lepidoptera, and Diptera.

Haus•to´ri•um (-to´ri•um), n.; pl. Haustoria (- a). [LL., a well, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to drink.] (Bot.) One of the suckerlike rootlets of such plants as the dodder and ivy. R. Brown.

Haut (hat), a. [F. See Haughty.] Haughty. [Obs.] ´Nations proud and haut.´ Milton.

Haut´boy (ho´boi), n. [F. hautbois, lit., high wood; haut high + bois wood. So called on account of its high tone. See Haughty, Bush; and cf. Oboe.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument, sounded through a reed, and similar in shape to the clarinet, but with a thinner tone. Now more commonly called oboe. See Illust. of Oboe. 2. (Bot.) A sort of strawberry (Fragaria elatior).

Haut´boy•ist (-ist), n. [Cf. F. hautboïste.] A player on the hautboy.

Hau´tein (ho´tan), a. [See Haughty.] 1. Haughty; proud. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. High; — said of the voice or flight of birds. [Obs.]

Hau•teur´ (ho•ter´), n. [F., fr. haut high. See Haughty.] Haughty manner or spirit; haughtiness; pride; arrogance.

Haut•goût´ (ho•goo´), n. [F.] High relish or flavor; high seasoning.

Haut•pas´ (ho•pä´), n. [F. haut high + pas step.] A raised part of the floor of a large room; a platform for a raised table or throne. See Dais.

Ha´üy•nite (ä´we•nit), n. [From the French mineralogist Haüy.] (Min.) A blue isometric mineral, characteristic of some volcanic rocks. It is a silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, with sulphate of lime.

Ha•van´a (ha•van´a), a. Of or pertaining to Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba; as an Havana cigar; — formerly sometimes written Havannah. — n. An Havana cigar. “Young Frank Clavering stole his father’s Havannahs, and … smoked them in the stable.” Thackeray.

Hav•an•ese´ (hav•an•ez´ or - es´), a. Of or pertaining to Havana, in Cuba. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant, or the people, of Havana.

Have (hav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Had (had); p. pr. & vb. n. Having. Indic. present, I have, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they have.] [OE. haven, habben, AS. habben (imperf. haefde, p. p. gehaefd); akin to OS. hebbian, D. hebben, OFries. hebba, OHG. haben, G. haben, Icel. hafa, Sw. hafva, Dan. have, Goth. haban, and prob. to L. habere, whence F. avoir. Cf. Able, Avoirdupois, Binnacle, Habit.] 1. To hold in possession or control; to own; as he has a farm. 2. To possess, as something which appertains to, is connected with, or affects, one. “The earth hath bubbles, as the water has.” Shak. “He had a fever late.” Keats. 3. To accept possession of; to take or accept. “Break thy mind to me in broken English; wilt thou have me?” Shak. 4. To get possession of; to obtain; to get. Shak. 5. To cause or procure to be; to effect; to exact; to desire; to require. “I had the church accurately described to me.” Sir W. Scott. “Wouldst thou have me turn traitor also?” Ld. Lytton. 6. To bear, as young; as she has just had a child. 7. To hold, regard, or esteem. “Of them shall I be had in honor.” 2 Sam. vi. 22. 8. To cause or force to go; to take. ´The stars have us to bed.´ Herbert. ´Have out all men from me.´ 2 Sam. xiii. 9. 9. To take or hold (one’s self); to proceed promptly; — used reflexively, often with ellipsis of the pronoun; as to have after one; to have at one or at a thing, i. e., to aim at one or at a thing; to attack; to have with a companion. Shak. 10. To be under necessity or obligation; to be compelled; followed by an infinitive. “Science has, and will long have, to be a divider and a separatist.” M. Arnold. “The laws of philology have to be established by external comparison and induction.” Earle. 11. To understand. “You have me, have you not?” Shak. 12. To put in an awkward position; to have the advantage of; as that is where he had him. [Slang] Have, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the past participle to form preterit tenses; as I have loved; I shall have eaten. Originally it was used only with the participle of transitive verbs, and denoted the possession of the object in the state indicated by the participle; as I have conquered him, I have or hold him in a conquered state; but it has long since lost this independent significance, and is used with the participles both of transitive and intransitive verbs as a device for expressing past time. Had is used, especially in poetry, for would have or should have. “Myself for such a face had boldly died.” Tennyson. To have a care, to take care; to be on one’s guard. — To have (a man) out, to engage (one) in a duel. — To have done (with). See under Do, v. i. — To have it out, to speak freely; to bring an affair to a conclusion. — To have on, to wear. - - To have to do with. See under Do, v. t. Syn. — To possess; to own. See Possess.

Have´less, a. Having little or nothing. [Obs.] Gower.

Hav´e•lock (hav´e•lok), n. [From Havelock, an English general distinguished in India in the rebellion of 1857.] A light cloth covering for the head and neck, used by soldiers as a protection from sunstroke.

Ha´ven (ha´v’n), n. [AS. haefene; akin to D. & LG. haven, G. hafen, MHG. habe, Dan. havn, Icel. höfn, Sw. hamn; akin to E. have, and hence orig., a holder; or to heave (see Heave); or akin to AS. haef sea, Icel. & Sw. haf, Dan. hav, which is perh. akin to E. heave.] 1. A bay, recess, or inlet of the sea, or the mouth of a river, which affords anchorage and shelter for shipping; a harbor; a port. “What shipping and what lading ’s in our haven.” Shak. “Their haven under the hill.” Tennyson. 2. A place of safety; a shelter; an asylum. Shak. “The haven, or the rock of love.” Waller.

Ha´ven, v. t. To shelter, as in a haven. Keats.

Ha´ven•age (-aj), n. Harbor dues; port dues.

Ha´vened (ha´v’nd), p. a. Sheltered in a haven. “Blissful havened both from joy and pain.” Keats.

Ha´ven•er (ha´v’n•er), n. A harbor master. [Obs.]

Ha´ver (hav´er), n. A possessor; a holder. Shak.

Hav´er, n. [D. haver; akin to G. haber.] The oat; oats. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Haver bread, oaten bread. — Haver cake, oaten cake. Piers Plowman. — Haver grass, the wild oat. — Haver meal, oatmeal.

Ha´ver (ha´ver), v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To maunder; to talk foolishly; to chatter. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Hav´er•sack (hav´er•sak), n. [F. havresac, G. habersack, sack for oats. See 2d Haver, and Sack a bag.] 1. A bag for oats or oatmeal. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A bag or case, usually of stout cloth, in which a soldier carries his rations when on a march; — distinguished from knapsack. 3. A gunner’s case or bag used to carry cartridges from the ammunition chest to the piece in loading.

Ha•ver´sian (ha•ver´shan), a. Pertaining to, or discovered by, Clopton Havers, an English physician of the seventeenth century. Haversian canals (Anat.), the small canals through which the blood vessels ramify in bone.

Hav•il•dar´ (hav•il•där´), n. In the British Indian armies, a noncommissioned officer of native soldiers, corresponding to a sergeant. Havildar major, a native sergeant major in the East Indian army.

Hav´ing (hav´ing), n. Possession; goods; estate. “I ’ll lend you something; my having is not much.” Shak.

Hav´ior (hav´yer), n. [OE. havour, a corruption of OF. aveir, avoir, a having, of same origin as E. aver a work horse. The h is due to confusion with E. have.] Behavior; demeanor. [Obs.] Shak.

Hav´oc (hav´ok), n. [W. hafog devastation, havoc; or, if this be itself fr. E. havoc, cf. OE. havot, or AS. hafoc hawk, which is a cruel or rapacious bird, or F. hai, voux! a cry to hounds.] Wide and general destruction; devastation; waste. “As for Saul, he made havoc of the church.” Acts viii. 3. “Ye gods, what havoc does ambition make
Among your works!” Addison.

Hav´oc, v. t. To devastate; to destroy; to lay waste. “To waste and havoc yonder world.” Milton.

Hav´oc, interj. [See Havoc, n.] A cry in war as the signal for indiscriminate slaughter. Toone. “Do not cry havoc, where you should but hunt
With modest warrant.” Shak. “Cry ’havoc,’ and let slip the dogs of war!” Shak.

Haw (ha), n. [OE. hawe, AS. haga; akin to D. haag headge, G. hag, hecke, Icel. hagi pasture, Sw. hage, Dan. have garden. rad.12. Cf. Haggard, Ha-ha, Haugh, Hedge.] 1. A hedge; an inclosed garden or yard. “And eke there was a polecat in his haw.” Chaucer. 2. The fruit of the hawthorn. Bacon.

Haw, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Anat.) The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate.

Haw, n. [Cf. ha an interjection of wonder, surprise, or hesitation.] An intermission or hesitation of speech, with a sound somewhat like haw! also the sound so made. ´Hums or haws.´ Congreve.

Haw, v. i. To stop, in speaking, with a sound like haw; to speak with interruption and hesitation. “Cut it short; don’t prose — don’t hum and haw.” Chesterfield.

Haw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawed (had); p. pr. & vb. n. Hawing.] [Written also hoi.] [Perhaps connected with here, hither; cf., however, F. huhau, hurhau, hue, interj. used in turning a horse to the right, G. hott, hü, interj. used in calling to a horse.] To turn to the near side, or toward the driver; — said of cattle or a team: a word used by teamsters in guiding their teams, and most frequently in the imperative. See Gee. To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to go from one thing to another without good reason; to have no settled purpose; to be irresolute or unstable. [Colloq.]

Haw, v. t. To cause to turn, as a team, to the near side, or toward the driver; as to haw a team of oxen. To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to lead this way and that at will; to lead by the nose; to master or control. [Colloq.]

Ha•wai´ian (ha•wi´yan), a. Belonging to Hawaii or the Sandwich Islands, or to the people of Hawaii. — n. A native of Hawaii.

Hawe´bake (ha´bak•), n. Probably, the baked berry of the hawthorn tree, that is, coarse fare. See 1st Haw, 2. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Haw´finch (ha´finch•), n. (Zoöl.) The common European grosbeak (Coccothraustes vulgaris); — called also cherry finch, and coble.

Haw-haw´ (ha•ha), n. [Duplication of haw a hedge.] See Ha-ha.

Haw•haw´, v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To laugh boisterously. [Colloq. U. S.] “We haw-haw’d, I tell you, for more than half an hour.” Major Jack Downing.

Hawk (hak), n. [OE. hauk (prob. fr. Icel.), havek, AS. hafoc, heafoc; akin to D. havik, OHG. habuh, G. habicht, Icel. haukr, Sw. hök, Dan. hög, prob. from the root of E. heave.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous species and genera of rapacious birds of the family Falconidae. They differ from the true falcons in lacking the prominent tooth and notch of the bill, and in having shorter and less pointed wings. Many are of large size and grade into the eagles. Some, as the goshawk, were formerly trained like falcons. In a more general sense the word is not infrequently applied, also to true falcons, as the sparrow hawk, pigeon hawk, duck hawk, and prairie hawk. Among the common American species are the red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis); the red-shouldered (B. lineatus); the broad-winged (B. Pennsylvanicus); the rough-legged (Archibuteo lagopus); the sharp-shinned (Accipiter fuscus). See Fishhawk, Goshawk, Marsh hawk, under Marsh, Night hawk, under Night. Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. — Eagle hawk. See under Eagle. — Hawk eagle (Zoöl.), an Asiatic bird of the genus Spizaetus, or Limnaetus, intermediate between the hawks and eagles. There are several species. — Hawk fly (Zoöl.), a voracious fly of the family Asilidae. See Hornet fly, under Hornet. — Hawk moth. (Zoöl.) See Hawk moth, in the Vocabulary. — Hawk owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A northern owl (Surnia ulula) of Europe and America. It flies by day, and in some respects resembles the hawks. (b) An owl of India (Ninox scutellatus). — Hawk’s bill (Horology), the pawl for the rack, in the striking mechanism of a clock.

Hawk (hak), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawked (hakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Hawking.] 1. To catch, or attempt to catch, birds by means of hawks trained for the purpose, and let loose on the prey; to practice falconry. “A falconer Henry is, when Emma hawks.” Prior. 2. To make an attack while on the wing; to soar and strike like a hawk; — generally with at; as to hawk at flies. Dryden. “A falcon, towering in her pride of place,
Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.” Shak.

Hawk, v. i. [W. hochi.] To clear the throat with an audible sound by forcing an expiratory current of air through the narrow passage between the depressed soft palate and the root of the tongue, thus aiding in the removal of foreign substances.

Hawk, v. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm.

Hawk, n. [W. hoch.] An effort to force up phlegm from the throat, accompanied with noise.

Hawk, v. t. [Akin to D. hauker a hawker, G. höken, höcken, to higgle, to retail, höke, höker, a higgler, huckster. See Huckster.] To offer for sale by outcry in the street; to carry (merchandise) about from place to place for sale; to peddle; as to hawk goods or pamphlets. “His works were hawked in every street.” Swift.

Hawk, n. (Masonry) A small board, with a handle on the under side, to hold mortar. Hawk boy, an attendant on a plasterer to supply him with mortar.

Hawk´bill (-bil•), n. (Zoöl.) A sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), which yields the best quality of tortoise shell; — called also caret.

Hawk´bit (-bit•), n. (Bot.) The fall dandelion (Leontodon autumnale).

Hawked (hakt), a. Curved like a hawk’s bill; crooked.

Hawk´er (hak´er), n. One who sells wares by crying them in the street; hence, a peddler or a packman. Swift.

Hawk´er, v. i. To sell goods by outcry in the street. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Hawk´er, n. [Cf. AS. hafecere. See 1st Hawk.] A falconer.

Hawk´ey (-y), n. See Hockey. Holloway.

Hawk´-eyed (-id•), a. Having a keen eye; sharpsighted; discerning.

Hawk´ moth (moth•; 115). (Zoöl.) Any moth of the family Sphingidae, of which there are numerous genera and species. They are large, handsome moths, which fly mostly at twilight and hover about flowers like a humming bird, sucking the honey by means of a long, slender proboscis. The larvae are large, hairless caterpillars ornamented with green and other bright colors, and often with a caudal spine. See Sphinx, also Tobacco worm, and Tomato worm. Tobacco Hawk Moth (Macrosila Carolina), and its Larva, the Tobacco Worm. The larvae of several species of hawk moths feed on grapevines. The elm-tree hawk moth is Ceratomia Amyntor.

Hawk´weed (-wed•), n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Hieracium; — so called from the ancient belief that birds of prey used its juice to strengthen their vision. (b) A plant of the genus Senecio (S. hieracifolius). Loudon.

Hawm (ham), n. See Haulm, straw.

Hawm, v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To lounge; to loiter. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Hawse (haz or has; 277), n. [Orig. a hawse hole, or hole in the bow of the ship; cf. Icel. hals, hals, neck, part of the bows of a ship, AS. heals neck. See Collar, and cf. Halse to embrace.] 1. A hawse hole. Harris. 2. (Naut.) (a) The situation of the cables when a vessel is moored with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on the port bow. (b) The distance ahead to which the cables usually extend; as the ship has a clear or open hawse, or a foul hawse; to anchor in our hawse, or athwart hawse. (c) That part of a vessel’s bow in which are the hawse holes for the cables. Athwart hawse. See under Athwart. — Foul hawse, a hawse in which the cables cross each other, or are twisted together. — Hawse block, a block used to stop up a hawse hole at sea; — called also hawse plug. — Hawse hole, a hole in the bow of a ship, through which a cable passes. — Hawse piece, one of the foremost timbers of a ship, through which the hawse hole is cut. — Hawse plug. Same as Hawse block (above). — To come in at the hawse holes, to enter the naval service at the lowest grade. [Cant] — To freshen the hawse, to veer out a little more cable and bring the chafe and strain on another part.

Haws´er (haz´er or has´er), n. [From F. hausser to lift, raise (cf. OF. hausseree towpath, towing, F. haussière hawser), LL. altiare, fr. L. altus high. See Haughty.] A large rope made of three strands each containing many yarns. Three hawsers twisted together make a cable; but it nautical usage the distinction between cable and hawser is often one of size rather than of manufacture. Hawser iron, a calking iron.

Haws´er-laid (-lad•), a. Made in the manner of a hawser. Cf. Cable-laid, and see Illust. of Cordage.

Haw´thorn (ha´thôrn•), n. [AS. hagaþorn, haegþorn. See Haw a hedge, and Thorn.] (Bot.) A thorny shrub or tree (the Crataegus oxyacantha), having deeply lobed, shining leaves, small, roselike, fragrant flowers, and a fruit called haw. It is much used in Europe for hedges, and for standards in gardens. The American hawthorn is Crataegus cordata, which has the leaves but little lobed. “Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade
To shepherds?” Shak.

Hay (ha), n. [AS. hege: cf. F. haie, of German origin. See Haw a hedge, Hedge.] 1. A hedge. [Obs.] 2. A net set around the haunt of an animal, especially of a rabbit. Rowe. To dance the hay, to dance in a ring. Shak.

Hay, v. i. To lay snares for rabbits. Huloet.

Hay, n. [OE. hei, AS. heg; akin to D. hooi, OHG. hewi, houwi, G. heu, Dan. & Sw. hö, Icel. hey, ha, Goth. hawi grass, fr. the root of E. hew. See Hew to cut.] Grass cut and cured for fodder. “Make hay while the sun shines.” Camden. “Hay may be dried too much as well as too little.” C. L. Flint. Hay cap, a canvas covering for a haycock. — Hay fever (Med.), nasal catarrh accompanied with fever, and sometimes with paroxysms of dyspnœa, to which some persons are subject in the spring and summer seasons. It has been attributed to the effluvium from hay, and to the pollen of certain plants. It is also called hay asthma, hay cold, rose cold, and rose fever. — Hay knife, a sharp instrument used in cutting hay out of a stack or mow. — Hay press, a press for baling loose hay. — Hay tea, the juice of hay extracted by boiling, used as food for cattle, etc. — Hay tedder, a machine for spreading and turning new-mown hay. See Tedder.

Hay, v. i. To cut and cure grass for hay.

Hay´bird (ha´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European spotted flycatcher. (b) The European blackcap.

Hay´bote (ha´bot•), n. [See Hay hedge, and Bote, and cf. Hedgebote.] (Eng. Law.) An allowance of wood to a tenant for repairing his hedges or fences; hedgebote. See Bote. Blackstone.

Hay´cock (ha´kok•), n. A conical pile or heap of hay in the field. “The tanned haycock in the mead.” Milton.

Hay´-cut•ter (ha´kut•ter), n. A machine in which hay is chopped short, as fodder for cattle.

Hay´field (ha´feld•), n. A field where grass for hay has been cut; a meadow. Cowper.

Hay´fork (ha´fôrk•), n. A fork for pitching and tedding hay. Horse hayfork, a contrivance for unloading hay from the cart and depositing it in the loft, or on a mow, by horse power.

Hay´loft (ha´loft•; 115), n. A loft or scaffold for hay.

Hay´mak•er (ha´mak•er), n. 1. One who cuts and cures hay. 2. A machine for curing hay in rainy weather.

Hay´mak•ing, n. The operation or work of cutting grass and curing it for hay.

Hay´mow (ha´mou•), n. 1. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a barn for preservation. 2. The place in a barn where hay is deposited.

Hay´rack (ha´rak•), n. A frame mounted on the running gear of a wagon, and used in hauling hay, straw, sheaves, etc.; — called also hay rigging.

Hay´rake (ha´rak•), n. A rake for collecting hay; especially, a large rake drawn by a horse or horses.

Hay´rick (-rik•), n. A heap or pile of hay, usually covered with thatch for preservation in the open air.

Hay´stack (ha´stak•), n. A stack or conical pile of hay in the open air.

Hay´stalk (ha´stak•), n. A stalk of hay.

Hay´thorn (ha´thôrn•), n. Hawthorn. R. Scot.

Hay´ti•an (ha´ti•an), a. Of pertaining to Hayti. — n. A native of Hayti. [Written also Haitian.]

Hay´ward (ha´werd), n. [Hay a hedge + ward.] An officer who is appointed to guard hedges, and to keep cattle from breaking or cropping them, and whose further duty it is to impound animals found running at large.

Haz´ard (haz´erd), n. [F. hasard, Sp. azar an unforeseen disaster or accident, an unfortunate card or throw at dice, prob. fr. Ar. zahr, zar, a die, which, with the article al the, would give azzahr, azzar.] 1. A game of chance played with dice. Chaucer. 2. The uncertain result of throwing a die; hence, a fortuitous event; chance; accident; casualty. “I will stand the hazard of the die.” Shak. 3. Risk; danger; peril; as he encountered the enemy at the hazard of his reputation and life. “Men are led on from one stage of life to another in a condition of the utmost hazard.” Rogers. 4. (Billiards) Holing a ball, whether the object ball (winning hazard) or the player’s ball (losing hazard). 5. Anything that is hazarded or risked, as the stakes in gaming. ´Your latter hazard.´ Shak. Hazard table, a table on which hazard is played, or any game of chance for stakes. — To run the hazard, to take the chance or risk. Syn. — Danger; risk; chance. See Danger.

Haz´ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hazarding.] [Cf. F. hasarder. See Hazard, n.] 1. To expose to the operation of chance; to put in danger of loss or injury; to venture; to risk. “Men hazard nothing by a course of evangelical obedience.” John Clarke. “He hazards his neck to the halter.” Fuller. 2. To venture to incur, or bring on. “I hazarded the loss of whom I loved.” Shak. “They hazard to cut their feet.” Landor. Syn. — To venture; risk; jeopard; peril; endanger.

Haz´ard (haz´erd), v. i. To try the chance; to encounter risk or danger. Shak.

Haz´ard•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. 1. Liable to hazard or chance; uncertain; risky. Sir T. Browne. 2. Such as can be hazarded or risked.

Haz´ard•er (-er), n. 1. A player at the game of hazard; a gamester. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. One who hazards or ventures.

Haz´ard•ize (-iz), n. A hazardous attempt or situation; hazard. [Obs.] “Herself had run into that hazardize.” Spenser.

Haz´ard•ous (-us), a. [Cf. F. hasardeux.] Exposed to hazard; dangerous; risky. “To enterprise so hazardous and high!” Milton. Syn. — Perilous; dangerous; bold; daring; adventurous; venturesome; precarious; uncertain. — Haz´ard•ous•ly, adv. — Haz´ard•ous•ness, n.

Haz´ard•ry (-ry), n. 1. Playing at hazard; gaming; gambling. [R.] Chaucer. 2. Rashness; temerity. [R.] Spenser.

Haze (haz), n. [Cf. Icel. höss gray; akin to AS. hasu, heasu, gray; or Armor. aezen, ezen, warm vapor, exhalation, zephyr.] Light vapor or smoke in the air which more or less impedes vision, with little or no dampness; a lack of transparency in the air; hence, figuratively, obscurity; dimness. “O’er the sky
The silvery haze of summer drawn.” Tennyson. “Above the world’s uncertain haze.” Keble.

Haze, v. i. To be hazy, or thick with haze. Ray.

Haze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazed (hazd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hazing.] [Also hase.] [Cf. Sw. haza to hamstring, fr. has hough, OD. haessen ham.] 1. To harass by exacting unnecessary, disagreeable, or difficult work. 2. To harass or annoy by playing abusive or shameful tricks upon; to humiliate by practical jokes; — used esp. of college students; as the sophomores hazed a freshman.

Ha´zel (ha´z’l), n. [OE. hasel, AS. haesel; akin to D. hazelaar, G. hazel, OHG. hasal, hasala, Icel. hasl, Dan & Sw. hassel, L. corylus, for cosylus.] 1. (Bot.) A shrub or small tree of the genus Corylus, as the C. avellana, bearing a nut containing a kernel of a mild, farinaceous taste; the filbert. The American species are C. Americana, which produces the common hazelnut, and C. rostrata. See Filbert. Gray. 2. A miner’s name for freestone. Raymond. Hazel earth, soil suitable for the hazel; a fertile loam. — Hazel grouse (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Bonasa betulina), allied to the American ruffed grouse. — Hazel hoe, a kind of grub hoe. — Witch hazel. See Witch-hazel, and Hamamelis.

Ha´zel, a. 1. Consisting of hazels, or of the wood of the hazel; pertaining to, or derived from, the hazel; as a hazel wand. “I sit me down beside the hazel grove.” Keble. 2. Of a light brown color, like the hazelnut. ´Thou hast hazel eyes.´ Shak.

Haze´less (haz´les), a. Destitute of haze. Tyndall.

Ha´zel•ly (ha´z’l•ly), a. Of the color of the hazelnut; of a light brown. Mortimer.

Ha´zel•nut (ha´z’l•nut•), n. [AS. haeselhnutu.] The nut of the hazel. Shak.

Ha´zel•wort (-wurt), n. (Bot.) The asarabacca.

Ha´zi•ly (ha´zi•ly), adv. In a hazy manner; mistily; obscurely; confusedly.

Ha´zi•ness, n. The quality or state of being hazy.

Ha´zle (ha´z’l), v. t. To make dry; to dry. [Obs.]

Ha´zy (ha´zy), a. [From Haze, n.] 1. Thick with haze; somewhat obscured with haze; not clear or transparent. ´A tender, hazy brightness.´ Wordsworth. 2. Obscure; confused; not clear; as a hazy argument; a hazy intellect. Mrs. Gore.

He (he), pron. [nom. He; poss. His (hiz); obj. Him (him); pl. nom. They (tha); poss. Their or Theirs (thârz or tharz); obj. Them (them).] [AS. he, masc., heó, fem., hit, neut.; pl. hi, or hie, hig; akin to OFries. hi, D. hij, OS. he, hi, G. heute to-day, Goth. himma, dat. masc., this, hina, accus. masc., and hita, accus. neut., and prob. to L. hic this. rad.183. Cf. It.] 1. The man or male being (or object personified to which the masculine gender is assigned), previously designated; a pronoun of the masculine gender, usually referring to a specified subject already indicated. “Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.” Gen. iii. 16. “Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God; him shalt thou serve.” Deut. x. 20. 2. Any one; the man or person; — used indefinitely, and usually followed by a relative pronoun. “He that walketh with wise men shall be wise.” Prov. xiii. 20. 3. Man; a male; any male person; — in this sense used substantively. Chaucer. “I stand to answer thee,
Or any he, the proudest of thy sort.” Shak. When a collective noun or a class is referred to, he is of common gender. In early English, he referred to a feminine or neuter noun, or to one in the plural, as well as to noun in the masculine singular. In composition, he denotes a male animal; as a he-goat.

-head (-hed), suffix. A variant of -hood.

Head (hed), n. [OE. hed, heved, heaved, AS. heáfod; akin to D. hoofd, OHG. houbit, G. haupt, Icel. höfuð, Sw. hufvud, Dan. hoved, Goth. haubiþ. The word does not correspond regularly to L. caput head (cf. E. Chief, Cadet, Capital), and its origin is unknown.] 1. The anterior or superior part of an animal, containing the brain, or chief ganglia of the nervous system, the mouth, and in the higher animals, the chief sensory organs; poll; cephalon. 2. The uppermost, foremost, or most important part of an inanimate object; such a part as may be considered to resemble the head of an animal; often, also the larger, thicker, or heavier part or extremity, in distinction from the smaller or thinner part, or from the point or edge; as the head of a cane, a nail, a spear, an ax, a mast, a sail, a ship; that which covers and closes the top or the end of a hollow vessel; as the head of a cask or a steam boiler. 3. The place where the head should go; as the head of a bed, of a grave, etc.; the head of a carriage, that is, the hood which covers the head. 4. The most prominent or important member of any organized body; the chief; the leader; as the head of a college, a school, a church, a state, and the like. ´Their princes and heads.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). “The heads of the chief sects of philosophy.” Tillotson. “Your head I him appoint.” Milton. 5. The place or honor, or of command; the most important or foremost position; the front; as the head of the table; the head of a column of soldiers. “An army of fourscore thousand troops, with the duke of Marlborough at the head of them.” Addison. 6. Each one among many; an individual; — often used in a plural sense; as a thousand head of cattle. “It there be six millions of people, there are about four acres for every head.” Graunt. 7. The seat of the intellect; the brain; the understanding; the mental faculties; as a good head, that is, a good mind; it never entered his head, it did not occur to him; of his own head, of his own thought or will. “Men who had lost both head and heart.” Macaulay. 8. The source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river; as the head of the Nile; hence, the altitude of the source, or the height of the surface, as of water, above a given place, as above an orifice at which it issues, and the pressure resulting from the height or from motion; sometimes also the quantity in reserve; as a mill or reservoir has a good head of water, or ten feet head; also that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet or the sea. 9. A headland; a promontory; as Gay Head. Shak. 10. A separate part, or topic, of a discourse; a theme to be expanded; a subdivision; as the heads of a sermon. 11. Culminating point or crisis; hence, strength; force; height. “Ere foul sin, gathering head, shall break into corruption.” Shak. “The indisposition which has long hung upon me, is at last grown to such a head, that it must quickly make an end of me or of itself.” Addison. 12. Power; armed force. “My lord, my lord, the French have gathered head.” Shak. 13. A headdress; a covering of the head; as a laced head; a head of hair. Swift. 14. An ear of wheat, barley, or of one of the other small cereals. 15. (Bot.) (a) A dense cluster of flowers, as in clover, daisies, thistles; a capitulum. (b) A dense, compact mass of leaves, as in a cabbage or a lettuce plant. 16. The antlers of a deer. 17. A rounded mass of foam which rises on a pot of beer or other effervescing liquor. Mortimer. 18. pl. Tiles laid at the eaves of a house. Knight. Head is often used adjectively or in self-explaining combinations; as head gear or headgear, head rest. Cf. Head, a. A buck of the first head, a male fallow deer in its fifth year, when it attains its complete set of antlers. Shak. — By the head. (Naut.) See under By. — Elevator head, Feed head, etc. See under Elevator, Feed, etc. — From head to foot, through the whole length of a man; completely; throughout. ´Arm me, audacity, from head to foot.´ Shak. — Head and ears, with the whole person; deeply; completely; as he was head and ears in debt or in trouble. [Colloq.] — Head fast. (Naut.) See 5th Fast. — Head kidney (Anat.), the most anterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates; the pronephros. — Head money, a capitation tax; a poll tax. Milton. — Head pence, a poll tax. [Obs.] — Head sea, a sea that meets the head of a vessel or rolls against her course. — Head and shoulders. (a) By force; violently; as to drag one, head and shoulders. ´They bring in every figure of speech, head and shoulders.´ Felton. (b) By the height of the head and shoulders; hence, by a great degree or space; by far; much; as he is head and shoulders above them. — Head or tail, this side or that side; this thing or that; — a phrase used in throwing a coin to decide a choice, question, or stake, head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or principal figure (or, in case there is no head or face on either side, that side which has the date on it), and tail the other side. — Neither head nor tail, neither beginning nor end; neither this thing nor that; nothing distinct or definite; — a phrase used in speaking of what is indefinite or confused; as they made neither head nor tail of the matter. [Colloq.] — Head wind, a wind that blows in a direction opposite the vessel’s course. — Out of one’s own head, according to one’s own idea; without advice or coöperation of another. Over the head of, beyond the comprehension of. M. Arnold. — To be out of one’s head, to be temporarily insane. — To come or draw to a head. See under Come, Draw. — To give (one) the head, or To give head, to let go, or to give up, control; to free from restraint; to give license. ´He gave his able horse the head.´ Shak. ´He has so long given his unruly passions their head.´ South. — To his head, before his face. ´An uncivil answer from a son to a father, from an obliged person to a benefactor, is a greater indecency than if an enemy should storm his house or revile him to his head.´ Jer. Taylor. — To lay heads together, to consult; to conspire. — To lose one’s head, to lose presence of mind. — To make head, or To make head against, to resist with success; to advance. — To show one’s head, to appear. Shak. — To turn head, to turn the face or front. ´The ravishers turn head, the fight renews.´ Dryden.

Head (hed), a. Principal; chief; leading; first; as the head master of a school; the head man of a tribe; a head chorister; a head cook.

Head (hed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Headed; p. pr. & vb. n. Heading.] 1. To be at the head of; to put one’s self at the head of; to lead; to direct; to act as leader to; as to head an army, an expedition, or a riot. Dryden. 2. To form a head to; to fit or furnish with a head; as to head a nail. Spenser. 3. To behead; to decapitate. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To cut off the top of; to lop off; as to head trees. 5. To go in front of; to get in the front of, so as to hinder or stop; to oppose; hence, to check or restrain; as to head a drove of cattle; to head a person; the wind heads a ship. 6. To set on the head; as to head a cask. To head off, to intercept; to get before; as an officer heads off a thief who is escaping. — To head up, to close, as a cask or barrel, by fitting a head to.

Head, v. i. 1. To originate; to spring; to have its source, as a river. “A broad river, that heads in the great Blue Ridge.” Adair. 2. To go or point in a certain direction; to tend; as how does the ship head? 3. To form a head; as this kind of cabbage heads early.

Head´ache (hed´ak•), n. Pain in the head; cephalalgia. ´Headaches and shivering fits.´ Macaulay.

Head´ach•y, a. Afflicted with headache. [Colloq.]

Head´band (-band), n. 1. A fillet; a band for the head. ´The headbands and the tablets.´ Is. iii. 20. 2. The band at each end of the back of a book.

Head´board (-bord•), n. A board or boarding which marks or forms the head of anything; as the headboard of a bed; the headboard of a grave. { Head´bor•ough Head´bor•row } (hed´bur•o), n. 1. The chief of a frankpledge, tithing, or decennary, consisting of ten families; — called also borsholder, boroughhead, boroughholder, and sometimes tithingman. See Borsholder. [Eng.] Blackstone. 2. (Modern Law) A petty constable. [Eng.]

Head´-cheese (-chez•), n. A dish made of portions of the head, or head and feet, of swine, cut up fine, seasoned, and pressed into a cheeselike mass.

Head´dress (-dres•), n. 1. A covering or ornament for the head; a headtire. “Among birds the males very often appear in a most beautiful headdress, whether it be a crest, a comb, a tuft of feathers, or a natural little plume.” Addison. 2. A manner of dressing the hair or of adorning it, whether with or without a veil, ribbons, combs, etc.

Head´ed, a. 1. Furnished with a head (commonly as denoting intellectual faculties); — used in composition; as clear-headed, long- headed, thick-headed; a many-headed monster. 2. Formed into a head; as a headed cabbage.

Head´er, (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, heads nails, rivets, etc., esp. a machine for heading. 2. One who heads a movement, a party, or a mob; head; chief; leader. [R.] 3. (Arch.) (a) A brick or stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface of the wall. (b) In framing, the piece of timber fitted between two trimmers, and supported by them, and carrying the ends of the tailpieces. 4. A reaper for wheat, that cuts off the heads only. 5. A fall or plunge headforemost, as while riding a bicycle, or in bathing; as to take a header. [Colloq.] { Head•first´ (hed´ferst•), Head•fore´most• (-for´most•), } adv. With the head foremost.

Head´fish (hed´fish•), n. (Zoöl.) The sunfish (Mola).

Head´ gear•, or Head´gear (-ger•), n. 1. Headdress. 2. Apparatus above ground at the mouth of a mine or deep well.

Head´-hunt•er (-hunt•er), n. A member of any tribe or race of savages who have the custom of decapitating human beings and preserving their heads as trophies. The Dyaks of Borneo are the most noted head- hunters. — Head´-hunt•ing, n.

Head´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. In a heady or rash manner; hastily; rashly; obstinately.

Head´i•ness, n. The quality of being heady.

Head´ing, n. 1. The act or state of one who, or that which, heads; formation of a head. 2. That which stands at the head; title; as the heading of a paper. 3. Material for the heads of casks, barrels, etc. 4. (Mining.) A gallery, drift, or adit in a mine; also the end of a drift or gallery; the vein above a drift. 5. (Sewing) The extension of a line ruffling above the line of stitch. 6. (Masonry) That end of a stone or brick which is presented outward. Knight. Heading course (Arch.), a course consisting only of headers. See Header, n. 3 (a). — Heading joint. (a) (Carp.) A joint, as of two or more boards, etc., at right angles to the grain of the wood. (b) (Masonry) A joint between two roussoirs in the same course.

Head´land (hed´land), n. 1. A cape; a promontory; a point of land projecting into the sea or other expanse of water. ´Sow the headland with wheat.´ Shak. 2. A ridge or strip of unplowed at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. Tusser.

Head´less, a. [AS. heáfodleás.] 1. Having no head; beheaded; as a headless body, neck, or carcass. 2. Destitute of a chief or leader. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Destitute of understanding or prudence; foolish; rash; obstinate. [Obs.] “Witless headiness in judging or headless hardiness in condemning.” Spenser.

Head´light (hed´lit•), n. (Engin.) A light, with a powerful reflector, placed at the head of a locomotive, or in front of it, to throw light on the track at night, or in going through a dark tunnel.

Head´line (-lin•), n. 1. (Print.) The line at the head or top of a page. 2. (Naut.) See Headrope.

Head´long (-long•; 115), adv. [OE. hedling, hevedlynge; prob. confused with E. long, a. & adv.] 1. With the head foremost; as to fall headlong. Acts i. 18. 2. Rashly; precipitately; without deliberation. 3. Hastily; without delay or respite.

Head´long, a. 1. Rash; precipitate; as headlong folly. 2. Steep; precipitous. [Poetic] “Like a tower upon a headlong rock.” Byron.

Head´-lugged (-lugd•), a. Lugged or dragged by the head. [R.] ´The head- lugged bear.´ Shak.

Head´man (hed´man•), n.; pl. Headmen (-men•). [AS. heáfodman.] A head or leading man, especially of a village community. { Head´mold• shot´ Head´mould• shot´ } (- mold• shot•). (Med.) An old name for the condition of the skull, in which the bones ride, or are shot, over each other at the sutures. Dunglison.

Head´most (-most•), a. Most advanced; most forward; as the headmost ship in a fleet.

Head´note (-not•), n. A note at the head of a page or chapter; in law reports, an abstract of a case, showing the principles involved and the opinion of the court.

Head´pan (-pan•), n. [AS. heáfodpanne.] The brainpan. [Obs.]

Head´piece (-pes•), n. 1. Head. “In his headpiece he felt a sore pain.” Spenser. 2. A cap of defense; especially, an open one, as distinguished from the closed helmet of the Middle Ages. 3. Understanding; mental faculty. “Eumenes had the best headpiece of all Alexander’s captains.” Prideaux. 4. An engraved ornament at the head of a chapter, or of a page.

Head´quar•ters (-kwar•terz), n. pl. [but sometimes used as a n. sing.] The quarters or place of residence of any chief officer, as the general in command of an army, or the head of a police force; the place from which orders or instructions are issued; hence, the center of authority or order. “The brain, which is the headquarters, or office, of intelligence.” Collier.

Head´race (-ras•), n. See Race, a water course.

Head´room (-room•), n. (Arch.) See Headway, 2.

Head´rope (-rop•), n. (Naut.) That part of a boltrope which is sewed to the upper edge or head of a sail.

Head´sail (-sal•), n. (Naut.) Any sail set forward of the foremast. Totten.

Head•shake (-shak•), n. A significant shake of the head, commonly as a signal of denial. Shak.

Head´ship, n. Authority or dignity; chief place.

Heads´man (hedz´man), n.; pl. Headsmen (-men). An executioner who cuts off heads. Dryden.

Head´spring (hed´spring•), n. Fountain; source. “The headspring of our belief.” Stapleton.

Head´stall (-stal•), n. That part of a bridle or halter which encompasses the head. Shak.

Head´stock (-stok•), n. (Mach.) A part (usually separate from the bed or frame) for supporting some of the principal working parts of a machine; as: (a) The part of a lathe that holds the revolving spindle and its attachments; — also called poppet head, the opposite corresponding part being called a tailstock. (b) The part of a planing machine that supports the cutter, etc.

Head´stone (-ston•), n. 1. The principal stone in a foundation; the chief or corner stone. Ps. cxviii. 22. 2. The stone at the head of a grave.

Head´strong (-strong•; 115), a. 1. Not easily restrained; ungovernable; obstinate; stubborn. “Now let the headstrong boy my will control.” Dryden. 2. Directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding from obstinacy; as a headstrong course. Dryden. Syn. — Violent; obstinate; ungovernable; untractable; stubborn; unruly; venturesome; heady.

Head´strong•ness, n. Obstinacy. [R.] Gayton.

Head´tire (-tir•), n. 1. A headdress. ´A headtire of fine linen.´ 1 Esdras iii. 6. 2. The manner of dressing the head, as at a particular time and place.

Head´way (-wa•), n. 1. The progress made by a ship in motion; hence, progress or success of any kind. 2. (Arch.) Clear space under an arch, girder, and the like, sufficient to allow of easy passing underneath.

Head´work (-wûrk•), n. Mental labor.

Head´y, (hed´y), a. [From Head.] 1. Willful; rash; precipitate; hurried on by will or passion; ungovernable. “All the talent required is to be hot, to be heady, — to be violent on one side or the other.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Apt to affect the head; intoxicating; strong. “The liquor is too heady.” Dryden. 3. Violent; impetuous. ´A heady currance.´ Shak.

Heal, (hel), v. t. [See Hele.] To cover, as a roof, with tiles, slate, lead, or the like. [Obs.]

Heal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Healed (held); p. pr. & vb. n. Healing.] [OE. helen, haelen, AS. haelan, fr. hal hale, sound, whole; akin to OS. helian, D. heelen, G. heilen, Goth. hailjan. See Whole.] 1. To make hale, sound, or whole; to cure of a disease, wound, or other derangement; to restore to soundness or health. “Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed.” Matt. viii. 8. 2. To remove or subdue; to cause to pass away; to cure; — said of a disease or a wound. “I will heal their backsliding.” Hos. xiv. 4. 3. To restore to original purity or integrity. “Thus saith the Lord, I have healed these waters.” 2 Kings ii. 21. 4. To reconcile, as a breach or difference; to make whole; to free from guilt; as to heal dissensions.

Heal (hel), v. i. To grow sound; to return to a sound state; as the limb heals, or the wound heals; — sometimes with up or over; as it will heal up, or over. “Those wounds heal ill that men do give themselves.” Shak.

Heal, n. [AS. haelu, hael. See Heal, v. t.] Health. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heal´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being healed.

Heal´all (-al•), n. (Bot.) A common herb of the Mint family (Brunella vulgaris), destitute of active properties, but anciently thought a panacea.

Heald (held), n. [CF. Heddle.] A heddle. Ure.

Heal´er (hel´er), n. One who, or that which, heals.

Heal´ful (-ful), a. Tending or serving to heal; healing. [Obs.] Ecclus. xv. 3.

Heal´ing, a. Tending to cure; soothing; mollifying; as the healing art; a healing salve; healing words. “Here healing dews and balms abound.” Keble.

Heal´ing•ly, adv. So as to heal or cure.

Health (helth), n. [OE. helthe, AS. haelþ, fr. hal hale, sound, whole. See Whole.] 1. The state of being hale, sound, or whole, in body, mind, or soul; especially, the state of being free from physical disease or pain. “There is no health in us.” Book of Common Prayer. “Though health may be enjoyed without gratitude, it can not be sported with without loss, or regained by courage.” Buckminster. 2. A wish of health and happiness, as in pledging a person in a toast. ´Come, love and health to all.´ Shak. Bill of health. See under Bill. — Health lift, a machine for exercise, so arranged that a person lifts an increasing weight, or moves a spring of increasing tension, in such a manner that most of the muscles of the body are brought into gradual action; — also called lifting machine. — Health officer, one charged with the enforcement of the sanitary laws of a port or other place. — To drink a health. See under Drink.

Health´ful (-ful), a. 1. Full of health; free from illness or disease; well; whole; sound; healthy; as a healthful body or mind; a healthful plant. 2. Serving to promote health of body or mind; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as a healthful air, diet. “The healthful Spirit of thy grace.” Book of Common Prayer. 3. Indicating, characterized by, or resulting from, health or soundness; as a healthful condition. “A mind … healthful and so well- proportioned.” Macaulay. 4. Well-disposed; favorable. [R.] “Gave healthful welcome to their shipwrecked guests.” Shak.

Health´ful•ly, adv. In health; wholesomely.

Health´ful•ness, n. The state of being healthful.

Health´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. In a healthy manner.

Health´i•ness, n. The state of being healthy or healthful; freedom from disease.

Health´less, a. 1. Without health, whether of body or mind; infirm. ´A healthless or old age.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. Not conducive to health; unwholesome. [R.]

Health´less•ness, n. The state of being healthless.

Health´some (-sum), a. Wholesome; salubrious. [R.] ´Healthsome air.´ Shak.

Health´ward (-werd), a. & adv. In the direction of health; as a healthward tendency.

Health´y (-y), a. [Compar. Healthier (-i•er); superl. Healthiest.] 1. Being in a state of health; enjoying health; hale; sound; free from disease; as a healthy child; a healthy plant. “His mind was now in a firm and healthy state.” Macaulay. 2. Evincing health; as a healthy pulse; a healthy complexion. 3. Conducive to health; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as a healthy exercise; a healthy climate. Syn. — Vigorous; sound; hale; salubrious; healthful; wholesome; salutary.

Heam (hem), n. [Cf. AS. cildhamma womb, OD. hamme afterbirth, LG. hamen.] The afterbirth or secundines of a beast.

Heap (hep), n. [OE. heep, heap, heap, multitude, AS. heáp; akin to OS. hop, D. hoop, OHG. houf, hufo, G. haufe, haufen, Sw. hop, Dan. hob, Icel. hopr troop, flock, Russ. kupa heap, crowd, Lith. kaupas. Cf. Hope, in Forlorn hope.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a multitude or great number of persons. [Now Low or Humorous] “The wisdom of a heap of learned men.” Chaucer. “A heap of vassals and slaves.” Bacon. “He had heaps of friends.” W. Black. 2. A great number or large quantity of things not placed in a pile. [Now Low or Humorous] “A vast heap, both of places of scripture and quotations.” Bp. Burnet. “I have noticed a heap of things in my life.” R. L. Stevenson. 3. A pile or mass; a collection of things laid in a body, or thrown together so as to form an elevation; as a heap of earth or stones. “Huge heaps of slain around the body rise.” Dryden.

Heap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heaped (hept); p. pr. & vb. n. Heaping.] [AS. heápian.] 1. To collect in great quantity; to amass; to lay up; to accumulate; — usually with up; as to heap up treasures. “Though he heap up silver as the dust.” Job. xxvii. 16. 2. To throw or lay in a heap; to make a heap of; to pile; as to heap stones; — often with up; as to heap up earth; or with on; as to heap on wood or coal. 3. To form or round into a heap, as in measuring; to fill (a measure) more than even full.

Heap´er (hep´er), n. One who heaps, piles, or amasses.

Heap´y (-y), a. Lying in heaps. Gay.

Hear (her), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heard (herd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hearing.] [OE. heren, as. hieran, hyran, heran; akin to OS. horian, OFries. hera, hora, D. hooren, OHG. horen, G. hören, Icel. heyra, Sw. höra, Dan. hore, Goth. hausjan, and perh. to Gr. ’akoy•ein, E. acoustic. Cf. Hark, Hearken.] 1. To perceive by the ear; to apprehend or take cognizance of by the ear; as to hear sounds; to hear a voice; to hear one call. “Lay thine ear close to the ground, and list if thou canst hear the tread of travelers.” Shak. “He had been heard to utter an ominous growl.” Macaulay. 2. To give audience or attention to; to listen to; to heed; to accept the doctrines or advice of; to obey; to examine; to try in a judicial court; as to hear a recitation; to hear a class; the case will be heard to- morrow. 3. To attend, or be present at, as hearer or worshiper; as to hear a concert; to hear Mass. 4. To give attention to as a teacher or judge. “Thy matters are good and right, but there is no man deputed of the king to hear thee.” 2 Sam. xv. 3. “I beseech your honor to hear me one single word.” Shak. 5. To accede to the demand or wishes of; to listen to and answer favorably; to favor. “I love the Lord, because he hath heard my voice.” Ps. cxvi. 1. “They think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.” Matt. vi. 7. Hear him. See Remark, under Hear, v. i. — To hear a bird sing, to receive private communication. [Colloq.] Shak. — To hear say, to hear one say; to learn by common report; to receive by rumor. [Colloq.]

Hear, v. i. 1. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving sound. ´The hearing ear.´ Prov. xx. 12. 2. To use the power of perceiving sound; to perceive or apprehend by the ear; to attend; to listen. “So spake our mother Eve, and Adam heard,
Well pleased, but answered not.” Milton. 3. To be informed by oral communication; to be told; to receive information by report or by letter. “I have heard, sir, of such a man.” Shak. “I must hear from thee every day in the hour.” Shak. To hear ill, to be blamed. [Obs.] “Not only within his own camp, but also now at Rome, he heard ill for his temporizing and slow proceedings.” Holland. — To hear well, to be praised. [Obs.] Hear, or Hear him, is often used in the imperative, especially in the course of a speech in English assemblies, to call attention to the words of the speaker. “Hear him, … a cry indicative, according to the tone, of admiration, acquiescence, indignation, or derision.” Macaulay.

Heard (herd), imp. & p. p. of Hear.

Hear´er (her´er), n. One who hears; an auditor.

Hear´ing, n. 1. The act or power of perceiving sound; perception of sound; the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived; as my hearing is good. “I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear.” Job xlii. 5. Hearing in a special sensation, produced by stimulation of the auditory nerve; the stimulus (waves of sound) acting not directly on the nerve, but through the medium of the endolymph on the delicate epithelium cells, constituting the peripheral terminations of the nerve. See Ear. 2. Attention to what is delivered; opportunity to be heard; audience; as I could not obtain a hearing. 3. A listening to facts and evidence, for the sake of adjudication; a session of a court for considering proofs and determining issues. “His last offenses to us
Shall have judicious hearing.” Shak. “Another hearing before some other court.” Dryden. Hearing, as applied to equity cases, means the same thing that the word trial does at law. Abbot. 4. Extent within which sound may be heard; sound; earshot. ´She’s not within hearing.´ Shak. “They laid him by the pleasant shore,
And in the hearing of the wave.” Tennyson.

Heark´en (härk´’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hearkened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hearkening.] [OE. hercnen, hercnien, AS. hercnian, heorcnian, fr. hieran, hyran, to hear; akin to OD. harcken, horcken, LG. harken, horken, G. horchen. See Hear, and cf. Hark.] 1. To listen; to lend the ear; to attend to what is uttered; to give heed; to hear, in order to obey or comply. “The Furies hearken, and their snakes uncurl.” Dryden. “Hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you.” Deut. iv. 1. 2. To inquire; to seek information. [Obs.] ´Hearken after their offense.´ Shak. Syn. — To attend; listen; hear; heed. See Attend, v. i.

Heark´en, v. t. 1. To hear by listening. [Archaic] “[She] hearkened now and then
Some little whispering and soft groaning sound.” Spenser. 2. To give heed to; to hear attentively. [Archaic] “The King of Naples … hearkens my brother’s suit.” Shak. To hearken out, to search out. [Obs.] “If you find none, you must hearken out a vein and buy.” B. Johnson.

Heark´en•er (-er), n. One who hearkens; a listener.

Hear´sal (her´sal), n. Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hear´say (her´sa•), n. Report; rumor; fame; common talk; something heard from another. “Much of the obloquy that has so long rested on the memory of our great national poet originated in frivolous hearsays of his life and conversation.” Prof. Wilson. Hearsay evidence (Law), that species of testimony which consists in a narration by one person of matters told him by another. It is, with a few exceptions, inadmissible as testimony. Abbott.

Hearse (hers), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A hind in the second year of its age. [Eng.] Wright.

Hearse (hers), n. [See Herse.] 1. A framework of wood or metal placed over the coffin or tomb of a deceased person, and covered with a pall; also a temporary canopy bearing wax lights and set up in a church, under which the coffin was placed during the funeral ceremonies. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss. 2. A grave, coffin, tomb, or sepulchral monument. [Archaic] ´Underneath this marble hearse.´ B. Johnson. “Beside the hearse a fruitful palm tree grows.” Fairfax “Who lies beneath this sculptured hearse.” Longfellow. 3. A bier or handbarrow for conveying the dead to the grave. [Obs.] “Set down, set down your honorable load,
It honor may be shrouded in a hearse.” Shak. 4. A carriage specially adapted or used for conveying the dead to the grave.

Hearse, v. t. To inclose in a hearse; to entomb. [Obs.] ´Would she were hearsed at my foot.´ Shak.

Hearse´cloth (-kloth•; 115), n. A cloth for covering a coffin when on a bier; a pall. Bp. Sanderson.

Hearse´like (-lik•), a. Suitable to a funeral. “If you listen to David’s harp, you shall hear as many hearselike airs as carols.” Bacon.

Heart (härt), n. [OE. harte, herte, heorte, AS. heorte; akin to OS. herta, OFies. hirte, D. hart, OHG. herza, G. herz, Icel. hjarta, Sw. hjerta, Goth. haírto, Lith. szirdis, Russ. serdtse, Ir. cridhe, L. cor, Gr. kardi•a, kh^r rad.227. Cf. Accord, Discord, Cordial, 4th Core, Courage.] 1. (Anat.) A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. “Why does my blood thus muster to my heart!” Shak. In adult mammals and birds, the heart is four-chambered, the right auricle and ventricle being completely separated from the left auricle and ventricle; and the blood flows from the systemic veins to the right auricle, thence to the right ventricle, from which it is forced to the lungs, then returned to the left auricle, thence passes to the left ventricle, from which it is driven into the systemic arteries. See Illust. under Aorta. In fishes there are but one auricle and one ventricle, the blood being pumped from the ventricle through the gills to the system, and thence returned to the auricle. In most amphibians and reptiles, the separation of the auricles is partial or complete, and in reptiles the ventricles also are separated more or less completely. The so- called lymph hearts, found in many amphibians, reptiles, and birds, are contractile sacs, which pump the lymph into the veins. 2. The seat of the affections or sensibilities, collectively or separately, as love, hate, joy, grief, courage, and the like; rarely, the seat of the understanding or will; — usually in a good sense, when no epithet is expressed; the better or lovelier part of our nature; the spring of all our actions and purposes; the seat of moral life and character; the moral affections and character itself; the individual disposition and character; as a good, tender, loving, bad, hard, or selfish heart. “Hearts are dust, hearts’ loves remain.” Emerson. 3. The nearest the middle or center; the part most hidden and within; the inmost or most essential part of any body or system; the source of life and motion in any organization; the chief or vital portion; the center of activity, or of energetic or efficient action; as the heart of a country, of a tree, etc. “Exploits done in the heart of France.” Shak. “Peace subsisting at the heart
Of endless agitation.” Wordsworth. 4. Courage; courageous purpose; spirit. “Eve, recovering heart, replied.” Milton. “The expelled nations take heart, and when they fly from one country invade another.” Sir W. Temple. 5. Vigorous and efficient activity; power of fertile production; condition of the soil, whether good or bad. “That the spent earth may gather heart again.” Dryden. 6. That which resembles a heart in shape; especially, a roundish or oval figure or object having an obtuse point at one end, and at the other a corresponding indentation, — used as a symbol or representative of the heart. 7. One of a series of playing cards, distinguished by the figure or figures of a heart; as hearts are trumps. 8. Vital part; secret meaning; real intention. “And then show you the heart of my message.” Shak. 9. A term of affectionate or kindly and familiar address. ´I speak to thee, my heart.´ Shak. Heart is used in many compounds, the most of which need no special explanation; as heart-appalling, heart-breaking, heart-cheering, heart-chilled, heart-expanding, heart-free, heart-hardened, heart-heavy, heart-purifying, heart-searching, heart-sickening, heart-sinking, heart-sore, heart-stirring, heart-touching, heart-wearing, heart-whole, heart-wounding, heart-wringing, etc. After one’s own heart, conforming with one’s inmost approval and desire; as a friend after my own heart. “The Lord hath sought him a man after his own heart.” 1 Sam. xiii. 14. — At heart, in the inmost character or disposition; at bottom; really; as he is at heart a good man. — By heart, in the closest or most thorough manner; as to know or learn by heart. ´Composing songs, for fools to get by heart´ (that is, to commit to memory, or to learn thoroughly). Pope. — For my heart, for my life; if my life were at stake. [Obs.] ´I could not get him for my heart to do it.´ Shak. — Heart bond (Masonry), a bond in which no header stone stretches across the wall, but two headers meet in the middle, and their joint is covered by another stone laid header fashion. Knight. — Heart and hand, with enthusiastic coöperation. — Heart hardness, hardness of heart; callousness of feeling; moral insensibility. Shak. — Heart heaviness, depression of spirits. Shak. — Heart point (Her.), the fess point. See Escutcheon. — Heart rising, a rising of the heart, as in opposition. — Heart shell (Zoöl.), any marine, bivalve shell of the genus Cardium and allied genera, having a heart-shaped shell; esp., the European Isocardia cor; — called also heart cockle. — Heart sickness, extreme depression of spirits. — Heart and soul, with the utmost earnestness. — Heart urchin (Zoöl.), any heartshaped, spatangoid sea urchin. See Spatangoid. — Heart wheel, a form of cam, shaped like a heart. See Cam. — In good heart, in good courage; in good hope. — Out of heart, discouraged. — Poor heart, an exclamation of pity. — To break the heart of. (a) To bring to despair or hopeless grief; to cause to be utterly cast down by sorrow. (b) To bring almost to completion; to finish very nearly; — said of anything undertaken; as he has broken the heart of the task. — To find in the heart, to be willing or disposed. ´I could find in my heart to ask your pardon.´ Sir P. Sidney. — To have at heart, to desire (anything) earnestly. — To have in the heart, to purpose; to design or intend to do. — To have the heart in the mouth, to be much frightened. — To lose heart, to become discouraged. — To lose one’s heart, to fall in love. — To set the heart at rest, to put one’s self at ease. — To set the heart upon, to fix the desires on; to long for earnestly; to be very fond of. — To take heart of grace, to take courage. — To take to heart, to grieve over. — To wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve, to expose one’s feelings or intentions; to be frank or impulsive. - - With all one’s heart, With one’s whole heart, very earnestly; fully; completely; devotedly.

Heart (härt), v. t. To give heart to; to hearten; to encourage; to inspirit. [Obs.] “My cause is hearted; thine hath no less reason.” Shak.

Heart, v. i. To form a compact center or heart; as a hearting cabbage.

Heart´ache (-ak•), n. [Cf. AS. heortece.] Sorrow; anguish of mind; mental pang. Shak.

Heart´break (-brak•), n. Crushing sorrow or grief; a yielding to such grief. Shak.

Heart´break•ing, a. Causing overpowering sorrow.

Heart´bro•ken (-bro•k’n), a. Overcome by crushing sorrow; deeply grieved.

Heart´burn (-bûrn•), n. (Med.) An uneasy, burning sensation in the stomach, often attended with an inclination to vomit. It is sometimes idiopathic, but is often a symptom of other complaints.

Heart´burned (-bûrnd•), a. Having heartburn. Shak.

Heart´burn•ing (-bûrn•ing), a. Causing discontent.

Heart´burn•ing, n. 1. (Med.) Same as Heartburn. 2. Discontent; secret enmity. Swift. “The transaction did not fail to leave heartburnings.” Palfrey.

Heart´dear (-der•), a. Sincerely beloved. [R.] Shak.

Heart´deep (-dep•), a. Rooted in the heart. Herbert.

Heart´-eat•ing (-et•ing), a. Preying on the heart.

Heart´ed, a. 1. Having a heart; having (such) a heart (regarded as the seat of the affections, disposition, or character). 2. Shaped like a heart; cordate. [R.] Landor. 3. Seated or laid up in the heart. “I hate the Moor: my cause is hearted.” Shak. This word is chiefly used in composition; as hard- hearted, faint-hearted, kind-hearted, lion- hearted, stout-hearted, etc. Hence the nouns hard- heartedness, faint-heartedness, etc.

Heart´ed•ness, n. Earnestness; sincerity; heartiness. [R.] Clarendon. See also the Note under Hearted. The analysis of the compounds gives hard-hearted + -ness, rather than hard + heartedness, etc.

Heart´en (härt´’n), v. t. [From Heart.] 1. To encourage; to animate; to incite or stimulate the courage of; to embolden. “Hearten those that fight in your defense.” Shak. 2. To restore fertility or strength to, as to land.

Heart´en•er (-er), n. One who, or that which, heartens, animates, or stirs up. W. Browne.

Heart´felt (-felt•), a. Hearty; sincere.

Heart´grief (-gref•), n. Heartache; sorrow. Milton.

Hearth (härth), n. [OE. harthe, herth, herthe, AS. heorð; akin to D. haard, heerd, Sw. härd, G. herd; cf. Goth. haúri a coal, Icel. hyrr embers, and L. cremare to burn.] 1. The pavement or floor of brick, stone, or metal in a chimney, on which a fire is made; the floor of a fireplace; also a corresponding part of a stove. “There was a fire on the hearth burning before him.” Jer. xxxvi. 22. “Where fires thou find’st unraked and hearths unswept.
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.” Shak. 2. The house itself, as the abode of comfort to its inmates and of hospitality to strangers; fireside. “Household talk and phrases of the hearth.” Tennyson. 3. (Metal. & Manuf.) The floor of a furnace, on which the material to be heated lies, or the lowest part of a melting furnace, into which the melted material settles. Hearth ends (Metal.), fragments of lead ore ejected from the furnace by the blast. — Hearth money, Hearth penny [AS. heorðpening], a tax formerly laid in England on hearths, each hearth (in all houses paying the church and poor rates) being taxed at two shillings; — called also chimney money, etc. “He had been importuned by the common people to relieve them from the … burden of the hearth money.” Macaulay.

Hearth´stone (-ston•), n. Stone forming the hearth; hence, the fireside; home. “Chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone.” A. Lincoln.

Heart´i•ly (härt´i•ly), adv. [From Hearty.] 1. From the heart; with all the heart; with sincerity. “I heartily forgive them.” Shak. 2. With zeal; actively; vigorously; willingly; cordially; as he heartily assisted the prince. To eat heartily, to eat freely and with relish. Addison. Syn. — Sincerely; cordially; zealously; vigorously; actively; warmly; eagerly; ardently; earnestly.

Heart´i•ness (härt´i•nes), n. The quality of being hearty; as the heartiness of a greeting.

Heart´less, a. 1. Without a heart. “You have left me heartless; mine is in your bosom.” J. Webster. 2. Destitute of courage; spiritless; despondent. “Heartless they fought, and quitted soon their ground.” Dryden. “Heartless and melancholy.” W. Irwing. 3. Destitute of feeling or affection; unsympathetic; cruel. ´The heartless parasites.´ Byron. — Heart´less•ly, adv. — Heart´less•ness, n.

Heart´let (-let), n. A little heart.

Heart´lings (-lingz), interj. An exclamation used in addressing a familiar acquaintance. [Obs.] Shak.

Heart´pea (-pe•), n. (Bot.) Same as Heartseed.

Heart´quake (-kwak•), n. Trembling of the heart; trepidation; fear. “In many an hour of danger and heartquake.” Hawthorne.

Heart´rend•ing (-rend•ing), a. Causing intense grief; overpowering with anguish; very distressing.

Heart´-rob•bing (-rob•bing), a. 1. Depriving of thought; ecstatic. ´Heart-robbing gladness.´ Spenser. 2. Stealing the heart or affections; winning.

Heart’s´-ease (härts´ez•), n. 1. Ease of heart; peace or tranquillity of mind or feeling. Shak. 2. (Bot.) A species of violet (Viola tricolor); — called also pansy.

Heart´seed (härt´sed•), n. (Bot.) A climbing plant of the genus Cardiospermum, having round seeds which are marked with a spot like a heart. Loudon.

Heart´shaped (-shapt•), a. Having the shape of a heart; cordate.

Heart´sick (-sik•), a. [AS. heortseóc.] Sick at heart; extremely depressed in spirits; very despondent.

Heart´some (-sum), a. Merry; cheerful; lively. [Scot.]

Heart´-spoon (-spoon•), n. A part of the breastbone. [Obs.] “He feeleth through the herte-spon the pricke.” Chaucer.

Heart´strick•en (-strik•’n), a. Shocked; dismayed.

Heart´strike (-strik•), v. t. To affect at heart; to shock. [R.] ´They seek to heartstrike us.´ B. Jonson.

Heart´string (-string•), n. A nerve or tendon, supposed to brace and sustain the heart. Shak. “Sobbing, as if a heartstring broke.” Moore.

Heart´struck (-struk•), a. 1. Driven to the heart; infixed in the mind. ´His heartstruck injuries.´ Shak. 2. Shocked with pain, fear, or remorse; dismayed; heartstricken. Milton.

Heart´swell•ing (-swel•ing), a. Rankling in, or swelling, the heart. ´Heartswelling hate.´ Spenser.

Heart´-whole (-hol•), a. [See Whole.] 1. Having the heart or affections free; not in love. Shak. 2. With unbroken courage; undismayed. 3. Of a single and sincere heart. “If he keeps heart-whole towards his Master.” Bunyan.

Heart´wood (-wood•), n. The hard, central part of the trunk of a tree, consisting of the old and matured wood, and usually differing in color from the outer layers. It is technically known as duramen, and distinguished from the softer sapwood or alburnum.

Heart´-wound•ed (härt´woond•ed or - wound•ed), a. Wounded to the heart with love or grief. Pope.

Heart´y (härt´y), a. [Compar. Heartier (-i•er); superl. Heartiest.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the heart; warm; cordial; bold; zealous; sincere; willing; also energetic; active; eager; as a hearty welcome; hearty in supporting the government. “Full of hearty tears
For our good father’s loss.” Marston. 2. Exhibiting strength; sound; healthy; firm; not weak; as a hearty man; hearty timber. 3. Promoting strength; nourishing; rich; abundant; as hearty food; a hearty meal. Syn. — Sincere; real; unfeigned; undissembled; cordial; earnest; warm; zealous; ardent; eager; active; vigorous. — Hearty, Cordial, Sincere. Hearty implies honesty and simplicity of feelings and manners; cordial refers to the warmth and liveliness with which the feelings are expressed; sincere implies that this expression corresponds to the real sentiments of the heart. A man should be hearty in his attachment to his friends, cordial in his reception of them to his house, and sincere in his offers to assist them.

Heart´y, n.; pl. Hearties (-iz). Comrade; boon companion; good fellow; — a term of familiar address and fellowship among sailors. Dickens.

Heart´y•hale (-hal•), a. Good for the heart. [Obs.]

Heat (het), n. [OE. hete, haete, AS. haetu, haeto, fr. hat hot; akin to OHG. heizi heat, Dan. hede, Sw. hetta. See Hot.] 1. A force in nature which is recognized in various effects, but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation, and which, as manifested in fire, the sun’s rays, mechanical action, chemical combination, etc., becomes directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its nature heat is a mode of motion, being in general a form of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was given the name caloric. As affecting the human body, heat produces different sensations, which are called by different names, as heat or sensible heat, warmth, cold, etc., according to its degree or amount relatively to the normal temperature of the body. 2. The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire, the sun’s rays, etc.; the reverse of cold. 3. High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature, or cold; as the heat of summer and the cold of winter; heat of the skin or body in fever, etc. “Else how had the world …
Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat!” Milton. 4. Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness; high color; flush; degree of temperature to which something is heated, as indicated by appearance, condition, or otherwise. “It has raised … heats in their faces.” Addison. “The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red heat, a white-flame heat, and a sparkling or welding heat.” Moxon. 5. A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or in a furnace; as to make a horseshoe in a certain number of heats. 6. A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as he won two heats out of three. “Many causes … for refreshment betwixt the heats.” Dryden. “[He] struck off at one heat the matchless tale of ´Tam o’ Shanter.´” J. C. Shairp. 7. Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as the heat of battle or party. ´The heat of their division.´ Shak. 8. Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement; exasperation. ´The heat and hurry of his rage.´ South. 9. Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency. “With all the strength and heat of eloquence.” Addison. 10. Sexual excitement in animals. 11. Fermentation. Animal heat, Blood heat, Capacity for heat, etc. See under Animal, Blood, etc. — Atomic heat (Chem.), the product obtained by multiplying the atomic weight of any element by its specific heat. The atomic heat of all solid elements is nearly a constant, the mean value being 6.4. — Dynamical theory of heat, that theory of heat which assumes it to be, not a peculiar kind of matter, but a peculiar motion of the ultimate particles of matter. Heat engine, any apparatus by which a heated substance, as a heated fluid, is made to perform work by giving motion to mechanism, as a hot-air engine, or a steam engine. — Heat producers. (Physiol.) See under Food. — Heat rays, a term formerly applied to the rays near the red end of the spectrum, whether within or beyond the visible spectrum. — Heat weight (Mech.), the product of any quantity of heat by the mechanical equivalent of heat divided by the absolute temperature; — called also thermodynamic function, and entropy. — Mechanical equivalent of heat. See under Equivalent. — Specific heat of a substance (at any temperature), the number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance at that temperature one degree. — Unit of heat, the quantity of heat required to raise, by one degree, the temperature of a unit mass of water, initially at a certain standard temperature. The temperature usually employed is that of 0° Centigrade, or 32° Fahrenheit.

Heat (het), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heated; p. pr. & vb. n. Heating.] [OE. heten, AS. haetan, fr. hat hot. See Hot.] 1. To make hot; to communicate heat to, or cause to grow warm; as to heat an oven or furnace, an iron, or the like. “Heat me these irons hot.” Shak. 2. To excite or make hot by action or emotion; to make feverish. “Pray, walk softly; do not heat your blood.” Shak. 3. To excite ardor in; to rouse to action; to excite to excess; to inflame, as the passions. “A noble emulation heats your breast.” Dryden.

Heat, v. i. 1. To grow warm or hot by the action of fire or friction, etc., or the communication of heat; as the iron or the water heats slowly. 2. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, or the development of heat by chemical action; as green hay heats in a mow, and manure in the dunghill.

Heat (het), imp. & p. p. of Heat. Heated; as the iron though heat red- hot. [Obs. or Archaic] Shak.

Heat´er (het´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, heats. 2. Any contrivance or implement, as a furnace, stove, or other heated body or vessel, etc., used to impart heat to something, or to contain something to be heated. Feed heater. See under Feed.

Heath (heth), n. [OE. heth waste land, the plant heath, AS. haeð; akin to D. & G. heide, Icel. heiðr waste land, Dan. hede, Sw. hed, Goth. haiþi field, L. bucetum a cow pasture; cf. W. coed a wood, Skr. kshetra field. rad.20.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A low shrub (Erica, or Calluna, vulgaris), with minute evergreen leaves, and handsome clusters of pink flowers. It is used in Great Britain for brooms, thatch, beds for the poor, and for heating ovens. It is also called heather, and ling. (b) also any species of the genus Erica, of which several are European, and many more are South African, some of great beauty. See Illust. of Heather. 2. A place overgrown with heath; any cheerless tract of country overgrown with shrubs or coarse herbage. “Their stately growth, though bare,
Stands on the blasted heath.” Milton Heath cock (Zoöl.), the blackcock. See Heath grouse (below). — Heath grass (Bot.), a kind of perennial grass, of the genus Triodia (T. decumbens), growing on dry heaths. — Heath grouse, or Heath game (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Tetrao tetrix), which inhabits heaths; — called also black game, black grouse, heath poult, heath fowl, moor fowl. The male is called heath cock, and blackcock; the female, heath hen, and gray hen. — Heath hen. (Zoöl.) See Heath grouse (above). — Heath pea (Bot.), a species of bitter vetch (Lathyrus macrorhizus), the tubers of which are eaten, and in Scotland are used to flavor whisky. — Heath throstle (Zoöl.), a European thrush which frequents heaths; the ring ouzel.

Heath´clad (-klad•), a. Clad or crowned with heath.

Hea´then (he´th’n; 277), n.; pl. Heathens (-th’nz) or collectively Heathen. [OE. hethen, AS. haeðen, prop. an adj. fr. haeð heath, and orig., therefore, one who lives in the country or on the heaths and in the woods (cf. pagan, fr. pagus village); akin to OS. heðin, adj., D. heiden a heathen, G. heide, OHG. heidan, Icel. heiðinn, adj., Sw. heden, Goth. haiþno, n. fem. See Heath, and cf. Hoiden.] 1. An individual of the pagan or unbelieving nations, or those which worship idols and do not acknowledge the true God; a pagan; an idolater. 2. An irreligious person. “If it is no more than a moral discourse, he may preach it and they may hear it, and yet both continue unconverted heathens.” V. Knox. The heathen, as the term is used in the Scriptures, all people except the Jews; now used of all people except Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans. “Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance.” Ps. ii. 8. Syn. — Pagan; gentile. See Pagan.

Hea´then (he´th’n), a. 1. Gentile; pagan; as a heathen author. ´The heathen philosopher.´ ´All in gold, like heathen gods.´ Shak. 2. Barbarous; unenlightened; heathenish. 3. Irreligious; scoffing.

Hea´then•dom (-dum), n. [AS. haeðendom.] 1. That part of the world where heathenism prevails; the heathen nations, considered collectively. 2. Heathenism. C. Kingsley.

Hea´then•esse (-es), n. [AS. haeðennes, i. e., heathenness.] Heathendom. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir W. Scott.

Hea´then•ish, a. [AS. haeðenisc.] 1. Of or pertaining to the heathen; resembling or characteristic of heathens. ´Worse than heathenish crimes.´ Milton. 2. Rude; uncivilized; savage; cruel. South. 3. Irreligious; as a heathenish way of living.

Hea´then•ish•ly, adv. In a heathenish manner.

Hea´then•ish•ness, n. The state or quality of being heathenish. ´The … heathenishness and profaneness of most playbooks.´ Prynne.

Hea´then•ism (-iz’m), n. 1. The religious system or rites of a heathen nation; idolatry; paganism. 2. The manners or morals usually prevalent in a heathen country; ignorance; rudeness; barbarism.

Hea´then•ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heathenized (-izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Heathenizing (- i•zing).] To render heathen or heathenish. Firmin.

Hea´then•ness, n. [Cf. Heathenesse.] State of being heathen or like the heathen.

Hea´then•ry (-ry), n. 1. The state, quality, or character of the heathen. “Your heathenry and your laziness.” C. Kingsley. 2. Heathendom; heathen nations.

Heath´er (heth´er; 277. This is the only pronunciation in Scotland), n. [See Heath.] Heath. [Scot.] “Gorse and grass
And heather, where his footsteps pass,
The brighter seem.” Longfellow. Heather bell (Bot.), one of the pretty subglobose flowers of two European kinds of heather (Erica Tetralix, and E. cinerea).

Heath´er•y (-y), a. Heathy; abounding in heather; of the nature of heath.

Heath´y (heth´y), a. Full of heath; abounding with heath; as heathy land; heathy hills. Sir W. Scott.

Heat´ing (het´ing), a. That heats or imparts heat; promoting warmth or heat; exciting action; stimulating; as heating medicines or applications. Heating surface (Steam Boilers), the aggregate surface exposed to fire or to the heated products of combustion, esp. of all the plates or sheets that are exposed to water on their opposite surfaces; — called also fire surface.

Heat´ing•ly, adv. In a heating manner; so as to make or become hot or heated.

Heat´less, a. Destitute of heat; cold. Beau. & Fl.

Heave (hev), v. t. [imp. Heaved (hevd), or Hove (hov); p. p. Heaved, Hove, formerly Hoven (ho´v’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Heaving.] [OE. heven, hebben, AS. hebban; akin to OS. hebbian, D. heffen, OHG. heffan, hevan, G. heben, Icel. hefja, Sw. häfva, Dan. haeve, Goth. hafjan, L. capere to take, seize; cf. Gr. kw•ph handle. Cf. Accept, Behoof, Capacious, Forceps, Haft, Receipt.] 1. To cause to move upward or onward by a lifting effort; to lift; to raise; to hoist; — often with up; as the wave heaved the boat on land. “One heaved ahigh, to be hurled down below.” Shak. Heave, as now used, implies that the thing raised is heavy or hard to move; but formerly it was used in a less restricted sense. “Here a little child I stand,
Heaving up my either hand.” Herrick. 2. To throw; to cast; — obsolete, provincial, or colloquial, except in certain nautical phrases; as to heave the lead; to heave the log. 3. To force from, or into, any position; to cause to move; also to throw off; — mostly used in certain nautical phrases; as to heave the ship ahead. 4. To raise or force from the breast; to utter with effort; as to heave a sigh. “The wretched animal heaved forth such groans.” Shak. 5. To cause to swell or rise, as the breast or bosom. “The glittering, finny swarms
That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores.” Thomson. To heave a cable short (Naut.), to haul in cable till the ship is almost perpendicularly above the anchor. — To heave a ship ahead (Naut.), to warp her ahead when not under sail, as by means of cables. — To heave a ship down (Naut.), to throw or lay her down on one side; to careen her. — To heave a ship to (Naut.), to bring the ship’s head to the wind, and stop her motion. - - To heave about (Naut.), to put about suddenly. — To heave in (Naut.), to shorten (cable). — To heave in stays (Naut.), to put a vessel on the other tack. — To heave out a sail (Naut.), to unfurl it. — To heave taut (Naut.), to turn a capstan, etc., till the rope becomes strained. See Taut, and Tight. — To heave the lead (Naut.), to take soundings with lead and line. — To heave the log. (Naut.) See Log. — To heave up anchor (Naut.), to raise it from the bottom of the sea or elsewhere.

Heave (hev), v. i. 1. To be thrown up or raised; to rise upward, as a tower or mound. “And the huge columns heave into the sky.” Pope. “Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap.” Gray. “The heaving sods of Bunker Hill.” E. Everett. 2. To rise and fall with alternate motions, as the lungs in heavy breathing, as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, as the earth when broken up by frost, etc.; to swell; to dilate; to expand; to distend; hence, to labor; to struggle. “Frequent for breath his panting bosom heaves.” Prior. “The heaving plain of ocean.” Byron. 3. To make an effort to raise, throw, or move anything; to strain to do something difficult. “The Church of England had struggled and heaved at a reformation ever since Wyclif’s days.” Atterbury. 4. To make an effort to vomit; to retch; to vomit. To heave at. (a) To make an effort at. (b) To attack, to oppose. [Obs.] Fuller. — To heave in sight (as a ship at sea), to come in sight; to appear. — To heave up, to vomit. [Low]

Heave, n. 1. An effort to raise something, as a weight, or one’s self, or to move something heavy. “After many strains and heaves
He got up to his saddle eaves.” Hudibras. 2. An upward motion; a rising; a swell or distention, as of the breast in difficult breathing, of the waves, of the earth in an earthquake, and the like. “There’s matter in these sighs, these profound heaves,
You must translate.” Shak. “None could guess whether the next heave of the earthquake would settle … or swallow them.” Dryden. 3. (Geol.) A horizontal dislocation in a metallic lode, taking place at an intersection with another lode.

Heav´en (hev´’n), n. [OE. heven, hefen, heofen, AS. heofon; akin to OS. hevan, LG. heben, heven, Icel. hifinn; of uncertain origin, cf. D. hemel, G. himmel, Icel. himmin, Goth. himins; perh. akin to, or influenced by, the root of E. heave, or from a root signifying to cover, cf. Goth. gahamon to put on, clothe one’s self, G. hemd shirt, and perh. E. chemise.] 1. The expanse of space surrounding the earth; esp., that which seems to be over the earth like a great arch or dome; the firmament; the sky; the place where the sun, moon, and stars appear; — often used in the plural in this sense. “I never saw the heavens so dim by day.” Shak. “When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven.” D. Webster. 2. The dwelling place of the Deity; the abode of bliss; the place or state of the blessed after death. “Unto the God of love, high heaven’s King.” Spenser. “It is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or to hell.” Shak. “New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven.” Keble. In this general sense heaven and its corresponding words in other languages have as various definite interpretations as there are phases of religious belief. 3. The sovereign of heaven; God; also the assembly of the blessed, collectively; — used variously in this sense, as in No. 2. “Her prayers, whom Heaven delights to hear.” Shak. “The will
And high permission of all-ruling Heaven.” Milton. 4. Any place of supreme happiness or great comfort; perfect felicity; bliss; a sublime or exalted condition; as a heaven of delight. ´A heaven of beauty.´ Shak. ´The brightest heaven of invention.´ Shak. “O bed! bed! delicious bed!
That heaven upon earth to the weary head!” Hood. Heaven is very often used, esp. with participles, in forming compound words, most of which need no special explanation; as heaven-appeasing, heaven-aspiring, heaven- begot, heaven-born, heaven-bred, heaven- conducted, heaven-descended, heaven-directed, heaven-exalted, heaven-given, heaven-guided, heaven-inflicted, heaven-inspired, heaven- instructed, heaven-kissing, heaven-loved, heaven-moving, heaven-protected, heaven-taught, heaven-warring, and the like.

Heav´en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heavened p. pr. & vb. n. Heavening.] To place in happiness or bliss, as if in heaven; to beatify. [R.] “We are happy as the bird whose nest
Is heavened in the hush of purple hills.” G. Massey.

Heav´en•ize (hev´’n•iz), v. t. To render like heaven or fit for heaven. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Heav´en•li•ness , n. [From Heavenly.] The state or quality of being heavenly. Sir J. Davies.

Heav´en•ly, a. [AS. heofonic.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting heaven; celestial; not earthly; as heavenly regions; heavenly music. “As is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly.” 1 Cor. xv. 48. 2. Appropriate to heaven in character or happiness; perfect; pure; supremely blessed; as a heavenly race; the heavenly, throng. “The love of heaven makes one heavenly.” Sir P. Sidney.

Heav´en•ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling that of heaven. ´She was heavenly true.´ Shak. 2. By the influence or agency of heaven. “Out heavenly guided soul shall climb.” Milton.

Heav´en•ly-mind•ed , a. Having the thoughts and affections placed on, or suitable for, heaven and heavenly objects; devout; godly; pious. Milner. — Heav´en•ly-mind•ed•ness, n.

Heav´en•ward , a & adv. Toward heaven.

Heave´ of•fer•ing (Jewish Antiq.) An offering or oblation heaved up or elevated before the altar, as the shoulder of the peace offering. See Wave offering. Ex. xxix. 27.

Heav´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, heaves or lifts; a laborer employed on docks in handling freight; as a coal heaver. 2. (Naut.) A bar used as a lever. Totten.

Heaves , n. A disease of horses, characterized by difficult breathing, with heaving of the flank, wheezing, flatulency, and a peculiar cough; broken wind.

Heav´i•ly , adv. [From 2d Heavy.] 1. In a heavy manner; with great weight; as to bear heavily on a thing; to be heavily loaded. “Heavily interested in those schemes of emigration.” The Century. 2. As if burdened with a great weight; slowly and laboriously; with difficulty; hence, in a slow, difficult, or suffering manner; sorrowfully. “And took off their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily.” Ex. xiv. 25. “Why looks your grace so heavily to- day?” Shak.

heavily-traveled , heavily traveled adj. subject to much traffic or travel; as the region’s most heavily traveled highways.
Syn. — heavily traveled.
[WordNet 1.5]

Heav´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being heavy in its various senses; weight; sadness; sluggishness; oppression; thickness.

Heav´ing , n. A lifting or rising; a swell; a panting or deep sighing. Addison. Shak.

Heav´i•some , a. Heavy; dull. [Prov.]

Heav´y , a. Having the heaves.

Heav´y , a. [Compar. Heavier superl. Heaviest.] [OE. hevi, AS. hefig, fr. hebban to lift, heave; akin to OHG. hebig, hevig, Icel. höfigr, höfugr. See Heave.] 1. Heaved or lifted with labor; not light; weighty; ponderous; as a heavy stone; hence, sometimes, large in extent, quantity, or effects; as a heavy fall of rain or snow; a heavy failure; heavy business transactions, etc.; often implying strength; as a heavy barrier; also difficult to move; as a heavy draught. 2. Not easy to bear; burdensome; oppressive; hard to endure or accomplish; hence, grievous, afflictive; as heavy yokes, expenses, undertakings, trials, news, etc. “The hand of the Lord was heavy upon them of Ashdod.” 1 Sam. v. 6. “The king himself hath a heavy reckoning to make.” Shak. “Sent hither to impart the heavy news.” Wordsworth. “Trust him not in matter of heavy consequence.” Shak. 3. Laden with that which is weighty; encumbered; burdened; bowed down, either with an actual burden, or with care, grief, pain, disappointment. “The heavy [sorrowing] nobles all in council were.” Chapman. “A light wife doth make a heavy husband.” Shak. 4. Slow; sluggish; inactive; or lifeless, dull, inanimate, stupid; as a heavy gait, looks, manners, style, and the like; a heavy writer or book. “Whilst the heavy plowman snores.” Shak. “Of a heavy, dull, degenerate mind.” Dryden. “Neither [is] his ear heavy, that it can not hear.” Is. lix. 1. 5. Strong; violent; forcible; as a heavy sea, storm, cannonade, and the like. 6. Loud; deep; — said of sound; as heavy thunder. “But, hark! that heavy sound breaks in once more.” Byron. 7. Dark with clouds, or ready to rain; gloomy; — said of the sky. 8. Impeding motion; cloggy; clayey; — said of earth; as a heavy road, soil, and the like. 9. Not raised or made light; as heavy bread. 10. Not agreeable to, or suitable for, the stomach; not easily digested; — said of food. 11. Having much body or strength; — said of wines, or other liquors. 12. With child; pregnant. [R.] Heavy artillery. (Mil.) (a) Guns of great weight or large caliber, esp. siege, garrison, and seacoast guns. (b) Troops which serve heavy guns. — Heavy cavalry. See under Cavalry. — Heavy fire (Mil.), a continuous or destructive cannonading, or discharge of small arms. — Heavy metal (Mil.), large guns carrying balls of a large size; also large balls for such guns. — Heavy metals. (Chem.) See under Metal. — Heavy weight, in wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the heaviest of the classes into which contestants are divided. Cf. Feather weight (c), under Feather. Heavy is used in composition to form many words which need no special explanation; as heavy-built, heavy-browed, heavy-gaited, etc.

Heav´y, adv. Heavily; — sometimes used in composition; as heavy-laden.

Heav´y, v. t. To make heavy. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Heav´y-armed , a. (Mil.) Wearing heavy or complete armor; carrying heavy arms.

Heav´y-had´ed , a. Clumsy; awkward.

Heav´y-head´ed , a. Dull; stupid. ´Gross heavy-headed fellows.´ Beau. & Fl.

Heav´y spar (Min.) Native barium sulphate or barite, — so called because of its high specific gravity as compared with other non-metallic minerals.

Heb´do•mad , n. [L. hebdomas, -adis, Gr. ´ebdoma•s the number seven days, fr. seventh, seven. See Seven.] A week; a period of seven days. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { Heb•dom´a•dal , Heb•dom´a•da•ry } a. [L. hebdomadalis, LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadaire.] Consisting of seven days, or occurring at intervals of seven days; weekly.

Heb•dom´a•dal•ly , adv. In periods of seven days; weekly. Lowell.

Heb•dom´a•da•ry , n. [LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadier.] (R. C. Ch.) A member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to officiate in the choir, and perform other services, which, on extraordinary occasions, are performed by the superiors.

Heb•do•mat´ic•al , a. [L. hebdomaticus, Gr. .] Weekly; hebdomadal. [Obs.]

He´be , n. [L., fr. Gr. ´h•bh youth, ´H•bh Hebe.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The goddess of youth, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She was believed to have the power of restoring youth and beauty to those who had lost them. 2. (Zoöl.) An African ape; the hamadryas.

Heb´en , n. Ebony. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heb´e•non , n. See Henbane. [Obs.] Shak.

Heb´e•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hebetated p. pr. & vb. n. Hebetating.] [L. hebetatus, p. p. of hebetare to dull. See Hebete.] To render obtuse; to dull; to blunt; to stupefy; as to hebetate the intellectual faculties. Southey

Heb´e•tate , a. 1. Obtuse; dull. 2. (Bot.) Having a dull or blunt and soft point. Gray.

Heb•e•ta´tion , n. [L. hebetatio: cf. F. hebetation.] 1. The act of making blunt, dull, or stupid. 2. The state of being blunted or dulled.

He•bete´ , a. [L. hebes, hebetis, dull, stupid, fr. hebere to be dull.] Dull; stupid. [Obs.]

Heb´e•tude , n. [L. hebetudo.] Dullness; stupidity. Harvey.

He´bra´ic , a. [L. Hebraicus, Gr. : cf. F. hebraïque. See Hebrew.] Of or pertaining to the Hebrews, or to the language of the Hebrews.

He•bra´ic•al•ly , adv. After the manner of the Hebrews or of the Hebrew language.

He´bra•ism , n. [Cf. F. hebraïsme.] 1. A Hebrew idiom or custom; a peculiar expression or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. Addison. 2. The type of character of the Hebrews. “The governing idea of Hebraism is strictness of conscience.” M. Arnold.

He´bra•ist, n. [Cf. F. hebraïste.] One versed in the Hebrew language and learning.

He•bra•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Hebrew language or idiom.

He•bra•is´tic•al•ly , adv. In a Hebraistic sense or form. “Which is Hebraistically used in the New Testament.” Kitto.

He´bra•ize , v. t. [Gr. to speak Hebrew: cf. F. hebraïser.] To convert into the Hebrew idiom; to make Hebrew or Hebraistic. J. R. Smith.

He´bra•ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hebraized p. pr. & vb. n. Hebraizing.] To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrew idiom, or to Hebrew customs.

He´brew , n. [F. Hebreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr. , fr. Heb. ’ibhri.] 1. An appellative of Abraham or of one of his descendants, esp. in the line of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew. “There came one that had escaped and told Abram the Hebrew.” Gen. xiv. 13. 2. The language of the Hebrews; — one of the Semitic family of languages.

He´brew, a. Of or pertaining to the Hebrews; as the Hebrew language or rites.

He´brew•ess, n. An Israelitish woman.

He•bri´cian , n. A Hebraist. [R.] { He•brid´e•an , He•brid´i•an } a. Of or pertaining to the islands called Hebrides, west of Scotland. — n. A native or inhabitant of the Hebrides.

Hec´a•tomb , n. [L. hecatombe, Gr. ; hundred + ox: cf. F. hecatombe.] (Antiq.) A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle at the same time; hence, the sacrifice or slaughter of any large number of victims. “Slaughtered hecatombs around them bleed.” Addison. “More than a human hecatomb.” Byron.

Hec•a•tom´pe•don , n. [Gr. hundred feet long, the Parthenon; hundred + foot.] (Arch.) A name given to the old Parthenon at Athens, because measuring 100 Greek feet, probably in the width across the stylobate.

Hec´de•cane , n. [Gr. six + ten.] (Chem.) A white, semisolid, spermaceti-like hydrocarbon, C16H34, of the paraffin series, found dissolved as an important ingredient of kerosene, and so called because each molecule has sixteen atoms of carbon; — called also hexadecane.

Heck , n. [See Hatch a half door.] [Written also hack.] 1. The bolt or latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A rack for cattle to feed at. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A door, especially one partly of latticework; — called also heck door. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A latticework contrivance for catching fish. 5. (Weaving) An apparatus for separating the threads of warps into sets, as they are wound upon the reel from the bobbins, in a warping machine. 6. A bend or winding of a stream. [Prov. Eng.] Half heck, the lower half of a door. — Heck board, the loose board at the bottom or back of a cart. — Heck box or frame, that which carries the heck in warping.

Heck´i•mal , n. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus). [Written also heckimel, hackeymal, hackmall, hagmall, and hickmall.]

Hec´kle , n. & v. t. Same as Hackle.

Hec´tare , n. [F., fr. Gr. hundred + F. are an are.] A measure of area, or superficies, containing a hundred ares, or 10,000 square meters, and equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hec´tic , a. [F. hectique, Gr. habitual, consumptive, fr. habit, a habit of body or mind, fr. to have; akin to Skr. sah to overpower, endure; cf. AS. sige, sigor, victory, G. sieg, Goth. sigis. Cf. Scheme.] 1. Habitual; constitutional; pertaining especially to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption; as a hectic type in disease; a hectic flush. 2. In a hectic condition; having hectic fever; consumptive; as a hectic patient. Hectic fever (Med.), a fever of irritation and debility, occurring usually at a advanced stage of exhausting disease, as a in pulmonary consumption.

Hec´tic, n. 1. (Med.) Hectic fever. 2. A hectic flush. “It is no living hue, but a strange hectic.” Byron.

Hec•to•cot´y•lized , a. (Zoöl.) Changed into a hectocotylus; having a hectocotylis.

Hec•to•cot´y•lus , n.; pl. Hectocotyli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a hundred + a hollow vessel.] (Zoöl.) One of the arms of the male of most kinds of cephalopods, which is specially modified in various ways to effect the fertilization of the eggs. In a special sense, the greatly modified arm of Argonauta and allied genera, which, after receiving the spermatophores, becomes detached from the male, and attaches itself to the female for reproductive purposes.

Hec´to•gram , n. [F. hectogramme, fr. Gr. hundred + F. gramme a gram.] A measure of weight, containing a hundred grams, or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois.

Hec´to•gramme , n. [F.] The same as Hectogram.

Hec´to•graph , n. [Gr. hundred + -graph.] A contrivance for multiple copying, by means of a surface of gelatin softened with glycerin. [Written also hectograph.] { Hec´to•li•ter , Hec´to•li•tre } , n. [F. hectolitre, fr. Gr. hundred + F. litre a liter.] A measure of liquids, containing a hundred liters; equal to a tenth of a cubic meter, nearly 26½ gallons of wine measure, or 22.0097 imperial gallons. As a dry measure, it contains ten decaliters, or about 2&frac56; Winchester bushels. { Hec´to•me•ter , Hec´to•me•tre } , n. [F. hectomètre, fr. Gr. hundred + F. mètre a meter.] A measure of length, equal to a hundred meters. It is equivalent to 328.09 feet.

Hec´tor , n. [From the Trojan warrior Hector, the son of Priam.] A bully; a blustering, turbulent, insolent, fellow; one who vexes or provokes.

Hec´tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hectored p. pr. & vb. n. Hectoring.] To treat with insolence; to threaten; to bully; hence, to torment by words; to tease; to taunt; to worry or irritate by bullying. Dryden.

Hec´tor, v. i. To play the bully; to bluster; to be turbulent or insolent. Swift.

Hec´to•rism , n. The disposition or the practice of a hector; a bullying. [R.]

Hec´tor•ly, a. Resembling a hector; blustering; insolent; taunting. ´Hectorly, ruffianlike swaggering or huffing.´ Barrow.

Hec´to•stere , n. [F. hectostère; Gr. hundred + F. stère.] A measure of solidity, containing one hundred cubic meters, and equivalent to 3531.66 English or 3531.05 United States cubic feet.

Hed´dle , n.; pl. Heddles (#). [Cf. Heald.] (Weaving) One of the sets of parallel doubled threads which, with mounting, compose the harness employed to guide the warp threads to the lathe or batten in a loom.

Hed´dle, v. t. To draw (the warp thread) through the heddle-eyes, in weaving.

Hed´dle-eye , n. (Weaving) The eye or loop formed in each heddle to receive a warp thread.

Hed´dling , vb. n. The act of drawing the warp threads through the heddle-eyes of a weaver’s harness; the harness itself. Knight.

Hed•er•a´ceous , a. [L. hederaceus, fr. hedera ivy.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, ivy.

Hed´er•al , a. Of or pertaining to ivy.

He•der´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the ivy (Hedera); as hederic acid, an acid of the acetylene series.

Hed•er•if´er•ous , a. [L. hedera ivy + -ferous.] Producing ivy; ivy- bearing.

Hed´er•ose , a. [L. hederosus, fr. hedera ivy.] Pertaining to, or of, ivy; full of ivy.

Hedge , n. [OE. hegge, AS. hecg; akin to haga an inclosure, E. haw, AS. hege hedge, E. haybote, D. hegge, OHG. hegga, G. hecke. rad.12. See Haw a hedge.] A thicket of bushes, usually thorn bushes; especially, such a thicket planted as a fence between any two portions of land; and also any sort of shrubbery, as evergreens, planted in a line or as a fence; particularly, such a thicket planted round a field to fence it, or in rows to separate the parts of a garden. “The roughest berry on the rudest hedge.” Shak. “Through the verdant maze
Of sweetbrier hedges I pursue my walk.” Thomson. Hedge, when used adjectively or in composition, often means rustic, outlandish, illiterate, poor, or mean; as hedge priest; hedgeborn, etc. Hedge bells, Hedge bindweed (Bot.), a climbing plant related to the morning-glory (Convolvulus sepium). — Hedge bill, a long-handled billhook. — Hedge garlic (Bot.), a plant of the genus Alliaria. See Garlic mustard, under Garlic. — Hedge hyssop (Bot.), a bitter herb of the genus Gratiola, the leaves of which are emetic and purgative. - - Hedge marriage, a secret or clandestine marriage, especially one performed by a hedge priest. [Eng.] — Hedge mustard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sisymbrium, belonging to the Mustard family. — Hedge nettle (Bot.), an herb, or under shrub, of the genus Stachys, belonging to the Mint family. It has a nettlelike appearance, though quite harmless. — Hedge note. (a) The note of a hedge bird. (b) Low, contemptible writing. [Obs.] Dryden. — Hedge priest, a poor, illiterate priest. Shak. — Hedge school, an open-air school in the shelter of a hedge, in Ireland; a school for rustics. — Hedge sparrow (Zoöl.), a European warbler (Accentor modularis) which frequents hedges. Its color is reddish brown, and ash; the wing coverts are tipped with white. Called also chanter, hedge warbler, dunnock, and doney. — Hedge writer, an insignificant writer, or a writer of low, scurrilous stuff. [Obs.] Swift. — To breast up a hedge. See under Breast. — To hang in the hedge, to be at a standstill. ´While the business of money hangs in the hedge.´ Pepys.

Hedge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hedged p. pr. & vb. n. Hedging.] 1. To inclose or separate with a hedge; to fence with a thickly set line or thicket of shrubs or small trees; as to hedge a field or garden. 2. To obstruct, as a road, with a barrier; to hinder from progress or success; — sometimes with up and out. “I will hedge up thy way with thorns.” Hos. ii. 6. “Lollius Urbius … drew another wall … to hedge out incursions from the north.” Milton. 3. To surround for defense; to guard; to protect; to hem (in). ´England, hedged in with the main.´ Shak. 4. To surround so as to prevent escape. “That is a law to hedge in the cuckoo.” Locke. To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides; that is, after having bet on one side, to bet also on the other, thus guarding against loss.

Hedge, v. i. 1. To shelter one’s self from danger, risk, duty, responsibility, etc., as if by hiding in or behind a hedge; to skulk; to slink; to shirk obligations. “I myself sometimes, leaving the fear of God on the left hand and hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle, to hedge and to lurch.” Shak. 2. (Betting) To reduce the risk of a wager by making a bet against the side or chance one has bet on. 3. To use reservations and qualifications in one’s speech so as to avoid committing one’s self to anything definite. “The Heroic Stanzas read much more like an elaborate attempt to hedge between the parties than … to gain favor from the Roundheads.” Saintsbury.

Hedge´born , a. Born under a hedge; of low birth. Shak.

Hedge´bote , n. (Eng. Law) Same as Haybote.

Hedge´hog , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A small European insectivore (Erinaceus Europaeus), and other allied species of Asia and Africa, having the hair on the upper part of its body mixed with prickles or spines. It is able to roll itself into a ball so as to present the spines outwardly in every direction. It is nocturnal in its habits, feeding chiefly upon insects. 2. (Zoöl.) The Canadian porcupine.[U.S] 3. (Bot.) A species of Medicago (M. intertexta), the pods of which are armed with short spines; — popularly so called. Loudon. 4. A form of dredging machine. Knight. Hedgehog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larvae of several species of bombycid moths, as of the Isabella moth. It curls up like a hedgehog when disturbed. See Woolly bear, and Isabella moth. — Hedgehog fish (Zoöl.), any spinose plectognath fish, esp. of the genus Diodon; the porcupine fish. — Hedgehog grass (Bot.), a grass with spiny involucres, growing on sandy shores; burgrass (Cenchrus tribuloides). — Hedgehog rat (Zoöl.), one of several West Indian rodents, allied to the porcupines, but with ratlike tails, and few quills, or only stiff bristles. The hedgehog rats belong to Capromys, Plagiodon, and allied genera. — Hedgehog shell (Zoöl.), any spinose, marine, univalve shell of the genus Murex. — Hedgehog thistle (Bot.), a plant of the Cactus family, globular in form, and covered with spines (Echinocactus). — Sea hedgehog. See Diodon.

Hedge´less, a. Having no hedge.

Hedge´pig , n. A young hedgehog. Shak.

Hedg´er , n. One who makes or mends hedges; also one who hedges, as in betting.

Hedge´row , n. A row of shrubs, or trees, planted for inclosure or separation of fields. “By hedgerow elms and hillocks green.” Milton.

Hedg´ing bill A hedge bill. See under Hedge.

He•don´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. pleasure, sweet, pleasant.] 1. Pertaining to pleasure. 2. Of or relating to Hedonism or the Hedonic sect. Hedonic sect a sect that placed the highest good in the gratification of the senses, — called also Cyrenaic sect, (which see), and School of Aristippus.

He•don´ics , n. (Philos.) That branch of moral philosophy which treats of the relation of duty to pleasure; the science of practical, positive enjoyment or pleasure. J. Grote.

Hed´on•ism , n. 1. The doctrine of the Hedonic sect. 2. The ethical theory which finds the explanation and authority of duty in its tendency to give pleasure.

Hed´on•ist , n. One who believes in hedonism.

Hed•o•nis´tic , a. Same as Hedonic, 2.

Heed (hed), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heeding.] [OE. heden, AS. hedan; akin to OS. hodian, D. hoeden, Fries. hoda, OHG. huoten, G. hüten, Dan. hytte. rad.13. Cf. Hood.] To mind; to regard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to observe. “With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.” Dryden. Syn. — To notice; regard; mind. See Attend, v. t.

Heed, v. i. To mind; to consider.

Heed, n. 1. Attention; notice; observation; regard; — often with give or take. “With wanton heed and giddy cunning.” Milton. “Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab’s hand.” 2 Sam. xx. 10. “Birds give more heed and mark words more than beasts.” Bacon. 2. Careful consideration; obedient regard. “Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard.” Heb. ii. 1. 3. A look or expression of heading. [R.] “He did it with a serious mind; a heed
Was in his countenance.” Shak.

Heed´ful , a. Full of heed; regarding with care; cautious; circumspect; attentive; vigilant. Shak. — Heed´ful•ly, adv. — Heed´ful•ness, n.

Heed´less, a. Without heed or care; inattentive; careless; thoughtless; unobservant. “O, negligent and heedless discipline!” Shak. “The heedless lover does not know
Whose eyes they are that wound him so.” Waller. — Heed´less•ly, adv. — Heed´less•ness, n.

Heed´y , a. Heedful. [Obs.] ´Heedy shepherds.´ Spenser. — Heed´i•ly (#), adv. [Obs.] — Heed´i•ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heel (hel), v. i. [OE. helden to lean, incline, AS. heldan, hyldan; akin to Icel. halla, Dan. helde, Sw. hälla to tilt, pour, and perh. to E. hill.] (Naut.) To lean or tip to one side, as a ship; as the ship heels aport; the boat heeled over when the squall struck it. Heeling error (Naut.), a deviation of the compass caused by the heeling of an iron vessel to one side or the other.

Heel, n. [OE. hele, heele, AS. hela, perh. for hohila, fr. AS. hoh heel (cf. Hough); but cf. D. hiel, OFries. heila, hela, Icel. haell, Dan. hael, Sw. häl, and L. calx. rad.12. Cf. Inculcate.] 1. The hinder part of the foot; sometimes, the whole foot; — in man or quadrupeds. “He [the stag] calls to mind his strength and then his speed,
His winged heels and then his armed head.” Denham. 2. The hinder part of any covering for the foot, as of a shoe, sock, etc.; specif., a solid part projecting downward from the hinder part of the sole of a boot or shoe. 3. The latter or remaining part of anything; the closing or concluding part. ´The heel of a hunt.´ A. Trollope. ´The heel of the white loaf.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. Anything regarded as like a human heel in shape; a protuberance; a knob. 5. The part of a thing corresponding in position to the human heel; the lower part, or part on which a thing rests; especially: (a) (Naut.) The after end of a ship’s keel. (b) (Naut.) The lower end of a mast, a boom, the bowsprit, the sternpost, etc. (c) (Mil.) In a small arm, the corner of the but which is upwards in the firing position. (d) (Mil.) The uppermost part of the blade of a sword, next to the hilt. (e) The part of any tool next the tang or handle; as the heel of a scythe. 6. (Man.) Management by the heel, especially the spurred heel; as the horse understands the heel well. 7. (Arch.) (a) The lower end of a timber in a frame, as a post or rafter. In the United States, specif., the obtuse angle of the lower end of a rafter set sloping. (b) A cyma reversa; — so called by workmen. Gwilt. Heel chain (Naut.), a chain passing from the bowsprit cap around the heel of the jib boom. — Heel plate, the butt plate of a gun. — Heel of a rafter. (Arch.) See Heel, n., 7. — Heel ring, a ring for fastening a scythe blade to the snath. — Neck and heels, the whole body. (Colloq.) — To be at the heels of, to pursue closely; to follow hard; as hungry want is at my heels. Otway. — To be down at the heel, to be slovenly or in a poor plight. — To be out at the heels, to have on stockings that are worn out; hence, to be shabby, or in a poor plight. Shak. — To cool the heels. See under Cool. — To go heels over head, to turn over so as to bring the heels uppermost; hence, to move in a inconsiderate, or rash, manner. — To have the heels of, to outrun. — To lay by the heels, to fetter; to shackle; to imprison. Shak. Addison. — To show the heels, to flee; to run from. — To take to the heels, to flee; to betake to flight. — To throw up another’s heels, to trip him. Bunyan. — To tread upon one’s heels, to follow closely. Shak.

Heel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeled p. pr. & vb. n. Heeling.] 1. To perform by the use of the heels, as in dancing, running, and the like. [R.] “I cannot sing,
Nor heel the high lavolt.” Shak. 2. To add a heel to; as to heel a shoe. 3. To arm with a gaff, as a cock for fighting.

Heel´ball , n. A composition of wax and lampblack, used by shoemakers for polishing, and by antiquaries in copying inscriptions.

Heel´er , n. 1. A cock that strikes well with his heels or spurs. 2. A dependent and subservient hanger-on of a political patron. [Political Cant, U. S.] “The army of hungry heelers who do their bidding.” The Century.

Heel´less, a. Without a heel.

Heel´piece , n. 1. A piece of armor to protect the heels. Chesterfield. 2. A piece of leather fixed on the heel of a shoe. 3. The end. ´The heelpiece of his book.´ Lloyd.

Heel´post , n. 1. (Naut.) The post supporting the outer end of a propeller shaft. 2. (Carp.) The post to which a gate or door is hinged. 3. (Engineering) The quoin post of a lock gate.

Heel´spur , n. (Zoöl.) A slender bony or cartilaginous process developed from the heel bone of bats. It helps to support the wing membranes. See Illust. of Cheiropter.

Heel´tap , n. 1. One of the segments of leather in the heel of a shoe. 2. A small portion of liquor left in a glass after drinking. ´Bumpers around and no heeltaps.´ Sheridan.

Heel´tap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeltapped p. pr. & vb. n. Heeltapping.] To add a piece of leather to the heel of (a shoe, boot, etc.)

Heel´tool , n. A tool used by turners in metal, having a bend forming a heel near the cutting end.

Heep , n. The hip of the dog- rose. [Obs.]

Heer , n.[Etymol. uncertain.] A yarn measure of six hundred yards or &frac1x24; of a spindle. See Spindle.

Heer, n. [See Hair.] Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heft , n. Same as Haft, n. [Obs.] Waller.

Heft, n. [From Heave: cf. hefe weight. Cf. Haft.] 1. The act or effort of heaving violent strain or exertion. [Obs.] “He craks his gorge, his sides,
With violent hefts.” Shak. 2. Weight; ponderousness. [Colloq.] “A man of his age and heft.” T. Hughes. 3. The greater part or bulk of anything; as the heft of the crop was spoiled. [Colloq. U. S.] J. Pickering.

Heft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hefted (Heft, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Hefting.] 1. To heave up; to raise aloft. “Inflamed with wrath, his raging blade he heft.” Spenser. 2. To prove or try the weight of by raising. [Colloq.]

Heft´y, a. Moderately heavy. [Colloq. U. S.]

He•ge´li•an ( 106), a. Pertaining to Hegelianism. — n. A follower of Hegel. { He•ge´li•an•ism , He´gel•ism } n. The system of logic and philosophy set forth by Hegel, a German writer (1770-1831). { Heg•e•mon´ic , Heg•e•mon´ic•al } a. [Gr. . See Hegemony.] Leading; controlling; ruling; predominant. ´Princelike and hegemonical.´ Fotherby.

He•gem•o•ny , n. [Gr. , fr. guide, leader, fr. to go before.] Leadership; preponderant influence or authority; — usually applied to the relation of a government or state to its neighbors or confederates. Lieber.

Heg´ge , n. A hedge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

He•gi´ra ( 277), n. [Written also hejira.] [Ar. hijrah flight.] The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, September 13, A. D. 622 (subsequently established as the first year of the Moslem era); hence, any flight or exodus regarded as like that of Mohammed. The starting point of the Era was made to begin, not from the date of the flight, but from the first day of the Arabic year, which corresponds to July 16, A. D. 622.

Heif´er , n. [OE. hayfare, AS. heáhfore, heáfore; the second part of this word seems akin to AS. fearr bull, ox; akin to OHG. farro, G. farre, D. vaars, heifer, G. färse, and perh. to Gr. , , calf, heifer.] (Zoöl.) A young cow.

Heigh´-ho (hi´-ho), interj. An exclamation of surprise, joy, dejection, uneasiness, weariness, etc. Shak.

Height (hit), n. [Written also hight.] [OE. heighte, heght, heighthe, AS. heáhðu, hehðu fr. heah high; akin to D. hoogte, Sw. höjd, Dan. höide, Icel. haeð, Goth. hauhiþa. See High.] 1. The condition of being high; elevated position. “Behold the height of the stars, how high they are!” Job xxii. 12. 2. The distance to which anything rises above its foot, above that on which in stands, above the earth, or above the level of the sea; altitude; the measure upward from a surface, as the floor or the ground, of an animal, especially of a man; stature. Bacon. “[Goliath’s] height was six cubits and a span.” 1 Sam. xvii. 4. 3. Degree of latitude either north or south. [Obs.] “Guinea lieth to the north sea, in the same height as Peru to the south.” Abp. Abbot. 4. That which is elevated; an eminence; a hill or mountain; as Alpine heights. Dryden. 5. Elevation in excellence of any kind, as in power, learning, arts; also an advanced degree of social rank; preëminence or distinction in society; prominence. “Measure your mind’s height by the shade it casts.” R. Browning. “All would in his power hold, all make his subjects.” Chapman. 6. Progress toward eminence; grade; degree. “Social duties are carried to greater heights, and enforced with stronger motives by the principles of our religion.” Addison. 7. Utmost degree in extent; extreme limit of energy or condition; as the height of a fever, of passion, of madness, of folly; the height of a tempest. “My grief was at the height before thou camest.” Shak. On height, aloud. [Obs.] “[He] spake these same words, all on hight.” Chaucer.

Height´en (hit´’n), v. t. [Written also highten.] [imp. & p. p. Heightened (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Heightening.] 1. To make high; to raise higher; to elevate. 2. To carry forward; to advance; to increase; to augment; to aggravate; to intensify; to render more conspicuous; - - used of things, good or bad; as to heighten beauty; to heighten a flavor or a tint. ´To heighten our confusion.´ Addison. “An aspect of mystery which was easily heightened to the miraculous.” Hawthorne.

Height´en•er , n. [Written also hightener.] One who, or that which, heightens.

Hei´nous (ha´nus), a. [OF. haïnos hateful, F. haineux, fr. OF. haïne hate, F. haine, fr. haïr to hate; of German origin. See Hate.] Hateful; hatefully bad; flagrant; odious; atrocious; giving great offense; — applied to deeds or to character. “It were most heinous and accursed sacrilege.” Hooker. “How heinous had the fact been, how deserving
Contempt!” Milton. Syn. — Monstrous; flagrant; flagitious; atrocious. — Hei´nous•ly, adv. — Hei´nous•ness, n.

Heir , n. [OE. heir, eir, hair, OF. heir, eir, F. hoir, L. heres; of uncertain origin. Cf. Hereditary, Heritage.] 1. One who inherits, or is entitled to succeed to the possession of, any property after the death of its owner; one on whom the law bestows the title or property of another at the death of the latter. “I am my father’s heir and only son.” Shak. 2. One who receives any endowment from an ancestor or relation; as the heir of one’s reputation or virtues. “And I his heir in misery alone.” Pope. Heir apparent. (Law.) See under Apparent. — Heir at law, one who, after his ancector’s death, has a right to inherit all his intestate estate. Wharton (Law Dict.). — Heir presumptive, one who, if the ancestor should die immediately, would be his heir, but whose right to the inheritance may be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or by some other contingency.

Heir , v. t. To inherit; to succeed to. [R.] “One only daughter heired the royal state.” Dryden.

Heir´dom , n. The state of an heir; succession by inheritance. Burke.

Heir´ess, n. A female heir.

Heir´less a. Destitute of an heir. Shak.

Heir´loom , n. [Heir + loom, in its earlier sense of implement, tool. See Loom the frame.] Any furniture, movable, or personal chattel, which by law or special custom descends to the heir along with the inheritance; any piece of personal property that has been in a family for several generations. “Woe to him whose daring hand profanes
The honored heirlooms of his ancestors.” Moir.

Heir´ship , n. The state, character, or privileges of an heir; right of inheriting. Heirship movables, certain kinds of movables which the heir is entitled to take, besides the heritable estate. [Scot.]

He•ji´ra , n. See Hegira.

Hek´tare• , Hek´to•gram , Hek´to•li•ter, ∧ Hek´to•me•ter, n. Same as Hectare, Hectogram, Hectoliter, and Hectometer.

Hek´to•graph , n. See Hectograph.

Hel•a•mys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fawn + mouse.] (Zoöl.) See Jumping hare, under Hare.

Hel´co•plas•ty , n. [Gr. a wound + -plasty.] (Med.) The act or process of repairing lesions made by ulcers, especially by a plastic operation.

Held , imp. & p. p. of Hold.

Hele , n. [See Heal, n.] Health; welfare. [Obs.] ´In joy and perfyt hele.´ Chaucer.

Hele, v. t. [AS. helan, akin to D. helen, OHG. helan, G. hehlen, L. celare. rad.17. See Hell, and cf. Conceal.] To hide; to cover; to roof. [Obs.] “Hide and hele things.” Chaucer.

Hel´e•na , n. [L.: cf. Sp. helena.] See St. Elmo’s fire, under Saint.

Hel´e•nin , n. (Chem.) A neutral organic substance found in the root of the elecampane (Inula helenium), and extracted as a white crystalline or oily material, with a slightly bitter taste.

He´li•ac , a. Heliacal.

He•li´a•cal , a. [Gr. belonging to the sun, fr. the sun: cf. F. heliaque.] (Astron.) Emerging from the light of the sun, or passing into it; rising or setting at the same, or nearly the same, time as the sun. Sir T. Browne. The heliacal rising of a star is when, after being in conjunction with the sun, and invisible, it emerges from the light so as to be visible in the morning before sunrising. On the contrary, the heliacal setting of a star is when the sun approaches conjunction so near as to render the star invisible.

He•li´a•cal•ly, adv. In a heliacal manner. De Quincey.

He•li•an´thin , n. [Prob. fr. L. helianthes, or NL. helianthus, sunflower, in allusion to its color.] (Chem.) An artificial, orange dyestuff, analogous to tropaolin, and like it used as an indicator in alkalimetry; — called also methyl orange.

He•li•an´thoid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Helianthoidea.

He•li•an´thoi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. helianthes sunflower + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of Anthozoa; the Actinaria.

Hel´i•cal , a. [From Helix.] Of or pertaining to, or in the form of, a helix; spiral; as a helical staircase; a helical spring. — Hel´i•cal•ly, adv.

Hel•i•chry´sum , n. [L., the marigold, fr. Gr. a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, with shining, commonly white or yellow, or sometimes reddish, radiated involucres, which are often called ´everlasting flowers.´

He•lic´i•form , a. [Helix + -form.] Having the form of a helix; spiral.

Hel´i•cin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside obtained as a white crystalline substance by partial oxidation of salicin, from a willow (Salix Helix of Linnaeus.)

Hel´i•cine , a. (Anat.) Curled; spiral; helicoid; — applied esp. to certain arteries of the penis.

Hel´i•co•graph , n. [Helix + -graph.] An instrument for drawing spiral lines on a plane.

Hel´i•coid , a. [Gr. ; ´e•lix, -ikos, spiral + shape: cf. F. helicoïde. See Helix.] 1. Spiral; curved, like the spire of a univalve shell. 2. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a snail shell; pertaining to the Helicidae, or Snail family. Helicoid parabola (Math.), the parabolic spiral.

Hel´i•coid, n. (Geom.) A warped surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner that every point of the line shall have a uniform motion in the direction of another fixed straight line, and at the same time a uniform angular motion about it.

Hel•i•coid´al , a. Same as Helicoid. — Hel•i•coid´al•ly, adv.

Hel´i•con , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] A mountain in Bœotia, in Greece, supposed by the Greeks to be the residence of Apollo and the Muses. “From Helicon’s harmonious springs
A thousand rills their mazy progress take.” Gray.

Hel•i•co´ni•a , n. [NL. See Helicon.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of Heliconius, a genus of tropical American butterflies. The wings are usually black, marked with green, crimson, and white.

Hel•i•co´ni•an , a. [L. Heliconius.] 1. Of or pertaining to Helicon. ´Heliconian honey.´ Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the butterflies of the genus Heliconius.

Hel•i•co´tre´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•lix, -ikos, a helix + a hole.] (Anat.) The opening by which the two scalae communicate at the top of the cochlea of the ear.

He´li•o- A combining form from Gr. ´h•lios the sun. { He•li•o•cen´tric , He•li•o•cen´tric´al , } a. [Helio- + centric, centrical: cf. F. heliocentrique.] (Astron.) pertaining to the sun’s center, or appearing to be seen from it; having, or relating to, the sun as a center; — opposed to geocentrical. Heliocentric parallax. See under Parallax. — Heliocentric place, latitude, longitude, etc. (of a heavenly body), the direction, latitude, longitude, etc., of the body as viewed from the sun.

He´li•o•chrome , n. [Helio- + Gr. color.] A photograph in colors. R. Hunt.

He•li•o•chro´mic , a. Pertaining to, or produced by, heliochromy.

He´li•o•chro•my , n. The art of producing photographs in color.

He´li•o•graph , n. [Helio- + -graph.]ets> 1. A picture taken by heliography; a photograph. 2. An instrument for taking photographs of the sun. 3. An apparatus for telegraphing by means of the sun’s rays. See Heliotrope, 3.

He•li•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to heliography or a heliograph; made by heliography. Heliographic chart. See under Chart.

He•li•og´ra•phy , n. [Helio- + -graphy.] Photography. R. Hunt.

He•li•o•grav´ure , n. [F. heliogravure.] The process of photographic engraving.

He•li•ol´a•ter , n. [Helio- + Gr. servant, worshiper.] A worshiper of the sun.

He•li•ol´a•try , n. [Helio- + Gr. service, worship.] Sun worship. See Sabianism.

He´li•o•lite , n. [Helio- + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil coral of the genus Heliolites, having twelve-rayed cells. It is found in the Silurian rocks.

He•li•om´e•ter , n. [Helio- + -meter: cf. F. heliomètre.] (Astron.) An instrument devised originally for measuring the diameter of the sun; now employed for delicate measurements of the distance and relative direction of two stars too far apart to be easily measured in the field of view of an ordinary telescope. { He•li•o•met´ric , He•li•o•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to the heliometer, or to heliometry.

He•li•om´e•try , n. The apart or practice of measuring the diameters of heavenly bodies, their relative distances, etc. See Heliometer.

He•li•op´o•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the sun + a passage, pore.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian stony coral now known to belong to the Alcyonaria; — called also blue coral.

He´li•o•scope , n. [Helio- + -scope: cf. F. helioscope.] (Astron.) A telescope or instrument for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes, as through colored glasses, or with mirrors which reflect but a small portion of light. — He•li•o•scop•ic (#), a.

He´li•o•stat , n. [Helio- + Gr. placed, standing, fr. to place, stand: cf. F. heliostate.] An instrument consisting of a mirror moved by clockwork, by which a sunbeam is made apparently stationary, by being steadily directed to one spot during the whole of its diurnal period; also a geodetic heliotrope.

He´li•o•trope , n. [F. heliotrope, L. heliotropium, Gr. ; the sun + to turn, turn. See Heliacal, Trope.] 1. (Anc. Astron.) An instrument or machine for showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and equinoctial line. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Heliotropium; — called also turnsole and girasole. H. Peruvianum is the commonly cultivated species with fragrant flowers. 3. (Geodesy & Signal Service) An instrument for making signals to an observer at a distance, by means of the sun’s rays thrown from a mirror. 4. (Min.) See Bloodstone (a). Heliotrope purple, a grayish purple color.

He´li•o•tro•per , n. The person at a geodetic station who has charge of the heliotrope.

He•li•o•trop´ic , a. (Bot.) Manifesting heliotropism; turning toward the sun.

He•li•ot´ro•pism , n. [Helio- + Gr. to turn.] (Bot.) The phenomenon of turning toward the light, seen in many leaves and flowers.

He´li•o•type , n. [Helio- + -type.] A picture obtained by the process of heliotypy.

He•li•o•typ´ic , a. Relating to, or obtained by, heliotypy.

He´li•o•ty•py , n. A method of transferring pictures from photographic negatives to hardened gelatin plates from which impressions are produced on paper as by lithography.

He•li•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. the sun + an animal.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water rhizopods having a more or less globular form, with slender radiating pseudopodia; the sun animalcule.

Hel•i•spher´ic , Hel•i•spher´ic•al , a. [Helix + spheric, spherical.] Spiral. Helispherical line (Math.). the rhomb line in navigation. [R.]

He´li•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the sun.] (Chem.) A gaseous element found in the atmospheres of the sun and earth and in some rare minerals.

He´lix , n.; pl. L. Helices (#), E. Helixes (#). [L. helix, Gr. , , fr. to turn round; cf. L. volvere, and E. volute, voluble.] 1. (Geom.) A nonplane curve whose tangents are all equally inclined to a given plane. The common helix is the curve formed by the thread of the ordinary screw. It is distinguished from the spiral, all the convolutions of which are in the plane. 2. (Arch.) A caulicule or little volute under the abacus of the Corinthian capital. 3. (Anat.) The incurved margin or rim of the external ear. See Illust. of Ear. 4. (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails, including a large number of species. The genus originally included nearly all shells, but is now greatly restricted. See Snail, Pulmonifera.

Hell , n. [AS. hell; akin to D. hel, OHG. hella, G. hölle, Icel. hal, Sw. helfvete, Dan. helvede, Goth. halja, and to AS. helan to conceal. . Cf. Hele, v. t., Conceal, Cell, Helmet, Hole, Occult.] 1. The place of the dead, or of souls after death; the grave; — called in Hebrew sheol, and by the Greeks hades. “He descended into hell.” Book of Common Prayer. “Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell.” Ps. xvi. 10. 2. The place or state of punishment for the wicked after death; the abode of evil spirits. Hence, any mental torment; anguish. ´Within him hell.´ Milton. “It is a knell
That summons thee to heaven or to hell.” Shak. 3. A place where outcast persons or things are gathered; as: (a) A dungeon or prison; also in certain running games, a place to which those who are caught are carried for detention. (b) A gambling house. ´A convenient little gambling hell for those who had grown reckless.´ W. Black. (c) A place into which a tailor throws his shreds, or a printer his broken type. Hudibras. Gates of hell. (Script.) See Gate, n., 4.

Hell, v. t. To overwhelm. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hel•la•nod´ic , n. [Gr. ; , , a Greek + right, judgment.] (Gr. Antiq.) A judge or umpire in games or combats.

Hell´bend•er , n. (Zoöl.) A large North American aquatic salamander (Protonopsis horrida or Menopoma Alleghaniensis). It is very voracious and very tenacious of life. Also called alligator, and water dog.

Hell´born , a. Born in or of hell. Shak.

Hell´bred , a. Produced in hell. Spenser.

Hell´brewed , a. Prepared in hell. Milton.

Hell´broth , n. A composition for infernal purposes; a magical preparation. Shak.

Hell´-cat , n. A witch; a hag. Middleton.

Hell´-div•er , n. (Zoöl.) The dabchick.

Hell´doomed , a. Doomed to hell. Milton.

Hel´le•bore , n. [L. helleborus, elleborus, Gr. , ; cf. F. hellebore, ellebore.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Helleborus) of the Crowfoot family, mostly having powerfully cathartic and even poisonous qualities. H. niger is the European black hellebore, or Christmas rose, blossoming in winter or earliest spring. H. officinalis was the officinal hellebore of the ancients. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of several species of the poisonous liliaceous genus Veratrum, especially V. album and V. viride, both called white hellebore.

Hel•le•bo´re•in , n. (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside accompanying helleborin in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a bittersweet taste. It has a strong action on the heart, resembling digitalin.

Hel•leb´o•rin , n. (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a sharp tingling taste. It possesses the essential virtues of the plant; — called also elleborin.

Hel´le•bo•rism , n. The practice or theory of using hellebore as a medicine.

Hel´lene , n. [Gr. .] A native of either ancient or modern Greece; a Greek. Brewer.

Hel•le´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or Greeks.

Hel•len´ic ( 277), a. [Gr. , , fr. the Greeks.] Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or inhabitants of Greece; Greek; Grecian. ´The Hellenic forces.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Hel•len´ic, n. The dialect, formed with slight variations from the Attic, which prevailed among Greek writers after the time of Alexander.

Hel´len•ism , n. [Gr. : cf. F. Hellenisme.] 1. A phrase or form of speech in accordance with genius and construction or idioms of the Greek language; a Grecism. Addison. 2. The type of character of the ancient Greeks, who aimed at culture, grace, and amenity, as the chief elements in human well-being and perfection.

Hel´len•ist , n. [Gr. : cf. F. Helleniste.] 1. One who affiliates with Greeks, or imitates Greek manners; esp., a person of Jewish extraction who used the Greek language as his mother tongue, as did the Jews of Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, and Egypt; distinguished from the Hebraists, or native Jews (Acts vi. 1). 2. One skilled in the Greek language and literature; as the critical Hellenist. { Hel•le•nis´tic , Hel•le•nis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. Hellenistique.] Pertaining to the Hellenists. Hellenistic language, dialect, or idiom, the Greek spoken or used by the Jews who lived in countries where the Greek language prevailed; the Jewish-Greek dialect or idiom of the Septuagint.

Hel•le•nis´tic•al•ly, adv. According to the Hellenistic manner or dialect. J. Gregory.

Hel´len•ize , v. i. [Gr. .] To use the Greek language; to play the Greek; to Grecize.

Hel´len•ize , v. t. [Gr. .] To give a Greek form or character to; to Grecize; as to Hellenize a word.

Hel•len´o•type , n. See Ivorytype.

Hel´les•pont , n. [L. Hellespontus, Gr. ; the mythological Helle, daughter of Athamas + sea.] A narrow strait between Europe and Asia, now called the Daradanelles. It connects the AEgean Sea and the sea of Marmora.

Hel•les•pon´tine , a. Of or pertaining to the Hellespont. Mitford. { Hell´ga•mite , Hell´gra•mite } n. (Zoöl.) The aquatic larva of a large American winged insect (Corydalus cornutus), much used a fish bait by anglers; the dobson. It belongs to the Neuroptera.

Hell´hag , n. A hag of or fit for hell. Bp. Richardson.

Hell´-haunt•ed , a. Haunted by devils; hellish. Dryden.

Hell´hound , n. [AS. hellehund.] A dog of hell; an agent of hell. “A hellhound, that doth hunt us all to death.” Shak.

Hel´li•er , n. [See Hele, v. t.] One who heles or covers; hence, a tiler, slater, or thatcher. [Obs.] [Written also heler.] Usher.

Hell´ish , a. Of or pertaining to hell; like hell; infernal; malignant; wicked; detestable; diabolical. ´Hellish hate.´ Milton. — Hell´ish•ly, adv. — Hell´ish•ness, n.

Hell´kite , n. A kite of infernal breed. Shak.

Hel•lo´ , interj. & n. See Halloo.

Hell´ward , adv. Toward hell. Pope.

Hell´y, a. [AS. hellic.] Hellish. Anderson (1573).

Helm , n. See Haulm, straw.

Helm , n. [OE. helme, AS. helma rudder; akin to D. & G. helm, Icel. hjalm, and perh. to E. helve.] 1. (Naut.) The apparatus by which a ship is steered, comprising rudder, tiller, wheel, etc.; — commonly used of the tiller or wheel alone. 2. The place or office of direction or administration. ´The helm of the Commonwealth.´ Melmoth. 3. One at the place of direction or control; a steersman; hence, a guide; a director. “The helms o’ the State, who care for you like fathers.” Shak. 4. [Cf. Helve.] A helve. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Helm amidships, when the tiller, rudder, and keel are in the same plane. — Helm aport, when the tiller is borne over to the port side of the ship. — Helm astarboard, when the tiller is borne to the starboard side. — Helm alee, Helm aweather, when the tiller is borne over to the lee or to the weather side. — Helm hard alee or hard aport, hard astarboard, etc., when the tiller is borne over to the extreme limit. — Helm port, the round hole in a vessel’s counter through which the rudderstock passes. — Helm down, helm alee. — Helm up, helm aweather. — To ease the helm, to let the tiller come more amidships, so as to lessen the strain on the rudder. — To feel the helm, to obey it. — To right the helm, to put it amidships. — To shift the helm, to bear the tiller over to the corresponding position on the opposite side of the vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Helm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helmed p. pr. & vb. n. Helming.] To steer; to guide; to direct. [R.] “The business he hath helmed.” Shak. “A wild wave … overbears the bark,
And him that helms it.” Tennyson.

Helm, n. [AS. See Helmet.] 1. A helmet. [Poetic] 2. A heavy cloud lying on the brow of a mountain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Helm, v. t. To cover or furnish with a helm or helmet. [Perh. used only as a past part. or part. adj.] “She that helmed was in starke stours.” Chaucer.

Helm´age , n. Guidance; direction. [R.]

Helm´ed , a. Covered with a helmet. “The helmed cherubim
Are seen in glittering ranks.” Milton.

Hel´met , n. [OF. helmet, a dim of helme, F. heaume; of Teutonic origin; cf. G. helm, akin to AS. & OS. helm, D. helm, helmet, Icel. hjalmr, Sw. hjelm, Dan. hielm, Goth. hilms; and prob. from the root of AS. helan to hide, to hele; cf. also Lith. szalmas, Russ. shleme, Skr. çarman protection. rad.17. Cf. Hele, Hell, Helm a helmet.] 1. (Armor) A defensive covering for the head. See Casque, Headpiece, Morion, Sallet, and Illust. of Beaver. 2. (Her.) The representation of a helmet over shields or coats of arms, denoting gradations of rank by modifications of form. 3. A helmet-shaped hat, made of cork, felt, metal, or other suitable material, worn as part of the uniform of soldiers, firemen, etc., also worn in hot countries as a protection from the heat of the sun. 4. That which resembles a helmet in form, position, etc.; as: (a) (Chem.) The upper part of a retort. Boyle. (b) (Bot.) The hood-formed upper sepal or petal of some flowers, as of the monkshood or the snapdragon. (c) (Zoöl.) A naked shield or protuberance on the top or fore part of the head of a bird. Helmet beetle (Zoöl.), a leaf- eating beetle of the family Chrysomelidae, having a short, broad, and flattened body. Many species are known. — Helmet shell (Zoöl.), one of many species of tropical marine univalve shells belonging to Cassis and allied genera. Many of them are large and handsome; several are used for cutting as cameos, and hence are called cameo shells. See King conch. — Helmet shrike (Zoöl.), an African wood shrike of the genus Prionodon, having a large crest.

Hel•met•ed , a. Wearing a helmet; furnished with or having a helmet or helmet-shaped part; galeate.

Hel´met-shaped , a. Shaped like a helmet; galeate. See Illust. of Galeate.

Hel´minth , n. [Gr. , , a worm.] (Zoöl.) An intestinal worm, or wormlike intestinal parasite; one of the Helminthes.

Hel•min´tha•gogue , n. [Gr. a worm + to drive.] (Med.) A vermifuge.

Hel•min´thes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a worm.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions or branches of the animal kingdom. It is a large group including a vast number of species, most of which are parasitic. Called also Enthelminthes, Enthelmintha. The following classes are included, with others of less importance: Cestoidea (tapeworms), Trematodea (flukes, etc.), Turbellaria (planarians), Acanthocephala (thornheads), Nematoidea (roundworms, trichina, gordius), Nemertina (nemerteans). See Plathelminthes, and Nemathelminthes.

Hel•min•thi´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to suffer from worms, fr. , , a worm.] (Med.) A disease in which worms are present in some part of the body.

Hel•min´thic , a. [Cf. F. helminthique.] Of or relating to worms, or Helminthes; expelling worms. — n. A vermifuge; an anthelmintic.

Hel•min´thite , n. [Gr. , , a worm.] (Geol.) One of the sinuous tracks on the surfaces of many stones, and popularly considered as worm trails.

Hel•min´thoid , a. [Gr. , , a worm + -oid.] Wormlike; vermiform. { Hel•min•tho•log´ic , Hel•min•tho•log´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. helminthologique.] Of or pertaining to helminthology.

Hel•min•thol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. helminthologiste.] One versed in helminthology.

Hel•min•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , a worm + -logy: cf. F. helminthologie.] The natural history, or study, of worms, esp. parasitic worms.

Helm´less , a. 1. Destitute of a helmet. 2. Without a helm or rudder. Carlyle.

Helms´man , n.; pl. Helmsmen . The man at the helm; a steersman.

Helm´wind , n. A wind attending or presaged by the cloud called helm. [Prov. Eng.]

He´lot ( 277), n. [L. Helotes, Hilotae, pl., fr. Gr. E’e•lws and E’elw•ths a bondman or serf of the Spartans; so named from ’Elos, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants were enslaved; or perh. akin to e•lei^n to take, conquer, used as 2d aor. of .] A slave in ancient Sparta; a Spartan serf; hence, a slave or serf. “Those unfortunates, the Helots of mankind, more or less numerous in every community.” I. Taylor.

He´lot•ism , n. The condition of the Helots or slaves in Sparta; slavery.

He´lot•ry , n. The Helots, collectively; slaves; bondsmen. ´The Helotry of Mammon.´ Macaulay.

Help (help), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helped (helpt) (Obs. imp. Holp (holp), p. p. Holpen (hol´p’n)); p. pr. & vb. n. Helping.] [AS. helpan; akin to OS. helpan, D. helpen, G. helfen, OHG. helfan, Icel. hjalpa, Sw. hjelpa, Dan. hielpe, Goth. hilpan; cf. Lith. szelpti, and Skr. klp to be fitting.] 1. To furnish with strength or means for the successful performance of any action or the attainment of any object; to aid; to assist; as to help a man in his work; to help one to remember; — the following infinitive is commonly used without to; as ´Help me scale yon balcony.´ Longfellow. 2. To furnish with the means of deliverance from trouble; as to help one in distress; to help one out of prison. ´God help, poor souls, how idly do they talk!´ Shak. 3. To furnish with relief, as in pain or disease; to be of avail against; — sometimes with of before a word designating the pain or disease, and sometimes having such a word for the direct object. ´To help him of his blindness.´ Shak. “The true calamus helps coughs.” Gerarde. 4. To change for the better; to remedy. “Cease to lament for what thou canst not help.” Shak. 5. To prevent; to hinder; as the evil approaches, and who can help it? Swift. 6. To forbear; to avoid. “I can not help remarking the resemblance betwixt him and our author.” Pope. 7. To wait upon, as the guests at table, by carving and passing food. To help forward, to assist in advancing. — To help off, to help to go or pass away, as time; to assist in removing. Locke. — To help on, to forward; to promote by aid. — To help out, to aid, as in delivering from a difficulty, or to aid in completing a design or task. “The god of learning and of light
Would want a god himself to help him out.” Swift. — To help over, to enable to surmount; as to help one over an obstacle. — To help to, to supply with; to furnish with; as to help one to soup. — To help up, to help (one) to get up; to assist in rising, as after a fall, and the like. ´A man is well holp up that trusts to you.´ Shak. Syn. — To aid; assist; succor; relieve; serve; support; sustain; befriend. — To Help, Aid, Assist. These words all agree in the idea of affording relief or support to a person under difficulties. Help turns attention especially to the source of relief. If I fall into a pit, I call for help; and he who helps me out does it by an act of his own. Aid turns attention to the other side, and supposes coöperation on the part of him who is relieved; as he aided me in getting out of the pit; I got out by the aid of a ladder which he brought. Assist has a primary reference to relief afforded by a person who ´stands by´ in order to relieve. It denotes both help and aid. Thus, we say of a person who is weak, I assisted him upstairs, or, he mounted the stairs by my assistance. When help is used as a noun, it points less distinctively and exclusively to the source of relief, or, in other words, agrees more closely with aid. Thus we say, I got out of a pit by the help of my friend.

Help , v. i. To lend aid or assistance; to contribute strength or means; to avail or be of use; to assist. “A generous present helps to persuade, as well as an agreeable person.” Garth. To help out, to lend aid; to bring a supply.

Help, n. [AS. help; akin to D. hulp, G. hülfe, hilfe, Icel. hjalp, Sw. hjelp, Dan. hielp. See Help, v. t.] 1. Strength or means furnished toward promoting an object, or deliverance from difficulty or distress; aid; ^; also the person or thing furnishing the aid; as he gave me a help of fifty dollars. “Give us help from trouble, for vain is the help of man.” Ps. lx. 11. “God is … a very present help in trouble.” Ps. xlvi. 1. “Virtue is a friend and a help to nature.” South. 2. Remedy; relief; as there is no help for it. 3. A helper; one hired to help another; also thew hole force of hired helpers in any business. 4. Specifically, a domestic servant, man or woman. [Local, U. S.]

Help´er , n. One who, or that which, helps, aids, assists, or relieves; as a lay helper in a parish. “Thou art the helper of the fatherless.” Ps. x. 14. “Compassion … oftentimes a helper of evils.” Dr. H. More.

Help´ful , a. Furnishing help; giving aid; assistant; useful; salutary. “Heavens make our presence and our practices
Pleasant and helpful to him!” Shak. — Help´ful•ly, adv. — Help´ful•ness, n. Milton.

Help´less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength; unable to help or defend one’s self; needing help; feeble; weak; as a helpless infant. “How shall I then your helpless fame defend?” Pope. 2. Beyond help; irremediable. “Some helpless disagreement or dislike, either of mind or body.” Milton. 3. Bringing no help; unaiding. [Obs.] “Yet since the gods have been
Helpless foreseers of my plagues.” Chapman. 4. Unsupplied; destitute; — with of. [R.] “Helpless of all that human wants require.” Dryden. — Help´less•ly, adv. — Help´less•ness, n.

Help´mate , n. [A corruption of the ´help meet for him´ of Genesis ii. 18.Fitzedward Hall.] A helper; a companion; specifically, a wife. “In Minorca the ass and the hog are common helpmates, and are yoked together in order to turn up the land.” Pennant. “A waiting woman was generally considered as the most suitable helpmate for a parson.” Macaulay.

Help´meet , n. [See Helpmate.] A wife; a helpmate. “The Lord God created Adam, … and afterwards, on his finding the want of a helpmeet, caused him to sleep, and took one of his ribs and thence made woman.” J. H. Newman.

Hel´ter-skel´ter , adv. [An onomatpoetic word. Cf. G. holter-polter, D. holder de bolder.] In hurry and confusion; without definite purpose; irregularly. [Colloq.] “Helter-skelter have I rode to thee.” Shak. “A wistaria vine running helter-skelter across the roof.” J. C. Harris.

Helve , n. [OE. helve, helfe, AS. hielf, helf, hylf, cf. OHG. halb; and also E. halter, helm of a rudder.] 1. The handle of an ax, hatchet, or adze. 2. (Iron Working) (a) The lever at the end of which is the hammer head, in a forge hammer. (b) A forge hammer which is lifted by a cam acting on the helve between the fulcrum and the head.

Helve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helved p. pr. & vb. n. Helving.] To furnish with a helve, as an ax.

Hel•ve´tian , a. Same as Helvetic. — n. A Swiss; a Switzer.

Hel•ve´tic , a. [L. Helveticus, fr. Helvetii the Helvetii.] Of or pertaining to the Helvetii, the ancient inhabitant of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and inhabitant of the Alpine regions; as the Helvetic confederacy; Helvetic states. { Hel´vine , Hel´vite } n. [L. helvus of a light bay color.] (Min.) A mineral of a yellowish color, consisting chiefly of silica, glucina, manganese, and iron, with a little sulphur.

Hem (hem), pron. [OE., fr. AS. him, heom, dative pl. of. he he. See He, They.] Them [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hem, interj. An onomatopoetic word used as an expression of hesitation, doubt, etc. It is often a sort of voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, and would perhaps be better expressed by hm. “Cough or cry hem, if anybody come.” Shak.

Hem, n. An utterance or sound of the voice, hem or hm, often indicative of hesitation or doubt, sometimes used to call attention. ´His morning hems.´ Spectator.

Hem, v. i. [rad.15. See Hem, interj.] To make the sound expressed by the word hem; hence, to hesitate in speaking. ´Hem, and stroke thy beard.´ Shak.

Hem, n. [AS. hem, border, margin; cf. Fries. hämel, Prov. G. hammel hem of mire or dirt.] 1. The edge or border of a garment or cloth, doubled over and sewed, to strengthen it and prevent raveling. 2. Border; edge; margin. ´Hem of the sea.´ Shak. 3. A border made on sheet-metal ware by doubling over the edge of the sheet, to stiffen it and remove the sharp edge.

Hem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemmed p. pr. & vb. n. Hemming.] 1. To form a hem or border to; to fold and sew down the edge of. Wordsworth. 2. To border; to edge “All the skirt about
Was hemmed with golden fringe.” Spenser. To hem about, around, or in, to inclose and confine; to surround; to environ. ´With valiant squadrons round about to hem.´ Fairfax. ´Hemmed in to be a spoil to tyranny.´ Daniel. — To hem out, to shut out. ´You can not hem me out of London.´ J. Webster.

Hem´a- Same as Haema-.

Hem´a•chate , n. [L. haemachates; Gr. a´i^ma blood + agate.] (Min.) A species of agate, sprinkled with spots of red jasper.

Hem´a•chrome , n. Same as Haemachrome.

Hem´a•cite , n. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] A composition made from blood, mixed with mineral or vegetable substances, used for making buttons, door knobs, etc. { Hem•a•drom´e•ter , Hem•a•dro•mom´e•ter , } n. [Hema- + Gr. course + - meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the velocity with which the blood moves in the arteries. { Hem•a•drom•e•try , Hem•a•dro•mom´e•try , } n. (Physiol.) The act of measuring the velocity with which the blood circulates in the arteries; haemotachometry.

He•ma•dy•nam´ics , n. [Hema- + dynamics.] (Physiol.) The principles of dynamics in their application to the blood; that part of science which treats of the motion of the blood.

He•ma•dy´na•mom´e•ter , n. [Hema- + dynamometr.] (Physiol.) An instrument by which the pressure of the blood in the arteries, or veins, is measured by the height to which it will raise a column of mercury; — called also a haemomanometer.

He´mal , a. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] Relating to the blood or blood vessels; pertaining to, situated in the region of, or on the side with, the heart and great blood vessels; — opposed to neural. As applied to vertebrates, hemal is the same as ventral, the heart and great blood vessels being on the ventral, and the central nervous system on the dorsal, side of the vertebral column. Hemal arch (Anat.), the ventral arch in a segment of the spinal skeleton, formed by vertebral processes or ribs.

Hem•a•phae´in , n. Same as Haemaphaein.

Hem•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Hemapophyses . [NL. See Haema-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) The second element in each half of a hemal arch, corresponding to the sternal part of a rib. Owen. — Hem•a•po•phys´i•al (#), a. { Hem•a•stat´ic , Hem•a•stat´ic•al } a. & n. Same as Hemostatic.

Hem•a•stat´ics , n. (Physiol.) Laws relating to the equilibrium of the blood in the blood vessels.

Hem•a•ta•chom´e•ter , n. Same as Haematachometer.

Hem•a•te´in , n. [Gr. , , blood.] (Chem.) A reddish brown or violet crystalline substance, C16H12O6, got from hematoxylin by partial oxidation, and regarded as analogous to the phthaleins.

Hem•a•tem´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + a vomiting, fr. to vomit.] (Med.) A vomiting of blood.

Hem´a•therm , n. [Gr. a´i^ma blood + warm.] (Zoöl.) A warm- blooded animal. [R.]

Hem•a•ther´mal , a. (Zoöl.) Warm-blooded; hematothermal. [R]

He•mat´ic , a. Same as Haematic.

He•mat´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine designed to improve the condition of the blood.

Hem´a•tin , n. [Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] 1. Hematoxylin. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) A bluish black, amorphous substance containing iron and obtained from blood. It exists the red blood corpuscles united with globulin, and the form of hemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin gives to the blood its red color.

Hem•a•ti•nom´e•ter , n. [Hematin + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) A form of hemoglobinometer.

Hem•a•tin•o•met´ric , a. (Physiol.) Relating to the measurement of the amount of hematin or hemoglobin contained in blood, or other fluids.

He•mat´i•non , n. [Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] A red consisting of silica, borax, and soda, fused with oxide of copper and iron, and used in enamels, mosaics, etc.

Hem´a•tite , n. [L. haematites, Gr. bloodlike, fr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood.] (Min.) An important ore of iron, the sesquioxide, so called because of the red color of the powder. It occurs in splendent rhombohedral crystals, and in massive and earthy forms; — the last called red ocher. Called also specular iron, oligist iron, rhombohedral iron ore, and bloodstone. See Brown hematite, under Brown.

Hem•a•tit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to hematite, or resembling it.

Hem´a•to See Haema-.

He•mat´o•cele , n. [Hemato- + Gr. tumor: cf. F. hematocèle.] (Med.) A tumor filled with blood.

Hem•a•toc´ry•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + kry•os cold.] (Zoöl.) The cold-blooded vertebrates, that is, all but the mammals and birds; — the antithesis to Hematotherma.

Hem•a•to•crys´tal•lin , n. [Hemato + crystalline.] (Physiol.) See Hemoglobin.

Hem´a•toid , a. [Hemato- + -oid.] (Physiol.) Resembling blood.

Hem•a•toid´in , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline or amorphous pigment, free from iron, formed from hematin in old blood stains, and in old hemorrhages in the body. It resembles bilirubin. When present in the corpora lutea it is called haemolutein.

Hem•a•tol´o•gy , n. [Hemato- + -logy.] The science which treats of the blood.

Hem•a•to´ma , n. [NL. See Hema- , and -oma.] (Med.) A circumscribed swelling produced by an effusion of blood beneath the skin.

Hem•a•to•phil´i•a (-to•fil´i•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + filei^n to love.] (Med.) A condition characterized by a tendency to profuse and uncontrollable hemorrhage from the slightest wounds.

Hem•a•to´sin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) The hematin of blood. [R.]

Hem•a•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´ima•twsis.] (Physiol.) (a) Sanguification; the conversion of chyle into blood. (b) The arterialization of the blood in the lungs; the formation of blood in general; haematogenesis.

Hem•a•to•ther´ma , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a´i^ma, a´i•matos, blood + thermo•s warm.] (Zoöl.) The warm-blooded vertebrates, comprising the mammals and birds; — the antithesis to hematocrya.

Hem´a•to•ther´mal , a. Warm- blooded.

Hem•a•tox´y•lin , n. Haematoxylin.

Hem•a•tu´ri•a , n. [NL. See Hema-, and Urine.] (Med.) Passage of urine mingled with blood.

Hem•au•tog´ra•phy , n. (Physiol.) The obtaining of a curve similar to a pulse curve or sphygmogram by allowing the blood from a divided artery to strike against a piece of paper. { Hem•el´y•tron , Hem•el´y•trum (- trum cf. Elytron, 277), }, n.; pl. Hemelytra . [NL. See Hemi, and Elytron.] (Zoöl.) One of the partially thickened anterior wings of certain insects, as of many Hemiptera, the earwigs, etc.

Hem•e•ra•lo´pi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , the opposite of ; day + of . See Nyctalopia.] (Med.) A disease of the eyes, in consequence of which a person can see clearly or without pain only by daylight or a strong artificial light; day sight. Some writers (as Quain) use the word in the opposite sense, i. e., day blindness. See Nyctalopia.

Hem•er•o´bi•an , n. [Gr. day + life.] (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect of the genus Hemerobius, and allied genera.

He•mer´o•bid , a. (Zoöl.) Of relating to the hemerobians.

Hem•e•ro•cal´lis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; day + beauty.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some species of which are cultivated for their beautiful flowers; day lily.

Hem´i- [Gr. ´hmi-. See Semi-.] A prefix signifying half.

Hem•i•al•bu´min , n. [Hemi- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hemialbumose.

Hem•i•al´bu´mose , n. [Hemi- + albumose.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance formed in gastric digestion, and by the action of boiling dilute acids on albumin. It is readily convertible into hemipeptone. Called also hemialbumin.

Hem•i•an•aes•the´si•a , n. [Hemi- + anaesthesia.] (Med.) Anaesthesia upon one side of the body.

Hem•i•bran´chi , n. pl. [NL. See Hemi-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes having an incomplete or reduced branchial apparatus. It includes the sticklebacks, the flutemouths, and Fistularia.

Hem•i•car´di•a , n. [NL. See Hemi-, and Cardia.] (Anat.) A lateral half of the heart, either the right or left. B. G. Wilder.

Hem•i•carp , n. [Hemi- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) One portion of a fruit that spontaneously divides into halves.

Hem•i•cer´e•brum , n. [Hemi- + cerebrum.] (Anat.) A lateral half of the cerebrum. Wilder.

Hem•i•col´lin , n. [Hemi- + collin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Semiglutin.

Hem•i•cra´ni•a , n. [L.: cf. F. hemicrânie. See Cranium, and Megrim.] (Med.) A pain that affects only one side of the head.

Hem´i•cra•ny , n. (Med.) Hemicranis.

Hem´i•cy•cle , n. [L. hemicyclus, Gr. ; + .] 1. A half circle; a semicircle. 2. A semicircular place, as a semicircular arena, or room, or part of a room. “The collections will be displayed in the hemicycle of the central pavilion.” London Academy.

Hem•i•dac´tyl , n. [See Hemi- , and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Old World geckoes of the genus Hemidactylus. The hemidactyls have dilated toes, with two rows of plates beneath.

Hem•i-dem•i-sem´i•quaver , n. [Hemi- + demi-semiquaver.] (Mus.) A short note, equal to one fourth of a semiquaver, or the sixty-fourth part of a whole note.

Hem•i•di´tone , n. [Hemi- + ditone.] (Gr. Mus.) The lesser third. Busby.

He•mig´a•mous , a. [Hemi- + Gr. marriage.] (Bot.) Having one of the two florets in the same spikelet neuter, and the other unisexual, whether male or female; — said of grasses.

Hem´i•glyph , n. [Hemi- + Gr. a carving.] (Arch.) The half channel or groove in the edge of the triglyph in the Doric order.

Hem•i•he´dral , a. [Hemi- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit.] (Crystallog.) Having half of the similar parts of a crystals, instead of all; consisting of half the planes which full symmetry would require, as when a cube has planes only on half of its eight solid angles, or one plane out of a pair on each of its edges; or as in the case of a tetrahedron, which is hemihedral to an octahedron, it being contained under four of the planes of an octahedron. — Hem•i•he´dral•ly, adv.

Hem•i•he´drism , n. (Crystallog.) The property of crystallizing hemihedrally.

Hem•i•he´dron , n. (Crystallog.) A solid hemihedrally derived. The tetrahedron is a hemihedron.

Hem•i•hol•o•he´dral , a. [Hemi- + holohedral.] (Crystallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in which half the sectants have the full number of planes.

Hem•i•mel•lit´ic , a. [Hemi- + mellitic.] (Chem.) Having half as many (three) carboxyl radicals as mellitic acid; — said of an organic acid.

Hem•i•me•tab´o•la , n. pl. [NL. See Hemi-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Those insects which have an incomplete metamorphosis.

Hem•i•met•a•bol´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having an incomplete metamorphosis, the larvae differing from the adults chiefly in laking wings, as in the grasshoppers and cockroaches.

Hem•i•mor´phic , a. [Hemi- + Gr. form.] (Crystallog.) Having the two ends modified with unlike planes; — said of a crystal.

He´min , n. [Gr. a´i^ma blood.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance, in the form of reddish brown, microscopic, prismatic crystals, formed from dried blood by the action of strong acetic acid and common salt; — called also Teichmann’s crystals. Chemically, it is a hydrochloride of hematin. The obtaining of these small crystals, from old blood clots or suspected blood stains, constitutes one of the best evidences of the presence of blood.

He•mi´na , n.; pl. Heminae (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A measure of half a sextary. Arbuthnot. 2. (Med.) A measure equal to about ten fluid ounces.

He•mi´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a half ass, a mule.] (Zoöl.) A wild ass found in Thibet; the kiang. Darwin. { Hem•i•o´pi•a , Hem•i•op´si•a } n. [NL., fr. Gr. half + Gr. sight.] (Med.) A defect of vision in consequence of which a person sees but half of an object looked at.

Hem•i•or´tho•type , a. [Hemi- + Gr. straight + -type.] Same as Monoclinic.

Hem•i•pep´tone , n. [Hemi- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) A product of the gastric and pancreatic digestion of albuminous matter. Unlike antipeptone it is convertible into leucin and tyrosin, by the continued action of pancreatic juice. See Peptone. It is also formed from hemialbumose and albumin by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid.

Hem•i•ple´gi•a , n.[NL., fr. Gr. ; half + a stroke; cf. F. hemiplagie.] (Med.) A palsy that affects one side only of the body. — Hem•i´pleg´ic (#), a.

Hem´i•ple•gy , n. (Med.) Hemiplegia.

Hem´i•pode , n. [Hemi- + Gr. , , foot.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Turnix. Various species inhabit Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Hem•i•pro´te•in , n. [Hemi- + protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) An insoluble, proteid substance, described by Schützenberger, formed when albumin is heated for some time with dilute sulphuric acid. It is apparently identical with antialbumid and dyspeptone.

He•mip´ter , n. [Cf. F. hemiptères, pl.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hemiptera.

He•mip´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. half + wing, fr. to fly.] (Zoöl.) An order of hexapod insects having a jointed proboscis, including four sharp stylets (mandibles and maxillae), for piercing. In many of the species (Heteroptera) the front wings are partially coriaceous, and different from the others. They are divided into the Heteroptera, including the squash bug, soldier bug, bedbug, etc.; the Homoptera, including the cicadas cuckoo spits, plant lice, scale insects, etc.; the Thysanoptera, including the thrips, and, according to most recent writers, the Pediculina or true lice. { He•mip´ter•al , He•mip´ter•ous } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hemiptera.

He•mip´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Hemiptera; an hemipter.

Hem•i•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Hemisecting.] [Hemi- + L. secare to cut.] (Anat.) To divide along the mesial plane.

Hem•i•sec´tion , n. (Anat.) A division along the mesial plane; also one of the parts so divided.

Hem´i•sphere , n. [L. hemisphaerium, Gr. ; half = sphere: cf. F. hemisphère. See Hemi-, and Sphere.] 1. A half sphere; one half of a sphere or globe, when divided by a plane passing through its center. 2. Half of the terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same in a map or picture. 3. The people who inhabit a hemisphere. “He died … mourned by a hemisphere.” J. P. Peters. Cerebral hemispheres. (Anat.) See Brain. — Magdeburg hemispheres (Physics), two hemispherical cups forming, when placed together, a cavity from which the air can be withdrawn by an air pump; — used to illustrate the pressure of the air. So called because invented by Otto von Guericke at Magdeburg. { Hem•i•spher´ic , Hem•i•spher´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. hemispherique.] Containing, or pertaining to, a hemisphere; as a hemispheric figure or form; a hemispherical body.

Hem•i•sphe´roid , n. [Hemi- + spheroid.] A half of a spheroid.

Hem•i•sphe•roid´al , a. Resembling, or approximating to, a hemisphere in form.

Hem•i•spher´ule , n. A half spherule.

Hem´i•stich ( 277), n. [L. hemistichium, Gr. ´hmisti•chion; ´hmi- half + sti•chos row, line, verse: cf. F. hemistiche.] Half a poetic verse or line, or a verse or line not completed.

He•mis´ti•chal , a. Pertaining to, or written in, hemistichs; also by, or according to, hemistichs; as a hemistichal division of a verse.

Hem•i•sys´to•le , n. (Physiol.) Contraction of only one ventricle of the heart. Hemisystole is noticed in rare cases of insufficiency of the mitral valve, in which both ventricles at times contract simultaneously, as in a normal heart, this condition alternating with contraction of the right ventricle alone; hence, intermittent hemisystole.

Hem´i•tone , n. [L. hemitonium, Gr. .] See Semitone. { He•mit´ro•pal , He•mit´ro•pous } a. [See Hemitrope.] 1. Turned half round; half inverted. 2. (Bot.) Having the raphe terminating about half way between the chalaza and the orifice; amphitropous; — said of an ovule. Gray.

Hem´i•trope , a. [Hemi- + Gr. to turn: cf. F. hemitrope.] Half turned round; half inverted; (Crystallog.) having a twinned structure.

Hem´i•trope, n. That which is hemitropal in construction; (Crystallog.) a twin crystal having a hemitropal structure.

He•mit´ro•py , n. (Crystallog.) Twin composition in crystals.

Hem´lock , n. [OE. hemeluc, humloc, AS. hemlic, hymlic.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several poisonous umbelliferous herbs having finely cut leaves and small white flowers, as the Cicuta maculata, bulbifera, and virosa, and the Conium maculatum. See Conium. The potion of hemlock administered to Socrates is by some thought to have been a decoction of Cicuta virosa, or water hemlock, by others, of Conium maculatum. 2. (Bot.) An evergreen tree common in North America (Abies, or Tsuga, Canadensis); hemlock spruce. “The murmuring pines and the hemlocks.” Longfellow. 3. The wood or timber of the hemlock tree. Ground hemlock, or Dwarf hemlock. See under Ground.

Hem´mel , n. [Scot. hemmel, hammel, Prov. E. hemble hovel, stable, shed, perh. allied to D. hemel heaven, canopy, G. himmel; cf. E. heaven. rad.14.] A shed or hovel for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hem´mer , n. One who, or that which, hems with a needle. Specifically: (a) An attachment to a sewing machine, for turning under the edge of a piece of fabric, preparatory to stitching it down. (b) A tool for turning over the edge of sheet metal to make a hem.

Hem´o- Same as Haema-, Haemo-.

Hem´o•glo´bin , n. [Hemo- + globe.] (Physiol.) The normal coloring matter of the red blood corpuscles of vertebrate animals. It is composed of hematin and globulin, and is also called haematoglobulin. In arterial blood, it is always combined with oxygen, and is then called oxyhemoglobin. It crystallizes under different forms from different animals, and when crystallized, is called haematocrystallin. See Blood crystal, under Blood.

Hem•o•glo´bin•om´e•ter , n. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Haemochromometer.

Hem•o•phil´i•a , n. See Hematophilia.

He•mop´ty•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a´i^ma blood + to spit: cf. F. hemoptysie.] (Med.) The expectoration of blood, due usually to hemorrhage from the mucous membrane of the lungs.

Hem´or•rhage , n. [L. haemorrhagia, Gr. a´imorragi•a; a´i^ma blood + ´rhgny•nai to break, burst: cf. F. hemorragie, hemorrhagie.] (Med.) Any discharge of blood from the blood vessels. The blood circulates in a system of closed tubes, the rupture of which gives rise to hemorrhage.

Hem•or•rhag´ic , a. [Gr. a´imorragiko•s: cf. F. hemorrhagique.] Pertaining or tending to a flux of blood; consisting in, or accompanied by, hemorrhage.

Hem•or•rhoid´al , a. [Cf. F. hemorroïdal, hemorrhoïdal.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, hemorrhoids. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rectum; rectal; as the hemorrhoidal arteries, veins, and nerves.

Hem´or•rhoids , n. pl. [L. haemorrhoidae, pl., Gr. , sing., (sc. ), pl., veins liable to discharge blood, hemorrhoids, fr. flowing with blood; a´i^ma blood + to flow: cf. F. hemorroïdes, hemorrhoïdes. See Rheum.] (Med.) Livid and painful swellings formed by the dilation of the blood vessels around the margin of, or within, the anus, from which blood or mucus is occasionally discharged; piles; emerods. [The sing. hemorrhoid is rarely used.]

Hem•o•stat´ic , a. [Hemo- + Gr. statiko•s causing to stand, fr. to stand.] 1. (Med.) Of or relating to stagnation of the blood. 2. Serving to arrest hemorrhage; styptic.

Hem•o•stat´ic, n. A medicine or application to arrest hemorrhage.

Hem•o•tho´rax , n. [NL. See Hemo- , and Thorax.] (Med.) An effusion of blood into the cavity of the pleura.

Hemp (hemp), n. [OE. hemp, AS. henep, haenep; akin to D. hennep, OHG. hanaf, G. hanf, Icel. hampr, Dan. hamp, Sw. hampa, L. cannabis, cannabum, Gr. ka•nnabis, ka•nnabos; cf. Russ. konoplia, Skr. çana; all prob. borrowed from some other language at an early time. Cf. Cannabine, Canvas.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cannabis (C. sativa), the fibrous skin or bark of which is used for making cloth and cordage. The name is also applied to various other plants yielding fiber. 2. The fiber of the skin or rind of the plant, prepared for spinning. The name has also been extended to various fibers resembling the true hemp. African hemp, Bowstring hemp. See under African, and Bowstring. — Bastard hemp, the Asiatic herb Datisca cannabina. — Canada hemp, a species of dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), the fiber of which was used by the Indians. — Hemp agrimony, a coarse, composite herb of Europe (Eupatorium cannabinum), much like the American boneset. — Hemp nettle, a plant of the genus Galeopsis (G. Tetrahit), belonging to the Mint family. — Indian hemp. See under Indian, a. — Manila hemp, the fiber of Musa textilis. — Sisal hemp, the fiber of Agave sisalana, of Mexico and Yucatan. — Sunn hemp, a fiber obtained from a leguminous plant (Crotalaria juncea). — Water hemp, an annual American weed (Acnida cannabina), related to the amaranth.

Hemp´en (-’n), a. 1. Made of hemp; as a hempen cord. 2. Like hemp. ´Beat into a hempen state.´ Cook.

Hemp´y , a. Like hemp. [R.] Howell.

Hem•self´ , Hem•selve´ , Hem•selv´en , pron. pl. [See Hem, pron.] Themselves; — used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hem´stitch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemstitched p. pr. & vb. n. Hemstitching.] [Hem + stitch.] To ornament at the head of a broad hem by drawing out a few parallel threads, and fastening the cross threads in successive small clusters; as to hemstitch a handkerchief.

Hem´stitched , a. Having a broad hem separated from the body of the article by a line of open work; as a hemistitched handkerchief.

He´muse , n. (Zoöl.) The roebuck in its third year. [Prov. Eng.]

Hen , n. [AS. henn, hen, haen; akin to D. hen, OHG. henna, G. henne, Icel. hna, Dan. höna; the fem. corresponding to AS. hana cock, D. haan, OHG. hano, G. hahn, Icel. hani, Dan. & Sw. hane. Prob. akin to L. canere to sing, and orig. meaning, a singer. Cf. Chanticleer.] (Zoöl.) The female of the domestic fowl; also the female of grouse, pheasants, or any kind of birds; as the heath hen; the gray hen. Used adjectively or in combination to indicate the female; as hen canary, hen eagle, hen turkey, peahen. Hen clam. (Zoöl.) (a) A clam of the Mactra, and allied genera; the sea clam or surf clam. See Surf clam. (b) A California clam of the genus Pachydesma. — Hen driver. See Hen harrier (below). — Hen harrier (Zoöl.), a hawk (Circus cyaneus), found in Europe and America; — called also dove hawk, henharm, henharrow, hen driver, and usually, in America, marsh hawk. See Marsh hawk. — Hen hawk (Zoöl.), one of several species of large hawks which capture hens; esp., the American red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis), the red-shouldered hawk (B. lineatus), and the goshawk.

Hen´bane , n. [Hen + bane.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Hyoscyamus (H. niger). All parts of the plant are poisonous, and the leaves are used for the same purposes as belladonna. It is poisonous to domestic fowls; whence the name. Called also stinking nightshade, from the fetid odor of the plant. See Hyoscyamus.

Hen´bit , n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Lamium (L. amplexicaule) with deeply crenate leaves.

Hence , adv. [OE. hennes, hens (the s is prop. a genitive ending; cf. - wards), also hen, henne, hennen, heonnen, heonene, AS. heonan, heonon, heona, hine; akin to OHG. hinnan, G. hinnen, OHG. hina, G. hin; all from the root of E. he. See He.] 1. From this place; away. ´Or that we hence wend.´ Chaucer. “Arise, let us go hence.” John xiv. 31. “I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles.” Acts xxii. 21. 2. From this time; in the future; as a week hence. ´Half an hour hence.´ Shak. 3. From this reason; as an inference or deduction. “Hence, perhaps, it is, that Solomon calls the fear of the Lord the beginning of wisdom.” Tillotson. 4. From this source or origin. “All other faces borrowed hence
Their light and grace.” Suckling. “Whence come wars and fightings among you? Come they not hence, even of your lusts?” James. iv. 1. Hence is used, elliptically and imperatively, for go hence; depart hence; away; be gone. ´Hence with your little ones.´ Shak. — From hence, though a pleonasm, is fully authorized by the usage of good writers. “An ancient author prophesied from hence.” Dryden. “Expelled from hence into a world
Of woe and sorrow.” Milton.

Hence , v. t. To send away. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Hence•forth´ , adv. From this time forward; henceforward. “I never from thy side henceforth to stray.” Milton.

Hence•for´ward , adv. From this time forward; henceforth.

Hench´boy (hench´boi•), n. A page; a servant. [Obs.]

Hench´man (-man), n.; pl. -men (#). [OE. hencheman, henxman; prob. fr. OE. & AS. hengest horse + E. man, and meaning, a groom. AS. hengest is akin to D. & G. hengst stallion, OHG. hengist horse, gelding.] An attendant; a servant; a follower. Now chiefly used as a political cant term.

Hen´coop , n. A coop or cage for hens.

Hende , a. [OE., near, handy, kind, fr. AS. gehende near, fr. hand hand. See Handy.] 1. Skillful; dexterous; clever. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Friendly; civil; gentle; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen•dec´a•gon , n. [Gr. eleven + angle: cf. F. hendecagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and eleven angles. [Written also endecagon.]

Hen´de•cane , n. [Gr. ´e•ndeka eleven.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C11H24, of the paraffin series; — so called because it has eleven atoms of carbon in each molecule. Called also endecane, undecane.

Hen•dec•a•syl•lab´ic , a. Pertaining to a line of eleven syllables.

Hen•dec´a•syl•la•ble , n. [L. hendecasyllabus, Gr. eleven-syllabled; eleven + syllable: cf. F. hendecasyllabe.] A metrical line of eleven syllables. J. Warton.

Hen•dec•a•to´ic , a. [See Hendecane.] (Chem.) Undecylic; pertaining to, or derived from, hendecane; as hendecatoic acid.

Hen•di´a•dys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. one by two.] (Gram.) A figure in which the idea is expressed by two nouns connected by and, instead of by a noun and limiting adjective; as we drink from cups and gold, for golden cups.

Hen´dy , a. [Obs.] See Hende.

Hen´en , adv. Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish; the sea bream. (b) A young bib. See Bib, n., 2.

Heng , obs. imp. of Hang. Hung. Chaucer.

Hen´-heart•ed , a. Cowardly; timid; chicken-hearted. Udall.

Hen´house , n.; pl. Henhouses. A house or shelter for fowls.

Hen´hus•sy , n. A cotquean; a man who intermeddles with women’s concerns.

He•ni´quen , n. See Jeniquen.

Hen´na , n. [Ar. hinna alcanna (Lawsonia inermis or alba). Cf. Alcanna, Alkanet, Orchanet.] 1. (Bot.) A thorny tree or shrub of the genus Lawsonia (L. alba). The fragrant white blossoms are used by the Buddhists in religious ceremonies. The powdered leaves furnish a red coloring matter used in the East to stain the nails and fingers, the manes of horses, etc. 2. (Com.) The leaves of the henna plant, or a preparation or dyestuff made from them.

Hen´ner•y , n. An inclosed place for keeping hens. [U. S.]

Hen´nes , adv. Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hen•no•tan´nic , a. [Henna + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a brown resinous substance resembling tannin, and extracted from the henna plant; as hennotannic acid. { He•nog´e• ny , Hen•o•gen´e•sis } n. [Gr. e´i•s, masc., ´e•n, neut., one + root of to be born.] (Biol.) Same as Ontogeny.

Hen´o•the•ism , n. [Gr. e´i•s, ´enos•, one + E. theism.] Primitive religion in which each of several divinities is regarded as independent, and is worshiped without reference to the rest. [R.]

He•not´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. to unite, fr. e´i•s one.] Harmonizing; irenic. Gladstone.

Hen´peck , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Henpecked p. pr. & vb. Henpecking.] To subject to petty authority; — said of a wife who thus treats her husband. Commonly used in the past participle (often adjectively).

Hen´roost , n. A place where hens roost.

Hen´ry , n.; pl. Henrys. [From Joseph Henry, an American physicist.] The unit of electric induction; the induction in a circuit when the electro-motive force induced in this circuit is one volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampère a second.

Hen’s-foot , n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Caucalis daucoides).

Hent (hent), v. t. [imp. Hente; p. p. Hent.] [OE. hente, henten, fr. AS. hentan, gehentan, to pursue, take, seize; cf. Icel. henda, Goth. hinpan (in compos.), and E. hunt.] To seize; to lay hold on; to catch; to get. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Spenser. “This cursed Jew him hente and held him fast.” Chaucer. “But all that he might of his friendes hente
On bookes and on learning he it spente.” Chaucer.

Hen´ware , n. (Bot.) A coarse, blackish seaweed. See Badderlocks.

Henx´man , n. Henchman. [Obs.]

Hep , n. See Hip, the fruit of the dog-rose.

He´par , n. [L. hepar, hepatis, the liver, Gr. .] 1. (Old Chem.) Liver of sulphur; a substance of a liver-brown color, sometimes used in medicine. It is formed by fusing sulphur with carbonates of the alkalies (esp. potassium), and consists essentially of alkaline sulphides. Called also hepar sulphuris . 2. Any substance resembling hepar proper, in appearance; specifically, in homeopathy, calcium sulphide, called also hepar sulphuris calcareum . Hepar antimonii (Old Chem.), a substance, of a liver-brown color, obtained by fusing together antimony sulphide with alkaline sulphides, and consisting of sulphantimonites of the alkalies; — called also liver of antimony.

He•pat´ic , a. [L. hepaticus, Gr. , fr. the liver; akin to L. jecur, Skr. yakt: cf. F. hepatique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the liver; as hepatic artery; hepatic diseases. 2. Resembling the liver in color or in form; as hepatic cinnabar. 3. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the plants called Hepaticae, or scale mosses and liverworts. Hepatic duct (Anat.), any biliary duct; esp., the duct, or one of the ducts, which carries the bile from the liver to the cystic and common bile ducts. See Illust., under Digestive. — Hepatic gas (Old Chem.), sulphureted hydrogen gas. — Hepatic mercurial ore, or Hepatic cinnabar. See under Cinnabar.

He•pat´i•ca , n.; pl. Hepaticae (#). [NL. See Hepatic. So called in allusion to the shape of the lobed leaves or fronds.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of pretty spring flowers closely related to Anemone; squirrel cup. 2. (bot.) Any plant, usually procumbent and mosslike, of the cryptogamous class Hepaticae; — called also scale moss and liverwort. See Hepaticae, in the Supplement.

He•pat´ic•al, a. Hepatic. [R.]

Hep´a•tite ( 277), n. [L. hepatitis an unknown precious stone, Gr. , fr. , , the liver: cf. F. hepatite.] (Min.) A variety of barite emitting a fetid odor when rubbed or heated.

Hep•a•ti´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , liver + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the liver.

Hep•a•ti•za´tion , n. 1. (Chem.) Impregnating with sulphureted hydrogen gas. [Obs.] 2. [Cf. F. hepatisation.] (Med.) Conversion into a substance resembling the liver; a state of the lungs when gorged with effused matter, so that they are no longer pervious to the air.

Hep´a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hepatized p. pr. & vb. n. Hepatizing ] [Gr. to be like the liver, to be liver-colored, fr. , , the liver: cf. E. hepatite, and (for sense 2) F. hepatiser.] 1. To impregnate with sulphureted hydrogen gas formerly called hepatic gas. “On the right … were two wells of hepatized water.” Barrow. 2. To gorge with effused matter, as the lungs.

He•pat´o•cele , n. [Gr. , , the liver + tumor.] (Med.) Hernia of the liver.

Hep•a•to•cys´tic , a. [Hepatic + cystic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the liver and gall bladder; as the hepatocystic ducts.

Hep•a•to•gas´tric , a. [Hepatic + gastric.] (Anat.) See Gastrohepatic. { Hep•a•to•gen´ic , Hep•a•tog´e•nous } a. [Gr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + root of gi•gnesthai to be born] (Med.) Arising from the liver; due to a condition of the liver; as hepatogenic jaundice.

Hep•a•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + -logy.] The science which treats of the liver; a treatise on the liver.

Hep´a•to-pan´cre•as , n. [Gr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + E. pancreas.] (Zoöl.) A digestive gland in Crustacea, Mollusca, etc., usually called the liver, but different from the liver of vertebrates.

Hep•a•to•re´nal , a. [Hepatic + renal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the liver and kidneys; as the hepatorenal ligament.

Hep•a•tos´co•py , n. [Gr. ; fr. ´h^par, ´h•patos, the liver + to view: cf. F. hepatoscopie.] Divination by inspecting the liver of animals.

Hep´pen , a. [Cf. AS. gehaep fit, Icel. heppinn lucky, E. happy.] Neat; fit; comfortable. [Obs.]

Hep´per , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon; a parr.

Hep´ta [See Seven.] A combining form from Gr. ´epta•, seven.

Hep´ta•chord , n. [Gr. ´epta•xordos seven-stringed; ´epta• seven + xordh• chord: cf. F. heptacorde. See Seven, and Chord.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) (a) A system of seven sounds. (b) A lyre with seven chords. 2. (Anc. Poet.) A composition sung to the sound of seven chords or tones. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Hep´tad , n. [L. heptas the number seven. Gr. , , fr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) An atom which has a valence of seven, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, seven monad atoms or radicals; as iodine is a heptad in iodic acid. Also used as an adjective.

Hep´tade , n. [Cf. F. heptade. See Heptad.] The sum or number of seven.

Hep´ta•glot , n. [Gr. ; ´epta• seven + 3, , tongue, language.] A book in seven languages.

Hep´ta•gon , n. [Gr. sevencornered; ´epta• seven + angle: cf. F. heptagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure consisting of seven sides and having seven angles.

Hep•tag´o•nal , a. [Cf. F. heptagonal.] Having seven angles or sides. Heptagonal numbers (Arith.), the numbers of the series 1, 7, 18, 34, 55, etc., being figurate numbers formed by adding successively the terms of the arithmetical series 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, etc.

Hep•ta•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´epta• seven + woman, female: cf. F. heptagunie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having seven pistils. { Hep•ta•gyn´i•an , Hep•tag´y•nous } a. [Cf. F. heptagyne.] (Bot.) Having seven pistils.

Hep•ta•he´dron , n. [Hepta- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit: cf. F. heptaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid figure with seven sides.

Hep•tam´er•ous , a. [Hepta- + Gr. part.] (Bot.) Consisting of seven parts, or having the parts in sets of sevens. Gray.

Hep•tan´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´epta• seven + , , man, male: cf. F. heptandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having seven stamens. { Hep•tan´dri•an , Hep•tan´drous } a. [Cf. F. heptandre.] (Bot.) Having seven stamens.

Hep´tane , n. [Gr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) Any one of several isometric hydrocarbons, C7H16, of the paraffin series (nine are possible, four are known); — so called because the molecule has seven carbon atoms. Specifically, a colorless liquid, found as a constituent of petroleum, in the tar oil of cannel coal, etc.

Hep•tan´gu•lar , a. [Hepta- + angular: cf. F. heptangulaire. Cf. Septangular.] Having seven angles.

Hep•taph´yl•lous , a. [Hepta- + Gr. leaf: cf. F. heptaphylle.] (Bot.) Having seven leaves.

Hep´tarch , n. Same as Heptarchist.

Hep•tar´chic , a. [Cf. F. heptarchique.] Of or pertaining to a heptarchy; constituting or consisting of a heptarchy. T. Warton.

Hep´tarch•ist , n. A ruler of one division of a heptarchy. [Written also heptarch.]

Hep´tarch•y , n. [Hepta- + -archy: cf. F. heptarchie.] A government by seven persons; also a country under seven rulers. The word is most commonly applied to England, when it was divided into seven kingdoms; as the Saxon heptachy, which consisted of Kent, the South Saxons (Sussex), West Saxons (Wessex), East Saxons (Essex), the East Angles, Mercia, and Northumberland.

Hep•ta•sper´mous , a. [Hepta- + Gr. a seed.] (Bot.) Having seven seeds.

Hep´ta•stich , n. [Hepta- + Gr. sti•chos line, verse.] (Pros.) A composition consisting of seven lines or verses.

Hep´ta•teuch , n. [L. heptateuchos, Gr. ´epta• seven + tool, book; to prepare, make, work: cf. F. heptateuque.] The first seven books of the Testament.

Hep•tav´a•lent , a. [Hepta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having seven units of attractive force or affinity; — said of heptad elements or radicals.

Hep´tene , n. [Gr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) Same as Heptylene.

Hep´tine , n. [Heptane + - ine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of unsaturated metameric hydrocarbons, C7H12, of the acetylene series.

Hep•to´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, heptane; as heptoic acid.

Hep´tone , n. [Gr. ´epta• seven.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C7H10, of the valylene series.

Hep´ tree [See Hep.] The wild dog- rose.

Hep´tyl , n. [Hepta- + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C7H15, regarded as the essential radical of heptane and a related series of compounds.

Hep´tyl•ene , n. (Chem.) A colorless liquid hydrocarbon, C7H14, of the ethylene series; also any one of its isomers. Called also heptene.

Hep•tyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, heptyl or heptane; as heptylic alcohol. Cf. Œnanthylic.

Her , pron. & a. [OE. hire, here, hir, hure, gen. and dat. sing., AS. hire, gen. and dat. sing. of heo she. from the same root as E. he. See He.] The form of the objective and the possessive case of the personal pronoun she; as I saw her with her purse out. The possessive her takes the form hers when the noun with which in agrees is not given, but implied. ´And what his fortune wanted, hers could mend.´ Dryden.

Her , Here , pron. pl. [OE. here, hire, AS. heora, hyra, gen. pl. of he. See He.] Of them; their. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “On here bare knees adown they fall.” Chaucer.

He•rac´le•on•ite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Heracleon of Alexandria, a Judaizing Gnostic, in the early history of the Christian church.

He•rak´line , n. [Gr. Hercules.] A picrate compound, used as an explosive in blasting.

Her´ald , n. [OE. herald, heraud, OF. heralt, heraut, herault, F. heraut, LL. heraldus, haraldus, fr. (assumed) OHG. heriwalto, hariwaldo, a (civil) officer who serves the army; hari, heri, army + waltan to manage, govern, G. walten; akin to E. wield. See Harry, Wield.] 1. (Antiq.) An officer whose business was to denounce or proclaim war, to challenge to battle, to proclaim peace, and to bear messages from the commander of an army. He was invested with a sacred and inviolable character. 2. In the Middle Ages, the officer charged with the above duties, and also with the care of genealogies, of the rights and privileges of noble families, and especially of armorial bearings. In modern times, some vestiges of this office remain, especially in England. See Heralds’ College (below), and King-at-Arms. 3. A proclaimer; one who, or that which, publishes or announces; as the herald of another’s fame. Shak. 4. A forerunner; a a precursor; a harbinger. “It was the lark, the herald of the morn.” Shak. 5. Any messenger. ´My herald is returned.´ Shak. Heralds’ College, in England, an ancient corporation, dependent upon the crown, instituted or perhaps recognized by Richard III. in 1483, consisting of the three Kings-at- Arms and the Chester, Lancaster, Richmond, Somerset, Windsor, and York Heralds, together with the Earl Marshal. This retains from the Middle Ages the charge of the armorial bearings of persons privileged to bear them, as well as of genealogies and kindred subjects; — called also College of Arms.

Her´ald , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heralded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heralding.] [Cf. OF. herauder, heraulder.] To introduce, or give tidings of, as by a herald; to proclaim; to announce; to foretell; to usher in. Shak.

He•ral´dic , a. [Cf. F. heraldique.] Of or pertaining to heralds or heraldry; as heraldic blazoning; heraldic language. T. Warton.

He•ral´dic•al•ly , adv. In an heraldic manner; according to the rules of heraldry.

Her´ald•ry , n. The art or office of a herald; the art, practice, or science of recording genealogies, and blazoning arms or ensigns armorial; also of marshaling cavalcades, processions, and public ceremonies.

Her´ald•ship, n. The office of a herald. Selden.

Her´a•path•ite , n. [Named after Dr. Herapath, the discoverer.] (Chem.) The sulphate of iodoquinine, a substance crystallizing in thin plates remarkable for their effects in polarizing light.

Her´aud , n. A herald. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Herb ( 277), n. [OE. herbe, erbe, OF. herbe, erbe, F. herbe, L. herba; perh. akin to Gr. forbh• food, pasture, fe•rbein to feed.] 1. A plant whose stem does not become woody and permanent, but dies, at least down to the ground, after flowering. Annual herbs live but one season; biennial herbs flower the second season, and then die; perennial herbs produce new stems year after year. 2. Grass; herbage. “And flocks
Grazing the tender herb.” Milton. Herb bennet. (Bot.) See Bennet. — Herb Christopher (Bot.), an herb (Actaea spicata), whose root is used in nervous diseases; the baneberry. The name is occasionally given to other plants, as the royal fern, the wood betony, etc. — Herb Gerard (Bot.), the goutweed; — so called in honor of St. Gerard, who used to be invoked against the gout. Dr. Prior. — Herb grace, or Herb of grace. (Bot.) See Rue. — Herb Margaret (Bot.), the daisy. See Marguerite. — Herb Paris (Bot.), an Old World plant related to the trillium (Paris quadrifolia), commonly reputed poisonous. — Herb Robert (Bot.), a species of Geranium (G. Robertianum.)

Her•ba´ceous , a. [L. herbaceus grassy. See Herb.] Of or pertaining to herbs; having the nature, texture, or characteristics, of an herb; as herbaceous plants; an herbaceous stem.

Herb´age ( 48), n. [F. See Herb.] 1. Herbs collectively; green food beasts; grass; pasture. ´Thin herbage in the plaims.´ Dryden. 2. (Law.) The liberty or right of pasture in the forest or in the grounds of another man. Blount.

Herb´aged , a. Covered with grass. Thomson.

Herb´al , a. Of or pertaining to herbs. Quarles.

Herb´al , n. 1. A book containing the names and descriptions of plants. Bacon. 2. A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved; a hortus siccus; an herbarium. Steele.

Herb´al•ism , n. The knowledge of herbs.

Herb´al•ist, n. One skilled in the knowledge of plants; a collector of, or dealer in, herbs, especially medicinal herbs.

Herb´ar , n. An herb. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her•ba´ri•an , n. A herbalist.

Herb´a•rist , n. A herbalist. [Obs.]

Her•ba´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Herbariums (#), L. Herbaria (#). [LL., fr. L. herba. See Herb, and cf. Arbor, Herbary.] 1. A collection of dried specimens of plants, systematically arranged. Gray. 2. A book or case for preserving dried plants.

Herb´a•rize , v. t. See Herborize.

Herb´a•ry , n. [See Herbarium.] A garden of herbs; a cottage garden. T. Warton.

Herb´er , n. [OF. herbier, LL. herbarium. See Herbarium.] A garden; a pleasure garden. [Obs.] ´Into an herber green.´ Chaucer.

Her´berg•age , n. [See Harborage.] Harborage; lodging; shelter; harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´ber•geour , n. [See Harbinger.] A harbinger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´bergh , Her´ber•we , n. [See Harbor.] A harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her•bes´cent , a. [L. herbescens, p. pr. of herbescere.] Growing into herbs.

Herb´id , a. [L. herbidus.] Covered with herbs. [Obs.] Bailey.

Her•bif´er•ous , a. [Herb + -ferous: cf. F. herbifere.] Bearing herbs or vegetation.

Herb´ist , n. A herbalist.

Her•biv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. herba herb + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Mammalia. It formerly included the Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla, but by later writers it is generally restricted to the two latter groups (Ungulata). They feed almost exclusively upon vegetation.

Her´bi•vore , n. [Cf. F. herbivore.] (Zoöl.) One of the Herbivora. P. H. Gosse.

Her•biv´o•rous , a. (Zoöl.) Eating plants; of or pertaining to the Herbivora.

Herb´less , a. Destitute of herbs or of vegetation. J. Warton.

Herb´let , n. A small herb. Shak.

Her´bo•rist , n. [F. herboriste.] A herbalist. Ray.

Her•bo•ri•za´tion , n. [F. herborisation.] 1. The act of herborizing. 2. The figure of plants in minerals or fossils.

Her´bo•rize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herborized p. pr. & vb. n. Herborizing ] [F. herboriser, for herbariser, fr. L. herbarium. See Hebrarium.] To search for plants, or new species of plants, with a view to classifying them. “He herborized as he traveled.” W. Tooke.

Her´bo•rize, v. t. To form the figures of plants in; — said in reference to minerals. See Arborized. “Herborized stones contain fine mosses.” Fourcroy (Trans.)

Her´bor•ough , n. [See Harborough, and Harbor.] A harbor. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Her•bose´ , Herb´ous } a. [L. herbosus: cf. F. herbeux.] Abounding with herbs. ´Fields poetically called herbose.´ Byrom.

Herb´-wom•an , n.; pl. Herb-women . A woman that sells herbs.

Herb´y , a. Having the nature of, pertaining to, or covered with, herbs or herbage. ´Herby valleys.´ Chapman.

Her•cog´a•mous , a. [Gr. a fence + marriage.] (Bot.) Not capable of self- fertilization; — said of hermaphrodite flowers in which some structural obstacle forbids autogamy.

Her•cu´le•an , a. [L. herculeus, fr. Hercules: cf. F. herculeen. See Hercules.] 1. Requiring the strength of Hercules; hence, very great, difficult, or dangerous; as an Herculean task. 2. Having extraordinary strength or size; as Herculean limbs. ´Herculean Samson.´ Milton.

Her´cu•les , n. 1. (Gr. Myth.) A hero, fabled to have been the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and celebrated for great strength, esp. for the accomplishment of his twelve great tasks or ´labors.´ 2. (Astron.) A constellation in the northern hemisphere, near Lyra. Hercules’ beetle (Zoöl.), any species of Dynastes, an American genus of very large lamellicorn beetles, esp. D. hercules of South America, which grows to a length of six inches. — Hercules’ club. (Bot.) (a) An ornamental tree of the West Indies (Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis), of the same genus with the prickly ash. (b) A variety of the common gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris). Its fruit sometimes exceeds five feet in length. (c) The Angelica tree. See under Angelica. — Hercules powder, an explosive containing nitroglycerin; — used for blasting.

Her•cyn´i•an , a. [L. Hercynia silva, Hercynius saltus, the Hercynian forest; cf. Gr. .] Of or pertaining to an extensive forest in Germany, of which there are still portions in Swabia and the Hartz mountains.

Herd , a. Haired. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Herd , n. [OE. herd, heord, AS. heord; akin to OHG. herta,G. herde, Icel. hjör, Sw. hjord, Dan. hiord, Goth. haírda; cf. Skr. çardha troop, host.] 1. A number of beasts assembled together; as a herd of horses, oxen, cattle, camels, elephants, deer, or swine; a particular stock or family of cattle. “The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.” Gray. Herd is distinguished from flock, as being chiefly applied to the larger animals. A number of cattle, when driven to market, is called a drove. 2. A crowd of low people; a rabble. “But far more numerous was the herd of such
Who think too little and who talk too much.” Dryden. “You can never interest the common herd in the abstract question.” Coleridge. Herd’s grass (Bot.), one of several species of grass, highly esteemed for hay. See under Grass.

Herd, n. [OE. hirde, herde, heorde, AS. hirde, hyrde, heorde; akin to G. hirt, hirte, OHG. hirti, Icel. hir ir, Sw. herde, Dan. hyrde, Goth. haírdeis. See 2d Herd.] One who herds or assembles domestic animals; a herdsman; — much used in composition; as a shepherd; a goatherd, and the like. Chaucer.

Herd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herded; p. pr. & vb. n. Herding.] [See 2d Herd.] 1. To unite or associate in a herd; to feed or run together, or in company; as sheep herd on many hills. 2. To associate; to ally one’s self with, or place one’s self among, a group or company. “I’ll herd among his friends, and seem
One of the number.” Addison. 3. To act as a herdsman or a shepherd. [Scot.]

Herd, v. t. To form or put into a herd.

Herd´book , n. A book containing the list and pedigrees of one or more herds of choice breeds of cattle; — also called herd record, or herd register.

Herd´er , n. A herdsman. [R.]

Her´der•ite , n. [Named after Baron von Herder, who discovered it.] (Min.) A rare fluophosphate of glucina, in small white crystals.

Herd´ess , n. A shepherdess; a female herder. Sir P. Sidney. Chaucer.

Herd´groom , n. A herdsman. [Obs.]

Her´dic , n. [Named from Peter Herdic, the inventor.] A kind of low-hung cab. { Herd´man , Herds´man } n.; pl. -men. The owner or keeper of a herd or of herds; one employed in tending a herd of cattle.

Herds´wom•an , n.; pl. - women . A woman who tends a herd. Sir W. Scott.

Here , n. Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here , pron. 1. See Her, their. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Her; hers. See Her. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here , adv. [OE. her, AS. hr; akin to OS. hr, D. hier, OHG. hiar, G. hier, Icel. & Goth. hr, Dan. her, Sw. här; fr. root of E. he. See He.] 1. In this place; in the place where the speaker is; — opposed to there. “He is not here, for he is risen.” Matt. xxviii. 6. 2. In the present life or state. “Happy here, and more happy hereafter.” Bacon. 3. To or into this place; hither. [Colloq.] See Thither. “Here comes Virgil.” B. Jonson. “Thou led’st me here.” Byron. 4. At this point of time, or of an argument; now. “The prisoner here made violent efforts to rise.” Warren. Here, in the last sense, is sometimes used before a verb without subject; as Here goes, for Now (something or somebody) goes; — especially occurring thus in drinking healths. ´Here’s [a health] to thee, Dick.´ Cowley. Here and there, in one place and another; in a dispersed manner; irregularly. ´Footsteps here and there.´ Longfellow. — It is neither, here nor there, it is neither in this place nor in that, neither in one place nor in another; hence, it is to no purpose, irrelevant, nonsense. Shak. { Here´a-bout• , Here´a•bouts• } adv. 1. About this place; in this vicinity. 2. Concerning this. [Obs.]

Here•aft´er , adv. [AS. heraefter.] In time to come; in some future time or state. “Hereafter he from war shall come.” Dryden.

Here•aft´er, n. A future existence or state. “’Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter.” Addison.

Here•aft´er•ward , adv. Hereafter. [Obs.] “Thou shalt hereafterward … come.” Chaucer.

Here-at´ , adv. At, or by reason of, this; as he was offended hereat. Hooker.

Here•by´ , adv. 1. By means of this. “And hereby we do know that we know him.” 1 John ii. 3. 2. Close by; very near. [Obs.] Shak.

He•red•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. State of being hereditable. Brydges.

He•red´i•ta•ble , a. [LL. hereditabilis, fr. hereditare to inherit, fr. L. hereditas heirship inheritance, heres heir: cf. OF. hereditable. See Heir, and cf. Heritable.] 1. Capable of being inherited. See Inheritable. Locke. 2. Qualified to inherit; capable of inheriting.

He•red´i•ta•bly, adv. By inheritance. W. Tooke.

Her•e•dit´a•ment , n. [LL. hereditamentum. See Hereditable.] (Law) Any species of property that may be inherited; lands, tenements, anything corporeal or incorporeal, real, personal, or mixed, that may descend to an heir. Blackstone. A corporeal hereditament is visible and tangible; an incorporeal hereditament is not in itself visible or tangible, being an hereditary right, interest, or obligation, as duty to pay rent, or a right of way.

He•red´i•ta•ri•ly , adv. By inheritance; in an hereditary manner. Pope.

He•red´i•ta•ry , a. [L. hereditarius, fr. hereditas heirship, inheritance, fr. heres heir: cf. F. hereditaire. See Heir.] 1. Descended, or capable of descending, from an ancestor to an heir at law; received or passing by inheritance, or that must pass by inheritance; as an hereditary estate or crown. 2. Transmitted, or capable of being transmitted, as a constitutional quality or condition from a parent to a child; as hereditary pride, bravery, disease. Syn. — Ancestral; patrimonial; inheritable.

He•red´i•ty , n. [L. hereditas heirship.] (Biol.) Hereditary transmission of the physical and psychical qualities of parents to their offspring; the biological law by which living beings tend to repeat their characteristics in their descendants. See Pangenesis.

Her´e•ford , n. One of a breed of cattle originating in Herefordshire, England. The Herefords are good working animals, and their beef-producing quality is excellent.

Here´hence , adv. From hence. [Obs.]

Here•in´ , adv. [AS. hrinne.] In this. “Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit.” John xv. 8.

Here•in•aft´er , adv. In the following part of this (writing, document, speech, and the like).

Here•in•be•fore´, adv. In the preceding part of this (writing, document, book, etc.).

Here•in•to´ ( 277), adv. Into this. Hooker. { Her´e•mit , Her´e•mite } n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Her•e•mit´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to a hermit; solitary; secluded from society. Pope.

Her´en , a. Made of hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Here•of´ , adv. Of this; concerning this; from this; hence. “Hereof comes it that Prince Harry is valiant.” Shak.

Here•on´ , adv. On or upon this; hereupon.

Here•out´ , adv. Out of this. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her´e•si•arch ( 277), n. [L. haeresiarcha, Gr. ; heresy + leader, to lead: cf. F. heresiarque.] A leader in heresy; the chief of a sect of heretics. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Her´e•si•arch•y , n. A chief or great heresy. [R.] “The book itself [the Alcoran] consists of heresiarchies against our blessed Savior.” Sir T. Herbert.

Her•e•si•og´ra•pher , n. [See Heresiography.] One who writes on heresies.

Her•e•si•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. heresy + -graphy: cf. F. heresiographie.] A treatise on heresy.

Her´e•sy , n.; pl. Heresies (#). [OE. heresie, eresie, OF. heresie, iresie, F. heresie, L. haeresis, Gr. a taking, a taking for one’s self, choosing, a choice, a sect, a heresy, fr. to take, choose.] 1. An opinion held in opposition to the established or commonly received doctrine, and tending to promote a division or party, as in politics, literature, philosophy, etc.; — usually, but not necessarily, said in reproach. “New opinions
Divers and dangerous, which are heresies,
And, not reformed, may prove pernicious.” Shak. “After the study of philosophy began in Greece, and the philosophers, disagreeing amongst themselves, had started many questions … because every man took what opinion he pleased, each several opinion was called a heresy; which signified no more than a private opinion, without reference to truth or falsehood.” Hobbes. 2. (Theol.) Religious opinion opposed to the authorized doctrinal standards of any particular church, especially when tending to promote schism or separation; lack of orthodox or sound belief; rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some fundamental religious doctrine or truth; heterodoxy. “Doubts ’mongst divines, and difference of texts,
From whence arise diversity of sects,
And hateful heresies by God abhor’d.” Spenser. “Deluded people! that do not consider that the greatest heresy in the world is a wicked life.” Tillotson. 3. (Law) An offense against Christianity, consisting in a denial of some essential doctrine, which denial is publicly avowed, and obstinately maintained. “A second offense is that of heresy, which consists not in a total denial of Christianity, but of some its essential doctrines, publicly and obstinately avowed.” Blackstone. ´When I call dueling, and similar aberrations of honor, a moral heresy, I refer to the force of the Greek , as signifying a principle or opinion taken up by the will for the will’s sake, as a proof or pledge to itself of its own power of self- determination, independent of all other motives.´ Coleridge.

Her´e•tic , n. [L. haereticus, Gr. able to choose, heretical, fr. to take, choose: cf. F. heretique. See Heresy.] 1. One who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the established faith or prevailing religion. “A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject.” Titus iii. 10. 2. (R. C. Ch.) One who having made a profession of Christian belief, deliberately and pertinaciously refuses to believe one or more of the articles of faith ´determined by the authority of the universal church.´ Addis & Arnold. Syn. — Heretic, Schismatic, Sectarian. A heretic is one whose errors are doctrinal, and usually of a malignant character, tending to subvert the true faith. A schismatic is one who creates a schism, or division in the church, on points of faith, discipline, practice, etc., usually for the sake of personal aggrandizement. A sectarian is one who originates or is an ardent adherent and advocate of a sect, or distinct organization, which separates from the main body of believers.

He•ret´i•cal , a. Containing heresy; of the nature of, or characterized by, heresy.

He•ret´i•cal•ly, adv. In an heretical manner.

He•ret´i•cate , v. t. [LL. haereticatus, p. p. of haereticare.] To decide to be heresy or a heretic; to denounce as a heretic or heretical. Bp. Hall. “And let no one be minded, on the score of my neoterism, to hereticate me.” Fitzed. Hall.

He•ret•i•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of hereticating or pronouncing heretical. London Times.

Here•to´ , adv. To this; hereunto. Hooker. { Her´e•toch , Her´e•tog } n. [AS. heretoga, heretoha; here army + teón to draw, lead; akin to OS. heritogo, OHG. herizogo, G. herzog duke.] (AS. Antiq.) The leader or commander of an army; also a marshal. Blackstone.

Here•to•fore´ , adv. Up to this time; hitherto; before; in time past. Shak.

Here•un•to´ , adv. Unto this; up to this time; hereto.

Here•up•on´ , adv. On this; hereon.

Here•with´ , adv. With this.

Her´ie , v. t. [See Hery.] To praise; to worship. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´i•ot , n. [AS. heregeatu military equipment, heriot; here army + geatwe, pl., arms, equipments.] (Eng. Law) Formerly, a payment or tribute of arms or military accouterments, or the best beast, or chattel, due to the lord on the death of a tenant; in modern use, a customary tribute of goods or chattels to the lord of the fee, paid on the decease of a tenant. Blackstone. Bouvier. Heriot custom, a heriot depending on usage. — Heriot service (Law), a heriot due by reservation in a grant or lease of lands. Spelman. Blackstone.

Her´i•ot•a•ble , a. Subject to the payment of a heriot. Burn.

Her´is•son , n. [F. herisson, prop., hedgehog.] (fort.) A beam or bar armed with iron spikes, and turning on a pivot; — used to block up a passage.

Her•it•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being heritable.

Her´it•a•ble , a. [OF. heritable. See Heritage, Hereditable.] 1. Capable of being inherited or of passing by inheritance; inheritable. 2. Capable of inheriting or receiving by inheritance. “This son shall be legitimate and heritable.” Sir M. Hale. Heritable rights (Scots Law), rights of the heir; rights to land or whatever may be intimately connected with land; realty. Jacob (Law Dict.).

Her´it•age , a. [OE. heritage, eritage, OF. heritage, eritage, F. heritage, fr. heriter to inherit, LL. heriditare. See Hereditable.] 1. That which is inherited, or passes from heir to heir; inheritance. “Part of my heritage,
Which my dead father did bequeath to me.” Shak. 2. (Script.) A possession; the Israelites, as God’s chosen people; also a flock under pastoral charge. Joel iii. 2. 1 Peter v. 3.

Her´it•ance , n. [OF. heritance.] Heritage; inheritance. [R.] “Robbing their children of the heritance
Their fathers handed down” Southey.

Her´it•or , n. [Cf. LL. herator, fr. L. heres an heir.] A proprietor or landholder in a parish. [Scot.]

Herl , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Harl, 2.

Her´ling , Hir´ling , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The young of the sea trout. [Prov. Eng.]

Her´ma , n.; pl. Hermae (#). [L.] See Hermes, 2.

Her•maph•ro•de´i•ty , n. Hermaphrodism. B. Jonson.

Her•maph´ro•dism , n. [Cf. F. hermaphrodisme.] (Biol.) See Hermaphroditism.

Her•maph´ro•dite , n. [L. hermaphroditus, Gr. , so called from the mythical story that Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, when bathing, became joined in one body with Salmacis, the nymph of a fountain in Caria: cf. F. hermaphrodite.] (Biol.) An individual which has the attributes of both male and female, or which unites in itself the two sexes; an animal or plant having the parts of generation of both sexes, as when a flower contains both the stamens and pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. In some cases reproduction may take place without the union of the distinct individuals. In the animal kingdom true hermaphrodites are found only among the invertebrates. See Illust. in Appendix, under Helminths.

Her•maph´ro•dite, a. Including, or being of, both sexes; as an hermaphrodite animal or flower. Hermaphrodite brig. (Naut.) See under Brig. Totten. { Her•maph•ro•dit´ic , Her•maph•ro•dit´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Partaking of the characteristics of both sexes; characterized by hermaphroditism. — Her•maph•ro•dit´ic•al•ly, adv.

Her•maph´ro•dit•ism , n. (Biol.) The union of the two sexes in the same individual, or the combination of some of their characteristics or organs in one individual. { Her•me•neu´tic , Her•me•neu´tic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to interpret: cf. F. hermeneutique.] Unfolding the signification; of or pertaining to interpretation; exegetical; explanatory; as hermeneutic theology, or the art of expounding the Scriptures; a hermeneutic phrase.

Her•me•neu´tic•al•ly, adv. According to the principles of interpretation; as a verse of Scripture was examined hermeneutically.

Her•me•neu´tics , n. [Gr. (sc. ).] The science of interpretation and explanation; exegesis; esp., that branch of theology which defines the laws whereby the meaning of the Scriptures is to be ascertained. Schaff- Herzog Encyc.

Her´mes , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) See Mercury. Hermes Trismegistus [Gr. ’Ermh^s trisme•gistos, lit., Hermes thrice greatest] was a late name of Hermes, especially as identified with the Egyptian god Thoth. He was the fabled inventor of astrology and alchemy. 2. (Archaeology) Originally, a boundary stone dedicated to Hermes as the god of boundaries, and therefore bearing in some cases a head, or head and shoulders, placed upon a quadrangular pillar whose height is that of the body belonging to the head, sometimes having feet or other parts of the body sculptured upon it. These figures, though often representing Hermes, were used for other divinities, and even, in later times, for portraits of human beings. Called also herma. See Terminal statue, under Terminal. { Her•met´ic , Her•met´ic•al } a. [F. hermetique. See Note under Hermes, 1.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or taught by, Hermes Trismegistus; as hermetic philosophy. Hence: Alchemical; chemic. ´Delusions of the hermetic art.´ Burke. “The alchemists, as the people were called who tried to make gold, considered themselves followers of Hermes, and often called themselves Hermetic philosophers.” A. B. Buckley. 2. Of or pertaining to the system which explains the causes of diseases and the operations of medicine on the principles of the hermetic philosophy, and which made much use, as a remedy, of an alkali and an acid; as hermetic medicine. 3. Made perfectly close or air-tight by fusion, so that no gas or spirit can enter or escape; as an hermetic seal. See Note under Hermetically. Hermetic art, alchemy. — Hermetic books. (a) Books of the Egyptians, which treat of astrology. (b) Books which treat of universal principles, of the nature and orders of celestial beings, of medicine, and other topics.

Her•met´ic•al•ly, adv. 1. In an hermetical manner; chemically. Boyle. 2. By fusion, so as to form an air-tight closure. A vessel or tube is hermetically sealed when it is closed completely against the passage of air or other fluid by fusing the extremity; — sometimes less properly applied to any air-tight closure.

Her´mit , n. [OE. ermite, eremite, heremit, heremite, F. hermite, ermite, L. eremita, Gr. , fr. lonely, solitary. Cf. Eremite.] 1. A person who retires from society and lives in solitude ; a recluse ; an anchoret ; especially, one who so lives from religious motives. “He had been Duke of Savoy, and after a very glorious reign, took on him the habit of a hermit, and retired into this solitary spot.” Addison. 2. A beadsman; one bound to pray for another. [Obs.] ´We rest your hermits.´ Shak. Hermit crab (Zoöl.), a marine decapod crustacean of the family Paguridae. The species are numerous, and belong to many genera. Called also soldier crab. The hermit crabs usually occupy the dead shells of various univalve mollusks. See Illust. of Commensal. — Hermit thrush (Zoöl.), an American thrush (Turdus Pallasii), with retiring habits, but having a sweet song. — Hermit warbler (Zoöl.), a California wood warbler (Dendroica occidentalis), having the head yellow, the throat black, and the back gray, with black streaks.

Her´mit•age ( 48), n. [OE. hermitage, ermitage, F. hermitage, ermitage. See Hermit.] 1. The habitation of a hermit; a secluded residence. “Some forlorn and naked hermitage,
Remote from all the pleasures of the world.” Shak. 2. [F. Vin de l’Hermitage.] A celebrated French wine, both white and red, of the Department of Drôme.

Her´mit•a•ry , n. [Cf. LL. hermitorium, eremitorium.] A cell annexed to an abbey, for the use of a hermit. Howell.

Her´mit•ess, n. A female hermit. Coleridge.

Her•mit´i•cal , a. Pertaining to, or suited for, a hermit. Coventry.

Her•mo•dac´tyl , n. [NL. hermodactylus, lit., Hermes’ finger; fr. Gr. Hermes + finger.] (med.) A heart-shaped bulbous root, about the size of a finger, brought from Turkey, formerly used as a cathartic.

Her•mo•ge´ni•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A disciple of Hermogenes, an heretical teacher who lived in Africa near the close of the second century. He held matter to be the fountain of all evil, and that souls and spirits are formed of corrupt matter.

Hern , n. (Zoöl.) A heron; esp., the common European heron. ´A stately hern.´ Trench.

Her•na´ni , n. A thin silk or woolen goods, for women’s dresses, woven in various styles and colors.

Herne , n. [AS. hyrne.] A corner. [Obs.] “Lurking in hernes and in lanes blind.” Chaucer.

Her´ni•a , n.; pl. E. Hernias (#), L. Herniae (#). [L.] (Med.) A protrusion, consisting of an organ or part which has escaped from its natural cavity, and projects through some natural or accidental opening in the walls of the latter; as hernia of the brain, of the lung, or of the bowels. Hernia of the abdominal viscera in most common. Called also rupture. Strangulated hernia, a hernia so tightly compressed in some part of the channel through which it has been protruded as to arrest its circulation, and produce swelling of the protruded part. It may occur in recent or chronic hernia, but is more common in the latter.

Her´ni•al , a. Of, or connected with, hernia.

Her•ni•ot´o•my , n. [Hernia + Gr. to cut.] (Med.) A cutting for the cure or relief of hernia; celotomy.

Hern´shaw , n. Heronshaw. [Obs.] Spenser.

He´ro , n.; pl. Heroes (#). [F. heros, L. heros, Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) An illustrious man, supposed to be exalted, after death, to a place among the gods; a demigod, as Hercules. 2. A man of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering; a prominent or central personage in any remarkable action or event; hence, a great or illustrious person. “Each man is a hero and oracle to somebody.” Emerson. 3. The principal personage in a poem, story, and the like, or the person who has the principal share in the transactions related; as Achilles in the Iliad, Ulysses in the Odyssey, and AEneas in the AEneid. “The shining quality of an epic hero.” Dryden. Hero worship, extravagant admiration for great men, likened to the ancient worship of heroes. “Hero worship exists, has existed, and will forever exist, universally among mankind.” Carlyle.

He•ro´di•an , n. (Jewish Hist.) One of a party among the Jews, composed of partisans of Herod of Galilee. They joined with the Pharisees against Christ.

He•ro•di•o´nes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a heron.] (Zoöl.) A division of wading birds, including the herons, storks, and allied forms. Called also Herodii. — He•ro•di•o´nine (#), a.

He´ro•ess , n. A heroine. [Obs.] Dryden.

He•ro´ic , a. [F. heroïque, L. heroïcus, Gr. .] 1. Of or pertaining to, or like, a hero; of the nature of heroes; distinguished by the existence of heroes; as the heroic age; an heroic people; heroic valor. 2. Worthy of a hero; bold; daring; brave; illustrious; as heroic action; heroic enterprises. 3. (Sculpture & Painting) Larger than life size, but smaller than colossal; — said of the representation of a human figure. Heroic Age, the age when the heroes, or those called the children of the gods, are supposed to have lived. — Heroic poetry, that which celebrates the deeds of a hero; epic poetry. — Heroic treatment or remedies (Med.), treatment or remedies of a severe character, suited to a desperate case. — Heroic verse (Pros.), the verse of heroic or epic poetry, being in English, German, and Italian the iambic of ten syllables; in French the iambic of twelve syllables; and in classic poetry the hexameter. Syn. — Brave; intrepid; courageous; daring; valiant; bold; gallant; fearless; enterprising; noble; magnanimous; illustrious.

He•ro´ic•al , a. Heroic. [R.] Spectator. — He•ro´ic•al•ly, adv. — He•ro´ic•al•ness, n.

He•ro´ic•ness , n. Heroism. [R.] W. Montagu. { He•ro•i•com´ic , He•ro•i•com´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. heroïcomigue. See Heroic, and Comic.] Combining the heroic and the ludicrous; denoting high burlesque; as a heroicomic poem.

Her´o•ine , n. [F. heroïne, L. heroina, Gr. , fem. of . See Hero.] 1. A woman of an heroic spirit. “The heroine assumed the woman’s place.” Dryden. 2. The principal female person who figures in a remarkable action, or as the subject of a poem or story.

Her´o•ism ( 277), n. [F. heroïsme.] The qualities characteristic of a hero, as courage, bravery, fortitude, unselfishness, etc.; the display of such qualities. “Heroism is the self-devotion of genius manifesting itself in action.” Hare. Syn. — Heroism, Courage, Fortitude, Bravery, Valor, Intrepidity, Gallantry. Courage is generic, denoting fearlessness or defiance of danger; fortitude is passive courage, the habit of bearing up nobly under trials, danger, and sufferings; bravery is courage displayed in daring acts; valor is courage in battle or other conflicts with living opponents; intrepidity is firm courage, which shrinks not amid the most appalling dangers; gallantry is adventurous courage, dashing into the thickest of the fight. Heroism may call into exercise all these modifications of courage. It is a contempt of danger, not from ignorance or inconsiderate levity, but from a noble devotion to some great cause, and a just confidence of being able to meet danger in the spirit of such a cause. Cf. Courage.

Her´on , n. [OE. heiroun, heroun, heron, hern, OF. hairon, F. heron, OHG. heigir; cf. Icel. hegri, Dan. heire, Sw. häger, and also G. häher jay, jackdaw, OHG. hehara, higere, woodpecker, magpie, D. reiger heron, G. reiher, AS. hragra. Cf. Aigret, Egret.] (Zoöl.) Any wading bird of the genus Ardea and allied genera, of the family Ardeidae. The herons have a long, sharp bill, and long legs and toes, with the claw of the middle toe toothed. The common European heron (Ardea cinerea) is remarkable for its directly ascending flight, and was formerly hunted with the larger falcons. There are several common American species; as the great blue heron (Ardea herodias); the little blue (A. cœrulea); the green (A. virescens); the snowy (A. candidissima); the night heron or qua-bird (Nycticorax nycticorax). The plumed herons are called egrets. Heron’s bill (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erodium; — so called from the fancied resemblance of the fruit to the head and beak of the heron.

Her´on•er , n. A hawk used in hunting the heron. ´Heroner and falcon.´ Chaucer.

Her´on•ry , n. A place where herons breed.

Her´on•sew , n. A heronshaw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´on•shaw , n. [OF. heroncel, dim. of heron. See Heron.] (Zoöl.) A heron. [Written variously hernshaw, harnsey, etc.]

He•ro•öl´o•gist , n. [Gr. + discourse.] One who treats of heroes. [R.] T. Warton.

He´ro•ship , n. The character or personality of a hero. ´Three years of heroship.´ Cowper.

Her´pes , n. [L., fr. Gr. ´e•rphs, fr. ´e•rpein to creep.] (Med.) An eruption of the skin, taking various names, according to its form, or the part affected; especially, an eruption of vesicles in small distinct clusters, accompanied with itching or tingling, including shingles, ringworm, and the like; — so called from its tendency to creep or spread from one part of the skin to another.

Her•pet´ic , a. [Cf. F. herpetique.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the herpes; partaking of the nature of herpes; as herpetic eruptions.

Her´pe•tism , n. [See Herpes.] (Med.) See Dartrous diathesis, under Dartrous. { Her•pet•o•log´ic , Her•pet•o•log´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to herpetology.

Her•pe•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in herpetology, or the natural history of reptiles.

Her•pe•tol´o•gy , n. [Written also but less properly, erpetology.] [Gr. a creeping thing, reptile (fr. to creep) + -logy: cf. F. herpetologie.] The natural history of reptiles; that branch of zoölogy which relates to reptiles, including their structure, classification, and habits.

Her•pe•tot´o•mist , n. One who dissects, or studies the anatomy of, reptiles.

Her•pe•tot´o•my , n. [Gr. a reptile + to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of reptiles.

Herr , n. A title of respect given to gentlemen in Germany, equivalent to the English Mister.

Her´ring , n. [OE. hering, AS. haering; akin to D. haring, G. häring, hering, OHG. haring, hering, and prob. to AS. here army, and so called because they commonly move in large numbers. Cf. Harry.] (Zoöl.) One of various species of fishes of the genus Clupea, and allied genera, esp. the common round or English herring (C. harengus) of the North Atlantic. Herrings move in vast schools, coming in spring to the shores of Europe and America, where they are salted and smoked in great quantities. Herring gull (Zoöl.), a large gull which feeds in part upon herrings; esp., Larus argentatus in America, and L. cachinnans in England. See Gull. — Herring hog (Zoöl.), the common porpoise. — King of the herrings. (Zoöl.) (a) The chimaera (C. monstrosa) which follows the schools of herring. See Chimaera. (b) The opah.

Her´ring•bone (her´ring•bon•), a. Pertaining to, or like, the spine of a herring; especially, characterized by an arrangement of work in rows of parallel lines, which in the alternate rows slope in different directions. Herringbone stitch, a kind of cross-stitch in needlework, chiefly used in flannel. Simmonds.

Herrn´hut•er (hern´hu•er; G. hern´hoo•er), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the Moravians; — so called from the settlement of Herrnhut (the Lord’s watch) made, about 1722, by the Moravians at the invitation of Nicholas Lewis, count of Zinzendorf, upon his estate in the circle of Bautzen.

Hers (herz), pron. See the Note under Her, pron.

Her´sal , n. Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser.

Her´schel , n. (Astron.) See Uranus.

Her•sche´li•an , a. Of or relating to Sir William Herschel; as the Herschelian telescope.

Herse (hers), n. [F. herse harrow, portcullis, OF. herce, LL. hercia, L. hirpex, gen. hirpicis, and irpex, gen. irpicis, harrow. The LL. hercia signifies also a kind of candlestick in the form of a harrow, having branches filled with lights, and placed at the head of graves or cenotaphs; whence herse came to be used for the grave, coffin, or chest containing the dead. Cf. Hearse.] 1. (Fort.) A kind of gate or portcullis, having iron bars, like a harrow, studded with iron spikes. It is hung above gateways so that it may be quickly lowered, to impede the advance of an enemy. Farrow. 2. See Hearse, a carriage for the dead. 3. A funeral ceremonial. [Obs.] Spenser.

Herse, v. t. Same as Hearse, v. t. Chapman.

Her•self´ , pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person feminine pronoun; — used as a subject with she; as she herself will bear the blame; also used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as it is herself; she blames herself. 2. Her own proper, true, or real character; hence, her right, or sane, mind; as the woman was deranged, but she is now herself again; she has come to herself. By herself, alone; apart; unaccompanied.

Her´sil•lon , n. [F., fr. herse a harrow. See Herse, n.] (Fort.) A beam with projecting spikes, used to make a breach impassable.

Hert , n. A hart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´te , n. A heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´te•ly, a. & adv. Hearty; heartily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Her´y , v. t. [AS. herian.] To worship; to glorify; to praise. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Hes´i•tan•cy , n. [L. haesitantia a stammering.] 1. The act of hesitating, or pausing to consider; slowness in deciding; vacillation; also the manner of one who hesitates. 2. A stammering; a faltering in speech.

Hes´i•tant , a. [L. haesitans, p. pr. of haesitare: cf. F. hesitant. See Hesitate.] 1. Not prompt in deciding or acting; hesitating. 2. Unready in speech. Baxter.

Hes´i•tant•ly, adv. With hesitancy or doubt.

Hes´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hesitated p. pr. & vb. n. Hesitating.] [L. haesitatus, p. p. of haesitare, intens. fr. haerere to hesitate, stick fast; to hang or hold fast. Cf. Aghast, Gaze, Adhere.] 1. To stop or pause respecting decision or action; to be in suspense or uncertainty as to a determination; as he hesitated whether to accept the offer or not; men often hesitate in forming a judgment. Pope. 2. To stammer; to falter in speaking. Syn. — To doubt; waver; scruple; deliberate; demur; falter; stammer.

Hes´i•tate, v. t. To utter with hesitation or to intimate by a reluctant manner. [Poetic & R.] “Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.” Pope.

Hes´i•ta•ting•ly, adv. With hesitation or doubt.

Hes•i•ta´tion , n. [L. haesitatio: cf. F. hesitation.] 1. The act of hesitating; suspension of opinion or action; doubt; vacillation. 2. A faltering in speech; stammering. Swift.

Hes´i•ta•tive , a. Showing, or characterized by, hesitation. “[He said] in his mild, hesitative way.” R. D. Blackmore.

Hes´i•ta•to•ry , a. Hesitating. R. North.

Hesp , n. [Cf. Icel. hespa a hasp, a wisp or skein. See Hasp.] A measure of two hanks of linen thread. [Scot.] [Written also hasp.] Knight.

Hes´per , n. [See Hesperian.] The evening; Hesperus.

Hes•per´e•tin , n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance having a sweetish taste, obtained by the decomposition of hesperidin, and regarded as a complex derivative of caffeic acid.

Hes•pe´ri•an , a. [L. hesperius, fr. hesperus the evening star, Gr. evening, the evening star. Cf. Vesper.] Western; being in the west; occidental. [Poetic] Milton.

Hes•pe´ri•an, n. A native or an inhabitant of a western country. [Poetic] J. Barlow.

Hes•pe´ri•an, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a family of butterflies called Hesperidae, or skippers. — n. Any one of the numerous species of Hesperidae; a skipper.

Hes´per•id , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as 3d Hesperian.

Hes•per´i•dene , n. [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) An isomeric variety of terpene from orange oil.

Hes•per´i•des , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) The daughters of Hesperus, or Night (brother of Atlas), and fabled possessors of a garden producing golden apples, in Africa, at the western extremity of the known world. To slay the guarding dragon and get some of these apples was one of the labors of Hercules. Called also Atlantides. 2. The garden producing the golden apples. “It not love a Hercules,
Still climbing trees in the Hesperides?” Shak.

Hes•per´i•din , n. [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in ripe and unripe fruit (as the orange), and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Hes•pe•rid´i•um , n. [NL. So called in allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides. See Hesperides.] (Bot.) A large berry with a thick rind, as a lemon or an orange.

Hes•pe•ror´nis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. western + , , a bird.] (Paleon.) A genus of large, extinct, wingless birds from the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas belonging to the Odontornithes. They had teeth, and were essentially carnivorous swimming ostriches. Several species are known. See Illust. in Append.

Hes´pe•rus , n. [L. See Hesper.] 1. Venus when she is the evening star; Hesper. 2. Evening. [Poetic] “The Sun was sunk, and after him the Star
Of Hesperus.” Milton.

Hes´sian , a. Of or relating to Hesse, in Germany, or to the Hessians. Hessian boots, or Hessians, boot of a kind worn in England, in the early part of the nineteenth century, tasseled in front. Thackeray. — Hessian cloth, or Hessians, a coarse hempen cloth for sacking. — Hessian crucible. See under Crucible. — Hessian fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous fly or midge (Cecidomyia destructor). Its larvae live between the base of the lower leaves and the stalk of wheat, and are very destructive to young wheat; — so called from the erroneous idea that it was brought into America by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution.

Hes´sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Hesse. 2. A mercenary or venal person. [U. S.] This use is a relic of the patriot hatred of the Hessian mercenaries who served with the British troops in the Revolutionary War. 3. pl. See Hessian boots and cloth, under Hessian, a.

Hess´ite , n. [After H. Hess.] (Min.) A lead-gray sectile mineral. It is a telluride of silver.

Hest , n. [AS. hs, fr. htan to call, bid. See Hight, and cf. Behest.] Command; precept; injunction. [Archaic] See Behest. ´At thy hest.´ Shak. “Let him that yields obey the victor’s hest.” Fairfax. “Yet I thy hest will all perform, at full.” Tennyson. { Hes´tern , Hes•ter´nal } a. [L. hesternus; akin to heri yesterday.] Pertaining to yesterday. [Obs.] See Yester, a. Ld. Lytton.

Hes´y•chast , n. [Gr. hermit, fr. to be still or quiet, fr. still, calm.] One of a mystical sect of the Greek Church in the fourteenth century; a quietist. Brande & C. { He•tair´ism , Het´a•rism } n. [Gr. a companion, a concubine, fem. of a comrade.] A supposed primitive state of society, in which all the women of a tribe were held in common. H. Spencer. — Het•a•ris´tic (#), a.

Hetch´el , v. t. Same as Hatchel.

Hete , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hete, later Het.] Variant of Hote. [Obs.] “But one avow to greate God I hete.” Chaucer.

Het´er•a•canth , a. [Hetero- + Gr. a spine.] (Zoöl.) Having the spines of the dorsal fin unsymmetrical, or thickened alternately on the right and left sides.

Het´er•arch•y , n. [Hetero- + -archy.] The government of an alien. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Het•e•raux•e´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the other + growth.] (Bot.) Unequal growth of a cell, or of a part of a plant.

Het´er•o- [Gr. ´e•teros other.] A combining form signifying other, other than usual, different; as heteroclite, heterodox, heterogamous.

Het•er•o•car´pism , n. [Hetero- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) The power of producing two kinds of reproductive bodies, as in Amphicarpaea, in which besides the usual pods, there are others underground.

Het•er•o•car´pous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by heterocarpism.

Het•er•o•ceph´a•lous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. head.] (Bot.) Bearing two kinds of heads or capitula; — said of certain composite plants.

Het•e•roc´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of Lepidoptera, including the moths, and hawk moths, which have the antennae variable in form.

Het•er•o•cer´cal , a. [Hetero- + Gr. tail.] (Anat.) Having the vertebral column evidently continued into the upper lobe of the tail, which is usually longer than the lower one, as in sharks.

Het´er•o•cer•cy , n. [Hetero- + Gr. a tail.] (Anat.) Unequal development of the tail lobes of fishes; the possession of a heterocercal tail.

Het•er•o•chro´mous ( 277), a. [Hetero- + Gr. color.] (Bot.) Having the central florets of a flower head of a different color from those of the circumference. { Het•er•och´ro•nism , Het•er•och´ro•ny , } n. [Gr. of different times; other + time.] (Biol.) In evolution, a deviation from the typical sequence in the formation of organs or parts.

Het´er•o•clite, a. [L. heteroclitus, Gr. ; other + to lean, incline, inflect: cf. F. heteroclite.] Deviating from ordinary forms or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal.

Het´er•o•clite, n. 1. (Gram.) A word which is irregular or anomalous either in declension or conjugation, or which deviates from ordinary forms of inflection in words of a like kind; especially a noun which is irregular in declension. 2. Any thing or person deviating from the common rule, or from common forms. Howell. { Het•er•o•clit´ic Het•er•o•clit´ic•al } a. [See Heteroclite] Deviating from ordinary forms or rules irregular anomalous abnormal.

Het•er•oc´li•tous , a. Heteroclitic. [Obs.]

Het´er•o•cyst , n. [Hetero- + cyst.] (Bot.) A cell larger than the others, and of different appearance, occurring in certain algae related to nostoc.

Het•er•o•dac´tyl , a. (Zoöl.) Heterodactylous. — n. One of the Heterodactylae.

Het•e•ro•dac´ty•lae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + a finger.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds including the trogons.

Het•er•o•dac´tyl•ous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. a toe.] (Zoöl.) Having the first and second toes turned backward, as in the trogons.

Het´er•o•dont , a. [Hetero- + Gr. , a tooth.] (Anat.) Having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molars, as in man; — opposed to homodont.

Het´er•o•dont, n. (Zoöl.) Any animal with heterodont dentition.

Het´er•o•dox , a. [Gr. ; other + opinion; cf. F. heterodoxe.] 1. Contrary to, or differing from, some acknowledged standard, as the Bible, the creed of a church, the decree of a council, and the like; not orthodox; heretical; — said of opinions, doctrines, books, etc., esp. upon theological subjects. “Raw and indigested, heterodox, preaching.” Strype. 2. Holding heterodox opinions, or doctrines not orthodox; heretical; — said of persons. Macaulay. — Het´er•o•dox•ly, adv. — Het´er•o•dox•ness, n.

Het´er•o•dox, n. An opinion opposed to some accepted standard. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Het´er•o•dox•al , a. Not orthodox. Howell.

Het´er•o•dox•y , n. [Gr. : cf. F. heterodoxie.] An opinion or doctrine, or a system of doctrines, contrary to some established standard of faith, as the Scriptures, the creed or standards of a church, etc.; heresy. Bp. Bull.

Het•er•od´ro•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. to run.] 1. (Bot.) Having spirals of changing direction. Gray. 2. (Mech.) Moving in opposite directions; — said of a lever, pulley, etc., in which the resistance and the actuating force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum or axis.

Het•er•og´a•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. ga•mos marriage: cf. F. heterogame.] (Bot. & Biol.) (a) The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers which differ in regard to stamens and pistils, as in the aster. (b) Characterized by heterogamy.

Het•er•og´a•my , n. [See Heterogamous.] 1. (Bot.) The process of fertilization in plants by an indirect or circuitous method; — opposed to orthogamy. 2. (Biol.) That form of alternate generation in which two kinds of sexual generation, or a sexual and a parthenogenetic generation, alternate; — in distinction from metagenesis, where sexual and asexual generations alternate. Claus & Sedgwick.

Het•er•o•gan´gli•ate , a. [Hetero- + gangliate.] (Physiol.) Having the ganglia of the nervous system unsymmetrically arranged; — said of certain invertebrate animals.

Het´er•o•gene , a. Heterogenous. [Obs.]

Het•er•o•ge´ne•al , a. Heterogeneous.

Het•er•o•ge•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. heterogeneite.] The state of being heterogeneous; contrariety. “The difference, indeed the heterogeneity, of the two may be felt.” Coleridge.

Het•er•o•ge´ne•ous , a. [Gr. ; + race, kind; akin to E. kin: cf. F. heterogène.] Differing in kind; having unlike qualities; possessed of different characteristics; dissimilar; — opposed to homogeneous, and said of two or more connected objects, or of a conglomerate mass, considered in respect to the parts of which it is made up. — Het•er•o•ge´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Het•er•o•ge´ne•ous•ness, n. Heterogeneous nouns (Gram.), nouns having different genders in the singular and plural numbers; as hic locus, of the masculine gender in the singular, and hi loci and haec loca, both masculine and neuter in the plural; hoc caelum, neuter in the singular; hi caeli, masculine in the plural. — Heterogeneous quantities (Math.), such quantities as are incapable of being compared together in respect to magnitude, and surfaces and solids. — Heterogeneous surds (Math.), surds having different radical signs.

Het•er•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Hetero- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) Spontaneous generation, so called. 2. (Biol.) That method of reproduction in which the successive generations differ from each other, the parent organism producing offspring different in habit and structure from itself, the original form, however, reappearing after one or more generations; — opposed to homogenesis, or gamogenesis.

Het•er•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to heterogenesis; as heterogenetic transformations.

Het•er•og´e•nist , n. (Biol.) One who believes in the theory of spontaneous generation, or heterogenesis. Bastian.

Het•er•og´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to heterogenesis; heterogenetic.

Het•er•og´e•ny , n. (Biol.) Heterogenesis.

Het•er•og´o•nous , a. (Bot.) Characterized by heterogony. — Het•er•og´o•nous•ly, adv.

Het•er•og´o•ny , n. [Hetero- + Gr. offspring.] (Bot.) The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers, different as to the length of their stamens and pistils.

Het•er•o•graph´ic , a. [See Heterography.] Employing the same letters to represent different sounds in different words or syllables; — said of methods of spelling; as the ordinary English orthography is heterographic.

Het•er•og´ra•phy , n. [Hetero- + -graphy.] That method of spelling in which the same letters represent different sounds in different words, as in the ordinary English orthography; e. g., g in get and in ginger.

Het•er•og´y•nous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. a woman, female.] (Zoöl.) Having females very unlike the males in form and structure; — as certain insects, the males of which are winged, and the females wingless.

Het•er•ol´o•gous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. proportion.] Characterized by heterology; consisting of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; different; — opposed to homologous; as heterologous organs. Heterologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus. — Heterologous tumor (Med.), a tumor differing in structure from the normal tissues of the body.

Het•er•ol´o•gy , n. [Hetero- + -logy.] 1. (Biol.) The absence of correspondence, or relation, in type of structure; lack of analogy between parts, owing to their being composed of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; variation in structure from the normal form; — opposed to homology. 2. (Chem.) The connection or relation of bodies which have partial identity of composition, but different characteristics and properties; the relation existing between derivatives of the same substance, or of the analogous members of different series; as ethane, ethyl alcohol, acetic aldehyde, and acetic acid are in heterology with each other, though each in at the same time a member of a distinct homologous series. Cf. Homology.

Het•e•rom´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + part.] (Zoöl.) A division of Coleoptera, having heteromerous tarsi.

Het•er•om´er•ous , a. [See Heteromera.] 1. (Chem & Crystallog.) Unrelated in chemical composition, though similar or indentical in certain other respects; as borax and augite are homœmorphous, but heteromerous. 2. (Bot.) With the parts not corresponding in number. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the femoral artery developed as the principal artery of the leg; — said of certain birds, as the cotingas and pipras. (b) Having five tarsal joints in the anterior and middle legs, but only four in the posterior pair, as the blister beetles and oil beetles.

Het•er•o•mor´phic , a. [Hetero- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Deviating from the normal, perfect, or mature form; having different forms at different stages of existence, or in different individuals of the same species; — applied especially to insects in which there is a wide difference of form between the larva and the adult, and to plants having more than one form of flower. { Het•er•o•mor´phism Het•er•o•mor´phy } n. (Biol.) The state or quality of being heteromorphic.

Het•er•o•mor´phous , a. (Biol.) Heteromorphic.

Het•e•ro•my•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + a muscle.] (Zoöl.) A division of bivalve shells, including the marine mussels, in which the two adductor muscles are very unequal. See Dreissena, and Illust. under Byssus.

Het•e•ro•ne•re´is , n. [NL. See Hetero-, and Nereis.] (Zoöl.) A free- swimming, dimorphic, sexual form of certain species of Nereis. In this state the head and its appendages are changed in form, the eyes become very large; more or less of the parapodia are highly modified by the development of finlike lobes, and branchial lamellae, and their setae become longer and bladelike.

Het•er•on´o•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. no•mos law.] Subject to the law of another. Krauth-Fleming.

Het•er•on´o•my , n. 1. Subordination or subjection to the law of another; political subjection of a community or state; — opposed to autonomy. 2. (Metaph.) A term applied by Kant to those laws which are imposed on us from without, or the violence done to us by our passions, wants, or desires. Krauth- Fleming.

Het´er•o•nym , n. That which is heteronymous; a thing having a different name or designation from some other thing; — opposed to homonym.

Het•er•on´y•mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. ´o•nyma, for ´o•noma a name.] Having different names or designations; standing in opposite relations. J. Le Conte. — Het´er•on´y•mous•ly, adv.

Het•er•o•ou•si•an , a. [Hetero- + Gr. being, essence.] Having different essential qualities; of a different nature.

Het•er•o•ou´si•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of those Arians who held that the Son was of a different substance from the Father.

Het•er•o•ou´si•ous , a. See Heteroousian.

Het•er•o•path´ic , a. [Hetero- + Gr. suffering, fr. , , to suffer.] Of or pertaining to the method of heteropathy; allopathic.

Het•er•op´a•thy , n. [See Heteropathic.] (Med.) That mode of treating diseases, by which a morbid condition is removed by inducing an opposite morbid condition to supplant it; allopathy.

Het•er•o•pel´mous , a. [Hetero- + Gr. the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Having each of the two flexor tendons of the toes bifid, the branches of one going to the first and second toes; those of the other, to the third and fourth toes. See Illust. in Append.

Het•e•roph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Altrices.

Het•er•oph´e•mist , n. One liable to the fault of heterophemy.

Het•er•oph´e•my , n. [Hetero- + Gr. voice, speech, fr. to speak.] The unconscious saying, in speech or in writing, of that which one does not intend to say; — frequently the very reverse of the thought which is present to consciousness. R. G. White.

Het•er•oph´o•ny , n. [Hetero- + Gr. voice.] (Med.) An abnormal state of the voice. Mayne.

Het•er•oph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. other + leaf: cf. F. heterophylle.] (Bot.) Having leaves of more than one shape on the same plant.

Het´er•o•plasm , n. [Hetero- + Gr. anything formed or molded.] An abnormal formation foreign to the economy, and composed of elements different from those are found in it in its normal condition. Dunglison.

Het•er•o•plas´tic , a. [Hetero- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Producing a different type of organism; developing into a different form of tissue, as cartilage which develops into bone. Haeckel.

Het•er•o•pod , n. [Cf. F. heteropode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Heteropoda. — a. Heteropodous.

Het•e•rop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of pelagic Gastropoda, having the foot developed into a median fin. Some of the species are naked; others, as Carinaria and Atlanta, have thin glassy shells.

Het•er•op´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Heteropoda.

Het•er•op´ter , n. One of the Heteroptera.

Het•e•rop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. other + a wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Hemiptera, in which the base of the anterior wings is thickened. See Hemiptera.

Het•er•op´tics , n. [Hetero- + optics.] False optics. Spectator.

Het•er•os´cian , n. [Gr. ; other + shadow: cf. F. heteroscien.] One who lives either north or south of the tropics, as contrasted with one who lives on the other side of them; — so called because at noon the shadows always fall in opposite directions (the one northward, the other southward).

Het•e•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. alteration, fr. other, different.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which one form of a noun, verb, or pronoun, and the like, is used for another, as in the sentence: ´What is life to such as me?´ Aytoun.

Het•e•ro•so´ma•ti , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + , , body.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, comprising the flounders, halibut, sole, etc., having the body and head asymmetrical, with both eyes on one side. Called also Heterosomata, Heterosomi. { Het•er•o•spor´ic , Het•er•o•spor´ous } a. [Hetero- + spore.] (Bot.) Producing two kinds of spores unlike each other.

Het´er•o•styled , a. (Bot.) Having styles of two or more distinct forms or lengths. Darwin.

Het•er•o•sty´lism , n. (Bot.) The condition of being heterostyled.

Het•er•o•tac´tous , a. (Biol.) Relating to, or characterized by, heterotaxy.

Het´er•o•tax•y , n. [Hetero- + Gr. an arrangement, fr. to arrange.] (Biol.) Variation in arrangement from that existing in a normal form; heterogenous arrangement or structure, as in botany, the deviation in position of the organs of a plant, from the ordinary or typical arrangement. { Het•er•ot´o•pism , Het•er•ot´o•py } n. [Hetero- + Gr. place: cf. F. heterotopie.] 1. (Med.) A deviation from the natural position; — a term applied in the case of organs or growths which are abnormal in situation. 2. (Biol.) A deviation from the natural position of parts, supposed to be effected in thousands of years, by the gradual displacement of germ cells.

Het•e•rot´ri•cha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. other + , gen. , a hair.] (Zoöl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria, having fine cilia all over the body, and a circle of larger ones around the anterior end.

Het•er•ot´ro•pal , Het•er•ot´ro•pous , a. [Gr. ´etero•tropos turning another way; other + to turn: cf. F. heterotrope.] (Bot.) Having the embryo or ovule oblique or transverse to the funiculus; amphitropous. Gray.

He´thing , n. Contempt; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Het´man , n.; pl. Hetmans (#). [Pol. hetman. Cf. Ataman.] A Cossack headman or general. The title of chief hetman is now held by the heir to the throne of Russia.

Heugh , n. [Cf. Hogh.] 1. A crag; a cliff; a glen with overhanging sides. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. A shaft in a coal pit; a hollow in a quarry. [Scot.]

Heuk , n. Variant of Huke. [Obs.]

Heu´land•ite , n. [After Heuland, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of the Zeolite family, often occurring in amygdaloid, in foliated masses, and also in monoclinic crystals with pearly luster on the cleavage face. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime.

Heu•ris´tic (hu•ris´tik), a. [Gr. e´yri•skein to discover.] Serving to discover or find out.

Hev´ed , n. The head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hew (hu), v. t. [imp. Hewed (hud); p. p. Hewed or Hewn (hun); p. pr. & vb. n. Hewing.] [AS. heáwan; akin to D. houwen, OHG. houwan, G. hauen, Icel. höggva, Sw. hugga, Dan. hugge, Lith. kova battle, Russ. kovate to hammer, forge. Cf. Hay cut grass, Hoe.] 1. To cut with an ax; to fell with a sharp instrument; — often with down, or off. Shak. 2. To form or shape with a sharp instrument; to cut; hence, to form laboriously; — often with out; as to hew out a sepulcher. “Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn.” Is. li. 1. “Rather polishing old works than hewing out new.” Pope. 3. To cut in pieces; to chop; to hack. “Hew them to pieces; hack their bones asunder.” Shak.

Hew, n. Destruction by cutting down. [Obs.] “Of whom he makes such havoc and such hew.” Spenser.

Hew, n. 1. Hue; color. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Shape; form. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hewe , n. [Cf. Hind a peasant.] A domestic servant; a retainer. [Obs.] ´False homely hewe.´ Chaucer.

Hew´er , n. One who hews.

Hew´hole , n. [Cf. Hickwall.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker. See Yaffle.

Hewn , a. 1. Felled, cut, or shaped as with an ax; roughly squared; as a house built of hewn logs. 2. Roughly dressed as with a hammer; as hewn stone.

Hex- , Hex´a (#). [Gr. ´e•x six. See Six.] A prefix or combining form, used to denote six, sixth, etc.; as hexatomic, hexabasic.

Hex•a•ba´sic , a. [Hexa- + basic.] (Chem.) Having six hydrogen atoms or six radicals capable of being replaced or saturated by bases; — said of acids; as mellitic acid is hexabasic.

Hex•a•cap´su•lar , a. [Hexa- + capsular.] (Bot.) Having six capsules or seed vessels.

Hex´a•chord , n. [Hexa- + Gr. string, chord: cf. F. hexacorde.] (Mus.) A series of six notes, with a semitone between the third and fourth, the other intervals being whole tones.

Hex•ac´id , a. [Hex- + acid.] (Chem.) Having six atoms or radicals capable of being replaced by acids; hexatomic; hexavalent; — said of bases; as mannite is a hexacid base.

Hex•ac•ti•nel´lid , a. (Zoöl.) Having six-rayed spicules; belonging to the Hexactinellinae.

Hex•ac•ti•nel´line , a. [From NL. Hexactinellinae, fr. Gr. ´e•x six + a dim. of , , a ray.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Hexactinellinae, a group of sponges, having six-rayed siliceous spicules.

Hex•ac•tin´i•a , n. pl. [NL. See Hex-, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) The Anthozoa.

Hex´ad , n. [L. hexas, hexadis, the number six, Gr. , , fr. ´e•x six.] (chem.) An atom whose valence is six, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, six monad atoms or radicals; as sulphur is a hexad in sulphuric acid. Also used as an adjective.

Hex•a•dac´tyl•ous , a. [Gr. ; ´e•x six + finger: cf. F. hexadactyle.] (Zoöl.) Having six fingers or toes.

Hex´ade , n. [See Hexad.] A series of six numbers.

Hex´a•dec•ane , n. (Chem.) See Hecdecane.

Hex´a•gon , n. [L. hexagonum, Gr. six-cornered; ´e•x six (akin to E. six) + angle.] (Geom.) A plane figure of six angles. Regular hexagon, a hexagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides are also all equal.

Hex•ag´o•nal , a. [Cf. F. hexagonal.] Having six sides and six angles; six- sided. Hexagonal system. (Crystal.) See under Crystallization.

Hex•ag´o•nal•ly, adv. In an hexagonal manner.

Hex•ag´o•ny , n. A hexagon. [Obs.] Bramhall.

Hex•a•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + gynh^ a woman, female: cf. F. hexagynie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having six pistils.

Hex•a•gyn´i•an , Hex•ag´y•nous , a. [Cf. F. hexagyne.] (Bot.) Having six pistils.

Hex•a•he´dral , a. In the form of a hexahedron; having six sides or faces.

Hex•a•he´dron , n.; pl. E. Hexahedrons (#), L. Hexahedra (#). [Hexa- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit: cf. F. hexaèdre.] (Geom.) A solid body of six sides or faces. Regular hexahedron, a hexagon having six equal squares for its sides; a cube.

Hex•a•hem´er•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + day; cf. L. hexaëmeron, Gr. .] 1. A term of six days. Good. 2. The history of the six day’s work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis.

Hex•am´er•ous , a. [Hexa- + Gr. part.] (Bot.) In six parts; in sixes.

Hex•am´e•ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. of six meters; (sc. ) hexameter verse; ´e•x six + measure: cf. F. hexamètre. See Six, and Meter.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth must regularly be a dactyl, and the sixth always a spondee. In this species of verse are composed the Iliad of Homer and the AEneid of Virgil. In English hexameters accent takes the place of quantity. “Leaped like the | roe when he | hears in the | woodland the | voice of the | huntsman.” Longfellow. “Strongly it | bears us a- | long on | swelling and | limitless | billows,
Nothing be- | fore and | nothing be- | hind but the | sky and the | ocean.” Coleridge.

Hex•am´e•ter, a. Having six metrical feet, especially dactyls and spondees. Holland. { Hex•a•met´ric , Hex•a•met´ric•al } a. Consisting of six metrical feet.

Hex•am´e•trist , n. One who writes in hexameters. ´The Christian hexametrists.´ Milman.

Hex•an´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + , , a man, male: cf. F. hexandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having six stamens. { Hex•an´dri•an , Hex-an´drous } a. [Cf. F. hexandre.] (Bot.) Having six stamens.

Hex´ane , n. [Gr. ´e•x six.] (Chem.) Any one of five hydrocarbons, C6H14, of the paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, and are so called because the molecule has six carbon atoms.

Hex•an´gu•lar , a. [Hex- + angular. Cf. Sexangular.] Having six angles or corners.

Hex•a•pet´al•ous , a. [Hexa- + petal: cf. F. hexapetale.] (Bot.) Having six petals.

Hex•aph´yl•lous , a. [Hexa- + Gr. a leaf: cf. F. hexaphylle.] (Bot.) Having six leaves or leaflets.

Hex´a•pla , n. Etym. pl., but syntactically sing. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , contr. , sixfold.] A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns; particularly, the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, in the 3d century.

Hex´a•pod , a. [Gr. , , sixfooted; ´e•x six + , , foot: cf. F. hexapode.] Having six feet. — n. (Zoöl.) An animal having six feet; one of the Hexapoda.

Hex•ap´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´e•x six + -poda.] (Zoöl.) The true, or six-legged, insects; insects other than myriapods and arachnids. The Hexapoda have the head, thorax, and abdomen differentiated, and are mostly winged. They have three pairs of mouth organs, viz., mandibles, maxillae, and the second maxillae or labial palpi; three pairs of thoracic legs; and abdominal legs, which are present only in some of the lowest forms, and in the larval state of some of the higher ones. Many (the Metabola) undergo a complete metamorphosis, having larvae (known as maggots, grubs, caterpillars) very unlike the adult, and pass through a quiescent pupa state in which no food is taken; others (the Hemimetabola) have larvae much like the adult, expert in lacking wings, and an active pupa, in which rudimentary wings appear. See Insecta. The Hexapoda are divided into several orders.

Hex•ap´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Having six feet; belonging to the Hexapoda.

Hex•ap´ter•ous , a. [Hexa- + Gr. wing.] (Bot.) Having six processes. Gray. { Hex´a•stich , Hex•as´ti•chon } n. [L. hexastichus of six rows, lines, or verses, Gr. ; ´e•x six + sti•chos row, line, verse.] A poem consisting of six verses or lines.

Hex´a•style , a. [Gr. with six columns; ´e•x six + column: cf. F. hexastyle.] (Arch.) Having six columns in front; — said of a portico or temple. — n. A hexastyle portico or temple.

Hex´a•teuch , n. [Hexa- + a tool, a book.] The first six books of the Old Testament.

Hex•a•tom´ic , a. [Hex- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having six atoms in the molecule. [R.] (b) Having six replaceable radicals.

Hex•av´a•lent , a. [Hexa- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of six; — said of hexads.

Hex´de•cyl , n. [Hex- + decyl.] (Chem.) The essential radical, C16H33, of hecdecane.

Hex•de•cyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexdecyl or hecdecane; as hexdecylic alcohol.

Hex•ei´ko•sane , n. [Hex- + eikosane.] (chem.) A hydrocarbon, C26H54, resembling paraffine; — so called because each molecule has twenty-six atoms of carbon. [Written also hexacosane.]

Hex´ene , n. [Gr. ´e•x six.] (Chem.) Same as Hexylene.

Hex•i•col´ogy , n. [Gr. state or habit + -logy.] The science which treats of the complex relations of living creatures to other organisms, and to their surrounding conditions generally. St. George Mivart.

Hex´ine , n. [Gr. ´e•x six.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C6H10, of the acetylene series, obtained artificially as a colorless, volatile, pungent liquid; — called also hexoylene.

Hex•oc•ta•he´dron , n. [Hex- + octahedron.] (Geom.) A solid having forty-eight equal triangular faces.

Hex•o´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexane; as hexoic acid.

Hex´one , n. [Hex- + - one.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C6H8, of the valylene series, obtained from distillation products of certain fats and gums.

Hex´yl , n. [Hex- + - yl.] (chem.) A compound radical, C6H13, regarded as the essential residue of hexane, and a related series of compounds.

Hex´yl•ene , n. [Hex- + - yl + ethlene.] (Chem.) A colorless, liquid hydrocarbon, C6H12, of the ethylene series, produced artificially, and found as a natural product of distillation of certain coals; also any one several isomers of hexylene proper. Called also hexene.

Hex•yl´ic , a. (chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hexyl or hexane; as hexylic alcohol.

Hey , a. [See High.] High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hey , interj. [OE. hei; cf. D. & G. hei.] 1. An exclamation of joy, surprise, or encouragement. Shak. 2. A cry to set dogs on. Shak.

Hey´day , interj. [Cf. G. heida, or hei da, D. hei daar. Cf. Hey, and There.] An expression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of wonder. B. Jonson.

Hey´day , n. [Prob. for. high day. See High, and Day.] The time of triumph and exultation; hence, joy, high spirits, frolicsomeness; wildness. “The heyday in the blood is tame.” Shak. “In the heyday of their victories.” J. H. Newman.

Hey´de•guy , n. [Perh. fr. heyday + guise.] A kind of country-dance or round. [Obs.] Spenser.

Heyh , Heygh , a. High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Heyne , n. [AS. heán low, mean.] A wretch; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hey´ten , adv. [Icel. han.] Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hi•a´tion , n. [See Hiatus.] Act of gaping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Hi•a´tus , n.; pl. L. Hiatus, E. Hiatuses (#). [L., fr. hiare, hiatum, to gape; akin to E. yawn. See Yawn.] 1. An opening; an aperture; a gap; a chasm; esp., a defect in a manuscript, where some part is lost or effaced; a space where something is wanting; a break. 2. (Gram.) The concurrence of two vowels in two successive words or syllables. Pope.

Hi•ber´na•cle , n. [L. hibernaculum a winter residence, pl. hibernacula winter quarters: cf. F. hibernacle. See Hibernate.] That which serves for protection or shelter in winter; winter quarters; as the hibernacle of an animal or a plant. Martyn.

Hi•ber•nac´u•lum , n. [See Hibernacle.] 1. (Bot.) A winter bud, in which the rudimentary foliage or flower, as of most trees and shrubs in the temperate zone, is protected by closely overlapping scales. 2. (Zoöl.) A little case in which certain insects pass the winter. 3. Winter home or abiding place. J. Burroughs.

Hi•ber´nal , a. [L. hibernalis, from the root of hiems winter; akin to Gr. snow, Skr. hima cold, winter, snow: cf. F. hibernal.] Belonging or relating to winter; wintry; winterish. Sir T. Browne.

Hi´ber•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hibernated p. pr. & vb. n. Hibernating ] [L. hibernare, hibernatum, fr. hibernus wintry. See Hibernal.] To winter; to pass the season of winter in close quarters, in a torpid or lethargic state, as certain mammals, reptiles, and insects. “Inclination would lead me to hibernate, during half the year, in this uncomfortable climate of Great Britain.” Southey.

Hi•ber•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. hibernation.] The act or state of hibernating. Evelyn.

Hi•ber´ni•an , a. [L. Hibernia, Ireland.] Of or pertaining to Hibernia, now Ireland; Irish. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Ireland. { Hi•ber´ni•cism , Hi•ber´ni•an•ism } n. An idiom or mode of speech peculiar to the Irish. Todd.

Hi•ber´no-Celt´ic , n. The native language of the Irish; that branch of the Celtic languages spoken by the natives of Ireland. Also adj.

Hi•bis´cus , n. [L., marsh mallow; cf. Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees), some species of which have large, showy flowers. Some species are cultivated in India for their fiber, which is used as a substitute for hemp. See Althea, Hollyhock, and Manoe.

Hic´ci•us doc´ti•us [Corrupted fr. L. hic est doctus this is a learned man.] A juggler. [Cant] Hudibras.

Hic´cough ( 277), n. [OE. hickup, hicket, hickock; prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. & Dan. hik, Sw. hicka, Armor. hak, hik, W. ig, F. hoquet.] (Physiol.) A modified respiratory movement; a spasmodic inspiration, consisting of a sudden contraction of the diaphragm, accompanied with closure of the glottis, so that further entrance of air is prevented, while the impulse of the column of air entering and striking upon the closed glottis produces a sound, or hiccough. [Written also hickup or hiccup.]

Hic´cough , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hiccoughed p. pr. & vb. n. Hiccoughing.] To have a hiccough or hiccoughs.

Hick´o•ry , n. [North American Indian pawcohiccora (Capt. J. Smith) a kind of milk or oily liquor pressed from pounded hickory nuts. ´Pohickory´ is named in a list of Virginia trees, in 1653, and this was finally shortened to ´hickory.´ J. H. Trumbull.] (Bot.) An American tree of the genus Carya, of which there are several species. The shagbark is the C. alba, and has a very rough bark; it affords the hickory nut of the markets. The pignut, or brown hickory, is the C. glabra. The swamp hickory is C. amara, having a nut whose shell is very thin and the kernel bitter. Hickory shad. (Zoöl.) (a) The mattowacca, or fall herring. (b) The gizzard shad.

Hicks´ite , n. A member or follower of the ´liberal´ party, headed by Elias Hicks, which, because of a change of views respecting the divinity of Christ and the Atonement, seceded from the conservative portion of the Society of Friends in the United States, in 1827.

Hick´up , n. & v. i. See Hiccough. { Hick´wall• , Hick´way• } n. [OE., also hyghwhele, highawe.] The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus minor) of Europe. [Prov. Eng.]

Hid , imp. & p. p. of Hide. See Hidden.

Hid´age , n. [From hide a quantity of land.] (O. Eng. Law.) A tax formerly paid to the kings of England for every hide of land. [Written also hydage.]

Hi•dal´go , n. [Sp., contr. fr. hijo de algo, i. e., son of something; hijo son (fr. LL. filius) + algo something, fr. L. aliquod. Cf. Fidalgo.] A title, denoting a Spanish nobleman of the lower class.

Hid´den , p. p. & a. from Hide. Concealed; put out of view; secret; not known; mysterious. Hidden fifths or octaves (Mus.), consecutive fifths or octaves, not sounded, but suggested or implied in the parallel motion of two parts towards a fifth or an octave. Syn. — Hidden, Secret, Covert. Hidden may denote either known to on one; as a hidden disease; or intentionally concealed; as a hidden purpose of revenge. Secret denotes that the thing is known only to the party or parties concerned; as a secret conspiracy. Covert literally denotes what is not open or avowed; as a covert plan; but is often applied to what we mean shall be understood, without openly expressing it; as a covert allusion. Secret is opposed to known, and hidden to revealed. “Bring to light the hidden things of darkness.” 1 Cor. iv. 5. “My heart, which by a secret harmony
Still moves with thine, joined in connection sweet.” Milton. “By what best way,
Whether of open war, or covert guile,
We now debate.” Milton.

Hid´den•ite , n. [After W. E. Hidden.] (Min.) An emerald-green variety of spodumene found in North Carolina; lithia emerald, — used as a gem.

Hid´den•ly , adv. In a hidden manner.

Hide (hid), v. t. [imp. Hid (hid); p. p. Hidden (hid´d’n), Hid; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding (hid´ing).] [OE. hiden, huden, AS. hydan; akin to Gr. key•qein, and prob. to E. house, hut, and perh. to E. hide of an animal, and to hoard. Cf. Hoard.] 1. To conceal, or withdraw from sight; to put out of view; to secrete. “A city that is set on an hill can not be hid.” Matt. v. 15. “If circumstances lead me, I will find
Where truth is hid.” Shak. 2. To withhold from knowledge; to keep secret; to refrain from avowing or confessing. “Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate.” Pope. 3. To remove from danger; to shelter. “In the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion.” Ps. xxvi. 5. To hide one’s self, to put one’s self in a condition to be safe; to secure protection. ´A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself.´ Prov. xxii. 3. — To hide the face, to withdraw favor. ´Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled.´ Ps. xxx. 7. — To hide the face from. (a) To overlook; to pardon. ´Hide thy face from my sins.´ Ps. li. 9. (b) To withdraw favor from; to be displeased with. Syn. — To conceal; secrete; disguise; dissemble; screen; cloak; mask; veil. See Conceal.

Hide, v. i. To lie concealed; to keep one’s self out of view; to be withdrawn from sight or observation. “Bred to disguise, in public ’tis you hide.” Pope. Hide and seek, a play of children, in which some hide themselves, and others seek them. Swift.

Hide, n. [AS. hid, earlier higed; prob. orig., land enough to support a family; cf. AS. hiwan, higan, members of a household, and E. hind a peasant.] (O. Eng. Law.) (a) An abode or dwelling. (b) A measure of land, common in Domesday Book and old English charters, the quantity of which is not well ascertained, but has been differently estimated at 80, 100, and 120 acres. [Written also hyde.]

Hide, n. [OE. hide, hude, AS. hyd; akin to D. huid, OHG. hut, G. haut, Icel. huð, Dan. & Sw. hud, L. cutis, Gr. ky•tos; and cf. Gr. sky•tos skin, hide, L. scutum shield, and E. sky. rad.13.] 1. The skin of an animal, either raw or dressed; — generally applied to the undressed skins of the larger domestic animals, as oxen, horses, etc. 2. The human skin; — so called in contempt. “O tiger’s heart, wrapped in a woman’s hide!” Shak.

Hide (hid), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hided; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding.] To flog; to whip. [Prov. Eng. & Low, U. S.]

Hide´bound , a. 1. Having the skin adhering so closely to the ribs and back as not to be easily loosened or raised; — said of an animal. 2. (Hort.) Having the bark so close and constricting that it impedes the growth; — said of trees. Bacon. 3. Untractable; bigoted; obstinately and blindly or stupidly conservative. Milton. Carlyle. 4. Niggardly; penurious. [Obs.] Quarles.

Hid´e•ous (hid´e•us; 277), a. [OE. hidous, OF. hidous, hidos, hidus, hisdos, hisdous, F. hideux: cf. OF. hide, hisde, fright; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. egidi horror, or L. hispidosus, for hispidus rough, bristly, E. hispid.] 1. Frightful, shocking, or offensive to the eyes; dreadful to behold; as a hideous monster; hideous looks. ´A piteous and hideous spectacle.´ Macaulay. 2. Distressing or offensive to the ear; exciting terror or dismay; as a hideous noise. ´Hideous cries.´ Shak. 3. Hateful; shocking. ´Sure, you have some hideous matter to deliver.´ Shak. Syn. — Frightful; ghastly; grim; grisly; horrid; dreadful; terrible. — Hid´e•ous•ly, adv. — Hid´e•ous•ness, n.

Hid´er , n. One who hides or conceals.

Hid´ing, n. The act of hiding or concealing, or of withholding from view or knowledge; concealment. “There was the hiding of his power.” Hab. iii. 4.

Hid´ing, n. A flogging. [Colloq.] Charles Reade.

Hie , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hied p. pr. & vb. n. Hying.] [OE. hien, hihen, highen, AS. higian to hasten, strive; cf. L. ciere to put in motion, call upon, rouse, Gr. to go, E. cite.] To hasten; to go in haste; — also often with the reciprocal pronoun. [Rare, except in poetry] ´My husband hies him home.´ Shak. “The youth, returning to his mistress, hies.” Dryden.

Hie, n. Haste; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hi´ems , n. [L.] Winter. Shak.

Hi´e•ra•pi´cra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sacred + bitter.] (med.) A warming cathartic medicine, made of aloes and canella bark. Dunglison.

Hi´er•arch , n. [LL. hierarcha, Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred (akin to Skr. ishiras vigorous, fresh, blooming) + leader, ruler, fr. to lead, rule: cf. F. hierarque.] One who has high and controlling authority in sacred things; the chief of a sacred order; as princely hierarchs. Milton. { Hi´er•arch•al , Hi•er•arch´ic } a. Pertaining to a hierarch. ´The great hierarchal standard.´ Milton.

Hi•er•arch´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. hierarchique.] Pertaining to a hierarchy. — Hi•er•arch•ic•al•ly, adv.

Hi´er•arch•ism , n. The principles or authority of a hierarchy. “The more dominant hierarchism of the West.” Milman.

Hi´er•arch•y (-y), n.; pl. Hierarchies (-iz). [Gr. ’ierarchi•a: cf. F. hierarchie.] 1. Dominion or authority in sacred things. 2. A body of officials disposed organically in ranks and orders each subordinate to the one above it; a body of ecclesiastical rulers. 3. A form of government administered in the church by patriarchs, metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, and, in an inferior degree, by priests. Shipley. 4. A rank or order of holy beings. “Standards and gonfalons … for distinction serve
Of hierarchies, of orders, and degrees.” Milton.

Hi•er•at´ic , a. [L. hieraticus, Gr. ; akin to ´iero•s sacred: cf. F. hieratique.] Consecrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pertaining to priests. Hieratic character, a mode of ancient Egyptian writing; a modified form of hieroglyphics, tending toward a cursive hand and formerly supposed to be the sacerdotal character, as the demotic was supposed to be that of the people. “It was a false notion of the Greeks that of the three kinds of writing used by the Egyptians, two — for that reason called hieroglyphic and hieratic — were employed only for sacred, while the third, the demotic, was employed for secular, purposes. No such distinction is discoverable on the more ancient Egyptian monuments; bur we retain the old names founded on misapprehension.” W. H. Ward (Johnson’s Cyc.).

Hi•er•oc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + to be strong, rule.] Government by ecclesiastics; a hierarchy. Jefferson. { Hi´er•o•glyph , Hi•er•o•glyph´ic } n. [Cf. F. hieroglyphe. See Hieroglyphic, a.] 1. A sacred character; a character in picture writing, as of the ancient Egyptians, Mexicans, etc. Specifically, in the plural, the picture writing of the ancient Egyptian priests. It is made up of three, or, as some say, four classes of characters: first, the hieroglyphic proper, or figurative, in which the representation of the object conveys the idea of the object itself; second, the ideographic, consisting of symbols representing ideas not sounds, as an ostrich feather is a symbol of truth; third, the phonetic, consisting of symbols employed as syllables of a word, or as letters of the alphabet, having a certain sound, as a hawk represented the vowel a. 2. Any character or figure which has or is supposed to have, a hidden or mysterious significance; hence, any unintelligible or illegible character or mark. [Colloq.] { Hi•er•o•glyph´ic , Hi•er•o•glyph´ic•al , } a. [L. hieroglyphicus, Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + gly•fein to carve: cf. F. hieroglyphique.] 1. Emblematic; expressive of some meaning by characters, pictures, or figures; as hieroglyphic writing; a hieroglyphic obelisk. “Pages no better than blanks to common minds, to his, hieroglyphical of wisest secrets.” Prof. Wilson. 2. Resembling hieroglyphics; not decipherable. ´An hieroglyphical scrawl.´ Sir W. Scott.

Hi•er•o•glyph•ic•ally , adv. In hieroglyphics.

Hi•er•og´ly•phist ( 277), n. One versed in hieroglyphics. Gliddon.

Hi´er•o•gram , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + -gram.] A form of sacred or hieratic writing.

Hi•er•o•gram´mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. hierogrammatique.] Written in, or pertaining to, hierograms; expressive of sacred writing. Bp. Warburton.

Hi•er•o•gram´ma•tist , n. [Cf. F. hierogrammatiste.] A writer of hierograms; also one skilled in hieroglyphics. Greenhill. { Hi•er•o•graph´ic , Hi•er•o•graph´ic•al , } a. [L. hierographicus, Gr. : cf. F. hierographique.] Of or pertaining to sacred writing.

Hi•er•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + gra•fein to write: cf. F. hierographie.] Sacred writing. [R.] Bailey.

Hi•er•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + worship, to worship.] The worship of saints or sacred things. [R.] Coleridge. { Hi•er•o•log´ic , Hi•er•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. hierologique.] Pertaining to hierology.

Hi•er•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in, or whostudies, hierology.

Hi•er•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + discourse: cf. F. hierologie.] A treatise on sacred things; especially, the science which treats of the ancient writings and inscriptions of the Egyptians, or a treatise on that science.

Hi´er•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + divination: cf. F. hieromantie.] Divination by observing the objects offered in sacrifice.

Hi´er•o•mar•tyr , n. [Gr. ´iero•s sacred + E. martyr.] A priest who becomes a martyr.

Hi•e•rom•ne´mon , n. [NL., from Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + mindful, fr. to think on, remember.] (Gr. Antiq.) 1. The sacred secretary or recorder sent by each state belonging to the Amphictyonic Council, along with the deputy or minister. Liddel & Scott. 2. A magistrate who had charge of religious matters, as at Byzantium. Liddel & Scott.

Hi´er•on , n. [Gr. ´iero•n.] A consecrated place; esp., a temple.

Hi•er•on´y•mite , n. [From St. Hieronymus, or Jerome.] (Eccl.) See Jeronymite.

Hi•er´o•phant (hi•er´o•fant or hi´er; 277), n. [L. hierophanta, hierophantes, Gr. ´ierofa•nths; ´iero•s sacred + fai•nein to show, make known: cf. F. hierophante.] The presiding priest who initiated candidates at the Eleusinian mysteries; hence, one who teaches the mysteries and duties of religion. Abp Potter.

Hi•er•o•phan´tic , a. [Gr. .] Of or relating to hierophants or their teachings.

Hi•er•os´co•py , n. [Gr. divination; ´iero•s sacred + to view.] Divination by inspection of entrails of victims offered in sacrifice.

Hi•er•o•the´ca , n.; pl. -cae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + chest.] A receptacle for sacred objects.

Hi´er•our•gy , n. [Gr. ; ´iero•s sacred + work.] A sacred or holy work or worship. [Obs.] Waterland.

Hi•fa•lu´tin , n. See Highfaluting.

Hig´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Higgled p. pr. & vb. n. Higgling ] [Cf. Haggle, or Huckster.] 1. To hawk or peddle provisions. 2. To chaffer; to stickle for small advantages in buying and selling; to haggle. “A person accustomed to higgle about taps.” Jeffry. “To truck and higgle for a private good.” Emerson.

Hig•gle•dy-pig´gle•dy , adv. In confusion; topsy-turvy. [Colloq.] Johnson.

Hig´gler , n. One who higgles.

High , v. i. [See Hie.] To hie. [Obs.] “Men must high them apace, and make haste.” Holland.

High , a. [Compar. Higher superl. Highest.] [OE. high, hegh, hey, heh, AS. heáh, hh; akin to OS. hh, OFries. hag, hach, D. hoog, OHG. hh, G. hoch, Icel. hr, Sw. hög, Dan. höi, Goth. hauhs, and to Icel. haugr mound, G. hügel hill, Lith. kaukaras.] 1. Elevated above any starting point of measurement, as a line, or surface; having altitude; lifted up; raised or extended in the direction of the zenith; lofty; tall; as a high mountain, tower, tree; the sun is high. 2. Regarded as raised up or elevated; distinguished; remarkable; conspicuous; superior; — used indefinitely or relatively, and often in figurative senses, which are understood from the connection; as — (a) Elevated in character or quality, whether moral or intellectual; preëminent; honorable; as high aims, or motives. ´The highest faculty of the soul.´ Baxter. (b) Exalted in social standing or general estimation, or in rank, reputation, office, and the like; dignified; as she was welcomed in the highest circles. “He was a wight of high renown.” Shak. (c) Of noble birth; illustrious; as of high family. (d) Of great strength, force, importance, and the like; strong; mighty; powerful; violent; sometimes, triumphant; victorious; majestic, etc.; as a high wind; high passions. ´With rather a high manner.´ Thackeray. “Strong is thy hand, and high is thy right hand.” Ps. lxxxix. 13. “Can heavenly minds such high resentment show?” Dryden. (e) Very abstract; difficult to comprehend or surmount; grand; noble. “Both meet to hear and answer such high things.” Shak. “Plain living and high thinking are no more.” Wordsworth. (f) Costly; dear in price; extravagant; as to hold goods at a high price. “If they must be good at so high a rate, they know they may be safe at a cheaper.” South. (g) Arrogant; lofty; boastful; proud; ostentatious; — used in a bad sense. “An high look and a proud heart … is sin.” Prov. xxi. 4. “His forces, after all the high discourses, amounted really but to eighteen hundred foot.” Clarendon. 3. Possessing a characteristic quality in a supreme or superior degree; as high (i. e., intense) heat; high (i. e., full or quite) noon; high (i. e., rich or spicy) seasoning; high (i. e., complete) pleasure; high (i. e., deep or vivid) color; high (i. e., extensive, thorough) scholarship, etc. “High time it is this war now ended were.” Spenser. “High sauces and spices are fetched from the Indies.” Baker. 4. (Cookery) Strong-scented; slightly tainted; as epicures do not cook game before it is high. 5. (Mus.) Acute or sharp; — opposed to grave or low; as a high note. 6. (Phon.) Made with a high position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate, as e (eve), oo (food). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11. High admiral, the chief admiral. — High altar, the principal altar in a church. — High and dry, out of water; out of reach of the current or tide; — said of a vessel, aground or beached. — High and mighty arrogant; overbearing. [Colloq.] — High art, art which deals with lofty and dignified subjects and is characterized by an elevated style avoiding all meretricious display. — High bailiff, the chief bailiff. — High Church, ∧ Low Church, two ecclesiastical parties in the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church. The high-churchmen emphasize the doctrine of the apostolic succession, and hold, in general, to a sacramental presence in the Eucharist, to baptismal regeneration, and to the sole validity of Episcopal ordination. They attach much importance to ceremonies and symbols in worship. Low-churchmen lay less stress on these points, and, in many instances, reject altogether the peculiar tenets of the high-church school. See Broad Church. — High constable (Law), a chief of constabulary. See Constable, n., 2. — High commission court,a court of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in England erected and united to the regal power by Queen Elizabeth in 1559. On account of the abuse of its powers it was abolished in 1641. — High day (Script.), a holy or feast day. John xix. 31. — High festival (Eccl.), a festival to be observed with full ceremonial. — High German, or High Dutch. See under German. — High jinks, an old Scottish pastime; hence, noisy revelry; wild sport. [Colloq.] ´All the high jinks of the county, when the lad comes of age.´ F. Harrison. — High latitude (Geog.), one designated by the higher figures; consequently, a latitude remote from the equator. — High life, life among the aristocracy or the rich. — High liver, one who indulges in a rich diet. — High living, a feeding upon rich, pampering food. — High Mass. (R. C. Ch.) See under Mass. — High milling, a process of making flour from grain by several successive grindings and intermediate sorting, instead of by a single grinding. — High noon, the time when the sun is in the meridian. — High place (Script.), an eminence or mound on which sacrifices were offered. — High priest. See in the Vocabulary. — High relief. (Fine Arts) See Alto-rilievo. — High school. See under School. High seas (Law), the open sea; the part of the ocean not in the territorial waters of any particular sovereignty, usually distant three miles or more from the coast line. Wharton. — High steam, steam having a high pressure. — High steward, the chief steward. — High tea, tea with meats and extra relishes. — High tide, the greatest flow of the tide; high water. — High time. (a) Quite time; full time for the occasion. (b) A time of great excitement or enjoyment; a carousal. [Slang] — High treason, treason against the sovereign or the state, the highest civil offense. See Treason. It is now sufficient to speak of high treason as treason simply, seeing that petty treason, as a distinct offense, has been abolished. Mozley & W. — High water, the utmost flow or greatest elevation of the tide; also the time of such elevation. — High-water mark. (a) That line of the seashore to which the waters ordinarily reach at high water. (b) A mark showing the highest level reached by water in a river or other body of fresh water, as in time of freshet. — High-water shrub (Bot.), a composite shrub (Iva frutescens), growing in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States. — High wine, distilled spirits containing a high percentage of alcohol; — usually in the plural. — To be on a high horse, to be on one’s dignity; to bear one’s self loftily. [Colloq.] — With a high hand. (a) With power; in force; triumphantly. ´The children of Israel went out with a high hand.´ Ex. xiv. 8. (b) In an overbearing manner, arbitrarily. ´They governed the city with a high hand.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ). Syn. — Tall; lofty; elevated; noble; exalted; supercilious; proud; violent; full; dear. See Tall.

High , adv. In a high manner; in a high place; to a great altitude; to a great degree; largely; in a superior manner; eminently; powerfully. ´And reasoned high.´ Milton. ´I can not reach so high.´ Shak. High is extensively used in the formation of compound words, most of which are of very obvious signification; as high-aimed, high-arched, high-aspiring, high-bearing, high-boasting, high-browed, high-crested, high-crowned, high-designing, high-engendered, high-feeding, high-flaming, high-flavored, high-gazing, high-heaped, high-heeled, high-priced, high-reared, high-resolved, high-rigged, high-seated, high-shouldered, high-soaring, high-towering, high-voiced, and the like. High and low, everywhere; in all supposable places; as I hunted high and low. [Colloq.]

High, n. 1. An elevated place; a superior region; a height; the sky; heaven. 2. People of rank or high station; as high and low. 3. (Card Playing) The highest card dealt or drawn. High, low, jack, and the game, a game at cards; — also called all fours, old sledge, and seven up. — In high and low, utterly; completely; in every respect. [Obs.] Chaucer. — On high, aloft; above. “The dayspring from on high hath visited us.” Luke i. 78. — The Most High, the Supreme Being; God.

High , v. i. To rise; as the sun higheth. [Obs.]

High´bind•er , n. A ruffian; one who hounds, or spies upon, another; app. esp. to the members of certain alleged societies among the Chinese. [U. S.]

High´-blown , a. Inflated, as with conceit.

High´born , a. Of noble birth. Shak.

High´-bred , a. Bred in high life; of pure blood. Byron.

High´-built , a. Of lofty structure; tall. ´High-built organs.´ Tennyson. “The high-built elephant his castle rears.” Creech.

High´-church , a. Of or pertaining to, or favoring, the party called the High Church, or their doctrines or policy. See High Church, under High, a.

High´-church•ism , n. The principles of the high-church party.

High´-church•man , n.; pl. -men . One who holds high-church principles.

High´-church•man-ship, n. The state of being a high-churchman. J. H. Newman.

High´-col•ored , a. 1. Having a strong, deep, or glaring color; flushed. Shak. 2. Vivid; strong or forcible in representation; hence, exaggerated; as high-colored description.

High´-em•bowed , a. Having lofty arches. ´The high-embowed roof.´ Milton.

High´er•ing , a. Rising higher; ascending. “In ever highering eagle circles.” Tennyson.

High•fa•lu´ting , n. [Perh. a corruption of highflighting.] High-flown, bombastic language. [Written also hifalutin.] [Jocular, U. S.] Lowell.

High´-fed , a. Pampered; fed luxuriously.

High´-fin•ished , a. Finished with great care; polished.

High´fli•er , n. One who is extravagant in pretensions, opinions, or manners. Swift.

High´-flown , a. 1. Elevated; proud. ´High-flown hopes.´ Denham. 2. Turgid; extravagant; bombastic; inflated; as high-flown language. M. Arnold.

High´-flushed , a. Elated. Young.

High´fly•ing , a. Extravagant in opinions or ambition. ´Highflying, arbitrary kings.´ Dryden.

High´-go , n. A spree; a revel. [Low]

High´-hand•ed , a. Overbearing; oppressive; arbitrary; violent; as a high-handed act.

High´-heart•ed , a. Full of courage or nobleness; high-souled. — High´-heart•ed•ness, n.

High´-hoe , n. (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker or yaffle. [Written also high-hoo.]

High´-hold•er , n. (Zoöl.) The flicker; — called also high- hole. [Local, U. S.]

High´land , n. Elevated or mountainous land; (often in the pl.) an elevated region or country; as the Highlands of Scotland. Highland fling, a dance peculiar to the Scottish Highlanders; a sort of hornpipe.

High´land•er , n. An inhabitant of highlands, especially of the Highlands of Scotland.

High´land•ry , n. Highlanders, collectively.

High´-low , n. A laced boot, ankle high.

High´ly, adv. In a high manner, or to a high degree; very much; as highly esteemed.

High´men , n. pl. Loaded dice so contrived as to turn up high numbers. [Obs] Sir J. Harrington.

High´-met•tled , a. Having abundance of mettle; ardent; full of fire; as a high-mettled steed.

High´-mind´ed , a. 1. Proud; arrogant. [Obs.] “Be not high-minded, but fear.” Rom. xi. 20. 2. Having, or characterized by, honorable pride; of or pertaining to elevated principles and feelings; magnanimous; — opposed to mean. “High-minded, manly recognition of those truths.” A. Norton.

High´-mind•ed•ness, n. The quality of being highminded; nobleness; magnanimity.

High´most , a. Highest. [Obs.] Shak.

High´ness, n. [AS. heáhnes.] 1. The state of being high; elevation; loftiness. 2. A title of honor given to kings, princes, or other persons of rank; as His Royal Highness. Shak.

High´-palmed , a. (Zoöl.) Having high antlers; bearing full-grown antlers aloft.

High´-pres•sure ( 135), a. 1. Having or involving a pressure greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere; — said of steam, air, water, etc., and of steam, air, or hydraulic engines, water wheels, etc. 2. Fig.: Urgent; intense; as a high- pressure business or social life. High-pressure engine, an engine in which steam at high pressure is used. It may be either a condensing or a noncondensing engine. Formerly the term was used only of the latter. See Steam engine.

High´ priest (Eccl.) A chief priest; esp., the head of the Jewish priesthood.

High´-priest•hood , n. The office, dignity, or position of a high priest.

High´-priest•ship, n. High- priesthood.

High´-prin•ci•pled , a. Possessed of noble or honorable principles.

High´-proof , a. 1. Highly rectified; very strongly alcoholic; as high-proof spirits. 2. So as to stand any test. ´We are high-proof melancholy.´ Shak.

High´-raised , a. 1. Elevated; raised aloft; upreared. 2. Elated with great ideas or hopes. Milton.

High´-reach•ing , a. Reaching high or upward; hence, ambitious; aspiring. Shak.

High´-red , a. Of a strong red color.

High´road , n. A highway; a much traveled or main road.

High´-sea•soned , a. Enriched with spice and condiments; hence, exciting; piquant.

High´-sight•ed , a. Looking upward; supercilious. Shak.

High´-souled , a. Having a high or noble spirit; honorable. E. Everett.

High´-sound•ing , a. Pompous; noisy; ostentatious; as high-sounding words or titles.

High´-spir•it•ed , a. Full of spirit or natural fire; haughty; courageous; impetuous; not brooking restraint or opposition.

High´-step•per , n. A horse that moves with a high step or proud gait; hence, a person having a proud bearing. [Colloq.]

High´-stom•ached , a. Having a lofty spirit; haughty. [Obs.] Shak.

High´-strung , a. Strung to a high pitch; spirited; sensitive; as a high-strung horse.

High´-swell•ing , a. Inflated; boastful.

Hight , n. A variant of Height.

Hight , v. t. & i. [imp. Hight, Hot , p. p. Hight, Hote , Hoten . See Hote.] [OE. heiten, highten, haten, hoten; also hight, hatte, hette, is called, was called, AS. hatan to call, name, be called, to command, promise; also hatte is called, was called; akin to G. heissen to call, be called, bid, Goth. haitan to call, in the passive, to be called.] 1. To be called or named. [Archaic & Poetic.] In the form hight, it is used in a passive sense as a present, meaning is called or named, also as a preterite, was called or named. This form has also been used as a past participle. See Hote. “The great poet of Italy,
That highte Dante.” Chaucer. “Bright was her hue, and Geraldine she hight.” Surrey. “Entered then into the church the Reverend Teacher.
Father he hight, and he was in the parish.” Longfellow. “Childe Harold was he hight.” Byron. 2. To command; to direct; to impel. [Obs.] “But the sad steel seized not where it was hight
Upon the child, but somewhat short did fall.” Spenser. 3. To commit; to intrust. [Obs.] “Yet charge of them was to a porter hight.” Spenser. 4. To promise. [Obs.] “He had hold his day, as he had hight.” Chaucer.

Hight´en•er , n. That which heightens.

Highth (hith or hitth), n. Variant of Height. [Obs.]

High´-toned , a. 1. High in tone or sound. 2. Elevated; high-principled; honorable. “In whose high-toned impartial mind
Degrees of mortal rank and state
Seem objects of indifferent weight.” Sir W. Scott.

High´-top , n. A ship’s masthead. Shak.

High´ty-tigh´ty , a. Hoity- toity.

High´way , n. A road or way open to the use of the public; a main road or thoroughfare. Syn. — Way; road; path; course.

High´way•man , n.; pl. Highwaymen . One who robs on the public road; a highway robber.

High´-wrought , a. 1. Wrought with fine art or skill; elaborate. [Obs.] Pope. 2. Worked up, or swollen, to a high degree; as a highwrought passion. ´A high-wrought flood.´ Shak.

Hi´gre , n. See Eagre. [Obs.] Drayton.

Hig´-ta•per , n. [Cf. Hag- taper.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Verbascum (V. Thapsus); the common mullein. [Also high-taper and hag-taper.]

Hij´e•ra , Hij´ra , n. See Hegira.

Hi´lal , a. Of or pertaining to a hilum.

Hi´lar , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the hilum.

Hi•la´ri•ous , a. [L. hilaris, hilarus, Gr. ; cf. gracious, kindly.] Mirthful; noisy; merry.

Hi•lar´i•ty ( 277), n. [L. hilaritas: cf. F. hilarite. See Hilarious.] Boisterous mirth; merriment; jollity. Goldsmith. Hilarity differs from joy: the latter, excited by good news or prosperity, is an affection of the mind; the former, produced by social pleasure, drinking, etc., which rouse the animal spirits, is more demonstrative. Syn. — Glee; cheerfulness; mirth; merriment; gayety; joyousness; exhilaration; joviality; jollity.

Hil´a•ry term Formerly, one of the four terms of the courts of common law in England, beginning on the eleventh of January and ending on the thirty-first of the same month, in each year; — so called from the festival of St. Hilary, January 13th. The Hilary term is superseded by the Hilary sittings, which commence on the eleventh of January and end on the Wednesday before Easter. Mozley & W.

Hil´ding , n. [Prob. a corruption of hindling, dim. of hind, adj. Cf. Prov. E. hilderling, hinderling. See Hinderling.] A base, menial wretch. — a. Base; spiritless. [Obs.] Shak.

Hile , v. t. To hide. See Hele. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hile , n. (Bot.) Same as Hilum.

Hill , n. [OE. hil, hul, AS. hyll; akin to OD. hille, hil, L. collis, and prob. to E. haulm, holm, and column. Cf. 2d Holm.] 1. A natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth rising above the common level of the surrounding land; an eminence less than a mountain. “Every mountain and hill shall be made low.” Is. xl. 4. 2. The earth raised about the roots of a plant or cluster of plants. [U. S.] See Hill, v. t. 3. A single cluster or group of plants growing close together, and having the earth heaped up about them; as a hill of corn or potatoes. [U. S.] Hill ant (Zoöl.), a common ant (Formica rufa), of Europe and America, which makes mounds or ant-hills over its nests. — Hill myna (Zoöl.), one of several species of birds of India, of the genus Gracula, and allied to the starlings. They are easily taught to speak many words. [Written also hill mynah.] See Myna. — Hill partridge (Zoöl.), a partridge of the genus Aborophila, of which numerous species in habit Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Hill tit (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small Asiatic singing birds of the family Leiotrichidae. Many are beautifully colored.

Hill , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hilled p. pr. & vb. n. Hilling.] To surround with earth; to heap or draw earth around or upon; as to hill corn. “Showing them how to plant and hill it.” Palfrey.

Hill´i•ness , n. The state of being hilly.

Hill´ing, n. The act or process of heaping or drawing earth around plants.

Hill´ock , n. A small hill. Shak.

Hill´side , n. The side or declivity of a hill.

Hill´top , n. The top of a hill.

Hill´y , a. 1. Abounding with hills; uneven in surface; as a hilly country. ´Hilly steep.´ Dryden. 2. Lofty; as hilly empire. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Hilt , n. [AS. hilt, hilte; akin to OHG. helza, Prov. G. hilze, Icel. hjalt.] 1. A handle; especially, the handle of a sword, dagger, or the like.

Hilt´ed, a. Having a hilt; — used in composition; as basket-hilted, cross- hilted.

Hi´lum , n. [L., a little thing, trifle.] 1. (Bot.) The eye of a bean or other seed; the mark or scar at the point of attachment of an ovule or seed to its base or support; — called also hile. 2. (Anat.) The part of a gland, or similar organ, where the blood vessels and nerves enter; the hilus; as the hilum of the kidney.

Hi´lus , n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Hilum, 2.

Him , pron. Them. See Hem. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him, pron. [AS. him, dat. of he. rad.183. See He.] The objective case of he. See He. “Him that is weak in the faith receive.” Rom. xiv. 1. “Friends who have given him the most sympathy.” Thackeray. In old English his and him were respectively the genitive and dative forms of it as well as of he. This use is now obsolete. Poetically, him is sometimes used with the reflexive sense of himself. “I never saw but Humphrey, duke of Gloster,
Did bear him like a noble gentleman.” Shak.

Hi•ma´la•yan , a. [Skr. himalaya, prop., the abode of snow.] Of or pertaining to the Himalayas the great mountain chain in Hindostan.

Himp´ne , n. A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him•self´ , pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person masculine pronoun; — used as a subject usually with he; as he himself will bear the blame; used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as it is himself who saved himself. “But he himself returned from the quarries.” Judges iii. 19. “David hid himself in the field.” 1 Sam. xx. 24. “The Lord himself shall give you a sign.” Is. vii. 14. “Who gave himself for us, that he might … purify unto himself a peculiar people.” Titus ii. 14. “With shame remembers, while himself was one
Of the same herd, himself the same had done.” Denham. Himself was formerly used instead of itself. See Note under Him. “It comprehendeth in himself all good.” Chaucer. 2. One’s true or real character; one’s natural temper and disposition; the state of being in one’s right or sane mind (after unconsciousness, passion, delirium, or abasement); as the man has come to himself. By himself, alone; unaccompanied; apart; sequestered; as he sits or studies by himself. — To leave one to himself, to withdraw from him; to let him take his own course.

Him•self´ , Him•selve´ , Him•selv´en , pron. pl. Themselves. See Hemself. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Him•selve´ , pron. See 1st Himself. [Obs.] { Him•yar´ic , Him•ya•rit´ic } a. Pertaining to Himyar, an ancient king of Yemen, in Arabia, or to his successors or people; as the Himjaritic characters, language, etc.; applied esp. to certain ancient inscriptions showing the primitive type of the oldest form of the Arabic, still spoken in Southern Arabia. Brande & C.

Hin , n. [Heb. hin.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing three quarts, one pint, one gill, English measure. W. H. Ward.

Hind , n. [AS. hind; akin to D. hinde, OHG. hinta, G. hinde, hindin, Icel., Sw., & Dan. hind, and perh. to Goth. hinpan to seize (in comp.), E. hunt, or cf. Gr. a young deer.] 1. (Zoöl.) The female of the red deer, of which the male is the stag. 2. (Zoöl.) A spotted food fish of the genus Epinephelus, as E. apua of Bermuda, and E. Drummond-hayi of Florida; — called also coney, John Paw, spotted hind.

Hind, n. [OE. hine, AS. hine, hina, orig. gen. pl. of hiwan domestics; akin to Icel. hju man and wife, domestics, family, Goth. heiwafrauja master of the house, G. heirath marriage; cf. L. civis citizen, E. city or E. home. Cf. Hide a measure of land.] 1. A domestic; a servant. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A peasant; a rustic; a farm servant. [Eng.] “The hind, that homeward driving the slow steer
Tells how man’s daily work goes forward here.” Trench.

Hind, a. [Compar. Hinder superl. Hindmost , or Hindermost .] [OE. hind, adv., back, AS. hindan behind. See Hinder, a.] In the rear; — opposed to front; of or pertaining to the part or end which follows or is behind, in opposition to the part which leads or is before; as the hind legs or hind feet of a quadruped; the hind man in a procession.

Hind´ber•ry , n. [AS. hindberie; akin to OHG. hintberi, G. himbeere. So called because hinds or stags are fond of them. See 1st Hind, and Berry.] The raspberry. [Prov. Eng.]

Hind´brain , n. [Hind, adj. + brain.] (Anat.) The posterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the epencephalon and metencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the epencephalon only.

Hind´er , a. [OE. hindere, AS. hinder, adv., behind; akin to OHG. hintar, prep., behind, G. hinter, Goth. hindar; orig. a comparative, and akin to AS. hine hence. See Hence, He, and cf. Hind, a., Hindmost.] Of or belonging to that part or end which is in the rear, or which follows; as the hinder part of a wagon; the hinder parts of a horse. “He was in the hinder part of the ship.” Mark iv. 38.

Hin´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hindered p. pr. & vb. n. Hindering.] [OE. hindren, hinderen, AS. hindrian, fr. hinder behind; akin to D. hinderen, G. hindern, OHG. hintarn, Icel. & Sw. hindra, Dan. hindre. See Hinder, a.] 1. To keep back or behind; to prevent from starting or moving forward; to check; to retard; to obstruct; to bring to a full stop; — often followed by from; as an accident hindered the coach; drought hinders the growth of plants; to hinder me from going. “Them that were entering in ye hindered.” Luke xi. 52. “I hinder you too long.” Shak. 2. To prevent or embarrass; to debar; to shut out. “What hinders younger brothers, being fathers of families, from having the same right?” Locke. Syn. — To check; retard; impede; delay; block; clog; prevent; stop; interrupt; counteract; thwart; oppose; obstruct; debar; embarrass.

Hin´der, v. i. To interpose obstacles or impediments; to be a hindrance. “This objection hinders not but that the heroic action of some commander … may be written.” Dryden.

Hin´der•ance n. Same as Hindrance.

Hin´der•er , n. One who, or that which, hinders.

Hind´er•est , a. Hindermost; — superl. of Hind, a. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hind´er•ling , n. [AS. hinderling one who comes behind his ancestors, fr. AS. hinder behind. See Hinder, a., and cf. Hilding.] A worthless, base, degenerate person or animal. [Obs.] Callander. { Hind´er•most• , Hind´most• } , a. [The superlative of hind. See Hind, a.] [Cf. AS. hindema (akin to Goth. hindumists), a superlative from the same source as the comparative hinder. See Hinder, a., and cf. Aftermost.] Furthest in or toward the rear; last. ´Rachel and Joseph hindermost.´ Gen. xxxiii. 2.

Hind´gut , n. [Hind, a. + gut.] (Anat.) The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and sometimes the large intestine also.

Hin´di , n. [Prop. a Per. adj. meaning, Indian, Hindoo.] The name given by Europeans to that form of the Hindustani language which is chiefly spoken by native Hindoos. In employs the Devanagari character, in which Sanskrit is written. Whitworth.

Hind´ley´s screw (Mech.) A screw cut on a solid whose sides are arcs of the periphery of a wheel into the teeth of which the screw is intended to work. It is named from the person who first used the form. { Hin´doo , Hin´du } ( 277), n.; pl. Hindoos (#) or Hindus. [Per. Hindu, fr. Hind, Hindustan, India. Cf. Indian.] A native inhabitant of Hindostan. As an ethnical term it is confined to the Dravidian and Aryan races; as a religious name it is restricted to followers of the Veda. { Hin´doo•ism , Hin´du•ism } , n. The religious doctrines and rites of the Hindoos; Brahmanism. { Hin´doo•sta´nee , Hin´du•sta´ni } , a. [Hind. Hindustani an Indian, fr. Hind. and Per. Hindustan India.] Of or pertaining to the Hindoos or their language. — n. The language of Hindostan; the name given by Europeans to the most generally spoken of the modern Aryan languages of India. It is Hindi with the addition of Persian and Arabic words.

Hin´drance , n. [See Hinder, v. t.] 1. The act of hindering, or the state of being hindered. 2. That which hinders; an impediment. “What various hindrances we meet.” Cowper. “Something between a hindrance and a help.” Wordsworth. Syn. — Impediment; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; interruption; check; delay; restraint.

Hin´du , n. Same as Hindoo.

Hine , n. [See Hind a servant.] A servant; a farm laborer; a peasant; a hind. [Obs.] “Bailiff, herd, nor other hine.” Chaucer.

Hinge , n. [OE. henge, heeng; akin to D. heng, LG. henge, Prov. E. hingle a small hinge; connected with hang, v., and Icel. hengja to hang. See Hang.] 1. The hook with its eye, or the joint, on which a door, gate, lid, etc., turns or swings; a flexible piece, as a strip of leather, which serves as a joint to turn on. “The gate self-opened wide,
On golden hinges turning.” Milton. 2. That on which anything turns or depends; a governing principle; a cardinal point or rule; as this argument was the hinge on which the question turned. 3. One of the four cardinal points, east, west, north, or south. [R.] “When the moon is in the hinge at East.” Creech. “Nor slept the winds … but rushed abroad.” Milton. Hinge joint. (a) (Anat.) See Ginglymus. (b) (Mech.) Any joint resembling a hinge, by which two pieces are connected so as to permit relative turning in one plane. — To be off the hinges, to be in a state of disorder or irregularity; to have lost proper adjustment. Tillotson.

Hinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinged p. pr. & vb. n. Hinging ] 1. To attach by, or furnish with, hinges. 2. To bend. [Obs.] Shak.

Hinge , v. i. To stand, depend, hang, or turn, as on a hinge; to depend chiefly for a result or decision or for force and validity; — usually with on or upon; as the argument hinges on this point. I. Taylor

Hinged , a. Furnished with hinges.

Hinge´less , a. Without a hinge or joint.

Hink , n. A reaping hook. Knight. { Hin´ni•ate , Hin´ny } v. i. [L. hinnire.] To neigh; to whinny. [Obs.]

Hin´ny, n.; pl. Hinnies (#). [L. hinnus, cf. Gr. .] A hybrid between a stallion and an ass.

Hin´ny, n. A term of endearment; darling; — corrupted from honey. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hint , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hinting.] [OE. henten, hinten, to seize, to catch, AS. hentan to pursue, take, seize; or Icel. ymta to mutter, ymtr a muttering, Dan. ymte to whisper. rad.36. Cf. Hent.] To bring to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion; to suggest in an indirect manner; as to hint a suspicion. “Just hint a fault and hesitate dislike.” Pope. Syn. — To suggest; intimate; insinuate; imply.

Hint, v. i. To make an indirect reference, suggestion, or allusion; to allude vaguely to something. “We whisper, and hint, and chuckle.” Tennyson. To hint at, to allude to lightly, indirectly, or cautiously. Syn. — To allude; refer; glance; touch.

Hint, n. A remote allusion; slight mention; intimation; insinuation; a suggestion or reminder, without a full declaration or explanation; also an occasion or motive. “Our hint of woe
Is common.” Shak. “The hint malevolent, the look oblique.” Hannah More. Syn. — Suggestion; allusion. See Suggestion.

Hint´ing•ly , adv. In a hinting manner.

Hip , n. [OE. hipe, huppe, AS. hype; akin to D. heup, OHG. huf, G. hüfte, Dan. hofte, Sw. höft, Goth. hups; cf. Icel. huppr, and also Gr. the hollow above the hips of cattle, and Lith. kumpis ham.] 1. The projecting region of the lateral parts of one side of the pelvis and the hip joint; the haunch; the huckle. 2. (Arch.) The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides or skirts of a roof, which have their wall plates running in different directions. 3. (Engin) In a bridge truss, the place where an inclined end post meets the top chord. Waddell. Hip bone (Anat.), the innominate bone; — called also haunch bone and huckle bone. — Hip girdle (Anat.), the pelvic girdle. — Hip joint (Anat.), the articulation between the thigh bone and hip bone. — Hip knob (Arch.), a finial, ball, or other ornament at the intersection of the hip rafters and the ridge. — Hip molding (Arch.), a molding on the hip of a roof, covering the hip joint of the slating or other roofing. — Hip rafter (Arch.), the rafter extending from the wall plate to the ridge in the angle of a hip roof. — Hip roof, Hipped roof (Arch.), a roof having sloping ends and sloping sides. See Hip, n., 2., and Hip, v. t., 3. — Hip tile, a tile made to cover the hip of a roof. — To catch upon the hip, or To have on the hip, to have or get the advantage of; — a figure probably derived from wresting. Shak. — To smite hip and thigh, to overthrow completely; to defeat utterly. Judg. xv. 8.

Hip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hipped p. pr. & vb. n. Hipping.] 1. To dislocate or sprain the hip of, to fracture or injure the hip bone of (a quadruped) in such a manner as to produce a permanent depression of that side. 2. To throw (one’s adversary) over one’s hip in wrestling (technically called cross buttock). 3. To make with a hip or hips, as a roof. Hipped roof. See Hip roof, under Hip.

Hip , n. [OE. hepe, AS. heópe; cf. OHG. hiufo a bramble bush.] (Bot.) The fruit of a rosebush, especially of the English dog-rose (Rosa canina). [Written also hop, hep.] Hip tree (Bot.), the dog- rose.

Hip, interj. Used to excite attention or as a signal; as hip, hip, hurra!

Hip, or Hipps , n. See Hyp, n. [Colloq.]

Hip´halt , a. Lame in the hip. [R.] Gower. { Hip´pa , Hip´pe } n. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine decapod crustaceans, which burrow rapidly in the sand by pushing themselves backward; — called also bait bug. See Illust. under Anomura.

Hip•pa´ri•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a pony, dim. of a horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Tertiary mammals allied to the horse, but three-toed, having on each foot a small lateral hoof on each side of the main central one. It is believed to be one of the ancestral genera of the Horse family. { Hipped , Hip´pish } a. [From 5th Hip.] Somewhat hypochondriac; melancholy. See Hyppish. [Colloq.] “When we are hipped or in high spirits.” R. L. Stevenson.

Hip•po•bos´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to feed.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects including the horsefly or horse tick. — Hip•po•bos´can (#), a.

Hip´po•camp , n. See Hippocampus.

Hip•po•cam´pal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hippocampus.

Hip•po•cam´pus , n. [L., the sea horse, Gr. a hippocampus (in senses 1 and 2); ´i•ppos horse + to bend.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A fabulous monster, with the head and fore quarters of a horse joined to the tail of a dolphin or other fish (Hippocampus brevirostris), — seen in Pompeian paintings, attached to the chariot of Neptune. Fairholt. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of lophobranch fishes of several species in which the head and neck have some resemblance to those of a horse; — called also sea horse. They swim slowly, in an erect position, and often cling to seaweeds by means of the incurved prehensile tail. The male has a ventral pouch, in which it carries the eggs till hatched. 3. (Zoöl.) A name applied to either of two ridges of white matter in each lateral ventricle of the brain. The larger is called hippocampus major or simply hippocampus. The smaller, hippocampus minor, is called also ergot and calcar.

Hip•po•cen´taur , n. [L. hippocentaurus, Gr. ; ´i•ppos horse + centaur.] (Myth.) Same as Centaur.

Hip´po•cras , n. [F. hippocras, hypocras, NL. vinum hippocraticum, lit., wine of Hippocrates.] A cordial made of spiced wine, etc.

Hip•poc´ra•tes , n. A famous Greek physician and medical writer, born in Cos, about 460 B. C. Hippocrates’ sleeve, a conical strainer, made by stitching together two adjacent sides of a square piece of cloth, esp. flannel of linen.

Hip´po•crat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Hippocrates, or to his teachings. Hippocratic face [L. facies Hippocratica], the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. The nose is pinched, the eyes are sunk, the temples hollow, the ears cold and retracted, the skin of the forehead tense and dry, the complexion livid, the lips pendent, relaxed, and cold; — so called, as having been described by Hippocrates. Dunglison. — Hippocratic oath, an oath said to have been dictated by Hippocrates to his disciples. Such an oath is still administered to candidates for graduation in medicine.

Hip•poc´ra•tism , n. The medical philosophy or system of Hippocrates.

Hip´po•crene , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ´i•ppos horse + a fountain.] A fountain on Mount Helicon in Bœotia, fabled to have burst forth when the ground was struck by the hoof of Pegasus. also its waters, which were supposed to impart poetic inspiration. Keats. “Nor maddening draughts of Hippocrene.” Longfellow.

Hip´po•crep´i•an , n. [See Hippocrepiform.] (Zoöl.) One of an order of fresh-water Bryozoa, in which the tentacles are on a lophophore, shaped like a horseshoe. See Phylactolaema.

Hip•po•crep•i•form , a. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a horseshoe.

Hip´po•dame , n. [Cf. F. hippopotame.] A fabulous sea monster. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hip´po•drome , n. [L. hippodromos, Gr. ; ´i•ppos horse + course, fr. to run: cf. F. hippodrome.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A place set apart for equestrian and chariot races. 2. An arena for equestrian performances; a circus.

Hip´po•griff , n. [F. hippogriffe; cf. It. ippogrifo. See Hippopotamus, Griffon.] (Myth.) A fabulous winged animal, half horse and half griffin. Milton.

Hip´po•lith , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + -lith.] A concretion, or kind of bezoar, from the intestines of the horse.

Hip•po•pa•thol•o•gy , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + E. pathology: cf. F. hippopathologie.] The science of veterinary medicine; the pathology of the horse.

Hip•poph´a•gi , n. pl. [NL. See Hippophagous.] Eaters of horseflesh.

Hip•poph´a•gism , n. Hippophagy. Lowell.

Hip•poph´a•gist , n. One who eats horseflesh.

Hip•poph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to eat: cf. F. hippophage.] Feeding on horseflesh; — said of certain nomadic tribes, as the Tartars.

Hip•poph´a•gy , n. [Cf. F. hippophagie.] The act or practice of feeding on horseflesh.

Hip´po•phile , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to love.] One who loves horses. Holmes.

Hip•po•pot´a•mus , n.; pl. E. Hippopotamuses (#), L. Hippopotami (#). [L., from Gr.; ´i•ppos horse + river. Cf. Equine.] (Zoöl.) A large, amphibious, herbivorous mammal (Hippopotamus amphibius), common in the rivers of Africa. It is allied to the hogs, and has a very thick, naked skin, a thick and square head, a very large muzzle, small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, and short legs. It is supposed to be the behemoth of the Bible. Called also zeekoe, and river horse. A smaller species (H. Liberiencis) inhabits Western Africa.

Hip•pot´o•my , n. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + to cut: cf. F. hippotomie.] Anatomy of the horse.

Hip•pu´ric , a. [Gr. ´i•ppos horse + o´y•ron urine: cf. F. hippurique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Obtained from the urine of horses; as hippuric acid. Hippuric acid, a white crystalline substance, containing nitrogen, present in the urine of herbivorous animals, and in small quantity in human urine. By the action of acids, it is decomposed into benzoic acid and glycocoll.

Hip´pu•rite , n. [Gr. decked with a horse’s tail; ´i•ppos horse + tail: cf. F. hippurite.] (Paleon.) A fossil bivalve mollusk of the genus Hippurites, of many species, having a conical, cup- shaped under valve, with a flattish upper valve or lid. Hippurites are found only in the Cretaceous rocks.

Hip´-roofed , a. Having a hip roof.

Hip´shot , a. [Hip + shot.] Having the hip dislocated; hence, having one hip lower than the other. L’Estrange.

Hip´ tree (Bot.) The dog- rose.

Hir , pron. [Obs.] See Here, pron. Chaucer.

Hir´cic , a. [Cf. F. hircique. See Hircin.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mutton suet; — applied by Chevreul to an oily acid which was obtained from mutton suet, and to which he attributed the peculiar taste and smell of that substance. The substance has also been called hircin. Watts.

Hir´cin , n. [L. hircus, he- goat, buck: cf. F. hircine.] (Chem.) Hircic acid. See Hircic. [R.] { Hir´cine , Hir´ci•nous } a. [L. hircinus, fr. hircus hegoat: cf. F. hircin.] 1. Goatlike; of or pertaining to a goat or the goats. 2. Of a strong goatish smell.

Hire (her), pron. [Obs.] See Here, pron. Chaucer.

Hire (hir), n. [OE. hire, hure, AS. hyr; akin to D. huur, G. heuer, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra.] 1. The price, reward, or compensation paid, or contracted to be paid, for the temporary use of a thing or a place, for personal service, or for labor; wages; rent; pay. “The laborer is worthy of his hire.” Luke x. 7. 2. (Law.) A bailment by which the use of a thing, or the services and labor of a person, are contracted for at a certain price or reward. Story. Syn. — Wages; salary; stipend; allowance; pay.

Hire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hired (hird); p. pr. & vb. n. Hiring.] [OE. hiren, huren, AS. hyrian; akin to D. huren, G. heuern, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra. See Hire, n.] 1. To procure (any chattel or estate) from another person, for temporary use, for a compensation or equivalent; to purchase the use or enjoyment of for a limited time; as to hire a farm for a year; to hire money. 2. To engage or purchase the service, labor, or interest of (any one) for a specific purpose, by payment of wages; as to hire a servant, an agent, or an advocate. 3. To grant the temporary use of, for compensation; to engage to give the service of, for a price; to let; to lease; — now usually with out, and often reflexively; as he has hired out his horse, or his time. “They … have hired out themselves for bread.” 1 Sam. ii. 5.

Hire´less, a. Without hire. Davenant.

Hire´ling (-ling), n. [AS. hyreling. See Hire, n., and -ling.] One who is hired, or who serves for wages; esp., one whose motive and interest in serving another are wholly gainful; a mercenary. ´Lewd hirelings.´ Milton.

Hire´ling, a. Serving for hire or wages; venal; mercenary. ´Hireling mourners.´ Dryden.

Hir´er , n. One who hires.

Hires , Hirs, pron. Hers; theirs. See Here, pron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hir•sute´ , a. [L. hirsutus; prob. akin to horridus horrid. Cf. Horrid.] 1. Rough with hair; set with bristles; shaggy. 2. Rough and coarse; boorish. [R.] “Cynical and hirsute in his behavior.” Life of A. Wood. 3. (Bot.) Pubescent with coarse or stiff hairs. Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) Covered with hairlike feathers, as the feet of certain birds.

Hir•sute´ness, n. Hairiness. Burton.

Hir•tel´lous , a. [Dim., fr. L. hirtus hairy.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Pubescent with minute and somewhat rigid hairs.

Hi•ru´dine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the leeches.

Hir•u•din´e•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. hirudo, hirudinis, a leech.] (Zoöl.) An order of Annelida, including the leeches; — called also Hirudinei.

Hi•ru´do , n. [L., a leech.] (Zoöl.) A genus of leeches, including the common medicinal leech. See Leech.

Hi•run´dine , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the swallows.

Hi•run´do , n. [L., swallow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the swallows and martins.

His , pron. [AS. his of him, his, gen. masc. & neut. of h, neut. hit. See He.] 1. Belonging or pertaining to him; — used as a pronominal adjective or adjective pronoun; as tell John his papers are ready; formerly used also for its, but this use is now obsolete. “No comfortable star did lend his light.” Shak. “Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root?” Shak. Also formerly used in connection with a noun simply as a sign of the possessive. ´The king his son.´ Shak. ´By young Telemachus his blooming years.´ Pope. This his is probably a corruption of the old possessive ending - is or -es, which, being written as a separate word, was at length confounded with the pronoun his. 2. The possessive of he; as the book is his. ´The sea is his, and he made it.´ Ps. xcv. 5.

His´ing•er•ite , n. [Named after W. Hisinger, a Swedish mineralogist.] (Min.) A soft black, iron ore, nearly earthy, a hydrous silicate of iron.

His•pan´ic , a. [L. Hispanicus.] Of or pertaining to Spain or its language; as Hispanic words.

His•pan´i•cism, n. A Spanish idiom or mode of speech. Keightley.

His•pan´i•cize , v. t. To give a Spanish form or character to; as to Hispanicize Latin words.

His´pid , a. [L. hispidus: cf. F. hispide.] 1. Rough with bristles or minute spines. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Beset with stiff hairs or bristles.

His•pid´u•lous , a. [Dim. of hispid.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Minutely hispid.

Hiss v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hissed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Hissing.] [AS. hysian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. LG. hissen, OD. hisschen.] 1. To make with the mouth a prolonged sound like that of the letter s, by driving the breath between the tongue and the teeth; to make with the mouth a sound like that made by a goose or a snake when angered; esp., to make such a sound as an expression of hatred, passion, or disapproval. “The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee.” Ezek. xxvii. 36. 2. To make a similar noise by any means; to pass with a sibilant sound; as the arrow hissed as it flew. “Shod with steel,
We hissed along the polished ice.” Wordsworth.

Hiss, v. t. 1. To condemn or express contempt for by hissing. “If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, according as he pleased and displeased them.” Shak. “Malcolm. What is the newest grief?
Ros. That of an hour’s age doth hiss the speaker.” Shak. 2. To utter with a hissing sound. “The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise.” Tennyson.

Hiss, n. 1. A prolonged sound like that letter s, made by forcing out the breath between the tongue and teeth, esp. as a token of disapprobation or contempt. “´Hiss´ implies audible friction of breath consonants.” H. Sweet. “A dismal, universal hiss, the sound
Of public scorn.” Milton. 2. Any sound resembling that above described; as: (a) The noise made by a serpent. “But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue.” Milton. (b) The note of a goose when irritated. (c) The noise made by steam escaping through a narrow orifice, or by water falling on a hot stove.

Hiss´ing, n. 1. The act of emitting a hiss or hisses. 2. The occasion of contempt; the object of scorn and derision. [Archaic] “I will make this city desolate, and a hissing.” Jer. xix. 8.

Hiss´ing•ly, adv. With a hissing sound.

Hist , interj. [Cf. Dan. hys. . Cf. Hush, Whist.] Hush; be silent; — a signal for silence. Milton.

His•ti•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -logy.] Same as Histology.

His•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + E. genesis.] (Biol.) (a) The formation and development of organic tissues; histogeny; — the opposite of histolysis. (b) Germ history of cells, and of the tissues composed of cells. Haeckel.

His•to•ge•net´ic , a. [See Histogeny.] (Biol.) Tissue-producing; connected with the formation and development of the organic tissues.

His•tog´e•ny , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + root of to be born.] (Biol.) Same as Histogenesis. Dunglison.

His•tog´ra•pher , n. One who describes organic tissues; an histologist.

His´to•graph´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to histography.

His•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -graphy.] A description of, or treatise on, organic tissues.

His•to•haem´a•tin , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + E. haematin.] (Physiol.) One of a class of respiratory pigments, widely distributed in the animal kingdom, capable of ready oxidation and reduction.

His´toid , a. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -oid.] Resembling the normal tissues; as histoid tumors. { His•to•log´ic , His•to•log´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Pertaining to histology, or to the microscopic structure of the tissues of living organisms. — His•to•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

His•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in histology.

His•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + -logy.] That branch of biological science, which treats of the minute (microscopic) structure of animal and vegetable tissues; — called also histiology.

His•tol´y•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´isto•s tissue + to loosen, dissolve.] (Biol.) The decay and dissolution of the organic tissues and of the blood.

His•to•lyt´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to histolysis, or the degeneration of tissues.

His•ton´o•my , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + to distribute, regulate.] The science which treats of the laws relating to organic tissues, their formation, development, functions, etc.

His•toph´y•ly , n. [Gr. ´isto•s tissue + Gr. clan.] (Biol.) The tribal history of cells, a division of morphophyly. Haeckel.

His•to´ri•al , a. [L. historialis: cf. F. historial.] Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

His•to´ri•an , n. [F. historien.] 1. A writer of history; a chronicler; an annalist. “Even the historian takes great liberties with facts.” Sir J. Reynolds. 2. One versed or well informed in history. “Great captains should be good historians.” South. { His•tor´ic (his•tor´ik), his•tor´ic•al (his•tor´i•kal), } a. [L. historicus, Gr. ´istoriko•s: cf. F. historique. See History.] Of or pertaining to history, or the record of past events; as an historical poem; the historic page. — His•tor´ic•al•ness, n. — His•to•ric´i•ty (#), n. “ There warriors frowning in historic brass.” Pope. Historical painting, that branch of painting which represents the events of history. — Historical sense, that meaning of a passage which is deduced from the circumstances of time, place, etc., under which it was written. — The historic sense, the capacity to conceive and represent the unity and significance of a past era or age.

His•tor´ic•al•ly , adv. In the manner of, or in accordance with, history.

His•tor´i•cize , v. t. To record or narrate in the manner of a history; to chronicle. [R.]

His´to•ried , a. Related in history.

His•to´ri•er , n. An historian. [Obs.]

His•to•ri•ette´ , n. [F., dim. of histoire a history.] Historical narration on a small scale; a brief recital; a story. Emerson.

His•tor´i•fy , v. t. [History + -fy.] To record in or as history. [R.] Lamb. “Thy conquest meet to be historified.” Sir P. Sidney.

His•to•ri•og´ra•pher (his•to•ri•og´ra•fer), n. [L. historiographus, Gr. ´istoriogra•fos; ´istori•a history + gra•fein to write: cf. F. historiographe.] An historian; a writer of history; especially, one appointed or designated to write a history; also a title bestowed by some governments upon historians of distinction.

His•to•ri•og´ra•pher•ship, n. The office of an historiographer. Saintsbury.

His•to•ri•og´ra•phy , n. The art of employment of an historiographer.

His•to•ri•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. history + -logy.] A discourse on history. Cockeram.

His•to•ri•on´o•mer , n. [Gr. history + to distribute.] One versed in the phenomena of history and the laws controlling them. “And historionomers will have measured accurately the sidereal years of races.” Lowell.

His´to•rize , v. t. To relate as history; to chronicle; to historicize. [R.] Evelyn.

His´to•ry , n.; pl. Histories (#). [L. historia, Gr. ’istori•a history, information, inquiry, fr. ’istwr, ´istwr, knowing, learned, from the root of to know; akin to E. wit. See Wit, and cf. Story.] 1. A learning or knowing by inquiry; the knowledge of facts and events, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as the history of a patient’s case; the history of a legislative bill. 2. A systematic, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; — distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual’s life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory. “Histories are as perfect as the historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul.” Carlyle. “For aught that I could ever read,
Could ever hear by tale or history.” Shak. “What histories of toil could I declare!” Pope. History piece, a representation in painting, drawing, etc., of any real event, including the actors and the action. — Natural history, a description and classification of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the phenomena which they exhibit to the senses. Syn. — Chronicle; annals; relation; narration. — History, Chronicle, Annals. History is a methodical record of important events which concern a community of men, usually so arranged as to show the connection of causes and effects, to give an analysis of motive and action etc. A chronicle is a record of such events, conforming to the order of time as its distinctive feature. Annals are a chronicle divided up into separate years. By poetic license annals is sometimes used for history. “Justly Caesar scorns the poet’s lays;
It is to history he trusts for praise.” Pope. “No more yet of this;
For ’t is a chronicle of day by day,
Not a relation for a breakfast.” Shak. “Many glorious examples in the annals of our religion.” Rogers.

His´to•ry, v. t. To narrate or record. [Obs.] Shak.

His•tot´o•my , n. [Gr. tissue + to cut.] The dissection of organic tissues.

His´to•zyme , n. [Gr. tissue + leaven.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble ferment occurring in the animal body, to the presence of which many normal decompositions and synthetical processes are supposed to be due.

His´tri•on , n. [L. histrio: cf. F. histrion.] A player. [R.] Pope. { His•tri•on´ic , His•tri•on´ic•al }, a. [L. histrionicus: cf. F. histrionique. See Histrion.] Of or relating to the stage or a stageplayer; befitting a theatre; theatrical; — sometimes in a bad sense. — His•tri•on´ic•al•ly, adv. “Tainted with false and histrionic feeling.” De Quincey.

His•tri•on´i•cism , n. The histrionic art; stageplaying. W. Black.

His´tri•o•nism , n. Theatrical representation; acting; affectation. Sir T. Browne.

His´tri•o•nize , v. t. To act; to represent on the stage, or theatrically. Urquhart.

Hit , pron. It. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hit, 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hide, contracted from hideth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hit; p. pr. & vb. n. Hitting.] [OE. hitten, hutten, of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hitte to hit, find, Sw. & Icel. hitta.] 1. To reach with a stroke or blow; to strike or touch, usually with force; especially, to reach or touch (an object aimed at). “I think you have hit the mark.” Shak. 2. To reach or attain exactly; to meet according to the occasion; to perform successfully; to attain to; to accord with; to be conformable to; to suit. “Birds learning tunes, and their endeavors to hit the notes right.” Locke. “There you hit him; … that argument never fails with him.” Dryden. “Whose saintly visage is too bright
To hit the sense of human sight.” Milton. “He scarcely hit my humor.” Tennyson. 3. To guess; to light upon or discover. ´Thou hast hit it.´ Shak. 4. (Backgammon) To take up, or replace by a piece belonging to the opposing player; — said of a single unprotected piece on a point. To hit off, to describe with quick characteristic strokes; as to hit off a speaker. Sir W. Temple. — To hit out, to perform by good luck. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hit , v. i. 1. To meet or come in contact; to strike; to clash; — followed by against or on. “If bodies be extension alone, how can they move and hit one against another?” Locke. “Corpuscles, meeting with or hitting on those bodies, become conjoined with them.” Woodward. 2. To meet or reach what was aimed at or desired; to succeed, — often with implied chance, or luck. “And oft it hits
Where hope is coldest and despair most fits.” Shak. “And millions miss for one that hits.” Swift. To hit on or upon, to light upon; to come to by chance. ´None of them hit upon the art.´ Addison.

Hit, n. 1. A striking against; the collision of one body against another; the stroke that touches anything. “So he the famed Cilician fencer praised,
And, at each hit, with wonder seems amazed.” Dryden. 2. A stroke of success in an enterprise, as by a fortunate chance; as he made a hit. “What late he called a blessing, now was wit,
And God’s good providence, a lucky hit.” Pope. 3. A peculiarly apt expression or turn of thought; a phrase which hits the mark; as a happy hit. 4. A game won at backgammon after the adversary has removed some of his men. It counts less than a gammon. 5. (Baseball) A striking of the ball; as a safe hit; a foul hit; — sometimes used specifically for a base hit. Base hit, Safe hit, Sacrifice hit. (Baseball) See under Base, Safe, etc.

Hitch (hich), v. t. [Cf. Scot. hitch a motion by a jerk, and hatch, hotch, to move by jerks, also Prov. G. hiksen, G. hinken, to limp, hobble; or E. hiccough; or possibly akin to E. hook.] 1. To become entangled or caught; to be linked or yoked; to unite; to cling. “Atoms … which at length hitched together.” South. 2. To move interruptedly or with halts, jerks, or steps; — said of something obstructed or impeded. “Slides into verse, and hitches in a rhyme.” Pope. “To ease themselves … by hitching into another place.” Fuller. 3. To hit the legs together in going, as horses; to interfere. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Hitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hitched p. pr. & vb. n. Hitching.] 1. To hook; to catch or fasten as by a hook or a knot; to make fast, unite, or yoke; as to hitch a horse, or a halter. 2. To move with hitches; as he hitched his chair nearer. To hitch up. (a) To fasten up. (b) To pull or raise with a jerk; as a sailor hitches up his trousers. (c) To attach, as a horse, to a vehicle; as hitch up the gray mare. [Colloq.]

Hitch, n. 1. A catch; anything that holds, as a hook; an impediment; an obstacle; an entanglement. 2. The act of catching, as on a hook, etc. 3. A stop or sudden halt; a stoppage; an impediment; a temporary obstruction; an obstacle; as a hitch in one’s progress or utterance; a hitch in the performance. 4. A sudden movement or pull; a pull up; as the sailor gave his trousers a hitch. 5. (Naut.) A knot or noose in a rope which can be readily undone; — intended for a temporary fastening; as a half hitch; a clove hitch; a timber hitch, etc. 6. (Geol.) A small dislocation of a bed or vein.

Hitch´el , n. & v. t. See Hatchel.

Hithe (hith), n. [AS. hyð. Cf. Hide to conceal.] A port or small haven; — used in composition; as Lambhithe, now Lambeth. Pennant.

Hith´er , adv. [OE. hider, AS. hider; akin to Icel. heðra, Dan. hid, Sw. hit, Goth. hidre; cf. L. citra on this side, or E. here, he. rad.183. Cf. He.] 1. To this place; — used with verbs signifying motion, and implying motion toward the speaker; correlate of hence and thither; as to come or bring hither. 2. To this point, source, conclusion, design, etc.; — in a sense not physical. “Hither we refer whatsoever belongeth unto the highest perfection of man.” Hooker. Hither and thither, to and fro; backward and forward; in various directions. ´Victory is like a traveller, and goeth hither and thither.´ Knolles.

Hith´er, a. 1. Being on the side next or toward the person speaking; nearer; — correlate of thither and farther; as on the hither side of a hill. Milton. 2. Applied to time: On the hither side of, younger than; of fewer years than. “And on the hither side, or so she looked,
Of twenty summers.” Tennyson. “To the present generation, that is to say, the people a few years on the hither and thither side of thirty, the name of Charles Darwin stands alongside of those of Isaac Newton and Michael Faraday.” Huxley.

Hith´er•most , a. Nearest on this side. Sir M. Hale.

Hith´er•to , adv. 1. To this place; to a prescribed limit. “Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further.” Job xxxviii. 11. 2. Up to this time; as yet; until now. “The Lord hath blessed me hitherto.” Josh. xvii. 14.

Hith´er•ward , adv. [AS. hiderweard.] Toward this place; hither. “Marching hitherward in proud array.” Shak.

Hit´ter , n. One who hits or strikes; as a hard hitter.

Hive , n. [OE. hive, huve, AS. hfe.] 1. A box, basket, or other structure, for the reception and habitation of a swarm of honeybees. Dryden. 2. The bees of one hive; a swarm of bees. Shak. 3. A place swarming with busy occupants; a crowd. “The hive of Roman liars.” Tennyson. Hive bee (Zoöl.), the honeybee.

Hive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hived p. pr. & vb. n. Hiving.] 1. To collect into a hive; to place in, or cause to enter, a hive; as to hive a swarm of bees. 2. To store up in a hive, as honey; hence, to gather and accumulate for future need; to lay up in store. “Hiving wisdom with each studious year.” Byron.

Hive, v. i. To take shelter or lodgings together; to reside in a collective body. Pope.

Hive´less, a. Destitute of a hive. Gascoigne.

Hiv´er , n. One who collects bees into a hive.

Hives , n. [Scot.; perh. akin to E. heave.] (Med.) (a) The croup. (b) An eruptive disease (Varicella globularis), allied to the chicken pox.

Hizz , v. i. To hiss. [Obs.] Shak.

Ho , pron. Who. [Obs.] In some Chaucer MSS. { Ho , Hoa } , n. [See Ho, interj., 2.] A stop; a halt; a moderation of pace. “There is no ho with them.” Decker. { Ho , Hoa } (ho), interj. [Cf. F. & G. ho.] 1. Halloo! attend! — a call to excite attention, or to give notice of approach. ´What noise there, ho?´ Shak. ´Ho! who’s within?´ Shak. 2. [Perhaps corrupted fr. hold; but cf. F. hau stop! and E. whoa.] Stop! stand still! hold! - - a word now used by teamsters, but formerly to order the cessation of anything. [Written also whoa, and, formerly, hoo.] “The duke … pulled out his sword and cried ´Hoo!´” Chaucer. “An herald on a scaffold made an hoo.” Chaucer.

Hoar , a. [OE. hor, har, AS. har; akin to Icel. harr, and to OHG. her illustrious, magnificent; cf. Icel. Heið brightness of the sky, Goth. hais torch, Skr. ketus light, torch. Cf. Hoary.] 1. White, or grayish white; as hoar frost; hoar cliffs. ´Hoar waters.´ Spenser. 2. Gray or white with age; hoary. “Whose beard with age is hoar.” Coleridge. “Old trees with trunks all hoar.” Byron. 3. Musty; moldy; stale. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoar, n. Hoariness; antiquity. [R.] “Covered with the awful hoar of innumerable ages.” Burke.

Hoar, v. t. [AS. harian to grow gray.] To become moldy or musty. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoard , n. See Hoarding, 2. Smart.

Hoard, n. [OE. hord, AS. hord; akin to OS. hord, G. hort, Icel. hodd, Goth. huzd; prob. from the root of E. hide to conceal, and of L. custos guard, E. custody. See Hide to conceal.] A store, stock, or quantity of anything accumulated or laid up; a hidden supply; a treasure; as a hoard of provisions; a hoard of money.

Hoard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarding.] [AS. hordian.] To collect and lay up; to amass and deposit in secret; to store secretly, or for the sake of keeping and accumulating; as to hoard grain.

Hoard, v. i. To lay up a store or hoard, as of money. “To hoard for those whom he did breed.” Spenser.

Hoard´er , n. One who hoards.

Hoard´ing , n. [From OF. hourd, hourt, barrier, palisade, of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. horde hurdle, fence, G. horde, hürde; akin to E. hurdle. rad.16. See Hurdle.] 1. (Arch.) A screen of boards inclosing a house and materials while builders are at work. [Eng.] “Posted on every dead wall and hoarding.” London Graphic. 2. A fence, barrier, or cover, inclosing, surrounding, or concealing something. “The whole arrangement was surrounded by a hoarding, the space within which was divided into compartments by sheets of tin.” Tyndall.

Hoared , a. Moldy; musty. [Obs.] Granmer.

Hoar´frost , n. The white particles formed by the congelation of dew; white frost. [Written also horefrost. See Hoar, a.] “He scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes.” Ps. cxlvii. 16.

Hoar´hound , n. Same as Horehound.

Hoar´i•ness , n. [From Hoary.] The state of being hoary. Dryden.

Hoarse , a. [Compar. Hoarser , superl. Hoarsest.] [OE. hors, also hos, has, AS. has; akin to D. heesch, G. heiser, Icel. hass, Dan. haes, Sw. hes. Cf. Prov. E. heazy.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, grating voice or sound, as when affected with a cold; making a rough, harsh cry or sound; as the hoarse raven. “The hoarse resounding shore.” Dryden. 2. Harsh; grating; discordant; — said of any sound.

Hoarse´ly, adv. With a harsh, grating sound or voice.

Hoars´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarsened p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarsening.] To make hoarse. “I shall be obliged to hoarsen my voice.” Richardson.

Hoarse´ness , n. Harshness or roughness of voice or sound, due to mucus collected on the vocal cords, or to swelling or looseness of the cords.

Hoar´stone (hor´ston•), n. A stone designating the bounds of an estate; a landmark. Halliwell.

Hoar´y , a. 1. White or whitish. ´The hoary willows.´ Addison. 2. White or gray with age; hoar; as hoary hairs. “Reverence the hoary head.” Dr. T. Dwight. 3. Hence, remote in time past; as hoary antiquity. 4. Moldy; mossy; musty. [Obs.] Knolles. 5. (Zoöl.) Of a pale silvery gray. 6. (Bot.) Covered with short, dense, grayish white hairs; canescent. Hoary bat (Zoöl.), an American bat (Atalapha cinerea), having the hair yellowish, or brown, tipped with white.

Ho´at•zin , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Hoazin.

Hoax , n. [Prob. contr. fr. hocus, in hocus-pocus.] A deception for mockery or mischief; a deceptive trick or story; a practical joke. Macaulay.

Hoax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoaxed p. pr. & vb. n. Hoaxing.] To deceive by a story or a trick, for sport or mischief; to impose upon sportively. Lamb.

Hoax´er , n. One who hoaxes.

Hoa´zin , n. (Zoöl.) A remarkable South American bird (Opisthocomus cristatus); the crested touraco. By some zoölogists it is made the type of a distinct order (Opisthocomi).

Hob , n. [Prob. akin to hump. Cf. Hub. ] 1. The hub of a wheel. See Hub. Washington. 2. The flat projection or iron shelf at the side of a fire grate, where things are put to be kept warm. Smart. 3. (Mech.) A threaded and fluted hardened steel cutter, resembling a tap, used in a lathe for forming the teeth of screw chasers, worm wheels, etc.

Hob, n. [Orig. an abbrev. of Robin, Robert; Robin Goodfellow a celebrated fairy, or domestic spirit. Cf. Hobgoblin, and see Robin. ] 1. A fairy; a sprite; an elf. [Obs.] “From elves, hobs, and fairies, …
Defend us, good Heaven !” Beau. & FL. 2. A countryman; a rustic; a clown. [Obs.] Nares. { Hob´a•nob• , Hob´and•nob• } v. i. Same as Hobnob. Tennyson.

Hob´bism , n. The philosophical system of Thomas Hobbes, an English materialist (1588-1679); esp., his political theory that the most perfect form of civil government is an absolute monarchy with despotic control over everything relating to law, morals, and religion.

Hob´bist , n. One who accepts the doctrines of Thomas Hobbes.

Hob´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hobbled p. pr. & vb. n. Hobbling ] [OE. hobelen, hoblen, freq. of hoppen to hop; akin to D. hobbelen, hoblen, hoppeln. See Hop to jump, and cf. Hopple ] 1. To walk lame, bearing chiefly on one leg; to walk with a hitch or hop, or with crutches. “The friar was hobbling the same way too.” Dryden. 2. To move roughly or irregularly; — said of style in writing. Prior. “The hobbling versification, the mean diction.” Jeffreys.

Hob´ble, v. t. 1. To fetter by tying the legs; to hopple; to clog. ´ They hobbled their horses.´ Dickens 2. To perplex; to embarrass.

Hob´ble, n. 1. An unequal gait; a limp; a halt; as he has a hobble in his gait. Swift. 2. Same as Hopple. 3. Difficulty; perplexity; embarrassment. Waterton.

Hob´ble•bush , n. (Bot.) A low bush (Viburnum lantanoides) having long, straggling branches and handsome flowers. It is found in the Northern United States. Called also shinhopple. { Hob´ble•de•hoy• , Hob´ble•te•hoy• } n. [Written also hobbetyhoy, hobbarddehoy, hobbedehoy, hobdehoy.] [ Cf. Prob. E. hobbledygee with a limping movement; also F. hobereau, a country squire, E. hobby, and OF. hoi to-day; perh. the orig. sense was an upstart of to-day.] A youth between boy and man; an awkward, gawky young fellow . [Colloq.] “All the men, boys, and hobbledehoys attached to the farm.” Dickens. .

Hob´bler , n. One who hobbles.

Hob´bler, n. [OE. also hobeler, OF. hobelier, LL. hobellarius. See Hobby a horse.] (Eng. Hist.) One who by his tenure was to maintain a horse for military service; a kind of light horseman in the Middle Ages who was mounted on a hobby. Hallam. Sir J. Davies.

Hob´bling•ly , adv. With a limping step.

Hob´bly , a. Rough; uneven; causing one to hobble; as a hobbly road.

Hob´by , n.; pl. Hobbies (#). [OE. hobi; cf. OF. hobe, hobe, F. hobereau a hobby, a species of falcon. OF. hober to move, stir. Cf. Hobby a horse.] (Zoöl.) A small, strong-winged European falcon (Falco subbuteo), formerly trained for hawking. { Hob´by , Hob´by•horse• } n. [OE. hobin a nag, OF. hobin hobby; cf. hober to stir, move; prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hoppe a mare, dial. Sw. hoppa; perh. akin to E. hop to jump.] 1. A strong, active horse, of a middle size, said to have been originally from Ireland; an ambling nag. Johnson. 2. A stick, often with the head or figure of a horse, on which boys make believe to ride. [ Usually under the form hobbyhorse.] 3. A subject or plan upon which one is constantly setting off; a favorite and ever-recurring theme of discourse, thought, or effort; that which occupies one’s attention unduly, or to the weariness of others; a ruling passion. [Usually under the form hobby.] “Not one of them has any hobbyhorse, to use the phrase of Sterne.” Macaulay.

Hob•by•hors´ic•al , n. Pertaining to, or having, a hobby or whim; eccentric; whimsical.[Colloq.] Sterne.

Hob´gob•lin , n. [See 2d Hob, and Goblin.] A frightful goblin; an imp; a bugaboo; also a name formerly given to the household spirit, Robin Goodfellow. Macaulay.

Hob´i•ler , n.[See 2d Hobbler.] A light horseman. See 2d Hobbler. [Obs.] Brande & C.

Ho´bit , n. [See Howitzer.] (Mil.) A small mortar on a gun carriage, in use before the howitzer.

Hob´nail , n. [1st hob + nail.] 1. A short, sharp-pointed, large- headed nail, — used in shoeing houses and for studding the soles of heavy shoes. 2. A clownish person; a rustic. Milton. Hobnail liver (Med.), a disease in which the liver is shrunken, hard, and covered with projections like hobnails; one of the forms of cirrhosis of the liver.

Hob´nail, v. t. To tread down roughly, as with hobnailed shoes. “Your rights and charters hobnailed into slush.” Tennyson.

Hob´nailed , a. See with hobnails, as a shoe.

Hob´nob , adv. [AS. habban to have + habban to have not; ne not + habban to have. See Have, and cf. Habnab.] 1. Have or have not; — a familiar invitation to reciprocal drinking. Shak. 2. At random; hit or miss. (Obs.) Holinshed.

Hob´nob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hornobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Hornobbing.] 1. To drink familiarly (with another). [ Written also hob-a-nob.] 2. To associate familiarly; to be on intimate terms.

Hob´nob, n. Familiar, social intercourse. W. Black.

Hob´or•nob , adv. See Hobnob.

Ho´boy , n. A hautboy or oboe. [Obs.]

Hob´son’s choice´ A choice without an alternative; the thing offered or nothing. It is said to have had its origin in the name of one Hobson, at Cambridge, England, who let horses, and required every customer to take in his turn the horse which stood next the stable door.

Hoc´co , n. (Zoöl.) The crested curassow; — called also royal pheasant. See Curassow.

Hoche´pot , n. Hotchpot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hock , n. [So called from Hochheim, in Germany.] A Rhenish wine, of a light yellow color, either sparkling or still. The name is also given indiscriminately to all Rhenish wines.

Hock , Hough , n. [ AS. hh the heel; prob. akin to Icel. hasinn hock sinew, Dan. hasc, G. hechse, hächse, LG. hacke, D. hak; also to L. coxa hip (cf. Cuisses), Skr. kaksha armpit. rad.12. Cf. Heel.] 1. (a) The joint in the hind limb of quadrupeds between the leg and shank, or tibia and tarsus, and corresponding to the ankle in man. (b) A piece cut by butchers, esp. in pork, from either the front or hind leg, just above the foot. 2. The popliteal space; the ham.

Hock, v. t. To disable by cutting the tendons of the hock; to hamstring; to hough.

Hock´a•more , n. [See 1st Hock.] A Rhenish wine. [Obs.] See Hock. Hudibras.

Hock´day , n. [Cf. AS. hocor mockery, scorn.] A holiday commemorating the expulsion of the Danes, formerly observed on the second Tuesday after Easter; — called also hocktide. [Eng.] [Written also hokeday.]

Hock´ey , n. [From Hook, n.] 1. A game in which two parties of players, armed with sticks curved or hooked at the end, attempt to drive any small object (as a ball or a bit of wood) toward opposite goals. 2. The stick used by the players. [Written also hookey and hawkey.]

Hock´herb , n. (Bot.) The mallow.

Hoc´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hockled p. pr. & vb. n. Hockling ] [From 2d Hock.] 1. To hamstring; to hock; to hough. Hanmer. 2. To mow, as stubble. Mason.

Ho´cus , v. t. [See Hocus- pocus.] 1. To deceive or cheat. Halliwell. 2. To adulterate; to drug; as liquor is said to be hocused for the purpose of stupefying the drinker. Dickens. 3. To stupefy with drugged liquor. Thackeray.

Ho´cus, n. 1. One who cheats or deceives. South. 2. Drugged liquor.

Ho´cus-po´cus , n. [Prob. invented by jugglers in imitation of Latin. Cf. Hoax, Hocus.] 1. A term used by jugglers in pretended incantations. 2. A juggler or trickster. Sir T. Herbert. 3. A juggler’s trick; a cheat; nonsense. Hudibras.

Ho´cus-po´cus, v. t. To cheat. [Colloq.] L’Estrange.

Hod , n. [Prov. E. for hold, i. e., that which holds. See Hold.] 1. A kind of wooden tray with a handle, borne on the shoulder, for carrying mortar, brick, etc. 2. A utensil for holding coal; a coal scuttle.

Hod´den•gray , a. [Perh. akin to E. hoiden rustic, clownish.] Applied to coarse cloth made of undyed wool, formerly worn by Scotch peasants. [Scot.]

Hod´dy , n. [Prob. for hooded.] (Zoöl.) See Dun crow, under Dun, a.

Hod´dy•dod•dy , n. [Prob. E. also hoddypeke, hoddypoule, hoddymandoddy.] An awkward or foolish person. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Hodge´podge , n. A mixed mass; a medley. See Hotchpot. Johnson.

Hodg•kin’s dis•ease´ (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by progressive anaemia and enlargement of the lymphatic glands; — first described by Dr. Hodgkin, an English physician. { Ho´di•ern , Ho•di•er´nal } a. [L. hodiernus, fr. hodie today.] Of this day; belonging to the present day. [R.] Boyle. Quart. Rev.

Hod´man , n.; pl. Hodmen. A man who carries a hod; a mason’s tender.

Hod´man•dod , n. [Obs.] See Dodman. Bacon.

Hod´o•graph , n. [Gr. path + graph.] (Math.) A curve described by the moving extremity of a line the other end of which is fixed, this line being constantly parallel to the direction of motion of, and having its length constantly proportional to the velocity of, a point moving in any path; -used in investigations respecting central forces.

Ho•dom´e•ter , n. See Odometer.

Hoe , n. [OF. hoe, F. houe; of German origin, cf. OHG. houwa, howa, G. haue, fr. OHG. houwan to hew. See Hew to cut.] 1. A tool chiefly for digging up weeds, and arranging the earth about plants in fields and gardens. It is made of a flat blade of iron or steel having an eye or tang by which it is attached to a wooden handle at an acute angle. 2. (Zoöl.) The horned or piked dogfish. See Dogfish. Dutch hoe, one having the blade set for use in the manner of a spade. — Horse hoe, a kind of cultivator.

Hoe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoed p. pr. & vb. n. Hoeing.] [Cf. F. houer.] To cut, dig, scrape, turn, arrange, or clean, with a hoe; as to hoe the earth in a garden; also to clear from weeds, or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe; as to hoe corn. To hoe one’s row, to do one’s share of a job. [Colloq.]

Hoe, v. i. To use a hoe; to labor with a hoe.

Hoe´cake , n. A cake of Indian meal, water, and salt, baked before the fire or in the ashes; — so called because often cooked on a hoe. [Southern U.S.]

Hoe´moth•er , n. [A local Orkney name; cf. Icel. har.] (Zoöl.) The basking or liver shark; — called also homer. See Liver shark, under Liver.

Ho´ful , a. [AS. hogful, hohful, fr. hogu care, anxiety.] Careful; wary. [Obs.] Stapleton.

Hog , n. [Prob. akin to E. hack to cut, and meaning orig., a castrated boar; cf. also W. hwch swine, sow, Armor. houc’h, hoc’h. Cf. Haggis, Hogget, and Hoggerel.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Sus, and allied genera of Suidae; esp., the domesticated varieties of S. scrofa, kept for their fat and meat, called, respectively, lard and pork; swine; porker; specifically, a castrated boar; a barrow. The domestic hogs of Siam, China, and parts of Southern Europe, are thought to have been derived from Sus Indicus. 2. A mean, filthy, or gluttonous fellow. [Low.] 3. A young sheep that has not been shorn. [Eng.] 4. (Naut.) A rough, flat scrubbing broom for scrubbing a ship’s bottom under water. Totten. 5. (Paper Manuf.) A device for mixing and stirring the pulp of which paper is made. Bush hog, Ground hog, etc.. See under Bush, Ground, etc. — Hog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of the green grapevine sphinx; — so called because the head and first three segments are much smaller than those behind them, so as to make a resemblance to a hog’s snout. See Hawk moth. — Hog cholera, an epidemic contagious fever of swine, attended by liquid, fetid, diarrhea, and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membrane of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a slow, uncertain recovery. Law (Farmer’s Veter. Adviser.) — Hog deer (Zoöl.), the axis deer. — Hog gum (Bot.), West Indian tree (Symphonia globulifera), yielding an aromatic gum. — Hog of wool, the trade name for the fleece or wool of sheep of the second year. — Hog peanut (Bot.), a kind of earth pea. — Hog plum (Bot.), a tropical tree, of the genus Spondias (S. lutea), with fruit somewhat resembling plums, but chiefly eaten by hogs. It is found in the West Indies. — Hog’s bean (Bot.), the plant henbane. — Hog’s bread.(Bot.) See Sow bread. — Hog’s fennel. (Bot.) See under Fennel. — Mexican hog (Zoöl.), the peccary. — Water hog. (Zoöl.) See Capybara.

Hog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hogged p. pr. & vb. n. Hogging.] 1. To cut short like bristles; as to hog the mane of a horse. Smart. 2. (Naut.) To scrub with a hog, or scrubbing broom.

Hog, v. i. (Naut.) To become bent upward in the middle, like a hog’s back; — said of a ship broken or strained so as to have this form.

Hog´back , n. 1. (Arch.) An upward curve or very obtuse angle in the upper surface of any member, as of a timber laid horizontally; — the opposite of camber. 2. (Naut.) See Hogframe. 3. (Geol.) A ridge formed by tilted strata; hence, any ridge with a sharp summit, and steeply sloping sides.

Hog´chain , n. A chain or tie rod, in a boat or barge, to prevent the vessel from hogging.

Hog´chok•er , n. (Zoöl.) An American sole (Achirus lineatus, or A. achirus), related to the European sole, but of no market value.

Hog´cote , n. A shed for swine; a sty.

Hog´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large West Indian and Florida food fish (Lachnolaemus). (b) The pigfish or sailor’s choice. (c) An American fresh-water fish; the log perch. (d) A large, red, spiny-headed, European marine fish (Scorpaena scrofa).

Hog´frame , n. (Steam Vessels) A trussed frame extending fore and aft, usually above deck, and intended to increase the longitudinal strength and stiffness. Used chiefly in American river and lake steamers. Called also hogging frame, and hogback.

Hogged , a. (Naut.) Broken or strained so as to have an upward curve between the ends. See Hog, v. i.

Hog´ger , n. A stocking without a foot, worn by coal miners at work.

Hog´ger•el , n. [From the same source as hog; prob. orig., a sheep clipped the first year. See Hog.] A sheep of the second year. [Written also hogrel.] Ash.

Hog´ger-pipe (-pip•), n. (Mining) The upper terminal pipe of a mining pump. Raymond.

Hog´ger-pump´ (hog´ger-pump•), n. (Mining) The top pump in the pit. Raymond.

Hog´ger•y , n. Hoggish character or manners; selfishness; greed; beastliness. “Crime and shame
And all their hoggery.” Mrs. Browning.

Hog´get , n. [See Hog, and Hoggerel.] 1. A young boar of the second year. 2. A sheep or colt alter it has passed its first year.

Hog´ging , n. (Naut.) Drooping at the ends; arching; — in distinction from sagging. Hogging frame. See Hogframe.

Hog´gish , a. Swinish; gluttonous; filthy; selfish. — Hog´gish•ly, adv. — Hog´gish•ness, n. “Is not a hoggish life the height of some men’s wishes?” Shaftesbury.

Hogh (ho), n. [Icel. haugr hill, mound; akin to E. high. See High.] A hill; a cliff. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hog´herd , n. A swineherd. W. Browne.

Hog•ma•nay´ , n. The old name, in Scotland, for the last day of the year, on which children go about singing, and receive a dole of bread or cakes; also the entertainment given on that day to a visitor, or the gift given to an applicant. [Scot.]

Hog´nose•snake´ (Zoöl.) A harmless North American snake of the genus Heterodon, esp. H. platyrhynos; — called also puffing adder, blowing adder, and sand viper.

Hog´nut , n. (Bot.) (a) The pignut. See Hickory. (b) In England, the Bunium flexuosum, a tuberous plant.

Ho´go , n. [Corrupted from F. haut goût.] High flavor; strong scent. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Hog´pen , n. A pen or sty for hogs.

Hog´reeve , n. [See Reeve.] A civil officer charged with the duty of impounding hogs running at large. [New Eng.] Bartlett.

Hog´ring•er , n. One who puts rings into the snouts of hogs.

Hog’s´-back , n. (Geol.) A hogback.

Hog´score , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Curling) A distance line drawn across the rink or course between the middle line and the tee. [Scot.]

Hogs´head , n. [D. okshoofd; akin to Sw. oxhufvud, Dan. oxehoved, G. oxhoft; apparently meaning orig., ox head, but it is not known why this name was given. Cf. Ox, Head.] 1. An English measure of capacity, containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52½ imperial gallons; a half pipe. The London hogshead of beer was 54 beer gallons, the London hogshead of ale was 48 ale gallons. Elsewhere in England the ale and beer hogsheads held 51 gallons. These measures are no longer in use, except for cider. 2. A large cask or barrel, of indefinite contents; esp. one containing from 100 to 140 gallons. [U. S.]

Hog´skin , n. Leather tanned from a hog’s skin. Also used adjectively.

Hog´sty , n.; pl. Hogsties . A pen, house, or inclosure, for hogs.

Hog´wash , n. Swill. Arbuthnot.

Hog´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) A common weed (Ambrosia artemisiaege). See Ambrosia, 3. (b) In England, the Heracleum Sphondylium.

Hoi´den , n. [OE. hoydon a lout, rustic, OD. heyden a heathen, gypsy, vagabond, D. heiden, fr. OD. heyde heath, D. heide. See Heathen, Heath.] [Written also hoyden.] 1. A rude, clownish youth. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A rude, bold girl; a romp. H. Kingsley.

Hoi´den, a. Rustic; rude; bold. Younq.

Hoi´den, v. i. To romp rudely or indecently. Swift.

Hoi´den•hood , n. State of being a hoiden.

Hoi´den•ish, a. Like, or appropriate to, a hoiden.

Hoise , v. t. [See Hoist.] To hoist. [Obs.] “They … hoised up the mainsail to the wind.” Acts xxvii. 40.

Hoist , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoisting.] [OE. hoise, hyse, OD. hyssen, D. hijshen; akin to LG. hissen, Dan. hisse, Sw. hissa.] To raise; to lift; to elevate; esp., to raise or lift to a desired elevation, by means of tackle, as a sail, a flag, a heavy package or weight. “They land my goods, and hoist my flying sails.” Pope. “Hoisting him into his father’s throne.” South. Hoisting engine, a steam engine for operating a hoist.

Hoist, n. 1. That by which anything is hoisted; the apparatus for lifting goods. 2. The act of hoisting; a lift. [Collog.] 3. (Naut.) (a) The perpendicular height of a flag, as opposed to the fly, or horizontal length when flying from a staff. (b) The height of a fore-and-aft sail next the mast or stay. Totten. Hoist bridge, a drawbridge that is lifted instead of being swung or drawn aside.

Hoist, p. p. Hoisted. [Obs.] “’T is the sport to have the enginer
Hoist with his own petar.” Shak.

Hoist´a•way , n. A mechanical lift. See Elevator.

Hoist´way , n. An opening for the hoist, or elevator, in the floor of a wareroom.

Hoit , v. i. [Gf. W. hoetian to dally, dandle.] To leap; to caper; to romp noisily. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Hoi´ty-toi•ty , a. [From Hoit.] Thoughtless; giddy; flighty; also haughty; patronizing; as to be in hoity-toity spirits, or to assume hoity-toity airs; used also as an exclamation, denoting surprise or disapprobation, with some degree of contempt. “Hoity-toity! What have I to do with dreams?” Congreve.

Hoke´day , n. Same as Hockday.

Ho´ker , n. [AS. hocor.] Scorn; derision; abusive talk. [Obs.] — Ho´ker•ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol , a. [See Whole.] Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol•as•pid´e•an , a. [Holo- + Gr., , shield.] (Zoöl.) Having a single series of large scutes on the posterior side of the tarsus; — said of certain birds.

Hol´cad , n. [Gr. ’olka•s, -a•dos, a ship which is towed, a ship of burden, fr. ’e•lkein to draw. Gf. Hulk.] A large ship of burden, in ancient Greece. Mitford.

Hold , n. [D. hol hole, hollow. See Hole.] (Naut.) The whole interior portion of a vessel below the lower deck, in which the cargo is stowed.

Hold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Held p. pr. & vb. n. Holding. Holden , p. p., is obs. in elegant writing, though still used in legal language.] [OE. haldan, D. houden, OHG. hoten, Icel. halda, Dan. holde, Sw. hålla, Goth. haldan to feed, tend (the cattle); of unknown origin. Gf. Avast, Halt, Hod.] 1. To cause to remain in a given situation, position, or relation, within certain limits, or the like; to prevent from falling or escaping; to sustain; to restrain; to keep in the grasp; to retain. “The loops held one curtain to another.” Ex. xxxvi. 12. “Thy right hand shall hold me.” Ps. cxxxix. 10. “They all hold swords, being expert in war.” Cant. iii. 8. “In vain he seeks, that having can not hold.” Spenser. “France, thou mayst hold a serpent by the tongue, …
A fasting tiger safer by the tooth,
Than keep in peace that hand which thou dost hold.” Shak. 2. To retain in one’s keeping; to maintain possession of, or authority over; not to give up or relinquish; to keep; to defend. “We mean to hold what anciently we claim
Of deity or empire.” Milton. 3. To have; to possess; to be in possession of; to occupy; to derive title to; as to hold office. “This noble merchant held a noble house.” Chaucer. “Of him to hold his seigniory for a yearly tribute.” Knolles. “And now the strand, and now the plain, they held.” Dryden. 4. To impose restraint upon; to limit in motion or action; to bind legally or morally; to confine; to restrain. “We can not hold mortality’s strong hand.” Shak. “Death! what do’st? O, hold thy blow.” Grashaw. “He had not sufficient judgment and self-command to hold his tongue.” Macaulay. 5. To maintain in being or action; to carry on; to prosecute, as a course of conduct or an argument; to continue; to sustain. “Hold not thy peace, and be not still.” Ps. lxxxiii. 1. “Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost,
Shall hold their course.” Milton. 6. To prosecute, have, take, or join in, as something which is the result of united action; as to, hold a meeting, a festival, a session, etc.; hence, to direct and bring about officially; to conduct or preside at; as the general held a council of war; a judge holds a court; a clergyman holds a service. “I would hold more talk with thee.” Shak. 7. To receive and retain; to contain as a vessel; as this pail holds milk; hence, to be able to receive and retain; to have capacity or containing power for. “Broken cisterns that can hold no water.” Jer. ii. 13. “One sees more devils than vast hell can hold.” Shak. 8. To accept, as an opinion; to be the adherent of, openly or privately; to persist in, as a purpose; to maintain; to sustain. “Stand fast and hold the traditions which ye have been taught.” 2 Thes. ii.15. “But still he held his purpose to depart.” Dryden. 9. To consider; to regard; to esteem; to account; to think; to judge. “I hold him but a fool.” Shak. “I shall never hold that man my friend.” Shak. “The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.” Ex. xx. 7. 10. To bear, carry, or manage; as he holds himself erect; he holds his head high. “Let him hold his fingers thus.” Shak. To hold a wager, to lay or hazard a wager. Swift. — To hold forth, to offer; to exhibit; to propose; to put forward. ´The propositions which books hold forth and pretend to teach.´ Locke. — To held in, to restrain; to curd. — To hold in hand, to toy with; to keep in expectation; to have in one’s power. [Obs.] “O, fie! to receive favors, return falsehoods,
And hold a lady in hand.” Beaw. & Fl. — To hold in play, to keep under control; to dally with. Macaulay. — To hold off, to keep at a distance. — To hold on, to hold in being, continuance or position; as to hold a rider on. — To hold one’s day, to keep one’s appointment. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To hold one’s own. (a) To keep good one’s present condition absolutely or relatively; not to fall off, or to lose ground; as a ship holds her own when she does not lose ground in a race or chase; a man holds his own when he does not lose strength or weight. — To hold one’s peace, to keep silence.- To hold out. (a) To extend; to offer. ´Fortune holds out these to you as rewards.´ B. Jonson. (b) To continue to do or to suffer; to endure. ´He can not long hold out these pangs.´ Shak. — To hold up. (a) To raise; to lift; as hold up your head. (b) To support; to sustain. ´He holds himself up in virtue.´Sir P. Sidney. (c) To exhibit; to display; as he was held up as an example. (d) To rein in; to check; to halt; as hold up your horses. — To hold water. (a) Literally, to retain water without leaking; hence (Fig.), to be whole, sound, consistent, without gaps or holes; — commonly used in a negative sense; as his statements will not hold water. [Collog.] (b) (Naut.) To hold the oars steady in the water, thus checking the headway of a boat.

Hold, v. i. In general, to keep one’s self in a given position or condition; to remain fixed. Hence: 1. Not to move; to halt; to stop; — mostly in the imperative. “And damned be him that first cries, ´Hold, enough!´” Shak. 2. Not to give way; not to part or become separated; to remain unbroken or unsubdued. “Our force by land hath nobly held.” Shak. 3. Not to fail or be found wanting; to continue; to last; to endure a test or trial; to abide; to persist. “While our obedience holds.” Milton. “The rule holds in land as all other commodities.” Locke. 4. Not to fall away, desert, or prove recreant; to remain attached; to cleave; — often with with, to, or for. “He will hold to the one and despise the other.” Matt. vi. 24 5. To restrain one’s self; to refrain. “His dauntless heart would fain have held
From weeping, but his eyes rebelled.” Dryden. 6. To derive right or title; — generally with of. “My crown is absolute, and holds of none.” Dryden. “His imagination holds immediately from nature.” Hazlitt. Hold on! Hold up! wait; stop; forbear. [Collog] — To hold forth, to speak in public; to harangue; to preach. L’Estrange. — To hold in, to restrain one’s self; as he wanted to laugh and could hardly hold in. — To hold off, to keep at a distance. — To hold on, to keep fast hold; to continue; to go on. ´The trade held on for many years,´ Swift. — To hold out, to last; to endure; to continue; to maintain one’s self; not to yield or give way. — To hold over, to remain in office, possession, etc., beyond a certain date. — To hold to or with, to take sides with, as a person or opinion. — To hold together, to be joined; not to separate; to remain in union. Dryden. Locke. — To hold up. (a) To support one’s self; to remain unbent or unbroken; as to hold up under misfortunes. (b) To cease raining; to cease to stop; as it holds up. Hudibras. (c) To keep up; not to fall behind; not to lose ground. Collier.

Hold , n. 1. The act of holding, as in or with the hands or arms; the manner of holding, whether firm or loose; seizure; grasp; clasp; gripe; possession; — often used with the verbs take and lay. “Ne have I not twelve pence within mine hold.” Chaucer. “Thou should’st lay hold upon him.” B. Jonson. “My soul took hold on thee.” Addison. “Take fast hold of instruction.” Pror. iv. 13. 2. The authority or ground to take or keep; claim. “The law hath yet another hold on you.” Shak. 3. Binding power and influence. “Fear … by which God and his laws take the surest hold of.” Tillotson. 4. Something that may be grasped; means of support. “If a man be upon an high place without rails or good hold, he is ready to fall.” Bacon. 5. A place of confinement; a prison; confinement; custody; guard. “They … put them in hold unto the next day.” Acts. iv. 3. “King Richard, he is in the mighty hold
Of Bolingbroke.” Shak. 6. A place of security; a fortified place; a fort; a castle; — often called a stronghold. Chaucer. “New comers in an ancient hold” Tennyson. 7. (Mus.) A character [thus ] placed over or under a note or rest, and indicating that it is to be prolonged; — called also pause, and corona.

Hold´back , n. 1. Check; hindrance; restraint; obstacle. “The only holdback is the affection … that we bear to our wealth.” Hammond. 2. The projection or loop on the thill of a vehicle. to which a strap of the harness is attached, to hold back a carriage when going down hill, or in backing; also the strap or part of the harness so used.

Hold´er, n. One who is employed in the hold of a vessel.

Hold´er, n. 1. One who, or that which, holds. 2. One who holds land, etc., under another; a tenant. 3. (Com.) The payee of a bill of exchange or a promissory note, or the one who owns or holds it. Holder is much used as the second part of a compound; as shareholder, officeholder, stockholder,etc.

Hold´er-forth , n. One who speaks in public; an haranguer; a preacher. Addison.

Hold´fast , n. 1. Something used to secure and hold in place something else, as a long flat-headed nail, a catch a hook, a clinch, a clamp, etc.; hence, a support. ´His holdfast was gone.´ Bp. Montagu. 2. (Bot.) A conical or branching body, by which a seaweed is attached to its support, and differing from a root in that it is not specially absorbent of moisture.

Hold´ing, n. 1. The act or state of sustaining, grasping, or retaining. 2. A tenure; a farm or other estate held of another. 3. That which holds, binds, or influences. Burke. 4. The burden or chorus of a song. [Obs.] Shak. Holding note (Mus.), a note sustained in one part, while the other parts move.

Hole (hol), a. Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hole, n. [OE. hol, hole, AS. hol, hole, cavern, from hol, a., hollow; akin to D. hol, OHG. hol, G. hohl, Dan. huul hollow, hul hole, Sw. hål, Icel. hola; prob. from the root of AS. helan to conceal. See Hele, Hell, and cf. Hold of a ship.] 1. A hollow place or cavity; an excavation; a pit; an opening in or through a solid body, a fabric, etc.; a perforation; a rent; a fissure. “The holes where eyes should be.” Shak. “The blind walls
Were full of chinks and holes.” Tennyson. “The priest took a chest, and bored a hole in the lid.” 2 Kings xii. 9. 2. An excavation in the ground, made by an animal to live in, or a natural cavity inhabited by an animal; hence, a low, narrow, or dark lodging or place; a mean habitation. Dryden. “The foxes have holes, … but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head.” Luke ix. 58. Syn. — Hollow; concavity; aperture; rent; fissure; crevice; orifice; interstice; perforation; excavation; pit; cave; den; cell. Hole and corner, clandestine, underhand. [Colloq.] ´The wretched trickery of hole and corner buffery.´ Dickens. — Hole board (Fancy Weaving), a board having holes through which cords pass which lift certain warp threads; — called also compass board.

Hole , v. t. [AS. holian. See Hole, n.] 1. To cut, dig, or bore a hole or holes in; as to hole a post for the insertion of rails or bars. Chapman. 2. To drive into a hole, as an animal, or a billiard ball.

Hole, v. i. To go or get into a hole. B. Jonson.

Hol•eth´nic , a. Of or pertaining to a holethnos or parent race. “The holethnic history of the Arians.” London Academy.

Hol•eth´nos , n. [Holo + Gr. race.] A parent stock or race of people, not yet divided into separate branches or tribes.

Hol´i•but , n. (Zoöl.) See Halibut.

Hol´i•dam , n. [Obs.] See Halidom.

Hol´i•day , n. [Holy + day.] 1. A consecrated day; religious anniversary; a day set apart in honor of some person, or in commemoration of some event. See Holyday. 2. A day of exemption from labor; a day of amusement and gayety; a festival day. “And young and old come forth to play
On a sunshine holiday.” Milton. 3. (Law) A day fixed by law for suspension of business; a legal holiday. In the United States legal holidays, so called, are determined by law, commonly by the statutes of the several States. The holidays most generally observed are: the 22d day of February (Washington’s birthday), the 30th day of May (Memorial day), the 4th day of July (Independence day), the 25th day of December (Christmas day). In most of the States the 1st day of January is a holiday. When any of these days falls on Sunday, usually the Monday following is observed as the holiday. In many of the States a day in the spring (as Good Friday, or the first Thursday in April), and a day in the fall (as the last Thursday in November) are now regularly appointed by Executive proclamation to be observed, the former as a day of fasting and prayer, the latter as a day of thanksgiving and are kept as holidays. In England, the days of the greater church feasts (designated in the calendar by a red letter, and commonly called red-letter days) are observed as general holidays. Bank holidays are those on which, by act of Parliament, banks may suspend business. Although Sunday is a holiday in the sense of a day when business is legally suspended, it is not usually included in the general term, the phrase ´Sundays and holidays´ being more common. The holidays, any fixed or usual period for relaxation or festivity; especially, Christmas and New Year’s day with the intervening time.

Hol•i•day, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a festival; cheerful; joyous; gay. Shak. 2. Occurring rarely; adapted for a special occasion. “Courage is but a holiday kind of virtue, to be seldom exercised.” Dryden.

Ho´li•ly , adv. [From Holy.] 1. Piously; with sanctity; in a holy manner. 2. Sacredly; inviolably. [R.] Shak.

Ho´li•ness, n. [AS. halignes.] 1. The state or quality of being holy; perfect moral integrity or purity; freedom from sin; sanctity; innocence. “Who is like thee, glorious in holiness!” Ex. xv. 11. 2. The state of being hallowed, or consecrated to God or to his worship; sacredness. “Israel was holiness unto the Lord.” Jer.ii.3. His holiness, a title of the pope; — formerly given also to Greek bishops and Greek emperors. Syn. — Piety; devotion; godliness; sanctity; sacredness; righteousness.

Hol´ing , n. [See Hole a hollow.] (Mining) Undercutting in a bed of coal, in order to bring down the upper mass. Raymond.

Hol´la , interj. [F. hola; ho ho + là there, fr. L. illac that way, there. Cf. Hollo.] Hollo.

Hol´la, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hollaed p. pr. & vb. n. Hollaing.] See Hollo, v. i.

Hol´land , n. A kind of linen first manufactured in Holland; a linen fabric used for window shades, children’s garments, etc.; as brown or unbleached hollands.

Hol´land•er , n. 1. A native or one of the people of Holland; a Dutchman. 2. A very hard, semi-glazed, green or dark brown brick, which will not absorb water; — called also Dutch clinker. Wagner.

Hol´land•ish, a. Relating to Holland; Dutch.

Hol´lands , n. 1. Gin made in Holland. 2. pl. See Holland.

Hol•lo´ , interj. & n. [See Halloo, and cf. Holla.] Ho there; stop; attend; hence, a loud cry or a call to attract attention; a halloo. “And every day, for food or play,
Came to the mariner’s hollo.” Coleridge.

Hol´lo , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Holloed p. pr. & vb. n. Holloing.] [See Hollo, interj., and cf. Halloo.] To call out or exclaim; to halloo. This form is now mostly replaced by hello.

Hol•loa´ , interj., n. & v. i. Same as Hollo.

Hol´low , a. [OE. holow, holgh, holf, AS. holh a hollow, hole. Cf. Hole.] 1. Having an empty space or cavity, natural or artificial, within a solid substance; not solid; excavated in the interior; as a hollow tree; a hollow sphere. “Hollow with boards shalt thou make it.” Ex. xxvii. 8. 2. Depressed; concave; gaunt; sunken. “With hollow eye and wrinkled brow.” Shak. 3. Reverberated from a cavity, or resembling such a sound; deep; muffled; as a hollow roar. Dryden. 4. Not sincere or faithful; false; deceitful; not sound; as a hollow heart; a hollow friend. Milton. Hollow newel (Arch.), an opening in the center of a winding staircase in place of a newel post, the stairs being supported by the wall; an open newel; also the stringpiece or rail winding around the well of such a staircase. — Hollow quoin (Engin.), a pier of stone or brick made behind the lock gates of a canal, and containing a hollow or recess to receive the ends of the gates. — Hollow root. (Bot.) See Moschatel. — Hollow square. See Square. — Hollow ware, hollow vessels; — a trade name for cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, etc. Syn.- Concave; sunken; low; vacant; empty; void; false; faithless; deceitful; treacherous.

Hol´low , n. 1. A cavity, natural or artificial; an unfilled space within anything; a hole, a cavern; an excavation; as the hollow of the hand or of a tree. 2. A low spot surrounded by elevations; a depressed part of a surface; a concavity; a channel. “Forests grew
Upon the barren hollows.” Prior. “I hate the dreadful hollow behind the little wood.” Tennyson.

Hol´low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hollowed p. pr. & vb. n. Hollowing.] To make hollow, as by digging, cutting, or engraving; to excavate. ´Trees rudely hollowed.´ Dryden.

Hol´low, adv. Wholly; completely; utterly; — chiefly after the verb to beat, and often with all; as this story beats the other all hollow. See All, adv. [Collog.] “The more civilized so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turks hollow in the struggle for existence.” Darwin.

Hol•low´ , interj. [See Hollo.] Hollo.

Hol´low , v. i. To shout; to hollo. “Whisperings and hollowings are alike to a deaf ear.” Fuller.

Hol´low, v. t. To urge or call by shouting. “He has hollowed the hounds.” Sir W. Scott.

Hol´low-heart•ed , a. Insincere; deceitful; not sound and true; having a cavity or decayed spot within. Syn. — Faithless; dishonest; false; treacherous.

Hol´low-horned , a. (Zoöl.) Having permanent horns with a bony core, as cattle.

Hol´low•ly, adv. Insincerely; deceitfully. Shak.

Hol´low•ness, n. 1. State of being hollow. Bacon. 2. Insincerity; unsoundness; treachery. South.

Hol´ly , adv. Wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol´ly (hol´ly), n. [OE holi, holin, AS. holen, holegn; akin to D. & G. hulst, OHG. huls hulis, W. celyn, Armor. kelen, Gael. cuilionn, Ir. cuileann. Cf. 1st Holm, Hulver.] 1. (Bot.) A tree or shrub of the genus Ilex. The European species (Ilex Aquifolium) is best known, having glossy green leaves, with a spiny, waved edge, and bearing berries that turn red or yellow about Michaelmas. The holly is much used to adorn churches and houses, at Christmas time, and hence is associated with scenes of good will and rejoicing. It is an evergreen tree, and has a finegrained, heavy, white wood. Its bark is used as a febrifuge, and the berries are violently purgative and emetic. The American holly is the Ilex opaca, and is found along the coast of the United States, from Maine southward. Gray. 2. (Bot.) The holm oak. See 1st Holm. Holly-leaved oak (Bot.), the black scrub oak. See Scrub oak. — Holly rose (Bot.), a West Indian shrub, with showy, yellow flowers (Turnera ulmifolia). — Sea holly (Bot.), a species of Eryngium. See Eryngium.

Hol´ly•hock , n. [OE. holihoc; holi holy + hoc mallow, AS. hoc; cf. W. hocys mallows, hocys bendigaid hollyhock, lit., blessed mallow. Prob. so named because brought from the Holy Land. See Holy.] (Bot.) A species of Althaea (A. rosea), bearing flowers of various colors; — called also rose mallow.

Holm , n. [OE., prob. from AS. holen holly; as the holly is also called holm. See Holly.] (Bot.) A common evergreen oak, of Europe (Quercus Ilex); — called also ilex, and holly.

Holm , n. [AS. holm, usually meaning, sea, water; akin to Icel. holmr, holmr, an island, Dan. holm, Sw. holme, G. holm, and prob. to E. hill. Cf. Hill.] 1. An islet in a river. J. Brand. 2. Low, flat land. Wordsworth. “The soft wind blowing over meadowy holms.” Tennyson. Holm thrush (Zoöl.), the missel thrush.

Hol´mi•a , n. [NL.] (Chem.) An oxide of holmium.

Hol´mi•um , n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Chem.) A rare element said to be contained in gadolinite. — Hol´mic (#), a.

Hol´mos , n. [NL., fr. Gr..] (Greek & Etrus. Antiq.) A name given to a vase having a rounded body; esp.: (a) A closed vessel of nearly spherical form on a high stem or pedestal. Fairholt. (b) A drinking cup having a foot and stem.

Hol´o- A combining form fr. Gr. ´o•los whole.

Hol´o•blast , n. [Holo + - blast.] (Biol.) an ovum composed entirely of germinal matter. See Meroblast.

Hol•o•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Undergoing complete segmentation; composed entirely of germinal matter, the whole of the yolk undergoing fission; — opposed to meroblastic.

Hol´o•caust , n. [L. holocaustum, Gr. , neut. of , , burnt whole; ´o’los whole + kaysto•s burnt, fr. kai•ein to burn (cf. Caustic): cf. F. holocauste.] 1. A burnt sacrifice; an offering, the whole of which was consumed by fire, among the Jews and some pagan nations. Milton. 2. Sacrifice or loss of many lives, as by the burning of a theater or a ship. [An extended use not authorized by careful writers.]

Hol•o•ceph´a•li , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ´o•los whole + kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranch fishes, including, among living species, only the chimaeras; — called also Holocephala. See Chimaera; also Illustration in Appendix.

Hol•o•cryp´tic , a. [Holo- + Gr. kry•ptein to conceal.] Wholly or completely concealing; incapable of being deciphered. Holocryptic cipher, a cipher so constructed as to afford no clew to its meaning to one ignorant of the key.

Hol•o•crys´tal•line , a. [Holo + crystalline.] (Min.) Completely crystalline; — said of a rock like granite, all the constituents of which are crystalline.

Hol´o•graph , n. [L. holographus entirely autograph, Gr. ´olo•grafos; ´o•los whole + gra•fein to write: cf. F. holographe, olographe.] A document, as a letter, deed, or will, wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds and whose act it purports to be.

Hol•o•graph´ic , a. Of the nature of a holograph; pertaining to holographs.

Hol•o•he´dral , a. [Holo- + Gr. seat, base, fr. to sit.] (Crystallog.) Having all the planes required by complete symmetry, — in opposition to hemihedral.

Hol•o•hem•i•he´dral , a. [Holo- + hemihedral.] (Crystallog.) Presenting hemihedral forms, in which all the sectants have halt the whole number of planes. Dana.

Hol•o•me•tab´o•la , n. pl. [NL. See Holo-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Those insects which have a complete metamorphosis; metabola.

Hol•o•met•a•bol´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having a complete metamorphosis; — said of certain insects, as the butterflies and bees.

Ho•lom´e•ter , n. [Holo + -meter: cf. F. holometre.] An instrument for making all kinds of angular measurements.

Hol•o•phan´er•ous , a. [Holo + Gr. visible, fr. to appear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Holometabolic.

Hol•o•pho´tal , a. [Holo + Gr. , , light.] (Opt.) Causing no loss of light; — applied to reflectors which throw back the rays of light without perceptible loss.

Hol´o•phote , n. A lamp with lenses or reflectors to collect the rays of light and throw them in a given direction; — used in lighthouses.

Hol•o•phras´tic , a. [Holo + Gr. to speak: cf. F. holophrastique.] Expressing a phrase or sentence in a single word, — as is the case in the aboriginal languages of America.

Hol•o•phyt´ic , a. [Holo + Gr. a plant.] Wholly or distinctively vegetable. Holophytic nutrition , that form of nutrition, characteristic of vegetable organisms, in which carbonic acid, ammonia, and nitrates are absorbed as food, in distinction from the animal mode of nutrition, by the ingestion of albuminous matter.

Hol•o•rhi´nal , a. [Holo + Gr., nose.] (Anat.) Having the nasal bones contiguous.

Hol•o•sid´er•ite , n. [Holo + siderite.] (Min.) Meteoric iron; a meteorite consisting of metallic iron without stony matter.

Ho•los´te•an , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Holostei.

Ho•los´te•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + a bone.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of ganoids, including the gar pike, bowfin, etc.; the bony ganoids. See Illustration in Appendix.

Hol•o•ster´ic , a. [Holo + Gr.stereo•s solid.] Wholly solid; — said of a barometer constructed of solid materials to show the variations of atmospheric pressure without the use of liquids, as the aneroid.

Hol•o•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + sto•ma, -atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of gastropods, including those that have an entire aperture.

Ho•los´to•mate , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Holostomatous.

Hol•o•stom´a•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Having an entire aperture; — said of many univalve shells.

Hol´o•stome , n. [Holo + Gr. sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Holostomata.

Ho•los´tra•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A division of phyllopod Crustacea, including those that are entirely covered by a bivalve shell.

Hol´o•thure , n. [L. holothuria, pl., a sort of water polyp, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A holothurian.

Hol•o•thu´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Holothurioidea. — n. One of the Holothurioidea. Some of the species of Holothurians are called sea cucumbers, sea slugs, trepang, and bêche de mèr. Many are used as food, esp. by the Chinese. See Trepang.

Hol•o•thu•ri•oi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Holothure, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of echinoderms. They have a more or less elongated body, often flattened beneath, and a circle of tentacles, which are usually much branched, surrounding the mouth; the skin is more or less flexible, and usually contains calcareous plates of various characteristic forms, sometimes becoming large and scalelike. Most of the species have five bands (ambulacra) of sucker-bearing feet along the sides; in others these are lacking. In one group (Pneumonophora) two branching internal gills are developed; in another (Apneumona) these are wanting. Called also Holothurida, Holothuridea, and Holothuroidea.

Ho•lot´ri•cha (ho•lot´ri•ka), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´o•los whole + qri•x, tricho•s, a hair.] (Zoöl.) A group of ciliated Infusoria, having cilia all over the body.

Hol´our , n. [OF. holier.] A whoremonger. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Holp , Hol´pen } imp. & p. p. of Help. [Obs.] Shak.

Hol´som , a. Wholesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hol´ster , n. [D. holster; skin to AS. heolstor den, cave, fr. helan to conceal, and to Icel. hulstr case, Goth. hulistr covering, veil, huljan to cover. rad.17. See Hele to cover, Hell, and cf. Housing, Houss.] A leather case for a pistol, carried by a horseman at the bow of his saddle.

Hol´stered , a. Bearing holsters. Byron.

Holt , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contr. from holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Holt, n. [AS. holt; akin to LG. holt, D. hout, G. holz. Icel. holt; cf Gael. & Ir. coill wood, Gr. branch, shoot.] 1. A piece of woodland; especially, a woody hill. ´Every holt and heath.´ Chaucer. “She sent her voice though all the holt
Before her, and the park.” Tennyson. 2. A deep hole in a river where there is protection for fish; also a cover, a hole, or hiding place. ´ The fox has gone to holt.´ C. Kingsley.

Hol´we , a. Hollow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ho´ly , a. [Compar. Holier superl. Holiest.] [OE. holi, hali, AS. halig, fr. hael health, salvation, happiness, fr. hal whole, well; akin to OS. hlag, D. & G. heilig, OHG. heilac, Dan. hellig, Sw. helig, Icel. heilagr. See Whole, and cf. Halibut, Halidom, Hallow, Hollyhock.] 1. Set apart to the service or worship of God; hallowed; sacred; reserved from profane or common use; holy vessels; a holy priesthood. ´Holy rites and solemn feasts.´ Milton. 2. Spiritually whole or sound; of unimpaired innocence and virtue; free from sinful affections; pure in heart; godly; pious; irreproachable; guiltless; acceptable to God. “Now through her round of holy thought
The Church our annual steps has brought.” Keble. Holy Alliance (Hist.), a league ostensibly for conserving religion, justice, and peace in Europe, but really for repressing popular tendencies toward constitutional government, entered into by Alexander I. of Russia, Francis I. of Austria, and Frederic William III. of Prussia, at Paris, on the 26th of September, 1815, and subsequently joined by all the sovereigns of Europe, except the pope and the king of England. — Holy bark. See Cascara sagrada. — Holy Communion. See Eucharist. — Holy family (Art), a picture in which the infant Christ, his parents, and others of his family are represented. - - Holy Father, a title of the pope. — Holy Ghost (Theol.),the third person of the Trinity; the Comforter; the Paraclete. — Holy Grail. See Grail. — Holy grass (Bot.), a sweet-scented grass (Hierochloa borealis and H. alpina). In the north of Europe it was formerly strewed before church doors on saints’ days; whence the name. It is common in the northern and western parts of the United States. Called also vanilla, or Seneca, grass. — Holy Innocents’ day, Childermas day. — Holy Land, Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity. — Holy office, the Inquisition. — Holy of holies (Script.), the innermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where the ark was kept, and where no person entered, except the high priest once a year. — Holy One. (a) The Supreme Being; — so called by way of emphasis. ´ The Holy One of Israel.´ Is. xliii. 14. (b) One separated to the service of God. — Holy orders. See Order. — Holy rood, the cross or crucifix, particularly one placed, in churches. over the entrance to the chancel. — Holy rope, a plant, the hemp agrimony. — Holy Saturday (Eccl.), the Saturday immediately preceding the festival of Easter; the vigil of Easter. — Holy Spirit, same as Holy Ghost (above). — Holy Spirit plant. See Dove plant. — Holy thistle (Bot.), the blessed thistle. See under Thistle. — Holy Thursday. (Eccl.) (a) (Episcopal Ch.) Ascension day. (b) (R. C. Ch.) The Thursday in Holy Week; Maundy Thursday. — Holy war, a crusade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, for the possession of the holy places. — Holy water (Gr. & R. C. Churches), water which has been blessed by the priest for sacred purposes. — Holy-water stoup, the stone stoup or font placed near the entrance of a church, as a receptacle for holy water. — Holy Week (Eccl.), the week before Easter, in which the passion of our Savior is commemorated. — Holy writ, the sacred Scriptures. ´ Word of holy writ.´ Wordsworth.

Ho´ly cross´ ( 115). The cross as the symbol of Christ’s crucifixion. Congregation of the Holy Cross (R. C. Ch.), a community of lay brothers and priests, in France and the United States, engaged chiefly in teaching and manual Labor. Originally called Brethren of St. Joseph. The Sisters of the Holy Cross engage in similar work. Addis & Arnold. — Holy-cross day, the fourteenth of September, observed as a church festival, in memory of the exaltation of our Savior’s cross.

Ho´ly•day , n. 1. A religious festival. 2. A secular festival; a holiday. Holiday is the preferable and prevailing spelling in the second sense. The spelling holy day or holyday in often used in the first sense.

Ho´ly•stone , n. (Naut.) A stone used by seamen for scrubbing the decks of ships. Totten.

Ho´ly•stone, v. t. (Naut.) To scrub with a holystone, as the deck of a vessel.

Hom´a•canth , a. [Homo + Gr. a spine.] (Zoöl.) Having the dorsal fin spines symmetrical, and in the same line; — said of certain fishes.

Hom´age , n. [OF. homage, homenage, F. hommage, LL. hominaticum, homenaticum, from L. homo a man, LL. also a client, servant, vassal; akin to L. humus earth, Gr. on the ground, and E. groom in bridegroom. Cf. Bridegroom, Human.] 1. (Feud. Law) A symbolical acknowledgment made by a feudal tenant to, and in the presence of, his lord, on receiving investiture of fee, or coming to it by succession, that he was his man, or vassal; profession of fealty to a sovereign. 2. Respect or reverential regard; deference; especially, respect paid by external action; obeisance. “All things in heaven and earth do her [Law] homage.” Hooker. “I sought no homage from the race that write.” Pope. 3. Reverence directed to the Supreme Being; reverential worship; devout affection. Chaucer. Syn. — Fealty; submission; reverence; honor; respect. — Homage, Fealty. Homage was originally the act of a feudal tenant by which he declared himself, on his knees, to be the hommage or bondman of the lord; hence the term is used to denote reverential submission or respect. Fealty was originally the fidelity of such a tenant to his lord, and hence the term denotes a faithful and solemn adherence to the obligations we owe to superior power or authority. We pay our homage to men of preëminent usefulness and virtue, and profess our fealty to the principles by which they have been guided. “Go, go with homage yon proud victors meet !
Go, lie like dogs beneath your masters’ feet !” Dryden. “Man, disobeying,
Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins
Against the high supremacy of heaven.” Milton.

Hom´age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homaged p. pr. & vb. n. Homaging.] [Cf. OF. hommager.] 1. To pay reverence to by external action. [R.] 2. To cause to pay homage. [Obs.] Cowley.

Hom´age•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. hommageable.] Subject to homage. Howell.

Hom´a•ger , n. [From Homage: cf. F. hommager.] One who does homage, or holds land of another by homage; a vassal. Bacon.

Hom•a•lo•graph´ic , a. Same as Homolographic. { Hom´a•loid (hom´a•loid), Hom•a•loid´al (-loid´al), } a. [Gr. ´omalo•s even + -oid.] (Geom.) Flat; even; — a term applied to surfaces and to spaces, whether real or imagined, in which the definitions, axioms, and postulates of Euclid respecting parallel straight lines are assumed to hold true.

Hom´a•rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´omarh•s well adjusted.] (Zoöl.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, including the common lobsters. — Hom´a•roid (#), a.

Ho•mat´ro•pine , n. [Homo- + atropine.] (Med.) An alkaloid, prepared from atropine, and from other sources. It is chemically related to atropine, and is used for the same purpose.

Hom•ax•o´ni•al , a. [Homo- + Gr. an axle, axis.] (Biol.) Relating to that kind of homology or symmetry, the mathematical conception of organic form, in which all axes are equal. See under Promorphology.

Home (hom), n. (Zoöl.) See Homelyn.

Home (110), [OE. hom, ham, AS. ham; akin to OS. hem, D. & G. heim, Sw. hem, Dan. hiem, Icel. heimr abode, world, heima home, Goth. haims village, Lith. këmas, and perh. to Gr. kw•mh village, or to E. hind a peasant; cf. Skr.kshema abode, place of rest, security, kshi to dwell. rad.20, 220.] 1. One’s own dwelling place; the house in which one lives; esp., the house in which one lives with his family; the habitual abode of one’s family; also one’s birthplace. “The disciples went away again to their own home.” John xx. 10. “Home is the sacred refuge of our life.” Dryden. “Home! home! sweet, sweet home!
There’s no place like home.” Payne. 2. One’s native land; the place or country in which one dwells; the place where one’s ancestors dwell or dwelt. ´Our old home [England].´ Hawthorne. 3. The abiding place of the affections, especially of the domestic affections. “He entered in his house — his home no more,
For without hearts there is no home.” Byron. 4. The locality where a thing is usually found, or was first found, or where it is naturally abundant; habitat; seat; as the home of the pine. “Her eyes are homes of silent prayer.” Tennyson. “Flandria, by plenty made the home of war.” Prior. 5. A place of refuge and rest; an asylum; as a home for outcasts; a home for the blind; hence, esp., the grave; the final rest; also the native and eternal dwelling place of the soul. “Man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets.” Eccl. xii. 5. 6. (Baseball) The home base; he started for home. At home.(a) At one’s own house, or lodgings. (b) In one’s own town or country; as peace abroad and at home. (c) Prepared to receive callers. — Home department, the department of executive administration, by which the internal affairs of a country are managed. [Eng.] To be at home on any subject, to be conversant or familiar with it. — To feel at home, to be at one’s ease. — To make one’s self at home, to conduct one’s self with as much freedom as if at home. Syn. — Tenement; house; dwelling; abode; domicile.

Home , a. 1. Of or pertaining to one’s dwelling or country; domestic; not foreign; as home manufactures; home comforts. 2. Close; personal; pointed; as a home thrust. Home base (Baseball), the base at which the batsman stands and which is the last goal in making a run. — Home farm, grounds, etc., the farm, grounds, etc., adjacent to the residence of the owner. — Home lot, an inclosed plot on which the owner’s home stands. [U. S.] — Home rule, rule or government of an appendent or dependent country, as to all local and internal legislation, by means of a governing power vested in the people within the country itself, in contradistinction to a government established by the dominant country; as home rule in Ireland. Also used adjectively; as home-rule members of Parliament. — Home ruler, one who favors or advocates home rule. — Home run (Baseball), a complete circuit of the bases made before the batted ball is returned to the home base. — Home stretch (Sport.), that part of a race course between the last curve and the winning post. — Home thrust, a well directed or effective thrust; one that wounds in a vital part; hence, in controversy, a personal attack.

Home, adv. 1. To one’s home or country; as in the phrases, go home, come home, carry home. 2. Close; closely. “How home the charge reaches us, has been made out.” South. “They come home to men’s business and bosoms.” Bacon. 3. To the place where it belongs; to the end of a course; to the full length; as to drive a nail home; to ram a cartridge home. “Wear thy good rapier bare and put it home.” Shak. Home is often used in the formation of compound words, many of which need no special definition; as home- brewed, home-built, home-grown, etc. To bring home. See under Bring. — To come home.(a) To touch or affect personally. See under Come. (b) (Naut.) To drag toward the vessel, instead of holding firm, as the cable is shortened; — said of an anchor. — To haul home the sheets of a sail (Naut.), to haul the clews close to the sheave hole. Totten.

Home´born (hom´bôrn•), a. 1. Native; indigenous; not foreign. Donne. Pope. 2. Of or pertaining to the home or family. “Fireside enjoyments, homeborn happiness.” Cowper.

Home´-bound , a. Kept at home.

Home´-bred , a. 1. Bred at home; domestic; not foreign. ´ Home-bred mischief.´ Milton. “Benignity and home-bred sense.” Wordsworth. 2. Not polished; rude; uncultivated. “Only to me home-bred youths belong.” Dryden.

Home´-com•ing , n. Return home. “Kepeth this child, al be it foul or fayr,
And eek my wyf, unto myn hoom-cominge.” Chaucer.

Home´-driv•en , a. Driven to the end, as a nail; driven close.

Home´-dwell•ing , a. Keeping at home.

Home´-felt (-felt•), a. Felt in one’s own breast; inward; private. ´Home- felt quiet.´ Pope.

Home´field (-feld•), n. A field adjacent to its owner’s home. Hawthorne.

Home´-keep•ing (-kep•ing), a. Staying at home; not gadding. “Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.” Shak.

Home´-keep•ing, n. A staying at home.

Home´less, a. [AS. hamleas.] Destitute of a home. — Home´less•ness, n.

Home´like , a. Like a home; comfortable; cheerful; cozy; friendly.

Home´li•ly , adv. Plainly; inelegantly. [R.]

Home´li•ness, n. [From Homely.] 1. Domesticity; care of home. [Obs.] ´Wifely homeliness.´ Chaucer. 2. Familiarity; intimacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. Plainness; want of elegance or beauty. 4. Coarseness; simplicity; want of refinement; as the homeliness of manners, or language. Addison.

Home´ling , n. A person or thing belonging to a home or to a particular country; a native; as a word which is a homeling. Trench.

Home´ly, a. [Compar. Homelier superl. Homeliest.] [From Home, n.] 1. Belonging to, or having the characteristics of, home; domestic; familiar; intimate. [Archaic] “With all these men I was right homely, and communed with, them long and oft.” Foxe. “Their homely joys, and destiny obscure.” Gray. 2. Plain; unpretending; rude in appearance; unpolished; as a homely garment; a homely house; homely fare; homely manners. “Now Strephon daily entertains
His Chloe in the homeliest strains.” Pope. 3. Of plain or coarse features; uncomely; — contrary to handsome. “None so homely but loves a looking- glass.” South.

Home´ly, adv. Plainly; rudely; coarsely; as homely dressed. [R.] Spenser.

Home´lyn , n. [Scot. hommelin.] (Zoöl) The European sand ray (Raia maculata); — called also home, mirror ray, and rough ray.

Home´made , a. Made at home; of domestic manufacture; made either in a private family or in one’s own country. Locke.

Ho´me•o•path , n. [Cf. F. homeopathe.] A practitioner of homeopathy. [Written also homœopath.]

Ho•me•o•path´ic , a. [Cf. F. homeopathique.] Of or pertaining to homeopathy; according to the principles of homeopathy. [Also homœpathic.]

Ho•me•o•path´ic•al•ly , adv. According to the practice of homeopathy. [Also homœopathically.]

Ho•me•op´a•thist , n. A believer in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. [Written also homœopathist.]

Ho•me•op´a•thy , n. [Gr. likeness of condition or feeling; like (fr. same; cf. Same) + to suffer: cf. F. homeopathie. See Pathos.] (Med.) The art of curing, founded on resemblances; the theory and its practice that disease is cured (tuto, cito, et jucunde) by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses. This system was founded by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, and is opposed to allopathy, or heteropathy. [Written also homœopathy.]

Hom´er , n. (Zoöl.) A carrier pigeon remarkable for its ability to return home from a distance.

Ho´mer , n. (Zoöl.) See Hoemother.

Ho´mer, n. [Heb. khomer.] A Hebrew measure containing, as a liquid measure, ten baths, equivalent to fifty-five gallons, two quarts, one pint; and, as a dry measure, ten ephahs, equivalent to six bushels, two pecks, four quarts. [Written also chomer, gomer.]

Ho•mer´ic , a. [L. Homericus, Gr. ´Omhriko•s.] Of or pertaining to Homer, the most famous of Greek poets; resembling the poetry of Homer. Homeric verse, hexameter verse; — so called because used by Homer in his epics.

Home´sick , a. Pining for home; in a nostalgic condition. — Home´sick•ness, n.

Home´-speak•ing , n. Direct, forcible, and effective speaking. Milton.

Home´spun , a. 1. Spun or wrought at home; of domestic manufacture; coarse; plain. ´Homespun country garbs.´ W. Irving. 2. Plain in manner or style; not elegant; rude; coarse. ´Our homespun English proverb.´ Dryden. ´Our homespun authors.´ Addison.

Home´spun, n. 1. Cloth made at home; as he was dressed in homespun. 2. An unpolished, rustic person. [Obs.] Shak.

Home´stall , n. [AS. hamsteall.] Place of a home; homestead. Cowper.

Home´stead , n. [AS. hamstede.] 1. The home place; a home and the inclosure or ground immediately connected with it. Dryden. 2. The home or seat of a family; place of origin. “We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers Volga and Ural.” W. Tooke. 3. (Law) The home and appurtenant land and buildings owned by the head of a family, and occupied by him and his family. Homestead law. (a) A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon owners of homesteads; esp., a law exempting a homestead from attachment or sale under execution for general debts. Such laws, with limitations as to the extent or value of the property, exist in most of the States. Called also homestead exemption law. (b) also a designation of an Act of Congress authorizing and regulating the sale of public lands, in parcels of 160 acres each, to actual settlers. [U.S.]

Home´stead•er , n. One who has entered upon a portion of the public land with the purpose of acquiring ownership of it under provisions of the homestead law, so called; one who has acquired a homestead in this manner. [Local, U.S.]

Home´ward , a. Being in the direction of home; as the homeward way. { Home´ward , Home´wards } adv. [AS. hamweard.] Toward home; in the direction of one’s house, town, or country. Homeward bound, bound for home; going homeward; as the homeward bound fleet.

Hom´i•ci•dal , a. Pertaining to homicide; tending to homicide; murderous.

Hom´i•cide , n. [F., fr. L. homicidium, fr. homicida a man slayer; homo man + caedere to cut, kill. See Homage, and cf. Concise, Shed, v. t.] 1. The killing of one human being by another. Homicide is of three kinds: justifiable, as when the killing is performed in the exercise of a right or performance of a duty; excusable, as when done, although not as duty or right, yet without culpable or criminal intent; and felonious, or involving what the law terms malice; the latter may be either manslaughter or murder. Bouvier. 2. One who kills another; a manslayer. Chaucer. Shak.

Hom´i•form , a. [L. homo man + -form.] In human form. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Hom´i•lete , n. A homilist. { Hom•i•let´ic , Hom•i•let´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. homiletique. See Homily.] 1. Of or pertaining to familiar intercourse; social; affable; conversable; companionable. [R.] “His virtues active, chiefly, and homiletical, not those lazy, sullen ones of the cloister.” Atterbury. 2. Of or pertaining to homiletics; hortatory.

Hom•i•let´ics , n. [Cf. F. homiletique.] The art of preaching; that branch of theology which treats of homilies or sermons, and the best method of preparing and delivering them.

Hom´i•list , n. One who prepares homilies; one who preaches to a congregation.

Hom´i•lite , n. [From Gr. to be in company with.] (Min.) A borosilicate of iron and lime, near datolite in form and composition.

Hom´i•ly , n.; pl. Homilies (#). [LL. homilia, Gr. communion, assembly, converse, sermon, fr. an assembly, fr. same; cf. together, and crowd, cf. to press: cf. F. homelie. See Same.] 1. A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience; a serious discourse. Shak. 2. A serious or tedious exhortation in private on some moral point, or on the conduct of life. “As I have heard my father
Deal out in his long homilies.” Byron. Book of Homilies. A collection of authorized, printed sermons, to be read by ministers in churches, esp. one issued in the time of Edward VI., and a second, issued in the reign of Elizabeth; — both books being certified to contain a ´godly and wholesome doctrine.´

Hom´ing , a. Home-returning; — used specifically of carrier pigeons.

Hom´i•ny , n. [From North American Indian auhúminea parched corn.] Maize hulled and broken, and prepared for food by being boiled in water. [U.S.] [Written also homony.]

Hom´ish , a. Like a home or a home circle. “Quiet, cheerful, homish hospital life.” E. E. Hale.

Hom´mock , n. A small eminence of a conical form, of land or of ice; a knoll; a hillock. See Hummock. Bartram.

Hom´mock•y , a. Filled with hommocks; piled in the form of hommocks; — said of ice.

Ho´mo- A combining form from Gr. ´omo•s, one and the same, common, joint.

Ho•mo•cat•e•gor´ic , a. [Homo- + categoric.] (Biol.) Belonging to the same category of individuality; — a morphological term applied to organisms so related.

Ho•mo•cen´tric , a. [Gr. : the same + center: cf. F. homocentrique.] Having the same center.

Ho•mo•cer´cal , a. [Homo- + Gr. tail.] (Zoöl.) Having the tail nearly or quite symmetrical, the vertebral column terminating near its base; — opposed to heterocercal.

Ho´mo•cer•cy , n. (Zoöl.) The possession of a homocercal tail.

Ho•mo•cer•e•brin , n. [Homo- + rebrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body similar to, or identical with, cerebrin.

Ho•mo•chro´mous , a. [Homo- + Gr. color.] (Bot.) Having all the florets in the same flower head of the same color.

Ho•mo•dem´ic , a. [Homo- + 1st deme, 2.] (Biol.) A morphological term signifying development, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same unit deme or unit of the inferior orders of individuality.

Ho•mo•der´mic , a. (Biol.) Relating to homodermy; originating from the same germ layer.

Ho´mo•der•my , n. [Homo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Homology of the germinal layers.

Hom´o•dont , a. [Homo- + Gr. , , a tooth.] (Anat.) Having all the teeth similar in front, as in the porpoises; — opposed to heterodont. { Ho•mod´ro•mal , Ho•mod´ro•mous } a. [Homo- + Gr. a course, running.] 1. (Bot.) Running in the same direction; — said of stems twining round a support, or of the spiral succession of leaves on stems and their branches. 2. (Mech.) Moving in the same direction; — said of a lever or pulley in which the resistance and the actuating force are both on the same side of the fulcrum or axis.

Ho•mo•dy•nam´ic , a. Homodynamous. Quain.

Ho•mo•dy´na•mous , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or involving, homodynamy; as successive or homodynamous parts in plants and animals.

Ho•mo•dy´na•my , n. [Gr. of like power; the same + power.] (Biol.) The homology of metameres. See Metamere. Gegenbaur.

Ho•mœ•o•me´ri•a , n. [L., from Gr. ; like + part.] The state or quality of being homogeneous in elements or first principles; likeness or identity of parts. { Ho•mœ•o•mer´ic , Ho•mœ•o•mer´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, sameness of parts; receiving or advocating the doctrine of homogeneity of elements or first principles.

Ho•mœ•om´er•ous , a. (Anat.) Having the main artery of the leg parallel with the sciatic nerve; — said of certain birds.

Ho•mœ•om´e•ry , n. [Gr. like + -metry.] Same as Homœomeria. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Ho•mœ•o•mor´phism , n. [See Homœomorphous.] A near similarity of crystalline forms between unlike chemical compounds. See Isomorphism.

Ho•mœ•o•mor´phous , a. [Gr. of like form; like + form.] Manifesting homœomorphism.

Ho•mœ•o•path´ic, a., Ho•mœ•op´a•thist, n., Ho•mœ•op´a•thy, n. Same as Homeopathic, Homeopathist, Homeopathy.

Ho•mœ•o•ther´mal , a. See Homoiothermal.

Ho•mœ•o•zo´ic , a. [Gr. like + life.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or including, similar forms or kinds of life; as homœozoic belts on the earth’s surface. E. Forbes.

Ho•mog´a•mous , a. [Gr. married together; the same + marriage.] (Bot.) Having all the flowers alike; — said of such composite plants as Eupatorium, and the thistels.

Ho•mog´a•my , n. (Bot.) The condition of being homogamous.

Ho•mo•gan´gli•ate , a. [Homo- + gangliate.] (Zoöl.) Having the ganglia of the nervous system symmetrically arranged, as in certain invertebrates; — opposed to heterogangliate.

Ho´mo•gene , a. [Cf. F. homogène.] Homogeneous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•al , a. Homogeneous.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•al•ness, n. Homogeneousness.

Ho•mo•ge•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. homogeneite.] Same as Homogeneousness.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•ous , a. [Gr. ; the same + race, kind: cf. F. homogène. See Same, and Kin.] 1. Of the same kind of nature; consisting of similar parts, or of elements of the like nature; — opposed to heterogeneous; as homogeneous particles, elements, or principles; homogeneous bodies. 2. (Alg.) Possessing the same number of factors of a given kind; as a homogeneous polynomial.

Ho•mo•ge´ne•ous•ness, n. Sameness 9kind or nature; uniformity of structure or material.

Ho•mo•gen´e•sis , n. [Homo- + genesis.] (Biol.) That method of reproduction in which the successive generations are alike, the offspring, either animal or plant, running through the same cycle of existence as the parent; gamogenesis; — opposed to heterogenesis.

Ho•mo•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Homogenous; — applied to that class of homologies which arise from similarity of structure, and which are taken as evidences of common ancestry.

Ho•mog´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Having a resemblance in structure, due to descent from a common progenitor with subsequent modification; homogenetic; — applied both to animals and plants. See Homoplastic.

Ho•mog´e•ny , n. [Gr. ; the same + race, kind.] 1. Joint nature. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Biol.) The correspondence of common descent; — a term used to supersede homology by Lankester, who also used homoplasy to denote any superinduced correspondence of position and structure in parts embryonically distinct (other writers using the term homoplasmy). Thus, there is homogeny between the fore limb of a mammal and the wing of a bird; but the right and left ventricles of the heart in both are only in homoplasy with each other, these having arisen independently since the divergence of both groups from a univentricular ancestor.

Ho•mog´o•nous, a. [Gr. . See Homogeneous.] (Bot.) Having all the flowers of a plant alike in respect to the stamens and pistils.

Ho•mog´o•ny , n. (Bot.) The condition of having homogonous flowers.

Hom´o•graph , n. [Gr. ´omo•grafos with the same letters; ´omo•s the same + gra•fein to write.] (Philol.) One of two or more words identical in orthography, but having different derivations and meanings; as fair, n., a market, and fair, a., beautiful.

Ho•mo•graph´ic , a. 1. Employing a single and separate character to represent each sound; — said of certain methods of spelling words. 2. (Geom.) Possessing the property of homography.

Ho•mog´ra•phy , n. 1. That method of spelling in which every sound is represented by a single character, which indicates that sound and no other. 2. (Geom.) A relation between two figures, such that to any point of the one corresponds one and but one point in the other, and vise versa. Thus, a tangent line rolling on a circle cuts two fixed tangents of the circle in two sets of points that are homographic.

Ho•moi•op•to´ton , n. [NL., fr. Gr. in a like case; like + falling.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the several parts of a sentence end with the same case, or inflection generally.

Ho•moi•o•ther´mal , a. [Gr. like + E. thermal.] (Physiol.) Maintaining a uniform temperature; haematothermal; homothermic; — applied to warm- bodied animals, because they maintain a nearly uniform temperature in spite of the great variations in the surrounding air; in distinct from the cold-blooded (poikilothermal) animals, whose body temperature follows the variations in temperature of the surrounding medium.

Ho•moi•ou´si•an , n. [Gr. , , of like substance; ´o•moios + o’ysi•a the substance, being, essence.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the semi-Arians of the 4th century, who held that the Son was of like, but not the same, essence or substance with the Father; — opposed to homoousian.

Ho•moi•ou´si•an, a. Of or pertaining to Homoiousians, or their belief.

Ho•mol´o•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homologated p. pr. & vb. n. Homologating.] [LL. homologatus, p. p. of homologare to homologate; Gr. to assent, agree. See Homologous.] (Civ. Law) To approve; to allow; to confirm; as the court homologates a proceeding. Wheaton.

Ho•mol•o•ga´tion , n. [Cf. F. homologation.] (Civ. & Scots Law) Confirmation or ratification (as of something otherwise null and void), by a court or a grantor.

Ho•mo•log´ic•al , a. Pertaining to homology; having a structural affinity proceeding from, or base upon, that kind of relation termed homology. — Ho•mo•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Ho•mol•o•gin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, homology; as homologinic qualities, or differences.

Ho•mol´o•gize , v. t. (Biol.) To determine the homologies or structural relations of.

Ho•mol´o•gon , n. [NL.] See Homologue.

Hom•o•lo•gou´me•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. things conceded, p. p. of to agree, admit, concede. See Homologous.] Those books of the New Testament which were acknowledged as canonical by the early church; — distinguished from antilegomena.

Ho•mol´o•gous , a. [Gr. assenting, agreeing; the same + speech, discourse, proportion, to say, speak.] Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or structure. Especially: (a) (Geom.) Corresponding in relative position and proportion. “In similar polygons, the corresponding sides, angles, diagonals, etc., are homologous.” Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). (b) (Alg.) Having the same relative proportion or value, as the two antecedents or the two consequents of a proportion. (c) (Chem.) Characterized by homology; belonging to the same type or series; corresponding in composition and properties. See Homology, 3. (d) (Biol.) Being of the same typical structure; having like relations to a fundamental type to structure; as those bones in the hand of man and the fore foot of a horse are homologous that correspond in their structural relations, that is, in their relations to the type structure of the fore limb in vertebrates. Homologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus.

Hom•o•lo•graph´ic , a. [Homo- + Gr. ´o•los whole + -graph + -ic; but cf. F. homalographique, Gr. even, level.] Preserving the mutual relations of parts, especially as to size and form; maintaining relative proportion. Homolographic projection, a method of constructing geographical charts or maps, so that the surfaces, as delineated on a plane, have the same relative size as the real surfaces; that is, so that the relative actual areas of the different countries are accurately represented by the corresponding portions of the map.

Hom´o•logue , n. [Cf. F. homologue. See Homologous.] That which is homologous to something else; as the corresponding sides, etc., of similar polygons are the homologues of each other; the members or terms of an homologous series in chemistry are the homologues of each other; one of the bones in the hand of man is the homologue of that in the paddle of a whale.

Ho•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. agreement. See Homologous.] 1. The quality of being homologous; correspondence; relation; as the homologyof similar polygons. 2. (Biol.) Correspondence or relation in type of structure in contradistinction to similarity of function; as the relation in structure between the leg and arm of a man; or that between the arm of a man, the fore leg of a horse, the wing of a bird, and the fin of a fish, all these organs being modifications of one type of structure. Homology indicates genetic relationship, and according to Haeckel special homology should be defined in terms of identity of embryonic origin. See Homotypy, and Homogeny. 3. (Chem.) The correspondence or resemblance of substances belonging to the same type or series; a similarity of composition varying by a small, regular difference, and usually attended by a regular variation in physical properties; as there is an homology between methane, CH4, ethane, C2H6, propane, C3H8, etc., all members of the paraffin series. In an extended sense, the term is applied to the relation between chemical elements of the same group; as chlorine, bromine, and iodine are said to be in homology with each other. Cf. Heterology. General homology (Biol.), the higher relation which a series of parts, or a single part, bears to the fundamental or general type on which the group is constituted. Owen. — Serial homology (Biol.), representative or repetitive relation in the segments of the same organism, — as in the lobster, where the parts follow each other in a straight line or series. Owen. See Homotypy. — Special homology (Biol.), the correspondence of a part or organ with those of a different animal, as determined by relative position and connection. Owen.

Ho•mom´al•lous , a. [Homo- + Gr. a lock of wool.] (Bot.) Uniformly bending or curving to one side; — said of leaves which grow on several sides of a stem. { Ho•mo•mor´phic , Ho•mo•mor´phous } a. [Gr. the same + shape.] Characterized by homomorphism.

Ho•mo•mor´phism , n. [See Homomorphous.] 1. (Biol.) Same as Homomorphy. 2. (Bot.) The possession, in one species of plants, of only one kind of flowers; — opposed to heteromorphism, dimorphism, and trimorphism. 3. (Zoöl.) The possession of but one kind of larvae or young, as in most insects.

Ho´mo•mor•phy , n. [Homo- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Similarity of form; resemblance in external characters, while widely different in fundamental structure; resemblance in geometric ground form. See Homophyly, Promorphology.

Ho•mon´o•mous , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to homonomy.

Ho•mon´o•my , n. [Homo- + Gr. law.] (Biol.) The homology of parts arranged on transverse axes. Haeckel.

Hom´o•nym , n. [Cf. F. homonyme. See Homonymous.] A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning; as the noun bear and the verb bear. [Written also homonyme.]

Ho•mon´y•mous , a. [L. homonymus, Gr. ; the same + , for name; akin to E. name.] 1. Having the same name or designation; standing in the same relation; — opposed to heteronymous. 2. Having the same name or designation, but different meaning or relation; hence, equivocal; ambiguous.

Ho•mon´y•mous•ly, adv. 1. In an homonymous manner; so as to have the same name or relation. 2. Equivocally; ambiguously.

Ho•mon´y•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. homonymie.] 1. Sameness of name or designation; identity in relations. Holland. “Homonymy may be as well in place as in persons.” Fuller. 2. Sameness of name or designation of things or persons which are different; ambiguity.

Ho•mo•ör´gan [Homo- + organ.] Same as Homoplast.

Ho•mo•ou´si•an , n. [Gr. ; the same + being, essence, substance.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of those, in the 4th century, who accepted the Nicene creed, and maintained that the Son had the same essence or substance with the Father; — opposed to homoiousian.

Ho•mo•ou´si•an, a. Of or pertaining to the Homoousians, or to the doctrines they held.

Hom´o•phone , n. [Cf. F. homophone. See Homophonous.] 1. A letter or character which expresses a like sound with another. Gliddon. 2. A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning and usually in spelling; as all and awl; bare and bear; rite, write, right, and wright. { Ho•mo•phon´ic , Ho•moph´o•nous } a. [Gr. ; the same + sound, tone: cf. F. homophone.] 1. (Mus.) (a) Originally, sounding alike; of the same pitch; unisonous; monodic. (b) Now used for plain harmony, note against note, as opposed to polyphonic harmony, in which the several parts move independently, each with its own melody. 2. Expressing the same sound by a different combination of letters; as bay and bey.

Ho•moph´o•ny , n. [Gr. : cf. F. homophonie.] 1. Sameness of sound. 2. (Mus.) (a) Sameness of sound; unison. (b) Plain harmony, as opposed to polyphony. See Homophonous.

Ho•mo•phyl´ic , a. (Biol.) Relating to homophily.

Ho•moph´y•ly , n. [Homo- + Gr. a clan.] (Biol.) That form of homology due to common ancestry (phylogenetic homology), in opposition to homomorphy, to which genealogic basis is wanting. Haeckel.

Ho´mo•plas•my , n. [Homo- + Gr. anything formed, fr. to form, mold.] (Biol.) Resemblance between different plants or animals, in external shape, in general habit, or in organs, which is not due to descent from a common ancestor, but to similar surrounding circumstances.

Hom´o•plast , n. (Biol.) One of the plastids composing the idorgan of Haeckel; — also called homoörgan.

Ho•mo•plas´tic , a. [Homo- + plastic.] Of or pertaining to homoplasty; as homoplasticorgans; homoplastic forms.

Ho´mo•plas•ty , n. [Homo- + plasty.] (Biol.) The formation of homologous tissues.

Ho•mop´la•sy , n. [Homo- + Gr. to form, mold.] (Biol.) See Homogeny.

Ho•mo•pol´ic , a. [Homo- + pole.] (Biol.) In promorphology, pertaining to or exhibiting that kind of organic form, in which the stereometric ground form is a pyramid, with similar poles. See Promorphology.

Ho•mop´ter , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Homoptera.

Ho•mop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. the same, like + wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Hemiptera, in which both pairs of wings are similar in texture, and do not overlap when folded, as in the cicada. See Hemiptera.

Ho•mop´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) An homopter.

Ho•mop´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Homoptera.

Ho´mo•styled , a. [Homo- + style.] (Bot.) Having only one form of pistils; — said of the flowers of some plants. Darwin.

Ho•mo•sys•tem´ic , a. [Homo- + systemic.] (Biol.) Developing, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same embryonic systems into which the secondary unit (gastrula or plant enbryo) differentiates.

Ho•mo•tax´i•a , n. [NL.] Same as Homotaxis. { Ho•mo•tax´i•al , Ho•mo•tax´ic } a. (Biol.) Relating to homotaxis.

Ho•mo•tax´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the same + arrangement.] (Biol.) Similarly in arrangement of parts; — the opposite of heterotaxy.

Ho´mo•tax•y , n. Same as Homotaxis. { Ho•mo•ther´mic , Ho•mo•ther´mous } a. [Homo- + Gr. heat.] (Physiol.) Warm-blooded; homoiothermal; haematothermal.

Ho•mot´o•nous , a. [L. homotonus, Gr. ; the same + tone.] Of the same tenor or tone; equable; without variation. { Ho•mot´ro•pal , Ho•mot´ro•pous } a. [Gr. ; the same + turn, fr. to turn: cf. F. homotrope.] 1. Turned in the same direction with something else. 2. (Bot.) Having the radicle of the seed directed towards the hilum.

Ho´mo•ty•pal , a. (Biol.) Of the same type of structure; pertaining to a homotype; as homotypal parts.

Hom´o•type , n. [Homo- + - type.] (Biol.) That which has the same fundamental type of structure with something else; thus, the right arm is the homotype of the right leg; one arm is the homotype of the other, etc. Owen. { Ho•mo•typ´ic , Ho•mo•typ´ic•al } a. (Biol.) Same as Homotypal.

Ho´mo•ty•py , n. [See Homotype.] (Biol.) A term suggested by Haeckel to be instead of serial homology. See Homotype.

Ho•mun´cu•lus , n.; pl. Homunculi (#). [L., dim. of homo man.] A little man; a dwarf; a manikin. Sterne.

Hond , n. Hand. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hone , v. i. [Etymology uncertain. rad.37.] To pine; to lament; to long. Lamb.

Hone, n. [Cf. Icel. hun a knob.] A kind of swelling in the cheek.

Hone, n. [AS. han; akin to Icel. hein, OSw. hen; cf. Skr. çana, also ço, çi, to sharpen, and E. cone. rad.38, 228.] A stone of a fine grit, or a slab, as of metal, covered with an abrading substance or powder, used for sharpening cutting instruments, and especially for setting razors; an oilstone. Tusser. Hone slateSee Polishing slate. - - Hone stone, one of several kinds of stone used for hones. See Novaculite.

Hone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honed (hond); p]. pr. & vb. n. Honing.] To sharpen on, or with, a hone; to rub on a hone in order to sharpen; as to hone a razor.

Hon´est , a. [OE. honest, onest, OF. honeste, oneste, F. honnête, L. honestus, fr. honos, honor, honor. See Honor.] 1. Decent; honorable; suitable; becoming. Chaucer. “Belong what honest clothes you send forth to bleaching!” Shak. 2. Characterized by integrity or fairness and straightforwardness in conduct, thought, speech, etc.; upright; just; equitable; trustworthy; truthful; sincere; free from fraud, guile, or duplicity; not false; — said of persons and acts, and of things to which a moral quality is imputed; as an honest judge or merchant; an honest statement; an honest bargain; an honest business; an honest book; an honest confession. “An honest man’s the noblest work of God.” Pope. “An honest physician leaves his patient when he can contribute no farther to his health.” Sir W. Temple. “Look ye out among you seven men of honest report.” Acts vi. 3. “Provide things honest in the sight of all men.” Rom. xii. 17. 3. Open; frank; as an honest countenance. 4. Chaste; faithful; virtuous. “Wives may be merry, and yet honest too.” Shak. Syn. — Upright; ingenuous; honorable; trusty; faithful; equitable; fair; just; rightful; sincere; frank; candid; genuine.

Hon´est, v. t. [L. honestare to clothe or adorn with honor: cf. F. honester. See Honest, a.] To adorn; to grace; to honor; to make becoming, appropriate, or honorable. [Obs.] Abp. Sandys.

Hon•es•ta´tion , n. The act of honesting; grace; adornment. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Ho•nes´te•tee , n. Honesty; honorableness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hon´est•ly , adv. 1. Honorably; becomingly; decently. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. In an honest manner; as a contract honestly made; to live honestly; to speak honestly. Shak. To come honestly by. (a) To get honestly. (b) A circumlocution for to inherit; as to come honestly by a feature, a mental trait, a peculiarity.

Hon´es•ty , n. [OE. honeste, oneste, honor, OF. honeste, oneste (cf. F. honnêtete), L. honestas. See Honest, a.] 1. Honor; honorableness; dignity; propriety; suitableness; decency. [Obs.] Chaucer. “She derives her honesty and achieves her goodness.” Shak. 2. The quality or state of being honest; probity; fairness and straightforwardness of conduct, speech, etc.; integrity; sincerity; truthfulness; freedom from fraud or guile. “That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.” 1 Tim. ii. 2. 3. Chastity; modesty. Chaucer. “To lay … siege to the honesty of this Ford’s wife.” Shak. 4. (Bot.) Satin flower; the name of two cruciferous herbs having large flat pods, the round shining partitions of which are more beautiful than the blossom; — called also lunary and moonwort. Lunaria biennis is common honesty; L. rediva is perennial honesty. Syn. — Integrity; probity; uprightness; trustiness; faithfulness; honor; justice; equity; fairness; candor; plain- dealing; veracity; sincerity.

Hone´wort , n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Sison (S. Amomum); — so called because used to cure a swelling called a hone.

Hon´ey , n. [OE. honi, huni, AS. hunig; akin to OS. honeg, D. & G. honig, OHG. honag, honang, Icel. hunang, Sw. håning, Dan. honning, cf. Gr. dust, Skr. kaa grain.] 1. A sweet viscid fluid, esp. that collected by bees from flowers of plants, and deposited in the cells of the honeycomb. 2. That which is sweet or pleasant, like honey. “The honey of his language.” Shak. 3. Sweet one; — a term of endearment. Chaucer. “Honey, you shall be well desired in Cyprus.” Shak. Honey is often used adjectively or as the first part of compound; as honeydew or honey dew; honey guide or honeyguide; honey locust or honey- locust. Honey ant (Zoöl.), a small ant (Myrmecocystus melliger), found in the Southwestern United States, and in Mexico, living in subterranean formicares. There are larger and smaller ordinary workers, and others, which serve as receptacles or cells for the storage of honey, their abdomens becoming distended to the size of a currant. These, in times of scarcity, regurgitate the honey and feed the rest. — Honey badger (Zoöl.), the ratel. — Honey bear. (Zoöl.) See Kinkajou. — Honey buzzard (Zoöl.), a bird related to the kites, of the genus Pernis. The European species is P. apivorus; the Indian or crested honey buzzard is P. ptilorhyncha. They feed upon honey and the larvae of bees. Called also bee hawk, bee kite. — Honey creeper (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small, bright, colored, passerine birds of the family Cœrebidae, abundant in Central and South America. — Honey eater (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small passerine birds of the family Meliphagidae, abundant in Australia and Oceania; — called also honeysucker. — Honey flower (Bot.), an evergreen shrub of the genus Melianthus, a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers yield much honey. — Honey guide (Zoöl.), one of several species of small birds of the family Indicatoridae, inhabiting Africa and the East Indies. They have the habit of leading persons to the nests to wild bees. Called also honeybird, and indicator. — Honey harvest, the gathering of honey from hives, or the honey which is gathered. Dryden. — Honey kite. (Zoöl.) See Honey buzzard (above). — Honey locust (Bot.), a North American tree (Gleditschia triacanthos), armed with thorns, and having long pods with a sweet pulp between the seeds. — Honey month. Same as Honeymoon. — Honey weasel (Zoöl.), the ratel.

Hon´ey , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Honeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Honeying.] To be gentle, agreeable, or coaxing; to talk fondly; to use endearments; also to be or become obsequiously courteous or complimentary; to fawn. ´Honeying and making love.´ Shak. “Rough to common men,
But honey at the whisper of a lord.” Tennyson.

Hon´ey, v. t. To make agreeable; to cover or sweeten with, or as with, honey. “Canst thou not honey me with fluent speech?” Marston.

Hon´ey-bag , n. (Zoöl.) The receptacle for honey in a honeybee. Shak. Grew.

Hon´ey•bee , n. (Zoöl.) Any bee of the genus Apis, which lives in communities and collects honey, esp. the common domesticated hive bee (Apis mellifica), the Italian bee (A. ligustica), and the Arabiab bee (A. fasciata). The two latter are by many entomologists considered only varieties of the common hive bee. Each swarm of bees consists of a large number of workers (barren females), with, ordinarily, one queen or fertile female, but in the swarming season several young queens, and a number of males or drones, are produced.

Hon´ey•bird , n. (Zoöl.) The honey guide.

Hon´ey•comb , n. [AS. hunigcamb. See Honey, and 1st Comb.] 1. A mass of hexagonal waxen cells, formed by bees, and used by them to hold their honey and their eggs. 2. Any substance, as a easting of iron, a piece of worm-eaten wood, or of triple, etc., perforated with cells like a honeycomb. Honeycomb moth (Zoöl.), the wax moth. — Honeycomb stomach. (Anat.) See Reticulum.

Hon´ey•combed , a. Formed or perforated like a honeycomb. “Each bastion was honeycombed with casements.” Motley.

Hon´ey•dew , n. 1. A sweet, saccharine substance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants in small drops, like dew. Two substances have been called by this name; one exuded from the plants, and the other secreted by certain insects, esp. aphids. 2. A kind of tobacco moistened with molasses.

Hon´eyed , a. 1. Covered with honey. 2. Sweet, as honeyed words. Milton.

Hon´ey•less , a. Destitute of honey. Shak.

Hon´ey•moon , n. The first month after marriage. Addison.

Hon´ey-mouthed , a. Soft to sweet in speech; persuasive. Shak.

Hon´ey•stone , n. See Mellite.

Hon´ey•suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) See Honey eater, under Honey.

Hon´ey•suc•kle , n. [Cf. AS. hunisge privet. See Honey, and Suck.] (Bot.) One of several species of flowering plants, much admired for their beauty, and some for their fragrance. The honeysuckles are properly species of the genus Lonicera; as L. Caprifolium, and L. Japonica, the commonly cultivated fragrant kinds; L. Periclymenum, the fragrant woodbine of England; L. grata, the American woodbine, and L. sempervirens, the red-flowered trumpet honeysuckle. The European fly honeysuckle is L. Xylosteum; the American, L. ciliata. The American Pinxter flower (Azalea nudiflora) is often called honeysuckle, or false honeysuckle. The name Australian honeysuckle is applied to one or more trees of the genus Banksia. See French honeysuckle, under French.

Hon´ey•suc•kled , a. Covered with honeysuckles.

Hon´ey-sweet , a. Sweet as honey. Chaucer.

Hon´ey-tongued , a. Sweet speaking; persuasive; seductive. Shak.

Hon´ey•ware , n. (Bot.) See Badderlocks.

Hon´ey•wort , n. (Bot.) A European plant of the genus Cerinthe, whose flowers are very attractive to bees. Loudon.

Hong , n. [Chinese hang, Canton dialect hong, a mercantile house, factory.] A mercantile establishment or factory for foreign trade in China, as formerly at Canton; a succession of offices connected by a common passage and used for business or storage. Hong merchant, one of the few Chinese merchants who, previous to the treaty of 1842, formed a guild which had the exclusive privilege of trading with foreigners.

Hong , v. t. & i. To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hon´ied , a. See Honeyed.

Hon´i•ton lace A kind of pillow lace, remarkable for the beauty of its figures; — so called because chiefly made in Honiton, England.

Honk , n. [Of imitative origin.] (Zoöl.) The cry of a wild goose. — Honk´ing, n.

Hon´or , n. [OE. honor, honour, onour, onur, OF. honor, onor, honur, onur, honour, onour, F. honneur, fr. L. honor, honos.] [Written also honour.] 1. Esteem due or paid to worth; high estimation; respect; consideration; reverence; veneration; manifestation of respect or reverence. “A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country.” Matt. xiii. 57. 2. That which rightfully attracts esteem, respect, or consideration; self-respect; dignity; courage; fidelity; especially, excellence of character; high moral worth; virtue; nobleness; specif., in men, integrity; uprightness; trustworthness; in women, purity; chastity. “If she have forgot
Honor and virtue.” Shak. “Godlike erect, with native honor clad.” Milton. 3. A nice sense of what is right, just, and true, with course of life correspondent thereto; strict conformity to the duty imposed by conscience, position, or privilege. “Say, what is honor? ’T is the finest sense
Of justice which the human mind can frame,
Intent each lurking frailty to disclaim,
And guard the way of life from all offense
Suffered or done.” Wordsworth. “I could not love thee, dear, so much,
Loved I not honor more.” Lovelace. 4. That to which esteem or consideration is paid; distinguished position; high rank. ´Restored me to my honors.´ Shak. “I have given thee … both riches, and honor.” 1 Kings iii. 13. “Thou art clothed with honor and majesty.” Ps. civ. 1. 5. Fame; reputation; credit. “Some in theiractions do woo, and affect honor and reputation.” Bacon. “If my honor is meant anything distinct from conscience, ’t is no more than a regard to the censure and esteem of the world.” Rogers. 6. A token of esteem paid to worth; a mark of respect; a ceremonial sign of consideration; as he wore an honor on his breast; military honors; civil honors. ´Their funeral honors.´ Dryden. 7. A cause of respect and fame; a glory; an excellency; an ornament; as he is an honor to his nation. 8. A title applied to the holders of certain honorable civil offices, or to persons of rank; as His Honor the Mayor. See Note under Honorable. 9. (Feud. Law) A seigniory or lordship held of the king, on which other lordships and manors depended. Cowell. 10. pl. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; as honors in classics. 11. pl. (Whist) The ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. The ten and nine are sometimes called Dutch honors. R. A. Proctor. Affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel, or the duel itself. — Court of honor, a court or tribunal to investigate and decide questions relating to points of honor; as a court of chivalry, or a military court to investigate acts or omissions which are unofficerlike or ungentlemanly in their nature. — Debt of honor, a debt contracted by a verbal promise, or by betting or gambling, considered more binding than if recoverable by law. — Honor bright! An assurance of truth or fidelity. [Colloq.] — Honor court (Feudal Law), one held in an honor or seignory. — Honor point. (Her.) See Escutcheon. — Honors of war (Mil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out from a camp or town armed, and with colors flying. — Law, or Code, of honor, certain rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion, and which are founded on a regard to reputation. Paley. — Maid of honor, a lady of rank, whose duty it is to attend the queen when she appears in public. — On one’s honor, on the pledge of one’s honor; as the members of the House of Lords in Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their statements or verdicts on their honor. — Point of honor, a scruple or nice distinction in matters affecting one’s honor; as he raised a point of honor. — To do the honors, to bestow honor, as on a guest; to act as host or hostess at an entertainment. ´To do the honors and to give the word.´ Pope. — To do one honor, to confer distinction upon one. — To have the honor, to have the privilege or distinction. — Word of honor, an engagement confirmed by a pledge of honor.

Hon´or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honored p. pr. & vb. n. Honoring.] [OE. honouren, onouren, OF. honorer, honourer, F. honorer, fr. L. honorare, fr. honor, n.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect; to revere; to treat with deference and submission; when used of the Supreme Being, to reverence; to adore; to worship. “Honor thy father and thy mother.” Ex. xx. 12. “That all men should honor the Son, even as they honor the Father.” John v. 23. “It is a custom
More honor’d in the breach than the observance.” Shak. 2. To dignify; to raise to distinction or notice; to bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or station; to ennoble; to exalt; to glorify; hence, to do something to honor; to treat in a complimentary manner or with civility. “Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighten to honor.” Esther vi. 9. “The name of Cassius honors this corruption.” Shak. 3. (Com.) To accept and pay when due; as to honora bill of exchange.

Hon´or•a•ble , a. [F. honorable, L. honorabilis.] 1. Worthy of honor; fit to be esteemed or regarded; estimable; illustrious. “Thy name and honorable family.” Shak. 2. High-minded; actuated by principles of honor, or a scrupulous regard to probity, rectitude, or reputation. 3. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, or directed to a just and proper end; not base; irreproachable; fair; as an honorable motive. “Is this proceeding just and honorable?” Shak. 4. Conferring honor, or produced by noble deeds. “Honorable wounds from battle brought.” Dryden. 5. Worthy of respect; regarded with esteem; to be commended; consistent with honor or rectitude. “Marriage is honorable in all.” Heb. xiii. 4. 6. Performed or accompanied with marks of honor, or with testimonies of esteem; as an honorable burial. 7. Of reputable association or use; respectable. “Let her descend: my chambers are honorable.” Shak. 8. An epithet of respect or distinction; as the honorable Senate; the honorable gentleman. Honorable is a title of quality, conferred by English usage upon the younger children of earls and all the children of viscounts and barons. The maids of honor, lords of session, and the supreme judges of England and Ireland are entitled to the prefix. In American usage, it is a title of courtesy merely, bestowed upon those who hold, or have held, any of the higher public offices, esp. governors, judges, members of Congress or of the Senate, mayors. Right honorable. See under Right.

Hon´or•a•ble•ness, n. 1. The state of being honorable; eminence; distinction. 2. Conformity to the principles of honor, probity, or moral rectitude; fairness; uprightness; reputableness.

Hon´or•a•bly , adv. 1. In an honorable manner; in a manner showing, or consistent with, honor. “The reverend abbot … honorably received him.” Shak. “Why did I not more honorably starve?” Dryden. 2. Decently; becomingly. [Obs.] ´Do this message honorably.´ Shak. Syn. — Magnanimously; generously; nobly; worthily; justly; equitably; fairly; reputably. { Hon•o•ra´ri•um , Hon´or•a•ry } n. [L. honorarium (sc. donum), fr. honorarius. See Honorary, a.] 1. A fee offered to professional men for their services; as an honorarium of one thousand dollars. S. Longfellow. 2. (Law) An honorary payment, usually in recognition of services for which it is not usual or not lawful to assign a fixed business price. Heumann.

Hon´or•a•ry, a. [L. honorarius, fr. honor honor: cf. F. honoraire.] 1. Done as a sign or evidence of honor; as honorary services. Macaulay. 2. Conferring honor, or intended merely to confer honor without emolument; as an honorary degree. ´Honorary arches.´ Addison. 3. Holding a title or place without rendering service or receiving reward; as an honorary member of a society.

Hon´or•er , n. One who honors.

Hon•or•if´ic , a. [See Honor, -fy, and -ic.] Conferring honor; tending to honor. London Spectator.

Hon´or•less , a. Destitute of honor; not honored. Bp. Warburton.

Hont (hont), n. & v. See under Hunt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hoo , interj. 1. See Ho. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Hurrah! — an exclamation of triumphant joy. Shak.

-hood [OE. hod, had, hed, hede, etc., person, rank, order, condition, AS. had; akin to OS. hed, OHG. heit, G. -heit, D. -heid, Goth. haidus manner; cf. Skr. ketu brightness, cit to appear, be noticeable, notice. rad.217. Cf. -head.] A termination denoting state, condition, quality, character, totality, as in manhood, childhood, knighthood, brotherhood. Sometimes it is written, chiefly in obsolete words, in the form -head.

Hood , n. [OE. hood, hod, AS. hod; akin to D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, also to E. hat, and prob. to E. heed. rad.13.] 1. State; condition. [Obs.] “How could thou ween, through that disguised hood
To hide thy state from being understood?” Spenser. 2. A covering or garment for the head or the head and shoulders, often attached to the body garment; especially: (a) A soft covering for the head, worn by women, which leaves only the face exposed. (b) A part of a monk’s outer garment, with which he covers his head; a cowl. ´All hoods make not monks.´ Shak. (c) A like appendage to a cloak or loose overcoat, that may be drawn up over the head at pleasure. (d) An ornamental fold at the back of an academic gown or ecclesiastical vestment; as a master’s hood. (e) A covering for a horse’s head. (f) (Falconry) A covering for a hawk’s head and eyes. See Illust. of Falcon. 3. Anything resembling a hood in form or use; as: (a) The top or head of a carriage. (b) A chimney top, often contrived to secure a constant draught by turning with the wind. (c) A projecting cover above a hearth, forming the upper part of the fireplace, and confining the smoke to the flue. (d) The top of a pump. (e) (Ord.) A covering for a mortar. (f) (Bot.) The hood-shaped upper petal of some flowers, as of monkshood; — called also helmet. Gray. (g) (Naut.) A covering or porch for a companion hatch. 4. (Shipbuilding) The endmost plank of a strake which reaches the stem or stern.

Hood , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooded p. pr. & vb. n. Hooding.] 1. To cover with a hood; to furnish with a hood or hood-shaped appendage. “The friar hooded, and the monarch crowned.” Pope. 2. To cover; to hide; to blind. “While grace is saying, I’ll hood mine eyes
Thus with my hat, and sigh and say, ´Amen.´” Shak. Hooding end (Shipbuilding), the end of a hood where it enters the rabbet in the stem post or stern post.

Hood´cap, n. See Hooded seal, under Hooded.

Hood´ed, a. 1. Covered with a hood. 2. Furnished with a hood or something like a hood. 3. Hood-shaped; esp. (Bot.), rolled up like a cornet of paper; cuculate, as the spethe of the Indian turnip. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the head conspicuously different in color from the rest of the plumage; — said of birds. (b) Having a hoodlike crest or prominence on the head or neck; as the hooded seal; a hooded snake. Hooded crow, a European crow (Corvus cornix); — called also hoody, dun crow, and royston crow. — Hooded gull, the European black-headed pewit or gull. — Hooded merganser. See Merganser. — Hooded seal, a large North Atlantic seal (Cystophora cristata). The male has a large, inflatible, hoodlike sac upon the head. Called also hoodcap. — Hooded sheldrake, the hooded merganser. See Merganser. — Hooded snake. See Cobra de capello, Asp, Haje, etc. — Hooded warbler, a small American warbler (Sylvania mitrata).

Hood´less, a. Having no hood.

Hood´lum , n. A young rowdy; a rough, lawless fellow. [Colloq. U.S.]

Hood´man , n. The person blindfolded in the game called hoodman-blind. [Obs.] Shak.

Hood´man-blind , n. An old term for blindman’s buff. Shak. { Hood´ mold•ing Hood´ mould•ing } (Arch.) A projecting molding over the head of an arch, forming the outermost member of the archivolt; — called also hood mold.

Hoo´doo , n. [Perh. a var. of voodoo.] One who causes bad luck. [Colloq.]

Hood´wink , v. t. [Hood + wink.] 1. To blind by covering the eyes. “We will blind and hoodwink him.” Shak. 2. To cover; to hide. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To deceive by false appearance; to impose upon. ´Hoodwinked with kindness.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Hood´y , n. (Zoöl.) The hooded crow; also in Scotland, the hooded gull.

Hoof , n.; pl. Hoofs (#), very rarely Hooves (#). [OE. hof, AS. hof; akin to D. hoef, G1huf, OHG. huof, Icel. hofr, Sw. hof, Dan. hov; cf. Russ. kopuito, Skr. çapha. rad.225.] 1. The horny substance or case that covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, etc. “On burnished hooves his war horse trode.” Tennyson. 2. A hoofed animal; a beast. “Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not a hoof be left behind.” Ex. x. 26. 3. (Geom.) See Ungula.

Hoof, v. i. 1. To walk as cattle. [R.] William Scott. 2. To be on a tramp; to foot. [Slang, U.S.] To hoof it, to foot it.

Hoof´bound , a. (Far.) Having a dry and contracted hoof, which occasions pain and lameness.

Hoofed , a. Furnished with hoofs. Grew.

Hoof´less , a. Destitute of hoofs.

Hook , n. [OE. hok, AS. hoc; cf. D. haak, G. hake, haken, OHG. hako, hago, haggo, Icel. haki, Sw. hake, Dan. hage. Cf. Arquebuse, Hagbut, Hake, Hatch a half door, Heckle.] 1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, formed or bent into a curve or at an angle, for catching, holding, or sustaining anything; as a hook for catching fish; a hook for fastening a gate; a boat hook, etc. 2. That part of a hinge which is fixed to a post, and on which a door or gate hangs and turns. 3. An implement for cutting grass or grain; a sickle; an instrument for cutting or lopping; a billhook. “Like slashing Bentley with his desperate hook.” Pope. 4. (Steam Engin.) See Eccentric, and V-hook. 5. A snare; a trap. [R.] Shak. 6. A field sown two years in succession. [Prov. Eng.] 7. pl. The projecting points of the thigh bones of cattle; — called also hook bones. By hook or by crook, one way or other; by any means, direct or indirect. Milton. ´In hope her to attain by hook or crook.´ Spenser. — Off the hooks, unhinged; disturbed; disordered. [Colloq.] ´In the evening, by water, to the Duke of Albemarle, whom I found mightly off the hooks that the ships are not gone out of the river.´ Pepys. — On one’s own hook, on one’s own account or responsibility; by one’s self. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. — To go off the hooks, to die. [Colloq.] Thackeray. — Bid hook, a small boat hook. — Chain hook. See under Chain. — Deck hook, a horizontal knee or frame, in the bow of a ship, on which the forward part of the deck rests. — Hook and eye, one of the small wire hooks and loops for fastening together the opposite edges of a garment, etc. — Hook bill (Zoöl.), the strongly curved beak of a bird. — Hook ladder, a ladder with hooks at the end by which it can be suspended, as from the top of a wall. — Hook motion (Steam Engin.), a valve gear which is reversed by V hooks. — Hook squid, any squid which has the arms furnished with hooks, instead of suckers, as in the genera Enoploteuthis and Onychteuthis. — Hook wrench, a wrench or spanner, having a hook at the end, instead of a jaw, for turning a bolthead, nut, or coupling.

Hook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooked p. pr. & vb. n. Hooking.] 1. To catch or fasten with a hook or hooks; to seize, capture, or hold, as with a hook, esp. with a disguised or baited hook; hence, to secure by allurement or artifice; to entrap; to catch; as to hook a dress; to hook a trout. “Hook him, my poor dear, … at any sacrifice.” W. Collins. 2. To seize or pierce with the points of the horns, as cattle in attacking enemies; to gore. 3. To steal. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] To hook on, to fasten or attach by, or as by, hook.

Hook , v. i. To bend; to curve as a hook.

Hook´ah (hook´a), n. [Per. or Ar. huqqa a round box or casket, a bottle through which the fumes pass when smoking tobacco.] A pipe with a long, flexible stem, so arranged that the smoke is cooled by being made to pass through water.

Hook´-billed , a. (Zoöl.) Having a strongly curved bill.

Hooked , a. 1. Having the form of a hook; curvated; as the hooked bill of a bird. 2. Provided with a hook or hooks. ´The hooked chariot.´ Milton.

Hook´ed•ness , n. The state of being bent like a hook; incurvation.

Hook´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, hooks. 2. (Naut.) (a) A Dutch vessel with two masts. (b) A fishing boat with one mast, used on the coast of Ireland. (c) A sailor’s contemptuous term for any antiquated craft.

Hooke’s´ gear´ing [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) Spur gearing having teeth slanting across the face of the wheel, sometimes slanting in opposite directions from the middle.

Hooke’s joint [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) A universal joint. See under Universal.

Hook´ey , n. See Hockey.

Hook´let , n. A little hook.

Hook´-nosed , a. Having a hooked or aquiline nose. Shak.

Hook´y , a. Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks.

Hool , a. Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hoo´lock , n. (Zoöl.) A small black gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), found in the mountains of Assam.

Hoom , n. Home. Chaucer.

Hoo´noo•maun , n. (Zoöl.) An Indian monkey. See Entellus. [Written also hoonuman.]

Hoop , n. [OE. hope; akin to D. hoep, hoepel.] 1. A pliant strip of wood or metal bent in a circular form, and united at the ends, for holding together the staves of casks, tubs, etc. 2. A ring; a circular band; anything resembling a hoop, as the cylinder (cheese hoop) in which the curd is pressed in making cheese. 3. A circle, or combination of circles, of thin whalebone, metal, or other elastic material, used for expanding the skirts of ladies’ dresses; crinoline; — used chiefly in the plural. “Though stiff with hoops, and armed with ribs of whale.” Pope. 4. A quart pot; — so called because originally bound with hoops, like a barrel. also a portion of the contents measured by the distance between the hoops. [Obs.] 5. An old measure of capacity, variously estimated at from one to four pecks. [Eng.] Halliwell. Bulge hoop, Chine hoop, Quarter hoop, the hoop nearest the middle of a cask, that nearest the end, and the intermediate hoop between these two, respectively. — Flat hoop, a wooden hoop dressed flat on both sides. — Half-round hoop, a wooden hoop left rounding and undressed on the outside. — Hoop iron, iron in thin narrow strips, used for making hoops. — Hoop lock, the fastening for uniting the ends of wooden hoops by notching and interlocking them. — Hoop skirt, a framework of hoops for expanding the skirts of a woman’s dress; — called also hoop petticoat. — Hoop snake (Zoöl.), a harmless snake of the Southern United States (Abaster erythrogrammus); — so called from the mistaken notion that it curves itself into a hoop, taking its tail into its mouth, and rolls along with great velocity. — Hoop tree (Bot.), a small West Indian tree (Melia sempervirens), of the Mahogany family.

Hoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooped p. pr. & vb. n. Hooping.] 1. To bind or fasten with hoops; as to hoop a barrel or puncheon. 2. To clasp; to encircle; to surround. Shak.

Hoop , v. i. [OE. houpen; cf. F. houper to hoop, to shout; — a hunting term, prob. fr. houp, an interj. used in calling. Cf. Whoop.] 1. To utter a loud cry, or a sound imitative of the word, by way of call or pursuit; to shout. [Usually written whoop.] 2. To whoop, as in whooping cough. See Whoop. Hooping cough. (Med.) See Whooping cough.

Hoop, v. t. [Written also whoop.] 1. To drive or follow with a shout. ´To be hooped out of Rome.´ Shak. 2. To call by a shout or peculiar cry.

Hoop, n. 1. A shout; a whoop, as in whooping cough. 2. (Zoöl.) The hoopoe. See Hoopoe.

Hoop´er , n. [See 1st Hoop.] One who hoops casks or tubs; a cooper.

Hoop´er , n. (Zoöl.) [So called from its note.] The European whistling, or wild, swan (Olor cygnus); — called also hooper swan, whooping swan, and elk. { Hoop´oe , Hoop´oo }, n. [So called from its cry; cf. L. upupa, Gr. , D. hop, F. huppe; cf. also G. wiedenhopf, OHG. wituhopfo, lit., wood hopper.] (Zoöl.) A European bird of the genus Upupa (U. epops), having a beautiful crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure. Called also hoop, whoop. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus and allied genera.

Hoo´sier , n. A nickname given to an inhabitant of the State of Indiana. [U.S.]

Hoot (hoot), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooting.] [OE. hoten, houten, huten; cf. OSw. huta, Sw. huta ut to take one up sharply, fr. Sw. hut interj., begone! cf. also W. hwt off! off with it! away! hoot!] 1. To cry out or shout in contempt. “Matrons and girls shall hoot at thee no more.” Dryden. 2. To make the peculiar cry of an owl. “The clamorous owl that nightly hoots.” Shak.

Hoot, v. t. To assail with contemptuous cries or shouts; to follow with derisive shouts. “Partridge and his clan may hoot me for a cheat.” Swift.

Hoot, n. 1. A derisive cry or shout. Glanvill. 2. The cry of an owl. Hoot owl (Zoöl.), the barred owl (Syrnium nebulosum). See Barred owl.

Hoove , n. [Allied to heave, hove.] A disease in cattle consisting in inflammation of the stomach by gas ordinarily caused by eating too much green food; tympany; bloating. { Hoov´en , Ho´ven } a. Affected with hoove; as hooven, or hoven, cattle.

Hop , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hopped p. pr. & vb. n. Hopping ] [OE. hoppen to hop, leap, dance, AS. hoppian; akin to Icel. & Sw. hoppa, Dan. hoppe, D. huppelen, G. hüpfen.] 1. To move by successive leaps, as toads do; to spring or jump on one foot; to skip, as birds do. “[Birds] hopping from spray to spray.” Dryden. 2. To walk lame; to limp; to halt. Dryden. 3. To dance. Smollett.

Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg, as of a boy; a leap, as of a toad; a jump; a spring. 2. A dance; esp., an informal dance of ball. [Colloq.] Hop, skip (or step, and jump, a game or athletic sport in which the participants cover as much ground as possible by a hop, stride, and jump in succession. Addison.

Hop, n. [OE. hoppe; akin to D. hop, hoppe, OHG. hopfo, G. hopfen; cf. LL. hupa, W. hopez, Armor. houpez, and Icel. humall, SW. & Dan. humle.] 1. (Bot.) A climbing plant (Humulus Lupulus), having a long, twining, annual stalk. It is cultivated for its fruit (hops). 2. The catkin or strobilaceous fruit of the hop, much used in brewing to give a bitter taste. 3. The fruit of the dog-rose. See Hip. Hop back. (Brewing) See under 1st Back. — Hop clover (Bot.), a species of yellow clover having heads like hops in miniature (Trifolium agrarium, and T. procumbens). — Hop flea (Zoöl.), a small flea beetle (Haltica concinna), very injurious to hops. — Hop fly (Zoöl.), an aphid (Phorodon humuli), very injurious to hop vines. — Hop froth fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect (Aphrophora interrupta), allied to the cockoo spits. It often does great damage to hop vines. — Hop hornbeam (Bot.), an American tree of the genus Ostrya (O. Virginica) the American ironwood; also a European species (O. vulgaris). — Hop moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Hypena humuli), which in the larval state is very injurious to hop vines. — Hop picker, one who picks hops. — Hop pole, a pole used to support hop vines. — Hop tree (Bot.), a small American tree (Ptelia trifoliata), having broad, flattened fruit in large clusters, sometimes used as a substitute for hops. — Hop vine (Bot.), the climbing vine or stalk of the hop.

Hop, v. t. To impregnate with hops. Mortimer.

Hop, v. i. To gather hops. [Perhaps only in the form Hopping, vb. n.] { Hop´bine• , Hop´bind• } n. The climbing stem of the hop. Blackstone.

Hope , n. [Cf. Icel. hop a small bay or inlet.] 1. A sloping plain between mountain ridges. [Obs.] 2. A small bay; an inlet; a haven. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Hope, n. [AS., akin to D. hoop, hope, Sw. hopp, Dan. haab, MHG. hoffe. Hope in forlorn hope is different word. See Forlorn hope, under Forlorn.] 1. A desire of some good, accompanied with an expectation of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable; an expectation of something which is thought to be desirable; confidence; pleasing expectancy. “The hypocrite’s hope shall perish.” Job vii. 13. “He wished, but not with hope.” Milton. “New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven.” Keble. 2. One who, or that which, gives hope, furnishes ground of expectation, or promises desired good. “The Lord will be the hope of his people.” Joel iii. 16. “A young gentleman of great hopes, whose love of learning was highly commendable.” Macaulay. 3. That which is hoped for; an object of hope. “Lavina is thine elder brother’s hope.” Shak.

Hope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hoped p. pr. & vb. n. Hoping.] [AS. hopian; akin to D. hopen, Sw. hopp, Dan. haabe, G. hoffen. See 2nd Hope.] 1. To entertain or indulge hope; to cherish a desire of good, or of something welcome, with expectation of obtaining it or belief that it is obtainable; to expect; — usually followed by for. ´Hope for good success.´ Jer. Taylor. “But I will hope continually.” Ps. lxxi. 14. 2. To place confidence; to trust with confident expectation of good; — usually followed by in. ´I hope in thy word.´ Ps. cxix. 81. “Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? Hope thou in God.” Ps. xlii. 11.

Hope , v. t. 1. To desire with expectation or with belief in the possibility or prospect of obtaining; to look forward to as a thing desirable, with the expectation of obtaining it; to cherish hopes of. “We hope no other from your majesty.” Shak. “[Charity] hopeth all things.” 1 Cor. xiii. 7. 2. To expect; to fear. [Obs.] ´I hope he will be dead.´ Chaucer. Hope is often used colloquially regarding uncertainties, with no reference to the future. ´I hope she takes me to be flesh and blood.´ Mrs. Centlivre.

Hope´ful , a. 1. Full of hope, or agreeable expectation; inclined to hope; expectant. “Men of their own natural inclination hopeful and strongly conceited.” Hooker. 2. Having qualities which excite hope; affording promise of good or of success; as a hopeful youth; a hopeful prospect. ´Hopeful scholars.´ Addison. — Hope´ful•ly, adv. — Hope´ful•ness, n.

Hope´ite , n. [Named after Professor Hope, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of zinc in transparent prismatic crystals.

Hope´less, a. 1. Destitute of hope; having no expectation of good; despairing. “I am a woman, friendless, hopeless.” Shak. 2. Giving no ground of hope; promising nothing desirable; desperate; as a hopeless cause. “The hopelessword of ´never to return´
Breathe I against thee, upon pain of life.” Shak. 3. Unhoped for; despaired of. [Obs.] Marston. — Hope´less•ly, adv. — Hope´less•ness, n.

Hop´er , n. One who hopes. Swift.

Hop´ing•ly, adv. In a hopeful manner. Hammond.

Hop´lite , n. [Gr. , fr. tool, weapon: cf. F. hoplite.] (Gr. Antiq.) A heavy-armed infantry soldier. Milford. { Hop´-o’-my-thumb´ , Hop´-humb´ }, n. A very diminutive person. [Colloq.] liwell.

Hopped , p. a. Impregnated with hops.

Hop´per , n. [See 1st Hop.] 1. One who, or that which, hops. 2. A chute, box, or receptacle, usually funnel-shaped with an opening at the lower part, for delivering or feeding any material, as to a machine; as the wooden box with its trough through which grain passes into a mill by joining or shaking, or a funnel through which fuel passes into a furnace, or coal, etc., into a car. 3. (Mus.) See Grasshopper, 2. 4. pl. A game. See Hopscotch. Johnson. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) See Grasshopper, and Frog hopper, Grape hopper, Leaf hopper, Tree hopper, under Frog, Grape, Leaf, and Tree. (b) The larva of a cheese fly. 6. (Naut.) A vessel for carrying waste, garbage, etc., out to sea, so constructed as to discharge its load by a mechanical contrivance; — called also dumping scow. Bell and hopper (Metal.), the apparatus at the top of a blast furnace, through which the charge is introduced, while the gases are retained. — Hopper boy, a rake in a mill, moving in a circle to spread meal for drying, and to draw it over an opening in the floor, through which it falls. — Hopper closet, a water- closet, without a movable pan, in which the receptacle is a funnel standing on a draintrap. — Hopper cock, a faucet or valve for flushing the hopper of a water-closet.

Hop´per•ings , n. (Gold Washing) Gravel retaining in the hopper of a cradle.

Hop•pes•tere´ , a. An unexplained epithet used by Chaucer in reference to ships. By some it is defined as ´dancing (on the wave)´; by others as ´opposing,´ ´warlike.´ T. R. Lounsbury.

Hop´pet , n. 1. A hand basket; also a dish used by miners for measuring ore. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An infant in arms. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Hop´ping , n. The act of one who, or that which, hops; a jumping, frisking, or dancing. Hopping Dick (Zoöl.), a thrush of Jamaica (Merula leucogenys), resembling the English blackbird in its familiar manners, agreeable song, and dark plumage.

Hop´ping, n. [See 3rd Hop.] A gathering of hops.

Hop´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoppled p. pr. & vb. n. Hoppling ] [From Hop; cf. Hobble.] 1. To impede by a hopple; to tie the feet of (a horse or a cow) loosely together; to hamper; to hobble; as to hopple an unruly or straying horse. 2. Fig.: To entangle; to hamper. Dr. H. More.

Hop´ple, n. A fetter for horses, or cattle, when turned out to graze; — chiefly used in the plural.

Hop´ple•bush , n. Same as Hobblebush.

Hop´po , n. (a) A collector of customs, as at Canton; an overseer of commerce. (b) A tribunal or commission having charge of the revenue derived from trade and navigation. [China] Hoppo men, Chinese customhouse officers.

Hop´scotch , n. A child’s game, in which a player, hopping on one foot, drives a stone from one compartment to another of a figure traced or scotched on the ground; — called also hoppers.

Hop´-thumb , n. See Hop-o’- my-thumb.

Hop´yard , n. A field where hops are raised.

Ho´ral , a. [L. horalis, fr. hora hour. See Hour.] Of or pertaining to an hour, or to hours. Prior.

Ho´ra•ly , adv. Hourly. [Obs.]

Ho´ra•ry , a. [LL. horarius, fr. L. hora hour: cf. F. horaire. See Hour.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hour; noting the hours. Spectator. 2. Occurring once an hour; continuing an hour; hourly; ephemeral. “Horary, or soon decaying, fruits of summer.” Sir T. Browne. Horary circles. See Circles.

Ho•ra´tian , a. Of or pertaining to Horace, the Latin poet, or resembling his style.

Horde (hord), n. [F. horde (cf. G. horde), fr. Turk. ordu, ordi, camp; of Tartar origin.] A wandering troop or gang; especially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people migrating from place to place for the sake of pasturage, plunder, etc.; a predatory multitude. Thomson.

Hor•de´ic , a. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, barley; as hordeic acid, an acid identical or isomeric with lauric acid.

Hor´de•in , n. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) A peculiar starchy matter contained in barley. It is a complex mixture. [R.]

Hor•de´o•lum , n. [NL., fr. L. hordeolus, dim. of hordeum barley.] (Med.) A small tumor upon the eyelid, resembling a grain of barley; a sty.

Hor´dock , n. An unidentified plant mentioned by Shakespeare, perhaps equivalent to burdock.

Hore , a. Hoar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hore´hound , n. [OE. horehune, AS. harhune; har hoar, gray + hune horehound; cf. L. cunila a species of organum, Gr. , Skr. kny to smell.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Marrubium (M. vulgare), which has a bitter taste, and is a weak tonic, used as a household remedy for colds, coughing, etc. [Written also hoarhound.] Fetid horehound, or Black horehound, a disagreeable plant resembling horehound (Ballota nigra). — Water horehound, a species of the genus Lycopus, resembling mint, but not aromatic.

Ho•ri´zon , n. [F., fr. L. horizon, fr. Gr. (sc. ) the bounding line, horizon, fr. to bound, fr. boundary, limit.] 1. The circle which bounds that part of the earth’s surface visible to a spectator from a given point; the apparent junction of the earth and sky. “And when the morning sun shall raise his car
Above the border of this horizon.” Shak. “All the horizon round
Invested with bright rays.” Milton. 2. (Astron.) (a) A plane passing through the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the vertical at a given place; a plane tangent to the earth’s surface at that place; called distinctively the sensible horizon. (b) A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and passing through the earth’s center; — called also rational or celestial horizon. (c) (Naut.) The unbroken line separating sky and water, as seen by an eye at a given elevation, no land being visible. 3. (Geol.) The epoch or time during which a deposit was made. “The strata all over the earth, which were formed at the same time, are said to belong to the same geological horizon.” Le Conte. 4. (Painting) The chief horizontal line in a picture of any sort, which determines in the picture the height of the eye of the spectator; in an extended landscape, the representation of the natural horizon corresponds with this line. Apparent horizon. See under Apparent. — Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mercury in a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted to the true level artificially; — used chiefly with the sextant for observing the double altitude of a celestial body. — Celestial horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. — Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the vertical angle between the sensible horizon and a line to the visible horizon, the latter always being below the former. — Rational horizon, and Sensible horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. — Visible horizon. See definitions 1 and 2, above.

Hor•i•zon´tal , a. [Cf. F. horizontal.] 1. Pertaining to, or near, the horizon. ´Horizontal misty air.´ Milton. 2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as a horizontalline or surface. 3. Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon; as horizontal distance. Horizontal drill, a drilling machine having a horizontal drill spindle. — Horizontal engine, one the piston of which works horizontally. — Horizontal fire (Mil.), the fire of ordnance and small arms at point-blank range or at low angles of elevation. — Horizontal force (Physics), the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic force. — Horizontal line (Descriptive Geometry & Drawing), a constructive line, either drawn or imagined, which passes through the point of sight, and is the chief line in the projection upon which all verticals are fixed, and upon which all vanishing points are found. — Horizontal parallax. See under Parallax. — Horizontal plane (Descriptive Geometry), a plane parallel to the horizon, upon which it is assumed that objects are projected. See Projection. It is upon the horizontal plane that the ground plan of the buildings is supposed to be drawn. — Horizontal projection, a projection made on a plane parallel to the horizon. — Horizontal range (Gunnery), the distance in a horizontal plane to which a gun will throw a projectile. — Horizontal water wheel, a water wheel in which the axis is vertical, the buckets or floats revolving in a horizontal plane, as in most turbines.

Hor•i•zon•tal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. horizontalite.] The state or quality of being horizontal. Kirwan.

Hor•i•zon´tal•ly, adv. In a horizontal direction or position; on a level; as moving horizontally.

Hor•mo•go•ni´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a chain + generation.] (Bot.) A chain of small cells in certain algae, by which the plant is propagated.

Horn , n. [AS. horn; akin to D. horen, hoorn, G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. horn, Goth. haúrn, W., Gael., & Ir. corn, L. cornu, Gr. , and perh. also to E. cheer, cranium, cerebral; cf. Skr. çiras head. Cf. Carat, Corn on the foot, Cornea, Corner, Cornet, Cornucopia, Hart.] 1. A hard, projecting, and usually pointed organ, growing upon the heads of certain animals, esp. of the ruminants, as cattle, goats, and the like. The hollow horns of the Ox family consist externally of true horn, and are never shed. 2. The antler of a deer, which is of bone throughout, and annually shed and renewed. 3. (Zoöl.) Any natural projection or excrescence from an animal, resembling or thought to resemble a horn in substance or form; esp.: (a) A projection from the beak of a bird, as in the hornbill. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of a bird, as in the horned owl. (c) A hornlike projection from the head or thorax of an insect, or the head of a reptile, or fish. (d) A sharp spine in front of the fins of a fish, as in the horned pout. 4. (Bot.) An incurved, tapering and pointed appendage found in the flowers of the milkweed (Asclepias). 5. Something made of a horn, or in resemblance of a horn; as: (a) A wind instrument of music; originally, one made of a horn (of an ox or a ram); now applied to various elaborately wrought instruments of brass or other metal, resembling a horn in shape. ´Wind his horn under the castle wall.´ Spenser. See French horn, under French. (b) A drinking cup, or beaker, as having been originally made of the horns of cattle. ´Horns of mead and ale.´ Mason. (c) The cornucopia, or horn of plenty. See Cornucopia. ´Fruits and flowers from Amalthaea’s horn.´ Milton. (d) A vessel made of a horn; esp., one designed for containing powder; anciently, a small vessel for carrying liquids. ´Samuel took the hornof oil and anointed him [David].´ 1 Sam. xvi. 13. (e) The pointed beak of an anvil. (f) The high pommel of a saddle; also either of the projections on a lady’s saddle for supporting the leg. (g) (Arch.) The Ionic volute. (h) (Naut.) The outer end of a crosstree; also one of the projections forming the jaws of a gaff, boom, etc. (i) (Carp.) A curved projection on the fore part of a plane. (j) One of the projections at the four corners of the Jewish altar of burnt offering. ´Joab … caught hold on the horns of the altar.´ 1 Kings ii. 28. 6. One of the curved ends of a crescent; esp., an extremity or cusp of the moon when crescent- shaped. “The moon
Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns.” Thomson. 7. (Mil.) The curving extremity of the wing of an army or of a squadron drawn up in a crescentlike form. “Sharpening in mooned horns
Their phalanx.” Milton. 8. The tough, fibrous material of which true horns are composed, being, in the Ox family, chiefly albuminous, with some phosphate of lime; also any similar substance, as that which forms the hoof crust of horses, sheep, and cattle; as a spoon of horn. 9. (Script.) A symbol of strength, power, glory, exaltation, or pride. “The Lord is … the horn of my salvation.” Ps. xviii. 2. 10. An emblem of a cuckold; — used chiefly in the plural. ´Thicker than a cuckold’s horn.´ Shak. Horn block, the frame or pedestal in which a railway car axle box slides up and down; — also called horn plate. — Horn of a dilemma. See under Dilemma. — Horn distemper, a disease of cattle, affecting the internal substance of the horn. — Horn drum, a wheel with long curved scoops, for raising water. — Horn lead (Chem.), chloride of lead. — Horn maker, a maker of cuckolds. [Obs.] Shak. — Horn mercury. (Min.) Same as Horn quicksilver (below). — Horn poppy (Bot.), a plant allied to the poppy (Glaucium luteum), found on the sandy shores of Great Britain and Virginia; — called also horned poppy. Gray. — Horn pox (Med.), abortive smallpox with an eruption like that of chicken pox. — Horn quicksilver (Min.), native calomel, or bichloride of mercury. — Horn shell (Zoöl.), any long, sharp, spiral, gastropod shell, of the genus Cerithium, and allied genera. — Horn silver (Min.), cerargyrite. — Horn slate, a gray, siliceous stone. — To haul in one’s horns, to withdraw some arrogant pretension. [Colloq.] — To raise, or lift, the horn (Script.), to exalt one’s self; to act arrogantly. ´’Gainst them that raised thee dost thou lift thy horn?´ Milton. — To take a horn, to take a drink of intoxicating liquor. [Low]

Horn , v. t. 1. To furnish with horns; to give the shape of a horn to. 2. To cause to wear horns; to cuckold. [Obs.] Shak.

Horn´beak , n. A fish. See Hornfish.

Horn´beam , n. [See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Carpinus (C. Americana), having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard. It is common along the banks of streams in the United States, and is also called ironwood. The English hornbeam is C. Betulus. The American is called also blue beech and water beech. Hop hornbeam. (Bot.) See under Hop.

Horn´bill , n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the family Bucerotidae, of which about sixty species are known, belonging to numerous genera. They inhabit the tropical parts of Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, and are remarkable for having a more or less horn-like protuberance, which is usually large and hollow and is situated on the upper side of the beak. The size of the hornbill varies from that of a pigeon to that of a raven, or even larger. They feed chiefly upon fruit, but some species eat dead animals.

Horn´blende , n. [G., fr. horn horn + blende blende.] (Min.) The common black, or dark green or brown, variety of amphibole. (See Amphibole.) It belongs to the aluminous division of the species, and is also characterized by its containing considerable iron. Also used as a general term to include the whole species. Hornblende schist (Geol.), a hornblende rock of schistose structure.

Horn•blend´ic , a. Composed largely of hornblende; resembling or relating to hornblende.

Horn´blow•er , n. [AS. hornblawere.] One who, or that which, blows a horn.

Horn´book , n. 1. The first book for children, or that from which in former times they learned their letters and rudiments; — so called because a sheet of horn covered the small, thin board of oak, or the slip of paper, on which the alphabet, digits, and often the Lord’s Prayer, were written or printed; a primer. ´He teaches boys the hornbook.´ Shak. 2. A book containing the rudiments of any science or branch of knowledge; a manual; a handbook.

Horn´bug , n. (Zoöl.) A large nocturnal beetle of the genus Lucanus (as L. capreolus, and L. dama), having long, curved upper jaws, resembling a sickle. The grubs are found in the trunks of old trees.

Horned , a. Furnished with a horn or horns; furnished with a hornlike process or appendage; as horned cattle; having some part shaped like a horn. “The horned moon with one bright star
Within the nether tip.” Coleridge. Horned bee (Zoöl.), a British wild bee (Osmia bicornis), having two little horns on the head. — Horned dace (Zoöl.), an American cyprinoid fish (Semotilus corporialis) common in brooks and ponds; the common chub. See Illust. of Chub. — Horned frog (Zoöl.), a very large Brazilian frog (Ceratophrys cornuta), having a pair of triangular horns arising from the eyelids. — Horned grebe (Zoöl.), a species of grebe (Colymbus auritus), of Arctic Europe and America, having two dense tufts of feathers on the head. — Horned horse (Zoöl.), the gnu. — Horned lark (Zoöl.), the shore lark. — Horned lizard (Zoöl.), the horned toad. — Horned owl (Zoöl.), a large North American owl (Bubo Virginianus), having a pair of elongated tufts of feathers on the head. Several distinct varieties are known; as the Arctic, Western, dusky, and striped horned owls, differing in color, and inhabiting different regions; — called also great horned owl, horn owl, eagle owl, and cat owl. Sometimes also applied to the long-eared owl. See Eared owl, under Eared. — Horned poppy. (Bot.) See Horn poppy, under Horn. — Horned pout (Zoöl.), an American fresh-water siluroid fish; the bullpout. — Horned rattler (Zoöl.), a species of rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes), inhabiting the dry, sandy plains, from California to Mexico. It has a pair of triangular horns between the eyes; — called also sidewinder. — Horned ray (Zoöl.), the sea devil. — Horned screamer (Zoöl.), the kamichi. — Horned snake (Zoöl.), the cerastes. — Horned toad (Zoöl.), any lizard of the genus Phrynosoma, of which nine or ten species are known. These lizards have several hornlike spines on the head, and a broad, flat body, covered with spiny scales. They inhabit the dry, sandy plains from California to Mexico and Texas. Called also horned lizard. — Horned viper. (Zoöl.) See Cerastes.

Horn´ed•ness , n. The condition of being horned.

Horn´el , n. (Zoöl.) The European sand eel. [Scot.]

Horn´er , n. 1. One who works or deal in horn or horns. [R.] Grew. 2. One who winds or blows the horn. [Obs.] Sherwood. 3. One who horns or cuckolds. [Obs.] Massinger. 4. (Zoöl.) The British sand lance or sand eel (Ammodytes lanceolatus).

Hor´net , n. [AS. hyrnet; akin to OHG. hornaz, hornuz, G. horniss; perh. akin to E. horn, and named from the sound it makes as if blowing the horn; but more prob. akin to D. horzel, Lith. szirszone, L. crabo.] (Zoöl.) A large, strong wasp. The European species (Vespa crabro) is of a dark brown and yellow color. It is very pugnacious, and its sting is very severe. Its nest is constructed of a paperlike material, and the layers of comb are hung together by columns. The American white-faced hornet (V. maculata) is larger and has similar habits. Hornet fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect of the genus Asilus, and allied genera, of which there are numerous species. They are large and fierce flies which capture bees and other insects, often larger than themselves, and suck their blood. Called also hawk fly, robber fly. — To stir up a hornet’s nest, to provoke the attack of a swarm of spiteful enemies or spirited critics. [Colloq.]

Horn´fish , n. [AS. hornfisc.] (Zoöl.) The garfish or sea needle.

Horn´foot , a. Having hoofs; hoofed.

Horn´i•fy , v. t. [Horn + -fy.] To horn; to cuckold. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Horn´ing, n. Appearance of the moon when increasing, or in the form of a crescent. J. Gregory. Letters of horning (Scots Law), the process or authority by which a person, directed by the decree of a court of justice to pay or perform anything, is ordered to comply therewith. Mozley & W.

Horn´ish, a. Somewhat like horn; hard.

Hor•ni´to , n. [A dim. fr. Sp. horno oven, L. furnus. See Furnace.] (Geol.) A low, oven-shaped mound, common in volcanic regions, and emitting smoke and vapors from its sides and summit. Humboldt.

Horn´less , a. Having no horn.

Horn´-mad , a. Quite mad; — raving crazy. “Did I tell you about Mr. Garrick, that the town are horn-mad after?” Gray.

Hor´no•tine , n. [L. hornotinus of this year.] (Zoöl.) A yearling; a bird of the year.

Horn´owl , n. (Zoöl.) See Horned Owl.

Horn´pike , n. The garfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Horn´pipe , n. (Mus.) (a) An instrument of music formerly popular in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes at intervals. It was so called because the bell at the open end was sometimes made of horn. (b) A lively tune played on a hornpipe, for dancing; a tune adapted for such playing. “Many a hornpipe he tuned to his Phyllis.” Sir W. Raleigh. (c) A dance performed, usually by one person, to such a tune, and popular among sailors.

Horn´pout , n. (Zoöl.) See Horned pout, under Horned.

Horn´snake , n. (Zoöl.) A harmless snake (Farancia abacura), found in the Southern United States. The color is bluish black above, red below.

Horn´stone , n. (Min.) A siliceous stone, a variety of quartz, closely resembling flint, but more brittle; — called also chert.

Horn´tail , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of family (Uroceridae) of large hymenopterous insects, allied to the sawflies. The larvae bore in the wood of trees. So called from the long, stout ovipositors of the females.

Horn´work , n. (Fort.) An outwork composed of two demibastions joined by a curtain. It is connected with the works in rear by long wings.

Horn´wort , n. (Bot.) An aquatic plant (Ceratophyllum), with finely divided leaves.

Horn´wrack , n. (Zoöl.) A bryozoan of the genus Flustra.

Horn´y , a. [Compar. Hornier superl. Horniest.] 1. Having horns or hornlike projections. Gay. 2. Composed or made of horn, or of a substance resembling horn; of the nature of horn. ´The horny … coat of the eye.´ Ray. 3. Hard; callous. ´His horny fist.´ Dryden.

Horn´y-hand•ed , a. Having the hands horny and callous from labor.

Horn´y•head , n. (Zoöl.) Any North American river chub of the genus Hybopsis, esp. H. biguttatus.

Ho•rog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. hour + -graphy: cf. F. horographie.] 1. An account of the hours. Chaucer. 2. The art of constructing instruments for making the hours, as clocks, watches, and dials.

Hor´o•loge , n. [OE. horologe, orloge, timepiece, OF. horloge, orloge, oriloge, F. horloge, L. horologium, fr. Gr. ; hour + to say, tell. See Hour, and Logic.] 1. A servant who called out the hours. [Obs.] 2. An instrument indicating the time of day; a timepiece of any kind; a watch, clock, or dial. Shak.

Ho•rol´o•ger , n. A maker or vender of clocks and watches; one skilled in horology.

Hor•o•log´ic•al , a. [L. horologicus, Gr. .] Relating to a horologe, or to horology.

Hor•o•lo•gi•og´ra•pher , n. [See Horologiography.] A maker of clocks, watches, or dials.

Hor•o•lo•gi•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to horologiography. Chambers.

Hor•o•lo•gi•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. horologe + -graphy.] 1. An account of instruments that show the hour. 2. The art of constructing clocks or dials; horography.

Ho•rol´o•gist , n. One versed in horology.

Ho•rol´o•gy , n. [See Horologe.] The science of measuring time, or the principles and art of constructing instruments for measuring and indicating portions of time, as clocks, watches, dials, etc.

Ho•rom´e•ter , n. [Gr. hour + -meter.] An instrument for measuring time.

Hor•o•met´ric•al , a. Belonging to horometry.

Ho•rom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. horometrie. See Horometer.] The art, practice, or method of measuring time by hours and subordinate divisions. ´The horometry of antiquity.´ Sir T. Browne.

Ho•rop´ter , n. [Gr. boundary + one who looks.] (Opt.) The line or surface in which are situated all the points which are seen single while the point of sight, or the adjustment of the eyes, remains unchanged. “The sum of all the points which are seen single, while the point of sight remains unchanged, is called the horopter.” J. Le Conte.

Hor•op•ter´ic , a. (Opt.) Of or pertaining to the horopter.

Hor´o•scope , n. [F. horoscope, L. horoscopus, fr. Gr. , adj., observing hours or times, esp. observing the hour of birth, n., a horoscope; hour + to view, observe. See Hour, and -scope.] 1. (Astrol.) (a) The representation made of the aspect of the heavens at the moment of a person’s birth, by which the astrologer professed to foretell the events of the person’s life; especially, the sign of the zodiac rising above the horizon at such a moment. (b) The diagram or scheme of twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, into which the whole circuit of the heavens was divided for the purposes of such prediction of fortune. 2. The planisphere invented by Jean Paduanus. 3. A table showing the length of the days and nights at all places. Heyse. { Hor´o•sco•per , Ho•ros´co•pist } n. One versed in horoscopy; an astrologer.

Ho•ros´co•py , n. 1. The art or practice of casting horoscopes, or observing the disposition of the stars, with a view to prediction events. 2. Aspect of the stars at the time of a person’s birth.

Hor•ren´dous , a. [L. horrendus.] Fearful; frightful. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Hor´rent , a. [L. horrens, p. pr. of horrere to bristle. See Horror.] Standing erect, as bristles; covered with bristling points; bristled; bristling. “Rough and horrent with figures in strong relief.” De Quincey. “With bright emblazonry and horrent arms.” Milton.

Hor´ri•ble , a. [OE. horrible, orrible, OF. horrible, orrible, F. horrible, fr. L. horribilis, fr. horrere. See Horror.] Exciting, or tending to excite, horror or fear; dreadful; terrible; shocking; hideous; as a horrible sight; a horrible story; a horrible murder. “A dungeon horrible on all sides round.” Milton. Syn. — Dreadful; frightful; fearful; terrible; awful; terrific; shocking; hideous; horrid.

Hor´ri•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being horrible; dreadfulness; hideousness. “The horribleness of the mischief.” Sir P. Sidney.

Hor´ri•bly, adv. In a manner to excite horror; dreadfully; terribly.

Hor´rid , a. [L. horridus. See Horror, and cf. Ordure.] 1. Rough; rugged; bristling. [Archaic] “Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn.” Dryden. 2. Fitted to excite horror; dreadful; hideous; shocking; hence, very offensive. “Not in the legions
Of horrid hell.” Shak. “The horrid things they say.” Pope. Syn. — Frightful; hideous; alarming; shocking; dreadful; awful; terrific; horrible; abominable.

Hor´rid•ly, adv. In a horrid manner. Shak.

Hor´rid•ness, n. The quality of being horrid.

Hor•rif´ic , a. [L. horrifieus; horrere to be horrible + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. horrifique. See Horror, - fy.] Causing horror; frightful. “Let … nothing ghastly or horrific be supposed.” I. Taylor.

Hor•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. That which causes horror. [R.] Miss Edgeworth.

Hor´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horrified p. pr. & vb. n. Horrifying ] [L. horrificare. See Horrific.] To cause to feel horror; to strike or impress with horror; as the sight horrified the beholders. E. Irving.

Hor•rip•i•la´tion , n. [L. horripilatio, fr. horripilare to bristle; horrere to bristle + pilus the hair: cf. F. horripilation.] (Med.) A real or fancied bristling of the hair of the head or body, resulting from disease, terror, chilliness, etc.

Hor•ris´o•nant , a. Horrisonous. [Obs.]

Hor•ris´o•nous , a. [L. horrisonus; horrere to be horrible + sonus a sound.] Sounding dreadfully; uttering a terrible sound. [Obs.] Bailey.

Hor´ror , n. [Formerly written horrour.] [L. horror, fr. horrere to bristle, to shiver, to tremble with cold or dread, to be dreadful or terrible; cf. Skr. hsh to bristle.] 1. A bristling up; a rising into roughness; tumultuous movement. [Archaic] “Such fresh horror as you see driven through the wrinkled waves.” Chapman. 2. A shaking, shivering, or shuddering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever; in old medical writings, a chill of less severity than a rigor, and more marked than an algor. 3. A painful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence; a shuddering with terror and detestation; the feeling inspired by something frightful and shocking. “How could this, in the sight of heaven, without horrors of conscience be uttered?” Milton. 4. That which excites horror or dread, or is horrible; gloom; dreariness. “Breathes a browner horror on the woods.” Pope. The horrors, delirium tremens. [Colloq.]

Hor´ror-stick•en , a. Struck with horror; horrified. “Blank and horror-stricken faces.” C. Kingsley.

Hor´ror-struck , a. Horror- stricken; horrified. M. Arnold.

Hors• de com•bat´ [F.] Out of the combat; disabled from fighting.

Horse (hôrs), n. [AS. hors; akin to OS. hros, D. & OHG. ros, G. ross, Icel. hross; and perh. to L. currere to run, E. course, current Cf. Walrus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hoofed quadruped of the genus Equus; especially, the domestic horse (E. caballus), which was domesticated in Egypt and Asia at a very early period. It has six broad molars, on each side of each jaw, with six incisors, and two canine teeth, both above and below. The mares usually have the canine teeth rudimentary or wanting. The horse differs from the true asses, in having a long, flowing mane, and the tail bushy to the base. Unlike the asses it has callosities, or chestnuts, on all its legs. The horse excels in strength, speed, docility, courage, and nobleness of character, and is used for drawing, carrying, bearing a rider, and like purposes. Many varieties, differing in form, size, color, gait, speed, etc., are known, but all are believed to have been derived from the same original species. It is supposed to have been a native of the plains of Central Asia, but the wild species from which it was derived is not certainly known. The feral horses of America are domestic horses that have run wild; and it is probably true that most of those of Asia have a similar origin. Some of the true wild Asiatic horses do, however, approach the domestic horse in several characteristics.
Several species of fossil (Equus) are known from the later Tertiary formations of Europe and America. The fossil species of other genera of the family Equidae are also often called horses, in general sense. 2. The male of the genus horse, in distinction from the female or male; usually, a castrated male. 3. Mounted soldiery; cavalry; — used without the plural termination; as a regiment of horse; — distinguished from foot. “The armies were appointed, consisting of twenty-five thousand horse and foot.” Bacon. 4. A frame with legs, used to support something; as a clotheshorse, a sawhorse, etc. 5. A frame of timber, shaped like a horse, on which soldiers were made to ride for punishment. 6. Anything, actual or figurative, on which one rides as on a horse; a hobby. 7. (Mining) A mass of earthy matter, or rock of the same character as the wall rock, occurring in the course of a vein, as of coal or ore; hence, to take horse — said of a vein — is to divide into branches for a distance. 8. (Naut.) (a) See Footrope, a. (b) A breastband for a leadsman. (c) An iron bar for a sheet traveler to slide upon. (d) A jackstay. W. C. Russell. Totten. Horse is much used adjectively and in composition to signify of, or having to do with, a horse or horses, like a horse, etc.; as horse collar, horse dealer or horsedealer, horsehoe, horse jockey; and hence, often in the sense of strong, loud, coarse, etc.; as horselaugh, horse nettle or horse-nettle, horseplay, horse ant, etc. Black horse, Blood horse, etc. See under Black, etc. — Horse aloes, caballine aloes. — Horse ant (Zoöl.), a large ant (Formica rufa); — called also horse emmet. — Horse artillery, that portion of the artillery in which the cannoneers are mounted, and which usually serves with the cavalry; flying artillery. — Horse balm (Bot.), a strong-scented labiate plant (Collinsonia Canadensis), having large leaves and yellowish flowers. — Horse bean (Bot.), a variety of the English or Windsor bean (Faba vulgaris), grown for feeding horses. — Horse boat, a boat for conveying horses and cattle, or a boat propelled by horses. — Horse bot. (Zoöl.) See Botfly, and Bots. — Horse box, a railroad car for transporting valuable horses, as hunters. [Eng.] — Horse breaker or trainer, one employed in subduing or training horses for use. — Horse car. (a) A railroad car drawn by horses. See under Car. (b) A car fitted for transporting horses. — Horse cassia (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Cassia Javanica), bearing long pods, which contain a black, catharic pulp, much used in the East Indies as a horse medicine. — Horse cloth, a cloth to cover a horse. — Horse conch (Zoöl.), a large, spiral, marine shell of the genus Triton. See Triton. — Horse courser. (a) One that runs horses, or keeps horses for racing. Johnson. (b) A dealer in horses. [Obs.] Wiseman. — Horse crab (Zoöl.), the Limulus; — called also horsefoot, horsehoe crab, and king crab. — Horse crevalle (Zoöl.), the cavally. — Horse emmet (Zoöl.), the horse ant. — Horse finch (Zoöl.), the chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] — Horse gentian (Bot.), fever root. — Horse iron (Naut.), a large calking iron. — Horse latitudes, a space in the North Atlantic famous for calms and baffling winds, being between the westerly winds of higher latitudes and the trade winds. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Horse mackrel. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tunny (Orcynus thunnus), found on the Atlantic coast of Europe and America, and in the Mediterranean. (b) The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). (c) The scad. (d) The name is locally applied to various other fishes, as the California hake, the black candlefish, the jurel, the bluefish, etc. — Horse marine (Naut.), an awkward, lubbery person; one of a mythical body of marine cavalry. [Slang] — Horse mussel (Zoöl.), a large, marine mussel (Modiola modiolus), found on the northern shores of Europe and America. — Horse nettle (Bot.), a coarse, prickly, American herb, the Solanum Carolinense. — Horse parsley. (Bot.) See Alexanders. — Horse purslain (Bot.), a coarse fleshy weed of tropical America (Trianthema monogymnum). — Horse race, a race by horses; a match of horses in running or trotting. — Horse racing, the practice of racing with horses. — Horse railroad, a railroad on which the cars are drawn by horses; — in England, and sometimes in the United States, called a tramway. — Horse run (Civil Engin.), a device for drawing loaded wheelbarrows up an inclined plane by horse power. — Horse sense, strong common sense. [Colloq. U.S.] — Horse soldier, a cavalryman. — Horse sponge (Zoöl.), a large, coarse, commercial sponge (Spongia equina). — Horse stinger (Zoöl.), a large dragon fly. [Prov. Eng.] — Horse sugar (Bot.), a shrub of the southern part of the United States (Symplocos tinctoria), whose leaves are sweet, and good for fodder. — Horse tick (Zoöl.), a winged, dipterous insect (Hippobosca equina), which troubles horses by biting them, and sucking their blood; — called also horsefly, horse louse, and forest fly. — Horse vetch (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hippocrepis (H. comosa), cultivated for the beauty of its flowers; — called also horsehoe vetch, from the peculiar shape of its pods. — Iron horse, a locomotive. [Colloq.] — Salt horse, the sailor’s name for salt beef. — To look a gift horse in the mouth, to examine the mouth of a horse which has been received as a gift, in order to ascertain his age; — hence, to accept favors in a critical and thankless spirit. Lowell. — To take horse. (a) To set out on horseback. Macaulay. (b) To be covered, as a mare. (c) See definition 7 (above).

Horse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horsed p. pr. & vb. n. Horsing.] [AS. horsion.] 1. To provide with a horse, or with horses; to mount on, or as on, a horse. ´Being better horsed, outrode me.´ Shak. 2. To sit astride of; to bestride. Shak. 3. To cover, as a mare; — said of the male. 4. To take or carry on the back; as the keeper, horsing a deer. S. Butler. 5. To place on the back of another, or on a wooden horse, etc., to be flogged; to subject to such punishment.

Horse, v. i. To get on horseback. [Obs.] Shelton.

Horse´back , n. 1. The back of a horse. 2. An extended ridge of sand, gravel, and bowlders, in a half-stratified condition. Agassiz. On horseback, on the back of a horse; mounted or riding on a horse or horses; in the saddle. “The long journey was to be performed on horseback.” Prescott.

Horse•-chest´nut , n. (Bot.) (a) The large nutlike seed of a species of AEsculus (AE. Hippocastanum), formerly ground, and fed to horses, whence the name. (b) The tree itself, which was brought from Constantinople in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and is now common in the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The native American species are called buckeyes.

Horse´-drench , n. 1. A dose of physic for a horse. Shak. 2. The appliance by which the dose is administered.

Horse´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The moonfish (Selene setipinnis). (b) The sauger.

Horse´flesh , n. 1. The flesh of horses. “The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day.” Bacon. 2. Horses, generally; the qualities of a horse; as he is a judge of horseflesh. [Colloq.] Horseflesh ore (Min.), a miner’s name for bornite, in allusion to its peculiar reddish color on fresh facture.

Horse´fly , n.; pl. Horseflies . 1. (Zoöl.) Any dipterous fly of the family Tabanidae, that stings horses, and sucks their blood. Of these flies there are numerous species, both in Europe and America. They have a large proboscis with four sharp lancets for piercing the skin. Called also breeze fly. See Illust. under Diptera, and Breeze fly. 2. (Zoöl.) The horse tick or forest fly (Hippobosca).

Horse´foot , n.; pl. Horsefeet (#). 1. (Bot.) The coltsfoot. 2. (Zoöl.) The Limulus or horseshoe crab.

Horse´ Guards (Mil.) A body of cavalry so called; esp., a British regiment, called the Royal Horse Guards, which furnishes guards of state for the sovereign. The Horse Guards, a name given to the former headquarters of the commander in chief of the British army, at Whitehall in London.

Horse´hair , n. A hair of a horse, especially one from the mane or tail; the hairs of the mane or tail taken collectively; a fabric or tuft made of such hairs. Horsehair worm (Zoöl.), the hair worm or gordius.

Horse´head , n. (Zoöl.) The silver moonfish (Selene vomer).

Horse´hide , n. 1. The hide of a horse. 2. Leather made of the hide of a horse.

Horse´-jock•ey , n. 1. A professional rider and trainer of race horses. 2. A trainer and dealer in horses.

Horse´knop , n. (Bot.) Knapweed.

Horse´laugh , n. A loud, boisterous laugh; a guffaw. Pope.

Horse´-leech , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A large blood-sucking leech (Haemopsis vorax), of Europe and Northern Africa. It attacks the lips and mouths of horses. 2. A farrier; a veterinary surgeon.

Horse´-leech•er•y , n. The business of a farrier; especially, the art of curing the diseases of horses.

Horse´-lit•ter , n. A carriage hung on poles, and borne by and between two horses. Milton.

Horse´man , n.; pl. Horsemen . 1. A rider on horseback; one skilled in the management of horses; a mounted man. 2. (Mil.) A mounted soldier; a cavalryman. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A land crab of the genus Ocypoda, living on the coast of Brazil and the West Indies, noted for running very swiftly. (b) A West Indian fish of the genus Eques, as the light-horseman (E. lanceolatus).

Horse´man•ship, n. The act or art of riding, and of training and managing horses; manege.

Horse´mint , n. (Bot.) (a) A coarse American plant of the Mint family (Monarda punctata). (b) In England, the wild mint (Mentha sylvestris).

Horse´nail , n. A thin, pointed nail, with a heavy flaring head, for securing a horsehoe to the hoof; a horsehoe nail.

Horse´play , n. Rude, boisterous play. “Too much given to horseplay in his raillery.” Dryden.

Horse´pond , n. A pond for watering horses.

Horse´ pow•er 1. The power which a horse exerts. 2. (Mach.) A unit of power, used in stating the power required to drive machinery, and in estimating the capabilities of animals or steam engines and other prime movers for doing work. It is the power required for the performance of work at the rate of 33,000 English units of work per minute; hence, it is the power that must be exerted in lifting 33,000 pounds at the rate of one foot per minute, or 550 pounds at the rate of one foot per second, or 55 pounds at the rate of ten feet per second, etc. The power of a draught horse, of average strength, working eight hours per day, is about four fifths of a standard horse power. Brake horse power, the net effective power of a prime mover, as a steam engine, water wheel, etc., in horse powers, as shown by a friction brake. See Friction brake, under Friction. — Indicated horse power, the power exerted in the cylinder of an engine, stated in horse powers, estimated from the diameter and speed of the piston, and the mean effective pressure upon it as shown by an indicator. See Indicator. — Nominal horse power (Steam Engine), a term still sometimes used in England to express certain proportions of cylinder, but having no value as a standard of measurement. 3. A machine worked by a horse, for driving other machinery; a horse motor.

Horse´-rad•ish , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Nasturtium (N. Armoracia), allied to scurvy grass, having a root of a pungent taste, much used, when grated, as a condiment and in medicine. Gray. Horse-radish tree. (Bot.) See Moringa.

Horse´rake , n. A rake drawn by a horse.

Horse´shoe , n. 1. A shoe for horses, consisting of a narrow plate of iron in form somewhat like the letter U, nailed to a horse’s hoof. 2. Anything shaped like a horsehoe. 3. (Zoöl.) The Limulus or horsehoe crab. Horsehoe head (Med.), an old name for the condition of the skull in children, in which the sutures are too open, the coronal suture presenting the form of a horsehoe. Dunglison. — Horsehoe magnet, an artificial magnet in the form of a horsehoe. — Horsehoe nail. See Horsenail. — Horsehoe nose (Zoöl.), a bat of the genus Rhinolophus, having a nasal fold of skin shaped like a horsehoe.

Horse´shoe•ing , n. The act or employment of shoeing horses.

Horse´sho•er , n. One who shoes horses.

Horse´tail , n. 1. (Bot.) A leafless plant, with hollow and rushlike stems. It is of the genus Equisetum, and is allied to the ferns. See Illust. of Equisetum. 2. A Turkish standard, denoting rank. Commanders are distinguished by the number of horsetails carried before them. Thus, the sultan has seven, the grand vizier five, and the pashas three, two, or one. Shrubby horsetail. (Bot.) See Joint-fir.

Horse´weed , n. (Bot.) A composite plant (Erigeron Canadensis), which is a common weed.

Horse´whip , n. A whip for horses.

Horse´whip, v. t. To flog or chastise with a horsewhip.

Horse´wom•an , n.; pl. Horsewomen . A woman who rides on horseback.

Horse´wood , n. (Bot.) A West Indian tree (Calliandra latifolia) with showy, crimson blossoms.

Horse´worm , n. The larva of a botfly.

Hors´i•ness , n. 1. The condition or quality of being a horse; that which pertains to a horse. Tennyson. 2. Fondness for, or interest in, horses.

Hors´ly , a. Horselike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hors´y , a. Pertaining to, or suggestive of, a horse, or of horse racing; as horsy manners; garments of fantastically horsy fashions. [Colloq.]

Hor•ta´tion , n. [L. hortatio, fr. hortari to incite, exhort, fr. hori to urge.] The act of exhorting, inciting, or giving advice; exhortation. [R.]

Hor´ta•tive , a. [L. hortativus.] Giving exhortation; advisory; exhortative. Bullokar.

Hor´ta•tive , n. An exhortation. [Obs.]

Hor´ta•to•ry , a. [L. hortatorius.] Giving exhortation or advise; encouraging; exhortatory; inciting; as a hortatory speech. Holland.

Hor•ten´sial , a. [L. hortensius, hortensis, fr. hortus garden; akin to E. yard an inclosure.] Fit for a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Hor´ti•cul•tor , n. [NL., fr. L. hortus garden + cultor a cultivator, colere to cultivate.] One who cultivates a garden.

Hor•ti•cul´tur•al , a. [Cf. F. horticultural.] Of or pertaining to horticulture, or the culture of gardens or orchards.

Hor´ti•cul•ture , n. [L. hortus garden + cultura culture: cf. F. horticulture. See Yard an inclosure, and Culture.] The cultivation of a garden or orchard; the art of cultivating gardens or orchards.

Hor•ti•cul´tur•ist , n. One who practices horticulture.

Hor´tu•lan , a. [L. hortulanus; hortus garden.] Belonging to a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Hor´tus sic´cus [L., a dry garden.] A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved, and arranged systematically; an herbarium.

Hort´yard , n. An orchard. [Obs.]

Ho•san´na (ho•zan´na), n.; pl. Hosannas (- naz). [Gr. , fr. Heb. hoshi’ah nnasave now, save, we pray, hoshia’ to save (Hiphil, a causative form, of yasha’) + na, a particle.] A Hebrew exclamation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings. ´Hosanna to the Highest.´ Milton. “Hosanna to the Son of David.” Matt. xxi. 9.

Hose (hoz), n.; pl. Hose, formerly Hosen (ho´z’n). [AS. hose; akin to D. hoos, G. hose breeches, OHG. hosa, Icel. hosa stocking, gather, Dan. hose stocking; cf. Russ. koshulia a fur jacket.] 1. Close-fitting trousers or breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to the knee. “These men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments.” Dan. iii. 21. “His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank.” Shak. 2. Covering for the feet and lower part of the legs; a stocking or stockings. 3. A flexible pipe, made of leather, India rubber, or other material, and used for conveying fluids, especially water, from a faucet, hydrant, or fire engine. Hose carriage, cart, or truck, a wheeled vehicle fitted for conveying hose for extinguishing fires. — Hose company, a company of men appointed to bring and manage hose in the extinguishing of fires. [U.S.] — Hose coupling, coupling with interlocking parts for uniting hose, end to end. — Hose wrench, a spanner for turning hose couplings, to unite or disconnect them.

Ho´sen , n. pl. See Hose. [Archaic]

Ho´sier , n. One who deals in hose or stocking, or in goods knit or woven like hose.

Ho´sier•y , n. 1. The business of a hosier. 2. Stockings, in general; goods knit or woven like hose.

Hos´pice , n. [F., fr. L. hospitium hospitality, a place where strangers are entertained, fr. hospes stranger, guest. See Host a landlord.] A convent or monastery which is also a place of refuge or entertainment for travelers on some difficult road or pass, as in the Alps; as the Hospice of the Great St. Bernard.

Hos´pi•ta•ble , a. [Cf. OF. hospitable, LL. hospitare to receive as a guest. See Host a landlord.] 1. Receiving and entertaining strangers or guests with kindness and without reward; kind to strangers and guests; characterized by hospitality. Shak. 2. Proceeding from or indicating kindness and generosity to guests and strangers; as hospitable rites. “To where you taper cheers the vale
With hospitable ray.” Goldsmith.

Hos´pi•ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being hospitable; hospitality. Barrow.

Hos´pi•ta•bly, adv. In a hospitable manner.

Hos´pi•tage , n. [LL. hospitagium, for L. hospitium. See Hospice.] Hospitality. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hos´pi•tal , n. [OF. hospital, ospital, F. hôpital, LL. hospitale (or perh. E. hospital is directly from the Late Latin), from L. hospitalis relating to a guest, hospitalia apartments for guests, fr. hospes guest. See Host a landlord, and cf. Hostel, Hotel, Spital.] 1. A place for shelter or entertainment; an inn. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A building in which the sick, injured, or infirm are received and treated; a public or private institution founded for reception and cure, or for the refuge, of persons diseased in body or mind, or disabled, infirm, or dependent, and in which they are treated either at their own expense, or more often by charity in whole or in part; a tent, building, or other place where the sick or wounded of an army cared for. Hospital ship, a vessel fitted up for a floating hospital. — Hospital Sunday, a Sunday set apart for simultaneous contribution in churches to hospitals; as the London Hospital Sunday.

Hos´pi•tal, a. [L. hospitalis: cf. OF. hospital.] Hospitable. [Obs.] Howell.

Hos´pi•tal•er , n. [Written also hospitaller.] [F. hospitalier. See Hospital, and cf. Hostler.] 1. One residing in a hospital, for the purpose of receiving the poor, the sick, and strangers. 2. One of an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem for pilgrims, A. D. 1042. They were called Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and after the removal of the order to Malta, Knights of Malta.

Hos´pi•tal•ism , n. (Med.) A vitiated condition of the body, due to long confinement in a hospital, or the morbid condition of the atmosphere of a hospital.

Hos•pi•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Hospitalities (#). [L. hospitalitas: cf. F. hospitalite.] The act or practice of one who is hospitable; reception and entertainment of strangers or guests without reward, or with kind and generous liberality. “Given to hospitality.” Rom. xii. 13. “And little recks to find the way to heaven
By doing deeds of hospitality.” Shak.

Hos´pi•tal•ize , v. t. (Med.) To render (a building) unfit for habitation, by long continued use as a hospital.

Hos´pi•tate , v. i. [L. hospitatus, p. p. of hospitari to be a guest, fr. hospes guest.] To receive hospitality; to be a guest. [Obs.] Grew.

Hos´pi•tate, v. t. To receive with hospitality; to lodge as a guest. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Hos•pi´ti•um , n. [L. See Hospice.] 1. An inn; a lodging; a hospice. [Obs.] 2. (Law) An inn of court.

Hos´po•dar , n. [A Slav. word; cf. Russ. gospodare lord, master.] A title borne by the princes or governors of Moldavia and Wallachia before those countries were united as Roumania.

Host (host), n. [LL. hostia sacrifice, victim, from hostire to strike.] (R. C. Ch.) The consecrated wafer, believed to be the body of Christ, which in the Mass is offered as a sacrifice; also the bread before consecration. In the Latin Vulgate the word was applied to the Savior as being an offering for the sins of men.

Host, n. [OE. host, ost, OF. host, ost, fr. L. hostis enemy, LL., army. See Guest, and cf. Host a landlord.] 1. An army; a number of men gathered for war. “A host so great as covered all the field.” Dryden. 2. Any great number or multitude; a throng. “And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God.” Luke ii. 13. “All at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils.” Wordsworth.

Host, n. [OE. host, ost, OF. hoste, oste, F. hôte, from L. hospes a stranger who is treated as a guest, he who treats another as his guest, a hostl prob. fr. hostis stranger, enemy (akin to E. guest a visitor) + potis able; akin to Skr. pati master, lord. See Host an army, Possible, and cf. Hospitable, Hotel.] One who receives or entertains another, whether gratuitously or for compensation; one from whom another receives food, lodging, or entertainment; a landlord. Chaucer. ´Fair host and Earl.´ Tennyson. “Time is like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.” Shak.

Host, v. t. To give entertainment to. [Obs.] Spenser.

Host, v. i. To lodge at an inn; to take up entertainment. [Obs.] ´Where you shall host.´ Shak.

Hos´tage , n. [OE. hostage, OF. hostage, ostage, F. ôtage, LL. hostaticus, ostaticum, for hospitaticum, fr. L. hospes guest, host. The first meaning is, the state of a guest, hospitality; hence, the state of a hostage (treated as a guest); and both these meanings occur in Old French. See Host a landlord.] A person given as a pledge or security for the performance of the conditions of a treaty or stipulations of any kind, on the performance of which the person is to be released. “Your hostages I have, so have you mine;
And we shall talk before we fight.” Shak. “He that hath a wife and children hath given hostages to fortune.” Bacon.

Hos´tel , n. [OE. hostel, ostel, OF. hostel, ostel, LL. hospitale, hospitalis, fr. L. hospitalis. See Hospital, and cf. Hotel.] 1. An inn. [Archaic] Poe. “So pass I hostel, hall, and grange.” Tennyson. 2. A small, unendowed college in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Hos´tel•er , n. [See Hostel, and cf. Hostler.] 1. The keeper of a hostel or inn. 2. A student in a hostel, or small unendowed collede in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Fuller.

Hos´tel•ry , n. [OE. hostelrie, hostelrye, ostelrie, OF. hostelerie, fr. hostel. See Hostel.] An inn; a lodging house. [Archaic] Chaucer. ´Homely brought up in a rude hostelry.´ B. Jonson. “Come with me to the hostelry.” Longfellow.

Host´ess , n. [OE. hostesse, ostesse. See Host a landlord.] 1. A female host; a woman who hospitably entertains guests at her house. Shak. 2. A woman who entertains guests for compensation; a female innkeeper. Shak.

Host´ess-ship, n. The character, personality, or office of a hostess. Shak.

Hos´tie , n. [F. See 1st Host.] The consecrated wafer; the host. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Hos´tile , a. [L. hostilis, from hostis enemy: cf. F. hostile. See Host an army.] Belonging or appropriate to an enemy; showing the disposition of an enemy; showing ill will and malevolence, or a desire to thwart and injure; occupied by an enemy or enemies; inimical; unfriendly; as a hostile force; hostile intentions; a hostile country; hostile to a sudden change. Syn. — Warlike; inimical; unfriendly; antagonistic; opposed; adverse; opposite; contrary; repugnant.

Hos´tile, n. An enemy; esp., an American Indian in arms against the whites; — commonly in the plural. [Colloq.] P. H. Sheridan.

Hos´tile•ly, adv. In a hostile manner.

Hos•til´i•ty , n.; pl. Hostilities (#). [L. hostilitas: cf. F. hostilite.] 1. State of being hostile; public or private enemy; unfriendliness; animosity. “Hostility being thus suspended with France.” Hayward. 2. An act of an open enemy; a hostile deed; especially in the plural, acts of warfare; attacks of an enemy. “We have showed ourselves generous adversaries … and have carried on even our hostilities with humanity.” Atterbury. “He who proceeds to wanton hostility, often provokes an enemy where he might have a friend.” Crabb. Syn. — Animosity; enmity; opposition; violence; aggression; contention; warfare.

Hos´til•ize , v. t. To make hostile; to cause to become an enemy. [Obs.] A. Seward.

Host´ing , n. [From Host an army.] [Obs.] 1. An encounter; a battle. ´Fierce hosting.´ Milton. 2. A muster or review. Spenser.

Hos´tler , n. [OE. hosteler, osteler, innkeeper, OF. hostelier, F. hôtelier. See Hostel, and cf. Hospitaler, Hosteler.] 1. An innkeeper. [Obs.] See Hosteler. 2. The person who has the care of horses at an inn or stable; hence, any one who takes care of horses; a groom; - - so called because the innkeeper formerly attended to this duty in person. 3. (Railroad) The person who takes charge of a locomotive when it is left by the engineer after a trip.

Host´less , a. Inhospitable. [Obs.] ´A hostless house.´ Spenser.

Host´ry , n. [OE. hosterie, osterie, OF. hosterie. See Host a landlord.] 1. A hostelry; an inn or lodging house. [Obs.] Marlowe. 2. A stable for horses. [Obs.] Johnson.

Hot , imp. & p. p. of Hote. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hot , a. [Compar. Hotter superl. Hottest ] [OE. hot, hat, AS. hat; akin to OS. het, D. heet, OHG. heiz, G. heiss, Icel. heitr, Sw. het, Dan. heed, hed; cf. Goth. heito fever, hais torch. Cf. Heat.] 1. Having much sensible heat; exciting the feeling of warmth in a great degree; very warm; — opposed to cold, and exceeding warm in degree; as a hot stove; hot water or air. ´A hotvenison pasty.´ Shak. 2. Characterized by heat, ardor, or animation; easily excited; firely; vehement; passionate; violent; eager. “Achilles is impatient, hot, and revengeful.” Dryden. “There was mouthing in hot haste.” Byron. 3. Lustful; lewd; lecherous. Shak. 4. Acrid; biting; pungent; as hot as mustard. Hot bed (Iron Manuf.), an iron platform in a rolling mill, on which hot bars, rails, etc., are laid to cool. — Hot wall (Gardening), a wall provided with flues for the conducting of heat, to hasten the growth of fruit trees or the ripening of fruit. — Hot well (Condensing Engines), a receptacle for the hot water drawn from the condenser by the air pump. This water is returned to the boiler, being drawn from the hot well by the feed pump. — In hot water (Fig.), in trouble; in difficulties. [Colloq.] Syn. — Burning; fiery; fervid; glowing; eager; animated; brisk; vehement; precipitate; violent; furious; ardent; fervent; impetuous; irascible; passionate; hasty; excitable.

Hot´bed , n. 1. (Gardening) A bed of earth heated by fermenting manure or other substances, and covered with glass, intended for raising early plants, or for nourishing exotics. 2. A place which favors rapid growth or development; as a hotbed of sedition.

Hot´ blast See under Blast.

Hot´-blood•ed , a. Having hot blood; excitable; high-spirited; irritable; ardent; passionate.

Hot´-brained , a. Ardent in temper; violent; rash; impetuous; as hot-brained youth. Dryden. { Hotch´pot• , Hotch´potch• } n. [F. hochepot, fr. hocher to shake + pot pot; both of Dutch or German origin; cf. OD. hutspot hotchpotch, D. hotsen, hutsen, to shake. See Hustle, and Pot, and cf. Hodgepodge.] 1. A mingled mass; a confused mixture; a stew of various ingredients; a hodgepodge. “A mixture or hotchpotch of many tastes.” Bacon. 2. (Law) A blending of property for equality of division, as when lands given in frank-marriage to one daughter were, after the death of the ancestor, blended with the lands descending to her and to her sisters from the same ancestor, and then divided in equal portions among all the daughters. In modern usage, a mixing together, or throwing into a common mass or stock, of the estate left by a person deceased and the amounts advanced to any particular child or children, for the purpose of a more equal division, or of equalizing the shares of all the children; the property advanced being accounted for at its value when given. Bouvier. Tomlins. This term has been applied in cases of salvage. Story. It corresponds in a measure with collation in the civil and Scotch law. See Collation. Bouvier. Tomlins.

Hot´coc•kles , n. [Hot + cockle, cockle being perh. corrupt. fr. knuckle. Cf. F. main chaude (lit., hot hand) hotcockles.] A childish play, in which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him or his hand placed behind him.

Hote , v. t. & i. [pres. & imp. Hatte , Hot , etc.; p. p. Hote, Hoten , Hot, etc. See Hight, Hete.] 1. To command; to enjoin. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. To promise. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To be called; to be named. [Obs.] “There as I was wont to hote Arcite,
Now hight I Philostrate, not worth a mite.” Chaucer.

Ho•tel´ , n. [F. hôtel, OF. hostel. See Hostel.] 1. A house for entertaining strangers or travelers; an inn or public house, of the better class. 2. In France, the mansion or town residence of a person of rank or wealth.

Hôtel•-de-ville´ , n. [F.] A city hall or townhouse.

Hôtel•-Dieu´ , n. [F.] A hospital.

Hot´en , p. p. of Hote.

Hot´foot , adv. In haste; foothot. [Colloq.]

Hot´-head , n. A violent, passionate person; a hasty or impetuous person; as the rant of a hot-head.

Hot´-head•ed, a. Fiery; violent; rash; hasty; impetuous; vehement. Macaulay.

Hot´house , n. 1. A house kept warm to shelter tender plants and shrubs from the cold air; a place in which the plants of warmer climates may be reared, and fruits ripened. 2. A bagnio, or bathing house. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A brothel; a bagnio. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Pottery) A heated room for drying green ware.

Hot´-liv•ered , a. Of an excitable or irritable temperament; irascible. Milton.

Hot´ly, adv. [From Hot, a.] 1. In a hot or fiery manner; ardently; vehemently; violently; hastily; as a hotly pursued. 2. In a lustful manner; lustfully. Dryden.

Hot´-mouthed , a. Headstrong. “That hot-mouthed beast that bears against the curb.” Dryden.

Hot´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being hot. 2. Heat or excitement of mind or manner; violence; vehemence; impetuousity; ardor; fury. M. Arnold.

Hot´press , v. t. To apply heat to, in conjunction with mechanical pressure, for the purpose of giving a smooth and glossy surface, or to express oil, etc.; as to hotpress paper, linen, etc.

Hot´pressed , a. Pressed while heat is applied. See Hotpress, v. t.

Hot´-short , a. (Metal.) More or less brittle when heated; as hot-short iron.

Hot´-spir•it•ed , a. Having a fiery spirit; hot-headed.

Hot´spur , n. [Hot + spur.] A rash, hot-headed man. Holinshed. { Hot´spur• , Hot´spurred• }, a. Violent; impetuous; headstrong. Spenser. Peacham.

Hot´ten•tot , n. [D. Hottentot; — so called from hot and tot, two syllables of frequent occurrence in their language. Wedgwood.] 1. (Ethnol.) One of a degraded and savage race of South Africa, with yellowish brown complexion, high cheek bones, and wooly hair growing in tufts. 2. The language of the Hottentots, which is remarkable for its clicking sounds. Hottentot cherry (Bot.), a South African plant of the genus Cassine (C. maurocenia), having handsome foliage, with generally inconspicuous white or green flowers. Loudon. — Hottentot’s bread. (Bot.) See Elephant’s foot (a), under Elephant.

Hot´ten•tot•ism , n. A term employed to describe one of the varieties of stammering. Tylor.

Hou´dah , n. See Howdah.

Hough , n. Same as Hock, a joint.

Hough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Houghed p. pr. & vb. n. Houghing.] Same as Hock, to hamstring.

Hough, n. [Cf. D. hak. Cf. Hack.] An adz; a hoe. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet.

Hough, v. t. To cut with a hoe. [Obs.] Johnson.

Hou´let , n. (Zoöl.) An owl. See Howlet.

Hoult , n. A piece of woodland; a small wood. [Obs.] See Holt.

Hound , n. [OE. hound, hund, dog, AS. hund; akin to OS. & OFries. hund, D. hond, G. hund, OHG. hunt, Icel. hundr, Dan. & Sw. hund, Goth. hunds, and prob. to Lith. sz, Ir. & Gael. cu, L. canis, Gr. , , Skr. çvan. rad.229. Cf. Canine, Cynic, Kennel.] 1. (Zoöl.) A variety of the domestic dog, usually having large, drooping ears, esp. one which hunts game by scent, as the foxhound, bloodhound, deerhound, but also used for various breeds of fleet hunting dogs, as the greyhound, boarhound, etc. “Hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs.” Shak. 2. A despicable person. ´Boy! false hound!´ Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) A houndfish. 4. pl. (Naut.) Projections at the masthead, serving as a support for the trestletrees and top to rest on. 5. A side bar used to strengthen portions of the running gear of a vehicle. To follow the hounds, to hunt with hounds.

Hound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hounding.] 1. To set on the chase; to incite to pursuit; as to hounda dog at a hare; to hound on pursuers. Abp. Bramhall. 2. To hunt or chase with hounds, or as with hounds. L’Estrange.

Hound´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any small shark of the genus Galeus or Mustelus, of which there are several species, as the smooth houndfish (G. canis), of Europe and America; — called also houndshark, and dogfish. The European nursehound, or small-spotted dogfish, is Scyllium canicula; the rough houndfish, or large-spotted dogfish, is S. catulus. The name has also sometimes been applied to the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and to the silver gar.

Hound´ing, n. 1. The act of one who hounds. 2. (Naut.) The part of a mast below the hounds and above the deck.

Hound’s´-tongue , n. [AS. hundes tunge.] (Bot.) A biennial weed (Cynoglossum officinale), with soft tongue-shaped leaves, and an offensive odor. It bears nutlets covered with barbed or hooked prickles. Called also dog’s-tongue.

Houp , n. (Zoöl.) See Hoopoe. [Obs.]

Hour , n. [OE. hour, our, hore, ure, OF. hore, ore, ure, F. heure, L. hora, fr. Gr. , orig., a definite space of time, fixed by natural laws; hence, a season, the time of the day, an hour. See Year, and cf. Horologe, Horoscope.] 1. The twenty-fourth part of a day; sixty minutes. 2. The time of the day, as expressed in hours and minutes, and indicated by a timepiece; as what is the hour? At what hour shall we meet? 3. Fixed or appointed time; conjuncture; a particular time or occasion; as the hour of greatest peril; the man for the hour. “Woman, … mine hour is not yet come.” John ii. 4. “This is your hour, and the power of darkness.” Luke xxii. 53. 4. pl. (R. C. Ch.) Certain prayers to be repeated at stated times of the day, as matins and vespers. 5. A measure of distance traveled. “Vilvoorden, three hours from Brussels.” J. P. Peters. After hours, after the time appointed for one’s regular labor. — Canonical hours. See under Canonical. — Hour angle (Astron.), the angle between the hour circle passing through a given body, and the meridian of a place. — Hour circle. (Astron.) (a) Any circle of the sphere passing through the two poles of the equator; esp., one of the circles drawn on an artificial globe through the poles, and dividing the equator into spaces of 15°, or one hour, each. (b) A circle upon an equatorial telescope lying parallel to the plane of the earth’s equator, and graduated in hours and subdivisions of hours of right ascension. (c) A small brass circle attached to the north pole of an artificial globe, and divided into twenty- four parts or hours. It is used to mark differences of time in working problems on the globe. — Hour hand, the hand or index which shows the hour on a timepiece. — Hour line. (a) (Astron.) A line indicating the hour. (b) (Dialing) A line on which the shadow falls at a given hour; the intersection of an hour circle which the face of the dial. — Hour plate, the plate of a timepiece on which the hours are marked; the dial. Locke. — Sidereal hour, the twenty-fourth part of a sidereal day. — Solar hour, the twenty- fourth part of a solar day. — The small hours, the early hours of the morning, as one o’clock, two o’clock, etc. — To keep good hours, to be regular in going to bed early.

Hour´glass , n. An instrument for measuring time, especially the interval of an hour. It consists of a glass vessel having two compartments, from the uppermost of which a quantity of sand, water, or mercury occupies an hour in running through a small aperture unto the lower. A similar instrument measuring any other interval of time takes its name from the interval measured; as a half-hour glass, a half-minute glass. A three-minute glass is sometimes called an egg-glass, from being used to time the boiling of eggs.

Hou´ri , n.; pl. Houris (#). [Per. huri, hura, hur; akin to Ar. hur, pl. of ahwar beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.] A nymph of paradise; — so called by the Mohammedans.

Hour´ly , a. Happening or done every hour; occurring hour by hour; frequent; often repeated; renewed hour by hour; continual. “In hourly expectation of a martyrdom.” Sharp.

Hour´ly, adv. Every hour; frequently; continually. “Great was their strife, which hourly was renewed.” Dryden.

Hours , n. pl. [A translation of L. Horae (Gr. ). See Hour.] (Myth.) Goddess of the seasons, or of the hours of the day. “Lo! where the rosy-blosomed Hours,
Fair Venus’ train, appear.” Gray.

Hous´age , n. [From House.] A fee for keeping goods in a house. [R.] Chambers.

House , n.; pl. Houses (#). [OE. hous, hus, AS. hs; akin to OS. & OFries. hs, D. huis, OHG. hs, G. haus, Icel. hs, Sw. hus, Dan. huus, Goth. gudhs, house of God, temple; and prob. to E. hide to conceal. See Hide, and cf. Hoard, Husband, Hussy, Husting.] 1. A structure intended or used as a habitation or shelter for animals of any kind; but especially, a building or edifice for the habitation of man; a dwelling place, a mansion. “Houses are built to live in; not to look on.” Bacon. “Bees with smoke and doves with noisome stench
Are from their hives and houses driven away.” Shak. 2. Household affairs; domestic concerns; particularly in the phrase to keep house. See below. 3. Those who dwell in the same house; a household. “One that feared God with all his house.” Acts x. 2. 4. A family of ancestors, descendants, and kindred; a race of persons from the same stock; a tribe; especially, a noble family or an illustrious race; as the house of Austria; the house of Hanover; the house of Israel. “The last remaining pillar of their house,
The one transmitter of their ancient name.” Tennyson. 5. One of the estates of a kingdom or other government assembled in parliament or legislature; a body of men united in a legislative capacity; as the House of Lords; the House of Commons; the House of Representatives; also a quorum of such a body. See Congress, and Parliament. 6. (Com.) A firm, or commercial establishment. 7. A public house; an inn; a hotel. 8. (Astrol.) A twelfth part of the heavens, as divided by six circles intersecting at the north and south points of the horizon, used by astrologers in noting the positions of the heavenly bodies, and casting horoscopes or nativities. The houses were regarded as fixed in respect to the horizon, and numbered from the one at the eastern horizon, called the ascendant, first house, or house of life, downward, or in the direction of the earth’s revolution, the stars and planets passing through them in the reverse order every twenty- four hours. 9. A square on a chessboard, regarded as the proper place of a piece. 10. An audience; an assembly of hearers, as at a lecture, a theater, etc.; as a thin or a full house. 11. The body, as the habitation of the soul. “This mortal house I’ll ruin,
Do Caesar what he can.” Shak. 12. [With an adj., as narrow, dark, etc.] The grave. ´The narrow house.´ Bryant. House is much used adjectively and as the first element of compounds. The sense is usually obvious; as house cricket, housemaid, house painter, housework. House ant (Zoöl.), a very small, yellowish brown ant (Myrmica molesta), which often infests houses, and sometimes becomes a great pest. — House of bishops (Prot. Epis. Ch.), one of the two bodies composing a general convertion, the other being House of Clerical and Lay Deputies. — House boat, a covered boat used as a dwelling. — House of call, a place, usually a public house, where journeymen connected with a particular trade assemble when out of work, ready for the call of employers. [Eng.] Simonds. — House car (Railroad), a freight car with inclosing sides and a roof; a box car. — House of correction. See Correction. — House cricket (Zoöl.), a European cricket (Gryllus domesticus), which frequently lives in houses, between the bricks of chimneys and fireplaces. It is noted for the loud chirping or stridulation of the males. — House dog, a dog kept in or about a dwelling house. — House finch (Zoöl.), the burion. — House flag, a flag denoting the commercial house to which a merchant vessel belongs. — House fly (Zoöl.), a common fly (esp. Musca domestica), which infests houses both in Europe and America. Its larva is a maggot which lives in decaying substances or excrement, about sink drains, etc. — House of God, a temple or church. — House of ill fame. See Ill fame under Ill, a. — House martin (Zoöl.), a common European swallow (Hirundo urbica). It has feathered feet, and builds its nests of mud against the walls of buildings. Called also house swallow, and window martin. — House mouse (Zoöl.), the common mouse (Mus musculus). — House physician, the resident medical adviser of a hospital or other public institution. — House snake (Zoöl.), the milk snake. — House sparrow (Zoöl.), the common European sparrow (Passer domesticus). It has recently been introduced into America, where it has become very abundant, esp. in cities. Called also thatch sparrow. — House spider (Zoöl.), any spider which habitually lives in houses. Among the most common species are Theridium tepidariorum and Tegenaria domestica. — House surgeon, the resident surgeon of a hospital. — House wren (Zoöl.), the common wren of the Eastern United States (Troglodytes aëdon). It is common about houses and in gardens, and is noted for its vivacity, and loud musical notes. See Wren. — Religious house, a monastery or convent. — The White House, the official residence of the President of the United States; — hence, colloquially, the office of President. — To bring down the house. See under Bring. — To keep house, to maintain an independent domestic establishment. — To keep open house, to entertain friends at all times. Syn. — Dwelling; residence; abode. See Tenement.

House , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Housed p. pr. & vb. n. Housing.] [AS. hsian.] 1. To take or put into a house; to shelter under a roof; to cover from the inclemencies of the weather; to protect by covering; as to house one’s family in a comfortable home; to house farming utensils; to house cattle. “At length have housed me in a humble shed.” Young. “House your choicest carnations, or rather set them under a penthouse.” Evelyn. 2. To drive to a shelter. Shak. 3. To admit to residence; to harbor. “Palladius wished him to house all the Helots.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. To deposit and cover, as in the grave. Sandys. 5. (Naut.) To stow in a safe place; to take down and make safe; as to house the upper spars.

House, v. i. 1. To take shelter or lodging; to abide to dwell; to lodge. “You shall not house with me.” Shak. 2. (Astrol.) To have a position in one of the houses. See House, n., 8. ´Where Saturn houses.´ Dryden.

House´bote , n. [House + bote.] (Law) Wood allowed to a tenant for repairing the house and for fuel. This latter is often called firebote. See Bote.

House´break•er , n. One who is guilty of the crime of housebreaking.

House´break•ing, n. The act of breaking open and entering, with a felonious purpose, the dwelling house of another, whether done by day or night. See Burglary, and To break a house, under Break.

House´build•er , n. One whose business is to build houses; a housewright.

House´carl , n. [OE. huscarle. See House, and Carl.] (Eng. Archaeol.) A household servant; also one of the bodyguard of King Canute.

House´hold , n. 1. Those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family. “And calls, without affecting airs,
His household twice a day to prayers.” Swift. 2. A line of ancestory; a race or house. [Obs.] Shak.

House´hold, a. Belonging to the house and family; domestic; as household furniture; household affairs. Household bread, bread made in the house for common use; hence, bread that is not of the finest quality. [Obs.] — Household gods (Rom. Antiq.), the gods presiding over the house and family; the Lares and Penates; hence, all objects endeared by association with home. — Household troops, troops appointed to attend and guard the sovereign or his residence.

House´hold•er , n. The master or head of a family; one who occupies a house with his family. “Towns in which almost every householder was an English Protestant.” Macaulay. Compound householder. See Compound, a.

House´keep•er , n. 1. One who occupies a house with his family; a householder; the master or mistress of a family. Locke. 2. One who does, or oversees, the work of keeping house; as his wife is a good housekeeper; often, a woman hired to superintend the servants of a household and manage the ordinary domestic affairs. 3. One who exercises hospitality, or has a plentiful and hospitable household. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 4. One who keeps or stays much at home. [R.] “You are manifest housekeeper.” Shak. 5. A house dog. [Obs.] Shak.

House´keep•ing, n. 1. The state of occupying a dwelling house as a householder. 2. Care of domestic concerns; management of a house and home affairs. 3. Hospitality; a liberal and hospitable table; a supply of provisions. [Obs.] “Tell me, softly and hastily, what’s in the pantry?
Small housekeeping enough, said Phœbe.” Sir W. Scott.

House´keep•ing, a. Domestic; used in a family; as housekeeping commodities.

Hou´sel , n. [OE. housel, husel, AS. husel; akin to Icel. husl, Goth. hunsl a sacrifice.] The eucharist. [Archaic] Rom. of R. Tennyson.

Hou´sel, v. t. [AS. huslian.] To administer the eucharist to. [Archaic] Chaucer.

House´leek , n. [House + leek.] (Bot.) A succulent plant of the genus Sempervivum (S. tectorum), originally a native of subalpine Europe, but now found very generally on old walls and roofs. It is very tenacious of life under drought and heat; — called also ayegreen.

House´less, a. Destitute of the shelter of a house; shelterless; homeless; as a houseless wanderer.

House´less•ness, n. The state of being houseless.

House´line , n. (Naut.) A small line of three strands used for seizing; — called also housing. Totten.

House´ling , a. Same as Housling.

House´maid , n. A female servant employed to do housework, esp. to take care of the rooms. Housemaid’s knee (Med.), a swelling over the knee, due to an enlargement of the bursa in the front of the kneepan; — so called because frequently occurring in servant girls who work upon their knees.

House´mate , n. One who dwells in the same house with another. R. Browning.

House´room , n. Room or place in a house; as to give any one houseroom.

House´warm•ing , n. A feast or merry-making made by or for a family or business firm on taking possession of a new house or premises. Johnson.

House´wife , n. [House + wife. Cf. Hussy.] 1. The wife of a householder; the mistress of a family; the female head of a household. Shak. “He a good husband, a good housewife she.” Dryden. 2. (Usually pronounced .) [See Hussy, in this sense.] A little case or bag for materials used in sewing, and for other articles of female work; — called also hussy. [Written also huswife.] P. Skelton. 3. A hussy. [R.] [Usually written huswife.] Shak. Sailor’s housewife, a ditty-bag. { House´wife• , House´wive• } v. t. To manage with skill and economy, as a housewife or other female manager; to economize. “Conferred those moneys on the nuns, which since they have well housewived.” Fuller.

House´wife•ly , a. Pertaining or appropriate to a housewife; domestic; economical; prudent. “A good sort of woman, ladylike and housewifely.” Sir W. Scott.

House´wif•er•y , n. The business of the mistress of a family; female management of domestic concerns.

House´work , n. The work belonging to housekeeping; especially, kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbing, bed making, and the like.

House´wright , n. A builder of houses.

Hous´ing , n. [From House. In some of its senses this word has been confused with the following word.] 1. The act of putting or receiving under shelter; the state of dwelling in a habitation. 2. That which shelters or covers; houses, taken collectively. Fabyan. 3. (Arch.) (a) The space taken out of one solid, to admit the insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the side of another. (b) A niche for a statue. 4. (Mach.) A frame or support for holding something in place, as journal boxes, etc. 5. (Naut.) (a) That portion of a mast or bowsprit which is beneath the deck or within the vessel. (b) A covering or protection, as an awning over the deck of a ship when laid up. (c) A houseline. See Houseline.

Hous´ing, n. [From Houss.] 1. A cover or cloth for a horse’s saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horse cloth; in plural, trappings. 2. An appendage to the hames or collar of a harness.

Hous´ling , a. [See Housel.] Sacramental; as housling fire. [R.] Spenser.

Houss , n. [F. housse, LL. hulcia, fr. OHG. hulst; akin to E. holster. See Holster, and cf. 2d Housing.] A saddlecloth; a housing. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hou´tou , n. [From its note.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful South American motmot. Waterton.

Houve , n. [AS. hufe.] A head covering of various kinds; a hood; a coif; a cap. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hou•yhnhnm´ , n. One of the race of horses described by Swift in his imaginary travels of Lemuel Gulliver. The Houyhnhnms were endowed with reason and noble qualities; subject to them were Yahoos, a race of brutes having the form and all the worst vices of men.

Hove , imp. & p. p. of Heave. Hove short, Hove to. See To heave a cable short, To heave a ship to, etc., under Heave.

Hove, v. i. & t. To rise; to swell; to heave; to cause to swell. [Obs. or Scot.] Holland. Burns.

Hove, v. i. [OE. hoven. See Hover.] To hover around; to loiter; to lurk. [Obs.] Gower.

Hov´el , n. [OE. hovel, hovil, prob. a dim. fr. AS. hof house; akin to D. & G. hof court, yard, Icel. hof temple; cf. Prov. E. hove to take shelter, heuf shelter, home.] 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, or protecting produce, etc., from the weather. Brande & C. 2. A poor cottage; a small, mean house; a hut. 3. (Porcelain Manuf.) A large conical brick structure around which the firing kilns are grouped. Knight.

Hov´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoveled or Hovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoveling or Hovelling.] To put in a hovel; to shelter. “To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlon.” Shak. “The poor are hoveled and hustled together.” Tennyson.

Hov´el•er , n. One who assists in saving life and property from a wreck; a coast boatman. [Written also hoveller.] [Prov. Eng.] G. P. R. James.

Hov´el•ing, n. A method of securing a good draught in chimneys by covering the top, leaving openings in the sides, or by carrying up two of the sides higher than the other two. [Written also hovelling.]

Ho´ven , obs. or archaic p. p. of Heave.

Ho´ven , a. Affected with the disease called hoove; as hoven cattle.

Hov´er , n. [Etymol. doubtful.] A cover; a shelter; a protection. [Archaic] Carew. C. Kingsley.

Hov´er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hovered p. pr. & vb. n. Hovering.] [OE. hoveren, and hoven, prob. orig., to abide, linger, and fr. AS. hof house; cf. OFries. hovia to receive into one’s house. See Hovel.] 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing; to remain in flight or floating about or over a place or object; to be suspended in the air above something. “Great flights of birds are hovering about the bridge, and settling on it.” Addison. “A hovering mist came swimming o’er his sight.” Dryden. 2. To hang about; to move to and fro near a place, threateningly, watchfully, or irresolutely. “Agricola having sent his navy to hover on the coast.” Milton. “Hovering o’er the paper with her quill.” Shak.

Hov´er•er , n. A device in an incubator for protecting the young chickens and keeping them warm.

Hov´er-hawk , n. (Zoöl.) The kestrel.

Hov´er•ing•ly, adv. In a hovering manner.

How , adv. [OE. how, hou, hu, hwu, AS. h, from the same root as hwa, hwaet, who, what, pron. interrog.; akin to OS. hwow, D. hoe, cf. G. wie how, Goth. hwe wherewith, hwaiwa how. rad.182. See Who, and cf. Why.] 1. In what manner or way; by what means or process. “How can a man be born when he is old?” John iii. 4. 2. To what degree or extent, number or amount; in what proportion; by what measure or quality. “O, how love I thy law! it is my meditation all the day.” Ps. cxix. 97. “By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains, and rivers of the earth.” Bentley. 3. For what reason; from what cause. “How now, my love! why is your cheek so pale?” Shak. 4. In what state, condition, or plight. “How, and with what reproach, shall I return?” Dryden. 5. By what name, designation, or title. “How art thou called?” Shak. 6. At what price; how dear. [Obs.] “How a score of ewes now?” Shak. How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjectionally, and relatively; it is also often employed to emphasize an interrogation or exclamation. ´How are the mighty fallen!´ 2 Sam. i. 27. Sometimes, also it is used as a noun; — as the how, the when, the wherefore. Shelley. “Let me beg you — don’t say ´How?´ for ´What?´” Holmes.

How•adj´i , n. [Ar.] 1. A traveler. 2. A merchant; — so called in the East because merchants were formerly the chief travelers.

How•be´it , conj. [How + be + it.] Be it as it may; nevertheless; notwithstanding; although; albeit; yet; but; however. “The Moor — howbeit that I endure him not -
Is of a constant, loving, noble nature.” Shak.

How´dah , n. [Ar. hawdaj.] A seat or pavilion, generally covered, fastened on the back of an elephant, for the rider or riders. [Written also houdah.]

How´dy , n. [Scot., also houdy- wife. Of uncertain origin; cf. OSw. jordgumma; or perh. fr. E. how d’ye.] A midwife. [Prov. Eng.]

How´el , n. A tool used by coopers for smoothing and chamfering rheir work, especially the inside of casks.

How´el, v. t. To smooth; to plane; as to howel a cask.

How´ell, n. The upper stage of a porcelian furnace.

How•ev´er , adv. [Sometimes contracted into howe’er.] 1. In whetever manner, way, or degree. “However yet they me despise and spite.” Spenser. “Howe’er the business goes, you have made fault.” Shak. 2. At all events; at least; in any case. “Our chief end is to be freed from all, if it may be, however from the greatest evils.” Tillotson.

How•ev´er, conj. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet; still; though; as I shall not oppose your design; I can not, however, approve of it. “In your excuse your love does little say;
You might howe’er have took a better way.” Dryden. Syn. — However, At least, Nevertheless, Yet. These words, as here compared, have an adversative sense in reference to something referred to in the context. However is the most general, and leads to a final conclusion or decision. Thus we say, the truth, however, has not yet fully come out; i.e., such is the speaker’s conclusion in view of the whole case. So also we say, however, you may rely on my assistance to that amount; i. e., at all events, whatever may happen, this is my final decision. At least is adversative in another way. It points out the utmost concession that can possibly be required, and still marks the adversative conclusion; as at least, this must be done; whatever may be our love of peace, we must at least maintain the rights of conscience. Nevertheless denotes that though the concession be fully made, it has no bearing of the question; as nevertheless, we must go forward. Yet signifies that however extreme the supposition or fact comceded may be, the consequence which might naturally be expected does not and will not follow; as though I should die with thee, yet will I not deny thee; though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Cf. But.

How´itz , n. A howitzer. [Obs.]

How´itz•er , n. [G. haubitze, formerly hauffnitz, Bohem. haufnice, orig., a sling.] (Mil.) (a) A gun so short that the projectile, which was hollow, could be put in its place by hand; a kind of mortar. [Obs.] (b) A short, light, largebore cannon, usually having a chamber of smaller diameter than the rest of the bore, and intended to throw large projectiles with comparatively small charges.

How´ker , n. (Naut.) Same as Hooker.

Howl (houl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Howled p. pr. & vb. n. Howling.] [OE. houlen, hulen; akin to D. huilen, MHG. hiulen, hiuweln, OHG. hiuwilon to exult, hwo owl, Dan. hyle to howl.] 1. To utter a loud, protracted, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do. “And dogs in corners set them down to howl.” Drayton. “Methought a legion of foul fiends
Environ’d me about, and howled in my ears.” Shak. 2. To utter a sound expressive of distress; to cry aloud and mournfully; to lament; to wail. “Howl ye, for the day of the Lord is at hand.” Is. xiii. 6. 3. To make a noise resembling the cry of a wild beast. “Wild howled the wind.” Sir W. Scott. Howling monkey. (Zoöl.) See Howler, 2. — Howling wilderness, a wild, desolate place inhabited only by wild beasts. Deut. xxxii. 10.

Howl, v. t. To utter with outcry. ´Go … howl it out in deserts.´ Philips.

Howl, n. 1. The protracted, mournful cry of a dog or a wolf, or other like sound. 2. A prolonged cry of distress or anguish; a wail.

Howl´er , n. 1. One who howls. 2. (Zoöl.) Any South American monkey of the genus Mycetes. Many species are known. They are arboreal in their habits, and are noted for the loud, discordant howling in which they indulge at night.

Howl´et , n. [Equiv. to owlet, influenced by howl: cf. F. hulotte, OHG. hwela, hiuwela.] (Zoöl.) An owl; an owlet. [Written also houlet.] R. Browning.

Howp , v. i. To cry out; to whoop. [Obs.] Chaucer.

How´so , adv. Howsoever. [Obs.]

How•so•ev´er , adj. & conj. [How + so + ever.] 1. In what manner soever; to whatever degree or extent; however. “I am glad he’s come, howsoever he comes.” Shak. 2. Although; though; however. [Obs.] Shak.

Howve , n. A hood. See Houve. [Obs.]

Hox , v. t. [See Hock. rad.12.] To hock; to hamstring. See Hock. [Obs.] Shak.

Hoy , n. [D. heu, or Flem. hui.] (Naut.) A small coaster vessel, usually sloop-rigged, used in conveying passengers and goods from place to place, or as a tender to larger vessels in port. “The hoy went to London every week.” Cowper.

Hoy, interj. [D. hui. Cf. Ahoy.] Ho! Halloe! Stop!

Hoy´den , n. Same as Hoiden.

Hoy´man , n.; pl. Hoymen . One who navigates a hoy. “A common hoyman to carry goods by water for hire.” Hobart.

Hua•na´co , n. (Zoöl.) See Guanaco.

Hub , n. [See 1st Hob.] 1. The central part, usually cylindrical, of a wheel; the nave. See Illust. of Axle box. 2. The hilt of a weapon. Halliwell. 3. A rough protuberance or projecting obstruction; as a hub in the road. [U.S.] See Hubby. 4. A goal or mark at which quoits, etc., are cast. 5. (Diesinking) A hardened, engraved steel punch for impressing a device upon a die, used in coining, etc. 6. A screw hob. See Hob, 3. 7. A block for scotching a wheel. Hub plank (Highway Bridges), a horizontal guard plank along a truss at the height of a wagon-wheel hub. — Up to the hub, as far as possible in embarrassment or difficulty, or in business, like a wheel sunk in mire; deeply involved. [Colloq.]

Hub´ble-bub•ble , n. A tobacco pipe, so arranged that the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling noise, whence its name. In India, the bulb containing the water is often a cocoanut shell.

Hub´bub , n. [Cf. Whoobub, Whoop, Hoop, v. i.] A loud noise of many confused voices; a tumult; uproar. Milton. “This hubbub of unmeaning words.” Macaulay.

Hub´by , a. Full of hubs or protuberances; as a road that has been frozen while muddy is hubby. [U.S.]

Hüb´ner , n. [After Hübner, who analyzed it.] (Min.) A mineral of brownish black color, occurring in columnar or foliated masses. It is native manganese tungstate. { Huch , Hu´chen } n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A large salmon (Salmo, or Salvelinus, hucho) inhabiting the Danube; — called also huso, and bull trout.

Huck , v. i. [See Hawk to offer for sale, Huckster.] To higgle in trading. [Obs.] Holland.

Huck´a•back , n. [Perh. orig., peddler’s wares; cf. LG. hukkebak pickback. Cf. Huckster.] A kind of linen cloth with raised figures, used for towelings.

Huc´kle , n. [Perh. dim. of Prov. E. hucka hook, and so named from its round shape. See Hook.] 1. The hip; the haunch. 2. A bunch or part projecting like the hip. Huckle bone. (a) The hip bone; the innominate bone. (b) A small bone of the ankle; astragalus. [R.] Udall.

Huc´kle-backed , a. Round- shoulded.

Huc´kle•ber•ry , n. [Cf. Whortleberry.] (Bot.) (a) The edible black or dark blue fruit of several species of the American genus Gaylussacia, shrubs nearly related to the blueberries (Vaccinium), and formerly confused with them. The commonest huckelberry comes from G. resinosa. (b) The shrub that bears the berries. Called also whortleberry. Squaw huckleberry. See Deeberry.

Huck´ster , n. [OE. hukstere, hukster, OD. heukster, D. heuker; akin to D. huiken to stoop, bend, OD. huycken, huken, G. hocken, to squat, Icel. hka; — the peddler being named from his stooping under the load on his back. Cf. Hawk to offer for sale.] 1. A retailer of small articles, of provisions, and the like; a peddler; a hawker. Swift. 2. A mean, trickish fellow. Bp. Hall.

Huck´ster, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huckstered p. pr. & vb. n. Huckstering.] To deal in small articles, or in petty bargains. Swift.

Huck´ster•age , n. The business of a huckster; small dealing; peddling. “Ignoble huckster age of piddling tithes.” Milton.

Huck´ster•er , n. A huckster. Gladstone. “Those hucksterers or money- jobbers.” Swift.

Huck´stress , n. A female huckster.

Hud , n. [Cf. Hood a covering.] A huck or hull, as of a nut. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Hud´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huddled p. pr. & vb. n. Huddling ] [Cf. OE. hoderen, hodren, to cover, keep, warm; perh. akin to OE. huden, hiden, to hide, E. hide, and orig. meaning, to get together for protection in a safe place. Cf. Hide to conceal.] To press together promiscuously, from confusion, apprehension, or the like; to crowd together confusedly; to press or hurry in disorder; to crowd. “The cattle huddled on the lea.” Tennyson. “Huddling together on the public square … like a herd of panic-struck deer.” Prescott.

Hud´dle, v. t. 1. To crowd (things) together to mingle confusedly; to assemble without order or system. “Our adversary, huddling several suppositions together, … makes a medley and confusion.” Locke. 2. To do, make, or put, in haste or roughly; hence, to do imperfectly; — usually with a following preposition or adverb; as to huddle on; to huddle up; to huddle together. ´Huddle up a peace.´ J. H. Newman. “Let him forescat his work with timely care,
Which else is huddled when the skies are fair.” Dryden. “Now, in all haste, they huddle on
Their hoods, their cloaks, and get them gone.” Swift.

Hud´dle, n. A crowd; a number of persons or things crowded together in a confused manner; tumult; confusion. ´A huddle of ideas.´ Addison.

Hud´dler , n. One who huddles things together.

Hudge , n. (Mining) An iron bucket for hoisting coal or ore. Raymond.

Hu•di•bras´tic , a. Similar to, or in the style of, the poem ´Hudibras,´ by Samuel Butler; in the style of doggerel verse. Macaulay.

Hud•so´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Hudson’s Bay or to the Hudson River; as the Hudsonian curlew.

Hue , n. [OE. hew, heow, color, shape, form, AS. hiw, heow; akin to Sw. hy skin, complexion, Goth. hiwi form, appearance.] 1. Color or shade of color; tint; dye. ´Flowers of all hue.´ Milton. “Hues of the rich unfolding morn.” Keble. 2. (Painting) A predominant shade in a composition of primary colors; a primary color modified by combination with others.

Hue, n. [OE. hue, huer, to hoot, shout, prob. fr. OF. hu an exclamation.] A shouting or vociferation. Hue and cry (Law), a loud outcry with which felons were anciently pursued, and which all who heard it were obliged to take up, joining in the pursuit till the malefactor was taken; in later usage, a written proclamation issued on the escape of a felon from prison, requiring all persons to aid in retaking him. Burrill.

Hued , a. Having color; — usually in composition; as bright-hued; many- hued. Chaucer.

Hue´less , a. [AS. hiwleás. See Hue color.] Destitute of color. Hudibras.

Hu´er , n. One who cries out or gives an alarm; specifically, a balker; a conder. See Balker.

Huff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Huffed p. pr. & vb. n. Huffing.] [Cf. OE. hoove to puff up, blow; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To swell; to enlarge; to puff up; as huffed up with air. Grew. 2. To treat with insolence and arrogance; to chide or rebuke with insolence; to hector; to bully. “You must not presume to huff us.” Echard. 3. (Draughts) To remove from the board (the piece which could have captured an opposing piece). See Huff, v. i., 3.

Huff, v. i. 1. To enlarge; to swell up; as bread huffs. 2. To bluster or swell with anger, pride, or arrogance; to storm; to take offense. “THis senseless arrogant conceit of theirs made them huff at the doctrine of repentance.” South. 3. (Draughts) To remove from the board a man which could have captured a piece but has not done so; — so called because it was the habit to blow upon the piece.

Huff, n. 1. A swell of sudden anger or arrogance; a fit of disappointment and petulance or anger; a rage. ´Left the place in a huff.´ W. Irving. 2. A boaster; one swelled with a false opinion of his own value or importance. “Lewd, shallow-brained huffs make atheism and contempt of religion the sole badge … of wit.” South. To take huff, to take offence. Cowper.

Huff´cap , n. A blusterer; a bully. [Obs.] — a. Blustering; swaggering. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Huff´er , n. A bully; a blusterer. Hudibras.

Huff´i•ness , n. The state of being huffish; petulance; bad temper. Ld. Lytton.

Huff´ing•ly, adv. Blusteringly; arrogantly. [R.] “And huffingly doth this bonny Scot ride.” Old Ballad.

Huff´ish, a. Disposed to be blustering or arrogant; petulant. — Huff´ish•ly, adv. — Huff´ish•ness, n.

Huff´y , a. 1. Puffed up; as huffy bread. 2. Characterized by arrogance or petulance; easily offended.

Hug , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hugged p. pr. & vb. n. Hugging.] [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. sidde paa huk to squat, Sw. huka sig to squat, Icel. hka. Cf. Huckster.] 1. To cower; to crouch; to curl up. [Obs.] Palsgrave. 2. To crowd together; to cuddle. [Obs.] Shak.

Hug, v. t. 1. To press closely within the arms; to clasp to the bosom; to embrace. ´And huggen me in his arms.´ Shak. 2. To hold fast; to cling to; to cherish. “We hug deformities if they bear our names.” Glanvill. 3. (Naut.) To keep close to; as to hug the land; to hug the wind. To hug one’s self, to congratulate one’s self; to chuckle.

Hug, n. A close embrace or clasping with the arms, as in affection or in wrestling. Fuller.

Huge , a. [Compar. Huger superl. Hugest ] [OE. huge, hoge, OF. ahuge, ahoge.] Very large; enormous; immense; excessive; — used esp. of material bulk, but often of qualities, extent, etc.; as a huge ox; a huge space; a huge difference. ´The huge confusion.´ Chapman. ´A huge filly.´ Jer. Taylor. — Huge´ly, adv. — Huge´ness, n. “Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea.” Shak. Syn. — Enormous; gigantic; colossal; immense; prodigious; vast.

Hug´ger , n. One who hugs or embraces.

Hug´ger, v. t. & i. To conceal; to lurk ambush. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Hug´ger-mug•ger , n. [Scot. huggrie-muggrie; Prov. E. hugger to lie in ambush, mug mist, muggard sullen.] Privacy; secrecy. Commonly in the phrase in hugger-mugger, with haste and secrecy. [Archaic] “Many things have been done in hugger- mugger.” Fuller.

Hug´ger-mug•ger, a. 1. Secret; clandestine; sly. 2. Confused; disorderly; slovenly; mean; as hugger-mugger doings.

Hug´gle , v. t. [Freq. of hug.] To hug. [Obs.]

Hu´gue•not , n. [F., properly a dim. of Hugues. The name is probably derived from the Christian name (Huguenot) of some person conspicuous as a reformer.] (Eccl. Hist.) A French Protestant of the period of the religious wars in France in the 16th century.

Hu´gue•not•ism , n. [Cf. F. huguenotisme.] The religion of the Huguenots in France.

Hu´gy , a. Vast. [Obs.] Dryden.

Hu´ia bird [Native name; — so called from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand starling (Heteralocha acutirostris), remarkable for the great difference in the form and length of the bill in the two sexes, that of the male being sharp and straight, that of the female much longer and strongly curved.

Hui´sher , n. [Obs.] See Usher. B. Jonson.

Hui´sher, v. t. To usher. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Huke , n. [OF. huque, LL. huca; cf. D. huik.] An outer garment worn in Europe in the Middle Ages. [Written also heuk and hyke.] [Obs.] Bacon.

Hu´lan , n. See Uhlan.

Hulch , n. [Cf. Hunch.] A hunch. [Obs.]

Hulch´y , a. Swollen; gibbous. [Obs.]

Hulk , n. [OE. hulke a heavy ship, AS. hulc a light, swift ship; akin to D. hulk a ship of burden, G. holk, OHG. holcho; perh. fr. LL. holcas, Gr. , prop., a ship which is towed, fr. to draw, drag, tow. Cf. Wolf, Holcad.] 1. The body of a ship or decked vessel of any kind; esp., the body of an old vessel laid by as unfit for service. ´Some well- timbered hulk.´ Spenser. 2. A heavy ship of clumsy build. Skeat. 3. Anything bulky or unwieldly. Shak. Shear hulk, an old ship fitted with an apparatus to fix or take out the masts of a ship. — The hulks, old or dismasted ships, formerly used as prisons. [Eng.] Dickens.

Hulk , v. t. [Cf. MLG. holken to hollow out, Sw. hålka.] To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; as to hulk a hare. [R.] Beau. & Fl. { Hulk´ing , Hulk´y } a. Bulky; unwiedly. [R.] ´A huge hulking fellow.´ H. Brooke.

Hull , n. [OE. hul, hol, shell, husk, AS. hulu; akin to G. hülle covering, husk, case, hüllen to cover, Goth. huljan to cover, AS. helan to hele, conceal. rad.17. See Hele, v. t., Hell.] 1. The outer covering of anything, particularly of a nut or of grain; the outer skin of a kernel; the husk. 2. [In this sense perh. influenced by D. hol hold of a ship, E. hold.] (Naut.) The frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of her masts, yards, sails, and rigging. “Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light.” Dryden. Hull down, said of a ship so distant that her hull is concealed by the convexity of the sea.

Hull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hulled p. pr. & vb. n. Hulling.] 1. To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of; to free from integument; as to hull corn. 2. To pierce the hull of, as a ship, with a cannon ball.

Hull, v. i. To toss or drive on the water, like the hull of a ship without sails. [Obs.] Shak. Milton.

Hul•la•ba•loo´ , n. [Perh. a corruption of hurly-burly.] A confused noise; uproar; tumult. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Hulled , a. Deprived of the hulls. Hulled corn, kernels of maize prepared for food by removing the hulls.

Hull´er , n. One who, or that which, hulls; especially, an agricultural machine for removing the hulls from grain; a hulling machine.

Hul•lo´ , interj. See Hollo.

Hull´y , a. Having or containing hulls.

Hu´lo•ist , n. See Hyloist.

Hu´lo•the•ism , n. See Hylotheism.

Hul´ver , n. [OE. hulfere; prob. akin to E. holly.] Holly, an evergreen shrub or tree.

Hum , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hummed p. pr. & vb. n. Humming ] [Of imitative origin; cf. G. hummen, D. hommelen. rad.15.] 1. To make a low, prolonged sound, like that of a bee in flight; to drone; to murmur; to buzz; as a top hums. P. Fletcher. “Still humming on, their drowsy course they keep.” Pope. 2. To make a nasal sound, like that of the letter m prolonged, without opening the mouth, or articulating; to mumble in monotonous undertone; to drone. “The cloudy messenger turns me his back,
And hums.” Shak. 3. [Cf. Hum, interj.] To make an inarticulate sound, like h’m, through the nose in the process of speaking, from embarrassment or a affectation; to hem. 4. To express satisfaction by a humming noise. “Here the spectators hummed.” Trial of the Regicides. Formerly the habit of audiences was to express gratification by humming and displeasure by hissing. 5. To have the sensation of a humming noise; as my head hums, — a pathological condition.

Hum, v. t. 1. To sing with shut mouth; to murmur without articulation; to mumble; as to hum a tune. 2. To express satisfaction with by humming. 3. To flatter by approving; to cajole; to impose on; to humbug. [Colloq. & Low]

Hum, n. 1. A low monotonous noise, as of bees in flight, of a swiftly revolving top, of a wheel, or the like; a drone; a buzz. “The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums.” Shak. 2. Any inarticulate and buzzing sound; as: (a) The confused noise of a crowd or of machinery, etc., heard at a distance; as the hum of industry. “But ’midst the crowd, the hum, the shock of men.” Byron. (b) A buzz or murmur, as of approbation. Macaulay. 3. An imposition or hoax. 4. [Cf. Hem, interj.] An inarticulate nasal sound or murmur, like h’m, uttered by a speaker in pause from embarrassment, affectation, etc. “THese shrugs, these hums and ha’s.” Shak. 5. [Perh. so called because strongly intoxicating.] A kind of strong drink formerly used. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Venous hum. See under Venous.

Hum, interj. [Cf. Hem, interj.] Ahem; hem; an inarticulate sound uttered in a pause of speech implying doubt and deliberation. Pope.

Hu´man , a. [L. humanus; akin to homo man: cf. F. humain. See Homage, and cf. Humane, Omber.] Belonging to man or mankind; having the qualities or attributes of a man; of or pertaining to man or to the race of man; as a human voice; human shape; human nature; human sacrifices. “To err is human; to forgive, divine.” Pope.

Hu´man, n. A human being. [Colloq.] “Sprung of humans that inhabit earth.” Chapman. “We humans often find ourselves in strange position.” Prof. Wilson.

Hu´man•ate , a. [LL. humanatus.] Indued with humanity. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Hu•mane´ , a. [L. humanus: cf. F. humain. See Human.] 1. Pertaining to man; human. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. 2. Having the feelings and inclinations creditable to man; having a disposition to treat other human beings or animals with kindness; kind; benevolent. “Of an exceeding courteous and humane inclination.” Sportswood. 3. Humanizing; exalting; tending to refine. Syn. — Kind; sympathizing; benevolent; mild; compassionate; gentle; tender; merciful. — Hu•mane´ly, adv. — Hu•mane´ness, n.

Hu•man´ics , n. The study of human nature. [R.] T. W. Collins.

Hu•man´i•fy , v. t. To make human; to invest with a human personality; to incarnate. [R.] “The humanifying of the divine Word.” H. B. Wilson.

Hu´man•ism , n. 1. Human nature or disposition; humanity. “[She] looked almost like a being who had rejected with indifference the attitude of sex for the loftier quality of abstract humanism.” T. Hardy. 2. The study of the humanities; polite learning.

Hu´man•ist, n. [Cf. F. humaniste.] 1. One of the scholars who in the field of literature proper represented the movement of the Renaissance, and early in the 16th century adopted the name Humanist as their distinctive title. Schaff- Herzog. 2. One who pursues the study of the humanities, or polite literature. 3. One versed in knowledge of human nature.

Hu•man•is´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to humanity; as humanistic devotion. Caird. 2. Pertaining to polite literature. M. Arnold.

Hu•man•i•ta´ri•an , a. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) Pertaining to humanitarians, or to humanitarianism; as a humanitarian view of Christ’s nature. 2. (Philos.) Content with right affections and actions toward man; ethical, as distinguished from religious; believing in the perfectibility of man’s nature without supernatural aid. 3. Benevolent; philanthropic. [Recent]

Hu•man•i•ta´ri•an, n. [From Humanity.] 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) One who denies the divinity of Christ, and believes him to have been merely human. 2. (Philos.) One who limits the sphere of duties to human relations and affections, to the exclusion or disparagement of the religious or spiritual. 3. One who is actively concerned in promoting the welfare of his kind; a philanthropist. [Recent]

Hu•man•i•ta´ri•an•ism , n. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) The distinctive tenet of the humanitarians in denying the divinity of Christ; also the whole system of doctrine based upon this view of Christ. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that man’s obligations are limited to, and dependent alone upon, man and the human relations.

Hu•ma•ni´tian , n. A humanist. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Hu•man´i•ty , n.; pl. Humanities (#). [L. humanitas: cf. F. humanite. See Human.] 1. The quality of being human; the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from other beings. 2. Mankind collectively; the human race. “But hearing oftentimes
The still, and music humanity.” Wordsworth. “It is a debt we owe to humanity.” S. S. Smith. 3. The quality of being humane; the kind feelings, dispositions, and sympathies of man; especially, a disposition to relieve persons or animals in distress, and to treat all creatures with kindness and tenderness. ´The common offices of humanity and friendship.´ Locke. 4. Mental cultivation; liberal education; instruction in classical and polite literature. “Polished with humanity and the study of witty science.” Holland. 5. pl. (With definite article) The branches of polite or elegant learning; as language, rhetoric, poetry, and the ancient classics; belles-letters. The cultivation of the languages, literature, history, and archaeology of Greece and Rome, were very commonly called literae humaniores, or, in English, the humanities, … by way of opposition to the literae divinae, or divinity. G. P. Marsh.

Hu•man•i•za´tion , n. The act of humanizing. M. Arnold.

Hu´man•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humanized p. pr. & vb. n. Humanizing ] [Cf. F. humaniser.] 1. To render human or humane; to soften; to make gentle by overcoming cruel dispositions and rude habits; to refine or civilize. “Was it the business of magic to humanize our natures with compassion?” Addison. 2. To give a human character or expression to. ´Humanized divinities.´ Caird. 3. (Med.) To convert into something human or belonging to man; as to humanize vaccine lymph.

Hu´man•ize, v. i. To become or be made more humane; to become civilized; to be ameliorated. “By the original law of nations, war and extirpation were the punishment of injury. Humanizing by degrees, it admitted slavery instead of death; a further step was the exchange of prisoners instead of slavery.” Franklin.

Hu´man•i•zer , n. One who renders humane.

Hu´man•kind , n. Mankind. Pope.

Hu´man•ly, adv. 1. In a human manner; after the manner of men; according to the knowledge or wisdom of men; as the present prospects, humanly speaking, promise a happy issue. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Kindly; humanely. [Obs.] Pope.

Hu´man•ness, n. The quality or state of being human.

Hu´mate , n. [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) A salt of humic acid.

Hu•ma´tion , n. [L. humatio, fr. humare to cover with earth, to inter, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage.] Interment; inhumation. [R.]

Hum´bird , n. Humming bird.

Hum´ble , a. [Compar. Humbler superl. Humblest ] [F., fr. L. humilis on the ground, low, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage, and cf. Chameleon, Humiliate.] 1. Near the ground; not high or lofty; not pretentious or magnificent; unpretending; unassuming; as a humble cottage. “THy humble nest built on the ground.” Cowley. 2. Thinking lowly of one’s self; claiming little for one’s self; not proud, arrogant, or assuming; thinking one’s self ill-deserving or unworthy, when judged by the demands of God; lowly; waek; modest. “God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble.” Jas. iv. 6. “She should be humble who would please.” Prior. “Without a humble imitation of the divine Author of our … religion we can never hope to be a happy nation.” Washington. Humble plant (Bot.), a species of sensitive plant, of the genus Mimosa (M. sensitiva). — To eat humble pie, to endure mortification; to submit or apologize abjectly; to yield passively to insult or humilitation; — a phrase derived from a pie made of the entrails or humbles of a deer, which was formerly served to servants and retainers at a hunting feast. See Humbles. Halliwell. Thackeray.

Hum´ble , a. Hornless. See Hummel. [Scot.]

Hum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbled p. pr. & vb. n. Humbling ] 1. To bring low; to reduce the power, independence, or exaltation of; to lower; to abase; to humilate. “Here, take this purse, thou whom the heaven’s plagues
Have humbled to all strokes.” Shak. “The genius which humbled six marshals of France.” Macaulay. 2. To make humble or lowly in mind; to abase the pride or arrogance of; to reduce the self-sufficiently of; to make meek and submissive; — often used rexlexively. “Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you.” 1 Pet. v. 6. Syn. — To abase; lower; depress; humiliate; mortify; disgrace; degrade.

Hum´ble•bee , n. [OE. humbilbee, hombulbe; cf. D. hommel, G. hummel, OHG. humbal, Dan. humle, Sw. humla; perh. akin to hum. rad.15. Cf. Bumblebee.] (Zoöl.) The bumblebee. Shak.

Hum´ble•head , n. [Humble + -head.] Humble condition or estate; humility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hum´ble•ness, n. The quality of being humble; humility; meekness.

Hum´bler , n. One who, or that which, humbles some one.

Hum´bles , n. pl. [See Nombles.] Entrails of a deer. [Written also umbles.] Johnson.

Hum´blesse , n. [OF.] Humbleness; abasement; low obeisance. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Hum´bly, adv. With humility; lowly. Pope.

Hum´bug , n. [Prob. fr. hum to impose on, deceive + bug a frightful object.] 1. An imposition under fair pretenses; something contrived in order to deceive and mislead; a trick by cajolery; a hoax. 2. A spirit of deception; cajolery; trickishness. 3. One who deceives or misleads; a deceitful or trickish fellow; an impostor. Sir J. Stephen.

Hum´bug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbugged p. pr. & vb. n. Humbugging ] To deceive; to impose; to cajole; to hoax.

Hum´bug•ger , n. One who humbugs.

Hum´bug•ger•y , n. The practice of imposition.

Hum´drum , a. Monotonous; dull; commonplace. ´A humdrum crone.´ Bryant.

Hum´drum, n. 1. A dull fellow; a bore. B. Jonson. 2. Monotonous and tedious routine. “Dissatisfied with humdrum.” The Nation. 3. A low cart with three wheels, drawn by one horse. { Hu•mect´ , Hu•mec´tate } v. t. [L. humectare, humectatum, fr. humectus moist, fr. humere to be moist: cf. F. humecter.] To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Howell.

Hu•mec´tant , a. [L. humectans, p. pr.] Diluent. — n. A diluent drink or medicine. [Obs.]

Hu•mec•ta´tion , n. [L. humectatio: cf. F. humectation.] A moistening. [Obs.] Bacon.

Hu•mec´tive , a. Tending to moisten. [Obs.]

Hu´mer•al , a. [L. humerus the shoulder: cf. F. humeral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the humerus, or upper part of the arm; brachial. Humeral veil (R. C. Ch.), a long, narrow veil or scarf of the same material as the vestments, worn round the shoulders by the officiating priest or his attendant at Mass, and used to protect the sacred vessels from contact with the hands.

Hu´me•rus , n.; pl. Humeri (#). [L.] (Anat.) (a) The bone of the brachium, or upper part of the arm or fore limb. (b) The part of the limb containing the humerus; the brachium.

Hu´mic , a. [L. humus the earth, ground: cf. F. humique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, vegetable mold; as humic acid. See Humin.

Hu•mi•cu•ba´tion , n. [L. humus the ground + cubare to lie down.] The act or practice of lying on the ground. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

Hu´mid (hu´mid), a. [L. humidus, umidus, fr. humere, umere, to be moist; akin to uvidus moist, Gr. ´ygro•s, Skr. uksh to wet, sprinkle, and Icel. vökr moist, and perh. to E. ox: cf. F. humide.] Containing sensible moisture; damp; moist; as a humidair or atmosphere; somewhat wet or watery; as humid earth; consisting of water or vapor. “Evening cloud, or humid bow.” Milton.

Hu•mid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. humidite.] Moisture; dampness; a moderate degree of wetness, which is perceptible to the eye or touch; — used especially of the atmosphere, or of anything which has absorbed moisture from the atmosphere, as clothing. In hygrometrical reports (as of the United States Signal Service) complete saturation of the air is designated by Humidity 100, and its partial saturation by smaller numbers.

Hu´mid•ness , n. Humidity.

Hu´mi•fuse , a. [L. humus ground + fusus, p. p. of fundere to spread.] (Bot.) Spread over the surface of the ground; procumbent. Gray.

Hu•mil´i•ant , a. [L. humilians, p. pr. of humiliare.] Humiliating; humbling. ´Humiliant thoughts.´ [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Hu•mil´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humiliated p. pr. & vb. n. Humiliating.] [L. humiliatus, p. p. of humiliare. See Humble.] To reduce to a lower position in one’s own eyes, or in the eyes of others; to humble; to mortify. “We stand humiliated rather than encouraged.” M. Arnold.

Hu•mil•i•a´tion , n. [L. humiliatio: cf. F. humiliation.] 1. The act of humiliating or humbling; abasement of pride; mortification. Bp. Hopkins. 2. The state of being humiliated, humbled, or reduced to lowliness or submission. “The former was a humiliation of Deity; the latter a humiliation of manhood.” Hooker.

Hu•mil´i•ty , n.; pl. Humilities (#). [OE. humilite, OF. humilite, humelite, F. humilite, fr. L. humiliatis. See Humble.] 1. The state or quality of being humble; freedom from pride and arrogance; lowliness of mind; a modest estimate of one’s own worth; a sense of one’s own unworthiness through imperfection and sinfulness; self-abasement; humbleness. “Serving the Lord with all humility of mind.” Acts xx. 19. 2. An act of submission or courtesy. “With these humilities they satisfied the young king.” Sir J. Davies. Syn. — Lowliness; humbleness; meekness; modesty; diffidence. — Humility, Modesty, Diffidence. Diffidence is a distrust of our powers, combined with a fear lest our failure should be censured, since a dread of failure unconnected with a dread of censure is not usually called diffidence. It may be carried too far, and is not always, like modesty and humility, a virtue. Modesty, without supposing self-distrust, implies an unwillingness to put ourselves forward, and an absence of all over-confidence in our own powers. Humility consists in rating our claims low, in being willing to waive our rights, and take a lower place than might be our due. It does not require of us to underrate ourselves.

Hu´min , n. [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) A bitter, brownish yellow, amorphous substance, extracted from vegetable mold, and also produced by the action of acids on certain sugars and carbohydrates; — called also humic acid, ulmin, gein, ulmic or geic acid, etc.

Hu•mi´ri , n. [From native name.] (Bot.) A fragrant balsam obtained from Brazilian trees of the genus Humirium.

Hum´ite , n. [Named after Sir A. Hume.] (Min.) A mineral of a transparent vitreous brown color, found in the ejected masses of Vesuvius. It is a silicate of iron and magnesia, containing fluorine.

Hum´mel , v. t. [Cf. Hamble.] To separate from the awns; — said of barley. [Scot.]

Hum´mel, a. Having no awns or no horns; as hummelcorn; a hummel cow. [Scot.]

Hum´mel•er , n. [Written also hummeller.] One who, or a machine which, hummels.

Hum´mer , n. 1. One who, or that which, hums; one who applauds by humming. Ainsworth. 2. (Zoöl.) A humming bird.

Hum´ming , a. Emitting a murmuring sound; droning; murmuring; buzzing.

Hum´ming, n. A sound like that made by bees; a low, murmuring sound; a hum. Hummingale, lively or strong ale. Dryden. — Humming bird (Zoöl.), any bird of the family Trochilidae, of which over one hundred genera are known, including about four hundred species. They are found only in America and are most abundant in the tropics. They are mostly of very small size, and are noted for their very brilliant colors and peculiar habit of hovering about flowers while vibrating their wings very rapidly with a humming noise. They feed both upon the nectar of flowers and upon small insects. The common humming bird or ruby-throat of the Eastern United States is Trochilus colubris. Several other species are found in the Western United States. See Calliope, and Ruby-throat. — Humming-bird moth (Zoöl.), a hawk moth. See Hawk moth, under Hawk, the bird.

Hum´mock , n. [Prob. a dim. of hump. See Hump.] 1. A rounded knoll or hillock; a rise of ground of no great extent, above a level surface. 2. A ridge or pile of ice on an ice field. 3. Timbered land. See Hammock. [Southern U.S.]

Hum´mock•ing, n. The process of forming hummocks in the collision of Arctic ice. Kane.

Hum´mock•y , a. Abounding in hummocks.

Hum´mum , n. [Per. or Ar. hamman.] A sweating bath or place for sweating. Sir T. Herbert.

Hu´mor , n. [OE. humour, OF. humor, umor, F. humeur, L. humor, umor, moisture, fluid, fr. humere, umere, to be moist. See Humid.] [Written also humour.] 1. Moisture, especially, the moisture or fluid of animal bodies, as the chyle, lymph, etc.; as the humors of the eye, etc. The ancient physicians believed that there were four humors (the blood, phlegm, yellow bile or choler, and black bile or melancholy), on the relative proportion of which the temperament and health depended. 2. (Med.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, such as often causes an eruption on the skin. ´A body full of humors.´ Sir W. Temple. 3. State of mind, whether habitual or temporary (as formerly supposed to depend on the character or combination of the fluids of the body); disposition; temper; mood; as good humor; ill humor. “Examine how your humor is inclined,
And which the ruling passion of your mind.” Roscommon. “A prince of a pleasant humor.” Bacon. “I like not the humor of lying.” Shak. 4. pl. Changing and uncertain states of mind; caprices; freaks; vagaries; whims. “Is my friend all perfection, all virtue and discretion? Has he not humors to be endured?” South. 5. That quality of the imagination which gives to ideas an incongruous or fantastic turn, and tends to excite laughter or mirth by ludicrous images or representations; a playful fancy; facetiousness. “For thy sake I admit
That a Scot may have humor, I’d almost said wit.” Goldsmith. “A great deal of excellent humor was expended on the perplexities of mine host.” W. Irving. Aqueous humor, Crystalline humor or lens, Vitreous humor. (Anat.) See Eye. — Out of humor, dissatisfied; displeased; in an unpleasant frame of mind. Syn. — Wit; satire; pleasantry; temper; disposition; mood; frame; whim; fancy; caprice. See Wit.

Hu´mor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humored p. pr. & vb. n. Humoring.] 1. To comply with the humor of; to adjust matters so as suit the peculiarities, caprices, or exigencies of; to adapt one’s self to; to indulge by skillful adaptation; as to humor the mind. “It is my part to invent, and the musician’s to humor that invention.” Dryden. 2. To help on by indulgence or compliant treatment; to soothe; to gratify; to please. “You humor me when I am sick.” Pope. Syn. — To gratify; to indulge. See Gratify.

Hu´mor•al , a. [Cf. F. humoral.] Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the humors; as a humoral fever. Humoral pathology (Med.), the pathology, or doctrine of the nature of diseases, which attributes all morbid phenomena to the disordered condition of the fluids or humors of the body.

Hu´mor•al•ism , n. 1. (Med.) The state or quality of being humoral. 2. (Med.) The doctrine that diseases proceed from the humors; humorism. [Obs.]

Hu´mor•al•ist, n. One who favors the humoral pathology or believes in humoralism.

Hu´mor•ism , n. 1. (Med.) The theory founded on the influence which the humors were supposed to have in the production of disease; Galenism. Dunglison. 2. The manner or disposition of a humorist; humorousness. Coleridge.

Hu´mor•ist, n. [Cf. F. humoriste.] 1. (Med.) One who attributes diseases of the state of the humors. 2. One who has some peculiarity or eccentricity of character, which he indulges in odd or whimsical ways. “He [Roger de Coverley] … was a great humorist in all parts of his life.” Addison. 3. One who displays humor in speaking or writing; one who has a facetious fancy or genius; a wag; a droll. “The reputation of wits and humorists.” Addison.

Hu•mor•is´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a humorist.

Hu´mor•ize , v. t. To humor. Marston.

Hu´mor•less, a. Destitute of humor.

Hu´mor•ous , a. [Cf. L. humorosus, umorosus, moist. See Humor.] 1. Moist; humid; watery. [Obs.] “All founts wells, all deeps humorous.” Chapman. 2. Subject to be governed by humor or caprice; irregular; capricious; whimsical. Hawthorne. “Rough as a storm and humorous as the wind.” Dryden. 3. Full of humor; jocular; exciting laughter; playful; as a humorous story or author; a humorous aspect. Syn. — Jocose; facetious; witty; pleasant; merry.

Hu´mor•ous•ly, adv. 1. Capriciously; whimsically. “We resolve rashly, sillily, or humorously.” Calamy. 2. Facetiously; wittily.

Hu´mor•ous•ness, n. 1. Moodiness; capriciousness. 2. Facetiousness; jocularity.

Hu´mor•some , a. 1. Moody; whimsical; capricious. Hawthorne. “The commons do not abet humorsome, factious arms.” Burke. 2. Jocose; witty; humorous. Swift.

Hu´mor•some•ly, adv. Pleasantly; humorously.

Hu´mor•some•ness, n. Quality of being humorsome.

Hump , n. [Cf. D. homp a lump, LG. hump heap, hill, stump, possibly akin to E. heap. Cf. Hunch.] 1. A protuberance; especially, the protuberance formed by a crooked back. 2. (Zoöl.) A fleshy protuberance on the back of an animal, as a camel or whale.

Hump´back , n. [Cf. Hunchback.] 1. A crooked back; a humped back. Tatler. 2. A humpbacked person; a hunchback. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any whale of the genus Megaptera, characterized by a hump or bunch on the back. Several species are known. The most common ones in the North Atlantic are Megaptera longimana of Europe, and M. osphyia of America; that of the California coasts is M. versabilis. (b) A small salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), of the northwest coast of America.

Hump´backed , a. Having a humped back.

Humped , a. Having a hump, as the back.

Humph , interj. [Of imitative origin.] An exclamation denoting surprise, or contempt, doubt, etc.

Hump´less , a. Without a hump. Darwin.

Hump´-shoul•dered , a. Having high, hunched shoulders. Hawthorne.

Hump´y , a. Full of humps or bunches; covered with protuberances; humped.

Hum´strum , n. An instrument out of tune or rudely constructed; music badly played.

Hu´mu•lin , n. [NL. Humulus, the genus including the hop.] An extract of hops.

Hu´mus , n. [L., the earth, ground, soil.] That portion of the soil formed by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter. It is a valuable constituent of soils. Graham.

Hun , n. [L. Hunni, also Chunni, and Chuni; cf. AS. Hnas, Hne, OHG. Hni, G. Hunnen.] One of a warlike nomadic people of Northern Asia who, in the 5th century, under Atilla, invaded and conquered a great part of Europe.

Hunch , n. [Perh. akin to huckle; cf. hump, hunch, bunch, hunk.] 1. A hump; a protuberance. 2. A lump; a thick piece; as a hunch of bread. 3. A push or thrust, as with the elbow.

Hunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunched p. pr. & vb. n. Hunching.] 1. To push or jostle with the elbow; to push or thrust suddenly. 2. To thrust out a hump or protuberance; to crook, as the back. Dryden.

Hunch´back , n. [Cf. Humpback.] A back with a hunch or hump; also a hunchbacked person.

Hunch´backed , a. Having a humped back.

Hun´dred (hun´dred), n. [OE. hundred, AS. hundred a territorial division; hund hundred + a word akin to Goth. ga-raþjan to count, L. ratio reckoning, account; akin to OS. hunderod, hund, D. hondred, G. hundert, OHG. also hunt, Icel. hundrað, Dan. hundrede, Sw. hundra, hundrade, Goth. hund, Lith. szimtas, Russ. sto, W. cant, Ir. cead, L. centum, Gr. ´ekato•s, Skr. çata. rad.309. Cf. Cent, Century, Hecatomb, Quintal, and Reason.] 1. The product of ten multiplied by ten, or the number of ten times ten; a collection or sum, consisting of ten times ten units or objects; five score. also a symbol representing one hundred units, as 100 or C. “With many hundreds treading on his heels.” Shak. The word hundred, as well as thousand, million, etc., often takes a plural form. We may say hundreds, or many hundreds, meaning individual objects or units, but with an ordinal numeral adjective in constructions like five hundreds, or eight hundreds, it is usually intended to consider each hundred as a separate aggregate; as ten hundreds are one thousand. 2. A division of a country in England, supposed to have originally contained a hundred families, or freemen. Hundred court, a court held for all the inhabitants of a hundred. [Eng.] Blackstone.

Hun´dred, a. Ten times ten; five score; as a hundred dollars.

Hun´dred•er , n. 1. An inhabitant or freeholder of a hundred. 2. (Law) A person competent to serve on a jury, in an action for land in the hundred to which he belongs. 3. One who has the jurisdiction of a hundred; and sometimes, a bailiff of a hundred. Blount. Cowell.

Hun´dred•fold , n. A hundred times as much or as many. “He shall receive as hundredfold now in this time.” Mark x. 30.

Hun´dredth , a. 1. Coming last of a hundred successive individuals or units. 2. Forming one of a hundred equal parts into which anything is divided; the tenth of a tenth.

Hun´dredth, n. One of a hundred equal parts into which one whole is, or may be, divided; the quotient of a unit divided by a hundred.

Hun´dred•weight , n. A denomination of weight, containing 100, 112, or 120 pounds avoirdupois, according to differing laws or customs. By the legal standard of England it is 112 pounds. In most of the United States, both in practice and by law, it is 100 pounds avoirdupois, the corresponding ton of 2,000 pounds, sometimes called the short ton, being the legal ton.

Hung , imp. & p. p. of Hang. Hung beef, the fleshy part of beef slightly salted and hung up to dry; dried beef.

Hun•ga´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Hungary or to the people of Hungary. — n. A native or one of the people of Hungary. Hungarian grass. See Italian millet, under Millet.

Hun´ga•ry , n. A country in Central Europe, now a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hungary water, a distilled ´water,´ made from dilute alcohol aromatized with rosemary flowers, etc.

Hun´ger , n. [AS. hungor; akin to OFries. hunger, D. honger, OS. & OHG. hungar, G. hunger, Icel. hungr, Sw. & Dan. hunger, Goth. hhrus hunger, huggrjan to hunger.] 1. An uneasy sensation occasioned normally by the want of food; a craving or desire for food. The sensation of hunger is usually referred to the stomach, but is probably dependent on excitation of the sensory nerves, both of the stomach and intestines, and perhaps also on indirect impressions from other organs, more or less exhausted from lack of nutriment. 2. Any strong eager desire. “O sacred hunger of ambitious minds!” Spenser. “For hunger of my gold I die.” Dryden.

Hun´ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hungered p. pr. & vb. n. Hungering.] [OE. hungren, AS. hyngrian. See Hunger, n.] 1. To feel the craving or uneasiness occasioned by want of food; to be oppressed by hunger. 2. To have an eager desire; to long. “Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteouness.” Matt. v. 6.

Hun´ger, v. t. To make hungry; to famish. { Hun´ger-bit• , Hun´ger-bit•ten } a. Pinched or weakened by hunger. [Obs.] Milton.

Hun´gered , a. Hungry; pinched for food. [Obs.] Milton.

Hun´ger•er , n. One who hungers; one who longs. Lamb.

Hun´ger•ly, a. Wanting food; starved. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun´ger•ly, adv. With keen appetite. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun´ger-starve , v. t. To starve with hunger; to famish. [Obs.] Shak.

Hun´gred , a. Hungered; hungry. [Archaic]

Hun´gri•ly , adv. [From Hunger.] In a hungry manner; voraciously. Dryden.

Hun´gry , a. [Compar. Hungrier superl. Hungriest.] [AS. hungrid. See Hunger.] 1. Feeling hunger; having a keen appetite; feeling uneasiness or distress from want of food; hence, having an eager desire. 2. Showing hunger or a craving desire; voracious. “The cruel, hungry foam.” C. Kingsley. “Cassius has a lean and hungry look.” Shak. 3. Not rich or fertile; poor; barren; starved; as a hungry soil. ´The hungry beach.´ Shak.

Hunk , n. [Cf. Hunch.] A large lump or piece; a hunch; as a hunk of bread. [Colloq.]

Hun´ker , n. Originally, a nickname for a member of the conservative section of the Democratic party in New York; hence, one opposed to progress in general; a fogy. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Hun´ker•ism , n. Excessive conservatism; hostility to progress. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Hunks , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a niggard. “Pray make your bargain with all the prudence and selfishness of an old hunks.” Gray.

Hunt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hunting.] [AS. huntian to hunt; cf. hentan to follow, pursue, Goth. hinan (in comp.) to seize. rad.36. Cf. Hent.] 1. To search for or follow after, as game or wild animals; to chase; to pursue for the purpose of catching or killing; to follow with dogs or guns for sport or exercise; as to hunt a deer. “Like a dog, he hunts in dreams.” Tennyson. 2. To search diligently after; to seek; to pursue; to follow; — often with out or up; as to hunt up the facts; to hunt out evidence. “Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him.” Ps. cxl. 11. 3. To drive; to chase; — with down, from, away, etc.; as to hunt down a criminal; he was hunted from the parish. 4. To use or manage in the chase, as hounds. “He hunts a pack of dogs.” Addison. 5. To use or traverse in pursuit of game; as he hunts the woods, or the country.

Hunt, v. i. 1. To follow the chase; to go out in pursuit of game; to course with hounds. “Esau went to the field to hunt for venison.” Gen. xxvii. 5. 2. To seek; to pursue; to search; — with for or after. “He after honor hunts, I after love.” Shak. To hunt counter, to trace the scent backward in hunting, as a hound to go back on one’s steps. [Obs.] Shak.

Hunt, n. 1. The act or practice of chasing wild animals; chase; pursuit; search. “The hunt is up; the morn is bright and gray.” Shak. 2. The game secured in the hunt. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A pack of hounds. [Obs.] 4. An association of huntsmen. 5. A district of country hunted over. “Every landowner within the hunt.” London Field.

Hunt´-count•er , n. A worthless dog that runs back on the scent; a blunderer. [Obs.] Shak.

Hunt´e , n. [AS. hunta.] A hunter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hunt´er , n. 1. One who hunts wild animals either for sport or for food; a huntsman. 2. A dog that scents game, or is trained to the chase; a hunting dog. Shak. 3. A horse used in the chase; especially, a thoroughbred, bred and trained for hunting. 4. One who hunts or seeks after anything, as if for game; as a fortune hunter a place hunter. “No keener hunter after glory breathes.” Tennyson. 5. (Zoöl.) A kind of spider. See Hunting spider, under Hunting. 6. A hunting watch, or one of which the crystal is protected by a metallic cover. Hunter’s room, the lunation after the harvest moon. — Hunter’s screw (Mech.), a differential screw, so named from the inventor. See under Differential.

Hun•te´ri•an , a. Discovered or described by John Hunter, an English surgeon; as the Hunterian chancre. See Chancre.

Hunt´ing , n. The pursuit of game or of wild animals. A. Smith. Happy hunting grounds, the region to which, according to the belief of American Indians, the souls of warriors and hunters pass after death, to be happy in hunting and feasting. Tylor. — Hunting box. Same As Hunting lodge (below). — Hunting cat (Zoöl.), the cheetah. — Hunting cog (Mach.), a tooth in the larger of two geared wheels which makes its number of teeth prime to the number in the smaller wheel, thus preventing the frequent meeting of the same pairs of teeth. — Hunting dog (Zoöl.), the hyena dog. — Hunting ground, a region or district abounding in game; esp. (pl.), the regions roamed over by the North American Indians in search of game. — Hunting horn, a bulge; a horn used in the chase. See Horn, and Bulge. — Hunting leopard (Zoöl.), the cheetah. — Hunting lodge, a temporary residence for the purpose of hunting. — Hunting seat, a hunting lodge. Gray. — Hunting shirt, a coarse shirt for hunting, often of leather. — Hunting spider (Zoöl.), a spider which hunts its prey, instead of catching it in a web; a wolf spider. — Hunting watch. See Hunter, 6.

Hunt´ress , n. A woman who hunts or follows the chase; as the huntress Diana. Shak.

Hunts´man , n.; pl. Huntsmen . 1. One who hunts, or who practices hunting. 2. The person whose office it is to manage the chase or to look after the hounds. L’Estrange. Huntsman’s cup (Bot.), the sidesaddle flower, or common American pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea).

Hunts´man•ship , n. The art or practice of hunting, or the qualification of a hunter. Donne.

Hunt’s´-up , n. A tune played on the horn very early in the morning to call out the hunters; hence, any arousing sound or call. [Obs.] Shak. “Time plays the hunt’s-up to thy sleepy head.” Drayton.

Hur´den , n. [From Hurds.] A coarse kind of linen; — called also harden. [Prov. Eng.]

Hur´dle , n. [OE. hurdel, hirdel, AS. hyrdel; akin to D. horde, OHG. hurt, G. hürde a hurdle, fold, pen, Icel. hur door, Goth. haúrds, L. cratis wickerwork, hurdle, Gr. , Skr. kt to spin, ct to bind, connect. rad.16. Cf. Crate, Grate, n.] 1. A movable frame of wattled twigs, osiers, or withes and stakes, or sometimes of iron, used for inclosing land, for folding sheep and cattle, for gates, etc.; also in fortification, used as revetments, and for other purposes. 2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of execution. Bacon. 3. An artificial barrier, variously constructed, over which men or horses leap in a race. Hurdle race, a race in which artificial barriers in the form of hurdles, fences, etc., must be leaped.

Hur´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurdleed p. pr. & vb. n. Hurdleing ] To hedge, cover, make, or inclose with hurdles. Milton.

Hur´dle•work , n. Work after manner of a hurdle.

Hurds , n. [See Hards.] The coarse part of flax or hemp; hards.

Hur´dy-gur•dy , n. [Prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A stringled instrument, lutelike in shape, in which the sound is produced by the friction of a wheel turned by a crank at the end, instead of by a bow, two of the strings being tuned as drones, while two or more, tuned in unison, are modulated by keys. 2. In California, a water wheel with radial buckets, driven by the impact of a jet.

Hur•ka´ru , n. [Hind. harkara] In India, a running footman; a messenger. [Written also hurkaroo.]

Hurl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurled p. pr. & vb. n. Hurling.] [OE. hurlen, hourlen; prob. contracted fr. OE. hurtlen to hurtle, or probably akin to E. whirl. rad.16. See Hurtle.] 1. To send whirling or whizzing through the air; to throw with violence; to drive with great force; as to hurl a stone or lance. “And hurl’d them headlong to their fleet and main.” Pope. 2. To emit or utter with vehemence or impetuosity; as to hurl charges or invective. Spenser. 3. [Cf. Whirl.] To twist or turn. ´Hurled or crooked feet.´ [Obs.] Fuller.

Hurl, v. i. 1. To hurl one’s self; to go quickly. [R.] 2. To perform the act of hurling something; to throw something (at another). “God shall hurl at him and not spare.” Job xxvii. 22 (Rev. Ver. ). 3. To play the game of hurling. See Hurling.

Hurl, n. 1. The act of hurling or throwing with violence; a cast; a fling. Congreve. 2. Tumult; riot; hurly-burly. [Obs.] Knolles. 3. (Hat Manuf.) A table on which fiber is stirred and mixed by beating with a bowspring.

Hurl´bat , n. See Whirlbat. [Obs.] Holland.

Hurl´bone , n. 1. See Whirlbone. 2. (Far.) A bone near the middle of the buttock of a horse. Crabb.

Hurl´er , n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling.

Hurl´ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force. 2. A kind of game at ball, formerly played. “Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing the ball.” Carew.

Hurl´wind , n. A whirlwind. [Obs.] Sandys.

Hur´ly , n. [Cf. F. hurler to howl.] Noise; confusion; uproar. “That, with the hurly, death itself awakes.” Shak.

Hur´ly-bur•ly , n. [Reduplicated fr. OE. hurly confusion: cf. F. hurler to howl, yell, L. ululare; or cf. E. hurry.] Tumult; bustle; confusion. Shak. “All places were filled with tumult and hurly- burly.” Knolles.

Hu•ro´ni•an , a. [Named from Lake Huron.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to certain non- fossiliferous rocks on the borders of Lake Huron, which are supposed to correspond in time to the latter part of the Archaean age.

Hu´ron-Ir•o•quous´ , n. (Ethnol.) A linguistic group of warlike North American Indians, belonging to the same stock as the Algonquins, and including several tribes, among which were the Five Nations. They formerly occupied the region about Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the larger part of New York.

Hu´rons , n. pl.; sing. Huron. (Ethnol.) A powerful and warlike tribe of North American Indians of the Algonquin stock. They formerly occupied the country between Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, but were nearly exterminated by the Five Nations about 1650.

Hurr , v. i. [See Hurry.] To make a rolling or burring sound. [Obs.] “R is the dog’s letter, and hurreth in the sound.” B. Jonson. { Hur•rah´ Hur•ra´ } , interj. [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. hurra. Cf. Huzza.] A word used as a shout of joy, triumph, applause, encouragement, or welcome. “Hurrah! hurrah! for Ivry and Henry of Navarre.” Macaulay.

Hur•rah´, n. A cheer; a shout of joy, etc. Hurrah’s nest, state of utmost confusion. [Colloq. U.S.] “A perfect hurrah’s nest in our kitchen.” Mrs. Stowe.

Hur•rah´ , v. i. To utter hurrahs; to huzza.

Hur•rah´, v. t. To salute, or applaud, with hurrahs.

Hur´ri•cane , n. [Sp. hurracan; orig. a Carib word signifying, a high wind.] A violent storm, characterized by extreme fury and sudden changes of the wind, and generally accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning; — especially prevalent in the East and West Indies. Also used figuratively. “Like the smoke in a hurricane whirl’d.” Tennyson. “Each guilty thought to me is
A dreadful hurricane.” Massinger. Hurricane bird (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. — Hurricane deck. (Naut.) See under Deck.

Hur•ri•ca´no , n.; pl. Hurricanoes (#). A waterspout; a hurricane. [Obs.] Drayton. ´You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout.´ Shak.

Hur´ried , a. 1. Urged on; hastened; going or working at speed; as a hurried writer; a hurried life. 2. Done in a hurry; hence, imperfect; careless; as a hurried job. ´A hurried meeting.´ Milton. — Hur´ried•ly, adv. — Hur´ried•ness, n.

Hur´ri•er , n. One who hurries or urges.

Hur´ries , n. A staith or framework from which coal is discharged from cars into vessels.

Hur´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurried p. pr. & vb. n. Hurrying.] [OE. horien; cf. OSw. hurra to whirl round, dial. Sw. hurr great haste, Dan. hurre to buzz, Icel. hurr hurly-burly, MHG. hurren to hurry, and E. hurr, whir to hurry; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To hasten; to impel to greater speed; to urge on. “Impetuous lust hurries him on.” South. “They hurried him abroad a bark.” Shak. 2. To impel to precipitate or thoughtless action; to urge to confused or irregular activity. “And wild amazement hurries up and down
The little number of your doubtful friends.” Shak. 3. To cause to be done quickly. Syn. — To hasten; precipitate; expedite; quicken; accelerate; urge.

Hur´ry, v. i. To move or act with haste; to proceed with celerity or precipitation; as let us hurry. To hurry up, to make haste. [Colloq.]

Hur´ry, n. The act of hurrying in motion or business; pressure; urgency; bustle; confusion. “Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, it inflames the mind, and puts into a violent hurry of thought.” Addison. Syn. — Haste; speed; dispatch. See Haste.

Hur´ry•ing•ly, adv. In a hurrying manner.

Hur´ry-skur•ry , adv. [An imitative word; cf. Sw. skorra to rattle, snarl, E. scurry.] Confusedly; in a bustle. [Obs.] Gray.

Hurst , n. [OE. hurst, AS. hyrst; akin to OHG. hurst, horst, wood, thicket, G. horst the nest of a bird of prey, an eyerie, thicket.] A wood or grove; — a word used in the composition of many names, as in Hazlehurst.

Hurt, n. (Mach.) (a) A band on a trip-hammer helve, bearing the trunnions. (b) A husk. See Husk, 2.

Hurt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurt p. pr. & vb. n. Hurting.] [OE. hurten, hirten, horten, herten; prob. fr. OF. hurter, heurter, to knock, thrust, strike, F. heurter; cf. W. hyrddu to push, drive, assault, hwrdd a stroke, blow, push; also a ram, the orig. sense of the verb thus perhaps being, to butt as a ram; cf. D. horten to push, strike, MHG. hurten, both prob. fr. Old French.] 1. To cause physical pain to; to do bodily harm to; to wound or bruise painfully. “The hurt lion groans within his den.” Dryden. 2. To impar the value, usefulness, beauty, or pleasure of; to damage; to injure; to harm. “Virtue may be assailed, but never hurt.” Milton. 3. To wound the feelings of; to cause mental pain to; to offend in honor or self-respect; to annoy; to grieve. ´I am angry and hurt.´ Thackeray.

Hurt´er, n. 1. A bodily injury causing pain; a wound, bruise, or the like. “The pains of sickness and hurts … all men feel.” Locke. 2. An injury causing pain of mind or conscience; a slight; a stain; as of sin. “But the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt that Honor feels.” Tennyson. 3. Injury; damage; detriment; harm; mischief. “Thou dost me yet but little hurt.” Shak. Syn. — Wound; bruise; injury; harm; damage; loss; detriment; mischief; bane; disadvantage.

Hurt´er , n. One who hurts or does harm. “I shall not be a hurter, if no helper.” Beau. & Fl.

Hurt´er, n. [F. heurtoir, lit., a striker. See Hurt, v. t.] A butting piece; a strengthening piece, esp.: (Mil.) A piece of wood at the lower end of a platform, designed to prevent the wheels of gun carriages from injuring the parapet.

Hurt´ful , a. Tending to impair or damage; injurious; mischievous; occasioning loss or injury; as hurtful words or conduct. Syn. — Pernicious; harmful; baneful; prejudicial; detrimental; disadvantageous; mischievous; injurious; noxious; unwholesome; destructive. — Hurt´ful•ly, adv. — Hurt´ful•ness, n.

Hur´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hurtled p. pr. & vb. n. Hurtling ] [OE. hurtlen, freq. of hurten. See Hurt, v. t., and cf. Hurl.] 1. To meet with violence or shock; to clash; to jostle. “Together hurtled both their steeds.” Fairfax. 2. To move rapidly; to wheel or rush suddenly or with violence; to whirl round rapidly; to skirmish. “Now hurtling round, advantage for to take.” Spenser. “Down the hurtling cataract of the ages.” R. L. Stevenson. 3. To make a threatening sound, like the clash of arms; to make a sound as of confused clashing or confusion; to resound. “The noise of battle hurtled in the air.” Shak. “The earthquake sound
Hurtling ’death the solid ground.” Mrs. Browning.

Hur´tle , v. t. 1. To move with violence or impetuosity; to whirl; to brandish. [Obs.] “His harmful club he gan to hurtle high.” Spenser. 2. To push; to jostle; to hurl. “And he hurtleth with his horse adown.” Chaucer.

Hur´tle•ber•ry , n. [Cf. Huckleberry, Whortleberry.] See Whortleberry.

Hurt´less , a. Doing no injury; harmless; also unhurt; without injury or harm. “Gentle dame so hurtless and so true.” Spenser. — Hurt´less•ly, adv. — Hurt´less•ness, n.

Hus´band , n. [OE. hosebonde, husbonde, a husband, the master of the house or family, AS. hsbonda master of the house; hs house + bunda, bonda, householder, husband; prob. fr. Icel. hsbondi house master, husband; hs house + bandi dwelling, inhabiting, p. pr. of ba to dwell; akin to AS. ban, Goth. bauan. See House Be, and cf. Bond a slave, Boor.] 1. The male head of a household; one who orders the economy of a family. [Obs.] 2. A cultivator; a tiller; a husbandman. [Obs.] Shak. “The painful husband, plowing up his ground.” Hakewill. “He is the neatest husband for curious ordering his domestic and field accommodations.” Evelyn. 3. One who manages or directs with prudence and economy; a frugal person; an economist. [R.] “God knows how little time is left me, and may I be a good husband, to improve the short remnant left me.” Fuller. 4. A married man; a man who has a wife; — the correlative to wife. “The husband and wife are one person in law.” Blackstone. 5. The male of a pair of animals. [R.] Dryden. A ship’s husband (Naut.), an agent representing the owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts.

Hus´band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husbanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Husbanding.] 1. To direct and manage with frugality; to use or employ to good purpose and the best advantage; to spend, apply, or use, with economy. “For my means, I’ll husband them so well,
They shall go far.” Shak. 2. To cultivate, as land; to till. [R.] “Land so trim and rarely husbanded.” Evelyn. 3. To furnish with a husband. [R.] Shak.

Hus´band•a•ble , a. Capable of being husbanded, or managed with economy. Sherwood.

Hus´band•age , n. (Naut.) The commission or compensation allowed to a ship’s husband.

Hus´band•less, a. Destitute of a husband. Shak.

Hus´band•ly, a. Frugal; thrifty. [R.] Tusser.

Hus´band•man , n.; pl. Husbandmen . 1. The master of a family. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A farmer; a cultivator or tiller of the ground.

Hus´band•ry , n. 1. Care of domestic affairs; economy; domestic management; thrift. “There’s husbandry in heaven;
Their candles are all out.” Shak. 2. The business of a husbandman, comprehending the various branches of agriculture; farming. “Husbandry supplieth all things necessary for food.” Spenser.

Hush , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hushed p. pr. & vb. n. Hushing.] [OE. huschen, hussen, prob. of imitative origin; cf. LG. hussen to lull to sleep, G. husch quick, make haste, be silent.] 1. To still; to silence; to calm; to make quiet; to repress the noise or clamor of. “My tongue shall hush again this storm of war.” Shak. 2. To appease; to allay; to calm; to soothe. “With thou, then,
Hush my cares?” Otway. “And hush’d my deepest grief of all.” Tennyson. To hush up, to procure silence concerning; to suppress; to keep secret. ´This matter is hushed up.´ Pope.

Hush, v. i. To become or to keep still or quiet; to become silent; — esp. used in the imperative, as an exclamation; be still; be silent or quiet; make no noise. “Hush, idle words, and thoughts of ill.” Keble. “But all these strangers’ presence every one did hush.” Spenser.

Hush, n. Stillness; silence; quiet. [R.] ´It is the hush of night.´ Byron. Hush money, money paid to secure silence, or to prevent the disclosure of facts. Swift.

Hush, a. Silent; quiet. ´Hush as death.´ Shak.

Hush´er , n. An usher. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hush´ing, n. (Mining) The process of washing ore, or of uncovering mineral veins, by a heavy discharge of water from a reservoir; flushing; — also called booming.

Husk , n. [Prob. for hulsk, and from the same root as hull a husk. See Hull a husk.] 1. The external covering or envelope of certain fruits or seeds; glume; hull; rind; in the United States, especially applied to the covering of the ears of maize. 2. The supporting frame of a run of millstones. Husks of the prodigal son (Bot.), the pods of the carob tree. See Carob.

Husk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husked p. pr. & vb. n. Husking.] To strip off the external covering or envelope of; as to husk Indian corn.

Husked , a. 1. Covered with a husk. 2. Stripped of husks; deprived of husks.

Hus´ki•ly , adv. [From Husky.] In a husky manner; dryly.

Hus´ki•ness, n. 1. The state of being husky. 2. Roughness of sound; harshness; hoarseness; as huskiness of voice. G. Eliot.

Husk´ing , n. 1. The act or process of stripping off husks, as from Indian corn. 2. A meeting of neighbors or friends to assist in husking maize; — called also husking bee. [U.S.] ´A red ear in the husking.´ Longfellow.

Husk´y , a. [From Husk, n.] Abounding with husks; consisting of husks. Dryden.

Hus´ky , a. [Prob. for husty; cf. OE. host cough, AS. hwosta; akin to D. hoest, G. husten, OHG. huosto, Icel. hosti. See Wheeze.] Rough in tone; harsh; hoarse; raucous; as a husky voice.

Hu´so , n. [NL., fr. G. hausen, and E. isinglass.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large European sturgeon (Acipenser huso), inhabiting the region of the Black and Caspian Seas. It sometimes attains a length of more than twelve feet, and a weight of two thousand pounds. Called also hausen. (b) The huchen, a large salmon.

Hus•sar´ , n. [Hung. huszár, from husz twenty, because under King Matthais I., in the fifteenth century, every twenty houses were to furnish one horse soldier; cf. G. husar, F. houssard, hussard, from the same source.] (Mil.) Originally, one of the national cavalry of Hungary and Croatia; now, one of the light cavalry of European armies.

Huss´ite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of John Huss, the Bohemian reformer, who was adjudged a heretic and burnt alive in 1415.

Hus´sy , n. [Contr. fr. huswife.] 1. A housewife or housekeeper. [Obs.] 2. A worthless woman or girl; a forward wench; a jade; — used as a term of contempt or reproach. Grew. 3. A pert girl; a frolicsome or sportive young woman; — used jocosely. Goldsmith.

Hus´sy, n. [From Icel. hsi a case, prob. fr. hs house. See House, and cf. Housewife a bag, Huswife a bag.] A case or bag. See Housewife, 2.

Hus´tings , n. pl. [OE. husting an assembly, coucil, AS. hsting; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. hsing; hs home + ing thing, assembly, meeting; akin to Dan. & Sw. ting, E. thing. See House, and Thing.] 1. A court formerly held in several cities of England; specif., a court held in London, before the lord mayor, recorder, and sheriffs, to determine certain classes of suits for the recovery of lands within the city. In the progress of law reform this court has become unimportant. Mozley & W. 2. Any one of the temporary courts held for the election of members of the British Parliament. 3. The platform on which candidates for Parliament formerly stood in addressing the electors. [Eng.] “When the rotten hustings shake
In another month to his brazen lies.” Tennyson.

Hus´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hustled p. pr. & vb. n. Hustling ] [D. hustelen to shake, fr. husten to shake. Cf. Hotchpotch.] To shake together in confusion; to push, jostle, or crowd rudely; to handle roughly; as to hustle a person out of a room. Macaulay.

Hus´tle, v. i. To push or crows; to force one’s way; to move hustily and with confusion; a hurry. “Leaving the king, who had hustled along the floor with his dress worfully arrayed.” Sir W. Scott.

Hus´wife , n. [OE. huswif; hus house + wif wife. Cf. Hussy a housewife, Housewife.] [Written also housewife.] 1. A female housekeeper; a woman who manages domestic affairs; a thirfty woman. ´The bounteous huswife Nature.´ Shak. “The huswife is she that do labor doth fall.” Tusser. 2. A worthless woman; a hussy. [Obs.] Shak. 3. [See Hussy a bag.] A case for sewing materials. See Housewife. Cowper.

Hus´wife, v. t. To manage with frugality; — said of a woman. Dryden.

Hus´wife•ly, a. Like a huswife; capable; economical; prudent. — adv. In a huswifely manner.

Hus´wife•ry , n. The business of a housewife; female domestic economy and skill. Tusser.

Hut , n. [OE. hotte; akin to D. hut, G. hütte, OHG. hutta, Dan. hytte, Sw. hydda; and F. hutte, of G. origin; all akin to E. hide to conceal. See Hude to conceal.] A small house, hivel, or cabin; a mean lodge or dwelling; a slightly built or temporary structure. “Death comes on with equal footsteps
To the hall and hut”. Bp. Coxe.

Hutch , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hutted p. pr. & vb. n. Hutting.] To place in huts; to live in huts; as to hut troops in winter quarters. “The troops hutted among the heights of Morristown.” W. Irving.

Hutch , n. [OE. hucche, huche, hoche, F. huche, LL. hutica.] 1. A chest, box, coffer, bin, coop, or the like, in which things may be stored, or animals kept; as a grain hutch; a rabbit hutch. 2. A measure of two Winchester bushels. 3. (Mining) The case of a flour bolt. 4. (Mining) (a) A car on low wheels, in which coal is drawn in the mine and hoisted out of the pit. (b) A jig for washing ore. Bolting hutch, Booby hutch, etc. See under Bolting, etc.

Hutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hutched p. pr. & vb. n. Hutching.] 1. To hoard or lay up, in a chest. [R.] ´She hutched the … ore.´ Milton. 2. (Mining) To wash (ore) in a box or jig.

Hutch•un•so´ni•an , n. A follower of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire, England, who believed that the Hebrew Scriptures contained a complete system of natural science and of theology.

Hut•to´ni•an , a. Relating to what is now called the Plutonic theory of the earth, first advanced by Dr. James Hutton. Lyell.

Hux´ter , n. & v. i. See Huckster.

Huy•ghe´ni•an , a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Christian Huyghens, a Dutch astronomer of the seventeenth century; as the Huyghenian telescope. Huyghenian eyepieceSee under Eyepiece.

Huzz , v. i. [An onomatopœa. rad.43. Cf. Buzz.] To buzz; to murmur. [Obs.] “Huzzing and burring in the preacher’s ear.” Latimer.

Huz•za´ , interj. [Cf. G. hussa, husa, interj., hurrah, huzza. rad.43. Cf. Hurrah.] A word used as a shout of joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement.

Huz´za, n. A shout of huzza; a cheer; a hurrah. “They made a great huzza or shout.” Evelyn.

Huz•za´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huzzaed p. pr. & vb. n. Huzzaing.] To shout huzza; to cheer.

Huz•za´, v. t. To receive or attend with huzzas. “He was huzzaed into the court.” Addison.

Hy , a. High. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy´a•cine , n. A hyacinth. [Obs.] Spenser.

Hy´a•cinth , n. [L. hyacinthus a kind of flower, prob. the iris, gladiolus, or larkspur, also a kind of gem, perh. the sapphire; as a proper name, Hyacinthus, a beautiful Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, fr. Gr. , : cf. F. hyacinthe. Cf. Jacinth. The hyacinth was fabled to have sprung from the blood of Hyacinthus, who was accidentally slain by Apollo.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A bulbous plant of the genus Hyacinthus, bearing beautiful spikes of fragrant flowers. H. orientalis is a common variety. (b) A plant of the genus Camassia (C. Farseri), called also Eastern camass; wild hyacinth. (c) The name also given to Scilla Peruviana, a Mediterranean plant, one variety of which produces white, and another blue, flowers; — called also from a mistake as to its origin, Hyacinth of Peru. 2. (Min.) A red variety of zircon, sometimes used as a gem. See Zircon. Hyacinth bean (Bot.), a climbing leguminous plant (Dolichos Lablab), related to the true bean. It has dark purple flowers and fruit.

Hy•a•cin´thi•an , a. Hyacinthine. [R.]

Hy•a•cin´thine , a. [L. hyacinthinus, Gr. .] Belonging to the hyacinth; resembling the hyacinth; in color like the hyacinth. Milton. “His curling locks like hyacinthine flowers.” Cowper. “The hyacinthine boy, for whom
Morn well might break and April bloom.” Emerson. { Hy´a•des , Hy´ads } n. pl. [L. Hyades, Gr. .] (Astron.) A cluster of five stars in the face of the constellation Taurus, supposed by the ancients to indicate the coming of rainy weather when they rose with the sun. “Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea.” Tennyson.

Hy•ae´na , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Hyena.

Hy•a´le•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. glassy, fr. ´y•alos glass.] (Zoöl.) A pteropod of the genus Cavolina. See Pteropoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Hy•a•les´cence , n. [See Hyaline.] The process of becoming, or the state of being, transparent like glass.

Hy´a•line , a. [L. hyalinus, Gr. , fr. ´y•alos glass: cf. F. hyalin.] Glassy; resembling glass; consisting of glass; transparent, like crystal. ´Hyaline spaces.´ Carpenter.

Hy´a•line, n. 1. A poetic term for the sea or the atmosphere. ´The clear hyaline, the glassy sea.´ Milton. “Our blood runs amazed ’neath the calm hyaline.” Mrs. Browning. 2. (Biol.) The pellucid substance, present in cells in process of development, from which, according to some embryologists, the cell nucleus originates. 3. (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible of alcoholic fermentation. Gamgee.

Hy´a•lite , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass: cf. F. hyalite.] (Min.) A pellucid variety of opal in globules looking like colorless gum or resin; — called also Müller’s glass.

Hy•al´o•graph , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass + graph.] An instrument for tracing designs on glass.

Hy•a•log´ra•phy , n. Art of writing or engraving on glass.

Hy´a•loid , a. [Gr. glassy, transparent; ´y•alos glass + appearance: cf. F. hyaloïde.] (Anat.) Resembling glass; vitriform; transparent; hyaline; as the hyaloid membrane, a very delicate membrane inclosing the vitreous humor of the eye.

Hy•a•lo•ne´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•alos glass + a thread.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hexactinelline sponges, having a long stem composed of very long, slender, transparent, siliceous fibres twisted together like the strands of a color. The stem of the Japanese species (H. Sieboldii), called glass-rope, has long been in use as an ornament. See Glass-rope.

Hy•al´o•phane , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass + to appear.] (Min.) A species of the feldspar group containing barium. See Feldspar.

Hy•a•lo•spon´gi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•alos glass + a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of vitreous sponges, having glassy six-rayed, siliceous spicules; — called also Hexactinellinae.

Hy•al´o•type , n. [Gr. ´y•alos glass + -type.] A photographic picture copied from the negative on glass; a photographic transparency. R. Hunt. { Hy•ber´na•cle , Hy´ber•nate , Hy•ber•na´tion } See Hibernacle, Hibernate, Hibernation.

Hy•blae´an , a. [L. Hyblaeus.] Pertaining to Hybla, an ancient town of Sicily, famous for its bees.

Hyb´o•dont , a. [Gr. hump + , , a tooth.] (Paleon.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an extinct genus of sharks (Hybodus), especially in the form of the teeth, which consist of a principal median cone with smaller lateral ones.

Hyb´o•dus , n. [NL. See Hybodont.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of sharks having conical, compressed teeth.

Hy´brid , n. [L. hybrida, hibrida, prob. allied to Gr. wantonness (as if unbridled, lawless, unnatural), perh. akin to Gr. ´ype•r over, E. over: cf. F. hybride.] (Biol.) The offspring of the union of two distinct species; an animal or plant produced from the mixture of two species. See Mongrel.

Hy´brid, a. Produced from the mixture of two species; as plants of hybrid nature.

Hy´brid•ism , n. The state or quality of being hybrid.

Hy´brid•ist, n. One who hybridizes.

Hy•brid´i•ty , n. Hybridism.

Hy´brid•i•za•ble , a. Capable of forming a hybrid, or of being subjected to a hybridizing process; capable of producing a hybrid by union with another species or stock. “Hybridizable genera are rarer than is generally supposed, even in gardens where they are so often operated upon, under circumstances most favorable to the production of hybrids.” J. D. Hooker.

Hy•brid•i•za´tion , n. The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized.

Hy´brid•i•ze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hybridized p. pr. & vb. n. Hybridizing ] To render hybrid; to produce by mixture of stocks.

Hy´brid•i•zer , n. One who hybridizes.

Hy´brid•ous , a. Same as Hybrid.

Hyd´age , n. (Law) A land tax. See Hidage.

Hy•dan•to´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydantoin. See Glycoluric.

Hy•dan´to•in , n. [Hydrogen + allantion.] (Chem.) A derivative of urea, C3H4N2O2, obtained from allantion, as a white, crystalline substance, with a sweetish taste; — called also glycolyl urea.

Hy´da•tid , n. [Gr. , , a watery vesicle under the upper eyelid, fr. ´y•dwr, ´y•datos, water: cf. F. hydatide.] (Zoöl.) A membranous sac or bladder filled with a pellucid fluid, found in various parts of the bodies of animals, but unconnected with the tissues. It is usually formed by parasitic worms, esp. by larval tapeworms, as Echinococcus and Cœnurus. See these words in the Vocabulary. Hydatid of Morgagni (Anat.), one of the small pedunculated bodies found between the testicle and the head of the epididymis, and supposed to be a remnant of the Müllerian duct.

Hy•dat´i•form , a. [Hydatid + -form.] Resembling a hydatid.

Hy´da•toid , a. [Gr. ´y•dwr, ´y•datos, water + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling water; watery; aqueous; hyaloid.

Hy´dr- See under Hydro-.

Hy´dra , n.; pl. E. Hydras (#), L. Hydrae (#). [L. hydra, Gr. ´y•dra; akin to ´y•dwr water. See Otter the animal, Water.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A serpent or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in the Peloponnesus, represented as having many heads, one of which, when cut off, was immediately succeeded by two others, unless the wound was cauterized. It was slain by Hercules. Hence, a terrible monster. “Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire.” Milton. 2. Hence: A multifarious evil, or an evil having many sources; not to be overcome by a single effort. 3. (Zoöl.) Any small fresh-water hydroid of the genus Hydra, usually found attached to sticks, stones, etc., by a basal sucker. The body is a simple tube, having a mouth at one extremity, surrounded by a circle of tentacles with which it captures its prey. Young hydras bud out from the sides of the older ones, but soon become detached and are then like their parent. Hydras are remarkable for their power of repairing injuries; for if the body be divided in pieces, each piece will grow into a complete hydra, to which fact the name alludes. The zooids or hydranths of marine hydroids are sometimes called hydras. 4. (Astron.) A southern constellation of great length lying southerly from Cancer, Leo, and Virgo.

Hy•drach´nid , n. [Hydr- + arachnid.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic mite of the genus Hydrachna. The hydrachnids, while young, are parasitic on fresh-water mussels.

Hy•drac´id , n. [Hydr- + acid: cf. F. hydracide.] (Chem.) An acid containing hydrogen; — sometimes applied to distinguish acids like hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and the like, which contain no oxygen, from the oxygen acids or oxacids. See Acid.

Hy•dra•cryl´ic , a. [Hydr- + acrylic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric variety of lactic acid that breaks down into acrylic acid and water.

Hy•drac•tin´i•an , n. [See Hydra, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) Any species or marine hydroids, of the genus Hydractinia and allied genera. These hydroids form, by their rootstalks, a firm, chitinous coating on shells and stones, and esp. on spiral shells occupied by hermit crabs. See Illust. of Athecata.

Hy•drae´mi•a (hi•dre´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) An abnormally watery state of the blood; anaemia.

Hy´dra•gogue , a. [L. hydragogus conveying off water, Gr. ; ´y•dwr water + to lead: cf. F. hydragogue.] (Med.) Causing a discharge of water; expelling serum effused into any part of the body, as in dropsy. — n. A hydragogue medicine, usually a cathartic or diuretic.

Hy•dram´ide , n. [Hydr- + -amide.] (Chem.) One of a group of crystalline bodies produced by the action of ammonia on certain aldehydes.

Hy•dram´ine , n. [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) One of a series of artificial, organic bases, usually produced as thick viscous liquids by the action of ammonia on ethylene oxide. They have the properties both of alcohol and amines.

Hy•dran´ge•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + vessel, capsule: cf. F. hydrangee.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubby plants bearing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers, white, or of various colors. H. hortensis, the common garden species, is a native of China or Japan.

Hy´drant , n. [Gr. to irrigate, fr. ´y•dwr water. See Hydra.] A discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks; a water plug.

Hy´dranth , n. [Hydra + Gr. a flower.] (Zoöl.) One of the nutritive zooids of a hydroid colony. Also applied to the proboscis or manubrium of a hydroid medusa. See Illust. of Hydroidea.

Hy•drar´go•chlo´ride , n. [Hydrargyrum + chloride.] (Chem.) A compound of the bichloride of mercury with another chloride. [Obs.]

Hy•drar´gy•rate , a. Of or pertaining to mercury; containing, or impregnated with, mercury. [R.]

Hy•drar´gy•rism , n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by poisoning with hydrargyrum, or mercury; mercurialism.

Hy•drar´gy•rum (-rum), n. [NL., fr. L. hydrargyrus, Gr. ´ydra•rgyros; ´y•dwr water + ’a•rgyros silver.] (Chem.) Quicksilver; mercury.

Hy•drar•thro´sis , n. [NL. See Hydro-, 1, and Arthrosis.] (Med.) An effusion of watery liquid into the cavity of a joint.

Hy•dras´tine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid, found in the rootstock of the golden seal (Hydrastis Canadensis), and extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance. It is used as a tonic and febrifuge.

Hy´dra-taint•ed , a. Dipped in the gall of the fabulous hydra; poisonous; deadly. Cowper.

Hy´drate , n. [Gr. ´y•dwr water: cf. F. hydrate.] (Chem.) (a) A compound formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. (b) A substance which does not contain water as such, but has its constituents (hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl) so arranged that water may be eliminated; hence, a derivative of, or compound with, hydroxyl; hydroxide; as ethyl hydrate, or common alcohol; calcium hydrate, or slaked lime.

Hy´drate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrated p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrating ] To form into a hydrate; to combine with water.

Hy´dra•ted , a. Formed into a hydrate; combined with water.

Hy•dra´tion , n. (Chem.) The act of becoming, or state of being, a hydrate. Water of hydration (Chem.), water chemically combined with some substance to form a hydrate; — distinguished from water of crystallization.

Hy•drau´lic , a. [F. hydraulique, L. hydraulicus, fr. Gr. , , a water organ; ´y•dwr water + flute, pipe. See Hydra.] Of or pertaining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion; conveying, or acting by, water; as an hydraulic clock, crane, or dock. Hydraulic accumulator, an accumulator for hydraulic machinery of any kind. See Accumulator, 2. — Hydraulic brake, a cataract. See Cataract, 3. — Hydraulic cement, a cement or mortar made of hydraulic lime, which will harden under water. — Hydraulic elevator, a lift operated by the weight or pressure of water. — Hydraulic jack. See under Jack. — Hydraulic lime, quicklime obtained from hydraulic limestone, and used for cementing under water, etc. — Hydraulic limestone, a limestone which contains some clay, and which yields a quicklime that will set, or form a firm, strong mass, under water. — Hydraulic main (Gas Works), a horizontal pipe containing water at the bottom into which the ends of the pipes from the retorts dip, for passing the gas through water in order to remove ammonia. — Hydraulic mining, a system of mining in which the force of a jet of water is used to wash down a bank of gold-bearing gravel or earth. [Pacific Coast] — Hydraulic press, a hydrostatic press. See under Hydrostatic. — Hydraulic propeller, a device for propelling ships by means of a stream of water ejected under water rearward from the ship. — Hydraulic ram, a machine for raising water by means of the energy of the moving water of which a portion is to be raised. When the rush of water through the main pipe d shuts the valve at a, the momentum of the current thus suddenly checked forces part of it into the air chamber b, and up the pipe c, its return being prevented by a valve at the entrance to the air chamber, while the dropping of the valve a by its own weight allows another rush through the main pipe, and so on alternately. — Hydraulic valve. (Mach.) (a) A valve for regulating the distribution of water in the cylinders of hydraulic elevators, cranes, etc. (b) (Gas Works) An inverted cup with a partition dipping into water, for opening or closing communication between two gas mains, the open ends of which protrude about the water.

Hy•drau´lic•al , a. Hydraulic.

Hy•drau´li•con , n. [NL. See Hydraulic.] (Mus.) An ancient musical instrument played by the action of water; a water organ. [Written also hydraulis.]

Hy•drau´lics , n. [Cf. F. hydraulique.] That branch of science, or of engineering, which treats of fluids in motion, especially of water, its action in rivers and canals, the works and machinery for conducting or raising it, its use as a prime mover, and the like. As a science, hydraulics includes hydrodynamics, or the principles of mechanics applicable to the motion of water; as a branch of engineering, it consists in the practical application of the mechanics of fluids to the control and management of water with reference to the wants of man, including canals, waterworks, hydraulic machines, pumps, water wheels, etc. Some writers treat hydraulics and hydrostatics as subdivisions of hydrodynamics.

Hy´dra•zine , n. [Hydr- + azo- + -ine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of nitrogenous bases, resembling the amines and produced by the reduction of certain nitroso and diazo compounds; as methyl hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine, etc. They are derivatives of hydrazine proper, H2N.NH2, which is a doubled amido group, recently (1887) isolated as a stable, colorless gas with a peculiar, irritating odor. As a base it forms distinct salts. Called also diamide, amidogen, (or more properly diamidogen), etc.

Hy´dren•ceph´s•loid , a. [Hydrencephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Same as Hydrocephaloid.

Hy´dri•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) A water jar; esp., one with a large rounded body, a small neck, and three handles. Some of the most beautiful Greek vases are of this form.

Hy´dri•ad , n. [Gr. , , of the water, fr. ´y•dwr water.] (Myth.) A water nymph.

Hy´dric , a. [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen; as hydric oxide. Hydric dioxide. (Chem.) See Hydrogen dioxide, under Hydrogen. — Hydric oxide (Chem.), water. — Hydric sulphate (Chem.), hydrogen sulphate or sulphuric acid.

Hy´dride , n. [Hydr- + ide.] (Chem.) A compound of the binary type, in which hydrogen is united with some other element.

Hy´dri•form , a. [Hydra + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form or structure of a hydra.

Hy•dri´na , n. pl. [NL. See Hydra.] (Zoöl.) The group of hydroids to which the fresh-water hydras belong.

Hy•dri´o•date , n. [Cf. F. hydriodate.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hydriodide.

Hy•dri•od´ic , a. [Hydr- + iodic: cf. F. hydriodique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and iodine; — said of an acid produced by the combination of these elements. Hydriodic acid (Chem.), a pungent, colorless gas HI, usually prepared as a solution in water. It is strong reducing agent. Called also hydrogen iodide.

Hy•dri´o•dide , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydriodic acid with a base; — distinguished from an iodide, in which only the iodine combines with the base. { Hy´dro- , Hy´dr-. } 1. A combining form from Gr. , , water (see Hydra). 2. (Chem.) A combining form of hydrogen, indicating hydrogen as an ingredient, as hydrochloric; or a reduction product obtained by hydrogen, as hydroquinone.

Hy•dro•ba•rom´e•ter , n. [Hydro- , 1 + barometer.] An instrument for determining the depth of the sea water by its pressure.

Hy•dro•bil•i•ru´bin , n. [Hydro- , 2 + bilirubin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body formed from bilirubin, identical with urobilin.

Hy•dro•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + gills.] (Zoöl.) An extensive artificial division of gastropod mollusks, including those that breathe by gills, as contrasted with the Pulmonifera. — Hy•dro•bran´chi•ate (#), a.

Hy•dro•bro´mate , n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrobromide.

Hy•dro•bro´mic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + bromic.] (Chem.) Composed of hydrogen and bromine; as hydrobromic acid. Hydrobromic acid (Chem.), a colorless, pungent, corrosive gas HBr, usually collected as a solution in water. It resembles hydrochloric acid, but is weaker and less stable. Called also hydrogen bromide.

Hy•dro•bro´mide , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrobromic acid with a base; — distinguished from a bromide, in which only the bromine unites with the base.

Hy•dro•car´bon , n. [Hydro-, 2 + carbon.] (Chem.) A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, as methane, benzene, etc.; also by extension, any of their derivatives. Hydrocarbon burner, furnace, stove, a burner, furnace, or stove with which liquid fuel, as petroleum, is used.

Hy•dro•car•bo•na´ceous , a. Of the nature, or containing, hydrocarbons.

Hy•dro•car´bon•ate , n. (a) (Old Chem.) A hydrocarbon. [Obs.] (b) (Chem.) A hydrous carbonate, as malachite.

Hy•dro•car•bo•sty´ril , n. [Hydro-, 2 + carbostyril.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous hydrocarbon, C9H9NO, obtained from certain derivatives of cinnamic acid and closely related to quinoline and carbostyril.

Hy•dro•car´bu•ret , n. [Hydro- , 2 + carburet.] (Chem.) Carbureted hydrogen; also a hydrocarbon. [Obs.]

Hy•dro•cau´lus , n.; pl. Hydrocauli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + a stalk.] (Zoöl.) The hollow stem of a hydroid, either simple or branched. See Illust. of Gymnoblastea and Hydroidea.

Hy•dro•cele , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ´y•dwr water + tumor.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the areolar texture of the scrotum or in the coverings, especially in the serous sac, investing the testicle or the spermatic cord; dropsy of the testicle.

Hy•dro•ce•phal´ic , a. Relating to, or connected with, hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain.

Hy•dro•ceph´a•loid , a. [Hydrocephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling hydrocephalus. Hydrocephaloid affection (Med.), the group of symptoms which follow exhausting diarrhea in young children, resembling those of acute hydrocephalus, or tubercular meningitis.

Hy•dro•ceph´a•lous , a. Having hydrocephalus. ´Hydrocephalous offspring.´ G. Eliot.

Hy•dro•ceph´a•lus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hydrocephalus; ´y•dwr water + head.] (Med.) An accumulation of liquid within the cavity of the cranium, especially within the ventricles of the brain; dropsy of the brain. It is due usually to tubercular meningitis. When it occurs in infancy, it often enlarges the head enormously.

Hy•dro•chlo´rate , n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrochloride.

Hy•dro•chlo´ric , a. [Hydro-, 2 + chloric: cf. F. hydrochlorique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or compounded of, chlorine and hydrogen gas; as hydrochloric acid; chlorhydric. Hydrochloric acid (Chem.), hydrogen chloride; a colorless, corrosive gas HCl, of pungent, suffocating odor. It is made in great quantities in the soda process, by the action of sulphuric acid on common salt. It has a great affinity for water, and the commercial article is a strong solution of the gas in water. It is a typical acid, and is an indispensable agent in commercial and general chemical work. Called also muriatic, ∧ chlorhydric, acid.

Hy•dro•chlo´ride , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrochloric acid with a base; — distinguished from a chloride, where only chlorine unites with the base.

Hy•dro•co•ral´li•a , n. pl. [NL. See Hydra, and Coral.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea, including those genera that secrete a stony coral, as Millepora and Stylaster. Two forms of zooids in life project from small pores in the coral and resemble those of other hydroids. See Millepora.

Hy•dro•cy´a•nate , n. (Chem.) See Hydrocyanide.

Hy•dro•cy•an´ic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + anic: cf. F. hydrocyanique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from the combination of, hydrogen and cyanogen. Hydrocyanic acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HCN, having a characteristic peach-blossom odor. It is one of the most deadly poisons. It is made by the action of sulphuric acid on yellow prussiate of potassium (potassium ferrocyanide), and chemically resembles hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids. Called also prussic acid, hydrogen cyanide, etc.

Hy•dro•cy´a•nide , n. (Chem.) A compound of hydrocyanic acid with a base; — distinguished from a cyanide, in which only the cyanogen so combines. { Hy•dro•dy•nam´ic , Hy•dro•dy•nam´ic•al , } a. [Hydro-, 1 + dynamic, - ical: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the dynamical action of water of a liquid; of or pertaining to water power. Hydrodynamic friction, friction produced by the viscosity of a liquid in motion.

Hy•dro•dy•nam´ics , n. [Hydro- , 1 + dynamics: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] That branch of the science of mechanics which relates to fluids, or, as usually limited, which treats of the laws of motion and action of nonelastic fluids, whether as investigated mathematically, or by observation and experiment; the principles of dynamics, as applied to water and other fluids. The word is sometimes used as a general term, including both hydrostatics and hydraulics, together with pneumatics and acoustics. See Hydraulics.

Hy•dro•dy•na•mom´e•ter , n. [Hydro-, 1 + dynamometer.] An instrument to measure the velocity of a liquid current by the force of its impact.

Hy•dro-e•lec´tric , a. [Hydro- , 1 + electric.] Pertaining to, employed in, or produced by, the evolution of electricity by means of a battery in which water or steam is used. Hydro-electric machine (Physics), an apparatus invented by Sir William Armstrong of England for generating electricity by the escape of high-pressure steam from a series of jets connected with a strong boiler, in which the steam is produced.

Hy•dro-ex•tract´or , n. [Hydro- , 1 + extractor.] An apparatus for drying anything, as yarn, cloth, sugar, etc., by centrifugal force; a centrifugal.

Hy•dro•fer•ri•cy•an´ic , n. [Hydro-, 2 + ferricyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferric iron, and cyanogen; as hydroferricyanic acid. See Ferricyanic.

Hy•dro•fer•ro•cy•an´ic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + ferrocyanic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferrous iron, and cyanogen; as hydroferrocyanic acid. See Ferrocyanic.

Hy•dro•flu´ate , n. (Chem.) A supposed compound of hydrofluoris acid and a base; a fluoride. [Archaic]

Hy•dro•flu•or´ic , a. [Hydro- , 2 + fluoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen and fluorine; fluohydric; as hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HF, very corrosive in its action, and having a strong, pungent, suffocating odor. It is produced by the action of sulphuric acid on fluorite, and is usually collected as a solution in water. It attacks all silicates, as glass or porcelain, is the agent employed in etching glass, and is preserved only in vessels of platinum, lead, caoutchouc, or gutta-percha.

Hy•dro•flu•o•sil´i•cate , n. (Chem.) A salt of hydrofluosilic acid; a silicofluoride. See Silicofluoride.

Hy•dro•flu•o•si•lic´ic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + fluorine + silicic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, a compound consisting of a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon; silicofluoric. See Silicofluoric.

Hy•dro•gal•van´ic , a. [Hydro- , 1 + galvanic.] Pertaining to, produced by, or consisting of, electricity evolved by the action or use of fluids; as hydrogalvanic currents. [R.]

Hy´dro•gen , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -gen: cf. F. hydrogène. So called because water is generated by its combustion. See Hydra.] (Chem.) A gaseous element, colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the lightest known substance, being fourteen and a half times lighter than air (hence its use in filling balloons), and over eleven thousand times lighter than water. It is very abundant, being an ingredient of water and of many other substances, especially those of animal or vegetable origin. It may by produced in many ways, but is chiefly obtained by the action of acids (as sulphuric) on metals, as zinc, iron, etc. It is very inflammable, and is an ingredient of coal gas and water gas. It is standard of chemical equivalents or combining weights, and also of valence, being the typical monad. Symbol H. Atomic weight 1. Although a gas hydrogen is chemically similar to the metals in its nature, having the properties of a weak base. It is, in all acids, the base which is replaced by metals and basic radicals to form salts. Like all other gases, it is condensed by great cold and pressure to a liquid which freezes and solidifies by its own evaporation. It is absorbed in large quantities by certain metals (esp. palladium), forming alloy-like compounds; hence, in view of quasi-metallic nature, it is sometimes called hydrogenium. It is the typical reducing agent, as opposed to oxidizers, as oxygen, chlorine, etc. Bicarbureted hydrogen, an old name for ethylene. — Carbureted hydrogen gas. See under Carbureted. — Hydrogen dioxide, a thick, colorless liquid, H2O2, resembling water, but having a bitter, sour taste, produced by the action of acids on barium peroxide. It decomposes into water and oxygen, and is manufactured in large quantities for an oxidizing and bleaching agent. Called also oxygenated water. — Hydrogen oxide, a chemical name for water, HO. — Hydrogen sulphide, a colorless inflammable gas H2S, having the characteristic odor of bad eggs, and found in many mineral springs. It is produced by the action of acids on metallic sulphides, and is an important chemical reagent. Called also sulphureted hydrogen.

Hy´dro•gen•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenated p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenating ] (Chem.) To hydrogenize.

Hy•dro•gen•a´tion , n. (Chem.) The act of combining with hydrogen, or the state of being so combined.

Hy´dro•gen•ide , n. (Chem.) A binary compound containing hydrogen; a hydride. [R.] See Hydride.

Hy•dro•ge´ni•um , n. [NL. See Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Hydrogen; — called also in view of its supposed metallic nature. Graham.

Hy´dro•gen•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenized p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenizing ] (Chem.) To combine with hydrogen; to treat with, or subject to the action of, hydrogen; to reduce; — contrasted with oxidize.

Hy•drog´e•nous , a. Of or pertaining to hydrogen; containing hydrogen.

Hy•drog´no•sy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. knowledge.] A treatise upon, or a history and description of, the water of the earth.

Hy´drog•ode , n. [Hydrogen + Gr. way. path.] (Elec.) The negative pole or cathode. [R.]

Hy•drog´ra•pher , n. One skilled in the hydrography; one who surveys, or draws maps or charts of, the sea, lakes, or other waters, with the adjacent shores; one who describes the sea or other waters. Boyle. { Hy•dro•graph´ic , Hy•dro•graph´ic•al } a. Of or relating to hydrography.

Hy•drog´ra•phy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -graphy: cf. F. hydrographie.] 1. The art of measuring and describing the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, with their phenomena. 2. That branch of surveying which embraces the determination of the contour of the bottom of a harbor or other sheet of water, the depth of soundings, the position of channels and shoals, with the construction of charts exhibiting these particulars.

Hy•drog´u•ret , n. [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) A hydride. [Obs.]

Hy´droid , a. [Hydra + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Related to, or resembling, the hydra; of or pertaining to the Hydroidea. — n. One of the Hydroideas.

Hy•droi´de•a, n. pl. [NL. See Hydra, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of Hydrozoa or Acalephae. [Written also Hydroida.] This order includes the hydras and the free-swimming hydromedusae, together with a great variety of marine attached hydroids, many of which grow up into large, elegantly branched forms, consisting of a vast number of zooids (hydranths, gonophores, etc.), united by hollow stems. All the zooids of a colony are produced from one primary zooid, by successive buddings. The Siphonophora have also been included in this order by some writers. See Gymnoblastea, Hydromedusa, Gonosome, Gonotheca.

Hy•dro•ki•net´ic , a. [Hydro- , 1 + kinetic.] Of or pertaining to the motions of fluids, or the forces which produce or affect such motions; — opposed to hydrostatic. Sir W. Thomson.

Hy•dro•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to hydrology.

Hy•drol´o•gist , n. One skilled in hydrology.

Hy•drol´o•gy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -logy: cf. F. hydrologie.] The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and distribution over the earth’s surface.

Hy•dro•lyt´ic , a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to loose.] (Chem.) Tending to remove or separate water; eliminating water. “Hydrolytic agents, such as sulphuric acid or caustic alkali.” Encyc. Brit. Hydrolytic ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment, enzyme, or chemical ferment, which acts only in the presence of water, and which causes the substance acted upon to take up a molecule of water. Thus, diastase of malt, ptyalin of saliva, and boiling dilute sulphuric acid all convert starch by hydration into dextrin and sugar. Nearly all of the digestive ferments are hydrolytic in their action.

Hy•dro•mag´ne•site (hi•dro•mag´ne•sit), n. [Hydro-, 1 + magnesite.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of magnesia occurring in white, earthy, amorphous masses.

Hy´dro•man•cy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -mancy: cf. F. hydromancie.] Divination by means of water, — practiced by the ancients.

Hy•dro•man´tic , a. [Cf. F. hydromantique.] Of or pertaining to divination by water.

Hy•dro•me•chan´ics , n. [Hydro- , 1 + mechanics.] That branch of physics which treats of the mechanics of liquids, or of their laws of equilibrium and of motion.

Hy•dro•me•du´sa , n.; pl. Hydromedusae (#). [NL. See Hydra, and Medusa.] (Zoöl.) Any medusa or jellyfish which is produced by budding from a hydroid. They are called also Craspedota, and naked-eyed medusae. Such medusae are the reproductive zooids or gonophores, either male or female, of the hydroid from which they arise, whether they become free or remain attached to the hydroid colony. They in turn produce the eggs from which the hydroids are developed. The name is also applied to other similar medusae which are not known to bud from a hydroid colony, and even to some which are known to develop directly from the eggs, but which in structure agree essentially with those produced from hydroids. See Hydroidea, and Gymnoblastea.

Hy´dro•mel , n. [L. hydromel, hydromeli, Gr. ; water + honey: cf. F. hydromel.] A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water, and after fermentation called mead.

Hy•dro•mel•lon´ic , a. See Cyamellone.

Hy•dro•met•al•lur´gic•al , a. Of or pertaining to hydrometallurgy; involving the use of liquid reagents in the treatment or reduction of ores. — Hy•dro•met•al•lur´gic•al•ly, adv.

Hy•dro•met´al•lur•gy , n. [Hydro- , 1 + metallurgy.] The art or process of assaying or reducing ores by means of liquid reagents.

Hy•dro•me´te•or , n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteor.] A meteor or atmospheric phenomenon dependent upon the vapor of water; — in the pl., a general term for the whole aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, as rain, snow, hail, etc. Nichol.

Hy•dro•me•te•or•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to hydrometeorology, or to rain, clouds, storms, etc.

Hy•dro•me•te•or•ol´o•gy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteorology.] That branch of meteorology which relates to, or treats of, water in the atmosphere, or its phenomena, as rain, clouds, snow, hail, storms, etc.

Hy•drom´e•ter , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -meter: cf. F. hydromètre.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids, and thence the strength spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc. It is usually made of glass with a graduated stem, and indicates the specific gravity of a liquid by the depth to which it sinks in it, the zero of the scale marking the depth to which it sinks in pure water. Extra weights are sometimes used to adapt the scale to liquids of different densities. 2. An instrument, variously constructed, used for measuring the velocity or discharge of water, as in rivers, from reservoirs, etc., and called by various specific names according to its construction or use, as tachometer, rheometer, hydrometer, pendulum, etc.; a current gauge. { Hy•dro•met´ric , Hy•dro•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hydrometer, or to the determination of the specific gravity of fluids. 2. Of or pertaining to measurement of the velocity, discharge, etc., of running water. 3. Made by means of an hydrometer; as hydrometric observations. Hydrometric pendulum, a species of hydrometer consisting of a hollow ball of ivory or metal suspended by a treated from the center of a graduated quadrant, and held in a stream to measure the velocity of the water by the inclination given to the thread; a kind of current gauge.

Hy•dro•met´ro•graph , n. [Hydro- , 1 + Gr. measure + -graph.] An instrument for determining and recording the quantity of water discharged from a pipe, orifice, etc., in a given time.

Hy•drom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. The art of determining the specific gravity of liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc. 2. The art or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of running water, as in rivers, etc.

Hy•dro•mi´ca , n. [Hydro-, 1 + mica.] (Min.) A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite. Hydromica schist (Min.), a mica schist characterized by the presence of hydromica. It often has a silky luster and almost soapy feel.

Hy•dro•ne•phro´sis , n. [NL., Gr. ´y•dwr water + a kidney.] (Med.) An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages.

Hy´dro•path , n. [Cf. F. hydropathe.] A hydropathist. { Hy•dro•path´ic , Hy•dro•path´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to hydropathy.

Hy•drop´a•thist , n. One who practices hydropathy; a water-cure doctor.

Hy•drop´a•thy , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. , , to suffer.] The water cure; a mode of treating diseases by the copious and frequent use of pure water, both internally and externally.

Hy•dro•per•i•to•ne´um , n. [NL. See Hydro-, and Peritoneum.] (Med.) Same as Ascites.

Hy´dro•phane , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to show, appear: cf. F. hydrophane.] (Min.) A semitranslucent variety of opal that becomes translucent or transparent on immersion in water.

Hy•droph´a•nous , a. (Min.) Made transparent by immersion in water.

Hy´dro•phid , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. a small serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any sea snake of the genus Hydrophys and allied genera. These snakes are venomous, live upon fishes, and have a flattened tail for swimming.

Hy•dro•phlo´rone , n. [Hydro- , 2 + phlorone.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline benzene derivative, C8H10O2, obtained by the reduction of phlorone.

Hy•dro•pho´bi•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; ´y•dwr water + fear: cf. F. hydrophobie.] (Med.) (a) An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence: (b) The disease caused by a bite form, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and construction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness. [Written also hydrophoby.]

Hy•dro•phob´ic , a. [L. hydrophobicus, Gr. : cf. F. hydrophobique.] Of or pertaining to hydrophobia; producing or caused by rabies; as hydrophobic symptoms; the hydrophobic poison.

Hy´dro•pho•by , n. See Hydrophobia.

Hy•droph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Hydroidea.

Hy´dro•phore , n. [Gr. ´y•dwr water + to bear.] An instrument used for the purpose of obtaining specimens of water from any desired depth, as in a river, a lake, or the ocean.

Hy•dro•phyl´li•um , n.; pl. L. Hydrophyllia (#), E. Hydrophylliums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + a leaf.] (Zoöl.) One of the flat, leaflike, protective zooids, covering other zooids of certain Siphonophora.

Hy´dro•phyte , n. [Gr. + plant: cf. F. hydrophyte.] An aquatic plant; an alga.

Hy•droph•y•tol´o•gy , n. [Hydro- + phyte + -logy.] The branch of botany which treats of water plants. { Hy•drop´ic , Hy•drop´ic•al } a. [L. hydropicus, Gr. : cf. F. hydropique. See Dropsy.] Dropsical, or resembling dropsy. “Every lust is a kind of hydropic distemper, and the more we drink the more we shall thirst.” Tillotson.

Hy•drop´ic•al•ly, adv. In a hydropical manner.

Hy´dro•pi•per , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´y•dwr water + L. piper a pepper.] (Bot.) A species (Polygonum Hydropiper) of knotweed with acrid foliage; water pepper; smartweed.

Hy•dro•pneu•mat´ic , a. [Hydro- , 1 + pneumatic: cf. F. hydropneumatique.] Pertaining to, or depending upon, both liquid and gaseous substances; as hydropneumatic apparatus for collecting gases over water or other liquids.

Hy´drop•sy , n. Same as Dropsy.

Hy´dro•pult , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to hurl.] A machine for throwing water by hand power, as a garden engine, a fire extinguisher, etc.

Hy•dro•qui´none , n. [Hydro-, 2 + quinone.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C6H4(OH)2, obtained by the reduction of quinone. It is a diacid phenol, resembling, and metameric with, pyrocatechin and resorcin. Called also dihydroxy benzene.

Hy•dro•rhi´za , n.; pl. L. Hydrorhizae (#), E. Hydrorhizas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. a root.] (Zoöl.) The rootstock or decumbent stem by which a hydroid is attached to other objects. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

Hy´dro•salt , n. [Hydro-, 1 + salt.] (Chem.) (a) A salt supposed to be formed by a hydracid and a base. (b) An acid salt. [R.] (c) A hydrous salt; a salt combined with water of hydration or crystallization.

Hy´dro•scope , n. [Hydro-, 1 + -scope.] 1. An instrument designed to mark the presence of water, especially in air. Weale. 2. A kind of water clock, used anciently for measuring time, the water tricking from an orifice at the end of a graduated tube. { Hy´dro•some , Hy•dro•so´ma }, n. [NL. hydrosoma. See Hydra, and -some body.] (Zoöl.) All the zooids of a hydroid colony collectively, including the nutritive and reproductive zooids, and often other kinds.

Hy•dro•sor´bic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + sorbic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from sorbic acid when this takes up hydrogen; as hydrosorbic acid.

Hy´dro•stat , n. A contrivance or apparatus to prevent the explosion of steam boilers. { Hy•dro•stat´ic , Hy•dro•stat´ic•al } a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. causing to stand: cf. F. hydrostatique. See Static.] Of or relating to hydrostatics; pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of the equilibrium of fluids. “The first discovery made in hydrostatics since the time of Archimedes is due to Stevinus.” Hallam. Hydrostatic balance, a balance for weighing substances in water, for the purpose of ascertaining their specific gravities. — Hydrostatic bed, a water bed. — Hydrostatic bellows, an apparatus consisting of a water-tight bellowslike case with a long, upright tube, into which water may be poured to illustrate the hydrostatic paradox. — Hydrostatic paradox, the proposition in hydrostatics that any quantity of water, however small, may be made to counterbalance any weight, however great; or the law of the equality of pressure of fluids in all directions. — Hydrostatic press, a machine in which great force, with slow motion, is communicated to a large plunger by means of water forced into the cylinder in which it moves, by a forcing pump of small diameter, to which the power is applied, the principle involved being the same as in the hydrostatic bellows. Also called hydraulic press, and Bramah press. In the illustration, a is a pump with a small plunger b, which forces the water into the cylinder c, thus driving upward the large plunder d, which performs the reduced work, such as compressing cotton bales, etc.

Hy•dro•stat´ic•al•ly, adv. According to hydrostatics, or to hydrostatic principles. Bentley.

Hy•dro•sta•ti´cian , n. One who is versed or skilled in hydrostatics. [R.]

Hy•dro•stat´ics , n. [Cf. F. hydrostatique.] (Physics) The branch of science which relates to the pressure and equilibrium of nonelastic fluids, as water, mercury, etc.; the principles of statics applied to water and other liquids.

Hy•dro•sul´phate , n. (Chem.) Same as Hydrosulphurent.

Hy•dro•sul´phide , n. (Chem.) One of a series of compounds, derived from hydrogen sulphide by the replacement of half its hydrogen by a base or basic radical; as potassium hydrosulphide, KSH. The hydrosulphides are analogous to the hydrates and include the mercaptans.

Hy•dro•sul´phite , n. (Chem.) A saline compound of hydrosulphurous acid and a base. [R.]

Hy•dro•sul´phu•ret , n. (Chem.) A hydrosulphide. [Archaic]

Hy•dro•sul´phu•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Combined with hydrogen sulphide.

Hy•dro•sul•phu´ric , a. [Hydro- , 2 + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and sulphur; as hydrosulphuric acid, a designation applied to the solution of hydrogen sulphide in water.

Hy•dro•sul´phur•ous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. See Hyposulphurous acid, under Hyposulphurous.

Hy•dro•tel´lu•rate , n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of hydrotelluric acid and the base.

Hy•dro•tel•lu´ric , a. [Hydro- , 2 + telluric.] (Chem.) Formed by hydrogen and tellurium; as hydrotelluric acid, or hydrogen telluride.

Hy•dro•the´ca , n.; pl. L. Hydrothecae (#), E. Hydrothecas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. a box.] (Zoöl.) One of the calicles which, in some Hydroidea (Thecaphora), protect the hydrants. See Illust. of Hydroidea, and Campanularian.

Hy•dro•ther´a•py , n. [Hydro- , 1 + therapy.] (Med.) See Hydropathy.

Hy•dro•ther´mal , a. [Hydro-, 1 + thermal.] Of or pertaining to hot water; — used esp. with reference to the action of heated waters in dissolving, redepositing, and otherwise producing mineral changes within the crust of the globe.

Hy•dro•tho´rax , n. [Hydro-, 1 + thorax.] (Med.) An accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity of the chest.

Hy•drot´ic , a. [Gr. ´y•dwr water: cf. Gr. moisture, F. hydrotique.] Causing a discharge of water or phlegm. — n. (Med.) A hydrotic medicine.

Hy•drot´ic•al , a. Hydrotic.

Hy´dro•trope , n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. to turn, direct.] A device for raising water by the direct action of steam; a pulsometer.

Hy•dro•trop´ic , a. [See Hydrotrope.] (Bot.) Turning or bending towards moisture, as roots.

Hy•drot´ro•pism , n. (Bot.) A tendency towards moisture.

Hy´drous , a. [Gr. ´y•dwr water.] 1. Containing water; watery. 2. (Chem.) Containing water of hydration or crystallization.

Hy•dro•xan´thane , n. (Chem.) A persulphocyanate. [Obs.]

Hy•dro•xan´thic , a. [Hydro-, 2 + xanthic.] (Chem.) Persulphocyanic.

Hy•drox´ide , n. [Hydro-, 2 + oxide.] (Chem.) A hydrate; a substance containing hydrogen and oxygen, made by combining water with an oxide, and yielding water by elimination. The hydroxides are regarded as compounds of hydroxyl, united usually with basic element or radical; as calcium hydroxide ethyl hydroxide.

Hy•drox´y- (Chem.) A combining form, also used adjectively, indicating hydroxyl as an ingredient. Hydroxy acid (Chem.), an organic acid, having (besides the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl radical) an alcoholic hydroxyl group, and thus having the qualities of an alcohol in addition to its acid properties; as lactic and tartaric acids are hydroxy acids.

Hy•drox´yl , n. [Hydro-, 2 + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, or unsaturated group, HO, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of the hydrates, the alcohols, the oxygen acids, etc.

Hy•drox•yl•am´ine , n. [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous, organic base, NH2.OH, resembling ammonia, and produced by a modified reduction of nitric acid. It is usually obtained as a volatile, unstable solution in water. It acts as a strong reducing agent.

Hy•dro•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Acalephae; one of the classes of cœlenterates, including the Hydroidea, Discophora, and Siphonophora.

Hy•dro•zo´al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hydrozoa.

Hy•dro•zo´ön , n.; pl. L. Hydrozoa (#), E. Hydrozoöns (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hydrozoa.

Hy´dru•ret , n. [Hydro-, 2] (Chem.) A binary compound of hydrogen; a hydride. [Obs.]

Hy´drus , n. [L., a water serpent; also a certain constellation, Gr. ´y•dros.] (Astron.) A constellation of the southern hemisphere, near the south pole.

Hye , n. & v. See Hie. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy•e´mal , a. [L. hyemalis, or better hiemalis, fr. hyems, hiems, winter: cf. F. hyemal.] Belonging to winter; done in winter. Sir T. Browne.

Hy´e•mate , v. i. [L. hiemare, hiematum. See Hyemal.] To pass the winter. [Obs. & R.]

Hy•e•ma´tion , n. [L. hiematio.] 1. The passing of a winter in a particular place; a wintering. 2. The act of affording shelter in winter. [Obs.]

Hy´en , n. [F. hyène.] A hyena. [Obs.] Shak.

Hy•e´na , n.; pl. Hyenas (#). [L. hyaena, Gr. , orig., a sow, but usually, a Libyan wild beast, prob., the hyena, fr. hog: cf. F. hyène. See Sow female hog.] (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyaenidae, of which three living species are known. They are large and strong, but cowardly. They feed chiefly on carrion, and are nocturnal in their habits. [Written also hyaena.] The striped hyena (Hyaena striata) inhabits Southern Asia and a large part of Africa. The brown hyena (H. brunnea), and the spotted hyena (Crocuta maculata), are found in Southern Africa. The extinct cave hyena (H. spelaea) inhabited England and France. Cave hyena. See under Cave. — Hyena dog (Zoöl.), a South African canine animal (Lycaon venaticus), which hunts in packs, chiefly at night. It is smaller than the common wolf, with very large, erect ears, and a bushy tail. Its color is reddish or yellowish brown, blotched with black and white. Called also hunting dog.

Hy´e•tal , a. [Gr. rain, from to rain.] Of or pertaining to rain; descriptive of the distribution of rain, or of rainy regions.

Hy´e•to•graph , n. [Gr. rain + -graph.] A chart or graphic representation of the average distribution of rain over the surface of the earth.

Hy•e•to•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to to hyetography.

Hy•e•tog´ra•phy , n. The branch of physical science which treats of the geographical distribution of rain.

Hy•ge´ia , n. [L. Hygea, Hygia, fr. Gr. , , health, , Hygeia, fr. sound, healthy.] (Classic Myth.) The goddess of health, daughter of Esculapius.

Hy•ge´ian , a. Relating to Hygeia, the goddess of health; of or pertaining to health, or its preservation.

Hy´ge•ist , n. One skilled in hygiena; a hygienist.

Hy´gie•ist , n. A hygienist.

Hy´gi•ene , n. [F. hygiène. See Hygeia.] That department of sanitary science which treats of the preservation of health, esp. of households and communities; a system of principles or rules designated for the promotion of health.

Hy•gi•en´ic , a. [Cf. F. hygienique.] Of or pertaining to health or hygiene; sanitary.

Hy•gi•en´ics, n. The science of health; hygiene.

Hy´gi•en•ism , n. Hygiene.

Hy´gi•en•ist, n. One versed in hygiene.

Hy•gi•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. health + -logy.] A treatise on, or the science of, the preservation of health. [R.]

Hy´grine , n. [From Gr. moist.] (Chem.) An alkaloid associated with cocaine in coca leaves (Erythroxylon coca), and extracted as a thick, yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor.

Hy´gro•deik , n. [Gr. wet, moist, and to show.] (Physics) A form of hygrometer having wet and dry bulb thermometers, with an adjustable index showing directly the percentage of moisture in the air, etc.

Hy´gro•graph , n. [Gr. wet + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of the humidity of the atmosphere.

Hy•grol´o•gy , n. [Gr. wet + -logy: cf. F. hygrologie.] (Med.) The science which treats of the fluids of the body.

Hy•grom´e•ter , n. [Gr. wet, moist + -meter: cf. F. hygromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. Daniell’s hygrometer, a form of hygrometer consisting of a bent glass tube terminating in two bulbs, the one covered with muslin, the other of black glass, and containing ether and a thermometer. Ether being poured on the muslin, the black ball, cooled by the evaporation of the ether within, is soon covered with dew; at this moment, the inclosed thermometer gives the dew-point, and this, compared with the reading of one in the air, determines the humidity. { Hy•gro•met´ric , Hy•gro•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. hygrometrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to hygrometry; made with, or according to, the hygrometer; as hygrometric observations. 2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture; as hygrometric substances, like potash.

Hy•grom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. hygrometrie.] (Physics) That branch of physics which relates to the determination of the humidity of bodies, particularly of the atmosphere, with the theory and use of the instruments constructed for this purpose.

Hy•groph´a•nous , a. [Gr. wet + to show.] Having such a structure as to be diaphanous when moist, and opaque when dry.

Hy•groph•thal´mic , a. [Gr. wet + E. ophthalmic.] (Anat.) Serving to moisten the eye; — sometimes applied to the lachrymal ducts.

Hy´gro•plasm , n. [Gr. wet + form, mold.] (Biol.) The fluid portion of the cell protoplasm, in opposition to stereoplasm, the solid or insoluble portion. The latter is supposed to be partly nutritive and partly composed of idioplasm.

Hy´gro•scope , n. [Gr. wet + -scope: cf. F. hygroscope.] (Physics) An instrument which shows whether there is more or less moisture in the atmosphere, without indicating its amount.

Hy•gro•scop´ic , a. [Cf. F. hygroscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or indicated by, the hygroscope; not readily manifest to the senses, but capable of detection by the hygroscope; as glass is often covered with a film of hygroscopic moisture. 2. Having the property of readily inbibing moisture from the atmosphere, or of the becoming coated with a thin film of moisture, as glass, etc.

Hy•gro•sco•pic´i•ty , n. (Bot.) The property possessed by vegetable tissues of absorbing or discharging moisture according to circumstances.

Hy•gro•stat´ics , n. [Gr. wet + . See Statics.] The science or art of comparing or measuring degrees of moisture. Evelyn.

Hyke , n. See Haik, and Huke. { Hy´lae•o•saur• , Hy•lae•o•sau´rus } n. [NL. hylaeosaurus, fr. Gr. belonging to a forest (fr. wood) + a lizard.] (Paleon.) A large Wealden dinosaur from the Tilgate Forest, England. It was about twenty feet long, protected by bony plates in the skin, and armed with spines.

Hy•lar´chi•cal , a. [Gr. wood, matter + : cf. F. hylarchique. See Archical.] Presiding over matter. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Hy´le•o•saur´ , n. Same as Hylaeosaur.

Hyl´ic , a. Of or pertaining to matter; material; corporeal; as hylic influences.

Hy´li•cist , n. [Gr. adj., material, fr. wood, matter.] A philosopher who treats chiefly of matter; one who adopts or teaches hylism.

Hy´lism , n. [Gr. wood, matter.] (Metaph.) A theory which regards matter as the original principle of evil.

Hy´lo•bate , n. [Gr. one that walks or inhabits the woods: a wood + to go.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Hylobates; a gibbon, or long-armed ape. See Gibbon.

Hy•lo´des , n. [NL., fr. Gr. woody, wooded, muddy; a wood + form.] (Zoöl.) The piping frog (Hyla Pickeringii), a small American tree frog, which in early spring, while breeding in swamps and ditches, sings with high, shrill, but musical, notes.

Hy´lo•ism , n. Same as Hylotheism.

Hy´lo•ist, n. [Gr. wood, matter.] Same as Hylotheist.

Hy•lop´a•thism , n. [Gr. matter + , , to suffer.] The doctrine that matter is sentient. Krauth-Fleming.

Hy•lop´a•thist , n. One who believes in hylopathism.

Hy•loph´a•gous , a. [Gr. wood + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating green shoots, as certain insects do.

Hy´lo•the•ism , n. [Gr. wood, matter + God.] The doctrine of belief that matter is God, or that there is no God except matter and the universe; pantheism. See Materialism.

Hy´lo•the•ist, n. One who believes in hylotheism.

Hy•lo•zo´ic , a. Of or pertaining to hylozoism.

Hy•lo•zo´ism , n. [Gr. wood, matter + life, fr. to live: cf. F. hylozoïsme.] The doctrine that matter possesses a species of life and sensation, or that matter and life are inseparable. [R.] Cudworth.

Hy•lo•zo´ist, n. A believer in hylozoism. A. Tucker.

Hy•mar´ , n. (Zoöl.) The wild ass of Persia.

Hy´men , n. [Gr. skin, membrane.] (Anat.) A fold of muscous membrane often found at the orifice of the vagina; the vaginal membrane.

Hy´men, n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Class Myth.) A fabulous deity; according to some, the son of Apollo and Urania, according to others, of Bacchus and Venus. He was the god of marriage, and presided over nuptial solemnities. “Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour,
There dwelt no joy in Eden’s rosy bower.” Campbell. 2. Marriage; union as if by marriage. “Hymen of element and race.” Emerson. { Hy•me•ne´al , Hy•me•ne´an } a. [L. hymeneius, a., also Hymenaeus, n., Hymen, Gr. the wedding song, also Hymen: cf. F. hymeneal, hymeneen.] Of or pertaining to marriage; as hymeneal rites. Pope. { Hy•me•ne´al , Hy•me•ne´an } n. A marriage song. Milton.

Hy•me´ni•um , n.; pl. L. Hymenia (#), E. Hymeniums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a membrane.] (Bot.) The spore-bearing surface of certain fungi, as that on the gills of a mushroom.

Hy•me•nog´e•ny , n. [Gr. a membrane + root of to be born.] The production of artificial membranes by contact of two fluids, as albumin and fat, by which the globules of the latter are surrounded by a thin film of the former.

Hy•me•no•my•ce´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a membrane + , , a mushroom.] (Bot.) One of the great divisions of fungi, containing those species in which the hymenium is completely exposed. M. J. Berkley.

Hy•men´o•phore , n. [Gr. a membrane + to bear.] (Bot.) That part of a fungus which is covered with the hymenium.

Hy•me•nop´ter , n. [Cf. F. hymenoptère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.

Hy•me•nop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. membrane-winged; skin, membrane + wing.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of insects, including the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc. They have four membranous wings, with few reticulations, and usually with a thickened, dark spot on the front edge of the anterior wings. In most of the species, the tongue, or lingua, is converted into an organ for sucking honey, or other liquid food, and the mandibles are adapted for biting or cutting. In one large division (Aculeata), including the bees, wasps, and ants, the females and workers usually have a sting, which is only a modified ovipositor. { Hy•me•nop´ter•al , Hy•me•nop´ter•ous } a. (Zoöl.) Like, or characteristic of, the Hymenoptera; pertaining to the Hymenoptera.

Hy•me•nop´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.

Hymn (him), n. [OE. hympne, ympne, F. hymne, OF. also ymne, L. hymnus, Gr. ; perh. akin to web, to weave, and so to E. weave.] An ode or song of praise or adoration; especially, a religious ode, a sacred lyric; a song of praise or thanksgiving intended to be used in religious service; as the Homeric hymns; Watts’ hymns. “Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns.” Col. iii. 16. “Where angels first should practice hymns, and string
Their tuneful harps.” Dryden. Hymn book, a book containing a collection of hymns, as for use in churches; a hymnal.

Hymn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hymned p. pr. & vb. n. Hymning ] [Cf. L. hymnire, Gr. .] To praise in song; to worship or extol by singing hymns; to sing. “To hymn the bright of the Lord.” Keble. “Their praise is hymned by loftier harps than mine.” Byron.

Hymn, v. i. To sing in praise or adoration. Milton.

Hym´nal , n. A collection of hymns; a hymn book.

Hym´nic , a. [Cf. F. hymnique.] Relating to hymns, or sacred lyrics. Donne.

Hymn´ing , a. Praising with hymns; singing. ´The hymning choir.´ G. West.

Hymn´ing, n. The singing of hymns. Milton.

Hym´nist , n. A writer of hymns.

Hym´no•dy , n. [Gr. ; a hymn + a song, a singing.] Hymns, considered collectively; hymnology.

Hym•nog´ra•pher , n. 1. One who writes on the subject of hymns. 2. A writer or composed of hymns.

Hym•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. hymn + graphy.] The art or act of composing hymns.

Hym•nol´o•gist , n. A composer or compiler of hymns; one versed in hymnology. Busby.

Hym•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. hymn + -logy: cf. F. hymnologie.] 1. The hymns or sacred lyrics composed by authors of a particular country or period; as the hymnology of the eighteenth century; also the collective body of hymns used by any particular church or religious body; as the Anglican hymnology. 2. A knowledge of hymns; a treatise on hymns.

Hymp´ne , n. A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hynd´reste , a. See Hinderest. [Obs.]

Hyne , n. A servant. See Hine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hy´o- [See Hyod.] A prexif used in anatomy, and generally denoting connection with the hyoid bone or arch; as hyoglossal, hyomandibular, hyomental, etc.

Hy•o•ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL. See Hyo-, and Canoidei.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes, including the gar pikes and bowfins. — Hy•o•ga´noid (#), a.

Hy•o•glos´sal , a. [Hyo- + Gr. tongue.] (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to or connecting the tongue and hyodean arch; as the hyoglossal membrane. (b) Of or pertaining to the hyoglossus muscle.

Hy•o•glos´sus , n. [NL., fr. hyo- hyo- + Gr. glw^ssa tongue.] (Anat.) A flat muscle on either side of the tongue, connecting it with the hyoid bone.

Hy´oid , a. [Gr. fr. the letter &UPSILON; + form: cf. F. hyoïde.] 1. Having the form of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsilon [&UPSILON;]. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bony or cartilaginous arch which supports the tongue. Sometimes applied to the tongue itself. Hyoid arch (Anat.), the arch of cartilaginous or bony segments, which connects the base of the tongue with either side of the skull. — Hyoid bone (Anat.), the bone in the base of the tongue, the middle part of the hyoid arch.

Hy´oid, n. The hyoid bone. { Hy•oid´e•al , Hy•oid´e•an } a. Same as Hyoid, a.

Hy•o•man•dib´u•lar , a. [Hyo- + mandibular.] (Anat.) Pertaining both to the hyoidean arch and the mandible or lower jaw; as the hyomandibular bone or cartilage, a segment of the hyoid arch which connects the lower jaw with the skull in fishes. — n. The hyomandibular bone or cartilage.

Hy•o•men´tal , a. [Hyo- + mental of the chin.] (Anat.) Between the hyoid bone and the lower jaw, pertaining to them; suprahyoid; submaxillary; as the hyomental region of the front of the neck.

Hy•o•pas´tron , n. [Hyo- + plastron.] (Zoöl.) The second lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; — called also hyosternum.

Hy•os´cine , n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found with hyoscyamine (with which it is also isomeric) in henbane, and extracted as a white, amorphous, semisolid substance.

Hy•os•cy´a•mine , n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and regarded as its active principle. It is also found with other alkaloids in the thorn apple and deadly nightshade. It is extracted as a white crystalline substance, with a sharp, offensive taste. Hyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine, is very poisonous, and is used as a medicine for neuralgia, like belladonna. Called also hyoscyamia, duboisine, etc.

Hy•os•cy´a•mus , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; a sow, hog + a bean.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of poisonous plants of the Nightshade family; henbane. 2. (Med.) The leaves of the black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), used in neuralgic and pectorial troubles.

Hy•o•ster´nal , a. [Hyo- + ternal.] (Anat.) (a) Between the hyoid bone and the sternum, or pertaining to them; infrahyoid; as the hyosternal region of the neck. (b) Pertaining to the hyosternum of turtles.

Hy•o•ster´num , n. [Hyo- + sternum.] (Anat.) See Hyoplastron.

Hy•o•styl´ic , a. [Hyo- + Gr. a pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandible suspended by the hyomandibular, or upper part of the hyoid arch, as in fishes, instead of directly articulated with the skull as in mammals; — said of the skull.

Hyp , n. An abbreviation of hypochonaria; — usually in plural. [Colloq.] “Heaven send thou hast not got the hyps.” Swift.

Hyp, v. t. To make melancholy. [Colloq.] W. Irving. { Hy•pae´thral , Hy•pe´thral }, a. [L. hypaethrus in the open air, uncovered, Gr. ; under + ether, the clear sky.] (Arch.) Exposed to the air; wanting a roof; — applied to a building or part of a building. Gwilt.

Hy•pal´la•ge , n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop., interchange, exchange, fr, to interchange; under + to change.] (Gram.) A figure consisting of a transference of attributes from their proper subjects to others. Thus Virgil says, ´dare classibus austros,´ to give the winds to the fleets, instead of dare classibus austris, to give the fleets to the winds. “The hypallage, of which Virgil is fonder than any other writer, is much the gravest fault in language.” Landor.

Hy•pan´thi•um , n.; pl. L. Hypanthia (#), E. Hypanthiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo beneath + ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting in large part of a receptacle, enlarged below the calyx, as in the Calycanthus, the rose hip, and the pear.

Hy•pa•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Hypapophyles (#). [NL. See Hypo-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A process, or other element, of a vertebra developed from the ventral side of the centrum, as haemal spines, and chevron bones. — Hy•pa•po•phys´i•al (#), a.

Hy•par•te´ri•al , a. [Hypo- + arterial.] (Anat.) Situated below an artery; applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off below the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus.

Hy•pas´pist , n. [Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) A shield-bearer or armor-bearer. Mitford.

Hy•pax´i•al , a. [Hypo- + axial.] (Anat.) Beneath the axis of the skeleton; subvertebral; hyposkeletal.

hype v. t. 1. to publicize [e.g. a product or a future event] insistently, in a manner exaggerating the importance of; to promote flamboyantly. [wns=1]
[WordNet 1.5] 2. To stimulate or excite (a person); — usually used with up, and often in the passive form; as she was all hyped up over her upcoming wedding.
[PJC]

hype n. Intense publicity for a future event, performed in a showy or excessively dramatic manner suggesting an importance not justified by the event; as the hype surrounding the superbowl is usually ludicrous.
[PJC]

Hy´per- [Gr. ´ype•r over, above; akin to L. super, E. over. See Over, and cf. Super- .] 1. A prefix signifying over, above; as hyperphysical, hyperthyrion; also above measure, abnormally great, excessive; as hyperaemia, hyperbola, hypercritical, hypersecretion. 2. (Chem.) A prefix equivalent to super- or per-; as hyperoxide, or peroxide. [Obs.] See Per-.

Hy•per•ae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body. Active hyperaemia, congestion due to increased flow of blood to a part. — Passive hyperaemia, interchange due to obstruction in the return of blood from a part. — Hy•per•ae´mic (#), a.

Hy•per•aes•the´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + sense, perception.] (Med. & Physiol.) A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it. — Hy•per•aes•thet´ic (#), a.

Hy•per•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Hyperapophyses (#). [NL. See Hyper- , and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A lateral and backward-projecting process on the dorsal side of a vertebra. - - Hy•per•ap•o•phys´i•al (#), a.

Hy•per•as´pist , n. [Gr. , fr. to cover with a shield; ´ype•r over + shield.] One who holds a shield over another; hence, a defender. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Hy•per•bat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an hyperbaton; transposed; inverted.

Hy•per´ba•ton , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. transposed, fr. to step over; ´ype•r over + to step.] (Gram.) A figurative construction, changing or inverting the natural order of words or clauses; as ´echoed the hills´ for ´the hills echoed.´ “With a violent hyperbaton to transpose the text.” Milton.

Hy•per´bo•la , n. [Gr. , prop., an overshooting, excess, i. e., of the angle which the cutting plane makes with the base. See Hyperbole.] (Geom.) A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See Focus. If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and Focus.

Hy•per´bo•le , n. [L., fr. Gr, prop., an overshooting, excess, fr. Gr. to throw over or beyond; ´ype•r over + to throw. See Hyper-, Parable, and cf. Hyperbola.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the expression is an evident exaggeration of the meaning intended to be conveyed, or by which things are represented as much greater or less, better or worse, than they really are; a statement exaggerated fancifully, through excitement, or for effect. “Our common forms of compliment are almost all of them extravagant hyperboles.” Blair. “Somebody has said of the boldest figure in rhetoric, the hyperbole, that it lies without deceiving.” Macaulay. { Hy•per•bol´ic , Hy•per•bol´ic•al } a. [L. hyperbolicus, Gr. : cf. F. hyperbolique.] 1. (Math.) Belonging to the hyperbola; having the nature of the hyperbola. 2. (Rhet.) Relating to, containing, or of the nature of, hyperbole; exaggerating or diminishing beyond the fact; exceeding the truth; as an hyperbolical expression. ´This hyperbolical epitaph.´ Fuller. Hyperbolic functions (Math.), certain functions which have relations to the hyperbola corresponding to those which sines, cosines, tangents, etc., have to the circle; and hence, called hyperbolic sines, hyperbolic cosines, etc. — Hyperbolic logarithm. See Logarithm. — Hyperbolic spiral (Math.), a spiral curve, the law of which is, that the distance from the pole to the generating point varies inversely as the angle swept over by the radius vector.

Hy•per•bol´ic•al•ly , adv. 1. (Math.) In the form of an hyperbola. 2. (Rhet.) With exaggeration; in a manner to express more or less than the truth. Sir W. Raleigh.

Hy•per•bol´i•form , a. [Hyperbola + -form.] Having the form, or nearly the form, of an hyperbola.

Hy•per´bo•lism , n. [Cf. F. hyperbolisme.] The use of hyperbole. Jefferson.

Hy•per´bo•list , n. One who uses hyperboles.

Hy•per´bo•lize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hyperbolized p. pr. & vb. n. Hyperbolizing ] [Cf. F. hyperboliser.] To speak or write with exaggeration. Bp. Montagu.

Hy•per´bo•lize, v. t. To state or represent hyperbolically. Fotherby.

Hy•per´bo•loid , n. [Hyperbola + -oid: cf. F. hyperboloïde.] (Geom.) A surface of the second order, which is cut by certain planes in hyperbolas; also the solid, bounded in part by such a surface. Hyperboloid of revolution, an hyperboloid described by an hyperbola revolving about one of its axes. The surface has two separate sheets when the axis of revolution is the transverse axis, but only one when the axis of revolution is the conjugate axis of the hyperbola.

Hy•per´bo•loid, a. (Geom.) Having some property that belongs to an hyperboloid or hyperbola.

Hy•per•bo´re•an , a. [L. hyperboreus, Gr. ; ´ype•r over, beyond + . See Boreas.] 1. (Greek Myth.) Of or pertaining to the region beyond the North wind, or to its inhabitants. 2. Northern; belonging to, or inhabiting, a region in very far north; most northern; hence, very cold; fright, as a hyperborean coast or atmosphere. “The hyperborean or frozen sea.” C. Butler (1633).

Hy•per•bo´re•an, n. 1. (Greek Myth.) One of the people who lived beyond the North wind, in a land of perpetual sunshine. 2. An inhabitant of the most northern regions.

Hy•per•car´bu•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Having an excessive proportion of carbonic acid; — said of bicarbonates or acid carbonates. [Written also hypercarburetted.]

Hy•per•cat•a•lec´tic , a. [L. hypercatalecticus, hypercatalectus, Gr. : cf. F. hypercatalectique. See Hyper-, and Catalectic.] (Pros.) Having a syllable or two beyond measure; as a hypercatalectic verse.

Hy•per•chlo´ric , a. (Chem.) See Perchloric.

Hy•per•chro´ma•tism , n. The condition of having an unusual intensity of color.

Hy•per•crit´ic , n. [Pref. hyper- + critic: cf. F. hypercritique.] One who is critical beyond measure or reason; a carping critic; a captious censor. ´Hypercritics in English poetry.´ Dryden.

Hy•per•crit´ic, a. Hypercritical.

Hy•per•crit´ic•al , a. 1. Over critical; unreasonably or unjustly critical; carping; captious. ´Hypercritical readers.´ Swift. 2. Excessively nice or exact. Evelyn.

Hy•per•crit´ic•al•ly, adv. In a hypercritical manner.

Hy•per•crit´i•cise , v. t. To criticise with unjust severity; to criticise captiously.

Hy•per•crit´i•cism , n. Excessive criticism, or unjust severity or rigor of criticism; zoilism.

Hy•per•di•crot´ic , a. (Physiol.) Excessive dicrotic; as a hyperdicrotic pulse.

Hy•per•di´cro•tism , n. (Physiol.) A hyperdicrotic condition.

Hy•per•di´cro•tous , a. (Physiol.) Hyperdicrotic.

Hy•per•du•li´a , n. [Pref. hyper- + dulia: cf. F. hyperdulie.] (R. C. Ch.) Veneration or worship given to the Virgin Mary as the most exalted of mere creatures; higher veneration than dulia. Addis & Arnold.

Hy´per•du•ly , n. Hyperdulia. [Obs.]

Hy•per•es•the´si•a , n. Same as Hyperaesthesia.

Hy•per´i•cum , n. [L., fr. Gr. , ; under, among + , , heath, heather.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, generally with dotted leaves and yellow flowers; — called also St. John’s-wort.

Hy•per•i•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + , , strength, fiber.] (Med.) A condition of the blood, characterized by an abnormally large amount of fibrin, as in many inflammatory diseases.

Hy•pe´ri•on , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class Myth.) The god of the sun; in the later mythology identified with Apollo, and distinguished for his beauty. “So excellent a king; that was to this,
Hyperion to a satyr.” Shak.

Hy•per•ki•ne´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + motion.] (Med.) Abnormally increased muscular movement; spasm.

Hy•per•ki•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to hyperkinesis.

Hy•per•met•a•mor´pho•sis , n. [Hyper- + metamorphosis.] (Zoöl.) A kind of metamorphosis, in certain insects, in which the larva itself undergoes remarkable changes of form and structure during its growth.

Hy•per´me•ter , n. [Gr. beyond all measure; ´ype•r over, beyond + measure: cf. F. hypermètre.] 1. (Pros.) A verse which has a redundant syllable or foot; a hypercatalectic verse. 2. Hence, anything exceeding the ordinary standard. “When a man rises beyond six foot, he is an hypermeter.” Addison.

Hy•per•met´ric•al , a. Having a redundant syllable; exceeding the common measure. Hypermetrical verse (Gr. & Lat. Pros.), a verse which contains a syllable more than the ordinary measure. { Hy•per•me•tro´pi•a , Hy•per•met´ro•py } n. [NL. hypermetropia, fr. Gr. excessive + , , the eye. See Hypermeter.] A condition of the eye in which, through shortness of the eyeball or fault of the refractive media, the rays of light come to a focus behind the retina; farsightedness; — called also hyperopia. Cf. Emmetropia. In hypermetropia, vision for distant objects, although not better absolutely, is better than that for near objects, and hence, the individual is said to be farsighted. It is corrected by the use of convex glasses. — Hy•per•me•trop´ic (#), a.

Hy•per•myr•i•o•ra´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. beyond + countless + view.] A show or exhibition having a great number of scenes or views.

Hy•per•o•ar´ti•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of marsipobranchs including the lampreys. The suckerlike moth contains numerous teeth; the nasal opening is in the middle of the head above, but it does not connect with the mouth. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey.

Hy•per•o´pi•a (hi•per•o´pi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + ’w•ps, ’wpo•s, the eye.] Hypermetropia. — Hy•per•op´tic (#), a.

Hy•per•or•gan´ic (-ôr•gan´ik), a. [Pref. hyper- + organic.] Higher than, or beyond the sphere of, the organic. Sir W. Hamilton.

Hy•per•or´tho•dox•y , n. Orthodoxy pushed to excess.

Hy•per•o•tre´ta (hi•per•o•tre´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´yperw•,n the palate + trhto•s perforated.] (Zoöl.) An order of marsipobranchs, including the Myxine or hagfish and the genus Bdellostoma. They have barbels around the mouth, one tooth on the palate, and a communication between the nasal aperture and the throat. See Hagfish. [Written also Hyperotreti.]

Hy•per•ox´ide , n. (Chem.) A compound having a relatively large percentage of oxygen; a peroxide. [Obs.] { Hy•per•ox´y•gen•a•ted , Hy•per•ox´y•gen•ized } a. (Chem.) Combined with a relatively large amount of oxygen; — said of higher oxides. [Obs.]

Hy•per•ox•y•mu´ri•ate , n. (Chem.) A perchlorate. [Obs.]

Hy•per•ox•y•mu•ri•at´ic , a. (Chem.) Perchloric; as hyperoxymuriatic acid. [Obs.]

Hy•per•phys´ic•al , a. Above or transcending physical laws; supernatural. “Those who do not fly to some hyperphysical hypothesis.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Hy•per•pla´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + conformation, fr. to mold.] (Med. & Biol.) An increase in, or excessive growth of, the normal elements of any part. Hyperplasia relates to the formation of new elements, hypertrophy being an increase in bulk of preexisting normal elements. Dunglison.

Hy•per•plas´tic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to hyperplasia. 2. (Biol.) Tending to excess of formative action.

Hy•perp•nœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ype•r over + , , breath.] (Physiol.) Abnormal breathing, due to slightly deficient arterialization of the blood; — in distinction from eupnœa. See Eupnœa, and Dispnœa.

Hy•per•py•rex´i•a , n. [NL. See Hyper-, and Pyrexia.] (Med.) A condition of excessive fever; an elevation of temperature in a disease, in excess of the limit usually observed in that disease.

Hy•per•se•cre´tion , n. (Med.) Morbid or excessive secretion, as in catarrh.

Hy•per•sen•si•bil´i•ty , n. See Hyperaesthesia.

Hy´per•space (-spas), n. [Pref. hyper- + space.] (Geom.) An imagined space having more than three dimensions.

Hy´per•sthene (hi´per•sthen), n. [Gr. ´ype•r over + sqe•nos strength: cf. F. hyperstène.] (Min.) An orthorhombic mineral of the pyroxene group, of a grayish or greenish black color, often with a peculiar bronzelike luster (schiller) on the cleavage surface.

Hy•per•sthen´ic , a. (Min.) Composed of, or containing, hypersthene.

Hy•per•thet´ic•al , a. [Gr. ; ´ype•r over + tiqe•nai to place.] Exaggerated; excessive; hyperbolical. [Obs.] “Hyperthetical or superlative … expression.” Chapman.

Hy•per•thyr´i•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ´ype•r over + door.] (Arch.) That part of the architrave which is over a door or window. { Hy•per•troph´ic , Hy•per•troph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. hypertrophique.] (Med. & Biol.) Of or pertaining to hypertrophy; affected with, or tending to, hypertrophy.

Hy•per´tro•phied , a. (Med. & Biol.) Excessively developed; characterized by hypertrophy.

Hy•per´tro•phy , n. [Gr. ´ype•r over, beyond + nourishment, fr. to nourish: cf. F. hypertrophie.] (Med. & Biol.) A condition of overgrowth or excessive development of an organ or part; — the opposite of atrophy.

Hy´phae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´yfh• a web.] (Bot.) The long, branching filaments of which the mycelium (and the greater part of the plant) of a fungus is formed. They are also found enveloping the gonidia of lichens, making up a large part of their structure.

Hy´phen , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. under one, into one, together, fr. under + , neut. of one. See Hypo-.] (Print.) A mark or short dash, thus [-], placed at the end of a line which terminates with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line; or between the parts of many a compound word; as in fine- leaved, clear-headed. It is also sometimes used to separate the syllables of words.

Hy´phen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hyphened p. pr. & vb. n. Hyphening.] To connect with, or separate by, a hyphen, as two words or the parts of a word.

Hy´phen•a•ted , a. United by hyphens; hyphened; as a hyphenated or hyphened word.

Hy•pho•my•ce´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a web + , , a mushroom.] (Bot.) One of the great division of fungi, containing those species which have naked spores borne on free or only fasciculate threads. M. J. Berkley.

Hy•pid•i•o•mor´phic , a. [Pref. hypo- + idiomorphic.] (Crystallog.) Partly idiomorphic; — said of rock a portion only of whose constituents have a distinct crystalline form. — Hy•pid•i•o•mor´phic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•i•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. under + , strength, fiber.] (Med.) A diminution in the normal amount of fibrin present in the blood.

Hyp•na•gog´ic , a. [Gr. sleep + a carrying away.] Leading to sleep; — applied to the illusions of one who is half asleep.

Hyp´no•bate , n. [F., fr. Gr. sleep + to go.] A somnambulist. [R.]

Hyp´no•cyst , n. [Gr. sleep + E. cyst.] (Biol.) A cyst in which some unicellular organisms temporarily inclose themselves, from which they emerge unchanged, after a period of drought or deficiency of food. In some instances, a process of spore formation seems to occur within such cysts.

Hyp•no•gen´ic , a. [Gr. sleep + root of to be born.] (Physiol.) Relating to the production of hypnotic sleep; as the so-called hypnogenic pressure points, pressure upon which is said to cause an attack of hypnotic sleep. De Watteville.

Hyp•nol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in hypnology.

Hyp•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. sleep + -logy.] A treatise on sleep; the doctrine of sleep.

Hyp•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sleep.] (Med.) Supervention of sleep.

Hyp•not´ic , a. [Gr. inclined to sleep, putting to sleep, fr. to lull to sleep, fr. sleep; akin to L. somnus, and E. somnolent: cf. F. hypnotique.] 1. Having the quality of producing sleep; tending to produce sleep; soporific. 2. Of or pertaining to hypnotism; in a state of hypnotism; liable to hypnotism; as a hypnotic condition.

Hyp•not´ic, n. 1. Any agent that produces, or tends to produce, sleep; an opiate; a soporific; a narcotic. 2. A person who exhibits the phenomena of, or is subject to, hypnotism.

Hyp´no•tism , n. [Gr. sleep: cf. F. hypnotisme.] A form of sleep or somnambulism brought on by artificial means, in which there is an unusual suspension of some powers, and an unusual activity of others. It is induced by an action upon the nerves, through the medium of the senses, as in persons of very feeble organization, by gazing steadly at a very bright object held before the eyes, or by pressure upon certain points of the surface of the body.

Hyp•no•ti•za´tion , n. The act or process of producing hypnotism.

Hyp´no•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypnotized p. pr. & vb. n. Hypnotizing ] To induce hypnotism in; to place in a state of hypnotism.

Hyp´no•ti•zer , n. One who hypnotizes.

Hyp´num , n. [NL., fr. Gr. moss.] (Bot.) The largest genus of true mosses; feather moss.

Hy´po- [Gr. under, beneath; akin to L. sub. See Sub-.] 1. A prefix signifying a less quantity, or a low state or degree, of that denoted by the word with which it is joined, or position under or beneath. 2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed enters with a low valence, or in a low state of oxidization, usually the lowest, into the compounds indicated; as hyposulphurous acid.

Hy´po , n. Hypochondria. [Colloq.]

Hy´po, n. [Abbrev. from hyposulphite.] (Photog.) Sodium hyposulphite, or thiosulphate, a solution of which is used as a bath to wash out the unchanged silver salts in a picture. [Colloq.]

Hy•po•a´ri•an , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a hypoarion.

Hy•po•a´ri•on , n.; pl. Hypoaria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + a little egg.] (Anat.) An oval lobe beneath each of the optic lobes in many fishes; one of the inferior lobes. Owen.

Hy´po•blast , n. [Pref. hypo- + -blast.] (Biol.) The inner or lower layer of the blastoderm; — called also endoderm, entoderm, and sometimes hypoderm. See Illust. of Blastoderm, Delamination, and Ectoderm.

Hy•po•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Relating to, or connected with, the hypoblast; as the hypoic sac.

Hy•pob´o•le , n. [Gr. a throwing under, a suggesting; under + to throw.] (Rhet.) A figure in which several things are mentioned that seem to make against the argument, or in favor of the opposite side, each of them being refuted in order.

Hy•po•bran´chi•al , a. [Pref. hypo- + branchial.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the segment between the basibranchial and the ceratobranchial in a branchial arch. — n. A hypobranchial bone or cartilage. { Hy´po•carp , Hy•po•car´pi•um } n. [NL. hypocarpium, fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + fruit.] (Bot.) A fleshy enlargement of the receptacle, or for the stem, below the proper fruit, as in the cashew. See Illust. of Cashew.

Hy•po•car•po•ge´an , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. fruit + earth.] (Bot.) Producing fruit below the ground.

Hyp´o•caust , n. [L. hypocaustum, Gr. ; under + to burn: cf. F. hypocauste.] (Anc. Arch.) A furnace, esp. one connected with a series of small chambers and flues of tiles or other masonry through which the heat of a fire was distributed to rooms above. This contrivance, first used in bath, was afterwards adopted in private houses.

Hy•po•chlo´rite , n. (Chem.) A salt of hypochlorous acid; as a calcium hypochloride.

Hy•po•chlo´rous , a. [Pref. hypo- + chlorous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine having a valence lower than in chlorous compounds. Hypochlorous acid (Chem.), an acid derived from chlorine, not known in a pure state, but forming various salts, called hypochlorites.

Hy•po•chon´dres , n. pl. [F. hypocondres, formerly spely hypochondres.] The hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondrium.

Hy•po•chon´dri•a , n. [NL.] (Med.) Hypochondriasis; melancholy; the blues.

Hy•po•chon´dri•ac , a. [Gr. affocated in the hypochondrium: cf. F. hypocondriaque, formerly spelt hypochondriaque.] 1. Of or pertaining to hypochondria, or the hypochondriac regions. 2. Affected, characterized, or produced, by hypochondriasis. Hypochondriac region (Anat.), a region on either side of the abdomen beneath the cartilages of the false ribs, beside the epigastric, and above the lumbar, region.

Hy•po•chon´dri•ac, n. A person affected with hypochondriasis. “He had become an incurable hypochondriac.” Macaulay.

Hy•po•chon´dri•a•cal , a. Same as Hypochondriac, 2. — Hy•po•chon´dri•a•cal•ly, adv.

Hy•po•chon´dri•a•cism , n. (Med.) Hypochondriasis. [R.]

Hy•po•chon´dri•a•sis , n. [NL. So named because supposed to have its seat in the hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondriac, Hypochondrium, and cf. Hyp, 1st Hypo.] (Med.) A mental disorder in which melancholy and gloomy views torment the affected person, particularly concerning his own health.

Hy•po•chon´dri•asm , n. (Med.) Hypochondriasis. [R.]

Hy•po•chon´dri•um , n.; pl. L. Hypochondria (#), E. Hypochondriums (#). [L., fr. Gr. , from under the cartilage of the breastbone; under + cartilage.] (Anat.) Either of the hypochondriac regions.

Hy•po•chon´dry , n. Hypochondriasis.

Hyp´o•cist , n. [Gr. a plant growing on the roots of the Cistus.] An astringent inspissated juice obtained from the fruit of a plant (Cytinus hypocistis), growing from the roots of the Cistus, a small European shrub.

Hy•po•clei´di•um , n.; pl. L. Hypocleida (#), E. Hypocleidiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. under + a little key.] (Anat.) A median process on the furculum, or merrythought, of many birds, where it is connected with the sternum.

Hyp•o•co•ris´tic , a. [Gr. ; under + to caress.] Endearing; diminutive; as the hypocoristic form of a name. “The hypocoristic or pet form of William.” Dr. Murray.

Hyp•o•cra•ter´i•form , a. [Pref. hypo- + krath•r cup + -form.] (Bot.) hypocraterimorphous; salver-shaped. Wood.

Hyp•o•cra•ter•i•mor´phous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. krath•r bowl + morfh• form.] (Bot.) Salver-shaped; having a slender tube, expanding suddenly above into a bowl-shaped or spreading border, as in the blossom of the phlox and the lilac.

Hy•poc´ri•sy (hi•pok´ri•sy), n.; pl. Hypocrisies (- siz). [OE. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, OF. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, F. hypocrisie, L. hypocrisis, fr. Gr. ´ypo•krisis the playing a part on the stage, simulation, outward show, fr. ´ypokr•nesqai to answer on the stage, to play a part; ´ypo• under + kri•nein to decide; in the middle voice, to dispute, contend. See Hypo-, and Critic.] The act or practice of a hypocrite; a feigning to be what one is not, or to feel what one does not feel; a dissimulation, or a concealment of one’s real character, disposition, or motives; especially, the assuming of false appearance of virtue or religion; a simulation of goodness. “Hypocrisy is the necessary burden of villainy.” Rambler. “Hypocrisy is the homage vice pays to virtue.” La Rochefoucauld (Trans. ).

Hyp´o•crite , n. [F., fr. L. hypocrita, Gr. one who plays a part on the stage, a dissembler, feigner. See Hypocrisy.] One who plays a part; especially, one who, for the purpose of winning approbation of favor, puts on a fair outside seeming; one who feigns to be other and better than he is; a false pretender to virtue or piety; one who simulates virtue or piety. “The hypocrite’s hope shall perish.” Job viii. 13. “I dare swear he is no hypocrite, but prays from his heart.” Shak. Syn. — Deceiver; pretender; cheat. See Dissembler.

Hyp´o•crite•ly, adv. Hypocritically. [R.] Sylvester.

Hyp•o•crit´ic , a. See Hypocritical. Swift.

Hyp•o•crit´ic•al , a. [Gr. : cf. F. hypocritique.] Of or pertaining to a hypocrite, or to hypocrisy; as a hypocriticalperson; a hypocritical look; a hypocritical action. “Hypocritical professions of friendship and of pacific intentions were not spared.” Macaulay. — Hyp•o•crit´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•o•crys´tal•line , a. [Pref. hypo- + crystalline.] (Crystallog.) Partly crystalline; — said of rock which consists of crystals imbedded in a glassy ground mass.

Hy•po•cy´cloid , n. [Pref. hypo- + cycloid: cf. F. hypocycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which rolls on the concave side in the fixed circle. Cf. Epicycloid, and Trochoid.

Hyp•o•dac´ty•lum , n.; pl. -tyla (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + a finger, toe.] (Zoöl.) The under side of the toes.

Hyp´o•derm , n. [Pref. hypo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Same as Hypoblast.

Hyp•o•der´ma , n. [NL. See Hypo, and derma.] 1. (Bot.) A layer of tissue beneath the epidermis in plants, and performing the physiological function of strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous plants it is developed as collenchyma. 2. (Zoöl.) An inner cellular layer which lies beneath the chitinous cuticle of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Hyp•o•der•mat´ic , a. Hypodermic. — Hyp•o•der•mat´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•o•der´mic , a. [See Hypoderma.] Of or pertaining to the parts under the skin. Hypodermic medication, the application of remedies under the epidermis, usually by means of a small syringe, called the hypodermic syringe. — Hyp•o•der´mic•al•ly (#), adv.

Hyp•o•der´mis , n. [NL. See Hypo-, and Derma.] 1. (Biol.) Same as Hypoblast. 2. (Zoöl.) Same as Hypoderma, 2. { Hyp•o•di•crot´ic , Hyp•o•di´cro•tous } a. (Physiol.) Exhibiting retarded dicrotism; as a hypodicrotic pulse curve.

Hyp•o•gae´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. gai^a, gh^, earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the peanut, or earthnut (Arachis hypogaea). Hypogaeic acid (Chem.), an acid in the oil of the earthnut, in which it exists as a glyceride, and from which it is extracted as a white, crystalline substance.

Hyp•o•gas´tric , a. [Cf. F. hypogastrique. See Hypogastrium.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hypogastrium or the hypogastric region. Hypogastric region. (a) The lower part of the abdomen. (b) An arbitrary division of the abdomen below the umbilical and between the two iliac regions.

Hyp•o•gas´tri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; under + belly.] (Anat.) The lower part of the abdomen.

Hyp•o•ge´an , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. earth.] (Bot.) Hypogeous. [Written also hypogaean.]

Hyp´o•gene , a. [Pref. hypo- + the root of Gr. to be born: cf. F. hypogène.] (Geol.) Formed or crystallized at depths beneath the earth’s surface; — said of granite, gneiss, and other rocks, whose crystallization is believed of have taken place beneath a great thickness of overlying rocks. Opposed to epigene.

Hyp•o•ge´ous , a. [See Hypogean.] (Bot.) Growing under ground; remaining under ground; ripening its fruit under ground. [Written also hypogaeous.]

Hyp•o•ge´um , n.; pl. Hypogea (#). [L., fr. Gr. , , subterranean; under + , , the earth.] (Anc. Arch.) The subterraneous portion of a building, as in amphitheaters, for the service of the games; also subterranean galleries, as the catacombs.

Hyp•o•glos´sal , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. the tongue.] (Anat.) Under the tongue; — applied esp., in the higher vertebrates, to the twelfth or last pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the base of the tongue. — n. One of the hypoglossal nerves.

Hy•pog´na•tous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxilla, or lower jaw, longer than the upper, as in the skimmer.

Hyp´o•gyn , n. (Bot.) An hypogynous plant.

Hy•pog´y•nous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. woman, female: cf. F. hypogyne.] (Bot.) Inserted below the pistil or pistils; — said of sepals, petals, and stamens; having the sepals, petals, and stamens inserted below the pistil; — said of a flower or a plant. Gray.

Hy•po•hy´al , a. [Pref. hypo- + Greek letter .] (Anat.) Pertaining to one or more small elements in the hyoidean arch of fishes, between the caratohyal and urohyal. — n. One of the hypohyal bones or cartilages.

Hy•po•nas´tic , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. pressed close.] (Bot.) Exhibiting a downward convexity caused by unequal growth. Cf. Epinastic.

Hy•po•nas´ty , n. (Bot.) Downward convexity, or convexity of the inferior surface.

Hy•po•ni´trite , n. (Chem.) A salt of hyponitrous acid.

Hy•po•ni´trous , a. [Pref. hypo- + nitrous.] (Chem.) Containing or derived from nitrogen having a lower valence than in nitrous compounds. Hyponitrous acid (Chem.), an unstable nitrogen acid, NOH, whose salts are produced by reduction of the nitrates, although the acid itself is not isolated in the free state except as a solution in water; — called also nitrosylic acid.

Hy•po•phar´ynx , n. [NL. See Hypo-, and Pharynx.] (Zoöl.) An appendage or fold on the lower side of the pharynx, in certain insects.

Hy•po•phos´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of hypophosphoric acid.

Hy•po•phos´phite , n. (Chem.) A salt of hypophosphorous acid.

Hy•po•phos•phor´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as hypophosphoric acid. Hypophosphoric acid (Chem.), an acid, P2H4O6, produced by the slow oxidation of moist phosphorus, and isolated only as a solution in water. It is regarded as a condensation product of one molecule of phosphoric acid with one of phosphorous acid, by partial dehydration.

Hy•po•phos´phor•ous , a. [Pref. hypo- + phosphorous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as hypophosphorous acid. Hypophosphorous acid (Chem.) , an acid, H3PO2, whose salts are produced by the action of barium hygrate on phosphorus. It may be obtained from its water solution, by exaporation and freezing, as a white crystalline substance. It is a powerful reducing agent.

Hy•poph´yl•lous , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. leaf.] (Bot.) Being or growing on the under side of a leaf, as the fruit dots of ferns.

Hy•po•phys´i•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hypophysis; pituitary.

Hy•poph´y•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. under + nature, origin.] 1. (Anat.) See Pituitary body, under Pituitary. 2. (Med.) Cataract.

Hy•po•plas´tron , n.; pl. Hypoplastra (#). [Pref. hypo- + plastron.] (Anat.) The third lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; — called also hyposternum.

Hy•pop´ti•lum , n.; pl. L. Hypoptila (#), E. Hypoptilums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + down.] (Zoöl.) An accessory plume arising from the posterior side of the stem of the contour feathers of many birds; — called also aftershaft. See Illust. of Feather.

Hy•po•ra´di•us , n.; pl. Hyporadii (#). [Pref. hypo- + radius.] (Zoöl.) One of the barbs of the hypoptilum, or aftershaft of a feather. See Feather.

Hy•po•rha´chis , n.; pl. Hyporhachides (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + spine.] (Zoöl.) The stem of an aftershaft or hypoptilum. [Written also hyporachis.]

Hy•po•skel´e•tal , a. [Pref. hypo- + skeletal.] (Anat.) Beneath the endoskeleton; hypaxial; as the hyposkeletal muscles; — opposed to episkeletal.

Hy•po•spa´di•as , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + spa•n to draw, tear.] (Med.) A deformity of the penis, in which the urethra opens upon its under surface.

Hy•pos´ta•sis , n.; pl. Hypostases (#). [L., fr. Gr. subsistence, substance, fr. to stand under; under + to stand, middle voice of to cause to stand. See Hypo-, and Stand.] 1. That which forms the basis of anything; underlying principle; a concept or mental entity conceived or treated as an existing being or thing. 2. (Theol.) Substance; subsistence; essence; person; personality; — used by the early theologians to denote any one of the three subdivisions of the Godhead, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The Council of Alexandria (a. d. 362) defined hypostasis as synonymous with person. Schaff- Herzog. 3. Principle; an element; — used by the alchemists in speaking of salt, sulphur, and mercury, which they considered as the three principles of all material bodies. 4. (Med.) That which is deposited at the bottom of a fluid; sediment.

Hy•pos´ta•size , v. t. To make into a distinct substance; to conceive or treat as an existing being; to hypostatize. [R.] “The pressed Newtonians … refused to hypostasize the law of gravitation into an ether.” Coleridge. { Hy•po•stat´ic , Hy•po•stat´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. hypostatique.] 1. Relating to hypostasis, or substance; hence, constitutive, or elementary. “The grand doctrine of the chymists, touching their three hypostatical principles.” Boyle. 2. Personal, or distinctly personal; relating to the divine hypostases, or substances. Bp. Pearson. 3. (Med.) Depending upon, or due to, deposition or setting; as hypostatic cognestion, cognestion due to setting of blood by gravitation. Hypostatic union (Theol.), the union of the divine with the human nature of Christ. Tillotson.

Hy•po•stat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a hypostatic manner.

Hy•pos´ta•tize , v. t. 1. To make into, or regarded as a separate and distinct substance. “Looked upon both species and genera as hypostatized universals.” Pop. Sci. Monthly. 2. To attribute actual or personal existence to. Sir W. Hamilton.

Hy•po•ster´num , n.; pl. L. Hyposterna (#), E. Hyposternums (#). [Pref. hypo- + sternum.] (Anat.) See Hypoplastron. { Hy´po•stome , Hy•pos´to•ma } n. [NL. hypostoma, fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lower lip of trilobites, crustaceans, etc.

Hy•pos´tro•phe , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to turn round or back; under + to turn.] (Med.) (a) The act of a patient turning himself. (b) A relapse, or return of a disease.

Hy´po•style , a. [Gr. resting on pillars; under + a pillar.] (Arch.) Resting upon columns; constructed by means of columns; — especially applied to the great hall at Karnak.

Hy•po•sul´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of hyposulphuric acid.

Hy•po•sul´phite , n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of what was formerly called hyposulphurous acid; a thiosulphate. [Obs.] (b) A salt of hyposulphurous acid proper.

Hy•po•sul•phur´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur in a lower state of oxidation than in the sulphuric compounds; as hyposulphuric acid. Hyposulphuric acid, an acid, H2S2O6, obtained by the action of manganese dioxide on sulphur dioxide, and known only in a watery solution and in its salts; — called also dithionic acid. See Dithionic.

Hy•po•sul´phur•ous , a. [Pref. hypo- + sulphurous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur, all, or a part, in a low state of oxidation. Hyposulphurous acid. (a) Thiosulphuric acid. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H2SO2, obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. It is not obtained in the free state, but in an orange-yellow water solution, which is a strong reducing and bleaching agent. Called also hydrosulphurous acid.

Hy•po•tar´sus , n.; pl. Hypotarsi (#). [NL. See Hypo-, and Tarsus.] (Anat.) A process on the posterior side of the tarsometatarsus of many birds; the calcaneal process. — Hy•po•tar´sal (#), a. { Hy•pot´e•nuse , Hy•poth´e•nuse }, n. [L. hypotenusa, Gr. , prob., subtending (sc. ), fr. to stretch under, subtend; under + to stretch. See Subtend.] (Geom.) The side of a right-angled triangle that is opposite to the right angle.

Hy•poth´ec , n. [F. hypothèque. See Hypotheca.] (Scot. Law) A landlord’s right, independently of stipulation, over the stocking (cattle, implements, etc.), and crops of his tenant, as security for payment of rent.

Hy•po•the´ca , n. [L., fr. Gr. a thing subject to some obligation, fr. to put under, put down, pledge. See Hypothesis.] (Rom. Law) An obligation by which property of a debtor was made over to his creditor in security of his debt. It differed from pledge in regard to possession of the property subject to the obligation; pledge requiring, simple hypotheca not requiring, possession of it by the creditor. The modern mortgage corresponds very closely with it. Kent.

Hy•poth´e•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypothecated p. pr. & vb. n. Hypothecating ] [LL. hypothecatus, p. p. of hypothecare to pledge, fr. L. hypotheca pledge, security. See Hypotheca.] (Law) To subject, as property, to liability for a debt or engagement without delivery of possession or transfer of title; to pledge without delivery of possession; to mortgage, as ships, or other personal property; to make a contract by bottomry. See Hypothecation, Bottomry. “He had found the treasury empty and the pay of the navy in arrear. He had no power to hypothecate any part of the public revenue. Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word.” Macaulay.

Hy•poth•e•ca´tion , n. [LL. hypothecatio.] 1. (Civ. Law) The act or contract by which property is hypothecated; a right which a creditor has in or to the property of his debtor, in virtue of which he may cause it to be sold and the price appropriated in payment of his debt. This is a right in the thing, or jus in re. Pothier. B. R. Curtis. “There are but few cases, if any, in our law, where an hypothecation, in the strict sense of the Roman law, exists; that is a pledge without possession by the pledgee.” Story. In the modern civil law, this contract has no application to movable property, not even to ships, to which and their cargoes it is most frequently applied in England and America. See Hypothecate. B. R. Curtis. Domat. 2. (Law of Shipping) A contract whereby, in consideration of money advanced for the necessities of the ship, the vessel, freight, or cargo is made liable for its repayment, provided the ship arrives in safety. It is usually effected by a bottomry bond. See Bottomry. This term is often applied to mortgages of ships.

Hy•poth´e•ca•tor , n. (Law) One who hypothecates or pledges anything as security for the repayment of money borrowed. { Hy•poth´e•nal , Hy•poth´e•nar } a. [Pref. hypo- + thenar.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prominent part of the palm of the hand above the base of the little finger, or a corresponding part in the forefoot of an animal; as the hypothenar eminence.

Hy•poth´e•nar , n. (Anat.) The hypothenar eminence.

Hy•poth•e•nu´sal , a. Of or pertaining to hypothenuse. [R.]

Hy•poth´e•nuse , n. Same as Hypotenuse.

Hy•poth´e•sis , n.; pl. Hypotheses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. foundation, supposition, fr. to place under, under + to put. See Hypo-, Thesis.] 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw a conclusion or inference for proof of the point in question; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument, or to account for a fact or an occurrence; as the hypothesis that head winds detain an overdue steamer. “An hypothesis being a mere supposition, there are no other limits to hypotheses than those of the human imagination.” J. S. Mill. 2. (Natural Science) A tentative theory or supposition provisionally adopted to explain certain facts, and to guide in the investigation of others; hence, frequently called a working hypothesis. Syn. — Supposition; assumption. See Theory. Nebular hypothesis. See under Nebular. { Hy•po•thet´ic , Hy•po•thet´ic•al } a. [L. hypotheticus, Gr. : cf. F. hypothetique.] Characterized by, or of the nature of, an hypothesis; conditional; assumed without proof, for the purpose of reasoning and deducing proof, or of accounting for some fact or phenomenon. “Causes hypothetical at least, if not real, for the various phenomena of the existence of which our experience informs us.” Sir W. Hamilton. Hypothetical baptism (Ch. of Eng.), baptism administered to persons in respect to whom it is doubtful whether they have or have not been baptized before. Hook. — Hy•po•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. South.

Hy•poth´e•tist , n. One who proposes or supports an hypothesis. [R.]

Hy•po•tra•che´li•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; under + neck.] (Arch.) Same as Gorgerin.

Hy•pot´ri•cha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ypo• beneath + , , a hair.] (Zoöl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria in which the cilia cover only the under side of the body.

Hy•po•tro´choid , n. [Pref. hypo- + trochoid.] (Geom.) A curve, traced by a point in the radius, or radius produced, of a circle which rolls upon the concave side of a fixed circle. See Hypocycloid, Epicycloid, and Trochoid.

Hy•po•ty•po´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to sketch out; under + to impress.] (Rhet.) A vivid, picturesque description of scenes or events.

Hy•po•xan´thin , n. [Pref. hypo- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, closely related to xanthin and uric acid, widely distributed through the animal body, but especially in muscle tissue; — called also sarcin, sarkin.

Hy•po•zo´ic , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. an animal.] (Geol.) Anterior in age to the lowest rocks which contain organic remains. Lyell.

Hyp´pish , a. [From Hyp.] Affected with hypochondria; hypped. [Written also hyppish.]

Hyp´po•griff , n. See Hyppogriff.

Hyp´si•loid , a. [From &UPSILON;, the Greek letter called ´upsilon´ + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the Greek letter &UPSILON; in form; hyoid.

Hyp•som´e•ter , n. [Gr. height + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring heights by observation of barometric pressure; esp., one for determining heights by ascertaining the boiling point of water. It consists of a vessel for water, with a lamp for heating it, and an inclosed thermometer for showing the temperature of ebullition. { Hyp•so•met´ric , Hyp•so•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to hypsometry.

Hyp•som´e•try , n. That branch of the science of geodesy which has to do with the measurement of heights, either absolutely with reference to the sea level, or relatively.

Hy•pu´ral , a. [Pref. hypo- + Gr. tail.] (Anat.) Under the tail; — applied to the bones which support the caudal fin rays in most fishes.

Hy´ra•coid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hyracoidea. — n. One of the Hyracoidea.

Hyr•a•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Hyrax, and oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of small hoofed mammals, comprising the single living genus Hyrax.

Hy´rax , n. [NL., fr. Gr. shrew mouse.] (Zoöl.) Any animal of the genus Hyrax, of which about four species are known. They constitute the order Hyracoidea. The best known species are the daman (H. Syriacus) of Palestine, and the klipdas (H. capensis) of South Africa. Other species are H. arboreus and H. Sylvestris, the former from Southern, and the latter from Western, Africa. See Daman. { Hyr•ca´ni•an , Hyr´can } a. Of or pertaining to Hyrcania, an ancient country or province of Asia, southeast of the Caspian (which was also called the Hyrcanian) Sea. ´The Hyrcan tiger.´ ´Hyrcanian deserts.´ Shak.

Hyrse , n. [G. hirse, OHG. hirsi.] (Bot.) Millet.

Hyrst , n. A wood. See Hurst.

Hy´son , n. [Chin. hi-tshun, lit., first crop, or blooming spring.] A fragrant kind of green tea. Hyson skin, the light and inferior leaves separated from the hyson by a winnowing machine. M•Culloch.

Hys´sop , n. [OE. hysope, ysope, OF. ysope, F. hysope, hyssope, L. hysopum, hyssopum, hyssopus, Gr. , , an aromatic plant, fr. Heb. esov.] A plant (Hyssopus officinalis). The leaves have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. The hyssop of Scripture is supposed to be a species of caper (Capparis spinosa), but probably the name was used for several different plants.

Hys•ter•an´thous , a. [Gr. after + flower.] (Bot.) Having the leaves expand after the flowers have opened. Henslow.

Hys•te•re´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to be behind, to lag.] (Physics) A lagging or retardation of the effect, when the forces acting upon a body are changed, as if from velocity or internal friction; a temporary resistance to change from a condition previously induced, observed in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc., on reversal of polarity.

Hys•te´ri•a , n. [NL.: cf. F. hysterie. See Hysteric.] (Med.) A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxism or fits. The chief symptoms are convulsive, tossing movements of the limbs and head, uncontrollable crying and laughing, and a choking sensation as if a ball were lodged in the throat. The affection presents the most varied symptoms, often simulating those of the gravest diseases, but generally curable by mental treatment alone. { Hys•ter´ic , Hys•ter´ic•al } a. [L. hystericus, Gr. , fr. ´yste•ra the womb; perh. akin to latter, later, and E. utter, out.] Of or pertaining to hysteria; affected, or troubled, with hysterics; convulsive, fitful. “With no hysteric weakness or feverish excitement, they preserved their peace and patience.” Bancroft.

Hys•ter´ics , n. pl. (Med.) Hysteria.

Hys•ter•o•ep´i•lep•sy , n. [Hysteria + epilepsy.] (Med.) A disease resembling hysteria in its nature, and characterized by the occurrence of epileptiform convulsions, which can often be controlled or excited by pressure on the ovaries, and upon other definite points in the body. — Hys•ter•o•ep•i•lep´tic (#), a.

Hys•ter•o•gen´ic , a. [Hysteria + root of Gr. to be born.] (Physiol.) Producing hysteria; as the hysterogenicpressure points on the surface of the body, pressure upon which is said both to produce and arrest an attack of hysteria. De Watteville.

Hys•ter•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; the latter + discourse: cf. F. hysterologie.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the ordinary course of thought is inverted in expression, and the last put first; — called also hysteron proteron.

Hys´te•ron prot´e•ron [NL., fr. Gr. the latter, following + before, others, sooner.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure in which the natural order of sense is reversed; hysterology; as valet atque vivit, ´he is well and lives.´ (b) An inversion of logical order, in which the conclusion is put before the premises, or the thing proved before the evidence.

Hys•ter´o•phyte , n. [Gr. following + plant.] (Bot.) A plant, like the fungus, which lives on dead or living organic matter. — Hys•ter•oph´y•tal (#), a.

Hys•ter•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ´yste•ra womb + to cut: cf. F. hysterotomie.] (Med.) The Caesarean section. See under Caesarean.

Hys´tri•cine , a. [See Hystrix.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the porcupines.

Hys•tri•co•mor´phous , a. [Hystrix + Gr. form.] (Zoöl.) Like, or allied to, the porcupines; — said of a group (Hystricomorpha) of rodents.

Hys´trix , n. [Gr. porcupine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents, including the porcupine.

Hythe , n. A small haven. See Hithe. [Obs.]

I (i). 1. I, the ninth letter of the English alphabet, takes its form from the Phœnician, through the Latin and the Greek. The Phœnician letter was probably of Egyptian origin. Its original value was nearly the same as that of the Italian I, or long e as in mete. Etymologically I is most closely related to e, y, j, g; as in dint, dent, beverage, L. bibere; E. kin, AS. cynn; E. thin, AS. þynne; E. dominion, donjon, dungeon. In English I has two principal vowel sounds: the long sound, as in pine, ice; and the short sound, as in pin. It has also three other sounds: (a) That of e in term, as in thirst. (b) That of e in mete (in words of foreign origin), as in machine, pique, regime. (c) That of consonant y (in many words in which it precedes another vowel), as in bunion, million, filial, Christian, etc. It enters into several digraphs, as in fail, field, seize, feign. friend; and with o often forms a proper diphtong, as in oil, join, coin. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 98-106. The dot which we place over the small or lower case i dates only from the 14th century. The sounds of I and J were originally represented by the same character, and even after the introduction of the form J into English dictionaries, words containing these letters were, till a comparatively recent time, classed together. 2. In our old authors, I was often used for ay (or aye), yes, which is pronounced nearly like it. 3. As a numeral, I stands for 1, II for 2, etc.

I- , prefix. See Y- .

I (i), pron. [poss. My (mi) or Mine (min); object. Me (me). pl. nom. We (we); poss. Our (our) or Ours (ourz); object. Us (us).] [OE. i, ich, ic, AS. ic; akin to OS. & D. ik, OHG. ih, G. ich, Icel. ek, Dan. jeg, Sw. jag, Goth. ik, OSlav. az’, Russ. ia, W. i, L. ego, Gr. ’egw•, ’egw•n, Skr. aham. rad.179. Cf. Egoism.] The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person; the word with which a speaker or writer denotes himself.

I•am•a•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , medicine + -logy.] (Med.) Materia Medica; that branch of therapeutics which treats of remedies.

I´amb , n. [Cf. F. iambe. See Lambus.] An iambus or iambic. [R.]

I•am´bic , a. [L. iambicus, Gr. : cf. F. iambique.] 1. (Pros.) Consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented; as an iambic foot. 2. Pertaining to, or composed of, iambics; as an iambic verse; iambic meter. See Lambus.

I•am´bic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) An iambic foot; an iambus. (b) A verse composed of iambic feet. The following couplet consists of iambic verses. “Thy gen- | ius calls | thee not | to pur- | chase fame
In keen | iam- | bics, but | mild an- | agram.” Dryden. 2. A satirical poem (such poems having been anciently written in iambic verse); a satire; a lampoon.

I•am´bic•al , a. Iambic. [Obs. or R.]

I•am´bic•al•ly, adv. In a iambic manner; after the manner of iambics.

I•am´bize , v. t. [Gr. .] To satirize in iambics; to lampoon. [R.]

I•am´bus , n.; pl. L. Iambi (#), E. Iambuses (#). [L. iambus, Gr. ; prob. akin to to throw, assail (the iambus being first used in satiric poetry), and to L. jacere to throw. Cf. Jet a shooting forth.] (Pros.) A foot consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, as in amans, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one, as invent; an iambic. See the Couplet under Iambic, n.

I•an´thi•na , n.; pl. L. Ianthinae (#), E. Ianthinas (#). [NL., fr. L. ianthinus violet-blue, Gr. ; violet + flower.] (Zoöl.) Any gastropod of the genus Ianthina, of which various species are found living in mid ocean; — called also purple shell, and violet snail. [Written also janthina.] It floats at the surface by means of a raft, which it constructs by forming and uniting together air bubbles of hardened mucus. The Tyrian purple of the ancients was obtained in part from mollusks of this genus.

I•a•tra•lip´tic , a. [Gr. ; physician + belonging to the or anointer, fr. to anoint: cf. F. iatraliptique.] Treating diseases by anointing and friction; as the iatraliptic method. [Written also iatroleptic.] { I•at´ric , I•at´ric•al } a. [Gr. healing, fr. physician, fr. to heal.] Of or pertaining to medicine, or to medical men.

I•a•tro•chem´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to iatrochemistry, or to the iatrochemists.

I•a•tro•chem´ist , n. [Gr. physician + E. chemist.] A physician who explained or treated diseases upon chemical principles; one who practiced iatrochemistry.

I•a•tro•chem´is•try , n. Chemistry applied to, or used in, medicine; — used especially with reference to the doctrines in the school of physicians in Flanders, in the 17th century, who held that health depends upon the proper chemical relations of the fluids of the body, and who endeavored to explain the conditions of health or disease by chemical principles.

I•a•tro•math•e•mat´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to iatromathematicians or their doctrine.

I•a•tro•math•e•ma•ti´cian , n. [Gr. physician + E. mathematician.] (Hist. Med.) One of a school of physicians in Italy, about the middle of the 17th century, who tried to apply the laws of mechanics and mathematics to the human body, and hence were eager student of anatomy; — opposed to the iatrochemists.

I•be´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Iberia.

I´bex (i´beks), n.; pl. E. Ibexes (-ez), L. Ibices (ib´i•sez). [L., a kind of goat, the chamois.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of wild goats having very large, recurved horns, transversely ridged in front; — called also steinbok. The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is the best known. The Spanish, or Pyrenean, ibex (C. Hispanica) has smoother and more spreading horns.

I•bi´dem , adv. [L.] In the same place; — abbreviated ibid. or ib.

I´bis , n. [L. ibis, Gr. ; of Egyptian origin.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Ibis and several allied genera, of the family Ibidae, inhabiting both the Old World and the New. Numerous species are known. They are large, wading birds, having a long, curved beak, and feed largely on reptiles. The sacred ibis of the ancient Egyptians (Ibis AEthiopica) has the head and neck black, without feathers. The plumage of the body and wings is white, except the tertiaries, which are lengthened and form a dark purple plume. In ancient times this bird was extensively domesticated in Egypt, but it is now seldom seen so far north. The glossy ibis (Plegadis autumnalis), which is widely distributed both in the Old World and the New, has the head and neck feathered, except between the eyes and bill; the scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) and the white ibis (G. alba) inhabit the West Indies and South America, and are rarely found in the United States. The wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) of America belongs to the Stork family (Ciconidae). See Wood ibis.

-i•ble See -able.

-ic [L. -icus, Gr. : cf. F. -ique.] 1. A suffix signifying, in general, relating to, or characteristic of; as historic, hygienic, telegraphic, etc. 2. (Chem.) A suffix, denoting that the element indicated enters into certain compounds with its highest valence, or with a valence relatively higher than in compounds where the name of the element ends in -ous; as ferric, sulphuric. It is also used in the general sense of pertaining to; as hydric, sodic, calcic.

I•ca´ri•an , a. [L. Icarius, Gr. , fr. , the mythic son of Daedalus, who, when flying from Crete on wings cemented with wax, mounted so high that the sun melted the wax, and he fell into the sea.] Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight.

Ice (is), n. [OE. is, iis, AS. is; aksin to D. ijs, G. eis, OHG. is, Icel. iss, Sw. is, Dan. iis, and perh. to E. iron.] 1. Water or other fluid frozen or reduced to the solid state by cold; frozen water. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal. Its specific gravity (0.92, that of water at 4° C. being 1.0) being less than that of water, ice floats. Water freezes at 32° F. or 0° Cent., and ice melts at the same temperature. Ice owes its cooling properties to the large amount of heat required to melt it. 2. Concreted sugar. Johnson. 3. Water, cream, custard, etc., sweetened, flavored, and artificially frozen. 4. Any substance having the appearance of ice; as camphor ice. Anchor ice, ice which sometimes forms about stones and other objects at the bottom of running or other water, and is thus attached or anchored to the ground. — Bay ice, ice formed in bays, fiords, etc., often in extensive fields which drift out to sea. — Ground ice, anchor ice. — Ice age (Geol.), the glacial epoch or period. See under Glacial. — Ice anchor (Naut.), a grapnel for mooring a vessel to a field of ice. Kane. — Ice blink [Dan. iisblink], a streak of whiteness of the horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice not yet in sight. — Ice boat. (a) A boat fitted with skates or runners, and propelled on ice by sails; an ice yacht. (b) A strong steamboat for breaking a channel through ice. — Ice box or chest, a box for holding ice; a box in which things are kept cool by means of ice; a refrigerator. — Ice brook, a brook or stream as cold as ice. [Poetic] Shak. — Ice cream [for iced cream], cream, milk, or custard, sweetened, flavored, and frozen. — Ice field, an extensive sheet of ice. — Ice float, Ice floe, a sheet of floating ice similar to an ice field, but smaller. — Ice foot, shore ice in Arctic regions; an ice belt. Kane. — Ice house, a close-covered pit or building for storing ice. — Ice machine (Physics), a machine for making ice artificially, as by the production of a low temperature through the sudden expansion of a gas or vapor, or the rapid evaporation of a volatile liquid. — Ice master. See Ice pilot (below). — Ice pack, an irregular mass of broken and drifting ice. — Ice paper, a transparent film of gelatin for copying or reproducing; papier glace. — Ice petrel (Zoöl.), a shearwater (Puffinus gelidus) of the Antarctic seas abundant among floating ice. — Ice pick, a sharp instrument for breaking ice into small pieces. — Ice pilot, a pilot who has charge of a vessel where the course is obstructed by ice, as in polar seas; — called also ice master. — Ice pitcher, a pitcher adapted for ice water. — Ice plow, a large tool for grooving and cutting ice. — Ice sludge, bay ice broken small by the wind or waves; sludge. — Ice spar (Min.), a variety of feldspar, the crystals of which are very clear like ice; rhyacolite. — Ice tongs, large iron nippers for handling ice. — Ice water. (a) Water cooled by ice. (b) Water formed by the melting of ice. — Ice yacht. See Ice boat (above). — To break the ice. See under Break. — Water ice, a confection consisting of water sweetened, flavored, and frozen.

Ice (is), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iced (ist); p. pr. & vb. n. Icing (i´sing).] 1. To cover with ice; to convert into ice, or into something resembling ice. 2. To cover with icing, or frosting made of sugar and milk or white of egg; to frost, as cakes, tarts, etc. 3. To chill or cool, as with ice; to freeze.

Ice´berg , n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. iisbierg, Sw. isberg, properly, a mountain of ice. See Ice, and Berg.] A large mass of ice, generally floating in the ocean. Icebergs are large detached portions of glaciers, which in cold regions often project into the sea.

Ice´bird , n. (Zoöl.) An Arctic sea bird, as the Arctic fulmar.

Ice´bound , a. Totally surrounded with ice, so as to be incapable of advancing; as an icebound vessel; also surrounded by or fringed with ice so as to hinder easy access; as an icebound coast.

Ice´-built , a. 1. Composed of ice. 2. Loaded with ice. ´Ice-built mountains.´ Gray.

Iced , a. 1. Covered with ice; chilled with ice; as iced water. 2. Covered with something resembling ice, as sugar icing; frosted; as iced cake. Iced cream. Same as Ice cream, under Ice.

Ice´fall , n. A frozen waterfall, or mass of ice resembling a frozen waterfall. Coleridge.

Ice´land•er , n. A native, or one of the Scandinavian people, of Iceland.

Ice•lan´dic , a. Of or pertaining to Iceland; relating to, or resembling, the Icelanders.

Ice•lan´dic , n. The language of the Icelanders. It is one of the Scandinavian group, and is more nearly allied to the Old Norse than any other language now spoken.

Ice´land moss (Bot.) A kind of lichen (Cetraria Icelandica) found from the Arctic regions to the North Temperate zone. It furnishes a nutritious jelly and other forms of food, and is used in pulmonary complaints as a demulcent.

Ice´land spar (Min.) A transparent variety of calcite, the best of which is obtained in Iceland. It is used for the prisms of the polariscope, because of its strong double refraction. Cf. Calcite.

Ice´man , n.; pl. Icemen . 1. A man who is skilled in traveling upon ice, as among glaciers. 2. One who deals in ice; one who retails or delivers ice.

Ice´ plant (Bot.) A plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), sprinkled with pellucid, watery vesicles, which glisten like ice. It is native along the Mediterranean, in the Canaries, and in South Africa. Its juice is said to be demulcent and diuretic; its ashes are used in Spain in making glass. Ice-skater = one who skates on ice wearing an ice skate; esp. an athlete who performs athletic or artistic movements on a sheet of ice, wearing ice skates; including speed skater and figure skater — >

Ice´quake (is´kwak•), n. The crash or concussion attending the breaking up of masses of ice, — often due to contraction from extreme cold.

Ich (ik), pron. I. [Obs.] Chaucer. In the Southern dialect of Early English this is the regular form. Cf. Ik.

Ich•neu´mon , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., the tracker; so called because it hunts out the eggs of the crocodile, fr. to track or hunt after, fr. ’i•chnos track, footstep.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous mammal of the genus Herpestes, and family Viverridae. Numerous species are found in Asia and Africa. The Egyptian species (H. ichneumon), which ranges to Spain and Palestine, is noted for destroying the eggs and young of the crocodile as well as various snakes and lizards, and hence was considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians. The common species of India (H. griseus), known as the mongoose, has similar habits and is often domesticated. It is noted for killing the cobra. 2. (Zoöl.) Any hymenopterous insect of the family Ichneumonidae, of which several thousand species are known, belonging to numerous genera. The female deposits her eggs upon, or in, the bodies of other insects, such as caterpillars, plant lice, etc. The larva lives upon the internal tissues of the insect in which it is parasitic, and finally kills it. Hence, many of the species are beneficial to agriculture by destroying noxious insects. Ichneumon fly. See Ichneumon, 2.

Ich•neu•mon´i•dan , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ichneumonidae, or ichneumon flies. — n. One of the Ichneumonidae.

Ich•neu•mon´i•des , n. pl. [NL. See Ichneumon.] (Zoöl.) The ichneumon flies.

Ich´nite , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos track, footstep.] A fossil footprint; as the ichnites in the Triassic sandstone. Page. { Ich•no•graph´ic , Ich•no•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. ichonographique.] Of or pertaining to ichonography; describing a ground plot.

Ich•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; ’i•chnos track, footstep + to describe: cf. F. ichonographie.] (Drawing) A horizontal section of a building or other object, showing its true dimensions according to a geometric scale; a ground plan; a map; also the art of making such plans.

Ich´no•lite , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos track, footstep + -lite.] A fossil footprint; an ichnite.

Ich•no•li•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos footstep + -lith + -logy.] Same as Ichnology. Hitchcock.

Ich•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to ichnology.

Ich•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos a footstep + -logy.] (Geol.) The branch of science which treats of fossil footprints.

Ich•nos´co•py , n. [Gr. ’i•chnos footstep + -scopy.] The search for the traces of anything. [R.]

I´chor , n. [NL., fr. Gr. : cf. F. ichor.] 1. (Class. Myth.) An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the veins of the gods. 2. A thin, acrid, watery discharge from an ulcer, wound, etc.

I•chor•hae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ichor + blood.] (Med.) Infection of the blood with ichorous or putrid substances.

I´chor•ous , a. [Cf. F. ichoreux.] Of or like ichor; thin; watery; serous; sanious.

Ich´thi•din , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance from the egg yolk of osseous fishes.

Ich´thin , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s fish.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance resembling vitellin, present in the egg yolk of cartilaginous fishes.

Ich´thu•lin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance from the yolk of salmon’s eggs.

Ich´thus , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s.] In early Christian and eccesiastical art, an emblematic fish, or the Greek word for fish, which combined the initials of the Greek words Ihsoy^s, Christo•s, Qeoy^ Gio•s Swth•r, Jesus, Christ, Son of God, Savior.

Ich´thy•ic , a. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, fishes. { Ich´thy•o•col , Ich•thy•o•col´la } n. [L. ichthyocolla, Gr. ; ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + glue: cf. F. ichthyocolle.] Fish glue; isinglass; a glue prepared from the sounds of certain fishes.

Ich•thy•o•cop´ro•lite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + E. coprolite.] (Geol.) Fossil dung of fishes.

Ich•thy•o•dor´u•lite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + a spear + - lite.] (Zoöl.) One of the spiny plates found on the back and tail of certain skates.

Ich•thy•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os + graphy: cf. F. ichthyographie.] A treatise on fishes. { Ich´thy•oid , Ich•thy•oid´al } a. [Gr. : ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + form.] (Zoöl.) Somewhat like a fish; having some of the characteristics of fishes; — said of some amphibians.

Ich•thy•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + to worship.] Worship of fishes, or of fish-shaped idols. Layard.

Ich´thy•o•lite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil fish, or fragment of a fish. { Ich•thy•o•log´ic , Ich•thy•o•log´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. ichthyologique.] Of or pertaining to ichthyology.

Ich•thy•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. ichthyologiste.] One versed in, or who studies, ichthyology.

Ich•thy•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + -logy: cf. F. ichthyologie.] The natural history of fishes; that branch of zoölogy which relates to fishes, including their structure, classification, and habits.

Ich´thy•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + -mancy: cf. F. ichthyomancie.] Divination by the heads or the entrails of fishes.

Ich•thy•o•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. fish-shaped; ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + form.] (Zoöl.) The Urodela. { Ich•thy•o•mor´phic , Ich•thy•o•mor´phous } a. [See Ichthyomorpha.] Fish- shaped; as the ichthyomorphic idols of ancient Assyria.

Ich•thy•oph´a•gist , n. [See Ichthyophagous.] One who eats, or subsists on, fish.

Ich•thy•oph´a•gous , a. [L. ichthyophagus, Gr. ; ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + to eat.] Eating, or subsisting on, fish.

Ich•thy•oph´a•gy , n. [Gr. ’ichqyofagi•a: cf. F. ichthyophagie.] The practice of eating, or living upon, fish.

Ich•thy•oph•thal´mite , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + eye.] See Apophyllite. [R.]

Ich•thy•oph•thi´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + a louse.] (Zoöl.) A division of copepod crustaceans, including numerous species parasitic on fishes.

Ich•thy•op´si•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + appearance.] (Zoöl.) A grand division of the Vertebrata, including the Amphibia and Fishes.

Ich•thy•op•te•ryg´i•a , n. pl. [NL. See Ichthyopterygium.] (Paleon.) See Ichthyosauria.

Ich•thy•op•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + a fin.] (Anat.) The typical limb, or lateral fin, of fishes.

Ich•thy•or´nis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + bird.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of toothed birds found in the American Cretaceous formation. It is remarkable for having biconcave vertebrae, and sharp, conical teeth set in sockets. Its wings were well developed. It is the type of the order Odontotormae.

Ich´thy•o•saur , n. [Cf. F. ichthyosaure.] (Paleon.) One of the Ichthyosaura.

Ich•thy•o•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Ichthyosaurus.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of marine reptiles, including Ichthyosaurus and allied forms; — called also Ichthyopterygia. They have not been found later than the Cretaceous period.

Ich•thy•o•sau´ri•an , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Ichthyosauria. — n. One of the Ichthyosauria.

Ich•thy•o•sau´rus , n.; pl. Ichthyosauri (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of marine reptiles; - - so named from their short, biconcave vertebrae, resembling those of fishes. Several species, varying in length from ten to thirty feet, are known from the Liassic, Oölitic, and Cretaceous formations.

Ich•thy•o´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s fish.] (Med.) A disease in which the skin is thick, rough, and scaly; — called also fishskin. — Ich•thy•ot´ic (#), a.

Ich•thy•ot´o•mist , n. One skilled in ichthyotomy.

Ich•thy•ot´o•my , n. [Gr. ’ichqy•s, -y•os, a fish + to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of fishes. [R.]

Ich´thys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ichqy•s a fish.] Same as Ichthus.

I´ci•cle , n. [OE. isikel, AS. isgicel; is ice + gicel icicle; akin to Icel. jökull; cf. Gael. eigh ice, Ir. aigh.] A pendent, and usually conical, mass of ice, formed by freezing of dripping water; as the icicles on the eaves of a house.

I´ci•cled , a. Having icicles attached.

I´ci•ly , adv. In an icy manner; coldly. “Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null,
Dead perfection, no more.” Tennyson.

I´ci•ness , n. The state or quality of being icy or very cold; frigidity.

I´cing , n. A coating or covering resembling ice, as of sugar and milk or white of egg; frosting.

Ic´kle , n. [OE. ikil. See Icicle.] An icicle. [Prov. Eng.]

I´con (i´kon), n. [L., fr. Gr. e’ikw•n.] An image or representation; a portrait or pretended portrait. “Netherlands whose names and icons are published.” Hakewill.

I•con´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, images, pictures, or representations of any kind.

I´con•ism , n. [L. iconismus, Gr. , fr. to mold, delineate, fr. e’ikw•n an image: cf. F. iconisme.] The formation of a figure, representation, or semblance; a delineation or description. “Some kind of apish imitations, counterfeit iconisms.” Cudworth.

I´con•ize , v. t. [Gr. e’ikoni•zein.] To form an image or likeness of. [R.] Cudworth.

I•con´o•clasm , n. [Cf. F. iconoclasme. See Iconoclast.] The doctrine or practice of the iconoclasts; image breaking.

I•con´o•clast , n. [Gr. e’ikw•n image + to break: cf. F. iconoclaste.] 1. A breaker or destroyer of images or idols; a determined enemy of idol worship. 2. One who exposes or destroys impositions or shams; one who attacks cherished beliefs; a radical.

I•con•o•clas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the iconoclasts, or to image breaking. Milman. {I•con´o•dule , I•con´o•du•list } n. [Gr. e’ikw•n an image + a slave.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who serves images; — opposed to an iconoclast. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

I•co•nog´ra•pher , n. A maker of images. Fairholt.

I•con•o•graph´ic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to iconography. 2. Representing by means of pictures or diagrams; as an icongraphic encyclopaedia.

I•co•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. a sketch or description; e’ikw•n an image + to describe: cf. F. iconographie.] 1. The art or representation by pictures or images; the description or study of portraiture or representation, as of persons; as the iconography of the ancients. 2. The study of representative art in general. Christian iconography, the study of the representations in art of the Deity, the persons of the Trinity, angels, saints, virtues, vices, etc.

I•co•nol´a•ter , n. [Gr. e’ikw•n an image + to worship: cf. F. iconolâtre.] One who worships images.

I•co•nol´a•try , n. [See Iconolater.] The worship of images as symbols; — distinguished from idolatry, the worship of images themselves.

I•co•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; e’ikw•n an image + discourse: cf. F. iconologie.] The discussion or description of portraiture or of representative images. Cf. Iconography.

I•co•nom´a•chy , n. [Gr. a war against images; e’ikw•n an image + fight.] Hostility to images as objects of worship. [R.]

I•co•nom´ic•al , a. [Gr. ; e’ikw•n image + fight.] Opposed to pictures or images as objects of worship. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

I•co•noph´i•list , n. [Gr. e’ikw•n an image + to love.] A student, or lover of the study, of iconography.

I•co•sa•he´dral , a. [See Icosahedron.] (Geom.) Having twenty equal sides or faces.

I•co•sa•he´dron , n. [Gr. ; twenty + seat, base, fr. to sit.] (Geom.) A solid bounded by twenty sides or faces. Regular icosahedron, one of the five regular polyhedrons, bounded by twenty equilateral triangules. Five triangles meet to form each solid angle of the polyhedron.

I•co•san´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. twenty +, , man, male: cf. F. icosandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants, having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx. { I•co•san´dri•an , I•co•san´drous } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to the class Icosandria; having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx.

I•co•si•tet•ra•he´dron , n. [Gr. twenty + , combining form of four + seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A twenty-four-sided solid; a tetragonal trisoctahedron or trapezohedron.

-ics A suffix used in forming the names of certain sciences, systems, etc., as acoustics, mathematics, dynamics, statistics, politics, athletics. The names sciences ending in ics, as mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc., are, with respect to their form, nouns in the plural number. The plural form was probably introduced to mark the complex nature of such sciences; and it may have been in imitation of the use of the Greek plurals , , , , etc., to designate parts of Aristotle’s writings. Previously to the present century, nouns ending in ics were construed with a verb or a pronoun in the plural; but it is now generally considered preferable to treat them as singular. In Greman we have die Mathematik, die Mechanik, etc., and in French la metaphysique, la optique, etc., corresponding to our mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc. “Mathematics have for their object the consideration of whatever is capable of being numbered or measured.” John Davidson. The citations subjoined will serve as examples of the best present usage. “Ethics is the sciences of the laws which govern our actions as moral agents.” Sir W. Hamilton. “All parts of knowledge have their origin in metaphysics, and finally, perhaps, revolve into it.” De Quincey. “Mechanics, like pure mathematics, may be geometrical, or may be analytical; that is, it may treat space either by a direct consideration of its properties, or by a symbolical representation.” Whewell.

Ic•ter´ic , n. A remedy for the jaundice. { Ic•ter´ic , Ic•ter´ic•al } a. [L. ictericus, Gr. , fr. jaundice: cf. F. icterique.] 1. Pertaining to, or affected with, jaundice. 2. Good against the jaundice. Johnson. { Ic•ter•i´tious , Ic•ter´i•tous } a. Yellow; of the color of the skin when it is affected by the jaundice.

Ic´ter•oid , a. [Gr. jaundice + -oid.] Of a tint resembling that produced by jaundice; yellow; as an icteroid tint or complexion.

Ic´te•rus , n. [NL. See Icteric, a.] (Med.) The jaundice.

Ic´tic , a. [L. ictus blow.] Pertaining to, or caused by, a blow; sudden; abrupt. [R.] H. Bushnell.

Ic´tus , n. [L., fr. icere, ictum, to strike.] 1. (Pros.) The stress of voice laid upon accented syllable of a word. Cf. Arsis. 2. (Med.) A stroke or blow, as in a sunstroke, the sting of an insect, pulsation of an artery, etc.

I´cy , a. [Compar. Icier superl. Iciest.] [AS. isig. See Ice.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; frosty. ´Icy chains.´ Shak. ´Icy region.´ Boyle. ´Icy seas.´ Pope. 2. Characterized by coldness, as of manner, influence, etc.; chilling; frigid; cold. “Icy was the deportment with which Philip received these demonstrations of affection.” Motley.

I´cy-pearl•ed , a. Spangled with ice. “Mounting up in icy-pearled car.” Milton.

I’d A contraction from I would or I had.

Id , n. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Leuciscus idus or Idus idus) of Europe. A domesticated variety, colored like the goldfish, is called orfe in Germany.

I•da´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to Idalium, a mountain city in Cyprus, or to Venus, to whom it was sacred. ´Idalian Aphrodite.´ Tennyson.

Ide , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Id.

-ide (Chem.) A suffix used to denote: (a) The nonmetallic, or negative, element or radical in a binary compound; as oxide, sulphide, chloride. (b) A compound which is an anhydride; as glycolide, phthalide. (c) Any one of a series of derivatives; as indogenide, glucoside, etc.

I•de´a , n.; pl. Ideas (#). [L. idea, Gr. , fr. to see; akin to E. wit: cf. F. idee. See Wit.] 1. The transcript, image, or picture of a visible object, that is formed by the mind; also a similar image of any object whatever, whether sensible or spiritual. “Her sweet idea wandered through his thoughts.” Fairfax. “Being the right idea of your father
Both in your form and nobleness of mind.” Shak. “This representation or likeness of the object being transmitted from thence [the senses] to the imagination, and lodged there for the view and observation of the pure intellect, is aptly and properly called its idea.” P. Browne. 2. A general notion, or a conception formed by generalization. “Alice had not the slightest idea what latitude was.” L. Caroll. 3. Hence: Any object apprehended, conceived, or thought of, by the mind; a notion, conception, or thought; the real object that is conceived or thought of. “Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or as the immediate object of perception, thought, or undersanding, that I call idea.” Locke. 4. A belief, option, or doctrine; a characteristic or controlling principle; as an essential idea; the idea of development. “That fellow seems to me to possess but one idea, and that is a wrong one.” Johnson. “What is now ´idea´ for us? How infinite the fall of this word, since the time where Milton sang of the Creator contemplating his newly-created world, -
´how it showed …
Answering his great idea,´ -
to its present use, when this person ´has an idea that the train has started,´ and the other ´had no idea that the dinner would be so bad!´” Trench. 5. A plan or purpose of action; intention; design. “I shortly afterwards set off for that capital, with an idea of undertaking while there the translation of the work.” W. Irving. 6. A rational conception; the complete conception of an object when thought of in all its essential elements or constituents; the necessary metaphysical or constituent attributes and relations, when conceived in the abstract. 7. A fiction object or picture created by the imagination; the same when proposed as a pattern to be copied, or a standard to be reached; one of the archetypes or patterns of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have excited objectively from eternity in the mind of the Deity. “Thence to behold this new-created world,
The addition of his empire, how it showed
In prospect from his throne, how good, how fair,
Answering his great idea.” Milton. ´In England, Locke may be said to have been the first who naturalized the term in its Cartesian universality. When, in common language, employed by Milton and Dryden, after Descartes, as before him by Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Hooker, etc., the meaning is Platonic.´ Sir W. Hamilton. Abstract idea, Association of ideas, etc. See under Abstract, Association, etc. Syn. — Notion; conception; thought; sentiment; fancy; image; perception; impression; opinion; belief; observation; judgment; consideration; view; design; intention; purpose; plan; model; pattern. There is scarcely any other word which is subjected to such abusive treatment as is the word idea, in the very general and indiscriminative way in which it is employed, as it is used variously to signify almost any act, state, or content of thought.

I•de´al , a. [L. idealis: cf. F. ideal.] 1. Existing in idea or thought; conceptional; intellectual; mental; as ideal knowledge. 2. Reaching an imaginary standard of excellence; fit for a model; faultless; as ideal beauty. Byron. “There will always be a wide interval between practical and ideal excellence.” Rambler. 3. Existing in fancy or imagination only; visionary; unreal. ´Planning ideal common wealth.´ Southey. 4. Teaching the doctrine of idealism; as the ideal theory or philosophy. 5. (Math.) Imaginary. Syn. — Intellectual; mental; visionary; fanciful; imaginary; unreal; impracticable; utopian.

I•de´al , n. A mental conception regarded as a standard of perfection; a model of excellence, beauty, etc. “The ideal is to be attained by selecting and assembling in one whole the beauties and perfections which are usually seen in different individuals, excluding everything defective or unseemly, so as to form a type or model of the species. Thus, the Apollo Belvedere is the ideal of the beauty and proportion of the human frame.” Fleming. Beau ideal. See Beau ideal.

I•de´a•less , a. Destitute of an idea.

I•de´al•ism , n. [Cf. F. idealisme.] 1. The quality or state of being ideal. 2. Conception of the ideal; imagery. 3. (Philos.) The system or theory that denies the existence of material bodies, and teaches that we have no rational grounds to believe in the reality of anything but ideas and their relations.

I•de´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. idealiste.] 1. One who idealizes; one who forms picturesque fancies; one given to romantic expectations. 2. One who holds the doctrine of idealism.

I•de•al•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to idealists or their theories.

I•de•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Idealities . 1. The quality or state of being ideal. 2. The capacity to form ideals of beauty or perfection. 3. (Phren.) The conceptive faculty.

I•de•al•i•za´tion , n. 1. The act or process of idealizing. 2. (Fine Arts) The representation of natural objects, scenes, etc., in such a way as to show their most important characteristics; the study of the ideal.

I•de´al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idealized p. pr. & vb. n. Idealizing ] 1. To make ideal; to give an ideal form or value to; to attribute ideal characteristics and excellences to; as to idealize real life. 2. (Fine Arts) To treat in an ideal manner. See Idealization, 2.

I•de´al•ize, v. i. [Cf. F. idealiser.] To form ideals.

I•de´al•i•zer , n. An idealist.

I•de´al•ly, adv. In an ideal manner; by means of ideals; mentally.

I•de•a•log´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an idealogue, or to idealization.

I•de´a•logue , n. [Idea + -logue, as in theologue: cf. F. ideologue.] One given to fanciful ideas or theories; a theorist; a spectator. [R.] Mrs. Browning. { I•de´at , I•de´ate } n. [LL. ideatum. See Idea.] (Metaph.) The actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea; the correlate in real existence to the idea as a thought or existence.

I•de´ate , v. t. 1. To form in idea; to fancy. [R.] “The ideated man … as he stood in the intellect of God.” Sir T. Browne. 2. To apprehend in thought so as to fix and hold in the mind; to memorize. [R.]

I•de•a´tion , n. The faculty or capacity of the mind for forming ideas; the exercise of this capacity; the act of the mind by which objects of sense are apprehended and retained as objects of thought. “The whole mass of residua which have been accumulated … all enter now into the process of ideation.” J. D. Morell.

I•de•a´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, ideation. “Certain sensational or ideational stimuli.” Blackw. Mag.

I´dem , pron. or adj. [L.] The same; the same as above; — often abbreviated id.

I•den´tic , a. Identical. [Obs.] Hudibras.

I•den´tic•al , a. [Cf. F. identique. See Identity.] 1. The same; the selfsame; the very same; not different; as the identical person or thing. “I can not remember a thing that happened a year ago, without a conviction … that I, the same identical person who now remember that event, did then exist.” Reid. 2. Uttering sameness or the same truth; expressing in the predicate what is given, or obviously implied, in the subject; tautological. “When you say body is solid, I say that you make an identical proposition, because it is impossible to have the idea of body without that of solidity.” Fleming. Identical equation (Alg.), an equation which is true for all values of the algebraic symbols which enter into it.

I•den´tic•al•ly, adv. In an identical manner; with respect to identity. ´Identically the same.´ Bp. Warburton. ´Identically different.´ Ross.

I•den´tic•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being identical; sameness.

I•den´ti•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being identified.

I•den•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. identification.] The act of identifying, or proving to be the same; also the state of being identified.

I•den´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Identified p. pr. & vb. n. Identifying ] [Cf. F. identifier. See Identity, and -fy.] 1. To make to be the same; to unite or combine in such a manner as to make one; to treat as being one or having the same purpose or effect; to consider as the same in any relation. “Every precaution is taken to identify the interests of the people and of the rulers.” D. Ramsay. “Let us identify, let us incorporate ourselves with the people.” Burke. 2. To establish the identity of; to prove to be the same with something described, claimed, or asserted; as to identify stolen property.

I•den´ti•fy , v. i. To become the same; to coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. [Obs. or R.] “An enlightened self-interest, which, when well understood, they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public.” Burke.

I•den´tism , n. [See Identity.] (Metaph.) The doctrine taught by Schelling, that matter and mind, and subject and object, are identical in the Absolute; — called also the system or doctrine of identity.

I•den´ti•ty , n.; pl. Identities (#). [F. identite, LL. identitas, fr. L. idem the same, from the root of is he, that; cf. Skr. idam this. Cf. Item.] 1. The state or quality of being identical, or the same; sameness. “Identity is a relation between our cognitions of a thing, not between things themselves.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. The condition of being the same with something described or asserted, or of possessing a character claimed; as to establish the identity of stolen goods. 3. (Math.) An identical equation.

I´de•o- A combining form from the Gr. , an idea.

I•de•o•gen´ic•al , a. Of or relating to ideology.

I•de•og´e•ny , n. [Ideo- + -geny, from the same root as Gr. , birth: cf. F. ideogenie.] The science which treats of the origin of ideas.

I•de´o•gram , n. [Ideo- + -gram; cf. F. ideograme.] 1. An original, pictorial element of writing; a kind of hieroglyph expressing no sound, but only an idea. “Ideograms may be defined to be pictures intended to represent either things or thoughts.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet). “You might even have a history without language written or spoken, by means of ideograms and gesture.” J. Peile. 2. A symbol used for convenience, or for abbreviation; as 1, 2, 3, +, -, , $, , etc. 3. A phonetic symbol; a letter.

I•de´o•graph , n. Same as Ideogram. { I•de•o•graph´ic , I•de•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. ideographique.] Of or pertaining to an ideogram; representing ideas by symbols, independently of sounds; as 9 represents not the word ´nine,´ but the idea of the number itself. — I•de•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

I•de•o•graph´ics , n. The system of writing in ideographic characters; also anything so written.

I•de•og´ra•phy , n. The representation of ideas independently of sounds, or in an ideographic manner, as sometimes is done in shorthand writing, etc.

I•de•o•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. ideologique.] Of or pertaining to ideology.

I•de•ol´o•gist , n. One who treats of ideas; one who theorizes or idealizes; one versed in the science of ideas or who advocates the doctrines of ideology.

I•de•ol´o•gy , n. [Ideo- + -logy: cf. F. ideologie.] 1. The science of ideas. Stewart. 2. (Metaph.) A theory of the origin of ideas which derives them exclusively from sensation. By a double blunder in philosophy and Greek, ideologie … has in France become the name peculiarly distinctive of that philosophy of mind which exclusively derives our knowledge from sensation. Sir W. Hamilton.

I•de•o-mo´tion , n. (Physiol.) An ideo-motor movement.

I•de•o-mo´tor , a. [Ideo- + motor.] (Physiol.) Applied to those actions, or muscular movements, which are automatic expressions of dominant ideas rather than the result of distinct volitional efforts, as the act of expressing the thoughts in speech, or in writing, while the mind is occupied in the composition of the sentence. Carpenter.

Ides (idz), n. pl. [L. idus: cf. F. ides.] (Anc. Rom. Calendar) The fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day of the other months. “The ides of March remember.” Shak. Eight days in each month often pass by this name, but only one strictly receives it, the others being called respectively the day before the ides, and so on, backward, to the eighth from the ides.

Id´i•o- (id´i•o-). A combining form from the Greek ’i•dios, meaning private, personal, peculiar, distinct.

Id´i•o•blast (id´i•o•blast), n. [Ideo- + -blast.] (Bot.) An individual cell, differing greatly from its neighbours in regard to size, structure, or contents.

Id•i•o•cra´sis , n. [NL.] Idiocracy.

Id•i•oc´ra•sy , n.; pl. Idiocrasies (#). [Idio- + Gr. kra^sis a mixture, fr. to mix: cf. F. idiocrasie.] Peculiarity of constitution; that temperament, or state of constitution, which is peculiar to a person; idiosyncrasy. { Id•i•o•crat´ic , Id•i•o•crat´ic•al } a. Peculiar in constitution or temperament; idiosyncratic.

Id´i•o•cy (id´i•o•sy), n. [From idiot; cf. Gr. uncouthness, want of education, fr. . See Idiot, and cf. Idiotcy.] The condition or quality of being an idiot; absence, or marked deficiency, of sense and intelligence. “I will undertake to convict a man of idiocy, if he can not see the proof that three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles.” F. W. Robertson.

Id•i•o•cy•cloph´a•nous , a. [Idio- + Gr. circle + to appear.] (Crystallog.) Same as Idiophanous.

Id•i•o•e•lec´tric , a. [Idio- + electric: cf. F. idioelectrique.] (Physics) Electric by virtue of its own peculiar properties; capable of becoming electrified by friction; — opposed to anelectric. — n. An idioelectric substance.

Id´i•o•graph (id´i•o•graf), n. [Gr. autographic; ’i•dios one’s own + gra•fein to write.] A mark or signature peculiar to an individual; a trade-mark. { Id•i•o•graph´ic (id•i•o•graf´ik), Id•i•o•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to an idiograph.

Id•i•ol´a•try , n. [Idio- + Gr. to worship.] Self-worship; excessive self- esteem.

Id´i•om (id´i•um), n. [F. idiome, L. idioma, fr. Gr. ’idi•wma, fr. ’idioy^n to make a person’s own, to make proper or peculiar; fr. ’i•dios one’s own, proper, peculiar; prob. akin to the reflexive pronoun o´y^, o’i^, ’e•, and to ´eo•s, ’o•s, one’s own, L. suus, and to E. so.] 1. The syntactical or structural form peculiar to any language; the genius or cast of a language. “Idiom may be employed loosely and figuratively as a synonym of language or dialect, but in its proper sense it signifies the totality of the general rules of construction which characterize the syntax of a particular language and distinguish it from other tongues.” G. P. Marsh. “By idiom is meant the use of words which is peculiar to a particular language.” J. H. Newman. “He followed their language [the Latin], but did not comply with the idiom of ours.” Dryden. 2. An expression conforming or appropriate to the peculiar structural form of a language; in extend use, an expression sanctioned by usage, having a sense peculiar to itself and not agreeing with the logical sense of its structural form; also the phrase forms peculiar to a particular author. “Some that with care true eloquence shall teach,
And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech.” Prior. “Sometimes we identify the words with the object — though by courtesy of idiom rather than in strict propriety of language.” Coleridge. “Every good writer has much idiom.” Landor. “It is not by means of rules that such idioms as the following are made current: ´I can make nothing of it.´ ´He treats his subject home.´ Dryden. ´It is that within us that makes for righteousness.´ M. Arnold.” Gostwick (Eng. Gram.) 3. Dialect; a variant form of a language. Syn. — Dialect. — Idiom, Dialect. The idioms of a language belong to its very structure; its dialects are varieties of expression ingrafted upon it in different localities or by different professions. Each county of England has some peculiarities of dialect, and so have most of the professions, while the great idioms of the language are everywhere the same. See Language. { Id•i•o•mat´ic , Id•i•o•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. ’idiwmatiko•s.] Of or pertaining to, or conforming to, the mode of expression peculiar to a language; as an idiomatic meaning; an idiomatic phrase. — Id•i•o•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Id•i•o•morph´ic , a. Idiomorphous.

Id•i•o•morph´ous , a. [Gr. ’idio•morfos of peculiar form; ’i•dios peculiar + form.] 1. Having a form of its own. 2. (Crystallog.) Apperaing in distinct crystals; — said of the mineral constituents of a rock.

Id•i•o•mus´cu•lar , a. [Idio- + muscular.] (Physiol.) Applied to a semipermanent contraction of a muscle, produced by a mechanical irritant.

Id•i•o•pa•thet´ic , a. Idiopathic. [R.] { Id•i•o•path´ic , Id•i•o•path´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. idiopathique.] (Med.) Pertaining to idiopathy; characterizing a disease arising primarily, and not in consequence of some other disease or injury; — opposed to symptomatic, sympathetic, and traumatic. — Id•i•o•path´ic•al•ly, adv.

Id•i•op´a•thy , n.; pl. Idiopathies (#). [Gr. ; ’i•dios proper, peculiar + , , to suffer: cf. F. idiopathie.] 1. A peculiar, or individual, characteristic or affection. “All men are so full of their own fancies and idiopathies, that they scarce have the civility to interchange any words with a stranger.” Dr. H. More. 2. (Med.) A morbid state or condition not preceded or occasioned by any other disease; a primary disease.

Id•i•oph´a•nous , a. [Idio- + to appear.] (Crystallog.) Exhibiting interference figures without the aid of a polariscope, as certain crystals.

Id´i•o•plasm , n. (Biol.) Same as Idioplasma.

Id•i•o•plas´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’i•dios proper, peculiar + a form, mold.] (Biol.) That portion of the cell protoplasm which is the seat of all active changes, and which carries on the function of hereditary transmission; — distinguished from the other portion, which is termed nutritive plasma. See Hygroplasm.

Id•i•o•re•pul´sive , a. [Idio- + repulsive.] Repulsive by itself; as the idiorepulsive power of heat.

Id•i•o•syn´cra•sy , n.; pl. Idiosyncrasies (#). [Gr. ; ’i•dios proper, peculiar + a mixing together, fr. to mix together; with + to mix: cf. F. idiosyncrasie. See Idiom, and Crasis.] A peculiarity of physical or mental constitution or temperament; a characteristic belonging to, and distinguishing, an individual; characteristic susceptibility; idiocrasy; eccentricity. “The individual mind … takes its tone from the idiosyncrasies of the body.” I. Taylor. { Id•i•o•syn•crat´ic , Id•i•o•syn•crat´ic•al } a. Of peculiar temper or disposition; belonging to one’s peculiar and individual character.

Id´i•ot (id´i•ot), n. [F. idiot, L. idiota an uneducated, ignorant, ill-informed person, Gr. ’idiw•ths, also and orig., a private person, not holding public office, fr. ’i•dios proper, peculiar. See Idiom.] 1. A man in private station, as distinguished from one holding a public office. [Obs.] “St. Austin affirmed that the plain places of Scripture are sufficient to all laics, and all idiots or private persons.” Jer. Taylor. 2. An unlearned, ignorant, or simple person, as distinguished from the educated; an ignoramus. [Obs.] “Christ was received of idiots, of the vulgar people, and of the simpler sort, while he was rejected, despised, and persecuted even to death by the high priests, lawyers, scribes, doctors, and rabbis.” C. Blount. 3. A human being destitute of the ordinary intellectual powers, whether congenital, developmental, or accidental; commonly, a person without understanding from birth; a natural fool; a natural; an innocent. “Life … is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.” Shak. 4. A fool; a simpleton; — a term of reproach. “Weenest thou make an idiot of our dame?” Chaucer.

Id´i•ot•cy , n. [Cf. Idiocy.] Idiocy. [R.]

Id´i•ot•ed , a. Rendered idiotic; befooled. [R.] Tennyson.

Id•i•o•ther´mic , a. [Idio- + thermic.] Self-heating; warmed, as the body of animal, by process going on within itself. { Id•i•ot´ic , Id•i•ot´ic•al } a. [L. idioticus ignorant, Gr. : cf. F. idiotique. See Idiot.] 1. Common; simple. [Obs.] Blackwall. 2. Pertaining to, or like, an idiot; characterized by idiocy; foolish; fatuous; as an idiotic person, speech, laugh, or action.

Id•i•ot´ic•al•ly, adv. In an idiotic manner.

Id•i•ot´i•con , n. [NL., fr. Gr. belonging to a private man, private. See Idiot.] A dictionary of a peculiar dialect, or of the words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country; a glossary.

Id´i•ot•ish , a. Like an idiot; foolish.

Id´i•ot•ism , n. [F. idiotisme, L. idiotismus the way of fashion of a private person, the common or vulgar manner of speaking, Gr. , fr. to put into or use common language, fr. . See Idiot.] 1. An idiom; a form, mode of expression, or signification, peculiar to a language. “Scholars sometimes give terminations and idiotisms, suitable to their native language, unto words newly invented.” M. Hale. 2. Lack of knowledge or mental capacity; idiocy; foolishness. “Worse than mere ignorance or idiotism.” Shaftesbury. “The running that adventure is the greatist idiotism.” Hammond.

Id´i•ot•ize , v. i. To become stupid. [R.]

Id´i•ot•ry , n. Idiocy. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

I´dle , a. [Compar. Idler superl. Idlest.] [OE. idel, AS. idel vain, empty, useless; akin to OS. idal, D. ijdel, OHG. ital vain, empty, mere, G. eitel, Dan. & Sw. idel mere, pure, and prob. to Gr. clear, pure, to burn. Cf. Ether.] 1. Of no account; useless; vain; trifling; unprofitable; thoughtless; silly; barren. ´Deserts idle.´ Shak. “Every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment.” Matt. xii. 36. “Down their idle weapons dropped.” Milton. “This idle story became important.” Macaulay. 2. Not called into active service; not turned to appropriate use; unemployed; as idle hours. “The idle spear and shield were high uphing.” Milton. 3. Not employed; unoccupied with business; inactive; doing nothing; as idle workmen. “Why stand ye here all the day idle?” Matt. xx. 6. 4. Given rest and ease; averse to labor or employment; lazy; slothful; as an idle fellow. 5. Light-headed; foolish. [Obs.] Ford. Idle pulley (Mach.), a pulley that rests upon a belt to tighten it; a pulley that only guides a belt and is not used to transmit power. — Idle wheel (Mach.), a gear wheel placed between two others, to transfer motion from one to the other without changing the direction of revolution. — In idle, in vain. [Obs.] ´God saith, thou shalt not take the name of thy Lord God in idle.´ Chaucer. Syn. — Unoccupied; unemployed; vacant; inactive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; useless; ineffectual; futile; frivolous; vain; trifling; unprofitable; unimportant. — Idle, Indolent, Lazy. A propensity to inaction is expressed by each of these words; they differ in the cause and degree of this characteristic. Indolent denotes an habitual love to ease, a settled dislike of movement or effort; idle is opposed to busy, and denotes a dislike of continuous exertion. Lazy is a stronger and more contemptuous term than indolent.

I´dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idled p. pr. & vb. n. Idling ] To lose or spend time in inaction, or without being employed in business. Shak.

I´dle, v. t. To spend in idleness; to waste; to consume; — often followed by away; as to idle away an hour a day.

I´dle-head•ed , a. 1. Foolish; stupid. [Obs.] ´The superstitious idle-headed eld.´ Shak. 2. Delirious; infatuated. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

I´dle•ness, n. [AS. idelnes.] The condition or quality of being idle (in the various senses of that word); uselessness; fruitlessness; triviality; inactivity; laziness. Syn. — Inaction; indolence; sluggishness; sloth.

I´dle-pat•ed , a. Idle-headed; stupid. [Obs.]

I´dler , n. 1. One who idles; one who spends his time in inaction; a lazy person; a sluggard. 2. (Naut.) One who has constant day duties on board ship, and keeps no regular watch. Totten. 3. (Mach.) An idle wheel or pulley. See under Idle. { I´dless , I´dlesse } , n. Idleness. [Archaic] ´In ydlesse.´ Spenser. “And an idlesse all the day
Beside a wandering stream.” Mrs. Browning.

I´dly , adv. In a idle manner; ineffectually; vainly; lazily; carelessly; (Obs.) foolishly.

Id´o•crase (id´o•kras; 277), n. [Gr. e’i^dos form + kra^sis mixture, fr. keranny•nai to mix; cf. F. idocrase.] (Min.) Same as Vesuvianite.

I´dol , n. [OE. idole, F. idole, L. idolum, fr. Gr. , fr. that which is seen, the form, shape, figure, fr. to see. See Wit, and cf. Eidolon.] 1. An image or representation of anything. [Obs.] “Do her adore with sacred reverence,
As th’ idol of her maker’s great magnificence.” Spenser. 2. An image of a divinity; a representation or symbol of a deity or any other being or thing, made or used as an object of worship; a similitude of a false god. “That they should not worship devils, and idols of gold.” Rev. ix. 20. 3. That on which the affections are strongly (often excessively) set; an object of passionate devotion; a person or thing greatly loved or adored. “The soldier’s god and people’s idol.” Denham. 4. A false notion or conception; a fallacy. Bacon. “The idols of preconceived opinion.” Coleridge.

I•do•las´tre , n. [OE., for idolatre.] An idolater. [Obs.] Chaucer.

I•dol´a•ter , n. [F. idolâtre: cf. L. idololatres, Gr. . See Idolatry.] 1. A worshiper of idols; one who pays divine honors to images, statues, or representations of anything made by hands; one who worships as a deity that which is not God; a pagan. 2. An adorer; a great admirer. “Jonson was an idolater of the ancients.” Bp. Hurd.

I•dol´a•tress , n. A female worshiper of idols.

I•do•lat´ric•al , a. [Cf. F. idolâtrique.] Idolatrous. [Obs.]

I•dol´a•trize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idolatrized p. pr. & vb. n. Idolatrizing ] To worship idols; to pay idolatrous worship.

I•dol´a•trize, v. t. To make in idol of; to idolize.

I•dol´a•trous , a. 1. Of or pertaining to idolatry; partaking of the nature of idolatry; given to idolatry or the worship of false gods; as idolatrous sacrifices. “[Josiah] put down the idolatrous priests.” 2 Kings xxiii. 5. 2. Consisting in, or partaking of, an excessive attachment or reverence; as an idolatrous veneration for antiquity.

I•dol´a•trous•ly, adv. In a idolatrous manner.

I•dol´a•try , n.; pl. Idolatries (#). [F. idolâtrie, LL. idolatria, L. idololatria, Fr. Gr. ; idol + service.] 1. The worship of idols, images, or anything which is not God; the worship of false gods. “His eye surveyed the dark idolatries
Of alienated Judah.” Milton. 2. Excessive attachment or veneration for anything; respect or love which borders on adoration. Shak.

I´dol•ish , a. Idolatrous. [Obs.] Milton.

I´dol•ism , n. The worship of idols. [Obs.]

I´dol•ist, n. A worshiper of idols. [Obs.] Milton.

I´dol•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idolized p. pr. & vb. n. Idolizing ] 1. To make an idol of; to pay idolatrous worship to; as to idolize the sacred bull in Egypt. 2. To love to excess; to love or reverence to adoration; as to idolize gold, children, a hero.

I´dol•ize, v. i. To practice idolatry. [R.] “To idolize after the manner of Egypt.” Fairbairn.

I´dol•i•zer , n. One who idolizes or loves to the point of reverence; an idolater.

I•dol´o•clast , n. [Gr. idol + to break.] A breaker of idols; an iconoclast.

I•dol•o•graph´ic•al , a. [Idol + -graph.] Descriptive of idols. [R.] Southey.

I´dol•ous , a. Idolatrous. [Obs.] Bale.

I•do´ne•ous , a. [L. idoneus.] Appropriate; suitable; proper; fit; adequate. [R.] “An ecclesiastical benefice … ought to be conferred on an idoneous person.” Ayliffe.

Id•or´gan , n. [Gr. form + E. organ.] (Biol.) A morphological unit, consisting of two or more plastids, which does not possess the positive character of the person or stock, in distinction from the physiological organ or biorgan. See Morphon. { Id´ri•a•line , Id´ri•a•lite } n. [Cf. F. idrialine.] (Min.) A bituminous substance obtained from the mercury mines of Idria, where it occurs mixed with cinnabar.

Id•u•me´an , a. Of or pertaining to ancient Idumea, or Edom, in Western Asia. — n. An inhabitant of Idumea, an Edomite.

I´dyl , n. [L. idyllium, Gr. , fr. form; literally, a little form of image: cf. F. idylle. See Idol.] A short poem; properly, a short pastoral poem; as the idyls of Theocritus; also any poem, especially a narrative or descriptive poem, written in an eleveted and highly finished style; also by extension, any artless and easily flowing description, either in poetry or prose, of simple, rustic life, of pastoral scenes, and the like. [Written also idyll.] “Wordsworth’s solemn-thoughted idyl.” Mrs. Browning. “His [Goldsmith’s] lovely idyl of the Vicar’s home.” F. Harrison.

I•dyl´lic , a. Of or belonging to idyls.

I. e. Abbreviation of Latin id est, that is.

If , conj. [OE. if, gif, AS. gif; akin to OFries. ief, gef, ef, OS. ef, of, D. of, or, whether, if, G. ob whether, if, OHG. oba, ibu, Icel. ef, Goth. iba, ibai, an interrogative particle; properly a case form of a noun meaning, doubt (cf. OHG. iba doubt, condition, Icel. if, ef, ifi, efi), and therefore orig. meaning, on condition that.] 1. In case that; granting, allowing, or supposing that; — introducing a condition or supposition. “Tisiphone, that oft hast heard my prayer,
Assist, if Œdipus deserve thy care.” Pope. “If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.” Matt. iv. 3. 2. Whether; — in dependent questions. “Uncertain if by augury or chance.” Dryden. “She doubts if two and two make four.” Prior. As if, But if. See under As, But.

I’ faith´ In faith; indeed; truly. Shak.

I•fere´ , a. [Corrupted fr. in fere.] Together. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ig•a•su´ric , a. [See Igasurine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, nux vomica or St. Ignatius’s bean; as igasuric acid.

Ig•a•su´rine , n. [Malay igasura the nux vomica.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in nux vomica, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Ig´loo , n. 1. An Eskimo snow house. 2. (Zoöl.) A cavity, or excavation, made in the snow by a seal, over its breathing hole in the ice.

Ig•na´tius bean (Bot.) See Saint Ignatius’s bean, under Saint.

Ig´ne•ous , a. [L. igneus, fr. ignis fire; allied to Skr. agni, Lith. ugnis, OSlav. ogne.] 1. Pertaining to, having the nature of, fire; containing fire; resembling fire; as an igneous appearance. 2. (Geol.) Resulting from, or produced by, the action of fire; as lavas and basalt are igneous rocks.

Ig•nes´cent , a. [L. ignescens, p. pr. of ignescere to become inflamed, fr. ignis fire: cf. F. ignescent.] Emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel; scintillating; as ignescent stones.

Ig•nic´o•list , n. [L. ignis fire + colere to worship.] A worshiper of fire. [R.]

Ig•nif´er•ous , a. [L. ignifer; ignis fire + ferre to bear.] Producing fire. [R.] Blount.

Ig•nif´lu•ous , a. [L. ignifluus; ignis fire + fluere to flow.] Flowing with fire. [Obs.] Cockerman.

Ig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignified p. pr. & vb. n. Ignifying ] [L. ignis fire + -fy.] To form into fire. [R.] Stukeley.

Ig•nig´e•nous , a. [L. ignigenus; ignis fire + genere, ginere, to beget, produce.] Produced by the action of fire, as lava. [R.]

Ig•nip´o•tence , n. Power over fire. [R.]

Ig•nip´o•tent , a. [L. ignipotens; ignis fire + potens powerful.] Presiding over fire; also fiery. “Vulcan is called the powerful ignipotent.” Pope.

Ig´nis fat´u•us pl. Ignes fatui (#). [L. ignis fire + fatuus foolish. So called in allusion to its tendency to mislead travelers.] 1. A phosphorescent light that appears, in the night, over marshy ground, supposed to be occasioned by the decomposition of animal or vegetable substances, or by some inflammable gas; — popularly called also Will-with-the-wisp, or Will-o’-the-wisp, and Jack-with-a-lantern, or Jack-o’-lantern. 2. Fig.: A misleading influence; a decoy. “Scared and guided by the ignis fatuus of popular superstition.” Jer. Taylor.

Ig•nite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignited p. pr. & vb. n. Igniting.] [L. ignitus, p. p. of ignire to ignite, fr. ignis fire. See Igneous.] 1. To kindle or set on fire; as to ignite paper or wood. 2. (Chem.) To subject to the action of intense heat; to heat strongly; — often said of incombustible or infusible substances; as to ignite iron or platinum.

Ig•nite´, v. i. To take fire; to begin to burn.

Ig•nit´i•ble , a. Capable of being ignited.

Ig•ni´tion , n. [Cf. F. ignition.] 1. The act of igniting, kindling, or setting on fire. 2. The state of being ignited or kindled. Sir T. Browne.

Ig•nit´or , n. One who, or that which, produces ignition; especially, a contrivance for igniting the powder in a torpedo or the like. [Written also igniter.]

Ig•niv´o•mous , a. [L. ignivomus; ignis fire + vomere 8vomit.] Vomiting fire. [R.]

Ig•no•bil´i•ty , n. [L. ignobilitas: cf. F. ignobilite.] Ignobleness. [Obs.] Bale.

Ig•no´ble , a. [L. ignobilis; pref. in- not + nobilis noble: cf. F. ignoble. See In- not, and Noble, a.] 1. Of low birth or family; not noble; not illustrious; plebeian; common; humble. “I was not ignoble of descent.” Shak. “Her royal stock graft with ignoble plants.” Shak. 2. Not honorable, elevated, or generous; base. “’T is but a base, ignoble mind,
That mounts no higher than a bird can soar.” Shak. “Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife.” Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) Not a true or noble falcon; — said of certain hawks, as the goshawk. Syn. — Degenerate; degraded; mean; base; dishonorable; reproachful; disgraceful; shameful; scandalous; infamous.

Ig•no´ble, v. t. To make ignoble. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ig•no´ble•ness, n. State or quality of being ignoble.

Ig•no´bly, adv. In an ignoble manner; basely.

Ig•no•min´i•ous , a. [L. ignominiosus: cf. F. ignominieux.] 1. Marked with ignominy; incurring public disgrace; dishonorable; shameful. “Then first with fear surprised and sense of pain,
Fled ignominious.” Milton. 2. Deserving ignominy; despicable. “One single, obscure, ignominious projector.” Swift. 3. Humiliating; degrading; as an ignominious judgment or sentence. Macaulay.

Ig•no•min´i•ous•ly, adv. In an ignominious manner; disgracefully; shamefully; ingloriously.

Ig´no•min•y , n.; pl. Ignominies (#). [L. ignominia ignominy (i.e., a deprivation of one’s good name); in- not + nomen name: cf. F. ignominie. See In- not, and Name.] 1. Public disgrace or dishonor; reproach; infamy. “Their generals have been received with honor after their defeat; yours with ignominy after conquest.” Addison. “Vice begins in mistake, and ends in ignominy.” Rambler. “Ignominy is the infliction of such evil as is made dishonorable, or the deprivation of such good as is made honorable by the Commonwealth.” Hobbes. 2. An act deserving disgrace; an infamous act. Syn. — Opprobrium; reproach; dishonor.

Ig´no•my , n. Ignominy. [R. & Obs.] “I blush to think upon this ignomy.” Shak.

Ig•no•ra´mus , n. [L., we are ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. (Law) We are ignorant; we ignore; — being the word formerly written on a bill of indictment by a grand jury when there was not sufficient evidence to warrant them in finding it a true bill. The phrase now used is, ´No bill,´ ´No true bill,´ or ´Not found,´ though in some jurisdictions ´Ignored´ is still used. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Burn. 2. (pl. Ignoramuses .) A stupid, ignorant person; a vain pretender to knowledge; a dunce. “An ignoramus in place and power.” South.

Ig´no•rance , n. [F., fr. L. ignorantia.] 1. The condition of being ignorant; the want of knowledge in general, or in relation to a particular subject; the state of being uneducated or uninformed. “Ignorance is the curse of God,
Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.” Shak. 2. (Theol.) A willful neglect or refusal to acquire knowledge which one may acquire and it is his duty to have. Book of Common Prayer. Invincible ignorance (Theol.), ignorance beyond the individual’s control and for which, therefore, he is not responsible before God.

Ig´no•rant , a. [F., fr. L. ignorans, -antis, p. pr. of ignorare to be ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. Destitute of knowledge; uninstructed or uninformed; untaught; unenlightened. “He that doth not know those things which are of use for him to know, is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides.” Tillotson. 2. Unacquainted with; unconscious or unaware; — used with of. “Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame.” Dryden. 3. Unknown; undiscovered. [Obs.] “Ignorant concealment.” Shak. “Alas what ignorant sin have I committed?” Shak. 4. Resulting from ignorance; foolish; silly. “His shipping,
Poor ignorant baubles! — on our terrible seas
Like eggshells moved.” Shak. Syn. — Uninstructed; untaught; unenlightened; uninformed; unlearned; unlettered; illiterate. — Ignorant, Illiterate. Ignorant denotes want of knowledge, either as to single subject or information in general; illiterate refers to an ignorance of letters, or of knowledge acquired by reading and study. In the Middle Ages, a great proportion of the higher classes were illiterate, and yet were far from being ignorant, especially in regard to war and other active pursuits. “In such business
Action is eloquence, and the eyes of the ignorant
More learned than the ears.” Shak. “In the first ages of Christianity, not only the learned and the wise, but the ignorant and illiterate, embraced torments and death.” Tillotson.

Ig´no•rant, n. A person untaught or uninformed; one unlettered or unskilled; an ignoramous. “Did I for this take pains to teach
Our zealous ignorants to preach?” Denham.

Ig´no•rant•ism , n. The spirit of those who extol the advantage of ignorance; obscurantism.

Ig´no•rant•ist, n. One opposed to the diffusion of knowledge; an obscurantist.

Ig´no•rant•ly, adv. In a ignorant manner; without knowledge; inadvertently. “Whom therefoer ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.” Acts xvii. 23.

Ig•nore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignored p. pr. & vb. n. Ignoring.] [L. ignorare; pref. in- not + the root of gnarus knowing, noscere to become acquainted with. See Know, and cf. Narrate.] 1. To be ignorant of or not acquainted with. [Archaic] “Philosophy would solidly be established, if men would more carefully distinguish those things that they know from those that they ignore.” Boyle. 2. (Law) To throw out or reject as false or ungrounded; — said of a bill rejected by a grand jury for want of evidence. See Ignoramus. 3. Hence: To refuse to take notice of; to shut the eyes to; not to recognize; to disregard willfully and causelessly; as to ignore certain facts; to ignore the presence of an objectionable person. “Ignoring Italy under our feet,
And seeing things before, behind.” Mrs. Browning.

Ig•nos´ci•ble , a. [L. ignoscibilis, fr. ignoscere to pardon, lit., not to wish to know; pref. in- not + gnoscere, noscere, to learn to know. See In- not, and Know.] Pardonable. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ig•note´ , a. [L. ignotus; pref. in- not + gnotus, notus, known, p. p. of gnocere, nocere, to learn to know.] Unknown. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. — n. One who is unknown. Bp. Hacket.

I•gua´na , n. [Sp. iguana, from the native name in Hayti. Cf. Guana.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Iguana, a genus of large American lizards of the family Iguanidae. They are arboreal in their habits, usually green in color, and feed chiefly upon fruits. The common iguana (Iguana iguana, formerly Iguana tuberculata, and also called by other synonyms@ of the West Indies and South America is sometimes five feet long. Its flesh is highly prized as food. The horned iguana (Iguana cornuta) has a conical horn between the eyes.

I•gua´ni•an , a. (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the iguana.

I•gua´nid , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Iguanoid.

I•gua´no•don , n. [Iguana + Gr. , , a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs having a birdlike pelvis and large hind legs with three-toed feet capable of supporting the entire body. Its teeth resemble those of the iguana, whence its name. Several species are known, mostly from the Wealden of England and Europe. See Illustration in Appendix.

I•gua´no•dont , a. (Paleon.) Like or pertaining to the genus Iguanodon.

I•gua´noid , a. [Iguana + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Iguanidae.

Ih•lang•-ih•lang´ , n. [Malayan, flower of flowers.] A rich, powerful, perfume, obtained from the volatile oil of the flowers of Canada odorata, an East Indian tree. [Also written ylang-ylang.]

Ih•ram´ , n. The peculiar dress worn by pilgrims to Mecca.

Ik , pron. [See I.] I. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. The Northern dialectic form of I, in Early English, corresponding to ich of the Southern.

Il- A form of the prefix in-, not, and in-, among. See In-.

Ile , n. [AS. egl.] Ear of corn. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Ile, n. [See Aisle.] An aisle. [Obs.] H. Swinburne.

Ile, n. [See Isle.] An isle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Il´e•ac , a. [See Ileum.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum. [Written also iliac.] 2. See Iliac, 1. [R.] Ileac passion. (Med.) See Ileus.

Il•e•o•cae´cal , a. [Ileum + caecal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum and caecum.

Il•e•o•col´ic , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum and colon; as the ileocolic, or ileocaecal, valve, a valve where the ileum opens into the large intestine.

Il´e•um , n. [L. ile, ileum, ilium, pl. ilia, groin, flank.] 1. (Anat.) The last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine; the part between the jejunum and large intestine. [Written also ileon, and ilium.] 2. (Anat.) See Ilium. [R.] Most modern writers restrict ileum to the division of the intestine and ilium to the pelvic bone.

Il´e•us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , fr. to roll up.] (Med.) A morbid condition due to intestinal obstruction. It is characterized by complete constipation, with griping pains in the abdomen, which is greatly distended, and in the later stages by vomiting of fecal matter. Called also ileac, or iliac, passion.

I´lex , n. [L., holm oak.] (Bot.) (a) The holm oak (Quercus Ilex). (b) A genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, including the common holly.

Il´i•ac , a. [L. Iliacus, Gr. . See Iliad.] Pertaining to ancient Ilium, or Troy. Gladstone.

Il´i•ac, a. [Cf. F. iliaque. See Ileum, and cf. Jade a stone.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ilium, or dorsal bone of the pelvis; as the iliac artery. [Written also ileac.] 2. See Ileac, 1. [R.] Iliac crest, the upper margin of the ilium. — Iliac passion. See Ileus. — Iliac region, a region of the abdomen, on either side of the hypogastric regions, and below the lumbar regions.

I•li´a•cal , a. Iliac. [R.]

Il´i•ad , n. [L. Ilias, - adis, Gr. , (sc. ), fr. , , Ilium, the city of Ilus, a son of Tros, founder of Ilium, which is a poetical name of Troy.] A celebrated Greek epic poem, in twenty-four books, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. The Iliad is ascribed to Homer.

Il´i•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ilium; iliac.

I•liche´ , adv. [OE., fr. AS. gelic. Cf. Alike.] Alike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

I•lic´ic , a. [L. ilex, ilicis, holm oak.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the holly (Ilex), and allied plants; as ilicic acid.

Il´i•cin , n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of the holly.

Il´i•o- [From Ilium.] A combining form used in anatomy to denote connection with, or relation to, the ilium; as ilio-femoral, ilio- lumbar, ilio-psoas etc.

Il•i•o•fem´o•ral , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ilium and femur; as iliofemoral ligaments.

Il•i•o•lum´bar , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the iliac and lumbar regions; as the iliolumbar artery.

Il•i•o•pso´as , n. (Anat.) The great flexor muscle of the hip joint, divisible into two parts, the iliac and great psoas — often regarded as distinct muscles.

Il´i•um , n. [See Ileum.] (Anat.) The dorsal one of the three principal bones comprising either lateral half of the pelvis; the dorsal or upper part of the hip bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. [Written also ilion, and ileum.]

Il•ix•an´thin , n. [Ilex the genus including the holly + Gr. yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow dye obtained from the leaves of the holly.

Ilk , a. [Scot. ilk, OE. ilke the same, AS. ilca. Cf. Each.] Same; each; every. [Archaic] Spenser. Of that ilk, denoting that a person’s surname and the title of his estate are the same; as Grant of that ilk, i.e., Grant of Grant. Jamieson.

Il´ke , a. [See Ilk.] Same. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Il•kon´ , Il•koon´ }, pron. [See Ilk, and One.] Each one; every one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ill , a. [The regular comparative and superlative are wanting, their places being supplied by worse and worst , from another root.] [OE. ill, ille, Icel. illr; akin to Sw. illa, adv., Dan. ilde, adv.] 1. Contrary to good, in a physical sense; contrary or opposed to advantage, happiness, etc.; bad; evil; unfortunate; disagreeable; unfavorable. “Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets, and ill neighbors.” Bacon. “There ’s some ill planet reigns.” Shak. 2. Contrary to good, in a moral sense; evil; wicked; wrong; iniquitious; naughtly; bad; improper. “Of his own body he was ill, and gave
The clergy ill example.” Shak. 3. Sick; indisposed; unwell; diseased; disordered; as ill of a fever. “I am in health, I breathe, and see thee ill.” Shak. 4. Not according with rule, fitness, or propriety; incorrect; rude; unpolished; inelegant. “That ’s an ill phrase.” Shak. Ill at ease, uneasy; uncomfortable; anxious. ´I am very ill at ease.´ Shak. — Ill blood, enmity; resentment. — Ill breeding, want of good breeding; rudeness. — Ill fame, ill or bad repute; as a house of ill fame, a house where lewd persons meet for illicit intercourse. — Ill humor, a disagreeable mood; bad temper. — Ill nature, bad disposition or temperament; sullenness; esp., a disposition to cause unhappiness to others. — Ill temper, anger; moroseness; crossness. — Ill turn. (a) An unkind act. (b) A slight attack of illness. [Colloq. U.S.] — Ill will, unkindness; enmity; malevolence. Syn. — Bad; evil; wrong; wicked; sick; unwell.

Ill , n. 1. Whatever annoys or impairs happiness, or prevents success; evil of any kind; misfortune; calamity; disease; pain; as the ills of humanity. “Who can all sense of others’ ills escape
Is but a brute at best in human shape.” Tate. “That makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of.” Shak. 2. Whatever is contrary to good, in a moral sense; wickedness; depravity; iniquity; wrong; evil. “Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still,
Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill.” Dryden.

Ill, adv. In a ill manner; badly; weakly. “How ill this taper burns!” Shak. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay.” Goldsmith. Ill, like above, well, and so, is used before many participal adjectives, in its usual adverbal sense. When the two words are used as an epithet preceding the noun qualified they are commonly hyphened; in other cases they are written separatively; as an ill-educated man; he was ill educated; an ill-formed plan; the plan, however ill formed, was acceptable. Ao, also the following: ill-affected or ill affected, ill-arranged or ill arranged, ill-assorted or ill assorted, ill-boding or ill boding, ill-bred or ill bred, ill- conditioned, ill-conducted, ill-considered, ill- devised, ill-disposed, ill-doing, ill-fairing, ill-fated, ill-favored, ill-featured, ill-formed, ill-gotten, ill-imagined, ill-judged, ill-looking, ill-mannered, ill-matched, ill-meaning, ill-minded, ill-natured, ill-omened, ill-proportioned, ill-provided, ill-required, ill-sorted, ill-starred, ill-tempered, ill-timed, ill-trained, ill-used, and the like.

I’ ll Contraction for I will or I shall. “I’ll by a sign give notice to our friends.” Shak.

Il•lab´ile , a. Incapable of falling or erring; infalliable. [Obs.] — Il•la•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

Il•lac´er•a•ble , a. [L. illacerabilis: cf. F. illacerable. See In- not, and Lacerable.] Not lacerable; incapable of being torn or rent. [Obs.]

Il•lac´ry•ma•ble , a. [L. illacrimabilis; pref. il- not + lacrimabilis worthy of tears.] Incapable of weeping. [Obs.] Bailey.

Il•laps´a•ble , a. [Pref. il- not + lapsable.] Incapable of slipping, or of error. [R.] “Morally immutable and illapsable.” Glanvill.

Il•lapse´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Illapsed p. pr. & vb. n. Illapsing.] [L. illapsus, p. p. of illabi; pref. il- in + labi to fall, slide.] To fall or glide; to pass; — usually followed by into. Cheyne.

Il•lapse´, n. [L. illapsus. See Illapse, v. i.] A gliding in; an immisson or entrance of one thing into another; also a sudden descent or attack. Akenside. “They sit silent … waiting for an illapse of the spirit.” Jeffrey.

Il•la´que•a•ble , a. Capable of being insnared or entrapped. [R.] Cudworth.

Il•la´que•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illaqueated p. pr. & vb. n. Illaqueating.] [L. illaqueatus, p. p. of illaqueare; pref. il- in + laqueare to insnare, fr. laqueus, noose, snare.] To insnare; to entrap; to entangle; to catch. “Let not the surpassing eloquence of Taylor dazzle you, nor his scholastic retiary versatility of logic illaqueate your good sense.” Coleridge.

Il•la•que•a´tion , n. 1. The act of catching or insnaring. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. A snare; a trap. Johnson.

Il•la´tion , n. [L. illatio, fr. illatus, used as p. p. of inferre to carry or bring in, but from a different root: cf. F. illation. See 1st In- , and Tolerate, and cf. Infer.] The act or process of inferring from premises or reasons; perception of the connection between ideas; that which is inferred; inference; deduction; conclusion. “Fraudulent deductions or inconsequent illations from a false conception of things.” Sir T. Browne.

Il´la•tive , a. [L. illativus: cf. F. illatif.] Relating to, dependent on, or denoting, illation; inferential; conclusive; as an illative consequence or proposition; an illative word, as then, therefore, etc. Illative conversion (Logic), a converse or reverse statement of a proposition which in that form must be true because the original proposition is true. — Illative sense (Metaph.), the faculty of the mind by which it apprehends the conditions and determines upon the correctness of inferences.

Il´la•tive, n. An illative particle, as for, because.

Il´la•tive•ly, adv. By inference; as an illative; in an illative manner.

Il•laud´a•ble , a. [L. illaudabilis. See In- not, and Laudable.] Not laudable; not praise-worthy; worthy of censure or disapprobation. Milton. — Il•laud´a•bly, adv. [Obs.] Broome.

Ill•-bod´ing , a. Boding evil; inauspicious; ill-omened. ´Ill-boding stars.´ Shak.

Ill´-bred , a. Badly educated or brought up; impolite; incivil; rude. See Note under Ill, adv.

Il•lec•e•bra´tion , n. [See Illecebrous.] Allurement. [R.] T. Brown.

Il•lec´e•brous , a. [L. illecebrosus, fr. illecebra allurement, fr. illicere to allure.] Alluring; attractive; enticing. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Il•le´gal , a. [Pref. il- not + legal: cf. F. illegal.] Not according to, or authorized by, law; specif., contrary to, or in violation of, human law; unlawful; illicit; hence, immoral; as an illegal act; illegal trade; illegal love. Bp. Burnet.

Il•le•gal´i•ty , n.; pl. Illegalities (#). [Cf. F. illegalite.] The quality or condition of being illegal; unlawfulness; as the illegality of trespass or of false imprisonment; also an illegal act.

Il•le´gal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegalized p. pr. & vb. n. Illegalizing ] To make or declare illegal or unlawful.

Il•le´gal•ly, adv. In a illegal manner; unlawfully.

Il•le´gal•ness, n. Illegality, unlawfulness.

Il•leg•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being illegible.

Il•leg´i•ble , a. Incapable of being read; not legible; as illegible handwriting; an illegible inscription. — Il•leg´i•ble•ness, n. — Il•leg´i•bly, adv.

Il•le•git´i•ma•cy , n. The state of being illegitimate. Blackstone.

Il•le•git´i•mate , a. 1. Not according to law; not regular or authorized; unlawful; improper. 2. Unlawfully begotten; born out of wedlock; bastard; as an illegitimate child. 3. Not legitimately deduced or inferred; illogical; as an illegitimate inference. 4. Not authorized by good usage; not genuine; spurious; as an illegitimate word. Illegitimate fertilization, or Illegitimate union (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by stamens not of their own length, in heterogonously dimorphic and trimorphic flowers. Darwin.

Il•le•git´i•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegitimated p. pr. & vb. n. Illegitimating.] To render illegitimate; to declare or prove to be born out of wedlock; to bastardize; to illegitimatize. “The marriage should only be dissolved for the future, without illegitimating the issue.” Bp. Burnet.

Il•le•git´i•mate•ly , adv. In a illegitimate manner; unlawfully.

Il•le•git•i•ma´tion , n. 1. The act of illegitimating; bastardizing. 2. The state of being illegitimate; illegitimacy. [Obs.] “Gardiner had performed his promise to the queen of getting her illegitimation taken off.” Bp. Burnet.

Il•le•git´i•ma•tize , v. t. To render illegitimate; to bastardize.

Il•le´sive , a. [Pref. il- not + L. laedere, laesum, to injure.] Not injurious; harmless. [R.]

Il•lev´i•a•ble , a. Not leviable; incapable of being imposed, or collected. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ill•-fa´vored , a. Wanting beauty or attractiveness; deformed; ugly; ill-looking. “Ill-favored and lean-fleshed.” Gen. xli. 3. — Ill•-fa´vored•ly, adv. — Ill•- fa´vored•ness, n.

Il•lib´er•al , a. [L. illiberalis; pref. il- not + liberalis liberal: cf. F. illiberal.] 1. Not liberal; not free or generous; close; niggardly; mean; sordid. ´A thrifty and illiberal hand.´ Mason. 2. Indicating a lack of breeding, culture, and the like; ignoble; rude; narrow-minded; disingenuous. 3. Not well authorized or elegant; as illiberal words in Latin. [R.] Chesterfield.

Il•lib´er•al•ism , n. Illiberality. [R.]

Il•lib•er•al´i•ty , n. [L. illiberalitas: cf. F. illiberalite.] The state or quality of being illiberal; narrowness of mind; meanness; niggardliness. Bacon.

Il•lib´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illiberalized p. pr. & vb. n. Illiberalizing ] To make illiberal.

Il•lib´er•al•ly, adv. In a illiberal manner, ungenerously; uncharitably; parsimoniously.

Il•lib´er•al•ness, n. The state of being illiberal; illiberality.

Il•lic´it , a. [L. illicitus; pref. il- not + licitus, p. p. of licere to be allowed or permitted: cf. F. illicite. See In- not, and License.] Not permitted or allowed; prohibited; unlawful; as illicit trade; illicit intercourse; illicit pleasure. “One illicit … transaction always leads to another.” Burke. — Il•lic´it•ly, adv. — Il•lic´it•ness, n.

Il•lic´it•ous , a. Illicit. [R.] Cotgrave.

Il•li´ci•um , n. [So called, in allusion to its aroma, from L. illicium an allurement.] (Bot.) A genus of Asiatic and American magnoliaceous trees, having star-shaped fruit; star anise. The fruit of Illicium anisatum is used as a spice in India, and its oil is largely used in Europe for flavoring cordials, being almost identical with true oil of anise.

Il•light´en , v. t. To enlighten. [Obs.]

Il•lim´it•a•ble , a. [Pref. il- not + limitable: cf. F. illimitable.] Incapable of being limited or bounded; immeasurable; limitless; boundless; as illimitable space. “The wild, the irregular, the illimitable, and the luxuriant, have their appropriate force of beauty.” De Quincey. Syn. — Boundless; limitless; unlimited; unbounded; immeasurable; infinite; immense; vast. — Il•lim´it•a•ble•ness, n. — Il•lim´it•a•bly, adv.

Il•lim•it•a´tion , n. [Pref. il- not + limitation: cf. F. illimitation.] State of being illimitable; want of, or freedom from, limitation. Bp. Hall.

Il•lim´it•ed , a. Not limited; interminable. Bp. Hall. — Il•lim´it•ed•ness, n. “The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission was generally much spoken of.” Clarendon.

Il•li•ni´tion , n. [L. illinire, illinere, to besmear; pref. il- in, on + linire, linere, to smear.] 1. A smearing or rubbing in or on; also that which is smeared or rubbed on, as ointment or liniment. 2. A thin crust of some extraneous substance formed on minerals. [R.] “A thin crust or illinition of black manganese.” Kirwan.

Il•li•nois´ , n.sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians, which formerly occupied the region between the Wabash and Mississippi rivers.

Il•li•qua´tion , n. [Pref. il- in + L. liquare to melt.] The melting or dissolving of one thing into another.

Ill´ish , a. Somewhat ill. [Obs.] Howell.

Il•li´sion , n. [L. illisio, fr. illidere, illisum, to strike against; pref. il- in + laedere to strike.] The act of dashing or striking against. Sir T. Browne.

Il•lit´er•a•cy , n.; pl. Illiteracies (#). [From Illiterate.] 1. The state of being illiterate, or uneducated; want of learning, or knowledge; ignorance; specifically, inability to read and write; as the illiteracy shown by the last census. 2. An instance of ignorance; a literary blunder. “The many blunders and illiteracies of the first publishers of his [Shakespeare’s] works.” Pope.

Il•lit´er•al , a. Not literal. [R.] B. Dawson.

Il•lit´er•ate , a. [L. illiteratus: pref. il- not + literatus learned. See In- not, and Literal.] Ignorant of letters or books; unlettered; uninstructed; uneducated; as an illiterate man, or people. Syn. — Ignorant; untaught; unlearned; unlettered; unscholary. See Ignorant. — Il•lit´er•ate•ly, adv. — Il•lit´er•ate•ness, n.

Il•lit´er•a•ture , n. Want of learning; illiteracy. [R.] Ayliffe. Southey.

Ill´-judged , a. Not well judged; unwise.

Ill´-lived , a. Leading a wicked life. [Obs.]

Ill´-look•ing , a. Having a bad look; threatening; ugly. See Note under Ill, adv.

Ill•-man´nered , a. Impolite; rude.

Ill´-mind•ed , a. Ill- disposed. Byron.

Ill•-na´tured , a. 1. Of habitual bad temper; peevish; fractious; cross; crabbed; surly; as an ill-natured person. 2. Dictated by, or indicating, ill nature; spiteful. ´The ill-natured task refuse.´ Addison. 3. Intractable; not yielding to culture. [R.] ´Ill-natured land.´ J. Philips. — Ill•-na´tured•ly, adv. — Ill•- na´tured•ness, n.

Ill´ness , n. [From Ill.] 1. The condition of being ill, evil, or bad; badness; unfavorableness. [Obs.] ´The illness of the weather.´ Locke. 2. Disease; indisposition; malady; disorder of health; sickness; as a short or a severe illness. 3. Wrong moral conduct; wickedness. Shak. Syn. — Malady; disease; indisposition; ailment. — Illness, Sickness. Within the present century, there has been a tendency in England to use illness in the sense of a continuous disease, disorder of health, or sickness, and to confine sickness more especially to a sense of nausea, or ´sickness of the stomach.´

Ill´-nur•tured , a. Ill- bred. Shak.

Il•lo•cal´i•ty , n. Want of locality or place. [R.] Cudworth.

Il•log´ic•al , a. Ignorant or negligent of the rules of logic or correct reasoning; as an illogical disputant; contrary of the rules of logic or sound reasoning; as an illogical inference. — Il•log´ic•al•ly, adv. — Il•log´ic•al•ness, n.

Ill•-o´mened , a. Having unlucky omens; inauspicious. See Note under Ill, adv.

Ill´-starred , a. Fated to be unfortunate; unlucky; as an ill-starred man or day.

Ill•-tem´pered , a. 1. Of bad temper; morose; crabbed; sour; peevish; fretful; quarrelsome. 2. Unhealthy; ill-conditioned. [Obs.] “So ill-tempered I am grown, that I am afraid I shall catch cold, while all the world is afraid to melt away.” Pepys.

Ill´-timed , a. Done, attempted, or said, at an unsuitable or unpropitious time.

Ill•treat´ , v. t. To treat cruelly or improperly; to ill use; to maltreat.

Il•lude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuded; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuding.] [L. illudere, illusum; pref. il- in + ludere to play: cf. OF. illuder. See Ludicrous.] To play upon by artifice; to deceive; to mock; to excite and disappoint the hopes of.

Il•lume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illumed p. pr. & vb. n. Illuming.] [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] To throw or spread light upon; to make light or bright; to illuminate; to illumine. Shak. “The mountain’s brow,
Illumed with fluid gold.” Thomson.

Il•lu´mi•na•ble , a. Capable of being illuminated.

Il•lu´mi•nant , n. [L. illuminans, -antis, p. pr. of illuminare.] That which illuminates or affords light; as gas and petroleum are illuminants. Boyle.

Il•lu´mi•na•ry , a. Illuminative.

Il•lu´mi•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminated p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminating ] [L. illuminatus, p. p. of illuminare; pref. il- in + luminare to enlighten, fr. lumen light. See Luminous, and cf. Illume, Illumine, Enlimn, Limn.] 1. To make light; to throw light on; to supply with light, literally or figuratively; to brighten. 2. To light up; to decorate with artificial lights, as a building or city, in token of rejoicing or respect. 3. To adorn, as a book or page with borders, initial letters, or miniature pictures in colors and gold, as was done in manuscripts of the Middle Ages. 4. To make plain or clear; to dispel the obscurity to by knowledge or reason; to explain; to elucidate; as to illuminate a text, a problem, or a duty.

Il•lu´mi•nate , v. i. To light up in token or rejoicing.

Il•lu´mi•nate , a. [L. illuminatus, p. p.] Enlightened. Bp. Hall.

Il•lu´mi•nate, n. One who is enlightened; esp., a pretender to extraordinary light and knowledge.

Il•lu•mi•na´ti , n. pl. [L. illuminatus. See Illuminate, v. t., and cf. Illuminee.] Literally, those who are enlightened; — variously applied as follows: — 1. (Eccl.) Persons in the early church who had received baptism; in which ceremony a lighted taper was given them, as a symbol of the spiritual illumination they has received by that sacrament. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Members of a sect which sprung up in Spain about the year 1575. Their principal doctrine was that, by means of prayer, they had attained to so perfect a state as to have no need of ordinances, sacraments, good works, etc.; — called also Alumbrados, Perfectibilists, etc. 3. (Mod. Hist.) Members of certain associations in Modern Europe, who combined to promote social reforms, by which they expected to raise men and society to perfection, esp. of one originated in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, which spread rapidly for a time, but ceased after a few years. 4. Also applied to: (a) An obscure sect of French Familists; (b) The Hesychasts, Mystics, and Quietists; (c) The Rosicrucians. 5. Any persons who profess special spiritual or intellectual enlightenment.

Il•lu´mi•na•ting , a. Giving or producing light; used for illumination. Illuminating gas. See Gas, n., 2 (a).

Il•lu•mi•na´tion , n. [L. illuminatio: cf. F. illumination.] 1. The act of illuminating, or supplying with light; the state of being illuminated. 2. Festive decoration of houses or buildings with lights. 3. Adornment of books and manuscripts with colored illustrations. See Illuminate, v. t., 3. 4. That which is illuminated, as a house; also an ornamented book or manuscript. 5. That which illuminates or gives light; brightness; splendor; especially, intellectual light or knowledge. “The illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work.” Felton. 6. (Theol.) The special communication of knowledge to the mind by God; inspiration. “Hymns and psalms … are framed by meditation beforehand, or by prophetical illumination are inspired.” Hooker.

Il•lu´mi•na•tism , n. Illuminism. [R.]

Il•lu´mi•na•tive , a. [Cf. F. illuminatif.] Tending to illuminate or illustrate; throwing light; illustrative. ´Illuminative reading.´ Carlyle.

Il•lu´mi•na•tor , n. [L., an enlightener, LL. also an illuminator of books.] 1. One whose occupation is to adorn books, especially manuscripts, with miniatures, borders, etc. See Illuminate, v. t., 3. 2. A condenser or reflector of light in optical apparatus; also an illuminant.

Il•lu´mine , v. t. [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] To illuminate; to light up; to adorn.

Il•lu•mi•nee´ , n. [F. illumine. Cf. Illuminati.] One of the Illuminati.

Il•lu´mi•ner , n. One who, or that which, illuminates.

Il•lu´mi•nism , n. [Cf. F. illuminisme.] The principles of the Illuminati.

Il•lu•mi•nis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to illuminism, or the Illuminati.

Il•lu´mi•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminized p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminizing ] To initiate the doctrines or principles of the Illuminati.

Il•lu´mi•nous , a. Bright; clear. [R.] H. Taylor.

Il•lure´ , v. t. [Pref. il- in + lure.] To deceive; to entice; to lure. [Obs.] “The devil insnareth the souls of many men, by illuring them with the muck and dung of this world.” Fuller.

Ill•-used´ , a. Misapplied; treated badly.

Il•lu´sion , n. [F. illusion, L. illusio, fr. illudere, illusum, to illude. See Illude.] 1. An unreal image presented to the bodily or mental vision; a deceptive appearance; a false show; mockery; hallucination. “To cheat the eye with blear illusions.” Milton. 2. Hence: Anything agreeably fascinating and charming; enchantment; witchery; glamour. “Ye soft illusions, dear deceits, arise!” Pope. 3. (Physiol.) A sensation originated by some external object, but so modified as in any way to lead to an erroneous perception; as when the rolling of a wagon is mistaken for thunder. Some modern writers distinguish between an illusion and hallucination, regarding the former as originating with some external object, and the latter as having no objective occasion whatever. 4. A plain, delicate lace, usually of silk, used for veils, scarfs, dresses, etc. Syn. — Delusion; mockery; deception; chimera; fallacy. See Delusion. Illusion, Delusion. Illusion refers particularly to errors of the sense; delusion to false hopes or deceptions of the mind. An optical deception is an illusion; a false opinion is a delusion. E. Edwards.

Il•lu´sion•a•ble , a. Liable to illusion.

Il•lu´sion•ist, n. One given to illusion; a visionary dreamer.

Il•lu´sive , a. [See Illude.] Deceiving by false show; deceitful; deceptive; false; illusory; unreal. “Truth from illusive falsehood to command.” Thomson.

Il•lu´sive•ly, adv. In a illusive manner; falsely.

Il•lu´sive•ness, n. The quality of being illusive; deceptiveness; false show.

Il•lu´so•ry , a. [Cf. F. illusore.] Deceiving, or tending of deceive; fallacious; illusive; as illusory promises or hopes.

Il•lus´tra•ble , a. Capable of illustration. Sir T. Browne.

Il•lus´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illustrated p. pr. & vb. n. Illustrating ] [L. illustratus, p. p. of illustrare to illustrate, fr. illustris bright. See Illustrious.] 1. To make clear, bright, or luminous. “Here, when the moon illustrates all the sky.” Chapman. 2. To set in a clear light; to exhibit distinctly or conspicuously. Shak. “To prove him, and illustrate his high worth.” Milton. 3. To make clear, intelligible, or apprehensible; to elucidate, explain, or exemplify, as by means of figures, comparisons, and examples. 4. To adorn with pictures, as a book or a subject; to elucidate with pictures, as a history or a romance. 5. To give renown or honor to; to make illustrious; to glorify. [Obs.] “Matter to me of glory, whom their hate
Illustrates.” Milton.

Il•lus´trate , a. [L. illustratus, p. p.] Illustrated; distinguished; illustrious. [Obs.] “This most gallant, illustrate, and learned gentleman.” Shak.

Il•lus•tra´tion , n. [L. illustratio: cf. F. illustration.] 1. The act of illustrating; the act of making clear and distinct; education; also the state of being illustrated, or of being made clear and distinct. 2. That which illustrates; a comparison or example intended to make clear or apprehensible, or to remove obscurity. 3. A picture designed to decorate a volume or elucidate a literary work.

Il•lus´tra•tive , a. 1. Tending or designed to illustrate, exemplify, or elucidate. 2. Making illustrious. [Obs.]

Il•lus´tra•tive•ly, adv. By way of illustration or elucidation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Il•lus´tra•tor , n. [L.] One who illustrates.

Il•lus´tra•to•ry , a. Serving to illustrate.

Il•lus´tri•ous , a. [L. illustris, prob. for illuxtris; fr. il- in + the root of lucidus bright: cf. F. illustre. See Lucid.] 1. Possessing luster or brightness; brilliant; luminous; splendid. “Quench the light; thine eyes are guides illustrious.” Beau. & Fl. 2. Characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc.; eminent; conspicuous; distinguished. “Illustrious earls, renowened everywhere.” Drayton. 3. Conferring luster or honor; renowned; as illustrious deeds or titles. Syn. — Distinguished; famous; remarkable; brilliant; conspicuous; noted; celebrated; signal; renowened; eminent; exalted; noble; glorious. See Distinguished, Famous.

Il•lus´tri•ous•ly, adv. In a illustrious manner; conspicuously; eminently; famously. Milton.

Il•lus´tri•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being eminent; greatness; grandeur; glory; fame.

Il•lus´trous , a. [Pref. il- not + lustrous.] Without luster. [Obs. & R.]

Il•lu•ta´tion , n. [Pref. il- in + L. lutum mud: cf. F. illutation.] The act or operation of smearing the body with mud, especially with the sediment from mineral springs; a mud bath.

Il•lux•u´ri•ous , a. Not luxurious. [R.] Orrery.

Ill•-will´ See under Ill, a.

Ill•-wish´er , n. One who wishes ill to another; an enemy.

Il´ly , adv. [A word not fully approved, but sometimes used for the adverb ill.]

Il´men•ite , n. [So called from Ilmen, a branch of the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) Titanic iron. See Menaccanite.

Il•me´ni•um , n. [NL. See Ilmenite.] (Chem.) A supposed element claimed to have been discovered by R.Harmann.

Il´va•ite , n. [From L. Ilva, the island now called Elba.] (Min.) A silicate of iron and lime occurring in black prismatic crystals and columnar masses.

I’m A contraction of I am.

Im- A form of the prefix in- not, and in- in. See In-. Im- also occurs in composition with some words not of Latin origin; as imbank, imbitter.

Im´age , n. [F., fr. L. imago, imaginis, from the root of imitari to imitate. See Imitate, and cf. Imagine.] 1. An imitation, representation, or similitude of any person, thing, or act, sculptured, drawn, painted, or otherwise made perceptible to the sight; a visible presentation; a copy; a likeness; an effigy; a picture; a semblance. “Even like a stony image, cold and numb.” Shak. “Whose is this image and superscription?” Matt. xxii. 20. “This play is the image of a murder done in Vienna.” Shak. “And God created man in his own image.” Gen. i. 27. 2. Hence: The likeness of anything to which worship is paid; an idol. Chaucer. “Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, … thou shalt not bow down thyself to them.” Ex. xx. 4, 5. 3. Show; appearance; cast. “The face of things a frightful image bears.” Dryden. 4. A representation of anything to the mind; a picture drawn by the fancy; a conception; an idea. “Can we conceive
Image of aught delightful, soft, or great?” Prior. 5. (Rhet.) A picture, example, or illustration, often taken from sensible objects, and used to illustrate a subject; usually, an extended metaphor. Brande & C. 6. (Opt.) The figure or picture of any object formed at the focus of a lens or mirror, by rays of light from the several points of the object symmetrically refracted or reflected to corresponding points in such focus; this may be received on a screen, a photographic plate, or the retina of the eye, and viewed directly by the eye, or with an eyeglass, as in the telescope and microscope; the likeness of an object formed by reflection; as to see one’s image in a mirror. Electrical image. See under Electrical. — Image breaker, one who destroys images; an iconoclast. — Image graver, Image maker, a sculptor. — Image worship, the worship of images as symbols; iconolatry distinguished from idolatry; the worship of images themselves. — Image Purkinje (Physics), the image of the retinal blood vessels projected in, not merely on, that membrane. — Virtual image (Optics), a point or system of points, on one side of a mirror or lens, which, if it existed, would emit the system of rays which actually exists on the other side of the mirror or lens. Clerk Maxwell.

Im´age , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imaged p. pr. & vb. n. Imaging ] 1. To represent or form an image of; as the still lake imaged the shore; the mirror imaged her figure. ´Shrines of imaged saints.´ J. Warton. 2. To represent to the mental vision; to form a likeness of by the fancy or recollection; to imagine. “Condemn’d whole years in absence to deplore,
And image charms he must behold no more.” Pope.

Im´age•a•ble , a. That may be imaged. [R.]

Im´age•less, a. Having no image. Shelley.

Im´a•ger , n. One who images or forms likenesses; a sculptor. [Obs.] “Praxiteles was ennobled for a rare imager.” Holland.

Im´age•ry (im´aj•ry; 277), n. [OE. imagerie, F. imagerie.] 1. The work of one who makes images or visible representation of objects; imitation work; images in general, or in mass. ´Painted imagery.´ Shak. “In those oratories might you see
Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery.” Dryden. 2. Fig.: Unreal show; imitation; appearance. “What can thy imagery of sorrow mean?” Prior. 3. The work of the imagination or fancy; false ideas; imaginary phantasms. “The imagery of a melancholic fancy.” Atterbury. 4. Rhetorical decoration in writing or speaking; vivid descriptions presenting or suggesting images of sensible objects; figures in discourse. “I wish there may be in this poem any instance of good imagery.” Dryden.

Im•ag•i•na•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity for imagination. [R.] Coleridge.

Im•ag´i•na•ble , a. [L. imaginabilis: cf. F. imaginable.] Capable of being imagined; conceivable. “Men sunk into the greatest darkness imaginable.” Tillotson. — Im•ag´i•na•ble•ness, n. — Im•ag´i•na•bly, adv.

Im•ag´i•nal , a. [L. imaginalis.] 1. Characterized by imagination; imaginative; also given to the use or rhetorical figures or imagins. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to an imago. Imaginal disks (Zoöl.), masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.

Im•ag´i•nant , a. [L. imaginans, p. pr. of imaginari: cf. F. imaginant.] Imagining; conceiving. [Obs.] Bacon. — n. An imaginer. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Im•ag´i•na•ri•ly , a. In a imaginary manner; in imagination. B. Jonson.

Im•ag´i•na•ri•ness, n. The state or quality of being imaginary; unreality.

Im•ag´i•na•ry , a. [L. imaginarius: cf. F. imaginaire.] Existing only in imagination or fancy; not real; fancied; visionary; ideal. “Wilt thou add to all the griefs I suffer
Imaginary ills and fancied tortures?” Addison. Imaginary calculus See under Calculus. — Imaginary expression or quantity (Alg.), an algebraic expression which involves the impossible operation of taking the square root of a negative quantity; as rad.-9, a + b rad.- 1. — Imaginary points, lines, surfaces, etc. (Geom.), points, lines, surfaces, etc., imagined to exist, although by reason of certain changes of a figure they have in fact ceased to have a real existence. Syn. — Ideal; fanciful; chimerical; visionary; fancied; unreal; illusive.

Im•ag´i•na•ry, n. (Alg.) An imaginary expression or quantity.

Im•ag´i•nate , a. Imaginative. [Obs.] Holland.

Im•ag•i•na´tion , n. [OE. imaginacionum, F. imagination, fr. L. imaginatio. See Imagine.] 1. The imagine-making power of the mind; the power to create or reproduce ideally an object of sense previously perceived; the power to call up mental imagines. “Our simple apprehension of corporeal objects, if present, is sense; if absent, is imagination.” Glanvill. “Imagination is of three kinds: joined with belief of that which is to come; joined with memory of that which is past; and of things present, or as if they were present.” Bacon. 2. The representative power; the power to reconstruct or recombine the materials furnished by direct apprehension; the complex faculty usually termed the plastic or creative power; the fancy. “The imagination of common language — the productive imagination of philosophers — is nothing but the representative process plus the process to which I would give the name of the ´comparative.´” Sir W. Hamilton. “The power of the mind to decompose its conceptions, and to recombine the elements of them at its pleasure, is called its faculty of imagination.” I. Taylor. “The business of conception is to present us with an exact transcript of what we have felt or perceived. But we have moreover a power of modifying our conceptions, by combining the parts of different ones together, so as to form new wholes of our creation. I shall employ the word imagination to express this power.” Stewart. 3. The power to recombine the materials furnished by experience or memory, for the accomplishment of an elevated purpose; the power of conceiving and expressing the ideal. “The lunatic, the lover, and the poet
Are of imagination all compact …
The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven,
And as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.” Shak. 4. A mental image formed by the action of the imagination as a faculty; a conception; a notion. Shak. Syn. — Conception; idea; conceit; fancy; device; origination; invention; scheme; design; purpose; contrivance. — Imagination, Fancy. These words have, to a great extent, been interchanged by our best writers, and considered as strictly synonymous. A distinction, however, is now made between them which more fully exhibits their nature. Properly speaking, they are different exercises of the same general power — the plastic or creative faculty. Imagination consists in taking parts of our conceptions and combining them into new forms and images more select, more striking, more delightful, more terrible, etc., than those of ordinary nature. It is the higher exercise of the two. It creates by laws more closely connected with the reason; it has strong emotion as its actuating and formative cause; it aims at results of a definite and weighty character. Milton’s fiery lake, the debates of his Pandemonium, the exquisite scenes of his Paradise, are all products of the imagination. Fancy moves on a lighter wing; it is governed by laws of association which are more remote, and sometimes arbitrary or capricious. Hence the term fanciful, which exhibits fancy in its wilder flights. It has for its actuating spirit feelings of a lively, gay, and versatile character; it seeks to please by unexpected combinations of thought, startling contrasts, flashes of brilliant imagery, etc. Pope’s Rape of the Lock is an exhibition of fancy which has scarcely its equal in the literature of any country. — ´This, for instance, Wordsworth did in respect of the words •imagination’ and •fancy.’ Before he wrote, it was I suppose, obscurely felt by most that in •imagination’ there was more of the earnest, in •fancy’ of the play of the spirit; that the first was a loftier faculty and gift than the second; yet for all this words were continually, and not without loss, confounded. He first, in the preface to his Lyrical Ballads, rendered it henceforth impossible that any one, who had read and mastered what he has written on the two words, should remain unconscious any longer of the important difference between them.´ Trench. “The same power, which we should call fancy if employed on a production of a light nature, would be dignified with the title of imagination if shown on a grander scale.” C. J. Smith.

Im•ag•i•na´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, involving, or caused by, imagination.

Im•ag•i•na´tion•al•ism , n. Idealism. J. Grote.

Im•ag´i•na•tive , a. [F. imaginatif.] 1. Proceeding from, and characterized by, the imagination, generally in the highest sense of the word. “In all the higher departments of imaginative art, nature still constitutes an important element.” Mure. 2. Given to imagining; full of images, fancies, etc.; having a quick imagination; conceptive; creative. “Milton had a highly imaginative, Cowley a very fanciful mind.” Coleridge. 3. Unreasonably suspicious; jealous. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Im•ag´i•na•tive•ly, adv. — Im•ag´i•na•tive•ness, n.

Im•ag´ine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imagined p. pr. & vb. n. Imagining.] [F. imaginer, L. imaginari, p. p. imaginatus, fr. imago image. See Image.] 1. To form in the mind a notion or idea of; to form a mental image of; to conceive; to produce by the imagination. “In the night, imagining some fear,
How easy is a bush supposed a bear!” Shak. 2. To contrive in purpose; to scheme; to devise; to compass; to purpose. See Compass, v. t., 5. “How long will ye imagine mischief against a man?” Ps. lxii. 3. 3. To represent to one’s self; to think; to believe. Shak. Syn. — To fancy; conceive; apprehend; think; believe; suppose; opine; deem; plan; scheme; devise.

Im•ag´ine, v. i. 1. To form images or conceptions; to conceive; to devise. 2. To think; to suppose. “My sister is not so defenseless left
As you imagine.” Milton.

Im•ag´in•er , n. One who forms ideas or conceptions; one who contrives. Bacon.

Im•ag´in•ous , a. Imaginative. [R.] Chapman.

I•ma´go , n.; pl. Imagoes (#). [L. See Image.] 1. An image. 2. (Zoöl.) The final adult, and usually winged, state of an insect. See Illust. of Ant- lion, and Army worm. { I•mam´ , I•man´ , I•maum´ } n. [Ar. imam.] 1. Among the Mohammedans, a minister or priest who performs the regular service of the mosque. 2. A Mohammedan prince who, as a successor of Mohammed, unites in his person supreme spiritual and temporal power.

I•ma´ret , n. [Turk., fr. Ar. ’imara.] A lodging house for Mohammedan pilgrims. Moore.

Im•balm´ , v. t. See Embalm.

Im•ban´ , v. t. To put under a ban. [R.] Barlow.

Im•band´ , v. t. To form into a band or bands. ´Imbanded nations.´ J. Barlow.

Im•bank´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbanked p. pr. & vb. n. Imbanking.] [Pref. im- in + bank. Cf. Embank.] To inclose or defend with a bank or banks. See Embank.

Im•bank´ment , n. The act of surrounding with a bank; a bank or mound raised for defense, a roadway, etc.; an embankment. See Embankment.

Im•ban´nered , a. Having banners.

Im•bar´ , v. t. To bar in; to secure. [Obs.] “To imbar their crooked titles.” Shak.

Im•bar´go , n. See Embargo.

Im•bark´ , v. i. & t. See Embark.

Im•barn´ , v. t. To store in a barn. [Obs.]

Im•base´ , v. t. See Embase.

Im•base´, v. i. To diminish in value. [Obs.] Hales.

Im•bas´tard•ize , v. t. To bastardize; to debase. [Obs.] Milton.

Im•bathe´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + bathe. Cf. Embathe.] To bathe; to wash freely; to immerse. “And gave her to his daughters to imbathe
In nectared lavers strewed with asphodel.” Milton.

Im•bay´ , v. t. See Embay.

Im´be•cile , a. [L. imbecillis, and imbecillus; of unknown origin: cf. F. imbecile.] Destitute of strength, whether of body or mind; feeble; impotent; esp., mentally wea; feeble-minded; as hospitals for the imbecile and insane. Syn. — Weak; feeble; feeble-minded; idiotic.

Im´be•cile, n. One destitute of strength; esp., one of feeble mind.

Im´be•cile, v. t. To weaken; to make imbecile; as to imbecile men’s courage. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•be•cil´i•tate , v. t. To weaken, as to the body or the mind; to enfeeble. [R.] A. Wilson.

Im•be•cil´i•ty , n.; pl. Imbecilities (#). [L. imbecillitas: cf. F. imbecillite.] The quality of being imbecile; weakness; feebleness, esp. of mind. “Cruelty … argues not only a depravedness of nature, but also a meanness of courage and imbecility of mind.” Sir W. Temple. This term is used specifically to denote natural weakness of the mental faculties, affecting one’s power to act reasonably or intelligently. Syn. — Debility; infirmity; weakness; feebleness; impotence. See Debility.

Im•bed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbedded p. pr. & vb. n. Imbedding.] [Pref. im- in + bed. Cf. Embed.] To sink or lay, as in a bed; to deposit in a partly inclosing mass, as of clay or mortar; to cover, as with earth, sand, etc.

Im•bel´lic , a. [L. imbellis; pref. im- = in- not + bellum war; cf. bellicus warlike.] Not warlike or martial. [Obs.] R. Junius.

Im•bench´ing , n. [Pref. im- in + bench.] A raised work like a bench. [Obs.] Parkhurst.

Im´ber-goose , n. (Zoöl.) The loon. See Ember-goose.

Im•bez´zle , v. t. [Obs.] See Embezzle.

Im•bibe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbibed p. pr. & vb. n. Imbibing.] [L. imbibere; pref. im- in + bibere to drink: cf. F. imbiber. Cf. Bib, Imbue, Potable.] 1. To drink in; to absorb; to suck or take in; to receive as by drinking; as a person imbibes drink, or a sponge imbibes moisture. 2. To receive or absorb into the mind and retain; as to imbibe principles; to imbibe errors. 3. To saturate; to imbue. [Obs.] ´Earth, imbibed with … acid.´ Sir I. Newton.

Im•bib´er , n. One who, or that which, imbibes.

Im•bi•bi´tion , n. [Cf. F. imbibition.] The act or process of imbibing, or absorbing; as the post-mortem imbibition of poisons. Bacon.

Im•bit´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbittered p. pr. & vb. n. Imbittering.] [Pref. im- in + bitter. Cf. Embitter.] [Written also embitter.] To make bitter; hence, to make distressing or more distressing; to make sad, morose, sour, or malignant. “Is there anything that more imbitters the enjoyment of this life than shame?” South. “Imbittered against each other by former contests.” Bancroft.

Im•bit´ter•er , n. One who, or that which, imbitters.

Im•bit´ter•ment , n. The act of imbittering; bitter feeling; embitterment.

Im•blaze´ , v. t. See Emblaze.

Im•bla´zon , v. t. See Emblazon.

Im•bod´y , v. i. [See Embody.] To become corporeal; to assume the qualities of a material body. See Embody. “The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies, and imbrutes.” Milton.

Im•boil´ , v. t. & i. [Obs.] See Emboil.

Im•bold´en , v. t. See Embolden.

Im•bon´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- not + L. bonitas goodness.] Want of goodness. [Obs.] Burton.

Im•bor´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbordered p. pr. & vb. n. Imbordering.] [Pref. im- in + border. Cf. Emborder.] To furnish or inclose with a border; to form a border of. Milton.

Im•bosk´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosked p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosking.] [CF. It. imboscare to imbosk, imboscarsi to retire into a wood; pref. im- in + bosco wood. See Boscage, and cf. Ambush.] To conceal, as in bushes; to hide. [Obs.] Shelton.

Im•bosk´, v. i. To be concealed. [R.] Milton.

Im•bos´om , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosomed p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosoming.] [Pref. im- in + bosom. Cf. Embosom.] 1. To hold in the bosom; to cherish in the heart or affection; to embosom. 2. To inclose or place in the midst of; to surround or shelter; as a house imbosomed in a grove. ´Villages imbosomed soft in trees.´ Thomson. “The Father infinite,
By whom in bliss imbosomed sat the Son.” Milton.

Im•boss´ , v. t. See Emboss.

Im•bos´ture , n. [See Emboss.] Embossed or raised work. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Im•bound´ , v. t. To inclose in limits; to shut in. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•bow´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + bow. Cf. Embow.] To make like a bow; to curve; to arch; to vault; to embow. ´Imbowed windows.´ Bacon.

Im•bow´el , v. t. See Embowel.

Im•bow´er , v. t. & i. See Embower.

Im•bow´ment , n. act of imbowing; an arch; a vault. Bacon.

Im•box´ , v. t. To inclose in a box.

Im•bra´cer•y , n. Embracery. [Obs.]

Im•braid´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Embraid.

Im•bran´gle , v. t. To entangle as in a cobweb; to mix confusedly. [R.] Hudibras. “Physiology imbrangled with an inapplicable logic.” Coleridge.

Im•breed´ , v. t. [Cf. Inbreed.] To generate within; to inbreed. [Obs.] Hakewill. { Im´bri•cate , Im´bri•ca•ted } a. [L. imbricatus, p. p. of imbricare to cover with tiles, to form like a gutter tile, fr. imbrex, -icis, a hollow tile, gutter tile, fr. imber rain.] 1. Bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter tile. 2. Lying over each other in regular order, so as to ´break joints,´ like tiles or shingles on a roof, the scales on the leaf buds of plants and the cups of some acorns, or the scales of fishes; overlapping each other at the margins, as leaves in aestivation. 3. In decorative art: Having scales lapping one over the other, or a representation of such scales; as an imbricated surface; an imbricated pattern.

Im´bri•cate , v. t. To lay in order, one lapping over another, so as to form an imbricated surface.

Im•bri•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. imbrication.] An overlapping of the edges, like that of tiles or shingles; hence, intricacy of structure; also a pattern or decoration representing such a structure.

Im´bri•ca•tive , a. (Bot.) Imbricate.

Im•bro•ca´do , n.; pl. Imbrocadoes (#). [See Brocade.] Cloth of silver or of gold. [R.] { Im•bro•ca´ta , Im•broc•ca´ta }, n. [It. imbroccata.] A hit or thrust. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Im•brogl´io , n.; pl. Imbroglios (#). [Written also embroglio.] [It. See 1st Broil, and cf. Embroil.] 1. An intricate, complicated plot, as of a drama or work of fiction. 2. A complicated and embarrassing state of things; a serious misunderstanding. “Wrestling to free itself from the baleful imbroglio.” Carlyle.

Im•brown´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + brown. Cf. Embrown.] To make brown; to obscure; to darken; to tan; as features imbrowned by exposure. “The mountain mass by scorching skies imbrowned.” Byron.

Im•brue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbureed p. pr. & vb. n. Imbureing.] [Cf. OF. embruer, also embruver, embreuver, embrever, to give to drink, soak (see pref. En-, 1, 1st In-, and Breverage), but also OE. enbrewen, enbrowen, to stain, soil (cf. Brewis).] To wet or moisten; to soak; to drench, especially in blood. “While Darwen stream, will blood of Scots imbrued.” Milton.

Im•brue´ment , n. The act of imbruing or state of being imbrued.

Im•brute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbruted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbruting.] [Pref. im- in + brute: cf. F. abrutir. Cf. Embrute.] To degrade to the state of a brute; to make brutal. “And mixed with bestial slime,
THis essence to incarnate and imbrute.” Milton.

Im•brute´, v. i. To sink to the state of a brute. “The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies, and imbrutes, till she quite lose
The divine property of her first being.” Milton.

Im•brute´ment , n. The act of imbruting, or the state of being imbruted. [R.] Brydges.

Im•bue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbued p. pr. & vb. n. Imbuing.] [L. imbuere; pref. im- in + perh. a disused simple word akin to L. bibere to drink. Cf. Imbibe.] 1. To tinge deeply; to dye; to cause to absorb; as clothes thoroughly imbued with black. 2. To tincture deply; to cause to become impressed or penetrated; as to imbue the minds of youth with good principles. “Thy words with grace divine
Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety.” Milton.

Im•bue´ment , n. The act of imbuing; the state of being imbued; hence, a deep tincture.

Im•burse´ , v. t. [Pref. im- in + burse: cf. F. embourser to put into one’s purse. See Burse, and Purse.] To supply or stock with money. [Obs.]

Im•burse´ment , n. 1. The act of imbursing, or the state of being imbursed. [Obs.] 2. Money laid up in stock. [Obs.]

Im•bu´tion , n. An imbuing. [Obs.]

I•mes´a•tin , n. [Imide + isatin.] (Chem.) A dark yellow, crystalline substance, obtained by the action of ammonia on isatin.

Im´ide , n. (Chem.) A compound with, or derivative of, the imido group; specif., a compound of one or more acid radicals with the imido group, or with a monamine; hence, also a derivative of ammonia, in which two atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by divalent basic or acid radicals; — frequently used as a combining form; as succinimide.

Im´i•do , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, containing, or combined with, the radical NH, which is called the imido group. Imido acid, an organic acid, consisting of one or more acid radicals so united with the imido group that it contains replaceable acid hydrogen, and plays the part of an acid; as uric acid, succinimide, etc., are imido acids.

Im•it•a•bil´i•ty , n. [See Imitable.] The quality of being imitable. Norris.

Im´i•ta•ble , a. [L. imitabilis: cf. F. imitable. See Imitate.] 1. Capable of being imitated or copied. “The characters of man placed in lower stations of life are more usefull, as being imitable by great numbers.” Atterbury. 2. Worthy of imitation; as imitable character or qualities. Sir W. Raleigh.

Im´i•ta•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being imitable; worthness of imitation.

Im´i•tan•cy , n. [From L. imitans, p. pr. of imitare.] Tendency to imitation. [R.] Carlyle.

Im´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imitated p. pr. & vb. n. Imitating ] [L. imitatus, p. p. of imitari to imitate; of unknown origin. Cf. Image.] 1. To follow as a pattern, model, or example; to copy or strive to copy, in acts, manners etc. “Despise wealth and imitate a dog.” Cowlay. 2. To produce a semblance or likeness of, in form, character, color, qualities, conduct, manners, and the like; to counterfeit; to copy. “A place picked out by choice of best alive
The Nature’s work by art can imitate.” Spenser. “This hand appeared a shining sword to weild,
And that sustained an imitated shield.” Dryden. 3. (Biol.) To resemble (another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object) in form, color, ornamentation, or instinctive habits, so as to derive an advantage thereby; sa, when a harmless snake imitates a venomous one in color and manner, or when an odorless insect imitates, in color, one having secretion offensive to birds.

Im´i•ta´tion , n. [L. imitatio: cf. F. imitation.] 1. The act of imitating. “Poesy is an art of imitation, … that is to say, a representing, counterfeiting, or figuring forth.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. That which is made or produced as a copy; that which is made to resemble something else, whether for laudable or for fraudulent purposes; likeness; resemblance. “Both these arts are not only true imitations of nature, but of the best nature.” Dryden. 3. (Mus.) One of the principal means of securing unity and consistency in polyphonic composition; the repetition of essentially the same melodic theme, phrase, or motive, on different degrees of pitch, by one or more of the other parts of voises. Cf. Canon. 4. (Biol.) The act of condition of imitating another species of animal, or a plant, or unanimate object. See Imitate, v. t., 3. Imitation is often used adjectively to characterize things which have a deceptive appearance, simulating the qualities of a superior article; — opposed to real or genuine; as imitation lace; imitation bronze; imitation modesty, etc.

Im•i•ta´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or employed in, imitation; as imitational propensities.

Im´i•ta•tive , a. [L. imitavitus: cf. F. imitatif.] 1. Inclined to imitate, copy, or follow; imitating; exhibiting some of the qualities or characteristics of a pattern or model; dependent on example; not original; as man is an imitative being; painting is an imitative art. 2. Formed after a model, pattern, or original. “This temple, less in form, with equal grace,
Was imitative of the first in Thrace.” Dryden. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Designed to imitate another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object, for some useful purpose, such as protection from enemies; having resemblance to something else; as imitative colors; imitative habits; dendritic and mammillary forms of minerals are imitative. — Im´i•ta•tive•ly, adv. — Im´i•ta•tive•ness, n.

Im´i•ta•tive, n. (Gram.) A verb expressive of imitation or resemblance. [R.]

Im´i•ta´tor , n. [L.] One who imitates.

Im´i•ta•tor•ship, n. The state or office of an imitator. ´Servile imitatorship.´ Marston.

Im´i•ta•tress , n. A woman who is an imitator.

Im´i•ta•trix , n. An imitatress.

Im•mac´u•late , a. [L. immaculatus; pref. im- not + maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot, stane, fr. macula spot. See Mail armor.] Without stain or blemish; spotless; undefiled; clear; pure. “Were but my soul as pure
From other guilt as that, Heaven did not hold
One more immaculate.” Denham. “Thou sheer, immaculate and silver fountain.” Shak. Immaculate conception (R. C. Ch.), the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. — Im•mac´u•late•ly, adv. — Im•mac´u•late•ness, n.

Im•mailed´ , a. Wearing mail or armor; clad of armor. W. Browne.

Im•mal´le•a•ble , a. Not maleable.

Im•man´a•cle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immanacled p. pr. & vb. n. Immanacling ] To manacle; to fetter; hence; to confine; to restrain from free action. “Although this corporal rind
Thou hast immanacled.” Milton.

Im´ma•na´tion , n. [Pref. im- in + L. manare to flow; cf. mantio a flowing.] A flowing or entering in; — opposed to emanation. [R.] Good.

Im•mane´ , a. [L. immanis.] Very great; huge; vast; also monstrous in character; inhuman; atrocious; fierce. [Obs.] ´So immane a man.´ Chapman. — Im•mane´ly, adv. [Obs.] { Im´ma•nence , Im´ma•nen•cy } n. The condition or quality of being immanent; inherence; an indwelling. “[Clement] is mainly concerned in enforcing the immanence of God. Christ is everywhere presented by him as Deity indwelling in the world.” A. V. G. Allen.

Im´ma•nent , a. [L. immanens, p. pr. of immanere to remain in or near; pref. im- in + manere to remain: cf. F. immanent.] Remaining within; inherent; indwelling; abiding; intrinsic; internal or subjective; hence, limited in activity, agency, or effect, to the subject or associated acts; — opposed to emanant, transitory, transitive, or objective. “A cognition is an immanent act of mind.” Sir W. Hamilton. “An immanent power in the life of the world.” Hare.

Im•man´i•fest , a. Not manifest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•man´i•ty , n. [L. immanitas.] The state or quality of being immane; barbarity. [R.] Shak.

Im•man´tle , v. t. See Emmantle. [R.]

Im•man´u•el , n. [Heb. ’immanel, fr. ’im with + an us + el God.] God with us; — an appellation of the Christ. Is. vii. 14. Matt. i. 23.

Im•mar•ces´ci•ble , a. [L. immarcescibilis; pref. im- not + marcescere to fade: cf. F. immarcescible.] Unfading; lasting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•mar•ces´ci•bly, adv. Unfadingly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•mar´gin•ate , a. (Bot.) Not having a distinctive margin or border. Grey.

Im•mar´tial , a. Not martial; unwarlike. [Obs.]

Im•mask´ , v. t. To cover, as with a mask; to disguise or conceal. [R.] Shak.

Im•match´a•ble , a. Matchless; peerless. [Obs.] Holland.

Im•ma•te´ri•al (im•ma•te´ri•al), a. [Pref. im- not + material: cf. F. immateriel.] 1. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual; disembodied. “Angels are spirits immaterial and intellectual.” Hooker. 2. Of no substantial consequence; without weight or significance; unimportant; as it is wholly immaterial whether he does so or not. Syn. — Unimportant; inconsequential; insignificant; inconsiderable; trifling.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. immaterialisme.] 1. The doctrine that immaterial substances or spiritual being exist, or are possible. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that external bodies may be reduced to mind and ideas in a mind; any doctrine opposed to materialism or phenomenalism, esp. a system that maintains the immateriality of the soul; idealism; esp., Bishop Berkeley’s theory of idealism.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. immaterialiste.] (Philos.) One who believes in or professes, immaterialism.

Im•ma•te•ri•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Immaterialities (#). [Cf. F. immaterialite.] The state or quality of being immaterial or incorporeal; as the immateriality of the soul.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. [Cf. F. immaterialiser.] To render immaterial or incorporeal. “Immateralized spirits.” Glanvill.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ly, adv. 1. In an immaterial manner; without matter or corporeal substance. 2. In an unimportant manner or degree.

Im•ma•te´ri•al•ness, n. The state or quality of being immaterial; immateriality.

Im•ma•te´ri•ate , a. Immaterial. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im•ma•ture´ , a. [L. immaturus; pref. im- not + maturus mature, ripe. See Mature.] 1. Not mature; unripe; not arrived at perfection of full development; crude; unfinished; as immature fruit; immature character; immature plans. ´An ill-measured and immature counsel.´ Bacon. 2. Premature; untimely; too early; as an immature death. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•ma•tured´ , a. Immature.

Im•ma•ture´ly , adv. In an immature manner. Warburion.

Im•ma•ture´ness, n. The state or quality of being immature; immaturity. Boyle.

Im•ma•tu´ri•ty , n. [L. immaturitas: cf. F. immaturite.] The state or quality of being immature or not fully developed; unripeness; incompleteness. “When the world has outgrown its intellectual immaturity.” Caird.

Im•me•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- not + L. meabilis passable, fr. meare to pass.] Want of power to pass, or to permit passage; impassableness. “Immeability of the juices.” Arbuthnot.

Im•meas•ur•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being immeasurable; immensurability.

Im•meas´ur•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + measurable: cf. F. measurable. Cf. Immensurable, Unmeasurable.] Incapable of being measured; indefinitely extensive; illimitable; immensurable; vast. “Of depth immeasurable.” Milton.

Im•meas´ur•a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being immeasurable. “Eternity and immeasurableness belong to thought alone.” F. W. Robertson.

Im•meas´ur•a•bly, adv. In an immeasurable manner or degree. ´Immeasurably distant.´ Wordsworth.

Im•meas´ured , a. Immeasurable. [R.] Spenser.

Im•me•chan´ic•al , a. Not mechanical. [Obs.] Cheyne. — Im´me•chan´ic•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Im•me´di•a•cy , n. The relation of freedom from the interventionof a medium; immediateness. Shak.

Im•me´di•ate , a. [F. immediat. See In- not, and Mediate.] 1. Not separated in respect to place by anything intervening; proximate; close; as immediate contact. “You are the most immediate to our throne.” Shak. 2. Not deferred by an interval of time; present; instant. ´Assemble we immediate council.´ Shak. “Death … not yet inflicted, as he feared,
By some immediate stroke.” Milton. 3. Acting with nothing interposed or between, or without the intervention of another object as a cause, means, or agency; acting, perceived, or produced, directly; as an immediate cause. “The immediate knowledge of the past is therefore impossible.” Sir. W. Hamilton. Immediate amputation (Surg.), an amputation performed within the first few hours after an injury, and before the the effects of the shock have passed away. Syn. — Proximate; close; direct; next.

Im•me´di•ate•ly , adv. 1. In an immediate manner; without intervention of any other person or thing; proximately; directly; — opposed to mediately; as immediately contiguous. “God’s acceptance of it either immediately by himself, or mediately by the hands of the bishop.” South. 2. Without interval of time; without delay; promptly; instantly; at once. “And Jesus … touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed.” Matt. viii. 3. 3. As soon as. Cf. Directly, 8, Note. Syn. — Directly; instantly; quickly; forthwith; straightway; presently. See Directly.

Im•me´di•ate•ness, n. The quality or relations of being immediate in manner, place, or time; exemption from second or interventing causes. Bp. Hall.

Im•me´di•a•tism , n. Immediateness.

Im•med´i•ca•ble , a. [L. Immedicabilis. See In- not, and Medicable.] Not to be healed; incurable. ´Wounds immedicable.´ Milton.

Im•me•lo´di•ous , a. Not melodious.

Im•mem´o•ra•ble , a. [L. immemorabilis; pref. im- not + memorabilis memorable: cf. F. immemorable. See Memorable.] Not memorable; not worth remembering. Johnson.

Im•me•mo´ri•al , a. [Pref. im- not + memorial: cf. F. immemorial.] Extending beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition; indefinitely ancient; as existing from time immemorial. ´Immemorial elms.´ Tennyson. ´Immemorial usage or custom.´ Sir M. Hale. Time immemorial (Eng. Law.), a time antedating (legal) history, and beyond ´legal memory´ so called; formerly an indefinite time, but in 1276 this time was fixed by statute as the begining of the reign of Richard I. (1189). Proof of unbroken possession or use of any right since that date made it unnecessary to establish the original grant. In 1832 the plan of dating legal memory from a fixed time was abandoned and the principle substituted that rights which had been enjoyed for full twenty years (or as against the crown thirty years) should not be liable to impeachment merely by proving that they had not been enjoyed before.

Im•me•mo´ri•al•ly, adv. Beyond memory. Bentley.

Im•mense´ , a. [L. immensus; pref. im- not + mensus, p. p. of metiri to measure: cf. F. immense. See Measure.] Immeasurable; unlimited. In commonest use: Very great; vast; huge. ´Immense the power´ Pope. ´Immense and boundless ocean.´ Daniel. “O Goodness infinite! Goodness immense!” Milton. Syn. — Infinite; immeasurable; illimitable; unbounded; unlimited; interminable; vast; prodigious; enormous; monstrous. See Enormous.

Im•mense´ly, adv. In immense manner or degree.

Im•mense´ness, n. The state of being immense.

Im•men´si•ble , a. [Immense + -ible.] Immeasurable. [Obs.] Davies.

Im•men´si•ty , n.; pl. Immensities (#). [L. immensitas: cf. F. immensite.] The state or quality of being immense; inlimited or immeasurable extension; infinity; vastness in extent or bulk; greatness. “Lost in the wilds of vast immensity.” Blackmore. “The immensity of the material system.” I. Taylor.

Im•men´sive , a. Huge. [Obs.] Herrick.

Im•men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being immensurable.

Im•men´su•ra•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + L. mensurabilis measurable: cf. F. immensurable. Cf. Immeasurable.] Immeasurable. “What an immensurable space is the firmament.” Derham.

Im•men´su•rate , a. [Pref. im- not + mensurate.] Unmeasured; unlimited. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im•merge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immerged p. pr. & vb. n. Immerging ] [L. immergere; pref. im- in + mergere to dip, plunge: cf. F. immerger. See Merge, and cf. Immerse.] To plungel into, under, or within anything especially a fuid; to dip; to immerse. See Immerse. “We took … lukewarm water, and in it immerged a quantity of the leaves of senna.” Boyle. “Their souls are immerged in matter.” Jer. Taylor.

Im•merge´ , v. i. To dissapear by entering into any medium, as a star into the light of the sun. [R.]

Im•mer´it , n. Want of worth; demerit. [R.] Suckling.

Im•mer´it•ed, a. Unmerited. [Obs.] Charles I.

Im•mer´it•ous , a. [L. immeritus; pref. im- not + meritus, p. p. of merere, mereri, to deserve.] Undeserving. [Obs.] Milton.

Im•mers´a•ble , a. See Immersible.

Im•merse´ , a. [L. immersus, p. p. of immergere. See Immerge.] Immersed; buried; hid; sunk. [Obs.] ´Things immerse in matter.´ Bacon.

Im•merse´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immersed p. pr. & vb. n. Immersing.] 1. To plunge into anything that surrounds or covers, especially into a fluid; to dip; to sink; to bury; to immerge. “Deep immersed beneath its whirling wave.” J Warton. “More than a mile immersed within the wood.” Dryden. 2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To engage deeply; to engross the attention of; to involve; to overhelm. “The queen immersed in such a trance.” Tennyson. “It is impossible to have a lively hope in another life, and yet be deeply immersed inn the enjoyments of this.” Atterbury.

Im•mersed´ , p. p. & a. 1. Deeply plunged into anything, especially a fluid. 2. Deeply occupied; engrossed; entangled. 3. (Bot.) Growing wholly under water. Gray.

Im•mers´i•ble , a. [From Immerse.] Capable of being immersed.

Im•mers´i•ble, a. [Pref. im- not + L. mersus, p. p. of mergere to plunge.] Not capable of being immersed.

Im•mer´sion , n. [L. immersio; cf. F. immersion.] 1. The act of immersing, or the state of being immersed; a sinking within a fluid; a dipping; as the immersion of Achilles in the Styx. 2. Submersion in water for the purpose of Christian baptism, as practiced by the Baptists. 3. The state of being overhelmed or deeply absorbed; deep engagedness. “Too deep an immersion in the affairs of life.” Atterbury. 4. (Astron.) The dissapearance of a celestail body, by passing either behind another, as in the occultation of a star, or into its shadow, as in the eclipse of a satellite; — opposed to emersion. Immersion lens, a microscopic objective of short focal distance designed to work with a drop of liquid, as oil, between the front lens and the slide, so that this lens is practically immersed.

Im•mer´sion•ist, n. (Eccl.) One who holds the doctrine that immersion is essential to Christian baptism.

Im•mesh´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immeshed p. pr. & vb. n. Immeshing.] [Pref. im- in + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.] To catch or entangle in, or as in, the meshes of a net. or in a web; to insnare.

Im•me•thod´ic•al , a. Not methodical; without method or systematic arrangement; without order or regularity; confused. Addison. Syn. — Irregular; confused; disoderly; unsystematic; desultory.

Im•me•thod´ic•al•ly, adv. Without method; confusedly; unsystematically.

Im•me•thod´ic•al•ness, n. Want of method.

Im•meth´od•ize , v. t. To render immethodical; to destroy the method of; to confuse. [R.]

Im•met´ric•al , a. Not metrical or rhythmical. [R.] Chapman.

Im•mew´ , v. t. See Emmew.

Im´mi•grant , n. [L. immigrans, p. pr. of immigrare to go into: cf. F. immigrant. See Immigrate.] One who immigrates; one who comes to a country for the purpose of permanent residence; — correlative of emigrant. Syn. — See Emigrant.

Im´mi•grate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immigrated p. pr. & vb. n. Immigrating ] [L. immigrare, immigratum, to immigrate; pref. im- in + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] To come into a country of which one is not a native, for the purpose of permanent residence. See Emigrate.

Im´mi•gra´tion , n. [Cf. F. immigration.] The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. “The immigrations of the Arabians into Europe.” T. Warton.

Im´mi•nence , n. [Cf. F. imminence, L. imminentia, See Imminent.] 1. The condition or quality of being imminent; a threatening, as of something about to happen. The imminence of any danger or distress. Fuller. 2. That which is imminent; impending evil or danger. ´But dare all imminence.´ Shak.

Im´mi•nent , a. [L. imminens, p. pr. of imminere to project; pref. im- in + minere (in comp.) to jut, project. See Eminent.] 1. Threatening to occur immediately; near at hand; impending; — said especially of misfortune or peril. ´In danger imminent.´ Spenser. 2. Full of danger; threatening; menacing; perilous. “Hairbreadth scapes i’ the imminent deadly breach.” Shak. 3. (With upon) Bent upon; attentive to. [R.] “Their eyes ever imminent upon worldly matters.” Milton. Syn. — Impending; threatening; near; at hand. — Imminent, Impending, Threatening. Imminent is the strongest: it denotes that something is ready to fall or happen on the instant; as in imminent danger of one’s life. Impending denotes that something hangs suspended over us, and may so remain indefinitely; as the impending evils of war. Threatening supposes some danger in prospect, but more remote; as threatening indications for the future. “Three times to-day
You have defended me from imminent death.” Shak. “No story I unfold of public woes,
Nor bear advices of impending foes.” Pope. “Fierce faces threatening war.” Milton.

Im´mi•nent•ly, adv. In an imminent manner.

Im•min´gle , v. t. To mingle; to mix; to unite; to blend. [R.] Thomson.

Im•mi•nu´tion , n. [L. imminutio, fr. imminuere, imminutum, to lessen; pref. im- in + minuere.] A lessening; diminution; decrease. [R.] Ray.

Im•mis´ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. immiscibilite.] Incapability of being mixed, or mingled.

Im•mis´ci•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + miscible: cf. F. immiscible.] Not capable of being mixed or mingled. “A chaos of immiscible and conflicting particles.” Cudworth.

Im•mis´sion , n. [L. immissio: cf. F. immission. See Immit.] The act of immitting, or of sending or thrusting in; injection; — the correlative of emission.

Im•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Immiting.] [L. immittere, immissum; pref. im- in + mittere to send.] To send in; to inject; to infuse; — the correlative of emit. [R.] Boyle.

Im•mit´i•ga•ble , a. [L. immitigabilis; fr. pref. im- not + mitigare to mitigate.] Not capable of being mitigated, softened, or appeased. Coleridge.

Im•mit´i•ga•bly , adv. In an immitigable manner.

Im•mix´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + mix.] To mix; to mingle. [R.] “Amongst her tears immixing prayers meek.” Spenser.

Im•mix´a•ble , a. Not mixable. Bp. Wilkins.

Im•mixed´ , a. [Pref. in- not + mixed, p. p. of mix.] Unmixed. [Obs.] “How pure and immixed the design is.” Boyle.

Im•mix´ture , n. Freedom from mixture; purity. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im•mo´bile , a. [L. immobilis: cf. F. immobile. See Immobility.] Incapable of being moved; immovable; fixed; stable. Prof. Shedd.

Im•mo•bil´i•ty , n. [L. immobilitas, fr. immobilis immovable; pref. im- not + mobilis movable: cf. F. immobilite. See Mobile.] The condition or quality of being immobile; fixedness in place or state.

Im•mob´i•lize , v. t. [Pref. im- in + mobilize; cf. f. immobiliser.] To make immovable; in surgery, to make immovable (a naturally mobile part, as a joint) by the use of splints, or stiffened bandages.

Im•mo´ble , a. [Obs.] See Immobile.

Im•mod´er•a•cy , n. [From Immoderate.] Immoderateness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•mod´er•an•cy , n. [L. immoderantia.] Immoderateness; excess. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•mod´er•ate , a. [L. immoderatus; pref. im- not + moderatus moderate. See Moderate.] Not moderate; exceeding just or usual and suitable bounds; excessive; extravagant; unreasonable; as immoderate demands; immoderate grief; immoderate laughter. “So every scope by the immoderate use
Turns to restraint.” Shak. Syn. — Excessive; exorbitant; unreasonable; extravagant; intemperate; inordinate.

Im•mod´er•ate•ly, adv. In an immoderate manner; excessively.

Im•mod´er•ate•ness, n. The quality of being immoderate; excess; extravagance. Puller.

Im•mod•er•a´tion , n. [L. immoderatio: cf. F. imoderation.] Want of moderation. Hallywell.

Im•mod´est , a. [F. immodeste, L. immodestus immoderate; pref. im- not + modestus modest. See Modest.] 1. Not limited to due bounds; immoderate. 2. Not modest; wanting in the reserve or restraint which decorum and decency require; indecent; indelicate; obscene; lewd; as immodest persons, behavior, words, pictures, etc. “Immodest deeds you hinder to be wrought,
But we proscribe the least immodest thought.” Dryden. Syn. — Indecorous; indelicate; shameless; shameful; impudent; indecent; impure; unchaste; lewd; obscene.

Im•mod´est•ly, adv. In an immodest manner.

Im•mod´es•ty , n. [L. immodestia: cf. F. immodestie.] Want of modesty, delicacy, or decent reserve; indecency. ´A piece of immodesty.´ Pope.

Im´mo•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immolated p. pr. & vb. n. Immolating.] [L. immolatus, p. p. of immolare to sacrifice, orig., to sprinkle a victim with sacrifical meal; pref. im- in + mola grits or grains of spelt coarsely ground and mixed with salt; also mill. See Molar, Meal ground grain.] To sacrifice; to offer in sacrifice; to kill, as a sacrificial victim. “Worshipers, who not only immolate to them [the deities] the lives of men, but … the virtue and honor of women.” Boyle.

Im•mo•la´tion , n. [L. immolatio: cf. F. immolation.] 1. The act of immolating, or the state of being immolated, or sacrificed. Sir. T. Browne. 2. That which is immolated; a sacrifice.

Im´mo•la•tor , n. [L.] One who offers in sacrifice; specifically, one of a sect of Russian fanatics who practice self-mutilation and sacrifice. { Im•mold´ , Im•mould´ } , v. t. To mold into shape, or form. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Im•mo´ment , a. [See Immomentous.] Trifling. [R.] ´Immoment toys.´ Shak.

Im•mo•men´tous , a. [Pref. im- not + momentous.] Not momentous; unimportant; insignificant. [R.] A. Seward.

Im•mor´al , a. [Pref. im- not + moral: cf. F. immoral.] Not moral; inconsistent with rectitude, purity, or good morals; contrary to conscience or the divine law; wicked; unjust; dishonest; vicious; licentious; as an immoral man; an immoral deed. Syn. — Wicked; sinful; criminal; vicious; unjust; dishonest; depraved; impure; unchaste; profligate; dissolute; abandoned; licentious; lewd; obscene.

Im•mo•ral´i•ty , n.; pl. Immoralities (#). [Cf. F. immoralite.] 1. The state or quality of being immoral; vice. “The root of all immorality.” Sir W. Temple. 2. An immoral act or practice. “Luxury and sloth and then a great drove of heresies and immoralities broke loose among them.” Milton.

Im•mor´al•ly , adv. In an immoral manner; wickedly.

Im•mo•rig´er•ous , a. [Pref. im- not + morigerous.] Rude; uncivil; disobedient. [Obs.] — Im•mo•rig´er•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•mor´tal , a. [L. immortalis; pref. im- not + mortalis mortal: cf. F. immortel. See Mortal, and cf. Immortelle.] 1. Not mortal; exempt from liability to die; undying; imperishable; lasting forever; having unlimited, or eternal, existance. “Unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible.” 1 Tim. i. 17. “For my soul, what can it do to that,
Being a thing immortal as itself?” Shak. 2. Connected with, or pertaining to immortality. “I have immortal longings in me.” Shak. 3. Destined to live in all ages of this world; abiding; exempt from oblivion; imperishable; as immortal fame. “One of the few, immortal names,
That were not born to die.” Halleck. 4. Great; excessive; grievous. [Obs.] Hayward. Immortal flowers, immortelles; everlastings. Syn. — Eternal; everlasting; never-ending; ceaseless; perpetual; continual; enduring; endless; imperishable; incorruptible; deathless; undying.

Im•mor´tal , n. One who will never cease to be; one exempt from death, decay, or annihilation. Bunyan.

Im•mor´tal•ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•mor•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Immortalities (#). [L. immortalitas: cf. F. immortalite.] 1. The quality or state of being immortal; exemption from death and annihilation; unending existance; as the immortality of the soul. “This mortal must put on immortality.” 1 Cor. xv. 53. 2. Exemption from oblivion; perpetuity; as the immortality of fame.

Im•mor•tal•i•za´tion , n. The act of immortalizing, or state of being immortalized.

Im•mor´tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immortalized p. pr. & vb. n. Immortalizing ] [Cf. F. immortaliser.] 1. To render immortal; to cause to live or exist forever. S. Clarke. 2. To exempt from oblivion; to perpetuate in fame. “Alexander had no Homer to immortalize his guilty name.” T. Dawes.

Im•mor´tal•ize, v. i. To become immortal. [R.]

Im•mor´tal•ly, adv. In an immortal manner.

Im•mor•telle´ , n.; pl. Immortelles (#). [F. See Immortal.] (Bot.) A plant with a conspicuous, dry, unwithering involucre, as the species of Antennaria, Helichrysum, Gomphrena, etc. See Everlasting.

Im•mor•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. Failure to mortify the passions. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•mov´a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being immovable; fixedness; steadfastness; as immovability of a heavy body; immovability of purpose.

Im•mov´a•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being moved; firmly fixed; fast; — used of material things; as an immovable foundation. “Immovable, infixed, and frozen round.” Milton. 2. Steadfast; fixed; unalterable; unchangeable; — used of the mind or will; as an immovable purpose, or a man who remains immovable. 3. Not capable of being affected or moved in feeling or by sympathy; unimpressible; impassive. Dryden. 4. (Law.) Not liable to be removed; permanent in place or tenure; fixed; as an immovable estate. See Immovable, n. Blackstone. Immovable apparatus (Med.), an appliance, like the plaster of paris bandage, which keeps fractured parts firmly in place. — Immovable feasts (Eccl.), feasts which occur on a certain day of the year and do not depend on the date of Easter; as Christmas the Epiphany, etc.

Im•mov´a•ble, n. 1. That which can not be moved. 2. pl. (Civil Law) Lands and things adherent thereto by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as buildings and their accessories; by their destination, as seeds, plants, manure, etc.; or by the objects to which they are applied, as servitudes. Ayliffe. Bouvier.

Im•mov´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being immovable.

Im•mov´a•bly, adv. In an immovable manner.

Im•mund´ , a. [L. immundus; pref. im- not + mundus clean.] Unclean. [R.] Burton.

Im•mun•dic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. immondicite, L. immunditia, immundities.] Uncleanness; filthiness. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im•mune´ , a. [L. immunis. See Immunity.] Exempt; protected by inoculation. — Im•mu´nize (#), v. t.

Im•mu´ni•ty , n.; pl. Immunities (#). [L. immunitas, fr. immunis free from a public service; pref. im- not + munis complaisant, obliging, cf. munus service, duty: cf. F. immunite. See Common, and cf. Mean, a.] 1. Freedom or exemption from any charge, duty, obligation, office, tax, imposition, penalty, or service; a particular privilege; as the immunities of the free cities of Germany; the immunities of the clergy. 2. Freedom; exemption; as immunity from error.

Im•mure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immured p. pr. & vb. n. Immuring.] [Pref. im- in + mure: cf. F. emmurer.] 1. To wall around; to surround with walls. [Obs.] Sandys. 2. To inclose whithin walls, or as within walls; hence, to shut up; to imprison; to incarcerate. “Those tender babes
Whom envy hath immured within your walls.” Shak. “This huge convex of fire,
Outrageous to devour, immures us round.” Milton.

Im•mure´, n. A wall; an inclosure. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•mure´ment , n. The act of immuring, or the state of being immured; imprisonment.

Im•mu´sic•al , a. Inharmonious; unmusical; discordant. Bacon.

Im•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. immutabilitas: cf. F. immutabilite.] The state or quality of being immutable; immutableness. Heb. vi. 17.

Im•mu´ta•ble , a. [L. immutabilis; pref. im- not + mutabilis mutable. See Mutable.] Not mutable; not capable or susceptible of change; unchangeable; unalterable. “That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation.” Heb. vi. 18. “Immutable, immortal, infinite,
Eternal King.” Milton. — Im•mu´ta•ble•ness, n. — Im•mu´ta•bly, adv.

Im•mu´tate (im•mu´tat), a. [L. immutatus, p. p. of immature.] Unchanged. [Obs.]

Im´mu•ta´tion , n. [L. immutatio, from immutare, immutatum, to change. See Immute.] Change; alteration; mutation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Im•mute´ (im•mut´), v. t. [L. immutare, immutatum; perf. im- in + mutare to change : cf. OF. immuter.] To change or alter. [Obs.] J. Salkeld.

Imp (imp), n. [OE. imp a graft, AS. impa; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ymp, prob. fr. LL. impotus, Gr. engrafted, innate, fr. to implant; in + to produce; akin to E. be. See 1st In-, Be.] 1. A shoot; a scion; a bud; a slip; a graft. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. An offspring; progeny; child; scion. [Obs.] “The tender imp was weaned.” Fairfax. 3. A young or inferior devil; a little, malignant spirit; a puny demon; a contemptible evil worker. “To mingle in the clamorous fray
Of squabbling imps.” Beattie. 4. Something added to, or united with, another, to lengthen it out or repair it, — as an addition to a beehive; a feather inserted in a broken wing of a bird; a length of twisted hair in a fishing line. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Imp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imped p. pr. & vb. n. Imping.] [AS. impian to imp, ingraft, plant; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ympa, OHG. impfon, impiton, G. impfen. See Imp, n.] 1. To graft; to insert as a scion. [Obs.] Rom. of R. 2. (Falconry) To graft with new feathers, as a wing; to splice a broken feather. Hence, Fig.: To repair; to extend; to increase; to strengthen; to equip. [Archaic] “Imp out our drooping country’s broken wing.” Shak. “Who lazily imp their wings with other men’s plumes.” Fuller. “Here no frail Muse shall imp her crippled wing.” Holmes. “Help, ye tart satirists, to imp my rage
With all the scorpions that should whip this age.” Cleveland.

Im•pa´ca•ble , a. [L. pref. im- not + pacare to quiet. See Pacate.] Not to be appeased or quieted. [Obs.] Spenser. — Im•pa´ca•bly, adv.

Im•pack´ment , n. [Pref. im- in + pack.] The state of being closely surrounded, crowded, or pressed, as by ice. [R.] Kane.

Im•pact´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impacting.] [L. impactus, p. p. of impingere to push, strike against. See Impinge.] To drive close; to press firmly together: to wedge into a place. Woodward.

Im´pact , n. 1. Contact or impression by touch; collision; forcible contact; force communicated. “The quarrel, by that impact driven.” Southey. 2. (Mech.) The single instantaneous stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest.

Im•pact´ed , a. Driven together or close. Impacted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the fragments are driven into each other so as to be immovable.

Im•pac´tion , n. [L. impactio a striking : cf. F. impaction.] 1. (Surg.) The driving of one fragment of bone into another so that the fragments are not movable upon each other; as impaction of the skull or of the hip. 2. An immovable packing; (Med.), a lodgment of something in a strait or passage of the body; as impaction of the fetal head in the strait of the pelvis; impaction of food or feces in the intestines of man or beast.

Im•paint´ , v. t. To paint; to adorn with colors. [R.] ´To impaint his cause.´ Shak.

Im•pair´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaired p. pr. & vb. n. Impairing.] [Written also empair.] [OE. empeiren, enpeiren, OF. empeirier, empirier, F. empirer, LL. impejorare; L. pref. im- in + pejorare to make worse, fr. pejor worse. Cf. Appair.] To make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excellence, or strength; to deteriorate; as to impair health, character, the mind, value. “Time sensibly all things impairs.” Roscommon. “In years he seemed, but not impaired by years.” Pope. Syn. — To diminish; decrease; injure; weaken; enfeeble; debilitate; reduce; debase; deteriorate.

Im•pair´, v. t. To grow worse; to deteriorate. Milton.

Im´pair , a. [F. impair uneven, L. impar; im- not + par equal.] Not fit or appropriate. [Obs.]

Im•pair´ , n. Diminution; injury. [Obs.]

Im•pair´er , n. One who, or that which, impairs.

Im•pair´ment , n. [OE. enpeirement, OF. empirement.] The state of being impaired; injury. ´The impairment of my health.´ Dryden.

Im•pal´a•ta•ble , a. Unpalatable. [R.]

Im•pale´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaled p. pr. & vb. n. Impaling.] [See 2d Empale.] 1. To pierce with a pale; to put to death by fixing on a sharp stake. See Empale. “Then with what life remains, impaled, and left
To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake.” Addison. 2. To inclose, as with pales or stakes; to surround. “Impale him with your weapons round about.” Shak. “Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire.” Milton. 3. (Her.) To join, as two coats of arms on one shield, palewise; hence, to join in honorable mention. “Ordered the admission of St. Patrick to the same to be matched and impaled with the blessed Virgin in the honor thereof.” Fuller.

Im•pale´ment , n. 1. The act of impaling, or the state of being impaled. Byron. 2. An inclosing by stakes or pales, or the space so inclosed. H. Brooke. 3. That which hedges in; inclosure. [R.] Milton. 4. (Her.) The division of a shield palewise, or by a vertical line, esp. for the purpose of putting side by side the arms of husband and wife. See Impale, 3.

Im•pal´la , n. (Zoöl.) The pallah deer of South Africa.

Im•pal´lid , v. t. To make pallid; to blanch. [Obs.] Feltham.

Im•palm´ , v. t. To grasp with or hold in the hand. [R.] J. Barlow.

Im•pal•pa•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impalpabilite.] The quality of being impalpable. Jortin.

Im•pal´pa•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + palpable: cf. F. impalpable.] 1. Not palpable; that cannot be felt; extremely fine, so that no grit can be perceived by touch. ´Impalpable powder.´ Boyle. 2. Not material; intangible; incorporeal. ´Impalpable, void, and bodiless.´ Holland. 3. Not apprehensible, or readily apprehensible, by the mind; unreal; as impalpable distinctions.

Im•pal´pa•bly, adv. In an impalpable manner.

Im•pal´sy , v. t. To palsy; to paralyze; to deaden. [R.]

Im•pa´nate , a. [LL. impanatus, p. p. of impanare to impanate; L. pref. im- in + panis bread.] Embodied in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Im•pa´nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impanated p. pr. & vb. n. Impanating.] To embody in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.]

Im´pa•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. impanation. See Impanate, a.] (Eccl.) Embodiment in bread; the supposed real presence and union of Christ’s material body and blood with the substance of the elements of the eucharist without a change in their nature; — distinguished from transubstantiation, which supposes a miraculous change of the substance of the elements. It is akin to consubstantiation.

Im•pa´na•tor , n. [LL.] (Eccl.) One who holds the doctrine of impanation.

Im•pan´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaneled or Impanelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impaneling or Impanelling.] [Pref. im- in + panel. Cf. Empanel.] [Written also empanel.] To enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice. Blackstone.

Im•pan´el•ment , n. The act or process of impaneling, or the state of being impaneled.

Im•par´a•dise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparadised p. pr. & vb. n. Imparadising ] [Pref. im- + paradise: cf. F. emparadiser.] To put in a state like paradise; to make supremely happy. ´Imparadised in one another’s arms.´ Milton.

Im•par´al•leled , a. Unparalleled. [Obs.]

Im•par´don•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. impardonnable.] Unpardonable. [Obs.] South.

Im•par•i•dig´i•tate , a. [L. impar unequal + digitus finger.] (Anat.) Having an odd number of fingers or toes, either one, three, or five, as in the horse, tapir, rhinoceros, etc.

Im•par´i•pin´nate , a. [L. impar unequal + E. pinnate.] (Bot.) Pinnate with a single terminal leaflet.

Im•par´i•syl•lab´ic , a. [L. impar unequal + E. syllabic: cf. F. imparisyllabique.] (Gram.) Not consisting of an equal number of syllables; as an imparisyllabic noun, one which has not the same number of syllables in all the cases; as lapis, lapidis; mens, mentis.

Im•par´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- + parity: cf. F. imparite.] 1. Inequality; disparity; disproportion; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, etc. Milton. 2. Lack of comparison, correspondence, or suitableness; incongruity. “In this region of merely intellectual notion we are at once encountered by the imparity of the object and the faculty employed upon it.” I. Taylor. 3. Indivisibility into equal parts; oddness. [R.]

Im•park´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparked , p. pr. & vb. n. Imparking.] [Cf. Empark.] To inclose for a park; to sever from a common; hence, to inclose or shut up. “They … impark them [the sheep] within hurdles.” Holland.

Im•parl´ , v. i. [OF. emparler; pref. em- (L. in) + parler to speak. See In, prep., and Parley.] 1. To hold discourse; to parley. [Obs.] Sir. T. North. 2. (Law) To have time before pleading; to have delay for mutual adjustment. Blackstone.

Im•par´lance , n. [Cf. Emparlance, Parlance.] [Written also inparliance.] 1. Mutual discourse; conference. [Obs.] 2. (Law) (a) Time given to a party to talk or converse with his opponent, originally with the object of effecting, if possible, an amicable adjustment of the suit. The actual object, however, has long been merely to obtain further time to plead, or answer to the allegations of the opposite party. (b) Hence, the delay or continuance of a suit. Imparlance and continuance by imparlance have been abolished in England. Wharton (Law Dict. ).

Im•par•son•ee´ , a. [OF. empersone. See 1st In-, and Parson.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Presented, instituted, and inducted into a rectory, and in full possession. — n. A clergyman so inducted.

Im•part´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imparting.] [OF. impartir, empartir, L. impartire, impertire; pref. im- in + partire to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, part, share. See Part, n. ] 1. To bestow a share or portion of; to give, grant, or communicate; to allow another to partake in; as to impart food to the poor; the sun imparts warmth. “Well may he then to you his cares impart.” Dryden. 2. To obtain a share of; to partake of. [R.] Munday. 3. To communicate the knowledge of; to make known; to show by words or tokens; to tell; to disclose. “Gentle lady,
When I did first impart my love to you.” Shak. Syn. — To share; yield; confer; convey; grant; give; reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. See Communicate.

Im•part´ , v. i. 1. To give a part or share. “He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none.” Luke iii. 11. 2. To hold a conference or consultation. Blackstone.

Im•part´ance , n. Impartation.

Im•par•ta´tion , n. The act of imparting, or the thing imparted. “The necessity of this impartation.” I. Taylor.

Im•part´er , n. One who imparts.

Im•par´tial , a. [Pref. im- not + partial: cf. F. impartial.] Not partial; not favoring one more than another; treating all alike; unprejudiced; unbiased; disinterested; equitable; fair; just. Shak. “Jove is impartial, and to both the same.” Dryden. “A comprehensive and impartial view.” Macaulay.

Im•par´tial•ist, n. One who is impartial. [R.] Boyle.

Im•par•ti•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impartialite.] The quality of being impartial; freedom from bias or favoritism; disinterestedness; equitableness; fairness; as impartiality of judgment, of treatment, etc. “Impartiality strips the mind of prejudice and passion.” South.

Im•par´tial•ly , a. In an impartial manner.

Im•par´tial•ness, n. Impartiality. Sir W. Temple.

Im•part•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being impartible; communicability. Blackstone.

Im•part•i•bil´i•ty, n. [Cf. F. impartibilite.] The quality of being incapable of division into parts; indivisibility. Holland.

Im•part´i•ble , a. [From Impart.] Capable of being imparted or communicated.

Im•part´i•ble, a. [Pref. im- not + partible: cf. F. impartible.] Not partible; not subject to partition; indivisible; as an impartible estate. Blackstone.

Im•part´ment , n. The act of imparting, or that which is imparted, communicated, or disclosed. [R.] “It beckons you to go away with it,
As if it some impartment did desire
To you alone.” Shak.

Im•pass´a•ble , a. [Cf. Unpassable.] Incapable of being passed; not admitting a passage; as an impassable road, mountain, or gulf. Milton. — Im•pass´a•ble•ness, n. - - Im•pass´a•bly, adv.

Im•pas•si•bil´i•ty , a. [L. impassibilitas: cf. F. impassibilite.] The quality or condition of being impassible; insusceptibility of injury from external things.

Im•pas´si•ble , a. [L. impassibilis; pref. im- not + passibilis passable: cf. F. impassible. See Passible.] Incapable of suffering; inaccessible to harm or pain; not to be touched or moved to passion or sympathy; unfeeling, or not showing feeling; without sensation. ´Impassible to the critic.´ Sir W. Scott. “Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart
Though naked, and impassible depart.” Dryden.

Im•pas´si•ble•ness, n. Impassibility.

Im•pas´sion , v. t. [Pref. im- in + passion. Cf. Empassion, Impassionate, v.] To move or affect strongly with passion. [Archaic] Chapman.

Im•pas´sion•a•ble , a. Excitable; susceptible of strong emotion.

Im•pas´sion•ate , a. Strongly affected. Smart.

Im•pas´sion•ate , v. t. To affect powerfully; to arouse the passions of. Dr. H. More.

Im•pas´sion•ate , a. [Pref. im- not + passionate.] Without passion or feeling. Burton.

Im•pas´sioned , p. p. & a. Actuated or characterized by passion or zeal; showing warmth of feeling; ardent; animated; excited; as an impassioned orator or discourse.

Im•pas´sive , a. Not susceptible of pain or suffering; apathetic; impassible; unmoved. “Impassive as the marble in the quarry.” De Quincey. “On the impassive ice the lightings play.” Pope. — Im•pas´sive•ly, adv. — Im•pas´sive•ness, n.

Im•pas•siv´i•ty , n. The quality of being insusceptible of feeling, pain, or suffering; impassiveness.

Im•pas•ta´tion , n. [F. See Impaste.] The act of making into paste; that which is formed into a paste or mixture; specifically, a combination of different substances by means of cements.

Im•paste´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impasting.] [Pref. im- in + paste: cf. It. impastare, OF. empaster, F. empâter. See 1st In- and Paste.] 1. To knead; to make into paste; to concrete. ´Blood … baked and impasted.´ Shak. 2. (Paint.) To lay color on canvas by uniting them skillfully together. [R.] Cf. Impasto.

Im•past´ing, (Paint.) The laying on of colors to produce impasto.

Im•pas´to , n. [It. See Impaste.] (Paint.) The thickness of the layer or body of pigment applied by the painter to his canvas with especial reference to the juxtaposition of different colors and tints in forming a harmonious whole. Fairholt.

Im•pas´ture , v. t. To place in a pasture; to foster. [R.] T. Adams.

Im•pat´i•ble , a. [L. impatibilis; pref. im- not + patibilis supportable. See Patible.] 1. Not capable of being borne; impassible. “A spirit, and so impatible of material fire.” Fuller.

Im•pa´tience n. [OE. impacience, F. impatience, fr. L. impatientia.] The quality of being impatient; want of endurance of pain, suffering, opposition, or delay; eagerness for change, or for something expected; restlessness; chafing of spirit; fretfulness; passion; as the impatience of a child or an invalid. “I then, …
Out of my grief and my impatience,
Answered neglectingly.” Shak. “With huge impatience he inly swelt
More for great sorrow that he could not pass,
Than for the burning torment which he felt.” Spenser.

Im•pa´tien•cy (im•p&amc;´shen•sy), n. Impatience. [Obs.]

Im•pa´ti•ens (-shi•enz), n. [L., impatient.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, several species of which have very beautiful flowers; — so called because the elastic capsules burst when touched, and scatter the seeds with considerable force. Called also touch-me-not, jewelweed, and snapweed. I. Balsamina (sometimes called lady’s slipper) is the common garden balsam.

Im•pa´tient , a. [OE. impacient, F. impatient, fr. L. impatiens; pref. im- not + patiens patient. See Patient.] 1. Not patient; not bearing with composure; intolerant; uneasy; fretful; restless, because of pain, delay, or opposition; eager for change, or for something expected; hasty; passionate; — often followed by at, for, of, and under. “A violent, sudden, and impatient necessity.” Jer. Taylor. “Fame, impatient of extremes, decays
Not more by envy than excess of praise.” Pope. “The impatient man will not give himself time to be informed of the matter that lies before him.” Addison. “Dryden was poor and impatient of poverty.” Macaulay. 2. Not to be borne; unendurable. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Prompted by, or exhibiting, impatience; as impatient speeches or replies. Shak. Syn. — Restless; uneasy; changeable; hot; eager; fretful; intolerant; passionate.

Im•pa´tient, n. One who is impatient. [R.]

Im•pa´tient•ly, adv. In an impatient manner.

Im•pat•ron•i•za´tion , n. Absolute seignory or possession; the act of investing with such possession. [R.] Cotgrave.

Im•pat´ron•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impatronized p. pr. & vb. n. Impatronizing ] To make lord or master; as to impatronize one’s self of a seigniory. [R.] Bacon.

Im•pave´ , v. t. To pave. [Poetic] “Impaved with rude fidelity
Of art mosaic.” Wordsworth.

Im•pav´id , a. [L. impavidus. See In- not, and Pavid.] Fearless. — Im•pav´id•ly, adv.

Im•pawn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impawned p. pr. & vb. n. Impawning.] [Pref. im- + pawn: cf. Empawn.] To put in pawn; to pledge. Shak.

Im•peach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeached p. pr. & vb. n. Impeaching.] [OE. empeechier to prevent, hinder, bar, F. empêcher, L. impedicare to entangle; pref. im- in + pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and Appeach, Dispatch, Impede.] 1. To hinder; to impede; to prevent. [Obs.] “These ungracious practices of his sons did impeach his journey to the Holy Land.” Sir J. Davies. “A defluxion on my throat impeached my utterance.” Howell. 2. To charge with a crime or misdemeanor; to accuse; especially to charge (a public officer), before a competent tribunal, with misbehavior in office; to cite before a tribunal for judgment of official misconduct; to arraign; as to impeach a judge. See Impeachment. 3. Hence, to charge with impropriety; to dishonor; to bring discredit on; to call in question; as to impeach one’s motives or conduct. “And doth impeach the freedom of the state.” Shak. 4. (Law) To challenge or discredit the credibility of, as of a witness, or the validity of, as of commercial paper. When used in law with reference to a witness, the term signifies, to discredit, to show or prove unreliable or unworthy of belief; when used in reference to the credit of witness, the term denotes, to impair, to lessen, to disparage, to destroy. The credit of a witness may be impeached by showing that he has made statements out of court contradictory to what he swears at the trial, or by showing that his reputation for veracity is bad, etc. Syn. — To accuse; arraign; censure; criminate; indict; impair; disparage; discredit. See Accuse.

Im•peach´, n. Hindrance; impeachment. [Obs.]

Im•peach´a•ble , a. That may be impeached; liable to impeachment; chargeable with a crime. “Owners of lands in fee simple are not impeachable for waste.” Z. Swift.

Im•peach´er , n. One who impeaches.

Im•peach´ment , n. [Cf. F. empêchement.] The act of impeaching, or the state of being impeached; as: (a) Hindrance; impediment; obstruction. [Obs.] “Willing to march on to Calais,
Without impeachment.” Shak. (b) A calling to account; arraignment; especially, of a public officer for maladministration. “The consequence of Coriolanus’ impeachment had like to have been fatal to their state.” Swift. (c) A calling in question as to purity of motives, rectitude of conduct, credibility, etc.; accusation; reproach; as an impeachment of motives. Shak. In England, it is the privilege or right of the House of Commons to impeach, and the right of the House of Lords to try and determine impeachments. In the United States, it is the right of the House of Representatives to impeach, and of the Senate to try and determine impeachments. Articles of impeachment. See under Article. — Impeachment of waste (Law), restraint from, or accountability for, injury; also a suit for damages for injury. Abbott.

Im•pearl´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impearled p. pr. & vb. n. Impearling.] [Pref. im- in + pearl: cf. F. emperler.] 1. To form into pearls, or into that which resembles pearls. [Poetic] “Dewdrops which the sun
Impearls on every leaf and every flower.” Milton. 2. To decorate as with pearls or with anything resembling pearls. [Poetic] “With morning dews impearled.” Mrs. Browning. “The dews of the morning impearl every thorn.” R. Digby.

Im•pec•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impeccabilite.] The quality of being impeccable; exemption from sin, error, or offense. “Infallibility and impeccability are two of his attributes.” Pope.

Im•pec´ca•ble , a. [L. impeccabilis; pref. im- not + peccare to err, to sin: cf. F. impeccable.] Not liable to sin; exempt from the possibility of doing wrong. — n. One who is impeccable; esp., one of a sect of Gnostic heretics who asserted their sinlessness. “God is infallible, impeccable, and absolutely perfect.” P. Skelton.

Im•pec´can•cy , n. Sinlessness. Bp. Hall.

Im•pec´cant , a. Sinless; impeccable. Byron.

Im•pe•cu•ni•os´i•ty , n. The state of being impecunious. Thackeray. Sir W. Scott.

Im´pe•cu´ni•ous , a. [L. im- not + pecunia money: cf. F. impecunieux.] Not having money; habitually without money; poor. “An impecunious creature.” B. Jonson.

Im•pede´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impeding.] [L. impedire, lit., to entangle the feet; pref. im- in + pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Impeach.] To hinder; to stop in progress; to obstruct; as to impede the advance of troops. “Whatever hinders or impedes
The action of the nobler will.” Logfellow.

Im•ped´i•ble , a. Capable of being impeded or hindered. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•ped´i•ment , n. [L. impedimentum: cf. F. impediment.] That which impedes or hinders progress, motion, activity, or effect. “Thus far into the bowels of the land
Have we marched on without impediment.” Shak. Impediment in speech, a defect which prevents distinct utterance. Syn. — Hindrance; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; incumbrance. — Impediment, Obstacle, Difficulty, Hindrance. An impediment literally strikes against our feet, checking our progress, and we remove it. An obstacle rises before us in our path, and we surmount or remove it. A difficulty sets before us something hard to be done, and we encounter it and overcome it. A hindrance holds us back for a time, but we break away from it. “The eloquence of Demosthenes was to Philip of Macedon, a difficulty to be met with his best resources, an obstacle to his own ambition, and an impediment in his political career.” C. J. Smith.

Im•ped´i•ment, v. t. To impede. [R.] Bp. Reynolds.

Im•ped•i•men´tal , a. Of the nature of an impediment; hindering; obstructing; impeditive. “Things so impedimental to success.” G. H. Lewes.

Im´pe•dite , a. [L. impeditus, p. p. See Impede.] Hindered; obstructed. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im´pe•dite, v. t. To impede. [Obs.] Boyle.

Im´pe•di´tion , n. [L. impeditio.] A hindering; a hindrance. [Obs.] Baxier.

Im•ped´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. impeditif.] Causing hindrance; impeding. ´Cumbersome, and impeditive of motion.´ Bp. Hall.

Im•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impelled p. pr. & vb. n. Impelling.] [L. impellere; pref. im- in + pellere, pulsum, to drive. See Pulse a beat, and cf. Impulse.] To drive or urge forward or on; to press on; to incite to action or motion in any way. “The surge impelled me on a craggy coast.” Pope. Syn. — To instigate; incite; induce; influence; force; drive; urge; actuate; move.

Im•pel´lent , a. [L. impellens, p. pr. of impellere.] Having the quality of impelling.

Im•pel´lent, n. An impelling power or force. Glanvill.

Im•pel´ler , n. One who, or that which, impels.

Im•pen´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impenned and Impent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Impenning.] To shut up or inclose, as in a pen. Feltham.

Im•pend´ , v. t. [L. impendere; pref. im- in + pendere to weigh out, pay.] To pay. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Im•pend´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Impended; p. pr. & vb. n. Impending.] [L. impendere; pref. im- in + pendere to hang. See Pendant.] To hang over; to be suspended above; to threaten from near at hand; to menace; to be imminent. See Imminent. “Destruction sure o’er all your heads impends.” Pope. { Im•pend´ence , Im•pend´en•cy } n. The state of impending; also that which impends. ´Impendence of volcanic cloud.´ Ruskin.

Im•pend´ent , a. [L. impendens, p. pr. of impendere.] Impending; threatening. “Impendent horrors, threatening hideous fall.” Milton.

Im•pend´ing, a. Hanging over; overhanging; suspended so as to menace; imminet; threatening. “An impending brow.” Hawthorne. “And nodding Ilion waits th’ impending fall.” Pope. Syn. — Imminent; threatening. See Imminent.

Im•pen•e•tra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impenetrabilite.] 1. Quality of being impenetrable. 2. (Physics) That property in virtue of which two portions of matter can not at the same time occupy the same portion of space. 3. Insusceptibility of intellectual or emotional impression; obtuseness; stupidity; coldness.

Im•pen´e•tra•ble , a. [L. impenetrabilis; pref. im- not + penetrabilis penetrable: cf. F. impenetrable.] 1. Incapable of being penetrated or pierced; not admitting the passage of other bodies; not to be entered; impervious; as an impenetrable shield. “Highest woods impenetrable
To star or sunlight.” Milton. 2. (Physics) Having the property of preventing any other substance from occupying the same space at the same time. 3. Inaccessible, as to knowledge, reason, sympathy, etc.; unimpressible; not to be moved by arguments or motives; as an impenetrable mind, or heart. “They will be credulous in all affairs of life, but impenetrable by a sermon of the gospel.” Jer. Taylor.

Im•pen´e•tra•ble•ness , n. The quality of being impenetrable; impenetrability.

Im•pen´e•tra•bly, adv. In an impenetrable manner or state; imperviously. ´Impenetrably armed.´ Milton. ´Impenetrably dull.´ Pope.

Im•pen´i•tence , n. [L. impenitentia: cf. F. impenitence.] The condition of being impenitent; failure or refusal to repent; hardness of heart. “He will advance from one degree of wickedness and impenitence to another.” Rogers.

Im•pen´i•ten•cy , n. Impenitence. Milton.

Im•pen´i•tent , a. [L. impaenitens; pref. im- not + paenitens penitens: cf. F. impenitent. See Penitent.] Not penitent; not repenting of sin; not contrite; of a hard heart. ´They … died impenitent.´ Milton. ´A careless and impenitent heart.´ Bp. Hall.

Im•pen´i•tent, n. One who is not penitent. [R.]

Im•pen´i•tent•ly, adv. Without repentance.

Im•pen´nate , a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by short wings covered with feathers resembling scales, as the penguins. — n. One of the Impennes.

Im•pen´nes , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pref. im- not + penna feather.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including only the penguins, in which the wings are without quills, and not suited for flight.

Im•pen´nous a. [L. pref. im- not + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) Having no wings, as some insects.

Im•peo´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeopled p. pr. & vb. n. Impeopling ] [See Empeople.] To people; to give a population to. [Obs.] “Thou hast helped to impeople hell.” Beaumont.

Im´pe•rant , a. [L. imperans, p. pr. of imperare to command.] Commanding. [R.] Baxter.

Im´pe•rate , a. [L. imperatus, p. p. of imperare to command.] Done by express direction; not involuntary; communded. [Obs.] “Those imperate acts, wherein we see the empire of the soul.” Sir M. Hale.

Im•per•a•ti´val , a. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to the imperative mood.

Im•per´a•tive , a. [L. imperativus, fr. imperare to command; pref. im- in + parare to make ready, prepare: cf. F. imperatif. See Perade, and cf. Empire.] 1. Expressive of command; containing positive command; authoritatively or absolutely directive; commanding; authoritative; as imperative orders. “The suit of kings are imperative.” Bp. Hall. 2. Not to be avoided or evaded; obligatory; binding; compulsory; as an imperative duty or order. 3. (Gram.) Expressive of commund, entreaty, advice, or exhortation; as the imperative mood.

Im•per´a•tive, n. (Gram.) The imperative mood; also a verb in the imperative mood.

Im•per´a•tive•ly, adv. In an imperative manner.

Im•pe•ra´tor , n. [L. See Emperor.] (Rom. Antiq.) A commander; a leader; an emperor; — originally an appellation of honor by which Roman soldiers saluted their general after an important victory. Subsequently the title was conferred as a recognition of great military achievements by the senate, whence it carried wiht it some special privileges. After the downfall of the Republic it was assumed by Augustus and his successors, and came to have the meaning now attached to the word emperor.

Im•per•a•to´ri•al , a. [L. imperatorius.] 1. Commanding; imperative; authoritative. 2. Of or pertaining to the title or office of imperator. ´Imperatorial laurels.´ C. Merivale.

Im•per•a•to´ri•an , a. Imperial. [R.] Gauden.

Im•per´a•to•ry , a. Imperative. [R.]

Im•per•ceiv´a•ble , a. Imperceptible. [R.] South. — Im•per•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. Sharp.

Im•per•ceived´ , a. Not perceived. [Obs.]

Im•per•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperceptible.

Im•per•cep´ti•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + perceptible: cf. F. imperceptible.] Not perceptible; not to be apprehended or cognized by the senses; not discernible by the mind; not easily apprehended. “Almost imperceptible to the touch.” Dryden. “Its operation is slow, and in some cases almost imperceptible.” Burke. — Im•per•cep´ti•ble•ness, n. — Im•per•cep´ti•bly, adv. “Their … subtilty and imperceptibleness.” Sir M. Hale.

Im•per•cep´tion , n. Want of perception.

Im•per•cep´tive , a. Unable to perceive. “The imperceptive part of the soul.” Dr. H. More.

Im•per•cip´i•ent , a. Not perceiving, or not able to perceive. A. Baxter.

Im•per•di•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperdible. [Obs.] Derham.

Im•per´di•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + L. perdere to destroy.] Not destructible. [Obs.] — Im•per´di•bly, adv. [Obs.]

Im•per´fect , a. [L. imperfectus: pref. im- not + perfectus perfect: cf. F imparfait, whence OE. imparfit. See Perfect.] 1. Not perfect; not complete in all its parts; wanting a part; deective; deficient. “Something he left imperfect in the state.” Shak. “Why, then, your other senses grow imperfect.” Shak. 2. Wanting in some elementary organ that is essential to successful or normal activity. “He … stammered like a child, or an amazed, imperfect person.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Not fulfilling its design; not realizing an ideal; not conformed to a standard or rule; not satisfying the taste or conscience; esthetically or morally defective. “Nothing imperfect or deficient left
Of all that he created.” Milton. “Then say not man’s imperfect, Heaven in fault;
Say rather, man’s as perfect as he ought.” Pope. Imperfect arch, an arch of less than a semicircle; a skew arch. — Imperfect cadence (Mus.), one not ending with the tonic, but with the dominant or some other chord; one not giving complete rest; a half close. — Imperfect consonances (Mus.), chords like the third and sixth, whose ratios are less simple than those of the fifth and forth. — Imperfect flower (Bot.), a flower wanting either stamens or pistils. Gray. — Imperfect interval (Mus.), one a semitone less than perfect; as an imperfect fifth. — Imperfect number (Math.), a number either greater or less than the sum of its several divisors; in the former case, it is called also a defective number; in the latter, an abundant number. — Imperfect obligations (Law), obligations as of charity or gratitude, which cannot be enforced by law. — Imperfect power (Math.), a number which can not be produced by taking any whole number or vulgar fraction, as a factor, the number of times indicated by the power; thus, 9 is a perfect square, but an imperfect cube. — Imperfect tense (Gram.), a tense expressing past time and incomplete action.

Im•per´fect , n. (Gram.) The imperfect tense; or the form of a verb denoting the imperfect tense.

Im•per´fect, v. t. To make imperfect. [Obs.]

Im•per•fec•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperfectible. [R.]

Im•per•fec´ti•ble , a. Incapable of being made perfect. [R.]

Im•per•fec´tion , n. [L. imperfectio: cf. F. imperfection. See Imperfect, a.] The quality or condition of being imperfect; want of perfection; incompleteness; deficiency; fault or blemish. “Sent to my account
With all my imperfections on my head.” Shak. Syn. — Defect; deficiency; incompleteness; fault; failing; weakness; frailty; foible; blemish; vice.

Im•per´fect•ness, n. The state of being imperfect.

Im•per´fo•ra•ble , a. [See Imperforate.] Incapable of being perforated, or bored through.

Im•per´fo•ra´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Imperforate.] (Zoöl.) A division of Foraminifera, including those in which the shell is not porous. { Im•per´fo•rate , Im•per´fo•ra´ted } a. [L. pref. im- not + perforatus, p. p. of perforate to perforate. See Perforate.] Not perforated; having no opening or aperture. Sir J. Banks.

Im•per•fo•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. imperforation.] The state of being without perforation.

Im•pe´ri•al , a. [OE. emperial, OF. emperial, F. imperial, fr. L. imperialis, fr. imperium command, sovereignty, empire. See Empire.] 1. Of or pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor; as an imperial government; imperial authority or edict. “The last
That wore the imperial diadem of Rome.” Shak. 2. Belonging to, or suitable to, supreme authority, or one who wields it; royal; sovereign; supreme. ´The imperial democracy of Athens.´ Mitford. “Who, as Ulysses says, opinion crowns
With an imperial voice.” Shak. “To tame the proud, the fetter’d slave to free,
These are imperial arts, and worthy thee.” Dryden. “He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle.” E. Everett. 3. Of superior or unusual size or excellence; as imperial paper; imperial tea, etc. Imperial bushel, gallon, etc. See Bushel, Gallon, etc. — Imperial chamber, the, the sovereign court of the old German empire. — Imperial city, under the first German empire, a city having no head but the emperor. — Imperial diet, an assembly of all the states of the German empire. — Imperial drill. (Manuf.) See under 8th Drill. — Imperial eagle. (Zoöl.) See Eagle. — Imperial green. See Paris green, under Green. — Imperial guard, the royal guard instituted by Napoleon I. - - Imperial weights and measures, the standards legalized by the British Parliament.

Im•pe´ri•al, n. [F. imperiale: cf. Sp. imperial.] 1. The tuft of hair on a man’s lower lip and chin; — so called from the style of beard of Napoleon III. 2. An outside seat on a diligence. T. Hughes. 3. A luggage case on the top of a coach. Simmonds. 4. Anything of unusual size or excellence, as a large decanter, a kind of large photograph, a large sheet of drawing, printing, or writing paper, etc. 5. A gold coin of Russia worth ten rubles, or about eight dollars. McElrath. 6. A kind of fine cloth brought into England from Greece. or other Eastern countries, in the Middle Ages.

Im•pe´ri•al•ism , n. The power or character of an emperor; imperial authority; the spirit of empire. “Roman imperialism had divided the world.” C. H. Pearson.

Im•pe´ri•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. imperialiste.] One who serves an emperor; one who favors imperialism.

Im•pe•ri•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Imperialities . 1. Imperial power. 2. An imperial right or privilegs. See Royalty. “The late empress having, by ukases of grace, relinquished her imperialities on the private mines, viz., the tenths of the copper, iron, silver and gold.” W. Tooke.

Im•pe´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperialized p. pr. & vb. n. Imperializing ] To invest with imperial authority, character, or style; to bring to the form of an empire. Fuller.

Im•pe´ri•al•ly, adv. In an imperial manner.

Im•pe´ri•al•ly , n. Imperial power. [R.] Sheldon.

Im•per´il , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperiled or Imperilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Imperiling or Imperilling.] To bring into peril; to endanger.

Im•per´il•ment , n. The act of imperiling, or the state of being imperiled.

Im•pe´ri•ous , a. [L. imperiosus: cf. F. imperieux. See Imperial.] 1. Commanding; ascendant; imperial; lordly; majestic. [Obs.] ´A vast and imperious mind.´ Tilloison. “Therefore, great lords, be, as your titles witness,
Imperious.” Shak. 2. Haughly; arrogant; overbearing; as an imperious tyrant; an imperious manner. “This imperious man will work us all
From princes into pages.” Shak. “His bold, contemptuous, and imperious spirit soon made him conspicuous.” Macaulay. 3. Imperative; urgent; compelling. “Imperious need, which can not be withstood.” Dryden. Syn. — Dictatorial; haughty; domineering; overbearing; lordly; tyrannical; despotic; arrogant; imperative; authoritative; commanding; pressing. — Imperious, Lordly, Domineering. One who is imperious exercises his authority in a manner highly offensive for its spirit and tone; one who is lordly assumes a lofty air in order to display his importance; one who is domineering gives orders in a way to make others feel their inferiority.

Im•pe´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an imperious manner.

Im•pe´ri•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being imperious; arrogance; haughtiness. “Imperiousness and severity is but an ill way of treating men who have reason of their own to guide them.” Locke.

Im•per•ish•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being imperishable: indstructibility. ´The imperishability of the universe.´ Milman.

Im•per´ish•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + perishable: cf. F. imperissable.] Not perishable; not subject to decay; indestructible; enduring permanently; as an imperishable monument; imperishable renown. — Im•per´ish•a•ble•ness, n. — Im•per´ish•a•bly, adv.

Im•per´i´wigged , a. Wearing a periwig. { Im•per´ma•nence , Im•per´ma•nen•cy } n. lack of permanence.

Im•per´ma•nent , a. Not permanent.

Im•per•me•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Pref. im- not + permeability: cf. F. impermeabilite.] The quality of being impermeable.

Im•per´me•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + permeable: cf. F. impermeable, L. impermeabilis.] Not permeable; not permitting passage, as of a fluid. through its substance; impervious; impenetrable; as India rubber is impermeable to water and to air. — Im•per´me•a•ble•ness, n. — Im•per´me•a•bly, adv.

Im•per•mis´si•ble , a. Not permissible.

Im•per•scru´ta•ble , a. [L. imperscrutabilis.] Not capable of being searched out; inscrutable. [Obs.] — Im•per•scru´ta•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•per•sev´er•ant , a. Not persevering; fickle; thoughtless. [Obs.]

Im•per´son•al , a. [L. impersonalis; pref. im- not + personalis personal: cf. F. impersonnel. See Personal.] Not personal; not representing a person; not having personality. “An almighty but impersonal power, called Fate.” Sir J. Stephen. Impersonal verb (Gram.), a verb used with an indeterminate subject, commonly, in English, with the impersonal pronoun it; as it rains; it snows; methinks (it seems to me). Many verbs which are not strictly impersonal are often used impersonally; as it goes well with him.

Im•per´son•al, n. That which wants personality; specifically (Gram.), an impersonal verb.

Im•per•son•al´i•ty , n. The quality of being impersonal; want or absence of personality.

Im•per´son•al•ly , adv. In an impersonal manner.

Im•per´son•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impersonated p. pr. & vb. n. Impersonating.] 1. To invest with personality; to endow with the form of a living being. 2. To ascribe the qualities of a person to; to personify. 3. To assume, or to represent, the person or character of; to personate; as he impersonated Macbeth. “Benedict impersonated his age.” Milman. { Im•per•son•a´tion , Im•per•son•i•fi•ca´tion } n. The act of impersonating; personification; investment with personality; representation in a personal form.

Im•per´son•a•tor , n. One who impersonates; an actor; a mimic.

Im•per•spi•cu´i•ty , n. Want of perspicuity or clearness; vagueness; ambiguity.

Im•per•spic´u•ous , a. Not perspicuous; not clear; obscure; vague; ambiguous.

Im•per•suad´a•ble , a. [Cf. Impersuasible.] Not to be persuaded; obstinate; unyielding; impersuasible. — Im•per•suad´a•ble•ness, n.

Im•per•sua´si•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + persuasible: cf. OF. impersuasible.] Not persuasible; not to be moved by persuasion; inflexible; impersuadable. Dr. H. More. — Im•per•sua•si•bil´i•ty (#), n.

Im•per´ti•nence , n. [Cf. F. impertinence. See Impertinent.] 1. The condition or quality of being impertinent; absence of pertinence, or of adaptedness; irrelevance; unfitness. 2. Conduct or language unbecoming the person, the society, or the circumstances; rudeness; incivility. “We should avoid the vexation and impertinence of pedants who affect to talk in a language not to be understood.” Swift. 3. That which is impertinent; a thing out of place, or of no value. “There are many subtile impertinences learned in schools.” Watts.

Im•per´ti•nen•cy , n. Impertinence. [R.] “O, matter and impertinency mixed!
Reason in madness!” Shak.

Im•per´ti•nent , a. [F., fr. L. impertinens, -entis; pref. im- not + pertinens. See Pertinent.] 1. Not pertinent; not pertaining to the matter in hand; having no bearing on the subject; not to the point; irrelevant; inapplicable. “Things that are impertinent to us.” Tillotson. “How impertinent that grief was which served no end!” Jer. Taylor. 2. Contrary to, or offending against, the rules of propriety or good breeding; guilty of, or prone to, rude, unbecoming, or uncivil words or actions; as an impertient coxcomb; an impertient remark. 3. Trifing; inattentive; frivolous. Syn. — Rude; officious; intrusive; saucy; unmannerly; meddlesome; disrespectful; impudent; insolent. — Impertinent, Officious, Rude. A person is officious who obtrudes his offices or assistance where they are not needed; he is impertinent when he intermeddles in things with which he has no concern. The former shows a want of tact, the latter a want of breeding, or, more commonly, a spirit of sheer impudence. A person is rude when he violates the proprieties of social life either from ignorance or wantonness. ´An impertinent man will ask questions for the mere gratification of curiosity; a rude man will burst into the room of another, or push against his person, inviolant of all decorum; one who is officious is quite as unfortunate as he is troublesome; when he strives to serve, he has the misfortune to annoy.´ Crabb. See Impudence, and Insolent.

Im•per´ti•nent, n. An impertinent person. [R.]

Im•per´ti•nent•ly, adv. In an impertinent manner. ´Not to betray myself impertinently.´ B. Jonson.

Im•per•tran•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being impertransible. [R.]

Im•per•tran´si•ble , a. [L. pref. im- not + pertransire to go through. See Per- and Transient.] Incapable of being passed through. [R.]

Im•per•turb•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being imperturbable.
[1913 Webster]

Im•per•turb´a•ble , a. [L. imperturbabilis; pref. im- not + perturbare to disturb: cf. F. imperturbable. See Perture.] Incapable of being disturbed or disconcerted; as imperturbable gravity.

Im•per•turb´a•bly, adv. In an imperturbable manner; calmly. C. Bronte.

Im•per•tur•ba´tion , n. [L. imperturbatio.] Freedom from agitation of mind; calmness; quietude. W. Montagu.

Im•per•turbed´ , a. Not perturbed.

Im•per•vi•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being imperviable.

Im•per´vi•a•ble , a. Not pervious; impervious. [R.] — Im•per´vi•a•ble•ness, n. [R.]

Im•per´vi•ous , a. [L. impervius; pref. im- not + per through + via way. See Voyage.] Not pervious; not admitting of entrance or passage through; as a substance impervious to water or air. “This gulf impassable, impervious.” Milton. “The minds of these zealots were absolutely impervious.” Macaulay. Syn. — Impassable; pathless; impenetrable; imperviable; impermeable. — Im•per´vi•ous•ly, adv. — Im•per´vi•ous•ness, n.

Im´per•y , n. Empery. [Archaic] Joye.

Im•pest´ , v. t. To affict with pestilence; to infect, as with plague. [Obs.]

Im•pes´ter , v. t. See Pester. [Obs.]

Im•pe•tig´i•nous , a. [L. impetiginous: cf. F. impetigineux.] Of the nature of, or pertaining to, impetigo.

Im•pe•ti´go , n. [L., fr. impetere to attack.] (Med.) A cutaneous, pustular eruption, not attended with fever; usually, a kind of eczema with pustulation.

Im´pe•tra•ble a. [L. impetrabilis: cf. F. impetrable. See Impetrate.] Capable of being obtained or moved by petition. [Obs.] Bailey.

Im´pe•trate , a. [L. impetratus, p. p. of impetrare to obtain; pref. im- in + patrare to bring to pass.] Obtained by entreaty. [Obs.] Ld. Herbert.

Im´pe•trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impetrated p. pr. & vb. n. Impetrating ] To obtain by request or entreaty. Usher.

Im•pe•tra´tion , n. [L. impetratio: cf. F. impetration.] 1. The act of impetrating, or obtaining by petition or entreaty. [Obs.] “In way of impertation procuring the removal or allevation of our crosses.” Barrow. 2. (Old Eng. Law) The obtaining of benefice from Rome by solicitation, which benefice belonged to the disposal of the king or other lay patron of the realm.

Im´pe•tra•tive , a. [L. impetrativus obtained by entreaty.] Of the nature of impetration; getting, or tending to get, by entreaty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im´pe•tra•to•ry , a. Containing or expressing entreaty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•pet•u•os´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. impetuosite.] 1. The condition or quality of being impetuous; fury; violence. 2. Vehemence, or furiousnes of temper. Shak.

Im•pet´u•ous , a. [F. impetueux, L. impetuosus. See Impetus.] 1. Rushing with force and violence; moving with impetus; furious; forcible; violent; as an impetuous wind; an impetuous torrent. “Went pouring forward with impetuous speed.” Byron. 2. Vehement in feeling; hasty; passionate; violent; as a man of impetuous temper. “The people, on their holidays,
Impetuous, insolent, unquenchable.” Milton. Syn. — Forcible; rapid; hasty; precipitate; furious; boisterous; violent; raging; fierce; passionate. — Im•pet´u•ous•ly, adv. — Im•pet´u•ous•ness, n.

Im´pe•tus , n. [L., fr. impetere to rush upon, attack; pref. im- in + petere to fall upon, seek. See Petition.] 1. A property possessed by a moving body in virtue of its weight and its motion; the force with which any body is driven or impelled; momentum. Momentum is the technical term, impetus its popular equivalent, yet differing from it as applied commonly to bodies moving or moved suddenly or violently, and indicating the origin and intensity of the motion, rather than its quantity or effectiveness. 2. Fig.: Impulse; incentive; vigor; force. Buckle. 3. (Gun.) The altitude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece.

Im´pey•an pheas´ant (im´pi•an fez´ant). [From Lady Impey, who attempted to naturalize the bird in England.] (Zoöl.) An Indian crested pheasant of the genus Lophophorus. Several species are known. Called also monaul, monal. They are remarkable for the bright color and brilliant matallic hues of their plumage. The best known species (L. Impeyanus) has the neck of a brilliant metallic red, changing to golden yellow in certain lights.

Im´phee (im´fe), n. (Bot.) The African sugar cane (Holcus saccharatus), — resembling the sorghum, or Chinese sugar cane.

Im•pic´tured (im•pik´turd; 135), a. Pictured; impressed. [Obs.] Spenser.

Im•pierce´ (im•pers´), v. t. [Pref. im- in + pierce. Cf. Empierce.] To pierce; to penetrate. [Obs.] Drayton.

Im•pierce´a•ble (-a•b’l) a. Not capable of being pierced; impenetrable. [Obs.] Spenser.

Im•pi´e•ty (im•pi´e•ty), n.; pl. Impieties (- tiz). [L. impietas, fr. impius impious; cf. F. impiete. See Impious, Piety.] 1. The quality of being impious; want of piety; irreverence toward the Supreme Being; ungodliness; wickedness. 2. An impious act; an act of wickedness. “Those impieties for the which they are now visited.” Shak. Syn. — Ungodliness; irreligion; unrighteousness; sinfulness; profaneness; wickedness; godlessness.

Im•pig´no•rate (im•pig´no•rat), v. t. [LL. impignoratus, p. pl of impignorare to pawn. See Pignoration.] To pledge or pawn. [Obs.] Laing.

Im•pig•no•ra´tion (-ra´shun), n. [LL. impignoratio: cf. F. impignoration.] The act of pawning or pledging; the state of being pawned. [Obs.] Bailey.

Imp´ing (imp´ing), n. [See Imp to graft.] 1. The act or process of grafting or mending. [Archaic] 2. (Falconry) The process of repairing broken feathers or a deficient wing.

Im•pinge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impinged p. pr. & vb. n. Impinging ] [L. impingere; pref. im- in + pangere to fix, strike; prob. akin to pacisci to agree, contract. See Pact, and cf. Impact.] To fall or dash against; to touch upon; to strike; to hit; to clash with; — with on or upon. “The cause of reflection is not the impinging of light on the solid or impervious parts of bodies.” Sir I. Newton. “But, in the present order of things, not to be employed without impinging on God’s justice.” Bp. Warburton.

Im•pinge´ment , n. The act of impinging.

Im•pin´gent , a. [L. impingens, p. pr.] Striking against or upon.

Im•pin´guate , v. t. [L. impinguatus, p. p. of impinguare to fatten; pref. im- in + pinguis fat.] To fatten; to make fat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im•pin•gua´tion , n. The act of making fat, or the state of being fat or fattened. [Obs.]

Im´pi•ous , a. [L. impius; pref. im- not + pius piou. See Pious.] Not pious; wanting piety; irreligious; irreverent; ungodly; profane; wanting in reverence for the Supreme Being; as an impious deed; impious language. “When vice prevails, and impious men bear away,
The post of honor is a private station.” Addison. Syn. — Impious, Irreligious, Profane. Irreligious is negative, impious and profane are positive. An indifferent man may be irreligious; a profane man is irreverent in speech and conduct; an impious man is wickedly and boldly defiant in the strongest sense. Profane also has the milder sense of secular. C. J. Smith. — Im´pi•ous•ly, adv. — Im´pi•ous•ness, n.

Im´pire , n. See Umpire. [Obs.] Huloet.

Imp´ish (imp´ish), a. Having the qualities, or showing the characteristics, of an imp.

Imp´ish•ly, adv. In the manner of an imp.

Im•pit´e•ous , a. Pitiless; cruel. [Obs.]

Im•pla•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [L. implacabilitas: cf. F. implacabilite.] The quality or state of being implacable.

Im•pla´ca•ble , a. [L. implacabilis; pref. im- not + placabilis: cf. F. implacable. See Placable.] 1. Not placable; not to be appeased; incapable of being pacified; inexorable; as an implacable prince. “I see thou art implacable.” Milton. “An object of implacable enmity.” Macaulay. 2. Incapable of being relieved or assuaged; inextinguishable. [R.] “O! how I burn with implacable fire.” Spenser. “Which wrought them pain
Implacable, and many a dolorous groan.” Milton. Syn. — Unappeasable; inexorable; irreconcilable; unrelenting; relentless; unyielding.

Im•pla´ca•ble•ness , n. The quality of being implacable; implacability.

Im•pla´ca•bly, adv. In an implacable manner.

Im•pla•cen´tal , a. (Zoöl.) Without a placenta, as marsupials and monotremes. — n. A mammal having no placenta.

Im•pla•cen•ta´li•a , n. pl. [NL. See In- not, and Placental.] (Zoöl.) A primary division of the Mammalia, including the monotremes and marsupials, in which no placenta is formed.

Im•plant´ v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Implanting.] [Pref. im- in + plant: cf. F. implanter.] To plant, or infix, for the purpose of growth; to fix deeply; to instill; to inculate; to introduce; as to implant the seeds of virtue, or the principles of knowledge, in the minds of youth. “Minds well implanted with solid … breeding.” Milton.

Im•plan•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. implantation.] The act or process of implanting.

Im•plate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implated; p. pr. & vb. n. Implating.] To cover with plates; to sheathe; as to implate a ship with iron.

Im•plau•si•bil´i•ty , n. Want of plausibility; the quality of being implausible.

Im•plau´si•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + plausible: cf. F. implausible.] Not plausible; not wearing the appearance of truth or credibility, and not likely to be believed. ´Implausible harangues.´ Swift. — Im•plau´si•ble•ness, n. — Im•plau´si•bly, adv.

Im•pleach´ , v. t. To pleach; to interweave. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•plead´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impleaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impleading.] [Cf. Emplead.] (Law) To institute and prosecute a suit against, in court; to sue or prosecute at law; hence, to accuse; to impeach.

Im•plead´, v. i. To sue at law.

Im•plead´a•ble , a. Not admitting excuse, evasion, or plea; rigorous. [R.] T. Adams.

Im•plead´er , n. (Law) One who prosecutes or sues another.

Im•pleas´ing , a. Unpleasing; displeasing. [Obs.] Overbury.

Im•pledge´ , v. t. To pledge. Sir W. Scott.

Im´ple•ment (im´ple•ment), n. [LL. implementum accomplishment, fr. L. implere, impletum, to fill up, finish, complete; pref. im- in + plere to fill. The word was perh. confused with OF. empleier, emploier, to employ, F. employer, whence E. employ. See Plenty.] That which fulfills or supplies a want or use; esp., an instrument, tool, or utensil, as supplying a requisite to an end; as the implements of trade, of husbandry, or of war. “Genius must have talent as its complement and implement.” Coleridge.

Im´ple•ment, v. t. 1. To accomplish; to fulfill. [R.] “Revenge … executed and implemented by the hand of Vanbeest Brown.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To provide with an implement or implements; to cause to be fulfilled, satisfied, or carried out, by means of an implement or implements. “The chief mechanical requisites of the barometer are implemented in such an instrument as the following.” Nichol. 3. (Scots Law) To fulfill or perform, as a contract or an engagement.

Im•ple•men´tal , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, implements or their use; mechanical.

Im•ple´tion , n. [L. impletio. See Implement.] 1. The act of filling, or the state of being full. Sir T. Browne. 2. That which fills up; filling. Coleridge.

Im´plex , a. [L. implexus, p. p. of implectere to infold; pref. im- in + plectere to plait: cf. F implexe.] Intricate; entangled; complicated; complex. “The fable of every poem is … simple or implex. it is called simple when there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad.” Addison.

Im•plex´ion , n. [L. implexio.] Act of involving, or state of being involved; involution.

Im•pli´a•ble , a. Not pliable; inflexible; unyielding.

Im´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implicated p. pr. & vb. n. Implicating.] [L. implicatus, p. p. of implicare to involve; pref. im- in + plicare to fold. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicit.] 1. To infold; to fold together; to interweave. “The meeting boughs and implicated leaves.” Shelley. 2. To bring into connection with; to involve; to connect; — applied to persons, in an unfavorable sense; as the evidence implicates many in this conspiracy; to be implicated in a crime, a discreditable transaction, a fault, etc.

Im•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. implicatio: cf. F. implication.] 1. The act of implicating, or the state of being implicated. “Three principal causes of firmness are. the grossness, the quiet contact, and the implication of component parts.” Boyle. 2. An implying, or that which is implied, but not expressed; an inference, or something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words. “Whatever things, therefore, it was asserted that the king might do, it was a necessary implication that there were other things which he could not do.” Hallam.

Im´pli•ca•tive , a. Tending to implicate.

Im´pli•ca•tive•ly, adv. By implication. Sir G. Buck.

Im•plic´it , a. [L. implicitus, p. p. of implicare to entwine, entangle, attach closely: cf. F. implicite. See Implicate.] 1. Infolded; entangled; complicated; involved. [Obs.] Milton. “In his woolly fleece
I cling implicit.” Pope. 2. Tacitly comprised; fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words; implied; as an implicit contract or agreement. South. 3. Resting on another; trusting in the word or authority of another, without doubt or reserve; unquestioning; complete; as implicit confidence; implicit obedience. “Back again to implicit faith I fall.” Donne. Implicit function. (Math.) See under Function.

Im•plic´it•ly , adv. 1. In an implicit manner; without reserve; with unreserved confidence. “Not to dispute the methods of his providence, but humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in and adore them.” Atterbury. 2. By implication; impliedly; as to deny the providence of God is implicitly to deny his existence. Bentley.

Im•plic´it•ness, n. State or quality of being implicit.

Im•plic´i•ty , n. Implicitness. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Im•plied´ , a. Virtually involved or included; involved in substance; inferential; tacitly conceded; — the correlative of express, or expressed. See Imply.

Im•pli´ed•ly , adv. By implication or inference. Bp. Montagu.

Im•plod´ed , a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. Ellis.

Im•plod´ent , n. (Phon.) An implosive sound. Ellis.

Im•plo•ra´tion , n. [L. imploratio: cf. OF. imploration. See Implore.] The act of imploring; earnest supplication. Bp. Hall.

Im´plo•ra•tor , n. One who implores. [Obs.] “Mere implorators of unholy suits.” Shak.

Im•plor´a•to•ry , a. Supplicatory; entreating. [R.] Carlyle.

Im•plore´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implored p. pr. & vb. n. Imploring.] [L. implorare; pref. im- in + plorare to cry aloud. See Deplore.] To call upon, or for, in supplication; to beseech; to pray to, or for, earnestly; to petition with urgency; to entreat; to beg; — followed directly by the word expressing the thing sought, or the person from whom it is sought. “Imploring all the gods that reign above.” Pope. “I kneel, and then implore her blessing.” Shak. Syn. — To beseech; supplicate; crave; entreat; beg; solicit; petition; prey; request; adjure. See Beseech.

Im•plore´, v. i. To entreat; to beg; to prey.

Im•plore´, n. Imploration. [Obs.] Spencer.

Im•plor´er , n. One who implores.

Im•plor´ing, a. That implores; beseeching; entreating. — Im•plor´ing•ly, adv.

Im•plo´sion , n. [Formed by substitution of pref. im- in for pref. ex- in explosion.] 1. A bursting inwards, as of a vessel from which the air has been exhausted; — contrasted with explosion. 2. (Phon.) A sudden compression of the air in the mouth, simultaneously with and affecting the sound made by the closure of the organs in uttering p, t, or k, at the end of a syllable (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§159, 189); also a similar compression made by an upward thrust of the larynx without any accompanying explosive action, as in the peculiar sound of b, d, and g, heard in Southern Germany. H. Sweet.

Im•plo´sive , a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. — n. An implosive sound, an implodent. — Im•plo´sive•ly, adv. H. Sweet.

Im•plumed´ , a. Not plumed; without plumes or feathers; featherless. [R.] Drayton.

Im•plunge´ , v. t. To plunge. Fuller.

Im•plu´vi•um , n. [L., fr. impluere to rain into; pref. im- in + pluere to rain.] (Arch.) In Roman dwellings, a cistern or tank, set in the atrium or peristyle to recieve the water from the roof, by means of the compluvium; generally made ornamental with flowers and works of art around its birm.

Im•ply´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implied p. pr. & vb. n. Implying.] [From the same source as employ. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Implicate, Apply.] 1. To infold or involve; to wrap up. [Obs.] ´His head in curls implied.´ Chapman. 2. To involve in substance or essence, or by fair inference, or by construction of law, when not include virtually; as war implies fighting. “Where a malicious act is proved, a malicious intention is implied.” Bp. Sherlock. “When a man employs a laborer to work for him, … the act of hiring implies an obligation and a promise that he shall pay him a reasonable reward for his services.” Blackstone. 3. To refer, ascribe, or attribute. [Obs.] “Whence might this distaste arise?” “If [from] neither your perverse and peevish will.
To which I most imply it.” J. Webster. Syn. — To involve; include; comprise; import; mean; denote; signify; betoken. See Involve.

Im•poi´son , v. t. [Cf. Empoison.] To poison; to imbitter; to impair.

Im•poi´son•er , n. A poisoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Im•poi´son•ment , n. [Cf. Empoisonment.] The act of poisoning or impoisoning. [Obs.] Pope. { Im•po´lar•i•ly , Im•po´lar•ly } adv. Not according to or in, the direction of the poles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•pol´i•cy , n. The quality of being impolitic; inexpedience; unsuitableness to the end proposed; bads policy; as the impolicy of fraud. Bp. Horsley.

Im•po•lite´ , a. [L. impolitus unpolishied, pref. im- not + politus, p. p. of polire to polish, refine. See Polite.] Not polite; not of polished manners; wanting in good manners; discourteous; uncivil; rude. — Im•po•lite´ly, adv. — Im•po•lite´ness, n.

Im•pol´i•tic , a. [Pref. im- not + politic; cf. F. impolitique.] Not politic; contrary to, or wanting in, policy; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; inexpedient; as an impolitic ruler, law, or measure. “The most unjust and impolitic of all things, unequal taxation.” Burke. Syn. — Indiscreet; inexpedient; undiplomatic.

Im•po•lit´i•cal , a. Impolitic. [Obs.] — Im•po•lit´i•cal•ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im•pol´i•tic•ly , adv. In an impolitic manner.

Im•pol´i•tic•ness, n. The quality of being impolitic.

Im•pon•der•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. imponderabilite.] The quality or state of being imponderable; imponderableness.

Im•pon´der•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + ponderable: cf. F. imponderable.] Not ponderable; without sensible or appreciable weight; incapable of being weighed.

Im•pon´der•a•ble, n. (Physics) An imponderable substance or body; specifically, in the plural, a name formerly applied to heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, regarded as subtile fluids destitute of weight but in modern science little used.

Im•pon´der•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being imponderable.

Im•pon´der•ous , a. Imponderable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Im•pon´der•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•pone´ , v. t. [L. imponere, impositum, to place upon; pref. im- in + ponere to place. See Position.] To stake; to wager; to pledge. [Obs.] “Against the which he has imponed, as I take it, six French rapiers and poniards.” Shak.

Im•poo´fo , n. (Zoöl.) The eland. [Written also impoofoo.]

Im•poon´ , n. (Zoöl.) The duykerbok.

Im•poor´ , v. t. To impoverish. [Obs.]

Im•po•ros´i•ty , n. [Perf. im- not + porosity: cf. F. imporosite.] The state or quality of being imporous; want of porosity; compactness. ´The … imporosity betwixt the tangible parts.´ Bacon.

Im•por´ous , a. Destitute of pores; very close or compact in texture; solid. Sir T. Browne.

Im•port´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imported; p. pr. & vb. n. Importing.] [L. importare to bring in, to occasion, to cause; pref. im- in + portare to bear. Sense 3 comes through F. importer, from the Latin. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bring in from abroad; to introduce from without; especially, to bring (wares or merchandise) into a place or country from a foreign country, in the transactions of commerce; — opposed to export. We import teas from China, coffee from Brasil, etc. 2. To carry or include, as meaning or intention; to imply; to signify. “Every petition … doth … always import a multitude of speakers together.” Hooker. 3. To be of importance or consequence to; to have a bearing on; to concern. “I have a motion much imports your good.” Shak. “If I endure it, what imports it you?” Dryden. Syn. — To denote; mean; signify; imply; indicate; betoken; interest; concern.

Im•port´, v. i. To signify; to purport; to be of moment. ´For that … importeth to the work.´ Bacon.

Im´port , n. 1. Merchandise imported, or brought into a country from without its boundaries; — generally in the plural, opposed to exports. “I take the imports from, and not the exports to, these conquests, as the measure of these advantages which we derived from them.” Burke. 2. That which a word, phrase, or document contains as its signification or intention or interpretation of a word, action, event, and the like. 3. Importance; weight; consequence. “Most serious design, and the great import.” Shak.

Im•port´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. importable. See Import.] Capable of being imported.

Im•port´a•ble, a. [L. importabilis; pref. im- not + portabilis bearable: cf. OF. importable. See Portable.] Not to be endured; insupportable; intolerable. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Im•port´a•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•por´tance , n. [F. importance. See Important.] 1. The quality or state of being important; consequence; weight; moment; significance. “Thy own importance know,
Nor bound thy narrow views to things below.” Pope. 2. Subject; matter. [Obs.] “Upon importance of so slight and trivial a nature.” Shak. 3. Import; meaning; significance. [Obs.] “The wisest beholder could not say if the importance were joy or sorrow.” Shak. 4. Importunity; solicitation. [Obs.] “At our importance hither is he come.” Shak.

Im•por´tan•cy , n. Importance; significance; consequence; that which is important. [Obs.] Shak. ´Careful to conceal importancies.´ Fuller.

Im•por´tant , a. [F. important. See Import, v. t.] 1. Full of, or burdened by, import; charged with great interests; restless; anxious. [Obs.] “Thou hast strength as much
As serves to execute a mind very important.” Chapman. 2. Carrying or possessing weight or consequence; of valuable content or bearing; significant; weighty. “Things small as nothing …
He makes important.” Shak. 3. Bearing on; forcible; driving. [Obs.] “He fiercely at him flew,
And with important outrage him assailed.” Spenser. 4. Importunate; pressing; urgent. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Weighty; momentous; significant; essential; necessary; considerable; influential; serious.

Im•por´tant•ly, adv. In an important manner.

Im•por•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. importation. See Import, v. t.] 1. The act of carrying, conveying, or delivering. [R.] 2. The act or practice of importing, or bringing into a country or state; — opposed to exportation. 3. That which is imported; commodities or wares introduced into a country from abroad.

Im•port´er , n. One who imports; the merchant who brings goods into a country or state; — opposed to exporter.

Im•port´ing, a. Full of meaning. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•port´less, a. Void of meaning. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•por´tu•na•ble , a. Heavy; insupportable. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Im•por´tu•na•cy , n. [From Importunate.] The quality of being importunate; importunateness.

Im•por´tu•nate , a. [See Importune.] 1. Troublesomely urgent; unreasonably solicitous; overpressing in request or demand; urgent; teasing; as an impotunate petitioner, curiosity. Whewell. 2. Hard to be borne; unendurable. [R.] Donne. — Im•por´tu•nate•ly, adv. — Im•por´tu•nate•ness, n.

Im•por´tu•na•tor , n. One who importunes; an importuner. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Im•por•tune´ , a. [F. importun, L. importunus; pref. im- not + a derivative from the root of portus harbor, importunus therefore orig. meaning, hard of access. See Port harbor, and cf. Importunate.] 1. Inopportune; unseasonable. [Obs.] 2. Troublesome; vexatious; persistent; urgent; hence, vexatious on account of untimely urgency or pertinacious solicitation. [Obs.] “And their importune fates all satisfied.” Spenser. “Of all other affections it [envy] is the most importune and continual.” Bacon.

Im•por•tune´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Importuned p. pr. & vb. n. Importuning.] [From Importune, a.: cf. F. importuner.] 1. To request or solicit, with urgency; to press with frequent, unreasonable, or troublesome application or pertinacity; hence, to tease; to irritate; to worry. “Their ministers and residents here have perpetually importuned the court with unreasonable demands.” Swift. 2. To import; to signify. [Obs.] ´It importunes death.´ Spenser.

Im•por•tune´, v. i. To require; to demand. [Obs.] “We shall write to you,
As time and our concernings shall importune.” Shak.

Im•por•tune´ly, adv. In an importune manner. [Obs.]

Im•por•tun´er , n. One who importunes.

Im•por•tu´ni•ty , n.; pl. Importunities (#). [L. importunitas unsuitableness, rudeness: cf. F. importunite.] The quality of being importunate; pressing or pertinacious solicitation; urgent request; incessant or frequent application; troublesome pertinacity. “O’ercome with importunity and tears.” Milton.

Im•por´tu•ous , a. [L. importuosus; pref. im- not + portuosus abounding in harbors, fr. portus harbor.] Without a port or harbor. [R.]

Im•pos´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. imposable.] Capable of being imposed or laid on. Hammond.

Im•pos´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being imposable.

Im•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposed p. pr. & vb. n. Imposing.] [F. imposer; pref. im- in + poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To lay on; to set or place; to put; to deposit. “Cakes of salt and barley [she] did impose
Within a wicker basket.” Chapman. 2. To lay as a charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, penalty, etc.; to enjoin; to levy; to inflict; as to impose a toll or tribute. “What fates impose, that men must needs abide.” Shak. “Death is the penalty imposed.” Milton. “Thou on the deep imposest nobler laws.” Waller. 3. (Eccl.) To lay on, as the hands, in the religious rites of confirmation and ordination. 4. (Print.) To arrange in proper order on a table of stone or metal and lock up in a chase for printing; — said of columns or pages of type, forms, etc.

Im•pose´, v. i. To practice tricks or deception. To impose on or upon, to pass or put a trick on; to delude. ´He imposes on himself, and mistakes words for things.´ Locke.

Im•pose´, n. A command; injunction. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•pose´ment , n. Imposition. [Obs.]

Im•pos´er , n. One who imposes. “The imposers of these oaths might repent.” Walton.

Im•pos´ing, a. 1. Laying as a duty; enjoining. 2. Adapted to impress forcibly; impressive; commanding; as an imposing air; an imposing spectacle. ´Large and imposing edifices.´ Bp. Hobart. 3. Deceiving; deluding; misleading.

Im•pos´ing, n. (Print.) The act of imposing the columns of a page, or the pages of a sheet. See Impose, v. t., 4. Imposing stone (Print.), the stone on which the pages or columns of types are imposed or made into forms; - - called also imposing table.

Im•pos´ing•ly, adv. In an imposing manner.

Im•pos´ing•ness, n. The quality of being imposing.

Im•po•si´tion , n. [F., fr. L. impositio the application of a name to a thing. See Impone.] 1. The act of imposing, laying on, affixing, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, and the like. ´From imposition of strict laws.´ Milton. “Made more solemn by the imposition of hands.” Hammond. 2. That which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; charge; burden; injunction; tax. 3. (Eng. Univ.) An extra exercise enjoined on students as a punishment. T. Warton. 4. An excessive, arbitrary, or unlawful exaction; hence, a trick or deception put on laid on others; cheating; fraud; delusion; imposture. “Reputation is an idle and most false imposition.” Shak. 5. (Eccl.) The act of laying on the hands as a religious ceremoy, in ordination, confirmation, etc. 6. (Print.) The act or process of imosing pages or columns of type. See Impose, v. t., 4. Syn. — Deceit; fraud; imposture. See Deception.

Im•pos•si•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Impossibilities (#). [L. impossibilitas: cf. F. impossibilite.] 1. The quality of being impossible; impracticability. “They confound difficulty with impossibility.” South. 2. An impossible thing; that which can not be thought, done, or endured. “Impossibilities! O, no, there’s none.” Cowley. 3. Inability; helplessness. [R.] Latimer. Logical impossibility, a condition or statement involving contradiction or absurdity; as that a thing can be and not be at the same time. See Principle of Contradiction, under Contradiction.

Im•pos´si•ble , a. [F., fr. L. impossibilis; pref. im- not + possibilis possible. See Possible.] Not possible; incapable of being done, of existing, etc.; unattainable in the nature of things, or by means at command; insuperably difficult under the circumstances; absurd or impracticable; not feasible. “With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.” Matt. xix. 26. “Without faith it is impossible to please him.” Heb. xi. 6. Impossible quantity (Math.), an imaginary quantity. See Imaginary. Syn. — See Impracticable.

Im•pos´si•ble, n. An impossibility. [Obs.] “´Madam,´ quoth he, ´this were an impossible!´” Chaucer.

Im•pos´si•bly, adv. Not possibly. Sir. T. North.

Im´post , n. [OF. impost, F. impot, LL. impostus, fr. L. impostus, p. p. of imponere to impose. See Impone.] 1. That which is imposed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty; especially, a duty or tax laid by goverment on goods imported into a country. “Even the ship money … Johnson could not pronounce to have been an unconstitutional impost.” Macaulay. 2. (Arch.) The top member of a pillar, pier, wall, etc., upon which the weight of an arch rests. The impost is called continuous, if the moldings of the arch or architrave run down the jamb or pier without a break. Syn. — Tribute; excise; custom; duty; tax.

Im•post´hu•mate , v. t. [See Imposthume.] To apostemate; to form an imposthume or abscess. Arbuthnot.

Im•post´hu•mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposthumated p. pr. & vb. n. Imposthumating ] To affect with an imposthume or abscess.

Im•post´hu•mate , a. Imposthumated.

Im•post•hu•ma´tion , n. 1. The act of forming an abscess; state of being inflamed; suppuration. 2. An abscess; an imposthume. Coxe.

Im•post´hume , n. [A corruption of aposteme. See Aposteme.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in any part of an animal body; an abscess.

Im•post´hume, v. t. & i. Same as Imposthumate.

Im•pos´tor , n. [L. impostor a deceiver, fr. imponere to impose upon, deceive. See Impone.] One who imposes upon others; a person who assumes a character or title not his own, for the purpose of deception; a pretender. ´The fraudulent impostor foul.´ Milton. Syn. — Deceiver; cheat; rogue. See Deceiver.

Im•pos´tor•ship, n. The condition, character, or practice of an impostor. Milton. { Im•pos´tress , Im•pos´trix } n. [LL. impostrix. See Impostor.] A woman who imposes upon or deceives others. [R.] Fuller.

Im•pos´trous , n. Characterized by imposture; deceitful. ´Impostrous pretense of knowledge.´ Grote.

Im•pos´tur•age , n. Imposture; cheating. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im•pos´ture , n. [L. impostura: cf. F. imposture. See Impone.] The act or conduct of an impostor; deception practiced under a false or assumed character; fraud or imposition; cheating. “From new legends
And fill the world with follies and impostures.” Johnson. Syn. — Cheat; fraud; trick; imposition; delusion.

Im•pos´tured , a. Done by imposture. [Obs.]

Im•pos´tur•ous , a. Impostrous; deceitful. “Strictness fales and impostrous.” Beau. & Fl.

Im•pos´tur•y , n. Imposture. [Obs.] Fuller. { Im´po•tence , Im´po•ten•cy } n. [L. impotenia inability, poverty, want of moderation. See Impotent.] 1. The quality or condition of being impotent; want of strength or power, animal, intellectual, or moral; weakness; feebleness; inability; imbecility. “Some were poor by impotency of nature; as young fatherless children, old decrepit persons, idiots, and cripples.” Hayward. “O, impotence of mind in body strong!” Milton. 2. Want of self-restraint or self- control. [R.] Milton. 3. (Law & Med.) Want of procreative power; inability to copulate, or beget children; also sometimes, sterility; barrenness.

Im´po•tent , a. [F. impotent, L. impotens, -entis; pref. im- not + potens potent, powerful. See Potent.] 1. Not potent; wanting power, strength. or vigor. whether physical, intellectual, or moral; deficient in capacity; destitute of force; weak; feeble; infirm. “There sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent inhis feet.” Acts xiv. 8. “O most lame and impotent conclusion!” Shak. “Not slow to hear,
Nor impotent to save.” Addison. 2. Wanting the power of self-restraint; incontrolled; ungovernable; violent. “Impotent of tongue, her silence broke.” Dryden. 3. (Med.) Wanting the power of procreation; unable to copulate; also sometimes, sterile; barren.

Im´po•tent, n. One who is impotent. [R.] Shak.

Im´po•tent•ly, adv. In an impotent manner.

Im•pound´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impounding.] To shut up or place in an inclosure called a pound; hence, to hold in the custody of a court; as to impound stray cattle; to impound a document for safe keeping. “But taken and impounded as a stray,
The king of Scots.” Shak.

Im•pound´age (im•pound´aj), n. 1. The act of impounding, or the state of being impounded. 2. The fee or fine for impounding.

Im•pound´er , n. One who impounds.

Im•pov´er•ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impoverished p. pr. & vb. n. Impoverishing.] [OF. empovrir; pref. em- (L. in) + povre poor, F. pauvre; cf. OF. apovrir, F. appauvrir, where the prefix is a- , L. ad. Cf. Empoverish, and see Poor, and -ish.] 1. To make poor; to reduce to poverty or indigence; as misfortune and disease impoverish families. 2. To exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of; to make sterile; as to impoverish land.

Im•pov´er•ish•er , n. One who, or that which, impoverishes.

Im•pov´er•ish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. empoverissement, and F. appauvrissement.] The act of impoverishing, or the state of being impoverished; reduction to poverty. Sir W. Scott.

Im•pow´er , v. t. See Empower.

Imp´-pole , n. (Building) A pole for supporting a scaffold.

Im•prac•ti•ca•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Impracticabilities . 1. The state or quality of being impracticable; infeasibility. Goldsmith. 2. An impracticable thing. 3. Intractableness; stubbornness.

Im•prac´ti•ca•ble , a. 1. Not practicable; incapable of being performed, or accomplished by the means employed, or at command; impossible; as an impracticable undertaking. 2. Not to be overcome, persuaded, or controlled by any reasonable method; unmanageable; intractable; not capable of being easily dealt with; — used in a general sense, as applied to a person or thing that is difficult to control or get along with. “This though, impracticable heart
Is governed by a dainty-fingered girl.” Rowe. “Patriotic but loyal men went away disgusted afresh with the impracticable arrogance of a sovereign.” Palfrey. 3. Incapable of being used or availed of; as an impracticable road; an impracticable method. Syn. — Impossible; infeasible. — Impracticable, Impossible. A thing is impracticable when it can not be accomplished by any human means at present possessed; a thing is impossible when the laws of nature forbid it. The navigation of a river may now be impracticable, but not impossible, because the existing obstructions may yet be removed. ´The barons exercised the most despotic authority over their vassals, and every scheme of public utility was rendered impracticable by their continued petty wars with each other.´ Mickle. ´With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible.´ Matt. xix. 26.

Im•prac´ti•ca•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being impracticable; impracticability.

Im•prac´ti•ca•bly, adv. In an impracticable manner. “Morality not impracticably rigid.” Johnson.

Im•prac´ti•cal , a. Not practical.

Im´pre•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprecated p. pr. & vb. n. Imprecating ] [L. imprecatus, p. p. of imprecari to imprecate; pref. im- in, on + precari to pray. See Pray.] 1. To call down by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous. “Imprecate the vengeance of Heaven on the guilty empire.” Mickle. 2. To invoke evil upon; to curse; to swear at. “In vain we blast the ministers of Fate,
And the forlorn physicians imprecate.” Rochester.

Im•pre•ca´tion , n. [L. imprecatio: cf. F. imprecation.] The act of imprecating, or invoking evil upon any one; a prayer that a curse or calamity may fall on any one; a curse. “Men cowered like slaves before such horrid imprecations.” Motley. Syn. — Malediction; curse; execration; anathema. See Malediction.

Im´pre•ca•to•ry , a. Of the nature of, or containing, imprecation; invoking evil; as the imprecatory psalms.

Im•pre•ci´sion , n. Want of precision. [R.]

Im•pregn´ , v. t. [Cf. F. impregner. See Impregnate.] To impregnate; to make fruitful. [Obs.] “His pernicious words, impregned
With reason.” Milton. “Semele doth Bacchus bear
Impregned of Jove.” Dr. H. More.

Im•preg•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being impregnable; invincibility.

Im•preg´na•ble , a. [F. imprenable; pref. im- not + prenable pregnable, fr. prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Comprehend, Get to obtain.] Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; incapable of being subdued; able to resist attack; unconquerable; as an impregnable fortress; impregnable virtue. “The man’s affection remains wholly unconcerned and impregnable.” South. — Im•preg´na•ble•ness, n. — Im•preg´na•bly, adv.

Im•preg´na•ble , a. [See Impregnate.] (Biol.) Capable of being impregnated, as the egg of an animal, or the ovule of a plant.

Im•preg´nant , n. [See Impregnate.] That which impregnates. [R.] Glanvill.

Im•preg´nant, a. [Pref. im- not + pregnant.] Not pregnant; unfertilized or infertile. [R.]

Im•preg´nate (im•preg´nat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impregnated (-na•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Impregnating (-na•ting).] [LL. impraegnatus, p. p. of impraegnare to impregnate, fr. L. pref. im- in + praegnans pregnant. See Pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant; to cause to conceive; to render prolific; to get with child or young. 2. (Biol.) To come into contact with (an ovum or egg) so as to cause impregnation; to fertilize; to fecundate. 3. To infuse an active principle into; to render fruitful or fertile in any way; to fertilize; to imbue. 4. To infuse particles of another substance into; to communicate the quality of another to; to cause to be filled, imbued, mixed, or furnished (with something); as to impregnate India rubber with sulphur; clothing impregnated with contagion; rock impregnated with ore.

Im•preg´nate (im•preg´nat), v. i. To become pregnant. Addison.

Im•preg´nate (-nat), a. [LL. impraegnatus, p. p.] Impregnated; made prolific. “The scorching ray
Here pierceth not, impregnate with disease.” Byron.

Im•preg•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. impregnation, LL. impraegnatio.] 1. The act of impregnating or the state of being impregnated; fecundation. 2. (Biol.) The fusion of a female germ cell (ovum) with a male germ cell (in animals, a spermatozoön) to form a single new cell endowed with the power of developing into a new individual; fertilization; fecundation. In the broadest biological sense, impregnation, or sexual generation, consists simply in the coalescence of two similar masses of protoplasmic matter, either derived from different parts of the same organism or from two distinct organisms. From the single mass, which results from the fusion, or coalescence, of these two masses, a new organism develops. 3. That with which anything is impregnated. Derham. 4. Intimate mixture; infusion; saturation. 5. (Mining) An ore deposit, with indefinite boundaries, consisting of rock impregnated with ore. Raymond.

Im•pre•ju´di•cate , a. Not prejudged; unprejudiced; impartial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•pre´na•ble , a. Impregnable. [Obs.]

Im•prep•a•ra´tion , n. Want of preparation. [Obs.] Hooker.

Im•pre´sa (em•pra´sa), n. [It. See Emprise, and cf. Impress, n., 4.] (Her.) A device on a shield or seal, or used as a bookplate or the like. [Written also imprese and impress.] “My impresa to your lordship; a swain
Flying to a laurel for shelter.” J. Webster.

Im•pre•sa´ri•o , n.; pl. Impresarios (#). [It., from impresa enterprise.] The projector, manager, or conductor, of an opera or concert company.

Im•pre•scrip•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. imprescriptibilite.] The quality of being imprescriptible.

Im•pre•scrip´ti•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + prescriptible: cf. F. imprescriptible.] 1. Not capable of being lost or impaired by neglect, by disuse, or by the claims of another founded on prescription. “The right of navigation, fishing, and others that may be exercised on the sea, belonging to the right of mere ability, are imprescriptible.” Vattel (Trans. ) 2. Not derived from, or dependent on, external authority; self-evidencing; obvious. “The imprescriptible laws of the pure reason.” Colerridge.

Im•pre•scrip´ti•bly, adv. In an imprescriptible manner; obviously.

Im•prese´ , n. A device. See Impresa. “An imprese, as the Italians call it, is a device in picture with his motto or word, borne by noble or learned personages.” Camden.

Im•press´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impressed p. pr. & vb. n. Impressing.] [L. impressus, p. p. of imprimere to impress; pref. im- in, on + premere to press. See Press to squeeze, and cf. Imprint.] 1. To press, stamp, or print something in or upon; to mark by pressure, or as by pressure; to imprint (that which bears the impression). “His heart, like an agate, with your print impressed.” Shak. 2. To produce by pressure, as a mark, stamp, image, etc.; to imprint (a mark or figure upon something). 3. Fig.: To fix deeply in the mind; to present forcibly to the attention, etc.; to imprint; to inculcate. “Impress the motives of persuasion upon our own hearts till we feel the force of them.” I. Watts. 4. [See Imprest, Impress, n., 5.] To take by force for public service; as to impress sailors or money. “The second five thousand pounds impressed for the service of the sick and wounded prisoners.” Evelyn.

Im•press´, v. i. To be impressed; to rest. [Obs.] “Such fiendly thoughts in his heart impress.” Chaucer.

Im´press , n.; pl. Impresses . 1. The act of impressing or making. 2. A mark made by pressure; an indentation; imprint; the image or figure of anything, formed by pressure or as if by pressure; result produced by pressure or influence. “The impresses of the insides of these shells.” Woodward. “This weak impress of love is as a figure
Trenched in ice.” Shak. 3. Characteristic; mark of distinction; stamp. South. 4. A device. See Impresa. Cussans. “To describe … emblazoned shields,
Impresses quaint.” Milton. 5. [See Imprest, Press to force into service.] The act of impressing, or taking by force for the public service; compulsion to serve; also that which is impressed. “Why such impress of shipwrights?” Shak. Impress gang, a party of men, with an officer, employed to impress seamen for ships of war; a press gang. — Impress money, a sum of money paid, immediately upon their entering service, to men who have been impressed.

Im•press•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being impressible; susceptibility.

Im•press´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. impressible.] Capable of being impressed; susceptible; sensitive. — Im•press´i•ble•ness, n. — Im•press´i•bly, adv.

Im•pres´sion , n. [F. impression, L. impressio.] 1. The act of impressing, or the state of being impressed; the communication of a stamp, mold, style, or character, by external force or by influence. 2. That which is impressed; stamp; mark; indentation; sensible result of an influence exerted from without. “The stamp and clear impression of good sense.” Cowper. “To shelter us from impressions of weather, we must spin, we must weave, we must build.” Barrow. 3. That which impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or agency; appearance; phenomenon. [Obs.] “Portentous blaze of comets and impressions in the air.” Milton. “A fiery impression falling from out of Heaven.” Holland. 4. Influence or effect on the senses or the intellect hence, interest, concern. Reid. “His words impression left.” Milton. “Such terrible impression made the dream.” Shak. “I have a father’s dear impression,
And wish, before I fall into my grave,
That I might see her married.” Ford. 5. An indistinct notion, remembrance, or belief. 6. Impressiveness; emphasis of delivery. “Which must be read with an impression.” Milton. 7. (Print.) The pressure of the type on the paper, or the result of such pressure, as regards its appearance; as a heavy impression; a clear, or a poor, impression; also a single copy as the result of printing, or the whole edition printed at a given time. “Ten impressions which his books have had.” Dryden. 8. In painting, the first coat of color, as the priming in house painting and the like. [R.] 9. (Engraving) A print on paper from a wood block, metal plate, or the like. Proof impression, one of the early impressions taken from an engraving, before the plate or block is worn.

Im•pres•sion•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being impressionable.

Im•pres´sion•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. impressionnable.] Liable or subject to impression; capable of being molded; susceptible; impressible. “He was too impressionable; he had too much of the temperament of genius.” Motley. “A pretty face and an impressionable disposition.” T. Hook.

Im•pres´sion•a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being impressionable.

Im•pres´sion•ism , n. [F. impressionnisme.] (Fine Arts) The theory or method of suggesting an effect or impression without elaboration of the details; — a disignation of a recent fashion in painting and etching.

Im•pres´sion•ist, n. [F. impressionniste.] (Fine Arts) One who adheres to the theory or method of impressionism, so called.

Im•pres•sion•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, impressionism.

Im•pres´sion•less, a. Having the quality of not being impressed or affected; not susceptible.

Im•press´ive , a. [Cf. F. impressif.] 1. Making, or tending to make, an impression; having power to impress; adapted to excite attention and feeling, to touch the sensibilities, or affect the conscience; as an impressive discourse; an impressive scene. 2. Capable of being impressed. [Obs.] Drayton. - Im•press´ive•ly, adv. — Im•press´ive•ness, n.

Im•press´ment , n. The act of seizing for public use, or of impressing into public service; compulsion to serve; as the impressment of provisions or of sailors. “The great scandal of our naval service — impressment — died a protracted death.” J. H. Burton.

Im•press´or , n. [LL., a printer.] One who, or that which, impresses. Boyle.

Im•pres´sure , n. [Cf. OF. impressure, LL. impressura.] Dent; impression. [Obs.] Shak.

Im•prest´ , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Imprested; p. pr. & vb. n. Impresting.] [Pref. im- + prest: cf. It. imprestare. See Prest, n.] To advance on loan. Burke.

Im´prest , n. [Cf. It. impresto, imprestito, LL. impraestitum. See Imprest, v. t., and Impress compulsion to serve.] A kind of earnest money; loan; — specifically, money advanced for some public service, as in enlistment. Burke. “The clearing of their imprests for what little of their debts they have received.” Pepys. { Im•prev´a•lence , Im•prev´a•len•cy } n. Want of prevalence. [Obs.]

Im•pre•vent•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being impreventable. [R.]

Im•pre•vent´a•ble , a. Not preventable; inevitable.

Im•pri•ma´tur , n. [L., let it be printed.] (Law) A license to print or publish a book, paper, etc.; also in countries subjected to the censorship of the press, approval of that which is published.

Im•prim´er•y , n. [F. imprimerie, fr. imprimer to imprint.] [Obs.] (a) A print; impression. (b) A printing establishment. (c) The art of printing.

Im•prim´ing , n. A beginning. [Obs.] ´Their springings and imprimings.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Im•pri´mis , adv. [L., for in primis among the first, chiefly; in in + primus first.] In the first place; first in order.

Im•print´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imptrinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprinting.] [OE. emprenten, F. empreint, p. p. of empreindre to imprint, fr. L. imprimere to impres, imprint. See 1st In-, Print, and cf. Impress.] 1. To impress; to mark by pressure; to indent; to stamp. “And sees his num’rous herds imprint her sands.” Prior. 2. To stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by means of type, plates, stamps, or the like; to print the mark (figures, letters, etc., upon something). “Nature imprints upon whate’er we see,
That has a heart and life in it, ´Be free.´” Cowper. 3. To fix indelibly or permanently, as in the mind or memory; to impress. “Ideas of those two different things distinctly imprinted on his mind.” Locke.

Im´print , n. [Cf. F. empreinte impress, stamp. See Imprint, v. t.] Whatever is impressed or imprinted; the impress or mark left by something; specifically, the name of the printer or publisher (usually) with the time and place of issue, in the title- page of a book, or on any printed sheet. ´That imprint of their hands.´ Buckle.

Im•pris´on , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Imprisoning.] [OE. enprisonen, OF. enprisoner, F. emprisonner; pref. en- (L. in) + F. & OF. prison. See Prison.] 1. To put in prison or jail; To arrest and detain in custody; to confine. “He imprisoned was in chains remediless.” Spenser. 2. To limit, restrain, or confine in any way. “Try to imprison the resistless wind.” Dryden. Syn. — To incarcerate; confine; immure.

Im•pris´on•er , n. One who imprisons.

Im•pris´on ment , n. [OE. enprisonment; F. emprisonnement.] The act of imprisoning, or the state of being imprisoned; confinement; restraint. “His sinews waxen weak and raw
Through long imprisonment and hard constraint.” Spenser. “Every confinement of the person is an imprisonment, whether it be in a common prison, or in a private house, or even by foreibly detaining one in the public streets.” Blackstone. False imprisonment. (Law) See under False. Syn. — Incarceration; custody; confinement; durance; restraint.

Im•prob•a•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Improbabilities (#). [Cf. F. improbabilite.] The quality or state of being improbable; unlikelihood; also that which is improbable; an improbable event or result.

Im•prob´a•ble , a. [L. improbabilis; pref. im- not + probabilis probable: cf. F. improbable. See Probable.] Not probable; unlikely to be true; not to be expected under the circumstances or in the usual course of events; as an improbable story or event. “He … sent to Elutherius, then bishop of Rome, an improbable letter, as some of the contents discover.” Milton. — Im•prob´a•ble•ness, n. — Im•prob´a•bly, adv.

Im´pro•bate , v. t. [L. improbatus, p. p. of improbare to disapprove; pref. im- not + probare to approve.] To disapprove of; to disallow. [Obs.]

Im•pro•ba´tion , n. [L. improbatio.] 1. The act of disapproving; disapprobation. 2. (Scots Law) The act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged. Bell. { Im´pro•ba•tive , Im´pro•ba•to•ry }, a. Implying, or tending to, improbation.

Im•prob´i•ty , n. [L. improbitas; pref. im- not + probitas probity: cf. F. improbite.] Lack of probity; want of integrity or rectitude; dishonesty. “Persons … cast out for notorious improbity.” Hooker. { Im•pro•fi´cience , Im•pro•fi´cien•cy } n. Want of proficiency. [R.] Bacon.

Im•prof´it•a•ble , a. [Pref. im- not + profitable: cf. F. improfitable.] Unprofitable. [Obs.]

Im•pro•gress´ive , a. Not progressive. De Quincey. — Im´pro•gress´ive•ly, adv.

Im•pro•lif´ic , a. [Pref. im- not + prolific: cf. F. improlifique.] Not prolific. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Im•pro•lif´ic•ate , v. t. [Pref. im- in + prolificate.] To impregnate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•prompt´ , a. Not ready. [R.] Sterne.

Im•promp´tu , adv. or a. [F. impromptu, fr. L. in promptu in readiness, at hand; in in + promptus visibility, readiness, from promptus visible, ready. See Prompt.] Offhand; without previous study; extemporaneous; extempore; as an impromptu verse.

Im•promp´tu, n. 1. Something made or done offhand, at the moment, or without previous study; an extemporaneous composition, address, or remark. 2. (Mus.) A piece composed or played at first thought; a composition in the style of an extempore piece.

Im•prop´er , a. [F. impropre, L. improprius; pref. im- not + proprius proper. See Proper.] 1. Not proper; not suitable; not fitted to the circumstances, design, or end; unfit; not becoming; incongruous; inappropriate; indecent; as an improper medicine; improper thought, behavior, language, dress. “Follow’d his enemy king, and did him service,
Improper for a slave.” Shak. “And to their proper operation still,
Ascribe all Good; to their improper, Ill.” Pope. 2. Not peculiar or appropriate to individuals; general; common. [Obs.] “Not to be adorned with any art but such improper ones as nature is said to bestow, as singing and poetry.” J. Fletcher. 3. Not according to facts; inaccurate; erroneous. Improper diphthong. See under Diphthong. — Improper feud, an original feud, not earned by military service. Mozley & W. — Improper fraction. See under Fraction.

Im•prop´er, v. t. To appropriate; to limit. [Obs.] “He would in like manner improper and inclose the sunbeams to comfort the rich and not the poor.” Jewel.

Im•prop•er•a´tion , n. [L. improperare, improperatum, to taunt.] The act of upbraiding or taunting; a reproach; a taunt. [Obs.] “Improperatios and terms of scurrility.” Sir T. Browne

Im•pro•pe´ri•a , n. pl. [L., reproaches.] (Mus.) A series of antiphons and responses, expressing the sorrowful remonstrance of our Lord with his people; — sung on the morning of the Good Friday in place of the usual daily Mass of the Roman ritual. Grove.

Im•prop´er•ly , adv. In an improper manner; not properly; unsuitably; unbecomingly.

Im•prop´er•ty , n. Impropriety. [Obs.]

Im•pro•pi´tious , a. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] ´Dreams were impropitious.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Im•pro•por´tion•a•ble , a. Not proportionable. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Im•pro•por´tion•ate , a. Not proportionate. [Obs.]

Im•pro´pri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impropriated p. pr. & vb. n. Impropriating ] [Pref. im- in + L. propriatus, p. p. of propriare to appropriate. See Appropriate.] 1. To appropriate to one’s self; to assume. [Obs.] “To impropriate the thanks to himself.” Bacon. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To place the profits of (ecclesiastical property) in the hands of a layman for care and disbursement.

Im•pro´pri•ate, v. i. To become an impropriator. [R.]

Im•pro´pri•ate , a. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Put into the hands of a layman; impropriated.

Im•pro•pri•a´tion , n. 1. The act of impropriating; as the impropriation of property or tithes; also that which is impropriated. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) (a) The act of putting an ecclesiastical benefice in the hands of a layman, or lay corporation. (b) A benefice in the hands of a layman, or of a lay corporation.

Im•pro´pri•a•tor , n. One who impropriates; specifically, a layman in possession of church property.

Im•pro•pri•a´trix , n.; pl. E. -trixes, L. -trices . A female impropriator.

Im•pro•pri´e•ty , n.; pl. Improprieties (#). [L. improprietas; cf. F. impropriete. See Improper.] 1. The quality of being improper; unfitness or unsuitableness to character, time place, or circumstances; as impropriety of behavior or manners. 2. That which is improper; an unsuitable or improper act, or an inaccurate use of language. “But every language has likewise its improprieties and absurdities.” Johnson. “Many gross improprieties, however authorized by practice, ought to be discarded.” Swift.

Im•pros•per´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. improsperite.] Want of prosperity. [Obs.]

Im•pros´per•ous , a. [Pref. im- not + prosperous: cf. F. improspère, L. improsper.] Not prosperous. [Obs.] Dryden. - - Im•pros´per•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.] — Im•pros´per•ous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Im•prov•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being improvable; improvableness.

Im•prov´a•ble , a. [From Improve.] 1. Capable of being improved; susceptible of improvement; admitting of being made better; capable of cultivation, or of being advanced in good qualities. “Man is accommodated with moral principles, improvable by the exercise of his faculties.” Sir M. Hale. “I have a fine spread of improvable lands.” Addison. 2. Capable of being used to advantage; profitable; serviceable; advantageous. “The essays of weaker heads afford improvable hints to better.” Sir T. Browne. — Im•pro´a•ble•ness, n. — Im•prov´a•bly, adv.

Im•prove´ , v. t. [Pref. im- not + prove: cf. L. improbare, F. improuver.] 1. To disprove or make void; to refute. [Obs.] “Neither can any of them make so strong a reason which another can not improve.” Tyndale. 2. To disapprove; to find fault with; to reprove; to censure; as to improve negligence. [Obs.] Chapman. “When he rehearsed his preachings and his doing unto the high apostles, they could improve nothing.” Tyndale.

Im•prove´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improved p. pr. & vb. n. Improving.] [Pref. in- in + prove, in approve. See Approve, Prove.] 1. To make better; to increase the value or good qualities of; to ameliorate by care or cultivation; as to improve land. Donne. “I love not to improve the honor of the living by impairing that of the dead.” Denham. 2. To use or employ to good purpose; to make productive; to turn to profitable account; to utilize; as to improve one’s time; to improve his means. Shak. “We shall especially honor God by improving diligently the talents which God hath committed to us.” Barrow. “A hint that I do not remember to have seen opened and improved.” Addison. “The court seldom fails to improve the opportunity.” Blackstone. “How doth the little busy bee
Improve each shining hour.” I. Watts. “Those moments were diligently improved.” Gibbon. “True policy, as well as good faith, in my opinion, binds us to improve the occasion.” Washington. 3. To advance or increase by use; to augment or add to; — said with reference to what is bad. [R.] “We all have, I fear, … not a little improved the wretched inheritance of our ancestors.” Bp. Porteus. Syn. — To better; meliorate; ameliorate; advance; heighten; mend; correct; rectify; amend; reform.

Im•prove´, v. i. 1. To grow better; to advance or make progress in what is desirable; to make or show improvement; as to improve in health. “We take care to improve in our frugality and diligence.” Atterbury. 2. To advance or progress in bad qualities; to grow worse. ´Domitian improved in cruelty.´ Milner. 3. To increase; to be enhanced; to rise in value; as the price of cotton improves. To improve on or upon, to make useful additions or amendments to, or changes in; to bring nearer to perfection; as to improve on the mode of tillage.

Im•prove´ment , n. 1. The act of improving; advancement or growth; promotion in desirable qualities; progress toward what is better; melioration; as the improvement of the mind, of land, roads, etc. “I look upon your city as the best place of improvement.” South. “Exercise is the chief source of improvement in all our faculties.” Blair. 2. The act of making profitable use or applicaton of anything, or the state of being profitably employed; a turning to good account; practical application, as of a doctrine, principle, or theory, stated in a discourse. ´A good improvement of his reason.´ S. Clarke. “I shall make some improvement of this doctrine.” Tillotson. 3. The state of being improved; betterment; advance; also that which is improved; as the new edition is an improvement on the old. “The parts of Sinon, Camilla, and some few others, are improvements on the Greek poet.” Addison. 4. Increase; growth; progress; advance. “There is a design of publishing the history of architecture, with its several improvements and decays.” Addison. “Those vices which more particularly receive improvement by prosperity.” South. 5. pl. Valuable additions or betterments, as buildings, clearings, drains, fences, etc., on premises. 6. (Patent Laws) A useful addition to, or modification of, a machine, manufacture, or composition. Kent.

Im•prov´er , n. One who, or that which, improves.

Im•pro•vid´ed , a. Unforeseen; unexpected; not provided against; unprepared. [Obs.] “All improvided for dread of death.” E. Hall.

Im•prov´i•dence , n. [L. improvidentia; OF. improvidence. Cf. Imprudence.] The quality of being improvident; want of foresight or thrift. “The improvidence of my neighbor must not make me inhuman.” L’Estrange.

Im•prov´i•dent , a. [Pref. im- not + provident: cf. L. improvidus. See Provident, and cf. Imprudent.] Not provident; wanting foresight or forethought; not foreseeing or providing for the future; negligent; thoughtless; as an improvident man. “Improvident soldiers! had your watch been good,
This sudden mischief never could have fallen.” Shak. Syn. — Inconsiderable; negligent; careless; shiftless; prodigal; wasteful.

Im•prov•i•den´tial•ly , adv. Improvidently. [R.]

Im•prov´i•dent•ly , adv. In a improvident manner. ´Improvidently rash.´ Drayton.

Im•prov´ing , a. Tending to improve, beneficial; growing better. — Im•prov´ing•ly, adv. Improving lease (Scots Law), an extended lease to induce the tenant to make improvements on the premises.

Im•prov´i•sate , a. [See Improvise.] Unpremeditated; impromptu; extempore. [R.]

Im•prov´i•sate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Improvisated p. pr. & vb. n. Improvisating ] To improvise; to extemporize.

Im•prov•i•sa´tion , n. [Cf. F. improvisation.] 1. The act or art of composing and rendering music, poetry, and the like, extemporaneously; as improvisation on the organ. 2. That which is improvised; an impromptu.

Im•pro•vis´a•tize , v. t. & i. Same as Improvisate.

Im•prov´i•sa•tor , n. An improviser, or improvvisatore.

Im•pro•vi•sa•to´re , n. See Improvvisatore. { Im•prov•i•sa•to´ri•al , Im•prov´i•sa•to•ry } a. Of or pertaining to improvisation or extemporaneous composition.

Im•pro•vi•sa•tri´ce , n. See Improvvisatrice.

Im•pro•vise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improvised p. pr. & vb. n. Improvising.] [F. improviser, it. improvvisare, fr. improvviso unprovided, sudden, extempore, L. improvisus; pref. im- not + provisus foreseen, provided. See Proviso.] 1. To compose, recite, or sing extemporaneously, especially in verse; to extemporize; also to play upon an instrument, or to act, extemporaneously. 2. To bring about, arrange, or make, on a sudden, or without previous preparation. “Charles attempted to improvise a peace.” Motley. 3. To invent, or provide, offhand, or on the spur of the moment; as he improvised a hammer out of a stone.

Im•pro•vise´, v. i. To produce or render extemporaneous compositions, especially in verse or in music, without previous preparation; hence, to do anything offhand.

Im•pro•vis´er , n. One who improvises.

Im•pro•vi´sion , n. [Pref. im- not + provision.] Improvidence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•pro•vi´so , a. [L. improvisus unforeseen; cf. It. improvviso.] Not prepared or mediated beforehand; extemporaneous. [Obs.] Jonhson.

Im•prov•vi•sa•to´re , n.; pl. Improvvisatori (#). [It. See Improvise.] One who composes and sings or recites rhymes and short poems extemporaneously. [Written also improvisatore.]

Im•prov•vi•sa•tri´ce , n.; pl. Improvvisatrici (#). [It. See Improvise.] A female improvvisatore. [Written also improvisatrice.]

Im•pru´dence , n. [L. imprudentia: cf. F. imprudence. Cf. Improvidence.] The quality or state of being imprudent; want to caution, circumspection, or a due regard to consequences; indiscretion; inconsideration; rashness; also an imprudent act; as he was guilty of an imprudence. “His serenity was interrupted, perhaps, by his own imprudence.” Mickle.

Im•pru´dent , a. [L. imprudens; pref. im- not + prudens prudent: cf. F. imprudent. See Prudent, and cf. Improvident.] Not prudent; wanting in prudence or discretion; indiscreet; injudicious; not attentive to consequence; improper. — Im•pru´dent•ly, adv. “Her majesty took a great dislike at the imprudent behavior of many of the ministers and readers.” Strype. Syn. — Indiscreet; injudicious; incautious; ill-advised; unwise; heedless; careless; rash; negligent.

Im•pu´ber•al (im•pu´ber•al), a. Not having arrived at puberty; immature. “In impuberal animals the cerebellum is, in proportion to the brain proper, greatly less than in adults.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Im•pu´ber•ty (-ty), n. The condition of not having reached puberty, or the age of ability to reproduce one’s species; want of age at which the marriage contract can be legally entered into.

Im´pu•dence (im´pu•dens), n. [L. impudentia: cf. F. impudence. See Impudent.] The quality of being impudent; assurance, accompanied with a disregard of the presence or opinions of others; shamelessness; forwardness; want of modesty. “Clear truths that their own evidence forces us to admit, or common experience makes it impudence to deny.” Locke. “Where pride and impudence (in fashion knit)
Usurp the chair of wit.” B. Jonson. Syn. — Shamelessness; audacity; insolence; effrontery; sauciness; impertinence; pertness; rudeness. — Impudence, Effrontery, Sauciness. Impudence refers more especially to the feelings as manifested in action. Effrontery applies to some gross and public exhibition of shamelessness. Sauciness refers to a sudden pert outbreak of impudence, especially from an inferior. Impudence is an unblushing kind of impertinence, and may be manifested in words, tones, gestures, looks, etc. Effrontery rises still higher, and shows a total or shameless disregard of duty or decorum under the circumstances of the case. Sauciness discovers itself toward particular individuals, in certain relations; as in the case of servants who are saucy to their masters, or children who are saucy to their teachers. See Impertinent, and Insolent.

Im´pu•den•cy , n. Impudence. [Obs.] Burton. “Audacious without impudency.” Shak.

Im´pu•dent , a. [L. impudens, -entis; pref. im- not + pudens ashamed, modest, p. pr. of pudere to feel shame: cf. F. impudent.] Bold, with contempt or disregard; unblushingly forward; impertinent; wanting modesty; shameless; saucy. “More than impudent sauciness.” Shak. “When we behold an angel, not to fear
Is to be impudent.” Dryden. Syn. — Shameless; audacious; brazen; bold-faced; pert; immodest; rude; saucy; impertinent; insolent.

Im´pu•dent•ly, adv. In an impudent manner; with unbecoming assurance; shamelessly. “At once assail
With open mouths, and impudently rail.” Sandys.

Im•pu•dic´i•ty , n. [L. impudicus immodest; im- not + pudicus shamefaced, modest: cf. F. impudicite, L. impudicitia.] Immodesty. Sheldon.

Im•pugn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impugned p. pr. & vb. n. Impugning.] [OE. impugnen, F. impugner, fr. L. impugnare; in on, against + pugnare to flight. See Pugnacious.] To attack by words or arguments; to contradict; to assail; to call in question; to make insinuations against; to gainsay; to oppose. “The truth hereof I will not rashly impugn, or overboldly affirm.” Peacham.

Im•pugn´a•ble , a. Capable of being impugned; that may be gainsaid.

Im•pug•na´tion , n. [L. impugnatio: cf. OF. impugnation.] Act of impugning; opposition; attack. [Obs.] “A perpetual impugnation and self- conflict.” Bp. Hall.

Im•pugn´er , n. One who impugns.

Im•pugn´ment , n. The act of impugning, or the state of being impugned. Ed. Rev.

Im•pu´is•sance , n. [Cf. F. impuissance.] Lack of power; inability. Bacon. “Their own impuissance and weakness.” Holland.

Im•pu´is•sant , a. [F., fr. pref. im- not + puissant. See Puissant.] Weak; impotent; feeble.

Im´pulse , n. [L. impulsus, fr. impellere. See Impel.] 1. The act of impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; especially, force so communicated as to produced motion suddenly, or immediately. “All spontaneous animal motion is performed by mechanical impulse.” S. Clarke. 2. The effect of an impelling force; motion produced by a sudden or momentary force. 3. (Mech.) The action of a force during a very small interval of time; the effect of such action; as the impulse of a sudden blow upon a hard elastic body. 4. A mental force which simply and directly urges to action; hasty inclination; sudden motive; momentary or transient influence of appetite or passion; propension; incitement; as a man of good impulses; passion often gives a violent impulse to the will. “These were my natural impulses for the undertaking.” Dryden. Syn. — Force; incentive; influence; motive; feeling; incitement; instigation.

Im•pulse´ , v. t. [See Impel.] To impel; to incite. [Obs.] Pope.

Im•pul´sion , n. [L. impulsio: cf. F. impulsion. See Impel.] 1. The act of impelling or driving onward, or the state of being impelled; the sudden or momentary agency of a body in motion on another body; also the impelling force, or impulse. ´The impulsion of the air.´ Bacon. 2. Influence acting unexpectedly or temporarily on the mind; sudden motive or influence; impulse. ´The impulsion of conscience.´ Clarendon. ´Divine impulsion prompting.´ Milton.

Im•pul´sive , a. [Cf. F. impulsif.] 1. Having the power of driving or impelling; giving an impulse; moving; impellent. “Poor men! poor papers! We and they
Do some impulsive force obey.” Prior. 2. Actuated by impulse or by transient feelings. “My heart, impulsive and wayward.” Longfellow. 3. (Mech.) Acting momentarily, or by impulse; not continuous; — said of forces.

Im•pul´sive , n. That which impels or gives an impulse; an impelling agent. Sir W. Wotton.

Im•pul´sive•ly, adv. In an impulsive manner.

Im•pul´sive•ness, n. The quality of being impulsive.

Im•pul´sor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, impels; an inciter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im•punc´tate , a. Not punctate or dotted.

Im•punc´tu•al , a. [Pref. im- not + punctual: cf. F. imponctuel.] Not punctual. [R.]

Im•punc•tu•al´i•ty , n. Neglect of, or failure in, punctuality. [R.] A. Hamilton.

Im•pune´ , a. [L. impunis.] Unpunished. [R.]

Im•pu´ni•bly , adv. Without punishment; with impunity. [Obs.] J. Ellis.

Im•pu´ni•ty , n. [L. impunitas, fr. impunis without punishment; pref. im- not + poena punishment: cf. F. impunite. See Pain.] Exemption or freedom from punishment, harm, or loss. “Heaven, though slow to wrath,
Is never with impunity defied.” Cowper. “The impunity and also the recompense.” Holland.

Im•pu•ra´tion , n. Defilement; obscuration. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•pure´ , a. [L. impurus; pref. im- not + purus pure: cf. F. impur. See Pure.] 1. Not pure; not clean; dirty; foul; filthy; containing something which is unclean or unwholesome; mixed or impregnated extraneous substances; adulterated; as impure water or air; impure drugs, food, etc. 2. Defiled by sin or guilt; unholy; unhallowed; — said of persons or things. 3. Unchaste; lewd; unclean; obscene; as impure language or ideas. ´Impure desires.´ Cowper. 4. (Script.) Not purified according to the ceremonial law of Moses; unclean. 5. (Language) Not accurate; not idiomatic; as impure Latin; an impure style.

Im•pure´, v. t. To defile; to pollute. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im•pure´ly, adv. In an impure manner.

Im•pure´ness, n. The quality or condition of being impure; impurity. Milton.

Im•pu´ri•ty , n.; pl. Impurities (#). [L. impuritas: cf. F. impurete.] 1. The condition or quality of being impure in any sense; defilement; foulness; adulteration. “Profaneness, impurity, or scandal, is not wit.” Buckminster. 2. That which is, or which renders anything, impure; foul matter, action, language, etc.; a foreign ingredient. “Foul impurities reigned among the monkish clergy.” Atterbury. 3. (Script.) Want of ceremonial purity; defilement.

Im•pur´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impurpled p. pr. & vb. n. Impurpling ] [Pref. im- in + purple. Cf. Empurple.] To color or tinge with purple; to make red or reddish; to purple; as a field impurpled with blood. “Impurpled with celestial roses, smiled.” Milton. “The silken fleece impurpled for the loom.” Pope.

Im•put•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being imputable; imputableness.

Im•put´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. imputable.] 1. That may be imputed; capable of being imputed; chargeable; ascribable; attributable; referable. “A prince whose political vices, at least, were imputable to mental incapacity.” Prescott. 2. Accusable; culpable. [R.] “The fault lies at his door, and she is no wise imputable.” Ayliffe.

Im•put´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being imputable.

Im•put´a•bly, adv. By imputation.

Im•pu•ta´tion , [L. imputatio an account, a charge: cf. F. imputation.] 1. The act of imputing or charging; attribution; ascription; also anything imputed or charged. “Shylock. Antonio is a good man.
Bassanio. Have you heard any imputation to the contrary?” Shak. “If I had a suit to Master Shallow, I would humor his men with the imputation of being near their master.” Shak. 2. Charge or attribution of evil; censure; reproach; insinuation. “Let us be careful to guard ourselves against these groundless imputation of our enemies.” Addison. 3. (Theol.) A setting of something to the account of; the attribution of personal guilt or personal righteousness of another; as the imputation of the sin of Adam, or the righteousness of Christ. 4. Opinion; intimation; hint.

Im•put´a•tive , a. [L. imputativus: cf. F. imputatif.] Transferred by imputation; that may be imputed. — Im•put´a•tive•ly, adv. “Actual righteousness as well as imputative.” Bp. Warburton.

Im•pute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imputing.] [F. imputer, L. imputare to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute; pref. im- in + putare to reckon, think. See Putative.] 1. To charge; to ascribe; to attribute; to set to the account of; to charge to one as the author, responsible originator, or possessor; — generally in a bad sense. “Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault,
If memory o’er their tomb no trophies raise.” Gray. “One vice of a darker shade was imputed to him - - envy.” Macaulay. 2. (Theol.) To adjudge as one’s own (the sin or righteousness) of another; as the righteousness of Christ is imputed to us. “It was imputed to him for righteousness.” Rom. iv. 22. “They merit
Imputed shall absolve them who renounce
Their own, both righteous and unrighteous deeds.” Milton. 3. To take account of; to consider; to regard. [R.] “If we impute this last humiliation as the cause of his death.” Gibbon. Syn. — To ascribe; attribute; charge; reckon; consider; imply; insinuate; refer. See Ascribe.

Im•put´er , n. One who imputes.

Im•pu•tres´ci•ble , a. [Pref. im- + putrescible: cf. F. imputrescible.] Not putrescible.

Im´righ , n. [Scot.; Gael. eun- bhrigh chicken soup.] A peculiar strong soup or broth, made in Scotland. [Written also imrich.]

In- [See In, prep. Cf. Em-, En-.] A prefix from Eng. prep. in, also from Lat. prep. in, meaning in, into, on, among; as inbred, inborn, inroad; incline, inject, intrude. In words from the Latin, in- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial; as illusion, irruption, imblue, immigrate, impart. In- is sometimes used with an simple intensive force.

In- [L. in-; akin to E. un-. See Un-.] An inseparable prefix, or particle, meaning not, non-, un- as inactive, incapable, inapt. In- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial.

-in. A suffix. See the Note under - ine.

In, prep. [AS. in; akin to D. & G. in, Icel. i, Sw. & Dan. i, OIr. & L. in, Gr. ’en. rad.197. Cf. 1st In-, Inn.] The specific signification of in is situation or place with respect to surrounding, environment, encompassment, etc. It is used with verbs signifying being, resting, or moving within limits, or within circumstances or conditions of any kind conceived of as limiting, confining, or investing, either wholly or in part. In its different applications, it approaches some of the meanings of, and sometimes is interchangeable with, within, into, on, at, of, and among. It is used: — 1. With reference to space or place; as he lives in Boston; he traveled in Italy; castles in the air. “The babe lying in a manger.” Luke ii. 16. “Thy sun sets weeping in the lowly west.” Shak. “Situated in the forty-first degree of latitude.” Gibbon. “Matter for censure in every page.” Macaulay. 2. With reference to circumstances or conditions; as he is in difficulties; she stood in a blaze of light. ´Fettered in amorous chains.´ Shak. “Wrapt in sweet sounds, as in bright veils.” Shelley. 3. With reference to a whole which includes or comprises the part spoken of; as the first in his family; the first regiment in the army. “Nine in ten of those who enter the ministry.” Swift. 4. With reference to physical surrounding, personal states, etc., abstractly denoted; as I am in doubt; the room is in darkness; to live in fear. “When shall we three meet again,
In thunder, lightning, or in rain?” Shak. 5. With reference to character, reach, scope, or influence considered as establishing a limitation; as to be in one’s favor. ´In sight of God’s high throne.´ Milton. “Sounds inharmonious in themselves, and harsh.” Cowper. 6. With reference to movement or tendency toward a certain limit or environment; — sometimes equivalent to into; as to put seed in the ground; to fall in love; to end in death; to put our trust in God. “He would not plunge his brother in despair.” Addison. “She had no jewels to deposit in their caskets.” Fielding. 7. With reference to a limit of time; as in an hour; it happened in the last century; in all my life. In as much as, or Inasmuch as, in the degree that; in like manner as; in consideration that; because that; since. See Synonym of Because, and cf. For as much as, under For, prep. — In that, because; for the reason that. ´Some things they do in that they are men … ; some things in that they are men misled and blinded with error.´ Hooker. — In the name of, in behalf of; on the part of; by authority; as it was done in the name of the people; — often used in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like. — To be in for it. (a) To be in favor of a thing; to be committed to a course. (b) To be unable to escape from a danger, penalty, etc. [Colloq.] — To be (or keep in with. (a) To be close or near; as to keep a ship in with the land. (b) To be on terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with; to secure and retain the favor of. [Colloq.] Syn. — Into; within; on; at. See At.

In, adv. 1. Not out; within; inside. In, the preposition, becomes an adverb by omission of its object, leaving it as the representative of an adverbial phrase, the context indicating what the omitted object is; as he takes in the situation (i. e., he comprehends it in his mind); the Republicans were in (i. e., in office); in at one ear and out at the other (i. e., in or into the head); his side was in (i. e., in the turn at the bat); he came in (i. e., into the house). “Their vacation … falls in so pat with ours.” Lamb. The sails of a vessel are said, in nautical language, to be in when they are furled, or when stowed. In certain cases in has an adjectival sense; as the in train (i. e., the incoming train); compare up grade, down grade, undertow, afterthought, etc. 2. (Law) With privilege or possession; — used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin; as in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband. Burrill. In and in breeding. See under Breeding. — In and out (Naut.), through and through; — said of a through bolt in a ship’s side. Knight. — To be in, to be at home; as Mrs. A. is in. — To come in. See under Come.

In, n. [Usually in the plural.] 1. One who is in office; — the opposite of out. 2. A reëntrant angle; a nook or corner. Ins and outs, nooks and corners; twists and turns. “All the ins and outs of this neighborhood.” D. Jerrold.

In , v. t. To inclose; to take in; to harvest. [Obs.] “He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop.” Shak.

In•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + ability: cf. F. inhabilete. See Able, and cf. Unable.] The quality or state of being unable; lack of ability; want of sufficient power, strength, resources, or capacity. “It is not from an inability to discover what they ought to do, that men err in practice.” Blair. Syn. — Impotence; incapacity; incompetence; weakness; powerlessness; incapability. See Disability.

In•a´ble , v. t. See Enable.

In•a´ble•ment , n. See Enablement. [Obs.]

In•ab´sti•nence , n. [Pref. in- not + abstinence: cf. F. inabstinence.] Want of abstinence; indulgence. [Obs.] ´The inabstinence of Eve.´ Milton.

In•ab•stract´ed , a. Not abstracted.

In•a•bu´sive•ly , adv. Without abuse.

In•ac•cess•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inaccessibilite.] The quality or state of being inaccessible; inaccessibleness. ´The inaccessibility of the precipice.´ Bp. Butler.

In•ac•cess´i•ble , a. [L. inaccessibilis: cf. F. inaccessible. See In- not, and Accessible.] Not accessible; not to be reached, obtained, or approached; as an inaccessible rock, fortress, document, prince, etc. — In•ac•cess´i•ble•ness, n. — In•ac•cess´i•bly, adv.

In•ac•cord´ant , a. Not accordant; discordant.

In•ac´cu•ra•cy , n.; pl. Inaccuracies . 1. The quality of being inaccurate; want of accuracy or exactness. 2. That which is inaccurate or incorrect; mistake; fault; defect; error; as in inaccuracy in speech, copying, calculation, etc.

In•ac´cu•rate , a. Not accurate; not according to truth; inexact; incorrect; erroneous; as in inaccurate man, narration, copy, judgment, calculation, etc. “The expression is plainly inaccurate.” Bp. Hurd. Syn. — Inexact; incorrect; erroneous; faulty; imperfect; incomplete; defective.

In•ac´cu•rate•ly, adv. In an inaccurate manner; incorrectly; inexactly.

In•ac•quaint´ance , a. Want of acquaintance. Good.

In•ac•qui•es´cent , a. Not acquiescent or acquiescing.

In•ac´tion , n. [Pref. in. not + action: cf. inaction.] Want of action or activity; forbearance from labor; idleness; rest; inertness. Berkeley.

In•ac´tive , a. [Pref. in- not + active: cf. F. inactif.] 1. Not active; having no power to move; that does not or can not produce results; inert; as matter is, of itself, inactive. 2. Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as an inactive officer. 3. (Chem. & Opt.) Not active; inert; esp., not exhibiting any action or activity on polarized light; optically neutral; — said of isomeric forms of certain substances, in distinction from other forms which are optically active; as racemic acid is an inactive tartaric acid. Syn. — Inert; dull; sluggish; idle; indolent; slothful; lazy. See Inert.

In•ac´tive•ly, adv. In an inactive manner. Locke.

In•ac•tiv´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inactivite.] 1. The state or quality of being inactive; inertness; as the inactivity of matter. 2. Idleness; habitual indisposition to action or exertion; want of energy; sluggishness. “The gloomy inactivity of despair.” Cook.

In•ac´tose , n. (Chem.) A variety of sugar, found in certain plants. It is optically inactive.

In•ac´tu•ate , v. t. To put in action. [Obs.]

In•ac•tu•a´tion , n. Operation. [Obs.]

In•ad•ap•ta´tion , n. Want of adaptation; unsuitableness.

In•ad´e•qua•cy , n. [From Inadequate.] The quality or state of being inadequate or insufficient; defectiveness; insufficiency; inadequateness. “The inadequacy and consequent inefficacy of the alleged causes.” Dr. T. Dwight.

In•ad´e•quate , a. [Pref. in- not + adequate: cf. F. inadequat.] Not adequate; unequal to the purpose; insufficient; deficient; as inadequate resources, power, conceptions, representations, etc. Dryden. — In•ad´e•quate•ly, adv. — In•ad´e•quate•ness, n.

In•ad•e•qua´tion , n. Want of exact correspondence. [Obs.] Puller.

In•ad•her´ent , a. 1. Not adhering. 2. (Bot.) Free; not connected with the other organs.

In•ad•he´sion , n. Want of adhesion.

In•ad•mis•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inadmissibilite.] The state or quality of being inadmissible, or not to be received.

In•ad•mis´si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + admissible: cf. F. inadmissible.] Not admissible; not proper to be admitted, allowed, or received; as inadmissible testimony; an inadmissible proposition, or explanation. — In•ad•mis´si•bly, adv. { In•ad•vert´ence pl. -ces , In•ad•vert´en•cy pl. - cies , } n. [Cf. F. inadvertance.] 1. The quality of being inadvertent; lack of heedfulness or attentiveness; inattention; negligence; as many mistakes proceed from inadvertence. “Inadvertency, or want of attendance to the sense and intention of our prayers.” Jer. Taylor. 2. An effect of inattention; a result of carelessness; an oversight, mistake, or fault from negligence. “The productions of a great genius, with many lapses an inadvertencies, are infinitely preferable to works of an inferior kind of author which are scrupulously exact.” Addison. Syn. — Inattention; heedlessness; carelessness; negligence; thoughtlessness. See Inattention.

In•ad•vert´ent , a. [Cf. F. inadvertant. See 2d In-, and Advert.] Not turning the mind to a matter; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive. “An inadvertent step may crush the snail
That crawls at evening in the public path.” Cowper. — In•ad•vert´ent•ly, adv.

In•ad•vis´a•ble , a. Not advisable. — In•ad•vis´a•ble•ness, n.

In•af•fa•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inaffabilite.] Want of affability or sociability; reticence.

In•af´fa•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + affable.] Not affable; reserved in social intercourse.

In•af•fec•ta´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + affectation: cf. F. inaffectation.] Freedom from affectation; naturalness. [R.]

In•af•fect´ed , a. Unaffected. [Obs.] — In•af•fect´ed•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•aid´a•ble , a. Incapable of being assisted; helpless. [R.] Shak.

In•al•ien•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inalienable.

In•al´ien•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + alienable: cf. F. inalienable.] Incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred to another; not alienable; as in inalienable birthright.

In•al´ien•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inalienable; inalienability.

In•al´ien•a•bly, adv. In a manner that forbids alienation; as rights inalienably vested.

In•al•i•men´tal , a. Affording no aliment or nourishment. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•al•ter•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inalterabilite.] The quality of being unalterable or unchangeable; permanence.

In•al´ter•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + alterable: cf. F. inalterable.] Not alterable; incapable of being altered or changed; unalterable. — In•al´ter•a•ble•ness, n. — In•al´ter•a•bly, adv.

In•a´mi•a•ble , a. Unamiable. [Obs.] — In•a´mi•a•ble•ness, n. [Obs.]

In•a•mis´si•ble , a. [L. inamissibilis: cf. F. inamissible.] Incapable of being lost. [R.] Hammond. — In•a•mis´si•ble•ness, n. [R.]

In•a•mo•ra´ta , n. [It. innamorata, fem., innamorato, masc., p. p. of innamorare to inspire with love. See Enamor.] A woman in love; a mistress. ´The fair inamorata.´ Sherburne.

In•am´o•rate , a. Enamored. Chapman. — In•am´o•rate•ly, adv. [R.]

In•a•mo•ra´to , n.; pl. Inamoratos (#). [See Inamorata.] A male lover.

In•a•mov´a•ble , a. Not amovable or removable. [R.] Palgrave.

In´-and-in´ , n. An old game played with four dice. In signified a doublet, or two dice alike; in-and-in, either two doubles, or the four dice alike.

In and in, a. & adv. Applied to breeding from a male and female of the same parentage. See under Breeding.

In•ane´ , a. [L. inanis.] Without contents; empty; void of sense or intelligence; purposeless; pointless; characterless; useless. ´Vague and inane instincts.´ I. Taylor. — In•ane´ly, adv.

In•ane´, n. That which is void or empty. [R.] “The undistinguishable inane of infinite space.” Locke.

In•an´gu•lar , a. Not angular. [Obs.] { In•a•nil´o•quent , In•a•nil´o•quous } a. [L. inanis empty + loqui to speak.] Given to talking inanely; loquacious; garrulous. [R.]

In•an´i•mate , v. t. [Pref. in- in (or intensively) + animate.] To animate. [Obs.] Donne.

In•an´i•mate , a. [L. inanimatus; pref. in- not + animatus animate.] Not animate; destitute of life or spirit; lifeless; dead; inactive; dull; as stones and earth are inanimate substances. “Grieving, if aught inanimate e’er grieves.” Byron. Syn. — Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; dull; soulless; spiritless. See Lifeless.

In•an´i•ma•ted , a. Destitute of life; lacking animation; unanimated. Pope.

In•an´i•mate•ness , n. The quality or state of being inanimate. “The deadness and inanimateness of the subject.” W. Montagu.

In•an•i•ma´tion , n. [See 2d Inanimate.] Want of animation; lifeless; dullness.

In•an•i•ma´tion, n. [See 1st Inanimate.] Infusion of life or vigor; animation; inspiration. [Obs.] “The inanimation of Christ living and breathing within us.” Bp. Hall.

In•a•ni´ti•ate , v. t. To produce inanition in; to exhaust for want of nourishment. [R.]

In•a•ni•ti•a´tion , n. Inanition. [R.]

In•a•ni´tion , n. [F. inanition, L. inanitio emptiness, fr. inanire to empty, fr. inanis empty. Cf. Inane.] The condition of being inane; emptiness; want of fullness, as in the vessels of the body; hence, specifically, exhaustion from want of food, either from partial or complete starvation, or from a disorder of the digestive apparatus, producing the same result. “Feeble from inanition, inert from weariness.” Landor. “Repletion and inanition may both do harm in two contrary extremes.” Burton.

In•an´i•ty , n.; pl. Inanities (#). [L. inanitas, fr. inanis empty: cf. F. inanite. See Inane.] 1. Inanition; void space; vacuity; emptiness. 2. Want of seriousness; aimlessness; frivolity. 3. An inane, useless thing or pursuit; a vanity; a silly object; — chiefly in pl.; as the inanities of the world.

In•an´ther•ate , a. (Bot.) Not bearing anthers; — said of sterile stamens.

In an´tis [L.] (Arch.) Between antae; — said of a portico in classical style, where columns are set between two antae, forming the angles of the building. See Anta.

In•ap´a•thy , n. Sensibility; feeling; — opposed to apathy. [R.]

In•ap•peal´a•ble , a. Not admitting of appeal; not appealable. Coleridge.

In•ap•peas´a•ble , a. Incapable of being appeased or satisfied; unappeasable.

In•ap•pel•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inappellable; finality. “The inappellability of the councils.” Coleridge.

In•ap•pel´la•ble , a. Inappealable; final. { In•ap´pe•tence , In•ap´pe•ten•cy } n. [Pref. in- not + appetence: cf. F. inappetence.] Want of appetency; want of desire.

In•ap•pli•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inapplicabilite.] The quality of being inapplicable; unfitness; inapplicableness.

In•ap´pli•ca•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + applicable.] Not applicable; incapable of being applied; not adapted; not suitable; as the argument is inapplicable to the case. J. S. Mill. Syn. — Unsuitable; unsuited; unadapted; inappropriate; inapposite; irrelevant. — In•ap´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. — In•ap´pli•ca•bly, adv.

In•ap•pli•ca´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + application: cf. F. inapplication.] Want of application, attention, or diligence; negligence; indolence.

In•ap´po•site , a. Not apposite; not fit or suitable; not pertinent. — In•ap´po•site•ly, adv.

In•ap•pre´ci•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + appreciable: cf. F. inappreciable.] Not appreciable; too small to be perceived; incapable of being duly valued or estimated. Hallam.

In•ap•pre´ci•a´tion , n. Want of appreciation.

In•ap•pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. inapprehensibilis: cf. F. inapprehensible.] Not apprehensible; unintelligible; inconceivable. Milton.

In•ap•pre•hen´sion , n. Want of apprehension.

In•ap•pre•hen´sive , a. Not apprehensive; regardless; unconcerned. Jer. Taylor.

In•ap•proach´a•ble , a. Not approachable; unapproachable; inaccessible; unequaled. — In•ap•proach´a•bly, adv.

In•ap•pro´pri•ate , a. Not instrument (to); not appropriate; unbecoming; unsuitable; not specially fitted; — followed by to or for. — In•ap•pro´pri•ate•ly, adv. — In•ap•pro´pri•ate•ness, n.

In•apt´ , a. [Pref. in- not + apt: cf. F. inapte. Cf. Inept.] Unapt; not apt; unsuitable; inept. — In•apt´ly, adv. — In•apt´ness, n.

In•apt´i•tude , n. [In- + aptitude: cf. F. inaptitude. Cf. Ineptitude.] Want of aptitude.

In•a´quate , a. [L. inaquatus, p. p. of inaquare to make into water; pref. in- in + aqua water.] Embodied in, or changed into, water. [Obs.] Cranmer.

In•a•qua´tion , n. The state of being inaquate. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner.

In•ar´a•ble , a. Not arable. [R.]

In•arch´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inarched p. pr. & vb. n. Inarching.] To graft by uniting, as a scion, to a stock, without separating either from its root before the union is complete; — also called to graft by approach. P. Miler.

In•arch´ing, n. A method of ingrafting. See Inarch.

In•ar•tic´u•late , a. [L. inarticulatus; pref. in- not + articulatus articulate.] 1. Not uttered with articulation or intelligible distinctness, as speech or words. “Music which is inarticulate poesy.” Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Not jointed or articulated; having no distinct body segments; as an inarticulate worm. (b) Without a hinge; — said of an order (Inarticulata or Ecardines) of brachiopods. 3. Incapable of articulating. [R.] “The poor earl, who is inarticulate with palsy.” Walpole.

In•ar•tic´u•la•ted , a. Not articulated; not jointed or connected by a joint.

In•ar•tic´u•late•ly , adv. In an inarticulate manner. Hammond.

In•ar•tic´u•late•ness, n. The state or quality of being inarticulate.

In•ar•tic•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. inarticulation.] Inarticulateness. Chesterfield.

In•ar•ti•fi´cial , a. [Pref. in- not + artificial: cf. F. inartificiel.] Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural; simple; artless; as an inartificial argument; an inartificial character. — In•ar•ti•fi´cial•ly, adv. — In•ar•ti•fi´cial•ness, n.

In•as•much´ , adv. [In + as + much.] In like degree; in like manner; seeing that; considering that; since; — followed by as. See In as much as, under In, prep. “Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me.” Matt. xxv. 45. Syn. — Because; since; for; as. See Because.

In•at•ten´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + attention: cf. F. inattention.] Want of attention, or failure to pay attention; disregard; heedlessness; neglect. “Novel lays attract our ravished ears;
But old, the mind inattention hears.” Pope. Syn. — Inadvertence; heedlessness; negligence; carelessness; disregard; remissness; thoughtlessness; neglect. — Inattention, Inadvertence. We miss seeing a thing through inadvertence when do not happen to look at it; through inattention when we give no heed to it, though directly before us. The latter is therefore the worse. Inadvertence may be an involuntary accident; inattention is culpable neglect. A versatile mind is often inadvertent; a careless or stupid one is inattentive.

In•at•ten´tive , a. [Cf. F. inattentif.] Not attentive; not fixing the mind on an object; heedless; careless; negligent; regardless; as an inattentive spectator or hearer; an inattentive habit. I. Watts. Syn. — Careless; heedless; regardless; thoughtless; negligent; remiss; inadvertent. — In•at•ten´tive•ly, adv. — In•at•ten´tive•ness, n.

In•au•di•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inaudible; inaudibleness.

In•au´di•ble , a. [L. inaudibilis; pref. in- not + audire to hear: cf. F. unaudible. See In- not, and Audible.] Not audible; incapable of being heard; silent. — In•au´di•ble•ness, n. — In•au´di•bly, adv.

In•au´gur , v. t. [Cf. F. inaugurer. See Inaugurate.] To inaugurate. [Obs.] Latimer.

In•au´gu•ral , a. [Cf. F. inaugural.] Pertaining to, or performed or pronounced at, an inauguration; as an inaugural address; the inaugural exercises.

In•au´gu•ral, n. An inaugural address. [U.S.]

In•au´gu•rate , a. [L. inauguratus, p. p. of inaugurare to take omens from the flight of birds (before entering upon any important undertaking); hence, to consecrate, inaugurate, or install, with such divination; pref. in- in + augurare, augurari, to augur. See Augur.] Invested with office; inaugurated. Drayton.

In•au´gu•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inaugurated p. pr. & vb. n. Inaugurating ] 1. To introduce or induct into an office with suitable ceremonies or solemnities; to invest with power or authority in a formal manner; to install; as to inaugurate a president; to inaugurate a king. Milton. 2. To cause to begin, esp. with formality or solemn ceremony; hence, to set in motion, action, or progress; to initiate; — used especially of something of dignity or worth or public concern; as to inaugurate a new era of things, new methods, etc. “As if kings did choose remarkable days to inaugurate their favors.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. To celebrate the completion of, or the first public use of; to dedicate, as a statue. [Colloq.] 4. To begin with good omens. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•au•gu•ra´tion , n. [L. inauguratio a beginning: cf. F. inauguration.] 1. The act of inuagurating, or inducting into office with solemnity; investiture by appropriate ceremonies. “At his regal inauguration, his old father resigned the kingdom to him.” Sir T. Browne. 2. The formal beginning or initiation of any movement, course of action, etc.; as the inauguration of a new system, a new condition, etc.

In•au´gu•ra•tor , n. One who inaugurates.

In•au´gu•ra•to•ry , a. Suitable for, or pertaining to, inauguration. Johnson.

In•au´rate , a. [L. inauratus, p. p. inaurare to gild; pref. in- in + aurum gold.] Covered with gold; gilded.

In•au´rate , v. t. To cover with gold; to gild.

In•au•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. inauration.] The act or process of gilding or covering with gold.

In•aus´pi•cate , a. [L. inauspicatus; pref. in- not + auspicatus, p. p. auspicari. See Auspicate.] Inauspicious. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

In•aus•pi´cious , a. Not auspicious; ill-omened; unfortunate; unlucky; unfavorable. ´Inauspicious stars.´ Shak. ´Inauspicious love.´ Dryden. — In•aus•pi´cious•ly, adv. — In•aus•pi´cious•ness, n.

In•au•thor´i•ta•tive , a. Without authority; not authoritative.

In´barge , v. t. & i. To embark; to go or put into a barge. [Obs.] Drayton.

In´beam•ing , n. Shining in. South.

In´be•ing , n. Inherence; inherent existence. I. Watts.

In•bind´ , v. t. To inclose. [Obs.] Fairfax.

In´blown , a. Blown in or into. [Obs.]

In´board , a. & adv. 1. (Naut.) Inside the line of a vessel’s bulwarks or hull; the opposite of outboard; as an inboard cargo; haul the boom inboard. 2. (Mech.) From without inward; toward the inside; as the inboard stroke of a steam engine piston, the inward or return stroke.

In´born , a. Born in or with; implanted by nature; innate; as inborn passions. Cowper. Syn. — Innate; inherent; natural. { In´break• , In´break•ing } n. A breaking in; inroad; invasion.

In•breathe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbreathed p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreathing.] To infuse by breathing; to inspire. Coleridge.

In´bred , a. Bred within; innate; as inbred worth. ´Inbred sentiments.´ Burke.

In•breed´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbred p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreeding.] [Cf. Imbreed.] 1. To produce or generate within. Bp. Reynolds. “To inbreed and cherish … the seeds of virtue.” Milton. 2. To breed in and in. See under Breed, v. i.

In´burn•ing , a. Burning within. “Her inburning wrath she gan abate.” Spenser.

In´burnt , a. Burnt in; ineffaceable. “Her inburnt, shamefaced thoughts.” P. Fletcher.

In´burst , n. A bursting in or into.

Inc , n. A Japanese measure of length equal to about two and one twelfth yards. [Written also ink.]

In´ca , n. (a) An emperor or monarch of Peru before, or at the time of, the Spanish conquest; any member of this royal dynasty, reputed to have been descendants of the sun. (b) pl. The people governed by the Incas now represented by the Quichua tribe. Inca dove (Zoöl.), a small dove (Scardafella inca), native of Arizona, Lower California, and Mexico.

In•cage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incaged p. pr. & vb. n. Incaging ] [Cf. Encage.] To confine in, or as in, a cage; to coop up. [Written also encage.] ´Incaged birds.´ Shak.

In•cage´ment , n. Confinement in, or as in, cage. [Obs.] Shelton.

In•cal•cu•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being incalculable.

In•cal´cu•la•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + calculable: cf. F. incalculable.] Not capable of being calculated; beyond calculation; very great. — In•cal´cu•la•ble•ness, n. — In•cal´cu•la•bly, adv.

In•ca•les´cence , n. The state of being incalescent, or of growing warm. Sir T. Browne.

In•ca•les´cen•cy , n. Incalescence. Ray.

In•ca•les´cent , a. [L. incalescens, -entis, p. pr. of incalescere to grow hot. See 1st In-, and Calescence.] Growing warm; increasing in heat.

In•cam•er•a´tion , n. [Pref. in- in + L. camera chamber, LL., also jurisdiction: cf. F. incameration, It. incamerazione.] (R. C. Ch.) The act or process of uniting lands, rights, or revenues, to the ecclesiastical chamber, i. e., to the pope’s domain.

In´can , a. Of or pertaining to the Incas.

In•can•des´cence , n. [Cf. F. incandescence.] A white heat, or the glowing or luminous whiteness of a body caused by intense heat.

In•can•des´cent , a. [L. incandecens, -entis, p. pr. of incandescere to become warm or hot; pref. in- in + candescere to become of a glittering whiteness, to become red hot, incho. fr. candere to be of a glittering whiteness: cf. F. incandescent. See Candle.] White, glowing, or luminous, with intense heat; as incandescent carbon or platinum; hence, clear; shining; brilliant. “Holy Scripture become resplendent; or, as one might say, incandescent throughout.” I. Taylor. Incandescent lamp or light (Elec.), a kind of lamp in which the light is produced by a thin filament of conducting material, usually carbon, contained in a vacuum, and heated to incandescence by an electric current, as in the Edison lamp; — called also incandescence lamp, and glowlamp.

In•ca•nes´cent , a. [L. incanescens, p. pr. incanescere to become gray.] Becoming hoary or gray; canescent.

In•ca´nous , a. [L. incanus; pref. in- in + canus hoary.] (Bot.) Hoary with white pubescence.

In•can•ta´tion , n. [L. incantatio, fr. incantare to chant a magic formula over one: cf. F. incantation. See Enchant.] 1. The act or process of using formulas sung or spoken, with occult ceremonies, for the purpose of raising spirits, producing enchantment, or affecting other magical results; enchantment. ´Mysterious ceremony and incantation.´ Burke. 2. A formula of words used as above.

In•cant´a•to•ry , a. Dealing by enchantment; magical. Sir T. Browne.

In•cant´ing, a. Enchanting. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

In•can´ton , v. t. To unite to, or form into, a canton or separate community. Addison.

In•ca•pa•bil´i•ty , n. 1. The quality of being incapable; incapacity. Suckling. 2. (Law) Want of legal qualifications, or of legal power; as incapability of holding an office.

In•ca´pa•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + capable: cf. F. incapable, L. incapabilis incomprehensible.] 1. Wanting in ability or qualification for the purpose or end in view; not large enough to contain or hold; deficient in physical strength, mental or moral power, etc.; not capable; as incapable of holding a certain quantity of liquid; incapable of endurance, of comprehension, of perseverance, of reform, etc. 2. Not capable of being brought to do or perform, because morally strong or well disposed; — used with reference to some evil; as incapable of wrong, dishonesty, or falsehood. 3. Not in a state to receive; not receptive; not susceptible; not able to admit; as incapable of pain, or pleasure; incapable of stain or injury. 4. (Law) Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense; as a man under thirty-five years of age is incapable of holding the office of president of the United States; a person convicted on impeachment is thereby made incapable of holding an office of profit or honor under the government. 5. (Mil.) As a term of disgrace, sometimes annexed to a sentence when an officer has been cashiered and rendered incapable of serving his country. Incapable is often used elliptically. “Is not your father grown incapable of reasonable affairs?” Shak. Syn. — Incompetent; unfit; unable; insufficient; inadequate; deficient; disqualified. See Incompetent.

In•ca´pa•ble, n. One who is morally or mentally weak or inefficient; an imbecile; a simpleton.

In•ca´pa•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being incapable; incapability.

In•ca´pa•bly, adv. In an incapable manner.

In•ca•pa´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + capacious: cf. L. incapax incapable.] Not capacious; narrow; small; weak or foolish; as an incapacious soul. Bp. Burnet. — In•ca•pa´cious•ness, n.

In•ca•pac´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incapacitated p. pr. & vb. n. Incapacitating ] [Pref. in- not + capacitate.] 1. To deprive of capacity or natural power; to disable; to render incapable or unfit; to disqualify; as his age incapacitated him for war. 2. (Law) To deprive of legal or constitutional requisites, or of ability or competency for the performance of certain civil acts; to disqualify. “It absolutely incapacitated them from holding rank, office, function, or property.” Milman.

In•ca•pac•i•ta´tion , n. The act of incapacitating or state of being incapacitated; incapacity; disqualification. Burke.

In•ca•pac´i•ty , n.; pl. Incapacities . [Cf. F. incapacite.] 1. Want of capacity; lack of physical or intellectual power; inability. 2. (Law) Want of legal ability or competency to do, give, transmit, or receive something; inability; disqualification; as the inacapacity of minors to make binding contracts, etc. Syn. — Inability; incapability; incompetency; unfitness; disqualification; disability.

In•cap´su•late , v. t. (Physiol.) To inclose completely, as in a membrane.

In•cap•su•la´tion , n. (Physiol.) The process of becoming, or the state or condition of being, incapsulated; as incapsulation of the ovum in the uterus.

In•car´cer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarcerated p. pr. & vb. n. Incarcerating ] [Pref. in- in + L. carceratus, p. p. of carcerare to imprison, fr. carcer prison.] 1. To imprison; to confine in a jail or prison. 2. To confine; to shut up or inclose; to hem in. Incarcerated hernia (Med.), hernia in which the constriction can not be easily reduced.

In•car´cer•ate , a. Imprisoned. Dr. H. More.

In•car•cer•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. incarceration.] 1. The act of confining, or the state of being confined; imprisonment. Glanvill. 2. (Med.) (a) Formerly, strangulation, as in hernia. (b) A constriction of the hernial sac, rendering it irreducible, but not great enough to cause strangulation.

In•car´cer•a•tor , n. One who incarcerates.

In•carn´ , v. t. [Cf. F. incarner. See Incarnate.] To cover or invest with flesh. [R.] Wiseman.

In•carn´, v. i. To develop flesh. [R.] Wiseman.

In•car´na•dine , a. [F. incarnadin, It. incarnatino; L. pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. Cf. Carnation, Incarnate.] Flesh-colored; of a carnation or pale red color. [Obs.] Lovelace.

In•car´na•dine, v. t. To dye red or crimson. “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather
The multitudinous seas incarnadine,
Making the green one red.” Shak.

In•car´nate , a. [Pref. in- not + carnate.] Not in the flesh; spiritual. [Obs.] “I fear nothing … that devil carnate or incarnate can fairly do.” Richardson.

In•car´nate, a. [L. incarnatus, p. p. of incarnare to incarnate, pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. Invested with flesh; embodied in a human nature and form; united with, or having, a human body. “Here shalt thou sit incarnate.” Milton. “He represents the emperor and his wife as two devils incarnate, sent into the world for the destruction of mankind.” Jortin. 2. Flesh-colored; rosy; red. [Obs.] Holland.

In•car´nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarnated p. pr. & vb. n. Incarnating ] To clothe with flesh; to embody in flesh; to invest, as spirits, ideals, etc., with a human from or nature. “This essence to incarnate and imbrute,
That to the height of deity aspired.” Milton.

In•car´nate, v. i. To form flesh; to granulate, as a wound. [R.] “My uncle Toby’s wound was nearly well — ’t was just beginning to incarnate.” Sterne.

In•car•na´tion , n. [F. incarnation, LL. incarnatio.] 1. The act of clothing with flesh, or the state of being so clothed; the act of taking, or being manifested in, a human body and nature. 2. (Theol.) The union of the second person of the Godhead with manhood in Christ. 3. An incarnate form; a personification; a manifestation; a reduction to apparent from; a striking exemplification in person or act. “She is a new incarnation of some of the illustrious dead.” Jeffrey. “The very incarnation of selfishness.” F. W. Robertson. 4. A rosy or red color; flesh color; carnation. [Obs.] 5. (Med.) The process of healing wounds and filling the part with new flesh; granulation.

In•car´na•tive , a. [Cf. F. incarnatif.] Causing new flesh to grow; healing; regenerative. — n. An incarnative medicine.

In•car•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Incarnation, and -fy.] The act of assuming, or state of being clothed with, flesh; incarnation.

In•case´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incased p. pr. & vb. n. Incasing.] [F. encaisser; pref. en- (L. in) + caisse case. See Case a box, and cf. Encase, Enchase.] To inclose in a case; to inclose; to cover or surround with something solid. “Rich plates of gold the folding doors incase.” Pope.

In•case´ment , n. [Cf. Casement.] 1. The act or process of inclosing with a case, or the state of being incased. 2. That which forms a case, covering, or inclosure.

In•cask´ , v. t. To cover with a casque or as with a casque. Sherwood.

In•cas´tel•la•ted , a. Confined or inclosed in a castle.

In•cas´telled , a. (Far.) Hoofbound. Crabb.

In•cat•e•na´tion , n. [LL. incatenatio; L. pref. in- in + catena chain. See Enchain.] The act of linking together; enchaining. [R.] Goldsmith.

In•cau´tion , n. Want of caution. Pope.

In•cau´tious , a. [Pref. in- not + cautious: cf. L. incautus.] Not cautious; not circumspect; not attending to the circumstances on which safety and interest depend; heedless; careless; as an incautious step; an incautious remark. “You … incautious tread
On fire with faithless embers overspread.” Francis. “His rhetorical expressions may easily captivate any incautious reader.” Keill. Syn. — Unwary; indiscreet; inconsiderate; imprudent; impolitic; careless; heedless; thoughtless. — In•cau´tious•ly, adv. — In•cau´tious•ness, n.

In´ca•va•ted (in´ka•va•ted), a. [L. incavatus, p. p. of incavare to make hollow: pref in- in + cavare to hollow out, fr. cavus hollow.] Made hollow; bent round or in.

In•ca•va´tion (in•ka•va´shun), n. Act of making hollow; also a hollow; an excavation; a depression.

In•caved´ (in•kavd), a. [Pref. in- in + cave. Cf. Encave, Incavated.] Inclosed in a cave.

In•cav´erned (in•kav´ernd), a. Inclosed or shut up as in a cavern. Drayton.

In•ced´ing•ly (in•sed´ing•ly), adv. [L. incedere to walk majestically.] Majestically. [R.] C. Bronte.

In•ce•leb´ri•ty , n. Want of celebrity or distinction; obscurity. [R.] Coleridge.

In•cend´ , v. t. [L. incendere, incensum, to kindle, burn. See Incense to inflame.] To inflame; to excite. [Obs.] Marston.

In•cen´di•a•rism , n. [From Incendiary.] The act or practice of maliciously setting fires; arson.

In•cen´di•a•ry ( 277), n.; pl. Incendiaries (#). [L. incendiarius: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.] 1. Any person who maliciously sets fire to a building or other valuable or other valuable property. 2. A person who excites or inflames factions, and promotes quarrels or sedition; an agitator; an exciter. “Several cities … drove them out as incendiaries.” Bentley.

In•cen´di•a•ry, a. [L. incendiarius, fr. incendium a fire, conflagration: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.] 1. Of or pertaining to incendiarism, or the malicious burning of valuable property; as incendiary material; as incendiary crime. 2. Tending to excite or inflame factions, sedition, or quarrel; inflammatory; seditious. Paley. Incendiary shell, a bombshell. See Carcass, 4.

In•cen´di•ous , a. [L. incendiosus burning, hot.] Promoting faction or contention; seditious; inflammatory. [Obs.] Bacon. — In•cen´di•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•cen´sant , a. [See Incense to anger.] (Her.) A modern term applied to animals (as a boar) when borne as raging, or with furious aspect.

In•cen•sa´tion , n. (R. C. Ch.) The offering of incense. [R.] Encyc. Brit.

In•cense´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] [L. incensus, p. p. of incendere; pref. in- in + root of candere to glow. See Candle.] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle; to burn. [Obs.] “Twelve Trojan princes wait on thee, and labor to incense
Thy glorious heap of funeral.” Chapman. 2. To inflame with anger; to endkindle; to fire; to incite; to provoke; to heat; to madden. “The people are incensed him.” Shak. Syn. — To enrage; exasperate; provoke; anger; irritate; heat; fire; instigate.

In´cense , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] [LL. incensare: cf. F. encenser. See Incense, n.] 1. To offer incense to. See Incense. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To perfume with, or as with, incense. ´Incensed with wanton sweets.´ Marston.

In´cense , n. [OE. encens, F. encens, L. incensum, fr. incensus, p. p. of incendere to burn. See Incense to inflame.] 1. The perfume or odors exhaled from spices and gums when burned in celebrating religious rites or as an offering to some deity. “A thick cloud of incense went up.” Ezek. viii. 11. 2. The materials used for the purpose of producing a perfume when burned, as fragrant gums, spices, frankincense, etc. “Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon.” Lev. x. 1. 3. Also used figuratively. “Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride,
With incense kindled at the Muse’s flame.” Gray. Incense tree, the name of several balsamic trees of the genus Bursera (or Icica) mostly tropical American. The gum resin is used for incense. In Jamaica the Chrysobalanus Icaco, a tree related to the plums, is called incense tree. — Incense wood, the fragrant wood of the tropical American tree Bursera heptaphylla.

In´cense-breath•ing , a. Breathing or exhaling incense. ´Incense-breathing morn.´ Gray.

In•censed´ , a. 1. Angered; enraged. 2. (Her.) Represented as enraged, as any wild creature depicted with fire issuing from mouth and eyes.

In•cense´ment , n. Fury; rage; heat; exasperation; as implacable incensement. Shak.

In•cen´ser , n. One who instigates or incites.

In•cen´sion , n. [L. incensio. See Incense to inflame.] The act of kindling, or the state of being kindled or on fire. Bacon.

In•cen´sive , a. Tending to excite or provoke; inflammatory. Barrow.

In•cen´sor , n. [L.] A kindler of anger or enmity; an inciter.

In•cen´so•ry ( 277), n.; pl. Incensories (#). [LL. incensorium: cf. F. encensoir. See 2d Incense, and cf. Censer.] The vessel in which incense is burned and offered; a censer; a thurible. [R.] Evelyn.

In•cen´sur•a•ble ( 135), a. [Pref. in- not + censurable: cf. F. incensurable.] Not censurable. Dr. T. Dwight. — In•cen´sur•a•bly, adv.

In•cen´ter , n. (Geom.) The center of the circle inscribed in a triangle.

In•cen´tive , a. [L. incentivus, from incinere to strike up or set the tune; pref. in- + canere to sing. See Enchant, Chant.] 1. Inciting; encouraging or moving; rousing to action; stimulative. “Competency is the most incentive to industry.” Dr. H. More. 2. Serving to kindle or set on fire. [R.] “Part incentive reed
Provide, pernicious with one touch of fire.” Milton.

In•cen´tive, n. [L. incentivum.] That which moves or influences the mind, or operates on the passions; that which incites, or has a tendency to incite, to determination or action; that which prompts to good or ill; motive; spur; as the love of money, and the desire of promotion, are two powerful incentives to action. “The greatest obstacles, the greatest terrors that come in their way, are so far from making them quit the work they had begun, that they rather prove incentives to them to go on in it.” South. Syn. — Motive; spur; stimulus; incitement; encouragement; inducement; influence.

In•cen´tive•ly, adv. Incitingly; encouragingly.

In•cep´tion , n. [L. inceptio, fr. incipere to begin; pref. in- in + capere to take. See Capable.] 1. Beginning; commencement; initiation. Bacon. “Marked with vivacity of inception, apathy of progress, and prematureness of decay.” Rawle. 2. Reception; a taking in. [R.] Poe.

In•cep´tive , a. Beginning; expressing or indicating beginning; as an inceptive proposition; an inceptive verb, which expresses the beginning of action; — called also inchoative. — In•cep´tive•ly, adv.

In•cep´tive, n. An inceptive word, phrase, or clause.

In•cep´tor , n. [L.] 1. A beginner; one in the rudiments. Johnson. 2. One who is on the point of taking the degree of master of arts at an English university. Walton.

In•cer•a´tion , n. [L. incerare to smear with wax; pref. in- in + cerare to wax, fr. cera wax: cf. F. inceration.] The act of smearing or covering with wax. B. Jonson.

In•cer´a•tive , a. Cleaving or sticking like wax. Cotgrave.

In•cer´tain , n. [Pref. in- not + certain: cf. F. incertain, L. incertus. See Certain.] Uncertain; doubtful; unsteady. — In•cer´tain•ly, adv. “Very questionable and of uncertain truth.” Sir T. Browne.

In•cer´tain•ty , n. Uncertainty. [Obs.] Shak.

In•cer´ti•tude , n. [Cf. F. incertitude, LL. incertitudo, fr. L. incertus. See Incertain.] Uncertainty; doubtfulness; doubt. “The incertitude and instability of this life.” Holland. “He fails … from mere incertitude or irresolution.” I. Taylor.

In•cer´tum , a. Doubtful; not of definite form. Opus incertum (Anc. Arch.), a kind of masonry employed in building walls, in which the stones were not squared nor laid in courses; rubblework.

In•ces´sa•ble , a. [L. incessabilis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease.] Unceasing; continual. [Obs.] Shelton. — In•ces´sa•bly, adv. [Obs.]

In•ces´san•cy , n. [From Incessant.] The quality of being incessant; unintermitted continuance; unceasingness. Dr. T. Dwight.

In•ces´sant , a. [L. incessans, -antis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease: cf. F. incessant. See Cease.] Continuing or following without interruption; unceasing; unitermitted; uninterrupted; continual; as incessant clamors; incessant pain, etc. “Against the castle gate,
… Which with incessant force and endless hate,
They batter’d day and night and entrance did await.” Spenser. Syn. — Unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; unremitting; ceaseless; continual; constant; perpetual.

In•ces´sant•ly, adv. Unceasingly; continually. Shak.

In•ces´sion , n. [L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] Motion on foot; progress in walking. [Obs.] “The incession or local motion of animals.” Sir T. Browne.

In´cest , n. [F. inceste, L. incestum unchastity, incest, fr. incestus unchaste; pref. in- not + castus chaste. See Chaste.] The crime of cohabitation or sexual commerce between persons related within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. Shak. Spiritual incest. (Eccl. Law) (a) The crime of cohabitation committed between persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of baptism or confirmation. (b) The act of a vicar, or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, the one depending on the collation of the other.

In•cest´tu•ous ( 135), a. [L. incestuosus: cf. F. incestueux.] Guilty of incest; involving, or pertaining to, the crime of incest; as an incestuous person or connection. Shak. “Ere you reach to this incestuous love,
You must divine and human rights remove.” Dryden. — In•cest´tu•ous•ly, adv. — In•cest´tu•ous•ness, n.

Inch , n. [Gael. inis.] An island; — often used in the names of small islands off the coast of Scotland, as in Inchcolm, Inchkeith, etc. [Scot.]

Inch, n. [OE. inche, unche, AS. ynce, L. uncia the twelfth part, inch, ounce. See Ounce a weight.] 1. A measure of length, the twelfth part of a foot, commonly subdivided into halves, quarters, eights, sixteenths, etc., as among mechanics. It was also formerly divided into twelve parts, called lines, and originally into three parts, called barleycorns, its length supposed to have been determined from three grains of barley placed end to end lengthwise. It is also sometimes called a prime (′), composed of twelve seconds (′′), as in the duodecimal system of arithmetic. “12 seconds (′′) make 1 inch or prime. 12 inches or primes (′) make 1 foot.” B. Greenleaf. The meter, the accepted scientific standard of length, equals 39.37 inches; the inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters. See Metric system, and Meter. 2. A small distance or degree, whether of time or space; hence, a critical moment. “Beldame, I think we watched you at an inch.” Shak. By inches, by slow degrees, gradually. — Inch of candle. See under Candle. — Inches of pressure, usually, the pressure indicated by so many inches of a mercury column, as on a steam gauge. — Inch of water. See under Water. — Miner’s inch, (Hydraulic Mining), a unit for the measurement of water. See Inch of water, under Water.

Inch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inched p. pr. & vb. n. Inching.] 1. To drive by inches, or small degrees. [R.] “He gets too far into the soldier’s grace
And inches out my master.” Dryden. 2. To deal out by inches; to give sparingly. [R.]

Inch, v. i. To advance or retire by inches or small degrees; to move slowly. “With slow paces measures back the field,
And inches to the walls.” Dryden.

Inch, a. Measuring an inch in any dimension, whether length, breadth, or thickness; — used in composition; as a two-inch cable; a four-inch plank. Inch stuff, boards, etc., sawed one inch thick.

In•cham´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inchambered p. pr. & vb. n. Inchambering.] [Pref. in- in + chamber: cf. OF. enchambrer.] To lodge in a chamber. [R.] Sherwood.

In•change•a•bil´i•ty , n. Unchangeableness. [Obs.] Kenrick.

In•chant´ , v. t. See Enchant.

In•char´i•ta•ble , a. [Cf. F. incharitable.] Uncharitable; unfeeling. [Obs.] Shak.

In•char´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incharite.] Want of charity. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•chase´ , v. t. See Enchase.

In•chas´ti•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + chastity: cf. F. inchastete.] Unchastity. [Obs.] Milton.

Inched , a. Having or measuring (so many) inches; as a four-inched bridge. Shak.

In•chest´ , v. t. To put into a chest.

Inch´i•pin , n. See Inchpin.

Inch´meal , n. [See Meal a part, and cf. Piecemeal.] A piece an inch long. By inchmeal, by small degrees; by inches. Shak.

Inch´meal, adv. Little by little; gradually.

In´cho•ate , a. [L. inchoatus, better incohatus, p. p. of incohare to begin.] Recently, or just, begun; beginning; partially but not fully in existence or operation; existing in its elements; incomplete. — In´cho•ate•ly, adv. “Neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate.” Raleigh.

In´cho•ate , v. t. To begin. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•cho•a´tion , n. [L. inchoatio, incohatio.] Act of beginning; commencement; inception. “The setting on foot some of those arts, in those parts, would be looked on as the first inchoation of them.” Sir M. Hale. “It is now in actual progress, from the rudest inchoation to the most elaborate finishing.” I. Taylor.

In•cho´a•tive ( 277), a. [L. inchoativus, incohativus: cf. F. inchoatif.] Expressing or pertaining to a beginning; inceptive; as an inchoative verb. ´Some inchoative or imperfect rays.´ W. Montagu. — n. An inchoative verb. See Inceptive.

Inch´pin , n. [Written also inchipin, inche-pinne, inne-pinne.] [Cf. Gael. inne, innidh, bowel, entrail.] The sweetbread of a deer. Cotgrave.

Inch´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid.

In•cic´u•ra•ble , a. [L. incicur not tame; pref. in- not + cicur name.] Untamable. [R.]

In•cide´ , v. t. [L. incidere; pref. in- in + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Incise.] To cut; to separate and remove; to resolve or break up, as by medicines. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

In´ci•dence , n. [Cf. F. incidence.] 1. A falling on or upon; an incident; an event. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Physics) The direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, falls on any surface. “In equal incidences there is a considerable inequality of refractions.” Sir I. Newton. Angle of incidence, the angle which a ray of light, or the line of incidence of a body, falling on any surface, makes with a perpendicular to that surface; also formerly, the complement of this angle. — Line of incidence, the line in the direction of which a surface is struck by a body, ray of light, and the like.

In´ci•den•cy , n. Incidence. [Obs.] Shak.

In´ci•dent , a. [L. incidens, -entis, p. pr. & of incidere to fall into or upon; pref. in- in, on + cadere to fall: cf. F. incident. See Cadence.] 1. Falling or striking upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface. 2. Coming or happening accidentally; not in the usual course of things; not in connection with the main design; not according to expectation; casual; fortuitous. “As the ordinary course of common affairs is disposed of by general laws, so likewise men’s rarer incident necessities and utilities should be with special equity considered.” Hooker. 3. Liable to happen; apt to occur; befalling; hence, naturally happening or appertaining. “All chances incident to man’s frail life.” Milton. “The studies incident to his profession.” Milward. 4. (Law) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal. Incident proposition (Logic), a proposition subordinate to another, and introduced by who, which, whose, whom, etc.; as Julius, whose surname was Caesar, overcame Pompey. I. Watts.

In´ci•dent, n. [Cf. F. incident.] 1. That which falls out or takes place; an event; casualty; occurrence. 2. That which happens aside from the main design; an accidental or subordinate action or event. “No person, no incident, in a play but must be of use to carry on the main design.” Dryden. 3. (Law) Something appertaining to, passing with, or depending on, another, called the principal. Tomlins. Syn. — Circumstance; event; fact; adventure; contingency; chance; accident; casualty. See Event.

In•ci•den´tal , a. Happening, as an occasional event, without regularity; coming without design; casual; accidental; hence, not of prime concern; subordinate; collateral; as an incidental conversation; an incidental occurrence; incidental expenses. “By some, religious duties … appear to be regarded … as an incidental business.” Rogers. Syn. — Accidental; casual; fortuitous; contingent; chance; collateral. See Accidental. — In•ci•den´tal•ly, adv. — In•ci•den´tal•ness, n. “I treat either or incidentally of colors.” Boyle.

In•ci•den´tal, n. An incident; that which is incidental; esp., in the plural, an aggregate of subordinate or incidental items not particularized; as the expense of tuition and incidentals. Pope.

In´ci•dent•ly , adv. Incidentally. [Obs.]

In•cin´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being incinerated or reduced to ashes. Sir T. Browne.

In•cin´er•ate , [LL. incineratus, p. p. of incinerare to incinerate; L. pref. in- in + cinis, cineris, ashes.] Reduced to ashes by burning; thoroughly consumed. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•cin´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incinerated p. pr. & vb. n. Incinerating ] To burn to ashes; to consume; to burn. Bacon. “It is the fire only that incinerates bodies.” Boyle.

In•cin•er•a´tion , n. [LL. incineratio: cf. F. incineration.] The act of incinerating, or the state of being incinerated; cremation. “The phenix kind,
Of whose incineration,
There riseth a new creation.” Skelton. { In•cip´i•ence , In•cip´i•en•cy } n. [L. incipientia.] Beginning; commencement; incipient state.

In•cip´i•ent , a. [L. incipiens, p. pr. of incipere to begin. See Inception.] Beginning to be, or to show itself; commencing; initial; as the incipient stage of a fever; incipient light of day. — In•cip´i•ent•ly, adv.

In•cir´cle , v. t. See Encircle.

In•cir´clet , n. [Cf. Encirclet.] A small circle. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

In•cir•cum•scrip´ti•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + circumscriptible: cf. LL. incircumscriptibilis.] Incapable of being circumscribed or limited. Cranmer.

In•cir•cum•scrip´tion , n. Condition or quality of being incircumscriptible or limitless. Jer. Taylor.

In•cir´cum•spect , a. [Pref. in- not + circumspect.] Not circumspect; heedless; careless; reckless; impolitic. Tyndale.

In•cir•cum•spec´tion , n. [Cf. F. incirconspection.] Want of circumspection. Sir T. Browne.

In•cise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incised p. pr. & vb. n. Incising.] [L. incisus, p. p. of incidere to incise: cf. F. inciser. See Incide.] 1. To cut in or into with a sharp instrument; to carve; to engrave. “I on thy grave this epitaph incise.” T. Carew. 2. To cut, gash, or wound with a sharp instrument; to cut off.

In•cised´ , a. 1. Cut in; carved; engraved. 2. (Bot.) Having deep and sharp notches, as a leaf or a petal.

In•cise´ly , adv. In an incised manner.

In•ci´sion , n. [L. incisio: cf. F. incision. See Incise.] 1. The act of incising, or cutting into a substance. Milton. 2. That which is produced by incising; the separation of the parts of any substance made by a cutting or pointed instrument; a cut; a gash. 3. Separation or solution of viscid matter by medicines. [Obs.]

In•ci´sive , a. [Cf. F. incisif.] 1. Having the quality of incising, cutting, or penetrating, as with a sharp instrument; cutting; hence, sharp; acute; sarcastic; biting. ´An incisive, high voice.´ G. Eliot. “And her incisive smile accrediting
That treason of false witness in my blush.” Mrs. Browning. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the incisors; incisor; as the incisive bones, the premaxillaries.

In•ci´sor ( 277), n. [NL.] (Anat.) One of the teeth in front of the canines in either jaw; an incisive tooth. See Tooth.

In•ci´sor, a. Adapted for cutting; of or pertaining to the incisors; incisive; as the incisor nerve; an incisor foramen; an incisor tooth.

In•ci´so•ry , a. Having the quality of cutting; incisor; incisive.

In•cis´ure ( 277), n. [L. incisura: cf. F. incisure.] A cut; an incision; a gash. Derham.

In•cit´ant , a. [L. incitans, -antis, p. pr. of incitare. See Incite.] Inciting; stimulating.

In•cit´ant, n. That which incites; an inciting agent or cause; a stimulant. E. Darwin.

In•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. incitatio: cf. F. incitation.] 1. The act of inciting or moving to action. 2. That which incites to action; that which rouses or prompts; incitement; motive; incentive. “The noblest incitation to honest attempts.” Tatler.

In•cit´a•tive , n. A provocative; an incitant; a stimulant. [R.] Jervas.

In•cite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incited p. pr. & vb. n. Inciting.] [L. incitare; pref. in- in + citare to rouse, stir up: cf. F. inciter. See Cite.] To move to action; to stir up; to rouse; to spur or urge on. “Anthiochus, when he incited Prusias to join in war, set before him the greatness of the Romans.” Bacon. “No blown ambition doth our arms incite.” Shak. Syn. — Excite; stimulate; instigate; spur; goad; arouse; move; urge; rouse; provoke; encourage; prompt; animate. See Excite.

In•cite´ment , n. [Cf. F. incitement.] 1. The act of inciting. 2. That which incites the mind, or moves to action; motive; incentive; impulse. Burke. “From the long records of a distant age,
Derive incitements to renew thy rage.” Pope. Syn. — Motive; incentive; spur; stimulus; impulse; encouragement.

In•cit´er , n. One who, or that which, incites.

In•cit´ing•ly, adv. So as to incite or stimulate.

In•ci•to-mo´tor , a. [L. incitus incited + E. motor.] (Physiol.) Inciting to motion; — applied to that action which, in the case of muscular motion, commences in the nerve centers, and excites the muscles to contraction. Opposed to excito-motor.

In•ci•to-mo´to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Incitomotor.

In•civ´il , a. [L. incivilis; pref. in- not + civilis civil: cf. F. incivil.] Uncivil; rude. [Obs.] Shak.

In•ci•vil´i•ty , n.; pl. Incivilities (#). [L. incivilitas: cf. F. incivilite.] 1. The quality or state of being uncivil; want of courtesy; rudeness of manner; impoliteness. Shak. Tillotson. 2. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding. “Uncomely jests, loud talking and jeering, which, in civil account, are called indecencies and incivilities.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Want of civilization; a state of rudeness or barbarism. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. Syn. — Impoliteness; uncourteousness; unmannerliness; disrespect; rudeness; discourtesy.

In•civ•i•li•za´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + civilization.] The state of being uncivilized; want of civilization; barbarism.

In•civ´il•ly , adv. Uncivilly. [Obs.] Shak.

In•civ´ism , n. [Pref. in- not + civism: cf. F. incivisme.] Want of civism; want of patriotism or love to one’s country; unfriendliness to one’s state or government. [R.] Macaulay.

In•cla•ma´tion , n. [L. inclamatio. See 1st In-, and Claim.] Exclamation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•clasp´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + clasp. Cf. Enclasp.] To clasp within; to hold fast to; to embrace or encircle. [Written also enclasp.] “The flattering ivy who did ever see
Inclasp the huge trunk of an aged tree.” F. Beaumont.

In•clau´dent , a. Not closing or shutting.

In´cla•va•ted , a. [LL. inclavatus; L. pref. in- in + clavare to fasten with nails, fr. clavus nail.] Set; fast; fixed. Dr. John Smith.

In•clave´ , a. [See Inclavated.] (Her.) Resembling a series of dovetails; — said of a line of division, such as the border of an ordinary.

In´cle , n. Same as Inkle.

In•clem´en•cy , n.; pl. Inclemencies (#). [L. inclementia: cf. F. inclemence.] 1. The state or quality of being inclement; want of clemency; want of mildness of temper; unmercifulness; severity. “The inclemency of the late pope.” Bp. Hall. 2. Physical severity or harshness (commonly in respect to the elements or weather); roughness; storminess; rigor; severe cold, wind, rain, or snow. “The inclemencies of morning air.” Pope. “The rude inclemency of wintry skies.” Cowper. Syn. — Harshness; severity; cruelty; rigor; roughness; storminess; boisterousness.

In•clem´ent , a. [L. inclemens; pref. in- not + clemens mild: cf. F. inclement. See Clement.] 1. Not clement; destitute of a mild and kind temper; void of tenderness; unmerciful; severe; harsh. 2. Physically severe or harsh (generally restricted to the elements or weather); rough; boisterous; stormy; rigorously cold, etc.; as inclement weather. Cowper. “The guard the wretched from the inclement sky.” Pope. “Teach us further by what means to shun
The inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail, and snow!” Milton.

In•clem´ent•ly, adv. In an inclement manner.

In•clin´a•ble , a. [L. inclinabilis. See Incline.] 1. Leaning; tending. “Likely and inclinable to fall.” Bentley. 2. Having a propensity of will or feeling; leaning in disposition; disposed; propense; as a mind inclinable to truth. “Whatsoever other sins he may be inclinable to.” South. “The very constitution of a multitude is not so inclinable to save as to destroy.” Fuller.

In•clin´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being inclinable; inclination.

In•cli•na´tion , n. [L. inclinatio: cf. F. inclination.] 1. The act of inclining, or state of being inclined; a leaning; as an inclination of the head. 2. A direction or tendency from the true vertical or horizontal direction; as the inclination of a column, or of a road bed. 3. A tendency towards another body or point. 4. (Geom.) The angle made by two lines or planes; as the inclination of the plane of the earth’s equator to the plane of the ecliptic is about 23° 28′; the inclination of two rays of light. 5. A leaning or tendency of the mind, feelings, preferences, or will; propensity; a disposition more favorable to one thing than to another; favor; desire; love. “A mere inclination to a thing is not properly a willing of that thing.” South. “How dost thou find the inclination of the people?” Shak. 6. A person or thing loved or admired. Sir W. Temple. 7. (Pharm.) Decantation, or tipping for pouring. Inclination compass, an inclinometer. - - Inclination of an orbit (Astron.), the angle which the orbit makes with the ecliptic. — Inclination of the needle. See Dip of the needle, under Dip. Syn. — Bent; tendency; proneness; bias; proclivity; propensity; prepossession; predilection; attachment; desire; affection; love. See Bent, and cf. Disposition.

In•clin´a•to•ry ( 277), a. Having the quality of leaning or inclining; as the inclinatory needle. — In•clin´a•to•ri•ly (#), adv. Sir T. Browne.

In•cline´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inclined p. pr. & vb. n. Inclining.] [OE. inclinen, enclinen, OF. encliner, incliner, F. incliner, L. inclinare; pref. in- in + clinare to bend, incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean to incline.] 1. To deviate from a line, direction, or course, toward an object; to lean; to tend; as converging lines incline toward each other; a road inclines to the north or south. 2. Fig.: To lean or tend, in an intellectual or moral sense; to favor an opinion, a course of conduct, or a person; to have a propensity or inclination; to be disposed. “Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech.” Judges ix. 3. “Power finds its balance, giddy motions cease
In both the scales, and each inclines to peace.” Parnell. 3. To bow; to incline the head. Chaucer. Syn. — To lean; slope; slant; tend; bend.

In•cline´, v. t. 1. To cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction; to give a leaning, bend, or slope to; as incline the column or post to the east; incline your head to the right. “Incline thine ear, O Lord, and hear.” Is. xxxvii. 17. 2. To impart a tendency or propensity to, as to the will or affections; to turn; to dispose; to influence. “Incline my heart unto thy testimonies.” Ps. cxix. 36. “Incline our hearts to keep this law.” Book of Com. Prayer. 3. To bend; to cause to stoop or bow; as to incline the head or the body in acts of reverence or civility. “With due respect my body I inclined.” Dryden.

In•cline´, n. An inclined plane; an ascent or descent; a grade or gradient; a slope.

In•clined´ , p. p. & a. 1. Having a leaning or tendency towards, or away from, a thing; disposed or moved by wish, desire, or judgment; as a man inclined to virtue. ´Each pensively inclined.´ Cowper. 2. (Math.) Making an angle with some line or plane; — said of a line or plane. 3. (Bot.) Bent out of a perpendicular position, or into a curve with the convex side uppermost. Inclined plane. (Mech.) (a) A plane that makes an oblique angle with the plane of the horizon; a sloping plane. When used to produce pressure, or as a means of moving bodies, it is one of the mechanical powers, so called. (b) (Railroad & Canal) An inclined portion of track, on which trains or boats are raised or lowered from one level to another.

In•clin´er , n. One who, or that which, inclines; specifically, an inclined dial.

In•clin´ing, a. (Bot.) Same as Inclined, 3.

In•clin´ing, n. 1. Inclination; disposition. “On the first inclining towards sleep.” Burke. 2. Party or side chosen; a following. “Both you of my inclining, and the rest.” Shak.

In•clin•nom´e•ter , n. [Incline + -meter.] (Magnetism) An apparatus to determine the inclination of the earth’s magnetic force to the plane of the horizon; — called also inclination compass, and dip circle.

In•clip´ , v. t. To clasp; to inclose. “Whate’er the ocean pales, or sky inclips.” Shak.

In•clois´ter , v. t. [Pref. in- in + cloister: cf. F. encloîtrer. Cf. Encloister.] To confine as in a cloister; to cloister. Lovelace.

In•close´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inclosed p. pr. & vb. n. Inclosing.] [See Enclose, and cf. Include.] [Written also enclose.] 1. To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; to include; to shut up; to encompass; as to inclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls. “How many evils have inclosed me round!” Milton. 2. To put within a case, envelope, or the like; to fold (a thing) within another or into the same parcel; as to inclose a letter or a bank note. “The inclosed copies of the treaty.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To separate from common grounds by a fence; as to inclose lands. Blackstone. 4. To put into harness; to harness. [Obs.] “They went to coach and their horse inclose.” Chapman.

In•clos´er , n. One who, or that which, incloses; one who fences off land from common grounds.

In•clo´sure ( 135), n. [See Inclose, Enclosure.] [Written also enclosure.] 1. The act of inclosing; the state of being inclosed, shut up, or encompassed; the separation of land from common ground by a fence. 2. That which is inclosed or placed within something; a thing contained; a space inclosed or fenced up. “Within the inclosure there was a great store of houses.” Hakluyt. 3. That which incloses; a barrier or fence. “Breaking our inclosures every morn.” W. Browne.

In•cloud´ , v. t. To envelop as in clouds; to darken; to obscure. Milton.

In•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Included; p. pr. & vb. n. Including.] [L. includere, inclusum; pref. in- in + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Enclose.] 1. To confine within; to hold; to contain; to shut up; to inclose; as the shell of a nut includes the kernel; a pearl is included in a shell. 2. To comprehend or comprise, as a genus the species, the whole a part, an argument or reason the inference; to contain; to embrace; as this volume of Shakespeare includes his sonnets; he was included in the invitation to the family; to and including page twenty-five. “The whole included race, his purposed prey.” Milton. “The loss of such a lord includes all harm.” Shak. 3. To conclude; to end; to terminate. [Obs.] “Come, let us go; we will include all jars
With triumphs, mirth, and rare solemnity.” Shak. Syn. — To contain; inclose; comprise; comprehend; embrace; involve.

In•clud´ed , a. Inclosed; confined. Included stamens (Bot.), such as are shorter than the floral envelopes, or are concealed within them.

In•clud´i•ble , a. Capable of being included.

In•clu´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. inclusus, p. p. of includere to shut in.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of bivalve mollusks, characterized by the closed state of the mantle which envelops the body. The ship borer (Teredo navalis) is an example.

In•clu´sion , n. [L. inclusio: cf. F. inclusion. See Include.] 1. The act of including, or the state of being included; limitation; restriction; as the lines of inclusion of his policy. Sir W. Temple. 2. (Min.) A foreign substance, either liquid or solid, usually of minute size, inclosed in the mass of a mineral.

In•clu´sive , a. [Cf. F. inclusif.] 1. Inclosing; encircling; surrounding. “The inclusive verge
Of golden metal that must round my brow.” Shak. 2. Comprehending the stated limit or extremes; as from Monday to Saturday inclusive, that is, taking in both Monday and Saturday; — opposed to exclusive.

In•clu´sive•ly, adv. In an inclusive manner.

In•coach´ , v. t. To put a coach. { In•co•act´ , In•co•act´ed } a. [L. incoactus; pref. in- not + coactus forced. See Coact.] Not compelled; unconstrained. [Obs.] Coles.

In•co•ag´u•la•ble , a. Not coagulable.

In•co•a•les´cence , n. The state of not coalescing.

In•coct´ed , a. [Cf. Concoct.] Raw; indigestible. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•co•er´ci•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + coercible: cf. F. incoercible.] 1. Not to be coerced; incapable of being compelled or forced. 2. (Physics) Not capable of being reduced to the form of a liquid by pressure; — said of any gas above its critical point; — also particularly of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, formerly regarded as incapable of liquefaction at any temperature or pressure. 3. (Physics) That can note be confined in, or excluded from, vessels, like ordinary fluids, gases, etc.; — said of the imponderable fluids, heat, light, electricity, etc.

In•co•ex•ist´ence , n. The state of not coexisting. [Obs.] Locke.

In•cog´ , adv. Incognito. [Colloq.] “Depend upon it — he’ll remain incog.” Addison.

In•cog´i•ta•ble , a. [L. incogitabilis; pref. in- not + cogitabilis cogitable.] Not cogitable; inconceivable. Sir T. More. { In•cog´i•tance , In•cog´i•tan•cy } n. [L. incogitantia.] Want of thought, or of the power of thinking; thoughtlessness; unreasonableness. “’T is folly and incogitancy to argue anything, one way or the other, from the designs of a sort of beings with whom we so little communicate.” Glanvill.

In•cog´i•tant , a. [L. incogitans; pref. in- not + cogitans, p. pr. of cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] Thoughtless; inconsiderate. [R.] Milton. “Men are careless and incogitant.” J. Goodman.

In•cog´i•tant•ly, adv. In an incogitant manner.

In•cog´i•ta•tive , a. Not cogitative; not thinking; wanting the power of thought; as a vegetable is an incogitative being. Locke.

In•cog•i•ta•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality of being incogitative; want of thought or of the power of thinking. Wollaston.

In•cog´ni•ta , n. [See Incognito.] 1. A woman who is unknown or in disguise. 2. The state of being in disguise; — said of a woman.

In•cog´ni•tant , a. Ignorant. [Obs.]

In•cog´ni•to , a. or adv. [It. incognito, masc., incognita, fem., L. incognitus unknown; pref. in- not + cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere: cf. F. incognito, fr. It. See Cognition.] Without being known; in disguise; in an assumed character, or under an assumed title; — said esp. of great personages who sometimes adopt a disguise or an assumed character in order to avoid notice. “’T was long ago
Since gods come down incognito.” Prior. “The prince royal of Persia came thither incognito.” Tatler.

In•cog´ni•to, n.; pl. Incognitos (#). [See Incognito, a.] 1. One unknown or in disguise, or under an assumed character or name. 2. The assumption of disguise or of a feigned character; the state of being in disguise or not recognized. “His incognito was endangered.” Sir W. Scott.

In•cog´ni•za•ble , a. Not cognizable; incapable of being recognized, known, or distinguished. H. Spenser. “The Lettish race, not a primitive stock of the Slavi, but a distinct branch, now become incognizable.” Tooke.

In•cog´ni•zance , n. Failure to cognize, apprehended, or notice. “This incognizance may be explained.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•cog´ni•zant , a. Not cognizant; failing to apprehended or notice. “Of the several operations themselves, as acts of volition, we are wholly incognizant.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•cog•nos´ci•ble , a. Incognizable. — In•cog•nos´ci•bil´i•ty (#), n. { In•co•her´ence , In•co•her´en•cy } n. [Cf. F. incoherence.] 1. The quality or state of being incoherent; want of coherence; want of cohesion or adherence. Boyle. 2. Want of connection; incongruity; inconsistency; want of agreement or dependence of one part on another; as the incoherence of arguments, facts, etc. “Incoherences in matter, and suppositions without proofs, put handsomely together, are apt to pass for strong reason.” Locke. 3. That which is incoherent. “Crude incoherencies … and nauseous tautologies.” South.

In•co•her´ent , a. [Pref. in- not + coherent: cf. F. incoherent.] 1. Not coherent; wanting cohesion; loose; unconnected; physically disconnected; not fixed to each; — said of material substances. Woodward. 2. Wanting coherence or agreement; incongruous; inconsistent; having no dependence of one part on another; logically disconnected. ´The same rambling, incoherent manner.´ Bp. Warburton.

In•co•her•en•tif´ic , a. [E. incoherent + L. facere to make.] Causing incoherence. [R.]

In•co•her´ent•ly , adv. In an incoherent manner; without due connection of parts.

In•co•her´ent•ness, n. Incoherence.

In•co•in´ci•dence , n. The quality of being incoincident; want of coincidence. [R.]

In•co•in´ci•dent , a. Not coincident; not agreeing in time, in place, or principle.

In•co•lu´mi•ty , n. [L. incolumitas, fr. incolumis uninjured, safe; perh. fr. in intens. + (doubtful) columis safe.] Safety; security. [Obs.] Howell.

In•com´ber , v. t. See Encumber.

In•com•bine´ , v. i. To be incapable of combining; to disagree; to differ. [Obs.] Milton.

In•com•bus•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incombustilite.] The quality of being incombustible.

In•com•bus´ti•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + combustible: cf. F. incombustible.] Not combustible; not capable of being burned, decomposed, or consumed by fire; uninflammable; as asbestus is an incombustible substance; carbon dioxide is an incombustible gas. Incombustible cloth, a tissue of amianthus or asbestus; also a fabric imbued with an incombustible substance. — In•com•bus´ti•ble•ness, n. — In•com•bus´ti•bly, adv.

In´come , n. 1. A coming in; entrance; admittance; ingress; infusion. [Obs.] Shak. “More abundant incomes of light and strength from God.” Bp. Rust. “At mine income I louted low.” Drant. 2. That which is caused to enter; inspiration; influence; hence, courage or zeal imparted. [R.] “I would then make in and steep
My income in their blood.” Chapman. 3. That gain which proceeds from labor, business, property, or capital of any kind, as the produce of a farm, the rent of houses, the proceeds of professional business, the profits of commerce or of occupation, or the interest of money or stock in funds, etc.; revenue; receipts; salary; especially, the annual receipts of a private person, or a corporation, from property; as a large income. “No fields afford
So large an income to the village lord.” Dryden. 4. (Physiol.) That which is taken into the body as food; the ingesta; — sometimes restricted to the nutritive, or digestible, portion of the food. See Food. Opposed to output. Income bond, a bond issued on the income of the corporation or company issuing it, and the interest of which is to be paid from the earnings of the company before any dividends are made to stockholders; — issued chiefly or exclusively by railroad companies. — Income tax, a tax upon a person’s incomes, emoluments, profits, etc., or upon the excess beyond a certain amount. Syn. — Gain; profit; proceeds; salary; revenue; receipts; interest; emolument; produce.

In´com•er , n. 1. One who comes in. “Outgoers and incomers.” Lew Wallace. 2. One who succeeds another, as a tenant of land, houses, etc. [Eng.]

In´com•ing, a. 1. Coming in; accruing. “A full incoming profit on the product of his labor.” Burke. 2. Coming in, succeeding, or following, as occupant or possessor; as in incoming tenant.

In´com•ing, n. 1. The act of coming in; arrival. “The incomings and outgoings of the trains.” Dickens. 2. Income; gain. [R.] “Many incomings are subject to great fluctuations.” Tooke.

In•com´i•ty , n. Want of comity; incivility; rudeness. [R.]

In com•men´dam [See Commendam.] (Law) See Commendam, and Partnership in Commendam, under Partnership.

In•com•men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incommensurabilite.] The quality or state of being incommensurable. Reid.

In•com•men´su•ra•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + commensurable: cf. F. incommensurable.] Not commensurable; having no common measure or standard of comparison; as quantities are incommensurable when no third quantity can be found that is an aliquot part of both; the side and diagonal of a square are incommensurable with each other; the diameter and circumference of a circle are incommensurable. “They are quantities incommensurable.” Burke. — In•com•men´su•ra•ble•ness, n. — In•com•men´su•ra•bly, adv.

In•com•men´su•ra•ble , n. One of two or more quantities which have no common measure.

In•com•men´su•rate , a. 1. Not commensurate; not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable. 2. Not of equal of sufficient measure or extent; not adequate; as our means are incommensurate to our wants. Syn. — Inadequate; insufficient; disproportionate. — In•com•men´su•rate•ly, adv. — In•com•men´su•rate•ness, n.

In•com•mis´ci•ble , a. [L. incommiscibilis; pref. in- not + commiscibilis that can be mingled.] Not commiscible; not mixable.

In•com•mix´ture ( 135), n. A state of being unmixed; separateness. Sir T. Browne.

In•com´mo•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommodated p. pr. & vb. n. Incommodating ] [L. incommodare. See Incommode.] To incommode. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•com•mo•da´tion , n. The state of being incommoded; inconvenience. [Obs.]

In•com•mode´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommoded; p. pr. & vb. n. Incommoding.] [F. incommoder, L. incommodare inconvenient; pref. in- not + commodus convenient. See Commodious.] To give inconvenience or trouble to; to disturb or molest; to discommode; to worry; to put out; as we are incommoded by want of room. Syn. — To annoy; disturb; trouble; molest; disaccomodate; inconvenience; disquiet; vex; plague.

In•com•mode´, n. An inconvenience. [R.] Strype.

In•com•mode´ment , n. The act of incommoded. [Obs.] Cheyne.

In•com•mo´di•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + commodious: cf. LL. incommodious, L. incommodus, F. incommode.] Tending to incommode; not commodious; not affording ease or advantage; unsuitable; giving trouble; inconvenient; annoying; as an incommodious seat; an incommodious arrangement. — In•com•mo´di•ous•ly, adv. — In•com•mo´di•ous•ness, n.

In•com•mo´di•ty , n.; pl. Incommodities (#). [L. incommoditas: cf. F. incommodite. See Incommodious.] Inconvenience; trouble; annoyance; disadvantage; encumbrance. [Archaic] Bunyan. “A great incommodity to the body.” Jer. Taylor. “Buried him under a bulk of incommodities.” Hawthorne.

In•com•mu•ni•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incommunicabilite.] The quality or state of being incommunicable, or incapable of being imparted.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. [L. incommunicabilis: cf. F. incommunicable. See In- not, and Communicable.] Not communicable; incapable of being communicated, shared, told, or imparted, to others. “Health and understanding are incommunicable.” Southey. “Those incommunicable relations of the divine love.” South. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•ble•ness, n. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•bly, adv.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•ted , a. Not communicated or imparted. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•ting, a. Having no communion or intercourse with each other. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•com•mu´ni•ca•tive , a. Not communicative; not free or apt to impart to others in conversation; reserved; silent; as the messenger was incommunicative; hence, not disposed to hold fellowship or intercourse with others; exclusive. “The Chinese … an incommunicative nation.” C. Buchanan. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•tive•ly, adv. — In•com•mu´ni•ca•tive•ness, n. Lamb. “His usual incommunicativeness.” G. Eliot.

In•com•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. incommutabilitas: cf. F. incommutabilite.] The quality or state of being incommutable.

In•com•mut´a•ble , a. [L. incommutabilis: cf. F. incommutable. See In- not, and Commutable.] Not commutable; not capable of being exchanged with, or substituted for, another. Cudworth. — In•com•mut´a•ble•ness, n. — In•com•mut´a•bly, adv. { In•com•pact´ , In•com•pact´ed } a. Not compact; not having the parts firmly united; not solid; incoherent; loose; discrete. Boyle.

In•com´pa•ra•ble , a. [L. incomparabilis: cf. F. incomparable. See In- not, and Comparable.] Not comparable; admitting of no comparison with others; unapproachably eminent; without a peer or equal; matchless; peerless; transcendent. “A merchant of incomparable wealth.” Shak. “A new hypothesis … which hath the incomparable Sir Isaac Newton for a patron.” Bp. Warburton. — In•com´pa•ra•ble•ness, n. — In•com´pa•ra•bly, adv. “Delights incomparably all those corporeal things.” Bp. Wilkins.

In•com•pared´ , a. Peerless; incomparable. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•com´pass , v. t. See Encompass.

In•com•pas´sion , n. [Pref. in- not + compassion: cf. F. incompassion.] Want of compassion or pity. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

In•com•pas´sion•ate , a. Not compassionate; void of pity or of tenderness; remorseless. — In•com•pas´sion•ate•ly, adv. — In•com•pas´sion•ate•ness, n.

In•com•pat•i•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. -ties . [Cf. F. incompatibilite.] The quality or state of being incompatible; inconsistency; irreconcilableness.

In•com•pat´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + compatible: cf. F. incompatible.] [It was formerly sometimes written incompetible.] 1. Not compatible; so differing as to be incapable of harmonious combination or coexistence; inconsistent in thought or being; irreconcilably disagreeing; as persons of incompatible tempers; incompatible colors, desires, ambition. “A strength and obduracy of character incompatible with his meek and innocent nature.” Southey. 2. (Chem.) Incapable of being together without mutual reaction or decomposition, as certain medicines. Incompatible terms (Logic), terms which can not be combined in thought. Syn. — Inconsistent; incongruous; dissimilar; irreconcilable; unsuitable; disagreeing; inharmonious; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. See Inconsistent.

In•com•pat´i•ble , n. (Med. & Chem.) An incompatible substance; esp., in pl., things which can not be placed or used together because of a change of chemical composition or of opposing medicinal qualities; as the incompatibles of iron.

In•com•pat´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being incompatible; incompatibility.

In•com•pat´i•bly, adv. In an incompatible manner; inconsistently; incongruously. { In•com´pe•tence , In•com´pe•tency } n. [Cf. F. incompetence.] 1. The quality or state of being incompetent; want of physical, intellectual, or moral ability; insufficiency; inadequacy; as the incompetency of a child for hard labor, or of an idiot for intellectual efforts. ´Some inherent incompetency.´ Gladstone. 2. (Law) Want of competency or legal fitness; incapacity; disqualification, as of a person to be heard as a witness, or to act as a juror, or of a judge to try a cause. Syn. — Inability; insufficiency; inadequacy; disqualification; incapability; unfitness.

In•com´pe•tent , a. [L. incompetens: cf. F. incompetent. See In- not, and Competent.] 1. Not competent; wanting in adequate strength, power, capacity, means, qualifications, or the like; incapable; unable; inadequate; unfit. “Incompetent to perform the duties of the place.” Macaulay. 2. (Law) Wanting the legal or constitutional qualifications; inadmissible; as a person professedly wanting in religious belief is an incompetent witness in a court of law or equity; incompetent evidence. “Richard III. had a resolution, out of hatred to his brethren, to disable their issues, upon false and incompetent pretexts, the one of attainder, the other of illegitimation.” Bacon. 3. Not lying within one’s competency, capacity, or authorized power; not permissible. Syn. — Incapable; unable; inadequate; insufficient; inefficient; disqualified; unfit; improper. — Incompetent, Incapable. Incompetent is a relative term, denoting a want of the requisite qualifications for performing a given act, service, etc.; incapable is absolute in its meaning, denoting want of power, either natural or moral. We speak of a man as incompetent to a certain task, of an incompetent judge, etc. We say of an idiot that he is incapable of learning to read; and of a man distinguished for his honor, that he is incapable of a mean action.

In•com´pe•tent•ly, adv. In an competent manner; inadequately; unsuitably.

In•com•pet•i•bil´i•ty , n. See Incompatibility.

In•com•pet´i•ble , a. See Incompatible.

In•com•plete´ , a. [L. incompletus: cf. F. incomplet. See In- not, and Complete.] 1. Not complete; not filled up; not finished; not having all its parts, or not having them all adjusted; imperfect; defective. “A most imperfect and incomplete divine.” Milton. 2. (Bot.) Wanting any of the usual floral organs; — said of a flower. Incomplete equation (Alg.), an equation some of whose terms are wanting; or one in which the coefficient of some one or more of the powers of the unknown quantity is equal to 0.

In•com•plete´ly, adv. In an incomplete manner.

In•com•plete´ness, n. The state of being incomplete; imperfectness; defectiveness. Boyle.

In•com•ple´tion , n. Want of completion; incompleteness. Smart.

In•com•plex´ , a. [Pref. in- not + complex: cf. F. incomplexe.] Not complex; uncompounded; simple. Barrow.

In•com•pli´a•ble , a. Not compliable; not conformable.

In•com•pli´ance , n. 1. The quality or state of being incompliant; unyielding temper; obstinacy. “Self-conceit produces peevishness and incompliance of humor in things lawful and indifferent.” Tillotson. 2. Refusal or failure to comply. Strype.

In•com•pli´ant , a. Not compliant; unyielding to request, solicitation, or command; stubborn. — In•com•pli´ant•ly, adv.

In•com•posed´ , a. Disordered; disturbed. [Obs.] Milton. — In•com•po´sed•ly (#), adv. [Obs.] — In•com•pos´ed•ness, n. [Obs.]

In•com•pos´ite , a. [L. incompositus. See Composite.] Not composite; uncompounded; simple. Incomposite numbers. See Prime numbers, under Prime.

In•com•pos´si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + compossible: cf. F. incompossible.] Not capable of joint existence; incompatible; inconsistent. [Obs.] “Ambition and faith … are … incompossible.” Jer. Taylor. — In•com•pos•si•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

In•com•pre•hense´ , a. [L. incomprehensus.] Incomprehensible. [Obs.] ´Incomprehense in virtue.´ Marston.

In•com•pre•hen•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incomprehensibilite.] The quality of being incomprehensible, or beyond the reach of human intellect; incomprehensibleness; inconceivability; inexplicability. “The constant, universal sense of all antiquity unanimously confessing an incomprehensibility in many of the articles of the Christian faith.” South.

In•com•pre•hen´si•ble , a. [L. incomprehensibilis: cf. F. incomprehensible. See In- not, and Comprehensible.] 1. Not capable of being contained within limits. “An infinite and incomprehensible substance.” Hooker. 2. Not capable of being comprehended or understood; beyond the reach of the human intellect; inconceivable. “And all her numbered stars that seem to roll
Spaces incomprehensible.” Milton. — In•com•pre•hen´si•ble•ness, n. — In•com•pre•hen´si•bly, adv.

In•com•pre•hen´sion , n. Want of comprehension or understanding. ´These mazes and incomprehensions.´ Bacon.

In•com•pre•hen´sive , a. Not comprehensive; not capable of including or of understanding; not extensive; limited. — In•com•pre•hen´sive•ly, a. Sir W. Hamilton. — In•com•pre•hen´sive•ness, n. T. Warton.

In•com•press•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incompressibilite.] The quality of being incompressible, or incapable of reduction in volume by pressure; — formerly supposed to be a property of liquids. “The incompressibility of water is not absolute.” Rees.

In•com•press´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + compressible: cf. F. incompressible.] Not compressible; incapable of being reduced by force or pressure into a smaller compass or volume; resisting compression; as many liquids and solids appear to be almost incompressible. — In•com•press´i•ble•ness, n.

In•com•put´a•ble , a. Not computable.

In•con•ceal´a•ble , a. Not concealable. ´Inconcealable imperfections.´ Sir T. Browne.

In•con•ceiv•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inconceivable; inconceivableness. “The inconceivability of the Infinite.” Mansel.

In•con•ceiv´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + conceivable: cf. F. inconcevable.] Not conceivable; incapable of being conceived by the mind; not explicable by the human intellect, or by any known principles or agencies; incomprehensible; as it is inconceivable to us how the will acts in producing muscular motion. “It is inconceivable to me that a spiritual substance should represent an extended figure.” Locke. — In•con•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•ceiv´a•bly, adv. “The inconceivableness of a quality existing without any subject to possess it.” A. Tucker.

In•con•cep´ti•ble , a. Inconceivable. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•con•cern´ing , a. Unimportant; trifling. [Obs.] ´Trifling and inconcerning matters.´ Fuller.

In•con•cinne´ , a. [See Inconcinnous.] Dissimilar; incongruous; unsuitable. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In•con•cin´ni•ty , n. [L. inconcinnitas.] Want of concinnity or congruousness; unsuitableness. “There is an inconcinnity in admitting these words.” Trench.

In•con•cin´nous , a. [L. inconcinnus. See In- not, and Concinnity.] Not concinnous; unsuitable; discordant. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In•con•clud´ent , a. Not inferring a conclusion or consequence; not conclusive. [Obs.]

In•con•clud´ing, a. Inferring no consequence. [Obs.]

In•con•clu´sive , a. Not conclusive; leading to no conclusion; not closing or settling a point in debate, or a doubtful question; as evidence is inconclusive when it does not exhibit the truth of a disputed case in such a manner as to satisfy the mind, and put an end to debate or doubt. “Arguments … inconclusive and impertinent.” South. — In•con•clu´sive•ly, adv. — In•con•clu´sive•ness, n.

In•con•coct´ , a. [L. pref. in- not + concoctus, p. p. of concoquere. See Concoct.] Inconcocted. [Obs.]

In•con•coct´ed, a. [Pref. in- not + concocted.] Imperfectly digested, matured, or ripened. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•con•coc´tion , n. The state of being undigested; unripeness; immaturity. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•con´crete , a. [L. inconcretus incorporeal.] Not concrete. [R.] L. Andrews.

In•con•cur´ring, a. Not concurring; disagreeing. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con•cus´si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + L. concussibilis that can be shaken. See Concussion.] Not concussible; that cannot be shaken. { In•con•den•sa•bil´i•ty , In•con•den•si•bil´i•ty } n. The quality or state of being incondensable. { In•con•den´sa•ble , In•con•den´si•ble } a. Not condensable; incapable of being made more dense or compact, or reduced to liquid form.

In´con•dite ( 277), a. [L. inconditus; pref. in- not + conditus, p. p. of condere to put or join together. See Condition.] Badly put together; inartificial; rude; unpolished; irregular. ´Carol incondite rhymes.´ J. Philips.

In•con•di´tion•al , a. [Pref. in- not + conditional: cf. F. inconditionnel.] Unconditional. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con•di´tion•ate , a. [Pref. in- not + conditionate: cf. F. inconditionne.] Not conditioned; not limited; absolute. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•con•form´ , a. [Pref. in- not + conform.] Unconformable. [Obs.] Gauden.

In•con•form´a•ble , a. Unconformable. [Obs.]

In•con•form´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inconformite.] Want of conformity; nonconformity. [Obs.]

In•con•fused´ , a. Not confused; distinct. [Obs.]

In•con•fu´sion n. Freedom from confusion; distinctness. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•con•fut´a•ble , a. Not confutable. — In•con•fut´a•bly, adv. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In•con•geal´a•ble , a. [L. incongelabilis. See Congeal.] Not congealable; incapable of being congealed. — In•con•geal´a•ble•ness, n.

In•con•gen´ial , a. Not congenial; uncongenial. [R.] — In•con•ge•ni•al´i•ty (#). [R.]

In•con´gru•ence , n. [L. incongruentia.] Want of congruence; incongruity. Boyle.

In•con´gru•ent , a. [L. incongruens. See In- not, and Congruent.] Incongruous. Sir T. Elyot.

In•con•gru´i•ty , n.; pl. Incongruities (#). [Pref. in- not + congruity: cf. F. incongruite.] 1. The quality or state of being incongruous; want of congruity; unsuitableness; inconsistency; impropriety. “The fathers make use of this acknowledgment of the incongruity of images to the Deity, from thence to prove the incongruity of the worship of them.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Disagreement of parts; want of symmetry or of harmony. [Obs.] 3. That which is incongruous; want of congruity.

In•con´gru•ous , a. [L. incongruus. See In- not, and Congruous.] Not congruous; reciprocally disagreeing; not capable of harmonizing or readily assimilating; inharmonious; inappropriate; unsuitable; not fitting; inconsistent; improper; as an incongruous remark; incongruous behavior, action, dress, etc. ´Incongruous mixtures of opinions.´ I. Taylor. ´Made up of incongruous parts.´ Macaulay. “Incongruous denotes that kind of absence of harmony or suitableness of which the taste and experience of men takes cognizance.” C. J. Smith. Incongruous numbers (Arith.), two numbers, which, with respect to a third, are such that their difference can not be divided by it without a remainder, the two numbers being said to be incongruous with respect to the third; as twenty and twenty-five are incongruous with respect to four. Syn. — Inconsistent; unsuitable; inharmonious; disagreeing; absurd; inappropriate; unfit; improper. See Inconsistent. — In•con´gru•ous•ly, adv. — In•con´gru•ous•ness, n.

In•con•nect´ed , a. Not connected; disconnected. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

In•con•nec´tion , n. Disconnection.

In•con•nex´ed•ly , adv. [Pref. in- not + connexed (p. p. of connex) + - ly.] Not connectedly; without connection. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con´scion•a•ble , a. Unconscionable. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•con´scious , a. Unconscious. [Obs.]

In•con•sec´u•tive•ness , n. The state or quality of not being consecutive. J. H. Newman.

In•con´se•quence , n. [L. inconsequentia: cf. F. inconsequence.] The quality or state of being inconsequent; want of just or logical inference or argument; inconclusiveness. Bp. Stillingfleet. “Strange, that you should not see the inconsequence of your own reasoning!” Bp. Hurd.

In•con´se•quent , a. [L. inconsequens: cf. F. inconsequent. See In- not, and Consequent.] Not following from the premises; not regularly inferred; invalid; not characterized by logical method; illogical; arbitrary; inconsistent; of no consequence. “Loose and inconsequent conjectures.” Sir T. Browne.

In•con•se•quen´tial , a. Not regularly following from the premises; hence, irrelevant; unimportant; of no consequence. Chesterfield. — In•con•se•quen´tial•ly (#), adv.

In•con•se•quen•ti•al´i•ty , n. The state of being inconsequential.

In•con´se•quent•ness , n. Inconsequence.

In•con•sid´er•a•ble , a. Not considerable; unworthy of consideration or notice; unimportant; small; trivial; as an inconsiderable distance; an inconsiderable quantity, degree, value, or sum. ´The baser scum and inconsiderable dregs of Rome.´ Stepney. — In•con•sid´er•a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•sid´er•a•bly, adv.

In•con•sid´er•a•cy , n. Inconsiderateness; thoughtlessness. [Obs.] Chesterfield.

In•con•sid´er•ate , a. [L. inconsideratus. See In- not, and Considerate.] 1. Not considerate; not attentive to safety or to propriety; not regarding the rights or feelings of others; hasty; careless; thoughtless; heedless; as the young are generally inconsiderate; inconsiderate conduct. “It is a very unhappy token of our corruption, that there should be any so inconsiderate among us as to sacrifice morality to politics.” Addison. 2. Inconsiderable. [Obs.] E. Terry. Syn. — Thoughtless; inattentive; inadvertent; heedless; negligent; improvident; careless; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; injudicious; rash; hasty.

In•con•sid´er•ate•ly, adv. In an inconsiderate manner.

In•con•sid´er•ate•ness, n. The quality or state of being inconsiderate. Tillotson.

In•con•sid•er•a´tion , n. [L. inconsideratio: cf. F. inconsideration.] Want of due consideration; inattention to consequences; inconsiderateness. “Blindness of mind, inconsideration, precipitation.” Jer. Taylor. “Not gross, willful, deliberate, crimes; but rather the effects of inconsideration.” Sharp.

In•con•sist´ence , n. Inconsistency.

In•con•sist´en•cy , n.; pl. Inconsistencies (#). [Cf. F. inconsistance.] 1. The quality or state of being inconsistent; discordance in respect to sentiment or action; such contrariety between two things that both can not exist or be true together; disagreement; incompatibility. “There is a perfect inconsistency between that which is of debt and that which is of free gift.” South. 2. Absurdity in argument ore narration; incoherence or irreconcilability in the parts of a statement, argument, or narration; that which is inconsistent. “If a man would register all his opinions upon love, politics, religion, and learning, what a bundle of inconsistencies and contradictions would appear at last!” Swift. 3. Want of stability or uniformity; unsteadiness; changeableness; variableness. “Mutability of temper, and inconsistency with ourselves, is the greatest weakness of human nature.” Addison.

In•con•sist´ent , a. [Pref. in- not + consistent: cf. F. inconsistant.] 1. Not consistent; showing inconsistency; irreconcilable; discordant; at variance, esp. as regards character, sentiment, or action; incompatible; incongruous; contradictory. “Compositions of this nature … show that wisdom and virtue are far from being inconsistent with politeness and good humor.” Addison. 2. Not exhibiting uniformity of sentiment, steadiness to principle, etc.; unequal; fickle; changeable. “Ah, how unjust to nature, and himself,
Is thoughtless, thankless, inconsistent man.” Young. Syn. — Incompatible; incongruous; irreconcilable; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. — Inconsistent, Incongruous, Incompatible. Things are incongruous when they are not suited to each other, so that their union is unbecoming; inconsistent when they are opposed to each other, so as render it improper or wrong; incompatible when they can not coexist, and it is therefore impossible to unite them. Habitual levity of mind is incongruous with the profession of a clergyman; it is inconsistent with his ordination vows; it is incompatible with his permanent usefulness. Incongruity attaches to the modes and qualities of things; incompatibility attaches to their essential attributes; inconsistency attaches to the actions, sentiments, etc., of men.

In•con•sist´ent•ly , adv. In an inconsistent manner.

In•con•sist´ent•ness, n. Inconsistency. [R.]

In•con•sist´ing , a. Inconsistent. [Obs.]

In•con•sol´a•ble , a. [L. inconsolabilis: cf. F. inconsolable. See In- not, and Console.] Not consolable; incapable of being consoled; grieved beyond susceptibility of comfort; disconsolate. Dryden. “With inconsolable distress she griev’d,
And from her cheek the rose of beauty fled.” Falconer. — In•con•sol´a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•sol´a•bly, adv. { In•con´so•nance , In•con´so•nan•cy } n. Want of consonance or harmony of sound, action, or thought; disagreement.

In•con´so•nant , a. [L. inconsonans. See In- not, and Consonant.] Not consonant or agreeing; inconsistent; discordant. — In•con´so•nant•ly, adv.

In•con•spic´u•ous , a. [L. inconspicuus. See In- not, and Conspicuous.] Not conspicuous or noticeable; hardly discernible. — In•con•spic´u•ous•ly, adv. — In•con•spic´u•ous•ness, n. Boyle.

In•con´stance , n. [F. See Inconstancy.] Inconstancy. Chaucer.

In•con´stan•cy , n. [L. inconstantia.] The quality or state of being inconstant; want of constancy; mutability; fickleness; variableness. “For unto knight there was no greater shame,
Than lightness and inconstancie in love.” Spenser.

In•con´stant , a. [L. inconstans: cf. F. inconstant. See In- not, and Constant.] Not constant; not stable or uniform; subject to change of character, appearance, opinion, inclination, or purpose, etc.; not firm; unsteady; fickle; changeable; variable; — said of persons or things; as inconstant in love or friendship. ´The inconstant moon.´ Shak. “While we, inquiring phantoms of a day,
Inconstant as the shadows we survey!” Boyse. Syn. — Mutable; fickle; volatile; unsteady; unstable; changeable; variable; wavering; fluctuating.

In•con´stant•ly, adv. In an inconstant manner.

In•con•sum´a•ble , a. Not consumable; incapable of being consumed, wasted, or spent. Paley. — In•con•sum´a•bly, adv.

In•con•sum´mate , a. [L. inconsummatus. See In- not, and Consummate.] Not consummated; not finished; incomplete. Sir M. Hale. — In•con•sum´mate•ness, n.

In•con•sump´ti•ble , a. [L. inconsumptibilis.] Inconsumable. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

In•con•tam´i•nate , a. [L. incontaminatus. See In- not, and not, and Contaminate.] Not contaminated; pure. Moore. — In•con•tam´i•nate•ness, n.

In•con•ten•ta´tion , n. [See In- not, and Content.] Discontent. [Obs.] Goodwin.

In•con•test•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being incontestable.

In•con•test´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + contestable: cf. F. incontestable.] Not contestable; not to be disputed; that cannot be called in question or controverted; incontrovertible; indisputable; as incontestable evidence, truth, or facts. Locke. Syn. — Incontrovertible; indisputable; irrefragable; undeniable; unquestionable; intuitable; certain. — In•con•test´a•ble•ness, n. — In•con•test´a•bly, adv.

In•con•test´ed, a. Not contested. Addison.

In•con•tig´u•ous , a. [L. incontiguus that can not be touched. See In- not, and Contiguous.] Not contiguous; not adjoining or in contact; separate. Boyle. — In•con•tig´u•ous•ly, adv. { In•con´ti•nence , In•con´ti•nen•cy } n. [L. incontinentia: cf. F. incontinence.] 1. Incapacity to hold; hence, incapacity to hold back or restrain; the quality or state of being incontinent; want of continence; failure to restrain the passions or appetites; indulgence of lust; lewdness. “That Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.” 1 Cor. vii. 5. “From the rash hand of bold incontinence.” Milton. 2. (Med.) The inability of any of the animal organs to restrain the natural evacuations, so that the discharges are involuntary; as incontinence of urine.

In•con´ti•nent , a. [L. incontinens: cf. F. incontinent. See In- not, and Continent.] 1. Not continent; uncontrolled; not restraining the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appetite; indulging unlawful lust; unchaste; lewd. 2. (Med.) Unable to restrain natural evacuations.

In•con´ti•nent, n. One who is unchaste. B. Jonson.

In•con´ti•nent, adv. [Cf. F. incontinent.] Incontinently; instantly; immediately. [Obs.] “He says he will return incontinent.” Shak.

In•con´ti•nent•ly, adv. 1. In an incontinent manner; without restraint, or without due restraint; — used esp. of the passions or appetites. 2. Immediately; at once; forthwith. [Archaic] “Immediately he sent word to Athens that he would incontinently come hither with a host of men.” Golding.

In•con•tract´ed , a. Uncontracted. [Obs.] Blackwall.

In•con•trol´la•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + controllable: cf. F. incontrôlable.] Not controllable; uncontrollable. — In•con•trol´la•bly, adv. South.

In•con•tro•ver•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The state or condition of being incontrovertible.

In•con•tro•ver´ti•ble , a. Not controvertible; too clear or certain to admit of dispute; indisputable. Sir T. Browne. — In•con•tro•ver´ti•ble•ness, n. — In•con•tro•ver´ti•bly, adv.

In•con•ven´ience , n. [L. inconvenientia inconsistency: cf. OF. inconvenience.] 1. The quality or condition of being inconvenient; want of convenience; unfitness; unsuitableness; inexpediency; awkwardness; as the inconvenience of the arrangement. “They plead against the inconvenience, not the unlawfulness, … of ceremonies in burial.” Hooker. 2. That which gives trouble, embarrassment, or uneasiness; disadvantage; anything that disturbs quiet, impedes prosperity, or increases the difficulty of action or success; as one inconvenience of life is poverty. “A place upon the top of Mount Athos above all clouds of rain, or other inconvenience.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Man is liable to a great many inconveniences.” Tillotson. Syn. — Incommodiousness; awkwardness; disadvantage; disquiet; uneasiness; disturbance; annoyance.

In•con•ven´ience, v. t. To put to inconvenience; to incommode; as to inconvenience a neighbor.

In•con•ven´ien•cy , n. Inconvenience.

In•con•ven´ient , a. [L. inconveniens unbefitting: cf. F. inconvenient. See In- not, and Convenient.] 1. Not becoming or suitable; unfit; inexpedient. 2. Not convenient; giving trouble, uneasiness, or annoyance; hindering progress or success; uncomfortable; disadvantageous; incommodious; inopportune; as an inconvenient house, garment, arrangement, or time. Syn. — Unsuitable; uncomfortable; disaccommodating; awkward; unseasonable; inopportune; incommodious; disadvantageous; troublesome; cumbersome; embarrassing; objectionable.

In•con•ven´ient•ly, adv. In an inconvenient manner; incommodiously; unsuitably; unseasonably.

In•con•vers´a•ble , a. Incommunicative; unsocial; reserved. [Obs.]

In•con´ver•sant , a. Not conversant; not acquainted; not versed; unfamiliar.

In•con•vert´ed , a. Not turned or changed about. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•con•vert•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inconvertibilitas.] The quality or state of being inconvertible; not capable of being exchanged for, or converted into, something else; as the inconvertibility of an irredeemable currency, or of lead, into gold.

In•con•vert´i•ble , a. [L. inconvertibilis: cf. F. inconvertible. See In- not, and Convertible.] Not convertible; not capable of being transmuted, changed into, or exchanged for, something else; as one metal is inconvertible into another; bank notes are sometimes inconvertible into specie. Walsh.

In•con•vert´i•ble•ness, n. Inconvertibility.

In•con•vert´i•bly, adv. In an inconvertible manner.

In•con•vin´ci•ble , a. [L. inconvincibilis. See In- not, and Convince.] Not convincible; incapable of being convinced. “None are so inconvincible as your half-witted people.” Gov. of the Tongue.

In•con•vin´ci•bly, adv. In a manner not admitting of being convinced.

In•co´ny , a. [Cf. Conny, Canny.] Unlearned; artless; pretty; delicate. [Obs.] “Most sweet jests! most incony vulgar wit!” Shak.

In•co•ör´di•nate , a. Not coördinate.

In•co•ör•di•na´tion , n. Want of coördination; lack of harmonious adjustment or action. Incoördination of muscular movement (Physiol.), irregularity in movements resulting from inharmonious action of the muscles in consequence of loss of voluntary control over them.

In•cor´o•nate , a. [Pref. in- in + coronate.] Crowned. [R.] Longfellow.

In•cor´po•ral , a. [L. incorporalis. See In- not, and Corporal, and cf. Incorporeal.] Immaterial; incorporeal; spiritual. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In•cor•po•ral´i•ty , n. [L. incorporalitas: cf. F. incorporalite.] Incorporeality. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•cor´po•ral•ly , adv. Incorporeally. [Obs.]

In•cor´po•rate , a. [L. incorporatus. See In- not, and Corporate.] 1. Not consisting of matter; not having a material body; incorporeal; spiritual. “Moses forbore to speak of angles, and things invisible, and incorporate.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Not incorporated; not existing as a corporation; as an incorporate banking association.

In•cor´po•rate, a. [L. incorporatus, p. p. of incorporare to incorporate; pref. in- in + corporare to make into a body. See Corporate.] Corporate; incorporated; made one body, or united in one body; associated; mixed together; combined; embodied. “As if our hands, our sides, voices, and minds
Had been incorporate.” Shak. “A fifteenth part of silver incorporate with gold.” Bacon.

In•cor´po•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incorporated p. pr. & vb. n. Incorporating ] 1. To form into a body; to combine, as different ingredients, into one consistent mass. “By your leaves, you shall not stay alone,
Till holy church incorporate two in one.” Shak. 2. To unite with a material body; to give a material form to; to embody. “The idolaters, who worshiped their images as gods, supposed some spirit to be incorporated therein.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 3. To unite with, or introduce into, a mass already formed; as to incorporate copper with silver; — used with with and into. 4. To unite intimately; to blend; to assimilate; to combine into a structure or organization, whether material or mental; as to incorporate provinces into the realm; to incorporate another’s ideas into one’s work. “The Romans did not subdue a country to put the inhabitants to fire and sword, but to incorporate them into their own community.” Addison. 5. To form into a legal body, or body politic; to constitute into a corporation recognized by law, with special functions, rights, duties and liabilities; as to incorporate a bank, a railroad company, a city or town, etc.

In•cor´po•rate , v. i. To unite in one body so as to make a part of it; to be mixed or blended; — usually followed by with. “Painters’ colors and ashes do better incorporate will oil.” Bacon. “He never suffers wrong so long to grow,
And to incorporate with right so far
As it might come to seem the same in show.” Daniel.

In•cor´po•ra•ted , a. United in one body; formed into a corporation; made a legal entity.

In•cor•po•ra´tion , n. [L. incorporatio: cf. F. incorporation.] 1. The act of incorporating, or the state of being incorporated. 2. The union of different ingredients in one mass; mixture; combination; synthesis. 3. The union of something with a body already existing; association; intimate union; assimilation; as the incorporation of conquered countries into the Roman republic. 4. (Law) (a) The act of creating a corporation. (b) A body incorporated; a corporation.

In•cor´po•ra•tive , a. Incorporating or tending to incorporate; as the incorporative languages (as of the Basques, North American Indians, etc. ) which run a whole phrase into one word. “History demonstrates that incorporative unions are solid and permanent; but that a federal union is weak.” W. Belsham.

In•cor´po•ra•tor , n. One of a number of persons who gets a company incorporated; one of the original members of a corporation.

In•cor•po´re•al , a. [Pref. in- not + corporeal: cf. L. incorporeus. Cf. Incorporal.] 1. Not corporeal; not having a material body or form; not consisting of matter; immaterial. “Thus incorporeal spirits to smaller forms
Reduced their shapes immense.” Milton. “Sense and perception must necessarily proceed from some incorporeal substance within us.” Bentley. 2. (Law) Existing only in contemplation of law; not capable of actual visible seizin or possession; not being an object of sense; intangible; — opposed to corporeal. Incorporeal hereditament. See under Hereditament. Syn. — Immaterial; unsubstantial; bodiless; spiritual.

In•cor•po´re•al•ism , n. Existence without a body or material form; immateriality. Cudworth.

In•cor•po´re•al•ist, n. One who believes in incorporealism. Cudworth.

In•cor•po•re•al´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being incorporeal or bodiless; immateriality; incorporealism. G. Eliot.

In•cor•po´re•al•ly , adv. In an incorporeal manner. Bacon.

In•cor•po•re´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + corporeity: cf. F. incorporeite.] The quality of being incorporeal; immateriality. Berkeley.

In•corpse´ , v. t. To incorporate. [R.] Shak.

In•cor•rect´ , a. [L. incorrectus: cf. F. incorrect. See In- not, and Correct.] 1. Not correct; not according to a copy or model, or to established rules; inaccurate; faulty. “The piece, you think, is incorrect.” Pope. 2. Not in accordance with the truth; inaccurate; not exact; as an incorrect statement or calculation. 3. Not accordant with duty or morality; not duly regulated or subordinated; unbecoming; improper; as incorrect conduct. “It shows a will most incorrect to heaven.” Shak. “The wit of the last age was yet more incorrect than their language.” Dryden. Syn. — Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong; faulty.

In•cor•rec´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + correction: cf. F. incorrection.] Want of correction, restraint, or discipline. [Obs.] Arnway.

In•cor•rect´ly , adv. Not correctly; inaccurately; not exactly; as a writing incorrectly copied; testimony incorrectly stated.

In•cor•rect´ness, n. The quality of being incorrect; want of conformity to truth or to a standard; inaccuracy; inexactness; as incorrectness may consist in defect or in redundance. { In•cor•re•spond´ence , In•cor•re•spond´en•cy } n. Want of correspondence; disagreement; disproportion. [R.]

In•cor•re•spond´ing, a. Not corresponding; disagreeing. [R.] Coleridge.

In•cor•ri•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incorrigibilite.] The state or quality of being incorrigible. “The ingratitude, the incorrigibility, the strange perverseness … of mankind.” Barrow.

In•cor´ri•gi•ble , a. [L. incorrigibilis: cf. F. incorrigible. See In- not, and Corrigible.] Not corrigible; incapable of being corrected or amended; bad beyond correction; irreclaimable; as incorrigible error. ´Incorrigible fools.´ Dryden.

In•cor´ri•gi•ble , n. One who is incorrigible; especially, a hardened criminal; as the perpetual imprisonment of incorrigibles.

In•cor´ri•gi•ble•ness , n. Incorrigibility. Dr. H. More.

In•cor´ri•gi•bly, adv. In an incorrigible manner.

In•cor•rod´i•ble , a. Incapable of being corroded, consumed, or eaten away.

In•cor•rupt´ , a. [L. incorruptus. See In- not, and Corrupt.] 1. Not affected with corruption or decay; unimpaired; not marred or spoiled. 2. Not defiled or depraved; pure; sound; untainted; above the influence of bribes; upright; honest. Milton. “Your Christian principles … which will preserve you incorrupt as individuals.” Bp. Hurd.

In•cor•rupt´ed , a. Uncorrupted. [Obs.] “Breathed into their incorrupted breasts.” Sir J. Davies.

In•cor•rupt•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. incorruptibilitas: cf. F. incorruptibilite.] The quality of being incorruptible; incapability of corruption. Holland.

In•cor•rupt´i•ble , a. [L. incorruptibilis: cf. F. incorruptible. See In- not, and Corrupt.] 1. Not corruptible; incapable of corruption, decay, or dissolution; as gold is incorruptible. “Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptible and immortal substances.” Wake. 2. Incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted; inflexibly just and upright.

In•cor•rupt´i•ble, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect which arose in Alexandria, in the reign of the Emperor Justinian, and which believed that the body of Christ was incorruptible, and that he suffered hunger, thirst, pain, only in appearance.

In•cor•rupt´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being incorruptible. Boyle.

In•cor•rupt´i•bly, adv. In an incorruptible manner.

In•cor•rup´tion , n. [L. incorruptio: cf. F. incorruption. See In- not, and Corruption.] The condition or quality of being incorrupt or incorruptible; absence of, or exemption from, corruption. “It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption.” 1 Cor. xv. 42. “The same preservation, or, rather, incorruption, we have observed in the flesh of turkeys, capons, etc.” Sir T. Browne.

In•cor•rupt´ive , a. [L. incorruptivus.] Incorruptible; not liable to decay. Akenside.

In•cor•rupt´ly , adv. Without corruption. “To demean themselves incorruptly.” Milton.

In•cor•rupt´ness, n. 1. Freedom or exemption from decay or corruption. 2. Probity; integrity; honesty. Woodward.

In•cras´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrassated p. pr. & vb. n. Incrassating.] [L. incrassatus, p. p. of incrassare; pref. in- in + crassus thick.] To make thick or thicker; to thicken; especially, in pharmacy, to thicken (a liquid) by the mixture of another substance, or by evaporating the thinner parts. “Acids dissolve or attenuate; alkalies precipitate or incrassate.” Sir I. Newton. “Liquors which time hath incrassated into jellies.” Sir T. Browne.

In•cras´sate, v. i. To become thick or thicker. { In•cras´sate , In•cras´sa•ted } a. [L. incrassatus, p. p.] 1. Made thick or thicker; thickened; inspissated. 2. (Bot.) Thickened; becoming thicker. Martyn. 3. (Zoöl.) Swelled out on some particular part, as the antennae of certain insects.

In•cras•sa´tion , n. [Cf. F. incrassation.] 1. The act or process of thickening or making thick; the process of becoming thick or thicker. 2. The state of being incrassated or made thick; inspissation. Sir T. Browne.

In•cras´sa•tive , a. Having the quality of thickening; tending to thicken. Harvey.

In•cras´sa•tive, n. A substance which has the power to thicken; formerly, a medicine supposed to thicken the humors. Harvey.

In•creas´a•ble , a. Capable of being increased. Sherwood. — In•creas´a•ble•ness, n. “An indefinite increasableness of some of our ideas.” Bp. Law.

In•crease´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Increased p. pr. & vb. n. Increasing.] [OE. incresen, encresen, enrescen, OF. encreistre, fr. L. increscere; pref. in- in + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Decrease.] 1. To become greater or more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, power, authority, reputation, wealth; to grow; to augment; to advance; — opposed to decrease. “The waters increased and bare up the ark.” Gen. vii. 17. “He must increase, but I must decrease.” John iii. 30. “The heavens forbid
But that our loves and comforts should increase,
Even as our days do grow!” Shak. 2. To multiply by the production of young; to be fertile, fruitful, or prolific. “Fishes are more numerous or increasing than beasts or birds, as appears by their numerous spawn.” Sir M. Hale. 3. (Astron.) To become more nearly full; to show more of the surface; to wax; as the moon increases. Increasing function (Math.), a function whose value increases when that of the variable increases, and decreases when the latter is diminished. Syn. — To enlarge; extend; multiply; expand; develop; heighten; amplify; raise; enhance; spread; aggravate; magnify; augment; advance. — To Increase, Enlarge, Extend. Enlarge implies to make larger or broader in size. Extend marks the progress of enlargement so as to have wider boundaries. Increase denotes enlargement by growth and internal vitality, as in the case of plants. A kingdom is enlarged by the addition of new territories; the mind is enlarged by knowledge. A kingdom is extended when its boundaries are carried to a greater distance from the center. A man’s riches, honors, knowledge, etc., are increased by accessions which are made from time to time.

In•crease´ , v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, quantity, extent, value, or amount, etc.; to add to; to extend; to lengthen; to enhance; to aggravate; as to increase one’s possessions, influence. “I will increase the famine.” Ezek. v. 16. “Make denials
Increase your services.” Shak.

In´crease ( 277), n. [OE. encres, encresse. See Increase, v. i.] 1. Addition or enlargement in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, substance, etc.; augmentation; growth. “As if increase of appetite had grown
By what it fed on.” Shak. “For things of tender kind for pleasure made
Shoot up with swift increase, and sudden are decay’d.” Dryden. 2. That which is added to the original stock by augmentation or growth; produce; profit; interest. “Take thou no usury of him, or increase.” Lev. xxv. 36. “Let them not live to taste this land’s increase.” Shak. 3. Progeny; issue; offspring. “All the increase of thy house shall die in the flower of their age.” 1 Sam. ii. 33. 4. Generation. [Obs.] ´Organs of increase.´ Shak. 5. (Astron.) The period of increasing light, or luminous phase; the waxing; — said of the moon. “Seeds, hair, nails, hedges, and herbs will grow soonest if set or cut in the increase of the moon.” Bacon. Increase twist, the twixt of a rifle groove in which the angle of twist increases from the breech to the muzzle. Syn. — Enlargement; extension; growth; development; increment; addition; accession; production.

In•crease´ful , a. Full of increase; abundant in produce. ´Increaseful crops.´ [R.] Shak.

In•crease´ment , n. Increase. [R.] Bacon.

In•creas´er , n. One who, or that, increases.

In•creas´ing•ly, adv. More and more.

In•cre•ate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Increated p. pr. & vb. n. Increating.] [Pref. in- in + create.] To create within. [R.] { In´cre•ate , In´cre•a•ted } a. [L. increatus. See In- not, and Create.] Uncreated; self-existent. [R.] “Bright effluence of bright essence increate.” Milton.

In•cred•i•bil´i•ty , n. [L. incredibilitas: cf. F. incredibilite.] 1. The quality or state of being incredible; incredibleness. Dryden. 2. That which is incredible. Johnson.

In•cred´i•ble , a. [L. incredibilis: cf. OF. incredible. See In- not, and Credible.] Not credible; surpassing belief; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief; unlikely; marvelous; fabulous. “Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead?” Acts xxvi. 8.

In•cred´i•ble•ness, n. Incredibility.

In•cred´i•bly, adv. In an incredible manner.

In•cred´it•ed , a. Uncredited. [Obs.]

In•cre•du´li•ty , n. [L. incredulitas: cf. F. incredulite.] The state or quality of being incredulous; a withholding or refusal of belief; skepticism; unbelief; disbelief. “Of every species of incredulity, religious unbelief is the most irrational.” Buckminster.

In•cred´u•lous ( 135), a. [L. incredulus. See In- not, and Credulous.] 1. Not credulous; indisposed to admit or accept that which is related as true, skeptical; unbelieving. Bacon. “A fantastical incredulous fool.” Bp. Wilkins. 2. Indicating, or caused by, disbelief or incredulity. ´An incredulous smile.´ Longfellow. 3. Incredible; not easy to be believed. [R.] Shak.

In•cred´u•lous•ly, adv. In an incredulous manner; with incredulity.

In•cred´u•lous•ness, n. Incredulity.

In•crem´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + L. cremabilis combustible, fr. cremare to burn.] Incapable of being burnt; incombustibe. Sir T. Browne.

In´cre•mate , v. t. [Pref. in- in + cremate.] To consume or reduce to ashes by burning, as a dead body; to cremate.

In•cre•ma´tion , n. Burning; esp., the act of burning a dead body; cremation.

In´cre•ment , n. [L. incrementum: cf. F. increment. See Increase.] 1. The act or process of increasing; growth in bulk, guantity, number, value, or amount; augmentation; enlargement. “The seminary that furnisheth matter for the formation and increment of animal and vegetable bodies.” Woodward. “A nation, to be great, ought to be compressed in its increment by nations more civilized than itself.” Coleridge. 2. Matter added; increase; produce; production; — opposed to decrement. ´Large increment.´ J. Philips. 3. (Math.) The increase of a variable quantity or fraction from its present value to its next ascending value; the finite quantity, generally variable, by which a variable quantity is increased. 4. (Rhet.) An amplification without strict climax, as in the following passage: “Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report, … think on these things.” Phil. iv. 8. Infinitesimal increment (Math.), an infinitesimally small variation considered in Differential Calculus. See Calculus. — Method of increments (Math.), a calculus founded on the properties of the successive values of variable quantities and their differences or increments. It differs from the method of fluxions in treating these differences as finite, instead of infinitely small, and is equivalent to the calculus of finite differences.

In•cre•men´tal , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or resulting from, the process of growth; as the incremental lines in the dentine of teeth.

In´cre•pate , v. t. [L. increpatus, p. p. of increpare to upbraid; pref. in- in, against + crepare to talk noisily.] To chide; to rebuke; to reprove. [Obs.]

In•cre•pa´tion , n. [L. increpatio.] A chiding; rebuke; reproof. [Obs.] Hammond.

In•cres´cent , a. [L. increscens, -entis, p. pr. of increscere. See Increase.] 1. Increasing; growing; augmenting; swelling; enlarging. “Between the incresent and decrescent moon.” Tennyson. 2. (Her.) Increasing; on the increase; — said of the moon represented as the new moon, with the points turned toward the dexter side.

In•crest´ , v. t. To adorn with a crest. [R.] Drummond.

In•crim´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incriminated p. pr. & vb. n. Incriminating.] [LL. incriminatus, p. p. of incriminare; in- in + criminare, criminari, to accuse one of a crime. See Criminate.] To accuse; to charge with a crime or fault; to criminate.

In•crim•i•na´tion , n. The act of incriminating; crimination.

In•crim´i•na•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to crimination; tending to incriminate; criminatory.

In•cru•en´tal , a. [L. incruentus. See In- not, and Cruentous.] Unbloody; not attended with blood; as an incruental sacrifice. [Obs.] Brevint.

In•crust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Incrusting.] [L. incrustare; pref. in- in + crustare to cover with a crust: cf. F. incruster. See Crust.] [Written also encrust.] 1. To cover or line with a crust, or hard coat; to form a crust on the surface of; as iron incrusted with rust; a vessel incrusted with salt; a sweetmeat incrusted with sugar. “And by the frost refin’d the whiter snow,
Incrusted hard.” Thomson. 2. (Fine Arts) To inlay into, as a piece of carving or other ornamental object.

In•crus´tate , a. [L. incrustatus, p. p. See Incrust.] Incrusted. Bacon.

In•crus´tate , v. t. To incrust. [R.] Cheyne.

In•crus•ta´tion , n. [L. incrustatio: cf. F. incrustation. See Incrust.] 1. The act of incrusting, or the state of being incrusted. 2. A crust or hard coating of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime, sediment, etc., from water on the inner surface of a steam boiler. 3. (Arch.) A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, etc., attached to the masonry by cramp irons or cement. 4. (Fine Arts) Anything inlaid or imbedded.

In•crust´ment , n. Incrustation. [R.]

In•crys´tal•li•za•ble , a. Not crystallizable; incapable of being formed into crystals.

In´cu•bate , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Incubated p. pr. & vb. n. Incubating ] [L. incubatus, p. p. incubare to lie on; pref. in- in, on + cubare to lie down. Cf. Cubit, Incumbent.] To sit, as on eggs for hatching; to brood; to brood upon, or keep warm, as eggs, for the purpose of hatching.

In•cu•ba´tion , n. [L. incubatio: cf. F. incubation.] 1. A sitting on eggs for the purpose of hatching young; a brooding on, or keeping warm, (eggs) to develop the life within, by any process. Ray. 2. (Med.) The development of a disease from its causes, or its period of incubation. (See below.) 3. A sleeping in a consecrated place for the purpose of dreaming oracular dreams. Tylor. Period of incubation, or Stage of incubation (Med.), the period which elapses between exposure to the causes of a disease and the attack resulting from it; the time of development of the supposed germs or spores.

In´cu•ba•tive , a. Of or pertaining to incubation, or to the period of incubation.

In´cu•ba•tor , n. That which incubates, especially, an apparatus by means of which eggs are hatched by artificial heat.

In•cu´ba•to•ry , a. Serving for incubation.

In•cube´ , v. t. To fix firmly, as in cube; to secure or place firmly. [Obs.] Milton.

In•cu´bi•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. L. incubitus.] Incubation. [Obs.] J. Ellis.

In´cu•bous , a. [From L. incubare to lie on.] (Bot.) Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one covers the base of the leaf next above it, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Frullania. See Succubous.

In´cu•bus , n.; pl. E. Incubuses (#), L. Incubi (#). [L., the nightmare. Cf. Incubate.] 1. A demon; a fiend; a lascivious spirit, supposed to have sexual intercourse with women by night. Tylor. “The devils who appeared in the female form were generally called succubi; those who appeared like men incubi, though this distinction was not always preserved.” Lecky. 2. (Med.) The nightmare. See Nightmare. “Such as are troubled with incubus, or witch- ridden, as we call it.” Burton. 3. Any oppressive encumbrance or burden; anything that prevents the free use of the faculties. “Debt and usury is the incubus which weighs most heavily on the agricultural resources of Turkey.” J. L. Farley.

In•cul´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inculcating ] [L. inculcatus, p. p. of inculcare to tread on; pref. in- in, on + calcare to tread, fr. calx the heel; perh. akin to E. heel. Cf. 2d Calk, Heel.] To teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions; to urge on the mind; as Christ inculcates on his followers humility. “The most obvious and necessary duties of life they have not yet had authority enough to enforce and inculcate upon men’s minds.” S. Clarke. Syn. — To instill; infuse; implant; engraft; impress.

In•cul•ca´tion , n. [L. inculcatio: cf. F. inculcation.] A teaching and impressing by frequent repetitions. Bp. Hall.

In•cul´ca•tor , n. [L.] One who inculcates. Boyle.

In•culk´ v. t. [Cf. F. inculquer. See Inculcate.] To inculcate. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•culp´ , v. t. [Cf. inculper. See Inculpate.] To inculpate. [Obs.] Shelton.

In•cul´pa•ble , a. [L. inculpabilis: cf. F. incupable.] Faultless; blameless; innocent. South. “An innocent and incupable piece of ignorance.” Killingbeck.

In•cul´pa•ble•ness, n. Blamelessness; faultlessness.

In•cul´pa•bly, adv. Blamelessly. South.

In•cul´pate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculpated p. pr. & vb. n. Inculpating ] [LL. inculpatus, p. p. of inculpare to blame; pref. in- in + culpa fault. See Culpable.] [A word of recent introduction.] To blame; to impute guilt to; to accuse; to involve or implicate in guilt. “That risk could only exculpate her and not inculpate them — the probabilities protected them so perfectly.” H. James.

In•cul•pa´tion , n. [Cf. F. inculpation.] Blame; censure; crimination. Jefferson.

In•cul´pa•to•ry , a. Imputing blame; criminatory; compromising; implicating.

In•cult´ , a. [L. incultus; pref. in- not + cultus, p. p. of colere to cultivate: cf. F. inculte.] Untilled; uncultivated; crude; rude; uncivilized. “Germany then, says Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnificent cities.” Burton. “His style is diffuse and incult.” M. W. Shelley.

In•cul´ti•va•ted , a. Uncultivated. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

In•cul•ti•va´tion , n. Want of cultivation. [Obs.] Berington.

In•cul´ture ( 135), n. [Pref. in- not + culture: cf. F. inculture.] Want or neglect of cultivation or culture. [Obs.] Feltham.

In•cum´ben•cy , n.; pl. Incumbencies (#). [From Incumbent.] 1. The state of being incumbent; a lying or resting on something. 2. That which is physically incumbent; that which lies as a burden; a weight. Evelyn. 3. That which is morally incumbent, or is imposed, as a rule, a duty, obligation, or responsibility. ´The incumbencies of a family.´ Donne. 4. The state of holding a benefice; the full possession and exercise of any office. “These fines are only to be paid to the bishop during his incumbency.” Swift.

In•cum´bent , a. [L. incumbens, -entis, p. pr. of incumbere to lie down upon, press upon; pref. in- in, on + cumbere (in comp.); akin to cubare to lie down. See Incubate.] 1. Lying; resting; reclining; recumbent; superimposed; superincumbent. “Two incumbent figures, gracefully leaning upon it.” Sir H. Wotton. “To move the incumbent load they try.” Addison. 2. Lying, resting, or imposed, as a duty or obligation; obligatory; always with on or upon. “All men, truly zealous, will perform those good works that are incumbent on all Christians.” Sprat. 3. (Bot.) Leaning or resting; — said of anthers when lying on the inner side of the filament, or of cotyledons when the radicle lies against the back of one of them. Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) Bent downwards so that the ends touch, or rest on, something else; as the incumbent toe of a bird.

In•cum´bent, n. A person who is in present possession of a benefice or of any office. “The incumbent lieth at the mercy of his patron.” Swift.

In•cum´bent•ly, adv. In an incumbent manner; so as to be incumbent.

In•cum´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Incumbering.] See Encumber.

In•cum•bi´tion , n. Incubation. [R.] Sterne.

In•cum´brance , n. [See Encumbrance.] [Written also encumbrance.] 1. A burdensome and troublesome load; anything that impedes motion or action, or renders it difficult or laborious; clog; impediment; hindrance; check. Cowper. 2. (Law) A burden or charge upon property; a claim or lien upon an estate, which may diminish its value.

In•cum´bran•cer , n. (Law) One who holds an incumbrance, or some legal claim, lien, or charge on an estate. Kent.

In•cum´brous , a. [Cf. OF. encombros.] Cumbersome; troublesome. [Written also encombrous.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

In•cu•nab´u•lum , n.; pl. Incunabula (#). [L. incunabula cradle, birthplace, origin. See 1st In-, and Cunabula.] A work of art or of human industry, of an early epoch; especially, a book printed before a. d. 1500.

In•cur´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurred p. pr. & vb. n. Incurring ] [L. incurrere to run into or toward; pref. in- in + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To meet or fall in with, as something inconvenient, harmful, or onerous; to put one’s self in the way of; to expose one’s self to; to become liable or subject to; to bring down upon one’s self; to encounter; to contract; as to incur debt, danger, displeasure, penalty, responsibility, etc. “I know not what I shall incur to pass it,
Having no warrant.” Shak. 2. To render liable or subject to; to occasion. [Obs.] “Lest you incur me much more damage in my fame than you have done me pleasure in preserving my life.” Chapman.

In•cur´, v. i. To pass; to enter. [Obs.] “Light is discerned by itself because by itself it incurs into the eye.” South.

In•cur•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. incurabilite incurability, LL. incurabilitas negligence.] The state of being incurable; irremediableness. Harvey.

In•cur´a•ble , a. [F. incurable, L. incurabilis. See In- not, and Curable.] 1. Not capable of being cured; beyond the power of skill or medicine to remedy; as an incurable disease. “A scirrhus is not absolutely incurable.” Arbuthnot. 2. Not admitting or capable of remedy or correction; irremediable; remediless; as incurable evils. “Rancorous and incurable hostility.” Burke. “They were laboring under a profound, and, as it might have seemed, an almost incurable ignorance.” Sir J. Stephen. Syn. — Irremediable; remediless; irrecoverable; irretrievable; irreparable; hopeless.

In•cur´a•ble, n. A person diseased beyond cure.

In•cur´a•ble•ness, n. The state of being incurable; incurability. Boyle.

In•cur´a•bly, adv. In a manner that renders cure impracticable or impossible; irremediably. ´Incurably diseased.´ Bp. Hall. ´Incurably wicked.´ Blair.

In•cu•ri•os´i•ty , n. [L. incuriositas: cf. F. incurosite.] Want of curiosity or interest; inattentiveness; indifference. Sir H. Wotton.

In•cu´ri•ous , a. [L. incuriosus: cf. F. incurieux. See In- not, and Curious.] Not curious or inquisitive; without care for or interest in; inattentive; careless; negligent; heedless. “Carelessnesses and incurious deportments toward their children.” Jer. Taylor.

In•cu´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an curious manner.

In•cu´ri•ous•ness, n. Unconcernedness; incuriosity. “Sordid incuriousness and slovenly neglect.” Bp. Hall.

In•cur´rence , n. [See Incur.] The act of incurring, bringing on, or subjecting one’s self to (something troublesome or burdensome); as the incurrence of guilt, debt, responsibility, etc.

In•cur´rent , a. [L. incurrens, p. pr. incurere, incursum, to run in; in- + currere to run.] (Zoöl.) Characterized by a current which flows inward; as the incurrent orifice of lamellibranch Mollusca.

In•cur´sion , n. [L. incursio: cf. F. incursion. See Incur.] 1. A running into; hence, an entering into a territory with hostile intention; a temporary invasion; a predatory or harassing inroad; a raid. “The Scythian, whose incursions wild
Have wasted Sogdiana.” Milton. “The incursions of the Goths disordered the affairs of the Roman Empire.” Arbuthnot. 2. Attack; occurrence. [Obs.] “Sins of daily incursion.” South. Syn. — Invasion; inroad; raid; foray; sally; attack; onset; irruption. See Invasion.

In•cur´sive , a. Making an incursion; invasive; aggressive; hostile.

In•cur´tain , v. t. To curtain. [Obs.]

In•cur´vate , a. [L. incurvatus, p. p. of incurvare to crook; pref. in- in + curvus bent. See Curve, and cf. Incurve.] Curved; bent; crooked. Derham.

In•cur´vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurvated p. pr. & vb. n. Incurvating.] To turn from a straight line or course; to bend; to crook. Cheyne.

In•cur•va´tion , n. [L. incurvatio: cf. F. incurvation.] 1. The act of bending, or curving. 2. The state of being bent or curved; curvature. “An incurvation of the rays.” Derham. 3. The act of bowing, or bending the body, in respect or reverence. ´The incurvations of the knee.´ Bp. Hall.

In•curve´ (in•kûv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurved (-kûvd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Incurving.] [See Incurvate.] To bend; to curve; to make crooked.

In•curved´ (in•kûvd´), a. [Pref. in- in + curved.] (Bot.) Bending gradually toward the axis or center, as branches or petals.

In•cur´vi•ty (in•kû´vi•ty), n. [From L. incurvus bent. See Incurvate.] A state of being bent or curved; incurvation; a bending inwards. Sir T. Browne.

In´cus , n. [L., anvil.] 1. An anvil. 2. (Anat.) One of the small bones in the tympanum of the ear; the anvil bone. See Ear. 3. (Zoöl.) The central portion of the armature of the pharynx in the Rotifera.

In•cuse´ , a. [See Incuse, v. t.] (Numismatics) Cut or stamped in, or hollowed out by engraving. ´Irregular incuse square.´ Dr. W. Smith. { In•cuse´ , In•cuss´ } v. t. [L. incussus, p. p. of incutere to strike. See 1st In-, and Concuss.] To form, or mold, by striking or stamping, as a coin or medal.

In•cute´ , v. t. [See Incuse.] To strike or stamp in. [Obs.] Becon.

In•cyst´ , v. t. See Encyst.

In•cyst´ed, a. See Encysted.

Ind , n. India. [Poetical] Shak. Milton.

In´da•gate , v. t. [L. indagatus, p. p. of indagare to seek.] To seek or search out. [Obs.]

In•da•ga´tion , n. [L. indagatio: cf. F. indagation.] Search; inquiry; investigation. [Obs.]

In´da•ga•tive , a. Searching; exploring; investigating. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In´da•ga•tor , n. [L.] A searcher; an explorer; an investigator. [Obs.] “Searched into by such skillful indagators of nature.” Boyle.

In•dam´age ( 48), v. t. See Endamage. [R.]

In•dam´aged , a. Not damaged. [Obs.] Milton.

In•dart´ , v. t. To pierce, as with a dart.

In´da•zol , n. [Indol + azote.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous compound, C7H6N2, analogous to indol, and produced from a diazo derivative of cinnamic acid.

Inde , a. Azure-colored; of a bright blue color. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

In•dear´ , v. t. See Endear.

In•debt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indebted; p. pr. & vb. n. Indebting.] [OE. endetten, F. endetter; pref. en- (L. in) + F. dette debt. See Debt.] To bring into debt; to place under obligation; — chiefly used in the participle indebted. “Thy fortune hath indebted thee to none.” Daniel.

In•debt´ed, a. 1. Brought into debt; being under obligation; held to payment or requital; beholden. “By owing, owes not, but still pays, at once
Indebted and discharged.” Milton. 2. Placed under obligation for something received, for which restitution or gratitude is due; as we are indebted to our parents for their care of us in infancy; indebted to friends for help and encouragement. Cowper.

In•debt´ed•ness, n. 1. The state of being indebted. 2. The sum owed; debts, collectively.

In•debt´ment , n. [Cf. F. endettement.] Indebtedness. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•de´cence , n. See Indecency. [Obs.] ´An indecence of barbarity.´ Bp. Burnet.

In•de´cen•cy , n.; pl. Indecencies (#). [L. indecentia unseemliness: cf. F. indecence.] 1. The quality or state of being indecent; want of decency, modesty, or good manners; obscenity. 2. That which is indecent; an indecent word or act; an offense against delicacy. “They who, by speech or writing, present to the ear or the eye of modesty any of the indecencies I allude to, are pests of society.” Beattie. Syn. — Indelicacy; indecorum; immodesty; impurity; obscenity. See Indecorum.

In•de´cent , a. [L. indecens unseemly, unbecoming: cf. F. indecent. See In- not, and Decent.] Not decent; unfit to be seen or heard; offensive to modesty and delicacy; as indecent language. Cowper. Syn. — Unbecoming; indecorous; indelicate; unseemly; immodest; gross; shameful; impure; improper; obscene; filthy.

In•de´cent•ly, adv. In an indecent manner.

In•de•cid´u•ate , a. 1. Indeciduous. 2. (Anat.) Having no decidua; nondeciduate.

In•de•cid´u•ous , a. Not deciduous or falling, as the leaves of trees in autumn; lasting; evergreen; persistent; permanent; perennial. “The indeciduous and unshaven locks of Apollo.” Sir T. Browne.

In•dec´i•ma•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + LL. decimare to tithe: cf. F. indecimable. See Decimate.] Not decimable, or liable to be decimated; not liable to the payment of tithes. Cowell.

In•de•ci´pher•a•ble , a. Not decipherable; incapable of being deciphered, explained, or solved. — In•de•ci´pher•a•bly, adv.

In•de•ci´sion , n. [Pref. in- not + decision: cf. F. indecision.] Want of decision; want of settled purpose, or of firmness; indetermination; wavering of mind; irresolution; vacillation; hesitation. “The term indecision … implies an idea very nicely different from irresolution; yet it has a tendency to produce it.” Shenstone. “Indecision … is the natural accomplice of violence.” Burke.

In•de•ci´sive , a. [Cf. F. indecisif.] 1. Not decisive; not bringing to a final or ultimate issue; as an indecisive battle, argument, answer. “The campaign had everywhere been indecisive.” Macaulay. 2. Undetermined; prone to indecision; irresolute; unsettled; wavering; vacillating; hesitating; as an indecisive state of mind; an indecisive character.

In•de•ci´sive•ly, adv. Without decision.

In•de•ci´sive•ness, n. The state of being indecisive; unsettled state.

In•de•clin´a•ble , a. [L. indeclinabilis: cf. F. indeclinable. See In- not, and Decline.] (Gram.) Not declinable; not varied by inflective terminations; as nihil (nothing), in Latin, is an indeclinable noun. — n. An indeclinable word.

In•de•clin´a•bly, adv. 1. Without variation. 2. (Gram.) Without variation of termination.

In•de•com•pos´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + decomposable: cf. F. indecomposable.] Not decomposable; incapable or difficult of decomposition; not resolvable into its constituents or elements.

In•de•com•pos´a•ble•ness, n. Incapableness of decomposition; stability; permanence; durability.

In•de•co´rous ( 277), a. [L. indecorous. See In- not, and Decorous.] Not decorous; violating good manners; contrary to good breeding or etiquette; unbecoming; improper; out of place; as indecorous conduct. “It was useless and indecorous to attempt anything more by mere struggle.” Burke. Syn. — Unbecoming; unseemly; unbefitting; rude; coarse; impolite; uncivil; ill-bred.

In•de•co´rous•ly, adv. In an indecorous manner.

In•de•co´rous•ness, n. The quality of being indecorous; want of decorum.

In•de•co´rum , n. [Pref. in- not + decorum: cf. L. indecorous unbecoming.] 1. Want of decorum; impropriety of behavior; that in behavior or manners which violates the established rules of civility, custom, or etiquette; indecorousness. 2. An indecorous or unbecoming action. Young. Syn. — Indecorum is sometimes synonymous with indecency; but indecency, more frequently than indecorum, is applied to words or actions which refer to what nature and propriety require to be concealed or suppressed. Indecency is the stronger word; indecorum refers to any transgression of etiquette or civility, especially in public.

In•deed´ , adv. [Prep. in + deed.] In reality; in truth; in fact; verily; truly; — used in a variety of senses. Esp.: (a) Denoting emphasis; as indeed it is so. (b) Denoting concession or admission; as indeed, you are right. (c) Denoting surprise; as indeed, is it you? Its meaning is not intrinsic or fixed, but depends largely on the form of expression which it accompanies. “The carnal mind is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.” Rom. viii. 7. “I were a beast indeed to do you wrong.” Dryden. “There is, indeed, no great pleasure in visiting these magazines of war.” Addison.

In•de•fat•i•ga•bil´i•ty (in•de•fat•i•ga•bil´i•ty ), n. The state of being indefatigable.

In•de•fat´i•ga•ble (in•de•fat´i•ga•b’l), a. [L. indefatigabilis: cf. OF. indefatigable. See In- not, and Defatigable, and cf. Infatigable.] Incapable of being fatigued; not readily exhausted; unremitting in labor or effort; untiring; unwearying; not yielding to fatigue; as indefatigable exertions, perseverance, application. ´A constant, indefatigable attendance.´ South. “Upborne with indefatigable wings.” Milton. Syn. — Unwearied; untiring; persevering; persistent.

In•de•fat´i•ga•ble•ness, n. Indefatigable quality; unweariedness; persistency. Parnell.

In•de•fat´i•ga•bly, adv. Without weariness; without yielding to fatigue; persistently. Dryden.

In•de•fat•i•ga´tion , n. Indefatigableness; unweariedness. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

In•de•fea•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being indefeasible.

In•de•fea•si•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + defeasible: cf. OF. indefaisable.] Not to be defeated; not defeasible; incapable of being annulled or made void; as an indefeasible or title. “That the king had a divine and an indefeasible right to the regal power.” Macaulay.

In•de•fect•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indefectibilite.] The quality of being indefectible. Barrow.

In•de•fect´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + defectible: cf. F. indefectible.] Not defectible; unfailing; not liable to defect, failure, or decay. “An indefectible treasure in the heavens.” Barrow. “A state of indefectible virtue and happiness.” S. Clarke.

In•de•fect´ive , a. Not defective; perfect; complete. ´Absolute, indefective obedience.´ South.

In•de•fei´si•ble , a. Indefeasible. [Obs.]

In•de•fen•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of not being defensible. Walsh.

In•de•fen´si•ble , [Pref. in- not + defensible: cf. OF. indefensible, indefensable.] Not defensible; not capable of being defended, maintained, vindicated, or justified; unjustifiable; untenable; as an indefensible fortress, position, cause, etc. “Men find that something can be said in favor of what, on the very proposal, they thought utterly indefensible.” Burke.

In•de•fen´si•bly, adv. In an indefensible manner.

In•de•fen´sive , a. Defenseless. [Obs.] “The sword awes the indefensive villager.” Sir T. Herbert.

In•de•fi´cien•cy, n. The state or quality of not being deficient. [Obs.] Strype.

In•de•fi´cient , a. [L. indeficiens. See In- not, and Deficient.] Not deficient; full. [Obs.] “Brighter than the sun, and indeficient as the light of heaven.” Jer. Taylor.

In•de•fin´a•ble , a. Incapable of being defined or described; inexplicable. Bp. Reynolds.

In•de•fin´a•bly, adv. In an indefinable manner.

In•def´i•nite , a. [L. indefinitus. See In- not, and Definite.] 1. Not definite; not limited, defined, or specified; not explicit; not determined or fixed upon; not precise; uncertain; vague; confused; obscure; as an indefinite time, plan, etc. “It were to be wished that … men would leave off that indefinite way of vouching, ´the chymists say this,´ or ´the chymists affirm that.´” Boyle. “The time of this last is left indefinite.” Dryden. 2. Having no determined or certain limits; large and unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited; as indefinite space; the indefinite extension of a straight line. “Though it is not infinite, it may be indefinite; though it is not boundless in itself, it may be so to human comprehension.” Spectator. 3. Boundless; infinite. [R.] “Indefinite and omnipresent God,
Inhabiting eternity.” W. Thompson (1745). 4. (Bot.) Too numerous or variable to make a particular enumeration important; — said of the parts of a flower, and the like. also indeterminate. Indefinite article (Gram.), the word a or an, used with nouns to denote any one of a common or general class. — Indefinite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Indeterminate inflorescence, under Indeterminate. — Indefinite proposition (Logic), a statement whose subject is a common term, with nothing to indicate distribution or nondistribution; as Man is mortal. — Indefinite term (Logic), a negative term; as the not- good. Syn. — Inexplicit; vague; uncertain; unsettled; indeterminate; loose; equivocal; inexact; approximate.

In•def´i•nite•ly, adv. In an indefinite manner or degree; without any settled limitation; vaguely; not with certainty or exactness; as to use a word indefinitely. “If the world be indefinitely extended, that is, so far as no human intellect can fancy any bound of it.” Ray.

In•def´i•nite•ness, n. The quality of being indefinite.

In•de•fin´i•tude , n. Indefiniteness; vagueness; also number or quantity not limited by our understanding, though yet finite. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•de•his´cence , n. [Cf. F. indehiscence.] (Bot.) The property or state of being indehiscent.

In•de•his´cent , a. [Pref. in- not + dehiscent: cf. F. indehiscent.] (Bot.) Remaining closed at maturity, or not opening along regular lines, as the acorn, or a cocoanut.

In•de•lec´ta•ble , a. Not delectable; unpleasant; disagreeable. [R.] Richardson.

In•de•lib´er•ate , a. [L. indeliberatus. See In- not, and Deliberate.] Done without deliberation; unpremeditated. [Obs.] — In•de•lib´er•ate•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•de•lib´er•a•ted , a. Indeliberate. [Obs.]

In•del•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indelebilite.] The quality of being indelible. Bp. Horsley.

In•del´i•ble , a. [L. indelebilis; pref. in- not + delebilis capable of being destroyed: cf. F. indelebile. See In- not, and Deleble.] [Formerly written also indeleble, which accords with the etymology of the word.] 1. That can not be removed, washed away, blotted out, or effaced; incapable of being canceled, lost, or forgotten; as indelible characters; an indelible stain; an indelible impression on the memory. 2. That can not be annulled; indestructible. [R.] “They are endued with indelible power from above.” Sprat. Indelible colors, fast colors which do not fade or tarnish by exposure. — Indelible ink, an ink not obliterated by washing; esp., a solution of silver nitrate. Syn. — Fixed; fast; permanent; ineffaceable. — In•del´i•ble•ness, n. — In•del´i•bly, adv. “Indelibly stamped and impressed.” J. Ellis.

In•del´i•ca•cy , n.; pl. Indelicacies (#). [From Indelicate.] The quality of being indelicate; want of delicacy, or of a nice sense of, or regard for, purity, propriety, or refinement in manners, language, etc.; rudeness; coarseness; also that which is offensive to refined taste or purity of mind. “The indelicacy of English comedy.” Blair. “Your papers would be chargeable with worse than indelicacy; they would be immoral.” Addison.

In•del´i•cate , a. [Pref. in- not + delicate: cf. F. indelicat.] Not delicate; wanting delicacy; offensive to good manners, or to purity of mind; coarse; rude; as an indelicate word or suggestion; indelicate behavior. Macaulay. — In•del´i•cate•ly, adv. Syn. — Indecorous; unbecoming; unseemly; rude; coarse; broad; impolite; gross; indecent; offensive; improper; unchaste; impure; unrefined.

In•dem•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. 1. The act or process of indemnifying, preserving, or securing against loss, damage, or penalty; reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty; the state of being indemnified. “Indemnification is capable of some estimate; dignity has no standard.” Burke. 2. That which indemnifies. “No reward with the name of an indemnification.” De Quincey.

In•dem´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indemnified p. pr. & vb. n. Indemnifying ] [L. indemnis unhurt (in- not + damnum hurt, damage) + -fy. Cf. Damn, Damnify.] 1. To save harmless; to secure against loss or damage; to insure. “The states must at last engage to the merchants here that they will indemnify them from all that shall fall out.” Sir W. Temple. 2. To make restitution or compensation for, as for that which is lost; to make whole; to reimburse; to compensate. Beattie.

In•dem´ni•ty , n.; pl. Indemnities (#). [L. indemnitas, fr. indemnis uninjured: cf. F. indemnite. See Indemnify.] 1. Security; insurance; exemption from loss or damage, past or to come; immunity from penalty, or the punishment of past offenses; amnesty. “Having first obtained a promise of indemnity for the riot they had committed.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Indemnification, compensation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained. “They were told to expect, upon the fall of Walpole, a large and lucrative indemnity for their pretended wrongs.” Ld. Mahon. Insurance is a contract of indemnity. Arnould. The owner of private property taken for public use is entitled to compensation or indemnity. Kent. Act of indemnity (Law), an act or law passed in order to relieve persons, especially in an official station, from some penalty to which they are liable in consequence of acting illegally, or, in case of ministers, in consequence of exceeding the limits of their strict constitutional powers. These acts also sometimes provide compensation for losses or damage, either incurred in the service of the government, or resulting from some public measure.

In•de•mon•stra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being indemonstrable.

In•de•mon´stra•ble , a. [L. indemonstrabilis. See In- not, and Demonstrable.] Incapable of being demonstrated. — In•de•mon´stra•ble•ness, n.

In•den•i•za´tion , n. The act of naturalizing; endenization. [R.] Evelyn.

In•den´ize , v. t. To naturalize. [R.]

In•den´i•zen , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indenizened p. pr. & vb. n. Indenizening.] To invest with the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [R.] “Words indenizened, and commonly used as English.” B. Jonson.

In•dent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indented; p. pr. & vb. n. Indenting.] [OE. endenten to notch, fit in, OF. endenter, LL. indentare, fr. L. in + dens, dentis, tooth. See Tooth, and cf. Indenture.] 1. To notch; to jag; to cut into points like a row of teeth; as to indent the edge of paper. 2. To dent; to stamp or to press in; to impress; as indent a smooth surface with a hammer; to indent wax with a stamp. 3. [Cf. Indenture.] To bind out by indenture or contract; to indenture; to apprentice; as to indent a young man to a shoemaker; to indent a servant. 4. (Print.) To begin (a line or lines) at a greater or less distance from the margin; as to indent the first line of a paragraph one em; to indent the second paragraph two ems more than the first. See Indentation, and Indention. 5. (Mil.) To make an order upon; to draw upon, as for military stores. [India] Wilhelm.

In•dent´, v. i. 1. To be cut, notched, or dented. 2. To crook or turn; to wind in and out; to zigzag. 3. To contract; to bargain or covenant. Shak. “To indent and drive bargains with the Almighty.” South.

In•dent´ , n. 1. A cut or notch in the margin of anything, or a recess like a notch. Shak. 2. A stamp; an impression. [Obs.] 3. A certificate, or intended certificate, issued by the government of the United States at the close of the Revolution, for the principal or interest of the public debt. D. Ramsay. A. Hamilton. 4. (Mil.) A requisition or order for supplies, sent to the commissariat of an army. [India] Wilhelm.

In•den•ta´tion , n. 1. The act of indenting or state of being indented. 2. A notch or recess, in the margin or border of anything; as the indentations of a leaf, of the coast, etc. 3. A recess or sharp depression in any surface. 4. (Print.) (a) The act of beginning a line or series of lines at a little distance within the flush line of the column or page, as in the common way of beginning the first line of a paragraph. (b) The measure of the distance; as an indentation of one em, or of two ems. Hanging, or Reverse, indentation, indentation of all the lines of a paragraph except the first, which is a full line.

In•dent´ed , a. 1. Cut in the edge into points or inequalities, like teeth; jagged; notched; stamped in; dented on the surface. 2. Having an uneven, irregular border; sinuous; undulating. Milton. Shak. 3. (Her.) Notched like the part of a saw consisting of the teeth; serrated; as an indented border or ordinary. 4. Bound out by an indenture; apprenticed; indentured; as an indented servant. 5. (Zoöl.) Notched along the margin with a different color, as the feathers of some birds. Indented line (Fort.), a line with alternate long and short faces, with salient and receding angles, each face giving a flanking fire along the front of the next.

In•dent´ed•ly, adv. With indentations.

In•dent´ing , n. Indentation; an impression like that made by a tooth.

In•den´tion , n. (Print.) Same as Indentation, 4.

In•dent´ment , n. Indenture. [Obs.]

In•den´ture ( 135), n. [OE. endenture, OF. endenture, LL. indentura a deed in duplicate, with indented edges. See the Note below. See Indent.] 1. The act of indenting, or state of being indented. 2. (Law) A mutual agreement in writing between two or more parties, whereof each party has usually a counterpart or duplicate; sometimes in the pl., a short form for indentures of apprenticeship, the contract by which a youth is bound apprentice to a master. “The law is the best expositor of the gospel; they are like a pair of indentures: they answer in every part.” C. Leslie. Indentures were originally duplicates, laid together and indented by a notched cut or line, or else written on the same piece of parchment and separated by a notched line so that the two papers or parchments corresponded to each other. But indenting has gradually become a mere form, and is often neglected, while the writings or counterparts retain the name of indentures.

In•den´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indentured p. pr. & vb. n. Indenturing.] 1. To indent; to make hollows, notches, or wrinkles in; to furrow. “Though age may creep on, and indenture the brow.” Woty. 2. To bind by indentures or written contract; as to indenture an apprentice.

In•den´ture, v. i. To run or wind in and out; to be cut or notched; to indent. Heywood.

In•de•pend´ence , n. [Cf. F. independance.] 1. The state or quality of being independent; freedom from dependence; exemption from reliance on, or control by, others; self-subsistence or maintenance; direction of one’s own affairs without interference. “Let fortune do her worst, … as long as she never makes us lose our honesty and our independence.” Pope. 2. Sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood. Declaration of Independence (Amer. Hist.), the declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that these colonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of Great Britain.

In•de•pend´en•cy, n. 1. Independence. “´Give me,´ I cried (enough for me),
´My bread, and independency!´” Pope. 2. (Eccl.) Doctrine and polity of the Independents.

In•de•pend´ent , a. [Pref. in- not + dependent: cf. F. independant.] 1. Not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others; not subordinate; as few men are wholly independent. “A dry, but independent crust.” Cowper. 2. Affording a comfortable livelihood; as an independent property. 3. Not subject to bias or influence; not obsequious; self-directing; as a man of an independent mind. 4. Expressing or indicating the feeling of independence; free; easy; bold; unconstrained; as an independent air or manner. 5. Separate from; exclusive; irrespective. “That obligation in general, under which we conceive ourselves bound to obey a law, independent of those resources which the law provides for its own enforcement.” R. P. Ward. 6. (Eccl.) Belonging or pertaining to, or holding to the doctrines or methods of, the Independents. 7. (Math.) Not dependent upon another quantity in respect to value or rate of variation; — said of quantities or functions. 8. (U. S. Politics) Not bound by party; exercising a free choice in voting with either or any party. Independent company (Mil.), one not incorporated in any regiment. — Independent seconds watch, a stop watch having a second hand driven by a separate set of wheels, springs, etc., for timing to a fraction of a second. — Independent variable. (Math.) See Dependent variable, under Dependent. Syn. — Free; uncontrolled; separate; uncoerced; self- reliant; bold; unconstrained; unrestricted.

In•de•pend´ent , n. 1. (Eccl.) One who believes that an organized Christian church is complete in itself, competent to self- government, and independent of all ecclesiastical authority. In England the name is often applied (commonly in the pl.) to the Congregationalists. 2. (Politics) One who does not acknowledge an obligation to support a party’s candidate under all circumstances; one who exercises liberty in voting.

In•de•pend´ent•ism , n. Independency; the church system of Independents. Bp. Gauden.

In•de•pend´ent•ly, adv. In an independent manner; without control.

In•de•pos´a•ble , a. Incapable of being deposed. [R.] “Princes indeposable by the pope.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

In•dep´ra•vate , a. [L. indepravatus.] Undepraved. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode).

In•dep´re•ca•ble , a. [L. indeprecabilis. See In- not, and Deprecate.] Incapable or undeserving of being deprecated. Cockeram.

In•dep•re•hen´si•ble , a. [L. indeprehensibilis. See In- not, and Deprehensible.] Incapable of being found out. Bp. Morton.

In•de•priv´a•ble , a. Incapable of being deprived, or of being taken away.

In•de•scrib´a•ble, a. Incapable of being described. — In•de•scrib´a•bly, adv.

In•de•scrip´tive , a. Not descriptive.

In•de•sert´ , n. Ill desert. [R.] Addison.

In•des´i•nent , a. [L. indesinens. See In- not, and Desinent.] Not ceasing; perpetual. [Obs.] Baxter. — In•des´i•nent•ly, adv. [Obs.] Ray.

In•de•sir´a•ble , a. Undesirable.

In•de•struc•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indestructibilite.] The quality of being indestructible.

In•de•struc´ti•ble, a. [Pref. in- not + destructible: cf. F. indestructible.] Not destructible; incapable of decomposition or of being destroyed. — In•de•struc´ti•ble•ness, n. — In•de•struc´ti•bly, adv.

In•de•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. indeterminabilis: cf. F. indeterminable. See In- not, and Determine.] Not determinable; impossible to be determined; not to be definitely known, ascertained, defined, or limited. — In•de•ter´mi•na•bly, adv.

In•de•ter´mi•na•ble, n. An indeterminable thing or quantity. Sir T. Browne.

In•de•ter´mi•nate , a. [L. indeterminatus.] Not determinate; not certain or fixed; indefinite; not precise; as an indeterminate number of years. Paley. Indeterminate analysis (Math.), that branch of analysis which has for its object the solution of indeterminate problems. — Indeterminate coefficients (Math.), coefficients arbitrarily assumed for convenience of calculation, or to facilitate some artifice of analysis. Their values are subsequently determined. — Indeterminate equation (Math.), an equation in which the unknown quantities admit of an infinite number of values, or sets of values. A group of equations is indeterminate when it contains more unknown quantities than there are equations. — Indeterminate inflorescence (Bot.), a mode of inflorescence in which the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the terminal bud going on to grow and sometimes continuing the stem indefinitely; — called also acropetal, botryose, centripetal, ∧ indefinite inflorescence. Gray. — Indeterminate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of an infinite number of solutions, or one in which there are fewer imposed conditions than there are unknown or required results. — Indeterminate quantity (Math.), a quantity which has no fixed value, but which may be varied in accordance with any proposed condition. — Indeterminate series (Math.), a series whose terms proceed by the powers of an indeterminate quantity, sometimes also with indeterminate exponents, or indeterminate coefficients. — In•de•ter´mi•nate•ly adv. — In•de•ter´mi•nate•ness, n.

In•de•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + determination: cf. indetermination.] 1. Want of determination; an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. Jer. Taylor. 2. Want of fixed or stated direction. Abp. Bramhall.

In•de•ter´mined , a. Undetermined.

In•de•vir´gin•ate , a. [See In- not, Devirginate.] Not devirginate. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•de•vote´ , a. [L. indevotus: cf. F. indevot. Cf. Indevout.] Not devoted. [Obs.] Bentley. Clarendon.

In•de•vo´tion , n. [L. indevotio: cf. F. indevotion.] Want of devotion; impiety; irreligion. ´An age of indevotion.´ Jer. Taylor.

In•de•vout´ , a. [Pref. in- not + devout. Cf. Indevote.] Not devout. — In•de•vout´ly, adv.

In•dew´ , v. t. To indue. [Obs.] Spenser.

In´dex , n.; pl. E. Indexes (#), L. Indices (#). [L.: cf. F. index. See Indicate, Diction.] 1. That which points out; that which shows, indicates, manifests, or discloses. “Tastes are the indexes of the different qualities of plants.” Arbuthnot. 2. That which guides, points out, informs, or directs; a pointer or a hand that directs to anything, as the hand of a watch, a movable finger on a gauge, scale, or other graduated instrument. In printing, a sign [] used to direct particular attention to a note or paragraph; — called also fist. 3. A table for facilitating reference to topics, names, and the like, in a book; — usually alphabetical in arrangement, and printed at the end of the volume. 4. A prologue indicating what follows. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Anat.) The second digit, that next to the pollex, in the manus, or hand; the forefinger; index finger. 6. (Math.) The figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quantity; the exponent. [In this sense the plural is always indices.] Index error, the error in the reading of a mathematical instrument arising from the zero of the index not being in complete adjustment with that of the limb, or with its theoretically perfect position in the instrument; a correction to be applied to the instrument readings equal to the error of the zero adjustment. — Index expurgatorius. [L.] See Index prohibitorius (below). — Index finger. See Index, 5. — Index glass, the mirror on the index of a quadrant, sextant, etc. — Index hand, the pointer or hand of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; a hand that points to something. — Index of a logarithm (Math.), the integral part of the logarithm, and always one less than the number of integral figures in the given number. It is also called the characteristic. — Index of refraction, or Refractive index (Opt.), the number which expresses the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. Thus the index of refraction for sulphur is 2, because, when light passes out of air into sulphur, the sine of the angle of incidence is double the sine of the angle of refraction. — Index plate, a graduated circular plate, or one with circular rows of holes differently spaced; used in machines for graduating circles, cutting gear teeth, etc. — Index prohibitorius [L.], or Prohibitory index (R. C. Ch.), a catalogue of books which are forbidden by the church to be read; the index expurgatorius [L.], or expurgatory index, is a catalogue of books from which passages marked as against faith or morals must be removed before Catholics can read them. These catalogues are published with additions, from time to time, by the Congregation of the Index, composed of cardinals, theologians, etc., under the sanction of the pope. Hook. — Index rerum [L.], a tabulated and alphabetized notebook, for systematic preservation of items, quotations, etc.

In´dex , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indexed p. pr. & vb. n. Indexing.] To provide with an index or table of references; to put into an index; as to index a book, or its contents.

In´dex•er , n. One who makes an index.

In•dex´ic•al , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, an index; having the form of an index.

In•dex´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of an index.

In•dex•ter´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + dexterity: cf. F. indexterite.] Want of dexterity or readiness, especially in the use of the hands; clumsiness; awkwardness. Harvey.

In´di•a , n. [See Indian.] A country in Southern Asia; the two peninsulas of Hither and Farther India; in a restricted sense, Hither India, or Hindostan. India ink, a nearly black pigment brought chiefly from China, used for water colors. It is in rolls, or in square, and consists of lampblack or ivory black and animal glue. Called also China ink. The true India ink is sepia. See Sepia. — India matting, floor matting made in China, India, etc., from grass and reeds; — also called Canton, or China, matting. — India paper, a variety of Chinese paper, of smooth but not glossy surface, used for printing from engravings, woodcuts, etc. — India proof (Engraving), a proof impression from an engraved plate, taken on India paper. - - India rubber. See Caoutchouc. — India-rubber tree (Bot.), any tree yielding caoutchouc, but especially the East Indian Ficus elastica, often cultivated for its large, shining, elliptical leaves.

In•di´a•dem, v. t. To place or set in a diadem, as a gem or gems.

In´di•a•man , n.; pl. Indiamen . A large vessel in the India trade. Macaulay.

In´di•an ( 277), a. [From India, and this fr. Indus, the name of a river in Asia, L. Indus, Gr. , OPers. Hindu, name of the land on the Indus, Skr. sindhu river, the Indus. Cf. Hindoo.] 1. Of or pertaining to India proper; also to the East Indies, or, sometimes, to the West Indies. 2. Of or pertaining to the aborigines, or Indians, of America; as Indian wars; the Indian tomahawk. 3. Made of maize or Indian corn; as Indian corn, Indian meal, Indian bread, and the like. [U.S.] Indian bay (Bot.), a lauraceous tree (Persea Indica). — Indian bean (Bot.), a name of the catalpa. — Indian berry. (Bot.) Same as Cocculus indicus. — Indian bread. (Bot.) Same as Cassava. — Indian club, a wooden club, which is swung by the hand for gymnastic exercise. — Indian cordage, cordage made of the fibers of cocoanut husk. — Indian corn (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zea (Z. Mays); the maize, a native of America. See Corn, and Maize. — Indian cress (Bot.), nasturtium. See Nasturtium, 2. — Indian cucumber (Bot.), a plant of the genus Medeola (M. Virginica), a common in woods in the United States. The white rootstock has a taste like cucumbers. — Indian currant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Symphoricarpus (S. vulgaris), bearing small red berries. — Indian dye, the puccoon. — Indian fig. (Bot.) (a) The banyan. See Banyan. (b) The prickly pear. — Indian file, single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another, the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, especially when on the war path. — Indian fire, a pyrotechnic composition of sulphur, niter, and realgar, burning with a brilliant white light. — Indian grass (Bot.), a coarse, high grass (Chrysopogon nutans), common in the southern portions of the United States; wood grass. Gray. — Indian hemp. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Apocynum (A. cannabinum), having a milky juice, and a tough, fibrous bark, whence the name. The root it used in medicine and is both emetic and cathartic in properties. (b) The variety of common hemp (Cannabis Indica), from which hasheesh is obtained. — Indian mallow (Bot.), the velvet leaf (Abutilon Avicennae). See Abutilon. — Indian meal, ground corn or maize. [U.S.] — Indian millet (Bot.), a tall annual grass (Sorghum vulgare), having many varieties, among which are broom corn, Guinea corn, durra, and the Chinese sugar cane. It is called also Guinea corn. See Durra. — Indian ox (Zoöl.), the zebu. - - Indian paint. See Bloodroot. — Indian paper. See India paper, under India. — Indian physic (Bot.), a plant of two species of the genus Gillenia (G. trifoliata, and G. stipulacea), common in the United States, the roots of which are used in medicine as a mild emetic; — called also American ipecac, and bowman’s root. Gray. — Indian pink. (Bot.) (a) The Cypress vine (Ipomœa Quamoclit); — so called in the West Indies. (b) See China pink, under China. — Indian pipe (Bot.), a low, fleshy herb (Monotropa uniflora), growing in clusters in dark woods, and having scalelike leaves, and a solitary nodding flower. The whole plant is waxy white, but turns black in drying. — Indian plantain (Bot.), a name given to several species of the genus Cacalia, tall herbs with composite white flowers, common through the United States in rich woods. Gray. — Indian poke (Bot.), a plant usually known as the white hellebore (Veratrum viride). — Indian pudding, a pudding of which the chief ingredients are Indian meal, milk, and molasses. — Indian purple. (a) A dull purple color. (b) The pigment of the same name, intensely blue and black. — Indian red. (a) A purplish red earth or pigment composed of a silicate of iron and alumina, with magnesia. It comes from the Persian Gulf. Called also Persian red. (b) See Almagra. — Indian rice (Bot.), a reedlike water grass. See Rice. — Indian shot (Bot.), a plant of the genus Canna (C. Indica). The hard black seeds are as large as swan shot. See Canna. — Indian summer, in the United States, a period of warm and pleasant weather occurring late in autumn. See under Summer. — Indian tobacco (Bot.), a species of Lobelia. See Lobelia. — Indian turnip (Bot.), an American plant of the genus Arisaema. A. triphyllum has a wrinkled farinaceous root resembling a small turnip, but with a very acrid juice. See Jack in the Pulpit, and Wake-robin. — Indian wheat, maize or Indian corn. — Indian yellow. (a) An intense rich yellow color, deeper than gamboge but less pure than cadmium. (b) See Euxanthin.

In´di•an ( 277), n. 1. A native or inhabitant of India. 2. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of America; — so called originally from the supposed identity of America with India.

In•di•an•eer´ , n. (Naut.) An Indiaman.

In´di•a rub´ber See Caoutchouc.

In´dic•al , a. [From L. index, indicis, an index.] Indexical. [R.] Fuller.

In´di•can , n. [See Indigo.] 1. (Chem.) A glucoside obtained from woad (indigo plant) and other plants, as a yellow or light brown sirup. It has a nauseous bitter taste, and decomposes on drying. By the action of acids, ferments, etc., it breaks down into sugar and indigo. It is the source of natural indigo. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) An indigo-forming substance, found in urine, and other animal fluids, and convertible into red and blue indigo (urrhodin and uroglaucin). Chemically, it is indoxyl sulphate of potash, C8H6NSO4K, and is derived from the indol formed in the alimentary canal. Called also uroxanthin.

In´di•cant , a. [L. indicans, p. pr. indicare. See Indicate.] Serving to point out, as a remedy; indicating.

In´di•cant, n. That which indicates or points out; as an indicant of the remedy for a disease.

In´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicated p. pr. & vb. n. Indicating ] [L. indicatus, p. p. of indicare to indicate; pref. in- in + dicare to proclaim; akin to dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indite.] 1. To point out; to discover; to direct to a knowledge of; to show; to make known. “That turns and turns to indicate
From what point blows the weather.” Cowper. 2. (Med.) To show or manifest by symptoms; to point to as the proper remedies; as great prostration of strength indicates the use of stimulants. 3. (Mach.) To investigate the condition or power of, as of steam engine, by means of an indicator. Syn. — To show; mark; signify; denote; discover; evidence; evince; manifest; declare; specify; explain; exhibit; present; reveal; disclose; display.

In´di•ca•ted , a. Shown; denoted; registered; measured. Indicated power. See Indicated horse power, under Horse power.

In•di•ca´tion , n. [L. indicatio: cf. F. indication.] 1. Act of pointing out or indicating. 2. That which serves to indicate or point out; mark; token; sign; symptom; evidence. “The frequent stops they make in the most convenient places are plain indications of their weariness.” Addison. 3. Discovery made; information. Bentley. 4. Explanation; display. [Obs.] Bacon. 5. (Med.) Any symptom or occurrence in a disease, which serves to direct to suitable remedies. Syn. — Proof; demonstration; sign; token; mark; evidence; signal.

In•dic´a•tive , a. [L. indicativus: cf. F. indicatif.] 1. Pointing out; bringing to notice; giving intimation or knowledge of something not visible or obvious. “That truth is productive of utility, and utility indicative of truth, may be thus proved.” Bp. Warburton. 2. (Fine Arts) Suggestive; representing the whole by a part, as a fleet by a ship, a forest by a tree, etc. Indicative mood (Gram.), that mood or form of the verb which indicates, that is, which simply affirms or denies or inquires; as he writes; he is not writing; has the mail arrived?

In•dic´a•tive, n. (Gram.) The indicative mood.

In•dic´a•tive•ly, adv. In an indicative manner; in a way to show or signify.

In´di•ca•tor (in´di•ka•ter), n. [L.: cf. F. indicateur.] 1. One who, or that which, shows or points out; as a fare indicator in a street car. 2. (Mach.) A pressure gauge; a water gauge, as for a steam boiler; an apparatus or instrument for showing the working of a machine or moving part; as: (a) (Steam Engine) An instrument which draws a diagram showing the varying pressure in the cylinder of an engine or pump at every point of the stroke. It consists of a small cylinder communicating with the engine cylinder and fitted with a piston which the varying pressure drives upward more or less against the resistance of a spring. A lever imparts motion to a pencil which traces the diagram on a card wrapped around a vertical drum which is turned back and forth by a string connected with the piston rod of the engine. See Indicator card (below). (b) A telltale connected with a hoisting machine, to show, at the surface, the position of the cage in the shaft of a mine, etc. 3. (Mech.) The part of an instrument by which an effect is indicated, as an index or pointer. 4. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Indicator and allied genera. See Honey guide, under Honey. 5. (Chem.) That which indicates the condition of acidity, alkalinity, or the deficiency, excess, or sufficiency of a standard reagent, by causing an appearance, disappearance, or change of color, as in titration or volumetric analysis. The common indicators are litmus, tropaeolin, phenol phthalein, potassic permanganate, etc. Indicator card, the figure drawn by an engine indicator, by means of which the working of the engine can be investigated and its power calculated. The Illustration shows one form of indicator card, from a steam engine, together with scales by which the pressure of the steam above or below that of the atmosphere, corresponding to any position of the engine piston in its stroke, can be measured. Called also indicator diagram. - - Indicator telegraph, a telegraph in which the signals are the deflections of a magnetic needle, as in the trans- Atlantic system.

In´di•ca•to•ry (in´di•ka•to•ry; 277), a. Serving to show or make known; showing; indicative; signifying; implying.

In•di•ca´trix , n. [NL.] (Geom. of Three Dimensions) A certain conic section supposed to be drawn in the tangent plane to any surface, and used to determine the accidents of curvature of the surface at the point of contact. The curve is similar to the intersection of the surface with a parallel to the tangent plane and indefinitely near it. It is an ellipse when the curvature is synclastic, and an hyperbola when the curvature is anticlastic.

In•di•ca´vit , n. [L., he has indicated.] (Eng. Law) A writ of prohibition against proceeding in the spiritual court in certain cases, when the suit belongs to the common-law courts. Wharton (Law Dict. ).

In´dice , n. [F. indice indication, index. See Index.] Index; indication. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In´di•ces , n. pl. See Index.

In•di´ci•a , n. pl. [L., pl. of indicium, fr. index an index.] (Law) Discriminating marks; signs; tokens; indications; appearances. Burrill.

In•dic´i•ble , a. [F.] Unspeakable. [Obs.]

In•dic´o•lite , n. [L. indicum indigo + -lite: cf. F. indicolithe.] (Min.) A variety of tourmaline of an indigo-blue color.

In•dict´ (-dit´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicted (- dit´ed); p. pr. & vb. n. Indicting.] [OE. enditen. See Indite.] 1. To write; to compose; to dictate; to indite. [Obs.] 2. To appoint publicly or by authority; to proclaim or announce. [Obs.] “I am told shall have no Lent indicted this year.” Evelyn. 3. (Law) To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the finding or presentment of a grand jury; to find an indictment against; as to indict a man for arson. It is the peculiar province of a grand jury to indict, as it is of a house of representatives to impeach.

In•dict´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, indicted; subject to indictment; as an indictable offender or offense.

In•dict•ee´ , n. (Law) A person indicted.

In•dict´er , n. One who indicts.

In•dic´tion , n. [L. indictio: cf. F. indiction. See Indict, Indite.] 1. Declaration; proclamation; public notice or appointment. [Obs.] ´Indiction of a war.´ Bacon. “Secular princes did use to indict, or permit the indiction of, synods of bishops.” Jer. Taylor. 2. A cycle of fifteen years. This mode of reckoning time is said to have been introduced by Constantine the Great, in connection with the payment of tribute. It was adopted at various times by the Greek emperors of Constantinople, the popes, and the parliaments of France. Through the influence of the popes, it was extensively used in the ecclesiastical chronology of the Middle Ages. The number of indictions was reckoned at first from 312 a. d., but since the twelfth century it has been reckoned from the birth of Christ. The papal indiction is the only one ever used at the present day. To find the indiction and year of the indiction by the first method, subtract 312 from the given year a. d., and divide by 15; by the second method, add 3 to the given year a. d., and the divide by 15. In either case, the quotient is the number of the current indiction, and the remainder the year of the indiction. See Cycle of indiction, under Cycle.

In•dic´tive , a. [L. indictivus. See Indict.] Proclaimed; declared; public. Kennet.

In•dict´ment , n. [Cf. Inditement.] 1. The act of indicting, or the state of being indicted. 2. (Law) The formal statement of an offense, as framed by the prosecuting authority of the State, and found by the grand jury. To the validity of an indictment a finding by the grand jury is essential, while an information rests only on presentation by the prosecuting authority. 3. An accusation in general; a formal accusation. Bill of indictment. See under Bill.

In•dict´or , n. (Law) One who indicts. Bacon.

In´dies , n. pl. A name designating the East Indies, also the West Indies. “Our king has all the Indies in his arms.” Shak.

In•dif´fer•ence , n. [L. indifferentia similarity, want of difference: cf. F. indifference.] 1. The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance. 2. Passableness; mediocrity. 3. Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias. “He … is far from such indifference and equity as ought and must be in judges which he saith I assign.” Sir T. More. 4. Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as entire indifference to all that occurs. “Indifference can not but be criminal, when it is conversant about objects which are so far from being of an indifferent nature, that they are highest importance.” Addison. Syn. — Carelessness; negligence; unconcern; apathy; insensibility; coldness; lukewarmness.

In•dif´fer•en•cy , n. Absence of interest in, or influence from, anything; unconcernedness; equilibrium; indifferentism; indifference. Gladstone. “To give ourselves to a detestable indifferency or neutrality in this cause.” Fuller. “Moral liberty … does not, after all, consist in a power of indifferency, or in a power of choosing without regard to motives.” Hazlitt.

In•dif´fer•ent , a. [F. indifferent, L. indifferens. See In- not, and Different.] 1. Not making a difference; having no influence or preponderating weight; involving no preference, concern, or attention; of no account; without significance or importance. “Dangers are to me indifferent.” Shak. “Everything in the world is indifferent but sin.” Jer. Taylor. “His slightest and most indifferent acts … were odious in the clergyman’s sight.” Hawthorne. 2. Neither particularly good, not very bad; of a middle state or quality; passable; mediocre. “The staterooms are in indifferent order.” Sir W. Scott. 3. Not inclined to one side, party, or choice more than to another; neutral; impartial. “Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die.” Addison. 4. Feeling no interest, anxiety, or care, respecting anything; unconcerned; inattentive; apathetic; heedless; as to be indifferent to the welfare of one’s family. “It was a law of Solon, that any person who, in the civil commotions of the republic, remained neuter, or an indifferent spectator of the contending parties, should be condemned to perpetual banishment.” Addison. 5. (Law) Free from bias or prejudice; impartial; unbiased; disinterested. “In choice of committees for ripening business for the counsel, it is better to choose indifferent persons than to make an indifferency by putting in those that are strong on both sides.” Bacon. Indifferent tissue (Anat.), the primitive, embryonic, undifferentiated tissue, before conversion into connective, muscular, nervous, or other definite tissue.

In•dif´fer•ent, adv. To a moderate degree; passably; tolerably. [Obs.] ´News indifferent good.´ Shak.

In•dif´fer•ent•ism , n. [Cf. F. indifferentisme.] 1. State of indifference; want of interest or earnestness; especially, a systematic apathy regarding what is true or false in religion or philosophy; agnosticism. “The indifferentism which equalizes all religions and gives equal rights to truth and error.” Cardinal Manning. 2. (Metaph.) Same as Identism. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A heresy consisting in an unconcern for any particular creed, provided the morals be right and good. Gregory XVI.

In•dif´fer•ent•ist, n. One governed by indifferentism.

In•dif´fer•ent•ly, adv. In an indifferent manner; without distinction or preference; impartially; without concern, wish, affection, or aversion; tolerably; passably. “That they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy true religion, and virtue.” Book of Com. Prayer [Eng. Ed. ] “Set honor in one eye and death i’ the other,
And I will look on both indifferently.” Shak. “I hope it may indifferently entertain your lordship at an unbending hour.” Rowe.

In•di•ful´vin , n. [Indican + L. fulvus reddish yellow.] (Chem.) A reddish resinous substance, obtained from indican.

In•di•fus´cin , n. [Indican + L. fuscus dusky.] (Chem.) A brown amorphous powder, obtained from indican.

In´di•geen , n. Same as Indigene. Darwin.

In´di•gence , n. [L. indigentia: cf. F. indigence. See Indigent.] The condition of being indigent; want of estate, or means of comfortable subsistence; penury; poverty; as helpless indigence. Cowper. Syn. — Poverty; penury; destitution; want; need; privation; lack. See Poverty.

In´di•gen•cy , n. Indigence. “New indigencies founded upon new desires.” South.

In´di•gene , n. [L. indigena: cf. F. indigène. See Indigenous.] One born in a country; an aboriginal animal or plant; an autochthon. Evelyn. Tylor.

In•dig´e•nous , a. [L. indigenus, indigena, fr. OL. indu (fr. in in) + the root of L. gignere to beget, bear. See In, and Gender.] 1. Native; produced, growing, or living, naturally in a country or climate; not exotic; not imported. “Negroes were all transported from Africa and are not indigenous or proper natives of America.” Sir T. Browne. “In America, cotton, being indigenous, is cheap.” Lion Playas. 2. Native; inherent; innate. “Joy and hope are emotions indigenous to the human mind.” I. Taylor.

In´di•gent , a. [L. indigent, L. indigens, p. p. of indigere to stand in need of, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + L. egere to be needy, to need.] 1. Wanting; void; free; destitute; — used with of. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Destitute of property or means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor; in want; necessitous. “Indigent faint souls past corporal toil.” Shak. “Charity consists in relieving the indigent.” Addison.

In´di•gent•ly, adv. In an indigent manner.

In•di•gest´ , a. [L. indigestus unarranged. See Indigested.] Crude; unformed; unorganized; undigested. [Obs.] ´A chaos rude and indigest.´ W. Browne. ´Monsters and things indigest.´ Shak.

In•di•gest´, n. Something indigested. [Obs.] Shak.

In•di•gest´ed, a. [Pref. in- not + digested.] 1. Not digested; undigested. ´Indigested food.´ Dryden. 2. Not resolved; not regularly disposed and arranged; not methodical; crude; as an indigested array of facts. “In hot reformations … the whole is generally crude, harsh, and indigested.” Burke. “This, like an indigested meteor, appeared and disappeared almost at the same time.” South. 3. (Med.) (a) Not in a state suitable for healing; — said of wounds. (b) Not ripened or suppurated; — said of an abscess or its contents. 4. Not softened by heat, hot water, or steam.

In•di•gest´ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being undigested; crudeness. Bp. Burnet.

In•di•gest•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being indigestible; indigestibleness.

In•di•gest´i•ble , a. [L. indigestibilis: cf. F. indigestible. See In- not, and Digest.] 1. Not digestible; not readily soluble in the digestive juices; not easily convertible into products fitted for absorption. 2. Not digestible in the mind; distressful; intolerable; as an indigestible simile. T. Warton. — In•di•gest´i•ble•ness, n. — In•di•gest´i•bly, adv.

In•di•ges´tion ( 106), n. [L. indigestio: cf. F. indigestion. See In- not, and Digest.] Lack of proper digestive action; a failure of the normal changes which food should undergo in the alimentary canal; dyspepsia; incomplete or difficult digestion.

In•dig´i•tate , v. i. [Pref. in- in + L. digitus finger.] To communicate ideas by the fingers; to show or compute by the fingers. [Obs.]

In•dig´i•tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indigitated p. pr. & vb. n. Indigitating ] To point out with the finger; to indicate. [Obs.] “The depressing this finger, … in the right hand indigitates six hundred.” Sir T. Browne.

In•dig•i•ta´tion , n. The act of pointing out as with the finger; indication. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•di•glu´cin , n. [Indican + glucin.] (Chem.) The variety of sugar (glucose) obtained from the glucoside indican. It is unfermentable, but reduces Fehling’s solution.

In•dign´ , a. [L. indignus; pref. in- not + dignus worthy: cf. F. indigne. See Dignity.] Unworthy; undeserving; disgraceful; degrading. Chaucer. “Counts it scorn to draw
Comfort indign from any meaner thing.” Trench. { In•dig´nance , In•dig´nan•cy } n. Indignation. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•dig´nant , a. [L. indignans, -antis, p. pr. of indignari to be indignant, disdain. See Indign.] Affected with indignation; wrathful; passionate; irate; feeling wrath, as when a person is exasperated by unworthy or unjust treatment, by a mean action, or by a degrading accusation. “He strides indignant, and with haughty cries
To single fight the fairy prince defies.” Tickell.

In•dig´nant•ly, adv. In an indignant manner.

In•dig•na´tion , n. [F. indignation, L. indignatio. See Indign.] 1. The feeling excited by that which is unworthy, base, or disgraceful; anger mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. Shak. “Indignation expresses a strong and elevated disapprobation of mind, which is also inspired by something flagitious in the conduct of another.” Cogan. “When Haman saw Mordecai in the king’s gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai.” Esther v. 9. 2. The effect of anger; punishment. Shak. “Hide thyself … until the indignation be overpast.” Is. xxvi. 20. Syn. — Anger; ire wrath; fury; rage. See Anger.

In•dig´ni•fy , v. t. [L. indignus unworthy + -fy.] To treat disdainfully or with indignity; to contemn. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•dig´ni•ty , n.; pl. Indignities (#). [L. indignitas: cf. F. indignite. See Indign.] Any action toward another which manifests contempt for him; an offense against personal dignity; unmerited contemptuous treatment; contumely; incivility or injury, accompanied with insult. “How might a prince of my great hopes forget
So great indignities you laid upon me?” Shak. “A person of so great place and worth constrained to endure so foul indignities.” Hooker.

In•dign´ly , adv. Unworthily. [Obs.]

In´di•go , n.; pl. Indigoes (#). [F. indigo, Sp. indigo, indico, L. indicum indigo, fr. Indicus Indian. See Indian.] 1. A kind of deep blue, one of the seven prismatic colors. 2. (Chem.) A blue dyestuff obtained from several plants belonging to very different genera and orders; as the woad, Isatis tinctoria, Indigofera tinctoria, I. Anil, Nereum tinctorium, etc. It is a dark blue earthy substance, tasteless and odorless, with a copper-violet luster when rubbed. Indigo does not exist in the plants as such, but is obtained by decomposition of the glycoside indican. Commercial indigo contains the essential coloring principle indigo blue or indigotine, with several other dyes; as indigo red, indigo brown, etc., and various impurities. Indigo is insoluble in ordinary reagents, with the exception of strong sulphuric acid. Chinese indigo (Bot.), Isatis indigotica, a kind of woad. — Wild indigo (Bot.), the American herb Baptisia tinctoria which yields a poor quality of indigo, as do several other species of the same genus.

In´di•go , a. Having the color of, pertaining to, or derived from, indigo. Indigo berry (Bot.), the fruit of the West Indian shrub Randia aculeata, used as a blue dye. — Indigo bird (Zoöl.), a small North American finch (Cyanospiza cyanea). The male is indigo blue in color. Called also indigo bunting. — Indigo blue. (a) The essential coloring material of commercial indigo, from which it is obtained as a dark blue earthy powder, with a reddish luster, C16H10N2O2, which may be crystallized by sublimation. Indigo blue is also made from artificial amido cinnamic acid, and from artificial isatine; and these methods are of great commercial importance. Called also indigotin. (b) A dark, dull blue color like the indigo of commerce. — Indigo brown (Chem.), a brown resinous substance found in crude indigo. — Indigo copper (Min.), covellite. — Indigo green, a green obtained from indigo. — Indigo plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant of several species (genus Indigofera), from which indigo is prepared. The different varieties are natives of Asia, Africa, and America. Several species are cultivated, of which the most important are the I. tinctoria, or common indigo plant, the I. Anil, a larger species, and the I. disperma. — Indigo purple, a purple obtained from indigo. — Indigo red, a dyestuff, isomeric with indigo blue, obtained from crude indigo as a dark brown amorphous powder. — Indigo snake (Zoöl.), the gopher snake. — Indigo white, a white crystalline powder obtained by reduction from indigo blue, and by oxidation easily changed back to it; — called also indigogen. — Indigo yellow, a substance obtained from indigo.

In•di•gof´e•ra , n. [NL., from E. indigo + L. ferre to bear.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants having many species, mostly in tropical countries, several of them yielding indigo, esp. Indigofera tinctoria, and I. Anil.

In´di•go•gen , n. [Indigo + -gen.] 1. (Chem.) See Indigo white, under Indigo. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Indican, 2.

In•di•gom´e•ter , n. [Indigo + -meter.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength of an indigo solution, as in volumetric analysis. Ure.

In•di•gom´e•try , n. The art or method of determining the coloring power of indigo.

In•di•got´ic , a. [Cf. F. indigotique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, indigo; as indigotic acid, which is also called anilic or nitrosalicylic acid.

In´di•go•tin , n. (Chem.) See Indigo blue, under Indigo.

In•dig•ru´bin , n. [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Urrhodin.

In•di•hu´min , n. [Indican + humin.] (Chem.) A brown amorphous substance resembling humin, and obtained from indican.

In•dil´a•to•ry , a. Not dilatory. [Obs.]

In•dil´i•gence , n. [L. indiligentia: cf. F. indiligence.] Want of diligence. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In•dil´i•gent , a. [L. indiligens: cf. F. indiligent. See Diligent.] Not diligent; idle; slothful. [Obs.] Feltham. — In•dil´i•gent•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•di•min´ish•a•ble , a. Incapable of being diminished. [R.] Milton.

In´din , n. [From Indigo.] (Chem.) A dark red crystalline substance, isomeric with and resembling indigo blue, and obtained from isatide and dioxindol.

In•di•rect´ , a. [Pref. in- not + direct: cf. F. indirect.] 1. Not direct; not straight or rectilinear; deviating from a direct line or course; circuitous; as an indirect road. 2. Not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the plainest course, or by obvious means, but obliquely or consequentially; by remote means; as an indirect accusation, attack, answer, or proposal. “By what bypaths and indirect, crooked ways
I met this crown.” Shak. 3. Not straightforward or upright; unfair; dishonest; tending to mislead or deceive. “Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other.” Tillotson. 4. Not resulting directly from an act or cause, but more or less remotely connected with or growing out of it; as indirect results, damages, or claims. 5. (Logic & Math.) Not reaching the end aimed at by the most plain and direct method; as an indirect proof, demonstration, etc. Indirect claims, claims for remote or consequential damage. Such claims were presented to and thrown out by the commissioners who arbitrated the damage inflicted on the United States by the Confederate States cruisers built and supplied by Great Britain. — Indirect demonstration, a mode of demonstration in which proof is given by showing that any other supposition involves an absurdity (reductio ad absurdum), or an impossibility; thus, one quantity may be proved equal to another by showing that it can be neither greater nor less. — Indirect discourse. (Gram.) See Direct discourse, under Direct. — Indirect evidence, evidence or testimony which is circumstantial or inferential, but without witness; — opposed to direct evidence. — Indirect tax, a tax, such as customs, excises, etc., exacted directly from the merchant, but paid indirectly by the consumer in the higher price demanded for the articles of merchandise.

In•di•rect´ed, a. Not directed; aimless. [Obs.]

In•di•rec´tion , n. [Cf. F. indirection.] Oblique course or means; dishonest practices; indirectness. ´By indirections find directions out.´ Shak.

In•di•rect´ly , adv. In an direct manner; not in a straight line or course; not in express terms; obliquely; not by direct means; hence, unfairly; wrongly. “To tax it indirectly by taxing their expense.” A. Smith. “Your crown and kingdom indirectly held.” Shak.

In•di•rect´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being indirect; obliquity; deviousness; crookedness. 2. Deviation from an upright or straightforward course; unfairness; dishonesty. W. Montagu.

In•di•re´tin , n. [Indian + Gr. resin.] (Chem.) A dark brown resinous substance obtained from indican.

In•di•ru´bin , n. [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Chem.) A substance isomeric with, and resembling, indigo blue, and accompanying it as a side product, in its artificial production.

In•dis•cern´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + discernible: cf. F. indiscernable.] Not to be discerned; imperceptible; not discoverable or visible. “Secret and indiscernible ways.” Jer. Taylor. — In•dis•cern´i•ble•ness, n. — In•dis•cern´i•bly, adv. { In•dis•cerp•i•bil´i•ty , In•dis•cerp•ti•bil´i•ty }, n. The state or quality of being indiscerpible. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. { In•dis•cerp´i•ble , In•dis•cerp´ti•ble }, a. Not discerpible; inseparable. [Obs.] Bp. Butler. — In•dis•cerp´i•ble•ness, n., In•dis•cerp´ti•ble•ness, n. [Obs.] — In•dis•cerp´ti•bly, adv. [Obs.]

In•dis´ci•plin•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + disciplinable: cf. F. indisciplinable.] Not disciplinable; undisciplinable. [R.]

In•dis´ci•pline , n. [L. indisplina: cf. F. indiscipline. See In- not, and Discipline.] Want of discipline or instruction. [R.]

In•dis•cov´er•a•ble , a. Not discoverable; undiscoverable. J. Conybeare.

In•dis•cov´er•y , n. Want of discovery. [Obs.]

In•dis•creet´ , a. [OE. indiscret, F. indiscret, fr. L. indiscretus unseparated, indiscreet. See In- not, and Discreet, and cf. Indiscrete.] Not discreet; wanting in discretion. “So drunken, and so indiscreet an officer.” Shak. Syn. — Imprudent; injudicious; inconsiderate; rash; hasty; incautious; heedless; undiscerning; foolish. — In•dis•creet´ly, adv. — In•dis•creet´ness, n.

In•dis•crete´ , a. [L. indiscretus unseparated. See Indiscreet.] 1. Indiscreet. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. Not discrete or separated; compact; homogenous. “An indiscrete mass of confused matter.” Pownall.

In•dis•cre´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + discretion: cf. F. indiscretion.] 1. The quality or state of being indiscreet; want of discretion; imprudence. 2. An indiscreet act; indiscreet behavior. “Past indiscretion is a venial crime.” Cowper.

In•dis•crim´i•nate , a. Not discriminate; wanting discrimination; undistinguishing; not making any distinction; confused; promiscuous. ´Blind or indiscriminate forgiveness.´ I. Taylor. “The indiscriminate defense of right and wrong.” Junius. — In•dis•crim´i•nate•ly, adv. Cowper.

In•dis•crim´i•na•ting , a. Not discriminating. — In•dis•crim´i•na•ting•ly, adv.

In•dis•crim•i•na´tion , n. Want of discrimination or distinction; impartiality. Jefferson.

In•dis•crim´i•na•tive , a. Making no distinction; not discriminating.

In•dis•cussed´ , a. [Pref. in- not + discuss: cf. L. indiscussus.] Not discussed. [Obs.] Donne.

In•dis•pen•sa•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indispensabilite.] Indispensableness.

In•dis•pen´sa•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + dispensable: cf. F. indispensable.] 1. Not dispensable; impossible to be omitted, remitted, or spared; absolutely necessary or requisite. 2. (Eccl.) Not admitting dispensation; not subject to release or exemption. [R.] “The law was moral and indispensable.” Bp. Burnet. 3. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] Fuller.

In•dis•pen´sa•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being indispensable, or absolutely necessary. S. Clarke.

In•dis•pen´sa•bly, adv. In an indispensable manner. ´Indispensably necessary.´ Bp. Warburton.

In•dis•persed´ , a. Not dispersed. [R.]

In•dis•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indisposed p. pr. & vb. n. Indisposing.] [OE. indispos indisposed, feeble, or F. indispose indisposed. See In- not, and Dispose.] 1. To render unfit or unsuited; to disqualify. 2. To disorder slightly as regards health; to make somewhat. Shak. “It made him rather indisposed than sick.” Walton. 3. To disincline; to render averse or unfavorable; as a love of pleasure indisposes the mind to severe study; the pride and selfishness of men indispose them to religious duties. “The king was sufficiently indisposed towards the persons, or the principles, of Calvin’s disciples.” Clarendon.

In•dis•pos´ed•ness , n. The condition or quality of being indisposed. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•dis•po•si´tion , n. [Cf. F. indisposition.] 1. The state of being indisposed; disinclination; as the indisposition of two substances to combine. “A general indisposition towards believing.” Atterbury. 2. A slight disorder or illness. “Rather as an indisposition in health than as any set sickness.” Hayward.

In•dis•pu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indisputabilite.] Indisputableness.

In•dis´pu•ta•ble ( 277), a. [Pref. in- not + disputable: cf. F. indisputable.] Not disputable; incontrovertible; too evident to admit of dispute. Syn. — Incontestable; unquestionable; incontrovertible; undeniable; irrefragable; certain; positive; undoubted; sure; infallible. — In•dis´pu•ta•ble•ness, n. — In•dis´pu•ta•bly, adv.

In•dis•put´ed , a. Undisputed.

In•dis´si•pa•ble , a. Incapable o being dissipated.

In•dis•so•lu•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indissolubilite.] The quality or state of being indissoluble.

In•dis´so•lu•ble , a. [L. indissolubilis: cf. F. indissoluble. See In- not, and Dissoluble, and cf. Indissolvable.] 1. Not dissoluble; not capable of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied; insoluble; as few substances are indissoluble by heat, but many are indissoluble in water. Boyle. 2. Incapable of being rightfully broken or dissolved; perpetually binding or obligatory; firm; stable, as an indissoluble league or covenant. “To the which my duties
Are with a most indissoluble tie
Forever knit.” Shak.

In•dis´so•lu•ble•ness, n. Indissolubility. Sir M. Hale.

In•dis´so•lu•bly, adv. In an indissoluble manner. “On they move, indissolubly firm.” Milton.

In•dis•solv´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + dissolvable. Cf. Indissoluble.] Not dissolvable; incapable of being dissolved or separated; incapable of separation; perpetually firm and binding; indissoluble; as an indissolvable bond of union. Bp. Warburton.

In•dis•solv´a•ble•ness, n. Indissolubleness.

In•dis´tan•cy , n. Want of distance or separation; nearness. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

In•dis•tinct´ (in•dis•tinkt´), a. [L. indistinctus: cf. F. indistinct. See In- not, and Distinct.] 1. Not distinct or distinguishable; not separate in such a manner as to be perceptible by itself; as the indistinct parts of a substance. ´Indistinct as water is in water.´ Shak. 2. Obscure to the mind or senses; not clear; not definite; confused; imperfect; faint; as indistinct vision; an indistinct sound; an indistinct idea or recollection. “When we come to parts too small four our senses, our ideas of these little bodies become obscure and indistinct.” I. Watts. “Their views, indeed, are indistinct and dim.” Cowper. Syn. — Undefined; indistinguishable; obscure; indefinite; vague; ambiguous; uncertain; confused.

In•dis•tinc´ti•ble , a. Indistinguishable. [Obs.] T. Warton.

In•dis•tinc´tion , n. [Cf. F. indistinction.] Want of distinction or distinguishableness; confusion; uncertainty; indiscrimination. “The indistinction of many of the same name … hath made some doubt.” Sir T. Browne. “An indistinction of all persons, or equality of all orders, is far from being agreeable to the will of God.” Sprat.

In•dis•tinc´tive , a. Having nothing distinctive; common. — In•dis•tinc´tive•ness, n.

In•dis•tinct´ly , adv. In an indistinct manner; not clearly; confusedly; dimly; as certain ideas are indistinctly comprehended. “In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its ends confusedly and indistinctly.” Sir I. Newton.

In•dis•tinct´ness, n. The quality or condition of being indistinct; want of definiteness; dimness; confusion; as the indistinctness of a picture, or of comprehension; indistinctness of vision.

In•dis•tin´guish•a•ble , a. Not distinguishable; not capable of being perceived, known, or discriminated as separate and distinct; hence, not capable of being perceived or known; as in the distance the flagship was indisguishable; the two copies were indisguishable in form or color; the difference between them was indisguishable.

In•dis•tin´guish•a•bly, adv. In a indistinguishable manner. Sir W. Scott.

In•dis•tin´guished , a. Indistinct. [R.] ´That indistinguished mass.´ Sir T. Browne.

In•dis•tin´guish•ing , a. Making no difference; indiscriminative; impartial; as indistinguishing liberalities. [Obs.] Johnson.

In•dis•turb´ance , n. Freedom from disturbance; calmness; repose; apathy; indifference.

In•ditch´ , v. t. To bury in, or cast into, a ditch. Bp. Hall.

In•dite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inditing.] [OE. enditen to indite, indict, OF. enditer to indicate, show, dictate, write, inform, and endicter to accuse; both fr. LL. indictare to show, to accuse, fr. L. indicere to proclaim, announce; pref. in- in + dicere to say. The word was influenced also by L. indicare to indicate, and by dictare to dictate. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indicate, Dictate.] 1. To compose; to write; to be author of; to dictate; to prompt. “My heart is inditing a good matter.” Ps. xlv. 1. “Could a common grief have indited such expressions?” South. “Hear how learned Greece her useful rules indites.” Pope. 2. To invite or ask. [Obs.] “She will indite him to some supper.” Shak. 3. To indict; to accuse; to censure. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•dite´, v. i. To compose; to write, as a poem. “Wounded I sing, tormented I indite.” Herbert.

In•dite´ment , n. [Cf. Indictment.] The act of inditing. Craig.

In•dit´er , n. One who indites. Smart.

In´di•um , n. [NL. See Indigo.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, discovered in certain ores of zinc, by means of its characteristic spectrum of two indigo blue lines; hence, its name. In appearance it resembles zinc, being white or lead gray, soft, malleable and easily fusible, but in its chemical relation it resembles aluminium or gallium. Symbol In. Atomic weight, 113.4.

In•di•vert´i•ble (in•di•vert´i•b’l), a. Not to be diverted or turned aside. [R.] Lamb.

In•di•vid´a•ble , a. Indivisible. [R.] Shak.

In•di•vid´ed, a. Undivided. [R.] Bp. Patrick.

In•di•vid´u•al ( 135), a. [L. individuus indivisible; pref. in- not + dividuus divisible, fr. dividere to divide: cf. F. individuel. See Divide.] 1. Not divided, or not to be divided; existing as one entity, or distinct being or object; single; one; as an individual man, animal, or city. “Mind has a being of its own, distinct from that of all other things, and is pure, unmingled, individual substance.” A. Tucker. “United as one individual soul.” Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to one only; peculiar to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing; distinctive; as individual traits of character; individual exertions; individual peculiarities.

In•di•vid´u•al, n. 1. A single person, animal, or thing of any kind; a thing or being incapable of separation or division, without losing its identity; especially, a human being; a person. Cowper. “An object which is in the strict and primary sense one, and can not be logically divided, is called an individual.” Whately. “That individuals die, his will ordains.” Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An independent, or partially independent, zooid of a compound animal. (b) The product of a single egg, whether it remains a single animal or becomes compound by budding or fission.

In•di•vid´u•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. individualisme.] 1. The quality of being individual; individuality; personality. 2. An excessive or exclusive regard to one’s personal interest; self-interest; selfishness. “The selfishness of the small proprietor has been described by the best writers as individualism.” Ed. Rev.

In•di•vid•u•al•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the individual or individualism. London Athenaeum.

In•di•vid•u•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Individualities (#). [Cf. F. individualite.] 1. The quality or state of being individual or constituting an individual; separate or distinct existence; oneness; unity. Arbuthnot. “They possess separate individualities.” H. Spencer. 2. The character or property appropriate or peculiar to an individual; that quality which distinguishes one person or thing from another; the sum of characteristic traits; distinctive character; as he is a person of marked individuality.

In•di•vid•u•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. individualization.] The act of individualizing; the state of being individualized; individuation.

In•di•vid´u•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individualized p. pr. & vb. n. Individualizing ] [Cf. F. individualiser.] To mark as an individual, or to distinguish from others by peculiar properties; to invest with individuality. “The peculiarities which individualize and distinguish the humor of Addison.” N. Drake.

In•di•vid´u•al•i•zer , n. One who individualizes.

In•di•vid´u•al•ly, adv. 1. In an individual manner or relation; as individuals; separately; each by itself. ´Individually or collectively.´ Burke. “How should that subsist solitarily by itself which hath no substance, but individually the very same whereby others subsist with it?” Hooker. 2. In an inseparable manner; inseparably; incommunicably; indivisibly; as individually the same. “[Omniscience], an attribute individually proper to the Godhead.” Hakewill.

In•di•vid´u•ate , a. [See Individual.] Undivided. [Obs.]

In•di•vid´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Individuating.] To distinguish from others of the species; to endow with individuality; to divide into individuals; to discriminate. “The soul, as the prime individuating principle, and the said reserved portion of matter as an essential and radical part of the individuation, shall … make up and restore the same individual person.” South. “Life is individuated into infinite numbers, that have their distinct sense and pleasure.” Dr. H. More.

In•di•vid•u•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. individuation.] The act of individuating or state of being individuated; individualization. H. Spencer.

In•di•vid´u•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, individuates. Sir K. Digby.

In•di•vi•du´i•ty , n. [L. individuitas.] Separate existence; individuality; oneness. Fuller.

In•di•vin´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + divinity: cf. F. indivinite.] Want or absence of divine power or of divinity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•di•vis•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. indivisibilite.] The state or property of being indivisible or inseparable; inseparability. Locke.

In•di•vis´i•ble , a. [L. indivisibilis: cf. F. indivisible. See In- not, and Divisible.] 1. Not divisible; incapable of being divided, separated, or broken; not separable into parts. ´One indivisible point of time.´ Dryden. 2. (Math.) Not capable of exact division, as one quantity by another; incommensurable.

In•di•vis´i•ble, n. 1. That which is indivisible. “By atom, nobody will imagine we intend to express a perfect indivisible, but only the least sort of natural bodies.” Digby. 2. (Geom.) An infinitely small quantity which is assumed to admit of no further division. Method of indivisibles, a kind of calculus, formerly in use, in which lines were considered as made up of an infinite number of points; surfaces, as made up of an infinite number of lines; and volumes, as made up of an infinite number of surfaces.

In•di•vis´i•ble•ness , n. The state of being indivisible; indivisibility. W. Montagu.

In•di•vis´i•bly, adv. In an indivisible manner.

In•di•vi´sion , n. [Pref. in- not + division: cf. F. indivision, LL. indivisio.] A state of being not divided; oneness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In´do- [From L. Indus East Indian.] A prefix signifying Indian (i. e., East Indian); of or pertaining of India.

In•do•an´i•line , n. [Indigo + aniline.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of artificial blue dyes, in appearance resembling indigo, for which they are often used as substitutes.

In•do-Brit´on , n. [Indo- + Briton.] A person born in India, of mixed Indian and British blood; a half-caste. Malcom.

In•do-Chi•nese´ , a. [Indo- + Chinese.] Of or pertaining to Indo-China (i. e., Farther India, or India beyond the Ganges).

In•doc•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being indocible; indocibleness; indocility.

In•doc´i•ble , a. [L. indocibilis. See In- not, and Docible.] Incapable of being taught, or not easily instructed; dull in intellect; intractable; unteachable; indocile. Bp. Hall. — In•doc´i•ble•ness, n.

In•doc´ile , a. [L. indocilis: cf. F. indocile. See In- not, and Docile.] Not teachable; indisposed to be taught, trained, or disciplined; not easily instructed or governed; dull; intractable.

In•do•cil´i•ty , n. [L. indocilitas: cf. F. indocilite.] The quality or state of being indocile; dullness of intellect; unteachableness; intractableness. “The stiffness and indocility of the Pharisees.” W. Montagu.

In•doc´tri•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indoctrinated p. pr. & vb. n. Indoctrinating.] [Pref. in- in + L. doctrina doctrine: cf. F. endoctriner.] To instruct in the rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch of learning; to imbue with learning; to instruct in, or imbue with, principles or doctrines; to teach; — often followed by in. “A master that … took much delight in indoctrinating his young, unexperienced favorite.” Clarendon.

In•doc•tri•na´tion , n. The act of indoctrinating, or the condition of being indoctrinated; instruction in the rudiments and principles of any science or system of belief; information. Sir T. Browne.

In•do-Eng´lish , a. [Indo- + English.] Of or relating to the English who are born or reside in India; Anglo-Indian.

In•do-Eu•ro•pe´an , a. Aryan; - - applied to the languages of India and Europe which are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also pertaining to the people or nations who speak these languages; as the Indo-European or Aryan family. “The common origin of the Indo-European nations.” Tylor.

In´do•gen , n. [Indigo + - gen.] (Chem.) A complex, nitrogenous radical, C8H5NO, regarded as the essential nucleus of indigo.

In´do•gen•ide , n. (Chem.) Any one of the derivatives of indogen, which contain that group as a nucleus.

In•do-Ger•man´ic , a. [Indo- + Germanic.] 1. Same as Aryan, and Indo- European. 2. Pertaining to or denoting the Teutonic family of languages as related to the Sanskrit, or derived from the ancient Aryan language.

In´do•in , n. (Chem.) A substance resembling indigo blue, obtained artificially from certain isatogen compounds.

In´dol (in´dol), n. [Indigo + -ol of phenol.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C8H7N, obtained from blue indigo, and almost all indigo derivatives, by a process of reduction. It is also formed from albuminous matter, together with skatol, by putrefaction, and by fusion with caustic potash, and is present in human excrement, as well as in the intestinal canal of some herbivora.

In´do•lence , n. [L. indolentia freedom from pain: cf. F. indolence.] 1. Freedom from that which pains, or harasses, as toil, care, grief, etc. [Obs.] “I have ease, if it may not rather be called indolence.” Bp. Hough. 2. The quality or condition of being indolent; inaction, or want of exertion of body or mind, proceeding from love of ease or aversion to toil; habitual idleness; indisposition to labor; laziness; sloth; inactivity. “Life spent in indolence, and therefore sad.” Cowper. “As there is a great truth wrapped up in ´diligence,´ what a lie, on the other hand, lurks at the root of our present use of the word ´indolence´! This is from ´in´ and ´doleo,´ not to grieve; and indolence is thus a state in which we have no grief or pain; so that the word, as we now employ it, seems to affirm that indulgence in sloth and ease is that which would constitute for us the absence of all pain.” Trench.

In´do•len•cy , n. Indolence. [Obs.] Holland.

In´do•lent , a. [Pref. in- not + L. dolens, -entis, p. pr. of dolere to feel pain: cf. F. indolent. See Dolorous.] 1. Free from toil, pain, or trouble. [Obs.] 2. Indulging in ease; avoiding labor and exertion; habitually idle; lazy; inactive; as an indolent man. “To waste long nights in indolent repose.” Pope. 3. (Med.) Causing little or no pain or annoyance; as an indolent tumor. Syn. — Idle; lazy; slothful; sluggish; listless; inactive; inert. See Idle.

In´do•lent•ly, adv. In an indolent manner. “Calm and serene you indolently sit.” Addison.

In´do•les , n. [L. Cf. Adolescence.] Natural disposition; natural quality or abilities.

In´do•lin , n. [See Indol.] (Chem.) A dark resinous substance, polymeric with indol, and obtained by the reduction of indigo white.

In•dom´a•ble , a. [L. indomabilis; pref. in- not + domabilis tamable.] Indomitable. [Obs.]

In•dom´i•ta•ble , a. [L. indomitabilis; pref. in- not + domitare, intens. fr. domare to tame. See Tame.] Not to be subdued; untamable; invincible; as an indomitable will, courage, animal.

In•dom´ite , a. [L. indomitus.] Not tamed; untamed; savage; wild. [Obs.] J. Salkeld.

In•domp´ta•ble , a. [F. indomptable, L. indomitabilis.] Indomitable. [Obs.] Tooke.

In´door , a. Done or being within doors; within a house or institution; domestic; as indoor work.

In´doors , adv. Within the house; — usually separated, in doors.

In•do•phe´nol , n. [Indigo + phenol.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of artificial blue dyestuffs, resembling indigo in appearance, and obtained by the action of phenol on certain nitrogenous derivatives of quinone. Simple indophenol proper has not yet been isolated.

In•dors´a•ble , a. Capable of being indorsed; transferable; convertible.

In•dor•sa´tion , n. Indorsement. [Obs.]

In•dorse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indorsed p. pr. & vb. n. Indorsing.] [LL. indorsare. See Endorse.] [Written also endorse.] 1. To cover the back of; to load or burden. [Obs.] “Elephants indorsed with towers.” Milton. 2. To write upon the back or outside of a paper or letter, as a direction, heading, memorandum, or address. 3. (Law & Com.) To write one’s name, alone or with other words, upon the back of (a paper), for the purpose of transferring it, or to secure the payment of a note, draft, or the like; to guarantee the payment, fulfillment, performance, or validity of, or to certify something upon the back of (a check, draft, writ, warrant of arrest, etc.). 4. To give one’s name or support to; to sanction; to aid by approval; to approve; as to indorse an opinion. To indorse in blank, to write one’s name on the back of a note or bill, leaving a blank to be filled by the holder.

In•dorsed´ , a. (Her.) See Addorsed.

In•dor•see´ , n. The person to whom a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement.

In•dorse´ment , n. [From Indorse; cf. Endorsement.] [Written also endorsement.] 1. The act of writing on the back of a note, bill, or other written instrument. 2. That which is written on the back of a note, bill, or other paper, as a name, an order for, or a receipt of, payment, or the return of an officer, etc.; a writing, usually upon the back, but sometimes on the face, of a negotiable instrument, by which the property therein is assigned and transferred. Story. Byles. Burrill. 3. Sanction, support, or approval; as the indorsement of a rumor, an opinion, a course, conduct. Blank indorsement. See under Blank. { In•dors´er , In•dors´or } n. The person who indorses. [Written also endorser.]

In•dow´ , v. t. See Endow.

In•dow´ment , n. See Endowment.

In•dox´yl , n. [Indigo + hydroxyl.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, C8H7NO, isomeric with oxindol, obtained as an oily liquid.

In•dox•yl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to, or producing, indoxyl; as indoxylic acid.

In´draught , n. 1. An opening from the sea into the land; an inlet. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A draught of air or flow of water setting inward.

In´drawn , a. Drawn in.

In•drench´ , v. t. To overwhelm with water; to drench; to drown. [Obs.] Shak. { In´dris , In´dri } n. (Zoöl.) Any lemurine animal of the genus Indris. Several species are known, all of them natives of Madagascar, as the diadem indris (I. diadema), which has a white ruff around the forehead; the woolly indris (I. laniger); and the short-tailed or black indris (I. brevicaudatus), which is black, varied with gray.

In•du´bi•ous , a. [L. indubius. See In- not, and Dubious.] 1. Not dubious or doubtful; certain. 2. Not doubting; unsuspecting. ´Indubious confidence.´ Harvey.

In•du´bi•ta•ble , a. [L. indubitabilis: cf. F. indubitable. See In- not, and Dubitable.] Not dubitable or doubtful; too evident to admit of doubt; unquestionable; evident; apparently certain; as an indubitable conclusion. — n. That which is indubitable. Syn. — Unquestionable; evident; incontrovertible; incontestable; undeniable; irrefragable.

In•du´bi•ta•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being indubitable.

In•du´bi•ta•bly, adv. Undoubtedly; unquestionably; in a manner to remove all doubt. “Oracles indubitably clear and infallibly certain.” Barrow.

In•du´bi•tate , a. [L. indubitatus; pref. in- not + dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare to doubt.] Not questioned or doubtful; evident; certain. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•du´bi•tate , v. t. [L. indubitatus, p. p. of indubitare; pref. in- in + dubitare to doubt.] To bring into doubt; to cause to be doubted. [Obs.] “To conceal, or indubitate, his exigency.” Sir T. Browne.

In•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Induced p. pr. & vb. n. Inducing ] [L. inducere, inductum; pref. in- in + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Induct.] 1. To lead in; to introduce. [Obs.] “The poet may be seen inducing his personages in the first Iliad.” Pope. 2. To draw on; to overspread. [A Latinism] Cowper. 3. To lead on; to influence; to prevail on; to incite; to move by persuasion or influence. Shak. “He is not obliged by your offer to do it, … though he may be induced, persuaded, prevailed upon, tempted.” Paley. “Let not the covetous desire of growing rich induce you to ruin your reputation.” Dryden. 4. To bring on; to effect; to cause; as a fever induced by fatigue or exposure. “Sour things induces a contraction in the nerves.” Bacon. 5. (Physics) To produce, or cause, by proximity without contact or transmission, as a particular electric or magnetic condition in a body, by the approach of another body in an opposite electric or magnetic state. 6. (Logic) To generalize or conclude as an inference from all the particulars; — the opposite of deduce. Syn. — To move; instigate; urge; impel; incite; press; influence; actuate.

In•duce´ment , n. [From Induce.] 1. The act of inducing, or the state of being induced. 2. That which induces; a motive or consideration that leads one to action or induces one to act; as reward is an inducement to toil. ´Mark the inducement.´ Shak. 3. (Law) Matter stated by way of explanatory preamble or introduction to the main allegations of a pleading; a leading to. Syn. — Motive; reason; influence. See Motive.

In•du´cer , n. One who, or that which, induces or incites.

In•du´ci•ble , a. 1. Capable of being induced, caused, or made to take place. 2. Obtainable by induction; derivable; inferable.

In•duct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inducting.] [L. inductus, p. p. of inducere. See Induce.] 1. To bring in; to introduce; to usher in. “The independent orator inducting himself without further ceremony into the pulpit.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To introduce, as to a benefice or office; to put in actual possession of the temporal rights of an ecclesiastical living, or of any other office, with the customary forms and ceremonies. “The prior, when inducted into that dignity, took an oath not to alienate any of their lands.” Bp. Burnet.

In•duc´te•ous , a. (Elec.) Rendered electro-polar by induction, or brought into the opposite electrical state by the influence of inductive bodies.

In•duc´tile , a. [Pref. in- not + ductile: cf. F. inductile.] Not ductile; incapable of being drawn into threads, as a metal; inelastic; tough.

In•duc•til´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inductile.

In•duc´tion , n. [L. inductio: cf. F. induction. See Induct.] 1. The act or process of inducting or bringing in; introduction; entrance; beginning; commencement. “I know not you; nor am I well pleased to make this time, as the affair now stands, the induction of your acquaintance.” Beau. & Fl. “These promises are fair, the parties sure,
And our induction dull of prosperous hope.” Shak. 2. An introduction or introductory scene, as to a play; a preface; a prologue. [Obs.] “This is but an induction: I will draw
The curtains of the tragedy hereafter.” Massinger. 3. (Philos.) The act or process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal; also the result or inference so reached. “Induction is an inference drawn from all the particulars.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Induction is the process by which we conclude that what is true of certain individuals of a class, is true of the whole class, or that what is true at certain times will be true in similar circumstances at all times.” J. S. Mill. 4. The introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of an official into a office, with appropriate acts or ceremonies; the giving actual possession of an ecclesiastical living or its temporalities. 5. (Math.) A process of demonstration in which a general truth is gathered from an examination of particular cases, one of which is known to be true, the examination being so conducted that each case is made to depend on the preceding one; — called also successive induction. 6. (Physics) The property by which one body, having electrical or magnetic polarity, causes or induces it in another body without direct contact; an impress of electrical or magnetic force or condition from one body on another without actual contact. Electro-dynamic induction, the action by which a variable or interrupted current of electricity excites another current in a neighboring conductor forming a closed circuit. — Electro-magnetic induction, the influence by which an electric current produces magnetic polarity in certain bodies near or around which it passes. — Electro-static induction, the action by which a body possessing a charge of statical electricity develops a charge of statical electricity of the opposite character in a neighboring body. — Induction coil, an apparatus producing induced currents of great intensity. It consists of a coil or helix of stout insulated copper wire, surrounded by another coil of very fine insulated wire, in which a momentary current is induced, when a current (as from a voltaic battery), passing through the inner coil, is made, broken, or varied. The inner coil has within it a core of soft iron, and is connected at its terminals with a condenser; — called also inductorium, and Ruhmkorff’s coil. — Induction pipe, port, or valve, a pipe, passageway, or valve, for leading or admitting a fluid to a receiver, as steam to an engine cylinder, or water to a pump. — Magnetic induction, the action by which magnetic polarity is developed in a body susceptible to magnetic effects when brought under the influence of a magnet. — Magneto-electric induction, the influence by which a magnet excites electric currents in closed circuits. Logical induction, (Philos.), an act or method of reasoning from all the parts separately to the whole which they constitute, or into which they may be united collectively; the operation of discovering and proving general propositions; the scientific method. — Philosophical induction, the inference, or the act of inferring, that what has been observed or established in respect to a part, individual, or species, may, on the ground of analogy, be affirmed or received of the whole to which it belongs. This last is the inductive method of Bacon. It ascends from the parts to the whole, and forms, from the general analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the case, conclusions which have greater or less degrees of force, and which may be strengthened or weakened by subsequent experience and experiment. It relates to actual existences, as in physical science or the concerns of life. Logical induction is founded on the necessary laws of thought; philosophical induction, on the interpretation of the indications or analogy of nature. Syn. — Deduction. — Induction, Deduction. In induction we observe a sufficient number of individual facts, and, on the ground of analogy, extend what is true of them to others of the same class, thus arriving at general principles or laws. This is the kind of reasoning in physical science. In deduction we begin with a general truth, which is already proven or provisionally assumed, and seek to connect it with some particular case by means of a middle term, or class of objects, known to be equally connected with both. Thus, we bring down the general into the particular, affirming of the latter the distinctive qualities of the former. This is the syllogistic method. By induction Franklin established the identity of lightning and electricity; by deduction he inferred that dwellings might be protected by lightning rods.

In•duc´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or proceeding by, induction; inductive.

In•duct´ive , a. [LL. inductivus: cf. F. inductif. See Induce.] 1. Leading or drawing; persuasive; tempting; — usually followed by to. “A brutish vice,
Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve.” Milton. 2. Tending to induce or cause. [R.] “They may be … inductive of credibility.” Sir M. Hale. 3. Leading to inferences; proceeding by, derived from, or using, induction; as inductive reasoning. 4. (Physics) (a) Operating by induction; as an inductive electrical machine. (b) Facilitating induction; susceptible of being acted upon by induction; as certain substances have a great inductive capacity. Inductive embarrassment (Physics), the retardation in signaling on an electric wire, produced by lateral induction. — Inductive philosophy or method. See Philosophical induction, under Induction. — Inductive sciences, those sciences which admit of, and employ, the inductive method, as astronomy, botany, chemistry, etc.

In•duct´ive•ly, adv. By induction or inference.

In•duc•tom´e•ter , n. [Induction + -meter.] (Elec.) An instrument for measuring or ascertaining the degree or rate of electrical induction.

In•duct´or , n. [L., one who stirs up or rouses. See Induce.] 1. The person who inducts another into an office or benefice. 2. (Elec.) That portion of an electrical apparatus, in which is the inducing charge or current.

In•duc•to´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Inductoriums (#), L. Inductoria (#). [NL., fr. E. induction.] (Elec.) An induction coil. { In•duc´tric , In•duc´tric•al } a. (Elec.) Acting by, or in a state of, induction; relating to electrical induction.

In•due´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indued p. pr. & vb. n. Induing.] [Written also endue.] [L. induere to put on, clothe, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + a root seen also in L. exuere to put off, divest, exuviae the skin of an animal, slough, induviae clothes. Cf. Endue to invest.] 1. To put on, as clothes; to draw on. “The baron had indued a pair of jack boots.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To clothe; to invest; hence, to endow; to furnish; to supply with moral or mental qualities. “Indu’d with robes of various hue she flies.” Dryden. “Indued with intellectual sense and souls.” Shak.

In•due´ment , n. [From Indue; cf. Indument, Enduement.] The act of induing, or state of being indued; investment; endowment. W. Montagu.

In•dulge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indulged p. pr. & vb. n. Indulging ] [L. indulgere to be kind or tender to one; cf. OIr. dilgud, equiv. to L. remissio, OIr. dligeth, equiv. to L. lex, Goth. dulgs debt.] 1. To be complacent toward; to give way to; not to oppose or restrain; (a) when said of a habit, desire, etc.: to give free course to; to give one’s self up to; as to indulge sloth, pride, selfishness, or inclinations; (b) when said of a person: to yield to the desire of; to gratify by compliance; to humor; to withhold restraint from; as to indulge children in their caprices or willfulness; to indulge one’s self with a rest or in pleasure. “Hope in another life implies that we indulge ourselves in the gratifications of this very sparingly.” Atterbury. 2. To grant as by favor; to bestow in concession, or in compliance with a wish or request. “Persuading us that something must be indulged to public manners.” Jer. Taylor. “Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light
Indulge, dread Chaos, and eternal Night!” Pope. It is remarked by Johnson, that if the matter of indulgence is a single thing, it has with before it; if it is a habit, it has in; as he indulged himself with a glass of wine or a new book; he indulges himself in idleness or intemperance. See Gratify.

In•dulge´, v. i. To indulge one’s self; to gratify one’s tastes or desires; esp., to give one’s self up (to); to practice a forbidden or questionable act without restraint; — followed by in, but formerly, also by to. ´Willing to indulge in easy vices.´ Johnson.

In•dulge´ment , n. Indulgence. [R.] Wood.

In•dul´gence , n. [L. indulgentia: cf. F. indulgence.] 1. The act of indulging or humoring; the quality of being indulgent; forbearance of restrain or control. “If I were a judge, that word indulgence should never issue from my lips.” Tooke. “They err, that through indulgence to others, or fondness to any sin in themselves, substitute for repentance anything less.” Hammond. 2. An indulgent act; favor granted; gratification. “If all these gracious indulgences are without any effect on us, we must perish in our own folly.” Rogers. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Remission of the temporal punishment due to sins, after the guilt of sin has been remitted by sincere repentance; absolution from the censures and public penances of the church. It is a payment of the debt of justice to God by the application of the merits of Christ and his saints to the contrite soul through the church. It is therefore believed to diminish or destroy for sins the punishment of purgatory.

In•dul´gence , v. t. To grant an indulgence to.

In•dul´gen•cy , n. Indulgence. Dryden.

In•dul´gent , a. [L. indulgens, -entis, p. pr. of indulgere: cf. F. indulgent. See Indulge.] Prone to indulge; yielding to the wishes, humor, or appetites of those under one’s care; compliant; not opposing or restraining; tolerant; mild; favorable; not severe; as an indulgent parent. Shak. “The indulgent censure of posterity.” Waller. “The feeble old, indulgent of their ease.” Dryden.

In•dul•gen´tial , a. Relating to the indulgences of the Roman Catholic Church. Brevint.

In•dul´gent•ly , adv. In an indulgent manner; mildly; favorably. Dryden.

In•dul´ger, n. One who indulges. W. Montagu.

In•dul´gi•ate , v. t. To indulge. [R.] Sandys.

In´du•line , n. [Perh. fr. indigo.] (Chem.) (a) Any one of a large series of aniline dyes, colored blue or violet, and represented by aniline violet. (b) A dark green amorphous dyestuff, produced by the oxidation of aniline in the presence of copper or vanadium salts; — called also aniline black. { In•dult´ , In•dul´to } n. [L. indultum indulgence, favor, fr. indultus, p. p. of indulgere: cf. It. indulto, F. indult. See Indulge.] 1. A privilege or exemption; an indulgence; a dispensation granted by the pope. 2. (Spain) A duty levied on all importations.

In´du•ment , n. [L. indumentum a covering. See Indue, and cf. Induement.] (Zoöl.) Plumage; feathers.

In•du´pli•cate , a. (Bot.) (a) Having the edges bent abruptly toward the axis; — said of the parts of the calyx or corolla in aestivation. (b) Having the edges rolled inward and then arranged about the axis without overlapping; - - said of leaves in vernation.

In•du´pli•ca•tive , a. (Bot.) (a) Having induplicate sepals or petals in aestivation. (b) Having induplicate leaves in vernation.

In•dur´ance , n. [Obs.] See Endurance.

In´du•rate , a. [L. induratus, p. p. of indurare to harden. See Endure.] 1. Hardened; not soft; indurated. Tyndale. 2. Without sensibility; unfeeling; obdurate.

In´du•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indurated p. pr. & vb. n. Indurating ] 1. To make hard; as extreme heat indurates clay; some fossils are indurated by exposure to the air. 2. To make unfeeling; to deprive of sensibility; to render obdurate.

In´du•rate, v. i. To grow hard; to harden, or become hard; as clay indurates by drying, and by heat.

In´du•ra•ted , a. Hardened; as indurated clay; an indurated heart. Goldsmith.

In•du•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. induration, L. induratio hardness of heart.] 1. The act of hardening, or the process of growing hard. 2. State of being indurated, or of having become hard. 3. Hardness of character, manner, sensibility, etc.; obduracy; stiffness; want of pliancy or feeling. “A certain induration of character had arisen from long habits of business.” Coleridge.

In•du´sial , a. [See Indusium.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, the petrified cases of the larvae of certain insects. Indusial limestone (Geol.), a fresh- water limestone, largely composed of the agglomerated cases of caddice worms, or larvae of caddice flies (Phryganea). It is found in Miocene strata of Auvergne, France, and some other localities. { In•du´si•ate , In•du´si•a•ted } a. (Bot.) Furnished with an indusium.

In•du´si•um , n.; pl. Indusia (-a). [L., an under garment, fr. induere to put on: cf. F. indusie the covering of the seed spots of ferns.] (Bot.) (a) A collection of hairs united so as to form a sort of cup, and inclosing the stigma of a flower. (b) The immediate covering of the fruit dots or sori in many ferns, usually a very thin scale attached by the middle or side to a veinlet. (c) A peculiar covering found in certain fungi.

In•dus´tri•al , a. [Cf. F. industriel, LL. industrialis. See Industry.] Consisting in industry; pertaining to industry, or the arts and products of industry; concerning those employed in labor, especially in manual labor, and their wages, duties, and rights. “The great ideas of industrial development and economic social amelioration.” M. Arnold. Industrial exhibition, a public exhibition of the various industrial products of a country, or of various countries. — Industrial school, a school for teaching one or more branches of industry; also a school for educating neglected children, and training them to habits of industry.

In•dus´tri•al•ism , n. 1. Devotion to industrial pursuits; labor; industry. J. S. Mill. 2. The principles or policy applicable to industrial pursuits or organized labor. “Industrialism must not confounded with industriousness.” H. Spencer.

In•dus´tri•al•ly, adv. With reference to industry.

In•dus´tri•ous , a. [L. industrius, industriosus: cf. F. industrieux. See Industry.] 1. Given to industry; characterized by diligence; constantly, regularly, or habitually occupied; busy; assiduous; not slothful or idle; — commonly implying devotion to lawful and useful labor. “Frugal and industrious men are commonly friendly to the established government.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Steadily and perseveringly active in a particular pursuit or aim; as he was negligent in business, but industrious in pleasure; an industrious mischief maker. “Industrious to seek out the truth of all things.” Spenser. — In•dus´tri•ous•ly, adv. — In•dus´tri•ous•ness, n.

In´dus•try , n.; pl. Industries (#). [L. industria, cf. industrius diligent; of uncertain origin: cf. F. industrie.] 1. Habitual diligence in any employment or pursuit, either bodily or mental; steady attention to business; assiduity; — opposed to sloth and idleness; as industry pays debts, while idleness or despair will increase them. “We are more industrious than our forefathers, because in the present times the funds destined for the maintenance of industry are much greater in proportion to those which are likely to be employed in the maintenance of idleness, than they were two or three centuries ago.” A. Smith. 2. Any department or branch of art, occupation, or business; especially, one which employs much labor and capital and is a distinct branch of trade; as the sugar industry; the iron industry; the cotton industry. 3. (Polit. Econ.) Human exertion of any kind employed for the creation of value, and regarded by some as a species of capital or wealth; labor. Syn. — Diligence; assiduity; perseverance; activity; laboriousness; attention. See Diligence.

In•du´tive , a. [L. indutus, p. p. of induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Covered; — applied to seeds which have the usual integumentary covering.

In•du´vi•ae , n. pl. [L., clothes, fr. induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Persistent portions of a calyx or corolla; also leaves which do not disarticulate from the stem, and hence remain for a long time.

In•du´vi•ate , a. (Bot.) Covered with induviae, as the upper part of the trunk of a palm tree.

In´dwell , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Indwelt p. pr. & vb. n. Indwelling.] To dwell in; to abide within; to remain in possession. “The Holy Ghost became a dove, not as a symbol, but as a constantly indwelt form.” Milman.

In´dwell•er n. An inhabitant. Spenser.

In´dwell•ing, n. Residence within, as in the heart. “The personal indwelling of the Spirit in believers.” South.

-ine ( 104). 1. (Chem.) A suffix, indicating that those substances of whose names it is a part are basic, and alkaloidal in their nature. All organic bases, and basic substances (especially nitrogenous substances), are systematically written with the termination -ine; as quinine, morphine, guanidine, etc. All indifferent and neutral substances, as proteids, glycerides, glucosides, etc., should commonly be spelled with -in; as gelatin, amygdalin, etc. This rue has no application to those numerous commercial or popular names with the termination -ine; as gasoline, vaseline, etc. 2. (Organ. Chem.) A suffix, used to indicate hydrocarbons of the second degree of unsaturation; i. e., members of the acetyline series; as hexine, heptine, etc.

In•earth´ , v. t. To inter. [R.] Southey.

In•e´bri•ant , a. [L. inebrians, p. pr. of inebriare. See Inebriate.] Intoxicating.

In•e´bri•ant, n. Anything that intoxicates, as opium, alcohol, etc.; an intoxicant. Smart.

In•e´bri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inebriated p. pr. & vb. n. Inebriating ] [L. inebriatus, p. p. of inebriare; pref. in- in + ebriare to make drunk, fr. ebrius drunk. See Ebriety.] 1. To make drunk; to intoxicate. “The cups
That cheer but not inebriate.” Cowper. 2. Fig.: To disorder the senses of; to exhilarate or elate as if by spirituous drink; to deprive of sense and judgment; also to stupefy. “The inebriating effect of popular applause.” Macaulay.

In•e´bri•ate, v. i. To become drunk. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•e´bri•ate , a. [L. inebriatus, p. p.] Intoxicated; drunk; habitually given to drink; stupefied. “Thus spake Peter, as a man inebriate and made drunken with the sweetness of this vision, not knowing what he said.” Udall.

In•e´bri•ate, n. One who is drunk or intoxicated; esp., an habitual drunkard; as an asylum for inebriates. “Some inebriates have their paroxysms of inebriety.” E. Darwin.

In•e•bri•a´tion , n. [L. inebriatio.] The condition of being inebriated; intoxication; figuratively, deprivation of sense and judgment by anything that exhilarates, as success. Sir T. Browne. “Preserve him from the inebriation of prosperity.” Macaulay. Syn. — See Drunkenness.

In•e•bri´e•ty , n. [See Inebriate, Ebriety.] Drunkenness; inebriation. E. Darwin.

In•e´bri•ous , a. Intoxicated, or partially so; intoxicating. [R.] T. Brown.

In•ed´it•ed , a. Not edited; unpublished; as an inedited manuscript. T. Warton.

I•nee´ , n. [F.] An arrow poison, made from an apocynaceous plant (Strophanthus hispidus) of the Gaboon country; — called also onaye.

In•ef•fa•bil´i•ty , n. [L. ineffabilitas: cf. F. ineffabilite.] The quality or state of being ineffable; ineffableness; unspeakableness.

In•ef´fa•ble , a. [L. ineffabilis: cf. F. ineffable. See In- not, and Effable, Fame.] Incapable of being expressed in words; unspeakable; unutterable; indescribable; as the ineffable joys of heaven. “Contentment with our lot … will diffuse ineffable contentment over the soul.” Beattie.

In•ef´fa•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being ineffable or unutterable; unspeakableness.

In•ef´fa•bly, adv. In a manner not to be expressed in words; unspeakably. Milton.

In•ef•face´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + effaceable: cf. F. ineffaçable.] Incapable of being effaced; indelible; ineradicable.

In•ef•face´a•bly, adv. So as not to be effaceable.

In•ef•fect´i•ble , a. Ineffectual; impracticable. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•ef•fect´ive , a. [Pref. in- not + effective: cf. F. ineffectif.] Not effective; ineffectual; futile; inefficient; useless; as an ineffective appeal. “The word of God, without the spirit, [is] a dead and ineffective letter.” Jer. Taylor.

In•ef•fect´ive•ly, adv. In an ineffective manner; without effect; inefficiently; ineffectually.

In•ef•fect´ive•ness, n. Quality of being ineffective.

In•ef•fec´tu•al ( 135), a. Not producing the proper effect; without effect; inefficient; weak; useless; futile; unavailing; as an ineffectual attempt; an ineffectual expedient. Pope. “The peony root has been much commended, … and yet has been by many found ineffectual.” Boyle. Syn. — Inefficient; useless; inefficacious; vain; fruitless; unavailing; futile. See Useless, Inefficacious.

In•ef•fec•tu•al´i•ty , n. Ineffectualness. [R.]

In•ef•fec´tu•al•ly, adv. Without effect; in vain. “Hereford … had been besieged for about two months ineffectually by the Scots.” Ludlow.

In•ef•fec´tu•al•ness, n. Want of effect, or of power to produce it; inefficacy. “The ineffectualness of some men’s devotion.” Wake.

In•ef•fer•ves´cence , n. Want of effervescence. Kirwan.

In•ef•fer•ves´cent , a. Not effervescing, or not susceptible of effervescence; quiescent.

In•ef•fer•ves•ci•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being ineffervescible.

In•ef•fer•ves´ci•ble , a. Not capable or susceptible of effervescence.

In•ef•fi•ca´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + efficacious: cf. F. inefficace, L. inefficax.] Not efficacious; not having power to produce the effect desired; inadequate; incompetent; inefficient; impotent. Boyle. “The authority of Parliament must become inefficacious … to restrain the growth of disorders.” Burke. Ineffectual, says Johnson, rather denotes an actual failure, and inefficacious an habitual impotence to any effect. But the distinction is not always observed, nor can it be; for we can not always know whether means are inefficacious till experiment has proved them ineffectual. Inefficacious is therefore sometimes synonymous with ineffectual.

In•ef•fi•ca´cious•ly, adv. Without efficacy or effect.

In•ef•fi•ca´cious•ness, n. Want of effect, or of power to produce the effect; inefficacy.

In•ef´fi•ca•cy , n. [L. inefficacia. See In- not, and Efficacy.] Want of power to produce the desired or proper effect; inefficiency; ineffectualness; futility; uselessness; fruitlessness; as the inefficacy of medicines or means. “The seeming inefficacy of censures.” Bp. Hall. “The inefficacy was soon proved, like that of many similar medicines.” James Gregory.

In•ef•fi´cien•cy , n. The quality of being inefficient; want of power or energy sufficient for the desired effect; inefficacy; incapacity; as he was discharged from his position for inefficiency.

In•ef•fi´cient , a. 1. Not efficient; not producing the effect intended or desired; inefficacious; as inefficient means or measures. 2. Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; habitually slack or remiss; effecting little or nothing; as inefficient workmen; an inefficient administrator.

In•ef•fi´cient•ly, adv. In an inefficient manner.

In•e•lab´o•rate , a. [L. inelaboratus. See In- not, and Elaborate.] Not elaborate; not wrought with care; unpolished; crude; unfinished.

In•e•las´tic , a. Not elastic.

In•e•las•tic´i•ty , n. Want of elasticity. { In•el´e•gance , In•el´e•gan•cy } n.; pl. Inelegances (#), Inelegancies (#). [L. inelegantia: cf. F. inelegance.] 1. The quality of being inelegant; want of elegance or grace; want of refinement, beauty, or polish in language, composition, or manners. “The notorious inelegance of her figure.” T. Hook. 2. Anything inelegant; as inelegance of style in literary composition.

In•el´e•gant , a. [L. inelegans: cf. F. inelegant. See In- not, and Elegant.] Not elegant; deficient in beauty, polish, refinement, grave, or ornament; wanting in anything which correct taste requires. “What order so contrived as not to mix
Tastes, not well joined, inelegant.” Milton. “It renders style often obscure, always embarrassed and inelegant.” Blair.

In•el´e•gant•ly, adv. In an inelegant manner.

In•el•i•gi•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ineligibilite.] The state or quality of being ineligible.

In•el´i•gi•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + eligible: cf. F. ineligible.] Not eligible; not qualified to be chosen for an office; not worthy to be chosen or preferred; not expedient or desirable. Burke.

In•el´li•gi•bly , adv. In an ineligible manner.

In•e´lo•quent , a. [L. ineloquens: cf. F. ineloquent. See In- not, and Eloquent.] Not eloquent; not fluent, graceful, or pathetic; not persuasive; as ineloquent language. “Nor are thy lips ungraceful, sire of men,
Nor tongue ineloquent.” Milton.

In•e´lo•quent•ly, adv. Without eloquence.

In•e•luc´ta•ble , a. [L. ineluctabilis; pref. in- not + eluctabilis to be surmounted, fr. eluctari to struggle out of, to surmount: cf. F. ineluctable. See Eluctate.] Not to be overcome by struggling; irresistible; inevitable. Bp. Pearson. “The ineluctable conditions of matter.” Hamerton.

In•e•lud´i•ble , a. Incapable of being eluded or evaded; unvoidable. “Most pressing reasons and ineludible demonstrations.” Glanvill.

In•em´bry•o•nate , a. (Biol.) Not embryonate.

In•e•nar´ra•ble , a. [L. inenarrabilis; pref. in- not + enarrabilis that may be related; fr. enarrare to relate: cf. F. inenarrable. See Enarration.] Incapable of being narrated; indescribable; ineffable. [Obs.] ´Inenarrable goodness.´ Bp. Fisher.

In•ept´ , a. [L. ineptus; prefix. in- not + aptus apt, fit: cf. F. inepte. Cf. Inapt.] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit; unsuitable; improper; unbecoming. “The Aristotelian philosophy is inept for new discoveries.” Glanvill. 2. Silly; useless; nonsensical; absurd; foolish. “To view attention as a special act of intelligence, and to distinguish it from consciousness, is utterly inept.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•ept´i•tude , n. [L. ineptitudo.] 1. The quality of being inept; unfitness; inaptitude; unsuitableness. “That ineptitude for society, which is frequently the fault of us scholars.” Tatler. 2. Absurdity; nonsense; foolishness.

In•ept´ly, adv. Unfitly; unsuitably; awkwardly. “None of them are made foolishly or ineptly.” Dr. H. More.

In•ept´ness, n. Unfitness; ineptitude. “The feebleness and miserable ineptness of infancy.” Dr. H. More.

In•e´qua•ble , a. Unequable. [R.] Bailey.

In•e´qual , a. [L. inaequalis. See In- not, and Equal.] Unequal; uneven; various. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In•e•qual´i•ty , n.; pl. Inequalities (#). [L. inaequalitas.] 1. The quality of being unequal; difference, or want of equality, in any respect; lack of uniformity; disproportion; unevenness; disparity; diversity; as an inequality in size, stature, numbers, power, distances, motions, rank, property, etc. “There is so great an inequality in the length of our legs and arms as makes it impossible for us to walk on all four.” Ray. “Notwithstanding which inequality of number, it was resolved in a council of war to fight the Dutch fleet.” Ludlow. “Sympathy is rarely strong where there is a great inequality of condition.” Macaulay. 2. Unevenness; want of levelness; the alternate rising and falling of a surface; as the inequalities of the surface of the earth, or of a marble slab, etc. “The country is cut into so many hills and inequalities as renders it defensible.” Addison. 3. Variableness; changeableness; inconstancy; lack of smoothness or equability; deviation; unsteadiness, as of the weather, feelings, etc. “Inequality of air is ever an enemy to health.” Bacon. 4. Disproportion to any office or purpose; inadequacy; competency; as the inequality of terrestrial things to the wants of a rational soul. South. 5. (Alg.) An expression consisting of two unequal quantities, with the sign of inequality (> or <) between them; as the inequality 2 < 3, or 4 > 1. 6. (Astron.) An irregularity, or a deviation, in the motion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion; the amount of such deviation.

In•e•qua´tion , n. (Math.) An inequality.

In•e•qui•dis´tant , a. Not equally distant; not equidistant.

In•e•qui•lat´er•al , a. 1. Having unequal sides; unsymmetrical; unequal- sided. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the two ends unequal, as in the clam, quahaug, and most lamellibranch shells.

In•e•qui•lo´bate , a. [Pref. in- not + equi- + lobate.] (Biol.) Unequally lobed; cut into lobes of different shapes or sizes.

In•eq´ui•ta•ble , a. Not equitable; not just. Burke.

In•eq´ui•tate , v. t. [L. inequitatus, p. p. inequitare to ride over. See 1st In-, and Equitant.] To ride over or through. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In•eq´ui•ty , n. Want of equity; injustice; wrong. ´Some form of inequity.´ H. Spencer. { In•e´qui•valve , In•e•qui•val´vu•lar } a. (Zoöl.) Having unequal valves, as the shell of an oyster.

In•e•rad´i•ca•ble , a. Incapable of being eradicated or rooted out. “The bad seed thus sown was ineradicable.” Ld. Lytton.

In•e•rad´i•ca•bly, adv. So as not to be eradicable. { In•er•get´ic , In•er•get´ic•al } a. [Pref. in- not + energetic, - ical.] Having no energy; sluggish. [R.] Boyle.

In•er•get´ic•al•ly, adv. Without energy. [R.] { In•erm´ , In•er´mous } a. (Bot.) Same as Inermis.

In•er´mis , a. [L. inermis, inermus; pref. in- not + arma arms: cf. F. inerme.] (Bot.) Unarmed; destitute of prickles or thorns, as a leaf. Gray.

In•er•ra•bil´i•ty , n. Freedom or exemption from error; infallibility. Eikon Basilike.

In•er´ra•ble , a. [L. inerrabilis. See In- not, and Err.] Incapable of erring; infallible; unerring. ´Inerabble and requisite conditions.´ Sir T. Browne. ´Not an inerrable text.´ Gladstone.

In•er´ra•ble•ness (in•er´ra•b’l•nes), n. Exemption from error; inerrability; infallibility. Hammond.

In•er´ra•bly, adv. With security from error; infallibly; unerringly.

In•er´ran•cy , n. Exemption from error. “The absolute inerrancy of the Bible.” The Century.

In•er•rat´ic (in•er•rat´ik), a. Not erratic or wandering; fixed; settled; established.

In•err´ing•ly , adv. Without error, mistake, or deviation; unerringly. Glanvill.

In•ert´ , a. [L. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle; pref. in- + ars art: cf. F. inerte. See Art.] 1. Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion; as matter is inert. 2. Indisposed to move or act; very slow to act; sluggish; dull; inactive; indolent; lifeless. “The inert and desponding party of the court.” Macaulay. “It present becomes extravagant, then imbecile, and at length utterly inert.” I. Taylor. 3. Not having or manifesting active properties; not affecting other substances when brought in contact with them; powerless for an expected or desired effect. Syn. — Inactive; dull; passive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; lazy; lifeless; irresolute; stupid; senseless; insensible. — Inert, Inactive, Sluggish. A man may be inactive from mere want of stimulus to effort; but one who is inert has something in his constitution or his habits which operates like a weight holding him back from exertion. Sluggish is still stronger, implying some defect of temperament which directly impedes action. Inert and inactive are negative, sluggish is positive. “Even the favored isles …
Can boast but little virtue; and, inert
Through plenty, lose in morals what they gain
In manners — victims of luxurious ease.” Cowper. “Doomed to lose four months in inactive obscurity.” Johnson. “Sluggish Idleness, the nurse of sin,
Upon a slothful ass he chose to ride.” Spenser.

In•er´ti•a , n. [L., idleness, fr. iners idle. See Inert.] 1. (Physics) That property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue in motion, and in the same straight line or direction, unless acted on by some external force; — sometimes called vis inertiae. 2. Inertness; indisposition to motion, exertion, or action; want of energy; sluggishness. “Men … have immense irresolution and inertia.” Carlyle. 3. (Med.) Want of activity; sluggishness; — said especially of the uterus, when, in labor, its contractions have nearly or wholly ceased. Center of inertia. (Mech.) See under Center.

In•er´tion , n. Want of activity or exertion; inertness; quietude. [R.] “These vicissitudes of exertion and inertion of the arterial system constitute the paroxysms of remittent fever.” E. Darwin.

In•ert´i•tude , n. [See Inert.] Inertness; inertia. [R.] Good.

In•ert´ly, adv. Without activity; sluggishly. Pope.

In•ert´ness, n. 1. Want of activity or exertion; habitual indisposition to action or motion; sluggishness; apathy; insensibility. Glanvill. “Laziness and inertness of mind.” Burke. 2. Absence of the power of self-motion; inertia.

In•er´u•dite , a. [L. ineruditus. See In- not, and Erudite.] Not erudite; unlearned; ignorant.

In•es•cap´a•ble , a. Not escapable.

In•es´cate , v. t. [L. inescatus, p. p. of inescare; in- in + esca bait.] To allure; to lay a bait for. [Obs.] “To inescate and beguile young women!” Burton.

In•es•ca´tion , n. [L. inescatio.] The act of baiting; allurement. [Obs.] Hallywell.

In•es•cutch´eon , n. (Her.) A small escutcheon borne within a shield.

In• es´se [L.] In being; actually existing; - - distinguished from in posse, or in potentia, which denote that a thing is not, but may be.

In•es•sen´tial , a. [Pref. in- not + essential: cf. F. inessentiel.] 1. Having no essence or being. H. Brooke. “The womb of inessential Naught.” Shelley. 2. Not essential; unessential.

In•es´ti•ma•ble , a. [L. inaestimabilis: cf. F. inestimable. See In- not, and Estimate.] Incapable of being estimated or computed; especially, too valuable or excellent to be measured or fully appreciated; above all price; as inestimable rights or privileges. “But above all, for thine inestimable love.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. “Science is too inestimable for expression by a money standard.” Lyon Playfair. Syn. — Incalculable; invaluable; priceless.

In•es´ti•ma•bly, adv. In a manner, or to a degree, above estimation; as things inestimably excellent.

In•e•va´si•ble , a. Incapable of being evaded; inevitable; unavoidable.

In•ev´i•dence , n. [Cf. F. inevidence.] Want of evidence; obscurity. [Obs.] Barrow.

In•ev´i•dent , a. [Cf. F. inevident.] Not evident; not clear or obvious; obscure.

In•ev•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inevitabilite.] Impossibility to be avoided or shunned; inevitableness. Shelford.

In•ev´i•ta•ble , a. [L. inevitabilis: cf. F. inevitable. See In- not, and Evitable.] 1. Not evitable; incapable of being shunned; unavoidable; certain. ´The inevitable hour.´ Gray. “It was inevitable; it was necessary; it was planted in the nature of things.” Burke. 2. Irresistible. ´Inevitable charms.´ Dryden.

In•ev´i•ta•ble•ness , n. The state of being unavoidable; certainty to happen. Prideaux.

In•ev´i•ta•bly, adv. Without possibility of escape or evasion; unavoidably; certainly. “Inevitably thou shalt die.” Milton. “How inevitably does immoderate laughter end in a sigh!” South.

In•ex•act´ , a. [Pref. in- not + exact: cf. F. inexact.] Not exact; not precisely correct or true; inaccurate.

In•ex•act´i•tude , n. Inexactness; uncertainty; as geographical inexactitude.

In•ex•act´ly, adv. In a manner not exact or precise; inaccurately. R. A. Proctor.

In•ex•act´ness, n. Incorrectness; want of exactness.

In•ex•cit•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inexcitable; insusceptibility to excitement.

In•ex•cit´a•ble , a. [L. inexcitabilis from which one cannot be aroused. See In- not, and Excite.] Not susceptible of excitement; dull; lifeless; torpid.

In•ex•cus´a•ble , a. [L. inexcusabilis: cf. F. inexcusable. See Excuse.] Not excusable; not admitting excuse or justification; as inexcusable folly. “Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest; for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.” Rom. ii. 1.

In•ex•cus´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being inexcusable; enormity beyond forgiveness. South.

In•ex•cus´a•bly, adv. With a degree of guilt or folly beyond excuse or justification. “Inexcusably obstinate and perverse.” Jortin.

In•ex´e•cra•ble , a. That can not be execrated enough. [R.]

In•ex´e•cu•ta•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + executable: cf. F. inexecutable.] Incapable of being executed or performed; impracticable; infeasible.

In•ex•e•cu´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + execution: cf. F. inexecution.] Neglect of execution; nonperformance; as the inexecution of a treaty. Spence.

In•ex•er´tion , n. Want of exertion; want of effort; defect of action; indolence; laziness.

In•ex•hal´a•ble , a. Incapable of being exhaled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ex•haust´ed , a. [Pref. in- not + exhausted: cf. F. inexhaustus.] Not exhausted; not emptied; not spent; not having lost all strength or resources; unexhausted. Dryden.

In•ex•haust´ed•ly, adv. Without exhaustion.

In•ex•haust•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being inexhaustible; abundance.

In•ex•haust´i•ble , a. Incapable of being exhausted, emptied, or used up; unfailing; not to be wasted or spent; as inexhaustible stores of provisions; an inexhaustible stock of elegant words. Dryden. “An inexhaustible store of anecdotes.” Macaulay. — In•ex•haust´i•ble•ness, n. — In•ex•haust´i•bly, adv.

In•ex•haust´ive , a. Inexhaustible. Thomson.

In•ex•ist´ , v. i. [Pref. in- in + exist.] To exist within; to dwell within. [Obs.] “Substances inexisting within the divine mind.” A. Tucker.

In•ex•ist´ant , a. [Cf. F. inexistant. See 1st Inexistent.] Inexistent; not existing. [Obs.] Gudworth.

In•ex•ist´ence , n. [Pref. in- in + existence.] [Obs.] (a) Inherence; subsistence. Bp. Hall. (b) That which exists within; a constituent. A. Tucker.

In•ex•ist´ence, n. [Pref. in- in + existence: cf. F. inexistence.] Want of being or existence.

In•ex•ist´ent , a. [Pref. in- in + existent: cf. F. inexistant.] Not having being; not existing.

In•ex•ist´ent, a. [Pref. in- in + existent.] Inherent; innate; indwelling. Boyle.

In•ex•o•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inexorabilitas: cf. F. inexorabilite.] The quality of being inexorable, or unyielding to entreaty. Paley.

In•ex´o•ra•ble , a. [L. inexorabilis: cf. F. inexorable. See In- not, and Exorable, Adore.] Not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty or prayer; firm; determined; unyielding; unchangeable; inflexible; relentless; as an inexorable prince or tyrant; an inexorable judge. ´Inexorable equality of laws.´ Gibbon. ´Death’s inexorable doom.´ Dryden. “You are more inhuman, more inexorable,
O, ten times more than tigers of Hyrcania.” Shak.

In•ex´o•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inexorable. Chillingworth.

In•ex´o•ra•bly, adv. In an inexorable manner; inflexibly. ´Inexorably firm.´ Thomson.

In•ex•pan´si•ble , a. Incapable of expansion, enlargement, or extension. Tyndall.

In•ex•pect´a•ble , a. Not to be expected or anticipated. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In´ex•pect´ant , a. Not expectant. C. Bronte.

In•ex•pec•ta´tion , n. Absence of expectation. Feltham.

In•ex•pect´ed , a. [Pref. in- not + expected: cf. L. inexspectatus.] Unexpected. [Obs.]

In•ex•pect´ed•ly, adv. Unexpectedly. [Obs.]

In•ex•pect´ed•ness, n. Unexpectedness. [Obs.] { In•ex•pe´di•ence , In•ex•pe´di•en•cy } n. The quality or state of being inexpedient; want of fitness; unsuitableness to the end or object; impropriety; as the inexpedience of some measures. “It is not the rigor but the inexpediency of laws and acts of authority which makes them tyrannical.” Paley.

In•ex•pe´di•ent , a. Not expedient; not tending to promote a purpose; not tending to the end desired; inadvisable; unfit; improper; unsuitable to time and place; as what is expedient at one time may be inexpedient at another. “If it was not unlawful, yet it was highly inexpedient to use those ceremonies.” Bp. Burnet. Syn. — Unwise; impolitic; imprudent; indiscreet; unprofitable; inadvisable; disadvantageous.

In•ex•pe´di•ent•ly , adv. Not expediently; unfitly.

In•ex•pen´sive , a. Not expensive; cheap.

In•ex•pe´ri•ence , n. [L. inexperientia, cf. F. inexperience. See In- not, and Experience.] Absence or want of experience; lack of personal and experimental knowledge; as the inexperience of youth. “Failings which are incident to youth and inexperience.” Dryden. “Prejudice and self-sufficiency naturally proceed from inexperience of the world, and ignorance of mankind.” Addison.

In•ex•pe´ri•enced , a. Not having experience; unskilled. ´Inexperienced youth.´ Cowper.

In•ex•pert´ , a. [L. inexpertus inexperienced: cf. F. inexpert. See In- not, and Expert.] 1. Destitute of experience or of much experience. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Not expert; not skilled; destitute of knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. Akenside.

In•ex•pert´ness, n. Want of expertness or skill.

In•ex´pi•a•ble , a. [L. inexpiabilis: cf. F. inexpiable. See In- not, and Expiable.] 1. Admitting of no expiation, atonement, or satisfaction; as an inexpiable crime or offense. Pomfret. 2. Incapable of being mollified or appeased; relentless; implacable. [Archaic] ´Inexpiable hate.´ Milton. “They are at inexpiable war with all establishments.” Burke.

In•ex´pi•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being inexpiable.

In•ex´pi•a•bly, adv. In an inexpiable manner of degree; to a degree that admits of no atonement.

In•ex´pi•ate , a. [L. inexpiatus. See In- not, and Expiate.] Not appeased or placated. [Obs.] “To rest inexpiate were much too rude a part.” Chapman.

In•ex•plain´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + explainable; cf. L. inexplanabilis.] Incapable of being explained; inexplicable.

In•ex´ple•a•bly , adv. [Cf. L. inexplebilis; pref. in- not + explere to fill up. See Expletion.] Insatiably. [Obs.] Sandys.

In•ex•pli•ca•bil´i•ty, n. [Cf. F. inexplicabilite.] The quality or state of being inexplicable. H. Spencer.

In•ex´pli•ca•ble , a. [L. inexplicabilis: cf. F. inexplicable. See In- not, and Explicable.] Not explicable; not explainable; incapable of being explained, interpreted, or accounted for; as an inexplicable mystery. ´An inexplicable scratching.´ Cowper. “Their reason is disturbed; their views become vast and perplexed, to others inexplicable, to themselves uncertain.” Burke.

In•ex´pli•ca•ble•ness, n. A state of being inexplicable; inexplicability.

In•ex´pli•ca•bly, adv. In an inexplicable manner.

In•ex•plic´it , a. [L. inexplicitus: cf. F. inexplicite. See In- not, and Explicit.] Not explicit; not clearly stated; indefinite; vague.

In•ex•plor´a•ble , a. Incapable of being explored, searched out, or discovered. Sir G. Buck.

In•ex•plo´sive , a. Not explosive.

In•ex•po´sure ( 135), n. A state of not being exposed.

In•ex•press´i•ble , a. Not capable of expression or utterance in language; ineffable; unspeakable; indescribable; unutterable; as inexpressible grief or pleasure. ´Inexpressible grandeur.´ Blair. “In orbs
Of circuit inexpressible they stood.” Milton.

In•ex•press´i•bles , n. pl. Breeches; trousers. [Colloq. or Slang] Ld. Lytton.

In•ex•press´i•bly, adv. In an inexpressible manner or degree; unspeakably; unutterably. Spectator.

In•ex•press´ive , a. 1. Inexpressible. [R.] 2. Without expression or meaning; not expressive; dull; unintelligent; as an inexpressive countenance.

In•ex•press´ive•ness, n. The state or quality of being inexpressive.

In•ex•pug´na•ble , a. [L. inexpugnabilis: cf. F. inexpugnable. See In- not, and Expugnable.] Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable; unconquerable. Burke. “A fortress, inexpugnable by the arts of war.” Milman.

In•ex•pug´na•bly, adv. So as to be inexpugnable; in an inexpugnable manner. Dr. H. More.

In•ex•su´per•a•ble , a. [L. inexsuperabilis; pref. in- not + exsuperabilis that may be surmounted. See In- not, Ex-, and Superable.] Not capable of being passed over; insuperable; insurmountable.

In•ex•tend´ed , a. Not extended.

In•ex•ten´si•ble , a. Not capable of being extended; not elastic; as inextensible fibers.

In•ex•ten´sion , n. Want of extension; unextended state.

In•ex•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. inexterminabilis. See In- not, and Exterminate.] Incapable of extermination. Rush.

In•ex•tinct´ , a. [L. inextinctus, inexstinctus. See Extinct.] Not quenched; not extinct.

In•ex•tin´gui•ble , a. [L. inexstinguibilis: cf. F, inextinguible. See Inextinct.] Inextinguishable. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•ex•tin´guish•a•ble , a. Not capable of being extinguished; extinguishable; unquenchable; as inextinguishable flame, light, thirst, desire, feuds. ´Inextinguishable rage.´ Milton.

In•ex•tin´guish•a•bly, adv. So as not to be extinguished; in an inextinguishable manner.

In•ex•tir´pa•ble , a. [L. inexstirpabilis: cf. F. inextirpable. See In- not, and Extirpate.] Not capable of being extirpated or rooted out; ineradicable.

In•ex´tri•ca•ble , a. [L. inextricabilis: cf. F. inextricable. See In- not, and Extricate.] 1. Incapable of being extricated, untied, or disentangled; hopelessly intricate, confused, or obscure; as an inextricable knot or difficulty; inextricable confusion. “Lost in the wild, inextricable maze.” Blackmore. 2. Inevitable. [R.] ´Fate inextricable.´ Milton.

In•ex´tri•ca•ble•ness , n. The state of being inextricable.

In•ex´tri•ca•bly, adv. In an inextricable manner.

In•eye´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ineyed p. pr. & vb. n. Ineyeing.] [Pref. in- in + eye.] To ingraft, as a tree or plant, by the insertion of a bud or eye; to inoculate. “The arts of grafting and ineying.” J. Philips.

In•fab´ri•ca•ted , a. Not fabricated; unwrought; not artificial; natural. [Obs.]

In•fal´li•bil•ist , n. One who accepts or maintains the dogma of papal infallibility.

In•fal•li•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. infaillibilite.] The quality or state of being infallible, or exempt from error; inerrability. “Infallibility is the highest perfection of the knowing faculty.” Tillotson. Papal infallibility (R. C. Ch.), the dogma that the pope can not, when acting in his official character of supreme pontiff, err in defining a doctrine of Christian faith or rule of morals, to be held by the church. This was decreed by the Ecumenical Council at the Vatican, July 18, 1870.

In•fal´li•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + fallible: cf. F. infallible.] 1. Not fallible; not capable of erring; entirely exempt from liability to mistake; unerring; inerrable. Dryden. 2. Not liable to fail, deceive, or disappoint; indubitable; sure; certain; as infallible evidence; infallible success; an infallible remedy. “To whom also he showed himself alive, after his passion, by many infallible proofs.” Acts i. 3. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Incapable of error in defining doctrines touching faith or morals. See Papal infallibility, under Infallibility.

In•fal´li•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being infallible; infallibility. Bp. Hall.

In•fal´li•bly, adv. In an infallible manner; certainly; unfailingly; unerringly. Blair.

In•fame´ , v. t. [L. infamare, fr. infamis infamous: cf. F. infamer, It. infamare. See Infamous.] To defame; to make infamous. [Obs.] Milton. “Livia is infamed for the poisoning of her husband.” Bacon.

In´fa•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infamized p. pr. & vb. n. Infamizing ] To make infamous; to defame. [R.] Coleridge.

In´fa•mous , a. [Pref. in- not + famous: cf. L. infamis. See Infamy.] 1. Of very bad report; having a reputation of the worst kind; held in abhorrence; guilty of something that exposes to infamy; base; notoriously vile; detestable; as an infamous traitor; an infamous perjurer. “False errant knight, infamous, and forsworn.” Spenser. 2. Causing or producing infamy; deserving detestation; scandalous to the last degree; as an infamous act; infamous vices; infamous corruption. Macaulay. 3. (Law) Branded with infamy by conviction of a crime; as at common law, an infamous person can not be a witness. 4. Having a bad name as being the place where an odious crime was committed, or as being associated with something detestable; hence, unlucky; perilous; dangerous. ´Infamous woods.´ P. Fletcher. “Infamous hills, and sandy perilous wilds.” Milton. “The piny shade
More infamous by cursed Lycaon made.” Dryden. Syn. — Detestable; odious; scandalous; disgraceful; base; vile; shameful; ignominious.

In´fa•mous•ly, adv. In an infamous manner or degree; scandalously; disgracefully; shamefully. “The sealed fountain of royal bounty which had been infamously monopolized and huckstered.” Burke.

In´fa•mous•ness, n. The state or quality of being infamous; infamy.

In´fa•my , n.; pl. Infamies (#). [L. infamia, fr. infamis infamous; pref. in- not + fama fame: cf. F. infamie. See Fame.] 1. Total loss of reputation; public disgrace; dishonor; ignominy; indignity. “The afflicted queen would not yield, and said she would not … submit to such infamy.” Bp. Burnet. 2. A quality which exposes to disgrace; extreme baseness or vileness; as the infamy of an action. 3. (Law) That loss of character, or public disgrace, which a convict incurs, and by which he is at common law rendered incompetent as a witness.

In´fan•cy , n. [L. infantia: cf. F. enfance. See Infant.] 1. The state or period of being an infant; the first part of life; early childhood. “The babe yet lies in smiling infancy.” Milton. “Their love in early infancy began.” Dryden. 2. The first age of anything; the beginning or early period of existence; as the infancy of an art. “The infancy and the grandeur of Rome.” Arbuthnot. 3. (Law) The state or condition of one under age, or under the age of twenty-one years; nonage; minority.

In•fan´dous , a. [L. infandus; pref. in- not + fari to speak.] Too odious to be expressed or mentioned. [Obs.] Howell.

In•fang´thef , n. [AS. in-fangen- þeóf; in in, into + fangen taken (p. p. of fon to take) + þeóf thief.] (O. Eng. Law) The privilege granted to lords of certain manors to judge thieves taken within the seigniory of such lords. Cowell.

In´fant , n. [L. infans; pref. in- not + fari to speak: cf. F. enfant, whence OE. enfaunt. See Fame, and cf. Infante, Infanta.] 1. A child in the first period of life, beginning at his birth; a young babe; sometimes, a child several years of age. “And tender cries of infants pierce the ear.” C. Pitt. 2. (Law) A person who is not of full age, or who has not attained the age of legal capacity; a person under the age of twenty-one years; a minor. An infant under seven years of age is not penally responsible; between seven and fourteen years of age, he may be convicted of a malicious offense if malice be proved. He becomes of age on the day preceding his twenty-first birthday, previous to which time an infant has no capacity to contract. 3. Same as Infante. [Obs.] Spenser.

In´fant , a. 1. Of or pertaining to infancy, or the first period of life; tender; not mature; as infant strength. 2. Intended for young children; as an infant school.

In´fant, v. t. [Cf. F. enfanter.] To bear or bring forth, as a child; hence, to produce, in general. [Obs.] “This worthy motto, ´No bishop, no king,´ is … infanted out of the same fears.” Milton.

In•fan´ta , n. [Sp. & Pg., fem. of infante. See Infante.] A title borne by every one of the daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest.

In•fan´te , n. [Sp. & Pg. See Infant.] A title given to every one of sons of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest or heir apparent.

In´fant•hood , n. Infancy. [R.]

In•fan´ti•ci•dal , a. Of or pertaining to infanticide; engaged in, or guilty of, child murder.

In•fan´ti•cide , n. [L. infanticidium child murder; infans, -antis, child + caedere to kill: cf. F. infanticide. See Infant, and Homicide.] The murder of an infant born alive; the murder or killing of a newly born or young child; child murder.

In•fan´ti•cide, n. [L. infanticida: cf. F. infanticide.] One who commits the crime of infanticide; one who kills an infant.

In´fan•tile ( 277), a. [L. infantilis: cf. F. infantile. See Infant.] Of or pertaining to infancy, or to an infant; similar to, or characteristic of, an infant; childish; as infantile behavior.

In´fan•tine ( 277), a. [Cf. F. enfantin.] Infantile; childish. “A degree of credulity next infantine.” Burke.

In´fant•like , a. Like an infant. Shak.

In´fant•ly, a. Like an infant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In´fan•try , n. [F. infanterie, It. infanteria, fr. infante infant, child, boy servant, foot soldier, fr. L. infans, - antis, child; foot soldiers being formerly the servants and followers of knights. See Infant.] 1. A body of children. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. (Mil.) A body of soldiers serving on foot; foot soldiers, in distinction from cavalry.

In•farce´ , v. t. [L. infarcire: pref. in- in + farcire, fartum and farctum, to stuff, cram.] To stuff; to swell. [Obs.] “The body is infarced with … watery humors.” Sir T. Elyot.

In•farc´tion , n. [See Infarce.] The act of stuffing or filling; an overloading and obstruction of any organ or vessel of the body; constipation.

In´fare , n. [AS. infaer entrance.] A house-warming; especially, a reception, party, or entertainment given by a newly married couple, or by the husband upon receiving the wife to his house. [Written also infair.] [Scot., & Local, U. S.]

In•fash´ion•a•ble, a. Unfashionable. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In•fat´i•ga•ble , a. [L. infatigabilis: cf. F. infatigable.] Indefatigable. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•fat´u•ate ( 135), a. [L. infatuatus, p. p. of infatuare to infatuate; pref. in- in + fatuus foolish. See Fatuous.] Infatuated. Bp. Hall.

In•fat´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infatuated p. pr. & vb. n. Infatuating.] 1. To make foolish; to affect with folly; to weaken the intellectual powers of, or to deprive of sound judgment. “The judgment of God will be very visible in infatuating a people … ripe and prepared for destruction.” Clarendon. 2. To inspire with a foolish and extravagant passion; as to be infatuated with gaming. “The people are … infatuated with the notion.” Addison.

In•fat´u•a•ted , a. Overcome by some foolish passion or desire; affected by infatuation.

In•fat•u•a´tion , n. [LL. infatuatio: cf. F. infatuation.] The act of infatuating; the state of being infatuated; folly; that which infatuates. “The infatuations of the sensual and frivolous part of mankind are amazing; but the infatuations of the learned and sophistical are incomparably more so.” I. Taylor. “Such is the infatuation of self- love.” Blair.

In•faust´ , a. [L. infaustus; pref. in- not + faustus fortunate, lucky.] Not favorable; unlucky; unpropitious; sinister. [R.] Ld. Lytton.

In•faust´ing , n. The act of making unlucky; misfortune; bad luck. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•fea•si•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being infeasible; impracticability.

In•fea´si•ble , a. Not capable of being done or accomplished; impracticable. Glanvill.

In•fea´si•ble•ness, n. The state of quality of being infeasible; infeasibility. W. Montagu.

In•fect´ , a. [L. infectus: cf. F. infect. See Infect, v. t.] Infected. Cf. Enfect. [Obs.] Shak.

In•fect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infected; p. pr. & vb. n. Infecting.] [L. infectus, p. p. of inficere to put or dip into, to stain, infect; pref. in- in + facere to make; cf. F. infecter. See Fact.] 1. To taint with morbid matter or any pestilential or noxious substance or effluvium by which disease is produced; as to infect a lancet; to infect an apartment. 2. To affect with infectious disease; to communicate infection to; as infected with the plague. “Them that were left alive being infected with this disease.” Sir T. North. 3. To communicate to or affect with, as qualities or emotions, esp. bad qualities; to corrupt; to contaminate; to taint by the communication of anything noxious or pernicious. Cowper. “Infected Ston’s daughters with like heat.” Milton. 4. (Law) To contaminate with illegality or to expose to penalty. Syn. — To poison; vitiate; pollute; defile.

In•fect´er , n. One who, or that which, infects.

In•fect´i•ble , a. Capable of being infected.

In•fec´tion , n. [Cf. F. infection, L. infectio a dyeing.] 1. The act or process of infecting. “There was a strict order against coming to those pits, and that was only to prevent infection.” De Foe. 2. That which infects, or causes the communicated disease; any effluvium, miasm, or pestilential matter by which an infectious disease is caused. “And that which was still worse, they that did thus break out spread the infection further by their wandering about with the distemper upon them.” De Foe. 3. The state of being infected; contamination by morbific particles; the result of infecting influence; a prevailing disease; epidemic. “The danger was really very great, the infection being so very violent in London.” De Foe. 4. That which taints or corrupts morally; as the infection of vicious principles. “It was her chance to light
Amidst the gross infections of those times.” Daniel. 5. (Law) Contamination by illegality, as in cases of contraband goods; implication. 6. Sympathetic communication of like qualities or emotions; influence. “Through all her train the soft infection ran.” Pope. “Mankind are gay or serious by infection.” Rambler. Syn. — Infection, Contagion. — Infection is often used in a definite and limited sense of the transmission of affections without direct contact of individuals or immediate application or introduction of the morbific agent, in contradistinction to contagion, which then implies transmission by direct contact. Quain. See Contagious.

In•fec´tious , a. [Cf. F. infectieux.] 1. Having qualities that may infect; communicable or caused by infection; pestilential; epidemic; as an infectious fever; infectious clothing; infectious air; infectious vices. “Where the infectious pestilence.” Shak. 2. Corrupting, or tending to corrupt or contaminate; vitiating; demoralizing. “It [the court] is necessary for the polishing of manners … but it is infectious even to the best morals to live always in it.” Dryden. 3. (Law) Contaminating with illegality; exposing to seizure and forfeiture. “Contraband articles are said to be of an infectious nature.” Kent. 4. Capable of being easily diffused or spread; sympathetic; readily communicated; as infectious mirth. “The laughter was so genuine as to be infectious.” W. Black. Syn. — See Contagious.

In•fec´tious•ly, adv. In an infectious manner. Shak.

In•fec´tious•ness, n. The quality of being infectious.

In•fect´ive , a. [L. infectivus pertaining to dyeing.] Infectious. Beau. & Fl. “True love … hath an infective power.” Sir P. Sidney.

In•fec´und , a. [L. infecundus: cf. F. infecond. See In- not, and Fecund.] Unfruitful; not producing young; barren; infertile. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•fe•cun´di•ty , n. [L. infecunditas: cf. F. infecondite.] Want of fecundity or fruitfulness; barrenness; sterility; unproductiveness.

In•fe•cun´dous , a. [See Infecund.] Infertile; barren; unprofitable; unproductive. [Obs.] Glanvill.

In•fee´ble , v. t. See Enfeeble.

In•fe•lic´i•tous , a. Not felicitous; unhappy; unfortunate; not fortunate or appropriate in application; not well said, expressed, or done; as an infelicitous condition; an infelicitous remark; an infelicitous description; infelicitous words.

In•fe•lic´i•ty , n.; pl. Infelicities (#). [L. infelicitas: cf. F. infelicite. See In- not, and Felicity.] 1. The state or quality of being infelicitous; unhappiness; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; want of suitableness or appropriateness. I. Watts. “Whatever is the ignorance and infelicity of the present state, we were made wise and happy.” Glanvill. 2. That (as an act, word, expression, etc.) which is infelicitous; as infelicities of speech.

In•fe•lo´ni•ous , a. Not felonious, malignant, or criminal. G. Eliot.

In´felt , a. [Pref. in- in + felt.] Felt inwardly; heartfelt. [R.] “The baron stood afar off, or knelt in submissive, acknowledged, infelt inferiority.” Milman.

In•feo•da´tion , n. (Law) See Infeudation.

In•feoff´ , v. t. (Law) See Enfeoff.

In•feoff´ment , n. (Law) See Enfeoffment.

In•fer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inferred p. pr. & vb. n. Inferring.] [L. inferre to bring into, bring forward, occasion, infer; pref. in- in + ferre to carry, bring: cf. F. inferer. See 1 st Bear.] 1. To bring on; to induce; to occasion. [Obs.] Harvey. 2. To offer, as violence. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To bring forward, or employ as an argument; to adduce; to allege; to offer. [Obs.] “Full well hath Clifford played the orator,
Inferring arguments of mighty force.” Shak. 4. To derive by deduction or by induction; to conclude or surmise from facts or premises; to accept or derive, as a consequence, conclusion, or probability; to imply; as I inferred his determination from his silence. “To infer is nothing but by virtue of one proposition laid down as true, to draw in another as true.” Locke. “Such opportunities always infer obligations.” Atterbury. 5. To show; to manifest; to prove. [Obs.] “The first part is not the proof of the second, but rather contrariwise, the second inferreth well the first.” Sir T. More. “This doth infer the zeal I had to see him.” Shak.

In•fer´a•ble (in•fer´a•b’l or in•fer´-; 277), a. Capable of being inferred or deduced from premises. [Written also inferrible.] H. Spencer. “A sufficient argument … is inferable from these premises.” Burke.

In´fer•ence , n. [From Infer.] 1. The act or process of inferring by deduction or induction. “Though it may chance to be right in the conclusions, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the method of inference.” Glanvill. 2. That which inferred; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true; a conclusion; a deduction. Milton. “These inferences, or conclusions, are the effects of reasoning, and the three propositions, taken all together, are called syllogism, or argument.” I. Watts. Syn. — Conclusion; deduction; consequence. — Inference, Conclusion. An inference is literally that which is brought in; and hence, a deduction or induction from premises, — something which follows as certainly or probably true. A conclusion is stronger than an inference; it shuts us up to the result, and terminates inquiry. We infer what is particular or probable; we conclude what is certain. In a chain of reasoning we have many inferences, which lead to the ultimate conclusion. ´An inference is a proposition which is perceived to be true, because of its connection with some known fact.´ ´When something is simply affirmed to be true, it is called a proposition; after it has been found to be true by several reasons or arguments, it is called a conclusion.´ I. Taylor.

In•fer•en´tial , a. Deduced or deducible by inference. ´Inferential proofs.´ J. S. Mill.

In•fer•en´tial•ly, adv. By way of inference.

In•fe´ri•ae , n. pl. [L., fr. inferus underneath.] (Rom. Antiq.) Sacrifices offered to the souls of deceased heroes or friends.

In•fe´ri•or , a. [L., compar. of inferus that is below, underneath, the lower; akin to E. under: cf. F. inferieur. See Under.] 1. Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath. “A thousand inferior and particular propositions.” I. Watts. “The body, or, as some love to call it, our inferior nature.” Burke. “Whether they are equal or inferior to my other poems, an author is the most improper judge.” Dryden. 2. Poor or mediocre; as an inferior quality of goods. 3. (Astron.) (a) Nearer the sun than the earth is; as the inferior or interior planets; an inferior conjunction of Mercury or Venus. (b) Below the horizon; as the inferior part of a meridian. 4. (Bot.) (a) Situated below some other organ; — said of a calyx when free from the ovary, and therefore below it, or of an ovary with an adherent and therefore inferior calyx. (b) On the side of a flower which is next the bract; anterior. 5. (Min.) Junior or subordinate in rank; as an inferior officer. Inferior court (Law), a court subject to the jurisdiction of another court known as the superior, or higher, court. — Inferior letter, Inferior figure (Print.), a small letter or figure standing at the bottom of the line (opposed to superior letter or figure), as in A2, Bn, 2 and n are inferior characters. — Inferior tide, the tide corresponding to the moon’s transit of the meridian, when below the horizon.

In•fe´ri•or, n. A person lower in station, rank, intellect, etc., than another. “A great person gets more by obliging his inferior than by disdaining him.” South.

In•fe•ri•or´i•ty , [Cf. F. inferiorite.] The state of being inferior; a lower state or condition; as inferiority of rank, of talents, of age, of worth. “A deep sense of our own great inferiority.” Boyle.

In•fe´ri•or•ly , adv. In an inferior manner, or on the inferior part.

In•fer´nal , a. [F. infernal, L. infernalis, fr. infernus that which lies beneath, the lower. See Inferior.] 1. Of or pertaining to or suitable for the lower regions, inhabited, according to the ancients, by the dead; pertaining to Pluto’s realm of the dead, the Tartarus of the ancients. “The Elysian fields, the infernal monarchy.” Garth. 2. Of or pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting, hell; suitable for hell, or to the character of the inhabitants of hell; hellish; diabolical; as infernal spirits, or conduct. “The instruments or abettors in such infernal dealings.” Addison. Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus maliciously designed to explode, and destroy life or property. - - Infernal stone (lapis infernalis), lunar caustic; formerly so called. The name was also applied to caustic potash. Syn. — Tartarean; Stygian; hellish; devilish; diabolical; satanic; fiendish; malicious.

In•fer´nal, n. An inhabitant of the infernal regions; also the place itself. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•fer´nal•ly, adv. In an infernal manner; diabolically. ´Infernally false.´ Bp. Hacket.

In•fe•ro•bran´chi•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Inferobranchiata.

In•fe•ro•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Inferobranchiate.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of marine gastropod mollusks, in which the gills are between the foot and the mantle.

In•fe•ro•bran´chi•ate , a. [L. inferus lower + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having the gills on the sides of the body, under the margin of the mantle; belonging to the Inferobranchiata.

In•fer´ri•ble , a. Inferable.

In•fer´tile , a. [L. infertilis: cf. F. infertile. See In- not, and Fertile.] Not fertile; not productive; barren; sterile; as an infertile soil.

In•fer´tile•ly, adv. In an infertile manner.

In•fer•til´i•ty , n. [L. infertilitas: cf. F. infertilite.] The state or quality of being infertile; unproductiveness; barrenness. “The infertility or noxiousness of the soil.” Sir M. Hale.

In•fest´ , a. [L. infestus. See Infest, v. t.] Mischievous; hurtful; harassing. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•fest´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infested; p. pr. & vb. n. Infesting.] [L. infestare, fr. infestus disturbed, hostile, troublesome; in in, against + the root of defendere: cf. F. infester. See Defend.] To trouble greatly by numbers or by frequency of presence; to disturb; to annoy; to frequent and molest or harass; as fleas infest dogs and cats; a sea infested with pirates. “To poison vermin that infest his plants.” Cowper. “These, said the genius, are envy, avarice, superstition, love, with the like cares and passions that infest human life.” Addison. “And the cares, that infest the day,
Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away.” Longfellow.

In•fes•ta´tion , n. [L. infestatio: cf. F. infestation.] The act of infesting or state of being infested; molestation; vexation; annoyance. Bacon. “Free from the infestation of enemies.” Donne.

In•fest´er , n. One who, or that which, infests.

In•fest´ive , a. [L. infestivus. See In- not, and Festive.] Having no mirth; not festive or merry; dull; cheerless; gloomy; forlorn. [R.]

In•fes•tiv´i•ty , n. Want of festivity, cheerfulness, or mirth; dullness; cheerlessness. [R.]

In•fes´tu•ous ( 135), a. [L. infestus. See Infest, a.] Mischievous; harmful; dangerous. [Obs.] ´Infestuous as serpents.´ Bacon.

In•feu•da´tion , n. [LL. infeudatio, fr. infeudare to enfeoff: cf. F. infeodation. See Feud a fief.] 1. (Law) The act of putting one in possession of an estate in fee. Sir M. Hale. 2. The granting of tithes to laymen. Blackstone.

In•fib•u•la´tion , n. [L. infibulare, infibulatum, to clasp, buckle, or button together; pref. in- in + fibula clasp, buckle: cf. F. infibulation.] 1. The act of clasping, or fastening, as with a buckle or padlock. 2. The act of attaching a ring, clasp, or frame, to the genital organs in such a manner as to prevent copulation.

In´fi•del , a. [L. infidelis; pref. in- not + fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith: cf. F. infidèle. See Fidelity.] Not holding the faith; — applied esp. to one who does not believe in the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the supernatural origin of Christianity. “The infidel writer is a great enemy to society.” V. Knox.

In´fi•del, n. One who does not believe in the prevailing religious faith; especially, one who does not believe in the divine origin and authority of Christianity; a Mohammedan; a heathen; a freethinker. Infidel is used by English writers to translate the equivalent word used Mohammedans in speaking of Christians and other disbelievers in Mohammedanism. Syn. — Infidel, Unbeliever, Freethinker, Deist, Atheist, Sceptic, Agnostic. An infidel, in common usage, is one who denies Christianity and the truth of the Scriptures. Some have endeavored to widen the sense of infidel so as to embrace atheism and every form of unbelief; but this use does not generally prevail. A freethinker is now only another name for an infidel. An unbeliever is not necessarily a disbeliever or infidel, because he may still be inquiring after evidence to satisfy his mind; the word, however, is more commonly used in the extreme sense. A deist believes in one God and a divine providence, but rejects revelation. An atheist denies the being of God. A sceptic is one whose faith in the credibility of evidence is weakened or destroyed, so that religion, to the same extent, has no practical hold on his mind. An agnostic remains in a state of suspended judgment, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity.

In•fi•del´i•ty , n.; pl. Infidelities . [L. infidelitas: cf. F. infidelite.] 1. Want of faith or belief in some religious system; especially, a want of faith in, or disbelief of, the inspiration of the Scriptures, of the divine origin of Christianity. “There is, indeed, no doubt but that vanity is one of the principal causes of infidelity.” V. Knox. 2. Unfaithfulness to the marriage vow or contract; violation of the marriage covenant by adultery. 3. Breach of trust; unfaithfulness to a charge, or to moral obligation; treachery; deceit; as the infidelity of a servant. ´The infidelity of friends.´ Sir W. Temple.

In•field´ , v. t. To inclose, as a field. [R.]

In´field , n. 1. Arable and manured land kept continually under crop; — distinguished from outfield. [Scotland] Jamieson. 2. (Baseball) The diamond; — opposed to outfield. See Diamond, n., 5.

In•file´ , v. t. To arrange in a file or rank; to place in order. [Obs.] Holland.

In•film´ , v. t. To cover with a film; to coat thinly; as to infilm one metal with another in the process of gilding; to infilm the glass of a mirror. [R.]

In•fil´ter , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltering.] [Cf. Infiltrate.] To filter or sift in.

In•fil´trate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltrated p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltrating ] [Pref. in- + filtrate: cf. F, s’infiltrer. Cf. Infilter.] To enter by penetrating the pores or interstices of a substance; to filter into or through something. “The water infiltrates through the porous rock.” Addison.

In•fil´trate, v. t. To penetrate gradually; — sometimes used reflexively. J. S. Mill.

In•fil•tra´tion , n. [Cf. F. infiltration.] 1. The act or process of infiltrating, as of water into a porous substance, or of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part of the body. 2. The substance which has entered the pores or cavities of a body. Addison. “Calcareous infiltrations filling the cavities.” Kirwan. Fatty infiltration. (Med.) See under Fatty. — Infiltration gallery, a filter gallery.

In•fil´tra•tive , a. Of or pertaining to infiltration. Kane.

In´fi•nite , a. [L. infinitus: cf. F. infini. See In- not, and Finite.] 1. Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; as infinite duration or distance. “Whatever is finite, as finite, will admit of no comparative relation with infinity; for whatever is less than infinite is still infinitely distant from infinity; and lower than infinite distance the lowest or least can not sink.” H. Brooke. 2. Without limit in power, capacity, knowledge, or excellence; boundless; immeasurably or inconceivably great; perfect; as the infinite wisdom and goodness of God; - - opposed to finite. “Great is our Lord, and of great power; his understanding is infinite.” Ps. cxlvii. 5. “O God, how infinite thou art!” I. Watts. 3. Indefinitely large or extensive; great; vast; immense; gigantic; prodigious. “Infinite riches in a little room.” Marlowe. “Which infinite calamity shall cause
To human life.” Milton. 4. (Math.) Greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind; — said of certain quantities. 5. (Mus.) Capable of endless repetition; — said of certain forms of the canon, called also perpetual fugues, so constructed that their ends lead to their beginnings, and the performance may be incessantly repeated. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Syn. — Boundless; immeasurable; illimitable; interminable; limitless; unlimited; endless; eternal.

In´fi•nite, n. 1. That which is infinite; boundless space or duration; infinity; boundlessness. “Not till the weight is heaved from off the air, and the thunders roll down the horizon, will the serene light of God flow upon us, and the blue infinite embrace us again.” J. Martineau. 2. (Math.) An infinite quantity or magnitude. 3. An infinity; an incalculable or very great number. “Glittering chains, embroidered richly o’er
With infinite of pearls and finest gold.” Fanshawe. 4. The Infinite Being; God; the Almighty.

In´fi•nite•ly, adv. 1. Without bounds or limits; beyond or below assignable limits; as an infinitely large or infinitely small quantity. 2. Very; exceedingly; vastly; highly; extremely. ´Infinitely pleased.´ Dryden.

In´fi•nite•ness, n. The state or quality of being infinite; infinity; greatness; immensity. Jer. Taylor.

In•fin•i•tes´i•mal , a. [Cf. F. infinitesimal, fr. infinitesime infinitely small, fr. L. infinitus. See Infinite, a.] Infinitely or indefinitely small; less than any assignable quantity or value; very small. Infinitesimal calculus, the different and the integral calculus, when developed according to the method used by Leibnitz, who regarded the increments given to variables as infinitesimal.

In•fin•i•tes´i•mal, n. (Math.) An infinitely small quantity; that which is less than any assignable quantity.

In•fin•i•tes´i•mal•ly, adv. By infinitesimals; in infinitely small quantities; in an infinitesimal degree.

In•fin•i•ti´val , a. Pertaining to the infinite mood. ´Infinitival stems.´ Fitzed. Hall.

In•fin´i•tive , n. [L. infinitivus: cf. F. infinitif. See Infinite.] Unlimited; not bounded or restricted; undefined. Infinitive mood (Gram.), that form of the verb which merely names the action, and performs the office of a verbal noun. Some grammarians make two forms in English: (a) The simple form, as speak, go, hear, before which to is commonly placed, as to speak; to go; to hear. (b) The form of the imperfect participle, called the infinitive in -ing; as going is as easy as standing. With the auxiliary verbs may, can, must, might, could, would, and should, the simple infinitive is expressed without to; as you may speak; they must hear, etc. The infinitive usually omits to with the verbs let, dare, do, bid, make, see, hear, need, etc.; as let me go; you dare not tell; make him work; hear him talk, etc. In Anglo-Saxon, the simple infinitive was not preceded by to (the sign of modern simple infinitive), but it had a dative form (sometimes called the gerundial infinitive) which was preceded by to, and was chiefly employed in expressing purpose. See Gerund, 2. The gerundial ending (-anne) not only took the same form as the simple infinitive (-an), but it was confounded with the present participle in -ende, or -inde (later - inge).

In•fin´i•tive, n. (Gram.) An infinitive form of the verb; a verb in the infinitive mood; the infinitive mood.

In•fin´i•tive, adv. (Gram.) In the manner of an infinitive mood.

In•fi•ni´to , a. [It.] (Mus.) Infinite; perpetual, as a canon whose end leads back to the beginning. See Infinite, a., 5.

In•fin´i•tude , n. 1. The quality or state of being infinite, or without limits; infiniteness. 2. Infinite extent; unlimited space; immensity; infinity. ´I am who fill infinitude.´ Milton. “As pleasing to the fancy, as speculations of eternity or infinitude are to the understanding.” Addison. 3. Boundless number; countless multitude. ´An infinitude of distinctions.´ Addison.

In•fin´i•tu•ple , a. [Cf. Quadruple.] Multiplied an infinite number of times. [R.] Wollaston.

In•fin´i•ty , n.; pl. Infinities (#). [L. infinitas; pref. in- not + finis boundary, limit, end: cf. F. infinite. See Finite.] 1. Unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; eternity; boundlessness; immensity. Sir T. More. “There can not be more infinities than one; for one of them would limit the other.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Unlimited capacity, energy, excellence, or knowledge; as the infinity of God and his perfections. Hooker. 3. Endless or indefinite number; great multitude; as an infinity of beauties. Broome. 4. (Math.) A quantity greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind. Mathematically considered, infinity is always a limit of a variable quantity, resulting from a particular supposition made upon the varying element which enters it. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). 5. (Geom.) That part of a line, or of a plane, or of space, which is infinitely distant. In modern geometry, parallel lines or planes are sometimes treated as lines or planes meeting at infinity. Circle at infinity, an imaginary circle at infinity, through which, in geometry of three dimensions, every sphere is imagined to pass. — Circular points at infinity. See under Circular.

In•firm´ (in•ferm´), a. [L. infirmus: cf. F. infirme. See In- not, and Firm, a.] 1. Not firm or sound; weak; feeble; as an infirm body; an infirm constitution. “A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man.” Shak. 2. Weak of mind or will; irresolute; vacillating. ´An infirm judgment.´ Burke. “Infirm of purpose!” Shak. 3. Not solid or stable; insecure; precarious. “He who fixes on false principles treads or infirm ground.” South. Syn. — Debilitated; sickly; feeble; decrepit; weak; enfeebled; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile.

In•firm´, v. t. [L. infirmare : cf. F. infirmer.] To weaken; to enfeeble. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In•fir•ma´ri•an (in•fer•ma´ri•an), n. A person dwelling in, or having charge of, an infirmary, esp. in a monastic institution.

In•firm´a•ry (in•ferm´a•ry), n.; pl. Infirmaries (- riz). [Cf. OE. fermerie, OF. enfermerie, F. infirmerie, LL. infirmaria. See Infirm.] A hospital, or place where the infirm or sick are lodged and nursed gratuitously, or where out-patients are treated.

In•firm´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. infirmatif.] Weakening; annulling, or tending to make void. [Obs.]

In•firm´a•to•ry , n. An infirmary. [Obs.]

In•firm´i•ty , n.; pl. Infirmities (#). [L. infirmitas : cf. F. infirmite. See Infirm, a.] 1. The state of being infirm; feebleness; an imperfection or weakness; esp., an unsound, unhealthy, or debilitated state; a disease; a malady; as infirmity of body or mind. “’T is the infirmity of his age.” Shak. 2. A personal frailty or failing; foible; eccentricity; a weakness or defect. “Will you be cured of your infirmity ?” Shak. “A friend should bear his friend’s infirmities.” Shak. “The house has also its infirmities.” Evelyn. Syn. — Debility; imbecility; weakness; feebleness; failing; foible; defect; disease; malady. See Debility.

In•firm´ly, adv. In an infirm manner.

In•firm´ness, n. Infirmity; feebleness. Boyle.

In•fix´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infixed p. pr. & vb. n. Infixing.] [L. infixus, p. p of infigere to infix; pref. in- in + figere to fix: cf. F. infixer. See Fix.] 1. To set; to fasten or fix by piercing or thrusting in; as to infix a sting, spear, or dart. Shak. “The fatal dart a ready passage found,
And deep within her heart infixed the wound.” Dryden. 2. To implant or fix; to instill; to inculcate, as principles, thoughts, or instructions; as to infix good principles in the mind, or ideas in the memory.

In´fix , n. Something infixed. [R.] Welsford.

In•flame´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflamed p. pr. & vb. n. Inflaming.] [OE. enflamen, OF. enflamer, F. enflammer, L. inflammare, inflammatum; pref. in- in + flammare to flame, fr. flamma flame. See Flame.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; to cause to burn, flame, or glow. “We should have made retreat
By light of the inflamed fleet.” Chapman. 2. Fig.: To kindle or intensify, as passion or appetite; to excite to an excessive or unnatural action or heat; as to inflame desire. “Though more, it seems,
Inflamed with lust than rage.” Milton. “But, O inflame and fire our hearts.” Dryden. 3. To provoke to anger or rage; to exasperate; to irritate; to incense; to enrage. “It will inflame you; it will make you mad.” Shak. 4. (Med.) To put in a state of inflammation; to produce morbid heat, congestion, or swelling, of; as to inflame the eyes by overwork. 5. To exaggerate; to enlarge upon. [Obs.] “ A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes.” Addison. Syn. — To provoke; fire; kindle; irritate; exasperate; incense; enrage; anger; excite; arouse.

In•flame´, v. i. To grow morbidly hot, congested, or painful; to become angry or incensed. Wiseman.

In•flamed´ , p. a. 1. Set on fire; enkindled; heated; congested; provoked; exasperated. 2. (Her.) Represented as burning, or as adorned with tongues of flame.

In•flam´er (?n-flam\’b6?r), n. The person or thing that inflames. Addison.

In•flam´ma•bil´l•ty , n. [Cf. F. inflammabilite.] Susceptibility of taking fire readily; the state or quality of being inflammable.

In•flam´ma•ble , a. [CF. F. inflammable.] 1. Capable of being easily set fire; easily enkindled; combustible; as inflammable oils or spirits. 2. Excitable; irritable; irascible; easily provoked; as an inflammable temper. Inflammable air, the old chemical name for hydrogen.

In•flam´ma•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inflammable; inflammability. Boyle.

In•flam´ma•bly (in•flam´ma•bly), adv. In an inflammable manner.

In•flam•ma´tion (in•flam•ma´shun), n. [L. inflammatio: cf. F. inflammation. See Inflame.] 1. The act of inflaming, kindling, or setting on fire; also the state of being inflamed. ´The inflammation of fat.´ Wilkins. 2. (Med.) A morbid condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain. 3. Violent excitement; heat; passion; animosity; turbulence; as an inflammation of the mind, of the body politic, or of parties. Hooker.

In•flam´ma•tive , a. Inflammatory.

In•flam´ma•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. inflammatoire.] 1. Tending to inflame, kindle, or irritate. 2. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or sedition; seditious; as inflammatory libels, writings, speeches, or publications. Burke. 3. (Med.) Accompanied with, or tending to cause, preternatural heat and excitement of arterial action; as an inflammatory disease. Inflammatory crust. (Med.) Same as Buffy coat, under Buffy. — Inflammatory fever, a variety of fever due to inflammation.

In•flat´a•ble , a. That may be inflated.

In•flate´ , p. a. [L. inflatus, p. p. of inflare to inflate; pref. in- in + flare to blow. See Blow to puff wind.] Blown in; inflated. Chaucer.

In•flate´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflating.] 1. To swell or distend with air or gas; to dilate; to expand; to enlarge; as to inflate a bladder; to inflate the lungs. “When passion’s tumults in the bosom rise,
Inflate the features, and enrage the eyes.” J. Scott of Amwell. 2. Fig.: To swell; to puff up; to elate; as to inflate one with pride or vanity. “Inflate themselves with some insane delight.” Tennyson. 3. To cause to become unduly expanded or increased; as to inflate the currency.

In•flate´, v. i. To expand; to fill; to distend.

In•flat´ed , a. 1. Filled, as with air or gas; blown up; distended; as a balloon inflated with gas. 2. Turgid; swelling; puffed up; bombastic; pompous; as an inflated style. “Inflated and astrut with self- conceit.” Cowper. 3. (Bot.) Hollow and distended, as a perianth, corolla, nectary, or pericarp. Martyn. 4. Distended or enlarged fictitiously; as inflated prices, etc.

In•flat´er , n. One who, or that which, inflates; as the inflaters of the stock exchange.

In•flat´ing•ly, adv. In a manner tending to inflate.

In•fla´tion , n. [L. inflatio: cf. F. inflation.] 1. The act or process of inflating, or the state of being inflated, as with air or gas; distention; expansion; enlargement. Boyle. 2. The state of being puffed up, as with pride; conceit; vanity. B. Jonson. 3. Undue expansion or increase, from overissue; — said of currency. [U.S.]

In•fla´tion•ist, n. One who favors an increased or very large issue of paper money. [U.S.]

In•fla´tus , n. [L. See Inflate, v. t.] A blowing or breathing into; inflation; inspiration. “The divine breath that blows the nostrils out
To ineffable inflatus.” Mrs. Browning.

In•flect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflecting.] [L. inflectere, inflexum; pref. in- in + flectere to bend. See Flexible, and cf. Inflex.] 1. To turn from a direct line or course; to bend; to incline, to deflect; to curve; to bow. “Are they [the rays of the sun] not reflected, refracted, and inflected by one and the same principle ?” Sir I. Newton. 2. (Gram.) To vary, as a noun or a verb in its terminations; to decline, as a noun or adjective, or to conjugate, as a verb. 3. To modulate, as the voice.

In•flect´ed, a. 1. Bent; turned; deflected. 2. (Gram.) Having inflections; capable of, or subject to, inflection; inflective. Inflected cycloid (Geom.), a prolate cycloid. See Cycloid.

In•flec´tion , n. [L. inflexio : cf. F. inflexion. See Inflect.] [Written also inflecxion.] 1. The act of inflecting, or the state of being inflected. 2. A bend; a fold; a curve; a turn; a twist. 3. A slide, modulation, or accent of the voice; as the rising and the falling inflection. 4. (Gram.) The variation or change which words undergo to mark case, gender, number, comparison, tense, person, mood, voice, etc. 5. (Mus.) (a) Any change or modification in the pitch or tone of the voice. (b) A departure from the monotone, or reciting note, in chanting. 6. (Opt.) Same as Diffraction. Point of inflection (Geom.), the point on opposite sides of which a curve bends in contrary ways.

In•flec´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to inflection; having, or characterized by, inflection. Max Müller.

In•flect´ive , a. 1. Capable of, or pertaining to, inflection; deflecting; as the inflective quality of the air. Derham. 2. (Gram.) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection. Inflective language (Philol.), a language like the Greek or Latin, consisting largely of stems with variable terminations or suffixes which were once independent words. English is both agglutinative, as manlike, headache, and inflective, as he, his, him. Cf. Agglutinative.

In•flesh´ , v. t. To incarnate.

In•flex´ , v. t. [Cf. Flex, Inflect.] To bend; to cause to become curved; to make crooked; to deflect. J. Philips.

In•flexed´ , a. 1. Turned; bent. Feltham. 2. (Bot.) Bent or turned abruptly inwards, or toward the axis, as the petals of a flower.

In•flex´i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inflexibilite.] The quality or state of being inflexible, or not capable of being bent or changed; unyielding stiffness; inflexibleness; rigidity; firmness of will or purpose; unbending pertinacity; steadfastness; resoluteness; unchangeableness; obstinacy. “The inflexibility of mechanism.” A. Baxter. “That grave inflexibility of soul.” Churchill. “The purity and inflexibility of their faith.” T. Warton.

In•flex´i•ble , a. [L. inflexiblis: cf. F. inflexible. See In- not, and Flexible.] 1. Not capable of being bent; stiff; rigid; firm; unyielding. 2. Firm in will or purpose; not to be turned, changed, or altered; resolute; determined; unyieding; inexorable; stubborn. “´Inflexibleas steel.´” Miltom. “A man of upright and inflexible temper … can overcome all private fear.” Addison. 3. Incapable of change; unalterable; immutable. “The nature of things is inflexible.” I. Watts. Syn. — — Unbending; unyielding; rigid; inexorable; pertinacious; obstinate; stubborn; unrelenting.

In•flex´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inflexible; inflexibility; rigidity; firmness.

In•flex´i•bly, adv. In an inflexible manner.

In•flex´ion , n. Inflection.

In•flex´ive , a. 1. Inflective. “´Inflexive endings.´” W. E. Jelf. 2. Inflexible. [R.] ´Foes inflexive.´ Chapman.

In•flex´ure , n. An inflection; a bend or fold. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•flict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflicting.] [L. inflictus, p. p. of infligere to strike on, to inflict; pref. in- in, on + fligere to strike. Cf. Flail.] To give, cause, or produce by striking, or as if by striking; to apply forcibly; to lay or impose; to send; to cause to bear, feel, or suffer; as to inflict blows; to inflict a wound with a dagger; to inflict severe pain by ingratitude; to inflict punishment on an offender; to inflict the penalty of death on a criminal. “What heart could wish, what hand inflict, this dire disgrace?” Drygen. “The persecution and the pain
That man inflicts on all inferior kinds.” Cowper.

In•flict´er , n. One who inflicts. “God is the sole and immediate inflicter of such strokes.” South.

In•flic´tion , n. [L. inflictio: cf. F. infliction.] 1. The act of inflicting or imposing; as the infliction of torment, or of punishment. 2. That which is inflicted or imposed, as punishment, disgrace, calamity, etc. “His severest inflictions are in themselves acts of justice and righteousness.” Rogers.

In•flict´ive , a. [Cf. F. inflictif.] Causing infliction; acting as an infliction. Whitehead.

In•flo•res´cence , n. [L. inflorescens, p. pr. of inflorescere to begin to blossom; pref. in- in + florescere to begin to blossom: cf. F. inflorescence. See Florescent.] 1. A flowering; the putting forth and unfolding of blossoms. 2. (Bot.) (a) The mode of flowering, or the general arrangement and disposition of the flowers with reference to the axis, and to each other. (b) An axis on which all the buds are flower buds. “Inflorescence affords an excellent characteristic mark in distinguishing the species of plants.” Milne. Centrifugal inflorescence, determinate inflorescence. — Centripetal inflorescence, indeterminate inflorescence. See under Determinate, and Indeterminate.

In•flow´ , v. i. To flow in. Wiseman.

In´flu•ence (in´flu•ens), n. [F. influence, fr. L. influens, -entis, p. pr. See Influent, and cf. Influenza.] 1. A flowing in or upon; influx. [Obs.] “God hath his influence into the very essence of all things.” Hooker. 2. Hence, in general, the bringing about of an effect, physical or moral, by a gradual process; controlling power quietly exerted; agency, force, or tendency of any kind which affects, modifies, or sways; as the influence which the sun exerts on animal and vegetable life; the influence of education on the mind; the influence, according to astrologers, of the stars over affairs. “Astrologers call the evil influences of the stars, evil aspects.” Bacon. “Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion?” Job xxxviii. 31. “She said : ´Ah, dearest lord! what evil star
On you hath frown’d, and poured, his influence bad?´” Spenser. 3. Power or authority arising from elevated station, excelence of character or intellect, wealth, etc.; reputation; acknowledged ascendency; as he is a man of influence in the community. “Such influence hath your excellency.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. (Elec.) Induction. Syn. — Control; persuasion; ascendency; sway; power; authority; supremacy; mastery; management; restraint; character; reputation; prestige.

In´flu•ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Influenced p. pr. & vb. n. Influencing ] To control or move by power, physical or moral; to affect by gentle action; to exert an influence upon; to modify, bias or sway; to move; to persuade; to induce. “These experiments succeed after the same manner in vacuo as in the open air, and therefore are not influenced by the weight or pressure of the atmosphere.” Sir I. Newton. “This standing revelation … is sufficient to influence their faith and practice, if they attend.” Attebury. “The principle which influenced their obedience has lost its efficacy.” Rogers.

In´flu•en•cer (in´flu•en•ser), n. One who, or that which, influences.

In´flu•en•cive (-siv), a. Tending to influence; influential.

In´flu•ent (-ent), a. [L. influens, -entis, p. pr. of influere, influxum, to flow in; pref. in- in + fluere to flow. See Fluid.] 1. Flowing in. ´With influent tide.´ Cowper. ´Influent odors.´ Mrs. Browning. 2. Exerting influence; influential. [Obs.] “I find no office by name assigned unto Dr. Cox, who was virtually influent upon all, and most active.” Fuller.

In•flu•en´tial (in•flu•en´shal), a. [See Influence.] Exerting or possessing influence or power; potent; efficacious; effective; strong; having authority or ascendency; as an influential man, station, argument, etc. “A very influential Gascon prefix.” Earle.

In•flu•en´tial•ly, adv. In an influential manner.

In•flu•en´za , n. [It. influenza influence, an epidemic formerly attributed by astrologers to the influence of the heavenly bodies, influenza. See Influence.] (Med.) An epidemic affection characterized by acute nasal catarrh, or by inflammation of the throat or the bronchi, and usually accompanied by fever.

In´flux , n. [L. influxus, fr. influere, influxum, to flow in: cf. F. influx. See Influent.] 1. The act of flowing in; as an influx of light. 2. A coming in; infusion; intromission; introduction; importation in abundance; also that which flows or comes in; as a great influx of goods into a country, or an influx of gold and silver. “The influx of food into the Celtic region, however, was far from keeping pace with the influx of consumers.” Macaulau. “The general influx of Greek into modern languages.” Earle. 3. Influence; power. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•flux´ion , n. [L. influxio : cf. F. influxion.] A flowing in; infusion. [R.] Bacon.

In•flux´ious , a. Influential. [Obs.]

In•flux´ive , a. Having a tendency to flow in; having influence; influential. [R.] Holdsworth.

In•flux´ive•ly, adv. By influxion. [R.]

In•fold´ (?n-f?ld\’b6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Infolding.] [Pref. in- in + fold.] [Written also enfold.] 1. To wrap up or cover with folds; to envelop; to inwrap; to inclose; to involve. “Gilded tombs do worms infold.” Shak. “Infold his limbs in bands.” Blackmore. 2. To clasp with the arms; to embrace. “Noble Banquo, … let me infold thee,
And hold thee to my heart.” Shak.

In•fold´ment , n. The act of infolding; the state of being infolded.

In•fo´li•ate , v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. folium leaf.] To cover or overspread with, or as with, leaves. [R.] Howell.

In•form´ , a. [L. informis; pref. in- not + forma form, shape: cf. F. informe] Without regular form; shapeless; ugly; deformed. Cotton.

In•form´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Informed p. pr. & vb. n. Informing.] [OE. enformen, OF. enformer, F. informer. L. informare; pref. in- in + formare to form, share, fr. forma form. See Form.] 1. To give form or share to; to give vital or organizing power to; to give life to; to imbue and actuate with vitality; to animate; to mold; to figure; to fashion. ´The informing Word.´ Coleridge. “Let others better mold the running mass
Of metals, and inform the breathing brass.” Dryden. “Breath informs this fleeting frame.” Prior. “Breathes in our soul, informs our mortal part.” Pope. 2. To communicate knowledge to; to make known to; to acquaint; to advise; to instruct; to tell; to notify; to enlighten; — usually followed by of. “For he would learn their business secretly,
And then inform his master hastily.” Spenser. “I am informed thoroughly of the cause.” Shak. 3. To communicate a knowledge of facts to, by way of accusation; to warn against anybody. “Tertullus … informed the governor against Paul.” Acts xxiv. 1. Syn. — To acquaint; apprise; tell; teach; instruct; enlighten; animate; fashion.

In•form´, v. t. 1. To take form; to become visible or manifest; to appear. [Obs.] “It is the bloody business which informs
Thus to mine eyes.” Shak. 2. To give intelligence or information; to tell. Shak. “He might either teach in the same manner, or inform how he had been taught.” Monthly Rev. To inform against, to communicate facts by way of accusation against; to denounce; as two persons came to the magistrate, and informed against A.

In•form´al , a. [Pref. in- not + formal.] 1. Not in the regular, usual, or established form; not according to official, conventional, prescribed, or customary forms or rules; irregular; hence, without ceremony; as an informal writing, proceeding, or visit. 2. Deranged in mind; out of one’s senses. [Obs.] “These poor informal women.” Shak.

In•for•mal´i•ty , n.; pl. Informalities . 1. The state of being informal; want of regular, prescribed, or customary form; as the informality of legal proceedings. 2. An informal, unconventional, or unofficial act or proceeding; something which is not in proper or prescribed form or does not conform to the established rule.

In•form´al•ly , adv. In an informal manner.

In•form´ant , n. [L. informans, -antis, p. pr. of informare. See Inform, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, informs, animates, or vivifies. [Obs.] Glanvill. 2. One who imparts information or instruction. 3. One who offers an accusation; an informer. See Informer. [Obs. or R.] “It was the last evidence of the kind; the informant
was hanged.” Burke.

In•for•ma´tion , n. [F., fr. L. informatio representation, conception. See Inform, v. t.] 1. The act of informing, or communicating knowledge or intelligence. “The active informations of the intellect.” South. 2. News, advice, or knowledge, communicated by others or obtained by personal study and investigation; intelligence; knowledge derived from reading, observation, or instruction. “Larger opportunities of information.” Rogers. “He should get some information in the subject he intends to handle.” Swift. 3. (Law) A proceeding in the nature of a prosecution for some offense against the government, instituted and prosecuted, really or nominally, by some authorized public officer on behalf of the government. It differs from an indictment in criminal cases chiefly in not being based on the finding of a grand jury. See Indictment.

In•form´a•tive , a. Having power to inform, animate, or vivify. Dr. H. More.

In•form´a•to•ry , a. Full of, or conveying, information; instructive. [R.] London Spectator.

In•formed´ (?n-f?rmd\’b6), a. Unformed or ill-formed; deformed; shapeless. [Obs.] Spenser. Informed stars. See under Unformed.

In•form´er , n. [From Inform, v.] 1. One who informs, animates, or inspires. [Obs.] Thomson. “Nature, informer of the poet’s art.” Pope. 2. One who informs, or imparts knowledge or news. 3. (Law) One who informs a magistrate of violations of law; one who informs against another for violation of some law or penal statute. Common informer (Law), one who habitually gives information of the violation of penal statutes, with a view to a prosecution therefor. Bouvier. Wharton.

In•for´mi•da•ble , a. [L. informidabilis. See In- not, and Formidable.] Not formidable; not to be feared or dreaded. [Obs.] ´Foe not informidable.´ Milton.

In•form´i•ty , n. [L. informitas. See Inform, a.] Want of regular form; shapelessness. [Obs.]

In•form´ous , a. [See Inform, a.] Of irregular form; shapeless. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•for´tu•nate , a. [L. infortunatus.] Unlucky; unfortunate. [Obs.] Shak. “´A most infortunate chance.´” Howell. — In•for´tu•nate•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•for´tune , n. [L. infortunium. See In- not, and Fortune.] Misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In•for´tuned , a. Unfortunate. [Obs.] “I, woeful wretch and infortuned wight.” Chaucer.

In•found´ , v. t. [L. infundere to pour in. See Infuse.] To pour in; to infuse. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•´fra , adv. [L. Cf. Inferior.] Below; beneath; under; after; — often used as a prefix.

In•fra-ax´il•la•ry , a. [Infra + axillary.] (Bot.) Situated below the axil, as a bud.

In•fra•bran´chi•al , a. [Infra + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Below the gills; — applied to the ventral portion of the pallial chamber in the lamellibranchs.

In•fra•cla•vic´u•lar , a. [Infra + clavicular.] (Anat.) Below the clavicle; as the infraclavicular fossa.

In•fract´ (?n-frkt\’b6), a. [L. infractus; pref. in- not + fractus. p. p. of frangere to break.] Not broken or fractured; unharmed; whole. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•fract´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Infracting.] [L. infractus, p. p. of of infringere. See Infringe.] To break; to infringe. [R.] Thomson.

In•fract´i•ble , a. Capable of being broken.[R.]

In•frac´tion , n. [L. infractio: cf. F. infraction.] The act of infracting or breaking; breach; violation; nonobservance; infringement; as an infraction of a treaty, compact, rule, or law. I. Watts.

In•fract´or , n. [Cf. F. infracteur.] One who infracts or infringes; a violator; a breaker.

In•fra´grant , a. Not fragrant.

In•fra•hy´oid , a. [Infra + hyoid.] (Anat.) Same as Hyosternal (a).

In•fra•la´bi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Below the lower lip; — said of certain scales of reptiles and fishes.

In•fra•lap•sa´ri•an , n. [Infra + lapse: cf. F. infralapsaire. See Lapse.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past and the elect as being at the time of election in a fallen and guilty state; — opposed to Supralapsarian. The former considered the election of grace as a remedy for an existing evil; the latter regarded the fall as a part of God’s original purpose in regard to men.

In•fra•lap•sa´ri•an, a. (Theol.) Of or pertaining to the Infralapsarians, or to their doctrine.

In•fra•lap•sa´ri•an•ism , n. (Theor.) The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Infralapsarians.

In•fra•mar´gin•al , a. [Infra + marginal.] Below the margin; submarginal; as an inframarginal convolution of the brain.

In•fra•max´il•la•ry , a. [Infra + maxillary.] (Anat.) (a) Under the lower jaw; submaxillary; as the inframaxillary nerve. (b) Of or pertaining to the lower iaw.

In•fra•me´di•an , a. [Infra + median.] (Zoölogical Geog.) Of or pertaining to the interval or zone along the sea bottom, at the depth of between fifty and one hundred fathoms. E. Forbes.

In•fra•mun´dane , a. [Infra + mundane.] Lying or situated beneath the world.

In•fran´chise , v. t. See Enfranchise.

In•fran•gi•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being infrangible; infrangibleness.

In•fran´gi•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + grangible: cf. F. infrangible.] 1. Not capable of being broken or separated into parts; as infrangible atoms. “[He] link’d their fetlocks with a golden band
Infrangible.” Pope. 2. Not to be infringed or violated.

In•fran´gi•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being infrangible; infrangibility.

In•fra•oc´u•lar , a. [Infra + ocular.] (Zoöl.) Situated below the eyes, as the antenna of certain insects.

In•fra•or´bit•al , a. [Infra + orbital.] (Anat.) Below the orbit; as the infraorbital foramen; the infraorbital nerve.

In•fra•pose´ , v. t. [Infra + pose.] To place under or beneath. [R.]

In•fra•po•si´tion , n. [Infra + position.] A situation or position beneath. Kane.

In•fra•scap´u•lar , a. [Infra + scapular.] (Anat.) Beneath the scapula, or shoulder blade; subscapular.

In•fra•spi´nal , a. [Infra + spinal.] (Anat.) (a) Below the vertebral column, subvertebral. (b) Below the spine; infraspinate; infraspinous. { In•fra•spi´nate , In•fra•spi•nous } a. [Infra + spinate, spinous.] (Anat.) Below the spine; infraspinal; esp., below the spine of the scapula; as the infraspinous fossa; the infraspinate muscle.

In•fra•sta•pe´di•al , a. [Infra + stapedial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which in many animals projects below the connection with the stapes. — n. The infrastapedial part of the columella.

In•fra•ster´nal , a. [Infra + sternal.] (Anat.) Below the sternum; as the infrasternal depression, or pit of the stomach.

In•fra•tem´po•ral , a. [Infra + temporal.] (Anat.) Below the temple; below the temporal bone.

In•fra•ter´ri•to´ri•al , a. [Infra + territorial.] Within the territory of a state. Story.

In•fra•troch´le•ar , a. [Infra + trochlear.] (Anat.) Below a trochlea, or pulley; — applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve. { In•fre´quence , In•fre´quen•cy } n. [L. infrequentia scantiness : cf. F. infrequence.] 1. The state of rarely occuring; uncommonness; rareness; as the infrequence of his visits. 2. The state of not being frequented; solitude; isolation; retirement; seclusion. [R.] “The solitude and infrequency of the place.” Bp. Hall.

In•fre´quent , a. [L. infrequens : cf. F. infrequent. See In- not, and Frequent.] Seldom happening or occurring; rare; uncommon; unusual. “The act whereof is at this day infrequent or out of use
among all sorts of men.” Sir T. Elyot.

In•fre´quent•ly , adv. Not frequently; rarely.

In•frig´i•date , v. t. [L. infrigidatus, p. p. of infrigidare to chill. See 1st In-, and Frigid.] To chill; to make cold; to cool. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•frig•i•da´tion , n. [L. infrigidatio.] The act of chilling or causing to become cold; a chilling; coldness; congelation. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•fringe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infringed p. pr. & vb. n. Infringing ] [L. infringere; pref. in- in + frangere to break. See Fraction, and cf. Infract .] 1. To break; to violate; to transgress; to neglect to fulfill or obey; as to infringe a law or contract. “If the first that did the edict infringe,
Had answered for his deed.” Shak. “The peace … was infringed by Appius Claudius.” Golding. 2. To hinder; to destroy; as to infringe efficacy; to infringe delight or power. [Obs.] Hooker.

In•fringe´, v. i. 1. To break, violate, or transgress some contract, rule, or law; to injure; to offend. 2. To encroach; to trespass; — followed by on or upon; as to infringe upon the rights of another.

In•fringe´ment , n. 1. The act of infringing; breach; violation; nonfulfillment; as the infringement of a treaty, compact, law, or constitution. “The punishing of this infringement is proper to that
jurisdiction against which the contempt is.” Clarendon. 2. An encroachment on a patent, copyright, or other special privilege; a trespass.

In•frin´ger , n. One who infringes or violates; a violator. Strype.

In•fruc´tu•ose´ , a. [L. infructuosus. See In- not, and Fruit.] Not producing fruit; unfruitful; unprofitable. [R.] T. Adams.

In•fru´gal , a. Not frugal; wasteful; as an infrugal expense of time. J. Goodman.

In•fru•gif´er•ous , a. Not bearing fruit; not fructiferous.

In•fu•cate , v. t. [L. infucatus painted; pref. in- in + fucare to paint, dye. See Fucate.] To stain; to paint; to daub.

In•fu•ca´tion , n. The act of painting or staining, especially of painting the face.

In´fu•la , n.; pl. Infule (#). [L.] A sort of fillet worn by dignitaries, priests, and others among the ancient Romans. It was generally white.

In´fu•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infumated p. pr. & vb. n. Infumating.] [L. infumatus, p. p. of infumare to infumate; pref. in- in + fumare to smoke, fr. fumus smoke.] To dry by exposing to smoke; to expose to smoke.

In´fu•ma•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Clouded; having a cloudy appearance.

In•fu•ma´tion , n. Act of drying in smoke.

In•fumed´ , a. Dried in smoke; smoked. { In•fun•dib´u•lar , In•fun•dib´u•late } a. [See Infundibulum.] Having the form of a funnel; pertaining to an infundibulum. Infundibulate Bryozoa (Zoöl.), a group of marine Bryozoa having a circular arrangement of the tentacles upon the disk.

In•fun•dib´u•li•form , a. [L. infundibulum funnel + -form: cf. F. infundibuliforme.] 1. Having the form of a funnel or cone; funnel-shaped. 2. (Bot.) Same as Funnelform.

In•fun•dib´u•lum , n.; pl. L. Infundibula (#), E. Infundibulums (#). [L., a funnel, from infundere to pour in or into. See Infuse.] 1. (Anat.) A funnel-shaped or dilated organ or part; as the infundibulum of the brain, a hollow, conical process, connecting the floor of the third ventricle with the pituitary body; the infundibula of the lungs, the enlarged terminations of the bronchial tubes. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A central cavity in the Ctenophora, into which the gastric sac leads. (b) The siphon of Cephalopoda. See Cephalopoda.

In•fu´ner•al , v. t. To inter with funeral rites; to bury. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In•fur•ca´tion , n. [Pref. in- in + L. furca fork.] A forked expansion or divergence; a bifurcation; a branching. Craig.

In•fu´ri•ate , a. [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare. See Infuriate, v. t.] Enraged; raging; furiously angry; infuriated. Milton. “Inflamed beyond the most infuriate wrath.” Thomson.

In•fu´ri•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infuriated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Infuriating] [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare; pref. in- (L. in) + furia fury, L. furia. See Fury.] To render furious; to enrage; to exasperate. “Those curls of entangled snakes with which Erinys is said to have infuriated Athemas and Ino.” Dr. H. More.

In•fu´ri•a•ted , a. Enraged; furious.

In•fus´cate , v. t. [L. infuscatus, p. p. of infuscare; pref. in- in + fuscare to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] To darken; to make black; to obscure.

In•fus´ca•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Darkened with a blackish tinge.

In•fus•ca´tion , n. The act of darkening, or state of being dark; darkness; obscurity. Johnson.

In•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infused p. pr. & vb. n. Infusing.] [L. infusus, p. p. of infundere to pour in or into; pref. in- in + fundere to pour: cf. F. infuser. See Found to cast.] 1. To pour in, as a liquid; to pour (into or upon); to shed. “That strong Circean liquor cease to infuse.” Denham. 2. To instill, as principles or qualities; to introduce. “That souls of animals infuse themselves Into the trunks of men.” Shak. “Why should he desire to have qualities infused into his son which himself never possessed?” Swift. 3. To inspire; to inspirit or animate; to fill; — followed by with. “Infuse his breast with magnanimity.” Shak. “Infusing him with self and vain conceit.” Shak. 4. To steep in water or other fluid without boiling, for the propose of extracting medicinal qualities; to soak. “One scruple of dried leaves is infused in ten ounces of warm water.” Coxe. 5. To make an infusion with, as an ingredient; to tincture; to saturate. [R.] Bacon.

In•fuse, n. Infusion. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•fus´er , n. One who, or that which, infuses.

In•fu•si•bil´i•ty , n. [From Infuse.] Capability of being infused, poured in, or instilled.

In•fu•si•bil´i•ty, n. [Pref. in- not + fusibility: cf. F. infusibilite.] Incapability or difficulty of being fused, melted, or dissolved; as the infusibility of carbon.

In•fu´si•ble , a. [From Infuse, v.] Capable of being infused. “Doctrines being infusible into all.” Hammond.

In•fu´si•ble, a. [Pref. in- not + fusible: cf. F. infusible.] Not fusible; incapable or difficult of fusion, or of being dissolved or melted. Sir T. Browne. “The best crucibles are made of Limoges earth, which seems absolutely infusible.” Lavoisier (Trans. ).

In•fu´si•ble•ness, n. Infusibility.

In•fu´sion , n. [L. infusio a pouring in: cf. F. infusion. See Infuse, v. t.] 1. The act of infusing, pouring in, or instilling; instillation; as the infusion of good principles into the mind; the infusion of ardor or zeal. “Our language has received innumerable elegancies and improvements from that infusion of Hebraisms.” Addison. 2. That which is infused; suggestion; inspiration. “His folly and his wisdom are of his own growth, not the echo or infusion of other men.” Swift. 3. The act of plunging or dipping into a fluid; immersion. [Obs.] ´Baptism by infusion.´ Jortin. 4. (Pharmacy) (a) The act or process of steeping or soaking any substance in water in order to extract its virtues. (b) The liquid extract obtained by this process. “Sips meek infusion of a milder herb.” Cowper.

In•fu´sion•ism , n. The doctrine that the soul is preexistent to the body, and is infused into it at conception or birth; — opposed to traducianism and creationism.

In•fu´sive , a. Having the power of infusion; inspiring; influencing. “The infusive force of Spirit on man.” Thomson.

In•fu•so´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.; — so called because found in infusions which are left exposed to the air for a time. See Infuse.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Protozoa, including a large number of species, all of minute size. They are found in all seas lakes, ponds, and streams, as well as in infusions of organic matter exposed to the air. They are distinguished by having vibrating lashes or cilia, with which they obtain their food and swim about. They are devided into the orders Flagellata, Ciliata, and Tentaculifera. See these words in the Vocabulary. Formely the term Infusoria was applied to all microscopic organisms found in water, including many minute plants, belonging to the diatoms, as well as minute animals belonging to various classes, as the Rotifera, which are worms; and the Rhizopoda, which constitute a distinct class of Protozoa. Fossil Infusoria are mostly the siliceous shells of diatoms; sometimes they are siliceous skeletons of Radiolaria, or the calcareous shells of Foraminifera.

In•fu•so´ri•al , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Infusoria; composed of, or containing, Infusoria; as infusorial earth. Infusorial earth (Geol.), a deposit of fine, usually white, siliceous material, composed mainly of the shells of the microscopic plants called diatoms. It is used in polishing powder, and in the manufacture of dynamite.

In•fu•so´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Infusoria.

In•fu´so•ry , a. (Zoöl.) Infusorial.

In•fu´so•ry , n.; pl. Infusories . (Zoöl.) One of the Infusoria; — usually in the pl.

-ing 1. [For OE. -and, - end, -ind, AS. -ende; akin to Goth. -and-, L. -ant-, -ent-, Gr. .] A suffix used to from present participles; as singing, playing. 2. [OE. -ing, AS. -ing, - ung.] A suffix used to form nouns from verbs, and signifying the act of; the result of the act; as riding, dying, feeling. It has also a secondary collective force; as shipping, clothing. The Old English ending of the present participle and verbal noun became confused, both becoming -ing. 3. [AS. -ing.] A suffix formerly used to form diminutives; as lording, farthing.

Ing , n. [AS. ing.] A pasture or meadow; generally one lying low, near a river. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

In•gan•na´tion , n. [LL. ingannare to decieve.] Cheat; deception. [Obs.] Sir T. Brown.

In´gate , n. 1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] “Which hath in charge the ingate of the year.” Spenser. 2. (Founding) The aperture in a mold for pouring in the metal; the gate. Simmonds.

In´gath•er•ing , n. The act or business of gathering or collecting anything; especially, the gathering of the fruits of the earth; harvest. “Thou shalt keep … the feast of ingathering.” Ex. xxii. 16.

In•gel´a•ble , a. Not congealable.

In•gem´i•nate , a. [L. ingeminatus, p. p.] Redoubled; repeated. Jer. Taylor.

In•gem´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingeminated p. pr. & vb. n. Ingeminating ] [L. ingeminatus, p. p. of ingeminare to double; pref. in- in + geminare. See Geminate.] To redouble or repeat; to reiterate. Clarendon. “ … She yet ingeminates
The last of sounds, and what she hears relates.” Sandys.

In•gem•i•na´tion , n. Repetition; reduplication; reiteration. De Quincey. “That Sacred ingemination, Amen, Amen.” Featley. “Happiness with an echo or ingemination.” Holdsworth.

In•ge´na , n. (Zoöl.) The gorilla.

In•gen´der , v. t. See Engender.

In•gen•er•a•bil´l•ty , n. Incapacity of being engendered or produced. Cudworth.

In•gen´er•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + generable: cf. F. ingenerable.] Incapable of being engendered or produced; original. Holland.

In•gen´er•a•bly, adv. In an ingenerable manner.

In•gen´er•ate , a. [L. ingeneratus, p. p. of ingenerare. See engender] Generated within; inborn; innate; as ingenerate powers of body. W. Wotton. “Those virtues were rather feigned and affected … than true qualities ingenerate in his judgment.” Bacon.

In•gen´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingenerat p. pr. & vb. n. Ingenerating ] To generate or produce within; to beget; to engender; to occasion; to cause. Mede. “Those noble habits are ingenerated in the soul.” Sir M. Hale.

In•gen•er•a´tion , n. Act of ingenerating.

In•ge´ni•ate , v. t. & i. [See Ingenious.] To invent; to contrive. [Obs.] Daniel.

In´ge•nie , n. [Obs.] See Ingeny.

In•ge•ni•os´i•ty , n. [LL. ingeniositas.] Ingenuity; skill; cunning. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In•gen´ious , a. [L. ingeniosus, fr. ingenium innate or natural quality, natural capacity, genius: cf. F. ingenieux. See Engine.] 1. Possessed of genius, or the faculty of invention; skillful or promp to invent; having an aptitude to contrive, or to form new combinations; as an ingenious author, mechanic. “A man … very wise and ingenious in feats of war.” Hakluyt. “Thou, king, send out
For torturers ingenious.” Shak. “The more ingenious men are, the more apt are they to trouble themselves.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Proceeding from, pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity; of curious design, structure, or mechanism; as an ingenious model, or machine; an ingenious scheme, contrivance, etc. “Thus men go wrong with an ingenious skill.” Cowper. 3. Witty; shrewd; adroit; keen; sagacious; as an ingenious reply. 4. Mental; intellectual. [Obs.] “A course of learning and ingenious studies.” Shak.

In•gen´ious•ly , adv. In an ingenious manner; with ingenuity; skillfully; wittily; cleverly. “´Too ingeniously politic.´” Sir W. Temple.

In•gen´ious•ness, n. The quality or state of being ingenious; ingenuity. { In•gen´ite , In•gen´it } , a. [L. ingenitus, p. p. of ingignere to instill by birth or nature; pref. in- + gignere to beget.] Innate; inborn; inbred; inherent; native; ingenerate. [Obs.] “It is natural or ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs and overmuch brain.” Burton.

In•ge•nu´i•ty , n. [L. ingenuitas ingenuousness: cf. F. ingenuite. See Ingenuous.] 1. The quality or power of ready invention; quickness or acuteness in forming new combinations; ingeniousness; skill in devising or combining. “All the means which human ingenuity has contrived.” Blair. 2. Curiousness, or cleverness in design or contrivance; as the ingenuity of a plan, or of mechanism. “He gives …
To artist ingenuity and skill.” Cowper. 3. Openness of heart; ingenuousness. [Obs.] “The stings and remorses of natural ingenuity, a principle that men scarcely ever shake off, as long as they carry anything of human nature about them.” South. Syn. — Inventiveness; ingeniousness; skill; cunning; cleverness; genius. — Ingenuity, Cleverness. Ingenuity is a form of genius, and cleverness of talent. The former implies invention, the letter a peculiar dexterity and readiness of execution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks that the English overdo in the use of the word clever and cleverness, applying them loosely to almost every form of intellectual ability.

In•gen´u•ous , a. [L. ingenuus inborn, innate, freeborn, noble, frank; pref. in- in + the root of gignere to beget. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious.] 1. Of honorable extraction; freeborn; noble; as ingenuous blood of birth. 2. Noble; generous; magnanimous; honorable; upright; high-minded; as an ingenuous ardor or zeal. “If an ingenuous detestation of falsehood be but carefully and early instilled, that is the true and genuine method to obviate dishonesty.” Locke. 3. Free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation; open; frank; as an ingenuous man; an ingenuous declaration, confession, etc. “Sensible in myself … what a burden it is for me, who would be ingenuous, to be loaded with courtesies which he hath not the least hope to requite or deserve.” Fuller. 4. Ingenious. [Obs.] Shak. (Formerly) printers did not discriminate between … ingenuous and ingenious, and these words were used or rather printed interchangeably almost to the beginning of the eighteenth century. G. P. Marsh. Syn. — Open; frank; unreserved; artless; plain; sincere; candid; fair; noble; generous. — Ingenuous, Open, Frank. One who is open speaks out at once what is uppermost in his mind; one who is frank does it from a natural boldness, or dislike of self-restraint; one who is ingenuous is actuated by a native simplicity and artlessness, which make him willing to confess faults, and make known his sentiments without reserve. See Candid.

In•gen´u•ous•ly, adv. In an ingenuous manner; openly; fairly; candidly; artlessly. “Being required to explain himself, he ingenuously confessed.” Ludlow.

In•gen´u•ous•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being ingenuous; openness of heart; frankness. 2. Ingenuity. [Obs.] Fuller.

In´ge•ny , n. [L. ingenium. See Ingenious.] Natural gift or talent; ability; wit; ingenuity. [Obs.] [Written also ingenie.] Becon.

In•ger´mi•nate , v. t. To cause to germinate.

In•gest´ , v. t. [L. ingenium, p. p. of ingerere to put in; pref. in- in + gerere to bear.] To take into, or as into, the stomach or alimentary canal. Sir T. Browne.

In•ges´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Ingest.] (Physiol.) That which is introduced into the body by the stomach or alimentary canal; — opposed to egesta.

In•ges´tion , n. [L. ingestio: cf. F. ingestion.] (Physiol.) The act of taking or putting into the stomach; as the ingestion of milk or other food.

In•ghal´la , n. (Zoöl.) The reedbuck of South Africa. [Written also ingali.]

In•girt´ , v. t. [See Ingirt.] To encircle; to gird; to engirt. “The wreath is ivy that ingirts our beams.” Drayton.

In•girt´, a. Surrounded; encircled. Fenton.

In´gle (in´g’l), n. [Gael. & Ir. aingeali fire; cf. L. igniculusi spark, dim. of ignis fire. Cf. Ignite.] Flame; blaze; a fire; a fireplace. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns. Ingle nook, the chimney corner. — Ingle side, Ingle cheek, the fireside.

In´gle, n. [Written also engle, enghle: cf. Gael. & Ir. aingeal an angel. Cf. Engle.] A paramour; a favourite; a sweetheart; an engle. [Obs.] Toone.

In´gle , v. t. To cajole or coax; to wheedle. See Engle. [Obs.]

In•glo´bate , a. In the form of a globe or sphere; — applied to nebulous matter collected into a sphere by the force of gravitation.

In•globe´ , v. t. To infix, as in a globe; to fix or secure firmly. [Obs.] Milton.

In•glo´ri•ous , a. [L. inglorious; pref. in- not + gloria glory, fame: cf. F. inglorieux. See Glory.] 1. Not glorious; not bringing honor or glory; not accompanied with fame, honor, or celebrity; obscure; humble; as an inglorious life of ease. Shak. “My next desire is, void of care and strife,
To lead a soft, secure, inglorious life.” Dryden. “Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.” Gray. 2. Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as inglorious flight, defeat, etc. “Inglorious shelter in an alien land.” J. Philips.

In•glo´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an inglorious manner; dishonorably; with shame; ignominiously; obscurely.

In•glo´ri•ous•ness, n. The state of being inglorious.

In•glut´ , v. t. To glut. [R.] Ascham.

In•glu´vi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ingluvies or crop of birds.

In•glu´vi•es , n. [L.] (Anat.) The crop, or craw, of birds.

In•glu´vi•ous , a. Gluttonous. [Obs.] Blount.

In´-go•ing , n. The act of going in; entrance.

In´-go•ing, a. Going; entering, as upon an office or a possession; as an in-going tenant.

In•gorge´ , v. t. & i. See Engorge. Milton.

In´got , n. [Prob. from AS. in in + geótan to pour: cf. F. linglot, LL. lingotus a mass of gold or silver, extended in the manner of a tongue, and G. einguss, LG. & OE. ingot ingot, a mold for casting metals in. See Found to cast, and cf. Linget, Lingot, Nugget.] 1. That in which metal is cast; a mold. [Obs.] “And from the fire he took up his matter
And in the ingot put it with merry cheer.” Chaucer. 2. A bar or wedge of steel, gold, or other malleable metal, cast in a mold; a mass of unwrought cast metal. “Wrought ingots from Besoara’s mine.” Sir W. Jones. Ingot mold, a box or mold in which ingots are cast. — Ingot iron. See Decarbonized steel, under Decarbonize.

In•grace´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + grace.] To ingratiate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In•gra´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + gracious.] Ungracious; unkind. [Obs.] Holland.

In•graff´ , v. t. See Ingraft. [Obs.]

In•graft´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingrafting.] [Written also engraft.] 1. To insert, as a scion of one tree, shrub, or plant in another for propagation; as to ingraft a peach scion on a plum tree; figuratively, to insert or introduce in such a way as to make a part of something. “This fellow would ingraft a foreign name
Upon our stock.” Dryden. “A custom … ingrafted into the monarchy of Rome.” Burke. 2. To subject to the process of grafting; to furnish with grafts or scions; to graft; as to ingraft a tree.

In•graft´er , n. A person who ingrafts.

In•graft´ment , n. 1. The act of ingrafting. 2. The thing ingrafted; a scion.

In´grain ( 277), a. [Pref. in- in + grain kermes. See Engrain, Grain.] 1. Dyed with grain, or kermes. [Obs.] 2. Dyed before manufacture, — said of the material of a textile fabric; hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought; forming an essential part of the substance. Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply carpet. — Triple ingrain carpet, a three- ply carpet.

In´grain, n. An ingrain fabric, as a carpet.

In´grain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrained p. pr. & vb. n. Ingraining.] [Written also engrain.] 1. To dye with or in grain or kermes. 2. To dye in the grain, or before manufacture. 3. To work into the natural texture or into the mental or moral constitution of; to stain; to saturate; to imbue; to infix deeply. “Our fields ingrained with blood.” Daniel. “Cruelty and jealousy seem to be ingrained in a man who has these vices at all.” Helps.

In•grap´ple , v. t. & i. To seize; to clutch; to grapple. [Obs.] Drayton.

In´grate ( 277), a. [L. ingratus. See Ingrateful.] Ingrateful. [Obs. or Poetic] Bacon.

In´grate, n. An ungrateful person. Milton.

In´grate•ful , a. [L. ingratus ingrateful (pref. in- not + gratus beloved, dear, grateful) + -ful: cf. F. ingrat. See Grateful.] 1. Ungrateful; thankless; unappreciative. Milton. “He proved extremely false and ingrateful to me.” Atterbury. 2. Unpleasing to the sense; distasteful; offensive. “He gives … no ingrateful food.” Milton. — In´grate•ful•ly, adv. — In´grate•ful•ness, n.

In´grate•ly , adv. Ungratefully. [Obs.]

In•gra´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingratiated p. pr. & vb. n. Ingratiating ] [Pref. in- in + L. gratia. See Grace.] 1. To introduce or commend to the favor of another; to bring into favor; to insinuate; — used reflexively, and followed by with before the person whose favor is sought. “Lysimachus … ingratiated himself both with Philip and his pupil.” Budgell. 2. To recommend; to render easy or agreeable; — followed by to. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott. “What difficulty would it [the love of Christ] not ingratiate to us?” Hammond.

In•gra´ti•ate, v. i. To gain favor. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

In•grat´i•tude , n. [F. ingratitude, L. ingratitudo. See Ingrate.] Want of gratitude; insensibility to, forgetfulness of, or ill return for, kindness or favors received; unthankfulness; ungratefulness. “Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend.” Shak. “Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man.” L’Estrange.

In•grave´ , v. t. To engrave. [R.] ´Whose gleaming rind ingrav’n.´ Tennyson.

In•grave´, v. t. [Pref. in- in + grave. Cf. Engrave.] To bury. [Obs.] Heywood.

In•grav´i•date , v. t. [L. ingravidatus, p. p. of ingravidare to impregnate. See 1st In-, and Gravidated.] To impregnate. [Obs.] Fuller.

In•grav•i•da´tion , n. The state of being pregnant or impregnated. [Obs.]

In•great´ , v. t. To make great; to enlarge; to magnify. [Obs.] Fotherby. { In•gre´di•ence , In•gre´di•en•cy } n. [See Ingredient.] 1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. The quality or state of being an ingredient or component part. Boyle.

In•gre´di•ent , n. [F. ingredient, L. ingrediens, -entis, entering into, p. pr. of ingredi, p. p. ingressus, to go into, to enter; pref. in- in + gradi to walk, go. See Grade.] That which enters into a compound, or is a component part of any combination or mixture; an element; a constituent. “By way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients.” Sir I. Newton. “Water is the chief ingredient in all the animal fluids and solids.” Arbuthnot.

In•gre´di•ent, a. Entering as or forming, an ingredient or component part. “Acts where no sin is ingredient.” Jer. Taylor.

In´gress , n. [L. ingressus, fr. ingredi. See Ingredient.] 1. The act of entering; entrance; as the ingress of air into the lungs. 2. Power or liberty of entrance or access; means of entering; as all ingress was prohibited. 3. (Astron.) The entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun’s entrance into a sign, etc.

In´gress , v. i. To go in; to enter. [R.]

In•gres´sion , n. [L. ingressio: cf. F. ingression.] Act of entering; entrance. Sir K. Digby.

In•grieve , v. t. To render more grievous; to aggravate. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

In•groove´ , v. t. To groove in; to join in or with a groove. Tennyson.

In•gross´ , v. t. See Engross.

In´grow•ing , a. Growing or appearing to grow into some other substance. Ingrowing nail, one whose edges are becoming imbedded in the adjacent flesh.

In´growth , n. A growth or development inward. J. LeConte.

In´guen , n. [L. inguen, inguinis.] (Anat.) The groin.

In•guilt´y , a. Not guilty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In´gui•nal , a. [L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, inguinis, the groin: cf. F. inguinal.] (Astron. & Med.) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the inguen or groin; as an inguinal canal or ligament; inguinal hernia. Inguinal ring. See Abdominal ring, under Abdominal.

In•gulf´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingulfed p. pr. & vb. n. Ingulfing.] [Cf. Engulf.] [Written also engulf.] To swallow up or overwhelm in, or as in, a gulf; to cast into a gulf. See Engulf. “A river large …
Passed underneath ingulfed.” Milton.

In•gulf´ment , n. The act of ingulfing, or the state of being ingulfed.

In•gur´gi•tate , v. t. [L. ingurgitatus, p. p. of ingurgitare to pour in; pref. in- in + gurges whirlpool, gulf.] 1. To swallow, devour, or drink greedily or in large quantity; to guzzle. Cleveland. 2. To swallow up, as in a gulf. Fotherby.

In•gur´gi•tate, v. i. To guzzle; to swill. Burton.

In•gur•gi•ta´tion , n. [L. ingurgitatio: cf. F. ingurgitation.] The act of swallowing greedily or immoderately; that which is so swallowed. E. Darwin. “He drowned his stomach and senses with a large draught and ingurgitation of wine.” Bacon.

In•gust´a•ble , a. [L. ingustabilis. See Gustable.] Tasteless; insipid. Sir T. Browne.

In•hab´ile , a. [L. inhabilis: cf. F. inhabile. See In- not, and Habile, and cf. Unable.] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit; not convenient; inappropriate; unsuitable; as inhabile matter. [Obs.] 2. Unskilled; unready; awkward; incompetent; unqualified; — said of persons. [Obs.] See Unable.

In•ha•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inhabilete, inhabilite. See Inability.] Unsuitableness; unaptness; unfitness; inability. [Obs.] Barrow.

In•hab´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhabiting.] [OE. enhabiten, OF. enhabiter, L. inhabitare; pref. in- in + habitare to dwell. See Habit.] To live or dwell in; to occupy, as a place of settled residence; as wild beasts inhabit the forest; men inhabit cities and houses. “The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.” Is. lvii. 15. “O, who would inhabit
This bleak world alone?” Moore.

In•hab´it, v. i. To have residence in a place; to dwell; to live; to abide. [Archaic or Poetic] Shak. “They say wild beasts inhabit here.” Waller.

In•hab´it•a•ble , a. [L. inhabitabilis. See Inhabit.] Capable of being inhabited; habitable. “Systems of inhabitable planets.” Locke.

In•hab´it•a•ble, a. [L. inhabitabilis: cf. F. inhabitable. See In- not, and Habitable.] Not habitable; not suitable to be inhabited. [Obs.] “The frozen ridges of the Alps
Or other ground inhabitable.” Shak. { In•hab´it•ance , In•hab´it•an•cy } n. 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; the condition of an inhabitant; residence; occupancy. “Ruins yet resting in the wild moors testify a former inhabitance.” Carew. 2. (Law) The state of having legal right to claim the privileges of a recognized inhabitant; especially, the right to support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in a town; habitancy.

In•hab´it•ant , n. [L. inhabitans, -antis, p. pr. of inhabitare.] 1. One who dwells or resides permanently in a place, as distinguished from a transient lodger or visitor; as an inhabitant of a house, a town, a city, county, or state. ´Frail inhabitants of earth.´ Cowper. “In this place, they report that they saw inhabitants which were very fair and fat people.” Abp. Abbot. 2. (Law) One who has a legal settlement in a town, city, or parish; a permanent resident.

In•hab´i•tate , v. t. To inhabit. [Obs.]

In•hab•i•ta´tion , n. [L. inhabitatio a dwelling.] 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; indwelling. “The inhabitation of the Holy Ghost.” Bp. Pearson. 2. Abode; place of dwelling; residence. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Population; inhabitants. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. “The beginning of nations and of the world’s inhabitation.” Sir W. Raleigh.

In•hab´it•a•tive•ness , n. (Phrenol.) A tendency or propensity to permanent residence in a place or abode; love of home and country.

In•hab´it•ed, a. Uninhabited. [Obs.] Brathwait.

In•hab´it•er , n. An inhabitant. [R.] Derham.

In•hab´it•ive•ness , n. (Phrenol.) See Inhabitativeness. “What the phrenologists call inhabitiveness.” Lowell.

In•hab´it•ress, n. A female inhabitant. [R.]

In•hal´ant , a. [Cf. F. inhalant.] Inhaling; used for inhaling.

In•hal´ant , n. An apparatus also called an inhaler (which see); that which is to be inhaled.

In•ha•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. inhalation.] The act of inhaling; also that which is inhaled.

In•hale´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhaled p. pr. & vb. n. Inhaling.] [L. inhalare to breathe upon; pref. in- in + halare to breathe: cf. F. inhaler. Cf. Exhale.] To breathe or draw into the lungs; to inspire; as to inhale air; — opposed to exhale. “Martin was walking forth to inhale the fresh breeze of the evening.” Arbuthnot.

In•hal´ent , a. Used for inhaling; as the inhalent end of a duct. Dana.

In•hal´er , n. 1. One who inhales. 2. An apparatus for inhaling any vapor or volatile substance, as ether or chloroform, for medicinal purposes. 3. A contrivance to filter, as air, in order to protect the lungs from inhaling damp or cold air, noxious gases, dust, etc.; also the respiratory apparatus for divers.

In•hance´ , v. t. See Enhance. { In•har•mon´ic , In•har•mon´ic•al } a. Not harmonic; inharmonious; discordant; dissonant.

In•har•mo´ni•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + harmonious: cf. F. inharmonieux.] 1. Not harmonious; unmusical; discordant; dissonant. “Sounds inharmonious in themselves and harsh.” Cowper. 2. Conflicting; jarring; not in harmony.

In•har•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. Without harmony.

In•har•mo´ni•ous•ness, n. The quality of being inharmonious; want of harmony; discord. “The inharmoniousness of a verse.” A. Tucker.

In•har´mo•ny , n. Want of harmony. { In´haul• , In´haul•er }, n. (Naut.) A rope used to draw in the jib boom, or flying jib boom.

In•hearse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhearsed p. pr. & vb. n. Inhearsing.] To put in, or as in, a hearse or coffin. Shak.

In•here´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inhered p. pr. & vb. n. Inhering.] [L. inhaerere; pref. in- in + haerere to stick, hang. See Hesitate.] To be inherent; to stick (in); to be fixed or permanently incorporated with something; to cleave (to); to belong, as attributes or qualities. “They do but inhere in the subject that supports them.” Digby. { In•her´ence , In•her´en•cy } n. [Cf. F. inherence.] The state of inhering; permanent existence in something; innateness; inseparable and essential connection. Jer. Taylor.

In•her´ent , a. [L. inhaerens, -entis, p. pr. of inhaerere: cf. F. inherent. See Inhere.] Permanently existing in something; inseparably attached or connected; naturally pertaining to; innate; inalienable; as polarity is an inherent quality of the magnet; the inherent right of men to life, liberty, and protection. ´A most inherent baseness.´ Shak. “The sore disease which seems inherent in civilization.” Southey. Syn. — Innate; inborn; native; natural; inbred; inwrought; inseparable; essential; indispensable.

In•her´ent•ly, adv. By inherence; inseparably. “Matter hath inherently and essentially such an internal energy.” Bentley.

In•her´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inheriting.] [OE. enheriten to inherit, to give a heritage to, OF. enheriter to appoint as an heir, L. inhereditare; pref. in- in + hereditare to inherit, fr. heres heir. See Heir.] 1. (Law) To take by descent from an ancestor; to take by inheritance; to take as heir on the death of an ancestor or other person to whose estate one succeeds; to receive as a right or title descendible by law from an ancestor at his decease; as the heir inherits the land or real estate of his father; the eldest son of a nobleman inherits his father’s title; the eldest son of a king inherits the crown. 2. To receive or take by birth; to have by nature; to derive or acquire from ancestors, as mental or physical qualities; as he inherits a strong constitution, a tendency to disease, etc. “Prince Harry is valiant; for the cold blood he did naturally inherit of his father he hath … manured … with good store of fertile sherris.” Shak. 3. To come into possession of; to possess; to own; to enjoy as a possession. “But the meek shall inherit the earth.” Ps. xxxvii. 11. “To bury so much gold under a tree,
And never after to inherit it.” Shak. 4. To put in possession of. [R.] Shak.

In•her´it , v. i. To take or hold a possession, property, estate, or rights by inheritance. “Thou shalt not inherit our father’s house.” Judg. xi. 2.

In•her•it•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being inheritable or descendible to heirs. Jefferson.

In•her´it•a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being inherited; transmissible or descendible; as an inheritable estate or title. Blackstone. 2. Capable of being transmitted from parent to child; as inheritable qualities or infirmities. 3. [Cf. OF. enheritable, inheritable.] Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiving by descent; capable of succeeding to, as an heir. “By attainder … the blood of the person attainted is so corrupted as to be rendered no longer inheritable.” Blackstone. “The eldest daughter of the king is also alone inheritable to the crown on failure of issue male.” Blackstone. Inheritable blood, blood or relationship by which a person becomes qualified to be an heir, or to transmit possessions by inheritance.

In•her´it•a•bly, adv. By inheritance. Sherwood.

In•her´it•ance , n. [Cf. OF. enheritance.] 1. The act or state of inheriting; as the inheritance of an estate; the inheritance of mental or physical qualities. 2. That which is or may be inherited; that which is derived by an heir from an ancestor or other person; a heritage; a possession which passes by descent. “When the man dies, let the inheritance
Descend unto the daughter.” Shak. 3. A permanent or valuable possession or blessing, esp. one received by gift or without purchase; a benefaction. “To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away.” 1 Pet. i. 4. 4. Possession; ownership; acquisition. ´The inheritance of their loves.´ Shak. “To you th’ inheritance belongs by right
Of brother’s praise; to you eke ’longs his love.” Spenser. 5. (Biol.) Transmission and reception by animal or plant generation. 6. (Law) A perpetual or continuing right which a man and his heirs have to an estate; an estate which a man has by descent as heir to another, or which he may transmit to another as his heir; an estate derived from an ancestor to an heir in course of law. Blackstone. The word inheritance (used simply) is mostly confined to the title to land and tenements by a descent. Mozley & W. “Men are not proprietors of what they have, merely for themselves; their children have a title to part of it which comes to be wholly theirs when death has put an end to their parents’ use of it; and this we call inheritance.” Locke.

In•her´it•or , n. One who inherits; an heir. “Born inheritors of the dignity.” Milton.

In•her´it•ress , n. A heiress. Milman.

In•her´it•rix , n. Same as Inheritress. Shak.

In•herse´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Inhearse.

In•he´sion , n. [L. inhaesio. See Inhere.] The state of existing, of being inherent, in something; inherence. A. Baxter. “Constant inhesion and habitual abode.” South.

In•hi•a´tion , n. [L. inhiatio, fr. inhiare to gape; pref. in- + hiare to gape.] A gaping after; eager desire; craving. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•hib´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhibiting.] [L. inhibitus, p. p. of inhibere; pref. in- in + habere to have, hold. See Habit.] 1. To check; to hold back; to restrain; to hinder. “Their motions also are excited or inhibited … by the objects without them.” Bentley. 2. To forbid; to prohibit; to interdict. “All men were inhibited, by proclamation, at the dissolution, so much as to mention a Parliament.” Clarendon. “Burial may not be inhibited or denied to any one.” Ayliffe.

In•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. inhibitio: cf. F. inhibition.] 1. The act of inhibiting, or the state of being inhibited; restraint; prohibition; embargo. 2. (Physiol.) A stopping or checking of an already present action; a restraining of the function of an organ, or an agent, as a digestive fluid or ferment, etc.; as the inhibition of the respiratory center by the pneumogastric nerve; the inhibition of reflexes, etc. 3. (Law) A writ from a higher court forbidding an inferior judge from further proceedings in a cause before; esp., a writ issuing from a higher ecclesiastical court to an inferior one, on appeal. Cowell.

In•hib´i•tor , n. [NL.] That which causes inhibitory action; esp., an inhibitory nerve.

In•hib´i•to•ry , a. [LL. inhibitorius: cf. F. inhibitoire.] Of or pertaining to, or producing, inhibition; consisting in inhibition; tending or serving to inhibit; as the inhibitory action of the pneumogastric on the respiratory center. “I would not have you consider these criticisms as inhibitory.” Lamb. Inhibitory nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which modify, inhibit, or suppress a motor or secretory act already in progress.

In•hib´i•to•ry-mo´tor , a. (Physiol.) A term applied to certain nerve centers which govern or restrain subsidiary centers, from which motor impressions issue. McKendrick.

In•hive´ , v. t. To place in a hive; to hive.

In•hold´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inheld p. pr. & vb. n. Inholding.] To have inherent; to contain in itself; to possess. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In•hold´er, n. An inhabitant. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•hoop´ , v. t. To inclose in a hoop, or as in a hoop. [R.] Shak.

In•hos´pi•ta•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + hospitable: cf. L. inhospitalis.] 1. Not hospitable; not disposed to show hospitality to strangers or guests; as an inhospitable person or people. “Have you no touch of pity, that the poor
Stand starved at your inhospitable door?” Cowper. 2. Affording no shelter or sustenance; barren; desert; bleak; cheerless; wild. ´Inhospitable wastes.´ Blair. — In•hos´pi•ta•ble•ness, n. — In•hos´pi•ta•bly, adv.

In•hos•pi•tal´i•ty , n. [L. inhospitalitas: cf. F. inhospitalite. See In- not, and Hospitality.] The quality or state of being inhospitable; inhospitableness; lack of hospitality. Bp. Hall.

In•hu´man , a. [L. inhumanus: cf. F. inhumain. See In- not, and Human.] 1. Destitute of the kindness and tenderness that belong to a human being; cruel; barbarous; savage; unfeeling; as an inhuman person or people. 2. Characterized by, or attended with, cruelty; as an inhuman act or punishment. Syn. — Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; merciless; savage; barbarous; brutal; ferocious; ruthless; fiendish.

In•hu•man´i•ty , n.; pl. Inhumanities (#). [L. inhumanitas: cf. F. inhumanite.] The quality or state of being inhuman; cruelty; barbarity. “Man’s inhumanity to man
Makes countless thousands mourn.” Burns.

In•hu´man•ly , adv. In an inhuman manner; cruelly; barbarously.

In•hu´mate , v. t. [L. inhumatus, p. p. of inhumare to inhume; pref. in- in + humare to cover with earth. See Humation, and cf. Inhume.] To inhume; to bury; to inter. Hedge.

In•hu•ma´tion , n. [Cf. F. inhumation.] 1. The act of inhuming or burying; interment. 2. (Old Chem.) The act of burying vessels in warm earth in order to expose their contents to a steady moderate heat; the state of being thus exposed. 3. (Med.) Arenation.

In•hume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhumed p. pr. & vb. n. Inhuming.] [Cf. F. inhumer. See Inhumate.] 1. To deposit, as a dead body, in the earth; to bury; to inter. “Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of slain,
Inhume the natives in their native plain.” Pope. 2. To bury or place in warm earth for chemical or medicinal purposes.

In´i•a , n. (Zoöl.) A South American freshwater dolphin (Inia Boliviensis). It is ten or twelve feet long, and has a hairy snout.

In´i•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the inion.

In•im•ag´i•na•ble , a. Unimaginable; inconceivable. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

In•im´i•cal ( 277), a. [L. inimicalis, fr. inimicus unfriendly, hostile; pref. in- not + amicus friendly. See Amity.] 1. Having the disposition or temper of an enemy; unfriendly; unfavorable; — chiefly applied to private, as hostile is to public, enmity. 2. Opposed in tendency, influence, or effects; antagonistic; inconsistent; incompatible; adverse; repugnant. “We are at war with a system, which, by its essence, is inimical to all other governments.” Burke.

In•im•i•cal´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being inimical or hostile; hostility; unfriendliness. [R.]

In•im´i•cal•ly , adv. In an inimical manner.

In•im•i•ci´tious , a. [L. inimicitia enmity. See Inimical.] Inimical; unfriendly. [R.] Sterne.

In•im´i•cous , a. [L. inimicus.] Inimical; hurtful. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•im•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inimitable; inimitableness. Norris.

In•im´i•ta•ble , a. [L. inimitabilis: cf. F. inimitable. See In- not, and Imitable.] Not capable of being imitated, copied, or counterfeited; beyond imitation; surpassingly excellent; matchless; unrivaled; exceptional; unique; as an inimitable style; inimitable eloquence. ´Inimitable force.´ Dryden. “Performing such inimitable feats.” Cowper. — In•im´i•ta•ble•ness, n. — In•im´i•ta•bly, adv.

In´i•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’ini•on the back of the head.] (Anat.) The external occipital protuberance of the skull.

In•iq´ui•tous , a. [From Iniquity.] Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked; as an iniquitous bargain; an iniquitous proceeding. “Demagogues … bribed to this iniquitous service.” Burke. Syn. — Wicked; wrong; unjust; unrighteous; nefarious; criminal. — Iniquitous, Wicked, Nefarious. Wicked is the generic term. Iniquitous is stronger, denoting a violation of the rights of others, usually by fraud or circumvention. Nefarious is still stronger, implying a breach of the most sacred obligations, and points more directly to the intrinsic badness of the deed.

In•iq´ui•tous•ly, adv. In an iniquitous manner; unjustly; wickedly.

In•iq´ui•ty , n.; pl. Iniquities (#). [OE. iniquitee, F. iniquite, L. iniquitas, inequality, unfairness, injustice. See Iniquous.] 1. Absence of, or deviation from, just dealing; want of rectitude or uprightness; gross injustice; unrighteousness; wickedness; as the iniquity of bribery; the iniquity of an unjust judge. “Till the world from his perfection fell
Into all filth and foul iniquity.” Spenser. 2. An iniquitous act or thing; a deed of injustice or unrighteousness; a sin; a crime. Milton. “Your iniquities have separated between you and your God.” Is. lix. 2. 3. A character or personification in the old English moralities, or moral dramas having the name sometimes of one vice and sometimes of another. See Vice. “Acts old Iniquity, and in the fit
Of miming gets the opinion of a wit.” B. Jonson.

In•i´quous , a. [L. iniquus; pref. in- not + aequus. See Equal.] Iniquitous. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ir´ri•ta•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + irritable: cf. F. inirritable.] Not irritable; esp. (Physiol.), incapable of being stimulated to action, as a muscle. — In•ir•ri•ta•bil´i•ty (#), n.

In•ir´ri•ta•tive , a. Not accompanied with excitement; as an inirritative fever. E. Darwin.

In•isle´ , v. t. [Cf. Enisled.] To form into an island; to surround. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•i´tial , a. [L. initialis, from initium a going in, entrance, beginning, fr. inire to go into, to enter, begin; pref. in- in + ire to go: cf. F. initial. See Issue, and cf. Commence.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning; marking the commencement; incipient; commencing; as the initial symptoms of a disease. 2. Placed at the beginning; standing at the head, as of a list or series; as the initial letters of a name.

In•i´tial, n. The first letter of a word or a name.

In•i´tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initialed p. pr. & vb. n. Initialing.] To put an initial to; to mark with an initial of initials. [R.]

In•i´tial•ly, adv. In an initial or incipient manner or degree; at the beginning. Barrow.

In•i´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initiated p. pr. & vb. n. Initiating ] [L. initiatus, p. p. of initiare to begin, fr. initium beginning. See Initial.] 1. To introduce by a first act; to make a beginning with; to set afoot; to originate; to commence; to begin or enter upon. “How are changes of this sort to be initiated?” I. Taylor. 2. To acquaint with the beginnings; to instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce. “Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our industry.” Dr. H. More. “To initiate his pupil into any part of learning, an ordinary skill in the governor is enough.” Locke. 3. To introduce into a society or organization; to confer membership on; especially, to admit to a secret order with mysterious rites or ceremonies. “The Athenians believed that he who was initiated and instructed in the mysteries would obtain celestial honor after death.” Bp. Warburton. “He was initiated into half a dozen clubs before he was one and twenty.” Spectator.

In•i´ti•ate, v. i. To do the first act; to perform the first rite; to take the initiative. [R.] Pope.

In•i´ti•ate , a. [L. initiatus, p. p.] 1. Unpracticed; untried; new. [Obs.] ´The initiate fear that wants hard use.´ Shak. 2. Begun; commenced; introduced to, or instructed in, the rudiments; newly admitted. “To rise in science as in bliss,
Initiate in the secrets of the skies.” Young. Initiate tenant by courtesy (Law), said of a husband who becomes such in his wife’s estate of inheritance by the birth of a child, but whose estate is not consummated till the death of the wife. Mozley & W.

In•i´ti•ate, n. One who is, or is to be, initiated.

In•i•ti•a´tion , n. [L. initiatio: cf. F. initiation.] 1. The act of initiating, or the process of being initiated or introduced; as initiation into a society, into business, literature, etc. ´The initiation of courses of events.´ Pope. 2. The form or ceremony by which a person is introduced into any society; mode of entrance into an organized body; especially, the rite of admission into a secret society or order. “Silence is the first thing that is taught us at our initiation into sacred mysteries.” Broome.

In•i´ti•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. initiatif.] Serving to initiate; inceptive; initiatory; introductory; preliminary.

In•i´ti•a•tive, n. [Cf. F. initiative.] 1. An introductory step or movement; an act which originates or begins. “The undeveloped initiatives of good things to come.” I. Taylor. 2. The right or power to introduce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation; as the initiative in respect to revenue bills is in the House of Representatives.

In•i´ti•a•tor , n. [L.] One who initiates.

In•i´ti•a•to•ry , a. 1. Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as an initiatory step. Bp. Hall. 2. Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary. “Some initiatory treatises in the law.” Herbert. “Two initiatory rites of the same general import can not exist together.” J. M. Mason.

In•i´ti•a•to•ry, n. An introductory act or rite. [R.]

In•i´tion , n. [Cf. OF. inition. See Initial.] Initiation; beginning. [Obs.] Sir R. Naunton.

In•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injected; p. pr. & vb. n. Injecting.] [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, injicere, to throw in; pref. in- in + jacere to throw: cf. F. injecter. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To throw in; to dart in; to force in; as to inject cold water into a condenser; to inject a medicinal liquid into a cavity of the body; to inject morphine with a hypodermic syringe. 2. Fig.: To throw; to offer; to propose; to instill. “Caesar also then hatching tyranny, injected the same scrupulous demurs.” Milton. 3. To cast or throw; — with on. [R.] “And mound inject on mound.” Pope. 4. (Anat.) To fill (a vessel, cavity, or tissue) with a fluid or other substance; as to inject the blood vessels.

In•jec´tion , n. [L. injectio : cf. F. injection.] 1. The act of injecting or throwing in; — applied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, or aëriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, etc. 2. That which is injected; especially, a liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema. Mayne. 3. (Anat.) (a) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance. (b) A specimen prepared by injection. 4. (Steam Eng.) (a) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum. (b) The cold water thrown into a condenser. Injection cock, or Injection valve (Steam Eng.), the cock or valve through which cold water is admitted into a condenser. — Injection condenser. See under Condenser. — Injection pipe, the pipe through which cold water is through into the condenser of a steam engine.

In•ject´or , n. 1. One who, or that which, injects. 2. (Mach.) A contrivance for forcing feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of the steam upon the water. The water is driven into the boiler by the impulse of a jet of the steam which becomes condensed as soon as it strikes the stream of cold water it impels; — also called Giffard’s injector, from the inventor.

In•jel´ly , v. t. To place in jelly. [R.]

In•join´ , v. t. [Obs.] See Enjoin.

In•joint , v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To join; to unite. [R.] Shak.

In•joint, v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To disjoint; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.

In•ju•cun´di•ty , n. [L. injucunditas. See In- not, and Jocund.] Unpleasantness; disagreeableness. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In•ju´di•ca•ble , a. Not cognizable by a judge. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•ju•di´cial , a. Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. [R.]

In•ju•di´cious , a. [Pref. in- not + judicious; cf. F. injudicieux.] 1. Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as an injudicious adviser. “An injudicious biographer who undertook to be his editor and the protector of his memory.” A. Murphy. 2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as an injudicious measure. Syn. — Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning; incautious; unwise; rash; hasty; imprudent.

In•ju•di´cious•ly, adv. In an injudicious manner.

In•ju•di´cious•ness, n. The quality of being injudicious; want of sound judgment; indiscretion. Whitlock.

In•junc´tion , n. [L. injunctio, fr. injungere, injunctum, to join into, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting. 2. That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction. “For still they knew, and ought to have still remembered,
The high injunction, not to taste that fruit.” Milton. “Necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority.” South. 3. (Law) A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, in some cases, under statutes, by a court of law, whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ. It is more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, although by no means confined to the former. Wharton. Daniell. Story.

In´jure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured p. pr. & vb. n. Injuring.] [L. injuriari, fr. injuria injury, perh. through F. injurier to insult, in OF. also to injure; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure injury. See Injury.] To do harm to; to impair the excellence and value of; to hurt; to damage; — used in a variety of senses; as: (a) To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair soundness, as of health. (b) To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or estate. (c) To slander, tarnish, or impair, as reputation or character. (d) To impair or diminish, as happiness or virtue. (e) To give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to grieve; to annoy. (f) To impair, as the intellect or mind. “When have I injured thee? when done thee wrong?” Shak. Syn. — To damage; mar; spoil; harm; sully; wrong; maltreat; abuse; insult; affront; dishonor.

In´jur•er , n. One who injures or wrongs.

In•ju´ri•a , n.; pl. Injurie (#). [L.] (Law) Injury; invasion of another’s rights.

In•ju´ri•ous , a. [L. injuriousus, injurius; cf. F. injurieux. See Injury.] 1. Not just; wrongful; iniquitous; culpable. [Obs.] Milton. “Till the injurious Roman did extort
This tribute from us, we were free.” Shak. 2. Causing injury or harm; hurtful; harmful; detrimental; mischievous; as acts injurious to health, credit, reputation, property, etc. “Without being injurious to the memory of our English Pindar.” Dryden. Syn. — Harmful; hurtful; pernicious; mischievous; baneful; deleterious; noxious; ruinous; detrimental.

In•ju´ri•ous•ly, adv. In an injurious or hurtful manner; wrongfully; hurtfully; mischievously.

In•ju´ri•ous•ness, n. The quality of being injurious or hurtful; harmfulness; injury.

In´ju•ry , n.; pl. Injuries (#). [OE. injurie, L. injuria, fr. injurius injurious, wrongful, unjust; pref. in- not + jus, juris, right, law, justice: cf. F. injure. See Just, a.] Any damage or hurt done to a person or thing; detriment to, or violation of, the person, character, feelings, rights, property, or interests of an individual; that which injures, or occasions wrong, loss, damage, or detriment; harm; hurt; loss; mischief; wrong; evil; as his health was impaired by a severe injury; slander is an injury to the character. “For he that doeth injury shall receive that that he did evil.” Wyclif(Col. iii. 25). “Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling on trifling arguments.” I. Watts. “Riot ascends above their loftiest towers,
And injury and outrage.” Milton. Injury in morals and jurisprudence is the intentional doing of wrong. Fleming. Syn. — Harm; hurt; damage; loss; impairment; detriment; wrong; evil; injustice.

In•jus´tice , n. [F. injustice, L. injustitia. See In- not, and Justice, and cf. Unjust.] 1. Want of justice and equity; violation of the rights of another or others; iniquity; wrong; unfairness; imposition. “If this people [the Athenians] resembled Nero in their extravagance, much more did they resemble and even exceed him in cruelty and injustice.” Burke. 2. An unjust act or deed; a sin; a crime; a wrong. “Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injustices without being discovered, or at least without being punished.” Swift.

Ink (ink), n. (Mach.) The step, or socket, in which the lower end of a millstone spindle runs.

Ink, n. [OE. enke, inke, OF. enque, F. encre, L. encaustum the purple red ink with which the Roman emperors signed their edicts, Gr. , fr. burnt in, encaustic, fr. to burn in. See Encaustic, Caustic.] 1. A fluid, or a viscous material or preparation of various kinds (commonly black or colored), used in writing or printing. “Make there a prick with ink.” Chaucer. “Deformed monsters, foul and black as ink.” Spenser. 2. A pigment. See India ink, under India. Ordinarily, black ink is made from nutgalls and a solution of some salt of iron, and consists essentially of a tannate or gallate of iron; sometimes indigo sulphate, or other coloring matter, is added. Other black inks contain potassium chromate, and extract of logwood, salts of vanadium, etc. Blue ink is usually a solution of Prussian blue. Red ink was formerly made from carmine (cochineal), Brazil wood, etc., but potassium eosin is now used. Also red, blue, violet, and yellow inks are largely made from aniline dyes. Indelible ink is usually a weak solution of silver nitrate, but carbon in the form of lampblack or India ink, salts of molybdenum, vanadium, etc., are also used. Sympathetic inks may be made of milk, salts of cobalt, etc. See Sympathetic ink (below). Copying ink, a peculiar ink used for writings of which copies by impression are to be taken. — Ink bag (Zoöl.), an ink sac. - - Ink berry. (Bot.) (a) A shrub of the Holly family (Ilex glabra), found in sandy grounds along the coast from New England to Florida, and producing a small black berry. (b) The West Indian indigo berry. See Indigo. — Ink plant (Bot.), a New Zealand shrub (Coriaria thymifolia), the berries of which yield a juice which forms an ink. — Ink powder, a powder from which ink is made by solution. — Ink sac (Zoöl.), an organ, found in most cephalopods, containing an inky fluid which can be ejected from a duct opening at the base of the siphon. The fluid serves to cloud the water, and enable these animals to escape from their enemies. See Illust. of Dibranchiata. — Printer’s ink, or Printing ink. See under Printing. - - Sympathetic ink, a writing fluid of such a nature that what is written remains invisible till the action of a reagent on the characters makes it visible.

Ink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inked (inkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Inking.] To put ink upon; to supply with ink; to blacken, color, or daub with ink.

Ink´er , n. One who, or that which, inks; especially, in printing, the pad or roller which inks the type.

Ink´fish , n. A cuttlefish. See Cuttlefish.

Ink´horn , n. [Ink + horn; cf. F. cornet à encre, G. dintenhorn.] A small bottle of horn or other material formerly used for holding ink; an inkstand; a portable case for writing materials. ´With a writer’s inkhorn by his side.´ Ezek. ix. 2. “From his pocket the notary drew his papers and inkhorn.” Longfellow.

Ink´horn´, a. Learned; pedantic; affected. [Obs.] ´Inkhorn terms.´ Bale.

Ink´horn•ism , n. Pedantry. Sir T. Wilson.

Ink´i•ness , n. [From Inky.] The state or quality of being inky; blackness.

Ink´ing, a. Supplying or covering with ink. Inking roller, a somewhat elastic roller, used to spread ink over forms of type, copperplates, etc. — Inking trough or table, a trough or table from which the inking roller receives its ink.

In´kle , n. [Prob.the same word as lingle, the first l being mistaken for the definite article in French. See Lingle.] A kind of tape or braid. Shak.

In´kle, v. t. [OE. inklen to hint; cf. Dan. ymte to whisper.] To guess. [Prov. Eng.] ´She inkled what it was.´ R. D. Blackmore.

In´kling , n. A hint; an intimation. “The least inkling or glimpse of this island.” Bacon. “They had some inkling of secret messages.” Clarendon.

In´knee , n. Same as Knock- knee.

In´kneed , a. See Knock- kneed.

In•knot´ , v. t. To fasten or bind, as with a knot; to knot together. Fuller.

Ink´stand , n. A small vessel for holding ink, to dip the pen into; also a device for holding ink and writing materials.

Ink´stone´ , n. A kind of stone containing native vitriol or sulphate of iron, used in making ink.

Ink´y , a. Consisting of, or resembling, ink; soiled with ink; black. ´Inky blots.´ Shak. ´Its inky blackness.´ Boyle.

In•lace´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaced p. pr. & vb. n. Inlacing ] [Pref. in- + lace: cf. OE. enlacen to entangle, involve, OF. enlacier, F. enlacer. See Lace, and cf. Enlace.] To work in, as lace; to embellish with work resembling lace; also to lace or enlace. P. Fletcher.

In´la•ga´tion , n. [Law L. inlagatio, fr. inlagare to restore to law. See In, and Law.] (Old Eng. Law) The restitution of an outlawed person to the protection of the law; inlawing. Bouvier.

In•laid´ , p. p. of Inlay.

In´land , a. 1. Within the land; more or less remote from the ocean or from open water; interior; as an inland town. ´This wide inland sea.´ Spenser. “From inland regions to the distant main.” Cowper. 2. Limited to the land, or to inland routes; within the seashore boundary; not passing on, or over, the sea; as inland transportation, commerce, navigation, etc. 3. Confined to a country or state; domestic; not foreign; as an inland bill of exchange. See Exchange.

In´land, n. The interior part of a country. Shak.

In´land, adv. Into, or towards, the interior, away from the coast. Cook. “The greatest waves of population have rolled inland from the east.” S. Turner.

In´land•er , n. One who lives in the interior of a country, or at a distance from the sea. Sir T. Browne.

In´land•ish, a. Inland. [Obs.] T. Reeve(1657)

In•lap´i•date , v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. lapis, lapidis, stone.] To convert into a stony substance; to petrify. [R.] Bacon.

In•lard´ , v. t. See Enlard.

In•law´ , v. t. [In + law. Cf. Inlagation.] (Old Eng. Law) To clear of outlawry or attainder; to place under the protection of the law. Burrill.

In•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaied p. pr. & vb. n. Inlaying.] To lay within; hence, to insert, as pieces of pearl, ivory, choice woods, or the like, in a groundwork of some other material; to form an ornamental surface; to diversify or adorn with insertions. “Look, how the floor of heaven
Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold.” Shak. “But these things are … borrowed by the monks to inlay their story.” Milton.

In´lay , n. Matter or pieces of wood, ivory, etc., inlaid, or prepared for inlaying; that which is inserted or inlaid for ornament or variety. “Crocus and hyacinth with rich inlay
Broidered the ground.” Milton. “The sloping of the moonlit sward
Was damask work, and deep inlay
Of braided blooms.” Tennyson.

In•lay´er , n. One who inlays, or whose occupation it is to inlay.

In•league´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inleagued p. pr. & vb. n. Inleaguing ] To ally, or form an alliance with; to unite; to combine. “With a willingness inleague our blood
With his, for purchase of full growth in friendship.” Ford.

In•lea´guer , v. t. To beleaguer. Holland.

In´let , n. 1. A passage by which an inclosed place may be entered; a place of ingress; entrance. “Doors and windows, inlets of men and of light.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. A bay or recess, as in the shore of a sea, lake, or large river; a narrow strip of water running into the land or between islands. 3. That which is let in or inlaid; an inserted material. Inlet is also used adjectively, as in inlet pipe, inlet valve, etc.

In•light´en , v. t. See Enlighten.

In•list´ , v. t. See Enlist.

In•live´ , v. t. To animate. [R.] B. Jonson.

In•lock´ , v. t. To lock in, or inclose.

In lo´co [L.] In the place; in the proper or natural place.

In•lu´mine , v. t. [Obs.] See Illumine.

In´ly , a. [OE. inlich, AS. inlic. See In.] Internal; interior; secret. “Didst thou but know the inly touch of love.” Shak.

In´ly, adv. Internally; within; in the heart. ´Whereat he inly raged.´ Milton.

In´ma•cy , n. [From Inmate.] The state of being an inmate. [R.] Craig.

In´mate (in´mat•), n. [In + mate an associate.] One who lives in the same house or apartment with another; a fellow lodger; esp., one of the occupants of an asylum, hospital, or prison; by extension, one who occupies or lodges in any place or dwelling. “So spake the enemy of mankind, inclos’d
In serpent, inmate bad.” Milton.

In´mate, a. Admitted as a dweller; resident; internal. [R.] ´Inmate guests.´ Milton.

In´meats , n. pl. The edible viscera of animals, as the heart, liver, etc.

In•mesh´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inmeshed p. pr. & vb. n. Inmeshing.] To bring within meshes, as of a net; to enmesh.

In•mew´ , v. t. [Cf.Emmew, Immew.] To inclose, as in a mew or cage. [R.] ´Inmew the town below.´ Beau. & Fl.

In´most , a. [OE. innemest, AS. innemest, a double superlative form fr. inne within, fr. in in. The modern form is due to confusion with most. See In, and cf. Aftermost, Foremost, Innermost.] Deepest within; farthest from the surface or external part; innermost. “And pierce the inmost center of the earth.” Shak. “The silent, slow, consuming fires,
Which on my inmost vitals prey.” Addison.

Inn , n. [AS. in, inn, house, chamber, inn, from AS. in in; akin to Icel. inni house. See In.] 1. A place of shelter; hence, dwelling; habitation; residence; abode. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Therefore with me ye may take up your inn
For this same night.” Spenser. 2. A house for the lodging and entertainment of travelers or wayfarers; a tavern; a public house; a hotel. As distinguished from a private boarding house, an inn is a house for the entertainment of all travelers of good conduct and means of payment, as guests for a brief period, not as lodgers or boarders by contract. “The miserable fare and miserable lodgment of a provincial inn.” W. Irving. 3. The town residence of a nobleman or distinguished person; as Leicester Inn. [Eng.] 4. One of the colleges (societies or buildings) in London, for students of the law barristers; as the Inns of Court; the Inns of Chancery; Serjeants’ Inns. Inns of chancery (Eng.), colleges in which young students formerly began their law studies, now occupied chiefly by attorneys, solicitors, etc. — Inns of court (Eng.), the four societies of ´students and practicers of the law of England´ which in London exercise the exclusive right of admitting persons to practice at the bar; also the buildings in which the law students and barristers have their chambers. They are the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, Lincoln’s Inn, and Gray’s Inn.

Inn (in), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inned (ind); p. pr. & vb. n. Inning.] To take lodging; to lodge. [R.] Addison.

Inn, v. t. 1. To house; to lodge. [Obs.] “When he had brought them into his city
And inned them, everich at his degree.” Chaucer. 2. To get in; to in. See In, v. t.

In´nate (in´nat or in•nat´; 277), a. [L. innatus; pref. in- in + natus born, p. p. of nasci to be born. See Native.] 1. Inborn; native; natural; as innate vigor; innate eloquence. 2. (Metaph.) Originating in, or derived from, the constitution of the intellect, as opposed to acquired from experience; as innate ideas. See A priori, Intuitive. “There is an innate light in every man, discovering to him the first lines of duty in the common notions of good and evil.” South. “Men would not be guilty if they did not carry in their mind common notions of morality, innate and written in divine letters.” Fleming (Origen). “If I could only show, as I hope I shall … how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of any innate impressions; and may arrive at certainty without any such original notions or principles.” Locke. 3. (Bot.) Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament; as an innate anther. Gray. Innate ideas (Metaph.), ideas as of God, immortality, right and wrong, supposed by some to be inherent in the mind, as a priori principles of knowledge.

In•nate´ , v. t. To cause to exit; to call into being. [Obs.] ´The first innating cause.´ Marston.

In´nate•ly , adv. Naturally.

In´nate•ness, n. The quality of being innate.

In•na´tive , a. Native. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•nav´i•ga•ble , a. [L. innavigabilis : cf. F. innavigable. See In- not, and Navigable.] Incapable of being navigated; impassable by ships or vessels. Drygen. — In•nav´i•ga•bly, adv.

Inne , adv. & prep. In. [Obs.] “And eke in what array that they were inne.” Chaucer.

In´ner (in´ner), a. [AS. innera, a compar. fr. inne within, fr. in in. See In.] 1. Further in; interior; internal; not outward; as an inner chamber. 2. Of or pertaining to the spirit or its phenomena. “This attracts the soul,
Governs the inner man, the nobler part.” Milton. 3. Not obvious or easily discovered; obscure. Inner house (Scot.), the first and second divisions of the court of Session at Edinburgh; also the place of their sittings. — Inner jib (Naut.), a fore-and-aft sail set on a stay running from the fore-topmast head to the jib boom. — Inner plate (Arch.), the wall plate which lies nearest to the center of the roof, in a double-plated roof. — Inner post (Naut.), a piece brought on at the fore side of the main post, to support the transoms. — Inner square (Carp.), the angle formed by the inner edges of a carpenter’s square.

In´ner•ly, adv. More within. [Obs.] Baret.

In´ner•most (-most•), a. [A corruption of inmost due to influence of inner. See Inmost.] Farthest inward; most remote from the outward part; inmost; deepest within. Prov. xviii. 8.

In´ner•most•ly, adv. In the innermost place. [R.] “His ebon cross worn innermostly.” Mrs. Browning.

In•ner´vate (in•ner´vat), v. t. [See Innerve.] (Anat.) To supply with nerves; as the heart is innervated by pneumogastric and sympathetic branches.

In•ner•va´tion , n. [Cf. F. innervation.] 1. The act of innerving or stimulating. 2. (Physiol.) Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs. 3. (Anat.) The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts.

In•nerve´ (in•nerv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innerved (- nervd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Innerving.] [Pref. in- in + nerve.] To give nervous energy or power to; to give increased energy, force, or courage to; to invigorate; to stimulate.

Inn´hold•er , n. One who keeps an inn.

In´ning , n. [AS. innung, fr. in in, prep. & adv.] 1. Ingathering; harvesting. [Obs.] Holland. 2. The state or turn of being in; specifically, in cricket, baseball, etc., the turn or time of a player or of a side at the bat; — often in the pl. Hence: The turn or time of a person, or a party, in power; as the Whigs went out, and the Democrats had their innings. 3. pl. Lands recovered from the sea. Ainsworth.

In•ni´ten•cy , n. [L. inniti, p. p. innixus, to lean upon; pref. in- in, on + niti to lean.] A leaning; pressure; weight. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•nix´ion , n. [See Innitency.] Act of leaning upon something; incumbency. [Obs.] Derham.

Inn´keep•er , n. An innholder.

In´no•cence , n. [F. innocence, L. innocentia. See Innocent.] 1. The state or quality of being innocent; freedom from that which is harmful or infurious; harmlessness. 2. The state or quality of being morally free from guilt or sin; purity of heart; blamelessness. “The silence often of pure innocence
Persuades when speaking fails.” Shak. “Banished from man’s life his happiest life,
Simplicity and spotless innocence!” Milton. 3. The state or quality of being not chargeable for, or guilty of, a particular crime or offense; as the innocence of the prisoner was clearly shown. 4. Simplicity or plainness, bordering on weakness or silliness; artlessness; ingenuousness. Chaucer. Shak. Syn. — Harmlessness; innocuousness; blamelessness; purity; sinlessness; guiltlessness.

In´no•cen•cy , n. Innocence.

In´no•cent , a. [F. innocent, L. innocens, -entis; pref. in- not + nocens, p. pr. of nocere to harm, hurt. See Noxious.] 1. Not harmful; free from that which can injure; innoxious; innocuous; harmless; as an innocent medicine or remedy. “The spear
Sung innocent, and spent its force in air.” Pope. 2. Morally free from guilt; guiltless; not tainted with sin; pure; upright. “To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb.” Shak. “I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood.” Matt. xxvii. 4. “The aidless, innocent lady, his wished prey.” Milton. 3. Free from the guilt of a particular crime or offense; as a man is innocent of the crime charged. “Innocent from the great transgression.” Ps. xix. 13. 4. Simple; artless; foolish. Shak. 5. Lawful; permitted; as an innocent trade. 6. Not contraband; not subject to forfeiture; as innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation. Innocent party (Law), a party who has not notice of a fact tainting a litigated transaction with illegality. Syn. — Harmless; innoxious; innoffensive; guiltless; spotless; immaculate; pure; unblamable; blameless; faultless; guileless; upright.

In´no•cent, n. 1. An innocent person; one free from, or unacquainted with, guilt or sin. Shak. 2. An unsophisticated person; hence, a child; a simpleton; an idiot. B. Jonson. “In Scotland a natural fool was called an innocent.” Sir W. Scott. Innocents’ day (Eccl.), Childermas day.

In´no•cent•ly, adv. In an innocent manner.

In´no•cu´i•ty , n. Innocuousness.

In•noc´u•ous , a. [L. innocuus; in- not + nocuus hurtful, fr. nocere to hurt. See Innocent.] Harmless; producing no ill effect; innocent. “A patient, innocuous, innocent man.” Burton. — In•noc´u•ous•ly, adv. — In•noc´u•ous•ness, n. “Where the salt sea innocuously breaks.” Wordsworth.

In´no•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innodated p. pr. & vb. n. Innodating ] [L. innodatus, p. p. of innodare; pref. in- in + nodus knot.] To bind up, as in a knot; to include. [Obs.] Fuller.

In•nom´i•na•ble , a. [L. innominabilis; pref. in- not + nominare to name: cf. F. innominable.] Not to be named. [R.] Testament of Love.

In•nom´i•nate , a. [L. innominatus; pref. in- not + nominare to name.] 1. Having no name; unnamed; as an innominate person or place. [R.] Ray. 2. (Anat.) A term used in designating many parts otherwise unnamed; as the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava. Innominate bone (Anat.), the great bone which makes a lateral half of the pelvis in mammals; hip bone; haunch bone; huckle bone. It is composed of three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, consolidated into one in the adult, though separate in the fetus, as also in many adult reptiles and amphibians. — Innominate contracts (Law), in the Roman law, contracts without a specific name.

In´no•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innovated p. pr. & vb. n. Innovating ] [L. innovatus, p. p. of innovare to revew; pref. in- in + novare to make new, fr. novus new. See New.] 1. To bring in as new; to introduce as a novelty; as to innovate a word or an act. [Archaic] 2. To change or alter by introducing something new; to remodel; to revolutionize. [Archaic] Burton. “From his attempts upon the civil power, he proceeds
to innovate God’s worship.” South.

In´no•vate, v. i. To introduce novelties or changes; — sometimes with in or on. Bacon. “Every man, therefore, is not fit to innovate.” Dryden.

In•no•va´tion , n. [L. innovatio; cf. F. innovation.] 1. The act of innovating; introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc. Dryden. 2. A change effected by innovating; a change in customs; something new, and contrary to established customs, manners, or rites. Bacon. “The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness, but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto innovations.” Hooker. 3. (Bot.) A newly formed shoot, or the annually produced addition to the stems of many mosses.

In•no•va´tion•ist, n. One who favors innovation.

In´no•va•tive , a. Characterized by, or introducing, innovations. Fitzed. Hall.

In´no•va•tor , n. [Cf. F. innovateur.] One who innovates. Shak.

In•nox´ious , a. [L. innoxius. See In- not, and Noxious.] 1. Free from hurtful qualities or effects; harmless. ´Innoxious flames.´ Sir K. Digby. 2. Free from crime; pure; innocent. Pope. — In•nox•ious•ly, adv. — In•nox´ious•ness, n.

In•nu´bi•lous , a. [L. innubilus. See Nubilous.] Cloudless. [Obs.] Blount.

In•nu•en´do , n.; pl. Innuedoes. [L., by intimation, by hinting, gerund of innuere, innutum, to give a nod, to intimate; pref. in- in, to + -nuere (in comp.) to nod. See Nutation.] 1. An oblique hint; a remote allusion or reference, usually derogatory to a person or thing not named; an insinuation. “Mercury … owns it a marriage by an innuendo.” Dryden. “Pursue your trade of scandal picking;
Your innuendoes, when you tell us,
That Stella loves to talk with fellows.” Swift. 2. (Law) An averment employed in pleading, to point the application of matter otherwise unintelligible; an interpretative parenthesis thrown into quoted matter to explain an obscure word or words; — as the plaintiff avers that the defendant said that he (innuendo the plaintiff) was a thief. Wharton. The term is so applied from having been the introductory word of this averment or parenthetic explanation when pleadings were in Latin. The word ´meaning´ is used as its equivalent in modern forms. Syn. — Insinuation; suggestion; hint; intimation; reference; allusion; implication; representation; — Innuendo, Insinuation. An innuendo is an equivocal allusion so framed as to point distinctly at something which is injurious to the character or reputation of the person referred to. An insinuation turns on no such double use of language, but consists in artfully winding into the mind imputations of an injurious nature without making any direct charge.

In´nu•ent , a. [L. innuens, p. pr.] Conveying a hint; significant. [Obs.] Burton.

In´nu•it, n. [Native name.] (Ethnol.) An Eskimo.

In•nu•mer•a•bil´i•ty , n. [L. innumerabilitas.] State of being innumerable. Fotherby.

In•nu•mer•a•ble , a. [L. innumerabilis : cf. F. innumefable. See In- not, and Numerable.] Not capable of being counted, enumerated, or numbered, for multitude; countless; numberless; unnumbered, hence, indefinitely numerous; of great number. “Innumerable as the stars of night.” Milton. — In•nu´mer•a•ble•ness, n. — In•nu´mer•a•bly, adv.

In•nu´mer•ous , a. [L. innumerosus, innumerus. See Numerous.] Innumerable. [Archaic] Milton.

In•nu•tri´tion , n. Want of nutrition; failure of nourishment. E. Darwin.

In•nu•tri´tious , a. Not nutritious; not furnishing nourishment.

In•nu´tri•tive , a. Innutritious.

Inn´yard , n. The yard adjoining an inn.

In•o•be´di•ence , n. [L. inoboedientia : cf. F. inobedience.] Disobedience. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer.

In•o•be´di•ent , a. [L. inoboediens, p. pr. of inoboedire : cf. F. inobedient. See Obedient.] Not obedient; disobedient. [Obs.] Chaucer. — In•o•be´di•ent•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•ob•serv´a•ble , a. [L. inobservabilis : cf. F. inobservable. See In- not, and Observable.] Not observable.

In•ob•serv´ance , a. [L. inobservantia : cf. F. inobservance.] Want or neglect of observance. Bacon.

In•ob•serv´ant , a. [L. inobservans. See In- not, and Observant.] Not observant; regardless; heedless. Bp. Hurd. — In•ob•serv´ant•ly, adv.

In•ob•ser•va´tion , n. [Cf. F. inobservation.] Neglect or want of observation. [R.]

In•ob•tru´sive , a. Not obtrusive; unobtrusive. — In•ob•tru´sive•ly, adv. — In•ob•tru´sive•ness, n.

In•o•car´pin , n. [Gr. ’i•s, ’ino•s, muscle + karpo•s fruit.] (Chem.) A red, gummy, coloring matter, extracted from the colorless juice of the Otaheite chestnut (Inocarpus edulis).

In•oc•cu•pa´tion, n. Want of occupation.

In•o•cer´a•mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’i•s, ’ino•s, a muscle + an earthen vessel.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of large, fossil, bivalve shells, allied to the mussels. The genus is characteristic of the Cretaceous period.

In•oc•u•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inoculable.

In•oc´u•la•ble , a. [See Inoculate.] Capable of being inoculated; capable of communicating disease, or of being communicated, by inoculation.

In•oc´u•lar , a. (Zoöl) Inserted in the corner of the eye; — said of the antennae of certain insects.

In•oc´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inoculated p. pr. & vb. n. Inoculating ] [L. inoculatus, p. p. of inoculare to ingraft; pref. in- in, on + oculare to furnish with eyes, fr. oculus an eye, also a bud. See Ocular.] 1. To bud; to insert, or graft, as the bud of a tree or plant in another tree or plant. 2. To insert a foreign bud into; as to inoculate a tree. 3. (Med.) To communicate a disease to ( a person ) by inserting infectious matter in the skin or flesh; as to inoculate a person with the virus of smallpox, rabies, etc. See Vaccinate. 4. Fig.: To introduce into the mind; — used especially of harmful ideas or principles; to imbue; as to inoculate one with treason or infidelity.

In•oc´u•late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds. 2. To communicate disease by inoculation.

In•oc´u•la´tion , n. [L. inoculatio: cf. F. inoculation.] 1. The act or art of inoculating trees or plants. 2. (Med.) The act or practice of communicating a disease to a person in health, by inserting contagious matter in his skin or flesh. The use was formerly limited to the intentional communication of the smallpox, but is now extended to include any similar introduction of modified virus; as the inoculation of rabies by Pasteur. 3. Fig.: The communication of principles, especially false principles, to the mind.

In•oc´u•la•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. inoculateur.] One who inoculates; one who propagates plants or diseases by inoculation.

In•o´di•ate (in•o´di•at), v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. odium hatred.] To make odious or hateful. [Obs.] South.

In•o´dor•ate , a. Inodorous. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•o´dor•ous , a. [L. inodorus. See In- not, and Odorous.] Emitting no odor; wthout smell; scentless; odorless. — In•o´dor•ous•ness, n.

In´of•fen´sive , a. [Pref. in- not + offensiue: cf. F. inoffensif.] 1. Giving no offense, or provocation; causing no uneasiness, annoyance, or disturbance; as an inoffensive man, answer, appearance. 2. Harmless; doing no injury or mischief. Dryden. 3. Not obstructing; presenting no interruption or hindrance. [R.] Milton. “So have I seen a river gently glide
In a smooth course, and inoffensive tide.” Addison. — In´of•fen´sive•ly, adv. — In´of•fen´sive•ness, n.

In´of•fi´cial , a. Not official; not having official sanction or authority; not according to the forms or ceremony of official business; as inofficial intelligence. “Pinckney and Marshall would not make inofficial visits to discuss official business.” Pickering. Syn. — Private; informal; unwarranted; unauthorizod; irregular; unceremonious; unprofessional.

In•of•fi´cial•ly, adv. Without the usual forms, or not in the official character.

In•of•fi´cious , a. [L. inofficiosus: cf. F. inofficieux. See In- not, and Officious.] 1. Indifferent to obligation or duty. [Obs.] “Thou drown’st thyself in inofficious sleep.” B. Jonson. 2. Not officious; not civil or attentive. [Obs.] Jonhson. 3. (Law) Regardless of natural obligation; contrary to natural duty; unkind; — commonly said of a testament made without regard to natural obligation, or by which a child is unjustly deprived of inheritance. ´The inofficious testament.´ Blackstone. ´An inofficious disposition of his fortune.´ Paley.

In•of•fi´cious•ly, adv. Not officiously.

In´o•gen , n. [Gr. , , a muscle + -gen.] (Physiol.) A complex nitrogenous substance, which, by Hermann’s hypothesis, is continually decomposed and reproduced in the muscles, during their life.

In•op•er•a´tion , n. [L. inoperari to effect; pref. in- in + operari to operate.] Agency; influence; production of effects. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•op´er•a•tive , a. [Pref. in- not + operative.] Not operative; not active; producing no effects; as laws renderd inoperative by neglect; inoperative remedies or processes. { In•o•per´cu•lar , In•o•per´cu•late } a. (Zoöl.) Having no operculum; — said of certain gastropod shells.

In•o•pin´a•ble , a. [L. inopinabilis. See Inopinate.] Not to be expected; inconceivable. [Obs.] ´Inopinable, incredible … sayings.´ Latimer.

In•op´i•nate , a. [L. inopinatus. See In- not, and Opine.] Not expected or looked for. [Obs.]

In•op•por•tune´ , a. [L. inopportunus: cf. F. inopportun. See In- not, and Opportune.] Not opportune; inconvenient; unseasonable; as an inopportune occurrence, remark, etc. “No visit could have been more inopportune.” T. Hook.

In•op•por•tune´ly, adv. Not opportunely; unseasonably; inconveniently.

In•op•por•tu´ni•ty , n. Want of opportunity; unseasonableness; inconvenience. [R.]

In•op•press´ive , a. Not oppressive or burdensome. O. Wolcott.

In•op´u•lent , a. [Pref. in- not + opulent: cf. F. inopulent.] Not opulent; not affluent or rich.

In•or´di•na•cy , n. The state or quality of being inordinate; excessiveness; immoderateness; as the inordinacy of love or desire. Jer. Taylor.

In•or´di•nate , a. [L. inordinatus disordered. See In- not, and Ordinate.] Not limited to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds; irregular; excessive; immoderate; as an inordinate love of the world. ´Inordinate desires.´ Milton. ´Inordinate vanity.´ Burke. — In•or´di•nate•ly, adv. — In•or´di•nate•ness, n.

In•or•di•na´tion , n. [L. inordinatio.] Deviation from custom, rule, or right; irregularity; inordinacy. [Obs.] South. “Every inordination of religion that is not in defect, is properly called superstition.” Jer. Taylor.

In•or•gan´ic , a. [Pref. in- not + organic: cf. F. inorganique.] Not organic; without the organs necessary for life; devoid of an organized structure; unorganized; lifeness; inanimate; as all chemical compounds are inorganic substances. The term inorganic is used to denote any one the large series of substances (as minerals, metals, etc.), which are not directly connected with vital processes, either in origin or nature, and which are broadly and relatively contrasted with organic substances. See Organic. Inorganic Chemistry. See under Chemistry.

In•or•gan´ic•al , a. Inorganic. Locke.

In•or•gan´ic•al•ly, adv. In an inorganic manner.

In•or•gan´i•ty , n. Quality of being inorganic. [Obs.] ´The inorganity of the soul.´ Sir T. Browne.

In•or•gan•i•za´tion , n. The state of being without organization.

In•or´gan•ized , a. Not having organic structure; devoid of organs; inorganic.

In•or•thog´ra•phy , n. Deviation from correct orthography; bad spelling. [Obs.] Feltham.

In•os´cu•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inosculated p. pr. & vb. n. Inosculating ] [Pref. in- in + osculate.] 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two tubular vessels at their extremities; to anastomose. 2. To intercommunicate; to interjoin. “The several monthly divisions of the journal may inosculate, but not the several volumes.” De Quincey.

In•os´cu•late , v. t. 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two vessels in an animal body. Berkeley. 2. To unite intimately; to cause to become as one. “They were still together, grew
(For so they said themselves) inosculated.” Tennyson.

In•os•cu•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. inosculation.] The junction or connection of vessels, channels, or passages, so that their contents pass from one to the other; union by mouths or ducts; anastomosis; intercommunication; as inosculation of veins, etc. Ray.

In•o•sin´ic , a. [From Inosite.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, inosite; as inosinic acid.

In´o•site , n. [Gr. ’i•s, ’ino•s, strength, muscle.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white crystalline substance with a sweet taste, found in certain animal tissues and fluids, particularly in the muscles of the heart and lungs, also in some plants, as in unripe pease, beans, potato sprouts, etc. Called also phaseomannite. Chemically, it has the composition represented by the formula, C6H12O6+H2O, and was formerly regarded as a carbohydrate, isomeric with dextrose, but is now known to be an aromatic compound (a hexacid phenol derivative of benzene).

In•ox´idi•za•ble , a. (Chem.) Incapable of being oxidized; as gold and platinum are inoxidizable in the air.

In•ox´i•dize , v. i. To prevent or hinder oxidation, rust, or decay; as inoxidizing oils or varnishes.

In• pos´se [L.] In possibility; possible, although not yet in existence or come to pass; — contradistinguished from in esse.

In•quar•ta´tion , n. Quartation.

In´quest , n. [OE. enqueste, OF. enqueste, F. enquête, LL. inquesta, for inquisita, fr. L. inquisitus, p. p. of inquirere. See Inquire.] 1. Inquiry; quest; search. [R.] Spenser. “The laborious and vexatious inquest that the soul must make after science.” South. 2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination, esp. before a jury; as a coroner’s inquest in case of a sudden death. (b) A body of men assembled under authority of law to inquire into any matter, civil or criminal, particularly any case of violent or sudden death; a jury, particularly a coroner’s jury. The grand jury is sometimes called the grand inquest. See under Grand. (c) The finding of the jury upon such inquiry. Coroner’s inquest, an inquest held by a coroner to determine the cause of any violent, sudden, or mysterious death. See Coroner. — Inquest of office, an inquiry made, by authority or direction of proper officer, into matters affecting the rights and interests of the crown or of the state. Craig. Bouvier.

In•qui´et , v. t. [L. inquietare: cf. F. inquieter. See Quiet.] To disquiet. [Obs.] Joye.

In•qui•e•ta´tion , n. [L. inquietatio : cf. F. inquielation.] Disturbance. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In•qui´et•ness, n. Unquietness. [Obs.] Joye.

In•qui´e•tude , n. [L. inquietudo: cf. F. inquietude.] Disturbed state; uneasiness either of body or mind; restlessness; disquietude. Sir H. Wotton.

In´qui•line , n. [L. inquilinus a tenant, lodger.] (Zoöl.) A gallfly which deposits its eggs in galls formed by other insects.

In´qui•nate , v. t. [L. inquinatus, p. p. of inquinare to defile.] To defile; to pollute; to contaminate; to befoul. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•qui•na´tion , n. [L. inquinatio.] A defiling; pollution; stain. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•quir´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. enquerable.] Capable of being inquired into; subject or liable to inquisition or inquest. Bacon.

In•quir´ance , n. Inquiry. [Obs.] Latimer.

In•quire´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inquired p. pr. & vb. n. Inquiring.] [OE. enqueren, inqueren, OF. enquerre, F. enquerir, L. inquirere, inquisitum; pref. in- in + quarere to seek. See Quest a seeking, and cf. Inquiry.] [Written also enquire.] 1. To ask a question; to seek for truth or information by putting queries. “We will call the damsel, and inquire.” Gen. xxiv. 57. “Then David inquired of the Lord yet again. And the Lord answered him.” 1 Sam. xxiii. 4. 2. To seek to learn anything by recourse to the proper means of knowledge; to make examination. “And inquire
Gladly into the ways of God with man.” Miltom. This word is followed by of before the person asked; as to inquire of a neighbor. It is followed by concerning, after, or about, before the subject of inquiry; as his friends inquired about or concerning his welfare. ´Thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this.´ Eccl. vii. 10. It is followed by into when search is made for particular knowledge or information; as to inquire into the cause of a sudden death. It is followed by for or after when a place or person is sought, or something is missing. ´Inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul of Tarsus.´ Acts ix. 11.

In•quire´, v. t. 1. To ask about; to seek to know by asking; to make examination or inquiry respecting. “Having thus at length inquired the truth concerning law and dispense.” Milton. “And all obey and few inquire his will.” Byron. 2. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To ask; question. See Question.

In•quir´ent , a. [L. inquirens, p. pr.] Making inquiry; inquiring; questioning. [Obs.] Shenstone.

In•quir´er , n. [Written also enquirer.] One who inquires or examines; questioner; investigator. Locke. “Expert inquirers after truth.” Cowper.

In•quir´ing, a. Given to inquiry; disposed to investigate causes; curious; as an inquiring mind.

In•quir´ing•ly, adv. In an inquiring manner.

In•quir´y , n.; pl. Inquiries (#). [See Inquire.] [Written also enquiry.] 1. The act of inquiring; a seeking for information by asking questions; interrogation; a question or questioning. “He could no path nor track of foot descry,
Nor by inquiry learn, nor guess by aim.” Spenser. “The men which were sent from Cornelius had made inquiry for Simon’s house, and stood before the gate.” Acts x. 17. 2. Search for truth, information, or knowledge; examination into facts or principles; research; investigation; as physical inquiries. “All that is wanting to the perfection of this art will undoubtedly be found, if able men … will make inquiry into it.” Dryden. Court of inquiry. See under Court. — Writ of inquiry, a writ issued in certain actions at law, where the defendant has suffered judgment to pass against him by default, in order to ascertain and assess the plaintiff’s damages, where they can not readily be ascertained by mere calculation. Burrill. Syn. — Interrogation; interrogatory; question; query; scrutiny; investigation; research; examination.

In•quis´i•ble , a. Admitting judicial inquiry. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•qui•si´tion , n. [L. inquisitio : cf. F. inquisition. See Inquire, and cf. Inquest.] 1. The act of inquiring; inquiry; search; examination; inspection; investigation. “As I could learn through earnest inquisition.” Latimer. “Let not search and inquisition quail
To bring again these foolish runaways.” Shak. 2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination; inquest. (b) The finding of a jury, especially such a finding under a writ of inquiry. Bouvier. “The justices in eyre had it formerly in charge to make inquisition concerning them by a jury of the county.” Blackstone. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A court or tribunal for the examination and punishment of heretics, fully established by Pope Gregory IX. in 1235. Its operations were chiefly confined to Spain, Portugal, and their dependencies, and a part of Italy.

In•qui•si´tion, v. t. To make inquisition concerning; to inquire into. [Obs.] Milton.

In•qui•si´tion•al , a. [LL. inquisitionalis.] Relating to inquiry or inquisition; inquisitorial; also of or pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Inquisition. “All the inquisitional rigor … executed upon books.” Milton.

In•qui•si´tion•a•ry, , a. [Cf. F. inquisitionnaire.] [R.] Inquisitional.

In•quis´i•tive , a. [OE. inquisitif, F. inquisitif.] 1. Disposed to ask questions, especially in matters which do not concern the inquirer. “A wise man is not inquisitive about things impertinent.” Broome. 2. Given to examination, investigation, or research; searching; curious. “A young, inquisitive, and sprightly genius.” I. Watts. Syn. — Inquiring; prying; curious; meddling; intrusive. - - Inquisitive, Curious, Prying. Curious denotes a feeling, and inquisitive a habit. We are curious when we desire to learn something new; we are inquisitive when we set ourselves to gain it by inquiry or research. Prying implies inquisitiveness, and is more commonly used in a bad sense, as indicating a desire to penetrate into the secrets of others. “[We] curious are to hear,
What happens new.” Milton. “This folio of four pages [a newspaper], happy work!
Which not even critics criticise; that holds
Inquisitive attention, while I read.” Cowper. “Nor need we with a prying eye survey
The distant skies, to find the Milky Way.” Creech.

In•quis´i•tive, n. A person who is inquisitive; one curious in research. Sir W. Temple.

In•quis´i•tive•ly, adv. In an inquisitive manner. “The occasion that made him afterwards so inquisitively apply himself to the study of physic.” Boyle.

In•quis´i•tive•ness, n. The quality or state of being inquisitive; the disposition to seek explanation and information; curiosity to learn what is unknown; esp., uncontrolled and impertinent curiosity. “Mr. Boswell, whose inquisitiveness is seconded by great activity, scrambled in at a high window.” Johnson. “Curiosity in children nature has provided, to remove that ignorance they were born with; which, without this busy inquisitiveness, will make them dull.” Locke.

In•quis´i•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. inquisiteur. See Inquire.] 1. An inquisitive person; one fond of asking questions. [R.] ´Inquisitors are tatlers.´ Feltham. 2. (Law) One whose official duty it is to examine and inquire, as coroners, sheriffs, etc. Mozley & W. 3. (R.C.Ch.) A member of the Court of Inquisition.

In•quis•i•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. inquisitorial.] 1. Pertaining to inquisition; making rigorous and unfriendly inquiry; searching; as inquisitorial power. ´Illiberal and inquisitorial abuse.´ F. Blackburne. “He conferred on it a kind of inquisitorial and censorious power even over the laity, and directed it to inquire into all matters of conscience.” Hume. 2. Pertaining to the Court of Inquisition or resembling its practices. ´Inquisitorial robes.´ C. Buchanan.

In•quis•i•to´ri•al•ly, adv. In an inquisitorial manner.

In•quis•i•to´ri•ous , a. Making strict inquiry; inquisitorial. [Obs.] Milton.

In•quis•i•tu´ri•ent , a. Inquisitorial. [Obs.] ´Our inquisiturient bishops.´ Milton.

In•rac´i•nate , v. t. [Pref. in- in + F. racine root: cf. F. enraciner.] To enroot or implant.

In•rail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inrailed p. pr. & vb. n. Inrailing.] To rail in; to inclose or surround, as with rails. Hooker.

In•reg´is•ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inregistered p. pr. & vb. n. Inregistering.] [Pref. in- in + register: cf. F. enregistrer. Cf. Enregister.] To register; to enter, as in a register. [R.] Walsh.

In´road (in´rod•), n. The entrance of an enemy into a country with purposes of hostility; a sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; raid; encroachment. “The loss of Shrewsbury exposed all North Wales to the daily inroads of the enemy.” Clarendon. “With perpetual inroads to alarm,
Though inaccessible, his fatal throne.” Milton. Syn. — Invasion; incursion; irruption. See Invasion.

In•road´ (in•rod´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inroaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Inroading.] To make an inroad into; to invade. [Obs.] “The Saracens … conquered Spain, inroaded Aquitaine.” Fuller.

In•roll´ , v. t. See Enroll.

In´run•ning , n. The act or the place of entrance; an inlet. Tennyson.

In´rush , n. A rush inwards; as the inrush of the tide. G. Eliot.

In•rush´ , v. i. To rush in. [Obs.] Holland.

In•sab•ba•ta´ti , n. pl. [LL. Insabatati. See 1st In-, and Sabot.] The Waldenses; — so called from their peculiarly cut or marked sabots, or shoes.

In•safe´ty , n. Insecurity; danger. [Obs.]

In•sal•i•va´tion , n. (Physiol.) The mixing of the food with the saliva and other secretions of the mouth in eating.

In•sa•lu´bri•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + salubrious: cf. L. insalubris, F. insalubre.] Not salubrious or healthful; unwholesome; as an insalubrious air or climate.

In•sa•lu´bri•ty , n. [Cf. F. insalubrite.] Unhealthfulness; unwholesomeness; as the insalubrity of air, water, or climate. Boyle.

In•sal´u•ta•ry , a. [L. insaluteris : cf. F. insalutaire. See In- not, and Salutary.] 1. Not salutary or wholesome; unfavorable to health. 2. Not tending to safety; productive of evil.

In•san•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being insanable or incurable; insanableness.

In•san´a•ble , a. [L. insanabilis; cf. OF. insanable. See In- not, and Sanable.] Not capable of being healed; incurable; irremediable.

In•san´a•ble•ness, n. The state of being insanable; insanability; incurableness.

In•san´a•bly, adv. In an incurable manner.

In•sane´ , a. [L. insanus. See In- not, and Sane.] 1. Exhibiting unsoundness or disorder of mind; not sane; mad; deranged in mind; delirious; distracted. See Insanity, 2. 2. Used by, or appropriated to, insane persons; as an insane hospital. 3. Causing insanity or madness. [R.] “Or have we eaten on the insaneroot
That takes the reason prisoner ?” Shak. 4. Characterized by insanity or the utmost folly; chimerical; unpractical; as an insane plan, attempt, etc. “I know not which was the insane measure.” Southey.

In•sane´ly, adv. Without reason; madly; foolishly.

In•sane´ness, n. Insanity; madness.

In•sa´ni•ate , v. t. To render unsound; to make mad. [Obs.] Feltham.

In•sa´nie , n. Insanity. [Obs.] Shak.

In•san´i•ta•ry , a. Not sanitary; unhealthy; as insanitary conditions of drainage.

In•san•i•ta´tion , n. Lack of sanitation; careless or dangerous hygienic conditions.

In•san´i•ty , n. [L. insanitas unsoundness; cf. insania insanity, F. insanite.] 1. The state of being insane; unsoundness or derangement of mind; madness; lunacy. “All power of fancy over reason is a degree of insanity.” Johnson. “Without grace
The heart’s insanity admits no cure.” Cowper. 2. (Law) Such a mental condition, as either from the existence of delusions, or from incapacity to distinguish between right and wrong, with regard to any matter under action, does away with individual responsibility. Syn. — Insanity, Lunacy, Madness, Derangement, Alienation, Aberration, Mania, Delirium, Frenzy, Monomania, Dementia. Insanity is the generic term for all such diseases; lunacy has now an equal extent of meaning, though once used to denote periodical insanity; madness has the same extent, though originally referring to the rage created by the disease; derangement, alienation, are popular terms for insanity; delirium, mania, and frenzy denote excited states of the disease; dementia denotes the loss of mental power by this means; monomania is insanity upon a single subject.

In•sa´po•ry , a. [Pref. in- not + sapor.] Tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

In•sa•tia•bil´i•ty , n., [L. insatiabilitas; cf. F. insatiabilite.] The state or quality of being insatiable; insatiableness. “Eagerness for increase of possession deluges the soul, and we sink into the gulfs of insatiability.” Rambler.

In•sa´tia•ble , a. [F. insatiable, L. ionsatiabilis. See In- not, and Satiable.] Not satiable; incapable of being satisfied or appeased; very greedy; as an insatiable appetite, thirst, or desire. “´Insatiable of glory.´” Milton.

In•sa´tia•ble•ness, n. Greediness of appetite that can not be satisfied or appeased; insatiability. “The eye of the covetous hath a more particular insatiableness.” Bp. Hall.

In•sa´tia•bly, adv. In an insatiable manner or degree; unappeasably. ´Insatiably covetous.´ South.

In•sa´ti•ate , a. [L. insatiatus.] Insatiable; as insatiate thirst. “The insatiate greediness of his desires.” Shak. “And still insatiate, thirsting still for blood.” Hook.

In•sa´ti•ate•ly, adv. Insatiably. Sir T. Herbert.

In•sa´ti•ate•ness, n. The state of being insatiate.

In•sa•ti´e•ty , n. [L. insatietas: cf. F. insatiete. See Satiety.] Insatiableness. T. Grander.

In•sat•is•fac´tion , n. 1. Insufficiency; emptiness. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Dissatisfaction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•sat´u•ra•ble , a. [L. insaturabilis: cf. F. insaturable. See In- not, and Saturable.] Not capable of being saturated or satisfied.

In´science (in´shens; 277), n. [L. inscientia: cf. F. inscience.] Want of knowledge; ignorance. [Obs.]

In´scient (in´shent), a. [L. insciens, -entis, ignorant. See In- not, and Scient, Science.] Having little or no knowledge; ignorant; stupid; silly. [R.] N. Bacon.

In´scient, a. [Pref. in- in + L. sciens knowing.] Having knowledge or insight; intelligent. [R.] “Gaze on, with inscient vision, toward the sun.” Mrs. Browning.

In•sconce´ , v. t. See Ensconce.

In•scrib´a•ble , a. Capable of being inscribed, — used specif. (Math.) of solids or plane figures capable of being inscribed in other solids or figures.

In•scrib´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being inscribable.

In•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Inscribing.] [L. inscribere. See 1st In-, and Scribe.] 1. To write or engrave; to mark down as something to be read; to imprint. “Inscribe a verse on this relenting stone.” Pope. 2. To mark with letters, characters, or words. “O let thy once lov’d friend inscribe thy stone.” Pope. 3. To assign or address to; to commend to by a short address; to dedicate informally; as to inscribe an ode to a friend. Dryden. 4. To imprint deeply; to impress; to stamp; as to inscribe a sentence on the memory. 5. (Geom.) To draw within so as to meet yet not cut the boundaries. A line is inscribed in a circle, or in a sphere, when its two ends are in the circumference of the circle, or in the surface of the sphere. A triangle is inscribed in another triangle, when the three angles of the former are severally on the three sides of the latter. A circle is inscribed in a polygon, when it touches each side of the polygon. A sphere is inscribed in a polyhedron, when the sphere touches each boundary plane of the polyhedron. The latter figure in each case is circumscribed about the former.

In•scrib´er , n. One who inscribes. Pownall.

In•scrip´ti•ble , a. Capable of being inscribed; inscribable.

In•scrip´tion , n. [L. inscriptio, fr. inscribere, inscriptum, to inscribe: cf. F. inscription. See Inscribe.] 1. The act or process of inscribing. 2. That which is inscribed; something written or engraved; especially, a word or words written or engraved on a solid substance for preservation or public inspection; as inscriptions on monuments, pillars, coins, medals, etc. 3. (Anat.) A line of division or intersection; as the tendinous inscriptions, or intersections, of a muscle. 4. An address, consignment, or informal dedication, as of a book to a person, as a mark of respect or an invitation of patronage.

In•scrip´tive , a. Bearing inscription; of the character or nature of an inscription.

In•scroll´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscrolled p. pr. & vb. n. Inscrolling.] To write on a scroll; to record. [Written also inscrol.] Shak.

In•scru•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutableness.

In•scru´ta•ble , a. [L. inscrutabilis : cf. F. inscrutable. See In- not, and Scrutiny.] Unsearchable; incapable of being searched into and understood by inquiry or study; impossible or difficult to be explained or accounted for satisfactorily; obscure; incomprehensible; as an inscrutable design or event. “’T is not in man
To yield a reason for the will of Heaven
Which is inscrutable.” Beau. & Fl. “Waiving a question so inscrutable as this.” De Quincey.

In•scru´ta•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutability.

In•scru´ta•bly, adv. In an inscrutable manner.

In•sculp´ , v. t. [L. insculpere: cf. F. insculper. See 1st In-, and Sculptor.] To engrave; to carve; to sculpture. [Obs. & R.] Shak. “Which he insculped in two likely stones.” Drayton.

In•sculp´tion , n. Inscription. [Obs.]

In•sculp´ture , n. An engraving, carving, or inscription. [Obs.] “On his gravestone this insculpture.” Shak.

In•sculp´tured , p. a. Engraved. Glover.

In•seam´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inseamed p. pr. & vb. n. Inseaming.] To impress or mark with a seam or cicatrix. Pope.

In•search´ , v. t. To make search after; to investigate or examine; to ensearch. [Obs.]

In•sec´a•ble (in•sek´a•b’l), a. [L. insecabilis; pref. in- not + secabilis that may be cut: cf. F. insecable.] Incapable of being divided by cutting; indivisible.

In´sect (in´sekt), n. [F. insecte, L. insectum, fr. insectus, p. p. of insecare to cut in. See Section. The name was originally given to certain small animals, whose bodies appear cut in, or almost divided. Cf. Entomology.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the Insecta; esp., one of the Hexapoda. See Insecta. The hexapod insects pass through three stages during their growth, viz., the larva, pupa, and imago or adult, but in some of the orders the larva differs little from the imago, except in lacking wings, and the active pupa is very much like the larva, except in having rudiments of wings. In the higher orders, the larva is usually a grub, maggot, or caterpillar, totally unlike the adult, while the pupa is very different from both larva and imago and is inactive, taking no food. 2. (Zoöl.) Any air-breathing arthropod, as a spider or scorpion. 3. (Zoöl.) Any small crustacean. In a wider sense, the word is often loosely applied to various small invertebrates. 4. Fig.: Any small, trivial, or contemptible person or thing. Thomson. Insect powder, a powder used for the extermination of insects; esp., the powdered flowers of certain species of Pyrethrum, a genus now merged in Chrysanthemum. Called also Persian powder.

In´sect , a. 1. Of or pertaining to an insect or insects. 2. Like an insect; small; mean; ephemeral.

In•sec´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Insect.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Arthropoda, including those that have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and breathe air by means of tracheae, opening by spiracles along the sides of the body. In this sense it includes the Hexapoda, or six-legged insects and the Myriapoda, with numerous legs. See Insect, n. 2. (Zoöl.) In a more restricted sense, the Hexapoda alone. See Hexapoda. 3. (Zoöl.) In the most general sense, the Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined. The typical Insecta, or hexapod insects, are divided into several orders, viz.: Hymenoptera, as the bees and ants; Diptera, as the common flies and gnats; Aphaniptera, or fleas; Lepidoptera, or moths and butterflies; Neuroptera, as the ant-lions and hellgamite; Coleoptera, or beetles; Hemiptera, as bugs, lice, aphids; Orthoptera, as grasshoppers and cockroaches; Pseudoneuroptera, as the dragon flies and termites; Euplexoptera, or earwigs; Thysanura, as the springtails, podura, and lepisma. See these words in the Vocabulary.

In´sec•ta•ry , n. A place for keeping living insects. — In•sec•ta´ri•um (#), n. [L.]

In•sec•ta´tion , n. [L. insectatio. See Insectator.] The act of pursuing; pursuit; harassment; persecution. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In•sec•ta´tor , n. [L., fr. insectari to pursue, freq. fr. insequi. See Ensue.] A pursuer; a persecutor; a censorious critic. [Obs.] Bailey.

In´sect•ed , a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or resembling, an insect. Howell.

In•sec´ti•cide , n. [Insect + L. caedere to kill.] An agent or preparation for destroying insects; an insect powder. — In•sec´ti•ci•dal (#), a.

In•sec´tile , a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, insects. Bacon.

In•sec´tion , n. [See Insect.] A cutting in; incisure; incision.

In•sec•tiv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., from L. insectum an insect + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of mammals which feed principally upon insects. They are mostly of small size, and their molar teeth have sharp cusps. Most of the species burrow in the earth, and many of those of cold climates hibernate in winter. The order includes the moles, shrews, hedgehogs, tanrecs, and allied animals, also the colugo. 2. A division of the Cheiroptera, including the common or insect-eating bats.

In•sec´ti•vore , n.; pl. Insectivores (-vorz). [F.] (Zoöl.) One of the Insectivora.

In•sec•tiv´o•rous , a. [See Insectivora.] Feeding or subsisting on insects; carnivorous. The term is applied: (a) to plants which have some special adaptation for catching and digesting insects, as the sundew, Venus’s flytrap, Sarracenia, etc. (b) to the Insectivora, and to many bats, birds, and reptiles.

In•sec•tol´o•ger , n. An entomologist. [Obs.]

In•sec•tol´o•gy , n. [Insect + -logy: cf. F. insectologie.] Entomology. [Obs.]

In•se•cure´ , a. 1. Not secure; not confident of safety or permanence; distrustful; suspicious; apprehensive of danger or loss. “With sorrow and insecure apprehensions.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Not effectually guarded, protected, or sustained; unsafe; unstable; exposed to danger or loss. Bp. Hurg. “The trade with Egypt was exceedingly insecure and precarious.” Mickle.

In•se•cure´ly, adv. In an insecure manner.

In•se•cure´ness, n. Insecurity.

In•se•cu´ri•ty , n.; pl. Insecurities (#). [Pref. in- not + security : cf. LL. insecuritas, F. insecurite.] 1. The condition or quality of being insecure; want of safety; danger; hazard; as the insecurity of a building liable to fire; insecurity of a debt. 2. The state of feeling insecure; uncertainty; want of confidence. “With what insecurity of truth we ascribe effects … unto arbitrary calculations.” Sir T. Browne. “A time of insecurity, when interests of all sorts become objects of speculation.” Burke.

In•se•cu´tion , n. [L. insecutio, fr. insequi p. p. insecutus. See Ensue.] A following after; close pursuit. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•sem´i•nate , v. t. [L. inseminatus, p. p. of inseminare to sow. See Seminate.] To sow; to impregnate. [Obs.]

In•sem•i•na´tion , n. A sowing. [Obs.]

In•sen´sate , a. [L. insensatus. See In- not, and Sensate.] Wanting sensibility; destitute of sense; stupid; foolish. “The silence and the calm
Of mute, insensate things.” Wordsworth. “The meddling folly or insensate ambition of statesmen.” Buckle. — In•sen´sate•ly, adv. — In•sen´sate•ness, n.

In•sense´ , v. t. [Pref. in- in + sense.] To make to understand; to instruct. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

In•sen•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insensibilite.] 1. The state or quality of being insensible; want of sensibility; torpor; unconsciousness; as the insensibility produced by a fall, or by opiates. 2. Want of tenderness or susceptibility of emotion or passion; dullness; stupidity. Syn. — Dullness; numbness; unfeelingness; stupidity; torpor; apathy; impassiveness; indifference.

In•sen´si•ble , a. [L. insensibilis: cf. F. insensible. See In- not, and Sensible.] 1. Destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving; wanting bodily sensibility. Milton. 2. Not susceptible of emotion or passion; void of feeling; apathetic; unconcerned; indifferent; as insensible to danger, fear, love, etc.; — often used with of or to. “Accept an obligation without being a slave to the giver, or insensible to his kindness.” Sir H. Wotton. “Lost in their loves, insensible of shame.” Dryden. 3. Incapable of being perceived by the senses; imperceptible. Hence: Progressing by imperceptible degrees; slow; gradual; as insensible motion. “Two small and almost insensible pricks were found upon Cleopatra’s arm.” Sir T. Browne. “They fall away,
And languish with insensible decay.” Dryden. 4. Not sensible or reasonable; meaningless. [Obs.] “If it make the indictment be insensible or uncertain, it shall be quashed.” Sir M. Hale. Syn. — Imperceptible; imperceivable; dull; stupid; torpid; numb; unfeeling; apathetic; stoical; impassive; indifferent; unsusceptible; hard; callous.

In•sen´si•ble•ness, n. Insensibility. Bp. Hall.

In•sen´si•bly, adv. In a manner not to be felt or perceived; imperceptibly; gradually. “The hills rise insensibly.” Addison.

In•sen´si•tive , a. Not sensitive; wanting sensation, or wanting acute sensibility. Tillotson. Ruskin.

In•sen´su•ous , a. [Pref. in- not + sensuous.] Not sensuous; not pertaining to, affecting, or addressing, the senses. “That intermediate door
Betwixt the different planes of sensuous form
And form insensuous.” Mrs. Browning.

In•sen´ti•ent , a. Not sentient; not having perception, or the power of perception. “The … attributes of an insentient, inert substance.” Reid. “But there can be nothing like to this sensation in the rose, because it is insentient.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•sep•a•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inseparabilitas: cf. F. inseparabilite.] The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparableness. Locke.

In•sep´a•ra•ble , a. [L. inseparabilis: cf. F. inseparable. See In- , and Separable.] 1. Not separable; incapable of being separated or disjoined. “The history of every language is inseparable from that of the people by whom it is spoken.” Mure. “Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” D. Webster. 2. (Gram.) Invariably attached to some word, stem, or root; as the inseparable particle un- .

In•sep´a•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparability. Bp. Burnet.

In•sep´a•ra•bly, adv. In an inseparable manner or condition; so as not to be separable. Bacon. “And cleaves through life inseparably close.” Cowper.

In•sep´a•rate , a. [L. inseparatus. See In- not, and Separate.] Not separate; together; united. Shak.

In•sep´a•rate•ly, adv. Inseparably. [Obs.] Cranmer.

In•sert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inserting.] [L. insertus, p. p. of inserere to insert; pref. in- in + serere to join, connect. See Series.] To set within something; to put or thrust in; to introduce; to cause to enter, or be included, or contained; as to insert a scion in a stock; to insert a letter, word, or passage in a composition; to insert an advertisement in a newspaper. “These words were very weakly inserted where they will be so liable to misconstruction.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

In•sert´ed, a. (Bot.) Situated upon, attached to, or growing out of, some part; — said especially of the parts of the flower; as the calyx, corolla, and stamens of many flowers are inserted upon the receptacle. Gray.

In•sert´ing, n. 1. A setting in. 2. Something inserted or set in, as lace, etc., in garments. [R.]

In•ser´tion , n. [L. insertio: cf. F. insertion. See Insert.] 1. The act of inserting; as the insertion of scions in stocks; the insertion of words or passages in writings. 2. The condition or mode of being inserted or attached; as the insertion of stamens in a calyx. 3. That which is set in or inserted, especially a narrow strip of embroidered lace, muslin, or cambric. 4. (Anat.) The point or part by which a muscle or tendon is attached to the part to be moved; — in contradistinction to its origin. Epigynous insertion (Bot.), the insertion of stamens upon the ovary. — Hypogynous insertion (Bot.), insertion beneath the ovary.

In•serve´ , v. i. [L. inservire; in- in + servire to serve.] To be of use to an end; to serve. [Obs.]

In•serv´i•ent , a. [L. inserviens, p. pr. of inservire.] Conducive; instrumental. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ses´sion , n. [L. insessio, fr. insidere, insessum, to sit in. See Insidious.] 1. The act of sitting, as in a tub or bath. ´Used by way of fomentation, insession, or bath.´ [R.] Holland. 2. That in which one sits, as a bathing tub. [R.] “Insessions be bathing tubs half full.” Holland.

In•ses´sor , n.; pl. Insessores (#). [See Insessores.] (Zoöl.) One of the Insessores. The group includes most of the common singing birds.

In•ses•so´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. insessor, lit., one who sits down, fr. incidere. See Insession.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, formerly established to include the perching birds, but now generally regarded as an artificial group.

In•ses•so´ri•al , a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to, or having the character of, perching birds. 2. Belonging or pertaining to the Insessores.

In•set´ , v. t. To infix. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In´set , n. 1. That which is inserted or set in; an insertion. 2. (Bookbinding) One or more separate leaves inserted in a volume before binding; as: (a) A portion of the printed sheet in certain sizes of books which is cut off before folding, and set into the middle of the folded sheet to complete the succession of paging; — also called offcut. (b) A page or pages of advertisements inserted.

In•sev´er•a•ble , a. Incapable of being severed; indivisible; inseparable. De Quincey.

In•shad´ed , a. Marked with different shades. W. Browne.

In´shave , n. (Mech.) A plane for shaving or dressing the concave or inside faces of barrel staves.

In•sheathe´ , v. t. To insert as in a sheath; to sheathe. Hughes.

In•shell´ , v. t. To hide in a shell. [Obs.] Shak.

In•ship´ , v. t. To embark. [Obs.] Shak.

In´shore , a. Being near or moving towards the shore; as inshore fisheries; inshore currents. — adv. Towards the shore; as the boat was headed inshore.

In•shrine´ , v. t. See Enshrine.

In•sic•ca´tion , n. The act or process of drying in.

In´side , prep. or adv. Within the sides of; in the interior; contained within; as inside a house, book, bottle, etc.

In´side, a. 1. Being within; included or inclosed in anything; contained; interior; internal; as the inside passengers of a stagecoach; inside decoration. “Kissing with inside lip.” Shak. 2. Adapted to the interior. Inside callipers (Mech.), callipers for measuring the diameters of holes, etc. — Inside finish (Arch.), a general term for the final work in any building necessary for its completion, but other than unusual decoration; thus, in joiner work, the doors and windows, inside shutters, door and window trimmings, paneled jams, baseboards, and sometimes flooring and stairs; in plaster work, the finishing coat, the cornices, centerpieces, etc.; in painting, all simple painting of woodwork and plastering. — Inside track, the inner part of a race course; hence, colloquially, advantage of place, facilities, etc., in competition.

In´side, n. 1. The part within; interior or internal portion; content. “Looked he o’ the inside of the paper?” Shak. 2. pl. The inward parts; entrails; bowels; hence, that which is within; private thoughts and feelings. “Here’s none but friends; we may speak
Our insides freely.” Massinger. 3. An inside passenger of a coach or carriage, as distinguished from one upon the outside. [Colloq. Eng.] “So down thy hill, romantic Ashbourne, glides
The Derby dilly, carrying three insides.” Anti- Jacobin. Patent insides or outsides, a name give to newspaper sheets printed on one side with general and miscellaneous matter, and furnished wholesale to offices of small newspapers, where the blank pages are filled up with recent and local news.

In•sid´i•ate , v. t. [L. insidiatus, p. p. of insidiare to lie in ambush, fr. insidiae. See Insidious.] To lie in ambush for. [Obs.] Heywood.

In•sid´i•a•tor , n. [L.] One who lies in ambush. [Obs.] Barrow.

In•sid´i•ous , a. [L. insidiosus, fr. insidiae an ambush, fr. insidere to sit in; pref. in- + sedere to sit: cf. F. insidieux. See Sit.] 1. Lying in wait; watching an opportunity to insnare or entrap; deceitful; sly; treacherous; — said of persons; as the insidious foe. ´The insidious witch.´ Cowper. 2. Intended to entrap; characterized by treachery and deceit; as insidious arts. “The insidious whisper of the bad angel.” Hawthorne. Insidious disease (Med.), a disease existing, without marked symptoms, but ready to become active upon some slight occasion; a disease not appearing to be as bad as it really is. Syn. — Crafty; wily; artful; sly; designing; guileful; circumventive; treacherous; deceitful; deceptive. — In•sid´i•ous•ly, adv. — In•sid´i•ous•ness, n.

In´sight , n. 1. A sight or view of the interior of anything; a deep inspection or view; introspection; — frequently used with into. “He had an insight into almost all the secrets of state.” Jortin. 2. Power of acute observation and deduction; penetration; discernment; perception. “Quickest insight
In all things that to greatest actions lead.” Milton.

In•sig´ni•a , n. pl. [L. insigne, pl. insignia, fr. insignis distinguished by a mark; pref. in- in + signum a mark, sign. See Ensign, Sign.] 1. Distinguishing marks of authority, office, or honor; badges; tokens; decorations; as the insignia of royalty or of an order. 2. Typical and characteristic marks or signs, by which anything is known or distinguished; as the insignia of a trade.

In•sig•nif´i•cance , n. 1. The condition or quality of being insignificant; want of significance, sense, or meaning; as the insignificance of words or phrases. 2. Want of force or effect; unimportance; pettiness; inefficacy; as the insignificance of human art. 3. Want of claim to consideration or notice; want of influence or standing; meanness. “Reduce him, from being the first person in the nation, to a state of insignificance.” Beattie.

In•sig•nif´i•can•cy , n. Insignificance.

In•sig•nif´i•cant , a. 1. Not significant; void of signification, sense, or import; meaningless; as insignificant words. 2. Having no weight or effect; answering no purpose; unimportant; valueless; futile. “Laws must be insignificant without the sanction of rewards and punishments.” Bp. Wilkins. 3. Without weight of character or social standing; mean; contemptible; as an insignificant person. Syn. — Unimportant; immaterial; inconsiderable; small; inferior; trivial; mean; contemptible.

In•sig•nif´i•cant•ly, adv. without significance, importance, or effect; to no purpose. ´Anger insignificantly fierce.´ Cowper.

In•sig•nif´i•ca•tive , a. [L. insignificativus. See In- not, and Significative.] Not expressing meaning; not significant.

In•sign´ment , n. [See Insignia.] A token, mark, or explanation. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In•sim´u•late , v. t. [L. insimulatus, p. p. of insimulare to accuse.] To accuse. [Obs.] Donne.

In•sin•cere´ , a. [L. insincerus. See In- not, and Sincere.] 1. Not being in truth what one appears to be; not sincere; dissembling; hypocritical; disingenuous; deceitful; false; — said of persons; also of speech, thought; etc.; as insincere declarations. 2. Disappointing; imperfect; unsound. [Obs.] “To render sleep’s soft blessings insincere.” Pope. Syn. — Dissembling; hollow; hypocritical; deceptive deceitful; false; disingenuous; untrustworthy.

In•sin•cere´ly, adv. Without sincerity.

In•sin•cer´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insincerite.] The quality of being insincere; want of sincerity, or of being in reality what one appears to be; dissimulation; hypocritical; deceitfulness; hollowness; untrustworthiness; as the insincerity of a professed friend; the insincerity of professions of regard. “What men call policy and knowledge of the world, is commonly no other thing than dissimulation and insincerity.” Blair.

In•sin´ew , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinewed p. pr. & vb. n. Insinewing.] To strengthen, as with sinews; to invigorate. [Obs.] “All members of our cause, …
That are insinewed to this action.” Shak.

In•sin´u•ant , a. [L. insinuans, p. pr.: cf. F. insinuant.] Insinuating; insinuative. [Obs.]

In•sin´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinuated p. pr. & vb. n. Insinuating.] [L. insinuatus, p. p. of insinuareto insinuate; pref. in- in + sinus the bosom. See Sinuous.] 1. To introduce gently or slowly, as by a winding or narrow passage, or a gentle, persistent movement. “The water easily insinuates itself into, and placidly distends, the vessels of vegetables.” Woodward. 2. To introduce artfully; to infuse gently; to instill. “All the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness, are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas move the passions, and thereby mislead the judgment.” Locke. “Horace laughs to shame all follies and insinuates virtue, rather by familiar examples than by the severity of precepts.” Dryden. 3. To hint; to suggest by remote allusion; — often used derogatorily; as did you mean to insinuate anything? 4. To push or work (one’s self), as into favor; to introduce by slow, gentle, or artful means; to ingratiate; — used reflexively. “He insinuated himself into the very good grace of the Duke of Buckingham.” Clarendon. Syn. — To instill; hint; suggest; intimate.

In•sin´u•ate, v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow in; to enter gently, slowly, or imperceptibly, as into crevices. 2. To ingratiate one’s self; to obtain access or favor by flattery or cunning. “He would insinuate with thee but to make thee sigh.” Shak. “To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my limbs.” Shak.

In•sin´u•a•ting , a. Winding, creeping, or flowing in, quietly or stealthily; suggesting; winning favor and confidence insensibly. Milton. “His address was courteous, and even insinuating.” Prescott.

In•sin´u•a•ting•ly, adv. By insinuation.

In•sin´u•a•tion , n. [L. insinuatio: cf. F. insinuation.] 1. The act or process of insinuating; a creeping, winding, or flowing in. “By a soft insinuation mix’d
With earth’s large mass.” Crashaw. 2. The act of gaining favor, affection, or influence, by gentle or artful means; — formerly used in a good sense, as of friendly influence or interposition. Sir H. Wotton. “I hope through the insinuation of Lord Scarborough to keep them here till further orders.” Lady Cowper. 3. The art or power of gaining good will by a prepossessing manner. “He bad a natural insinuation and address which made him acceptable in the best company.” Clarendon. 4. That which is insinuated; a hint; a suggestion or intimation by distant allusion; as slander may be conveyed by insinuations. “I scorn your coarse insinuation.” Cowper. Syn. — Hint; intimation; suggestion. See Innuendo.

In•sin´u•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. insinuatif.] 1. Stealing on or into the confidence or affections; having power to gain favor. ´Crafty, insinuative, plausible men.´ Bp. Reynolds. 2. Using insinuations; giving hints; insinuating; as insinuative remark.

In•sin´u•a•tor , n. [L., an introducer.] One who, or that which, insinuates. De Foe.

In•sin´u•a•to•ry , a. Insinuative.

In•sip´id , a. [L. insipidus; pref. in- not + sapidus savory, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. insipide. See Savor.] 1. Wanting in the qualities which affect the organs of taste; without taste or savor; vapid; tasteless; as insipid drink or food. Boyle. 2. Wanting in spirit, life, or animation; uninteresting; weak; vapid; flat; dull; heavy; as an insipid woman; an insipid composition. “Flat, insipid, and ridiculous stuff to him.” South. “But his wit is faint, and his salt, if I may dare to say so, almost insipid.” Dryden. Syn. — Tasteless; vapid; dull; spiritless; unanimated; lifeless; flat; stale; pointless; uninteresting. { In•si•pid´i•ty , In•sip´id•ness } n. [Cf. F. insipidite.] The quality or state of being insipid; vapidity. ´Dryden’s lines shine strongly through the insipidity of Tate’s.´ Pope.

In•sip´id•ly, adv. In an insipid manner; without taste, life, or spirit; flatly. Locke. Sharp.

In•sip´i•ence , n. [L. insipientia: cf. OF. insipience.] Want of intelligence; stupidity; folly. [R.] Blount.

In•sip´i•ent , a. [L. insipiens; pref. in- not + sapiens wise.] Wanting wisdom; stupid; foolish. [R.] Clarendon. — n. An insipient person. [R.] Fryth.

In•sist´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Insisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insisting.] [F. insister, L. insistere to set foot upon, follow, persist; pref. in- in + sistere to stand, cause to stand. See Stand.] 1. To stand or rest; to find support; — with in, on, or upon. [R.] Ray. 2. To take a stand and refuse to give way; to hold to something firmly or determinedly; to be persistent, urgent, or pressing; to persist in demanding; — followed by on, upon, or that; as he insisted on these conditions; he insisted on going at once; he insists that he must have money. “Insisting on the old prerogative.” Shak. “Without further insisting on the different tempers of Juvenal and Horace.” Dryden. Syn. — Insist, Persist. — Insist implies some alleged right, as authority or claim. Persist may be from obstinacy alone, and either with or against rights. We insist as against others; we persist in what exclusively relates to ourselves; as he persisted in that course; he insisted on his friend’s adopting it. C. J. Smith.

In•sist´ence , n. The quality of insisting, or being urgent or pressing; the act of dwelling upon as of special importance; persistence; urgency.

In•sist´ent , a. [L. insistens, -entis, p. pr. of insistere.] 1. Standing or resting on something; as an insistent wall. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Insisting; persistent; persevering. 3. (Zoöl.) See Incumbent.

In•sist´ent•ly, adv. In an insistent manner.

In•sis´ture ( 135), n. A dwelling or standing on something; fixedness; persistence. [Obs.] Shak.

In•si´ti•en•cy , n. [Pref. in- not + L. sitiens, p. pr. of sitire to be thirsty, fr. sitis thirst.] Freedom from thirst. [Obs.] “The insitiency of a camel for traveling in deserts.” Grew.

In•si´tion ( 277), n. [L. insitio, fr. inserere, insitum, to sow or plant in, to ingraft; pref. in- in + serere, satum, to sow.] The insertion of a scion in a stock; ingraftment. Ray.

In• si´tu [L.] In its natural position or place; — said of a rock or fossil, when found in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited.

In•snare´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insnared p. pr. & vb. n. Insnaring.] [Written also ensnare.] 1. To catch in a snare; to entrap; to take by artificial means. ´Insnare a gudgeon.´ Fenton. 2. To take by wiles, stratagem, or deceit; to involve in difficulties or perplexities; to seduce by artifice; to inveigle; to allure; to entangle. “The insnaring charms
Of love’s soft queen.” Glover.

In•snar´er , n. One who insnares.

In•snarl´ , v. t. To make into a snarl or knot; to entangle; to snarl. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

In•so•bri´e•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + obriety: cf. F. insobriete.] Want of sobriety, moderation, or calmness; intemperance; drunkenness.

In•so•cia•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insociabilite.] The quality of being insociable; want of sociability; unsociability. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

In•so´cia•ble , a. [L. insociabilis: cf. F. insociable. See In- not, and Sociable.] 1. Incapable of being associated, joined, or connected. [Obs.] “Lime and wood are insociable.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. Not sociable or companionable; disinclined to social intercourse or conversation; unsociable; taciturn. “This austere insociable life.” Shak.

In•so´cia•bly, adv. Unsociably.

In•so´ci•ate , a. Not associate; without a companion; single; solitary; recluse. [Obs.] ´The insociate virgin life.´ B. Jonson.

In´so•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insolated p. pr. & vb. n. Insolating.] [L. insolatus, p. p. of insolare to expose to the sun; pref. in- in + sol the sun.] To dry in, or to expose to, the sun’s rays; to ripen or prepare by such exposure. Johnson.

In•so•la´tion , n. [L. insolatio: cf. F. insolation.] 1. The act or process to exposing to the rays of the sun for the purpose of drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, etc., or of rendering acid, as vinegar. 2. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) Exposure of a patient to the sun’s rays; a sun bath.

In´sole , n. The inside sole of a boot or shoe; also a loose, thin strip of leather, felt, etc., placed inside the shoe for warmth or ease.

In´so•lence , n. [F. insolence, L. insolentia. See Insolent.] 1. The quality of being unusual or novel. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The quality of being insolent; pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptuous and overbearing treatment of others; arrogant contempt; brutal impudence. “Flown with insolence and wine.” Milton. 3. Insolent conduct or treatment; insult. “Loaded with fetters and insolences from the soldiers.” Fuller.

In´so•lence, v. t. To insult. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike.

In´so•len•cy , n. Insolence. [R.] Evelyn.

In´so•lent , a. [F. insolent, L. insolens, -entis, pref. in- not + solens accustomed, p. pr. of solere to be accustomed.] 1. Deviating from that which is customary; novel; strange; unusual. [Obs.] “If one chance to derive any word from the Latin which is insolent to their ears … they forthwith make a jest at it.” Pettie. “If any should accuse me of being new or insolent.” Milton. 2. Haughty and contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language; overbearing; domineering; grossly rude or disrespectful; saucy; as an insolent master; an insolent servant. ´A paltry, insolent fellow.´ Shak. “Insolent is he that despiseth in his judgment all other folks as in regard of his value, of his cunning, of his speaking, and of his bearing.” Chaucer. “Can you not see? or will ye not observe …
How insolent of late he is become,
How proud, how peremptory?” Shak. 3. Proceeding from or characterized by insolence; insulting; as insolent words or behavior. “Their insolent triumph excited … indignation.” Macaulay. Syn. — Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; saucy; impudent; audacious; pert; impertinent; rude; reproachful; opprobrious. — Insolent, Insulting. Insolent, in its primitive sense, simply denoted unusual; and to act insolently was to act in violation of the established rules of social intercourse. He who did this was insolent; and thus the word became one of the most offensive in our language, indicating gross disregard for the feelings of others. Insulting denotes a personal attack, either in words or actions, indicative either of scorn or triumph. Compare Impertinent, Affront, Impudence.

In´so•lent•ly, adv. In an insolent manner.

In•so•lid´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + solidity: cf. F. insolidite.] Want of solidity; weakness; as the insolidity of an argument. [R.] Dr. H. More.

In•sol•u•bil´i•ty , n. [L. insolubilitas: cf. F. insolubilite.] 1. The quality or state of being insoluble or not dissolvable, as in a fluid. 2. The quality of being inexplicable or insolvable.

In•sol´u•ble , a. [L. insolubilis indissoluble, that can not be loosed: cf. F. insoluble. See In- not, and Soluble, and cf. Insolvable.] 1. Not soluble; in capable or difficult of being dissolved, as by a liquid; as chalk is insoluble in water. 2. Not to be solved or explained; insolvable; as an insoluble doubt, question, or difficulty. 3. Strong. ´An insoluble wall.´ [Obs.] Holland

In•sol´u•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being insoluble; insolubility. Boyle.

In•solv´a•ble , a. 1. Not solvable; insoluble; admitting no solution or explanation; as an insolvable problem or difficulty. I. Watts. 2. Incapable of being paid or discharged, as debts. 3. Not capable of being loosed or disentangled; inextricable. ´Bands insolvable.´ Pope.

In•sol´ven•cy , n.; pl. Insolvencies . (Law) (a) The condition of being insolvent; the state or condition of a person who is insolvent; the condition of one who is unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course of trade and business; as a merchant’s insolvency. (b) Insufficiency to discharge all debts of the owner; as the insolvency of an estate. Act of insolvency. See Insolvent law under Insolvent, a.

In•sol´vent , a. [Pref. in- not + solvent: cf. OF. insolvent.] (Law) (a) Not solvent; not having sufficient estate to pay one’s debts; unable to pay one’s debts as they fall due, in the ordinary course of trade and business; as in insolvent debtor. (b) Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner; as an insolvent estate. (c) Relating to persons unable to pay their debts. Insolvent law, or Act of insolvency, a law affording relief, — subject to various modifications in different States, — to insolvent debtors, upon their delivering up their property for the benefit of their creditors. See Bankrupt law, under Bankrupt, a.

In•sol´vent, n. (Law) One who is insolvent; as insolvent debtor; — in England, before 1861, especially applied to persons not traders. Bouvier.

In•som´ni•a , n. [L., fr. insomnis sleepless; pref. in- not + somnus sleep.] Want of sleep; inability to sleep; wakefulness; sleeplessness.

In•som´ni•ous , a. [L. insomniosus, fr. insomnia insomnia.] Restless; sleepless. Blount.

In•som´no•lence , n. Sleeplessness.

In•so•much´ , adv. So; to such a degree; in such wise; — followed by that or as, and formerly sometimes by both. Cf. Inasmuch. “Insomusch as that field is called … Aceldama.” Acts i. 19. “Simonides was an excellent poet, insomuch that he made his fortune by it.” L’Estrange.

In•so•no´rous , a. Not clear or melodious.

In•sooth´ , adv. In sooth; truly. [Archaic]

In•sou•ciance´ , n. [F.] Carelessness; heedlessness; thoughtlessness; unconcern.

In•sou•ciant´ , a. [F.] Careless; heedless; indifferent; unconcerned. J. S. Mill.

In•soul´ , v. t. To set a soul in; reflexively, to fix one’s strongest affections on. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. “[He] could not but insoul himself in her.” Feltham.

In•span´ , v. t. & i. [D. inspannen.] To yoke or harness, as oxen to a vehicle. [South Africa]

In•spect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspecting.] [L. inspectus, p. p. of inspicere to inspect; pref. in- in + specere to look at, to view: cf. F. inspecter, fr. L. inspectare, freq. fr. inspicere. See Spy.] 1. To look upon; to view closely and critically, esp. in order to ascertain quality or condition, to detect errors, etc., to examine; to scrutinize; to investigate; as to inspect conduct. 2. To view and examine officially, as troops, arms, goods offered, work done for the public, etc.; to oversee; to superintend. Sir W. Temple.

In•spect´, n. [L. inspectus. See Inspect, v. t.] Inspection. [Obs.] Thomson.

In•spec´tion , n. [L. inspectio: cf. F. inspection.] 1. The act or process of inspecting or looking at carefully; a strict or prying examination; close or careful scrutiny; investigation. Spenser. “With narrow search, and with inspection deep,
Considered every creature.” Milton. 2. The act of overseeing; official examination or superintendence. Trial by inspection (O. Eng. Law), a mode of trial in which the case was settled by the individual observation and decision of the judge upon the testimony of his own senses, without the intervention of a jury. Abbott.

In•spect´ive , a. [L. inspectivus.] Engaged in inspection; inspecting; involving inspection.

In•spect´or , n. [L.: cf. F. inspecteur.] One who inspects, views, or oversees; one to whom the supervision of any work is committed; one who makes an official view or examination, as a military or civil officer; a superintendent; a supervisor; an overseer. Inspector general (Mil.), a staff officer of an army, whose duties are those of inspection, and embrace everything relative to organization, recruiting, discharge, administration, accountability for money and property, instruction, police, and discipline.

In•spect´or•ate , n. Inspectorship. [R.]

In•spec•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an inspector or to inspection. [R.]

In•spect´or•ship , n. 1. The office of an inspector. 2. The district embraced by an inspector’s jurisdiction.

In•spect´ress, n. A female inspector.

In•sperse´ , v. t. [L. inspersus, p. p. of inspergere to sprinkle upon; pref. in- in, on + spargere to sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•sper´sion , n. [L. inspersio.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•spex´i•mus , n. [L., we have inspected.] The first word of ancient charters in England, confirming a grant made by a former king; hence, a royal grant.

In•sphere´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insphered p. pr. & vb. n. Insphering.] [Cf. Ensphere.] To place in, or as in, an orb a sphere. Cf. Ensphere. “Bright aërial spirits live insphered
In regions mild of calm and serene air.” Milton.

In•spir´a•ble , a. Capable of being inspired or drawn into the lungs; inhalable; respirable; admitting inspiration. Harvey.

In•spi•ra´tion , n. [F. inspiration, L. inspiratio. See Inspire.] 1. The act of inspiring or breathing in; breath; specif. (Physiol.), the drawing of air into the lungs, accomplished in mammals by elevation of the chest walls and flattening of the diaphragm; — the opposite of expiration. 2. The act or power of exercising an elevating or stimulating influence upon the intellect or emotions; the result of such influence which quickens or stimulates; as the inspiration of occasion, of art, etc. “Your father was ever virtuous, and holy men at their death have good inspirations.” Shak. 3. (Theol.) A supernatural divine influence on the prophets, apostles, or sacred writers, by which they were qualified to communicate moral or religious truth with authority; a supernatural influence which qualifies men to receive and communicate divine truth; also the truth communicated. “All Scripture is given by inspiration of God.” 2 Tim. iii. 16. “The age which we now live in is not an age of inspiration and impulses.” Sharp. Plenary inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which excludes all defect in the utterance of the inspired message. — Verbal inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which extends to the very words and forms of expression of the divine message.

In•spi•ra´tion•al , a. Pertaining to inspiration.

In•spi•ra´tion•ist, n. One who holds to inspiration.

In´spi•ra•tor , n. (Mach.) A kind of injector for forcing water by steam. See Injector, n., 2.

In•spir´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or aiding, inspiration; as the inspiratory muscles.

In•spire´ (in•spir´), v. t. [OE. enspiren, OF. enspirer, inspirer, F. inspirer, fr. L. inspirare; pref. in- in + spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] 1. To breathe into; to fill with the breath; to animate. “When Zephirus eek, with his sweete breath,
Inspirèd hath in every holt and heath
The tender crops.” Chaucer. “Descend, ye Nine, descend and sing,
The breathing instruments inspire.” Pope. 2. To infuse by breathing, or as if by breathing. “He knew not his Maker, and him that inspired into him an active soul.” Wisdom xv. 11. 3. To draw in by the operation of breathing; to inhale; — opposed to expire. “Forced to inspire and expire the air with difficulty.” Harvey. 4. To infuse into the mind; to communicate to the spirit; to convey, as by a divine or supernatural influence; to disclose preternaturally; to produce in, as by inspiration. “And generous stout courage did inspire.” Spenser. “But dawning day new comfort hath inspired.” Shak. 5. To infuse into; to affect, as with a superior or supernatural influence; to fill with what animates, enlivens, or exalts; to communicate inspiration to; as to inspire a child with sentiments of virtue. “Erato, thy poet’s mind inspire,
And fill his soul with thy celestial fire.” Dryden.

In•spire´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inspired; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiring.] 1. To draw in breath; to inhale air into the lungs; — opposed to expire. 2. To breathe; to blow gently. [Obs.] “And when the wind amongst them did inspire,
They wavèd like a penon wide dispread.” Spenser.

In•spired´ , a. 1. Breathed in; inhaled. 2. Moved or animated by, or as by, a supernatural influence; affected by divine inspiration; as the inspired prophets; the inspired writers. 3. Communicated or given as by supernatural or divine inspiration; having divine authority; hence, sacred, holy; — opposed to uninspired, profane, or secular; as the inspired writings, that is, the Scriptures.

In•spir´er , n. One who, or that which, inspires. ´Inspirer of that holy flame.´ Cowper.

In•spir´ing, a. Animating; cheering; moving; exhilarating; as an inspiring or scene.

In•spir´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiriting.] To infuse new life or spirit into; to animate; to encourage; to invigorate. “The courage of Agamemnon is inspirited by the love of empire and ambition.” Pope. Syn. — To enliven; invigorate; exhilarate; animate; cheer; encourage; inspire.

In•spis´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspissated p. pr. & vb. n. Inspissating ] [L. inspissatus, p. p. of inspissare to thicken; pref. in- + spissare to thicken, fr. spissus thick.] To thicken or bring to greater consistence, as fluids by evaporation.

In•spis´sate , a. [L. inspissatus, p. p.] Thick or thickened; inspissated. Greenhill.

In•spis•sa´tion , n. The act or the process of inspissating, or thickening a fluid substance, as by evaporation; also the state of being so thickened.

In•sta•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Instabilities (#). [L. instabilitas: cf. F. instabilite.] 1. The quality or condition of being unstable; want of stability, firmness, or steadiness; liability to give way or to fail; insecurity; precariousness; as the instability of a building. 2. Lack of determination of fixedness; inconstancy; fickleness; mutability; changeableness; as instability of character, temper, custom, etc. Addison. Syn. — Inconstancy; fickleness; changeableness; wavering; unsteadiness; unstableness.

In•sta´ble , a. [L. instabilis: cf. F. instable. See In- not, and Stable, a., and cf. Unstable.] Not stable; not standing fast or firm; unstable; prone to change or recede from a purpose; mutable; inconstant.

In•sta´ble•ness, n. Instability; unstableness.

In•stall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Installed p. pr. & vb. n. Installing.] [F. installer, LL. installare, fr. pref. in- in + OHG. stal a place, stall, G. stall, akin to E. stall: cf. It. installare. See Stall.] [Written also instal.] 1. To set in a seat; to give a place to; establish (one) in a place. “She installed her guest hospitably by the fireside.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To place in an office, rank, or order; to invest with any charge by the usual ceremonies; to instate; to induct; as to install an ordained minister as pastor of a church; to install a college president. “Unworthily
Thou wast installed in that high degree.” Shak.

In•stal•la´tion , n. [F. installation, LL. installatio: cf. It. installazione. See Install.] 1. The act of installing or giving possession of an office, rank, or order, with the usual rites or ceremonies; as the installation of an ordained minister in a parish. “On the election, the bishop gives a mandate for his installation.” Ayliffe. 2. (Mech.) The whole of a system of machines, apparatus, and accessories, when set up and arranged for practical working, as in electric lighting, transmission of power, etc.

In•stall´ment , n. [Written also instalment.] 1. The act of installing; installation. “Take oaths from all kings and magistrates at their installment, to do impartial justice by law.” Milton. 2. The seat in which one is placed. [Obs.] “The several chairs of order, look, you scour; …
Each fair installment, coat, and several crest
With loyal blazon, evermore be blest.” Shak. 3. A portion of a debt, or sum of money, which is divided into portions that are made payable at different times. Payment by installment is payment by parts at different times, the amounts and times being often definitely stipulated. Bouvier.

In•stamp´ , v. t. See Enstamp.

In´stance , n. [F. instance, L. instantia, fr. instans. See Instant.] 1. The act or quality of being instant or pressing; urgency; solicitation; application; suggestion; motion. “Undertook at her instance to restore them.” Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is instant or urgent; motive. [Obs.] “The instances that second marriage move
Are base respects of thrift, but none of love.” Shak. 3. Occasion; order of occurrence. “These seem as if, in the time of Edward I., they were drawn up into the form of a law, in the first instance.” Sir M. Hale. 4. That which offers itself or is offered as an illustrative case; something cited in proof or exemplification; a case occurring; an example. “Most remarkable instances of suffering.” Atterbury. 5. A token; a sign; a symptom or indication. Shak. Causes of instance, those which proceed at the solicitation of some party. Hallifax. — Court of first instance, the court by which a case is first tried. — For instance, by way of example or illustration. — Instance Court (Law), the Court of Admiralty acting within its ordinary jurisdiction, as distinguished from its action as a prize court. Syn. — Example; case. See Example.

In´stance , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instanced p. pr. & vb. n. Instancing ] To mention as a case or example; to refer to; to cite; as to instance a fact. H. Spenser. “I shall not instance an abstruse author.” Milton.

In´stance, v. i. To give an example. [Obs.] “This story doth not only instance in kingdoms, but in families too.” Jer. Taylor.

In´stan•cy , n. Instance; urgency. [Obs.] “Those heavenly precepts which our Lord and Savior with so great instancy gave.” Hooker.

In´stant , a. [L. instans, -antis, p. pr. of instare to stand upon, to press upon; pref. in- in, on + stare to stand: cf. F. instant. See Stand.] 1. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest. “Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer.” Rom. xii. 12. “I am beginning to be very instant for some sort of occupation.” Carlyle. 2. Closely pressing or impending in respect to time; not deferred; immediate; without delay. “Impending death is thine, and instant doom.” Prior. 3. Present; current. “The instant time is always the fittest time.” Fuller. The word in this sense is now used only in dates, to indicate the current month; as the tenth of July instant.

In´stant, adv. Instantly. [Poetic] “Instant he flew with hospitable haste.” Pope.

In´stant, n. [F. instant, fr. L. instans standing by, being near, present. See Instant, a.] 1. A point in duration; a moment; a portion of time too short to be estimated; also any particular moment. “There is scarce an instant between their flourishing and their not being.” Hooker. 2. A day of the present or current month; as the sixth instant; — an elliptical expression equivalent to the sixth of the month instant, i. e., the current month. See Instant, a., 3. Syn. — Moment; flash; second.

In•stan•ta•ne´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. instantaneite.] Quality of being instantaneous. Shenstone.

In•stan•ta´ne•ous , a. [Cf. F. instantane.] 1. Done or occurring in an instant, or without any perceptible duration of time; as the passage of electricity appears to be instantaneous. “His reason saw
With instantaneous view, the truth of things.” Thomson. 2. At or during a given instant; as instantaneous acceleration, velocity, etc. Instantaneous center of rotation (Kinematics), in a plane or in a plane figure which has motions both of translation and of rotation in the plane, is the point which for the instant is at rest. — Instantaneous axis of rotation (Kinematics), in a body which has motions both of translation and rotation, is a line, which is supposed to be rigidly united with the body, and which for the instant is at rest. The motion of the body is for the instant simply that of rotation about the instantaneous axis. — In•stan•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. — In•stan•ta´ne•ous•ness, n.

In•stan´ter , adv. [L., vehemently, earnestly. See Instant, n. & a.] Immediately; instantly; at once; as he left instanter.

In´stant•ly , adv. 1. Without the least delay or interval; at once; immediately. Macaulay. 2. With urgency or importunity; earnestly; pressingly. ´They besought him instantly.´ Luke vii. 4. Syn. — Directly; immediately; at once. See Directly.

In•star´ , v. t. To stud as with stars. [R.] ´A golden throne instarred with gems.´ J. Barlow.

In•state´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instated; p. pr. & vb. n. Instating.] To set, place, or establish, as in a rank, office, or condition; to install; to invest; as to instate a person in greatness or in favor. Shak.

In•stau´rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instaurated p. pr. & vb. n. Instaurating ] [L. instauratus, p. p. of instaurare to renew. See 1st In-, and Store.] To renew or renovate. [R.]

In•stau•ra´tion , n. [L. instauratio: cf. F. instauration.] Restoration after decay, lapse, or dilapidation; renewal; repair; renovation; renaissance. “Some great catastrophe or … instauration.” T. Burnet.

In´stau•ra•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. instaurateur.] One who renews or restores to a former condition. [R.] Dr. H. More.

In•staure´ , v. t. [See Instaurate.] To renew or renovate; to instaurate. [Obs.] Marston.

In•stead´ , adv. [Pref. in- + stead place.] 1. In the place or room; — usually followed by of. “Let thistles grow of wheat.” Job xxxi. 40. “Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab.” 2 Sam. xvii. 25. 2. Equivalent; equal to; — usually with of. [R.] “This very consideration to a wise man is instead of a thousand arguments, to satisfy him, that in those times no such thing was believed.” Tillotson.

In•steep´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insteeped p. pr. & vb. n. Insteeping.] To steep or soak; to drench. [R.] ´In gore he lay insteeped.´ Shak.

In´step , n. [Formerly also instop, instup.] 1. The arched middle portion of the human foot next in front of the ankle joint. 2. That part of the hind leg of the horse and allied animals, between the hock, or ham, and the pastern joint.

In´sti•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instigated p. pr. & vb. n. Instigating ] [L. instigatus, p. p. of instigare to instigate; pref. in- in + a root akin to G. stechen to prick, E. stick. See Stick.] To goad or urge forward; to set on; to provoke; to incite; — used chiefly with reference to evil actions; as to instigate one to a crime. “He hath only instigated his blackest agents to the very extent of their malignity.” Bp. Warburton. Syn. — To stimulate; urge; spur; provoke; tempt; incite; impel; encourage; animate.

In´sti•ga•ting•ly, adv. Incitingly; temptingly.

In•sti•ga´tion , n. [L. instigatio: cf. F. instigation.] The act of instigating, or the state of being instigated; incitement; esp. to evil or wickedness. “The baseness and villainy that … the instigation of the devil could bring the sons of men to.” South.

In´sti•ga•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. instigateur.] One who instigates or incites. Burke.

In•still´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instilled p. pr. & vb. n. Instilling.] [L. instillare, instillatum; pref. in- in + stillare to drop, fr. stilla a drop: cf. F. instiller. See Distill.] [Written also instil.] To drop in; to pour in drop by drop; hence, to impart gradually; to infuse slowly; to cause to be imbibed. “That starlight dews
All silently their tears of love instill.” Byron. “How hast thou instilled
Thy malice into thousands.” Milton. Syn. — To infuse; impart; inspire; implant; inculcate; insinuate.

In•stil•la´tion , n. [L. instillatio: cf. F. instillation.] The act of instilling; also that which is instilled. Johnson.

In´stil•la•tor , n. An instiller. [R.]

In•stil´la•to•ry , a. Belonging to instillation. [R.]

In•still´er , n. One who instills. Skelton.

In•still´ment , n. The act of instilling; also that which is instilled. [Written also instilment.]

In•stim´u•late , v. t. [Pref. in- not + stimulate.] Not to stimulate; to soothe; to quiet. [Obs.] Cheyne.

In•stim´u•late, v. t. [L. instimulatus, p. p. instimulare to stimulate. See 1st In-, and Stimulate.] To stimulate; to excite. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In•stim•u•la´tion , n. Stimulation.

In•stinct´ , a. [L. instinctus, p. p. of instinguere to instigate, incite; cf. instigare to instigate. Cf. Instigate, Distinguish.] Urged or stimulated from within; naturally moved or impelled; imbued; animated; alive; quick; as birds instinct with life. “The chariot of paternal deity …
Itself instinct with spirit, but convoyed
By four cherubic shapes.” Milton. “A noble performance, instinct with sound principle.” Brougham.

In´stinct (in´stinkt), n. [L. instinctus instigation, impulse, fr. instinguere to instigate: cf. F. instinct. See Instinct, a.] 1. Natural inward impulse; unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to any mode of action, whether bodily, or mental, without a distinct apprehension of the end or object to be accomplished. “An instinct is a propensity prior to experience, and independent of instructions.” Paley. “An instinct is a blind tendency to some mode of action, independent of any consideration, on the part of the agent, of the end to which the action leads.” Whately. “An instinct is an agent which performs blindly and ignorantly a work of intelligence and knowledge.” Sir W. Hamilton. “By a divine instinct, men’s minds mistrust
Ensuing dangers.” Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Specif., the natural, unreasoning, impulse by which an animal is guided to the performance of any action, without thought of improvement in the method. “The resemblance between what originally was a habit, and an instinct becomes so close as not to be distinguished.” Darwin. 3. A natural aptitude or knack; a predilection; as an instinct for order; to be modest by instinct.

In•stinct´ (in•stinkt´), v. t. To impress, as an animating power, or instinct. [Obs.] Bentley.

In•stinc´tion , n. Instinct; incitement; inspiration. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In•stinc´tive , a. [Cf. F. instinctif.] Of or pertaining to instinct; derived from, or prompted by, instinct; of the nature of instinct; determined by natural impulse or propensity; acting or produced without reasoning, deliberation, instruction, or experience; spontaneous. ´Instinctive motion.´ Milton. ´Instinctive dread.´ Cowper. “With taste instinctive give
Each grace appropriate.” Mason. “Have we had instinctive intimations of the death of some absent friends?” Bp. Hall. The terms instinctive belief, instinctive judgment, instinctive cognition, are expressions not ill adapted to characterize a belief, judgment, or cognition, which, as the result of no anterior consciousness, is, like the products of animal instinct, the intelligent effect of (as far as we are concerned) an unknown cause. Sir H. Hamilton. Syn. — Natural; voluntary; spontaneous; original; innate; inherent; automatic.

In•stinc´tive•ly, adv. In an instinctive manner; by force of instinct; by natural impulse.

In•stinc•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality of being instinctive, or prompted by instinct. [R.] Coleridge.

In•stip´u•late , a. See Exstipulate.

In´sti•tute (in´sti•tut), p. a. [L. institutus, p. p. of instituere to place in, to institute, to instruct; pref. in- in + statuere to cause to stand, to set. See Statute.] Established; organized; founded. [Obs.] “They have but few laws. For to a people so instruct and institute, very few to suffice.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

In´sti•tute (in´sti•tut), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instituted (- tu•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Instituting.] 1. To set up; to establish; to ordain; as to institute laws, rules, etc. 2. To originate and establish; to found; to organize; as to institute a court, or a society. “Whenever any from of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government.” Jefferson (Decl. of Indep. ). 3. To nominate; to appoint. [Obs.] “We institute your Grace
To be our regent in these parts of France.” Shak. 4. To begin; to commence; to set on foot; as to institute an inquiry; to institute a suit. “And haply institute
A course of learning and ingenious studies.” Shak. 5. To ground or establish in principles and rudiments; to educate; to instruct. [Obs.] “If children were early instituted, knowledge would insensibly insinuate itself.” Dr. H. More. 6. (Eccl. Law) To invest with the spiritual charge of a benefice, or the care of souls. Blackstone. Syn. — To originate; begin; commence; establish; found; erect; organize; appoint; ordain.

In´sti•tute, n. [L. institutum: cf. F. institut. See Institute, v. t. & a.] 1. The act of instituting; institution. [Obs.] ´Water sanctified by Christ’s institute.´ Milton. 2. That which is instituted, established, or fixed, as a law, habit, or custom. Glover. 3. Hence: An elementary and necessary principle; a precept, maxim, or rule, recognized as established and authoritative; usually in the plural, a collection of such principles and precepts; esp., a comprehensive summary of legal principles and decisions; as the Institutes of Justinian; Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England. Cf. Digest, n. “They made a sort of institute and digest of anarchy.” Burke. “To make the Stoics’ institutes thy own.” Dryden. 4. An institution; a society established for the promotion of learning, art, science, etc.; a college; as the Institute of Technology; also a building owned or occupied by such an institute; as the Cooper Institute. 5. (Scots Law) The person to whom an estate is first given by destination or limitation. Tomlins. Institutes of medicine, theoretical medicine; that department of medical science which attempts to account philosophically for the various phenomena of health as well as of disease; physiology applied to the practice of medicine. Dunglison.

In´sti•tu•ter , n. An institutor. [R.]

In•sti•tu´tion , n. [L. institutio: cf. F. institution.] 1. The act or process of instituting; as: (a) Establishment; foundation; enactment; as the institution of a school. “The institution of God’s law is described as being established by solemn injunction.” Hooker. (b) Instruction; education. [Obs.] Bentley. (c) (Eccl. Law) The act or ceremony of investing a clergyman with the spiritual part of a benefice, by which the care of souls is committed to his charge. Blackstone. 2. That which instituted or established; as: (a) Established order, method, or custom; enactment; ordinance; permanent form of law or polity. “The nature of our people,
Our city’s institutions.” Shak. (b) An established or organized society or corporation; an establishment, especially of a public character, or affecting a community; a foundation; as a literary institution; a charitable institution; also a building or the buildings occupied or used by such organization; as the Smithsonian Institution. (c) Anything forming a characteristic and persistent feature in social or national life or habits. “We ordered a lunch (the most delightful of English institutions, next to dinner) to be ready against our return.” Hawthorne. 3. That which institutes or instructs; a textbook; a system of elements or rules; an institute. [Obs.] “There is another manuscript, of above three hundred years old, … being an institution of physic.” Evelyn.

In•sti•tu´tion•al , a. 1. Pertaining to, or treating of, institutions; as institutional legends. “Institutional writers as Rousseau.” J. S. Mill. 2. Instituted by authority. 3. Elementary; rudimental.

In•sti•tu´tion•a•ry , a. 1. Relating to an institution, or institutions. 2. Containing the first principles or doctrines; elemental; rudimentary.

In´sti•tu•tist , n. A writer or compiler of, or a commentator on, institutes. [R.] Harvey.

In´sti•tu•tive , a. 1. Tending or intended to institute; having the power to establish. Barrow. 2. Established; depending on, or characterized by, institution or order. ´Institutive decency.´ Milton.

In´sti•tu•tive•ly adv. In conformity with an institution. Harrington.

In´sti•tu•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. instituteur.] 1. One who institutes, founds, ordains, or establishes. 2. One who educates; an instructor. [Obs.] Walker. 3. (Episcopal Church) A presbyter appointed by the bishop to institute a rector or assistant minister over a parish church.

In•stop´ , v. t. To stop; to close; to make fast; as to instop the seams. [Obs.] Dryden.

In•store´ , v. t. [See Instaurate, Store.] To store up; to inclose; to contain. [Obs.] Wyclif.

In•strat´i•fied , a. Interstratified.

In•struct´ , a. [L. instructus, p. p. of instruere to furnish, provide, construct, instruct; pref. in- in, on + struere. See Structure.] 1. Arranged; furnished; provided. [Obs.] ´He had neither ship instruct with oars, nor men.´ Chapman. 2. Instructed; taught; enlightened. [Obs.] Milton.

In•struct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Instructing.] 1. To put in order; to form; to prepare. [Obs.] “They speak to the merits of a cause, after the proctor has prepared and instructed the same for a hearing.” Ayliffe. 2. To form by communication of knowledge; to inform the mind of; to impart knowledge or information to; to enlighten; to teach; to discipline. “Schoolmasters will I keep within my house,
Fit to instruct her youth.” Shak. 3. To furnish with directions; to advise; to direct; to command; as the judge instructs the jury. “She, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist’s head in a charger.” Matt. xiv. 8. “Take her in; instruct her what she has to do.” Shak. Syn. — To teach; educate; inform; train; discipline; indoctrinate; direct; enjoin.

In•struct´er , n. See Instructor.

In•struct´i•ble , a. Capable of being instructed; teachable; docible. Bacon.

In•struc´tion , n. [L. instructio: cf. F. instruction.] 1. The act of instructing, teaching, or furnishing with knowledge; information. 2. That which instructs, or with which one is instructed; the intelligence or information imparted; as: (a) Precept; information; teachings. (b) Direction; order; command. ´If my instructions may be your guide.´ Shak. Syn. — Education; teaching; indoctrination; information; advice; counsel. See Education.

In•struc´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or promoting, instruction; educational.

In•struct´ive , a. [Cf. F. instructif.] Conveying knowledge; serving to instruct or inform; as experience furnishes very instructive lessons. Addison. “In various talk the instructive hours they past.” Pope. — In•struct´ive•ly, adv. — In•struct´ive•ness, n. “The pregnant instructiveness of the Scripture.” Boyle.

In•struct´or , n. [L., a preparer: cf. F. instructeur.] [Written also instructer.] One who instructs; one who imparts knowledge to another; a teacher.

In•struct´ress , n. A woman who instructs; a preceptress; a governess. Johnson.

In´stru•ment , n. [F. instrument, L. instrumentum. See Instruct.] 1. That by means of which any work is performed, or result is effected; a tool; a utensil; an implement; as the instruments of a mechanic; astronomical instruments. “All the lofty instruments of war.” Shak. 2. A contrivance or implement, by which musical sounds are produced; as a musical instrument. “Praise him with stringed instruments and organs.” Ps. cl. 4. “But signs when songs and instruments he hears.” Dryden. 3. (Law) A writing, as the means of giving formal expression to some act; a writing expressive of some act, contract, process, as a deed, contract, writ, etc. Burrill. 4. One who, or that which, is made a means, or is caused to serve a purpose; a medium, means, or agent. “Or useful serving man and instrument,
To any sovereign state.” Shak. “The bold are but the instruments of the wise.” Dryden. Syn. — Tool; implement; utensil; machine; apparatus; channel; agent.

In´stru•ment , v. t. To perform upon an instrument; to prepare for an instrument; as a sonata instrumented for orchestra.

In•stru•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. instrumental.] 1. Acting as an instrument; serving as a means; contributing to promote; conductive; helpful; serviceable; as he was instrumental in conducting the business. “The head is not more native to the heart,
The hand more instrumental to the mouth.” Shak. 2. (Mus.) Pertaining to, made by, or prepared for, an instrument, esp. a musical instrument; as instrumental music, distinguished from vocal music. ´He defended the use of instrumental music in public worship.´ Macaulay. “Sweet voices mix’d with instrumental sounds.” Dryden. 3. (Gram.) Applied to a case expressing means or agency; as the instrumental case. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. In Old English it was a separate case, but has disappeared, leaving only a few anomalous forms. Instrumental errors, those errors in instrumental measurements, etc., which arise, exclusively from want of mathematical accuracy in an instrument.

In•stru•men´tal•ist, n. One who plays upon an instrument of music, as distinguished from a vocalist.

In•stru•men•tal´i•ty , n.; pl. Instrumentalities . The quality or condition of being instrumental; that which is instrumental; anything used as a means; medium; agency. “The instrumentality of faith in justification.” Bp. Burnet. “The discovery of gunpowder developed the science of attack and defense in a new instrumentality.” J. H. Newman.

In•stru•men´tal•ly , adv. 1. By means of an instrument or agency; as means to an end. South. “They will argue that the end being essentially beneficial, the means become instrumentally so.” Burke. 2. With instruments of music; as a song instrumentally accompanied. Mason.

In•stru•men´tal•ness, n. Usefulness or agency, as means to an end; instrumentality. [R.] Hammond.

In•stru•men´ta•ry , a. Instrumental. [R.]

In•stru•men•ta´tion , n. 1. The act of using or adapting as an instrument; a series or combination of instruments; means; agency. “Otherwise we have no sufficient instrumentation for our human use or handling of so great a fact.” H. Bushnell. 2. (Mus.) (a) The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a number of different instruments; orchestration; instrumental composition; composition for an orchestra or military band. (b) The act or manner of playing upon musical instruments; performance; as his instrumentation is perfect.

In´stru•men•tist , n. A performer on a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.

In•style´ , v. t. To style. [Obs.] Crashaw.

In•suav´i•ty , n. [L. insuavitas: cf. F. insuavite. See In- not, and Suavity.] Want of suavity; unpleasantness. [Obs.] Burton.

In•sub•jec´tion , n. Want of subjection or obedience; a state of disobedience, as to government.

In•sub•mer´gi•ble , a. Not capable of being submerged; buoyant. [R.]

In•sub•mis´sion , n. Want of submission; disobedience; noncompliance.

In•sub•or´di•nate , a. Not submitting to authority; disobedient; rebellious; mutinous.

In•sub•or•di•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. insubordination.] The quality of being insubordinate; disobedience to lawful authority.

In•sub•stan´tial , a. Unsubstantial; not real or strong. ´Insubstantial pageant.´ [R.] Shak.

In•sub•stan•ti•al´i•ty , n. Unsubstantiality; unreality. [R.]

In•suc•ca´tion , n. [L. insucare, insucatum, to soak in; pref. in- + succus, sucus, sap.] The act of soaking or moistening; maceration; solution in the juice of herbs. [Obs.] Coxe. “The medicating and insuccation of seeds.” Evelyn.

In•suc•cess´ , n. Want of success. [R.] Feltham.

In•sue´ , v. i. See Ensue, v. i.

In´sue•tude , n. [L. insuetudo, from insuetus unaccustomed; pref. in- not + suetus, p. p. of suescere to be accustomed.] The state or quality of being unaccustomed; absence of use or habit. “Absurdities are great or small in proportion to custom or insuetude.” Landor.

In•suf´fer•a•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, borne, or endured; insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; as insufferable heat, cold, or pain; insufferable wrongs. Locke. 2. Offensive beyond endurance; detestable. “A multitude of scribblers who daily pester the world with their insufferable stuff.” Dryden.

In•suf´fer•a•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree beyond endurance; intolerably; as a blaze insufferably bright; a person insufferably proud.

In•suf•fi´cience , n. Insufficiency. Shak.

In•suf•fi´cien•cy , n. [L. insufficientia: cf. F. insuffisance, whence OE. insuffisance. See Insufficient.] 1. The quality or state of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as the insufficiency of provisions, of an excuse, etc. “The insufficiency of the light of nature is, by the light of Scripture, … fully supplied.” Hooker. 2. Want of power or skill; inability; incapacity; incompetency; as the insufficiency of a man for an office.

In•suf•fi´cient , a. [L. insufficiens, -entis. See In- not, and Sufficient.] 1. Not sufficient; not enough; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; as the provisions are insufficient in quantity, and defective in quality. ´Insufficient for His praise.´ Cowper. 2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or skill; incompetent; incapable; unfit; as a person insufficient to discharge the duties of an office. Syn. — Inadequate; scanty; incommensurate; unequal; unfit; incompetent; incapable; inefficient.

In•suf•fi´cient•ly, adv. In an insufficient manner or degree; unadequately.

In•suf•fla´tion , n. [L. insuffatio: cf. F. insuffation. See In- in, and Sufflation.] The act of breathing on or into anything; especially: (a) (R. C. Ch.) The breathing upon a person in the sacrament of baptism to symbolize the inspiration of a new spiritual life. (b) (Med.) The act of blowing (a gas powder, or vapor) into any cavity of the body.

In•suit´a•ble , a. Unsuitable. [Obs.] — In•suit•a•bil´i•ty (#), n. [Obs.]

In´su•lar , a. [L. insularis, fr. insula island: cf. F. insulaire. See Isle.] 1. Of or pertaining to an island; of the nature, or possessing the characteristics, of an island; as an insular climate, fauna, etc. 2. Of or pertaining to the people of an island; narrow; circumscribed; illiberal; contracted; as insular habits, opinions, or prejudices. “The penury of insular conversation.” Johnson.

In´su•lar, n. An islander. [R.] Berkeley.

In•su•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. insularite.] 1. The state or quality of being an island or consisting of islands; insulation. “The insularity of Britain was first shown by Agricola, who sent his fleet round it.” Pinkerton. 2. Narrowness or illiberality of opinion; prejudice; exclusiveness; as the insularity of the Chinese or of the aristocracy.

In´su•lar•ly , adv. In an insular manner.

In´su•la•ry , a. Insular. [Obs.] Howell.

In´su•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulated p. pr. & vb. n. Insulating ] [L. insulatus insulated, fr. insula island. See Isle, and cf. Isolate.] 1. To make an island of. [Obs.] Pennant. 2. To place in a detached situation, or in a state having no communication with surrounding objects; to isolate; to separate. 3. (Elec. & Thermotics) To prevent the transfer of electricity or heat to or from (bodies) by the interposition of nonconductors. Insulating stool (Elec.), a stool with legs of glass or some other nonconductor of electricity, used for insulating a person or any object placed upon it.

In´su•la•ted (in´su•la´ted), p. a. 1. Standing by itself; not being contiguous to other bodies; separated; unconnected; isolated; as an insulated house or column. “The special and insulated situation of the Jews.” De Quincey. 2. (Elect. & Thermotics) Separated from other bodies by means of nonconductors of heat or electricity. 3. (Astron.) Situated at so great a distance as to be beyond the effect of gravitation; — said of stars supposed to be so far apart that the affect of their mutual attraction is insensible. C. A. Young. Insulated wire, wire wound with silk, or covered with other nonconducting material, for electrical use.

In•su•la´tion , n. 1. The act of insulating, or the state of being insulated; detachment from other objects; isolation. 2. (Elec. & Thermotics) The act of separating a body from others by nonconductors, so as to prevent the transfer of electricity or of heat; also the state of a body so separated.

In´su•la•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, insulates. 2. (Elec. & Thermotics) The substance or body that insulates; a nonconductor.

In´su•lite , n. (Elec.) An insulating material, usually some variety of compressed cellulose, made of sawdust, paper pulp, cotton waste, etc.

In´su•lous , a. [L. insulosus, fr. insula island.] Abounding in islands. [R.]

In•sulse´ , a. [L. insulsus; pref. in- not + salsus salted, fr. salire, salsum, to salt.] Insipid; dull; stupid. [Obs.] Milton.

In•sul´si•ty , n. [L. insulsitas.] Insipidity; stupidity; dullness. [Obs.] “The insulsity of mortal tongues.” Milton.

In´sult , n. [L. insultus, fr. insilire to leap upon: cf. F. insulte. See Insult, v. t.] 1. The act of leaping on; onset; attack. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. Gross abuse offered to another, either by word or act; an act or speech of insolence or contempt; an affront; an indignity. “The ruthless sneer that insult adds to grief.” Savage. Syn. — Affront; indignity; abuse; outrage; contumely. See Affront.

In•sult´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insulting.] [F. insulter, L. insultare, freq. fr. insilire to leap into or upon; pref. in- in, on + salire to leap. See Salient.] 1. To leap or trample upon; to make a sudden onset upon. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To treat with abuse, insolence, indignity, or contempt, by word or action; to abuse; as to call a man a coward or a liar, or to sneer at him, is to insult him.

In•sult´, v. i. 1. To leap or jump. “Give me thy knife, I will insult on him.” Shak. “Like the frogs in the apologue, insulting upon their wooden king.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To behave with insolence; to exult. [Archaic] “The lion being dead, even hares insult.” Daniel. “An unwillingness to insult over their helpless fatuity.” Landor.

In•sult´a•ble , a. Capable of being insulted or affronted. [R.] Emerson.

In•sul•ta´tion , n. [L. insultatio, fr. insultare: cf. OF. insultation.] 1. The act of insulting; abusive or insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] Feltham. 2. Exultation. [Obs.] Is. xiv. (heading).

In•sult´er , n. One who insults. Shak.

In•sult´ing, a. Containing, or characterized by, insult or abuse; tending to insult or affront; as insulting language, treatment, etc. — In•sult´ing•ly, adv. Syn. — Insolent; impertinent; saucy; rude; abusive; contemptuous. See Insolent.

In•sult´ment , n. Insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] ´My speech of insultment ended.´ Shak.

In•sume´ , v. t. [L. insumere; pre. in- in + sumere to take.] To take in; to absorb. [Obs.]

In•su•per•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being insuperable; insuperableness.

In•su´per•a•ble , a. [L. insuperabilis: cf. OF. insuperable. See In- not, and Superable.] Incapable of being passed over or surmounted; insurmountable; as insuperable difficulties. “And middle natures, how they long to join,
Yet never pass the insuperable line?” Pope. “The difficulty is enhanced, or is … insuperable.” I. Taylor. Syn. — Impassable; insurmountable; unconquerable. — In•su´per•a•ble•ness, n. — In•su´per•a•bly, adv.

In•sup•port´a•ble , a. [L. insupportabilis: cf. F. insupportable. See In- not, and Support.] Incapable of being supported or borne; unendurable; insufferable; intolerable; as insupportable burdens; insupportable pain. — In•sup•port´a•ble•ness, n. — In•sup•port´a•bly, adv.

In•sup•pos´a•ble , a. Incapable of being supposed; not supposable; inconceivable.

In•sup•press´i•ble , a. That can not be suppressed or concealed; irrepressible. Young. — In•sup•press´i•bly, adv.

In•sup•press´ive , a. Insuppressible. [Obs.] ´The insuppressive mettle of our spirits.´ Shak.

In•sur´a•ble , a. [From Insure.] Capable of being insured against loss, damage, death, etc.; proper to be insured. “The French law annuls the latter policies so far as they exceed the insurable interest which remained in the insured at the time of the subscription thereof.” Walsh.

In•sur´ance , n. [From Insure.] 1. The act of insuring, or assuring, against loss or damage by a contingent event; a contract whereby, for a stipulated consideration, called premium, one party undertakes to indemnify or guarantee another against loss by certain specified risks. Cf. Assurance, n., 6. The person who undertakes to pay in case of loss is termed the insurer; the danger against which he undertakes, the risk; the person protected, the insured; the sum which he pays for the protection, the premium; and the contract itself, when reduced to form, the policy. Johnson’s Cyc. 2. The premium paid for insuring property or life. 3. The sum for which life or property is insured. 4. A guaranty, security, or pledge; assurance. [Obs.] “The most acceptable insurance of the divine protection.” Mickle. Accident insurance, insurance against pecuniary loss by reason of accident to the person. — Endowment insurance or assurance, a combination of life insurance and investment such that if the person upon whose life a risk is taken dies before a certain specified time the insurance becomes due at once, and if he survives, it becomes due at the time specified. — Fire insurance. See under Fire. — Insurance broker, a broker or agent who effects insurance. — Insurance company, a company or corporation whose business it is to insure against loss, damage, or death. — Insurance policy, a certificate of insurance; the document containing the contract made by an insurance company with a person whose property or life is insured. — Life insurance. See under Life.

In•sur´an•cer , n. One who effects insurance; an insurer; an underwriter. [Obs.] Dryden. “hose bold insurancers of deathless fame.” Blair.

In•sur´ant , n. The person insured. Champness.

In´sure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insured p. pr. & vb. n. Insuring.] [OE. ensuren, prob. for assuren, by a change of prefix. See 1st In-, and Sure, and cf. Assure, Ensure.] [Written also ensure.] 1. To make sure or secure; as to insure safety to any one. 2. Specifically, to secure against a loss by a contingent event, on certain stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium; to give or to take an insurance on or for; as a merchant insures his ship or its cargo, or both, against the dangers of the sea; goods and buildings are insured against fire or water; persons are insured against sickness, accident, or death; and sometimes hazardous debts are insured.

In•sure´, v. i. To underwrite; to make insurance; as a company insures at three per cent.

In•sur´er , n. One who, or that which, insures; the person or company that contracts to indemnify losses for a premium; an underwriter. { In•sur´gence , In•sur´gen•cy } n. A state of insurrection; an uprising; an insurrection. “A moral insurgence in the minds of grave men against the Court of Rome.” G. Eliot.

In•sur´gent , a. [L. insurgens, p. pr. of insurgere to rise up; pref. in- in + surgere to rise. See Surge.] Rising in opposition to civil or political authority, or against an established government; insubordinate; rebellious. ´The insurgent provinces.´ Motley.

In•sur´gent, n. [Cf. F. insurgent.] A person who rises in revolt against civil authority or an established government; one who openly and actively resists the execution of laws; a rebel. Syn. — See Rebel.

In•sur•mount•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being insurmountable.

In•sur•mount´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + surmountable: cf. F. insurmountable.] Incapable of being passed over, surmounted, or overcome; insuperable; as insurmountable difficulty or obstacle. Locke. “Hope thinks nothing difficult; despair tells us that difficulty is insurmountable.” I. Watts. Syn. — Insuperable; impassable; invincible.

In•sur•mount´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being insurmountable; insurmountability.

In•sur•mount´a•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree not to be overcome.

In•sur•rec´tion , n. [L. insurrectio, fr. insurgere, insurrectum: cf. F. insurrection. See Insurgent.] 1. A rising against civil or political authority, or the established government; open and active opposition to the execution of law in a city or state. “It is found that this city of old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein.” Ezra iv. 19. 2. A rising in mass to oppose an enemy. [Obs.] Syn. — Insurrection, Sedition, Revolt, Rebellion, Mutiny. Sedition is the raising of commotion in a state, as by conspiracy, without aiming at open violence against the laws. Insurrection is a rising of individuals to prevent the execution of law by force of arms. Revolt is a casting off the authority of a government, with a view to put it down by force, or to substitute one ruler for another. Rebellion is an extended insurrection and revolt. Mutiny is an insurrection on a small scale, as a mutiny of a regiment, or of a ship’s crew. “I say again,
In soothing them, we nourish ’gainst our senate
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition.” Shak. “Insurrections of base people are commonly more furious in their beginnings.” Bacon. “He was greatly strengthened, and the enemy as much enfeebled, by daily revolts.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Though of their names in heavenly records now
Be no memorial, blotted out and razed
By their rebellion from the books of life.” Milton.

In•sur•rec´tion•al , a. [Cf. F. insurrectionnel.] Pertaining to insurrection; consisting in insurrection.

In•sur•rec´tion•a•ry , a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, insurrection; rebellious; seditious. “Their murderous insurrectionary system.” Burke.

In•sur•rec´tion•ist, n. One who favors, or takes part in, insurrection; an insurgent.

In•sus•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n. Want of susceptibility, or of capacity to feel or perceive.

In•sus•cep•ti•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + susceptible: cf. F. insusceptible.] Not susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or impressed; that can not feel, receive, or admit; as a limb insusceptible of pain; a heart insusceptible of pity; a mind insusceptible to flattery. — In•sus•cep•ti•bly adv.

In•sus•cep´tive , a. Not susceptive or susceptible. [R.] Rambler.

In•su•sur•ra´tion , n. [L. insusurratio, fr. insusurrare to whisper into.] The act of whispering into something. [Obs.] Johnson.

In•swathe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inswathed p. pr. & vb. n. Inswating.] To wrap up; to infold; to swathe. “Inswathed sometimes in wandering mist.” Tennyson.

In•tact´ , a. [L. intactus; pref. in- not + tactus, p. p. of tangere to touch: cf. F. intact. See In- not, and Tact, Tangent.] Untouched, especially by anything that harms, defiles, or the like; uninjured; undefiled; left complete or entire. Buckle. “When all external differences have passed away, one element remains intact, unchanged, — the everlasting basis of our common nature, the human soul.” F. W. Robertson. { In•tac´ti•ble , In•tac´ta•ble }, a. Not perceptible to the touch.

In•tagl´ia•ted , a. [It. intagliato, p. p. of intagliare. See Intaglio.] Engraved in intaglio; as an intagliated stone. T. Warton.

In•tagl´io , n.; pl. E. Intaglius (#), It. Intagli (#). [It., fr. intagliare to engrave, carve; pref. in- in + tagliare to cut, carve. See Detail.] A cutting or engraving; a figure cut into something, as a gem, so as to make a design depressed below the surface of the material; hence, anything so carved or impressed, as a gem, matrix, etc.; — opposed to cameo. Also used adjectively.

In•tail´, v. t. See Entail, v. t.

In´take , n. 1. The place where water or air is taken into a pipe or conduit; — opposed to outlet. 2. the beginning of a contraction or narrowing in a tube or cylinder. 3. The quantity taken in; as the intake of air.

In•tam´i•na•ted , a. [L. intaminatus. See Contaminate.] Uncontaminated. [Obs.] Wood.

In•tan•gi•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Intangibilities (#). [Cf. F. intangibilite.] The quality or state of being intangible; intangibleness.

In•tan´gi•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + tangible: cf. F. intangible.] Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible. Bp. Wilkins. “A corporation is an artificial, invisible, intangible being.” Marshall. — In•tan´gi•ble•ness, n. — In•tan´gi•bly, adv.

In•tan´gle , v. t. See Entangle.

In•tast´a•ble , a. Incapable of being tasted; tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Grew.

In´te•ger , n. [L. integer untouched, whole, entire. See Entire.] A complete entity; a whole number, in contradistinction to a fraction or a mixed number. Complex integer (Theory of Numbers), an expression of the form a + brad.-1, where a and b are real integers.

In•te•gra•bil´i•ty , n. (Math.) The quality of being integrable.

In´te•gra•ble , a. (Math.) Capable of being integrated.

In´te•gral , a. [Cf. F. integral. See Integer.] 1. Lacking nothing of completeness; complete; perfect; uninjured; whole; entire. “A local motion keepeth bodies integral.” Bacon. 2. Essential to completeness; constituent, as a part; pertaining to, or serving to form, an integer; integrant. “Ceasing to do evil, and doing good, are the two great integral parts that complete this duty.” South. 3. (Math.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or being, a whole number or undivided quantity; not fractional. (b) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration; as the integral calculus. Integral calculus. See under Calculus.

In´te•gral, n. 1. A whole; an entire thing; a whole number; an individual. 2. (Math.) An expression which, being differentiated, will produce a given differential. See differential Differential, and Integration. Cf. Fluent. Elliptic integral, one of an important class of integrals, occurring in the higher mathematics; — so called because one of the integrals expresses the length of an arc of an ellipse.

In•te•gral´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. integralite.] Entireness. [Obs.] Whitaker.

In´te•gral•ly , adv. In an integral manner; wholly; completely; also by integration.

In´te•grant , a. [L. integrans, -antis, p. pr. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. integrant. See Integrate.] Making part of a whole; necessary to constitute an entire thing; integral. Boyle. “All these are integrant parts of the republic.” Burke. Integrant parts, or particles, of bodies, those smaller particles into which a body may be reduced without loss of its original constitution, as by mechanical division.

In´te•grate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Integrated p. pr. & vb. n. Integrating ] [L. integratus, p. p. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. integrer. See Integer, Entire.] 1. To form into one whole; to make entire; to complete; to renew; to restore; to perfect. ´That conquest rounded and integrated the glorious empire.´ De Quincey. “Two distinct substances, the soul and body, go to compound and integrate the man.” South. 2. To indicate the whole of; to give the sum or total of; as an integrating anemometer, one that indicates or registers the entire action of the wind in a given time. 3. (Math.) To subject to the operation of integration; to find the integral of.

In•te•gra´tion (in•te•gra´shun), n. [L. integratio a renewing, restoring: cf. F. integration.] 1. The act or process of making whole or entire. 2. (Math.) The operation of finding the primitive function which has a given function for its differential coefficient. See Integral. The symbol of integration is &integral2l; (standing for the Latin summa sum), and the integral is also regarded as the limiting value of the sum of great numbers of differentials, when the magnitude of the differentials decreases, and their number increases indefinitely. See Limit, n. When the summation is made between specified values of the variable, the result is a definite integral, and those values of the variable are the limits of the integral. When the summation is made successively for two or more variables, the result is a multiple integral. 3. In the theory of evolution: The process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent. It is supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in development.

In´te•gra•tor , n. (Math. & Mech.) That which integrates; esp., an instrument by means of which the area of a figure can be measured directly, or its moment of inertia, or statical moment, etc., be determined.

In•teg´ri•ty , n. [L. integritas: cf. F. integrite. See Integer, and cf. Entirety.] 1. The state or quality of being entire or complete; wholeness; entireness; unbroken state; as the integrity of an empire or territory. Sir T. More. 2. Moral soundness; honesty; freedom from corrupting influence or motive; — used especially with reference to the fulfillment of contracts, the discharge of agencies, trusts, and the like; uprightness; rectitude. “The moral grandeur of independent integrity is the sublimest thing in nature.” Buckminster. “Their sober zeal, integrity, and worth.” Cowper. 3. Unimpaired, unadulterated, or genuine state; entire correspondence with an original condition; purity. “Language continued long in its purity and integrity.” Sir M. Hale. Syn. — Honesty; uprightness; rectitude. See Probity.

In•te•gro•pal´li•al , a. [L. integer whole + E. pallial.] (Zoöl.) Having the pallial line entire, or without a sinus, as certain bivalve shells.

In•teg•u•ma´tion , n. [See Integument.] That part of physiology which treats of the integuments of animals and plants.

In•teg´u•ment , n. [L. integumentum, fr. integere to cover; pref. in- in, on + tegere to cover: cf. F. integument. See 1st n-, and Tegument.] That which naturally invests or covers another thing, as the testa or the tegmen of a seed; specifically (Anat.), a covering which invests the body, as the skin, or a membrane that invests a particular part.

In•teg•u•men´ta•ry , n. Belonging to, or composed of, integuments.

In•teg•u•men•ta´tion , n. The act or process of covering with integuments; the state or manner of being thus covered.

In´tel•lect , n. [L. intellectus, fr. intelligere, intellectum, to understand: cf. intellect. See Intelligent.] (Metaph.) The part or faculty of the human soul by which it knows, as distinguished from the power to feel and to will; sometimes, the capacity for higher forms of knowledge, as distinguished from the power to perceive objects in their relations; the power to judge and comprehend; the thinking faculty; the understanding.

In´tel•lect•ed , a. Endowed with intellect; having intellectual powers or capacities. [R.] “In body, and in bristles, they became
As swine, yet intellected as before.” Cowper.

In•tel•lec´tion , n. [L. intellectio synecdoche: cf. F. intellection.] A mental act or process; especially: (a) The act of understanding; simple apprehension of ideas; intuition. Bentley. (b) A creation of the mind itself. Hickok.

In•tel•lec´tive , a. [Cf. F. intellectif.] 1. Pertaining to, or produced by, the intellect or understanding; intellectual. 2. Having power to understand, know, or comprehend; intelligent; rational. Glanvill. 3. Capable of being perceived by the understanding only, not by the senses. “Intellective abstractions of logic and metaphysics.” Milton.

In•tel•lec´tive•ly, adv. In an intellective manner. [R.] ´Not intellectivelly to write.´ Warner.

In•tel•lec´tu•al ( 135), a. [L. intellectualis: cf. F. intellectuel.] 1. Belonging to, or performed by, the intellect; mental; as intellectual powers, activities, etc. “Logic is to teach us the right use of our reason or intellectual powers.” I. Watts. 2. Endowed with intellect; having the power of understanding; having capacity for the higher forms of knowledge or thought; characterized by intelligence or mental capacity; as an intellectual person. “Who would lose,
Though full of pain, this intellectual being,
Those thoughts that wander through eternity?” Milton. 3. Suitable for exercising the intellect; formed by, and existing for, the intellect alone; perceived by the intellect; as intellectual employments. 4. Relating to the understanding; treating of the mind; as intellectual philosophy, sometimes called ´mental´ philosophy.

In•tel•lec´tu•al, n. The intellect or understanding; mental powers or faculties. “Her husband, for I view far round, not nigh,
Whose higher intellectual more I shun.” Milton. “I kept her intellectuals in a state of exercise.” De Quincey.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ism , n. 1. Intellectual power; intellectuality. 2. The doctrine that knowledge is derived from pure reason.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ist , n. 1. One who overrates the importance of the understanding. [R.] Bacon. 2. One who accepts the doctrine of intellectualism.

In•tel•lec•tu•al´i•ty , n. [L. intellectualitas: cf. F. intellectualite.] Intellectual powers; possession of intellect; quality of being intellectual.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ize , v. t. 1. To treat in an intellectual manner; to discuss intellectually; to reduce to intellectual form; to express intellectually; to idealize. “Sentiment is intellectualized emotion.” Lowell. 2. To endow with intellect; to bestow intellectual qualities upon; to cause to become intellectual.

In•tel•lec´tu•al•ly, adv. In an intellectual manner.

In•tel´li•gence , n. [F. intelligence, L. intelligentia, intellegentia. See Intelligent.] 1. The act or state of knowing; the exercise of the understanding. 2. The capacity to know or understand; readiness of comprehension; the intellect, as a gift or an endowment. “And dimmed with darkness their intelligence.” Spenser. 3. Information communicated; news; notice; advice. “Intelligence is given where you are hid.” Shak. 4. Acquaintance; intercourse; familiarity. [Obs.] “He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any friendship with the favorites.” Clarendon. 5. Knowledge imparted or acquired, whether by study, research, or experience; general information. “I write as he that none intelligence
Of meters hath, ne flowers of sentence.” Court of Love. 6. An intelligent being or spirit; — generally applied to pure spirits; as a created intelligence. Milton. “The great Intelligences fair
That range above our mortal state,
In circle round the blessed gate,
Received and gave him welcome there.” Tennyson. Intelligence office, an office where information may be obtained, particularly respecting servants to be hired. Syn. — Understanding; intellect; instruction; advice; notice; notification; news; information; report.

In•tel´li•gen•cer , n. One who, or that which, sends or conveys intelligence or news; a messenger. “All the intriguers in foreign politics, all the spies, and all the intelligencers … acted solely upon that principle.” Burke.

In•tel´li•gen•cing , a. Informing; giving information; talebearing. [Obs.] Shak. “That sad intelligencing tyrant.” Milton.

In•tel´li•gen•cy , n. Intelligence. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•tel´li•gent , a. [L. intelligens, intellegens, -entis, p. pr. of intelligere, intellegere, to perceive; inter between + legere to gather, collect, choose: cf. F. intelligent. See Legend.] 1. Endowed with the faculty of understanding or reason; as man is an intelligent being. 2. Possessed of intelligence, education, or judgment; knowing; sensible; skilled; marked by intelligence; as an intelligent young man; an intelligent architect; an intelligent answer. 3. Cognizant; aware; communicative. [Obs.] “Intelligent of seasons.” Milton. “Which are to France the spies and speculations
Intelligent of our state.” Shak. Syn. — Sensible; understanding. See Sensible.

In•tel•li•gen´tial , a. [Cf. F. intelligentiel.] [R.] 1. Of or pertaining to the intelligence; exercising or implying understanding; intellectual. ´With act intelligential.´ Milton. 2. Consisting of unembodied mind; incorporeal. “Food alike those pure
Intelligential substances require.” Milton.

In•tel•li•gen´tia•ry , n. One who gives information; an intelligencer. [Obs.] Holinshed.

In•tel´li•gent•ly , adv. In an intelligent manner; with intelligence.

In•tel•li•gi•bil´i•ty , [Cf. F. intelligilibilite.] The quality or state of being intelligible; clearness; perspicuity; definiteness.

In•tel´li•gi•ble , [L. intellegibilis: cf. F. intelligible. See Intelligent.] Capable of being understood or comprehended; as an intelligible account or description; intelligible pronunciation, writing, etc. “The intelligible forms of ancient poets.” Coleridge. Syn. — Comprehensible; perspicuous; plain; clear.

In•tel´li•gi•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being intelligible; intelligibility. Locke.

In•tel´li•gi•bly, adv. In an intelligible manner; so as to be understood; clearly; plainly; as to write or speak intelligibly. { In•tem´er•ate , In•tem´er•a•ted } a. [L. intemeratus; pref. in- not + temeratus defiled.] Pure; undefiled. [Obs.]

In•tem´er•ate•ness , n. The state of being unpolluted; purity. [Obs.] Donne.

In•tem´per•a•ment , n. A bad state; as the intemperament of an ulcerated part. [R.] Harvey.

In•tem´per•ance , n. [F. intemperance, L. intemperantia. See In- not, and Temperance.] 1. The act of becoming, or state of being, intemperate; excess in any kind of action or indulgence; any immoderate indulgence of the appetites or passions. “God is in every creature; be cruel toward none, neither abuse any by intemperance.” Jer. Taylor. “Some, as thou sawest, by violent stroke shall die,
By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more
In meats and drinks.” Milton. 2. Specifically: Habitual or excessive indulgence in alcoholic liquors.

In•tem´per•an•cy , n. Intemperance. [Obs.]

In•tem´per•ant , a. [L. intemperans, -antis. See In- not, and Temperant.] Intemperate. [Obs.] “Such as be intemperant, that is, followers of their naughty appetites and lusts.” Udall.

In•tem•per•ate , a. [L. intemperatus. See In- not, and Temperate.] 1. Indulging any appetite or passion to excess; immoderate in enjoyment or exertion. 2. Specifically, addicted to an excessive or habitual use of alcoholic liquors. 3. Excessive; ungovernable; inordinate; violent; immoderate; as intemperate language, zeal, etc.; intemperate weather. “Most do taste through fond intemperate thirst.” Milton. “Use not thy mouth to intemperate swearing.” Ecclus. xxiii. 13.

In•tem•per•ate , v. t. To disorder. [Obs.]

In•tem•per•ate•ly , adv. In an intemperate manner; immoderately; excessively; without restraint. “The people … who behaved very unwisely and intemperately on that occasion.” Burke.

In•tem•per•ate•ness, n. 1. The state of being intemperate; excessive indulgence of any appetite or passion; as intemperateness in eating or drinking. 2. Severity of weather; inclemency. Boyle. “By unseasonable weather, by intemperateness of the air or meteors.” Sir M. Hale.

In•tem´per•a•ture ( 135), n. [Cf. OF. intemperature.] Intemperateness. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•tem•pes´tive , a. [L. intempestivus: cf. F. intempestif. See In- not, and Tempestive.] Out of season; untimely. [Obs.] Burton. “Intempestive bashfulness gets nothing.” Hales.

In•tem•pes´tive•ly, adv. Unseasonably. [Obs.]

In•tem•pes•tiv´i•ty , n. [L. intempestivitas: cf. F. intempestivite.] Unseasonableness; untimeliness. [Obs.] Hales.

In•ten´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + tenable: cf. F. intenable.] Incapable of being held; untenable; not defensible; as an intenable opinion; an intenable fortress. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

In•tend´ (in•tend´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intended; p. pr. & vb. n. Intending.] [OE. entenden to be attentive, F. entendre, fr. L. intendre, intentum, and intensum, to intend, attend, stretch out, extend; pref. in- in + tendere to stretch, stretch out. See Tend.] 1. To stretch; to extend; to distend. [Obs.] “By this the lungs are intended or remitted.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To strain; to make tense. [Obs.] “When a bow is successively intended and remedied.” Cudworth. 3. To intensify; to strengthen. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. “Magnetism may be intended and remitted.” Sir I. Newton. 4. To apply with energy. “Let him intend his mind, without respite, without rest, in one direction.” Emerson. 5. To bend or turn; to direct, as one’s course or journey. [Archaic] Shak. 6. To fix the mind on; to attend to; to take care of; to superintend; to regard. [Obs.] “Having no children, she did, with singular care and tenderness, intend the education of Philip.” Bacon. “My soul, not being able to intend two things at once, abated of its fervency in praying.” Fuller. 7. To fix the mind upon (something to be accomplished); to be intent upon; to mean; to design; to plan; to purpose; — often followed by an infinitely with to, or a dependent clause with that; as he intends to go; he intends that she shall remain. “They intended evil against thee.” Ps. xxi. 11. “To-morrow he intends
To hunt the boar with certain of his friends.” Shak. 8. To design mechanically or artistically; to fashion; to mold. [Obs.] “Modesty was made
When she was first intended.” Beau. & Fl. 9. To pretend; to counterfeit; to simulate. [Obs.] “Intend a kind of zeal both to the prince and Claudio.” Shak. Syn. — To purpose; mean; design; plan; conceive; contemplate.

In•tend´an•cy , n.; pl. Intendancies (#). [Cf. F. intendance. See Intendant.] 1. The office or employment of an intendant. 2. A territorial district committed to the charge of an intendant.

In•tend´ant , n. [F. intendant, fr. L. intendere to direct (one’s thoughts) to a thing. See Intend.] One who has the charge, direction, or management of some public business; a superintendent; as an intendant of marine; an intendant of finance.

In•tend´ant, a. [See Intend.] Attentive. [Obs.]

In•tend´ed, a. 1. Made tense; stretched out; extended; forcible; violent. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Purposed; designed; as intended harm or help. “They drew a curse from an intended good.” Cowper. 3. Betrothed; affianced; as an intended husband.

In•tend´ed, n. One with whom marriage is designed; one who is betrothed; an affianced lover. “If it were not that I might appear to disparage his intended, … I would add that to me she seems to be throwing herself away.” Dickens.

In•tend´ed•ly, adv. Intentionally. [R.] Milton.

In•tend´ent , n. See Intendant, n. [Obs.]

In•tend´er , n. One who intends. Feltham.

In•tend´i•ment , n. [LL. intendimentum. See Intendment.] Attention; consideration; knowledge; understanding. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•tend´ment , n. [OE. entendement understanding, insight, F. entendement, fr. LL. intendimentum. See Intend.] 1. Charge; oversight. [Obs.] Ford. 2. Intention; design; purpose. “The intendment of God and nature.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Law) The true meaning, understanding, or intention of a law, or of any legal instrument.

In•ten´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intenerated p. pr. & vb. n. Intenerating.] [Pref. in- in + L. tener soft, tender. See Tender, a.] To make tender or sensitive; to soften. “Fear intenerates the heart.” Bp. Hall. “So have I seen the little purls of a stream … intenerate the stubborn pavement.” Jer. Taylor.

In•ten´er•ate (in•ten´er•at), a. Made tender or soft; softened. [Obs.]

In•ten•er•a´tion (-a´shun), n. The act or process of intenerating, or the state of being intenerated; softening. [R.] Bacon.

In•ten´i•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + L. tenere to hold: cf. L. intenibilis not to be grasped. Cf. Intenable.] Incapable of holding or containing. [Obs.] “This captious and intenible sieve.” Shak.

In•ten´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensated p. pr. & vb. n. Intensating.] [See Intense.] To intensify. [R.] Emerson.

In•ten•sa´tion , n. The act or process of intensifying; intensification; climax. [R.] Carlyle.

In•ten´sa•tive , a. Adding intensity; intensifying.

In•tense´ , a. [L. intensus stretched, tight, p. p. of intendere to stretch: cf. F. intense. See Intend, and cf. Intent, and cf. Intent, a.] 1. Strained; tightly drawn; kept on the stretch; strict; very close or earnest; as intense study or application; intense thought. 2. Extreme in degree; excessive; immoderate; as: (a) Ardent; fervent; as intense heat. (b) Keen; biting; as intense cold. (c) Vehement; earnest; exceedingly strong; as intense passion or hate. (d) Very severe; violent; as intense pain or anguish. (e) Deep; strong; brilliant; as intense color or light. “In this intense seclusion of the forest.” Hawthorne.

In•tense´ly, adv. 1. Intently. [Obs.] J. Spencer. 2. To an extreme degree; as weather intensely cold.

In•tense´ness, n. The state or quality of being intense; intensity; as the intenseness of heat or cold; the intenseness of study or thought.

In•ten•si•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or process of intensifying, or of making more intense.

In•ten´si•fi•er , n. One who or that which intensifies or strengthens; in photography, an agent used to intensify the lights or shadows of a picture.

In•ten´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensified p. pr. & vb. n. Intensifying ] [Intense + - fly.] To render more intense; as to intensify heat or cold; to intensify colors; to intensify a photographic negative; to intensify animosity. Bacon. “How piercing is the sting of pride
By want embittered and intensified.” Longfellow.

In•ten´si•fy, v. i. To become intense, or more intense; to act with increasing power or energy.

In•ten´sion , n. [L. intensio: cf. F. intension. See Intend, and cf. Intention.] 1. A straining, stretching, or bending; the state of being strained; as the intension of a musical string. 2. Increase of power or energy of any quality or thing; intenseness; fervency. Jer. Taylor. “Sounds … likewise do rise and fall with the intension or remission of the wind.” Bacon. 3. (Logic & Metaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, or marks that make up a complex general notion; the comprehension, content, or connotation; — opposed to extension, extent, or sphere. “This law is, that the intension of our knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension.” Sir W. Hamilton.

In•ten´si•tive , a. Increasing the force or intensity of; intensive; as the intensitive words of a sentence. H. Sweet.

In•ten´si•ty , n. [LL. intensitas: cf. F. intensite. See Intense.] 1. The state or quality of being intense; intenseness; extreme degree; as intensity of heat, cold, mental application, passion, etc. “If you would deepen the intensity of light, you must be content to bring into deeper blackness and more distinct and definite outline the shade that accompanies it.” F. W. Robertson. 2. (Physics) The amount or degree of energy with which a force operates or a cause acts; effectiveness, as estimated by results produced. 3. (Mech.) The magnitude of a distributed force, as pressure, stress, weight, etc., per unit of surface, or of volume, as the case may be; as the measure of the intensity of a total stress of forty pounds which is distributed uniformly over a surface of four square inches area is ten pounds per square inch. 4. (Photog.) The degree or depth of shade in a picture.

In•ten´sive , a. [Cf. F. intensif. See Intense.] 1. Stretched; admitting of intension, or increase of degree; that can be intensified. Sir M. Hale. 2. Characterized by persistence; intent; unremitted; assiduous; intense. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Gram.) Serving to give force or emphasis; as an intensive verb or preposition.

In•ten´sive, n. That which intensifies or emphasizes; an intensive verb or word.

In•ten´sive•ly, adv. In an intensive manner; by increase of degree. Abp. Bramhall.

In•ten´sive•ness, n. The quality or state of being intensive; intensity. Sir M. Hale.

In•tent´ , a. [L. intentus, p. p. of intendere. See Intend, and cf. Intense.] 1. Closely directed; strictly attentive; bent; — said of the mind, thoughts, etc.; as a mind intent on self-improvement. 2. Having the mind closely directed to or bent on an object; sedulous; eager in pursuit of an object; — formerly with to, but now with on; as intent on business or pleasure. ´Intent on mischief.´ Milton. “Be intent and solicitous to take up the meaning of the speaker.” I. Watts.

In•tent´, n. [OE. entent, entente, attention, purpose, OF. entente, F. entente understanding, meaning; a participial noun, fr. F. & OF. entendre. See Intend.] The act of turning the mind toward an object; hence, a design; a purpose; intention; meaning; drift; aim. “Be thy intents wicked or charitable.” Shak. “The principal intent of Scripture is to deliver the laws of duties supernatural.” Hooker. >To all intents and purposes, in all applications or senses; practically; really; virtually; essentially. ´He was miserable to all intents and purpose.´ L’Estrange. Syn. — Design; purpose; intention; meaning; purport; view; drift; object; end; aim; plan.

In•ten•ta´tion , n. Intention. [Obs.]

In•ten´tion , n. [F. intention, L. intentio. See Intend, and cf. Intension.] 1. A stretching or bending of the mind toward an object; closeness of application; fixedness of attention; earnestness. “Intention is when the mind, with great earnestness, and of choice, fixes its view on any idea.” Locke. 2. A determination to act in a certain way or to do a certain thing; purpose; design; as an intention to go to New York. “Hell is paved with good intentions.” Johnson. 3. The object toward which the thoughts are directed; end; aim. “In [chronical distempers], the principal intention is to restore the tone of the solid parts.” Arbuthnot. 4. The state of being strained. See Intension. [Obs.] 5. (Logic) Any mental apprehension of an object. First intention (Logic), a conception of a thing formed by the first or direct application of the mind to the individual object; an idea or image; as man, stone. — Second intention (Logic), a conception generalized from first intuition or apprehension already formed by the mind; an abstract notion; especially, a classified notion, as species, genus, whiteness. — To heal by the first intention (Surg.), to cicatrize, as a wound, without suppuration. — To heal by the second intention (Surg.), to unite after suppuration. Syn. — Design; purpose; object; aim; intent; drift; purport; meaning. See Design.

In•ten´tion•al , a. [Cf. F. intentionnel.] Done by intention or design; intended; designed; as the act was intentional, not accidental.

In•ten•tion•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being intentional; purpose; design. Coleridge.

In•ten´tion•al•ly , adv. In an intentional manner; with intention; by design; of purpose.

In•ten´tioned , a. Having designs; — chiefly used in composition; as well-intentioned, having good designs; ill-intentioned, having ill designs.

In•ten´tive , a. [OE. ententif, OF. ententif, fr. L. intentivus intensive. See Intent, n., and cf. Intensive.] Attentive; intent. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•ten´tive•ly, adv. Attentively; closely. [Obs.] ´Intentively to observe.´ Holland.

In•ten´tive•ness, n. Closeness of attention or application of mind; attentiveness. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

In•tent´ly , adv. In an intent manner; as the eyes intently fixed. Syn. — Fixedly; steadfastly; earnestly; attentively; sedulously; diligently; eagerly.

In•tent´ness, n. The state or quality of being intent; close application; attention. “Extreme solicitude or intentness upon business.” South.

In´ter- [L. inter, prep., among, between, a compar. form of in in; akin to intra, intro, within, Skr. antar between, in, and E. in. See In, and cf. Entrails, Interior, Enter-, Exterior.] A prefix signifying among, between, amid; as interact, interarticular, intermit.

In•ter´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interred p. pr. & vb. n. Interring ] [OE. enteren, OF. enterer, enterrer, LL. interrare; L. pref. in- in + terra the earth. See Terrace.] To deposit and cover in the earth; to bury; to inhume; as to inter a dead body. Shak.

In•ter•act´ , n. [Pref. inter- + act. Cf. Entr’acte.] A short act or piece between others, as in a play; an interlude; hence, intermediate employment or time. Chesterfield.

In•ter•act´, v. i. To act upon each other; as two agents mutually interact. Emerson. Tyndall.

In•ter•ac´tion , n. 1. Intermediate action. 2. Mutual or reciprocal action or influence; as the interaction of the heart and lungs on each other.

In•ter•ad´di•tive , a. Added or placed between the parts of another thing, as a clause inserted parenthetically in a sentence.

In•ter•a´gen•cy , n. Intermediate agency.

In•ter•a´gent , n. An intermediate agent.

In´ter•all , n. Entrail or inside. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In•ter•al´ve•o•lar , a. (Anat.) Between alveoli; as the interalveolar septa between adjacent air cells in the lungs.

In•ter•am•bu•la´cral , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the interambulacra.

In•ter•am•bu•la´crum , n.; pl. L. Interambulacra , E. Interambulacrums . (Zoöl.) In echinoderms, one of the areas or zones intervening between two ambulacra. See Illust. of Ambulacrum.

In•ter•am´ni•an , a. [Pref. inter- + L. amnis river: cf. L. interamnus.] Situated between rivers. [R.] ´An interamnian country.´ J. Bryant.

In•ter•an´i•mate , v. t. To animate or inspire mutually. [Obs.] Donne.

In•ter•ar•bo•ra´tion , n. The interweaving of branches of trees. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ter•ar•tic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Situated between joints or articulations; as interarticular cartilages and ligaments.

In•ter•a•tom´ic , a. (Chem. & Physics) Between atoms; situated, or acting, between the atoms of bodies; as interatomic forces.

In•ter•au´lic , a. Existing between royal courts. [R.] ´Interaulic politics.´ Motley.

In•ter•au•ric´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between the auricles; as the interauricular partition of the heart.

In•ter•ax´al , a. (Arch.) Situated in an interaxis. Gwilt.

In•ter•ax´il•la•ry , a. (Bot.) Situated within or between the axils of leaves.

In•ter•ax´is , n.; pl. Interaxes . (Arch.) The space between two axes. See Axis, 6. “The doors, windows, niches, and the like, are then placed centrally in the interaxes.” Gwilt.

In•ter•bas•ta´tion , n. [Pref. inter- + baste to sew.] Patchwork. [Obs.] Dr. J. Smith.

In•ter•brach´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) Between the arms.

In•ter•brain , n. (Anat.) See Thalamencephalon.

In•ter•bran´chi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Between the branchiae.

In•ter•breed´ , v. t. & i. To breed by crossing different stocks of animals or plants.

In•ter´ca•lar , a. Intercalary.

In•ter´ca•la•ry ( 277), a. [L. intercalaris, intercalarius: cf. F. intercalaire. See Intercalate.] 1. (Chron.) Inserted or introduced among others in the calendar; as an intercalary month, day, etc.; — now applied particularly to the odd day (Feb. 29) inserted in the calendar of leap year. See Bissextile, n. 2. Introduced or inserted among others; additional; supernumerary. ´Intercalary spines.´ Owen. “This intercalary line … is made the last of a triplet.” Beattie. Intercalary day (Med.), one on which no paroxysm of an intermittent disease occurs. Mayne.

In•ter´ca•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercalated p. pr. & vb. n. Intercalating ] [L. intercalatus, p. p. of intercalare to intercalate to intercalate; inter between + calare to call, proclaim. See Calendar.] 1. (Chron.) To insert, as a day or other portion of time, in a calendar. 2. To insert among others, as a verse in a stanza; specif. (Geol.), to introduce as a bed or stratum, between the layers of a regular series of rocks. “Beds of fresh-water shells … are intercalated and interstratified with the shale.” Mantell.

In•ter•ca•la´tion , n. [L. intercalatio: cf. F. intercalation.] 1. (Chron.) The insertion of a day, or other portion of time, in a calendar. 2. The insertion or introduction of anything among others, as the insertion of a phrase, line, or verse in a metrical composition; specif. (Geol.), the intrusion of a bed or layer between other layers. “Intercalations of fresh-water species in some localities.” Mantell.

In•ter•ca•rot´id , a. (Anat.) Situated between the external and internal carotid arteries; as an intercarotid ganglion.

In•ter•car´pal , a. (Anat.) Between the carpal bone; as intercarpal articulations, ligaments.

In•ter•car•ti•lag´i•nous , a. (Anat.) Within cartilage; endochondral; as intercartilaginous ossification.

In•ter•cav´ern•ous , a. (Anat.) Between the cavernous sinuses; as the intercavernous sinuses connecting the cavernous sinuses at the base of the brain.

In•ter•cede´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interceding.] [L. intercedere, intercessum; inter between + cedere to pass: cf. F. interceder. See Cede.] 1. To pass between; to intervene. [Obs.] “He supposed that a vast period interceded between that origination and the age wherein he lived.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To act between parties with a view to reconcile differences; to make intercession; to beg or plead in behalf of another; to mediate; — usually followed by with and for; as I will intercede with him for you. “I to the lords will intercede, not doubting
Their favorable ear.” Milton. Syn. — To mediate; arbitrate. See Interpose.

In•ter•cede´, v. t. To be, to come, or to pass, between; to separate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

In•ter•ced´ence , n. The act of interceding; intercession; intervention. [R.] Bp. Reynolds.

In•ter•ced´ent, a. [L. intercedens, p. pr. of intercedere.] Passing between; mediating; pleading. [R.] — In•ter•ced´ent•ly, adv.

In•ter•ced´er , n. One who intercedes; an intercessor; a mediator. Johnson.

In•ter•cel´lu•lar , a. Lying between cells or cellules; as intercellular substance, space, or fluids; intercellular blood channels.

In•ter•cen´tral , a. Between centers. Intercentral nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which transmit impulses between nerve centers, as opposed to peripheral fibers, which convey impulses between peripheral parts and nerve centers.

In•ter•cen´trum , n.; pl. Intercentra . (Anat.) The median of the three elements composing the centra of the vertebrae in some fossil batrachians.

In•ter•cept´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercepting.] [L. interceptus, p. p. of intercipere to intercept; inter between + capere to take, seize: cf. F. intercepter. See Capable.] 1. To take or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place; to cause to stop on the passage; as to intercept a letter; a telegram will intercept him at Paris. “God will shortly intercept your breath.” Joye. 2. To obstruct or interrupt the progress of; to stop; to hinder or oppose; as to intercept the current of a river. “Who intercepts me in my expedition?” Shak. “We must meet first, and intercept his course.” Dryden. 3. To interrupt communication with, or progress toward; to cut off, as the destination; to blockade. “While storms vindictive intercept the shore.” Pope. 4. (Math.) To include between; as that part of the line which is intercepted between the points A and B. Syn. — To cut off; stop; catch; seize; obstruct.

In´ter•cept , n. (Math.) A part cut off or intercepted, as a portion of a line included between two points, or cut off two straight lines or curves.

In•ter•cept´er , n. One who, or that which, intercepts. Shak.

In•ter•cep´tion , n. [L. interceptio a taking away: cf. F. interception.] The act of intercepting; as interception of a letter; interception of the enemy.

In•ter•cept´ive , a. Intercepting or tending to intercept.

In•ter•ces´sion , n. [L. intercessio an intervention, a becoming surety: cf. F. intercession. See Intercede.] The act of interceding; mediation; interposition between parties at variance, with a view to reconcilation; prayer, petition, or entreaty in favor of, or (less often) against, another or others. “But the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which can not be uttered.” Rom. viii. 26.

In•ter•ces´sion•al , a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession or entreaty.

In•ter•ces´sion•ate , v. t. To entreat. [Obs.]

In•ter•ces´sor , n. [L., a surety: cf. F. intercesseur.] 1. One who goes between, or intercedes; a mediator. (a) One who interposes between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them. (b) One who pleads in behalf of another. Milton. 2. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishopric till a successor is installed.

In•ter•ces•so´ri•al , a. Intercessory.

In•ter•ces´so•ry , a. [LL. intercessorius.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession; interceding; as intercessory prayer.

In•ter•chain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchained p. pr. & vb. n. Interchaining.] To link together; to unite closely or firmly, as by a chain. “Two bosoms interchained with an oath.” Shak.

In•ter•change´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchanged p. pr. & vb. n. Interchanging ] [OE. entrechangen, OF. entrechangier. See Inter-, and Change.] 1. To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mutually; to exchange; to reciprocate; as to interchange places; they interchanged friendly offices and services. “I shall interchange
My waned state for Henry’s regal crown.” Shak. 2. To cause to follow alternately; to intermingle; to vary; as to interchange cares with pleasures.

In•ter•change´, v. i. To make an interchange; to alternate. Sir P. Sidney.

In•ter•change´ , n. [Cf. OF. entrechange.] 1. The act of mutually changing; the act of mutually giving and receiving; exchange; as the interchange of civilities between two persons. ´Interchange of kindnesses.´ South. 2. The mutual exchange of commodities between two persons or countries; barter; commerce. Howell. 3. Alternate succession; alternation; a mingling. “The interchanges of light and darkness.” Holder. “Sweet interchange
Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.” Milton.

In•ter•change•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being interchangeable; interchangeableness.

In•ter•change´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. entrechangeable.] 1. Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution. ´Interchangeable warrants.´ Bacon. 2. Following each other in alternate succession; as the four interchangeable seasons. Holder. — In•ter•change´a•ble•ness, n. — In•ter•change´a•bly, adv.

In•ter•change´ment , n. [Cf. OF. entrechangement.] Mutual transfer; exchange. [Obs.] Shak.

In•ter•chap´ter , n. An intervening or inserted chapter.

In•ter´ci•dence , n. [See Intercident.] The act or state of coming or falling between; occurrence; incident. [Obs.] Holland.

In•ter´ci•dent , a. [L. intercidens, -entis, p. pr. of intercidere to fall between; inter between + cadere to fall.] Falling or coming between; happening accidentally. [Obs.] Boyle.

In•ter•cip´i•ent , a. [L. intercipiens, -entis, p. pr. of intercipere. See Intercept.] Intercepting; stopping. — n. One who, or that which, intercepts or stops anything on the passage. Wiseman.

In•ter•ci´sion , n. [L. intercisio a cutting through, fr. intercidere to cut asunder.] A cutting off, through, or asunder; interruption. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•ter•cit´i•zen•ship , n. The mutual right to civic privileges, in the different States. Bancroft.

In•ter•clav´i•cle , n. (Anat.) See Episternum.

In•ter•cla•vic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) (a) Between the clavicles; as the interclavicular notch of the sternum. (b) Of or pertaining to the interclavicle.

In•ter•close´ , v. t. [Pref. inter- + close. See Interclude.] To shut in; to inclose. [Obs.]

In•ter•cloud´ , v. t. To cloud. [R.] Daniel.

In•ter•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercluding.] [L. intercludere, interclusum; inter between + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Interclose.] To shut off or out from a place or course, by something intervening; to intercept; to cut off; to interrupt. Mitford. “So all passage of external air into the receiver may be intercluded.” Boyle.

In•ter•clu´sion , n. [L. interclusio. See Interclude.] Interception; a stopping; obstruction.

In•ter•col•le´gi•ate , a. Existing or carried on between colleges or universities; as intercollegiate relations, rivalry, games, etc.

In•ter•col´line , a. (Geol.) Situated between hills; — applied especially to valleys lying between volcanic cones.

In•ter•co•lo´ni•al , a. Between or among colonies; pertaining to the intercourse or mutual relations of colonies; as intercolonial trade. — In•ter•co•lo´ni•al•ly, adv.

In•ter•co•lum´nar , a. Between columns or pillars; as the intercolumnar fibers of Poupart’s ligament; an intercolumnar statue.

In•ter•co•lum•ni•a´tion , n. (Arch.) The clear space between two columns, measured at the bottom of their shafts. Gwilt. It is customary to measure the intercolumniation in terms of the diameter of the shaft, taken also at the bottom. Different words, derived from the Greek, are in use to denote certain common proportions. They are: Pycnostyle, when the intercolumniation is of one and a half diameters; Systyle, of two diameters; Eustyle, of two and a quarter diameters; Diastyle, of three diameters; Araeostyle, of four or more, and so great that a wooden architrave has to be used instead of stone; Araeosystyle, when the intercolumniations are alternately systyle and araeostyle.

In•ter•com´bat , n. Combat. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•ter•com´ing , n. The act of coming between; intervention; interference. [Obs.]

In•ter•com´mon , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercommoned p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommoning.] [OF. entrecommuner. See Inter-, and Common, and cf. Intercommune.] 1. To share with others; to participate; especially, to eat at the same table. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (O. Eng. Law) To graze cattle promiscuously in the commons of each other, as the inhabitants of adjoining townships, manors, etc.

In•ter•com´mon•age , n. (O. Eng. Law) The right or privilege of intercommoning.

In•ter•com•mune´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intercommuned p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommuning.] [Cf. Intercommon, Intercommunicate, Commune.] 1. To intercommunicate. [Obs.] 2. To have mutual communication or intercourse by conversation. [Scot.]

In•ter•com•mu´ni•ca•ble , a. Capable of being mutually communicated.

In•ter•com•mu´ni•cate , v. i. To communicate mutually; to hold mutual communication.

In•ter•com•mu´ni•cate, v. t. To communicate mutually; to interchange. Holland.

In•ter•com•mu•ni•ca´tion , n. Mutual communication. Owen.

In•ter•com•mun´ion , n. Mutual communion; as an intercommunion of deities. Faber.

In•ter•com•mu´ni•ty , n. Intercommunication; community of possessions, religion, etc. “In consequence of that intercommunity of paganism … one nation adopted the gods of another.” Bp. Warburton.

In•ter•com•par´i•son , n. Mutual comparison of corresponding parts. { In•ter•con´dy•lar , In•ter•con´dy•loid , } a. (Anat.) Between condyles; as the intercondylar fossa or notch of the femur.

In•ter•con•nect´ , v. t. To join together.

In•ter•con•nec´tion , n. Connection between; mutual connection.

In•ter•con•ti•nen´tal , a. Between or among continents; subsisting or carried on between continents; as intercontinental relations or commerce.

In•ter•con•vert´i•ble , a. Convertible the one into the other; as coin and bank notes are interconvertible.

In•ter•cos´tal , a. (Anat. & Physiol.) Between the ribs; pertaining to, or produced by, the parts between the ribs; as intercostal respiration, in which the chest is alternately enlarged and contracted by the intercostal muscles.

In´ter•course , n. [Formerly entercourse, OF. entrecours commerce, exchange, F. entrecours a reciprocal right on neighboring lands, L. intercursus a running between, fr. intercurrere to run between. See Inter-, and Course.] A commingling; intimate connection or dealings between persons or nations, as in common affairs and civilities, in correspondence or trade; communication; commerce; especially, interchange of thought and feeling; association; communion. “This sweet intercourse
Of looks and smiles.” Milton. Sexual intercourse, sexual or carnal connection; coition. Syn. — Communication; connection; commerce; communion; fellowship; familiarity; acquaintance.

In•ter•cross´ ( 115), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Intercrossed p. pr. & vb. n. Intercrossing.] 1. To cross each other, as lines. 2. (Biol.) To fertilize by the impregnation of one species or variety by another; to impregnate by a different species or variety.

In´ter•cross , n. The process or result of cross fertilization between different kinds of animals, or different varieties of plants. “We have reason to believe that occasional intercrosses take place with all animals and plants.” Darwin.

In•ter•cru´ral , a. (Anat.) Between crura; — applied especially to the interneural plates in the vertebral column of many cartilaginous fishes.

In•ter•cur´ , v. i. [L. intercurrere. See Intercourse.] To intervene; to come or occur in the meantime. [Obs.] Shelton.

In•ter•cur´rence , n. [See Intercurrent.] A passing or running between; occurrence. Boyle.

In•ter•cur´rent , a. [L. intercurrens, p. pr. of intercurrere: cf. F. intercurrent. See Intercur.] 1. Running between or among; intervening. Boyle. Bp. Fell. 2. (Med.) (a) Not belonging to any particular season. (b) Said of diseases occurring in the course of another disease. Dunglison.

In•ter•cur´rent , n. Something intervening. Holland.

In•ter•cu•ta´ne•ous , a. Subcutaneous.

In•ter•dash´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdashed p. pr. & vb. n. Interdashing.] To dash between or among; to intersperse. Cowper.

In•ter•deal´, v. i. To intrigue. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•ter•den´tal , a. 1. Situated between teeth; as an interdental space, the space between two teeth in a gear wheel. 2. (Phon.) Formed between the upper and lower teeth; as interdental consonants.

In•ter•den´til , n. (Arch.) The space between two dentils. Gwilt.

In•ter•de•pend´ence , n. Mutual dependence. ´The interdependence of virtue and knowledge.´ M. Arnold.

In•ter•de•pend´en•cy , n. Mutual dependence; as interdependency of interests. De Quincey.

In•ter•de•pend´ent , a. Mutually dependent.

In•ter•dict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interdicting.] [OE. entrediten to forbid communion, L. interdicere, interdictum. See Interdict, n.] 1. To forbid; to prohibit or debar; as to interdict intercourse with foreign nations. “Charged not to touch the interdicted tree.” Milton. 2. (Eccl.) To lay under an interdict; to cut off from the enjoyment of religious privileges, as a city, a church, an individual. “An archbishop may not only excommunicate and interdict his suffragans, but his vicar general may do the same.” Ayliffe.

In´ter•dict , n. [OE. entredit, enterdit, OF. entredit, F. interdit, fr. L. interdictum, fr. interdicere to interpose, prohibit; inter between + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. A prohibitory order or decree; a prohibition. “These are not fruits forbidden; no interdict
Defends the touching of these viands pure.” Milton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A prohibition of the pope, by which the clergy or laymen are restrained from performing, or from attending, divine service, or from administering the offices or enjoying the privileges of the church. 3. (Scots Law) An order of the court of session, having the like purpose and effect with a writ of injunction out of chancery in England and America.

In•ter•dic´tion , n. [L. interdictio: cf. F. interdiction.] The act of interdicting; prohibition; prohibiting decree; curse; interdict. “The truest issue of thy throne
By his own interdiction stands accurst.” Shak.

In•ter•dict´ive , a. Having the power to prohibit; as an interdictive sentence. Milton.

In•ter•dict´o•ry , a. [L. interdictorius.] Belonging to an interdiction; prohibitory.

In•ter•dig´i•tal , a. (Anat.) Between the fingers or toes; as interdigital space.

In•ter•dig´i•tate , v. t. To interweave. [R.]

In•ter•dig´i•tate, v. i. [Pref. inter- + L. digitus finger.] To interlock, as the fingers of two hands that are joined; to be interwoven; to commingle. Owen.

In•ter•dig•i•ta´tion , n. (Anat.) The state of interdigitating; interdigital space. Owen.

In´ter•dome , n. (Arch.) The open space between the inner and outer shells of a dome or cupola of masonry.

In´ter•duce , n. [Cf. F. entre- deux, literally, between two.] (Carp.) An intertie.

In´ter•e•pim´er•al , a. (Zoöl.) Between the epimeral plates of insects and crustaceans.

In•ter•e•qui•noc´tial , a. Coming between the equinoxes. “Summer and winter I have called interequinoctial intervals.” F. Balfour.

In´ter•ess , v. t. [See Interest, v. t.] To interest or affect. [Obs.] Hooker.

In´ter•esse , n. Interest. [Obs.] Spenser.

In´ter•est , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interested p. pr. & vb. n. Interesting.] [From interess’d, p. p. of the older form interess, fr. F. interesser, L. interesse. See Interest, n.] 1. To engage the attention of; to awaken interest in; to excite emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing; as the subject did not interest him; to interest one in charitable work. “To love our native country … to be interested in its concerns is natural to all men.” Dryden. “A goddess who used to interest herself in marriages.” Addison. 2. To be concerned with or engaged in; to affect; to concern; to excite; — often used impersonally. [Obs.] “Or rather, gracious sir,
Create me to this glory, since my cause
Doth interest this fair quarrel.” Ford. 3. To cause or permit to share. [Obs.] “The mystical communion of all faithful men is such as maketh every one to be interested in those precious blessings which any one of them receiveth at God’s hands.” Hooker. Syn. — To concern; excite; attract; entertain; engage; occupy; hold.

In´ter•est, n. [OF. interest, F. interêt, fr. L. interest it interests, is of interest, fr. interesse to be between, to be difference, to be importance; inter between + esse to be; cf. LL. interesse usury. See Essence.] 1. Excitement of feeling, whether pleasant or painful, accompanying special attention to some object; concern. Interest expresses mental excitement of various kinds and degrees. It may be intellectual, or sympathetic and emotional, or merely personal; as an interest in philosophical research; an interest in human suffering; the interest which an avaricious man takes in money getting. “So much interest have I in thy sorrow.” Shak. 2. Participation in advantage, profit, and responsibility; share; portion; part; as an interest in a brewery; he has parted with his interest in the stocks. 3. Advantage, personal or general; good, regarded as a selfish benefit; profit; benefit. “Divisions hinder the common interest and public good.” Sir W. Temple. “When interest calls of all her sneaking train.” Pope. 4. Premium paid for the use of money, — usually reckoned as a percentage; as interest at five per cent per annum on ten thousand dollars. “They have told their money, and let out
Their coin upon large interest.” Shak. 5. Any excess of advantage over and above an exact equivalent for what is given or rendered. “You shall have your desires with interest.” Shak. 6. The persons interested in any particular business or measure, taken collectively; as the iron interest; the cotton interest. Compound interest, interest, not only on the original principal, but also on unpaid interest from the time it fell due. — Simple interest, interest on the principal sum without interest on overdue interest.

In´ter•est•ed (in´ter•est•ed), a. [See Interest, v. t.] 1. Having the attention engaged; having emotion or passion excited; as an interested listener. 2. Having an interest; concerned in a cause or in consequences; liable to be affected or prejudiced; as an interested witness.

In´ter•est•ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being interested; selfishness. Richardson.

In´ter•est•ing, a. Engaging the attention; exciting, or adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion; as an interesting story; interesting news. Cowper.

In´ter•est•ing•ly, adv. In an interesting manner.

In´ter•est•ing•ness, n. The condition or quality of being interesting. A. Smith.

In•ter•fa´cial , a. (Geom.) Included between two plane surfaces or faces; as an interfacial angle.

In•ter•fas•cic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between fascicles or bundles; as the interfascicular spaces of connective tissue.

In•ter•fer´ant , n. (Law) One of the contestants in interference before the Patent Office. [U.S.]

In•ter•fere´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interfered p. pr. & vb. n. Interfering.] [OF. entreferir to strike each other; entre between (L. inter) + OF. ferir to strike, F. ferir, fr. L. ferire. See Ferula.] 1. To come in collision; to be in opposition; to clash; as interfering claims, or commands. 2. To enter into, or take a part in, the concerns of others; to intermeddle; to interpose. “To interfere with party disputes.” Swift. “There was no room for anyone to interfere with his own opinions.” Bp. Warburton. 3. To strike one foot against the opposite foot or ankle in using the legs; — sometimes said of a human being, but usually of a horse; as the horse interferes. 4. (Physics) To act reciprocally, so as to augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another; — said of waves, rays of light, heat, etc. See Interference, 2. 5. (Patent Law) To cover the same ground; to claim the same invention. Syn. — To interpose; intermeddle. See Interpose.

In•ter•fer´ence , n. [See Interfere.] 1. The act or state of interfering; as the stoppage of a machine by the interference of some of its parts; a meddlesome interference in the business of others. 2. (Physics) The mutual influence, under certain conditions, of two streams of light, or series of pulsations of sound, or, generally, two waves or vibrations of any kind, producing certain characteristic phenomena, as colored fringes, dark bands, or darkness, in the case of light, silence or increased intensity in sounds; neutralization or superposition of waves generally. The term is most commonly applied to light, and the undulatory theory of light affords the proper explanation of the phenomena which are considered to be produced by the superposition of waves, and are thus substantially identical in their origin with the phenomena of heat, sound, waves of water, and the like. 3. (Patent Law) The act or state of interfering, or of claiming a right to the same invention. Interference figures (Optics), the figures observed when certain sections of crystallized bodies are viewed in converging polarized light; thus, a section of a uniaxial crystal, cut normal to the vertical axis, shows a series of concentric colored rings with a single black cross; — so called because produced by the interference of luminous waves. - - Interference fringe. (Optics) See Fringe.

In•ter•fer´er , n. One who interferes.

In•ter•fer´ing•ly, adv. By or with interference.

In•ter•flow´ , v. i. To flow in. [R.] Holland. { In•ter´flu•ent , In•ter´flu•ous } a. [L. interfluens, p. pr., and interfluus. See Inter-, and Fluent.] Flowing between or among; intervening. Boyle.

In•ter•fold´ed , p. a. Intertwined; interlocked; clasped together. Longfellow.

In•ter•fo•li•a´ceous , a. [Pref. inter- + foliaceous: cf. F. interfoliace.] (Bot.) At the same node with opposite or whorled leaves, but occupying a position between their places of attachment.

In•ter•fo´li•ate , v. t. [Pref. inter- + L. folium leaf.] To interleave. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•ter•fol•lic´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between follicles; as the interfollicular septa in a lymphatic gland.

In•ter•fret´ted , a. (Her.) Interlaced; linked together; — said of charges or bearings. See Fretted.

In•ter•ful´gent , a. [L. interfulgens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Fulgent.] Shining between.

In•ter•fuse´ , v. t. [L. interfusus, p. p. of interfundere to pour between; inter between + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] 1. To pour or spread between or among; to diffuse; to scatter. “The ambient air, wide interfused,
Embracing round this florid earth.” Milton. 2. To spread through; to permeate; to pervade. [R.] “Keats, in whom the moral seems to have so perfectly interfused the physical man, that you might almost say he could feel sorrow with his hands.” Lowell. 3. To mix up together; to associate. H. Spencer.

In•ter•fu´sion , n. [L. interfusio.] The act of interfusing, or the state of being interfused. Coleridge.

In•ter•gan•gli•on´ic , a. (Anat.) Between and uniting the nervous ganglions; as interganglionic cords.

In•ter•glob´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between globules; — applied esp. to certain small spaces, surrounded by minute globules, in dentine.

In•ter•grave´ , v. t. [imp. Intergraved p. p. Intergraved or Intergraven ; p. pr. & vb. n. Intergraving.] To grave or carve between; to engrave in the alternate sections. “The work itself of the bases, was intergraven.” 3 Kings vii. 28 (Douay version. ) { In•ter•he´mal , In•ter•hae´mal } , a. (Anat.) Between the hemal arches or hemal spines. — n. An interhemal spine or cartilage.

In•ter•hy´al , a. [Inter- + the Greek letter .] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a segment sometimes present at the proximal end of the hyoidean arch. — n. An interhyal ligament or cartilage.

In´ter•im , n. [L., fr. inter between + im, an old accusative of is he, this, that.] 1. The meantime; time intervening; interval between events, etc. “All the interim is
Like a phantasms, or a hideous dream.” Shak. 2. (Hist.) A name given to each of three compromises made by the emperor Charles V. of Germany for the sake of harmonizing the connecting opinions of Protestants and Catholics.

In•te´ri•or , a. [L., compar. fr. inter between: cf. F. interieur. See Inter- , and cf. Intimate.] 1. Being within any limits, inclosure, or substance; inside; internal; inner; — opposed to exterior, or superficial; as the interior apartments of a house; the interior surface of a hollow ball. 2. Remote from the limits, frontier, or shore; inland; as the interior parts of a region or country. Interior angle (Geom.), an angle formed between two sides, within any rectilinear figure, as a polygon, or between two parallel lines by these lines and another intersecting them; — called also internal angle. — Interior planets (Astron.), those planets within the orbit of the earth. — Interior screw, a screw cut on an interior surface, as in a nut; a female screw. Syn. — Internal; inside; inner; inland; inward.

In•te´ri•or, n. 1. That which is within; the internal or inner part of a thing; the inside. 2. The inland part of a country, state, or kingdom. Department of the Interior, that department of the government of the United States which has charge of pensions, patents, public lands and surveys, the Indians, education, etc.; that department of the government of a country which is specially charged with the internal affairs of that country; the home department. — Secretary of the Interior, the cabinet officer who, in the United States, is at the head of the Department of the Interior.

In•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. State of being interior.

In•te´ri•or•ly , adv. Internally; inwardly. { In•ter•ja´cence , In•ter•ja´cen•cy } n. [See Interjacent.] The state of being between; a coming or lying between or among; intervention; also that which lies between. “England and Scotland is divided only by the interjacency of the Tweed.” Sir M. Hale.

In•ter•ja´cent , a. [L. interjacens, -entis, p. pr. of interjacere to lie between; inter between + jacre to lie.] Lying or being between or among; intervening; as interjacent isles. Sir W. Raleigh.

In•ter•jac´u•late , v. t. To ejaculate parenthetically. [R.] Thackeray.

In•ter•jan´gle , v. i. To make a dissonant, discordant noise one with another; to talk or chatter noisily. [R.] Daniel.

In•ter•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjected; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjecting.] [L. interjectus, p. p. of interjicere to interject; inter between + jacre to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To throw in between; to insert; to interpose. Sir H. Wotton.

In•ter•ject´, v. i. To throw one’s self between or among; to come between; to interpose. Sir G. Buck.

In•ter•jec´tion , n. [L. interjectio: cf. F. interjection. See Interject.] 1. The act of interjecting or throwing between; also that which is interjected. “The interjection of laughing.” Bacon. 2. (Gram.) A word or form of speech thrown in to express emotion or feeling, as O! Alas! Ha ha! Begone! etc. Compare Exclamation. “An interjection implies a meaning which it would require a whole grammatical sentence to expound, and it may be regarded as the rudiment of such a sentence. But it is a confusion of thought to rank it among the parts of speech.” Earle. “How now! interjections? Why, then, some be of laughing, as ah, ha, he!” Shak.

In•ter•jec´tion•al , a. 1. Thrown in between other words or phrases; parenthetical; ejaculatory; as an interjectional remark. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an interjection; consisting of natural and spontaneous exclamations. “Certain of the natural accompaniments of interjectional speech, such as gestures, grimaces, and gesticulations, are restrained by civilization.” Earle.

In•ter•jec´tion•al•ize , v. t. To convert into, or to use as an interjection. Earle.

In•ter•jec´tion•al•ly, adv. In an interjectional manner. G. Eliot.

In•ter•jec´tion•a•ry , a. Interjectional.

In•ter•join´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjoining.] [Pref. inter + join.] To join mutually; to unite. [R.] Shak.

In´ter•joist , n. (Carp.) 1. The space or interval between two joists. Gwilt. 2. A middle joist or crossbeam. De Colange.

In•ter•junc´tion , n. [L. interjunctus, p. p. of interjungere to join together. See Inter-, and Join, and cf. Interjoin.] A mutual joining. [R.]

In•ter•knit´ , v. t. To knit together; to unite closely; to intertwine.

In•ter•know´ , v. t. To know mutually. [Obs.]

In•ter•knowl´edge , n. Mutual knowledge or acquaintance. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•lace´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Interlaced p. pr. & vb. n. Interlacing ] [OE. entrelacen, F. entrelacer. See Inter-, and Lace.] To unite, as by lacing together; to insert or interpose one thing within another; to intertwine; to interweave. “Severed into stripes
That interlaced each other.” Cowper. “The epic way is everywhere interlaced with dialogue.” Dryden. Interlacing arches (Arch.), arches, usually circular, so constructed that their archivolts intersect and seem to be interlaced.

In•ter•lace´ment , n. [Cf. F. entrelacement.] The act of interlacing, or the state of being interlaced; also that which is interlaced. { In•ter•lam´el•lar , In•ter•lam´i•nar }, a. (Anat.) Between lammellae or laminae; as interlamellar spaces.

In•ter•lam´i•na•ted , a. Placed between, or containing, laminae or plates.

In•ter•lam•i•na´tion , n. The state of being interlaminated.

In´ter•lapse , n. [Pref. inter- + lapse: cf. L. interlabi, interlapsus, to fall, slide, or flow, between.] The lapse or interval of time between two events. [R.] Harvey.

In•ter•lard´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlarding.] [F. entrelarder. See Inter-, and Lard.] 1. To place lard or bacon amongst; to mix, as fat meat with lean. [Obs.] “Whose grain doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded.” Drayton. 2. Hence: To insert between; to mix or mingle; especially, to introduce that which is foreign or irrelevant; as to interlard a conversation with oaths or allusions. “The English laws … [were] mingled and interlarded with many particular laws of their own.” Sir M. Hale. “They interlard their native drinks with choice
Of strongest brandy.” J. Philips.

In•ter•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlaid p. pr. & vb. n. Interlaying.] To lay or place among or between. Daniel.

In´ter•leaf , n.; pl. Interleaves (#). [See Interleave.] A leaf inserted between other leaves; a blank leaf inserted, as in a book.

In•ter•leave´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interleaved p. pr. & vb. n. Interleaving.] [Pref. inter- + leaf.] To insert a leaf or leaves in; to bind with blank leaves inserted between the others; as to interleave a book.

In•ter•li´bel , v. t. To libel mutually.

In•ter•line´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlined p. pr. & vb. n. Interlining.] [Pref. inter- + line: cf. LL. interlineare, F. interlineer, OF. entreligner.] 1. To write or insert between lines already written or printed, as for correction or addition; to write or print something between the lines of; as to interline a page or a book. Swift. 2. To arrange in alternate lines; as to interline Latin and English. Locke. 3. To mark or imprint with lines. “A crooked wrinkle interlines my brow.” Marlowe. { In•ter•lin´e•al , In•ter•lin´e•ar } a. [Cf. LL. interlinearis, F. interlineaire.] Contained between lines; written or inserted between lines already written or printed; containing interlineations; as an interlinear manuscript, translation, etc. — In•ter•lin´e•ar•ly, adv.

In•ter•lin´e•a•ry , a. Interlinear. — n. A book containing interlineations. [R.]

In•ter•lin•e•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. interlineation.] 1. The act of interlining. 2. That which is interlined; a passage, word, or line inserted between lines already written or printed.

In•ter•lin´ing , n. Correction or alteration by writing between the lines; interlineation. Bp. Burnet.

In•ter•link´ , v. t. To link together; to join, as one chain to another. Dryden.

In•ter•link´ , n. An intermediate or connecting link.

In•ter•lo´bar , a. (Anat.) Between lobes; as the interlobar notch of the liver; the interlobar ducts of a gland.

In•ter•lob´u•lar , a. [Pref. inter- + lobular: cf. F. interlobulaire.] (Anat.) Between lobules; as the interlobular branches of the portal vein.

In•ter•lo•ca´tion , n. A placing or coming between; interposition.

In•ter•lock´ , v. i. To unite, embrace, communicate with, or flow into, one another; to be connected in one system; to lock into one another; to interlace firmly.

In•ter•lock´, v. t. To unite by locking or linking together; to secure in place by mutual fastening. “My lady with her fingers interlocked.” Tennyson.

In•ter•lo•cu´tion , n. [L. interlocutio, from interloqui, interlocutus, to speak between; inter between + loqui to speak: cf. F. interlocution. See Loquacious.] 1. Interchange of speech; dialogue; conversation; conference. 2. (Law) An intermediate act or decree before final decision. Ayliffe. 3. Hence, intermediate argument or discussion.

In•ter•loc´u•tor ( 277), n. [Cf. F. interlocuteur.] 1. One who takes part in dialogue or conversation; a talker, interpreter, or questioner. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Law) An interlocutory judgment or sentence.

In•ter•loc´u•to•ry , a. [Cf. LL. interlocutorius, F. interlocutoire.] 1. Consisting of, or having the nature of, dialogue; conversational. “Interlocutory discourses in the Holy Scriptures.” Fiddes. 2. (Law) Intermediate; not final or definitive; made or done during the progress of an action. An order, sentence, decree, or judgment, given in an intermediate stage between the commencement and termination of a cause, is called interlocutory.

In•ter•loc´u•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. interlocutoire.] Interpolated discussion or dialogue.

In•ter•loc´u•trice , n. [F.] A female interlocutor.

In•ter•lope´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interloped p. pr. & vb. n. Interloping.] [See Interloper.] To run between parties and intercept without right the advantage that one should gain from the other; to traffic without a proper license; to intrude; to forestall others; to intermeddle.

In´ter•lo•per ( 277), n. [Pref. inter- + D. looper a runner, fr. loopen to run; akin to E. leap. See Leap, and cf. Elope.] One who interlopes; one who unlawfully intrudes upon a property, a station, or an office; one who interferes wrongfully or officiously. “The untrained man, … the interloper as to the professions.” I. Taylor.

In•ter•lu´cate , v. t. [L. interlucatus, p. p. of interlucare; inter between + lux, lucis, light.] To let in light upon, as by cutting away branches. [Obs.]

In•ter•lu•ca´tion , n. [L. interlucatio.] Act of thinning a wood to let in light. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•ter•lu´cent , a. [L. interlucens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Lucent.] Shining between.

In•ter•lude , n. [OE. enterlude, LL. interludium; LL. inter between + ludus play, fr. ludere to play: cf. F. interlude. See Ludicrous.] 1. A short entertainment exhibited on the stage between the acts of a play, or between the play and the afterpiece, to relieve the tedium of waiting. “Dreams are but interludes, which fancy makes
When monarch reason sleeps.” Dryden. 2. A form of English drama or play, usually short, merry, and farcical, which succeeded the Moralities or Moral Plays in the transition to the romantic or Elizabethan drama. 3. (Mus.) A short piece of instrumental music played between the parts of a song or cantata, or the acts of a drama; especially, in church music, a short passage played by the organist between the stanzas of a hymn, or in German chorals after each line.

In´ter•lu•ded , a. Inserted in the manner of an interlude; having or containing interludes.

In´ter•lu•der , n. An actor who performs in an interlude. B. Jonson.

In´ter•lu•en•cy , n. [L. interluens, p. pr. of interluere to flow between; inter + luere.] A flowing between; intervening water. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. { In•ter•lu´nar , In•ter•lu´na•ry } a. [Pref. inter- + lunar: cf. L. interlunis.] Belonging or pertaining to the time when the moon, at or near its conjunction with the sun, is invisible. Milton.

In•ter•man•dib´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between the mandibles; interramal; as the intermandibular space.

In•ter•mar´riage , n. Connection by marriage; reciprocal marriage; giving and taking in marriage, as between two families, tribes, castes, or nations.

In•ter•mar´ry , v. i. To become connected by marriage between their members; to give and take mutually in marriage; — said of families, ranks, castes, etc. “About the middle of the fourth century from the building of Rome, it was declared lawful for nobles and plebeians to intermarry.” Swift.

In•ter•max•il´la , n.; pl. Intermaxillae . (Anat.) See Premaxilla.

In•ter•max´il•la•ry , a. (Anat.) (a) Between the maxillary bones. (b) Of or pertaining to the intermaxillae. — n. An intermaxilla.

In´ter•mean , n. Something done in the meantime; interlude. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In•ter•me•a´tion , n. [L. intermeare, intermeatum; to go between; inter between + meare to go.] A flowing between. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•ter•med´dle , v. i. [OE. entremedlen, entermellen, to mix together, OF. entremedler, entremeller, entremesler, F. entremêler. See Inter-, and Meddle.] To meddle with the affairs of others; to meddle officiously; to interpose or interfere improperly; to mix or meddle with. “The practice of Spain hath been, by war and by conditions of treaty, to intermeddle with foreign states.” Bacon. Syn. — To interpose; interfere. See Interpose.

In•ter•med´dle , v. t. To intermix; to mingle. [Obs.] “Many other adventures are intermeddled.” Spenser.

In•ter•med´dler , n. One who meddles with, or intrudes into, the affairs of others. Swift.

In•ter•med´dle•some , a. Inclined or disposed to intermeddle. — In•ter•med´dle•some•ness, n.

In•ter•med´dling , n. The act of improperly interfering. Burke.

In´ter•mede , n. [F. intermède, fr. L. inter between + medius, adj., middle; cf. It. intermedio. Cf. Intermezzo.] A short musical dramatic piece, of a light and pleasing, sometimes a burlesque, character; an interlude introduced between the acts of a play or an opera.

In•ter•me´di•a•cy , n. [From Intermediate.] Interposition; intervention. Derham.

In•ter•me´di•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. intermedius intermedial.] (Zoöl.) The middle pair of tail feathers, or middle rectrices.

In•ter•me´di•al , a. [Pref. inter- + medial: cf. L. intermedius.] Lying between; intervening; intermediate. ´Intermedial colors.´ Evelyn.

In•ter•me´di•an , a. Intermediate. [Obs.]

In•ter•me´di•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. intermediaire.] Lying, coming, or done, between; intermediate; as an intermediary project. Intermediary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after inflammation has set in.

In•ter•me´di•a•ry, n.; pl. Intermediaries . One who, or that which, is intermediate; an interagent; a go-between.

In•ter•me´di•ate , a. [Pref. inter- + mediate: cf. F. intermediat.] Lying or being in the middle place or degree, or between two extremes; coming or done between; intervening; interposed; interjacent; as an intermediate space or time; intermediate colors. Intermediate state (Theol.), the state or condition of the soul between the death and the resurrection of the body. — Intermediate terms (Math.), the terms of a progression or series between the first and the last (which are called the extremes); the means. — Intermediate tie. (Arch.) Same as Intertie.

In•ter•me´di•ate , v. i. To come between; to intervene; to interpose. Milton.

In•ter•me´di•ate•ly , adv. In an intermediate manner; by way of intervention.

In•ter•me•di•a´tion , n. The act of coming between; intervention; interposition. Burke.

In•ter•me´di•a•tor , n. A mediator.

In•ter•me´di•ous , a. [L. intermedius.] Intermediate. [R.] Cudworth.

In•ter•me´di•um , n.; pl. Intermediums (#), L. Intermedia (#). [NL., neut. of L. intermedius intermediate.] 1. Intermediate space. [R.] 2. An intervening agent or instrument. Cowper. 3. (Anat.) The bone or cartilage between the radiale and ulnare in the carpus, and between the tibiale and fibulare in the tarsus. It corresponds to the lunar in the carpus, and to a part of the astragalus in the tarsus of man and most mammals.

In•ter•mell´ , v. i. & t. [See Intermeddle.] To intermeddle; to intermix. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

In•ter•mem´bral , a. (Anat.) Between members or limbs; as intermembral homology, the correspondence of the limbs with each other.

In•ter•mem´bra•nous , a. (Anat.) Within or beneath a membrane; as intermembranous ossification.

In•ter´ment , n. [OE. enterment, F. enterrement. See Inter, v. t.] The act or ceremony of depositing a dead body in the earth; burial; sepulture; inhumation. T. Warton.

In•ter•men´tion , v. t. To mention among other things, or casually or incidentally. [Obs.]

In•ter•mes•en•ter´ic , a. (Anat.) Within the mesentery; as the intermesenteric, or aortic, plexus.

In•ter•me•ta•car´pal , a. (Anat.) Between the metacarpal bones.

In•ter•me•ta•tar´sal , a. (Anat.) Between the metatarsal bones.

In•ter•mez´zo , n. [It. See Intermede.] (Mus.) An interlude; an intermede. See Intermede.

In•ter•mi´cate , v. i. [L. intermicare; inter- between + micare to glitter.] To flash or shine between or among. [R.] Blount.

In•ter•mi•ca´tion , n. A shining between or among. [R.] Smart.

In•ter•mi•gra´tion , n. Reciprocal migration; interchange of dwelling place by migration. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

In•ter´mi•na•ble , a. [L. interminabilis: cf. F. interminable. See Terminate.] Without termination; admitting no limit; boundless; endless; wearisomely protracted; as interminable space or duration; interminable sufferings. “That wild interminable waste of waves.” Grainger. Syn. — Boundless; endless; limitless; illimitable; immeasurable; infinite; unbounded; unlimited.

In•ter´mi•na•ble•ness, n. The state of being endless.

In•ter´mi•na•bly, adv. Without end or limit.

In•ter´mi•nate, a. [L. interminatus; in- not + terminatus, p. p. of terminate.] Endless; as interminate sleep. Chapman.

In•ter´mi•nate , v. t. [L. interminatus, p. p. of interminari; inter between + minari to threaten.] To menace; to threaten. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•ter´mi•na•ted , a. Interminable; interminate; endless; unending. [Obs.] Akenside.

In•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [L. interminatio.] A menace or threat. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In•ter•mine´ , v. t. To intersect or penetrate with mines. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•ter•min´gle , v. t. To mingle or mix together; to intermix. Hooker.

In•ter•min´gle, v. i. To be mixed or incorporated. “Party and faction will intermingle.” Swift.

In´ter•mise , n. [Cf. F. entremise. See Intermission.] Interference; interposition. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•mis´sion , n. [L. intermissio: cf. F. intermission. See Intermit.] 1. The act or the state of intermitting; the state of being neglected or disused; disuse; discontinuance. B. Jonson. 2. Cessation for a time; an intervening period of time; an interval; a temporary pause; as to labor without intermission; an intermission of ten minutes. “Rest or intermission none I find.” Milton. 3. (Med.) The temporary cessation or subsidence of a fever; the space of time between the paroxysms of a disease. Intermission is an entire cessation, as distinguished from remission, or abatement of fever. 4. Intervention; interposition. [Obs.] Heylin. Syn. — Cessation; interruption; interval; pause; stop; rest; suspension. See Cessation.

In•ter•mis´sive , a. Having temporary cessations; not continual; intermittent. ´Intermissive miseries.´ Shak. ´Intermissive wars.´ Howell.

In•ter•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermitted p. pr. & vb. n. Intermitting.] [L. intermittere; inter between + mittere, missum, to send: cf. OE. entremeten to busy (one’s self) with, F. s’entremettre. See Missile.] To cause to cease for a time, or at intervals; to interrupt; to suspend. “Pray to the gods to intermit the plague.” Shak.

In•ter•mit´, v. i. To cease for a time or at intervals; to moderate; to be intermittent, as a fever. Pope.

In•ter•mit´tence , n. [Cf. F. intermittence.] Act or state of intermitting; intermission. Tyndall.

In•ter•mit´tent , a. [L. intermittens, -entis, p. pr. of intermittere: cf. F. intermittent.] Coming and going at intervals; alternating; recurrent; periodic; as an intermittent fever. Boyle. Intermittent fever (Med.), a disease with fever which recurs at certain intervals; — applied particularly to fever and ague. See Fever. — Intermittent gearing (Mach.), gearing which receives, or produces, intermittent motion. — Intermittent springs, springs which flow at intervals, not apparently dependent upon rain or drought. They probably owe their intermittent action to their being connected with natural reservoirs in hills or mountains by passages having the form of a siphon, the water beginning to flow when it has accumulated so as to fill the upper part of the siphon, and ceasing when, by running through it, it has fallen below the orifice of the upper part of the siphon in the reservoir.

In•ter•mit´tent, n. (Med.) An intermittent fever or disease. Dunglison.

In•ter•mit´tent•ly, adv. With intermissions; in an intermittent manner; intermittingly.

In•ter•mit´ting•ly , adv. With intermissions; at intervals. W. Montagu.

In•ter•mix´ , v. t. To mix together; to intermingle. “In yonder spring of roses, intermixed
With myrtle, find what to redress till noon.” Milton.

In•ter•mix´, v. i. To be mixed together; to be intermingled.

In•ter•mix´ed•ly , adv. In a mixed manner.

In•ter•mix´ture ( 135), n. 1. A mass formed by mixture; a mass of ingredients mixed. Boyle. 2. Admixture; an additional ingredient. “In this height of impiety there wanted not an intermixture of levity and folly.” Bacon.

In•ter•mo•bil´i•ty , n. Capacity of things to move among each other; as the intermobility of fluid particles.

In•ter•mo•dil´lion , n. (Arch.) The space between two modillions.

In•ter•mon´tane , a. [Pref. inter- + L. montanus belonging to a mountain, fr. mons, montis, mountain.] Between mountains; as intermontane soil.

In•ter•mun´dane , a. Being, between worlds or orbs. [R.] ´Intermundane spaces.´ Locke.

In•ter•mun´di•an , a. Intermundane. [Obs.]

In•ter•mu´ral , a. Lying between walls; inclosed by walls.

In•ter•mure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermured p. pr. & vb. n. Intermuring.] [Pref. inter- + L. murus wall.] To wall in; to inclose. [Obs.] Ford.

In•ter•mus´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Between muscles; as intermuscular septa.

In•ter•mu•ta´tion , n. Interchange; mutual or reciprocal change.

In•ter•mu´tu•al ( 135), a. Mutual. [Obs.] Daniel. — In•ter•mu´tu•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

In•tern´ , a. [L. internus: cf. F. interne. See Internal.] Internal. [Obs.] Howell.

In•tern´, v. t. [F. interne. See Intern, a.] To put for safe keeping in the interior of a place or country; to confine to one locality; as to intern troops which have fled for refuge to a neutral country.

In•tern´al , a. [L. internus; akin to interior. See Interior.] 1. Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; — opposed to external; as the internal parts of a body, or of the earth. 2. Derived from, or dependent on, the thing itself; inherent; as the internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scriptures. 3. Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as internal trade; internal troubles or war. 4. Pertaining to the inner being or the heart; spiritual. “With our Savior, internal purity is everything.” Paley. 5. Intrinsic; inherent; real. [R.] “The internal rectitude of our actions in the sight of God.” Rogers. 6. (Anat.) Lying toward the mesial plane; mesial. Internal angle (Geom.), an interior angle. See under Interior. — Internal gear (Mach.), a gear in which the teeth project inward from the rim instead of outward. Syn. — Inner; interior; inward; inland; inside.

In•ter•nal´i•ty , n. The state of being internal or within; interiority.

In•ter´nal•ly , adv. 1. Inwardly; within the enveloping surface, or the boundary of a thing; within the body; beneath the surface. 2. Hence: Mentally; spiritually. Jer. Taylor.

In•ter•na´sal , a. (Anat.) Between the nasal cavities; as the internasal cartilage.

In•ter•na´tion•al , a. [Pref. inter- + national: cf. F. international.] 1. Between or among nations; pertaining to the intercourse of nations; participated in by two or more nations; common to, or affecting, two or more nations. 2. Of or concerning the association called the International. International code (Naut.), a common system of signaling adopted by nearly all maritime nations, whereby communication may be had between vessels at sea. — International copyright. See under Copyright. — International law, the rules regulating the mutual intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the product of the conditions from time to time of international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals in treaties. It is called public when treating of the relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the relations of persons of different nationalities. International law is now, by the better opinion, part of the common law of the land. Cf. Conflict of laws, under Conflict. Wharton.

In•ter•na´tion•al, n. [Cf. F. internationale.] 1. The International; an abbreviated from of the title of the International Workingmen’s Association, the name of an association, formed in London in 1864, which has for object the promotion of the interests of the industrial classes of all nations. 2. A member of the International Association.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ism , n. 1. The state or principles of international interests and intercourse. 2. The doctrines or organization of the International.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ist, n. 1. One who is versed in the principles of international law. 2. A member of the International; one who believes in, or advocates the doctrines of, the International.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ize , v. t. To make international; to cause to affect the mutual relations of two or more nations; as to internationalize a principle of law, or a philanthropic enterprise.

In•ter•na´tion•al•ly, adv. In an international manner; from an international point of view.

In•terne´ , n. [See Intern, a.] That which is within; the interior. [Poetic] Mrs. Browning. { In•ter•ne´cia•ry , In•ter•ne´ci•nal } a. Internecine.

In•ter•ne´cine , a. [L. internecinus deadly, murderous, fr. internecare to kill, to slaughter; inter between + necare to kill; akin to Gr. dead. See Necromancy.] Involving, or accompanied by, mutual slaughter; mutually destructive. “Internecine quarrels, horrible tumults, stain the streets with blood.” Motley.

In•ter•ne´cion , n. [L. internecio.] Mutual slaughter or destruction; massacre. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In•ter•ne´cive , a. [L. internecivus.] Internecine. [R.] Sydney Smith.

In•ter•nec´tion , n. [L. internectere to bind together; inter between + nectere to fasten.] Intimate connection. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

In•ter•neu´ral , a. (Anat.) Between the neural arches or neural spines. — n. An interneural spine or cartilage.

In•ter´ni•ty , n. State of being within; interiority. [R.] H. Brooke.

In•tern´ment , n. [F. internement. See Intern.] Confinement within narrow limits, — as of foreign troops, to the interior of a country.

In•ter•no´dal , a. Of or pertaining to internodes; intervening between nodes or joints.

In´ter•node , n. [L. internodium; inter between + nodus knot.] 1. (Bot.) The space between two nodes or points of the stem from which the leaves properly arise. H. Spenser. 2. (Anat.) A part between two joints; a segment; specifically, one of the phalanges.

In•ter•no´di•al , a. Internodal. [R.]

In•ter•nun´cial , a. [See Internuncio.] 1. Of or pertaining to an internuncio. 2. (Physiol.) Communicating or transmitting impressions between different parts of the body; — said of the nervous system. Carpenter.

In•ter•nun´ciess , n. A female messenger. [R.]

In•ter•nun´ci•o , n.; pl. Internuncios (#). [L. internuntius; inter between + nuntius, nuncius, messenger: cf. It. internunzio. See Nuncio.] 1. A messenger between two parties. Johnson. 2. A representative, or charge d’affaires, of the pope at a foreign court or seat of government, ranking next below a nuncio. This title was formerly given also to the Austrian envoy at Constantinople.

In•ter•nun´ci•o•ship, n. The office or function of an internuncio. Richardson.

In•ter•nun´ci•us , n. [L.] Internuncio.

In•ter•o•ce•an´ic , a. Between oceans; connecting oceans; as interoceanic communication; an interoceanic canal.

In•ter•oc´u•lar , a. Between, or within, the eyes; as the interocular distance; situated between the eyes, as the antennae of some insects.

In•ter•o•per´cu•lar , a. Of or pertaining to the interoperculum. — n. The interopercular bone.

In•ter•o•per´cu•lum , n.; pl. -la (-la). (Anat.) The postero-inferior opercular bone, in fishes.

In•ter•or´bit•al , a. (Anat.) Between the orbits; as the interorbital septum.

In•ter•os´cu•lant , a. 1. Mutually touching or intersecting; as interosculant circles. 2. (Biol.) Uniting two groups; — said of certain genera which connect family groups, or of species that connect genera. See Osculant.

In•ter•os´cu•late , v. i. & t. 1. To kiss together to touch. See Osculate. 2. (Biol.) To have the character of, or to lie between, two distinct groups. { In•ter•os´se•al , In•ter•os´se•ous } a. [Pref. inter- + osseous: cf. F. interosseux.] (Anat.) Situated between bones; as an interosseous ligament.

In•ter•pale´ , v. t. 1. To place pales between or among; to separate by pales. 2. To interweave or interlace. [R.] Brende.

In•ter•pa•ri´e•tal , a. (Anat.) Between the parietal bones or cartilages; as the interparietal suture. — n. The interparietal bone or cartilage.

In•ter•pause , n. An intermission. [R.]

In•ter•peal´ , v. t. To interpel. [Obs.]

In•ter•pe•den´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Between peduncles; esp., between the peduncles, or crura, of the cerebrum.

In•ter•pel´ , v. t. [L. interpellare, interpellatum; inter between + pellare (in comp.), akin to pellere to drive: cf. F. interpeller. Cf. Interpellate.] To interrupt, break in upon, or intercede with. [Obs.] “I am interpelled by many businesses.” Howell.

In•ter•pel´lant , a. [L. interpellans, p. pr. See Interpel.] Interpelling; interrupting. — n. One who, or that which, interpels.

In•ter•pel´late , v. t. [See Interpel.] To question imperatively, as a minister, or other executive officer, in explanation of his conduct; — generally on the part of a legislative body.

In•ter•pel•la´tion , n. [L. interpellatio: cf. F. interpellation.] 1. The act of interpelling or interrupting; interruption. ´Continual interpellations.´ Bp. Hall. 2. The act of interposing or interceding; intercession. “Accepted by his interpellation and intercession.” Jer. Taylor. 3. An act of interpellating, or of demanding of an officer an explanation of his action; imperative or peremptory questioning; a point raised in a debate. 4. A official summons or citation. Ayliffe.

In•ter•pen´e•trate , v. t. To penetrate between or within; to penetrate mutually. “It interpenetrates my granite mass.” Shelley.

In•ter•pen´e•trate, v. i. To penetrate each the other; to penetrate between bodies or their parts. Interpenetrating molding (Arch.), in late Gothic architecture, a decoration by means of moldings which seem to pass through solid uprights, transoms, or other members; often, two sets of architectural members penetrating one another, in appearance, as if both had been plastic when they were put together.

In•ter•pen•e•tra´tion , n. The act of penetrating between or within other substances; mutual penetration. Milman.

In•ter•pen´e•tra•tive , a. Penetrating among or between other substances; penetrating each the other; mutually penetrative.

In•ter•pet´al•a•ry , a. [Pref. inter- + petal.] (Bot.) Between the petals of a flower.

In•ter•pet´i•o•lar , a. (Bot.) Being between petioles. Cf. Intrapetiolar.

In•ter•pha•lan´ge•al , a. (Anat.) Between phalanges; as interphalangeal articulations.

In•ter•pi•las´ter , n. (Arch.) The interval or space between two pilasters. Elmes.

In•ter•place´ , v. t. To place between or among; as to interplace a name. [R.] Daniel.

In•ter•plan´et•a•ry , a. Between planets; as interplanetary spaces. Boyle.

In•ter•play , n. Mutual action or influence; interaction; as the interplay of affection.

In•ter•plead´ , v. i. (Law) To plead against each other, or go to trial between themselves, as the claimants in an in an interpleader. See Interpleader. [Written also enterplead.]

In•ter•plead´er , n. 1. One who interpleads. 2. (Law) A proceeding devised to enable a person, of whom the same debt, duty, or thing is claimed adversely by two or more parties, to compel them to litigate the right or title between themselves, and thereby to relieve himself from the suits which they might otherwise bring against him.

In•ter•pledge´ , v. t. To pledge mutually. [R.]

In•ter•point´ , v. t. To point; to mark with stops or pauses; to punctuate. [R.] “Her sighs should interpoint her words.” Daniel.

In•ter´po•la•ble , a. That may be interpolated; suitable to be interpolated. “A most interpolable clause of one sentence.” De Morgan.

In•ter´po•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpolated p. pr. & vb. n. Interpolating.] [L. interpolatus, p. p. of interpolare to form anew, to interpolate, fr. interpolus, interpolis, falsified, vamped up, polished up; inter between + polire to polish. See Polish, v. t.] 1. To renew; to carry on with intermission. [Obs.] “Motion … partly continued and unintermitted, … partly interpolated and interrupted.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To alter or corrupt by the insertion of new or foreign matter; especially, to change, as a book or text, by the insertion of matter that is new, or foreign to the purpose of the author. “How strangely Ignatius is mangled and interpolated, you may see by the vast difference of all copies and editions.” Bp. Barlow. “The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another law, which was cited by Solon, or, as some think, interpolated by him for that purpose.” Pope. 3. (Math.) To fill up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to the law of the series; to introduce, as a number or quantity, in a partial series, according to the law of that part of the series.

In•ter´po•la•ted , a. 1. Inserted in, or added to, the original; introduced; foisted in; changed by the insertion of new or spurious matter. 2. (Math.) (a) Provided with necessary interpolations; as an interpolated table. (b) Introduced or determined by interpolation; as interpolated quantities or numbers.

In•ter•po•la´tion , n. [L. interpolatio an alteration made here and there: cf. F. interpolation.] 1. The act of introducing or inserting anything, especially that which is spurious or foreign. 2. That which is introduced or inserted, especially something foreign or spurious. “Bentley wrote a letter … . upon the scriptural glosses in our present copies of Hesychius, which he considered interpolations from a later hand.” De Quincey. 3. (Math.) The method or operation of finding from a few given terms of a series, as of numbers or observations, other intermediate terms in conformity with the law of the series.

In•ter´po•la•tor , n. [L., a corrupter: of. F. interpolateur.] One who interpolates; esp., one who inserts foreign or spurious matter in genuine writings.

In•ter•pone´ , v. t. [L. interponere; inter between + ponere to place. See Position.] To interpose; to insert or place between. [R.] Cudworth.

In•ter•po´nent , n. One who, or that which, interposes; an interloper, an opponent. [R.] Heywood.

In•ter•pos´al , n. [From Interpose.] The act of interposing; interposition; intervention.

In•ter•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interposed p. pr. & vb. n. Interposing.] [F. interposer. See Inter-, and Pose, v. t.] 1. To place between; as to interpose a screen between the eye and the light. “Mountains interposed
Make enemies of nations.” Cowper. 2. To thrust; to intrude; to put between, either for aid or for troubling. “What watchful cares do interpose themselves
Betwixt your eyes and night?” Shak. “The common Father of mankind seasonably interposed his hand, and rescues miserable man.” Woodward. 3. To introduce or inject between the parts of a conversation or argument. Milton.

In•ter•pose´, v. i. 1. To be or come between. “Long hid by interposing hill or wood.” Cowper. 2. To step in between parties at variance; to mediate; as the prince interposed and made peace. Pope. 3. To utter a sentiment by way of interruption. Boyle. Syn. — To intervene; intercede; mediate; interfere; intermeddle. — To Interpose, Intermeddle, Interfere. A man may often interpose with propriety in the concerns of others; he can never intermeddle without being impertinent or officious; nor can be interfere without being liable to the same charge, unless he has rights which are interfered with. ´In our practical use, interference is something offensive. It is the pushing in of himself between two parties on the part of a third who was not asked, and is not thanked for his pains, and who, as the feeling of the word implies, had no business there; while interposition is employed to express the friendly, peacemaking mediation of one whom the act well became, and who, even if he was not specially invited thereunto, is still thanked for what he has done.´ Trench.

In´ter•pose , n. Interposition. [Obs.]

In•ter•pos´er , n. One who, or that which, interposes or intervenes; an obstacle or interruption; a mediator or agent between parties. Shak.

In•ter•pos´it , n. [From L. interpositus, p. p. of interponere. See Interposition.] An intermediate depot or station between one commercial city or country and another. Mitford.

In•ter•po•si´tion ( 277), n. [L. interpositio a putting between, insertion, fr. interponere, interpositum: cf. F. interposition. See Interpone, Position.] 1. The act of interposing, or the state of being interposed; a being, placing, or coming between; mediation. 2. The thing interposed.

In•ter•po´sure , n. Interposition. [Obs.]

In•ter´pret , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interpreting.] [F. interprêter, L. interpretari, p. p. interpretatus, fr. interpres interpeter, agent, negotiator; inter between + (prob.) the root of pretium price. See Price.] 1. To explain or tell the meaning of; to expound; to translate orally into intelligible or familiar language or terms; to decipher; to define; — applied esp. to language, but also to dreams, signs, conduct, mysteries, etc.; as to interpret the Hebrew language to an Englishman; to interpret an Indian speech. “Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.” Matt. i. 23. “And Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh.” Gen. xli. 8. 2. To apprehend and represent by means of art; to show by illustrative representation; as an actor interprets the character of Hamlet; a musician interprets a sonata; an artist interprets a landscape. Syn. — To translate; explain; solve; render; expound; elucidate; decipher; unfold; unravel.

In•ter´pret, v. i. To act as an interpreter. Shak.

In•ter´pret•a•ble , a. [L. interpretabilis: cf. F. interprêtable.] Admitting of interpretation; capable of being interpreted or explained.

In•ter´pre•ta•ment , n. [L. interpretamentum.] Interpretation. [Obs.] Milton.

In•ter•pre•ta´tion (in•ter•pre•ta´shun), n. [L. interpretatio: cf. F. interpretation.] 1. The act of interpreting; explanation of what is obscure; translation; version; construction; as the interpretation of a foreign language, of a dream, or of an enigma. “Look how we can, or sad or merrily,
Interpretation will misquote our looks.” Shak. 2. The sense given by an interpreter; exposition or explanation given; meaning; as commentators give various interpretations of the same passage of Scripture. 3. The power or explaining. [R.] Bacon. 4. (Fine Arts) An artist’s way of expressing his thought or embodying his conception of nature. 5. (Math.) The act or process of applying general principles or formulae to the explanation of the results obtained in special cases. Syn. — Explanation; solution; translation; version; sense; exposition; rendering; definition.

In•ter´pre•ta•tive , a. [Cf. F. interpretatif.] 1. Designed or fitted to interpret; explanatory. ´Interpretative lexicography.´ Johnson. 2. According to interpretation; constructive. “An interpretative siding with heresies.” Hammond.

In•ter´pre•ta•tive•ly, adv. By interpretation. Ray.

In•ter´pret•er , n. [Cf. OF. entrepreteur, L. interpretator.] One who or that which interprets, explains, or expounds; a translator; especially, a person who translates orally between two parties. “We think most men’s actions to be the interpreters of their thoughts.” Locke.

In•ter´pre•tive , a. Interpretative. [R.]

In•ter•pu´bic , a. (Anat.) Between the pubic bones or cartilages; as the interpubic disk.

In•ter•punc´tion , n. [L. interpunctio, fr. interpungere, interppunctum, to interpoint. See Inter-, and Point.] The insertion of points between words or sentences; punctuation.

In•ter•ra´di•al , a. Between the radii, or rays; — in zoölogy, said of certain parts of radiate animals; as the interradial plates of a starfish.

In•ter•ra´mal , a. [Pref. inter- + L. ramus a branch.] (Anat.) Between rami or branches; esp., between the mandibles, or rami of the lower jaw; intermandibular.

In•ter•re•ceive´ , v. t. To receive between or within.

In•ter•re´gen•cy , n. An interregnum. [Obs.] Blount.

In•ter•re´gent , n. A person who discharges the royal functions during an interregnum. Holland.

In•ter•reg´num , n.; pl. Interregnums (#). [L., fr. inter between + regnum dominion, reign. See Reign, and cf. Interreign.] 1. The time during which a throne is vacant between the death or abdication of a sovereign and the accession of his successor. 2. Any period during which, for any cause, the executive branch of a government is suspended or interrupted.

In´ter•reign , n. [Cf. F. interrègne.] An interregnum. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•re•lat´ed , a. Having a mutual or reciprocal relation or parallelism; correlative.

In•ter•re•la´tion , n. Mutual or reciprocal relation; correlation.

In•ter•re´nal , a. (Anat.) Between the kidneys; as the interrenal body, an organ found in many fishes. — n. The interrenal body.

In•ter•re•pel´lent , a. Mutually repellent. De Quincey.

In•ter´rer , n. One who inters.

In´ter•rex , n.; pl. E. Interrexes (#), L. Interreges (#). [L., fr. inter between + rex king.] An interregent, or a regent.

In•ter´ro•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrogating ] [L. interrogatus, p. p. of interrogare to ask; inter between + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To question formally; to question; to examine by asking questions; as to interrogate a witness. “Wilt thou, uncalled, interrogate,
Talker! the unreplying Fate?” Emerson. Syn. — To question; ask. See Question.

In•ter´ro•gate, v. i. To ask questions. Bacon.

In•ter´ro•gate , n. An interrogation; a question. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•ter•ro•ga•tee´ , n. One who is interrogated.

In•ter•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. interrogatio: cf. F. interrogation.] 1. The act of interrogating or questioning; examination by questions; inquiry. 2. A question put; an inquiry. 3. A point, mark, or sign, thus [?], indicating that the sentence with which it is connected is a question. It is used to express doubt, or to mark a query. Called also interrogation point. In works printed in the Spanish language this mark is not only placed at the end of an interrogative sentence, but is also placed, inverted [as thus (&iques;)], at the beginning.

In•ter•rog´a•tive , a. [L. interrogativus: cf. F. interrogatif.] Denoting a question; expressed in the form of a question; as an interrogative sentence; an interrogative pronoun.

In•ter•rog´a•tive, n. (Gram.) A word used in asking questions; as who? which? why?

In•ter•rog´a•tive•ly, adv. In the form of, or by means of, a question; in an interrogative manner.

In•ter´ro•ga•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. interrogateur.] One who asks questions; a questioner.

In•ter•rog´a•to•ry , n.; pl. Interrogatories (#). [Cf. F. interrogatoire.] A formal question or inquiry; esp. (Law), a question asked in writing. Macaulay.

In•ter•rog´a•to•ry , a. [L. interrogatorius.] Containing, expressing, or implying a question; as an interrogatory sentence.

In•ter•rupt´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interrupting.] [L. interruptus, p. p. of interrumpere to interrupt; inter between + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. To break into, or between; to stop, or hinder by breaking in upon the course or progress of; to interfere with the current or motion of; to cause a temporary cessation of; as to interrupt the remarks of anyone speaking. “Do not interrupt me in my course.” Shak. 2. To divide; to separate; to break the monotony of; as the evenness of the road was not interrupted by a single hill.

In•ter•rupt´, p. a. [L. interruptus, p. p.] Broken; interrupted. [Obs.] Milton.

In•ter•rupt´ed, a. 1. Broken; intermitted; suddenly stopped. 2. (Bot.) Irregular; — said of any arrangement whose symmetry is destroyed by local causes, as when leaflets are interposed among the leaves in a pinnate leaf.

In•ter•rupt´ed•ly, adv. With breaks or interruptions; discontinuously. Interruptedly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with large ones. Gray.

In•ter•rupt´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, interrupts. 2. (Elec.) A device for opening and closing an electrical circuit; a vibrating spring or tuning fork, arranged to make and break a circuit at rapidly recurring intervals, by the action of the current itself.

In•ter•rup´tion , n. [L. interruptio: cf. F. interruption.] 1. The act of interrupting, or breaking in upon. 2. The state of being interrupted; a breach or break, caused by the abrupt intervention of something foreign; intervention; interposition. Sir M. Hale. “Lest the interruption of time cause you to lose the idea of one part.” Dryden. 3. Obstruction caused by breaking in upon course, current, progress, or motion; stop; hindrance; as the author has met with many interruptions in the execution of his work; the speaker or the argument proceeds without interruption. 4. Temporary cessation; intermission; suspension.

In•ter•rupt´ive , a. Tending to interrupt; interrupting. ´Interruptive forces.´ H. Bushnell. — In•ter•rupt´ive•ly, adv.

In•ter•scap´u•lar , a. 1. (Anat.) Between the scapulae or shoulder blades. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the upper back, or the part between the shoulders; as the interscapular feathers.

In•ter•scap´u•lars , n. pl. (Zoöl.) The interscapular feathers of a bird.

In•ter•scend´ent , a. [See Inter- , and Ascend.] (Math.) Having exponents which are radical quantities; — said of certain powers; as xrad.2, or xrad.a. Interscendent series, a series whose terms are interscendent quantities. Hutton.

In•ter•scind´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interscinding.] [L. interscindere; inter between + scindere to cut.] To cut off. [R.]

In•ter•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Interscribing.] [L. interscribere; inter between + scribere to write.] To write between. [R.]

In•ter•se´cant , a. [L. intersecans, p. pr. of intersecare. See Intersect.] Dividing into parts; crossing; intersecting.

In•ter•sect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intersected; p. pr. & vb. n. Intersecting.] [L. intersectus, p. p. of intersecare to intersect; inter + secare to cut. See Section.] To cut into or between; to cut or cross mutually; to divide into parts; as any two diameters of a circle intersect each other at the center. “Lands intersected by a narrow frith
Abhor each other.” Cowper.

In•ter•sect´ , v. i. To cut into one another; to meet and cross each other; as the point where two lines intersect.

In•ter•sec´tion , n. [L. intersectio: cf. F. intersection.] 1. The act, state, or place of intersecting. 2. (Geom.) The point or line in which one line or surface cuts another.

In•ter•sec´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or formed by, intersections.

In•ter•sem´i•nate , v. t. [L. interseminatus, p. p. of interseminare. See Inter- , and Seminate.] To sow between or among. [R.]

In•ter•sep´tal , a. (Biol.) Between septa; as the interseptal spaces or zones, between the transparent, or septal, zones in striated muscle; the interseptal chambers of a shell, or of a seed vessel.

In•ter•sert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interserting.] [L. intersertus, p. p. of interserere to intersert; inter between + serere to join, weave.] To put in between other things; to insert. [Obs.] Brerewood.

In•ter•sert´tion , n. The act of interserting, or that which is interserted. [Obs.] Hammond.

In•ter•ses´a•moid , a. (Anat.) Between sesamoid bones; as intersesamoid ligaments.

In•ter•set´ , v. t. To set between or among. [R.]

In•ter•shock , v. t. To shock mutually. [R.]

In•ter•si•de´re•al , a. Between or among constellations or stars; interstellar.

In•ter•so´cial , a. Pertaining to the mutual intercourse or relations of persons in society; social.

In•ter•som´ni•ous , a. [Pref. inter- + L. somnus sleep.] Between the times of sleeping; in an interval of wakefulness. [R.]

In´ter•space , n. [L. interspatium. See Inter-, and Space.] Intervening space. Bp. Hacket.

In´ter•speech , n. A speech interposed between others. [R.] Blount.

In•ter•sperse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interspersed p. pr. & vb. n. Interspersing.] [L. interspersus interspersed; inter between, among + spargere to scatter. See Sparse.] 1. To scatter or set here and there among other things; to insert at intervals; as to intersperse pictures in a book. “There, interspersed in lawns and op’ning glades,
Thin trees arise that shun each other’s shades.” Pope. 2. To diversify or adorn with things set or scattered at intervals; to place something at intervals in or among; as to intersperse a book with pictures. “Which space is interspersed with small islands and rock.” Cook.

In•ter•sper´sion , n. The act of interspersing, or the state of being interspersed. { In•ter•spi´nal , In•ter•spi´nous } a. (Anat.) Between spines; esp., between the spinous processes of the vertebral column.

In•ter•spi•ra´tion , n. [L. interspiratio. See Inter-, and Spirit.] Spiritual inspiration at separate times, or at intervals. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In•ter•sta•pe´di•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, between the stapes and the mediostapedial. — n. The interstapedial part of the columella.

In´ter•state , a. Pertaining to the mutual relations of States; existing between, or including, different States; as interstate commerce. Story.

In•ter•stel´lar , a. Between or among the stars; as interstellar space. Bacon.

In•ter•stel´la•ry , a. Interstellar.

In•ter•ster´nal , a. (Zoöl.) Between the sternal; — said of certain membranes or parts of insects and crustaceans.

In•ter´stice ( 277), n.; pl. Interstices (#). [L. interstitium a pause, interval; inter between + sistere to set, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. interstice. See Stand.] 1. That which intervenes between one thing and another; especially, a space between things closely set, or between the parts which compose a body; a narrow chink; a crack; a crevice; a hole; an interval; as the interstices of a wall. 2. An interval of time; specifically (R. C. Ch.), in the plural, the intervals which the canon law requires between the reception of the various degrees of orders. “Nonobservance of the interstices … is a sin.” Addis & Arnold.

In•ter´sticed , a. Provided with interstices; having interstices between; situated at intervals.

In•ter•stinc´tive , a. [L. interstinctus, p. p. of interstinguere to separate; inter + stinguere to extinguish.] Distinguishing. [Obs.] Wallis.

In•ter•sti´tial , a. Of or pertaining to interstices; intermediate; within the tissues; as interstitial cavities or spaces in the tissues of animals or plants.

In•ter•sti´tion , n. An intervening period of time; interval. [Obs.] Gower.

In•ter•strat•i•fi•ca´tion , n. (Geol.) Stratification among or between other layers or strata; also that which is interstratified.

In•ter•strat´i•fied , a. (Geol.) Stratified among or between other bodies; as interstratified rocks.

In•ter•strat´i•fy , v. t. (Geol.) To put or insert between other strata.

In•ter•talk´ , v. i. To converse. [Obs.] Carew.

In•ter•tan´gle , v. t. To entangle; to intertwine. ´Moss and intertangled vines.´ Longfellow.

In•ter•tar´sal , a. (Anat.) Between the tarsal bones; as the intertarsal articulations.

In•ter•tex´ , v. t. [L. intertexere; inter between + texere to weave.] To intertwine; to weave or bind together. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In•ter•tex´ture ( 135), n. The act of interweaving, or the state of being interwoven; that which is interwoven. ´Knit in nice intertexture.´ Coleridge. “Skirted thick with intertexture firm
Of thorny boughs.” Cowper.

In•ter•tho•rac´ic , a. In the thorax.

In´ter•tie , n. (Arch.) In any framed work, a horizontal tie other than sill and plate or other principal ties, securing uprights to one another.

In•ter•tis´sued , a. Interwoven. [R.] Shak.

In•ter•traf´fic , n. Mutual trade of traffic.

In•ter•tran•spic´u•ous , a. Transpicuous within or between. [R.] Shelley.

In•ter•trans•verse´ , a. Between the transverse processes of the vertebrae.

In•ter•tri´go , n. [L., fr. inter between + terere, tritum, to rub.] (Med.) A rubbing or chafing of the skin; especially, an abrasion or excoriation of the skin between folds, as in fat or neglected children.

In•ter•tro•chan•ter´ic , a. (Anat.) Between the trochanters of the femur.

In•ter•trop´ic•al , a. Situated between or within the tropics. J. Morse.

In•ter•tu´bu•lar , a. Between tubes or tubules; as intertubular cells; intertubular substance.

In•ter•twine´ , v. t. To unite by twining one with another; to entangle; to interlace. Milton.

In•ter•twine´, v. i. To be twined or twisted together; to become mutually involved or enfolded.

In•ter•twine´ , n. The act of intertwining, or the state of being intertwined. Coleridge.

In•ter•twin´ing•ly , adv. By intertwining or being intertwined.

In•ter•twist´ , v. t. To twist together one with another; to intertwine.

In•ter•twist´ing•ly, adv. By intertwisting, or being intertwisted. { In•ter•un´gu•lar , In•ter•un´gu•late } a. (Anat.) Between ungulae; as interungular glands.

In´ter•val , n. [L. intervallum; inter between + vallum a wall: cf. F. intervalle. See Wall.] 1. A space between things; a void space intervening between any two objects; as an interval between two houses or hills. “’Twixt host and host but narrow space was left,
A dreadful interval.” Milton. 2. Space of time between any two points or events; as the interval between the death of Charles I. of England, and the accession of Charles II. 3. A brief space of time between the recurrence of similar conditions or states; as the interval between paroxysms of pain; intervals of sanity or delirium. 4. (Mus.) Difference in pitch between any two tones. At intervals, coming or happening with intervals between; now and then. ´And Miriam watch’d and dozed at intervals.´ Tennyson. — Augmented interval (Mus.), an interval increased by half a step or half a tone. { In´ter•val , In´ter•vale } n. A tract of low ground between hills, or along the banks of a stream, usually alluvial land, enriched by the overflowings of the river, or by fertilizing deposits of earth from the adjacent hills. Cf. Bottom, n., 7. [Local, U. S.] “The woody intervale just beyond the marshy land.” The Century.

In•ter•val´lum , n.; pl. Intervallums (#), L. Intervalla (#). [L.] An interval. [R.] “And a’ shall laugh without intervallums.” Shak. “In one of these intervalla.” Chillingworth.

In•ter•va´ry , v. i. To alter or vary between; to change. [Obs.] Rush.

In•ter•veined´ , a. Intersected, as with veins.

In•ter•vene´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intervened p. pr. & vb. n. Intervening.] [L. intervenire, interventum, to intervene, to hinder; inter between + venire to come; akin to E. come: cf. F. intervenir. See Come.] 1. To come between, or to be between, persons or things; — followed by between; as the Mediterranean intervenes between Europe and Africa. 2. To occur, fall, or come between, points of time, or events; as an instant intervened between the flash and the report; nothing intervened ( i. e., between the intention and the execution) to prevent the undertaking. 3. To interpose; as to intervene to settle a quarrel. 4. In a suit to which one has not been made a party, to put forward a defense of one’s interest in the subject matter. Abbott.

In•ter•vene´, v. t. To come between. [R.] “Self-sown woodlands of birch, alder, etc., intervening the different estates.” De Quincey.

In•ter•vene´ , n. A coming between; intervention; meeting. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•ter•ven´er , n. One who intervenes; especially (Law), a person who assumes a part in a suit between others. { In•ter•ven´ience , In•ter•ven´ien•cy } n. Intervention; interposition. [R.]

In•ter•ven´ient , a. [L. interveniens, p. pr. of intervenire.] Being or coming between; intercedent; interposed. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•ter•vent´ , v. t. [See Intervene.] To thwart; to obstruct. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•ter•ven´tion , n. [L. interventio an interposition: cf. F. intervention.] 1. The act of intervening; interposition. “Sound is shut out by the intervention of that lax membrane.” Holder. 2. Any interference that may affect the interests of others; especially, of one or more states with the affairs of another; mediation. “Let us decide our quarrels at home, without the intervention, of any foreign power.” Sir W. Temple. 3. (Civil Law) The act by which a third person, to protect his own interest, interposes and becomes a party to a suit pending between other parties.

In•ter•ven´tor , n. [L.: cf. F. interventeur.] One who intervenes; a mediator; especially (Eccles. Hist.), a person designated by a church to reconcile parties, and unite them in the choice of officers. Coleman.

In•ter•ven•tric´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Between the ventricles; as the interventricular partition of the heart.

In•ter•ven´ue , n. [See Intervene, Avenue.] Interposition. [Obs.] Sir H. Blount.

In•ter•vert´ , v. t. [L. intervertere; inter between + vertere to turn.] To turn to another course or use. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•ter•ver´te•bral , a. (Anat.) Between vertebrae. — In•ter•ver´te•bral•ly, adv.

In´ter•view , n. [F. entrevue, fr. entrevoir to see imperfectly, to have a glimpse of, s’entrevoir to visit each other. See Inter- , and View.] 1. A mutual sight or view; a meeting face to face; usually, a formal or official meeting for consultation; a conference; as the secretary had an interview with the President. 2. A conversation, or questioning, for the purpose of eliciting information for publication; the published statement so elicited. A recent use, originating in American newspapers, but apparently becoming general.

In´ter•view, v. t. To have an interview with; to question or converse with, especially for the purpose of obtaining information for publication. [Recent]

In´ter•view•er , n. One who interviews; especially, one who obtains an interview with another for the purpose of eliciting his opinions or obtaining information for publication. “It would have made him the prince of interviewers in these days.” Leslie Stephen.

In´ter•view•ing, n. The act or custom of holding an interview or interviews. “An article on interviewing in the ´Nation´ of January 28, 1869, … was the first formal notice of the practice under that name.” The American.

In•ter•vis´i•ble , a. (Surv.) Mutually visible, or in sight, the one from the other, as stations.

In•ter•vis´it , v. i. To exchange visits. [R.] Evelyn.

In•ter•vi´tal , a. Between two lives. [R.] “Through all its [the spirit’s] intervital gloom.” Tennyson.

In•ter•vo•lu´tion , n. The state of being intervolved or coiled up; a convolution; as the intervolutions of a snake. Hawthorne.

In•ter•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intervolved p. pr. & vb. n. Intervolving.] [Pref. inter- + L. volvere, volutum, to roll.] To involve one within another; to twist or coil together. Milton.

In•ter•weave´ , v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Interwove p. p. Interwoven p. pr. & vb. n. Interweaving.] 1. To weave together; to intermix or unite in texture or construction; to intertwine; as threads of silk and cotton interwoven. “Under the hospitable covert nigh
Of trees thick interwoven.” Milton. 2. To intermingle; to unite intimately; to connect closely; as to interweave truth with falsehood. Dryden. “Words interwove with sighs found out their way.” Milton.

In•ter•wish´ , v. t. To wish mutually in regarded to each other. [Obs.] Donne.

In•ter•work´ing , n. The act of working in together; interweaving. Milton.

In•ter•world´ , n. A world between other worlds. Holland. { In•ter•wove´ , In•ter•wov´en } imp. & p. p. of Interweave.

In•ter•wreathe´ , v. t. To weave into a wreath; to intertwine. [R.] Lovelace.

In•tes´ta•ble , a. [L. intestabilis: cf. F. intestable. See In- not, and Testable.] (Law) Not capable of making a will; not legally qualified or competent to make a testament. Blackstone.

In•tes´ta•cy , n. [From Intestate.] The state of being intestate, or of dying without having made a valid will. Blackstone.

In•tes´tate , a. [L. intestatus; pref. in- not + testatus, p. p. of testari to make a will: cf. F. intestat. See Testament.] 1. Without having made a valid will; without a will; as to die intestate. Blackstone. “Airy succeeders of intestate joys.” Shak. 2. Not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by will; as an intestate estate.

In•tes´tate, n. (Law) A person who dies without making a valid will. Blackstone.

In•tes´ti•nal , a. [Cf. F. intestinal.] Of or pertaining to the intestines of an animal; as the intestinal tube; intestinal digestion; intestinal ferments. Intestinal canal. Same as Intestine, n. — Intestinal worm (Zoöl.), any species of helminth living in the intestinal canal of any animal. The species are numerous.

In•tes´tine , a. [L. intestinus, fr. intus on the inside, within, fr. in in: cf. F. intestine. See In.] 1. Internal; inward; — opposed to external. “Epilepsies, fierce catarrhs,
Intestine stone and ulcers.” Milton. 2. Internal with regard to a state or country; domestic; not foreign; — applied usually to that which is evil; as intestine disorders, calamities, etc. “Hoping here to end
Intestine war in heaven, the arch foe subdued.” Milton. “An intestine struggle … between authority and liberty.” Hume. 3. Depending upon the internal constitution of a body or entity; subjective. “Everything labors under an intestine necessity.” Cudworth. 4. Shut up; inclosed. [R.] Cowper.

In•tes´tine, n.; pl. Intestines (#). [L. intestinum: cf. F. intestin. See Intestine, a.] 1. (Anat.) That part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. 2. pl. The bowels; entrails; viscera. Large intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the lower portion of the bowel, terminating at the anus. It is adapted for the retention of fecal matter, being shorter, broader, and less convoluted than the small intestine; it consists of three parts, the caecum, colon, and rectum. — Small intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

In´text , n. The text of a book. [R.] Herrick.

In•tex´tine , n. [Infine + extine.] (Bot.) A thin membrane existing in the pollen grains of some plants, and situated between the extine and the intine, as in Œnothera.

In•tex´tured ( 135), a. Inwrought; woven in.

In•thirst´ , v. t. To make thirsty. [Obs.]

In•thrall´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inthralled p. pr. & vb. n. Inthralling.] [Cf. Enthrall.] [Written also inthral, enthral, and enthrall.] To reduce to bondage or servitude; to make a thrall, slave, vassal, or captive of; to enslave. “She soothes, but never can inthrall my mind.” Prior.

In•thrall´ment , n. [Written also inthralment, enthrallment.] Act of inthralling, or state of being inthralled; servitude; bondage; vassalage.

In•throne´ , v. t. Same as Enthrone.

In•throng´ ( 115), v. i. To throng or collect together. [R.] Fairfax.

In•thron•i•za´tion , n. [LL. inthronizatio.] Enthronement. Bp. Warburton.

In•thron´ize , v. t. [LL. inthronisare, Gr. . See Enthrone.] To enthrone.

In•tice´ , v. t. See Entice.

In´ti•ma•cy , n.; pl. Intimacies (#). [From Intimate.] The state of being intimate; close familiarity or association; nearness in friendship. Syn. — Acquaintance; familiarity; fellowship; friendship. See Acquaintance.

In´ti•mate , a. [Formerly intime, L. intimus, a superl. corresponding to the compar. interior: cf. F. intime. The form intimate is due to confusion with intimate, v. t. See Interior.] 1. Innermost; inward; internal; deep-seated; hearty. ´I knew from intimate impulse.´ Milton. 2. Near; close; direct; thorough; complete. “He was honored with an intimate and immediate admission.” South. 3. Close in friendship or acquaintance; familiar; confidential; as an intimate friend. Syn. — Familiar; near; friendly; confidential.

In´ti•mate, n. An intimate friend or associate; a confidant. Gov. of the Tongue.

In´ti•mate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimated p. pr. & vb. n. Intimating.] [L. intimatus, p. p. of intimare to put, bring, drive, or press into, to announce, make known, from intimus the inmost. See Intimate, a.] 1. To announce; to declare; to publish; to communicate; to make known. [Obs.] “He, incontinent, did proclaim and intimate open war.” E. Hall. “So both conspiring ’gan to intimate
Each other’s grief.” Spenser. 2. To suggest obscurely or indirectly; to refer to remotely; to give slight notice of; to hint; as he intimated his intention of resigning his office. “The names of simple ideas and substances, with the abstract ideas in the mind, intimate some real existence, from which was derived their original pattern.” Locke.

In´ti•mate•ly , adv. In an intimate manner.

In•ti•ma´tion , n. [L. intimatio: cf. F. intimation.] 1. The act of intimating; also the thing intimated. 2. Announcement; declaration. Macaulay. “They made an edict with an intimation that whosoever killed a stork, should be banished.” Holland. 3. A hint; an obscure or indirect suggestion or notice; a remote or ambiguous reference; as he had given only intimations of his design. “Without mentioning the king of England, or giving the least intimation that he was sent by him.” Bp. Burnet.

In´time , a. [See Intimate, a.] Inward; internal; intimate. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

In•tim´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimidated p. pr. & vb. n. Intimidating ] [LL. intimidatus, p. p. of intimidare to frighten; pref. in- in + timidus fearful, timid: cf. F. intimider. See Timid.] To make timid or fearful; to inspire of affect with fear; to deter, as by threats; to dishearten; to abash. “Now guilt, once harbored in the conscious breast,
Intimidates the brave, degrades the great.” Johnson. Syn. — To dishearten; dispirit; abash; deter; frighten; terrify; daunt; cow.

In•tim•i•da´tion , n. [Cf. F. intimidation.] The act of making timid or fearful or of deterring by threats; the state of being intimidated; as the voters were kept from the polls by intimidation. “The king carried his measures in Parliament by intimidation.” Paley.

In•tim´i•da•to•ry , a. Tending or serving to intimidate.

In•tinc´tion , n. [L. intinctio, fr. intingere to dip in; pref. in- in + tingere to tinge.] 1. The act of tingeing or dyeing. Blount. 2. (Eccl.) A method or practice of the administration of the sacrament by dipping the bread or wafer in the wine and administering both together.

In•tinc•tiv´i•ty , n. [Pref. in- not + L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to tinge] The want of the quality of coloring or tingeing other bodies. Kirwan.

In´tine , n. [L. intus within. Cf. Extine.] (Bot.) A transparent, extensible membrane of extreme tenuity, which forms the innermost coating of grains of pollen.

In•tire´ , a., In•tire´ly, adv. See Entire, a., Entirely, adv.

In•ti´tle , v. t. See Entitle.

In•tit´ule , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intituled p. pr. & vb. n. Intituling.] [Cf. F. intituler. See Entitle.] To entitle; to give a title to. Selden.

In´to , prep. [In + to.] To the inside of; within. It is used in a variety of applications. 1. Expressing entrance, or a passing from the outside of a thing to its interior parts; — following verbs expressing motion; as come into the house; go into the church; one stream falls or runs into another; water enters into the fine vessels of plants. 2. Expressing penetration beyond the outside or surface, or access to the inside, or contents; as to look into a letter or book; to look into an apartment. 3. Indicating insertion; as to infuse more spirit or animation into a composition. 4. Denoting inclusion; as put these ideas into other words. 5. Indicating the passing of a thing from one form, condition, or state to another; as compound substances may be resolved into others which are more simple; ice is convertible into water, and water into vapor; men are more easily drawn than forced into compliance; we may reduce many distinct substances into one mass; men are led by evidence into belief of truth, and are often enticed into the commission of crimes; she burst into tears; children are sometimes frightened into fits; all persons are liable to be seduced into error and folly. Compare In.

In•tol•er•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being intolerable; intolerableness. [R.]

In•tol´er•a•ble , a. [F. intolerable, L. intolerabilis. See In- not, and Tolerable.] 1. Not tolerable; not capable of being borne or endured; not proper or right to be allowed; insufferable; insupportable; unbearable; as intolerable pain; intolerable heat or cold; an intolerable burden. “His insolence is more intolerable
Than all the princes in the land beside.” Shak. 4. Enormous. “This intolerable deal of sack.” Shak. — In•tol´er•a•ble•ness, n. — In•tol´er•a•bly, adv.

In•tol´er•ance (in•tol´er•ans), n. [L. intolerantia impatience, unendurableness: cf. F. intolerance.] 1. Want of capacity to endure; as intolerance of light. 2. The quality of being intolerant; refusal to allow to others the enjoyment of their opinions, chosen modes of worship, and the like; want of patience and forbearance; illiberality; bigotry; as intolerance shown toward a religious sect. “These few restrictions, I hope, are no great stretches of intolerance, no very violent exertions of despotism.” Burke.

In•tol´er•an•cy , n. Intolerance. Bailey.

In•tol´er•ant , a. [L. intolerans, -antis: cf. F. intolerant. See In- not, and Tolerant.] 1. Not enduring; not able to endure. “The powers of human bodies being limited and intolerant of excesses.” Arbuthnot. 2. Not tolerating difference of opinion or sentiment, especially in religious matters; refusing to allow others the enjoyment of their opinions, rights, or worship; unjustly impatient of the opinion of those disagree with us; not tolerant; unforbearing; bigoted. “Religion, harsh, intolerant, austere,
Parent of manners like herself severe.” Cowper.

In•tol´er•ant, n. An intolerant person; a bigot.

In•tol´er•ant•ly, adv. In an intolerant manner.

In•tol´er•a•ted , a. Not tolerated.

In•tol´er•a•ting , a. Intolerant. [R.]

In•tol•er•a´tion , n. Intolerance; want of toleration; refusal to tolerate a difference of opinion.

In•tomb´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intombed p. pr. & vb. n. Intombing.] To place in a tomb; to bury; to entomb. See Entomb.

In•tomb´ment , n. See Entombment.

In´to•nate , v. i. [L. intonatus, p. p. of intonare to thunder, resound.] To thunder. [Obs.] Bailey.

In´to•nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intonated p. pr. & vb. n. Intonating ] [See Intone.] 1. (Mus.) To sound the tones of the musical scale; to practice the sol-fa. 2. To modulate the voice in a musical, sonorous, and measured manner, as in reading the liturgy; to intone.

In´to•nate, v. t. To utter in a musical or sonorous manner; to chant; as to intonate the liturgy.

In•to•na´tion , n. [See 1st Intonate.] A thundering; thunder. [Obs.] Bailey.

In•to•na´tion, n. [Cf. F. intonation. See Intone.] (Mus.) (a) The act of sounding the tones of the musical scale. (b) Singing or playing in good tune or otherwise; as her intonation was false. (c) Reciting in a musical prolonged tone; intonating, or singing of the opening phrase of a plain-chant, psalm, or canticle by a single voice, as of a priest. See Intone, v. t.

In•tone´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoned p. pr. & vb. n. Intoning.] [LL. intonare, intonatum; pref. in- in + L. tonus tone. See Tone and cf. Entune, Intonate.] To utter with a musical or prolonged note or tone; to chant; as to intone the church service.

In•tone´, v. i. To utter a prolonged tone or a deep, protracted sound; to speak or recite in a measured, sonorous manner; to intonate. Pope.

In•tor´sion , n. [L. intortio a curling, crisping: cf. F. intorsion. See Intort, and cf. Intortion.] 1. A winding, bending, or twisting. 2. (Bot.) The bending or twining of any part of a plant toward one side or the other, or in any direction from the vertical.

In•tort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intorting.] [L. intortus, p. p. of intoquere to twist; pref. in- in + torquere to twist.] To twist in and out; to twine; to wreathe; to wind; to wring. Pope.

In•tor´tion , n. See Intorsion.

In•tox´i•cant , n. That which intoxicates; an intoxicating agent; as alcohol, opium, and laughing gas are intoxicants.

In•tox´i•cate , a. [LL. intoxicatus, p. p. of intoxicare to drug or poison; pref. in- in + L. toxicum a poison in which arrows were dipped, Gr. , fr. pertaining to a bow. See Toxic.] 1. Intoxicated. 2. Overexcited, as with joy or grief. “Alas good mother, be not intoxicate for me;
I am well enough.” Chapman.

In•tox´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoxicated p. pr. & vb. n. Intoxicating.] 1. To poison; to drug. South. 2. To make drunk; to inebriate; to excite or to stupefy by strong drink or by a narcotic substance. “With new wine inoxicated both.” Milton. 3. To excite to a transport of enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness; to elate unduly or excessively. “Intoxicated with the sound of those very bells.” G. Eliot. “They are not intoxicated by military success.” Jowett (Thuc. ).

In•tox´i•ca•ted•ness , n. The state of being intoxicated; intoxication; drunkenness. [R.]

In•tox´i•ca•ting , a. Producing intoxication; fitted to intoxicate; as intoxicating liquors.

In•tox•i•ca´tion , n. 1. (Med.) A poisoning, as by a spirituous or a narcotic substance. 2. The state of being intoxicated or drunk; inebriation; ebriety; drunkenness; the act of intoxicating or making drunk. 2. A high excitement of mind; an elation which rises to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness. “That secret intoxication of pleasure.” Spectator. Syn. — Drunkenness; inebriation; inebriety; ebriety; infatuation; delirium. See Drunkenness.

In´tra- [L. intra, prep., within, on the inside; akin to inter. See Inter-.] A prefix signifying in, within, interior; as intraocular, within the eyeball; intramarginal.

In•tra•ax´il•la•ry , a. (Bot.) Situated below the point where a leaf joins the stem.

In•tra•cel´lu•lar , a. (Biol.) Within a cell; as the intracellular movements seen in the pigment cells, the salivary cells, and in the protoplasm of some vegetable cells.

In•tra•col´ic , a. (Anat.) Within the colon; as the intracolic valve.

In•tra•cra´ni•al , a. Within the cranium or skull. Sir W. Hamilton.

In•tract•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being intractable; intractableness. Bp. Hurd.

In•tract´a•ble , a. [L. intractabilis: cf. F. intraitable, formerly also intractable. See In- not, and Tractable.] Not tractable; not easily governed, managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, disciplined, or tamed; violent; stubborn; obstinate; refractory; as an intractable child. Syn. — Stubborn; perverse; obstinate; refractory; cross; unmanageable; unruly; headstrong; violent; ungovernable; unteachable. — In•tract´a•ble•ness, n. — In•tract´a•bly, adv.

In•tract´ile , a. Not tractile; incapable of being drawn out or extended. Bacon.

In•tra´dos , n. [F., fr. L. intra within + F. dos the back, L. dorsum. Cf. Extrados.] (Arch.) The interior curve of an arch; esp., the inner or lower curved face of the whole body of voussoirs taken together. See Extrados.

In•tra•fo•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Growing immediately above, or in front of, a leaf; as intrafoliaceous stipules.

In•tra•fu´sion , n. [Pref. intra- + L. fundere, fusum, to pour.] The act of pouring into a vessel; specif. (Med.), the operation of introducing a substance into a blood vessel; as intrafusion of blood.

In•tra•lob´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Within lobules; as the intralobular branches of the hepatic veins.

In•tra•mar´gin•al , a. Situated within the margin. Loudon.

In•tra•mer•cu´ri•al , a. (Astron.) Between the planet Mercury and the sun; — as the hypothetical Vulcan is intramercurial.

In•tra•mo•lec´u•lar , a. (Chem. & Physics) Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies.

In•tra•mun´dane , a. Being within the material world; — opposed to extramundane.

In•tra•mu´ral , a. 1. Being within the walls, as of a city. 2. (Anat. & Med.) Being within the substance of the walls of an organ; as intramural pregnancy.

In•tran•quil´li•ty , n. Unquietness; restlessness. Sir W. Temple.

In•trans•ca´lent , a. Impervious to heat; adiathermic.

In•trans•gress´i•ble , a. [L. intragressibilis that can not be crossed. See In- not, and Transgress.] Incapable of being transgressed; not to be passed over or crossed. Holland.

In•tran´sient , a. Not transient; remaining; permanent. Killingbeck.

In•trans´i•gent , a. [F. intransigeant (cf. Sp. intransigente); pref. in- not + L. transigere to come to an agreement; trans across + agere to lead, act.] Refusing compromise; uncompromising; irreconcilable. Lond. Sat. Rev.

In•trans´i•gen•tes , n. pl. [Sp.] (Spanish Politics) The extreme radicals; the party of the irreconcilables.

In•tran´si•tive , a. [L. intransitivus: cf. F. intransitif. See In- not, and Transitive.] 1. Not passing farther; kept; detained. [R.] “And then it is for the image’s sake and so far is intransitive; but whatever is paid more to the image is transitive and passes further.” Jer. Taylor. 2. (Gram.) Not transitive; not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the agent or subject, or, in other words, an action which does not require an object to complete the sense; as an intransitive verb, e. g., the bird flies; the dog runs. Intransitive verbs have no passive form. Some verbs which appear at first sight to be intransitive are in reality, or were originally, transitive verbs with a reflexive or other object omitted; as he keeps (i. e., himself) aloof from danger. Intransitive verbs may take a noun of kindred signification for a cognate object; as he died the death of a hero; he dreamed a dream. Some intransitive verbs, by the addition of a preposition, become transitive, and so admit of a passive voice; as the man laughed at; he was laughed at by the man.

In•tran´si•tive•ly, adv. (Gram.) Without an object following; in the manner of an intransitive verb.

In• tran´si•tu [L.] (Law) In transit; during passage; as goods in transitu.

In•trans•mis´si•ble , a. Not capable of being transmitted.

In•trans•mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being intransmutable.

In•trans•mut´a•ble , a. Not capable of being transmuted or changed into another substance.

In´trant , a. [L. intrans, p. pr. of intrare to enter. See Enter.] Entering; penetrating.

In´trant, n. One who enters; especially, a person entering upon some office or station. Hume.

In•tra•nu´cle•ar , a. (Biol.) Within the nucleus of a cell; as. the intranuclear network of fibrils, seen in the first stages of karyokinesis.

In•trap´ , v. t. See Entrap. Spenser.

In´tra•pa•ri´e•tal , a. Situated or occurring within an inclosure; shut off from public sight; private; secluded; retired. “I have no Turkish proclivities, and I do not think that, after all, impaling is preferable as a mode of capital punishment to intraparietal hanging.” Rolleston.

In•tra•pet´i•o•lar , a. (Bot.) Situated between the petiole and the stem; — said of the pair of stipules at the base of a petiole when united by those margins next the petiole, thus seeming to form a single stipule between the petiole and the stem or branch; — often confounded with interpetiolar, from which it differs essentially in meaning.

In•tra•ter•ri•to´ri•al , a. Within the territory or a territory.

In•tra•tho•rac´ic , a. Within the thora or chest.

In•tra•trop´ic•al , a. Within the tropics.

In•tra•u´ter•ine , a. Within the uterus or womb; as intrauterine hemorrhage.

In•tra•valv´u•lar , a. Between valves.

In•tra•ve´nous , a. Within the veins.

In•tra•ven•tric´u•lar , a. Within or between ventricles.

In•treas´ure ( 135), v. t. To lay up, as in a treasury; to hoard. [Obs.] Shak.

In•treat´ , v. t. See Entreat. Spenser.

In•treat´a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + treatable.] Not to be entreated; inexorable.

In•treat´ance , n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Holland.

In•treat´ful , a. Full of entreaty. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•trench´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrenched p. pr. & vb. n. Intrenching.] 1. To cut in; to furrow; to make trenches in or upon. “It was this very sword intrenched it.” Shak. “His face
Deep scars of thunder had intrenched.” Milton. 2. To surround with a trench or with intrenchments, as in fortification; to fortify with a ditch and parapet; as the army intrenched their camp, or intrenched itself. ´In the suburbs close intrenched.´ Shak.

In•trench´, v. i. To invade; to encroach; to infringe or trespass; to enter on, and take possession of, that which belongs to another; — usually followed by on or upon; as the king was charged with intrenching on the rights of the nobles, and the nobles were accused of intrenching on the prerogative of the crown. “We are not to intrench upon truth in any conversation, but least of all with children.” Locke.

In•trench´ant , a. [Pref. in- not + trenchant.] Not to be gashed or marked with furrows. [Obs.] “As easy mayest thou the intrenchant air
With thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed.” Shak.

In•trench´ment , n. [From Intrench.] 1. The act of intrenching or the state of being intrenched. 2. (Mil.) Any defensive work consisting of at least a trench or ditch and a parapet made from the earth thrown up in making such a ditch. “On our side, we have thrown up intrenchments on Winter and Prospect Hills.” Washington. 3. Any defense or protection. 4. An encroachment or infringement. “The slight intrenchment upon individual freedom.” Southey.

In•trep´id , a. [L. intrepidus: cf. F. intrepide. See In- not, and Trepidation.] Not trembling or shaking with fear; fearless; bold; brave; undaunted; courageous; as an intrepid soldier; intrepid spirit. Syn. — Fearless; dauntless; resolute; brave; courageous; daring; valiant; heroic; doughty.

In•tre•pid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. intrepidite.] The quality or state of being intrepid; fearless bravery; courage; resoluteness; valor. “Sir Roger had acquitted himself of two or three sentences with a look of much business and great intrepidity.” Addison. Syn. — Courage; heroism; bravery; fortitude; gallantry; valor. See Courage, Heroism.

In•trep´id•ly , adv. In an intrepid manner; courageously; resolutely.

In´tri•ca•ble , a. [See Intricate.] Entangling. [Obs.] Shelton.

In´tri•ca•cy , n.; pl. Intricacies (#). [From Intricate.] The state or quality of being intricate or entangled; perplexity; involution; complication; complexity; that which is intricate or involved; as the intricacy of a knot; the intricacy of accounts; the intricacy of a cause in controversy; the intricacy of a plot. “Freed from intricacies, taught to live
The easiest way.” Milton.

In´tri•cate , a. [L. intricatus, p. p. of intricare to entangle, perplex. Cf. Intrigue, Extricate.] Entangled; involved; perplexed; complicated; difficult to understand, follow, arrange, or adjust; as intricate machinery, labyrinths, accounts, plots, etc. “His style was fit to convey the most intricate business to the understanding with the utmost clearness.” Addison. “The nature of man is intricate.” Burke. Syn. — Intricate, Complex, Complicated. A thing is complex when it is made up of parts; it is complicated when those parts are so many, or so arranged, as to make it difficult to grasp them; it is intricate when it has numerous windings and confused involutions which it is hard to follow out. What is complex must be resolved into its parts; what is complicated must be drawn out and developed; what is intricate must be unraveled.

In´tri•cate , v. t. To entangle; to involve; to make perplexing. [Obs.] “It makes men troublesome, and intricates all wise discourses.” Jer. Taylor.

In´tri•cate•ly , adv. In an intricate manner.

In´tri•cate•ness, n. The state or quality of being intricate; intricacy.

In•tri•ca´tion , n. Entanglement. [Obs.]

In•tri•gante´ , n. [F.] A female intriguer.

In•trigue´ (in•treg´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intrigued (- tregd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Intriguing.] [F. intriguer, OF. intriquer, entriquer; cf. It. intrigare. See Intricate, Extricate.] 1. To form a plot or scheme; to contrive to accomplish a purpose by secret artifice. 2. To carry on a secret and illicit love or amour.

In•trigue´, v. t. To fill with artifice and duplicity; to complicate; to embarrass. [Obs.] “How doth it [sin] perplex and intrique the whole course of your lives!” Dr. J. Scott.

In•trigue´, n. [Cf. F. intrique. See Intrigue, v. i.] 1. Intricacy; complication. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. A complicated plot or scheme intended to effect some purpose by secret artifice; conspiracy; stratagem. “Busy meddlers with intrigues of state.” Pomfret. 3. The plot of a play or romance; a complicated scheme of designs, actions, and events. Pope. 4. A secret and illicit love affair between two persons of different sexes; an amour; a liaison. “The hero of a comedy is represented victorious in all his intrigues.” Swift. Syn. — Plot; scheme; conspiracy; machination.

In•trigu´er (in•treg´er), n. One who intrigues.

In•trigu´er•y , n. Arts or practice of intrigue.

In•trigu´ing•ly , adv. By means of, or in the manner of, intrigue.

In•trinse´ (-trins´), a. [See Intrinsic, and Intense.] Tightly drawn; or (perhaps) intricate. [Very rare] “Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain,
Which are too intrinse to unloose.” Shak.

In•trin´sic (in•trin´sik), a. [L. intrinsecus inward, on the inside; intra within + secus otherwise, beside; akin to E. second: cf. F. intrinsèque. See Inter-, Second, and cf. Extrinsic.] 1. Inward; internal; hence, true; genuine; real; essential; inherent; not merely apparent or accidental; — opposed to extrinsic; as the intrinsic value of gold or silver; the intrinsic merit of an action; the intrinsic worth or goodness of a person. “He was better qualified than they to estimate justly the intrinsic value of Grecian philosophy and refinement.” I. Taylor. 2. (Anat.) Included wholly within an organ or limb, as certain groups of muscles; — opposed to extrinsic. Intrinsic energy of a body (Physics), the work it can do in virtue of its actual condition, without any supply of energy from without. — Intrinsic equation of a curve (Geom.), the equation which expresses the relation which the length of a curve, measured from a given point of it, to a movable point, has to the angle which the tangent to the curve at the movable point makes with a fixed line. — Intrinsic value. See the Note under Value, n. Syn. — Inherent; innate; natural; real; genuine.

In•trin´sic, n. A genuine quality. [Obs.] Warburton.

In•trin´sic•al , a. [Formerly written intrinsecal.] 1. Intrinsic. 2. Intimate; closely familiar. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In•trin•si•cal´i•ty , n. The quality of being intrinsic; essentialness; genuineness; reality.

In•trin´sic•al•ly , adv. Internally; in its nature; essentially; really; truly. “A lie is a thing absolutely and intrinsically evil.” South.

In•trin´sic•al•ness, n. The quality of being intrinsical; intrinsicality.

In•trin´si•cate , a. Intricate. [Obs.] Shak.

In´tro- [L. intro, adv., inwardly, within. See Inter-.] A prefix signifying within, into, in, inward; as introduce, introreception, introthoracic.

In•tro•ces´sion , n. [L. introcedere, introcessum, to go in; intro within + cedere to go.] (Med.) A depression, or inward sinking of parts.

In•tro•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introduced p. pr. & vb. n. Introducing ] [L. introducere, introductum; intro within + ducere to lead. See Intro-, and Duke.] 1. To lead or bring in; to conduct or usher in; as to introduce a person into a drawing-room. 2. To put (something into a place); to insert; as to introduce the finger, or a probe. 3. To lead to and make known by formal announcement or recommendation; hence, to cause to be acquainted; as to introduce strangers; to introduce one person to another. 4. To bring into notice, practice, cultivation, or use; as to introduce a new fashion, method, or plant. 5. To produce; to cause to exist; to induce. [Obs.] “Whosoever introduces habits in children, deserves the care and attention of their governors.” Locke. 6. To open to notice; to begin; to present; as he introduced the subject with a long preface. Syn. — To bring in; usher in; insert; begin; preface.

In•tro•duce´ment , n. Introduction. [Obs.]

In•tro•du´cer , n. One who, or that which, introduces.

In•tro•duct´ , v. t. To introduce. [Obs.]

In•tro•duc´tion , n. [L. introductio: cf. F. introduction. See Introduce.] 1. The act of introducing, or bringing to notice. 2. The act of formally making persons known to each other; a presentation or making known of one person to another by name; as the introduction of one stranger to another. 3. That part of a book or discourse which introduces or leads the way to the main subject, or part; preliminary; matter; preface; proem; exordium. 4. A formal and elaborate preliminary treatise; specifically, a treatise introductory to other treatises, or to a course of study; a guide; as an introduction to English literature.

In•tro•duc´tive , a. [Cf. F. introductif.] Serving to introduce; introductory. - - In•tro•duc´tive•ly, adv.

In•tro•duc´tor , n. [L.] An introducer. [Obs.]

In•tro•duc´to•ri•ly , adv. By way of introduction.

In•tro•duc´to•ry , a. [L. itroductorius: cf. F. introductoire.] Serving to introduce something else; leading to the main subject or business; preliminary; prefatory; as introductory proceedings; an introductory discourse.

In•tro•duc´tress , n. A female introducer.

In•tro•flexed´ , a. Flexed or bent inward.

In•tro•gres´sion , n. [L. introgressus, p. p. of introgredi to go in; intro- within + gradi to step, go.] The act of going in; entrance. Blount.

In•tro´it , n. [L. introitus, fr. introire to go into, to enter; intro within + ire to go: cf. F. introit.] 1. A going in. Caxton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A psalm sung or chanted immediately before the collect, epistle, and gospel, and while the priest is entering within the rails of the altar. (b) A part of a psalm or other portion of Scripture read by the priest at Mass immediately after ascending to the altar. 3. (R. C. Ch.) An anthem or psalm sung before the Communion service. 4. Any composition of vocal music appropriate to the opening of church services.

In•tro•mis´sion , n. [Cf. F. intromission. See Intromit.] 1. The act of sending in or of putting in; insertion. South. 2. The act of letting go in; admission. 3. (Scots Law) An intermeddling with the affairs of another, either on legal grounds or without authority.

In•tro•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intromitting.] [L. intromittere, intromissum; intro- within + mittere to send.] 1. To send in or put in; to insert or introduce. Greenhill. 2. To allow to pass in; to admit. “Glass in the window intromits light, without cold.” Holder.

In•tro•mit´, v. i. (Scots Law) To intermeddle with the effects or goods of another.

In•tro•mit´tent , a. [L. intromittens, p. pr.] 1. Throwing, or allowing to pass, into or within. 2. (Zoöl.) Used in copulation; — said of the external reproductive organs of the males of many animals, and sometimes of those of the females.

In•tro•mit´ter , n. One who intromits.

In•tro•pres´sion , n. Pressure acting within. [R.]

In•tro•re•cep´tion , n. The act of admitting into or within. Hammond.

In•trorse´ , a. [L. introrsus inward, contr. from introversus. See Introvert.] (Bot.) Turning or facing inward, or toward the axis of the part to which it belongs. Gray.

In•tro•spect´ , v. t. [L. introspectus, p. p. introspicere to look into; intro within + specere to look. See Spy.] To look into or within; to view the inside of. Bailey.

In•tro•spec´tion , n. [Cf. F. introspection.] A view of the inside or interior; a looking inward; specifically, the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one’s own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts and states; self-consciousness; reflection. “I was forced to make an introspection into my own mind.” Dryden.

In•tro•spec´tion•ist, n. (Metaph.) One given to the introspective method of examining the phenomena of the soul.

In•tro•spec´tive , a. [Cf. F. introspectif.] 1. Inspecting within; seeing inwardly; capable of, or exercising, inspection; self-conscious. 2. Involving the act or results of conscious knowledge of physical phenomena; — contrasted with associational. J. S. Mill.

In•tro•sume´ , v. t. [Pref. intro- + L. sumere to take.] To draw in; to swallow. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In•tro•sus•cep´tion , n. 1. The act or process of receiving within. “The person is corrupted by the introsusception of a nature which becomes evil thereby.” Coleridge. 2. (Med.) Same as Intussusception.

In•tro•ven´ient , a. [L. introveniens, p. pr. of introvenire to come in; intro within + venire to come.] Coming in together; entering; commingling. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•tro•ver´sion , n. [See Introvert.] The act of introverting, or the state of being introverted; the act of turning the mind inward. Berkeley.

In•tro•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Introverting.] [Pref. intro- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] 1. To turn or bend inward. ´Introverted toes.´ Cowper. 2. To look within; to introspect. Lew Wallace.

In•trude´ , v. i. [L. intrudere, intrusum; pref. in- in + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat. See Threat.] To thrust one’s self in; to come or go in without invitation, permission, or welcome; to encroach; to trespass; as to intrude on families at unseasonable hours; to intrude on the lands of another. “Thy wit wants edge
And manners, to intrude where I am graced.” Shak. “Some thoughts rise and intrude upon us, while we shun them; others fly from us, when we would hold them.” I. Watts.

In•trude´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intruding.] 1. To thrust or force (something) in or upon; especially, to force (one’s self) in without leave or welcome; as to intrude one’s presence into a conference; to intrude one’s opinions upon another. 2. To enter by force; to invade. [Obs.] “Why should the worm intrude the maiden bud?” Shak. 3. (Geol.) The cause to enter or force a way, as into the crevices of rocks. Syn. — To obtrude; encroach; infringe; intrench; trespass. See Obtrude.

In•trud´ed , p. a. (Geol.) Same as Intrusive.

In•trud´er , n. One who intrudes; one who thrusts himself in, or enters without right, or without leave or welcome; a trespasser. “They were all strangers and intruders.” Locke.

In•trud´ress , n. A female intruder.

In•trunk´ , v. t. To inclose as in a trunk; to incase. [R.] Ford.

In•tru´sion , n. [Cf. F. intrusion. See Intrude.] 1. The act of intruding, or of forcing in; especially, the forcing (one’s self) into a place without right or welcome; encroachment. “Why this intrusion?
Were not my orders that I should be private?” Addison. 2. (Geol.) The penetrating of one rock, while in a plastic or metal state, into the cavities of another. 3. (Law) The entry of a stranger, after a particular estate or freehold is determined, before the person who holds in remainder or reversion has taken possession. 4. (Scotch Ch.) The settlement of a minister over a congregation without their consent.

In•tru´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to intrusion.

In•tru´sion•ist, n. One who intrudes; especially, one who favors the appointment of a clergyman to a parish, by a patron, against the wishes of the parishioners.

In•tru´sive , a. Apt to intrude; characterized by intrusion; entering without right or welcome. Intrusive rocks (Geol.), rocks which have been forced, while in a plastic or melted state, into the cavities or between the cracks or layers of other rocks. The term is sometimes used as equivalent to plutonic rocks. It is then contrasted with effusive or volcanic rocks. — In•tru´sive•ly, adv. — In•tru´sive•ness, n.

In•trust´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrusted, p. pr. & vb. n. Intrusting.] To deliver (something) to another in trust; to deliver to (another) something in trust; to commit or surrender (something) to another with a certain confidence regarding his care, use, or disposal of it; as to intrust a servant with one’s money or intrust money or goods to a servant. Syn. — To commit; consign; confide. See Commit.

In•tu•ba´tion , n. [Pref. in- in + tube.] (Med.) The introduction of a tube into an organ to keep it open, as into the larynx in croup.

In•tu•i´tion , n. [L. intuitus, p. p. of intueri to look on; in- in, on + tueri: cf. F. intuition. See Tuition.] 1. A looking after; a regard to. [Obs.] “What, no reflection on a reward! He might have an intuition at it, as the encouragement, though not the cause, of his pains.” Fuller. 2. Direct apprehension or cognition; immediate knowledge, as in perception or consciousness; — distinguished from ´mediate´ knowledge, as in reasoning; as the mind knows by intuition that black is not white, that a circle is not a square, that three are more than two, etc.; quick or ready insight or apprehension. “Sagacity and a nameless something more, — let us call it intuition.” Hawthorne. 3. Any object or truth discerned by direct cognition; especially, a first or primary truth.

In•tu•i´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, intuition; characterized by intuition; perceived by intuition; intuitive.

In•tu•i´tion•al•ism , n. (Metaph.) The doctrine that the perception or recognition of primary truth is intuitive, or direct and immediate; — opposed to sensationalism, and experientialism.

In•tu•i´tion•al•ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of intuitionalism.

In•tu•i´tion•ism , n. Same as Intuitionalism.

In•tu•i´tion•ist, n. Same as Intuitionalist. Bain.

In•tu´i•tive , a. [Cf. F. intuitif.] 1. Seeing clearly; as an intuitive view; intuitive vision. 2. Knowing, or perceiving, by intuition; capable of knowing without deduction or reasoning. “Whence the soul
Reason receives, and reason is her being,
Discursive, or intuitive.” Milton. 3. Received, reached, obtained, or perceived, by intuition; as intuitive judgment or knowledge; — opposed to deductive. Locke.

In•tu´i•tive•ly, adv. In an intuitive manner.

In•tu´i•tiv•ism , n. The doctrine that the ideas of right and wrong are intuitive. J. Grote.

In•tu•mesce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intumesced p. pr. & vb. n. Intumescing ] [L. intumescere; pref. in- in + tumescere to swell up, incho. fr. tumere to swell. See Tumid.] To enlarge or expand with heat; to swell; specifically, to swell up or bubble up under the action of heat, as before the blowpipe. “In a higher heat, it intumesces, and melts into a yellowish black mass.” Kirwan.

In•tu•mes´cence , n. [Cf. F. intumescence.] 1. The act or process of swelling or enlarging; also the state of being swollen; expansion; tumidity; especially, the swelling up of bodies under the action of heat. “The intumescence of nations.” Johnson. 2. Anything swollen or enlarged, as a tumor.

In•tu•mes´cent , a. [L. intumescens, p. pr.] Swelling up; expanding.

In•tu´mu•la•ted , a. [L. intumulatus. See In- not, and Tumulate.] Unburied. [Obs.]

In•tune´ , v. t. To intone. Cf. Entune.

In•tur´bid•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inturbidated p. pr. & vb. n. Inturbidating.] [Pref. in- in + turbid.] To render turbid; to darken; to confuse. [R.] “The confusion of ideas and conceptions under the same term painfully inturbidates his theology.” Coleridge.

In•tur•ges´cence , n. [L. inturgescens, p. pr. of inturgescere to swell up. See 1st In-, and Turgescent.] A swelling; the act of swelling, or state of being swelled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In´tuse , n. [L. intundere to bruise; pref. in- in + tundere, tusum, to beat, bruise.] A bruise; a contusion. [Obs.] Spenser.

In•tus•sus•cep´ted , a. [See Intussusception.] Received into some other thing or part, as a sword into a sheath; invaginated.

In•tus•sus•cep´tion , n. [L. intus within + susception. Cf. Introsusception.] 1. The reception of one part within another. 2. (Med.) The abnormal reception or slipping of a part of a tube, by inversion and descent, within a contiguous part of it; specifically, the reception or slipping of the upper part of the small intestine into the lower; introsusception; invagination. Dunglison. 3. (Bot.) The interposition of new particles of formative material among those already existing, as in a cell wall, or in a starch grain. 4. (Physiol.) The act of taking foreign matter, as food, into a living body; the process of nutrition, by which dead matter is absorbed by the living organism, and ultimately converted into the organized substance of its various tissues and organs. “Dead bodies increase by apposition; living bodies by intussusception.” McKendrick.

In•twine´ , v. t. [Cf. Entwine.] To twine or twist into, or together; to wreathe; as a wreath of flowers intwined. [Written also entwine.]

In•twine´, v. i. To be or to become intwined.

In•twine´ment , n. The act of intwining, or the state of being intwined.

In•twist´ , v. t. [Cf. Entwist.] To twist into or together; to interweave. [Written also entwist.]

In•u•en´do , n. See Innuendo.

In´u•lin , n. [From NL. Inula Helenium, the elecampane: cf. F. inuline.] (Chem.) A substance of very wide occurrence. It is found dissolved in the sap of the roots and rhizomes of many composite and other plants, as Inula, Helianthus, Campanula, etc., and is extracted by solution as a tasteless, white, semicrystalline substance, resembling starch, with which it is isomeric. It is intermediate in nature between starch and sugar. Called also dahlin, helenin, alantin, etc.

In´u•loid , n. [Inulin + - oid.] (Chem.) A substance resembling inulin, found in the unripe bulbs of the dahlia.

In•um´brate , v. t. [L. inumbratus, p. p. of inumbrare to shade.] To shade; to darken. [Obs.]

In•unc´ted , a. [See Inunction.] Anointed. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In•unc´tion , n. [L. inunctio, fr. inungere, inunctum, to anoint. See 1st In-, and Unction.] The act of anointing, or the state of being anointed; unction; specifically (Med.), the rubbing of ointments into the pores of the skin, by which medicinal agents contained in them, such as mercury, iodide of potash, etc., are absorbed.

In•unc•tu•os´i•ty ( 135), n. The want of unctuosity; freedom from greasiness or oiliness; as the inunctuosity of porcelain clay. Kirwan.

In•un´dant , a. [L. inundans, p. pr. of inundare.] Overflowing. [R.] Shenstone.

In•un´date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inundated p. pr. & vb. n. Inundating.] [L. inundatus, p. p. of inundare to inundate; pref. in- in + undare to rise in waves, to overflow, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate.] 1. To cover with a flood; to overflow; to deluge; to flood; as the river inundated the town. 2. To fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity; as the country was inundated with bills of credit. Syn. — To overflow; deluge; flood; overwhelm; submerge; drown.

In•un•da´tion , n. [L. inundatio: cf. F. inondation.] 1. The act of inundating, or the state of being inundated; an overflow; a flood; a rising and spreading of water over grounds. “With inundation wide the deluge reigns,
Drowns the deep valleys, and o’erspreads the plains.” Wilkie. 2. An overspreading of any kind; overflowing or superfluous abundance; a flood; a great influx; as an inundation of tourists. “To stop the inundation of her tears.” Shak.

In•un•der•stand´ing , a. Void of understanding. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

In•ur•bane´ , a. [L. inurbanus. See In- not, and Urbane.] Uncivil; unpolished; rude. M. Arnold. — In•ur•bane´ly, adv. — In•ur•bane´ness, n.

In•ur•ban´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. inurbanite.] Want of urbanity or courtesy; unpolished manners or deportment; inurbaneness; rudeness. Bp. Hall.

In•ure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inured p. pr. & vb. n. Inuring.] [From pref. in- in + ure use, work. See Ure use, practice, Opera, and cf. Manure.] To apply in use; to train; to discipline; to use or accustom till use gives little or no pain or inconvenience; to harden; to habituate; to practice habitually. ´To inure our prompt obedience.´ Milton. “He … did inure them to speak little.” Sir T. North. “Inured and exercised in learning.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “The poor, inured to drudgery and distress.” Cowper.

In•ure´, v. i. To pass into use; to take or have effect; to be applied; to serve to the use or benefit of; as a gift of lands inures to the heirs. [Written also enure.]

In•ure´ment , n. Use; practice; discipline; habit; custom.

In•urn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inurned p. pr. & vb. n. Inurning.] To put in an urn, as the ashes of the dead; hence, to bury; to intomb. “The sepulcher
Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned.” Shak.

In•u´si•tate , a. [L. inusitatus unusual. See Use.] Unusual. [R.] Bramhall.

In•u´si•ta´tion , n. Want of use; disuse. [R.] Paley.

In•ust´ , a. [L. inurere, inustum, to burn in; pref. in- in + urere to burn.] Burnt in. [Obs.]

In•us´tion , n. The act of burning or branding. [Obs.] T. Adams.

In•u´tile , a. [L. inutilis: cf. F. inutile. See In- not, Utile.] Useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•u•til´i•ty , n. [L. inutilitas: cf. F. inutilite.] Uselessness; the quality of being unprofitable; unprofitableness; as the inutility of vain speculations and visionary projects.

In•ut´ter•a•ble , a. Unutterable; inexpressible. Milton.

In• vac´u•o [L.] (Physics) In a vacuum; in empty space; as experiments in vacuo.

In•vade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Invading.] [L. invadere, invasum; pref. in- in + vadere to go, akin to E. wade: cf. OF. invader, F. envahir. See Wade.] 1. To go into or upon; to pass within the confines of; to enter; — used of forcible or rude ingress. [Obs.] “Which becomes a body, and doth then invade
The state of life, out of the grisly shade.” Spenser. 2. To enter with hostile intentions; to enter with a view to conquest or plunder; to make an irruption into; to attack; as the Romans invaded Great Britain. “Such an enemy
Is risen to invade us.” Milton. 3. To attack; to infringe; to encroach on; to violate; as the king invaded the rights of the people. 4. To grow or spread over; to affect injuriously and progressively; as gangrene invades healthy tissue. Syn. — To attack; assail; encroach upon. See Attack.

In•vade´, v. i. To make an invasion. Brougham.

In•vad´er , n. One who invades; an assailant; an encroacher; an intruder.

In•vag´i•nate , v. t. To insert as in a sheath; to produce intussusception in. { In•vag´i•nate , In•vag´i•na•ted } a. (Biol.) (a) Sheathed. (b) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion.

In•vag•i•na´tion , n. [L. pref. in- + vagina sheath.] 1. (Biol.) The condition of an invaginated organ or part. 2. (Biol.) One of the methods by which the various germinal layers of the ovum are differentiated. In embolic invagination, one half of the blastosphere is pushed in towards the other half, producing an embryonic form known as a gastrula. — In epibolic invagination, a phenomenon in the development of some invertebrate ova, the epiblast appears to grow over or around the hypoblast.

In•va•les´cence , n. [L. invalescens, p. pr. of invalescere to become strong. See 1st In-, and Convalesce.] Strength; health. [Obs.]

In•val•e•tu´di•na•ry , a. Wanting health; valetudinary. [R.]

In•val´id , a. [Pref. in- not + valid: cf. F. invalide, L. invalidus infirm, weak. Cf. Invalid infirm.] 1. Of no force, weight, or cogency; not valid; weak. 2. (Law) Having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null; as an invalid contract or agreement.

In´va•lid ( 277), n. [F. invalide, n. & a., L. invalidus, a. See Invalid null.] A person who is weak and infirm; one who is disabled for active service; especially, one in chronic ill health.

In´va•lid , a. [See Invalid, n.] Not well; feeble; infirm; sickly; as he had an invalid daughter.

In´va•lid, v. t. 1. To make or render invalid or infirm. ´Invalided, bent, and almost blind.´ Dickens. 2. To classify or enroll as an invalid. “Peace coming, he was invalided on half pay.” Carlyle.

In•val´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invalidated p. pr. & vb. n. Invalidating.] [From Invalid null.] To render invalid; to weaken or lessen the force of; to destroy the authority of; to render of no force or effect; to overthrow; as to invalidate an agreement or argument.

In•val•i•da´tion , n. The act of inavlidating, or the state of being invalidated. “So many invalidations of their right.” Burke.

In•va•lide´ , n. [F.] See Invalid, n.

In´va•lid•ism , n. The condition of an invalid; sickness; infirmity.

In•va•lid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invalidite, LL. invaliditas want of health.] 1. Want of validity or cogency; want of legal force or efficacy; invalidness; as the invalidity of an agreement or of a will. 2. Want of health; infirmity. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

In•val´id•ness , n. Invalidity; as the invalidness of reasoning.

In•val´or•ous , a. Not valorous; cowardly.

In•val´u•a•ble , a. Valuable beyond estimation; inestimable; priceless; precious.

In•val´u•a•bly, adv. Inestimably. Bp. Hall.

In•val´ued , a. Inestimable. [R.] Drayton.

In•va•ri•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invariabilite.] The quality of being invariable; invariableness; constancy; uniformity.

In•va´ri•a•ble , a. [Pref. in- not + variable: cf. F. invariable.] Not given to variation or change; unalterable; unchangeable; always uniform. “Physical laws which are invariable.” I. Taylor. — In•va´ri•a•ble•ness, n. — In•va´ri•a•bly, adv.

In•va´ri•a•ble , n. (Math.) An invariable quantity; a constant.

In•va´ri•ance , n. (Math.) The property of remaining invariable under prescribed or implied conditions. J. J. Sylvester.

In•va´ri•ant , n. (Math.) An invariable quantity; specifically, a function of the coefficients of one or more forms, which remains unaltered, when these undergo suitable linear transformations. J. J. Sylvester.

In•va´sion , n. [L. invasio: cf. F. invasion. See Invade.] 1. The act of invading; the act of encroaching upon the rights or possessions of another; encroachment; trespass. 2. A warlike or hostile entrance into the possessions or domains of another; the incursion of an army for conquest or plunder. 3. The incoming or first attack of anything hurtful or pernicious; as the invasion of a disease. Syn. — Invasion, Irruption, Inroad. Invasion is the generic term, denoting a forcible entrance into a foreign country. Incursion signifies a hasty and sudden invasion. Irruption denotes particularly violent invasion. Inroad is entry by some unusual way involving trespass and injury.

In•va´sive , a. [LL. invasivus: cf. F. invasif. See Invade.] Tending to invade; characterized by invasion; aggressive. ´Invasive war.´ Hoole.

In•vect´ , v. i. To inveigh. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In•vec´ted , a. [L. invectus carried in. See Inveigh.] (Her.) Having a border or outline composed of semicircles with the convexity outward; — the opposite of engrailed.

In•vec´tion , n. [L. invectio. See Inveigh.] An inveighing against; invective. [Obs.] Fulke.

In•vec´tive , a. [L. invectivus: cf. F. invectif. See Inveigh.] Characterized by invection; critical; denunciatory; satirical; abusive; railing.

In•vec´tive, n. [F. invective.] An expression which inveighs or rails against a person; a severe or violent censure or reproach; something uttered or written, intended to cast opprobrium, censure, or reproach on another; a harsh or reproachful accusation; — followed by against, having reference to the person or thing affected; as an invective against tyranny. “The world will be able to judge of his [Junius’] motives for writing such famous invectives.” Sir W. Draper. Syn. — Abuse; censure; reproach; satire; sarcasm; railing; diatribe. See Abuse.

In•vec´tive•ly, adv. In an invective manner. Shak.

In•veigh´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inveighed p. pr. & vb. n. Inveighing.] [L. invehere, invectum, to carry or bring into or against, to attack with words, to inveigh; pref. in- in + vehere to carry. See Vehicle, and cf. Invective.] To declaim or rail (against some person or thing); to utter censorious and bitter language; to attack with harsh criticism or reproach, either spoken or written; to use invectives; - - with against; as to inveigh against character, conduct, manners, customs, morals, a law, an abuse. “All men inveighed against him; all men, except court vassals, opposed him.” Milton. “The artificial life against which we inveighed.” Hawthorne.

In•veigh´er , n. One who inveighs.

In•vei´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inveigled p. pr. & vb. n. Inveigling ] [Prob. fr. F. aveugler to blind, to delude, OF. aveugler, avugler, avegler, fr. F. aveugle blind, OF. aveugle, avugle, properly, without eyes, fr. L. ab + oculus eye. The pref. in- seems to have been substituted for a- taken as the pref. F. à , L. ad. See Ocular.] To lead astray as if blind; to persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flattery; to entice; to insnare; to seduce; to wheedle. “Yet have they many baits and guileful spells
To inveigle and invite the unwary sense.” Milton.

In•vei´gle•ment , n. The act of inveigling, or the state of being inveigled; that which inveigles; enticement; seduction. South.

In•vei´gler , n. One who inveigles.

In•veil´ , v. t. To cover, as with a vail. W. Browne.

In•vend•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being invendible; invendibleness; unsalableness.

In•vend´i•ble , a. [L. invendibilis. See In- not, and Vendible.] Not vendible or salable. Jefferson. — In•vend´i•ble•ness, n.

In•ven´om , v. t. See Envenom.

In•vent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invented; p. pr. & vb. n. Inventing.] [L. inventus, p. p. of invenire to come upon, to find, invent; pref. in- in + venire to come, akin to E. come: cf. F. inventer. See Come.] 1. To come or light upon; to meet; to find. [Obs.] “And vowed never to return again,
Till him alive or dead she did invent.” Spenser. 2. To discover, as by study or inquiry; to find out; to devise; to contrive or produce for the first time; — applied commonly to the discovery of some serviceable mode, instrument, or machine. “Thus first Necessity invented stools.” Cowper. 3. To frame by the imagination; to fabricate mentally; to forge; — in a good or a bad sense; as to invent the machinery of a poem; to invent a falsehood. “Whate’er his cruel malice could invent.” Milton. “He had invented some circumstances, and put the worst possible construction on others.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — To discover; contrive; devise; frame; design; fabricate; concoct; elaborate. See Discover.

In•vent´er , n. One who invents.

In•vent´ful , a. Full of invention. J. Gifford.

In•vent´i•ble , a. Capable of being invented.

In•vent´i•ble•ness, n. Quality of being inventible.

In•ven´tion , n. [L. inventio: cf. F. invention. See Invent.] 1. The act of finding out or inventing; contrivance or construction of that which has not before existed; as the invention of logarithms; the invention of the art of printing. “As the search of it [truth] is the duty, so the invention will be the happiness of man.” Tatham. 2. That which is invented; an original contrivance or construction; a device; as this fable was the invention of Esop; that falsehood was her own invention. “We entered by the drawbridge, which has an invention to let one fall if not premonished.” Evelyn. 3. Thought; idea. Shak. 4. A fabrication to deceive; a fiction; a forgery; a falsehood. “Filling their hearers
With strange invention.” Shak. 5. The faculty of inventing; imaginative faculty; skill or ingenuity in contriving anything new; as a man of invention. “They lay no less than a want of invention to his charge; a capital crime, … for a poet is a maker.” Dryden. 6. (Fine Arts, Rhet., etc.) The exercise of the imagination in selecting and treating a theme, or more commonly in contriving the arrangement of a piece, or the method of presenting its parts. Invention of the cross (Eccl.), a festival celebrated May 3d, in honor of the finding of our Savior’s cross by St. Helena.

In•ven´tious , a. Inventive. [Obs.]

In•vent´ive , a. [Cf. F. inventif.] Able and apt to invent; quick at contrivance; ready at expedients; as an inventive head or genius. Dryden. — In•vent´ive•ly, adv. — In•vent´ive•ness, n.

In•vent´or , n. [L.: cf. F. inventeur.] One who invents or finds out something new; a contriver; especially, one who invents mechanical devices.

In•ven•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to an inventory. — In•ven•to´ri•al•ly, adv. Shak.

In´ven•to•ry , n.; pl. Inventories (#). [L. inventarium: cf. LL. inventorium, F. inventaire, OF. also inventoire. See Invent.] An account, catalogue, or schedule, made by an executor or administrator, of all the goods and chattels, and sometimes of the real estate, of a deceased person; a list of the property of which a person or estate is found to be possessed; hence, an itemized list of goods or valuables, with their estimated worth; specifically, the annual account of stock taken in any business. “There take an inventory of all I have.” Shak. Syn. — List; register; schedule; catalogue. See List.

In´ven•to•ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inventoried p. pr. & vb. n. Inventorying.] [Cf. F. inventorier.] To make an inventory of; to make a list, catalogue, or schedule of; to insert or register in an account of goods; as a merchant inventories his stock. “I will give out divers schedules of my beauty; it shall be inventoried, and every particle and utensil labeled.” Shak.

In•vent´ress , n. [Cf. L. inventrix, F. inventrice.] A woman who invents. Dryden.

In•ve•rac´i•ty , n. Want of veracity.

In•ver•i•si•mil´i•tude , n. Want of verisimilitude or likelihood; improbability.

In•verse´ , a. [L. inversus, p. p. of invertere: cf. F. inverse. See Invert.] 1. Opposite in order, relation, or effect; reversed; inverted; reciprocal; — opposed to direct. 2. (Bot.) Inverted; having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual. 3. (Math.) Opposite in nature and effect; — said with reference to any two operations, which, when both are performed in succession upon any quantity, reproduce that quantity; as multiplication is the inverse operation to division. The symbol of an inverse operation is the symbol of the direct operation with -1 as an index. Thus sin-1 x means the arc whose sine is x. Inverse figures (Geom.), two figures, such that each point of either figure is inverse to a corresponding point in the order figure. — Inverse points (Geom.), two points lying on a line drawn from the center of a fixed circle or sphere, and so related that the product of their distances from the center of the circle or sphere is equal to the square of the radius. — Inverse, or Reciprocal, ratio (Math.), the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. — Inverse, or Reciprocal, proportion, an equality between a direct ratio and a reciprocal ratio; thus, 4 : 2 : : &frac13; : &frac16;, or 4 : 2 : : 3 : 6, inversely.

In´verse, n. That which is inverse. “Thus the course of human study is the inverse of the course of things in nature.” Tatham.

In•verse´ly , adv. In an inverse order or manner; by inversion; — opposed to directly. Inversely proportional. See Directly proportional, under Directly, and Inversion, 4.

In•ver´sion , n. [L. inversio: cf. F. inversion. See Invert.] 1. The act of inverting, or turning over or backward, or the state of being inverted. 2. A change by inverted order; a reversed position or arrangement of things; transposition. “It is just the inversion of an act of Parliament; your lordship first signed it, and then it was passed among the Lords and Commons.” Dryden. 3. (Mil.) A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on. 4. (Math.) A change in the order of the terms of a proportion, so that the second takes the place of the first, and the fourth of the third. 5. (Geom.) A peculiar method of transformation, in which a figure is replaced by its inverse figure. Propositions that are true for the original figure thus furnish new propositions that are true in the inverse figure. See Inverse figures, under Inverse. 6. (Gram.) A change of the usual order of words or phrases; as ´of all vices, impurity is one of the most detestable,´ instead of, ´impurity is one of the most detestable of all vices.´ 7. (Rhet.) A method of reasoning in which the orator shows that arguments advanced by his adversary in opposition to him are really favorable to his cause. 8. (Mus.) (a) Said of intervals, when the lower tone is placed an octave higher, so that fifths become fourths, thirds sixths, etc. (b) Said of a chord, when one of its notes, other than its root, is made the bass. (c) Said of a subject, or phrase, when the intervals of which it consists are repeated in the contrary direction, rising instead of falling, or vice versa. (d) Said of double counterpoint, when an upper and a lower part change places. 9. (Geol.) The folding back of strata upon themselves, as by upheaval, in such a manner that the order of succession appears to be reversed. 10. (Chem.) The act or process by which cane sugar (sucrose), under the action of heat and acids or ferments (as diastase), is broken or split up into grape sugar (dextrose), and fruit sugar (levulose); also less properly, the process by which starch is converted into grape sugar (dextrose). The terms invert and inversion, in this sense, owe their meaning to the fact that the plane of polarization of light, which is rotated to the right by cane sugar, is turned toward the left by levulose.

In•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inverting.] [L. invertere, inversum; pref. in- in + vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. To turn over; to put upside down; to upset; to place in a contrary order or direction; to reverse; as to invert a cup, the order of words, rules of justice, etc. “That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears,
As if these organs had deceptious functions.” Shak. “Such reasoning falls like an inverted cone,
Wanting its proper base to stand upon.” Cowper. 2. (Mus.) To change the position of; - - said of tones which form a chord, or parts which compose harmony. 3. To divert; to convert to a wrong use. [Obs.] Knolles. 4. (Chem.) To convert; to reverse; to decompose by, or subject to, inversion. See Inversion, n., 10.

In•vert´, v. i. (Chem.) To undergo inversion, as sugar.

In´vert , a. (Chem.) Subjected to the process of inversion; inverted; converted; as invert sugar. Invert sugar (Chem.), a variety of sugar, consisting of a mixture of dextrose and levulose, found naturally in fruits, and produced artificially by the inversion of cane sugar (sucrose); also less properly, the grape sugar or dextrose obtained from starch. See Inversion, Dextrose, Levulose, and Sugar.

In´vert, n. (Masonry) An inverted arch.

In•ver´te•bral , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Invertebrate.

In•ver•te•bra´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. in- not + vertebratus vertebrate.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of the animal kingdom, including all except the Vertebrata.

In•ver´te•brate , a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a backbone; having no vertebrae; of or pertaining to the Invertebrata. — n. One of the Invertebrata. Age of invertebrates. See Age, and Silurian.

In•ver´te•bra•ted , a. Having no backbone; invertebrate.

In•vert´ed , a. 1. Changed to a contrary or counterchanged order; reversed; characterized by inversion. 2. (Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata when folded back upon themselves by upheaval. Inverted arch (Arch.), an arch placed with crown downward; — much used in foundations.

In•vert´ed•ly, adv. In an inverted order. Derham.

In•vert´i•ble , a. [From Invert.] 1. Capable of being inverted or turned. 2. (Chem.) Capable of being changed or converted; as invertible sugar.

In•vert´i•ble, a. [Pref. in- not + L. vertere to turn + -ible.] Incapable of being turned or changed. “An indurate and invertible conscience.” Cranmer.

In•vert´in , n. (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized ferment which causes cane sugar to take up a molecule of water and be converted into invert sugar.

In•vest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invested; p. pr. & vb. n. Investing.] [L. investire, investitum; pref. in- in + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis clothing: cf. F. investir. See Vest.] 1. To put garments on; to clothe; to dress; to array; — opposed to divest. Usually followed by with, sometimes by in; as to invest one with a robe. 2. To put on. [Obs.] “Can not find one this girdle to invest.” Spenser. 3. To clothe, as with office or authority; to place in possession of rank, dignity, or estate; to endow; to adorn; to grace; to bedeck; as to invest with honor or glory; to invest with an estate. “I do invest you jointly with my power.” Shak. 4. To surround, accompany, or attend. “Awe such as must always invest the spectacle of the guilt.” Hawthorne. 5. To confer; to give. [R.] “It investeth a right of government.” Bacon. 6. (Mil.) To inclose; to surround or hem in with troops, so as to intercept succors of men and provisions and prevent escape; to lay siege to; as to invest a town. 7. To lay out (money or capital) in business with the view of obtaining an income or profit; as to invest money in bank stock.

In•vest´ , v. i. To make an investment; as to invest in stocks; — usually followed by in.

In•vest´ient , a. [L. investiens, p. pr. of investire.] Covering; clothing. [R.] Woodward.

In•ves´ti•ga•ble , a. [L. investigabilis. See Investigate.] Capable or susceptible of being investigated; admitting research. Hooker.

In•ves´ti•ga•ble, a. [L. investigabilis. See In- not, and Vestigate.] Unsearchable; inscrutable. [Obs.] “So unsearchable the judgment and so investigable the ways thereof.” Bale.

In•ves´ti•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Investigated p. pr. & vb. n. Investigating.] [L. investigatus, p. p. of investigare to investigate; pref. in- in + vestigare to track, trace. See Vestige.] To follow up step by step by patient inquiry or observation; to trace or track mentally; to search into; to inquire and examine into with care and accuracy; to find out by careful inquisition; as to investigate the causes of natural phenomena.

In•ves´ti•gate, v. i. To pursue a course of investigation and study; to make investigation.

In•ves•ti•ga´tion , n. [L. investigatio: cf. F. investigation.] The act of investigating; the process of inquiring into or following up; research; study; inquiry, esp. patient or thorough inquiry or examination; as the investigations of the philosopher and the mathematician; the investigations of the judge, the moralist.

In•ves´ti•ga•tive , a. Given to investigation; inquisitive; curious; searching.

In•ves´ti•ga•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. investigateur.] One who searches diligently into a subject.

In•ves´ti•ture ( 135), n. [LL. investitura: cf. F. investiture.] 1. The act or ceremony of investing, or the state of being invested, as with an office; a giving possession; also the right of so investing. “He had refused to yield up to the pope the investiture of bishops.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. (Feudal Law) Livery of seizin. “The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the ceremony of corporal investiture, or open delivery of possession.” Blackstone. 3. That with which anyone is invested or clothed; investment; clothing; covering. “While we yet have on
Our gross investiture of mortal weeds.” Trench.

In•vest´ive , a. Investing. [R.] Mir. for Mag.

In•vest´ment , n. 1. The act of investing, or the state of being invested. 2. That with which anyone is invested; a vestment. “Whose white investments figure innocence.” Shak. 3. (Mil.) The act of surrounding, blocking up, or besieging by an armed force, or the state of being so surrounded. “The capitulation was signed by the commander of the fort within six days after its investments.” Marshall. 4. The laying out of money in the purchase of some species of property; the amount of money invested, or that in which money is invested. “Before the investment could be made, a change of the market might render it ineligible.” A. Hamilton. “An investment in ink, paper, and steel pens.” Hawthorne.

In•vest´or , n. One who invests.

In•ves´ture ( 135), n. Investiture; investment. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

In•ves´ture, v. t. To clothe; to invest; to install. [Obs.] ´Monks … investured in their copes.´ Fuller.

In•vet´er•a•cy , n. [From Inveterate.] 1. Firm establishment by long continuance; firmness or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state acquired by time; as the inveteracy of custom, habit, or disease; — usually in a bad sense; as the inveteracy of prejudice or of error. “An inveteracy of evil habits that will prompt him to contract more.” A. Tucker. 2. Malignity; spitefulness; virulency. “The rancor of pamphlets, the inveteracy of epigrams, and the mortification of lampoons.” Guardian.

In•vet´er•ate , a. [L. inveteratus, p. p. of inveterare to render old; pref. in- in + vetus, veteris, old. See Veteran.] 1. Old; long-established. [Obs.] “It is an inveterate and received opinion.” Bacon. 2. Firmly established by long continuance; obstinate; deep-rooted; of long standing; as an inveterate disease; an inveterate abuse. “Heal the inveterate canker of one wound.” Shak. 3. Having habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habitual; as an inveterate idler or smoker. 4. Malignant; virulent; spiteful. H. Brooke.

In•vet´er•ate , v. t. To fix and settle by long continuance. [Obs.] Bacon.

In•vet´er•ate•ly , adv. In an inveterate manner or degree. ´Inveterately tough.´ Hawthorne.

In•vet´er•ate•ness, n. Inveteracy. Sir T. Browne.

In•vet•er•a´tion , n. [L. inveteratio.] The act of making inveterate. [R.] Bailey.

In•vict´ , a. [L. invictus. See In- not, and Victor.] Invincible. [Obs.] Joye.

In•vid´i•ous , a. [L. invidiosus, fr. invidia envy. See Envy, and cf. Envious.] 1. Envious; malignant. [Obs.] Evelyn. 2. Worthy of envy; desirable; enviable. [Obs.] “Such a person appeareth in a far more honorable and invidious state than any prosperous man.” Barrow. 3. Likely to incur or produce ill will, or to provoke envy; hateful; as invidious distinctions. “Agamemnon found it an invidious affair to give the preference to any one of the Grecian heroes.” Broome. — In•vid´i•ous•ly, adv. — In•vid´i•ous•ness, n. { In•vig´i•lance , In•vig´i•lan•cy } n. [in- not + vigilance: cf. OF. invigilance.] Want of vigilance; neglect of watching; carelessness.

In•vig´or (in•vig´er), v. t. To invigorate. [Obs.]

In•vig´or•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invigorated p. pr. & vb. n. Invigorating.] [Pref. in- in + vigor.] To give vigor to; to strengthen; to animate; to give life and energy to. “Christian graces and virtues they can not be, unless fed, invigorated, and animated by universal charity.” Atterbury. Syn. — To refresh; animate; exhilarate; stimulate.

In•vig•or•a´tion , n. The act of invigorating, or the state of being invigorated.

In•vile´ , v. t. To render vile. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•vil´laged ( 48), p. a. Turned into, or reduced to, a village. [Obs.] W. Browne.

In•vin•ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invincibilite.] The quality or state of being invincible; invincibleness.

In•vin´ci•ble , a. [L. invincibilis: cf. F. invincible. See In- not, and Vincible.] Incapable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued; unconquerable; insuperable; as an invincible army, or obstacle. “Lead forth to battle these my sons
Invincible.” Milton. — In•vin´ci•ble•ness, n. — In•vin´ci•bly, adv.

In•vi•o•la•bil´i•ty , n. [L. inviolabilitas: cf. F. inviolabilite.] The quality or state of being inviolable; inviolableness.

In•vi´o•la•ble , a. [L. inviolabilis: cf. F. inviolable. See Inviolate, a.] 1. Not violable; not susceptible of hurt, wound, or harm (used with respect to either physical or moral damage); not susceptible of being profaned or corrupted; sacred; holy; as inviolable honor or chastity; an inviolable shrine. “He tried a third, a tough, well-chosen spear,
The inviolable body stood sincere.” Dryden. 2. Unviolated; uninjured; undefiled; uncorrupted. “For thou, be sure, shalt give account
To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep
This place inviolable, and these from harm.” Milton. 3. Not capable of being broken or violated; as an inviolable covenant, agreement, promise, or vow. “Their almighty Maker first ordained
And bound them with inviolable bands.” Spenser. “And keep our faiths firm and inviolable.” Shak.

In•vi´o•la•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being inviolable; as the inviolableness of divine justice.

In•vi´o•la•bly, adv. Without violation.

In•vi´o•la•cy , n. The state or quality of being inviolate; as the inviolacy of an oath. { In•vi´o•late , In•vi´o•la•ted } a. [L. inviolatus. See In- not, and Violate.] 1. Not violated; uninjured; unhurt; unbroken. “His fortune of arms was still inviolate.” Bacon. 2. Not corrupted, defiled, or profaned; chaste; pure. ´Inviolate truth.´ Denham. “There chaste Alceste lives inviolate.” Spenser.

In•vi´o•late•ly , adv. In an inviolate manner.

In•vi´o•late•ness, n. The state of being inviolate.

In´vi•ous , a. [L. invius; pref. in- not + via way.] Untrodden. [R.] Hudibras. — In´vi•ous•ness, n. [R.]

In•vi´rile , a. Deficient in manhood; unmanly; effeminate. Lowell.

In•vi•ril´i•ty , n. Absence of virility or manhood; effeminacy. Prynne.

In•vis´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscated p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscating ] [L. inviscatus, p. p. of inviscare to birdlime; pref. in- in + viscum, viscus, the mistletoe, birdlime.] To daub or catch with glue or birdlime; to entangle with glutinous matter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In•vis´cer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscerated p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscerating.] [L. invisceratus, p. p. of inviscerare to put into the entrails. See Viscera.] To breed; to nourish. [R.] W. Montagu.

In•vis´cer•ate , a. [L. invisceratus, p. p.] Deep-seated; internal. [R.] W. Montagu.

In•vis•i•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Invisibilities (#). [L. invisibilitas: cf. F. invisibilite.] The state or quality of being invisible; also that which is invisible. ´Atoms and invisibilities.´ Landor.

In•vis´i•ble , a. [F. invisible, L. invisibilis. See In- not, and Visible.] Incapable of being seen; not perceptible by vision; not visible. “To us invisible, or dimly seen
In these thy lowest works.” Milton. Invisible bird (Zoöl.), a small, shy singing bird (Myadestes sibilons), of St. Vincent Islands. — Invisible green, a very dark shade of green, approaching to black, and liable to be mistaken for it.

In•vis´i•ble, n. 1. An invisible person or thing; specifically, God, the Supreme Being. 2. A Rosicrucian; — so called because avoiding declaration of his craft. [Obs.] 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One of those (as in the 16th century) who denied the visibility of the church. Shipley.

In•vis´i•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being invisible; invisibility.

In•vis´i•bly, adv. In an invisible manner. Denham.

In•vi´sion , n. Want of vision or of the power of seeing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In•vi•ta´tion , n. [L. invitatio: cf. F. invitation. See Invite.] 1. The act of inviting; solicitation; the requesting of a person’s company; as an invitation to a party, to a dinner, or to visit a friend. 2. A document written or printed, or spoken words, conveying the message by which one is invited. 3. Allurement; enticement. [R.] “She gives the leer of invitation.” Shak.

In•vi´ta•to•ry , a. [L. invitatorius: cf. F. invitatoire.] Using or containing invitations. “The ´Venite´ [Psalm xcv.], which is also called the invitatory psalm.” Hook.

In•vi´ta•to•ry , n.; pl. Invitatories (#). [LL. invitatorium: cf. F. invitatoire.] That which invites; specifically, the invitatory psalm, or a part of it used in worship.

In•vite´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inviting.] [L. invitare: cf. F. inviter. See Vie.] 1. To ask; to request; to bid; to summon; to ask to do some act, or go to some place; esp., to ask to an entertainment or visit; to request the company of; as to invite to dinner, or a wedding, or an excursion. “So many guests invite as here are writ.” Shak. “I invite his Grace of Castle Rackrent to reflect on this.” Carlyle. 2. To allure; to draw to; to tempt to come; to induce by pleasure or hope; to attract. “To inveigle and invite the unwary sense.” Milton. “Shady groves, that easy sleep invite.” Dryden. “There no delusive hope invites despair.” Cowper. 3. To give occasion for; as to invite criticism. Syn. — To solicit; bid; call; ask; summon; allure; attract; entice; persuade.

In•vite´, v. i. To give invitation. Milton.

In•vite´ment , n. Invitation. [Obs.] Chapman.

In•vit´er , n. One who, or that which, invites.

In•vi´ti•ate , a. Not vitiated. Lowell.

In•vit´ing , a. Alluring; tempting; as an inviting amusement or prospect. “Nothing is so easy and inviting as the retort of abuse and sarcasm.” W. Irving. — In•vit´ing•ly, adv. — In•vit´ing•ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

In•vit´ri•fi•a•ble , a. Not admitting of being vitrified, or converted into glass. Kirwan.

In´vo•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invocated p. pr. & vb. n. Invocating ] [L. invocatus, p. p. of invocare. See Invoke.] To invoke; to call on, or for, in supplication; to implore. “If Dagon be thy god,
Go to his temple, invocate his aid.” Milton.

In•vo•ca´tion , n. [F. invocation, L. invocatio.] 1. The act or form of calling for the assistance or presence of some superior being; earnest and solemn entreaty; esp., prayer offered to a divine being. “Sweet invocation of a child; most pretty and pathetical!” Shak. “The whole poem is a prayer to Fortune, and the invocation is divided between the two deities.” Addison. 2. (Law) A call or summons; especially, a judicial call, demand, or order; as the invocation of papers or evidence into court.

In´vo•ca•to•ry , a. Making or containing invocation; invoking.

In´voice , n. [F. envois things sent, goods forwarded, pl. of envoi a sending or things sent, fr. envoyer to send; cf. F. lettre d’envoi letter of advice of goods forwarded. See Envoy.] 1. (Com.) A written account of the particulars of merchandise shipped or sent to a purchaser, consignee, factor, etc., with the value or prices and charges annexed. Wharton. 2. The lot or set of goods as shipped or received; as the merchant receives a large invoice of goods.

In´voice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoiced p. pr. & vb. n. Invoicing ] To make a written list or account of, as goods to be sent to a consignee; to insert in a priced list; to write or enter in an invoice. “Goods, wares, and merchandise imported from Norway, and invoiced in the current dollar of Norway.” Madison.

In•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoked p. pr. & vb. n. Invoking.] [F. invoquer, L. invocare; pref. in- in, on + vocare to call, fr. vox voice. See Voice, and cf. Invocate.] To call on for aid or protection; to invite earnestly or solemnly; to summon; to address in prayer; to solicit or demand by invocation; to implore; as to invoke the Supreme Being, or to invoke His and blessing. “Go, my dread lord, to your great grandsire’s tomb, …
Invoke his warlike spirit.” Shak.

In•vol´u•cel ( 277), n. [Dim. of involucre, or involucrum: cf. F. involucelle.] (Bot.) A partial, secondary, or small involucre. See Illust. of Involucre.

In•vo•lu´cel•late , a. (Bot.) Furnished with involucels.

In•vo•lu•cel´lum , n.; pl. Involucella (#). [NL.] See Involucel.

In•vo•lu´cral , a. [Cf. F. involucral.] Pertaining to, possessing, or like, an involucrum. { In•vo•lu´crate , In•vo•lu´cra•ted } a. (Bot.) Having an involucre; involucred.

In´vo•lu•cre ( 277), n. [L. involucrum a covering, wrapper, fr. involvere to wrap up, envelop: cf. F. involucre. See Involve.] (Bot.) (a) A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. (b) A continuous marginal covering of sporangia, in certain ferns, as in the common brake, or the cup-shaped processes of the filmy ferns. (c) The peridium or volva of certain fungi. Called also involucrum.

In´vo•lu•cred , a. (Bot.) Having an involucre, as umbels, heads, etc. Martyn.

In•vo•lu´cret , n. (Bot.) An involucel.

In•vo•lu´crum , n.; pl. L. Involucra (#), E. Involucrums (#). [L. See Involucre.] 1. (Bot.) See Involucre. 2. (Zoöl.) A sheath which surrounds the base of the lasso cells in the Siphonophora.

In•vol´un•ta•ri•ly , adv. [From Involuntary.] In an involuntary manner; not voluntarily; not intentionally or willingly.

In•vol´un•ta•ri•ness , n. The quality or state of being involuntary; unwillingness; automatism.

In•vol´un•ta•ry , a. [L. involuntarius. See In- not, and Voluntary.] 1. Not having will or the power of choice. 2. Not under the influence or control of the will; not voluntary; as the involuntary movements of the body; involuntary muscle fibers. 3. Not proceeding from choice; done unwillingly; reluctant; compulsory; as involuntary submission. { In´vo•lute , In´vo•lu•ted } a. [L. involutus, p. p. of involvere. See Involve.] 1. (Bot.) Rolled inward from the edges; — said of leaves in vernation, or of the petals of flowers in aestivation. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Turned inward at the margin, as the exterior lip of the Cyprea. (b) Rolled inward spirally.

In´vo•lute, n. (Geom.) A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon another curve, or unwound from it; — called also evolvent. See Evolute.

In•vo•lu´tion , n. [L. involutio: cf. F. involution. See Involve.] 1. The act of involving or infolding. 2. The state of being entangled or involved; complication; entanglement. “All things are mixed, and causes blended, by mutual involutions.” Glanvill. 3. That in which anything is involved, folded, or wrapped; envelope. Sir T. Browne. 4. (Gram.) The insertion of one or more clauses between the subject and the verb, in a way that involves or complicates the construction. 5. (Math.) The act or process of raising a quantity to any power assigned; the multiplication of a quantity into itself a given number of times; — the reverse of evolution. 6. (Geom.) The relation which exists between three or more sets of points, a.a′, b.b′, c.c′, so related to a point O on the line, that the product Oa.Oa′ = Ob.Ob′ = Oc.Oc′ is constant. Sets of lines or surfaces possessing corresponding properties may be in involution. 7. (Med.) The return of an enlarged part or organ to its normal size, as of the uterus after pregnancy.

In•volve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Involved p. pr. & vb. n. Involving.] [L. involvere, involutum, to roll about, wrap up; pref. in- in + volvere to roll: cf. OF. involver. See Voluble, and cf. Involute.] 1. To roll or fold up; to wind round; to entwine. “Some of serpent kind … involved
Their snaky folds.” Milton. 2. To envelop completely; to surround; to cover; to hide; to involve in darkness or obscurity. “And leave a singèd bottom all involved
With stench and smoke.” Milton. 3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammatical structure. ´Involved discourses.´ Locke. 4. To connect with something as a natural or logical consequence or effect; to include necessarily; to imply. “He knows
His end with mine involved.” Milton. “The contrary necessarily involves a contradiction.” Tillotson. 5. To take in; to gather in; to mingle confusedly; to blend or merge. [R.] “The gathering number, as it moves along,
Involves a vast involuntary throng.” Pope. “Earth with hell
To mingle and involve.” Milton. 6. To envelop, infold, entangle, or embarrass; as to involve a person in debt or misery. 7. To engage thoroughly; to occupy, employ, or absorb. ´Involved in a deep study.´ Sir W. Scott. 8. (Math.) To raise to any assigned power; to multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given number of times; as a quantity involved to the third or fourth power. Syn. — To imply; include; implicate; complicate; entangle; embarrass; overwhelm. — To Involve, Imply. Imply is opposed to express, or set forth; thus, an implied engagement is one fairly to be understood from the words used or the circumstances of the case, though not set forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpretation of things into their necessary relations; and hence, if one thing involves another, it so contains it that the two must go together by an indissoluble connection. War, for example, involves wide spread misery and death; the premises of a syllogism involve the conclusion.

In•volved´ , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Involute.

In•volv´ed•ness , n. The state of being involved.

In•volve´ment , n. The act of involving, or the state of being involved. Lew Wallace.

In•vul´gar , v. t. [Pref. in- in + vulgar.] To cause to become or appear vulgar. [Obs.] Daniel.

In•vul´gar, a. [Pref. in- not + vulgar.] Not vulgar; refined; elegant. [Obs.] Drayton.

In•vul´ner•a•bil•i•ty , n. [Cf. F. invulnerabilite.] Quality or state of being invulnerable.

In•vul´ner•a•ble , a. [L. invulnerabilis: cf. F. invulnerable. See In- not, and Vulnerable.] 1. Incapable of being wounded, or of receiving injury. “Neither vainly hope
To be invulnerable in those bright arms.” Milton. 2. Unanswerable; irrefutable; that can not be refuted or convinced; as an invulnerable argument.

In•vul´ner•a•ble•ness, n. Invulnerability.

In•vul´ner•ate , a. [L. invulneratus unwounded.] Invulnerable.

In•wall´ (in•wal´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inwalled (-wald´); p. pr. & vb. n. Inwalling.] To inclose or fortify as with a wall. Spenser.

In´wall (in´wal•), n. An inner wall; specifically (Metal.), the inner wall, or lining, of a blast furnace.

In´ward (in•werd), a. [AS. inweard, inneweard, innanweard, fr. innan, inne, within (fr. in in; see In) + the suffix -weard, E. -ward.] 1. Being or placed within; inner; interior; - - opposed to outward. Milton. 2. Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or soul. ´Inward beauty.´ Shak. 3. Intimate; domestic; private. [Obs.] “All my inward friends abhorred me.” Job xix. 19. “He had had occasion, by one very inward with him, to know in part the discourse of his life.” Sir P. Sidney.

In´ward, n. 1. That which is inward or within; especially, in the plural, the inner parts or organs of the body; the viscera. Jer. Taylor. “Then sacrificing, laid the inwards and their fat.” Milton. 2. The mental faculties; — usually pl. [Obs.] 3. An intimate or familiar friend or acquaintance. [Obs.] ´I was an inward of his.´ Shak. { In´ward , In´wards } adv. [AS. inweard. The ending -s is prop. a genitive ending. See Inward, a., -wards.] 1. Toward the inside; toward the center or interior; as to bend a thing inward. 2. Into, or toward, the mind or thoughts; inwardly; as to turn the attention inward. “So much the rather, thou Celestial Light,
Shine inward.” Milton.

In´ward•ly , adv. [AS. inweardlice.] 1. In the inner parts; internally. “Let Benedick, like covered fire,
Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly.” Shak. 2. Toward the center; inward; as to curve inwardly. 3. In the heart or mind; mentally; privately; secretly; as he inwardly repines. 4. Intimately; thoroughly. [Obs.] “I shall desire to know him more inwardly.” Beau. & Fl.

In´ward•ness, n. 1. Internal or true state; essential nature; as the inwardness of conduct. “Sense can not arrive to the inwardness
Of things.” Dr. H. More. 2. Intimacy; familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Heartiness; earnestness. “What was wanted was more inwardness, more feeling.” M. Arnold.

In´wards , adv. See Inward.

In•weave´ , v. t. To weave in or together; to intermix or intertwine by weaving; to interlace. “Down they cast
Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold.” Milton.

In•wheel´ , v. t. To encircle. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

In´wit , n. Inward sense; mind; understanding; conscience. [Obs.] Wyclif.

In•with´ , prep. Within. [Obs.] “This purse hath she inwith her bosom hid.” Chaucer.

In•work´ , v. t. & i. [Pref. in- + work. Cf. Inwrought.] To work in or within.

In´worn , p. a. Worn, wrought, or stamped in. [R.] Milton.

In•wrap´ , v. t. [Written also enwrap.] 1. To cover by wrapping; to involve; to infold; as to inwrap in a cloak, in smoke, etc. 2. To involve, as in difficulty or perplexity; to perplex. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In•wreathe´ , v. t. To surround or encompass as with a wreath. [Written also enwreathe.] “Resplendent locks, inwreathed with beams.” Milton.

In•wrought´ , p. p. or a. [Pref. in- + wrought. Cf. Inwork.] Wrought or worked in or among other things; worked into any fabric so as to from a part of its texture; wrought or adorned, as with figures. “His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge,
Inwrought with figures dim.” Milton.

I´o , n.; pl. Ios (#). [L.; cf. Gr. ´iw•.] An exclamation of joy or triumph; — often interjectional.

I´od- (Chem.) See Iodo- .

I´o•dal (i´o•dal), n. [Iod- + alcohol.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, CI3.CHO, analogous to chloral and bromal.

I´o•date (i´o•dat), n. (Chem.) A salt of iodic acid.

I•od•hy´drin , n. [Iod- + chlorhydrin.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds containing iodine, and analogous to the chlorhydrins.

I•od´ic , a. [Cf. F. iodique. See Iodine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, iodine; specif., denoting those compounds in which it has a relatively high valence; as iodic acid. Iodic acid, a monobasic acid, consisting of iodine with three parts of oxygen and one of hydrogen.

I´o•dide , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of iodine, or one which may be regarded as binary; as potassium iodide.

I´o•dine (i´o•din or -den; 104), n. [Gr. ’iw•dhs violetlike; ’i•on a violet + e’i^dos form: cf. F. iode, iodine. The name was given from the violet color of its vapor. See Violet, Idyl.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element, of the halogen group, occurring always in combination, as in the iodides. When isolated it is in the form of dark gray metallic scales, resembling plumbago, soft but brittle, and emitting a chlorinelike odor. Symbol I. Atomic weight 126.5. If heated, iodine volatilizes in beautiful violet vapors. Iodine was formerly obtained from the ashes of seaweed (kelp or varec), but is now also extracted from certain natural brines. In the free state, iodine, even in very minute quantities, colors starch blue. Iodine and its compounds are largely used in medicine (as in liniments, antisyphilitics, etc.), in photography, in the preparation of aniline dyes, and as an indicator in titration. Iodine green, an artificial green dyestuff, consisting of an iodine derivative of rosaniline; — called also night green. — Iodine scarlet, a pigment of an intense scarlet color, consisting of mercuric iodide. — Iodine yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, consisting of plumbic iodide.

I´o•dism , n. (Med.) A morbid state produced by the use of iodine and its compounds, and characterized by palpitation, depression, and general emaciation, with a pustular eruption upon the skin.

I´o•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iodized p. pr. & vb. n. Iodizing ] To treat or impregnate with iodine or its compounds; as to iodize a plate for photography. R. Hunt.

I´o•di•zer , n. One who, or that which, iodizes. { I´o•do- , I´od- } (Chem.) A prefix, or combining from, indicating iodine as an ingredient; as iodoform.

I•od´o•form , n. [Iodo- + formyl. See Formyl, and cf. Chloroform.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, CI3H, having an offensive odor and sweetish taste, and analogous to chloroform. It is used in medicine as a healing and antiseptic dressing for wounds and sores.

I•o•do•qui´nine , n. [Iodo- + quinine.] (Chem.) A iodide of quinine obtained as a brown substance. It is the base of herapathite. See Herapathite.

I´o•dous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, iodine. See -ous (chemical suffix). Iodous acid, a hypothetical acid, analogous to chlorous acid.

I•od´u•ret , n. (Chem.) Iodide. [Obs.]

I•od´y•rite , n. [From Iodine.] (Min.) Silver iodide, a mineral of a yellowish color.

I´o•lite (i´o•lit), n. [Gr. ’i•on a violet + -lite.] (Min.) A silicate of alumina, iron, and magnesia, having a bright blue color and vitreous luster; cordierite. It is remarkable for its dichroism, and is also called dichroite.

I´o moth ( 115). (Zoöl.) A large and handsome American moth (Hyperchiria Io), having a large, bright-colored spot on each hind wing, resembling the spots on the tail of a peacock. The larva is covered with prickly hairs, which sting like nettles.

-ion ( 106). [L. -io, acc. -ionem: cf. F. -ion.] A noun suffix denoting act, process, result of an act or a process, thing acted upon, state, or condition; as revolution, the act or process of revolving; construction, the act or process of constructing; a thing constructed; dominion, territory ruled over; subjection, state of being subject; dejection; abstraction.

I´on (i´on), n. [Gr. ’io•n, neut, of ’iw•n, p. pr. of ’ie•nai to go.] (Elec. Chem.) One of the elements which appear at the respective poles when a body is subjected to electro-chemical decomposition. Cf. Anion, Cation.

I•o´ni•an , a. [L. Ionius. See Ionic.] Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians; Ionic. — n. A native or citizen of Ionia.

I•on´ic , a. [L. Ionicus, Gr. , fr. Ionia.] 1. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians. 2. (Arch.) Pertaining to the Ionic order of architecture, one of the three orders invented by the Greeks, and one of the five recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. Its distinguishing feature is a capital with spiral volutes. See Illust. of Capital. Ionic dialect (Gr. Gram.), a dialect of the Greek language, used in Ionia. The Homeric poems are written in what is designated old Ionic, as distinguished from new Ionic, or Attic, the dialect of all cultivated Greeks in the period of Athenian prosperity and glory. — Ionic foot. (Pros.) See Ionic, n., 1. — Ionic, or Ionian, mode (Mus.), an ancient mode, supposed to correspond with the modern major scale of C. — Ionic sect, a sect of philosophers founded by Thales of Miletus, in Ionia. Their distinguishing tenet was that water is the original principle of all things. — Ionic type, a kind of heavy- faced type (as that of the following line). This is Nonpareil Ionic.

I•on´ic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) A foot consisting of four syllables: either two long and two short, — that is, a spondee and a pyrrhic, in which case it is called the greater Ionic; or two short and two long, — that is, a pyrrhic and a spondee, in which case it is called the smaller Ionic. (b) A verse or meter composed or consisting of Ionic feet. 2. The Ionic dialect; as the Homeric Ionic. 3. (Print.) Ionic type.

I•o•nid´i•um , n. [NL. Cf. Iodine.] (Bot.) A genus of violaceous plants, chiefly found in tropical America, some species of which are used as substitutes for ipecacuanha.

I´o•qua shell [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The shell of a large Dentalium (D. pretiosum), formerly used as shell money, and for ornaments, by the Indians of the west coast of North America.

I•o´ta , n. [L., fr. Gr. ’iw^ta. See Jot.] 1. The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (ι) corresponding with the English i. 2. A very small quantity or degree; a jot; a particle. “They never depart an iota from the authentic formulas of tyranny and usurpation.” Burke. Iota subscript (Gr. Gram.), iota written beneath a preceding vowel, as a,, h,, w,, — done when iota is silent.

I•o´ta•cism (i•o´ta•siz’m), n. [Gr. ’iotakismo•s a laying too much stress upon the iota (ι): cf. F. iotacisme. See Iota.] The frequent use of the sound of iota (that of English e in be), as among the modern Greeks; also confusion from sounding ε, ι, η, υ, ει, etc., like ι. Littre.

I O U [i. e., I owe you.] A paper having on it these letters, with a sum named, and duly signed; — in use in England as an acknowledgment of a debt, and taken as evidence thereof, but not amounting to a promissory note; a due bill. Wharton. Story.

I´o•was , n. pl.; sing. Iowa. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region now included in the State of Iowa.

Ip´e•cac (ip´e•kak), n. An abbreviation of Ipecacuanha, and in more frequent use.

Ip•e•cac•u•an´ha (ip•e•kak•u•an´a), n. [Pg. ipecacuanha (cf. Sp. ipecacuana); fr. Braz. ipe-kaa-guena, prop., a creeping plant that causes vomiting.] (Med. & Bot.) The root of a Brazilian rubiaceous herb (Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha), largely employed as an emetic; also the plant itself; also a medicinal extract of the root. Many other plants are used as a substitutes; among them are the black or Peruvian ipecac (Psychotria emetica), the white ipecac (Ionidium Ipecacuanha), the bastard or wild ipecac (Asclepias Curassavica), and the undulated ipecac (Richardsonia scabra).

Ip´o•cras , n. Hippocras. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ip•o•mœ´a (ip•o•me´a), n. [NL. ´Named, according to Linnaeus, from Gr. ’i•ps, ’ipo•s, a bindweed [which it is not], and ´o•moios like.´ Gray.] (Bot.) A genus of twining plants with showy monopetalous flowers, including the morning-glory, the sweet potato, and the cypress vine.

Ip•o•mœ´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of convolvulin (obtained from jalap, the tubers of Ipomœa purga), and identical in most of its properties with sebacic acid.

Ir- A form of the prefix in-. See In- .

I´ra•cund , a. [L. iracundus, fr. ira anger.] Irascible; choleric. ´Iracund people.´ Carlyle.

I•ra´de (e•rä´da), n. [Turk.] A decree of the Sultan.

I•ran´ (e•rän´), n. [Mod. Persian Iran. Cf. Aryan.] The native name of Persia.

I•ra´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Iran. — n. A native of Iran; also the Iranian or Persian language, a division of the Aryan family of languages.

I•ran´ic , a. Iranian.

I•ras•ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irascibilite.] The quality or state of being irascible; irritability of temper; irascibleness.

I•ras´ci•ble , a. [L. irascibilis, fr. irasci to be angry, ira anger: cf. F. irascible. See Ire.] Prone to anger; easily provoked or inflamed to anger; choleric; irritable; as an irascible man; an irascible temper or mood. — I•ras´ci•ble•ness, n. — I•ras´ci•bly, adv.

I•rate´ , a. [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry. See Ire.] Angry; incensed; enraged. [Recent] “The irate colonel … stood speechless.” Thackeray. “Mr. Jaggers suddenly became most irate.” Dickens.

Ire , n. [F., fr. L. ira.] Anger; wrath. [Poet.] Syn. — Anger; passion; rage; fury. See Anger.

Ire´ful , a. Full of ire; angry; wroth. ´The ireful bastard Orleans.´ Shak. — Ire´ful•ly, adv.

Ire´ful•ness, n. Wrathfulness. Wyclif.

I´re•narch , n. [L. irenarcha, irenarches, Gr. ; peace + to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer in the Greek empire having functions corresponding to those of a justice of the peace. [Written also eirenarch.] { I•ren´ic , I•ren´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Fitted or designed to promote peace; pacific; conciliatory; peaceful. Bp. Hall.

I•ren´i•con , n. [NL., from Gr. peaceful, fr. peace.] A proposition or device for securing peace, especially in the church. South.

I•ren´ics , n. (Eccl.) That branch of Christian science which treats of the methods of securing unity among Christians or harmony and union among the churches; — called also Irenical theology. Schaff- Herzog.

Ire´stone , n. (Mining) Any very hard rock.

I´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the iris. ´Irian nerves.´ Dunglison.

I´ri•cism , n. Irishism. [R.] Jeffrey. { Ir•i•da´ceous , I•rid´e•ous } a. [From NL. Iris, Iridis, the Iris.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a large natural order of endogenous plants (Iridaceae), which includes the genera Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Gladiolus, and many others.

I´ri•dal ( 277), a. [L. iris, iridis, rainbow. See Iris.] Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow; prismatic; as the iridal colors. Whewell.

Ir•i•dec´to•my , n. [Gr. , , iris + cutting out; out + te•mnein to cut.] (Surg.) The act or process of cutting out a portion of the iris in order to form an artificial pupil.

Ir•i•des´cence , n. [See Iridescent.] Exhibition of colors like those of the rainbow; the quality or state of being iridescent; a prismatic play of color; as the iridescence of mother-of-pearl.

Ir•i•des´cent ( 277), a. [L. iris, iridis, the rainbow: cf. F. iridescent.] Having colors like the rainbow; exhibiting a play of changeable colors; nacreous; prismatic; as iridescent glass.

I•rid´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow.

I•rid´i•a•ted , a. Iridescent.

I•rid´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the iris of the eye.

I•rid´ic, a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to iridium; — said specifically of those compounds in which iridium has a relatively high valence.

I•rid´i•o•scope , n. [See Iris, and -scope.] A kind of ophthalmoscope.

I•rid´i•ous (i•rid´i•us), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to iridium; — applied specifically to compounds in which iridium has a low valence.

I•rid´i•um (i•rid´i•um), n. [NL., fr. L. iris, iridis, the rainbow. So called from the iridescence of some of its solutions. See Iris.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of the same group as platinum, which it much resembles, being silver-white, but harder, and brittle, and indifferent to most corrosive agents. With the exception of osmium, it is the heaviest substance known, its specific gravity being 22.4. Symbol Ir. Atomic weight 192.5. Iridium usually occurs as a native alloy with osmium (iridosmine or osmiridium), which may occur alone or with platinum. Iridium, as an alloy with platinum, is used in bushing the vents of heavy ordnance. It is also used for the points of gold pens, and in a finely powdered condition (iridium black), for painting porcelain black.

Ir´i•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iridized p. pr. & vb. n. Iridizing ] 1. To point or tip with iridium, as a gold pen. 2. To make iridescent; as to iridize glass.

I•rid´o•line , n. [Iridescent + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base C10H9N, extracted from coal-tar naphtha, as an oily liquid. It is a member of the quinoline series, and is probably identical with lepidine. { Ir•i•dos´mine , Ir•i•dos´mi•um } n. [Iridium + osmium.] (Min.) The native compound of iridium and osmium. It is found in flattened metallic grains of extreme hardness, and is often used for pointing gold pens.

I´ris , n.; pl. E. Irises (#), L. Irides (#). [L. iris, iridis, the goddess, Gr. , , the rainbow, iris of the eye, the plant Iris. Cf. Orris.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The goddess of the rainbow, and swift-footed messenger of the gods. Shak. 2. The rainbow. Sir T. Browne. 3. An appearance resembling the rainbow; a prismatic play of colors. Tennyson. 4. (Anat.) The contractile membrane perforated by the pupil, and forming the colored portion of the eye. See Eye. 5. (Bot.) A genus of plants having showy flowers and bulbous or tuberous roots, of which the flower-de- luce (fleur-de-lis), orris, and other species of flag are examples. See Illust. of Flower-de-luce. 6. (Her.) See Fleur-de-lis, 2.

I´ris•a•ted , a. [See Iris.] Exhibiting the prismatic colors; irised; iridescent. W. Phillips.

I´ri•scope , n. [Iris + - scope.] A philosophical toy for exhibiting the prismatic tints by means of thin films.

I´rised , a. [See Iris.] Having colors like those of the rainbow; iridescent. Holmes.

I´rish , a. [AS. risc, fr. ras the Irish. Cf. Aryan, Erse.] Of or pertaining to Ireland or to its inhabitants; produced in Ireland. Irish elk. (Zoöl.) See under Elk. — Irish moss. (a) (Bot.) Carrageen. (b) A preparation of the same made into a blanc mange. — Irish poplin. See Poplin. — Irish potato, the ordinary white potato, so called because it is a favorite article of food in Ireland. — Irish reef, or Irishman’s reef (Naut.), the head of a sail tied up. — Irish stew, meat, potatoes, and onions, cut in small pieces and stewed.

I•rish´, n. sing. & pl. 1. pl. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, esp. the Celtic natives or their descendants. 2. The language of the Irish; the Hiberno- Celtic. 3. An old game resembling backgammon.

I•rish´ism , n. A mode of speaking peculiar to the Irish; an Hibernicism.

I´rish•man , n.; pl. Irishmen . A man born in Ireland or of the Irish race; an Hibernian. Irishman’s hurricane (Naut.), a dead calm. — Irishman’s reef. (Naut.) See Irish reef, under Irish, a.

I´rish•ry , n. The Celtic people of Ireland. ´The whole Irishry of rebels.´ Milton.

I•ri´tis , n. [NL. See Iris, and -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the iris of the eye.

Irk (erk), v. t. [OE. irken to tire, become tired; cf. Sw. yrka to urge, enforce, press, or G. ekel disgust, MHG. erklich disgusting; perh. akin to L. urgere to urge, E. urge.] To weary; to give pain; to annoy; — used only impersonally at present. “To see this sight, it irks my very soul.” Shak. “It irketh him to be here.” M. Arnold.

Irk´some , a. 1. Wearisome; tedious; disagreeable or troublesome by reason of long continuance or repetition; as irksome hours; irksome tasks. “For not to irksome toil, but to delight,
He made us.” Milton. 2. Weary; vexed; uneasy. [Obs.] “Let us therefore learn not to be irksome when God layeth his cross upon us.” Latimer. Syn. — Wearisome; tedious; tiresome; vexatious; burdensome. — Irksome, Wearisome, Tedious. These epithets describe things which give pain or disgust. Irksome is applied to something which disgusts by its nature or quality; as an irksome task. Wearisome denotes that which wearies or wears us out by severe labor; as wearisome employment. Tedious is applied to something which tires us out by the length of time occupied in its performance; as a tedious speech. “Wearisome nights are appointed to me.” Job vii. 3. “Pity only on fresh objects stays,
But with the tedious sight of woes decays.” Dryden. — Irk´some•ly, adv. — Irk´some•ness, n.

I´ron (i´urn), n. [OE. iren, AS. iren, isen, isern; akin to D. ijzer, OS. isarn, OHG. isarn, isan, G. eisen, Icel. isarn, jarn, Sw. & Dan. jern, and perh. to E. ice; cf. Ir. iarann, W. haiarn, Armor. houarn.] 1. (Chem.) The most common and most useful metallic element, being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron, steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown, from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or on a fresh surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized (rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol Fe (Latin Ferrum). Atomic weight 55.9. Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86; cast iron, 7.1. In magnetic properties, it is superior to all other substances. The value of iron is largely due to the facility with which it can be worked. Thus, when heated it is malleable and ductile, and can be easily welded and forged at a high temperature. As cast iron, it is easily fusible; as steel, is very tough, and (when tempered) very hard and elastic. Chemically, iron is grouped with cobalt and nickel. Steel is a variety of iron containing more carbon than wrought iron, but less that cast iron. It is made either from wrought iron, by roasting in a packing of carbon (cementation) or from cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer converter (then called Bessemer steel), or directly from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and generating furnace). 2. An instrument or utensil made of iron; — chiefly in composition; as a flatiron, a smoothing iron, etc. “My young soldier, put up your iron.” Shak. 3. pl. Fetters; chains; handcuffs; manacles. “Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons.” Macaulay. 4. Strength; power; firmness; inflexibility; as to rule with a rod of iron. Bar iron. See Wrought iron (below). — Bog iron, bog ore; limonite. See Bog ore, under Bog. — Cast iron (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite. It there is little free carbon, the product is white iron; if much of the carbon has separated as graphite, it is called gray iron. See also Cast iron, in the Vocabulary. — Fire irons. See under Fire, n. — Gray irons. See under Fire, n. — Gray iron. See Cast iron (above). — It irons (Naut.), said of a sailing vessel, when, in tacking, she comes up head to the wind and will not fill away on either tack. — Magnetic iron. See Magnetite. — Malleable iron (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable. — Meteoric iron (Chem.), iron forming a large, and often the chief, ingredient of meteorites. It invariably contains a small amount of nickel and cobalt. Cf. Meteorite. — Pig iron, the form in which cast iron is made at the blast furnace, being run into molds, called pigs. — Reduced iron. See under Reduced. — Specular iron. See Hematite. — Too many irons in the fire, too many objects requiring the attention at once. — White iron. See Cast iron (above). — Wrought iron (Metal.), the purest form of iron commonly known in the arts, containing only about half of one per cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore, as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying (puddling) cast iron in a reverberatory furnace or refinery. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. When formed into bars, it is called bar iron.

I´ron (i´urn), a. [AS. iren, isen. See Iron, n.] 1. Of, or made of iron; consisting of iron; as an iron bar, dust. 2. Resembling iron in color; as iron blackness. 3. Like iron in hardness, strength, impenetrability, power of endurance, insensibility, etc.; as: (a) Rude; hard; harsh; severe. “Iron years of wars and dangers.” Rowe. “Jove crushed the nations with an iron rod.” Pope. (b) Firm; robust; enduring; as an iron constitution. (c) Inflexible; unrelenting; as an iron will. (d) Not to be broken; holding or binding fast; tenacious. ´Him death’s iron sleep oppressed.´ Philips. Iron is often used in composition, denoting made of iron, relating to iron, of or with iron; producing iron, etc.; resembling iron, literally or figuratively, in some of its properties or characteristics; as iron-shod, iron-sheathed, iron-fisted, iron-framed, iron-handed, iron-hearted, iron foundry or iron-foundry. Iron age. (a) (Myth.) The age following the golden, silver, and bronze ages, and characterized by a general degeneration of talent and virtue, and of literary excellence. In Roman literature the Iron Age is commonly regarded as beginning after the taking of Rome by the Goths, A. D. 410. (b) (Archaeol.) That stage in the development of any people characterized by the use of iron implements in the place of the more cumbrous stone and bronze. — Iron cement, a cement for joints, composed of cast-iron borings or filings, sal ammoniac, etc. — Iron clay (Min.), a yellowish clay containing a large proportion of an ore of iron. — Iron cross, a Prussian order of military merit; also the decoration of the order. — Iron crown, a golden crown set with jewels, belonging originally to the Lombard kings, and indicating the dominion of Italy. It was so called from containing a circle said to have been forged from one of the nails in the cross of Christ. — Iron flint (Min.), an opaque, flintlike, ferruginous variety of quartz. — Iron founder, a maker of iron castings. — Iron foundry, the place where iron castings are made. - - Iron furnace, a furnace for reducing iron from the ore, or for melting iron for castings, etc.; a forge; a reverberatory; a bloomery. — Iron glance (Min.), hematite. — Iron hat, a headpiece of iron or steel, shaped like a hat with a broad brim, and used as armor during the Middle Ages. — Iron horse, a locomotive engine. [Colloq.] — Iron liquor, a solution of an iron salt, used as a mordant by dyers. — Iron man (Cotton Manuf.), a name for the self-acting spinning mule. — Iron mold or mould, a yellow spot on cloth stained by rusty iron. — Iron ore (Min.), any native compound of iron from which the metal may be profitably extracted. The principal ores are magnetite, hematite, siderite, limonite, Göthite, turgite, and the bog and clay iron ores. — Iron pyrites (Min.), common pyrites, or pyrite. See Pyrites. — Iron sand, an iron ore in grains, usually the magnetic iron ore, formerly used to sand paper after writing. — Iron scale, the thin film which forms on the surface of wrought iron in the process of forging. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide of iron, Fe3O4. — Iron works, a furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling mill, or foundry, where it is made into heavy work, such as shafting, rails, cannon, merchant bar, etc.

I´ron, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ironed p. pr. & vb. n. Ironing.] 1. To smooth with an instrument of iron; especially, to smooth, as cloth, with a heated flatiron; — sometimes used with out. 2. To shackle with irons; to fetter or handcuff. ´Ironed like a malefactor.´ Sir W. Scott. 3. To furnish or arm with iron; as to iron a wagon.

I´ron•bark• tree (Bot.) The Australian Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, used largely by carpenters and shipbuilders; — called also ironwood.

I´ron•bound , a. 1. Bound as with iron; rugged; as an ironbound coast. 2. Rigid; unyielding; as ironbound traditions.

I´ron-cased , a. Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad.

I´ron•clad , a. 1. Clad in iron; protected or covered with iron, as a vessel for naval warfare. 2. Rigorous; severe; exacting; as an ironclad oath or pledge. [Colloq.]

I´ron•clad, n. A naval vessel having the parts above water covered and protected by iron or steel usually in large plates closely joined and made sufficiently thick and strong to resist heavy shot.

I´ron•er , n. One who, or that which, irons.

I´ron-fist•ed , a. Closefisted; stingy; mean.

I´ron-gray , a. Of a gray color, somewhat resembling that of iron freshly broken. — n. An iron-gray color; also a horse of this color.

I´ron•heads , n. (Bot.) A European composite herb (Centaurea nigra); — so called from the resemblance of its knobbed head to an iron ball fixed on a long handle. Dr. Prior.

I´ron-heart•ed , a. Hard- hearted; unfeeling; cruel; as an iron-hearted master. Cowper.

I•ron´ic , a. Ironical. Sir T. Herbert.

I•ron´ic•al , a. [LL. ironicus, Gr. dissembling: cf. F. ironique. See Irony.] 1. Pertaining to irony; containing, expressing, or characterized by, irony; as an ironical remark. 2. Addicted to the use of irony; given to irony. — I•ron´ic•al•ly, adv. — I•ron´ic•al•ness, n.

I´ron•ing , n. 1. The act or process of smoothing, as clothes, with hot flatirons. 2. The clothes ironed. Ironing board, a flat board, upon which clothes are laid while being ironed.

I´ron•ish, a. Resembling iron, as in taste. Wood.

I´ron•ist , n. One who uses irony.

I´ron•mas•ter , n. A manufacturer of iron, or large dealer therein. Bp. Hurd.

I´ron•mon•ger , n. A dealer in iron or hardware.

I´ron•mon•ger•y , n. Hardware; a general name for all articles made of iron. Gwilt.

I´ron-sick , a. (Naut.) Having the ironwork loose or corroded; — said of a ship when her bolts and nails are so eaten with rust that she has become leaky.

I´ron-sid•ed , a. Having iron sides, or very firm sides.

I´ron•sides´ , n. A cuirassier or cuirassiers; also hardy veteran soldiers; — applied specifically to Cromwell’s cavalry.

I´ron•smith , n. 1. A worker in iron; one who makes and repairs utensils of iron; a blacksmith. 2. (Zoöl.) An East Indian barbet (Megalaima faber), inhabiting the Island of Hainan. The name alludes to its note, which resembles the sounds made by a smith.

I´ron•stone , n. A hard, earthy ore of iron. Clay ironstone. See under Clay. — Ironstone china, a hard white pottery, first made in England during the 18th century.

I´ron•ware , n. Articles made of iron, as household utensils, tools, and the like.

I´ron•weed , n. (Bot.) A tall weed with purplish flowers (Vernonia Noveboracensis). The name is also applied to other plants of the same genus.

I´ron•wood , n. (Bot.) A tree unusually hard, strong, or heavy wood. In the United States, the hornbeam and the hop hornbeam are so called; also the Olneya Tesota, a small tree of Arizona; in the West Indies, the Erythroxylon areolatum, and several other unrelated trees; in China, the Metrosideros vera; in India, the Mesua ferrea, and two species of Inga; in Australia, the Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, and in many countries, species of Sideroxylon and Diospyros, and many other trees.

I´ron•work , n. Anything made of iron; — a general name of such parts or pieces of a building, vessel, carriage, etc., as consist of iron.

I´ron works. See under Iron, a.

I´ron•wort , n. (Bot.) An herb of the Mint family (Sideritis), supposed to heal sword cuts; also a species of Galeopsis.

I´ron•y , a. [From Iron.] 1. Made or consisting of iron; partaking of iron; iron; as irony chains; irony particles. [R.] Woodward. 2. Resembling iron in taste, hardness, or other physical property.

I´ron•y , n. [L. ironia, Gr. dissimulation, fr. a dissembler in speech, fr. to speak; perh. akin to E. word: cf. F. ironie.] 1. Dissimulation; ignorance feigned for the purpose of confounding or provoking an antagonist. 2. A sort of humor, ridicule, or light sarcasm, which adopts a mode of speech the meaning of which is contrary to the literal sense of the words.

Ir•o•quois´ , n. sing. & pl. [F.] (Ethnol.) A powerful and warlike confederacy of Indian tribes, formerly inhabiting Central New York and constituting most of the Five Nations. also any Indian of the Iroquois tribes.

I´rous , a. [OF. iros, from ire. See Ire.] Irascible; passionate. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Irp , Irpe } (erp), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A fantastic grimace or contortion of the body. [Obs.] “Smirks and irps and all affected humors.” B. Jonson.

Irp (erp), a. Making irps. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Ir•ra´di•ance (ir•ra´di•ans), Ir•ra´di•an•cy (- an•sy), } n. [From Irradiant.] 1. The act of irradiating; emission of rays of light. 2. That which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor; irradiation; brilliancy. Milton.

Ir•ra´di•ant , a. [L. irradians, -antis, p. pr. See Irradiate.] Irradiating or illuminating; as the irradiant moon. Boyse.

Ir•ra´di•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irradiated p. pr. & vb. n. Irradiating ] [L. irradiatus, p. p. of irradiate. See In- in, and Radiate.] 1. To throw rays of light upon; to illuminate; to brighten; to adorn with luster. “Thy smile irradiates yon blue fields.” Sir W. Jones. 2. To enlighten intellectually; to illuminate; as to irradiate the mind. Bp. Bull. 3. To animate by heat or light. Sir M. Hale. 4. To radiate, shed, or diffuse. “A splendid façade, … irradiating hospitality.” H. James.

Ir•ra´di•ate, v. i. To emit rays; to shine.

Ir•ra´di•ate , a. [L. irradiatus, p. p.] Illuminated; irradiated. Mason.

Ir•ra•di•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. irradiation.] 1. Act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated. 2. Illumination; irradiance; brilliancy. Sir W. Scott. 3. Fig.: Mental light or illumination. Sir M. Hale. 4. (Opt.) The apparent enlargement of a bright object seen upon a dark ground, due to the fact that the portions of the retina around the image are stimulated by the intense light; as when a dark spot on a white ground appears smaller, or a white spot on a dark ground larger, than it really is, esp. when a little out of focus.

Ir•rad´i•cate , v. t. To root deeply. [R.]

Ir•ra´tion•al , a. [L. irrationalis: cf. F. irrationnel. See In- not, and Rational.] 1. Not rational; void of reason or understanding; as brutes are irrational animals. 2. Not according to reason; absurd; foolish. “It seemed utterly irrational any longer to maintain it.” I. Taylor. 3. (Math.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction; surd; — said especially of roots. See Surd. Syn. — Absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable; senseless. See Absurd.

Ir•ra•tion•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrational. ´Brutish irrationaliity.´ South.

Ir•ra´tion•al•ly , adv. In an irrational manner. Boyle.

Ir•ra´tion•al•ness, n. Irrationality.

Ir•re•but´ta•ble , a. Incapable of being rebutted. Coleridge.

Ir•re•cep´tive , a. Not receiving; incapable of receiving.

Ir•re•claim´a•ble , a. Incapable of being reclaimed. Addison. — Ir•re•claim´a•bly, ad.

Ir•rec•og•ni´tion , n. [Pref. in- not + recognition.] A failure to recognize; absence of recognition. Lamb.

Ir•rec´og•ni•za•ble ( 277), a. Not recognizable. Carlyle.

Ir•rec•on•ci•la•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irreconcilable; irreconcilableness.

Ir•rec´on•ci•la•ble ( 277), a. [Pref. ir- not + reconcilable: cf. F. irreconciliable.] Not reconcilable; implacable; incompatible; inconsistent; disagreeing; as irreconcilable enemies, statements. — Ir•rec´on•ci•la•ble•ness, n. — Ir•rec´on•ci•la•bly, adv.

Ir•rec´on•cile , v. t. To prevent from being reconciled; to alienate or disaffect. [Obs.]

Ir•rec´on•cile•ment , n. The state or quality of being unreconciled; disagreement.

Ir•rec•on•cil•i•a´tion , n. Want of reconciliation; disagreement.

Ir•re•cord´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir— not + record: cf. L. irrecordabilis not to be remembered.] Not fit or possible to be recorded.

Ir•re•cov´er•a•ble , a. Not capable of being recovered, regained, or remedied; irreparable; as an irrecoverable loss, debt, or injury. “That which is past is gone and irrecoverable.” Bacon. Syn. — Irreparable; irretrievable; irremediable; unalterable; incurable; hopeless. — Ir•re•cov´er•a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•cov´er•a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•cu´per•a•ble , a. [L. irrecuperabilis: cf. OF. irrecuperable. See In- not, and Recuperate.] Irrecoverable. — Ir•re•cu´per•a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•cured´ , a. Incurable. [Obs.]

Ir•re•cu´sa•ble , a. [L. irrecusabilis; pref. ir— not + recusabilis that should be rejected, fr. recusare to reject: cf. F. irrecusable.] Not liable to exception or rejection. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ir•re•deem•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being irredeemable; irredeemableness.

Ir•re•deem´a•ble , a. Not redeemable; that can not be redeemed; not payable in gold or silver, as a bond; — used especially of such government notes, issued as currency, as are not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder. — Ir•re•deem´a•ble•ness, adv.

Ir•re•du•ci•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being irreducible.

Ir•re•du´ci•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being reduced, or brought into a different state; incapable of restoration to its proper or normal condition; as an irreducible hernia. 2. (Math.) Incapable of being reduced to a simpler form of expression; as an irreducible formula. Irreducible case (Alg.), a particular case in the solution of a cubic equation, in which the formula commonly employed contains an imaginary quantity, and therefore fails in its application. — Ir•re•du´ci•ble•ness, n. — — Ir•re•du´ci•bly, adv.

Ir•re•flec´tion , n. Want of reflection.

Ir•re•flect´ive , a. Not reflective. De Quincey.

Ir•re•form´a•ble , a. Incapable of being reformed; incorrigible. Joseph Cook.

Ir•ref•ra•ga•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrefragable; incapability of being refuted.

Ir•ref´ra•ga•ble (ir•ref´ra•ga•b’l), a. [F. irrefragable, L. irrefragabilis. See Refragable.] Not refragable; not to be gainsaid or denied; not to be refuted or overthrown; unanswerable; incontestable; undeniable; as an irrefragable argument; irrefragable evidence. — Ir•ref´ra•ga•ble•ness, n. — Ir•ref´ra•ga•bly, adv. Syn. — Incontrovertible; unanswerable; indisputable; unquestionable; incontestable; indubitable; undeniable; irrefutable.

Ir•re•fran•gi•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrefrangible; irrefrangibleness.

Ir•re•fran´gi•ble , a. Not refrangible; that can not be refracted in passing from one medium to another. — Ir•re•fran´gi•ble•ness, n.

Ir•re•fut´a•ble ( 277), a. [L. irrefutabilis: cf. F. irrefutable. See Refute.] Incapable of being refuted or disproved; indisputable. — Ir•re•fut´a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•fut´a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•gen´er•a•cy , n. Unregeneracy.

Ir•re•gen•er•a´tion , n. An unregenerate state. [Obs.]

Ir•reg´u•lar , a. [Pref. ir- not + regular: cf. F. irregulier.] Not regular; not conforming to a law, method, or usage recognized as the general rule; not according to common form; not conformable to nature, to the rules of moral rectitude, or to established principles; not normal; unnatural; immethodical; unsymmetrical; erratic; no straight; not uniform; as an irregular line; an irregular figure; an irregular verse; an irregular physician; an irregular proceeding; irregular motion; irregular conduct, etc. Cf. Regular. “Mazes intricate,
Eccentric, intervolved, yet regular
Then most when most irregular they seem.” Milton. “Leading the men of Herefordshire to fight
Against the irregular and wild Glendower.” Shak. “A flowery meadow through which a clear stream murmured in many irregular meanders.” Jones. Syn. — Immethodical; unsystematic; abnormal; unnatural; anomalous; erratic; devious; crooked; eccentric; unsettled; uneven; variable; changeable; mutable; desultory; disorderly; wild; immoderate; intemperate; inordinate; vicious.

Ir•reg´u•lar, n. One who is not regular; especially, a soldier not in regular service.

Ir•reg´u•lar•ist, n. One who is irregular. Baxter.

Ir•reg•u•lar´i•ty , n.; pl. Irregularities (#). [Cf. F. irregularite.] The state or quality of being irregular; that which is irregular.

Ir•reg´u•lar•ly, adv. In an irregular manner.

Ir•reg´u•late , v. t. To make irregular; to disorder. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ir•reg´u•lous , a. Lawless. [Obs.] Shak.

Ir•re•ject´a•ble , a. That can not be rejected; irresistible. Boyle.

Ir•re•laps´a•ble , a. Not liable to relapse; secure. Dr. H. More.

Ir•re•late , a. Irrelative; unconnected.

Ir•re•la´tion , n. The quality or state of being irrelative; want of connection or relation.

Ir•rel´a•tive , a. Not relative; without mutual relations; unconnected. — Ir•rel´a•tive•ly, adv. Irrelative chords (Mus.), those having no common tone. — Irrelative repetition (Biol.), the multiplication of parts that serve for a common purpose, but have no mutual dependence or connection. Owen.

Ir•rel´a•vance , n. Irrelevancy.

Ir•rel´a•van•cy , n. The quality or state of being irrelevant; as the irrelevancy of an argument.

Ir•rel´a•vant , a. Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent; not bearing upon or serving to support; foreign; extraneous; as testimony or arguments irrelevant to a case. — Ir•rel´a•vant•ly, adv.

Ir•re•liev´a•ble , a. Not admitting relief; incurable; hopeless.

Ir•re•li´gion , n. [L. irreligio: cf. F. irreligion. See In- not, and Religion.] The state of being irreligious; want of religion; impiety.

Ir•re•li´gion•ist, n. One who is irreligious.

Ir•re•li´gious , a. [L. irreligiosus: cf. F. irreligieux.] 1. Destitute of religion; not controlled by religious motives or principles; ungodly. Cf. Impious. “Shame and reproach are generally the portion of the impious and irreligious.” South. 2. Indicating a want of religion; profane; wicked; as irreligious speech.

Ir•re•li´gious•ly, adv. In an irreligious manner.

Ir•re•li´gious•ness, n. The state or quality of being irreligious; ungodliness.

Ir•re´me•a•ble , a. [L. irremeabilis; pref. ir- not + remeabilis returning, fr. remeare: cf. F. irremeable. See Remeant.] Admitting no return; as an irremeable way. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ir•re•me´di•a•ble , a. [L. irremediabilis: cf. F. irremediable. See In- not, and Remediable.] Not to be remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable; as an irremediable disease or evil.

Ir•re•me´di•a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irremediable.

Ir•re•me´di•a•bly, adv. In a manner, or to a degree, that precludes remedy, cure, or correction.

Ir•re•mis´si•ble , a. [L. irremissibilis: cf. F. irremissible. See In- not, and Remissible.] Not remissible; unpardonable; as irremissible crimes. Burke. — Ir•re•mis´si•ble, n. — Ir•re•mis´si•bly, adv.

Ir•re•mis´sion , n. Refusal of pardon.

Ir•re•mis´sive , a. Not remitting; unforgiving.

Ir•re•mit´ta•ble , a. Not capable of being remitted; irremissible. Holinshed.

Ir•re•mov•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irremovable; immovableness.

Ir•re•mov´a•ble , a. Not removable; immovable; inflexible. Shak. — Ir•re•mov´a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•mov´al , n. Absence of removal.

Ir•re•mu´ner•a•ble , a. [L. irremunerabilis: cf. F. irremunerable. See Remunerate.] Not remunerable; not capable of remuneration.

Ir•re•nowned´ , a. Not renowned. [Obs.]

Ir•rep•a•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irreparabilite.] The quality or state of being irreparable; irreparableness. Sterne.

Ir•rep´a•ra•ble , a. [L. irreparabilis: cf. F. irreparable. See In- not, and Reparable.] Not reparable; not capable of being repaired, recovered, regained, or remedied; irretrievable; irremediable; as an irreparable breach; an irreparable loss. Shak.

Ir•rep´a•ra•ble•ness, n. Quality of being irreparable.

Ir•rep´a•ra•bly, adv. In an irreparable manner.

Ir•re•peal•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being irrepealable.

Ir•re•peal´a•ble , a. Not repealable; not capable of being repealed or revoked, as a law. — Ir•re•peal´a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•peal´a•bly, adv.

Ir•re•pent´ance , n. Want of repentance; impenitence. Bp. Montagu. { Ir•re•plev´i•a•ble , Ir•re•plev´i•sa•ble } a. (Law) Not capable of being replevied.

Ir•rep•re•hen´si•ble , a. [L. irreprehensibilis: cf. F. irreprehensible. See Reprehensible.] Not reprehensible; blameless; innocent. — Ir•rep•re•hen´si•ble•ness, n. — Ir•rep•re•hen´si•bly, adv.

Ir•rep•re•sent´a•ble , a. Not capable of being represented or portrayed.

Ir•re•press´i•ble , a. Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or controlled; as irrepressible joy; an irrepressible conflict. W. H. Steward.

Ir•re•press´i•bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree that can not be repressed.

Ir•re•proach´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + reproachable: cf. F. irreprochable.] Not reproachable; above reproach; not deserving reproach; blameless. “He [Berkely] erred, — and who is free from error? — but his intentions were irreproachable.” Beattie.

Ir•re•proach´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being irreproachable; integrity; innocence.

Ir•re•proach´a•bly, adv. In an irreproachable manner; blamelessly.

Ir•re•prov´a•ble , a. Incapable of being justly reproved; irreproachable; blameless; upright. - - Ir•re•prov´a•ble•ness, n. — Ir•re•prov´a•bly, adv.

Ir•rep•ti´tious , a. [L. irrepere, irreptum, to creep in; pref. ir- in + repere to creep.] Surreptitious; spurious. [Obs.] Dr. Castell (1673).

Ir•rep´u•ta•ble , a. Disreputable. [Obs.]

Ir•re•sil´i•ent , a. Not resilient; not recoiling or rebounding; inelastic.

Ir•re•sist´ance , n. Nonresistance; passive submission.

Ir•re•sist•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irresistibilite.] The quality or state of being irresistible, irresistibleness.

Ir•re•sist´i•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + resistible: cf. F. irresistible.] That can not be successfully resisted or opposed; superior to opposition; resistless; overpowering; as an irresistible attraction. “An irresistible law of our nature impels us to seek happiness.” J. M. Mason.

Ir•re•sist´i•ble•ness, n. Quality of being irresistible.

Ir•re•sist´i•bly, adv. In an irresistible manner.

Ir•re•sist´less, a. Irresistible. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Ir•res´o•lu•ble , a. [L. irresolubilis: cf. F. irresoluble. See Resoluble, and cf. Irresolvable.] 1. Incapable of being dissolved or resolved into parts; insoluble. Boyle. 2. Incapable of being relieved or assisted. [Obs.] “The second is in the irresoluble condition of our souls after a known sin committed.” Bp. Hall.

Ir•res´o•lu•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irresoluble; insolubility.

Ir•res´o•lute , a. [Pref. ir- not + resolute: cf. F. irresolu, L. irresolutus not loosened.] Not resolute; not decided or determined; wavering; given to doubt or irresolution. “Weak and irresolute is man.” Cowper. Syn. — Wavering; vacillating; undetermined; undecided; unsettled; fickle; changeable; inconstant. — Ir•res´o•lute•ly, adv. — Ir•res´o•lute•ness, n.

Ir•res•o•lu´tion , n. [Cf. F. irresolution.] Want of resolution; want of decision in purpose; a fluctuation of mind, as in doubt, or between hope and fear; irresoluteness; indecision; vacillation. “Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer themselves to our choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the greatest causes of all unhappiness.” Addison.

Ir•re•solv•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being irresolvable; irresolvableness.

Ir•re•solv´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + resolvable. Cf. Irresoluble.] Incapable of being resolved; not separable into component parts. Irresolvable nebulae (Astron.), nebulae of a cloudlike appearance, which have not yet been resolved by the telescope into stars. Sir W. Herschel.

Ir•re•solv´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being irresolvable; irresolvability.

Ir•re•solv´ed•ly, adv. Without settled determination; in a hesitating manner; doubtfully. [R.]

Ir•re•spec´tive (-spek´tiv), a. 1. Without regard for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; independent; impartial; as an irrespective judgment. “According to this doctrine, it must be resolved wholly into the absolute, irrespective will of God.” Rogers. 2. Disrespectful. [Obs.] Sir C. Cornwallis. Irrespective of, regardless of; without regard to; as irrespective of differences.

Ir•re•spec´tive•ly (ir•re•spek´tiv•ly), adv. Without regard to conditions; not taking circumstances into consideration. “Prosperity, considered absolutely and irrespectively, is better and more desirable than adversity.” South.

Ir•res´pi•ra•ble , a. [L. irrespirabilis: cf. F. irrespirable. See Respirable.] Unfit for respiration; not having the qualities necessary to support animal life; as irrespirable air.

Ir•re•spon•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irresponsabilite.] Want of, or freedom from, responsibility or accountability.

Ir•re•spon´si•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + responsible: cf. F. irresponsable.] 1. Nor responsible; not liable or able to answer for consequences; innocent. 2. Not to be trusted; unreliable.

Ir•re•spon´si•bly, adv. So as not to be responsible.

Ir•re•spon´sive , a. Not responsive; not able, ready, or inclined to respond.

Ir•re•sus´ci•ta•ble , a. Incapable of being resuscitated or revived. — Ir•re•sus´ci•ta•bly, adv.

Ir•re•ten´tion , n. Want of retaining power; forgetfulness. De Quincey.

Ir•re•ten´tive , a. Not retentive; as an irretentive memory.

Ir•re•trace´a•ble , a. Incapable of being retraced; not retraceable.

Ir•re•tract´ile , a. 1. Not retractile. 2. Not tractile or ductile. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

Ir•re•triev´a•ble , a. Not retrievable; irrecoverable; irreparable; as an irretrievable loss. Syn. — Irremediable; incurable; irrecoverable.

Ir•re•triev´a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being irretrievable.

Ir•re•triev´a•bly, adv. In an irretrievable manner.

Ir•re•turn´a•ble , a. Not to be returned.

Ir•re•veal´a•ble , a. Incapable of being revealed. — Ir•re•veal´a•bly, adv.

Ir•rev´er•ence , n. [L. irreverentia: cf. F. irreverence.] The state or quality of being irreverent; want of proper reverence; disregard of the authority and character of a superior.

Ir•rev´er•end , a. Irreverent. [Obs.] “Immodest speech, or irreverend gesture.” Strype.

Ir•rev´er•ent , a. [L. irreverens, -entis: cf. F. irreverent. See In- not, and Reverent.] Not reverent; showing a want of reverence; expressive of a want of veneration; as an irreverent babbler; an irreverent jest.

Ir•rev´er•ent•ly, adv. In an irreverent manner.

Ir•re•vers•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being irreversible; irreversibleness.

Ir•re•vers´i•ble , a. 1. Incapable of being reversed or turned about or back; incapable of being made to run backward; as an irreversible engine. 2. Incapable of being reversed, recalled, repealed, or annulled; as an irreversible sentence or decree. “This rejection of the Jews, as it is not universal, so neither is it final and irreversible.” Jortin. Syn. — Irrevocable; irrepealable; unchangeable.

Ir•re•vers´i•ble•ness , n. The state or quality of being irreversible.

Ir•re•vers´i•bly, adv. In an irreversible manner.

Ir•rev•o•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. irrevocabilite.] The state or quality of being irrevocable; irrevocableness.

Ir•rev´o•ca•ble , a. [L. irrevocabilis: cf. F. irrevocable. See In- not, and Revoke, and cf. Irrevocable.] Incapable of being recalled or revoked; unchangeable; irreversible; unalterable; as an irrevocable promise or decree; irrevocable fate. “Firm and irrevocable is my doom.” Shak. — Ir•rev´o•ca•ble•ness, n. — Ir•rev´o•ca•bly, adv.

Ir•re•vok´a•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + revoke.] Irrevocable. [R.]

Ir•rev´o•lu•ble , a. That has no finite period of revolution; not revolving. [R.] “The dateless and irrevoluble circle of eternity.” Milton.

Ir•rhe•tor´ic•al , a. Not rhetorical.

Ir´ri•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrigated p. pr. & vb. n. Irrigating ] [L. irrigatus, p. p. of irrigare to irrigate: ir- in + rigare to water; prob. akin to E. rain. See Rain.] 1. To water; to wet; to moisten with running or dropping water; to bedew. 2. (Agric.) To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow upon, over, or through it, as in artificial channels.

Ir•ri•ga´tion , n. [L. irrigatio: cf. F. irrigation.] The act or process of irrigating, or the state of being irrigated; especially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants.

Ir•rig´u•ous , a. [L. irriguus. See Irrigate.] 1. Watered; watery; moist; dewy. [Obs.] “The flowery lap
Of some irriguous valley spreads her store.” Milton. 2. Gently penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Ir•ris´i•ble , a. [Pref. ir- not + risible. See Irrision.] Not risible. [R.]

Ir•ri´sion , n. [L. irrisio, fr. irridere, irrisum, to laugh at; pref. ir- in + ridere to laugh: cf. F. irrision.] The act of laughing at another; derision. “This being spoken scepticè, or by way of irrision.” Chapman.

Ir•ri•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. irritabilitas: cf. F. irritabilite.] 1. The state or quality of being irritable; quick excitability; petulance; fretfulness; as irritability of temper. 2. (Physiol.) A natural susceptibility, characteristic of all living organisms, tissues, and cells, to the influence of certain stimuli, response being manifested in a variety of ways, — as that quality in plants by which they exhibit motion under suitable stimulation; esp., the property which living muscle possesses, of responding either to a direct stimulus of its substance, or to the stimulating influence of its nerve fibers, the response being indicated by a change of form, or contraction; contractility. 3. (Med.) A condition of morbid excitability of an organ or part of the body; undue susceptibility to the influence of stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3.

Ir´ri•ta•ble , a. [L. irritabilis: cf. F. irritable. See Irritate.] 1. Capable of being irritated. 2. Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily inflamed or exasperated; as an irritable temper. “Vicious, old, and irritable.” Tennyson. 3. (Physiol.) Endowed with irritability; susceptible of irritation; capable of being excited to action by the application of certain stimuli. 4. (Med.) Susceptible of irritation; unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3. Syn. — Excitable; irascible; touchy; fretful; peevish.

Ir´ri•ta•ble•ness, n. Irritability.

Ir´ri•ta•bly, adv. In an irritable manner.

Ir´ri•tan•cy , n. [From 1st Irritant.] (Scots Law) The state or quality of being null and void; invalidity; forfeiture. Burrill.

Ir´ri•tan•cy, n. [From 2d Irritant.] The state or quality of being irritant or irritating.

Ir´ri•tant , a. [LL. irritants, -antis, p. pr. of irritare to make null, fr. L. irritus void; pref. ir- not + ratus established.] (Scots Law) Rendering null and void; conditionally invalidating. “The states elected Harry, Duke of Anjou, for their king, with this clause irritant; that, if he did violate any part of his oath, the people should owe him no allegiance.” Hayward.

Ir´ri•tant, a. [L. irritans, -antis, p. pr. of irritare: cf. F. irritant. See Irritate to excite.] Irritating; producing irritation or inflammation.

Ir´ri•tant, n. [Cf. F. irritant.] 1. That which irritates or excites. 2. (Physiol. & Med.) Any agent by which irritation is produced; as a chemical irritant; a mechanical or electrical irritant. 3. (Toxicology) A poison that produces inflammation. Counter irritant. See under Counter. — Pure irritant (Toxicology), a poison that produces inflammation without any corrosive action upon the tissues.

Ir´ri•tate , v. t. [See 1 st Irritant.] To render null and void. [R.] Abp. Bramhall.

Ir´ri•tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irritated p. pr. & vb. n. Irritating ] [L. irritatus, p. p. of irritare. Of doubtful origin.] 1. To increase the action or violence of; to heighten excitement in; to intensify; to stimulate. “Cold maketh the spirits vigorous and irritateth them.” Bacon. 2. To excite anger or displeasure in; to provoke; to tease; to exasperate; to annoy; to vex; as the insolence of a tyrant irritates his subjects. “Dismiss the man, nor irritate the god:
Prevent the rage of him who reigns above.” Pope. 3. (Physiol.) To produce irritation in; to stimulate; to cause to contract. See Irritation, n., 2. 4. (Med.) To make morbidly excitable, or oversensitive; to fret; as the skin is irritated by friction; to irritate a wound by a coarse bandage. Syn. — To fret; inflame; excite; provoke; tease; vex; exasperate; anger; incense; enrage. — To Irritate, Provoke, Exasperate. These words express different stages of excited or angry feeling. Irritate denotes an excitement of quick and slightly angry feeling which is only momentary; as irritated by a hasty remark. To provoke implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger; as a provoking insult. Exasperate denotes a provoking of anger at something unendurable. Whatever comes across our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger provokes; whatever raises anger to a high point exasperates. ´Susceptible and nervous people are most easily irritated; proud people are quickly provoked; hot and fiery people are soonest exasperated.´ Crabb.

Ir´ri•tate , a. Excited; heightened. [Obs.]

Ir•ri•ta´tion , n. [L. irritatio: cf. F. irritation.] 1. The act of irritating, or exciting, or the state of being irritated; excitement; stimulation, usually of an undue and uncomfortable kind; especially, excitement of anger or passion; provocation; annoyance; anger. “The whole body of the arts and sciences composes one vast machinery for the irritation and development of the human intellect.” De Quincey. 2. (Physiol.) The act of exciting, or the condition of being excited to action, by stimulation; — as the condition of an organ of sense, when its nerve is affected by some external body; esp., the act of exciting muscle fibers to contraction, by artificial stimulation; as the irritation of a motor nerve by electricity; also the condition of a muscle and nerve, under such stimulation. 3. (Med.) A condition of morbid excitability or oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the body; a state in which the application of ordinary stimuli produces pain or excessive or vitiated action.

Ir´ri•ta•tive , a. 1. Serving to excite or irritate; irritating; as an irritative agent. 2. Accompanied with, or produced by, increased action or irritation; as an irritative fever. E. Darwin.

Ir´ri•ta•to•ry , a. Exciting; producing irritation; irritating. [R.] Hales.

Ir´ro•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrorated p. pr. & vb. n. Irrorating.] [L. irroratus, p. p. of irrorare to bedew; pref. ir- in + ros, roris, dew.] To sprinkle or moisten with dew; to bedew. [Obs.]

Ir´ro•rate , a. (Zoöl.) Covered with minute grains, appearing like fine sand.

Ir•ro•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. irroration.] The act of bedewing; the state of being moistened with dew. [Obs.] Chambers.

Ir•ro•ta´tion•al , a. (Physics) Not rotatory; passing from one point to another by a movement other than rotation; — said of the movement of parts of a liquid or yielding mass. Sir W. Thomson.

Ir•ru´bric•al , a. Contrary to the rubric; not rubrical.

Ir´ru•gate , v. t. [L. irrugatus, p. p. of irrugare to wrinkle.] To wrinkle. [Obs.]

Ir•rupt´ed , a. [L. irruptus, p. p. of irrumpere to break in; pref. ir- in + rumpere to break or burst. See Rupture.] Broken with violence.

Ir•rup´tion , n. [L. irruptio: cf. F. irruption. See Irrupted.] 1. A bursting in; a sudden, violent rushing into a place; as irruptions of the sea. “Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption
Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep.” Milton. 2. A sudden and violent inroad, or entrance of invaders; as the irruptions of the Goths into Italy. Addison. Syn. — Invasion; incursion; inroad. See Invasion.

Ir•rup´tive , a. Rushing in or upon.

Ir´ving•ite , n. (Eccl.) The common designation of one a sect founded by the Rev. Edward Irving (about 1830), who call themselves the Catholic Apostolic Church. They are highly ritualistic in worship, have an elaborate hierarchy of apostles, prophets, etc., and look for the speedy coming of Christ.

Is- See Iso-.

Is , v. i. [AS. is; akin to G. & Goth. ist, L. est, Gr. , Skr. asti. rad.9. Cf. Am, Entity, Essence, Absent.] The third person singular of the substantive verb be, in the indicative mood, present tense; as he is; he is a man. See Be. In some varieties of the Northern dialect of Old English, is was used for all persons of the singular. “For thy is I come, and eke Alain.” Chaucer. “Aye is thou merry.” Chaucer. The idiom of using the present for future events sure to happen is a relic of Old English in which the present and future had the same form; as this year Christmas is on Friday. “To-morrow is the new moon.” 1 Sam. xx. 5. {Is´a•bel , n., Is´a•bel col´or } [F. isabelle.] See Isabella. { Is•a•bel´la , n., Is•a•bel´lacol´or }. [Said to be named from the Spanish princess Isabella, daughter of king Philip II., in allusion to the color assumed by her shift, which she wore without change from 1601 to 1604, in consequence of a vow made by her.] A brownish yellow color.

Is•a•bel´la grape (Bot.) A favorite sweet American grape of a purple color. See Fox grape, under Fox.

Is•a•bel´la moth ( 115). (Zoöl.) A common American moth (Pyrrharctia isabella), of an isabella color. The larva, called woolly bear and hedgehog caterpillar, is densely covered with hairs, which are black at each end of the body, and red in the middle part.

Is•a•bel´line , a. Of an isabel or isabella color.

Is•ag´e•lous (is•ag´e•lus), a. [Is- + Gr. a•gelos information.] Containing the same information; as isagelous sentences. ´The coded message and the original, though appearing entirely unlike, are completely isagelous.´ Bacon ´The complementary strands have isagelous sequences.´ J. D. Watson. — Is´a•gel n. One of two or more objects containing the same information.

I´sa•goge , n. [L., fr. Fr. , fr. to introduce; into + to lead.] An introduction. [Obs.] Harris. { I´sa•gog´ic , I´sa•gog´ic•al } a. [L. isagogicus, Gr. .] Introductory; especially, introductory to the study of theology.

I´sa•gog´ics , n. (Theol.) That part of theological science directly preliminary to actual exegesis, or interpretation of the Scriptures.

I´sa•gon (i´sa•gon), n. [Gr. ’i•sos equal + gwni•a angle: cf. F. isagone, a.] (Math.) A figure or polygon whose angles are equal.

Is•ap•os•tol´ic , a. [Gr. .] Having equal, or almost equal, authority with the apostles of their teachings. { I•sat´ic , I•sa•tin´ic } a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, isatin; as isatic acid, which is also called trioxindol.

I´sa•tide , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by the partial reduction of isatin. [Written also isatyde.]

I´sa•tin , n. [See Isatis.] (Chem.) An orange-red crystalline substance, C8H5NO2, obtained by the oxidation of indigo blue. It is also produced from certain derivatives of benzoic acid, and is one important source of artificial indigo. [Written also less properly, isatine.]

I´sa•tis ( 277), n. [L., a kind of plant, Gr. woad.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs, some species of which, especially the Isatis tinctoria, yield a blue dye similar to indigo; woad.

I•sat´o•gen , n. [Isatin + -gen.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous radical, C8H4NO2, regarded as the essential residue of a series of compounds, related to isatin, which easily pass by reduction to indigo blue. — I•sat•o•gen´ic (#), a.

I•sa•trop´ic , a. [Is- + atropine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from atropine, and isomeric with cinnamic acid.

Is´chi•ac (is´ki•ak), a. (Anat.) See Ischial.

Is•chi•ad´ic (is•ki•ad´ik), a. [L. ischiadicus, Gr. ’ischiadoko•s, fr. ’ischi•on the hip joint, hip or loin. Cf. Sciatic.] (Anat.) Ischial. [R.] Ischiadic passion or disease (Med.), a rheumatic or neuralgic affection of some part about the hip joint; — called also sciatica.

Is´chi•al (is´ki•al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ischium or hip; ischiac; ischiadic; ischiatic. Ischial callosity (Zoöl.), one of the patches of thickened, hairless, and often bright-colored skin, on the buttocks of many apes, as the drill.

Is•chi•at´ic (is•ki•ad´ik), a. (Anat.) Same as Ischial.

Is•chi•o•cap´su•lar ( 135) a. [Ischium + capsular.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ischium and the capsule of the hip joint; as the ischiocapsular ligament.

Is•chi•o•ce´rite , n. [Gr. ’ischi•on the hip + ke•ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) The third joint or the antennae of the Crustacea. { Is´chi•on , Is´chi•um } n. [L., Gr. ’ischi•on.] 1. (Anat.) The ventral and posterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; seat bone; the huckle bone. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the pleurae of insects.

Is•chi•op´o•dite , n. [Gr. ’ischi•on the hip joint + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) The third joint of the typical appendages of Crustacea.

Is•chi•o•rec´tal , a. [Ischium + rectal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the region between the rectum and ishial tuberosity.

Is•chu•ret´ic , a. Having the quality of relieving ischury. — n. An ischuretic medicine.

Is´chu•ry , n. [L. ischuria, Gr. ; to hold, check + urine: cf. F. ischurie.] (Med.) A retention or suppression of urine.

-ise See -ize.

I•sen•trop´ic , a. [Is- + entropy + -ic.] (Physics) Having equal entropy. Isentropic lines, lines which pass through points having equal entropy.

I•seth•i•on´ic , a. [Is- + ethionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid, HO.C2H4.SO3H, obtained as an oily or crystalline substance, by the action of sulphur trioxide on alcohol or ether. It is derivative of sulphuric acid.

-ish [AS. -isc; akin to G. -isch, OHG. -isc, Goth. & Dan. -isk, Gr. . Cf. -esque.] A suffix used to from adjectives from nouns and from adjectives. It denotes relation, resemblance, similarity, and sometimes has a diminutive force; as selfish, boyish, brutish; whitish, somewhat white.

-ish. [OE. -issen, fr. F. -is, -iss- (found in the present particle, etc., of certain verbs, as finir to finish, fleurir to flourish), corresponding to L. -escere, an inchoative ending.] A verb ending, originally appearing in certain verbs of French origin; as abolish, cherish, finish, furnish, garnish, impoverish.

Ish´ma•el•ite , n. 1. A descendant of Ishmael (the son of Abraham and Hagar), of whom it was said, ´His hand will be against every man, and every man’s hand against him.´ Gen. xvi. 12. 2. One at enmity with society; a wanderer; a vagabond; an outcast. Thackeray. 3. See Ismaelian.

Ish´ma•el•i•tish , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an Ishmaelite or the Ishmaelites.

I´si•ac , a. [L. Isiacus, Gr. , fr. .] Pertaining to the goddess Isis; as Isiac mysteries.

I´si•cle , n. A icicle. [Obs.]

Is•i•do´ri•an , a. Pertaining, or ascribed, to Isidore; as the Isidorian decretals, a spurious collection of decretals published in the ninth century.

I´sin•glass , n. [Prob. corrupted fr. D. huizenblas (akin to G. hausenblase), lit., bladder of the huso, or large sturgeon; huizen sturgeon + blas bladder. Cf. Bladder, Blast a gust of wind.] 1. A semitransparent, whitish, and very pure form of gelatin, chiefly prepared from the sounds or air bladders of various species of sturgeons (as the Acipenser huso) found in the rivers of Western Russia. It used for making jellies, as a clarifier, etc. Cheaper forms of gelatin are not unfrequently so called. Called also fish glue. 2. (Min.) A popular name for mica, especially when in thin sheets.

I´sis , n. [L., the goddess Isis, fr. Gr. .] 1. (Myth.) The principal goddess worshiped by the Egyptians. She was regarded as the mother of Horus, and the sister and wife of Osiris. The Egyptians adored her as the goddess of fecundity, and as the great benefactress of their country, who instructed their ancestors in the art of agriculture. 2. (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Isis, or family Isidae, composed of joints of white, stony coral, alternating with flexible, horny joints. See Gorgoniacea. 3. (Astron.) One of the asteroids.

Is´lam , n. [Ar. islam obedience to the will of God, submission, humbling one’s self, resigning one’s self to the divine disposal. Cf. Moslem.] 1. The religion of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islamism. Their formula of faith is: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. The whole body of Mohammedans, or the countries which they occupy.

Is´lam•ism , n. [Cf. F. islamisme.] The faith, doctrines, or religious system of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islam.

Is´lam•ite , n. A Mohammedan.

Is•lam•it´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Islam; Mohammedan.

Is´lam•ize , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Islamized p. pr. & vb. n. Islamizing ] To conform, or cause to conform, to the religion of Islam.

Is´land , n. [OE. iland, yland, AS. igland, gland, glond; ig, g, island + land, lond, land. AS. ig, g, is akin to AS. eá water, river, OHG. uwa, G. au meadow, Icel. ey island, Dan. & Sw. ö, Goth. ahwa a stream, water, L. aqua water. The s is due to confusion with isle. Cf. Ait, Eyot, Ewer, Aquatic.] 1. A tract of land surrounded by water, and smaller than a continent. Cf. Continent. 2. Anything regarded as resembling an island; as an island of ice. 3. (Zoöl.) See Isle, n., 2. Islands of the blessed (Myth.), islands supposed to lie in the Western Ocean, where the favorites of the gods are conveyed at death, and dwell in everlasting joy.

Is´land , v. t. 1. To cause to become or to resemble an island; to make an island or islands of; to isle. Shelley. 2. To furnish with an island or with islands; as to island the deep. Southey.

Is´land•er , n. An inhabitant of an island.

Is´land•y , a. Of or pertaining to islands; full of islands. Cotgrave.

Isle , n. [Obs.] See Aisle.

Isle , n. [OF. isle, F. île, L. insula; cf. Lith. sala. Cf. Insulate.] 1. An island. [Poetic] “Imperial rule of all the seagirt isles.” Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) A spot within another of a different color, as upon the wings of some insects.

Isle, v. t. To cause to become an island, or like an island; to surround or encompass; to island. [Poetic] “Isled in sudden seas of light.” Tennyson.

Is´let , n. [OF. islette (cf. F. îlot), dim. of isle.] A little island.

-ism [F. -isme, or L. -ismus, Gr. .] A suffix indicating an act, a process, the result of an act or a process, a state; also a characteristic (as a theory, doctrine, idiom, etc.); as baptism, galvanism, organism, hypnotism, socialism, sensualism, Anglicism.

Ism, n. [See ism, above.] A doctrine or theory; especially, a wild or visionary theory. E. Everett. “The world grew light-headed, and forth came a spawn of isms which no man can number.” S. G. Goodrich. { Is•ma•e´li•an , Is´ma•el•ite } n. (Eccl.) One of a sect of Mohammedans who favored the pretensions of the family of Mohammed ben Ismael, of the house of Ali. { I´so- , Is- } [Gr. ’i•sos equal.] A prefix or combining form, indicating identity, or equality; the same numerical value; as in isopod, isomorphous, isochromatic. Specif.: (a) (Chem.) Applied to certain compounds having the same composition but different properties; as in isocyanic. (b) (Organic Chem.) Applied to compounds of certain isomeric series in whose structure one carbon atom, at least, is connected with three other carbon atoms; — contrasted with neo- and normal; as in isoparaffine; isopentane.

I´so•bar , n. [Iso- + Gr. weight.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting or marking places upon the surface of the earth where height of the barometer reduced to sea level is the same either at a given time, or for a certain period (mean height), as for a year; an isopiestic line. [Written also isobare.]

I•so•bar´ic , a. (Phys. Geog.) Denoting equal pressure; as an isobaric line; specifically, of or pertaining to isobars.

I´so•bar•ism , n. The quality or state of being equal in weight, especially in atmospheric pressure. also the theory, method, or application of isobaric science.

I•so•bar•o•met´ric , a. [Iso + barometric.] (Phys. Geog.) Indicating equal barometric pressure.

I•so•bath´y•therm , n. [Iso- + Gr. deep + heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting the points on the surface of the earth where a certain temperature is found at the same depth.

I•so•bath´y•ther´mic , a. Of or pertaining to an isobathytherm; possessing or indicating the same temperature at the same depth.

I•so•ceph´a•lism , n. [From Gr. like-headed. See Iso-, and Cephalon.] (Art) A peculiarity in the design of bas-relief by which the heads of human figures are kept at the same height from the ground, whether the personages are seated, standing, or mounted on horseback; — called also isokephaleia.

I´so•chasm , n. [Iso- + chasm.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting places on the earth’s surface at which there is the same mean frequency of auroras.

I•so•chas´mic , a. Indicating equal auroral display; as an isochasmic line.

I´so•cheim (i´so•kim), n. [Iso- + Gr. , , winter.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting places on the earth having the same mean winter temperature. Cf. Isothere. { I•so•chei´mal , I•so•chi´mal } , a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or making, isocheims; as an isocheimal line; an isocheimal chart. { I•so•chei´me•nal , I•so•chi´me•nal } a. The same as Isocheimal.

I•so•chei´mic , a. The same as Isocheimal.

I•so•chi´mene , n. The same as Isocheim.

I•so•chro•mat´ic , a. [Iso- + chromatic.] (Opt.) Having the same color; connecting parts having the same color, as lines drawn through certain points in experiments on the chromatic effects of polarized light in crystals.

I•soch´ro•nal , a. [See Isochronous.] Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal times; recurring at regular intervals; as isochronal vibrations or oscillations.

I•so•chron´ic , a. Isochronal.

I•soch´ro•nism , n. The state or quality of being isochronous.

I•soch´ro•non , n. [NL. See Isochronous.] A clock that is designed to keep very accurate time.

I•soch´ro•nous , a. [Gr. ; equal + time.] Same as Isochronal.

I•soch´ro•ous , a. [Iso- + Gr. color.] Having the same tint or color throughout; uniformly or evenly colored. { I•so•cli´nal , I•so•clin´ic } a. [Iso- + Gr. to incline.] Of or pertaining to, or indicating, equality of inclination or dip; having equal inclination or dip. Isoclinal lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth’s surface connecting places at which a dipping needle indicates the same inclination or dip.

I•so•cry´mal , a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, having the nature of, or illustrating, an isocryme; as an isocrymal line; an isocrymal chart.

I´so•cryme , n. [Iso- + Gr. cold.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on the earth’s surface having the same mean temperature in the coldest month of the year.

I•so•crym´ic , a. Isocrymal.

I•so•cy•an´ic , a. [Iso- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid. Isocyanic acid, an acid metameric with cyanic acid, and resembling it in its salts. It is obtained as a colorless, mobile, unstable liquid by the heating cyanuric acid. Called technically carbimide.

I•so•cy•a•nu´ric , a. [Iso- + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Designating, or pertaining to, an acid isomeric with cyanuric acid, and called also fulminuric acid. See under Fulminuric.

I•so•di•a•bat´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. to pass through.] (Physics) Pertaining to the reception or the giving out of equal quantities of heat by a substance. Rankine. Isodiabatic lines or curves, a pair of lines or curves exhibiting, on a diagram of energy, the law of variation of the pressure and density of a fluid, the one during the lowering, and the other during the raising, of its temperature, when the quantity of heat given out by the fluid during any given stage of the one process is equal to the quantity received during the corresponding stage of the other. Such lines are said to be isodiabatic with respect to each other. Compare Adiabatic.

I•so•di•a•met´ric , a. [Iso- + diametric.] 1. (Crystallog.) Developed alike in the directions of the several lateral axes; — said of crystals of both the tetragonal and hexagonal systems. 2. (Bot.) Having the several diameters nearly equal; — said of the cells of ordinary parenchyma.

I•so•di•mor´phic , a. [Iso- + dimorphic.] Isodimorphous.

I•so•di•mor´phism , n. Isomorphism between the two forms severally of two dimorphous substances.

I•so•di•mor´phous , a. [Iso- + dimorphous.] Having the quality of isodimorphism.

I•so•dul´cite , n. [Iso- + dulcite.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, sugarlike substance, obtained by the decomposition of certain glucosides, and intermediate in nature between the hexacid alcohols (dulcite, mannite, etc.) and the glucoses.

I•so•dy•nam´ic , a. [Iso- + dynamic.] Of, pertaining to, having, or denoting, equality of force. Isodynamic foods (Physiol.), those foods that produce a similar amount of heat. — Isodynamic lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth’s surface connecting places at which the magnetic intensity is the same.

I•so•dy´na•mous , a. [Gr. . See Isodynamic.] Of equal force or size.

I•so•ge´o•therm , n. [Iso- + Gr. gh^ the earth + qe•rmh heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line or curved surface passing beneath the earth’s surface through points having the same mean temperature. { I•so•ge•o•ther´mal , I•so•ge•o•ther´mic } a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or marking, isogeotherms; as an isogeothermal line or surface; as isogeothermal chart. — n. An isogeotherm.

I•so•gon´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. gwni•a angle.] Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles. Isogonic lines (Magnetism), lines traced on the surface of the globe, or upon a chart, connecting places at which the deviation of the magnetic needle from the meridian or true north is the same.

I•so•gon´ic, a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by isogonism.

I•sog´o•nism , n. [Iso- + Gr. offspring, generative parts.] (Zoöl.) The quality of having similar sexual zooids or gonophores and dissimilar hydrants; — said of certain hydroids.

I•so•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to isography.

I•sog´ra•phy , n. [Iso- + -graphy.] Imitation of another’s handwriting.

I•so•hy´e•tose , a. [Iso- + Gr. ´yeto•s rain.] (Phys. Geog.) Of or pertaining to lines connecting places on the earth’s surface which have a mean annual rainfall. — n. An isohyetose line.

I´so•la•ble , a. [See Isolate.] (Chem.) Capable of being isolated, or of being obtained in a pure state; as gold is isolable.

I´so•late ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Isolated p. pr. & vb. n. Isolating ] [It. isolato, p. p. of isolare to isolate, fr. isola island, L. insula. See 2d Isle, and cf. Insulate.] 1. To place in a detached situation; to place by itself or alone; to insulate; to separate from others. “Short isolated sentences were the mode in which ancient wisdom delighted to convey its precepts.” Bp. Warburton. 2. (Elec.) To insulate. See Insulate. 3. (Chem.) To separate from all foreign substances; to make pure; to obtain in a free state.

I´so•la•ted , a. Placed or standing alone; detached; separated from others. Isolated point of a curve. (Geom.) See Acnode.

I´so•la•ted•ly , adv. In an isolated manner.

I•so•la´tion (-la´shun), n. [Cf. F. isolation.] The act of isolating, or the state of being isolated; insulation; separation; loneliness. Milman.

I´so•la•tor (i´so•la•ter or is´o•la•ter), n. One who, or that which, isolates.

I•sol´o•gous , a. [Iso- + Gr. lo•gos proportion.] (Chem.) Having similar proportions, similar relations, or similar differences of composition; — said specifically of groups or series which differ by a constant difference; as ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, or their analogous compounds, form an isologous series.

I´so•mer (i´so•mer), n. [See Isomeric.] (Chem.) A body or compound which is isomeric with another body or compound; a member of an isomeric series.

I•so•mer´ic (-mer´ik), a. [Iso- + Gr. me•ros part: cf. F. isomerique.] (Chem.) Having the same percentage composition; — said of two or more different substances which contain the same ingredients in the same proportions by weight, often used with with. Specif.: (a) Polymeric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, but with different molecular weights; as acetylene and benzine are isomeric (polymeric) with each other in this sense. See Polymeric. (b) Metameric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but with a different structure or arrangement of the ultimate parts; as ethyl alcohol and methyl ether are isomeric (metameric) with each other in this sense. See Metameric.

I•som´er•ide , n. (Chem.) An isomer. [R.]

I•som´er•ism , n. (Chem.) The state, quality, or relation, of two or more isomeric substances. Physical isomerism (Chem.), the condition or relation of certain (metameric) substances, which, while chemically identical (in that they have the same composition, the same molecular weights, and the same ultimate constitution), are yet physically different, as in their action on polarized light, as dextro- and laevo-tartaric acids. In such compounds there is usually at least one unsymmetrical carbon atom. See Unsymmetrical.

I•so•mer•o•mor´phism , n. [Isomer + Gr. form + -ism.] (Crystallog.) Isomorphism between substances that are isomeric. { I•so•met´ric , I•so•met´ric•al } a. [Iso- + Gr. me•tron measure.] 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, equality of measure. 2. (Crystallog.) Noting, or conforming to, that system of crystallization in which the three axes are of equal length and at right angles to each other; monometric; regular; cubic. Cf. Crystallization. Isometric lines (Thermodynamics), lines representing in a diagram the relations of pressure and temperature in a gas when the volume remains constant. — Isometrical perspective. See under Perspective. — Isometrical projection, a species of orthographic projection, in which but a single plane of projection is used. It is so named from the fact that the projections of three equal lines, parallel respectively to three rectangular axes, are equal to one another. This kind of projection is principally used in delineating buildings or machinery, in which the principal lines are parallel to three rectangular axes, and the principal planes are parallel to three rectangular planes passing through the three axes.

I´so•morph , n. [See Isomorphous.] A substance which is similar to another in crystalline form and composition.

I•so•mor´phic , a. Isomorphous.

I•so•mor´phism , n. [Cf. F. isomorphisme.] (Crystallog.) A similarity of crystalline form between substances of similar composition, as between the sulphates of barium (BaSO4) and strontium (SrSO4). It is sometimes extended to include similarity of form between substances of unlike composition, which is more properly called homœomorphism.

I•so•mor´phous , a. [Iso- + -morphous.] Having the quality of isomorphism.

I•so•nan´dra , n. [Iso- + Gr. , , a man, male.] (Bot.) A genus of sapotaceous trees of India. Isonandra Gutta is the principal source of gutta-percha.

I•so•ne•phel´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. a cloud.] (Phys. Geog.) Having, or indicating, an equal amount of cloudiness for a given period; as isonephelic regions; an isonephelic line.

I•so•nic´o•tine , n. [Iso- + nicotine.] (Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous base, C10H14N2, isomeric with nicotine.

I•so•nic•o•tin´ic , a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, isonicotine. (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid isomeric with nicotinic acid.

I•so•ni•tro´so- [Iso- + nitroso-.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively), signifying: Pertaining to, or designating, the characteristic, nitrogenous radical, NOH, called the isonitroso group.

I•so•nom´ic , a. [Gr. ; equal + no•mos law.] The same, or equal, in law or right; one in kind or origin; analogous; similar. Dana.

I•son´o•my , n. [Gr. : cf. F. isonomie. See Isonomic.] Equal law or right; equal distribution of rights and privileges; similarity.

I•sop´a•thy , n. [Iso- + Gr. suffering.] (Med.) (a) The system which undertakes to cure a disease by means of the virus of the same disease. (b) The theory of curing a diseased organ by eating the analogous organ of a healthy animal. Mayne. (c) The doctrine that the power of therapeutics is equal to that of the causes of disease.

I•so•pep´sin , n. [Iso- + pepsin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pepsin modified by exposure to a temperature of from 40° to 60° C.

I•so•per•i•met´ric•al , a. [Gr. ; equal + circumference: cf. F. isoperimètre. See Perimeter.] (Geom.) Having equal perimeters of circumferences; as isoperimetrical figures or bodies.

I•so•per•im´e•try , n. (Geom.) The science of figures having equal perimeters or boundaries.

I•so•pi•es´tic , a. [Iso- + Gr. to press.] (Thermodynamics) Having equal pressure. Isopiestic lines, lines showing, in a diagram, the relations of temperature and volume, when the elastic force is constant; — called also isobars.

I•so•pleu´ra , n. pl. [NL. See Iso-, and Pleura.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Gastropoda, in which the body is symmetrical, the right and left sides being equal. The intestine terminates at the posterior end of the body, and the gills and circulatory and reproductive organs are paired. It includes the chitons (Polyplacophora), together with Neomenia and Chaetoderma, which are wormlike forms without a shell.

I´so•pod , a. (Zoöl.) Having the legs similar in structure; belonging to the Isopoda. — n. One of the Isopoda.

I•sop´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Iso-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure. The body is usually depressed, with the abdominal segments short, and often consolidated in part. The branchiae are on the abdominal appendages. The group includes the terrestrial pill bugs and sow bugs, with numerous marine forms. See Arthrostrata, Gribble.

I•so•pod´i•form , a. [Isopod + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the shape of an isopod; — said of the larvae of certain insects.

I•sop´o•dous , a. Same as Isopod.

I•so•pog´o•nous , a. [Iso- + Gr. beard.] (Zoöl.) Having the two webs equal in breadth; — said of feathers.

I´so•prene , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) An oily, volatile hydrocarbon, obtained by the distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha.

I•so•pyc´nic , a. [Iso- + Gr. pykno•s dense.] (Physics) Having equal density, as different regions of a medium; passing through points at which the density is equal; as an isopycnic line or surface.

I•so•pyc´nic, n. (Physics) A line or surface passing through those points in a medium, at which the density is the same.

I•sor´cin , n. [Iso- + orcin.] (Chem.) A crystalline hydrocarbon derivative, metameric with orcin, but produced artificially; — called also cresorcin.

I•sor•rop´ic , a. [Gr. ’iso•rropos in equipoise; ’i•sos equal + ´roph• downward inclination or momentum.] Of equal value. Isorropic line (in a diagram) (Geom.), the locus of all the points for which a specified function has a constant value. Newcomb.

I•sos´ce•les , a. [L., fr. Gr. ; ’i•sos equal + leg.] (Geom.) Having two legs or sides that are equal; — said of a triangle.

I•so•spon´dy•li , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’i•sos equal + , , a vertebra.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of fishes, including the salmons, herrings, and many allied forms.

I•so•spon´dy•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Isospondyli; having the anterior vertebrae separate and normal.

I•so•spor´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns and Equiseta. Cf. Heterosporic.

I•so•stem´o•nous , a. [Iso- + Gr. sth•mwn thread.] (Bot.) Having exactly as many stamens as petals.

I•so•stem´o•ny , n. (Bot.) The quality or state of being isostemonous.

I•so•sul•pho•cy´a•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of isosulphocyanic acid.

I•so•sul•pho•cy•an´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, HNCS, isomeric with sulphocyanic acid.

I•soth´er•al , a. Having the nature of an isothere; indicating the distribution of temperature by means of an isothere; as an isotheral chart or line.

I´so•there , n. [Iso- + Gr. summer, to heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on the earth’s surface having the same mean summer temperature.

I´so•therm , n. [Iso- + Gr. heat, fr. hot.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting or marking points on the earth’s surface having the same temperature. This may be the temperature for a given time of observation, or the mean temperature for a year or other period. also a similar line based on the distribution of temperature in the ocean.

I•so•ther´mal , a. [Cf. F. isotherme.] (a) Relating to equality of temperature. (b) (Phys. Geog.) Having reference to the geographical distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of isotherms; as an isothermal line; an isothermal chart. Isothermal line. (a) An isotherm. (b) A line drawn on a diagram of energy such that its ordinates represent the pressures of a substance corresponding to various volumes, while the absolute temperature is maintained at a constant value. — Isothermal zones, spaces on opposite sides of the equator having the same mean temperature, and bounded by corresponding isothermal lines.

I•so•ther´mo•bath , n. [Iso- + Gr. hot + depth.] (Phys. Geog) A line drawn through points of equal temperature in a vertical section of the ocean.

I•so•ther•mo•bath´ic , a. Of or pertaining to an isothermobath; possessing or indicating equal temperatures in a vertical section, as of the ocean.

I•soth•er•om´brose , n. [Iso- + Gr. qe•ros summer + ’o•mbros rain.] (Phys. Geog) A line connecting or marking points on the earth’s surface, which have the same mean summer rainfall.

I•so•ton´ic , a. [Iso- + tonic.] Having or indicating, equal tones, or tension. Isotonic system (Mus.), a system consisting of intervals, in which each concord is alike tempered, and in which there are twelve equal semitones.

I•so•tri•mor´phic , a. Isotrimorphous.

I•so•tri•mor´phism , n. [Iso- + Gr. thrice + form.] Isomorphism between the three forms, severally, of two trimorphous substances.

I•so•tri•mor´phous , a. Having the quality of isotrimorphism; isotrimorphic.

I•so•trop´ic , a. [Iso- + Gr. a turning, fr. to turn.] (Physics) Having the same properties in all directions; specifically, equally elastic in all directions.

I•sot´ro•pism , n. Isotropy.

I•sot´ro•pous , a. Isotropic.

I•sot´ro•py , n. (Physics) Uniformity of physical properties in all directions in a body; absence of all kinds of polarity; specifically, equal elasticity in all directions.

I•so•u´ric , a. [Iso- + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, isomeric with uric acid.

Is´ra•el•ite , n. [L. Israëlites, Gr. , fr. , , Israel, Heb. Yisral, i. e., champion of God; sarah to fight + l God.] A descendant of Israel, or Jacob; a Hebrew; a Jew. { Is•ra•el•it´ic , Is´ra•el•i•tish } a. Of or pertaining to Israel, or to the Israelites; Jewish; Hebrew.

Is´su•a•ble , a. [From Issue.] 1. Leading to, producing, or relating to, an issue; capable of being made an issue at law. Burrill. 2. Lawful or suitable to be issued; as a writ issuable on these grounds. Issuable plea (Law), a plea to the merits, on which the adverse party may take issue and proceed to trial.

Is´su•a•bly , adv. In an issuable manner; by way of issue; as to plead issuably.

Is´su•ance , n. The act of issuing, or giving out; as the issuance of an order; the issuance of rations, and the like.

Is´su•ant , a. (Her.) Issuing or coming up; — a term used to express a charge or bearing rising or coming out of another.

Is´sue (ish´u), n. [OF. issue, eissue, F. issue, fr. OF. issir, eissir, to go out, L. exire; ex out of, from + ire to go, akin to Gr. ’ie•nai, Skr. i, Goth. iddja went, used as prefect of gaggan to go. Cf. Ambition, Count a nobleman, Commence, Errant, Exit, Eyre, Initial, Yede went.] 1. The act of passing or flowing out; a moving out from any inclosed place; egress; as the issue of water from a pipe, of blood from a wound, of air from a bellows, of people from a house. 2. The act of sending out, or causing to go forth; delivery; issuance; as the issue of an order from a commanding officer; the issue of money from a treasury. 3. That which passes, flows, or is sent out; the whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time; as an issue of bank notes; the daily issue of a newspaper. 4. Progeny; a child or children; offspring. In law, sometimes, in a general sense, all persons descended from a common ancestor; all lineal descendants. “If the king
Should without issue die.” Shak. 5. Produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, or other property; as A conveyed to B all his right for a term of years, with all the issues, rents, and profits. 6. A discharge of flux, as of blood. Matt. ix. 20. 7. (Med.) An artificial ulcer, usually made in the fleshy part of the arm or leg, to produce the secretion and discharge of pus for the relief of some affected part. 8. The final outcome or result; upshot; conclusion; event; hence, contest; test; trial. “Come forth to view
The issue of the exploit.” Shak. “While it is hot, I ’ll put it to the issue.” Shak. 9. A point in debate or controversy on which the parties take affirmative and negative positions; a presentation of alternatives between which to choose or decide. 10. (Law) In pleading, a single material point of law or fact depending in the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and denied on the other, is presented for determination. See General issue, under General, and Feigned issue, under Feigned. Blount. Cowell. At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; hence, at variance; disagreeing; inconsistent. “As much at issue with the summer day
As if you brought a candle out of doors.” Mrs. Browning. — Bank of issue, Collateral issue, etc. See under Bank, Collateral, etc. — Issue pea, a pea, or a similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a wound, and promote the secretion and discharge of pus. — To join, or take, issue, to take opposing sides in a matter in controversy.

Is´sue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Issued (ish´ud); p. pr. & vb. n. Issuing.] 1. To pass or flow out; to run out, as from any inclosed place. “From it issued forced drops of blood.” Shak. 2. To go out; to rush out; to sally forth; as troops issued from the town, and attacked the besiegers. 3. To proceed, as from a source; as water issues from springs; light issues from the sun. 4. To proceed, as progeny; to be derived; to be descended; to spring. “Of thy sons that shall issue from thee.” 2 Kings xx. 18. 5. To extend; to pass or open; as the path issues into the highway. 6. To be produced as an effect or result; to grow or accrue; to arise; to proceed; as rents and profits issuing from land, tenements, or a capital stock. 7. To close; to end; to terminate; to turn out; as we know not how the cause will issue. 8. (Law) In pleading, to come to a point in fact or law, on which the parties join issue.

Is´sue (ish´u), v. t. 1. To send out; to put into circulation; as to issue notes from a bank. 2. To deliver for use; as to issue provisions. 3. To send out officially; to deliver by authority; as to issue an order; to issue a writ.

Is´sue•less, a. Having no issue or progeny; childless. ´The heavens … have left me issueless.´ Shak.

Is´su•er , n. One who issues, emits, or publishes.

-ist [Gr. : cf. F. -iste.] A noun suffix denoting an agent, or doer, one who practices, a believer in; as theorist, one who theorizes; socialist, one who holds to socialism; sensualist, one given to sensuality.

Is’t A contraction of is it.

Isth´mi•an , a. [L. Isthmius, Gr. . See Isthmus.] Of or pertaining to an isthmus, especially to the Isthmus of Corinth, in Greece. Isthmian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national festivals of Greece, celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth in the spring of every alternate year. They consisted of all kinds of athletic sports, wrestling, boxing, racing on foot and in chariots, and also contests in music and poetry. The prize was a garland of pine leaves.

Isth´mus ( 277), n.; pl. Isthmuses (#). [L. isthmus, Gr. ’isqmo•s a neck, a neck of land between two seas an isthmus, especially the Isthmus of Corinth; prob. from the root of ’ie•nai to go; cf. Icel. eið isthmus. See Issue.] (Geog.) A neck or narrow slip of land by which two continents are connected, or by which a peninsula is united to the mainland; as the Isthmus of Panama; the Isthmus of Suez, etc. Isthmus of the fauces. (Anat.) See Fauces.

Is´tle , n. Same as Ixtle.

I•su´ret , n. [Iso- + urea.] (Chem.) An artificial nitrogenous base, isomeric with urea, and forming a white crystalline substance; — called also isuretine.

It (it), pron. [OE. it, hit, AS. hit; cf. D. het. rad.181. See He.] The neuter pronoun of the third person, corresponding to the masculine pronoun he and the feminine she, and having the same plural (they, their or theirs, them). The possessive form its is modern, being rarely found in the writings of Shakespeare and Milton, and not at all in the original King James’s version of the Bible. During the transition from the regular his to the anomalous its, it was to some extent employed in the possessive without the case ending. See His, and He. In Dryden’s time its had become quite established as the regular form. “The day present hath ever inough to do with it owne grief.” Genevan Test. “Do, child, go to it grandam, child.” Shak. “It knighthood shall do worse. It shall fright all it friends with borrowing letters.” B. Jonson. In the course of time, the nature of the neuter sign t in it, the form being found in but a few words, became misunderstood. Instead of being looked upon as an affix, it passed for part of the original word. Hence was formed from it the anomalous genitive its, superseding the Saxon his. Latham. “The fruit tree yielding fruit after his (its) kind.” Gen. i. 11. It is used,
1. As a substance for any noun of the neuter gender; as here is the book, take it home. 2. As a demonstrative, especially at the beginning of a sentence, pointing to that which is about to be stated, named, or mentioned, or referring to that which apparent or well known; as I saw it was John. “It is I; be not afraid.” Matt. xiv. 27. “Peter heard that it was the Lord.” John xxi. 7. Often, in such cases, as a substitute for a sentence or clause; as it is thought he will come; it is wrong to do this. 3. As an indefinite nominative for a impersonal verb; as it snows; it rains. 4. As a substitute for such general terms as the state of affairs, the condition of things, and the like; as how is it with the sick man? “Think on me when it shall be well with thee.” Gen. xl. 14. 5. As an indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or after a substantive used humorously as a verb; as to foot it (i. e., to walk). “The Lacedemonians, at the Straits of Thermopylae, when their arms failed them, fought it out with nails and teeth.” Dryden. “Whether the charmer sinner it, or saint it,
If folly grows romantic, I must paint it.” Pope. Its self. See Itself.

I´ta•cism , n. [Cf. F. itacisme. See Etacism, and cf. Iotacism.] (Greek Gram.) Pronunciation of η (eta) as the modern Greeks pronounce it, that is, like e in the English word be. This was the pronunciation advocated by Reuchlin and his followers, in opposition to the etacism of Erasmus. See Etacism. “In all such questions between ε and αι the confusing element of itacism comes in.” Alford.

I´ta•cist , n. [Cf. F. itaciste.] One who is in favor of itacism.

It•a•col´u•mite , n. [From Itacolumi, a mountain of Brazil.] (Min.) A laminated, granular, siliceous rocks, often occurring in regions where the diamond is found.

It•a•con´ic , a. [From aconitic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H6O4, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by decomposing aconitic and other organic acids.

It´a•la , n. [Fem. of L. Italus Italian.] An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version).

I•tal´ian , a. [Cf. F. italien, It. italiano. Cf. Italic.] Of or pertaining to Italy, or to its people or language. Italian cloth a light material of cotton and worsted; — called also farmer’s satin. — Italian iron, a heater for fluting frills. — Italian juice, Calabrian liquorice.

I•tal´ian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Italy. 2. The language used in Italy, or by the Italians.

I•tal´ian•ate , v. t. [Cf. It. italianare.] To render Italian, or conformable to Italian customs; to Italianize. [R.] Ascham.

I•tal´ian•ate , a. Italianized; Italianated. ´Apish, childish, and Italianate.´ Marlowe.

I•tal´ian•ism , n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom, peculiar to the Italians; an Italicism. 2. Attachment to, or sympathy for, Italy.

I•tal´ian•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Italianized p. pr. & vb. n. Italianizing ] [Cf. F. italianiser, It. italianizzare.] 1. To play the Italian; to speak Italian. Cotgrave. 2. To render Italian in any respect; to Italianate. ´An Englishman Italianized.´ Lowell.

I•tal´ic , a. [L. Italicus: cf. F. italique. Cf. Italian.] 1. Relating to Italy or to its people. 2. Applied especially to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright, but slope toward the right; - - so called because dedicated to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, about the year 1500. Italic languages, the group or family of languages of ancient Italy. — Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite. - - Italic school, a term given to the Pythagorean and Eleatic philosophers, from the country where their doctrines were first promulgated. — Italic version. See Itala.

I•tal´ic, n.; pl. Italics . (Print.) An Italic letter, character, or type (see Italic, a., 2.); — often in the plural; as the Italics are the author’s. Italic letters are used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, etc. also collectively, Italic letters.

I•tal´i•cism , n. 1. A phrase or idiom peculiar to the Italian language; to Italianism. 2. The use of Italics.

I•tal´i•cize , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Italicized p. pr. & vb. n. Italicizing ] To print in Italic characters; to underline written letters or words with a single line; as to Italicize a word; Italicizes too much.

I´ta palm (Bot.) A magnificent species of palm (Mauritia flexuosa), growing near the Orinoco. The natives eat its fruit and buds, drink its sap, and make thread and cord from its fiber.

Itch (ich), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itched (icht); p. pr. & vb. n. Itching.] [OE. icchen, &yogh;icchen, AS. giccan; akin to D. jeuken, joken, G. jucken, OHG. jucchen.] 1. To have an uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part affected. “My mouth hath itched all this long day.” Chaucer. 2. To have a constant desire or teasing uneasiness; to long for; as itching ears. ´An itching palm.´ Shak.

Itch, n. 1. (Med.) An eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced by the entrance of a parasitic mite (the Sarcoptes scabei), and attended with itching. It is transmissible by contact. 2. Any itching eruption. 3. A sensation in the skin occasioned (or resembling that occasioned) by the itch eruption; — called also scabies, psora, etc. 4. A constant irritating desire. “An itch of being thought a divine king.” Dryden. Baker’s itch. See under Baker. - - Barber’s itch, sycosis. — Bricklayer’s itch, an eczema of the hands attended with much itching, occurring among bricklayers. — Grocer’s itch, an itching eruption, being a variety of eczema, produced by the sugar mite (Tyrogluphus sacchari). — Itch insect (Zoöl.), a small parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabei) which burrows and breeds beneath the human skin, thus causing the disease known as the itch. See Illust. in Append. — Itch mite. (Zoöl.) Same as Itch insect, above. also other similar mites affecting the lower animals, as the horse and ox. — Sugar baker’s itch, a variety of eczema, due to the action of sugar upon the skin. — Washerwoman’s itch, eczema of the hands and arms, occurring among washerwomen.

Itch´i•ness , n. The state of being itchy.

Itch´less, a. Free from itching.

Itch´y , a. Infected with the itch, or with an itching sensation. Cowper.

-ite [From Gr. , .] 1. A suffix denoting one of a party, a sympathizer with or adherent of, and the like, and frequently used in ridicule; as a Millerite; a Benthamite. 2. A suffix used in naming minerals; as chlorite, from its characteristic green color; barite, from its heaviness; graphite, from its use in writing. 3. (Chem.) A suffix used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end in -ous; as sulphite, from sulphurous; nitrite, from nitrous acid, etc.

I´tem , adv. [L. See Iterate.] Also; as an additional article.

I´tem , n. [From Item, adv.] 1. An article; a separate particular in an account; as the items in a bill. 2. A hint; an innuendo. [Obs.] “A secret item was given to some of the bishops … to absent themselves.” Fuller. 3. A short article in a newspaper; a paragraph; as an item concerning the weather.

I´tem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Itemed p. pr. & vb. n. Iteming.] To make a note or memorandum of. “I have itemed it in my memory.” Addison.

I´tem•ize , v. t. To state in items, or by particulars; as to itemize the cost of a railroad. [Local, U. S.]

I´ter , n. [L. See Eyre.] (Anat.) A passage; esp., the passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain; the aqueduct of Sylvius.

It´er•a•ble , a. [L. iterabilis. See Iterate.] Capable of being iterated or repeated. [Obs.]

It´er•ance , n. Iteration. [Obs.]

It´er•ant , a. [L. iterans, p. pr. of iterare.] Repeating; iterating; as an iterant echo. Bacon.

It´er•ate , a. [L. iteratus, p. p. of iterare to repeat, fr. iterum again, prop. a compar. from the stem of is he, that; cf. L. ita so, item likewise, also Skr. itara other, iti thus. Cf. Identity, Item.] Uttered or done again; repeated. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner.

It´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iterated p. pr. & vb. n. Iterating.] To utter or do a second time or many times; to repeat; as to iterate advice. “Nor Eve to iterate
Her former trespass feared.” Milton.

It´er•ate , adv. By way of iteration.

It•er•a´tion , n. [L. iteratio.] Recital or performance a second time; repetition. Bacon. “What needs this iteration, woman?” Shak.

It´er•a•tive , a. [L. iterativus: cf. F. iteratif.] Repeating. Cotgrave. — It´er•a•tive•ly, adv.

Ith•y•phal´lic , a. [L. ithyphallicus, fr. ithyphallus, Gr. , membrum virile erectum, or a figure thereof carried in the festivals of Bacchus.] Lustful; lewd; salacious; indecent; obscene.

I•tin´er•a•cy , n. The act or practice of itinerating; itinerancy.

I•tin´er•an•cy , n. [See Itinerant.] 1. A passing from place to place. Dr. H. More. 2. A discharge of official duty involving frequent change of residence; the custom or practice of discharging official duty in this way; also a body of persons who thus discharge official duty.

I•tin´er•ant , a. [LL. itinerans, -antis, p. pr. of itinerare to make a journey, fr. L. iter, itineris, a walk, way, journey. See Errant, Issue.] Passing or traveling about a country; going or preaching on a circuit; wandering; not settled; as an itinerant preacher; an itinerant peddler. “The king’s own courts were then itinerant, being kept in the king’s palace, and removing with his household in those royal progresses which he continually made.” Blackstone.

I•tin´er•ant, a. One who travels from place to place, particularly a preacher; one who is unsettled. “Glad to turn itinerant,
To stroll and teach from town to town.” Hudibras.

I•tin´er•ant•ly, adv. In an itinerant manner.

I•tin´er•a•ry , a. [L. itinerarius: cf. F. itineraire. See Itinerant.] Itinerant; traveling; passing from place to place; done on a journey. “It was rather an itinerary circuit of justice than a progress.” Bacon.

I•tin´er•a•ry, n.; pl. Itineraries (#). [L. itinerarium: cf. F. itineraire. See Itinerary, a.] An account of travels, or a register of places and distances as a guide to travelers; as the Itinerary of Antoninus.

I•tin´er•ate v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itinerated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Itinerating (#).] [LL. itineratus, p. p. of itinerari, itinerare. See Itinerant.] To wander without a settled habitation; to travel from place or on a circuit, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lecturing, etc.

-i´tis , [Gr. , orig, fem. adjective suffix.] A suffix used in medical terms to denote an inflammatory disease of; as arthritis; bronchitis, phrenitis.

Its Possessive form of the pronoun it. See It.

It•self´ , pron. The neuter reciprocal pronoun of It; as the thing is good in itself; it stands by itself. “Borrowing of foreigners, in itself, makes not the kingdom rich or poor.” Locke.

It´tri•a , n. [NL.] See Yttria.

It´tri•um , n. [NL.] See Yttrium.

It´zi•bu , n. [Jap. ichibu.] (Numis.) A silver coin of Japan, worth about thirty-four cents. [Written also itzebu, ichebu, itcheboo, etc.]

I•u´li•dan , n. [See Iulus.] (Zoöl.) One of the Iulidae, a family of myriapods, of which the genus Iulus is the type. See Iulus.

I•u´lus , n. [L., down, Gr. down, centipede.] (Zoöl.) A genus of chilognathous myriapods. The body is long and round, consisting of numerous smooth, equal segments, each of which bears two pairs of short legs. It includes the galleyworms. See Chilognatha.

I•van´ I•van´o•vitch An ideal personification of the typical Russian or of the Russian people; — used as ´John Bull´ is used for the typical Englishman.

I’ve Colloquial contraction of I have.

-ive [L. -ivus.] An adjective suffix signifying relating or belonging to, of the nature of, tending to; as affirmative, active, conclusive, corrective, diminutive.

I´vied , a. [From Ivy.] Overgrown with ivy.

I´vo•ride , n. A composition resembling ivory in appearance and used as a substitute for it.

I´vo•ry (i´vo•ry), n.; pl. Ivories (#). [OE. ivori, F. ivoire, fr. L. eboreus made of ivory, fr. ebur, eboris, ivory, cf. Skr. ibha elephant. Cf. Eburnean.] 1. The hard, white, opaque, fine-grained substance constituting the tusks of the elephant. It is a variety of dentine, characterized by the minuteness and close arrangement of the tubes, as also by their double flexure. It is used in manufacturing articles of ornament or utility. Ivory is the name commercially given not only to the substance constituting the tusks of the elephant, but also to that of the tusks of the hippopotamus and walrus, the hornlike tusk of the narwhal, etc. 2. The tusks themselves of the elephant, etc. 3. Any carving executed in ivory. Mollett. 4. pl. Teeth; as to show one’s ivories. [Slang] Ivory black. See under Black, n. — Ivory gull (Zoöl.), a white Arctic gull (Larus eburneus). — Ivory nut (Bot.), the nut of a species of palm, the Phytephas macroarpa, often as large as a hen’s egg. When young the seed contains a fluid, which gradually hardness into a whitish, close-grained, albuminous substance, resembling the finest ivory in texture and color, whence it is called vegetable ivory. It is wrought into various articles, as buttons, chessmen, etc. The palm is found in New Grenada. A smaller kind is the fruit of the Phytephas microarpa. The nuts are known in commerce as Corosso nuts. — Ivory palm (Bot.), the palm tree which produces ivory nuts. — Ivory shell (Zoöl.), any species of Eburna, a genus of marine gastropod shells, having a smooth surface, usually white with red or brown spots. — Vegetable ivory, the meat of the ivory nut. See Ivory nut (above).

I´vo•ry-bill (i´vo•ry•bil•), n. (Zoöl.) A large, handsome, North American woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), having a large, sharp, ivory-colored beak. Its general color is glossy black, with white secondaries, and a white dorsal stripe. The male has a large, scarlet crest. It is now rare, and found only in the Gulf States.

I´vo•ry•type , n. (Photog.) A picture produced by superposing a very light print, rendered translucent by varnish, and tinted upon the back, upon a stronger print, so as to give the effect of a photograph in natural colors; — called also hellenotype. Knight.

I´vy , n.; pl. Ivies (#). [AS. ifig; akin to OHG. ebawi, ebah, G. epheu.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Hedera (H. helix), common in Europe. Its leaves are evergreen, dark, smooth, shining, and mostly five- pointed; the flowers yellowish and small; the berries black or yellow. The stem clings to walls and trees by rootlike fibers. “Direct
The clasping ivy where to climb.” Milton. “Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere.” Milton. American ivy. (Bot.) See Virginia creeper. — English ivy (Bot.), a popular name in America for the ivy proper (Hedera helix). — German ivy (Bot.), a creeping plant, with smooth, succulent stems, and fleshy, light-green leaves; a species of Senecio (S. scandens). — Ground ivy. (Bot.) Gill (Nepeta Glechoma). — Ivy bush. (Bot.) See Mountain laurel, under Mountain. — Ivy owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. — Ivy tod (Bot.), the ivy plant. Tennyson. — Japanese ivy (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ampelopsis tricuspidata), closely related to the Virginia creeper. — Poison ivy (Bot.), an American woody creeper (Rhus Toxicodendron), with trifoliate leaves, and greenish-white berries. It is exceedingly poisonous to the touch for most persons. — To pipe in an ivy leaf, to console one’s self as best one can. [Obs.] Chaucer. — West Indian ivy, a climbing plant of the genus Marcgravia.

I´vy-man•tled , a. Covered with ivy.

I•wis´ , adv. Indeed; truly. See Ywis. [Written also iwys, iwisse, etc.] [Obs.] Ascham.

Ix´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. birdlime. So called because of the viscid nature of some of the species.] (Bot.) A South African bulbous plant of the Iris family, remarkable for the brilliancy of its flowers.

Ix•o´des , n. [NL., fr. Gr. like birdlime; birdlime + form.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic Acarina, which includes various species of ticks. See Tick, the insect.

Ix•o´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) A tick of the genus Ixodes, or the family Ixodidae. { Ix´tle , Ix´tli } (ix´tle), n. (Bot.) A Mexican name for a variety of Agave rigida, which furnishes a strong coarse fiber; also the fiber itself, which is called also pita, and Tampico fiber. [Written also istle.]

Iz´ard , n. (Zoöl.) A variety of the chamois found in the Pyrenees.

-ize [F. -iser, L. -izare, Gr. .] A verb suffix signifying to make, to do, to practice; as apologize, baptize, theorize, tyrannize. In the case of certain words the spelling with -ise (after analogy with F. -iser) is the usual form; as catechise, criticise. With regard to most words, however, which have this suffix there is a diversity of usage, some authorities spelling -ise, others (as in this book) - ize.

Iz´e•di , n. One of an Oriental religious sect which worships Satan or the Devil. “The Izedis or Yezdis, the so-called Devil worshipers, still remain a numerous though oppressed people in Mesopotamia and adjacent countries.” Tylor.

Iz´e•dism , n. The religion of the Izedis.

Iz´zard , n. (Zoöl.) See Izard.

Iz´zard , n. [Formerly ezed, prob. fr. F. et zede and z.] The letter z; — formerly so called. J.

J (ja). J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used to express a consonantal sound, that is, originally, the sound of English y in yet. The forms J and I have, until a recent time, been classed together, and they have been used interchangeably. In medical prescriptions j is still used in place of i at the end of a number, as a Roman numeral; as vj, xij. J is etymologically most closely related to i, y, g; as in jot, iota; jest, gesture; join, jugular, yoke. See I. J is a compound vocal consonant, nearly equivalent in sound to dzh. It is exactly the same as g in gem. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 179, 211, 239.

Jaal´ goat (Zoöl.) A species of wild goat (Capra Nubiana) found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and Arabia; — called also beden, and jaela.

Jab , v. t. [Cf. Job.] To thrust; to stab; to punch. See Job, v. t. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Jab, n. A thrust or stab. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Jab´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jabbered p. pr. & vb. n. Jabbering.] [Cf. Gibber, Gabble.] To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly; to utter gibberish or nonsense; to chatter. Swift.

Jab´ber, v. t. To utter rapidly or indistinctly; to gabble; as to jabber French. Addison.

Jab´ber, n. Rapid or incoherent talk, with indistinct utterance; gibberish. Swift.

Jab´ber•er , n. One who jabbers.

Jab´ber•ing•ly, adv. In a jabbering manner.

Jab´ber•ment , n. Jabber. [R.] Milton.

Jab´ber•nowl , n. Same as Jobbernowl.

Jab´i•ru , n. [Braz. jabirú, jaburú.] (Zoöl.) One of several large wading birds of the genera Mycteria and Xenorhynchus, allied to the storks in form and habits. The American jabiru (Mycteria Americana) is white, with the head and neck black and nearly bare of feathers. The East Indian and Australian (Xenorhynchus Australis) has the neck, head, and back covered with glossy, dark green feathers, changing on the head to purple. The African jabiru (Mycteria, or Ephippiorhynchus, Senegalensis) has the neck, head, wing coverts, and tail, black, and is called also saddle-billed stork.

Jab•o•ran´di , n. (Bot.) The native name of a South American rutaceous shrub (Pilocarpus pennatifolius). The leaves are used in medicine as an diaphoretic and sialogogue.

Jab´o•rine , n. [From Jaborandi.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in jaborandi leaves, from which it is extracted as a white amorphous substance. In its action it resembles atropine.

Jab´ot , n. [F.] 1. Originally, a kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt. 2. An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress.

Jac´a•mar , n. [F. jacamar, Braz. jacamarica; cf. Sp. jacamar.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tropical American birds of the genus Galbula and allied genera. They are allied to the kingfishers, but climb on tree trunks like nuthatches, and feed upon insects. Their colors are often brilliant.

Jac´a•na , n. [Cf. Sp. jacania.] (Zoöl.) Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird. The most common South American species is Jacana spinosa. The East Indian or pheasant jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) is remarkable for having four very long, curved, middle tail feathers.

Jac•a•ran´da , n. [Braz.; cf. Sp. & Pg. jacaranda.] (Bot.) (a) The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood. (b) A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet-shaped flowers.

Jac´a•re , n. [Pg. jacare; of Brazilian origin.] (Zoöl.) A cayman. See Yacare.

Jac´chus , n. [NL., fr. L. Jacchus a mystic name of Bacchus, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) The common marmoset (Hapale vulgaris). Formerly, the name was also applied to other species of the same genus.

Jac´co•net , n. See Jaconet.

Ja´cent , a. [L. jacens, p. pr. of jacere to lie: cf. F. jacent.] Lying at length; as the jacent posture. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Ja´cinth , n. [F. jacinthe, L. hyacinthus. See Hyacinth.] See Hyacinth. Tennyson.

Jack (jak), n. [Pg. jaca, Malayalam, tsjaka.] (Bot.) A large tree, the Artocarpus integrifolia, common in the East Indies, closely allied to the breadfruit, from which it differs in having its leaves entire. The fruit is of great size, weighing from thirty to forty pounds, and through its soft fibrous matter are scattered the seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of a yellow color, fine grain, and rather heavy, and is much used in cabinetwork. It is also used for dyeing a brilliant yellow. [Written also jak.]

Jack , n. [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. , Heb. Ya ’aqob Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. Jacobite, Jockey.] 1. A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, John. “You are John Rugby, and you are Jack Rugby.” Shak. 2. An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also a servant; a rustic. ´Jack fool.´ Chaucer. “Since every Jack became a gentleman,
There ’s many a gentle person made a Jack.” Shak. 3. A popular colloquial name for a sailor; — called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat. 4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack; as: (a) A device to pull off boots. (b) A sawhorse or sawbuck. (c) A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack. (b) (Mining) A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting. (e) (Knitting Machine) A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles. (f) (Warping Machine) A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box. (g) (Spinning) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine. (h) A compact, portable machine for planing metal. (i) A machine for slicking or pebbling leather. (k) A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed. (l) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught. (m) In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; — called also hopper. (n) In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also the light itself. C. Hallock. 5. A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack. 6. The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls. Shak. “Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward upon it.” Sir W. Scott. 7. The male of certain animals, as of the ass. 8. (Zoöl.) (a) A young pike; a pickerel. (b) The jurel. (c) A large, California rock fish (Sebastodes paucispinus); — called also boccaccio, and merou. (d) The wall-eyed pike. 9. A drinking measure holding half a pint; also one holding a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 10. (Naut.) (a) A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; — called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State. (b) A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; — called also jack crosstree. R. H. Dana, Jr. 11. The knave of a suit of playing cards. Jack is used adjectively in various senses. It sometimes designates something cut short or diminished in size; as a jack timber; a jack rafter; a jack arch, etc. Jack arch, an arch of the thickness of one brick. — Jack back (Brewing & Malt Vinegar Manuf.), a cistern which receives the wort. See under 1st Back. — Jack block (Naut.), a block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars. — Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee; — worn in the 17 century by soldiers; afterwards by fishermen, etc. — Jack crosstree. (Naut.) See 10, b, above. — Jack curlew (Zoöl.), the whimbrel. — Jack frame. (Cotton Spinning) See 4 (g), above. — Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous person. — Jack hare, a male hare. Cowper. — Jack lamp, a lamp for still hunting and camp use. See def. 4 (n.), above. — Jack plane, a joiner’s plane used for coarse work. — Jack post, one of the posts which support the crank shaft of a deep-well-boring apparatus. — Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, contributions to which are made by each player successively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the ´pot,´ which is the sum total of all the bets. — Jack rabbit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species (Lepus Californicus), and that of Texas and New Mexico (L. callotis), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare (L. campestris) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. — Jack rafter (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. — Jack salmon (Zoöl.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. — Jack sauce, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] — Jack shaft (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. — Jack sinker (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. — Jack snipe. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. — Jack staff (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. — Jack timber (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. — Jack towel, a towel hung on a roller for common use. — Jack truss (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. — Jack tree. (Bot.) See 1st Jack, n. — Jack yard (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. Blue jack, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. — Hydraulic jack, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. — Jack-at-a-pinch. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. — Jack-at- all-trades, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. — Jack-by-the-hedge (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erysimum (E. alliaria, or Alliaria officinalis), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also in England, sauce-alone. Eng. Cyc. — Jack- in-a-box. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree (Hernandia sonora), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child’s toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; — called also compensating gearing. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. — Jack-in-office, an insolent fellow in authority. Wolcott. — Jack-in-the- bush (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit (Cordia Cylindrostachya). — Jack-in-the- green, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. — Jack-in-the- pulpit (Bot.), the American plant Arisaema triphyllum, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. — Jack-of-the- buttery (Bot.), the stonecrop (Sedum acre). — Jack-of-the-clock, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. — Jack-on-both-sides, one who is or tries to be neutral. — Jack-out-of-office, one who has been in office and is turned out. Shak. - - Jack the Giant Killer, the hero of a well- known nursery story. — Jack-with-a-lantern, Jack-o’-lantern. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o’-the-wisp. ´[Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o’-lanterns to the future historian.´ Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. — Yellow Jack (Naut.), the yellow fever; also the quarantine flag. See Yellow flag, under Flag.

Jack , n. [F. jaque, jacque, perh. from the proper name Jacques. Cf. Jacquerie.] A coarse and cheap mediaeval coat of defense, esp. one made of leather. “Their horsemen are with jacks for most part clad.” Sir J. Harrington.

Jack , n. [Named from its resemblance to a jack boot.] A pitcher or can of waxed leather; — called also black jack. [Obs.] Dryden.

Jack, v. i. To hunt game at night by means of a jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4, n.

Jack, v. t. To move or lift, as a house, by means of a jack or jacks. See 2d Jack, n., 5.

Jack•-a-dan´dy , n. A little dandy; a little, foppish, impertinent fellow.

Jack´al , n. [Pers. shaghal: cf. OF. jackal, F. chacal; cf. Skr. çr.gala.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of carnivorous animals inhabiting Africa and Asia, related to the dog and wolf. They are cowardly, nocturnal, and gregarious. They feed largely on carrion, and are noted for their piercing and dismal howling. The common species of Southern Asia (Canis aureus) is yellowish gray, varied with brown on the shoulders, haunches, and legs. The common African species (C. anthus) is darker in color. 2. One who does mean work for another’s advantage, as jackals were once thought to kill game which lions appropriated. [Colloq.] Ld. Lytton.

Jack´-a-lent , n. A small stuffed puppet to be pelted in Lent; hence, a simple fellow.

Jack´a•napes , n. [For Jack o’ (= of) apes; prop., a man who exhibits apes.] [Written also jackanape.] 1. A monkey; an ape. Shak. 2. A coxcomb; an impertinent or conceited fellow. “A young upstart jackanapes.” Arbuthnot.

Jack´ass , n. [2d jack + ass.] 1. The male ass; a donkey. 2. A conceited dolt; a perverse blockhead. Jackass bark (Naut.), a three-masted vessel, with only the foremast square-rigged; a barkentine. — Jackass deer (Zoöl.), the koba. — Jackass hare, Jackass rabbit (Zoöl.). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack, n. — Jackass penguin (Zoöl.), any species of penguin of the genus Spheniscus, of which several are known. One species (S. demersus) inhabits the islands near the Cape of Good Hope; another (S. Magellanicus) is found at the Falkland Islands. They make a noise like the braying of an ass; — hence the name. — Laughing jackass. (Zoöl.) See under Laughing.

Jack´daw , n. [Prob. 2d jack + daw, n.] (Zoöl.) See Daw, n.

Jack•een´ , n. A drunken, dissolute fellow. [Ireland] S. C. Hall.

Jack´et , n. [F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 3d Jack, n.] 1. A short upper garment, extending downward to the hips; a short coat without skirts. 2. An outer covering for anything, esp. a covering of some nonconducting material such as wood or felt, used to prevent radiation of heat, as from a steam boiler, cylinder, pipe, etc. 3. (Mil.) In ordnance, a strengthening band surrounding and reënforcing the tube in which the charge is fired. 4. A garment resembling a waistcoat lined with cork, to serve as a life preserver; — called also cork jacket. Blue jacket. (Naut.) See under Blue. — Steam jacket, a space filled with steam between an inner and an outer cylinder, or between a casing and a receptacle, as a kettle. — To dust one’s jacket, to give one a beating. [Colloq.]

Jack´et, v. t. 1. To put a jacket on; to furnish, as a boiler, with a jacket. 2. To thrash; to beat. [Low]

Jack´et•ed, a. Wearing, or furnished with, a jacket.

Jack´et•ing, n. The material of a jacket; as nonconducting jacketing.

Jack´ Ketch´ [Perh. fr. Jack, the proper name + Prov. E. ketch a hangman, fr. ketch, for catch to seize; but see the citations below.] A public executioner, or hangman. [Eng.] “The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard Jaquett, where felons for a long time were executed; from whence we have Jack Ketch.” Lloyd’s MS., British Museum. “[Monmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the executioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odious office.” Macaulay.

Jack´knife , n. A large, strong clasp knife for the pocket; a pocket knife.

Jack´man , n.; pl. Jackmen . 1. One wearing a jack; a horse soldier; a retainer. See 3d Jack, n. “Christie … the laird’s chief jackman.” Sir W. Scott. 2. A cream cheese. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Jack´-o’-lan•tern , n. See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack.

Jack´pud•ding , n. A merry- andrew; a buffoon. Milton.

Jack´saw , n. (Zoöl.) The merganser.

Jack´screw , n. A jack in which a screw is used for lifting, or exerting pressure. See Illust. of 2d Jack, n., 5.

Jack´slave , n. A low servant; a mean fellow. Shak.

Jack´smith , n. A smith who makes jacks. See 2d Jack, 4, c. Dryden.

Jack´snipe , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula); — called also judcock, jedcock, juddock, jed, and half snipe. (b) A small American sandpiper (Tringa maculata); — called also pectoral sandpiper, and grass snipe.

Jack´stay , n. (Naut.) A rail of wood or iron stretching along a yard of a vessel, to which the sails are fastened.

Jack´stone , n. (a) One of the pebbles or pieces used in the game of jackstones. (b) (pl.) A game played with five small stones or pieces of metal. See 6th Chuck.

Jack´straw , n. 1. An effigy stuffed with straw; a scarecrow; hence, a man without property or influence. Milton. 2. One of a set of straws of strips of ivory, bone, wood, etc., for playing a child’s game, the jackstraws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered up singly by a hooked instrument, without touching or disturbing the rest of the pile. See Spilikin.

Jack´wood , n. Wood of the jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), used in cabinetwork.

Ja´cob , n. [Cf. F. Jacob. See 2d Jack.] A Hebrew patriarch (son of Isaac, and ancestor of the Jews), who in a vision saw a ladder reaching up to heaven (Gen. xxviii. 12); — also called Israel. “And Jacob said … with my staff I passed over this Jordan, and now I am become two bands.” Gen. xxxii. 9, 10. “Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel.” Gen. xxxii. 28. Jacob’s ladder. (a) (Bot.) A perennial herb of the genus Polemonium (P. cœruleum), having corymbs of drooping flowers, usually blue. Gray. (b) (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going aloft. R. H. Dana, Jr. (c) (Naut.) A succession of short cracks in a defective spar. — Jacob’s membrane. See Retina. — Jacob’s staff. (a) A name given to many forms of staff or weapon, especially in the Middle Ages; a pilgrim’s staff. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) (Surveying) See under Staff.

Jac•o•bae´an lil´y [See Jacobean.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Amaryllis, or Sprekelia, formosissima) from Mexico. It bears a single, large, deep, red, lilylike flower. [Written also Jacobean.] { Ja•co´be•an ( 277), Ja•co´bi•an } a. [From L. Jacobus James. See 2d Jack.] Of or pertaining to a style of architecture and decoration in the time of James the First, of England. ´A Jacobean table.´ C. L. Eastlake.

Jac´o•bin , n. [F. See 2d Jack, Jacobite.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A Dominican friar; — so named because, before the French Revolution, that order had a convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris. 2. One of a society of violent agitators in France, during the revolution of 1789, who held secret meetings in the Jacobin convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris, and concerted measures to control the proceedings of the National Assembly. Hence: A plotter against an existing government; a turbulent demagogue. 3. (Zoöl.) A fancy pigeon, in which the feathers of the neck form a hood, — whence the name. The wings and tail are long, and the beak moderately short.

Jac´o•bin, a. Same as Jacobinic.

Jac´o•bine , n. A Jacobin. { Jac•o•bin´ic , Jac•o•bin´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobins of France; revolutionary; of the nature of, or characterized by, Jacobinism. Burke. — Jac•o•bin´ic•al•ly, adv.

Jac´o•bin•ism , n. [Cf. F. Jacobinisme.] The principles of the Jacobins; violent and factious opposition to legitimate government. “Under this new stimulus, Burn’s previous Jacobitism passed towards the opposite, but not very distant, extreme of Jacobinism.” J. C. Shairp.

Jac´o•bin•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jacobinized p. pr. & vb. n. Jacobinizing ] [Cf. F. Jacobiniser.] To taint with, or convert to, Jacobinism. “France was not then jacobinized.” Burke.

Jac´o•bite , n. [L. Jacobus James: cf. F. Jacobite. See 2d Jack.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after his abdication, or of his descendants, an opposer of the revolution in 1688 in favor of William and Mary. Macaulay. 2. (Eccl.) One of the sect of Syrian Monophysites. The sect is named after Jacob Baradaeus, its leader in the sixth century.

Jac´o•bite, a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobites. { Jac•o•bit´ic , Jac•o•bit´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobites; characterized by Jacobitism. — Jac•o•bit´ic•al•ly, adv.

Jac´o•bit•ism , n. The principles of the Jacobites. Mason.

Ja•co´bus , n.; pl. Jacobuses (#). [See Jacobite.] An English gold coin, of the value of twenty-five shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I.

Jac´o•net , n. [F. jaconas.] A thin cotton fabric, between cambric and muslin, used for dresses, neckcloths, etc. [Written also jacconet.]

Jac•quard´ , a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Jacquard, a French mechanician, who died in 1834. Jacquard apparatus or arrangement, a device applied to looms for weaving figured goods, consisting of mechanism controlled by a chain of variously perforated cards, which cause the warp threads to be lifted in the proper succession for producing the required figure. — Jacquard card, one of the perforated cards of a Jacquard apparatus. — Jacquard loom, a loom with Jacquard apparatus.

Jacque´mi•not , n. A half- hardy, deep crimson rose of the remontant class; — so named after General Jacqueminot, of France.

Jacque•rie´ , n. [F.] The name given to a revolt of French peasants against the nobles in 1358, the leader assuming the contemptuous title, Jacques Bonhomme, given by the nobles to the peasantry. Hence, any revolt of peasants.

Jac´tan•cy (jak´tan•sy), n. [L. jactantia, fr. jactans, p. pr. of jactare to throw, boast, freq. fr. jacere to throw; cf. F. jactance.] A boasting; a bragging. [Obs.]

Jac•ta´tion (jak•ta´shun), n. [L. jactatio, fr. jactare: af. F. jactation. See Jactancy.] A throwing or tossing of the body; a shaking or agitation. Sir. W. Temple.

Jac´ti•ta´tion , n. [L. jactitare to utter in public, from jactare. See Jactancy.] 1. (Law) Vain boasting or assertions repeated to the prejudice of another’s right; false claim. Mozley & W. 2. (Med.) A frequent tossing or moving of the body; restlessness, as in delirium. Dunglison. Jactitation of marriage (Eng. Eccl. Law), a giving out or boasting by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their matrimony may ensue. Blackstone.

Jac´u•la•ble , a. Fit for throwing. [Obs.]

Jac´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaculated p. pr. & vb. n. Jaculating.] [L. jaculatus, p. p. of jaculari. See Ejaculate.] To throw or cast, as a dart; to throw out; to emit.

Jac•u•la´tion , n. [L. jaculatio.] The act of tossing, throwing, or hurling, as spears. “Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire.” Milton.

Jac´u•la•tor , [L.] 1. One who throws or casts. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) The archer fish (Toxotes jaculator).

Jac´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. jaculatorius: cf. F. jaculatoire.] Darting or throwing out suddenly; also suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences; ejaculatory; as jaculatory prayers. Smart.

Jad´ding , n. (Mining) See Holing.

Jade , n. [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ijada stone of the side, fr. ijada flank, side, pain in the side, the stone being so named because it was supposed to cure this pain. Sp. ijada is derived fr. L. ilia flanks. Cf. Iliac.] (Min.) A stone, commonly of a pale to dark green color but sometimes whitish. It is very hard and compact, capable of fine polish, and is used for ornamental purposes and for implements, esp. in Eastern countries and among many early peoples. The general term jade includes nephrite, a compact variety of tremolite with a specific gravity of 3, and also the mineral jadeite, a silicate of alumina and soda, with a specific gravity of 3.3. The latter is the more highly prized and includes the feitsui of the Chinese. The name has also been given to other tough green minerals capable of similar use.

Jade, n. [OE. jade; cf. Prov. E. yaud, Scot. yade, yad, yaud, Icel. jalda a mare.] 1. A mean or tired horse; a worthless nag. Chaucer. “Tired as a jade in overloaden cart.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. A disreputable or vicious woman; a wench; a quean; also sometimes, a worthless man. Shak. “She shines the first of battered jades.” Swift. 3. A young woman; — generally so called in irony or slight contempt. “A souple jade she was and strang.” Burns.

Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jading.] 1. To treat like a jade; to spurn. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make ridiculous and contemptible. [Obs.] “I do now fool myself, to let imagination jade me.” Shak. 3. To exhaust by overdriving or long- continued labor of any kind; to tire or wear out by severe or tedious tasks; to harass. “The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, … checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.” Locke. Syn. — To fatigue; tire; weary; harass. — To Jade, Fatigue, Tire, Weary. Fatigue is the generic term; tire denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; weary implies that a person is worn out by exertion; jade refers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a weak person; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the body and the mind; the most powerful horse becomes jaded on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. Wearied with labor of body or mind; tired of work, tired out by importunities; jaded by incessant attention to business.

Jade, v. i. To become weary; to lose spirit. “They … fail, and jade, and tire in the prosecution.” South.

Jade´ite , n. (Min.) See Jade, the stone.

Jad´er•y , n. The tricks of a jade.

Jad´ish, a. 1. Vicious; ill-tempered; resembling a jade; — applied to a horse. 2. Unchaste; — applied to a woman. L’Estrange.

Jae´ger , n. See Jager.

Jag , n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. gag aperture, cleft, chink; akin to Ir. & Gael. gag.] [Written also jagg.] 1. A notch; a cleft; a barb; a ragged or sharp protuberance; a denticulation. “Arethuss arose …
From rock and from jag.” Shelley. “Garments thus beset with long jags.” Holland. 2. A part broken off; a fragment. Bp. Hacket. 3. (Bot.) A cleft or division. Jag bolt, a bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retraction, as when leaded into stone.

Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jagged p. pr. & vb. n. Jagging ] To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw; to notch. [Written also jagg.] Jagging iron, a wheel with a zigzag or jagged edge for cutting cakes or pastry into ornamental figures.

Jag, n. [Scot. jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. Cf. Jag a notch.] A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] [Written also jagg.] Forby.

Jag, v. t. To carry, as a load; as to jag hay, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] { Jag•a•nat´ha , Jag•a•nat´ha } n. See Juggernaut.

Ja´ger , n. [G. jäger a hunter, a sportsman. Cf. Yager.] [Written also jaeger.] 1. (Mil.) A sharpshooter. See Yager. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius. Three species occur on the Atlantic coast. The jagers pursue other species of gulls and force them to disgorge their prey. The two middle tail feathers are usually decidedly longer than the rest. Called also boatswain, and marline-spike bird. The name is also applied to the skua, or Arctic gull (Megalestris skua).

Jagg , v. t. & n. See Jag.

Jag´ged (jag´ged), a. Having jags; having rough, sharp notches, protuberances, or teeth; cleft; laciniate; divided; as jagged rocks. ´ Jagged vine leaves’ shade.´ Trench. — Jag´ged•ly, adv. — Jag´ged•ness, n.

Jag´ger (jag´ger), n. One who carries about a small load; a peddler. See 2d Jag. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Jag´ger, n. [From 4th Jag.] One who, or that which, jags; specifically: (a) jagging iron used for crimping pies, cakes, etc. (b) A toothed chisel. See Jag, v. t. Jagger spring, a spring beneath a seat, and resting on cleats or blocks in the body of a vehicle. Knight.

Jag´ger•y , n. [Hind jagri. Cf. Sugar.] Raw palm sugar, made in the East Indies by evaporating the fresh juice of several kinds of palm trees, but specifically that of the palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis). [Written also jagghery.]

Jag´gy , a. Having jags; set with teeth; notched; uneven; as jaggy teeth. Addison.

Ja´ghir , n. [Per. jagir.] A village or district the government and revenues of which are assigned to some person, usually in consideration of some service to be rendered, esp. the maintenance of troops. [Written also jaghire, jagir, etc.] [India] Whitworth.

Ja´ghir•dar , n. [Per. jagir-dar.] The holder of a jaghir.

Ja´gua palm [Sp. jagua the fruit of the jagua palm.] (Bot.) A great Brazilian palm (Maximiliana regia), having immense spathes which are used for baskets and tubs.

Ja•guar´ , n. [Braz. yagoára: cf. & Pg. jaguar.] (Zoöl.) A large and powerful feline animal (Felis onca), ranging from Texas and Mexico to Patagonia. It is usually brownish yellow, with large, dark, somewhat angular rings, each generally inclosing one or two dark spots. It is chiefly arboreal in its habits. Called also the American tiger.

Ja•gua•ron´di , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American wild cat (Felis jaguarondi), having a long, slim body and very short legs. Its color is grayish brown, varied with a blackish hue. It is arboreal in its habits and feeds mostly on birds.

Jah (jä), n. [Heb. yah.] Jehovah. Ps. lxviii. 4.

Jail , n. [OE. jaile, gail, gayhol, OF. gaole, gaiole, jaiole, F. geôle, LL. gabiola, dim. of gabia cage, for L. cavea cavity, cage. See Cage.] A kind of prison; a building for the confinement of persons held in lawful custody, especially for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding. [Written also gaol.] “This jail I count the house of liberty.” Milton. Jail bird, a prisoner; one who has been confined in prison. [Slang] — Jail delivery, the release of prisoners from jail, either legally or by violence. — Jail delivery commission. See under Gaol. — Jail fever (Med.), typhus fever, or a disease resembling it, generated in jails and other places crowded with people; — called also hospital fever, and ship fever. — Jail liberties, or Jail limits, a space or district around a jail within which an imprisoned debtor was on certain conditions, allowed to go at large. Abbott. — Jail lock, a peculiar form of padlock; — called also Scandinavian lock.

Jail, v. t. To imprison. [R.] T. Adams (1614). “[Bolts] that jail you from free life.” Tennyson.

Jail´er , n. [OE. jailer, gailer, OF. geolier, F. geôlier. See Jail.] The keeper of a jail or prison. [Written also jailor, gaoler.] {Jain , Jai´na } n. [Skr. Jaina, fr. Jina, a proper name, fr. jina victorious.] One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism.

Jain´ism , n. The heterodox Hindoo religion, of which the most striking features are the exaltation of saints or holy mortals, called jins, above the ordinary Hindoo gods, and the denial of the divine origin and infallibility of the Vedas. It is intermediate between Brahmanism and Buddhism, having some things in common with each.

Jai•rou´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The ahu or Asiatic gazelle.

Jak , n. (Bot.) see 1st Jack.

Jakes , n. [Prob. fr. F. Jacques, the proper name. See 2d Jack.] A privy. Shak.

Ja´kie , n. (Zoöl.) A South American striped frog (Pseudis paradoxa), remarkable for having a tadpole larger than the adult, and hence called also paradoxical frog.

Jak´o (jak´o), n. (Zoöl.) An African parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly kept as a cage bird; — called also gray parrot.

Jak´wood , n. See Jackwood.

Jal´ap , n. [F., fr. Sp. jalapa; — so called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, whence it was first obtained.] (Med.) The tubers of the Mexican plant Ipomœa purga (or Exogonium purga), a climber much like the morning-glory. The abstract, extract, and powder, prepared from the tubers, are well known purgative medicines. Other species of Ipomœa yield several inferior kinds of jalap, as the I. Orizabensis, and I. tuberosa. False jalap, the root of Mirabilis Jalapa, four-o’clock, or marvel of Peru.

Ja•lap´ic , a. Of or pertaining to jalap.

Jal´a•pin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the stems of the jalap plant and scammony. It is a strong purgative.

Ja•lons´, n. pl. [F. Of unknown origin.] (Mil.) Long poles, topped with wisps of straw, used as landmarks and signals. Farrow.

Ja•lou•sie´, n. [F. See Jealousy.] A Venetian or slatted inside window blind.

Ja•lou•sied´ , a. Furnished with jalousies; as jalousied porches.

Jam , n. [Per. or Hind. jamah garment, robe.] A kind of frock for children.

Jam, n. (Mining) See Jamb.

Jam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jammed p. pr. & vb. n. Jamming.] [Either fr. jamb, as if squeezed between jambs, or more likely from the same source as champ See Champ.] 1. To press into a close or tight position; to crowd; to squeeze; to wedge in. “The … jammed in between two rocks.” De Foe. 2. To crush or bruise; as to jam a finger in the crack of a door. [Colloq.] 3. (Naut.) To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback. W. C. Russell.

Jam, n. 1. A mass of people or objects crowded together; also the pressure from a crowd; a crush; as a jam in a street; a jam of logs in a river. 2. An injury caused by jamming. [Colloq.]

Jam, n. [Prob. fr. jam, v.; but cf. also Ar. jamad ice, jelly, jamid congealed, jamd congelation, ice.] A preserve of fruit boiled with sugar and water; as raspberry jam; currant jam; grape jam. Jam nut. See Check nut, under Check. — Jam weld (Forging), a butt weld. See under Butt.

Jam•a•ci´na , n. [NL.] Jamaicine.

Jam´a•dar , n. Same as Jemidar.

Ja•mai´ca , n. One of the West India islands. Jamaica ginger, a variety of ginger, called also white ginger, prepared in Jamaica from the best roots, which are deprived of their epidermis and dried separately. — Jamaica pepper, allspice. — Jamaica rose (Bot.), a West Indian melastomaceous shrub (Blakea trinervis), with showy pink flowers.

Ja•mai´can , a. Of or pertaining to Jamaica. — n. A native or inhabitant of Jamaica.

Ja•ma´i•cine , n. [From Jamaica.] (Chem.) An alkaloid said to be contained in the bark of Geoffroya inermis, a leguminous tree growing in Jamaica and Surinam; — called also jamacina. Watts.

Jamb , n. [Prov. E. jaumb, jaum, F. jambe a leg, jambe de force a principal rafter. See Gambol.] 1. (Arch) The vertical side of any opening, as a door or fireplace; hence, less properly, any narrow vertical surface of wall, as the of a chimney-breast or of a pier, as distinguished from its face. Gwilt. 2. (Mining) Any thick mass of rock which prevents miners from following the lode or vein.

Jamb , v. t. See Jam, v. t.

Jam•bee´ , n. [See Jamb, n.: cf. OF. jamboier to walk.] A fashionable cane. [Obs.] Tatler. { Jambes , Jam´beux } n. pl. [From F. jambe a leg: cf. OF. jambiere. See Jamb, n.] (Ancient Armor) In the Middle Ages, armor for the legs below the knees. [Written also giambeux.] Chaucer.

Jam•bo•la´na , n. [Cf. Pg. jambolão a kind of tropical fruit.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit.

Jam´da•ni , n. A silk fabric, with a woven pattern of sprigs of flowers. [Written also jamdanee.] Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Ja´me•son•ite , n. [From Prof. Jameson, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) A steel-gray mineral, of metallic luster, commonly fibrous massive. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead, with a little iron.

James´’s pow•der (Med.) Antimonial powder, first prepared by Dr. James, an English physician; — called also fever powder.

James´town• weed (Bot.) The poisonous thorn apple or stramonium (Datura stramonium), a rank weed early noticed at Jamestown, Virginia. See Datura. This name is often corrupted into jimson, jimpson, and gympsum.

Jan (jan), n. [Ar.] (Moham. Myth.) One of an intermediate order between angels and men.

Jane (jan), n. [LL. Janua Genoa; L. Genua, also OE. Jean.] 1. A coin of Genoa; any small coin. Chaucer. 2. A kind of twilled cotton cloth. See Jean.

Jane´-of-apes´ , n. A silly, pert girl; — corresponding to jackanapes. Massinger.

Jan´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jangled p. pr. & vb. n. Jangling ] [OE. janglen to quarrel, OF. jangler to rail, quarrel; of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. jangelen, janken, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.] 1. To sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune. 2. To talk idly; to prate; to babble; to chatter; to gossip. ´Thou janglest as a jay.´ Chaucer. 3. To quarrel in words; to altercate; to wrangle. “Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles, agree.” Shak. “Prussian Trenck … jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner.” Carlyle.

Jan´gle, v. t. To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously; to produce discordant sounds with. “Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune, and harsh.” Shak.

Jan´gle, n. [Cf. OF. jangle.] 1. Idle talk; prate; chatter; babble. Chaucer. 2. Discordant sound; wrangling. “The musical jangle of sleigh bells.” Longfellow.

Jan´gler , n. [Cf. OF. jangleor.] 1. An idle talker; a babbler; a prater. Chaucer. 2. A wrangling, noisy fellow.

Jan´gler•ess, n. A female prater or babbler.

Jan´gler•y, n. [Cf. OF. janglerie chattering, talk.] Jangling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jan´gling , a. Producing discordant sounds. ´A jangling noise.´ Milton.

Jan´gling, n. 1. Idle babbling; vain disputation. “From which some, having swerved, have turned aside unto vain jangling.” 1 Tim. i. 6. 2. Wrangling; altercation. Lamb.

Jan´is•sa•ry , n. See Janizary.

Jan´i•tor , n. [L., fr. janua a door.] A door-keeper; a porter; one who has the care of a public building, or a building occupied for offices, suites of rooms, etc. { Jan´i•tress , Jan´i•trix } n. [L. janitrix. See Janitor.] A female janitor.

Jan´i•zar , n. A janizary. [R.] Byron.

Jan•i•za´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the janizaries, or their government. Burke.

Jan´i•za•ry , n.; pl. Janizaries (#). [F. janissaire, fr. Turk. yei-tsheri new soldiers or troops.] A soldier of a privileged military class, which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was suppressed in 1826. [written also janissary.]

Jan´ker , n. A long pole on two wheels, used in hauling logs. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Jan´sen•ism , n. [F. Jansenisme.] (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Jansen regarding free will and divine grace.

Jan´sen•ist, n. [F. Janseniste.] (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in the 17th century, who taught certain doctrines denying free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace.

Jant , v. i. See Jaunt.

Jan´thi•na , n. (Zoöl.) See Ianthina.

Jan´ti•ly , adv. See Jauntily.

Jan´ti•ness, n. See Jauntiness.

Jan´tu n. A machine of great antiquity, used in Bengal for raising water to irrigate land. Knight.

Jan´ty , a. See Jaunty.

Jan´u•a•ry , n. [L. Januarius, fr. Janus an old Latin deity, the god of the sun and the year, to whom the month of January was sacred; cf. janua a door, Skr. ya to go.] The first month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Before the adoption of New Style, the commencement of the year was usually reckoned from March 25.

Ja´nus , n. [L. See January.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Latin deity represented with two faces looking in opposite directions. Numa is said to have dedicated to Janus the covered passage at Rome, near the Forum, which is usually called the Temple of Janus. This passage was open in war and closed in peace. Dr. W. Smith. Janus cloth, a fabric having both sides dressed, the sides being of different colors, — used for reversible garments.

Ja´nus-faced , a. Double- faced; deceitful. Janus-faced lock, one having duplicate faces so as to go upon a right or a left hand door, the key entering on either side indifferently. Knight.

Ja´nus-head•ed , a. Double- headed.

Ja•pan´ (ja•pan´), n. [From Japan, the country.] Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner; also the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.

Ja•pan´, a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lacquered work of that country; as Japan ware. Japan allspice (Bot.), a spiny shrub from Japan (Chimonanthus fragrans), related to the Carolina allspice. — Japan black (Chem.), a quickly drying black lacquer or varnish, consisting essentially of asphaltum dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, and used for coating ironwork; — called also Brunswick black, Japan lacquer, or simply Japan. — Japan camphor, ordinary camphor brought from China or Japan, as distinguished from the rare variety called borneol or Borneo camphor. — Japan clover, or Japan pea (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Lespedeza striata) from Eastern Asia, useful for fodder, first noticed in the Southern United States about 1860, but now become very common. During the Civil War it was called variously Yankee clover and Rebel clover. — Japan earth. See Catechu. — Japan ink, a kind of writing ink, of a deep, glossy black when dry. — Japan varnish, a varnish prepared from the milky juice of the Rhus vernix, a small Japanese tree related to the poison sumac.

Ja•pan´ (ja•pan´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Japanned (ja•pand´); p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.] 1. To cover with a coat of hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese; to lacquer. 2. To give a glossy black to, as shoes. [R.] Gay.

Jap•a•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or its inhabitants.

Jap•a•nese´, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan. 2. sing. The language of the people of Japan.

Ja•panned´ , a. Treated, or coated, with varnish in the Japanese manner. Japanned leather, leather treated with coatings of Japan varnish, and dried in a stove. Knight.

Ja•pan´ner , n. 1. One who varnishes in the manner of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art. 2. A bootblack. [R.]

Ja•pan´ning , n. The art or act of varnishing in the Japanese manner.

Ja•pan´nish , a. After the manner of the Japanese; resembling japanned articles. Carlyle.

Jape , v. i. [Prob. from the same source as gab, influenced by F. japper to yelp. See Gab to deceive.] To jest; to play tricks; to jeer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jape, v. t. To mock; to trick. Chaucer. “I have not been putting a jape upon you.” Sir W. Scott. “The coy giggle of the young lady to whom he has imparted his latest merry jape.” W. Besant.

Jap´er , n. A jester; a buffoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jap´er•y , n. [Cf. OF. japerie a yelping.] Jesting; buffoonery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ja´pheth•ite , n. A Japhetite. Kitto.

Ja•phet´ic , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as Japhetic nations, the nations of Europe and Northern Asia; Japhetic languages.

Ja´phet•ite , n. A descendant of Japheth.

Ja•pon´i•ca , n. [NL., Japanese, fr. Japonia Japan.] (Bot.) A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

Jar (jär), n. [See Ajar.] A turn. [Only in phrase.] On the jar, on the turn, ajar, as a door.

Jar (jär), n. [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah ewer; cf. Pers. jarrah.] 1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as a jar of honey; a rose jar. Dryden. 2. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as a jar of oil; a jar of preserves. Bell jar, Leyden jar. See in the Vocabulary.

Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred p. pr. & vb. n. Jarring ] [Cf. OE. charken to creak, AS. cearcian to gnash, F. jars a gander, L. garrire to chatter, prate, OHG. kerran to chatter, croak, G. quarren to grumble, and E. jargon, ajar.] 1. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as the notes jarred on my ears. “When such strings jar, what hope of harmony ?” Shak. “A string may jar in the best master’s hand.” Roscommon. 2. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute. “When those renowned noble peers Greece
Through stubborn pride among themselves did jar.” Spenser. “For orders and degrees
Jar not with liberty, but well consist.” Milton.

Jar, v. t. 1. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as to jar the earth; to jar one’s faith. 2. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off. [Obs.] “My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar
Their watches on unto mine eyes.” Shak.

Jar, n. 1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds. 2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement. “And yet his peace is but continual jar.” Spenser. “Cease, cease these jars, and rest your minds in peace.” Shak. 3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum. “I love thee not a jar of the clock.” Shak. 4. pl. In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed.

Jar•a•ra´ca , n. [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.) A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

Jar´ble , v. t. To wet; to bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Jar•di•nière´ , n. [F., fem. of jardinier gardener. See Garden.] An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room.

Jards , n. [F. jarde, jardon.] (Far.) A callous tumor on the leg of a horse, below the hock.

Jar´gle , v. i. [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk jargon. See Jargon gabble.] To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Jar´gon , n. [F. jargon, OF. also gargon, perh. akin to E. garrulous, or gargle.] Confused, unintelligible language; gibberish; hence, an artificial idiom or dialect; cant language; slang. ´A barbarous jargon.´ Macaulay. ´All jargon of the schools.´ Prior. “The jargon which serves the traffickers.” Johnson.

Jar´gon (jär´gon), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargoned (-gond); p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.] To utter jargon; to emit confused or unintelligible sounds; to talk unintelligibly, or in a harsh and noisy manner. “The noisy jay,
Jargoning like a foreigner at his food.” Longfellow.

Jar´gon, n. [E. jargon, It. jiargone; perh. fr. Pers. zargn gold-colored, fr. zar gold. Cf. Zircon.] (Min.) A variety of zircon. See Zircon.

Jar•go•nelle´ , n. [F. jargonelle a very gritty variety of pear. See Jargon zircon.] A variety of pear which ripens early.

Jar•gon´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the mineral jargon.

Jar´gon•ist , n. One addicted to jargon; one who uses cant or slang. Macaulay.

Jarl , n. [Icel., nobleman, chief. See Earl.] A chief; an earl; in English history, one of the leaders in the Danish and Norse invasions. Longfellow.

Jar´nut , n. [Of Scand. origin: cf. Dan. jordnöd.] (Bot.) An earthnut. Dr. Prior.

Ja•ro´site , n. [From Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] (Min.) An ocher-yellow mineral occurring in minute rhombohedral crystals. It is a hydrous sulphate of iron and potash.

Jar´-owl , n. (Zoöl.) The goatsucker.

Jar´rah , n. The mahoganylike wood of the Australian Eucalyptus marginata. See Eucalyptus.

Jar´ring , a. [See Jar.] Shaking; disturbing; discordant. ´A jarring sound.´ Dryden.

Jar´ring n. 1. A shaking; a tremulous motion; as the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines. 2. Discord; a clashing of interests. ´Endless jarrings and immortal hate.´ Dryden.

Jar´ring•ly, adv. In a jarring or discordant manner. { Jar´vey , Jar´vy } , n. 1. The driver of a hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] Carlyle. 2. A hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] “The litter at the bottom of the jarvy.” T. Hook.

Ja´sey , n. A wig; — so called, perhaps, from being made of, or resembling, Jersey yarn. Thackeray.

Jas´hawk , n. [A corruption of eyas hawk.] (Zoöl.) A young hawk. Booth.

Jas´mine , n. [F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. yasmin, Pers. yasmin; cf. It. gesmino, gelsomino. Cf. Jessamine.] (Bot.) A shrubby plant of the genus Jasminum, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. The J. officinale, common in the south of Europe, bears white flowers. The Arabian jasmine is J. Sambac, and, with J. angustifolia, comes from the East Indies. The yellow false jasmine in the Gelseminum sempervirens (see Gelsemium). Several other plants are called jasmine in the West Indies, as species of Calotropis and Faramea. [Written also jessamine.] Cape jasmine, or Cape jessamine, the Gardenia florida, a shrub with fragrant white flowers, a native of China, and hardy in the Southern United States.

Jasp , n. Jasper. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jas´pa•chate , n. [L. iaspachates, Gr. .] (Min.) Agate jasper. [Obs.]

Jas´per , n. [OE. jaspre, jaspe, OF. jaspre, jaspe, F. jaspe, L. iaspis, Gr. ; cf. Per. yashp, yashf, Ar. yashb, yasb, yasf, Heb. yashpheh. Cf. Diaper.] (Min.) An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a smooth surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff boxes, etc. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper. The Egyptian pebble is a brownish yellow jasper. Jasper opal, a yellow variety of opal resembling jasper. — Jasper ware, a delicate kind of earthenware invented by Josiah Wedgwood. It is usually white, but is capable of receiving color.

Jas´per•a•ted , a. mixed with jasper; containing particles of jasper; as jasperated agate.

Jas´per•ize , v. t. [Usually p. p. Jasperized .] To convert into, or make to resemble, jasper. “Polished specimens of jasperized and agatized woods.” Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Jas´per•y , a. Of the nature of jasper; mixed with jasper. { Jas•pid´e•an , Jas•pid´e•ous } a. [L. iaspideus. See Jasper.] Consisting of jasper, or containing jasper; jaspery; jasperlike.

Jas´pi•lite , n. [Jasper + -lite.] (Min.) A compact siliceous rock resembling jasper.

Jas´poid , a. [F. jaspoïde; jaspe jasper + Gr. form.] Resembling jasper. [R.]

Jasp•o´nyx , n. [L. iasponyx, Gr. . See Jasper, and Onyx.] (min.) An onyx, part or all of whose layers consist of jasper.

Ja•troph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to physic nuts, the seeds of plants of the genus Jatropha.

Jaunce , v. i. [OF. jancer. Cf. Jounce, Jaunt.] To ride hard; to jounce. [Obs.] “Spurr’d, galled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke.” Shak.

Jaun´dice ( 277), n. [OE. jaunis, F. jaunisse, fr. jaune yellow, orig. jalne, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, fr. galbus yellow.] (Med.) A morbid condition, characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, whiteness of the faeces, constipation, uneasiness in the region of the stomach, loss of appetite, and general languor and lassitude. It is caused usually by obstruction of the biliary passages and consequent damming up, in the liver, of the bile, which is then absorbed into the blood. Blue jaundice. See Cyanopathy.

Jaun´dice , v. t. To affect with jaundice; to color by prejudice or envy; to prejudice. “The envy of wealth jaundiced his soul.” Ld. Lytton.

Jaun´diced , a. 1. Affected with jaundice. “Jaundiced eyes seem to see all objects yellow.” Bp. Hall. 2. Prejudiced; envious; as a jaundiced judgment.

Jaunt , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaunting.] [Cf. Scot. jaunder to ramble, jaunt to taunt, jeer, dial. Sw. ganta to play the buffoon, romp, jest; perh. akin to E. jump. Cf. Jaunce.] 1. To ramble here and there; to stroll; to make an excursion. 2. To ride on a jaunting car. Jaunting car, a kind of low-set open vehicle, used in Ireland, in which the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. [Written also jaunty car.] Thackeray.

Jaunt, v. t. To jolt; to jounce. [Obs.] Bale.

Jaunt, n. 1. A wearisome journey. [R.] “Our Savior, meek, and with untroubled mind
After his aëry jaunt, though hurried sore.
Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest.” Milton. 2. A short excursion for pleasure or refreshment; a ramble; a short journey.

Jaun´ti•ly , adv. In a jaunty manner.

Jaun´ti•ness, n. The quality of being jaunty. “That jauntiness of air I was once master of.” Addison.

Jaun´ty , a. [Compar. Jauntier superl. Jauntiest.] [Formerly spelt janty, fr. F. gentil. See Gentle, and cf. Genty.] Airy; showy; finical; hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical manner.

Ja´va , n. 1. One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands. 2. Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java. Java cat (Zoöl.), the musang. — Java sparrow (Zoöl.), a species of finch (Padda oryzivora), native of Java, but very commonly kept as a cage bird; — called also ricebird, and paddy bird. In the male the upper parts are glaucous gray, the head and tail black, the under parts delicate rose, and the cheeks white. The bill is large and red. A white variety is also kept as a cage bird.

Jav•a•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Java, or to the people of Java. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Java.

Jav´el , n. A vagabond. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jave´lin , n. [F. javeline; akin to Sp. jabalina, It. giavelina, and F. javelot, OF. gavlot. Cf. Gavelock.] A sort of light spear, to be thrown or cast by the hand; anciently, a weapon of war used by horsemen and foot soldiers; now used chiefly in hunting the wild boar and other fierce game. “Flies the javelin swifter to its mark,
Launched by the vigor of a Roman arm?” Addison.

Jave´lin, v. t. To pierce with a javelin. [R.] Tennyson.

Jave•lin•ier´ , n. A soldier armed with a javelin. Holland.

Jaw , n. [A modification of chaw, formed under the influence of F. joue the cheek. See Chaw, Chew.] 1. (Anat.) (a) One of the bones, usually bearing teeth, which form the framework of the mouth. (b) Hence, also the bone itself with the teeth and covering. (c) In the plural, the mouth. 2. Fig.: Anything resembling the jaw of an animal in form or action; esp., pl., the mouth or way of entrance; as the jaws of a pass; the jaws of darkness; the jaws of death. Shak. 3. (Mach.) (a) A notch or opening. (b) A notched or forked part, adapted for holding an object in place; as the jaw of a railway-car pedestal. See Axle guard. (b) One of a pair of opposing parts which are movable towards or from each other, for grasping or crushing anything between them, as the jaws of a vise, or the jaws of a stone-crushing machine. 4. (Naut.) The inner end of a boom or gaff, hollowed in a half circle so as to move freely on a mast. 5. Impudent or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley. Jaw bit (Railroad), a bar across the jaws of a pedestal underneath an axle box. — Jaw breaker, a word difficult to pronounce. [Obs.] — Jaw rope (Naut.), a rope which holds the jaws of a gaff to the mast. — Jaw tooth, a molar or grinder; a back tooth.

Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jawed p. pr. & vb. n. Jawing.] To scold; to clamor. [Low] Smollett.

Jaw, v. t. To assail or abuse by scolding. [Low]

Jaw´bone , n. The bone of either jaw; a maxilla or a mandible.

Jawed (jad), a. Having jaws; - - chiefly in composition; as lantern-jawed. ´Jawed like a jetty.´ Skelton.

Jaw´-fall , n. Depression of the jaw; hence, depression of spirits. M. Griffith (1660).

Jaw´-fall•en , a. Dejected; chopfallen.

Jaw´foot , n. (Zoöl.) See Maxilliped.

Jaw´ing, n. Scolding; clamorous or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

Jawn , v. i. See Yawn. [Obs.] Marston.

Jaw´y , a. Relating to the jaws. Gayton.

Jay , n. [F. geai, OF. gai, jaj, perh. fr. OHG. gahi. Cf. Gay.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the numerous species of birds belonging to Garrulus, Cyanocitta, and allied genera. They are allied to the crows, but are smaller, more graceful in form, often handsomely colored, and usually have a crest. The European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is a large and handsomely colored species, having the body pale reddish brown, lighter beneath; tail and wing quills blackish; the primary coverts barred with bright blue and black; throat, tail coverts, and a large spot on the wings, white. Called also jay pie, Jenny jay, and kae. The common blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata.), and the related species, are brilliantly colored, and have a large erectile crest. The California jay (Aphelocoma Californica), the Florida jay (A. Floridana), and the green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa), of Texas and Mexico, are large, handsome, crested species. The Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), and several allied species, are much plainer and have no crest. See Blue jay, and Whisky jack. Jay thrush (Zoöl.), any one several species of Asiatic singing birds, of the genera Garrulax, Grammatoptila, and related genera of the family Crateropodidae; as the white-throated jay thrush (G. albogularis), of India.

Jay´et , n. (Min.) See Jet. [Obs.]

Jay´hawk•er , n. A name given to a free-booting, unenlisted, armed man or guerrilla. [A term of opprobrium used in the war of 1861-65, U. S.]

Ja´zel , n. A gem of an azure color. [Obs.]

Jaz´er•ant , n. [OF. jacerant, jaseran, Sp. jacerina, cota jacerina, fr. jazarino Algerine, fr. Ar. jazair Algiers.] A coat of defense made of small plates of metal sewed upon linen or the like; also this kind of armor taken generally; as a coat of jazerant.

Jeal´ous , a. [OE. jalous, gelus, OF. jalous, F. jaloux, LL. zelosus zealous, fr. zelus emulation, zeal, jealousy, Gr. zh^los. See Zeal, and cf. Zealous.] 1. Zealous; solicitous; vigilant; anxiously watchful. “I have been very jealous for the Lord God of hosts.” Kings xix. 10. “How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own repute!” Dr. H. More. 2. Apprehensive; anxious; suspiciously watchful. “’This doing wrong creates such doubts as these,
Renders us jealous and disturbs our peace.” Waller. “The people are so jealous of the clergy’s ambition.” Swift. 3. Exacting exclusive devotion; intolerant of rivalry. “Thou shalt worship no other God; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.” Ex. xxxiv. 14. 4. Disposed to suspect rivalry in matters of interest and affection; apprehensive regarding the motives of possible rivals, or the fidelity of friends; distrustful; having morbid fear of rivalry in love or preference given to another; painfully suspicious of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. “If the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife.” Num. v. 14. “To both these sisters have I sworn my love:
Each jealous of the other, as the stung
Are of the adder.” Shak. “It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous.” Bacon. Syn. — Suspicious; anxious; envious. Jealous, Suspicious. Suspicious is the wider term. We suspect a person when we distrust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. We are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of what we dearly prize. Iago began by awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last into jealousy. ´Suspicion may be excited by some kind of accusation, not supported by evidence sufficient for conviction, but sufficient to trouble the repose of confidence.´ ´Jealousy is a painful apprehension of rivalship in cases that are peculiarly interesting to us.´ Cogan.

Jeal´ous•hood , n. Jealousy. [Obs.] Shak.

Jeal´ous•ly, adv. In a jealous manner.

Jeal´ous•ness, n. State or quality of being jealous.

Jeal´ous•y , n.; pl. Jealousies (#). [ F. jalousie. See Jealous, and cf. Jalousie.] The quality of being jealous; earnest concern or solicitude; painful apprehension of rivalship in cases nearly affecting one’s happiness; painful suspicion of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. “I was jealous for jealousy.” Zech. viii. 2. “Jealousy is the … apprehension of superiority.” Shenstone. “Whoever had qualities to alarm our jealousy, had excellence to deserve our fondness.” Rambler.

Jeames , n. [Corrup. of James.] A footman; a flunky. [Slang, Eng.] Thackeray.

Jean , n. [Prob. named from Genoa. See Jane.] A twilled cotton cloth. Satin jean, a kind of jean woven smooth and glossy, after the manner of satin.

Jears , n. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b).

Jeat , n. (Min.) See Jet. [Obs.]

Jed´ding ax , n. A stone mason’s tool, having a flat face and a pointed part. Knight.

Jee , v. t. & i. See Gee.

Jeel , n. [Hind. jhil.] A morass; a shallow lake. [Written also jhil.] [India] Whitworth.

Jeer , n. [Cf. Gear.] (Naut.) (a) A gear; a tackle. (b) pl. An assemblage or combination of tackles, for hoisting or lowering the lower yards of a ship. Jeer capstan (Naut.), an extra capstan usually placed between the foremast and mainmast.

Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jeered p. pr. & vb. n. Jeering.] [Perh. a corrup. of cheer to salute with cheers, taken in an ironical sense; or more prob. fr. D. gekscheren to jeer, lit., to shear the fool; gek a fool (see 1st Geck) + scheren to shear. See Shear, v.] To utter sarcastic or scoffing reflections; to speak with mockery or derision; to use taunting language; to scoff; as to jeer at a speaker. “But when he saw her toy and gibe and jeer.” Spenser. Syn. — To sneer; scoff; flout; gibe; mock.

Jeer , v. t. To treat with scoffs or derision; to address with jeers; to taunt; to flout; to mock at. “And if we can not jeer them, we jeer ourselves.” B. Jonson.

Jeer, n. A railing remark or reflection; a scoff; a taunt; a biting jest; a flout; a jibe; mockery. “Midas exposed to all their jeers,
Had lost his art, and kept his ears.” Swift.

Jeer´er , n. A scoffer; a railer; a mocker.

Jeer´ing, a. Mocking; scoffing. — n. A mocking utterance. — Jeer´ing•ly, adv.

Jeers , n. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b).

Jef•fer•so´ni•a , n. [NL. Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Bot.) An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf.

Jef•fer•so´ni•an , a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson or his policy or political doctrines. Lowell.

Jef´fer•son•ite , n. [Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Min.) A variety of pyroxene of olive-green color passing into brown. It contains zinc.

Jeg , n. (Mach.) See Jig, 6.

Je•ho´vah , n. [Heb. usually yehovah (with the vowel points of adonai Lord), sometimes (to avoid repetition) yehovih (with the vowel points of elohim God); but only the four Heb, consonants yhvh are conceded to be certainly known.] A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, by which he was revealed to the Jews as their covenant God or Sovereign of the theocracy; the ´ineffable name´ of the Supreme Being, which was not pronounced by the Jews.

Je•ho´vist , n. 1. One who maintains that the vowel points of the word Jehovah, in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of that word; — opposed to adonist. 2. The writer of the passages of the Old Testament, especially those of the Pentateuch, in which the Supreme Being is styled Jehovah. See Elohist. “The characteristic manner of the Jehovist differs from that of his predecessor [the Elohist]. He is fuller and freer in his descriptions; more reflective in his assignment of motives and causes; more artificial in mode of narration.” S. Davidson.

Je•ho•vis´tic , a. Relating to, or containing, Jehovah, as a name of God; — said of certain parts of the Old Testament, especially of the Pentateuch, in which Jehovah appears as the name of the Deity. See Elohistic.

Je´hu , n. [From Jehu, son of Nimshi. 2 Kings ix. 20.] A coachman; a driver; especially, one who drives furiously. [Colloq.]

Je•ju´nal , a. Pertaining to the jejunum.

Je•june´ , a. [L. jejunus fasting, hungry, dry, barren, scanty; of unknown origin.] 1. Lacking matter; empty; void of substance. 2. Void of interest; barren; meager; dry; as a jejune narrative. - Je•june´ly, adv. — Je•june´ness, n. Bacon.

Je•ju´ni•ty , n. The quality of being jejune; jejuneness.

Je•ju´num , n. [NL., fr. L. jejunus empty, dry.] (Anat.) The middle division of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum; — so called because usually found empty after death.

Jel´er•ang , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, handsome squirrel (Sciurus Javensis), native of Java and Southern Asia; — called also Java squirrel.

Jell , v. i. To jelly. [Colloq.]

Jel´lied , a. Brought to the state or consistence of jelly.

Jel´ly , n.; pl. Jellies (#). [ Formerly gelly, gely, F. gelee jelly, frost, fr. geler to freeze. L. gelare; akin to gelu frost. See Gelid.] 1. Anything brought to a gelatinous condition; a viscous, translucent substance in a condition between liquid and solid; a stiffened solution of gelatin, gum, or the like. 2. The juice of fruits or meats boiled with sugar to an elastic consistence; as currant jelly; calf’s- foot jelly. Jelly bag, a bag through which the material for jelly is strained. — Jelly mold, a mold for forming jelly in ornamental shapes. — Jelly plant (Bot.), Australian name of an edible seaweed (Eucheuma speciosum), from which an excellent jelly is made. J. Smith. — Jelly powder, an explosive, composed of nitroglycerin and collodion cotton; — so called from its resemblance to calf’s-foot jelly.

Jel´ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jellied p. pr. & vb. n. Jellying.] To become jelly; to come to the state or consistency of jelly.

Jel´ly•fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of the acalephs, esp. one of the larger species, having a jellylike appearance. See Medusa.

Jem´i•dar (jem´i•där•), n. [Per. & Hind. jama-dar.] The chief or leader of a band or body of persons; esp., in the native army of India, an officer of a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. [Written also jemadar, jamadar.]

Jem´lah goat (jem´la got•). (Zoöl.) The jharal.

Jem´mi•ness , n. Spruceness. [Slang, Eng.] Pegge (1814).

Jem´my , a. [Cf. Gim, and Gimp, a.] Spruce. [Slang, Eng.] Smart.

Jem´my, n. 1. A short crowbar. See Jimmy. 2. A baked sheep’s head. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Je•ni´quen , n. [Sp. jeniquen.] (Bot.) A Mexican name for the Sisal hemp (Agave rigida, var. Sisalana); also its fiber. [Written also heniequen.]

Je´nite , n. (Min.) See Yenite.

Jen´kins , n. A name of contempt for a flatterer of persons high in social or official life; as the Jenkins employed by a newspaper. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] G. W. Curtis.

Jen´net (jen´net), n. [F. genet, Sp. jinete, orig., a mounted soldier, Ar. zenata a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its cavalry.] A small Spanish horse; a genet.

Jen´net•ing, n. [Prob. fr. a dim. of Jean John, so named as becoming ripe about St. John’s day, June 24. F. Jean is fr. L. Johannes. See Zany.] A variety of early apple. See Juneating. [Written also geniting.]

Jen´ny , n.; pl. Jennies . 1. A familiar or pet form of the proper name Jane. 2. (Zoöl.) A familiar name of the European wren. Jenny ass (Zoöl.), a female ass.

Jen´ny, n. [A corruption of gin an engine; influenced by Jenny, the proper name. See Gin an engine, and cf. Ginny-carriage.] A machine for spinning a number of threads at once, — used in factories.

Jent´ling , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Leuciscus; the blue chub of the Danube.

Jeof´ail (jef´al), n. [F. j’ai failli I have failed.] (Law) An oversight in pleading, or the acknowledgment of a mistake or oversight. Blackstone.

Jeop´ard , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeoparded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeoparding.] [From Jeopardy.] To put in jeopardy; to expose to loss or injury; to imperil; to hazard. Sir T. North. “A people that jeoparded their lives unto the death.” Judg. v. 18. Syn. — To hazard; risk; imperil; endanger; expose.

Jeop´ard•er , n. One who puts in jeopardy. [R.]

Jeop´ard•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeopardized p. pr. & vb. n. Jeopardizing ] To expose to loss or injury; to risk; to jeopard. “That he should jeopardize his willful head
Only for spite at me.” H. Taylor.

Jeop´ard•ous , a. Perilous; hazardous. “His goodly, valiant, and jeopardous enterprise.” Fuller. — Jeop´ard•ous•ly, adv. Huloet.

Jeop´ard•y , n. [OE. jupartie, juperti, jeuparti, OF. jeu parti an even game, a game in which the chances are even; OF. jeu, ju, F. jeu (L. jocus jest) + F. partier to divide, L. partire to divide. See Joke, and Part.] Exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; danger. “There came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy.” Luke viii. 23. “Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy.” Shak. Syn. — Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Danger.

Jeop´ard•y, v. t. To jeopardize. [R.] Thackeray.

Jer•bo´a , n. [Ar. yarb’.] (Zoöl.) Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. AEgyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail. [Written also gerboa.] The name is also applied to other small jumping rodents, as the Pedetes Caffer, of the Cape of Good Hope. Jerboa kangaroo (Zoöl.), small Australian kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata), about the size of a common hare.

Jer•eed´ , n. [Ar. jerid. Cf. Djereed.] A blunt javelin used by the people of the Levant, especially in mock fights. [Written also jerreed, jerid.] Byron. { Jer•e•mi´ad , Jer•e•mi´ade }, n. [From Jeremiah, the prophet: cf. F. jeremiade.] A tale of sorrow, disappointment, or complaint; a doleful story; a dolorous tirade; — generally used satirically. “He has prolonged his complaint into an endless jeremiad.” Lamb.

Jer´fal•con , n. (Zoöl.) The gyrfalcon.

Jer´guer , n. See Jerquer.

Jer•id´ , n. Same as Jereed.

Jerk (jerk), v. t. [Corrupted from Peruv. charqui dried beef.] To cut into long slices or strips and dry in the sun; as to jerk beef. See Charqui.

Jerk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jerked (jerkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Jerking.] [Akin to yerk, and perh. also to yard a measure.] 1. To beat; to strike. [Obs.] Florio. 2. To give a quick and suddenly arrested thrust, push, pull, or twist, to; to yerk; as to jerk one with the elbow; to jerk a coat off. 3. To throw with a quick and suddenly arrested motion of the hand; as to jerk a stone.

Jerk, v. i. 1. To make a sudden motion; to move with a start, or by starts. Milton. 2. To flout with contempt.

Jerk, n. 1. A short, sudden pull, thrust, push, twitch, jolt, shake, or similar motion. “His jade gave him a jerk.” B. Jonson. 2. A sudden start or spring. “Lobsters … swim backwards by jerks or springs.” Grew.

Jerk´er , n. 1. A beater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. One who jerks or moves with a jerk. 3. (Zoöl.) A North American river chub (Hybopsis biguttatus).

Jer´kin , n. [Dim. of D. jurk a frock.] A jacket or short coat; a close waistcoat. Shak.

Jer´kin, n. (Zoöl.) A male gyrfalcon.

Jerk´ing , n. The act of pulling, pushing, or throwing, with a jerk. — Jerk´ing•ly, adv.

Jer´kin•head , n. (Arch.) The hipped part of a roof which is hipped only for a part of its height, leaving a truncated gable.

Jerk´y , a. Moving by jerks and starts; characterized by abrupt transitions; as a jerky vehicle; a jerky style.

Jer•moon´al , n. (Zoöl.) The Himalayan snow partridge.

Je•ron´y•mite , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One belonging of the mediaeval religious orders called Hermits of St. Jerome. [Written also Hieronymite.]

Jer•o•pig´i•a , n. See Geropigia.

Jer´quer , n. [Cf. F. chercher to search, E. search.] A customhouse officer who searches ships for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

Jer´quing , n. The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

Jer´quing , n. The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.]

Jer´ry-built , a. Built hastily and of bad materials; as jerry-built houses. [Colloq. Eng.]

Jer´sey , n.; pl. Jerseys (#). [From Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands.] 1. The finest of wool separated from the rest; combed wool; also fine yarn of wool. 2. A kind of knitted jacket; hence, in general, a closefitting jacket or upper garment made of an elastic fabric (as stockinet). 3. One of a breed of cattle in the Island of Jersey. Jerseys are noted for the richness of their milk.

Je•ru´sa•lem (je•ru´sa•lem), n. [Gr. ’Ieroysalh•m, fr. Heb. Yerushalaim.] The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus Christ. Jerusalem artichoke [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e., sunflower, or turnsole. See Gyre, Solar.] (Bot.) (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus), whose tubers are sometimes used as food. (b) One of the tubers themselves. — Jerusalem cherry (Bot.), the popular name of either of two species of Solanum (S. Pseudo- capsicum and S. capsicastrum), cultivated as ornamental house plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of cherries. — Jerusalem oak (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys), common about houses and along roadsides. — Jerusalem sage (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family (Phlomis tuberosa). — Jerusalem thorn (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree (Parkinsonia aculeata), widely dispersed in warm countries, and used for hedges. — The New Jerusalem, Heaven; the Celestial City.

Jer´vine , n. [Prob. fr. Sp. yerba herb, OSp., the poison of the veratrum.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid resembling veratrine, and found with it in white hellebore (Veratrum album); — called also jervina.

Jess , n.; pl. Jesses (#). [OF. gies, giez, prop. pl. of giet, get, jet, F. jet, a throwing, jess. See Jet a shooting forth.] (falconry) A short strap of leather or silk secured round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash or line, wrapped round the falconer’s hand, was attached when used. See Illust. of Falcon. “Like a hawk, which feeling freed
From bells and jesses which did let her flight.” Spenser.

Jes´sa•mine , n. (Bot.) Same as Jasmine.

Jes´sant , a. (Her.) Springing up or emerging; — said of a plant or animal.

Jes´se , n. [LL. Jesse, the father of David, fr. Gr. , fr. Herb. Yishai.] Any representation or suggestion of the genealogy of Christ, in decorative art; as: (a) A genealogical tree represented in stained glass. (b) A candlestick with many branches, each of which bears the name of some one of the descendants of Jesse; — called also tree of Jesse. Jesse window (Arch.), a window of which the glazing and tracery represent the tree of Jesse.

Jessed , a. (Her.) Having jesses on, as a hawk.

Jest , n. [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come. Cf. Gest a deed, Register, n.] 1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.] “The jests or actions of princes.” Sir T. Elyot. 2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] Nares. “He promised us, in honor of our guest,
To grace our banquet with some pompous jest.” Kyd. 3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under Jest, v. i. “I must be sad … smile at no man’s jests.” Shak. “The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts.” Sheridan. 4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock. “Then let me be your jest; I deserve it.” Shak. In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest. “And given in earnest what I begged in jest.” Shak. — Jest book, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller.

Jest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jested; p. pr. & vb. n. Jesting.] 1. To take part in a merrymaking; — especially, to act in a mask or interlude. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make merriment by words or actions; to joke; to make light of anything. “He jests at scars that never felt a wound.” Shak. Syn. — To joke; sport; rally. — To Jest, Joke. One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes to please himself. A jest is usually at the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a joke is a sportive sally designed to promote good humor without wounding the feelings of its object. ´Jests are, therefore, seldom harmless; jokes frequently allowable. The most serious subject may be degraded by being turned into a jest.´ Crabb.

Jest´er, n. [Cf. Gestour.] 1. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool. “This … was Yorick’s skull, the king’s jester.” Shak. “Dressed in the motley garb that jesters wear.” Longfellow. 2. A person addicted to jesting, or to indulgence in light and amusing talk. “He ambled up and down
With shallow jesters.” Shak.

Jest´ful , a. Given to jesting; full of jokes.

Jest´ing, a. Sportive; not serious; fit for jests. “He will find that these are no jesting matters.” Macaulay.

Jest´ing, n. The act or practice of making jests; joking; pleasantry. Eph. v. 4.

Jest´ing•ly, adv. In a jesting manner.

Jes´u•it , n. [F. Jesuite, Sp. Jesuita: cf. It. Gesuita.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1540, under the title of The Society of Jesus. The order consists of Scholastics, the Professed, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Temporal Coadjutors or Lay Brothers. The Jesuit novice after two years becomes a Scholastic, and takes his first vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience simply. Some years after, at the close of a second novitiate, he takes his second vows and is ranked among the Coadjutors or Professed. The Professed are bound by a fourth vow, from which only the pope can dispense, requiring them to go wherever the pope may send them for missionary duty. The Coadjutors teach in the schools, and are employed in general missionary labors. The Society is governed by a General who holds office for life. He has associated with him ´Assistants´ (five at the present time), representing different provinces. The Society was first established in the United States in 1807. The Jesuits have displayed in their enterprises a high degree of zeal, learning, and skill, but, by their enemies, have been generally reputed to use art and intrigue in promoting or accomplishing their purposes, whence the words Jesuit, Jesuitical, and the like, have acquired an opprobrious sense. 2. Fig.: A crafty person; an intriguer. Jesuits’ bark, Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species of Cinchona; — so called because its medicinal properties were first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South America. — Jesuits’ drops. See Friar’s balsam, under Friar. — Jesuits’ nut, the European water chestnut. — Jesuits’ powder, powdered cinchona bark. — Jesuits’ tea, a Chilian leguminous shrub, used as a tea and medicinally.

Jes´u•it•ed, a. Conforming to the principles of the Jesuits. Milton.

Jes´u•it•ess, n. [Cf. F. Jesuitesse.] (R. C. Hist.) One of an order of nuns established on the principles of the Jesuits, but suppressed by Pope Urban in 1633. { Jes•u•it´ic , Jes•u•it´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. jesuitique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Jesuits, or to their principles and methods. 2. Designing; cunning; deceitful; crafty; — an opprobrious use of the word. Dryden.

Jes•u•it´ic•al•ly, adv. In a jesuitical manner.

Jes´u•it•ism , n. [Cf. F. jesuitisme.] 1. The principles and practices of the Jesuits. 2. Cunning; deceit; deceptive practices to effect a purpose; subtle argument; — an opprobrious use of the word.

Jes•u•it•oc´ra•cy , n. [Jesuit + -cracy, as in aristocracy.] Government by Jesuits; also the whole body of Jesuits in a country. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Jes´u•it•ry , n. Jesuitism; subtle argument. [R.] Carlyle.

Je´sus (je´zus), n. [L. Jesus, Gr. , from Heb. Yeshua’; Yah Jehovah + hoshia’ to help.] The Savior; the name of the Son of God as announced by the angel to his parents; the personal name of Our Lord, in distinction from Christ, his official appellation. Luke i. 31. “Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for he shall save his people from their sins.” Matt. i. 21. The form Jesu is often used, esp. in the vocative. “Jesu, do thou my soul receive.” Keble. The Society of Jesus. See Jesuit.

Jet , n. Same as 2d Get. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jet, n. [OF. jet, jayet, F. jaïet, jais, L. gagates, fr. Gr. ; — so called from or , a town and river in Lycia.] [written also jeat, jayet.] (Min.) A variety of lignite, of a very compact texture and velvet black color, susceptible of a good polish, and often wrought into mourning jewelry, toys, buttons, etc. Formerly called also black amber. Jet ant (Zoöl.), a blackish European ant (Formica fuliginosa), which builds its nest of a paperlike material in the trunks of trees.

Jet, n. [F. jet, OF. get, giet, L. jactus a throwing, a throw, fr. jacere to throw. Cf. Abject, Ejaculate, Gist, Jess, Jut.] 1. A shooting forth; a spouting; a spurt; a sudden rush or gush, as of water from a pipe, or of flame from an orifice; also that which issues in a jet. 2. Drift; scope; range, as of an argument. [Obs.] 3. The sprue of a type, which is broken from it when the type is cold. Knight. Jet propeller (Naut.), a device for propelling vessels by means of a forcible jet of water ejected from the vessel, as by a centrifugal pump. — Jet pump, a device in which a small jet of steam, air, water, or other fluid, in rapid motion, lifts or otherwise moves, by its impulse, a larger quantity of the fluid with which it mingles.

Jet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jetted p. pr. & vb. n. Jetting.] [F. jeter, L. jactare, freq. fr. jacere to throw. See 3d Jet, and cf. Jut.] 1. To strut; to walk with a lofty or haughty gait; to be insolent; to obtrude. [Obs.] “ he jets under his advanced plumes!” Shak. “To jet upon a prince’s right.” Shak. 2. To jerk; to jolt; to be shaken. [Obs.] Wiseman. 3. To shoot forward or out; to project; to jut out.

Jet, v. t. To spout; to emit in a stream or jet. “A dozen angry models jetted steam.” Tennyson.

Jet´-black , a. Black as jet; deep black.

Jet• d’eau´ , pl. Jets d’eau . [F., a throw of water. See Jet a shooting forth.] A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe (especially from one arranged to throw water upward), in a public place or in a garden, for ornament.

Jet´e•rus , n. (Bot.) A yellowness of the parts of plants which are normally green; yellows. { Jet´sam , Jet´son } n. [F. jeter to throw: cf. OF. getaison a throwing. Cf. Flotsam, Jettison.] 1. (Mar. Law) Goods which sink when cast into the sea, and remain under water; — distinguished from flotsam, goods which float, and ligan, goods which are sunk attached to a buoy. 2. Jettison. See Jettison, 1.

Jet´teau (jet´to), n. See Jet d’eau. [R.] Addison.

Jet´tee (-te), n. See Jetty, n. Burke.

Jet´ter (-ter), n. One who struts; one who bears himself jauntily; a fop. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

Jet´ti•ness (-ti•nes). n. The state of being jetty; blackness. Pennant.

Jet´ti•son n. [See Jetsam.] 1. (Mar. Law) The throwing overboard of goods from necessity, in order to lighten a vessel in danger of wreck. 2. See Jetsam, 1.

Jet´ton , n. [F. jeton.] A metal counter used in playing cards.

Jet´ty , a. Made of jet, or like jet in color. “The people … are of a jetty.” Sir T. Browne.

Jet´ty, n.; pl. Jetties (#). [F. jetee a pier, a jetty, a causeway. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Jutty.] 1. (Arch.) A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the rest, and overhangs the wall below. 2. A wharf or pier extending from the shore. 3. (Hydraul. Engin.) A structure of wood or stone extended into the sea to influence the current or tide, or to protect a harbor; a mole; as the Eads system of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Jetty head (Naut.), a projecting part at the end of a wharf; the front of a wharf whose side forms one of the cheeks of a dock.

Jet´ty, v. i. To jut out; to project. [Obs.] Florio.

Jeu´ d’es•prit´ [F., play of mind.] A witticism.

Jew , n. [OF. Juis, pl., F. Juif, L. Judaeus, Gr. , fr. the country of the Jews, Judea, fr. Heb. Yhdah Judah, son of Jacob. Cf. Judaic.] Originally, one belonging to the tribe or kingdom of Judah; after the return from the Babylonish captivity, any member of the new state; a Hebrew; an Israelite. Jew’s frankincense, gum styrax, or benzoin. — Jew’s mallow (Bot.), an annual herb (Corchorus olitorius) cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a pot herb, and in India for its fiber. — Jew’s pitch, asphaltum; bitumen. — The Wandering Jew, an imaginary personage, who, for his cruelty to the Savior during his passion, is doomed to wander on the earth till Christ’s second coming.

Jew´bush , n. (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous shrub of the genus Pedilanthus (P. tithymaloides), found in the West Indies, and possessing powerful emetic and drastic qualities.

Jew´el (ju´el or ju´el), n. [OE. juel, jowel, OF. jouel, juel, joiel, F. joyau, dim. of OF. joie joy, jewel, F. joie joy. See Joy.] 1. An ornament of dress usually made of a precious metal, and having enamel or precious stones as a part of its design. “Plate of rare device, and jewels
Of rich and exquisite form.” Shak. 2. A precious stone; a gem. Shak. 3. An object regarded with special affection; a precious thing. ´Our prince (jewel of children).´ Shak. 4. A bearing for a pivot a pivot in a watch, formed of a crystal or precious stone, as a ruby. Jewel block (Naut.), block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

Jew´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeweled , or Jewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeweling, or Jewelling.] To dress, adorn, deck, or supply with jewels, as a dress, a sword hilt, or a watch; to bespangle, as with jewels. “The long gray tufts … are jeweled thick with dew.” M. Arnold.

Jew´el•er , n. [Cf. F. joaillier.] One who makes, or deals in, jewels, precious stones, and similar ornaments. [Written also jeweller.] Jeweler’s gold. See under Gold.

Jew´el•ler•y , n. See Jewelry. Burke.

Jew´el•ry , n. [Cf. F. joaillerie.] 1. The art or trade of a jeweler. Cotgrave. 2. Jewels, collectively; as a bride’s jewelry.

Jew´el•weed , n. (Bot.) See Impatiens.

Jew´ess, n., fem. of Jew. A Hebrew woman.

Jew´fish , n. (Zoöl.) 1. A very large serranoid fish (Promicrops itaiara) of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It often reaches the weight of five hundred pounds. Its color is olivaceous or yellowish, with numerous brown spots. Called also guasa, and warsaw. 2. A similar gigantic fish (Stereolepis gigas) of Southern California, valued as a food fish. 3. The black grouper of Florida and Texas. 4. A large herringlike fish; the tarpum.

Jew•ise´ , n. Same as Juise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jew´ish , a. Of or pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews; characteristic of or resembling the Jews or their customs; Israelitish. — Jew´ish•ly, adv. — Jew´ish•ness, n.

Jew´ry , n. [OE. Jewerie, OF. Juierie, F. Juiverie.] Judea; also a district inhabited by Jews; a Jews’ quarter. Chaucer. “Teaching throughout all Jewry.” Luke xxiii. 5.

Jew’s´-ear , n. (Bot.) A species of fungus (Hirneola Auricula-Judae, or Auricula), bearing some resemblance to the human ear.

Jew’s-harp , n. [Jew + harp; or possibly a corrupt. of jaw’s harp; cf. G. maultrommel, lit., mouthdrum.] 1. An instrument of music, which, when placed between the teeth, gives, by means of a bent metal tongue struck by the finger, a sound which is modulated by the breath; — called also Jew’s-trump. 2. (Naut.) The shackle for joining a chain cable to an anchor. { Jew’s-stone• , Jew´stone• }, n. (Paleon.) A large clavate spine of a fossil sea urchin.

Jez´e•bel , n. [From Jezebel, Heb. Izebel, the wife of Ahab king of Israel.] A bold, vicious woman; a termagant. Spectator.

Jha´ral , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild goat (Capra Jemlaica) which inhabits the loftiest mountains of India. It has long, coarse hair, forming a thick mane on its head and neck.

Jib , n. [Named from its shifting from side to side. See Jib, v. i.., Jibe.] 1. (Naut.) A triangular sail set upon a stay or halyard extending from the foremast or fore-topmast to the bowsprit or the jib boom. Large vessels often carry several jibs; as inner jib; outer jib; flying jib; etc. 2. (Mach.) The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended. Jib boom (Naut.), a spar or boom which serves as an extension of the bowsprit. It is sometimes extended by another spar called the flying jib boom. [Written also gib boom.] — Jib crane (Mach.), a crane having a horizontal jib on which a trolley moves, bearing the load. — Jib door (Arch.), a door made flush with the wall, without dressings or moldings; a disguised door. — Jib header (Naut.), a gaff-topsail, shaped like a jib; a jib-headed topsail. — Jib topsail (Naut.), a small jib set above and outside of all the other jibs. — The cut of one’s jib, one’s outward appearance. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Jib , v. i. [Connected with jibe; cf. OF. giber to shake.] To move restively backward or sidewise, — said of a horse; to balk. [Written also jibb.] [Eng.]

Jib´ber , n. A horse that jibs. [Eng.]

Jibe (jib), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jibed (jibd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jibing (jib´ing).] [Cf. Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, v. i., and dial. Sw. gippa to jerk. Cf. Jib, n. & v. i.] (Naut.) To shift, as the boom of a fore-and-aft sail, from one side of a vessel to the other when the wind is aft or on the quarter. See Gybe.

Jibe, v. i. 1. (Naut.) To change a ship’s course so as to cause a shifting of the boom. See Jibe, v. t., and Gybe. 2. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq.] Bartlett.

Jif´fy , n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. gliff.] [Written also giffy.] A moment; an instant; as I will be ready in a jiffy. [Colloq.] J. & H. Smith.

Jig , n. [OF. gigue a stringed instrument, a kind of dance, F. gigue dance, tune, gig; of German origin; cf. MHG. gige fiddle, G. geige. Cf. Gig a fiddle, Gig a whirligig.] 1. (Mus.) A light, brisk musical movement. “Hot and hasty, like a Scotch jig.” Shak. 3. A light, humorous piece of writing, esp. in rhyme; a farce in verse; a ballad. [Obs.] “A jig shall be clapped at, and every rhyme
Praised and applauded.” Beau. & Fl. 4. A piece of sport; a trick; a prank. [Obs.] “Is’t not a fine jig,
A precious cunning, in the late Protector?” Beau. & Fl. 5. A trolling bait, consisting of a bright spoon and a hook attached. 6. (Mach.) (a) A small machine or handy tool; esp.: (Metal Working) A contrivance fastened to or inclosing a piece of work, and having hard steel surfaces to guide a tool, as a drill, or to form a shield or templet to work to, as in filing. (b) (Mining) An apparatus or a machine for jigging ore. Drill jig, a jig for guiding a drill. See Jig, 6 (a). — Jig drilling, Jig filing (Metal Working), a process of drilling or filing in which the action of the tool is directed or limited by a jig. — Jig saw, a sawing machine with a narrow, vertically reciprocating saw, used to cut curved and irregular lines, or ornamental patterns in openwork, a scroll saw; — called also gig saw.

Jig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jigged p. pr. & vb. n. Jigging ] 1. To sing to the tune of a jig. “Jig off a tune at the tongue’s end.” Shak. 2. To trick or cheat; to cajole; to delude. Ford. 3. (Mining) To sort or separate, as ore in a jigger or sieve. See Jigging, n. 4. (Metal Working) To cut or form, as a piece of metal, in a jigging machine.

Jig, v. i. To dance a jig; to skip about. “You jig, you amble, and you lisp.” Shak.

Jig´ger , n. [A corrupt. of chigre.] (Zoöl.) A species of flea (Sarcopsylla, or Pulex, penetrans), which burrows beneath the skin. See Chigoe.

Jig´ger, n. [See Jig, n. & v.] 1. One who, or that which, jigs; specifically, a miner who sorts or cleans ore by the process of jigging; also the sieve used in jigging. 2. (Pottery) (a) A horizontal table carrying a revolving mold, on which earthen vessels are shaped by rapid motion; a potter’s wheel. (b) A templet or tool by which vessels are shaped on a potter’s wheel. 3. (Naut.) (a) A light tackle, consisting of a double and single block and the fall, used for various purposes, as to increase the purchase on a topsail sheet in hauling it home; the watch tackle. Totten. (b) A small fishing vessel, rigged like a yawl. [New Eng.] (c) A supplementary sail. See Dandy, n., 2 (b). 4. A pendulum rolling machine for slicking or graining leather; same as Jack, 4 (i). Jigger mast. (Naut.) (a) The after mast of a four-masted vessel. (b) The small mast set at the stern of a yawl-rigged boat.

Jig´ging , n. (Mining) The act or using a jig; the act of separating ore with a jigger, or wire-bottomed sieve, which is moved up and down in water. Jigging machine. (a) (Mining) A machine for separating ore by the process of jigging. (b) (Metal Working) A machine with a rotary milling cutter and a templet by which the action of the cutter is guided or limited; — used for forming the profile of an irregularly shaped piece; a profiling machine.

Jig´gish , a. 1. Resembling, or suitable for, a jig, or lively movement. Tatler. 2. Playful; frisky. [R.] “She is never sad, and yet not jiggish.” Habington.

Jig´gle , v. i. [Freq. of jig.] To wriggle or frisk about; to move awkwardly; to shake up and down.

Jig´jog , n. A jolting motion; a jogging pace.

Jig´jog, a. Having a jolting motion.

Jill , n. [See Gill sweetheart.] A young woman; a sweetheart. See Gill. Beau. & Fl.

Jill´-flirt , n. A light, giddy, or wanton girl or woman. See Gill-flirt.

Jilt , n. [Contr. fr. Scot. jillet a giddy girl, a jill-flirt, dim. of jill a jill.] A woman who capriciously deceives her lover; a coquette; a flirt. Otway.

Jilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jilting.] To cast off capriciously or unfeelingly, as a lover; to deceive in love. Locke.

Jilt, v. i. To play the jilt; to practice deception in love; to discard lovers capriciously. Congreve.

Jim´crack , n. See Gimcrack.

Jim´-crow , n. (Mach.) 1. A machine for bending or straightening rails. 2. A planing machine with a reversing tool, to plane both ways.

Jim´my , n.; pl. Jimmies (#). [Cf. Jemmy.] A short crowbar used by burglars in breaking open doors. [Written also jemmy.]

Jimp , a. [Cf. Gimp, a.] Neat; handsome; elegant. See Gimp.

Jim´son weed See Jamestown weed. [Local, U.S.] { Jin , Jinn }, n. See Jinnee. ´Solomon is said to have had power over the jin.´ Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Jin•gal´ , n. [Hind. jangal a swivel, a large musket.] A small portable piece of ordnance, mounted on a swivel. [Written also gingal and jingall.] [India]

Jin´gle , v. i. [OE. gingelen, ginglen; prob. akin to E. chink; cf. also E. jangle.] 1. To sound with a fine, sharp, rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound; as sleigh bells jingle. [Written also gingle.] 2. To rhyme or sound with a jingling effect. ´Jingling street ballads.´ Macaulay.

Jin´gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jingled p. pr. & vb. n. Jingling ] To cause to give a sharp metallic sound as a little bell, or as coins shaken together; to tinkle. “The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew.” Pope.

Jin´gle, n. 1. A rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound, as of little bells or pieces of metal. 2. That which makes a jingling sound, as a rattle. “If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles and jingles, but use them justly.” Bacon. 3. A correspondence of sound in rhymes, especially when the verse has little merit; hence, the verse itself.´ The least jingle of verse.´ Guardian. Jingle shell. See Gold shell (b), under Gold.

Jin´gler , n. One who, or that which, jingles.

Jin´gling , n. The act or process of producing a jingle; also the sound itself; a chink. ´The jingling of the guinea.´ Tennyson.

Jin´gling•ly, adv. So as to jingle. Lowell.

Jin´go , n.; pl. Jingoes (#). [Said to be a corruption of St. Gingoulph.] 1. A word used as a jocular oath. ´By the living jingo.´ Goldsmith. 2. A statesman who pursues, or who favors, aggressive, domineering policy in foreign affairs. [Cant, Eng.] This sense arose from a doggerel song which was popular during the Turco-Russian war of 1877 and 1878. The first two lines were as follows: — “We don’t want to fight, but by Jingo if we do,
We ’ve got the ships, we ’ve got the men, we ’ve got the money too.”

Jin´go•ism , n. The policy of the Jingoes, so called. See Jingo, 2. [Cant, Eng.]

Jin´nee (jin´ne), n.; pl. Jinn (jin). [Ar.] (Arabian & Mohammedan Myth.) A genius or demon; one of the fabled genii, good and evil spirits, supposed to be the children of fire, and to have the power of assuming various forms. [Written also jin, djinnee, etc.] Jinn is also used as sing., with pl. jinns .

Jin´ny road [Cf. Gin an engine, Ginnycarriage.] (Mining) An inclined road in a coal mine, on which loaded cars descend by gravity, drawing up empty ones. Knight.

Jin•rik´i•sha , n. [Jap. jin man + riki power + sha carriage.] A small, two- wheeled, hooded vehicle drawn by one or more men. [Japan]

Jip´po (jip´po), n. [Abbrev. fr. juppon.] A waistcoat or kind of stays for women.

Jo , n.; pl. Joes (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] A sweetheart; a darling. [Scot.] Burns.

Job (job), n. [Prov. E. job, gob, n., a small piece of wood, v., to stab, strike; cf. E. gob, gobbet; perh. influenced by E. chop to cut off, to mince. See Gob.] 1. A sudden thrust or stab; a jab. 2. A piece of chance or occasional work; any definite work undertaken in gross for a fixed price; as he did the job for a thousand dollars. 3. A public transaction done for private profit; something performed ostensibly as a part of official duty, but really for private gain; a corrupt official business. 4. Any affair or event which affects one, whether fortunately or unfortunately. [Colloq.] 5. A situation or opportunity of work; as he lost his job. [Colloq.] Job is used adjectively to signify doing jobs, used for jobs, or let on hire to do jobs; as job printer; job master; job horse; job wagon, etc. By the job, at a stipulated sum for the work, or for each piece of work done; — distinguished from time work; as the house was built by the job. — Job lot, a quantity of goods, usually miscellaneous, sold out of the regular course of trade, at a certain price for the whole; as these articles were included in a job lot. — Job master, one who lest out horses and carriages for hire, as for family use. [Eng.] — Job printer, one who does miscellaneous printing, esp. circulars, cards, billheads, etc. — Odd job, miscellaneous work of a petty kind; occasional work, of various kinds, or for various people.

Job (job), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jobbed (jobd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jobbing.] 1. To strike or stab with a pointed instrument. L’Estrange. 2. To thrust in, as a pointed instrument. Moxon. 3. To do or cause to be done by separate portions or lots; to sublet (work); as to job a contract. 4. (Com.) To buy and sell, as a broker; to purchase of importers or manufacturers for the purpose of selling to retailers; as to job goods. 5. To hire or let by the job or for a period of service; as to job a carriage. Thackeray.

Job, v. i. 1. To do chance work for hire; to work by the piece; to do petty work. “Authors of all work, to job for the season.” Moore. 2. To seek private gain under pretense of public service; to turn public matters to private advantage. “And judges job, and bishops bite the town.” Pope. 3. To carry on the business of a jobber in merchandise or stocks.

Job (job), n. The hero of the book of that name in the Old Testament; the typical patient man. Job’s comforter. (a) A false friend; a tactless or malicious person who, under pretense of sympathy, insinuates rebukes. (b) A boil. [Colloq.] — Job’s news, bad news. Carlyle. — Job’s tears (Bot.), a kind of grass (Coix Lacryma), with hard, shining, pearly grains.

Jo•ba´tion , n. [Prov. E. job to scold, to reprove, perh. fr. Job, the proper name.] A scolding; a hand, tedious reproof. [Low] Grose.

Job´ber , n. 1. One who works by the job. 2. A dealer in the public stocks or funds; a stockjobber. [Eng.] 3. One who buys goods from importers, wholesalers, or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. 4. One who turns official or public business to private advantage; hence, one who performs low or mercenary work in office, politics, or intrigue.

Job´ber•nowl , n. [OE. jobbernoule, fr. jobarde a stupid fellow; cf. E. noll.] A blockhead. [Colloq. & Obs.] H. Taylor.

Job´ber•y , n. 1. The act or practice of jobbing. 2. Underhand management; official corruption; as municipal jobbery. Mayhew.

Job´bing , a. 1. Doing chance work or odd jobs; as a jobbing carpenter. 2. Using opportunities of public service for private gain; as a jobbing politician. London Sat. Rev. Jobbing house, a mercantile establishment which buys from importers, wholesalers or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. [U.S.]

Jo´cant•ry , n. [L. jocans, p. pr. of jocare to jest, fr. jocus a jest.] The act or practice of jesting. [Obs.]

Jock´ey , n.; pl. Jockeys (#). [Dim. of Jack, Scot. Jock; orig., a boy who rides horses. See 2d Jack.] 1. A professional rider of horses in races. Addison. 2. A dealer in horses; a horse trader. Macaulay. 3. A cheat; one given to sharp practice in trade.

Jock´ey, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jockeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Jockeying.] 1. ´ To jostle by riding against one.´ Johnson. 2. To play the jockey toward; to cheat; to trick; to impose upon in trade; as to jockey a customer.

Jock´ey, v. i. To play or act the jockey; to cheat.

Jock´ey•ing , n. The act or management of one who jockeys; trickery. Beaconsfield.

Jock´ey•ism , n. The practice of jockeys.

Jock´ey•ship, n. The art, character, or position, of a jockey; the personality of a jockey. “Go flatter Sawney for his jockeyship.” Chatterton. “Where can at last his jockeyship retire?” Cowper.

Jo•cose´ , a. [L jocosus, fr. jocus joke. See Joke.] Given to jokes and jesting; containing a joke, or abounding in jokes; merry; sportive; humorous. “To quit their austerity and be jocose and pleasant with an adversary.” Shaftesbury. “All … jocose or comical airs should be excluded.” I. Watts. Syn. — Jocular; facetious; witty; merry; pleasant; waggish; sportive; funny; comical. — Jo•cose´ly, adv. — Jo•cose´ness, n. “Spondanus imagines that Ulysses may possibly speak jocosely, but in truth Ulysses never behaves with levity.” Broome. “He must beware lest his letter should contain anything like jocoseness; since jesting is incompatible with a holy and serious life.” Buckle.

Jo•co•se´ri•ous , a. [Jocose + serious.] Mingling mirth and seriousness. M. Green.

Jo•cos´i•ty , n. A jocose act or saying; jocoseness. Sir T. Browne.

Joc´u•lar , a. [L. jocularis, fr. joculus, dim. of jocus joke. See Joke.] 1. Given to jesting; jocose; as a jocular person. 2. Sportive; merry. ´Jocular exploits.´ Cowper. “The style is serious and partly jocular.” Dryden.

Joc•u•lar´i•ty , n. Jesting; merriment.

Joc´u•lar•ly , adv. In jest; for sport or mirth; jocosely.

Joc´u•la•ry , a. [L. jocularius. Cf. Jocular.] Jocular; jocose; sportive. Bacon.

Joc´u•la•tor , n. [L. See Juggler.] A jester; a joker. [Obs.] Strutt.

Joc´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. joculatorius.] Droll; sportive. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Joc´und , [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., helpful, fr. juvare to help. See Aid.] Merry; cheerful; gay; airy; lively; sportive. “Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.” Shak. “Rural sports and jocund strains.” Prior. — Joc´und•ly (#), adv. — Joc´und•ness, n.

Joc´und, adv. Merrily; cheerfully. Gray.

Jo•cun´di•ty , n. [L. jocunditas jucunditas. See Jocund, and cf. Jucundity.] The state or quality of being jocund; gayety; sportiveness.

Joe , n. See Johannes.

Joe´ Mil´ler [From Joseph Miller, a comic actor, whose name was attached, after his death, to a popular jest book published in 1739.] A jest book; a stale jest; a worn-out joke. [Colloq.] “It is an old Joe Miller in whist circles, that there are only two reasons that can justify you in not returning trumps to your partner’s lead; i. e., first, sudden illness; secondly, having none.” Pole.

Joe•-Pye´ weed (Bot.) A tall composite plant of the genus Eupatorium (E. purpureum), with purplish flowers, and whorled leaves.

Jog (jog), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jogged (jogd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jogging (-ging).] [OE. joggen; cf. W. gogi to shake, and also E. shog, shock, v.] 1. To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to jostle; esp., to push or touch, in order to give notice, to excite one’s attention, or to warn. “Now leaps he upright, jogs me, and cries: Do you see
Yonder well-favored youth?” Donne. “Sudden I jogged Ulysses, who was laid
Fast by my side.” Pope. 2. To suggest to; to notify; to remind; to call the attention of; as to jog the memory. 3. To cause to jog; to drive at a jog, as a horse. See Jog, v. i.

Jog, v. i. To move by jogs or small shocks, like those of a slow trot; to move slowly, leisurely, or monotonously; — usually with on, sometimes with over. “Jog on, jog on, the footpath way.” Shak. “So hung his destiny, never to rot,
While he might still jog on and keep his trot.” Milton. “The good old ways our sires jogged safely over.” R. Browning.

Jog, n. 1. A slight shake; a shake or push intended to give notice or awaken attention; a push; a jolt. “To give them by turns an invisible jog.” Swift. 2. A rub; a slight stop; an obstruction; hence, an irregularity in motion of from; a hitch; a break in the direction of a line or the surface of a plane. Glanvill. Jog trot, a slow, regular, jolting gait; hence, a routine habit or method, persistently adhered to. T. Hook.

Jog´ger , n. One who jogs. Dryden.

Jog´ging , n. The act of giving a jog or jogs; traveling at a jog.

Jog´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joggled p. pr. & vb. n. Joggling ] [Freq. of jog.] 1. To shake slightly; to push suddenly but slightly, so as to cause to shake or totter; to jostle; to jog. 2. (Arch.) To join by means of joggles, so as to prevent sliding apart; sometimes, loosely, to dowel. “The struts of a roof are joggled into the truss posts.” Gwilt.

Jog´gle, v. i. To shake or totter; to slip out of place.

Jog´gle, n. [Arch.] A notch or tooth in the joining surface of any piece of building material to prevent slipping; sometimes, but incorrectly, applied to a separate piece fitted into two adjacent stones, or the like. Joggle joint (Arch.), a joint in any kind of building material, where the joining surfaces are made with joggles.

Jo•han•ne´an (jo•han•ne´an), a. Of or pertaining to John, esp. to the Apostle John or his writings. M. Stuart.

Jo•han´nes (jo•han´nez), n. [NL., fr. Gr. , Heb. Yehokhanan, Yokhanan, i. e., one whom Jehovah has blessed; hence F. Jean, E. John.] (Numis.) A Portuguese gold coin of the value of eight dollars, named from the figure of King John which it bears; — often contracted into joe; as a joe, or a half joe.

Jo•han´nis•ber•ger , n. [G.] A fine white wine produced on the estate of Schloss (or Castle) Johannisberg, on the Rhine.

John (jon), n. [See Johannes.] A proper name of a man. John-apple, a sort of apple ripe about St. John’s Day. Same as Apple-john. — John Bull, an ideal personification of the typical characteristics of an Englishman, or of the English people. — John Bullism, English character. W. Irving. — John Doe (Law), the name formerly given to the fictitious plaintiff in an action of ejectment. Mozley & W. — John Doree, John Dory. [John (or F. jaune yellow) + Doree, Dory.] (Zoöl.) An oval, compressed, European food fish (Zeus faber). Its color is yellow and olive, with golden, silvery, and blue reflections. It has a round dark spot on each side. Called also dory, doree, and St. Peter’s fish.

John´a•dreams , n. A dreamy, idle fellow. Shak.

John´ny , n.; pl. Johnnies . 1. A familiar diminutive of John. 2. (Zoöl.) A sculpin. [Local cant] Johny Crapaud , a jocose designation of a Frenchman, or of the French people, collectively.

John´ny•cake (-kak•), n. A kind of bread made of the meal of maize (Indian corn), mixed with water or milk, etc., and baked. [U.S.] J. Barlow.

John•son•ese´ , n. The literary style of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or one formed in imitation of it; an inflated, stilted, or pompous style, affecting classical words. E. Everett.

John´son grass [Named after W. Johnson of Alabama, who planted it about 1840-1845.] (Bot.) A tall perennial grass (Sorghum Halepense), valuable in the Southern and Western States for pasture and hay. The rootstocks are large and juicy and are eagerly sought by swine. Called also Cuba grass, Means grass, Evergreen millet, and Arabian millet.

John•so´ni•an , a. Pertaining to or resembling Dr. Johnson or his style; pompous; inflated.

John•so´ni•an•ism , n. A manner of acting or of writing peculiar to, or characteristic of, Dr. Johnson. [Written also Johnsonism.]

John’s´-wort , n. See St. John’s-wort.

Join (join), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joined p. pr. & vb. n. Joining.] [OE. joinen, joignen, F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to yoke, bind together, join; akin to jugum yoke. See Yoke, and cf. Conjugal, Junction, Junta.] 1. To bring together, literally or figuratively; to place in contact; to connect; to couple; to unite; to combine; to associate; to add; to append. “Woe unto them that join house to house.” Is. v. 8. “Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn
Like twenty torches joined.” Shak. “Thy tuneful voice with numbers join.” Dryden. 2. To associate one’s self to; to be or become connected with; to league one’s self with; to unite with; as to join a party; to join the church. “We jointly now to join no other head.” Dryden. 3. To unite in marriage. “He that joineth his virgin in matrimony.” Wyclif. “What, therefore, God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.” Matt. xix. 6. 4. To enjoin upon; to command. [Obs. & R.] “They join them penance, as they call it.” Tyndale. 5. To accept, or engage in, as a contest; as to join encounter, battle, issue. Milton. To join battle, To join issue. See under Battle, Issue. Syn. — To add; annex; unite; connect; combine; consociate; couple; link; append. See Add.

Join, v. i. To be contiguous, close, or in contact; to come together; to unite; to mingle; to form a union; as the bones of the skull join; two rivers join. “Whose house joined hard to the synagogue.” Acts xviii. 7. “Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations?” Ezra ix. 14. “Nature and fortune joined to make thee great.” Shak.

Join, n. (Geom.) The line joining two points; the point common to two intersecting lines. Henrici.

Join´ant , a. [OF. & F. joignant, p. pr. of joindre to join.] Adjoining. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Join´der , n. [F. joindre. See Join, v. t.] 1. The act of joining; a putting together; conjunction. “Confirmed by mutual joinder of your hands.” Shak. 2. (Law) (a) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a suit. (b) Acceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. (c) A joining of causes of action or defense in civil suits or criminal prosecutions.

Join´er, n. 1. One who, or that which, joins. 2. One whose occupation is to construct articles by joining pieces of wood; a mechanic who does the woodwork (as doors, stairs, etc.) necessary for the finishing of buildings. ´One Snug, the joiner.´ Shak. 3. A wood-working machine, for sawing, plaining, mortising, tenoning, grooving, etc. Syn. — See Carpenter.

Join´er•y , n. The art, or trade, of a joiner; the work of a joiner. “A piece of joinery … whimsically dovetailed.” Burke.

Join´hand , n. Writing in which letters are joined in words; — distinguished from writing in single letters. Addison.

Joint (joint), n. [F. joint, fr. joindre, p. p. joint. See Join.] 1. The place or part where two things or parts are joined or united; the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting of a close-fitting or junction; junction; as a joint between two pieces of timber; a joint in a pipe. 2. A joining of two things or parts so as to admit of motion; an articulation, whether movable or not; a hinge; as the knee joint; a node or joint of a stem; a ball and socket joint. See Articulation. “A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
Must glove this hand.” Shak. “To tear thee joint by joint.” Milton. 3. The part or space included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articulations; as a joint of cane or of a grass stem; a joint of the leg. 4. Any one of the large pieces of meat, as cut into portions by the butcher for roasting. 5. (Geol.) A plane of fracture, or divisional plane, of a rock transverse to the stratification. 6. (Arch.) The space between the adjacent surfaces of two bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as a thin joint. 7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together. Coursing joint (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. — Fish joint, Miter joint, Universal joint, etc. See under Fish, Miter, etc. — Joint bolt, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, one endwise to the other, having a nut embedded in one of the pieces. — Joint chair (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. — Joint coupling, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under Universal. — Joint hinge, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. — Joint splice, a reënforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. — Joint stool. (a) A stool consisting of jointed parts; a folding stool. Shak. (b) A block for supporting the end of a piece at a joint; a joint chair. — Out of joint, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well together; disordered. ´The time is out of joint.´ Shak.

Joint (joint), a. [F., p. p. of joindre. See Join.] 1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as joint action. 2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together. “I read this joint effusion twice over.” T. Hook. 3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as joint heir; joint creditor; joint debtor, etc. ´Joint tenants of the world.´ Donne. 4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as joint property; a joint bond. “A joint burden laid upon us all.” Shak. Joint committee (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. Cushing. — Joint meeting, or Joint session, the meeting or session of two distinct bodies as one; as a joint meeting of committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. ´Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared.´ Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. — Joint resolution (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. ´By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions.´ Barclay (Digest). — Joint rule (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. ´Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session.´ Journal H. of R., U. S. — Joint and several (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, credit, obligation, etc., to which it is applied is held in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually. — Joint stock, stock held in company. — Joint- stock company (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having a capital divided, or agreed to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. — Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. Blackstone. — Joint tenant (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy.

Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointing.] 1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as to joint boards. “Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood.” Pope. 2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine. “Jointing their force ’gainst Caesar.” Shak. 3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate. “The fingers are jointed together for motion.” Ray. 4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints; to disjoint; to cut up into joints, as meat. ´He joints the neck.´ Dryden. “Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting.” Holland.

Joint, v. i. To fit as if by joints; to coalesce as joints do; as the stones joint, neatly.

Joint´ed, a. Having joints; articulated; full of nodes; knotty; as a jointed doll; jointed structure. ´The jointed herbage.´ J. Philips. — Joint´ed•ly, adv.

Joint´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, joints. 2. A plane for smoothing the surfaces of pieces which are to be accurately joined; especially: (a) The longest plane used by a joiner. (b) (Coopering) A long stationary plane, for planing the edges of barrel staves. 3. (Masonry) (a) A bent piece of iron inserted to strengthen the joints of a wall. (b) A tool for pointing the joints in brickwork.

Joint´-fir , n. (Bot.) A genus (Ephedra) of leafless shrubs, with the stems conspicuously jointed; — called also shrubby horsetail. There are about thirty species, of which two or three are found from Texas to California.

Joint´ing, n. The act or process of making a joint; also the joints thus produced. Jointing machine, a planing machine for wood used in furniture and piano factories, etc. — Jointing plane. See Jointer, 2. — Jointing rule (Masonry), a long straight rule, used by bricklayers for securing straight joints and faces.

Joint´less, a. Without a joint; rigid; stiff.

Joint´ly, adv. In a joint manner; together; unitedly; in concert; not separately. “Then jointly to the ground their knees they bow.” Shak.

Joint´ress , n. (Law) A woman who has a jointure. [Written also jointuress.] Blackstone.

Join´ture , n. [F. jointure a joint, orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.] 1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.] 2. (Law) An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband’s decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower. “The jointure that your king must make,
Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised.” Shak.

Join´ture , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured p. pr. & vb. n. Jointuring.] To settle a jointure upon.

Join´ture•less, a. Having no jointure.

Join´tur•ess, n. See Jointress. Bouvier.

Joint´weed , n. (Bot.) A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers.

Joint´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop.

Joist (joist), n. [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gesir. See Gist.] (Arch.) A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; — called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust. of Double-framed floor, under Double, a.

Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Joisting.] To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson.

Joke, n. [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.] 1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as to crack good-natured jokes. “And gentle dullness ever loves a joke.” Pope. “Or witty joke our airy senses moves
To pleasant laughter.” Gay. 2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; something done in sport. “Inclose whole downs in walls, ’t is all a joke.” Pope. In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously. — Practical joke. See under Practical.

Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.] To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as to joke a comrade.

Joke, v. i. [L. jocari.] To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in words or actions; to jest. “He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore.” Macaulay. Syn. — To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest.

Jok´er , n. 1. One who makes jokes or jests; a humorist; a wag. 2. (Card Playing) See Best bower, under 2d Bower.

Jok´ing•ly, adv. In a joking way; sportively. { Jole , Joll } , v. t. & n. Same as Jowl. Shak.

Jol•if´ , a. [See Jolly.] Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jol•li•fi•ca´tion , n. [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.] “We have had a jollification or so together.” Sir W. Scott.

Jol´li•ly , adv. In a jolly manner.

Jol´li•ment , n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jol´li•ness, n. Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer.

Jol´li•ty , n. [From Jolly: cf. OF. joliete, jolivete.] Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterous enjoyment. Chaucer. “All now was turned to jollity and game.” Milton. “He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it.” Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity.

Jol´ly (jol´ly), a. [Compar. Jollier (-li•er); superl. Jolliest.] [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. jol yule, Christmas feast. See Yule.] 1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful. “Like a jolly troop of huntsmen.” Shak. “´A jolly place,´ said he, ´in times of old!
But something ails it now: the spot is cursed.´” Wordsworth. 2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety. “And with his jolly pipe delights the groves.” Prior. “Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear.” Fairfax. 3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. ´A jolly cool wind.´ Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.] “Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit.” Spenser. “The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions.” W. Irving.

Jol´ly-boat , n. [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.) A boat of medium size belonging to a ship.

Jol´ly•head , n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jolt (jolt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and originally meaning, to knock on the head. See Jowl.] To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as the coach jolts.

Jolt, v. t. To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers.

Jolt, n. A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground. “The first jolt had like to have shaken me out.” Swift.

Jolt´er , n. One who, or that which, jolts. { Jolt´er•head• , Jolt´head• } , n. [See Jolt, Jowl.] A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North.

Jolt´ing•ly, adv. In a jolting manner.

Jolt´y , a. That jolts; as a jolty coach. [Colloq.]

Jo´nah , n. The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious. Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water.

Jo•ne´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Jones. The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones. { Jon´gleur , Jon´gler } n. [F. jongleur. See Juggler.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour. “Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur’s verse.” J R. Green. 2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton. { Jon´quil , Jon´quille }, n. [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil. See Illust. of Corona.

Jo´ram , n. See Jorum. { Jor´dan , Jor´den } n. [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.] 1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell. 2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

Jo´rum , n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.] A large drinking vessel; also its contents. [Colloq. Eng.] Forby.

Jo´seph , n. An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman’s riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt.

Jo´seph’s flow´er (Bot.) A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify.

Jo´so , n. (Zoöl.) A small gudgeon.

Joss , n. [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.] A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. ´Critic in jars and josses.´ Colman (1761). Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. — Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; — burned by the Chinese before an idol.

Jos´sa , interj. A command to a horse, probably meaning ´stand still.´ [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jos´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled p. pr. & vb. n. Jostling ] [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Written also justle.] To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. ´Bullies jostled him.´ Macaulay. “Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other.” I. Taylor.

Jos´tle, v. i. To push; to crowd; to hustle. “None jostle with him for the wall.” Lamb.

Jos´tle, n. A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together; interference. “The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization.” The Nation.

Jos´tle•ment , n. Crowding; hustling.

Jot , n. [L. iota, Gr. the name of the letter (E. i, Heb. yd), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Cf. Iota.] An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle. Cf. Bit, n. “Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.” Matt. v. 18. “Neither will they bate
One jot of ceremony.” Shak.

Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jotting.] To set down; to make a brief note of; — usually followed by down.

Jot´ter , n. 1. One who jots down memoranda. 2. A memorandum book.

Jougs , n. [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.] An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used in Scotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W. Scott.

Jou´is•sance , n. [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.] Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jouk , v. i. See Juke.

Joul , v. t. See Jowl.

Joule (jool), n. [From the distinguished English physicist, James P. Joule.] (Physics.) A unit of work which is equal to 107 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds. Joule’s equivalent. See under Equivalent, n.

Jounce (jouns), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced (jounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing (joun´sing).] [Cf. Jaunce.] To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions.

Jounce, n. A jolt; a shake; a hard trot.

Jour´nal , a. [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.] Daily; diurnal. [Obs.] “Whiles from their journal labors they did rest.” Spenser.

Jour´nal, n. [F. journal. See Journal, a.] 1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events. Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship’s course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc.; a periodical; a magazine. 2. That which has occurred in a day; a day’s work or travel; a day’s journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson. 3. (Mach.) That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust. of Axle box. Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns.

Jour´nal•ism , n. [Cf. F. journalisme.] 1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.] 2. The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers; as political journalism. “Journalism is now truly an estate of the realm.” Ed. Rev.

Jour´nal•ist, n. [Cf. F. journaliste.] 1. One who keeps a journal or diary. [Obs.] Mickle. 2. The conductor of a public journal, or one whose business it to write for a public journal; an editorial or other professional writer for a periodical. Addison.

Jour´nal•is´tic , a. Pertaining to journals or to journalists; contained in, or characteristic of, the public journals; as journalistic literature or enterprise.

Jour´nal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Journalized p. pr. & vb. n. Journalizing ] To enter or record in a journal or diary. Johnson.

Jour´nal•ize, v. i. to conduct or contribute to a public journal; to follow the profession of a journalist.

Jour´ney , n.; pl. Journeys (#). [OE. jornee, journee, prop., a day’s journey, OF. jornee, jurnee, a day, a day’s work of journey, F. journee, fr. OF. jorn, jurn, jor a day, F. jour, fr. L. diurnus. See Journal.] 1. The travel or work of a day. [Obs.] Chaucer. “We have yet large day, for scarce the sun
Hath finished half his journey.” Milton. 2. Travel or passage from one place to another; hence, figuratively, a passage through life. “The good man … is gone a long journey.” Prov. vii. 19. “We must all have the same journey’s end.” Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. — Tour; excursion; trip; expedition; pilgrimage. — Journey, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. The word journey suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly from one point to another. In a tour, we take a roundabout course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though sometimes on business. An excursion is usually a brief tour or trip for pleasure, health, etc. In a pilgrimage we travel to a place hallowed by our religions affections, or by some train of sacred or tender associations. A journey on important business; the tour of Europe; an excursion to the lakes; a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Jour´ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Journeying.] To travel from place to place; to go from home to a distance. “Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south.” Gen. xii. 9.

Jour´ney, v. t. To traverse; to travel over or through. [R.] ´I journeyed many a land.´ Sir W. Scott.

Jour´ney-bat•ed , a. Worn out with journeying. [Obs.] Shak.

Jour´ney•er , n. One who journeys.

Jour´ney•man , n.; pl. Journeymen . Formerly, a man hired to work by the day; now, commonly, one who has mastered a handicraft or trade; — distinguished from apprentice and from master workman. “I have thought some of nature’s journeymen had made men, and not made them well.” Shak.

Jour´ney•work , n. Originally, work done by the day; work done by a journeyman at his trade.

Joust , v. i. [OE. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, jouster, joster, F. jouter, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh, from the root of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Jostle.] To engage in mock combat on horseback, as two knights in the lists; to tilt. [Written also just.] “For the whole army to joust and tourney.” Holland.

Joust, n. [OE. juste, jouste, OF. juste, jouste, joste, F. joute. See Joust, v. i.] A tilting match; a mock combat on horseback between two knights in the lists or inclosed field. [Written also just.] “Gorgeous knights at joust and tournament.” Milton.

Joust´er, n. One who jousts or tilts.

Jove , n. [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. for Djovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.] 1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter. 2. (Astron.) The planet Jupiter. [R.] Pope. 3. (Alchemy) The metal tin. Bird of Jove, the eagle.

Jo´vi•al , a. [F., fr. L. Jovialis pertaining to Jove. The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or jovial. See Jove.] 1. Of or pertaining to the god, or the planet, Jupiter. [Obs.] “Our jovial star reigned at his birth.” Shak. “The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Sunny; serene. [Obs.] ´The heavens always joviall.´ Spenser. 3. Gay; merry; joyous; jolly; mirth- inspiring; hilarious; characterized by mirth or jollity; as a jovial youth; a jovial company; a jovial poem. “Be bright and jovial among your guests.” Shak. “His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral; the rest are jovial or bacchanalian.” Dryden. This word is a relic of the belief in planetary influence. Other examples are saturnine, mercurial, martial, lunatic, etc. Syn. — Merry; joyous; gay; festive; mirthful; gleeful; jolly; hilarious.

Jo´vi•al•ist , n. One who lives a jovial life. Bp. Hall.

Jo•vi•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. jovialite.] The quality or state of being jovial. Sir T. Herbert.

Jo´vi•al•ly , adv. In a jovial manner; merrily; gayly. B. Jonson.

Jo´vi•al•ness, n. Noisy mirth; joviality. Hewyt.

Jo´vi•al•ty , n. Joviality. [R.] Barrow.

Jo´vi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Jove, or Jupiter (either the deity or the planet).

Jo•vi•cen´tric , a. [See Jove, and Center.] (Astron.) Revolving around the planet Jupiter; appearing as viewed from Jupiter. [R.] J. R. Hind.

Jo•vin´ian•ist , n. (Script. Hist.) An adherent to the doctrines of Jovinian, a monk of the fourth century, who denied the virginity of Mary, and opposed the asceticism of his time.

Jowl , n. [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceaft jaw. Cf. Chaps.] The cheek; the jaw. [Written also jole, choule, chowle, and geoule.] Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together; side by side; in close proximity. ´I will go with thee cheek by jole.´ Shak. ´ Sits cheek by jowl.´ Dryden.

Jowl, v. t. To throw, dash, or knock. [Obs.] “How the knave jowls it to the ground.” Shak.

Jowl´er , n. (Zoöl.) A dog with large jowls, as the beagle.

Jow´ter , n. A mounted peddler of fish; — called also jouster. [Obs.] Carew.

Joy , n. [OE. joye, OF. joye, joie, goie, F. joie, L. gaudia, pl. of gaudium joy, fr. gaudere to rejoice, to be glad; cf. Gr. to rejoice, proud. Cf. Gaud, Jewel.] 1. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisition or expectation of good; pleasurable feelings or emotions caused by success, good fortune, and the like, or by a rational prospect of possessing what we love or desire; gladness; exhilaration of spirits; delight. “Her heavenly form beheld, all wished her joy.” Dryden. “Glides the smooth current of domestic joy.” Johnson. “Who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the shame.” Heb. xii. 2. “Tears of true joy for his return.” Shak. “Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the present or assured approaching possession of a good.” Locke. 2. That which causes joy or happiness. “For ye are our glory and joy.” 1 Thess. ii. 20. “ A thing of beauty is a joy forever.” Keats. 3. The sign or exhibition of joy; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity. “Such joy made Una, when her knight she found.” Spenser. “The roofs with joy resound.” Dryden. Joy is used in composition, esp. with participles, to from many self-explaining compounds; as joy-bells, joy-bringing, joy-inspiring, joy-resounding, etc. Syn. — Gladness; pleasure; delight; happiness; exultation; transport; felicity; ecstasy; rapture; bliss; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity; hilarity.

Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Joyed (joid); p. pr. & vb. n. Joying.] [OF. joir, F. jouir. See Joy, n.] To rejoice; to be glad; to delight; to exult. “I will joy in the God of my salvation.” Hab. iii. 18. “In whose sight all things joy.” Milton.

Joy, v. t. 1. To give joy to; to congratulate. [Obs.] ´Joy us of our conquest.´ Dryden. “To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe.” Prior. 2. To gladden; to make joyful; to exhilarate. [Obs.] “Neither pleasure’s art can joy my spirits.” Shak. 3. To enjoy. [Obs.] See Enjoy. “Who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss.” Milton.

Joy´ance , n. [OF. joiance.] Enjoyment; gayety; festivity; joyfulness. Spenser. “Some days of joyance are decreed to all.” Byron. “From what hid fountains doth thy joyance flow?” Trench.

Joy´an•cy , n. Joyance. [R.] Carlyle.

Joy´ful , a. Full of joy; having or causing joy; very glad; as a joyful heart. ´Joyful tidings.´ Shak. “My soul shall be joyful in my God.” Is. lxi. 10. “Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life.” Pope. — Joy´ful•ly, adv. — Joy´ful•ness, n.

Joy´less, a. Not having joy; not causing joy; unenjoyable. — Joy´less•ly, adv. — Joy´less•ness, n. “With downcast eyes the joyless victor sat.” Dryden. “Youth and health and war are joyless to him.” Addison. “[He] pining for the lass,
Is joyless of the grove, and spurns the growing grass.” Dryden.

Joy´ous , a. [OE. joyous, joious, joios, F. joyeux.See Joy.] Glad; gay; merry; joyful; also affording or inspiring joy; with of before the word or words expressing the cause of joy. “Is this your joyous city?” Is. xxiii. 7. “They all as glad as birds of joyous prime.” Spenser. “And joyous of our conquest early won.” Dryden. Syn. — Merry; lively; blithe; gleeful; gay; glad; mirthful; sportive; festive; joyful; happy; blissful; charming; delightful. — Joy´ous•ly, adv. — Joy´ous•ness, n.

Joy´some , a. Causing joyfulness. [R.] “This all joysome grove.” T. Browne.

Jub , n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jug.] A vessel for holding ale or wine; a jug. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju´ba , n.; pl. Jubae (-be). [L., a mane.] 1. (Zoöl.) The mane of an animal. 2. (Bot.) A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.

Ju´bate , a. [L. jubatus having a mane.] (Zoöl.) Fringed with long, pendent hair.

Ju•be´ , n. [F.] (Arch.) (a) A chancel screen or rood screen. (b) The gallery above such a screen, from which certain parts of the service were formerly read. See Rood loft, under Rood.

Ju´bi•lant , a. [L. jubilans, -antis, p. pr. of jubilare to shout for joy: cf. F. jubilant. See Jubilate.] Uttering songs of triumph; shouting with joy; triumphant; exulting. ´The jubilant age.´ Coleridge. “While the bright pomp ascended jubilant.” Milton.

Ju´bi•lant•ly, adv. In a jubilant manner.

Ju´bi•lar , a. [Cf. F. jubilaire.] Pertaining to, or having the character of, a jubilee. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ju•bi•la´te , n. [L., imperat. of jubilare to shout for joy.] 1. The third Sunday after Easter; — so called because the introit is the 66th Psalm, which, in the Latin version, begins with the words, ´Jubilate Deo.´ 2. A name of the 100th Psalm; — so called from its opening word in the Latin version.

Ju´bi•late , v. i. [L. jubilatus, p. p. of jubilare.] To exult; to rejoice. [R.] De Quincey.

Ju•bi•la´tion , n. [L. jubilatio: cf. F. jubilation.] A triumphant shouting; rejoicing; exultation. ´Jubilations and hallelujahs.´ South.

Ju´bi•lee , n. [F. jubile, L. jubilaeus, Gr. , fr. Heb. ybel the blast of a trumpet, also the grand sabbatical year, which was announced by sound of trumpet.] 1. (Jewish Hist.) Every fiftieth year, being the year following the completion of each seventh sabbath of years, at which time all the slaves of Hebrew blood were liberated, and all lands which had been alienated during the whole period reverted to their former owners. [In this sense spelled also in some English Bibles, jubile.] Lev. xxv. 8-17. 2. The joyful commemoration held on the fiftieth anniversary of any event; as the jubilee of Queen Victoria’s reign; the jubilee of the American Board of Missions. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, originally of one hundred years, but latterly of twenty-five; a plenary and extraordinary indulgence granted by the sovereign pontiff to the universal church. One invariable condition of granting this indulgence is the confession of sins and receiving of the eucharist. 4. A season of general joy. “The town was all a jubilee of feasts.” Dryden. 5. A state of joy or exultation. [R.] ´In the jubilee of his spirits.´ Sir W. Scott.

Ju•cun´di•ty , n. [L. jucunditas, from jucundus.] Pleasantness; agreeableness. See Jocundity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ju´dah•ite , n. One of the tribe of Judah; a member of the kingdom of Judah; a Jew. Kitto. { Ju•da´ic , Ju•da´ic•al } a. [L. Judaïcus, fr. Judaea, the country Judea: cf. F. Judaïque. See Jew.] Of or pertaining to the Jews. ´The natural or Judaical [religion].´ South.

Ju•da´ic•al•ly, adv. After the Jewish manner. Milton.

Ju´da•ism , n. [L. Judaïsmus: cf. F. judaïsme.] 1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. J. S. Mill. 2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies.

Ju´da•ist, n. One who believes and practices Judaism.

Ju•da•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to Judaism.

Ju•da•i•za´tion , n. The act of Judaizing; a conforming to the Jewish religion or ritual. [R.]

Ju´da•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judaized p. pr. & vb. n. Judaizing ] [Cf. F. judaïser.] To conform to the doctrines, observances, or methods of the Jews; to inculcate or impose Judaism. “They … prevailed on the Galatians to Judaize so far as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances.
They were Judaizing doctors, who taught the observation of the Mosaic law.” Bp. Bull.

Ju´da•ize, v. t. To impose Jewish observances or rites upon; to convert to Judaism. “The heretical Theodotion, the Judaized Symmachus.” Milton.

Ju´da•i•zer , n. One who conforms to or inculcates Judaism; specifically, pl. (Ch. Hist.), those Jews who accepted Christianity but still adhered to the law of Moses and worshiped in the temple at Jerusalem.

Ju´das , n. The disciple who betrayed Christ. Hence: A treacherous person; one who betrays under the semblance of friendship. — a. Treacherous; betraying. Judas hole, a peephole or secret opening for spying. — Judas kiss, a deceitful and treacherous kiss. — Judas tree (Bot.), a leguminous tree of the genus Cercis, with pretty, rose- colored flowers in clusters along the branches. Judas is said to have hanged himself on a tree of this genus (C. Siliquastrum). C. Canadensis and C. occidentalis are the American species, and are called also redbud.

Ju´das-col•ored , a. Red; — from a tradition that Judas Iscariot had red hair and beard. “There’s treachery in that Judas-colored beard.” Dryden.

Jud´dock (jud´dok), n. [For judcock; jud (equiv. to Prov. E. gid a jacksnipe, W. giach snipe) + cock.] (Zoöl.) See Jacksnipe.

Ju•de´an (ju•de´an), a. [L. Judaeus. See Jew.] Of or pertaining to Judea. — n. A native of Judea; a Jew.

Judge (juj), n. [OE. juge, OF. & F. juge, fr. OF. jugier, F. juger, to judge. See Judge, v. i.] 1. (Law) A public officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine litigated causes, and to administer justice between parties in courts held for that purpose. “The parts of a judge in hearing are four: to direct the evidence; to moderate length, repetition, or impertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select, and collate the material points of that which hath been said; and to give the rule or sentence.” Bacon. 2. One who has skill, knowledge, or experience, sufficient to decide on the merits of a question, or on the quality or value of anything; one who discerns properties or relations with skill and readiness; a connoisseur; an expert; a critic. “A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of poetry, or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting.” Dryden. 3. A person appointed to decide in a trial of skill, speed, etc., between two or more parties; an umpire; as a judge in a horse race. 4. (Jewish Hist.) One of the supreme magistrates, with both civil and military powers, who governed Israel for more than four hundred years. 5. pl. The title of the seventh book of the Old Testament; the Book of Judges. Judge Advocate (Mil. & Nav.), a person appointed to act as prosecutor at a court-martial; he acts as the representative of the government, as the responsible adviser of the court, and also to a certain extent, as counsel for the accused, when he has no other counsel. — Judge-Advocate General, in the United States, the title of two officers, one attached to the War Department and having the rank of brigadier general, the other attached to the Navy Department and having the rank of colonel of marines or captain in the navy. The first is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice of the army, the other performs a similar duty for the navy. In England, the designation of a member of the ministry who is the legal adviser of the secretary of state for war, and supreme judge of the proceedings of courts-martial. Syn. — Judge, Umpire, Arbitrator, Referee. A judge, in the legal sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds of equity and common sense. A referee is one to whom a case is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations and references are sometimes voluntary, sometimes appointed by a court.

Judge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judged p. pr. & vb. n. Judging.] [OE. jugen, OF. jugier, F. juger, L. judicare, fr. judex judge; jus law or right + dicare to proclaim, pronounce, akin to dicere to say. See Just, a., and Diction, and cf. Judicial.] 1. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to decide as a judge; to give judgment; to pass sentence. “The Lord judge between thee and me.” Gen. xvi. 5. “Father, who art judge
Of all things made, and judgest only right!” Milton. 2. To assume the right to pass judgment on another; to sit in judgment or commendation; to criticise or pass adverse judgment upon others. See Judge, v. t., 3. “Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all.” Shak. 3. To compare facts or ideas and perceive their relations and attributes, and thus distinguish truth from falsehood; to determine; to discern; to distinguish; to form an opinion about. “Judge not according to the appearance.” John vii. 24. “She is wise if I can judge of her.” Shak.

Judge, v. t. 1. To hear and determine by authority, as a case before a court, or a controversy between two parties. ´Chaos [shall] judge the strife.´ Milton. 2. To examine and pass sentence on; to try; to doom. “God shall judge the righteous and the wicked.” Eccl. iii. 7. “To bring my whole cause ’fore his holiness,
And to be judged by him.” Shak. 3. To arrogate judicial authority over; to sit in judgment upon; to be censorious toward. “Judge not, that ye be not judged.” Matt. vii. 1. 4. To determine upon or deliberation; to esteem; to think; to reckon. “If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord.” Acts xvi. 15. 5. To exercise the functions of a magistrate over; to govern. [Obs.] “Make us a king to judge us.” 1 Sam. viii. 5.

Judg´er , n. One who judges. Sir K. Digby.

Judge´ship , n. The office of a judge.

Judg´ment , n. [OE. jugement, F. jugement, LL. judicamentum, fr. L. judicare. See Judge, v. i.] 1. The act of judging; the operation of the mind, involving comparison and discrimination, by which a knowledge of the values and relations of thins, whether of moral qualities, intellectual concepts, logical propositions, or material facts, is obtained; as by careful judgment he avoided the peril; by a series of wrong judgments he forfeited confidence. “I oughte deme, of skilful jugement,
That in the salte sea my wife is deed.” Chaucer. 2. The power or faculty of performing such operations (see 1); esp., when unqualified, the faculty of judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely; good sense; as a man of judgment; a politician without judgment. “He shall judge thy people with righteousness and thy poor with judgment.” Ps. lxxii. 2. “Hernia. I would my father look’d but with my eyes.
Theseus. Rather your eyes must with his judgment look.” Shak. 3. The conclusion or result of judging; an opinion; a decision. “She in my judgment was as fair as you.” Shak. “Who first his judgment asked, and then a place.” Pope. 4. The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge; the mandate or sentence of God as the judge of all. “In judgments between rich and poor, consider not what the poor man needs, but what is his own.” Jer. Taylor. “Most heartily I do beseech the court
To give the judgment.” Shak. 5. (Philos.) (a) That act of the mind by which two notions or ideas which are apprehended as distinct are compared for the purpose of ascertaining their agreement or disagreement. See 1. The comparison may be threefold: (1) Of individual objects forming a concept. (2) Of concepts giving what is technically called a judgment. (3) Of two judgments giving an inference. Judgments have been further classed as analytic, synthetic, and identical. (b) That power or faculty by which knowledge dependent upon comparison and discrimination is acquired. See 2. “A judgment is the mental act by which one thing is affirmed or denied of another.” Sir W. Hamilton. “The power by which we are enabled to perceive what is true or false, probable or improbable, is called by logicians the faculty of judgment.” Stewart. 6. A calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong committed; a providential punishment. ´Judgments are prepared for scorners.´ Prov. xix. 29. ´This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble.´ Shak. 7. (Theol.) The final award; the last sentence. Judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and lodgment are in England sometimes written, judgement, abridgement, acknowledgement, and lodgement. Judgment is used adjectively in many self-explaining combinations; as judgment hour; judgment throne. Judgment day (Theol.), the last day, or period when final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God’s moral government. — Judgment debt (Law), a debt secured to the creditor by a judge’s order. — Judgment hall, a hall where courts are held. — Judgment seat, the seat or bench on which judges sit in court; hence, a court; a tribunal. ´We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ.´ Rom. xiv. 10. — Judgment summons (Law), a proceeding by a judgment creditor against a judgment debtor upon an unsatisfied judgment. Arrest of judgment. (Law) See under Arrest, n. — Judgment of God, a term formerly applied to extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as by arms and single combat, by ordeal, etc.; it being imagined that God would work miracles to vindicate innocence. See under Ordeal. Syn. — Discernment; decision; determination; award; estimate; criticism; taste; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; intelligence; understanding. See Taste.

Ju´di•ca•ble , a. [L. judicabilis. See Judge, v. i.] Capable of being judged; capable of being tried or decided upon. Jer. Taylor.

Ju´di•ca•tive , a. Having power to judge; judicial; as the judicative faculty. Hammond.

Ju´di•ca•to•ry , a. [L. judicatorius.] Pertaining to the administration of justice; dispensing justice; judicial; as judicatory tribunals. T. Wharton. “Power to reject in an authoritative or judicatory way.” Bp. Hall.

Ju´di•ca•to•ry (277), n. [L. judicatorium.] 1. A court of justice; a tribunal. Milton. 2. Administration of justice. “The supreme court of judicatory.” Clarendon.

Ju´di•ca•ture ( 135), n. [F., fr. LL. judicatura.] 1. The state or profession of those employed in the administration of justice; also the dispensing or administration of justice. “The honor of the judges in their judicature is the king’s honor.” Bacon. 2. A court of justice; a judicatory. South. 3. The right of judicial action; jurisdiction; extent jurisdiction of a judge or court. “Our Savior disputes not here the judicature, for that was not his office, but the morality, of divorce.” Milton.

Ju•di´cial , a. [L. judicialis, fr. judicium judgment, fr. judex judge: cf. OF. judicial. See Judge.] 1. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice, or to a judge; practiced or conformed to in the administration of justice; sanctioned or ordered by a court; as judicial power; judicial proceedings; a judicial sale. ´Judicial massacres.´ Macaulay. “Not a moral but a judicial law, and so was abrogated.” Milton. 2. Fitted or apt for judging or deciding; as a judicial mind. 3. Belonging to the judiciary, as distinguished from legislative, administrative, or executive. See Executive. 4. Judicious. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ju•di´cial•ly, adv. In a judicial capacity or judicial manner. ´The Lords … sitting judicially.´ Macaulay.

Ju•di´cia•ry ( 277), a. [L. judiciarius, fr. judicium judgment: cf. F. judiciare. See Judicial.] Of or pertaining to courts of judicature, or legal tribunals; judicial; as a judiciary proceeding. Bp. Burnet.

Ju•di´cia•ry, n. [Cf. LL. judiciaria, F. judiciaire.] That branch of government in which judicial power is vested; the system of courts of justice in a country; the judges, taken collectively; as an independent judiciary; the senate committee on the judiciary.

Ju•di´cious , a. [F. judicieux, fr. L. judicium judgment. See Judicial.] Of or relating to a court; judicial. [Obs.] “His last offenses to us
Shall have judicious hearing.” Shak. 2. Directed or governed by sound judgment; having sound judgment; wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet. “He is noble, wise, judicious, and best knows
The fits o’ the season.” Shak. Syn. — Prudent; discreet; rational; wise; skillful; discerning; sagacious; well-advised.

Ju•di´cious•ly, adv. In a judicious manner; with good judgment; wisely.

Ju•di´cious•ness, n. The quality or state of being judicious; sagacity; sound judgment.

Jug , n. [Prob. fr. Jug, a corruption of, or nickname for, Joanna; cf. 2d Jack, and Jill. See Johannes.] 1. A vessel, usually of coarse earthenware, with a swelling belly and narrow mouth, and having a handle on one side. 2. A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng.] 3. A prison; a jail; a lockup. [Slang] Gay.

Jug , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugged p. pr. & vb. n. Jugging ] 1. To seethe or stew, as in a jug or jar placed in boiling water; as to jug a hare. 2. To commit to jail; to imprison. [Slang]

Jug, v. i. (Zoöl.) 1. To utter a sound resembling this word, as certain birds do, especially the nightingale. 2. To nestle or collect together in a covey; — said of quails and partridges.

Ju´gal , a. [L. jugalis, fr. jugum yoke.] 1. Relating to a yoke, or to marriage. [Obs.] 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the malar, or cheek bone.

Ju•ga´ta , n. pl. [Neut. pl. of L. jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Numis.) The figures of two heads on a medal or coin, either side by side or joined.

Ju´ga•ted , a. (Bot.) Coupled together.

Juge , n. A judge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jug´e•ment , n. Judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju´ger , n. [L. jugerum.] A Roman measure of land, measuring 28,800 square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth.

Jug´ger , n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian falcon. See Lugger.

Jug´ger•naut , n. [Skr. jagannatha lord of the world.] One of the names under which Vishnu, in his incarnation as Krishna, is worshiped by the Hindoos. [Written also Juggernnath, Jaganath, Jaganatha, etc.] The principal seat of the worship of Juggernaut is at Pûri in Orissa. At certain times the idol is drawn from the temple by the multitude, on a high car with sixteen wheels. Formerly, fanatics sometimes threw themselves under the wheels to be crushed as a sacrifice to the god.

Jug´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Juggled p. pr. & vb. n. Juggling ] [OE. juglen; cf. OF. jogler, jugler, F. jongler. See Juggler.] 1. To play tricks by sleight of hand; to cause amusement and sport by tricks of skill; to conjure. 2. To practice artifice or imposture. “Be these juggling fiends no more believed.” Shak.

Jug´gle, v. t. To deceive by trick or artifice. “Is’t possible the spells of France should juggle
Men into such strange mysteries?” Shak.

Jug´gle, n. 1. A trick by sleight of hand. 2. An imposture; a deception. Tennyson. “A juggle of state to cozen the people.” Tillotson. 3. A block of timber cut to a length, either in the round or split. Knight.

Jug´gler , n. [OE. jogelour, juglur, OF. jogleor, jugleor, jongleor, F. jongleur, fr. L. joculator a jester, joker, fr. joculus a little jest or joke, dim. of jocus jest, joke. See Joke, and cf. Jongleur, Joculator.] 1. One who practices or exhibits tricks by sleight of hand; one skilled in legerdemain; a conjurer. “As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye.” Shak. “Jugglers and impostors do daily delude them.” Sir T. Browne. 2. A deceiver; a cheat. Shak.

Jug´gler•ess, n. 1. A female juggler. T. Warton.

Jug´gler•y , n. [OE. & OF. joglerie, F. jonglerie.] 1. The art or act of a juggler; sleight of hand. 2. Trickery; imposture; as political jugglery.

Jug´gling , a. Cheating; tricky. — Jug´gling•ly, adv.

Jug´gling, n. Jugglery; underhand practice.

Juggs , n. pl. See Jougs. [Scot.]

Jug´lan•din , n. [L. juglans, -andis, a walnut: cf. F. juglandine.] (Chem.) An extractive matter contained in the juice of the green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia). It is used medicinally as an alterative, and also as a black hair dye.

Jug´lan•dine , n. An alkaloid found in the leaves of the walnut (Juglans regia).

Jug´lans , n. [L., walnut.] (Bot.) A genus of valuable trees, including the true walnut of Europe, and the America black walnut, and butternut.

Ju´glone , n. [L. juglans the walnut + -one.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance resembling quinone, extracted from green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia); — called also nucin.

Ju´gu•lar , a. [L. jugulum the collar bone, which joins together the shoulders and the breast, the throat, akin to jungere to yoke, to join: cf. F. jugulaire. See Join.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the throat or neck; as the jugular vein. (b) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein; as the jugular foramen. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the ventral fins beneath the throat; — said of certain fishes.

Ju´gu•lar, n. [Cf. F. jugulaire. See Jugular, a.] 1. (Anat.) One of the large veins which return the blood from the head to the heart through two chief trunks, an external and an internal, on each side of the neck; — called also the jugular vein. 2. (Zoöl.) Any fish which has the ventral fins situated forward of the pectoral fins, or beneath the throat; one of a division of fishes (Jugulares).

Ju´gu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugulated p. pr. & vb. n. Jugulating ] [L. jugulatus, p. p. of jugulare, fr. jugulatum. See Jugular.] To cut the throat of. [R.] Jacob Bigelow.

Ju´gu•lum , n.; pl. Jugula (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) The lower throat, or that part of the neck just above the breast.

Ju´gum , n.; pl. L. Juga (#), E. Jugums (#). [L., a yoke, ridge.] (Bot.) (a) One of the ridges commonly found on the fruit of umbelliferous plants. (b) A pair of the opposite leaflets of a pinnate plant.

Juice (jus), n. [OE. juse, F. jus broth, gravy, juice, L. jus; akin to Skr. yusha.] The characteristic fluid of any vegetable or animal substance; the sap or part which can be expressed from fruit, etc.; the fluid part which separates from meat in cooking. “An animal whose juices are unsound.” Arbuthnot. “The juice of July flowers.” B. Jonson. “The juice of Egypt’s grape.” Shak. “Letters which Edward Digby wrote in lemon juice.” Macaulay. “Cold water draws the juice of meat.” Mrs. Whitney.

Juice (jus), v. t. To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Fuller.

Juice´less, a. Lacking juice; dry. Dr. H. More.

Jui´ci•ness , n. The state or quality of being juicy; succulence plants.

Jui´cy , a. [Compar. Juicier; superl. Juiciest.] A bounding with juice; succulent. Bacon.

Ju•ise´ , n. [OF. juise. L. judicium. See Judicial.] Judgment; justice; sentence. [Obs.] “Up [on] pain of hanging and high juise.” Chaucer.

Ju´jube (ju´jub), n. [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. zi•zyfon, Per. zizfun, zizafun, zayzafun.] The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species of small trees, of the genus Zizyphus, especially the Z. jujuba, Z. vulgaris, Z. mucronata, and Z. Lotus. The last named is thought to have furnished the lotus of the ancient Libyan Lotophagi, or lotus eaters. Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also a confection made of gum arabic sweetened.

Juke , v. i. [from Scottish jouk to bow.] To bend the neck; to bow or duck the head. [Written also jook and jouk.] “The money merchant was so proud of his trust that he went juking and tossing of his head.” L’ Estrange.

Juke, n. The neck of a bird. [Prov. Eng.]

Juke, v. i. [F. juc a roost, perch, jucher to roost, to perch.] To perch on anything, as birds do. [Obs.]

Ju•la´ceous , a. [See Julus.] (Bot.) Like an ament, or bearing aments; amentaceous.

Ju´lep , n. [F., fr. Sp. julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. julab, jullab, fr. Per. gulab rose water and julep; gul rose + ab water.] 1. A refreshing drink flavored with aromatic herbs; esp. (Med.), a sweet, demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture, used as a vehicle. Milton. “Honey in woods, juleps in brooks.” H. Vaughan. 2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and sprigs of mint; — called also mint julep. [U.S.]

Jul´ian ( 277) a. [L. Julianus, fr. Julius. Cf. July, Gillian.] Relating to, or derived from, Julius Caesar. Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Caesar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days. — Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 b. c. — Julian period, a chronological period of 7,980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and indiction cycles (28 x 19 x 15 = 7,980), being reckoned from the year 4713 B. C., when the first years of these several cycles would coincide, so that if any year of the period be divided by 28, 19, or 15, the remainder will be the year of the corresponding cycle. The Julian period was proposed by Scaliger, to remove or avoid ambiguities in chronological dates, and was so named because composed of Julian years. — Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the Julian calendar, and in use until superseded by the Gregorian year, as established in the reformed or Gregorian calendar.

Ju•li•enne´ , n. [F.] A kind of soup containing thin slices or shreds of carrots, onions, etc.

Ju´li•form , a. [Julus + - form.] (Bot.) Having the shape or appearance of a julus or catkin.

Ju´lus , n.; pl.Juli (#). [Of the same origin as iulus.] (Bot.) A catkin or ament. See Ament.

Ju•ly´ , n.; pl. Julies (#). [L. Julius; — named from Caius Julius Caesar, who was born in this month: cf. F. Juillet.] The seventh month of the year, containing thirty-one days. This month was called Quintilis, or the fifth month, according to the old Roman calendar, in which March was the first month of the year.

Ju•ly´-flow•er , n. See Gillyflower.

Ju´mart , n. [F.] The fabled offspring of a bull and a mare. Locke.

Jum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jumbled p. pr. & vb. n. Jumbling ] [Prob. fr. jump, i. e., to make to jump, or shake.] To mix in a confused mass; to put or throw together without order; — often followed by together or up. “Why dost thou blend and jumble such inconsistencies together?” Burton. “Every clime and age
Jumbled together.” Tennyson.

Jum´ble, v. i. To meet or unite in a confused way; to mix confusedly. Swift.

Jum´ble, n. 1. A confused mixture; a mass or collection without order; as a jumble of words. 2. A small, thin, sugared cake, usually ring- shaped.

Jum´ble•ment , n. Confused mixture. [Low]

Jum´bler , n. One who confuses things.

Jum´bling•ly , adv. In a confused manner.

Ju´ment , n. [L. jumentum a beast of burden: cf. F. jument a mare, OF., a beast of burden.] A beast; especially, a beast of burden. [Obs.] “Fitter for juments than men to feed on.” Burton.

Jump , n. [Cf. F. jupe a long petticoat, a skirt. Cf. Juppon.] (a) A kind of loose jacket for men. (b) pl. A bodice worn instead of stays by women in the 18th century.

Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped p. pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] [Akin to OD. gumpen, dial. G. gumpen, jumpen.] 1. To spring free from the ground by the muscular action of the feet and legs; to project one’s self through the air; to spring; to bound; to leap. “Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the square.” Shak. 2. To move as if by jumping; to bounce; to jolt. ´The jumping chariots.´ Nahum iii. 2. “A flock of geese jump down together.” Dryden. 3. To coincide; to agree; to accord; to tally; — followed by with. ´It jumps with my humor.´ Shak. To jump at, to spring to; hence, fig., to accept suddenly or eagerly; as a fish jumps at a bait; to jump at a chance.

Jump , v. t. 1. To pass by a spring or leap; to overleap; as to jump a stream. 2. To cause to jump; as he jumped his horse across the ditch. 3. To expose to danger; to risk; to hazard. [Obs.] “To jump a body with a dangerous physic.” Shak. 4. (Smithwork) (a) To join by a butt weld. (b) To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows; to upset. 5. (Quarrying) To bore with a jumper. To jump a claim, to enter upon and take possession of land to which another has acquired a claim by prior entry and occupation. [Western U. S. & Australia] See Claim, n., 3. — To jump one’s bail, to abscond while at liberty under bail bonds. [Slang, U. S.]

Jump, n. 1. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound. ´To advance by jumps.´ Locke. 2. An effort; an attempt; a venture. [Obs.] “Our fortune lies
Upon thisjump.” Shak. 3. The space traversed by a leap. 4. (Mining) A dislocation in a stratum; a fault. 5. (Arch.) An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry. From the jump, from the start or beginning. [Colloq.] — Jump joint. (a) A butt joint. (b) A flush joint, as of plank in carvel-built vessels. — Jump seat. (a) A movable carriage seat. (b) A carriage constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to make room for second or extra seat. Also used adjectively; as a jump-seat wagon.

Jump, a. Nice; exact; matched; fitting; precise. [Obs.] ´Jump names.´ B. Jonson.

Jump, adv. Exactly; pat.[Obs.] Shak.

Jump´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, jumps. 2. A long drilling tool used by masons and quarrymen. 3. A rude kind of sleigh; — usually, a simple box on runners which are in one piece with the poles that form the thills. [U.S.] J. F. Cooper. 4. (Zoöl.) The larva of the cheese fly. See Cheese fly, under Cheese. 5. (Eccl.) A name applied in the 18th century to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales whose worship was characterized by violent convulsions. 6. (Horology) spring to impel the star wheel, also a pawl to lock fast a wheel, in a repeating timepiece. Baby jumper. See in the Vocabulary. — Bounty jumper. See under Bounty.

Jump´er, n. [See 1st Jump.] A loose upper garment; as: (a) A sort of blouse worn by workmen over their ordinary dress to protect it. (b) A fur garment worn in Arctic journeys.

Jump´ing, p. a. & vb. n. of Jump, to leap. Jumping bean, a seed of a Mexican Euphorbia, containing the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans). The larva by its sudden movements causes the seed to roll to roll and jump about. — Jumping deer (Zoöl.), a South African rodent (Pedetes Caffer), allied to the jerboa. — Jumping jack, a toy figure of a man, jointed and made to jump or dance by means of strings. — Jumping louse (Zoöl.), any of the numerous species of plant lice belonging to the family Psyllidae, several of which are injurious to fruit trees. — Jumping mouse (Zoöl.), North American mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), having a long tail and large hind legs. It is noted for its jumping powers. Called also kangaroo mouse. — Jumping mullet (Zoöl.), gray mullet. — Jumping shrew (Zoöl.), any African insectivore of the genus Macroscelides. They are allied to the shrews, but have large hind legs adapted for jumping. — Jumping spider (Zoöl.), spider of the genus Salticus and other related genera; one of the Saltigradae; — so called because it leaps upon its prey.

Jump´weld , v. t. See Buttweld, v. t.

Jun•ca´ceous , a. [See Juncate.] (Bot.) Of. pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Juncaceae), of which the common rush (Juncus) is the type.

Jun´cate , n. See Junket.[Obs.] Spenser.

Jun´cite , n. [L. juncus a rush.] (Paleon.) A fossil rush.

Jun´co , n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Junco, which includes several species of North American finches; — called also snowbird, or blue snowbird.

Jun´cous , a. [L. juncosus, fr. juncus a rush.] Full of rushes: resembling rushes; juncaceous. [R.] Johnson.

Junc´tion , n. [L. junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, to join: cf. F. jonction. See Join.] 1. The act of joining, or the state of being joined; union; combination; coalition; as the junction of two armies or detachments; the junction of paths. 2. The place or point of union, meeting, or junction; specifically, the place where two or more lines of railway meet or cross. Junction plate (Boilers), a covering or break-join plate riveted to and uniting the edges of sheets which make a butt joint. — Junction rails (Railroads), the switch, or movable, rails, connecting one line of track with another.

Junc´ture (junk´tur; 135), n. [L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Jointure.] 1. A joining; a union; an alliance. [Obs.] ´Devotional compliance and juncture of hearts.´ Eikon Basilike. 2. The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a joint; an articulation; a seam; as the junctures of a vessel or of the bones. Boyle. 3. A point of time; esp., one made critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances; hence, a crisis; an exigency. ´Extraordinary junctures.´ Addison. “In such a juncture, what can the most plausible and refined philosophy offer?” Berkeley.

June , n. [L. Junius: cf. F. Juin. So called either from Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the goddess.] The sixth month of the year, containing thirty days. “And what is so rare as a day in June?
Then, if ever, come perfect days.” Lowell. June beetle, June bug (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large brown beetles of the genus Lachnosterna and related genera; — so called because they begin to fly, in the northern United States, about the first of June. The larvae of the June beetles live under ground, and feed upon the roots of grasses and other plants. Called also May bug or May beetle. — June grass (Bot.), a New England name for Kentucky blue grass. See Blue glass, and Illustration in Appendix.

June´a•ting , n. A kind of early apple. [Written also jenneting.]

June´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) (a) The small applelike berry of American trees of genus Amelanchier; — also called service berry. (b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit; — also called shad bush, and shad tree.

Jun•ger•man´ni•a , n.; pl. Jungermanniae (#). [NL. Named after Ludwig Jungermann, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceae.

Jun´gle (jun´g’l), n. [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. jagala desert.] A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil. “The jungles of India are of bamboos, canes, and other palms, very difficult to penetrate.” Balfour (Cyc. of India). Jungle bear (Zoöl.), the aswail or sloth bear. — Jungle cat (Zoöl.), the chaus. — Jungle cock (Zoöl.), the male of a jungle fowl. — Jungle fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) Any wild species of the genus Gallus, of which several species inhabit India and the adjacent islands; as the fork-tailed jungle fowl (G. varius) of Java, G. Stanleyi of Ceylon, and G. Bankiva of India. The latter, which resembles the domestic gamecock, is supposed to be one of the original species from which the domestic fowl was derived. (b) An Australian grallatorial bird (Megapodius tumulus) which is allied to the brush turkey, and, like the latter, lays its eggs in mounds of vegetable matter, where they are hatched by the heat produced by decomposition.

Jun´gly (-gly), a. Consisting of jungles; abounding with jungles; of the nature of a jungle.

Jun´ior (jun´yer; 277), a. [L. contr. fr. juvenior, compar. of juvenis young. See Juvenile.] 1. Less advanced in age than another; younger. Junior is applied to distinguish the younger of two persons bearing the same name in the same family, and is opposed to senior or elder. Commonly applied to a son who has the same Christian name as his father. 2. Lower in standing or in rank; later in office; as a junior partner; junior counsel; junior captain. 3. Composed of juniors, whether younger or a lower standing; as the junior class; of or pertaining to juniors or to a junior class. See Junior, n., 2. 4. Belonging to a younger person, or an earlier time of life. “Our first studies and junior endeavors.” Sir T. Browne.

Jun´ior, n. 1. A younger person. “His junior she, by thirty years.” Byron. 2. Hence: One of a lower or later standing; specifically, in American colleges, one in the third year of his course, one in the fourth or final year being designated a senior; in some seminaries, one in the first year, in others, one in the second year, of a three years’ course.

Jun•ior´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being junior.

Ju´ni•per , n. [L. juniperus, prop., youth-producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent. Cf. Gin the liquor.] (Bot.) Any evergreen shrub or tree, of the genus Juniperus and order Coniferae. The common juniper (J. communis) is a shrub of a low, spreading form, having awl-shaped, rigid leaves in whorls of threes, and bearing small purplish blue berries (or galbuli), of a warm, pungent taste, used as diuretic and in flavoring gin. A resin exudes from the bark, which has erroneously been considered identical with sandarach, and is used as pounce. The oil of juniper is acrid, and used for various purposes, as in medicine, for making varnish, etc. The wood of several species is of a reddish color, hard and durable, and is used in cabinetwork under the names of red cedar, Bermuda cedar, etc. Juniper worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus). It feeds upon the leaves of the juniper, and mimics the small twigs both in form and color, in a remarkable manner.

Ju´ni•per•in , n. (Chem.) A yellow amorphous substance extracted from juniper berries.

Ju´ni•per•ite , n. (Paleon.) One of the fossil Coniferae, evidently allied to the juniper.

Junk , n. A fragment of any solid substance; a thick piece. See Chunk. [Colloq.] Lowell.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages. Cf. Junket.] 1. Pieces of old cable or old cordage, used for making gaskets, mats, swabs, etc., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for filling the seams of ships. 2. Old iron, or other metal, glass, paper, etc., bought and sold by junk dealers. 3. (Naut.) Hard salted beef supplied to ships. Junk bottle , a stout bottle made of thick dark-colored glass. — Junk dealer, a dealer in old cordage, old metal, glass, etc. — Junk hook (Whaling), a hook for hauling heavy pieces of blubber on deck. — Junk ring. (a) A packing of soft material round the piston of a steam engine. (b) A metallic ring for retaining a piston packing in place; (c) A follower. — Junk shop, a shop where old cordage, and ship’s tackle, old iron, old bottles, old paper, etc., are kept for sale. — Junk vat (Leather Manuf.), a large vat into which spent tan liquor or ooze is pumped. — Junk wad (Mil.), a wad used in proving cannon; also used in firing hot shot.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco; cf. Jav. & Malay jong, ajong, Chin. chwan.] (Naut.) A large vessel, without keel or prominent stem, and with huge masts in one piece, used by the Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Malays, etc., in navigating their waters.

Jun´ker , n. [G. Cf. Yonker.] A young German noble or squire; esp., a member of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

Jun´ker•ism , n. The principles of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

Jun´ket , n. [Formerly also juncate, fr. It. giuncata cream cheese, made in a wicker or rush basket, fr. L. juncus a rush. See 2d Junk, and cf. Juncate.] 1. A cheese cake; a sweetmeat; any delicate food. “How Faery Mab the junkets eat.” Milton. “Victuals varied well in taste,
And other junkets.” Chapman. 2. A feast; an entertainment. “A new jaunt or junket every night.” Thackeray.

Jun´ket, v. i. To feast; to banquet; to make an entertainment; — sometimes applied opprobriously to feasting by public officers at the public cost. “Job’s children junketed and feasted together often.” South.

Jun´ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Junketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Junketing.] To give entertainment to; to feast. “The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and was in such a hurry to junket her neighbors.” Walpole.

Jun´ket•ing, n. A feast or entertainment; a revel. “All those snug junketings and public gormandizings for which the ancient magistrates were equally famous with their modern successors.” W. Irving. “The apostle would have no reveling or junketing upon the altar.” South.

Jun´ket•ries , n. pl. Sweetmeats. [Obs.]

Ju´no (ju´no), n.; pl. Junos (-noz). [L.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera. “Sweeter than the lids of Juno’s eyes.” Shak. 2. (Astron.) One of the early discovered asteroids. Bird of Juno, the peacock.

Jun´ta (jun´ta), n.; pl. Juntas (-taz). [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Junto.] A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

Jun´to (-to), n.; pl. Juntos (-toz). [Sp. junto united. See Junta.] A secret council to deliberate on affairs of government or politics; a number of men combined for party intrigue; a faction; a cabal; as a junto of ministers; a junto of politicians. “The puzzling sons of party next appeared,
In dark cabals and mighty juntos met.” Thomson.

Jup´ar•tie , n. Jeopardy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju•pa•ti´ palm (Bot.) A great Brazilian palm tree (Raphia taedigera), used by the natives for many purposes.

Jupe , n. Same as Jupon.

Ju´pi•ter , n. [L., fr. Jovis pater. See Jove.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The supreme deity, king of gods and men, and reputed to be the son of Saturn and Rhea; Jove. He corresponds to the Greek Zeus. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets, being the brightest except Venus, and the largest of them all, its mean diameter being about 85,000 miles. It revolves about the sun in 4,332.6 days, at a mean distance of 5.2028 from the sun, the earth’s mean distance being taken as unity. Jupiter’s beard. (Bot.) (a) A South European herb, with cymes of small red blossoms (Centranthus ruber). (b) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum); — so called from its massive inflorescence, like the sculptured beard of Jove. Prior. (c) the cloverlike Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. — Jupiter’s staff (Bot.), the common mullein; — so called from its long, rigid spike of yellow blossoms. { Ju•pon´ , Jup•pon´ } n. [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.] [Written variously jupe, jump, juppo, etc.] 1. A sleeveless jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. It fitted closely, and descended below the hips. Dryden. 2. A petticoat. Halliwell.

Ju´ra , n. [F. & L.] 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland. 2. (Geol.) The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

Ju´ral , a. [L. jus, juris, right.] 1. Pertaining to natural or positive right. [R.] “By the adjective jural we shall denote that which has reference to the doctrine of rights and obligations; as by the adjective ´moral´ we denote that which has reference to the doctrine of duties.” Whewell. 2. (Law) Of or pertaining to jurisprudence.

Ju•ra•men´tum , n.; pl. Juramenta . [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law) An oath.

Ju•ras´sic , a. (Geol.) Of the age of the middle Mesozoic, including, as divided in England and Europe, the Lias Oölite, and Wealden; — named from certain rocks of the Jura mountains. — n. The Jurassic period or formation; — called also the Jura.

Ju´rat , n. [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear. See Jury, n.] 1. A person under oath; specifically, an officer of the nature of an alderman, in certain municipal corporations in England. Burrill. 2. (Law) The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed. Wharton. Bouvier.

Ju´ra•to•ry , a. [L. juratorius, fr. jurare to swear: cf. F. juratoire.] Relating to or comprising an oath; as juratory caution. Ayliffe.

Ju•ra-tri´as , n. (Geol.) A term applied to many American Mesozoic strata, in which the characteristics of the Jurassic and Triassic periods appear to be blended. — Ju•ra-tri•as´sic (#), a.

Jur•dic´ci•on (jur•dik´si•on), n. Jurisdiction. [Obs.]

Jur´don (jûr´don), n. Jordan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju´rel , n. (Zoöl.) A yellow carangoid fish of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (Caranx chrysos), most abundant southward, where it is valued as a food fish; — called also hardtail, horse crevalle, jack, buffalo jack, skipjack, yellow mackerel, and sometimes, improperly, horse mackerel. Other species of Caranx (as C. fallax) are also sometimes called jurel. { Ju•rid´ic , Ju•rid´ic•al } a. [L. juridicus relating to the administration of justice; jus, juris, right, law + dicare to pronounce: cf. F. juridique. See Just, a., and Diction.] Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence; acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law; according to law; legal; as juridical law. ´This juridical sword.´ Milton. “The body corporate of the kingdom, in juridical construction, never dies.” Burke. Juridical days, days on which courts are open.

Ju•rid•ic•al•ly, adv. In a juridical manner.

Ju•ris•con´sult , n. [L. jurisconsultus; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult: cf. F. jurisconsulte.] (Law) A man learned in the civil law; an expert in juridical science; a professor of jurisprudence; a jurist.

Ju•ris•dic´tion , n. [L. jurisdictio; jus, juris, right, law + dictio a saying, speaking: cf. OF. jurisdiction, F. juridiction. See Just, a., and Diction.] 1. (Law) The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes, to try criminals, or to execute justice; judicial authority over a cause or class of causes; as certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court, that is, within the limits of its authority or commission. 2. The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate; the right of making or enforcing laws; the power or right of exercising authority. “To live exempt
From Heaven’s high jurisdiction.” Milton. “You wrought to be a legate; by which power
You maim’d the jurisdiction of all bishops.” Shak. 3. Sphere of authority; the limits within which any particular power may be exercised, or within which a government or a court has authority. Jurisdiction, in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare, or apply the law. When confined to the judiciary department, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. Duponceau.

Ju•ris•dic´tion•al , a. [Cf. LL. jurisdictionalis, F. juridictionnel.] Of or pertaining to jurisdiction; as jurisdictional rights. Barrow.

Ju•ris•dic´tive , a. Having jurisdiction. Milton.

Ju•ris•pru´dence , n. [L. jurisprudentia; jus, juris, right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, knowledge of a matter, prudence: cf. F. jurisprudence. See Just, a., and Prudence.] The science of juridical law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of justice. “The talents of Abelard were not confined to theology, jurisprudence, philosophy.” J. Warton. Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which concerns questions of medicine.

Ju•ris•pru´dent , a. [See Jurisprudence.] Understanding law; skilled in jurisprudence. G. West.

Ju•ris•pru´dent, n. [Cf. F. jurisprudent.] One skilled in law or jurisprudence. [R.] De Quincey.

Ju•ris•pru•den´tial , a. Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. Stewart.

Ju•rist , n. [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a.] One who professes the science of law; one versed in the law, especially in the civil law; a writer on civil and international law. “It has ever been the method of public jurists to raw a great part of the analogies on which they form the law of nations from the principles of law which prevail in civil community.” Burke. { Ju•ris´tic , Ju•ris´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a jurist, to the legal profession, or to jurisprudence. [R.] ´Juristic ancestry.´ Lowell.

Ju´ror , n. [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. jurator a swearer, fr. jurare, jurari, to swear. See Jury, n.] 1. (Law) A member of a jury; a juryman. “I shall both find your lordship judge and juror.” Shak. 2. A member of any jury for awarding prizes, etc.

Ju´ry , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) For temporary use; — applied to a temporary contrivance. Jury mast, a temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. — Jury rudder, a rudder constructed for temporary use.

Ju´ry , n.; pl. Juries (#). [OF. juree an assize, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari; akin to jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a., and cf. Jurat, Abjure.] 1. (Law) A body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law, impaneled and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally adduced. See Grand jury under Grand, and Inquest. “The jury, passing on the prisoner’s life.” Shak. 2. A committee for determining relative merit or awarding prizes at an exhibition or competition; as the art jury gave him the first prize. Jury of inquest, a coroner’s jury. See Inquest.

Ju´ry•man , n.; pl. Jurymen . One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror.

Ju´ry-rigged , a. (Naut.) Rigged for temporary service. See Jury, a.

Jus´si , n. A delicate fiber, produced in the Philippine Islands from an unidentified plant, of which dresses, etc., are made.

Just , a. [F. juste, L. justus, fr. jus right, law, justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to join. Cf. Injury, Judge, Jury, Giusto.] 1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; — said both of persons and things. ´O just but severe law!´ Shak. “There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not.” Eccl. vii. 20. “Just balances, just weights, … shall ye have.” Lev. xix. 36. “How should man be just with God?” Job ix. 2. “We know your grace to be a man.
Just and upright.” Shak. 2. Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as a just statement; a just inference. “Just of thy word, in every thought sincere.” Pope. “The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship
To meet his grace just distance ’tween our armies.” Shak. “He was a comely personage, a little above just stature.” Bacon. “Fire fitted with just materials casts a constant heat.” Jer. Taylor. “When all
The war shall stand ranged in its just array.” Addison. “Their named alone would make a just volume.” Burton. 3. Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable; fair; impartial; as just judge. “Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness as to praise it in others, even when they do not practice it themselves.” Tillotson. Just intonation. (Mus.) (a) The correct sounding of notes or intervals; true pitch. (b) The giving all chords and intervals in their purity or their exact mathematical ratio, or without temperament; a process in which the number of notes and intervals required in the various keys is much greater than the twelve to the octave used in systems of temperament. H. W. Poole. Syn. — Equitable; upright; honest; true; fair; impartial; proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular.

Just, adv. 1. Precisely; exactly; — in place, time, or degree; neither more nor less than is stated. “And having just enough, not covet more.” Dryden. “The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast.” Sir P. Sidney. “To-night, at Herne’s oak, just ’twixt twelve and one.” Shak. 2. Closely; nearly; almost. “Just at the point of death.” Sir W. Temple. 3. Barely; merely; scarcely; only; by a very small space or time; as he just missed the train; just too late. “A soft Etesian gale
But just inspired and gently swelled the sail.” Dryden. Just now, the least possible time since; a moment ago.

Just, v. i. [See Joust.] To joust. Fairfax.

Just, n. A joust. Dryden.

Jus´tice , n. [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. justus just. See Just, a.] 1. The quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude; equity; uprightness. “Justice and judgment are the haditation of thy throne.” Ps. ixxxix. 11. “The king-becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temperance, stableness, …
I have no relish of them.” Shak. 2. Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity; impartiality; as the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice. 3. The rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one’s conduct or motives. “This even-handed justice
Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice
To our own lips.” Shak. 4. Agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as the justice of a claim. 5. A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice. This title is given to the judges of the common law courts in England and in the United States, and extends to judicial officers and magistrates of every grade. Bed of justice. See under Bed. - - Chief justice. See in the Vocabulary. — Justice of the peace (Law), a judicial officer or subordinate magistrate appointed for the conservation of the peace in a specified district, with other incidental powers specified in his commission. In the United States a justice of the peace has jurisdiction to adjudicate certain minor cases, commit offenders, etc. Syn. — Equity; law; right; rectitude; honesty; integrity; uprightness; fairness; impartiality. — Justice, Equity, Law. Justice and equity are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure justice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so, as distinguished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against the working of the law; this a court of equity brings into accordance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity). Justice, Rectitude. Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control.

Jus´tice , v. t. To administer justice to. [Obs.] Bacon.

Jus´tice•a•ble , a. Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.] Hayward.

Jus´tice•hood , n. Justiceship. B. Jonson.

Jus´tice•ment , n. Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.] Johnson.

Jus´ti•cer , n. One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] ´Some upright justicer.´ Shak.

Jus´tice•ship , n. The office or dignity of a justice. Holland.

Jus•ti´ci•a•ble , a. [Cf. LL. justitiabilis, F. justiciable.] Proper to be examined in a court of justice. Bailey.

Jus•ti´ci•ar , n. Same as Justiciary.

Jus•ti´ci•a•ry , n. [Cf. LL. justitiarius, F. justicier. See Justice.] (Old Eng. Law) An old name for the judges of the higher English courts. The chief justiciary, or justiciar, in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king’s absence. Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland. { Jus´ti•co , Jus´ti•coat• }, n. [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.] Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

Jus´ti•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. “Just are the ways of God,
An justifiable to men.” Milton. Syn. — Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. — Jus´ti•fi•a•ble•ness, n. — Jus´ti•fi•a•bly, adv.

Jus•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See Justify.] 1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as arguments in justification of the prisoner’s conduct; his disobedience admits justification. “I hope, for my brother’s justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue.” Shak. 2. (Law) The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer. 3. (Theol.) The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God’s requirements. “Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification.” Rom. iv. 25. “In such righteousness
To them by faith imputed, they may find
Justification toward God, and peace
Of conscience.” Milton. 4. (Print.) Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

Jus•tif´i•ca•tive ( 277), a. [Cf. F. justificatif.] Having power to justify; justificatory.

Jus´ti•fi•ca•tor , n. [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.] One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson.

Jus•tif´i•ca•to•ry ( 277), a. Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

Jus´ti•fi•er , n. One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves. “Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites.” Strype. “That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.” Rom. iii. 26.

Jus´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying ] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.] 1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. “That to the height of this great argument
I may assert eternal providence,
And justify the ways of God to men.” Milton. “Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government.” E. Everett. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. “I can not justify whom the law condemns.” Shak. 3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. “By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses.” Acts xiii. 39. 4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4. Syn. — To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

Jus´ti•fy, v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly. 2. (Law) To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one’s self as bail or surety.

Jus•tin´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

Jus´tle , v. i. [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.] To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak. “The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways.” Nahum ii. 4.

Jus´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled p. pr. & vb. n. Justling ] To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle. “We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while.” Addison.

Jus´tle, n. An encounter or shock; a jostle.

Just´ly , adv. [From Just, a.] In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. ´In equal balance justly weighed.´ Shak. “Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame.” South.

Just´ness, n. The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause. “In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action.” Dryden. Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed. Syn. — Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

Jut (jut), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting.] [A corruption of jet.] 1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as the jutting part of a building. ´In jutting rock and curved shore.´ Wordsworth. “It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem.” Sir T. Browne. 2. To butt. [Obs.] ´The jutting steer.´ Mason.

Jut, n. 1. That which projects or juts; a projection. 2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall.

Jute (jut), n. [Hind. jut, Skr. juta matted hair; cf. jata matted hair, fibrous roots.] The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

Jutes (juts), n. pl. sing. Jute. (Ethnol.) Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century.

Jut´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark.

Jut´land•ish, a. Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland.

Jut´ting , a. Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. — Jut´ting•ly, adv.

Jut´ty , n. [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.] A projection in a building; also a pier or mole; a jetty. Shak.

Jut´ty, v. t. & i. To project beyond. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju´ve•nal , n. [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.] A youth. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju•ve•nes´cence , n. A growing young.

Ju•ve•nes´cent , a. [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.] Growing or becoming young.

Ju´ve•nile ( 277), a. [L. juvenilis, from juvenis young; akin to E. young: cf. F. juvenile, juvenil. See Young.] 1. Young; youthful; as a juvenile appearance. ´A juvenile exercitation.´ Glanvill. 2. Of or pertaining to youth; as juvenile sports. Syn. — Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful.

Ju´ve•nile, n. A young person or youth; — used sportively or familiarly. C. Bronte.

Ju´ve•nile•ness, n. The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility.

Ju•ve•nil´i•ty , n.; pl. Juvenilities (#). [L. juvenilitas: cf. F. juvenilite.] 1. Youthfulness; adolescence. Glanvill. 2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity. Glanvill.

Ju´vi•a , n. (Bot.) A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

Ju•wan´sa , n. (Bot.) The camel’s thorn. See under Camel.

Ju•wise´ , n. [Obs.] Same as Juise. Chaucer.

Jux•ta•pose´ , v. t. [Cf. Juxtaposit, Pose.] To place in juxtaposition. Huxley.

Jux•ta•pos´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing.] [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. Derham.

Jux•ta•po•si´tion , n. [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See Just, v. i., and Position.] A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as a juxtaposition of words. “Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition.” Glanvill. “Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity.” Hare.

Jym´old (jim´old), a. [Obs.] See Gimmal. K.

K, (ka), the eleventh letter of the English alphabet, is nonvocal consonant. The form and sound of the letter K are from the Latin, which used the letter but little except in the early period of the language. It came into the Latin from the Greek, which received it from a Phœnician source, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c, g, h (which see). In many words of one syllable k is used after c, as in crack, check, deck, being necessary to exhibit a correct pronunciation in the derivatives, cracked, checked, decked, cracking; since without it, c, before the vowels e and i, would be sounded like s. Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of Latin origin, as in musick, publick, republick; but now it is omitted. See Guide to Pronunciation , §§ 240, 178, 179, 185.

Kaa´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The hartbeest.

Kab´a•la , n. See Cabala.

Ka•bas´sou , n. (Zoöl.) See Cabassou.

Ka•bob´ , n. & v. t. See Cabob, n. & v. t.

Ka•book´ , n. (min.) A clay ironstone found in Ceylon.

Ka•byle´ , n. [Ar. qabila.] (Ethnol.) A Berber, as in Algiers or Tunis. See Berber.

Kad´der , n. [Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) The jackdaw. { Ka´di , Ka•di•as´ter } n. A Turkish judge. See Cadi.

Ka•fal´ , n. (Bot.) The Arabian name of two trees of the genus Balsamodendron, which yield a gum resin and a red aromatic wood. { Kaf´fir (kaf´fer), Ka´fir (kä´fer), } n. [Ar. kafir infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to be skeptical in religious matters; — a name given to certain infidel races by the Mohammedans. Cf. Giaour.] (Ethnol.) (a) One of a race which, with the Hottentots and Bushmen, inhabit South Africa. They inhabit the country north of Cape Colony, the name being now specifically applied to the tribes living between Cape Colony and Natal; but the Zulus of Natal are true Kaffirs. (b) One of a race inhabiting Kafiristan in Central Asia. [Spelt also Caffre.] Kaffir corn (Bot.), a Cape Colony name for Indian millet.

Kaf´fle , n. See Coffle.

Ka´fi•lah , n. See Cafila.

Kaf´tan , n & v. See Caftan.

Kage , n. A chantry chapel inclosed with lattice or screen work.

Ka´gu , n. (Zoöl.) A singular, crested, grallatorial bird (Rhinochetos jubatus), native of New Caledonia. It is gray above, paler beneath, and the feathers of the wings and tail are handsomely barred with brown, black, and gray. It is allied to the sun bittern.

Ka•gu•an´ , n. (Zoöl.) The colugo.

Ka´ha´ni , n. A kind of notary public, or attorney, in the Levant.

Ka•hau´ , n. [Native name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A long-nosed monkey (Semnopithecus nasalis), native of Borneo. The general color of the body is bright chestnut, with the under parts, shoulders, and sides of the head, golden yellow, and the top of the head and upper part of the back brown. Called also proboscis monkey. [Written also kaha.]

Kail , n. 1. (Bot.) A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale, 1. 2. Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables. [OE. or Scot.] 3. A broth made with kail or other vegetables; hence, any broth; also a dinner. [Scot.] Kail yard, a kitchen garden. [Scot.]

Kai•ma•cam´ , n. Same as Caimacam.

Kain , n. (Scots Law) Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord. Wharton (Law Dict.).

Kai´nit , n. [Trade name, fr. kainite.] Salts of potassium used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

Kai´nite , n. [Gr. recent.] (Min.) A compound salt consisting chiefly of potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate, occurring at the Stassfurt salt mines in Prussian Saxony.

Kai•no•zo´ic , a. See Cenozoic.

Ka•ique´ , n. (Naut.) See Caique.

Kai´rine , n. (Chem.) A pale buff or white crystalline alkaloid derived from quinoline, and used as an antipyretic in medicine.

Kai•ro•line , n. (Chem.) An organic base obtained from quinoline. It is used as a febrifuge, and resembles kairine.

Kai´ser , n. [Gr., fr. L. Caesar. Cf. Kesar, and Czar.] The ancient title of emperors of Germany assumed by King William of Prussia when crowned sovereign of the new German empire in 1871.

Ka´ka , n. [Maori kaka a parrot; — so named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor, especially the brown parrot (Nestor meridionalis). The mountain kaka, or kea (N. notabilis), is remarkable for having recently acquired carnivorous habits. It attacks and kills lambs and pigs, sometimes doing great damage. Night kaka. (Zoöl.) The kakapo.

Ka•ka•po´ , n. (Zoöl.) A singular nocturnal parrot (Strigops habroptilus), native of New Zealand. It lives in holes during the day, but is active at night. It resembles an owl in its colors and general appearance. It has large wings, but can fly only a short distance. Called also owl parrot, night parrot, and night kaka.

Kak•a•ral´li , n. A kind of wood common in Demerara, durable in salt water, because not subject to the depredations of the sea worm and barnacle.

Kak•is•toc´ra•cy (kak•is•tok´ra•sy), n. [Gr. ka•kistos worst + kratei^n to rule.] Government by the worst men.

Ka•kox´ene , n. See Cacoxene.

Ka•lan´ , n. (Zoöl.) The sea otter.

Ka•la•sie´ , n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey of Borneo (Semnopithecus rubicundus). It has a tuft of long hair on the head.

Kale , n. [Scot. kale, kail, cale, colewort, Gael. cael; akin to Ir. cal, W. cawl, Armor. kaol. See Cole.] 1. (Bot.) A variety of cabbage in which the leaves do not form a head, being nearly the original or wild form of the species. [Written also kail, and cale.] 2. See Kail, 2. Sea kale (Bot.), a European cruciferous herb (Crambe maritima), often used as a pot herb; sea cabbage.

Ka•leege´ , n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of large, crested, Asiatic pheasants, belonging to the genus Euplocamus, and allied to the firebacks. { Ka•lei´do•phon , Ka•lei´do•phone } [Gr. beautiful + appearance, form + sound.] (Physics.) An instrument invented by Professor Wheatstone, consisting of a reflecting knob at the end of a vibrating rod or thin plate, for making visible, in the motion of a point of light reflected from the knob, the paths or curves corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations.

Ka•lei´do•scope , n. [Gr. beautiful + form + -scope.] An instrument invented by Sir David Brewster, which contains loose fragments of colored glass, etc., and reflecting surfaces so arranged that changes of position exhibit its contents in an endless variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical forms. It has been much employed in arts of design. “Shifting like the fragments of colored glass in the kaleidoscope.” G. W. Cable. { Ka•lei•do•scop´ic , Ka•lei•do•scop´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a kaleidoscope; variegated.

Kal´en•dar , n. See Calendar.

Kal•en•da´ri•al , a. See Calendarial.

Kal´en•der , n. See 3d Calender.

Kal´ends , n. Same as Calends.

Ka´li , n. [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Cosmog.) The last and worst of the four ages of the world; — considered to have begun B. C. 3102, and to last 432,000 years.

Ka´li, n. [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Myth.) The black, destroying goddess; — called also Doorga, Anna Purna.

Ka´li , n. [Ar. qali. See Alkali.] (Bot.) The glasswort (Salsola Kali).

Ka´lif , n. See Caliph.

Ka´li•form , a. [Kali + - form.] Formed like kali, or glasswort.

Ka•lig´e•nous , a. [Kali + -genous. See Alkali.] Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some metals.

Ka´li•um , n. [NL. See Kali.] (Chem.) Potassium; — so called by the German chemists.

Kal´ki , n. [Skr.] The name of Vishnu in his tenth and last avatar. Whitworth.

Kal´mi•a , n. [NL. Named in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of North American shrubs with poisonous evergreen foliage and corymbs of showy flowers. Called also mountain laurel, ivy bush, lamb kill, calico bush, etc.

Kal´muck , n. 1. pl. (Ethnol.) See Calmucks. 2. A kind of shaggy cloth, resembling bearskin. 3. A coarse, dyed, cotton cloth, made in Prussia.

Ka•long´ , n. (Zoöl.) A fruit bat, esp. the Indian edible fruit bat (Pteropus edulis).

Ka•loy´er , n. See Caloyer.

Kal´pa , n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) One of the Brahmanic eons, a period of 4,320,000,000 years. At the end of each Kalpa the world is annihilated.

Kal´so•mine , n. & v. t. Same as Calcimine.

Kam , a. [From Celtic; cf. Gael., Ir., & W. cam. Cf. Jamb, n.] Crooked; awry. [Obs.] ´This is clean kam.´ Shak.

Ka´ma , n. [Skr. kama love, the god of love.] The Hindoo Cupid. He is represented as a beautiful youth, with a bow of sugar cane or flowers.

Ka•ma´la , n. (Bot.) The red dusty hairs of the capsules of an East Indian tree (Mallotus Philippinensis) used for dyeing silk. It is violently emetic, and is used in the treatment of tapeworm. [Written also kameela.]

Kame , n. A low ridge. [Scot.] See Eschar.

Ka´mi , n. pl. [Japanese.] A title given to the celestial gods of the first mythical dynasty of Japan and extended to the demigods of the second dynasty, and then to the long line of spiritual princes still represented by the mikado.

Ka´mi•chi , n. (Zoöl.) A curious South American bird (Anhima, or Palamedea, cornuta), often domesticated by the natives and kept with poultry, which it defends against birds of prey. It has a long, slender, hornlike ornament on its head, and two sharp spurs on each wing. Although its beak, feet, and legs resemble those of gallinaceous birds, it is related in anatomical characters to the ducks and geese (Anseres). Called also horned screamer. The name is sometimes applied also to the chaja. See Chaja, and Screamer.

Kamp•tu´li•con , n. [Gr. to bend + material, fr. wood, matter.] A kind of elastic floor cloth, made of India rubber, gutta-percha, linseed oil, and powdered cork.

Kam´py•lite , n. [Gr. bent, curved, fr. to bend.] (Min.) A variety of mimetite or arseniate of lead in hexagonal prisms of a fine orange yellow. [Written also campylite.] { Kam•sin´ , Kham•sin´ } , n. [Ar. khamsin, fr. khamsun, oblique case khamsin, fifty; — so called because it blows for about fifty days, from April till June.] A hot southwesterly wind in Egypt, coming from the Sahara. [Written also Khamseen.]

Kam´tscha•dales , n. pl. (Ethnol.) An aboriginal tribe inhabiting the southern part of Kamtschatka.

Kan , v. t. To know; to ken. [Obs.] See Ken.

Kan , n. See Khan. { Ka•nack´a , Ka•na´ka } n. [Native name, prop., a man.] A native of the Sandwich Islands.

Kan´chil , n. [Malay canchil.] (Zoöl.) A small chevrotain of the genus Tragulus, esp. T. pygmaeus, or T. kanchil, inhabiting Java, Sumatra, and adjacent islands; a deerlet. It is noted for its agility and cunning.

Kand , n. (Mining) Fluor spar; — so called by Cornish miners.

Kan´ga•roo´ , n. [Said to be the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of jumping marsupials of the family Macropodidae. They inhabit Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands, They have long and strong hind legs and a large tail, while the fore legs are comparatively short and feeble. The giant kangaroo (Macropus major) is the largest species, sometimes becoming twelve or fourteen feet in total length. The tree kangaroos, belonging to the genus Dendrolagus, live in trees; the rock kangaroos, of the genus Petrogale, inhabit rocky situations; and the brush kangaroos, of the genus Halmaturus, inhabit wooded districts. See Wallaby. Kangaroo apple (Bot.), the edible fruit of the Tasmanian plant Solanum aviculare. — Kangaroo grass (Bot.), a perennial Australian forage grass (Anthistiria australis). — Kangaroo hare (Zoöl.), the jerboa kangaroo. See under Jerboa. — Kangaroo mouse. (Zoöl.) See Jumping mouse, under Jumping. — Kangaroo rat (Zoöl.), the potoroo.

Kan´sas , n. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians allied to the Winnebagoes and Osages. They formerly inhabited the region which is now the State of Kansas but were removed to the Indian Territory.

Kant´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher; conformed or relating to any or all of the philosophical doctrines of Immanuel Kant.

Kant´i•an, n. A follower of Kant; a Kantist. { Kant´i•an•ism , Kant´ism } , n. The doctrine or theory of Kant; the Kantian philosophy.

Kant´ist n. A disciple or follower of Kant.

Kant´try , n. Same as Cantred. { Ka´o•lin , Ka´o•line } , n. [Chin. kao-ling.] (Min.) A very pure white clay, ordinarily in the form of an impalpable powder, and used to form the paste of porcelain; China clay; porcelain clay. It is chiefly derived from the decomposition of common feldspar. The name is now applied to all porcelain clays which endure the fire without discoloration.

Ka•o•lin•i•za´tion , n. The process by which feldspar is changed into kaolin.

Ka´o•lin•ize , v. t. To convert into kaolin.

Ka•pel´le , n. [G.] (Mus.) A chapel; hence, the choir or orchestra of a prince’s chapel; now, a musical establishment, usually orchestral. Grove.

Ka•pell´meis•ter , n. [G.] (Mus.) See Capellmeister.

Ka´pi•a , n. [Native name.] (Min.) The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand.

Kap´no•mar , n. (Chem.) See Capnomor.

Kar´a•gane , n. [Russ. karagan’] (Zoöl.) A species of gray fox found in Russia.

Ka´ra•ism , n. Doctrines of the Karaites.

Ka´ra•ite , n. [Heb. qara to read.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of Jews who adhere closely to the letter of the Scriptures, rejecting the oral law, and allowing the Talmud no binding authority; — opposed to the Rabbinists.

Ka•ra´tas , n. (Bot.) A West Indian plant of the Pineapple family (Nidularium Karatas).

Kar´ma , n. [Skr.] (Buddhism) One’s acts considered as fixing one’s lot in the future existence. (Theos.) The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result of cause and effect; the theory of inevitable consequence.

Kar•ma´thi•an , n. One of a Mohammedan sect founded in the ninth century by Karmat.

Karn , n. [Cornish. Cf. Cairn.] (Mining) A pile of rocks; sometimes, the solid rock. See Cairn.

Ka´rob , n. [Cf. Carat.] The twenty-fourth part of a grain; — a weight used by goldsmiths. Crabb.

Kar´pho•lite , n. [Gr. rice straw + -lite: cf. F. carpholithe.] (Min.) A fibrous mineral occurring in tufts of a straw-yellow color. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and manganese.

Kar•roo´ (kar•roo´), n.; pl. Karroos (-rooz´). One of the dry table-lands of South Africa, which often rise terracelike to considerable elevations. [Also karoo.] The Great Karroo, or The Karroo, a vast plateau, in Cape Colony, stretching through five degrees of longitude, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet.

Kar´sten•ite , n. Same as Anhydrite.

Kar´vel , n. [Obs.] See Carvel, and Caravel.

Kar´y•o•ki•ne•sis (kar•i•o•ki•ne´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ryon a nut, kernel + kinei^n to move.] (Biol.) The indirect division of cells in which, prior to division of the cell protoplasm, complicated changes take place in the nucleus, attended with movement of the nuclear fibrils; — opposed to karyostenosis. The nucleus becomes enlarged and convoluted, and finally the threads are separated into two groups which ultimately become disconnected and constitute the daughter nuclei. Called also mitosis. See Cell development, under Cell.

Kar•y•o•ki•net´ic (-net´ik), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to karyokinesis; as karyokinetic changes of cell division.

Kar•y•om´i•ton (-om´i•ton), n. [NL., Gr. ka•ryon a nut + mi•tos a thread.] (Biol.) The reticular network of fine fibers, of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed; — in opposition to kytomiton, or the network in the body of the cell. W. Flemming.

Kar•y•o•plas´ma (kar•i•o•plaz´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ryon a nut + pla•sma a thing molded.] (Biol.) The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; — in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell.

Kar•y•o•ste•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka•ryon a nut, kernel + a being straitened.] (Biol.) Direct cell division (in which there is first a simple division of the nucleus, without any changes in its structure, followed by division of the protoplasm of the cell); — in opposition to karyokinesis.
[1913 Webster]

Kar•y•o•ste•not´ic , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or connected with, karyostenosis; as the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division.

Ka•sack´ (kat), n. (Ethnol.) Same as Cossack.

Kat (kät), n. (Bot.) An Arabian shrub (Catha edulis) the leaves of which are used as tea by the Arabs.

Kat•a•bol´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to katabolism; as katabolic processes, which give rise to substances (katastates) of decreasing complexity and increasing stability.

Ka•tab´o•lism , n. [Gr. down + to throw.] (Physiol.) Destructive or downward metabolism; regressive metamorphism; — opposed to anabolism. See Disassimilation.

Kat´a•state , n. [Gr. down + to cause to stand.] (Physiol.) A substance formed by a katabolic process; — opposed to anastate. See Katabolic.

Kate , n. (Zoöl.) The brambling finch.

Kath´e•tal , a. [Gr. a perpendicular line. See Cathetus.] (Math.) Making a right angle; perpendicular, as two lines or two sides of a triangle, which include a right angle.

Kath•e•tom´e•ter , n. Same as Cathetometer.

Kat•ti•mun´doo , n. A caoutchouc-like substance obtained from the milky juice of the East Indian Euphorbia Kattimundoo. It is used as a cement.

Ka´ty•did , n. (Zoöl.) A large, green, arboreal, orthopterous insect (Cyrtophyllus concavus) of the family Locustidae, common in the United States. The males have stridulating organs at the bases of the front wings. During the summer and autumn, in the evening, the males make a peculiar, loud, shrill sound, resembling the combination Katy-did, whence the name.

Ka´u•ri , n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A lofty coniferous tree of New Zealand Agathis, or Dammara, australis), furnishing valuable timber and yielding one kind of dammar resin. [Written also kaudi, cowdie, and cowrie.]

Ka´va , n. [Polynesian.] (Bot.) A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also the beverage itself. [Written also kawa, kava, and ava.]

Ka•vass´ , n.; pl. Kavasses (#) [Turk. kavvas] An armed constable; also a government servant or courier. [Turkey]

Kaw , v. i. & n. See Caw.

Ka•wa´ka , n. (Bot.) a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood.

Kawn , n. An inn. [Turkey] See Khan.

Kay´ak , n. (Naut.) A light canoe, made of skins stretched over a frame, and usually capable of carrying but one person, who sits amidships and uses a double-bladed paddle. It is peculiar to the Eskimos and other Arctic tribes.

Kay´ak•er , n. One who uses a kayak.

Kay´ko , n. (Zoöl.) The dog salmon.

Kayles , n. pl. [Akin to Dan. kegle, Sw. kegla, D. & G. kegel, OHG. kegil, whence F. quille.] A game; ninepins. [Prov Eng.] Carew.

Kay´nard , n. [F. cagnard.] A lazy or cowardly person; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

K-Dawg, The The K-Dawg, n. One psycho-ass, mofo otherwise known as having achieved primary Pimp status. As in ”You my ´ho, I´m your Pimp. It´s like dat.“ Syn. Original Gangsta in HxC. Represent!

Keck , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kecked p. pr. & vb. n. Kecking.] [Cf. dial. G. köcken, köken.] To heave or to retch, as in an effort to vomit. [R.] Swift.

Keck, n. An effort to vomit; queasiness. [R.]

Kec´kle , v. i. & n. See Keck, v. i. & n.

Kec´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keckled p. pr. & vb. n. Keckling ] (Naut.) To wind old rope around, as a cable, to preserve its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains around, to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from the ice. Totten.

Kec´kling , n. Old rope or iron chains wound around a cable. See Keckle, v. t.

Kec´klish , a. [From keck, keckle.] Inclined to vomit; squeamish. [R.] Holland.

Keck´sy , n.; pl. Kecksies (-siz). [Properly pl. of kex. See Kex.] (Bot.) The hollow stalk of an umbelliferous plant, such as the cow parsnip or the hemlock. [Written also kex, and in pl., kecks, kaxes.] “Nothing teems
But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs.” Shak.

Keck´y , a. Resembling a kecksy. Grew.

Kedge (kej), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kedged (kejd); p. pr. & vb. n. Kedging.] [Cf. dial. Sw. keka to tug, to drag one’s self slowly forward; or perh. fr. ked, and kedge, n., for keg anchor, named from the keg or cask fastened to the anchor to show where it lies.] (Naut.) To move (a vessel) by carrying out a kedge in a boat, dropping it overboard, and hauling the vessel up to it.

Kedge, n. [See Kedge, v. t.] (Naut.) A small anchor used whenever a large one can be dispensed with. See Kedge, v. t., and Anchor, n.

Kedg´er n. (Naut.) A small anchor; a kedge.

Ked´lock (ked´lok), n. [Cf. dial. G. köddik, küdik, kettich, keek, Dan. kidike, E. charlock, and AS. cedelc the herb mercury.] (Bot.) See Charlock.

Kee (ke), n. pl. of Cow. [AS. cy, pl. of cu cow. See Kine.] See Kie, Ky, and Kine. [Prov. Eng.] Gay.

Keech (kech), n. [Cf. Prov. E. keech a cake.] A mass or lump of fat rolled up by the butcher. [Obs.] Shak.

Keel (kel), v. t. & i. [AS. celan to cool, fr. col cool. See Cool.] To cool; to skim or stir. [Obs.] “While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.” Shak.

Keel, n. A brewer’s cooling vat; a keelfat.

Keel, n. [Cf. AS. ceól ship; akin to D. & G. kiel keel, OHG. chiol ship, Icel. kjoll, and perh. to Gr. gay^los a round-built Phœnician merchant vessel, gaylo•s bucket; cf. Skr. gola ball, round water vessel. But the meaning of the English word seems to come from Icel. kjölr keel, akin to Sw. köl, Dan. kjöl.] 1. (Shipbuilding) A longitudinal timber, or series of timbers scarfed together, extending from stem to stern along the bottom of a vessel. It is the principal timber of the vessel, and, by means of the ribs attached on each side, supports the vessel’s frame. In an iron vessel, a combination of plates supplies the place of the keel of a wooden ship. See Illust. of Keelson. 2. Fig.: The whole ship. 3. A barge or lighter, used on the Tyne for carrying coal from Newcastle; also a barge load of coal, twenty-one tons, four cwt. [Eng.] 4. (Bot.) The two lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, united and inclosing the stamens and pistil; a carina. See Carina. 5. (Nat. Hist.) A projecting ridge along the middle of a flat or curved surface. Bilge keel (Naut.), a keel peculiar to ironclad vessels, extending only a portion of the length of the vessel under the bilges. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — False keel. See under False. — Keel boat. (a) A covered freight boat, with a keel, but no sails, used on Western rivers. [U. S.] (b) A low, flat-bottomed freight boat. See Keel, n., 3. — Keel piece, one of the timbers or sections of which a keel is composed. — On even keel, in a level or horizontal position, so that the draught of water at the stern and the bow is the same. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Keel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keeled p. pr. & vb. n. Keeling.] 1. To traverse with a keel; to navigate. 2. To turn up the keel; to show the bottom. To keel over, to upset; to capsize. [Colloq.]

Keel´age , n. [Cf. F. guillage, fr. guille keel; of German or Scand origin. See 3d Keel.] The right of demanding a duty or toll for a ship entering a port; also the duty or toll. Bouvier. Wharton.

Keeled , a. 1. (Bot.) Keel-shaped; having a longitudinal prominence on the back; as a keeled leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a median ridge; carinate; as a keeled scale.

Keel´er , n. [See 3d Keel.] 1. One employed in managing a Newcastle keel; — called also keelman. 2. A small or shallow tub; esp., one used for holding materials for calking ships, or one used for washing dishes, etc.

Keel´fat , n. [Keel to cool + fat a large tub, a vat.] (Brewing) A cooler; a vat for cooling wort, etc. [Written also keelvat.] Johnson.

Keel´haul , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keelhauled p. pr. & vb. n. Keelhauling.] [3d keel + haul: cf. LG. & D. kielhalen, G. kielholen. ] [Written also keelhale.] (Naut.) To haul under the keel of a ship, by ropes attached to the yardarms on each side. It was formerly practiced as a punishment in the Dutch and English navies. Totten.

Kee´ling , n. [Cf. Icel. keila, Sw. kolja, Dan. kulle.] (Zoöl.) A cod.

Kee´li•vine , n. [Cf. Gael. cil ruddle.] A pencil of black or red lead; — called also keelyvine pen. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Keel´man , n.; pl. - men . See Keeler, 1.

Keel´rake , v. t. (Naut.) Same as Keelhaul.

Keels , n. pl. Ninepins. See Kayles.

Keel´son , n. [Akin to Sw. kölsvin, Dan. kjölsviin, G. kielschwein; apparently compounded of the words keel and swine; but cf. Norweg. kjölsvill, where svill is akin to E. sill, n. ] (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber in a ship laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and binding the floor timbers to the keel; in iron vessels, a structure of plates, situated like the keelson of a timber ship. Cross keelson, a similar structure lying athwart the main keelson, to support the engines and boilers.

Keel´vat (kel´vat•), n. See Keelfat.

Keen (ken), a. [Compar. Keener (-er); superl. Keenest.] [OE. kene sharp, bold, AS. cene bold; akin to D. koen, OHG. kuoni, G. kühn, OSw. kyn, kön, Icel. kaenn, for kœnn wise; perh. akin to E. ken, can to be able. rad.45. ] 1. Sharp; having a fine edge or point; as a keen razor, or a razor with a keen edge. “A bow he bare and arwes [arrows] bright and kene.” Chaucer. “That my keen knife see not the wound it makes.” Shak. 2. Acute of mind; sharp; penetrating; having or expressing mental acuteness; as a man of keen understanding; a keen look; keen features. “To make our wits more keen.” Shak. “Before the keen inquiry of her thought.” Cowper. 3. Bitter; piercing; acrimonious; cutting; stinging; severe; as keen satire or sarcasm. “Good father cardinal, cry thou amen
To my keen curses.” Shak. 4. Piercing; penetrating; cutting; sharp; — applied to cold, wind, etc.; as a keen wind; the cold is very keen. “Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes.” Goldsmith. 5. Eager; vehement; fierce; as a keen appetite. ´Of full kene will.´ Piers Plowman. “So keen and greedy to confound a man.” Shak. Keen is often used in the composition of words, most of which are of obvious signification; as keen-edged, keen-eyed, keen-sighted, keen-witted, etc. Syn. — Prompt; eager; ardent; sharp; acute; cutting; penetrating; biting; severe; sarcastic; satirical; piercing; shrewd.

Keen, v. t. To sharpen; to make cold. [R.] “Cold winter keens the brightening flood.” Thomson.

Keen, n. [Ir. caoine.] A prolonged wail for a deceased person. Cf. Coranach. [Ireland] Froude.

Keen, v. i. To wail as a keener does. [Ireland]

Keen´er , n. A professional mourner who wails at a funeral. [Ireland]

Keen´ly, adv. In a keen manner.

Keen´ness, n. The quality or state of being keen.

Keep (kep), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kept (kept); p. pr. & vb. n. Keeping.] [OE. kepen, AS. cepan to keep, regard, desire, await, take, betake; cf. AS. copenere lover, OE. copnien to desire.] 1. To care; to desire. [Obs.] “I kepe not of armes for to yelp [boast].” Chaucer. 2. To hold; to restrain from departure or removal; not to let go of; to retain in one’s power or possession; not to lose; to retain; to detain. “If we lose the field,
We can not keep the town.” Shak. “That I may know what keeps me here with you.” Dryden. “If we would weigh and keep in our minds what we are considering, that would instruct us.” Locke. 3. To cause to remain in a given situation or condition; to maintain unchanged; to hold or preserve in any state or tenor. “His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.” Milton. “Keep a stiff rein, and move but gently on.” Addison. In this sense it is often used with prepositions and adverbs, as to keep away, to keep down, to keep from, to keep in, out, or off, etc. ´To keep off impertinence and solicitation from his superior.´ Addison. 4. To have in custody; to have in some place for preservation; to take charge of. “The crown of Stephanus, first king of Hungary, was always kept in the castle of Vicegrade.” Knolles. 5. To preserve from danger, harm, or loss; to guard. “Behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee.” Gen. xxviii. 15. 6. To preserve from discovery or publicity; not to communicate, reveal, or betray, as a secret. “Great are thy virtues … though kept from man.” Milton. 7. To attend upon; to have the care of; to tend. “And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it.” Gen. ii. 15. “In her girlish age, she kept sheep on the moor.” Carew. 8. To record transactions, accounts, or events in; as to keep books, a journal, etc.; also to enter (as accounts, records, etc. ) in a book. 9. To maintain, as an establishment, institution, or the like; to conduct; to manage; as to keep store. “Like a pedant that keeps a school.” Shak. “Every one of them kept house by himself.” Hayward. 10. To supply with necessaries of life; to entertain; as to keep boarders. 11. To have in one’s service; to have and maintain, as an assistant, a servant, a mistress, a horse, etc. “I keep but three men and a boy.” Shak. 12. To have habitually in stock for sale. 13. To continue in, as a course or mode of action; not to intermit or fall from; to hold to; to maintain; as to keep silence; to keep one’s word; to keep possession. “Both day and night did we keep company.” Shak. “Within this portal as I kept my watch.” Smollett. 14. To observe; to adhere to; to fulfill; not to swerve from or violate; to practice or perform, as duty; not to neglect; to be faithful to. “I have kept the faith.” 2 Tim. iv. 7. “Him whom to love is to obey, and keep
His great command.” Milton. 15. To confine one’s self to; not to quit; to remain in; as to keep one’s house, room, bed, etc.; hence, to haunt; to frequent. Shak. “’Tis hallowed ground;
Fairies, and fawns, and satyrs do it keep.” J. Fletcher. 16. To observe duly, as a festival, etc.; to celebrate; to solemnize; as to keep a feast. “I went with them to the house of God … with a multitude that kept holyday.” Ps. xlii. 4. To keep at arm’s length. See under Arm, n. — To keep back. (a) To reserve; to withhold. ´I will keep nothing back from you.´ Jer. xlii. 4. (b) To restrain; to hold back. ´Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins.´ Ps. xix. 13. — To keep company with. (a) To frequent the society of; to associate with; as let youth keep company with the wise and good. (b) To accompany; to go with; as to keep company with one on a voyage; also to pay court to, or accept attentions from, with a view to marriage. [Colloq.] — To keep counsel. See under Counsel, n. — To keep down. (a) To hold in subjection; to restrain; to hinder. (b) (Fine Arts) To subdue in tint or tone, as a portion of a picture, so that the spectator’s attention may not be diverted from the more important parts of the work. — To keep good (or bad hours, to be customarily early (or late) in returning home or in retiring to rest. — To keep house. (a) To occupy a separate house or establishment, as with one’s family, as distinguished from boarding; to manage domestic affairs. (b) (Eng. Bankrupt Law) To seclude one’s self in one’s house in order to evade the demands of creditors. — To keep one’s hand in, to keep in practice. — To keep open house, to be hospitable. — To keep the peace (Law), to avoid or to prevent a breach of the peace. — To keep school, to govern, manage and instruct or teach a school, as a preceptor. — To keep a stiff upper lip, to keep up one’s courage. [Slang] — To keep term. (a) (Eng. Universities) To reside during a term. (b) (Inns of Court) To eat a sufficient number of dinners in hall to make the term count for the purpose of being called to the bar. [Eng.] Mozley & W. — To keep touch. See under Touch, n. — To keep under, to hold in subjection; hence, to oppress. — To keep up. (a) To maintain; to prevent from falling or diminution; as to keep up the price of goods; to keep up one’s credit. (b) To maintain; to continue; to prevent from ceasing. ´In joy, that which keeps up the action is the desire to continue it.´ Locke. Syn. — To retain; detain; reserve; preserve; hold; restrain; maintain; sustain; support; withhold. — To Keep. Retain, Preserve. Keep is the generic term, and is often used where retain or preserve would too much restrict the meaning; as to keep silence, etc. Retain denotes that we keep or hold things, as against influences which might deprive us of them, or reasons which might lead us to give them up; as to retain vivacity in old age; to retain counsel in a lawsuit; to retain one’s servant after a reverse of fortune. Preserve denotes that we keep a thing against agencies which might lead to its being destroyed or broken in upon; as to preserve one’s health; to preserve appearances.

Keep , v. i. 1. To remain in any position or state; to continue; to abide; to stay; as to keep at a distance; to keep aloft; to keep near; to keep in the house; to keep before or behind; to keep in favor; to keep out of company, or out reach. 2. To last; to endure; to remain unimpaired. “If the malt be not thoroughly dried, the ale it makes will not keep.” Mortimer. 3. To reside for a time; to lodge; to dwell. [Now disused except locally or colloquially.] “Knock at his study, where, they say, he keeps.” Shak. 4. To take care; to be solicitous; to watch. [Obs.] “Keep that the lusts choke not the word of God that is in us.” Tyndale. 5. To be in session; as school keeps to-day. [Colloq.] To keep from, to abstain or refrain from. — To keep in with, to keep on good terms with; as to keep in with an opponent. — To keep on, to go forward; to proceed; to continue to advance. — To keep to, to adhere strictly to; not to neglect or deviate from; as to keep to old customs; to keep to a rule; to keep to one’s word or promise. — To keep up, to remain unsubdued; also not to be confined to one’s bed.

Keep, n. 1. The act or office of keeping; custody; guard; care; heed; charge. Chaucer. “Pan, thou god of shepherds all,
Which of our tender lambkins takest keep.” Spenser. 2. The state of being kept; hence, the resulting condition; case; as to be in good keep. 3. The means or provisions by which one is kept; maintenance; support; as the keep of a horse. “Grass equal to the keep of seven cows.” Carlyle. “I performed some services to the college in return for my keep.” T. Hughes. 4. That which keeps or protects; a stronghold; a fortress; a castle; specifically, the strongest and securest part of a castle, often used as a place of residence by the lord of the castle, especially during a siege; the donjon. See Illust. of Castle. “The prison strong,
Within whose keep the captive knights were laid.” Dryden. “The lower chambers of those gloomy keeps.” Hallam. “I think … the keep, or principal part of a castle, was so called because the lord and his domestic circle kept, abode, or lived there.” M. A. Lower. 5. That which is kept in charge; a charge. [Obs.] “Often he used of his keep
A sacrifice to bring.” Spenser. 6. (Mach.) A cap for retaining anything, as a journal box, in place. To take keep, to take care; to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Keep´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, keeps; one who, or that which, holds or has possession of anything. 2. One who retains in custody; one who has the care of a prison and the charge of prisoners. 3. One who has the care, custody, or superintendence of anything; as the keeper of a park, a pound, of sheep, of a gate, etc.; the keeper of attached property; hence, one who saves from harm; a defender; a preserver. “The Lord is thy keeper.” Ps. cxxi. 6. 4. One who remains or keeps in a place or position. “Discreet; chaste; keepers at home.” Titus ii. 5. 5. A ring, strap, clamp, or any device for holding an object in place; as: (a) The box on a door jamb into which the bolt of a lock protrudes, when shot. (b) A ring serving to keep another ring on the finger. (c) A loop near the buckle of a strap to receive the end of the strap. 6. A fruit that keeps well; as the Roxbury Russet is a good keeper. Downing. Keeper of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an officer who had the principal government of all things relating to the forest. — Keeper of the great seal, a high officer of state, who has custody of the great seal. The office is now united with that of lord chancellor. [Eng.] — Keeper of the King’s conscience, the lord chancellor; — a name given when the chancellor was an ecclesiastic. [Eng.] — Keeper of the privy seal (styled also lord privy seal), a high officer of state, through whose hands pass all charters, pardons, etc., before they come to the great seal. He is a privy councillor, and was formerly called clerk of the privy seal. [Eng.] — Keeper of a magnet, a piece of iron which connects the two poles, for the purpose of keeping the magnetic power undiminished; an armature.

Keep´er•ship , n. The office or position of a keeper. Carew.

Keep´ing, n. 1. A holding; restraint; custody; guard; charge; care; preservation. “His happiness is in his own keeping.” South. 2. Maintenance; support; provision; feed; as the cattle have good keeping. “The work of many hands, which earns my keeping.” Milton. 3. Conformity; congruity; harmony; consistency; as these subjects are in keeping with each other. 4. (Paint.) Harmony or correspondence between the different parts of a work of art; as the foreground of this painting is not in keeping. Keeping room, a family sitting room. [New Eng. & Prov. Eng.] Syn. — Care; guardianship; custody; possession.

Keep´sake , n. Anything kept, or given to be kept, for the sake of the giver; a token of friendship.

Keesh , n. See Kish.

Keeve , n. [AS. cf, fr. L. cupa a tub, cask; also F. cuve. Cf. Kive, Coop.] 1. (Brewing) A vat or tub in which the mash is made; a mash tub. Ure. 2. (Bleaching) A bleaching vat; a kier. 3. (Mining) A large vat used in dressing ores.

Keeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keeved p. pr. & vb. n. Keeving.] 1. To set in a keeve, or tub, for fermentation. 2. To heave; to tilt, as a cart. [Prov. Eng.]

Keev´er , n. See Keeve, n.

Kef´fe-kil , n. (Min.) See Kiefekil.

Keg (keg), n. [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi; akin to Sw. kagge.] A small cask or barrel.

Keil´hau•ite (kil´hou•it), n. (Min.) A mineral of a brownish black color, related to titanite in form. It consists chiefly of silica, titanium dioxide, lime, and yttria.

Keir , n. See Kier.

Keit•lo´a , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A black, two-horned, African rhinoceros (Atelodus keitloa). It has the posterior horn about as long as the anterior one, or even longer.

Keld , a. [Cf. Cavl.] Having a kell or covering; webbed. [Obs.] Drayton.

Kele , v. t. [See Keel to cool.] To cool. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kell , n. A kiln. [Obs.]

Kell, n. [A modification of kale.] A sort of pottage; kale. See Kale, 2. Ainsworth.

Kell, n. [Cf. Caul.] 1. The caul; that which covers or envelops as a caul; a net; a fold; a film. [Obs.] “I’ll have him cut to the kell.” Beau. & Fl. 2. The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect. B. Jonson.

Ke´loid , a. [Gr. tumor + - oid.] (Med.) Applied to a variety of tumor forming hard, flat, irregular excrescences upon the skin. — n. A keloid tumor.

Ke•lot´o•my , n. (Med.) See Celotomy.

Kelp , n. [Formerly kilpe; of unknown origin.] 1. The calcined ashes of seaweed, — formerly much used in the manufacture of glass, now used in the manufacture of iodine. 2. (Bot.) Any large blackish seaweed. Laminaria is the common kelp of Great Britain; Macrocystis pyrifera and Nereocystis Lutkeana are the great kelps of the Pacific Ocean. Kelp crab (Zoöl.), a California spider crab (Epialtus productus), found among seaweeds, which it resembles in color. — Kelp salmon (Zoöl.), a serranoid food fish (Serranus clathratus) of California. See Cabrilla.

Kelp´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A small California food fish (Heterostichus rostratus), living among kelp. The name is also applied to species of the genus Platyglossus. { Kel´pie , Kel´py }, n.; pl. Kelpies (#). [Cf. Gael. cailpeach, calpach, colpach, a heifer, steer, colt, colpa a cow or horse.] (Scotch Myth.) An imaginary spirit of the waters, horselike in form, vulgarly believed to warn, by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be drowned. Jamieson.

Kelp´ware , n. Same as Kelp, 2.

Kel´son , n. See Keelson. Sir W. Raleigh.

Kelt , n. See Kilt, n. Jamieson.

Kelt, n. [Cf. Icel. kult quilt.] Cloth with the nap, generally of native black wool. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Kelt, n. A salmon after spawning. [Scot.]

Kelt, n. Same as Celt, one of Celtic race.

Kel´ter , n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. cealt clothes, Gael. cealltair spear, castle, cause, Prov. E. kilter tool, instrument. Cf. Kilt.] Regular order or proper condition. [Written also kilter.] [>Colloq.] “If the organs of prayer be out of kelter or out of tune, how can we pray?” Barrow.

Kelt´ic (kelt´ik), a. & n. Same as Celtic, a. & n.

Kemb (kem), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kembed (kemd) or Kempt (kemt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Kembing.] [OE. kemben, AS. cemban, fr. camb comb.] To comb. [Obs.] “His longe hair was kembed behind his back.” Chaucer.

Kem´e•lin (kem´e•lin), n. [Cf. Prov. E. kemlin, kimlin, kimmel, a salting tub, any tub, kembing a brewing tub, G. kumme bowl, basin, W. cwmman a tub, brewing tub.] A tub; a brewer’s vessel. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Kemp (kemp), Kemp´ty } n. Coarse, rough hair in wool or fur, injuring its quality.

Kem´pe (kem´pe), a. Rough; shaggy. [Obs.] ´Kempe hairs.´ Chaucer.

Kemps (kemps), n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) The long flower stems of the ribwort plantain (Plantago Lanceolata). Dr. Prior.

Kempt (kemt; 215), p. p. of Kemb. B. Jonson.

Ken (ken), n. [Perh. from kennel.] A house; esp., one which is a resort for thieves. [Slang, Eng.]

Ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kenned (kend); p. pr. & vb. n. Kenning.] [OE. kennen to teach, make known, know, AS. cennan to make known, proclaim, or rather from the related Icel. kenna to know; akin to D. & G. kennen to know, Goth. kannjan to make known; orig., a causative corresponding to AS. cunnan to know, Goth. kunnan. rad.45. See Can to be able, Know.] 1. To know; to understand; to take cognizance of. [Archaic or Scot.] 2. To recognize; to descry; to discern. [Archaic or Scot.] ´We ken them from afar.´ Addison “’T is he. I ken the manner of his gait.” Shak.

Ken, v. i. To look around. [Obs.] Burton.

Ken, n. Cognizance; view; especially, reach of sight or knowledge. ´Beyond his ken.´ Longfellow. “Above the reach and ken of a mortal apprehension.” South. “It was relief to quit the ken
And the inquiring looks of men.” Trench. { Ken´dal green• , or Ken´dal. } A cloth colored green by dye obtained from the woad-waxen, formerly used by Flemish weavers at Kendal, in Westmoreland, England. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). “How couldst thou know these men in Kendal green ?” Shak.

Ken´nel , n. [See Channel, Canal.] The water course of a street; a little canal or channel; a gutter; also a puddle. Bp. Hall.

Ken´nel, n. [OE. kenel, (assumed) OF. kenil, F. chenil, LL. canile, fr. L. canis a dog. Cf. Canine.] 1. A house for a dog or for dogs, or for a pack of hounds. “A dog sure, if he could speak, had wit enough to describe his kennel.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. A pack of hounds, or a collection of dogs. Shak. 3. The hole of a fox or other beast; a haunt.

Ken´nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kenneled or Kennelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kennelling.] To lie or lodge; to dwell, as a dog or a fox. “The dog kenneled in a hollow tree.” L’Estrange.

Ken´nel, v. t. To put or keep in a kennel. Thomson.

Ken´nel coal See Cannel coal.

Ken´ning , n. [See Ken, v. t.] 1. Range of sight. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. The limit of vision at sea, being a distance of about twenty miles.

Ke´no , n. [F. quine five winning numbers, fr. L. quini five each, quinque five. See Five.] A gambling game, a variety of the game of lotto, played with balls or knobs, numbered, and cards also numbered. [U. S.]

Ken•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. new + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Modified evolution, in which nonprimitive characters make their appearance in consequence of a secondary adaptation of the embryo to the peculiar conditions of its environment; — distinguished from palingenesis. [Written also caenogenesis.]

Ken•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to kenogenesis; as kenogenetic processes. — Ken•o•ge•net´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Ken´spec•kle , a. Having so marked an appearance as easily to be recognized. [Scot.]

Kent´ bu´gle [Probably named after a Duke of Kent.] (Mus.) A curved bugle, having six finger keys or stops, by means of which the performer can play upon every key in the musical scale; — called also keyed bugle, and key bugle. Moore.

Ken´tle , n. [From Quintal.] (Com.) A hundred weight; a quintal.

Kent´ledge , n. [OF. cant edge, corner, D. kant. See Cant edge, angle.] (Naut.) Pigs of iron used for ballast. [Written also kintlidge.]

Ken•tuck´y , n. One of the United States. Kentucky blue grass (Bot.), a valuable pasture and meadow grass (Poa pratensis), found in both Europe and America. See under Blue grass. — Kentucky coffee tree (Bot.), a tall North American tree (Gymnocladus Canadensis) with bipinnate leaves. It produces large woody pods containing a few seeds which have been used as a substitute for coffee. The timber is very valuable.

Keph´a•lin (kef´a•lin), n. [Gr. kefalh• the head.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a group of nitrogenous phosphorized principles, supposed by Thudichum to exist in brain tissue.

Kept , imp. & p. p. of Keep. Kept mistress, a concubine; a woman supported by a man as his paramour.

Ke•ram´ic , a. Same as Ceramic.

Ke•ram´ics , n. Same as Ceramics.

Ker•a•mo•graph´ic , a. [Gr. ke•ramos tile + graph + ic.] Suitable to be written upon; capable of being written upon, as a slate; — said especially of a certain kind of globe. Scudamore.

Ke•ra´na , n. (Mus.) A kind of long trumpet, used among the Persians. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Ke•rar´gy•rite , n. See Cerargyrite.

Ker´a•sin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance free from phosphorus, supposed to be present in the brain; a body closely related to cerebrin.

Ker´a•sine , a. [Gr. ke•ras horn.] Resembling horn; horny; corneous.

Ker´a•tin , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, or mixture of substances, containing sulphur in a loose state of combination, and forming the chemical basis of epidermal tissues, such as horn, hair, feathers, and the like. It is an insoluble substance, and, unlike elastin, is not dissolved even by gastric or pancreatic juice. By decomposition with sulphuric acid it yields leucin and tyrosin, as does albumin. Called also epidermose.

Ker•a•ti´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cornea.

Ker´a•tode , n. See Keratose.

Ker•a•tog´e•nous , a. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + -genous.] Producing horn; as the keratogenous membrane within the horny hoof of the horse.

Ker•a•toi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Keratosa.

Ker´a•tome , n. [Gr. ke•ras, horn + to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for dividing the cornea in operations for cataract.

Ker•a•to•nyx´is , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn + puncture.] (Med.) The operation of removing a cataract by thrusting a needle through the cornea of the eye, and breaking up the opaque mass.

Ker´a•to•phyte , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, a horn + a plant.] (Zoöl.) A gorgonian coral having a horny axis.

Ker•a•to´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke•ras, -atos, a horn.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges having a skeleton composed of hornlike fibers. It includes the commercial sponges.

Ker´a•tose , n. [Gr. ke•ras, -atos, horn.] (Physiol. Chem.) A tough, horny animal substance entering into the composition of the skeleton of sponges, and other invertebrates; — called also keratode.

Ker´a•tose, a. (Zoöl.) Containing hornlike fibers or fibers of keratose; belonging to the Keratosa.

Ke•rau´no•graph , n. [Gr. thunderbolt + graph.] A figure or picture impressed by lightning upon the human body or elsewhere. — Ker•au•nog´ra•phy (#), n.

Kerb , n. See Curb.

Kerb´stone , n. See Curbstone.

Ker´cher , n. A kerchief. [Obs.] “He became … white as a kercher.” Sir T. North.

Ker´chered , a. Covered, or bound round, with a kercher. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Ker´chief , n.; pl. Kerchiefs (#). [OE. coverchef, OF. cuevrechief, couvrechef, F. couvrechef, a head covering, fr. couvrir to cover + OF. chief head, F. chef. See Cover, Chief, and cf. Curfew.] 1. A square of fine linen worn by women as a covering for the head; hence, anything similar in form or material, worn for ornament on other parts of the person; — mostly used in compounds; as neckerchief; breastkerchief; and later, handkerchief. “He might put on a hat, a muffler, and a kerchief, and so escape.” Shak. “Her black hair strained away
To a scarlet kerchief caught beneath her chin.” Mrs. Browning. 2. A lady who wears a kerchief. Dryden. { Ker´chiefed , Ker´chieft } , a. Dressed; hooded; covered; wearing a kerchief. Milton.

Kerf , n. [AS. cyrf a cutting off, fr. ceorfan to cut, carve. See Carve.] A notch, channel, or slit made in any material by cutting or sawing.

Ke´rite , n. [Gr. ke•ras, horn.] A compound in which tar or asphaltum combined with animal or vegetable oils is vulcanized by sulphur, the product closely resembling rubber; — used principally as an insulating material in telegraphy. Knight.

Kerl , n. See Carl.

Ker´mes , n. [Ar. & Per. girmiz. See Crimson, and cf. Alkermes.] 1. (Zoöl.) The dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Coccus ilicis), allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. They are round, about the size of a pea, contain coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in dyeing. They were anciently thought to be of a vegetable nature, and were used in medicine. [Written also chermes.] 2. (Bot.) A small European evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera) on which the kermes insect (Coccus ilicis) feeds. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). Kermes mineral. (a) (Old Chem.) An artificial amorphous trisulphide of antimony; — so called on account of its red color. (b) (Med. Chem.) A compound of the trioxide and trisulphide of antimony, used in medicine. This substance occurs in nature as the mineral kermesite.

Ker´messe , n. [F.] See Kirmess.

Kern , n. [Ir. ceatharnach.Cf. Cateran. ] 1. A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; — distinguished from gallowglass, and often used as a term of contempt. Macaulay. “Now for our Irish wars;
We must supplant those rough, rug-headed kerns.” Shak. 2. Any kind of boor or low-lived person. [Obs.] Blount. 3. (O. Eng. Law) An idler; a vagabond. Wharton.

Kern, n. (Type Founding) A part of the face of a type which projects beyond the body, or shank.

Kern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kerned p. pr. & vb. n. Kerning. ] (Type Founding) To form with a kern. See 2d Kern.

Kern, n. [See Churn. ] A churn. [Prov. Eng.]

Kern, n. [AS. cweorn, cwyrn. See Quern. ] A hand mill. See Quern. Johnson.

Kern, v. i. [Cf. G. kern kernel, grain; akin to E. corn. See Corn, Kernel. ] 1. To harden, as corn in ripening. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To take the form of kernels; to granulate. [Obs.] “It is observed that rain makes the salt kern.” Dampier.

Kerned , a. (Print.) Having part of the face projecting beyond the body or shank; — said of type. ´In Roman, f and j are the only kerned letters.´ MacKellar.

Ker´nel , n. [OE. kernel, kirnel, curnel, AS. cyrnel, fr. corn grain. See Corn, and cf. Kern to harden.] 1. The essential part of a seed; all that is within the seed walls; the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument; as the kernel of a nut. See Illust. of Endocarp. “’ A were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel” Shak. 2. A single seed or grain; as a kernel of corn. 3. A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus; a concretion or hard lump in the flesh. 4. The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as the kernel of an argument.

Ker´nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kerneled or Kernelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kerneling or Kernelling.] To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels. { Ker´neled , Ker´nelled }, a. Having a kernel.

Ker´nel•ly , a. Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels. Holland.

Kern´ish , a. [From Kern a boor.] Clownish; boorish. [Obs.] ´A petty kernish prince.´ Milton.

Ker´o•lite , n. (Min.) Same as Cerolite.

Ker´o•sene , n. [Gr. wax.] An oil used for illuminating purposes, formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., and hence called also coal oil. It is now produced in immense quantities, chiefly by the distillation and purification of petroleum. It consists chiefly of several hydrocarbons of the methane series. { Kers , Kerse }, n. A cress. [Obs.] Chaucer. Not worth a kers. See under Cress.

Ker´sey , n.; pl. Kerseys (#). [Prob. from the town of Kersey in Suffolk, Eng.] A kind of coarse, woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from wool of long staple.

Ker´sey•mere , n. [For cassimere, confounded with kersey.] See Cassimere.

Ker•sey•nette´ , n. See Cassinette.

Kerve , v. t. To carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kerv´er , n. A carver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ke´sar , n. See Kaiser. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kes´lop (kes´lop), n. [AS. ceselib, or cyslyb, milk curdled; cf. G. käselab, käselippe. See Cheese, and cf.Cheeselep.] The stomach of a calf, prepared for rennet. Halliwell.

Kess , v. t. To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer

Kest , imp. of Cast. [Obs.]

Kes´trel (kes´trel), n. [See Castrel.] (Zoöl.) A small, slender European hawk (Falco alaudarius), allied to the sparrow hawk. Its color is reddish fawn, streaked and spotted with white and black. Also called windhover and stannel. The name is also applied to other allied species. This word is often used in contempt, as of a mean kind of hawk. ´Kites and kestrels have a resemblance with hawks.´ Bacon.

Ket (ket), n. [Icel. kjöt flesh; akin to Sw. kött, Dan. kjöd.] Carrion; any filth. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ketch (kech), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. Turk. qaiq : cf. F. caiche. Cf. Caïque.] (Naut.) An almost obsolete form of vessel, with a mainmast and a mizzenmast, — usually from one hundred to two hundred and fifty tons burden. Bomb ketch. See under Bomb.

Ketch, n. A hangman. See Jack Ketch.

Ketch, v. t. [See Catch.] To catch. [Now obs. in spelling, and colloq. in pronunciation.] “To ketch him at a vantage in his snares.” Spenser.

Ketch´up (-up), n. A sauce. See Catchup.

Ke´tine , n. [See Ketone.] (Chem.) One of a series of organic bases obtained by the reduction of certain isonitroso compounds of the ketones. In general they are unstable oily substances having a pungent aromatic odor.

Ket•mie´ , n. (Bot.) The name of certain African species of Hibiscus, cultivated for the acid of their mucilage. [Written also ketmia.]

Ke´tol (ke´tol), n. [Ketone + indol.] (Chem.) One of a series of series of complex nitrogenous substances, represented by methyl ketol and related to indol. Methyl ketol, a weak organic base, obtained as a white crystalline substance having the odor of faeces.

Ke´tone (ke´ton), n. [Cf. Acetone.] (Chem.) One of a large class of organic substances resembling the aldehydes, obtained by the distillation of certain salts of organic acids and consisting of carbonyl (CO) united with two hydrocarbon radicals. In general the ketones are colorless volatile liquids having a pungent ethereal odor. The ketones are named by adding the suffix-one to the stems of the organic acids from which they are respectively derived; thus, acetic acid gives acetone; butyric acid, butyrone, etc.

Ke•ton´ic (ke•ton´ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a ketone; as a ketonic acid.

Ket´tle (ket´t’l), n. [OE. ketel; cf. AS. cetel, cetil, cytel; akin to D. kjedel, G. kessel, OHG. chezzil, Icel. ketill, SW. kittel, Dan. kjedel, Goth. katils; all perh. fr. L. catillus, dim. of catinus a deep vessel, bowl; but cf. also OHG. chezzi kettle, Icel. kati small ship.] A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, often without a cover, used for heating and boiling water or other liguids. Kettle pins, ninepins; skittles. [Obs.] Shelton. — Kettle stitch (Bookbinding), the stitch made in sewing at the head and tail of a book. Knight.

Ket´tle•drum (-drum•), n. 1. (Mus.) A drum made of thin copper in the form of a hemispherical kettle, with parchment stretched over the mouth of it. Kettledrums, in pairs, were formerly used in martial music for cavalry, but are now chiefly confined to orchestras where they are called tympani. 2. An informal social party at which a light collation is offered, held in the afternoon or early evening. Cf. Drum, n., 4 and 5.

Ket´tle•drum•mer , n. One who plays on a kettledrum.

Keu´per (koi´per), n. [G.] (Geol.) The upper division of the European Triassic. See Chart of Geology.

Kev´el , n. [Prov. E. kevil, cavel, rod, pole, a large hammer, horse’s bit; cf. Icel. kefli cylinder, a stick, mangle, and Dan. kievle a roller.] 1. (Naut.) A strong cleat to which large ropes are belayed. 2. A stone mason’s hammer. [Written also cavil.] Kevel head (Naut.), a projecting end of a timber, used as a kevel. { Kev´el , Kev´in }, n. (Zoöl.) The gazelle.

Kev´er , v. t. & i. To cover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kev´er•chief , n. A kerchief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kex , n. [W. cecys, pl., hollow stalks.] 1. (Bot.) A weed; a kecksy. Bp. Gauden. “Though the rough kex break
The starred mosaic.” Tennyson. 2. A dry husk or covering. “When the kex, or husk, is broken, he proveth a fair flying butterfly.” Holland.

Key (ke), n. [OE. keye, key, kay, AS. caeg.] 1. An instrument by means of which the bolt of a lock is shot or drawn; usually, a removable metal instrument fitted to the mechanism of a particular lock and operated by turning in its place. 2. An instrument which is turned like a key in fastening or adjusting any mechanism; as a watch key; a bed key, etc. 3. That part of an instrument or machine which serves as the means of operating it; as a telegraph key; the keys of a pianoforte, or of a typewriter. 4. A position or condition which affords entrance, control, pr possession, etc.; as the key of a line of defense; the key of a country; the key of a political situation. Hence, that which serves to unlock, open, discover, or solve something unknown or difficult; as the key to a riddle; the key to a problem. “Those who are accustomed to reason have got the true key of books.” Locke. “Who keeps the keys of all the creeds.” Tennyson. 5. That part of a mechanism which serves to lock up, make fast, or adjust to position. 6. (Arch.) (a) A piece of wood used as a wedge. (b) The last board of a floor when laid down. 7. (Masonry) (a) A keystone. (b) That part of the plastering which is forced through between the laths and holds the rest in place. 8. (Mach.) (a) A wedge to unite two or more pieces, or adjust their relative position; a cotter; a forelock. See Illusts. of Cotter, and Gib. (b) A bar, pin or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning; sometimes holding by friction alone, but more frequently by its resistance to shearing, being usually embedded partly in the shaft and partly in the crank, pulley, etc. 9. (Bot.) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; — called also key fruit. 10. (Mus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as ´ sharp four, ´ ´flat seven,´ etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key. (b) The fundamental tone of a movement to which its modulations are referred, and with which it generally begins and ends; keynote. “Both warbling of one song, both in one key.” Shak. 11. Fig: The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance. “You fall at once into a lower key.” Cowper. Key bed. Same as Key seat. — Key bolt, a bolt which has a mortise near the end, and is secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a nut. Key bugle. See Kent bugle. — Key of a position or country. (Mil.) See Key, 4. — Key seat (Mach.), a bed or groove to receive a key which prevents one part from turning on the other. — Key way, a channel for a key, in the hole of a piece which is keyed to a shaft; an internal key seat; — called also key seat. — Key wrench (Mach.), an adjustable wrench in which the movable jaw is made fast by a key. — Power of the keys (Eccl.), the authority claimed by the ministry in some Christian churches to administer the discipline of the church, and to grant or withhold its privileges; — so called from the declaration of Christ, ´I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven.´ Matt. xvi. 19.

Key , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keved p. pr. & vb. n. Keying.] To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges. Francis. To key up. (a) (Arch.) To raise (the whole ring of an arch) off its centering, by driving in the keystone forcibly. (b) (Mus.) To raise the pitch of. (c) Hence, fig., to produce nervous tension in.

Key´age , n. [OF. caiage, F. guayage. See lst Key, Quay.] Wharfage; quayage.

Key´board , n. The whole arrangement, or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc.

Key´-cold , a. Cold as a metallic key; lifeless. [Formerly, a proverbial expression.] Shak. Milton.

Keyed (ked), a. Furnished with keys; as a keyed instrument; also set to a key, as a tune. Keyed bugle. See Kent bugle.

Key´hole , n. 1. A hole or apertupe in a door or lock, for receiving a key. 2. (a) (Carp.) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. (b) (Mach.) a mortise for a key or cotter. Keyhole limpet (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod of the genus Fissurella and allied genera. See Fissurella. — Keyhole saw, a narrow, slender saw, used in cutting keyholes, etc., as in doors; a kind of compass saw or fret saw. — Keyhole urchin (Zoöl.), any one of numerous clypeastroid sea urchins, of the genera Melitta, Rotula, and Encope; — so called because they have one or more perforations resembling keyholes.

Key´note , n. 1. (Mus.) The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; — called also key tone. 2. The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as the keynote of a policy or a sermon.

Key´seat , v. t. To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key.

Key´stone , n. (Arch.) The central or topmost stone of an arch. This in some styles is made different in size from the other voussoirs, or projects, or is decorated with carving. See Illust. of Arch. Keystone State, the State of Pennsylvania; - - so called from its having been the central State of the Union at the formation of the Constitution.

Key´ tone (Mus.) See Keynote.

Key´way , n. See Key way, under Key.

Kha´liff , n. See Caliph.

Kham•sin , n. Same as Kamsin.

Khan , n. [Pers. & Tart. khan.] [Also kan, kaun.] A king; a prince; a chief; a governor; — so called among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and in countries now or formerly governed by them.

Khan, n. [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Written also kawn.]

Khan•ate , n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan.

Kha´ya , n. (Bot.) A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

Khe•dive´ , n. [F. khedive, Pers. khediw a prince.] A governor or viceroy; — a title granted in 1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt.

Khen´na , n. See Henna.

Kho´lah , n. (Zoöl.) The Indian jackal.

Khol´sun , n. (Zoöl.) The dhole.

Khut´bah , n. [Ar.] An address or public prayer read from the steps of the pulpit in Mohammedan mosques, offering glory to God, praising Mohammed and his descendants, and the ruling princes.

Ki•a•boo´ca wood See Kyaboca wood.

Ki•ang´ , n. (Zoöl.) The dziggetai.

Kib´ble , v. t. To bruise; to grind coarsely; as kibbled oats. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.

Kib´ble, n. A large iron bucket used in Cornwall and Wales for raising ore out of mines. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also kibbal.]

Kib´blings , n. pl. Portions of small fish used for bait on the banks of Newfoundland.

Kibe , n. [W. cib + gwst pain, sickness.] A chap or crack in the flesh occasioned by cold; an ulcerated chilblain. ´He galls his kibe.´ Shak.

Kibed , a. Chapped; cracked with cold; affected with chilblains; as kibed heels. Beau. & Fl.

Ki•bit´ka , n.; pl. Kibitkas . [Russ.] 1. A tent used by the Kirghiz Tartars. 2. A rude kind of Russian vehicle, on wheels or on runners, sometimes covered with cloth or leather, and often used as a movable habitation.

Kib´lah , n. See Keblah.

Kib´y , a. Affected with kibes. Skelton.

Kich´il , n. [Obs.] See Kechil. Chaucer.

Kick (kik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kicked (kikt); p. pr. & vb. n. Kicking.] [W. cicio, fr. cic foot.] To strike, thrust, or hit violently with the foot; as a horse kicks a groom; a man kicks a dog. “He [Frederick the Great] kicked the shins of his judges.” Macaulay. To kick the beam, to fit up and strike the beam; — said of the lighter arm of a loaded balance; hence, to be found wanting in weight. Milton. — To kick the bucket, to lose one’s life; to die. [Colloq. & Low]

Kick, v. i. 1. To thrust out the foot or feet with violence; to strike out with the foot or feet, as in defense or in bad temper; esp., to strike backward, as a horse does, or to have a habit of doing so. Hence, figuratively: To show ugly resistance, opposition, or hostility; to spurn. “I should kick, being kicked.” Shak. 2. To recoil; — said of a musket, cannon, etc.

Kick, n. 1. A blow with the foot or feet; a striking or thrust with the foot. “A kick, that scarce would move a horse,
May kill a sound divine.” Cowper. 2. The projection on the tang of the blade of a pocket knife, which prevents the edge of the blade from striking the spring. See Illust. of Pocketknife. 3. (Brickmaking) A projection in a mold, to form a depression in the surface of the brick. 4. The recoil of a musket or other firearm, when discharged.

Kick´a•ble , a. Capable or deserving of being kicked. ´A kickable boy.´ G. Eliot.

Kick•a•poos´ , n. pl.; sing. Kickapoo . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region of Northern Illinois, allied in language to the Sacs and Foxes.

Kick´er, n. One who, or that which, kicks.

Kick´shaw , n. See Kickshaws, the correct singular.

Kick´shaws , n.; pl. Kickshawses (#) [Corrupt. fr. F. quelque chose something, fr. L. qualis of what kind (akin to E. which) + suffix -guam + causa cause, in LL., a thing. See Which, and Cause.] 1. Something fantastical; any trifling, trumpery thing; a toy. “Art thou good at these kickshawses!” Shak. 2. A fancy dish; a titbit; a delicacy. “Some pigeons, … a joint of mutton, and any pretty little tiny kickshaws.” Shak. “Cressy was lost by kickshaws and soup- maigre.” Fenton.

Kick´shoe , n. A kickshaws. Milton. { Kick´sy-wick•sy , Kick´y-wisk•y }, n. That which is restless and uneasy. Kicky-wicky, or, in some editions, Kicksy- wicksy, is applied contemptuously to a wife by Shakespeare, in ´All’s Well that Ends Well,´ ii. 3, 297.

Kick´sy-wick•sy, a. Fantastic; restless; as kicksy-wicksy flames. Nares.

Kick´up , n. (Zoöl.) The water thrush or accentor. [Local, West Indies]

Kid (kid), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. kið, Dan. & Sw. kid; akin to OHG. kizzi, G. kitz, kitzchen, kitzlein.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young goat. “The … leopard shall lie down with the kid.” Is. xi. 6. 2. A young child or infant; hence, a simple person, easily imposed on. [Slang] Charles Reade. 3. A kind of leather made of the skin of the young goat, or of the skin of rats, etc. 4. pl. Gloves made of kid. [Colloq. & Low] 5. A small wooden mess tub; — a name given by sailors to one in which they receive their food. Cooper.

Kid, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kidded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidding.] To bring forth a young goat.

Kid, n. [Cf. W. cidysen.] A fagot; a bundle of heath and furze. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Kid, p. p. of Kythe. [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

Kid, v. t. See Kiddy, v. t. [Slang]

Kid´de , imp. of Kythe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kid´der•min•ster , n. A kind of ingrain carpeting, named from the English town where formerly most of it was manufactured.

Kid´di•er , n. [Cf. OSw. kyta to truck.] A huckster; a cadger. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Kid´dle , n. [Cf. LL. kidellus, Armor. kiael] A kind of basketwork wear in a river, for catching fish. [Improperly spelled kittle.]

Kid´dow , n. (Zoöl.) The guillemot. [Written also kiddaw.] [Prov. Eng.]

Kid´dy , v. t. To deceive; to outwit; to hoax. [Slang] Dickens.

Kid´dy, n. A young fellow; formerly, a low thief. [Slang, Eng.]

Kid´dy•ish, a. Frolicsome; sportive. [Slang]

Kid´ fox (Zoöl.) A young fox. Shak.

Kid´ling , n. [Kid + - ling: cf. Sw. kidling.] A young kid.

Kid´nap (kid´nap•), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kidnaped (- napt•) or Kidnapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidnaping or Kidnapping.] [Kid a child + Prov. E. nap to seize, to grasp. Cf. Knab, Knap, Nab.] To take (any one) by force or fear, and against one’s will, with intent to carry to another place. Abbott. “You may reason or expostulate with the parents, but never attempt to kidnap their children, and to make proselytes of them.” Whately. Originally used only of stealing children, but now extended in application to any human being, involuntarily abducted. { Kid´nap•er , or Kid´nap•per }, n. One who steals or forcibly carries away a human being; a manstealer.

Kid´ney (kid´ny), n.; pl. Kidneys (-niz). [OE. kidnei, kidnere, from Icel. koiðr belly, womb (akin to Goth. gipus, AS. cwiþ womb) + OE. nere kidney; akin to D. nier, G. niere, OHG. nioro, Icel. nyra, Dan. nyre, Sw. njure, and probably to Gr. nefro•s Cf. Kite belly.] 1. (Anat.) A glandular organ which excretes urea and other waste products from the animal body; a urinary gland. In man and in other mammals there are two kidneys, one on each side of vertebral column in the back part of the abdomen, each kidney being connected with the bladder by a long tube, the ureter, through which the urine is constantly excreted into the bladder to be periodically discharged. 2. Habit; disposition; sort; kind. Shak. “There are in later times other decrees, made by popes of another kidney.” Barrow. “Millions in the world of this man’s kidney.” L’Estrange. “Your poets, spendthrifts, and other fools of that kidney, pretend, forsooth, to crack their jokes on prudence.” Burns. This use of the word perhaps arose from the fact that the kidneys and the fat about them are an easy test of the condition of an animal as to fatness. ´Think of that, — a man of my kidney; — … as subject to heat as butter.´ Shak. 3. A waiter. [Old Cant] Tatler. Floating kidney. See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. — Kidney bean (Bot.), a sort of bean; — so named from its shape. It is of the genus Phaseolus (P. vulgaris). See under Bean. — Kidney ore (Min.), a variety of hematite or iron sesquioxide, occurring in compact kidney-shaped masses. — Kidney stone. (Min.) See Nephrite, and Jade. — Kidney vetch (Bot.), a leguminous herb of Europe and Asia (Anthyllis vulneraria), with cloverlike heads of red or yellow flowers, once used as a remedy for renal disorders, and also to stop the flow of blood from wounds; lady’s-fingers. { Kid´ney-form• , Kid´ney-shaped• } a. Having the form or shape of a kidney; reniform; as a kidney-shaped leaf. Gray.

Kid´ney•wort , n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of saxifrage (Saxifrage stellaris). (b) The navelwort.

Kie , n. pl. [Cf. Kee.] Kine; cows. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Kie´fe•kil , n. [Per. keff foam, scum + gil clay, mud.] (Min.) A species of clay; meerschaum. [Also written keffekil.]

Kier , n. [Icel. ker a tub.] (Bleaching) A large tub or vat in which goods are subjected to the action of hot lye or bleaching liquor; — also called keeve.

Kie´sel•guhr , n. [G., fr. kiesel flint + guhr an earthy deposit or sediment in water.] Siliceous earth; specifically, porous infusorial earth, used as an absorbent of nitroglycerin in the manufacture of dynamite.

Kie´ser•ite n. [Named after Prof. Kieser, of Jena.] (Min.) Hydrous sulphate of magnesia found at the salt mines of Stassfurt, Prussian Saxony.

Kieve , n. See Keeve, n.

Kike , v. i. [Cf. D. kijken, Sw. kika.] To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kike , v. t. & i. To kick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kil´der•kin , n. [OD. kindeken, kinneken, a small barrel, orig., a little child, fr. kind child; akin to G. kind, and to E. kin.] A small barrel; an old liquid measure containing eighteen English beer gallons, or nearly twenty-two gallons, United States measure. [Written also kinderkin.]

Kill , n. A kiln. [Obs.] Fuller.

Kill, n. [D. kil.] A channel or arm of the sea; a river; a stream; as the channel between Staten Island and Bergen Neck is the Kill van Kull, or the Kills; — used also in composition; as Schuylkill, Catskill, etc.

Kill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Killed p. pr. & vb. n. Killing.] [OE. killen, kellen, cullen, to kill, strike; perh. the same word as cwellen, quellen, to kill (cf. Quell), or perh. rather akin to Icel. kolla to hit in the head, harm, kollr top, summit, head, Sw. kulle, D. kollen to kill with the ax.] 1. To deprive of life, animal or vegetable, in any manner or by any means; to render inanimate; to put to death; to slay. “Ah, kill me with thy weapon, not with words !” Shak. 2. To destroy; to ruin; as to kill one’s chances; to kill the sale of a book. ´To kill thine honor.´ Shak. “Her lively color kill’d with deadly cares.” Shak. 3. To cause to cease; to quell; to calm; to still; as in seamen’s language, a shower of rain kills the wind. “Be comforted, good madam; the great rage,
You see, is killed in him.” Shak. 4. To destroy the effect of; to counteract; to neutralize; as alkali kills acid. To kill time, to busy one’s self with something which occupies the attention, or makes the time pass without tediousness. Syn. — To murder; assassinate; slay; butcher; destroy. — To Kill, Murder, Assassinate. To kill does not necessarily mean any more than to deprive of life. A man may kill another by accident or in self-defense, without the imputation of guilt. To murder is to kill with malicious forethought and intention. To assassinate is to murder suddenly and by stealth. The sheriff may kill without murdering; the duelist murders, but does not assassinate his antagonist; the assassin kills and murders. { Kill´dee• , Kill´deer• } n. [So named from its notes.] (Zoöl.) A small American plover (AEgialitis vocifera). It is dark grayish brown above; the rump and upper tail coverts are yellowish rufous; the belly, throat, and a line over the eyes, white; a ring round the neck and band across the breast, black.

Kill´er , n. 1. One who deprives of life; one who, or that which, kills. 2. (Zoöl.) A voracious, toothed whale of the genus Orca, of which several species are known. The killers have a high dorsal fin, and powerful jaws armed with large, sharp teeth. They capture, and swallow entire, large numbers of seals, porpoises, and dolphins, and are celebrated for their savage, combined attacks upon the right whales, which they are said to mutilate and kill. The common Atlantic species (Orca gladiator), is found both on the European and the American coast. Two species (Orca ater and O. rectipinna) occur on the Pacific coast.

Kil•lesse´ , n. [Cf. Coulisse.] (Arch.) (a) A gutter, groove, or channel. (b) A hipped roof. [Prov. Eng.] Parker.

Kil´li•fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus and allied genera. They live equally well in fresh and brackish water, or even in the sea. They are usually striped or barred with black. Called also minnow, and brook fish. See Minnow.

Kil´li•grew , n. (Zoöl.) The Cornish chough. See under Chough. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kil•li•ki•nick´ , n. See Kinnikinic.

Kill´ing , a. Literally, that kills; having power to kill; fatal; in a colloquial sense, conquering; captivating; irresistible. — Kill´ing•ly, adv. “Those eyes are made so killing.” Pope. “Nothing could be more killingly spoken.” Milton.

Kill´-joy , n. One who causes gloom or grief; a dispiriting person. W. Black.

Kil´lock , n. [Cf. Scot. killick ´the flue [fluke] of an anchor.´ Jamieson.] A small anchor; also a kind of anchor formed by a stone inclosed by pieces of wood fastened together. [Written also killick.]

Kil´low , n. [Prov. E. kollow the smut or grime on the backs of chimneys.] An earth of a blackish or deep blue color. Woodward.

Kiln (kil), n. [OE. kilne, kulne, AS. cyln, cylen; akin to Icel. kylna; prob. from the same source as coal. See Coal.] 1. A large stove or oven; a furnace of brick or stone, or a heated chamber, for the purpose of hardening, burning, or drying anything; as a kiln for baking or hardening earthen vessels; a kiln for drying grain, meal, lumber, etc.; a kiln for calcining limestone. 2. A furnace for burning bricks; a brickkiln.

Kiln´-dry , v. t. To dry in a kiln; as to kiln-dry meal or grain. Mortimer.

Kiln´hole , n. The mouth or opening of an oven or kiln. Shak.

Ki´lo , n.; pl. Kilos (#). [F.] An abbreviation of Kilogram. { Kil´o•gram , Kil´o•gramme }, n. [F. kilogramme; pref. kilo- (fr. Gr. chi•lioi a thousand ) + gramme. See 3d Gram.] A measure of weight, being a thousand grams, equal to 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois (15,432.34 grains). It is equal to the weight of a cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of maximum density, or 39° Fahrenheit. { Kil´o•gram•me•ter , Kil´o•gram•me•tre }, n. (Mech.) A measure of energy or work done, being the amount expended in raising one kilogram through the height of one meter, in the latitude of Paris. { Kil´o•li•ter , Kil´o•li•tre }, n. [F. kilolitre. See Kilogram, and Liter.] A measure of capacity equal to a cubic meter, or a thousand liters. It is equivalent to 35.315 cubic feet, and to 220.04 imperial gallons, or 264.18 American gallons of 321 cubic inches. { Kil´o•me•ter , Kil´o•me•tre }, n. [F. kilometre. See Kilogram, and Meter.] A measure of length, being a thousand meters. It is equal to 3,280.8 feet, or .62137 of a mile.

Kil´o•stere , n. [F. kilostere. See Kilogram, and Stere.] A cubic measure containing 1000 cubic meters, and equivalent to 35,315 cubic feet.

Kil´o•watt , n. [See Kilogram and Watt.] (Elec.) One thousand watts.

Kilt , p. p. from Kill. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kilt, n. [OGael. cealt clothes, or rather perh. fr. Dan. kilte op to truss, tie up, tuck up.] A kind of short petticoat, reaching from the waist to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland by men, and in the Lowlands by young boys; a filibeg. [Written also kelt.]

Kilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Kilting.] To tuck up; to truss up, as the clothes. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Kilt´ed, a. 1. Having on a kilt. 2. Plaited after the manner of kilting. 3. Tucked or fastened up; — said of petticoats, etc.

Kil´ter , n. See Kelter.

Kilt´ing , n. (Dressmaking) A perpendicular arrangement of flat, single plaits, each plait being folded so as to cover half the breadth of the preceding one.

Kim´bo , a. [Cf. Akimbo.] Crooked; arched; bent. [Written also kimbow.] Dryden.

Kim•me´ri•an , a. See Cimmerian.

Kim´nel , n. A tub. See Kemelin. [Obs.] “She knew not what a kimnel was” Beau. & Fl.

Kim´ry , n. See Cymry.

-kin (-kin). [Of Low German origin; cf. G. - chen, LG. — ken.] A diminutive suffix; as manikin; lambkin.

Kin (kin), n. (Mus.) A primitive Chinese instrument of the cittern kind, with from five to twenty-five silken strings. Riemann.

Kin, n. [OE. kin, cun, AS. cynn kin, kind, race, people; akin to cennan to beget, D. kunne sex, OS. & OHG. kunni kin, race, Icel. kyn, Goth. kuni, G. & D. kind a child, L. genus kind, race, L. gignere to beget, Gr. gi•gnesqai to be born, Skr. jan to beget. rad.44. Cf. Kind, King, Gender kind, Nation.] 1. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity; connection by birth or marriage; kindred; near connection or alliance, as of those having common descent. 2. Relatives; persons of the same family or race. “The father, mother, and the kin beside.” Dryden. “You are of kin, and so a friend to their persons.” Bacon.

Kin, a. Of the same nature or kind; kinder. ´Kin to the king.´ Shak.

Kin•ae•sod´ic , a. (Physiol.) Kinesodic.

Kin•aes•the´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kinei^n to move + perception.] (Physiol.) The perception attendant upon the movements of the muscles. Bastian.

Ki´nate , n. [Cf. F. kinate. ] (Chem.) See Quinate. [Obsolescent]

Kin´cob , n. India silk brocaded with flowers in silver or gold. — a. Of the nature of kincob; brocaded. Thackeray.

Kind , a. [Compar. Kinder superl. Kindest.] [AS. cynde, gecynde, natural, innate, prop. an old p. p. from the root of E. kin. See Kin kindred.] 1. Characteristic of the species; belonging to one’s nature; natural; native. [Obs.] Chaucer. “It becometh sweeter than it should be, and loseth the kind taste.” Holland. 2. Having feelings befitting our common nature; congenial; sympathetic; as a kind man; a kind heart. “Yet was he kind, or if severe in aught,
The love he bore to learning was his fault.” Goldsmith. 3. Showing tenderness or goodness; disposed to do good and confer happiness; averse to hurting or paining; benevolent; benignant; gracious. “He is kind unto the unthankful and to evil.” Luke vi 35. “O cruel Death, to those you take more kind
Than to the wretched mortals left behind.” Waller. “A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind.” Garrick. 4. Proceeding from, or characterized by, goodness, gentleness, or benevolence; as a kind act. ´Manners so kind, yet stately.´ Tennyson. 5. Gentle; tractable; easily governed; as a horse kind in harness. Syn. — Benevolent; benign; beneficent; bounteous; gracious; propitious; generous; forbearing; indulgent; tender; humane; compassionate; good; lenient; clement; mild; gentle; bland; obliging; friendly; amicable. See Obliging.

Kind, n. [OE. kinde, cunde, AS. cynd. See Kind, a.] 1. Nature; natural instinct or disposition. [Obs.] “He knew by kind and by no other lore.” Chaucer. “Some of you, on pure instinct of nature,
Are led by kind t’admire your fellow-creature.” Dryden. 2. Race; genus; species; generic class; as in mankind or humankind. ´Come of so low a kind.´ Chaucer. “Every kind of beasts, and of birds.” James iii.7. “She follows the law of her kind.” Wordsworth. “Here to sow the seed of bread,
That man and all the kinds be fed.” Emerson. 3. Nature; style; character; sort; fashion; manner; variety; description; class; as there are several kinds of eloquence, of style, and of music; many kinds of government; various kinds of soil, etc. “How diversely Love doth his pageants play,
And snows his power in variable kinds !” Spenser. “There is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds.” I Cor. xv. 39. “Diogenes was asked in a kind of scorn: What was the matter that philosophers haunted rich men, and not rich men philosophers ?” Bacon. A kind of, something belonging to the class of; something like to; — said loosely or slightingly. In kind, in the produce or designated commodity itself, as distinguished from its value in money. “Tax on tillage was often levied in kind upon corn.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — Sort; species; class; genus; nature; style; character; breed; set.

Kind, v. t. [See Kin.] To beget. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kin´der•gar•ten , n. [G., lit., children’s garden; kinder (pl. of kind child, akin to E. kin kindred) + garten garden.] A school for young children, conducted on the theory that education should be begun by gratifying and cultivating the normal aptitude for exercise, play, observation, imitation, and construction; — a name given by Friedrich Froebel, a German educator, who introduced this method of training, in rooms opening on a garden.

Kin´der•gart•ner , n. One who teaches in a kindergarten.

Kind´-heart•ed , a. Having kindness of nature; sympathetic; characterized by a humane disposition; as a kind-hearted landlord. “To thy self at least kind-hearted prove.” Shak.

Kind´-heart•ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being kind-hearted; benevolence.

Kin´dle , v. t. & i. [OE. kindlen, cundlen. See Kind.] To bring forth young. [Obs.] Shak. “The poor beast had but lately kindled.” Holland.

Kin•dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kindled p. pr. & vb. n. Kindling ] [Icel. kyndill candle, torch; prob. fr. L. candela; cf. also Icel. kynda to kindle. Cf. Candle.] 1. To set on fire; to cause to burn with flame; to ignite; to cause to begin burning; to start; to light; as to kindle a match, or shavings. “His breath kindleth coals.” Job xii. 21. 2. Fig.: To inflame, as the passions; to rouse; to provoke; to excite to action; to heat; to fire; to animate; to incite; as to kindle anger or wrath; to kindle the flame of love, or love into a flame. “So is a contentious man to kindle strife.” Prov. xxvi. 21. “Nothing remains but that I kindle the boy thither.” Shak. “Kindling her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam.” Milton. “Could swell the soul to rage, or kindle soft desire.” Dryden. Syn. — Enkindle; light; ignite; inflame; provoke; excite; arouse; stir up.

Kin´dle (kin´d’l), v. i. 1. To take fire; to begin to burn with flame; to start as a flame. “When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee.” Is. xliii. 2. 2. Fig.: To begin to be excited; to grow warm or animated; to be roused or exasperated. “On all occasions where forbearance might be called for, the Briton kindles, and the Christian gives way.” I. Taylor.

Kin´dler , n. One who, or that which, kindles, stirs up, or sets on fire. ´Kindlers of riot.´ Gay.

Kind´less , a. Destitute of kindness; unnatural.[Obs.] ´Kindless villain.´ Shak.

Kind´li•ness , n. 1. Natural inclination; natural course. [Obs.] Milton. 2. The quality or state of being kindly; benignity; benevolence; gentleness; tenderness; as kindliness of disposition, of treatment, or of words. “In kind a father, but not in kindliness.” Sackville. 3. Softness; mildness; propitiousness; as kindliness of weather, or of a season. “Fruits and corn are much advanced by temper of the air and
kindliness of seasons.” Whitlock.

Kin´dling (kin´dling), n. 1. The act of causing to burn, or of exciting or inflaming the passions. 2. pl. Materials, easily lighted, for starting a fire.

Kind´ly (kind´ly), a. [Compar. Kindlier superl. Kindliest.] [AS. cyndelic. See Kind, n. ] 1. According to the kind or nature; natural. [R.] “The kindly fruits of the earth.” Book of Com. Prayer. “An herd of bulls whom kindly rage doth sting.” Spenser. “Whatsoever as the Son of God he may do, it is kindly for
Him as the Son of Man to save the sons of men.” L. Andrews. 2. Humane; congenial; sympathetic; hence, disposed to do good to; benevolent; gracious; kind; helpful; as kindly affections, words, acts, etc. “The shade by which my life was crossed, …
Has made me kindly with my kind.” Tennyson. 3. Favorable; mild; gentle; auspicious; beneficent. “In soft silence shed the kindly shower.” Pope. “Should e’er a kindlier time ensue.” Wordsworth. ´Nothing ethical was connoted in kindly once: it was simply the adjective of kind. But it is God’s ordinance that kind should be kindly, in our modern sense of the word as well; and thus the word has attained this meaning.´ Trench.

Kind´ly, adv. 1. Naturally; fitly. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Examine how kindly the Hebrew manners of speech mix and incorporate with the English language” Addison. 2. In a kind manner; congenially; with good will; with a disposition to make others happy, or to oblige. “Be kindly affectioned one to another, with brotherly love.” Rom. xii. 10.

Kind´ness , n. [From Kind. a.] 1. The state or quality of being kind, in any of its various senses; manifestation of kind feeling or disposition beneficence. “I do fear thy nature;
It is too full o’ the milk of human kindness
To catch the nearest way.” Shak. “Unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love.” Wordsworth. 2. A kind act; an act of good will; as to do a great kindness. Syn. — Good will; benignity; grace; tenderness; compassion; humanity; clemency; mildness; gentleness; goodness; generosity; beneficence; favor.

Kin´dred , n. [OE. kinrede, kynrede, kunreden (with excrescent d), fr. AS. cynn kin, race + the termination -raeden, akin to AS. raedan to advise, G. rathen. Cf. Hatred.] 1. Relationship by birth or marriage; consanguinity; affinity; kin. “Like her, of equal kindred to the throne.” Dryden. 2. Relatives by blood or marriage, more properly the former; relations; persons related to each other. “I think there’s no man is secure
But the queen’s kindred.” Shak. Syn. — Kin; kinsfolk; relatives; kinsmen; relations; relationship; affinity.

Kin´dred, a. Related; congenial; of the like nature or properties; as kindred souls; kindred skies; kindred propositions. “True to the kindred points of heaven and home.” Wordsworth.

Kine , n. pl. [For older kyen, formed like oxen, fr. AS. c, itself pl. of c cow. See Cow, and cf. Kee, Kie.] Cows. ´A herd of fifty or sixty kine.´ Milton. { Kin•e•mat´ic , Kin•e•mat´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to kinematics. Kinematic curves, curves produced by machinery, or a combination of motions, as distinguished from mathematical curves.

Kin•e•mat´ics , n. [Gr. , motion, fr. kinei^n to move.] (Physics) The science which treats of motions considered in themselves, or apart from their causes; the comparison and relation of motions. Kinematics forms properly an introduction to mechanics, as involving the mathematical principles which are to be applied to its data of forces. Nichol.

Kine´pox , n. (Med.) See Cowpox. Kin´e•scope , n. See Kinetoscope.

Kin•e•si•at´rics , n. [Gr. motion (fr. kinei^n to move) + pertaining to medicine, fr. a physician.] (Med.) A mode of treating disease by appropriate muscular movements; — also termed kinesitherapy, kinesipathy, lingism, and the movement cure.

Kin•e•sip´a•thy , n. [Gr. motion + pa•qos suffering.] (Med.) See Kinesiatrics.

Kin•e•si•ther´a•py , n. [Gr. motion + to heal.] (Med.) See Kinesiatrics.

Kin•e•sod´ic , a. [Gr. motion + way: cf. F. kinesodigue.] (Physiol.) Conveying motion; as kinesodic substance; — applied esp. to the spinal cord, because it is capable of conveying doth voluntary and reflex motor impulses, without itself being affected by motor impulses applied to it directly.

Ki•net´ic , q. [Gr. , from kinei^n to move.] (Physics) Moving or causing motion; motory; active, as opposed to latent. Kinetic energy. See Energy, n. 4.

Ki•net´ics , n. (Physics) See Dynamics.

Ki•ne•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. movable + -scope.] An instrument for producing curves by the combination of circular movements; — called also kinescope.

King (king), n. A Chinese musical instrument, consisting of resonant stones or metal plates, arranged according to their tones in a frame of wood, and struck with a hammer.

King, n. [AS. cyng, cyning; akin to OS. kuning, D. koning, OHG. kuning, G. könig, Icel. konungr, Sw. konung, Dan. konge; formed with a patronymic ending, and fr. the root of E. kin; cf. Icel. konr a man of noble birth. rad.44. See Kin.] 1. A chief ruler; a sovereign; one invested with supreme authority over a nation, country, or tribe, usually by hereditary succession; a monarch; a prince. ´Ay, every inch a king.´ Shak. “Kings will be tyrants from policy, when subjects are rebels from principle.” Burke. “There was a State without king or nobles.” R. Choate. “But yonder comes the powerful King of Day,
Rejoicing in the east” Thomson. 2. One who, or that which, holds a supreme position or rank; a chief among competitors; as a railroad king; a money king; the king of the lobby; the king of beasts. 3. A playing card having the picture of a king; as the king of diamonds. 4. The chief piece in the game of chess. 5. A crowned man in the game of draughts. 6. pl. The title of two historical books in the Old Testament. King is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote preëminence or superiority in some particular; as kingbird; king crow; king vulture. Apostolic king. See Apostolic. - - King-at-arms, or King-of- arms, the chief heraldic officer of a country. In England the king-at-arms was formerly of great authority. His business is to direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the jurisdiction of armory. There are three principal kings-at- arms, viz., Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy. The latter (literally north roy or north king) officiates north of the Trent. — King auk (Zoöl.), the little auk or sea dove. — King bird of paradise. (Zoöl.), See Bird of paradise. — King card, in whist, the best unplayed card of each suit; thus, if the ace and king of a suit have been played, the queen is the king card of the suit. — King Cole , a legendary king of Britain, who is said to have reigned in the third century. — King conch (Zoöl.), a large and handsome univalve shell (Cassis cameo), found in the West Indies. It is used for making cameos. See Helmet shell, under Helmet. — King Cotton, a popular personification of the great staple production of the southern United States. — King crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus or horseshoe crab. See Limulus. (b) The large European spider crab or thornback (Maia squinado). — King crow. (Zoöl.) (a) A black drongo shrike (Buchanga atra) of India; — so called because, while breeding, they attack and drive away hawks, crows, and other large birds. (b) The Dicrurus macrocercus of India, a crested bird with a long, forked tail. Its color is black, with green and blue reflections. Called also devil bird. — King duck (Zoöl.), a large and handsome eider duck (Somateria spectabilis), inhabiting the arctic regions of both continents. — King eagle (Zoöl.), an eagle (Aquila heliaca) found in Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is about as large as the golden eagle. Some writers believe it to be the imperial eagle of Rome. — King hake (Zoöl.), an American hake (Phycis regius), found in deep water along the Atlantic coast. — King monkey (Zoöl.), an African monkey (Colobus polycomus), inhabiting Sierra Leone. — King mullet (Zoöl.), a West Indian red mullet (Upeneus maculatus); — so called on account of its great beauty. Called also goldfish. — King of terrors, death. — King parrakeet (Zoöl.), a handsome Australian parrakeet (Platycercys scapulatus), often kept in a cage. Its prevailing color is bright red, with the back and wings bright green, the rump blue, and tail black. — King penguin (Zoöl.), any large species of penguin of the genus Aptenodytes; esp., A. longirostris, of the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen Land, and A. Patagonica, of Patagonia. — King rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Rallus elegans), living in fresh- water marshes. The upper parts are fulvous brown, striped with black; the breast is deep cinnamon color. — King salmon (Zoöl.), the quinnat. See Quinnat. — King’s, or Queen’s, counsel (Eng. Law), barristers learned in the law, who have been called within the bar, and selected to be the king’s or queen’s counsel. They answer in some measure to the advocates of the revenue (advocati fisci) among the Romans. They can not be employed against the crown without special license. Wharton’s Law Dict. — King’s cushion, a temporary seat made by two persons crossing their hands. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — The king’s English, correct or current language of good speakers; pure English. Shak. — King’s or Queen’s, evidence, testimony in favor of the Crown by a witness who confesses his guilt as an accomplice. See under Evidence. [Eng.] — King’s evil, scrofula; — so called because formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a king. — King snake (Zoöl.), a large, nearly black, harmless snake (Ophiobolus getulus) of the Southern United States; — so called because it kills and eats other kinds of snakes, including even the rattlesnake. — King’s spear (Bot.), the white asphodel (Asphodelus albus). — King’s yellow, a yellow pigment, consisting essentially of sulphide and oxide of arsenic; — called also yellow orpiment. — King tody (Zoöl.), a small fly-catching bird (Eurylaimus serilophus) of tropical America. The head is adorned with a large, spreading, fan-shaped crest, which is bright red, edged with black. — King vulture (Zoöl.), a large species of vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa), ranging from Mexico to Paraguay, The general color is white. The wings and tail are black, and the naked carunculated head and the neck are briliantly colored with scarlet, yellow, orange, and blue. So called because it drives away other vultures while feeding. — King wood, a wood from Brazil, called also violet wood, beautifully streaked in violet tints, used in turning and small cabinetwork. The tree is probably a species of Dalbergia. See Jacaranda.

King , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinged p. pr. & vb. n. Kinging). ] To supply with a king; to make a king of; to raise to royalty. [R.] Shak. “Those traitorous captains of Israel who kinged themselves by slaying their masters and reigning in their stead.” South.

King´bird (-berd), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small American bird (Tyrannus tyrannus, or T. Carolinensis), noted for its courage in attacking larger birds, even hawks and eagles, especially when they approach its nest in the breeding season. It is a typical tyrant flycatcher, taking various insects upon the wing. It is dark ash above, and blackish on the head and tail. The quills and wing coverts are whitish at the edges. It is white beneath, with a white terminal band on the tail. The feathers on the head of the adults show a bright orange basal spot when erected. Called also bee bird, and bee martin. Several Southern and Western species of Tyrannus are also called king birds. 2. The king tody. See under King.

King´bolt (-bolt•), n. A vertical iron bolt, by which the forward axle and wheels of a vehicle or the trucks of a railroad car are connected with the other parts.

King Charles span´iel (Zoöl.) A variety of small pet dogs, having, drooping ears, a high, dome-shaped forehead, pug nose, large, prominent eyes, and long, wavy hair. The color is usually black and tan.

King´craft , n. The craft of kings; the art of governing as a sovereign; royal policy. Prescott.

King´cup , n. (Bot.) The common buttercup.

King´dom (king´dum), n. [AS. cyningdom. See 2d King, and -dom.] 1. The rank, quality, state, or attributes of a king; royal authority; sovereign power; rule; dominion; monarchy. “Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom.” Ps. cxiv. 13. “When Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he strengthened himself.” 2 Chron. xxi. 4. 2. The territory or country subject to a king or queen; the dominion of a monarch; the sphere in which one is king or has control. “Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.” Shak. “You’re welcome,
Most learned reverend sir, into our kingdom.” Shak. 3. An extensive scientific division distinguished by leading or ruling characteristics; a principal division; a department; as the mineral kingdom. ´The animal and vegetable kingdoms.´ Locke. Animal kingdom. See under Animal. — Kingdom of God. (a) The universe. (b) That spiritual realm of which God is the acknowledged sovereign. (c) The authority or dominion of God. — Mineral kingdom. See under Mineral. — United Kingdom. See under United. — Vegetable kingdom. See under Vegetable. Syn. — Realm; empire; dominion; monarchy; sovereignty; domain.

King´domed (-dumd), a. Having a kingdom or the dignity of a king; like a kingdom. [R.] “´Twixt his mental and his active parts,
Kingdom’d Achilles in commotion rages
And batters down himself.” Shak.

King´fish (-fish•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine food fish of the genus Menticirrus, especially M. saxatilis, or M. nebulosos, of the Atlantic coast; — called also whiting, surf whiting, and barb. (b) The opah. (c) The common cero; also the spotted cero. See Cero. (d) The queenfish.

King´fish•er (king´fish•er), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of birds constituting the family Alcedinidae. Most of them feed upon fishes which they capture by diving and seizing them with the beak; others feed only upon reptiles, insects, etc. About one hundred and fifty species are known. They are found in nearly all parts of the world, but are particularly abundant in the East Indies. The belted king-fisher of the United States (Ceryle alcyon) feeds upon fishes. It is slate-blue above, with a white belly and breast, and a broad white ring around the neck. A dark band crosses the breast. The common European species (Alcedo ispida), which is much smaller and brighter colored, is also a fisher. See Alcedo. The wood kingfishers (Halcyones), which inhabit forests, especially in Africa, feed largely upon insects, but also eat reptiles, snails, and small Crustacea, as well as fishes. The giant kingfisher of Australia feeds largely upon lizards and insects. See Laughing jackass, under Laughing.

King´hood (king´hood), n. The state of being a king; the attributes of a king; kingship. Gower.

King´less, a. Having no king. F. Lieber.

King´let (king´let), n. 1. A little king; a weak or insignificant king. Carlyle. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small singing birds of the genus Regulus and family Sylviidae. The golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and the rubycrowned kinglet (R. calendula), are the most common American species. The common English kinglet (R. cristatus) is also called golden-crested wren, moonie, and marigold finch. The kinglets are often popularly called wrens, both in America and England.
[1913 Webster]

King´li•hood , n. King- liness. Tennyson.

King´li•ness, n. The state or quality of being kingly.

King´ling , n. Same as Kinglet, 1. Churchill.

King´ly , a. [Compar. Kinglier superl. Kingliest.] Belonging to, suitable to, or becoming, a king; characteristic of, or resembling, a king; directed or administered by a king; monarchical; royal; sovereign; regal; august; noble; grand. ´Kingly magnificence.´ Sir P. Sidney. ´A kingly government.´ Swift. ´The kingly couch.´ Shak. “The kingliest kings are crowned with thorn.” G. Massey. “Leave kingly backs to cope with kingly cares.” Cowper. Syn. — Regal; royal; monarchical; imperial; august; sovereign; noble; splendid. — Kingly, Regal. Kingly is Anglo-Saxon, and refers especially to the character of a king; regal is Latin, and now relates more to his office. The former is chiefly used of dispositions, feelings, and purposes which are kinglike; as kingly sentiments; kingly condescension; ´ a kingly heart for enterprises.´ Sir P. Sidney. The latter is oftener applied to external state, pomp, etc.; as regal state, regal title, etc. This distinction is not observed by our early writers, but is gaining ground.

King´ly, adv. In a kingly or kinglike manner. Shak. “Low bowed the rest; he, kingly, did but nod.” Pore. Although this citation, one from Paradise Lost, and one from Shakespeare’s ll4th Sonnet are given by lexicographers as examples of adverbial use, it is by no means clear that the word is not an adjective in each instance.

King´-post , n. (Carp.) A member of a common form of truss, as a roof truss. It is strictly a tie, intended to prevent the sagging of the tiebeam in the middle. If there are struts, supporting the main rafters, they often bear upon the foot of the king-post. Called also crown- post.

King’s Bench (Law) Formerly, the highest court of common law in England; — so called because the king used to sit there in person. It consisted of a chief justice and four puisne, or junior, justices. During the reign of a queen it was called the Queen’s Bench. Its jurisdiction was transferred by the judicature acts of 1873 and 1875 to the high court of justice created by that legislation.

King´ship , n. The state, office, or dignity of a king; royalty. Landor. { King´ston , King´stone• } n. (Zoöl.) The black angel fish. See Angel fish, under Angel.

King´ston met´al An alloy of tin, copper, and mercury, sometimes used for the bearings and packings of machinery. McElrath.

King´ston valve (Marine Steam Engin.) A conical valve, opening outward, to close the mouth of a pipe which passes through the side of a vessel below the water line.

King´truss (Carp.) A truss, framed with a king-post; — used in roofs, bridges, etc.

Ki´nic , a. [Cf. F. kinique.] (Chem.) See Quinic.

Kink , n. [D. kink a bend or turn, or Sw. kink.] 1. A twist or loop in a rope or thread, caused by a spontaneous doubling or winding upon itself; a close loop or curl; a doubling in a cord. 2. An unreasonable notion; a crotchet; a whim; a caprice. [Colloq.] Cozzens.

Kink , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinked p. pr. & vb. n. Kinking.] To wind into a kink; to knot or twist spontaneously upon itself, as a rope or thread.

Kink, n. [Cf. Chincough, Kink-haust.] A fit of coughing; also a convulsive fit of laughter. [Scot.]

Kin´ka•jou , n. [F. kinkajou, quincajou, from the native American name.] (Zoöl.) A nocturnal carnivorous mammal (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) of South America, about as large as a full-grown cat. It has a prehensile tail and lives in trees. It is the only representative of a distinct family (Cercoleptidae) allied to the raccoons. Called also potto, and honey bear.

Kink´haust , n. [Prov. E. kink to gasp (cf. Chin cough) + haust a cough (akin to E. wheeze).] Whooping cough. [Obs.or Prov. Eng.]

Kin´kle , n. Same as 3d Kink.

Kink´y , a. 1. Full of kinks; liable to kink or curl; as kinky hair. 2. Queer; eccentric; crotchety. [Colloq. U.S.]

Kin•ni•ki•nic´ , n. [Indian, literally, a mixture.] Prepared leaves or bark of certain plants; — used by the Indians of the Northwest for smoking, either mixed with tobacco or as a substitute for it. also a plant so used, as the osier cornel (Cornus stolonijra), and the bearberry (Arctostaphylus Uva-ursi). [Spelled also kinnickinnick and killikinick.]

Ki´no , n. The dark red dried juice of certain plants, used variously in tanning, in dyeing, and as an astringent in medicine. The chief supply is from an East Indian leguminous tree, the Pterocarpus Marsupium. Other sources are the African Pterocarpus erinaceus, the tropical American sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), and several Australian Eucalypti. See Botany bay kino, under Botany bay, Gum butea, under Gum, and Eucalyptus.

Ki•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. kinei^n to move + -logy.] That branch of physics which treats of the laws of motion, or of moving bodies.

Ki´none , n. (Chem.) See Quinone.

Ki´noyl , n. (Chem.) [Obs.] See Quinoyl.

Kin´rede , n. Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kins´folk , n. Relatives; kindred; kin; persons of the same family or closely related families. “They sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance.” Luke ii. 44.

Kin´ship , n. Family relationship.

Kins´man , n.; pl. Kinsmen . A man of the same race or family; one related by blood.

Kins´man•ship, n. Kinship. Thackeray.

Kins´wom•an , n.; pl. Kinswomen . A female relative. Shak.

Kint´lidge , n. (Naut.) See Kentledge.

Ki•osk´ , n. [Turk. kiushk, kiöshk, Per. kshk.] A Turkish open summer house or pavilion, supported by pillars.

Ki´o•ways , n. pl.; sing. Kioway . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians distantly related to the Shoshones. They formerly inhabited the region about the head waters of the North Platte.

Kip , n. The hide of a young or small beef creature, or leather made from it; kipskin. Kip leather. See Kipskin.

Kipe , n. [Cf. OE. kipen to catch, Icel. kippa to pull, snatch. Cf. Kipper.] An osier basket used for catching fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Kip´per , n. [D. kippen to hatch, snatch, seize. Cf. Kipe.] 1. (Zoöl.) A salmon after spawning. 2. A salmon split open, salted, and dried or smoked; — so called because salmon after spawning were usually so cured, not being good when fresh. [Scot.] Kipper time, the season in which fishing for salmon is forbidden. [Eng. & Scot.]

Kip´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kippered p. pr. & vb. n. Kippering.] To cure, by splitting, salting, and smoking. ´Kippered salmon.´ Dickens.

Kip´per, a. Amorous; also lively; light-footed; nimble; gay; sprightly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Kip´per•nut , n. (Bot.) A name given to earthnuts of several kinds.

Kip´skin , n. [Kip + skin.] Leather prepared from the skin of young or small cattle, intermediate in grade between calfskin and cowhide.

Kirk , n. [Scot.; cf. Icel. kirkja, of Greek origin. See Church.] A church or the church, in the various senses of the word; esp., the Church of Scotland as distinguished from other reformed churches, or from the Roman Catholic Church. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Kirked , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Turned upward; bent. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Kirk´man , n.; pl. Kirkmen . 1. A clergyman or officer in a kirk. [Scot.] 2. A member of the Church of Scotland, as distinguished from a member of another communion. [Scot.]

Kirk´yard , n. A churchyard. [Scot.]

Kir´mess , n. [D. kermis; cf. G. kirmes; prop., church mass. See Church, and Mass a religious service.] In Europe, particularly in Belgium and Holland, and outdoor festival and fair; in the United States, generally an indoor entertainment and fair combined.

Kirsch´was•ser , n. [G., fr. kirsche cherry + wasser water.] An alcoholic liquor, obtained by distilling the fermented juice of the small black cherry.

Kir´some, a. [Corrupted from chrisom.] Christian; christened. [Obs.] “I am a true kirsome woman.” Beau. & Fl.

Kir´tle , n. [OE. kirtel, curtel, AS. cyrtel; skin to Icel. kyrtill, Sw. kjortel, Dan. kiortel, kiole.] A garment varying in form and use at different times, and worn both by men and women. “Wearing her Norman car, and her kirtle of blue.” Longfellow. The term is still retained in the provinces, in the sense of ´ an outer petticoat.´ Halliwell.

Kir´tled , a. Wearing a kirtle. Byron.

Ki•rum´bo , n. (Zoöl.) A bird of Madagascar (Leptosomus discolor), the only living type of a family allied to the rollers. It has a pair of loral plumes. The male is glossy green above, with metallic reflections; the female is spotted with brown and black.

Kish , n. [Cf. G. kies gravel, pyrites.] (Min.) A workman’s name for the graphite which forms incidentally in iron smelting.

Kis´met , n. [Per. qismat.] Destiny; fate. [Written also kismat.] [Oriental]

Kiss (kis), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kissed (kist);p. pr. & vb. n. Kissing.] [OE. kissen, cussen, AS. cyssan, fr. coss a kiss; of uncertain origin; akin to D. kus, G. kuss, Icel. koss.] 1. To salute with the lips, as a mark of affection, reverence, submission, forgiveness, etc. “He … kissed her lips with such a clamorous smack,
That at the parting all the church echoed.” Shak. 2. To touch gently, as if fondly or caressingly. “When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees.” Shak.

Kiss, v. i. 1. To make or give salutation with the lips in token of love, respect, etc.; as kiss and make friends. 2. To meet; to come in contact; to touch fondly. “Like fire and powder,
Which as they kiss consume.” Shak. “Rose, rose and clematis,
Trail and twine and clasp and kiss.” Tennyson. Kissing comfit, a perfumed sugarplum to sweeten the breath. [Obs or Prov. End.] Shak.

Kiss, n. [OE. kiss, derived under the influence of the verb from the older form coss, AS. coss. See Kiss, v.] 1. A salutation with the lips, as a token of affection, respect, etc.; as a parting kiss; a kiss of reconciliation. “Last with a kiss, she took a long farewell.” Dryden. “Dear as remembered kisses after death.” Tennyson. 2. A small piece of confectionery.

Kiss´er , n. One who kisses. Beau. & Fl.

Kiss´ing•crust , n. (Cookery) The portion of the upper crust of a loaf which has touched another loaf in baking. Lamb. “A massy fragment from the rich kissingcrust that hangs like a fretted cornice from the upper half of the loaf.” W. Howitt.

Kist (kist), n. [See Chest.] A chest; hence, a coffin. [Scot. & Prov. End.] Jamieson. Halliwell.

Kist, n. [Ar. gist.] A stated payment, especially a payment of rent for land; hence, the time for such payment. [India]

Kist´vaen (kist´van), n. [W. cist-faen.] (Archaeol.) A Celtic monument, commonly known as a dolmen.

Kit, (kit), v. t. [imp. Kitte.] To cut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kit, n. [See Kitten.] A kitten. Kit fox (Zoöl.), a small burrowing fox (Vulpes velox), inhabiting the region of the Rocky Mountains. It is brownish gray, reddish on the breast and flanks, and white below. Called also swift fox.

Kit, n. [Gf. AS. cytere harp, L. cithara. Cf. Guitar.] A small violin. ´A dancing master’s kit.´ Grew. “Prince Turveydrop then tinkled the strings of his kit with his fingers, and the young ladies stood up to dance.” Dickens.

Kit, n. [Cf. D. kit a large bottle, OD. kitte beaker, decanter.] 1. A large bottle. 2. A wooden tub or pail, smaller at the top than at the bottom; as a kit of butter, or of mackerel. Wright. 3. A straw or rush basket for fish; also any kind of basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A box for working implements; hence, a working outfit, as of a workman, a soldier, and the like. 5. A group of separate parts, things, or individuals; — used with whole, and generally contemptuously; as the whole kit of them.

Kit´cat , a. 1. Designating a club in London, to which Addison and Steele belonged; — so called from Christopher Cat, a pastry cook, who served the club with mutton pies. 2. Designating a canvas used for portraits of a peculiar size, viz., twenty-right or twenty-nine inches by thirty- six; — so called because that size was adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for the portraits he painted of the members of the Kitcat Club. Fairholt.

Kit´cat, n. A game played by striking with a stick small piece of wood, called a cat, shaped like two cones united at their bases; tipcat. Cotton. Kitcat roll (Agric.), a roller somewhat in the form of two cones set base to base. [Prov. Eng.]

Kitch´en (kich´en), n. [OE. kichen, kichene, kuchene, AS. cycene, L. coquina, equiv. to culina a kitchen, fr. coquinus pertaining to cooking, fr. coquere to cook. See Cook to prepare food, and cf. Cuisine.] 1. A cookroom; the room of a house appropriated to cookery. “Cool was his kitchen, though his brains were hot.” Dryden. “A fat kitchen makes a lean will.” Franklin. 2. A utensil for roasting meat; as a tin kitchen. Kitchen garden. See under Garden. — Kitchen lee, dirty soapsuds. [Obs.] ´A brazen tub of kitchen lee.´ Ford. — Kitchen stuff, fat collected from pots and pans. Donne.

Kitch´en, v. t. To furnish food to; to entertain with the fare of the kitchen. [Obs.] Shak.

Kitch´en•er, n. A kitchen servant; a cook. Carlyle.

Kitch´en•maid , n. A woman employed in the kitchen. Shak.

Kitch´en mid•dens (kich´en mid•d’nz). [Dan. kjök-kenmöddings kitchen leavings; cf. Scot. midden a dunghill.] Relics of neolithic man found on the coast of Denmark, consisting of shell mounds, some of which are ten feet high, one thousand feet long, and two hundred feet wide. The name is applied also to similar mounds found on the American coast from Canada to Florida, made by the North American Indians.

Kitch´en-ry (-ry), n. The body of servants employed in the kitchen. [Obs.] Holland.

Kite (kit), n. [OE. kyte, AS. cyta; cf. W. cud, cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any raptorial bird of the subfamily Milvinae, of which many species are known. They have long wings, adapted for soaring, and usually a forked tail. The European species are Milvus ictinus and M. migrans; the pariah kite of India is M. govinda; the sacred or Brahmany kite of India is Haliastur Indus; the American fork-tailed kite is the Nauclerus furcatus. 2. Fig. : One who is rapacious. “Detested kite, thou liest.” Shak. 3. A light frame of wood or other material covered with paper or cloth, for flying in the air at the end of a string. 4. (Naut.) A lofty sail, carried only when the wind is light. 5. (Geom.) A quadrilateral, one of whose diagonals is an axis of symmetry. Henrici. 6. Fictitious commercial paper used for raising money or to sustain credit, as a check which represents no deposit in bank, or a bill of exchange not sanctioned by sale of goods; an accommodation check or bill. [Cant] 7. (Zoöl.) The brill. [Prov. Eng.] Flying kites. (Naut.) See under Flying. — Kite falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon of the genus Avicida, having some resemblance to a kite.

Kite, v. i. To raise money by ´kites;´ as kiting transactions. See Kite, 6. [Cant]

Kite, n. The belly. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kite´fly•ing n. A mode of raising money or sustaining one’s credit by the use of paper which is merely nominal — called also kiting. — Kite´fli•er n. See Kite n. 6. [Cant] McElrath. Thackeray.

Kith (kith), n. [OE. kith, cuð, AS. cyððe, cyð, native land, fr. cuð known. rad.45. See Uncouth, Can, and cf. Kythe.] Acquaintance; kindred. “And my near kith for that will sore me shend.” W. Browne. “The sage of his kith and the hamlet.” Longfellow. Kith and kin, kindred more or less remote.

Kith´a•ra (-a•ra), n. See Cithara.

Kithe (kith), v. t. [Obs.] See Kythe. Chaucer.

Kit´ish , a. (Zoöl.) Like or relating to a kite.

Kit´ling , n. [Kit a kitten + -ling: cf. Icel. ketlingr.] A young kitten; a whelp. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson.

Kit´te (k&ict;t´te), imp. of Kit to cut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kit´tel (k&ict;t´t’l), v. t. See Kittle, v. t.

Kit´ten (-t’n), n. [OE. kiton, a dim. of cat; cf. G. kitze a young cat, also a female cat, and F. chaton, dim. of chat cat, also E. kitling. See Cat.] A young cat.

Kit´ten, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Kittened p. pr. & vb. n. Kittening.] To bring forth young, as a cat; to bring forth, as kittens. Shak. H. Spencer.

Kit´ten•ish, a. Resembling a kitten; playful; as a kittenish disposition. Richardson.

Kit´ti•wake (-ti•wak), n. (Zoöl.) A northern gull (Rissa tridactyla), inhabiting the coasts of Europe and America. It is white, with black tips to the wings, and has but three toes.

Kit´tle (-t’l), v. i. [Cf. Kit a kitten.] (Zoöl.) To bring forth young, as a cat; to kitten; to litter. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kit´tle, v. t. [Cf. AS. citelian; akin to D. kittelen, G. kitzeln, Icel. kitla, Sw. kittla, kittsla, Dan. kildre. Cf. Tickle.] To tickle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also kittel.] Halliwell. Jamieson.

Kit´tle, a. Ticklish; not easily managed; troublesome; difficult; variable. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott.

Kit´tlish , a. Ticklish; kittle. Sir W. Scott.

Kit•ty•sol´ , n. [Sp. quitasol.] The Chinese paper parasol.

Kive , n. A mash vat. See Keeve. [Obs.]

Kiv´er , v. t. To cover. — n. A cover. [Disused except in illiterate speech.] { Ki•vi•ki´vi , Ki•wi•ki´wi } n.; pl. Kivikivies , Kiwikiwies . (Zoöl.) Any species of Apteryx, esp. A. australis; — so called in imitation of its notes. Called also kiwi. See Apteryx.

Kjoek´ken moed•dings [Dan.] See Kitchen middens.

Kla´maths , n. pl.; sing. Klamath (Ethnol.) A collective name for the Indians of several tribes formerly living along the Klamath river, in California and Oregon, but now restricted to a reservation at Klamath Lake; — called also Clamets and Hamati.

Kleene´boc (klen´bok•), n. [D. kleen little, small + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) An antelope (Cerphalopus pygmaeus), found in South Africa. It is of very small size, being but one foot high at the shoulder. It is remarkable for its activity, and for its mild and timid disposition. Called also guevi, and pygmy antelope.

klep•to•ma´ni•a (klep•to•ma´ni•a), n. [Gr. kle•pths thief + E. mania.] A propensity to steal, claimed to be irresistible. This does not constitute legal irresponsibility. Wharton.

klep•to•ma´ni•ac , n. A person affected with kleptomania.

Klick , n. & v. See Click.

Klick´et , n. [Cf. Clicket.] (Mil.) A small postern or gate in a palisade, for the passage of sallying parties. [Written also klinket.]

Klink´stone , n. See Clinkstone.

Kli•nom´e•ter , n. See Clinometer. { Klip´das , Klip´dachs• }, n. [D. klip cliff + das badger, akin to G. dachs.] (Zoöl.) A small mammal (Hyrax Capensis), found in South Africa. It is of about the size of a rabbit, and closely resembles the daman. Called also rock rabbit.

Klip´fish , n. Dried cod, exported from Norway. [Written also clipfish.]

Klip´spring•er , n. [D., lit., cliff springer.] (Zoöl.) A small, graceful South African antelope (Nanotragus oreotragus), which, like the chamois, springs from one crag to another with great agility; — called also kainsi. [Written also klippspringer.]

Kloof , n. [D. See Clove a cleft.] A glen; a ravine closed at its upper end. [South Africa]

Klo•pe•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. kloph• theft + E. mania.] See Kleptomania.

Knab (nab), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knabbed (nabd); p. pr. & vb. n. Knabbing.] [See Nab, v. t., and cf. Knap, v. t.] 1. To seize with the teeth; to gnaw. ´Knabbing crusts.´ [Obs.] L’Estrange. 2. To nab. See Nab, v. t. [Colloq.]

Knab´ble , v. i. [Freq. of knab.] To bite or nibble. [Obs.] “Horses will knabble at walls, and rats gnaw iron.” Sir T. Browne.

Knack (nak), v. i. [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knacken to break, Dan. knage to crack, and E. knock.] 1. To crack; to make a sharp, abrupt noise to chink. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall. 2. To speak affectedly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knack, n. 1. A petty contrivance; a toy; a plaything; a knickknack. “A knack, a toy, a trick, a baby’s cap.” Shak. 2. A readiness in performance; aptness at doing something; skill; facility; dexterity. “The fellow … has not the knack with his shears.” B. Jonson. “The dean was famous in his time,
And had a kind of knack at rhyme.” Swift. 3. Something performed, or to be done, requiring aptness and dexterity; a trick; a device. ´The knacks of japers.´ Chaucer. “For how should equal colors do the knack !” Pope.

Knack´er , n. 1. One who makes knickknacks, toys, etc. Mortimer. 2. One of two or more pieces of bone or wood held loosely between the fingers, and struck together by moving the hand; — called also clapper. Halliwell.

Knack´er, n. [Cf. Icel. hnakkr a saddle.] 1. a harness maker. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. One who slaughters worn-out horses and sells their flesh for dog’s meat. [Eng.]

Knack´ish, a. Trickish; artful. [Obs.] — Knack´ish•ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Knack´-kneed , a. See Knock-kneed.

Knack´y , a. Having a knack; cunning; crafty; trickish. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Knag , n. [Cf. Prov. G. knagge a knot in wood, Sw. knagg, Dan. knag a hook to hand clothes on, a bracket; Gael. & Ir. cnag peg, knob.] 1. A knot in wood; a protuberance. Wright. 2. A wooden peg for hanging things on. Wright. 3. The prong of an antler. Holland. 4. The rugged top of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knag´ged , a. Full of knots; knaggy.

Knag´gy , a. Knotty; rough; figuratively, rough in temper. Fuller. — Knag´gi•ness (#), n.

Knap , n. [AS. cnaep, cnaepp, top, knob, button; cf. Icel. knappr knob, Sw. knapp, Dan. knap button, W., Gael., & Ir. cnap knob, button, and E. knop.] A protuberance; a swelling; a knob; a button; hence, rising ground; a summit. See Knob, and Knop. “The highest part and knap of the same island.” Holland.

Knap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knapped p. pr. & vb. n. Knapping.] [D. knappen to chew, bite, crack, take hold of; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To bite; to bite off; to break short. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. ] “He will knap the spears apieces with his teeth.” Dr. H. More. “He breaketh the bow, and knappeth the spear in sunder.” Ps. xlvi. 9 (Book of Common Prayer.) 2. To strike smartly; to rap; to snap. Bacon.

Knap, v. i. To make a sound of snapping. Wiseman.

Knap, n. A sharp blow or slap. Halliwell.

Knap´bot•tle , n. (Bot.) The bladder campion (Silene inflata).

Knap´pish , a. [See Knap to strike.] Snappish; peevish. [Obs.] Grafton.

Knap´ple , v. i. [Freq. of knap, v., cf. D. knabbelen to gnaw.] To break off with an abrupt, sharp noise; to bite; to nibble. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Knap´py , a. Having knaps; full of protuberances or humps; knobby. [Obs.] Huloet.

Knap´sack , n. [D. knapzak; knappen to eat + zak a bag. See Knap, v. t., and Sack.] A case of canvas or leather, for carrying on the back a soldier’s necessaries, or the clothing, etc., of a traveler. “And each one fills his knapsack or his scrip
With some rare thing that on the field is found.” Drayton.

Knap´weed , n. (Bot.) The black centaury (Centaurea nigra); — so called from the knoblike heads of flowers. Called also bullweed.

Knar (när), n. See Gnar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Knarl (närl), n. A knot in wood. See Gnarl.

Knarled (närld), a. Knotted. See Gnarled.

Knarred (närd), a. Knotty; gnarled. “The knarred and crooked cedar knees.” Longfellow.

Knar´ry (när´ry), a. Knotty; gnarled. Chaucer.

Knave (nav), n. [OE., boy, servant, knave, AS. cnafa boy, youth; cf. AS. cnapa boy, youth, D. knaap, G. knabe boy, knappe esquire, Icel. knapi, Sw. knape esquire, knäfvel knave.] 1. A boy; especially, a boy servant. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer. “O murderous slumber,
Lay’st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy
That plays thee music ? Gentle knave, good night.” Shak. 2. Any male servant; a menial. [Obs.] Chaucer. “He’s but Fortune’s knave,
A minister of her will.” Shak. 3. A tricky, deceitful fellow; a dishonest person; a rogue; a villain. ´A pair of crafty knaves.´ Shak. “In defiance of demonstration, knaves will continue to proselyte fools.” Ames. ´How many serving lads must have been unfaithful and dishonest before knave -which meant at first no more than boy — acquired the meaning which it has now !´ Trench. 4. A playing card marked with the figure of a servant or soldier; a jack. Knave child, a male child. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Villain; cheat; rascal; rogue; scoundrel; miscreant.

Knav´er•y , n.; pl. Knaveries . 1. The practices of a knave; petty villainy; fraud; trickery; a knavish action. “This is flat knavery, to take upon you another man’s name.” Shak. 2. pl. Roguish or mischievous tricks. Shak.

Knave´ship, n. A small due, in meal, established by usage, which is paid to the under miller. [Scot.]

Knav´ess , n. A knavish woman. Carlyle.

Knav´ish, a. 1. Like or characteristic of a knave; given to knavery; trickish; fraudulent; dishonest; villainous; as a knavish fellow, or a knavish trick. ´Knavish politicians.´ Macaulay. 2. Mischievous; roguish; waggish. “Cupid is knavish lad,
Thus to make poor females mad.” Shak.

Knav´ish•ly, adv. 1. In a knavish manner; dishonestly; fraudulently. Holland. 2. Mischievously; waggishly; roguishly. ´Knavishly witty.´ Gayton.

Knav´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being knavish; knavery; dishonesty.

Knaw (na), v. t. See Gnaw. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Knaw´el (na´el), n. [Akin to G. knauelk, knäuel, prop., a ball of thread, coil. Cf. Clew.] (Bot.) A low, spreading weed (Scleranthus annuus), common in sandy soil.

Knead (ned), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kneaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kneading.] [OE. kneden, As. cnedan; akin to D. kneden, G. kneten, Sw. knåda, Icel. knoða; cf. OSlav. gnesti.] 1. To work and press into a mass, usually with the hands; esp., to work, as by repeated pressure with the knuckles, into a well mixed mass, as the materials of bread, cake, etc.; as to knead dough. “The kneading, the making of the cake, the heating of the oven, and the baking.” Shak. 2. Fig.: To treat or form as by kneading; to beat. “I will knead him : I’ll make him supple.” Shak. Kneading trough, a trough or tray in which dough is kneaded. Ex. viii. 3.

Knead´a•ble , a. That may be kneaded; capable of being worked into a mass.

Knead´er , n. One who kneads.

Knead´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of one kneading.

Kne´bel•ite , n. [From Major von Knebel.] (Min.) A mineral of a gray, red, brown, or green color, and glistening luster. It is a silicate of iron and manganese.

Kneck , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) The twisting of a rope or cable, as it is running out. [Eng.]

Knee (ne), n. [OE. kne, cneo, As. cneó, cneów; akin to OS. knio, kneo, OFries. kni, G. & D. knie, OHG. chniu, chneo, Icel. kne, Sw. knä, Dan. knae, Goth. kniu, L. genu, Gr. go•ny, Skr. janu, rad.231. Cf. Genuflection.] 1. In man, the joint in the middle part of the leg. 2. (Anat.) (a) The joint, or region of the joint, between the thigh and leg. (b) In the horse and allied animals, the carpal joint, corresponding to the wrist in man. 3. (Mech. & Shipbuilding) A piece of timber or metal formed with an angle somewhat in the shape of the human knee when bent. 4. A bending of the knee, as in respect or courtesy. “Give them title, knee, and approbation.” Shak. Knee breeches. See under Breeches. — Knee holly, Knee holm (Bot.), butcher’s broom. — Knee jerk (Physiol.) a jerk or kick produced by a blow or sudden strain upon the patellar tendon of the knee, which causes a sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle; one of the so-called tendon reflexes. — Knee joint. See in the Vocabulary. — Knee timber, timber with knees or angles in it. — Knee tribute, or Knee worship, tribute paid by kneeling; worship by genuflection. [Obs.] ´Knee tribute yet unpaid.´ Milton.

Knee (ne), v. t. To supplicate by kneeling. [Obs.] “Fall down, and knee
The way into his mercy.” Shak

Knee´brush (ne´brush•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A tuft or brush of hair on the knees of some species of antelopes and other animals; — chiefly used in the plural. 2. (Zoöl.) A thick mass or collection of hairs on the legs of bees, by aid of which they carry the collected pollen to the hive or nest; — usually in the plural.

Knee´cap , n. 1. (Anat.) The kneepan. 2. A cap or protection for the knee.

Knee´-crook•ing , a. Obsequious; fawning; cringing. ´Knee-crooking knave.´ Shak.

Kneed , a. 1. Having knees;- used chiefly in composition; as in-kneed; out-kneed; weak-kneed. 2. (Bot.) Geniculated; forming an obtuse angle at the joints, like the knee when a little bent; as kneed grass.

Knee´-deep , a. 1. Rising to the knees; knee-high; as water or snow knee- deep. “Grass knee-deep within a month.” Milton. 2. Sunk to the knees; as men knee- deep in water. “Where knee-deep the trees were standing.” Longfellow.

Knee´-high , a. Rising or reaching upward to the knees; as the water is knee- high.

Knee´joint , n. 1. The joint of the knee. 2. (Mach.) A toggle joint; — so called because consisting of two pieces jointed to each other end to end, making an angle like the knee when bent.

Knee´joint•ed, a. (Bot.) Geniculate; kneed. See Kneed, a., 2.

Kneel , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelt or Kneeled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Kneeling.] [OE. knelen, cneolien; akin to D. knielen, Dan. knaele. See Knee.] To bend the knee; to fall or rest on the knees; — sometimes with down. “And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.” Acts vii. 60. “As soon as you are dressed, kneel and say the Lord’s Prayer.” Jer. Taylor.

Kneel´er , n. 1. One who kneels or who worships by or while kneeling. Tennyson. 2. A cushion or stool to kneel on. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) A name given to certain catechumens and penitents who were permitted to join only in parts of church worship.

Kneel´ing•ly, adv. In a kneeling position.

Knee´pan , n. (Anat.) A roundish, flattened, sesamoid bone in the tendon in front of the knee joint; the patella; the kneecap.

Knee´piece , n. A piece shaped like a knee; as the kneepieces or ears of a boat.

Knell , n. [OE. knel, cnul, AS. cnyll, fr. cnyllan to sound a bell; cf. D. & G. knallen to clap, crack, G. & Sw. knall a clap, crack, loud sound, Dan. knalde to clap, crack. Cf. Knoll, n. & v.] The stroke of a bell tolled at a funeral or at the death of a person; a death signal; a passing bell; hence, figuratively, a warning of, or a sound indicating, the passing away of anything. “The dead man’s knell
Is there scarce asked for who.” Shak. “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.” Gray.

Knell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelled p. pr. & vb. n. Knelling.] [OE. knellen, knillen, As. cnyllan. See Knell, n.] To sound as a knell; especially, to toll at a death or funeral; hence, to sound as a warning or evil omen. “Not worth a blessing nor a bell to knell for thee.” Beau. & Fl. “Yet all that poets sing, and grief hath known,
Of hopes laid waste, knells in that word, ´alone´.” Ld. Lytton.

Knell, v. t. To summon, as by a knell. “Each matin bell, the baron saith,
Knells us back to a world of death.” Coleridge.

Knelt , imp. & p. p. of Kneel.

Knew , imp. of Know.

Knick´er , n. [D. knikker.] A small ball of clay, baked hard and oiled, used as a marble by boys in playing. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] Halliwell. Bartlett.

Knick´er•bock•ers , n. pl. The name for a style of short breeches; smallclothes.

Knick´knack , n. [See Knack.] A trifle or toy; a bawble; a gewgaw.

Knick´knack•a•to•ry , n. A collection of knickknacks. Richardson.

Knick´knack•er•y , n. Knickknacks.

Knife , n.; pl. Knives (#). [OE. knif, AS. cnif; akin to D. knijf, Icel. knifr, Sw. knif, Dan. kniv.] 1. An instrument consisting of a thin blade, usually of steel and having a sharp edge for cutting, fastened to a handle, but of many different forms and names for different uses; as table knife, drawing knife, putty knife, pallet knife, pocketknife, penknife, chopping knife, etc.. 2. A sword or dagger. “The coward conquest of a wretch’s knife.” Shak. Knife grass (Bot.) a tropical American sedge (Scleria latifolia), having leaves with a very sharp and hard edge, like a knife. — War to the knife, mortal combat; a conflict carried to the last extremity.

Knife, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knifed p. pr. & vb. n. Knifing ] 1. (Hort.) To prune with the knife. 2. To cut or stab with a knife. [Low]

Knife´board , n. A board on which knives are cleaned or polished.

Knife´-edge , n. (Mech.) A piece of steel sharpened to an acute edge or angle, and resting on a smooth surface, serving as the axis of motion of a pendulum, scale beam, or other piece required to oscillate with the least possible friction. Knife-edge file. See Illust. of File.

Knight , n. [OE. knight, cniht, knight, soldier, As. cniht, cneoht, a boy, youth, attendant, military follower; akin to D. & G. knecht servant; perh. akin to E. kin.] 1. A young servant or follower; a military attendant. [Obs.] 2. (a) In feudal times, a man-at-arms serving on horseback and admitted to a certain military rank with special ceremonies, including an oath to protect the distressed, maintain the right, and live a stainless life. (b) One on whom knighthood, a dignity next below that of baronet, is conferred by the sovereign, entitling him to be addressed as Sir; as Sir John. [Eng.] Hence: (c) A champion; a partisan; a lover. ´Give this ring to my true knight.´ Shak ´In all your quarrels will I be your knight.´ Tennyson. “Knights, by their oaths, should right poor ladies’ harms.” Shak. Formerly, when a knight’s name was not known, it was customary to address him as Sir Knight. The rank of a knight is not hereditary. 3. A piece used in the game of chess, usually bearing a horse’s head. 4. A playing card bearing the figure of a knight; the knave or jack. [Obs.] Carpet knight. See under Carpet. — Knight of industry. See Chevalier d’industrie, under Chevalier. — Knight of Malta, Knight of Rhodes, Knight of St. John of Jerusalem. See Hospitaler. - - Knight of the post, one who gained his living by giving false evidence on trials, or false bail; hence, a sharper in general. Nares. ´A knight of the post, … quoth he, for so I am termed; a fellow that will swear you anything for twelve pence.´ Nash. — Knight of the shire, in England, one of the representatives of a county in Parliament, in distinction from the representatives of cities and boroughs. — Knights commanders, Knights grand cross, different classes of the Order of the Bath. See under Bath, and Companion. Knights of labor, a secret organization whose professed purpose is to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen as respects their relations to their employers. [U. S.] — Knights of Pythias, a secret order, founded in Washington, d.C., in 1864, for social and charitable purposes. - - Knights of the Round Table, knights belonging to an order which, according to the legendary accounts, was instituted by the mythical King Arthur. They derived their common title from the table around which they sat on certain solemn days. Brande & C.

Knight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knighting.] To dub or create (one) a knight; — done in England by the sovereign only, who taps the kneeling candidate with a sword, saying: Rise, Sir —-. “A soldier, by the honor-giving hand
Of Cur-de-Lion knighted in the field.” Shak.

Knight´age , n. The body of knights, taken collectively.

Knight´ bach´e•lor pl. Knights bachelors . A knight of the most ancient, but lowest, order of English knights, and not a member of any order of chivalry. See Bachelor, 4.

Knight´ ban´ner•et pl. Knights bannerets. A knight who carried a banner, who possessed fiefs to a greater amount than the knight bachelor, and who was obliged to serve in war with a greater number of attendants. The dignity was sometimes conferred by the sovereign in person on the field of battle.

Knight´ bar´o•net See Baronet.

Knight´-er•rant , n.; pl. Knight-errants, or Knights- errant. A wandering knight; a knight who traveled in search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting military skill, prowess, and generosity.

Knight´-er•rant•ry , n.; pl. Knight-errantries . The character or actions of wandering knights; the practice of wandering in quest of adventures; chivalry; a quixotic or romantic adventure or scheme. “The rigid guardian [i. e., conscience] of a blameless heart
Is weak with rank knight-erratries o’errun.” Young.

Knight´-er-rat´ic , a. Pertaining to a knight-errant or to knight-errantry. [R.] Quart. Rev.

Knight´head , n. (Naut.) A bollard timber. See under Bollard.

Knight´hood , n. [Knight + hood: cf. AS. chihthad youth.] 1. The character, dignity, or condition of a knight, or of knights as a class; hence, chivalry. ´O shame to knighthood.´ Shak. “If you needs must write, write Caesar’s praise;
You ’ll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays.” Pope. 2. The whole body of knights. “The knighthood nowadays are nothing like the knighthood of old time.” Chapman. ´When the order of knighthood was conferred with full solemnity in the leisure of a court or court or city, imposing preliminary ceremonies were required of the candidate. He prepared himself by prayer and fasting, watched his arms at night in a chapel, and was then admitted with the performance of religious rites. Knighthood was conferred by the accolade, which, from the derivation of the name, would appear to have been originally an embrace; but afterward consisted, as it still does, in a blow of the flat of a sword on the back of the kneeling candidate.´ Brande & C.

Knight´less, a. Unbecoming a knight. [Obs.] ´Knightless guile.´ Spenser.

Knight´li•ness , n. The character or bearing suitable for a knight; chivalry. Spenser.

Knight•ly, a. [AS. cnihtlic boyish.] Of or pertaining to a knight; becoming a knight; chivalrous; as a knightly combat; a knightly spirit. “For knightly jousts and fierce encounters fit.” Spenser. “[Excuses] full knightly without scorn.” Tennyson.

Knight´ly, adv. In a manner becoming a knight. “And why thou comest thus knightly clad in arms.” Shak.

Knight´ mar´shal (Eng. Law) An officer in the household of the British sovereign, who has cognizance of transgressions within the royal household and verge, and of contracts made there, a member of the household being one of the parties. Wharton.

Knight´ serv´ice (Eng. Feud. Law) A tenure of lands held by knights on condition of performing military service. See Chivalry, n., 4.

Knight´ Tem´plar pl. Knights Templars . See Commandery, n., 3, and also Templar, n., 1 and 3.

Knit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knit or Knitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knitting.] [OE. knitten, knutten, As. cnyttan, fr. cnotta knot; akin to Icel. knta, Sw. knyta, Dan. knytte. See Knot.] 1. To form into a knot, or into knots; to tie together, as cord; to fasten by tying. “A great sheet knit at the four corners.” Acts x. 11. “When your head did but ache,
I knit my handkercher about your brows.” Shak. 2. To form, as a textile fabric, by the interlacing of yarn or thread in a series of connected loops, by means of needles, either by hand or by machinery; as to knit stockings. 3. To join; to cause to grow together. “Nature can not knit the bones while the parts are under a discharge.” Wiseman. 4. To unite closely; to connect; to engage; as hearts knit together in love. “Thy merit hath my duty strongly knit.” Shak. “Come , knit hands, and beat the ground,
In a light fantastic round.” Milton. “A link among the days, toknit
The generations each to each.” Tennyson. 5. To draw together; to contract into wrinkles. “He knits his brow and shows an angry eye.” Shak.

Knit, v. i. 1. To form a fabric by interlacing yarn or thread; to weave by making knots or loops. 2. To be united closely; to grow together; as broken bones will in time knit and become sound. To knit up, to wind up; to conclude; to come to a close. ´It remaineth to knit up briefly with the nature and compass of the seas.´ [Obs.] Holland.

Knit, n. Union knitting; texture. Shak.

Knit´back , n. (Bot.) The plant comfrey; — so called from its use as a restorative. Dr. Prier. { Knitch , Knitch´et } n. [Cf. Knit.] A number of things tied or knit together; a bundle; a fagot. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. “When they [stems of asphodel] be dried, they ought to be made up into knitchets, or handfuls.” Holland.

Knits , n. pl. [Prob. same word as nit a louse’s egg.] (Mining) Small particles of ore. Raymond.

Knit´ster , n. A woman who knits. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knit´ter , n. One who, or that which, knits, joins, or unites; a knitting machine. Shak.

Knit´ting , n. 1. The work of a knitter; the network formed by knitting. 2. Union formed by knitting, as of bones. Knitting machine, one of a number of contrivances for mechanically knitting stockings, jerseys, and the like. — Knitting eedle, a stiff rod, as of steel wire, with rounded ends for knitting yarn or threads into a fabric, as in stockings. — Knitting sheath, a sheath to receive the end of a needle in knitting.

Knit´tle , n. [From Knit.] 1. A string that draws together a purse or bag. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. pl. (Naut.) See Nettles.

Knives , n. pl. of Knife. See Knife.

Knob , n. [A modification of knop. Cf. Nob.] 1. A hard protuberance; a hard swelling or rising; a bunch; a lump; as a knob in the flesh, or on a bone. 2. A knoblike ornament or handle; as the knob of a lock, door, or drawer. Chaucer. 3. A rounded hill or mountain; as the Pilot Knob. [U. S.] Bartlett. 4. (Arch.) See Knop. Knob latch, a latch which can be operated by turning a knob, without using a key.

Knob, v. i. To grow into knobs or bunches; to become knobbed. [Obs.] Drant.

Knobbed , a. Containing knobs; full of knobs; ending in a nob. See Illust of Antenna. “The horns of a roe deer of Greenland are pointed at the top, and knobbed or tuberous at the bottom.” Grew.

Knob´ber , n. (Zoöl.) See Knobbler.

Knob´bing , n. (Stone Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections.

Knob´bler, n. (Zoöl.) The hart in its second year; a young deer. [Written also knobber.] Halliwell. “He has hallooed the hounds upon a velvet-headed knobbler.” Sir W. Scott.

Knob´bling fire A bloomery fire. See Bloomery.

Knob´by, a. [From Knob.] 1. Full of, or covered with, knobs or hard protuberances. Dr. H. More. 2. Irregular; stubborn in particulars. [Obs.] “The informers continued in a knobby kind of obstinacy.” Howell. 3. Abounding in rounded hills or mountains; hilly. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Knob´stick , n. One who refuses to join, or withdraws from, a trades union. [Cant, Eng.]

Knock (nok), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knocked (nokt); p. pr. & vb. n. Knocking.] [OE. knoken, AS. cnocian, cnucian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. Sw. knacka. Cf. Knack.] 1. To drive or be driven against something; to strike against something; to clash; as one heavy body knocks against another. Bacon. 2. To strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to rap; as to knock with a club; to knock on the door. “For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.” Dryden. “Seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.” Matt. vii. 7. To knock about, to go about, taking knocks or rough usage; to wander about; to saunter. [Colloq.] ´Knocking about town.´ W. Irving. — To knock up, to fail of strength; to become wearied or worn out, as with labor; to give out. ´The horses were beginning to knock up under the fatigue of such severe service.´ De Quincey. — To knock off, to cease, as from work; to desist. — To knock under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one’s self conquered; — an expression probably borrowed from the practice of knocking under the table with the knuckles, when conquered. ´Colonel Esmond knocked under to his fate.´ Thackeray.

Knock (nok), v. t. 1. To strike with something hard or heavy; to move by striking; to drive (a thing) against something; as to knock a ball with a bat; to knock the head against a post; to knock a lamp off the table. “When heroes knock their knotty heads together.” Rowe. 2. To strike for admittance; to rap upon, as a door. “Master, knock the door hard.” Shak. To knock down. (a) To strike down; to fell; to prostrate by a blow or by blows; as to knock down an assailant. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow or knock; to knock off. — To knock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill by a blow upon the head; hence, to put am end to; to defeat, as a scheme or project; to frustrate; to quash. [Colloq.] — To knock off. (a) To force off by a blow or by beating. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow on the counter. (c) To leave off (work, etc.). [Colloq.] — To knock out, to force out by a blow or by blows; as to knock out the brains. - - To knock up. (a) To arouse by knocking. (b) To beat or tire out; to fatigue till unable to do more; as the men were entirely knocked up. [Colloq.] ´The day being exceedingly hot, the want of food had knocked up my followers.´ Petherick. (c) (Bookbinding) To make even at the edges, or to shape into book form, as printed sheets.

Knock, n. 1. A blow; a stroke with something hard or heavy; a jar. 2. A stroke, as on a door for admittance; a rap. ´ A knock at the door.´ Longfellow. “A loud cry or some great knock.” Holland. Knock off, a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles.

Knock´down , n. A felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal.

Knock´down, a. Of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument. [Colloq.]

Knock´er , n. One who, or that which, knocks; specifically, an instrument, or kind of hammer, fastened to a door, to be used in seeking for admittance. “Shut, shut the door, good John ! fatigued, I said;
Tie up the knocker; say I’m sick, I’m dead.” Pope.

Knock´ing, n. A beating; a rap; a series of raps. “The … repeated knockings of the head upon the ground by the Chinese worshiper.” H. Spencer.

Knock´ings , n. pl. (Mining) Large lumps picked out of the sieve, in dressing ore.

Knock´-knee , n. (Med.) A condition in which the knees are bent in so as to touch each other in walking; inknee.

Knock´-kneed , a. Having the legs bent inward so that the knees touch in walking. [Written also knack-kneed.]

Knock´stone , n. (Mining) A block upon which ore is broken up.

Knoll , n. [AS. cnoll; akin to G. knolle, knollen, clod, lump, knob, bunch, OD. knolle ball, bunch, Sw. knöl, Dan. knold.] A little round hill; a mound; a small elevation of earth; the top or crown of a hill. “On knoll or hillock rears his crest,
Lonely and huge, the giant oak.” Sir W. Scott.

Knoll , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knolled p. pr. & vb. n. Knolling.] [OE. knollen, AS. cnyllan. See Knell.] To ring, as a bell; to strike a knell upon; to toll; to proclaim, or summon, by ringing. ´Knolled to church.´ Shak. “Heavy clocks knolling the drowsy hours.” Tennyson.

Knoll, v. i. To sound, as a bell; to knell. Shak. “For a departed being’s soul
The death hymn peals, and the hollow bells knoll.” Byron.

Knoll, n. The tolling of a bell; a knell. [R.] Byron.

Knoll´er, n. One who tolls a bell. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Knop , n. [OE. knop, knoppe; cf. D. knop, knoop, G. knopf, Dan. knap, knop, Sw. knapp, knopp, button, bud, Icel. knappr, and E. knap, n. Cf. Knap, Knob.] 1. A knob; a bud; a bunch; a button. “Four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.” Ex. xxv. 21. 2. (Arch.) Any boldly projecting sculptured ornament; esp., the ornamental termination of a pinnacle, and then synonymous with finial; — called also knob, and knosp. Knop sedge (Bot.), the bur reed (Sparganium); — so called from its globular clusters of seed vessels. Prior.

Knopped , a. Having knops or knobs; fastened as with buttons. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Knop´pern , n. [Cf. G. knopper. See Knop.] (Zoöl.) A kind of gall produced by a gallfly on the cup of an acorn, — used in tanning and dyeing.

Knop´weed , n. Same as Knapweed.

Knor , n. See Knur. [Obs.]

Knosp , n. [Cf. G. knospe bud, E. knop, knar.] (Arch.) Same as Knop,2. Milman.

Knot , n. [OE. knot, knotte, AS. cnotta; akin to D. knot, OHG. chnodo, chnoto, G. knoten, Icel. kntr, Sw. knut, Dan. knude, and perh. to L. nodus. Cf. Knout, Knit.] 1. (a) A fastening together of the pars or ends of one or more threads, cords, ropes, etc., by any one of various ways of tying or entangling. (b) A lump or loop formed in a thread, cord, rope. etc., as at the end, by tying or interweaving it upon itself. (c) An ornamental tie, as of a ribbon. The names of knots vary according to the manner of their making, or the use for which they are intended; as dowknot, reef knot, stopper knot, diamond knot, etc. 2. A bond of union; a connection; a tie. ´With nuptial knot.´ Shak. “Ere we knit the knot that can never be loosed.” Bp. Hall. 3. Something not easily solved; an intricacy; a difficulty; a perplexity; a problem. “Knots worthy of solution.” Cowper. “A man shall be perplexed with knots, and problems of business, and contrary affairs.” South. 4. A figure the lines of which are interlaced or intricately interwoven, as in embroidery, gardening, etc. ´Garden knots.´ Bacon. “Flowers worthy of paradise, which, not nice art
In beds and curious knots, but nature boon
Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.” Milton. 5. A cluster of persons or things; a collection; a group; a hand; a clique; as a knot of politicians. ´Knots of talk.´ Tennyson. “His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries.” Shak. “Palms in cluster, knots of Paradise.” Tennyson. “As they sat together in small, separate knots, they discussed doctrinal and metaphysical points of belief.” Sir W. Scott. 6. A portion of a branch of a tree that forms a mass of woody fiber running at an angle with the grain of the main stock and making a hard place in the timber. A loose knot is generally the remains of a dead branch of a tree covered by later woody growth. 7. A knob, lump, swelling, or protuberance. “With lips serenely placid, felt the knot
Climb in her throat.” Tennyson. 8. A protuberant joint in a plant. 9. The point on which the action of a story depends; the gist of a matter. [Obs.] “I shoulde to the knotte condescend,
And maken of her walking soon an end.” Chaucer. 10. (Mech.) See Node. 11. (Naut.) (a) A division of the log line, serving to measure the rate of the vessel’s motion. Each knot on the line bears the same proportion to a mile that thirty seconds do to an hour. The number of knots which run off from the reel in half a minute, therefore, shows the number of miles the vessel sails in an hour. Hence: (b) A nautical mile, or 6080.27 feet; as when a ship goes eight miles an hour, her speed is said to be eight knots. 12. A kind of epaulet. See Shoulder knot. 13. (Zoöl.) A sandpiper (Tringa canutus), found in the northern parts of all the continents, in summer. It is grayish or ashy above, with the rump and upper tail coverts white, barred with dusky. The lower parts are pale brown, with the flanks and under tail coverts white. When fat it is prized by epicures. Called also dunne. The name is said to be derived from King Canute, this bird being a favorite article of food with him. “The knot that called was Canutus’ bird of old,
Of that great king of Danes his name that still doth hold,
His appetite to please that far and near was sought.” Drayton.

Knot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knotting.] 1. To tie in or with, or form into, a knot or knots; to form a knot on, as a rope; to entangle. ´Knotted curls.´ Drayton. “As tight as I could knot the noose.” Tennyson. 2. To unite closely; to knit together. Bacon. 3. To entangle or perplex; to puzzle. [Obs. or R.]

Knot, v. i. 1. To form knots or joints, as in a cord, a plant, etc.; to become entangled. “Cut hay when it begins to knot.” Mortimer. 2. To knit knots for fringe or trimming. 3. To copulate; — said of toads. [R.] Shak.

Knot´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The cloudberry (Rudus Chamaemorus); — so called from its knotted stems.

Knot´grass , n. (Bot.) (a) a common weed with jointed stems (Polygonum aviculare); knotweed. (b) The dog grass. See under Dog. An infusion of Polygonum aviculare was once supposed to have the effect of stopping the growth of an animal, and hence it was called, as by Shakespeare, ´hindering knotgrass.´ “We want a boy extremely for this function,
Kept under for a year with milk and knotgrass.” Beau. & Fl.

Knot´less, a. Free from knots; without knots. ´Silver firs with knotless trunks.´ Congreve.

Knot´ted , a. 1. Full of knots; having knots; knurled; as a knotted cord; the knotted oak. Dryden. 2. Interwoven; matted; entangled. “Make … thy knotted and combined locks to part.” Shak. 3. Having intersecting lines or figures. “The west corner of thy curious knotted garden.” Shak. 4. (Geol.) Characterized by small, detached points, chiefly composed of mica, less decomposable than the mass of the rock, and forming knots in relief on the weathered surface; as knotted rocks. Percival. 5. Entangled; puzzling; knotty. [R.] “They’re catched in knotted lawlike nets.” Hudibras.

Knot´ti•ness , n. [From Knotty.] 1. The quality or state of being knotty or full of knots. 2. Difficulty of solution; intricacy; complication. ´ Knottiness of his style.´ Hare.

Knot´ty , a. [Compar. Knottier superl. Knottiest.] 1. Full of knots; knotted; having many knots; as knotty timber; a knotty rope. 2. Hard; rugged; as a knotty head.[R.] Rewe. 3. Difficult; intricate; perplexed. “A knotty point to which we now proceed” Pope.

Knot´weed (not´wed•), n. (Bot.) See Knotgrass.

Knot´wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) A small, herbaceous, trailing plant, of the genus Illecebrum (I. verticillatum).

Knout (nout or noot), n. [Russ. knut’; prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. knut knot, knout, Icel. knutr knot: cf. F. knout. See Knot.] A kind of whip for flogging criminals, formerly much used in Russia. The lash is a tapering bundle of leather thongs twisted with wire and hardened, so that it mangles the flesh.

Knout, v. t. To punish with the knout. Brougham.

Know (no), n. Knee. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Know (no), v. t. [imp. Knew (nu); p. p. Known (non); p. pr. & vb. n. Knowing.] [OE. knowen, knawen, AS. cnäwan; akin to OHG. chnäan (in comp.), Icel. knä to be able, Russ. znate to know, L. gnoscere, noscere, Gr. gighw•skein, Skr. jna; fr. the root of E. can, v. i., ken. rad.45. See Ken, Can to be able, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition, Gnome, Ignore, Noble, Note.] 1. To perceive or apprehend clearly and certainly; to understand; to have full information of; as to know one’s duty. “O, that a man might know
The end of this day’s business ere it come!” Shak. “There is a certainty in the proposition, and we know it.” Dryden. “Know how sublime a thing it is
To suffer and be strong.” Longfellow. 2. To be convinced of the truth of; to be fully assured of; as to know things from information. 3. To be acquainted with; to be no stranger to; to be more or less familiar with the person, character, etc., of; to possess experience of; as to know an author; to know the rules of an organization. “He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin.” 2 Cor. v. 21. “Not to know me argues yourselves unknown.” Milton. 4. To recognize; to distinguish; to discern the character of; as to know a person’s face or figure. “Ye shall know them by their fruits.” Matt. vil. 16. “And their eyes were opened, and they knew him.” Luke xxiv. 31. “To know
Faithful friend from flattering foe.” Shak. “At nearer view he thought he knew the dead.” Flatman. 5. To have sexual commerce with. “And Adam knew Eve his wife.” Gen. iv. 1. Know is often followed by an objective and an infinitive (with or without to) or a participle, a dependent sentence, etc. “And I knew that thou hearest me always.” John xi. 42. “The monk he instantly knew to be the prior.” Sir W. Scott. “In other hands I have known money do good.” Dickens. To know how, to understand the manner, way, or means; to have requisite information, intelligence, or sagacity. How is sometimes omitted. ´ If we fear to die, or know not to be patient.´ Jer. Taylor.

Know, v. i. 1. To have knowledge; to have a clear and certain perception; to possess wisdom, instruction, or information; — often with of. “Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider.” Is. i. 3. “If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself.” John vii. 17. “The peasant folklore of Europe still knows of willows that bleed and weep and speak when hewn.” Tylor. 2. To be assured; to feel confident. To know of, to ask, to inquire. [Obs.] ´ Know of your youth, examine well your blood.´ Shak.

Know´a•ble , a. That may be known; capable of being discovered, understood, or ascertained. “Thus mind and matter, as known or knowable, are only two different series of phenomena or qualities.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Know´a• ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being knowable. Locke.

Know´-all , n. One who knows everything; hence, one who makes pretension to great knowledge; a wiseacre; — usually ironical. [Colloq. or R.]

Know´er , n. One who knows. Shak.

Know´ing, a. 1. Skilful; well informed; intelligent; as a knowing man; a knowing dog. “The knowing and intelligent part of the world.” South. 2. Artful; cunning; as a knowing rascal. [Colloq.]

Know´ing, n. Knowledge; hence, experience. ´ In my knowing.´ Shak. “This sore night
Hath trifled former knowings.” Shak.

Know´ing•ly, adv. 1. With knowledge; in a knowing manner; intelligently; consciously; deliberately; as he would not knowingly offend. Strype. 2. By experience. [Obs.] Shak.

Know´ing•ness, n. The state or quality of being knowing or intelligent; shrewdness; skillfulness.

Knowl´eche , n. & v. [Obs.] See Knowledge. “We consider and knowleche that we have offended.” Chaucer.

Knowl´ech•ing , n. Knowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Knowl´edge , n. [OE. knowlage, knowlege, knowleche, knawleche. The last part is the Icel. suffix -leikr, forming abstract nouns, orig. the same as Icel. leikr game, play, sport, akin to AS. lac, Goth. laiks dance. See Know, and cf. Lake, v. i., Lark a frolic.] 1. The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition. “Knowledge, which is the highest degree of the speculative faculties, consists in the perception of the truth of affirmative or negative propositions.” Locke. 2. That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; — chiefly used in the plural. “There is a great difference in the delivery of the mathematics, which are the most abstracted of knowledges.” Bacon. “Knowledges is a term in frequent use by Bacon, and, though now obsolete, should be revived, as without it we are compelled to borrow ´cognitions´ to express its import.” Sir W. Hamilton. “To use a word of Bacon’s, now unfortunately obsolete, we must determine the relative value of knowledges.” H. Spencer. 3. That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition. “Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth.” 1 Cor. viii. 1. “Ignorance is the curse of God;
Knowledge, the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.” Shak. 4. That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as a knowledge of life. “Shipmen that had knowledge of the sea.” 1 Kings ix. 27. 5. Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as it has not come to my knowledge. “Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldst take knowledge of me?” Ruth ii. 10. 6. Sexual intercourse; — usually preceded by carnal; as carnal knowledge. Syn. — See Wisdom.

Knowl´edge, v. t. To acknowledge. [Obs.] ´Sinners which knowledge their sins.´ Tyndale.

Known , p. p. of Know.

Know´-noth•ing , n. A member of a secret political organization in the United States, the chief objects of which were the proscription of foreigners by the repeal of the naturalization laws, and the exclusive choice of native Americans for office. The party originated in 1853, and existed for about three years. The members of it were called Know-nothings, because they replied ´I don’t know,´ to any questions asked them in reference to the party.

Know´-noth•ing•ism , n. The doctrines, principles, or practices, of the Know-nothings.

Knubs , n. pl. Waste silk formed in winding off the threads from a cocoon.

Knuc´kle , n. [OE. knokel, knokil, AS. cuncel; akin to D. knokkel, OFries. knokele, knokle, G. knöchel, Sw. knoge, Dan. knokkel, G. knochen bone, and perh. to E. knock.] 1. The joint of a finger, particularly when made prominent by the closing of the fingers. Davenant. 2. The kneejoint, or middle joint, of either leg of a quadruped, especially of a calf; — formerly used of the kneejoint of a human being. “With weary knuckles on thy brim she kneeled sadly down.” Golding. 3. The joint of a plant. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Mech.) The joining parts of a hinge through which the pin or rivet passes; a knuckle joint. 5. (Shipbuilding) A convex portion of a vessel’s figure where a sudden change of shape occurs, as in a canal boat, where a nearly vertical side joins a nearly flat bottom. 6. A contrivance, usually of brass or iron, and furnished with points, worn to protect the hand, to add force to a blow, and to disfigure the person struck; as brass knuckles; — called also knuckle duster. [Slang.] Knuckle joint (Mach.), a hinge joint, in which a projection with an eye, on one piece, enters a jaw between two corresponding projections with eyes, on another piece, and is retained by a pin which passes through the eyes and forms the pivot. — Knuckle of veal (Cookery), the lower part of a leg of veal, from the line of the body to the knuckle.

Knuc´kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knuckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Knuckling ] To yield; to submit; — used with down, to, or under. To knuckle to. (a) To submit to in a contest; to yield to. [Colloq.] See To knock under, under Knock, v. i. (b) To apply one’s self vigorously or earnestly to; as to knuckle to work. [Colloq.]

Knuc´kle, v. t. To beat with the knuckles; to pommel. [R.] Horace Smith.

Knuc´kled , a. Jointed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Knuff (nuf), n. [Cf. Gnof a churl.] A lout; a clown. [Obs.] “The country knuffs, Hob, Dick, and Hick,
With clubs and clouted shoon.” Hayward.

Knur (nûr), n. [See Knurl.] A knurl. Woodward.

Knurl (nûrl), n. [See Knar, Gnar.] A contorted knot in wood; a crossgrained protuberance; a nodule; a boss or projection. 2. One who, or that which, is crossgrained.

Knurl (nûrl), v. t. To provide with ridges, to assist the grasp, as in the edge of a flat knob, or coin; to mill.

Knurled (nûrld), a. 1. Full of knots; gnarled. 2. Milled, as the head of a screw, or the edge of a coin.

Knurl´y (nûrl´y), [Compar. Knurlier (-i•er); superl. Knurliest.] [See Knur, and cf. Gnarly.] Full of knots; hard; tough; hence, capable of enduring or resisting much.

Knur´ry , a. Full of knots. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ko•ai´ta , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Coaita.

Ko•a´la , n. A tailless marsupial (Phascolarctos cinereus), found in Australia. The female carries her young on the back of her neck. Called also Australian bear, native bear, and native sloth. { Kob , Ko´ba }, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of African antelopes of the genus Kobus, esp. the species Kobus sing- sing.

Ko´balt , n. See Cobalt.

Ko´bel•lite, n. [From Franz von Kobell, of Munich.] (Min.) A blackish gray mineral, a sulphide of antimony, bismuth, and lead.

Ko´bold , n. [G., perh. orig., house god, hose protector. See Cobalt] A kind of domestic spirit in German mythology, corresponding to the Scottish brownie and the English Robin Goodfellow.

Ko´dak , n. A kind of portable camera.

Ko´el , n. [Native name in India.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of cuckoos of the genus Eudynamys, found in India, the East Indies, and Australia. They deposit their eggs in the nests of other birds.

Koff , n. [D. kof.] A two-masted Dutch vessel. { Koh•i•noor´ , Koh••nur } , n. [Per. koh-i-nr, lit., mountain of light.] A famous diamond, surrendered to the British crown on the annexation of the Punjab. According to Hindoo legends, it was found in a Golconda mine, and has been the property of various Hindoo and Persian rulers.

Kohl , n. [See Alcohol.] A mixture of soot and other ingredients, used by Egyptian and other Eastern women to darken the edges of the eyelids.

Kohl´-ra•bi , n.; pl. Kohl-rabies (#). [G. Cf. Cole, Rape the plant.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage, in which the edible part is a large, turnip-shaped swelling of the stem, above the surface of the ground.

Ko•ka´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The gemsbok.

Ko´klass , n. (Zoöl.) Any pheasant of the genus Pucrasia. The birds of this genus inhabit India and China, and are distinguished by having a long central and two lateral crests on the head. Called also pucras.

Ko•koon´ , n. (Zoöl.) The gnu.

Ko•la´ri•an , n. (Ethnol.) An individual of one of the races of aboriginal inhabitants which survive in Hindostan. — a. Of or pertaining to the Kolarians.

Ko•me´nic , a. [Prob. G. mekonin (by transposition of letters) + -ic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from meconic acid. [Written also comenic.]

Kom´tok , n. (Zoöl.) An African freshwater fish (Protopterus annectens), belonging to the Dipnoi. It can breathe air by means of its lungs, and when waters dry up, it encases itself in a nest of hard mud, where it remains till the rainy season. It is used as food.

Kon , v. t. To know. See Can, and Con. [Obs.] “Ye konnen thereon as much as any man.” Chaucer.

Ko´nite , n. (Min.) See Conite.

Konze , n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus Lichtensteini), allied to the hartbeest, but having shorter and flatter horns, and lacking a black patch on the face.

Koo´doo , n. (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Strepsiceros kudu). The males have graceful spiral horns, sometimes four feet long. The general color is reddish or grayish brown, with eight or nine white bands on each side, and a pale dorsal stripe. The old males become dark bluish gray, due to the skin showing through the hair. The females are hornless. Called also nellut. [Written also kudu.]

Koo´koom , n. (Zoöl.) The oryx or gemsbok. [Written also kookaam.]

Koo•lo•kam´ba , n. (Zoöl.) A west African anthropoid ape (Troglodytes koolokamba, or T. Aubryi), allied to the chimpanzee and gorilla, and, in some respects, intermediate between them.

Kool´slaa , n. See Coleslaw.

Koord , n. See Kurd.

Koord´ish, n. See Kurdish.

Koo•ril´i•an , a & n. Same as Kurilian.

Ko´peck , n. [Russ. kopeika.] A small Russian coin. One hundred kopecks make a rouble, worth about sixty cents. [Written also kopek, copec, and copeck.]

Ko´ran (ko´ran or ko•rän´; 277), n. [Ar. qoran. See Alcoran.] The Scriptures of the Mohammedans, containing the professed revelations to Mohammed; — called also Alcoran. [Written also Kuran or Quran.]
[1913 Webster]

Ko´rin , n. (Zoöl.) The gazelle.

Kor´ri•gum , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Damalis Senegalensis), allied to the sassaby. It is reddish gray, with a black face, and a black stripe on the outside of the legs above the knees.

Kos´mos , n. See Cosmos. Gladstone.

Ko•tow´ , n. [Chinese, knock head.] The prostration made by mandarins and others to their superiors, either as homage or worship, by knocking the forehead on the ground. There are degrees in the rite, the highest being expressed by three knockings. [China] S. W. Williams.

Ko•tow´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kotowed p. pr. & vb. n. Kotowing.] To perform the kotow.

Kou´lan , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild horse (Equus, or Asinus, onager) inhabiting the plains of Central Asia; — called also gour, khur, and onager. [Written also kulan.] It is sometimes confounded with the dziggetai, to which it is closely related. It is gray in winter, but fulvous in summer. It has a well defined, dark, dorsal stripe, and a short, erect mane. In size, it is intermediate between the horse and ass.

Kou´miss , n. [Russ. kumys; of Mongolian origin.] An intoxicating fermented or distilled liquor originally made by the Tartars from mare’s or camel’s milk. It can be obtained from any kind of milk, and is now largely made in Europe. [Written also koumyss, kumiss, kumish, and kumys.] “Koumiss has from time immemorial served the Tartar instead of wine or spirits.” J. H. Newman.

Kous´so , n. (Bot.) An Abyssinian rosaceous tree (Brayera anthelmintica), the flowers of which are used as a vermifuge. [Written also cusso and kosso.]

Kow•tow´ , n. & v. i. The same as Kotow. “I have salaamed and kowtowed to him.” H. James.

Kra , n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed ape (Macacus cynomolgus) of India and Sumatra. It is reddish olive, spotted with black, and has a black tail.

Kraal (kräl or kral; 277), n. [D., a village, inclosure, park, prob. fr. Pg. curral a cattle pen; the same word as Sp. corral. See Corral.] 1. A collection of huts within a stockade; a village; sometimes, a single hut. [South Africa] 2. An inclosure into which are driven wild elephants which are to be tamed and educated. [Ceylon]

Krait , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A very venomous snake of India (Bungarus cœruleus), allied to the cobra. Its upper parts are bluish or brownish black, often with narrow white streaks; the belly is whitish.

Kra´ken , n. [Prob. from OSw. krake, or ODan. krage the trunk of a tree, the branches of which are not entirely cut off, to which it was likened by the Norwegian mariners.] A fabulous Scandinavian sea monster, often represented as resembling an island, but sometimes as resembling an immense octopus. “To believe all that has been said of the sea serpent or kraken, would be credulity; to reject the possibility of their existence, would be presumption.” Goldsmith. “Like a kraken huge and black.” Longfellow.

Kra•ko´wi•ak , n. (Mus.) A lively Polish dance. See Cracovienne.

Kra•me´ri•a , n. [NL. So called after the German botanists, J. G. H. & W. H. Kramer.] (Bot.) A genus of spreading shrubs with many stems, from one species of which (K. triandra), found in Peru, rhatany root, used as a medicine, is obtained.

Kra•mer´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, Krameria (rhatany); as krameric acid, usually called ratanhia-tannic acid.

Krang , n. [Cf. D. kreng a carcass.] The carcass of a whale after the blubber has been removed. [Written also crang and kreng.]

Krang´ing hook (Whaling) A hook for holding the blubber while cutting it away. [Written also cranging hook.]

Kre•at´ic , a. See Creatic.

Kre´a•tin , n. (Chem.) See Creatin.

Kre•at´i•nin , n. (Chem.) See Creatinin.

Kreel , n. See Creel.

Krem´lin , n. [Russ. kremle.] The citadel of a town or city; especially, the citadel of Moscow, a large inclosure which contains imperial palaces, cathedrals, churches, an arsenal, etc. [Russia]

Krems , n. A variety of white lead. See Krems lead, under Lead, n.

Kreng , n. See Krang.

Kre´o•sote , n. See Creosote.

Kreut´zer (kroit´ser), n. [G. kreuzer.] A small copper coin formerly used in South Germany; also a small Austrian copper coin. [Written also kreuzer.]

Kriegs´spiel , n. [G., fr. krieg war + spiel play.] A game of war, played for practice, on maps. Farrow.

Kris , n. A Malay dagger. See Creese.

Krish´na , n. [Skr. krshna.] (Hindoo Myth.) The most popular of the Hindoo divinities, usually held to be the eighth incarnation of the god Vishnu.

Kri´tarch•y (kri´tärk•&tcr;), n. [Gr. krith•s judge + ’archh• beginning, government.] The rule of the judges over Israel. “Samson, Jephthah, Gideon, and other heroes of the kritarchy.” Southey.

Kro•kid´o•lite (kro•kid´o•lit), n. (Min.) See Crocidolite.

Kro´ne (kro´na), n. [Dan.] A coin of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, of the value of about twenty-eight cents. See Crown, n., 9.

Kroo´man (kroo´man), n.; pl. Kroomen (-men). One of a negro tribe of Liberia and the adjacent coast, whose members are much employed on shipboard.

Krul´ler , n. See Cruller. { Krumm´horn• , Krum´horn• } (kroom´hôrn•), n. [G. krummhorn cornet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.) (a) A reed instrument of music of the cornet kind, now obsolete (see Cornet, 1, a.). (b) A reed stop in the organ; — sometimes called cremona.

Krupp´ gun´ A breech-loading steel cannon manufactured at the works of Friedrich Krupp, at Essen in Prussia. Guns of over eight-inch bore are made up of several concentric cylinders; those of a smaller size are forged solid. Knight.

Kry´o•lite , n. (Min.) See Cryolite.

Ksar (zär), n. See Czar. { Ksha´tri•ya , Ksha´tru•ya } n. [Skr. kshatriya one belonging to the military caste.] The military caste, the second of the four great Hindoo castes; also a member of that caste. See Caste. [India]

Ku´da , n. (Zoöl.) The East Indian tapir. See Tapir.

Ku´dos , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky^dos glory.] Glory; fame; renown; praise. W. H. Russel.

Ku´dos, v. t. To praise; to extol; to glorify. ´Kudos’d egregiously.´ [R.] Southey.

Ku´du , n. (Zoöl.) See Koodoo.

Ku´fic , a. See Cufic.

Ku•kang´ , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The slow lemur. See Lemur.

Ku•klux´ , n. The name adopted in the southern part of the United States by a secret political organization, active for several years after the close of the Civil War, and having for its aim the repression of the political power of the freedmen; — called also Kuklux Klan.

Ku´lan , n. (Zoöl.) See Koulan. { Ku´mish , Ku´miss } n. See Koumiss.

Kum´mel , n. [G. kümmel cumin, caraway seed, L. cuminum. Cf. Cumin.] A Russian and German liqueur, consisting of a sweetened spirit flavored with caraway seeds.

Kum´quat , n. [Chin. kin keu.] (Bot.) A small tree of the genus Citrus (C. Japonica) growing in China and Japan; also its small acid, orange-colored fruit used for preserves.

Kup´fer•nick´el , n. [G. See Copper, and Nickel.] (Min.) Copper-nickel; niccolite. See Niccolite.

Kurd , n. A native or inhabitant of a mountainous region of Western Asia belonging to the Turkish and Persian monarchies. [Written also Koord.]

Kurd´ish, a. Of or pertaining to the Kurds. [Written also Koordish.]

Ku•ril´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Kurile Islands, a chain of islands in the Pacific ocean, extending from the southern extremity of Kamschatka to Yesso. — n. A native or an inhabitant of the Kurile Islands. [Written also Koorilian.]

Kur´saal , n. [G.] A public hall or room, for the use of visitors at watering places and health resorts in Germany.

Ku•si•man´se , n. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal (Crossarchus obscurus) of tropical Africa. It its allied to the civets. Called also kusimansel, and mangue.

Kus´kus , [Per. & Hind. khaskhas.] (Bot.) See Vetiver.

Kus´si•er , n. (Mus.) A Turkish instrument of music, with a hollow body covered with skin, over which five strings are stretched. [Written also kussir.]

Ku•tauss´ , n. (Zoöl.) The India civet (Viverra zibetha).

Kutch , n. (Goldbeating) The packet of vellum leaves in which the gold is first beaten into thin sheets.

Kutch, n. See Catechu.

Ky , n. pl. Kine. [Scot.] See Kee, Kie, and Kine.

Ky•a•bo´ca wood (Bot.) (a) Amboyna wood. (b) Sandalwood (Santalum album).

Ky´a•nite , n. See Cyanite.

Ky´an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kyanized p. pr. & vb. n. Kyanizing ] [From Mr. Kyan, the inventor of the process.] To render (wood) proof against decay by saturating with a solution of corrosive sublimate in open tanks, or under pressure.

Ky´a•nol , n. [See Cyanite.] (Chem.) (a) Aniline. [Obs.] (b) A base obtained from coal tar. Ure.

Ky•an´o•phyll , n. (Bot.) Same as Cyanophyll.

Kyar , n. Cocoanut fiber, or the cordage made from it. See Coir.

Kyaw , n. (Zoöl.) A daw. [Scot.]

Kyd , p. p. of Kythe.

Kyd´de , imp. of Kythe, to show. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser erroneously uses kydst to mean ´knowest.´

Kyke , v. i. [See 1st Kike.] To look steadfastly; to gaze. [Obs.] [Written also kike, keke.] “This Nicholas sat ever gaping upright,
As he had kyked on the newe moon.” Chaucer.

Ky´ley , n. A variety of the boomerang.

Ky´loes , n. pl. The cattle of the Hebrides, or of the Highlands. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Kym´nel , n. See Kimnel. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ky´mo•graph , n. [Gr. wave + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring, and recording graphically, the pressure of the blood in any of the blood vessels of a living animal; — called also kymographion.

Ky•mo•graph´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to a kymograph; as a kymographic tracing.

Kym´ric , a. & n. See Cymric, a. & n.

Kym´ry , n. See Cymry.

Kyn´rede , n. Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ky•nu•ren´ic , a. [Gr. , , dog + urine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from the urine of dogs. By decomposition the acid yields a nitrogenous base (called kynurin) and carbonic acid. [Written also cynurenic.]

Kyr´i•e , n. See Kyrie eleison.

Kyr´i•e e•lei´son [Gr. ky•rie ’elei^son .] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Greek words, meaning ´Lord, have mercy upon us,´ used in the Mass, the breviary offices, the litany of the saints, etc. Addis & Arnold. 2. The name given to the response to the Commandments, in the service of the Church of England and of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

Kyr•i•elle , n. [Cf. F. kyrielle.] A litany beginning with the words, ´Kyrie eleison.´ Shipley. { Kyr´i•o•lex•y , Kyr•i•ol´o•gy } n. [Gr. , . See Curiologic.] The use of literal or simple expressions, as distinguished from the use of figurative or obscure ones. Krauth-Fleming.

Kyr•i•o•log´ic•al , a. [See Curiologic.] Serving to denote objects by conventional signs or alphabetical characters; as the original Greek alphabet of sixteen letters was called kyriologic, because it represented the pure elementary sounds. See Curiologic. [Written also curiologic and kuriologic.] The term is also applied, as by Warburton, to those Egyptian hieroglyphics, in which a part is put conventionally for the whole, as in depicting a battle by two hands, one holding a shield and the other a bow. { Kythe , Kithe (kith) }, v. t. [imp. Kydde, Kidde (kid´de); p. p. Kythed , Kid; p. pr. & vb. n. Kything.] [OE. kythen, kithen, cuðen, to make known, AS. cyðan, fr. cuð known. rad.45. See Uncouth, Can to be able, and cf. Kith.] To make known; to manifest; to show; to declare. [Obs. or Scot.] “For gentle hearte kytheth gentilesse.” Chaucer.

Kythe, v. t. To come into view; to appear. [Scot.] “It kythes bright … because all is dark around it.” Sir W. Scott.

Ky•tom´i•ton (ki•tom´i•ton), n. [NL., from Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel + mi•tos a thread.] (Biol.) See Karyomiton.

Ky•to•plas´ma (ki•to•plaz´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel + pla•sma thing molded.] (Biol.) See Karyoplasma. L.

L (el). 1. L is the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It is usually called a semivowel or liquid. Its form and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being from the Phœnician, and the ultimate origin prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to r and u; as in pilgrim, peregrine, couch (fr. collocare), aubura (fr. LL. alburnus). At the end of monosyllables containing a single vowel, it is often doubled, as in fall, full, bell; but not after digraphs, as in foul, fool, prowl, growl, foal. In English words, the terminating syllable le is unaccented, the e is silent, and l is preceded by a voice glide, as in able, eagle, pronounced a´b’l, e´g’l. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 241. 2. As a numeral, L stands for fifty in the English, as in the Latin language. “For 50 the Romans used the Chalcidian chi, , which assumed the less difficult lapidary type, , and was then easily assimilated to L.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

L (el), n. 1. An extension at right angles to the length of a main building, giving to the ground plan a form resembling the letter L; sometimes less properly applied to a narrower, or lower, extension in the direction of the length of the main building; a wing. [Written also ell.] 2. (Mech.) A short right-angled pipe fitting, used in connecting two pipes at right angles. [Written also ell.]

La , n. (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the scale in music in solmization. (b) The tone A; — so called among the French and Italians.

La , interj. [Cf. Lo.] 1. Look; see; behold; — sometimes followed by you. [Obs.] Shak. 2. An exclamation of surprise; — commonly followed by me; as La me! [Low]

Laas , n. A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lab , v. i. [Cf. OD. labben to babble.] To prate; to gossip; to babble; to blab. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lab, n. A telltale; a prater; a blabber. [Obs.] ´I am no lab.´ Chaucer.

Lab´a•dist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Jean de Labadie, a religious teacher of the 17th century, who left the Roman Catholic Church and taught a kind of mysticism, and the obligation of community of property among Christians.

La•bar•raque’s´ so•lu´tion [From Labarraque, a Parisian apothecary.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of hypochlorite of sodium, extensively used as a disinfectant.

Lab´a•rum , n.; pl. Labara (#). [L.] The standard adopted by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity. It is described as a pike bearing a silk banner hanging from a crosspiece, and surmounted by a golden crown. It bore a monogram of the first two letters (CHR) of the name of Christ in its Greek form. Later, the name was given to various modifications of this standard.

Lab´da•num , n. (Bot.) See Ladanum.

Lab•e•fac´tion , n. [See Labefy.] The act of labefying or making weak; the state of being weakened; decay; ruin. “There is in it such a labefaction of all principles as may be injurious to morality.” Johnson.

Lab´e•fy , v. t. [L. labefacere; labare to totter + facere to make.] To weaken or impair. [R.]

La´bel (la´bel), n. [OF. label sort of ribbon or fringe, label in heraldry, F. lambeau shred, strip, rag; of uncertain origin; cf. L. labellum, dim. of labrum lip, edge, margin, G. lappen flap, patch, rag, tatter (cf. Lap of a dress), W. llab, llabed, label, flap, Gael. leab, leob, slice, shred, hanging lip.] 1. A tassel. [Obs.] Huloet. Fuller. 2. A slip of silk, paper, parchment, etc., affixed to anything, and indicating, usually by an inscription, the contents, ownership, destination, etc.; as the label of a bottle or a package. 3. A slip of ribbon, parchment, etc., attached to a document to hold the appended seal; also the seal. 4. A writing annexed by way of addition, as a codicil added to a will. 5. (Her.) A barrulet, or, rarely, a bendlet, with pendants, or points, usually three, especially used as a mark of cadency to distinguish an eldest or only son while his father is still living. 6. A brass rule with sights, formerly used, in connection with a circumferentor, to take altitudes. Knight. 7. (Gothic Arch.) The name now generally given to the projecting molding by the sides, and over the tops, of openings in mediaeval architecture. It always has a square form, as in the illustration. Arch. Pub. Soc. 8. In mediaeval art, the representation of a band or scroll containing an inscription. Fairholt.

La´bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Labeled (-beld) or Labelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Labeling or Labelling.] 1. To affix a label to; to mark with a name, etc.; as to label a bottle or a package. 2. To affix in or on a label. [R.]

La´bel•er , n. One who labels. [Written also labeller.]

La•bel´lum (la•bel´lum), n.; pl. L. Labella (- la), E. Labellums (-lumz). [L., dim. of labrum lip.] 1. (Bot.) The lower or apparently anterior petal of an orchidaceous flower, often of a very curious shape. 2. (Zoöl.) A small appendage beneath the upper lip or labrum of certain insects.

La´bent , a. [L. labens, p. pr. of labi to slide, glide.] Slipping; sliding; gliding. [R.]

La´bi•a , n. pl. See Labium.

La´bi•al , a. [LL. labialis, fr. L. labium lip: cf. F. labial. See Lip.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lips or labia; as labial veins. 2. (Mus.) Furnished with lips; as a labial organ pipe. 3. (Phonetics) (a) Articulated, as a consonant, mainly by the lips, as b, p, m, w. (b) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, as oo (food), o (old), etc., and as eu and u in French, and ö, ü in German. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 11, 178. 4. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the labium; as the labial palpi of insects. See Labium.

La´bi•al, n. 1. (Phonetics) A letter or character representing an articulation or sound formed or uttered chiefly with the lips, as b, p, w. 2. (Mus.) An organ pipe that is furnished with lips; a flue pipe. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the scales which border the mouth of a fish or reptile.

La´bi•al•ism , n. (Phonetics) The quality of being labial; as the labialism of an articulation; conversion into a labial, as of a sound which is different in another language. J. Peile.

La•bi•al•i•za´tion , n. (Phonetics) The modification of an articulation by contraction of the lip opening.

La´bi•al•ize , v. t. (Phonetics) To modify by contraction of the lip opening.

La´bi•al•ly, adv. In a labial manner; with, or by means of, the lips.

La´bi•ate , v. t. To labialize. Brewer.

La´bi•ate , a. [NL. labiatus, fr. L. labium lip.] (Bot.) (a) Having the limb of a tubular corolla or calyx divided into two unequal parts, one projecting over the other like the lips of a mouth, as in the snapdragon, sage, and catnip. (b) Belonging to a natural order of plants (Labiatae), of which the mint, sage, and catnip are examples. They are mostly aromatic herbs.

La´bi•ate, n. (Bot.) A plant of the order Labiatae.

La´bi•a•ted , a. (Bot.) Same as Labiate, a. (a). { La•bi•a•ti•flo´ral , La•bi•a•ti•flo´ral } a. [Labiate + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having labiate flowers, as the snapdragon.

Lab•i•dom´e•ter , n. [Gr. labi•s, -i•dos, a forceps + meter: cf. F. labidometre.] (Med.) A forceps with a measuring attachment for ascertaining the size of the fetal head.

La´bile , a. [L. labilis apt to slip, fr. labi to slip.] Liable to slip, err, fall, or apostatize. [Obs.] Cheyne.

La•bil´i•ty , n. Liability to lapse, err, or apostatize. [Archaic] Coleridge.

La•bim´e•ter , n. [Cf. F. labimetre.] (Med.) See Labidometer.

La•bi•o•den´tal , a. [Labium + dental.] (Phonetics) Formed or pronounced by the cooperation of the lips and teeth, as f and v. — n. A labiodental sound or letter.

La•bi•o•na´sal , a. [Labium + nasal.] (Phonetics) Formed by the lips and the nose. — n. A labionasal sound or letter.

La´bi•ose , a. [From Labium.] (Bot.) Having the appearance of being labiate; — said of certain polypetalous corollas.

La•bi•pal´pus , n.; pl. Labipalpi . [NL. See Labium, and Palpus.] (Zoöl.) One of the labial palpi of an insect. See Illust. under Labium.

La´bi•um , n.; pl. L. Labia (#), E. Labiums (#). [L.] 1. A lip, or liplike organ. 2. The lip of an organ pipe. 3. pl. (Anat.) The folds of integument at the opening of the vulva. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The organ of insects which covers the mouth beneath, and serves as an under lip. It consists of the second pair of maxillae, usually closely united in the middle line, but bearing a pair of palpi in most insects. It often consists of a thin anterior part (ligula or palpiger) and a firmer posterior plate (mentum). (b) Inner margin of the aperture of a shell.

Lab´lab (lab´lab), n. (Bot.) an East Indian name for several twining leguminous plants related to the bean, but commonly applied to the hyacinth bean (Dolichos Lablab).

La´bor (la´ber), n. [OE. labour, OF. labour, laber, labur, F. labeur, L. labor; cf. Gr. lamba•nein to take, Skr. labh to get, seize.] [Written also labour.] 1. Physical toil or bodily exertion, especially when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable, in distinction from sportive exercise; hard, muscular effort directed to some useful end, as agriculture, manufactures, and like; servile toil; exertion; work. “God hath set
Labor and rest, as day and night, to men
Successive.” Milton. 2. Intellectual exertion; mental effort; as the labor of compiling a history. 3. That which requires hard work for its accomplishment; that which demands effort. “Being a labor of so great a difficulty, the exact performance thereof we may rather wish than look for.” Hooker. 4. Travail; the pangs and efforts of childbirth. “The queen’s in labor,
They say, in great extremity; and feared
She’ll with the labor end.” Shak. 5. Any pang or distress. Shak. 6. (Naut.) The pitching or tossing of a vessel which results in the straining of timbers and rigging. 7. [Sp.] A measure of land in Mexico and Texas equivalent to an area of 177&frac17; acres. Bartlett. Syn. — Work; toil; drudgery; task; exertion; effort; industry; painstaking. See Toll.

La´bor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Labored p. pr. & vb. n. Laboring.] [OE. labouren, F. labourer, L. laborare. See Labor, n.] [Written also labour.] 1. To exert muscular strength; to exert one’s strength with painful effort, particularly in servile occupations; to work; to toil. “Adam, well may we labor still to dress
This garden.” Milton. 2. To exert one’s powers of mind in the prosecution of any design; to strive; to take pains. 3. To be oppressed with difficulties or disease; to do one’s work under conditions which make it especially hard, wearisome; to move slowly, as against opposition, or under a burden; to be burdened; — often with under, and formerly with of. “The stone that labors up the hill.” Granville. “The line too labors,and the words move slow.” Pope. “To cure the disorder under which he labored.” Sir W. Scott. “Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.” Matt. xi. 28 4. To be in travail; to suffer the pangs of childbirth. 5. (Naut.) To pitch or roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. Totten.

La´bor, v. t. [F. labourer, L. laborare.] 1. To work at; to work; to till; to cultivate by toil. “The most excellent lands are lying fallow, or only labored by children.” W. Tooke. 2. To form or fabricate with toil, exertion, or care. ´To labor arms for Troy.´ Dryden. 3. To prosecute, or perfect, with effort; to urge strenuously; as to labor a point or argument. 4. To belabor; to beat. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lab´o•rant , n. [L. laborans, p. pr. of laborare to labor.] A chemist. [Obs.] Boyle.

Lab´o•ra•to•ry , n.; pl. Laboratories (#). [Shortened fr. elaboratory; cf. OF. elaboratoire, F. laboratoire. See Elaborate, Labor.] [Formerly written also elaboratory.] The workroom of a chemist; also a place devoted to experiments in any branch of natural science; as a chemical, physical, or biological laboratory. Hence, by extension, a place where something is prepared, or some operation is performed; as the liver is the laboratory of the bile.

La´bored , a. Bearing marks of labor and effort; elaborately wrought; not easy or natural; as labored poetry; a labored style.

La´bored•ly, adv. In a labored manner; with labor.

La´bor•er , n. [Written also labourer.] One who labors in a toilsome occupation; a person who does work that requires strength rather than skill, as distinguished from that of an artisan.

La´bor•ing, a. 1. That labors; performing labor; esp., performing coarse, heavy work, not requiring skill also set apart for labor; as laboring days. “The sleep of a laboring man is sweet.” Eccl. v. 12. 2. Suffering pain or grief. Pope. Laboring oar, the oar which requires most strength and exertion; often used figuratively; as to have, or pull, the laboring oar in some difficult undertaking.

La•bo´ri•ous , a. [L. laboriosus,fr. labor labor: cf. F. laborieux.] 1. Requiring labor, perseverance, or sacrifices; toilsome; tiresome. “Dost thou love watchings, abstinence, or toil,
Laborious virtues all ? Learn these from Cato.” Addison. 2. Devoted to labor; diligent; industrious; as a laborious mechanic. — La•bo´ri•ous•ly, adv. — La•bo´ri•ous•ness, n.

La´bor•less (la´ber•les), a. Not involving labor; not laborious; easy.

La´bor•ous (la´ber•us), a. Laborious. [Obs.] Wyatt. — La´bor•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

La´bor-sav•ing , a. Saving labor; adapted to supersede or diminish the labor of men; as labor-saving machinery.

La´bor•some , a. 1. Made with, or requiring, great labor, pains, or diligence. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Naut.) Likely or inclined to roll or pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea; having a tendency to labor.

Lab•ra•dor´ , n. A region of British America on the Atlantic coast, north of Newfoundland. Labrador duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Camtolaimus Labradorius) allied to the eider ducks. It was formerly common on the coast of New England, but is now supposed to be extinct, no specimens having been reported since 1878. — Labrador feldspar. See Labradorite. — Labrador tea (Bot.), a name of two low, evergreen shrubs of the genus Ledum (L. palustre and L. latifolium), found in Northern Europe and America. They are used as tea in British America, and in Scandinavia as a substitute for hops.

Lab´ra•dor•ite , n. (Min.) A kind of feldspar commonly showing a beautiful play of colors, and hence much used for ornamental purposes. The finest specimens come from Labrador. See Feldspar.

La´bras , n. pl. [L. labrum; cf. It. labbro, pl. labbra.] Lips. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

La´broid , a. [Labrus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like the genus Labrus; belonging to the family Labridae, an extensive family of marine fishes, often brilliantly colored, which are very abundant in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The tautog and cunner are American examples.

La´brose (l&amc;´bros•), a. [L. labrosus, fr. labrum lip.] Having thick lips.

La´brum , n.; pl. L. Labra (#), E. Labrums (#). [L.] 1. A lip or edge, as of a basin. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An organ in insects and crustaceans covering the upper part of the mouth, and serving as an upper lip. See Illust. of Hymenoptera. (b) The external margin of the aperture of a shell. See Univalve.

La´brus , n.; pl. Labri (-bri). [L., a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine fishes, including the wrasses of Europe. See Wrasse.

La•bur•nic (la•bûr´nik), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the laburnum.

La•bur•nine , n. (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid found in the unripe seeds of the laburnum.

La•bur´num , n. [L.] (Bot.) A small leguminous tree (Cytisus Laburnum), native of the Alps. The plant is reputed to be poisonous, esp. the bark and seeds. It has handsome racemes of yellow blossoms. Scotch laburnum (Cytisus alpinus) is similar, but has smooth leaves; purple laburnum is C. purpureus.

Lab´y•rinth , n. [L. labyrinthus, Gr. laby•rinthos: cf. F. labyrinthe.] 1. An edifice or place full of intricate passageways which render it difficult to find the way from the interior to the entrance; as the Egyptian and Cretan labyrinths. 2. Any intricate or involved inclosure; especially, an ornamental maze or inclosure in a park or garden. 3. Any object or arrangement of an intricate or involved form, or having a very complicated nature. “The serpent … fast sleeping soon he found,
In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled.” Milton. “The labyrinth of the mind.” Tennyson. 4. An inextricable or bewildering difficulty. “I’ the maze and winding labyrinths o’ the world.” Denham. 5. (Anat.) The internal ear. See Note under Ear. 6. (Metal.) A series of canals through which a stream of water is directed for suspending, carrying off, and depositing at different distances, the ground ore of a metal. Ure. 7. (Arch.) A pattern or design representing a maze, — often inlaid in the tiled floor of a church, etc. Syn. — Maze; confusion; intricacy; windings. — Labyrinth, Maze. Labyrinth, originally; the name of an edifice or excavation, carries the idea of design, and construction in a permanent form, while maze is used of anything confused or confusing, whether fixed or shifting. Maze is less restricted in its figurative uses than labyrinth. We speak of the labyrinth of the ear, or of the mind, and of a labyrinth of difficulties; but of the mazes of the dance, the mazes of political intrigue, or of the mind being in a maze.

Lab•y•rin´thal , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a labyrinth; intricate; labyrinthian.

Lab•y•rin´thi•an , a. Intricately winding; like a labyrinth; perplexed; labyrinthal.

Lab•y•rin´thi•branch , a. [See Labyrinth, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthici. — n. One of the Labyrinthici. { Lab•y•rin´thic , Lab•y•rin•thic•al } a. [L. labyrinthicus: cf. F. labyrinthique.] Like or pertaining to a labyrinth.

Lab•y•rin´thi•ci , n. pl. [NL. See Labyrinth.] (Zoöl.) An order of teleostean fishes, including the Anabas or climbing perch, and other allied fishes. They have, connected with the gill chamber, a special cavity in which a labyrinthiform membrane is arranged so as to retain water to supply the gills while the fish leaves the water and travels about on land, or even climbs trees.

Lab•y•rin´thi•form , a. [Labyrinth + -form: cf. F. labyrinthiforme.] Having the form of a labyrinth; intricate.

Lab•y•rin´thine , a. Pertaining to, or like, a labyrinth; labyrinthal.

Lab•y•rin´tho•don , n. [Gr. laby•rinqos labyrinth + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of very large fossil amphibians, of the Triassic period, having bony plates on the under side of the body. It is the type of the order Labyrinthodonta. Called also Mastodonsaurus.

Lab•y•rin´tho•dont , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthodonta. — n. One of the Labyrinthodonta.

Lab•y•rin•tho•don´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Labyrinthodon.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of Amphibia, including the typical genus Labyrinthodon, and many other allied forms, from the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic formations. By recent writers they are divided into two or more orders. See Stegocephala. { Lac (lak), Lakh (läk) }, n. [Hind. lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. laksha a mark, sign, lakh.] One hundred thousand; also a vaguely great number; as a lac of rupees. [Written also lack.] [East Indies]

Lac, n. [Per. lak; akin to Skr. laksha: cf. F. lague, It. & NL. lacca. Cf. Lake a color, Lacquer, Litmus.] A resinous substance produced mainly on the banyan tree, but to some extent on other trees, by the Coccus lacca, a scale-shaped insect, the female of which fixes herself on the bark, and exudes from the margin of her body this resinous substance. Stick-lac is the substance in its natural state, incrusting small twigs. When broken off, and the coloring matter partly removed, the granular residuum is called seed-lac. When melted, and reduced to a thin crust, it is called shell-lac or shellac. Lac is an important ingredient in sealing wax, dyes, varnishes, and lacquers. Ceylon lac, a resinous exudation of the tree Croton lacciferum, resembling lac. — Lac dye, a scarlet dye obtained from stick-lac. — Lac lake, the coloring matter of lac dye when precipitated from its solutions by alum. — Mexican lac, an exudation of the tree Croton Draco.

Lac´cic (lak´sik), a. [Cf. F. laccique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to lac, or produced from it; as laccic acid.

Lac´cin , n. [Cf. F. laccine.] (Chem.) A yellow amorphous substance obtained from lac. { Lac´co•lite , Lac´co•lith } n. [Gr. a cistern + -lite, - lith.] (Geol.) A mass of igneous rock intruded between sedimentary beds and resulting in a mammiform bulging of the overlying strata. — Lac•co•lit´ic (#), a.

Lace (las), n. [OE. las, OF. laz, F. lacs, dim. lacet, fr. L. laqueus noose, snare; prob. akin to lacere to entice. Cf. Delight, Elicit, Lasso, Latchet.] 1. That which binds or holds, especially by being interwoven; a string, cord, or band, usually one passing through eyelet or other holes, and used in drawing and holding together parts of a garment, of a shoe, of a machine belt, etc. “His hat hung at his back down by a lace.” Chaucer. “For striving more, the more in laces strong
Himself he tied.” Spenser. 2. A snare or gin, especially one made of interwoven cords; a net. [Obs.] Fairfax. “Vulcanus had caught thee [Venus] in his lace.” Chaucer. 3. A fabric of fine threads of linen, silk, cotton, etc., often ornamented with figures; a delicate tissue of thread, much worn as an ornament of dress. “Our English dames are much given to the wearing of costly laces.” Bacon. 4. Spirits added to coffee or some other beverage. [Old Slang] Addison. Alencon lace, a kind of point lace, entirely of needlework, first made at Alencon in France, in the 17th century. It is very durable and of great beauty and cost. — Bone lace, Brussels lace, etc. See under Bone, Brussels, etc. — Gold lace, or Silver lace, lace having warp threads of silk, or silk and cotton, and a weft of silk threads covered with gold (or silver), or with gilt. — Lace leather, thin, oil-tanned leather suitable for cutting into lacings for machine belts. — Lace lizard (Zoöl.), a large, aquatic, Australian lizard (Hydrosaurus giganteus), allied to the monitors. — Lace paper, paper with an openwork design in imitation of lace. — Lace piece (Shipbuilding), the main piece of timber which supports the beak or head projecting beyond the stem of a ship. — Lace pillow, ∧ Pillow lace. See under Pillow.

Lace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laced (ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Lacing ] 1. To fasten with a lace; to draw together with a lace passed through eyelet holes; to unite with a lace or laces, or, figuratively. with anything resembling laces. Shak. “When Jenny’s stays are newly laced.” Prior. 2. To adorn with narrow strips or braids of some decorative material; as cloth laced with silver. Shak. 3. To beat; to lash; to make stripes on. [Colloq.] “I’ll lace your coat for ye.” L’Estrange. 4. To add spirits to (a beverage). [Old Slang]

Lace, v. i. To be fastened with a lace, or laces; as these boots lace.

Lace´-bark , n. (Bot.) A shrub in the West Indies (Lagetta Iintearia); — so called from the lacelike layers of its inner bark.

Laced , a. 1. Fastened with a lace or laces; decorated with narrow strips or braid. See Lace, v. t. 2. Decorated with the fabric lace. “A shirt with laced ruffles.” Fielding. Laced mutton, a prostitute. [Old slang] — Laced stocking, a strong stocking which can be tightly laced; — used in cases of weak legs, varicose veins, etc. Dunglison.

Lac•e•dae•mo´ni•an , a. [L. Lacedamonius, Gr. Lakedaimo•nios, fr. Lakedai•mwn Lacedaemon.] Of or pertaining to Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus. — n. A Spartan. [Written also Lacedemonian.]

Lace´man , n.; pl. Lacemen . A man who deals in lace.

Lac´er•a•ble , a. [L. lacerabilis: cf. F. lacerable.] That can be lacerated or torn.

Lac´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacerated p. pr. & vb. n. Lacerating (>).] [L. laceratus, p. p. of lacerare to lacerate, fr. lacer mangled, lacerated; cf. Gr. a rent, rending, to tear; perh. akin to E. slay.] To tear; to rend; to separate by tearing; to mangle; as to lacerate the flesh. Hence: To afflict; to torture; as to lacerate the heart. { Lac´er•ate , Lac´er•a•ted } p. a. [L. laceratus, p. p.] 1. Rent; torn; mangled; as a lacerated wound. “By each other’s fury lacerate” Southey. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Jagged, or slashed irregularly, at the end, or along the edge.

Lac•er•a´tion , n. [L. laceratio: cf. F. laceration.] 1. The act of lacerating. 2. A breach or wound made by lacerating. Arbuthnot.

Lac´er•a•tive , a. Lacerating, or having the power to lacerate; as lacerative humors. Harvey.

La´cert , n. [OE. lacerte. See Lacertus.] A muscle of the human body. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La•cer´ta , n. [L. lacertus the arm.] A fathom. [Obs.] Domesday Book.

La•cer´ta, n. [L. a lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards. See Lizard. Formerly it included nearly all the known lizards. It is now restricted to certain diurnal Old World species, like the green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and the sand lizard (L. agilis), of Europe. 2. (Astron.) The Lizard, a northern constellation.

La•cer´tian , a. [Cf. F. lacertien.] (Zoöl.) Like a lizard; of or pertaining to the Lacertilia. — n. One of the Lacertilia.

Lac•er•til´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lacertus a lizard.] (Zoöl.) An order of Reptilia, which includes the lizards. They are closely related to the snakes, and like the latter, usually have the body covered with scales or granules. They usually have eyelids, and most of then have well-formed legs; but in some groups (amphisbaena, glass-snake, etc.) the legs are wanting and the body is serpentlike. None are venomous, unless Heloderma be an exception. The order includes the chameleons, the Cionocrania, or typical lizards, and the amphisbaenas. See Amphisbaena, Gecko, Gila monster, and Lizard.

Lac•er•til´i•an (-an), a. & n. Same as Lacertian.

La•cer´ti•loid , a. [Lacertilia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Lacertilia.

La•cer´tine , a. (Zoöl.) Lacertian.

La•cer´tus (la•ser´tus), n.; pl. Lacerti (- ti). [L., the upper arm.] (Anat.) A bundle or fascicle of muscular fibers.

Lace´wing (las´wing•), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Chrysopa and allied genera. They have delicate, lacelike wings and brilliant eyes. Their larvae are useful in destroying aphids. Called also lace-winged fly, and goldeneyed fly.

Lace´-winged, a. (Zoöl.) Having thin, transparent, reticulated wings; as the lace- winged flies. { Lach´es , Lache } n. [OF. lachesse, fr. lache lax, indolent, F. lâche, ultimately fr. L. laxus loose, lax. See Lax.] (Law) Neglect; negligence; remissness; neglect to do a thing at the proper time; delay to assert a claim. “It ill became him to take advantage of such a laches with the eagerness of a shrewd attorney.” Macaulay.

Lach´ry•ma•ble , a. [L. lacrimabilis, fr. lacrima a tear.] Lamentable. Martin Parker.

Lach´ry•mae Chris´ti [L., lit., Christ’s tears.] A rich, sweet, red Neapolitan wine.

Lach´ry•mal , a. [Cf. F. lacrymal. See Lachrymose.] 1. Of or pertaining to tears; as lachrymal effusions. 2. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or secreting, tears; as the lachrymal gland. (b) Pertaining to the lachrymal organs; as lachrymal bone; lachrymal duct. { Lach´ry•mal , Lac´ry•mal } , n. See Lachrymatory.

Lach´ry•ma•ry , a. Containing, or intended to contain, tears; lachrymal. Addison.

Lach´ry•mate (-mat), v. i. To weep. [R.] Blount.

Lach•ry•ma´tion , n. [L. lacrimatio, from lacrimare to shed tears, fr. lacrima tear.] The act of shedding tears; weeping.

Lach´ry•ma•to•ry , n.; pl. - ries (#). [Cf. F. lacrymatoire.] (Antiq.) A ´tear-bottle;´ a narrow-necked vessel found in sepulchers of the ancient Romans; — so called from a former notion that the tears of the deceased person’s friends were collected in it. Called also lachrymal or lacrymal.

Lach´ry•mi•form , a., [L. lacrima tear + -form; cf. F. lacrymiforme.] Having the form of a tear; tear-shaped.

Lach´ry•mose , a. [L. lacrymosus, better lacrimosus, fr. lacrima, lacruma (also badly spelt lachryma) a tear, for older dacrima, akin to E. tear. See Tear the secretion.] Generating or shedding tears; given to shedding tears; suffused with tears; tearful. “You should have seen his lachrymose visnomy.” Lamb. — Lach´ry•mose•ly, adv.

La´cing , n. 1. The act of securing, fastening, or tightening, with a lace or laces. 2. A lace; specifically (Mach.), a thong of thin leather for uniting the ends of belts. 3. A rope or line passing through eyelet holes in the edge of a sail or an awning to attach it to a yard, gaff, etc. 4. (Bridge Building) A system of bracing bars, not crossing each other in the middle, connecting the channel bars of a compound strut. Waddell.

La•cin´i•a , n.; pl. L. Laciniae (#). [L., the lappet or flap of a garment.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the narrow, jagged, irregular pieces or divisions which form a sort of fringe on the borders of the petals of some flowers. (b) A narrow, slender portion of the edge of a monophyllous calyx, or of any irregularly incised leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) The posterior, inner process of the stipes on the maxillae of insects. { La•cin´i•ate , La•cin´i•a´ted } a. [See Lacinia.] 1. Fringed; having a fringed border. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Cut into deep, narrow, irregular lobes; slashed.

La•cin´i•o•late , a. [See Lacinia.] (Bot.) Consisting of, or abounding in, very minute laciniae.

La•cin´u•la , n.; pl. Lacinulae (#), E. Lacinulas (#). [NL.] (Bot.) A diminutive lacinia.

Lack , n. [OE. lak; cf. D. lak slander, laken to blame, OHG. lahan, AS. leán.] 1. Blame; cause of blame; fault; crime; offense. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Deficiency; want; need; destitution; failure; as a lack of sufficient food. “She swooneth now and now for lakke of blood.” Chaucer. “Let his lack of years be no impediment.” Shak.

Lack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacked p. pr. & vb. n. Lacking.] 1. To blame; to find fault with. [Obs.] “Love them and lakke them not.” Piers Plowman. 2. To be without or destitute of; to want; to need. “If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God.” James i. 5.

Lack, v. i. 1. To be wanting; often, impersonally, with of, meaning, to be less than, short, not quite, etc. “What hour now ?
I think it lacks of twelve.” Shak. “Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty.” Gen. xvii. 28. 2. To be in want. “The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger.” Ps. xxxiv. 10.

Lack, interj. [Cf. Alack.] Exclamation of regret or surprise. [Prov. Eng.] Cowper.

Lack•a•dai´si•cal (lak•a•da´zi•kal), a. [From Lackadaisy, interj.] Affectedly pensive; languidly sentimental. — Lack•a•dai´si•cal•ly, adv.

Lack´a•dai•sy , interj. [From Lackaday, interj.] An expression of languor.

Lack´a•dai•sy, a. Lackadaisical.

Lack´a•day , interj. [Abbreviated from alackaday.] Alack the day; alas; — an expression of sorrow, regret, dissatisfaction, or surprise.

Lack´brain , n. One who is deficient in understanding; a witless person. Shak.

Lack´er , n. One who lacks or is in want.

Lack´er, n. & v. See Lacquer.

Lack´ey , n.; pl. Lackeys (#). [F. laquais; cf. Sp. & Pg. lacayo; of uncertain origin; perh. of German origin, and akin to E. lick, v.] An attending male servant; a footman; a servile follower. “Like a Christian footboy or a gentleman’s lackey.” Shak. Lackey caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar, or larva, of any bombycid moth of the genus Clisiocampa; — so called from its party-colored markings. The common European species (C. neustria) is striped with blue, yellow, and red, with a white line on the back. The American species (C. Americana and C. sylvatica) are commonly called tent caterpillars. See Tent caterpillar, under Tent. — Lackey moth (Zoöl.), the moth which produces the lackey caterpillar.

Lack´ey, v. t. To attend as a lackey; to wait upon. “A thousand liveried angels lackey her.” Milton.

Lack´ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lackeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Lackeying.] To act or serve as lackey; to pay servile attendance. { Lack´lus•ter , Lack´lus•tre } , n. A want of luster. — a. Wanting luster or brightness. ´Lackluster eye.´ Shak.

Lac´mus , n. See Litmus.

La•co´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Laconia, a division of ancient Greece; Spartan. - - n. An inhabitant of Laconia; esp., a Spartan. { La•con´ic , La•con´ic•al } a. [L. Laconicus Laconian, Gr. , fr. a Laconian, Lacedaemonian, or Spartan: cf. F. laconique.] 1. Expressing much in few words, after the manner of the Laconians or Spartans; brief and pithy; brusque; epigrammatic. In this sense laconic is the usual form. “I grow laconic even beyond laconicism; for sometimes I return only yes, or no, to questionary or petitionary epistles of half a yard long.” Pope. “His sense was strong and his style laconic.” Welwood. 2. Laconian; characteristic of, or like, the Spartans; hence, stern or severe; cruel; unflinching. “His head had now felt the razor, his back the rod; all that laconical discipline pleased him well.” Bp. Hall. Syn. — Short; brief; concise; succinct; sententious; pointed; pithy. — Laconic, Concise. Concise means without irrelevant or superfluous matter; it is the opposite of diffuse. Laconic means concise with the additional quality of pithiness, sometimes of brusqueness.

La•con´ic, n. Laconism. [Obs.] Addison.

La•con´ic•al , a. See Laconic, a.

La•con´ic•al•ly, adv. In a laconic manner.

La•con´i•cism , n. Same as Laconism. Pope.

Lac´o•nism , n. [Gr. , fr. to imitate Lacedaemonian manners, to speak laconically: cf. F. laconisme.] 1. A vigorous, brief manner of expression; laconic style. 2. An instance of laconic style or expression.

Lac´o•nize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laconized p. pr. & vb. n. Laconizing ] [Gr. . See Laconic.] To imitate the manner of the Laconians, especially in brief, pithy speech, or in frugality and austerity.

Lac´quer , n. [F. lacre a sort of sealing wax, Pg. lacte, fr. laca lac. See Lac the resin.] [Written also lacker.] A varnish, consisting of a solution of shell-lac in alcohol, often colored with gamboge, saffron, or the like; — used for varnishing metals, papier- mache, and wood. The name is also given to varnishes made of other ingredients, esp. the tough, solid varnish of the Japanese, with which ornamental objects are made.

Lac´quer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacquered p. pr. & vb. n. Lacquering.] To cover with lacquer. ´Lacquer’d chair.´ Pope.

Lac´quer•er , n. One who lacquers, especially one who makes a business of lacquering.

Lac´quer•ing, n. The act or business of putting on lacquer; also the coat of lacquer put on.

La•cri•mo´so , a. [It. See Lachrymose.] (Mus.) Plaintive; — a term applied to a mournful or pathetic movement or style. Moore.

La•crosse´ , n. [F. la crosse, lit., the crosier, hooked stick. Cf. Crosier.] A game of ball, originating among the North American Indians, now the popular field sport of Canada, and played also in England and the United States. Each player carries a long-handled racket, called a ´crosse´. The ball is not handled but caught with the crosse and carried on it, or tossed from it, the object being to carry it or throw it through one of the goals placed at opposite ends of the field.

Lac´ry•mal , n. & a. See Lachrymatory, n., and Lachrymal, a. { Lac´ry•ma•ry , Lac´ry•to•ry, Lac´ry•mose. } See Lachrymary, Lachrymatory, Lachrymose.

Lac´tage , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. laitage. See Lacteal.] The produce of animals yielding milk; milk and that which is made from it.

Lac´tam , n. [Lactone + amido.] (Chem.) One of a series of anhydrides of an amido type, analogous to the lactones, as oxindol.

Lac•tam´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an amido acid related to lactic acid, and called also amido-propionic acid.

Lac•tam´ide , n. [Lactic + amide.] (Chem.) An acid amide derived from lactic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance having a neutral reaction. It is metameric with alanine.

Lac´tant , a. [L. lactans, p. pr. of lactare to suck, fr. lac, lactis, milk.] Suckling; giving suck.

Lac´ta•rene , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk.] A preparation of casein from milk, used in printing calico.

Lac´ta•ry , a. [l. lactarius, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactaire.] Milky; full of white juice like milk. [Obs.] ´Lactary or milky plants.´ Sir T. Browne.

Lac´ta•ry, n. a dairyhouse. [R.]

Lac´tate , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactate.] (Chem.) A salt of lactic acid.

Lac•ta´tion , n. A giving suck; the secretion and yielding of milk by the mammary gland.

Lac´te•al , a. [L. lacteus milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk. Cf. Galaxy, Lettuce.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, milk; milky; as the lacteal fluid. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Pertaining to, or containing, chyle; as the lacteal vessels.

Lac´te•al, n. (Anat.) One of the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the small intestine through the mesenteric glands to the thoracic duct; a chyliferous vessel.

Lac´te•al•ly, adv. Milkily; in the manner of milk.

Lac´te•an , a. [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; consisting of, or resembling, milk. ´This lactean whiteness.´ Moxon. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Lacteal; conveying chyle.

Lac´te•ous , a. [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; resembling milk. ´The lacteous circle.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. Lacteal; conveying chyle; as lacteous vessels.

Lac´te•ous•ly, adv. In a lacteous manner; after the manner of milk.

Lac•tes´cence , n. [Cf. F. lactescence.] 1. The state or quality of producing milk, or milklike juice; resemblance to milk; a milky color. “This lactescence does commonly ensue when … fair water is suddenly poured upon the solution.” Boyle. 2. (Bot.) The latex of certain plants. See Latex.

Lac•tes´cent , a. [L. lactescens, p. pr. of lactescere to turn to milk, incho. fr. lactere to be milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactescent.] 1. Having a milky look; becoming milky. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) Producing milk or a milklike juice or fluid, as the milkweed. See Latex.

Lac´tic , a. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactique. See Lacteal, and cf. Galactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to milk; procured from sour milk or whey; as lactic acid; lactic fermentation, etc. Lactic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a sirupy, colorless fluid, soluble in water, with an intensely sour taste and strong acid reaction. There are at least three isomeric modifications all having the formula C3H6O3. Sarcolactic or paralactic acid occurs chiefly in dead muscle tissue, while ordinary lactic acid results from fermentation. The two acids are alike in having the same constitution (expressed by the name ethylidene lactic acid), but the latter is optically inactive, while sarcolactic acid rotates the plane of polarization to the right. The third acid, ethylene lactic acid, accompanies sarcolactic acid in the juice of flesh, and is optically inactive. — Lactic ferment, an organized ferment (Bacterium lacticum or lactis), which produces lactic fermentation, decomposing the sugar of milk into carbonic and lactic acids, the latter, of which renders the milk sour, and precipitates the casein, thus giving rise to the so-called spontaneous coagulation of milk. — Lactic fermentation. See under Fermentation.

Lac´tide , n. [Lactic + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, obtained from lactic acid by distillation, and regarded as an anhydride; also by extension, any similar substance.

Lac•tif´er•ous , a. [l. lac, lactis, milk + -ferous: cf. F. lactifère.] Bearing or containing milk or a milky fluid; as the lactiferous vessels, cells, or tissue of various vascular plants. { Lac•tif´ic , Lac•tif´ic•al } a. [L. lac, lactis, milk + facere to make.] Producing or yielding milk.

Lac´ti•fuge , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + fugare to expel.] (Med.) A medicine to check the secretion of milk, or to dispel a supposed accumulation of milk in any part of the body.

Lac´tim , n. [Lactic + imido.] (Chem.) One of a series of anhydrides resembling the lactams, but of an imido type; as isatine is a lactim. Cf. Lactam.

Lac•tim´ide , n. [Lactic + imide.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance obtained as an anhydride of alanine, and regarded as an imido derivative of lactic acid.

Lac´tin , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactine. Cf. Galactin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Lactose.

Lac•to•a•bu´min , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) The albumin present in milk, apparently identical with ordinary serum albumin. It is distinct from the casein of milk.

Lac•to•bu•ty•rom´e•ter , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. butyrometer.] An instrument for determining the amount of butter fat contained in a given sample of milk.

Lac•to•den•sim´e•ter , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. densimeter.] A form of hydrometer, specially graduated, for finding the density of milk, and thus discovering whether it has been mixed with water or some of the cream has been removed.

Lac•tom´e•ter , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + meter: cf. F. lactomètre. Cf. Galactometer.] An instrument for estimating the purity or richness of milk, as a measuring glass, a specific gravity bulb, or other apparatus.

Lac´tone , n. (Chem.) One of a series of organic compounds, regarded as anhydrides of certain hydroxy acids. In general, they are colorless liquids, having a weak aromatic odor. They are so called because the typical lactone is derived from lactic acid.

Lac•ton´ic , a. [From Lactone.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, lactone.

Lac•ton´ic, a. [From Lactose.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of milk sugar (lactose).

Lac•to•pro´te•in , n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar albuminous body considered a normal constituent of milk.

Lac´to•ry , a. Lactiferous. [Obs.] ´Lactory or milky plants.´ Sir T. Browne.

Lac´to•scope , n. [L. lac, lactis + scope.] An instrument for estimating the amount of cream contained in milk by ascertaining its relative opacity.

Lac´tose , n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) Sugar of milk or milk sugar; a crystalline sugar present in milk, and separable from the whey by evaporation and crystallization. It has a slightly sweet taste, is dextrorotary, and is much less soluble in water than either cane sugar or glucose. Formerly called lactin. 2. (Chem.) See Galactose.

Lac•tu´ca , n. [L., lettuce. See Lettuce.] (Bot.) A genus of composite herbs, several of which are cultivated for salad; lettuce.

Lac•tu•ca´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. L. lactuca lettuce.] The inspissated juice of the common lettuce, sometimes used as a substitute for opium.

Lac•tu´cic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the juice of the Lactuca virosa; — said of certain acids.

Lac•tu´cin , n. [From Lactuca: cf. F. lactucine.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, having a bitter taste and a neutral reaction, and forming one of the essential ingredients of lactucarium.

Lac•tu´cone , n. [From Lactuca.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, tasteless substance, found in the milky sap of species of Lactuca, and constituting an essential ingredient of lactucarium.

Lac•tu•ram´ic , a. [Lactic + urea + amic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic amido acid, which is regarded as a derivative of lactic acid and urea.

Lac´tyl , n. [Lactic + - yl.] (Chem.) An organic residue or radical derived from lactic acid.

La•cu´na (la•ku´na), n.; pl. L. Lacunae (#); E. Lacunas (#). [L., ditch, pit, lake, orig., anything hollow. See Lagoon.] 1. A small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus. 2. (Biol.) A small opening; a small depression or cavity; a space, as a vacant space between the cells of plants, or one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids, or the cavity or sac, usually of very small size, in a mucous membrane. { La•cu´nal (la•ku´nal), La•cu´nar (la•ku´ner), } a. Pertaining to, or having, lacunae; as a lacunar circulation.

La•cu´nar, n.; pl. E. Lacunars (#), L. Lacunaria (#). [L.] (Arch.) (a) The ceiling or under surface of any part, especially when it consists of compartments, sunk or hollowed without spaces or bands between the panels. Gwilt (b) One of the sunken panels in such a ceiling.

La•cune´ (la•kun´), n. [F.] A lacuna. [R.] Landor. { Lac´u•nose• , La•cu´nous } a. [L. lacunosus full of holes or hollows; cf. F. lacuneux. See Lacuna.] (Biol.) Furrowed or pitted; having shallow cavities or lacunae; as a lacunose leaf. { La•cus´tral , La•cus´trine } a. [L. lacus lake: cf. F. lacustral, lacustre.] Found in, or pertaining to, lakes or ponds, or growing in them; as lacustrine flowers. Lacustrine deposits (Geol.), the deposits which have been accumulated in fresh-water areas. — Lacustrine dwellings. See Lake dwellings, under Lake.

Lac´work , n. Ornamentation by means of lacquer painted or carved, or simply colored, sprinkled with gold or the like; — said especially of Oriental work of this kind.

Lad (lad), obs. p. p. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.

Lad (lad), n. [OE. ladde, of Celtic origin; cf. W. llawd, Ir. lath. rad.123. Cf. Lass.] 1. A boy; a youth; a stripling. ´Cupid is a knavish lad.´ Shak. “There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves and two small fishes.” John vi. 9. 2. A companion; a comrade; a mate. Lad’s love. (Bot.) See Boy’s love, under Boy.

Lad´a•num , n. [L. ladanum, ledanum, Gr. la•danon, lh•danon, fr. lh^don name of a shrub, mastic; cf. Per. ladan, laden. Cf. Laudanum.] A gum resin gathered from certain Oriental species of Cistus. It has a pungent odor and is chiefly used in making plasters, and for fumigation. [Written also labdanum.]

Lad´de , obs. imp. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.

Lad´der (-der), n. [OE. laddre, AS. hlaeder, hlaedder; akin to OFries. hladder, OHG. leitara, G. leiter, and from the root of E. lean, v. rad.40. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Climax.] 1. A frame usually portable, of wood, metal, or rope, for ascent and descent, consisting of two side pieces to which are fastened cross strips or rounds forming steps. “Some the engines play,
And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire.” Dryden. 2. That which resembles a ladder in form or use; hence, that by means of which one attains to eminence. “Lowliness is young ambition’s ladder.” Shak. Fish ladder. See under Fish. — Ladder beetle (Zoöl.), an American leaf beetle (Chrysomela scalaris). The elytra are silvery white, striped and spotted with green; the under wings are rose- colored. It feeds upon the linden tree. — Ladder handle, an iron rail at the side of a vertical fixed ladder, to grasp with the hand in climbing. — Ladder shell (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell of the genus Scalaria. See Scalaria.

Lad´die , n. A lad; a male sweetheart. [Scot.]

Lade (lad), v. t. [imp. Laded; p. p. Laded, Laden (lad’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Lading.] [AS. hladan to heap, load, draw (water); akin to D. & G. laden to load, OHG. hladan, ladan, Icel. hlaða, Sw. ladda, Dan. lade, Goth. afhlaþan. Cf. Load, Ladle, Lathe for turning, Last a load.] 1. To load; to put a burden or freight on or in; — generally followed by that which receives the load, as the direct object. “And they laded their asses with the corn.” Gen. xlii. 26. 2. To throw in or out, with a ladle or dipper; to dip; as to lade water out of a tub, or into a cistern. “And chides the sea that sunders him from thence,
Saying, he’ll lade it dry to have his way.” Shak. 3. (Plate Glass Manuf.) To transfer (the molten glass) from the pot to the forming table.

Lade, v. i. [See Lade, v. t.] 1. To draw water. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) To admit water by leakage, as a ship, etc.

Lade, n. [Prov. E., a ditch or drain. Cf. Lode, Lead to conduct.] 1. The mouth of a river. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson. 2. A passage for water; a ditch or drain. [Prov. Eng.]

Lade´man , n. One who leads a pack horse; a miller’s servant. [Obs. or Local]

Lad´en , p. & a. Loaded; freighted; burdened; as a laden vessel; a laden heart. “Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.” Is. i. 4. “A ship laden with gold.” Shak.

La´died , a. Ladylike; not rough; gentle. [Obs.] ´Stroked with a ladied land.´ Feltham.

La´dies’ ear•drops (Bot.) The small- flowered Fuchsia (F. coccinea), and other closely related species.

La´di•fy , v. t. [Lady + - fy.] To make a lady of; to make ladylike. [Obs.] Massinger.

La•din´ , n. [From L. Latinus Latin. See Latin] A Romansch dialect spoken in some parts of Switzerland and the Tyrol.

Lad´ing , n. 1. The act of loading. 2. That which lades or constitutes a load or cargo; freight; burden; as the lading of a ship. Bill of lading. See under Bill.

La•di´no , n.; pl. Ladinos (#). [Sp.] One of the half-breed descendants of whites and Indians; a mestizo; — so called throughout Central America. They are usually of a yellowish orange tinge. Am. Cyc.

Lad´kin , n. A little lad. [R.] Dr. H. More.

La´dle , n. [AS. hlaedel, fr. hladan to load, drain. See Lade, v. t.] 1. A cuplike spoon, often of large size, with a long handle, used in lading or dipping. “When the materials of glass have been kept long in fusion, the mixture casts up the superfluous salt, which the workmen take off with ladles.” Boyle. 2. (Founding) A vessel to carry liquid metal from the furnace to the mold. 3. The float of a mill wheel; — called also ladle board. 4. (Gun.) (a) An instrument for drawing the charge of a cannon. (b) A ring, with a handle or handles fitted to it, for carrying shot. Ladle wood (Bot.), the wood of a South African tree (Cassine Colpoon), used for carving.

La´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ladled p. pr. & vb. n. Ladling ] To take up and convey in a ladle; to dip with, or as with, a ladle; as to ladle out soup; to ladle oatmeal into a kettle.

La´dle•ful , n.; pl. Ladlefuls . A quantity sufficient to fill a ladle.

La•drone´ , n. [Sp. ladron, L. latro servant, robber, Gr. a servant.] A robber; a pirate; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal.

La´dy (la´dy), n.; pl. Ladies (-diz). [OE. ladi, laefdi, AS. hlaefdige, hlaefdie; AS. hlaf loaf + a root of uncertain origin, possibly akin to E. dairy. See Loaf, and cf. Lord.] 1. A woman who looks after the domestic affairs of a family; a mistress; the female head of a household. “Agar, the handmaiden of Sara, whence comest thou, and whither goest thou? The which answered, Fro the face of Sara my lady.” Wyclif (Gen. xvi. 8.). 2. A woman having proprietary rights or authority; mistress; — a feminine correlative of lord. ´Lord or lady of high degree.´ Lowell. “Of all these bounds, even from this line to this, …
We make thee lady.” Shak. 3. A woman to whom the particular homage of a knight was paid; a woman to whom one is devoted or bound; a sweetheart. “The soldier here his wasted store supplies,
And takes new valor from his lady’s eyes.” Waller. 4. A woman of social distinction or position. In England, a title prefixed to the name of any woman whose husband is not of lower rank than a baron, or whose father was a nobleman not lower than an earl. The wife of a baronet or knight has the title of Lady by courtesy, but not by right. 5. A woman of refined or gentle manners; a well-bred woman; — the feminine correlative of gentleman. 6. A wife; — not now in approved usage. Goldsmith. 7. (Zoöl.) The triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster; — so called from a fancied resemblance to a seated female figure. It consists of calcareous plates. Ladies’ man, a man who affects the society of ladies. — Lady altar, an altar in a lady chapel. Shipley. — Lady chapel, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. — Lady court, the court of a lady of the manor. — Lady crab (Zoöl.), a handsomely spotted swimming crab (Platyonichus ocellatus) very common on the sandy shores of the Atlantic coast of the United States. — Lady fern. (Bot.) See Female fern, under Female, and Illust. of Fern. — Lady in waiting, a lady of the queen’s household, appointed to wait upon or attend the queen. — Lady Mass, a Mass said in honor of the Virgin Mary. Shipley. Lady of the manor, a lady having jurisdiction of a manor; also the wife of a manor lord. Lady’s maid, a maidservant who dresses and waits upon a lady. Thackeray. — Our Lady, the Virgin Mary.

La´dy, a. Belonging or becoming to a lady; ladylike. ´Some lady trifles.´ Shak.

La´dy•bird , n. [Equiv. to, bird of Our Lady.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small beetles of the genus Coccinella and allied genera (family Coccinellidae); — called also ladybug, ladyclock, lady cow, lady fly, and lady beetle. Coccinella seplempunctata in one of the common European species. See Coccinella. The ladybirds are usually more or less hemispherical in form, with a smooth, polished surface, and often colored red, brown, or black, with small spots of brighter colors. Both the larvae and the adult beetles of most species feed on aphids, and for this reason they are very beneficial to agriculture and horticulture.

La´dy•bug , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ladybird.

La´dy•clock , n. (Zoöl.) See Ladybird.

La´dy• Day (da). The day of the annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25. See Annunciation.

La´dy•fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, handsome oceanic fish (Albula vulpes), found both in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; — called also bonefish, grubber, French mullet, and macabe. (b) A labroid fish (Harpe rufa) of Florida and the West Indies.

La´dy•hood , n. The state or quality of being a lady; the personality of a lady.

La´dy-kill•er , n. A gallant who captivates the hearts of women. ´A renowned dandy and lady-killer.´ Blackw. Mag.

La´dy-kill•ing, n. The art or practice of captivating the hearts of women. “Better for the sake of womankind that this dangerous dog should leave off lady-killing.” Thackeray.

La´dy•kin , n. [Lady + - kin.] A little lady; — applied by the writers of Queen Elizabeth’s time, in the abbreviated form Lakin, to the Virgin Mary. The diminutive does not refer to size, but is equivalent to ´dear.´ Brewer.

La´dy•like , a. 1. Like a lady in appearance or manners; well-bred. “She was ladylike, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days.” Hawthorne. 2. Becoming or suitable to a lady; as ladylike manners. ´With fingers ladylike.´ Warner. 3. Delicate; tender; feeble; effeminate. “Too ladylike a long fatigue to bear.” Dryden.

La´dy•like•ness , n. The quality or state of being ladylike.

La´dy•love , n. A sweetheart or mistress.

La´dy’s bed´straw , (Bot.) The common bedstraw (Galium verum); also a slender-leaved East Indian shrub (Pharnaceum Mollugo), with white flowers in umbels.

La´dy’s bow´er (Bot.) A climbing plant with fragrant blossoms (Clematis vitalba). This term is sometimes applied to other plants of the same genus.

La´dy’s comb´ , (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Scandix Pecten-Veneris), its clusters of long slender fruits remotely resembling a comb.

La´dy’s cush´ion , (Bot.) An herb growing in dense tufts; the thrift (Armeria vulgaris).

La´dy’s fin´ger , 1. pl. (Bot.) The kidney vetch. 2. (Cookery) A variety of small cake of about the dimensions of a finger. 3. A long, slender variety of the potato. 4. (Zoöl.) One of the branchiae of the lobster.

La´dy’s gar´ters (Bot.) Ribbon grass.

La´dy’s hair´ (Bot.) A plant of the genus Briza (B. media); a variety of quaking grass.

La´dy•ship , n. The rank or position of a lady; — given as a title (preceded by her or your). “Your ladyship shall observe their gravity.” B. Jonson.

La´dy’s la´ces (Bot.) A slender climbing plant; dodder.

La´dy’s look´ing-glass (Bot.) See Venus’s looking-glass, under Venus.

La´dy’s man´tle (Bot.) A genus of rosaceous herbs (Alchemilla), esp. the European A. vulgaris, which has leaves with rounded and finely serrated lobes.

La´dy’s seal´ (Bot.) (a) The European Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum verticillatum). (b) The black bryony (Tamus communis).

La´dy’s slip´per (Bot.) Any orchidaceous plant of the genus Cypripedium, the labellum of which resembles a slipper. Less commonly, in the United States, the garden balsam (Impatiens Balsamina).

La´dy’s smock´ (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cardamine (C. pratensis); cuckoo flower.

La´dy’s thim´ble (Bot.) The harebell.

La´dy’s thumb´ (Bot.) An annual weed (Polygonum Persicaria), having a lanceolate leaf with a dark spot in the middle. { La´dy’s tra´ces , La´dies’ tress´es } (Bot.) A name given to several species of the orchidaceous genus Spiranthes, in which the white flowers are set in spirals about a slender axis and remotely resemble braided hair.

Lae´laps , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a dark, furious storm.] (Paleon.) A genus of huge, carnivorous, dinosaurian reptiles from the Cretaceous formation of the United States. They had very large hind legs and tail, and are supposed to have been bipedal. Some of the species were about eighteen feet high.

Laem´mer•gey•er , n. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir.

Lae•mod´i•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Laemodipoda.

Lae•mo•dip´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. throat + twice + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of amphipod Crustacea, in which the abdomen is small or rudimentary and the legs are often reduced to five pairs. The whale louse, or Cyamus, and Caprella are examples.

Lae•mo•dip´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Laemodipoda.

Lae•te´re Sun´day The fourth Sunday of Lent; — so named from the Latin word Laetare (rejoice), the first word in the antiphone of the introit sung that day in the Roman Catholic service.

Laev´i•gate , a. [See Levigate.] (Biol.) Having a smooth surface, as if polished.

Lae´vo- A prefix. See Levo.

Lae´vo•ro´ta•to•ry , a. Same as Levorotatory. Cf. Dextrorotatory.

Laev´u•lose , n. (Chem.) See Levulose.

La•fa•yette´ , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The dollar fish. (b) A market fish, the goody, or spot (Liostomus xanthurus), of the southern coast of the United States.

Laft , obs. p. p. of Leave. Chaucer.

Laf´te , obs. imp. of Leave. Chaucer.

Lag , a. [Of Celtic origin: cf. Gael. & Ir. lagweak, feeble, faint, W. llag, llac, slack, loose, remiss, sluggish; prob. akin to E. lax, languid.] 1. Coming tardily after or behind; slow; tardy. [Obs.] “Came too lag to see him buried.” Shak. 2. Last; long-delayed; — obsolete, except in the phrase lag end. ´The lag end of my life.´ Shak. 3. Last made; hence, made of refuse; inferior. [Obs.] ´Lag souls.´ Dryden.

Lag , n. 1. One who lags; that which comes in last. [Obs.] ´The lag of all the flock.´ Pope. 2. The fag-end; the rump; hence, the lowest class. “The common lag of people.” Shak. 3. The amount of retardation of anything, as of a valve in a steam engine, in opening or closing. 4. A stave of a cask, drum, etc.; especially (Mach.), one of the narrow boards or staves forming the covering of a cylindrical object, as a boiler, or the cylinder of a carding machine or a steam engine. 5. (Zoöl.) See Graylag. Lag of the tide, the interval by which the time of high water falls behind the mean time, in the first and third quarters of the moon; — opposed to priming of the tide, or the acceleration of the time of high water, in the second and fourth quarters; depending on the relative positions of the sun and moon. — Lag screw, an iron bolt with a square head, a sharp-edged thread, and a sharp point, adapted for screwing into wood; a screw for fastening lags.

Lag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lagged p. pr. & vb. n. Lagging ] To walk or more slowly; to stay or fall behind; to linger or loiter. ´I shall not lag behind.´ Milton. Syn. — To loiter; linger; saunter; delay; be tardy.

Lag, v. t. 1. To cause to lag; to slacken. [Obs.] ´To lag his flight.´ Heywood. 2. (Mach.) To cover, as the cylinder of a steam engine, with lags. See Lag, n., 4.

Lag, n. One transported for a crime. [Slang, Eng.]

Lag, v. t. To transport for crime. [Slang, Eng.] “She lags us if we poach.” De Quincey.

La´gan , n. & v. See Ligan.

La•gar´to , n. [See Alligator.] An alligator. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

La•ge´na , n.; pl. L. Lagenae (#), E. Lagenas (#). [L., a flask; cf. Gr. , .] (Anat.) The terminal part of the cochlea in birds and most reptiles; an appendage of the sacculus, corresponding to the cochlea, in fishes and amphibians.

La•ge´ni•an , a. [See Lagena.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Lagena, a genus of Foraminifera having a straight, chambered shell.

La•ge´ni•form , a. [See Lagena, and -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a bottle or flask; flag-shaped.

La´ger (lä´ger), n. Lager beer.

La´ger beer [G. lager bed, storehouse + bier beer. See Lair, and Beer.] Originally a German beer, but now also made in immense quantities in the United States; — so called from its being laid up or stored for some months before use.

La´ger wine Wine which has been kept for some time in the cellar. Simmonds.

Lag´gard , a. [Lag + - ard.] Slow; sluggish; backward.

Lag´gard, n. One who lags; a loiterer.

Lag´ger , n. A laggard.

Lag´ging , n. 1. (Mach.) The clothing (esp., an outer, wooden covering), as of a steam cylinder, applied to prevent the radiation of heat; a covering of lags; — called also deading and cleading. 2. Lags, collectively; narrow planks extending from one rib to another in the centering of arches.

Lag´ging•ly, adv. In a lagging manner; loiteringly.

Lag´ly , adv. Laggingly. [Prov. Eng.]

Lag´o•morph , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Lagomorpha.

Lag•o•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a hare + form.] (Zoöl.) A group of rodents, including the hares. They have four incisors in the upper jaw. Called also Duplicidentata.

La•goon´ , n. [It. or Sp. laguna, L. lacuna ditch, pool, pond, lacus lake. See Lake, and cf. Lacuna.] [Written also lagune.] 1. A shallow sound, channel, pond, or lake, especially one into which the sea flows; as the lagoons of Venice. 2. A lake in a coral island, often occupying a large portion of its area, and usually communicating with the sea. See Atoll. Lagoon island, a coral island consisting of a narrow reef encircling a lagoon. { Lag•oph•thal´mi•a , Lag•oph•thal´mos } n. [NL. lagophtalmia, fr. Gr. lagw•s hare + ’ofqalmo•s eye; — so called from the notion that a hare sleeps with his eyes open.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the eye stands wide open, giving a peculiar staring appearance.

La•go´pous , a. [Gr. a hare + , , foot.] (Bot.) Having a dense covering of long hair, like the foot of a hare.

La•gune´ , n. See Lagoon. { La´ic , La´ic•al } a. [L. laicus: cf. F. laïque. See Lay laic.] Of or pertaining to a layman or the laity. ´Laical literature.´ Lowell. “An unprincipled, unedified, and laic rabble.” Milton.

La´ic, n. A layman. Bp. Morton.

La´ic•al´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being laic; the state or condition of a layman.

La´ic•al•ly , adv. As a layman; after the manner of a layman; as to treat a matter laically.

Laid , imp. & p. p. of Lay. Laid paper, paper marked with parallel lines or water marks, as if ribbed, from parallel wires in the mold. It is called blue laid, cream laid, etc., according to its color.

Laid´ly, a. Ugly; loathsome. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “This laidly and loathsome worm.” W. Howitt.

Lain , p. p. of Lie, v. i.

Lain´ere , n. See Lanier. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lair (lâr), n. [OE. leir, AS. leger; akin to D. leger, G. lager couch, lair, OHG. legar, Goth. ligrs, and to E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate, and cf. Layer, Leaguer.] 1. A place in which to lie or rest; especially, the bed or couch of a wild beast. 2. A burying place. [Scot.] Jamieson. 3. A pasture; sometimes, food. [Obs.] Spenser.

Laird (lârd), n. [See Lord.] A lord; a landholder, esp. one who holds land directly of the crown. [Scot.]

Laird´ship, n. The state of being a laird; an estate; landed property. [Scot.] Ramsay.

La´ism , n. See Lamaism. [R.]

Lais•sez´ faire´ [F., let alone.] Noninterference; — an axiom of some political economists, deprecating interference of government by attempts to foster or regulate commerce, manufactures, etc., by bounty or by restriction; as the doctrine of laissez faire; the laissez faire system of government.

La´i•ty (la´i•ty), n. [See Lay, a.] 1. The people, as distinguished from the clergy; the body of the people not in orders. “A rising up of the laity against the sacerdotal caste.” Macaulay. 2. The state of a layman. [Obs.] Ayliffe. 3. Those who are not of a certain profession, as law or medicine, in distinction from those belonging to it.

La•ka´o , n. Sap green. [China]

Lake (lak), n. [F. laque, fr. Per. See Lac.] A pigment formed by combining some coloring matter, usually by precipitation, with a metallic oxide or earth, esp. with aluminium hydrate; as madder lake; Florentine lake; yellow lake, etc.

Lake, n. [Cf. G. laken.] A kind of fine white linen, formerly in use. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lake (lak), v. i. [AS. lacan, laecan, to spring, jump, lac play, sport, or fr. Icel. leika to play, sport; both akin to Goth. laikan to dance. rad.120. Cf. Knowledge.] To play; to sport. [Prov. Eng.]

Lake, n. [AS. lac, L. lacus; akin to AS. lagu lake, sea, Icel. lögr; OIr. loch; cf. Gr. la•kkos pond, tank. Cf. Loch, Lough.] A large body of water contained in a depression of the earth’s surface, and supplied from the drainage of a more or less extended area. Lakes are for the most part of fresh water; the salt lakes, like the Great Salt Lake of Utah, have usually no outlet to the ocean. Lake dwellers (Ethnol.), people of a prehistoric race, or races, which inhabited different parts of Europe. Their dwellings were built on piles in lakes, a short distance from the shore. Their relics are common in the lakes of Switzerland. — Lake dwellings (Archaeol.), dwellings built over a lake, sometimes on piles, and sometimes on rude foundations kept in place by piles; specifically, such dwellings of prehistoric times. Lake dwellings are still used by many savage tribes. Called also lacustrine dwellings. See Crannog. — Lake fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Chironomus. In form they resemble mosquitoes, but they do not bite. The larvae live in lakes. — Lake herring (Zoöl.), the cisco (Coregonus Artedii). — Lake poets, Lake school, a collective name originally applied in contempt, but now in honor, to Southey, Coleridge, and Wordsworth, who lived in the lake country of Cumberland, England, Lamb and a few others were classed with these by hostile critics. Called also lakers and lakists. — Lake sturgeon (Zoöl.), a sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus), of moderate size, found in the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. It is used as food. — Lake trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of trout and salmon; in Europe, esp. Salmo fario; in the United States, esp. Salvelinus namaycush of the Great Lakes, and of various lakes in New York, Eastern Maine, and Canada. A large variety of brook trout (S. fontinalis), inhabiting many lakes in New England, is also called lake trout. See Namaycush. — Lake whitefish. (Zoöl.) See Whitefish. — Lake whiting (Zoöl.), an American whitefish (Coregonus Labradoricus), found in many lakes in the Northern United States and Canada. It is more slender than the common whitefish.

Lake´-dwell•er , n. See Lake dwellers, under Lake.

Lake´let , n. A little lake. Southey.

Lake´weed , n. (Bot.) The water pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper), an aquatic plant of Europe and North America.

Lakh , n. Same as Lac, one hundred thousand.

La´kin , n. See Ladykin.

Lak´ke , n. & v. See Lack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lak´y , a. Pertaining to a lake. Sir W. Scott.

Lak´y, a. [From Lake the pigment.] Transparent; — said of blood rendered transparent by the action of some solvent agent on the red blood corpuscles.

Lal•la´tion , n. [L. lallare to sing lalla, or lullaby: cf. F. lallation.] An imperfect enunciation of the letter r, in which it sounds like l.

La´lo , n. The powdered leaves of the baobab tree, used by the Africans to mix in their soup, as the southern negroes use powdered sassafras. Cf. Couscous.

Lam , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lammed p. pr. & vb. n. Lamming.] [Icel. lemja to beat, or lama to bruise, both fr. lami, lama, lame. See Lame.] To beat soundly; to thrash. [Obs. or Low] Beau. & Fl.

La´ma ( 277), n. (Zoöl.) See Llama.

La´ma, n. [Thibet. blama (pronounced lä´ma) a chief, a high priest.] In Thibet, Mongolia, etc., a priest or monk of the belief called Lamaism. The Grand Lama, or Dalai Lama [lit., Ocean Lama], the supreme pontiff in the lamaistic hierarchy. See Lamaism.

La´ma•ic , a. Of or pertaining to Lamaism.

La´ma•ism , n. A modified form of Buddhism which prevails in Thibet, Mongolia, and some adjacent parts of Asia; — so called from the name of its priests. See 2d Lama. { La´ma•ist , La´ma•ite } n. One who believes in Lamaism.

La•ma•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to Lamaism.

La•man´tin , n. [F. lamantin, lamentin, prob. from the name of the animal in the Antilles. Cf. Manater.] (Zoöl.) The manatee. [Written also lamentin, and lamantine.]

La•marck´i•an , a. Pertaining to, or involved in, the doctrines of Lamarckianism.

La•marck´i•an•ism , n. (Biol.) Lamarckism.

La´marck´ism , n. [From Lamarck, a distinguished French naturalist.] (Biol.) The theory that structural variations, characteristic of species and genera, are produced in animals and plants by the direct influence of physical environments, and esp., in the case of animals, by effort, or by use or disuse of certain organs.

La´ma•ser•y , n. [See 2d Lama.] A monastery or convent of lamas in Thibet, Mongolia, etc.

Lamb (lam), n. [AS. lamb; akin to D. & Dan. lam, G. & Sw. lamm, OS., Goth., & Icel. lamb.] 1. (Zoöl.) The young of the sheep. 2. Any person who is as innocent or gentle as a lamb. 3. A simple, unsophisticated person; in the cant of the Stock Exchange, one who ignorantly speculates and is victimized. Lamb of God, The Lamb (Script.), the Jesus Christ, in allusion to the paschal lamb. “The twelve apostles of the Lamb.” Rev. xxi. 14. “Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.” John i. 29. — Lamb’s lettuce (Bot.), an annual plant with small obovate leaves (Valerianella olitoria), often used as a salad; corn salad. [Written also lamb lettuce.] — Lamb’s tongue, a carpenter’s plane with a deep narrow bit, for making curved grooves. Knight. — Lamb’s wool. (a) The wool of a lamb. (b) Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted apples; — probably from the resemblance of the pulp of roasted apples to lamb’s wool. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Lamb , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lambed p. pr. & vb. n. Lambing.] To bring forth a lamb or lambs, as sheep.

Lamb´ale , n. A feast at the time of shearing lambs.

Lam•baste´ , v. t. [Lam + baste to beat.] To beat severely. [Low] Nares.

Lam´ba•tive , a. [L. lambere to lick. See Lambent.] Taken by licking with the tongue. ´Sirups and lambative medicines.´ Sir T. Browne.

Lam´ba•tive, n. A medicine taken by licking with the tongue; a lincture. Wiseman.

Lamb´da , n. [NL., fr. Gr. la•mbda.] 1. The name of the Greek letter &LAMBDA;, λ, corresponding with the English letter L, l. 2. (Anat.) The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the skull. Lambda moth (Zoöl.), a moth so called from a mark on its wings, resembling the Greek letter lambda (&LAMBDA;).

Lamb´da•cism , n. [L. lambdacismus, Gr. , fr. la•mbda the letter lambda (&LAMBDA;).] 1. A fault in speaking or in composition, which consists in too frequent use of the letter l, or in doubling it erroneously. 2. A defect in pronunciation of the letter l when doubled, which consists in giving it a sound as if followed by y, similar to that of the letters lli in billion. 3. The use of the sound of l for that of r in pronunciation; lallation; as Amelican for American.

Lamb´doid , a. [Gr. , la•mbda the letter lambda (&LAMBDA;) + e´i^dos shape.] Shaped like the Greek letter lambda (&LAMBDA;); as the lambdoid suture between the occipital and parietal bones of the skull.

Lamb•doid´al , a. Same as Lambdoid.

Lam´bent , a. [L. lambens, -enlis, p. pr. of lambere to lick; akin to lap. See Lap to drink by licking.] 1. Playing on the surface; touching lightly; gliding over. ´A lambent flame.´ Dryden. ´A lambent style.´ Beaconsfield. 2. Twinkling or gleaming; fickering. ´The lambent purity of the stars.´ W. Irving.

Lam´bert pine [So called from Lambert, an English botanist.] (Bot.) The gigantic sugar pine of California and Oregon (Pinus Lambertiana). It has the leaves in fives, and cones a foot long. The timber is soft, and like that of the white pine of the Eastern States.

Lamb´kin , n. A small lamb.

Lamb´like , a. Like a lamb; gentle; meek; inoffensive.

Lam´boys , n. pl. [Cf. F. lambeau. Cf. Label.] (Anc. Armor) Same as Base, n., 19.

Lam´bre•quin , n. [F. Cf. Lamboys, Label.] 1. A kind of pendent scarf or covering attached to the helmet, to protect it from wet or heat. 2. A leather flap hanging from a cuirass. Wilhelm. 3. A piece of ornament drapery or short decorative hanging, pendent from a shelf or from the casing above a window, hiding the curtain fixtures, or the like.

Lamb´skin , n. 1. The skin of a lamb; especially, a skin dressed with the wool on, and used as a mat. Also used adjectively. 2. A kind of woolen.

Lamb´skin•net´ , n. See Lansquenet.

Lamb’s-quar´ters , n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of the Goosefoot family, sometimes used as pot herbs, as Chenopodium album and Atriplex patulsa.

Lam•doid´al , a. Lambdoid. [R.]

Lame (lam), a. [Compar. Lamer superl. Lamest.] [OE. lame, AS. lama; akin to D. lam, G. lahm,OHG., Dan., & Sw. lam, Icel. lami, Russ. lomate to break, lomota rheumatism.] 1. (a) Moving with pain or difficulty on account of injury, defect, or temporary obstruction of a function; as a lame leg, arm, or muscle. (b) To some degree disabled by reason of the imperfect action of a limb; crippled; as a lame man. ´Lame of one leg.´ Arbuthnot. ´Lame in both his feet.´ 2 Sam. ix. 13. ´He fell, and became lame.´ 2 Sam. iv. 4. 2. Hence, hobbling; limping; inefficient; imperfect. ´A lame endeavor.´ Barrow. “O, most lame and impotent conclusion!” Shak. Lame duck (stock Exchange), a person who can not fulfill his contracts. [Cant]

Lame , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamed p. pr. & vb. n. Laming.] To make lame. “If you happen to let child fall and lame it.” Swift.

Lam´el , n. See Lamella.

La•mel´la , n.; pl. L. Lamellae (#), E. Lamellas (#). [L. lamella, dim. of lamina plate, leaf, layer: cf. F. lamelle. Cf. Lamina, Omelet.] a thin plate or scale of anything, as a thin scale growing from the petals of certain flowers; or one of the thin plates or scales of which certain shells are composed.

Lam´el•lar , a. [Cf. F. lamellaire.] Flat and thin; lamelliform; composed of lamellae. — Lam´el•lar•ly, adv. In thin plates or scales.

Lam´el•la•ry , a. Of or pertaining to lamella or to lamellae; lamellar. { Lam´el•late , Lam´el•la•ted } a. [See Lamella.] Composed of, or furnished with, thin plates or scales. See Illust. of Antennae.

La•mel´li•branch , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Lamellibranchia. Also used adjectively. { La•mel•li•bran´chi•a , La•mel•li•bran•chi•a´ta } n. pl. [NL. See lamella, and Branchia, Branchiate.] (Zoöl.) A class of Mollusca including all those that have bivalve shells, as the clams, oysters, mussels, etc. They usually have two (rarely but one) flat, lamelliform gills on each side of the body. They have an imperfectly developed head, concealed within the shell, whence they are called Acephala. Called also Conchifera, and Pelecypoda. See Bivalve.

Lam•el•li•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having lamellar gills; belonging to the Lamellibranchia. — n. One of the Lamellibranchia.

La•mel´li•corn , a. [Lamella + L. cornu a horn: cf. F. lamellicorne. See Lamella.] (Zoöl.) (a) Having antennae terminating in a group of flat lamellae; — said of certain coleopterous insects. (b) Terminating in a group of flat lamellae; — said of antennae. — n. A lamellicorn insect.

La•mel•li•cor´ni•a , n. pl. [NL. See Lamellicorn.] (Zoöl.) A group of lamellicorn, plant-eating beetles; — called also Lamellicornes.

Lam•el•lif´er•ous , a. [Lamella + -ferous: cf. F. lamellifère.] Bearing, or composed of, lamellae, or thin layers, plates, or scales; foliated.

La•mel´li•form , a. [Lamella + -form : cf. F. lamelliforme.] Thin and flat; scalelike; lamellar.

Lam•el•li•ros´tral , a. [Lamella + rostral : cf. F. lamellirostre.] (Zoöl.) Having a lamellate bill, as ducks and geese.

La•mel•li•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL. See Lamella, and Rostrum.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds embracing the Anseres and flamingoes, in which the bill is lamellate.

Lam´el•lose , a. [Cf. F. lamelleux.] Composed of, or having, lamellae; lamelliform.

Lame´ly , adv. [See Lame.] In a lame, crippled, disabled, or imperfect manner; as to walk lamely; a figure lamely drawn.

Lame´ness, n. The condition or quality of being lame; as the lameness of an excuse or an argument.

La•ment´ , v. i. [F. lamenter, L. lamentari, fr. lamentum a lament.] To express or feel sorrow; to weep or wail; to mourn. “Jeremiah lamented for Josiah.” 2 Chron. xxxv. 25. “Ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice.” John xvi. 20.

La•ment´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamented; p. pr. & vb. n. Lamenting.] To mourn for; to bemoan; to bewail. “One laughed at follies, one lamented crimes.” Dryden. Syn. — To deplore; mourn; bewail. See Deplore.

La•ment´, n. [L. lamentum. Cf. Lament, v.] 1. Grief or sorrow expressed in complaints or cries; lamentation; a wailing; a moaning; a weeping. “Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage.” Milton. 2. An elegy or mournful ballad, or the like.

Lam´en•ta•ble , a. [L. lamentabilis : cf. F. lamentable.] 1. Mourning; sorrowful; expressing grief; as a lamentable countenance. ´Lamentable eye.´ Spenser. 2. Fitted to awaken lament; to be lamented; sorrowful; pitiable; as a lamentable misfortune, or error. ´Lamentable helplessness.´ Burke. 3. Miserable; pitiful; paltry; — in a contemptuous or ridiculous sense. Bp. Stillingfleet. — Lam´en•ta•ble•ness, n. — Lam´en•ta•bly, adv.

Lam•en•ta´tion , n. [F. lamentation, L. lamentatio.] 1. The act of bewailing; audible expression of sorrow; wailing; moaning. “In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation and weeping.” Matt. ii. 18. 2. pl. (Script.) A book of the Old Testament attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and taking its name from the nature of its contents.

La•ment´ed , a. Mourned for; bewailed. “This humble praise, lamented shade ! receive.” Pope.

La•ment´er , n. One who laments.

La•men´tin , n. See Lamantin.

La•ment´ing , n. Lamentation. “Lamentings heard i’ the air.” Shak.

La•ment´ing•ly, adv. In a lamenting manner.

Lames (lamz), n. pl. [F. lame a thin plate, L. lamina.] (Armor) Small steel plates combined together so as to slide one upon the other and form a piece of armor.

La•met´ta , n. [Cf. It. lametta, dim. of lama a thin plate.] Foil or wire made of gold, silver, or brass. De Colange.

La´mi•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) A monster capable of assuming a woman’s form, who was said to devour human beings or suck their blood; a vampire; a sorceress; a witch.

Lam´i•na (lam´i•na), n.; pl. L. Laminae (- ne) E. Laminas (-naz). [L. cf. Lamella.] 1. A thin plate or scale; a layer or coat lying over another; — said of thin plates or platelike substances, as of bone or minerals. 2. (Bot.) The blade of a leaf; the broad, expanded portion of a petal or sepal of a flower. Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) A thin plate or scale; specif., one of the thin, flat processes composing the vane of a feather.

Lam•i•na•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being laminable.

Lam´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being split into laminae or thin plates, as mica; capable of being extended under pressure into a thin plate or strip. “When a body can be readily extended in all directions under the hammer, it is said to be malleable; and when into fillets under the rolling press, it is said to be laminable.” Ure. { Lam´i•nar , Lam´i•nal } a. [Cf. F. laminaire. See Lamina] In, or consisting of, thin plates or layers; having the form of a thin plate or lamina.

Lam•i•na´ri•a , n. [NL. See Lamina.] (Bot.) A genus of great seaweeds with long and broad fronds; kelp, or devil’s apron. The fronds commonly grow in clusters, and are sometimes from thirty to fifty feet in length. See Illust. of Kelp.

Lam•i•na´ri•an , a. Pertaining to seaweeds of the genus Laminaria, or to that zone of the sea (from two to ten fathoms in depth) where the seaweeds of this genus grow.

Lam´i•na•rite , n. [See Lamina.] (Paleon.) A broad-leafed fossil alga.

Lam´i•na•ry , a. Laminar.

Lam´i•nate , a. [See Lamina.] Consisting of, or covered with, laminae, or thin plates, scales, or layers, one over another; laminated.

Lam´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laminated p. pr. & vb. n. Laminating ] [See Lamina.] 1. To cause to separate into thin plates or layers; to divide into thin plates. 2. To form, as metal, into a thin plate, as by rolling.

Lam´i•nate, v. i. To separate into laminae.

Lam´i•na•ted , a. Laminate. Laminated arch (Arch.), a timber arch made of layers of bent planks secured by treenails.

Lam´i•na•ting , a. Forming, or separating into, scales or thin layers.

Lam•i•na´tion , n. The process of laminating, or the state of being laminated.

Lam•i•nif´er•ous , a. [Lamina + -ferous.] Having a structure consisting of laminae, or thin layers.

Lam•i•ni•plan´tar , a. [Lamina + L. planta sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the tarsus covered behind with a horny sheath continuous on both sides, as in most singing birds, except the larks.

Lam•i•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Lamina, and -itis.] (Far.) Inflammation of the laminae or fleshy plates along the coffin bone of a horse; founder. Youatt.

Lam´ish , a. Somewhat lame. Wood.

Lamm , v. t. See Lam.

Lam´mas , n. [AS. hlammesse, hlafmaesse, loaf mass, bread feast, or feast of first fruits; hlaf loaf + maesse mass. See Loaf, and Mass religious service.] The first day of August; — called also Lammas day, and Lammastide. { Lam´mer•geir (lam´mer•gir), Lam´mer•gei•er (-gi•er), } n. [G. lämmergeier; lamm, pl. lämmer, lamb + geier vulture.] (Zoöl.) A very large vulture (Gypaëtus barbatus), which inhabits the mountains of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. When full-grown it is nine or ten feet in extent of wings. It is brownish black above, with the under parts and neck rusty yellow; the forehead and crown white; the sides of the head and beard black. It feeds partly on carrion and partly on small animals, which it kills. It has the habit of carrying tortoises and marrow bones to a great height, and dropping them on stones to obtain the contents, and is therefore called bonebreaker and ossifrage. It is supposed to be the ossifrage of the Bible. Called also bearded vulture and bearded eagle. [Written also lammergeyer.]

Lam•nun´gui•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lamina a scale + unguis a nail.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hyracoidea.

Lamp , n. [OE. (with excrescent p), fr. F. lame, L. lamina. See Lamina.] A thin plate or lamina. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lamp , n. [F. lampe, L. lampas, -adis, fr. Gr. , , torch, fr. to give light, to shine. Cf. Lampad, Lantern.] 1. A light-producing vessel, instrument or apparatus; especially, a vessel with a wick used for the combustion of oil or other inflammable liquid, for the purpose of producing artificial light. 2. Figuratively, anything which enlightens intellectually or morally; anything regarded metaphorically a performing the uses of a lamp. “Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.” Ps. cxix. 105. “Ages elapsed ere Homer’s lamp appeared.” Cowper. 3. (Elec.) A device or mechanism for producing light by electricity. See Incandescent lamp, under Incandescent. AEolipile lamp, a hollow ball of copper containing alcohol which is converted into vapor by a lamp beneath, so as to make a powerful blowpipe flame when the vapor is ignited. Weale. — Arc lamp (Elec.), a form of lamp in which the voltaic arc is used as the source of light. — Dëbereiner’s lamp, an apparatus for the instantaneous production of a flame by the spontaneous ignition of a jet of hydrogen on being led over platinum sponge; — named after the German chemist Döbereiner, who invented it. Called also philosopher’s lamp. — Flameless lamp, an aphlogistic lamp. — Lamp burner, the part of a lamp where the wick is exposed and ignited. Knight. — Lamp fount, a reservoir for oil, in a lamp. — Lamp jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4 (l) & (n). — Lamp shade, a screen, as of paper, glass, or tin, for softening or obstructing the light of a lamp. — Lamp shell (Zoöl.), any brachiopod shell of the genus Terebratula and allied genera. The name refers to the shape, which is like that of an antique lamp. See Terebratula. — Safety lamp, a miner’s lamp in which the flame is surrounded by fine wire gauze, preventing the kindling of dangerous explosive gases; — called also from Sir Humphry Davy the inventor, Davy lamp. — To smell of the lamp, to bear marks of great study and labor, as a literary composition.

Lam´pad , n. [Gr. , . See Lamp.] A lamp or candlestick. [R.] “By him who ’mid the golden lampads went.” Trench.

Lam´pa•dist , n. [Gr. , fr. , , torch. See Lamp.] (Gr. Antiq.) One who gained the prize in the lampadrome.

Lam´pa•drome , n. [Gr. ; , , torch + course, race, fr. to run.] (Gr. Antiq.) A race run by young men with lighted torches in their hands. He who reached the goal first, with his torch unextinguished, gained the prize.

Lam´pas , n. [F. lampas.] An inflammation and swelling of the soft parts of the roof of the mouth immediately behind the fore teeth in the horse; — called also lampers.

Lam´pate , n. [Cf. F. lampate.] (Chem.) A supposed salt of lampic acid. [Obs.]

Lamp´black , n. [Lamp + black.] The fine impalpable soot obtained from the smoke of carbonaceous substances which have been only partly burnt, as in the flame of a smoking lamp. It consists of finely divided carbon, with sometimes a very small proportion of various impurities. It is used as an ingredient of printers’ ink, and various black pigments and cements.

Lam´per eel (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam´pern , n. [See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) The river lamprey (Ammocœtes, or Lampetra, fluviatilis). The name is also applied to other river lampreys.

Lam´pers , n. See Lampas.

Lam´pic , a. [F. lampique, fr. lampe lamp. See Lamp.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or produced by, a lamp; — formerly said of a supposed acid.

Lamp´ing , a. Shining; brilliant. [Obs.] ´Lamping eyes.´ Spenser.

Lamp´less, a. Being without a lamp, or without light; hence, being without appreciation; dull. “Your ladies’ eyes are lampless to that virtue.” Beau. & Fl.

Lamp´light , n. Light from a lamp. “This world’s artificial lamplights.” Owen Meredith.

Lamp´light•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, lights a lamp; esp., a person who lights street lamps. 2. (Zoöl.) The calico bass.

Lam•poon´ , n. [F. lampon a drinking song, fr. lampons let us drink, — the burden of such a song, fr. lamper to guzzle, to drink much and greedily; of German origin, and akin to E. lap to drink. Prob. so called because drinking songs often contain personal slander or satire.] A personal satire in writing; usually, malicious and abusive censure written only to reproach and distress. “Like her who missed her name in a lampoon,
And grieved to find herself decayed so soon.” Dryden.

Lam•poon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lampooned p. pr. & vb. n. Lampooning.] To subject to abusive ridicule expressed in writing; to make the subject of a lampoon. “Ribald poets had lampooned him.” Macaulay. Syn. — To libel; defame; satirize; lash.

Lam•poon´er , n. The writer of a lampoon. ´Libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers.´ Tatler.

Lam•poon´ry , n. The act of lampooning; a lampoon, or lampoons.

Lamp´-post , n. A post (generally a pillar of iron) supporting a lamp or lantern for lighting a street, park, etc.

Lam´prel , n. (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam´prey , n.; pl. Lampreys (#). [OE. lampreie, F. lamproie, LL. lampreda, lampetra, from L. lambere to lick + petra rock, stone. The lampreys are so called because they attach themselves with their circular mouths to rocks and stones, whence they are also called rocksuckers. See Lap to drink, Petrify.] (Zoöl.) An eel-like marsipobranch of the genus Petromyzon, and allied genera. The lampreys have a round, sucking mouth, without jaws, but set with numerous minute teeth, and one to three larger teeth on the palate (see Illust. of Cyclostomi). There are seven small branchial openings on each side. [Written also lamper eel, lamprel, and lampron.] The common or sea lamprey of America and Europe (Petromyzon marinus), which in spring ascends rivers to spawn, is considered excellent food by many, and is sold as a market fish in some localities. The smaller river lampreys mostly belong to the genus Ammocœles, or Lampetra, as A. fluviatilis, of Europe, and A. aepypterus of America. All lampreys attach themselves to other fishes, as parasites, by means of the suckerlike mouth.

Lam´pron (lam´pron), n. [Cf. OE. lampreon. See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam•py´rine , n. [See Lampyris.] (Zoöl.) An insect of the genus Lampyris, or family Lampyridae. See Lampyris.

Lam•py´ris , n. [L., glowworm, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of coleopterous insects, including the glowworms.

Lan´ark•ite , n. [From Lanarkshire, a county in Scotland.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of sulphate of lead, occurring either massive or in long slender prisms, of a greenish white or gray color.

La´na•ry , n. [L. lanaria, fr. lanarius belonging to wool, lana wool.] A place for storing wool. { La´nate , La´na•ted } [L. lanatus, fr. lana wool, down.] Wooly; covered with fine long hair, or hairlike filaments.

Lan´ca•shire boil´er A steam boiler having two flues which contain the furnaces and extend through the boiler from end to end.

Lan•cas•te´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the monitorial system of instruction followed by Joseph Lancaster, of England, in which advanced pupils in a school teach pupils below them.

Lance (lans), n. [OE. lance, F. lance, fr. L. lancea; cf. Gr. lo•gchh. Cf. Launch.] 1. A weapon of war, consisting of a long shaft or handle and a steel blade or head; a spear carried by horsemen, and often decorated with a small flag; also a spear or harpoon used by whalers and fishermen. “A braver soldier never couched lance.” Shak. 2. A soldier armed with a lance; a lancer. 3. (Founding) A small iron rod which suspends the core of the mold in casting a shell. 4. (Mil.) An instrument which conveys the charge of a piece of ordnance and forces it home. 5. (Pyrotech.) One of the small paper cases filled with combustible composition, which mark the outlines of a figure. Free lance, in the Middle Ages, and subsequently, a knight or roving soldier, who was free to engage for any state or commander that purchased his services; hence, a person who assails institutions or opinions on his own responsibility without regard to party lines or deference to authority. — Lance bucket (Cavalry), a socket attached to a saddle or stirrup strap, in which to rest the but of a lance. — Lance corporal, same as Lancepesade. — Lance knight, a lansquenet. B. Jonson. — Lance snake (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. — Stink-fire lance (Mil.), a kind of fuse filled with a composition which burns with a suffocating odor; — used in the counter operations of miners. — To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest.

Lance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lancing ] 1. To pierce with a lance, or with any similar weapon. “Seized the due victim, and with fury lanced
Her back.” Dryden. 2. To open with a lancet; to pierce; as to lance a vein or an abscess. 3. To throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch.

Lance´ fish (Zoöl.) A slender marine fish of the genus Ammodytes, especially Ammodytes tobianus of the English coast; — called also sand lance. { Lance´gay• , Lance´gaye• } , n. [OF. lancegaie, corrupted from the same source as E. assagai, under the influence of F. lance lance. See Assagai.] A kind of spear anciently used. Its use was prohibited by a statute of Richard II. Nares. “In his hand a launcegay,
A long sword by his side.” Chaucer.

Lance´let , n. [Lance + - let.] (Zoöl.) A small fishlike animal (Amphioxus lanceolatus), remarkable for the rudimentary condition of its organs. It is the type of the class Leptocardia. See Amphioxus, Leptocardia.

Lance´ly, a. Like a lance. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Lan´ce•o•lar , a. [L. lanceola a little lance, dim. of lancea lance: cf. F. lanceolaire.] (Bot.) Lanceolate. { Lan´ce•o•late , Lan´ce•o•la•ted } a. [L. lanceolatus: cf. F. lanceole. See Lanceolar.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Rather narrow, tapering to a point at the apex, and sometimes at the base also; as a lanceolate leaf.

Lance•pe•sade´ , n. [F. lancepessade, lanspessade, anspessade, It. lancia spezzata a broken lance or demilance, a demilance roan, a light horseman, bodyguard.] An assistant to a corporal; a private performing the duties of a corporal; — called also lance corporal.

Lan´cer , n. [Cf. F. lancier.] 1. One who lances; one who carries a lance; especially, a member of a mounted body of men armed with lances, attached to the cavalry service of some nations. Wilhelm. 2. A lancet. [Obs.] 3. pl. (Dancing) A set of quadrilles of a certain arrangement. [Written also lanciers.]

Lan´cet , n. [F. lancette, dim. of lance lance. See Lance.] 1. A surgical instrument of various forms, commonly sharp-pointed and two-edged, used in venesection, and in opening abscesses, etc. 2. (Metal.) An iron bar used for tapping a melting furnace. Knight. Lancet arch (Arch.), a pointed arch, of which the width, or span, is narrow compared with the height. — Lancet architecture, a name given to a style of architecture, in which lancet arches are common; — peculiar to England and 13th century. — Lancet fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, voracious, deep- sea fish (Alepidosaurus ferox), having long, sharp, lancetlike teeth. (b) The doctor, or surgeon fish.

Lance´wood , n. (Bot.) A tough, elastic wood, often used for the shafts of gigs, archery bows, fishing rods, and the like. also the tree which produces this wood, Duguetia Quitarensis (a native of Guiana and Cuba), and several other trees of the same family (Anonaseae). Australian lancewood, a myrtaceous tree (Backhousia Australis).

Lanch (lanch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanched (lancht); p. pr. & vb. n. Lanching. See Launch, Lance.] To throw, as a lance; to let fly; to launch. “See Whose arm can lanch the surer bolt.” Dryden & Lee.

Lan•cif´er•ous , a. [Lance + -ferous.] Bearing a lance.

Lan´ci•form , a. [Lance + -form: cf. F. lanciforme.] Having the form of a lance.

Lan´ci•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lancinated p. pr. & vb. n. Lancinating ] [L. lancinatus, p. p. of lancinare to fear.] To tear; to lacerate; to pierce or stab. De Quincey.

Lan´ci•na•ting, a. Piercing; seeming to pierce or stab; as lancinating pains (i.e., severe, darting pains).

Lan•ci•na´tion , n. A tearing; laceration. ´Lancinations of the spirit.´ Jer. Taylor.

Land (land), n. Urine. See Lant. [Obs.]

Land, n. [AS. land, lond; akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., Dan., and Goth. land. ] 1. The solid part of the surface of the earth; - - opposed to water as constituting a part of such surface, especially to oceans and seas; as to sight land after a long voyage. “They turn their heads to sea, their sterns to land.” Dryden. 2. Any portion, large or small, of the surface of the earth, considered by itself, or as belonging to an individual or a people, as a country, estate, farm, or tract. “Go view the land, even Jericho.” Josh. ii. 1. “Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay.” Goldsmith. In the expressions ´to be, or dwell, upon land,´ ´to go, or fare, on land,´ as used by Chaucer, land denotes the country as distinguished from the town. “A poor parson dwelling upon land [i.e., in the country].” Chaucer. 3. Ground, in respect to its nature or quality; soil; as wet land; good or bad land. 4. The inhabitants of a nation or people. “These answers, in the silent night received,
The king himself divulged, the land believed.” Dryden. 5. The mainland, in distinction from islands. 6. The ground or floor. [Obs.] “Herself upon the land she did prostrate.” Spenser. 7. (Agric.) The ground left unplowed between furrows; any one of several portions into which a field is divided for convenience in plowing. 8. (Law) Any ground, soil, or earth whatsoever, as meadows, pastures, woods, etc., and everything annexed to it, whether by nature, as trees, water, etc., or by the hand of man, as buildings, fences, etc.; real estate. Kent. Bouvier. Burrill. 9. (Naut.) The lap of the strakes in a clinker-built boat; the lap of plates in an iron vessel; — called also landing. Knight. 10. In any surface prepared with indentations, perforations, or grooves, that part of the surface which is not so treated, as the level part of a millstone between the furrows, or the surface of the bore of a rifled gun between the grooves. Land agent, a person employed to sell or let land, to collect rents, and to attend to other money matters connected with land. — Land boat, a vehicle on wheels propelled by sails. — Land blink, a peculiar atmospheric brightness seen from sea over distant snow-covered land in arctic regions. See Ice blink. — Land breeze. See under Breeze. — Land chain. See Gunter’s chain. — Land crab (Zoöl.), any one of various species of crabs which live much on the land, and resort to the water chiefly for the purpose of breeding. They are abundant in the West Indies and South America. Some of them grow to a large size. — Land fish a fish on land; a person quite out of place. Shak. — Land force, a military force serving on land, as distinguished from a naval force. — Land, ho! (Naut.), a sailor’s cry in announcing sight of land. — Land ice, a field of ice adhering to the coast, in distinction from a floe. — Land leech (Zoöl.), any one of several species of blood-sucking leeches, which, in moist, tropical regions, live on land, and are often troublesome to man and beast. — Land measure, the system of measurement used in determining the area of land; also a table of areas used in such measurement. — Land, or House, of bondage, in Bible history, Egypt; by extension, a place or condition of special oppression. — Land o’ cakes, Scotland. — Land of Nod, sleep. — Land of promise, in Bible history, Canaan: by extension, a better country or condition of which one has expectation. — Land of steady habits, a nickname sometimes given to the State of Connecticut. — Land office, a government office in which the entries upon, and sales of, public land are registered, and other business respecting the public lands is transacted. [U.S.] — Land pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The gray pike, or sauger. (b) The Menobranchus. — Land service, military service as distinguished from naval service. — Land rail. (Zoöl) (a) The crake or corncrake of Europe. See Crake. (b) An Australian rail (Hypotaenidia Phillipensis); — called also pectoral rail. — Land scrip, a certificate that the purchase money for a certain portion of the public land has been paid to the officer entitled to receive it. [U.S.] — Land shark, a swindler of sailors on shore. [Sailors’ Cant] — Land side (a) That side of anything in or on the sea, as of an island or ship, which is turned toward the land. (b) The side of a plow which is opposite to the moldboard and which presses against the unplowed land. — Land snail (Zoöl.), any snail which lives on land, as distinguished from the aquatic snails are Pulmonifera, and belong to the Geophila; but the operculated land snails of warm countries are Diœcia, and belong to the Taenioglossa. See Geophila, and Helix. — Land spout, a descent of cloud and water in a conical form during the occurrence of a tornado and heavy rainfall on land. - - Land steward, a person who acts for another in the management of land, collection of rents, etc. — Land tortoise, Land turtle (Zoöl.), any tortoise that habitually lives on dry land, as the box tortoise. See Tortoise. — Land warrant, a certificate from the Land Office, authorizing a person to assume ownership of a public land. [U.S.] — Land wind. Same as Land breeze (above). — To make land (Naut.), to sight land. To set the land, to see by the compass how the land bears from the ship. — To shut in the land, to hide the land, as when fog, or an intervening island, obstructs the view.

Land , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Landed; p. pr. & vb. n. Landing.] 1. To set or put on shore from a ship or other water craft; to disembark; to debark. “I ’ll undertake to land them on our coast.” Shak. 2. To catch and bring to shore; to capture; as to land a fish. 3. To set down after conveying; to cause to fall, alight, or reach; to bring to the end of a course; as he landed the quoit near the stake; to be thrown from a horse and landed in the mud; to land one in difficulties or mistakes.

Land, v. i. To go on shore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to come to the end of a course.

Lan´dam•man , n. [G. Landamman; land land, country + amimann bailiff. See Land, and Ambassador.] 1. A chief magistrate in some of the Swiss cantons. 2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic republic.

Lan´dau , n. [From the town Ladau in Germany; cf. F. landau. See Land, Island.] A four-wheeled covered vehicle, the top of which is divided into two sections which can be let down, or thrown back, in such a manner as to make an open carriage. [Written also landaw.]

Lan•dau•let´ , n. [Cf. F. landaulet, dim, of landau. See Landau.] A small landau.

Land´ed , a. 1. Having an estate in land. “The House of Commons must consist, for the most part, of landed men.” Addison. 2. Consisting in real estate or land; as landed property; landed security.

Land´er , n. 1. One who lands, or makes a landing. ´The lander in a lonely isle.´ Tennyson. 2. (Mining) A person who waits at the mouth of the shaft to receive the kibble of ore.

Land´fall , n. 1. A sudden transference of property in land by the death of its owner. 2. (Naut.) Sighting or making land when at sea. A good landfall (Naut.), the sighting of land in conformity with the navigator’s reckoning and expectation.

Land´flood , n. An overflowing of land by river; an inundation; a freshet. Clarendon.

Land´grave , n. [G. landgraf; land land + graf earl, count; cf. D. landgraaf, F. landgrave.] A German nobleman of a rank corresponding to that of an earl in England and of a count in France. The title was first adopted by some German counts in the twelfth century, to distinguish themselves from the inferior counts under their jurisdiction. Three of them were princes of the empire.

Land•gra´vi•ate , n. [Cf. F. landgraviat.] 1. The territory held by a landgrave. 2. The office, jurisdiction, or authority of a landgrave.

Land´gra•vine , n. [G. landgräfin; cf. D. landgravin.] The wife of a landgrave.

Land´hold•er , n. A holder, owner, or proprietor of land. — Land´hold•ing, n. & a.

Land´ing, a. Of, pertaining to, or used for, setting, bringing, or going, on shore. Landing charges, charges or fees paid on goods unloaded from a vessel. — Landing net, a small, bag-shaped net, used in fishing to take the fish from the water after being hooked. — Landing stage, a floating platform attached at one end to a wharf in such a manner as to rise and fall with the tide, and thus facilitate passage between the wharf and a vessel lying beside the stage. — Landing waiter, a customhouse officer who oversees the landing of goods, etc., from vessels; a landwaiter.

Land´ing, n. 1. A going or bringing on shore. 2. A place for landing, as from a ship, a carriage. etc. 3. (Arch.) The level part of a staircase, at the top of a flight of stairs, or connecting one flight with another. Landing place. me as Landing, n., 2 and 3.

Land´la•dy , n.; pl. Landladies (#). [Cf. Landlord.] 1. A woman having real estate which she leases to a tenant or tenants. 2. The mistress of an inn or lodging house.

Land´leap•er , n. See Landlouper.

Land´less , a. Having no property in land.

Land´lock , v. t. To inclose, or nearly inclose, as a harbor or a vessel, with land.

Land´locked , a. 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, by land. 2. (Zoöl.) Confined to a fresh- water lake by reason of waterfalls or dams; — said of fishes that would naturally seek the sea, after spawning; as the landlocked salmon.

Land´lo•per , n. Same as Landlouper.

Land´lord , n. [See Land, and Lord.] 1. The lord of a manor, or of land; the owner of land or houses which he leases to a tenant or tenants. 2. The master of an inn or of a lodging house. “Upon our arrival at the inn, my companion fetched out the jolly landlord.” Addison.

Land´lord•ism , n. The state of being a landlord; the characteristics of a landlord; specifically, in Great Britain, the relation of landlords to tenants, especially as regards leased agricultural lands. J. S. Mill.

Land´lord•ry , n. The state of a landlord. [Obs.]

Land´loup•er , n. [D. landlooper, lit., landrunner; land land + loopen to run. See Land, and Leap.] A vagabond; a vagrant. [Written also landleaper and landloper.] ´Bands of landloupers.´ Moltey.

Land´loup•ing, a. Vagrant; wandering about.

Land´lub•ber , n. [Prop. fr. land + lubber, or possibly corrupted fr. laudlouper.] (Naut.) One who passes his life on land; — so called among seamen in contempt or ridicule.

Land´man , n.; pl. Landmen . 1. A man who lives or serves on land; — opposed to seaman. 2. (Eng.) An occupier of land. Cowell.

Land´mark , n. [AS. landmearc. See Land, and Mark a sign.] 1. A mark to designate the boundary of land; any mark or fixed object (as a marked tree, a stone, a ditch, or a heap of stones) by which the limits of a farm, a town, or other portion of territory may be known and preserved. 2. Any conspicuous object on land that serves as a guide; some prominent object, as a hill or steeple. Landmarks of history, important events by which eras or conditions are determined.

Land´own•er , n. An owner of land.

Land´own•ing, n. The owning of land. — a. Having property in land; of or pertaining to landowners.

Land´-poor , a. Pecuniarily embarrassed through owning much unprofitable land. [Colloq.]

Land´reeve , n. [Land + reeve an officer.] A subordinate officer on an extensive estate, who acts as an assistant to the steward.

Land´scape , n. [Formerly written also landskip.] [D. landschap; land land + - schap, equiv. to E. -schip; akin to G. landschaft, Sw. landskap, Dan. landskab. See Land, and -schip.] 1. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including all the objects it contains. 2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual or fancied, the chief subject being the general aspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, water. etc. 3. The pictorial aspect of a country. “The landscape of his native country had taken hold on his heart.” Macaulay. Landscape gardening, The art of laying out grounds and arranging trees, shrubbery, etc., in such a manner as to produce a picturesque effect.

Land´scap•ist , n. A painter of landscapes.

Land´skip , n. [See Landscape.] A landscape. [Obs. except in poetry.] “Straight my eye hath caught new pleasures,
Whilst the landskip round it measures.” Milton. { Land´slip• , Land´slide• } n. 1. The slipping down of a mass of land from a mountain, hill, etc. 2. The land which slips down.

Lands´man , n.; pl. Landsmen (#). 1. One who lives on the land; — opposed to seaman. 2. (Naut.) A sailor on his first voyage.

Land´streight , n. [See Strait.] A narrow strip of land. [Obs.]

Land´sturm , n. [G. See Land, and Storm.] That part of the reserve force in Germany which is called out last.

Land´tag , n. [G. See Land, and Day.] The diet or legislative body; as the Landtag of Prussia.

Land´wait•er , n. See Landing waiter, under Landing, a.

Land´ward , adv. & a. Toward the land.

Land´wehr , n. [G., fr. land land, country + wehr defense.] That part of the army, in Germany and Austria, which has completed the usual military service and is exempt from duty in time of peace, except that it is called out occasionally for drill.

Lane , a. [See Lone.] Alone. [Scot.] His lane, by himself; himself alone.

Lane , n. [OE. lane, lone, AS. lone, lone; akin to D. laan, OFries. lana, lona.] A passageway between fences or hedges which is not traveled as a highroad; an alley between buildings; a narrow way among trees, rocks, and other natural obstructions; hence, in a general sense, a narrow passageway; as a lane between lines of men, or through a field of ice. “It is become a turn-again lane unto them which they can not go through.” Tyndale.

Lang , a. & adv. Long. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lan´ga•ha , n. (Zoöl.) A curious colubriform snake of the genus Xyphorhynchus, from Madagascar. It is brownish red, and its nose is prolonged in the form of a sharp blade.

Lan•ga•rey´ , n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of long-winged, shrikelike birds of Australia and the East Indies, of the genus Artamus, and allied genera; called also wood swallow.

Lan´gate , n. (Surg.) A linen roller used in dressing wounds.

Lang´dak , n. (Zoöl.) A wolf (Canis pallipes), found in India, allied to the jackal. { Lan´grage , Lan´grel } n. A kind of shot formerly used at sea for tearing sails and rigging. It consisted of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fastened together or inclosed in a canister.

Lan´gret , n. A kind of loaded die. [Obs.]

Lan´gridge , n. See Langrage. [Sometimes compounded with shot.]

Lang•syne´ , adv. & n. [Scot. lang long + syne since.] Long since; long ago. [Scot.]

Lang•ter•a•loo´ , n. [See Loo.] An old game at cards. See Loo (a). Tatler.

Lan´guage , n. [OE. langage, F. langage, fr. L. lingua the tongue, hence speech, language; akin to E. tongue. See Tongue, cf. Lingual.] 1. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas; specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth. Language consists in the oral utterance of sounds which usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two or more persons customarily annex the same sounds to the same ideas the expression of these sounds by one person communicates his ideas to another. This is the primary sense of language, the use of which is to communicate the thoughts of one person to another through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are represented to the eye by letters, marks, or characters, which form words. 2. The expression of ideas by writing, or any other instrumentality. 3. The forms of speech, or the methods of expressing ideas peculiar to a particular nation. 4. The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style. “Others for language all their care express.” Pope. 5. The inarticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man express their feelings or their wants. 6. The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as the language of flowers. “There was … language in their very gesture.” Shak. 7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as medical language; the language of chemistry or theology. 8. A race, as distinguished by its speech. [R.] “All the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshiped the golden image.” Dan. iii. 7. Language master, a teacher of languages. [Obs.] Syn. — Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect; phraseology; diction; discourse; conversation; talk. — Language, Speech, Tongue, Idiom, Dialect. Language is generic, denoting, in its most extended use, any mode of conveying ideas; speech is the language of articulate sounds; tongue is the Anglo-Saxon term for language, esp. for spoken language; as the English tongue. Idiom denotes the forms of construction peculiar to a particular language; dialects are varieties of expression which spring up in different parts of a country among people speaking substantially the same language.

Lan´guage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Languaged p. pr. & vb. n. Languaging ] To communicate by language; to express in language. “Others were languaged in such doubtful expressions that they have a double sense.” Fuller.

Lan´guaged , a. Having a language; skilled in language; — chiefly used in composition. ´ Many-languaged nations.´ Pope.

Lan´guage•less , a. Lacking or wanting language; speechless; silent. Shak.

Langued , a. [F. langue tongue. See Language.] (Her.) Tongued; having the tongue visible. “Lions … represented as armed and langued gules.” Cussans.

Langue• d’oc´ [F., language of oc yes.] The dialect, closely akin to French, formerly spoken south of the Loire (in which the word for ´yes´ was oc); Provençal.

Langue• d’oïl´ [F., language of oïl yes.] The dialect formerly spoken north of the Loire (in which the word for ´yes´ was oïl, F. oui).

Lan•guen´te , adv. [It., p. pr. of languire. See Languish.] (Mus.) In a languishing manner; pathetically.

Lan´guet, n. [F. languette, dim. of langue tongue, L. lingua.] 1. Anything resembling the tongue in form or office; specif., the slip of metal in an organ pipe which turns the current of air toward its mouth. 2. That part of the hilt, in certain kinds of swords, which overlaps the scabbard.

Lan´guid , a. [L. languidus, fr. languere to be faint or languid: cf. F. languide. See Languish.] 1. Drooping or flagging from exhaustion; indisposed to exertion; without animation; weak; weary; heavy; dull. ´ Languid, powerless limbs. ´ Armstrong. “Fire their languid souls with Cato’s virtue.” Addison. 2. Slow in progress; tardy. ´ No motion so swift or languid.´ Bentley. 3. Promoting or indicating weakness or heaviness; as a languid day. “Feebly she laugheth in the languid moon.” Keats. “Their idleness, aimless flirtations and languid airs.” W. Black. Syn. — Feeble; weak; faint; sickly; pining; exhausted; weary; listless; heavy; dull; heartless. — Lan´guid•ly, adv. — Lan´guid•ness, n.

Lan´guish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Languished p. pr. & vb. n. Languishing.] [OE. languishen, languissen, F. languir, L. languere; cf. Gr. to slacken, slack, Icel. lakra to lag behind; prob. akin to E. lag, lax, and perh. to E. slack. See -ish.] 1. To become languid or weak; to lose strength or animation; to be or become dull, feeble or spiritless; to pine away; to wither or fade. “We … do languish of such diseases.” 2 Esdras viii. 31. “Cease, fond nature, cease thy strife,
And let me languish into life.” Pope. “For the fields of Heshbon languish.” Is. xvi. 8. 2. To assume an expression of weariness or tender grief, appealing for sympathy. Tennyson. Syn. — To pine; wither; fade; droop; faint.

Lan´guish , v. i. To cause to droop or pine. [Obs.] Shak. Dryden.

Lan´guish, n. See Languishment. [Obs. or Poetic] “What, of death, too,
That rids our dogs of languish ?” Shak. “And the blue languish of soft Allia’s eye.” Pope.

Lan´guish•er , n. One who languishes.

Lan´guish•ing, a. 1. Becoming languid and weak; pining; losing health and strength. 2. Amorously pensive; as languishing eyes, or look.

Lan´guish•ing•ly, adv. In a languishing manner.

Lan´guish•ment , n. 1. The state of languishing. ´ Lingering languishment.´ Shak. 2. Tenderness of look or mien; amorous pensiveness.

Lan´guish•ness, n. Languishment. [Obs.]

Lan´guor , n. [OE. langour, OF. langour, F. langueur, L. languor. See Languish.] 1. A state of the body or mind which is caused by exhaustion of strength and characterized by a languid feeling; feebleness; lassitude; laxity. 2. Any enfeebling disease. [Obs.] “Sick men with divers languors.” Wyclif (Luke iv. 40). 3. Listless indolence; dreaminess. Pope. ´ German dreams, Italian languors.´ The Century. Syn. — Feebleness; weakness; faintness; weariness; dullness; heaviness; lassitude; listlessness.

Lan´guor•ous , a. [From Languor: cf. F. langoureux.] Producing, or tending to produce, languor; characterized by languor. [Obs. or Poetic] “Whom late I left in languorous constraint.” Spenser. “To wile the length from languorous hours, and draw
The sting from pain.” Tennyson.

Lan´gure , v. i. To languish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lan´gya , n. (Zoöl.) [Native name Anglicized.] One of several species of East Indian and Asiatic fresh-water fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, remarkable for their power of living out of water, and for their tenacity of life; — called also walking fishes.

Lan´iard , n. See Lanyard.

La•ni•ar´i•form , a. [Laniary + -form.] (Anat.) Shaped like a laniary, or canine, tooth. Owen.

La´ni•a•ry , a. [L. laniarius, fr. lanius butcher, laniare to tear in pieces: cf. F. laniaire.] (Anat.) Lacerating or tearing; as the laniary canine teeth.

La´ni•a•ry, n. [L. Laniary, a.] 1. The shambles; a place of slaughter. [R.] 2. (Anat.) A laniary, or canine, tooth.

La´ni•ate , v. t. [L. laniatus, p. p. of laniare.] To tear in pieces. [R.]

La•ni•a´tion , n. [L. laniatio.] A tearing in pieces. [R.]

Lan´ier , n. [F. lanière. See Lanyard.] [Written also lanner, lanyer.] 1. A thong of leather; a whip lash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A strap used to fasten together parts of armor, to hold the shield by, and the like. Fairholt.

La•nif´er•ous , n. [L. lanifer; lana wool + ferre to bear: cf. F. lanifère.] Bearing or producing wool.

La•nif´i•cal , a. [L. lanificus; lana wool + facere to make.] Working in wool.

Lan´i•fice , n. [L. lanificium: cf. OF. lanifice.] Anything made of wool. [Obs.] Bacon.

La•nig´er•ous , a. [L. laniger; lano wool + gerere to hear.] Bearing or producing wool.

La´ni•oid , a. [NL. Lanius (fr. L. lanius a butcher), the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shrikes (family Laniidae).

Lank , a. [Compar. Lanker superl. Lankest.] [AS. hlanc; cf. G. lenken to turn, gelenk joint, OHG. hlanca hip, side, flank, and E. link of a chain.] 1. Slender and thin; not well filled out; not plump; shrunken; lean. “Meager and lank with fasting grown.” Swift. “Who would not choose … to have rather a lank purse than an empty brain?” Barrow. 2. Languid; drooping.[Obs.] “Who, piteous of her woes, reared her lank head.” Milton. Lank hair, long, thin hair. Macaulay.

Lank, v. i. & t. To become lank; to make lank. [Obs.] Shak. G. Fletcher.

Lank´i•ness , n. The condition or quality or being lanky.

Lank´ly, adv. In a lank manner.

Lank´ness, n. The state or quality of being lank.

Lank´y, a. Somewhat lank. Thackeray. “The lanky Dinka, nearly seven feet in height.” The Century. { Lan´ner , n. f. Lan´ner•et , n. m.} [F. lanier, OF. also lasnier. Cf. Lanyard.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed falcon (Falco lanarius), of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa, resembling the American prairie falcon.

Lan´o•lin , n. [L. lana wool + oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar fatlike body, made up of cholesterin and certain fatty acids, found in feathers, hair, wool, and keratin tissues generally. Under the same name, it is prepared from wool for commercial purposes, and forms an admirable basis for ointments, being readily absorbed by the skin.

Lan´seh , n. The small, whitish brown fruit of an East Indian tree (Lansium domesticum). It has a fleshy pulp, with an agreeable subacid taste. Balfour.

Lans´que•net , n. [F., fr. G. landsknecht a foot soldier, also a game of cards introduced by these foot soldiers; land country + knecht boy, servant. See Land, and Knight.] 1. A German foot soldier in foreign service in the 15th and 16th centuries; a soldier of fortune; — a term used in France and Western Europe. 2. A game at cards, vulgarly called lambskinnet. “[They play] their little game of lansquenet.” Longfellow.

Lant , n. Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Nares.

Lant, n. [Cf. Lance.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small, slender, marine fishes of the genus Ammedytes. The common European species (A. tobianus) and the American species (A. Americanus) live on sandy shores, buried in the sand, and are caught in large quantities for bait. Called also launce, and sand eel.

Lant, n. See Lanterloo. [Obs.] Halliwell. { Lan•ta´ni•um , Lan´ta•num } n. (Chem.) See Lanthanum.

Lan•ta•nu´ric , a. [Formed by transposition of the letters of allantoin and -uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic acid of the uric acid group, obtained by the decomposition of allantoin, and usually called allanturic acid.

Lan´ter•loo , n. An old name of loo (a).

Lan´tern (lan´tern), n. [F. lanterne, L. lanterna, laterna, from Gr. lampth•r light, torch. See Lamp.] 1. Something inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, rain, etc.; — sometimes portable, as a closed vessel or case of horn, perforated tin, glass, oiled paper, or other material, having a lamp or candle within; sometimes fixed, as the glazed inclosure of a street light, or of a lighthouse light. 2. (Arch.) (a) An open structure of light material set upon a roof, to give light and air to the interior. (b) A cage or open chamber of rich architecture, open below into the building or tower which it crowns. (c) A smaller and secondary cupola crowning a larger one, for ornament, or to admit light; such as the lantern of the cupola of the Capitol at Washington, or that of the Florence cathedral. 3. (Mach.) A lantern pinion or trundle wheel. See Lantern pinion (below). 4. (Steam Engine) A kind of cage inserted in a stuffing box and surrounding a piston rod, to separate the packing into two parts and form a chamber between for the reception of steam, etc.; — called also lantern brass. 5. (Founding) A perforated barrel to form a core upon. 6. (Zoöl.) See Aristotle’s lantern. Fig. 1 represents a hand lantern; fig. 2, an arm lantern; fig. 3, a breast lantern; — so named from the positions in which they are carried. Dark lantern, a lantern with a single opening, which may be closed so as to conceal the light; — called also bull’s-eye. — Lantern fly, Lantern carrier (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome, hemipterous insects of the genera Laternaria, Fulgora, and allies, of the family Fulgoridae. The largest species is Laternaria phosphorea of Brazil. The head of some species has been supposed to be phosphorescent. — Lantern jaws, long, thin jaws; hence, a thin visage. — Lantern pinion, Lantern wheel (Mach.), a kind of pinion or wheel having cylindrical bars or trundles, instead of teeth, inserted at their ends in two parallel disks or plates; — so called as resembling a lantern in shape; — called also wallower, or trundle. — Lantern shell (Zoöl.), any translucent, marine, bivalve shell of the genus Anatina, and allied genera. — Magic lantern, an optical instrument consisting of a case inclosing a light, and having suitable lenses in a lateral tube, for throwing upon a screen, in a darkened room or the like, greatly magnified pictures from slides placed in the focus of the outer lens.

Lan´tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanterned p. pr. & vb. n. Lanterning.] [Cf. F. lanterner to hang at the lamp post, fr. lanterne. See Lantern.] To furnish with a lantern; as to lantern a lighthouse.

Lan´tern-jawed , a. Having lantern jaws or long, thin jaws; as a lantern-jawed person.

Lan´tha•nite (lan´tha•nit), n. (Min.) Hydrous carbonate of lanthanum, found in tabular white crystals.

Lan´tha•num (-num), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lanqa•nein to lie hid, to be concealed.] (Chem.) A rare element of the group of the earth metals, allied to aluminium. It occurs in certain rare minerals, as cerite, gadolinite, orthite, etc., and was so named from the difficulty of separating it from cerium, didymium, and other rare elements with which it is usually associated. Atomic weight 138.5. Symbol La. [Formerly written also lanthanium.]

Lan´tho•pine , n. [Gr. lanqa•nein to lie hid + E. opium.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in opium in small quantities, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Lan´thorn , n. See Lantern. [Obs.] { La•nu´gi•nose• , La•nu´gi•nous } a. [L. lanuginosus, fr. lanugo, - ginis, woolly substance, down, fr. lana wool: cf. F. lanugineux.] Covered with down, or fine soft hair; downy.

La•nu´go , n. [See Lanuginose.] (Anat.) The soft woolly hair which covers most parts of the mammal fetus, and in man is shed before or soon after birth.

Lan´yard , n. [F. lanière thong, strap, OF. lasniere, fr. lasne strap, thong, L. lacinia lappet. flap, edge of a garment. Cf. Lanier.] [Written also laniard.] 1. (Naut.) A short piece of rope or line for fastening something in ships; as the lanyards of the gun ports, of the buoy, and the like; esp., pieces passing through the dead-eyes, and used to extend shrouds, stays, etc. 2. (Mil.) A strong cord, about twelve feet long, with an iron hook at one end a handle at the other, used in firing cannon with a friction tube.

Lan´yer , n. See Lanier.

La•oc´o•ön , n. [L., fr. Gr. ] 1. (Class. Myth.) A priest of Apollo, during the Trojan war. (See 2.) 2. (Sculp.) A marble group in the Vatican at Rome, representing the priest Laocoön, with his sons, infolded in the coils of two serpents, as described by Virgil.

La•od•i•ce´an , a. Of or pertaining to Laodicea, a city in Phrygia Major; like the Christians of Laodicea; lukewarm in religion. Rev. iii. 14- 16.

Lap , n. [OE. lappe, AS. laeppa; akin to D. lap patch, piece, G. lappen, OHG. lappa, Dan. lap, Sw. lapp.] 1. The loose part of a coat; the lower part of a garment that plays loosely; a skirt; an apron. Chaucer. 2. An edge; a border; a hem, as of cloth. Chaucer. “If he cuts off but a lap of truth’s garment, his heart smites him.” Fuller. 3. The part of the clothing that lies on the knees or thighs when one sits down; that part of the person thus covered; figuratively, a place of rearing and fostering; as to be reared in the lap of luxury. “Men expect that happiness should drop into their laps.” Tillotson. 4. That part of any substance or fixture which extends over, or lies upon, or by the side of, a part of another; as the lap of a board; also the measure of such extension over or upon another thing. The lap of shingles or slates in roofing is the distance one course extends over the second course below, the distance over the course immediately below being called the cover. 5. (Steam Engine) The amount by which a slide valve at its half stroke overlaps a port in the seat, being equal to the distance the valve must move from its mid stroke position in order to begin to open the port. Used alone, lap refers to outside lap. See Outside lap (below). 6. The state or condition of being in part extended over or by the side of something else; or the extent of the overlapping; as the second boat got a lap of half its length on the leader. 7. One circuit around a race track, esp. when the distance is a small fraction of a mile; as to run twenty laps; to win by three laps. See Lap, to fold, 2. 8. In card playing and other games, the points won in excess of the number necessary to complete a game; — so called when they are counted in the score of the following game. 9. (Cotton Manuf.) A sheet, layer, or bat, of cotton fiber prepared for the carding machine. 10. (Mach.) A piece of brass, lead, or other soft metal, used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cutting glass, gems, and the like, or in polishing cutlery, etc. It is usually in the form of wheel or disk, which revolves on a vertical axis. Lap joint, a joint made by one layer, part, or piece, overlapping another, as in the scarfing of timbers. — Lap weld, a lap joint made by welding together overlapping edges or ends. — Inside lap (Steam Engine), lap of the valve with respect to the exhaust port. — Outside lap, lap with respect to the admission, or steam, port.

Lap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lapping.] 1. To rest or recline in a lap, or as in a lap. “To lap his head on lady’s breast.” Praed. 2. To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, cutlery, etc. See 1st Lap, 10.

Lap, v. t. [OE. lappen to fold (see Lap, n.); cf. also OE. wlappen, perh. another form of wrappen, E, wrap.] 1. To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as to lap a piece of cloth. 2. To wrap or wind around something. “About the paper … I lapped several times a slender thread of very black silk.” Sir I. Newton. 3. To infold; to hold as in one’s lap; to cherish. “Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds.” Dryden. 4. To lay or place over anything so as to partly or wholly cover it; as to lap one shingle over another; to lay together one partly over another; as to lap weather-boards; also to be partly over, or by the side of (something); as the hinder boat lapped the foremost one. 5. (Carding & Spinning) To lay together one over another, as fleeces or slivers for further working. To lap boards, shingles, etc., to lay one partly over another. — To lap timbers, to unite them in such a way as to preserve the same breadth and depth throughout, as by scarfing. Weale.

Lap, v. i. To be turned or folded; to lie partly upon or by the side of something, or of one another; as the cloth laps back; the boats lap; the edges lap. “The upper wings are opacous; at their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent, like the wing of a flay.” Grew.

Lap , v. i. [OE. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian; akin to LG. lappen, OHG. laffan, Icel. lepja, Dan. lade, Sw. läppja, L. lambere; cf. Gr. , W. llepio. Cf. Lambent.] 1. To take up drink or food with the tongue; to drink or feed by licking up something. “The dogs by the River Nilus’s side, being thirsty, lap hastily as they run along the shore.” Sir K. Digby. 2. To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink with the tongue. “I heard the ripple washing in the reeds,
And the wild water lapping on the crag.” Tennyson.

Lap, v. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up with a quick motion of the tongue. “They ’II take suggestion as a cat laps milk.” Shak.

Lap, n. 1. The act of lapping with, or as with, the tongue; as to take anything into the mouth with a lap. 2. The sound of lapping.

Lap´a•ro•cele , n. [Gr. loins + tumor.] (Med.) A rupture or hernia in the lumbar regions.

Lap•a•rot´o•my , n. [Gr. loins + te•mnein to cut.] (Surg.) A cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as in the Caesarean section.

Lap´board , n. A board used on the lap as a substitute for a table, as by tailors.

Lap´dog , n. A small dog fondled in the lap.

La•pel´ , n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] That part of a garment which is turned back; specifically, the lap, or fold, of the front of a coat in continuation of collar. [Written also lappel and lapelle.]

La•pelled´ , a. Furnished with lapels.

Lap´ful , n.; pl. Lapfuls . As much as the lap can contain.

Lap´i•cide , n. [L. lapicida, fr. lapis stone + caedere to cut.] A stonecutter. [Obs.]

Lap•i•da´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to stone; inscribed on stone; as a lapidarian record.

Lap•i•da´ri•ous , a. [L. lapidarius, fr. lapis, -idis, stone.] Consisting of stones.

Lap´i•da•ry , n.; pl. Lapidaries (#). [L. lapidarius, fr. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones; hence, a dealer in precious stones. 2. A virtuoso skilled in gems or precious stones; a connoisseur of lapidary work. Lapidary’s lathe, mill, or wheel, a machine consisting essentially of a revolving lap on a vertical spindle, used by a lapidary for grinding and polishing.

Lap´i•da•ry, a. [L. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting stones, or engraving on stones, either gems or monuments; as lapidary ornamentation. 2. Of or pertaining to monumental inscriptions; as lapidary adulation. Lapidary style, that style which is proper for monumental and other inscriptions; terse; sententious.

Lap´i•date , v. t. [L. lapidatus, p. p. of lapidare, fr. lapis stone.] To stone. [Obs.]

Lap•i•da´tion , n. [L. lapidatio: cf. F. lapidation.] The act of stoning. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La•pid´e•ous , a. [L. lapideus, fr. lapis stone.] Of the nature of stone. [Obs.] Ray.

Lap•i•des´cence , n. 1. The state or quality of being lapidescent. 2. A hardening into a stone substance. 3. A stony concretion. Sir T. Browne.

Lap•i•des´cent , a. [L. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapidescere to become stone, fr. lapis, -idis, stone: cf. F. lapidescent.] Undergoing the process of becoming stone; having the capacity of being converted into stone; having the quality of petrifying bodies.

Lap´i•des´cent, n. Any substance which has the quality of petrifying other bodies, or of converting or being converted into stone. { Lap•i•dif´ic , Lap•i•dif´ic•al } a. [L. lapis, -idis, stone + facere to make: cf. F. lapidifique.] Forming or converting into stone.

La•pid•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. lapidification.] The act or process of lapidifying; fossilization; petrifaction.

La•pid´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapidified p. pr. & vb. n. Lapidifying ] [Cf. f. lapidifier. See Lapidific, and -fy.] To convert into stone or stony material; to petrify.

La•pid´i•fy, v. i. To become stone or stony.

Lap´i•dist , n. [L. lapis, -idis, a stone.] A lapidary. Ray.

Lap´il•la´tion , n. [See Lapilli.] The state of being, or the act of making, stony.

La•pil´li , n. pl. [L. lapillus a little stone, dim. of lapis stone.] (Min.) Volcanic ashes, consisting of small, angular, stony fragments or particles.

La´pis , n.; pl. Lapides (#). [L.] A stone. Lapis calaminaris . [NL.] (Min.) Calamine. — Lapis infernalis . [L.] Fused nitrate of silver; lunar caustic.

La´pis laz´u•li (Min.) An albuminous mineral of a rich blue color. Same as Lazuli, which see.

Lap´-joint•ed , a. Having a lap joint, or lap joints, as many kinds of woodwork and metal work.

Lap´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of Lapland; — called also Lapp.

Lap´land•ish, a. Of or pertaining to Lapland.

Lap´ling , n. [Lap of a garment + ling.] One who has been fondled to excess; one fond of ease and sensual delights; — a term of contempt.

Lapp (lap), n. Same as Laplander. Cf. Lapps.

Lap•pa´ceous (lap•pa´shus), a. [L. lappaceus burlike, fr. lappa a bur.] (Bot.) Resembling the capitulum of burdock; covered with forked points.

Lap´per , n. [From Lap to drink.] One who takes up food or liquid with his tongue.

Lap´pet , n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] A small decorative fold or flap, esp. of lace or muslin, in a garment or headdress. Swift. Lappet moth (Zoöl.), one of several species of bombycid moths, which have stout, hairy caterpillars, flat beneath. Two common American species (Gastropacha Americana, and Tolype velleda) feed upon the apple tree.

Lap´pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lappeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lappeting.] To decorate with, or as with, a lappet. [R.] Landor.

Lap´pic , a. Of or pertaining to Lapland, or the Lapps. — n. The language of the Lapps. See Lappish.

Lap´ping , n. A kind of machine blanket or wrapping material used by calico printers. Ure. Lapping engine, Lapping machine (Textile Manuf.), A machine for forming fiber info a lap. See its Lap, 9.

Lap´pish , a. Of or pertaining to the Lapps; Laplandish. — n. The language spoken by the Lapps in Lapland. It is related to the Finnish and Hungarian, and is not an Aryan language. { Lap•po´ni•an , Lap•pon´ic } a. Laplandish; Lappish.

Lapps , n. pl.; sing. Lapp . (Ethnol.) A branch of the Mongolian race, now living in the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and the adjacent parts of Russia.

Laps´a•ble , a. Lapsible. Cudworth.

Lapse , n. [L. lapsus, fr. labi, p. p. lapsus, to slide, to fall: cf. F. laps. See Sleep.] 1. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; an unobserved or imperceptible progress or passing away,; — restricted usually to immaterial things, or to figurative uses. “The lapse to indolence is soft and imperceptible.” Rambler. “Bacon was content to wait the lapse of long centuries for his expected revenue of fame.” I. Taylor. 2. A slip; an error; a fault; a failing in duty; a slight deviation from truth or rectitude. “To guard against those lapses and failings to which our infirmities daily expose us.” Rogers. 3. (Law) The termination of a right or privilege through neglect to exercise it within the limited time, or through failure of some contingency; hence, the devolution of a right or privilege. 4. (Theol.) A fall or apostasy.

Lapse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lapsed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Lapsing.] 1. To pass slowly and smoothly downward, backward, or away; to slip downward, backward, or away; to glide; — mostly restricted to figurative uses. “A tendency to lapse into the barbarity of those northern nations from whom we are descended.” Swift. “Homer, in his characters of Vulcan and Thersites, has lapsed into the burlesque character.” Addison. 2. To slide or slip in moral conduct; to fail in duty; to fall from virtue; to deviate from rectitude; to commit a fault by inadvertence or mistake. “To lapse in fullness
Is sorer than to lie for need.” Shak. 3. (Law) (a) To fall or pass from one proprietor to another, or from the original destination, by the omission, negligence, or failure of some one, as a patron, a legatee, etc. (b) To become ineffectual or void; to fall. “If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six months ensuing, it lapses to the king.” Ayliffe.

Lapse, v. t. 1. To let slip; to permit to devolve on another; to allow to pass. “An appeal may be deserted by the appellant’s lapsing the term of law.” Ayliffe. 2. To surprise in a fault or error; hence, to surprise or catch, as an offender. [Obs.] “For which, if be lapsed in this place,
I shall pay dear.” Shak.

Lapsed , a. 1. Having slipped downward, backward, or away; having lost position, privilege, etc., by neglect; — restricted to figurative uses. “Once more I will renew
His lapsed powers, though forfeit.” Milton. 2. Ineffectual, void, or forfeited; as a lapsed policy of insurance; a lapsed legacy. Lapsed devise, Lapsed legacy (Law), a devise, or legacy, which fails to take effect in consequence of the death of the devisee, or legatee, before that of the testator, or for other cause. Wharton (Law Dict.).

Laps´i•ble , a. Liable to lapse.

Lap´sid•ed , a. See Lopsided.

Lap´stone , n. A stone for the lap, on which shoemakers beat leather. { Lap´streak• , Lap´strake• } a. Made with boards whose edges lap one over another; clinker-built; — said of boats.

La•pu´tan , a. Of or pertaining to Laputa, an imaginary flying island described in Gulliver’s Travels as the home of chimerical philosophers. Hence, fanciful; preposterous; absurd in science or philosophy. ´Laputan ideas.´ G. Eliot.

Lap´-weld•ed , a. Having edges or ends united by a lap weld; as a lap-welded pipe.

Lap´wing , n. [OE. lapwynke, leepwynke, AS. hleápewince; hleápan to leap, jump + (prob.) a word akin to AS. wincian to wink, E. wink, AS. wancol wavering; cf. G. wanken to stagger, waver. See Leap, and Wink.] (Zoöl.) A small European bird of the Plover family (Vanellus cristatus, or V. vanellus). It has long and broad wings, and is noted for its rapid, irregular fight, upwards, downwards, and in circles. Its back is coppery or greenish bronze. Its eggs are the ´plover’s eggs´ of the London market, esteemed a delicacy. It is called also peewit, dastard plover, and wype. The gray lapwing is the Squatarola cinerea.

Lap´work (lap´wûrk•), n. Work in which one part laps over another. Grew.

Laq´uay , n. A lackey. [Obs.] Evelyn.

La´que•ar , n.; pl. Laquearia (#). [L.] (Arch.) A lacunar.

Laq´ue•a•ry , a. [L. laqueus a noose.] Using a noose, as a gladiator. [Obs. or R.] “Retiary and laqueary combatants.” Sir T. Browne.

Lar (lär), n.; pl. Lares (#), sometimes Lars (#). [L.] (Rom. Myth.) A tutelary deity; a deceased ancestor regarded as a protector of the family. The domestic Lares were the tutelar deities of a house; household gods. Hence, Fig.: Hearth or dwelling house. “Nor will she her dear Lar forget,
Victorious by his benefit.” Lovelace. “The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint.” Milton. “Looking backward in vain toward their Lares and lands.” Longfellow.

Lar (lär), n. (Zoöl.) A species of gibbon (Hylobates lar), found in Burmah. Called also white-handed gibbon.

Lar´a•mie group (Geol.) An extensive series of strata, principally developed in the Rocky Mountain region, as in the Laramie Mountains, and formerly supposed to be of the Tertiary age, but now generally regarded as Cretaceous, or of intermediate and transitional character. It contains beds of lignite, often valuable for coal, and is hence also called the lignitic group. See Chart of Geology.

Lar´board , n. [Lar- is of uncertain origin, possibly the same as lower, i. e., humbler in rank, because the starboard side is considered by mariners as higher in rank; cf. D. laag low, akin to E. low. See Board, n., 8.] (Naut.) The left- hand side of a ship to one on board facing toward the bow; port; — opposed to starboard. Larboard is a nearly obsolete term, having been superseded by port to avoid liability of confusion with starboard, owing to similarity of sound.

Lar´board, a. On or pertaining to the left-hand side of a vessel; port; as the larboard quarter. { Lar´ce•ner , Lar´ce•nist }, n. One who commits larceny.

Lar´ce•nous , a. [Cf. OE. larrecinos. See Larceny.] Having the character of larceny; as a larcenous act; committing larceny. ´The larcenous and burglarious world.´ Sydney Smith. — Lar´ce•nous•ly, adv.

Lar´ce•ny , n.; pl. Larcenies (#). [F. larcin, OE. larrecin, L. latrocinium, fr. latro robber, mercenary, hired servant; cf. Gr. hired servant. Cf. Latrociny.] (Law) The unlawful taking and carrying away of things personal with intent to deprive the right owner of the same; theft. Cf. Embezzlement. Grand larceny ∧ Petit larceny are distinctions having reference to the nature or value of the property stolen. They are abolished in England. — Mixed, or Compound, larceny, that which, under statute, includes in it the aggravation of a taking from a building or the person. — Simple larceny, that which is not accompanied with any aggravating circumstances.

Larch (lärch), n. [Cf. OE. larege (Cotgrave), It. larice, Sp. larice, alerce, G. lärche; all fr. L. larix, - icis, Gr. la•rix.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, having deciduous leaves, in fascicles (see Illust. of Fascicle). The European larch is Larix Europaea. The American or black larch is L. Americana, the hackmatack or tamarack. The trees are generally of a drooping, graceful appearance.

Larch´en , a. Of or pertaining to the larch. Keats.

Lard , n. [F., bacon, pig’s fat, L. lardum, laridum; cf. Gr. fattened, fat.] 1. Bacon; the flesh of swine. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. The fat of swine, esp. the internal fat of the abdomen; also this fat melted and strained. Lard oil, an illuminating and lubricating oil expressed from lard. — Leaf lard, the internal fat of the hog, separated in leaves or masses from the kidneys, etc.; also the same melted.

Lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larded; p. pr. & vb. n. Larding.] [F. larder. See Lard, n.] 1. To stuff with bacon; to dress or enrich with lard; esp., to insert lardons of bacon or pork in the surface of, before roasting; as to lard poultry. “And larded thighs on loaded altars laid.” Dryden. 2. To fatten; to enrich. “[The oak] with his nuts larded many a swine.” Spenser. “Falstaff sweats to death.
And lards the lean earth as he walks along.” Shak. 3. To smear with lard or fat. “In his buff doublet larded o’er with fat
Of slaughtered brutes.” Somerville. 4. To mix or garnish with something, as by way of improvement; to interlard. Shak. “Let no alien Sedley interpose
To lard with wit thy hungry Epsom prose.” Dryden.

Lard , v. i. To grow fat. [Obs.]

Lar•da•ce´in , n. [See Lardaceous.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar amyloid substance, colored blue by iodine and sulphuric acid, occurring mainly as an abnormal infiltration into the spleen, liver, etc.

Lar•da´ceous , a. [Cf. F. lardace.] Consisting of, or resembling, lard. Lardaceous degeneration (Med.), amyloid degeneration.

Lard´er , n. [OF. lardier. See Lard, n.] A room or place where meat and other articles of food are kept before they are cooked. Shak.

Lard´er•er , n. One in charge of the larder.

Lard´er•y, n. [Cf. OE. larderie.] A larder. [Obs.] { Lar´don , Lar•doon´ } n. [F. lardon, fr. lard lard.] A bit of fat pork or bacon used in larding.

Lard´ry , n. [See Lardery.] A larder. [Obs.]

Lard´y , a. Containing, or resembling, lard; of the character or consistency of lard.

Lare , n. [See Lore.] Lore; learning. [Obs.]

Lare, n. Pasture; feed. See Lair. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lare, v. t. To feed; to fatten. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

La´res , n. pl. See 1st Lar.

Large , a. [Compar. Larger superl. Largest.] [F., fr. L. largus. Cf. Largo.] 1. Exceeding most other things of like kind in bulk, capacity, quantity, superficial dimensions, or number of constituent units; big; great; capacious; extensive; — opposed to small; as a large horse; a large house or room; a large lake or pool; a large jug or spoon; a large vineyard; a large army; a large city. For linear dimensions, and mere extent, great, and not large, is used as a qualifying word; as great length, breadth, depth; a great distance; a great height. 2. Abundant; ample; as a large supply of provisions. “We have yet large day.” Milton. 3. Full in statement; diffuse; full; profuse. “I might be very large upon the importance and advantages of education.” Felton. 4. Having more than usual power or capacity; having broad sympathies and generous impulses; comprehensive; — said of the mind and heart. 5. Free; unembarrassed. [Obs.] “Of burdens all he set the Paynims large.” Fairfax. 6. Unrestrained by decorum; — said of language. [Obs.] ´Some large jests he will make.´ Shak. 7. Prodigal in expending; lavish. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. (Naut.) Crossing the line of a ship’s course in a favorable direction; — said of the wind when it is abeam, or between the beam and the quarter. At large. (a) Without restraint or confinement; as to go at large; to be left at large. (b) Diffusely; fully; in the full extent; as to discourse on a subject at large. — Common at large. See under Common, n. — Electors at large, Representative at large, electors, or a representative, as in Congress, chosen to represent the whole of a State, in distinction from those chosen to represent particular districts in a State. [U. S.] — To give, go, run, or sail large (Naut.), to have the wind crossing the direction of a vessel’s course in such a way that the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its highest speed. See Large, a., 8. Syn. — Big; bulky; huge; capacious; comprehensive; ample; abundant; plentiful; populous; copious; diffusive; liberal.

Large, adv. Freely; licentiously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Large, n. (Mus.) A musical note, formerly in use, equal to two longs, four breves, or eight semibreves.

Large´-a•cred , a. Possessing much land.

Large´-hand•ed , a. Having large hands. Fig.: Taking, or giving, in large quantities; rapacious or bountiful.

Large´-heart•ed , a. Having a large or generous heart or disposition; noble; liberal. — Large´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Large´ly, adv. In a large manner. Dryden. Milton.

Large´ness, n. The quality or state of being large. { Lar´gess , Lar´gesse } n. [F. largesse, fr. large. See Large, a.] 1. Liberality; generosity; bounty. [Obs.] “Fulfilled of largesse and of all grace.” Chaucer. 2. A present; a gift; a bounty bestowed. “The heralds finished their proclamation with their usual cry of ´Largesse, largesse, gallant knights!´ and gold and silver pieces were showered on them from the galleries.” Sir W. Scott.

Lar´get , n. [Cf. F. larget.] A short piece of bar iron for rolling into a sheet; a small billet.

Lar•ghet´to , a. & adv. [It., dim. of largo largo.] (Mus.) Somewhat slow or slowly, but not so slowly as largo, and rather more so than andante.

Lar•gif´i•cal , a. [L. largificus; largus large + facere.] Generous; ample; liberal. [Obs.]

Lar•gif´lu•ous , a. [L. largifluus; large abundantly + fluere to flow.] Flowing copiously. [Obs.]

Lar•gil´o•quent , a. [Cf. L. largiloquus.] Grandiloquent. [Obs.]

Lar´gish , a. Somewhat large. [Colloq.]

Lar•gi´tion , [L. largitio, fr. largiri, p. p. largitus, to give bountifully.] The bestowment of a largess or gift. [Obs.]

Lar´go , a. & adv. [It., large, L. largus, See Large.] (Mus.) Slow or slowly; — more so than adagio; next in slowness to grave, which is also weighty and solemn. — n. A movement or piece in largo time.

Lar´i•at (lar´i•at), n. [Sp. la reata the rope; la the + reata rope. Cf. Reata.] A long, slender rope made of hemp or strips of hide, esp. one with a noose; — used as a lasso for catching cattle, horses, etc., and for picketing a horse so that he can graze without wandering. [Mexico & Western U.S.]

Lar´i•at (lar´i•at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lariated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lariating.] To secure with a lariat fastened to a stake, as a horse or mule for grazing; also to lasso or catch with a lariat. [Western U.S.]

La´rine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gull family (Laridae).

Lar•ix•in´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, or derived from, the larch (Larix); as larixinic acid.

Lark (lärk), n. [Perh fr. AS. lac play, sport. Cf. Lake, v. i.] A frolic; a jolly time. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Lark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Larked p. pr. & vb. n. Larking.] To sport; to frolic. [Colloq.]

Lark, n. [OE. larke, laverock, AS. lawerce; akin to D. leeuwerik, LG. lewerke, OHG. lerahha, G. lerche, Sw. lärka, Dan. lerke, Icel. laevirki.] (Zoöl.) Any one numerous species of singing birds of the genus Alauda and allied genera (family Alaudidae). They mostly belong to Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. In America they are represented by the shore larks, or horned larks, of the genus Otocoris. The true larks have holaspidean tarsi, very long hind claws, and, usually, dull, sandy brown colors. The European skylark, or lark of the poets (Alauda arvensis), is of a brown mottled color, and is noted for its clear and sweet song, uttered as it rises and descends almost perpendicularly in the air. It is considered a table delicacy, and immense numbers are killed for the markets. Other well-known European species are the crested, or tufted, lark (Alauda cristata), and the wood lark (A. arborea). The pipits, or titlarks, of the genus Anthus (family Motacillidae) are often called larks. See Pipit. The American meadow larks, of the genus Sturnella, are allied to the starlings. See Meadow Lark. The Australian bush lark is Mirafra Horsfieldii. See Shore lark. Lark bunting (Zoöl.), a fringilline bird (Calamospiza melanocorys) found on the plains of the Western United States. — Lark sparrow (Zoöl.), a sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), found in the Mississippi Valley and the Western United States.

Lark, v. i. To catch larks; as to go larking.

Lark´-col•ored , a. Having the sandy brown color of the European larks.

Lark´er , n. [See 3d Lark, for sense 1, and 1st Lark, for sense 2.] 1. A catcher of larks. 2. One who indulges in a lark or frolic. [Colloq.]

Lark’s´-heel , n. (Bot.) Indian cress.

Lark´spur , n. (Bot.) A genus of ranunculaceous plants (Delphinium), having showy flowers, and a spurred calyx. They are natives of the North Temperate zone. The commonest larkspur of the gardens is D. Consolida. The flower of the bee larkspur (D. elatum) has two petals bearded with yellow hairs, and looks not unlike a bee.

Lar´mi•er , n. [F., fr. larme tear, drop, L. lacrima. See Lachrymose.] (Anat.) See Tearpit.

La´roid , a. [Larus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Gull family (Laridae).

Lar´rup , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larruped p. pr. & vb. n. Larruping.] [Perh, a corrupt. of lee rope, used by sailors in beating the boys; but cf. D. larpen to thresh, larp a whip, blow.] To beat or flog soundly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.

Lar´ry , n. Same as Lorry, or Lorrie.

Lar´um , n. See Alarum, and Alarm.

Lar´va (lär´va), n.; pl. L. Larvae (-vae), E. Larvas (-vaz). [L. larva ghost, specter, mask.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any young insect from the time that it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. During this time it usually molts several times, and may change its form or color each time. The larvae of many insects are much like the adults in form and habits, but have no trace of wings, the rudimentary wings appearing only in the pupa stage. In other groups of insects the larvae are totally unlike the parents in structure and habits, and are called caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The early, immature form of any animal when more or less of a metamorphosis takes place, before the assumption of the mature shape.

Lar´val (-val), a. [L. larvalis ghostly. See Larva.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a larva.

Lar•va´li•a , n. pl. [NL. See Larval.] (Zoöl.) An order of Tunicata, including Appendicularia, and allied genera; — so called because certain larval features are retained by them through life. Called also Copelata. See Appendicularia.

Lar´va•ted , a. [L. larvatus bewitched. See Larva.] Masked; clothed as with a mask.

Larve (lärv), n.; pl. Larves (lärvz). [F.] A larva.

Lar´vi•form , a. [Larva + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form or structure of a larva.

Lar•vip´a•rous , a. [Larva + L. parete to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) Depositing living larvae, instead of eggs; — said of certain insects.

La´ry (la´ry), n. [Cf. F. lare sea gull, L. larus a sort of sea bird, Gr. la•ros.] A guillemot; — called also lavy. [Prov. Eng.]

Lar•yn•ge´al , a. [From Larynx.] Of or pertaining to the larynx; adapted to operations on the larynx; as laryngeal forceps.

Lar•yn•ge´an , a. See Laryngeal.

Lar•yn•gis´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. laryggismo•s a croaking. See Larynx.] (Med.) A spasmodic state of the glottis, giving rise to contraction or closure of the opening.

Lar•yn•gi´tis , n. [NL. See Larynx, and -tis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the larynx.

La•ryn•go•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to laryngology.

Lar•yn•gol´o•gist , n. One who applies himself to laryngology.

Lar•yn•gol´o•gy , n. [Larynx + -logy.] Systematized knowledge of the action and functions of the larynx; in pathology, the department which treats of the diseases of the larynx.

Lar•yn•goph´o•ny , n. [Larynx + Gr. voice.] The sound of the voice as heard through a stethoscope when the latter is placed upon the larynx.

La•ryn´go•scope , n. [Larynx + -scope.] (Surg.) An instrument, consisting of an arrangement of two mirrors, for reflecting light upon the larynx, and for examining its image.

La•ryn•go•scop´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the inspection of the larynx.

Lar•yn•gos´co•pist , n. One skilled in laryngoscopy.

Lar•yn•gos´co•py , n. The art of using the laryngoscope; investigations made with the laryngoscope.

La•ryn´go•tome , n. (Surg.) An instrument for performing laryngotomy.

Lar•yn•got´o•my , n. [Gr. ; , , the larynx + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. laryngotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the neck, for assisting respiration when obstructed, or for removing foreign bodies.

La•ryn•go•tra´che•al , a. [Larynx + tracheal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both larynx and trachea; as the laryngotracheal cartilage in the frog.

La•ryn•go•tra•che•ot´o•my , n. [Larynx + tracheotomy.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the larynx and the upper part of the trachea, — a frequent operation for obstruction to breathing.

Lar´ynx (lar´inks; 277), n. [NL. from Gr. la•rygx, - yggos.] (Anat.) The expanded upper end of the windpipe or trachea, connected with the hyoid bone or cartilage. It contains the vocal cords, which produce the voice by their vibrations, when they are stretched and a current of air passes between them. The larynx is connected with the pharynx by an opening, the glottis, which, in mammals, is protected by a lidlike epiglottis. In the framework of the human larynx, the thyroid cartilage, attached to the hyoid bone, makes the protuberance on the front of the neck known as Adam’s apple, and is articulated below to the ringlike cricoid cartilage. This is narrow in front and high behind, where, within the thyroid, it is surmounted by the two arytenoid cartilages, from which the vocal cords pass forward to be attached together to the front of the thyroid. See Syrinx.

Las , n. A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las, a. & adv. Less. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las´car , n. [Per. & Hind. lashkar an army, an inferior artillery man, a cooly, a native sailor.] A native sailor, employed in European vessels; also a menial employed about arsenals, camps, camps, etc.; a camp follower. [East Indies]

Las´ci•ous , a. Loose; lascivious. [Obs.] ´To depaint lascious wantonness.´ Holland.

Las•civ´i•en•cy (las•siv´i•en•sy), n. [See Lascivient.] Lasciviousness; wantonness. [Obs.]

Las•civ´i•ent (-ent), a. [L. lasciviens, pr. of lascivire to be wanton, fr. lascivus. See Lascivious.] Lascivious. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Las•civ´i•ous (-us), a. [L. lascivia wantonness, fr. lascivus wanton; cf. Gr. la•stauros lecherous, lh^n to wish, Skr. lash to desire.] 1. Wanton; lewd; lustful; as lascivious men; lascivious desires. Milton. 2. Tending to produce voluptuous or lewd emotions. “He capers nimbly in a lady’s chamber
To the lascivious pleasing of a lute.” Shak. — Las•civ´i•ous•ly, adv. — Las•civ´i•ous•ness, n.

La´ser•wort (la´ser•wûrt•), n. [L. laser the juice of the laserwort.] (Bot.) Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Laserpitium, of several species (as L. glabrum, and L. siler), the root of which yields a resinous substance of a bitter taste. The genus is mostly European.

Lash (lash), n. [OE. lasche; cf. D. lasch piece set in, joint, seam, G. lashe latchet, a bit of leather, gusset, stripe, laschen to furnish with flaps, to lash or slap, Icel. laski gusset, flap, laska to break.] 1. The thong or braided cord of a whip, with which the blow is given. “I observed that your whip wanted a lash to it.” Addison. 2. A leash in which an animal is caught or held; hence, a snare. [Obs.] 3. A stroke with a whip, or anything pliant and tough; as the culprit received thirty-nine lashes. 4. A stroke of satire or sarcasm; an expression or retort that cuts or gives pain; a cut. “The moral is a lash at the vanity of arrogating that to ourselves which succeeds well.” L’Estrange. 5. A hair growing from the edge of the eyelid; an eyelash. 6. In carpet weaving, a group of strings for lifting simultaneously certain yarns, to form the figure.

Lash (lash), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lashed p. pr. & vb. n. Lashng.] 1. To strike with a lash; to whip or scourge with a lash, or with something like one. “We lash the pupil, and defraud the ward.” Dryden. 2. To strike forcibly and quickly, as with a lash; to beat, or beat upon, with a motion like that of a lash; as a whale lashes the sea with his tail. “And big waves lash the frighted shores.” Dryden. 3. To throw out with a jerk or quickly. “He falls, and lashing up his heels, his rider throws.” Dryden. 4. To scold; to berate; to satirize; to censure with severity; as to lash vice.

Lash, v. i. To ply the whip; to strike; to utter censure or sarcastic language. “To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice.” Dryden. To lash out, to strike out wildly or furiously.

Lash, v. t. [Cf. D. lasschen to fasten together, lasch piece, joint, Sw. laska to stitch, Dan. laske stitch. See Lash, n. ] To bind with a rope, cord, thong, or chain, so as to fasten; as to lash something to a spar; to lash a pack on a horse’s back.

Lash´er , n. One who whips or lashes.

Lash´er, n. 1. A piece of rope for binding or making fast one thing to another; — called also lashing. 2. A weir in a river. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Lash´ing, n. The act of one who, or that which, lashes; castigation; chastisement. South. Lashing out, a striking out; also extravagance.

Lash´ing, n. See 2d Lasher.

Lask , n. A diarrhea or flux. [Obs.] Holland.

Las´ket , n. [Cf. Lash, Latching.] (Naut.) latching.

Lass (las), n. [OE. lasse; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. llodes girl, fem. of llawd lad. rad.123. See Lad a youth.] A young woman; a girl; a sweetheart.

Lasse , a. & adv. Less. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las´sie , n. A young girl; a lass. [Scot.]

Las´si•tude , n. [L. lassitudo, fr. lassus faint, weary; akin to E. late: cf. F. lassitude. See Late.] A condition of the body, or mind, when its voluntary functions are performed with difficulty, and only by a strong exertion of the will; languor; debility; weariness. “The corporeal instruments of action being strained to a high pitch … will soon feel a lassitude.” Barrow.

Lass´lorn , a. Forsaken by a lass. Shak.

Lass´o (las´so) n.; pl. Lassos (-soz). [Sp. lazo, L. laqueus. See Lace.] A rope or long thong of leather with a running noose, used for catching horses, cattle, etc. Lasso cell (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar kind of defensive and offensive stinging cells, found in great numbers in all cœlenterates, and in a few animals of other groups. They are most highly developed in the tentacles of jellyfishes, hydroids, and Actiniae. Each of these cells is filled with, fluid, and contains a long, slender, often barbed, hollow thread coiled up within it. When the cell contracts the thread is quickly ejected, being at the same time turned inside out. The thread is able to penetrate the flesh of various small, soft-bodied animals, and carries a subtle poison by which they are speedily paralyzed and killed. The threads, at the same time, hold the prey in position, attached to the tentacles. Some of the jellyfishes, as the Portuguese man-of-war, and Cyanea, are able to penetrate the human skin, and inflict painful stings in the same way. Called also nettling cell, cnida, cnidocell.

Las´so, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lassoed p. pr. & vb. n. Lassoing.] To catch with a lasso.

Last , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Last, to endure, contracted from lasteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Last , a. [OE. last, latst, contr. of latest, superl. of late; akin to OS. lezt, lazt, last, D. laatst, G. letzt. See Late, and cf. Latest.] 1. Being after all the others, similarly classed or considered, in time, place, or order of succession; following all the rest; final; hindmost; farthest; as the last year of a century; the last man in a line of soldiers; the last page in a book; his last chance. “Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in the book of the law of God.” Neh. viii. 18. “Fairest of stars, last in the train of night.” Milton. 2. Next before the present; as I saw him last week. 3. Supreme; highest in degree; utmost. “Contending for principles of the last importance.” R. Hall. 4. Lowest in rank or degree; as the last prize. Pope. 5. Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely; having least fitness; as he is the last person to be accused of theft. At last, at the end of a certain period; after delay. ´The duke of Savoy felt that the time had at last arrived.´ Motley. — At the last. [Prob. fr. AS. on laste behind, following behind, fr. last race, track, footstep. See Last mold of the foot.] At the end; in the conclusion. [Obs.] ´Gad, a troop shall overcome him; but he shall overcome at the last.´ Gen. xlix. 19. — Last heir, the person to whom lands escheat for want of an heir. [Eng.] Abbott. — On one’s last legs, at, or near, the end of one’s resources; hence, on the verge of failure or ruin, especially in a financial sense. [Colloq.] — To breathe one’s last, to die. — To the last, to the end; till the conclusion. “And blunder on in business to the last.” Pope. Syn. — At Last, At Length. These phrases both denote that some delayed end or result has been reached. At length implies that a long period was spent in so doing; as after a voyage of more than three months, we at Length arrived safe. At last commonly implies that something has occurred (as interruptions, disappointments, etc.) which leads us to emphasize the idea of having reached the end; as in spite of every obstacle, we have at last arrived.

Last , adv. [See Last, a.] 1. At a time or on an occasion which is the latest of all those spoken of or which have occurred; the last time; as I saw him last in New York. 2. In conclusion; finally. “Pleased with his idol, he commends, admires,
Adores; and, last, the thing adored desires.” Dryden. 3. At a time next preceding the present time. “How long is’t now since last yourself and I
Were in a mask ?” Shak.

Last, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lasting.] [OE. lasten, As. laestan to perform, execute, follow, last, continue, fr. last, lst, trace, footstep, course; akin to G. leisten to perform, Goth. laistjan to follow. See Last mold of the foot.] 1. To continue in time; to endure; to remain in existence. “[I] proffered me to be slave in all that she me would ordain while my life lasted.” Testament of Love. 2. To endure use, or continue in existence, without impairment or exhaustion; as this cloth lasts better than that; the fuel will last through the winter.

Last, n. [AS. lasttrace, track, footstep; akin to D. leest a last, G. leisten, Sw. läst, Dan. laest, Icel. leistr the foot below the ankle, Goth. laists track, way; from a root signifying, to go. Cf. Last, v. i., Learn, Delirium.] A wooden block shaped like the human foot, on which boots and shoes are formed. “The cobbler is not to go beyond his last.” L’Estrange. Darning last, a smooth, hard body, often egg-shaped, put into a stocking to preserve its shape in darning.

Last, v. t. To shape with a last; to fasten or fit to a last; to place smoothly on a last; as to last a boot.

Last, n. [As. hlaest, fr. hladan to lade; akin to OHG. hlast, G., D., Dan., & Sw. last: cf. F. laste, last, a last, of German or Dutch origin. See Lade.] 1. A load; a heavy burden; hence, a certain weight or measure, generally estimated at 4,000 lbs., but varying for different articles and in different countries. In England, a last of codfish, white herrings, meal, or ashes, is twelve barrels; a last of corn, ten quarters, or eighty bushels, in some parts of England, twenty-one quarters; of gunpowder, twenty-four barrels, each containing 100 lbs; of red herrings, twenty cades, or 20,000; of hides, twelve dozen; of leather, twenty dickers; of pitch and tar, fourteen barrels; of wool, twelve sacks; of flax or feathers, 1,700 lbs. 2. The burden of a ship; a cargo.

Last´age n. [E. lestage ballasting, fr. lest ballast, or LL. lastagium, lestagium. See Last a load.] 1. A duty exacted, in some fairs or markets, for the right to carry things where one will. [Obs.] 2. A tax on wares sold by the last. [Obs.] Cowell. 3. The lading of a ship; also ballast. Spelman. 4. Room for stowing goods, as in a ship.

Last´e , obs. imp. of Last, to endure. Chaucer.

Last´er, n. A workman whose business it is to shape boots or shoes, or place leather smoothly, on lasts; a tool for stretching leather on a last.

Last´er•y , n. A red color.[Obs.] Spenser.

Last´ing, a. Existing or continuing a long while; enduring; as a lasting good or evil; a lasting color. Syn. — Durable; permanent; undecaying; perpetual; unending. — Lasting, Permanent, Durable. Lasting commonly means merely continuing in existence; permanent carries the idea of continuing in the same state, position, or course; durable means lasting in spite of agencies which tend to destroy.

Last´ing, n. 1. Continuance; endurance. Locke. 2. A species of very durable woolen stuff, used for women’s shoes; everlasting. 3. The act or process of shaping on a last.

Last´ing•ly, adv. In a lasting manner.

Last´ly, adv. 1. In the last place; in conclusion. 2. at last; finally.

Lat (lat), v. t. To let; to allow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lat•a•ki´a , n. [Turk.] A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where produced, the ancient Laodicea.

Latch (lach), v. t. [Cf. F. lecher to lick (of German origin). Cf. Lick.] To smear; to anoint. [Obs.] Shak.

Latch, n. [OE. lacche, fr. lacchen to seize, As. laeccan.] 1. That which fastens or holds; a lace; a snare. [Obs.] Rom. of R. 2. A movable piece which holds anything in place by entering a notch or cavity; specifically, the catch which holds a door or gate when closed, though it be not bolted. 3. (Naut.) A latching. 4. A crossbow. [Obs.] Wright.

Latch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latched (lacht); p. pr. & vb. n. Latching.] [OE. lacchen. See Latch. n.] 1. To catch so as to hold. [Obs.] “Those that remained threw darts at our men, and latching our darts, sent them again at us.” Golding. 2. To catch or fasten by means of a latch. “The door was only latched.” Locke.

Latch´et , n. [OE. lachet, from an OF. dialect form of F. lacet plaited string, lace dim. of lacs. See Lace.] The string that fastens a shoe; a shoestring.

Latch´ing, n. (Naut.) A loop or eye formed on the head rope of a bonnet, by which it is attached to the foot of a sail; — called also latch and lasket. [Usually in pl.]

Latch´key , n. A key used to raise, or throw back, the latch of a door, esp. a night latch.

Latch´string , n. A string for raising the latch of a door by a person outside. It is fastened to the latch and passed through a hole above it in the door. To find the latchstring out, to meet with hospitality; to be welcome. (Intrusion is prevented by drawing in the latchstring.) [Colloq. U.S.]

Late (lat), a. [Compar. Later (lat´er), or latter (lat´ter); superl. Latest (lat´est) or Last (last).] [OE. lat slow, slack, AS. laet; akin to OS. lat, D. laat late, G. lass weary, lazy, slack, Icel. latr, Sw. lat, Dan. lad, Goth. lats, and to E. let, v. See Let to permit, and cf. Alas, Lassitude.] 1. Coming after the time when due, or after the usual or proper time; not early; slow; tardy; long delayed; as a late spring. 2. Far advanced toward the end or close; as a late hour of the day; a late period of life. 3. Existing or holding some position not long ago, but not now; lately deceased, departed, or gone out of office; as the late bishop of London; the late administration. 4. Not long past; happening not long ago; recent; as the late rains; we have received late intelligence. 5. Continuing or doing until an advanced hour of the night; as late revels; a late watcher.

Late, adv. [AS. late. See Late, a.] 1. After the usual or proper time, or the time appointed; after delay; as he arrived late; — opposed to early. 2. Not long ago; lately. 3. Far in the night, day, week, or other particular period; as to lie abed late; to sit up late at night. Of late, in time not long past, or near the present; lately; as the practice is of late uncommon. — Too late, after the proper or available time; when the time or opportunity is past.

Lat´ed , a. Belated; too late. [Obs.] Shak.

La•teen´ , a. (Naut.) Of or pertaining to a peculiar rig used in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters, esp. on the northern coast of Africa. See below. Lateen sail. [F. voile latine a sail in the shape of a right-angled triangle; cf. It. & Sp. vela latina; properly Latin sail. See Latin.] (Naut.) A triangular sail, extended by a long yard, which is slung at about one fourth of its length from the lower end, to a low mast, this end being brought down at the tack, while the other end is elevated at an angle or about forty-five degrees; — used in small boats, feluccas xebecs, etc., especially in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. Some lateen sails have also a boom on the lower side.

Late´ly , adv. Not long ago; recently; as he has lately arrived from Italy.

La´tence , n. Latency. Coleridge.

La´ten•cy , n. [See Latent.] The state or quality of being latent. “To simplify the discussion, I shall distinguish three degrees of this latency.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Late´ness , n. The state, condition, or quality, of being late; as the lateness of his arrival; the lateness of the hour; the lateness of the season.

La´tent (la´tent), a. [L. latens, -entis, p. pr. of latere to lie hid or concealed; cf. Gr. lanqa•nein, E. lethargy: cf. F. latent.] Not visible or apparent; hidden; concealed; secret; dormant; as latent springs of action. “The evils latent in the most promising contrivances are provided for as they arise.” Burke. Latent buds (Bot.), buds which remain undeveloped or dormant for a long time, but may at length grow. Latent heat (Physics), that quantity of heat which disappears or becomes concealed in a body while producing some change in it other than rise of temperature, as fusion, evaporation, or expansion, the quantity being constant for each particular body and for each species of change. — Latent period. (a) (Med.) The regular time in which a disease is supposed to be existing without manifesting itself. (b) (Physiol.) One of the phases in a simple muscular contraction, in which invisible preparatory changes are taking place in the nerve and muscle. (c) (Biol.) One of those periods or resting stages in the development of the ovum, in which development is arrested prior to renewed activity.

La´tent•ly, adv. In a secret or concealed manner; invisibly.

La´ter , n.; pl. Lateres (#). [L.] A brick or tile. Knight.

Lat´er , a. Compar. of Late, a. & adv.

Lat´er•ad , adv. [L. latus, lateris, side + ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the side; away from the mesial plane; — opposed to mesiad.

Lat´er•al , a. [L. lateralis, fr. latus, lateris, side: cf. F. lateral.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sides; as the lateral walls of a house; the lateral branches of a tree. 2. (Anat.) Lying at, or extending toward, the side; away from the mesial plane; external; — opposed to mesial. 3. Directed to the side; as a lateral view of a thing. Lateral cleavage (Crystallog.), cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. — Lateral equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree. [Obs.] — Lateral line (Anat.), in fishes, a line of sensory organs along either side of the body, often marked by a distinct line of color. — Lateral pressure or stress (Mech.), a pressure or stress at right angles to the length, as of a beam or bridge; — distinguished from longitudinal pressure or stress. — Lateral strength (Mech.), strength which resists a tendency to fracture arising from lateral pressure. — Lateral system (Bridge Building), the system of horizontal braces (as between two vertical trusses) by which lateral stiffness is secured.

Lat•er•al´i•ty , n. The state or condition of being lateral.

Lat´er•al•ly , adv. By the side; sidewise; toward, or from, the side.

Lat´er•an , n. The church and palace of St. John Lateran, the church being the cathedral church of Rome, and the highest in rank of all churches in the Catholic world. The name is said to have been derived from that of the Laterani family, who possessed a palace on or near the spot where the church now stands. In this church several ecclesiastical councils, hence called Lateran councils, have been held.

Lat´ered , a. Inclined to delay; dilatory. [Obs.] ´When a man is too latered.´ Chaucer.

Lat•er•i•fo´li•ous , a. [L. latus, lateris, side + folium leaf: cf. F. laterifolie.] (Bot.) Growing from the stem by the side of a leaf; as a laterifolious flower.

Lat´er•ite , n. [L. later brick, tile: cf. F. laterite.] (Geol.) An argillaceous sandstone, of a red color, and much seamed; — found in India.

Lat•er•it´ic , a. Consisting of, containing, or characterized by, laterite; as lateritic formations.

Lat´er•i´tious , a. [L. lateritius, fr. later a brick.] Like bricks; of the color of red bricks. Lateritious sediment (Med.), a sediment in urine resembling brick dust, observed after the crises of fevers, and at the termination of gouty paroxysms. It usually consists of uric acid or urates with some coloring matter.

La´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a fish of the Nile.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large percoid fishes, of which one species (Lates Niloticus) inhabits the Nile, and another (L. calcarifer) is found in the Ganges and other Indian rivers. They are valued as food fishes.

La•tes´cence , n. A slight withdrawal from view or knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton.

La•tes´cent , a. [L. latescens, -entis, p. pr. of latescere to be concealed, fr. latere to be hid.] Slightly withdrawn from view or knowledge; as a latescent meaning. Sir W. Hamilton.

Late´wake , n. See Lich wake, under Lich.

Late´ward , a. & adv. Somewhat late; backward. [Obs.] ´Lateward lands.´ Holland.

La´tex , n. [L.] (Bot.) A milky or colored juice in certain plants in cavities (called latex cells or latex tubes). It contains the peculiar principles of the plants, whether aromatic, bitter, or acid, and in many instances yields caoutchouc upon coagulation.

Lath , n.; pl. Laths (#). [OE. laththe, latthe, latte, AS. laetta; akin to D. lat, G. latte, OHG. latta; cf. W. llath a rod, staff, yard. Cf. Lattice, Latten.] A thin, narrow strip of wood, nailed to the rafters, studs, or floor beams of a building, for the purpose of supporting the tiles, plastering, etc. A corrugated metallic strip or plate is sometimes used. Lath brick, a long, slender brick, used in making the floor on which malt is placed in the drying kiln. Lath nail a slender nail for fastening laths.

Lath , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathed p. pr. & vb. n. Lathing.] To cover or line with laths.

Lathe , n. [AS. laeð. Of. uncertain origin.] Formerly, a part or division of a county among the Anglo-Saxons. At present it consists of four or five hundreds, and is confined to the county of Kent. [Written also lath.] Brande & C.

Lathe , n. [OE. lathe a granary; akin to G. lade a chest, Icel. hlaða a storehouse, barn; but cf. also Icel. löð a smith’s lathe. Senses 2 and 3 are perh. of the same origin as lathe a granary, the original meaning being, a frame to hold something. If so, the word is from an older form of E. lade to load. See Lade to load.] 1. A granary; a barn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Mach.) A machine for turning, that is, for shaping articles of wood, metal, or other material, by causing them to revolve while acted upon by a cutting tool. 3. The movable swing frame of a loom, carrying the reed for separating the warp threads and beating up the weft; — called also lay and batten. Blanchard lathe, a lathe for turning irregular forms after a given pattern, as lasts, gunstocks, and the like. — Drill lathe, or Speed lathe, a small lathe which, from its high speed, is adapted for drilling; a hand lathe. — Engine lathe, a turning lathe in which the cutting tool has an automatic feed; — used chiefly for turning and boring metals, cutting screws, etc. — Foot lathe, a lathe which is driven by a treadle worked by the foot. — Geometric lathe. See under Geometric — Hand lathe, a lathe operated by hand; a power turning lathe without an automatic feed for the tool. — Slide lathe, an engine lathe. — Throw lathe, a small lathe worked by one hand, while the cutting tool is held in the other.

Lath´er (lath´er), n. [AS. leáðor niter, in leáðorwyrt soapwort; cf. Icel. lauðr; perh. akin to E. lye.] 1. Foam or froth made by soap moistened with water. 2. Foam from profuse sweating, as of a horse.

Lath´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathered p. pr. & vb. n. Lathering.] [AS. leðrian to lather, anoint. See Lather, n. ] To spread over with lather; as to lather the face.

Lath´er, v. i. To form lather, or a froth like lather; to accumulate foam from profuse sweating, as a horse.

Lath´er, v. t. [Cf. Leather.] To beat severely with a thong, strap, or the like; to flog. [Low] { Lathe´reeve• , Lath´reeve• } n. Formerly, the head officer of a lathe. See 1st Lathe.

Lath´ing , n. The act or process of covering with laths; laths, collectively; a covering of laths.

Lath´-shaped , a. Having a slender elongated form, like a lath; — said of the feldspar of certain igneous rocks, as diabase, as seen in microscopic sections.

Lath´work , n. Same as Lathing.

Lath´y , a. Like a lath; long and slender. “A lathy horse, all legs and length.” R. Browning.

La´tian , a. Belonging, or relating, to Latium, a country of ancient Italy. See Latin.

La•tib´u•lize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latibulized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Latibulizing ] [L. latibulum hiding place, fr. latere to lie hid.] To retire into a den, or hole, and lie dormant in winter; to retreat and lie hid. [R.] G. Shaw.

La•tib´u•lum , n.; pl. Latibula (#). [L.] A concealed hiding place; a burrow; a lair; a hole.

Lat•i•cif´er•ous , a. [L. latex, laticis, a liquid + -ferous.] (Bot.) Containing the latex; — applied to the tissue or tubular vessels in which the latex of the plant is found.

Lat´i•clave , n. [L. laticlavus, laticlavium; latus broad + clavus nail, a purple stripe on the tunica: cf. F. laticlave.] (Rom. Antiq.) A broad stripe of purple on the fore part of the tunic, worn by senators in ancient Rome as an emblem of office.

Lat•i•cos´tate , a. [L. latus broad + E. costate.] Broad-ribbed.

Lat•i•den´tate , a. [L. latus broad + E. dentate.] Broad-toothed. { Lat•i•fo´li•ate , Lat•i•fo´li•ous } a. [L. latifolius; latus broad + folium leaf: cf. F. latifolie.] (Bot.) Having broad leaves.

Lat´i•mer , n. [OF. latinier, latimier, prop., one knowing Latin.] An interpreter. [Obs.] Coke

Lat´in , a. [F., fr. L. Latinus belonging to Latium, Latin, fr. Latium a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated. Cf. Ladin, Lateen sail, under Lateen.] 1. Of or pertaining to Latium, or to the Latins, a people of Latium; Roman; as the Latin language. 2. Of, pertaining to, or composed in, the language used by the Romans or Latins; as a Latin grammar; a Latin composition or idiom. Latin Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Western or Roman Catholic Church, as distinct from the Greek or Eastern Church. — Latin cross. See Illust. 1 of Cross. — Latin races, a designation sometimes loosely given to certain nations, esp. the French, Spanish, and Italians, who speak languages principally derived from Latin. Latin Union, an association of states, originally comprising France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy, which, in 1865, entered into a monetary agreement, providing for an identity in the weight and fineness of the gold and silver coins of those countries, and for the amounts of each kind of coinage by each. Greece, Servia, Roumania, and Spain subsequently joined the Union.

Lat´in, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Latium; a Roman. 2. The language of the ancient Romans. 3. An exercise in schools, consisting in turning English into Latin. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. (Eccl.) A member of the Roman Catholic Church. Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; a jargon in imitation of Latin; as the log Latin of schoolboys. — Late Latin, Low Latin, terms used indifferently to designate the latest stages of the Latin language; low Latin (and, perhaps, late Latin also), including the barbarous coinages from the French, German, and other languages into a Latin form made after the Latin had become a dead language for the people. — Law Latin, that kind of late, or low, Latin, used in statutes and legal instruments; — often barbarous.

Lat´in, v. t. To write or speak in Latin; to turn or render into Latin. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lat´in•ism , n. [Cf. F. latinisme.] A Latin idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to Latin; also a mode of speech in another language, as English, formed on a Latin model. The term is also sometimes used by Biblical scholars to designate a Latin word in Greek letters, or the Latin sense of a Greek word in the Greek Testament.

Lat´in•ist, n. [Cf. F. latiniste.] One skilled in Latin; a Latin scholar. Cowper. “He left school a good Latinist.” Macaulay.

Lat•in•is´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, Latin; in the Latin style or idiom. ´Latinistic words.´ Fitzed. Hall.

La•tin´i•tas•ter , n. [Cf. Poetaster.] One who has but a smattering of Latin. Walker.

La•tin´i•ty , n. [L. latinitas: cf. F. latinite.] The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the use thereof; specifically, purity of Latin style or idiom. ´His eleant Latinity.´ Motley.

Lat•in•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of Latinizing, as a word, language, or country. “The Germanization of Britain went far deeper than the Latinization of France.” M. Arnold.

Lat´in•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latinized p. pr. & vb. n. Latinizing ] [L. latinizare: cf. F. latiniser.] 1. To give Latin terminations or forms to, as to foreign words, in writing Latin. 2. To bring under the power or influence of the Romans or Latins; to affect with the usages of the Latins, especially in speech. ´Latinized races.´ Lowell. 3. To make like the Roman Catholic Church or diffuse its ideas in; as to Latinize the Church of England.

Lat´in•ize, v. i. To use words or phrases borrowed from the Latin. Dryden. 2. To come under the influence of the Romans, or of the Roman Catholic Church.

Lat´in•ly, adv. In the manner of the Latin language; in correct Latin. [Obs.] Heylin.

La´tion , n. [L. latio, fr. latus borne. See Tolerate.] Transportation; conveyance. [Obs.] { Lat•i•ros´tral , Lat•i•ros´trous } a. [Cf. F. latirostre. See Latirostres.] (Zoöl.) Having a broad beak. Sir T. Browne.

Lat•i•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. latus broad + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) The broad-billed singing birds, such as the swallows, and their allies.

Lat´ish , a. Somewhat late. [Colloq.]

Lat•i•ster´nal , a. [L. latus broad + E. sternal.] (Zoöl.) Having a broad breastbone, or sternum; — said of anthropoid apes.

Lat´i•tan•cy , n. [See Latitant.] Act or state of lying hid, or lurking. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Lat´i•tant , a. [L. latitans, pr. of latitare to lie hid, to lurk, v. intens. fr. latere to be hid: cf. F. latitant.] Lying hid; concealed; latent. [R.]

Lat´i•tat , n. [L., he lies hid.] (O. Eng. Law) A writ based upon the presumption that the person summoned was hiding. Blackstone.

Lat•i•ta´tion , n. [L. latitatio.] A lying in concealment; hiding. [Obs.]

Lat´i•tude , n. [F. latitude, L. latitudo, fr. latus broad, wide, for older stlatus; perh. akin to E. strew.] 1. Extent from side to side, or distance sidewise from a given point or line; breadth; width. “Provided the length do not exceed the latitude above one third part.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. Room; space; freedom from confinement or restraint; hence, looseness; laxity; independence. “In human actions there are no degrees and precise natural limits described, but a latitude is indulged.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Extent or breadth of signification, application, etc.; extent of deviation from a standard, as truth, style, etc. “No discreet man will believe Augustine’s miracles, in the latitude of monkish relations.” Fuller. 4. Extent; size; amplitude; scope. “I pretend not to treat of them in their full latitude.” Locke. 5. (Geog.) Distance north or south of the equator, measured on a meridian. 6. (Astron.) The angular distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic. Ascending latitude, Circle of latitude, Geographical latitude, etc. See under Ascending. Circle, etc. — High latitude, that part of the earth’s surface near either pole, esp. that part within either the arctic or the antarctic circle. — Low latitude, that part of the earth’s surface which is near the equator.

Lat•i•tu´di•nal , a. Of or pertaining to latitude; in the direction of latitude.

Lat•i•tu•di•na´ri•an , a. [Cf. F. latitudinaire.] 1. Not restrained; not confined by precise limits. 2. Indifferent to a strict application of any standard of belief or opinion; hence, deviating more or less widely from such standard; lax in doctrine; as latitudinarian divines; latitudinarian theology. “Latitudinarian sentiments upon religious subjects.” Allibone. 3. Lax in moral or religious principles.

Lat•i•tu•di•na´ri•an, n. 1. One who is moderate in his notions, or not restrained by precise settled limits in opinion; one who indulges freedom in thinking. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) A member of the Church of England, in the time of Charles II., who adopted more liberal notions in respect to the authority, government, and doctrines of the church than generally prevailed. “They were called ´men of latitude;´ and upon this, men of narrow thoughts fastened upon them the name of latitudinarians.” Bp. Burnet. 3. (Theol.) One who departs in opinion from the strict principles of orthodoxy.

Lat•i•tu•di•na´ri•an•ism , n. A latitudinarian system or condition; freedom of opinion in matters pertaining to religious belief. “Fierce sectarianism bred fierce latitudinarianism.” De Quincey. “He [Ammonius Saccas] plunged into the wildest latitudinarianism of opinion.” J. S. Harford.

Lat•i•tu´di•nous , a. Having latitude, or wide extent. { Lat´on , Lat´oun } n. Latten, 1. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La´trant , a. [L. latrans, p. pr. of latrare. See Latrate.] Barking. [Obs.] Tickell.

La´trate , v. i. [L. latratus, p. p. of latrare to bark.] To bark as a dog. [Obs.]

La•tra´tion , n. A barking. [Obs.]

La•treu´tic•al (la•tru´ti•kal), a. [Gr. latreytiko•s, fr. latrey•ein to serve, to worship.] 1. Acting as a hired servant; serving; ministering; assisting. [Obs.] 2. Of or pertaining to latria. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La•tri´a (la•tri´a; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. latrei•a, fr. latrey•ein to serve, fr. la•tris servant.] The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God; — distinguished by the Roman Catholics from dulia, or the inferior worship paid to saints.

La•trine´ (la•tren´), n. [L. latrina: cf. F. latrines.] A privy, or water- closet, esp. in a camp, hospital, etc.

Lat´ro•cin•y , n. [L. latrocinium. Cf. Larceny.] Theft; larceny. [Obs.]

Lat´ten , n. [OE. latoun, laton, OF. laton, F. laiton, prob. fr. OF. late lath, F. latte; — because made in thin plates; cf. It. latta a sheet of tinned iron, tin plate. F. latte is of German origin. See Lath a thin board.] 1. A kind of brass hammered into thin sheets, formerly much used for making church utensils, as candlesticks, crosses, etc.; — called also latten brass. “He had a cross of latoun full of stones.” Chaucer. 2. Sheet tin; iron plate, covered with tin; also any metal in thin sheets; as gold latten. Black latten, brass in milled sheets, composed of copper and zinc, used by braziers, and for drawing into wire. — Roll latten, latten polished on both sides ready for use. — Shaven latten, a thinner kind than black latten. — White latten, a mixture of brass and tin.

Lat´ter , a. [OE. later, laetter, compar. of lat late. See Late, and cf. Later.] 1. Later; more recent; coming or happening after something else; — opposed to former; as the former and latter rain. 2. Of two things, the one mentioned second. “The difference between reason and revelation, and in what sense the latter is superior.” I. Watts. 3. Recent; modern. “Hath not navigation discovered in these latter ages, whole nations at the bay of Soldania?” Locke. 4. Last; latest; final. [R.] ´My latter gasp.´ Shak. Latter harvest, the last part of the harvest. — Latter spring, the last part of the spring of the year. Shak.

Lat´ter-day• saint´ A Mormon; — the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints being the name assumed by the whole body of Mormons.

Lat´ter•kin , n. A pointed wooden tool used in glazing leaden lattice.

Lat´ter•ly, adv. Lately; of late; recently; at a later, as distinguished from a former, period. “Latterly Milton was short and thick.” Richardson.

Lat´ter•math , n. [Cf. Aftermath.] The latter, or second, mowing; the aftermath.

Lat´tice , n. [OE. latis, F. lattis lathwork, fr. latte lath. See Latten, 1st Lath.] 1. Any work of wood or metal, made by crossing laths, or thin strips, and forming a network; as the lattice of a window; — called also latticework. “The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice.” Judg. v. 28. 2. (Her.) The representation of a piece of latticework used as a bearing, the bands being vertical and horizontal. Lattice bridge, a bridge supported by lattice girders, or latticework trusses. — Lattice girder (Arch.), a girder of which the wed consists of diagonal pieces crossing each other in the manner of latticework. — Lattice plant (Bot.), an aquatic plant of Madagascar (Ouvirandra fenestralis), whose leaves have interstices between their ribs and cross veins, so as to resemble latticework. A second species is O. Berneriana. The genus is merged in Aponogeton by recent authors.

Lat´tice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latticed p. pr. & vb. n. Latticing ] 1. To make a lattice of; as to lattice timbers. 2. To close, as an opening, with latticework; to furnish with a lattice; as to lattice a window. To lattice up, to cover or inclose with a lattice. “Therein it seemeth he [Alexander] hath latticed up Caesar.” Sir T. North.

Lat´tice•work , n. Same as Lattice, n., 1.

Lat´ti•cing , n. 1. The act or process of making a lattice of, or of fitting a lattice to. 2. (Bridge Building) A system of bars crossing in the middle to form braces between principal longitudinal members, as of a strut.

La´tus rec´tum [L., the right side.] (Conic Sections) The line drawn through a focus of a conic section parallel to the directrix and terminated both ways by the curve. It is the parameter of the principal axis. See Focus, and Parameter.

Laud , n. [L. laus, laudis. See Laud, v. i.] 1. High commendation; praise; honor; exaltation; glory. ´Laud be to God.´ Shak. “So do well and thou shalt have laud of the same.” Tyndals. 2. A part of divine worship, consisting chiefly of praise; — usually in the pl. In the Roman Catholic Church, the prayers used at daybreak, between those of matins and prime, are called lauds. 3. Music or singing in honor of any one.

Laud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lauding.] [L. laudare, fr. laus, laudis, praise. Cf. Allow.] To praise in words alone, or with words and singing; to celebrate; to extol. “With all the company of heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name.” Book of Common Prayer.

Laud•a•bil´i•ty , n. [L. laudabilitas.] Laudableness; praiseworthiness.

Laud´a•ble , a. [L. laudabilis: cf. OE. laudable. See Laud, v. i.] 1. Worthy of being lauded; praiseworthy; commendable; as laudable motives; laudable actions; laudable ambition. 2. (Med.) Healthy; salubrious; normal; having a disposition to promote healing; not noxious; as laudable juices of the body; laudable pus. Arbuthnot.

Laud´a•ble•ness (lad´a•b’l•nes), n. The quality of being laudable; praiseworthiness; commendableness.

Laud´a•bly , adv. In a laudable manner.

Lau´da•nine , n. [From Laudanum.] (Chem.) A white organic base, resembling morphine, and obtained from certain varieties of opium.

Lau´da•num , n. [Orig. the same wort as ladanum, ladbdanum: cf. F. laudanum, It. laudano, ladano. See Ladanum.] Tincture of opium, used for various medical purposes. A fluid ounce of American laudanum should contain the soluble matter of one tenth of an ounce avoirdupois of powdered opium with equal parts of alcohol and water. English laudanum should have ten grains less of opium in the fluid ounce. U. S. Disp. Dutchman’s laudanum (Bot.) See under Dutchman.

Lau•da´tion , n. [L. laudatio: cf. OE. taudation. See Land, v. t.] The act of lauding; praise; high commendation.

Laud´a•tive , a. [L. laudativus laudatory: cf. F. laudatif.] Laudatory.

Laud´a•tive, n. A panegyric; a eulogy. [Obs.] Bacon.

Lau•da´tor , n. [L.] 1. One who lauds. 2. (Law) An arbitrator. [Obs.] Cowell.

Laud´a•to•ry , a. [L. laudatorius: cf. OF. laudatoire.] Of or pertaining praise, or to the expression of praise; as laudatory verses; the laudatory powers of Dryden. Sir J. Stephen.

Laud´er , n. One who lauds.

Laugh (l&au;f), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laughed (l&au;ft); p. pr. & vb. n. Laughing.] [OE. laughen, laghen, lauhen, AS. hlehhan, hlihhan, hlyhhan, hliehhan; akin to OS. hlahan, D. & G. lachen, OHG. hlahhan, lahhan, lahhen, Icel. hlaeja, Dan. lee, Sw. le, Goth. hlahjan; perh. of imitative origin.] 1. To show mirth, satisfaction, or derision, by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face, particularly of the mouth, causing a lighting up of the face and eyes, and usually accompanied by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds from the chest and throat; to indulge in laughter. “Queen Hecuba laughed that her eyes ran o’er.” Shak. “He laugheth that winneth.” Heywood’s Prov. 2. Fig.: To be or appear gay, cheerful, pleasant, mirthful, lively, or brilliant; to sparkle; to sport. “Then laughs the childish year, with flowerets crowned.” Dryden. “In Folly’s cup still laughs the bubble Joy.” Pope. To laugh at, to make an object of laughter or ridicule; to make fun of; to deride. “No wit to flatter left of all his store,
No fool to laugh at, which he valued more.” Pope. — To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at. — To laugh out, to laugh in spite of some restraining influence; to laugh aloud. — To laugh out of the other corner (or side of the mouth, to weep or cry; to feel regret, vexation, or disappointment after hilarity or exaltation. [Slang]

Laugh, v. t. 1. To affect or influence by means of laughter or ridicule. “Will you laugh me asleep, for I am very heavy?” Shak. “I shall laugh myself to death.” Shak. 2. To express by, or utter with, laughter; — with out. “From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause.” Shak. To laugh away. (a) To drive away by laughter; as to laugh away regret. (b) To waste in hilarity. ´Pompey doth this day laugh away his fortune.´ Shak. — To laugh down. (a) To cause to cease or desist by laughter; as to laugh down a speaker. (b) To cause to be given up on account of ridicule; as to laugh down a reform. — To laugh one out of, to cause one by laughter or ridicule to abandon or give up; as to laugh one out of a plan or purpose. — To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery, contempt, and scorn; to despise.

Laugh , n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the human species; the sound heard in laughing; laughter. See Laugh, v. i. “And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind.” Goldsmith. “That man is a bad man who has not within him the power of a hearty laugh.” F. W. Robertson.

Laugh´a•ble , a. Fitted to excite laughter; as a laughable story; a laughable scene. Syn. — Droll; ludicrous; mirthful; comical. See Droll, and Ludicrous. — Laugh´a•ble•ness, n. — Laugh´a•bly, adv.

Laugh´er , n. 1. One who laughs. 2. A variety of the domestic pigeon.

Laugh´ing , a. & n. from Laugh, v. i. Laughing falcon (Zoöl.), a South American hawk (Herpetotheres cachinnans); — so called from its notes, which resemble a shrill laugh. — Laughing gas (Chem.), hyponitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen; — so called from the exhilaration and laughing which it sometimes produces when inhaled. It is much used as an anaesthetic agent. — Laughing goose (Zoöl.), the European white-fronted goose. — Laughing gull. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gull (Xema ridibundus); — called also pewit, black cap, red-legged gull, and sea crow. (b) An American gull (Larus atricilla). In summer the head is nearly black, the back slate color, and the five outer primaries black. — Laughing hyena (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. See Hyena. — Laughing jackass (Zoöl.), the great brown kingfisher (Dacelo gigas), of Australia; — called also giant kingfisher, and gogobera. — Laughing owl (Zoöl.), a peculiar owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) of New Zealand, said to be on the verge of extinction. The name alludes to its notes.

Laugh´ing•ly , adv. With laughter or merriment.

Laugh´ing•stock , n. An object of ridicule; a butt of sport. Shak. “When he talked, he talked nonsense, and made himself the laughingstock of his hearers.” Macaulay.

Laugh´some , a. Exciting laughter; also addicted to laughter; merry. [R.]

Laugh´ter , n. [AS. hleahtor; akin to OHG. hlahtar, G. gelächter, Icel. hlatr, Dan. latter. See Laugh, v. i. ] A movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. See Laugh, v. i. “The act of laughter, which is a sweet contraction of the muscles of the face, and a pleasant agitation of the vocal organs, is not merely, or totally within the jurisdiction of ourselves.” Sir T. Browne. “Archly the maiden smiled, and with eyes overrunning with laughter.” Longfellow.

Laugh´ter•less, a. Not laughing; without laughter.

Laugh´wor•thy , a. Deserving to be laughed at. [R.] B. Jonson.

Lau´mont•ite , n. [From Dr. Laumont, the discoverer.] (Min.) A mineral, of a white color and vitreous luster. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Exposed to the air, it loses water, becomes opaque, and crumbles. [Written also laumonite.]

Launce , n. A lance. [Obs.]

Launce, n. [It. lance, L. lanx, lancis, plate, scale of a balance. Cf. Balance.] A balance. [Obs.] “Fortune all in equal launce doth sway.” Spenser.

Launce, n. (Zoöl.) See Lant, the fish.

Launce´gaye , n. See Lancegaye. [Obs.]

Launch (länch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Launched (läncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Launching.] [OE. launchen to throw as a lance, OF. lanchier, another form of lancier, F. lancer, fr. lance lance. See Lance.] [Written also lanch.] 1. To throw, as a lance or dart; to hurl; to let fly. 2. To strike with, or as with, a lance; to pierce. [Obs.] “Launch your hearts with lamentable wounds.” Spenser. 3. To cause to move or slide from the land into the water; to set afloat; as to launch a ship. “With stays and cordage last he rigged the ship,
And rolled on levers, launched her in the deep.” Pope. 4. To send out; to start (one) on a career; to set going; to give a start to (something); to put in operation; as to launch a son in the world; to launch a business project or enterprise. “All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery in England.” Eikon Basilike.

Launch, v. i. To move with force and swiftness like a sliding from the stocks into the water; to plunge; to make a beginning; as to launch into the current of a stream; to launch into an argument or discussion; to launch into lavish expenditures; — often with out. “Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.” Luke v. 4. “He [Spenser] launches out into very flowery paths.” Prior.

Launch, n. 1. The act of launching. 2. The movement of a vessel from land into the water; especially, the sliding on ways from the stocks on which it is built. 3. [Cf. Sp. lancha.] (Naut.) The boat of the largest size belonging to a ship of war; also an open boat of any size driven by steam, naphtha, electricity, or the like. Launching ways. (Naut.) See Way, n. (Naut.).

Laund (land), n. [See Lawn of grass.] A plain sprinkled with trees or underbrush; a glade. [Obs.] “In a laund upon an hill of flowers.” Chaucer. “Through this laund anon the deer will come.” Shak.

Laun´der (län´der), n. [Contracted fr. OE. lavender, F. lavandière, LL. lavandena, from L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] 1. A washerwoman. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) A trough used by miners to receive the powdered ore from the box where it is beaten, or for carrying water to the stamps, or other apparatus, for comminuting, or sorting, the ore.

Laun´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laundered (-derd); p. pr. & vb. n. Laundering.] 1. To wash, as clothes; to wash, and to smooth with a flatiron or mangle; to wash and iron; as to launder shirts. 2. To lave; to wet. [Obs.] Shak.

Laun´der•er , n. One who follows the business of laundering.

Laun´der•ing, n. The act, or occupation, of one who launders; washing and ironing.

Laun´dress , n. A woman whose employment is laundering.

Laun´dress, v. i. To act as a laundress.[Obs.]

Laun´dry , n.; pl. Laundries (#). [OE. lavendrie, OF. lavanderie. See Launder.] 1. A laundering; a washing. 2. A place or room where laundering is done.

Laun´dry•man , n.; pl. Laundrymen . A man who follows the business of laundering.

Lau´ra , n. [LL., fr. Gr. lane, defile, also a kind of monastery.] (R. C. Ch.) A number of hermitages or cells in the same neighborhood occupied by anchorites who were under the same superior. C. Kingsley.

Lau•ra´ceous , a. [From Laurus.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a natural order (Lauraceae) of trees and shrubs having aromatic bark and foliage, and including the laurel, sassafras cinnamon tree, true camphor tree, etc.

Lau´rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of lauric acid.

Lau´re•ate , a. [L. laureatus, fr. laurea laurel tree, fr. laureus of laurel, fr. laurus laurel: cf. F. laureat. Cf. Laurel.] Crowned, or decked, with laurel. Chaucer. “To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies.” Milton. “Soft on her lap her laureate son reclines.” Pope. Poet laureate. (b) One who received an honorable degree in grammar, including poetry and rhetoric, at the English universities; — so called as being presented with a wreath of laurel. [Obs.] (b) Formerly, an officer of the king’s household, whose business was to compose an ode annually for the king’s birthday, and other suitable occasions; now, a poet officially distinguished by such honorary title, the office being a sinecure. It is said this title was first given in the time of Edward IV. [Eng.]

Lau´re•ate, n. One crowned with laurel; a poet laureate. ´A learned laureate.´ Cleveland.

Lau´re•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laureated p. pr. & vb. n. Laureating ] To honor with a wreath of laurel, as formerly was done in bestowing a degree at the English universities.

Lau´re•ate•ship, n. State, or office, of a laureate.

Lau•re•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. laureation.] The act of crowning with laurel; the act of conferring an academic degree, or honorary title.

Lau´rel , n. [OE. lorel, laurer, lorer, OF. lorier, laurier, F. laurier, (assumed) LL. Laurarius, fr. L. laurus.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, of the genus Laurus (L. nobilis), having aromatic leaves of a lanceolate shape, with clusters of small, yellowish white flowers in their axils; — called also sweet bay. The fruit is a purple berry. It is found about the Mediterranean, and was early used by the ancient Greeks to crown the victor in the games of Apollo. At a later period, academic honors were indicated by a crown of laurel, with the fruit. The leaves and tree yield an aromatic oil, used to flavor the bay water of commerce. The name is extended to other plants which in some respect resemble the true laurel. See Phrases, below. 2. A crown of laurel; hence, honor; distinction; fame; — especially in the plural; as to win laurels. 3. An English gold coin made in 1619, and so called because the king’s head on it was crowned with laurel. Laurel water, water distilled from the fresh leaves of the cherry laurel, and containing prussic acid and other products carried over in the process. American laurel, or Mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia. See under Mountain. — California laurel, Umbellularia Californica. — Cherry laurel (in England called laurel). See under Cherry. — Great laurel, the rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). — Ground laurel, trailing arbutus. — New Zealand laurel, Laurelia Novae Zelandiae. — Portugal laurel, the Prunus Lusitanica. — Rose laurel, the oleander. See Oleander. — Sheep laurel, a poisonous shrub, Kalmia angustifolia, smaller than the mountain laurel, and with smaller and redder flowers. — Spurge laurel, Daphne Laureola. — West Indian laurel, Prunus occidentalis.

Lau´reled , a. Crowned with laurel, or with a laurel wreath; laureate. [Written also laurelled.]

Lau•ren´tian , a. Pertaining to, or near, the St. Lawrence River; as the Laurentian hills. Laurentian period (Geol.), the lower of the two divisions of the Archaean age; — called also the Laurentian.

Lau´rer , n. Laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lau´res•tine , n. [NL. lautus tinus, fr. L. laurus the laurel + tinus laurestine. See Laurel.] (Bot.) The Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers during the winter months. [Written also laurustine and laurestina.]

Lau´ric , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the European bay or laurel (Laurus nobilis). Lauric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline substance, C12H24O2, resembling palmitic acid, and obtained from the fruit of the bay tree, and other sources.

Lau•rif´er•ous , a. [L. laurifer; laurus + ferre to bear.] Producing, or bringing, laurel.

Lau´rin , n. [Cf. F. laurine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance extracted from the fruit of the bay (Laurus nobilis), and consisting of a complex mixture of glycerin ethers of several organic acids.

Lau´ri•nol , n. [Laurin + -ol.] (Chem.) Ordinary camphor; — so called in allusion to the family name (Lauraceae) of the camphor trees. See Camphor.

Lau´ri•ol , n. Spurge laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lau´rite , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Min.) A rare sulphide of osmium and ruthenium found with platinum in Borneo and Oregon.

Lau´rone , n. [Lauric + - one.] (Chem.) The ketone of lauric acid.

Lau´rus , n. [L., laurel.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including, according to modern authors, only the true laurel (Laurus nobilis), and the larger L. Canariensis of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Formerly the sassafras the camphor tree, the cinnamon tree, and several other aromatic trees and shrubs, were also referred to the genus Laurus.

Laus , a. Loose. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La´va (lä´va; 277), n. [It. lava lava, orig. in Naples, a torrent of rain overflowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth’s surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States. Lavas are classed, according to their structure, as scoriaceous or cellular, glassy, stony, etc., and according to the material of which they consist, as doleritic, trachytic, etc. Lava millstone, a hard and coarse basaltic millstone from the neighborhood of the Rhine. — Lava ware, a kind of cheap pottery made of iron slag cast into tiles, urns, table tops, etc., resembling lava in appearance.

Lav´a•ret , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A European whitefish (Coregonus laveretus), found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland.

La•vat´ic (la•vat´ik), a. Like lava, or composed of lava; lavic.

La•va´tion , n. [L. lavatio: cf. OF. lavation.] A washing or cleansing. [Obs. or R.]

Lav´a•to•ry , a. Washing, or cleansing by washing.

Lav´a•to•ry, n.; pl. Lavatories (#). [L. lavatorium: cf. lavatoire. See Lave to wash, and cf. Laver.] 1. A place for washing. 2. A basin or other vessel for washing in. 3. A wash or lotion for a diseased part. 4. A place where gold is obtained by washing.

Lav´a•ture ( 135), n. A wash or lotion. [Obs.]

Lave (lav), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laved (lavd); p. pr. & vb. n. Laving.] [F. laver, L. lavare, akin to luere to wash, Gr. . Cf. Ablution, Deluge, Lavender, Lava, Lotion.] To wash; to bathe; as to lave a bruise. “His feet the foremost breakers lave.” Byron.

Lave, v. i. To bathe; to wash one’s self. “In her chaste current oft the goddess laves.” Pope.

Lave, v. t. [OE. laven. See Lavish.] To lade, dip, or pour out. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lave, n. [AS. laf the remainder, what is left. rad.119. See Leave.] The remainder; others. [Scot.] Bp. Hall.

Lave´-eared , a. [Cf. W. llaf that extends round, llipa flaccid, flapping, G. lapp flabby, lappohr flap ear.] Having large, pendent ears. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La•veer´ , v. i. [D. laveren.] (Naut.) To beat against the wind; to tack. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lave´ment , n. [F. lavement, fr. laver to wash.] A washing or bathing; also a clyster.

Lav´en•der , n. [OE. lavendre, F. lavande, It. lavanda lavender, a washing, fr. L. lavare to wash; cf. It. lsavendola, LL. lavendula. So called because it was used in bathing and washing. See Lave. to wash, and cf. Lavender.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Lavandula (L. vera), common in the south of Europe. It yields and oil used in medicine and perfumery. The Spike lavender (L. Spica) yields a coarser oil (oil of spike), used in the arts. 2. The pale, purplish color of lavender flowers, paler and more delicate than lilac. Lavender cotton (Bot.), a low, twiggy, aromatic shrub (Santolina Chamaecyparissus) of the Mediterranean region, formerly used as a vermifuge, etc., and still used to keep moths from wardrobes. Also called ground cypress. — Lavender water, a perfume composed of alcohol, essential oil of lavender, essential oil of bergamot, and essence of ambergris. — Sea lavender. (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary. — To lay in lavender. (a) To lay away, as clothing, with sprigs of lavender. (b) To pawn. [Obs.]

Lav´er (la´ver), n. [OE. lavour, F. lavoir, L. lavatorium a washing place. See Lavatory.] 1. A vessel for washing; a large basin. 2. (Script. Hist.) (a) A large brazen vessel placed in the court of the Jewish tabernacle where the officiating priests washed their hands and feet. (b) One of several vessels in Solomon’s Temple in which the offerings for burnt sacrifices were washed. 3. That which washes or cleanses. J. H. Newman.

Lav´er, n. [From Lave to wash.] One who laves; a washer. [Obs.]

La´ver (la´ver), n. The fronds of certain marine algae used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris. It is prepared by stewing, either alone or with other vegetables, and with various condiments; — called also sloke, or sloakan. Mountain laver (Bot.), a reddish gelatinous alga of the genus Palmella, found on the sides of mountains

La´ver•ock (la´ver•ok), n. [See Lark the bird.] The lark. [Old Eng. & Scot.] [Written also lavrock.] Gower.

La´vic (lä´vik), a. See Lavatic.

Lav´ish (lav´ish), a. [Akin to E. lave to lade out; cf. AS. gelafian to refresh, G. laben.] 1. Expending or bestowing profusely; profuse; prodigal; as lavish of money; lavish of praise. 2. Superabundant; excessive; as lavish spirits. “Let her have needful, but not lavish, means.” Shak. Syn. — Profuse; prodigal; wasteful; extravagant; exuberant; immoderate. See Profuse.

Lav´ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lavished (-isht); p. pr. & vb. n. Lavishing.] To expend or bestow with profusion; to use with prodigality; to squander; as to lavish money or praise.

Lav´ish•er (-er), n. One who lavishes.

Lav´ish•ly, adv. In a lavish manner.

Lav´ish•ment (-ment), n. The act of lavishing.

Lav´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being lavish.

La•vœ´si•um , n. [NL., fr. Lavoisier, the celebrated French chemist.] (Chem.) A supposed new metallic element. It is said to have been discovered in pyrites, and some other minerals, and to be of a silver-white color, and malleable. { La•volt´ , La•vol´ta } n. [It. la volta the turn, turning, whirl. Cf. Volt of a horse, Volta.] An old dance, for two persons, being a kind of waltz, in which the woman made a high spring or bound. Shak.

La•vol•ta•teer´ , n. A dancer of the lavolta.

Lav´our , n. A laver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La´vrock , n. Same as Laverock.

Law (la), n. [OE. lawe, laghe, AS. lagu, from the root of E. lie: akin to OS. lag, Icel. lög, Sw. lag, Dan. lov; cf. L. lex, E. legal. A law is that which is laid, set, or fixed; like statute, fr. L. statuere to make to stand. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. In general, a rule of being or of conduct, established by an authority able to enforce its will; a controlling regulation; the mode or order according to which an agent or a power acts. A law may be universal or particular, written or unwritten, published or secret. From the nature of the highest laws a degree of permanency or stability is always implied; but the power which makes a law, or a superior power, may annul or change it. “These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the Lord made.” Lev. xxvi. 46. “The law of thy God, and the law of the King.” Ezra vii. 26. “As if they would confine the Interminable …
Who made our laws to bind us, not himself.” Milton. “His mind his kingdom, and his will his law.” Cowper. 2. In morals: The will of God as the rule for the disposition and conduct of all responsible beings toward him and toward each other; a rule of living, conformable to righteousness; the rule of action as obligatory on the conscience or moral nature. 3. The Jewish or Mosaic code, and that part of Scripture where it is written, in distinction from the gospel; hence, also the Old Testament. “What things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law … But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets.” Rom. iii. 19, 21. 4. In human government: (a) An organic rule, as a constitution or charter, establishing and defining the conditions of the existence of a state or other organized community. (b) Any edict, decree, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, judicial, decision, usage, etc., or recognized, and enforced, by the controlling authority. 5. In philosophy and physics: A rule of being, operation, or change, so certain and constant that it is conceived of as imposed by the will of God or by some controlling authority; as the law of gravitation; the laws of motion; the law heredity; the laws of thought; the laws of cause and effect; law of self- preservation. 6. In mathematics: The rule according to which anything, as the change of value of a variable, or the value of the terms of a series, proceeds; mode or order of sequence. 7. In arts, works, games, etc.: The rules of construction, or of procedure, conforming to the conditions of success; a principle, maxim; or usage; as the laws of poetry, of architecture, of courtesy, or of whist. 8. Collectively, the whole body of rules relating to one subject, or emanating from one source; — including usually the writings pertaining to them, and judicial proceedings under them; as divine law; English law; Roman law; the law of real property; insurance law. 9. Legal science; jurisprudence; the principles of equity; applied justice. “Reason is the life of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason.” Coke. “Law is beneficence acting by rule.” Burke. “And sovereign Law, that state’s collected will
O’er thrones and globes elate,
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill.” Sir W. Jones. 10. Trial by the laws of the land; judicial remedy; litigation; as to go law. “When every case in law is right.” Shak. “He found law dear and left it cheap.” Brougham. 11. An oath, as in the presence of a court. [Obs.] See Wager of law, under Wager. Avogadro’s law (Chem.), a fundamental conception, according to which, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, all gases and vapors contain in the same volume the same number of ultimate molecules; — so named after Avogadro, an Italian scientist. Sometimes called Ampère’s law. — Bode’s law (Astron.), an approximative empirical expression of the distances of the planets from the sun, as follows: —

    Mer. Ven. Earth. Mars.  Aste.  Jup.  Sat.  Uran.   Nep.
     4    4     4     4      4      4     4      4      4
     0    3     6    12     24     48    96     192   384
     —   —   —    —     —     —    —     —-   —-
     4    7    10    16     28     52   100     196   388
     5.9  7.3  10    15.2   27.4   52    95.4   192   300

where each distance (line third) is the sum of 4 and a multiple of 3 by the series 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, etc., the true distances being given in the lower line. — Boyle’s law (Physics), an expression of the fact, that when an elastic fluid is subjected to compression, and kept at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume is a constant quantity, i. e., the volume is inversely proportioned to the pressure; — known also as Mariotte’s law, and the law of Boyle and Mariotte. — Brehon laws. See under Brehon. — Canon law, the body of ecclesiastical law adopted in the Christian Church, certain portions of which (for example, the law of marriage as existing before the Council of Tent) were brought to America by the English colonists as part of the common law of the land. Wharton. — Civil law, a term used by writers to designate Roman law, with modifications thereof which have been made in the different countries into which that law has been introduced. The civil law, instead of the common law, prevails in the State of Louisiana. Wharton. — Commercial law. See Law merchant (below). — Common law. See under Common. — Criminal law, that branch of jurisprudence which relates to crimes. — Ecclesiastical law. See under Ecclesiastical. — Grimm’s law (Philol.), a statement (propounded by the German philologist Jacob Grimm) of certain regular changes which the primitive Indo-European mute consonants, so-called (most plainly seen in Sanskrit and, with some changes, in Greek and Latin), have undergone in the Teutonic languages. Examples: Skr. bhatr, L. frater, E. brother, G. bruder; L. tres, E. three, G. drei, Skr. go, E. cow, G. kuh; Skr. dha to put, Gr. ti-qe•-nai, E. do, OHG, tuon, G. thun. — Kepler’s laws (Astron.), three important laws or expressions of the order of the planetary motions, discovered by John Kepler. They are these: (1) The orbit of a planet with respect to the sun is an ellipse, the sun being in one of the foci. (2) The areas swept over by a vector drawn from the sun to a planet are proportioned to the times of describing them. (3) The squares of the times of revolution of two planets are in the ratio of the cubes of their mean distances. — Law binding, a plain style of leather binding, used for law books; — called also law calf. — Law book, a book containing, or treating of, laws. — Law calf. See Law binding (above). — Law day. (a) Formerly, a day of holding court, esp. a court-leet. (b) The day named in a mortgage for the payment of the money to secure which it was given. [U. S.] — Law French, the dialect of Norman, which was used in judicial proceedings and law books in England from the days of William the Conqueror to the thirty-sixth year of Edward III. — Law language, the language used in legal writings and forms. — Law Latin. See under Latin. — Law lords, peers in the British Parliament who have held high judicial office, or have been noted in the legal profession. — Law merchant, or Commercial law, a system of rules by which trade and commerce are regulated; — deduced from the custom of merchants, and regulated by judicial decisions, as also by enactments of legislatures. — Law of Charles (Physics), the law that the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases, by a definite fraction of its value for a given rise or fall of temperature; — sometimes less correctly styled Gay Lussac’s law, or Dalton’s law. — Law of nations. See International law, under International. — Law of nature. (a) A broad generalization expressive of the constant action, or effect, of natural conditions; as death is a law of nature; self-defense is a law of nature. See Law, 4. (b) A term denoting the standard, or system, of morality deducible from a study of the nature and natural relations of human beings independent of supernatural revelation or of municipal and social usages. — Law of the land, due process of law; the general law of the land. — Laws of honor. See under Honor. — Laws of motion (Physics), three laws defined by Sir Isaac Newton: (1) Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of moving uniformly in a straight line, except so far as it is made to change that state by external force. (2) Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction in which the force is impressed. (3) Reaction is always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions. — Marine law, or Maritime law, the law of the sea; a branch of the law merchant relating to the affairs of the sea, such as seamen, ships, shipping, navigation, and the like. Bouvier. — Mariotte’s law. See Boyle’s law (above). — Martial law.See under Martial. — Military law, a branch of the general municipal law, consisting of rules ordained for the government of the military force of a state in peace and war, and administered in courts martial. Kent. Warren’s Blackstone. — Moral law, the law of duty as regards what is right and wrong in the sight of God; specifically, the ten commandments given by Moses. See Law, 2. — Mosaic, or Ceremonial, law. (Script.) See Law, 3. — Municipal law, or Positive law, a rule prescribed by the supreme power of a state, declaring some right, enforcing some duty, or prohibiting some act; — distinguished from international and constitutional law. See Law, 1. — Periodic law. (Chem.) See under Periodic. — Roman law, the system of principles and laws found in the codes and treatises of the lawmakers and jurists of ancient Rome, and incorporated more or less into the laws of the several European countries and colonies founded by them. See Civil law (above). — Statute law, the law as stated in statutes or positive enactments of the legislative body. — Sumptuary law. See under Sumptuary. — To go to law, to seek a settlement of any matter by bringing it before the courts of law; to sue or prosecute some one. — To take, or have, the law of, to bring the law to bear upon; as to take the law of one’s neighbor. Addison. — Wager of law. See under Wager. Syn. — Justice; equity. — Law, Statute, Common law, Regulation, Edict, Decree. Law is generic, and, when used with reference to, or in connection with, the other words here considered, denotes whatever is commanded by one who has a right to require obedience. A statute is a particular law drawn out in form, and distinctly enacted and proclaimed. Common law is a rule of action founded on long usage and the decisions of courts of justice. A regulation is a limited and often, temporary law, intended to secure some particular end or object. An edict is a command or law issued by a sovereign, and is peculiar to a despotic government. A decree is a permanent order either of a court or of the executive government. See Justice.

Law , v. t. Same as Lawe, v. t. [Obs.]

Law, interj. [Cf. La.] An exclamation of mild surprise. [Archaic or Low]

Law´-a•bid•ing , a. Abiding the law; waiting for the operation of law for the enforcement of rights; also abiding by the law; obedient to the law; as law-abiding people.

Law´break•er , n. One who disobeys the law; a criminal. — Law´break•ing, n. & a.

Lawe , v. t. [See 2d Lawing.] To cut off the claws and balls of, as of a dog’s fore feet. Wright.

Law´er , n. A lawyer. [Obs.] Bale.

Law´ful , a. 1. Conformable to law; allowed by law; legitimate; competent. 2. Constituted or authorized by law; rightful; as the lawful owner of lands. Lawful age, the age when the law recognizes one’s right of independent action; majority; — generally the age of twenty-one years. In some of the States, and for some purposes, a woman attains lawful age at eighteen. Abbott. Syn. — Legal; constitutional; allowable; regular; rightful. — Lawful, Legal. Lawful means conformable to the principle, spirit, or essence of the law, and is applicable to moral as well as juridical law. Legal means conformable to the letter or rules of the law as it is administered in the courts; conformable to juridical law. Legal is often used as antithetical to equitable, but lawful is seldom used in that sense. — Law´ful•ly, adv. — Law´ful•ness, n.

Law´giv•er , n. One who makes or enacts a law or system of laws; a legislator.

Law´giv•ing, a. Enacting laws; legislative.

Law´ing, n. Going to law; litigation. Holinshed.

Law´ing, n. [So called because done in compliance with an English forest law.] Expeditation. Blackstone.

Law´less, a. 1. Contrary to, or unauthorized by, law; illegal; as a lawless claim. “He needs no indirect nor lawless course.” Shak. 2. Not subject to, or restrained by, the law of morality or of society; as lawless men or behavior. 3. Not subject to the laws of nature; uncontrolled. “Or, meteorlike, flame lawless through the void.” Pope. — Law´less•ly, adv. — Law´less•ness, n.

Law´mak•er , n. A legislator; a lawgiver.

Law´mak•ing (la´ma•king), a. Enacting laws; legislative. — n. The enacting of laws; legislation.

Law´mon•ger , n. A trader in law; one who practices law as if it were a trade. Milton.

Lawn (lan), n. [OE. laund, launde, F. lande heath, moor; of Celtic origin; cf. W. llan an open, clear place, llawnt a smooth rising hill, lawn, Armor. lann or lan territory, country, lann a prickly plant, pl. lannou heath, moor.] 1. An open space between woods. Milton. “´Orchard lawns and bowery hollows.´” Tennyson. 2. Ground (generally in front of or around a house) covered with grass kept closely mown. Lawn mower, a machine for clipping the short grass of lawns. — Lawn tennis, a variety of the game of tennis, played in the open air, sometimes upon a lawn, instead of in a tennis court. See Tennis.

Lawn, n. [Earlier laune lynen, i. e., lawn linen; prob. from the town Laon in France.] A very fine linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric with a rather open texture. Lawn is used for the sleeves of a bishop’s official dress in the English Church, and, figuratively, stands for the office itself. “A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn.” Pope.

Lawnd (land), n. [Obs.] See Laund.

Lawn´y (lan´y), a. Having a lawn; characterized by a lawn or by lawns; like a lawn. “Musing through the lawny park.” T. Warton.

Lawn´y, a. Made of lawn or fine linen. Bp. Hall.

Law•so´ni•a , n. (Bot.) An Asiatic and North African shrub (Lawsonia inermis), with smooth oval leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Henna is prepared from the leaves and twigs. In England the shrub is called Egyptian privet, and in the West Indies, Jamaica mignonette.

Law´suit , n. An action at law; a suit in equity or admiralty; any legal proceeding before a court for the enforcement of a claim.

Law´yer , n. [From Law, like bowyer, fr. bow.] 1. One versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law; one whose profession is to conduct lawsuits for clients, or to advise as to prosecution or defence of lawsuits, or as to legal rights and obligations in other matters. It is a general term, comprehending attorneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and advocates. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-necked stilt. See Stilt. (b) The bowfin (Amia calva). (c) The burbot (Lota maculosa). { Law´yer•like• , Law´yer•ly } a. Like, or becoming, a lawyer; as lawyerlike sagacity. ´Lawyerly mooting of this point.´ Milton.

Lax (laks), a. [Compar. Laxer (-er); superl. Laxest.] [L. laxus Cf. Laches, Languish, Lease, v. t., Leash.] 1. Not tense, firm, or rigid; loose; slack; as a lax bandage; lax fiber. “The flesh of that sort of fish being lax and spongy.” Ray. 2. Not strict or stringent; not exact; loose; weak; vague; equivocal. “The discipline was lax.” Macaulay. “Society at that epoch was lenient, if not lax, in matters of the passions.” J. A. Symonds. “The word ´aeternus´ itself is sometimes of a lax signification.” Jortin. 3. Having a looseness of the bowels; diarrheal. Syn. — Loose; slack; vague; unconfined; unrestrained; dissolute; licentious.

Lax, n. A looseness; diarrhea.

Lax•a´tion , n. [L. laxatio, fr. laxare to loosen, fr. laxus loose, slack.] The act of loosening or slackening, or the state of being loosened or slackened.

Lax´a•tive , a. [L. laxativus mitigating, assuaging: cf. F. laxatif. See Lax, a.] 1. Having a tendency to loosen or relax. Milton. 2. (Med.) Having the effect of loosening or opening the intestines, and relieving from constipation; — opposed to astringent. — n. (Med.) A laxative medicine. See the Note under Cathartic.

Lax´a•tive•ness, n. The quality of being laxative.

Lax•a´tor , n. [NL., fr. L. laxare, laxatum, to loosen.] (Anat.) That which loosens; — esp., a muscle which by its contraction loosens some part.

Lax´i•ty (laks´i•ty), n. [L. laxitas, fr. laxus loose, slack: cf. F. laxite, See Lax, a.] The state or quality of being lax; want of tenseness, strictness, or exactness.

Lax´ly, adv. In a lax manner.

Lax´ness, n. The state of being lax; laxity.

Lay , imp. of Lie, to recline.

Lay, a. [F. lai, L. laicus, Gr. of or from the people, lay, from , , people. Cf. Laic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the laity, as distinct from the clergy; as a lay person; a lay preacher; a lay brother. 2. Not educated or cultivated; ignorant.[Obs.] 3. Not belonging to, or emanating from, a particular profession; unprofessional; as a lay opinion regarding the nature of a disease. Lay baptism (Eccl.), baptism administered by a lay person. F. G. Lee. — Lay brother (R. C. Ch.), one received into a convent of monks under the three vows, but not in holy orders. — Lay clerk (Eccl.), a layman who leads the responses of the congregation, etc., in the church service. Hook. — Lay days (Com.), time allowed in a charter party for taking in and discharging cargo. McElrath. — Lay elder. See 2d Elder, 3, note.

Lay , n. The laity; the common people. [Obs.] “The learned have no more privilege than the lay.” B. Jonson.

Lay, n. A meadow. See Lea. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lay, n. [OF. lei faith, law, F. loi law. See Legal.] 1. Faith; creed; religious profession. [Obs.] “Of the sect to which that he was born
He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn.” Chaucer. 2. A law. [Obs.] ´Many goodly lays.´ Spenser. 3. An obligation; a vow. [Obs.] “They bound themselves by a sacred lay and oath.” Holland.

Lay , a. [OF. lai, lais, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. laoi, laoidh, song, poem, OIr. laoidh poem, verse; but cf. also AS. lac play, sport, G. leich a sort of poem (cf. Lake to sport). .] 1. A song; a simple lyrical poem; a ballad. Spenser. Sir W. Scott. 2. A melody; any musical utterance. “The throstle cock made eke his lay.” Chaucer.

Lay (la), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laid (lad); p. pr. & vb. n. Laying.] [OE. leggen, AS. lecgan, causative, fr. licgan to lie; akin to D. leggen, G. legen, Icel. leggja, Goth. lagjan. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. To cause to lie down, to be prostrate, or to lie against something; to put or set down; to deposit; as to lay a book on the table; to lay a body in the grave; a shower lays the dust. “A stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den.” Dan. vi. 17. “Soft on the flowery herb I found me laid.” Milton. 2. To place in position; to establish firmly; to arrange with regularity; to dispose in ranks or tiers; as to lay a corner stone; to lay bricks in a wall; to lay the covers on a table. 3. To prepare; to make ready; to contrive; to provide; as to lay a snare, an ambush, or a plan. 4. To spread on a surface; as to lay plaster or paint. 5. To cause to be still; to calm; to allay; to suppress; to exorcise, as an evil spirit. “After a tempest when the winds are laid.” Waller. 6. To cause to lie dead or dying. “Brave Caeneus laid Ortygius on the plain,
The victor Caeneus was by Turnus slain.” Dryden. 7. To deposit, as a wager; to stake; to risk. “I dare lay mine honor
He will remain so.” Shak. 8. To bring forth and deposit; as to lay eggs. 9. To apply; to put. “She layeth her hands to the spindle.” Prov. xxxi. 19. 10. To impose, as a burden, suffering, or punishment; to assess, as a tax; as to lay a tax on land. “The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.” Is. liii. 6. 11. To impute; to charge; to allege. “God layeth not folly to them.” Job xxiv. 12. “Lay the fault on us.” Shak. 12. To impose, as a command or a duty; as to lay commands on one. 13. To present or offer; as to lay an indictment in a particular county; to lay a scheme before one. 14. (Law) To state; to allege; as to lay the venue. Bouvier. 15. (Mil.) To point; to aim; as to lay a gun. 16. (Rope Making) To put the strands of (a rope, a cable, etc.) in their proper places and twist or unite them; as to lay a cable or rope. 17. (Print.) (a) To place and arrange (pages) for a form upon the imposing stone. (b) To place (new type) properly in the cases. To lay asleep, to put sleep; to make unobservant or careless. Bacon. — To lay bare, to make bare; to strip. “And laid those proud roofs bare to summer’s rain.” Byron. — To lay before, to present to; to submit for consideration; as the papers are laid before Congress. — To lay by. (a) To save. (b) To discard. “Let brave spirits … not be laid by.” Bacon. — To lay by the heels, to put in the stocks. Shak. — To lay down. (a) To stake as a wager. (b) To yield; to relinquish; to surrender; as to lay down one’s life; to lay down one’s arms. (c) To assert or advance, as a proposition or principle. — To lay forth. (a) To extend at length; (reflexively) to exert one’s self; to expatiate. [Obs.] (b) To lay out (as a corpse). [Obs.] Shak. — To lay hands on, to seize. — To lay hands on one’s self, or To lay violent hands on one’s self, to injure one’s self; specif., to commit suicide. — To lay heads together, to consult. — To lay hold of, or To lay hold on, to seize; to catch. — To lay in, to store; to provide. — To lay it on, to apply without stint. Shak. — To lay on, to apply with force; to inflict; as to lay on blows. — To lay on load, to lay on blows; to strike violently. [Obs. or Archaic] — To lay one’s self out, to strive earnestly. “No selfish man will be concerned to lay out himself for the good of his country.” Smalridge. — To lay one’s self open to, to expose one’s self to, as to an accusation. — To lay open, to open; to uncover; to expose; to reveal. - - To lay over, to spread over; to cover. - - To lay out. (a) To expend. Macaulay. (b) To display; to discover. (c) To plan in detail; to arrange; as to lay out a garden. (d) To prepare for burial; as to lay out a corpse. (e) To exert; as to lay out all one’s strength. — To lay siege to. (a) To besiege; to encompass with an army. (b) To beset pertinaciously. — To lay the course (Naut.), to sail toward the port intended without jibing. — To lay the land (Naut.), to cause it to disappear below the horizon, by sailing away from it. — To lay to (a) To charge upon; to impute. (b) To apply with vigor. (c) To attack or harass. [Obs.] Knolles. (d) (Naut.) To check the motion of (a vessel) and cause it to be stationary. — To lay to heart, to feel deeply; to consider earnestly. — To lay under, to subject to; as to lay under obligation or restraint. — To lay unto. (a) Same as To lay to (above). (b) To put before. Hos. xi. 4. — To lay up. (a) To store; to reposit for future use. (b) To confine; to disable. (c) To dismantle, and retire from active service, as a ship. — To lay wait for, to lie in ambush for. — To lay waste, to destroy; to make desolate; as to lay waste the land. Syn. — See Put, v. t., and the Note under 4th Lie.

Lay, v. i. 1. To produce and deposit eggs. 2. (Naut.) To take a position; to come or go; as to lay forward; to lay aloft. 3. To lay a wager; to bet. To lay about, or To lay about one, to strike vigorously in all directions. J. H. Newman. — To lay at, to strike or strike at. Spenser. — To lay for, to prepare to capture or assault; to lay wait for. [Colloq.] Bp Hall. — To lay in for, to make overtures for; to engage or secure the possession of. [Obs.] ´I have laid in for these.´ Dryden. — To lay on, to strike; to beat; to attack. Shak. — To lay out, to purpose; to plan; as he lays out to make a journey.

Lay , n. 1. That which lies or is laid or is conceived of as having been laid or placed in its position; a row; a stratum; a layer; as a lay of stone or wood. Addison. “A viol should have a lay of wire strings below.” Bacon. The lay of a rope is right-handed or left-handed according to the hemp or strands are laid up. See Lay, v. t., 16. The lay of land is its topographical situation, esp. its slope and its surface features. 2. A wager. ´My fortunes against any lay worth naming.´ 3. (a) A job, price, or profit. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. (b) A share of the proceeds or profits of an enterprise; as when a man ships for a whaling voyage, he agrees for a certain lay. [U. S.] 4. (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; a lea. See 1st Lea (a). (b) The lathe of a loom. See Lathe, 3. 5. A plan; a scheme. [Slang] Dickens. Lay figure. (a) A jointed model of the human body that may be put in any attitude; — used for showing the disposition of drapery, etc. (b) A mere puppet; one who serves the will of others without independent volition. — Lay race, that part of a lay on which the shuttle travels in weaving; — called also shuttle race.

Lay´er , n. [See Lay to cause to lie flat.] 1. One who, or that which, lays. 2. [Prob. a corruption of lair.] That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion. 3. A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation. 4. An artificial oyster bed.

Lay´er•ing, n. A propagating by layers. Gardner.

Lay´ing , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lays. 2. The act or period of laying eggs; the eggs laid for one incubation; a clutch. 3. The first coat on laths of plasterer’s two-coat work.

Lay´land , n. [Lay a meadow + land.] Land lying untilled; fallow ground. [Obs.] Blount.

Lay´man n.; pl. Laymen . [Lay, adj. + man.] 1. One of the people, in distinction from the clergy; one of the laity; sometimes, a man not belonging to some particular profession, in distinction from those who do. “Being a layman, I ought not to have concerned myself with speculations which belong to the profession.” Dryden. 2. A lay figure. See under Lay, n. (above). Dryden

Lay´ner , n. [See Lanier.] A whiplash. [Obs.]

Lay´ship , n. The condition of being a layman. [Obs.] Milton.

Lay´stall , n. 1. A place where rubbish, dung, etc., are laid or deposited.[Obs.] B. Jonson. “Smithfield was a laystall of all ordure and filth.” Bacon. 2. A place where milch cows are kept, or cattle on the way to market are lodged. [Obs.]

La´zar , n. [OF. lazare, fr. Lazarus the beggar. Luke xvi. 20.] A person infected with a filthy or pestilential disease; a leper. Chaucer. “Like loathsome lazars, by the hedges lay.” Spenser. Lazar house a lazaretto; also a hospital for quarantine. { Laz•a•ret´ , Laz•a•ret´to } n. [F. lazaret, or It. lazzeretto, fr. Lazarus. See Lazar.] A public building, hospital, or pesthouse for the reception of diseased persons, particularly those affected with contagious diseases. { Laz´a•rist , Laz´a•rite } n. (R. C. Ch.) One of the Congregation of the Priests of the Mission, a religious institute founded by Vincent de Paul in 1624, and popularly called Lazarists or Lazarites from the College of St. Lazare in Paris, which was occupied by them until 1792. { La´zar•like• , La´zar•ly } a. Full of sores; leprous. Shak. Bp. Hall.

Laz•a•ro´ni , n. pl. See Lazzaroni.

La´zar•wort , n. (Bot.) Laserwort.

Laze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lazed p. pr. & vb. n. Lazing.] [See Lazy.] To be lazy or idle. [Colloq.] Middleton.

Laze, v. t. To waste in sloth; to spend, as time, in idleness; as to laze away whole days. [Colloq.]

La´zi•ly , adv. In a lazy manner. Locke.

La´zi•ness, n. The state or quality of being lazy. “Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes him.” Franklin.

Laz´u•li , n. [F. & NL. lapis lazuli, LL. lazulus, lazurius, lazur from the same Oriental source as E. azure. See Azure.] (Min.) A mineral of a fine azure-blue color, usually in small rounded masses. It is essentially a silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, with some sodium sulphide, is often marked by yellow spots or veins of sulphide of iron, and is much valued for ornamental work. Called also lapis lazuli, and Armenian stone.

Laz´u•lite , n. [From lazuli : cf. F. lazulite, G. lazulith.] (Min.) A mineral of a light indigo-blue color, occurring in small masses, or in monoclinic crystals; blue spar. It is a hydrous phosphate of alumina and magnesia.

La´zy , a. [Compar. Lazier superl. Laziest.] [OE. lasie, laesic, of uncertain origin; cf. F. las tired, L. lassus, akin to E. late; or cf. LG. losig, lesig.] 1. Disinclined to action or exertion; averse to labor; idle; shirking work. Bacon. 2. Inactive; slothful; slow; sluggish; as a lazy stream. ´The night owl’s lazy flight.´ Shak. 3. Wicked; vicious. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] B. Jonson. Lazy tongs, a system of jointed bars capable of great extension, originally made for picking up something at a distance, now variously applied in machinery. Syn. — Idle; indolent; sluggish; slothful. See Idle.

La´zy•back (la´zy•bak•), n. A support for the back, attached to the seat of a carriage. [Colloq.]

La´zy•bones , n. A lazy person. [Colloq.]

Laz•za•ro´ni (laz•za•ro´ni; It. lät•sa•ro´ne), n. pl. [It. lazzarone, pl. lazzaroni.] The homeless idlers of Naples who live by chance work or begging; — so called from the Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves as their refuge. [Written also but improperly, lazaroni.]

Lea, n. [Cf. Lay, n. (that which is laid), 4.] (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; for linen, 300 yards; for cotton, 120 yards; a lay. (b) A set of warp threads carried by a loop of the heddle.

Lea, n. [OE. ley, lay, As. leáh, leá; akin to Prov. G. lon bog, morass, grove, and perh. to L. lucus grove, E. light, n.] A meadow or sward land; a grassy field. ´Plow-torn leas.´ Shak. “The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.” Gray.

Leach , n. (Naut.) See 3d Leech.

Leach, n. [Written also letch.] [Cf. As. leáh lye, G. lauge. See Lye.] 1. A quantity of wood ashes, through which water passes, and thus imbibes the alkali. 2. A tub or vat for leaching ashes, bark, etc. Leach tub, a wooden tub in which ashes are leached.

Leach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leached p. pr. & vb. n. Leaching.] [Written also leech and letch.] 1. To remove the soluble constituents from by subjecting to the action of percolating water or other liquid; as to leach ashes or coffee. 2. To dissolve out; — often used with out; as to leach out alkali from ashes.

Leach, v. i. To part with soluble constituents by percolation.

Leach, n. See Leech, a physician. [Obs.]

Leach´y , a. Permitting liquids to pass by percolation; not capable of retaining water; porous; pervious; — said of gravelly or sandy soils, and the like.

Lead (led), n. [OE. led, leed, lead, AS. leád; akin to D. lood, MHG. lot, G. loth plummet, sounding lead, small weight, Sw. & Dan. lod. rad.123.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a heavy, pliable, inelastic metal, having a bright, bluish color, but easily tarnished. It is both malleable and ductile, though with little tenacity, and is used for tubes, sheets, bullets, etc. Its specific gravity is 11.37. It is easily fusible, forms alloys with other metals, and is an ingredient of solder and type metal. Atomic weight, 206.4. Symbol Pb (L. Plumbum). It is chiefly obtained from the mineral galena, lead sulphide. 2. An article made of lead or an alloy of lead; as: (a) A plummet or mass of lead, used in sounding at sea. (b) (Print.) A thin strip of type metal, used to separate lines of type in printing. (c) Sheets or plates of lead used as a covering for roofs; hence, pl., a roof covered with lead sheets or terne plates. “I would have the tower two stories, and goodly leads upon the top.” Bacon 3. A small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils. Black lead, graphite or plumbago; — so called from its leadlike appearance and streak. [Colloq.] — Coasting lead, a sounding lead intermediate in weight between a hand lead and deep-sea lead. — Deep- sea lead, the heaviest of sounding leads, used in water exceeding a hundred fathoms in depth. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Hand lead, a small lead use for sounding in shallow water. — Krems lead, Kremnitz lead [so called from Krems or Kremnitz, in Austria], a pure variety of white lead, formed into tablets, and called also Krems, or Kremnitz, white, and Vienna white. — Lead arming, tallow put in the hollow of a sounding lead. See To arm the lead (below). — Lead colic. See under Colic. — Lead color, a deep bluish gray color, like tarnished lead. — Lead glance. (Min.) Same as Galena. — Lead line (a) (Med.) A dark line along the gums produced by a deposit of metallic lead, due to lead poisoning. (b) (Naut.) A sounding line. — Lead mill, a leaden polishing wheel, used by lapidaries. — Lead ocher (Min.), a massive sulphur-yellow oxide of lead. Same as Massicot. — Lead pencil, a pencil of which the marking material is graphite (black lead). — Lead plant (Bot.), a low leguminous plant, genus Amorpha (A. canescens), found in the Northwestern United States, where its presence is supposed to indicate lead ore. Gray. — Lead tree. (a) (Bot.) A West Indian name for the tropical, leguminous tree, Leucaena glauca; — probably so called from the glaucous color of the foliage. (b) (Chem.) Lead crystallized in arborescent forms from a solution of some lead salt, as by suspending a strip of zinc in lead acetate. — Mock lead, a miner’s term for blende. — Red lead, a scarlet, crystalline, granular powder, consisting of minium when pure, but commonly containing several of the oxides of lead. It is used as a paint or cement and also as an ingredient of flint glass. — Red lead ore (Min.), crocoite. — Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. — To arm the lead, to fill the hollow in the bottom of a sounding lead with tallow in order to discover the nature of the bottom by the substances adhering. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — To cast, or heave, the lead, to cast the sounding lead for ascertaining the depth of water. — White lead, hydrated carbonate of lead, obtained as a white, amorphous powder, and much used as an ingredient of white paint.

Lead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] 1. To cover, fill, or affect with lead; as continuous firing leads the grooves of a rifle. 2. (Print.) To place leads between the lines of; as to lead a page; leaded matter.

Lead (led), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Led (led); p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] [OE. leden, AS. laedan (akin to OS. ledian, D. leiden, G. leiten, Icel. leiða, Sw. leda, Dan. lede), properly a causative fr. AS. liðan to go; akin to OHG. lidan, Icel. liða, Goth. leiþan (in comp.). Cf. Lode, Loath.] 1. To guide or conduct with the hand, or by means of some physical contact or connection; as a father leads a child; a jockey leads a horse with a halter; a dog leads a blind man. “If a blind man lead a blind man, both fall down in the ditch.” Wyclif (Matt. xv. 14.) “They thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill.” Luke iv. 29. “In thy right hand lead with thee
The mountain nymph, sweet Liberty.” Milton. 2. To guide or conduct in a certain course, or to a certain place or end, by making the way known; to show the way, esp. by going with or going in advance of. Hence, figuratively: To direct; to counsel; to instruct; as to lead a traveler; to lead a pupil. “The Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way.” Ex. xiii. 21. “He leadeth me beside the still waters.” Ps. xxiii. 2. “This thought might lead me through the world’s vain mask.
Content, though blind, had I no better guide.” Milton. 3. To conduct or direct with authority; to have direction or charge of; as to lead an army, an exploring party, or a search; to lead a political party. “Christ took not upon him flesh and blood that he might conquer and rule nations, lead armies, or possess places.” South. 4. To go or to be in advance of; to precede; hence, to be foremost or chief among; as the big sloop led the fleet of yachts; the Guards led the attack; Demosthenes leads the orators of all ages. “As Hesperus, that leads the sun his way.” Fairfax. “And lo ! Ben Adhem’s name led all the rest.” Leigh Hunt. 5. To draw or direct by influence, whether good or bad; to prevail on; to induce; to entice; to allure; as to lead one to espouse a righteous cause. “He was driven by the necessities of the times, more than led by his own disposition, to any rigor of actions.” Eikon Basilike. “Silly women, laden with sins, led away by divers lusts.” 2 Tim. iii. 6 (Rev. Ver.). 6. To guide or conduct one’s self in, through, or along (a certain course); hence, to proceed in the way of; to follow the path or course of; to pass; to spend. also to cause (one) to proceed or follow in (a certain course). “That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life.” 1 Tim. ii. 2. “Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse
A life that leads melodious days.” Tennyson. “You remember … the life he used to lead his wife and daughter.” Dickens. 7. (Cards & Dominoes) To begin a game, round, or trick, with; as to lead trumps; the double five was led. To lead astray, to guide in a wrong way, or into error; to seduce from truth or rectitude. — To lead captive, to carry or bring into captivity. — To lead the way, to show the way by going in front; to act as guide. Goldsmith.

Lead , v. i. 1. To guide or conduct, as by accompanying, going before, showing, influencing, directing with authority, etc.; to have precedence or preëminence; to be first or chief; — used in most of the senses of lead, v. t. 2. To tend or reach in a certain direction, or to a certain place; as the path leads to the mill; gambling leads to other vices. “The mountain foot that leads towards Mantua.” Shak. To lead off or out, to go first; to begin.

Lead, n. 1. The act of leading or conducting; guidance; direction; as to take the lead; to be under the lead of another. “At the time I speak of, and having a momentary lead, … I am sure I did my country important service.” Burke. 2. Precedence; advance position; also the measure of precedence; as the white horse had the lead; a lead of a boat’s length, or of half a second. 3. (Cards & Dominoes) The act or right of playing first in a game or round; the card suit, or piece, so played; as your partner has the lead. 4. An open way in an ice field. Kane. 5. (Mining) A lode. 6. (Naut.) The course of a rope from end to end. 7. (Steam Engine) The width of port opening which is uncovered by the valve, for the admission or release of steam, at the instant when the piston is at end of its stroke. When used alone it means outside lead, or lead for the admission of steam. Inside lead refers to the release or exhaust. 8. (Civil Engineering) the distance of haul, as from a cutting to an embankment. 9. (Horology) The action of a tooth, as a tooth of a wheel, in impelling another tooth or a pallet. Saunier. Lead angle (Steam Engine), the angle which the crank maker with the line of centers, in approaching it, at the instant when the valve opens to admit steam. — Lead screw (Mach.), the main longitudinal screw of a lathe, which gives the feed motion to the carriage.

Lead´ed , a. 1. Fitted with lead; set in lead; as leaded windows. 2. (Print.) Separated by leads, as the lines of a page.

Lead´en , a. 1. Made of lead; of the nature of lead; as a leaden ball. 2. Like lead in color, etc.; as a leaden sky. 3. Heavy; dull; sluggish. ´Leaden slumber.´ Shak.

Lead´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, leads or conducts; a guide; a conductor. Especially: (a) One who goes first. (b) One having authority to direct; a chief; a commander. (c) (Mus.) A performer who leads a band or choir in music; also in an orchestra, the principal violinist; the one who plays at the head of the first violins. (d) (Naut.) A block of hard wood pierced with suitable holes for leading ropes in their proper places. (e) (Mach.) The principal wheel in any kind of machinery. [Obs. or R.] G. Francis. (f) A horse placed in advance of others; one of the forward pair of horses. “He forgot to pull in his leaders, and they gallop away with him at times.” Hare. (g) A pipe for conducting rain water from a roof to a cistern or to the ground; a conductor. (h) (Fishing) A net for leading fish into a pound, weir, etc.; also a line of gut, to which the snell of a fly hook is attached. (i) (Mining) A branch or small vein, not important in itself, but indicating the proximity of a better one. 2. The first, or the principal, editorial article in a newspaper; a leading or main editorial article. 3. (Print.) (a) A type having a dot or short row of dots upon its face. (b) pl. a row of dots, periods, or hyphens, used in tables of contents, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number. Syn. — chief; chieftain; commander. See Chief.

Lead´er•ship , n. The office of a leader.

Lead´hill•ite , n. (Min.) A mineral of a yellowish or greenish white color, consisting of the sulphate and carbonate of lead; — so called from having been first found at Leadhills, Scotland.

Lead´ing , a. Guiding; directing; controlling; foremost; as a leading motive; a leading man; a leading example. — Lead´ing•ly, adv. Leading case (Law), a reported decision which has come to be regarded as settling the law of the question involved. Abbott. — Leading motive [a translation of G. leitmotif] (Mus.), a guiding theme; in the modern music drama of Wagner, a marked melodic phrase or short passage which always accompanies the reappearance of a certain person, situation, abstract idea, or allusion in the course of the play; a sort of musical label. — Leading note (Mus.), the seventh note or tone in the ascending major scale; the sensible note. — Leading question, a question so framed as to guide the person questioned in making his reply. — Leading strings, strings by which children are supported when beginning to walk. — To be in leading strings, to be in a state of infancy or dependence, or under the guidance of others. — Leading wheel, a wheel situated before the driving wheels of a locomotive engine.

Lead´ing, n. 1. The act of guiding, directing, governing, or enticing; guidance. Shak. 2. Suggestion; hint; example. [Archaic] Bacon.

Lead´man , n.; pl. Leadmen . One who leads a dance.[Obs.] B. Jonson.

Leads´man , n.; pl. Leadsmen . (Naut.) The man who heaves the lead. Totten.

Lead´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of maritime herbs (Plumbago). P. Europaea has lead-colored spots on the leaves, and nearly lead-colored flowers.

Lead´y , a. Resembling lead. Sir T. Elyot.

Leaf (lef), n.; pl. Leaves (levz). [OE. leef, lef, leaf, AS. leáf; akin to S. lof, OFries. laf, D. loof foliage, G. laub, OHG. loub leaf, foliage, Icel. lauf, Sw. löf, Dan. löv, Goth. laufs; cf. Lith. lapas. Cf. Lodge.] 1. (Bot.) A colored, usually green, expansion growing from the side of a stem or rootstock, in which the sap for the use of the plant is elaborated under the influence of light; one of the parts of a plant which collectively constitute its foliage. Such leaves usually consist of a blade, or lamina , supported upon a leafstalk or petiole, which, continued through the blade as the midrib, gives off woody ribs and veins that support the cellular texture. The petiole has usually some sort of an appendage on each side of its base, which is called the stipule. The green parenchyma of the leaf is covered with a thin epiderm pierced with closable microscopic openings, known as stomata. 2. (Bot.) A special organ of vegetation in the form of a lateral outgrowth from the stem, whether appearing as a part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract, a spine, or a tendril. In this view every part of a plant, except the root and the stem, is either a leaf, or is composed of leaves more or less modified and transformed. 3. Something which is like a leaf in being wide and thin and having a flat surface, or in being attached to a larger body by one edge or end; as : (a) A part of a book or folded sheet containing two pages upon its opposite sides. (b) A side, division, or part, that slides or is hinged, as of window shutters, folding doors, etc. (c) The movable side of a table. (d) A very thin plate; as gold leaf. (e) A portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer. (f) One of the teeth of a pinion, especially when small. Leaf beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon leaves; esp., any species of the family Chrysomelidae, as the potato beetle and helmet beetle. — Leaf bridge, a draw-bridge having a platform or leaf which swings vertically on hinges. — Leaf bud (Bot.), a bud which develops into leaves or a leafy branch. — Leaf butterfly (Zoöl.), any butterfly which, in the form and colors of its wings, resembles the leaves of plants upon which it rests; esp., butterflies of the genus Kallima, found in Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Leaf crumpler (Zoöl.), a small moth (Phycis indigenella), the larva of which feeds upon leaves of the apple tree, and forms its nest by crumpling and fastening leaves together in clusters. — Leaf cutter (Zoöl.) , any one of various species of wild bees of the genus Megachile, which cut rounded pieces from the edges of leaves, or the petals of flowers, to be used in the construction of their nests, which are made in holes and crevices, or in a leaf rolled up for the purpose. Among the common American species are M. brevis and M. centuncularis. Called also rose- cutting bee. — Leaf fat, the fat which lies in leaves or layers within the body of an animal. — Leaf flea (Zoöl.), a jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidae. — Leaf frog (Zoöl.), any tree frog of the genus Phyllomedusa. — Leaf green.(Bot.) See Chlorophyll. — Leaf hopper (Zoöl.), any small jumping hemipterous insect of the genus Tettigonia, and allied genera. They live upon the leaves and twigs of plants. See Live hopper. — Leaf insect (Zoöl.), any one of several genera and species of orthopterous insects, esp. of the genus Phyllium, in which the wings, and sometimes the legs, resemble leaves in color and form. They are common in Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Leaf lard, lard from leaf fat. See under Lard. — Leaf louse (Zoöl.), an aphid. — Leaf metal, metal in thin leaves, as gold, silver, or tin. — Leaf miner (Zoöl.), any one of various small lepidopterous and dipterous insects, which, in the larval stages, burrow in and eat the parenchyma of leaves; as the pear-tree leaf miner (Lithocolletis geminatella). — Leaf notcher (Zoöl.), a pale bluish green beetle (Artipus Floridanus), which, in Florida, eats the edges of the leaves of orange trees. — Leaf roller (Zoöl.), the larva of any tortricid moth which makes a nest by rolling up the leaves of plants. See Tortrix. - - Leaf scar (Bot.), the cicatrix on a stem whence a leaf has fallen. — Leaf sewer (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth, whose caterpillar makes a nest by rolling up a leaf and fastening the edges together with silk, as if sewn; esp., Phoxopteris nubeculana, which feeds upon the apple tree. — Leaf sight, a hinged sight on a firearm, which can be raised or folded down. — Leaf trace (Bot.), one or more fibrovascular bundles, which may be traced down an endogenous stem from the base of a leaf. — Leaf tier (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth whose larva makes a nest by fastening the edges of a leaf together with silk; esp., Teras cinderella, found on the apple tree. — Leaf valve, a valve which moves on a hinge. — Leaf wasp (Zoöl.), a sawfly. - - To turn over a new leaf, to make a radical change for the better in one’s way of living or doing. [Colloq.] “ They were both determined to turn over a new leaf.” Richardson.

Leaf (lef), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leafed (left); p. pr. & vb. n. Leafing.] To shoot out leaves; to produce leaves; to leave; as the trees leaf in May. Sir T. Browne.

Leaf´age , n. Leaves, collectively; foliage.

Leaf´cup , n. (Bot.) A coarse American composite weed (Polymnia Uvedalia).

Leafed , a. Having (such) a leaf or (so many) leaves; — used in composition; as broad- leafed; four-leafed.

Leaf´et , n. (Bot.) A leaflet.

Leaf´-foot•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Having leaflike expansions on the legs; — said of certain insects; as the leaf-footed bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus).

Leaf´i•ness , n. The state of being leafy.

Leaf´less, a. Having no leaves or foliage; bearing no foliage. ´Leafless groves.´ Cowper. — Leaf´less•ness, n. Leafless plants, plants having no foliage, though leaves may be present in the form of scales and bracts. See Leaf, n., 1 and 2.

Leaf´let , n. 1. A little leaf; also a little printed leaf or a tract. 2. (Bot.) One of the divisions of a compound leaf; a foliole. 3. (Zoöl.) A leaflike organ or part; as a leaflet of the gills of fishes.

Leaf´-nosed , n. (Zoöl.) Having a leaflike membrane on the nose; — said of certain bats, esp. of the genera Phyllostoma and Rhinonycteris. See Vampire.

Leaf´stalk , n. (Bot.) The stalk or petiole which supports a leaf.

Leaf´y , a. [Compar. Leafier superl. Leafiest.] 1. Full of leaves; abounding in leaves; as the leafy forest. ´The leafy month of June.´ Coleridge. 2. Consisting of leaves. ´A leafy bed.´ Byron.

League , n. [Cf. OE. legue, lieue, a measure of length, F. lieue, Pr. lega, legua, It. & LL. lega, Sp. legua, Pg. legoa, legua; all fr. LL. leuca, of Celtic origin: cf. Arm. leo, lev (perh. from French), Ir. leige (perh. from English); also Ir. & Gael. leac a flag, a broad, flat stone, W. llech, — such stones having perh. served as a sort of milestone (cf. Cromlech).] 1. A measure of length or distance, varying in different countries from about 2.4 to 4.6 English statute miles of 5,280 feet each, and used (as a land measure) chiefly on the continent of Europe, and in the Spanish parts of America. The marine league of England and the United States is equal to three marine, or geographical, miles of 6080 feet each. The English land league is equal to three English statute miles. The Spanish and French leagues vary in each country according to usage and the kind of measurement to which they are applied. The Dutch and German leagues contain about four geographical miles, or about 4.6 English statute miles. 2. A stone erected near a public road to mark the distance of a league. [Obs.]

League , n. [F. ligue, LL. liga, fr. L. ligare to bind; cf. Sp. liga. Cf. Ally a confederate, Ligature.] An alliance or combination of two or more nations, parties, or persons, for the accomplishment of a purpose which requires a continued course of action, as for mutual defense, or for furtherance of commercial, religious, or political interests, etc. “And let there be
’Twixt us and them no league, nor amity.” Denham. A league may be offensive or defensive, or both; offensive, when the parties agree to unite in attacking a common enemy; defensive, when they agree to a mutual defense of each other against an enemy. The Holy League, an alliance of Roman Catholics formed in 1576 by influence of the Duke of Guise for the exclusion of Protestants from the throne of France. — Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant,2. — The land league, an association, organized in Dublin in 1879, to promote the interests of the Irish tenantry, its avowed objects being to secure fixity of tenure, fair rent, and free sale of the tenants’ interest. It was declared illegal by Parliament, but vigorous prosecutions have failed to suppress it. Syn. — Alliance; confederacy; confederation; coalition; combination; compact; coöperation.

League , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leagued p. pr. & vb. n. Leaguing ] [Cf. F. se liguer. See 2d League.] To unite in a league or confederacy; to combine for mutual support; to confederate. South.

League, v. t. To join in a league; to cause to combine for a joint purpose; to combine; to unite; as common interests will league heterogeneous elements.

Lea´guer, n. [D. leger camp, bed, couch, lair. See Lair, and cf.Beleaguer.] 1. The camp of a besieging army; a camp in general. b. Jonson. 2. A siege or beleaguering. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Lea´guer, v. t. To besiege; to beleaguer. [Obs.]

Lea´guer•er , n. A besieger. [R.] J. Webster.

Leak , n. [Akin to D. lek leaky, a leak, G. leck, Icel. lekr leaky, Dan. laek leaky, a leak, Sw. läck; cf. AS. hlec full of cracks or leaky. Cf. Leak, v.] 1. A crack, crevice, fissure, or hole which admits water or other fluid, or lets it escape; as a leak in a roof; a leak in a boat; a leak in a gas pipe. ´One leak will sink a ship.´ Bunyan. 2. The entrance or escape of a fluid through a crack, fissure, or other aperture; as the leak gained on the ship’s pumps. To spring a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water; to begin to let in water; as the ship sprung a leak.

Leak, a. Leaky. [Obs.] Spenser.

Leak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaked p. pr. & vb. n. Leaking.] [Akin to D. lekken, G. lecken, lechen, Icel. leka, Dan. laekke, Sw. läcka, AS. leccan to wet, moisten. See Leak, n.] 1. To let water or other fluid in or out through a hole, crevice, etc.; as the cask leaks; the roof leaks; the boat leaks. 2. To enter or escape, as a fluid, through a hole, crevice, etc.; to pass gradually into, or out of, something; — usually with in or out. To leak out, to be divulged gradually or clandestinely; to become public; as the facts leaked out.

Leak´age , n. [Cf. D. lekkage, for sense 1.] 1. A leaking; also the quantity that enters or issues by leaking. 2. (Com.) An allowance of a certain rate per cent for the leaking of casks, or waste of liquors by leaking.

Leak´i•ness , n. The quality of being leaky.

Leak´y , a. [Compar. Leakier superl. Leakiest.] 1. Permitting water or other fluid to leak in or out; as a leaky roof or cask. 2. Apt to disclose secrets; tattling; not close. [Colloq.]

Leal , a. [OE. leial, another form of loial, F. loyal. See Loyal.] Faithful; loyal; true. “All men true and leal, all women pure.” Tennyson. Land of the leal, the place of the faithful; heaven.

Leam , n. & v. i. See Leme. [Obs.] Holland.

Leam, n. [See Leamer, Lien.] A cord or strap for leading a dog. Sir W. Scott.

Leam´er , n. [F. limier, OF. liemier, fr. L. ligamen band, bandage. See Lien.] A dog held by a leam.

Lean (len), v. t. [Icel. leyna; akin to G. läugnen to deny, AS. lygnian, also E. lie to speak falsely.] To conceal. [Obs.] Ray.

Lean (len), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaned (lend), sometimes Leant (lent); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaning.] [OE. lenen, AS. hlinian, hleonian, v. i.; akin to OS. hlinon, D. leunen, OHG. hlinen, linen, G. lehnen, L. inclinare, Gr. kli•nein , L. clivus hill, slope. rad.40. Cf. Declivity, Climax, Incline, Ladder.] 1. To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating; as she leaned out at the window; a leaning column. ´He leant forward.´ Dickens. 2. To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; — with to, toward, etc. “They delight rather to lean to their old customs.” Spenser. 3. To rest or rely, for support, comfort, and the like; — with on, upon, or against. “He leaned not on his fathers but himself.” Tennyson.

Lean, v. t. [From Lean, v. i.; AS. hlaenan, v. t., fr. hleonian, hlinian, v. i.] To cause to lean; to incline; to support or rest. Mrs. Browning. “His fainting limbs against an oak he leant.” Dryden.

Lean (len), a. [Compar. Leaner (len´er); superl. Leanest.] [OE. lene, AS. hlaene; prob. akin to E. lean to incline. See Lean, v. i. ] 1. Wanting flesh; destitute of or deficient in fat; not plump; meager; thin; lank; as a lean body; a lean cattle. 2. Wanting fullness, richness, sufficiency, or productiveness; deficient in quality or contents; slender; scant; barren; bare; mean; — used literally and figuratively; as the lean harvest; a lean purse; a lean discourse; lean wages. ´No lean wardrobe.´ Shak. “Their lean and flashy songs.” Milton. “What the land is, whether it be fat or lean.” Num. xiii. 20. “Out of my lean and low ability
I’ll lend you something.” Shak. 3. (Typog.) Of a character which prevents the compositor from earning the usual wages; — opposed to fat; as lean copy, matter, or type. Syn. — slender; spare; thin; meager; lank; skinny; gaunt.

Lean , n. 1. That part of flesh which consists principally of muscle without the fat. “The fat was so white and the lean was so ruddy.” Goldsmith. 2. (Typog.) Unremunerative copy or work.

Lean´-faced , a. 1. Having a thin face. 2. (Typog.) slender or narrow; — said of type the letters of which have thin lines, or are unusually narrow in proportion to their height. W. Savage.

Lean´ing, n. The act, or state, of inclining; inclination; tendency; as a leaning towards Calvinism.

Lean´ly, adv. Meagerly; without fat or plumpness.

Lean´ness, n. [AS. hlaennes.] The condition or quality of being lean.

Lean´-to , a. (Arch.) Having only one slope or pitch; — said of a roof. — n. A shed or slight building placed against the wall of a larger structure and having a single-pitched roof; — called also penthouse, and to-fall. “The outer circuit was covered as a lean-to, all round this inner apartment.” De Foe.

Lean´-wit•ted , a. Having but little sense or shrewdness.

Lean´y , a. Lean. [Obs.] Spenser.

Leap , n. [AS. leáp.] 1. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A weel or wicker trap for fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Leap , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaped , rarely Leapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaping.] [OE. lepen, leapen, AS. hleápan to leap, jump, run; akin to OS. ahlpan, OFries. hlapa, D. loopen, G. laufen, OHG. louffan, hlauffan, Icel. hlaupa, Sw. löpa, Dan. löbe, Goth. ushlaupan. Cf. Elope, Lope, Lapwing, Loaf to loiter.] 1. To spring clear of the ground, with the feet; to jump; to vault; as a man leaps over a fence, or leaps upon a horse. Bacon. “ Leap in with me into this angry flood.” Shak. 2. To spring or move suddenly, as by a jump or by jumps; to bound; to move swiftly. Also Fig. “My heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky.” Wordsworth.

Leap, v. t. 1. To pass over by a leap or jump; as to leap a wall, or a ditch. 2. To copulate with (a female beast); to cover. 3. To cause to leap; as to leap a horse across a ditch.

Leap, n. 1. The act of leaping, or the space passed by leaping; a jump; a spring; a bound. “Wickedness comes on by degrees, … and sudden leaps from one extreme to another are unnatural.” L’Estrange. “Changes of tone may proceed either by leaps or glides.” H. Sweet. 2. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female beast. 3. (Mining) A fault. 4. (Mus.) A passing from one note to another by an interval, especially by a long one, or by one including several other and intermediate intervals.

Leap´er , n. [AS. hleápere.] One who, or that which, leaps.

Leap´er, n. [See 1st Leap.] A kind of hooked instrument for untwisting old cordage.

Leap´frog , n. A play among boys, in which one stoops down and another leaps over him by placing his hands on the shoulders of the former.

Leap´ful , n. [See 1st Leap.] A basketful. [Obs.]

Leap´ing, a. & n. from Leap, to jump. Leaping house, a brothel. [Obs.] Shak. — Leaping pole, a pole used in some games of leaping. — Leaping spider (Zoöl.), a jumping spider; one of the Saltigradae.

Leap´ing•ly, adv. By leaps.

Leap´ year Bissextile; a year containing 366 days; every fourth year which leaps over a day more than a common year, giving to February twenty-nine days. See Bissextile. Every year whose number is divisible by four without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full centuries, which, to be leap years, must be divisible by 400 without a remainder. If not so divisible they are common years. 1900, therefore, is not a leap year.

Lear , v. t. To learn. See Lere, to learn. [Obs.]

Lear, n. Lore; lesson. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lear, a. See Leer, a. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Lear, n. An annealing oven. See Leer, n.

Learn (lern), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Learned (lernd), or Learnt (lernt); p. pr. & vb. n. Learning.] [OE. lernen, leornen, AS. leornian; akin to OS. linon, for lirnon, OHG. lirnen, lernen, G. lernen, fr. the root of AS. lran to teach, OS. lerian, OHG. leran, G. lehren, Goth. laisjan, also Goth lais I know, leis acquainted (in comp.); all prob. from a root meaning, to go, go over, and hence, to learn; cf. AS. leoran to go . Cf. Last a mold of the foot, lore.] 1. To gain knowledge or information of; to ascertain by inquiry, study, or investigation; to receive instruction concerning; to fix in the mind; to acquire understanding of, or skill; as to learn the way; to learn a lesson; to learn dancing; to learn to skate; to learn the violin; to learn the truth about something. ´Learn to do well.´ Is. i. 17. “Now learn a parable of the fig tree.” Matt. xxiv. 32. 2. To communicate knowledge to; to teach. [Obs.] “Hast thou not learned me how
To make perfumes ?” Shak. Learn formerly had also the sense of teach, in accordance with the analogy of the French and other languages, and hence we find it with this sense in Shakespeare, Spenser, and other old writers. This usage has now passed away. To learn is to receive instruction, and to teach is to give instruction. He who is taught learns, not he who teaches.

Learn, v. i. To acquire knowledge or skill; to make progress in acquiring knowledge or skill; to receive information or instruction; as this child learns quickly. “Take my yoke upon you and learn of me.” Matt. xi. 29. To learn by heart. See By heart, under Heart. — To learn by rote, to memorize by repetition without exercise of the understanding.

Learn´a•ble (lern´a•b’l), a. Such as can be learned.

Learn´ed (lern´ed), a. Of or pertaining to learning; possessing, or characterized by, learning, esp. scholastic learning; erudite; well-informed; as a learned scholar, writer, or lawyer; a learned book; a learned theory. “The learnedlover lost no time.” Spenser. “Men of much reading are greatly learned, but may be little knowing.” Locke. “Words of learned length and thundering sound.” Goldsmith. The learned, learned men; men of erudition; scholars. — Learn´ed•ly, adv. Learn´ed•ness, n. “Every coxcomb swears as learnedly as they.” Swift.

Learn´er , n. One who learns; a scholar.

Learn´ing, n. [AS. leornung.] 1. The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy. 2. The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as he is a man of great learning. Book learning. See under Book. Syn. — Literature; erudition; lore; scholarship; science; letters. See Literature.

Leas´a•ble , a. [From 2d Lease.] Such as can be leased.

Lease , v. i. [AS. lesan to gather; akin to D. lezen to gather, read, G. lesen, Goth. lisan to gather; cf. Lith lesti to peck.] To gather what harvesters have left behind; to glean. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lease , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leased p. pr. & vb. n. Leasing.] [F. laisser, OF. laissier, lessier, to leave, transmit, L. laxare to loose, slacken, from laxus loose, wide. See Lax, and cf. Lesser.] 1. To grant to another by lease the possession of, as of lands, tenements, and hereditaments; to let; to demise; as a landowner leases a farm to a tenant; — sometimes with out. “There were some [houses] that were leased out for three lives.” Addison. 2. To hold under a lease; to take lease of; as a tenant leases his land from the owner.

Lease , n. [Cf. OF. lais. See Lease, v. t.] 1. A demise or letting of lands, tenements, or hereditaments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, or for any less interest than that which the lessor has in the property, usually for a specified rent or compensation. 2. The contract for such letting. 3. Any tenure by grant or permission; the time for which such a tenure holds good; allotted time. “Our high-placed Macbeth
Shall live the lease of nature.” Shak. Lease and release a mode of conveyance of freehold estates, formerly common in England and in New York. its place is now supplied by a simple deed of grant. Burrill. Warren’s Blackstone.

Lease´hold , a. Held by lease.

Lease´hold, n. A tenure by lease; specifically, land held as personalty under a lease for years.

Lease´hold•er , n. A tenant under a lease. — Lease´hold•ing, a. & n.

Leas´er , n. [From 1st Lease.] One who leases or gleans. [Obs.] Swift.

Leas´er, n. A liar. [Obs.] See Leasing.

Leash , n. [OE. lese, lees, leece, OF. lesse, F. laisse, LL. laxa, fr. L. laxus loose. See Lax.] 1. A thong of leather, or a long cord, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. “Even like a fawning greyhound in the leash.” Shak. 2. (Sporting) A brace and a half; a tierce; three; three creatures of any kind, especially greyhounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; hence, the number three in general. “[I] kept my chamber a leash of days.” B. Jonson. “Then were I wealthier than a leash of kings.” Tennyson. 3. (Weaving) A string with a loop at the end for lifting warp threads, in a loom.

Leash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leashed p. pr. & vb. n. Leashing.] To tie together, or hold, with a leash.

Leas´ing , n. [AS. leásung, fr. leás loose, false, deceitful. See -less, Loose, a.] The act of lying; falsehood; a lie or lies. [Archaic] Spenser. “Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing.” Ps. v. 6. “Blessed be the lips that such a leasing told.” Fairfax. Leasing making (Scots Law), the uttering of lies or libels upon the personal character of the sovereign, his court, or his family. Bp. Burnet.

Lea´sow , n. [AS. lesu, laesu.] A pasture. [Obs.]

Least (lest), a. [OE. last, lest, AS. laesast, laesest, superl. of laessa less. See Less, a.] [Used as the superlative of little.] Smallest, either in size or degree; shortest; lowest; most unimportant; as the least insect; the least mercy; the least space. Least is often used with the, as if a noun. “I am the least of the apostles.” 1 Cor. xv. 9. At least, or At the least, at the least estimate, consideration, chance, etc.; hence, at any rate; at all events; even. See However. “He who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses
The tempted with dishonor.” Milton. “Upon the mast they saw a young man, at least if he were a man, who sat as on horseback.” Sir P. Sidney. — In least, or In the least, in the least degree, manner, etc. ´He that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much.´ Luke xvi. 10. — Least squares (Math.), a method of deducing from a number of carefully made yet slightly discordant observations of a phenomenon the most probable values of the unknown quantities. It takes as its fundamental principle that the most probable values are those which make the sum of the squares of the residual errors of the observation a minimum.

Least, adv. In the smallest or lowest degree; in a degree below all others; as to reward those who least deserve it.

Least, conj. See Lest, conj. [Obs.] Spenser. { Least´ways• , Least´wise• } adv. At least; at all events. [Colloq.] At leastways, or At leastwise, at least. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lea´sy , a. [AS. leás void, loose, false. Cf. Leasing.] Flimsy; vague; deceptive. [Obs.] Ascham.

Leat , n. [Cf. Lead to conduct.] An artificial water trench, esp. one to or from a mill. C. Kingsley.

Leath´er (leth´er), n. [OE. lether, AS. leðer; akin to D. leder, leêr, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. leðr, Sw. läder, Dan. laeder.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, tanned, tawed, or otherwise dressed for use; also dressed hides, collectively. 2. The skin. [Ironical or Sportive] Leather is much used adjectively in the sense of made of, relating to, or like, leather. Leather board, an imitation of sole leather, made of leather scraps, rags, paper, etc. — Leather carp (Zoöl.) , a variety of carp in which the scales are all, or nearly all, absent. See Illust. under Carp. — Leather jacket. (Zoöl.) (a) A California carangoid fish (Oligoplites saurus). (b) A trigger fish (Balistes Carolinensis). — Leather flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Clematis Viorna) of the Middle and Southern States having thick, leathery sepals of a purplish color. — Leather leaf (Bot.), a low shrub (Cassandra calyculata), growing in Northern swamps, and having evergreen, coriaceous, scurfy leaves. — Leather plant (Bot.), one or more New Zealand plants of the composite genus Celmisia, which have white or buff tomentose leaves. — Leather turtle. (Zoöl.) See Leatherback. — Vegetable leather. (a) An imitation of leather made of cotton waste. (b) Linen cloth coated with India rubber. Ure.

Leath´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leathered p. pr. & vb. n. Leathering.] To beat, as with a thong of leather. [Obs. or Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Leath´er•back , n. (Zoöl.) A large sea turtle (Sphargis coriacea), having no bony shell on its back. It is common in the warm and temperate parts of the Atlantic, and sometimes weighs over a thousand pounds; — called also leather turtle, leathery turtle, leather-backed tortoise, etc. { Leath´er•et , Leath•er•ette´ }, n. [Leather + et, F. -ette.] An imitation of leather, made of paper and cloth.

Leath´er•head , n. (Zoöl.) The friar bird.

Leath´ern , a. Made of leather; consisting of. leather; as a leathern purse. ´A leathern girdle about his loins.´ Matt. iii. 4.

Leath´er•neck , n. (Zoöl.) The sordid friar bird of Australia (Tropidorhynchus sordidus).

Leath´er•wood, n. (Bot.) A small branching shrub (Dirca palustris), with a white, soft wood, and a tough, leathery bark, common in damp woods in the Northern United States; — called also moosewood, and wicopy. Gray.

Leath´er•y , a. Resembling leather in appearance or consistence; tough. ´A leathery skin.´ Grew.

Leave , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaved p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving] To send out leaves; to leaf; — often with out. G. Fletcher.

Leave, v. t. [See Levy.] To raise; to levy. [Obs.] “An army strong she leaved.” Spenser.

Leave, n. [OE. leve, leave, AS. leáf; akin to leóf pleasing, dear, E. lief, D. oorlof leave, G. arlaub, and erlauben to permit, Icel. leyfi. rad.124. See Lief.] 1. Liberty granted by which restraint or illegality is removed; permission; allowance; license. “David earnestly asked leave of me.” 1 Sam. xx. 6. “No friend has leave to bear away the dead.” Dryden. 2. The act of leaving or departing; a formal parting; a leaving; farewell; adieu; — used chiefly in the phrase, to take leave, i. e., literally, to take permission to go. “A double blessing is a’double grace;
Occasion smiles upon a second leave.” Shak. “And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren.” Acts xviii. 18. French leave. See under French. Syn. — See Liberty.

Leave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Left (left); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving.] [OE. leven, AS. lfan, fr. laf remnant, heritage; akin to lifian, libban, to live, orig., to remain; cf. belifan to remain, G. bleiben, Goth. bileiban. rad.119. See Live, v.] 1. To withdraw one’s self from; to go away from; to depart from; as to leave the house. “Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife.” Gen. ii. 24. 2. To let remain unremoved or undone; to let stay or continue, in distinction from what is removed or changed. “If grape gatherers come to thee, would they not leave some gleaning grapes ?” Jer. xlix. 9. “These ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.” Matt. xxiii. 23. “Besides it leaveth a suspicion, as if more might be said than is expressed.” Bacon. 3. To cease from; to desist from; to abstain from. “Now leave complaining and begin your tea.” Pope. 4. To desert; to abandon; to forsake; hence, to give up; to relinquish. “Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee.” Mark x. 28. “The heresies that men do leave.” Shak. 5. To let be or do without interference; as I left him to his reflections; I leave my hearers to judge. “I will leave you now to your gossiplike humor.” Shak. 6. To put; to place; to deposit; to deliver; to commit; to submit — with a sense of withdrawing one’s self from; as leave your hat in the hall; we left our cards; to leave the matter to arbitrators. “Leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way.” Matt. v. 24. “The foot
That leaves the print of blood where’er it walks.” Shak. 7. To have remaining at death; hence, to bequeath; as he left a large estate; he left a good name; he left a legacy to his niece. To leave alone. (a) To leave in solitude. (b) To desist or refrain from having to do with; as to leave dangerous chemicals alone. — To leave off. (a) To desist from; to forbear; to stop; as to leave off work at six o’clock. (b) To cease wearing or using; to omit to put in the usual position; as to leave off a garment; to leave off the tablecloth. (c) To forsake; as to leave off a bad habit. — To leave out, to omit; as to leave out a word or name in writing. — To leave to one’s self, to let (one) be alone; to cease caring for (one). Syn>- To quit; depart from; forsake; abandon; relinquish; deliver; bequeath; give up; forego; resign; surrender; forbear. See Quit.

Leave , v. i. 1. To depart; to set out. [Colloq.] “By the time I left for Scotland.” Carlyle. 2. To cease; to desist; to leave off. ´He … began at the eldest, and left at the youngest.´ Gen. xliv. 12. To leave off, to cease; to desist; to stop. “Leave off, and for another summons wait.” Roscommon.

Leaved , a. [From Leaf.] Bearing, or having, a leaf or leaves; having folds; — used in combination; as a four-leaved clover; a two-leaved gate; long-leaved.

Leave´less , a. Leafless. [Obs.] Carew.

Leav´en , n. [OE. levain, levein, F. levain, L. levamen alleviation, mitigation; but taken in the sense of, a raising, that which raises, fr. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. Any substance that produces, or is designed to produce, fermentation, as in dough or liquids; esp., a portion of fermenting dough, which, mixed with a larger quantity of dough, produces a general change in the mass, and renders it light; yeast; barm. 2. Anything which makes a general assimilating (especially a corrupting) change in the mass. “Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.” Luke xii. 1.

Leav´en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leavened p. pr. & vb. n. Leavening ] 1. To make light by the action of leaven; to cause to ferment. “A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.” 1 Cor. v. 6. 2. To imbue; to infect; to vitiate. “With these and the like deceivable doctrines, he leavens also his prayer.” Milton.

Leav´en•ing , n. 1. The act of making light, or causing to ferment, by means of leaven. 2. That which leavens or makes light. Bacon.

Leav´en•ous , a. Containing leaven. Milton.

Leav´er (lev´er), n. One who leaves, or withdraws.

Leaves (levz), n., pl. of Leaf.

Leave´-tak•ing , n. Taking of leave; parting compliments. Shak.

Leav´i•ness , n. [Fr. Leaf.] Leafiness.[Obs.]

Leav´ings, n. pl. 1. Things left; remnants; relics. 2. Refuse; offal.

Leav´y , a. Leafy. [Obs.] Chapman. { Leb´an , Leb´ban } , n. Coagulated sour milk diluted with water; — a common beverage among the Arabs. also a fermented liquor made of the same.

Le•ca´ma , n. (Zoöl.) The hartbeest.

Le•can´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. leka•nh bowl or basin + -mancy.] Divination practiced with water in a basin, by throwing three stones into it, and invoking the demon whose aid was sought.

Lec•a•no´ric , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid which is obtained from several varieties of lichen (Lecanora, Roccella, etc.), as a white, crystalline substance, and is called also orsellic, or diorsellinic acid, lecanorin, etc.

Lec•a•no´rin , n. (Chem.) See Lecanoric.

Lech , v. t. [F. lecher. See Lick.] To lick. [Obs.]

Le•che´ , n. See water buck, under 3d Buck.

Lech´er , n. [OE. lechur, lechour, OF. lecheor, lecheur, gormand, glutton, libertine, parasite, fr. lechier to lick, F. lecher; of Teutonic origin. See Lick.] A man given to lewdness; one addicted, in an excessive degree, to the indulgence of sexual desire, or to illicit commerce with women.

Lech´er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lechered p. pr. & vb. n. Lechering.] To practice lewdness.

Lech´er•er , n. See Lecher, n. Marston.

Lech´er•ous , a. Like a lecher; addicted to lewdness; lustful; also lust-provoking. ´A lecherous thing is wine.´ Chaucer. — Lech´er•ous•ly, adv. — Lech´er•ous•ness, n.

Lech´er•y , n. [OE. lecherie, OF. lecherie. See Lecher.] 1. Free indulgence of lust; lewdness. 2. Selfish pleasure; delight. [Obs.] Massinger.

Lec´i•thin , n. [Gr. le•kiqos the yolk of an egg.] (Physiol. Chem.) A complex, nitrogenous phosphorized substance widely distributed through the animal body, and especially conspicuous in the brain and nerve tissue, in yolk of eggs, and in the white blood corpuscles.

Lec´tern , n. See Lecturn.

Lec•ti´ca , n.; pl. Lecticae (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A kind of litter or portable couch.

Lec´tion , n. [L. lectio, fr. legere, lectum, to read. See lesson, Legend.] 1. (Eccl.) A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service. 2. A reading; a variation in the text. “We ourselves are offended by the obtrusion of the new lections into the text.” De Quincey.

Lec´tion•a•ry , n.; pl. -ries (#). [LL. lectionarium, lectionarius : cf. F. lectionnaire.] (Eccl.) A book, or a list, of lections, for reading in divine service.

Lec´tor (lek´tor), n. [L. See Lection.] (Eccl.) A reader of lections; formerly, a person designated to read lessons to the illiterate.

Lec´tu•al (-tu•al), a. [LL. lectualis, fr. L. lectus bed.] (Med.) Confining to the bed; as a lectual disease.

Lec´ture (-tur; 135), n. [F. lecture, LL. lectura, fr. L. legere, lectum, to read. See Legend.] 1. The act of reading; as the lecture of Holy Scripture. [Obs.] 2. A discourse on any subject; especially, a formal or methodical discourse, intended for instruction; sometimes, a familiar discourse, in contrast with a sermon. 3. A reprimand or formal reproof from one having authority. 4. (Eng. Universities) A rehearsal of a lesson.

Lec´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lectured (-turd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lecturing.] 1. To read or deliver a lecture to. 2. To reprove formally and with authority.

Lec´ture, v. i. To deliver a lecture or lectures.

Lec´tur•er (-er), n. One who lectures; an assistant preacher.

Lec´ture•ship, n. The office of a lecturer.

Lec´turn (lek´turn), n. [LL. lectrinum, fr. lectrum; cf. L. legere, lectum, to read.] A choir desk, or reading desk, in some churches, from which the lections, or Scripture lessons, are chanted or read; hence, a reading desk. [Written also lectern and lettern.] Fairholt.

Lec´y•this (les´i•this), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 3 an oil flask.] (Bot.) A genus of gigantic trees, chiefly Brazilian, of the order Myrtaceae, having woody capsules opening by an apical lid. Lecythis Zabucajo yields the delicious sapucaia nuts. L. Ollaria produces the monkey-pots, its capsules. Its bark separates into thin sheets, like paper, used by the natives for cigarette wrappers.

Led (led), imp. & p. p. of Lead. Led captain. An obsequious follower or attendant. [Obs.] Swift. — Led horse, a sumpter horse, or a spare horse, that is led along. { Led´en (led´’n), Led´den (-d’n) } n. [AS. leden, lyden, language, speech. Cf. Leod.] Language; speech; voice; cry. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Ledge (lej), n. [Akin to AS. licgan to lie, Icel. liggja; cf. Icel. lögg the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask. See Lie to be prostrate.] [Formerly written lidge.] 1. A shelf on which articles may be laid; also that which resembles such a shelf in form or use, as a projecting ridge or part, or a molding or edge in joinery. 2. A shelf, ridge, or reef, of rocks. 3. A layer or stratum. “The lowest ledge or row should be of stone.” Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Mining) A lode; a limited mass of rock bearing valuable mineral. 5. (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber to support the deck, placed athwartship between beams.

Ledge´ment (lej´ment), n. See Ledgment.

Ledg´er(lej´er), n. [Akin to D. legger layer, daybook (fr. leggen to lay, liggen to lie), E. ledge, lie. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. A book in which a summary of accounts is laid up or preserved; the final book of record in business transactions, in which all debits and credits from the journal, etc., are placed under appropriate heads. [Written also leger.] 2. (Arch.) (a) A large flat stone, esp. one laid over a tomb. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A horizontal piece of timber secured to the uprights and supporting floor timbers, a staircase, scaffolding, or the like. It differs from an intertie in being intended to carry weight. [Written also ligger.] Ledger bait, fishing bait attached to a floating line fastened to the bank of a stream, pond, etc. Walton. J. H. Walsh. — Ledger blade, a stationary shearing blade in a machine for shearing the nap of cloth. — Ledger line. See Leger line, under 3d Leger, a. — Ledger wall (Mining), the wall under a vein; the foot wall. Raymond.

Ledg´ment (-ment), n. (Arch.) (a) A string-course or horizontal suit of moldings, such as the base moldings of a building. Oxf. Gloss. (b) The development of the surface of a body on a plane, so that the dimensions of the different sides may be easily ascertained. Gwilt. [Written also ledgement, legement, and ligement.]

Ledg´y (-y), a. Abounding in ledges; consisting of a ledge or reef; as a ledgy island.

Lee (le), v. i., To lie; to speak falsely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lee, n.; pl. Lees (lez). [F. lie, perh. fr. L. levare to lift up, raise. Cf. Lever.] That which settles at the bottom, as of a cask of liquor (esp. wine); sediment; dregs; — used now only in the plural. [Lees occurs also as a form of the singular.] ´The lees of wine.´ Holland. “A thousand demons lurk within the lee.” Young. “The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees
Is left this vault to brag of.” Shak.

Lee, n. [OE. lee shelter, Icel. hle, akin to AS. hleó, hleów, shelter, protection, OS. hlèo, D. lij lee, Sw. lä, Dan. lae.] 1. A sheltered place; esp., a place protected from the wind by some object; the side sheltered from the wind; shelter; protection; as the lee of a mountain, an island, or a ship. “We lurked under lee.” Morte d’Arthure. “Desiring me to take shelter in his lee.” Tyndall. 2. (Naut.) That part of the hemisphere, as one stands on shipboard, toward which the wind blows. See Lee, a. By the lee, To bring by the lee. See under By, and Bring. — Under the lee of, on that side which is sheltered from the wind; as to be under the lee of a ship.

Lee, a. (Naut.) Of or pertaining to the part or side opposite to that against which the wind blows; — opposed to weather; as the lee side or lee rail of a vessel. Lee gauge. See Gauge, n. (Naut.) — Lee shore, the shore on the lee side of a vessel. — Lee tide, a tide running in the same direction that the wind blows. — On the lee beam, directly to the leeward; in a line at right angles to the length of the vessel and to the leeward.

Lee´board (le´bord•), n. A board, or frame of planks, lowered over the side of a vessel to lessen her leeway when closehauled, by giving her greater draught.

Leech (lech), n. See 2d Leach.

Leech, v. t. See Leach, v. t.

Leech, n. [Cf. LG. leik, Icel. lik, Sw. lik boltrope, stående liken the leeches.] (Naut.) The border or edge at the side of a sail. [Written also leach.] Leech line, a line attached to the leech ropes of sails, passing up through blocks on the yards, to haul the leeches by. Totten. — Leech rope, that part of the boltrope to which the side of a sail is sewed.

Leech, n. [OE. leche, laeche, physician, AS. laece; akin to Fries. letza, OHG. lahhi, Icel. laeknari, Sw. läkare, Dan. laege, Goth. lekeis, AS. lacnian to heal, Sw. läka, Dan. laege, Icel. laekna, Goth. lekinon.] 1. A physician or surgeon; a professor of the art of healing. [Written also leach.] [Archaic] Spenser. “Leech, heal thyself.” Wyclif (Luke iv. 23). 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous genera and species of annulose worms, belonging to the order Hirudinea, or Bdelloidea, esp. those species used in medicine, as Hirudo medicinalis of Europe, and allied species. In the mouth of bloodsucking leeches are three convergent, serrated jaws, moved by strong muscles. By the motion of these jaws a stellate incision is made in the skin, through which the leech sucks blood till it is gorged, and then drops off. The stomach has large pouches on each side to hold the blood. The common large bloodsucking leech of America (Macrobdella decora) is dark olive above, and red below, with black spots. Many kinds of leeches are parasitic on fishes; others feed upon worms and mollusks, and have no jaws for drawing blood. See Bdelloidea. Hirudinea, and Clepsine. 3. (Surg.) A glass tube of peculiar construction, adapted for drawing blood from a scarified part by means of a vacuum. Horse leech, a less powerful European leech (Haemopis vorax), commonly attacking the membrane that lines the inside of the mouth and nostrils of animals that drink at pools where it lives.

Leech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leeched (lecht); p. pr. & vb. n. Leeching.] 1. To treat as a surgeon; to doctor; as to leech wounds. [Archaic] 2. To bleed by the use of leeches.

Leech´craft (-kraft•), n. The art of healing; skill of a physician. [Archaic] Chaucer. { Leed , Leede (led) }, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A caldron; a copper kettle. [Obs.] ´A furnace of a leed.´ Chaucer.

Leef (lef), a. & adv. See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leek (lek), n. [AS. leác; akin to D. look, G. lauch, OHG. louh, Icel. laukr, Sw. lök, Dan lög. Cf. Garlic.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Allium (A. Porrum), having broadly linear succulent leaves rising from a loose oblong cylindrical bulb. The flavor is stronger than that of the common onion. Wild leek , in America, a plant (Allium tricoccum) with a cluster of ovoid bulbs and large oblong elliptical leaves.

Leeme (lem), v. & n. See Leme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leep (lep), obs. strong imp. of Leap. Leaped.

Leer (ler), v. t. To learn. [Obs.] See Lere, to learn.

Leer, a. [OE. lere; akin to G. leer, OHG. & OS. lari.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Empty; destitute; wanting; as: (a) Empty of contents. ´A leer stomach.´ Gifford. (b) Destitute of a rider; and hence, led, not ridden; as a leer horse. B. Jonson. (c) Wanting sense or seriousness; trifling; trivolous; as leer words.

Leer, n. An oven in which glassware is annealed.

Leer, n. [OE. lere cheek, face, look, AS. hleór cheek, face; akin to OS. hlear, hlior, OD. lier, Icel. hlyr.] 1. The cheek. [Obs.] Holinshed. 2. Complexion; aspect; appearance. [Obs.] “A Rosalind of a better leer than you.” Shak. 3. A distorted expression of the face, or an indirect glance of the eye, conveying a sinister or immodest suggestion. “With jealous leer malign
Eyed them askance.” Milton. “She gives the leer of invitation.” Shak. “Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer.” Pope.

Leer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leered (lerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Leering.] To look with a leer; to look askance with a suggestive expression, as of hatred, contempt, lust, etc.; to cast a sidelong lustful or malign look. “I will leerupon him as a’ comes by.” Shak. “The priest, above his book,
Leering at his neighbor’s wife.” Tennyson.

Leer, v. t. To entice with a leer, or leers; as to leer a man to ruin. Dryden.

Leere (ler), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Tape or braid; an ornament. Halliwell. Leere side, the left side, as that on which a leere or ornament was worn. B. Jonson.

Leer´ing•ly, adv. In a leering manner.

Lees (lez), n. pl. Dregs. See 2d Lee.

Lees (les), n. A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leese (lez), v. t. [See Lose.] To lose. [Obs.] “They would rather leese their friend than their jest.” Lord Burleigh.

Leese, v. t. [Cf. F. leser, L. laesus, p. p. of laedere.] To hurt. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Leet (let), obs. imp. of Let, to allow. Chaucer.

Leet, n. [Cf. AS. hlet share, lot.] A portion; a list, esp. a list of candidates for an office. [Scot.]

Leet, n. [LL. leta. Cf. F. lit de justice a solemn sitting of the king in Parliament, L. lis, litis, a lawsuit, It., Sp., & Pg. lite.] (Eng. Hist.) A court-leet; the district within the jurisdiction of a court-leet; the day on which a court-leet is held. Shak. The original intent of the court-leet was to view the frankpledges or freemen within the liberty; hence called the view of frankpledge. Latterly it has fallen into almost entire disuse. Burrill. Warren’s Blackstone. Leet ale, a feast or merrymaking in time of leet. [Obs.]

Leet, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European pollock.

Leet´man (-man), n.; pl. Leetmen (-men). One subject to the jurisdiction of a court-leet.

Lee´ward (le´werd or lu´erd), a. (Naut.) Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the part or side toward which the wind blows; — opposed to windward; as a leeward berth; a leeward ship. — n. The lee side; the lee. — adv. Toward the lee.

Lee´way (le´wa•), n. (Naut.) The lateral movement of a ship to the leeward of her course; drift.

Left (left), imp. & p. p. of Leave.

Left, a. [OE. left, lift, luft; akin to Fries. leeft, OD. lucht, luft; cf. AS. left (equiv. to L. inanis), lyftadl palsy; or cf. AS. lef weak.] Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action of the limbs is usually weaker than on the other side; — opposed to right, when used in reference to a part of the body; as the left hand, or arm; the left ear. Also said of the corresponding side of the lower animals. Left bank of a river, that which is on the left hand of a person whose face is turned downstream. — Left bower. See under 2d Bower. — Left center, the members whose sympathies are, in the main, with the members of the Left, but who do not favor extreme courses, and on occasions vote with the government. They sit between the Center and the extreme Left. — Over the left shoulder, or Over the left, an old but still current colloquialism, or slang expression, used as an aside to indicate insincerity, negation, or disbelief; as he said it, and it is true, — over the left.

Left, n. 1. That part of surrounding space toward which the left side of one’s body is turned; as the house is on the left when you face North. “Put that rose a little more to the left.” Ld. Lytton. 2. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who are in the opposition; the advanced republicans and extreme radicals. They have their seats at the left-hand side of the presiding officer. See Center, and Right.

Left´-hand (left´hand•), a. Situated on the left; nearer the left hand than the right; as the left-hand side; the left-hand road. Left-hand rope, rope laid up and twisted over from right to left, or against the sun; — called also water- laid rope.

Left´-hand•ed, a. 1. Having the left hand or arm stronger and more dexterous than the right; using the left hand and arm with more dexterity than the right. 2. Clumsy; awkward; unlucky; insincere; sinister; malicious; as a left-handed compliment. “The commendations of this people are not always left-handed and detractive.” Landor. 3. Having a direction contrary to that of the hands of a watch when seen in front; — said of a twist, a rotary motion, etc., looked at from a given direction. Left-handed marriage, a morganatic marriage. See Morganatic. — Left-handed screw, a screw constructed to advance away from the observer, when turned, as in a nut, with a left-handed rotation. An ordinary wood screw is right-handed. { Left´-hand•ed•ness , Left´-hand•i•ness (- i•nes), } n. The state or quality of being left-handed; awkwardness. “An awkward address, ungraceful attitudes and actions, and a certain left-handiness (if I may use the expression) proclaim low education.” Chesterfield.

Left´-off (-of•; 115), a. Laid aside; cast-off.

Left´ward (-werd), adv. Toward or on the left side. “Rightward and leftward rise the rocks.” Southey.

Le´ful (le´ful), a. See Leveful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leg (leg), n. [Icel. leggr; akin to Dan. laeg calf of the leg, Sw. lägg.] 1. A limb or member of an animal used for supporting the body, and in running, climbing, and swimming; esp., that part of the limb between the knee and foot. 2. That which resembles a leg in form or use; especially, any long and slender support on which any object rests; as the leg of a table; the leg of a pair of compasses or dividers. 3. The part of any article of clothing which covers the leg; as the leg of a stocking or of a pair of trousers. 4. A bow, esp. in the phrase to make a leg; probably from drawing the leg backward in bowing. [Obs.] “He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks for a favor he never received.” Fuller. 5. A disreputable sporting character; a blackleg. [Slang, Eng.] 6. (Naut.) The course and distance made by a vessel on one tack or between tacks. 7. (Steam Boiler) An extension of the boiler downward, in the form of a narrow space between vertical plates, sometimes nearly surrounding the furnace and ash pit, and serving to support the boiler; — called also water leg. 8. (Grain Elevator) The case containing the lower part of the belt which carries the buckets. 9. (Cricket) A fielder whose position is on the outside, a little in rear of the batter. A good leg (Naut.), a course sailed on a tack which is near the desired course. — Leg bail, escape from custody by flight. [Slang] — Legs of an hyperbola (or other curve) (Geom.), the branches of the curve which extend outward indefinitely. — Legs of a triangle, the sides of a triangle; — a name seldom used unless one of the sides is first distinguished by some appropriate term; as the hypothenuse and two legs of a right-angled triangle. On one’s legs, standing to speak. — On one’s last legs. See under Last. — To have legs (Naut.), to have speed. — To stand on one’s own legs, to support one’s self; to be independent.

Leg (leg), v. t. To use as a leg, with it as object: (a) To bow. [Obs.] (b) To run. [Low]

Leg´a•cy (leg´a•sy), n.; pl. Legacies (- siz). [L. (assumed) legatia, for legatum, from legare to appoint by last will, to bequeath as a legacy, to depute: cf. OF. legat legacy. See Legate.] 1. A gift of property by will, esp. of money or personal property; a bequest. Also Fig.; as a legacy of dishonor or disease. 2. A business with which one is intrusted by another; a commission; — obsolete, except in the phrases last legacy, dying legacy, and the like. “My legacy and message wherefore I am sent into the world.” Tyndale. “He came and told his legacy.” Chapman. Legacy duty, a tax paid to government on legacies. Wharton. — Legacy hunter, one who flatters and courts any one for the sake of a legacy.

Le´gal (le´gal), a. [L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law; prob. orig., that which lies or is fixed (cf. L. lectus bed), and if so akin to E. lie, law: cf. F. legal. Cf. Lie to be prostrate, Loyal, Leal.] 1. Created by, permitted by, in conformity with, or relating to, law; as a legal obligation; a legal standard or test; a legal procedure; a legal claim; a legal trade; anything is legal which the laws do not forbid. 2. (Theol.) (a) According to the law of works, as distinguished from free grace; or resting on works for salvation. (b) According to the old or Mosaic dispensation; in accordance with the law of Moses. 3. (Law) Governed by the rules of law as distinguished from the rules of equity; as legal estate; legal assets. Bouvier. Burrill. Legal cap. See under Cap. — Legal tender. (a) The act of tendering in the performance of a contract or satisfaction of a claim that which the law prescribes or permits, and at such time and place as the law prescribes or permits. (b) That currency, or money, which the law authorizes a debtor to tender and requires a creditor to receive. It differs in different countries. Syn. — Lawful; constitutional; legitimate; licit; authorized. See Lawful.

Le´gal•ism (le´gal•iz’m), n. Strictness, or the doctrine of strictness, in conforming to law.

Le´gal•ist, n. One who practices or advocates strict conformity to law; in theology, one who holds to the law of works. See Legal, 2 (a).

Le•gal´i•ty (le•gal´i•ty), n. [Cf. LL. legalitas, F. legalite. Cf. Loyalty.] 1. The state or quality of being legal; conformity to law. 2. (Theol.) A conformity to, and resting upon, the letter of the law.

Le•gal•i•za´tion (le•gal•i•za´shun), n. The act of making legal.

Le´gal•ize (le´gal•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legalized (- izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Legalizing (- i•zing).] [Cf. F. legaliser.] 1. To make legal. 2. (Theol.) To interpret or apply in a legal spirit.

Le´gal•ly, adv. In a legal manner.

Le•gan´tine (le•gan´tin), a. [Obs.] See Legatine.

Leg´a•ta•ry (leg´a•ta•ry), n. [L. legatarius, fr. legaturius enjoined by a last will: cf. F. legataire. See Legacy.] A legatee. [R.] Ayliffe.

Leg´ate (leg´at), n. [OE. legat, L. legatus, fr. legare to send with a commission or charge, to depute, fr. lex, legis, law: cf. F. legat, It. legato. See Legal.] 1. An ambassador or envoy. 2. An ecclesiastic representing the pope and invested with the authority of the Holy See. Legates are of three kinds: (a) Legates a latere, now always cardinals. They are called ordinary or extraordinary legates, the former governing provinces, and the latter class being sent to foreign countries on extraordinary occasions. (b) Legati missi, who correspond to the ambassadors of temporal governments. (c) Legati nati, or legates by virtue of their office, as the archbishops of Salzburg and Prague. 3. (Rom. Hist.) (a) An official assistant given to a general or to the governor of a province. (b) Under the emperors, a governor sent to a province.

Leg•a•tee´ (leg•a•te´), n. [See Legacy.] (Law) One to whom a legacy is bequeathed.

Leg´ate•ship (leg´at•ship), n. The office of a legate.

Leg´a•tine (-a•tin), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a legate; as legatine power. Holinshed. 2. Made by, proceeding from, or under the sanction of, a legate; as a legatine constitution. Ayliffe.

Le•ga´tion (le•ga´shun), n. [L. legatio: cf. F. legation, It. legazione. See Legate.] 1. The sending forth or commissioning one person to act for another. ´The Divine legation of Moses.´ Bp. Warburton. 2. A legate, or envoy, and the persons associated with him in his mission; an embassy; or, in stricter usage, a diplomatic minister and his suite; a deputation. 3. The place of business or official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign court or seat of government. 4. A district under the jurisdiction of a legate.

Le•ga´to (la•gä´to), a. [It., tied, joined, fr. legare to tie, bind, L. ligare.] (Mus.) Connected; tied; — a term used when successive tones are to be produced in a closely connected, smoothly gliding manner. It is often indicated by a tie, thus , , or , , written over or under the notes to be so performed; — opposed to staccato.

Leg•a•tor´ (leg•a•tôr´), n. [L., fr. legare: cf. OF. legateur. See Legacy.] (Law) A testator; one who bequeaths a legacy. Dryden.

Le•ga•tu´ra (la•ga•too´ra), n. [It. See Ligature.] (Mus.) A tie or brace; a syncopation.

Leg´a•ture (leg´a•tur; 135), n. Legateship. [Obs.]

Lege (lej), v. t. [Abbrev. fr. allege to assert.] To allege; to assert. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Lege´ment (-ment), n. See Ledgment.

Leg´end (lej´end or le´jend; 277), n. [OE. legende, OF. legende, F. legende, LL. legenda, fr. L. legendus to be read, fr. legere to read, gather; akin to Gr. le•gein to gather, speak. Cf. Collect, Dialogue, Lesson, Logic.] 1. That which is appointed to be read; especially, a chronicle or register of the lives of saints, formerly read at matins, and in the refectories of religious houses. 2. A story respecting saints; especially, one of a marvelous nature. Addison. 3. Any wonderful story coming down from the past, but not verifiable by historical record; a myth; a fable. “And in this legend all that glorious deed
Read, whilst you arm you.” Fairfax. 4. An inscription, motto, or title, esp. one surrounding the field in a medal or coin, or placed upon an heraldic shield or beneath an engraving or illustration. Golden legend. See under Golden.

Leg´end, v. t. To tell or narrate, as a legend. Bp. Hall.

Leg´end•a•ry (lej´en•da•ry), a. Of or pertaining to a legend or to legends; consisting of legends; like a legend; fabulous. ´Legendary writers.´ Bp. Lloyd. “Legendary stories of nurses and old women.” Bourne.

Leg´end•a•ry, n. [Cf. OF. legendaire, LL. legendarius.] 1. A book of legends; a tale or narrative. “Read the Countess of Pembroke’s ´Arcadia,´ a gallant legendary full of pleasurable accidents.” James I. 2. One who relates legends. Bp. Lavington.

Leg´er (lej´er), n. [See Ledger.] 1. Anything that lies in a place; that which, or one who, remains in a place. [Obs.] 2. A minister or ambassador resident at a court or seat of government. [Written also lieger, leiger.] [Obs.] “Sir Edward Carne, the queen’s leger at Rome.” Fuller. 3. A ledger.

Leg´er, a. Lying or remaining in a place; hence, resident; as leger ambassador.

Leg´er, a. [F. leger, fr. LL. (assumed) leviarius, fr. L. levis light in weight. See Levity.] Light; slender; slim; trivial. [Obs. except in special phrases.] Bacon. Leger line (Mus.), a line added above or below the staff to extend its compass; — called also added line.

Leg•er•de•main´ (lej•er•de•man´), n. [F. leger light, nimble + de of + main hand, L. manus. See 3d Leger, and Manual.] Sleight of hand; a trick of sleight of hand; hence, any artful deception or trick. “He of legierdemayne the mysteries did know.” Spenser. “The tricks and legerdemain by which men impose upon their own souls.” South.

Leg•er•de•main´ist, n. One who practices sleight of hand; a prestidigitator.

Le•ger´i•ty (le•jer´i•ty), n. [F. legèrete. See 3d Leger.] Lightness; nimbleness. [Archaic] Shak.

Legge (leg), v. t. [See Lay, v. t. ] To lay. [Obs.]

Legge, v. t. [Abbrev. fr. alegge.] To lighten; to allay. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Legged (legd or leg´ged), a. [From Leg.] Having (such or so many) legs; — used in composition; as a long-legged man; a two- legged animal. { Leg•gi•a´dro (lad•je•ä´dro), Leg•gi•e´ro (lad•je•a´ro), } a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Light or graceful; in a light, delicate, and brisk style. { Leg´ging (leg´ging), Leg´gin (leg´gin), } n. [From Leg.] A cover for the leg, like a long gaiter.

Leg´ging, a. & vb. n., from Leg, v. t.

Leg´gy (-gy), a. Having long legs. Thackeray.

Leg´horn (-hôrn), n. A straw plaiting used for bonnets and hats, made from the straw of a particular kind of wheat, grown for the purpose in Tuscany, Italy; — so called from Leghorn, the place of exportation.

Leg•i•bil´i•ty (lej•i•bil´i•ty), n. The quality of being legible; legibleness. Sir. D. Brewster.

Leg´i•ble (lej´i•b’l), a. [L. legibilis, fr. legere to read: cf. OF. legible. See Legend.] 1. Capable of being read or deciphered; distinct to the eye; plain; — used of writing or printing; as a fair, legible manuscript. “The stone with moss and lichens so overspread,
Nothing is legible but the name alone.” Longfellow. 2. Capable of being discovered or understood by apparent marks or indications; as the thoughts of men are often legible in their countenances.

Leg´i•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being legible.

Leg´i•bly, adv. In a legible manner.

Le•gif´ic (le•jif´ik), a. [L. lex, legis, law + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Of or pertaining to making laws. “Practically, in many cases, authority or legific competence has begun in bare power.” J. Grote.

Le´gion (le´jun), n. [OE. legioun, OF. legion, F. legion, fr. L. legio, fr. legere to gather, collect. See Legend.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of foot soldiers and cavalry consisting of different numbers at different periods, — from about four thousand to about six thousand men, — the cavalry being about one tenth. 2. A military force; an army; military bands. 3. A great number; a multitude. “Where one sin has entered, legions will force their way through the same breach.” Rogers. 4. (Taxonomy) A group of orders inferior to a class. Legion of honor, an order instituted by the French government in 1802, when Bonaparte was First Consul, as a reward for merit, both civil and military.

Le´gion•a•ry (-a•ry), a. [L. legionarius: cf. F. legionnaire.] Belonging to a legion; consisting of a legion or legions, or of an indefinitely great number; as legionary soldiers; a legionary force. ´The legionary body of error.´ Sir T. Browne.

Le´gion•a•ry (le´jun•a•ry), n.; pl. Legionaries (- riz). A member of a legion. Milton.

Le´gioned (le´jund), a. Formed into a legion or legions; legionary. Shelley.

Le´gion•ry (le´jun•ry), n. A body of legions; legions, collectively. [R.] Pollok.

Leg´is•late (lej´is•lat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Legislated (- la•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Legislating (-la•ting).] [See Legislator.] To make or enact a law or laws. “Solon, in legislating for the Athenians, had an idea of a more perfect constitution than he gave them.” Bp. Watson (1805).

Leg•is•la´tion (-la´shun), n. [Cf. F. legislation, L. legis latio. See Legislator.] The act of legislating; preparation and enactment of laws; the laws enacted. “Pythagoras joined legislation to his philosophy.” Lyttelton.

Leg´is•la•tive (lej´is•la•tiv), a. [Cf. F. legislatif.] 1. Making, or having the power to make, a law or laws; lawmaking; — distinguished from executive; as a legislative act; a legislative body. “The supreme legislative power of England was lodged in the king and great council, or what was afterwards called the Parliament.” Hume. 2. Of or pertaining to the making of laws; suitable to legislation; as the transaction of legislative business; the legislative style.

Leg´is•la•tive•ly, adv. In a legislative manner.

Leg´is•la•tor (lej´is•la•ter), n. [L. legis lator, prop., a proposer of a law; lex, legis, law + lator a proposer, bearer, fr. latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear: cf. F. legislateur. See Legal, and Tolerate.] A lawgiver; one who makes laws for a state or community; a member of a legislative body. “The legislators in ancient and heroical times.” Bacon. “Many of the legislators themselves had taken an oath of abjuration of his Majesty’s person and family.” E. Phillips.

Leg•is•la•to´ri•al (- la•to´ri•al), a. Of or pertaining to a legislator or legislature.

Leg´is•la•tor•ship (lej´is•la•ter•ship), n. The office of a legislator. Halifax. { Leg´is•la•tress (-tres), Leg´is•la•trix (-triks), } n. A woman who makes laws. Shaftesbury.

Leg´is•la•ture (lej´is•la•tur; 135), n. [Cf. F. legislature.] The body of persons in a state or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws; a legislative body. “Without the concurrent consent of all three parts of the legislature, no law is, or can be, made.” Sir M. Hale. The legislature of Great Britain consists of the Lords and Commons, with the king or queen, whose sanction is necessary to every bill before it becomes a law. The legislatures of most of the United States consist of two houses or branches; but the sanction or consent of the governor is required to give their acts the force of law, or a concurrence of two thirds of the two houses after he has refused his sanction and assigned his objections.

Le´gist (le´jist), n. [F. legiste, LL. legista, fr. L. lex, legis, law. See Legal.] One skilled in the laws; a writer on law. Milman. J. Morley.

Le•git´im (le•ji´im), n. [See Legitimate, a.] (Scots Law) The portion of movable estate to which the children are entitled upon the death of the father.

Le•git´i•ma•cy (-i•ma•sy), n. [See Legitimate, a.] The state, or quality, of being legitimate, or in conformity with law; hence, the condition of having been lawfully begotten, or born in wedlock. “The doctrine of Divine Right, which has now come back to us, like a thief from transportation, under the alias of Legitimacy.” Macaulay.

Le•git´i•mate (-mat), a. [LL. legitimatus, p. p. of legitimare to legitimate, fr. L. legitimus legitimate. See Legal.] 1. Accordant with law or with established legal forms and requirements; lawful; as legitimate government; legitimate rights; the legitimate succession to the throne; a legitimate proceeding of an officer; a legitimate heir. 2. Lawfully begotten; born in wedlock. 3. Authorized; real; genuine; not false, counterfeit, or spurious; as legitimate poems of Chaucer; legitimate inscriptions. 4. Conforming to known principles, or accepted rules; as legitimate reasoning; a legitimate standard, or method; a legitimate combination of colors. “Tillotson still keeps his place as a legitimate English classic.” Macaulay. 5. Following by logical sequence; reasonable; as a legitimate result; a legitimate inference.

Le•git´i•mate (-mat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimated (- ma•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimating (-ma•ting).] To make legitimate, lawful, or valid; esp., to put in the position or state of a legitimate person before the law, by legal means; as to legitimate a bastard child. “To enact a statute of that which he dares not seem to approve, even to legitimate vice.” Milton.

Le•git´i•mate•ly (-mat•ly), adv. In a legitimate manner; lawfully; genuinely.

Le•git´i•mate•ness, n. The state or quality of being legitimate; lawfulness; genuineness.

Le•git•i•ma´tion (-ma´shun), n. [Cf. F. legitimation.] 1. The act of making legitimate. “The coining or legitimation of money.” East. 2. Lawful birth. [R.] Shak.

Le•git´i•ma•tist (le•jit´i•ma•tist), n. See Legitimist.

Le•git´i•ma•tize (-tiz), v. t. To legitimate.

Le•git´i•mism (-miz’m), n. The principles or plans of legitimists.

Le•git´i•mist (-mist), n. [Cf. F. legitimiste.] 1. One who supports legitimate authority; esp., one who believes in hereditary monarchy, as a divine right. 2. Specifically, a supporter of the claims of the elder branch of the Bourbon dynasty to the crown of France.

Le•git´i•mize (le•jit´i•miz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimized (-mizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimizing.] To legitimate.

Leg´less (leg´les), a. Not having a leg.

Le´go-lit´er•a•ry (le´go- lit´er•a•ry), a. [See Legal, and Literary.] Pertaining to the literature of law.

Le•gu•le´ian (le•gu•le´yan), a. [L. leguleius pettifogger, fr. lex, legis, law.] Lawyerlike; legal. [R.] ´Leguleian barbarism.´ De Quincey. — n. A lawyer.

Leg´ume (leg´um or le•gum´), n. [F. legume, L. legumen, fr. legere to gather. So called because they may be gathered without cutting. See Legend.] 1. (Bot.) A pod dehiscent into two pieces or valves, and having the seed attached at one suture, as that of the pea. In the latter circumstance, it differs from a siliqua, in which the seeds are attached to both sutures. In popular use, a legume is called a pod, or cod; as pea pod, or peas cod. 2. pl. The fruit of leguminous plants, as peas beans, lupines; pulse.

Le•gu´men (le•gu´men), n.; pl. L. Legumina (- mi•na), E. Legumens (-menz). [L.] Same as Legume.

Le•gu´min (-min), n. [Cf. F. legumine.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance resembling casein, found as a characteristic ingredient of the seeds of leguminous and grain-bearing plants.

Le•gu´mi•nous (-mi•nus), a. [Cf. F. legumineux.] 1. Pertaining to pulse; consisting of pulse. 2. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a very large natural order of plants (Leguminosae), which bear legumes, including peas beans, clover, locust trees, acacias and mimosas.

Lei´ger (le´jer), n. [See Leger, and Ledger.] See Leger, n., 2. [Obs.] Shak.

Lei•ot´ri•chan (li•ot´ri•kan), a. Of or pertaining to the Leiotrichi. - - n. One of the Leiotrichi.

Lei•ot´ri•chi (-ki), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lei^os smooth + qri•x, tricho•s, hair.] (Anthropol.) The division of mankind which embraces the smooth-haired races.

Lei•ot´ri•chous (-kus), a. [See Leiotrichi.] (Anthropol.) Having smooth, or nearly smooth, hair.

Lei•po´a (li•po´a), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Australian gallinaceous birds including but a single species (Leipoa ocellata), about the size of a turkey. Its color is variegated, brown, black, white, and gray. Called also native pheasant. It makes large mounds of sand and vegetable material, in which its eggs are laid to be hatched by the heat of the decomposing mass.

Lei•po•thym´ic (li•po•thim´ik), a. See Lipothymic. { Leis´ter , Lis´ter } (lis´ter), n. A spear armed with three or more prongs, for striking fish. [Scotland]

Lei´sur•a•ble (le´zhur•a•b’l; 135), a. [See Leisure.] 1. Leisurely. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. Vacant of employment; not occupied; idle; leisure; as leisurable hours. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Lei´sur•a•bly, adv. At leisure. [Obs.]

Lei´sure (le´zhur; 135), n. [OE. leisere, leiser, OF. leisir, F. loisir, orig., permission, fr. L. licere to be permitted. See License.] 1. Freedom from occupation or business; vacant time; time free from employment. “The desire of leisure is much more natural than of business and care.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Time at one’s command, free from engagement; convenient opportunity; hence, convenience; ease. “He sighed, and had no leisure more to say.” Dryden. At leisure. (a) Free from occupation; not busy. (b) In a leisurely manner; at a convenient time.

Lei´sure, a. Unemployed; as leisure hours.

Lei´sured (le´zhurd), a. Having leisure. ´The leisured classes.´ Gladstone.

Lei´sure•ly (le´zhur•ly), a. Characterized by leisure; taking abundant time; not hurried; as a leisurely manner; a leisurely walk.

Lei´sure•ly, adv. In a leisurely manner. Addison.

Leit´mo•tif´ (lit´mo•tef´), n. [G.] (Mus.) See Leading motive, under Leading, a.

Le´man (le´man or lem´an; 277), n. [OE. lemman, lefman; AS. leóf dear + mann man. See Lief, and Man.] A sweetheart, of either sex; a gallant, or a mistress; — usually in a bad sense. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser. Shak.

Leme (lem), n. [OE. leem, leme, leam, AS. leóma light, brightness; akin to E. light, n. rad.122.] A ray or glimmer of light; a gleam. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leme, v. i. To shine. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Lem´ma (lem´ma), n.; pl. L. Lemmata (-ma•ta), E. Lemmas (-maz). [L. lemma, Gr. lh^mma anything received, an assumption or premise taken for granted, fr. lamba•nein to take, assume. Cf. Syllable.] A preliminary or auxiliary proposition demonstrated or accepted for immediate use in the demonstration of some other proposition, as in mathematics or logic.

Lem´man (lem´man), n. A leman. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lem´ming (lem´ming), n. [Nor. lemming, lemende; cf. Sw. lemel, Lapp. lummik.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small arctic rodents of the genera Myodes and Cuniculus, resembling the meadow mice in form. They are found in both hemispheres. The common Northern European lemming (Myodes lemmus) is remarkable for making occasional devastating migrations in enormous numbers from the mountains into the lowlands.

Lem´ni•an (lem´ni•an), a. [L. Lemnius, fr. Lemnus, Gr. Lh^mnos.] Of or pertaining to the isle of Lemnos. Lemnian bole, Lemnian earth, an aluminous earth of a grayish yellow color; sphragide; — formerly sold as medicine, having astringent properties. — Lemnian reddle, a reddle of firm consistence and deep red color; — used by artificers in coloring. { Lem•nis•ca´ta (lem•nis•ka´ta), Lem•nis´cate (lem•nis´kat), } n. [L. lemniscatus adorned with ribbons, fr. lemniscus a ribbon hanging down, Gr. lhmni•skos.] (Geom.) A curve in the form of the figure 8, with both parts symmetrical, generated by the point in which a tangent to an equilateral hyperbola meets the perpendicular on it drawn from the center.

Lem•nis´cus (lem•nis´kus), n.; pl. Lemnisci (- si). [L. See Lemniscata.] (Zoöl.) One of two oval bodies hanging from the interior walls of the body in the Acanthocephala.

Lem´on (lem´un), n. [F. limon, Per. limun; cf. Ar. laimun, Sp. limon, It. limone. Cf. Lime a fruit.] 1. (Bot.) An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and containing a pulp usually intensely acid. It is produced by a tropical tree of the genus Citrus, the common fruit known in commerce being that of the species C. Limonum or C. Medica (var. Limonum). There are many varieties of the fruit, some of which are sweet. 2. The tree which bears lemons; the lemon tree. Lemon grass (Bot.), a fragrant East Indian grass (Andropogon Shœnanthus, and perhaps other allied species), which yields the grass oil used in perfumery. - - Lemon sole (Zoöl.), a yellow European sole (Solea aurantiaca). — Salts of lemon (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, inappropriately named, as it consists of an acid potassium oxalate and contains no citric acid, which is the characteristic acid of lemon; — called also salts of sorrel. It is used in removing ink stains. See Oxalic acid, under Oxalic. [Colloq.]

Lem•on•ade´ (lem•un•ad´), n. [F. limonade; cf. Sp. limonada, It. limonata. See Lemon.] A beverage consisting of lemon juice mixed with water and sweetened.

Le´mur (le´mur), n. [L., a ghost, specter. So called on account of its habit of going abroad by night.] (Zoöl.) One of a family (Lemuridae) of nocturnal mammals allied to the monkeys, but of small size, and having a sharp and foxlike muzzle, and large eyes. They feed upon birds, insects, and fruit, and are mostly natives of Madagascar and the neighboring islands, one genus (Galago) occurring in Africa. The slow lemur or kukang of the East Indies is Nycticebus tardigradus. See Galago, Indris, and Colugo.

Lem´u•res (lem´u•rez; E. le´murz), n. pl. [L. See Lemur.] Spirits or ghosts of the departed; specters. “The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint.” Milton.

Le•mu´ri•a (le•mu´ri•a), n. [So named from the supposition that it was the original home of the lemurs.] A hypothetical land, or continent, supposed by some to have existed formerly in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar is a remnant. Herschel.

Lem´u•rid (lem´u•rid), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lemuroid. { Le•mu´ri•dous (le•mu´ri•dus), Lem´u•rine (lem´u•rin or •rin), } a. (Zoöl.) Lemuroid.

Lem´u•roid (lem´u•roid), a. [Lemur + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the lemurs or the Lemuroidea. — n. One of the Lemuroidea.

Lem•u•roi´de•a (lem•u•roi´de•a), n. pl. [NL. See Lemur, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of primates, including the lemurs, the aye-aye, and allied species. [Written also Lemuroida.]

Le´na (le´na), n. [L.] A procuress. J. Webster.

Lend (lend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lent (lent); p. pr. & vb. n. Lending.] [OE. lenen, AS. laenan, fr. laen loan; akin to G. lehnen to lend. See Loan.] 1. To allow the custody and use of, on condition of the return of the same; to grant the temporary use of; as to lend a book; — opposed to borrow. “Give me that ring.
I’ll lend it thee, my dear, but have no power
To give it from me.” Shak. 2. To allow the possession and use of, on condition of the return of an equivalent in kind; as to lend money or some article of food. “Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.” Levit. xxv. 37. 3. To afford; to grant or furnish in general; as to lend assistance; to lend one’s name or influence. “Cato, lend me for a while thy patience.” Addison. “Mountain lines and distant horizons lend space and largeness to his compositions.” J. A. Symonds. 4. To let for hire or compensation; as to lend a horse or gig. This use of the word is rare in the United States, except with reference to money. To lend a hand, to give assistance; to help. [Colloq.] — To lend an ear or one’s ears, to give attention.

Lend´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Such as can be lent. Sherwood.

Lend´er (-er), n. One who lends. “The borrower is servant to the lender. ” Prov. xxii. 7.

Lend´es (lend´ez), n. pl. See Lends. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lend´ing, n. 1. The act of one who lends. 2. That which is lent or furnished.

Lends (lendz), n. pl. [AS. lend, lenden; akin to D. & G. lende, OHG. lenti, Icel. lend, and perh to E. loin.] Loins. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lene (len), v. t. [See Lend.] To lend; to grant; to permit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Le´ne (le´ne), a. [L. lenis smooth.] (Phonetics) (a) Smooth; as the lene breathing. (b) Applied to certain mute consonants, as p, k, and t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf.

Le´ne, n. (Phonetics) (a) The smooth breathing (spiritus lenis). (b) Any one of the lene consonants, as p, k, or t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf. { Leng´er (leng´er), Leng´est }, a. Longer; longest; — obsolete compar. and superl. of long. Chaucer.

Length (length), n. [OE. lengthe, AS. lengð, fr. lang, long, long; akin to D. lengte, Dan. laengde, Sw. längd, Icel. lengd. See Long, a. ] 1. The longest, or longer, dimension of any object, in distinction from breadth or width; extent of anything from end to end; the longest line which can be drawn through a body, parallel to its sides; as the length of a church, or of a ship; the length of a rope or line. 2. A portion of space or of time considered as measured by its length; — often in the plural. “Large lengths of seas and shores.” Shak. “The future but a length behind the past.” Dryden. 3. The quality or state of being long, in space or time; extent; duration; as some sea birds are remarkable for the length of their wings; he was tired by the length of the sermon, and the length of his walk. 4. A single piece or subdivision of a series, or of a number of long pieces which may be connected together; as a length of pipe; a length of fence. 5. Detail or amplification; unfolding; continuance as to pursue a subject to a great length. “May Heaven, great monarch, still augment your bliss
With length of days, and every day like this.” Dryden. 6. Distance.[Obs.] “He had marched to the length of Exeter.” Clarendon. At length. (a) At or in the full extent; without abbreviation; as let the name be inserted at length. (b) At the end or conclusion; after a long period. See Syn. of At last, under Last. — At arm’s length. See under Arm.

Length, v. t. To lengthen. [Obs.] Shak.

Length´en (-’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lengthened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lengthening (-’n•ing).] To extent in length; to make longer in extent or duration; as to lengthen a line or a road; to lengthen life; — sometimes followed by out. “What if I please to lengthen out his date.” Dryden.

Length´en, v. i. To become longer. Locke.

Length´ful (-ful), a. Long. [Obs.] Pope.

Length´i•ly (-i•ly), adv. In a lengthy manner; at great length or extent.

Length´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being lengthy; prolixity. { Length´ways• (-waz•), Length´wise• (- wiz•), } adv. In the direction of the length; in a longitudinal direction.

Length´y (-y), a. [Compar. Lengthier (-i•er); superl. Lengthiest.] Having length; rather long or too long; prolix; not brief; — said chiefly of discourses, writings, and the like. ´Lengthy periods.´ Washington. ´Some lengthy additions.´ Byron. ´These would be details too lengthy.´ Jefferson. ´To cut short lengthy explanations.´ Trench. { Le´ni•ence (le´ni•ens or len´yens; 106), Le´ni•en•cy (le´ni•en•sy or len´yen•sy), } n. The quality or state of being lenient; lenity; clemency.

Le´ni•ent (le´ni•ent or len´yent), a. [L. leniens, - entis, p. pr. of lenire to soften, fr. lenis soft, mild. Cf. Lithe.] 1. Relaxing; emollient; softening; assuasive; — sometimes followed by of. ´Lenient of grief.´ Milton. “Of relax the fibers, are lenient, balsamic.” Arbuthnot. “Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand.” Pope. 2. Mild; clement; merciful; not rigorous or severe; as a lenient disposition; a lenient judge or sentence.

Le´ni•ent, n. (Med.) A lenitive; an emollient.

Le´ni•ent•ly, adv. In a lenient manner.

Len´i•fy (len´i•fi), v. t. [L. lenis soft, mild + -fy: cf. F. lenifier.] To assuage; to soften; to mitigate; to alleviate. Bacon. Dryden.

Len´i•ment (-ment), n. [L. lenimentum: cf. OF. leniment. See Lenient.] An assuasive. [Obs.]

Len´i•tive (-tiv), a. [Cf. F. lenitif. See Lenient.] Having the quality of softening or mitigating, as pain or acrimony; assuasive; emollient.

Len´i•tive, n. [Cf. F. lenitif.] 1. (Med.) (a) A medicine or application that has the quality of easing pain or protecting from the action of irritants. (b) A mild purgative; a laxative. 2. That which softens or mitigates; that which tends to allay passion, excitement, or pain; a palliative. “There is one sweet lenitive at least for evils, which Nature holds out; so I took it kindly at her hands, and fell asleep.” Sterne.

Len´i•tive•ness, n. The quality of being lenitive.

Len´i•tude (-tud), n. [L. lenitudo.] The quality or habit of being lenient; lenity. [Obs.] Blount.

Len´i•ty (-ty), n. [L. lenitas, fr. lenis soft, mild: cf. OF. lenite. See Lenient.] The state or quality of being lenient; mildness of temper or disposition; gentleness of treatment; softness; tenderness; clemency; — opposed to severity and rigor. “His exceeding lenity disposes us to be somewhat too severe.” Macaulay. Syn. — Gentleness; kindness; tenderness; softness; humanity; clemency; mercy.

Len•ni-Len•a´pe (len•ni- len•ä´pa), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A general name for a group of Algonquin tribes which formerly occupied the coast region of North America from Connecticut to Virginia. They included the Mohicans, Delawares, Shawnees, and several other tribes.

Le´no (le´no), n. [Cf. It. leno weak, flexible.] A light open cotton fabric used for window curtains.

Le•noc´i•nant (le•nos´i•nant), a. [L. lenocinans, p. pr. of lenocinari to pander, cajole; akin to leno pimp.] Given to lewdness. [Obs.]

Lens (lenz), n.; pl. Lenses (-ez). [L. lens a lentil. So named from the resemblance in shape of a double convex lens to the seed of a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Opt.) A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, ground with two opposite regular surfaces, either both curved, or one curved and the other plane, and commonly used, either singly or combined, in optical instruments, for changing the direction of rays of light, and thus magnifying objects, or otherwise modifying vision. In practice, the curved surfaces are usually spherical, though rarely cylindrical, or of some other figure. Lenses Of spherical lenses, there are six varieties, as shown in section in the figures herewith given: viz., a plano-concave; b double-concave; c plano-convex; d double- convex; e converging concavo-convex, or converging meniscus; f diverging concavo-convex, or diverging meniscus. Crossed lens (Opt.), a double-convex lens with one radius equal to six times the other. — Crystalline lens. (Anat.) See Eye. — Fresnel lens (Opt.), a compound lens formed by placing around a central convex lens rings of glass so curved as to have the same focus; used, especially in lighthouses, for concentrating light in a particular direction; — so called from the inventor. — Multiplying lens or glass (Opt.), a lens one side of which is plane and the other convex, but made up of a number of plane faces inclined to one another, each of which presents a separate image of the object viewed through it, so that the object is, as it were, multiplied. — Polyzonal lens. See Polyzonal.

Lent (lent), imp. & p. p. of Lend.

Lent, n. [OE. lente, lenten, leynte, AS. lengten, lencten, spring, lent, akin to D. lente, OHG. lenzin, langiz, G. lenz, and perh. fr. AS. lang long, E. long, because at this season of the year the days lengthen.] (Eccl.) A fast of forty days, beginning with Ash Wednesday and continuing till Easter, observed by some Christian churches as commemorative of the fast of our Savior. Lent lily (Bot.), the daffodil; — so named from its blossoming in spring.

Lent, a. [L. lentus; akin to lenis soft, mild: cf. F. lent. See Lenient.] 1. Slow; mild; gentle; as lenter heats. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. (Mus.) See Lento.

Len•ta•men´te (lan•ta•man´ta; E. len•ta•men´te), adv. [It.] (Mus.) Slowly; in slow time.

Len•tan´do (lan•tän´do; E. len•tan´do), a. [It., p. pr. of lentare to make slow. See Lent, a.] (Mus.) Slackening; retarding. Same as Rallentando.

Lent´en (lent´’n), n. Lent. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Lent´en, a. [From OE. lenten lent. See Lent, n. ] 1. Of or pertaining to the fast called Lent; used in, or suitable to, Lent; as the Lenten season. “She quenched her fury at the flood,
And with a Lenten salad cooled her blood.” Dryden. 2. Spare; meager; plain; somber; unostentatious; not abundant or showy. ´Lenten entertainment.´ ´ Lenten answer.´ Shak. ´ Lenten suit.´ Beau. & Fl. Lenten color, black or violet. F. G. Lee.

Lent´en•tide (-tid•), n. The season of Lenten or Lent.

Len´ti•cel (len´ti•sel), n. [F. lenticelle, dim. fr. L. lens, lentis, a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Bot.) (a) One of the small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue, either in the air, or more commonly when the stem or branch is covered with water or earth. (b) A small, lens-shaped gland on the under side of some leaves.

Len•ti•cel´late (len•ti•sel´lat), a. (Bot.) Producing lenticels; dotted with lenticels.

Len•ti•celle´ (len•ti•sel´), n. [F.] (Bot.) Lenticel.

Len•tic´u•la (len•tik´u•la), n.; pl. E. Lenticulas (- laz), L. Lenticulae (-le). [L. See Lenticel.] 1. (Med.) A kind of eruption upon the skin; lentigo; freckle. 2. (Opt.) A lens of small size. 3. (Bot.) A lenticel.

Len•tic´u•lar (-ler), a. [L. lenticularis: cf. F. lenticulaire. See Lenticel.] Resembling a lentil in size or form; having the form of a double-convex lens.

Len•tic´u•lar•ly, adv. In the manner of a lens; with a curve.

Len´ti•form (len´ti•fôrm), a. [L. lens, lentis, lentil + - form: cf. F. lentiforme.] Lenticular.

Len•tig´i•nose (len•tij´i•nos•), a. [See Lentiginous.] (Bot.) Bearing numerous dots resembling freckles.

Len•tig´i•nous (-nus), a. [L. lentiginosus. See Lentigo.] Of or pertaining to lentigo; freckly; scurfy; furfuraceous.

Len•ti´go (len•ti´go), n. [L., fr. lens, lentis, lentil.] (Med.) A freckly eruption on the skin; freckles.

Len´til (len´til), n. [F. lentille, fr. L. lenticula, dim. of lens, lentis, lentil. Cf. Lens.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Ervum (Ervum Lens), of small size, common in the fields in Europe. also its seed, which is used for food on the continent. The lentil of the Scriptures probably included several other vetchlike plants. Lentil shell (Zoöl.), a small bivalve shell of the genus Ervillia, family Tellinidae. { Len•tis´cus (len•tis´kus), Len´tisk (len´tisk), } n. [L. lentiscus, lentiscum: cf. F. lentisque.] (Bot.) A tree; the mastic. See Mastic.

Len´ti•tude (len´ti•tud), n. [L. lentitudo, fr. lentus slow: cf. OF. lentitude. See Lent, a.] Slowness; sluggishness. [Obs.]

Len´to (lan´to; E. len´to), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Slow; in slow time; slowly; — rarely written lente.

Len´toid (len´toid), a. [Lens + -oid.] Having the form of a lens; lens- shaped.

Len´tor (-tor), n. [L., fr. lentus pliant, tough, slow. See Lent, a.] 1. Tenacity; viscidity, as of fluids. 2. Slowness; delay; sluggishness. Arbuthnot.

Len´tous (-tus), a. [L. lentus. See Lentor.] Viscid; viscous; tenacious. “Spawn of a lentous and transparent body.” Sir T. Browne.

L’en•voi´, or L’en•voy´ (län•vwä´), n. [F. le the + envoi a sending. See Envoy.] 1. One or more detached verses at the end of a literary composition, serving to convey the moral, or to address the poem to a particular person; — orig. employed in old French poetry. Shak. 2. A conclusion; a result. Massinger.

Le´o (le´o), n. [L. See Lion.] (Astron.) 1. The Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac, marked thus [&Leo;] in almanacs. 2. A northern constellation east of Cancer, containing the bright star Regulus at the end of the handle of the Sickle. Leo Minor, a small constellation between Leo and the Great Bear.

Le´od (le´od), n. [AS. leód people, nation, man, chief; akin to OS. liud, OHG. liut, pl. liuti, G. leute, pl., fr. AS. leódan to grow, akin to Goth. liudan, OS. liodan, OHG. liotan to grow; cf. Skr. ruh. rad.123.] People; a nation; a man. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Bp. Gibson.

Le´on (le´on), n. A lion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Le´onced (le´onst), a. (Her.) See Lionced.

Le•o•nese´ (le•o•nez´ or - nes´), a. Of or pertaining to Leon, in Spain. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Leon.

Le´o•nid (le´o•nid), n. [From Leo: cf. F. leonides, pl.] (Astron.) One of the shooting stars which constitute the star shower that recurs near the fourteenth of November at intervals of about thirty-three years; — so called because these shooting stars appear on the heavens to move in lines directed from the constellation Leo.

Le´o•nine (le´o•nin), a. [L. leoninus, fr. leo, leonis, lion: cf. F. leonin. See Lion.] Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the lion; as a leonine look; leonine rapacity. — Le´o•nine•ly, adv. Leonine verse, a kind of verse, in which the end of the line rhymes with the middle; — so named from Leo, or Leoninus, a Benedictine and canon of Paris in the twelfth century, who wrote largely in this measure, though he was not the inventor. The following line is an example: “Gloria factorum temere conceditur horum.”

Le•on´to•don (le•on´to•don), n. [Gr. le•wn, le•ontos, lion + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth. Cf. Lion’s- tooth, Dandelion.] (Bot.) A genus of liguliflorous composite plants, including the fall dandelion (L. autumnale), and formerly the true dandelion; — called also lion’s tooth.

Leop´ard (lep´erd), n. [OE. leopart, leparde, lebarde, libbard, OF. leopard, liepart, F. leopard, L. leopardus, fr. Gr. leo•pardos; le•wn lion + pa•rdos pard. See Lion, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) A large, savage, carnivorous mammal (Felis leopardus). It is of a yellow or fawn color, with rings or roselike clusters of black spots along the back and sides. It is found in Southern Asia and Africa. By some the panther (Felis pardus) is regarded as a variety of leopard. Hunting leopard. See Cheetah. — Leopard cat (Zoöl.) any one of several species or varieties of small, spotted cats found in Africa, Southern Asia, and the East Indies; esp., Felis Bengalensis. — Leopard marmot. See Gopher, 2.

Leop´ard’s bane (lep´erdz ban•). (Bot.) A name of several harmless plants, as Arnica montana, Senecio Doronicum, and Paris quadrifolia.

Leop´ard•wood, n. (Bot.) See Letterwood.

Lep (lep), obs. strong imp. of Leap. Leaped. Chaucer.

Lep´a•dite (-a•dit), n. [L. lepas, lepadis, limpet, Gr. lepa•s, lepa•dos.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lepadoid.

Lep´a•doid (-a•doid), n. [Lepas + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A stalked barnacle of the genus Lepas or family Lepadidae; a goose barnacle. Also used adjectively.

Lep´al (lep´al), n. [Gr. lepi•s a scale: cf. F. lepale.] (Bot.) A sterile transformed stamen.

Le´pas (le´pas), n. [L., a limpet, fr. Gr. lepa•s.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of Lepas, a genus of pedunculated barnacles found attached to floating timber, bottoms of ships, Gulf weed, etc.; — called also goose barnacle. See Barnacle.

Lep´er (lep´er), n. [OE. lepre leprosy, F. lèpre, L. leprae, lepra, fr. Gr. le•pra, fr. lepro•s scaly, fr. le•pos scale, le•pein to peel.] A person affected with leprosy.

Lep´ered (-erd), a. Affected or tainted with leprosy.

Lep´er•ize (lep´er•iz), v. t. To affect with leprosy.

Lep´er•ous (-er•us), a. Leprous; infectious; corrupting; poisonous. ´The leperous distillment.´ Shak.

Lep´id (-id), a. [L. lepidus.] Pleasant; jocose. [R.] “The joyous and lepid consul.” Sydney Smith.

Lep´i•dine (lep´i•din or •den), n. (Chem.) An organic base, C9H6.N.CH3, metameric with quinaldine, and obtained by the distillation of cinchonine.

Lep•i•do•den´drid (lep•i•do•den´drid), n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of trees allied to the modern club mosses, and including Lepidodendron and its allies.

Lep•i•do•den´droid (-droid), a. (Paleon.) Allied to, or resembling, Lepidodendron. — n. A lepidodendrid.

Lep•i•do•den´dron (-dron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + de•ndron tree.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages, having the exterior marked with scars, mostly in quincunx order, produced by the separation of the leafstalks.

Lep•i•do•ga´noid (lep•i•do•ga´noid or -gan´oid), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + E. ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a division (Lepidoganoidei) of ganoid fishes, including those that have scales forming a coat of mail. Also used adjectively.

Le•pid´o•lite (le•pid´o•lit; 277), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + -lite: cf. F. lepidolithe.] (Min.) A species of mica, of a lilac or rose-violet color, containing lithia. It usually occurs in masses consisting of small scales. See Mica.

Lep•i•dom´e•lane (lep•i•dom´e•lan), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + me•las, me•laina, black.] (Min.) An iron-potash mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic rocks in small six-sided tables, or as an aggregation of minute opaque scales. See Mica.

Lep•i•dop´ter (lep•i•dop´ter), n. [Cf. F. lepidoptère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Lepidoptera.

Lep•i•dop´te•ra (-dop´te•ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi•s - i•dos, a scale + ptero•n a feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored. They have a tubular proboscis, or haustellum, formed by the two slender maxillae. The labial palpi are usually large, and the proboscis, when not in use, can be coiled up spirally between them. The mandibles are rudimentary. The larvae, called caterpillars, are often brightly colored, and they commonly feed on leaves. The adults feed chiefly on the honey of flowers. { Lep•i•dop´ter•al (-ter•al), Lep•i•dop´ter•ous (-us), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lepidoptera.

Lep•i•dop´ter•ist, n. (Zoöl.) One who studies the Lepidoptera.

Lep•i•do•sau´ri•a (-do•sa´ri•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi•s - i•dos, a scale + say^ros a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A division of reptiles, including the serpents and lizards; the Plagiotremata.

Lep•i•do•si´ren (-si´ren), n. [Gr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale + seirh•n a siren.] (Zoöl.) An eel- shaped ganoid fish of the order Dipnoi, having both gills and lungs. It inhabits the rivers of South America. The name is also applied to a related African species (Protopterus annectens). The lepidosirens grow to a length of from four to six feet. Called also doko. { Lep´i•dote (lep´i•dot), Lep´i•do•ted (-do•ted), } a. [Gr. lepidwto•s covered with scales, fr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale.] (Bot.) Having a coat of scurfy scales, as the leaves of the oleaster.

Le•pis´ma (le•piz´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. le•pisma peel, fr. lepi•s -i•dos, a scale.] (Zoöl.) A genus of wingless thysanurous insects having an elongated flattened body, covered with shining scales and terminated by seven unequal bristles. A common species (Lepisma saccharina) is found in houses, and often injures books and furniture. Called also shiner, silver witch, silver moth, and furniture bug.

Le•pis´moid (-moid), a. [Lepisma + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Lepisma.

Lep´o•rine (lep´o•rin or - rin), a. [L. leporinus, fr. lepus, leporis, hare. See Leveret.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a hare; like or characteristic of, a hare.

Le´pra (le´pra), n. [L. See Leper.] (Med.) Leprosy. The term lepra was formerly given to various skin diseases, the leprosy of modern authors being Lepra Arabum. See Leprosy.

Lep´re (lep´er), n. Leprosy.[Obs.] Wyclif.

Lep´rose (lep´ros•), a. [See Leprous.] (Nat. Hist.) Covered with thin, scurfy scales.

Le•pros´i•ty (le•pros´i•ty), n. The state or quality of being leprous or scaly; also a scale. Bacon.

Lep´ro•sy (lep´ro•sy), n. [See Leprous.] (Med.) A cutaneous disease which first appears as blebs or as reddish, shining, slightly prominent spots, with spreading edges. These are often followed by an eruption of dark or yellowish prominent nodules, frequently producing great deformity. In one variety of the disease, anaesthesia of the skin is a prominent symptom. In addition there may be wasting of the muscles, falling out of the hair and nails, and distortion of the hands and feet with destruction of the bones and joints. It is incurable, and is probably contagious. The disease now called leprosy, also designated as Lepra or Lepra Arabum, and Elephantiasis Graecorum, is not the same as the leprosy of the ancients. The latter was indeed, a generic name for many varieties of skin disease (including our modern leprosy, psoriasis, etc.), some of which, among the Hebrews, rendered a person ceremonially unclean. A variety of leprosy of the Hebrews (probably identical with modern leprosy) was characterized by the presence of smooth, shining, depressed white patches or scales, the hair on which participated in the whiteness, while the skin and adjacent flesh became insensible. It was an incurable disease.

Lep´rous (-rus), a. [OF. leprous, lepros, F. lepreux, fr. L. leprosus, fr. lepra, leprae, leprosy. See Leper.] 1. Infected with leprosy; pertaining to or resembling leprosy. ´His hand was leprous as snow.´ Ex. iv. 6. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Leprose. — Lep´rous•ly, adv. — Lep´rous•ness, n.

Lep´ry (-ry), n. Leprosy. [Obs.] Holland.

Lep´ti•form (-ti•fôrm), a. [Leptus + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having a form somewhat like leptus; — said of active insect larvae having three pairs of legs. See Larva.

Lep•to•car´di•a (lep•to•kär´di•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s small + kardi•a the heart.] (Zoöl.) The lowest class of Vertebrata, including only the Amphioxus. The heart is represented only by a simple pulsating vessel. The blood is colorless; the brain, renal organs, and limbs are wanting, and the backbone is represented only by a simple, unsegmented notochord. See Amphioxus. [Written also Leptocardii.]

Lep•to•car´di•an (-an), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Leptocardia. — n. One of the Leptocardia.

Lep•to•dac´tyl (-dak´til), n. [Gr. lepto•s small, thin + da•ktylos finger, toe.] (Zoöl.) A bird or other animal having slender toes. [Written also lepodactyle.]

Lep•to•dac´tyl•ous (-us), a. Having slender toes.

Lep•tol´o•gy (lep•tol´o•jy), n. [Gr. leptologi•a; lepto•s small, subtile + lo•gos discourse.] A minute and tedious discourse on trifling things.

Lep•to•men•in•gi´tis (lep•to•men•in•ji´tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s small + meningitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the pia mater or of the arachnoid membrane.

Lep´to•rhine (lep´to•rin or •rin), a. [Gr. lepto•s small + ´ri•s, ´rino•s, the nose.] (Anat.) Having the nose narrow; — said esp. of the skull. Opposed to platyrhine.

Lep•tos´tra•ca (lep•tos´tra•ka), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s thin, slender + ’o•strakon shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea, including Nebalia and allied forms.

Lep´to•thrix (lep´to•thriks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto•s small + qri•x hair.] (Biol.) A genus of bacteria, characterized by having their filaments very long, slender, and indistinctly articulated.

Lep´to•thrix, a. [See Leptothrix, n. ] (Biol.) Having the form of a little chain; — applied to bacteria when, as in multiplication by fission, they form a chain of filiform individuals.

Lep´tus (lep´tus), n. [NL., from Gr. lepto•s thin, small.] (Zoöl.) The six-legged young, or larva, of certain mites; — sometimes used as a generic name. See Harvest mite, under Harvest.

Lep´ty•nite (lep´ti•nit), n. (Min.) See Granulite.

Lere (ler), n. [See Lore knowledge.] Learning; lesson; lore. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lere, v. t. & i. [OE. leeren, leren, AS. laeran. See Lore, Learn.] To learn; to teach. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lere, a. Empty. [Obs.] See Leer, a.

Lere, n. [AS. lira flesh; cf. Icel. laer thigh.] Flesh; skin. [Obs.] ´His white leer.´ Chaucer.

Ler´ed (ler´ed), a. [From lere, v. t.] Learned. [Obs.] ´ Lewed man or lered.´ Chaucer.

Ler•nae´a (ler•ne´a), n. [NL., fr. L. Lernaeus Lernaean, fr. Lerna, Gr. Le•rnh, a forest and marsh near Argos, the mythological abode of the hydra.] (Zoöl.) A Linnaean genus of parasitic Entomostraca, — the same as the family Lernaeidae. The genus is restricted by modern zoölogists to a limited number of species similar to Lernaea branchialis found on the gills of the cod.

Ler•nae•a´ce•a (ler•ne•a´she•a), n. pl. [NL. See Lernaea.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of copepod Crustacea, including a large number of remarkable forms, mostly parasitic on fishes. The young, however, are active and swim freely. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ler•ne´an (ler•ne´an), n. [See Lernaea.] (Zoöl.) One of a family (Lernaeidae) of parasitic Crustacea found attached to fishes and other marine animals. Some species penetrate the skin and flesh with the elongated head, and feed on the viscera. See Illust. in Appendix.

Le•rot´ (la•ro´), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent (Eliomys nitela), allied to the dormouse.

Les (les), n. A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Les´bi•an (les´bi•an), a. Of or pertaining to the island anciently called Lesbos, now Mitylene, in the Grecian Archipelago.

Lese (lez), v. t. To lose. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lese•-maj´es•ty (-maj´es•ty), n. See Leze majesty.

Le´sion (le´zhun), n. [F. lesion, L. laesio, fr. laedere, laesum, to hurt, injure.] A hurt; an injury. Specifically: (a) (Civil Law) Loss sustained from failure to fulfill a bargain or contract. Burrill. (b) (Med.) Any morbid change in the exercise of functions or the texture of organs. Dunglison.

-less (-les). [AS. leás loose, false; akin to OS. los loose, false, D. los loose, loos false, sly, G. los loose, Icel. lauss loose, vacant, Goth. laus empty, vain, and also to E. loose, lose. rad.127. See Lose, and cf. Loose, Leasing.] A privative adjective suffix, denoting without, destitute of, not having; as witless, childless, fatherless.

Less (les), conj. Unless. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Less, a. [OE. lesse, AS. laessa; akin to OFries. lessa; a compar. from a lost positive form. Cf. Lesser, Lest, Least. Less has the sense of the comparative degree of little.] Smaller; not so large or great; not so much; shorter; inferior; as a less quantity or number; a horse of less size or value; in less time than before. The substantive which less qualifies is often omitted; as the purse contained less (money) than ten dollars. See Less, n. “Thus in less [time] than a hundred years from the coming of Augustine, all England became Christian.” E. A. Freeman.

Less, adv. [AS. laes. See Less, adj., and cf. Lest.] Not so much; in a smaller or lower degree; as less bright or loud; less beautiful.

Less, n. 1. A smaller portion or quantity. “The children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less.” Ex. xvi. 17. 2. The inferior, younger, or smaller. “The less is blessed of the better.” Heb. vii. 7.

Less, v. t. To make less; to lessen. [Obs.] Gower.

Les•see´ (les•se´), n. [F. laisse, p. p. of laisser. See Lease, v. t.] (Law) The person to whom a lease is given, or who takes an estate by lease. Blackstone.

Less´en (les´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lessening.] [From Less, a.] To make less; to reduce; to make smaller, or fewer; to diminish; to lower; to degrade; as to lessen a kingdom, or a population; to lessen speed, rank, fortune. “Charity … shall lessen his punishment.” Calamy. “St. Paul chose to magnify his office when ill men conspired to lessen it.” Atterbury. Syn. — To diminish; reduce; abate; decrease; lower; impair; weaken; degrade.

Less´en, v. i. To become less; to shrink; to contract; to decrease; to be diminished; as the apparent magnitude of objects lessens as we recede from them; his care, or his wealth, lessened. “The objection lessens much, and comes to no more than this: there was one witness of no good reputation.” Atterbury.

Less´en•er (-er), n. One who, or that which, lessens. “His wife … is the lessener of his pain, and the augmenter of his pleasure.” J. Rogers (1839).

Less´er (-er), a. [This word is formed by adding anew the compar. suffix -er (in which r is from an original s) to less. See Less, a.] Less; smaller; inferior. “God made … the lesser light to rule the night.” Gen. i. 15. Lesser is used for less, now the compar. of little, in certain special instances in which its employment has become established by custom; as Lesser Asia (i. e., Asia Minor), the lesser light, and some others; also in poetry, for the sake of the meter, and in prose where its use renders the passage more euphonious. “The more my prayer, the lesser is my grace.” Shak. “The larger here, and there the lesser lambs.” Pope. “By the same reason may a man, in the state of nature, punish the lesser breaches of the law.” Locke.

Less´er, adv. Less. [Obs.] Shak.

Les´ses (les´sez), n. pl. [F. laissees, from laisser to leave. See Lease, v. t.] The leavings or dung of beasts.

Les´son (les´s’n), n. [OE. lessoun, F. leçon lesson, reading, fr. L. lectio a reading, fr. legere to read, collect. See Legend, and cf. Lection.] 1. Anything read or recited to a teacher by a pupil or learner; something, as a portion of a book, assigned to a pupil to be studied or learned at one time. 2. That which is learned or taught by an express effort; instruction derived from precept, experience, observation, or deduction; a precept; a doctrine; as to take or give a lesson in drawing.´ A smooth and pleasing lesson.´ Milton. “Emprinteth well this lesson in your mind.” Chaucer. 3. A portion of Scripture read in divine service for instruction; as here endeth the first lesson. 4. A severe lecture; reproof; rebuke; warning. “She would give her a lesson for walking so late.” Sir. P. Sidney. 5. (Mus.) An exercise; a composition serving an educational purpose; a study.

Les´son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessoned (-s’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lessoning.] To teach; to instruct. Shak. “To rest the weary, and to soothe the sad,
Doth lesson happier men, and shame at least the bad.” Byron.

Les´sor (les´sor or les•sôr´), n. [See Lessee, Lease, v. t.] (Law) One who leases; the person who lets to farm, or gives a lease. Blackstone.

Lest (lest), v. i. To listen. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lest, n. [See List to choose.] Lust; desire; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lest, a. Last; least. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lest, conj. [OE. leste, fr. AS. ðy laes ðe the less that, where ðy is the instrumental case of the definite article, and ðe is an indeclinable relative particle, that, who, which. See The, Less, a.] 1. For fear that; that … not; in order that … not. “Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty.” Prov. xx. 13. “Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall.” 1 Cor. x. 12. 2. That (without the negative particle); — after certain expressions denoting fear or apprehension. “I feared
Lest I might anger thee.” Shak.

-let (-let). [From two French dim. endings - el (L. -ellus) and -et, as in bracelet.] A noun suffix having a diminutive force; as in streamlet, wavelet, armlet.

Let (let), v. t. [OE. letten, AS. lettan to delay, to hinder, fr. laet slow; akin to D. letten to hinder, G. verletzen to hurt, Icel. letja to hold back, Goth. latjan. See Late.] To retard; to hinder; to impede; to oppose. [Archaic] “He was so strong that no man might him let.” Chaucer. “He who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way.” 2. Thess. ii. 7. “Mine ancient wound is hardly whole,
And lets me from the saddle.” Tennyson.

Let, n. 1. A retarding; hindrance; obstacle; impediment; delay; — common in the phrase without let or hindrance, but elsewhere archaic. Keats. “Consider whether your doings be to the let of your salvation or not.” Latimer. 2. (Lawn Tennis) A stroke in which a ball touches the top of the net in passing over.

Let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Let (Letted (let´ted), [Obs].); p. pr. & vb. n. Letting.] [OE. leten, laeten (past tense lat, let, p. p. laten, leten, lete), AS. laetan (past tense let, p. p. laeten); akin to OFries. leta, OS. latan, D. laten, G. lassen, OHG. lazzan, Icel. lata, Sw. låta, Dan. lade, Goth. letan, and L. lassus weary. The original meaning seems to have been, to let loose, let go, let drop. Cf. Alas, Late, Lassitude, Let to hinder.] 1. To leave; to relinquish; to abandon. [Obs. or Archaic, except when followed by alone or be.] “He … prayed him his voyage for to let.” Chaucer. “Yet neither spins nor cards, ne cares nor frets,
But to her mother Nature all her care she lets.” Spenser. “Let me alone in choosing of my wife.” Chaucer. 2. To consider; to think; to esteem. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To cause; to make; — used with the infinitive in the active form but in the passive sense; as let make, i. e., cause to be made; let bring, i. e., cause to be brought. [Obs.] “This irous, cursed wretch
Let this knight’s son anon before him fetch.” Chaucer. “He … thus let do slay hem all three.” Chaucer. “Anon he let two coffers make.” Gower. 4. To permit; to allow; to suffer; — either affirmatively, by positive act, or negatively, by neglecting to restrain or prevent. In this sense, when followed by an infinitive, the latter is commonly without the sign to; as to let us walk, i. e., to permit or suffer us to walk. Sometimes there is entire omission of the verb; as to let [to be or to go] loose. “Pharaoh said, I will let you go.” Ex. viii. 28. “If your name be Horatio, as I am let to know it is.” Shak. 5. To allow to be used or occupied for a compensation; to lease; to rent; to hire out; — often with out; as to let a farm; to let a house; to let out horses. 6. To give, grant, or assign, as a work, privilege, or contract; — often with out; as to let the building of a bridge; to let out the lathing and the plastering. The active form of the infinitive of let, as of many other English verbs, is often used in a passive sense; as a house to let (i. e., for letting, or to be let). This form of expression conforms to the use of the Anglo-Saxon gerund with to (dative infinitive) which was commonly so employed. See Gerund, 2. ´ Your elegant house in Harley Street is to let.´ Thackeray. In the imperative mood, before the first person plural, let has a hortative force. ´ Rise up, let us go.´ Mark xiv. 42. ´ Let us seek out some desolate shade.´ Shak. To let alone, to leave; to withdraw from; to refrain from interfering with. — To let blood, to cause blood to flow; to bleed. — To let down. (a) To lower. (b) To soften in tempering; as to let down tools, cutlery, and the like. — To let drive or fly, to discharge with violence, as a blow, an arrow, or stone. See under Drive, and Fly. — To let in or into. (a) To permit or suffer to enter; to admit. (b) To insert, or imbed, as a piece of wood, in a recess formed in a surface for the purpose. To let loose, to remove restraint from; to permit to wander at large. — To let off. (a) To discharge; to let fly, as an arrow; to fire the charge of, as a gun. (b) To release, as from an engagement or obligation. [Colloq.] — To let out. (a) To allow to go forth; as to let out a prisoner. (b) To extend or loosen, as the folds of a garment; to enlarge; to suffer to run out, as a cord. (c) To lease; to give out for performance by contract, as a job. (d) To divulge. — To let slide, to let go; to cease to care for. [Colloq.] ´ Let the world slide.´ Shak.

Let, v. i. 1. To forbear. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To be let or leased; as the farm lets for $500 a year. See note under Let, v. t. To let on, to tell; to tattle; to divulge something. [Low] — To let up, to become less severe; to diminish; to cease; as when the storm lets up. [Colloq.]

Let´-a•lone´ (let´a•lon´), a. Letting alone. The let-alone principle, doctrine, or policy. (Polit. Econ.) See Laissez faire.

Letch (lech), v. & n. See Leach.

Letch, n. [See Lech, Lecher.] Strong desire; passion. (Archaic). “Some people have a letch for unmasking impostors, or for avenging the wrongs of others.” De Quincey.

Letch´y (-y), a. See Leachy.

Lete (let), v. t. To let; to leave. [Obs.]

Let´en (let´en), obs. p. p. of Lete. Chaucer.

Leth´al (leth´al), n. [Lauric + ether + alcohol.] (Chem.) One of the higher alcohols of the paraffine series obtained from spermaceti as a white crystalline solid. It is so called because it occurs in the ethereal salt of lauric acid.

Le´thal (le´thal), a. [L. lethalis, letalis, fr. lethum, letum, death: cf. F. lethal.] Deadly; mortal; fatal. ´The lethal blow.´ W. Richardson. — Le´thal•ly, adv.

Le•thal´i•ty (le•thal´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. lethalite.] The quality of being lethal; mortality. { Le•thar´gic (le•thär´jik), Le•thar´gic•al (-ji•kal), } a. [L. lethargicus, Gr. lhqargiko•s: cf. F. lethargique. See Lethargy.] Pertaining to, affected with, or resembling, lethargy; morbidly drowsy; dull; heavy. — Le•thar´gic•al•ly, adv. — Le•thar´gic•al•ness, n. — Le•thar´gic•ness, n.

Leth´ar•gize (leth´ar•jiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lethargized (- jizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lethargizing (- ji•zing).] To make lethargic. “All bitters are poison, and act by stilling, and depressing, and lethargizing the irritability.” Coleridge.

Leth´ar•gy (-jy), n.; pl. -gies (-jiz). [F. lethargie, L. lethargia, Gr. lhqargi•a, fr. lh•qargos forgetful, fr. lh•qh forgetfulness. See Lethe.] 1. Morbid drowsiness; continued or profound sleep, from which a person can scarcely be awaked. 2. A state of inaction or indifference. “Europe lay then under a deep lethargy.” Atterbury.

Leth´ar•gy, v. t. To lethargize. [Obs.] Shak.

Le´the (le´the or leth), n. [See Lethal.] Death.[Obs.] Shak.

Le´the (le´the), n. [L., fr. Gr. lh•qh, prop., forgetfulness; akin to lanqa•nesqai to forget, lanqa•nein to escape notice.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A river of Hades whose waters when drunk caused forgetfulness of the past. 2. Oblivion; a draught of oblivion; forgetfulness.

Le•the´an (le•the´an), a. [L. Lethaeus, Gr. lh•qaios or lhqai^os.] Of or pertaining to Lethe; resembling in effect the water of Lethe. Milton. Barrow.

Le´theed (le´thed), a. Caused by Lethe. ´ Letheed dullness.´ [Obs.] Shak.

Le´the•on (le´the•on), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lh•qh.] (Med.) Sulphuric ether used as an anaesthetic agent. [R.]

Le´the•on•ize (-iz), v. t. To subject to the influence of letheon. [R. or Obs.]

Le•thif´er•ous (le•thif´er•us), a. [L. lethifer, letifer, fr. lethum, letum, death + ferre to bear, to bring: cf. F. lethifère.] Deadly; bringing death or destruction.

Le´thy (le´thy), a. Lethean. [Obs.] Marston.

Let´-off (let´of•; 115), n. (Mach.) A device for letting off, releasing, or giving forth, as the warp from the cylinder of a loom.

Let´te (let´te), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Letted.] To let; to hinder. See Let, to hinder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Let´ter (let´ter), n. [From Let to permit.] One who lets or permits; one who lets anything for hire.

Let´ter, n. [From Let to hinder.] One who retards or hinders. [Archaic.]

Let´ter, n. [OE. lettre, F. lettre, OF. letre, fr. L. littera, litera, a letter; pl., an epistle, a writing, literature, fr. linere, litum, to besmear, to spread or rub over; because one of the earliest modes of writing was by graving the characters upon tablets smeared over or covered with wax. Pliny, xiii. 11. See Liniment, and cf. Literal.] 1. A mark or character used as the representative of a sound, or of an articulation of the human organs of speech; a first element of written language. “And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew.” Luke xxiii. 38. 2. A written or printed communication; a message expressed in intelligible characters on something adapted to conveyance, as paper, parchment, etc.; an epistle. “The style of letters ought to be free, easy, and natural.” Walsh. 3. A writing; an inscription. [Obs.] “None could expound what this letter meant.” Chaucer. 4. Verbal expression; literal statement or meaning; exact signification or requirement. “We must observe the letter of the law, without doing violence to the reason of the law and the intention of the lawgiver.” Jer. Taylor. “I broke the letter of it to keep the sense.” Tennyson. 5. (Print.) A single type; type, collectively; a style of type. “Under these buildings … was the king’s printing house, and that famous letter so much esteemed.” Evelyn. 6. pl. Learning; erudition; as a man of letters. 7. pl. A letter; an epistle. [Obs.] Chaucer. Dead letter, Drop letter, etc. See under Dead, Drop, etc. — Letter book, a book in which copies of letters are kept. — Letter box, a box for the reception of letters to be mailed or delivered. — Letter carrier, a person who carries letters; a postman; specif., an officer of the post office who carries letters to the persons to whom they are addressed, and collects letters to be mailed. — Letter cutter, one who engraves letters or letter punches. — Letter lock, a lock that can not be opened when fastened, unless certain movable lettered rings or disks forming a part of it are in such a position (indicated by a particular combination of the letters) as to permit the bolt to be withdrawn. “A strange lock that opens with AMEN.” Beau. & Fl. — Letter paper, paper for writing letters on; especially, a size of paper intermediate between note paper and foolscap. See Paper. — Letter punch, a steel punch with a letter engraved on the end, used in making the matrices for type. — Letters of administration (Law), the instrument by which an administrator or administratrix is authorized to administer the goods and estate of a deceased person. — Letter of attorney, Letter of credit, etc. See under Attorney, Credit, etc. — Letter of license, a paper by which creditors extend a debtor’s time for paying his debts. — Letters close or clause (Eng. Law.), letters or writs directed to particular persons for particular purposes, and hence closed or sealed on the outside; — distinguished from letters patent. Burrill. — Letters of orders (Eccl.), a document duly signed and sealed, by which a bishop makes it known that he has regularly ordained a certain person as priest, deacon, etc. — Letters patent, overt, or open (Eng. Law), a writing executed and sealed, by which power and authority are granted to a person to do some act, or enjoy some right; as letters patent under the seal of England. — Letter-sheet envelope, a stamped sheet of letter paper issued by the government, prepared to be folded and sealed for transmission by mail without an envelope. — Letters testamentary (Law), an instrument granted by the proper officer to an executor after probate of a will, authorizing him to act as executor. — Letter writer. (a) One who writes letters. (b) A machine for copying letters. (c) A book giving directions and forms for the writing of letters.

Let´ter (let´ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lettered (-terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lettering.] To impress with letters; to mark with letters or words; as a book gilt and lettered.

Let´tered (let´terd), a. 1. Literate; educated; versed in literature. ´ Are you not lettered?´ Shak. “The unlettered barbarians willingly accepted the aid of the lettered clergy, still chiefly of Roman birth, to reduce to writing the institutes of their forefathers.” Milman. 2. Of or pertaining to learning or literature; learned. ´ A lettered education.´ Collier. 3. Inscribed or stamped with letters. Addison.

Let´ter•er (let´ter•er), n. One who makes, inscribes, or engraves, alphabetical letters.

Let´ter•ing, n. 1. The act or business of making, or marking with, letters, as by cutting or painting. 2. The letters made; as the lettering of a sign.

Let´ter•less (let´ter•les), a. 1. Not having a letter. 2. Illiterate. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Let´tern (let´tern), n. See Lecturn.

Let´ter•press (-ter•pres•), n. Print; letters and words impressed on paper or other material by types; — often used of the reading matter in distinction from the illustrations. “Letterpress printing, printing directly from type, in distinction from printing from plates.”

Let´ter•ure (-ur), n. Letters; literature. [Obs.] ´To teach him letterure and courtesy.´ Chaucer.

Let´ter•wood (-wood•), n. (Bot.) The beautiful and highly elastic wood of a tree of the genus Brosimum (B. Aubletii), found in Guiana; — so called from black spots in it which bear some resemblance to hieroglyphics; also called snakewood, and leopardwood. It is much used for bows and for walking sticks.

Let´tic (let´tik), a. (a) Of or pertaining to the Letts; Lettish. (b) Of or pertaining to a branch of the Slavic family, subdivided into Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian. — n. (a) The language of the Letts; Lettish. (b) The language of the Lettic race, including Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian.

Let´tish (let´tish), a. Of or pertaining to the Letts. — n. The language spoken by the Letts. See Lettic.

Let´trure (-trur), n. See Letterure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Letts (lets), n. pl.; sing. Lett (let). (Ethnol.) An Indo-European people, allied to the Lithuanians and Old Prussians, and inhabiting a part of the Baltic provinces of Russia.

Let´tuce (let´tis), n. [OE. letuce, prob. through Old French from some Late Latin derivative of L. lactuca lettuce, which, according to Varro, is fr. lac, lactis, milk, on account of the milky white juice which flows from it when it is cut: cf. F. laitue. Cf. Lacteal, Lactucic.] (Bot.) A composite plant of the genus Lactuca (L. sativa), the leaves of which are used as salad. Plants of this genus yield a milky juice, from which lactucarium is obtained. The commonest wild lettuce of the United States is L. Canadensis. Hare’s lettuce, Lamb’s lettuce. See under Hare, and Lamb. - - Lettuce opium. See Lactucarium. - - Sea lettuce, certain papery green seaweeds of the genus Ulva.

Let´u•a•ry (let´u•a•ry), n. Electuary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Let´-up (let´up•), n. [See Let to forbear.] Abatement; also cessation; as it blew a gale for three days without any let-up. [Colloq.]

Leuc- (luk-). Same as Leuco-.

Leu•ca•den´dron (lu•ka•den´dron), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko•s white + de•ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope, having handsome foliage. Leucadendron argenteum is the silverboom of the colonists.

Leu•can´i•line (lu•kan´i•lin or -len), n. [Leuc- + aniline.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, organic base, obtained from rosaniline by reduction, and also from other sources. It forms colorless salts.

Leu•chae´mi•a (lu•ke´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko•s white + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) See Leucocythaemia. — Leu•chaem´ic (lu•kem´ik), a. [Written also leukaemia, leukaemic.] { Leu´cic (lu´sik), Leu•cin´ic (lu•sin´ik), } a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from leucin, and called also oxycaproic acid.

Leu´cin (lu´sin), n. [Gr. leyko•s white.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance formed in the decomposition of albuminous matter by pancreatic digestion, by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid, and by putrefaction. It is also found as a constituent of various tissues and organs, as the spleen, pancreas etc., and likewise in the vegetable kingdom. Chemically it is to be considered as amido-caproic acid.

Leu´cite (lu´sit), n. [Gr. leyko•s white: cf. F. leucite.] 1. (Min.) A mineral having a glassy fracture, occurring in translucent trapezohedral crystals. It is a silicate of alumina and potash. It is found in the volcanic rocks of Italy, especially at Vesuvius. 2. (Bot.) A leucoplast.

Leu•cit´ic (lu•sit´ik), a. (Min.) Containing leucite; as leucitic rocks.

Leu´ci•toid (lu´si•toid), n. [Leucite + -oid.] (Crystallog.) The trapezohedron or tetragonal trisoctahedron; — so called as being the form of the mineral leucite. { Leu´co- (lu´ko-), Leuc- (luk- ). } [Gr. leyko•s white.] A combining form signifying white, colorless; specif. (Chem.), denoting an extensive series of colorless organic compounds, obtained by reduction from certain other colored compounds; as leucaniline, leucaurin, etc.

Leu´co•cyte (lu´ko•sit), n. [Leuco- + Gr. ky•tos a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A colorless corpuscle, as one of the white blood corpuscles, or those found in lymph, marrow of bone, connective tissue, etc. They all consist of more or less spherical masses of protoplasm, without any surrounding membrane or wall, and are capable of motion. { Leu•co•cy•thae´mi•a Leu•co•cy•the´mi•a } (lu•ko•si•the´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko•s white + ky•tos a hollow vessel + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A disease in which the white corpuscles of the blood are largely increased in number, and there is enlargement of the spleen, or the lymphatic glands; leuchaemia.

Leu•co•cy•to•gen´e•sis (- si•to•jen´e•sis), n. [Leucocyte + genesis.] (Physiol.) The formation of leucocytes.

Leu•co•e•thi•op´ic (- e•thi•op´ik), a. [Leuco- + Ethiopic.] White and black; — said of a white animal of a black species, or the albino of the negro race.

Leu•co•e´thi•ops (-e´thi•ops), n. [Leuco- + Aethiops.] An albino. [Also written leucœthiops.]

Leu´co•line (lu´ko•lin or -len), n. [Leuc- + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous organic base from coal tar, and identical with quinoline. Cf. Quinoline.

Leu•co´ma (lu•ko´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ley•kwma, fr. leyko•s white.] (Med.) A white opacity in the cornea of the eye; — called also albugo.

Leu•co´ma•ine (lu•ko´ma•in or - en), n. [Leuco- + -maine, as in ptomaine.] (Physiol. Chem.) An animal base or alkaloid, appearing in the tissue during life; hence, a vital alkaloid, as distinguished from a ptomaine or cadaveric poison.

Leu•con´ic (-kon´ik), a. [Leuc- + croconic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex organic acid, obtained as a yellowish white gum by the oxidation of croconic acid.

Leu•cop´a•thy (lu•kop´a•thy), n. [Leuco- + Gr. pa•schein, paqei^n to suffer.] The state of an albino, or of a white child of black parents.

Leu´co•phane (lu´ko•fan), n. [Gr. leykofanh•s appearing bright or white; leyko•s white + fai•nein to show: cf. G. leukophan.] (Min.) A mineral of a greenish yellow color; it is a silicate of glucina, lime, and soda with fluorine. Called also leucophanite.

Leu•co•phleg´ma•cy (lu•ko•fleg´ma•sy), n. [Gr. leykoflegmati•a; leyko•s white + fle•gma phlegm: cf. F. leucophlegmasie.] (Med.) A dropsical habit of body, or the commencement of anasarca; paleness, with viscid juices and cold sweats.

Leu•co•phleg•mat´ic (-fleg•mat´ik), a. [Cf. F. leucophlegmatique, Gr. leykofle•gmatos.] Having a dropsical habit of body, with a white bloated skin.

Leu´co•phyll (lu´ko•fil), n. [Leuco- + Gr. fy•llon a leaf.] (Chem.) A colorless substance isomeric with chlorophyll, contained in parts of plants capable of becoming green. Watts.

Leu•coph´yl•lous (lu•kof´il•lus or lu•ko•fil´lus), a. [Gr. leyko•fyllos; leyko•s white + fy•llon a leaf.] (Bot.) Having white or silvery foliage. { Leu´co•plast (lu´ko•plast), Leu•co•plas´tid (-plas´tid), } n. [Leuco- + Gr. pla•ssein to mold.] (Bot.) One of certain very minute whitish or colorless granules occurring in the protoplasm of plants and supposed to be the nuclei around which starch granules will form.

Leu•cop´y•rite (lu•kop´i•rit), n. [Leuco- + pyrites.] (Min.) A mineral of a color between white and steel-gray, with a metallic luster, and consisting chiefly of arsenic and iron.

Leu•cor•rhœ´a (lu•kor•re´a), n. [Leuco- + Gr. ´rei^n to flow.] (Med.) A discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish, viscid mucus, resulting from inflammation or irritation of the membrane lining the genital organs of the female; the whites. Dunglison.

Leu´co•ryx (lu´ko•riks), n. [NL., from Gr. leyko•s + ’o•ryx a kind of gazelle.] (Zoöl.) A large antelope of North Africa (Oryx leucoryx), allied to the gemsbok.

Leu´co•scope (lu´ko•skop), n. [Leuco- + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument, devised by Professor Helmholtz, for testing the color perception of the eye, or for comparing different lights, as to their constituent colors or their relative whiteness.

Leu´co•soid (-soid), a. [NL. Leucosia, the typical genus (fr. Gr. leyko•s white) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Leucosoidea, a tribe of marine crabs including the box crab or Calappa.

Leu´co•sphere (-sfer), n. [Leuco- + sphere.] (Astron.) The inner corona. [R.]

Leu•co•tu´ric (lu•ko•tu´rik), a. [Leuco- + allantoic + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic substance of the uric acid group, called leucoturic acid or oxalantin. See Oxalantin.

Leu´cous (lu´kus), a. [Gr. leyko•s.] White; — applied to albinos, from the whiteness of their skin and hair.

Leu•cox´ene (lu•koks´en), n. [Leuco- + Gr. xe•nos stranger.] (Min.) A nearly opaque white mineral, in part identical with titanite, observed in some igneous rocks as the result of the alteration of titanic iron.

Leu•kae´mi•a (lu•ke´mi•a), n. Leucocythaemia.

Leuke (luk), a., Leuke´ness, n. See Luke, etc.

Leu´ko•plast (lu´ko•plast), n. (Bot.) See Leucoplast.

Le•va´na (le•va´na), n. [L., fr. levare to raise.] (Rom. Myth.) A goddess who protected newborn infants.

Le´vant (le´vant), a. [F., p. pr. of lever to raise.] (Law) Rising or having risen from rest; — said of cattle. See Couchant and levant, under Couchant.

Le•vant´ (le•vant´), n. [It. levante the point where the sun rises, the east, the Levant, fr. levare to raise, levarsi to rise: cf. F. levant. See Lever.] 1. The countries washed by the eastern part of the Mediterranean and its contiguous waters. 2. A levanter (the wind so called).

Le´vant (le´vant; 277), a. Eastern. [Obs.] “Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds.” Milton.

Le•vant´ (le•vant´), v. i. [Cf. Sp. levantar to raise, go from one place to another.] To run away from one’s debts; to decamp. [Colloq. Eng.] Thackeray.

Le•vant´er (le•vant´er), n. [From Levant, v.] One who levants, or decamps. [Colloq. Eng.]

Le•vant´er, n. [From Levant, n.] A strong easterly wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. W. H. Russell.

Le•vant´ine (le•vant´in or lev´ant•in; 277), a. [F. levantin, or It. levantino. See Levant, n.] Of or pertaining to the Levant. J. Spencer.

Le•vant´ine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Levant. 2. [F. levantine, or It. levantina.] A stout twilled silk fabric, formerly made in the Levant.

Le•va•ri fa´ci•as (le•va•ri fa´shi•as). [Law L., cause to be levied.] A writ of execution at common law.

Le•va´tion (le•va´shun), n. [L. levatio.] The act of raising; elevation; upward motion, as that produced by the action of a levator muscle.

Le•va´tor (le•va´tor), n. [NL., fr. L. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. (Anat.) A muscle that serves to raise some part, as the lip or the eyelid. 2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument used to raise a depressed part of the skull.

Leve (lev), a. Dear. See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, n. & v. Same as 3d & 4th Leave. [Obs.]

Leve, v. i. To live. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, v. t. [OE., fr. AS. lefan, abbrev. fr. gelefan. See Believe.] To believe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, v. t. [OE. leven, AS. lefan, lyfan. See Leave permission.] To grant; — used esp. in exclamations or prayers followed by a dependent clause. [Obs.] “God leve all be well.” Chaucer.

Lev´ee (lev´e; often lev•e´ in U. S.), n. [F. lever, fr. lever to raise, se lever to rise. See Lever, n.] 1. The act of rising. ´ The sun’s levee.´ Gray. 2. A morning assembly or reception of visitors, — in distinction from a soiree, or evening assembly; a matinee; hence, also any general or somewhat miscellaneous gathering of guests, whether in the daytime or evening; as the president’s levee. In England a ceremonious day reception, when attended by both ladies and gentlemen, is called a drawing-room.

Lev´ee, v. t. To attend the levee or levees of. “He levees all the great.” Young.

Lev´ee, n. [F. levee, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levy.] An embankment to prevent inundation; as the levees along the Mississippi; sometimes, the steep bank of a river. [U. S.]

Lev´ee, v. t. To keep within a channel by means of levees; as to levee a river. [U. S.]

Le•vee´ en• masse´ (le•va´ äN• mas´). [F.] See Levy in mass, under Levy, n.

Leve´ful (lev´ful), a. [Leve, n. + -ful.] Allowable; permissible; lawful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lev´el (lev´el), n. [OE. level, livel, OF. livel, F. niveau, fr. L. libella level, water level, a plumb level, dim. of libra pound, measure for liquids, balance, water poise, level. Cf. Librate, Libella.] 1. A line or surface to which, at every point, a vertical or plumb line is perpendicular; a line or surface which is everywhere parallel to the surface of still water; — this is the true level, and is a curve or surface in which all points are equally distant from the center of the earth, or rather would be so if the earth were an exact sphere. 2. A horizontal line or plane; that is, a straight line or a plane which is tangent to a true level at a given point and hence parallel to the horizon at that point; — this is the apparent level at the given point. 3. An approximately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth; as to climb from the level of the coast to the level of the plateau and then descend to the level of the valley or of the sea. “After draining of the level in Northamptonshire.” Sir M. Hale. “Shot from the deadly level of a gun.” Shak. 4. Hence, figuratively, a certain position, rank, standard, degree, quality, character, etc., conceived of as in one of several planes of different elevation. “Providence, for the most part, sets us on a level.” Addison. “Somebody there of his own level.” Swift. “Be the fair level of thy actions laid
As temperance wills and prudence may persuade.” Prior. 5. A uniform or average height; a normal plane or altitude; a condition conformable to natural law or which will secure a level surface; as moving fluids seek a level. “When merit shall find its level.” F. W. Robertson. 6. (Mech. & Surv.) (a) An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to a horizontal line. (b) A measurement of the difference of altitude of two points, by means of a level; as to take a level. 7. A horizontal passage, drift, or adit, in a mine. Air level, a spirit level. See Spirit level (below). — Box level, a spirit level in which a glass-covered box is used instead of a tube. — Carpenter’s level, Mason’s level, either the plumb level or a straight bar of wood, in which is imbedded a small spirit level. — Level of the sea, the imaginary level from which heights and depths are calculated, taken at a mean distance between high and low water. — Line of levels, a connected series of measurements, by means of a level, along a given line, as of a railroad, to ascertain the profile of the ground. — Plumb level, one in which a horizontal bar is placed in true position by means of a plumb line, to which it is at right angles. — Spirit level, one in which the adjustment to the horizon is shown by the position of a bubble in alcohol or ether contained in a nearly horizontal glass tube, or a circular box with a glass cover. — Surveyor’s level, a telescope, with a spirit level attached, and with suitable screws, etc., for accurate adjustment, the whole mounted on a tripod, for use in leveling; — called also leveling instrument. — Water level, an instrument to show the level by means of the surface of water in a trough, or in upright tubes connected by a pipe.

Lev´el (lev´el), a. 1. Even; flat; having no part higher than another; having, or conforming to, the curvature which belongs to the undisturbed liquid parts of the earth’s surface; as a level field; level ground; the level surface of a pond or lake. “Ample spaces o’er the smooth
And level pavement.” Milton. 2. Coinciding or parallel with the plane of the horizon; horizontal; as the telescope is now level. 3. Even with anything else; of the same height; on the same line or plane; on the same footing; of equal importance; — followed by with, sometimes by to. “Young boys and girls
Are level now with men; the odds is gone.” Shak. “Everything lies level to our wish.” Shak. 4. Straightforward; direct; clear; open. “A very plain and level account.” M. Arnold. 5. Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial; as a level head; a level understanding. [Colloq.] ´ A level consideration.´ Shak. 6. (Phonetics) Of even tone; without rising or falling inflection. H. Sweet. Level line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a section which is horizontal crosswise, and parallel with the rabbet of the keel lengthwise. — Level surface (Physics), an equipotential surface at right angles at every point to the lines of force.

Lev´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leveled (-eld) or Levelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Leveling or Levelling.] 1. To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as to level a road, a walk, or a garden. 2. To bring to a lower level; to overthrow; to topple down; to reduce to a flat surface; to lower. “And their proud structures level with the ground.” Sandys. “He levels mountains and he raises plains.” Dryden. 3. To bring to a horizontal position, as a gun; hence, to point in taking aim; to aim; to direct. “Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, leveled a quarrel out of a crossbow.” Stow. 4. Figuratively, to bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.; as to level all the ranks and conditions of men. 5. To adjust or adapt to a certain level; as to level remarks to the capacity of children. “For all his mind on honor fixed is,
To which he levels all his purposes.” Spenser.

Lev´el, v. i. 1. To be level; to be on a level with, or on an equality with, something; hence, to accord; to agree; to suit. [Obs.] “With such accommodation and besort
As levels with her breeding.” Shak. 2. To aim a gun, spear, etc., horizontally; hence, to aim or point a weapon in direct line with the mark; fig., to direct the eye, mind, or effort, directly to an object. “The foeman may with as great aim level at the edge of a penknife.” Shak. “The glory of God and the good of his church … ought to be the mark whereat we also level.” Hooker. “She leveled at our purposes.” Shak.

Lev´el•er (-er), n. [Written also leveller.] 1. One who, or that which, levels. 2. One who would remove social inequalities or distinctions; a socialist.

Lev´el•ing, n. [Written also levelling.] 1. The act or operation of making level. 2. (Surveying) The art or operation of using a leveling instrument for finding a horizontal line, for ascertaining the differences of level between different points of the earth’s surface included in a survey, for establishing grades, etc., as in finding the descent of a river, or locating a line of railroad. Leveling instrument. See Surveyor’s level, under Level, n. — Leveling staff, a graduated rod or staff used in connection with a leveling instrument for measuring differences of level between points.

Lev´el•ism (-iz’m), n. The disposition or endeavor to level all distinctions of rank in society.

Lev´el•ly, adv. In an even or level manner.

Lev´el•ness, n. The state or quality of being level.

Lev´en (lev´en), n. [See Levin.] Lightning. [Obs.] “Wild thunder dint and fiery leven.” Chaucer.

Lev´er (le´ver), a. [Old compar. of leve or lief.] More agreeable; more pleasing. [Obs.] Chaucer. To be lever than. See Had as lief, under Had.

Lev´er, adv. Rather. [Obs.] Chaucer. “For lever had I die than see his deadly face.” Spenser.

Le´ver (le´ver or lev´er; 277), n. [OE. levour, OF. leveor, prop., a lifter, fr. F. lever to raise, L. levare; akin to levis light in weight, E. levity, and perh. to E. light not heavy: cf. F. levier. Cf. Alleviate, Elevate, Leaven, Legerdemain, Levee, Levy, n.] 1. (Mech.) A rigid piece which is capable of turning about one point, or axis (the fulcrum), and in which are two or more other points where forces are applied; — used for transmitting and modifying force and motion. Specif., a bar of metal, wood, or other rigid substance, used to exert a pressure, or sustain a weight, at one point of its length, by receiving a force or power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed point called a fulcrum. It is usually named as the first of the six mechanical powers, and is of three kinds, according as either the fulcrum F, the weight W, or the power P, respectively, is situated between the other two, as in the figures. 2. (Mach.) (a) A bar, as a capstan bar, applied to a rotatory piece to turn it. (b) An arm on a rock shaft, to give motion to the shaft or to obtain motion from it. Compound lever, a machine consisting of two or more levers acting upon each other. — Lever escapement. See Escapement. — Lever jack. See Jack, n., 5. — Lever watch, a watch having a vibrating lever to connect the action of the escape wheel with that of the balance. — Universal lever, a machine formed by a combination of a lever with the wheel and axle, in such a manner as to convert the reciprocating motion of the lever into a continued rectilinear motion of some body to which the power is applied.

Lev´er•age (lev´er•aj or le´ver•aj), n. The action of a lever; mechanical advantage gained by the lever. Leverage of a couple (Mech.), the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of two forces which act in parallel and opposite directions. — Leverage of a force, the perpendicular distance from the line in which a force acts upon a body to a point about which the body may be supposed to turn.

Lev´er•et (lev´er•et), n. [F. levraut, dim. of lièvre hare, L. lepus. Cf. Leporine.] (Zoöl.) A hare in the first year of its age.

Lev´er•ock (-ok), n. [See Lark.] A lark. [Scot.]

Lev´er•wood (lev´er•wood•), n. (Bot.) The American hop hornbeam (Ostrya Virginica), a small tree with very tough wood.

Lev´e•sel (lev´e•sel), n. [AS. leáf a leaf + sael, sel, a room, a hall.] A leafy shelter; a place covered with foliage. [Obs.] “Behind the mill, under a levesel.” Chaucer.

Lev´et (lev´et), n. [Cf. F. lever to raise.] A trumpet call for rousing soldiers; a reveille. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Lev´i•a•ble (lev´i•a•b’l), a. [From Levy to assess.] Fit to be levied; capable of being assessed and collected; as sums leviable by course of law. Bacon.

Le•vi´a•than (le•vi´a•than), n. [Heb. livyathan.] 1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of Job, ch. xli., and mentioned in other passages of Scripture. It is not certainly known what animal is intended, whether the crocodile, the whale, or some sort of serpent. 2. The whale, or a great whale. Milton.

Lev´i•er (lev´i•er), n. One who levies. Cartwright.

Lev´i•ga•ble (lev´i•ga•b’l), a. [See Levigate, v. t.] Capable of being levigated.

Lev´i•gate (-gat), a. [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to lighten, fr. levis light.] Made less harsh or burdensome; alleviated. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Lev´i•gate (-gat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levigated (- ga•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Levigating.] [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to make smooth, fr. levis smooth; akin to Gr. lei^os.] To make smooth in various senses: (a) To free from grit; to reduce to an impalpable powder or paste. (b) To mix thoroughly, as liquids or semiliquids. (c) To polish. (d) To make smooth in action. ´ When use hath levigated the organs.´ Barrow. (e) Technically, to make smooth by rubbing in a moist condition between hard surfaces, as in grinding pigments.

Lev´i•gate (-gat), a. [L. levigatus, p. p.] Made smooth, as if polished.

Lev•i•ga´tion (lev•i•ga´shun), n. [L. levigatio a smoothing: cf. F. levigation.] The act or operation of levigating.

Lev´in (lev´in), n. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Leven.] Lightning. [Obs.] Spenser. Levin brand, a thunderbolt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lev´in•er (-er), n. (Zoöl.) A swift hound.

Le´vir (le´ver), n. [L.] A husband’s brother; — used in reference to levirate marriages. { Lev´i•rate (lev´i•rat), Lev•i•rat´ic•al (-rat´i•kal), } a. [L. levir a husband’s brother, brother- in-law; akin to Gr. dah•r: cf. F. levirat leviration.] Of, pertaining to, or in accordance with, a law of the ancient Israelites and other tribes and races, according to which a woman, whose husband died without issue, was married to the husband’s brother. “The firstborn son of a leviratical marriage was reckoned and registered as the son of the deceased brother.” Alford.

Lev•i•ra´tion (lev•i•ra´shun), n. Levirate marriage or marriages. Kitto.

Lev•i•ros´tres (-ros´trez), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. levis light + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds, including the hornbills, kingfishers, and related forms.

Lev´i•tate (lev´i•tat), v. i. [L. levitas, -atis, lightness. See Levity.] To rise, or tend to rise, as if lighter than the surrounding medium; to become buoyant; — opposed to gravitate. Sir. J. Herschel.

Lev´i•tate, v. t. (Spiritualism) To make buoyant; to cause to float in the air; as to levitate a table. [Cant]

Lev•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [L. levis light in weight.] 1. Lightness; buoyancy; act of making light. Paley. 2. The act or process of making buoyant.

Le´vite (le´vit), n. [L. Levites, Gr. Leyi:•ths, fr. Heb. Levi, one of the sons of Jacob.] 1. (Bib. Hist.) One of the tribe or family of Levi; a descendant of Levi; esp., one subordinate to the priests (who were of the same tribe) and employed in various duties connected with the tabernacle first, and afterward the temple, such as the care of the building, bringing of wood and other necessaries for the sacrifices, the music of the services, etc. 2. A priest; — so called in contempt or ridicule.

Le•vit´ic•al (le•vit´i•kal), a. [L. Leviticus, Gr. Leyitiko•s.] 1. Of or pertaining to a Levite or the Levites. 2. Priestly. ´ Levitical questions.´ Milton. 3. Of or pertaining to, or designating, the law contained in the book of Leviticus. Ayliffe. Levitical degrees, degrees of relationship named in Leviticus, within which marriage is forbidden.

Le•vit´ic•al•ly, adv. After the manner of the Levites; in accordance with the levitical law.

Le•vit´i•cus (-i•kus), n. [See Levitical.] The third canonical book of the Old Testament, containing the laws and regulations relating to the priests and Levites among the Hebrews, or the body of the ceremonial law.

Lev´i•ty (lev´i•ty), n. [L. levitas, fr. levis light in weight; akin to levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. The quality of weighing less than something else of equal bulk; relative lightness, especially as shown by rising through, or floating upon, a contiguous substance; buoyancy; — opposed to gravity. “He gave the form of levity to that which ascended; to that which descended, the form of gravity.” Sir. W. Raleigh. “This bubble by reason of its comparative levity to the fluidity that incloses it, would ascend to the top.” Bentley. 2. Lack of gravity and earnestness in deportment or character; trifling gayety; frivolity; sportiveness; vanity. ´ A spirit of levity and libertinism.´ Atterbury. “He never employed his omnipotence out of levity.” Calamy. 3. Lack of steadiness or constancy; disposition to change; fickleness; volatility. “The levity that is fatigued and disgusted with everything of which it is in possession.” Burke. Syn. — Inconstancy; thoughtlessness; unsteadiness; inconsideration; volatility; flightiness. — Levity, Volatility, Flightiness. All these words relate to outward conduct. Levity springs from a lightness of mind which produces a disregard of the proprieties of time and place.Volatility is a degree of levity which causes the thoughts to fly from one object to another, without resting on any for a moment. Flightiness is volatility carried to an extreme which often betrays its subject into gross impropriety or weakness. Levity of deportment, of conduct, of remark; volatility of temper, of spirits; flightiness of mind or disposition.

Le´vo- (le´vo-). A prefix from L. laevus, meaning: (a) Pertaining to, or toward, the left; as levorotatory. (b) (Chem. & Opt.) Turning the plane of polarized light to the left; as levotartaric acid; levoracemic acid; levogyratory crystals, etc. [Written also laevo-.]

Le•vo•gy´rate (-ji´rat), a. [Levo- + gyrate.] (Chem. & Physics) Turning or twisting the plane of polarization towards the left, as levulose, levotartaric acid, etc. [Written also laevogyrate.]

Le•vo•ro´ta•to•ry (-ro´ta•to•ry), a. [Levo- + rotatory.] (Chem. & Physics) Turning or rotating the plane of polarization towards the left; levogyrate, as levulose, left-handed quartz crystals, etc. [Written also laevorotatory.]

Lev´u•lin (lev´u•lin), n. (Chem.) A substance resembling dextrin, obtained from the bulbs of the dahlia, the artichoke, and other sources, as a colorless, spongy, amorphous material. It is so called because by decomposition it yields levulose. [Written also laevulin.]

Lev•u•lin´ic (-lin´ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid (called also acetyl-propionic acid), C5H8O3, obtained by the action of dilute acids on various sugars (as levulose). [Written also laevulinic.]

Lev•u•lo´san (-lo´san), n. (Chem.) An unfermentable carbohydrate obtained by gently heating levulose.

Lev´u•lose (lev´u•los•), n. [See Levo-.] (Chem.) A sirupy variety of sugar, rarely obtained crystallized, occurring widely in honey, ripe fruits, etc., and hence called also fruit sugar. It is called levulose, because it rotates the plane of polarization to the left. [Written also laevulose.]> It is obtained, together with an equal quantity of dextrose, by the inversion of ordinary cane or beet sugar, and hence, as being an ingredient of invert sugar, is often so called. It is fermentable, nearly as sweet as cane sugar, and is metameric with dextrose. Cf. Dextrose.

Lev´y (-y), n.; pl. Levies (-iz). [A contr. of elevenpence or elevenpenny bit.] A name formerly given in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to the Spanish real of one eighth of a dollar (or 12½ cents), valued at eleven pence when the dollar was rated at 7s. 6d.

Lev´y, n. [F. levee, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levee.] 1. The act of levying or collecting by authority; as the levy of troops, taxes, etc. “A levy of all the men left under sixty.” Thirlwall. 2. That which is levied, as an army, force, tribute, etc. ´ The Irish levies.´ Macaulay. 3. (Law) The taking or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants for the collection of taxes; a collecting by execution. Levy in mass [F. levee en masse], a requisition of all able-bodied men for military service.

Lev´y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levied (lev´id); p. pr. & vb. n. Levying.] 1. To raise, as a siege. [Obs.] Holland. 2. To raise; to collect; said of troops, to form into an army by enrollment, conscription, etc. “Augustine … inflamed Ethelbert, king of Kent, to levy his power, and to war against them.” Fuller. 3. To raise or collect by assessment; to exact by authority; as to levy taxes, toll, tribute, or contributions. “If they do this … my ransom, then,
Will soon be levied.” Shak. 4. (Law) (a) To gather or exact; as to levy money. (b) To erect, build, or set up; to make or construct; to raise or cast up; as to levy a mill, dike, ditch, a nuisance, etc. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. (c) To take or seize on execution; to collect by execution. To levy a fine, to commence and carry on a suit for assuring the title to lands or tenements. Blackstone. — To levy war, to make or begin war; to take arms for attack; to attack.

Lev´y, v. i. To seize property, real or personal, or subject it to the operation of an execution; to make a levy; as to levy on property; the usual mode of levying, in England, is by seizing the goods. To levy on goods and chattels, to take into custody or seize specific property in satisfaction of a writ. { Lev´yne (lev´in), Lev´yn•ite (- in•it), } n. [From Mr. Levy, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) A whitish, reddish, or yellowish, transparent or translucent mineral, allied to chabazite.

Lew (lu), a. [Cf. lee a calm or sheltered place, lukewarm.] Lukewarm; tepid. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lewd (lud), a. [Compar. Lewder (-er); superl. Lewdest.] [OE. lewed, lewd, lay, ignorant, vile, AS. laewed laical, belonging to the laity.] 1. Not clerical; laic; laical; hence, unlearned; simple. [Obs.] “For if a priest be foul, on whom we trust,
No wonder is a lewed man to rust.” Chaucer. “So these great clerks their little wisdom show
To mock the lewd, as learn’d in this as they.” Sir. J. Davies. 2. Belonging to the lower classes, or the rabble; idle and lawless; bad; vicious. [Archaic] Chaucer. “But the Jews, which believed not, … took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, … and assaulted the house of Jason.” Acts xvii. 5. “Too lewd to work, and ready for any kind of mischief.” Southey. 3. Given to the promiscuous indulgence of lust; dissolute; lustful; libidinous. Dryden. 4. Suiting, or proceeding from, lustfulness; involving unlawful sexual desire; as lewd thoughts, conduct, or language. Syn. — Lustful; libidinous; licentious; profligate; dissolute; sensual; unchaste; impure; lascivious; lecherous; rakish; debauched. — Lewd´ly, adv. — Lewd´ness, n.

Lewd´ster (-ster), n. A lewd person. [Obs.] Shak. { Lew´is (lu´is), Lew´is•son (- sun), } n. 1. An iron dovetailed tenon, made in sections, which can be fitted into a dovetail mortise; — used in hoisting large stones, etc. 2. A kind of shears used in cropping woolen cloth. Lewis hole, a hole wider at the bottom than at the mouth, into which a lewis is fitted. De Foe.

Lex (leks), n.; pl. Leges (le´jez). [L. See Legal.] Law; as lex talionis, the law of retaliation; lex terrae, the law of the land; lex fori, the law of the forum or court; lex loci, the law of the place; lex mercatoria, the law or custom of merchants.

Lex´ic•al (-i•kal), a. Of or pertaining to a lexicon, to lexicography, or words; according or conforming to a lexicon. — Lex´ic•al•ly, adv.

Lex•i•cog´ra•pher (- i•kog´ra•fer), n. [Gr. lexikogra•fos; lexiko•n dictionary + gra•fein to write: cf. F. lexicographe. See Lexicon.] The author or compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. “Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach; and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few.” Johnson. { Lex•i•co•graph´ic (-ko•graf´ik), Lex•i•co•graph´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Cf. F. lexicographique.] Of or pertaining to, or according to, lexicography. — Lex•i•co•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Lex•i•cog´ra•phist (-kog´ra•fist), n. A lexicographer. [R.] Southey.

Lex•i•cog´ra•phy (-fy), n. [Cf. F. lexicographie.] The art, process, or occupation of making a lexicon or dictionary; the principles which are applied in making dictionaries.

Lex•i•col´o•gist (-kol´o•jist), n. One versed in lexicology.

Lex•i•col´o•gy (-jy), n. [Gr. lexiko•n lexicon + -logy: cf. F. lexicologie.] The science of the derivation and signification of words; that branch of learning which treats of the signification and application of words.

Lex´i•con (leks´i•kon), n. [Gr. lexiko•n (sc. bibli•on), neut. of lexiko•s of or belonging to words, fr. le•xis a speaking, speech, a way of speaking, a single word or phrase, fr. le•gein to say, to speak. See Legend.] A vocabulary, or book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language or of a considerable number of them, with the definition of each; a dictionary; especially, a dictionary of the Greek, Hebrew, or Latin language.

Lex´i•con•ist, n. A writer of a lexicon. [R.]

Lex•i•graph´ic (-graf´ik), a. [Cf. F. lexigraphique.] Of or pertaining to lexigraphy.

Lex•ig´ra•phy (leks•ig´ra•fy), n. [Gr. le•xis word + -graphy: cf. F. lexigraphie.] The art or practice of defining words; definition of words.

Lex•i•phan´ic (leks•i•fan´ik), a. [Gr. lexifa•nis a phrase monger; le•xis speech + fai•nein to show.] Using, or interlarded with, pretentious words; bombastic; as a lexiphanic writer or speaker; lexiphanic writing.

Lex•i•phan´i•cism (-i•siz’m), n. The use of pretentious words, language, or style.

Lex•i•phar´mic (-fär´mik), a. See Alexipharmic.

Ley (la), v. t. & i. To lay; to wager. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ley, n. [OF.] Law. Abbott.

Ley (li), n. [Obs.] See Lye.

Ley (le), n. Grass or meadow land; a lea.

Ley, a. Fallow; unseeded. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. { Ley´den jar´ (li´d’n jär´; 277). Ley´den phi´al (fi´al).} (Elec.) A glass jar or bottle used to accumulate electricity. It is coated with tin foil, within and without, nearly to its top, and is surmounted by a brass knob which communicates with the inner coating, for the purpose of charging it with electricity. It is so named from having been invented in Leyden, Holland.

Ley´ser (la´zer), n. Leisure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leze• maj´es•ty (lez• maj´es•ty). [F. lese-majeste, fr. L. laesus, fem. laesa, injured (see Lesion) + majestas majesty; that is, crimen laesae majestatis.] [Written also lese majesty.] (Law) Any crime committed against the sovereign power.

Lher´zo•lite (ler´zo•lit), n. [From Lherz, a place in the Pyrenees + -lite.] (Min.) An igneous rock consisting largely of chrysolite, with pyroxene and picotite (a variety of spinel containing chromium).

Li (le), n. 1. A Chinese measure of distance, being a little more than one third of a mile. 2. A Chinese copper coin; a cash. See Cash.

Li•a•bil´i•ty (li•a•bil´i•ty), n.; pl. Liabilities (- tiz). 1. The state of being liable; as the liability of an insurer; liability to accidents; liability to the law. 2. That which one is under obligation to pay, or for which one is liable. Specifically, in the pl., the sum of one’s pecuniary obligations; — opposed to assets. Limited liability. See Limited company, under Limited.

Li´a•ble (li´a•b’l), a. [From F. lier to bind, L. ligare. Cf. Ally, v. t., Ligature.] 1. Bound or obliged in law or equity; responsible; answerable; as the surety is liable for the debt of his principal. 2. Exposed to a certain contingency or casualty, more or less probable; — with to and an infinitive or noun; as liable to slip; liable to accident. Syn. — Accountable; responsible; answerable; bound; subject; obnoxious; exposed. — Liable, Subject. Liable refers to a future possible or probable happening which may not actually occur; as horses are liable to slip; even the sagacious are liable to make mistakes. Subject refers to any actual state or condition belonging to the nature or circumstances of the person or thing spoken of, or to that which often befalls one. One whose father was subject to attacks of the gout is himself liable to have that disease. Men are constantly subject to the law, but liable to suffer by its infraction. “Proudly secure, yet liable to fall.” Milton. “All human things are subject to decay.” Dryden.

Li´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being liable; liability.

Li´age (li´aj), n. [Cf. OF. liage a bond. See Liable.] Union by league; alliance. [Obs.]

Li•ai•son´ (le•a•zôN´), n. [F., fr. L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. See Ligature, and cf. Ligation.] A union, or bond of union; an intimacy; especially, an illicit intimacy between a man and a woman. { Li•ane´ (li•an´), Li•a´na (li•a´na), } n. [F. liane; prob. akin to lien a band, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Lien, n. ] (Bot.) A luxuriant woody plant, climbing high trees and having ropelike stems. The grapevine often has the habit of a liane. Lianes are abundant in the forests of the Amazon region.

Li´ar (li´er), n. [OE. liere. See Lie to falsify.] A person who knowingly utters falsehood; one who lies.

Li´ard (li´erd), a. [OF. liart, LL. liardus gray, dapple.] Gray. [Obs.] Chaucer. Used by Chaucer as an epithet of a gray or dapple gray horse. Also used as a name for such a horse.

Liard (lyär), n. [F.] A French copper coin of one fourth the value of a sou.

Li´as (li´as), n. [Cf. F. lias, fr. liais sort of limestone, OF. also liois; perh. of Celtic origin, cf. Armor. liach, leach, a stone, Gael. leac, W. llech. Cf. Cromlech.] (Geol.) The lowest of the three divisions of the Jurassic period; a name given in England and Europe to a series of marine limestones underlying the Oölite. See the Chart of Geology.

Li•as´sic (li•as´sik), a. (Geol.) Of the age of the Lias; pertaining to the Lias formation. — n. Same as Lias.

Lib (lib), v. t. [Cf. Glib to geld.] To castrate. [Obs.]

Lib´a•ment (lib´a•ment), n. [L. libamentum.] Libation. [Obs.] Holland.

Li´bant (li´bant), a. [L. libans, p. pr. of libare to taste, touch.] Sipping; touching lightly. [R.] Landor.

Li•ba´tion (li•ba´shun), n. [L. libatio, fr. libare to take a little from anything, to taste, to pour out as an offering: cf. F. libation.] The act of pouring a liquid or liquor, usually wine, either on the ground or on a victim in sacrifice, in honor of some deity; also the wine or liquid thus poured out. Dryden. “A heathen sacrifice or libation to the earth.” Bacon.

Li´ba•to•ry (li´ba•to•ry), a. Pertaining to libation.

Lib´bard (lib´berd), n. [See Leopard.] A leopard. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. Keats.

Lib´bard’s bane (-berdz ban•). Leopard’s bane. [Obs.]

Li´bel (li´bel), n. [L. libellus a little book, pamphlet, libel, lampoon, dim. of liber the liber or inner bark of a tree; also (because the ancients wrote on this bark), paper, parchment, or a roll of any material used to write upon, and hence, a book or treatise: cf. F. libelle.] 1. A brief writing of any kind, esp. a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. “A libel of forsaking [divorcement].” Wyclif (Matt. v. 31). 2. Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire. 3. (Law) A malicious publication expressed either in print or in writing, or by pictures, effigies, or other signs, tending to expose another to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. Such publication is indictable at common law. The term, in a more extended sense, includes the publication of such writings, pictures, and the like, as are of a blasphemous, treasonable, seditious, or obscene character. These also are indictable at common law. 4. (Law) The crime of issuing a malicious defamatory publication. 5. (Civil Law & Courts of Admiralty) A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and of the relief he seeks.

Li´bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Libeled (-beld) or Libelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Libeling or Libelling.] 1. To defame, or expose to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule, by a writing, picture, sign, etc.; to lampoon. “Some wicked wits have libeled all the fair.” Pope. 2. (Law) To proceed against by filing a libel, particularly against a ship or goods.

Li´bel (li´bel), v. i. To spread defamation, written or printed; — with against. [Obs.] “What’s this but libeling against the senate?” Shak. “[He] libels now ’gainst each great man.” Donne.

Li´bel•ant (-ant), n. One who libels; one who institutes a suit in an ecclesiastical or admiralty court. [Written also libellant.] Cranch.

Li´bel•er (-er), n. One who libels. [Written also libeller.] ´ Libelers of others.´ Buckminster.

Li´bel•ist (-ist), n. A libeler.

Li •bel´la (li•bel´la), n. [L., dim. of libra balance. See Level, n.] 1. A small balance. 2. A level, or leveling instrument.

Li•bel´lu•lid (li•bel´lu•lid), n. (Zoöl.) A dragon fly.

Li•bel´lu•loid (-loid), a. [NL. Libellula, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the dragon flies.

Li´bel•ous (li´bel•us), a. Containing or involving a libel; defamatory; containing that which exposes some person to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule; as a libelous pamphlet. [Written also libellous.] — Li´bel•ous•ly, adv.

Li´ber (li´ber), n. [L. See Libel.] (Bot.) The inner bark of plants, lying next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is, therefore, the part from which the fiber of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc. Liber cells, elongated woody cells found in the liber.

Lib´er•al (lib´er•al), a. [F. liberal, L. liberalis, from liber free; perh. akin to libet, lubet, it pleases, E. lief. Cf. Deliver.] 1. Free by birth; hence, befitting a freeman or gentleman; refined; noble; independent; free; not servile or mean; as a liberal ancestry; a liberal spirit; liberal arts or studies. ´ Liberal education.´ Macaulay. ´ A liberal tongue.´ Shak. 2. Bestowing in a large and noble way, as a freeman; generous; bounteous; open-handed; as a liberal giver. ´ Liberal of praise.´ Bacon. “Infinitely good, and of his good
As liberal and free as infinite.” Milton. 3. Bestowed in a large way; hence, more than sufficient; abundant; bountiful; ample; profuse; as a liberal gift; a liberal discharge of matter or of water. “His wealth doth warrant a liberal dower.” Shak. 4. Not strict or rigorous; not confined or restricted to the literal sense; free; as a liberal translation of a classic, or a liberal construction of law or of language. 5. Not narrow or contracted in mind; not selfish; enlarged in spirit; catholic. 6. Free to excess; regardless of law or moral restraint; licentious. ´ Most like a liberal villain.´ Shak. 7. Not bound by orthodox tenets or established forms in political or religious philosophy; independent in opinion; not conservative; friendly to great freedom in the constitution or administration of government; having tendency toward democratic or republican, as distinguished from monarchical or aristocratic, forms; as liberal thinkers; liberal Christians; the Liberal party. “I confess I see nothing liberal in this ´ order of thoughts,´ as Hobbes elsewhere expresses it.” Hazlitt. Liberal has of, sometimes with, before the thing bestowed, in before a word signifying action, and to before a person or object on which anything is bestowed; as to be liberal of praise or censure; liberal with money; liberal in giving; liberal to the poor. The liberal arts. See under Art. — Liberal education, education that enlarges and disciplines the mind and makes it master of its own powers, irrespective of the particular business or profession one may follow. Syn. — Generous; bountiful; munificent; beneficent; ample; large; profuse; free. — Liberal, Generous. Liberal is freeborn, and generous is highborn. The former is opposed to the ordinary feelings of a servile state, and implies largeness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, etc. The latter expresses that nobleness of soul which is peculiarly appropriate to those of high rank, — a spirit that goes out of self, and finds its enjoyment in consulting the feelings and happiness of others. Generosity is measured by the extent of the sacrifices it makes; liberality, by the warmth of feeling which it manifests.

Lib´er•al, n. One who favors greater freedom in political or religious matters; an opponent of the established systems; a reformer; in English politics, a member of the Liberal party, so called. Cf. Whig.

Lib´er•al•ism (-iz’m), n. [Cf. F. liberalisme.] Liberal principles; the principles and methods of the liberals in politics or religion; specifically, the principles of the Liberal party.

Lib´er•al•ist, n. A liberal.

Lib•er•al•is´tic (-is´tik), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, liberalism; as liberalistic opinions.

Lib•er•al´i•ty (-al´i•ty), n.; pl. Liberalities (- tiz). [L. liberalitas: cf. F. liberalite.] 1. The quality or state of being liberal; liberal disposition or practice; freedom from narrowness or prejudice; generosity; candor; charity. “That liberality is but cast away
Which makes us borrow what we can not pay.” Denham. 2. A gift; a gratuity; — sometimes in the plural; as a prudent man is not impoverished by his liberalities.

Lib•er•al•i•za´tion (- al•i•za´shun), n. The act of liberalizing.

Lib´er•al•ize (lib´er•al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liberalized (-izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liberalizing (-i•zing).] [Cf. F. liberaliser.] To make liberal; to free from narrow views or prejudices. “To open and to liberalize the mind.” Burke.

Lib´er•al•i•zer (-i•zer), n. One who, or that which, liberalizes. Emerson.

Lib´er•al•ly, adv. In a liberal manner.

Lib´er•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liberated (- a•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Liberating (-a•ting).] [L. liberatus, p. p. of liberare to free, fr. liber free. See Liberal, a., and cf. Deliver.] To release from restraint or bondage; to set at liberty; to free; to manumit; to disengage; as to liberate a slave or prisoner; to liberate the mind from prejudice; to liberate gases. Syn. — To deliver; free; release. See Deliver.

Lib•er•a´tion (lib•er•a´shun), n. [L. liberatio: cf. F. liberation. Cf. Livraison.] The act of liberating or the state of being liberated. “This mode of analysis requires perfect liberation from all prejudged system.” Pownall.

Lib´er•a•tor (lib´er•a•ter), n. [L.] One who, or that which, liberates; a deliverer.

Lib´er•a•to•ry (-a•to•ry), a. Tending, or serving, to liberate. [R.]

Lib•er•ta´ri•an (-ta´ri•an), a. [See Liberty.] Pertaining to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity.

Lib•er•ta´ri•an, n. One who holds to the doctrine of free will.

Lib•er•ta´ri•an•ism (-iz’m), n. Libertarian principles or doctrines.

Lib´er•ti•cide (lib´er•ti•sid), n. [L. libertas liberty + caedere to kill: cf. (for sense 2) F. liberticide.] 1. The destruction of civil liberty. 2. A destroyer of civil liberty. B. F. Wade.

Lib´er•tin•age (-tin•aj), n. [Cf. F. libertinage. See Libertine.] Libertinism; license. [R.]

Lib´er•tine (-tin), n. [L. libertinus freedman, from libertus one made free, fr. liber free: cf. F. libertin. See Liberal.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A manumitted slave; a freedman; also the son of a freedman. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Anabaptists, in the fifteenth and early part of the sixteenth century, who rejected many of the customs and decencies of life, and advocated a community of goods and of women. 3. One free from restraint; one who acts according to his impulses and desires; now, specifically, one who gives rein to lust; a rake; a debauchee. “Like a puffed and reckless libertine,
Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads.” Shak. 4. A defamatory name for a freethinker. [Obsoles.]

Lib´er•tine, a. [L. libertinus of a freedman: cf. F. libertin. See Libertine, n. ] 1. Free from restraint; uncontrolled. [Obs.] “You are too much libertine.” Beau. & Fl. 2. Dissolute; licentious; profligate; loose in morals; as libertine principles or manners. Bacon.

Lib´er•tin•ism (-tin•iz’m), n. 1. The state of a libertine or freedman. [R.] Hammond. 2. Licentious conduct; debauchery; lewdness. 3. Licentiousness of principle or opinion. “That spirit of religion and seriousness vanished all at once, and a spirit of liberty and libertinism, of infidelity and profaneness, started up in the room of it.” Atterbury.

Lib´er•ty (lib´er•ty), n.; pl. Liberties (- tiz). [OE. liberte, F. liberte, fr. L. libertas, fr. liber free. See Liberal.] 1. The state of a free person; exemption from subjection to the will of another claiming ownership of the person or services; freedom; — opposed to slavery, serfdom, bondage, or subjection. “But ye … caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid whom he had set at liberty at their pleasure, to return, and brought them into subjection.” Jer. xxxiv. 16. “Delivered fro the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the sons of God.” Bible, 1551. Rom. viii. 21. 2. Freedom from imprisonment, bonds, or other restraint upon locomotion. “Being pent from liberty, as I am now.” Shak. 3. A privilege conferred by a superior power; permission granted; leave; as liberty given to a child to play, or to a witness to leave a court, and the like. 4. Privilege; exemption; franchise; immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant; as the liberties of the commercial cities of Europe. “His majesty gave not an entire county to any; much less did he grant … any extraordinary liberties.” Sir J. Davies. 5. The place within which certain immunities are enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised. [Eng.] “Brought forth into some public or open place within the liberty of the city, and there … burned.” Fuller. 6. A certain amount of freedom; permission to go freely within certain limits; also the place or limits within which such freedom is exercised; as the liberties of a prison. 7. A privilege or license in violation of the laws of etiquette or propriety; as to permit, or take, a liberty. “He was repeatedly provoked into striking those who had taken liberties with him.” Macaulay. 8. The power of choice; freedom from necessity; freedom from compulsion or constraint in willing. “The idea of liberty is the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other.” Locke. “This liberty of judgment did not of necessity lead to lawlessness.” J. A. Symonds. 9. (Manege) A curve or arch in a bit to afford room for the tongue of the horse. 10. (Naut.) Leave of absence; permission to go on shore. At liberty. (a) Unconfined; free. (b) At leisure. — Civil liberty, exemption from arbitrary interference with person, opinion, or property, on the part of the government under which one lives, and freedom to take part in modifying that government or its laws. — Liberty bell. See under Bell. — Liberty cap. (a) The Roman pileus which was given to a slave at his manumission. (b) A limp, close- fitting cap with which the head of representations of the goddess of liberty is often decked. It is sometimes represented on a spear or a liberty pole. — Liberty of the press, freedom to print and publish without official supervision. Liberty party, the party, in the American Revolution, which favored independence of England; in more recent usage, a party which favored the emancipation of the slaves. — Liberty pole, a tall flagstaff planted in the ground, often surmounted by a liberty cap. [U. S.] — Moral liberty, that liberty of choice which is essential to moral responsibility. — Religious liberty, freedom of religious opinion and worship. Syn. — Leave; permission; license. — Liberty, Freedom. These words, though often interchanged, are distinct in some of their applications. Liberty has reference to previous restraint; freedom, to the simple, unrepressed exercise of our powers. A slave is set at liberty; his master had always been in a state of freedom. A prisoner under trial may ask liberty (exemption from restraint) to speak his sentiments with freedom (the spontaneous and bold utterance of his feelings). The liberty of the press is our great security for freedom of thought.

Li•beth´en•ite (li•beth´en•it), n. [From Libethen, in Hungary, where it was first found.] (Min.) A mineral of an olive-green color, commonly in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of copper.

Li•bid´i•nist (li•bid´i•nist), n. [See Libidinous.] One given to lewdness.

Li•bid•i•nos´i•ty (-nos´i•ty), n. The state or quality of being libidinous; libidinousness. Skelton.

Li•bid´i•nous (-nus), a. [L. libidinosus, fr. libido, libidinis, pleasure, desire, lust, fr. libet, lubet, it pleases: cf. F. libidineux. See Lief.] Having lustful desires; characterized by lewdness; sensual; lascivious. — Li•bid´i•nous•ly, adv. — Li•bid´i•nous•ness, n. Syn. — Lewd; lustful; lascivious; unchaste; impure; sensual; licentious; lecherous; salacious. { Lib´ken (lib´ken), Lib´kin (lib´kin), } n. [AS. libban, E. live, v. i. + -kin.] A house or lodging. [Old Slang] B. Jonson.

Li´bra (li´bra), n.; pl. Librae (li´bre). [L., a balance.] (Astron.) (a) The Balance; the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in September, marked thus &libra; in almanacs, etc. (b ) A southern constellation between Virgo and Scorpio.

Li´bral (li´bral), a. [L. libralis, fr. libra the Roman pound.] Of a pound weight. [Obs.] Johnson.

Li•bra´ri•an (li•bra´ri•an), n. [See Library.] 1. One who has the care or charge of a library. 2. One who copies manuscript books. [Obs.] Broome.

Li•bra´ri•an•ship, n. The office of a librarian.

Li´bra•ry (li´bra•ry), n.; pl. Libraries (- riz). [OE. librairie, F. librairie bookseller’s shop, book trade, formerly, a library, fr. libraire bookseller, L. librarius, from liber book; cf. libraria bookseller’s shop, librarium bookcase, It. libreria. See Libel.] 1. A considerable collection of books kept for use, and not as merchandise; as a private library; a public library. 2. A building or apartment appropriated for holding such a collection of books. Holland.

Li´brate (li´brat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Librated (li´bra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Librating.] [L. libratus, p. p. of librare to balance, to make even, fr. libra. Cf. Level, Deliberate, Equilibrium.] To vibrate as a balance does before resting in equilibrium; hence, to be poised. “Their parts all librate on too nice a beam.” Clifton.

Li´brate, v. t. To poise; to balance.

Li•bra´tion (li•bra´shun), n. [L. libratio: cf. F. libration.] 1. The act or state of librating. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Astron.) A real or apparent libratory motion, like that of a balance before coming to rest. Libration of the moon, any one of those small periodical changes in the position of the moon’s surface relatively to the earth, in consequence of which narrow portions at opposite limbs become visible or invisible alternately. It receives different names according to the manner in which it takes place; as: (a) Libration in longitude, that which, depending on the place of the moon in its elliptic orbit, causes small portions near the eastern and western borders alternately to appear and disappear each month. (b) Libration in latitude, that which depends on the varying position of the moon’s axis in respect to the spectator, causing the alternate appearance and disappearance of either pole. (c) Diurnal or parallactic libration, that which brings into view on the upper limb, at rising and setting, some parts not in the average visible hemisphere.

Li´bra•to•ry (li´bra•to•ry), a. Balancing; moving like a balance, as it tends to an equipoise or level.

Li•bret´tist (li•bret´tist), n. One who makes a libretto.

Li•bret´to (li•bret´to; It. le•brat´to), n.; pl. E. Librettos (-toz), It. Libretti (-te). [It., dim. of libro book, L. liber. See Libel.] (Mus.) (a) A book containing the words of an opera or extended piece of music. (b) The words themselves.

Li´bri•form (li´bri•fôrm), a. [Liber + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of liber, or resembling liber. Libriform cells, peculiar wood cells which are very slender and relatively thick-walled, and occasionally are furnished with bordered pits. Goodale.

Lib´y•an (lib´i•an), a. Of or pertaining to Libya, the ancient name of that part of Africa between Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean, or of Africa as a whole.

Lice (lis), n.; pl. of Louse.

Li´cens•a•ble (li´sens•a•b’l), a. That can be licensed.

Li´cense (li´sens), n. [Written also licence.] [F. licence, L. licentia, fr. licere to be permitted, prob. orig., to be left free to one; akin to linquere to leave. See Loan, and cf. Illicit, Leisure.] 1. Authority or liberty given to do or forbear any act; especially, a formal permission from the proper authorities to perform certain acts or to carry on a certain business, which without such permission would be illegal; a grant of permission; as a license to preach, to practice medicine, to sell gunpowder or intoxicating liquors. “To have a license and a leave at London to dwell.” P. Plowman. 2. The document granting such permission. Addison. 3. Excess of liberty; freedom abused, or used in contempt of law or decorum; disregard of law or propriety. “License they mean when they cry liberty.” Milton. 4. That deviation from strict fact, form, or rule, in which an artist or writer indulges, assuming that it will be permitted for the sake of the advantage or effect gained; as poetic license; grammatical license, etc. Syn. — Leave; liberty; permission.

Li´cense (li´sens), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licensed (li´senst); p. pr. & vb. n. Licensing.] To permit or authorize by license; to give license to; as to license a man to preach. Milton. Shak.

Li´censed (li´senst), a. Having a license; permitted or authorized by license; as a licensed victualer; a licensed traffic. Licensed victualer, one who has a license to keep an inn or eating house; esp., a victualer who has a license to sell intoxicating liquors.

Li•cen•see´ (li•sen•se´), n. (Law) The person to whom a license is given.

Li´cens•er (li´sens•er), n. One who gives a license; as a licenser of the press.

Li´cen•sure (li´sen•shur; 135), n. A licensing. [R.]

Li•cen´ti•ate (li•sen´shi•at or - shat; 106), n. [LL. licentiatus, fr. licentiare to allow to do anything, fr. L. licentia license. See License, n.] 1. One who has a license to exercise a profession; as a licentiate in medicine or theology. “The college of physicians, in July, 1687, published an edict, requiring all the fellows, candidates, and licentiates, to give gratuitous advice to the neighboring poor.” Johnson. 2. A friar authorized to receive confessions and grant absolution in all places, independently of the local clergy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. One who acts without restraint, or takes a liberty, as if having a license therefor. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. On the continent of Europe, a university degree intermediate between that of bachelor and that of doctor.

Li•cen´ti•ate (-shi•at), v. t. To give a license to. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Li•cen´tious (-shus), a. [L. licentiosus: cf. F. licencieux. See License.] 1. Characterized by license; passing due bounds; excessive; abusive of freedom; wantonly offensive; as a licentious press. “A wit that no licentious pertness knows.” Savage. 2. Unrestrained by law or morality; lawless; immoral; dissolute; lewd; lascivious; as a licentious man; a licentious life. ´Licentious wickedness.´ Shak. Syn. — Unrestrained; uncurbed; uncontrolled; unruly; riotous; ungovernable; wanton; profligate; dissolute; lax; loose; sensual; impure; unchaste; lascivious; immoral. — Li•cen´tious•ly, adv. — Li•cen´tious•ness, n.

Lich (lik), a. Like. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lich (lich), n. [AS. lic body. See Like, a.] A dead body; a corpse. [Obs.] Lich fowl (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; — called also lich owl. — Lich gate, a covered gate through which the corpse was carried to the church or burial place, and where the bier was placed to await the clergyman; a corpse gate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — Lich wake, the wake, or watching, held over a corpse before burial. [Prov Eng.] Chaucer. — Lich wall, the wall of a churchyard or burying ground. — Lich way, the path by which the dead are carried to the grave. [Prov. Eng.]

Li´chen (li´ken; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. leichh•n.] 1. (Bot.) One of a class of cellular, flowerless plants, (technically called Lichenes), having no distinction of leaf and stem, usually of scaly, expanded, frond-like forms, but sometimes erect or pendulous and variously branched. They derive their nourishment from the air, and generate by means of spores. The species are very widely distributed, and form irregular spots or patches, usually of a greenish or yellowish color, upon rocks, trees, and various bodies, to which they adhere with great tenacity. They are often improperly called rock moss or tree moss. A favorite modern theory of lichens (called after its inventor the Schwendener hypothesis), is that they are not autonomous plants, but that they consist of ascigerous fungi, parasitic on algae. Each lichen is composed of white filaments and green, or greenish, rounded cells, and it is argued that the two are of different nature, the one living at the expense of the other. See Hyphae, and Gonidia. 2. (Med.) A name given to several varieties of skin disease, esp. to one characterized by the eruption of small, conical or flat, reddish pimples, which, if unchecked, tend to spread and produce great and even fatal exhaustion.

Li´chened (li´kend), a. Belonging to, or covered with, lichens. Tennyson.

Li•chen´ic (li•ken´ik), a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, lichens. Lichenic acid. (a) An organic acid, C14H24O3, obtained from Iceland moss. (b) An old name of fumaric acid.

Li•chen´i•form (-i•fôrm), a. Having the form of a lichen.

Li´chen•in (li´ken•in), n. (Chem.) A substance isomeric with starch, extracted from several species of moss and lichen, esp. from Iceland moss. { Li•chen•o•graph´ic (li•ken•o•graf´ik), Li•chen•o•graph´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Cf. F. lichenographique.] Of or pertaining to lichenography.

Li•chen•og´ra•phist (-og´ra•fist), n. One who describes lichens; one versed in lichenography.

Li•chen•og´ra•phy (li•ken•og´ra•fy), n. [Lichen + -graphy: cf. F. lichenographie.] A description of lichens; the science which illustrates the natural history of lichens.

Li•chen•ol´o•gist (-ol´o•jist), n. One versed in lichenology.

Li•chen•ol´o•gy (-jy), n. [Lichen + -logy.] The science which treats of lichens.

Li´chen•ous (li´ken•us), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, lichens; abounding in lichens; covered with lichens. G. Eliot.

Li´chi (le´che•), n. (Bot.) See Litchi.

Lich´wale (lich´wal•), n. (Bot.) The gromwell.

Lich´wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) An herb, the wall pellitory. See Pellitory.

Lic´it (lis´it), a. [L. licitus permitted, lawful, from licere: cf. F. licite. See License.] Lawful. ´Licit establishments.´ Carlyle. — Lic´it•ly, adv. — Lic´it•ness, n.

Lic•i•ta´tion (lis•i•ta´shun), n. [L. licitatio, fr. licitari, liceri, to bid, offer a price.] The act of offering for sale to the highest bidder. [R.]

Lick (lik), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licked (likt); p. pr. & vb. n. Licking.] [AS. liccian; akin to OS. likkon, D. likken, OHG. lecchon, G. lecken, Goth. bi-laigon, Russ. lizate, L. lingere, Gr. lei•chein , Skr. lih, rih. rad.121. Cf. Lecher, Relish.] 1. To draw or pass the tongue over; as a dog licks his master’s hand. Addison. 2. To lap; to take in with the tongue; as a dog or cat licks milk. Shak. To lick the dust, to be slain; to fall in battle. ´His enemies shall lick the dust.´ Ps. lxxii. 9. — To lick into shape, to give proper form to; — from a notion that the bear’s cubs are born shapeless and subsequently formed by licking. Hudibras. — To lick the spittle of, to fawn upon. South. - - To lick up, to take all of by licking; to devour; to consume entirely. Shak. Num. xxii. 4.

Lick, n. [See Lick, v.] 1. A stroke of the tongue in licking. ´A lick at the honey pot.´ Dryden. 2. A quick and careless application of anything, as if by a stroke of the tongue, or of something which acts like a tongue; as to put on colors with a lick of the brush. also a small quantity of any substance so applied. [Colloq.] “A lick of court whitewash.” Gray. 3. A place where salt is found on the surface of the earth, to which wild animals resort to lick it up; — often, but not always, near salt springs. [U. S.]

Lick, v. t. [Cf. OSw. lägga to place, strike, prick.] To strike with repeated blows for punishment; to flog; to whip or conquer, as in a pugilistic encounter. [Colloq. or Low] Carlyle. Thackeray.

Lick, n. A slap; a quick stroke.[Colloq.] ´A lick across the face.´ Dryden.

Lick´er (lik´er), n. [Cf. Lecher.] One who, or that which, licks. Licker in (Carding Machine), the drum, or cylinder, by which the lap is taken from the feed rollers.

Lick´er•ish, a. [Cf. Lecherous.] 1. Eager; craving; urged by desire; eager to taste or enjoy; greedy. ´The lickerish palate of the glutton.´ Bp. Hall. 2. Tempting the appetite; dainty. ´Lickerish baits, fit to insnare a brute.´ Milton. 3. Lecherous; lustful. Robert of Brunne. — Lick´er•ish•ly, adv. — Lick´er•ish•ness, n.

Lick´er•ous (-us), a. Lickerish; eager; lustful. [Obs.] — Lick´er•ous•ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lick´ing, n. 1. A lapping with the tongue. 2. A flogging or castigation. [Colloq. or Low]

Lick´pen•ny (-pen•ny), n. A devourer or absorber of money. ´Law is a lickpenny.´ Sir W. Scott.

Lick´-spig•ot (-spig•ut), n. A tapster. [Obs.]

Lick´-spit•tle (-spit•t’l), n. An abject flatterer or parasite. Theodore Hook.

Lic´o•rice (lik´o•ris), n. [OE. licoris, through old French, fr. L. liquiritia, corrupted fr. glycyrrhiza, Gr. glyky•rriza; glyky•s sweet + ´ri•za root. Cf. Glycerin, Glycyrrhiza, Wort.] [Written also liquorice.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza (G. glabra), the root of which abounds with a sweet juice, and is much used in demulcent compositions. 2. The inspissated juice of licorice root, used as a confection and for medicinal purposes. Licorice fern (Bot.), a name of several kinds of polypody which have rootstocks of a sweetish flavor. — Licorice sugar. (Chem.) See Glycyrrhizin. — Licorice weed (Bot.), the tropical plant Scapania dulcis. — Mountain licorice (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium alpinum), found in the Alps. It has large purplish flowers and a sweetish perennial rootstock. — Wild licorice. (Bot.) (a) The North American perennial herb Glycyrrhiza lepidota. (b) Certain broad-leaved cleavers (Galium circaezans and G. lanceolatum). (c) The leguminous climber Abrus precatorius, whose scarlet and black seeds are called black-eyed Susans. Its roots are used as a substitute for those of true licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra).

Lic´o•rous (lik´o•rus), a. See Lickerish. — Lic´o•rous•ness, n. [Obs.] Herbert.

Lic´our (lik´or), n. Liquor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lic´tor (lik´tor), n. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who bore an ax and fasces or rods, as ensigns of his office. His duty was to attend the chief magistrates when they appeared in public, to clear the way, and cause due respect to be paid to them, also to apprehend and punish criminals. “Lictors and rods, the ensigns of their power.” Milton.

Lid (lid), n. [AS. hlid, fr. hlidan (in comp.) to cover, shut; akin to OS. hlidan (in comp.), D. lid lid, OHG. hlit, G. augenlid eyelid, Icel. hlið gate, gateway. rad.40.] 1. That which covers the opening of a vessel or box, etc.; a movable cover; as the lid of a chest or trunk. 2. The cover of the eye; an eyelid. Shak. “Tears, big tears, gushed from the rough soldier’s lid.” Byron. 3. (Bot.) (a) The cover of the spore cases of mosses. (b) A calyx which separates from the flower, and falls off in a single piece, as in the Australian Eucalypti. (c) The top of an ovary which opens transversely, as in the fruit of the purslane and the tree which yields Brazil nuts.

Lid´ded (lid´ded), a. Covered with a lid. Keats.

Lidge (lij), n. Same as Ledge.[Obs.] Spenser.

Lid´less (lid´les), a. Having no lid, or not covered with the lids, as the eyes; hence, sleepless; watchful. “A lidless watcher of the public weal.” Tennyson.

Lie (li), n. See Lye.

Lie (li), n. [AS. lyge; akin to D. leugen, OHG. lugi, G. lüge, lug, Icel. lygi, Dan. & Sw. lögn, Goth. liugn. See Lie to utter a falsehood.] 1. A falsehood uttered or acted for the purpose of deception; an intentional violation of truth; an untruth spoken with the intention to deceive. “The proper notion of a lie is an endeavoring to deceive another by signifying that to him as true, which we ourselves think not to be so.” S. Clarke. “It is willful deceit that makes a lie. A man may act a lie, as by pointing his finger in a wrong direction when a traveler inquires of him his road.” Paley. 2. A fiction; a fable; an untruth. Dryden. 3. Anything which misleads or disappoints. “Wishing this lie of life was o’er.” Trench. To give the lie to. (a) To charge with falsehood; as the man gave him the lie. (b) To reveal to be false; as a man’s actions may give the lie to his words. — White lie, a euphemism for such lies as one finds it convenient to tell, and excuses himself for telling. Syn. — Untruth; falsehood; fiction; deception. — Lie, Untruth. A man may state what is untrue from ignorance or misconception; hence, to impute an untruth to one is not necessarily the same as charging him with a lie. Every lie is an untruth, but not every untruth is a lie. Cf. Falsity.

Lie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lied (lid); p. pr. & vb. n. Lying (li´ing).] [OE. lien, li&yogh;en, le&yogh;en, leo&yogh;en, AS. leógan; akin to D. liegen, OS. & OHG. liogan, G. lügen, Icel. ljuga, Sw. ljuga, Dan. lyve, Goth. liugan, Russ. lgate.] To utter falsehood with an intention to deceive; to say or do that which is intended to deceive another, when he a right to know the truth, or when morality requires a just representation.

Lie, v. i. [imp. Lay (la); p. p. Lain (lan), (Lien (li´en), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Lying.] [OE. lien, liggen, AS. licgan; akin to D. liggen, OHG. ligen, licken, G. liegen, Icel. liggja, Sw. ligga, Dan. ligge, Goth. ligan, Russ. lejate, L. lectus bed, Gr. le•chos bed, le•xasqai to lie. Cf. Lair, Law, Lay, v. t., Litter, Low, adj.] 1. To rest extended on the ground, a bed, or any support; to be, or to put one’s self, in an horizontal position, or nearly so; to be prostate; to be stretched out; — often with down, when predicated of living creatures; as the book lies on the table; the snow lies on the roof; he lies in his coffin. “The watchful traveler …
Lay down again, and closed his weary eyes.” Dryden. 2. To be situated; to occupy a certain place; as Ireland lies west of England; the meadows lie along the river; the ship lay in port. 3. To abide; to remain for a longer or shorter time; to be in a certain state or condition; as to lie waste; to lie fallow; to lie open; to lie hid; to lie grieving; to lie under one’s displeasure; to lie at the mercy of the waves; the paper does not lie smooth on the wall. 4. To be or exist; to belong or pertain; to have an abiding place; to consist; — with in. “Envy lies between beings equal in nature, though unequal in circumstances.” Collier. “He that thinks that diversion may not lie in hard labor, forgets the early rising and hard riding of huntsmen.” Locke. 5. To lodge; to sleep. “Whiles I was now trifling at home, I saw London, … where I lay one night only.” Evelyn. “Mr. Quinion lay at our house that night.” Dickens. 6. To be still or quiet, like one lying down to rest. “The wind is loud and will not lie.” Shak. 7. (Law) To be sustainable; to be capable of being maintained. ´An appeal lies in this case.´ Parsons. Through ignorance or carelessness speakers and writers often confuse the forms of the two distinct verbs lay and lie. Lay is a transitive verb, and has for its preterit laid; as he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down. Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay; as he told me to lie down, and I lay down. Some persons blunder by using laid for the preterit of lie; as he told me to lie down, and I laid down. So persons often say incorrectly, the ship laid at anchor; they laid by during the storm; the book was laying on the shelf, etc. It is only necessary to remember, in all such cases, that laid is the preterit of lay, and not of lie. To lie along the shore (Naut.), to coast, keeping land in sight. — To lie at the door of, to be imputable to; as the sin, blame, etc., lies at your door. — To lie at the heart, to be an object of affection, desire, or anxiety. Sir W. Temple. — To lie at the mercy of, to be in the power of. — To lie by. (a) To remain with; to be at hand; as he has the manuscript lying by him. (b) To rest; to intermit labor; as we lay by during the heat of the day. — To lie hard or heavy, to press or weigh; to bear hard. — To lie in, to be in childbed; to bring forth young. — To lie in one, to be in the power of; to belong to. ´As much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men.´ Rom. xii. 18. — To lie in the way, to be an obstacle or impediment. — To lie in wait , to wait in concealment; to lie in ambush. — To lie on or upon. (a) To depend on; as his life lies on the result. (b) To bear, rest, press, or weigh on. — To lie low, to remain in concealment or inactive. [Slang] — To lie on hand, To lie on one’s hands, to remain unsold or unused; as the goods are still lying on his hands; they have too much time lying on their hands. — To lie on the head of, to be imputed to. “What he gets more of her than sharp words, let it lie on my head.” Shak. — To lie over. (a) To remain unpaid after the time when payment is due, as a note in bank. (b) To be deferred to some future occasion, as a resolution in a public deliberative body. — To lie to (Naut.), to stop or delay; especially, to head as near the wind as possible as being the position of greatest safety in a gale; — said of a ship. Cf. To bring to, under Bring. — To lie under, to be subject to; to suffer; to be oppressed by. — To lie with. (a) To lodge or sleep with. (b) To have sexual intercourse with. (c) To belong to; as it lies with you to make amends.

Lie (li), n. The position or way in which anything lies; the lay, as of land or country. J. H. Newman. “He surveyed with his own eyes … the lie of the country on the side towards Thrace.” Jowett (Thucyd.).

Lie´ber•kühn (le´ber•kun), n. [Named after a German physician and instrument maker, J. N. Lieberkühn.] (Optics) A concave metallic mirror attached to the object-glass end of a microscope, to throw down light on opaque objects; a reflector.

Lie´ber•kühn’s glands (le´ber•kunz glandz•). [See Lieberkühn.] (Anat.) The simple tubular glands of the small intestines; — called also crypts of Lieberkühn.

Lied (let), n.; pl. Lieder (le´der). [G.] (Mus.) A lay; a German song. It differs from the French chanson, and the Italian canzone, all three being national. “The German Lied is perhaps the most faithful reflection of the national sentiment.” Grove.

Lie´der•ta•fel (le´der•tä•f’l), n. [G., lit., a song table.] (Mus.) A popular name for any society or club which meets for the practice of male part songs.

Lief (lef), n. Same as Lif.

Lief (lef), a. [Written also lieve.] [OE. leef, lef, leof, AS. leóf; akin to OS. liof, OFries. liaf, D. lief, G. lieb, OHG. liob, Icel. ljufr, Sw. ljuf, Goth. liubs, and E. love. rad.124. See Love, and cf. Believe, Leave, n., Furlough, Libidinous.] 1. Dear; beloved. [Obs., except in poetry.] ´My liefe mother.´ Chaucer. ´My liefest liege.´ Shak. “As thou art lief and dear.” Tennyson. 2. (Used with a form of the verb to be, and the dative of the personal pronoun.) Pleasing; agreeable; acceptable; preferable. [Obs.] See Lief, adv., and Had as lief, under Had. “Full lief me were this counsel for to hide.” Chaucer. “Death me liefer were than such despite.” Spenser. 3. Willing; disposed. [Obs.] “I am not lief to gab.” Chaucer. “He up arose, however lief or loth.” Spenser.

Lief, n. A dear one; a sweetheart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lief, adv. Gladly; willingly; freely; — now used only in the phrases, had as lief, and would as lief; as I had, or would, as lief go as not. “All women liefest would
Be sovereign of man’s love.” Gower. “I had as lief the town crier spoke my lines.” Shak. “Far liefer by his dear hand had I die.” Tennyson. The comparative liefer with had or would, and followed by the infinitive, either with or without the sign to, signifies prefer, choose as preferable, would or had rather. In the 16th century rather was substituted for liefer in such constructions in literary English, and has continued to be generally so used. See Had as lief, Had rather, etc. , under Had.

Lief´some (lef´sum), a. Pleasing; delightful. [Obs.]

Lieg´ance (le´jans), n. Same as Ligeance.

Liege (lej), a. [OE. lige, lege, F. lige, LL. ligius, legius, liege, unlimited, complete, prob. of German origin; cf. G. ledig free from bonds and obstacles, MHG. ledec, ledic, lidic, freed, loosed, and Charta Ottonis de Benthem, ann. 1253, ´ligius homo quod Teutonicè dicitur ledigman,´ i. e., uni soli homagio obligatus, free from all obligations to others; influenced by L. ligare to bind. G. ledig perh. orig. meant, free to go where one pleases, and is perh. akin to E. lead to conduct. Cf. Lead to guide.] 1. Sovereign; independent; having authority or right to allegiance; as a liege lord. Chaucer. “She looked as grand as doomsday and as grave;
And he, he reverenced his liege lady there.” Tennyson. 2. Serving an independent sovereign or master; bound by a feudal tenure; obliged to be faithful and loyal to a superior, as a vassal to his lord; faithful; loyal; as a liege man; a liege subject. 3. (Old Law) Full; perfect; complete; pure. Burrill. Liege homage (Feudal Custom), that homage of one sovereign or prince to another which acknowledged an obligation of fealty and services. — Liege poustie [L. legitima potestas] (Scots Law), perfect, i. e., legal, power; specif., having health requisite to do legal acts. — Liege widowhood, perfect, i. e., pure, widowhood. [Obs.]

Liege (lej), n. 1. A free and independent person; specif., a lord paramount; a sovereign. Mrs. Browning. “The anointed sovereign of sighs and groans,
Liege of all loiterers and malcontents.” Shak. 2. The subject of a sovereign or lord; a liegeman. “A liege lord seems to have been a lord of a free band; and his lieges, though serving under him, were privileged men, free from all other obligations, their name being due to their freedom, not to their service.” Skeat.

Liege´man (-man), n.; pl. Liegemen (-men). Same as Liege, n., 2. Chaucer. Spenser.

Lie´ger (le´jer), n. [See Leger, Ledger.] A resident ambassador. [Obs.] See Leger. Denham.

Lie´gian•cy (le´jan•sy), n. See Ligeance.

Li´en (li´en), obs. p. p. of Lie. See Lain. Ps. lxviii. 13.

Lien (len or li´en; 277), n. [F. lien band, bond, tie, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. League a union, Leam a string, Leamer, Ligament.] (Law) A legal claim; a charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty; a right in one to control or hold and retain the property of another until some claim of the former is paid or satisfied.

Li•e´nal (li•e´nal), a. [L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen; splenic.

Li•en´cu•lus (li•en´ku•lus), n.; pl. Lienculi (- li). [NL., dim. of L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) One of the small nodules sometimes found in the neighborhood of the spleen; an accessory or supplementary spleen.

Li•e•no-in•tes´ti•nal (li•e•no- in•tes´ti•nal), a. [L. lien the spleen + E. intestinal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen and intestine; as the lieno- intestinal vein of the frog.

Li•en•ter´ic (li•en•ter´ik), a. [L. lientericus, Gr. leienteriko•s: cf. F. lienterique. See Lientery.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, a lientery. — n. (Med.) A lientery. Grew.

Li´en•ter•y (li´en•ter•y), n. [Gr. leienteri•a; lei^os smooth, soft + ’e•nteron an intestine: cf. F. lienterie.] (Med.) A diarrhea, in which the food is discharged imperfectly digested, or with but little change. Dunglison.

Li´er (li´er), n. [From Lie. ] One who lies down; one who rests or remains, as in concealment. “There were liers in ambush against him.” Josh. viii. 14.

Lierne´ rib (lyârn´ rib•). [F. lierne.] (Arch.) In Gothic vaulting, any rib which does not spring from the impost and is not a ridge rib, but passes from one boss or intersection of the principal ribs to another.

Lieu (lu), n. [F., OF. also liu, leu, lou, fr. L. locus place. See Local, Locus.] Place; room; stead; — used only in the phrase in lieu of, that is, instead of. “The plan of extortion had been adopted in lieu of the scheme of confiscation.” Burke.

Lieu•ten´an•cy (lu•ten´an•sy; 277), n. 1. The office, rank, or commission, of a lieutenant. 2. The body of lieutenants or subordinates. [Obs.] “The list of the lieutenancy of our metropolis.” Felton.

Lieu•ten´ant (lu•ten´ant), n. [F., fr. lieu place + tenant holding, p. pr. of tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Lieu, and Tenant, and cf. Locum Tenens.] 1. An officer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence; a representative of, or substitute for, another in the performance of any duty. “The lawful magistrate, who is the vicegerent or lieutenant of God.” Abp. Bramhall. 2. (a) A commissioned officer in the army, next below a captain. (b) A commissioned officer in the British navy, in rank next below a commander. (c) A commissioned officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a lieutenant commander. Lieutenant is often used, either adjectively or in hyphened compounds, to denote an officer, in rank next below another, especially when the duties of the higher officer may devolve upon the lower one; as lieutenant general, or lieutenant- general; lieutenant colonel, or lieutenant-colonel; lieutenant governor, etc. Deputy lieutenant, the title of any one of the deputies or assistants of the lord lieutenant of a county. [Eng.] — Lieutenant colonel, an army officer next in rank above major, and below colonel. — Lieutenant commander, an officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a commander and next above a lieutenant. — Lieutenant general. See in Vocabulary. — Lieutenant governor. (a) An officer of a State, being next in rank to the governor, and, in case of the death or resignation of the latter, himself acting as governor. [U. S.] (b) A deputy governor acting as the chief civil officer of one of several colonies under a governor general. [Eng.]

Lieu•ten´ant gen´er•al (jen´er•al). An army officer in rank next below a general and next above a major general. In the United States, before the civil war, this rank had been conferred only on George Washington and (in brevet) on Winfield Scott. In 1864 it was revived by Congress and conferred on Ulysses S. Grant, and subsequently, by promotion, on William T. Sherman and Philip H. Sheridan, each of whom was advanced to the rank of general of the army. When Sheridan was made general (in 1888) the rank of lieutenant general was suffered to lapse. See General.

Lieu•ten´ant•ry (-ry), n. See Lieutenancy. [Obs.]

Lieu•ten´ant•ship, n. Same as Lieutenancy, 1.

Lieve (lev), a. Same as Lief.

Lif (lif), n. [Written also lief.] The fiber by which the petioles of the date palm are bound together, from which various kinds of cordage are made.

Life (lif), n.; pl. Lives (livz). [AS. lif; akin to D. lijf body, G. leib body, MHG. lip life, body, OHG. lib life, Icel. lif, life, body, Sw. lif, Dan. liv, and E. live, v. rad.119. See Live, and cf. Alive.] 1. The state of being which begins with generation, birth, or germination, and ends with death; also the time during which this state continues; that state of an animal or plant in which all or any of its organs are capable of performing all or any of their functions; - - used of all animal and vegetable organisms. 2. Of human beings: The union of the soul and body; also the duration of their union; sometimes, the deathless quality or existence of the soul; as man is a creature having an immortal life. “She shows a body rather than a life.” Shak. 3. (Philos.) The potential principle, or force, by which the organs of animals and plants are started and continued in the performance of their several and coöperative functions; the vital force, whether regarded as physical or spiritual. 4. Figuratively: The potential or animating principle, also the period of duration, of anything that is conceived of as resembling a natural organism in structure or functions; as the life of a state, a machine, or a book; authority is the life of government. 5. A certain way or manner of living with respect to conditions, circumstances, character, conduct, occupation, etc.; hence, human affairs; also lives, considered collectively, as a distinct class or type; as low life; a good or evil life; the life of Indians, or of miners. “That which before us lies in daily life.” Milton. “By experience of life abroad in the world.” Ascham. “Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime.” Longfellow. “’T is from high life high characters are drawn.” Pope 6. Animation; spirit; vivacity; vigor; energy. “No notion of life and fire in fancy and in words.” Felton. “That gives thy gestures grace and life.” Wordsworth. 7. That which imparts or excites spirit or vigor; that upon which enjoyment or success depends; as he was the life of the company, or of the enterprise. 8. The living or actual form, person, thing, or state; as a picture or a description from the life. 9. A person; a living being, usually a human being; as many lives were sacrificed. 10. The system of animal nature; animals in general, or considered collectively. “Full nature swarms with life.” Thomson. 11. An essential constituent of life, esp. the blood. “The words that I speak unto you … they are life.” John vi. 63. “The warm life came issuing through the wound.” Pope 12. A history of the acts and events of a life; a biography; as Johnson wrote the life of Milton. 13. Enjoyment in the right use of the powers; especially, a spiritual existence; happiness in the favor of God; heavenly felicity. 14. Something dear to one as one’s existence; a darling; — used as a term of endearment. Life forms the first part of many compounds, for the most part of obvious meaning; as life-giving, life- sustaining, etc. Life annuity, an annuity payable during one’s life. — Life arrow, Life rocket, Life shot, an arrow, rocket, or shot, for carrying an attached line to a vessel in distress in order to save life. — Life assurance. See Life insurance, below. — Life buoy. See Buoy. — Life car, a water- tight boat or box, traveling on a line from a wrecked vessel to the shore. In it persons are hauled through the waves and surf. — Life drop, a drop of vital blood. Byron. — Life estate (Law), an estate which is held during the term of some certain person’s life, but does not pass by inheritance. — Life everlasting (Bot.), a plant with white or yellow persistent scales about the heads of the flowers, as Antennaria, and Gnaphalium; cudweed. — Life of an execution (Law), the period when an execution is in force, or before it expires. — Life guard. (Mil.) See under Guard. — Life insurance, the act or system of insuring against death; a contract by which the insurer undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium (usually at stated periods), to pay a stipulated sum in the event of the death of the insured or of a third person in whose life the insured has an interest. — Life interest, an estate or interest which lasts during one’s life, or the life of another person, but does not pass by inheritance. — Life land (Law), land held by lease for the term of a life or lives. — Life line. (a) (Naut.) A line along any part of a vessel for the security of sailors. (b) A line attached to a life boat, or to any life saving apparatus, to be grasped by a person in the water. — Life rate, the rate of premium for insuring a life. — Life rent, the rent of a life estate; rent or property to which one is entitled during one’s life. — Life school, a school for artists in which they model, paint, or draw from living models. — Life table, a table showing the probability of life at different ages. — To lose one’s life, to die. — To seek the life of, to seek to kill. — To the life, so as closely to resemble the living person or the subject; as the portrait was drawn to the life.

Life´blood (lif´blud•), n. 1. The blood necessary to life; vital blood. Dryden. 2. Fig.: That which gives strength and energy. “Money [is] the lifeblood of the nation.” Swift.

Life´boat (-bot•), n. A strong, buoyant boat especially designed for saving the lives of shipwrecked people.

Life´ful (-ful), a. Full of vitality. Spenser.

Life´-giv•ing (-giv•ing), a. Giving life or spirit; having power to give life; inspiriting; invigorating.

Life´hold (-hold•), n. Land held by a life estate.

Life´less, a. Destitute of life, or deprived of life; not containing, or inhabited by, living beings or vegetation; dead, or apparently dead; spiritless; powerless; dull; as a lifeless carcass; lifeless matter; a lifeless desert; a lifeless wine; a lifeless story. — Life´less•ly, adv. — Life´less•ness, n. Syn. — Dead; soulless; inanimate; torpid; inert; inactive; dull; heavy; unanimated; spiritless; frigid; pointless; vapid; flat; tasteless. — Lifeless, Dull, Inanimate, Dead. In a moral sense, lifeless denotes a want of vital energy; inanimate, a want of expression as to any feeling that may be possessed; dull implies a torpor of soul which checks all mental activity; dead supposes a destitution of feeling. A person is said to be lifeless who has lost the spirits which he once had; he is said to be inanimate when he is naturally wanting in spirits; one is dull from an original deficiency of mental power; he who is dead to moral sentiment is wholly bereft of the highest attribute of his nature.

Life´like (lif´lik•), a. [Cf. Lively.] Like a living being; resembling life; giving an accurate representation; as a lifelike portrait. — Life´like•ness, n. Poe.

Life´long (-long•), a. [Life + long. Cf. Livelong.] Lasting or continuing through life. Tennyson.

Life´ly, adv. [Cf. Lively, a.] In a lifelike manner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Life´mate (-mat•), n. Companion for life. Hawthorne.

Lif´en (lif´’n), v. t. To enliven. [Obs.] Marston.

Life´-pre•serv•er (lif´pre•zerv•er), n. An apparatus, made in very various forms, and of various materials, for saving one from drowning by buoying up the body while in the water. — Life´-pre•serv•ing, a.

Life´-sav•ing (-sav•ing), a. That saves life, or is suited to save life, esp. from drowning; as the life-saving service; a life- saving station.

Life´-size (-siz•), a. Of full size; of the natural size.

Life´some (-sum), a. Animated; sprightly. [Poetic] Coleridge. — Life´some•ness, n.

Life´spring (-spring•), n. Spring or source of life.

Life´string (-string•), n. A nerve, or string, that is imagined to be essential to life. Daniel.

Life´time (-tim•), n. The time that life continues.

Life´-wea•ry (-we•ry), a. Weary of living. Shak.

Lif´lode (lif´lod), n. Livelihood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lift (lift), n. [AS. lyft air. See Loft.] The sky; the atmosphere; the firmament. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lift (lift), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lifting.] [Icel. lypta, fr. lopt air; akin to Sw. lyfta to lift, Dan. löfte, G. lüften; — prop., to raise into the air. See Loft, and cf. 1st Lift.] 1. To move in a direction opposite to that of gravitation; to raise; to elevate; to bring up from a lower place to a higher; to upheave; sometimes implying a continued support or holding in the higher place; — said of material things; as to lift the foot or the hand; to lift a chair or a burden. 2. To raise, elevate, exalt, improve, in rank, condition, estimation, character, etc.; — often with up. “The Roman virtues lift up mortal man.” Addison. “Lest, being lifted up with pride.” 1 Tim. iii. 6. 3. To bear; to support. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. To collect, as moneys due; to raise. 5. [Perh. a different word, and akin to Goth. hliftus thief, hlifan to steal, L. clepere, Gr. kle•ptein. Cf. Shoplifter.] To steal; to carry off by theft (esp. cattle); as to lift a drove of cattle. In old writers, lift is sometimes used for lifted. “He ne’er lift up his hand but conquered.” Shak. To lift up, to raise or elevate; in the Scriptures, specifically, to elevate upon the cross. John viii. 28. — To lift up the eyes. To look up; to raise the eyes, as in prayer. Ps. cxxi. 1. — To lift up the feet, to come speedily to one’s relief. Ps. lxxiv. 3. — To lift up the hand. (a) To take an oath. Gen. xiv. 22. (b) To pray. Ps. xxviii. 2. (c) To engage in duty. Heb. xii. 12. — To lift up the hand against, to rebel against; to assault; to attack; to injure; to oppress. Job xxxi. 21. — To lift up one’s head, to cause one to be exalted or to rejoice. Gen. xl. 13. Luke xxi. 28. — To lift up the heel against, to treat with insolence or unkindness. John xiii.18. — To lift up the voice, to cry aloud; to call out. Gen. xxi. 16.

Lift (lift), v. i. 1. To try to raise something; to exert the strength for raising or bearing. “Strained by lifting at a weight too heavy.” Locke. 2. To rise; to become or appear raised or elevated; as the fog lifts; the land lifts to a ship approaching it. 3. [See Lift, v. t., 5.] To live by theft. Spenser.

Lift, n. 1. Act of lifting; also that which is lifted. 2. The space or distance through which anything is lifted; as a long lift. Bacon. 3. Help; assistance, as by lifting; as to give one a lift in a wagon. [Colloq.] “The goat gives the fox a lift.” L’Estrange. 4. That by means of which a person or thing lifts or is lifted; as: (a) A hoisting machine; an elevator; a dumb waiter. (b) A handle. (c) An exercising machine. 5. A rise; a degree of elevation; as the lift of a lock in canals. 6. A lift gate. See Lift gate, below. [Prov. Eng.] 7. (Naut.) A rope leading from the masthead to the extremity of a yard below; — used for raising or supporting the end of the yard. 8. (Mach.) One of the steps of a cone pulley. 9. (Shoemaking) A layer of leather in the heel. 10. (Horology) That portion of the vibration of a balance during which the impulse is given. Saunier. Dead lift. See under Dead. Swift. — Lift bridge, a kind of drawbridge, the movable part of which is lifted, instead of being drawn aside. — Lift gate, a gate that is opened by lifting. — Lift hammer. See Tilt hammer. — Lift lock, a canal lock. — Lift pump, a lifting pump. - - Lift tenter (Windmills), a governor for regulating the speed by adjusting the sails, or for adjusting the action of grinding machinery according to the speed. — Lift wall (Canal Lock), the cross wall at the head of the lock.

Lift´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Such as can be lifted.

Lift´er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, lifts. 2. (Founding) A tool for lifting loose sand from the mold; also a contrivance attached to a cope, to hold the sand together when the cope is lifted.

Lift´ing, a. Used in, or for, or by, lifting. Lifting bridge, a lift bridge. — Lifting jack. See 2d Jack, 5. — Lifting machine. See Health lift, under Health. — Lifting pump. (Mach.) (a) A kind of pump having a bucket, or valved piston, instead of a solid piston, for drawing water and lifting it to a high level. (b) A pump which lifts the water only to the top of the pump, or delivers it through a spout; a lift pump. — Lifting rod, a vertical rod lifted by a rock shaft, and imparting motion to a puppet valve; — used in the engines of river steamboats. — Lifting sail (Naut.), one which tends to lift a vessel’s bow out of water, as jibs and square foresails.

Lig (lig), v. i. [See Lie to be prostrate.] To recline; to lie still. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lig´a•ment (lig´a•ment), n. [L. ligamentum, fr. ligare to bind: cf. F. ligament. Cf. Lien, n., Ligature.] 1. Anything that ties or unites one thing or part to another; a bandage; a bond. Hawthorne. “Interwoven is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts.” Washington. 2. (Anat.) (a) A tough band or plate of dense, fibrous, connective tissue or fibrocartilage serving to unite bones or form joints. (b) A band of connective tissue, or a membranous fold, which supports or retains an organ in place; as the gastrophrenic ligament, connecting the diaphragm and stomach. { Lig•a•men´tal (-men´tal), Lig•a•men´tous (-tus), } a. [Cf. F. ligamenteux.] Composing a ligament; of the nature of a ligament; binding; as a strong ligamentous membrane.

Li´gan (li´gan), n. [Cf. L. ligare to bind, to tie, ligamen band, bandage, E. ligament, or ligsam.] (Law) Goods sunk in the sea, with a buoy attached in order that they may be found again. See Jetsam and Flotsam. [Written also lagan.] Blackstone.

Li´gate (li´gat), v. t. [L. ligatus, p. p. of ligare.] To tie with a ligature; to bind around; to bandage.

Li•ga´tion (li•ga´shun), n. [L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Liaison.] 1. The act of binding, or the state of being bound. 2. That which binds; bond; connection. “Tied with tape, and sealed at each fold and ligation.” Sir W. Scott.

Li•ga´tor (-tor), n. [See Ligate.] (Surg.) An instrument for ligating, or for placing and fastening a ligature.

Lig´a•ture (lig´a•tur; 135), n. [L. ligatura, fr. ligare, ligatum, to bind: cf. F. ligature. Cf. Ally, League, Legatura, Liable, Ligament.] 1. The act of binding. 2. Anything that binds; a band or bandage. 3. (Surg.) (a) A thread or string for tying the blood vessels, particularly the arteries, to prevent hemorrhage. (b) A thread or wire used to remove tumors, etc. 4. The state of being bound or stiffened; stiffness; as the ligature of a joint. 5. Impotence caused by magic or charms. [Obs.] 6. (Mus.) A curve or line connecting notes; a slur. 7. (Print.) A double character, or a type consisting of two or more letters or characters united, as ae, &filig;, &ffllig;.

Lig´a•ture (lig´a•tur), v. t. (Surg.) To ligate; to tie.

Lig´e (lig´e), v. t. & i. To lie; to tell lies. [Obs.]

Li´geance (le´jans), n. [OF. ligeance, ligance. See Liege.] (O. Eng. Law) The connection between sovereign and subject by which they were mutually bound, the former to protection and the securing of justice, the latter to faithful service; allegiance. [Written also ligeancy and liegance.] Chaucer.

Lige´ment (lij´ment), n. See Ledgment.

Lig´ge (lig´ge), v. i. To lie or recline. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lig´ger (lig´ger), n. 1. A baited line attached to a float, for night fishing. See Leger, a. 2. See Ledger, 2.

Light (lit), n. [OE. light, liht, AS. leóht; akin to OS. lioht, D. & G. licht, OHG. lioht, Goth. liuhaþ, Icel. ljos, L. lux light, lucere to shine, Gr. leyko•s white, Skr. ruc to shine. rad.122. Cf. Lucid, Lunar, Luminous, Lynx.] 1. That agent, force, or action in nature by the operation of which upon the organs of sight, objects are rendered visible or luminous. Light was regarded formerly as consisting of material particles, or corpuscules, sent off in all directions from luminous bodies, and traversing space, in right lines, with the known velocity of about 186,300 miles per second; but it is now generally understood to consist, not in any actual transmission of particles or substance, but in the propagation of vibrations or undulations in a subtile, elastic medium, or ether, assumed to pervade all space, and to be thus set in vibratory motion by the action of luminous bodies, as the atmosphere is by sonorous bodies. This view of the nature of light is known as the undulatory or wave theory; the other, advocated by Newton (but long since abandoned), as the corpuscular, emission, or Newtonian theory. A more recent theory makes light to consist in electrical oscillations, and is known as the electro-magnetic theory of light. 2. That which furnishes, or is a source of, light, as the sun, a star, a candle, a lighthouse, etc. “Then he called for a light, and sprang in.” Acts xvi. 29. “And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night.” Gen. i. 16. 3. The time during which the light of the sun is visible; day; especially, the dawn of day. “The murderer, rising with the light, killeth the poor and needy.” Job xxiv. 14. 4. The brightness of the eye or eyes. “He seemed to find his way without his eyes;
For out o’ door he went without their helps,
And, to the last, bended their light on me.” Shak. 5. The medium through which light is admitted, as a window, or window pane; a skylight; in architecture, one of the compartments of a window made by a mullion or mullions. “There were windows in three rows, and light was against light in three ranks.” I Kings vii.4. 6. Life; existence. “O, spring to light, auspicious Babe, be born!” Pope. 7. Open view; a visible state or condition; public observation; publicity. “The duke yet would have dark deeds darkly answered; he would never bring them to light.” Shak. 8. The power of perception by vision. “My strength faileth me; as for the light of my eyes, it also is gone from me.” Ps. xxxviii. 10. 9. That which illumines or makes clear to the mind; mental or spiritual illumination; enlightenment; knowledge; information. “He shall never know
That I had any light of this from thee.” Shak. 10. Prosperity; happiness; joy; felicity. “Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thy health shall spring forth speedily.” Is. lviii. 8. 11. (Paint.) The manner in which the light strikes upon a picture; that part of a picture which represents those objects upon which the light is supposed to fall; the more illuminated part of a landscape or other scene; — opposed to shade. Cf. Chiaroscuro. 12. Appearance due to the particular facts and circumstances presented to view; point of view; as to state things fairly and put them in the right light. “Frequent consideration of a thing … shows it in its several lights and various ways of appearance.” South. 13. One who is conspicuous or noteworthy; a model or example; as the lights of the age or of antiquity. “Joan of Arc,
A light of ancient France.” Tennyson. 14. (Pyrotech.) A firework made by filling a case with a substance which burns brilliantly with a white or colored flame; as a Bengal light. Light is used figuratively to denote that which resembles physical light in any respect, as illuminating, benefiting, enlightening, or enlivening mankind. Ancient lights (Law), Calcium light, Flash light, etc. See under Ancient, Calcium, etc. — Light ball (Mil.), a ball of combustible materials, used to afford light; — sometimes made so as to be fired from a cannon or mortar, or to be carried up by a rocket. — Light barrel (Mil.), an empty powder barrel pierced with holes and filled with shavings soaked in pitch, used to light up a ditch or a breach. — Light dues (Com.), tolls levied on ships navigating certain waters, for the maintenance of lighthouses. - - Light iron, a candlestick. [Obs.] — Light keeper, a person appointed to take care of a lighthouse or light-ship. — Light money, charges laid by government on shipping entering a port, for the maintenance of lighthouses and light-ships. — The light of the countenance, favor; kindness; smiles. “Lord, lift thou up the light of thy countenance upon us.” Ps. iv. 6. — Northern lights. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora. — To bring to light, to cause to be disclosed. — To come to light, to be disclosed. — To see the light, to come into the light; hence, to come into the world or into public notice; as his book never saw the light. — To stand in one’s own light, to take a position which is injurious to one’s own interest.

Light (lit), a. [AS. leóht. See Light, n.] [Compar. Lighter (-er); superl. Lightest.] 1. Having light; not dark or obscure; bright; clear; as the apartment is light. 2. White or whitish; not intense or very marked; not of a deep shade; moderately colored; as a light color; a light brown; a light complexion.

Light, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-ed) or Lit (lit); p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] [AS. lyhtan, lihtan, to shine. rad.122. See Light, n.] 1. To set fire to; to cause to burn; to set burning; to ignite; to kindle; as to light a candle or lamp; to light the gas; — sometimes with up. “If a thousand candles be all lighted from one.” Hakewill. “And the largest lamp is lit.” Macaulay. “Absence might cure it, or a second mistress
Light up another flame, and put out this.” Addison. 2. To give light to; to illuminate; to fill with light; to spread over with light; — often with up. “Ah, hopeless, lasting flames ! like those that burn
To light the dead.” Pope. “One hundred years ago, to have lit this theater as brilliantly as it is now lighted would have cost, I suppose, fifty pounds.” F. Harrison. “The sun has set, and Vesper, to supply
His absent beams, has lighted up the sky.” Dryden. 3. To attend or conduct with a light; to show the way to by means of a light. “His bishops lead him forth, and light him on.” Landor. To light a fire, to kindle the material of a fire.

Light, v. i. 1. To become ignited; to take fire; as the match will not light. 2. To be illuminated; to receive light; to brighten; — with up; as the room lights up very well.

Light, a. [Compar. Lighter (-er); superl. Lightest.] [OE. light, liht, AS. liht, leóht; akin to D. ligt, G. leicht, OHG. lihti, Icel. lettr, Dan. let, Sw. lätt, Goth. leihts, and perh. to L. levis (cf. Levity), Gr. ’elachy•s small, Skr. laghu light. rad.125. ] 1. Having little, or comparatively little, weight; not tending to the center of gravity with force; not heavy. “These weights did not exert their natural gravity, … insomuch that I could not guess which was light or heavy whilst I held them in my hand.” Addison. 2. Not burdensome; easy to be lifted, borne, or carried by physical strength; as a light burden, or load. “Ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.” Matt. xi. 29, 30. 3. Easy to be endured or performed; not severe; not difficult; as a light affliction or task. Chaucer. “Light sufferings give us leisure to complain.” Dryden. 4. Easy to be digested; not oppressive to the stomach; as light food; also containing little nutriment. 5. Not heavily armed; armed with light weapons; as light troops; a troop of light horse. 6. Not encumbered; unembarrassed; clear of impediments; hence, active; nimble; swift. “Unmarried men are best friends, best masters … but not always best subjects, for they are light to run away.” Bacon. 7. Not heavily burdened; not deeply laden; not sufficiently ballasted; as the ship returned light. 8. Slight; not important; as a light error. Shak. 9. Well leavened; not heavy; as light bread. 10. Not copious or heavy; not dense; not inconsiderable; as a light rain; a light snow; light vapors. 11. Not strong or violent; moderate; as a light wind. 12. Not pressing heavily or hard upon; hence, having an easy, graceful manner; delicate; as a light touch; a light style of execution. 13. Easy to admit influence; inconsiderate; easily influenced by trifling considerations; unsteady; unsettled; volatile; as a light, vain person; a light mind. “There is no greater argument of a light and inconsiderate person than profanely to scoff at religion.” Tillotson. 14. Indulging in, or inclined to, levity; wanting dignity or solemnity; trifling; gay; frivolous; airy; unsubstantial. “Seneca can not be too heavy, nor Plautus too light.” Shak. “Specimens of New England humor laboriously light and lamentably mirthful.” Hawthorne. 15. Not quite sound or normal; somewhat impaired or deranged; dizzy; giddy. “Are his wits safe? Is he not light of brain ?” Shak. 16. Easily bestowed; inconsiderately rendered. “To a fair semblance doth light faith annex.” Spenser. 17. Wanton; unchaste; as a woman of light character. “A light wife doth make a heavy husband.” Shak. 18. Not of the legal, standard, or usual weight; clipped; diminished; as light coin. 19. Loose; sandy; easily pulverized; as a light soil. Light cavalry, Light horse (Mil.), light-armed soldiers mounted on strong and active horses. — Light eater, one who eats but little. — Light infantry, infantry soldiers selected and trained for rapid evolutions. — Light of foot. (a) Having a light step. (b) Fleet. — Light of heart, gay, cheerful. — Light oil (Chem.), the oily product, lighter than water, forming the chief part of the first distillate of coal tar, and consisting largely of benzene and toluene. — Light sails (Naut.), all the sails above the topsails, with, also the studding sails and flying jib. Dana. — Light sleeper, one easily wakened. — Light weight, a prize fighter, boxer, wrestler, or jockey, who is below a standard medium weight. Cf. Feather weight, under Feather. [Cant] — To make light of, to treat as of little consequence; to slight; to disregard. — To set light by, to undervalue; to slight; to treat as of no importance; to despise.

Light (lit), adv. Lightly; cheaply. Hooker.

Light, v. t. [See Light not heavy, and cf. Light to alight, and Lighten to make less heavy.] To lighten; to ease of a burden; to take off. [Obs.] “From his head the heavy burgonet did light.” Spenser.

Light, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-ed) or Lit (lit); p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] [AS. lihtan to alight, orig., to relieve (a horse) of the rider’s burden, to make less heavy, fr. liht light. See Light not heavy, and cf. Alight, Lighten to make light.] 1. To dismount; to descend, as from a horse or carriage; to alight; — with from, off, on, upon, at, in. “When she saw Isaac, she lighted off the camel.” Gen. xxiv. 64. “Slowly rode across a withered heath,
And lighted at a ruined inn.” Tennyson. 2. To feel light; to be made happy. [Obs.] “It made all their hearts to light.” Chaucer. 3. To descend from flight, and rest, perch, or settle, as a bird or insect. “[The bee] lights on that, and this, and tasteth all.” Sir. J. Davies. “On the tree tops a crested peacock lit.” Tennyson. 4. To come down suddenly and forcibly; to fall; — with on or upon. “On me, me only, as the source and spring
Of all corruption, all the blame lights due.” Milton. 5. To come by chance; to happen; — with on or upon; formerly with into. “The several degrees of vision, which the assistance of glasses (casually at first lit on) has taught us to conceive.” Locke. “They shall light into atheistical company.” South. “And here we lit on Aunt Elizabeth,
And Lilia with the rest.” Tennyson.

Light´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Such as can be lighted.

Light´-armed (-ärmd•), a. Armed with light weapons or accouterments.

Light´-boat (-bot•), n. Light-ship.

Light´e (lit´e), obs. imp. of Light, to alight. Chaucer.

Light´en (lit´’n), v. i. [See Light to alight.] To descend; to light. “O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us.” Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.].

Light´en (lit´’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lightened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lightening.] [OE. lightenen. See Light to kindle, illuminate.] 1. To burst forth or dart, as lightning; to shine with, or like, lightning; to display a flash or flashes of lightning; to flash. “This dreadful night,
That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars
As doth the lion.” Shak. 2. To grow lighter; to become less dark or lowering; to brighten; to clear, as the sky.

Light´en, v. t. [See Light to illuminate.] 1. To make light or clear; to light; to illuminate; as to lighten an apartment with lamps or gas; to lighten the streets. [In this sense less common than light.] “A key of fire ran all along the shore,
And lightened all the river with a blaze.” Dryden. 2. To illuminate with knowledge; to enlighten. [In this sense less common than enlighten.] “Lighten my spirit with one clear heavenly ray.” Sir J. Davies. 3. To emit or disclose in, or as in, lightning; to flash out, like lightning. “His eye … lightens forth
Controlling majesty.” Shak. 4. To free from trouble and fill with joy. “They looked unto him, and were lightened.” Ps. xxxiv. 5.

Light´en, v. t. [See Light not heavy.] 1. To make lighter, or less heavy; to reduce in weight; to relieve of part of a load or burden; as to lighten a ship by unloading; to lighten a load or burden. 2. To make less burdensome or afflictive; to alleviate; as to lighten the cares of life or the burden of grief. 3. To cheer; to exhilarate. “Lightens my humor with his merry jests.” Shak.

Light´er (lit´er), n. One who, or that which, lights; as a lighter of lamps.

Light´er, n. [D. ligter, fr. ligt light. See Light not heavy.] (Naut.) A large boat or barge, mainly used in unloading or loading vessels which can not reach the wharves at the place of shipment or delivery. Lighter screw (Mach.), a screw for adjusting the distance between the stones in a grinding mill by raising or lowering the bridgetree.

Light´er, v. t. To convey by a lighter, as to or from the shore; as to lighter the cargo of a ship.

Light´er•age (-aj; 48), n. 1. The price paid for conveyance of goods on a lighter. 2. The act of unloading into a lighter, or of conveying by a lighter.

Light´er•man (-man), n.; pl. Lightermen (-men). A person employed on, or who manages, a lighter.

Light´-fin•gered (lit´fin•gerd), a. Dexterous in taking and conveying away; thievish; pilfering; addicted to petty thefts. Fuller. { Light´-foot• (-foot•), Light´-foot•ed } a. Having a light, springy step; nimble in running or dancing; active; as light-foot Iris. Tennyson.

Light´ful (lit´ful), a. Full of light; bright. [R.] ´Lightful presence.´ Marston.

Light´-hand•ed (lit´hand•ed), a. (Naut.) Not having a full complement of men; as a vessel light-handed.

Light´-head•ed (-hed•ed), a. 1. Disordered in the head; dizzy; delirious. Walpole. 2. Thoughtless; heedless; volatile; unsteady; fickle; loose. ´Light-headed, weak men.´ Clarendon. — Light´-head•ed•ness, n.

Light´-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Free from grief or anxiety; gay; cheerful; merry. — Light´-heart•ed•ly, adv. - - Light´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Light´-heeled (-held•), a. Lively in walking or running; brisk; light-footed.

Light´-horse•man (-hôrs•man), n.; pl. -men (- men). 1. A soldier who serves in the light horse. See under 5th Light. 2. (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish of the genus Ephippus, remarkable for its high dorsal fin and brilliant colors.

Light´house (-hous•), n.; pl. Lighthouses (-houz•ez). A tower or other building with a powerful light at top, erected at the entrance of a port, or at some important point on a coast, to serve as a guide to mariners at night; a pharos.

Light´ing, n. (Metal.) A name sometimes applied to the process of annealing metals.

Light´-legged (lit´legd•), a. Nimble; swift of foot. Sir P. Sidney.

Light´less, a. Destitute of light; dark. Shak.

Light´ly, adv. 1. With little weight; with little force; as to tread lightly; to press lightly. “Yet shall thy grave with rising flowers be drest,
And the green turf lie lightly on thy breast.” Pope. “Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear
Touched lightly.” Milton. 2. Swiftly; nimbly; with agility. “So mikle was that barge, it might not lightly sail.” R. of Brunne. “Watch what thou seest and lightly bring me word.” Tennyson. 3. Without deep impression. “The soft ideas of the cheerful note,
Lightly received, were easily forgot.” Prior. 4. In a small degree; slightly; not severely. “At the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun … and afterward did more grievously afflict her.” Is. ix. 1. 5. With little effort or difficulty; easily; readily. “That lightly come, shall lightly go.” Old Proverb. “They come lightly by the malt, and need not spare it.” Sir W. Scott. 6. Without reason, or for reasons of little weight. “Flatter not the rich, neither do thou willingly or lightly appear before great personages.” Jer. Taylor. 7. Commonly; usually. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. “The great thieves of a state are lightly the officers of the crown.” B. Jonson. 8. Without dejection; cheerfully. ´Seeming to bear it lightly.´ Shak. 9. Without heed or care; with levity; gayly; airily. “Matrimony … is not by any to be enterprised, nor taken in hand, unadvisedly, lightly, or wantonly.” Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.]. 10. Not chastely; wantonly. Swift.

Light´man (-man), n.; pl. -men (-men). A man who carries or takes care of a light. T. Brown.

Light´-mind•ed (-mind•ed), a. Unsettled; unsteady; volatile; not considerate. — Light´-mind•ed•ness, n.

Light´ness, n. [From Light not heavy.] The state, condition, or quality, of being light or not heavy; buoyancy; levity; fickleness; nimbleness; delicacy; grace. Syn. — Levity; volatility; instability; inconstancy; unsteadiness; giddiness; flightiness; airiness; gayety; liveliness; agility; nimbleness; sprightliness; briskness; swiftness; ease; facility.

Light´ness, n. [From Light bright.] 1. Illumination, or degree of illumination; as the lightness of a room. Chaucer. 2. Absence of depth or of duskiness in color; as the lightness of a tint; lightness of complexion.

Light´ning (lit´ning), n. [For lightening, fr. lighten to flash.] 1. A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompanied by a vivid flash of light, commonly from one cloud to another, sometimes from a cloud to the earth. The sound produced by the electricity in passing rapidly through the atmosphere constitutes thunder. 2. The act of making bright, or the state of being made bright; enlightenment; brightening, as of the mental powers. [R.] Ball lightning, a rare form of lightning sometimes seen as a globe of fire moving from the clouds to the earth. — Chain lightning, lightning in angular, zigzag, or forked flashes. — Heat lightning, more or less vivid and extensive flashes of electric light, without thunder, seen near the horizon, esp. at the close of a hot day. — Lightning arrester (Telegraphy), a device, at the place where a wire enters a building, for preventing injury by lightning to an operator or instrument. It consists of a short circuit to the ground interrupted by a thin nonconductor over which lightning jumps. Called also lightning discharger. — Lightning bug (Zoöl.), a luminous beetle. See Firefly. — Lightning conductor, a lightning rod. - - Lightning glance, a quick, penetrating glance of a brilliant eye. — Lightning rod, a metallic rod set up on a building, or on the mast of a vessel, and connected with the earth or water below, for the purpose of protecting the building or vessel from lightning. — Sheet lightning, a diffused glow of electric light flashing out from the clouds, and illumining their outlines. The appearance is sometimes due to the reflection of light from distant flashes of lightning by the nearer clouds.

Light´ning (lit´ning), vb. n. Lightening. [R.]

Light´-o’-love (lit´o-luv•), n. 1. An old tune of a dance, the name of which made it a proverbial expression of levity, especially in love matters. Nares. ´Best sing it to the tune of light-o’-love.´ Shak. 2. Hence: A light or wanton woman. Beau. & Fl.

Light´room (-room•), n. A small room from which the magazine of a naval vessel is lighted, being separated from the magazine by heavy glass windows.

Lights (lits), n. pl. [So called from their lightness.] The lungs of an animal or bird; — sometimes coarsely applied to the lungs of a human being.

Light´-ship (lit´ship•), n. (Naut.) A vessel carrying at the masthead a brilliant light, and moored off a shoal or place of dangerous navigation as a guide for mariners.

Light´some (lit´sum), a. 1. Having light; lighted; not dark or gloomy; bright. “White walls make rooms more lightsome than black.” Bacon. 2. Gay; airy; cheering; exhilarating. “That lightsome affection of joy.” Hooker. — Light´some•ly, adv. — Light´some•ness, n. “Happiness may walk soberly in dark attire, as well as dance lightsomely in a gala dress.” Hawthorne.

Light´-winged (-wingd•), a. Having light and active wings; volatile; fleeting. Shak.

Light´wood (-wood•), n. Pine wood abounding in pitch, used for torches in the Southern United States; pine knots, dry sticks, and the like, for kindling a fire quickly or making a blaze.

Light´y (-y), a. Illuminated. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lign•-al´oes (lin•al´oz or lig•nal´oz), n. [OE. ligne aloes, fr. L. lignum wood + aloe aloe.] 1. Aloes wood, or agallochum. See Agallochum. 2. A fragrant tree mentioned in the Bible. Num. xxiv. 6.

Lig´ne•ous (lig´ne•us), a. [L. ligneus, fr. lignum wood. Cf. Lignous.] Made of wood; consisting of wood; of the nature of, or resembling, wood; woody. “It should be tried with shoots of vines and roots of red roses; for it may be they, being of a moreligneous nature, will incorporate with the tree itself.” Bacon. Ligneous marble, wood coated or prepared so as to resemble marble.

Lig•nif´er•ous (lig•nif´er•us), a. [L. lignifer; lignum wood + ferre to bear: cf. F. lignifère.] Yielding or producing wood.

Lig•ni•fi•ca´tion (lig•ni•fi•ka´shun), n. [Cf. F. lignification. See Lignify.] (Bot.) A change in the character of a cell wall, by which it becomes harder. It is supposed to be due to an incrustation of lignin.

Lig´ni•form (lig´ni•fôrm), a. [L. lignum wood + -form: cf. F. ligniforme.] Like wood.

Lig´ni•fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lignified (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Lignifying (- fi•ing).] [L. lignum wood + -fy: cf. F. lignifier.] (Bot.) To convert into wood or into a ligneous substance.

Lig´ni•fy, v. i. (Bot.) To become wood.

Lig´nin (lig´nin), n. [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignine.] (Bot.) A substance characterizing wood cells and differing from cellulose in its conduct with certain chemical reagents. Recent authors have distinguished four forms of this substance, naming them lignose, lignin, lignone, and lignireose.

Lig•ni•per´dous (lig•ni•per´dus), a. [L. lignum wood + perdere to destroy: cf. F. ligniperde.] (Zoöl.) Wood-destroying; — said of certain insects.

Lig•nir´e•ose (lig•nir´e•os•), n. (Bot.) See Lignin.

Lig´nite (lig´nit), n. [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignite.] (Min.) Mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it was formed, and burning with an empyreumatic odor. It is of more recent origin than the anthracite and bituminous coal of the proper coal series. Called also brown coal, wood coal.

Lig•nit´ic (lig•nit´ik), a. Containing lignite; resembling, or of the nature of, lignite; as lignitic clay. Lignitic group. See Laramie Group.

Lig•ni•tif´er•ous (lig•ni•tif´er•us), a. [Lignite + -ferous.] Producing or containing lignite; lignitic.

Lig•no•cer´ic (-no•ser´ik), a. [L. lignum wood + cera wax.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the formic acid series, found in the tar, wax, or paraffine obtained by distilling certain kinds of wood, as the beech.

Lig´none (lig´non•), n. (Bot.) See Lignin. { Lig•nose´ (lig•nos´), Lig´nous (lig´nus), } a. [L. lignosus, fr. lignum wood: cf. F. ligneux. Cf. Ligneous.] Ligneous. [R.] Evelyn.

Lig´nose (lig´nos•), n. 1. (Bot.) See Lignin. 2. (Chem.) An explosive compound of wood fiber and nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin.

Lig´num rho´di•um (lig´num ro´di•um). [NL., fr. L. lignum wood + Gr. ´ro•don a rose.] (Bot.) The fragrant wood of several shrubs and trees, especially of species of Rhodorhiza from the Canary Islands, and of the West Indian Amyris balsamifera.

Lig´num-vi´tae (-vi´te), n. [L., wood of life; lignum wood + vita, genitive vitae, life.] (Bot.) A tree (Guaiacum officinale) found in the warm latitudes of America, from which the guaiacum of medicine is procured. Its wood is very hard and heavy, and is used for various mechanical purposes, as for the wheels of ships’ blocks, cogs, bearings, and the like. See Guaiacum. In New Zealand the Metrosideros buxifolia is called lignum-vitae, and in Australia a species of Acacia. The bastard lignum-vitae is a West Indian tree (Sarcomphalus laurinus).

Lig´ro•in (lig´ro•in), n. A trade name applied somewhat indefinitely to some of the volatile products obtained in refining crude petroleum. It is a complex and variable mixture of several hydrocarbons, generally boils below 170° Fahr., and is more inflammable than safe kerosene. It is used as a solvent, as a carburetant for air gas and for illumination in special lamps.

Lig´sam (lig´sam), n. [Cf. D. liggen to lie, E. lie to be prostrate, and E. flotsam, jetsam, or ligan.] Same as Ligan. Brande & C.

Lig´u•la (lig´u•la), n.; pl. L. Ligulae (- le), E. Ligulas (-laz). [L., a little tongue. See Ligule.] 1. (Bot.) See Ligule. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The central process, or front edge, of the labium of insects. It sometimes serves as a tongue or proboscis, as in bees. [See Illust. under Labium, and Hymenoptera.] (b) A tongue-shaped lobe of the parapodia of annelids. See Parapodium. { Lig´u•late (lig´u•lat), Lig´u•la•ted (-la•ted), } a. [Cf. F. ligule. See Ligule, and cf. Lingulate.] 1. (Bot.) Like a bandage, or strap; strap-shaped. 2. Composed of ligules. Ligulate flower, a species of compound flower, the florets of which have their corollets flat, spreading out toward the end, with the base only tubular.

Lig´ule (-ul), n. [L. ligula, lingula, little tongue, dim. of lingua tongue : cf. F. ligule.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The thin and scarious projection from the upper end of the sheath of a leaf of grass. (b) A strap-shaped corolla of flowers of Compositae. 2. (Anat.) A band of white matter in the wall of fourth ventricle of the brain.

Lig•u•li•flo´rous (lig•u•li•flo´rus), a. [Ligule + L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) Bearing only ligulate flowers; — said of a large suborder of composite plants, such as the dandelion, lettuce, hawkweed, etc.

Lig´ure (lig´ur; 277), n. [L. ligurius, Gr. ligy•rion, liggoy•rion, ligkoy•rion, lygkoy•rion, equiv. to Heb. leshem.] A kind of precious stone. “The third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.” Ex. xxviii. 19.

Li•gus´trin (li•gus´trin), n. (Chem.) A bitter principle found in the bark of the privet (Ligustrum vulgare), and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a warm, bitter taste; — called also ligustron.

Lik´a•ble (lik´a•b’l), a. Such as can be liked; such as to attract liking; as a likable person. Thackeray.

Like (lik), a. [Compar. Liker (lik´er); superl. Likest.] [OE. lik, ilik, gelic, AS. gelic, fr. pref. ge- + lic body, and orig. meaning, having the same body, shape, or appearance, and hence, like; akin to OS. gilik, D. gelijk, G. gleich, OHG. gilih, Icel. likr, glikr, Dan. lig, Sw. lik, Goth. galeiks, OS. lik body, D. lijk, G. leiche, Icel. lik, Sw. lik, Goth. leik. The English adverbial ending-ly is from the same adjective. Cf. Each, Such, Which.] 1. Having the same, or nearly the same, appearance, qualities, or characteristics; resembling; similar to; similar; alike; — often with in and the particulars of the resemblance; as they are like each other in features, complexion, and many traits of character. “’T is as like you
As cherry is to cherry.” Shak. “Like master, like man.” Old Prov. “He giveth snow like wool; he scattereth the hoar-frost like ashes.” Ps. cxlvii. 16. To, which formerly often followed like, is now usually omitted. 2. Equal, or nearly equal; as fields of like extent. “More clergymen were impoverished by the late war than ever in the like space before.” Sprat. 3. Having probability; affording probability; probable; likely. [Likely is more used now.] Shak. “But it is like the jolly world about us will scoff at the paradox of these practices.” South. “Many were not easy to be governed, nor like to conform themselves to strict rules.” Clarendon. 4. Inclined toward; disposed to; as to feel like taking a walk. Had like (followed by the infinitive), had nearly; came little short of. “Had like to have been my utter overthrow.” Sir W. Raleigh “Ramona had like to have said the literal truth, … but recollected herself in time.” Mrs. H. H. Jackson. Like figures (Geom.), similar figures. Like is used as a suffix, converting nouns into adjectives expressing resemblance to the noun; as manlike, like a man; childlike, like a child; godlike, like a god, etc. Such compounds are readily formed whenever convenient, and several, as crescentlike, serpentlike, hairlike, etc., are used in this book, although, in some cases, not entered in the vocabulary. Such combinations as bell-like, ball- like, etc., are hyphened.

Like, n. 1. That which is equal or similar to another; the counterpart; an exact resemblance; a copy. “He was a man, take him for all in all,
I shall not look upon his like again.” Shak. 2. A liking; a preference; inclination; — usually in pl.; as we all have likes and dislikes.

Like, adv. [AS. gelice. See Like, a.] 1. In a manner like that of; in a manner similar to; as do not act like him. “He maketh them to stagger like a drunken man.” Job xii. 25. Like, as here used, is regarded by some grammarians as a preposition. 2. In a like or similar manner. Shak. “Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him.” Ps. ciii. 13. 3. Likely; probably. ´Like enough it will.´ Shak.

Like, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liked (likt); p. pr. & vb. n. Liking.] [OE. liken to please, AS. lician, gelician, fr. gelic. See Like, a.] 1. To suit; to please; to be agreeable to. [Obs.] “Cornwall him liked best, therefore he chose there.” R. of Gloucester. “I willingly confess that it likes me much better when I find virtue in a fair lodging than when I am bound to seek it in an ill-favored creature.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To be pleased with in a moderate degree; to approve; to take satisfaction in; to enjoy. “He proceeded from looking to liking, and from liking to loving.” Sir P. Sidney. 3. To liken; to compare.[Obs.] “Like me to the peasant boys of France.” Shak.

Like (lik), v. i. 1. To be pleased; to choose. “He may either go or stay, as he best likes.” Locke. 2. To have an appearance or expression; to look; to seem to be (in a specified condition). [Obs.] “You like well, and bear your years very well.” Shak. 3. To come near; to avoid with difficulty; to escape narrowly; as he liked to have been too late. Cf. Had like, under Like, a. [Colloq.] “He probably got his death, as he liked to have done two years ago, by viewing the troops for the expedition from the wall of Kensington Garden.” Walpole. To like of, to be pleased with. [Obs.] Massinger.

Like´a•ble (lik´a•b’l), a. See Likable.

Like´hood (-hood), n. Likelihood. [Obs.] South.

Like´li•hood (-li•hood), n. [Likely + -hood.] 1. Appearance; show; sign; expression. [Obs.] “What of his heart perceive you in his face
By any likelihood he showed to-day ?” Shak. 2. Likeness; resemblance. [Obs.] “There is no likelihood between pure light and black darkness, or between righteousness and reprobation.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Appearance of truth or reality; probability; verisimilitude. Tennyson.

Like´li•ness, n. 1. Likelihood; probability. 2. Suitableness; agreeableness. [Obs.]

Like´ly, a. [Compar. Likelier (lik´li•er); superl. Likeliest.] [That is, like- like. See Like, a.] 1. Worthy of belief; probable; credible; as a likely story. “It seems likely that he was in hope of being busy and conspicuous.” Johnson. 2. Having probability; having or giving reason to expect; — followed by the infinitive; as it is likely to rain. 3. Similar; like; alike. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. Such as suits; good-looking; pleasing; agreeable; handsome. Shak. Milton. 5. Having such qualities as make success probable; well adapted to the place; promising; as a likely young man; a likely servant.

Like´ly, adv. In all probability; probably. “While man was innocent he was likely ignorant of nothing that imported him to know.” Glanvill.

Like´-mind•ed (-mind•ed), a. Having a like disposition or purpose; of the same mind. Tillotson.

Lik´en (lik´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Likened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Likening.] [OE. liknen. See Like, a.] 1. To allege, or think, to be like; to represent as like; to compare; as to liken life to a pilgrimage. “Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man which built his house upon a rock.” Matt. vii. 24. 2. To make or cause to be like. [R.] Brougham.

Like´ness, n. [AS. gelicnes.] 1. The state or quality of being like; similitude; resemblance; similarity; as the likeness of the one to the other is remarkable. 2. Appearance or form; guise. “An enemy in the likeness of a friend.” L’Estrange. 3. That which closely resembles; a portrait. “[How he looked] the likenesses of him which still remain enable us to imagine.” Macaulay. 4. A comparison; parable; proverb. [Obs.] “He said to them, Soothly ye shall say to me this likeness, Leech, heal thyself.” Wyclif (Luke iv. 23). Syn. — Similarity; parallel; similitude; representation; portrait; effigy. {Lik´er•ous (lik´er•us), a., Lik´er•ous•ness, n. } [Obs.] See Lickerish, Lickerishness. Chaucer.

Like´wise (lik´wiz•), adv. & conj. [See Wise, n.] In like manner; also; moreover; too. See Also. “Go, and do thou likewise.” Luke x. 37. “For he seeth that wise men die; likewise the fool and the brutish person perish.” Ps. xlix. 10.

Lik´ing (lik´ing), p. a. Looking; appearing; as better or worse liking. See Like, to look. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Why should he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort ?” Dan. i. 10.

Lik´ing, n. 1. The state of being pleasing; a suiting. See On liking, below. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. The state of being pleased with, or attracted toward, some thing or person; hence, inclination; desire; pleasure; preference; — often with for, formerly with to; as it is an amusement I have no liking for. “If the human intellect hath once taken a liking to any doctrine, … it draws everything else into harmony with that doctrine, and to its support.” Bacon. 3. Appearance; look; figure; state of body as to health or condition. [Archaic] “I shall think the worse of fat men, as long as I have an eye to make difference of men’s liking.” Shak. “Their young ones are in good liking.” Job. xxxix. 4. On liking, on condition of being pleasing to or suiting; also on condition of being pleased with; as to hold a place of service on liking; to engage a servant on liking. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] “Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line … to be a king on liking and on sufferance ?” Hazlitt.

Li´lac (li´lak), n. [Also lilach.] [Sp. lilac, lila, Ar. lilak, fr. Per. lilaj, lilanj, lilang, nilaj, nil, the indigo plant, or from the kindred lilak bluish, the flowers being named from the color. Cf. Anil.] 1. (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Syringa. There are six species, natives of Europe and Asia. Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac, and S. Persica, the Persian lilac, are frequently cultivated for the fragrance and beauty of their purplish or white flowers. In the British colonies various other shrubs have this name. 2. A light purplish color like that of the flower of the purplish lilac. California lilac (Bot.), a low shrub with dense clusters of purplish flowers (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus).

Lil´a•cin (lil´a•sin), n. (Chem.) See Syringin.

Lil•i•a´ceous (lil•i•a´shus), a. [L. liliaceus, fr. lilium lily. See Lily.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of which the lily, tulip, and hyacinth are well-known examples. (b) Like the blossom of a lily in general form.

Lil´i•al (lil´i•al), a. (Bot.) Having a general resemblance to lilies or to liliaceous plants.

Lil´ied (lil´id), a. Covered with, or having many, lilies. “By sandy Ladon’s lilied banks.” Milton.

Lill (lil), v. i. To loll. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser.

Lil•li•pu´tian (lil•li•pu´shan), n. 1. One belonging to a very diminutive race described in Swift’s ´Voyage to Lilliput.´ 2. Hence: A person or thing of very small size.

Lil•li•pu´tian, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the imaginary island of Lilliput described by Swift, or to its inhabitants. 2. Hence: Of very small size; diminutive; dwarfed.

Lil´ly-pil•ly (lil´ly- pil•ly), n. (Bot.) An Australian myrtaceous tree (Eugenia Smithii), having smooth ovate leaves, and panicles of small white flowers. The wood is hard and fine-grained.

Lilt (lilt), v. i. [Cf. Norw. lilla, lirla, to sing in a high tone.] 1. To do anything with animation and quickness, as to skip, fly, or hop. [Prov. Eng.] Wordsworth. 2. To sing cheerfully. [Scot.]

Lilt, v. t. To utter with spirit, animation, or gayety; to sing with spirit and liveliness. “A classic lecture, rich in sentiment,
With scraps of thundrous epic lilted out
By violet-hooded doctors.” Tennyson.

Lilt, n. 1. Animated, brisk motion; spirited rhythm; sprightliness. “The movement, the lilt, and the subtle charm of the verse.” F. Harrison. 2. A lively song or dance; a cheerful tune. “The housewife went about her work, or spun at her wheel, with a lilt upon her lips.” J. C. Shairp.

Lil´y (lil´y), n.; pl. Lilies (-iz). [AS. lilie, L. lilium, Gr. lei•rion. Cf. Flower-de- luce.] 1. (Bot.) A plant and flower of the genus Lilium, endogenous bulbous plants, having a regular perianth of six colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior three- celled ovary. There are nearly fifty species, all found in the North Temperate zone. Lilium candidum and L. longiflorum are the common white lilies of gardens; L. Philadelphicum is the wild red lily of the Atlantic States; L. Chalcedonicum is supposed to be the ´lily of the field´ in our Lord’s parable; L. auratum is the great gold-banded lily of Japan. 2. (Bot.) A name given to handsome flowering plants of several genera, having some resemblance in color or form to a true lily, as Pancratium, Crinum, Amaryllis, Nerine, etc. 3. That end of a compass needle which should point to the north; — so called as often ornamented with the figure of a lily or fleur-de-lis. “But sailing further, it veers its lily to the west.” Sir T. Browne. African lily (Bot.), the blue- flowered Agapanthus umbellatus. — Atamasco lily (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zephyranthes (Z. Atamasco), having a white and pink funnelform perianth, with six petal-like divisions resembling those of a lily. Gray. — Blackberry lily (Bot.), the Pardanthus Chinensis, the black seeds of which form a dense mass like a blackberry. — Bourbon lily (Bot.), Lilium candidum. See Illust. — Butterfly lily. (Bot.) Same as Mariposa lily, in the Vocabulary. — Lily beetle (Zool.), a European beetle (Crioceris merdigera) which feeds upon the white lily. — Lily daffodil (Bot.), a plant of the genus Narcissus, and its flower. — Lily encrinite (Paleon.), a fossil encrinite, esp. Encrinus liliiformis. See Encrinite. — Lily hyacinth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hyacinthus. — Lily iron, a kind of harpoon with a detachable head of peculiar shape, used in capturing swordfish. — Lily of the valley (Bot.), a low perennial herb (Convallaria majalis), having a raceme of nodding, fragrant, white flowers. — Lily pad, the large floating leaf of the water lily. [U. S.] Lowell. — Tiger lily (Bot.), Lilium tigrinum, the sepals of which are blotched with black. — Turk’s-cap lily (Bot.), Lilium Martagon, a red lily with recurved sepals; also the similar American lily, L. superbum. — Water lily (Bot.), the Nymphaea, a plant with floating roundish leaves, and large flowers having many petals, usually white, but sometimes pink, red, blue, or yellow. [See Illust. of Nymphaea.]

Lil´y-hand•ed (-hand•ed), a. Having white, delicate hands.

Lil´y-liv•ered (-liv•erd), a. White-livered; cowardly.

Lil´y•wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the Lily family or order. Lindley.

Lim (lim), n. [See Limb.] A limb. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Li´ma (le´ma or li´ma), n. The capital city of Peru, in South America. Lima bean. (Bot.) (a) A variety of climbing or pole bean (Phaseolus lunatus), which has very large flattish seeds. (b) The seed of this plant, much used for food. — Lima wood (Bot.), the beautiful dark wood of the South American tree Caesalpinia echinata.

Li•ma´ceous (li•ma´shus), a. [L. limax, limacis, slug, snail: cf. F. limace.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, Limax, or the slugs.

Lim•a•ci´na (lim•a•si´na), n. [NL., from L. limax, limacis, a slug.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small spiral pteropods, common in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It contributes to the food of the right whales.

Li•ma•çon´ (le•ma•sôN´), n. [F. limaçon, lit., a snail.] (Geom.) A curve of the fourth degree, invented by Pascal. Its polar equation is r = a cos theta + b.

Li´maille (li´mal; F. le•mä´y’), n. [F., fr. limer to file. See Limation.] Filings of metal. [Obs.] ´An ounce … of silver lymaille.´ Chaucer.

Li´man (li´man), n. [F. limon, fr. L. limus slime.] The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river; slime.

Li•ma´tion (li•ma´shun), n. [L. limatus, p. p. of limare to file, fr. lima file : cf. F. limation.] The act of filing or polishing.

Li´ma•ture (li´ma•tur; 135), n. [L. limatura. See Limation.] 1. The act of filing. 2. That which is filed off; filings. Johnson.

Li´max (li´maks), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) A genus of airbreathing mollusks, including the common garden slugs. They have a small rudimentary shell. The breathing pore is on the right side of the neck. Several species are troublesome in gardens. See Slug.

Limb (lim), n. [OE. lim, AS. lim; akin to Icel. limr limb, lim branch of a tree, Sw. & Dan. lem limb; cf. also AS. lið, OHG. lid, gilid, G. glied, Goth. liþus. Cf. Lith, Limber.] 1. A part of a tree which extends from the trunk and separates into branches and twigs; a large branch. 2. An arm or a leg of a human being; a leg, arm, or wing of an animal. “A second Hector for his grim aspect,
And large proportion of his strong-knit limbs.” Shak. 3. A thing or person regarded as a part or member of, or attachment to, something else. Shak. “That little limb of the devil has cheated the gallows.” Sir W. Scott. 4. An elementary piece of the mechanism of a lock. Limb of the law, a lawyer or an officer of the law. [Colloq.] Landor.

Limb, v. t. 1. To supply with limbs. [R.] Milton. 2. To dismember; to tear off the limbs of.

Limb, n. [L. limbus border. Cf. Limbo, Limbus.] A border or edge, in certain special uses. (a) (Bot.) The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla, or of a petal, or sepal; blade. (b) (Astron.) The border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body, especially of the sun and moon. (c) The graduated margin of an arc or circle, in an instrument for measuring angles.

Lim´bat (lim´bat), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A cooling periodical wind in the Isle of Cyprus, blowing from the northwest from eight o’clock, A. M., to the middle of the day or later.

Lim´bate (lim´bat), a. [L. limbatus, fr. limbus border, edge. See Limbus.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Bordered, as when one color is surrounded by an edging of another.

Lim´bec (-bek), n. [Abbrev. of alembic.] An alembic; a still. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

Lim´bec, v. t. To distill. [Obs.] Dryden.

Limbed (limd), a. Having limbs; — much used in composition; as large-limbed; short-limbed. “Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms,
Limbed and full grown.” Milton.

Lim´ber (lim´ber), n. [For limmer, Icel. limar branches, boughs, pl. of lim; akin to E. limb. See Limb a branch.] 1. pl. The shafts or thills of a wagon or carriage. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Mil.) The detachable fore part of a gun carriage, consisting of two wheels, an axle, and a shaft to which the horses are attached. On top is an ammunition box upon which the cannoneers sit. 3. pl. (Naut.) Gutters or conduits on each side of the keelson to afford a passage for water to the pump well. Limber boards (Naut.), short pieces of plank forming part of the lining of a ship’s floor immediately above the timbers, so as to prevent the limbers from becoming clogged. — Limber box or chest (Mil.), a box on the limber for carrying ammunition. — Limber rope, Limber chain, or Limber clearer (Naut.), a rope or chain passing through the limbers of a ship, by which they may be cleared of dirt that chokes them. Totten. — Limber strake (Shipbuilding), the first course of inside planking next the keelson.

Lim´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limbered (-berd); p. pr. & vb. n. Limbering.] (Mil.) To attach to the limber; as to limber a gun. To limber up, to change a gun carriage into a four-wheeled vehicle by attaching the limber.

Lim´ber, a. [Akin to limp, a. rad.125. See Limp, a.] Easily bent; flexible; pliant; yielding. Milton. “The bargeman that doth row with long and limber oar.” Turbervile.

Lim´ber, v. t. To cause to become limber; to make flexible or pliant. Richardson.

Lim´ber•ness, n. The quality or state of being limber; flexibleness. Boyle.

Limb´less (lim´les), a. Destitute of limbs.

Limb´meal (-mel•), adv. [See Limb, and Piecemeal.] Piecemeal. [Obs.] ´To tear her limbmeal.´ Shak. { Lim´bo (lim´bo), Lim´bus (- bus), } n. [L. limbus border, edge, in limbo on the border. Cf. Limb border.] 1. (Scholastic Theol.) An extramundane region where certain classes of souls were supposed to await the judgment. “As far from help as Limbo is from bliss.” Shak. “A Limbo large and broad, since called
The Paradise of fools.” Milton. The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the souls of good men who lived before the coming of our Savior. The limbus infantium was said to be a similar place for the souls of unbaptized infants. To these was added, in the popular belief, the limbus fatuorum, or fool’s paradise, regarded as a receptacle of all vanity and nonsense. 2. Hence: Any real or imaginary place of restraint or confinement; a prison; as to put a man in limbo. 3. (Anat.) A border or margin; as the limbus of the cornea.

Lim´bous (lim´bus), a. [See Limbus.] (Anat.) With slightly overlapping borders; — said of a suture.

Lime (lim), n. [See Leam a string.] A thong by which a dog is led; a leash. Halliwell.

Lime, n. [Formerly line, for earlier lind. See Linden.] (Bot.) The linden tree. See Linden.

Lime, n. [F. lime; of Persian origin. See Lemon.] (Bot.) A fruit allied to the lemon, but much smaller; also the tree which bears it. There are two kinds; Citrus Medica, var. acida which is intensely sour, and the sweet lime (C. Medica, var. Limetta) which is only slightly sour.

Lime, n. [AS. lim; akin to D. lijm, G. leim, OHG. lim, Icel. lim, Sw. lim, Dan. liim, L. limus mud, linere to smear, and E. loam. rad.126. Cf. Loam, Liniment.] 1. Birdlime. “Like the lime
That foolish birds are caught with.” Wordsworth. 2. (Chem.) Oxide of calcium; the white or gray, caustic substance, usually called quicklime, obtained by calcining limestone or shells, the heat driving off carbon dioxide and leaving lime. It develops great heat when treated with water, forming slacked lime, and is an essential ingredient of cement, plastering, mortar, etc. Lime is the principal constituent of limestone, marble, chalk, bones, shells, etc. Caustic lime, calcium hydrate or slacked lime; also in a less technical sense, calcium oxide or quicklime. — Lime burner, one who burns limestone, shells, etc., to make lime. — Lime light. See Calcium light, under Calcium. — Lime pit, a limestone quarry. — Lime rod, Lime twig, a twig smeared with birdlime; hence, that which catches; a snare. Chaucer.

Lime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limed (limd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liming.] [Cf. AS. geliman to glue or join together. See Lime a viscous substance.] 1. To smear with a viscous substance, as birdlime. “These twigs, in time, will come to be limed.” L’Estrange. 2. To entangle; to insnare. “We had limed ourselves
With open eyes, and we must take the chance.” Tennyson. 3. To treat with lime, or oxide or hydrate of calcium; to manure with lime; as to lime hides for removing the hair; to lime sails in order to whiten them. “Land may be improved by draining, marling, and liming.” Sir J. Child. 4. To cement. ´Who gave his blood to lime the stones together.´ Shak.

Lime´hound (lim´hound•), n. [Lime a leash + hound.] A dog used in hunting the wild boar; a leamer. Spenser.

Lime´kiln (lim´kiln•), n. A kiln or furnace in which limestone or shells are burned and reduced to lime.

Li•men´e•an (le•men´e•an), a. Of or pertaining to Lima, or to the inhabitants of Lima, in Peru. — n. A native or inhabitant of Lima.

Lim´er (lim´er), n. A limehound; a limmer. Chaucer.

Lime´stone (lim´ston•), n. A rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. It sometimes contains also magnesium carbonate, and is then called magnesian or dolomitic limestone. Crystalline limestone is called marble.

Lime twig. See under 4th Lime.

Lime´-twigged (-twigd•), a. Beset with snares; insnared, as with birdlime. L. Addison.

Lime´wa•ter (-wa•ter), n. Water impregnated with lime; esp., an artificial solution of lime for medicinal purposes.

Li•mic´o•lae (li•mik´o•le), n. pl. [L. limicola a dweller in the mud; limus mud + colere to dwell.] (Zoöl.) A group of shore birds, embracing the plovers, sandpipers, snipe, curlew, etc.; the Grallae.

Li•mic´o•line (-lin), a. (Zoöl.) Shore-inhabiting; of or pertaining to the Limicolae.

Lim´i•ness (lim´i•nes), n. The state or quality of being limy.

Lim´it (lim´it), n. [From L. limes, limitis: cf. F. limite; or from E. limit, v. See Limit, v. t.] 1. That which terminates, circumscribes, restrains, or confines; the bound, border, or edge; the utmost extent; as the limit of a walk, of a town, of a country; the limits of human knowledge or endeavor. “As eager of the chase, the maid
Beyond the forest’s verdant limits strayed.” Pope. 2. The space or thing defined by limits. “The archdeacon hath divided it
Into three limits very equally.” Shak. 3. That which terminates a period of time; hence, the period itself; the full time or extent. “The dateless limit of thy dear exile.” Shak. “The limit of your lives is out.” Shak. 4. A restriction; a check; a curb; a hindrance. “I prithee, give no limits to my tongue.” Shak. 5. (Logic & Metaph.) A determining feature; a distinguishing characteristic; a differentia. 6. (Math.) A determinate quantity, to which a variable one continually approaches, and may differ from it by less than any given difference, but to which, under the law of variation, the variable can never become exactly equivalent. Elastic limit. See under Elastic. — Prison limits, a definite extent of space in or around a prison, within which a prisoner has liberty to go and come. Syn. — Boundary; border; edge; termination; restriction; bound; confine.

Lim´it (lim´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limited; p. pr. & vb. n. Limiting.] [F. limiter, L. limitare, fr. limes, limitis, limit; prob. akin to limen threshold, E. eliminate; cf. L. limus sidelong.] To apply a limit to, or set a limit for; to terminate, circumscribe, or restrict, by a limit or limits; as to limit the acreage of a crop; to limit the issue of paper money; to limit one’s ambitions or aspirations; to limit the meaning of a word. Limiting parallels (Astron.), those parallels of latitude between which only an occultation of a star or planet by the moon, in a given case, can occur.

Lim´it, v. i. To beg, or to exercise functions, within a certain limited region; as a limiting friar. [Obs.]

Lim´it•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being limited.

Lim•i•ta´ne•ous (lim•i•ta´ne•us), a. [L. limitaneus. See Limit, v. t.] Of or pertaining to a limit. [Obs.]

Lim•i•ta´ri•an (-ri•an), a. Tending to limit.

Lim´i•ta•ry (lim´i•ta•ry), a. [L. limitaris. See Limit , v. t.] 1. Placed at the limit, as a guard. ´Proud limitary cherub.´ Milton. 2. Confined within limits; limited in extent, authority, power, etc. ´The limitary ocean.´ Trench. “The poor, limitary creature calling himself a man of the world.” De Quincey. 3. Limiting, or tending to limit; restrictive. “Doctrines limitary, if not subversive of the papal power.” Milman.

Lim´i•ta•ry, n.; pl. - ries (-riz). 1. That which serves to limit; a boundary; border land. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A limiter. See Limiter, 2.

Lim´i•tate (-i•tat), a. [L. limitatus, p. p. of limitare to limit. See Limit, v. t. ] Bounded by a distinct line.

Lim•i•ta´tion (-ta´shun), n. [L. limitatio: cf. F. limitation. See Limit, v. t.] 1. The act of limiting; the state or condition of being limited; as the limitation of his authority was approved by the council. “They had no right to mistake the limitation … of their own faculties, for an inherent limitation of the possible modes of existence in the universe.” J. S. Mill. 2. That which limits; a restriction; a qualification; a restraining condition, defining circumstance, or qualifying conception; as limitations of thought. “The cause of error is ignorance what restraints and limitations all principles have in regard of the matter whereunto they are applicable.” Hooker. 3. A certain precinct within which friars were allowed to beg, or exercise their functions; also the time during which they were permitted to exercise their functions in such a district. Chaucer. Latimer. 4. A limited time within or during which something is to be done. “You have stood your limitation, and the tribunes
Endue you with the people’s voice.” Shak. 5. (Law) (a) A certain period limited by statute after which the claimant shall not enforce his claims by suit. (b) A settling of an estate or property by specific rules. (c) A restriction of power; as a constitutional limitation. Wharton. Bouvier. To know one’s own limitations, to know the reach and limits of one’s abilities. A. R. Wallace.

Lim´it•ed (lim´it•ed), a. Confined within limits; narrow; circumscribed; restricted; as our views of nature are very limited. Limited company, a company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited by the number of shares he has taken, so that he can not be called on to contribute beyond the amount of his shares. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Lim´it•ed•ly, adv. With limitation.

Lim´it•ed•ness, n. The quality of being limited.

Lim´it•er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, limits. 2. A friar licensed to beg within certain bounds, or whose duty was limited to a certain district. [Formerly written also limitour.] Chaucer. “A limitour of the Gray Friars, in the time of his limitation, preached many times, and had but one sermon at all times.” Latimer.

Lim´it•ive (-iv), a. Involving a limit; as a limitive law, one designed to limit existing powers. [R.]

Lim´it•less, a. Having no limits; unbounded; boundless. Davies (Wit’s Pilgr.).

Lim´it•our (-oor), n. See Limiter, 2.

Lim´mer (-mer), a. Limber. [Obs.] Holland.

Lim´mer, n. [F. limier. See Leamer.] 1. A limehound; a leamer. 2. (Zoöl.) A mongrel, as a cross between the mastiff and hound. 3. A low, base fellow; also a prostitute. [Scot.] “Thieves, limmers, and broken men of the Highlands.” Sir W. Scott. 4. (Naut.) A man rope at the side of a ladder.

Limn (lim), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limned (limd); p. pr. & vb. n. Limning (lim´ning or lim´ing).] [OE. limnen, fr. luminen, for enluminen, F. enluminer to illuminate, to limn, LL. illuminare to paint. rad.122. See Illuminate, Luminous.] 1. To draw or paint; especially, to represent in an artistic way with pencil or brush. “Let a painter carelessly limn out a million of faces, and you shall find them all different.” Sir T. Browne. 2. To illumine, as books or parchments, with ornamental figures, letters, or borders.

Lim •nae´a (lim•ne´a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. limnai^os pertaining to a marsh, fr. li•mh a marsh.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water air-breathing mollusks, abundant in ponds and streams; — called also pond snail. [Written also Lymnaea.]

Lim´ner (lim´ner), n. [F. enlumineur, LL. illuminator. See Limn, and cf. Alluminor.] A painter; an artist; esp.: (a) One who paints portraits. (b) One who illuminates books. [Archaic]

Lim´ni•ad (-ni•ad), n. [Gr. li•mh a pool.] (Myth.) See Limoniad.

Lim´ning (lim´ning or lim´ing), n. The act, process, or art of one who limns; the picture or decoration so produced. “Adorned with illumination which we now call limning.” Wood.

Li•moges´ (le•mozh´), n. A city of Southern France. Limoges enamel, a kind of enamel ware in which the enamel is applied to the whole surface of a metal plaque, vase, or the like, and painted in enamel colors. The art was brought to a high degree of perfection in Limoges in the 16th century. - - Limoges ware. (a) Articles decorated with Limoges enamel. (b) Articles of porcelain, etc., manufactured at Limoges.

Li•mo´ni•ad (li•mo´ni•ad), n. [L. limoniades, pl., Gr. leimwnia•des, fr. leimw•n meadow.] (Class. Myth.) A nymph of the meadows; — called also Limniad.

Li•mo´nin (li•mo´nin), n. [From NL. Citrus Medica, var. Limonum, the scientific name of the lemon.] (Chem.) A bitter, white, crystalline substance found in orange and lemon seeds.

Li´mon•ite (li´mon•it), n. [Gr. leimw•n any moist grassy place, a meadow : cf. F. limonite, G. limonit.] (Min.) Hydrous sesquioxide of iron, an important ore of iron, occurring in stalactitic, mammillary, or earthy forms, of a dark brown color, and yellowish brown powder. It includes bog iron. Also called brown hematite.

Li•mo´sis (li•mo´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. limo•s hunger.] (Med.) A ravenous appetite caused by disease; excessive and morbid hunger.

Li´mous (li´mus), a. [L. limosus, fr. limus slime, mud.] Muddy; slimy; thick. Sir T. Browne.

Limp (limp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Limped (limt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Limping.] [Cf. AS. lemphealt lame, OHG. limphen to limp, be weak; perh. akin to E. lame, or to limp, a rad.120.] To halt; to walk lamely. Also used figuratively. Shak.

Limp, n. A halt; the act of limping.

Limp, n. (Ore Washing) A scraper for removing poor ore or refuse from the sieve.

Limp, a. [Cf. Icel. limpa limpness, weakness, and E. lap, n., lop, v. t. Cf. Limber, a.] 1. Flaccid; flabby, as flesh. Walton. 2. Lacking stiffness; flimsy; as a limp cravat.

Limp´er (-er), n. One who limps.

Lim´pet (lim´pet), n. [Prob. through French fr. L. lepas, -adis, Gr. lepa•s, -a•dos.] (Zoöl.) 1. In a general sense, any hatshaped, or conical, gastropod shell. 2. Any one of many species of marine shellfish of the order Docoglossa, mostly found adhering to rocks, between tides. The common European limpets of the genus Patella (esp. P. vulgata) are extensively used as food. The common New England species is Acmaea testudinalis. Numerous species of limpets occur on the Pacific coast of America, some of them of large size. 3. Any species of Siphonaria, a genus of limpet-shaped Pulmonifera, living between tides, on rocks. 4. A keyhole limpet. See Fissurella.

Lim´pid (-pid), a. [L. limpidus; akin to Gr. la•mpein to shine: cf. F. limpide. Cf. Lamp.] Characterized by clearness or transparency; clear; as a limpid stream. “Springs which were clear, fresh, and limpid.” Woodward. Syn. — Clear; transparent; pellucid; lucid; pure; crystal; translucent; bright.

Lim•pid´i•ty (lim•pid´i•ty), n. [L. limpiditas: cf. F. limpidite.] The quality or state of being limpid.

Lim´pid•ness (lim´pid•nes), n. Quality of being limpid; limpidity.

Lim´pin (-pin), n. A limpet. [Obs.] Holland.

Limp´ing•ly (limp´-), adv. In a limping manner.

Limp´i•tude (-i•tud), n. Limpidity. [Obs.]

Limp´kin (limp´kin), n. (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of wading birds of the genus Aramus, intermediate between the cranes and rails. The limpkins are remarkable for the great length of the toes. One species (A. giganteus) inhabits Florida and the West Indies; the other (A. scolopaceus) is found in South America. Called also courlan, and crying bird.

Limp´ness, n. The quality or state of being limp. { Limp´sy (-sy), Lim´sy (lim´sy), } a. [See Limp, a., and cf. W. llymsi having a fickle motion, weak. Cf. Flimsy.] Limp; flexible; flimsy. [Local, U. S.]

Li´mu (le´moo), n. (Bot.) The Hawaiian name for seaweeds. Over sixty kinds are used as food, and have species names, as Limu Lipoa, Limu palawai, etc.

Lim´ule (lim´ul), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A limulus.

Lim•u•loi´de•a (lim•u•loi´de•a), n. pl. [NL. See Limulus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of Merostomata, including among living animals the genus Limulus, with various allied fossil genera, mostly of the Carboniferous period. Called also Xiphosura. There are six pairs of leglike organs, surrounding the mouth, most of which terminate in claws; those of the first pair (probably mandibles) are the smallest; the others have the basal joints thickened and spinose, to serve as jaws, while the terminal joints serve as legs.
This group is intermediate, in some characteristics, between crustaceans and certain arachnids (scorpions), but the respiration is by means of lamellate gills borne upon the five posterior abdominal appendages, which are flat and united in pairs by their inner edges, and are protected by the lidlike anterior pair, which also bear the genital orifices.

Lim´u•lus (lim´u•lus), n.; pl. Limuli (- li). [L., dim. of limus sidelong, askance.] (Zoöl.) The only existing genus of Merostomata. It includes only a few species from the East Indies, and one (Limulus polyphemus) from the Atlantic coast of North America. Called also Molucca crab, king crab, horseshoe crab, and horsefoot.

Lim´y (lim´y), a. [See 4th Lime.] 1. Smeared with, or consisting of, lime; viscous. ´Limy snares.´ Spenser. 2. Containing lime; as a limy soil. 3. Resembling lime; having the qualities of lime.

Lin (lin), v. i. [AS. linnan. See Lithe.] To yield; to stop; to cease. [Obs. or Scot.] Marston.

Lin, v. t. To cease from. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lin, n. [Ir. linn, or Gael. linne; akin to W. llyn a pool, pond, lake, but in senses 2 and 3 prob. from AS. hlynn torrent. Cf. Dunlin.] 1. A pool or collection of water, particularly one above or below a fall of water. 2. A waterfall, or cataract; as a roaring lin. 3. A steep ravine. Written also linn and lyn.

Lin´age (lin´aj), n. See Lineage. [Obs.] Holland.

Lin´a•ment (-a•ment), n. [L. linamentum, fr. linum flax.] (Surg.) Lint; esp., lint made into a tent for insertion into wounds or ulcers.

Li•nar´ite (le•när´it), n. [So called because formerly supposed to occur at Linares, in Spain.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of lead and copper occurring in bright blue monoclinic crystals.

Linch (linch), n. [AS. hlinc a hill.] A ledge; a right-angled projection.

Lin´chi (lin´chi), n. [Native Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) An esculent swallow.

Linch´pin (linch´pin•), n. [AS. lynis the axletree; akin to D. luns linchpin, OS. lunisa, LG. lunse, G. lünse, OHG. lun peg, bolt.] A pin used to prevent the wheel of a vehicle from sliding off the axletree.

Lin´coln green´ (lin´kun gren´). A color of cloth formerly made in Lincoln, England; the cloth itself. { Linc´ture (link´tur; 135), Linc´tus (link´tus), } n. [L. lingere, linctum, to lick.] Medicine taken by licking with the tongue.

Lind (lind), n. The linden. See Linden. Chaucer.

Lin´den (lin´den), n. [Orig. an adj. from lind linden tree, AS. lind; akin to D. & G. linde, OHG. linta, Icel., Sw., & Dan. lind. Cf. Lime linden.] (Bot.) (a) A handsome tree (Tilia Europaea), having cymes of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves. The tree is common in Europe. (b) In America, the basswood, or Tilia Americana.

Lin´di•a (lin´di•a), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar genus of rotifers, remarkable for the absence of ciliated disks. By some zoölogists it is thought to be like the ancestral form of the Arthropoda.

Lin´di•form (-di•fôrm), a. [Lindia + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the genus Lindia; — said of certain apodous insect larvae. [See Illust. under Larva.]

Line (lin), n. [OE. lin. See Linen.] 1. Flax; linen. [Obs.] ´Garments made of line.´ Spenser. 2. The longer and finer fiber of flax.

Line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lined (lind); p. pr. & vb. n. Lining.] [See Line flax.] 1. To cover the inner surface of; as to line a cloak with silk or fur; to line a box with paper or tin. “The inside lined with rich carnation silk.” W. Browne. 2. To put something in the inside of; to fill; to supply, as a purse with money. “The charge amounteth very high for any one man’s purse, except lined beyond ordinary, to reach unto.” Carew. “Till coffee has her stomach lined.” Swift. 3. To place persons or things along the side of for security or defense; to strengthen by adding anything; to fortify; as to line works with soldiers. “Line and new repair our towns of war
With men of courage and with means defendant.” Shak. 4. To impregnate; — applied to brute animals. Creech. Lined gold, gold foil having a lining of another metal.

Line, n. [OE. line, AS. line cable, hawser, prob. from L. linea a linen thread, string, line, fr. linum flax, thread, linen, cable; but the English word was influenced by F. ligne line, from the same L. word linea. See Linen.] 1. A linen thread or string; a slender, strong cord; also a cord of any thickness; a rope; a hawser; as a fishing line; a line for snaring birds; a clothesline; a towline. “Who so layeth lines for to latch fowls.” Piers Plowman. 2. A more or less threadlike mark of pen, pencil, or graver; any long mark; as a chalk line. 3. The course followed by anything in motion; hence, a road or route; as the arrow descended in a curved line; the place is remote from lines of travel. 4. Direction; as the line of sight or vision. 5. A row of letters, words, etc., written or printed; esp., a row of words extending across a page or column. 6. A short letter; a note; as a line from a friend. 7. (Poet.) A verse, or the words which form a certain number of feet, according to the measure. “In the preceding line Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa.” Broome. 8. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, or policy; method of argument; department of industry, trade, or intellectual activity. “He is uncommonly powerful in his own line, but it is not the line of a first-rate man.” Coleridge. 9. (Math.) That which has length, but not breadth or thickness. 10. The exterior limit of a figure, plat, or territory; boundary; contour; outline. “Eden stretched her line
From Auran eastward to the royal towers
Of great Seleucia.” Milton. 11. A threadlike crease marking the face or the hand; hence, characteristic mark. “Though on his brow were graven lines austere.” Byron. “He tipples palmistry, and dines
On all her fortune-telling lines.” Cleveland. 12. Lineament; feature; figure. ´The lines of my boy’s face.´ Shak. 13. A straight row; a continued series or rank; as a line of houses, or of soldiers; a line of barriers. “Unite thy forces and attack their lines.” Dryden. 14. A series or succession of ancestors or descendants of a given person; a family or race; as the ascending or descending line; the line of descent; the male line; a line of kings. “Of his lineage am I, and his offspring
By very line, as of the stock real.” Chaucer. 15. A connected series of public conveyances, and hence, an established arrangement for forwarding merchandise, etc.; as a line of stages; an express line. 16. (Geog.) (a) A circle of latitude or of longitude, as represented on a map. (b) The equator; — usually called the line, or equinoctial line; as to cross the line. 17. A long tape, or a narrow ribbon of steel, etc., marked with subdivisions, as feet and inches, for measuring; a tapeline. 18. (Script.) (a) A measuring line or cord. “He marketh it out with a line.” Is. xliv. 13. (b) That which was measured by a line, as a field or any piece of land set apart; hence, allotted place of abode. “The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage.” Ps. xvi. 6. (c) Instruction; doctrine. “Their line is gone out through all the earth.” Ps. xix. 4. 19. (Mach.) The proper relative position or adjustment of parts, not as to design or proportion, but with reference to smooth working; as the engine is in line or out of line. 20. The track and roadbed of a railway; railroad. 21. (Mil.) (a) A row of men who are abreast of one another, whether side by side or some distance apart; — opposed to column. (b) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, etc. 22. (Fort.) (a) A trench or rampart. (b) pl. Dispositions made to cover extended positions, and presenting a front in but one direction to an enemy. 23. pl. (Shipbuilding) Form of a vessel as shown by the outlines of vertical, horizontal, and oblique sections. 24. (Mus.) One of the straight horizontal and parallel prolonged strokes on and between which the notes are placed. 25. (Stock Exchange) A number of shares taken by a jobber. 26. (Trade) A series of various qualities and values of the same general class of articles; as a full line of hosiery; a line of merinos, etc. McElrath. 27. The wire connecting one telegraphic station with another, or the whole of a system of telegraph wires under one management and name. 28. pl. The reins with which a horse is guided by his driver. [U. S.] 29. A measure of length; one twelfth of an inch. Hard lines, hard lot. C. Kingsley. [See Def. 18.] — Line breeding (Stockbreeding), breeding by a certain family line of descent, especially in the selection of the dam or mother. — Line conch (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell (Fasciolaria distans), of Florida and the West Indies. It is marked by narrow, dark, revolving lines. — Line engraving. (a) Engraving in which the effects are produced by lines of different width and closeness, cut with the burin upon copper or similar material; also a plate so engraved. (b) A picture produced by printing from such an engraving. — Line of battle. (a) (Mil. Tactics) The position of troops drawn up in their usual order without any determined maneuver. (b) (Naval) The line or arrangement formed by vessels of war in an engagement. — Line of battle ship. See Ship of the line, below. — Line of beauty (Fine Arts), an abstract line supposed to be beautiful in itself and absolutely; — differently represented by different authors, often as a kind of elongated S (like the one drawn by Hogarth). — Line of centers. (Mach.) (a) A line joining two centers, or fulcra, as of wheels or levers. (b) A line which determines a dead center. See Dead center, under Dead. — Line of dip (Geol.), a line in the plane of a stratum, or part of a stratum, perpendicular to its intersection with a horizontal plane; the line of greatest inclination of a stratum to the horizon. — Line of fire (Mil.), the direction of fire. — Line of force (Physics), any line in a space in which forces are acting, so drawn that at every point of the line its tangent is the direction of the resultant of all the forces. It cuts at right angles every equipotential surface which it meets. Specifically (Magnetism), a line in proximity to a magnet so drawn that any point in it is tangential with the direction of a short compass needle held at that point. Faraday. — Line of life (Palmistry), a line on the inside of the hand, curving about the base of the thumb, supposed to indicate, by its form or position, the length of a person’s life. — Line of lines. See Gunter’s line. — Line of march. (Mil.) (a) Arrangement of troops for marching. (b) Course or direction taken by an army or body of troops in marching. — Line of operations, that portion of a theater of war which an army passes over in attaining its object. H. W. Halleck. — Line of sight (Firearms), the line which passes through the front and rear sight, at any elevation, when they are sighted at an object. — Line tub (Naut.), a tub in which the line carried by a whaleboat is coiled. — Mason and Dixon’s line, the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, as run before the Revolution (1764-1767) by two English astronomers named Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. In an extended sense, the line between the free and the slave States. — On the line, on a level with the eye of the spectator; — said of a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures. — Right line, a straight line; the shortest line that can be drawn between two points. — Ship of the line, formerly, a ship of war large enough to have a place in the line of battle; a vessel superior to a frigate; usually, a seventy-four, or three- decker; — called also line of battle ship. Totten. — To cross the line, to cross the equator, as a vessel at sea. — To give a person line, to allow him more or less liberty until it is convenient to stop or check him, like a hooked fish that swims away with the line. — Water line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a horizontal section of a vessel, as when floating in the water.

Line (lin), v. t. 1. To mark with a line or lines; to cover with lines; as to line a copy book. “He had a healthy color in his cheeks, and his face, though lined, bore few traces of anxiety.” Dickens. 2. To represent by lines; to delineate; to portray. [R.] ´Pictures fairest lined.´ Shak. 3. To read or repeat line by line; as to line out a hymn. “This custom of reading or lining, or, as it was frequently called, ´deaconing´ the hymn or psalm in the churches, was brought about partly from necessity.” N. D. Gould. 4. To form into a line; to align; as to line troops. To line bees, to track wild bees to their nest by following their line of flight. — To line up (Mach.), to put in alignment; to put in correct adjustment for smooth running. See 3d Line, 19.

Lin´e•age (lin´e•aj; 48), n. [OE. linage, F. lignage, fr. L. linea line. See 3d Line.] Descent in a line from a common progenitor; progeny; race; descending line of offspring or ascending line of parentage. “Both the lineage and the certain sire
From which I sprung, from me are hidden yet.” Spenser.

Lin´e•al (lin´e•al), a. [L. linealis belonging to a line, fr. linea line: cf. F. lineal. See 3d Line.] 1. Descending in a direct line from an ancestor; hereditary; derived from ancestors; — opposed to collateral; as a lineal descent or a lineal descendant. “The prime and ancient right of lineal succession.” Locke. 2. Inheriting by direct descent; having the right by direct descent to succeed (to). “For only you are lineal to the throne.” Dryden. 3. Composed of lines; delineated; as lineal designs. 4. In the direction of a line; of or pertaining to a line; measured on, or ascertained by, a line; linear; as lineal magnitude. Lineal measure, the measure of length; — usually written linear measure.

Lin•e•al´i•ty (-al´i•ty), n. The quality of being lineal.

Lin´e•al•ly (lin´e•al•ly), adv. In a lineal manner; as the prince is lineally descended from the Conqueror.

Lin´e•a•ment (-a•ment), n. [L. lineamentum, fr. linea line: cf. F. lineament. See 3d Line.] One of the outlines, exterior features, or distinctive marks, of a body or figure, particularly of the face; feature; form; mark; — usually in the plural. ´The lineaments of the body.´ Locke. ´Lineaments in the character.´ Swift. “Man he seems
In all his lineaments.” Milton.

Lin´e•ar (-e•er), a. [L. linearis, linearius, fr. linea line: cf. F. lineaire. See 3d Line.] 1. Of or pertaining to a line; consisting of lines; in a straight direction; lineal. 2. (Bot.) Like a line; narrow; of the same breadth throughout, except at the extremities; as a linear leaf. Linear differential equation (Math.), an equation which is of the first degree, when the expression which is equated to zero is regarded as a function of the dependent variable and its differential coefficients. — Linear equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree between two variables; — so called because every such equation may be considered as representing a right line. — Linear measure, the measurement of length. — Linear numbers (Math.), such numbers as have relation to length only: such is a number which represents one side of a plane figure. If the plane figure is a square, the linear figure is called a root. — Linear problem (Geom.), a problem which may be solved geometrically by the use of right lines alone. — Linear transformation (Alg.), a change of variables where each variable is replaced by a function of the first degree in the new variable.

Lin•e•ar•en´sate (-en´sat), a. (Bot.) Having the form of a sword, but very long and narrow.

Lin´e•ar•ly, adv. In a linear manner; with lines.

Lin´e•ar-shaped (-shapt•), a. Of a linear shape.

Lin´e•a•ry (-a•ry), a. Linear. Holland. { Lin´e•ate (lin´e•at), Lin´e•a•ted (-a•ted), } a. [L. lineatus, p. p. of lineare to reduce to a straight line, fr. linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Marked with lines. 2. (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines; as a lineate leaf.

Lin•e•a´tion (-a´shun), n. [L. lineatio the drawing of a line, fr. lineare.] Delineation; a line or lines.

Lin´e•a•ture (lin´e•a•tur; 135), n. Anything having outline. [R.] Holland.

Line´man (lin´man), n.; pl. Linemen (-men). 1. One who carries the line in surveying, etc. 2. A man employed to examine the rails of a railroad to see if they are in good condition; also a man employed to repair telegraph lines.

Lin´en (lin´en), a. [OE., fr. lin linen. See Linen, n.] 1. Made of linen; as linen cloth; a linen stocking. 2. Resembling linen cloth; white; pale.

Lin´en, n. [Prop. an adj. from OE. lin flax, AS. lin flax, whence linen made of flax; akin to OS., Icel., & MHG. lin flax and linen, G. lein, leinen, linen, Sw. lin flax, Goth. lein linen, L. linum flax, linen, Gr. li•non. Cf. Line, Linseed.] 1. Thread or cloth made of flax or (rarely) of hemp; — used in a general sense to include cambric, shirting, sheeting, towels, tablecloths, etc. ´In linen white as milk.´ Robert of Brunne. 2. Underclothing, esp. the shirt, as being, in former times, chiefly made of linen. Linen draper, a dealer in linen. — Linen prover, a small microscope for counting the threads in a given space in linen fabrics. — Linen scroll, Linen pattern (Arch.), an ornament for filling panels, copied from the folds of a piece of stuff symmetrically disposed.

Lin´en•er (-er), n. A dealer in linen; a linen draper. [Obs.]

Lin´e•o•late (lin´e•o•lat), a. [L. lineola, dim. of linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Marked with little lines. 2. (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with fine lines. Gray.

Lin´er (lin´er), n. 1. One who lines, as a liner of shoes. 2. A vessel belonging to a regular line of packets; also a line-of-battle ship; a ship of the line. 3. (Mach.) A thin piece placed between two parts to hold or adjust them, fill a space, etc.; a shim. 4. (Steam Engine) A lining within the cylinder, in which the piston works and between which and the outer shell of the cylinder a space is left to form a steam jacket. 5. A slab on which small pieces of marble, tile, etc., are fastened for grinding. 6. (Baseball) A ball which, when struck, flies through the air in a nearly straight line not far from the ground.

-ling (-ling). [AS. -ling.] A noun suffix, commonly having a diminutive or a depreciatory force; as in duckling, gosling, hireling, fosterling, firstling, underling.

-ling. An adverbial suffix; as darkling, flatling.

Ling (ling), n. [OE. lenge; akin to D. leng, G. länge, Dan. lange, Sw. långa, Icel. langa. So named from its being long. See Long, a.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large, marine, gadoid fish (Molva vulgaris) of Northern Europe and Greenland. It is valued as a food fish and is largely salted and dried. Called also drizzle. (b) The burbot of Lake Ontario. (c) An American hake of the genus Phycis. [Canada] (d) A New Zealand food fish of the genus Genypterus. The name is also locally applied to other fishes, as the cultus cod, the mutton fish, and the cobia.

Ling, n. [Icel. lyng; akin to Dan. lyng, Sw. ljung.] (Bot.) Heather (Calluna vulgaris). Ling honey, a sort of wild honey, made from the flowers of the heather. Holland. { Lin´ga (lin´ga), Lin´gam (lin´gam), } n. [Skr. linga.] The phallic symbol under which Siva is principally worshiped in his character of the creative and reproductive power. Whitworth. E. Arnold.

Ling´-bird (ling´berd•), n. (Zoöl.) The European meadow pipit; — called also titling.

Lin´gel (lin´gel), n. [F. ligneul, dim. of L. linea a linen thread.] 1. A shoemaker’s thread. [Obs.] 2. A little tongue or thong of leather; a lacing for belts. Crabb.

Lin´gence (lin´jens), n. [L. lingere to lick.] A linctus. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lin´ger (lin´ger), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lingered (- gerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lingering.] [OE. lengen to tarry, AS. lengan to prolong, put off, fr. lang long. rad.125. See Long, a.] To delay; to loiter; to remain or wait long; to be slow or reluctant in parting or moving; to be slow in deciding; to be in suspense; to hesitate. “Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind.” Gray. “Perhaps thou linger’st, in deep thoughts detained.” Milton. Syn. — To loiter; lag; saunter; delay; tarry; stop; hesitate.

Lin´ger, v. t. 1. To protract; to draw out. [Obs.] “She lingers my desires.” Shak. 2. To spend or pass in a lingering manner; — with out; as to linger out one’s days on a sick bed. Dryden.

Lin´ger•er (-er), n. One who lingers. Guardian.

Lin´ger•ing, a. 1. Delaying. 2. Drawn out in time; remaining long; protracted; as a lingering disease. “To die is the fate of man; but to die with lingering anguish is generally his folly.” Rambler.

Lin´ger•ing•ly, adv. With delay; slowly; tediously.

Lin´get (lin´get), n. [F. lingot, perh. fr. L. lingua tongue (see Tongue). Cf. Ingot.] An ingot. [Written also lingot.]

Ling´ism (ling´iz’m), n. A mode of treating certain diseases, as obesity, by gymnastics; — proposed by Pehr Henrik Ling, a Swede. See Kinesiatrics.

Lin´gle (lin´g’l), n. See Lingel.

Lin´go (lin´go), n. [L. lingua tongue, language. See Lingual.] Language; speech; dialect. [Slang]

Lin•go´a wood (lin•go´a wood•). Amboyna wood.

Lin´got (lin´got), n. A linget or ingot; also a mold for casting metals. See Linget.

Lin´gua (lin´gwa), n.; pl. Linguae (- gwe). [L., the tongue.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tongue. (b) A median process of the labium, at the under side of the mouth in insects, and serving as a tongue.

Lin•gua´cious (lin•gwa´shus), a. [L. linguax, -acis, loquacious, fr. lingua tongue.] Given to the use of the tongue; loquacious. [Obs.]

Lin•gua•den´tal (lin•gwa•den´tal), a. [L. lingua tongue + E. dental.] (Phonetics) Formed or uttered by the joint use of the tongue and teeth, or rather that part of the gum just above the front teeth; dentolingual, as the letters d and t.

Lin•gua•den´tal, n. (Phonetics) An articulation pronounced by the aid or use of the tongue and teeth.

Lin´gua Fran´ca (lin´gwa fran´ka). [It., prop., language of the Franks.] The commercial language of the Levant, — a mixture of the languages of the people of the region and of foreign traders.

Lin´gual (lin´gwal), a. [L. lingua tongue: cf. F. lingual. See Tongue, and cf. Language.] Of or pertaining to the tongue; uttered by the aid of the tongue; glossal; as the lingual nerves; a lingual letter. Lingual ribbon. (Zoöl.) See Odontophore.

Lin´gual, n. A consonant sound formed by the aid of the tongue; — a term especially applied to certain articulations (as those of t, d, th, and n) and to the letters denoting them. In Sanskrit grammar certain letters, as t, th, d, dh, n, are called linguals, cerebrals, or cacuminals. They are uttered with the tip of the tongue turned up and drawn back into the dome of the palate.

Lin•gual´i•ty (lin•gwal´i•ty), n. The quality of being lingual.

Lin•gua•tu´li•da (lin•gwa•tu´li•da), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) Same as Linguatulina.

Lin•guat•u•li´na (lin•gwat•u•li´na), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) An order of wormlike, degraded, parasitic arachnids. They have two pairs of retractile hooks, near the mouth. Called also Pentastomida. The adults of some species inhabit the nostrils and nasal sinuses of dogs and other carnivores. The young, after being swallowed by sheep, rabbits, etc., find their way to the lungs and liver and become encysted. These, when eaten by carnivores, develop into the adult forms.

Lin•gui•den´tal (lin•gwi•den´tal), a. & n. Linguadental.

Lin´gui•form (lin´gwi•fôrm), a. [L. lingua tongue + -form: cf. F. linguiforme.] Having the form of the tongue; tongue- shaped.

Lin´guist (lin´gwist), n. [L. lingua tongue, speech, language: cf. F. linguiste.] 1. A master of the use of language; a talker. [Obs.] “I’ll dispute with him;
He’s a rare linguist.” J. Webster. 2. A person skilled in languages. “There too were Gibbon, the greatest historian, and Jones, the greatest linguist, of the age.” Macaulay. { Lin•guis´tic (lin•gwis´tik), Lin•guis´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. [Cf. F. linguistique.] Of or pertaining to language; relating to linguistics, or to the affinities of languages.

Lin•guis´tic•al•ly, adv. In a linguistic manner; from the point of view of a linguist. Tylor.

Lin•guis´tics (-tiks), n. [Cf. F. linguistique.] The science of languages, or of the origin, signification, and application of words; glossology.

Lin´gu•la (lin´gu•la), n.; pl. -lae (- le). [L., a little tongue.] 1. (Anat.) A tonguelike process or part. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of brachiopod shells belonging to the genus Lingula, and related genera. See Brachiopoda, and Illustration in Appendix. Lingula flags (Geol.), a group of strata in the lower Silurian or Cambrian system of Wales, in which some of the layers contain vast numbers of a species of Lingula.

Lin´gu•late (-lat), a. [L. lingulatus, fr. lingula a little tongue. Cf. Ligulate.] Shaped like the tongue or a strap; ligulate.

Li•nig´er•ous (li•nij´er•us), a. [L. linum flax + -gerous.] Bearing flax; producing linen.

Lin´i•ment (lin´i•ment), n. [L. linimentum, fr. linire, linere, to besmear, anoint : cf. F. liniment. Cf. Letter, Lime a viscous substance.] A liquid or semiliquid preparation of a consistence thinner than an ointment, applied to the skin by friction, esp. one used as a sedative or a stimulant.

Lin´ing (lin´ing), n. [See Line to cover the inside.] 1. The act of one who lines; the act or process of making lines, or of inserting a lining. 2. That which covers the inner surface of anything, as of a garment or a box; also the contents of anything. “The lining of his coffers shall make coats
To deck our soldiers.” Shak.

Link (link), n. [Prob. corrupted from lint and this for lunt a torch, match, D. lont match; akin to G. lunte, cf. MHG. lünden to burn. Cf. Lunt, Linstock.] A torch made of tow and pitch, or the like. Shak.

Link, n. [OE. linke, AS. hlence; akin to Sw. länk ring of a chain, Dan. laenke chain, Icel. hlekkr; cf. G. gelenk joint, link, ring of a chain, lenken to bend.] 1. A single ring or division of a chain. 2. Hence: Anything, whether material or not, which binds together, or connects, separate things; a part of a connected series; a tie; a bond. ´Links of iron.´ Shak. “The link of brotherhood, by which
One common Maker bound me to the kind.” Cowper. “And so by double links enchained themselves in lover’s life.” Gascoigne. 3. Anything doubled and closed like a link; as a link of horsehair. Mortimer. 4. (Kinematics) Any one of the several elementary pieces of a mechanism, as the fixed frame, or a rod, wheel, mass of confined liquid, etc., by which relative motion of other parts is produced and constrained. 5. (Mach.) Any intermediate rod or piece for transmitting force or motion, especially a short connecting rod with a bearing at each end; specifically (Steam Engine), the slotted bar, or connecting piece, to the opposite ends of which the eccentric rods are jointed, and by means of which the movement of the valve is varied, in a link motion. 6. (Surveying) The length of one joint of Gunter’s chain, being the hundredth part of it, or 7.92 inches, the chain being 66 feet in length. Cf. Chain, n., 4. 7. (Chem.) A bond of affinity, or a unit of valence between atoms; — applied to a unit of chemical force or attraction. 8. pl. Sausages; — because linked together. [Colloq.]

Link (link), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Linked (linkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Linking.] To connect or unite with a link or as with a link; to join; to attach; to unite; to couple. “All the tribes and nations that composed it [the Roman Empire] were linked together, not only by the same laws and the same government, but by all the facilities of commodious intercourse, and of frequent communication.” Eustace.

Link, v. i. To be connected. “No one generation could link with the other.” Burke.

Link´age (link´aj; 48), n. 1. The act of linking; the state of being linked; also a system of links. 2. (Chem.) Manner of linking or of being linked; — said of the union of atoms or radicals in the molecule. 3. (Geom.) A system of straight lines or bars, fastened together by joints, and having certain of their points fixed in a plane. It is used to describe straight lines and curves in the plane. { Link´boy• (-boi•), Link´man (-man), } n. [See 1st Link.] A boy or man that carried a link or torch to light passengers.

Link´ mo´tion (mo´shun). (Steam Engine) A valve gear, consisting of two eccentrics with their rods, giving motion to a slide valve by an adjustable connecting bar, called the link, in such a way that the motion of the engine can be reversed, or the cut-off varied, at will; — used very generally in locomotives and marine engines. The illustration shows a link motion for a vertical engine, c representing the shaft carrying two eccentrics, a and b, for making the engine run forward and backward, respectively, their rods e and d being jointed to opposite ends of the slotted link f, in the opening of which is a pin g which is attached to the valve rod h. The valve will receive the motion of the forward eccentric when the link is in the position shown, and the motion of the backward eccentric when the link is shifted so far to the right as to bring e in line with h, or a compound motion derived from both eccentrics when the link is shifted to intermediate positions, the compound motion causing the valve to cut off the steam at a point determined by the position to which the link may have been shifted.

Link´work (-wûrk•), n. 1. A fabric consisting of links made of metal or other material fastened together; also a chain. “And thou shalt make hooks of gold, and two chains of fine gold; linkwork and wreathed.” Udall. 2. Mechanism in which links, or intermediate connecting pieces, are employed to transmit motion from one part to another.

Lin•nae´a bo•re•a´lis (lin•ne´a bo•re•a´lis). [NL. Linnaeus Linnaean + L. borealis northern.] (Bot.) The twin flower which grows in cold northern climates. { Lin•nae´an , Lin•ne´an } (lin•ne´an), a. Of or pertaining to Linnaeus, the celebrated Swedish botanist. Linnaean system (Bot.), the system in which the classes are founded mainly upon the number of stamens, and the orders upon the pistils; the artificial or sexual system.

Lin•nae´ite (-it), n. [See Linnaean.] (Min.) A mineral of pale steel- gray color and metallic luster, occurring in isometric crystals, and also massive. It is a sulphide of cobalt containing some nickel or copper.

Linne (lin), n. Flax. See Linen. [Obs.]

Lin´net (lin´net), n. [F. linot, linotte, from L. linum flax; or perh. shortened from AS. linetwige, fr. AS. lin flax; — so called because it feeds on the seeds of flax and hemp. See Linen.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genera Linota, Acanthis, and allied genera, esp. the common European species (L. cannabina), which, in full summer plumage, is chestnut brown above, with the breast more or less crimson. The feathers of its head are grayish brown, tipped with crimson. Called also gray linnet, red linnet, rose linnet, brown linnet, lintie, lintwhite, gorse thatcher, linnet finch, and greater redpoll. The American redpoll linnet (Acanthis linaria) often has the crown and throat rosy. See Redpoll, and Twite. Green linnet (Zoöl.), the European green finch.

Li•no´le•ate (li•no´le•at), n. (Chem.) A salt of linoleic acid.

Li•no´le•ic (li•no´le•ik), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, linoleum, or linseed oil; specifically (Chem.), designating an organic acid, a thin yellow oil, found combined as a salt of glycerin in oils of linseed, poppy, hemp, and certain nuts.

Li•no´le•um (li•no´le•um), n. [L. linum flax + oleum oil.] 1. Linseed oil brought to various degrees of hardness by some oxidizing process, as by exposure to heated air, or by treatment with chloride of sulphur. In this condition it is used for many of the purposes to which India rubber has been applied. 2. A kind of floor cloth made by laying hardened linseed oil mixed with ground cork on a canvas backing.

Li•nox´in (li•noks´in), n. [Linoleic + oxygen.] (Chem.) A resinous substance obtained as an oxidation product of linoleic acid. [Written also linoxyn.]

Lin•sang´ (lin•säng´), n. (Zoöl.) Any viverrine mammal of the genus Prionodon, inhabiting the East Indies and Southern Asia. The common East Indian linsang (P. gracilis) is white, crossed by broad, black bands. The Guinea linsang (Porana Richardsonii) is brown with black spots.

Lin´seed (lin´sed•), n. [OE. lin flax + seed. See Linen.] (Bot.) The seeds of flax, from which linseed oil is obtained. [Written also lintseed.] Linseed cake, the solid mass or cake which remains when oil is expressed from flaxseed. — Linseed meal, linseed cake reduced to powder. — Linseed oil, oil obtained by pressure from flaxseed.

Lin´sey (lin´sy), n. [See Linen.] Linsey-woolsey.

Lin´sey-wool´sey (-wool´sy; 277), n. 1. Cloth made of linen and wool, mixed. 2. Jargon. [Obs.] Shak.

Lin´sey-wool´sey, a. Made of linen and wool; hence, of different and unsuitable parts; mean. Johnson.

Lin´stock (lin´stok), n. [Corrupt. fr. luntstock, D. lontstok; lont lunt + stok stock, stick. See Link a torch, Lunt, and Stock.] A pointed forked staff, shod with iron at the foot, to hold a lighted match for firing cannon. [Written also lintstock.]

Lint (lint), n. [AS. linet flax, hemp, fr. lin flax; or, perh. borrowed fr. L. linteum a linen cloth, linen, from linteus linen, a., fr. linum flax, lint. See Linen.] 1. Flax. 2. Linen scraped or otherwise made into a soft, downy or fleecy substance for dressing wounds and sores; also fine ravelings, down, fluff, or loose short fibers from yarn or fabrics. Lint doctor (Calico-printing Mach.), a scraper to remove lint from a printing cylinder.

Lin´tel (lin´tel), n. [OF. lintel, F. linteau, LL. lintellus, for limitellus, a dim. fr. L. limes limit. See Limit.] (Arch.) A horizontal member spanning an opening, and carrying the superincumbent weight by means of its strength in resisting crosswise fracture. { Lin´tie (lin´ti), Lint´white• (lint´hwit•) }, n. [AS. linetwige. See Linnet.] (Zoöl.) See Linnet. Tennyson.

Lint´seed (lint´sed•), n. See Linseed.

Li´num (li´num), n. [L., flax.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants including the flax (Linum usitatissimum).

Li´on (li´un), n. [F. lion, L. leo, -onis, akin to Gr. le•wn. Cf. Chameleon, Dandelion, Leopard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large carnivorous feline mammal (Felis leo), found in Southern Asia and in most parts of Africa, distinct varieties occurring in the different countries. The adult male, in most varieties, has a thick mane of long shaggy hair that adds to his apparent size, which is less than that of the largest tigers. The length, however, is sometimes eleven feet to the base of the tail. The color is a tawny yellow or yellowish brown; the mane is darker, and the terminal tuft of the tail is black. In one variety, called the maneless lion, the male has only a slight mane. 2. (Astron.) A sign and a constellation; Leo. 3. An object of interest and curiosity, especially a person who is so regarded; as he was quite a lion in London at that time. “Such society was far more enjoyable than that of Edinburgh, for here he was not a lion, but a man.” Prof. Wilson. American lion (Zoöl.), the puma or cougar. — Lion ant (Zoöl.), the ant-lion. — Lion dog (Zoöl.), a fancy dog with a flowing mane, usually clipped to resemble a lion’s mane. — Lion lizard (Zoöl.), the basilisk. — Lion’s share, all, or nearly all; the best or largest part; — from AEsop’s fable of the lion hunting in company with certain smaller beasts, and appropriating to himself all the prey.

Li´onced (li´unst), a. (Her.) Adorned with lions’ heads; having arms terminating in lions’ heads; — said of a cross. [Written also leonced.]

Li´on•cel (li´un•sel), n. [OF., F. lionceau, dim. of lion.] (Her.) A small lion, especially one of several borne in the same coat of arms.

Li´on•el (-el), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) The whelp of a lioness; a young lion.

Li´on•ess, n. [OF. lionesse.] (Zoöl.) A female lion.

Li´on•et (-et), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) A young or small lion.

Li´on-heart (-härt•), n. A very brave person.

Li´on-heart•ed (-härt•ed), a. Very brave; brave and magnanimous. Sir W. Scott.

Li´on•hood (-hood), n. State of being a lion. Carlyle.

Li´on•ism (-iz’m), n. An attracting of attention, as a lion; also the treating or regarding as a lion.

Li´on•ize (-iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lionized (-izd), p. pr. & vb. n. Lionizing (- i•zing).] 1. To treat or regard as a lion or object of great interest. J. D. Forbes. 2. To show the lions or objects of interest to; to conduct about among objects of interest. Macaulay.

Li´on•like (-lik•), a. Like a lion; brave as a lion.

Li´on•ly, a. Like a lion; fierce. [Obs.] Milton.

Li´on’s ear (li´unz er•). (Bot.) A name given in Western South America to certain plants with shaggy tomentose leaves, as species of Culcitium, and Espeletia.

Li´on’s foot (foot•). (Bot.) (a) A composite plant of the genus Prenanthes, of which several species are found in the United States. (b) The edelweiss.

Li´on•ship (li´un•ship), n. The state of being a lion.

Li´on’s leaf (li´unz lef•). (Bot.) A South European plant of the genus Leontice (L. leontopetalum), the tuberous roots of which contain so much alkali that they are sometimes used as a substitute for soap.

Li´on’s tail (tal•). (Bot.) A genus of labiate plants (Leonurus); — so called from a fancied resemblance of its flower spikes to the tuft of a lion’s tail. L. Cardiaca is the common motherwort.

Li´on’s tooth (tooth•); pl. Lions’ teeth (teth•). (Bot.) See Leontodon.

Lip (lip), n. [OE. lippe, AS. lippa; akin to D. lip, G. lippe, lefze, OHG. lefs, Dan. laebe, Sw. läpp, L. labium, labrum. Cf. Labial.] 1. One of the two fleshy folds which surround the orifice of the mouth in man and many other animals. In man the lips are organs of speech essential to certain articulations. Hence, by a figure they denote the mouth, or all the organs of speech, and sometimes speech itself. “Thine own lips testify against thee.” Job xv. 6. 2. An edge of an opening; a thin projecting part of anything; a kind of short open spout; as the lip of a vessel. 3. The sharp cutting edge on the end of an auger. 4. (Bot.) (a) One of the two opposite divisions of a labiate corolla. (b) The odd and peculiar petal in the Orchis family. See Orchidaceous. 5. (Zoöl.) One of the edges of the aperture of a univalve shell. Lip bit, a pod auger. See Auger. — Lip comfort, comfort that is given with words only. — Lip comforter, one who comforts with words only. — Lip labor, unfelt or insincere speech; hypocrisy. Bale. — Lip reading, the catching of the words or meaning of one speaking by watching the motion of his lips without hearing his voice. Carpenter. — Lip salve, a salve for sore lips. — Lip service, expression by the lips of obedience and devotion without the performance of acts suitable to such sentiments. — Lip wisdom, wise talk without practice, or unsupported by experience. — Lip work. (a) Talk. (b) Kissing. [Humorous] B. Jonson. — To make a lip, to drop the under lip in sullenness or contempt. Shak. — To shoot out the lip (Script.), to show contempt by protruding the lip.

Lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lipped (lipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lipping (-ping).] 1. To touch with the lips; to put the lips to; hence, to kiss. “The bubble on the wine which breaks
Before you lip the glass.” Praed. “A hand that kings
Have lipped and trembled kissing.” Shak. 2. To utter; to speak. [R.] Keats.

Lip, v. t. To clip; to trim. [Obs.] Holland.

Li•pae´mi•a (li•pe´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. li•pos fat + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A condition in which fat occurs in the blood.

Li•pans´ (le•pänz´), n. pl.; sing. Lipan (-pän´). (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians, inhabiting the northern part of Mexico. They belong to the Tinneh stock, and are closely related to the Apaches.

Li•pa´ri•an (li•pa´ri•an), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a family (Liparidae) of destructive bombycid moths, as the tussock moths.

Lip´a•rite (lip´a•rit), n. [So called from Lipari, the island.] (Min.) A quartzose trachyte; rhyolite.

Lip´ic (lip´ik), a. [Gr. li•pos fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fat. The word was formerly used specifically to designate a supposed acid obtained by the oxidation of oleic acid, tallow, wax, etc.

Li•pin´ic (li•pin´ik), a. (Chem.) Lipic.

Lip´less (lip´les), a. Having no lips.

Lip´let (-let), n. A little lip.

Lip•o•ceph´a•la (lip•o•sef´a•la), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lei•pesqai to be lacking + kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellibranchia.

Lip´o•chrin (lip´o•krin), n. [Gr. li•pos fat + chro•a color.] (Physiol. Chem.) A yellow coloring matter, soluble in ether, contained in the small round fat drops in the retinal epithelium cells. It is best obtained from the eyes of frogs.

Lip´o•gram (lip´o•gram; 277), n. [Gr. lei•pein, lipei^n, to leave, omit + -gram.] A writing composed of words not having a certain letter or letters; — as in the Odyssey of Tryphiodorus there was no A in the first book, no B in the second, and so on.

Lip•o•gram•mat´ic (-mat´ik), a. [Gr. lipogra•mmatos: cf. F. lipogrammatique.] Omitting a letter; composed of words not having a certain letter or letters; as lipogrammatic writings.

Lip•o•gram´ma•tist (-gram´ma•tist), n. [Cf. F. lipogrammatiste.] One who makes a lipogram.

Li•po´ma (li•po´ma), n. [NL., from Gr. li•pos fat + - oma.] (Med.) A tumor consisting of fat or adipose tissue. — Li•pom´a•tous (- pom´a•tus), a.

Li•po•thym´ic (li•po•thim´ik), a. [Gr. leipoqymiko•s, lipoqymiko•s.] Tending to swoon; fainting. [Written also leipothymic.]

Li•poth´y•mous (li•poth´i•mus), a. [Gr. lei•pein to leave, to lack + qymo•s soul, life.] Pertaining, or given, to swooning; fainting.

Li•poth´y•my (-my), n. [Gr. lipoqymi•a: cf. F. lipothymie.] A fainting; a swoon. Jer. Taylor.

Lipped (lipt), a. 1. Having a lip or lips; having a raised or rounded edge resembling the lip; — often used in composition; as thick-lipped, thin-lipped, etc. 2. (Bot.) Labiate.

Lip´pi•tude (lip´pi•tud), n. [L. lippitudo, fr. lippus blear- eyed: cf. F. lippitude.] Soreness of eyes; the state of being blear-eyed; blearedness.

Lipse (lips), v. i. To lisp. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lip´yl (lip´il), n. [Gr. li•pos fat + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of glycerin. [Obs.] Berzelius.

Liq´ua•ble (lik´wa•b’l), a. [L. liquabilis. See Liquate, v. i.] Capable of being melted.

Li´quate (li´kwat), v. i. [L. liquatus, p. p. of liquare to melt.] To melt; to become liquid. [Obs.] Woodward.

Li´quate, v. t. (Metal.) To separate by fusion, as a more fusible from a less fusible material.

Li•qua´tion (li•kwa´shun), n. [L. liquatio: cf. F. liquation.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; also the capacity of becoming liquid. 2. (Metal.) The process of separating, by heat, an easily fusible metal from one less fusible; eliquation.

Liq•ue•fa´cient (lik•we•fa´shent), n. [L. liquefaciens, p. pr. of liquefacere. See Liquefy.] 1. That which serves to liquefy. 2. (Med.) An agent, as mercury, iodine, etc., which promotes the liquefying processes of the system, and increases the secretions.

Liq•ue•fac´tion (-fak´shun), n. [L. liquefactio: cf. F. liquefaction. See Liquefy.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; especially, the conversion of a solid into a liquid by the sole agency of heat. 2. The state of being liquid. 3. (Chem. Physics) The act, process, or method, of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid by means of cold or pressure; as the liquefaction of oxygen or hydrogen.

Liq´ue•fi•a•ble (lik´we•fi•a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. liquefiable. See Liquefy.] Capable of being changed from a solid to a liquid state.

Liq´ue•fi•er (-er), n. That which liquefies.

Liq´ue•fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquefied (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquefying (- fi•ing).] [F. liquefier, L. liquere to be liquid + facere, -ficare (in comp.), to make. See Liquid, and -fy.] To convert from a solid form to that of a liquid; to melt; to dissolve; and technically, to melt by the sole agency of heat.

Liq´ue•fy, v. i. To become liquid.

Li•ques´cen•cy (li•kwes´sen•sy), n. [See Liquescent.] The quality or state of being liquescent. Johnson.

Li•ques´cent (-sent), a. [L. liquescens, p. pr. of liquescere to become liquid, incho. fr. liquere to be liquid.] Tending to become liquid; inclined to melt; melting.

Li•queur´ (le•ker´), n. [F. See Liquor.] An aromatic alcoholic cordial. Some liqueurs are prepared by infusing certain woods, fruits, or flowers, in either water or alcohol, and adding sugar, etc. Others are distilled from aromatic or flavoring agents.

Liq´uid (lik´wid), a. [L. liquidus, fr. liquere to be fluid or liquid; cf. Skr. ri to ooze, drop, li to melt.] 1. Flowing freely like water; fluid; not solid. “Yea, though he go upon the plane and liquid water which will receive no step.” Tyndale. 2. (Physics) Being in such a state that the component parts move freely among themselves, but do not tend to separate from each other as the particles of gases and vapors do; neither solid nor aëriform; as liquid mercury, in distinction from mercury solidified or in a state of vapor. 3. Flowing or sounding smoothly or without abrupt transitions or harsh tones. ´Liquid melody.´ Crashaw. 4. Pronounced without any jar or harshness; smooth; as l and r are liquid letters. 5. Fluid and transparent; as the liquid air. 6. Clear; definite in terms or amount.[Obs.] ´Though the debt should be entirely liquid.´ Ayliffe. Liquid glass. See Soluble glass, under Glass.

Liq´uid, n. 1. A substance whose parts change their relative position on the slightest pressure, and therefore retain no definite form; any substance in the state of liquidity; a fluid that is not aëriform. Liquid and fluid are terms often used synonymously, but fluid has the broader signification. All liquids are fluids, but many fluids, as air and the gases, are not liquids. 2. (Phon.) A letter which has a smooth, flowing sound, or which flows smoothly after a mute; as l and r, in bla, bra. M and n also are called liquids. Liquid measure, a measure, or system of measuring, for liquids, by the gallon, quart, pint, gill, etc.

Liq´uid•am•bar (lik´wid•am•ber), n. [Liquid + amber.] 1. (Bot.) A genus consisting of two species of tall trees having star- shaped leaves, and woody burlike fruit. Liquidambar styraciflua is the North American sweet qum, and L. Orientalis is found in Asia Minor. 2. The balsamic juice which is obtained from these trees by incision. The liquid balsam of the Oriental tree is liquid storax.

Liq´uid•am•ber, n. See Liquidambar.

Liq´ui•date (lik´wi•dat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidated (- da•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidating.] [LL. liquidatus, p. p. of liquidare to liquidate, fr. L. liquidus liquid, clear. See Liquid.] 1. (Law) To determine by agreement or by litigation the precise amount of (indebtedness); or, where there is an indebtedness to more than one person, to determine the precise amount of (each indebtedness); to make the amount of (an indebtedness) clear and certain. “A debt or demand is liquidated whenever the amount due is agreed on by the parties, or fixed by the operation of law.” 15 Ga. Rep. 321. “If our epistolary accounts were fairly liquidated, I believe you would be brought in considerable debtor.” Chesterfield. 2. In an extended sense: To ascertain the amount, or the several amounts, of , and apply assets toward the discharge of (an indebtedness). Abbott. 3. To discharge; to pay off, as an indebtedness. “Friburg was ceded to Zurich by Sigismund to liquidate a debt of a thousand florins.” W. Coxe. 4. To make clear and intelligible. “Time only can liquidate the meaning of all parts of a compound system.” A. Hamilton. 5. To make liquid. [Obs.] Liquidated damages (Law), damages the amount of which is fixed or ascertained. Abbott.

Liq•ui•da´tion (lik•wi•da´shun), n. [Cf. F. liquidation.] The act or process of liquidating; the state of being liquidated. To go into liquidation (Law), to turn over to a trustee one’s assets and accounts, in order that the several amounts of one’s indebtedness may be authoritatively ascertained, and that the assets may be applied toward their discharge.

Liq´ui•da•tor (lik´wi•da•ter), n. [Cf. F. liquidateur.] 1. One who, or that which, liquidates. 2. An officer appointed to conduct the winding up of a company, to bring and defend actions and suits in its name, and to do all necessary acts on behalf of the company. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Li•quid´i•ty (li•kwid´i•ty), n. [L. liquiditas, fr. liquidus liquid: cf. F. liquidite.] The state or quality of being liquid.

Liq´uid•ize (lik´wid•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidized (- izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidizing (- i•zing).] To render liquid.

Liq´uid•ly, adv. In a liquid manner; flowingly.

Liq´uid•ness, n. The quality or state of being liquid; liquidity; fluency.

Liq´uor (lik´er), n. [OE. licour, licur, OF. licur, F. liqueur, fr. L. liquor, fr. liquere to be liquid. See Liquid, and cf. Liqueur.] 1. Any liquid substance, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice, or the like. 2. Specifically, alcoholic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented, as brandy, wine, whisky, beer, etc. 3. (Pharm.) A solution of a medicinal substance in water; — distinguished from tincture and aqua. The U. S. Pharmacopœia includes, in this class of preparations, all aqueous solutions without sugar, in which the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding those in which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as in the aquae or waters. U. S. Disp. Labarraque’s liquor (Old Chem.), a solution of an alkaline hypochlorite, as sodium hypochlorite, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant. — Liquor of flints, or Liquor silicum (Old Chem.), soluble glass; — so called because formerly made from powdered flints. See Soluble glass, under Glass. — Liquor of Libavius. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. — Liquor sanguinis (san´gwin•is) (Physiol.), the blood plasma. — Liquor thief, a tube for taking samples of liquor from a cask through the bung hole. — To be in liquor, to be intoxicated.

Liq´uor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquored (-erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquoring.] 1. To supply with liquor. [R.] 2. To grease. [Obs.] Bacon. “Liquor fishermen’s boots.” Shak.

Liq´uor•ice (lik´er•is), n. See Licorice.

Liq´uor•ish, a. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Shak.

Liq´uor•ous (-us), a. Eagerly desirous. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Marston.

Li´ra (le´ra), n.; pl. Lire (-ra). [It., fr. L. libra the Roman pound. Cf. Livre.] An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc.

Li•rel´la (li•rel´la), n. [NL., dim. of L. lira a furrow.] (Bot.) A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens.

Li•rel´li•form (-li•fôrm), a. [Lirella + -form.] (Bot.) Like a lirella. [Written also lirellaeform.]

Lir•i•o•den´dron (lir•i•o•den´dron), n.; pl. Liriodendra (- dra). [NL., fr. Gr. lei•rion lily + de•ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of large and very beautiful trees of North America, having smooth, shining leaves, and handsome, tuliplike flowers; tulip tree; whitewood; — called also canoewood. Liriodendron tulipifera is the only extant species, but there were several others in the Cretaceous epoch.

Lir´i•pipe (lir´i•pip), n. [Obs.] See Liripoop.

Lir´i•poop (lir´i•poop), n. [OF. liripipion, liripion, LL. liripipium. Said to be corrupted from L. cleri ephippium, lit., the clergy’s caparison.] 1. A pendent part of the old clerical tippet; afterwards, a tippet; a scarf; — worn also by doctors, learned men, etc. [Obs.] 2. Acuteness; smartness; also a smart trick or stratagem. [Obs.] Stanihurst. 3. A silly person. [Obs.] “A liripoop, vel lerripoop, a silly, empty creature; an old dotard.” Milles. MS. Devon Gloss.

Li•roc´o•nite (li•rok´o•nit), n. [Gr. leiro•s pale + koni•a powder.] (Min.) A hydrated arseniate of copper, occurring in obtuse pyramidal crystals of a sky-blue or verdigris-green color.

Lis´bon (liz´bon), n. A sweet, light-colored species of wine, produced in the province of Estremadura, and so called as being shipped from Lisbon, in Portugal.

Lisle (lil), n. A city of France celebrated for certain manufactures. Lisle glove, a fine summer glove, made of Lisle thread. — Lisle lace, a fine handmade lace, made at Lisle. — Lisle thread, a hard twisted cotton thread, originally produced at Lisle.

Lisne (lin), n. [Prov. E. lissen, lisne, a cleft in a rock.] A cavity or hollow.[Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Lisp (lisp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lisped (lispt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lisping.] [OE. lispen, lipsen, AS. wlisp stammering, lisping; akin to D. & OHG. lispen to lisp, G. lispeln, Sw. läspa, Dan. lespe.] 1. To pronounce the sibilant letter s imperfectly; to give s and z the sound of th; — a defect common among children. 2. To speak with imperfect articulation; to mispronounce, as a child learning to talk. “As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame,
I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.” Pope. 3. To speak hesitatingly with a low voice, as if afraid. “Lest when my lisping, guilty tongue should halt.” Drayton.

Lisp, v. t. 1. To pronounce with a lisp. 2. To utter with imperfect articulation; to express with words pronounced imperfectly or indistinctly, as a child speaks; hence, to express by the use of simple, childlike language. “To speak unto them after their own capacity, and to lisp the words unto them according as the babes and children of that age might sound them again.” Tyndale. 3. To speak with reserve or concealment; to utter timidly or confidentially; as to lisp treason.

Lisp, n. The habit or act of lisping. See Lisp, v. i., 1. “I overheard her answer, with a very pretty lisp, ´O! Strephon, you are a dangerous creature.´” Tatler.

Lisp´er (-er), n. One who lisps.

Lisp´ing•ly, adv. With a lisp; in a lisping manner.

Liss (lis), n. [AS. liss.] Release; remission; ease; relief. [Obs.] ´Of penance had a lisse.´ Chaucer.

Liss, v. t. [AS. lissan.] To free, as from care or pain; to relieve. [Obs.] ´Lissed of his care.´ Chaucer.

Lis•sen•ceph´a•la (lis•sen•sef´a•la), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lisso•s smooth + ’egke•falos the brain.] (Zoöl.) A general name for all those placental mammals that have a brain with few or no cerebral convolutions, as Rodentia, Insectivora, etc. { Lis´som , Lis´some } (lis´sum), a. [For lithesome.] 1. Limber; supple; flexible; lithe; lithesome. “Straight, but as lissome as a hazel wand.” Tennyson. 2. Light; nimble; active. Halliwell. — Lis´some•ness, n.

List (list), n. [F. lice, LL. liciae, pl., from L. licium thread, girdle.] A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a piece of ground, or field of combat; hence, in the plural (lists), the ground or field inclosed for a race or combat. Chaucer. “In measured lists to toss the weighty lance.” Pope. To enter the lists, to accept a challenge, or engage in contest.

List, v. t. To inclose for combat; as to list a field.

List, v. i. [See Listen.] To hearken; to attend; to listen. [Obs. except in poetry.] “Stand close, and list to him.” Shak.

List, v. t. To listen or hearken to. “Then weigh what loss your honor may sustain,
If with too credent ear you list his songs.” Shak.

List, v. i. [OE. listen, lusten, AS. lystan, from lust pleasure. See Lust.] 1. To desire or choose; to please. “The wind bloweth where it listeth.” John iii. 8. “Them that add to the Word of God what them listeth.” Hooker. “Let other men think of your devices as they list.” Whitgift. 2. (Naut.) To lean; to incline; as the ship lists to port.

List, n. 1. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Naut.) An inclination to one side; as the ship has a list to starboard.

List, n. [AS. list a list of cloth; akin to D. lijst, G. leiste, OHG. lista, Icel. lista, listi, Sw. list, Dan. liste. In sense 5 from F. liste, of German origin, and thus ultimately the same word.] 1. A strip forming the woven border or selvedge of cloth, particularly of broadcloth, and serving to strengthen it; hence, a strip of cloth; a fillet. ´Gartered with a red and blue list. ´ Shak. 2. A limit or boundary; a border. “The very list, the very utmost bound,
Of all our fortunes.” Shak. 3. The lobe of the ear; the ear itself. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. A stripe. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 5. A roll or catalogue, that is, a row or line; a record of names; as a list of names, books, articles; a list of ratable estate. “He was the ablest emperor of all the list.” Bacon. 6. (Arch.) A little square molding; a fillet; — called also listel. 7. (Carp.) A narrow strip of wood, esp. sapwood, cut from the edge of a plank or board. 8. (Rope Making) A piece of woolen cloth with which the yarns are grasped by a workman. 9. (Tin-plate Manuf.) (a) The first thin coat of tin. (b) A wirelike rim of tin left on an edge of the plate after it is coated. Civil list (Great Britain & U.S.), the civil officers of government, as judges, ambassadors, secretaries, etc. Hence, the revenues or appropriations of public money for the support of the civil officers. More recently, the civil list, in England, embraces only the expenses of the reigning monarch’s household. — Free list. (a) A list of articles admitted to a country free of duty. (b) A list of persons admitted to any entertainment, as a theater or opera, without payment, or to whom a periodical, or the like, is furnished without cost. Syn. — Roll; catalogue; register; inventory; schedule. — List, Roll, Catalogue, Register, Inventory, Schedule. A list is properly a simple series of names, etc., in a brief form, such as might naturally be entered in a narrow strip of paper. A roll was originally a list containing the names of persons belonging to a public body (as Parliament, etc.), which was rolled up and laid aside among its archives. A catalogue is a list of persons or things arranged in order, and usually containing some description of the same, more or less extended. A register is designed for record or preservation. An inventory is a list of articles, found on hand in a store of goods, or in the estate of a deceased person, or under similar circumstances. A schedule is a formal list or inventory prepared for legal or business purposes.

List (list), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Listed; p. pr. & vb. n. Listing.] [From list a roll.] 1. To sew together, as strips of cloth, so as to make a show of colors, or form a border. Sir H. Wotton. 2. To cover with list, or with strips of cloth; to put list on; as to list a door; to stripe as if with list. “The tree that stood white-listed through the gloom.” Tennyson. 3. To enroll; to place or register in a list. “Listed among the upper serving men.” Milton. 4. To engage, as a soldier; to enlist. “I will list you for my soldier.” Sir W. Scott. 5. (Carp.) To cut away a narrow strip, as of sapwood, from the edge of; as to list a board. To list a stock (Stock Exchange), to put it in the list of stocks called at the meeting of the board.

List, v. i. To engage in public service by enrolling one’s name; to enlist.

List´el (lis´tel), n. [F. listel, dim. of liste fillet, list. See List the edge.] (Arch.) Same as List, n., 6.

Lis´ten (lis´’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Listened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Listening.] [OE. listnen, listen, lustnen, lusten, AS. hlystan; akin to hlyst hearing, OS. hlust, Icel. hlusta to listen, hlust ear, AS. hlosnian to wait in suspense, OHG. hlosen to listen, Gr. kly•ein, and E. loud. rad.41. See Loud, and cf. List to listen.] 1. To give close attention with the purpose of hearing; to give ear; to hearken; to attend. “When we have occasion to listen, and give a more particular attention to some sound, the tympanum is drawn to a more than ordinary tension.” Holder. 2. To give heed; to yield to advice; to follow admonition; to obey. “Listen to me, and by me be ruled.” Tennyson. To listen after, to take an interest in. [Obs.] “Soldiers note forts, armories, and magazines; scholars listen after libraries, disputations, and professors.” Fuller. Syn. — To attend; hearken. See Attend.

Lis´ten, v. t. To attend to. [Obs.] Shak.

Lis´ten•er (-er), n. One who listens; a hearkener.

List´er (list´er), n. One who makes a list or roll.

Lis´ter (lis´ter), n. Same as Leister.

Lis•te´ri•an (lis•te´ri•an), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to listerism.

Lis´ter•ism (lis´ter•iz’m), n. (Med.) The systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the treatment of wounds; — so called from Joseph Lister, an English surgeon.

List´ful (list´ful), a. Attentive. [Obs.] Spenser.

List´ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who lists (in any sense of the verb); as the listing of a door; the listing of a stock at the Stock Exchange. 2. The selvedge of cloth; list. 3. (Carp.) The sapwood cut from the edge of a board. 4. (Agric.) The throwing up of the soil into ridges, — a method adopted in the culture of beets and some garden crops. [Local, U. S.]

List´less, a. [OE. listles, lustles. See Lust.] Having no desire or inclination; indifferent; heedless; spiritless. ´ A listless unconcern.´ Thomson. “Benumbed with cold, and listless of their gain.” Dryden. “I was listless, and desponding.” Swift. Syn. — Heedless; careless; indifferent; vacant; uninterested; languid; spiritless; supine; indolent. — List´less•ly, adv. — List´less•ness, n.

Lit (lit), a form of the imp. & p. p. of Light.

Lit´a•ny (lit´a•ny), n.; pl. Litanies (- niz). [OE. letanie, OF. letanie, F. litanie, L. litania, Gr. litanei•a, fr. litaney•ein to pray, akin to li•tesqai, li•ssesqai, to pray, lith• prayer.] A solemn form of supplication in the public worship of various churches, in which the clergy and congregation join, the former leading and the latter responding in alternate sentences. It is usually of a penitential character. “Supplications … for the appeasing of God’s wrath were of the Greek church termed litanies, and rogations of the Latin.” Hooker.

Lit´arge (lit´arj), n. Litharge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Li´tchi (le´che•), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree native to China (Nephelium Litchi). It is nutlike, having a rough but tender shell, containing an aromatic pulp, and a single large seed. In the dried fruit which is exported the pulp somewhat resembles a raisin in color and form. [Written also lichi, and lychee.]

-lite (-lit). See -lith.

Lite (lit), a., adv., & n. Little. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Li´ter , Li´tre } (le´ter; 277), n. [F. litre, Gr. li•tra a silver coin.] A measure of capacity in the metric system, being a cubic decimeter, equal to 61.022 cubic inches, or 2.113 American pints, or 1.76 English pints.

Lit´er•a•cy (lit´er•a•sy), n. State of being literate.

Lit´er•al (-al), a. [F. literal, litteral, L. litteralis, literalis, fr. littera, litera, a letter. See Letter.] 1. According to the letter or verbal expression; real; not figurative or metaphorical; as the literal meaning of a phrase. “It hath but one simple literal sense whose light the owls can not abide.” Tyndale. 2. Following the letter or exact words; not free. “A middle course between the rigor of literal translations and the liberty of paraphrasts.” Hooker. 3. Consisting of, or expressed by, letters. “The literal notation of numbers was known to Europeans before the ciphers.” Johnson. 4. Giving a strict or literal construction; unimaginative; matter-of-fact; — applied to persons. Literal contract (Law), a contract of which the whole evidence is given in writing. Bouvier. — Literal equation (Math.), an equation in which known quantities are expressed either wholly or in part by means of letters; — distinguished from a numerical equation.

Lit´er•al, n. Literal meaning. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Lit´er•al•ism (-iz’m), n. 1. That which accords with the letter; a mode of interpreting literally; adherence to the letter. 2. (Fine Arts) The tendency or disposition to represent objects faithfully, without abstraction, conventionalities, or idealization.

Lit´er•al•ist, n. One who adheres to the letter or exact word; an interpreter according to the letter.

Lit•er•al´i•ty (-al´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. litteralite.] The state or quality of being literal. Sir T. Browne.

Lit•er•al•i•za´tion (lit•er•al•i•za´shun), n. The act of literalizing; reduction to a literal meaning.

Lit´er•al•ize (lit´er•al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Literalized (-izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Literalizing (-i•zing).] To make literal; to interpret or put in practice according to the strict meaning of the words; — opposed to spiritualize; as to literalize Scripture.

Lit´er•al•i•zer (-i•zer), n. A literalist.

Lit´er•al•ly, adv. 1. According to the primary and natural import of words; not figuratively; as a man and his wife can not be literally one flesh. 2. With close adherence to words; word by word. “So wild and ungovernable a poet can not be translated literally.” Dryden.

Lit´er•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being literal; literal import.

Lit´er•a•ry (lit´er•a•ry), a. [L. litterarius, literarius, fr. littera, litera, a letter: cf. F. litteraire. See Letter.] 1. Of or pertaining to letters or literature; pertaining to learning or learned men; as literary fame; a literary history; literary conversation. “He has long outlived his century, the term commonly fixed as the test of literary merit.” Johnson. 2. Versed in, or acquainted with, literature; occupied with literature as a profession; connected with literature or with men of letters; as a literary man. “In the literary as well as fashionable world.” Mason. Literary property. (a) Property which consists in written or printed compositions. (b) The exclusive right of publication as recognized and limited by law.

Lit´er•ate (-at), a. [L. litteratus, literatus. See Letter.] Instructed in learning, science, or literature; learned; lettered. “The literate now chose their emperor, as the military chose theirs.” Landor.

Lit´er•ate, n. 1. One educated, but not having taken a university degree; especially, such a person who is prepared to take holy orders. [Eng.] 2. A literary man.

Lit•e•ra´ti (lit•e•ra´ti), n. pl. [See Literatus.] Learned or literary men. See Literatus. “Shakespearean commentators, and other literati.” Craik.

Lit•e•ra´tim (-tim), adv. [LL., fr. L. littera, litera, letter.] Letter for letter.

Lit•er•a´tion (lit•er•a´shun), n. [L. littera, litera, letter.] The act or process of representing by letters.

Lit´er•a•tor (lit´er•a•ter), n. [L. litterator, literator. See Letter.] 1. One who teaches the letters or elements of knowledge; a petty schoolmaster. Burke. 2. A person devoted to the study of literary trifles, esp. trifles belonging to the literature of a former age. “That class of subjects which are interesting to the regular literator or black-letter ´ bibliomane,´ simply because they have once been interesting.” De Quincey. 3. A learned person; a literatus. Sir W. Hamilton.

Lit´er•a•ture (lit´er•a•tur; 135), n. [F. litterature, L. litteratura, literatura, learning, grammar, writing, fr. littera, litera, letter. See Letter.] 1. Learning; acquaintance with letters or books. 2. The collective body of literary productions, embracing the entire results of knowledge and fancy preserved in writing; also the whole body of literary productions or writings upon a given subject, or in reference to a particular science or branch of knowledge, or of a given country or period; as the literature of Biblical criticism; the literature of chemistry. 3. The class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or expression, as poetry, essays, or history, in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive knowledge; belles-lettres. 4. The occupation, profession, or business of doing literary work. Lamb. Syn. — Science; learning; erudition; belles-lettres. See Science. — Literature, Learning, Erudition. Literature, in its widest sense, embraces all compositions in writing or print which preserve the results of observation, thought, or fancy; but those upon the positive sciences (mathematics, etc.) are usually excluded. It is often confined, however, to belles-lettres, or works of taste and sentiment, as poetry, eloquence, history, etc., excluding abstract discussions and mere erudition. A man of literature (in this narrowest sense) is one who is versed in belles-lettres; a man of learning excels in what is taught in the schools, and has a wide extent of knowledge, especially in respect to the past; a man of erudition is one who is skilled in the more recondite branches of learned inquiry. “The origin of all positive science and philosophy, as well as of all literature and art, in the forms in which they exist in civilized Europe, must be traced to the Greeks.” Sir G. C. Lewis. “Learning thy talent is, but mine is sense.” Prior. “Some gentlemen, abounding in their university erudition, fill their sermons with philosophical terms.” Swift.

Lit•e•ra´tus (lit•e•ra´tus), n.; pl. Literati (- ti). [L. litteratus, literatus.] A learned man; a man acquainted with literature; — chiefly used in the plural. “Now we are to consider that our bright ideal of a literatus may chance to be maimed.” De Quincey. { -lith (-lith), -lite (-lit). } Combining forms fr. Gr. li•qos, a stone; — used chiefly in naming minerals and rocks.

Lith (lith), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Lie, to recline, for lieth. Chaucer.

Lith (lith), n. [AS. lið.] A joint or limb; a division; a member; a part formed by growth, and articulated to, or symmetrical with, other parts. Chaucer.

Li•thae´mi•a (li•the´mi•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. li•qos stone + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A condition in which uric (lithic) acid is present in the blood.

Lith´a•gogue (lith´a•gog), n. [Gr. li•qos stone + ’agwgo•s leading.] (Med.) A medicine having, or supposed to have, the power of expelling calculous matter with the urine. Hooper.

Lith´arge (lith´arj), n. [OE. litarge, F. litharge, L. lithargyrus, Gr. liqa•rgyros the scum or foam of silver; li•qos stone + ’a•rgyros silver. Litharge is found in silverbearing lead ore.] (Chem.) Lead monoxide; a yellowish red substance, obtained as an amorphous powder, or crystallized in fine scales, by heating lead moderately in a current of air or by calcining lead nitrate or carbonate. It is used in making flint glass, in glazing earthenware, in making red lead or minium, etc. Called also massicot.

Li•thar´gy•rum (li•thär´ji•rum), n. [NL. See Litharge.] (Old Chem.) Crystallized litharge, obtained by fusion in the form of fine yellow scales.

Lith´ate (lith´at), n. (Old Med. Chem.) A salt of lithic or uric acid; a urate. [Obs.] [Written also lithiate.]

Lithe (lith), v. t. & i. [Icel hlyða. See Listen.] To listen or listen to; to hearken to. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Lithe, a. [AS. liðe, for linðe tender, mild, gentle; akin to G. lind, gelind, OHG. lindi, Icel. linr, L. lenis soft, mild, lentus flexible, and AS. linnan to yield. Cf. Lenient.] 1. Mild; calm; as lithe weather. [Obs.] 2. Capable of being easily bent; pliant; flexible; limber; as the elephant’s lithe proboscis. Milton.

Lithe, v. t. [AS. liðian. See Lithe, a.] To smooth; to soften; to palliate. [Obs.]

Lithe´ly, adv. In a lithe, pliant, or flexible manner.

Lithe´ness, n. The quality or state of being lithe; flexibility; limberness.

Li´ther (li´ther), a. [AS. lyðer bad, wicked.] Bad; wicked; false; worthless; slothful. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Not lither in business, fervent in spirit.” Bp. Woolton. Professor Skeat thinks ´ the lither sky´ as found in Shakespeare’s Henry VI. (Part I. IV. VII., 21) means the stagnant or pestilential sky. — Li´ther•ly, adv. [Obs.]. — Li´ther•ness, n. [Obs.]

Li´ther•ly, a. Crafty; cunning; mischievous; wicked; treacherous; lazy.[Archaic] “He [the dwarf] was waspish, arch, and litherly.” Sir W. Scott.

Lithe´some (lith´sum), a. [See Lithe, a., and cf. Lissom.] Pliant; limber; flexible; supple; nimble; lissom. — Lithe´some•ness, n.

Lith´i•a (lith´i•a), n. [NL., from Gr. li•qos stone.] (Chem.) The oxide of lithium; a strong alkaline caustic similar to potash and soda, but weaker. See Lithium. Lithia emerald. See Hiddenite.

Li•thi´a•sis (li•thi´a•sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. liqi•asis, fr. li•qos stone.] (Med.) The formation of stony concretions or calculi in any part of the body, especially in the bladder and urinary passages. Dunglison.

Lith´ic (lith´ik), a. [Gr. liqiko•s of or belonging to stones, fr. li•qos stone: cf. F. lithique.] 1. Of or pertaining to stone; as lithic architecture. 2. (Med.) Pertaining to the formation of uric-acid concretions (stone) in the bladder and other parts of the body; as lithic diathesis. Lithic acid (Old Med. Chem.), uric acid. See Uric acid, under Uric.

lith´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine which tends to prevent stone in the bladder.

Lith´ic, a. [From Lithium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to or denoting lithium or some of its compounds. Frankland.

Lith•i•oph´i•lite (lith•i•of´i•lit), n. [Lithium + Gr. fi•los friend.] (Min.) A phosphate of manganese and lithium; a variety of triphylite.

Lith´i•um (lith´i•um), n. [NL., from Gr. li•qeios of stone, fr. li•qos stone.] (Chem.) A metallic element of the alkaline group, occurring in several minerals, as petalite, spodumene, lepidolite, triphylite, etc., and otherwise widely disseminated, though in small quantities. When isolated it is a soft, silver white metal, tarnishing and oxidizing very rapidly in the air. It is the lightest solid element known, specific gravity being 0.59. Symbol Li. Atomic weight 7.0 So called from having been discovered in a mineral.

Lith´o (lith´o) A combining form from Gr. li•qos, stone.

Lith•o•bil´ic (-bil´ik), a. [Litho + bile.] (Chem.) Pertaining to or designating an organic acid of the tartaric acid series, distinct from lithofellic acid, but, like it, obtained from certain bile products, as bezoar stones.

Lith´o•carp (lith´o•kärp), n. [Litho- + Gr. karpo•s fruit: cf. F. lithocarpe.] (Paleon.) Fossil fruit; a fruit petrified; a carpolite.

Lith•o•chro•mat´ics (-kro•mat´iks), n. See Lithochromics.

Lith•o•chro´mics (-kro´miks), n. [Litho- + Gr. chrw^ma color.] The art of printing colored pictures on canvas from oil paintings on stone.

Lith´o•clast (lith´o•klast), n. [Litho- + Gr. kla^n to break.] (Surg.) An instrument for crushing stones in the bladder.

Lith´o•cyst (lith´o•sist), n. [Litho- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) A sac containing small, calcareous concretions (otoliths). They are found in many Medusae, and other invertebrates, and are supposed to be auditory organs.

Lith´o•dome (-dom), n. [Litho- + Gr. do•mos house: cf. F. lithodome.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of bivalves, which form holes in limestone, in which they live; esp., any species of the genus Lithodomus.

Li•thod´o•mous , a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Lithodomus; lithophagous.

Li•thod´o•mus , n. [NL. See Lithodome.] (Zoöl.) A genus of elongated bivalve shells, allied to the mussels, and remarkable for their ability to bore holes for shelter, in solid limestone, shells, etc. Called also Lithophagus. These holes are at first very small and shallow, but are enlarged with the growth of the shell, sometimes becoming two or three inches deep and nearly an inch diameter.

Lith´o•fel´lic , a. [Litho- + L. fel, fellis, gall.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a crystalline, organic acid, resembling cholic acid, found in the biliary intestinal concretions (bezoar stones) common in certain species of antelope.

Lith•o•frac´teur , n. [F., fr. li•qos stone + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] An explosive compound of nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin.

Lith•o•gen´e•sy , n. [Litho- Gr. ge•nesis origin, generation: cf. F. lithogenesie. See Genesis.] The doctrine or science of the origin of the minerals composing the globe.

Li•thog´e•nous (li•thoj´e•nus), a. [Litho- + -genous.] Stone- producing; — said of polyps which form coral.

Lith´o•glyph (lith´o•glif), n. [Gr. liqoglyfi•a; li•qos stone + gly•fein to engrave.] An engraving on a gem.

Li•thog´ly•pher (li•thog´li•fer), n. One who curs or engraves precious stones.

Lith•o•glyph´ic (lith•o•glif´ik), a. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting and engraving precious stones.

Lith•o•glyp´tics (-glip´tiks), n. The art of cutting and engraving gems.

Lith´o•graph , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithographed p. pr. & vb. n. Lithographing ] [Litho- + - graph: cf. F. lithographier.] To trace on stone by the process of lithography so as to transfer the design to paper by printing; as to lithograph a design; to lithograph a painting. See Lithography.

Lith´o•graph, n. A print made by lithography.

Li•thog´ra•pher (li•thog´ra•fer), n. One who lithographs; one who practices lithography. { Lith•o•graph´ic , Lith•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. lithographique.] Of or pertaining to lithography; made by lithography; as the lithographic art; a lithographic picture. Lithographic limestone (Min.), a compact, fine-grained limestone, obtained largely from the Lias and Oölite, esp. of Bavaria, and extensively used in lithography. — Lith•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Li•thog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. lithographie.] The art or process of putting designs or writing, with a greasy material, on stone, and of producing printed impressions therefrom. The process depends, in the main, upon the antipathy between grease and water, which prevents a printing ink containing oil from adhering to wetted parts of the stone not covered by the design. See Lithographic limestone, under Lithographic. { Lith´oid Li•thoid´al } a. [Litho- + -oid: cf. F. lithoïde.] Like a stone; having a stony structure.

Li•thol´a•try , n. [Litho- + Gr. worship.] The worship of a stone or stones. { Lith•o•log´ic , Lith•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. lithologique.] 1. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the character of a rock, as derived from the nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents. 2. Of or pertaining to lithology.

Lith•o•log´ic•al•ly , adv. From a lithological point of view; as to consider a stratum lithologically.

Li•thol´o•gist , n. One who is skilled in lithology.

Li•thol´o•gy , n. [Litho- + -logy: cf. F. lithologie.] 1. The science which treats of rocks, as regards their mineral constitution and classification, and their mode of occurrence in nature. 2. (Med.) A treatise on stones found in the body.

Lith´o•man•cy , n. [Litho- + -mancy: cf. F. lithomancie.] Divination by means of stones.

Lith´o•marge , n. [Litho- + L. marga marl.] A clay of a fine smooth texture, and very sectile. { Lith•on•thrip´tic , Lith•on•thryp´tic } , a. & n. [Litho- + Gr. to crush.] Same as Lithontriptic.

Lith•on•trip´tic , a. [Gr. li•qos, acc. , a stone + to rub, grind: cf. F. lithontriptique.] (Med.) Having the quality of, or used for, dissolving or destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys; as lithontriptic forceps. — n. A lithontriptic remedy or agent, as distilled water.

Lith´on•trip´tist, n. Same as Lithotriptist.

Lith´on•trip•tor , n. (Surg.) See Lithotriptor.

Li•thoph´a•gous , a. [Litho- + Gr. to eat.] (Zoöl.) (a) Eating or swallowing stones or gravel, as the ostrich. (b) Eating or destroying stone; — applied to various animals which make burrows in stone, as many bivalve mollusks, certain sponges, annelids, and sea urchins. See Lithodomus.

Lith•o•phane , n. [Litho- + Gr. fai•nein to show, reveal.] Porcelain impressed with figures which are made distinct by transmitted light, — as when hung in a window, or used as a lamp shade.

Lith´o•phos•phor , n. [Litho- + phosphor.] A stone that becomes phosphoric by heat.

Lith•o•phos•phor´ic , a. Pertaining to lithophosphor; becoming phosphoric by heat.

Lith•o•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. [Litho- + photography.] Same as Photolithography.

Lith´o•phyll , n. [Gr. li•qos a stone + a leaf: cf. F. lithophylle.] A fossil leaf or impression of a leaf.

Lith´o•physe , n. [Litho- + Gr. a flatus, air bubble.] (Min.) A spherulitic cavity often with concentric chambers, observed in some volcanic rocks, as in rhyolitic lavas. It is supposed to be produced by expanding gas whence the name.

Lith´o•phyte , n. [Litho- + Gr. plant: cf. F. lithophyte.] (Zoöl.) A hard, or stony, plantlike organism, as the gorgonians, corals, and corallines, esp. those gorgonians having a calcareous axis. All the lithophytes except the corallines are animals.

Lith•o•phyt´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to lithophytes.

Li•thoph´y•tous , a. Lithophytic.

Li•tho´sian , n. [From NL. Lithosia, the typical genus, fr. Gr. li•qos a stone, a rock.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of moths belonging to the family Lithosidae. Many of them are beautifully colored.

Lith´o•tint , n. [Litho- + tint.] 1. A kind of lithography by which the effect of a tinted drawing is produced, as if made with India ink. 2. A picture produced by this process.

Lith´o•tome , n. [Gr. cutting stones; li•qos stone + to cut: cf. F. lithotome.] 1. A stone so formed by nature as to appear as if cut by art. 2. (Surg.) An instrument used for cutting the bladder in operations for the stone. { Lith•o•tom´ic , Lith•o•tom´ic•al } a. [Gr. li•qos stone cutting: cf. F. lithotomique.] Pertaining to, or performed by, lithotomy.

Li•thot´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. lithotomiste.] One who performs the operation of cutting for stone in the bladder, or one who is skilled in the operation.

Li•thot´o•my , n. [L. lithotomia, Gr. : cf. F. lithotomie.] (Surg.) The operation, art, or practice of cutting for stone in the bladder.

Lith´o•trip•sy (lith´o•trip•sy), n. [Litho- + Gr. tri•bein to rub, grind: cf. F. lithotripsie.] (Surg.) The operation of crushing a stone in the bladder with an instrument called lithotriptor or lithotrite; lithotrity.

Lith•o•trip´tic (-trip´tik), a. & n. Same as Lithontriptic.

Lith´o•trip•tist (lith´o•trip•tist), n. One skilled in breaking and extracting stone in the bladder.

Lith´o•trip•tor , n. (Surg.) An instrument for triturating the stone in the bladder; a lithotrite. { Lith´o•trite , Lith´o•tri´tor } [See Lithotrity.] (Surg.) A lithotriptor.

Li•thot´ri•tist , n. A lithotriptist.

Li•thot´ri•ty , n. [Litho- + L. terere, tritum, to rub, grind.] (Surg.) The operation of breaking a stone in the bladder into small pieces capable of being voided.

Lith´o•type , n. A kind of stereotype plate made by lithotypy; also that which in printed from it. See Lithotypy.

Lith´o•type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithotyped p. pr. & vb. n. Lithotyping ] To prepare for printing with plates made by the process of lithotypy. See Lithotypy.

Lith•o•typ´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or produced by, lithotypy.

Li•thot´y•py , n. [Litho- + -typy.] The art or process of making a kind of hard, stereotype plate, by pressing into a mold, taken from a page of type or other matter, a composition of gum shell-lac and sand of a fine quality, together with a little tar and linseed oil, all in a heated state.

Li•thox•yl , n. [Written also lithoxyle.] [Litho- + Gr. wood: cf. F. lithoxyle.] Petrified wood. [Obs.]

Lith•u•a´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Lithuania (formerly a principality united with Poland, but now Russian and Prussian territory).

Lith•u•a´ni•an, n. A native, or one of the people, of Lithuania; also the language of the Lithuanian people.

Lith´y a. [See Lithe.] Easily bent; pliable. Lithy tree (Bot.), a European shrub (Viburnum Lantana); — so named from its tough and flexible stem.

Lit´i•ga•ble , a. Such as can be litigated.

Lit´i•gant , a. [L. litigans, -antis, p. pr. of litigare: cf. F. litigant. See Litigate.] Disposed to litigate; contending in law; engaged in a lawsuit; as the parties litigant. Ayliffe.

Lit´i•gant, n. A person engaged in a lawsuit.

Lit´i•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Litigated p. pr. & vb. n. Litigating.] [See Litigation.] To make the subject of a lawsuit; to contest in law; to prosecute or defend by pleadings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate in a court; as to litigate a cause.

Lit´i•gate, v. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process.

Lit•i•ga´tion , n. [L. litigatio, fr. litigare to dispute, litigate; lis, litis, dispute, lawsuit (OL. stlis) + agere to carry on. See Agent.] The act or process of litigating; a suit at law; a judicial contest.

Lit´i•ga•tor , n. [L.] One who litigates.

Li•ti´gious , a. [L. litigiosus, fr. litigium dispute, quarrel, fr. litigare: cf. F. litigieux. See Litigation.] 1. Inclined to judicial contest; given to the practice of contending in law; quarrelsome; contentious; fond of litigation. ´ A pettifogging attorney or a litigious client.´ Macaulay. “Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still
Litigious men, who quarrels move.” Donne. 2. Subject to contention; disputable; controvertible; debatable; doubtful; precarious. Shak. “No fences, parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds,
Distinguished acres of litigious grounds.” Dryden. 3. Of or pertaining to legal disputes. “Nor brothers cite to the litigious bar.” Young.

Li•ti´gious•ly, adv. In a litigious manner.

Li•ti´gious•ness, n. The state of being litigious; disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits.

Lit´mus , n. [D. lakmoes; lak lacker + moes a thick preparation of fruit, pap, prob. akin to E. meat: cf. G. lackmus. See Lac a resinous substance.] (Chem.) A dyestuff extracted from certain lichens (Roccella tinctoria, Lecanora tartarea, etc.), as a blue amorphous mass which consists of a compound of the alkaline carbonates with certain coloring matters related to orcin and orcein. Litmus is used as a dye, and being turned red by acids and restored to its blue color by alkalies, is a common indicator or test for acidity and alkalinity. Litmus paper (Chem.), unsized paper saturated with blue or red litmus, — used in testing for acids or alkalies.

Li´to•tes (li´to•tez), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lito•ths, from lito•s plain, simple.] (Rhet.) A diminution or softening of statement for the sake of avoiding censure or increasing the effect by contrast with the moderation shown in the form of expression; as ´ a citizen of no mean city,´ that is, of an illustrious city.

Li•tran´e•ter , n. [Gr. li•tra + -meter. See Liter] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids.

Li´tre (le´ter; 277), n. [F.] Same as Liter.

Lit´ter (lit´ter), n. [F. litière, LL. lectaria, fr. L. lectus couch, bed. See Lie to be prostrated, and cf. Coverlet.] 1. A bed or stretcher so arranged that a person, esp. a sick or wounded person, may be easily carried in or upon it. “There is a litter ready; lay him in ’t.” Shak. 2. Straw, hay, etc., scattered on a floor, as bedding for animals to rest on; also a covering of straw for plants. “To crouch in litter of your stable planks.” Shak. “Take off the litter from your kernel beds.” Evelyn. 3. Things lying scattered about in a manner indicating slovenliness; scattered rubbish. “Strephon, who found the room was void.
Stole in, and took a strict survey
Of all the litter as it lay.” Swift. 4. Disorder or untidiness resulting from scattered rubbish, or from thongs lying about uncared for; as a room in a state of litter. 5. The young brought forth at one time, by a sow or other multiparous animal, taken collectively. Also Fig. “A wolf came to a sow, and very kindly offered to take care of her litter.” D. Estrange. “Reflect upon that numerous litter of strange, senseless opinions that crawl about the world.” South.

Lit´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Littered p. pr. & vb. n. Littering.] 1. To supply with litter, as cattle; to cover with litter, as the floor of a stall. “Tell them how they litter their jades.” Bp. Hacke. “For his ease, well littered was the floor.” Dryden. 2. To put into a confused or disordered condition; to strew with scattered articles; as to litter a room. “The room with volumes littered round.” Swift. 3. To give birth to; to bear; — said of brutes, esp. those which produce more than one at a birth, and also of human beings, in abhorrence or contempt. “We might conceive that dogs were created blind, because we observe they were littered so with us.” Sir T. Browne. “The son that she did litter here,
A freckled whelp hagborn.” Shak.

Lit´ter (lit´ter), v. i. 1. To be supplied with litter as bedding; to sleep or make one’s bed in litter. [R.] “The inn
Where he and his horse littered.” Habington. 2. To produce a litter. “A desert … where the she-wolf still littered.” Macaulay.

Lit•te•ra•teur´ (le•ta•ra•ter´), n. [F.] One who occupies himself with literature; a literary man; a literatus. ´ Befriended by one kind-hearted litterateur after another.´ C. Kingsley.

Lit´ter•y , a. Covered or encumbered with litter; consisting of or constituting litter.

Lit´tle , a. [The regular comparative of this word is wanting, its place being supplied by less, or, rarely, lesser. See Lesser. For the superlative least is used, the regular form, littlest, occurring very rarely, except in some of the English provinces, and occasionally in colloquial language. ´ Where love is great, the littlest doubts are fear.´ Shak.] [OE. litel, lutel, AS. ltel, litel, lt; akin to OS. littil, D. luttel, LG. lütt, OHG. luzzil, MHG. lützel; and perh. to AS. lytig deceitful, lot deceit, Goth. liuts deceitful, lutn to deceive; cf. also Icel. litill little, Sw. liten, Dan. liden, lille, Goth. leitils, which appear to have a different root vowel.] 1. Small in size or extent; not big; diminutive; — opposed to big or large; as a little body; a little animal; a little piece of ground; a little hill; a little distance; a little child. “He sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature.” Luke xix. 3. 2. Short in duration; brief; as a little sleep. “Best him enough: after a little time,
I’ll beat him too.” Shak. 3. Small in quantity or amount; not much; as a little food; a little air or water. “Conceited of their little wisdoms, and doting upon their own fancies.” Barrow. 4. Small in dignity, power, or importance; not great; insignificant; contemptible. “When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes?” I Sam. xv. 17. 5. Small in force or efficiency; not strong; weak; slight; inconsiderable; as little attention or exertion;little effort; little care or diligence. “By sad experiment I know
How little weight my words with thee can find.” Milton. 6. Small in extent of views or sympathies; narrow; shallow; contracted; mean; illiberal; ungenerous. “The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise,
Because their natures are little.” Tennyson. Little chief. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. — Little finger, the fourth and smallest finger of the hand. — Little go (Eng. Universities), a public examination about the middle of the course, which is less strict and important than the final one; — called also smalls. Cf. Great go, under Great. Thackeray. — Little hours (R. C. Ch.), the offices of prime, tierce, sext, and nones. Vespers and compline are sometimes included. — Little ones, young children. “The men, and the women, and the little ones.” Deut. ii. 34.

Lit´tle, n. 1. That which is little; a small quantity, amount, space, or the like. “Much was in little writ.” Dryden. “There are many expressions, which carrying with them no clear ideas are like to remove but little of my ignorance.” Locke. 2. A small degree or scale; miniature. ´ His picture in little.´ Shak. “A little, to or in a small degree; to a limited extent; somewhat; for a short time. ´ Stay a little.´” Shak. “The painter flattered her a little.” Shak. — By little and little, or Little by little, by slow degrees; piecemeal; gradually.

Lit´tle, adv. In a small quantity or degree; not much; slightly; somewhat; — often with a preceding it. ´ The poor sleep little.´ Otway.

Lit´tle-ease , n. An old slang name for the pillory, stocks, etc., of a prison.[Eng.] Latimer.

Lit´tle•ness, n. The state or quality of being little; as littleness of size, thought, duration, power, etc. Syn. — Smallness; slightness; inconsiderableness; narrowness; insignificance; meanness; penuriousness.

Lit´to•ral , a. [L. littoralis, litoralis, from littus, litus, the seashore: cf. F. littoral.] 1. Of or pertaining to a shore, as of the sea. 2. (Biol.) Inhabiting the seashore, esp. the zone between high-water and low-water mark.

Lit´to•ri´na , n. [NL. See Littoral.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small pectinibranch mollusks, having thick spiral shells, abundant between tides on nearly all rocky seacoasts. They feed on seaweeds. The common periwinkle is a well-known example. See Periwinkle.

Lit´tress (lit´tres), n. A smooth kind of cartridge paper used for making cards. Knight.

Lit´u•ate (lit´u•at; 135), a. [See Lituus.] (Bot.) Forked, with the points slightly curved outward.

Lit´u•i•form , a. [Lituus + -form.] Having the form of a lituus; like a lituite.

Lit´u•ite (lit´u•it; 135), n. [See Lituus.] (Paleon.) Any species of ammonites of the genus Lituites. They are found in the Cretaceous formation.

Lit´u•rate , a. [L. lituratus, p. p. of liturare to erase, fr. litura a blur.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having indistinct spots, paler at their margins. 2. (Bot.) Spotted, as if from abrasions of the surface. { Li•tur´gic , Li•tur´gic•al } [Gr. : cf. F. liturgique.] Pertaining to, of or the nature of, a liturgy; of or pertaining to public prayer and worship. T. Warton.

Li•tur´gic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of a liturgy.

Li•tur´gics , n. The science of worship; history, doctrine, and interpretation of liturgies.

Li•tur•gi•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in liturgiology.

Li•tur•gi•ol´o•gy , n. [Liturgy + -logy.] The science treating of liturgical matters; a treatise on, or description of, liturgies. Shipley.

Lit´ur•gist (lit´ur•jist), n. One who favors or adheres strictly to a liturgy. Milton.

Lit´ur•gy (lit´ur•jy), n.; pl. Liturgies (- jiz). [F. liturgie, LL. liturgia, Gr. leitoyrgi•a a public service, the public service of God, public worship; (assumed) le•i:tos, lei^tos, belonging to the people, public (fr. lao•s, lew•s, the people) + the root of ’e•rgon work. See Lay, a., and Work.] An established formula for public worship, or the entire ritual for public worship in a church which uses prescribed forms; a formulary for public prayer or devotion. In the Roman Catholic Church it includes all forms and services in any language, in any part of the world, for the celebration of Mass.

Lit´u•us , n.; pl. Litui (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antig.) (a) A curved staff used by the augurs in quartering the heavens. (b) An instrument of martial music; a kind of trumpet of a somewhat curved form and shrill note. 2. (Math.) A spiral whose polar equation is r2theta = a; that is, a curve the square of whose radius vector varies inversely as the angle which the radius vector makes with a given line.

Liv´a•ble , a. 1. Such as can be lived. 2. Such as is pleasant to live in; fit or suitable to live in. [Colloq.] “A more delightful or livable region is not easily to be found.” T. Arnold.

Live (liv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lived (livd); p. pr. & vb. n. Living.] [OE. liven, livien, AS. libban, lifian; akin to OS. libbian, D. leven, G. leben, OHG. leben, Dan. leve, Sw. lefva, Icel. lifa to live, to be left, to remain, Goth. liban to live; akin to E. leave to forsake, and life, Gr. liparei^n to persist, liparo•s oily, shining, sleek, li•pos fat, lard, Skr. lip to anoint, smear; — the first sense prob. was to cleave to, stick to; hence, to remain, stay; and hence, to live.] 1. To be alive; to have life; to have, as an animal or a plant, the capacity of assimilating matter as food, and to be dependent on such assimilation for a continuance of existence; as animals and plants that live to a great age are long in reaching maturity. “Thus saith the Lord God unto these bones; Behold, I will … lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live.” Ezek. xxxvii. 5, 6. 2. To pass one’s time; to pass life or time in a certain manner, as to habits, conduct, or circumstances; as to live in ease or affluence; to live happily or usefully. “O death, how bitter is the remembrance of thee to a man that liveth at rest in his possessions!” Ecclus. xli. 1. 3. To make one’s abiding place or home; to abide; to dwell; to reside. “Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years.” Gen. xlvii. 28. 4. To be or continue in existence; to exist; to remain; to be permanent; to last; — said of inanimate objects, ideas etc. “Men’s evil manners live in brass; their virtues
We write in water.” Shak. 5. To enjoy or make the most of life; to be in a state of happiness. “What greater curse could envious fortune give
Than just to die when I began to live?” Dryden. 6. To feed; to subsist; to be nourished or supported; — with on; as horses live on grass and grain. 7. To have a spiritual existence; to be quickened, nourished, and actuated by divine influence or faith. “The just shall live by faith.” Gal. iii. ll. 8. To be maintained in life; to acquire a livelihood; to subsist; — with on or by; as to live on spoils. “Those who live by labor.” Sir W. Temple. 9. To outlast danger; to float; — said of a ship, boat, etc.; as no ship could live in such a storm. “A strong mast that lived upon the sea.” Shak. To live out, to be at service; to live away from home as a servant. [U. S.] — To live with. (a) To dwell or to be a lodger with. (b) To cohabit with; to have intercourse with, as male with female.

Live , v. t. 1. To spend, as one’s life; to pass; to maintain; to continue in, constantly or habitually; as to live an idle or a useful life. 2. To act habitually in conformity with; to practice. “To live the Gospel.” Foxe. To live down, to live so as to subdue or refute; as to live down slander.

Live , a. [Abbreviated from alive. See Alive, Life.] 1. Having life; alive; living; not dead. “If one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it.” Ex. xxi. 35. 2. Being in a state of ignition; burning; having active properties; as a live coal; live embers. ´ The live ether.´ Thomson. 3. Full of earnestness; active; wide awake; glowing; as a live man, or orator. 4. Vivid; bright. ´ The live carnation.´ Thomson. 5. (Engin.) Imparting power; having motion; as the live spindle of a lathe. Live birth, the condition of being born in such a state that acts of life are manifested after the extrusion of the whole body. Dunglison. — Live box, a cell for holding living objects under microscopical examination. P. H. Gosse. — Live feathers, feathers which have been plucked from the living bird, and are therefore stronger and more elastic. — Live gang. (Sawing) See under Gang. — Live grass (Bot.), a grass of the genus Eragrostis. — Live load (Engin.), a suddenly applied load; a varying load; a moving load; as a moving train of cars on a bridge, or wind pressure on a roof. Live oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus virens), growing in the Southern States, of great durability, and highly esteemed for ship timber. In California the Q. chrysolepis and some other species are also called live oaks. — Live ring (Engin.), a circular train of rollers upon which a swing bridge, or turntable, rests, and which travels around a circular track when the bridge or table turns. — Live steam , steam direct from the boiler, used for any purpose, in distinction from exhaust steam. — Live stock, horses, cattle, and other domestic animals kept on a farm.

Live , n. Life. [Obs.] Chaucer. On live, in life; alive. [Obs.] See Alive. Chaucer.

Lived , a. Having life; — used only in composition; as long-lived; short- lived.

Live´-for•ev•er , n. (Bot.) A plant (Sedum Telephium) with fleshy leaves, which has extreme powers of resisting drought; garden ox-pine.

Live´li•hed , n. See Livelihood. [Obs.]

Live´li•hood , n. [OE. livelode, liflode, prop., course of life, life’s support, maintenance, fr. AS. lif life + lad road, way, maintenance. Confused with livelihood liveliness. See Life, and Lode.] Subsistence or living, as dependent on some means of support; support of life; maintenance. “The opportunities of gaining an honest livelihood.” Addison. “It is their profession and livelihood to get their living by practices for which they deserve to forfeit their lives.” South.

Live´li•hood, n. [Lively + - hood.] Liveliness; appearance of life. [Obs.] Shak.

Live´li•ly, adv. In a lively manner. [Obs.] Lamb.

Live´li•ness, n. [From Lively.] 1. The quality or state of being lively or animated; sprightliness; vivacity; animation; spirit; as the liveliness of youth, contrasted with the gravity of age. B. Jonson. 2. An appearance of life, animation, or spirit; as the liveliness of the eye or the countenance in a portrait. 3. Briskness; activity; effervescence, as of liquors. Syn. — Sprightliness; gayety; animation; vivacity; smartness; briskness; activity. — Liveliness, Gayety, Animation, Vivacity. Liveliness is an habitual feeling of life and interest; gayety refers more to a temporary excitement of the animal spirits; animation implies a warmth of emotion and a corresponding vividness of expressing it, awakened by the presence of something which strongly affects the mind; vivacity is a feeling between liveliness and animation, having the permanency of the one, and, to some extent, the warmth of the other. Liveliness of imagination; gayety of heart; animation of countenance; vivacity of gesture or conversation.

Live´lode , n. [See 1st Livelihood.] Course of life; means of support; livelihood. [Obs.]

Live´long , a. [For lifelong. Cf. Lifelong.] 1. Whole; entire; long in passing; — used of time, as day or night, in adverbial phrases, and usually with a sense of tediousness. “The obscure bird
Clamored the livelong night.” Shak. “How could she sit the livelong day,
Yet never ask us once to play?” Swift. 2. Lasting; durable. [Obs.] “Thou hast built thyself a livelong monument.” Milton.

Live´ly , a. [Compar. Livelier superl. Liveliest.] [For lifely. Cf. Lifelike.] 1. Endowed with or manifesting life; living. “Chaplets of gold and silver resembling lively flowers and leaves.” Holland. 2. Brisk; vivacious; active; as a lively youth. “But wherefore comes old Manoa in such haste,
With youthful steps ? Much livelier than erewhile
He seems.” Milton. 3. Gay; airy; animated; spirited. “From grave to gay, from lively to severe.” Pope. 4. Representing life; lifelike. [Obs.] “I spied the lively picture of my father.” Massinger. 5. Bright; vivid; glowing; strong; vigorous. “The colors of the prism are manifestly more full, intense, and lively that those of natural bodies.” Sir I. Newton. “His faith must be not only living, but lively too.” South. Lively stones (Script.), saints, as being quickened by the Spirit, and active in holiness. Syn. — Brisk; vigorous; quick; nimble; smart; active; alert; sprightly; animated; spirited; prompt; earnest; strong; energetic; vivid; vivacious; blithe; gleeful; airy; gay; jocund.

Live´ly, adv. 1. In a brisk, active, or animated manner; briskly; vigorously. Hayward. 2. With strong resemblance of life. [Obs.] “Thou counterfeitest most lively.” Shak.

Liv´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, lives. “And try if life be worth the liver’s care.” Prior. 2. A resident; a dweller; as a liver in Brooklyn. 3. One whose course of life has some marked characteristic (expressed by an adjective); as a free liver. Fast liver, one who lives in an extravagant and dissipated way. — Free liver, Good liver, one given to the pleasures of the table. — Loose liver, a person who lives a somewhat dissolute life.

Liv´er, n. [AS. lifer; akin to D. liver, G. leber, OHG. lebara, Icel. lifr, Sw. lefver, and perh. to Gr. fat, E. live, v.] (Anat.) A very large glandular and vascular organ in the visceral cavity of all vertebrates. Most of the venous blood from the alimentary canal passes through it on its way back to the heart; and it secretes the bile, produces glycogen, and in other ways changes the blood which passes through it. In man it is situated immediately beneath the diaphragm and mainly on the right side. See Bile, Digestive, and Glycogen. The liver of invertebrate animals is usually made up of caecal tubes, and differs materially, in form and function, from that of vertebrates. Floating liver. See Wandering liver, under Wandering. — Liver of antimony, Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. — Liver brown, Liver color, the color of liver, a dark, reddish brown. — Liver shark (Zoöl.), a very large shark (Cetorhinus maximus), inhabiting the northern coasts both of Europe and North America. It sometimes becomes forty feet in length, being one of the largest sharks known; but it has small simple teeth, and is not dangerous. It is captured for the sake of its liver, which often yields several barrels of oil. It has gill rakers, resembling whalebone, by means of which it separates small animals from the sea water. Called also basking shark, bone shark, hoemother, homer, and sailfish. — Liver spots, yellowish brown patches or spots of chloasma.

Liv´er (liv´er), n. (Zoöl.) The glossy ibis (Ibis falcinellus); - - said to have given its name to the city of Liverpool.

Liv´er-col•ored (-kul•erd), a. Having a color like liver; dark reddish brown.

Liv´ered (liv´erd), a. Having (such) a liver; used in composition; as white- livered.

Liv´er-grown , a. Having an enlarged liver. Dunglison.

Liv´er•ied , a. Wearing a livery. See Livery, 3. “The liveried servants wait.” Parnell.

Liv´er•ing, n. A kind of pudding or sausage made of liver or pork. [Obs.] Chapman.

Liv´er•leaf , n. (Bot.) Same as Liverwort.

Liv´er•wort , n. (Bot.) 1. A ranunculaceous plant (Anemone Hepatica) with pretty white or bluish flowers and a three-lobed leaf; — called also squirrel cups. 2. A flowerless plant (Marchantia polymorpha), having an irregularly lobed, spreading, and forking frond. From this plant many others of the same order (Hepaticae) have been vaguely called liverworts, esp. those of the tribe Marchantiaceae. See Illust. of Hepatica.

Liv´er•y , n.; pl. Liveries (#). [OE. livere, F. livree, formerly, a gift of clothes made by the master to his servants, prop., a thing delivered, fr. livrer to deliver, L. liberare to set free, in LL., to deliver up. See Liberate.] 1. (Eng. Law) (a) The act of delivering possession of lands or tenements. (b) The writ by which possession is obtained. It is usual to say, livery of seizin, which is a feudal investiture, made by the delivery of a turf, of a rod, or twig, from the feoffor to the feoffee. In the United States, and now in Great Britain, no such ceremony is necessary, the delivery of a deed being sufficient. 2. Release from wardship; deliverance. “It concerned them first to sue out their livery from the unjust wardship of his encroaching prerogative.” Milton. 3. That which is delivered out statedly or formally, as clothing, food, etc.; especially: (a) The uniform clothing issued by feudal superiors to their retainers and serving as a badge when in military service. (b) The peculiar dress by which the servants of a nobleman or gentleman are distinguished; as a claret-colored livery. (c) Hence, also the peculiar dress or garb appropriated by any association or body of persons to their own use; as the livery of the London tradesmen, of a priest, of a charity school, etc.; also the whole body or company of persons wearing such a garb, and entitled to the privileges of the association; as the whole livery of London. “A Haberdasher and a Carpenter,
A Webbe, a Dyer, and a Tapicer,
And they were clothed all in one livery
Of a solempne and a gret fraternite.” Chaucer. “From the periodical deliveries of these characteristic articles of servile costume (blue coats) came our word livery.” De Quincey. (d) Hence, any characteristic dress or outward appearance. ´ April’s livery.´ Sir P. Sidney. “Now came still evening on, and twilight gray
Had in her sober livery all things clad.” Milton. (e) An allowance of food statedly given out; a ration, as to a family, to servants, to horses, etc. “The emperor’s officers every night went through the town from house to house whereat any English gentleman did repast or lodge, and served their liveries for all night: first, the officers brought into the house a cast of fine manchet [white bread], and of silver two great pots, and white wine, and sugar.” Cavendish. (f) The feeding, stabling, and care of horses for compensation; boarding; as to keep one’s horses at livery. “What livery is, we by common use in England know well enough, namely, that is, allowance of horse meat, as to keep horses at livery, the which word, I guess, is derived of livering or delivering forth their nightly food.” Spenser. “It need hardly be observed that the explanation of livery which Spenser offers is perfectly correct, but … it is no longer applied to the ration or stated portion of food delivered at stated periods.” Trench. (g) The keeping of horses in readiness to be hired temporarily for riding or driving; the state of being so kept. “Pegasus does not stand at livery even at the largest establishment in Moorfields.” Lowell. 4. A low grade of wool. Livery gown, the gown worn by a liveryman in London.

Liv´er•y, v. t. To clothe in, or as in, livery. Shak.

Liv´er•y•man , n.; pl. Liverymen . 1. One who wears a livery, as a servant. 2. A freeman of the city, in London, who, having paid certain fees, is entitled to wear the distinguishing dress or livery of the company to which he belongs, and also to enjoy certain other privileges, as the right of voting in an election for the lord mayor, sheriffs, chamberlain, etc. 3. One who keeps a livery stable.

Liv´er•y sta•ble A stable where horses are kept for hire, and where stabling is provided. See Livery, n., 3 (e) (f) & (g).

Lives (livz), n.; pl. of Life.

Lives (livz), a. & adv. [Orig. a genitive sing. of life.] Alive; living; with life. [Obs.] ´ Any lives creature.´ Chaucer.

Liv´id (liv´id), a. [L. lividus, from livere to be of a blush color, to be black and blue: cf. F. livide.] Black and blue; grayish blue; of a lead color; discolored, as flesh by contusion. Cowper. “There followed no carbuncles, no purple or livid spots, the mass of the blood not being tainted.” Bacon.

Li•vid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. lividite.] The state or quality of being livid.

Liv´id•ness (liv´id•nes), n. Lividity. Walpole.

Liv´ing (liv´ing), a. [From Live, v. i.] 1. Being alive; having life; as a living creature. 2. Active; lively; vigorous; — said esp. of states of the mind, and sometimes of abstract things; as a living faith; a living principle. ´ Living hope. ´ Wyclif. 3. Issuing continually from the earth; running; flowing; as a living spring; — opposed to stagnant. 4. Producing life, action, animation, or vigor; quickening. ´Living light.´ Shak. 5. Ignited; glowing with heat; burning; live. “Then on the living coals wine they pour.” Dryden. Living force. See Vis viva, under Vis. — Living gale (Naut.), a heavy gale. — Living rock or stone, rock in its native or original state or location; rock not quarried. ´ I now found myself on a rude and narrow stairway, the steps of which were cut out of the living rock.´ Moore. — The living, those who are alive, or one who is alive.

Liv´ing, n. 1. The state of one who, or that which, lives; lives; life; existence. ´Health and living.´ Shak. 2. Manner of life; as riotous living; penurious living; earnest living. ´ A vicious living.´ Chaucer. 3. Means of subsistence; sustenance; estate. “She can spin for her living.” Shak. “He divided unto them his living.” Luke xv. 12. 4. Power of continuing life; the act of living, or living comfortably. “There is no living without trusting somebody or other in some cases.” L’ Estrange. 5. The benefice of a clergyman; an ecclesiastical charge which a minister receives. [Eng.] “He could not get a deanery, a prebend, or even a living” Macaulay. Livng room, the room most used by the family.

Liv´ing•ly, adv. In a living state. Sir T. Browne.

Liv´ing•ness, n. The state or quality of being alive; possession of energy or vigor; animation; quickening.

Li•vo´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Livonia, a district of Russia near the Baltic Sea.

Li•vo´ni•an, n. A native or an inhabitant of Livonia; the langua•e (alli•d to th• Finniso) of the Livonians.

Li´vor , n. [L.] Malignity. [R.] Burton.

Li•vrai•son´ , n. [F., fr. L. liberatio a setting free, in LL., a delivering up. See Liberation.] A part of a book or literary composition printed and delivered by itself; a number; a part.

Li´vre , n. [F., fr. L. libra a pound of twelve ounces. Cf. Lira.] A French money of account, afterward a silver coin equal to 20 sous. It is not now in use, having been superseded by the franc.

Lix•iv´i•al , a. [L. lixivius, fr. lix ashes, lye ashes, lye: cf. F. lixiviel.] 1. Impregnated with, or consisting of, alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; impregnated with a salt or salts like a lixivium. Boyle. 2. Of the color of lye; resembling lye. 3. Having the qualities of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes. Lixivial salts (Old Chem.), salts which are obtained by passing water through ashes, or by pouring it on them. { Lix•iv´i•ate , Lix•iv´i••ted } a. [From Lixivium.] 1. Of or pertaining to lye or lixivium; of the quality of alkaline salts. 2. Impregnated with salts from wood ashes. Boyle.

Lix•iv´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lixiviated p. pr. & vb. n. Lixiviating ] To subject to a washing process for the purpose of separating soluble material from that which is insoluble; to leach, as ashes, for the purpose of extracting the alkaline substances.

Lix•iv•i•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. lixiviation.] Lixiviating; the process of separating a soluble substance from one that is insoluble, by washing with some solvent, as water; leaching.

Lix•iv´i•ous , a. See Lixivial.

Lix•iv´i•um , n. [L. lixivium, lixivia. See Lixivial.] A solution of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; hence, any solution obtained by lixiviation.

Lixt (likst), obs. 2d pers. sing. pres. of Lige, to lie, to tell lies, — contracted for ligest. Chaucer.

Li´za , n. (Zoöl.) The American white mullet (Mugil curema).

Liz´ard , n. [OE. lesarde, OF. lesarde, F. lezard, L. lacerta, lacertus. Cf. Alligator, Lacerta.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of the numerous species of reptiles belonging to the order Lacertilia; sometimes, also applied to reptiles of other orders, as the Hatteria. Most lizards have an elongated body, with four legs, and a long tail; but there are some without legs, and some with a short, thick tail. Most have scales, but some are naked; most have eyelids, but some do not. The tongue is varied in form and structure. In some it is forked, in others, as the chameleons, club-shaped, and very extensible. See Amphisbaena, Chameleon, Gecko, Gila monster, Horned toad, Iguana, and Dragon, 6. 2. (Naut.) A piece of rope with thimble or block spliced into one or both of the ends. R. H. Dana, Ir. 3. A piece of timber with a forked end, used in dragging a heavy stone, a log, or the like, from a field. Lizard fish (Zoöl.), a marine scopeloid fish of the genus Synodus, or Saurus, esp. S. fœtens of the Southern United States and West Indies; — called also sand pike. — Lizard snake (Zoöl.), the garter snake (Eutaenia sirtalis). — Lizard stone (Min.), a kind of serpentine from near Lizard Point, Cornwall, England, — used for ornamental purposes.

Liz´ard’s tail (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Saururus (S. cernuus), growing in marshes, and having white flowers crowded in a slender terminal spike, somewhat resembling in form a lizard’s tail; whence the name. Gray.

Lla´ma, n. [Peruv.] (Zoöl.) A South American ruminant (Auchenia llama), allied to the camels, but much smaller and without a hump. It is supposed to be a domesticated variety of the guanaco. It was formerly much used as a beast of burden in the Andes.

Llan•dei´lo group. (Geol.) A series of strata in the lower Silurian formations of Great Britain; — so named from Llandeilo in Southern Wales. See Chart of Geology.

Lla•ne´ro , n. [Sp. Amer.] One of the inhabitants of the llanos of South America.

Lla´no , n.; pl. Llanos (#). [Sp., plain even, level. See Plain.] An extensive plain with or without vegetation. [Spanish America]

Lloyd’s , n. 1. An association of underwriters and others in London, for the collection and diffusion of marine intelligence, the insurance, classification, registration, and certifying of vessels, and the transaction of business of various kinds connected with shipping. 2. A part of the Royal Exchange, in London, appropriated to the use of underwriters and insurance brokers; — called also Lloyd’s Rooms. The name is derived from Lloyd’s Coffee House, in Lombard Street, where there were formerly rooms for the same purpose. The name Lloyd or Lloyd’s has been taken by several associations, in different parts of Europe, established for purposes similar to those of the original association. Lloyd’s agents, persons employed in various parts of the world, by the association called Lloyd’s, to serve its interests. — Lloyd’s list, a publication of the latest news respecting shipping matters, with lists of vessels, etc., made under the direction of Lloyd’s. Brande & C. — Lloyd’s register, a register of vessels rated according to their quality, published yearly.

Lo , interj. [OE. lo, low; perh. akin to E. look, v.] Look; see; behold; observe. ´Lo, here is Christ.´ Matt. xxiv. 23. ´Lo, we turn to the Gentiles.´ Acts xiii. 46.

Loach (loch), n. [OE. loche, F. loche.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several small, fresh-water, cyprinoid fishes of the genera Cobitis, Nemachilus, and allied genera, having six or more barbules around the mouth. They are found in Europe and Asia. The common European species (N. barbatulus) is used as a food fish.

Load , n. [OE. lode load, way; properly the same word as lode, but confused with lade, load, v. See Lade, Lead, v., Lode.] 1. A burden; that which is laid on or put in anything for conveyance; that which is borne or sustained; a weight; as a heavy load. “He might such a load
To town with his ass carry.” Gower. 2. The quantity which can be carried or drawn in some specified way; the contents of a cart, barrow, or vessel; that which will constitute a cargo; lading. 3. That which burdens, oppresses, or grieves the mind or spirits; as a load of care. ´ A … load of guilt.´ Ray. ´ Our life’s a load.´ Dryden. 4. A particular measure for certain articles, being as much as may be carried at one time by the conveyance commonly used for the article measured; as a load of wood; a load of hay; specifically, five quarters. 5. The charge of a firearm; as a load of powder. 6. Weight or violence of blows. [Obs.] Milton. 7. (Mach.) The work done by a steam engine or other prime mover when working. Load line, or Load water line (Naut.), the line on the outside of a vessel indicating the depth to which it sinks in the water when loaded. Syn. — Burden; lading; weight; cargo. See Burden.

Load, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Loading. Loaden is obsolete, and laden belongs to lade.] 1. To lay a load or burden on or in, as on a horse or in a cart; to charge with a load, as a gun; to furnish with a lading or cargo, as a ship; hence, to add weight to, so as to oppress or embarrass; to heap upon. “I strive all in vain to load the cart.” Gascoigne. “I have loaden me with many spoils.” Shak. “Those honors deep and broad, wherewith
Your majesty loads our house.” Shak. 2. To adulterate or drug; as to load wine. [Cant] 3. To magnetize.[Obs.] Prior. Loaded dice, dice with one side made heavier than the others, so that the number on the opposite side will come up oftenest.

Load´er , n. One who, or that which, loads; a mechanical contrivance for loading, as a gun.

Load´ing, n. 1. The act of putting a load on or into. 2. A load; cargo; burden. Shak. { Load´man•age , Lode´man•age }, n. Pilotage; skill of a pilot or loadsman. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Loads´man , Lodes´man }, n. [Load, lode + man. See Lode.] A pilot. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Load´star• , Lode´star• }, n. [Load, lode + star. See Lode.] A star that leads; a guiding star; esp., the polestar; the cynosure. Chaucer. ´ Your eyes are lodestars.´ Shak. “The pilot can no loadstar see.” Spenser. { Load´stone• , Lode´stone }, n. [Load, lode + stone.] (Min.) A piece of magnetic iron ore possessing polarity like a magnetic needle. See Magnetite.

Loaf , n.; pl. Loaves (#). [OE. lof, laf, AS. hlaf; akin to G. laib, OHG. hleip, Icel. hleifr, Goth. hlaifs, Russ. khlieb’, Lith. klëpas. Cf. Lady, Lammas, Lord.] Any thick lump, mass, or cake; especially, a large regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread, sugar, or cake. Bacon. Loaf sugar, refined sugar that has been formed into a conical loaf in a mold.

Loaf, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loafed p. pr. & vb. n. Loafing.] [G. laufen to run, Prov. G. loofen. See Leap.] To spend time in idleness; to lounge or loiter about. ´ Loafing vagabonds.´ W. Black.

Loaf, v. t. To spend in idleness; — with away; as to loaf time away.

Loaf´er , n. [G. läufer a runner, Prov. G. laufer, lofer, fr. laufen to run. See Leap.] One who loafs; a lazy lounger. Lowell.

Loam , n. [AS. lam; akin to D. leem, G. lehm, and E. lime. See 4th Lime.] 1. A kind of soil; an earthy mixture of clay and sand, with organic matter to which its fertility is chiefly due. “We wash a wall of loam; we labor in vain.” Hooker. 2. (Founding) A mixture of sand, clay, and other materials, used in making molds for large castings, often without a pattern. Loam mold (Founding), a mold made with loam. See Loam, n., 2. — Loam molding, the process or business of making loam molds. Loam plate, an iron plate upon which a section of a loam mold rests, or from which it is suspended. — Loam work, loam molding or loam molds.

Loam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loamed p. pr. & vb. n. Loaming.] To cover, smear, or fill with loam.

Loam´y , a. Consisting of loam; partaking of the nature of loam; resembling loam. Bacon.

Loan (lon), n. [See Lawn.] A loanin. [Scot.]
[1913 Webster]

Loan, n. [OE. lone, lane, AS. lan, laen, fr. león to lend; akin to D. leen loan, fief, G. lehen fief, Icel. lan, G. leihen to lend, OHG. lihan, Icel. lji, Goth. leihwan, L. linquere to leave, Gr. lei•pein, Skr. ric. rad.119. Cf. Delinquent, Eclipse, Eleven, Ellipse, Lend, License, Relic.] 1. The act of lending; a lending; permission to use; as the loan of a book, money, services. 2. That which one lends or borrows, esp. a sum of money lent at interest; as he repaid the loan. Loan office. (a) An office at which loans are negotiated, or at which the accounts of loans are kept, and the interest paid to the lender. (b) A pawnbroker’s shop.

Loan, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaned p. pr. & vb. n. Loaning.] To lend; — sometimes with out. Kent. “By way of location or loaning them out.” J. Langley (1644).

Loan´a•ble , a. Such as can be lent; available for lending; as loanable funds; — used mostly in financial business and writings. { Loan´in , Loan´ing } n. [From Scotch loan, E. lawn.] An open space between cultivated fields through which cattle are driven, and where the cows are sometimes milked; also a lane. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Loan´mon•ger , n. A dealer in, or negotiator of, loans. “The millions of the loanmonger.” Beaconsfield.

Loath (loth), a. [OE. looth, loth, AS. lað hostile, odious; akin to OS. lað, G. leid, Icel. leiðr, Sw. led, G. leiden to suffer, OHG. lidan to suffer, go, cf. AS. liðan to go, Goth. leipan, and E. lead to guide.] 1. Hateful; odious; disliked. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Filled with disgust or aversion; averse; unwilling; reluctant; as loath to part. “Full loth were him to curse for his tithes.” Chaucer. “Why, then, though loath, yet must I be content.” Shak.

Loathe (loth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loathed (lothd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loathing.] [AS. laðian to hate. See Loath.] 1. To feel extreme disgust at, or aversion for. “Loathing the honeyed cakes, I Ionged for bread.” Cowley. 2. To dislike greatly; to abhor; to hate. “The secret which I loathe.” Waller. “She loathes the vital sir.” Dryden. Syn. — To hate; abhor; detest; abominate. See Hate.

Loathe, v. i. To feel disgust or nausea. [Obs.]

Loath´er , n. One who loathes.

Loath´ful , a. 1. Full of loathing; hating; abhorring. ´Loathful eyes.´ Spenser. 2. Causing a feeling of loathing; disgusting. “Above the reach of loathful, sinful lust.” Spenser.

Loath´ing, n. Extreme disgust; a feeling of aversion, nausea, abhorrence, or detestation. “The mutual fear and loathing of the hostile races.” Macaulay.

Loath´ing•ly, adv. With loathing.

Loath´li•ness , n. Loathsomeness. [Obs.]

Loath´ly (loth´ly), a. [AS. laðlic.] Loathsome. [Obs.] ´ Loathly mouth.´ Spenser.

Loath´ly (loth´ly), adv. 1. Unwillingly; reluctantly. “This shows that you from nature loathly stray.” Donne. 2. (loth´ly) So as to cause loathing. [Obs.] “With dust and blood his locks were loathly dight.” Fairfax.

Loath´ness , n. Unwillingness; reluctance. “A general silence and loathness to speak.” Bacon.

Loath´some , a. Fitted to cause loathing; exciting disgust; disgusting. “The most loathsome and deadly forms of infection.” Macaulay. — Loath´some•ly. adv. — Loath´some•ness, n.

Loath´y , a. Loathsome. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loaves , n.; pl. of Loaf.

Lob , n. [W. llob an unwieldy lump, a dull fellow, a blockhead. Cf. Looby, Lubber.] 1. A dull, heavy person. ´ Country lobs.´ Gauden. 2. Something thick and heavy.

Lob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbing.] To let fall heavily or lazily. “And their poor jades
Lob down their heads.” Shak. To lob a ball (Lawn Tennis), to strike a ball so as to send it up into the air.

Lob, v. t. (Mining) See Cob, v. t.

Lob, n. [Dan. lubbe.] (Zoöl.) The European pollock.

Lo´bar , a. Of or pertaining to a lobe; characterized by, or like, a lobe or lobes. { Lo´bate , Lo´ba•ted } a. [See Lobe.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of, or having, lobes; lobed; as a lobate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having lobes; — said of the tails of certain fishes having the integument continued to the bases of the fin rays. (b) Furnished with membranous flaps, as the toes of a coot. See Illust. (m) under Aves.

Lo´bate•ly , adv. As a lobe; so as to make a lobe; in a lobate manner.

Lob´bish , a. Like a lob; consisting of lobs. Sir. P. Sidney.

Lob´by , n.; pl. Lobbies (#). [LL. lobium, lobia, laubia, a covered portico fit for walking, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor. See Lodge.] 1. (Arch.) A passage or hall of communication, especially when large enough to serve also as a waiting room. It differs from an antechamber in that a lobby communicates between several rooms, an antechamber to one only; but this distinction is not carefully preserved. 2. That part of a hall of legislation not appropriated to the official use of the assembly; hence, the persons, collectively, who frequent such a place to transact business with the legislators; any persons, not members of a legislative body, who strive to influence its proceedings by personal agency. [U.S.] 3. (Naut.) An apartment or passageway in the fore part of an old-fashioned cabin under the quarter- deck. 4. (Agric.) A confined place for cattle, formed by hedges. trees, or other fencing, near the farmyard. Lobby member, a lobbyist. [Humorous cant, U. S.]

Lob´by, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lobbied p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbying.] To address or solicit members of a legislative body in the lobby or elsewhere, with the purpose to influence their votes.[U.S.] Bartlett.

Lob´by, v. t. To urge the adoption or passage of by soliciting members of a legislative body; as to lobby a bill. [U.S.]

Lob´by•ist, n. A member of the lobby; a person who solicits members of a legislature for the purpose of influencing legislation. [U.S.]

Lob´cock , n. A dull, sluggish person; a lubber; a lob. [Low]

Lobe (lob), n. [F. lobe, Gr. lobo•s.] Any projection or division, especially one of a somewhat rounded form; as: (a) (Bot.) A rounded projection or division of a leaf. Gray. (b)(Zoöl.) A membranous flap on the sides of the toes of certain birds, as the coot. (c) (Anat.) A round projecting part of an organ, as of the liver, lungs, brain, etc. See Illust. of Brain. (b) (Mach.) The projecting part of a cam wheel or of a non-circular gear wheel. Lobe of the ear, the soft, fleshy prominence in which the human ear terminates below. See. Illust. of Ear.

Lobed , a. Having lobes; lobate.

Lobe´foot , n. (Zoöl.) A bird having lobate toes; esp., a phalarope.

Lobe´-foot•ed, a. (Zoöl.) Lobiped.

Lobe´let , n. (Bot.) A small lobe; a lobule.

Lo•be´li•a ( 106), n. [NL. So called from Lobel, botanist to King James I.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including a great number of species. Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco, is an annual plant of North America, whose leaves contain a poisonous white viscid juice, of an acrid taste. It has often been used in medicine as an emetic, expectorant, etc. L. cardinalis is the cardinal flower, remarkable for the deep and vivid red color of its flowers.

Lo•be•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants of which the genus Lobelia is the type.

Lo•be´lin , n. (Med.) A yellowish green resin from Lobelia, used as an emetic and diaphoretic.

Lo•be´line , n. (Chem.) A poisonous narcotic alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) as a yellow oil, having a tobaccolike taste and odor.

Lo´bi•ped, a. [Lobe + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Having lobate toes, as a coot.

Lob´lol•ly , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Gruel; porridge; — so called among seamen. Loblolly bay (Bot.), an elegant white-flowered evergreen shrub or small tree, of the genus Gordonia (G. Lasianthus), growing in the maritime parts of the Southern United States. Its bark is sometimes used in tanning. also a similar West Indian tree (Laplacea haematoxylon). — Loblolly boy, a surgeon’s attendant on shipboard. Smollett. — Loblolly pine (Bot.), a kind of pitch pine found from Delaware southward along the coast; old field pine (Pinus Taeda). also P. Bahamensis, of the West Indies. — Loblolly tree (Bot.), a name of several West Indian trees, having more or less leathery foliage, but alike in no other respect; as Pisonia subcordata, Cordia alba, and Cupania glabra.

Lo•bo´sa , n. pl. [NL. See Lobe.] (Zoöl.) An order of Rhizopoda, in which the pseudopodia are thick and irregular in form, as in the Amœba.

Lob´scouse , n. [Written also lobscourse from which lobscouse is corrupted.] [Lob + course.] (Naut.) A combination of meat with vegetables, bread, etc., usually stewed, sometimes baked; an olio.

Lob´sid•ed , a. See Lopsided.

Lobs´pound , n. [Lob + pound a prison.] A prison. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Lob´ster , n. [AS. loppestre, lopystre prob., corrupted fr. L. locusta a marine shellfish, a kind of lobster, a locust. Cf. Locust.] (Zoöl.) Any large macrurous crustacean used as food, esp. those of the genus Homarus; as the American lobster (H. Americanus), and the European lobster (H. vulgaris). The Norwegian lobster (Nephrops Norvegicus) is similar in form. All these have a pair of large unequal claws. The spiny lobsters of more southern waters, belonging to Palinurus, Panulirus, and allied genera, have no large claws. The fresh-water crayfishes are sometimes called lobsters. Lobster caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar of a European bombycid moth (Stauropus fagi); — so called from its form. Lobster louse (Zoöl.), a copepod crustacean (Nicothoë astaci) parasitic on the gills of the European lobster.

Lob´u•lar, a. [Cf. F. lobulaire.] Like a lobule; pertaining to a lobule or lobules. { Lob´u•late , Lob´u•la•ted } a. Made up of, or divided into, lobules; as a lobulated gland.

Lob´ule, n. [Cf. F. lobule, dim. of lobe. See Lobe.] A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe. Lobule of the ear. (Anat.) Same as Lobe of the ear.

Lob•u•lette´ , n. [Dim. of lobule.] (Anat.) A little lobule, or subdivision of a lobule.

Lob´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The lugworm.

Lo´cal , a. [L. localis, fr. locus place: cf. F. local. See Lieu, Locus.] Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as a local custom. “Gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.” Shak. Local actions (Law), actions such as must be brought in a particular county, where the cause arises; — distinguished from transitory actions. — Local affection (Med.), a disease or ailment confined to a particular part or organ, and not directly affecting the system. — Local attraction (Magnetism), an attraction near a compass, causing its needle to deviate from its proper direction, especially on shipboard. — Local battery (Teleg.), the battery which actuates the recording instruments of a telegraphic station, as distinguished from the battery furnishing a current for the line. — Local circuit (Teleg.), the circuit of the local battery. — Local color. (a) (Paint.) The color which belongs to an object, and is not caused by accidental influences, as of reflection, shadow, etc. (b) (Literature) Peculiarities of the place and its inhabitants where the scene of an action or story is laid. — Local option, the right or obligation of determining by popular vote within certain districts, as in each county, city, or town, whether the sale of alcoholic beverages within the district shall be allowed.

Lo´cal, n. 1. (Railroad) A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district. [U.S.] 2. On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published. [U.S.]

Lo•cale´ , n. [F. local.] 1. A place, spot, or location. 2. A principle, practice, form of speech, or other thing of local use, or limited to a locality.

Lo´cal•ism , n. 1. The state or quality of being local; affection for a particular place. 2. A method of speaking or acting peculiar to a certain district; a local idiom or phrase.

Lo•cal´i•ty , n.; pl. Localitiees . [L. localitas: cf. F. localite.] 1. The state, or condition, of belonging to a definite place, or of being contained within definite limits. “It is thought that the soul and angels are devoid of quantity
and dimension, and that they have nothing to do with grosser locality.” Glanvill. 2. Position; situation; a place; a spot; esp., a geographical place or situation, as of a mineral or plant. 3. Limitation to a county, district, or place; as locality of trial. Blackstone. 4. (Phren.) The perceptive faculty concerned with the ability to remember the relative positions of places.

Lo•cal•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. localisation.] Act of localizing, or state of being localized. Cerebral localization (Physiol.), the localization of the control of special functions, as of sight or of the various movements of the body, in special regions of the brain.

Lo´cal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Localized p. pr. & vb. n. Localizing ] [Cf. F. localiser. See Local.] To make local; to fix in, or assign to, a definite place. H. Spencer. Wordsworth.

Lo´cal•ly, adv. With respect to place; in place; as to be locally separated or distant.

Lo´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Located p. pr. & vb. n. Locating.] [L. locatus, p. p. of locare to place, fr. locus place. See Local.] 1. To place; to set in a particular spot or position. “The captives and emigrants whom he brought with him were located in the trans-Tiberine quarter.” B. F. Westcott. 2. To designate the site or place of; to define the limits of; as to locate a public building; to locate a mining claim; to locate (the land granted by) a land warrant. “That part of the body in which the sense of touch is located.” H. Spencer.

Lo´cate, v. i. To place one’s self; to take up one’s residence; to settle. [Colloq.]

Lo•ca´tion , n. [L. locatio, fr. locare.] 1. The act or process of locating. 2. Situation; place; locality. Locke. 3. That which is located; a tract of land designated in place. [U.S.] 4. (Law) (a) (Civil Law) A leasing on rent. (b) (Scots Law) A contract for the use of a thing, or service of a person, for hire. Wharton. (c) (Amer. Law) The marking out of the boundaries, or identifying the place or site of, a piece of land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, map, etc. Burrill. Bouvier.

Loc´a•tive , a. (Gram.) Indicating place, or the place where, or wherein; as a locative adjective; locative case of a noun. — n. The locative case.

Lo´ca•tor , n. One who locates, or is entitled to locate, land or a mining claim. [U.S.]

Lo•cel´late , a. [L. locellus a compartment, dim. of locus a place.] (Bot.) Divided into secondary compartments or cells, as where one cavity is separated into several smaller ones.

Loch (lok), n. [Gael. & Olr. loch. See Lake of water.] A lake; a bay or arm of the sea. [Scot.]

Loch (lok), n. [F. looch, Ar. la’ug, an electuary, or any medicine which may be licked or sucked, fr. la’uq to lick.] (Med.) A kind of medicine to be taken by licking with the tongue; a lambative; a lincture. { Loch•a´ber ax´ , Loch•a´ber axe´ } [So called from Lochaber, in Scotland.] A weapon of war, consisting of a pole armed with an axhead at its end, formerly used by the Scotch Highlanders.

Loch´age , n. [Gr..] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer who commanded a company; a captain. Mitford.

Loch´an , n. [Gael. See 1st Loch.] A small lake; a pond. [Scot.] “A pond or lochan rather than a lake.” H. Miller.

Loche , n. (Zoöl.) See Loach.

Lo•chi´a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , pl., fr. belonging to childbirth, a lying in, childbirth.] (Med.) The discharge from the womb and vagina which follows childbirth.

Lo´chi•al , a. [Cf. F. lochial.] Of or pertaining to the lochia.

Lock , n. [AS. locc; akin to D. lok, G. locke, OHG. loc, Icel. lokkr, and perh. to Gr. to bend, twist.] A tuft of hair; a flock or small quantity of wool, hay, or other like substance; a tress or ringlet of hair. “These gray locks, the pursuivants of death.” Shak.

Lock, n. [AS. loc inclosure, an inclosed place, the fastening of a door, fr. lucan to lock, fasten; akin to OS. lukan (in comp.), D. luiken, OHG. luhhan, Icel. lka, Goth. lukan (in comp.); cf. Skr. ruj to break. Cf. Locket.] 1. Anything that fastens; specifically, a fastening, as for a door, a lid, a trunk, a drawer, and the like, in which a bolt is moved by a key so as to hold or to release the thing fastened. 2. A fastening together or interlacing; a closing of one thing upon another; a state of being fixed or immovable. “Albemarle Street closed by a lock of carriages.” De Quincey. 3. A place from which egress is prevented, as by a lock. Dryden. 4. The barrier or works which confine the water of a stream or canal. 5. An inclosure in a canal with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from one level to another; — called also lift lock. 6. That part or apparatus of a firearm by which the charge is exploded; as a matchlock, flintlock, percussion lock, etc. 7. A device for keeping a wheel from turning. 8. A grapple in wrestling. Milton. Detector lock, a lock containing a contrivance for showing whether it as has been tampered with. — Lock bay (Canals), the body of water in a lock chamber. — Lock chamber, the inclosed space between the gates of a canal lock. — Lock nut. See Check nut, under Check. — Lock plate, a plate to which the mechanism of a gunlock is attached. — Lock rail (Arch.), in ordinary paneled doors, the rail nearest the lock. Lock rand (Masonry), a range of bond stone. Knight. — Mortise lock, a door lock inserted in a mortise. — Rim lock, a lock fastened to the face of a door, thus differing from a mortise lock.

Lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Locked p. pr. & vb. n. Locking.] 1. To fasten with a lock, or as with a lock; to make fast; to prevent free movement of; as to lock a door, a carriage wheel, a river, etc. 2. To prevent ingress or access to, or exit from, by fastening the lock or locks of; — often with up; as to lock or lock up, a house, jail, room, trunk. etc. 3. To fasten in or out, or to make secure by means of, or as with, locks; to confine, or to shut in or out — often with up; as to lock one’s self in a room; to lock up the prisoners; to lock up one’s silver; to lock intruders out of the house; to lock money into a vault; to lock a child in one’s arms; to lock a secret in one’s breast. 4. To link together; to clasp closely; as to lock arms. ´ Lock hand in hand.´ Shak. 5. (Canals) To furnish with locks; also to raise or lower (a boat) in a lock. 6. (Fencing) To seize, as the sword arm of an antagonist, by turning the left arm around it, to disarm him.

Lock , v. i. To become fast, as by means of a lock or by interlacing; as the door locks close. “When it locked none might through it pass.” Spenser. To lock into, to fit or slide into; as they lock into each other. Boyle.

Lock´age , n. 1. Materials for locks in a canal, or the works forming a lock or locks. 2. Toll paid for passing the locks of a canal. 3. Amount of elevation and descent made by the locks of a canal. “The entire lock will be about fifty feet.” De Witt Clinton.

Lock´-down , n. A contrivance to fasten logs together in rafting; — used by lumbermen. [U.S.]

Locked´-jaw , n. See Lockjaw.

Lock´en , obs. p. p. of Lock. Chaucer.

Lock´en, n. (Bot.) The globeflower (Trollius).

Lock´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, locks. 2. A drawer, cupboard, compartment, or chest, esp. one in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. Chain locker (Naut.), a compartment in the hold of a vessel, for holding the chain cables. — Davy Jones’s locker, or Davy’s locker. See Davy Jones. — Shot locker, a compartment where shot are deposited. Totten.

Lock´et , n. [F. loquet latch, dim. of OF. loc latch, lock; of German origin. See Lock a fastening.] 1. A small lock; a catch or spring to fasten a necklace or other ornament. 2. A little case for holding a miniature or lock of hair, usually suspended from a necklace or watch chain.

Lock´ hos´pi•tal A hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases. [Eng.]

Lock´jaw , n. (Med.) A contraction of the muscles of the jaw by which its motion is suspended; a variety of tetanus.

Lock´less, a. Destitute of a lock.

Lock´man , n. A public executioner. [Scot.]

Lock´out , n. The closing of a factory or workshop by an employer, usually in order to bring the workmen to satisfactory terms by a suspension of wages.

Lock´ram , n. [F. locrenan, locronan; from Locronan, in Brittany, where it is said to have been made.] A kind of linen cloth anciently used in England, originally imported from Brittany. Shak.

Lock´smith , n. An artificer whose occupation is to make or mend locks.

Lock´ step A mode of marching by a body of men going one after another as closely as possible, in which the leg of each moves at the same time with the corresponding leg of the person before him.

Lock´ stitch A peculiar sort of stitch formed by the locking of two threads together, as in the work done by some sewing machines. See Stitch.

Lock´up , n. A place where persons under arrest are temporarily locked up; a watchhouse.

Lock´-weir , n. A waste weir for a canal, discharging into a lock chamber.

Lock´y , a. Having locks or tufts. [R.] Sherwood.

Lo´co , adv. [It.] (Mus.) A direction in written or printed music to return to the proper pitch after having played an octave higher.

Lo´co, n. [Sp. loco insane.] (Bot.) A plant (Astragalus Hornii) growing in the Southwestern United States, which is said to poison horses and cattle, first making them insane. The name is also given vaguely to several other species of the same genus. Called also loco weed.

Lo•co•fo´co , n. [Of uncertain etymol.; perh. for L. loco foci instead of fire; or, according to Bartlett, it was called so from a self-lighting cigar, with a match composition at the end, invented in 1834 by John Marck of New York, and called by him locofoco cigar, in imitation of the word locomotive, which by the uneducated was supposed to mean, self-moving.] 1. A friction match. [U.S.] 2. A nickname formerly given to a member of the Democratic party. [U.S.] The name was first applied, in 1834, to a portion of the Democratic party, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, in which there was great diversity of sentiment, the chairman left his seat, and the lights were extinguished, for the purpose of dissolving the meeting; when those who were opposed to an adjournment produced locofoco matches, rekindled the lights, continued the meeting, and accomplished their object.

Lo•co•mo´tion , n. [L. locus place + motio motion: cf. F. locomotion. See Local, and Motion.] 1. The act of moving from place to place. ´ Animal locomotion.´ Milton. 2. The power of moving from place to place, characteristic of the higher animals and some of the lower forms of plant life.

Lo´co•mo•tive , a. [Cf. F. locomotif. See Locomotion.] 1. Moving from place to place; changing place, or able to change place; as a locomotive animal. 2. Used in producing motion; as the locomotive organs of an animal.

Lo´co•mo•tive , n. A locomotive engine; a self-propelling wheel carriage, especially one which bears a steam boiler and one or more steam engines which communicate motion to the wheels and thus propel the carriage, — used to convey goods or passengers, or to draw wagons, railroad cars, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. Consolidation locomotive, a locomotive having four pairs of connected drivers. — Locomotive car, a locomotive and a car combined in one vehicle; a dummy engine. [U.S.] — Locomotive engine. Same as Locomotive, above. — Mogul locomotive. See Mogul. { Lo´co•mo•tive•ness , Lo•co•mo•tiv´i•ty , } n. [Cf. F. locomotivite.] The power of changing place.

Lo•co•mo´tor , a. [See Locomotion.] Of or pertaining to movement or locomotion. Locomotor ataxia, or Progressive locomotor ataxy (Med.), a disease of the spinal cord characterized by peculiar disturbances of gait, and difficulty in coördinating voluntary movements.

Loc´u•la•ment , n. [L. loculamentum case, box, fr. loculus a compartment, dim. of locus place.] (Bot.) The cell of a pericarp in which the seed is lodged.

Loc´u•lar , a. [L. locularis.] (Bot.) Of or relating to the cell or compartment of an ovary, etc.; in composition, having cells; as trilocular. Gray.

Loc´u•late , a. [L. loculatus.] (Bot.) Divided into compartments.

Loc´ule , n. [Cf. F. locule. See Loculus.] (Zoöl.) A little hollow; a loculus.

Loc´u•li•ci•dal , a. [L. loculus cell + caedere to cut: cf. F. loculicide.] (Bot.) Dehiscent through the middle of the back of each cell; — said of capsules. { Loc´u•lose• , Loc´u•lous } a. [L. loculosus. See Loculament.] (Bot.) Divided by internal partitions into cells, as the pith of the pokeweed.

Loc´u•lus , n.; pl. Loculi (#). [L., little place, a compartment.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the spaces between the septa in the Anthozoa. 2. (Bot.) One of the compartments of a several-celled ovary; loculament.

Lo´cum te´nens [L., holding the place; locus place + tenens, p. pr. of tenere to hold. Cf. Lieutenant.] A substitute or deputy; one filling an office for a time.

Lo´cus , n.; pl. Loci (#), & Loca (#). [L., place. Cf. Allow, Couch, Lieu, Local.] 1. A place; a locality. 2. (Math.) The line traced by a point which varies its position according to some determinate law; the surface described by a point or line that moves according to a given law. Plane locus, a locus that is a straight line, or a circle. — Solid locus, a locus that is one of the conic sections.

Lo´cust , n. [L. locusta locust, grasshopper. Cf. Lobster.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged, migratory, orthopterous insects, of the family Acrididae, allied to the grasshoppers; esp., (Edipoda, or Pachytylus, migratoria, and Acridium perigrinum, of Southern Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the United States the related species with similar habits are usually called grasshoppers. See Grasshopper. These insects are at times so numerous in Africa and the south of Asia as to devour every green thing; and when they migrate, they fly in an immense cloud. In the United States the harvest flies are improperly called locusts. See Cicada. Locust beetle (Zoöl.), a longicorn beetle (Cyllene robiniae), which, in the larval state, bores holes in the wood of the locust tree. Its color is brownish black, barred with yellow. Called also locust borer. — Locust bird (Zoöl.) the rose-colored starling or pastor of India. See Pastor. — Locust hunter (Zoöl.), an African bird; the beefeater. 2. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) The locust tree. See Locust Tree (definition, note, and phrases). Locust bean (Bot.), a commercial name for the sweet pod of the carob tree.

Lo•cus´ta , n. [NL.: cf. locuste.] (Bot.) The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses. Gray.

Lo•cus•tel´la , n. [NL., fr. L. locusta a locust.] (Zoöl.) The European cricket warbler.

Lo•cus´tic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the locust; — formerly used to designate a supposed acid.

Lo´cust•ing , p. a. Swarming and devastating like locusts. [R.] Tennyson.

Lo´cust tree [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A large North American tree of the genus Robinia (R. Pseudacacia), producing large slender racemes of white, fragrant, papilionaceous flowers, and often cultivated as an ornamental tree. In England it is called acacia. The name is also applied to other trees of different genera, especially to those of the genus Hymenaea, of which H. Courbaril is a lofty, spreading tree of South America; also to the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), a tree growing in the Mediterranean region. Honey locust tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Gleditschia ) G. triacanthus), having pinnate leaves and strong branching thorns; — so called from a sweet pulp found between the seeds in the pods. Called also simply honey locust. — Water locust tree (Bot.), a small swamp tree (Gleditschia monosperma), of the Southern United States.

Lo•cu´tion (lo•ku´shun), n. [L. locutio, fr. loqui to speak: cf. F. locution. ] Speech or discourse; a phrase; a form or mode of expression. ´ Stumbling locutions.´ G. Eliot. “I hate these figures in locution,
These about phrases forced by ceremony.” Marston.

Loc´u•to•ry (lok´u•to•ry), n. A room for conversation; especially, a room in monasteries, where the monks were allowed to converse.

Lod´de (lod’de), n. (Zoöl.) The capelin.

Lode , n. [AS. lad way, journey, fr. liðan to go. See Lead to guide, and cf. Load a burden.] 1. A water course or way; a reach of water. “Down that long, dark lode … he and his brother skated home in triumph.” C. Kingsley. 2. (Mining) A metallic vein; any regular vein or course, whether metallic or not.

Lode´man•age , n. [OE. lodemenage. Chaucer.] Pilotage. [Obs.]

Lode´-ship , n. An old name for a pilot boat.

Lodes´man , n. Same as Loadsman. [Obs.]

Lode´star , n. Same as Loadstar.

Lode´stone , n. (Min.) Same as Loadstone.

Lodge , n. [OE. loge, logge, F. loge, LL. laubia porch, gallery, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor, bower, fr. lab foliage. See Leaf, and cf. Lobby, Loggia.] 1. A shelter in which one may rest; as: (a) A shed; a rude cabin; a hut; as an Indian’s lodge. Chaucer. “Their lodges and their tentis up they gan bigge [to build].” Robert of Brunne. “O for a lodge in some vast wilderness!” Cowper. (b) A small dwelling house, as for a gamekeeper or gatekeeper of an estate. Shak. (c) A den or cave. (d) The meeting room of an association; hence, the regularly constituted body of members which meets there; as a masonic lodge. (c) The chamber of an abbot, prior, or head of a college. 2. (Mining) The space at the mouth of a level next the shaft, widened to permit wagons to pass, or ore to be deposited for hoisting; — called also platt. Raymond. 3. A collection of objects lodged together. “The Maldives, a famous lodge of islands.” De Foe. 4. A family of North American Indians, or the persons who usually occupy an Indian lodge, — as a unit of enumeration, reckoned from four to six persons; as the tribe consists of about two hundred lodges, that is, of about a thousand individuals. Lodge gate, a park gate, or entrance gate, near the lodge. See Lodge, n., 1 (b).

Lodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lodged (lojd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lodging (loj´ing).] 1. To rest or remain a lodge house, or other shelter; to rest; to stay; to abide; esp., to sleep at night; as to lodge in York Street. Chaucer. “Stay and lodge by me this night.” Shak. “Something holy lodges in that breast.” Milton. 2. To fall or lie down, as grass or grain, when overgrown or beaten down by the wind. Mortimer. 3. To come to a rest; to stop and remain; as the bullet lodged in the bark of a tree.

Lodge, v. t. [OE. loggen, OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge, n. ] 1. To give shelter or rest to; especially, to furnish a sleeping place for; to harbor; to shelter; hence, to receive; to hold. “Every house was proud to lodge a knight.” Dryden. “The memory can lodge a greater store of images than all the senses can present at one time.” Cheyne. 2. To drive to shelter; to track to covert. “The deer is lodged; I have tracked her to her covert.” Addison. 3. To deposit for keeping or preservation; as the men lodged their arms in the arsenal. 4. To cause to stop or rest in; to implant. “He lodged an arrow in a tender breast.” Addison. 5. To lay down; to prostrate. “Though bladed corn be lodged, and trees blown down.” Shak. To lodge an information, to enter a formal complaint.

Lodge´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. logeable.] 1. That may be or can be lodged; as so many persons are not lodgeable in this village. 2. Capable of affording lodging; fit for lodging in. [R.] ´ The lodgeable area of the earth.´ Jeffrey.

Lodged , a. (Her.) Lying down; — used of beasts of the chase, as couchant is of beasts of prey.

Lodge´ment , n. See Lodgment.

Lodg´er , n. One who, or that which, lodges; one who occupies a hired room in another’s house.

Lodg´ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lodges. 2. A place of rest, or of temporary habitation; esp., a sleeping apartment; — often in the plural with a singular meaning. Gower. “Wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow.” Pope. 3. Abiding place; harbor; cover. “Fair bosom … the lodging of delight.” Spenser. Lodging house, a house where lodgings are provided and let. — Lodging room, a room in which a person lodges, esp. a hired room.

Lodg´ment , n. [Written also lodgement.] [Cf. F. logement. See Lodge, v.] 1. The act of lodging, or the state of being lodged. “Any particle which is of size enough to make a lodgment afterwards in the small arteries.” Paley. 2. A lodging place; a room. [Obs.] 3. An accumulation or collection of something deposited in a place or remaining at rest. 4. (Mil.) The occupation and holding of a position, as by a besieging party; an instrument thrown up in a captured position; as to effect a lodgment.

Lod´i•cule , n. [L. lodicula. dim, of lodix, lodicis, a coverlet: cf. F. lodicule.] (Bot.) One of the two or three delicate membranous scales which are next to the stamens in grasses.

Loel´ling•ite , n. [So called from Lölling, in Austria.] (Min.) A tin-white arsenide of iron, isomorphous with arsenopyrite.

Loess , n. [G. löss.] (Geol.) A quaternary deposit, usually consisting of a fine yellowish earth, on the banks of the Rhine and other large rivers.

Loev´en’s lar´va [Named after the Swedish zoölogist, S. F. Löven, who discovered it.] (Zoöl.) The peculiar larva of Polygordius. See Polygordius.

Loffe , v. i. To laugh. [Obs.] Shak.

Loft , n. [Icel. lopt air, heaven, loft, upper room; akin to AS. lyft air, G. luft, Dan. loft loft, Goth. luftus air. Cf. Lift, v. & n. ] That which is lifted up; an elevation. Hence, especially: (a) The room or space under a roof and above the ceiling of the uppermost story. (b) A gallery or raised apartment in a church, hall, etc.; as an organ loft. (c) A floor or room placed above another; a story. “Eutychus … fell down from the third loft.” Acts xx. 9. On loft, aloft; on high. Cf. Onloft. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Loft, a. Lofty; proud. [R. & Obs.] Surrey.

Loft´i•ly , adv. [From Lofty.] In a lofty manner or position; haughtily.

Loft´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being lofty.

Loft´y , a. [Compar. Loftier superl. Loftiest.] [From Loft.] 1. Lifted high up; having great height; towering; high. “See lofty Lebanon his head advance.” Pope. 2. Fig.: Elevated in character, rank, dignity, spirit, bearing, language, etc.; exalted; noble; stately; characterized by pride; haughty. “The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.” Is. lvii. 15. “Lofty and sour to them that loved him not”. Shak. “Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.” Milton. Syn. — Tall; high; exalted; dignified; stately; majestic; sublime; proud; haughty. See Tall.

Log , n. [Heb. log.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing 2.37 gills. W. H. Ward.

Log , n. [Icel. lag a felled tree, log; akin to E. lie. See Lie to lie prostrate.] 1. A bulky piece of wood which has not been shaped by hewing or sawing. 2. [Prob. the same word as in sense 1; cf. LG. log, lock, Dan. log, Sw. logg.] (Naut.) An apparatus for measuring the rate of a ship’s motion through the water. The common log consists of the log-chip, or logship, often exclusively called the log, and the log line, the former being commonly a thin wooden quadrant of five or six inches radius, loaded with lead on the arc to make it float with the point up. It is attached to the log line by cords from each corner. This line is divided into equal spaces, called knots, each bearing the same proportion to a mile that half a minute does to an hour. The line is wound on a reel which is so held as to let it run off freely. When the log is thrown, the log-chip is kept by the water from being drawn forward, and the speed of the ship is shown by the number of knots run out in half a minute. There are improved logs, consisting of a piece of mechanism which, being towed astern, shows the distance actually gone through by the ship, by means of the revolutions of a fly, which are registered on a dial plate. 3. Hence: The record of the rate of ship’s speed or of her daily progress; also the full nautical record of a ship’s cruise or voyage; a log slate; a log book. 4. A record and tabulated statement of the work done by an engine, as of a steamship, of the coal consumed, and of other items relating to the performance of machinery during a given time. 5. (Mining) A weight or block near the free end of a hoisting rope to prevent it from being drawn through the sheave. Log board (Naut.), a board consisting of two parts shutting together like a book, with columns in which are entered the direction of the wind, course of the ship, etc., during each hour of the day and night. These entries are transferred to the log book. A folding slate is now used instead. — Log book, or Logbook (Naut.), a book in which is entered the daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, with notes on the weather and incidents of the voyage; the contents of the log board. Log cabin, Log house, a cabin or house made of logs. — Log canoe, a canoe made by shaping and hollowing out a single log. — Log glass (Naut.), a small sandglass used to time the running out of the log line. — Log line (Naut.), a line or cord about a hundred and fifty fathoms long, fastened to the log-chip. See Note under 2d Log, n., 2. — Log perch (Zoöl.), an ethiostomoid fish, or darter (Percina caprodes); — called also hogfish and rockfish. — Log reel (Naut.), the reel on which the log line is wound. — Log slate. (Naut.) See Log board (above). — Rough log (Naut.), a first draught of a record of the cruise or voyage. — Smooth log (Naut.), a clean copy of the rough log. In the case of naval vessels this copy is forwarded to the proper officer of the government. — To heave the log (Naut.), to cast the log-chip into the water; also the whole process of ascertaining a vessel’s speed by the log.

Log, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Logged p. pr. & vb. n. Logging ] (Naut.), To enter in a ship’s log book; as to log the miles run. J. F. Cooper.

Log, v. i. 1. To engage in the business of cutting or transporting logs for timber; to get out logs. [U.S.] 2. To move to and fro; to rock. [Obs.]

Log´an , n. A rocking or balanced stone. Gwill.

Log•a•œd´ic (log•a•ed´ik), a. [Gr. logaoidiko•s; lo•gos discourse, prose + ’aoidh• song.] (Gr. Pros.) Composed of dactyls and trochees so arranged as to produce a movement like that of ordinary speech.

Log´a•rithm (log´a•rith’m), n. [Gr. lo•gos word, account, proportion + ’ariqmo•s number: cf. F. logarithme.] (Math.) One of a class of auxiliary numbers, devised by John Napier, of Merchiston, Scotland (1550-1617), to abridge arithmetical calculations, by the use of addition and subtraction in place of multiplication and division. The relation of logarithms to common numbers is that of numbers in an arithmetical series to corresponding numbers in a geometrical series, so that sums and differences of the former indicate respectively products and quotients of the latter; thus,
0 1 2 3 4 Indices or logarithms
1 10 100 1000 10,000 Numbers in geometrical progression
Hence, the logarithm of any given number is the exponent of a power to which another given invariable number, called the base, must be raised in order to produce that given number. Thus, let 10 be the base, then 2 is the logarithm of 100, because 102 = 100, and 3 is the logarithm of 1,000, because 103 = 1,000. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, the difference between a logarithm and the number ten. — Binary logarithms. See under Binary. — Common logarithms, or Brigg’s logarithms, logarithms of which the base is 10; — so called from Henry Briggs, who invented them. — Gauss’s logarithms, tables of logarithms constructed for facilitating the operation of finding the logarithm of the sum of difference of two quantities from the logarithms of the quantities, one entry of those tables and two additions or subtractions answering the purpose of three entries of the common tables and one addition or subtraction. They were suggested by the celebrated German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (died in 1855), and are of great service in many astronomical computations. — Hyperbolic, or Napierian, logarithms, those logarithms (devised by John Speidell, 1619) of which the base is 2.7182818; — so called from Napier, the inventor of logarithms. — Logistic or Proportionallogarithms., See under Logistic. { Log•a•rith•met´ic , Log´a•rith•met´ic•al } a. See Logarithmic.

Log•a•rith•met´ic•al•ly, adv. Logarithmically. { Log•a•rith´mic , Log•a•rith´mic•al } a. [Cf. F. logarithmique.] Of or pertaining to logarithms; consisting of logarithms. Logarithmic curve (Math.), a curve which, referred to a system of rectangular coördinate axes, is such that the ordinate of any point will be the logarithm of its abscissa. — Logarithmic spiral, a spiral curve such that radii drawn from its pole or eye at equal angles with each other are in continual proportion. See Spiral.

Log•a•rith´mic•al•ly, adv. By the use of logarithms.

Log´-chip , n. (Naut.) A thin, flat piece of board in the form of a quadrant of a circle attached to the log line; — called also log-ship. See 2d Log, n., 2.

Log´cock , n. The pileated woodpecker.

Loge , n. [F. See Lodge.] A lodge; a habitation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Log´gan , n. See Logan.

Log´gat , n. [Also written logget.] 1. A small log or piece of wood. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. pl. An old game in England, played by throwing pieces of wood at a stake set in the ground. [Obs.] Shak.

Logge , n. & v. See Lodge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Logged , a. Made slow and heavy in movement; water-logged. Beaconsfield.

Log´ger , n. One engaged in logging. See Log, v. i. [U.S.] Lowell.

Log´ger•head , n. [Log + head.] 1. A blockhead; a dunce; a numskull. Shak. Milton. 2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, used to heat tar. 3. (Naut.) An upright piece of round timber, in a whaleboat, over which a turn of the line is taken when it is running out too fast. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 4. (Zoöl.) A very large marine turtle (Thalassochelys caretta, or caouana), common in the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, from Brazil to Cape Cod; — called also logger-headed turtle. 5. (Zoöl.) An American shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus), similar to the butcher bird, but smaller. See Shrike. To be at loggerheads, To fall to loggerheads, or To go to loggerheads, to quarrel; to be at strife. L’ Estrange.

Log´ger•head•ed, a. Dull; stupid. Shak. “A rabble of loggerheaded physicians.” Urquhart.

Log´ger•heads , n. (Bot.) The knapweed.

Log´gia , n. [It. See Lodge.] (Arch.) A roofed open gallery. It differs from a veranda in being more architectural, and in forming more decidedly a part of the main edifice to which it is attached; from a porch, in being intended not for entrance but for an out-of-door sitting-room.

Log´ging , n. The business of felling trees, cutting them into logs, and transporting the logs to sawmills or to market.

Log´ic , n. [OE. logike, F. logique, L. logica, logice, Gr. logikh• (sc. te•chnh), fr. logiko•s belonging to speaking or reason, fr. lo•gos speech, reason, le•gein to say, speak. See Legend.] 1. The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thought, or of the laws according to which the processes of pure thinking should be conducted; the science of the formation and application of general notions; the science of generalization, judgment, classification, reasoning, and systematic arrangement; correct reasoning. “Logic is the science of the laws of thought, as thought; that is, of the necessary conditions to which thought, considered in itself, is subject.” Sir W. Hamilton. Logic is distinguished as pure and applied. ´Pure logic is a science of the form, or of the formal laws, of thinking, and not of the matter. Applied logic teaches the application of the forms of thinking to those objects about which men do think.´ Abp. Thomson. 2. A treatise on logic; as Mill’s Logic.

Log´ic•al (loj´i•kal), a. [Cf. F. logique, L. logicus, Gr. logiko•s.] 1. Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic; as logical subtilties. Bacon. 2. According to the rules of logic; as a logical argument or inference; the reasoning is logical. Prior. 3. Skilled in logic; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning; as he is a logical thinker. Addison.

Log•i•cal´i•ty , n. Logicalness.

Log´ic•al•ly , adv. In a logical manner; as to argue logically.

Log´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being logical.

Lo•gi´cian , n. [Cf. F. logicien.] A person skilled in logic. Bacon. “Each fierce logician still expelling Locke.” Pope.

Log´ics , n. See Logic. { Lo•gis´tic , Lo•gis´tic•al } a. [Gr. skilled in calculating, to calculate, fr. lo•gos word, number, reckoning: cf. F. logistique.] 1. Logical. [Obs.] Berkeley. 2. (Math.) Sexagesimal, or made on the scale of 60; as logistic, or sexagesimal, arithmetic. Logistic, or Proportional, logarithms, certain logarithmic numbers used to shorten the calculation of the fourth term of a proportion of which one of the terms is a given constant quantity, commonly one hour, while the other terms are expressed in minutes and seconds; — not now used.

Lo•gis´tics , n. 1. (Mil.) That branch of the military art which embraces the details of moving and supplying armies. The meaning of the word is by some writers extended to include strategy. H. L. Scott. 2. (Math.) A system of arithmetic, in which numbers are expressed in a scale of 60; logistic arithmetic.

Log´man , n.; pl. Logmen . A man who carries logs. Shak.

Log•o•daed´a•ly , n. [Gr. . See Logos, and Daedal.] Verbal legerdemain; a playing with words. [R.] Coleridge.

Log´o•gram , n. [Gr. lo•gos word + -gram.] A word letter; a phonogram, that, for the sake of brevity, represents a word; as |, i. e., t, for it. Cf. Grammalogue.

Lo•gog´ra•pher , n. 1. A chronicler; one who writes history in a condensed manner with short simple sentences. 2. One skilled in logography. { Log•o•graph´ic , Log•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Gr. of writing speeches: cf. F. logographique.] Of or pertaining to logography.

Lo•gog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. a writing of speeches; lo•gos word, speech + to write: cf. F. logographie.] 1. A method of printing in which whole words or syllables, cast as single types, are used. 2. A mode of reporting speeches without using shorthand, — a number of reporters, each in succession, taking down three or four words. Brande & C.

Log´o•griph , n. [Gr. lo•gos word + gri^fos a fishing net, a dark saying, a riddle: F. logogriphe.] A sort of riddle in which it is required to discover a chosen word from various combinations of its letters, or of some of its letters, which form other words; — thus, to discover the chosen word chatter form cat, hat, rat, hate, rate, etc. B. Jonson.

Lo•gom´a•chist , n. [See Logomachy.] One who contends about words.

Lo•gom´a•chy , n. [Gr. ; lo•gos word + fight, battle, contest: cf. F. logomachie.] 1. Contention in words merely, or a contention about words; a war of words. “The discussion concerning the meaning of the word ´ justification´ … has largely been a mere logomachy.” L. Abbott. 2. A game of word making.

Log•o•met´ric , a. [Gr. lo•gos word, ratio + measure.] (Chem.) Serving to measure or ascertain chemical equivalents; stoichiometric. [R.]

Log´os , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the word or form which expresses a thought, also the thought, fr. to speak.] 1. A word; reason; speech. H. Bushell. 2. The divine Word; Christ.

Log´o•thete , [LL. logotheta, fr. Gr. ; lo•gos word, account + to put.] An accountant; under Constantine, an officer of the empire; a receiver of revenue; an administrator of a department.

Log´o•type , n. [Gr. lo•gos word + -type.] (Print.) A single type, containing two or more letters; as ae, AE, &filig;, &fllig;, &ffllig;, etc.; — called also ligature.

Log´roll , v. i. & t. To engage in logrolling; to accomplish by logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.]

Log´roll•er , n. One who engages in logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.] “The jobbers and logrollers will all be against it.” The. Nation.

Log´roll•ing, n. 1. (Logging) The act or process of rolling logs from the place where they were felled to the stream which floats them to the sawmill or to market. In this labor neighboring camps of loggers combine to assist each other in turn. Longfellow. [U.S.] 2. Hence: A combining to assist another in consideration of receiving assistance in return; — sometimes used of a disreputable mode of accomplishing political schemes or ends. [Cant, U.S.]

Log´-ship , n. (Naut.) A part of the log. See Log-chip, and 2d Log, n., 2.

Log´wood n. [So called from being imported in logs.] The heartwood of a tree (Haematoxylon Campechianum), a native of South America, It is a red, heavy wood, containing a crystalline substance called haematoxylin, and is used largely in dyeing. An extract from this wood is used in medicine as an astringent. Also called Campeachy wood, and bloodwood.

-lo•gy [Gr. , fr. lo•gos word, discourse, fr. to speak. See Logic.] A combining form denoting a discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science; as theology, geology, biology, mineralogy.

Lo´gy, a. [From D. log.] Heavy or dull in respect to motion or thought; as a logy horse. [U.S.] “Porcupines are … logy, sluggish creatures.” C. H. Merriam.

Lo´hock , n. (Med.) See Loch, a medicine.

Loi´mic , a. [Gr. , fr. plague.] Of or pertaining to the plague or contagious disorders.

Loin , n. [OE. loine, OF. logne, F. longe, from (assumed) LL. lumbea, L. lumbus join. Cf. Lends, Lumbar, Nombles.] That part of a human being or quadruped, which extends on either side of the spinal column between the hip bone and the false ribs. In human beings the loins are also called the reins. See Illust. of Beef.

Loir , n. [F., fr. L. glis, gliris.] (Zoöl.) A large European dormouse (Myoxus glis).

Loi´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loitered p. pr. & vb. n. Loitering.] [D. leuteren to delay, loiter; cf; Prov. G. lottern to be louse, lotter louse, slack, unsettled, vagrant, OHG. lotar.] 1. To be slow in moving; to delay; to linger; to be dilatory; to spend time idly; to saunter; to lag behind. “Sir John, you loiter here too long.” Shak. “If we have loitered, let us quicken our pace.” Rogers. 2. To wander as an idle vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. — To linger; delay; lag; saunter; tarry.

Loi´ter•er , n. 1. One who loiters; an idler. 2. An idle vagrant; a tramp. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Loi´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a loitering manner. { Lok (lok), Lo´ki (lo´k), } n. [Icel. Loki, perh. akin to lokka, locka to allure, entice.] (Scandinavian Myth.) The evil deity, the author of all calamities and mischief, answering to the Ahriman of the Persians.

Lo•ka´o , n. A green vegetable dye imported from China.

Loke (lok), n. [See Lock a fastening.] A private path or road; also the wicket or hatch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

Lok´o•rys , n. Liquorice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lo•li´go , n. [L., cuttle fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cephalopods, including numerous species of squids, common on the coasts of America and Europe. They are much used for fish bait.

Loll , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lolled p. pr. & vb. n. Lolling.] [Cf. Icel. lolla to act lazily, loll, lolla, laziness, OD. lollen to sit over the fire, and E. lull. Cf. Lill, Lull.] 1. To act lazily or indolently; to recline; to lean; to throw one’s self down; to lie at ease. “Void of care, he lolls supine in state.” Dryden. 2. To hand extended from the mouth, as the tongue of an ox or a log when heated with labor or exertion. “The triple porter of the Stygian seat,
With lolling tongue, lay fawning at thy feet.” Dryden. 3. To let the tongue hang from the mouth, as an ox, dog, or other animal, when heated by labor; as the ox stood lolling in the furrow.

Loll, v. t. To let hang from the mouth, as the tongue. “Fierce tigers couched around and lolled their fawning tongues.” Dryden.

Lol´lard , n. [LL. Lollardi, Lullardi, from Walter Lolhardus, a German; cf. LG. & D. lollen to mumble, to hum, sing in a murmuring strain; hence, OD. lollaerd a mumbler, i. e., of prayers or psalms, which was prob. the origin of the name. See Loll, Lull.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a sect of early reformers in Germany. (b) One of the followers of Wyclif in England. [Called also Loller.] “By Lollards all know the Wyclifities are meant, so called from Walter Lollardus, one of their teachers in Germany.” Fuller. { Lol´lard•ism , Lol´lard•y } n. The doctrines or principles of the Lollards.

Loll´er , n. [See Loll.] 1. One who lolls. 2. An idle vagabond. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. A Lollard.

Loll´ing•ly, adv. In a lolling manner. Buckle.

Lol´li•pop , n. [Perhaps fr. Prov. E. loll to soothe + pope a mixed liquor.] A kind of sugar confection which dissolves easily in the mouth. Thackeray.

Lol´lop , v. i. [From Loll.] To move heavily; to lounge or idle; to loll. [Low.] Charles Reade.

Lo´ma , n.; pl. Lomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , a fringe.] (Zoöl.) A lobe; a membranous fringe or flap.

Lo•mat´i•nous , a. [See Loma.] (Zoöl.) Furnished with lobes or flaps.

Lom´bard , a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy, or the inhabitants of Lombardy.

Lom´bard, n. [F. lombard, fr. the Longobardi or Langobardi, i. e., Longbeards, a people of Northern Germany, west of the Elbe, and afterward in Northern Italy. See Long, and Beard, and cf. Lumber.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Lombardy. 2. A money lender or banker; — so called because the business of banking was first carried on in London by Lombards. 3. Same as Lombard-house. “A Lombard unto this day signifying a bank for usury or pawns.” Fuller. 4. (Mil.) A form of cannon formerly in use. Prescott. Lombard Street, the principal street in London for banks and the offices of note brokers; hence, the money market and interest of London.

Lom•bard•eer´ ( 277), n. A pawnbroker. [Obs.] Howell. { Lom´bard-house , Lom´bar-house• } [F. or D. lombard. See Lombard, n.] 1. A bank or a pawnbroker’s shop. 2. A public institution for lending money to the poor at a moderate interest, upon articles deposited and pledged; — called also mont de piete.

Lom•bar´dic , a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy of the Lombards. Lombardic alphabet, the ancient alphabet derived from the Roman, and employed in the manuscript of Italy. — Lombardic architecture, the debased Roman style of architecture as found in parts of Northern Italy. F. G. Lee. Lombardy poplar. (Bot.) See Poplar.

Lo´ment , n. [L. lomentum a mixture of bean meal and rice, used as a cosmetic wash, bean meal, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] (Bot.) An elongated pod, consisting, like the legume, of two valves, but divided transversely into small cells, each containing a single seed.

Lo•men•ta´ceous , a. [From Loment.] (Bot.) Of the nature of a loment; having fruits like loments.

Lom´o•nite , n. Same as Laumontite.

Lomp´ish , a. Lumpish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lond , n. Land. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lon´don , n. The capital city of England. London paste (Med.), a paste made of caustic soda and unslacked lime; — used as a caustic to destroy tumors and other morbid enlargements. — London pride. (Bot.) (a) A garden name for Saxifraga umbrosa, a hardy perennial herbaceous plant, a native of high lands in Great Britain. (b) A name anciently given to the Sweet William. Dr. Prior. — London rocket (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (Sisymbrium Irio) which sprung up in London abundantly on the ruins of the great fire of 1667.

Lon´don•er (-er), n. A native or inhabitant of London. Shak.

Lon´don•ism , n. A characteristic of Londoners; a mode of speaking peculiar to London.

Lon´don•ize , v. i. To impart to (one) a manner or character like that which distinguishes Londoners.

Lon´don•ize, v. i. To imitate the manner of the people of London.

Lone , n. A lane. See Loanin. [Prov. Eng.]

Lone, a. [Abbrev. fr. alone.] 1. Being without a companion; being by one’s self; also sad from lack of companionship; lonely; as a lone traveler or watcher. “When I have on those pathless wilds a appeared,
And the lone wanderer with my presence cheered.” Shenstone. 2. Single; unmarried, or in widowhood. [Archaic] “Queen Elizabeth being a lone woman.” Collection of Records (1642). “A hundred mark is a long one for a poor lone woman to bear.” Shak. 3. Being apart from other things of the kind; being by itself; also apart from human dwellings and resort; as a lone house. ´ A lone isle.´ Pope. “By a lone well a lonelier column rears.” Byron. 4. Unfrequented by human beings; solitary. “Thus vanish scepters, coronets, and balls,
And leave you on lone woods, or empty walls.” Pope.

Lone´li•ness , n. 1. The condition of being lonely; solitude; seclusion. 2. The state of being unfrequented by human beings; as the loneliness of a road. 3. Love of retirement; disposition to solitude. “I see
The mystery of your loneliness.” Shak. 4. A feeling of depression resulting from being alone. Syn. — Solitude; seclusion. See Solitude.

Lone´ly, a. [Compar. Lonelier superl. Loneliest.] [Shortened fr. alonely.] 1. Sequestered from company or neighbors; solitary; retired; as a lonely situation; a lonely cell. 2. Alone, or in want of company; forsaken. “To the misled and lonely traveler.” Milton. 3. Not frequented by human beings; as a lonely wood. 4. Having a feeling of depression or sadness resulting from the consciousness of being alone; lonesome. “I am very often alone. I don’t mean I am lonely.” H. James. Syn. — Solitary; lone; lonesome; retired; unfrequented; sequestered; secluded.

Lone´ness, n. Solitude; seclusion. [Obs.] Donne.

Lone´some , a. [Compar. Lonesomer superl. Lonesomest.] 1. Secluded from society; not frequented by human beings; solitary. “Like one that on a lonesome road
Doth walk in fear and dread.” Coleridge. 2. Conscious of, and somewhat depressed by, solitude; as to feel lonesome. — Lone´some•ly, adv. — Lone´some•ness, n.

Long , a. [Compar. Longer superl. Longest ] [AS. long, lang; akin to OS, OFries., D., & G. lang, Icel. langr, Sw. lång, Dan. lang, Goth. laggs, L. longus. rad.125. Cf. Length, Ling a fish, Linger, Lunge, Purloin.] 1. Drawn out in a line, or in the direction of length; protracted; extended; as a long line; — opposed to short, and distinguished from broad or wide. 2. Drawn out or extended in time; continued through a considerable tine, or to a great length; as a long series of events; a long debate; a long drama; a long history; a long book. 3. Slow in passing; causing weariness by length or duration; lingering; as long hours of watching. 4. Occurring or coming after an extended interval; distant in time; far away. “The we may us reserve both fresh and strong
Against the tournament, which is not long.” Spenser. 5. Extended to any specified measure; of a specified length; as a span long; a yard long; a mile long, that is, extended to the measure of a mile, etc. 6. Far-reaching; extensive. ´ Long views.´ Burke. 7. (Phonetics) Prolonged, or relatively more prolonged, in utterance; — said of vowels and syllables. See Short, a., 13, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 22, 30. Long is used as a prefix in a large number of compound adjectives which are mostly of obvious meaning; as long- armed, long-beaked, long-haired, long- horned, long-necked, long-sleeved, long- tailed, long- worded, etc. In the long run, in the whole course of things taken together; in the ultimate result; eventually. — Long clam (Zoöl.), the common clam (Mya arenaria) of the Northern United States and Canada; — called also soft-shell clam and long-neck clam. See Mya. — Long cloth, a kind of cotton cloth of superior quality. — Long clothes, clothes worn by a young infant, extending below the feet. — Long division. (Math.) See Division. — Long dozen, one more than a dozen; thirteen. — Long home, the grave. — Long measure, Long meter. See under Measure, Meter. — Long Parliament (Eng. Hist.), the Parliament which assembled Nov. 3, 1640, and was dissolved by Cromwell, April 20, 1653. — Long price, the full retail price. — Long purple (Bot.), a plant with purple flowers, supposed to be the Orchis mascula. Dr. Prior. — Long suit (Whist), a suit of which one holds originally more than three cards. R. A. Proctor. — Long tom. (a) A pivot gun of great length and range, on the dock of a vessel. (b) A long trough for washing auriferous earth. [Western U.S.] (c) (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. — Long wall (Coal Mining), a working in which the whole seam is removed and the roof allowed to fall in, as the work progresses, except where passages are needed. — Of long, a long time. [Obs.] Fairfax. — To be, or go, long of the market, To be on the long side of the market, etc. (Stock Exchange), to hold stock for a rise in price, or to have a contract under which one can demand stock on or before a certain day at a stipulated price; — opposed to short in such phrases as to be short of stock, to sell short, etc. [Cant] See Short. — To have a long head, to have a farseeing or sagacious mind.

Long , n. 1. (Mus.) A note formerly used in music, one half the length of a large, twice that of a breve. 2. (Phonetics) A long sound, syllable, or vowel. 3. The longest dimension; the greatest extent; — in the phrase, the long and the short of it, that is, the sum and substance of it. Addison.

Long, adv. [AS. lance.] 1. To a great extent in space; as a long drawn out line. 2. To a great extent in time; during a long time. “They that tarry long at the wine.” Prov. xxiii. 30. “When the trumpet soundeth long.” Ex. xix. 13. 3. At a point of duration far distant, either prior or posterior; as not long before; not long after; long before the foundation of Rome; long after the Conquest. 4. Through the whole extent or duration. “The bird of dawning singeth all night long.” Shak. 5. Through an extent of time, more or less; - - only in question; as how long will you be gone?

Long, prep. [Abbreviated fr. along. See 3d Along.] By means of; by the fault of; because of. [Obs.] See Along of, under 3d Along.

Long, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Longed p. pr. & vb. n. Longing.] [AS. langian to increase, to lengthen, to stretch out the mind after, to long, to crave, to belong to, fr. lang long. See Long, a.] 1. To feel a strong or morbid desire or craving; to wish for something with eagerness; — followed by an infinitive, or by after or for. “I long to see you.” Rom. i. 11. “I have longed after thy precepts.” Ps. cxix. 40. “I have longed for thy salvation.” Ps. cxix. 174. “Nicomedes, longing for herrings, was supplied with fresh ones … at a great distance from the sea.” Arbuthnot. 2. To belong; — used with to, unto, or for. [Obs.] “The labor which that longeth unto me.” Chaucer.

Lon´gan , n. (Bot.) A pulpy fruit related to the litchi, and produced by an evergreen East Indian tree (Nephelium Longan).

Lon•ga•nim´i•ty , n. [L. longanimitas; longus long + animus mind: cf. F. longanimite.] Disposition to bear injuries patiently; forbearance; patience. Jer. Taylor.

Long´-armed , a. Having long arms; as the long-armed ape or gibbon.

Long´beak , n. (Zoöl.) The American redbellied snipe (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus); — called also long-billed dowitcher.

Long´boat , n. (Naut.) Formerly, the largest boat carried by a merchant vessel, corresponding to the launch of a naval vessel.

Long´bow , n. The ordinary bow, not mounted on a stock; — so called in distinction from the crossbow when both were used as weapons of war. also sometimes, such a bow of about the height of a man, as distinguished from a much shorter one. To draw the longbow, to tell large stories.

Long´-breathed , a. Having the power of retaining the breath for a long time; long-winded.

Long´-drawn , a. Extended to a great length. “The cicadae hushed their long-drawn, ear- splitting strains.” G. W. Cable.

Longe , n. [Abbrev. fr. allonge. See Lunge.] 1. A thrust. See Lunge. Smollett. 2. The training ground for a horse. Farrow.

Longe, n. (Zoöl.) Same as 4th Lunge.

Long´er , n. One who longs for anything.

Lon•ge´val , a. Long-loved; longevous.[R.] Pope.

Lon•gev´i•ty , n. [L. longaevitas. See Longevous.] Long duration of life; length of life. “The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the abstemious.” Arbuthnot.

Lon•ge´vous , a. [L. longaevus; longus long + aevum lifetime, age. See Long, and Age.] Living a long time; of great age. Sir T. Browne.

Long´hand , n. The written characters used in the common method of writing; — opposed to shorthand.

Long´head´ed , a. Having unusual foresight or sagacity. — Long´-head•ed•ness, n.

Long´horn , n. (Zoöl.) A long-horned animal, as a cow, goat, or beetle. See Long- horned.

Long´-horned , a. (Zoöl.) [Obs.] Having a long horn or horns; as a long-horned goat, or cow; having long antennae, as certain beetles (Longicornia).

Lon´gi•corn , a. [L. longus long + cornu horn: cf. F. longicorne.] (Zoöl.) Long-horned; pertaining to the Longicornia. — n. One of the Longicornia.

Lon•gi•cor´ni•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. longus long + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of beetles, including a large number of species, in which the antennae are very long. Most of them, while in the larval state, bore into the wood or beneath the bark of trees, and some species are very destructive to fruit and shade trees. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Locust beetle, under Locust.

Lon•gi•lat´er•al , a. [L. longus long + lateralis lateral, fr. latus side.] Having long sides; especially, having the form of a long parallelogram. “Nineveh … was of a longilateral figure, ninety-five furlongs broad, and a hundred and fifty long.” Sir T. Browne.

Lon•gil´o•quence , n. [L. langus long + loquentia a talking.] Long- windedness. “American longiloquence in oratory.” Fitzed. Hall.

Lon•gim´a•nous , a. [L. longus long + manus hand.] Having long hands. Sir T. Browne.

Lon•gim´e•try , n. [L. longus long + -metry: cf. F. longimetrie.] The art or practice of measuring distances or lengths. Cheyne.

Long´ing , n. An eager desire; a craving; a morbid appetite; an earnest wish; an aspiration. “Put on my crown; I have
immortal longings in me.” Shak.

Long´ing•ly, adv. With longing. Dryden.

Lon•gin´qui•ty , n. [L. longinquitas, fr. longinquus extensive, remote, fr. longus long.] Greatness of distance; remoteness. [R.] Barrow.

Lon´gi•palp , n. [F. longipalpe, fr. L. longus long + F. palpe a feeler, a palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles, having long maxillary palpi.

Lon´gi•pen´nate , a. [L. longus long + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Having long wings, or quills.

Lon•gi•pen´nes , n. pl. [NL., from L. longus long + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of longwinged sea birds, including the gulls, petrels, etc.

Lon•gi•pen´nine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Longipennes; longipennate.

Lon•gi•ros´ter , n.; pl. L. Longirostres (#), E. Longirosters (#). [L. longus long + rostrum beak: cf. F. longirostre.] (Zoöl.) One of the Longirostres.

Lon•gi•ros´tral , a. (Zoöl.) Having a long bill; of or pertaining to the Longirostres.

Lon•gi•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. longus long + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds characterized by having long slender bills, as the sandpipers, curlews, and ibises. It is now regarded as an artificial division.

Long´ish , a. Somewhat long; moderately long.

Lon´gi•tude , n. [F., fr. L. longitudo, fr. longus long.] 1. Length; measure or distance along the longest line; — distinguished from breadth or thickness; as the longitude of a room; rare now, except in a humorous sense. Sir H. Wotton. “The longitude of their cloaks.” Sir. W. Scott. “Mine [shadow] spindling into longitude immense.” Cowper. 2. (Geog.) The arc or portion of the equator intersected between the meridian of a given place and the meridian of some other place from which longitude is reckoned, as from Greenwich, England, or sometimes from the capital of a country, as from Washington or Paris. The longitude of a place is expressed either in degrees or in time; as that of New York is 74° or 4 h. 56 min. west of Greenwich. 3. (Astron.) The distance in degrees, reckoned from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right angles to the ecliptic passing through the heavenly body whose longitude is designated; as the longitude of Capella is 79°. Geocentric longitude (Astron.), the longitude of a heavenly body as seen from the earth. — Heliocentric longitude, the longitude of a heavenly body, as seen from the sun’s center. — Longitude stars, certain stars whose position is known, and the data in regard to which are used in observations for finding the longitude, as by lunar distances.

Lon•gi•tu´di•nal , a. [Cf. F. longitudinal.] 1. Of or pertaining to longitude or length; as longitudinal distance. 2. Extending in length; in the direction of the length; running lengthwise, as distinguished from transverse; as the longitudinal diameter of a body. Cheyne.

Lon•gi•tu´di•nal, n. A railway sleeper lying parallel with the rail.

Lon•gi•tu´di•nal•ly, adv. In the direction of length.

Long´legs , n. (Zoöl.) A daddy longlegs.

Long´-lived , a. Having a long life; having constitutional peculiarities which make long life probable; lasting long; as a long-lived tree; they are a longlived family; long-lived prejudices.

Long´ly, adv. 1. With longing desire. [Obs.] Shak. 2. For a long time; hence, wearisomely.

Long´mynd rocks´ (Geol.) The sparingly fossiliferous conglomerates, grits, schists, and slates of Great Britain, which lie at the base of the Cambrian system; — so called, because typically developed in the Longmynd Hills, Shropshire.

Long´ness, n. Length.

Long´nose , n. (Zoöl.) The European garfish.

Long´ prim´er (Print.) A kind of type, in size between small pica and bourgeois. This line is printed in long primer.

Long´shanks , n. (Zoöl.) The stilt.

Long´shore , a. [Abbrev. from alongshore.] Belonging to the seashore or a seaport; along and on the shore. ´Longshore thieves.´ R. Browning.

Long´shore•man , n.; pl. Longshoremen (#). [Abbrev. fr. alongshoreman.] One of a class of laborers employed about the wharves of a seaport, especially in loading and unloading vessels.

Long´-sight , n. Long- sightedness. Good.

Long´-sight•ed , a. 1. Able to see objects at a great distance; hence, having great foresight; sagacious; farseeing. 2. Able to see objects distinctly at a distance, but not close at hand; hypermetropic.

Long´-sight•ed•ness, n. 1. The state or condition of being long-sighted; hence, sagacity; shrewdness. 2. (Med.) See Hypermetropia.

Long´some a. [AS. langsum.] Extended in length; tiresome. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Prior. — Long´some•ness, n. [Obs.] Fuller.

Long´spun , a. Spun out, or extended, to great length; hence, long-winded; tedious. “The longspun allegories fulsome grow,
While the dull moral lies too plain below.” Addison.

Long´spur , n. [So called from the length of the hind claw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genus Calcarius (or Plectrophanes), and allied genera. The Lapland longspur (C. Lapponicus), the chestnut-colored longspur (C. ornatus), and other species, inhabit the United States.

Long´-stop , n. (Cricket) One who is set to stop balls which pass the wicket keeper.

Long´-suf•fer•ance , n. Forbearance to punish or resent.

Long´-suf•fer•ing, n. Bearing injuries or provocation for a long time; patient; not easily provoked. “The Lord God, merciful and gracious, long- suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth.” Ex. xxxiv. 6.

Long´-suf•fer•ing, n. Long patience of offense. “Despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and long-suffering?” Rom. ii. 4.

Long´tail , n. An animal, particularly a log, having an uncut tail. Cf. Curtail. Dog. A longtail was a gentleman’s dog, or the dog of one qualified to bunt, other dogs being required to have their tails cut. Cut and longtail, all, gentlefolks and others, as they might come. Shak.

Long´-tongue , n. (Zoöl.) The wryneck.

Long´-tongued , a. 1. Having a long tongue. 2. Talkative; babbling; loquacious. Shak.

Lon´gu•lite , n. [L. longus long + -lie.] (Min.) A kind of crystallite having a (slender) acicular form.

Long´-waist•ed , a. 1. Having a long waist; long from the armpits to the bottom of the waist; — said of persons. 2. Long from the part about the neck or shoulder, or from the armpits, to the bottom of the weist, or to the skirt; — said of garments; as a long-waisted coat.

Long´ways , adv. Lengthwise. Addison.

Long´-wind´ed , a. Long- breathed; hence, tediously long in speaking; consuming much time; as a long-winded talker. — Long´-wind´ed•ness, n. “A tedious, long-winded harangue.” South.

Long´wise , adv. Lengthwise.

Loo , n. [For older lanterloo, F. lanturelu, lanturlu, name of the game; orig., the refrain of a vaudeville.] (a) An old game played with five, or three, cards dealt to each player from a full pack. When five cards are used the highest card is the knave of clubs or (if so agreed upon) the knave of trumps; — formerly called lanterloo. (b) A modification of the game of ´all fours´ in which the players replenish their hands after each round by drawing each a card from the pack. Loo table, a round table adapted for a circle of persons playing loo.

Loo , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looed p. pr. & vb. n. Looing.] To beat in the game of loo by winning every trick. [Written also lu.] Goldsmith.

Loob , n. [Corn., slime, sludge.] (Mining) The clay or slimes washed from tin ore in dressing.

Loo´bi•ly , a. [From Looby.] Loobylike; awkward. Fuller.

Loo´bi•ly, adv. Awkwardly. L’Estrange.

Loo´by , n.; pl. Loobies (#). [Cf. Lob.] An awkward, clumsy fellow; a lubber. Swift.

Looch , n. See 2d Loch.

Loof , n. (Bot.) The spongelike fibers of the fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Luffa AEgyptiaca); called also vegetable sponge.

Loof , n. [See Luff.] [Also written luff.] (Naut.) (a) Formerly, some appurtenance of a vessel which was used in changing her course; — probably a large paddle put over the lee bow to help bring her head nearer to the wind. (b) The part of a ship’s side where the planking begins to curve toward bow and stern.

Loof, v. i. (Naut.) See Luff.

Look , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Looked p. pr. & vb. n. Looking.] [OE. loken, AS. locian; akin to G. lugen, OHG. luogen.] 1. To direct the eyes for the purpose of seeing something; to direct the eyes toward an object; to observe with the eyes while keeping them directed; — with various prepositions, often in a special or figurative sense. See Phrases below. 2. To direct the attention (to something); to consider; to examine; as to look at an action. 3. To seem; to appear; to have a particular appearance; as the patient looks better; the clouds look rainy. “It would look more like vanity than gratitude.” Addison. “Observe how such a practice looks in another person.” I. Watts. 4. To have a particular direction or situation; to face; to front. “The inner gate that looketh to north.” Ezek. viii. 3. “The east gate … which looketh eastward.” Ezek. xi. 1. 5. In the imperative: see; behold; take notice; take care; observe; — used to call attention. “Look, how much we thus expel of sin, so much we expel of virtue.” Milton. Look, in the imperative, may be followed by a dependent sentence, but see is oftener so used. “Look that ye bind them fast.” Shak. “Look if it be my daughter.” Talfourd. 6. To show one’s self in looking, as by leaning out of a window; as look out of the window while I speak to you. Sometimes used figuratively. “My toes look through the overleather.” Shak. 7. To await the appearance of anything; to expect; to anticipate. “Looking each hour into death’s mouth to fall.” Spenser. To look about, to look on all sides, or in different directions. — To look about one, to be on the watch; to be vigilant; to be circumspect or guarded. — To look after. (a) To attend to; to take care of; as to look after children. (b) To expect; to be in a state of expectation. “Men’s hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth.” Luke xxi. 26. (c) To seek; to search. “My subject does not oblige me to look after the water, or point forth the place where to it is now retreated.” Woodward. — To look at, to direct the eyes toward so that one sees, or as if to see; as to look at a star; hence, to observe, examine, consider; as to look at a matter without prejudice. — To look black, to frown; to scowl; to have a threatening appearance. “The bishops thereat repined, and looked black.” Holinshed. — To look down on or upon, to treat with indifference or contempt; to regard as an inferior; to despise. — To look for. (a) To expect; as to look for news by the arrival of a ship. ´Look now for no enchanting voice.´ Milton. (b) To seek for; to search for; as to look for lost money, or lost cattle. — To look forth. (a) To look out of something, as from a window. (b) To threaten to come out. Jer. vi. 1. (Rev. Ver.). — To look into, to inspect closely; to observe narrowly; to examine; as to look into the works of nature; to look into one’s conduct or affairs. — To look on. (a) To regard; to esteem. “Her friends would look on her the worse.” Prior. (b) To consider; to view; to conceive of; to think of. “I looked on Virgil as a succinct, majestic writer.” Dryden. (c) To be a mere spectator. “I’ll be a candleholder, and look on.” Shak. — To look out, to be on the watch; to be careful; as the seaman looks out for breakers. — To look through. (a) To see through. (b) To search; to examine with the eyes. — To look to or unto. (a) To watch; to take care of. ´Look well to thy herds.´ Prov. xxvii. 23. (b) To resort to with expectation of receiving something; to expect to receive from; as the creditor may look to surety for payment. ´Look unto me, and be ye saved.´ Is. xlv. 22. — To look up, to search for or find out by looking; as to look up the items of an account. — To look up to, to respect; to regard with deference.

Look, v. t. 1. To look at; to turn the eyes toward. 2. To seek; to search for. [Obs.] “Looking my love, I go from place to place.” Spenser. 3. To expect. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To influence, overawe, or subdue by looks or presence as to look down opposition. “A spirit fit to start into an empire,
And look the world to law.” Dryden. 5. To express or manifest by a look. “Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again.” Byron. To look daggers. See under Dagger. — To look in the face, to face or meet with boldness or confidence; hence, sometimes, to meet for combat. — To look out, to seek for; as prudent persons look out associates of good reputation.

Look , n. 1. The act of looking; a glance; a sight; a view; — often in certain phrases; as to have, get, take, throw, or cast, a look. “Threw many a northward look to see his father
Bring up his powers; but he did long in vain.” Shak. 2. Expression of the eyes and face; manner; as a proud or defiant look. ´Gentle looks.´ Shak. “Up ! up! my friends, and clear your looks.” Wordsworth. 3. Hence; Appearance; aspect; as the house has a gloomy look; the affair has a bad look. “Pain, disgrace, and poverty have frighted looks.” Locke. “There was something that reminded me of Dante’s Hell in the look of this.” Carlyle.

Look´down , n. (Zoöl.) See Moonfish (b).

Look´er , n. One who looks. Looker-on, a spectator; one that looks on, but has no agency or part in an affair. “Did not this fatal war affront thy coast,
Yet sattest thou an idle looker-on ?” Fairfax.

Look´ing, a. Having a certain look or appearance; — often compounded with adjectives; as good- looking, grand-looking, etc.

Look´ing, n. 1. The act of one who looks; a glance. 2. The manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance; face. [Obs.] “All dreary was his cheer and his looking.” Chaucer. Looking for, anticipation; expectation. ´A certain fearful looking for of judgment.´ Heb. x. 27.

Look´ing-glass , n. A mirror made of glass on which has been placed a backing of some reflecting substance, as quicksilver. “There is none so homely but loves a looking- glass.” South.

Look´out , n. 1. A careful looking or watching for any object or event. 2. The place from which such observation is made. 3. A person engaged in watching. 4. Object or duty of forethought and care; responsibility. [Colloq.]

Lool , n. (Metal.) A vessel used to receive the washings of ores of metals.

Loom , n. (Zoöl.) See Loon, the bird.

Loom, n. [OE. lome, AS. geloma utensil, implement.] 1. A frame or machine of wood or other material, in which a weaver forms cloth out of thread; a machine for interweaving yarn or threads into a fabric, as in knitting or lace making. “Hector, when he sees Andromache overwhelmed with terror, sends her for consolation to the loom and the distaff.” Rambler. 2. (Naut.) That part of an oar which is near the grip or handle and inboard from the rowlock. Totten.

Loom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loomed p. pr. & vb. n. Looming.] [OE. lumen to shine, Icel. ljoma; akin to AS. leóma light, and E. light; or cf. OF. lumer to shine, L. luminare to illumine, lumen light; akin to E. light. rad.122. See Light not dark.] 1. To appear above the surface either of sea or land, or to appear enlarged, or distorted and indistinct, as a distant object, a ship at sea, or a mountain, esp. from atmospheric influences; as the ship looms large; the land looms high. “Awful she looms, the terror of the main.” H. J. Pye. 2. To rise and to be eminent; to be elevated or ennobled, in a moral sense. “On no occasion does he [Paul] loom so high, and shine so gloriously, as in the context.” J. M. Mason.

Loom, n. The state of looming; esp., an unnatural and indistinct appearance of elevation or enlargement of anything, as of land or of a ship, seen by one at sea.

Loom´-gale , n. A gentle gale of wind.

Loom´ing, n. The indistinct and magnified appearance of objects seen in particular states of the atmosphere. See Mirage.

Loon , n. [Scot. loun, lown, loon; akin to OD. loen a stupid man; prob. for an older lown, and akin to E. lame.] A sorry fellow; a worthless person; a rogue.

Loon, n. [For older loom, Icel. lmr; akin to Dan. & Sw. lom.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several aquatic, wed-footed, northern birds of the genus Urinator (formerly Colymbus), noted for their expertness in diving and swimming under water. The common loon, or great northern diver (Urinator imber, or Colymbus torquatus), and the red-throated loon or diver (U. septentrionalis), are the best known species. See Diver.

Loon´y , a. See Luny.

Loop (loop), n. [G. luppe an iron lump. Cf. Looping.] (Iron Works) A mass of iron in a pasty condition gathered into a ball for the tilt hammer or rolls. [Written also loup.]

Loop, n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. lub loop, noose, fold, thong, bend, lub to bend, incline.] 1. A fold or doubling of a thread, cord, rope, etc., through which another thread, cord, etc., can be passed, or which a hook can be hooked into; an eye, as of metal; a staple; a noose; a bight. “That the probation bear no hinge, nor loop
To hang a doubt on.” Shak. 2. A small, narrow opening; a loophole. “And stop all sight-holes, every loop from whence
The eye of Reason may pry in upon us.” Shak. 3. A curve of any kind in the form of a loop. 4. (Telegraphy) A wire forming part of a main circuit and returning to the point from which it starts. 5. (Acoustics) The portion of a vibrating string, air column, etc., between two nodes; — called also ventral segment. Loop knot, a single knot tied in a doubled cord, etc. so as to leave a loop beyond the knot. See Illust. of Knot.

Loop (loop), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looped (loopt); p. pr. & vb. n. Looping.] To make a loop of or in; to fasten with a loop or loops; — often with up; as to loop a string; to loop up a curtain.

Looped (loopt), a. 1. Bent, folded, or tied, so as to make a loop; as a looped wire or string. 2. Full of holes. [Obs.] Shak.

Loop´er (loop´er), n. 1. An instrument, as a bodkin, for forming a loop in yarn, a cord, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) The larva of any species of geometrid moths. See Geometrid.

Loop´hole , n. 1. (Mil.) A small opening, as in the walls of fortification, or in the bulkhead of a ship, through which small arms or other weapons may be discharged at an enemy. 2. A hole or aperture that gives a passage, or the means of escape or evasion.

Loop´holed , a. Provided with loopholes.

Loop´ie , a. Deceitful; cunning; sly. [Scot.]

Loop´ing, n. [Cf. D. loopen to run. Cf. Loop a mass of iron, Leap.] (Metal.) The running together of the matter of an ore into a mass, when the ore is only heated for calcination.

Loop´ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Loop. Looping snail (Zoöl.), any species of land snail of the genus Truncatella; — so called because it creeps like the measuring worms.

Loop´light , n. A small narrow opening or window in a tower or fortified wall; a loophole.

Loord , n. [F. lourd heavy, dull.] A dull, stupid fellow; a drone. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loos , n. [OE. los, fr. OF. los, laus.] Praise; fame; reputation. [Obs.] Spenser. “Good conscience and good loos.” Chaucer.

Loose (loos), a. [Compar. Looser superl. Loosest.] [OE. loos, lous, laus, Icel. lauss; akin to OD. loos, D. los, AS. leás false, deceitful, G. los, loose, Dan. & Sw. lös, Goth. laus, and E. lose. rad.127. See Lose, and cf. Leasing falsehood.] 1. Unbound; untied; unsewed; not attached, fastened, fixed, or confined; as the loose sheets of a book. “Her hair, nor loose, nor tied in formal plat.” Shak. 2. Free from constraint or obligation; not bound by duty, habit, etc.; — with from or of. “Now I stand
Loose of my vow; but who knows Cato’s thoughts ?” Addison. 3. Not tight or close; as a loose garment. 4. Not dense, close, compact, or crowded; as a cloth of loose texture. “With horse and chariots ranked in loose array.” Milton. 5. Not precise or exact; vague; indeterminate; as a loose style, or way of reasoning. “The comparison employed … must be considered rather as a loose analogy than as an exact scientific explanation.” Whewel. 6. Not strict in matters of morality; not rigid according to some standard of right. “The loose morality which he had learned.” Sir W. Scott. 7. Unconnected; rambling. “Vario spends whole mornings in running over loose and unconnected pages.” I. Watts. 8. Lax; not costive; having lax bowels. Locke. 9. Dissolute; unchaste; as a loose man or woman. “Loose ladies in delight.” Spenser. 10. Containing or consisting of obscene or unchaste language; as a loose epistle. Dryden. At loose ends, not in order; in confusion; carelessly managed. — Fast and loose. See under Fast. — To break loose. See under Break. — Loose pulley. (Mach.) See Fast and loose pulleys, under Fast. — To let loose, to free from restraint or confinement; to set at liberty.

Loose, n. 1. Freedom from restraint. [Obs.] Prior. 2. A letting go; discharge. B. Jonson. To give a loose, to give freedom. “Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow.” Addison.

Loose (loos), v. n. [imp. & p. p. Loosed (loost); p. pr. & vb. n. Loosing.] [From Loose, a.] 1. To untie or unbind; to free from any fastening; to remove the shackles or fastenings of; to set free; to relieve. “Canst thou … loose the bands of Orion ?” Job. xxxviii. 31. “Ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her; loose them, and bring them unto me.” Matt. xxi. 2. 2. To release from anything obligatory or burdensome; to disengage; hence, to absolve; to remit. “Art thou loosed from a wife ? seek not a wife.” 1 Cor. vii. 27. “Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” Matt. xvi. 19. 3. To relax; to loosen; to make less strict. “The joints of his loins were loosed.” Dan. v. 6. 4. To solve; to interpret. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loose, v. i. To set sail. [Obs.] Acts xiii. 13.

Loose´ly, adv. In a loose manner.

Loos´en (loos´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loosened (loos´’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loosening.] [See Loose, v. t.] 1. To make loose; to free from tightness, tension, firmness, or fixedness; to make less dense or compact; as to loosen a string, or a knot; to loosen a rock in the earth. “After a year’s rooting, then shaking doth the tree good by loosening of the earth.” Bacon. 2. To free from restraint; to set at liberty.. “It loosens his hands, and assists his understanding.” Dryden. 3. To remove costiveness from; to facilitate or increase the alvine discharges of. Bacon.

Loos´en, v. i. To become loose; to become less tight, firm, or compact. S. Sharp.

Loos´en•er , n. One who, or that which, loosens.

Loose´ness, n. The state, condition, or quality, of being loose; as the looseness of a cord; looseness of style; looseness of morals or of principles.

Loose´strife (-strif•), n. (Bot.) (a) The name of several species of plants of the genus Lysimachia, having small star-shaped flowers, usually of a yellow color. (b) Any species of the genus Lythrum, having purple, or, in some species, crimson flowers. Gray. False loosestrife, a plant of the genus Ludwigia, which includes several species, most of which are found in the United States. — Tufted loosestrife, the plant Lysimachia thyrsiflora, found in the northern parts of the United States and in Europe. Gray.

Loos´ish (loos´ish), a. Somewhat loose.
[1913 Webster]

Loot (loot), n. [Hind. lut, Skr. lotra, loptra, booty, lup to break, spoil; prob. akin to E. rob.] 1. The act of plundering. 2. Plunder; booty; especially, the booty taken in a conquered or sacked city.

Loot, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Looted; p. pr. & vb. n. Looting.] To plunder; to carry off as plunder or a prize lawfully obtained by war. “Looting parties … ransacking the houses.” L. Oliphant.

Loot´er (loot´er), n. A plunderer.

Loo´ver (loo´ver), n. See Louver.

Lop , n. [AS. loppe.] A flea.[Obs.] Cleveland.

Lop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lopped p. pr. & vb. n. Lopping ] [Prov. G. luppen, lubben,to cut, geld, or OD. luppen, D. lubben.] 1. To cut off as the top or extreme part of anything; to shoorten by cutting off the extremities; to cut off, or remove, as superfluous parts; as to lop a tree or its branches. ´With branches lopped, in wood or mountain felled.´ Milton. “Expunge the whole, or lop the excrescent parts.” Pope. 2. To cut partly off and bend down; as to lop bushes in a hedge.

Lop, n. That which is lopped from anything, as branches from a tree. Shak. Mortimer.

Lop, v. i. To hang downward; to be pendent; to lean to one side.

Lop, v. t. To let hang down; as to lop the head.

Lop, a. Hanging down; as lop ears; — used also in compound adjectives; as lopeared; lopsided.

Lope , imp. of Leap. [Obs.] “And, laughing, lope into a tree. Spenser.”

Lope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loped p. pr. & vb. n. Loping.] [See Leap.] 1. To leap; to dance. [Prov. Eng.] ´He that lopes on the ropes.´ Middleton. 2. To move with a lope, as a horse. [U.S.]

Lope, n. 1. A leap; a long step. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An easy gait, consisting of long running strides or leaps. [U.S.] “The mustang goes rollicking ahead, with the eternal lope, … a mixture of two or three gaits, as easy as the motions of a cradle.” T. B. Thorpe.

Lop´eared , a. Having ears which lop or hang down.

Lope´man , n. Leaper; ropedancer. [Obs.]

Lop´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, lopes; esp., a horse that lopes. [U.S.] 2. (Rope Making) A swivel at one end of a ropewalk, used in laying the strands.

Loph´ine , n. [Gr. a tuft or crest of feathers.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous organic base obtained by the oxidation of amarine, and regarded as a derivative of benzoic aldehyde. It is obtained in long white crystalline tufts, — whence its name.

Lo•phi´o•mys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. lofia• a mane, bristly ridge + my^s a mouse.] (Zoöl.) A very singular rodent (Lophiomys Imhausi) of Northeastern Africa. It is the only known representative of a special family (Lophiomyidae), remarkable for the structure of the skull. It has handlike feet, and the hair is peculiar in structure and arrangement.

Loph´o•branch , a. [Gr. lofia• crest or tuft + bra•gchion gill.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii. — n. One of the Lophobranchii.

Loph•o•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii.

Loph•o•bran´chi•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lo•fos a crest or tuft + bra•gchion gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of teleostean fishes, having the gills arranged in tufts on the branchial arches, as the Hippocampus and pipefishes.

Loph´o•phore , n. [Gr. lo•fos a crest or tuft + fe•rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A disk which surrounds the mouth and bears the tentacles of the Bryozoa. See Phylactolemata.

Lo•phop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a crest or tuft + -poda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Phylactolemata.

Lo•phos´te•on , n.; pl. L. Lophostea (#), E. Lophosteons (#). [NL., from Gr. a crest + a bone.] (Anat.) The central keel-bearing part of the sternum in birds.

Lop´pard , n. [Lop + - ard.] A tree, the top of which has been lopped off. [Eng.]

Lop´per , n. One who lops or cuts off.

Lop´per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loppered p. pr. & vb. n. Loppering.] [Cf. Prov. G. lübbern, levern, OHG. gilibern, G. luppe, lab, rennet.] To turn sour and coagulate from too long standing, as milk.

Lop´ping , n. A cutting off, as of branches; that which is cut off; leavings. “The loppings made from that stock whilst it stood.” Burke.

Lop´py , a. Somewhat lop; inclined to lop.

Lop´seed , n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Phryma Leptostachya), having slender seedlike fruits.

Lop´sid•ed , a. [Lop + side. Cf. Lobsided.] 1. Leaning to one side because of some defect of structure; as a lopsided ship. Marryat. 2. Unbalanced; poorly proportioned; full of idiosyncrasies. J. S. Mill.

Lo•qua´cious , a. [L. loquax, -acis, talkative, fr. loqui to speak; cf. Gr. to rattle, shriek, shout.] 1. Given to continual talking; talkative; garrulous. “Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong.” Dryden. 2. Speaking; expressive. [R.] J. Philips. 3. Apt to blab and disclose secrets. Syn. — Garrulous; talkative. See Garrulous.

Lo•qua´cious•ly, adv. In a loquacious manner.

Lo•qua´cious•ness, n. Loquacity.

Lo•quac´i•ty , n. [L. loquacitas: cf. F. loquacite.] The habit or practice of talking continually or excessively; inclination to talk too much; talkativeness; garrulity. “Too great loquacity and too great taciturnity by fits.” Arbuthnot.

Lo´quat , n. [Chinese name.] (Bot.) The fruit of the Japanese medlar (Photinia Japonica). It is as large as a small plum, but grows in clusters, and contains four or five large seeds. also the tree itself.

Lo´ral , n. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lores.

Lo´rate , a. [L. loratus, fr. lorum thong.] (Bot.) Having the form of a thong or strap; ligulate.

Lor´cha , n. [Pg.] (Naut.) A kind of light vessel used on the coast of China, having the hull built on a European model, and the rigging like that of a Chinese junk. Admiral Foote.

Lord , n. [Cf. Gr. bent so as to be convex in front.] A hump-backed person; — so called sportively. [Eng.] Richardson (Dict.).

Lord, n. [OE. lord, laverd, loverd, AS. hlaford, for hlafweard, i. e., bread keeper; hlaf bread, loaf + weardian to look after, to take care of, to ward. See Loaf, and Ward to guard, and cf. Laird, Lady.] 1. One who has power and authority; a master; a ruler; a governor; a prince; a proprietor, as of a manor. “But now I was the lord
Of this fair mansion.” Shak. “Man over men
He made not lord.” Milton. 2. A titled nobleman., whether a peer of the realm or not; a bishop, as a member of the House of Lords; by courtesy; the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son of an earl; in a restricted sense, a baron, as opposed to noblemen of higher rank. [Eng.] 3. A title bestowed on the persons above named; and also for honor, on certain official persons; as lord advocate, lord chamberlain, lord chancellor, lord chief justice, etc. [Eng.] 4. A husband. ´My lord being old also.´ Gen. xviii. 12. “Thou worthy lord
Of that unworthy wife that greeteth thee.” Shak. 5. (Feudal Law) One of whom a fee or estate is held; the male owner of feudal land; as the lord of the soil; the lord of the manor. 6. The Supreme Being; Jehovah. When Lord, in the Old Testament, is printed in small capitals, it is usually equivalent to Jehovah, and might, with more propriety, be so rendered. 7. The Savior; Jesus Christ. House of Lords, one of the constituent parts of the British Parliament, consisting of the lords spiritual and temporal. — Lord high chancellor, Lord high constable, etc. See Chancellor, Constable, etc. — Lord justice clerk, the second in rank of the two highest judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. — Lord justice general, or Lord president, the highest in rank of the judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. — Lord keeper, an ancient officer of the English crown, who had the custody of the king’s great seal, with authority to affix it to public documents. The office is now merged in that of the chancellor. — Lord lieutenant, a representative of British royalty: the lord lieutenant of Ireland being the representative of royalty there, and exercising supreme administrative authority; the lord lieutenant of a county being a deputy to manage its military concerns, and also to nominate to the chancellor the justices of the peace for that county. — Lord of misrule, the master of the revels at Christmas in a nobleman’s or other great house. Eng. Cyc. — Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops who have seats in the House of Lords. — Lords temporal, the peers of England; also sixteen representative peers of Scotland, and twenty-eight representatives of the Irish peerage. — Our lord, Jesus Christ; the Savior. — The Lord’s Day, Sunday; the Christian Sabbath, on which the Lord Jesus rose from the dead. — The Lord’s Prayer, the prayer which Jesus taught his disciples. Matt. vi. 9-13. — The Lord’s Supper. (a) The paschal supper partaken of by Jesus the night before his crucifixion. (b) The sacrament of the eucharist; the holy communion. — The Lord’s Table. (a) The altar or table from which the sacrament is dispensed. (b) The sacrament itself.

Lord, v. t. 1. To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord. [R.] Shak. 2. To rule or preside over as a lord. [R.]

Lord, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lording.] To play the lord; to domineer; to rule with arbitrary or despotic sway; — sometimes with over; and sometimes with it in the manner of a transitive verb. “The whiles she lordeth in licentious bliss.” Spenser. “I see them lording it in London streets.” Shak. “And lorded over them whom now they serve.” Milton.

Lord´ing, n. [Lord + - ing, 3.] 1. The son of a lord; a person of noble lineage. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A little lord; a lordling; a lord, in contempt or ridicule. [Obs.] Swift. In the plural, a common ancient mode of address equivalent to ´Sirs´ or ´My masters.´ “Therefore, lordings all, I you beseech.” Chaucer.

Lord´kin , n. A little lord. Thackeray.

Lord´like, a. [2d lord + like. Cf. Lordly.] 1. Befitting or like a lord; lordly. 2. Haughty; proud; insolent; arrogant.

Lord´li•ness , n. [From Lordly.] The state or quality of being lordly. Shak.

Lord´ling , n. [Lord + - ling.] A little or insignificant lord. Goldsmith.

Lord´ly, a. [Compar. Lordlier superl. Lordliest.] [Lord + -ly. Cf. Lordlike.] 1. Suitable for a lord; of or pertaining to a lord; resembling a lord; hence, grand; noble; dignified; honorable. “She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.” Judges v. 25. “Lordly sins require lordly estates to support them.” South. “The maidens gathered strength and grace
And presence, lordlier than before.” Tennyson. 2. Proud; haughty; imperious; insolent. “Lords are lordliest in their wine.” Milton. Syn. — Imperious; haughty; overbearing; tyrannical; despotic; domineering; arrogant. See Imperious.

Lord´ly, adv. In a lordly manner.

Lord•ol´a•try , n. [Lord + -olatry, as in idolatry.] Worship of, or reverence for, a lord as such. [Jocose] “But how should it be otherwise in a country where lordolatry is part of our creed ?” Thackeray.

Lor•do´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. bent so as to be convex in front.] (Med.) (a) A curvature of the spine forwards, usually in the lumbar region. (b) Any abnormal curvature of the bones.

Lords´ and La´dies (Bot.) The European wake-robin (Arum maculatum), — those with purplish spadix the lords, and those with pale spadix the ladies. Dr. Prior.

Lord´ship , n. 1. The state or condition of being a lord; hence (with his or your), a title applied to a lord (except an archbishop or duke, who is called Grace) or a judge (in Great Britain), etc. 2. Seigniory; domain; the territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. “What lands and lordships for their owner know
My quondam barber.” Dryden. 3. Dominion; power; authority. “They which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them.” Mark x. 42.

Lore (lor), n. [F. lore, L. lorum thong.] (Zoöl.) (a) The space between the eye and bill, in birds, and the corresponding region in reptiles and fishes. (b) The anterior portion of the cheeks of insects.

Lore, obs. imp. & p. p. of Lose.. [See Lose.] Lost. “Neither of them she found where she them lore.” Spenser.

Lore, n. [OE. lore, lare, AS. lar, fr. laeran to teach; akin to D. leer teaching, doctrine, G. lehre, Dan. laere, Sw. lära. See Learn, and cf. Lere, v. t.] 1. That which is or may be learned or known; the knowledge gained from tradition, books, or experience; often, the whole body of knowledge possessed by a people or class of people, or pertaining to a particular subject; as the lore of the Egyptians; priestly lore; legal lore; folklore. ´The lore of war.´ Fairfax. “His fair offspring, nursed in princely lore.” Milton. 2. That which is taught; hence, instruction; wisdom; advice; counsel. Chaucer. “If please ye, listen to my lore.” Spenser. 3. Workmanship. [Obs.] Spenser. { Lor´e•al , Lor´al } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lore; — said of certain feathers of birds, scales of reptiles, etc.

Lor´el , n. [. Cf. Losel.] A good for nothing fellow; a vagabond. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lor´en , obs. strong p. p. of Lose. Chaucer.

Lores´man , n. [Lore learning + man.] An instructor. [Obs.] Gower.

Lo•rette´ , n. [F.] In France, a name for a woman who is supported by her lovers, and devotes herself to idleness, show, and pleasure; — so called from the church of Notre Dame de Lorette, in Paris, near which many of them resided.

Lo•ret•tine´ , n. (R. C. Ch.) One of a order of nuns founded in 1812 at Loretto, in Kentucky. The members of the order (called also Sisters of Loretto, or Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross) devote themselves to the cause of education and the care of destitute orphans, their labors being chiefly confined to the Western United States.

Lor•gnette´ n. [F.] An opera glass; pl. elaborate double eyeglasses.

Lo´ri , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lory.

Lo•ri´ca , n.; pl. Loricae (#). [L., lit., a corselet of thongs, fr. lorum thong.] 1. (Anc. Armor) A cuirass, originally of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewed on linen or the like. 2. (Chem.) Lute for protecting vessels from the fire. 3. (Zoöl.) The protective case or shell of an infusorian or rotifer.

Lor•i•ca´ta (lor•i•ka´t&asot;), n. pl. [NL. See Loricate.] (Zoöl.) (a) A suborder of edentates, covered with bony plates, including the armadillos. (b) The crocodilia.

Lor´i•cate (lor´i•kat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loricated (lor´i•ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Loricating (lor´i•ka•ting).] [L. loricatus, p. p. of loricare to clothe in mail, to cover with plastering, fr. lorica a leather cuirass, a plastering, fr. lorum thong.] To cover with some protecting substance, as with lute, a crust, coating, or plates.

Lor´i•cate , a. [See Loricate, v.] Covered with a shell or exterior made of plates somewhat like a coat of mail, as in the armadillo.

Lor´i•cate, n. (Zoöl.) An animal covered with bony scales, as crocodiles among reptiles, and the pangolins among mammals.

Lor•i•ca´tion , n. [L. loricatio.] The act of loricating; the protecting substance put on; a covering of scales or plates.

Lor´i•keet , n. (Zoöl.) Any one numerous species of small brush-tongued parrots or lories, found mostly in Australia, New Guinea and the adjacent islands, with some forms in the East Indies. They are arboreal in their habits and feed largely upon the honey of flowers. They belong to Trichoglossus, Loriculus, and several allied genera. { Lor´i•mer , Lor´i•ner } n. [OF. lormier, loremier, fr. LL. loranum bridle, L. lorum thong, the rein of a bridle.] A maker of bits, spurs, and metal mounting for bridles and saddles; hence, a saddler. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Lor´ing , n. [See 3d Lore.] Instructive discourse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lo´ri•ot , n. [F., fr. OF. loriou, for l’oriol, oriol, l’ being the article. The same word as oriole. See Oriole.] (Zoöl.) The golden oriole of Europe. See Oriole.

Lo´ris , n. [Loris, or lori, the indigenous East Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small lemurs of the genus Stenops. They have long, slender limbs and large eyes, and are arboreal in their habits. The slender loris (S. gracilis), of Ceylon, in one of the best known species. [Written also lori.]

Lorn , a. [Strong p. p. of Lose. See Lose, Forlorn.] 1. Lost; undone; ruined. [Archaic] “If thou readest, thou art lorn.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Forsaken; abandoned; solitary; bereft; as a lone, lorn woman. { Lor´rie , Lor´ry } , n.; pl. Lorries (#). [Prob. from lurry to pull or lug.] A small cart or wagon, as those used on the tramways in mines to carry coal or rubbish; also a barrow or truck for shifting baggage, as at railway stations.

Lo´ry , n.; pl. Lories (#). [Hind. & Malay. luri, nuri.] (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of small parrots of the family Trichoglossidae, generally having the tongue papillose at the tip, and the mandibles straighter and less toothed than in common parrots. They are found in the East Indies, Australia, New Guinea, and the adjacent islands. They feed mostly on soft fruits and on the honey of flowers. The lory, or louri, of South Africa is the white-crested plantain eater or turacou. See Turacou.

Los , n. Praise. See Loos. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Los´a•ble , a. Such as can be lost.

Los´ange , n. See Lozenge.

Lose (looz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lost (lost; 115) p. pr. & vb. n. Losing (looz´ing).] [OE. losien to loose, be lost, lose, AS. losian to become loose; akin to OE. leosen to lose, p. p. loren, lorn, AS. leósan, p. p. loren (in comp.), D. verliezen, G. verlieren, Dan. forlise, Sw. förlisa, förlora, Goth. fraliusan, also to E. loose, a & v., L. luere to loose, Gr. ly•ein, Skr. lu to cut. rad.127. Cf. Analysis, Palsy, Solve, Forlorn, Leasing, Loose, Loss.] 1. To part with unintentionally or unwillingly, as by accident, misfortune, negligence, penalty, forfeit, etc.; to be deprived of; as to lose money from one’s purse or pocket, or in business or gaming; to lose an arm or a leg by amputation; to lose men in battle. “Fair Venus wept the sad disaster
Of having lost her favorite dove.” Prior. 2. To cease to have; to possess no longer; to suffer diminution of; as to lose one’s relish for anything; to lose one’s health. “If the salt hath lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted ?” Matt. v. 13. 3. Not to employ; to employ ineffectually; to throw away; to waste; to squander; as to lose a day; to lose the benefits of instruction. “The unhappy have but hours, and these they lose.” Dryden. 4. To wander from; to miss, so as not to be able to and; to go astray from; as to lose one’s way. “He hath lost his fellows.” Shak 5. To ruin; to destroy; as destroy; as the ship was lost on the ledge. “The woman that deliberates is lost.” Addison. 6. To be deprived of the view of; to cease to see or know the whereabouts of; as he lost his companion in the crowd. “Like following life thro’ creatures you dissect,
You lose it in the moment you detect.” Pope. 7. To fail to obtain or enjoy; to fail to gain or win; hence, to fail to catch with the mind or senses; to miss; as I lost a part of what he said. “He shall in no wise lose his reward.” Matt. x. 42. “I fought the battle bravely which I lost,
And lost it but to Macedonians.” Dryden. 8. To cause to part with; to deprive of. [R.] “How should you go about to lose him a wife he loves with so much passion ?” Sir W. Temple. 9. To prevent from gaining or obtaining. “O false heart ! thou hadst almost betrayed me to eternal flames, and lost me this glory.” Baxter. To lose ground, to fall behind; to suffer gradual loss or disadvantage. — To lose heart, to lose courage; to become timid. ´The mutineers lost heart.´ Macaulay. — To lose one’s head, to be thrown off one’s balance; to lose the use of one’s good sense or judgment. “In the excitement of such a discovery, many scholars lost their heads.” Whitney. — To lose one’s self. (a) To forget or mistake the bearing of surrounding objects; as to lose one’s self in a great city. (b) To have the perceptive and rational power temporarily suspended; as we lose ourselves in sleep. — To lose sight of. (a) To cease to see; as to lose sight of the land. (b) To overlook; to forget; to fail to perceive; as he lost sight of the issue.

Lose , v. i. To suffer loss, disadvantage, or defeat; to be worse off, esp. as the result of any kind of contest. “We ’ll … hear poor rogues
Talk of court news; and we’ll talk with them too,
Who loses and who wins; who’s in, who’s out.” Shak.

Los´el , n. [From the root of lose, loss. rad.127. Cf. Lorel.] One who loses by sloth or neglect; a worthless person; a lorel. [Archaic] Spenser. “One sad losel soils a name for aye.” Byron.

Los´el, a. Wasteful; slothful.

Los´en•ger , n. [OF. losengier, losengeor, fr. losengier to deceive, flatter, losenge, flattery, Pr. lauzenga, fr. L. laus praise. Cf. Lozenge.] A flatterer; a deceiver; a cozener. [Obs.] Chaucer. “To a fair pair of gallows, there to end their lives with shame, as a number of such other losengers had done.” Holinshed.

Los´en•ger•ie , n. [OF.] Flattery; deceit; trickery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Los´er , n. One who loses. South.

Lo´sing , a. [See Losenger.] Given to flattery or deceit; flattering; cozening. [Obs.] “Amongst the many simoniacal that swarmed in the land, Herbert, Bishop of Thetford, must not be forgotten; nick-named Losing, that is, the Flatterer.” Fuller.

Los´ing , a. [See Lose, v. t.] Causing or incurring loss; as a losing game or business. “Who strive to sit out losing hands are lost.” Herbert.

Los´ing•ly , adv. In a manner to incur loss.

Loss (los; 115), n. [AS. los loss, losing, fr. leósan to lose. rad.127. See Lose, v. t.] 1. The act of losing; failure; destruction; privation; as the loss of property; loss of money by gaming; loss of health or reputation. “Assured loss before the match be played.” Shak. 2. The state of losing or having lost; the privation, defect, misfortune, harm, etc., which ensues from losing. “Though thou repent, yet I have still the loss.” Shak. 3. That which is lost or from which one has parted; waste; — opposed to gain or increase; as the loss of liquor by leakage was considerable. 4. The state of being lost or destroyed; especially, the wreck or foundering of a ship or other vessel. 5. Failure to gain or win; as loss of a race or battle. 6. Failure to use advantageously; as loss of time. 7. (Mil.) Killed, wounded, and captured persons, or captured property. 8. (Insurance) Destruction or diminution of value, if brought about in a manner provided for in the insurance contract (as destruction by fire or wreck, damage by water or smoke), or the death or injury of an insured person; also the sum paid or payable therefor; as the losses of the company this year amount to a million of dollars. To bear a loss, to make a loss good; also to sustain a loss without sinking under it. — To be at a loss, to be in a state of uncertainty. Syn. — Privation; detriment; injury; damage.

Loss´ful , a. Detrimental. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Loss´less, a. Free from loss. [Obs.] Milton.

Lost , a. [Prop. p. p. of OE. losien. See Lose, v. t.] 1. Parted with unwillingly or unintentionally; not to be found; missing; as a lost book or sheep. 2. Parted with; no longer held or possessed; as a lost limb; lost honor. 3. Not employed or enjoyed; thrown away; employed ineffectually; wasted; squandered; as a lost day; a lost opportunity or benefit. 5. Having wandered from, or unable to find, the way; bewildered; perplexed; as a child lost in the woods; a stranger lost in London. 6. Ruined or destroyed, either physically or morally; past help or hope; as a ship lost at sea; a woman lost to virtue; a lost soul. 7. Hardened beyond sensibility or recovery; alienated; insensible; as lost to shame; lost to all sense of honor. 8. Not perceptible to the senses; no longer visible; as an island lost in a fog; a person lost in a crowd. 9. Occupied with, or under the influence of, something, so as to be insensible of external things; as to be lost in thought. Lost motion (Mach.), the difference between the motion of a driver and that of a follower, due to the yielding of parts or looseness of joints.

Lot (lot), n. [AS. hlot; akin to hleótan to cast lots, OS. hlot lot, D. lot, G. loos, OHG. loz, Icel. hlutr, Sw. lott, Dan. lod, Goth. hlauts. Cf. Allot, Lotto, Lottery.] 1. That which happens without human design or forethought; chance; accident; hazard; fortune; fate. “But save my life, which lot before your foot doth lay.” Spenser. 2. Anything (as a die, pebble, ball, or slip of paper) used in determining a question by chance, or without man’s choice or will; as to cast or draw lots. “The lot is cast into the lap, but the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord.” Prov. xvi. 33. “If we draw lots, he speeds.” Shak. 3. The part, or fate, which falls to one, as it were, by chance, or without his planning. “O visions ill foreseen! Each day’s lot’s
Enough to bear.” Milton. “He was but born to try
The lot of man — to suffer and to die.” Pope. 4. A separate portion; a number of things taken collectively; as a lot of stationery; — colloquially, sometimes of people; as a sorry lot; a bad lot. “I, this winter, met with a very large lot of English heads, chiefly of the reign of James I.” Walpole. 5. A distinct portion or plot of land, usually smaller than a field; as a building lot in a city. “The defendants leased a house and lot in the city of New York.” Kent. 6. A large quantity or number; a great deal; as to spend a lot of money; lots of people think so. [Colloq.] “He wrote to her … he might be detained in London by a lot of business.” W. Black. 7. A prize in a lottery. [Obs.] Evelyn. To cast in one’s lot with, to share the fortunes of. — To cast lots, to use or throw a die, or some other instrument, by the unforeseen turn or position of which, an event is by previous agreement determined. — To draw lots, to determine an event, or make a decision, by drawing one thing from a number whose marks are concealed from the drawer. — To pay scot and lot, to pay taxes according to one’s ability. See Scot.

Lot , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lotted p. pr. & vb. n. Lotting ] To allot; to sort; to portion. [R.] To lot on or upon, to count or reckon upon; to expect with pleasure. [Colloq. U. S.]

Lote , n. [L. lotus, Gr. . Cf. Lotus.] (Bot.) A large tree (Celtis australis), found in the south of Europe. It has a hard wood, and bears a cherrylike fruit. Called also nettle tree. Eng. Cyc.

Lote, n. [F. lotte.] (Zoöl.) The European burbot.

Lote , v. i. [AS. lutian.] To lurk; to lie hid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Loth , a., Loth´ly, a. & adv., Loth´some , a., See Loath, Loathly, etc.

Lo•tha´ri•o , n. [Name of a character in Rowe’s drama, ´The Fair Penitent.´] A gay seducer of women; a libertine.

Lo´tion , n. [L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash: cf. F. lotion. See Lave to wash.] 1. A washing, especially of the skin for the purpose of rendering it fair. 2. A liquid preparation for bathing the skin, or an injured or diseased part, either for a medicinal purpose, or for improving its appearance.

Lo´to , n. See Lotto.

Lo•tong´ , n. [Malay lutong.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian monkey (Semnopithecus femoralis).

Lo•toph´a•gi , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ; the lotus + to eat.] (Class. Myth.) A people visited by Ulysses in his wanderings. They subsisted on the lotus. See Lotus (b), and Lotus- eater.

Lo´tos , n. [NL.] (Bot.) See Lotus.

Lot´ter•y , n.; pl. Lotteries (#). [Lot + -ery, as in brewery, bindery.] 1. A scheme for the distribution of prizes by lot or chance; esp., a gaming scheme in which one or more tickets bearing particular numbers draw prizes, and the rest of the tickets are blanks. Fig.: An affair of chance. The laws of the United States and of most of the States make lotteries illegal. 2. Allotment; thing allotted. [Obs.] Shak.

Lot´to , n. [F. loto or It. lotto, prop., a lot; of German origin. See Lot.] A game of chance, played with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, and any contrivance (as a wheel containing numbered balls) for determining a set of numbers by chance. The player holding a card having on it the set of numbers drawn from the wheel takes the stakes after a certain percentage of them has been deducted for the dealer. A variety of lotto is called keno. [Often written loto.]

Lo´ture , n. [L. lotura. See Lotion.] See Lotion. [Obs.] Holland.

Lo´tus (lo´tus), n. [L. lotus, Gr. lwto•s. Cf. Lote.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A name of several kinds of water lilies; as Nelumbium speciosum, used in religious ceremonies, anciently in Egypt, and to this day in Asia; Nelumbium luteum, the American lotus; and Nymphaea Lotus and N. caerulea, the respectively white- flowered and blue-flowered lotus of modern Egypt, which, with Nelumbium speciosum, are figured on its ancient monuments. (b) The lotus of the lotuseaters, probably a tree found in Northern Africa, Sicily, Portugal, and Spain (Zizyphus Lotus), the fruit of which is mildly sweet. It was fabled by the ancients to make strangers who ate of it forget their native country, or lose all desire to return to it. (c) The lote, or nettle tree. See Lote. (d) A genus (Lotus) of leguminous plants much resembling clover. [Written also lotos.] European lotus, a small tree (Diospyros Lotus) of Southern Europe and Asia; also its rather large bluish black berry, which is called also the date plum. 2. (Arch.) An ornament much used in Egyptian architecture, generally asserted to have been suggested by the Egyptian water lily. { Lo´tus-eat•er (lo´tus-et•er), Lo´tos-eat•er (lo´tos-et•er), } n. (Class. Myth.) One who ate the fruit or leaf of the lotus, and, as a consequence, gave himself up to indolence and daydreams; one of the Lotophagi. “The mild-eyed melancholy Lotos- eaters.” Tennyson.

Lou•chettes´ , n. pl. [F.] Goggles intended to rectify strabismus by permitting vision only directly in front. Knight.

Loud (loud), a. [Compar. Louder (loud´er); superl. Loudest.] [OE. loud, lud, AS. hlud; akin to OS. hlud, D. luid, OHG. lut, G. laut, L. - clutus, in inclutus, inclitus, celebrated, renowned, cluere to be called, Gr. klyto•s heard, loud, famous, kly•ein to hear, Skr. çru. rad.41. Cf. Client, Listen, Slave a serf.] 1. Having, making, or being a strong or great sound; noisy; striking the ear with great force; as a loud cry; loud thunder. “They were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified.” Luke xxiii. 23. 2. Clamorous; boisterous. “She is loud and stubborn.” Prov. vii. 11. 3. Emphatic; impressive; urgent; as a loud call for united effort. [Colloq.] 4. Ostentatious; likely to attract attention; gaudy; as a loud style of dress; loud colors. [Slang] Syn. — Noisy; boisterous; vociferous; clamorous; obstreperous; turbulent; blustering; vehement.

Loud, adv. [AS. hlude.] With loudness; loudly. “To speak loud in public assemblies.” Addison.

Loud´ful , a. Noisy. [Obs.] Marsion.

Loud´ly, adv. In a loud manner. Denham.

Loud´-mouthed , a. Having a loud voice; talking or sounding noisily; noisily impudent.

Loud´ness, n. The quality or state of being loud.

Loud´-voiced , a. Having a loud voice; noisy; clamorous. Byron.

Lough , n. [See 1st Loch.] A loch or lake; — so spelt in Ireland.

Lough , obs. strong imp. of Laugh. Chaucer.

Lou´is d’or [F., gold louis.] Formerly, a gold coin of France nominally worth twenty shillings sterling, but of varying value; — first struck in 1640.

Lou´is qua•torze´ (loo´i ka•tôrz´). [F., Louis fourteenth.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the art or style of the times of Louis XIV. of France; as Louis quatorze architecture.

Louk (louk), n. An accomplice; a ´pal.´ [Obs.] “There is no thief without a louk.” Chaucer.

Lounge (lounj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lounged (lounjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lounging (loun´jing).] [OE. lungis a tall, slow, awkward fellow, OF. longis, longin, said to be fr. Longinus, the name of the centurion who pierced the body of Christ, but with reference also to L. longus long. Cf. Long, a.] To spend time lazily, whether lolling or idly sauntering; to pass time indolently; to stand, sit, or recline, in an indolent manner. “We lounge over the sciences, dawdle through literature, yawn over politics.” J. Hannay.

Lounge, n. 1. An idle gait or stroll; the state of reclining indolently; a place of lounging. “She went with Lady Stock to a bookseller’s whose shop served as a fashionable lounge.” Miss Edgeworth. 2. A piece of furniture resembling a sofa, upon which one may lie or recline.

Loun´ger , n. One who lounges; an idler.

Loup (loop), n. (Iron Works) See 1st Loop.

Loup´-cer•vier´ , n. [F. Cf. Lusern.] (Zoöl.) The Canada lynx. See Lynx.

Loup•-loup´ (loo•loo´), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The Pomeranian or Spitz dog.

Loups , n. pl.; sing. Loup. [F., prop., a wolf.] (Ethnol.) The Pawnees, a tribe of North American Indians whose principal totem was the wolf.

Lour , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An Asiatic sardine (Clupea Neohowii), valued for its oil.

Lou´ri , n. (Zoöl.) See Lory.

Louse (lous), n.; pl. Lice (lis). [OE. lous, AS. lus, pl. lys; akin to D. luis, G. laus, OHG. lus, Icel. lus, Sw. lus, Dan. luus; perh. so named because it is destructive, and akin to E. lose, loose.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of numerous species of small, wingless, suctorial, parasitic insects belonging to a tribe (Pediculina), now usually regarded as degraded Hemiptera. To this group belong of the lice of man and other mammals; as the head louse of man (Pediculus capitis), the body louse (P. vestimenti), and the crab louse (Phthirius pubis), and many others. See Crab louse, Dog louse, Cattle louse, etc., under Crab, Dog, etc. 2. Any one of numerous small mandibulate insects, mostly parasitic on birds, and feeding on the feathers. They are known as Mallophaga, or bird lice, though some occur on the hair of mammals. They are usually regarded as degraded Pseudoneuroptera. See Mallophaga. 3. Any one of the numerous species of aphids, or plant lice. See Aphid. 4. Any small crustacean parasitic on fishes. See Branchiura, and Ichthvophthira. The term is also applied to various other parasites; as the whale louse, beelouse, horse louse. Louse fly (Zoöl.), a parasitic dipterous insect of the group Pupipara. Some of them are wingless, as the bee louse. — Louse mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of mites which infest mammals and birds, clinging to the hair and feathers like lice. They belong to Myobia, Dermaleichus, Mycoptes, and several other genera.

Louse (louz), v. t. To clean from lice. ´You sat and loused him.´ Swift.

Louse´wort , n. (Bot.) Any species of Pedicularis, a genus of perennial herbs. It was said to make sheep that fed on it lousy. Yellow lousewort , a plant of the genus Rhinanthus.

Lous´i•ly , adv. [From Lousy.] In a lousy manner; in a mean, paltry manner; scurvily. [Vulgar]

Lous´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being lousy.

Lous´y , a. 1. Infested with lice. 2. Mean; contemptible; as lousy knave. [Vulgar] “Such lousy learning as this is.” Bale.

Lout (lout), v. i. [OE. louten, luten, AS. lutan; akin to Icel. luta, Dan. lude, OHG. luzen to lie hid.] To bend; to box; to stoop. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow. “He fair the knight saluted, louting low.” Spenser.

Lout, n. [Formerly also written lowt.] A clownish, awkward fellow; a bumpkin. Sir P. Sidney.

Lout, v. t. To treat as a lout or fool; to neglect; to disappoint. [Obs.] Shak.

Lout´ish, a. Clownish; rude; awkward. ´Loutish clown.´ Sir P. Sidney. — Lout´ish•ly, adv. — Lout´ish•ness, n.

Lou•tou´ , n. [Native names.] (Zoöl.) A crested black monkey (Semnopithecus maurus) of Java. { Lou´ver , Lou´vre } , n. [OE. lover, OF. lover, lovier; or l’ouvert the opening, fr. overt, ouvert, p. p. of ovrir, ouvrir, to open, F. ouvrir. Cf. Overt.] (Arch.) A small lantern. See Lantern, 2 (a). [Written also lover, loover, lovery, and luffer.] Louver boards or boarding, the sloping boards set to shed rainwater outward in openings which are to be left otherwise unfilled; as belfry windows, the openings of a louver, etc. — Louver work, slatted work.

Lov´a•ble , a. Having qualities that excite, or are fitted to excite, love; worthy of love. “Elaine the fair, Elaine the lovable,
Elaine, the lily maid of Astolat.” Tennyson.

Lov´age , n. [F. livèche, fr. L. levisticum, ligusticum, a plant indigenous to Liguria, lovage, from Ligusticus Ligustine, Ligurian, Liguria a country of Cisalpine Gaul.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Levisticum officinale), sometimes used in medicine as an aromatic stimulant.

Love , n. [OE. love, luve, AS. lufe, lufu; akin to E. lief, believe, L. lubet, libet,it pleases, Skr. lubh to be lustful. See Lief.] 1. A feeling of strong attachment induced by that which delights or commands admiration; preëminent kindness or devotion to another; affection; tenderness; as the love of brothers and sisters. “Of all the dearest bonds we prove
Thou countest sons’ and mothers’ love
Most sacred, most Thine own.” Keble. 2. Especially, devoted attachment to, or tender or passionate affection for, one of the opposite sex. “He on his side
Leaning half-raised, with looks of cordial love
Hung over her enamored.” Milton. 3. Courtship; — chiefly in the phrase to make love, i. e., to court, to woo, to solicit union in marriage. “Demetrius …
Made love to Nedar’s daughter, Helena,
And won her soul.” Shak. 4. Affection; kind feeling; friendship; strong liking or desire; fondness; good will; — opposed to hate; often with of and an object. “Love, and health to all.” Shak. “Smit with the love of sacred song.” Milton. “The love of science faintly warmed his breast.” Fenton. 5. Due gratitude and reverence to God. “Keep yourselves in the love of God.” Jude 21. 6. The object of affection; — often employed in endearing address. ´Trust me, love.´ Dryden. “Open the temple gates unto my love.” Spenser. 7. Cupid, the god of love; sometimes, Venus. “Such was his form as painters, when they show
Their utmost art, on naked Lores bestow.” Dryden. “Therefore do nimble-pinioned doves draw Love.” Shak. 8. A thin silk stuff. [Obs.] Boyle. 9. (Bot.) A climbing species of Clematis (C. Vitalba). 10. Nothing; no points scored on one side; — used in counting score at tennis, etc. “He won the match by three sets to love.” The Field. Love is often used in the formation of compounds, in most of which the meaning is very obvious; as love-cracked, love-darting, love-killing, love-linked, love-taught, etc. A labor of love, a labor undertaken on account of regard for some person, or through pleasure in the work itself, without expectation of reward. — Free love, the doctrine or practice of consorting with one of the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage. See Free love. — Free lover, one who avows or practices free love. — In love, in the act of loving; — said esp. of the love of the sexes; as to be in love; to fall in love. — Love apple (Bot.), the tomato. — Love bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small, short-tailed parrots, or parrakeets, of the genus Agapornis, and allied genera. They are mostly from Africa. Some species are often kept as cage birds, and are celebrated for the affection which they show for their mates. — Love broker, a person who for pay acts as agent between lovers, or as a go-between in a sexual intrigue. Shak. — Love charm, a charm for exciting love. Ld. Lytton. — Love child. an illegitimate child. Jane Austen. — Love day, a day formerly appointed for an amicable adjustment of differences. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. — Love drink, a love potion; a philter. Chaucer. — Love favor, something given to be worn in token of love. — Love feast, a religious festival, held quarterly by some religious denominations, as the Moravians and Methodists, in imitation of the agapae of the early Christians. — Love feat, the gallant act of a lover. Shak. — Love game, a game, as in tennis, in which the vanquished person or party does not score a point. — Love grass. [G. liebesgras.] (Bot.) Any grass of the genus Eragrostis. — Love-in-a-mist. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the Buttercup family (Nigella Damascena) having the flowers hidden in a maze of finely cut bracts. (b) The West Indian Passiflora fœtida, which has similar bracts. — Love-in- idleness (Bot.), a kind of violet; the small pansy. “A little western flower,
Before milk-white, now purple with love’s wound;
And maidens call it love-in-idleness.” Shak. — Love juice, juice of a plant supposed to produce love. Shak. — Love knot, a knot or bow, as of ribbon; — so called from being used as a token of love, or as a pledge of mutual affection. Milman. — Love lass, a sweetheart. — Love letter, a letter of courtship. Shak. — Love-lies-bleeding (Bot.), a species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus). — Love match, a marriage brought about by love alone. — Love potion, a compounded draught intended to excite love, or venereal desire. — Love rites, sexual intercourse. Pope — Love scene, an exhibition of love, as between lovers on the stage. — Love suit, courtship. Shak. — Of all loves, for the sake of all love; by all means. [Obs.] ´Mrs. Arden desired him of all loves to come back again.´ Holinshed. — The god of love, or Love god, Cupid. — To make love to, to express affection for; to woo. ´If you will marry, make your loves to me.´ Shak. — To play for love, to play a game, as at cards, without stakes. ´A game at piquet for love.´ Lamb. Syn. — Affection; friendship; kindness; tenderness; fondness; delight.

Love (luv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loved (luvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loving.] [AS. lufian. rad.124. See Love, n.] 1. To have a feeling of love for; to regard with affection or good will; as to love one’s children and friends; to love one’s country; to love one’s God. “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.” Matt. xxii. 37. “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thy self.” Matt. xxii. 39. 2. To regard with passionate and devoted affection, as that of one sex for the other. 3. To take delight or pleasure in; to have a strong liking or desire for, or interest in; to be pleased with; to like; as to love books; to love adventures. “Wit, eloquence, and poetry.
Arts which I loved.” Cowley.

Love, v. i. To have the feeling of love; to be in love.

Love´a•ble , a. See Lovable.

Love´-dru•ry, n. [Love + OF. druerie. Cf. Druery.] Affection. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lov•ee´ , n. One who is loved. [Humorous] ´The lover and lovee.´ Richardson.

Love´ful , a. Full of love. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Love´less, a. 1. Void of love; void of tenderness or kindness. Milton. Shelton. 2. Not attracting love; unattractive. “These are ill-favored to see to; and yet, as loveless as they be, they are not without some medicinable virtues.” Holland.

Love´li•ly , adv. [From Lovely.] In manner to excite love; amiably. [R.] Otway.

Love´li•ness, n. [From Lovely.] The state or quality of being lovely. “If there is such a native loveliness in the sex as to make them victorious when in the wrong, how resistless their power when they are on the side of truth!” Spectator.

Love´lock , n. A long lock of hair hanging prominently by itself; an earlock; — worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Burton. “A long lovelock and long hair he wore.” Sir W. Scott.

Love´lorn , a. Forsaken by one’s love. “The lovelorn nightingale.” Milton.

Love´ly , a. [Compar. Lovelier superl. Loveliest.] [AS. luflic.] 1. Having such an appearance as excites, or is fitted to excite, love; beautiful; charming; very pleasing in form, looks, tone, or manner. ´Lovely to look on.´ Piers Plowman. “Not one so fair of face, of speech so lovely.” Robert of Brunne. “If I had such a tire, this face of mine
Were full as lovely as is this of hers.” Shak. 2. Lovable; amiable; having qualities of any kind which excite, or are fitted to excite, love or friendship. “A most lovely gentlemanlike man.” Shak. 3. Loving; tender. [Obs.] ´A lovely kiss.´ Shak. “Many a lovely look on them he cast.” Chaucer. 4. Very pleasing; — applied loosely to almost anything which is not grand or merely pretty; as a lovely view; a lovely valley; a lovely melody. “Indeed these fields
Are lovely, lovelier not the Elysian lawns.” Tennyson. Syn. — Beautiful; charming; delightful; delectable; enchanting; lovable; amiable.

Love´ly, adv. In a manner to please, or to excite love. [Obs. or R.] Tyndale.

Love´-mak•ing , n. Courtship. Bacon.

Love´mon•ger , n. One who deals in affairs of love.[Obs.] Shak.

Lov´er (luv´er), n. 1. One who loves; one who is in love; — usually limited, in the singular, to a person of the male sex. Gower. “Love is blind, and lovers can not see
The pretty follies that themselves commit.” Shak. 2. A friend; one strongly attached to another; one who greatly desires the welfare of any person or thing; as a lover of his country. “I slew my best lover for the good of Rome.” Shak. 3. One who has a strong liking for anything, as books, science, or music. ´A lover of knowledge.´ T. Burnet. { Lo´ver (loo´ver), Lo´ver•y } n. See Louver. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Lo´ver•wise (luv´er•wiz•), adv. As lovers do. “As they sat down here loverwise.” W. D. Howells.

Love´-sick , a. 1. Languishing with love or amorous desire; as a love-sick maid. “To the dear mistress of my love-sick mind.” Dryden. 2. Originating in, or expressive of, languishing love. “Where nightingales their love-sick ditty sing.” Dryden.

Love´-sick•ness, n. The state of being love-sick.

Love´some , a. [AS. lufsum.] Lovely. [Obs.]

Lov´ing , a. 1. Affectionate. “The fairest and most loving wife in Greece.” Tennyson. 2. Expressing love or kindness; as loving words.

Lov´ing-kind´ness , n. Tender regard; mercy; favor. Ps. lxxxix. 33.

Lov´ing•ly, adv. With love; affectionately.

Lov´ing•ness, n. Affection; kind regard. “The only two bands of good will, loveliness and lovingness.” Sir. P. Sidney.

Lov´yer , n. A lover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Low , obs. strong imp. of Laugh. Chaucer.

Low , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowed p. pr. & vb. n. Lowing.] [OE. lowen, AS. hlwan; akin to D. loeijen, OHG. hljan, hluojan.] To make the calling sound of cows and other bovine animals; to moo. “The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.” Gray.

Low, n. The calling sound ordinarily made by cows and other bovine animals. “Talking voices and the law of herds.” Wordsworth.

Low, n. [AS. hlaw; akin to Goth. hlaiw a grave, hlains a hill, and to E. lean to incline.] A hill; a mound; a grave. [Obs. except in place names.] Skeat.

Low , n. [Icel. log, logi; akin to E. light, n.] Fire; a flame; a light. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Low, v. i. To burn; to blaze. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

Low , a. [Compar. Lower superl. Lowest.] [OE. low, louh, lah, Icel. lagr; akin to Sw. låg, Dan. lav, D. laag, and E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. Occupying an inferior position or place; not high or elevated; depressed in comparison with something else; as low ground; a low flight. 2. Not rising to the usual height; as a man of low stature; a low fence. 3. Near the horizon; as the sun is low at four o’clock in winter, and six in summer. 4. Sunk to the farthest ebb of the tide; as low tide. 5. Beneath the usual or remunerative rate or amount, or the ordinary value; moderate; cheap; as the low price of corn; low wages. 6. Not loud; as a low voice; a low sound. 7. (Mus.) Depressed in the scale of sounds; grave; as a low pitch; a low note. 8. (Phon.) Made, as a vowel, with a low position of part of the tongue in relation to the palate; as a (am), a (all). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 10, 11. 9. Near, or not very distant from, the equator; as in the low northern latitudes. 10. Numerically small; as a low number. 11. Wanting strength or animation; depressed; dejected; as low spirits; low in spirits. 12. Depressed in condition; humble in rank; as men of low condition; the lower classes. “Why but to keep ye low and ignorant ?” Milton. 13. Mean; vulgar; base; dishonorable; as a person of low mind; a low trick or stratagem. 14. Not elevated or sublime; not exalted in thought or diction; as a low comparison. “In comparison of these divine writers, the noblest wits of the heathen world are low and dull.” Felton. 15. Submissive; humble. ´Low reverence.´ Milton. 16. Deficient in vital energy; feeble; weak; as a low pulse; made low by sickness. 17. Moderate; not intense; not inflammatory; as low heat; a low temperature; a low fever. 18. Smaller than is reasonable or probable; as a low estimate. 19. Not rich, high seasoned, or nourishing; plain; simple; as a low diet. Low is often used in the formation of compounds which require no special explanation; as low-arched, low- browed, low-crowned, low-heeled, low-lying, low-priced, low-roofed, low-toned, low- voiced, and the like. Low Church. See High Church, under High. — Low Countries, the Netherlands. — Low German, Low Latin, etc. See under German, Latin, etc. — Low life, humble life. — Low milling, a process of making flour from grain by a single grinding and by siftings. — Low relief. See Bas-relief. — Low side window (Arch.), a peculiar form of window common in mediaeval churches, and of uncertain use. Windows of this sort are narrow, near the ground, and out of the line of the windows, and in many different situations in the building. — Low spirits, despondency. — Low steam, steam having a low pressure. — Low steel, steel which contains only a small proportion of carbon, and can not be hardened greatly by sudden cooling. — Low Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter; — popularly so called. — Low tide, the farthest ebb of the tide; the tide at its lowest point; low water. — Low water. (a) The lowest point of the ebb tide; a low stage of the in a river, lake, etc. (b) (Steam Boiler) The condition of an insufficient quantity of water in the boiler. — Low water alarm or indicator (Steam Boiler), a contrivance of various forms attached to a boiler for giving warning when the water is low. — Low water mark, that part of the shore to which the waters recede when the tide is the lowest. Bouvier. - - Low wine, a liquor containing about 20 percent of alcohol, produced by the first distillation of wash; the first run of the still; — often in the plural.

Low, n. (Card Playing) The lowest trump, usually the deuce; the lowest trump dealt or drawn.

Low, adv. 1. In a low position or manner; not aloft; not on high; near the ground. 2. Under the usual price; at a moderate price; cheaply; as he sold his wheat low. 3. In a low or mean condition; humbly; meanly. 4. In time approaching our own. “In that part of the world which was first inhabited, even as low down as Abraham’s time, they wandered with their flocks and herds.” Locke. 5. With a low voice or sound; not loudly; gently; as to speak low. Addison. “The … odorous wind
Breathes low between the sunset and the moon.” Tennyson. 6. With a low musical pitch or tone. “Can sing both high and low.” Shak. 7. In subjection, poverty, or disgrace; as to be brought low by oppression, by want, or by vice. Spenser. 8. (Astron.) In a path near the equator, so that the declination is small, or near the horizon, so that the altitude is small; — said of the heavenly bodies with reference to the diurnal revolution; as the moon runs low, that is, is comparatively near the horizon when on or near the meridian.

Low , v. t. To depress; to lower. [Obs.] Swift.

Low´bell , n. [Low a flame + bell.] 1. A bell used in fowling at night, to frighten birds, and, with a sudden light, to make them fly into a net. “The fowler’s lowbell robs the lark of sleep.” King. 2. A bell to be hung on the neck of a sheep. “A lowbell hung about a sheep’s … neck.” Howell.

Low´bell, v. t. To frighten, as with a lowbell.

Low´born , a. Born in a low condition or rank; — opposed to highborn.

Low´bred , a. Bred, or like one bred, in a low condition of life; characteristic or indicative of such breeding; rude; impolite; vulgar; as a lowbred fellow; a lowbred remark.

Low´-church , a. Not placing a high estimate on ecclesiastical organizations or forms; — applied especially to Episcopalians, and opposed to high-church. See High Church, under High.

Low´-church•ism , n. The principles of the low-church party.

Low´-church•man , n.; pl. -men. One who holds low-church principles.

Low´-church•man•ship, n. The state of being a low-churchman.

Low´er , a. Compar. of Low, a.

Low´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lowered p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [From Low, a.] 1. To let descend by its own weight, as something suspended; to let down; as to lower a bucket into a well; to lower a sail or a boat; sometimes, to pull down; as to lower a flag. “Lowered softly with a threefold cord of love
Down to a silent grave.” Tennyson. 2. To reduce the height of; as to lower a fence or wall; to lower a chimney or turret. 3. To depress as to direction; as to lower the aim of a gun; to make less elevated as to object; as to lower one’s ambition, aspirations, or hopes. 4. To reduce the degree, intensity, strength, etc., of; as to lower the temperature of anything; to lower one’s vitality; to lower distilled liquors. 5. To bring down; to humble; as to lower one’s pride. 6. To reduce in value, amount, etc.; as to lower the price of goods, the rate of interest, etc.

Low´er, v. i. To fall; to sink; to grow less; to diminish; to decrease; as the river lowered as rapidly as it rose.

Low´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowered p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [OE. lowren, luren; cf. D. loeren, LG. luren. G. lauern to lurk, to be on the watch, and E. leer, lurk.] 1. To be dark, gloomy, and threatening, as clouds; to be covered with dark and threatening clouds, as the sky; to show threatening signs of approach, as a tempest. “All the clouds that lowered upon our house.” Shak. 2. To frown; to look sullen. “But sullen discontent sat lowering on her face.” Dryden.

Low´er, n. [Obs.] 1. Cloudiness; gloominess. 2. A frowning; sullenness.

Low´er-case , a. (Print.) Pertaining to, or kept in, the lower case; — used to denote the small letters, in distinction from capitals and small capitals. See the Note under 1st Case, n., 3.

Low´er•ing , a. Dark and threatening; gloomy; sullen; as lowering clouds or sky.

Low´er•ing•ly, adv. In a lowering manner; with cloudiness or threatening gloom.

Low´er•most , a. [Irreg. superl. of Low. Cf. Uppermost, Foremost, etc.] Lowest.

Low´er•y , a. Cloudy; gloomy; lowering; as a lowery sky; lowery weather. { Lowgh , Lowh }, obs. strong imp. of Laugh. [Cf. 1st Low and 2d Lough.] Chaucer.

Low´ing , n. The calling sound made by cows and other bovine animals.

Low´ish, a. Somewhat low. [Colloq.] Richardson.

Lowk , n. See Louk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Low´land , n. Land which is low with respect to the neighboring country; a low or level country; — opposed to highland. The Lowlands, Belgium and Holland; the Netherlands; also the southern part of Scotland.

Low´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of the Lowlands, especially of the Lowlands of Scotland, as distinguished from Highlander. { Low´li•hood , Low´li•head } n. A lowly state. [R.] Tennyson.

Low´li•ly, adv. In a lowly place or manner; humbly. [Obs. or R.] “Thinking lowlily of himself and highly of those better than himself.” J. C. Shairp.

Low´li•ness, n. [From Lowly.] 1. The state or quality of being lowly; humility; humbleness of mind. “Walk … with all lowliness and meekness.” Eph. iv. 1, 2. 2. Low condition, especially as to manner of life. “The lowliness of my fortune has not brought me to flatter vice.” Dryden.

Low´-lived , a. Characteristic of, or like, one bred in a low and vulgar condition of life; mean; dishonorable; contemptible; as low-lived dishonesty.

Low´ly , a. [Compar. Lowlier superl. Lowliest.] [Low, a. + -ly.] 1. Not high; not elevated in place; low. ´Lowly lands.´ Dryden. 2. Low in rank or social importance. “One common right the great and lowly claims.” Pope. 3. Not lofty or sublime; humble. “These rural poems, and their lowly strain.” Dryden. 4. Having a low esteem of one’s own worth; humble; meek; free from pride. “Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart.” Matt. xi. 29.

Low´ly, adv. 1. In a low manner; humbly; meekly; modestly. ´Be lowly wise.´ Milton. 2. In a low condition; meanly. “I will show myself highly fed, and lowly taught.” Shak.

Low´-mind•ed , a. Inclined in mind to low or unworthy things; showing a base mind. “Low-minded and immoral.” Macaulay. “All old religious jealousies were condemned as low- minded infirmities.” Bancroft.

Low´-mind•ed•ness, n. The quality of being low-minded; meanness; baseness.

Lown , n. [See Loon.] A low fellow. [Obs.]

Low´-necked , a. Cut low in the neck; decollete; — said of a woman’s dress.

Low´ness, n. The state or quality of being low.

Low´-pres•sure , a. Having, employing, or exerting, a low degree of pressure. Low-pressure steam engine, a steam engine in which low steam is used; often applied to a condensing engine even when steam at high pressure is used. See Steam engine.

Low´ry , n. An open box car used on railroads. Compare Lorry.

Low´-spir•it•ed , a. Deficient in animation and courage; dejected; depressed; not sprightly. — Low´-spir•it•ed•ness, n.

Low´-stud•ded , a. Furnished or built with short studs; as a low-studded house or room.

Low´-thought•ed , a. Having one’s thoughts directed toward mean or insignificant subjects.

Lox•o•drom´ic , a. [Gr. slanting, oblique + a running, course; cf. F. loxodromique.] Pertaining to sailing on rhumb lines; as loxodromic tables. Loxodromic curve or line (Geom.), a line on the surface of a sphere, which always makes an equal angle with every meridian; the rhumb line. It is the line on which a ship sails when her course is always in the direction of one and the same point of the compass.

Lox•o•drom´ics , n. The art or method of sailing on the loxodromic or rhumb line.

Lox•od´ro•mism , n. The act or process of tracing a loxodromic curve; the act of moving as if in a loxodromic curve.

Lox•od´ro•my , n. [Cf. F. loxodromic.] The science of loxodromics. [R.]

Loy , n. A long, narrow spade for stony lands.

Loy´al , a. [F. loyal, OF. loial, leial, L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law. See Legal, and cf. Leal.] 1. Faithful to law; upholding the lawful authority; faithful and true to the lawful government; faithful to the prince or sovereign to whom one is subject; unswerving in allegiance. “Welcome, sir John ! But why come you in arms ? -
To help King Edward in his time of storm,
As every loyal subject ought to do.” Shak. 2. True to any person or persons to whom one owes fidelity, especially as a wife to her husband, lovers to each other, and friend to friend; constant; faithful to a cause or a principle. “Your true and loyal wife.” Shak. “Unhappy both, but loyaltheir loves.” Dryden.

Loy´al•ist, n. A person who adheres to his sovereign or to the lawful authority; especially, one who maintains his allegiance to his prince or government, and defends his cause in times of revolt or revolution.

Loy´al•ly, adv. In a loyal manner; faithfully.

Loy´al•ness, n. Loyalty. [R.] Stow.

Loy´al•ty , n. [Cf. F. loyaute. See Loyal, and cf. Legality.] The state or quality of being loyal; fidelity to a superior, or to duty, love, etc. “He had such loyalty to the king as the law required.” Clarendon. “Not withstanding all the subtle bait
With which those Amazons his love still craved,
To his one love his loyalty he saved.” Spenser. ´Loyalty … expresses, properly, that fidelity which one owes according to law, and does not necessarily include that attachment to the royal person, which, happily, we in England have been able further to throw into the word.´ Trench. Syn. — Allegiance; fealty. See Allegiance.

Loz´enge (loz´enj), n. [F. lozange, losange; perh. the same as OF. losengef flattery, praise, the heraldic sense being the oldest (cf. E. hatchment, blazon). Cf. Losenger, Laudable.] 1. (Her.) (a) A diamond-shaped figure usually with the upper and lower angles slightly acute, borne upon a shield or escutcheon. Cf. Fusil. (b) A form of the escutcheon used by women instead of the shield which is used by men. 2. A figure with four equal sides, having two acute and two obtuse angles; a rhomb. 3. Anything in the form of lozenge. 4. A small cake of sugar and starch, flavored, and often medicated. — originally in the form of a lozenge. Lozenge coach, the coach of a dowager, having her coat of arms painted on a lozenge. [Obs.] Walpole. — Lozenge-molding (Arch.), a kind of molding, used in Norman architecture, characterized by lozenge-shaped ornaments. { Loz´enged (loz´enjd), Loz´enge- shaped• (-shapt) }, a. Having the form of a lozenge or rhomb. “The lozenged panes of a very small latticed window.” C. Bronte.

Loz´en•gy (-en•jy), a. [F. losange. See Lozenge.] (Her.) Divided into lozenge-shaped compartments, as the field or a bearing, by lines drawn in the direction of the bend sinister.

Lu (lu), n. & v. t. See Loo.

Lub´bard , n. [See Lubber.] A lubber. [Obs.] Swift.

Lub´bard, a. Lubberly.

Lub´ber , n. [Cf. dial. Sw. lubber. See Looby, Lob.] A heavy, clumsy, or awkward fellow; a sturdy drone; a clown. “Lingering lubbers lose many a penny.” Tusser. Land lubber, a name given in contempt by sailors to a person who lives on land. — Lubber grasshopper (Zoöl.), a large, stout, clumsy grasshopper; esp., Brachystola magna, from the Rocky Mountain plains, and Romalea microptera, which is injurious to orange trees in Florida. — Lubber’s hole (Naut.), a hole in the floor of the ´top,´ next the mast, through which sailors may go aloft without going over the rim by the futtock shrouds. It is considered by seamen as only fit to be used by lubbers. Totten. — Lubber’s line, point, or mark, a line or point in the compass case indicating the head of the ship, and consequently the course which the ship is steering.

Lub´ber•ly, a. Like a lubber; clumsy. “A great lubberly boy.” Shak.

Lub´ber•ly, adv. Clumsily; awkwardly. Dryden. { Lu´bric , Lu´bric•al } a. [L. lubricus: cf. F. lubrique.] 1. Having a smooth surface; slippery. [R.] 2. Lascivious; wanton; lewd. [R.] “This lubric and adulterate age.” Dryden.

Lu´bri•cant , a. [L. lubricans, p. pr. of lubricare, See Lubricate.] Lubricating.

Lu´bri•cant, n. That which lubricates; specifically, a substance, as oil, grease, plumbago, etc., used for reducing the friction of the working parts of machinery.

Lu´bri•cate , v. t. [L. lubricatus, p. p. of lubricare to lubricate. See Lubric.] 1. To make smooth or slippery; as mucilaginous and saponaceous remedies lubricate the parts to which they are applied. S. Sharp. “Supples, lubricates, and keeps in play,
The various movements of this nice machine.” Young. 2. To apply a lubricant to, as oil or tallow.

Lu•bri•ca´tion , n. The act of lubricating; the act of making slippery.

Lu´bri•ca•tor , n. 1. One who, or that which, lubricates. ´ Lubricator of the fibers.´ Burke. 2. A contrivance, as an oil cup, for supplying a lubricant to machinery.

Lu•bric´i•tate , v. i. See Lubricate.

Lu•bric´i•ty , n. [L. lubricitas: cf. F. lubricite.] 1. Smoothness; freedom from friction; also property which diminishes friction; as the lubricity of oil. Ray. 2. Slipperiness; instability; as the lubricity of fortune. L’Estrange. 3. Lasciviousness; propensity to lewdness; lewdness; lechery; incontinency. Sir T. Herbert. “As if wantonness and lubricity were essential to that poem.” Dryden.

Lu´bri•cous , a. [L. lubricus.] Lubric. { Lu•bri•fi•ca´tion , Lu•bri•fac´tion } n. [L. lubricus lubric + facere to make.] The act of lubricating, or making smooth. Ray. Bacon.

Lu•carne´ , n. [F., fr. L. lucerna a lamp. See Luthern.] (Arch.) A dormer window.

Luc•chese´ , n. sing. & pl. [It. Lucchese.] A native or inhabitant of Lucca, in Tuscany; in the plural, the people of Lucca.

Luce , n. [OF. lus, L. lucius a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A pike when full grown. Halliwell.

Lu´cen•cy , n. The quality of being lucent.

Lu´cent , a. [L. lucens, p. pr. of lucere to shine, fr. lux, lucis, light.] Shining; bright; resplendent. ´ The sun’s lucent orb.´ Milton.

Lu´cern , n. [Etymology uncertain.] [Obs.] 1. A sort of hunting dog; — perhaps from Lucerne, in Switzerland. “My lucerns, too, or dogs inured to hunt
Beasts of most rapine.” Chapman. 2. An animal whose fur was formerly much in request (by some supposed to be the lynx). [Written also lusern and luzern.] “The polecat, mastern, and the richskinned lucern
I know to chase.” Beau. & Fl.

Lu´cern, n. [F. luzerne.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Medicago sativa), having bluish purple cloverlike flowers, cultivated for fodder; — called also alfalfa. [Written also lucerne.]

Lu´cern, n. [L. lucerna.] A lamp. [Obs.] Lydgate.

Lu•cer´nal , a. [L. lucerna a lamp.] Of or pertaining to a lamp. Lucernal microscope, a form of the microscope in which the object is illuminated by means of a lamp, and its image is thrown upon a plate of ground glass connected with the instrument, or on a screen independent of it.

Lu•cer•na´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. lucerna a lamp.] (Zoöl.) A genus of acalephs, having a bell-shaped body with eight groups of short tentacles around the margin. It attaches itself by a sucker at the base of the pedicel.

Lu•cer•na´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lucernarida. - - n. One of the Lucernarida.

Lu•cer•nar´i•da , n. pl. [NL. See Lucernaria.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of acalephs, including Lucernaria and allied genera; — called also Calycozoa. (b) A more extensive group of acalephs, including both the true Lucernarida and the Discophora.

Lu´cerne , n. (Bot.) See Lucern, the plant.

Lu´cid , a. [L. lucidus, fr. lux, lucis, light. See Light, n.] 1. Shining; bright; resplendent; as the lucid orbs of heaven. “Lucid, like a glowworm.” Sir I. Newton. “A court compact of lucid marbles.” Tennyson. 2. Clear; transparent. ´ Lucid streams.´ Milton. 3. Presenting a clear view; easily understood; clear. “A lucid and interesting abstract of the debate.” Macaulay. 4. Bright with the radiance of intellect; not darkened or confused by delirium or madness; marked by the regular operations of reason; as a lucid interval. Syn. — Luminous; bright; clear; transparent; sane; reasonable. See Luminous.

Lu•cid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. lucidite. See Lucid.] The quality or state of being lucid.

Lu´cid•ly , adv. In a lucid manner.

Lu´cid•ness, n. The quality of being lucid; lucidity.

Lu´ci•fer , n. [L., bringing light, n., the morning star, fr. lux, lucis, light + ferre to bring.] 1. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; — applied in Isaiah by a metaphor to a king of Babylon. “How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning ! how art thou cut down to the ground which didst weaken the nations !” Is. xiv. 12. “Tertullian and Gregory the Great understood this passage of Isaiah in reference to the fall of Satan; in consequence of which the name Lucifer has since been applied to Satan.” Kitto. 2. Hence, Satan. “How wretched
Is that poor man that hangs on princes’ favors! …
When he falls, he falls like Lucifer,
Never to hope again.” Shak. 3. A match made of a sliver of wood tipped with a combustible substance, and ignited by friction; — called also lucifer match, and locofoco. See Locofoco. 4. (Zoöl.) A genus of free- swimming macruran Crustacea, having a slender body and long appendages.

Lu•ci•fe´ri•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Lucifer; having the pride of Lucifer; satanic; devilish. 2. Of or pertaining to the Luciferians or their leader.

Lu•ci•fe´ri•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the followers of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in the fourth century, who separated from the orthodox churches because they would not go as far as he did in opposing the Arians.

Lu•cif´er•ous , a. [See Lucifer.] Giving light; affording light or means of discovery. Boyle.

Lu•cif´er•ous•ly, adv. In a luciferous manner.

Lu•cif´ic , a. [L. lucificus; lux, lucis, light + facere to make.] Producing light. Grew.

Lu´ci•form , a. [L. lux, lucis, light = -form.] Having, in some respects, the nature of light; resembling light. Berkeley.

Lu•cif´ri•an , a. Luciferian; satanic. [Obs.] Marston.

Lu•cim´e•ter , n. [L. lux, lucis, light + -meter.] an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; a photometer.

Luck , n. [Akin to D. luk, geluk, G. glück, Icel. lukka, Sw. lycka, Dan. lykke, and perh. to G. locken to entice. Cf. 3d Gleck.] That which happens to a person; an event, good or ill, affecting one’s interests or happiness, and which is deemed casual; a course or series of such events regarded as occurring by chance; chance; hap; fate; fortune; often, one’s habitual or characteristic fortune; as good, bad, ill, or hard luck. Luck is often used for good luck; as luck is better than skill. “If thou dost play with him at any game,
Thou art sure to lose; and of that natural luck,
He beats thee ’gainst the odds.” Shak. Luck penny, a small sum given back for luck to one who pays money. [Prov. Eng.] — To be in luck, to receive some good, or to meet with some success, in an unexpected manner, or as the result of circumstances beyond one’s control; to be fortunate.

Luck´i•ly , adv. [From Lucky.] In a lucky manner; by good fortune; fortunately; — used in a good sense; as they luckily escaped injury.

Luck´i•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being lucky; as the luckiness of a man or of an event. 2. Good fortune; favorable issue or event. Locke.

Luck´less, a. Being without luck; unpropitious; unfortunate; unlucky; meeting with ill success or bad fortune; as a luckless gamester; a luckless maid. “Prayers made and granted in a luckless hour.” Dryden. — Luck´less•ly, adv. — Lock´less•ness, n.

Luck´y , a. [Compar. Luckier superl. Luckiest.] 1. Favored by luck; fortunate; meeting with good success or good fortune; — said of persons; as a lucky adventurer. ´ Lucky wight.´ Spenser. 2. Producing, or resulting in, good by chance, or unexpectedly; favorable; auspicious; fortunate; as a lucky mistake; a lucky cast; a lucky hour. “We doubt not of a fair and lucky war.” Shak. Syn. — Successful; fortunate; prosperous; auspicious.

Luck•y proach´ (Zoöl.) See Fatherlasher.

Lu´cra•tive , a. [L. lucrativus, fr. lucrari to gain, fr. lucrum gain: cf. F. lucratif. See Lucre.] 1. Yielding lucre; gainful; profitable; making increase of money or goods; as a lucrative business or office. “The trade of merchandise being the most lucrative, may bear usury at a good rate.” Bacon. 2. Greedy of gain. [Obs.] “Such diligence as the most part of our lucrative lawyers do use, in deferring and prolonging of matters and actions from term to term.” Latimer.

Lu´cra•tive•ly, adv. In a lucrative manner.

Lu´cre , n. [F. lucre, L. lucrum.] Gain in money or goods; profit; riches; — often in an ill sense. “The lust of lucre and the dread of death.” Pope.

Lu•crif´er•ous , a. [L. lucrum gain +-ferous.] Gainful; profitable. [Obs.] Boyle.

Lu•crif´ic , a. [L. lucrificus; lucrum gain + facere to make.] Producing profit; gainful. [Obs.]

Luc•ta´tion , n. [L. luctatio, fr. luctari to wrestle, strive.] Effort to overcome in contest; struggle; endeavor. [R.] Farindon.

Luc´tu•al , a. [L. luctus mourning, sorrow, fr. lugere, fr. luctum, to mourn.] Producing grief; saddening. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

Lu´cu•brate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lucubrated p. pr. & vb. n. Lucubrated ] [L. lucubratus, p. p. of lucubrare to work by lamplight, fr. lux light. See Light, n.] To study by candlelight or a lamp; to study by night.

Lu´cu•brate, v. t. To elaborate, perfect, or compose, by night study or by laborious endeavor.

Lu•cu•bra´tion , n. [l. lucubratio;cf. F. lucubration.] 1. The act of lucubrating, or studying by candlelight; nocturnal study; meditation. “After long lucubration I have hit upon such an expedient.” Goldsmith. 2. That which is composed by night; that which is produced by meditation in retirement; hence (loosely) any literary composition. “Thy lucubrations have been perused by several of our friends.” Tatler.

Lu´cu•bra•tor , n. One who studies by night; also one who produces lucubrations.

Lu´cu•bra•to•ry , a. [L. lucubratorius.] Composed by candlelight, or by night; of or pertaining to night studies; laborious or painstaking. Pope.

Lu´cule , n. [Dim. fr. L. lux, lucis, light.] (Astron.) A spot or fleck on the sun brighter than the surrounding surface.

Lu´cu•lent , a. [L. luculentus, from lux, lucis, light.] 1. Lucid; clear; transparent. Thomson. 2. Clear; evident; luminous. ´ Most luculent testimonies.´ Hooker. 3. Bright; shining in beauty. [Obs.] “Most debonair and luculent lady.” B. Jonson.

Lu´cu•lent•ly, adv. In a luculent manner; clearly.

Lu•cul´lite , n. [From Lucullus, a Roman consul, famous for his great wealth and luxury: cf. F. lucullite.] (Min.) A variety of black limestone, often polished for ornamental purposes.

Lu•cu´ma , n. (Bot.) An American genus of sapotaceous trees bearing sweet and edible fruits. Lucuma mammosum is called natural marmalade in the West Indies; L. Caimito, of Peru, furnishes a delicious fruit called lucuma and caimito.

Lud´dite , n. One of a number of riotous persons in England, who for six years (1811-17) tried to prevent the use of labor-saving machinery by breaking it, burning factories, etc.; — so called from Ned Lud, a half-witted man who some years previously had broken stocking frames. J. & H. Smith. H. Martineau.

Lu•dib´ri•ous , a. [L. ludibrium mockery, derision, from ludere to play, sport.] Sportive; ridiculous; wanton. [Obs.] Tooker.

Lu´di•bund , a. [L. ludibundus.] Sportive. [Obs.] — Lu´di•bund•ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Lu´di•crous , a. [L. ludicrus, or ludicer, from ludus play, sport, fr. ludere to play.] Adapted to excite laughter, without scorn or contempt; sportive. Broome. “A chapter upon German rhetoric would be in the same ludicrous predicament as Van Troil’s chapter on the snakes of Iceland, which delivers its business in one summary sentence, announcing, that snakes in Iceland — there are none.” De Quincey. Syn. — Laughable; sportive; burlesque; comic; droll; ridiculous. — Ludicrous, Laughable, Ridiculous. We speak of a thing as ludicrous when it tends to produce laughter; as laughable when the impression is somewhat stronger; as ridiculous when more or less contempt is mingled with the merriment created. — Lu´di•crous•ly, adv. — Lu´di•crous•ness, n.

Lu•di•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. ludificatio, fr. ludificare to make sport of; ludus sport + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act of deriding.

Lu•dif´i•ca•to•ry , a. [L. ludificatorius.] Making sport; tending to excite derision. [Obs.]

Lud´lam•ite , n. [Named after Mr. Ludlam, of London.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in small, green, transparent, monoclinic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron.

Lud´low group (Geol.) A subdivision of the British Upper Silurian lying below the Old Red Sandstone; — so named from the Ludlow, in Western England. See the Chart of Geology.

Lud´wig•ite , n. [Named after the chemist Ludwig.] (Min.) A borate of iron and magnesia, occurring in fibrous masses of a blackish green color.

Lu´es , n. [L.] (Med.) Disease, especially of a contagious kind. Lues venerea, syphilis; — called also simply lues.

Luff , n. [OE. lof, prob. a sort of timber by which the course of a ship was directed, perh. a sort of paddle; cf. D. loef luff, loeven to luff. The word is perh. akin to E. glove. Cf. Aloof.] (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship toward the wind. (b) The act of sailing a ship close to the wind. (c) The roundest part of a ship’s bow. (d) The forward or weather leech of a sail, especially of the jib, spanker, and other fore-and- aft sails. Luff tackle, a purchase composed of a double and single block and fall, used for various purposes. Totten. — Luff upon luff, a luff tackle attached to the fall of another luff tackle. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Luff (luf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luffed p. pr. & vb. n. Luffing.] (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel toward the wind; to sail nearer the wind; to turn the tiller so as to make the vessel sail nearer the wind. To luff round, or To luff alee, to make the extreme of this movement, for the purpose of throwing the ship’s head into the wind.

Luf´fer (luf´fer), n. (Arch.) See Louver.

Lug (lug), n. [Sw. lugg the forelock.] 1. The ear, or its lobe. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. That which projects like an ear, esp. that by which anything is supported, carried, or grasped, or to which a support is fastened; an ear; as the lugs of a kettle; the lugs of a founder’s flask; the lug (handle) of a jug. 3. (Mach.) A projecting piece to which anything, as a rod, is attached, or against which anything, as a wedge or key, bears, or through which a bolt passes, etc. 4. (Harness) The leather loop or ear by which a shaft is held up. 5. (Zoöl.) The lugworm. Lug bolt (Mach.), a bolt terminating in a long, flat extension which takes the place of a head; a strap bolt.

Lug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lugged p. pr. & vb. n. Lugging ] [OE. luggen, Sw. lugga to pull by the hair, fr. lugg the forelock.] To pull with force; to haul; to drag along; to carry with difficulty, as something heavy or cumbersome. Dryden. “They must divide the image among them, and so lug off every one his share.” Collier.

Lug, v. i. To move slowly and heavily.

Lug, n. 1. The act of lugging; as a hard lug; that which is lugged; as the pack is a heavy lug.[Colloq.] 2. Anything which moves slowly. [Obs.] Ascham.

Lug, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A rod or pole. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. A measure of length, being 16½ feet; a rod, pole, or perch. [Obs.] ´ Eight lugs of ground.´ Spenser. Chimney lug, or Lug pole, a pole on which a kettle is hung over the fire, either in a chimney or in the open air. [Local, U.S.] Whittier.

Lug´gage , n. [From 4th Lug.] That which is lugged; anything cumbrous and heavy to be carried; especially, a traveler’s trunks, baggage, etc., or their contents. “I am gathering up my luggage, and preparing for my journey.” Swift. “What do you mean,
To dote thus on such luggage!” Shak. Syn. — Plunder; baggage. Luggage van, a vehicle for carrying luggage; a railway car, or compartment of a car, for carrying luggage. [Eng.]

Lug´ger , n. (Naut.) A small vessel having two or three masts, and a running bowsprit, and carrying lugsails. See Illustration in Appendix. Totten.

Lug´ger, n. (Zoöl.) An Indian falcon (Falco jugger), similar to the European lanner and the American prairie falcon.

Lug´mark , n. [From Lug an ear.] A mark cut into the ear of an animal to identify it; an earmark.

Lug´sail , n. (Naut.) A square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast and is raised or lowered with the sail. Totten.

Lu•gu´bri•ous , a. [L. lugubris, fr. lugere to mourn; cf. Gr. lygro•s sad, Skr. ruj to break.] Mournful; indicating sorrow, often ridiculously or feignedly; doleful; woful; pitiable; as a whining tone and a lugubrious look. “Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrious emblems of mortality.” Hawthorne. — Lu•gu´bri•ous•ly, adv. — Lu•gu´bri•ous•ness, n.

Lug´worm , n. [1st lug + worm.] (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid (Arenicola marina) having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back. It is found burrowing in sandy beaches, both in America and Europe, and is used for bait by European fishermen. Called also lobworm, and baitworm.

Luke , a. [Prob. fr. lew, perh. influenced by AS. wlaec warm, lukewarm, remiss. Cf. Lew.] Moderately warm; not hot; tepid. — Luke´ness, n. [Obs.] “Nine penn’orth o’brandy and water luke.” Dickens.

Luke´warm , a. [See Luke.] Moderately warm; neither cold nor hot; tepid; not ardent; not zealous; cool; indifferent. ´ Lukewarm blood.´ Spenser. ´ Lukewarm patriots.´ Addison. “An obedience so lukewarm and languishing that it merits not the name of passion.” Dryden. — Luke´warm•ly, adv. — Luke´warm•ness, n.

Lull (lul), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lulled (luld); p. pr. & vb. n. Lulling.] [Akin to OD. lullen to sing to sleep, G. lullen, Dan. lulle, Sw. lulla; all of imitative origin. Cf. Loll, Lollard.] To cause to rest by soothing influences; to compose; to calm; to soothe; to quiet. ´ To lull him soft asleep.´ Spenser. “Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie,
To lull the daughters of necessity.” Milton.

Lull, v. i. To become gradually calm; to subside; to cease or abate for a time; as the storm lulls.

Lull, n. 1. The power or quality of soothing; that which soothes; a lullaby. [R.] Young. 2. A temporary cessation of storm or confusion.

Lull´a•by , n. [From Lull, v. t. ] 1. A song to quiet babes or lull them to sleep; that which quiets. Shak. 2. Hence: Good night; good-by. [Obs.] Shak.

Lull´er , n. One who, or that which, lulls.

Lull´ing•ly, adv. In a lulling manner; soothingly.

Lum , n. [W. llumon chimney, llum that shoots up or ends in a point.] 1. A chimney. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. 2. A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine. 3. A woody valley; also a deep pool. [Prov. Eng.] { Lu´ma•chel , Lu•ma•chel´la } n. [F. lumachelle, It. lumachella, fr. lamachella a little snail, dim. of lumaca a snail, fr. L. limax, -acis.] (Min.) A grayish brown limestone, containing fossil shells, which reflect a beautiful play of colors. It is also called fire marble, from its fiery reflections.

Lum•bag´i•nous , a. Of or pertaining to lumbago.

Lum•ba´go , n. [L., fr. lumbus loin. See Lumbar.] (Med.) A rheumatic pain in the loins and the small of the back. { Lum´bar , Lum´bal } a. [L. lumbus loin. See Loin.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or near, the loins; as the lumbar arteries. Lumbar region (Anat.), the region of the loin; specifically, a region between the hypochondriac and iliac regions, and outside of the umbilical region.

Lum´ber , n. [Prob. fr. Lombard, the Lombards being the money lenders and pawnbrokers of the Middle Ages. A lumber room was according to Trench, originally a Lombard room, or room where the Lombard pawnbroker stored his pledges. See Lombard.] 1. A pawnbroker’s shop, or room for storing articles put in pawn; hence, a pledge, or pawn. [Obs.] “They put all the little plate they had in the lumber, which is pawning it, till the ships came.” Lady Murray. 2. Old or refuse household stuff; things cumbrous, or bulky and useless, or of small value. 3. Timber sawed or split into the form of beams, joists, boards, planks, staves, hoops, etc.; esp., that which is smaller than heavy timber. [U.S.] Lumber kiln, a room in which timber or lumber is dried by artificial heat. [U.S.] — Lumber room, a room in which unused furniture or other lumber is kept. [U.S.] — Lumber wagon, a heavy rough wagon, without springs, used for general farmwork, etc.

Lum´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Lumbering.] 1. To heap together in disorder. ´ Stuff lumbered together.´ Rymer. 2. To fill or encumber with lumber; as to lumber up a room.

Lum´ber, v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if burdened. 2. [Cf. dial. Sw. lomra to resound.] To make a sound as if moving heavily or clumsily; to rumble. Cowper. 3. To cut logs in the forest, or prepare timber for market. [U.S.]

Lum´ber•er , n. One employed in lumbering, cutting, and getting logs from the forest for lumber; a lumberman. [U.S.] “Lumberers have a notion that he (the woodpecker) is harmful to timber.” Lowell.

Lum´ber•ing, n. The business of cutting or getting timber or logs from the forest for lumber. [U.S.]

Lum´ber•man , n.; pl. Lumbermen . One who is engaged in lumbering as a business or employment. [U.S.]

Lum•bo•sa´cral , n. [L. lumbus loin + E. sacral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the loins and sacrum; as the lumbosacral nerve, a branch of one of the lumber nerves which passes over the sacrum.

Lum´bric , n. [L. lumbricus.] (Zoöl.) An earthworm, or a worm resembling an earthworm.

Lum´bric•al , a. [Cf. F. lombrical. See Lumbric.] (Anat.) Resembling a worm; as the lumbrical muscles of the hands of the hands and feet. — n. A lumbrical muscle.

Lum•bric´i•form , a. [L. lumbricus worm + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an earthworm; vermiform.

Lum´bri•coid , a. [Lumbricus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like an earthworm; belonging to the genus Lumbricus, or family Lumbricidae.

Lum´bri•cus , n. [L. See Lumbric.] (Zoöl.) A genus of annelids, belonging to the Oligochaeta, and including the common earthworms. See Earthworm.

Lu´mi•nant , a. Luminous. [R.]

Lu´mi•na•ry , n.; pl. Luminaries (#), [F. luminaire, L. luminare a light or lamp, which was lighted in the churches, a luminary, fr. lumen, luminis, light, fr. lucere to be light, to shine, lux, lucis, light. See Light.] 1. Any body that gives light, especially one of the heavenly bodies. ´ Radiant luminary.´ Skelton. “Where the great luminary …
Dispenses light from far.” Milton. 2. One who illustrates any subject, or enlightens mankind; as Newton was a distinguished luminary.

Lu´mi•nate , v. t. [L. luminatus, p. p. of luminare to illumine, fr. lumen light. See Limn.] To illuminate. [Obs.]

Lu•mi•na´tion , n. Illumination. [Obs.]

Lu´mine , v. i. To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lu•mi•nif´er•ous , a. [L. lumen light + -ferous.] Producing light; yielding light; transmitting light; as the luminiferous ether.

Lu•mi•nos´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being luminous; luminousness.

Lu´mi•nous , a. [L. luminosus, fr. lumen light: cf. F. lumineux. See Luminary, Illuminate.] 1. Shining; emitting or reflecting light; brilliant; bright; as the is a luminous body; a luminous color. “Fire burneth wood, making it … luminous.” Bacon. “The mountains lift … their lofty and luminous heads.” Longfellow. 2. Illuminated; full of light; bright; as many candles made the room luminous. “Up the staircase moved a luminous space in the darkness.” Longfellow. 3. Enlightened; intelligent; also clear; intelligible; as a luminous mind. ´ Luminous eloquence.´ Macaulay. ´ A luminous statement.´ Brougham. Luminous paint, a paint made up with some phosphorescent substance, as sulphide of calcium, which after exposure to a strong light is luminous in the dark for a time. Syn. — Lucid; clear; shining; perspicuous. — Lu´mi•nous•ly, adv. — Lu´mi•nous•ness, n.

Lum´mox , n. A fat, ungainly, stupid person; an awkward bungler. [Low.]

Lump , n. [Cf. OD. lompe piece, mass. Cf. Lunch.] 1. A small mass of matter of irregular shape; an irregular or shapeless mass; as a lump of coal; a lump of iron ore. ´ A lump of cheese.´ Piers Plowman. ´ This lump of clay.´ Shak. 2. A mass or aggregation of things. 3. (Firearms) A projection beneath the breech end of a gun barrel. In the lump, In a lump, the whole together; in gross. “They may buy them in the lump.” Addison. — Lump coal, coal in large lumps; — the largest size brought from the mine. — Lump sum, a gross sum without a specification of items; as to award a lump sum in satisfaction of all claims and damages.

Lump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lumped p. pr. & vb. n. Lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass; to unite in a body or sum without distinction of particulars. “The expenses ought to be lumped together.” Ayliffe. 2. To take in the gross; to speak of collectively. “Not forgetting all others, … whom for brevity, but out of no resentment to you, I lump all together.” Sterne. 3. To get along with as one can, although displeased; as if he does n’t like it, he can lump it. [Low]

Lump´er , n. [Cf. Lamper eel.] (Zoöl.) The European eelpout; — called also lumpen.

Lump´er, n. 1. One who lumps. 2. A laborer who is employed to load or unload vessels when in harbor.

Lump´fish , n. [From Lump, on account of its bulkiness: cf. G. & D. lump, F. lompe.] (Zoöl.) A large, thick, clumsy, marine fish (Cyclopterus lumpus) of Europe and America. The color is usually translucent sea green, sometimes purplish. It has a dorsal row of spiny tubercles, and three rows on each side, but has no scales. The ventral fins unite and form a ventral sucker for adhesion to stones and seaweeds. Called also lumpsucker, cock-paddle, sea owl.

Lump´ing, a. Bulky; heavy. Arbuthnot.

Lump´ish, a. Like a lump; inert; gross; heavy; dull; spiritless. ´ Lumpish, heavy, melancholy.´ Shak. — Lump´ish•ly, adv. — Lump´ish•ness, n.

Lump´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) The lumpfish.

Lump´y , a. [Compar. Lumpier superl. Lumpiest.] Full of lumps, or small compact masses.

Lu´na , n. [L.; akin to lucere to shine. See Light, n., and cf. Lune.] 1. The moon. 2. (Alchemy) Silver. Luna cornea (Old Chem.), horn silver, or fused silver chloride, a tough, brown, translucent mass; — so called from its resemblance to horn. — Luna moth (Zoöl.), a very large and beautiful American moth (Actias luna). Its wings are delicate light green, with a stripe of purple along the front edge of the anterior wings, the other margins being edged with pale yellow. Each wing has a lunate spot surrounded by rings of light yellow, blue, and black. The caterpillar commonly feeds on the hickory, sassafras and maple.

Lu´na•cy , n.; pl. Lunacies (#). [See Lunatic.] 1. Insanity or madness; properly, the kind of insanity which is broken by intervals of reason, — formerly supposed to be influenced by the changes of the moon; any form of unsoundness of mind, except idiocy; mental derangement or alienation. Brande. Burrill. “Your kindred shuns your house
As beaten hence by your strange lunacy.” Shak. 2. A morbid suspension of good sense or judgment, as through fanaticism. Dr. H. More. Syn. — Derangement; craziness; mania. See Insanity.

Lu´nar (lu´ner), a. [L. lunaris, fr. luna the moon. See Luna, and cf. Lunary.] 1. Of or pertaining to the moon; as lunar observations. 2. Resembling the moon; orbed. Dryden. 3. Measured by the revolutions of the moon; as a lunar month. 4. Influenced by the moon, as in growth, character, or properties; as lunar herbs. Bacon. Lunar caustic (Med. Chem.), silver nitrate prepared to be used as a cautery; — so named because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists. — Lunar cycle. Same as Metonic cycle. See under Cycle. — Lunar distance, the angular distance of the moon from the sun, a star, or a planet, employed for determining longitude by the lunar method. - - Lunar method, the method of finding a ship’s longitude by comparing the local time of taking (by means of a sextant or circle) a given lunar distance, with the Greenwich time corresponding to the same distance as ascertained from a nautical almanac, the difference of these times being the longitude. — Lunar month. See Month. — Lunar observation, an observation of a lunar distance by means of a sextant or circle, with the altitudes of the bodies, and the time, for the purpose of computing the longitude. — Lunar tables. (a) (Astron.) Tables of the moon’s motions, arranged for computing the moon’s true place at any time past or future. (b) (Navigation) Tables for correcting an observed lunar distance on account of refraction and parallax. — Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34.38 seconds.

Lu´nar, n. 1. (Astron.) A lunar distance. 2. (Anat.) The middle bone of the proximal series of the carpus; — called also semilunar, and intermedium.

Lu•na´ri•an , n. [See Lunar, Luna.] An inhabitant of the moon.

Lu´na•ry , a. [Cf. F. lunaire. See Lunar.] Lunar. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lu´na•ry, n. [Cf. F. lunaire.] (Bot.) (a) The herb moonwort or ´honesty´. (b) A low fleshy fern (Botrychium Lunaria) with lunate segments of the leaf or frond. { Lu´nate , Lu´na•ted } a. [L. lunatus crescent-shaped, p. p. of lunare to bend like a crescent, fr. luna the moon.] Crescent-shaped; as a lunate leaf; a lunate beak; a lunated cross. Gray.

Lu´na•tic , a. [F. lunatique, L. lunaticus, fr. luna the moon. See Lunar.] 1. Affected by lunacy; insane; mad. “Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic.” Wyclif (Matt. xvii. 15). 2. Of or pertaining to, or suitable for, an insane person; evincing lunacy; as lunatic gibberish; a lunatic asylum.

Lu´na•tic, n. A person affected by lunacy; an insane person, esp. one who has lucid intervals; a madman; a person of unsound mind. “The lunatic, the lover, and the poet,
Are of imagination all compact.” Shak.

Lu•na´tion , n. [Cf. Lunated.] The period of a synodic revolution of the moon, or the time from one new moon to the next; varying in length, at different times, from about 29¼ to 29&frac56; days, the average length being 29 d., 12h., 44m., 2.9s.

Lunch , n. [Of uncertain etymol. Cf. Prov. Eng. nunc a lump.] A luncheon; specifically, a light repast between breakfast and dinner.

Lunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunched p. pr. & vb. n. Lunching.] To take luncheon. Smart.

Lunch´eon , n. [Prov. E. luncheon, lunchion, lunshin, a large lump of food, fr. lunch. See Lunch.] 1. A lump of food. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A portion of food taken at any time except at a regular meal; an informal or light repast, as between breakfast and dinner.

Lunch´eon, v. i. To take luncheon. Beaconsfield.

Lune , n. [L. luna moon: cf. F. lune. See Luna.] 1. Anything in the shape of a half moon. [R.] 2. (Geom.) A figure in the form of a crescent, bounded by two intersecting arcs of circles. 3. A fit of lunacy or madness; a period of frenzy; a crazy or unreasonable freak. [Obs.] “These dangerous, unsafe lunes i’ the king.” Shak.

Lu´net , n. [See Lunette.] A little moon or satellite. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Lu•nette´ , n. [F., dim. of lune moon, L. luna. See Lune a crescent.] 1. (Fort.) A fieldwork consisting of two faces, forming a salient angle, and two parallel flanks. See Bastion. 2. (Far.) A half horseshoe, which wants the sponge. 3. A kind of watch crystal which is more than ordinarily flattened in the center; also a species of convexoconcave lens for spectacles. 4. A piece of felt to cover the eye of a vicious horse. 5. (Arch.) Any surface of semicircular or segmental form; especially, the piece of wall between the curves of a vault and its springing line. 6. An iron shoe at the end of the stock of a gun carriage. Lunette window (Arch.), a window which fills or partly fills a lunette.

Lung (lung), n. [OE. lunge, AS. lunge, pl. lungen; akin to D. long, G. lunge, Icel. & Sw. lunga, Dan. lunge, all prob. from the root of E. light. rad.125. See Light not heavy.] (Anat.) An organ for aërial respiration; — commonly in the plural. “My lungs began to crow
like chanticleer.” Shak. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the esophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive saclike character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. See Respiration. Lung fever (Med.), pneumonia. — Lung flower (Bot.), a species of gentian (G. Pneumonanthe). — Lung lichen (Bot.), tree lungwort. See under Lungwort. — Lung sac (Zoöl.), one of the breathing organs of spiders and snails.

Lunge , n. [Also spelt longe, fr. allonge. See Allonge, Long.] A sudden thrust or pass, as with a sword.

Lunge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunged p. pr. & vb. n. Lunging ] To make a lunge.

Lunge, v. t. To cause to go round in a ring, as a horse, while holding his halter. Thackeray.

Lunge, n. (Zoöl.) Same as Namaycush.

Lunged , a. Having lungs, or breathing organs similar to lungs.

Lung´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish belonging to the Dipnoi; — so called because they have both lungs and gills.

Lung´-grown , a. (Med.) Having lungs that adhere to the pleura.

Lun´gie , n. (Zoöl.) A guillemot. [Written also longie.] [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Lun´gis , n. [OF. longis. See Lounge.] A lingerer; a dull, drowsy fellow. [Obs.]

Lung´less , a. Being without lungs.

Lun´goor , n. [Hind. langur.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey (Semnopithecus schislaceus), from the mountainous districts of India.

Lung´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of parasitic nematoid worms which infest the lungs and air passages of cattle, sheep, and other animals, often proving fatal. The lungworm of cattle (Strongylus micrurus) and that of sheep (S. filaria) are the best known.

Lung´wort , n. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the genus Pulmonaria (P. officinalis), of Europe; — so called because the spotted appearance of the leaves resembles that of a diseased lung. (b) Any plant of the genus Mertensia (esp. M. Virginica and M. Sibirica) plants nearly related to Pulmonaria. The American lungwort is Mertensia Virginica, Virginia cowslip. Gray. Cow’s lungwort mullein. — Sea lungwort, Mertensia maritima, found on the seacoast of Northern Europe and America. — Tree lungwort, a lichen (Sticta pulmonacea) growing on trees and rocks. The thallus is lacunose, and in appearance somewhat resembles the lungs, for diseases of which it was once thought a remedy.

Lu´ni•cur´rent , a. [L. luna moon + E. current.] Having relation to changes in currents that depend on the moon’s phases. Bache.

Lu´ni•form , a. [L. luna moon + -form: cf. F. luniforme.] Resembling the moon in shape.

Lu´ni•so´lar , a. [L. luna moon + E. solar: cf. F. lunisolaire.] Resulting from the united action, or pertaining to the mutual relations, of the sun and moon. Lunisolar precession (Astron.), that portion of the annual precession of the equinoxes which depends on the joint action of the sun and moon. — Lunisolar year, a period of time, at the end of which, in the Julian calendar, the new and full moons and the eclipses recur on the same days of the week and month and year as in the previous period. It consists of 532 common years, being the least common multiple of the numbers of years in the cycle of the sun and the cycle of the moon.

Lu´ni•stice , n. [L. luna moon + sistere to cause to stand. Cf. Solstice.] (Astron.) The farthest point of the moon’s northing and southing, in its monthly revolution. [Obs.]

Lu´ni•tid•al , a. Pertaining to tidal movements dependent on the moon. Bache. Lunitidal interval. See Retard, n.

Lunt , n. [D. lont; akin to Dan. & G. lunte, Sw. lunta. Cf. Link a torch.] 1. The match cord formerly used in firing cannon. 2. A puff of smoke. [Scotch.] Burns.

Lu´nu•la , n.; pl. Lunulae (#). [L., prop., a little moon. See Lunule.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Same as Lunule.

Lu´nu•lar , a. [Cf. F. lunulaire. See Lunula.] (Bot.) Having a form like that of the new moon; shaped like a crescent. { Lu´nu•late , Lu´nu•la•ted } a. [See Lunula.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Resembling a small crescent. Gray.

Lu´nule , n. [F., fr. L. lunula, dim. of luna moon.] 1. (Anat.) Anything crescent-shaped; a crescent-shaped part or mark; a lunula; a lune. 2. (Chem.) A lune. See Lune. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small or narrow crescent. (b) A special area in front of the beak of many bivalve shells. It sometimes has the shape of a double crescent, but is oftener heart-shaped. See Illust. of Bivalve.

Lu´nu•let , n. [Dim. of lunule.] (Zoöl.) A small spot, shaped like a half-moon or crescent; as the lunulet on the wings of many insects.

Lu´nu•lite , n. [Lunule + -life: cf. F. lunulithe. See Lunula.] (Paleon.) Any bryozoan of the genus Lunulites, having a more or less circular form.

Lu´ny , a. [Shortened fr. lunatic.] Crazy; mentally unsound. [Written also loony.] [Low, U.S.]

Lu•per´cal , a. Of or pertaining to the Lupercalia.

Lu•per´cal, n. A grotto on the Palatine Hill sacred to Lupercus, the Lycean Pan.

Lu•per•ca´li•a , n. pl. [L. luperealis, fr. Lupercus the Lycean Pan, so called fr. lupus a wolf, because he kept off the wolves.] (Rom. Antiq.) A feast of the Romans in honor of Lupercus, or Pan.

Lu´pine , n. [L. lupinus, lupinum, apparently fr. lupinus belonging to a wolf, fr. lupus a wolf; perh. so called because it was supposed to exhaust the soil: cf. F. lupin. Cf. Wolf.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Lupinus, especially L. albus, the seeds of which have been used for food from ancient times. The common species of the Eastern United States is L. perennis. There are many species in California.

Lu´pine , a. [See Lupine, n.] Wolfish; ravenous. Gauden.

Lu´pin•in , n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of several species of lupine, and extracted as a yellowish white crystalline substance.

Lu´pin•ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in several species of lupine (Lupinus luteus, L. albus, etc.), and extracted as a bitter crystalline substance.

Lu´pu•lin , n. [Cf. F. lupulin. See Lupuline.] 1. (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted from hops. 2. The fine yellow resinous powder found upon the strobiles or fruit of hops, and containing this bitter principle. [Written also lupuline.]

Lu´pu•line , n. [NL. lupulus the hop, fr. L. lupus the hop: cf. F. lupuline.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from hops as a colorless volatile liquid.

Lu•pu•lin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, hops; specifically, designating an acid obtained by the decomposition of lupulin.

Lu´pus , n. [L., a wolf. See Wolf.] 1. (Med.) A cutaneous disease occurring under two distinct forms. Lupus erythematosus is characterized by an eruption of red patches, which become incrusted, leaving superficial scars. L. vulgaris is marked by the development of nodules which often ulcerate deeply and produce great deformity. Formerly the latter was often confounded with cancer, and some varieties of cancer were included under Lupus. 2. (Astron.) The Wolf, a constellation situated south of Scorpio.

Lur•ca´tion , n. [See its Lurch.] Gluttony; gormandizing. [Obs.]

Lurch , v. i. [L. lurcare, lurcari.] To swallow or eat greedily; to devour; hence, to swallow up. [Obs.] “Too far off from great cities, which may hinder business; too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear.” Bacon.

Lurch, n. [OF. lourche name of a game; as adj., deceived, embarrassed.] 1. An old game played with dice and counters; a variety of the game of tables. 2. A double score in cribbage for the winner when his adversary has been left in the lurch. “Lady —- has cried her eyes out on losing a lurch.” Walpole. To leave one in the lurch. (a) In the game of cribbage, to leave one’s adversary so far behind that the game is won before he has scored thirty-one. (b) To leave one behind; hence, to abandon, or fail to stand by, a person in a difficulty. Denham. “But though thou’rt of a different church,
I will not leave thee in the lurch.” Hudibras.

Lurch, v. t. 1. To leave in the lurch; to cheat. [Obs.] “Never deceive or lurch the sincere communicant.” South. 2. To steal; to rob. [Obs.] “And in the brunt of seventeen battles since
He lurched all swords of the garland.” Shak.

Lurch, n. [Cf. W. llerch, llerc, a frisk, a frisking backward or forward, a loitering, a lurking, a lurking, llercian, llerciaw, to be idle, to frisk; or perh. fr. E. lurch to lurk.] A sudden roll of a ship to one side, as in heavy weather; hence, a swaying or staggering movement to one side, as that by a drunken man. Fig.: A sudden and capricious inclination of the mind.

Lurch , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurched p. pr. & vb. n. Lurching.] To roll or sway suddenly to one side, as a ship or a drunken man.

Lurch, v. i. [A variant of lurk.] 1. To withdraw to one side, or to a private place; to lurk. L’Estrange. 2. To dodge; to shift; to play tricks. “I … am fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch.” Shak.

Lurch´er , n. [See Lurch to lurk.] 1. One that lurches or lies in wait; one who watches to pilfer, or to betray or entrap; a poacher. 2. (Zoöl.) One of a mongrel breed of dogs said to have been a cross between the sheep dog, greyhound, and spaniel. It hunts game silently, by scent, and is often used by poachers.

Lurch´er, n. [L. lurco, lurcho, a glutton. See 1st Lurch.] A glutton; a gormandizer. [Obs.]

Lurch´line , n. The line by which a fowling net was pulled over so as to inclose the birds.

Lur´dan , a. Stupid; blockish. [Obs.]

Lur´dan, n. [OF. lourdin, fr. lourd heavy, dull, thick-headed. See Lord.] A blockhead. [Obs.]

Lure , n. [OF. loire, loirre, loerre, F. leurre lure, decoy; of German origin; cf. MHG. luoder, G. luder lure, carrion.] 1. A contrivance somewhat resembling a bird, and often baited with raw meat; — used by falconers in recalling hawks. Shak. 2. Any enticement; that which invites by the prospect of advantage or pleasure; a decoy. Milton. 3. (Hat Making) A velvet smoothing brush. Knight.

Lure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lured p. pr. & vb. n. Luring.] [OF. loirer, loirier, F. leurrer. See Lure, n.] To draw to the lure; hence, to allure or invite by means of anything that promises pleasure or advantage; to entice; to attract. “I am not lured with love.” Piers Plowman. “And various science lures the learned eye.” Gay.

Lure, v. i. To recall a hawk or other animal.

Lurg , n. (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid (Nephthys caeca), inhabiting the sandy shores of Europe and America. It is whitish, with a pearly luster, and grows to the length of eight or ten inches.

Lu´rid , a. [L. luridus.] 1. Pale yellow; ghastly pale; wan; gloomy; dismal. “Fierce o’er their beauty blazed the lurid flame.” Thomson. “Wrapped in drifts of lurid smoke
On the misty river tide.” Tennyson. 2. (Bot.) Having a brown color tinged with red, as of flame seen through smoke. 3. (Zoöl.) Of a color tinged with purple, yellow, and gray.

Lurk (lûrk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurked (lûrkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lurking.] [OE. lurken, lorken, prob. a dim. from the source of E. lower to frown. See Lower, and cf. Lurch, a sudden roll, Lurch to lurk.] 1. To lie hid; to lie in wait. “Like wild beasts, lurking in loathsome den.” Spenser. “Let us … lurk privily for the innocent.” Prov. i. 11. 2. To keep out of sight. “The defendant lurks and wanders about in Berks.” Blackstone.

Lurk´er , n. 1. One who lurks. 2. A small fishing boat. [Prov. Eng.]

Lur´ry , n. [W. llwry precipitant, a provision.] A confused heap; a throng, as of persons; a jumble, as of sounds. [Obs.] “To turn prayer into a kind of lurry.” Milton.

Lus´cious , a. [Prob. for lustious, fr. lusty, or perh. a corruption of luxurious. Cf. Lush, Lusty.] 1. Sweet; delicious; very grateful to the taste; toothsome; excessively sweet or rich. “And raisins keep their luscious, native taste.” Dryden. 2. Cloying; fulsome. “He had a tedious, luscious way of talking.” Jeffrey. 3. Gratifying a depraved sense; obscene. [R.] Steele. — Lus´cious•ly, adv. — Lus´cious•ness, n.

Lu´sern , n. [F. loup- cervier, L. lupus cervarius.] (Zoöl.) A lynx. See 1st Lucern and Loup-cervier.

Lush , a. [Prob. an abbrev. of lushious, fr. luscious.] Full of juice or succulence. Tennyson. “How lush and lusty the grass looks! how green!” Shak.

Lush´burg , n. See Lussheburgh. [Obs.]

Lu•si•ta´ni•an , a. Pertaining to Lusitania, the ancient name of the region almost coinciding with Portugal. — n. One of the people of Lusitania.

Lusk , a. Lazy; slothful. [Obs.]

Lusk, n. A lazy fellow; a lubber. [Obs.] T. Kendall.

Lusk, v. i. To be idle or unemployed. [Obs.]

Lusk´ish, a. Inclined to be lazy. Marston. — Lusk´ish•ly, adv. -Lusk´ish•ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser. { Lu•so´ri•ous , Lu´so•ry } a. [L. lusorius. See Illusory.] Used in play; sportive; playful. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Lus´she•burgh , n. A spurious coin of light weight imported into England from Luxemburg, or Lussheburgh, as it was formerly called. [Obs.] “God wot, no Lussheburghes payen ye.” Chaucer.

Lust , n. [AS. lust, lust, pleasure, longing; akin to OS., D., G., & Sw. lust, Dan. & Icel. lyst, Goth lustus, and perh. tom Skr. lush to desire, or to E. loose. Cf. List to please, Listless.] 1. Pleasure. [Obs.] ´ Lust and jollity.´ Chaucer. 2. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] “For little lust had she to talk of aught.” Spenser. “My lust to devotion is little.” Bp. Hall. 3. Longing desire; eagerness to possess or enjoy; — in a had sense; as the lust of gain. “The lust of reigning.” Milton. 4. Licentious craving; sexual appetite. Milton. 5. Hence: Virility; vigor; active power. [Obs.] Bacon.

Lust , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lusting.] [AS. lystan. See Lust, n., and cf. List to choose.] 1. To list; to like. [Obs.] Chaucer. ´ Do so if thou lust. ´ Latimer. In earlier usage lust was impersonal. “In the water vessel he it cast
When that him luste.” Chaucer. 2. To have an eager, passionate, and especially an inordinate or sinful desire, as for the gratification of the sexual appetite or of covetousness; — often with after. “Whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.” Deut. xii. 15. “Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.” Matt. v. 28. “The spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy.” James iv. 5.

Lust´er , n. One who lusts.

Lus´ter Lus´tre , n. [L. lustrum: cf. F. lustre.] A period of five years; a lustrum. “Both of us have closed the tenth luster.” Bolingbroke. { Lus´ter , Lus´tre } n. [F. lustre; cf. It. lustro; both fr. L. lustrare to purify, go about (like the priests at the lustral sacrifice), traverse, survey, illuminate, fr. lustrum a purificatory sacrifice; perh. akin to E. loose. But lustrare to illuminate is perh. a different word, and akin to L. lucere to be light or clear, to shine. See Lucid, and cf. Illustrious, Lustrum.] 1. Brilliancy; splendor; brightness; glitter. “The right mark and very true luster of the diamond.” Sir T. More. “The scorching sun was mounted high,
In all its luster, to the noonday sky.” Addison. There is a tendency to limit the use of luster, in this sense, to the brightness of things which do not shine with their own light, or at least do not blaze or glow with heat. One speaks of the luster of a diamond, or of silk, or even of the stars, but not often now of the luster of the sun, a coal of fire, or the like. 2. Renown; splendor; distinction; glory. “His ancestors continued about four hundred years, rather without obscurity than with any great luster.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. A candlestick, chandelier, girandole, or the like, generally of an ornamental character. Pope. 4. (Min.) The appearance of the surface of a mineral as affected by, or dependent upon, peculiarities of its reflecting qualities. The principal kinds of luster recognized are: metallic, adamantine, vitreous, resinous, greasy, pearly, and silky. With respect to intensity, luster is characterized as splendent, shining, glistening, glimmering, and dull. 5. A substance which imparts luster to a surface, as plumbago and some of the glazes. 6. A fabric of wool and cotton with a lustrous surface, — used for women’s dresses. Luster ware, earthenware decorated by applying to the glazing metallic oxides, which acquire brilliancy in the process of baking. { Lus´ter , Lus´tre } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustred p. pr. & vb. n. Lustering, or Lustring.] To make lustrous. [R. & Poetic] “Flooded and lustered with her loosened gold.” Lowell.

Lus´ter•ing, n. 1. The act or process of imparting a luster, as to pottery. 2. The brightening of a metal in the crucible when it becomes pure, as in certain refining processes. { Lus´ter•less , Lus´tre•less } a. Destitute of luster; dim; dull.

Lust´ful , a. 1. Full of lust; excited by lust. Spenser. Tillotson. 2. Exciting lust; characterized by lust or sensuality. ´ Lustful orgies.´ Milton. 3. Strong; lusty. [Obs.] ´ Lustful health.´ Sackville. Syn. — sensual; fleshly; carnal; inordinate; licentious; lewd; unchaste; impure; libidinous; lecherous. — Lust´ful•ly, adv. — Lust´ful•ness, n.

Lus´tic , a. Lusty; vigorous. [Obs.]

Lus´ti•head , n. [Lusty + -head.] See Lustihood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lus´ti•hood , n. [Lusty + -hood.] State of being lusty; vigor of body. ´ Full of lustihood.´ Tennyson.

Lus´ti•ly, adv. In a lusty or vigorous manner.

Lus´ti•ness, n. State of being lusty; vigor; strength.

Lust´less , a. [CF. Listless.] 1. Lacking vigor; weak; spiritless. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Free from sexual lust.

Lus´tral , a. [L. lustralis, fr. lustrum: cf. F. lustral. See Lustrum.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or used for, purification; as lustral days; lustral water. 2. Of or pertaining to a lustrum.

Lus´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustrated p. pr. & vb. n. Lustrating ] [L. lustratus, p. p. of lustrare to lustrate, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] To make clear or pure by means of a propitiatory offering; to purify. “We must purge, and cleanse, and lustrate the whole city.” Hammond.

Lus•tra´tion , n. [L. lustratio: cf. F. lustration.] 1. The act of lustrating or purifying. “And holy water for lustration bring.” Dryden. 2. (Antiq.) A sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by crimes, pestilence, or other cause of uncleanness, were purified.

Lus´tre , n. Same as Luster.

Lus´tri•cal , a. [L. lustricus, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] Pertaining to, or used for, purification.

Lus´tring , n. [F. lustrine, It. lustrino, fr. lustrare to polish, L. lustrare. See 3d Luster, and cf. Lutestring.] A kind of glossy silk fabric. See Lutestring.

Lus´trous , a. [Cf. F. lustreux. See 3d Luster.] Bright; shining; luminous. ´ Good sparks and lustrous.´ Shak. — Lus´trous•ly, adv.

Lus´trum , n.; pl. E. Lustrums (#), L. Lustra (#). [L. Cf. 2d & 3d Luster.] A lustration or purification, especially the purification of the whole Roman people, which was made by the censors once in five years. Hence: A period of five years.

Lust´wort n. (Bot.) See Sundew.

Lust´y , a. [Compar. Lustier superl. Lustiest.] [From Lust. See Lust, and cf. Luscious.] 1. Exhibiting lust or vigor; stout; strong; vigorous; robust; healthful; able of body. “Neither would their old men, so many as were yet vigorous and lusty, be left at home.” Milton. 2. Beautiful; handsome; pleasant. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Of large size; big. [Obs.] ´ Three lusty vessels.´ Evelyn. Hence, sometimes, pregnant. [Obs. or Prov.] 4. Lustful; lascivious. [Obs.] Milton.

Lu´sus na•tu´rae [L., fr. lusus sport + naturae, gen. of natura nature.] Sport or freak of nature; a deformed or unnatural production.

Lut´a•nist , n. [LL. lutanista, fr. lutana lute. See Lute the instrument.] A person that plays on the lute. Johnson.

Lu•ta´ri•ous , a. [L. lutarius fr. lutum mud.] Of, pertaining to, or like, mud; living in mud. [Obs.] Grew.

Lu•ta´tion , n. [L. lutare, lutatum, to bedaub with mud, fr. lutum mud: cf. F. lutation.] The act or method of luting vessels.

Lute , n. [L. lutum mud, clay: cf. OF. lut.] 1. (Chem.) A cement of clay or other tenacious infusible substance for sealing joints in apparatus, or the mouths of vessels or tubes, or for coating the bodies of retorts, etc., when exposed to heat; — called also luting. 2. A packing ring, as of rubber, for fruit jars, etc. 3. (Brick Making) A straight-edged piece of wood for striking off superfluous clay from mold.

Lute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luted; p. pr. & vb. n. Luting.] To close or seal with lute; as to lute on the cover of a crucible; to lute a joint.

Lute, n. [OF. leut, F. luth; skin to Pr. laút, It. liúto, leúto, Sp. laúd, Pg. alaude; all fr. Ar. al’d; al the + ’d wood, timber, trunk or branch of a tree, staff, stick, wood of aloes, lute or harp.] (Mus.) A stringed instrument formerly much in use. It consists of four parts, namely, the table or front, the body, having nine or ten ribs or ´sides,´ arranged like the divisions of a melon, the neck, which has nine or ten frets or divisions, and the head, or cross, in which the screws for tuning are inserted. The strings are struck with the right hand, and with the left the stops are pressed.

Lute, v. i. To sound, as a lute. Piers Plowman. Keats.

Lute, v. t. To play on a lute, or as on a lute. “Knaves are men
That lute and flute fantastic tenderness.” Tennyson.

Lute´-backed , a. Having a curved spine.

Lu•te´ic , a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, weld (Reseda luteola). (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid resembling luteolin, but obtained from the flowers of Euphorbia cyparissias.

Lu´te•in , n. [From corpus luteum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance of a strongly marked yellow color, extracted from the yelk of eggs, and from the tissue of the corpus luteum.

Lut´e•nist , n. Same as Lutanist.

Lu´te•o- [L. luteus.] (Chem.) A combining form signifying orange yellow or brownish yellow.

Lu´te•o•co•balt´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of cobalt having a yellow color. Cf. Cobaltic. Luteocobaltic chloride (Chem.), a brilliant reddish yellow crystalline compound, Co2Cl6(NH3)12, obtained by the action of ammonium chloride on an ammoniacal solution of cobaltic chloride.

Lu´te•o•lin , n. [From NL. Reseda luteola, fr. L. luteolus yellowish, fr. luteus: cf. F. luteoline. See Luteous.] (Chem.) A yellow dyestuff obtained from the foliage of the dyer’s broom (Reseda luteola).

Lu´te•ous , a. [L. luteus, fr. lutum dyer’s broom, weld, which is used as a yellow dye.] Yellowish; more or less like buff.

Lut´er , n. [From 3d Lute.] One who plays on a lute.

Lut´er, n. [From Ist Lute.] One who applies lute.

Lu•tes´cent , a. [L. luteus yellow.] Of a yellowish color.

Lute´string , n. [Corrupted fr. lustring.] A plain, stout, lustrous silk, used for ladies’ dresses and for ribbon. Goldsmith.

Luth , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The leatherback.

Lu´ther•an , a. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Luther; adhering to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church.

Lu´ther•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who accepts or adheres to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church. { Lu´ther•an•ism , Lu´ther•ism } , n. The doctrines taught by Luther or held by the Lutheran Church.

Lu´thern , n. [F. lucarne a dormer, dormer window, garret window, L. lucerna lamp, fr. lucere to be light or clear, fr. lux light. See Light, n., and cf. Lucarne.] (Arch.) A dormer window. See Dormer.

Lu´ti•dine , n. [From toluidine, by transposition.] (Chem.) Any one of several metameric alkaloids, C5H3N.(CH3)2, of the pyridine series, obtained from bone oil as liquids, and having peculiar pungent odors. These alkaloids are also called respectively dimethyl pyridine, ethyl pyridine, etc.

Lut´ing , n. (Chem.) See Lute, a cement.

Lut´ist, n. One who plays on a lute.

Lu•tose´ , a. [L. lutosus, fr. lutum mud.] Covered with clay; miry.

Lu´tu•lence , n. The state or quality of being lutulent.

Lu´tu•lent , a. [L. lutulentus, fr. lutum mud.] Muddy; turbid; thick. [Obs.]

Lu•wack´ , n. (Zoöl.) See Paradoxure.

Lux , v. t. [Cf. F. luxer. See Luxate.] To put out of joint; to luxate. [Obs.]

Lux´ate , a. [L. luxatus, p. p. of luxare to dislocate.] Luxated. [Obs.]

Lux´ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luxated p. pr. & vb. n. Luxating ] To displace, or remove from its proper place, as a joint; to put out of joint; to dislocate.

Lux•a´tion , n. [L. luxatio: cf. F. luxation.] The act of luxating, or the state of being luxated; a dislocation.

Luxe , n. [L. luxus: cf. F. luxe.] Luxury. [Obs.] Shenstone. edition de luxe . [F.] (Printing) A sumptuous edition as regards paper, illustrations, binding, etc.

Lux´ive , a. Given to luxury; voluptuous. [Obs.]

Lux•ul´li•an•ite , n. [So called from Luxullian, in Cornwall.] (Min.) A kind of granite from Luxullian, Cornwall, characterized by the presence of radiating groups of minute tourmaline crystals.

Lux•u´ri•ance , n. [Cf. F. luxuriance.] The state or quality of being luxuriant; rank, vigorous growth; excessive abundance produced by rank growth. ´Tropical luxuriance.´ B. Taylor.

Lux•u´ri•an•cy , n. The state or quality of being luxuriant; luxuriance. “Flowers grow up in the garden in the greatest luxuriancy and profusion.” Spectator.

Lux•u´ri•ant , a. [L. luxurians, p. pr. of luxuriare: cf. F. luxuriant. See Luxuriate.] Exuberant in growth; rank; excessive; very abundant; as a luxuriant growth of grass; luxuriant foliage. “Prune the luxuriant, the uncouth refine.” Pope. Luxuriant flower (Bot.), one in which the floral envelopes are overdeveloped at the expense of the essential organs.

Lux•u´ri•ant•ly, adv. In a luxuriant manner.

Lux•u´ri•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luxuriated p. pr. & vb. n. Luxuriating.] [L. luxuriatus, p. p. of luxuriari, -are, to luxuriate. See Luxury.] 1. To grow exuberantly; to grow to superfluous abundance. ´ Corn luxuriates in a better mold.´ Burton. 2. To feed or live luxuriously; as the herds luxuriate in the pastures. 3. To indulge with unrestrained delight and freedom; as to luxuriate in description.

Lux•u•ri•a´tion , n. The act or process of luxuriating.

Lux•u•ri´e•ty , n. Luxuriance. [Obs.]

Lux•u´ri•ous , a. [L. luxuriosus: cf. F. luxurieux. See Luxury.] Of or pertaining to luxury; ministering to luxury; supplied with the conditions of luxury; as a luxurious life; a luxurious table; luxurious ease. ´ Luxurious cities. ´ Milton. — Lux•u´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Lux•u´ri•ous•ness, n.

Lux´u•rist , n. One given to luxury. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Lux´u•ry , n.; pl. Luxuries (#). [L. luxuria, fr. luxus: cf. F. luxure.] 1. A free indulgence in costly food, dress, furniture, or anything expensive which gratifies the appetites or tastes. “Riches expose a man to pride and luxury.” Spectator. 2. Anything which pleases the senses, and is also costly, or difficult to obtain; an expensive rarity; as silks, jewels, and rare fruits are luxuries; in some countries ice is a great luxury. “He cut the side of a rock for a garden, and, by laying on it earth, furnished out a kind of luxury for a hermit.” Addison. 3. Lechery; lust. [Obs.] Shak. “Luxury is in wine and drunkenness.” Chaucer. 4. Luxuriance; exuberance. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. — Voluptuousness; epicurism; effeminacy; sensuality; lasciviousness; dainty; delicacy; gratification.

Luz , n. A bone of the human body which was supposed by certain Rabbinical writers to be indestructible. Its location was a matter of dispute. Brande & C.

-ly [OE. -lich, AS. -lic, orig. the same word as E. like, a. See Like, a.] A suffix forming adjectives and adverbs, and denoting likeness or resemblance.

Ly´am , n. [See Leam.] A leash. [Obs.]

Ly´can•thrope , n. [Gr. ; a wolf + a man.] 1. A human being fabled to have been changed into a wolf; a werewolf. 2. One affected with lycanthropy.

Ly•can•thro´pi•a , n. [NL.] See Lycanthropy, 2.

Ly•can•throp´ic , a. Pertaining to lycanthropy.

Ly•can´thro•pist , n. One affected by the disease lycanthropy.

Ly•can´thro•pous , a. Lycanthropic.

Ly•can´thro•py , n. [Gr. : cf. F. lycanthropie.] 1. The supposed act of turning one’s self or another person into a wolf. Lowell. 2. (Med.) A kind of erratic melancholy, in which the patient imagines himself a wolf, and imitates the actions of that animal.

Ly•ce´um , n.; pl. E. Lyceums (#), L. Lycea (#). [L. lyceum, Gr. , so named after the neighboring temple of Apollo the wolf slayer, prob. fr. belonging to a wolf, fr wolf. See Wolf.] 1. A place of exercise with covered walks, in the suburbs of Athens, where Aristotle taught philosophy. 2. A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by lectures or disquisitions. 3. A higher school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the university. 4. An association for debate and literary improvement.

Lyche , a. Like. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ly´chee , n. (Bot.) See Litchi.

Lych´ gate See under Lich.

Lych´nis , n. [L., a kind of red flower, Gr. lychni•s; cf. ly•chnos a lamp.] (Bot.) A genus of Old World plants belonging to the Pink family (Caryophyllaceae). Most of the species have brilliantly colored flowers and cottony leaves, which may have anciently answered as wicks for lamps. The botanical name is in common use for the garden species. The corn cockle (Lychnis Githago) is a common weed in wheat fields.

Lych´no•bite , n. [Gr. ly•chnos a lamp + bi•os life.] One who labors at night and sleeps in the day.

Lych´no•scope , n. [Gr. + - scope.] (Arch.) Same as Low side window, under Low, a.

Lyc´ine , n. (Chem.) A weak base identical with betaine; — so called because found in the boxthorn (Lycium barbarum). See Betaine.

Ly•co•per´don , n. [NL., from Gr. wolf + to break wind.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi, remarkable for the great quantity of spores, forming a fine dust, which is thrown out like smoke when the plant is compressed or burst; puffball.

Ly´co•pod , n. [Cf. F. lycopode.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycopodium.

Ly´co•pode , n. [F.] Same as Lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium.

Ly•co•po•di•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging, or relating, to the Lycopodiaceae, an order of cryptogamous plants (called also club mosses) with branching stems, and small, crowded, one-nerved, and usually pointed leaves.

Ly•cop´o•dite , n. (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil club moss.

Ly•co•po´di•um , n. [NL., from Gr. wolf + , , a foot.] (Bot.) A genus of mosslike plants, the type of the order Lycopodiaceae; club moss. Lycopodium powder, a fine powder or dust composed of the spores of Lycopodium, and other plants of the order Lycopodiaceae. It is highly inflammable, and is sometimes used in the manufacture of fireworks, and the artificial representation of lightning.

Ly•cot´ro•pous , a. [Gr. hook + to turn.] (Bot.) Campylotropous.

Lyd´en , n. See Leden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lyd´i•an , a. [L. Lydius, fr. Lydia, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants; hence, soft; effeminate; — said especially of one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, the music in which was of a soft, pathetic, or voluptuous character. “Softly sweet in Lydian measures,
Soon he soothed his soul to pleasures.” Dryden. Lydian stone, a flint slate used by the ancients to try gold and silver; a touchstone. See Basanite.

Lyd´ine , n. (Dyeing) A violet dye derived from aniline.

Lye , n. [Written also lie and ley.] [AS. leáh; akin to D. loog, OHG. louga, G. lauge; cf. Icel. laug a bath, a hot spring.] A strong caustic alkaline solution of potassium salts, obtained by leaching wood ashes. It is much used in making soap, etc.

Lye, n. (Railroad) A short side line, connected with the main line; a turn-out; a siding. [Eng.]

Lye, n. A falsehood. [Obs.] See Lie.

Ly•en•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to loose + the brain.] (Zoöl.) A group of Mammalia, including the marsupials and monotremes; — so called because the corpus callosum is rudimentary.

Ly•en•ceph´a•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Lyencephala.

Ly´er•man , n. (Zoöl.) The cicada.

Ly•go´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. flexible; a willow twig + form.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns with twining or climbing fronds, bearing stalked and variously-lobed divisions in pairs. Lygodium palmatum, much prized for indoor ornament, inhabits shaded and moist grassy places, from Massachusetts to Virginia and Kentucky, and sparingly southwards.

Ly´ing , p. pr. & vb. n. of Lie, to tell a falsehood.

Ly´ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Lie, to be supported horizontally. Lying panel (Arch.), a panel in which the grain of the wood is horizontal. [R.] — Lying to (Naut.), having the sails so disposed as to counteract each other.

Ly´ing-in´ , n. 1. The state attending, and consequent to, childbirth; confinement. 2. The act of bearing a child.

Ly´ing•ly, adv. In a lying manner; falsely.

Ly´ken , v. t. [See Like, v. t. ] To please; — chiefly used impersonally. [Obs.] ´ Sith it lyketh you.´ Chaucer. { Lym , or Lym´hound• }, n. A dog held in a leam; a bloodhound; a limehound. [Obs.] Shak.

Ly•mail´ , n. See Limaille. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lyme´ grass (Bot.) A coarse perennial grass of several species of Elymus, esp. E. Canadensis, and the European E. arenarius.

Lymph , n. [L. lympha: cf. F. lymphe.] 1. A spring of water; hence, water, or a pure, transparent liquid like water. “A fountain bubbled up, whose lymph serene
Nothing of earthly mixture might distain.” Trench. 2. (Anat.) An alkaline colorless fluid, contained in the lymphatic vessels, coagulable like blood, but free from red blood corpuscles. It is absorbed from the various tissues and organs of the body, and is finally discharged by the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts into the great veins near the heart. 3. (Med.) A fibrinous material exuded from the blood vessels in inflammation. In the process of healing it is either absorbed, or is converted into connective tissue binding the inflamed surfaces together. Lymph corpuscles (Anat.), finely granular nucleated cells, identical with the colorless blood corpuscles, present in the lymph and chyle. — Lymph duct (Anat.), a lymphatic. — Lymph heart. See Note under Heart, n., 1.

Lym•pha•de•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Lymph, and Adenitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lymphatic glands; — called also lymphitis.

Lym•pha•de•no´ma , n. [NL. See Lymph, Aden-, and -oma.] (Med.) See Lymphoma.

Lym•phan•ge•i´tis , n. [NL., from L. lympha lymph + Gr. vessel + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. [Written also lymphangitis.]

Lym•phan´gi•al , a. [See Lymphangeitis.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the lymphatics, or lymphoid tissue; lymphatic. { Lymph´ate , Lymph´a•ted } a. [L. lymphatus, p. p. of lymphare to water, dilute with water, to drive out of one’s senses, to make mad.] Frightened into madness; raving. [Obs.]

Lym•phat´ic , a. [L. lymphaticus distracted, frantic: cf. F. lymphatique] pertaining to, containing, or conveying lymph. 2. Madly enthusiastic; frantic. [Obs.] ´ Lymphatic rapture. ´ Sir T. Herbert. [See Lymphate.] Lymphatic gland (Anat.), one of the solid glandlike bodies connected with the lymphatics or the lacteals; — called also lymphatic ganglion, and conglobate gland. — Lymphatic temperament (Old Physiol.), a temperament in which the lymphatic system seems to predominate, that is, a system in which the complexion lacks color and the tissues seem to be of loose texture; hence, a temperament lacking energy, inactive, indisposed to exertion or excitement. See Temperament.

Lym•phat´ic, n. 1. (Anat.) One of the lymphatic or absorbent vessels, which carry lymph and discharge it into the veins; lymph duct; lymphatic duct. 2. A mad enthusiast; a lunatic. [Obs.]

Lym•phi´tis , n. [NL.] (Med.) See Lymphadenitis.

Lym•pho•gen´ic , a. [Lymph + root of L. gignere to produce.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or formed in, the lymphatic glands.

Lym•phog´ra•phy , n. [Lymph + -graphy.] A description of the lymphatic vessels, their origin and uses.

Lymph´oid , a. [Lymph + - oid.] (Anat.) Resembling lymph; also resembling a lymphatic gland; adenoid; as lymphoid tissue.

Lym•pho´ma , n. [NL. See Lymph, and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor having a structure resembling that of a lymphatic gland; — called also lymphadenoma. Malignant lymphoma, a fatal disease characterized by the formation in various parts of the body of new growths resembling lymphatic glands in structure.

Lymph´y , a. Containing, or like, lymph.

Lyn , n. A waterfall. See Lin. [Scot.]

Lyn•ce´an , a. [See Lynx.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lynx.

Lynch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lynched p. pr. & vb. n. Lynching.] [See Note under Lynch law.] To inflict punishment upon, especially death, without the forms of law, as when a mob captures and hangs a suspected person. See Lynch law.

Lynch´er , n. One who assists in lynching.

Lynch´ law The act or practice by private persons of inflicting punishment for crimes or offenses, without due process of law. The term Lynch law is said to be derived from a Virginian named Lynch, who took the law into his own hands. But the origin of the term is very doubtful. { Lynde , Lyn´den }, n. See Linden.

Lyne , n. Linen. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lynx (links), n. [L. lynx, lyncis, Gr. ly•gx; akin to AS. lox, G. luchs, prob. named from its sharp sight, and akin to E. light. See Light, n., and cf. Ounce an animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of feline animals of the genus Felis, and subgenus Lynx. They have a short tail, and usually a pencil of hair on the tip of the ears. Among the well-known species are the European lynx (Felis borealis); the Canada lynx or loup-cervier (F. Canadensis); the bay lynx of America (F. rufa), and its western spotted variety (var. maculata); and the pardine lynx (F. pardina) of Southern Europe. 2. (Astron.) One of the northern constellations.

Lynx´-eyed , a. Having acute sight.

Ly•on•naise´ , a. [F. lyonnaise, fem. of lyonnais of Lyons.] (Cookery) Applied to boiled potatoes cut into small pieces and heated in oil or butter. They are usually flavored with onion and parsley.

Ly•o•po´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to loose + , , a lid.] (Zoöl.) An order of brachiopods, in which the valves of shell are not articulated by a hinge. It includes the Lingula, Discina, and allied forms. [Written also Lyopoma.]

Ly´ra , n. [L. lyra, Gr. . See Lyre.] 1. (Astron.) A northern constellation, the Harp, containing a white star of the first magnitude, called Alpha Lyrae, or Vega. 2. (Anat.) The middle portion of the ventral surface of the fornix of the brain; — so called from the arrangement of the lines with which it is marked in the human brain.

Ly´ra•id , n. (Astron.) Same as Lyrid. { Ly´rate , Ly´ra•ted } a. [NL. lyratus. See Lyre.] 1. (Bot.) Lyre-shaped, or spatulate and oblong, with small lobes toward the base; as a lyrate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a lyre, as the tail of the blackcock, or that of the lyre bird.

Lyre , n. [OE. lire, OF. lyre, L. lyra, Gr. . Cf. Lyra.] 1. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music; a kind of harp much used by the ancients, as an accompaniment to poetry. The lyre was the peculiar instrument of Apollo, the tutelary god of music and poetry. It gave name to the species of verse called lyric, to which it originally furnished an accompaniment. 2. (Astron.) One of the constellations; Lyra. See Lyra. Lyre bat (Zoöl.), a small bat (Megaderma lyra), inhabiting India and Ceylon. It is remarkable for the enormous size and curious shape of the nose membrane and ears. — Lyre turtle (Zoöl.), the leatherback.

Lyre´ bird (Zoöl.) Any one of two or three species of Australian birds of the genus Menura. The male is remarkable for having the sixteen tail feathers very long and, when spread, arranged in the form of a lyre. The common lyre bird (Menura superba), inhabiting New South Wales, is about the size of a grouse. Its general color is brown, with rufous color on the throat, wings, tail coverts and tail. Called also lyre pheasant and lyre-tail. { Lyr´ic , Lyr´ic•al } a. [L. lyricus, Gr. : cf. F. lyrique. See Lyre.] 1. Of or pertaining to a lyre or harp. 2. Fitted to be sung to the lyre; hence, also appropriate for song; — said especially of poetry which expresses the individual emotions of the poet. ´Sweet lyric song.´ Milton.

Lyr´ic, n. 1. A lyric poem; a lyrical composition. 2. A composer of lyric poems. [R.] Addison. 3. A verse of the kind usually employed in lyric poetry; — used chiefly in the plural.

Lyr´ic•al•ly , adv. In a lyrical manner.

Lyr´i•cism , n. A lyric composition. Gray.

Ly´rid (li´rid), n. (Astron.) One of the group of shooting stars which come into the air in certain years on or about the 19th of April; — so called because the apparent path among the stars if produced backwards crosses the constellation Lyra.

Ly´rie (li´ri), n. [Icel. hlyri a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A European fish (Peristethus cataphractum), having the body covered with bony plates, and having three spines projecting in front of the nose; — called also noble, pluck, pogge, sea poacher, and armed bullhead.

Ly•rif´er•ous (li•rif´er•us), a. [Lyre + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having a lyre-shaped shoulder girdle, as certain fishes.

Lyr´ism (lir´iz’m), n. [Cf. Gr. lyrismo•s.] The act of playing on a lyre or harp. G. Eliot.

Lyr´ist, n. [L. lyristes, Gr. lyristh•s: cf. F. lyriste.] A musician who plays on the harp or lyre; a composer of lyrical poetry. Shelley.

Ly•sim´e•ter (li•sim´e•ter), n. [Gr. ly•sis a loosing + - meter.] An instrument for measuring the water that percolates through a certain depth of soil. Knight.

Ly´sis (li´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ly•sis.] (Med.) The resolution or favorable termination of a disease, coming on gradually and not marked by abrupt change. It is usually contrasted with crisis, in which the improvement is sudden and marked; as pneumonia ends by crisis, typhoid fever by lysis.

Lys´sa (lis´sa), n. [NL. See Lytta.] (Med.) Hydrophobia. The plural (Lyssae) has been used to signify the pustules supposed to be developed under the tongue in hydrophobia.

Ly•te´ri•an (li•te´ri•an), a. [Gr. lyth•rios healing, fr. lyth•r a deliverer, fr. ly•ein to loosen.] (Med.) Terminating a disease; indicating the end of a disease.

Lythe (lith), n. (Zoöl.) The European pollack; — called also laith, and leet. [Scot.]

Lythe (lith), a. [See Lithe, a.] Soft; flexible. [Obs.] Spenser. { Lyth•on•thrip´tic (lith•on•thrip´tik), Lyth•on•trip´tic (-trip´tik) }, a. (Med.) See Lithontriptic.

Lyt´ta (lit´ta), n.; pl. Lyttae (-te). [L., a worm said to grow under the tongue of dogs, and to cause canine madness, fr. Gr. ly•tta, ly•ssa, lit., madness.] (Anat.) A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog.

M (em). 1. M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant, and from the manner of its formation, is called the labio-nasal consonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178-180, 242. The letter M came into English from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being further derived from the Phœnician, and ultimately, it is believed, from the Egyptian. Etymologically M is related to n, in lime, linden; emmet, ant; also to b. M is readily followed by b and p. the position of the lips in the formation of both letters being the same. The relation of b and m is the same as that of d and t to n. and that of g and k to ng. 2. As a numeral, M stands for one thousand, both in English and Latin.

M, n. 1. (Print.) A quadrat, the face or top of which is a perfect square; also the size of such a square in any given size of type, used as the unit of measurement for that type: 500 m’s of pica would be a piece of matter whose length and breadth in pica m’s multiplied together produce that number. [Written also em.] 2. (law) A brand or stigma, having the shape of an M, formerly impressed on one convicted of manslaughter and admitted to the benefit of clergy. M roof (Arch.), a kind of roof formed by the junction of two common roofs with a valley between them, so that the section resembles the letter M.

Ma (mä), n. [Cf. Mamma.] 1. A child’s word for mother. 2. [Hind.] In Oriental countries, a respectful form of address given to a woman; mother. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Ma, conj. [It.] (Mus.) But; — used in cautionary phrases; as ´Vivace, ma non troppo presto´ (i. e., lively, but not too quick). Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Maa , n. [See New a gull.] (Zoöl.) The common European gull (Larus canus); — called also mar. See New, a gull.

Maad , obs. p. p. of Make. Made. Chaucer.

Maa´lin , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The sparrow hawk. (b) The kestrel.

Ma’am , n. Madam; my lady; — a colloquial contraction of madam often used in direct address, and sometimes as an appellation.

Ma´a•ra shell (Zoöl.) A large, pearly, spiral, marine shell (Turbo margaritaceus), from the Pacific Islands. It is used as an ornament.

Ma•ash´a , n. An East Indian coin, of about one tenth of the weight of a rupee.

Maat , a. [See Mate, a.] Dejected; sorrowful; downcast. [Obs.] ´So piteous and so maat.´ Chaucer.

Mab (mab), n. [Cf. W. mad a male child, a boy.] 1. A slattern. [Prov. Eng.] 2. The name of a female fairy, esp. the queen of the fairies; and hence, sometimes, any fairy. Shak.

Mab´ble , v. t. To wrap up. [Obs.]

Mab´by , n. A spirituous liquor or drink distilled from potatoes; — used in the Barbadoes.

Ma•bo´lo , n. (Bot.) A kind of persimmon tree (Diospyros discolor) from the Philippine Islands, now introduced into the East and West Indies. It bears an edible fruit as large as a quince.

Mac [Gael., son.] A prefix, in names of Scotch origin, signifying son.

Ma•ca´co , n. [Cf. Pg. macaco.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of lemurs, as the ruffed lemur (Lemur macaco), and the ring- tailed lemur (L. catta).

Ma•ca´cus , n. [NL., a word of African origin. Cf. Macaco, Macaque.] (Zoöl.) A genus of monkeys, found in Asia and the East Indies. They have short tails and prominent eyebrows.

Mac•ad•am•i•za´tion , n. The process or act of macadamizing.

Mac•ad´am•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Macadamized p. pr. & vb. n. Macadamizing.] [From John Loudon McAdam, who introduced the process into Great Britain in 1816.] To cover, as a road, or street, with small, broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard, convex surface.

Mac•ad´am road [See Macadamize.] A macadamized road.

Ma•ca´o , n. (Zoöl.) A macaw.

Ma•caque´ , n. [F. See Macacus.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of short-tailed monkeys of the genus Macacus; as M. maurus, the moor macaque of the East Indies.

Mac•a•ran´ga gum A gum of a crimson color, obtained from a tree (Macaranga Indica) that grows in the East Indies. It is used in taking impressions of coins, medallions, etc., and sometimes as a medicine. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Mac´a•rize, v. t. [Gr. to bless.] To congratulate. [Oxford Univ. Cant] Whately.

Mac•a•ro´ni , n.; pl. Macaronis (#), or Macaronies. [Prov. It. macaroni, It. maccheroni, fr. Gr. happiness, later, a funeral feast, fr. blessed, happy. Prob. so called because eaten at such feasts in honor of the dead; cf. Gr. blessed, i. e., dead. Cf. Macaroon.] 1. Long slender tubes made of a paste chiefly of wheat flour, and used as an article of food; Italian or Genoese paste. A paste similarly prepared is largely used as food in Persia, India, and China, but is not commonly made tubular like the Italian macaroni. Balfour (Cyc. of India). 2. A medley; something droll or extravagant. 3. A sort of droll or fool. [Obs.] Addison. 4. A finical person; a fop; — applied especially to English fops of about 1775. Goldsmith. 5. pl. (U. S. Hist.) The designation of a body of Maryland soldiers in the Revolutionary War, distinguished by a rich uniform. W. Irving. { Mac•a•ro´ni•an , Mac•a•ron´ic } a. [Cf. It. maccheronico, F. macaronique.] 1. Pertaining to, or like, macaroni (originally a dish of mixed food); hence, mixed; confused; jumbled. 2. Of or pertaining to the burlesque composition called macaronic; as macaronic poetry.

Mac•a•ron´ic , n. 1. A heap of thing confusedly mixed together; a jumble. 2. A kind of burlesque composition, in which the vernacular words of one or more modern languages are intermixed with genuine Latin words, and with hybrid formed by adding Latin terminations to other roots.

Mac•a•roon´ , n. [F. macaron, It. maccherone. See Macaroni.] 1. A small cake, composed chiefly of the white of eggs, almonds, and sugar. 2. A finical fellow, or macaroni. [Obs.]

Ma•cart´ney , n. [From Lord Macartney.] (Zoöl.) A fire-backed pheasant. See Fireback.

Ma•cas•sar oil´ A kind of oil formerly used in dressing the hair; — so called because originally obtained from Macassar, a district of the Island of Celebes. also an imitation of the same, of perfumed castor oil and olive oil.

Ma•cau´co , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small lemurs, as Lemur murinus, which resembles a rat in size.

Ma•ca•va´hu , n. (Zoöl.) A small Brazilian monkey (Callithrix torquatus), — called also collared teetee.

Ma•caw´ , n. [From the native name in the Antilles.] (Zoöl.) Any parrot of the genus Sittace, or Macrocercus. About eighteen species are known, all of them American. They are large and have a very long tail, a strong hooked bill, and a naked space around the eyes. The voice is harsh, and the colors are brilliant and strongly contrasted. Macaw bush (Bot.), a West Indian name for a prickly kind of nightshade (Solanum mammosum). — Macaw palm, Macaw tree (Bot.), a tropical American palm (Acrocomia fusiformis and other species) having a prickly stem and pinnately divided leaves. Its nut yields a yellow butter, with the perfume of violets, which is used in making violet soap. Called also grugru palm.

Mac•ca•be´an , a. Of or pertaining to Judas Maccabeus or to the Maccabees; as the Maccabean princes; Maccabean times.

Mac´ca•bees , n. pl. 1. The name given in later times to the Asmonaeans, a family of Jewish patriots, who headed a religious revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV., 168-161 B. C., which led to a period of freedom for Israel. Schaff-Herzog. 2. The name of two ancient historical books, which give accounts of Jewish affairs in or about the time of the Maccabean princes, and which are received as canonical books in the Roman Catholic Church, but are included in the Apocrypha by Protestants. Also applied to three books, two of which are found in some MSS. of the Septuagint. { Mac´ca•boy , Mac´co•boy } n. [From a district in the Island of Martinique where it is made: cf. F. macouba.] A kind of snuff.

Mac´co , n. A gambling game in vogue in the eighteenth century. Thackeray.

Mace , n. [Jav. & Malay. mas, fr. Skr. masha a bean.] A money of account in China equal to one tenth of a tael; also a weight of 57.98 grains. S. W. Williams.

Mace , n. [F. macis, L. macis, macir, Gr. ; cf. Skr. makaranda the nectar or honey of a flower, a fragrant mango.] (Bot.) A kind of spice; the aril which partly covers nutmegs. See Nutmeg. Red mace is the aril of Myristica tingens, and white mace that of M. Otoba, — East Indian trees of the same genus with the nutmeg tree.

Mace, n. [OF. mace, F. masse, from (assumed) L. matea, of which the dim. mateola a kind of mallet or beetle, is found.] 1. A heavy staff or club of metal; a spiked club; — used as weapon in war before the general use of firearms, especially in the Middle Ages, for breaking metal armor. Chaucer. “Death with his mace petrific … smote.” Milton. 2. Hence: A staff borne by, or carried before, a magistrate as an ensign of his authority. ´Swayed the royal mace.´ Wordsworth. 3. An officer who carries a mace as an emblem of authority. Macaulay. 4. A knobbed mallet used by curriers in dressing leather to make it supple. 5. (Billiards) A rod for playing billiards, having one end suited to resting on the table and pushed with one hand. Mace bearer, an officer who carries a mace before persons in authority.

Mac•e•do´ni•an , a. [L. Macedonius, Gr. .] (Geog.) Belonging, or relating, to Macedonia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Macedonia.

Mac•e•do´ni•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a certain religious sect, followers of Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, in the fourth century, who held that the Holy Ghost was a creature, like the angels, and a servant of the Father and the Son.

Mac•e•do´ni•an•ism , n. The doctrines of Macedonius.

Ma´cer , n. [F. massier. See Mace staff.] A mace bearer; an officer of a court. P. Plowman.

Mac´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Macerated p. pr. & vb. n. Macerating.] [L. maceratus, p. p. of macerare to make soft, weaken, enervate; cf. Gr. to knead.] 1. To make lean; to cause to waste away. [Obs. or R.] Harvey. 2. To subdue the appetites of by poor and scanty diet; to mortify. Baker. 3. To soften by steeping in a liquid, with or without heat; to wear away or separate the parts of by steeping; as to macerate animal or vegetable fiber.

Mac´er•a•ter , n. One who, or that which, macerates; an apparatus for converting paper or fibrous matter into pulp.

Mac•er•a´tion , n. [L. maceratio: cf. F. maceration.] The act or process of macerating. { Ma•chae´ro•dus (ma•ke´ro•dus), Ma•chai´ro•dus (ma•ki´ro•dus), } n. [NL., fr. Gr. ma•chaira dagger + ’odoy•s tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct mammals allied to the cats, and having in the upper jaw canine teeth of remarkable size and strength; — hence called saber-toothed tigers.

Ma•che´te (ma•cha´ta), n. [Sp.] A large heavy knife resembling a broadsword, often two or three feet in length, — used by the inhabitants of Spanish America as a hatchet to cut their way through thickets, and for various other purposes. J. Stevens.

Mach•i•a•vel´ian , a. [From Machiavel, an Italian writer, secretary and historiographer to the republic of Florence.] Of or pertaining to Machiavel, or to his supposed principles; politically cunning; characterized by duplicity or bad faith; crafty.

Mach•i•a•vel´ian, n. One who adopts the principles of Machiavel; a cunning and unprincipled politician. { Mach´i•a•vel•ism , Mach•i•a•vel´ian•ism } n. [Cf. F. machiavelisme; It. machiavellismo.] The supposed principles of Machiavel, or practice in conformity to them; political artifice, intended to favor arbitrary power.

Ma•chic´o•la•ted , a. [LL. machicolatus, p. p. of machicolare, machicollare. See Machicolation.] Having machicolations. ´Machicolated turrets.´ C. Kingsley.

Mach•i•co•la´tion , n. [Cf. LL. machicolamentum, machacolladura, F. mâchicolis, mâchecoulis; perh. fr. F. mèche match, combustible matter + OF. coulis, couleis, flowing, fr. OF. & F. couler to flow. Cf. Match for making fire, and Cullis.] 1. (Mil. Arch.) An opening between the corbels which support a projecting parapet, or in the floor of a gallery or the roof of a portal, for shooting or dropping missiles upon assailants attacking the base of the walls. also the construction of such defenses, in general, when of this character. See Illusts. of Battlement and Castle. 2. The act of discharging missiles or pouring burning or melted substances upon assailants through such apertures.

Ma•chi•cou•lis´ , n. [F. mâchicoulis.] (Mil. Arch.) Same as Machicolation.

Ma•chin´al , a. [L. machinalis: cf. F. machinal.] Of or pertaining to machines.

Mach´i•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Machinated p. pr. & vb. n. Machinating ] [L. machinatus, p. p. of machinari to devise, plot. See Machine.] To plan; to contrive; esp., to form a scheme with the purpose of doing harm; to contrive artfully; to plot. ´How long will you machinate!´ Sandys.

Mach´i•nate , v. t. To contrive, as a plot; to plot; as to machinate evil.

Mach•i•na´tion , n. [L. machinatio: cf. F. machination.] 1. The act of machinating. Shak. 2. That which is devised; a device; a hostile or treacherous scheme; an artful design or plot. “Devilish machinations come to naught.” Milton. “His ingenious machinations had failed.” Macaulay.

Mach´i•na•tor , n. [L.] One who machinates, or forms a scheme with evil designs; a plotter or artful schemer. Glanvill. Sir W. Scott.

Ma•chine´ (ma•shen´), n. [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. , from means, expedient. Cf. Mechanic.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by means of which force and motion may be transmitted and modified, as a screw and its nut, or a lever arranged to turn about a fulcrum or a pulley about its pivot, etc.; especially, a construction, more or less complex, consisting of a combination of moving parts, or simple mechanical elements, as wheels, levers, cams, etc., with their supports and connecting framework, calculated to constitute a prime mover, or to receive force and motion from a prime mover or from another machine, and transmit, modify, and apply them to the production of some desired mechanical effect or work, as weaving by a loom, or the excitation of electricity by an electrical machine. The term machine is most commonly applied to such pieces of mechanism as are used in the industrial arts, for mechanically shaping, dressing, and combining materials for various purposes, as in the manufacture of cloth, etc. Where the effect is chemical, or other than mechanical, the contrivance is usually denominated an apparatus, not a machine; as a bleaching apparatus. Many large, powerful, or specially important pieces of mechanism are called engines; as a steam engine, fire engine, graduating engine, etc. Although there is no well-settled distinction between the terms engine and machine among practical men, there is a tendency to restrict the application of the former to contrivances in which the operating part is not distinct from the motor. 2. Any mechanical contrivance, as the wooden horse with which the Greeks entered Troy; a coach; a bicycle. Dryden. Southey. Thackeray. 3. A person who acts mechanically or at the will of another. 4. A combination of persons acting together for a common purpose, with the agencies which they use; as the social machine. “The whole machine of government ought not to bear upon the people with a weight so heavy and oppressive.” Landor. 5. A political organization arranged and controlled by one or more leaders for selfish, private or partisan ends. [Political Cant] 6. Supernatural agency in a poem, or a superhuman being introduced to perform some exploit. Addison. Elementary machine, a name sometimes given to one of the simple mechanical powers. See under Mechanical. — Infernal machine. See under Infernal. — Machine gun.See under Gun. — Machine screw, a screw or bolt adapted for screwing into metal, in distinction from one which is designed especially to be screwed into wood. — Machine shop, a workshop where machines are made, or where metal is shaped by cutting, filing, turning, etc. — Machine tool, a machine for cutting or shaping wood, metal, etc., by means of a tool; especially, a machine, as a lathe, planer, drilling machine, etc., designed for a more or less general use in a machine shop, in distinction from a machine for producing a special article as in manufacturing. — Machine twist, silken thread especially adapted for use in a sewing machine. — Machine work, work done by a machine, in contradistinction to that done by hand labor.

Ma•chine´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Machined p. pr. & vb. n. Machining.] To subject to the action of machinery; to effect by aid of machinery; to print with a printing machine.

Ma•chin´er , n. One who or operates a machine; a machinist. [R.]

Ma•chin´er•y , n. [From Machine: cf. F. machinerie.] 1. Machines, in general, or collectively. 2. The working parts of a machine, engine, or instrument; as the machinery of a watch. 3. The supernatural means by which the action of a poetic or fictitious work is carried on and brought to a catastrophe; in an extended sense, the contrivances by which the crises and conclusion of a fictitious narrative, in prose or verse, are effected. “The machinery, madam, is a term invented by the critics, to signify that part which the deities, angels, or demons, are made to act in a poem.” Pope. 4. The means and appliances by which anything is kept in action or a desired result is obtained; a complex system of parts adapted to a purpose. “An indispensable part of the machinery of state.” Macaulay. “The delicate inflexional machinery of the Aryan languages.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Ma•chin´ing, a. Of or pertaining to the machinery of a poem; acting or used as a machine. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ma•chin´ist, n. [Cf. F. machiniste.] 1. A constrictor of machines and engines; one versed in the principles of machines. 2. One skilled in the use of machine tools. 3. A person employed to shift scenery in a theater.

Ma´cho , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) The striped mullet of California (Mugil cephalus, or Mexicanus).

Mac´i•len•cy , n. [See Macilent.] Leanness. [Obs.] Sandys.

Mac´i•lent , a. [L. macilentus, fr. macies leanness, macere to be lean.] Lean; thin. [Obs.] Bailey.

Mac´in•tosh , n. Same as Mackintosh.

Mack´er•el , n. [OF. maquerel, F. maquereau, fr. D. makelaar mediator, agent, fr. makelen to act as agent.] A pimp; also a bawd. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Mack•er•el , n. [OF. maquerel, F. maquereau (LL. macarellus), prob. for maclereau, fr. L. macula a spot, in allusion to the markings on the fish. See Mail armor.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Scomber, and of several related genera. They are finely formed and very active oceanic fishes. Most of them are highly prized for food. The common mackerel (Scomber scombrus), which inhabits both sides of the North Atlantic, is one of the most important food fishes. It is mottled with green and blue. The Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus), of the American coast, is covered with bright yellow circular spots. Bull mackerel, Chub mackerel. (Zoöl.) See under Chub. — Frigate mackerel. See under Frigate. — Horse mackerel . See under Horse. — Mackerel bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck; — so called because it arrives in England at the time when mackerel are in season. — Mackerel cock (Zoöl.), the Manx shearwater; — so called because it precedes the appearance of the mackerel on the east coast of Ireland. — Mackerel guide. (Zoöl.) See Garfish (a). — Mackerel gull (Zoöl.) any one of several species of gull which feed upon or follow mackerel, as the kittiwake. — Mackerel midge (Zoöl.), a very small oceanic gadoid fish of the North Atlantic. It is about an inch and a half long and has four barbels on the upper jaw. It is now considered the young of the genus Onos, or Motella. — Mackerel plow, an instrument for creasing the sides of lean mackerel to improve their appearance. Knight. — Mackerel shark (Zoöl.), the porbeagle. — Mackerel sky, or Mackerel-back sky, a sky flecked with small white clouds; a cirro-cumulus. See Cloud. “Mackerel sky and mare’s-tails
Make tall ships carry low sails.” Old Rhyme. { Mack´i•naw blan´ket , Mack´i•naw. }[From Mackinac, the State of Michigan, where blankets and other stores were distributed to the Indians.] A thick blanket formerly in common use in the western part of the United States.

Mack´in•tosh , n. A waterproof outer garment; — so called from the name of the inventor.

Mac´kle , n. [See Macle.] Same as Macule.

Mac´kle, v. t. & i. To blur, or be blurred, in printing, as if there were a double impression.

Ma´cle , n. [L. macula a spot: cf. F. macle. Cf. Mackle, Mascle.] (Min.) (a) Chiastolite; — so called from the tessellated appearance of a cross section. See Chiastolite. (b) A crystal having a similar tessellated appearance. (c) A twin crystal.

Ma´cled , a. 1. (Min.) (a) Marked like macle (chiastolite). (b) Having a twin structure. See Twin, a. 2. See Mascled.

Ma•clu´re•a , n. [NL. Named from William Maclure, the geologist.] (Paleon.) A genus of spiral gastropod shells, often of large size, characteristic of the lower Silurian rocks.

Ma•clu´rin , n. (Chem.) See Morintannic.

Mac´ra•me lace´ A coarse lace made of twine, used especially in decorating furniture. { Mac•ren•ce•phal´ic , Mac•ren•ceph´a•lous } a. [Macro + encephalic, encephalous.] Having a large brain.

Mac´ro- [Gr. makro•s, adj.] A combining form signifying long, large, great; as macrodiagonal, macrospore.

Mac•ro•bi•ot´ic , a. [Gr. long- lived; makro•s long + life: cf. F. macrobiotique.] Long-lived. Dunglison.

Mac•ro•bi•ot´ics , n. (Physiol.) The art of prolonging life.

Mac•ro•ceph´a•lous , a. [Macro + Gr. kefalh• the head.] 1. Having a large head. 2. (Bot.) Having the cotyledons of a dicotyledonous embryo confluent, and forming a large mass compared with the rest of the body. Henslow.

Mac•ro-chem´is•try , n. [Macro- + chemistry.] (Chem.) The science which treats of the chemical properties, actions or relations of substances in quantity; — distinguished from micro-chemistry.

Mac•ro•chi´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. makro•s long + hand.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the swifts and humming birds. So called from the length of the distal part of the wing.

Mac´ro•cosm , n. [Macro- + Gr. the world: cf. F. macrocosme.] The great world; that part of the universe which is exterior to man; — contrasted with microcosm, or man. See Microcosm.

Mac•ro•cos´mic , a. Of or pertaining to the macrocosm. Tylor.

Mac•ro•cys´tis , n. [NL. See Macro-, and Cyst.] (Bot.) An immensely long blackish seaweed of the Pacific (Macrocystis pyrifera), having numerous almond-shaped air vessels.

Mac•ro•dac´tyl (mak•ro•dak´til), n. [Gr. makroda•ktylos long-fingered; makro•s long + da•ktylos finger: cf. F. macrodactyle.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of wading birds (Macrodactyli) having very long toes. [Written also macrodactyle.] { Mac•ro•dac•tyl´ic , Mac•ro•dac´tyl•ous , } a. (Zoöl.) Having long toes.

Mac•ro•di•ag´o•nal , n. [Macro- + diagonal.] (Crystallog.) The longer of two diagonals, as of a rhombic prism. See Crystallization.

Mac´ro•dome , n. [Macro- + dome.] (Crystallog.) A dome parallel to the longer lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal. See Dome, n., 4.

Mac´ro•dont, a. [Macro- + Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Having large teeth. — n. A macrodont animal.

Mac´ro•far•ad , n. [Macro- + farad.] (Elec.) See Megafarad. [R.]

Mac•ro•glos´si•a , n. [NL. See Macro-, and Glossa.] (Med.) Enlargement or hypertrophy of the tongue.

Mac•rog•nath´ic , a. [Macro- + gnathic.] (Anthropol.) Long-jawed. Huxley.

Ma•crol´o•gy , n. [L. macrologia, Gr. ; long + lo•gos discourse: cf. F. macrologie.] Long and tedious talk without much substance; superfluity of words.

Ma•crom´e•ter , n. [Macro- + -meter.] An instrument for determining the size or distance of inaccessible objects by means of two reflectors on a common sextant.

Ma´cron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. long.] (Pron.) A short, straight, horizontal mark [-], placed over vowels to denote that they are to be pronounced with a long sound; as a, in dame; e, in seam, etc.

Mac•ro•pet´al•ous , a. [Macro- + petal.] (Bot.) Having long or large petals.

Ma•croph´yl•lous , a. [Macro- + Gr. a leaf.] (Bot.) Having long or large leaves.

Mac•ro•pin´a•coid , n. [Macro- + pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) One of the two planes of an orthorhombic crystal which are parallel to the vertical and longer lateral (macrodiagonal) axes.

Mac´ro•pod , n. [Macro- + -pod.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a group of maioid crabs remarkable for the length of their legs; — called also spider crab.

Ma•crop´o•dal , a. Having long or large feet, or a long stem.

Mac•ro•po´di•an , n. A macropod.

Ma•crop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Having long legs or feet.

Mac´ro•prism , n. [Macro- + prism.] (Crystallog.) A prism of an orthorhombic crystal between the macropinacoid and the unit prism; the corresponding pyramids are called macropyramids.

Ma•crop´te•res , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. long + feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds; the Longipennes.

Ma•crop´ter•ous , a. [See Macropteres.] (Zoöl.) Having long wings.

Mac´ro•pus , n. [NL. See Macropod.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marsupials including the common kangaroo.

Mac•ro•pyr´a•mid , n. [Macro- + pyramid.] (Crystallog.) See Macroprism. { Mac•ro•scop´ic , Mac•ro•scop´ic•al } a. [Macro- + Gr. to view.] Visible to the unassisted eye; — as opposed to microscopic. — Mac•ro•scop´ic•al•ly, adv.

Mac•ro•spo•ran´gi•um , n. [NL. See Macro-, and Sporangium.] (Bot.) A sporangium or conceptacle containing only large spores; — opposed to microsporangium. Both are found in the genera Selaginella, Isoctes, and Marsilia, plants remotely allied to ferns.

Mac´ro•spore , n. [Macro- + spore.] (Bot.) One of the specially large spores of certain flowerless plants, as Selaginella, etc.

Mac•ro•spor´ic , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to macrospores.

Mac´ro•tone , n. [Gr. stretched out. See Macro-, and Tone.] (Pron.) Same as Macron.

Ma•cro´tous , a. [Macro- + Gr. o´y^s, gen. ’wto•s, the ear.] (Zoöl.) Large-eared.

Ma•crou´ra , n. pl., Ma•crou´ral , a., etc. (Zoöl.) Same as Macrura, Macrural, etc.

Mac•ro•zo´ö•spore , n. [Macro- + zoöspore.] (Bot.) A large motile spore having four vibratile cilia; — found in certain green algae.

Ma•cru´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. long + tail.] (Zoöl.) A subdivision of decapod Crustacea, having the abdomen largely developed. It includes the lobster, prawn, shrimp, and many similar forms. Cf. Decapoda.

Ma•cru´ral , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Macrurous.

Ma•cru´ran , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Macrura.

Ma•cru´roid , a. [Macrura + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Macrura.

Ma•cru´rous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Macrura; having a long tail.

Mac•ta´tion , n. [L. mactatio, fr. macture to slay, sacrifice.] The act of killing a victim for sacrifice. [Obs.]

Mac´tra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. kneading trough, fr. to knead.] (Zoöl.) Any marine bivalve shell of the genus Mactra, and allied genera. Many species are known. Some of them are used as food, as Mactra stultorum, of Europe. See Surf clam, under Surf.

Mac´u•la , n.; pl. Maculae (#). [L., spot, stain, blot. See Mail armor, and cf. Mackle, Macule.] 1. A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun or of some other luminous orb. 2. (Zoöl.) A rather large spot or blotch of color.

Mac´u•late , v. t. [L. maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot. See Macula, and cf. Macule, v.] To spot; to stain; to blur. “Maculate the honor of their people.” Sir T. Elyot.

Mac´u•late , a. [L. maculatus, p. p.] Marked with spots or maculae; blotched; hence, defiled; impure; as most maculate thoughts. Shak.

Mac´u•la•ted , a. Having spots or blotches; maculate.

Mac´u•la´tion , n. [L. maculatio.] The act of spotting; a spot; a blemish. Shak.

Mac´u•la•to•ry , a. Causing a spot or stain. T. Adams.

Mac´u•la•ture , n. Blotting paper. [Obs.]

Mac´ule , n. [F. macule. See Macula.] 1. A spot. [Obs.] 2. (Print.) A blur, or an appearance of a double impression, as when the paper slips a little; a mackle.

Mac´ule, v. t. [Cf. F. maculer. See Maculate, v.] To blur; especially (Print.), to blur or double an impression from type. See Mackle.

Mac´u•lose , a. [L. maculosus.] Of or pertaining to spots upon a surface; spotted; maculate.

Mad , obs. p. p. of Made. Chaucer.

Mad , a. [Compar. Madder superl. Maddest ] [AS. gemd, gemad, mad; akin to OS. gemd foolish, OHG. gameit, Icel. meia to hurt, Goth. gamáids weak, broken. .] 1. Disordered in intellect; crazy; insane. “I have heard my grandsire say full oft,
Extremity of griefs would make men mad.” Shak. 2. Excited beyond self-control or the restraint of reason; inflamed by violent or uncontrollable desire, passion, or appetite; as to be mad with terror, lust, or hatred; mad against political reform. “It is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon their idols.” Jer. 1. 88. “And being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities.” Acts xxvi. 11. 3. Proceeding from, or indicating, madness; expressing distraction; prompted by infatuation, fury, or extreme rashness. ´Mad demeanor.´ Milton. “Mad wars destroy in one year the works of many years of peace.” Franklin. “The mad promise of Cleon was fulfilled.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 4. Extravagant; immoderate. ´Be mad and merry.´ Shak. ´Fetching mad bounds.´ Shak. 5. Furious with rage, terror, or disease; — said of the lower animals; as a mad bull; esp., having hydrophobia; rabid; as a mad dog. 6. Angry; out of patience; vexed; as to get mad at a person. [Colloq.] 7. Having impaired polarity; — applied to a compass needle. [Colloq.] Like mad, like a mad person; in a furious manner; as to run like mad. L’Estrange. — To run mad. (a) To become wild with excitement. (b) To run wildly about under the influence of hydrophobia; to become affected with hydrophobia. — To run mad after, to pursue under the influence of infatuation or immoderate desire. ´The world is running mad after farce.´ Dryden.

Mad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Madded; p. pr. & vb. n. Madding.] To make mad or furious; to madden. “Had I but seen thy picture in this plight,
It would have madded me.” Shak.

Mad, v. i. To be mad; to go mad; to rave. See Madding. [Archaic] Chaucer. “Festus said with great voice, Paul thou maddest.” Wyclif (Acts).

Mad, n. [AS. maa; akin to D. & G. made, Goth. mapa, and prob. to E. moth.] (Zoöl.) An earthworm. [Written also made.]

Mad´am , n.; pl. Madams, or Mesdames (#). [See Madame.] A gentlewoman; — an appellation or courteous form of address given to a lady, especially an elderly or a married lady; — much used in the address, at the beginning of a letter, to a woman. The corresponding word in addressing a man is Sir.

Ma•dame´ , n.; pl. Mesdames (#). [F., fr. ma my (L. mea) + dame dame. See Dame, and cf. Madonna.] My lady; — a French title formerly given to ladies of quality; now, in France, given to all married women. Chaucer.

Mad´-ap•ple , n. (Bot.) See Eggplant.

Mad´brain , a. Hot-headed; rash. Shak. — n. A rash or hot- headed person.

Mad´brained , a. Disordered in mind; hot-headed. Shak.

Mad´cap , a. 1. Inclined to wild sports; delighting in rash, absurd, or dangerous amusements. ´The merry madcap lord.´ Shak. 2. Wild; reckless. ´Madcap follies´ Beau. & Fl.

Mad´cap, n. A person of wild behavior; an excitable, rash, violent person. Shak.

Mad´den , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maddened p. pr. & vb. n. Maddening.] To make mad; to drive to madness; to craze; to excite violently with passion; to make very angry; to enrage.

Mad´den, v. i. To become mad; to act as if mad. “They rave, recite, and madden round the land.” Pope.

Mad´der (mad´der), n. [OE. mader, AS. maedere; akin to Icel. maðra.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Rubia (R. tinctorum). The root is much used in dyeing red, and formerly was used in medicine. It is cultivated in France and Holland. See Rubiaceous. Madder is sometimes used in forming pigments, as lakes, etc., which receive their names from their colors; as. madder yellow. Field madder, an annual European weed (Sherardia arvensis) resembling madder. — Indian madder , the East Indian Rubia cordifolia, used in the East for dyeing; — called also munjeet. — Wild madder, Rubia peregrina of Europe; also the Galium Mollugo, a kind of bedstraw.

Mad´der•wort , n. (Bot.) A name proposed for any plant of the same natural order (Rubiaceae) as the madder.

Mad´ding , a. Affected with madness; raging; furious. — Mad´ding•ly, adv. [Archaic] “Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife.” Gray. “The madding wheels
Of brazen chariots raged.” Milton.

Mad´dish , a. Somewhat mad. Beau. & Fl.

Made , n. (Zoöl.) See Mad, n.

Made , imp. & p. p. of Make.

Made, a. Artificially produced; pieced together; formed by filling in; as made ground; a made mast, in distinction from one consisting of a single spar. Made up. (a) Complete; perfect. ´A made up villain.´ Shak. (b) Falsely devised; fabricated; as a made up story. (c) Artificial; as a made up figure or complexion. { Mad´e•cass , Mad•e•cas´see } n. A native or inhabitant of Madagascar, or Madecassee; the language of the natives of Madagascar. See Malagasy.

Mad•e•cas´see, a. Of or pertaining to Madagascar or its inhabitants. { Mad•e•fac´tion , Mad•e•fi•ca´tion } n. [L. madefacere to make wet; madere to be wet + facere to make: cf. F. madefaction.] The act of madefying, or making wet; the state of that which is made wet. [R.] Bacon.

Mad´e•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Madefied p. pr. & vb. n. Madefying ] [Cf. F. madefier, L. madefacere. See Madefaction.] To make wet or moist. [R.]

Mad•e•gas´sy , n. & a. See Madecassee.

Ma•dei´ra , n. [Pg., the Island Madeira, properly, wood, fr. L. materia stuff, wood. The island was so called because well wooded. See Matter.] A rich wine made on the Island of Madeira. “A cup of Madeira, and a cold capon’s leg.” Shak. Madeira nut (Bot.), the European walnut; the nut of the Juglans regia.

Ma•de•moi•selle´ , n.; pl. Mesdemoiselles (#). [F., fr. ma my, f. of mon + demoiselle young lady. See Damsel.] 1. A French title of courtesy given to a girl or an unmarried lady, equivalent to the English Miss. Goldsmith. 2. (Zoöl.) A marine food fish (Sciaena chrysura), of the Southern United States; — called also yellowtail, and silver perch.

Madge, n. [Cf. OF. & Prov. F. machette.] (Zoöl.) (a) The barn owl. (b) The magpie.

Mad´-head•ed , a. Wild; crack- brained.

Mad´house , n. A house where insane persons are confined; an insane asylum; a bedlam.

Ma´di•a , n. [NL., fr. Sp. madi, fr. Chilian madi, the native name.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, of which one species (Madia sativa) is cultivated for the oil yielded from its seeds by pressure. This oil is sometimes used instead of olive oil for the table.

Mad´id , a. [L. madidus, fr. madere to be wet.] Wet; moist; as a madid eye. [R.] Beaconsfield.

Mad•is•te´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Surg.) An instrument to extract hairs.

Mad´joun , n. [Hind., fr. Ar. ma’jn.] An intoxicating confection from the hemp plant; — used by the Turks and Hindoos. [Written also majoun.]

Mad´ly , adv. [From Mad, a.] In a mad manner; without reason or understanding; wildly.

Mad´man , n.; pl. Madmen . A man who is mad; lunatic; a crazy person. “When a man mistakes his thoughts for person and things, he is mad. A madman is properly so defined.” Coleridge.

Mad´nep , n. (Bot.) The masterwort (Peucedanum Ostruthium).

Mad´ness, n. [From Mad, a.] 1. The condition of being mad; insanity; lunacy. 2. Frenzy; ungovernable rage; extreme folly. Syn. — Insanity; distraction; derangement; craziness; lunacy; mania; frenzy; franticness; rage; aberration; alienation; monomania. See Insanity.

Ma•don´na , n. [It. madonna my lady. See Dame, Donna, and cf. Madame, Monkey.] 1. My lady; — a term of address in Italian formerly used as the equivalent of Madame, but for which Signora is now substituted. Sometimes introduced into English. Shak. 2. [pl. Madonnas (naz).] A picture of the Virgin Mary (usually with the babe). “The Italian painters are noted for drawing the Madonnas by their own wives or mistresses.” Rymer.

Ma´do•qua , n. (Zoöl.) A small Abyssinian antelope (Neotragus Saltiana), about the size of a hare.

Ma•drague´ , n. [R.] A large fish pound used for the capture of the tunny in the Mediterranean; also applied to the seines used for the same purpose.

Ma´dre•perl , n. [It. madreperla.] Mother-of-pearl.

Mad•re•po´ra (mad•re•po´ra), n. [NL. See Madrepore.] (Zoöl.) A genus of reef corals abundant in tropical seas. It includes than one hundred and fifty species, most of which are elegantly branched. — Mad•re•po´ral (#), a.

Mad•re•po•ra´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Madrepore.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Anthozoa, including most of the species that produce stony corals. See Illust. of Anthozoa. — Mad•re•po•ra´ri•an (#), a. & n.

Mad´re•pore , n. [F. madrepore, perh. fr. madre spotted, fr. OF. madre, mazre, a kind of knotty wood with brown spots, fr. OHG. masar a knot, grain, or vein in wood, a speck, G. maser + pore (see Pore); or perh. F. madrepore is rather from It. madrepora, and this perh. fr. It. madre mother (see Mother) + Gr. a soft stone.] (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Madrepora; formerly, often applied to any stony coral. { Mad•re•po´ri•an , Mad•re•po´ric } a. (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the genus Madrepora. Madreporic plate (Zoöl.), a perforated plate in echinoderms, through which water is admitted to the ambulacral tubes; — called also madreporic tubercule.

Mad•re•po´ri•form , a. [Madrepore + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling a madreporian coral in form or structure.

Mad´re•po•rite , n. [Cf. F. madreporite] 1. (Paleon.) A fossil coral. 2. (Zoöl.) The madreporic plate of echinoderms.

Ma•drier´ , n. [F., from Sp. madero, or Pg. madeiro, fr. Sp. madera wood for building, timber, Pg. madeira, L. materia stuff, materials, lumber. See Matter.] A thick plank, used for several mechanical purposes; especially: (a) A plank to receive the mouth of a petard, with which it is applied to anything intended to be broken down. (b) A plank or beam used for supporting the earth in mines or fortifications.

Mad´ri•gal (mad´ri•gal), n. [It. madrigale, OIt. madriale, mandriale (cf. LL. matriale); of uncertain origin, possibly fr. It mandra flock, L. mandra stall, herd of cattle, Gr. ma•ndra fold, stable; hence, madrigal, originally, a pastoral song.] 1. A little amorous poem, sometimes called a pastoral poem, containing some tender and delicate, though simple, thought. “Whose artful strains have oft delayed
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal.” Milton. 2. (Mus.) An unaccompanied polyphonic song, in four, five, or more parts, set to secular words, but full of counterpoint and imitation, and adhering to the old church modes. Unlike the freer glee, it is best sung with several voices on a part. See Glee.

Mad´ri•gal•er , n. A madrigalist.

Mad´ri•gal•ist, n. A composer of madrigals.

Mad•ri•le´ni•an , a. [Sp. Madrileño.] Of or pertaining to Madrid in Spain, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Madrid.

Ma•dri´na , n. [Sp., prop., a godmother.] An animal (usually an old mare), wearing a bell and acting as the leader of a troop of pack mules. [S. America]

Ma•dro´ña , n. [Sp. madroño.] (Bot.) A small evergreen tree or shrub (Arbutus Menziesii), of California, having a smooth bark, thick shining leaves, and edible red berries, which are often called madroña apples. [Written also madroño.]

Mad´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants (Alyssum) with white or yellow flowers and rounded pods. A. maritimum is the commonly cultivated sweet alyssum, a fragrant white-flowered annual. { Maeg´bote• , Mag´bote• } , n. [AS. maeg kinsman + bot compensation.] (Anglo-Saxon Law) Compensation for the injury done by slaying a kinsman. Spelman.

Mael´strom , n. [Norw., a whirlpool.] 1. A celebrated whirlpool on the coast of Norway. 2. Also Fig. ; as a maelstrom of vice.

Mae´nad , n. [L. Maenas, -adis, Gr. , , fr. to rave.] 1. A Bacchante; a priestess or votary of Bacchus. 2. A frantic or frenzied woman.

Ma•es•to´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Majestic or majestically; — a direction to perform a passage or piece of music in a dignified manner.

Maes´tricht mon´i•tor [So called from Maestricht, a town in Holland.] (Paleon.) The Mosasaurus Hofmanni. See Mosasaurus.

Ma•es´tro , n. [It., fr. L. magister. See Master.] A master in any art, especially in music; a composer.

Maf´fle , v. i. [Akin to OD. maffelen to stammer. Cf. Muffle to mumble.] To stammer. [Obs.]

Maf´fler , n. A stammerer. [Obs.]

Mag•a•zine´ , n. [F. magasin, It. magazzino, or Sp. magacen, almagacen; all fr. Ar. makhzan, almakhzan, a storehouse, granary, or cellar.] 1. A receptacle in which anything is stored, especially military stores, as ammunition, arms, provisions, etc. ´Armories and magazines.´ Milton. 2. The building or room in which the supply of powder is kept in a fortification or a ship. 3. A chamber in a gun for holding a number of cartridges to be fed automatically to the piece. 4. A pamphlet published periodically containing miscellaneous papers or compositions. Magazine dress, clothing made chiefly of woolen, without anything metallic about it, to be worn in a powder magazine. — Magazine gun, a portable firearm, as a rifle, with a chamber carrying cartridges which are brought automatically into position for firing. — Magazine stove, a stove having a chamber for holding fuel which is supplied to the fire by some self-feeding process, as in the common base-burner.

Mag•a•zine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magazined p. pr. & vb. n. Magazining.] To store in, or as in, a magazine; to store up for use.

Mag•a•zin´er , n. One who edits or writes for a magazine. [R.] Goldsmith.

Mag•a•zin´ing, n. The act of editing, or writing for, a magazine. [Colloq.] Byron.

Mag•a•zin´ist, n. One who edits or writes for a magazine. [R.]

Mag´bote , n. See Maegbote.

Mag´da•la , a. Designating an orange-red dyestuff obtained from naphthylamine, and called magdala red, naphthalene red, etc.

Mag´da•len , n. [From Mary Magdalene, traditionally reported to have been the repentant sinner forgiven by Christ. See Luke vii. 36.] A reformed prostitute.

Mag•da´le•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. crumb of bread, fr. to knead.] (Med.) A medicine in the form of a roll, a esp. a roll of plaster.

Mag´de•burg , n. A city of Saxony. Magdeburg centuries, Magdeburg hemispheres. See under Century, and Hemisphere.

Mage , n. [F. mage. See Magi.] A magician. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson.

Mag•el•lan´ic , a. Of or pertaining to, or named from, Magellan, the navigator. Magellenic clouds (Astron.), three conspicuous nebulae near the south pole, resembling thin white clouds.

Ma•gen´ta , n. (Chem.) An aniline dye obtained as an amorphous substance having a green bronze surface color, which dissolves to a shade of red; also the color; — so called from Magenta, in Italy, in allusion to the battle fought there about the time the dye was discovered. Called also fuchsine, roseïne, etc.

Magged , a. (Naut.) Worn; fretted; as a magged brace. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Mag•gio´re , a. [It., from L. major, compar. of magnus great. See Major.] (Mus.) Greater, in respect to scales, intervals, etc., when used in opposition to minor; major. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Mag´got , n. [W. macai, pl. maceiod, magiod, a worn or grub; cf. magu to bread.] 1. (Zoöl.) The footless larva of any fly. See Larval. 2. A whim; an odd fancy. Hudibras. Tennyson.

Mag´got•i•ness , n. State of being maggoty.

Mag´got•ish, a. Full of whims or fancies; maggoty.

Mag´got-pie , n. A magpie. [Obs.] Shak.

Mag´got•y , a. 1. Infested with maggots. 2. Full of whims; capricious. Norris.

Ma´ghet , n. [Cf. Fl. maghet maid.] (Bot.) A name for daisies and camomiles of several kinds.

Ma´gi , n. pl. [L., pl. of Magus, Gr. ; of Per. origin. Cf. Mage, Magic.] A caste of priests, philosophers, and magicians, among the ancient Persians; hence, any holy men or sages of the East. “The inspired Magi from the Orient came.” Sandys.

Ma´gi•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Magi.

Ma´gi•an, n. One of the Magi, or priests of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia; an adherent of the Zoroastrian religion. — Ma´gi•an•ism (#), n.

Mag´ic , n. [OE. magique, L. magice, Gr. (sc. ), fr. . See Magic, a., and Magi.] A comprehensive name for all of the pretended arts which claim to produce effects by the assistance of supernatural beings, or departed spirits, or by a mastery of secret forces in nature attained by a study of occult science, including enchantment, conjuration, witchcraft, sorcery, necromancy, incantation, etc. “An appearance made by some magic.” Chaucer. Celestial magic, a supposed supernatural power which gave to spirits a kind of dominion over the planets, and to the planets an influence over men. — Natural magic, the art of employing the powers of nature to produce effects apparently supernatural. — Superstitious, or Geotic, magic, the invocation of devils or demons, involving the supposition of some tacit or express agreement between them and human beings. Syn. — Sorcery; witchcraft; necromancy; conjuration; enchantment. { Mag´ic , Mag´ic•al } a. [L. magicus, Gr. , fr. : cf. F. magique. See Magi.] 1. Pertaining to the hidden wisdom supposed to be possessed by the Magi; relating to the occult powers of nature, and the producing of effects by their agency. 2. Performed by, or proceeding from, occult and superhuman agencies; done by, or seemingly done by, enchantment or sorcery. Hence: Seemingly requiring more than human power; imposing or startling in performance; producing effects which seem supernatural or very extraordinary; having extraordinary properties; as a magic lantern; a magic square or circle. “The painter’s magic skill.” Cowper. Although with certain words magic is used more than magical, — as magic circle, magic square, magic wand, — we may in general say magic or magical; as a magic or magical effect; a magic or magical influence, etc. But when the adjective is predicative, magical, and not magic, is used; as the effect was magical. Magic circle, a series of concentric circles containing the numbers 12 to 75 in eight radii, and having somewhat similar properties to the magic square. — Magic humming bird (Zoöl.), a Mexican humming bird (Iache magica) , having white downy thing tufts. — Magic lantern. See Lantern. — Magic square, numbers so disposed in parallel and equal rows in the form of a square, that each row, taken vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, shall give the same sum, the same product, or an harmonical series, according as the numbers taken are in arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonical progression. — Magic wand, a wand used by a magician in performing feats of magic.

Mag´ic•al•ly , adv. In a magical manner; by magic, or as if by magic.

Ma•gi´cian , n. [F. magicien. See Magic, n.] One skilled in magic; one who practices the black art; an enchanter; a necromancer; a sorcerer or sorceress; a conjurer. { Ma•gilp´ , Ma•gilph´ } n. (Paint.) See Megilp.

Ma•gis´ter , n. [L. See Master.] Master; sir; — a title of the Middle Ages, given to a person in authority, or to one having a license from a university to teach philosophy and the liberal arts.

Mag•is•te´ri•al , a. [L. magisterius magisterial. See Master.] 1. Of or pertaining to a master or magistrate, or one in authority; having the manner of a magister; official; commanding; authoritative. Hence: Overbearing; dictatorial; dogmatic. “When magisterial duties from his home
Her father called.” Glover. “We are not magisterial in opinions, nor, dictator-like, obtrude our notions on any man.” Sir T. Browne. “Pretenses go a great way with men that take fair words and magisterial looks for current payment.” L’Estrange. 2. (Alchem. & Old Chem.) Pertaining to, produced by, or of the nature of, magistery. See Magistery, 2. Syn. — Authoritative; stately; august; pompous; dignified; lofty; commanding; imperious; lordly; proud; haughty; domineering; despotic; dogmatical; arrogant. — Magisterial, Dogmatical, Arrogant. One who is magisterial assumes the air of a master toward his pupils; one who is dogmatical lays down his positions in a tone of authority or dictation; one who is arrogant in sults others by an undue assumption of superiority. Those who have long been teachers sometimes acquire, unconsciously, a manner which borders too much on the magisterial, and may be unjustly construed as dogmatical, or even arrogant.

Mag•is•te•ri•al´i•ty , n. Magisterialness; authoritativeness. [R.] Fuller.

Mag•is•te´ri•al•ly , adv. In a magisterial manner.

Mag•is•te´ri•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being magisterial.

Mag´is•ter•y , n. [L. magisterium the office of a chief, president, director, tutor. See Magistrate.] 1. Mastery; powerful medical influence; renowned efficacy; a sovereign remedy. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A magisterial injunction. [R.] Brougham. 3. (Chem.) A precipitate; a fine substance deposited by precipitation; — applied in old chemistry to certain white precipitates from metallic solutions; as magistery of bismuth. Ure.

Mag´is•tra•cy , n.; pl. Magistracies (#). [From Magistrate.] 1. The office or dignity of a magistrate. Blackstone. 2. The collective body of magistrates.

Mag´is•tral , a. [L. magistralis: cf. F. magistral. See Magistrate.] 1. Pertaining to a master; magisterial; authoritative; dogmatic. 2. Commanded or prescribed by a magister, esp. by a doctor; hence, effectual; sovereign; as a magistral sirup. ´Some magistral opiate.´ Bacon. 3. (Pharmacy) Formulated extemporaneously, or for a special case; — opposed to officinal, and said of prescriptions and medicines. Dunglison. Magistral line (Fort.), the guiding line, or outline, by which the form of the work is determined. It is usually the crest line of the parapet in fieldworks, or the top line of the escarp in permanent fortifications.

Mag´is•tral, n. 1. (Med.) A sovereign medicine or remedy. [Obs.] Burton. 2. (Fort.) A magistral line. 3. (Metal.) Powdered copper pyrites used in the amalgamation of ores of silver, as at the Spanish mines of Mexico and South America.

Mag•is•tral´i•ty , n.; pl. -ties . Magisterialness; arbitrary dogmatism. Bacon.

Mag´is•tral•ly , adv. In a magistral manner. Abp. Bramhall.

Mag´is•trate , n. [L. magistratus, fr. magister master: cf. F. magistrat. See Master.] A person clothed with power as a public civil officer; a public civil officer invested with the executive government, or some branch of it. ´All Christian rulers and magistrates.´ Book of Com. Prayer. “Of magistrates some also are supreme, in whom the sovereign power of the state resides; others are subordinate.” Blackstone. { Mag•is•trat´ic , Mag•is•trat´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or proceeding from, a magistrate; having the authority of a magistrate. Jer. Taylor.

Mag´is•tra•ture , n. [Cf. F. magistrature.] Magistracy. [Obs.]

Mag´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to squeeze, knead.] 1. Any crude mixture of mineral or organic matters in the state of a thin paste. Ure. 2. (Med.) (a) A thick residuum obtained from certain substances after the fluid parts are expressed from them; the grounds which remain after treating a substance with any menstruum, as water or alcohol. (b) A salve or confection of thick consistency. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) (a) The molten matter within the earth, the source of the material of lava flows, dikes of eruptive rocks, etc. (b) The glassy base of an eruptive rock. 4. (Chem.) The amorphous or homogenous matrix or ground mass, as distinguished from well-defined crystals; as the magma of porphyry.

Mag´na Char´ta [L., great charter.] 1. The great Charter, so called, obtained by the English barons from King John, A. D. 1215. This name is also given to the charter granted to the people of England in the ninth year of Henry III., and confirmed by Edward I. 2. Hence, a fundamental constitution which guaranties rights and privileges.

Mag•nal´i•ty , n. [L. magnalis mighty, fr. magnus great.] A great act or event; a great attainment. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Mag•na•nim´i•ty , n. [F. magnanimite, L. magnanimitas.] The quality of being magnanimous; greatness of mind; elevation or dignity of soul; that quality or combination of qualities, in character, which enables one to encounter danger and trouble with tranquility and firmness, to disdain injustice, meanness and revenge, and to act and sacrifice for noble objects.

Mag•nan´i•mous , a.[L. magnanimus; magnus great + animus mind. See Magnate, and Animus.] 1. Great of mind; elevated in soul or in sentiment; raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty and courageous spirit; as a magnanimous character; a magnanimous conqueror. “Be magnanimous in the enterprise.” Shak. “To give a kingdom hath been thought
Greater and nobler done, and to lay down
Far more magnanimous than to assume.” Milton. 2. Dictated by or exhibiting nobleness of soul; honorable; noble; not selfish. “Both strived for death; magnanimous debate.” Stirling. “There is an indissoluble union between a magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity.” Washington.

Mag•nan´i•mous•ly, adv. In a magnanimous manner; with greatness of mind.

Mag´nase black (Paint.) A black pigment which dries rapidly when mixed with oil, and is of intense body. Fairholt.

Mag´nate , [F. magnat, L. (pl.) magnates, magnati, fr. magnus great. See Master.] 1. A person of rank; a noble or grandee; a person of influence or distinction in any sphere. Macaulay. 2. One of the nobility, or certain high officers of state belonging to the noble estate in the national representation of Hungary, and formerly of Poland.

Mag´nes , n. [L.] Magnet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mag•ne´si•a ( 277), n. [L. Magnesia, fem. of Magnesius of the country Magnesia, Gr. h• Magnhsi•a li•qos a magnet. Cf. Magnet.] (Chem.) A light earthy white substance, consisting of magnesium oxide, and obtained by heating magnesium hydrate or carbonate, or by burning magnesium. It has a slightly alkaline reaction, and is used in medicine as a mild antacid laxative. See Magnesium. Magnesia alba [L.] (Med. Chem.), a bulky white amorphous substance, consisting of a hydrous basic carbonate of magnesium, and used as a mild cathartic.

Mag•ne´sian , a. Pertaining to, characterized by, or containing, magnesia or magnesium. Magnesian limestone. (Min.) See Dolomite.

Mag•ne´sic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, magnesium; as magnesic oxide.

Mag´ne•site , n. [Cf. F. magnesite.] (Min.) Native magnesium carbonate occurring in white compact or granular masses, and also in rhombohedral crystals.

Mag•ne´si•um , n. [NL. & F. See Magnesia.] (Chem.) A light silver-white metallic element, malleable and ductile, quite permanent in dry air but tarnishing in moist air. It burns, forming (the oxide) magnesia, with the production of a blinding light (the so-called magnesium light) which is used in signaling, in pyrotechny, or in photography where a strong actinic illuminant is required. Its compounds occur abundantly, as in dolomite, talc, meerschaum, etc. Symbol Mg. Atomic weight, 24.4. Specific gravity, 1.75. Magnesium sulphate. (Chem.) Same as Epsom salts.

Mag´net (mag´net), n. [OE. magnete, OF. magnete, L. magnes, - etis, Gr. Magnh^tis li•qos a magnet, metal that looked like silver, prop., Magnesian stone, fr. Gr. Magnhsi•a, a country in Thessaly. Cf. Magnesia, Manganese.] 1. The loadstone; a species of iron ore (the ferrosoferric or magnetic ore, Fe3O4) which has the property of attracting iron and some of its ores, and, when freely suspended, of pointing to the poles; — called also natural magnet. “Dinocrates began to make the arched roof of the temple of Arsinoë all of magnet, or this loadstone.” Holland. “Two magnets, heaven and earth, allure to bliss,
The larger loadstone that, the nearer this.” Dryden. 2. (Physics) A bar or mass of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties of the loadstone have been imparted; — called, in distinction from the loadstone, an artificial magnet. An artificial magnet, produced by the action of a voltaic or electrical battery, is called an electro-magnet. Field magnet (Physics & Elec.), a magnet used for producing and maintaining a magnetic field; — used especially of the stationary or exciting magnet of a dynamo or electromotor in distinction from that of the moving portion or armature. { Mag•net´ic , Mag•net´ic•al } a. [L. magneticus: cf. F. magnetique.] 1. Pertaining to the magnet; possessing the properties of the magnet, or corresponding properties; as a magnetic bar of iron; a magnetic needle. 2. Of or pertaining to, or characterized by, the earth’s magnetism; as the magnetic north; the magnetic meridian. 3. Capable of becoming a magnet; susceptible to magnetism; as the magnetic metals. 4. Endowed with extraordinary personal power to excite the feelings and to win the affections; attractive; inducing attachment. “She that had all magnetic force alone.” Donne. 5. Having, susceptible to, or induced by, animal magnetism, so called; as a magnetic sleep. See Magnetism. Magnetic amplitude, attraction, dip, induction, etc. See under Amplitude, Attraction, etc. — Magnetic battery, a combination of bar or horseshoe magnets with the like poles adjacent, so as to act together with great power. — Magnetic compensator, a contrivance connected with a ship’s compass for compensating or neutralizing the effect of the iron of the ship upon the needle. — Magnetic curves, curves indicating lines of magnetic force, as in the arrangement of iron filings between the poles of a powerful magnet. — Magnetic elements. (a) (Chem. Physics) Those elements, as iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, etc., which are capable or becoming magnetic. (b) (Physics) In respect to terrestrial magnetism, the declination, inclination, and intensity. (c) See under Element. — Magnetic equator, the line around the equatorial parts of the earth at which there is no dip, the dipping needle being horizontal. — Magnetic field, or Field of magnetic force, any space through which a magnet exerts its influence. — Magnetic fluid, the hypothetical fluid whose existence was formerly assumed in the explanations of the phenomena of magnetism. — Magnetic iron, or Magnetic iron ore. (Min.) Same as Magnetite. — Magnetic needle, a slender bar of steel, magnetized and suspended at its center on a sharp-pointed pivot, or by a delicate fiber, so that it may take freely the direction of the magnetic meridian. It constitutes the essential part of a compass, such as the mariner’s and the surveyor’s. — Magnetic poles, the two points in the opposite polar regions of the earth at which the direction of the dipping needle is vertical. — Magnetic pyrites. See Pyrrhotite. — Magnetic storm (Terrestrial Physics), a disturbance of the earth’s magnetic force characterized by great and sudden changes. — Magnetic telegraph, a telegraph acting by means of a magnet. See Telegraph.

Mag•net´ic , n. 1. A magnet. [Obs.] “As the magnetic hardest iron draws.” Milton. 2. Any metal, as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc., which may receive, by any means, the properties of the loadstone, and which then, when suspended, fixes itself in the direction of a magnetic meridian.

Mag•net´ic•al•ly, adv. By or as by, magnetism.

Mag•net´ic•al•ness, n. Quality of being magnetic.

Mag•ne•ti´cian , n. One versed in the science of magnetism; a magnetist.

Mag•net´ic•ness, n. Magneticalness. [Obs.]

Mag•net´ics , n. The science of magnetism.

Mag•net•if´er•ous , a. [L. magnes, -etis + -ferous.] Producing or conducting magnetism.

Mag´net•ism , n. [Cf. F. magnetisme.] The property, quality, or state, of being magnetic; the manifestation of the force in nature which is seen in a magnet. 2. The science which treats of magnetic phenomena. 3. Power of attraction; power to excite the feelings and to gain the affections. ´By the magnetism of interest our affections are irresistibly attracted.´ Glanvill. Animal magnetism, a force, more or less analogous to magnetism, which, it has been alleged, is produced in animal tissues, and passes from one body to another with or without actual contact. The existence of such a force, and its potentiality for the cure of disease, were asserted by Mesmer in 1775. His theories and methods were afterwards called mesmerism, a name which has been popularly applied to theories and claims not put forward by Mesmer himself. See Mesmerism, Biology, Od, Hypnotism. — Terrestrial magnetism, the magnetic force exerted by the earth, and recognized by its effect upon magnetized needles and bars.

Mag´net•ist, n. One versed in magnetism.

Mag´net•ite , n. (Min.) An oxide of iron (Fe3O4) occurring in isometric crystals, also massive, of a black color and metallic luster. It is readily attracted by a magnet and sometimes possesses polarity, being then called loadstone. It is an important iron ore. Called also magnetic iron.

Mag´net•i•za•ble , a. Capable of being magnetized.

Mag•net•i•za´tion , n. The act of magnetizing, or the state of being magnetized.

Mag´net•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magnetized prep. & adv. Magnetizing ] [Cf. F. magnetiser.] 1. To communicate magnetic properties to; as to magnetize a needle. 2. To attract as a magnet attracts, or like a magnet; to move; to influence. “Fascinated, magnetized, as it were, by his character.” Motley. 3. To bring under the influence of animal magnetism.

Mag•net•i•zee´ , n. A person subjected to the influence of animal magnetism. [R.]

Mag´net•i•zer , n. One who, or that which, imparts magnetism.

Mag´net•o- [See Magnet.] A prefix meaning pertaining to, produced by, or in some way connected with, magnetism. { Mag•net•o-e•lec´tric , Mag•net•o-e•lec´tric•al } a. (Physics) Pertaining to, or characterized by, electricity by the action of magnets; as magneto-electric induction. Magneto-electric machine, a form of dynamo- electric machine in which the field is maintained by permanent steel magnets instead of electro-magnets.

Mag•net•o-e•lec•tric´i•ty , n. 1. Electricity evolved by the action of magnets. 2. (Physics) That branch of science which treats of the development of electricity by the action of magnets; — the counterpart of electro-magnetism.

Mag•net´o•graph , n. [Magneto- + -graph.] (Physics) An automatic instrument for registering, by photography or otherwise, the states and variations of any of the terrestrial magnetic elements.

Mag•net•om´e•ter , n. [Magneto- + -meter: cf. F. magnetomètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of magnetic forces; also less frequently, an instrument for determining any of the terrestrial magnetic elements, as the dip and declination.

Mag•net•o•met´ric , a. Pertaining to, or employed in, the measurement of magnetic forces; obtained by means of a magnetometer; as magnetometric instruments; magnetometric measurements.

Mag•net•o•mo´tor , n. A voltaic series of two or more large plates, producing a great quantity of electricity of low tension, and hence adapted to the exhibition of electro-magnetic phenomena. [R.]

Mag•net•o•ther´a•py , n. (Med.) The treatment of disease by the application of magnets to the surface of the body.

Mag´ni•fi•a•ble, a. [From Magnify.] Such as can be magnified, or extolled. { Mag•nif´ic , Mag•nif´ic•al } a. [L. magnificus; magnus great + facere to make: cf. F. magnifique. See Magnitude, Fact. and cf. Magnificent.] Grand; splendid; illustrious; magnificent. [Obs.] 1 Chron. xxii. 5. ´Thy magnific deeds.´ Milton. — Mag•nif´ic•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Mag•nif´i•cat , n. [L., it magnifies.] The song of the Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46; — so called because it commences with this word in the Vulgate.

Mag•nif´i•cate , v. t. [L. magnificatus, p. p. of magnificare.] To magnify or extol. [Obs.] Marston.

Mag•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. The act of magnifying; enlargement; exaggeration. [R.]

Mag•nif´i•cence , n. [F. magnificence, L. magnificentia. See Magnific.] The act of doing what is magnificent; the state or quality of being magnificent. Acts xix. 27. ´Then cometh magnificence.´ Chaucer. “And, for the heaven’s wide circuit, let it speak
The Maker’s high magnificence, who built
so spacious.” Milton. “The noblest monuments of Roman magnificence.” Eustace.

Mag•nif´i•cent , a. [See Magnificence.] 1. Doing grand things; admirable in action; displaying great power or opulence, especially in building, way of living, and munificence. “A prince is never so magnificent
As when he’s sparing to enrich a few
With the injuries of many.” Massinger. 2. Grand in appearance; exhibiting grandeur or splendor; splendid; pompous. “When Rome’s exalted beauties I descry
Magnificent in piles of ruin lie.” Addison. Syn. — Glorious; majestic; sublime. See Grand.

Mag•nif´i•cent•ly, adv. In a Magnificent manner.

Mag•nif´i•co , n.; pl. Magnificoes (#). [It. See Magnific.] 1. A grandee or nobleman of Venice; — so called in courtesy. Shak. 2. A rector of a German university.

Mag´ni•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, magnifies.

Mag´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magnified p. pr. & vb. n. Magnifying ] [OE. magnifien, F. magnifier, L. magnificare. See Magnific.] 1. To make great, or greater; to increase the dimensions of; to amplify; to enlarge, either in fact or in appearance; as the microscope magnifies the object by a thousand diameters. “The least error in a small quantity … will in a great one … be proportionately magnified.” Grew. 2. To increase the importance of; to augment the esteem or respect in which one is held. “On that day the Lord magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel.” Joshua iv. 14. 3. To praise highly; to laud; to extol. [Archaic] “O, magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his name together.” Ps. xxxiv. 3. 4. To exaggerate; as to magnify a loss or a difficulty. To magnify one’s self (Script.), to exhibit pride and haughtiness; to boast. — To magnify one’s self against (Script.), to oppose with pride.

Mag´ni•fy, v. i. 1. To have the power of causing objects to appear larger than they really are; to increase the apparent dimensions of objects; as some lenses magnify but little. 2. To have effect; to be of importance or significance. [Cant & Obs.] Spectator. Magnifying glass, a lens which magnifies the apparent dimensions of objects seen through it.

Mag•nil´o•quence , n. [L. magniloquentia.] The quality of being magniloquent; pompous discourse; grandiloquence.

Mag•nil´o•quent , a. [L. magnus great + loquens, -entis, p. pr. of loqui to speak. See Magnitude, Loquacious.] Speaking pompously; using swelling discourse; bombastic; tumid in style; grandiloquent. — Mag•nil´o•quent•ly, adv.

Mag•nil´o•quous , a. [L. magniloquus.] Magniloquent. [Obs.]

Mag´ni•tude , n. [L. magnitudo, from magnus great. See Master, and cf. Maxim.] 1. Extent of dimensions; size; — applied to things that have length, breadth, and thickness. “Conceive those particles of bodies to be so disposed amongst themselves, that the intervals of empty spaces between them may be equal in magnitude to them all.” Sir I. Newton. 2. (Geom.) That which has one or more of the three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness. 3. Anything of which greater or less can be predicated, as time, weight, force, and the like. 4. Greatness; grandeur. ´With plain, heroic magnitude of mind.´ Milton. 5. Greatness, in reference to influence or effect; importance; as an affair of magnitude. “The magnitude of his designs.” Bp. Horsley. Apparent magnitude (Opt.), the angular breadth of an object viewed as measured by the angle which it subtends at the eye of the observer; — called also apparent diameter. — Magnitude of a star (Astron.), the rank of a star with respect to brightness. About twenty very bright stars are said to be of first magnitude, the stars of the sixth magnitude being just visible to the naked eye. Telescopic stars are classified down to the twelfth magnitude or lower. The scale of the magnitudes is quite arbitrary, but by means of photometers, the classification has been made to tenths of a magnitude.

Mag•no´li•a , n. [NL. Named after Pierre Magnol, professor of botany at Montpellier, France, in the 17th century.] (Bot.) A genus of American and Asiatic trees, with aromatic bark and large sweet-scented whitish or reddish flowers. Magnolia grandiflora has coriaceous shining leaves and very fragrant blossoms. It is common from North Carolina to Florida and Texas and is one of the most magnificent trees of the American forest. The sweet bay (M. glauca)is a small tree found sparingly as far north as Cape Ann. Other American species are M. Umbrella, M. macrophylla, M. Fraseri, M. acuminata, and M. cordata. M. conspicua and M. purpurea are cultivated shrubs or trees from Eastern Asia. M. Campbellii, of India, has rose-colored or crimson flowers. Magnolia warbler (Zoöl.), a beautiful North American wood warbler (Dendroica maculosa). The rump and under parts are bright yellow; the breast and belly are spotted with black; the under tail coverts are white; the crown is ash.

Mag•no•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a natural order (Magnoliaceae) of trees of which the magnolia, the tulip tree, and the star anise are examples.

Mag´num , n. [Neut. sing. of L. magnus great.] 1. A large wine bottle. “They passed the magnum to one another freely.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Anat.) A bone of the carpus at the base of the third metacarpal bone.

Mag´ot , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The Barbary ape.

Mag´ot-pie , n. A magpie. [Obs.] Shak.

Mag´pie , n. [OE. & Prov. E. magot pie, maggoty pie, fr. Mag, Maggot, equiv. to Margaret, and fr. F. Marquerite, and common name of the magpie. Marguerite is fr. L. margarita pearl, Gr. , prob. of Eastern origin. See Pie magpie, and cf. the analogous names Tomtit, and Jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of the genus Pica and related genera, allied to the jays, but having a long graduated tail. The common European magpie (Pica pica, or P. caudata) is a black and white noisy and mischievous bird. It can be taught to speak. The American magpie (P. Hudsonica) is very similar. The yellow-belled magpie (P. Nuttalli) inhabits California. The blue magpie (Cyanopolius Cooki) inhabits Spain. Other allied species are found in Asia. The Tasmanian and Australian magpies are crow shrikes, as the white magpie (Gymnorhina organicum), the black magpie (Strepera fuliginosa), and the Australian magpie (Cracticus picatus). Magpie lark (Zoöl.), a common Australian bird (Grallina picata), conspicuously marked with black and white; — called also little magpie. — Magpie moth (Zoöl.), a black and white European geometrid moth (Abraxas grossulariata); the harlequin moth. Its larva feeds on currant and gooseberry bushes.

Ma•gua•ri´ , n. [From native name: cf. Pg. magoari.] (Zoöl.) A South American stork (Euxenara maguari), having a forked tail.

Mag´uey , n. [Sp. maguey, Mexican maguei and metl.] (Bot.) The century plant, a species of Agave (A. Americana). See Agave.

Mag´yar (mag´yär; Hung. mod´yor), n. [Hung.] 1. (Ethnol.) One of the dominant people of Hungary, allied to the Finns; a Hungarian. 2. The language of the Magyars.

Ma´ha , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of baboon; the wanderoo. { Ma•ha•ba´ra•ta , Ma•ha•bha´ra•tam , } n. [Skr. mahabharata.] A celebrated epic poem of the Hindus. It is of great length, and is chiefly devoted to the history of a civil war between two dynasties of ancient India.

Ma•ha´led , n.[Ar. mahled.] (Bot.) A cherry tree (Prunus Mahaleb) of Southern Europe. The wood is prized by cabinetmakers, the twigs are used for pipe stems, the flowers and leaves yield a perfume, and from the fruit a violet dye and a fermented liquor (like kirschwasser) are prepared.

Ma•ha•ra´jah , n. [Skr. maharaja; mahat great + raja king.] A sovereign prince in India; — a title given also to other persons of high rank.

Ma•ha•rif´ , n. (Zoöl.) An African antelope (Hippotragus Bakeri). Its face is striped with black and white.

Ma•har´mah , n. A muslin wrapper for the head and the lower part of the face, worn by Turkish and Armenian women when they go abroad.

Mah´di , n. [Ar., guide, leader.] Among Mohammedans, the last imam or leader of the faithful. The Sunni, the largest sect of the Mohammedans, believe that he is yet to appear. The title has been taken by several persons in countries where Mohammedanism prevails, — notably by Mohammad Ahmed, who overran the Egyptian Sudan, and in 1885 captured Khartum, his soldiers killing General Gordon, an Englishman, who was then the Egyptian governor of the region.

Mahl´-stick , n. See Maul- stick.

Ma´hoe , n. (Bot.) A name given to several malvaceous trees (species of Hibiscus, Ochroma, etc.), and to their strong fibrous inner bark, which is used for strings and cordage.

Ma•hog´a•ny , n. [From the South American name.] 1. (Bot.) A large tree of the genus Swietenia (S. Mahogoni), found in tropical America. Several other trees, with wood more or less like mahogany, are called by this name; as African mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis), Australian mahogany (Eucalyptus marginatus), Bastard mahogany (Batonia apetala of the West Indies), Indian mahogany (Cedrela Toona of Bengal, and trees of the genera Soymida and Chukrassia), Madeira mahogany (Persea Indica), Mountain mahogany, the black or cherry birch (Betula lenta), also the several species of Cercocarpus of California and the Rocky Mountains. 2. The wood of the Swietenia Mahogoni. It is of a reddish brown color, beautifully veined, very hard, and susceptible of a fine polish. It is used in the manufacture of furniture. 3. A table made of mahogany wood. [Colloq.] To be under the mahogany, to be so drunk as to have fallen under the table. [Eng.] — To put one’s legs under some one’s mahogany, to dine with him. [Slang]

Ma•ho´li , n. (Zoöl.) A South African lemur (Galago maholi), having very large ears. [Written also moholi.] { Ma•hom´ed•an , Ma•hom´et•an } n. See Mohammedan.

Ma•hom´et•an•ism , n. See Mohammedanism.

Ma•hom´et•an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mahometanized p. pr. & vb. n. Mahometanizing ] To convert to the religion of Mohammed; to Mohammedanize.

Ma•hom´et•ism , n. See Mohammedanism.

Ma•hom´et•ist, n. A Mohammedan. [R.]

Ma•hom´et•ry , n. Mohammedanism. [Obs.]

Ma•hone´ , n. A large Turkish ship. Crabb.

Ma•ho´ni•a , n. [Named after Bernard McMahon.] (Bot.) The Oregon grape, a species of barberry (Berberis Aquifolium), often cultivated for its hollylike foliage.

Ma•hon´ stock (Bot.) An annual cruciferous plant with reddish purple or white flowers (Malcolmia maritima). It is called in England Virginia stock, but the plant comes from the Mediterranean.

Ma•hoo´hoo , n. (Zoöl.) The African white two-horned rhinoceros (Atelodus simus).

Ma´ho•ri , n. [Native name. Cf. Maori.] (Ethnol.) One of the dark race inhabiting principally the islands of Eastern Polynesia. Also used adjectively.

Ma•hound , n. A contemptuous name for Mohammed; hence, an evil spirit; a devil. [Obs.] “Who’s this, my mahound cousin ?” Beau. & Fl.

Ma•hout´ , n. [Hind. mahawat, Skr. mahamatra; mahat great + matra measure.] The keeper and driver of an elephant. [East Indies]

Ma•ho´vo , n. (Mach.) A device for saving power in stopping and starting a railroad car, by means of a heavy fly wheel.

Mah•rat´i , n. The language of the Mahrattas; the language spoken in the Deccan and Concan. [Written also Marathi.]

Mah•rat´ta , n. [Hind. Marhata, Marhatta, the name of a famous Hindoo race, from the old Skr. name Maha- rashtra.] One of a numerous people inhabiting the southwestern part of India. also the language of the Mahrattas; Mahrati. It is closely allied to Sanskrit. — a. Of or pertaining to the Mahrattas. [Written also Maratha.] { Ma•hu´met•an , Ma•hu´met•an•ism , n. } See Mohammedan, Mohammedanism.

Mah´wa tree (Bot.) An East Indian sapotaceous tree (Bassia latifolia, and also B. butyracea), whose timber is used for wagon wheels, and the flowers for food and in preparing an intoxicating drink. It is one of the butter trees. The oil, known as mahwa and yallah, is obtained from the kernels of the fruit.

Ma´i•a , n. [From L. Maia, a goddess.] (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of spider crabs, including the common European species (Maia squinado). (b) A beautiful American bombycid moth (Eucronia maia).

Ma´ian , n. (Zoöl.) Any spider crab of the genus Maia, or family Maiadae.

Maid , n. [Shortened from maiden. . See Maiden.] 1. An unmarried woman; usually, a young unmarried woman; esp., a girl; a virgin; a maiden. “Would I had died a maid,
And never seen thee, never borne thee son.” Shak. “Can a maid forget her ornaments, or a bride her attire? Yet my people have forgotten me.” Jer. ii. 32. 2. A man who has not had sexual intercourse. [Obs.] “Christ was a maid and shapen as a man.” Chaucer. 3. A female servant. “Spinning amongst her maids.” Shak. Maid is used either adjectively or in composition, signifying female, as in maid child, maidservant. 4. (Zoöl.) The female of a ray or skate, esp. of the gray skate (Raia batis), and of the thornback (R. clavata). [Prov. Eng.] Fair maid. (Zoöl.) See under Fair, a. — Maid of honor, a female attendant of a queen or royal princess; — usually of noble family, and having to perform only nominal or honorary duties. — Old maid. See under Old. Maid´en n. [OE. maiden meiden AS. maegden dim. of AS. maeg fr. mago son servant akin to G. magd mädchen maid OHG. magad Icel. mögr son Goth. magus boy child magaps virgin and perh. to Zend. magu youth. Cf. Maid a virgin.] 1. An unmarried woman a girl or woman who has not experienced sexual intercourse a virgin a maid. “ She employed the residue of her life to repairing of highways building of bridges and endowing of maidens.” Carew. “A maiden of our century yet most meek.” Tennyson. 2. A female servant. [Obs.] 3. An instrument resembling the guillotine formerly used in Scotland for beheading criminals. Wharton. 4. A machine for washing linen.

Maid´en, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a maiden, or to maidens; suitable to, or characteristic of, a virgin; as maiden innocence. ´Amid the maiden throng.´ Addison. “Have you no modesty, no maiden shame ?” Shak. 2. Never having been married; not having had sexual intercourse; virgin; — said usually of the woman, but sometimes of the man; as a maiden aunt. ´A surprising old maiden lady.´ Thackeray. 3. Fresh; innocent; unpolluted; pure; hitherto unused. ´Maiden flowers.´ Shak. “Full bravely hast thou fleshed
Thy maiden sword.” Shak. 4. Used of a fortress, signifying that it has never been captured, or violated. T. Warton. Macaulay. Maiden assize (Eng. Law), an assize which there is no criminal prosecution; an assize which is unpolluted with blood. It was usual, at such an assize, for the sheriff to present the judge with a pair of white gloves. Smart. — Maiden name, the surname of a woman before her marriage. — Maiden pink. (Bot.) See under Pink. — Maiden plum (Bot.), a West Indian tree (Comocladia integrifolia) with purplish drupes. The sap of the tree is glutinous, and gives a persistent black stain. — Maiden speech, the first speech made by a person, esp. by a new member in a public body. — Maiden tower, the tower most capable of resisting an enemy.

Maid´en, v. t. To act coyly like a maiden; — with it as an indefinite object. “For had I maiden’d it, as many use.
Loath for to grant, but loather to refuse.” Bp. Hall.

Maid´en•hair , n. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Adiantum (A. pedatum), having very slender graceful stalks. It is common in the United States, and is sometimes used in medicine. The name is also applied to other species of the same genus, as to the Venus-hair. Maiden grass, the smaller quaking grass. — Maiden tree. See Ginkgo.

Maid´en•head , n. [See Maidenhood.] 1. The state of being a maiden; maidenhood; virginity. Shak. 2. The state of being unused or uncontaminated; freshness; purity. [Obs.] “The maidenhead of their credit.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. The hymen, or virginal membrane.

Maid´en•hood , n. [AS. maegdenhad. See Maid, and -hood.] 1. The state of being a maid or a virgin; virginity. Shak. 2. Newness; freshness; uncontaminated state. “The maidenhood
Of thy fight.” Shak.

Maid´en•like , a. Like a maiden; modest; coy.

Maid´en•li•ness , n. The quality of being maidenly; the behavior that becomes a maid; modesty; gentleness.

Maid´en•ly, a. Like a maid; suiting a maid; maiden-like; gentle, modest, reserved. “Must you be blushing ? …
What a maidenly man-at-arms are you become !” Shak.

Maid´en•ly, adv. In a maidenlike manner. ´Maidenly demure.´ Skelton.

Maid´en•ship, n. Maidenhood. [Obs.] Fuller.

Maid´hood , n. [AS. maegðhad. See Maid, and -hood.] Maidenhood. Shak.

Maid•ma´ri•an , n. [Maid + Marian, relating to Mary, or the Virgin Mary.] 1. The lady of the May games; one of the characters in a morris dance; a May queen. Afterward, a grotesque character personated in sports and buffoonery by a man in woman’s clothes. 2. A kind of dance. Sir W. Temple.

Maid´pale , a. Pale, like a sick girl. Shak.

Maid´serv•ant , n. A female servant.

Maid’s´ hair (Bot.) The yellow bedstraw (Galium verum). { Ma•ieu´tic (ma•u´tik), Ma•ieu´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. [Gr. maieytiko•s, fr. mai^a midwife.] 1. Serving to assist childbirth. Cudworth. 2. Fig. : Aiding, or tending to, the definition and interpretation of thoughts or language. Payne.

Ma•ieu´tics , n. The art of giving birth (i. e., clearness and conviction) to ideas which are conceived as struggling for birth. Payne.

Mai´ger , n. (Zoöl.) The meagre.

Mai´gre , a. [F. See Meager.] Belonging to a fast day or fast; as a maigre day. Walpole. Maigre food (R. C. Ch.), food allowed to be eaten on fast days.

Mai´hem (ma´hem), n. See Maim, and Mayhem.

Mai•kel´ (mäi•kal´), n. (Zoöl.) A South American carnivore of the genus Conepatus, allied to the skunk, but larger, and having a longer snout. The tail is not bushy.

Mai•kong´ , n. (Zoöl.) A South American wild dog (Canis cancrivorus); the crab- eating dog.

Mail (mal), n. A spot. [Obs.]

Mail, n. [F. maille, OF. also maaille, LL. medalia. See Medal.] 1. A small piece of money; especially, an English silver half-penny of the time of Henry V. [Obs.] [Written also maile, and maille.] 2. Rent; tribute. [Obs., except in certain compounds and phrases, as blackmail, mails and duties, etc.] Mail and duties (Scots Law), the rents of an estate, in whatever form paid.

Mail, n. [OE. maile, maille, F. maille a ring of mail, mesh, network, a coat of mail, fr. L. macula spot, a mesh of a net. Cf. Macle, Macula, Mascle.] 1. A flexible fabric made of metal rings interlinked. It was used especially for defensive armor. Chaucer. Chain mail, Coat of mail. See under Chain, and Coat. 2. Hence generally, armor, or any defensive covering. 3. (Naut.) A contrivance of interlinked rings, for rubbing off the loose hemp on lines and white cordage. 4. (Zoöl.) Any hard protective covering of an animal, as the scales and plates of reptiles, shell of a lobster, etc. “We … strip the lobster of his scarlet mail.” Gay.

Mail, v. t. 1. To arm with mail. 2. To pinion. [Obs.]

Mail, n. [OE. male bag, OF. male, F. malle bag, trunk, mail, OHG. malaha, malha, wallet; akin to D. maal, male; cf. Gael. & Ir. mala, Gr. molgo•s hide, skin.] 1. A bag; a wallet. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The bag or bags with the letters, papers, or other matter contained therein, conveyed under public authority from one post office to another; the whole system of appliances used by government in the conveyance and delivery of mail matter. “There is a mail come in to-day, with letters dated Hague.” Tatler. 3. That which comes in the mail; letters, etc., received through the post office. 4. A trunk, box, or bag, in which clothing, etc., may be carried. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. Mail bag, a bag in which mailed matter is conveyed under public authority. — Mail boat, a boat that carries the mail. — Mail catcher, an iron rod, or other contrivance, attached to a railroad car for catching a mail bag while the train is in motion. — Mail guard, an officer whose duty it is to guard the public mails. [Eng.] — Mail train, a railroad train carrying the mail.

Mail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mailed p. pr. & vb. n. Mailing.] To deliver into the custody of the postoffice officials, or place in a government letter box, for transmission by mail; to post; as to mail a letter. [U. S.] In the United States to mail and to post are both in common use; as to mail or post a letter. In England post is the commoner usage.

Mail´a•ble , a. Admissible lawfully into the mail. [U.S.]

Mail´clad , a. Protected by a coat of mail; clad in armor. Sir W. Scott.

Mailed , a. (Zoöl.) Protected by an external coat, or covering, of scales or plates.

Mailed, a. [See 1st Mail.] Spotted; speckled.

Mail´ing , n. [Scot., fr. mail tribute, rent. See 2d Mail.] A farm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Mail´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Maim (mam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maimed (mamd);p. pr. & vb. n. Maiming.] [OE. maimen, OF. mahaignier, mehaignier, meshaignier, cf. It. magagnare, LL. mahemiare, mahennare; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. mac’haña to mutilate, mac’ha to crowd, press; or cf. OHG. mangon to lack, perh. akin to E. mangle to lacerate. Cf. Mayhem.] 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, so as to render a person in fighting less able either to defend himself or to annoy his adversary. “By the ancient law of England he that maimed any man whereby he lost any part of his body, was sentenced to lose the like part.” Blackstone. 2. To mutilate; to cripple; to injure; to disable; to impair. “My late maimed limbs lack wonted might.” Spenser. “You maimed the jurisdiction of all bishops.” Shak. Syn. — To mutilate; mangle; cripple.

Maim, n. [Written in law language maihem, and mayhem.] [OF. mehaing. See Maim, v.] 1. The privation of the use of a limb or member of the body, by which one is rendered less able to defend himself or to annoy his adversary. 2. The privation of any necessary part; a crippling; mutilation; injury; deprivation of something essential. See Mayhem. “Surely there is more cause to fear lest the want there of be a maim than the use of it a blemish.” Hooker. “A noble author esteems it to be a maim in history that the acts of Parliament should not be recited.” Hayward.

Maim´ed•ly , adv. In a maimed manner.

Maim´ed•ness, n. State of being maimed. Bolton.

Main , n. [F. main hand, L. manus. See Manual.] 1. A hand or match at dice. Prior. Thackeray. 2. A stake played for at dice. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The largest throw in a match at dice; a throw at dice within given limits, as in the game of hazard. 4. A match at cockfighting. ´My lord would ride twenty miles … to see a main fought.´ Thackeray. 5. A main-hamper. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Main, n. [AS. maegen strength, power, force; akin to OHG. magan, Icel. megin, and to E. may, v. . See May, v.] 1. Strength; force; might; violent effort. [Obs., except in certain phrases.] “There were in this battle of most might and main.” R. of Gl. “He ’gan advance,
With huge force, and with importable main.” Spenser. 2. The chief or principal part; the main or most important thing. [Obs., except in special uses.] “Resolved to rest upon the title of Lancaster as the main, and to use the other two … but as supporters.” Bacon. 3. Specifically: (a) The great sea, as distinguished from an arm, bay, etc. ; the high sea; the ocean. ´Struggling in the main.´ Dryden. (b) The continent, as distinguished from an island; the mainland. ´Invaded the main of Spain.´ Bacon. (c) principal duct or pipe, as distinguished from lesser ones; esp. (Engin.), a principal pipe leading to or from a reservoir; as a fire main. Forcing main, the delivery pipe of a pump. — For the main, or In the main, for the most part; in the greatest part. — With might and main, or With all one’s might and main, with all one’s strength; with violent effort. “With might and main they chased the murderous fox.” Dryden.

Main , a. [From Main strength, possibly influenced by OF. maine, magne, great, L. magnus. Cf. Magnate.] 1. Very or extremely strong. [Obs.] “That current with main fury ran.” Daniel. 2. Vast; huge. [Obs.] ´The main abyss.´ Milton. 3. Unqualified; absolute; entire; sheer. [Obs.] ´It’s a man untruth.´ Sir W. Scott. 4. Principal; chief; first in size, rank, importance, etc. “Our main interest is to be happy as we can.” Tillotson. 5. Important; necessary. [Obs.] “That which thou aright
Believest so main to our success, I bring.” Milton. By main force, by mere force or sheer force; by violent effort; as to subdue insurrection by main force. “That Maine which by main force Warwick did win.” Shak. — By main strength, by sheer strength; as to lift a heavy weight by main strength. — Main beam (Steam Engine), working beam. — Main boom (Naut.), the boom which extends the foot of the mainsail in a fore and aft vessel. — Main brace. (a) (Mech.) The brace which resists the chief strain. Cf. Counter brace. (b) (Naut.) The brace attached to the main yard. — Main center (Steam Engine), a shaft upon which a working beam or side lever swings. — Main chance. See under Chance. — Main couple (Arch.), the principal truss in a roof. — Main deck (Naut.), the deck next below the spar deck; the principal deck. — Main keel (Naut.), the principal or true keel of a vessel, as distinguished from the false keel. Syn. — Principal; chief; leading; cardinal; capital.

Main, adv. [See Main, a.] Very; extremely; as main heavy. ´I’m main dry.´ Foote. [Obs. or Low]

Maine , n. One of the New England States. Maine law, any law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages, esp. one resembling that enacted in the State of Maine.

Main•-gauche´ (maN•gosh´), n. [F., the left hand.] (Ancient Armor) The dagger held in the left hand, while the rapier is held in the right; — used to parry thrusts of the adversary’s rapier.

Main´-ham•per , n. [F. main hand (see Main a hand at dice) + E. hamper.] A hamper to be carried in the hand; a hand basket used in carrying grapes to the press.

Main´land , n. The continent; the principal land; — opposed to island, or peninsula. Dryden. “After the two wayfarers had crossed from the peninsula to the mainland.” Hawthorne.

Main´ly , adv. [From main strong. See Main strength.] Very strongly; mightily; to a great degree. [Obs.] Bacon. Shak.

Main´ly, adv. [From main principal, chief.] Principally; chiefly.

Main´mast , n. (Naut.) The principal mast in a ship or other vessel.

Main´or , n. [Anglo-Norm. meinoure, OF. manuevre. See Maneuver.] (O. Eng. Law) A thing stolen found on the person of the thief. A thief was said to be ´taken with the mainor,´ when he was taken with the thing stolen upon him, that is, in his hands. Wharton. Bouvier.

Main´per•na•ble , a. [OF. main hand + pernable, for prenable, that may be taken, pregnable. See Mainpernor.] (Law) Capable of being admitted to give surety by mainpernors; able to be mainprised.

Main´per•nor , n. [OF. main hand + pernor, for preneor, a taker, F. preneur, fr. prendre to take.] (Law) A surety, under the old writ of mainprise, for a prisoner’s appearance in court at a day. Mainpernors differ from bail in that a man’s bail may imprison or surrender him before the stipulated day of appearance; mainpernors can do neither; they are bound to produce him to answer all charges whatsoever. Blackstone.

Main´pin , n. (Vehicles) A kingbolt.

Main´prise , n. [F. main hand + prise a taking, fr. prendre, p. p. pris to take, fr. L. prehendere, prehensum.] (Law) (a) A writ directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take sureties, called mainpernors, for the prisoner’s appearance, and to let him go at large. This writ is now obsolete. Wharton. (b) Deliverance of a prisoner on security for his appearance at a day.

Main´prise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mainprised p. pr. & vb. n. Mainprising.] (Law) To suffer to go at large, on his finding sureties, or mainpernors, for his appearance at a day; — said of a prisoner.

Mains (manz), n. [Scot. See Manse.] The farm attached to a mansion house. [Scot.]

Main´sail (man´sal•), n. (Naut.) The principal sail in a ship or other vessel. “[They] hoised up the mainsail to the wind.” Acts xxvii. 40. The mainsail of a ship is extended upon a yard attached to the mainmast, and that of a sloop or schooner upon the boom.

Main´sheet , n. (Naut.) One of the ropes by which the mainsail is hauled aft and trimmed.

Main´spring , n. The principal or most important spring in a piece of mechanism, especially the moving spring of a watch or clock or the spring in a gunlock which impels the hammer. Hence: The chief or most powerful motive; the efficient cause of action.

Main´stay , n. 1. (Naut.) The stay extending from the foot of the foremast to the maintop. 2. Main support; principal dependence. “The great mainstay of the Church.” Buckle.

Main´swear , v. i. [AS. manswerian to forswear; man sin, crime + swerian to swear.] To swear falsely. [Obs.] Blount.

Main•tain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maintained p. pr. & vb. n. Maintaining.] [OE. maintenen, F. maintenir, properly, to hold by the hand; main hand (L. manus) + F. tenir to hold (L. tenere). See Manual, and Tenable.] 1. To hold or keep in any particular state or condition; to support; to sustain; to uphold; to keep up; not to suffer to fail or decline; as to maintain a certain degree of heat in a furnace; to maintain a fence or a railroad; to maintain the digestive process or powers of the stomach; to maintain the fertility of soil; to maintain present reputation. 2. To keep possession of; to hold and defend; not to surrender or relinquish. “God values … every one as he maintains his post.” Grew. 3. To continue; not to suffer to cease or fail. “Maintain talk with the duke.” Shak. 4. To bear the expense of; to support; to keep up; to supply with what is needed. “Glad, by his labor, to maintain his life.” Stirling. “What maintains one vice would bring up two children.” Franklin. 5. To affirm; to support or defend by argument. “It is hard to maintain the truth, but much harder to be maintained by it.” South. Syn. — To assert; vindicate; allege. See Assert.

Main•tain´a•ble , a. That may be maintained.

Main•tain´er , n. One who maintains.

Main•tain´or , n. [OF. mainteneor, F. mainteneur.] (Crim. Law) One who, not being interested, maintains a cause depending between others, by furnishing money, etc., to either party. Bouvier. Wharton.

Main´te•nance , n. [OF. maintenance. See Maintain.] 1. The act of maintaining; sustenance; support; defense; vindication. “Whatsoever is granted to the church for God’s honor and the maintenance of his service, is granted to God.” South. 2. That which maintains or supports; means of sustenance; supply of necessaries and conveniences. “Those of better fortune not making learning their maintenance.” Swift. 3. (Crim. Law) An officious or unlawful intermeddling in a cause depending between others, by assisting either party with money or means to carry it on. See Champerty. Wharton. Cap of maintenance. See under Cap.

Main´top , n. (Naut.) The platform about the head of the mainmast in square-rigged vessels.

Main´ yard (Naut.) The yard on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the mainmast.

Mai´oid , a. [Maia + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Maia, or family Maiadeae.

Mais´ter , n. Master. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Mais´ter, a. Principal; chief. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Mais´tre , Mais´trie , Mais´try }, n. Mastery; superiority; art. See Mastery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mais´tress , n. Mistress. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mai´thes , n. (Bot.) Same as Maghet.

Maize , n. [Sp. maiz. fr. mahiz or mahis, is the language of the Island of Hayti.] (Bot.) A large species of American grass of the genus Zea (Z. Mays), widely cultivated as a forage and food plant; Indian corn. also its seed, growing on cobs, and used as food for men and animals. Maize eater (Zoöl.), a South American bird of the genus Pseudoleistes, allied to the troupials. — Maize yellow, a delicate pale yellow. { Maj•es•tat´ic , Maj•es•tat´•al } a. Majestic. [Obs.] E. Pocock. Dr. J. Scott.

Ma•jes´tic , a. [From Majesty.] Possessing or exhibiting majesty; of august dignity, stateliness, or imposing grandeur; lofty; noble; grand. ´The majestic world.´ Shak. ´Tethys’ grave majestic pace.´ Milton. “The least portions must be of the epic kind; all must be grave, majestic, and sublime.” Dryden. Syn. — August; splendid; grand; sublime; magnificent; imperial; regal; pompous; stately; lofty; dignified; elevated.

Ma•jes´tic•al , a. Majestic. Cowley. “An older architecture, greater, cunninger, more majestical.” M. Arnold. — Ma•jes´tic•al•ly, adv. — Ma•jes´tic•al•ness, n.

Ma•jes´tic•ness , n. The quality or state of being majestic. Oldenburg.

Maj´es•ty , n.; pl. Majesties (#). [OE. magestee, F. majeste, L. majestas, fr. an old compar. of magnus great. See Major, Master.] The dignity and authority of sovereign power; quality or state which inspires awe or reverence; grandeur; exalted dignity, whether proceeding from rank, character, or bearing; imposing loftiness; stateliness; — usually applied to the rank and dignity of sovereigns. “The Lord reigneth; he is clothed with majesty.” Ps. xciii. 1. “No sovereign has ever represented the majesty of a great state with more dignity and grace.” Macaulay. 2. Hence, used with the possessive pronoun, the title of an emperor, king or queen; — in this sense taking a plural; as their majesties attended the concert. “In all the public writs which he [Emperor Charles V.] now issued as King of Spain, he assumed the title of Majesty, and required it from his subjects as a mark of respect. Before that time all the monarchs of Europe were satisfied with the appellation of Highness or Grace.” Robertson. 3. Dignity; elevation of manner or style. Dryden.

Ma•jol´i•ca , n. [It.] A kind of pottery, with opaque glazing and showy decoration, which reached its greatest perfection in Italy in the 16th century. The term is said to be derived from Majorca, which was an early seat of this manufacture. Heyse.

Ma´jor , [L. major, compar. of magnus great: cf. F. majeur. Cf. Master, Mayor, Magnitude, More, a.] 1. Greater in number, quantity, or extent; as the major part of the assembly; the major part of the revenue; the major part of the territory. 2. Of greater dignity; more important. Shak. 3. Of full legal age. [Obs.] 4. (Mus.) Greater by a semitone, either in interval or in difference of pitch from another tone. Major axis (Geom.), the greater axis. See Focus, n., 2. — Major key (Mus.), a key in which one and two, two and three, four and five, five and six and seven, make major seconds, and three and four, and seven and eight, make minor seconds. — Major offense (Law), an offense of a greater degree which contains a lesser offense, as murder and robbery include assault. — Major premise (Logic), that premise of a syllogism which contains the major term. — Major scale (Mus.), the natural diatonic scale, which has semitones between the third and fourth, and seventh and fourth, and seventh and eighth degrees; the scale of the major mode, of which the third is major. See Scale, and Diatonic. — Major second (Mus.), a second between whose tones is a difference in pitch of a step. — Major sixth (Mus.), a sixth of four steps and a half step. In major keys the third and sixth from the key tone are major. Major keys and intervals, as distinguished from minors, are more cheerful. — Major term (Logic), that term of a syllogism which forms the predicate of the conclusion. — Major third (Mus.), a third of two steps.

Ma´jor, n. [F. major. See Major, a.] 1. (Mil.) An officer next in rank above a captain and next below a lieutenant colonel; the lowest field officer. 2. (Law) A person of full age. 3. (Logic) That premise which contains the major term. It its the first proposition of a regular syllogism; as: No unholy person is qualified for happiness in heaven [the major]. Every man in his natural state is unholy [minor]. Therefore, no man in his natural state is qualified for happiness in heaven [conclusion or inference]. In hypothetical syllogisms, the hypothetical premise is called the major. 4. [LL. See Major.] A mayor. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma•jo•rat´ , n. [F. majorat, LL. majoratus. See Major, a., and cf. Majorate.] 1. The right of succession to property according to age; — so termed in some of the countries of continental Europe. 2. (French Law) Property, landed or funded, so attached to a title of honor as to descend with it.

Ma´jor•ate , n. The office or rank of a major.

Ma´jor•ate , v. t. [LL. majorare to augment. See Major, a.] To augment; to increase. [Obs.] Howell.

Ma•jor•a´tion , n. Increase; enlargement. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma•jor´can , a. Of or pertaining to Majorca. — n. A native or inhabitant of Majorca.

Ma•jor-do´mo , n. [Sp. mayordomo, or It. maggiordomo; both fr. LL. majordomus; L. major greater + domus house.] A man who has authority to act, within certain limits, as master of the house; a steward; also a chief minister or officer.

Ma´jor gen´er•al An officer of the army holding a rank next above that of brigadier general and next below that of lieutenant general, and who usually commands a division or a corps.

Ma•jor´i•ty , n.; pl. Majorities (#). [F. majorite. See Major.] 1. The quality or condition of being major or greater; superiority. Specifically: (a) The military rank of a major. (b) The condition of being of full age, or authorized by law to manage one’s own affairs. 2. The greater number; more than half; as a majority of mankind; a majority of the votes cast. 3. [Cf. L. majores.] Ancestors; ancestry. [Obs.] 4. The amount or number by which one aggregate exceeds all other aggregates with which it is contrasted; especially, the number by which the votes for a successful candidate exceed those for all other candidates; as he is elected by a majority of five hundred votes. See Plurality. To go over to, or To join, the majority, to die.

Ma´jor•ship , n. The office of major.

Maj´oun , n. See Madjoun.

Ma•jus´cu•lae , n. pl. [L., fem. pl. fr. majusculus somewhat greater or great, dim. of major, majus. See Major.] (Palaeography) Capital letters, as found in manuscripts of the sixth century and earlier.

Ma•jus´cule , n. [Cf. F. majuscule. See Majusculae.] A capital letter; especially, one used in ancient manuscripts. See Majusculae. Majuscule writing, writing composed wholly of capital letters, especially the style which prevailed in Europe from the third to the sixth century.

Mak´a•ble , a. Capable of being made.

Mak´a•ron , n. See Macaroon, 2. [Obs.]

Make , n. [AS. maca, gemaca. See Match.] A companion; a mate; often, a husband or a wife. [Obs.] “For in this world no woman is
Worthy to be my make.” Chaucer.

Make, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Made p. pr. & vb. n. Making.] [OE. maken, makien, AS. macian; akin to OS. makn, OFries. makia, D. maken, G. machen, OHG. mahhn to join, fit, prepare, make, Dan. mage. Cf. Match an equal.] 1. To cause to exist; to bring into being; to form; to produce; to frame; to fashion; to create. Hence, in various specific uses or applications: (a) To form of materials; to cause to exist in a certain form; to construct; to fabricate. “He … fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf.” Ex. xxxii. 4. (b) To produce, as something artificial, unnatural, or false; — often with up; as to make up a story. “And Art, with her contending, doth aspire
To excel the natural with made delights.” Spenser. (c) To bring about; to bring forward; to be the cause or agent of; to effect, do, perform, or execute; — often used with a noun to form a phrase equivalent to the simple verb that corresponds to such noun; as to make complaint, for to complain; to make record of, for to record; to make abode, for to abide, etc. “Call for Samson, that he may make us sport.” Judg. xvi. 25. “Wealth maketh many friends.” Prov. xix. 4. “I will neither plead my age nor sickness in excuse of the faults which I have made.” Dryden. (d) To execute with the requisite formalities; as to make a bill, note, will, deed, etc. (e) To gain, as the result of one’s efforts; to get, as profit; to make acquisition of; to have accrue or happen to one; as to make a large profit; to make an error; to make a loss; to make money. “He accuseth Neptune unjustly who makes shipwreck a second time.” Bacon. (f) To find, as the result of calculation or computation; to ascertain by enumeration; to find the number or amount of, by reckoning, weighing, measurement, and the like; as he made the distance of; to travel over; as the ship makes ten knots an hour; he made the distance in one day. (h) To put in a desired or desirable condition; to cause to thrive. “Who makes or ruins with a smile or frown.” Dryden. 2. To cause to be or become; to put into a given state verb, or adjective; to constitute; as to make known; to make public; to make fast. “Who made thee a prince and a judge over us?” Ex. ii. 14. “See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh.” Ex. vii. 1. When used reflexively with an adjective, the reflexive pronoun is often omitted; as to make merry; to make bold; to make free, etc. 3. To cause to appear to be; to constitute subjectively; to esteem, suppose, or represent. “He is not that goose and ass that Valla would make him.” Baker. 4. To require; to constrain; to compel; to force; to cause; to occasion; — followed by a noun or pronoun and infinitive. In the active voice the to of the infinitive is usually omitted. “I will make them hear my words.” Deut. iv. 10. “They should be made to rise at their early hour.” Locke. 5. To become; to be, or to be capable of being, changed or fashioned into; to do the part or office of; to furnish the material for; as he will make a good musician; sweet cider makes sour vinegar; wool makes warm clothing. “And old cloak makes a new jerkin.” Shak. 6. To compose, as parts, ingredients, or materials; to constitute; to form; to amount to. “The heaven, the air, the earth, and boundless sea,
Make but one temple for the Deity.” Waller. 7. To be engaged or concerned in. [Obs.] “Gomez, what makest thou here, with a whole brotherhood of city bailiffs?” Dryden. 8. To reach; to attain; to arrive at or in sight of. ´And make the Libyan shores.´ Dryden. “They that sail in the middle can make no land of either side.” Sir T. Browne. To make a bed, to prepare a bed for being slept on, or to put it in order. — To make a card (Card Playing), to take a trick with it. — To make account. See under Account, n. — To make account of, to esteem; to regard. — To make away. (a) To put out of the way; to kill; to destroy. [Obs.] “If a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away.” Burton. (b) To alienate; to transfer; to make over. [Obs.] Waller. — To make believe, to pretend; to feign; to simulate. — To make bold, to take the liberty; to venture. — To make the cards (Card Playing), to shuffle the pack. — To make choice of, to take by way of preference; to choose. — To make danger, to make experiment. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. — To make default (Law), to fail to appear or answer. — To make the doors, to shut the door. [Obs.] “Make the doors upon a woman’s wit, and it will out at the casement.” Shak. - To make free with. See under Free, a. — To make good. See under Good. — To make head, to make headway. — To make light of. See under Light, a. — To make little of. (a) To belittle. (b) To accomplish easily. — To make love to. See under Love, n. — To make meat, to cure meat in the open air. [Colloq. Western U. S.] — To make merry, to feast; to be joyful or jovial. — To make much of, to treat with much consideration,, attention, or fondness; to value highly. — To make no bones. See under Bone, n. — To make no difference, to have no weight or influence; to be a matter of indifference. — To make no doubt, to have no doubt. — To make no matter, to have no weight or importance; to make no difference. — To make oath (Law), to swear, as to the truth of something, in a prescribed form of law. — To make of. (a) To understand or think concerning; as not to know what to make of the news. (b) To pay attention to; to cherish; to esteem; to account. ´Makes she no more of me than of a slave.´ Dryden. — To make one’s law (Old Law), to adduce proof to clear one’s self of a charge. — To make out. (a) To find out; to discover; to decipher; as to make out the meaning of a letter. (b) To prove; to establish; as the plaintiff was unable to make out his case. (c) To make complete or exact; as he was not able to make out the money. — To make over, to transfer the title of; to convey; to alienate; as he made over his estate in trust or in fee. — To make sail. (Naut.) (a) To increase the quantity of sail already extended. (b) To set sail. — To make shift, to manage by expedients; as they made shift to do without it. [Colloq.]. — To make sternway, to move with the stern foremost; to go or drift backward. — To make strange, to act in an unfriendly manner or as if surprised; to treat as strange; as to make strange of a request or suggestion. — To make suit to, to endeavor to gain the favor of; to court. — To make sure. See under Sure. — To make up. (a) To collect into a sum or mass; as to make up the amount of rent; to make up a bundle or package. (b) To reconcile; to compose; as to make up a difference or quarrel. (c) To supply what is wanting in; to complete; as a dollar is wanted to make up the stipulated sum. (d) To compose, as from ingredients or parts; to shape, prepare, or fabricate; as to make up a mass into pills; to make up a story. “He was all made up of love and charms!” Addison. (e) To compensate; to make good; as to make up a loss. (f) To adjust, or to arrange for settlement; as to make up accounts. (g) To dress and paint for a part, as an actor; as he was well made up. — To make up a face, to distort the face as an expression of pain or derision. — To make up one’s mind, to reach a mental determination; to resolve. — To make water. (a) (Naut.) To leak. (b) To urinate. — To make way, or To make one’s way. (a) To make progress; to advance. (b) To open a passage; to clear the way. — To make words, to multiply words.

Make , v. i. 1. To act in a certain manner; to have to do; to manage; to interfere; to be active; — often in the phrase to meddle or make. [Obs.] “A scurvy, jack-a-nape priest to meddle or make.” Shak. 2. To proceed; to tend; to move; to go; as he made toward home; the tiger made at the sportsmen. Formerly, authors used to make on, to make forth, to make about; but these phrases are obsolete. We now say, to make at, to make away, to make for, to make off, to make toward, etc. 3. To tend; to contribute; to have effect; — with for or against; as it makes for his advantage. M. Arnold. “Follow after the things which make for peace.” Rom. xiv. 19. “Considerations infinite
Do make against it.” Shak. 4. To increase; to augment; to accrue. 5. To compose verses; to write poetry; to versify. [Archaic] Chaucer. Tennyson. “To solace him some time, as I do when I make.” P. Plowman. To make as if, or To make as though, to pretend that; to make show that; to make believe (see under Make, v. t.). “Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before them, and fled.” Josh. viii. 15. “My lord of London maketh as though he were greatly displeased with me.” Latimer. — To make at, to go toward hastily, or in a hostile manner; to attack. — To make away with. (a) To carry off. (b) To transfer or alienate; hence, to spend; to dissipate. (c) To kill; to destroy. — To make off, to go away suddenly. — To make out, to succeed; to be able at last; to make shift; as he made out to reconcile the contending parties. — To make up, to become reconciled or friendly. — To make up for, to compensate for; to supply an equivalent for. — To make up to. (a) To approach; as a suspicious boat made up to us. (b) To pay addresses to; to make love to. — To make up with, to become reconciled to. [Colloq.] — To make with, to concur or agree with. Hooker.

Make, n. Structure, texture, constitution of parts; construction; shape; form. “It our perfection of so frail a make
As every plot can undermine and shake?” Dryden. On the make,bent upon making great profits; greedy of gain. [Low, U. S.]

Make´bate , n. [Make, v. + bate a quarrel.] One who excites contentions and quarrels. [Obs.]

Make´-be•lief , n. A feigning to believe; make believe. J. H. Newman.

Make´-be•lieve , n. A feigning to believe, as in the play of children; a mere pretense; a fiction; an invention. ´Childlike make-believe.´ Tylor. “To forswear self-delusion and make- believe.” M. Arnold.

Make´-be•lieve, a. Feigned; insincere. ´Make-believe reverence.´ G. Eliot.

Mak´ed , obs. p. p. of Make. Made. Chaucer.

Make´-game , n. An object of ridicule; a butt. Godwin.

Make´less, a. [See 1st Make, and cf. Matchless, Mateless.] 1. Matchless. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Without a mate. Shak.

Make´-peace (-pes•), n. A peacemaker. [R.] Shak.

Mak´er (mak´er), n. 1. One who makes, forms, or molds; a manufacturer; specifically, the Creator. “The universal Maker we may praise.” Milton. 2. (Law) The person who makes a promissory note. 3. One who writes verses; a poet. [Obs.] ´The Greeks named the poet poihth•s, which name, as the most excellent, hath gone through other languages. It cometh of this word poiei^n, make; wherein, I know not whether by luck or wisdom, we Englishmen have met well the Greeks in calling him a maker.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Make´shift (mak´shift•), n. That with which one makes shift; a temporary expedient. James Mill. “I am not a model clergyman, only a decent makeshift.” G. Eliot.

Make´-up , n. The way in which the parts of anything are put together; often, the way in which an actor is dressed, painted, etc., in personating a character. “The unthinking masses are necessarily teleological in their mental make-up.” L. F. Ward.

Make´weight , n. That which is thrown into a scale to make weight; something of little account added to supply a deficiency or fill a gap.

Ma´ki , n. [F., from native name.] (Zoöl.) A lemur. See Lemur.

Mak´ing , n. 1. The act of one who makes; workmanship; fabrication; construction; as this is cloth of your own making; the making of peace or war was in his power. 2. Composition, or structure. 3. a poem. [Obs.] Sir J. Davies. 4. That which establishes or places in a desirable state or condition; the material of which something may be made; as early misfortune was the making of him. 5. External appearance; from. [Obs.] Shak.

Mak´ing-i•ron , n. A tool somewhat like a chisel with a groove in it, used by calkers of ships to finish the seams after the oakum has been driven in.

Mak´ing-up , n. 1. The act of bringing spirits to a certain degree of strength, called proof. 2. The act of becoming reconciled or friendly.

Mal- (mal-). A prefix in composition denoting ill, or evil, F. male, adv., fr. malus, bad, ill. In some words it has the form male-, as in malediction, malevolent. See Malice. The form male- is chiefly used in cases where the e, either alone or with other letters, is pronounced as a separate syllable, as in malediction, malefactor, maleficent, etc. Where this is not the case, as in malfeasance or male-feasance, malformation or male-formation, etc., as also where the word to which it is prefixed commences with a vowel, as in maladministration, etc., the form mal is to be preferred, and is the one commonly employed.

Ma´la , n.; pl. of Malum. [L.] Evils; wrongs; offenses against right and law. Mala in se [L.] (Law), offenses which are such from their own nature, at common law, irrespective of statute. — Mala prohibita [L.] (Law), offenses prohibited by statute, as distinguished from mala in se, which are offenses at common law.

Mal´a•bar , n. A region in the western part of the Peninsula of India, between the mountains and the sea. Malabar nut (Bot.), the seed of an East Indian acanthaceous shrub, the Adhatoda Vasica, sometimes used medicinally.

Mal•a•ca•tune´ , n. See Melocoton.

Ma•lac´ca , n. A town and district upon the seacoast of the Malay Peninsula. Malacca cane (Bot.), a cane obtained from a species of palm of the genus Calamus (C. Scipionum), and of a brown color, often mottled. The plant is a native of Cochin China, Sumatra, and Malays.

Mal´a•chite , n. [Fr. Gr. a mallow, from its resembling the green color of the leaf of mallows: cf. F. malachite. Cf. Mallow.] (Min.) Native hydrous carbonate of copper, usually occurring in green mammillary masses with concentric fibrous structure. Green malachite, or malachite proper, admits of a high polish, and is sometimes used for ornamental work. Blue malachite, or azurite, is a related species of a deep blue color. Malachite green. See Emerald green, under Green, n.

Mal•a•cis´sant , a. [See Malacissation.] Softening; relaxing. [Obs.]

Mal•a•cis•sa´tion , n. [L. malacissare to make soft, Gr. .] The act of making soft or supple. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mal•a•cob•del´la , n. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + a leech.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nemertean worms, parasitic in the gill cavity of clams and other bivalves. They have a large posterior sucker, like that of a leech. See Illust. of Bdellomorpha.

Mal´a•co•derm , n. [Gr. soft + skin.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles (Malacodermata), with a soft and flexible body, as the fireflies.

Mal´a•co•lite , n. [Gr. soft + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of pyroxene.

Mal•a•col´o•gist , n. One versed in the science of malacology.

Mal•a•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. soft + -logy: cf. F. malacologie.] The science which relates to the structure and habits of mollusks.

Mal•a•cop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of air-breathing Arthropoda; — called also Protracheata, and Onychophora. They somewhat resemble myriapods, and have from seventeen to thirty-three pairs of short, imperfectly jointed legs, two pairs of simple jaws, and a pair of antennae. The trancheae are connected with numerous spiracles scattered over the surface of the body. Peripatus is the only known genus. See Peripatus.

Mal•a•cop•ter•yg´i•an , n. [Cf. F. malacopterygien.] (Zoöl.) One of the Malacopterygii.

Mal•a•cop•te•ryg´i•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + wing, fin, fr. feather.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes in which the fin rays, except the anterior ray of the pectoral and dorsal fins, are closely jointed, and not spiny. It includes the carp, pike, salmon, shad, etc. Called also Malacopteri.

Mal•a•cop•ter•yg´i•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Malacopterygii.

Mal•a•cos´te•on , n. [NL., Gr. fr. soft + bone.] (Med.) A peculiar disease of the bones, in consequence of which they become softened and capable of being bent without breaking.

Mal•a•cos´to•mous , a. [Gr. soft + mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having soft jaws without teeth, as certain fishes.

Mal•a•cos´tra•ca , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. soft + shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Crustacea, including Arthrostraca and Thoracostraca, or all those higher than the Entomostraca.

Mal•a•cos´tra•can , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Malacostraca.

Mal•a•cos•tra•col´o•gy , n. [Malacostracan + -logy.] That branch of zoölogical science which relates to the crustaceans; — called also carcinology.

Mal•a•cos´tra•cous , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Malacostraca.

Mal•a•co•toon´ , n. (Bot.) See Melocoton.

Mal•a•co•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. soft + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of Invertebrata, including the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and Bryozoa. Called also Malacozoaria.

Mal•a•co•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Malacozoa.

Mal•ad•dress´ , n. [Mal- + address.] Bad address; an awkward, tactless, or offensive way of accosting one or talking with one. W. D. Howells.

Mal•ad•just´ment , n. [Mal- + adjustment.] A bad adjustment.

Mal•ad•min•is•tra´tion , n. [Mal- + administration.] Bad administration; bad management of any business, especially of public affairs. [Written also maleadministration.]

Mal•a•droit´ , a. [F. See Malice, and Adroit.] Of a quality opposed to adroitness; clumsy; awkward; unskillful. — Mal´a•droit•ly, adv. — Mal•a•droit´ness, n.

Mal´a•dy , n.; pl. Maladies (#). [F. maladie, fr. malade ill, sick, OF. also malabde, fr. L. male habitus, i. e., ill-kept, not in good condition. See Malice, and Habit.] 1. Any disease of the human body; a distemper, disorder, or indisposition, proceeding from impaired, defective, or morbid organic functions; especially, a lingering or deep-seated disorder. “The maladies of the body may prove medicines to the mind.” Buckminster. 2. A moral or mental defect or disorder. “Love’s a malady without a cure.” Dryden. Syn. — Disorder; distemper; sickness; ailment; disease; illness. See Disease.

Mal´a•ga , n. A city and a province of Spain, on the Mediterranean. Hence, Malaga grapes, Malaga raisins, Malaga wines.

Mal•a•gash´ , n. Same as Malagasy.

Mal•a•gas´y , n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Madagascar; also (sing.), the language.

Ma•laise´ , n. [F., fr. mal ill + aise ease.] (Med.) An indefinite feeling of uneasiness, or of being sick or ill at ease.

Ma•lam´ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of malamic acid.

Ma•lam´bo , n. [Pg.] A yellowish aromatic bark, used in medicine and perfumery, said to be from the South American shrub Croton Malambo.

Mal•am•eth´ane , n. [Malamic + ethane.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance forming the ethyl salt of malamic acid.

Ma•lam´ic , a. [Malic + amic.] (Chem.) Of or designating an acid intermediate between malic acid and malamide, and known only by its salts.

Ma•lam´ide , n. [Malic + amide.] (Chem.) The acid amide derived from malic acid, as a white crystalline substance metameric with asparagine.

Mal´an•ders , n. pl. [F. malandres, fr. L. malandria blisters or pustules on the neck, especially in horses.] (Far.) A scurfy eruption in the bend of the knee of the fore leg of a horse. See Sallenders. [Written also mallenders.]

Mal´a•pert , a. [OF. malapert unskillful, ill-taught, ill-bred; mal ill + apert open, adroit, intelligent, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire to open. See Malice, and Aperient.] Bold; forward; impudent; saucy; pert. Shak. — n. A malapert person. “Are you growing malapert! Will you force me to make use of my authority ?” Dryden. — Mal´a•pert•ly, adv. — Mal´a•pert•ness, n.

Mal´a•prop•ism , n. [From Mrs. Malaprop, a character in Sheridan’s drama, ´ The Rivals,´ who makes amusing blunders in her use of words. See Malapropos.] A grotesque misuse of a word; a word so used.

Mal•ap´ro•pos , a. & adv. [F. mal à propos; mal evil + à propos to the purpose.] Unseasonable or unseasonably; unsuitable or unsuitably.

Mal•ap•te•ru´rus (mal•ap•te•ru´rus), n. [NL., from Gr. malako•s soft + ptero•n wing + o’yra• tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of African siluroid fishes, including the electric catfishes. See Electric cat, under Electric.

Ma´lar , a. [L. mala the cheek: cf. F. malaire.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the region of the cheek bone, or to the malar bone; jugal.

Ma´lar , n. (Anat.) The cheek bone, which forms a part of the lower edge of the orbit.

Ma•la´ri•a , n. [It., contr. fr. malaaria bad air. See Malice, and Air.] 1. Air infected with some noxious substance capable of engendering disease; esp., an unhealthy exhalation from certain soils, as marshy or wet lands, producing fevers; miasma. The morbific agent in malaria is supposed by some to be a vegetable microbe or its spores, and by others to be a very minute animal blood parasite (an infusorian). 2. (Med.) A morbid condition produced by exhalations from decaying vegetable matter in contact with moisture, giving rise to fever and ague and many other symptoms characterized by their tendency to recur at definite and usually uniform intervals. { Ma•la´ri•al , Ma•la´ri•an , Ma•la´ri•ous }, a. Of or pertaining, to or infected by, malaria. Malarial fever (Med.), a fever produced by malaria, and characterized by the occurrence of chills, fever, and sweating in distinct paroxysms, At intervals of definite and often uniform duration, in which these symptoms are wholly absent (intermittent fever), or only partially so (remittent fever); fever and ague; chills and fever.

Ma•la•sha´ga•nay , n. [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The fresh-water drumfish (Haploidonotus grunniens).

Mal•as•sim•i•la´tion , n. [Mal- + assimilation.] (Physiol.) (a) Imperfect digestion of the several leading constituents of the food. (b) An imperfect elaboration by the tissues of the materials brought to them by the blood.

Ma´late , n. [L. malum apple: cf. F. malate. See Malic.] (Chem.) A salt of malic acid. { Ma´lax , Ma•lax´ate } v. t. [L. malaxare, malaxatum, cf. Gr. , fr. soft: cf. F. malaxer.] To soften by kneading or stirring with some thinner substance. [R.]

Mal•ax•a´tion , n. [L. malaxatio: cf. F. malaxation.] The act of softening by mixing with a thinner substance; the formation of ingredients into a mass for pills or plasters. [R.]

Mal´ax•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, malaxates; esp., a machine for grinding, kneading, or stirring into a pasty or doughy mass. [R.]

Ma•lay´ , n. One of a race of a brown or copper complexion in the Malay Peninsula and the western islands of the Indian Archipelago. { Ma•lay´ , Ma•lay´an } a. Of or pertaining to the Malays or their country. — n. The Malay language. Malay apple (Bot.), a myrtaceous tree (Eugenia Malaccensis) common in India; also its applelike fruit.

Ma´la•ya´lam , n. The name given to one the cultivated Dravidian languages, closely related to the Tamil. Yule.

Mal´brouck , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A West African arboreal monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus).

Mal•con•for•ma´tion , n. [Mal- + conformation.] Imperfect, disproportionate, or abnormal formation; ill form; disproportion of parts.

Mal´con•tent , a. [F., fr. mal ill + content. See Malice, Content.] discontented; uneasy; dissatisfied; especially, dissatisfied with the government. [Written also malecontent.] “The famous malcontent earl of Leicester.” Milner.

Mal´con•tent, n. [F. malcontent.] One who discontented; especially, a discontented subject of a government; one who expresses his discontent by words or overt acts. Spenser. Berkeley.

Mal•con•tent´ed , a. Malcontent. — Mal•con•tent´ed•ly, adv. — Mal•con•tent´ed•ness, n.

Mal•da´ni•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of marine annelids of the genus Maldane, or family Maldanidae. They have a slender, round body, and make tubes in the sand or mud.

Male- (mal- or male-). See Mal-.

Male (mal), a. [L. malus. See Malice.] Evil; wicked; bad. [Obs.] Marston.

Male, n. Same as Mail, a bag. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Male, a. [F. mâle, OF. masle, mascle, fr. L. masculus male, masculine, dim. of mas a male; possibly akin to E. man. Cf. Masculine, Marry, v. t.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sex that begets or procreates young, or (in a wider sense) to the sex that produces spermatozoa, by which the ova are fertilized; not female; as male organs. 2. (Bot.) Capable of producing fertilization, but not of bearing fruit; — said of stamens and antheridia, and of the plants, or parts of plants, which bear them. 3. Suitable to the male sex; characteristic or suggestive of a male; masculine; as male courage. 4. Consisting of males; as a male choir. 5. (Mech.) Adapted for entering another corresponding piece (the female piece) which is hollow and which it fits; as a male gauge, for gauging the size or shape of a hole; a male screw, etc. Male berry (Bot.), a kind of coffee. See Pea berry. — Male fern (Bot.), a fern of the genus Aspidium (A. Filixmas), used in medicine as an anthelmintic, esp. against the tapeworm. Aspidium marginale in America, and A. athamanticum in South Africa, are used as good substitutes for the male fern in medical practice. See Female fern, under Female. — Male rhyme, a rhyme in which only the last syllables agree, as laid, afraid, dismayed. See Female rhyme, under Female. - - Male screw (Mech.), a screw having threads upon its exterior which enter the grooves upon the inside of a corresponding nut or female screw. — Male thread, the thread of a male screw.

Male, n. 1. An animal of the male sex. 2. (Bot.) A plant bearing only staminate flowers.

Male•ad•min•is•tra´tion (mal•ad•min•is•tra´shun), n. Maladministration.

Ma•le´ate , n. A salt of maleic acid.

Male•branch´ism , n. The philosophical system of Malebranche, an eminent French metaphysician. The fundamental doctrine of his system is that the mind can not have knowledge of anything external to itself except in its relation to God.

Male•con•for•ma´tion , n. Malconformation.

Male´con•tent , a. Malcontent.

Mal•e•di´cen•cy , n. [L. maledicentia. See Maledicent.] Evil speaking. [Obs.] Atterbury.

Mal•e•di´cent , a. [L. maledicens, p. pr. of maledicere to speak ill; male ill + dicere to say, speak. See Malice, and Diction.] Speaking reproachfully; slanderous. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Mal´e•dict , a. [L. maledictus, p. p. of maledicere.] Accursed; abominable. [R.]

Mal•e•dic´tion, n. [L. maledictio: cf. F. malediction. See Maledicent.] A proclaiming of evil against some one; a cursing; imprecation; a curse or execration; — opposed to benediction. “No malediction falls from his tongue.” Longfellow. Syn. — Cursing; curse; execration; imprecation; denunciation; anathema. — Malediction, Curse, Imprecation, Execration. Malediction is the most general term, denoting bitter reproach, or wishes and predictions of evil. Curse implies the desire or threat of evil, declared upon oath or in the most solemn manner. Imprecation is literally the praying down of evil upon a person. Execration is literally a putting under the ban of excommunication, a curse which excludes from the kingdom of God. In ordinary usage, the last three words describe profane swearing, execration being the strongest.

Mal•e•fac´tion , n. [See Malefactor.] A crime; an offense; an evil deed. [R.] Shak.

Mal•e•fac´tor , n. [L., fr. malefacere to do evil; male ill, evil + facere to do. See Malice, and Fact.] 1. An evil doer; one who commits a crime; one subject to public prosecution and punishment; a criminal. 2. One who does wrong by injuring another, although not a criminal. [Obs.] H. Brooke. Fuller. Syn. — Evil doer; criminal; culprit; felon; convict.

Mal•e•fac´tress , n. A female malefactor. Hawthorne.

Male•fea´sance , n. See Malfeasance.

Ma•lef´ic , a. [L. maleficus: cf. F. malefique. See Malefaction.] Doing mischief; causing harm or evil; nefarious; hurtful. [R.] Chaucer.

Mal´e•fice , n. [L. maleficium: cf. F. malefice. See Malefactor.] An evil deed; artifice; enchantment. [Obs.]

Ma•lef´i•cence , n. [L. maleficentia. Cf. Malfeasance.] Evil doing, esp. to others.

Ma•lef´i•cent , a. [See Malefic.] Doing evil to others; harmful; mischievous.

Mal•e•fi´cial , a. Injurious. Fuller.

Mal•e•fi´ci•ate , v. t. [LL. maleficiatus, p. p. of maleficiare to bewitch, fr. L. maleficium. See Malefice.] To bewitch; to harm. [Obs.] Burton.

Mal•e•fi•ci•a´tion , n. A bewitching. [Obs.]

Mal•e•fi´cience , n. [See Maleficence.] The doing of evil, harm, or mischief.

Mal•e•fi´cient , a. [See Maleficent.] Doing evil, harm, or mischief.

Male•for•ma´tion , n. See Malformation.

Ma•le´ic , a. [Cf. F. maleique. See Malic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the ethylene series, metameric with fumaric acid and obtained by heating malic acid.

Ma•len´gine , n. [OF. malengin; L. malus bad, evil + ingenium natural capacity. See Engine.] Evil machination; guile; deceit. [Obs.] Gower.

Ma´le•o , n. [From its native name.] (Zoöl.) A bird of Celebes (megacephalon maleo), allied to the brush turkey. It makes mounds in which to lay its eggs.

Male-o´dor , n. See Malodor.

Male•prac´tice , n. See Malpractice.

Male´-spir•it•ed , a. Having the spirit of a male; vigorous; courageous. [R.] B. Jonson.

Mal´et , n. [F. mallette, dim. of malle. See Mail a bag.] A little bag or budget. [Obs.] Shelton.

Male•treat´ , v. t. See Maltreat.

Ma•lev´o•lence , n. [L. malevolentia. See Malevolent.] The quality or state of being malevolent; evil disposition toward another; inclination to injure others; ill will. See Synonym of Malice.

Ma•lev´o•lent , a. [L. malevolens, -entis; male ill + volens, p. pr. of velle to be willing or disposed, to wish. See Malice, and Voluntary.] Wishing evil; disposed to injure others; rejoicing in another’s misfortune. Syn. — Ill-disposed; envious; mischievous; evil-minded; spiteful; malicious; malignant; rancorous.

Ma•lev´o•lent•ly, adv. In a malevolent manner.

Ma•lev´o•lous , a. [L. malevolus; fr. male ill + velle to be disposed.] Malevolent. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

Mal•ex•e•cu´tion , n. [Mal- + execution.] Bad execution. D. Webster.

Ma•le´yl , n. [Maleic + - yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical derived from maleic acid.

Mal•fea´sance , n. [F. malfaisance, fr. malfaisant injurious, doing ill; mal ill, evil + faisant doing, p. pr. of faire to do. See Malice, Feasible, and cf. Maleficence.] (Law) The doing of an act which a person ought not to do; evil conduct; an illegal deed. [Written also malefeasance.]

Mal•for•ma´tion , n. [Mal- + formation.] Ill formation; irregular or anomalous formation; abnormal or wrong conformation or structure.

Mal•gra´cious , a. [F. malgracieux.] Not graceful; displeasing. [Obs.] Gower.

Mal´gre , prep. See Mauger.

Ma´lic , a. [L. malum an apple: cf. F. malique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, apples; as malic acid. Malic acid, a hydroxy acid obtained as a substance which is sirupy or crystallized with difficulty, and has a strong but pleasant sour taste. It occurs in many fruits, as in green apples, currants, etc. It is levorotatory or dextrorotatory according to the temperature and concentration. An artificial variety is a derivative of succinic acid, but has no action on polarized light, and thus malic acid is a remarkable case of physical isomerism.

Mal´ice (mal´is), n. [F. malice, fr. L. malitia, from malus bad, ill, evil, prob. orig., dirty, black; cf. Gr. me•las black, Skr. mala dirt. Cf. Mauger.] 1. Enmity of heart; malevolence; ill will; a spirit delighting in harm or misfortune to another; a disposition to injure another; a malignant design of evil. ´Nor set down aught in malice.´ Shak. “Envy, hatred, and malice are three distinct passions of the mind.” Ld. Holt. 2. (Law) Any wicked or mischievous intention of the mind; a depraved inclination to mischief; an intention to vex, annoy, or injure another person, or to do a wrongful act without just cause or cause or excuse; a wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others; willfulness. Malice aforethought or prepense, malice previously and deliberately entertained. Syn. — Spite; ill will; malevolence; grudge; pique; bitterness; animosity; malignity; maliciousness; rancor; virulence. See Spite. — Malevolence, Malignity, Malignancy. Malice is a stronger word than malevolence, which may imply only a desire that evil may befall another, while malice desires, and perhaps intends, to bring it about. Malignity is intense and deepseated malice. It implies a natural delight in hating and wronging others. One who is malignant must be both malevolent and malicious; but a man may be malicious without being malignant. “Proud tyrants who maliciously destroy
And ride o’er ruins with malignant joy.” Somerville. “in some connections, malignity seems rather more pertinently applied to a radical depravity of nature, and malignancy to indications of this depravity, in temper and conduct in particular instances.” Cogan.

Mal´ice, v. t. To regard with extreme ill will. [Obs.]

Mal´i•cho , n. [Sp. malhecho; mal bad + hecho deed, L. factum. See Fact.] Mischief. [Obs.] Shak.

Ma•li´cious , a. [Of. malicius, F. malicieux, fr. L. malitiosus. See Malice.] 1. Indulging or exercising malice; harboring ill will or enmity. “I grant him bloody, …
Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin
That has a name.” Shak. 2. Proceeding from hatred or ill will; dictated by malice; as a malicious report; malicious mischief. 3. (Law) With wicked or mischievous intentions or motives; wrongful and done intentionally without just cause or excuse; as a malicious act. Malicious abandonment, the desertion of a wife or husband without just cause. Burrill. — Malicious mischief (Law), malicious injury to the property of another; — an offense at common law. Wharton. — Malicious prosecution or arrest (Law), a wanton prosecution or arrest, by regular process in a civil or criminal proceeding, without probable cause. Bouvier. Syn. — Ill-disposed; evil-minded; mischievous; envious; malevolent; invidious; spiteful; bitter; malignant; rancorous; malign. — Ma•li´cious•ly, adv. — Ma•li´cious•ness, n.

Ma•lign´ , a. [L. malignus, for maligenus, i. e., of a bad kind or nature; malus bad + the root of genus birth, race, kind: cf. F. malin, masc., maligne, fem. See Malice, Gender, and cf. Benign, Malignant.] 1. Having an evil disposition toward others; harboring violent enmity; malevolent; malicious; spiteful; — opposed to benign. “Witchcraft may be by operation of malign spirits.” Bacon. 2. Unfavorable; unpropitious; pernicious; tending to injure; as a malign aspect of planets. 3. Malignant; as a malign ulcer. [R.] Bacon.

Ma•lign´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maligned p. pr. & vb. n. Maligning.] [Cf. L. malignare. See Malign, a.] To treat with malice; to show hatred toward; to abuse; to wrong; to injure. [Obs.] “The people practice what mischiefs and villainies they will against private men, whom they malign by stealing their goods, or murdering them.” Spenser. 2. To speak great evil of; to traduce; to defame; to slander; to vilify; to asperse. “To be envied and shot at; to be maligned standing, and to be despised falling.” South.

Ma•lign´, v. i. To entertain malice. [Obs.] { Ma•lig´nance , Ma•lig´nan•cy , } n. [See Malignant.] 1. The state or quality of being malignant; extreme malevolence; bitter enmity; malice; as malignancy of heart. 2. Unfavorableness; evil nature. “The malignancy of my fate might perhaps distemner yours.” Shak. 3. (Med.) Virulence; tendency to a fatal issue; as the malignancy of an ulcer or of a fever. 4. The state of being a malignant. Syn. — Malice; malevolence; malignity. See Malice.

Ma•lig´nant , a. [L. malignans, -antis, p. pr. of malignare, malignari, to do or make maliciously. See Malign, and cf. Benignant.] 1. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffering, or cause distress; actuated by extreme malevolence or enmity; virulently inimical; bent on evil; malicious. “A malignant and a turbaned Turk.” Shak. 2. Characterized or caused by evil intentions; pernicious. ´Malignant care.´ Macaulay. “Some malignant power upon my life.” Shak. “Something deleterious and malignant as his touch.” Hawthorne. 3. (Med.) Tending to produce death; threatening a fatal issue; virulent; as malignant diphtheria. Malignant pustule (Med.), a very contagious disease, transmitted to man from animals, characterized by the formation, at the point of reception of the virus, of a vesicle or pustule which first enlarges and then breaks down into an unhealthy ulcer. It is marked by profound exhaustion and usually fatal. Called also charbon, and sometimes, improperly, anthrax.

Ma•lig´nant , n. 1. A man of extreme enmity or evil intentions. Hooker. 2. (Eng. Hist.) One of the adherents of Charles I. or Charles II.; — so called by the opposite party.

Ma•lig´nant•ly, adv. In a malignant manner.

Ma•lign´er , n. One who maligns.

Ma•lig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malignified p. pr. & vb. n. Malignifying ] [L. malignus malign + -fy.] To make malign or malignant. [R.] ´A strong faith malignified.´ Southey.

Ma•lig´ni•ty , n. [F. malignite, L. malignitas.] 1. The state or quality of being malignant; disposition to do evil; virulent enmity; malignancy; malice; spite. 2. Virulence; deadly quality. “His physicians discerned an invincible malignity in his disease.” Hayward. 3. Extreme evilness of nature or influence; perniciousness; heinousness; as the malignity of fraud. [R.] Syn. — See Malice.

Ma•lign´ly , adv. In a malign manner; with malignity.

Ma•lin´ger , v. i. [imp. & p. p. MAlingered p. pr. & vb. n. Malingering.] To act the part of a malingerer; to feign illness or inability.

Ma•lin´ger•er , n. [F. malingre sickly, weakly, prob. from mal ill + OF. heingre, haingre, thin, lean, infirm, fr. L. aeger.] In the army, a soldier who feigns himself sick, or who induces or protracts an illness, in order to avoid doing his duty; hence, in general, one who shirks his duty by pretending illness or inability.

Ma•lin´ger•y , n. The spirit or practices of a malingerer; malingering.

Mal´i•son , n. [OF. maleicon, L. maledictio. See Malediction, and cf. Benison.] Malediction; curse; execration. [Poetic] “God’s malison on his head who this gainsays.” Sir W. Scott.

Mal´kin , n. [Dim. of Maud, the proper name. Cf. Grimalkin.] [Written also maukin.] 1. Originally, a kitchenmaid; a slattern. Chaucer. 2. A mop made of clouts, used by the kitchen servant. 3. A scarecrow. [Prov. Eng.] 4. (Mil.) A mop or sponge attached to a jointed staff for swabbing out a cannon.

Mall (mal; 277), n. [Written also maul.] [OE. malle, F. mail, L. malleus. Cf. Malleus.] 1. A large heavy wooden beetle; a mallet for driving anything with force; a maul. Addison. 2. A heavy blow. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. An old game played with malls or mallets and balls. See Pall-mall. Cotton. 4. A place where the game of mall was played. Hence: A public walk; a level shaded walk. “Part of the area was laid out in gravel walks, and planted with elms; and these convenient and frequented walks obtained the name of the City Mall.” Southey.

Mall (mal), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malled (mald); p. pr. & vb. n. Malling.] [Cf. OF. mailler. See Mall beetle, and cf. Malleate.] To beat with a mall; to beat with something heavy; to bruise; to maul.

Mall (mal), n. [LL. mallum a public assembly; cf. OHG. mahal assembly, transaction; akin to AS. maeðel, meðel, assembly, maelan to speak, Goth. maþl market place.] Formerly, among Teutonic nations, a meeting of the notables of a state for the transaction of public business, such meeting being a modification of the ancient popular assembly. Hence: (a) A court of justice. (b) A place where justice is administered. (c) A place where public meetings are held. “Councils, which had been as frequent as diets or malls, ceased.” Milman.

Mal´lard , n. [F. malari,fr. mâle male + -art =-ard. See Male, a., and -ard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A drake; the male of Anas boschas. 2. (Zoöl.) A large wild duck (Anas boschas) inhabiting both America and Europe. The domestic duck has descended from this species. Called also greenhead.

Mal´le•a•bil´i•ty , n. [CF. F. malleabilite.] The quality or state of being malleable; — opposed to friability and brittleness. Locke.

Mal´le•a•ble , a. [F. malleable, fr. LL. malleare to hammer. See Malleate.] Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, or by the pressure of rollers; — applied to metals. Malleable iron, iron that is capable of extension or of being shaped under the hammer; decarbonized cast iron. See under Iron. — Malleable iron castings, articles cast from pig iron and made malleable by heating then for several days in the presence of some substance, as hematite, which deprives the cast iron of some of its carbon.

Mal´le•a•ble•ize , v. t. To make malleable.

Mal´le•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being malleable.

Mal´le•al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the malleus.

Mal´le•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malleated p. pr. & vb. n. Malleating ] [L. malleatus hammered, fr. malleus a hammer. See Mall, v. t.] To hammer; to beat into a plate or leaf.

Mal•le•a´tion , n. [LL. malleatio: cf. OF. malleation.] The act or process of beating into a plate, sheet, or leaf, as a metal; extension by beating.

Mal´le•cho , n. Same as Malicho.

Mal•lee´ bird (Zoöl.) [From native name.] The leipoa. See Leipoa. { Mal´le•mock , Mal´le•moke } n. (Zoöl.) See Mollemoke.

Mal´len•ders , n. pl. (Far.) Same as Malanders.

Mal•le´o•lar , a. [See Malleolus.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the malleolus; in the region of the malleoli of the ankle joint.

Mal•le´•o•lus , n.; pl. Malleoli (#). [L., dim. of malleus hammer.] 1. (Anat.) A projection at the distal end of each bone of the leg at the ankle joint. The malleolus of the tibia is the internal projection, that of the fibula the external. 2. ´ A layer, ´ a shoot partly buried in the ground, and there cut halfway through.

Mal´let , n. [F. maillet, dim. of mail. See Mall a beetle.] A small maul with a short handle, — used esp. for driving a tool, as a chisel or the like; also a light beetle with a long handle, — used in playing croquet.

Mal´le•us , n.; pl. Mallei (#). [L., hammer. See Mall a beetle.] 1. (Anat.) The outermost of the three small auditory bones, ossicles; the hammer. It is attached to the tympanic membrane by a long process, the handle or manubrium. See Illust. of Far. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the hard lateral pieces of the mastax of Rotifera. See Mastax. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells; the hammer shell.

Mal•loph´a•ga (mal•lof´a•ga), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mallo•s a lock of wool + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of insects which are parasitic on birds and mammals, and feed on the feathers and hair; — called also bird lice. See Bird louse, under Bird.

Mal•lo´tus , n. [NL., fr Gr. fleecy.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small Arctic fishes. One American species, the capelin (Mallotus villosus), is extensively used as bait for cod. { Mal´low , Mal´lows } n. [OE. malwe, AS. mealwe, fr. L. malva, akin to Gr. mala•chh; cf. mala•ssein to soften, malako•s soft. Named either from its softening or relaxing properties, or from its soft downy leaves. Cf. Mauve, Malachite.] (Bot.) A genus of plants (Malva) having mucilaginous qualities. See Malvaceous. The flowers of the common mallow (M. sylvestris) are used in medicine. The dwarf mallow (M. rotundifolia) is a common weed, and its flattened, dick-shaped fruits are called cheeses by children. Tree mallow (M. Mauritiana and Lavatera arborea), musk mallow (M. moschata), rose mallow or hollyhock, and curled mallow (M. crispa), are less commonly seen. Indian mallow. See Abutilon. — Jew’s mallow, a plant (Corchorus olitorius) used as a pot herb by the Jews of Egypt and Syria. — Marsh mallow. See under Marsh.

Mal´low•wort (mal´lo•wûrt), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the order Malvaceae. { Malm , Malm´brick• } n. [Cf. AS. mealm sand.] A kind of brick of a light brown or yellowish color, made of sand, clay, and chalk.

Mal´ma , n. (Zoöl.) A spotted trout (Salvelinus malma), inhabiting Northern America, west of the Rocky Mountains; — called also Dolly Varden trout, bull trout, red-spotted trout, and golet.

Mal´mag , n. [F., from native name in Madagascar.] (Zoöl.) The tarsius, or spectral lemur.

Malm´sey , n. [OE. malvesie, F. malvoisie, It. malvasia, malavagia, fr. Malvasia, or Napoli di Malvasia, in the Morea.] A kind of sweet wine from Crete, the Canary Islands, etc. Shak.

Mal•nu•tri´tion , n. [Mal- + nutrition.] (Physiol.) Faulty or imperfect nutrition.

Mal•ob•ser•va´tion , n. [Mal- + observation.] Erroneous observation. J. S Mill.

Mal•o´dor , n. An offensive odor.
[1913 Webster]

Mal•o´dor•ous , a. Offensive to the sense of smell; ill-smelling. — Mal•o´dor•ous•ness. n. Carlyle.
[1913 Webster]

Mal´o•nate , a. (Chem.) A salt of malonic acid.

Ma•lon´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid produced artifically as a white crystalline substance, CH2.(CO2H)2, and so called because obtained by the oxidation of malic acid.

Mal´o•nyl , n. [Malonic + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, CH2.(CO)2, from malonic acid.

Mal•pi´ghi•a , n. [NL. See Malpighian.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical American shrubs with opposite leaves and small white or reddish flowers. The drupes of Malpighia urens are eaten under the name of Barbadoes cherries.

Mal•pi•ghi•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of tropical trees and shrubs (Malpighiaceae), some of them climbing plants, and their stems forming many of the curious lianes of South American forests.

Mal•pi´ghi•an , a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Marcello Malpighi, an Italian anatomist of the 17th century. Malpighian capsules or corpuscles, the globular dilatations, containing the glomeruli or Malpighian tufts, at the extremities of the urinary tubules of the kidney. — Malpighian corpuscles of the spleen, masses of adenoid tissue connected with branches of the splenic artery.

Mal•po•si´tion , n. [Mal- + position.] A wrong position.

Mal•prac´tice , n. [Mal- + practice.] Evil practice; illegal or immoral conduct; practice contrary to established rules; specifically, the treatment of a case by a surgeon or physician in a manner which is contrary to accepted rules and productive of unfavorable results. [Written also malepractice.]

Malt , n. [AS. mealt; akin to D. mout, G. malz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. malt, and E. melt. rad.108. See Melt.] Barley or other grain, steeped in water and dried in a kiln, thus forcing germination until the saccharine principle has been evolved. It is used in brewing and in the distillation of whisky.

Malt, a. Relating to, containing, or made with, malt. Malt liquor, an alcoholic liquor, as beer, ale, porter, etc., prepared by fermenting an infusion of malt. - - Malt dust, fine particles of malt, or of the grain used in making malt; — used as a fertilizer. ´ Malt dust consists chiefly of the infant radicle separated from the grain.´ Sir H. Davy. — Malt floor, a floor for drying malt. — Malt house, or Malthouse, a house in which malt is made. — Malt kiln, a heated chamber for drying malt.

Malt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malted: p. pr. & vb. n. Malting.] To make into malt; as to malt barley.

Malt, v. i. To become malt; also to make grain into malt. Mortimer.

Mal´ta•lent , n. [F. See Malice, and Talent.] Ill will; malice. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser.

Mal•tese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Malta or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Malta; the people of Malta. Maltese cat (Zoöl.), a mouse- colored variety of the domestic cat. — Maltese cross. See Illust. 5, of Cross. — Maltese dog (Zoöl.), a breed of small terriers, having long silky white hair. The breed originated in Malta.

Mal´tha (mal´tha), n. [L., fr. Gr. ma•lqa.] 1. A variety of bitumen, viscid and tenacious, like pitch, unctuous to the touch, and exhaling a bituminous odor. 2. Mortar. [Obs.] Holland.

Mal•thu´sian , a. Of or pertaining to the political economist, the Rev. T. R. Malthus, or conforming to his views; as Malthusian theories. Malthus held that population tends to increase faster than its means of subsistence can be made to do, and hence that the lower classes must necessarily suffer more or less from lack of food, unless an increase of population be checked by prudential restraint or otherwise.

Mal•thu´sian, n. A follower of Malthus.

Mal•thu´sian•ism , n. The system of Malthusian doctrines relating to population. { Malt´in , Malt´ine } n. (Physiol. Chem.) The fermentative principle of malt; malt diastase; also a name given to various medicinal preparations made from or containing malt.

Malt´ing , n. The process of making, or of becoming malt.

Malt´man , n.; pl. Maltmen . A man whose occupation is to make malt.

Mal•ton´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, maltose; specif., designating an acid called also gluconic or dextronic acid. See Gluconic.

Malt´ose (malt´os•), n. [From Malt.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline sugar formed from starch by the action of diastase of malt, and the amylolytic ferment of saliva and pancreatic juice. It resembles dextrose, but rotates the plane of polarized light further to the right and possesses a lower cupric oxide reducing power.

Mal•treat´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maltreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Maltreating.] [Mal- + treat: cf. F. maltraiter.] To treat ill; to abuse; to treat roughly.

Mal•treat´ment , n.; [Cf. F. maltraitement.] Ill treatment; ill usage; abuse.

Malt´ster , n. A maltman. Swift.

Malt´worm , n. A tippler. [R.] Shak.

Malt´y , a. Containing, or like, malt. Dickens.

Ma´lum , n.; pl. Mala (#). [L.] An evil. See Mala.

Mal•va´ceous , a. [L. malvaceus, from malva mallows. See Mallow.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Malvaceae), of which the mallow is the type. The cotton plant, hollyhock, and abutilon are of this order, and the baobab and the silk-cotton trees are now referred to it.

Mal•ver•sa´tion , n. [F., fr. malverser to be corrupt in office, fr. L. male ill + versari to move about, to occupy one’s self, vertere to turn. See Malice, and Verse.] Evil conduct; fraudulent practices; misbehavior, corruption, or extortion in office.

Mal´ve•sie , n. Malmsey wine. See Malmsey. ´ A jub of malvesye.´ Chaucer.

Mam (mam), n. [Abbrev. fr. mamma.] Mamma.

Ma•ma´ , n. See Mamma.

Mam´a•luke , n. Same as Mameluke.

Mam´e•lon , n. [F.] A rounded hillock; a rounded elevation or protuberance. Westmin. Rev.

Mam•e•lu´co , n. [Pg.] A child born of a white father and Indian mother. [S. Amer.]

Mam´e•luke , n. [F. mamelouk, cf. Sp. mameluco, It. mammalucco; all fr. Ar. mamlk a purchased slave or captive; lit., possessed or in one’s power, p. p. of malaka to possesses.] One of a body of mounted soldiers recruited from slaves converted to Mohammedanism, who, during several centuries, had more or less control of the government of Egypt, until exterminated or dispersed by Mehemet Ali in 1811.

Mam´il•la•ted , a. See Mammillated.

Mam•ma´ , n. [Reduplicated from the infantine word ma, influenced in spelling by L. mamma.] Mother; — word of tenderness and familiarity. [Written also mama.] “Tell tales papa and mamma.” Swift.

Mam´ma , n.; pl. Mammae (#). [L. mamma breast.] (Anat.) A glandular organ for secreting milk, characteristic of all mammals, but usually rudimentary in the male; a mammary gland; a breast; udder; bag.

Mam´mal , n.; pl. Mammals (#). [L. mammalis belonging to the breast, fr. mamma the breast or pap: cf. F. mammal.] (Zoöl.) One of the Mammalia. Age of mammals. See under Age, n., 8.

Mam•ma´li•a , n. pl. [NL., from L. mammalis. See Mammal.] (Zoöl.) The highest class of Vertebrata. The young are nourished for a time by milk, or an analogous fluid, secreted by the mammary glands of the mother. Mammalia are divided into three subclasses; — I. Placentalia. This subclass embraces all the higher orders, including man. In these the fetus is attached to the uterus by a placenta. II. Marsupialia. In these no placenta is formed, and the young, which are born at an early state of development, are carried for a time attached to the teats, and usually protected by a marsupial pouch. The opossum, kangaroo, wombat, and koala are examples. III. Monotremata. In this group, which includes the genera Echidna and Ornithorhynchus, the female lays large eggs resembling those of a bird or lizard, and the young, which are hatched like those of birds, are nourished by a watery secretion from the imperfectly developed mammae.

Mam•ma´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Mammalia or mammals.

Mam•ma•lif´er•ous , a. [Mammal + -ferous.] (Geol.) Containing mammalian remains; — said of certain strata.

Mam•ma•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to mammalogy.

Mam•mal´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. mammalogiste.] One versed in mammalogy.

Mam•mal´o•gy , n. [Mamma breast + -logy: cf. f. mammalogie.] The science which relates to mammals or the Mammalia. See Mammalia.

Mam´ma•ry , a. [Cf. F. mammaire.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mammae or breasts; as the mammary arteries and veins.

Mam•mee´ , n. [Haytian mamey.] (Bot.) A fruit tree of tropical America, belonging to the genus Mammea (M. Americana); also its fruit. The latter is large, covered with a thick, tough ring, and contains a bright yellow pulp of a pleasant taste and fragrant scent. It is often called mammee apple.

Mam´mer , v. i. [Cf. G. memme coward, poltroon.] To hesitate; to mutter doubtfully. [Obs.]

Mam´met , n. [See Mawmet.] An idol; a puppet; a doll. [Obs.] Selden. Shak.

Mam´met•ry , n. See Mawmetry. [Obs.]

Mam´mi•fer , n. [NL. See Mammiferous.] (Zoöl.) A mammal. See Mammalia.

Mam•mif´er•ous , a. [Mamma breast + -ferous: cf. F. mammifère.] Having breasts; of, pertaining to, or derived from, the Mammalia.

Mam´mi•form , a. [Mamma breast + -form: cf. F. mammiforme.] Having the form of a mamma (breast) or mammae.

Mam•mil´la , n.; pl. Mammilae (#). [L., dim. of mamma a breast.] (Anat.) The nipple.

Mam´mil•la•ry , a. [Cf. F. mammilaire. See Mammilla.] 1. Of or pertaining to the mammilla, or nipple, or to the breast; resembling a mammilla; mammilloid. 2. (Min.) Composed of convex convex concretions, somewhat resembling the breasts in form; studded with small mammiform protuberances. { Mam´mil•late , Mam´mil•la•ted } a. [See Mammilla.] 1. Having small nipples, or small protuberances like nipples or mammae. 2. (Zoöl.) Bounded like a nipple; — said of the apex of some shells.

Mam•mil´li•form , a. [Mammilla + -form.] Having the form of a mammilla.

Mam´mil•loid , a. [Mammilla + -oid.] Like a mammilla or nipple; mammilliform.

Mam´mock , n. [Ir. & Gael. mam a round hill + -ock.] A shapeless piece; a fragment. [Obs.]

Mam´mock, v. t. To tear to pieces. [Obs.] Milton.

Mam´mo•dis , n. [F. mamoudis, fr. Hind. mahmudi a muslin.] Coarse plain India muslins.

Mam•mol´o•gy , n. [Mamma + -logy.] Mastology. See Mammalogy.

Mam´mon , n. [L. mammona, Gr. riches, Syr. mamna; cf. Heb. matmn a hiding place, subterranean storehouse, treasury, fr. taman to hide.] Riches; wealth; the god of riches; riches, personified. “Ye can not serve God and Mammon.” Matt. vi. 24.

Mam´mon•ish, a. Actuated or prompted by a devotion to money getting or the service of Mammon. Carlyle.

Mam´mon•ism , n. Devotion to the pursuit of wealth; worldliness. Carlyle.

Mam´mon•ist, n. A mammonite.

Mam´mon•ite , n. One devoted to the acquisition of wealth or the service of Mammon. C. Kingsley.

Mam•mon•i•za´tion , n. The process of making mammonish; the state of being under the influence of mammonism.

Mam´mon•ize , v. t. To make mammonish.

Mam•mose´ , a. [L. mammosus having large breasts, mamma breast.] (Bot.) Having the form of the breast; breast-shaped.

Mam´moth , n. [Russ. mâmont, mámant, fr. Tartar mamma the earth. Certain Tartar races, the Tungooses and Yakoots, believed that the mammoth worked its way in the earth like a mole.] (Zoöl.) An extinct, hairy, maned elephant (Elephas primigenius), of enormous size, remains of which are found in the northern parts of both continents. The last of the race, in Europe, were coeval with prehistoric man. Several specimens have been found in Siberia preserved entire, with the flesh and hair remaining. They were imbedded in the ice cliffs at a remote period, and became exposed by the melting of the ice.

Mam´moth , a. Resembling the mammoth in size; very large; gigantic; as a mammoth ox.

Mam´mo•thrept , n. [Gr. ; grandmother + to nourish.] A child brought up by its grandmother; a spoiled child. [R.] “O, you are a more mammothrept in judgment.” B. Jonson.

Mam´my , n.; pl. Mammies . A child’s name for mamma, mother.

Mam´zer , n. [Heb. mámzr.] A person born of relations between whom marriage was forbidden by the Mosaic law; a bastard. Deut. xxiii. 2 (Douay version).

Man (man), n.; pl. Men (men). [AS. mann, man, monn, mon; akin to OS., D., & OHG. man, G. mann, Icel. maðr, for mannr, Dan. Mand, Sw. man, Goth. manna, Skr. manu, manus, and perh. to Skr. man to think, and E. mind. rad.104. Cf. Minx a pert girl.] 1. A human being; — opposed to beast. “These men went about wide, and man found they none,
But fair country, and wild beast many [a] one.” R. of Glouc. “The king is but a man, as I am; the violet smells to him as it doth to me.” Shak. 2. Especially: An adult male person; a grown- up male person, as distinguished from a woman or a child. “When I became a man, I put away childish things.” I Cor. xiii. 11. “Ceneus, a woman once, and once a man.” Dryden. 3. The human race; mankind. “And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness, and let them have dominion.” Gen. i. 26. “The proper study of mankind is man.” Pope. 4. The male portion of the human race. “Woman has in general, much stronger propensity than man to the discharge of parental duties.” Cowper. 5. One possessing in a high degree the distinctive qualities of manhood; one having manly excellence of any kind. Shak. “This was the noblest Roman of them all … the elements
So mixed in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world ´This was a man!´” Shak. 6. An adult male servant; also a vassal; a subject. “Like master, like man.” Old Proverb. “The vassal, or tenant, kneeling, ungirt, uncovered, and holding up his hands between those of his lord, professed that he did become his man from that day forth, of life, limb, and earthly honor.” Blackstone. 7. A term of familiar address often implying on the part of the speaker some degree of authority, impatience, or haste; as Come, man, we ’ve no time to lose! 8. A married man; a husband; — correlative to wife. “I pronounce that they are man and wife.” Book of Com. Prayer. “every wife ought to answer for her man.” Addison. 9. One, or any one, indefinitely; — a modified survival of the Saxon use of man, or mon, as an indefinite pronoun. “A man can not make him laugh.” Shak. “A man would expect to find some antiquities; but all they have to show of this nature is an old rostrum of a Roman ship.” Addison. 10. One of the piece with which certain games, as chess or draughts, are played. Man is often used as a prefix in composition, or as a separate adjective, its sense being usually self-explaining; as man child, man eater or maneater, man- eating, man hater or manhater, man-hating, manhunter, man-hunting, mankiller, man- killing, man midwife, man pleaser, man servant, man-shaped, manslayer, manstealer, man-stealing, manthief, man worship, etc. Man is also used as a suffix to denote a person of the male sex having a business which pertains to the thing spoken of in the qualifying part of the compound; ashman, butterman, laundryman, lumberman, milkman, fireman, showman, waterman, woodman. Where the combination is not familiar, or where some specific meaning of the compound is to be avoided, man is used as a separate substantive in the foregoing sense; as apple man, cloth man, coal man, hardware man, wood man (as distinguished from woodman). Man ape (Zoöl.), a anthropoid ape, as the gorilla. — Man at arms, a designation of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for a soldier fully armed. — Man engine, a mechanical lift for raising or lowering people through considerable distances; specifically (Mining), a contrivance by which miners ascend or descend in a shaft. It consists of a series of landings in the shaft and an equal number of shelves on a vertical rod which has an up and down motion equal to the distance between the successive landings. A man steps from a landing to a shelf and is lifted or lowered to the next landing, upon which he them steps, and so on, traveling by successive stages. — Man Friday, a person wholly subservient to the will of another, like Robinson Crusoe’s servant Friday. — Man of straw, a puppet; one who is controlled by others; also one who is not responsible pecuniarily. — Man-of-the earth (Bot.), a twining plant (Ipomœa pandurata) with leaves and flowers much like those of the morning-glory, but having an immense tuberous farinaceous root. — Man of war. (a) A warrior; a soldier. Shak. (b) (Naut.) See in the Vocabulary. — To be one’s own man, to have command of one’s self; not to be subject to another.

Man , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manned p. pr. & vb. n. Manning.] 1. To supply with men; to furnish with a sufficient force or complement of men, as for management, service, defense, or the like; to guard; as to man a ship, boat, or fort. “See how the surly Warwick mans the wall !” Shak. “They man their boats, and all their young men arm.” Waller. 2. To furnish with strength for action; to prepare for efficiency; to fortify. ´Theodosius having manned his soul with proper reflections.´ Addison. 3. To tame, as a hawk. [R.] Shak. 4. To furnish with a servant or servants. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To wait on as a manservant. [Obs.] Shak. In ´Othello,´ V. ii. 270, the meaning is uncertain, being, perhaps: To point, to aim, or to manage. To man a yard (Naut.), to send men upon a yard, as for furling or reefing a sail. — To man the yards (Naut.), to station men on the yards as a salute or mark of respect.

Man´a•ble , a. Marriageable. [Obs.]

Man´ace , n. & v. Same as Menace. [Obs.]

Man´a•cle , n. [OE. manicle, OF. manicle, F. manicle sort glove, manacle, L. manicula a little hand, dim. of manus hand; cf. L. manica sleeve, manacle, fr. manus. See Manual.] A handcuff; a shackle for the hand or wrist; — usually in the plural. “Doctrine unto fools is as fetters on the feet, and like manacles on the right hand.” Ecclus. xxi. 19.

Man´a•cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manacled p. pr. & vb. n. Manacling ] To put handcuffs or other fastening upon, for confining the hands; to shackle; to confine; to restrain from the use of the limbs or natural powers. “Is it thus you use this monarch, to manacle and shackle him hand and foot ?” Arbuthnot.

Man´age , n. [F. manège, It. maneggio, fr. maneggiare to manage, fr. L. manushand. Perhaps somewhat influenced by F. menage housekeeping, OF. mesnage, akin to E. mansion. See Manual, and cf. Manege.] The handling or government of anything, but esp. of a horse; management; administration. See Manege. [Obs.] “Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than they can hold.” Bacon. “Down, down I come; like glistering Phaëthon
Wanting the manage of unruly jades.” Shak. “The unlucky manage of this fatal brawl.” Shak. This word, in its limited sense of management of a horse, has been displaced by manege; in its more general meaning, by management.

Man´age , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Managed p. pr. & vb. n. Managing ] [From Manage, n.] 1. To have under control and direction; to conduct; to guide; to administer; to treat; to handle. “Long tubes are cumbersome, and scarce to be easily managed.” Sir I. Newton. “What wars Imanage, and what wreaths I gain.” Prior. 2. Hence: Esp., to guide by careful or delicate treatment; to wield with address; to make subservient by artful conduct; to bring around cunningly to one’s plans. “It was so much his interest to manage his Protestant subjects.” Addison. “It was not her humor to manage those over whom she had gained an ascendant.” Bp. Hurd. 3. To train in the manege, as a horse; to exercise in graceful or artful action. 4. To treat with care; to husband. Dryden. 5. To bring about; to contrive. Shak. Syn. — To direct; govern; control; wield; order; contrive; concert; conduct; transact.

Man´age, v. i. To direct affairs; to carry on business or affairs; to administer. “Leave them to manage for thee.” Dryden.

Man•age•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being manageable; manageableness.

Man´age•a•ble , a. Such as can be managed or used; suffering control; governable; tractable; subservient; as a manageable horse. Syn. — Governable; tractable; controllable; docile. — Man´age•a•ble•ness, n. — Man´age•a•bly, adv.

Man´age•less, a. Unmanageable. [R.]

Man´age•ment , n. [From Manage, v.] 1. The act or art of managing; the manner of treating, directing, carrying on, or using, for a purpose; conduct; administration; guidance; control; as the management of a family or of a farm; the management of state affairs. ´The management of the voice.´ E. Porter. 2. Business dealing; negotiation; arrangement. “He had great managements with ecclesiastics.” Addison. 3. Judicious use of means to accomplish an end; conduct directed by art or address; skillful treatment; cunning practice; — often in a bad sense. “Mark with what management their tribes divide
Some stick to you, and some to t’other side.” Dryden. 4. The collective body of those who manage or direct any enterprise or interest; the board of managers. Syn. — Conduct; administration; government; direction; guidance; care; charge; contrivance; intrigue.

Man´a•ger , n. 1. One who manages; a conductor or director; as the manager of a theater. “A skillful manager of the rabble.” South. 2. A person who conducts business or household affairs with economy and frugality; a good economist. “A prince of great aspiring thoughts; in the main, a manager of his treasure.” Sir W. Temple. 3. A contriver; an intriguer. Shak.

Man•a•ge´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to management or a manager; as managerial qualities. ´Managerial responsibility.´ C. Bronte.

Man´a•ger•ship , n. The office or position of a manager.

Man´age•ry , n. [Cf. OF. menagerie, mesnagerie. See Manage, n., and cf. Menagerie.] 1. Management; manner of using; conduct; direction. 2. Husbandry; economy; frugality. Bp. Burnet.

Man´a•kin , n. [Cf. F. & G. manakin; prob. the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous small birds belonging to Pipra, Manacus, and other genera of the family Pipridae. They are mostly natives of Central and South America. Some are bright-colored, and others have the wings and tail curiously ornamented. The name is sometimes applied to related birds of other families.

Man´a•kin, n. A dwarf. See Manikin. Shak.

Man•a•tee´ , n. [Sp. manatí, from the native name in Hayti. Cf. Lamantin.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Trichechus, a genus of sirenians; — called also sea cow. [Written also manaty, manati.] One species (Trichechus Senegalensis) inhabits the west coast of Africa; another (T. Americanus) inhabits the east coast of South America, and the West-Indies. The Florida manatee (T. latirostris) is by some considered a distinct species, by others it is thought to be a variety of T. Americanus. It sometimes becomes fifteen feet or more in length, and lives both in fresh and salt water. It is hunted for its oil and flesh.

Ma•na´tion , n.[L. manatio, fr. manare to flow.] The act of issuing or flowing out. [Obs.]

Man´bote , n. [AS. man man, vassal + bot recompense.] (Anglo-Saxon Law) A sum paid to a lord as a pecuniary compensation for killing his man (that is, his vassal, servant, or tenant). Spelman.

Man´ca , n. [LL.] See Mancus.

Manche , n. [Also maunch.] [F. manche, fr. L. manica. See Manacle.] A sleeve. [Obs.]

Man´chet , n. Fine white bread; a loaf of fine bread. [Archaic] Bacon. Tennyson.

Man•chi•neel´ , n. [Sp. manzanillo, fr. manzana an apple, fr. L. malum Matianum a kind of apple. So called from its apple-like fruit.] (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous tree (Hippomane Mancinella) of tropical America, having a poisonous and blistering milky juice, and poisonous acrid fruit somewhat resembling an apple. Bastard manchineel, a tree (Cameraria latifolia) of the East Indies, having similar poisonous properties. Lindley.

Man•chu´ , a. [Written also Manchoo, Mantchoo, etc.] Of or pertaining to Manchuria or its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Manchuria; also the language spoken by the Manchus.

Man´ci•pate , v. t. [L. mancipatus, p. p. of mancipare to sell. Cf. Emancipate.] To enslave; to bind; to restrict. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Man•ci•pa´tion , n. [L. mancipatio a transfer.] Slavery; involuntary servitude. [Obs.] Johnson.

Man´ci•ple , n. [From OF. mancipe slave, servant (with l inserted, as in participle), fr. L. mancipium. See Mancipate.] A steward; a purveyor, particularly of a college or Inn of Court. Chaucer.

Man•co´na bark See Sassy bark.

Man´cus , n. [AS.] An old Anglo Saxon coin both of gold and silver, and of variously estimated values. The silver mancus was equal to about one shilling of modern English money.

-man•cy [Gr. divination: cf. F. -mancie.] A combining form denoting divination; as aleuromancy, chiromancy, necromancy, etc.

Mand , n. A demand. [Obs.] See Demand.

Man•da´mus , n. [L., we command, fr. mandare to command.] (Law) A writ issued by a superior court and directed to some inferior tribunal, or to some corporation or person exercising authority, commanding the performance of some specified duty.

Man•da•rin´ , n. [Pg. mandarim, from Malay mantri minister of state, prop. a Hind. word, fr. Skr. mantrin a counselor, manira a counsel, man to think.] 1. A Chinese public officer or nobleman; a civil or military official in China and Annam. 2. (Bot.) A small orange, with easily separable rind. It is thought to be of Chinese origin, and is counted a distinct species (Citrus nobilis). Mandarin duck (Zoöl.), a beautiful Asiatic duck (Dendronessa galericulata), often domesticated, and regarded by the Chinese as an emblem of conjugal affection. — Mandarin language, the spoken or colloquial language of educated people in China. — Mandarin yellow (Chem.), an artificial aniline dyestuff used for coloring silk and wool, and regarded as a complex derivative of quinoline.

Man•da•rin´ate , n. The collective body of officials or persons of rank in China. S. W. Williams.

Man•da•rin´ic , a. Appropriate or peculiar to a mandarin.

Man•da•rin´ing, n. (Dyeing) The process of giving an orange color to goods formed of animal tissue, as silk or wool, not by coloring matter, but by producing a certain change in the fiber by the action of dilute nitric acid. Tomlinson.

Man•da•rin´ism , n. A government mandarins; character or spirit of the mandarins. F. Lieder.

Man´da•ta•ry , n. [L. mandatarius, fr. mandatum a charge, commission, order: cf. F. mandataire. See Mandate.] 1. One to whom a command or charge is given; hence, specifically, a person to whom the pope has by his prerogative, given a mandate or order for his benefice. Ayliffe. 2. (Law) One who undertakes to discharge a specific business commission; a mandatory. Wharton.

Man´date , n. [L. mandatum, fr. mandare to commit to one’s charge, order, orig., to put into one’s hand; manus hand + dare to give: cf. F. mandat. See Manual, Date a time, and cf. Commend, Maundy Thursday.] 1. An official or authoritative command; an order or injunction; a commission; a judicial precept. “This dream all-powerful Juno; I bear
Her mighty mandates, and her words you hear.” Dryden. 2. (Canon Law) A rescript of the pope, commanding an ordinary collator to put the person therein named in possession of the first vacant benefice in his collation. 3. (Scots Law) A contract by which one employs another to manage any business for him. By the Roman law, it must have been gratuitous. Erskine.

Man•da´tor , n. [L.] 1. A director; one who gives a mandate or order. Ayliffe. 2. (Rom. Law) The person who employs another to perform a mandate. Bouvier.

Man´da•to•ry , a. [L. mandatorius.] Containing a command; preceptive; directory.

Man´da•to•ry, n. Same as Mandatary.

Man´del•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mandelic acid.

Man•del´ic , a. [G. mandel almond.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid first obtained from benzoic aldehyde (oil of better almonds), as a white crystalline substance; — called also phenyl glycolic acid.

Man´der , v. t. & i. See Maunder.

Man´der•il , n. A mandrel.

Man´di•ble , n. [L. mandibula, mandibulum, fr. mandere to chew. Cf. Manger.] 1. (Anat.) The bone, or principal bone, of the lower jaw; the inferior maxilla; — also applied to either the upper or the lower jaw in the beak of birds. 2. (Zoöl.) The anterior pair of mouth organs of insects, crustaceaus, and related animals, whether adapted for biting or not. See Illust. of Diptera.

Man•dib´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. mandibulaire.] Of or pertaining to a mandible; like a mandible. — n. The principal mandibular bone; the mandible. Mandibular arch (Anat.), the most anterior visceral arch, — that in which the mandible is developed. { Man•dib´u•late , Man•dib´u•la•ted } a. (Zoöl.) Provided with mandibles adapted for biting, as many insects.

Man•dib´u•late , n. (Zoöl.) An insect having mandibles.

Man•di•bu´li•form , a. (Zoöl.) Having the form of a mandible; — said especially of the maxillae of an insect when hard and adapted for biting.

Man•dib•u•lo•hy´oid , a. (Anat.) Pertaining both to the mandibular and the hyoid arch, or situated between them.

Man´dil (man´dil), n. [OF. mandil; cf. Sp. & Pg. mandil a coarse apron, a haircloth; all from Ar. mandil tablecloth, handkerchief, mantle, fr. LGr. mandh•lion, fr. L. mantile, mantele. See Mantle.] A loose outer garment worn the 16th and 17th centuries.

Man•dil´ion , n. See Mandil. Chapman.

Man•din´gos , n. pl. sing. Mandingo. (Ethnol.) An extensive and powerful tribe of West African negroes. { Man´di•oc , Man•di•o´ca } n. (Bot.) See Manioc.

Man´dle•stone , n. [G. mandelstein almond stone.] (Min.) Amygdaloid.

Mand´ment , n. Commandment. [Obs.] { Man´do•lin , Man´do•line } , n. [F. mandoline, It. mandolino, dim. of mandola, fr. L. pandura. See Bandore.] (Mus.) A small and beautifully shaped instrument resembling the lute.

Man´dore , n. [See Mandolin, and Bandore.] (Mus.) A kind of four-stringed lute.

Man•drag´o•ra , n. [L., mandragoras the mandrake.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; the mandrake. See Mandrake, 1.

Man•drag´o•rite , n. One who habitually intoxicates himself with a narcotic obtained from mandrake.

Man´drake (man´drak), n. [AS. mandragora, L. mandragoras, fr. Gr. mandrago•ras: cf. F. mandragore.] 1. (Bot.) A low plant (Mandragora officinarum) of the Nightshade family, having a fleshy root, often forked, and supposed to resemble a man. It was therefore supposed to have animal life, and to cry out when pulled up. All parts of the plant are strongly narcotic. It is found in the Mediterranean region. “And shrieks like mandrakes, torn out of the earth,
That living mortals, hearing them, run mad.” Shak. The mandrake of Scripture was perhaps the same plant, but proof is wanting. 2. (Bot.) The May apple (Podophyllum peltatum). See May apple under May, and Podophyllum. [U.S.]

Man´drel , n. [F. mandrin, prob. through (assumed) LL. mamphurinum, fr. L. mamphur a bow drill.] (Mach.) (a) A bar of metal inserted in the work to shape it, or to hold it, as in a lathe, during the process of manufacture; an arbor. (b) The live spindle of a turning lathe; the revolving arbor of a circular saw. It is usually driven by a pulley. [Written also manderil.] Mandrel lathe, a lathe with a stout spindle, adapted esp. for chucking, as for forming hollow articles by turning or spinning.

Man´drill (-dril), n. [Cf. F. mandrille, Sp. mandril, It. mandrillo; prob. the native name in Africa. Cf. Drill an ape.] (Zoöl.) A large West African baboon (Cynocephalus, or Papio, mormon). The adult male has on the sides of the nose, large, naked, grooved swellings, conspicuously striped with blue and red.

Man´du•ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. manducable. See Manducate.] Such as can be chewed; fit to be eaten. [R.] “Any manducable creature.” Sir T. Herbert.

Man´du•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manducated p. pr. & vb. n. Manducating ] [L. manducatus, p. p. of manducare to chew. See Manger.] To masticate; to chew; to eat. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Man•du•ca´tion , n. [L. manducatio: cf. F. manducation.] The act of chewing. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Man´du•ca•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or employed in, chewing.

Man•du´cus , n. [L., fr. manducare to chew.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) A grotesque mask, representing a person chewing or grimacing, worn in processions and by comic actors on the stage.

Mane (man), n. [AS. manu; akin to OD. mane, D. maan, G. mähne, OHG. mana, Icel. mön, Dan. & Sw. man, AS. mene necklace, Icel. men, L. monile, Gr. , , Skr. manya neck muscles. rad.275.] 1. The long and heavy hair growing on the upper side of, or about, the neck of some quadrupedal animals, as the horse, the lion, etc. See Illust. of Horse. 2. The hair growing on a person’s head, especially hair that is long and thick; — usually used humorously. [jocose]
[PJC]

Man´-eat•er , n. (Zoöl.) One who, or that which, has an appetite for human flesh; specifically, one of certain large sharks (esp. Carcharodon Rondeleti); also a lion or a tiger which has acquired the habit of feeding upon human flesh.

Maned , a. Having a mane. Maned seal (Zoöl.), the sea lion. — Maned sheep (Zoöl.), the aoudad.

Ma•nege´ ( 277), n. [F. manège. See Manage, n.] 1. Art of horsemanship, or of training horses. 2. A school for teaching horsemanship, and for training horses. Chesterfield.

Ma´neh , n. [Heb. maneh.] A Hebrew weight for gold or silver, being one hundred shekels of gold and sixty shekels of silver. Ezek. xlv. 12.

Mane´less , a. Having no mane. Maneless lion (Zoöl.), a variety of the lion having a short, inconspicuous mane. It inhabits Arabia and adjacent countries.

Man´e•quin , n. [See Manikin.] An artist’s model of wood or other material.

Ma•ne´ri•al , a. See Manorial.

Ma´nes , n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The benevolent spirits of the dead, especially of dead ancestors, regarded as family deities and protectors. “Hail, O ye holy manes!” Dryden.

Mane´sheet , n. A covering placed over the upper part of a horse’s head. { Ma•neu´ver , Ma•nœu´vre } , n. [F. manœuvre, OF. manuevre, LL. manopera, lit., hand work, manual labor; L. manus hand + opera, fr. opus work. See Manual, Operate, and cf. Mainor, Manure.] 1. Management; dexterous movement; specif., a military or naval evolution, movement, or change of position. 2. Management with address or artful design; adroit proceeding; stratagem. { Ma•neu´ver , Ma•nœu´vre } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Maneuvered (#) or Manœuvred; p. pr. & vb. n. Maneuvering , or Manœuvring .] [Cf. F. manœuvrer. See Maneuver, n.] 1. To perform a movement or movements in military or naval tactics; to make changes in position with reference to getting advantage in attack or defense. 2. To manage with address or art; to scheme. { Ma•neu´ver , Ma•nœu´vre } v. t. To change the positions of, as of troops of ships. { Ma•neu´ver•er , Ma•nœu´vrer } n. One who maneuvers. “This charming widow Beaumont is a nanœuvrer. We can’t well make an English word of it.” Miss Edgeworth.

Man´ful , a. Showing manliness, or manly spirit; hence, brave, courageous, resolute, noble. ´ Manful hardiness.´ Chaucer. — Man´ful•ly, adv. — Man´ful•ness, n.

Man´ga•bey , n. [So called by Buffon from Mangaby, in Madagascar, where he erroneously supposed them be native.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several African monkeys of the genus Cercocebus, as the sooty mangabey (C. fuliginosus), which is sooty black. [Also written mangaby.]

Man´gan , n. See Mangonel.

Man´ga•nate , n. [Cf. F. manganate.] (Chem.) A salt of manganic acid. The manganates are usually green, and are well-known compounds, though derived from a hypothetical acid.

Man•ga•ne´sate , n. (Chem.) A manganate. [Obs.]

Man•ga•nese´ , n. [F. manganèse, It. manganese, sasso magnesio; prob. corrupted from L. magnes, because of its resemblance to the magnet. See Magnet, and cf. Magnesia.] (Chem.) An element obtained by reduction of its oxide, as a hard, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. Its ores occur abundantly in nature as the minerals pyrolusite, manganite, etc. Symbol Mn. Atomic weight 54.8. An alloy of manganese with iron (called ferromanganese) is used to increase the density and hardness of steel. Black oxide of manganese, Manganese dioxide or peroxide, or Black manganese (Chem.), a heavy black powder MnO2, occurring native as the mineral pyrolusite, and valuable as a strong oxidizer; — called also familiarly manganese. It colors glass violet, and is used as a decolorizer to remove the green tint of impure glass. — Manganese bronze, an alloy made by adding from one to two per cent of manganese to the copper and zinc used in brass.

Man•ga•ne´sian , a. [Cf. F. manganesien.] (Chem.) Manganic. [R.]

Man•ga•ne´sic , a. [Cf. F. manganesique.] (Chem.) Manganic. [Obs.]

Man•ga•ne´sious , a. (Chem.) Manganous.

Man•ga•ne´si•um , n. [NL.] Manganese.

Man•ga•ne´sous , a. (Chem.) Manganous.

Man•gan´ic , a. [Cf. F. manganique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to resembling, or containing, manganese; specif., designating compounds in which manganese has a higher valence as contrasted with manganous compounds. Cf. Manganous. Manganic acid, an acid, H2MnO4, formed from manganese, analogous to sulphuric acid.

Man•ga•nif´er•ous , a. [Manganese + -ferous.] Containing manganese.

Man´ga•nite , n. 1. (Min.) One of the oxides of manganese; — called also gray manganese ore. It occurs in brilliant steel-gray or iron- black crystals, also massive. 2. (Chem.) A compound of manganese dioxide with a metallic oxide; so called as though derived from the hypothetical manganous acid.

Man•ga´ni•um , n. [NL.] Manganese.

Man´ga•nous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, designating, those compounds of manganese in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with manganic compounds; as manganous oxide. Manganous acid, a hypothetical compound analogous to sulphurous acid, and forming the so-called manganites.

Mang´corn , n. [OE. mengen to mix. See Mingle, and Corn.] A mixture of wheat and rye, or other species of grain. [Prov Eng.]

Mange , n. [See Mangy.] (Vet.) The scab or itch in cattle, dogs, and other beasts. Mange insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small parasitic mites, which burrow in the skin of cattle. horses, dogs, and other animals, causing the mange. The mange insect of the horse (Psoroptes, or Dermatodectes, equi), and that of cattle (Symbiotes, or Dermatophagys, bovis) are the most important species. See Acarina.

Man´gel-wur•zel , n. [G., corrupted fr. mangoldwurzel; mangold beet + wurzel root.] (Bot.) A kind of large field beet (B. macrorhiza), used as food for cattle, — by some considered a mere variety of the ordinary beet. See Beet. [Written also mangold- wurzel.]

Man´ger , n. [F. mangeoire, fr. manger to eat, fr. L. manducare, fr. mandere to chew. Cf. Mandible, Manducate.] 1. A trough or open box in which fodder is placed for horses or cattle to eat. 2. (Naut.) The fore part of the deck, having a bulkhead athwart ships high enough to prevent water which enters the hawse holes from running over it.

Man´gi•ly , adv. In a mangy manner; scabbily.

Man´gi•ness, n. [From Mangy.] The condition or quality of being mangy.

Man´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mangled p. pr. & vb. n. Mangling ] [A frequentative fr. OE. manken to main, AS. mancian, in bemancian to mutilate, fr. L. mancus maimed; perh. akin to G. mangeln to be wanting.] 1. To cut or bruise with repeated blows or strokes, making a ragged or torn wound, or covering with wounds; to tear in cutting; to cut in a bungling manner; to lacerate; to mutilate. “Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail.” Milton. 2. To mutilate or injure, in making, doing, or performing; as to mangle a piece of music or a recitation. “To mangle a play or a novel.” Swift.

Man´gle, n. [D. mangel, fr. OE. mangonel a machine for throwing stones, LL. manganum, Gr. a machine for defending fortifications, axis of a pulley. Cf. Mangonel.] A machine for smoothing linen or cotton cloth, as sheets, tablecloths, napkins, and clothing, by roller pressure. Mangle rack (Mach.), a contrivance for converting continuous circular motion into reciprocating rectilinear motion, by means of a rack and pinion, as in the mangle. The pinion is held to the rack by a groove in such a manner that it passes alternately from one side of the rack to the other, and thus gives motion to it in opposite directions, according to the side in which its teeth are engaged. — Mangle wheel, a wheel in which the teeth, or pins, on its face, are interrupted on one side, and the pinion, working in them, passes from inside to outside of the teeth alternately, thus converting the continuous circular motion of the pinion into a reciprocating circular motion of the wheel.

Man´gle , v. t. [Cf. D. mangelen. See Mangle, n.] To smooth with a mangle, as damp linen or cloth.

Man´gler , n. [See 1st Mangle.] One who mangles or tears in cutting; one who mutilates any work in doing it.

Man´gler, n. [See 3d Mangle.] One who smooths with a mangle.

Man´go , n.; pl. Mangoes (#). [Pg. manga, fr. Tamil mankay.] 1. The fruit of the mango tree. It is rather larger than an apple, and of an ovoid shape. Some varieties are fleshy and luscious, and others tough and tasting of turpentine. The green fruit is pickled for market. 2. A green muskmelon stuffed and pickled. Mango bird (Zoöl.), an oriole (Oriolus kundoo), native of India. — Mango fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the Ganges (Polynemus risua), highly esteemed for food. It has several long, slender filaments below the pectoral fins. It appears about the same time with the mango fruit, in April and May, whence the name. — Mango tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree of the genus Mangifera (M. Indica), related to the cashew and the sumac. It grows to a large size, and produces the mango of commerce. It is now cultivated in tropical America.

Man´gold•wur•zel , n. [G.] (Bot.) See Mangel-wurzel.

Man´go•nel , n. [OF. mangonel, LL. manganellus, manganum, fr. Gr. See Mangle, n.] A military engine formerly used for throwing stones and javelins.

Man´go•nism , n. The art of mangonizing, or setting off to advantage. [Obs.]

Man´go•nist , n. 1. One who mangonizes. [Obs.] 2. A slave dealer; also a strumpet. [Obs.]

Man´go•nize , v. t. [L. mangonizare, fr. mango a dealer in slaves or wares, to which he tries to give an appearance of greater value by decking them out or furbishing them up.] To furbish up for sale; to set off to advantage. [Obs. or R.] B. Jonson. { Man´go•steen , Man´go•stan } n. [Malay mangusta, mangis.] (Bot.) A tree of the East Indies of the genus Garcinia (G. Mangostana). The tree grows to the height of eighteen feet, and bears fruit also called mangosteen, of the size of a small apple, the pulp of which is very delicious food.

Man´grove , n. [Malay manggi- manggi.] 1. (Bot.) The name of one or two trees of the genus Rhizophora (R. Mangle, and R. mucronata, the last doubtfully distinct) inhabiting muddy shores of tropical regions, where they spread by emitting aërial roots, which fasten in the saline mire and eventually become new stems. The seeds also send down a strong root while yet attached to the parent plant. The fruit has a ruddy brown shell, and a delicate white pulp which is sweet and eatable. The bark is astringent, and is used for tanning leather. The black and the white mangrove (Avicennia nitida and A. tomentosa) have much the same habit. 2. (Zoöl.) The mango fish.

Mangue , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The kusimanse.

Man´gy , a. [Compar. Mangier superl. Mangiest.] [F. mange, p. p. of manger to eat. See Manger.] Infected with the mange; scabby.

Man•ha´den , n. See Menhaden.

Man´head , n. Manhood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Man´hole , n. A hole through which a man may descend or creep into a drain, sewer, steam boiler, parts of machinery, etc., for cleaning or repairing.

Man´hood, n. [Man- + - hood.] 1. The state of being man as a human being, or man as distinguished from a child or a woman. 2. Manly quality; courage; bravery; resolution. “I am ashamed
That thou hast power to shake my manhood thus.” Shak.

Ma´ni•a , n. [L. mania, Gr. , fr. to rage; cf. OE. manie, F. manie. Cf. Mind, n., Necromancy.] 1. Violent derangement of mind; madness; insanity. Cf. Delirium. 2. Excessive or unreasonable desire; insane passion affecting one or many people; as the tulip mania. Mania a potu [L.], madness from drinking; delirium tremens. Syn. — Insanity; derangement; madness; lunacy; alienation; aberration; delirium; frenzy. See Insanity.

Man´i•a•ble , a. [F., fr. manier to manage, fr. L. manus hand.] Manageable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma´ni•ac , a. [F. maniaque. See Mania.] Raving with madness; raging with disordered intellect; affected with mania; mad.

Ma´ni•ac , n. A raving lunatic; a madman.

Ma•ni´a•cal , a. Affected with, or characterized by, madness; maniac. — Ma•ni´a•cal•ly, adv.

Man´i•cate , a. [L. manicatus sleeved, fr. manica a sleeve.] (Bot.) Covered with hairs or pubescence so platted together and interwoven as to form a mass easily removed. { Man•i•chae´an , Man•i•che´an, Man´i•chee }, n. [LL. Manichaeus: cf. F. manicheen.] A believer in the doctrines of Manes, a Persian of the third century A. D., who taught a dualism in which Light is regarded as the source of Good, and Darkness as the source of Evil. “The Manichaeans stand as representatives of dualism pushed to its utmost development.” Tylor. { Man•i•chae´an , Man•i•che´an }, a. Of or pertaining to the Manichaeans. { Man´i•chae•ism , Man´i•che•ism }, n. [Cf. F. manicheisme.] The doctrines taught, or system of principles maintained, by the Manichaeans.

Man´i•che•ist, n. [Cf. F. manicheiste.] Manichaean. { Man´i•chord , Man•i•chor´don } [L. monochordon, Gr. ; — so called because it orig. had only one string. See Monochord.] (Mus.) The clavichord or clarichord; — called also dumb spinet.

Man´i•cure , n. [F., fr. L. manus hand + curare to cure.] A person who makes a business of taking care of people’s hands, especially their nails. “[Men] who had taken good care of their hands by wearing gloves and availing themselves of the services of a manicure.” Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Ma´nid , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Manis, or family Manidae.

Ma•nie´ , n. [F. See Mania.] Mania; insanity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Man´i•fest , a. [F. manifeste, L. manifestus, lit., struck by the hand, hence, palpable; manus hand + fendere (in comp.) to strike. See Manual, and Defend.] 1. Evident to the senses, esp. to the sight; apparent; distinctly perceived; hence, obvious to the understanding; apparent to the mind; easily apprehensible; plain; not obscure or hidden. “Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight.” Heb. iv. 13. “That which may be known of God is manifest in them.” Rom. i. 19. “Thus manifest to sight the god appeared.” Dryden. 2. Detected; convicted; — with of. [R.] “Calistho there stood manifest of shame.” Dryden. Syn. — Open; clear; apparent; evident; visible; conspicuous; plain; obvious. — Manifest, Clear, Plain, Obvious, Evident. What is clear can be seen readily; what is obvious lies directly in our way, and necessarily arrests our attention; what is evident is seen so clearly as to remove doubt; what is manifest is very distinctly evident. “So clear, so shining, and so evident,
That it will glimmer through a blind man’s eye.” Shak. “Entertained with solitude,
Where obvious duty erewhile appeared unsought.” Milton. “I saw, I saw him manifest in view,
His voice, his figure, and his gesture knew.” Dryden.

Man´i•fest, n.; pl. Manifests (#). [Cf. F. manifeste. See Manifest, a., and cf. Manifesto.] 1. A public declaration; an open statement; a manifesto. See Manifesto. [Obs.] 2. A list or invoice of a ship’s cargo, containing a description by marks, numbers, etc., of each package of goods, to be exhibited at the customhouse. Bouvier.

Man´i•fest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manifested p. pr. & vb. n. Manifesting.] 1. To show plainly; to make to appear distinctly, — usually to the mind; to put beyond question or doubt; to display; to exhibit. “There is nothing hid which shall not be manifested.” Mark iv. 22. “Thy life did manifest thou lovedst me not.” Shak. 2. To exhibit the manifests or prepared invoices of; to declare at the customhouse. Syn. — To reveal; declare; evince; make known; disclose; discover; display.

Man´i•fest•a•ble , a. Such as can be manifested.

Man•i•fes•ta´tion , n. [L. manifestatio: cf. F. manifestation.] The act of manifesting or disclosing, or the state of being manifested; discovery to the eye or to the understanding; also that which manifests; exhibition; display; revelation; as the manifestation of God’s power in creation. “The secret manner in which acts of mercy ought to be performed, requires this public manifestation of them at the great day.” Atterbury.

Man´i•fest•i•ble , a. Manifestable.

Man´i•fest•ly , adv. In a manifest manner.

Man´i•fest•ness, n. The quality or state of being manifest; obviousness.

Man•i•fes´to , n.; pl. Manifestoes (#). [It. manifesto. See Manifest, n. & a.] A public declaration, usually of a prince, sovereign, or other person claiming large powers, showing his intentions, or proclaiming his opinions and motives in reference to some act done or contemplated by him; as a manifesto declaring the purpose of a prince to begin war, and explaining his motives. Bouvier. “it was proposed to draw up a manifesto, setting forth the grounds and motives of our taking arms.” Addison. “Frederick, in a public manifesto, appealed to the Empire against the insolent pretensions of the pope.” Milman.

Man´i•fold , a. [AS. manigfeald. See Many, and Fold.] 1. Various in kind or quality; many in number; numerous; multiplied; complicated. “O Lord, how manifold are thy works!” Ps. civ. 24. “I know your manifold transgressions.” Amos v. 12. 2. Exhibited at divers times or in various ways; — used to qualify nouns in the singular number. ´The manifold wisdom of God.´ Eph. iii. 10. ´The manifold grace of God.´ 1 Pet. iv. 10. Manifold writing, a process or method by which several copies, as of a letter, are simultaneously made, sheets of coloring paper being infolded with thin sheets of plain paper upon which the marks made by a stylus or a type-writer are transferred.

Man´i•fold , n. 1. A copy of a writing made by the manifold process. 2. (Mech.) A cylindrical pipe fitting, having a number of lateral outlets, for connecting one pipe with several others. 3. pl. The third stomach of a ruminant animal. [Local, U.S.]

Man´i•fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manifolded p. pr. & vb. n. Manifolding.] To take copies of by the process of manifold writing; as to manifold a letter.

Man´i•fold•ed, a. Having many folds, layers, or plates; as a manifolded shield. [Obs.]

Man´i•fold•ly, adv. In a manifold manner.

Man´i•fold•ness, n. 1. Multiplicity. Sherwood. 2. (Math.) A generalized concept of magnitude.

Man´i•form , a. [L. manus hand + -form.] Shaped like the hand.

Ma•ni´glion (ma•nil´yun), n. [It. maniglio, maniglia, bracelet, handle. Cf. Manilio.] (Gun.) Either one of two handles on the back of a piece of ordnance. { Man´i•hoc , Man´i•hot } n. See Manioc.

Man´i•kin , n. [OD. manneken, dim. of man man. See Man, and -kin.] 1. A little man; a dwarf; a pygmy; a manakin. 2. A model of the human body, made of papier- mache or other material, commonly in detachable pieces, for exhibiting the different parts and organs, their relative position, etc. { Ma•nil´a , Ma•nil´la }, a. Of or pertaining to Manila or Manilla, the capital of the Philippine Islands; made in, or exported from, that city. Manila cheroot or cigar, a cheroot or cigar made of tobacco grown in the Philippine Islands. — Manila hemp, a fibrous material obtained from the Musa textilis, a plant allied to the banana, growing in the Philippine and other East India islands; - - called also by the native name abaca. From it matting, canvas ropes, and cables are made. — Manila paper, a durable brown or buff paper made of Manila hemp, used as a wrapping paper, and as a cheap printing and writing paper. The name is also given to inferior papers, made of other fiber.

Ma•nil´io , n. See Manilla, 1. Sir T. Herbert.

Ma•nil´la , n. [Sp. manilla; cf. It. maniglio, maniglia; F. manille; Pg. manilha; all fr. L. manus hand, and formed after the analogy of L. monile, pl. monilia, necklace: cf. F. manille.] 1. A ring worn upon the arm or leg as an ornament, especially among the tribes of Africa. 2. A piece of copper of the shape of a horseshoe, used as money by certain tribes of the west coast of Africa. Simmonds.

Ma•nil´la, a. Same as Manila.

Ma•nille´ , n. [F.] See 1st Manilla, 1.

Ma´ni•oc , n. [Pg. mandioca, fr. Braz.] (Bot.) The tropical plants (Manihot utilissima, and M. Aipi), from which cassava and tapioca are prepared; also cassava. [Written also mandioc, manihoc, manihot.]

Man´i•ple , n. [L. manipulus, maniplus, a handful, a certain number of soldiers; manus hand + root of plere to fill, plenus full: cf. F. maniple. See Manual, and Full, a.] 1. A handful. [R.] B. Jonson. 2. A division of the Roman army numbering sixty men exclusive of officers; any small body of soldiers; a company. Milton. 3. Originally, a napkin; later, an ornamental band or scarf worn upon the left arm as a part of the vestments of a priest in the Roman Catholic Church. It is sometimes worn in the English Church service.

Ma•nip´u•lar , a. [L. manipularis: cf. F. manipulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the maniple, or company. 2. Manipulatory; as manipular operations.

Ma•nip´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manipulated p. pr. & vb. n. Manipulating ] [LL. manipulatus, p. p. of manipulare to lead by the hand, fr. L. manipulus. See Maniple.] 1. To treat, work, or operate with the hands, especially when knowledge and dexterity are required; to manage in hand work; to handle; as to manipulate scientific apparatus. 2. To control the action of, by management; as to manipulate a convention of delegates; to manipulate the stock market; also to manage artfully or fraudulently; as to manipulate accounts, or election returns.

Ma•nip´u•late, v. i. To use the hands in dexterous operations; to do hand work; specifically, to manage the apparatus or instruments used in scientific work, or in artistic or mechanical processes; also specifically, to use the hand in mesmeric operations.

Ma•nip•u•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. manipulation.] 1. The act or process of manipulating, or the state of being manipulated; the act of handling work by hand; use of the hands, in an artistic or skillful manner, in science or art. “Manipulation is to the chemist like the external senses to the mind.” Whewell. 2. The use of the hands in mesmeric operations. 3. Artful management; as the manipulation of political bodies; sometimes, a management or treatment for purposes of deception or fraud.

Ma•nip´u•la•tive , a. Of or pertaining to manipulation; performed by manipulation.

Ma•nip´u•la•tor , n. One who manipulates.

Ma•nip´u•la•to•ry (ma•nip´u•la•to•ry), a. Of or pertaining to manipulation.

Ma´nis (ma´nis), n. [NL., fr. L. manes the ghosts or shades of the dead. So called from its dismal appearance, and because it seeks for its food by night.] (Zoöl.) A genus of edentates, covered with large, hard, triangular scales, with sharp edges that overlap each other like tiles on a roof. They inhabit the warmest parts of Asia and Africa, and feed on ants. Called also Scaly anteater. See Pangolin. { Man´i•to , Man´i•tou , Man´i•tu }, n. A name given by tribes of American Indians to a great spirit, whether good or evil, or to any object of worship. Tylor. “Gitche Manito the mighty,
The Great Spirit, the creator,
Smiled upon his helpless children!” Longfellow. “Mitche Manito the mighty,
He the dreadful Spirit of Evil,
As a serpent was depicted.” Longfellow.

Man´i•trunk , n. [L. manus hand + E. trunk.] (Zoöl.) The anterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Insect.

Man•kind´ , n. [AS. mancynn. See Kin kindred, Kind, n.] 1. The human race; man, taken collectively. “The proper study of mankind is man.” Pore. 2. Men, as distinguished from women; the male portion of human race. Lev. xviii. 22. 3. Human feelings; humanity. [Obs] B. Jonson.

Man´kind , a. Manlike; not womanly; masculine; bold; cruel. [Obs] “Are women grown so mankind? Must they be wooing?” Beau. & Fl. “Be not too mankind against your wife.” Chapman.

Manks (manks), prop. a. Of or pertaining to the language or people of the Isle of Man. — n. The language spoken in the Isle of Man. See Manx.

Man´less , a. 1. Destitute of men. Bakon. 2. Unmanly; inhuman. [Obs.] Chapman.

Man´less•ly, adv. Inhumanly. [Obs.]

Man´like , a. [Man + like. Cf. Manly.] Like man, or like a man, in form or nature; having the qualities of a man, esp. the nobler qualities; manly. ´ Gentle, manlike speech.´ Testament of Love. ´ A right manlike man.´ Sir P. Sidney. “In glaring Chloe’s manlike taste and mien.” Shenstone.

Man´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being manly.

Man´ling , n. A little man. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Man´ly, a. [Compar. Manlier superl. Manliest.] [Man + -ly. Cf. Manlike.] Having qualities becoming to a man; not childish or womanish; manlike, esp. brave, courageous, resolute, noble. “Let’s briefly put on manly readiness.” Shak. “Serene and manly, hardened to sustain
The load of life.” Dryden. Syn. — Bold; daring; brave; courageous; firm; undaunted; hardy; dignified; stately.

Man´ly, adv. In a manly manner; with the courage and fortitude of a manly man; as to act manly.

Man´na (man´na), n. [L., fr. Gr. ma•nna, Heb. man; cf. Ar. mann, properly, gift (of heaven).] 1. (Script.) The food supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness of Arabia; hence, divinely supplied food. Ex. xvi. 15. 2. (Bot.) A name given to lichens of the genus Lecanora, sometimes blown into heaps in the deserts of Arabia and Africa, and gathered and used as food. 3. (Bot. & Med.) A sweetish exudation in the form of pale yellow friable flakes, coming from several trees and shrubs and used in medicine as a gentle laxative, as the secretion of Fraxinus Ornus, and F. rotundifolia, the manna ashes of Southern Europe. Persian manna is the secretion of the camel’s thorn (see Camel’s thorn, under Camel); Tamarisk manna, that of the Tamarisk mannifera, a shrub of Western Asia; Australian, manna, that of certain species of eucalyptus; Briançon manna, that of the European larch. Manna grass (Bot.), a name of several tall slender grasses of the genus Glyceria. they have long loose panicles, and grow in moist places. Nerved manna grass is Glyceria nervata, and Floating manna grass is G. fluitans. — Manna insect (Zoöl), a scale insect (Gossyparia mannipara), which causes the exudation of manna from the Tamarix tree in Arabia.

Man´na croup (kroop•). [Manna + Russ. & Pol. krupa groats, grits.] 1. The portions of hard wheat kernels not ground into flour by the millstones: a kind of semolina prepared in Russia and used for puddings, soups, etc. — called also manna groats. 2. The husked grains of manna grass.

Man´ner , n. [OE. manere, F. manière, from OF. manier, adj., manual, skillful, handy, fr. (assumed) LL. manarius, for L. manuarius belonging to the hand, fr. manus the hand. See Manual.] 1. Mode of action; way of performing or effecting anything; method; style; form; fashion. “The nations which thou hast removed, and placed in the cities of Samaria, know not the manner of the God of the land.” 2 Kings xvii. 26. “The temptations of prosperity insinuate themselves after a gentle, but very powerful, manner.” Atterbury. 2. Characteristic mode of acting, conducting, carrying one’s self, or the like; bearing; habitual style. Specifically: (a) Customary method of acting; habit. “Paul, as his manner was went in unto them.” Acts xvii. 2. “Air and manner are more expressive than words.” Richardson. (b) pl. Carriage; behavior; deportment; also becoming behavior; well-bred carriage and address. “Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.” Emerson. (c) The style of writing or thought of an author; characteristic peculiarity of an artist. 3. Certain degree or measure; as it is in a manner done already. “The bread is in a manner common.” 1 Sam. xxi.5. 4. Sort; kind; style; — in this application sometimes having the sense of a plural, sorts or kinds. “Ye tithe mint, and rue, and all manner of herbs.” Luke xi. 42. “I bid thee say,
What manner of man art thou?” Coleridge. In old usage, of was often omitted after manner, when employed in this sense. ´A manner Latin corrupt was her speech.´ Chaucer. By any manner of means, in any way possible; by any sort of means. — To be taken in, or with the manner. [A corruption of to be taken in the mainor. See Mainor.] To be taken in the very act. [Obs.] See Mainor. — To make one’s manners, to make a bow or courtesy; to offer salutation. — Manners bit, a portion left in a dish for the sake of good manners. Hallwell. Syn. — Method; mode; custom; habit; fashion; air; look; mien; aspect; appearance. See Method.

Man´nered , a. 1. Having a certain way, esp. a polite way, of carrying and conducting one’s self. “Give her princely training, that she may be
Mannered as she is born.” Shak. 2. Affected with mannerism; marked by excess of some characteristic peculiarity. “His style is in some degree mannered and confined.” Hazlitt.

Man´ner•ism , n. [Cf. F. manierisme.] Adherence to a peculiar style or manner; a characteristic mode of action, bearing, or treatment, carried to excess, especially in literature or art. “Mannerism is pardonable,and is sometimes even agreeable, when the manner, though vicious, is natural … . But a mannerism which does not sit easy on the mannerist, which has been adopted on principle, and which can be sustained only by constant effort, is always offensive.” Macaulay.

Man´ner•ist, n. [Cf. F. manieriste.] One addicted to mannerism; a person who, in action, bearing, or treatment, carries characteristic peculiarities to excess. See citation under Mannerism.

Man´ner•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being mannerly; civility; complaisance. Sir M. Hale.

Man´ner•ly, a. Showing good manners; civil; respectful; complaisant. “What thou thinkest meet, and is most mannerly.” Shak.

Man´ner•ly, adv. With good manners. Shak.

Mann´heim gold´ [From Mannheim in Germany, where much of it was made.] A kind of brass made in imitation of gold. It contains eighty per cent of copper and twenty of zinc. Ure.

Man´nide , n. [Mannite + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white amorphous or crystalline substance, obtained by dehydration of mannite, and distinct from, but convertible into, mannitan.

Man´nish , a. [Man + - ish: cf. AS. mennisc, menisc.] 1. Resembling a human being in form or nature; human. Chaucer. “But yet it was a figure
Most like to mannish creature.” Gower. 2. Resembling, suitable to, or characteristic of, a man, manlike, masculine. Chaucer. “A woman impudent and mannish grown.” Shak. 3. Fond of men; — said of a woman. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Man´nish•ly (#),adv. — Man´nish•ness, n.

Man´ni•tan , n. [Mannite + anhydrite.] (Chem.) A white amorphous or crystalline substance obtained by the partial dehydration of mannite.

Man´ni•tate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mannitic acid.

Man´nite , n. [Cf. F. mannite.] 1. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance of a sweet taste obtained from a so-called manna, the dried sap of the flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus); — called also mannitol, and hydroxy hexane. Cf. Dulcite. 2. (Bot.) A sweet white efflorescence from dried fronds of kelp, especially from those of the Laminaria saccharina, or devil’s apron.

Man•nit´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, resembling, or derived from, mannite. Mannitic acid (Chem.), a white amorphous substance, intermediate between saccharic acid and mannite, and obtained by the partial oxidation of the latter.

Man´ni•tol , n. [Mannite + -ol.] (Chem.) The technical name of mannite. See Mannite.

Man´ni•tose , n. (Chem.) A variety of sugar obtained by the partial oxidation of mannite, and closely resembling levulose.

Ma•nœu´vre , n. & v. See Maneuver.

Man•-of-war´ , n; pl. Men-of-war. A government vessel employed for the purposes of war, esp. one of large size; a ship of war. Man-of-war bird (Zoöl.), The frigate bird; also applied to the skua gulls, and to the wandering albatross. — Man-of-war hawk (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. — Man-of- war’s man, a sailor serving in a ship of war. — Portuguese man-of-war (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Physalia. See Physalia.

Ma•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. thin, rare + -meter: cf. F. manomètre.] An instrument for measuring the tension or elastic force of gases, steam, etc., constructed usually on the principle of allowing the gas to exert its elastic force in raising a column of mercury in an open tube, or in compressing a portion of air or other gas in a closed tube with mercury or other liquid intervening, or in bending a metallic or other spring so as to set in motion an index; a pressure gauge. See Pressure, and Illust. of Air pump. { Man•o•met´ric , Man•o•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. manometrique.] Of or pertaining to the manometer; made by the manometer.

Man´or , n. [OE. maner, OF. maneir habitation, village, F. manoir manor, prop. the OF. inf. maneir to stay, remain, dwell, L. manere, and so called because it was the permanent residence of the lord and of his tenants. See Mansion, and cf. Remain.] 1. (Eng. Law) The land belonging to a lord or nobleman, or so much land as a lord or great personage kept in his own hands, for the use and subsistence of his family. “My manors, rents, revenues, l forego.” Shak. In these days, a manor rather signifies the jurisdiction and royalty incorporeal, than the land or site, for a man may have a manor in gross, as the law terms it, that is, the right and interest of a court-baron, with the perquisites thereto belonging. 2. (American Law) A tract of land occupied by tenants who pay a free-farm rent to the proprietor, sometimes in kind, and sometimes by performing certain stipulated services. Burrill. Manor house, or Manor seat, the house belonging to a manor.

Ma•no´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a manor. ´ Manorial claims.´ Paley.

Man´o•scope , n. [Gr. thin, rare + -scope.] Same as Manometer.

Ma•nos´co•py , n. The science of the determination of the density of vapors and gases.

Ma•no´ver•y , n. [See Maneuver.] (Eng. Law) A contrivance or maneuvering to catch game illegally.

Man´quell•er , n. A killer of men; a manslayer. [Obs.] Carew. { Man´red , Man´rent• } n. Homage or service rendered to a superior, as to a lord; vassalage. [Obs. or Scots Law] Jamieson.

Man´rope , n. (Naut.) One of the side ropes to the gangway of a ship. Totten.

Man´sard roof´ [So called from its inventor, François Mansard, or Mansart, a distinguished French architect, who died in 1666.] (Arch.) A hipped curb roof; that is, a roof having on all sides two slopes, the lower one being steeper than the upper one.

Manse , n. [LL. mansa, mansus, mansum, a farm, fr. L. manere, mansum, to stay, dwell. See Mansion, Manor.] 1. A dwelling house, generally with land attached. 2. The parsonage; a clergyman’s house. [Scot.] Capital manse, the manor house, or lord’s court.

Man´serv•ant , n. A male servant.

Man´sion , n. [OF. mansion, F. maison, fr. L. mansio a staying, remaining, a dwelling, habitation, fr. manere, mansum, to stay, dwell; akin to Gr. . Cf. Manse, Manor, Menagerie, Menial, Permanent.] 1. A dwelling place, — whether a part or whole of a house or other shelter. [Obs.] “In my Father’s house are many mansions.” John xiv. 2. “These poets near our princes sleep,
And in one grave their mansions keep.” Denam. 2. The house of the lord of a manor; a manor house; hence: Any house of considerable size or pretension. 3. (Astrol.) A twelfth part of the heavens; a house. See 1st House, 8. Chaucer. 4. The place in the heavens occupied each day by the moon in its monthly revolution. [Obs.] “The eight and twenty mansions
That longen to the moon.” Chaucer. Mansion house, the house in which one resides; specifically, in London and some other cities, the official residence of the Lord Mayor. Blackstone.

Man´sion, v. i. To dwell; to reside. [Obs.] Mede.

Man´sion•a•ry , a. Resident; residentiary; as mansionary canons.

Man´sion•ry , n. The state of dwelling or residing; occupancy as a dwelling place. [Obs.] Shak.

Man´slaugh•ter , n. 1. The slaying of a human being; destruction of men. Milton. 2. (Law) The unlawful killing of a man, either in negligence or incidentally to the commission of some unlawful act, but without specific malice, or upon a sudden excitement of anger.

Man´slay•er , n. One who kills a human being; one who commits manslaughter.

Man´steal•er , n. A person who steals or kidnaps a human being or beings.

Man´steal•ing, n. The act or business of stealing or kidnaping human beings, especially with a view to eslave them.

Man´suete , a. [L. mansuetus, p. p. of mansuescere to tame; manus hand + suescere to accustom: cf. F. mansuet.] Tame; gentle; kind. [Obs.] Ray.

Man´sue•tude , n. [L. mansuetudo: cf. F. mansuetude.] Tameness; gentleness; mildness. [Archaic]

Man´swear , v. i. To swear falsely. Same as Mainswear.

Man´ta , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) See Cephaloptera and Sea devil.

Mant•choo´ , a. & n. Same as Manchu.

Man•teau´ , n.; pl. F. Manteaux (#), E. Manteaus (#). [F. See Mantle, n.] 1. A woman’s cloak or mantle. 2. A gown worn by women. [Obs.]

Man´tel , n. [The same word as mantle a garment; cf. F. manteau de cheminee. See Mantle.] (Arch.) The finish around a fireplace, covering the chimney-breast in front and sometimes on both sides; especially, a shelf above the fireplace, and its supports. [Written also mantle.]

Man´tel•et , n. [F., dim. of manteau, OF. mantel. See Mantle.] 1. (a) A short cloak formerly worn by knights. (b) A short cloak or mantle worn by women. “A mantelet upon his shoulders hanging.” Chaucer. 2. (Fort.) A musket-proof shield of rope, wood, or metal, which is sometimes used for the protection of sappers or riflemen while attacking a fortress, or of gunners at embrasures; — now commonly written mantlet.

Man´tel•piece , n. Same as Mantel.

Man´tel•shelf , n. The shelf of a mantel.

Man´tel•tree , n. (Arch.) The lintel of a fireplace when of wood, as frequently in early houses.

Man´tic , a. [Gr. prophetic.] Of or pertaining to divination, or to the condition of one inspired, or supposed to be inspired, by a deity; prophetic. [R.] ´Mantic fury.´ Trench.

Man•til´la , n. [Sp. See Mantle.] 1. A lady’s light cloak of cape of silk, velvet, lace, or the like. 2. A kind of veil, covering the head and falling down upon the shoulders; — worn in Spain, Mexico, etc.

Man´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a prophet.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of voracious orthopterous insects of the genus Mantis, and allied genera. They are remarkable for their slender grotesque forms, and for holding their stout anterior legs in a manner suggesting hands folded in prayer. The common American species is M. Carolina. Mantis shrimp. (Zoöl.) See Sguilla.

Man•tis´pid , n. (Zoöl.) Any neuropterous insect of the genus Mantispa, and allied genera. The larvae feed on plant lice. Also used adjectively. See Illust. under Neuroptera.

Man•tis•sa , n. [L., an addition, makeweight; of Tuscan origin.] (Math.) The decimal part of a logarithm, as distinguished from the integral part, or characteristic.

Man´tle , n. [OE. mantel, OF. mantel, F. manteau, fr. L. mantellum, mantelum, a cloth, napkin, cloak, mantle (cf. mantele, mantile, towel, napkin); prob. from manus hand + the root of tela cloth. See Manual, Textile, and cf. Mandil, Mantel, Mantilla.] 1. A loose garment to be worn over other garments; an enveloping robe; a cloak. Hence, figuratively, a covering or concealing envelope. “[The] children are clothed with mantles of satin.” Bacon. “The green mantle of the standing pool.” Shak. “Now Nature hangs her mantle green
On every blooming tree.” Burns. 2. (Her.) Same as Mantling. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The external fold, or folds, of the soft, exterior membrane of the body of a mollusk. It usually forms a cavity inclosing the gills. See Illusts. of Buccinum, and Byssus. (b) Any free, outer membrane. (c) The back of a bird together with the folded wings. 4. (Arch.) A mantel. See Mantel. 5. The outer wall and casing of a blast furnace, above the hearth. Raymond. 6. (Hydraulic Engin.) A penstock for a water wheel.

Man´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mantled p. pr. & vb. n. Mantling ] To cover or envelop, as with a mantle; to cloak; to hide; to disguise. Shak.

Man´tle, v. i. 1. To unfold and spread out the wings, like a mantle; — said of hawks. Also used figuratively. “Ne is there hawk which mantleth on her perch.” Spenser. “Or tend his sparhawk mantling in her mew.” Bp. Hall. “My frail fancy fed with full delight.
Doth bathe in bliss, and mantleth most at ease.” Spenser. 2. To spread out; — said of wings. “The swan, with arched neck
Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows.” Milton. 3. To spread over the surface as a covering; to overspread; as the scum mantled on the pool. “Though mantled in her cheek the blood.” Sir W. Scott. 4. To gather, assume, or take on, a covering, as froth, scum, etc. “There is a sort of men whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pond.” Shak. “Nor bowl of wassail mantle warm.” Tennyson.

Man´tlet , n. See Mantelet.

Man´tling , n. (Her.) The representation of a mantle, or the drapery behind and around a coat of arms: — called also lambrequin.

Man´to , n. [It. or Sp. manto, abbrev., from L. mantelum. See Mantle.] See Manteau. [Obs.] Bailey.

Man•tol´o•gist , n. One who is skilled in mantology; a diviner. [R.]

Man•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. prophet + -logy.] The act or art of divination. [R.]

Man´tra , n. [Skr.] A prayer; an invocation; a religious formula; a charm. [India] Among the Hindoos each caste and tribe has a mantra peculiar to itself; as the mantra of the Brahmans. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Man´trap , n. 1. A trap for catching trespassers. [Eng.] 2. A dangerous place, as an open hatch, into which one may fall.

Man´tu•a , n. 1. A superior kind of rich silk formerly exported from Mantua in Italy. [Obs.] Beck (Draper’s Dict.). 2. A woman’s cloak or mantle; also a woman’s gown. [Obs.]

Man´tu•a•mak•er , n. One who makes dresses, cloaks, etc., for women; a dressmaker.

Man´tu•an , a. Of or pertaining to Mantua. — n. A native or inhabitant of Mantua.

Ma´nu , n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) One of a series of progenitors of human beings, and authors of human wisdom.

Man´u•al (man´u•al), a. [OE. manuel, F. manuel, L. manualis, fr. manus hand; prob. akin to AS. mund hand, protection, OHG. munt, G. mündel a ward, vormund guardian, Icel. mund hand. Cf. Emancipate, Legerdemain, Maintain, Manage, Manner, Manure, Mound a hill.] Of or pertaining to the hand; done or made by the hand; as manual labor; the king’s sign manual. ´Manual and ocular examination.´ Tatham. Manual alphabet. See Dactylology. — Manual exercise (Mil.) the exercise by which soldiers are taught the use of their muskets and other arms. — Seal manual, the impression of a seal worn on the hand as a ring. — Sign manual. See under Sign.

Man´u•al , n. [Cf. F. manuel, LL. manuale. See Manual, a.] 1. A small book, such as may be carried in the hand, or conveniently handled; a handbook; specifically, the service book of the Roman Catholic Church. “This manual of laws, styled the Confessor’s Laws.” Sir M. Hale. 2. (Mus.) A keyboard of an organ or harmonium for the fingers, as distinguished from the pedals; a clavier, or set of keys. Moore (Encyc. of Music). 3. (Mil.) A prescribed exercise in the systematic handing of a weapon; as the manual of arms; the manual of the sword; the manual of the piece (cannon, mortar, etc.).

Man´u•al•ist, n. One who works with the hands; an artificer.

Man´u•al•ly, adv. By hand.

Man´u•a•ry , a. [L. manuarius, fr. manus hand.] Manual. — n. An artificer. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ma•nu´bi•al , a. [L. manubialis, fr. manubiae money obtained from the sale of booty, booty.] Belonging to spoils; taken in war. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ma•nu´bri•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a manubrium; shaped like a manubrium; handlelike.

Ma•nu´bri•um , n.; pl. L. Manubria (#), E. Manubriums (#). [L., handle, fr. manus hand.] 1. (Anat.) A handlelike process or part; esp., the anterior segment of the sternum, or presternum, and the handlelike process of the malleus. 2. (Zoöl.) The proboscis of a jellyfish; — called also hypostoma. See Illust. of Hydromedusa.

Man´u•code , n. [Javanese manukdewata the bird of the gods: cf. F. manucode.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Manucodia, of Australia and New Guinea. They are related to the bird of paradise.

Man•u•du´cent , n. One who leads by the hand; a manuductor. [Obs.]

Man•u•duc´tion , n. [L. manus hand + ductio a leading, ducere to lead: cf. F. manuduction.] Guidance by the hand. [Obs.] Glanvill. South.

Man•u•duc´tor , n. [L. manus the hand + ductor a leader, ducere to lead: cf. F. manuducteur.] (Mus.) A conductor; an officer in the ancient church who gave the signal for the choir to sing, and who beat time with the hand, and regulated the music. Moore (Encyc. of Music.)

Man•u•fac´to•ry , n.; pl. -ries (#). [Cf. L. factorium an oil press, prop., place where something is made. See Manufacture.] 1. Manufacture. [Obs.] 2. A building or place where anything is manufactured; a factory.

Man•u•fac´to•ry, a. Pertaining to manufacturing.

Man•u•fac´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to manufactures. [R.]

Man•u•fac´ture , n. [L. manus the hand + factura a making, fr. facere to make: cf. F. manufacture. See Manual, and Fact.] 1. The operation of making wares or any products by hand, by machinery, or by other agency. 2. Anything made from raw materials by the hand, by machinery, or by art, as cloths, iron utensils, shoes, machinery, saddlery, etc.

Man•u•fac´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manufactured p. pr. & vb. n. Manufacturing.] [Cf. F. manufacturer.] 1. To make (wares or other products) by hand, by machinery, or by other agency; as to manufacture cloth, nails, glass, etc. 2. To work, as raw or partly wrought materials, into suitable forms for use; as to manufacture wool, cotton, silk, or iron.

Man•u•fac´ture, v. i. To be employed in manufacturing something.

Man•u•fac´tur•er , n. One who manufactures.

Man•u•fac´tur•ing, a. 1. Employed, or chiefly employed, in manufacture; as a manufacturing community; a manufacturing town. 2. Pertaining to manufacture; as manufacturing projects.

Ma´nul , n. (Zoöl.) A wild cat (Felis manul), having long, soft, light- colored fur. It is found in the mountains of Central Asia, and dwells among rocks.

Man´u•mise , v. t. [See Manumit.] To manumit. [Obs.] Dryden.

Man•u•mis´sion , n. [L. manumissio: cf. F. manumission. See Manumit.] The act of manumitting, or of liberating a slave from bondage. ´Given to slaves at their manumission.´ Arbuthnot.

Man•u•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manumitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Manumitting.] [L. manumittere, manumissum; manus the hand + mittere to send, to send off. See Manual, and Missile.] To release from slavery; to liberate from personal bondage or servitude; to free, as a slave. ´Manumitted slaves.´ Hume.

Man´u•mo•tive , a. [L. manus the hand + E. motive.] Movable by hand. [R.]

Man´u•mo•tor , n. [L. manus the hand + E. motor.] A small wheel carriage, so constructed that a person sitting in it may move it.

Ma•nur´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of cultivation. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. Capable of receiving a fertilizing substance.

Ma•nur´age , n. Cultivation. [Obs.] Warner.

Ma•nur´ance , n. Cultivation. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ma•nure´ (ma•nur´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manured p. pr. & vb. n. Manuring.] [Contr, from OF. manuvrer, manovrer, to work with the hand, to cultivate by manual labor, F. manœuvrer. See Manual, Ure, Opera, and cf. Inure.] 1. To cultivate by manual labor; to till; hence, to develop by culture. [Obs.] “To whom we gave the strand for to manure.” Surrey. “Manure thyself then; to thyself be improved;
And with vain, outward things be no more moved.” Donne. 2. To apply manure to; to enrich, as land, by the application of a fertilizing substance. “The blood of English shall manure the ground.” Shak.

Ma•nure´ (ma•nur´), n. Any matter which makes land productive; a fertilizing substance, as the contents of stables and barnyards, dung, decaying animal or vegetable substances, etc. Dryden.

Ma•nure´ment, n. [Cf. OF. manouvrement.] Cultivation. [Obs.] W. Wotton.

Ma•nur´er , n. One who manures land.

Ma•nu´ri•al , a. Relating to manures.

Ma•nur´ing , n. The act of process of applying manure; also the manure applied.

Ma´nus , n.; pl. Manus. [L., the hand.] (Anat.) The distal segment of the fore limb, including the carpus and fore foot or hand.

Man´u•script , a. [L. manu scriptus. See Manual, and Scribe.] Written with or by the hand; not printed; as a manuscript volume.

Man´u•script, n. [LL. manuscriptum, lit., something written with the hand. See Manuscript, a.] 1. A literary or musical composition written with the hand, as distinguished from a printed copy. 2. Writing, as opposed to print; as the book exists only in manuscript. Craik. The word is often abbreviated to MS., plural MSS.

Man´u•script•al , a. Manuscript. [Obs.]

Man•u•ten´en•cy , n. [L. manus hand + tenere to hold.] Maintenance. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

Man´way , n. A small passageway, as in a mine, that a man may pass through. Raymond.

Manx , a. Of or pertaining to the Isle of Man, or its inhabitants; as the Manx language. Manx cat (Zoöl.), a breed of domestic cats having a rudimentary tail, containing only about three vertebrae. — Manx shearwater (Zoöl.), an oceanic bird (Puffinus anglorum, or P. puffinus), called also Manx petrel, Manx puffin. It was formerly abundant in the Isle of Man.

Manx, n. The language of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, a dialect of the Celtic.

Ma´ny , n. [See Meine, Mansion.] A retinue of servants; a household. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ny, a. or pron. [It has no variation to express degrees of comparison; more and most, which are used for the comparative and superlative degrees, are from a different root.] [OE. mani, moni, AS. manig, maenig, monig; akin to D. menig, OS. & OHG. manag, G. manch, Dan. mange, Sw. månge, Goth. manags, OSlav. mnog’, Russ. mnogii; cf. Icel. margr, Prov. E. mort. rad.103.] Consisting of a great number; numerous; not few. “Thou shalt be a father of many nations.” Gen. xvii. 4. “Not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called.” 1 Cor. i. 26. Many is freely prefixed to participles, forming compounds which need no special explanation; as many-angled, many-celled, many-eyed, many-footed, many- handed, many-leaved, many-lettered, many- named, many-peopled, many-petaled, many- seeded, many-syllabled (polysyllabic), many- tongued, many-voiced, many-wived, and the like. Comparison is often expressed by many with as or so. ´As many as were willing hearted … brought bracelets.´ Exod. xxxv. 22. ´So many laws argue so many sins.´ Milton. Many stands with a singular substantive with a or an. Many a, a large number taken distributively; each one of many. ´For thy sake have I shed many a tear.´ Shak. ´Full many a gem of purest ray serene.´ Gray. — Many one, many a one; many persons. Bk. of Com. Prayer. — The many, the majority; — opposed to the few. See Many, n. — Too many, too numerous; hence, too powerful; as they are too many for us. L’Estrange. Syn. — Numerous; multiplied; frequent; manifold; various; divers; sundry.

Ma´ny, n. [AS. menigeo, menigo, menio, multitude; akin to G. menge, OHG. managi, menigi, Goth. managei. See Many, a.] 1. The populace; the common people; the majority of people, or of a community. “After him the rascal many ran.” Spenser. 2. A large or considerable number. “A many of our bodies shall no doubt
Find native graves.” Shak. “Seeing a great many in rich gowns.” Addison. “It will be concluded by manythat he lived like an honest man.” Fielding. In this sense, many is connected immediately with another substantive (without of) to show of what the many consists; as a good many [of] people think so. “He is liable to a great many inconveniences.” Tillotson.

Ma´ny-mind•ed , a. Having many faculties; versatile; many-sided.

Ma´ny•plies , n. [Many, adj. + plies, pl. of ply a fold.] (Anat.) The third division, or that between the reticulum, or honeycomb stomach, and the abomasum, or rennet stomach, in the stomach of ruminants; the omasum; the psalterium. So called from the numerous folds in its mucous membrane. See Illust of Ruminant.

Ma´ny-sid•ed , a. 1. Having many sides; — said of figures. Hence, presenting many questions or subjects for consideration; as a many-sided topic. 2. Interested in, and having an aptitude for, many unlike pursuits or objects of attention; versatile. — Ma´ny-sid•ed•ness, n. { Ma´ny•ways• , Ma´ny•wise• } adv. In many different ways; variously.

Man•za•ni´ta , n. [Sp., dim. of munzana an apple.] (Bot.) A name given to several species of Arctostaphylos, but mostly to A. glauca and A. pungens, shrubs of California, Oregon, etc., with reddish smooth bark, ovate or oval coriaceous evergreen leaves, and bearing clusters of red berries, which are said to be a favorite food of the grizzly bear.

Ma´o•ri , n.; pl. Maoris . (Ethnol.) One of the aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand; also the original language of New Zealand. — a. Of or pertaining to the Maoris or to their language.

Map , n. [From F. mappe, in mappemonde map of the world, fr. L. mappa napkin, signal cloth; — a Punic word. Cf. Apron, Napkin, Nappe.] 1. A representation of the surface of the earth, or of some portion of it, showing the relative position of the parts represented; — usually on a flat surface. also such a representation of the celestial sphere, or of some part of it. There are five principal kinds of projection used in making maps: the orthographic, the stereographic, the globuar, the conical, and the cylindrical, or Mercator’s projection. See Projection. 2. Anything which represents graphically a succession of events, states, or acts; as an historical map. “Thus is his cheek the map of days outworn.” Shak. Map lichen (Bot.), a lichen (Lecidea geographica.) growing on stones in curious maplike figures. Dr. Prior.

Map, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mapped p. pr. & vb. n. Mapping ] To represent by a map; — often with out; as to survey and map, or map out, a county. Hence, figuratively: To represent or indicate systematically and clearly; to sketch; to plan; as to map, or map out, a journey; to map out business. “I am near to the place where they should meet, if Pisanio have mapped it truly.” Shak.

Ma•pach´ , n. [Mexican.] The raccoon.

Ma´ple , n. [AS. mapolder, mapulder, mapol; akin to Icel. möpurr; cf. OHG. mazzaltra, mazzoltra, G. massholder.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Acer, including about fifty species. A. saccharinum is the rock maple, or sugar maple, from the sap of which sugar is made, in the United States, in great quantities, by evaporation; the red or swamp maple is A. rubrum; the silver maple, A. dasycarpum, having fruit wooly when young; the striped maple, A. Pennsylvanium, called also moosewood. The common maple of Europe is A. campestre, the sycamore maple is A. Pseudo-platanus, and the Norway maple is A. platanoides. Maple is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as maple tree, maple leaf, etc. Bird’s-eye maple, Curled maple, varieties of the wood of the rock maple, in which a beautiful lustrous grain is produced by the sinuous course of the fibers. — Maple honey, Maple molasses, or Maple sirup, maple sap boiled to the consistency of molasses. — Maple sugar, sugar obtained from the sap of the sugar maple by evaporation.

Map´like , a. Having or consisting of lines resembling a map; as the maplike figures in which certain lichens grow.

Map´per•y , n. [From Map.] The making, or study, of maps. [Obs.] Shak.

Ma´qui , n. (Bot.) A Chilian shrub (Aristotelia Maqui). Its bark furnishes strings for musical instruments, and a medicinal wine is made from its berries.

Mar , n. A small lake. See Mere. [Prov. Eng.]

Mar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marred (märd); p. pr. & vb. n. Marring.] [OE. marren, merren, AS. merran, myrran (in comp.), to obstruct, impede, dissipate; akin to OS. merrian, OHG. marrjan, merran; cf. D. marren, meeren, to moor a ship, Icel. merja to bruise, crush, and Goth. marzjan to offend. Cf. Moor, v.] 1. To make defective; to do injury to, esp. by cutting off or defacing a part; to impair; to disfigure; to deface. “I pray you mar no more trees with wiring love songs in their barks.” Shak. “But mirth is marred, and the good cheer is lost.” Dryden. “Ire, envy, and despair
Which marred all his borrowed visage.” Milton. 2. To spoil; to ruin. ´It makes us, or it mars us.´ ´Striving to mend, to mar the subject.´ Shak.

Mar, n. A mark or blemish made by bruising, scratching, or the like; a disfigurement.

Ma´ra , n. [Skr. mara.] (Hind. Myth.) The principal or ruling evil spirit. E. Arnold.

Ma´ra, n. [Icel. mara nightmare, an ogress. See Nightmare.] (Norse Myth.) A female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions.

Ma´ra, n. (Zoöl.) The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis Patagonicus).

Mar•a•bou´ , n. [F.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large stork of the genus Leptoptilos (formerly Ciconia), esp. the African species (L. crumenifer), which furnishes plumes worn as ornaments. The Asiatic species (L. dubius, or L. argala) is the adjutant. See Adjutant. [Written also marabu.] 2. One having five eighths negro blood; the offspring of a mulatto and a griffe. [Louisiana] Bartlett.

Marabout´ , n. [F., from Pg. marabuto, Ar. morabit. Cf. Maravedi.] A Mohammedan saint; especially, one who claims to work cures supernaturally.

Mar´a•can , n. [Braz. maracaná.] (Zoöl.) A macaw.

Ma•rai´ , n. A sacred inclosure or temple; — so called by the islanders of the Pacific Ocean.

Mar•a•nath´a , n. [Aramaic maran atha.] ´Our Lord cometh;´ — an expression used by St. Paul at the conclusion of his first Epistle to the Corinthians (xvi. 22). This word has been used in anathematizing persons for great crimes; as much as to say, ´May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance of thy crimes.´ See Anathema maranatha, under Anathema.

Ma•ran´ta , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of endogenous plants found in tropical America, and some species also in India. They have tuberous roots containing a large amount of starch, and from one species (Maranta arundinacea) arrowroot is obtained. Many kinds are cultivated for ornament.

Ma•ra•schi´no , n. [It., fr. marasca, amarasca, a sour cherry, L. amarus bitter.] A liqueur distilled from fermented cherry juice, and flavored with the pit of a variety of cherry which grows in Dalmatia.

Ma•ras´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , to quench, as fire; pass., to die away.] (Med.) A wasting of flesh without fever or apparent disease; a kind of consumption; atrophy; phthisis. “Pining atrophy,
Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence.” Milton. Marasmus senilis [L.], progressive atrophy of the aged.

Ma•raud´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Marauding.] [F. marauder, fr. maraud vagabond, OF. marault; of uncertain origin, perh. for malault, fr. (assumed) LL. malaldus; fr. L. malus bad, ill + a suffix of German origin (cf. Herald). Cf. Malice.] To rove in quest of plunder; to make an excursion for booty; to plunder. ´Marauding hosts.´ Milman.

Ma•raud´, n. An excursion for plundering.

Ma•raud•er , n. [From Maraud, v.: cf. F. maraudeur.] A rover in quest of booty or plunder; a plunderer; one who pillages. De Quincey.

Mar•a•ve´di , n. [Sp. maravedí; — so called from the Morabitin (lit., the steadfast), an Arabian dynasty which reigned in Africa and Spain. Cf. Marabout.] (Numis.) A small copper coin of Spain, equal to three mils American money, less than a farthing sterling. also an ancient Spanish gold coin.

Mar´ble (mär´b’l), n. [OE. marbel, marbre, F. marbre, L. marmor, fr. Gr. ma•rmaros, fr. marmai•rein to sparkle, flash. Cf. Marmoreal.] 1. A massive, compact limestone; a variety of calcite, capable of being polished and used for architectural and ornamental purposes. The color varies from white to black, being sometimes yellow, red, and green, and frequently beautifully veined or clouded. The name is also given to other rocks of like use and appearance, as serpentine or verd antique marble, and less properly to polished porphyry, granite, etc. Breccia marble consists of limestone fragments cemented together. — Ruin marble, when polished, shows forms resembling ruins, due to disseminated iron oxide. — Shell marble contains fossil shells. — Statuary marble is a pure, white, fine-grained kind, including Parian (from Paros) and Carrara marble. If coarsely granular it is called saccharoidal. 2. A thing made of, or resembling, marble, as a work of art, or record, in marble; or, in the plural, a collection of such works; as the Arundel or Arundelian marbles; the Elgin marbles. 3. A little ball of marble, or of some other hard substance, used as a plaything by children; or, in the plural, a child’s game played with marbles. Marble is also much used in self-explaining compounds; when used figuratively in compounds it commonly means, hard, cold, destitute of compassion or feeling; as marble- breasted, marble-faced, marble-hearted.

Mar´ble, a. 1. Made of, or resembling, marble; as a marble mantel; marble paper. 2. Cold; hard; unfeeling; as a marble breast or heart.

Mar´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marbled p. pr. & vb. n. Marbling ] [Cf. F. marbrer. See Marble, n.] To stain or vein like marble; to variegate in color; as to marble the edges of a book, or the surface of paper.

Mar´bled , a. 1. Made of, or faced with, marble. [Obs.] ´The marbled mansion.´ Shak. 2. Made to resemble marble; veined or spotted like marble. ´Marbled paper.´ Boyle. 3. (zoöl.) Varied with irregular markings, or witch a confused blending of irregular spots and streaks.

Mar´ble-edged , a. Having the edge veined or spotted with different colors like marble, as a book.

Mar´ble•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marbleized p. pr. & vb. n. Marbleizing ] To stain or grain in imitation of marble; to cover with a surface resembling marble; as to marbleize slate, wood, or iron.

Mar´bler , n. 1. One who works upon marble or other stone. [R.] Fuller. 2. One who colors or stains in imitation of marble.

Mar´bling , n. 1. The art or practice of variegating in color, in imitation of marble. 2. An intermixture of fat and lean in meat, giving it a marbled appearance. 3. pl. (Zoöl.) Distinct markings resembling the variegations of marble, as on birds and insects.

Mar´bly, a. Containing, or resembling, marble.

Mar•bri´nus , n. [LL., fr. OF. & F. marble marble. See Marble.] A cloth woven so as to imitate the appearance of marble; — much used in the 15th and 16th centuries. Beck (Draper’s Dict.).

Marc , n. [F.] The refuse matter which remains after the pressure of fruit, particularly of grapes.

Marc, n. [AS. marc; akin to G. mark, Icel. mörk, perh. akin to E. mark a sign. rad.106, 273.] [Written also mark.] 1. A weight of various commodities, esp. of gold and silver, used in different European countries. In France and Holland it was equal to eight ounces. 2. A coin formerly current in England and Scotland, equal to thirteen shillings and four pence. 3. A German coin and money of account. See Mark.

Mar´can•tant , n. [It. mercatante. See Merchant.] A merchant. [Obs.] Shak.

Mar´ca•site , n. [F. marcassite; cf. It. marcassita, Sp. marquesita, Pg. marquezita; all fr. Ar. marqashitha.] (Min.) A sulphide of iron resembling pyrite or common iron pyrites in composition, but differing in form; white iron pyrites. Golden marcasite, tin. [Obs.] { Mar•ca•sit´ic , Mar•ca•sit´ic•al } a. Containing, or having the nature of, marcasite.

Mar•cas´sin , n. [F.] (Her.) A young wild boar.

Mar•ca´to , a. [It.] (Mus.) In a marked emphatic manner; — used adverbially as a direction.

Mar´cel•ine , n. [F., fr. L. marcidus withered, fr. marcere to wither, shrivel.] A thin silk fabric used for linings, etc., in ladies’ dresses.

Mar•ces´cent , a. [L. marcescens, p. pr. of marcescere to wither, decay, fr. marcere to wither, droop: cf. F. marcescent.] (Bot.) Withering without falling off; fading; decaying.

Mar•ces´ci•ble , a. [Cf. F. marcescible.] Liable to wither or decay.

March , n. [L. Martius mensis Mars’month fr. Martius belonging to Mars, the god of war: cf. F. mars. Cf. Martial.] The third month of the year, containing thirty-one days. “The stormy March is come at last,
With wind, and cloud, and changing skies.” Bryant. As mad as a March Hare, an old English Saying derived from the fact that March is the rutting time of hares, when they are excitable and violent. Wright.

March, n. [OE. marche, F. marche; of German origin; cf. OHG. marcha, G. mark, akin to OS. marka, AS. mearc, Goth. marka, L. margo edge, border, margin, and possibly to E. mark a sign. rad.106. Cf. Margin, Margrave, Marque, Marquis.] A territorial border or frontier; a region adjacent to a boundary line; a confine; — used chiefly in the plural, and in English history applied especially to the border land on the frontiers between England and Scotland, and England and Wales. “Geneva is situated in the marches of several dominions — France, Savoy, and Switzerland.” Fuller. “Lords of waste marches, kings of desolate isles.” Tennyson.

March, v. i. [Cf. OF. marchir. See 2d March.] To border; to be contiguous; to lie side by side. [Obs.] “That was in a strange land
Which marcheth upon Chimerie.” Gower. To march with, to have the same boundary for a greater or less distance; — said of an estate.

March, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marched p. pr. & vb. n. Marching.] [F. marcher, in OF. also to tread, prob. fr. L. marcus hammer. Cf. Mortar.] 1. To move with regular steps, as a soldier; to walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately manner; to advance steadily. Shak. 2. To proceed by walking in a body or in military order; as the German army marched into France.

March, v. t. To cause to move with regular steps in the manner of a soldier; to cause to move in military array, or in a body, as troops; to cause to advance in a steady, regular, or stately manner; to cause to go by peremptory command, or by force. “March them again in fair array.” Prior.

March, n. [F. marche.] 1. The act of marching; a movement of soldiers from one stopping place to another; military progress; advance of troops. “These troops came to the army harassed with a long and wearisome march.” Bacon. 2. Hence: Measured and regular advance or movement, like that of soldiers moving in order; stately or deliberate walk; steady onward movement. “With solemn march
Goes slow and stately by them.” Shak. “This happens merely because men will not bide their time, but will insist on precipitating the march of affairs.” Buckle. 3. The distance passed over in marching; as an hour’s march; a march of twenty miles. 4. A piece of music designed or fitted to accompany and guide the movement of troops; a piece of music in the march form. “The drums presently striking up a march.” Knolles. To make a march, (Card Playing), to take all the tricks of a hand, in the game of euchre.

March´er , n. One who marches.

March´er, n. [See 2d March.] The lord or officer who defended the marches or borders of a territory. { Mar´chet , Mer´chet }, n. [LL. marcheta; of uncertain origin.] In old English and in Scots law, a fine paid to the lord of the soil by a tenant upon the marriage of one the tenant’s daughters.

March´ing , a. & n., fr. March, v. Marching money (Mil.), the additional pay of officer or soldier when his regiment is marching. — In marching order (Mil.), equipped for a march. — Marching regiment. (Mil.) (a) A regiment in active service. (b) In England, a regiment liable to be ordered into other quarters, at home or abroad; a regiment of the line.

Mar´chion•ess , n. [LL. marchionissa, fr. marchio a marquis. See Marquis.] The wife or the widow of a marquis; a woman who has the rank and dignity of a marquis. Spelman.

March´-mad , a. Extremely rash; foolhardy. See under March, the month. Sir W. Scott.

March´man , n. A person living in the marches between England and Scotland or Wales.

March´pane , n. [Cf. It. marzapane,Sp. pan,. massepain, prob. fr. L. maza frumenty (Gr. ma^za) + L. panis bread; but perh. the first part of the word is from the name of the inventor.] A kind of sweet bread or biscuit; a cake of pounded almonds and sugar. [Obs.] Shak.

March´-ward , n. A warden of the marches; a marcher.

Mar´cian , a. Under the influence of Mars; courageous; bold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mar´cid , a. [L. marcidus, fr. marcere to wither, pine.] 1. Pining; lean; withered. Dryden. 2. Characterized by emaciation, as a fever. Harvey.

Mar•cid´i•ty , n. [LL. marciditas.] The state or quality of being withered or lean. [R.]

Mar´cion•ite , n. (Eccl. Hist) A follower of Marcion, a Gnostic of the second century, who adopted the Oriental notion of the two conflicting principles, and imagined that between them there existed a third power, neither wholly good nor evil, the Creator of the world and of man, and the God of the Jewish dispensation. Brande & C.

Mar•co•brun´ner , n. [G. Marcobrunner.] A celebrated Rhine wine.

Mar´cor , n. [L., fr. marcere to wither.] A wasting away of flesh; decay. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Mar•co´sian , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a Gnostic sect of the second century, so called from Marcus, an Egyptian, who was reputed to be a margician.

Mar´di• gras´ , n. [F., literally, fat Tuesday.] The last day of Carnival; Shrove Tuesday; — in some cities a great day of carnival and merrymaking.

Mare (mâr), n. [OE. mere, AS. mere, myre, fem of AS. mearh horse, akin to D. merrie mare, G. mähre, OHG. marah horse, meriha mare, Icel. marr horse, OCelt. marka (Pausan. 19, 19,4), Ir. marc, W. march. Cf. Marshal.] The female of the horse and other equine quadrupeds.

Mare, n. [AS. mara incubus; akin to OHG. & Icel. mara; cf. Pol. mora, Bohem. m&uring;ra.] (Med.) Sighing, suffocative panting, intercepted utterance, with a sense of pressure across the chest, occurring during sleep; the incubus; — obsolete, except in the compound nightmare. “I will ride thee o’ nights like the mare.” Shak.

Mare´chal Niel´ [F.] A kind of large yellow rose. [Written also Marshal Niel.]

Mar´eis , n. A Marsh. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma•re´na , n. [NL. Salmo maraena, G. maräne, moräne; — so called from Lake Morin, in the March of Brandenburg, in Prussia.] (Zoöl.) A European whitefish of the genus Coregonus.

Mare´schal , n. [OF. mareschal, F. marechal. See Marshal.] A military officer of high rank; a marshal. [Obs.]

Mare’s´-nest , n. A supposed discovery which turns out to be a hoax; something grossly absurd.

Mare’s´-tail , n. 1. A long streaky cloud, spreading out like a horse’s tail, and believed to indicate rain; a cirrus cloud. See Cloud. “Mackerel sky and mare’s-tails
Make tall ships carry low sails.” Old Rhyme. 2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Hippuris (H. vulgaris), having narrow leaves in whorls.

Mar´ga•rate , n. [Cf. F. margarate.] (Physiol. Chem.) A compound of the so- called margaric acid with a base.

Mar•gar´ic , a. [Cf. F. margarique. See Margarite.] Pertaining to, or resembling, pearl; pearly. Margaric acid. (a) (Physiol. Chem.) A fatty body, crystallizing in pearly scales, and obtained by digesting saponified fats (soaps) with an acid. It was formerly supposed to be an individual fatty acid, but is now known to be simply an intimate mixture of stearic and palmitic acids. (b) (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C17H34O2 of the fatty acid series, intermediate between palmitic and stearic acids, and obtained from the wax of certain lichens, from cetyl cyanide, and other sources.

Mar´ga•rin , n. [Cf. F. margarine. See Margarite.] (Physiol. Chem.) A fatty substance, extracted from animal fats and certain vegetable oils, formerly supposed to be a definite compound of glycerin and margaric acid, but now known to be simply a mixture or combination of tristearin and tripalmitin.

Mar•ga•ri•ta´ceous , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, pearl; pearly.

Mar´ga•rite , n. [L. margarita, Gr. a pearl; cf. F. marguerite.] 1. A pearl. [Obs.] Peacham. 2. (Min.) A mineral related to the micas but low in silica and yielding brittle folia with pearly luster.

Mar•ga•rit´ic , a. [Cf. F. margaritique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Margaric.

Mar•ga•ri•tif´er•ous , a. [L. margaritifer; margarita pearl + ferre to bear: cf. F. margaritifère.] Producing pearls.

Mar•gar´o•dite , n. [Gr. pearl- like.] (Min.) A hidrous potash mica related to muscovite.

Mar´ga•rone , n. [Margaric + -one.] (Chem.) The ketone of margaric acid.

Mar´ga•rous , a. (Chem.) Margaric; — formerly designating a supposed acid. [Obs.]

Mar´gate fish´ (Zoöl.) A sparoid fish (Diabasis aurolineatus) of the Gulf of Mexico, esteemed as a food fish; — called also red-mouth grunt.

Mar´gay , n. (Zoöl.) An American wild cat (Felis tigrina), ranging from Mexico to Brazil. It is spotted with black. Called also long-tailed cat.

Marge , n. [F. marge. See Margin.] Border; margin; edge; verge. [Poetic] Tennyson. “Along the river’s stony marge.” Wordsworth.

Mar´gent , n. [OE. See Margin.] A margin; border; brink; edge. [Obs.] “The beached margent of the sea.” Shak.

Mar´gent, v. t. To enter or note down upon the margin of a page; to margin. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Mar´gin , n. [OE. margine, margent, L. margo, ginis. Cf. March a border, Marge.] 1. A border; edge; brink; verge; as the margin of a river or lake. 2. Specifically: The part of a page at the edge left uncovered in writing or printing. 3. (Com.) The difference between the cost and the selling price of an article. 4. Something allowed, or reserved, for that which can not be foreseen or known with certainty. 5. (Brokerage) Collateral security deposited with a broker to secure him from loss on contracts entered into by him on behalf of his principial, as in the speculative buying and selling of stocks, wheat, etc. N. Biddle. Margin draft (Masonry), a smooth cut margin on the face of hammer-dressed ashlar, adjacent to the joints. — Margin of a course (Arch.), that part of a course, as of slates or shingles, which is not covered by the course immediately above it. See 2d Gauge. Syn. — Border; brink; verge; brim; rim.

Mar´gin , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Margined p. pr. & vb. n. Marginging.] 1. To furnish with a margin. 2. To enter in the margin of a page.

Mar´gin•al , a. [Cf. F. marginal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a margin. 2. Written or printed in the margin; as a marginal note or gloss.

Mar•gi•na´li•a , n. pl. [NL.] Marginal notes.

Mar´gin•al•ly, adv. In the margin of a book.

Mar´gin•ate , a. [L. marginatus, p. p. of marginare to margin. See Margin, n.] Having a margin distinct in appearance or structure.

Mar´gin•ate , v. t. To furnish with a distinct margin; to margin. [R.] Cockeram.

Mar´gin•a•ted , a. Same as Marginate, a.

Mar´gined , a. 1. Having a margin. Hawthorne. 2. (Zoöl.) Bordered with a distinct line of color.

Mar•gi•nel´la , n. [NL., dim. of L. margo, marginis, a margin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, polished, marine univalve shells, native of all warm seas.

Mar´gin•i•ci•dal , a. [L. margo, -ginis, margin + caedere to cut.] (Bot.) Dehiscent by the separation of united carpels; — said of fruits.

Mar•go´sa , n. [Pg. amargoso bitter.] (Bot.) A large tree of the genus Melia (M. Azadirachta) found in India. Its bark is bitter, and used as a tonic. A valuable oil is expressed from its seeds, and a tenacious gum exudes from its trunk. The M. Azedarach is a much more showy tree, and is cultivated in the Southern United States, where it is known as Pride of India, Pride of China, or bead tree. Various parts of the tree are considered anthelmintic. “The margosa oil … is a most valuable balsam for wounds, having a peculiar smell which prevents the attacks of flies.” Sir S. Baker. { Mar´gra•vate , Mar•gra´vi•ate } n. [Cf. F. margraviat.] The territory or jurisdiction of a margrave.

Mar´grave , n. [G. markgraf, prop., lord chief justice of the march; mark bound, border, march + graf earl, count, lord chief justice; cf. Goth. gagrëfts decree: cf. D. markgraaf, F. margrave. See March border, and cf. Landgrave, Graff.] 1. Originally, a lord or keeper of the borders or marches in Germany. 2. The English equivalent of the German title of nobility, markgraf; a marquis.

Mar´gra•vine , n. [G. markgräfin: cf. F. margrafine.] The wife of a margrave.

Mar´gue•rite , n. [F., a pearl, a daisy. See Margarite.] (Bot.) The daisy (Bellis perennis). The name is often applied also to the ox-eye daisy and to the China aster. Longfellow.

Ma´ri•an , a. Pertaining to the Virgin Mary, or sometimes to Mary, Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. “Of all the Marian martyrs, Mr. Philpot was the best-born gentleman.” Fuller. Maid Marian. See Maidmarian in the Vocabulary.

Mar´ie , interj. Marry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mar´i•et , n. [F. mariette, prop. dim. of Marie Mary.] (Bot.) A kind of bellflower, Companula Trachelium, once called Viola Mariana; but it is not a violet.

Ma•rig´e•nous , a. [L. mare the sea + -genous.] Produced in or by the sea.

Mar´i•gold , n. [Mary + gold.] (Bot.) A name for several plants with golden yellow blossoms, especially the Calendula officinalis (see Calendula), and the cultivated species of Tagetes. There are several yellow-flowered plants of different genera bearing this name; as the African or French marigold of the genus Tagetes, of which several species and many varieties are found in gardens. They are mostly strong-smelling herbs from South America and Mexico: bur marigold, of the genus Bidens; corn marigold, of the genus Chrysanthemum (C. segetum, a pest in the cornfields of Italy); fig marigold, of the genus Mesembryanthemum; marsh marigold, of the genus Caltha (C. palustris), commonly known in America as the cowslip. See Marsh Marigold. Marigold window. (Arch.) See Rose window, under Rose.

Mar•i•ki´na , n. [From the native name: cf. Pg. mariquinha.] (Zoöl) A small marmoset (Midas rosalia); the silky tamarin.

Ma•rim´ba , n. [Pg.] A musical istrument of percussion, consisting of bars yielding musical tones when struck. Knight.

Mar•i•mon´da , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Central and South America.

Mar•i•nade´ , n. [F.: cf. It. marinato marinade, F. mariner to preserve food for use at sea. See Marinate.] (Cookery) A brine or pickle containing wine and spices, for enriching the flavor of meat and fish.

Mar´i•nate , v. t. [See Marine, and cf. Marinade.] To salt or pickle, as fish, and then preserve in oil or vinegar; to prepare by the use of marinade.

Ma•rine´ , a. [L. marinus, fr. mare the sea: cf. F. marin. See Mere a pool.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sea; having to do with the ocean, or with navigation or naval affairs; nautical; as marine productions or bodies; marine shells; a marine engine. 2. (Geol.) Formed by the action of the currents or waves of the sea; as marine deposits. Marine acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. [Obs.] — Marine barometer. See under Barometer. — Marine corps, a corps formed of the officers, noncommissioned officers, privates, and musicants of marines. — Marine engine (Mech.), a steam engine for propelling a vessel. — Marine glue. See under Glue. — Marine insurance, insurance against the perils of the sea, including also risks of fire, piracy, and barratry. — Marine interest, interest at any rate agreed on for money lent upon respondentia and bottomry bonds. — Marine law. See under Law. — Marine league, three geographical miles. - - Marine metal, an alloy of lead, antimony, and mercury, made for sheathing ships. Mc Elrath. — Marine soap, cocoanut oil soap; — so called because, being quite soluble in salt water, it is much used on shipboard. — Marine store, a store where old canvas ropes, etc., are bought and sold; a junk shop. [Eng.]

Ma•rine´, n. [F. marin a sea solider, marine naval economy, a marine picture, fr. L. marinus. See Marine, a.] 1. A solider serving on shipboard; a sea soldier; one of a body of troops trained to do duty in the navy. 2. The sum of naval affairs; naval economy; the department of navigation and sea forces; the collective shipping of a country; as the mercantile marine. 3. A picture representing some marine subject. Tell that to the marines, an expression of disbelief, the marines being regarded by sailors as credulous. [Colloq.]

Ma•rined´ , a. [Cf. F. marine.] (Her.) Having the lower part of the body like a fish. Crabb.

Mar´i•ner , n. [F. marinier, LL. marinarius. See Marine.] One whose occupation is to assist in navigating ships; a seaman or sailor. Chaucer. Mariner’s compass. See under Compass.

Mar´i•ner•ship, n. Seamanship. [Obs.] Udalt.

Mar•i•no•ra´ma , n. [NL., from L. marinus marine + Gr. view.] A representation of a sea view.

Ma•ri•ol´a•ter , n. [See Mariolatry.] One who worships the Virgin Mary.

Ma•ri•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. Mary + worship.] The worship of the Virgin Mary.

Mar•i•o•nette´ , n. [F. marionette, prop. a dim. of Marie Mary.] 1. A puppet moved by strings, as in a puppet show. 2. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

Ma•ri•otte’s law (Physics.) See Boyle’s law, under Law.

Ma•ri•po´sa lil•y [Sp. mariposa a butterfly + E. lily. So called from the gay appearance of the blossoms.] (Bot.) One of a genus (Calochortus) of tuliplike bulbous herbs with large, and often gaycolored, blossoms. Called also butterfly lily. Most of them are natives of California.

Mar´i•put (mar´i•put), n. (Zoöl.) A species of civet; the zoril.

Mar´ish (mar´ish), n. [Cf. F. marais, LL. marascus. See Marsh.] Low, wet ground; a marsh; a fen; a bog; a moor. [Archaic] Milton. Tennyson.

Mar´ish, a. 1. Moory; fenny; boggy. [Archaic] 2. Growing in marshes. ´Marish flowers.´ Tennyson.

Mar´i•tal (mar´i•tal), a. [F., fr. L. maritalis, fr. maritus belonging to marriage, n., a husband. See Marry, v.] Of or pertaining to a husband; as marital rights, duties, authority. ´Marital affection.´ Ayliffe.

Mar´i•ta•ted (mar´i•ta•ted), a. [L. maritatus married.] Having a husband; married. [Obs.] { Ma•rit´i•mal , Ma•rit´i•male } (ma•rit´i•mal), a. See Maritime. [Obs.]

Mar´i•time (mar´i•tim; 277), a. [L. maritimus, fr. mare the sea: cf. F. maritime. See Mere a pool.] 1. Bordering on, or situated near, the ocean; connected with the sea by site, interest, or power; having shipping and commerce or a navy; as maritime states. ´A maritime town.´ Addison. 2. Of or pertaining to the ocean; marine; pertaining to navigation and naval affairs, or to shipping and commerce by sea. ´Maritime service.´ Sir H. Wotton. Maritime law. See Law. — Maritime loan, a loan secured by bottomry or respodentia bonds. — Martime nations, nations having seaports, and using the sea more or less for war or commerce.

Mar´jo•ram (mär´jo•ram), n. [OE. majoran, F. marjolaine, LL. marjoraca, fr. L. amaracus, amaracum, Gr. ’ama•rakos, ’ama•rakon.] (Bot.) A genus of mintlike plants (Origanum) comprising about twenty- five species. The sweet marjoram (O. Majorana) is pecularly aromatic and fragrant, and much used in cookery. The wild marjoram of Europe and America is O. vulgare, far less fragrant than the other.

Mark (märk), n. A license of reprisals. See Marque.

Mark, n. [See 2d Marc.] 1. An old weight and coin. See Marc. ´Lend me a mark.´ Chaucer. 2. The unit of monetary account of the German Empire, equal to 23.8 cents of United States money; the equivalent of one hundred pfennigs. also a silver coin of this value.

Mark, n. [OE. marke, merke, AS. mearc; akin to D. merk, MHG. marc, G. marke, Icel. mark, Dan. maerke; cf. Lith. margas party-colored. rad.106, 273. Cf. Remark.] 1. A visible sign or impression made or left upon anything; esp., a line, point, stamp, figure, or the like, drawn or impressed, so as to attract the attention and convey some information or intimation; a token; a trace. “The Lord set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him.” Gen. iv. 15. 2. Specifically: (a) A character or device put on an article of merchandise by the maker to show by whom it was made; a trade-mark. (b) A character (usually a cross) made as a substitute for a signature by one who can not write. “The mark of the artisan is found upon the most ancient fabrics that have come to light.” Knight. 3. A fixed object serving for guidance, as of a ship, a traveler, a surveyor, etc.; as a seamark, a landmark. 4. A trace, dot, line, imprint, or discoloration, although not regarded as a token or sign; a scratch, scar, stain, etc.; as this pencil makes a fine mark. “I have some marks of yours upon my pate.” Shak. 5. An evidence of presence, agency, or influence; a significative token; a symptom; a trace; specifically, a permanent impression of one’s activity or character. “The confusion of tongues was a mark of separation.” Bacon. 6. That toward which a missile is directed; a thing aimed at; what one seeks to hit or reach. “France was a fairer mark to shoot at than Ireland.” Davies. “Whate’er the motive, pleasure is the mark.” Young. 7. Attention, regard, or respect. “As much in mock as mark.” Shak. 8. Limit or standard of action or fact; as to be within the mark; to come up to the mark. 9. Badge or sign of honor, rank, or official station. “In the official marks invested, you
Anon do meet the Senate.” Shak. 10. Preëminence; high position; as patricians of mark; a fellow of no mark. 11. (Logic) A characteristic or essential attribute; a differential. 12. A number or other character used in registering; as examination marks; a mark for tardiness. 13. Image; likeness; hence, those formed in one’s image; children; descendants. [Obs.] ´All the mark of Adam.´ Chaucer. 14. (Naut.) One of the bits of leather or colored bunting which are placed upon a sounding line at intervals of from two to five fathoms. The unmarked fathoms are called ´deeps.´ A man of mark, a conspicuous or eminent man. — To make one’s mark. (a) To sign, as a letter or other writing, by making a cross or other mark. (b) To make a distinct or lasting impression on the public mind, or on affairs; to gain distinction. Syn. — Impress; impression; stamp; print; trace; vestige; track; characteristic; evidence; proof; token; badge; indication; symptom.

Mark (märk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marked (märkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Marking.] [OE. marken, merken, AS. mearcian, from mearc. See Mark the sign.] 1. To put a mark upon; to affix a significant mark to; to make recognizable by a mark; as to mark a box or bale of merchandise; to mark clothing. 2. To be a mark upon; to designate; to indicate; — used literally and figuratively; as this monument marks the spot where Wolfe died; his courage and energy marked him for a leader. 3. To leave a trace, scratch, scar, or other mark, upon, or any evidence of action; as a pencil marks paper; his hobnails marked the floor. 4. To keep account of; to enumerate and register; as to mark the points in a game of billiards or cards. 5. To notice or observe; to give attention to; to take note of; to remark; to heed; to regard. ´Mark the perfect man.´ Ps. xxxvii. 37. To mark out. (a) To designate, as by a mark; to select; as the ringleaders were marked out for punishment. (b) To obliterate or cancel with a mark; as to mark out an item in an account. — To mark time (Mil.), to keep the time of a marching step by moving the legs alternately without advancing. Syn. — To note; remark; notice; observe; regard; heed; show; evince; indicate; point out; betoken; denote; characterize; stamp; imprint; impress; brand.

Mark, v. i. To take particular notice; to observe critically; to note; to remark. “Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh mischief.” 1 Kings xx. 7.

Mark´a•ble , a. Remarkable. [Obs.] Sandys.

Marked (märkt), a. Designated or distinguished by, or as by, a mark; hence; noticeable; conspicuous; as a marked card; a marked coin; a marked instance. — Mark´ed•ly (#), adv. J. S. Mill. A marked man, a man who is noted by a community, or by a part of it, as for excellence or depravity; — usually with an unfavorable suggestion.

Mar•kee´ (mär•ke´), n. See Marquee.

Mark´er , n. One who or that which marks. Specifically: (a) One who keeps account of a game played, as of billiards. (b) A counter used in card playing and other games. (c) (Mil.) The soldier who forms the pilot of a wheeling column, or marks the direction of an alignment. (d) An attachment to a sewing machine for marking a line on the fabric by creasing it.

Mar´ket , n. [Akin to D. markt, OHG. markat, merkat, G. markt; all fr.L. mercatus trade, market place, fr. mercari, p. p. mercatus, to trade, traffic, merx, mercis, ware, merchandise, prob. akin to merere to deserve, gain, acquire: cf. F. marche. See Merit, and cf. Merchant, Mart.] 1. A meeting together of people, at a stated time and place, for the purpose of traffic (as in cattle, provisions, wares, etc.) by private purchase and sale, and not by auction; as a market is held in the town every week. “He is wit’s peddler; and retails his wares
At wakes, and wassails, meetings, markets, fairs.” Shak. “Three women and a goose make a market.” Old Saying. 2. A public place (as an open space in a town) or a large building, where a market is held; a market place or market house; esp., a place where provisions are sold. “There is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool.” John v. 2. 3. An opportunity for selling anything; demand, as shown by price offered or obtainable; a town, region, or country, where the demand exists; as to find a market for one’s wares; there is no market for woolen cloths in that region; India is a market for English goods. “There is a third thing to be considered: how a market can be created for produce, or how production can be limited to the capacities of the market.” J. S. Mill. 4. Exchange, or purchase and sale; traffic; as a dull market; a slow market. 5. The price for which a thing is sold in a market; market price. Hence: Value; worth. “What is a man
If his chief good and market of his time
Be but to sleep and feed ?” Shak. 6. (Eng. Law) The privelege granted to a town of having a public market. Market is often used adjectively, or in forming compounds of obvious meaning; as market basket, market day, market folk, market house, marketman, market place, market price, market rate, market wagon, market woman, and the like. Market beater, a swaggering bully; a noisy braggart. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Market bell, a bell rung to give notice that buying and selling in a market may begin. [Eng.] Shak. — Market cross, a cross set up where a market is held. Shak. — Market garden, a garden in which vegetables are raised for market. — Market gardening, the raising of vegetables for market. — Market place, an open square or place in a town where markets or public sales are held. — Market town, a town that has the privilege of a stated public market.

Mar´ket , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Marketing.] To deal in a market; to buy or sell; to make bargains for provisions or goods.

Mar´ket, v. t. To expose for sale in a market; to traffic in; to sell in a market, and in an extended sense, to sell in any manner; as most of the farmes have marketed their crops. “Industrious merchants meet, and market there
The world’s collected wealth.” Southey.

Mar´ket•a•ble , a. 1. Fit to be offered for sale in a market; such as may be justly and lawfully sold; as dacayed provisions are not marketable. 2. Current in market; as marketable value. 3. Wanted by purchasers; salable; as furs are not marketable in that country.

Mar´ket•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being marketable.

Mar´ket•er , n. One who attends a market to buy or sell; one who carries goods to market.

Mar´ket•ing, n. 1. The act of selling or of purchasing in, or as in, a market. 2. Articles in, or from, a market; supplies.

Mar´ket•stead , n. [Market + stead a place.] A market place. [Obs.] Drayton.

Mark´hoor , n. [Per. mar-khr snake eater.] (Zoöl.) A large wild goat (Capra megaceros), having huge flattened spiral horns. It inhabits the mountains of Northern India and Cashmere.

Mark´ing , n. The act of one who, or that which, marks; the mark or marks made; arrangement or disposition of marks or coloring; as the marking of a bird’s plumage. Marking ink, indelible ink, because used in marking linen. — Marking nut (Bot.), the nut of the Semecarpus Anacardium, an East Indian tree. The shell of the nut yields a blackish resinous juice used for marking cotton cloth, and an oil prepared from it is used for rheumatism.

Mar´kis , n. A marquis. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mar´kis•esse , n. A marchioness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mark´man , n. A marksman. [Obs.] Shak.

Marks´man , n.; pl. Marksmen (#). [Earlier markman; mark + man.] 1. One skillful to hit a mark with a missile; one who shoots well. 2. (Law) One who makes his mark, instead of writing his name, in signing documents. Burrill.

Marks´man•ship, n. Skill of a marksman.

Marl , v. t. [See Marline.] (Naut.) To cover, as part of a rope, with marline, marking a pecular hitch at each turn to prevent unwinding. Marling spike. (Naut.) See under Marline.

Marl, n. [OF. marle, F. marne, LL. margila, dim. of L. marga marl. Originally a Celtic word, according to Pliny, xvii. 7: ´Quod genus terrae Galli et Britanni margam vocant.´ rad.274.] A mixed earthy substance, consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and sand, in very variable proportions, and accordingly designated as calcareous, clayey, or sandy. See Greensand.

Marl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marled p. pr. & vb. n. Marling.] [Cf. F. marner. See Marl, n.] To overspread or manure with marl; as to marl a field.

Mar•la´ceous , a. Resembling marl; partaking of the qualities of marl.

Mar´lin , n. (Zoöl.) The American great marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa). Applied also to the red-breasted godwit (Limosa haematica). Hook-billed marlin, a curlew.

Mar´line , n. [LG. marlien, marling, or D. marling, marlijn, fr. D. marren to tie, prob. akin to E. moor, v., and lijn line: cf.F. merlin. See Moor, v., Line.] (Naut.) A small line composed of two strands a little twisted, used for winding around ropes and cables, to prevent their being weakened by fretting. Marline spike, Marling spike (Naut.), an iron tool tapering to a point, used to separate the strands of a rope in splicing and in marling. It has an eye in the thick end to which a lanyard is attached. See Fid. [Written also marlin spike] — Marline-spike bird. [The name alludes to the long middle tail feathers.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tropic bird. (b) A jager, or skua gull.

Mar´line , v. t. [F. merliner.] (Naut.) To wind marline around; as to marline a rope.

Marl´ite , n. [Cf. F. marlite. See Marl, n.] (Min.) A variety of marl.

Mar•lit´ic , a. Partaking of the qualites of marlite.

Marl´pit , n. Apit where marl is dug.

Marl´stone , n. (Geol.) A sandy calcareous straum, containing, or impregnated with, iron, and lying between the upper and lower Lias of England.

Marl´y , a. [Compar. Marlier superl. Marliest.] Consisting or partaking of marl; resembling marl; abounding with marl.

Mar´ma•lade , n. [F. marmelade, Pg. marmelada, fr. marmelo a quince, fr. L. melimelum honey apple, Gr. a sweet apple, an apple grafted on a quince; honey + apple. Cf. Mellifluous, Melon.] A preserve or confection made of the pulp of fruit, as the quince, pear, apple, orange, etc., boiled with sugar, and brought to a jamlike consistence. Marmalade tree (Bot.), a sapotaceous tree (Lucuma mammosa) of the West Indies and Tropical America. It has large obovate leaves and an egg-shaped fruit from three to five inches long, containing a pleasant-flavored pulp and a single large seed. The fruit is called marmalade, or natural marmalade, from its consistency and flavor.

Mar´ma•let , n. See Marmalade. [Obs.]

Mar´ma•tite , n. [Cf. F. marmatite.] (Min.) A ferruginous variety of shalerite or zinc blende, nearly black in color.

Mar´mo•lite (-mo•lit), n. [Gr. maramai•rein to sparkle + -lite.] (Min.) A thin, laminated variety of serpentine, usually of a pale green color.

Mar•mo•ra´ceous , a. [L. marmor marble. See Marble.] Pertaining to, or like, marble. { Mar´mo•rate , Mar´mo•ra•ted } a. [L. marmoratus, p. p. of marmorate to overlay with marble, fr. marmor marble.] Variegated like marble; covered or overlaid with marble. [R.]

Mar•mo•ra´tion , n. [L. marmoratio.] A covering or incrusting with marble; a casing of marble; a variegating so as to resemble marble. [R.]

Mar•mo•ra•tum o´pus [L. See Marmorate, and Opus.] (Arch.) A kind of hard finish for plasterwork, made of plaster of Paris and marble dust, and capable of taking a high polish. { Mar•mo´re•al , Mar•mo´re•an } a. [L. marmoreus, fr. marmor marble: cf. F. marmoreen. See Marble.] Pertaining to, or resembling, marble; made of marble.

Mar•mo•ro´sis , n. [NL.] (Geol.) The metamorphism of limestone, that is, its conversion into marble. Geikie.

Mar´mose , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A species of small opossum (Didelphus murina) ranging from Mexico to Brazil.

Mar´mo•set , n. [F. marmouset a grotesque figure, an ugly little boy, prob. fr. LL. marmoretum, fr. L. marmor marble. Perhaps confused with marmot. See Marble.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small South American monkeys of the genera Hapale and Midas, family Hapalidae. They have long soft fur, and a hairy, nonprehensile tail. They are often kept as pets. Called also squirrel monkey.

Mar´mot , n. [It. marmotta, marmotto, prob. fr. L. mus montanus, or mus montis, lit., mountain mouse or rat. See Mountain, and Mouse.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any rodent of the genus Arctomys. The common European marmot (A. marmotta) is about the size of a rabbit, and inhabits the higher regions of the Alps and Pyrenees. The bobac is another European species. The common American species (A. monax) is the woodchuck. 2. Any one of several species of ground squirrels or gophers of the genus Spermophilus; also the prairie dog. Marmot squirrel (Zoöl.), a ground squirrel or spermophile. — Prairie marmot. See Prairie dog.

Mar´mottes oil A fine oil obtained from the kernel of Prunus brigantiaca. It is used instead of olive or almond oil. De Colange.

Mar´mo•zet , n. See Marmoset.

Ma•rone´ , n. See Maroon, the color.

Mar´o•nite , n.; pl. Maronites . (Eccl. Hist.) One of a body of nominal Christians, who speak the Arabic language, and reside on Mount Lebanon and in different parts of Syria. They take their name from one Maron of the 6th century.

Ma•roon´ , n. [Written also marroon.] [F. marron, abbrev. fr. Sp. cimarron wild, unruly, from cima the summit of a mountain; hence, negro cimarron a runaway negro that lives in the mountains.] In the West Indies and Guiana, a fugitive slave, or a free negro, living in the mountains.

Ma•roon´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marooned p. pr. & vb. n. Marooning.] [See Maroon a fugitive slave.] To put (a person) ashore on a desolate island or coast and leave him to his fate. Marooning party, a social excursion party that sojourns several days on the shore or in some retired place; a prolonged picnic. [Southern U. S.] Bartlett.

Ma•roon´ (ma•roon´), a. [F. marron chestnut-colored, fr. marron a large French chestnut, It. marrone; cf. LGr. ma•raon. Cf. Marron.] Having the color called maroon. See 4th Maroon. Maroon lake, lake prepared from madder, and distinguished for its transparency and the depth and durability of its color.

Ma•roon´, n. 1. A brownish or dull red of any description, esp. of a scarlet cast rather than approaching crimson or purple. 2. An explosive shell. See Marron, 3.

Mar´plot , n. One who, by his officious interference, mars or frustrates a design or plot.

Marque , n. [F. marque, in lettre de marque letter of marque, a commission with which the commandant of every armed vessel was obliged to be provided, under penalty of being considered a pirate or corsair; marque here prob. meaning, border, boundary (the letter of marque being a permission to go beyond the border), and of German origin. See March border.] (Law) A license to pass the limits of a jurisdiction, or boundary of a country, for the purpose of making reprisals. Letters of marque, Letters of marque and reprisal, a license or extraordinary commission granted by a government to a private person to fit out a privateer or armed ship to cruise at sea and make prize of the enemy’s ships and merchandise. The ship so commissioned is sometimes called a letter of marque.

Mar•quee´ , n. [F. marquise, misunderstood as a plural; prob. orig., tent of the marchioness. See Marquis.] A large field tent; esp., one adapted to the use of an officer of high rank. [Written also markee.]

Mar´quess , n. [Cf. Sp. marques. See Marquis.] A marquis. Lady marquess, a marchioness. [Obs.] Shak.

Mar´quet•ry , n. [F. marqueterie, from marqueter to checker, inlay, fr. marque mark, sign; of German origin. See Mark a sign.] Inlaid work; work inlaid with pieces of wood, shells, ivory, and the like, of several colors.

Mar´quis , n. [F. marquis, OF. markis, marchis, LL. marchensis; of German origin; cf. G. mark bound, border, march, OHG. marcha. See March border, and cf. Marchioness, Marquee, Marquess.] A nobleman in England, France, and Germany, of a rank next below that of duke. Originally, the marquis was an officer whose duty was to guard the marches or frontiers of the kingdom. The office has ceased, and the name is now a mere title conferred by patent.

Mar´quis•ate , n. [Cf. F. marquisat.] The seigniory, dignity, or lordship of a marquis; the territory governed by a marquis.

Mar´quis•dom , n. A marquisate. [Obs.] ´Nobles of the marquisdom of Saluce.´ Holinshed.

Mar•quise´ , n. [F. See Marquis, and cf. Marquee.] The wife of a marquis; a marchioness.

Mar´quis•ship , n. A marquisate.

Mar´ram , n. (Bot.) A coarse grass found on sandy beaches (Ammophila arundinacea). See Beach grass, under Beach.

Mar´rer , n. One who mars or injures.

Mar´ri•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. mariable.] Marriageable. [R.] Coleridge.

Mar´riage , n. [OE. mariage, F. mariage. See Marry, v. t.] 1. The act of marrying, or the state of being married; legal union of a man and a woman for life, as husband and wife; wedlock; matrimony. “Marriage is honorable in all.” Heb. xiii. 4. 2. The marriage vow or contract. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A feast made on the occasion of a marriage. “The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king which made a marriage for his son.” Matt. xxii. 2. 4. Any intimate or close union. Marriage brokage. (a) The business of bringing about marriages. (b) The payment made or demanded for the procurement of a marriage. — Marriage favors, knots of white ribbons, or bunches of white flowers, worn at weddings. — Marriage settlement (Law), a settlement of property in view, and in consideration, of marriage. Syn. — Matrimony; wedlock; wedding; nuptials. — Marriage, Matrimony, Wedlock. Marriage is properly the act which unites the two parties, and matrimony the state into which they enter. Marriage is, however, often used for the state as well as the act. Wedlock is the old Anglo-Saxon term for matrimony.

Mar•riage•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being marriageable.

Mar´riage•a•ble , a. Fit for, or capable of, marriage; of an age at which marriage is allowable. — Mar´riage•a•ble•ness, n.

Mar´ried , a. 1. Being in the state of matrimony; wedded; as a married man or woman. 2. Of or pertaining to marriage; connubial; as the married state.

Mar´ri•er , n. One who marries.

Mar•ron´ , n. [See Maroon, a.] 1. A large chestnut. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A chestnut color; maroon. 3. (Pyrotechny & Mil.) A paper or pasteboard box or shell, wound about with strong twine, filled with an explosive, and ignited with a fuse, — used to make a noise like a cannon. [Written also maroon.]

Mar•roon´ , n. & a. Same as 1st Maroon.

Mar´rot , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The razor-billed auk. See Auk. (b) The common guillemot. (c) The puffin. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also marrott, and morrot.]

Mar´row , n. [OE. marou, mary, maruh, AS. mearg, mearh; akin to OS. marg, D. merg, G. Mark, OHG. marg, marag, Icel. mergr, Sw. merg, Dan. marv, Skr. majjan; cf. Skr. majj to sink, L. mergere. rad.274 Cf. Merge.] 1. (Anat.) The tissue which fills the cavities of most bones; the medulla. In the larger cavities it is commonly very fatty, but in the smaller cavities it is much less fatty, and red or reddish in color. 2. The essence; the best part. “It takes from our achievements …
The pith and marrow of our attribute.” Shak. 3. [OE. maru, maro; — perh. a different word; cf. Gael. maraon together.] One of a pair; a match; a companion; an intimate associate. [Scot.] “Chopping and changing I can not commend,
With thief or his marrow, for fear of ill end.” Tusser. Marrow squash (Bot.), a name given to several varieties of squash, esp. to the Boston marrow, an ovoid fruit, pointed at both ends, and with reddish yellow flesh, and to the vegetable marrow, a variety of an ovoid form, and having a soft texture and fine grain resembling marrow. — Spinal marrow. (Anat.) See Spinal cord, under Spinal.

Mar´row , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Marrowing.] To fill with, or as with, marrow or fat; to glut.

Mar´row•bone , n. A bone containing marrow; pl. ludicrously, knee bones or knees; as to get down on one’s marrowbones, i. e., to kneel.

Mar´row•fat , n. A rich but late variety of pea.

Mar´row•ish, a. Of the nature of, or like, marrow.

Mar´row•less, a. Destitute of marrow.

Mar´row•y , a. Full of marrow; pithy.

Mar•ru´bi•um , n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of bitter aromatic plants, sometimes used in medicine; hoarhound.

Mar´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Married p. pr. & vb. n. Marrying.] [OE. marien, F. marier, L. maritare, fr. maritus husband, fr. mas, maris, a male. See Male, and cf. Maritral.] 1. To unite in wedlock or matrimony; to perform the ceremony of joining, as a man and a woman, for life; to constitute (a man and a woman) husband and wife according to the laws or customs of the place. “Tell him that he shall marry the couple himself.” Gay. 2. To join according to law, (a man) to a woman as his wife, or (a woman) to a man as her husband. See the Note to def. 4. “A woman who had been married to her twenty- fifth husband, and being now a widow, was prohibited to marry.” Evelyn. 3. To dispose of in wedlock; to give away as wife. “Maecenas took the liberty to tell him [Augustus] that he must either marry his daughter [Julia] to Agrippa, or take away his life.” Bacon. 4. To take for husband or wife. See the Note below. We say, a man is married to or marries a woman; or, a woman is married to or marries a man. Both of these uses are equally well authorized; but given in marriage is said only of the woman. “They got him [the Duke of Monmouth] … to declare in writing, that the last king [Charles II.] told him he was never married to his mother.” Bp. Lloyd. 5. Figuratively, to unite in the closest and most endearing relation. “Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord; for I am married unto you.” Jer. iii. 14. To marry ropes. (Naut.) (a) To place two ropes along side of each other so that they may be grasped and hauled on at the same time. (b) To join two ropes end to end so that both will pass through a block. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Mar´ry, v. i. To enter into the conjugal or connubial state; to take a husband or a wife. “I will, therefore, that the younger women marry.” 1 Tim. v. 14. Marrying man, a man disposed to marry. [Colloq.]

Mar´ry, interj. Indeed ! in truth ! — a term of asseveration said to have been derived from the practice of swearing by the Virgin Mary. [Obs.] Shak.

Mars , n. [L. Mars, gen. Martis, archaic Mavors, gen. Mavortis.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The god of war and husbandry. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, the fourth in order from the sun, or the next beyond the earth, having a diameter of about 4,200 miles, a period of 687 days, and a mean distance of 141,000,000 miles. It is conspicuous for the redness of its light. 3. (Alchemy) The metallic element iron, the symbol of which &male; was the same as that of the planet Mars. [Archaic] Chaucer. Mars brown, a bright, somewhat yellowish, brown.

Mar•sa´la , n. [It., fr. Marsala, in Sicyly.] A kind of wine exported from Marsala in Sicily.

Mars•de´ni•a , n. [NL. From W. Marsden, an English author.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Milkweed family, mostly woody climbers with fragrant flowers, several species of which furnish valuable fiber, and one species (Marsdenia tinctoria) affords indigo. { Mar•sei•llais´ , a. m. Mar•sei•llaise´ , a. f. }[F.] Of or pertaining to Marseilles, in France, or to its inhabitants. Marseillaise hymn, or The Marseillaise, the national anthem of France, popularly so called. It was composed in 1792, by Rouget de l’Isle, an officer then stationed at Strasburg. In Paris it was sung for the first time by the band of men who came from Marseilles to aid in the revolution of August 10, 1792; whence the name. { Mar•sei•llais´, n. m. Mar•sei•llaise´, n. f. }[F.] A native or inhabitant of Marseilles.

Mar•seilles´ , n. A general term for certain kinds of fabrics, which are formed of two series of threads interlacing each other, thus forming double cloth, quilted in the loom; — so named because first made in Marseilles, France.

Marsh , n. [OE. mersch, AS. mersc, fr. mere lake. See Mere pool, and cf. Marish, Morass.] A tract of soft wet land, commonly covered partially or wholly with water; a fen; a swamp; a morass. [Written also marish.] Marsh asphodel (Bot.), a plant (Nartheeium ossifragum) with linear equitant leaves, and a raceme of small white flowers; — called also bog asphodel. — Marsh cinquefoil (Bot.), a plant (Potentilla palustris) having purple flowers, and found growing in marshy places; marsh five- finger. — Marsh elder. (Bot.) (a) The guelder-rose or cranberry tree (Viburnum Opulus). (b) In the United States, a composite shrub growing in salt marshes (Iva frutescens). — Marsh five-finger. (Bot.) See Marsh cinquefoil (above). — Marsh gas. (Chem.) See under Gas. — Marsh grass (Bot.), a genus (Spartina) of coarse grasses growing in marshes; - - called also cord grass. The tall S. cynosuroides is not good for hay unless cut very young. The low S. juncea is a common component of salt hay. — Marsh harrier (Zoöl.), a European hawk or harrier (Circus aeruginosus); — called also marsh hawk, moor hawk, moor buzzard, puttock. — Marsh hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A hawk or harrier (Circus cyaneus), native of both America and Europe. The adults are bluish slate above, with a white rump. Called also hen harrier, and mouse hawk. (b) The marsh harrier. — Marsh hen (Zoöl.), a rail; esp., Rallus elegans of fresh-water marshes, and R. longirostris of salt-water marshes. — Marsh mallow (Bot.), a plant of the genus Althaea ( A. officinalis) common in marshes near the seashore, and whose root is much used in medicine as a demulcent. — Marsh marigold. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. — Marsh pennywort (Bot.), any plant of the umbelliferous genus Hydrocotyle; low herbs with roundish leaves, growing in wet places; — called also water pennywort. — Marsh quail (Zoöl.), the meadow lark. — Marsh rosemary (Bot.), a plant of the genus Statice (S. Limonium), common in salt marshes. Its root is powerfully astringent, and is sometimes used in medicine. Called also sea lavender. — Marsh samphire (Bot.), a plant (Salicornia herbacea) found along seacoasts. See Glasswort. — Marsh St. John’s-wort (Bot.), an American herb (Elodes Virginica) with small opposite leaves and flesh-colored flowers. — Marsh tea. (Bot.). Same as Labrador tea. — Marsh trefoil. (Bot.) Same as Buckbean. — Marsh wren (Zoöl.), any species of small American wrens of the genus Cistothorus, and allied genera. They chiefly inhabit salt marshes.

Mar´shal , n. [OE. mareschal, OF. mareschal, F. marechal, LL. mariscalcus, from OHG. marah-scalc (G. marschall); marah horse + scalc servant (akin to AS. scealc, Goth. skalks). F. marechal signifies, a marshal, and a farrier. See Mare horse, and cf. Seneschal.] 1. Originally, an officer who had the care of horses; a groom. [Obs.] 2. An officer of high rank, charged with the arrangement of ceremonies, the conduct of operations, or the like; as specifically: (a) One who goes before a prince to declare his coming and provide entertainment; a harbinger; a pursuivant. (b) One who regulates rank and order at a feast or any other assembly, directs the order of procession, and the like. (c) The chief officer of arms, whose duty it was in ancient times, to regulate combats in the lists. Johnson. (d) (France) The highest military officer. In other countries of Europe a marshal is a military officer of high rank, and called field marshal. (e) (Am. Law) A ministerial officer, appointed for each judicial district of the United States, to execute the process of the courts of the United States, and perform various duties, similar to those of a sheriff. The name is also sometimes applied to certain police officers of a city. Earl marshal of England, the eighth officer of state; an honorary title, and personal, until made hereditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. During a vacancy in the office of high constable, the earl marshal has jurisdiction in the court of chivalry. Brande & C. — Earl marshal of Scotland, an officer who had command of the cavalry under the constable. This office was held by the family of Keith, but forfeited by rebellion in 1715. — Knight marshal, or Marshal of the King’s house, formerly, in England, the marshal of the king’s house, who was authorized to hear and determine all pleas of the Crown, to punish faults committed within the verge, etc. His court was called the Court of Marshalsea. — Marshal of the Queen’s Bench, formerly the title of the officer who had the custody of the Queen’s bench prison in Southwark. Mozley & W.

Mar´shal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marshaled or Marshalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marshaling or Marshalling.] 1. To dispose in order; to arrange in a suitable manner; as to marshal troops or an army. “And marshaling the heroes of his name
as in their order, next to light they came.” Dryden. 2. To direct, guide, or lead. “Thou marshalest me the way that I was going.” Shak. 3. (Her.) To dispose in due order, as the different quarterings on an escutcheon, or the different crests when several belong to an achievement.

Mar´shal•er , n. [Written also marshaller.] One who marshals.

Mar´shal•ing, n. [Written also marshalling.] 1. The act of arranging in due order. 2. (Her.) The arrangement of an escutcheon to exhibit the alliances of the owner. Marshaling of assets (Law), the arranging or ranking of assets in due order of administration.

Mar´shal•sea , n. [Marshal + OE. se a seat. See See a seat.] The court or seat of a marshal; hence, the prison in Southwark, belonging to the marshal of the king’s household. [Eng.] Court of Marshalsea, a court formerly held before the steward and marshal of the king’s house to administer justice between the king’s domestic servants. Blackstone.

Mar´shal•ship, n. The office of a marshal. { Marsh´bank•er , Marse´bank•er } n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden.

Marsh´i•ness (märsh´i•nes), n. The state or condition of being marshy.

Marsh mar´i•gold (mar´i•gold). (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Caltha (C. palustris), growing in wet places and bearing bright yellow flowers. In the United States it is used as a pot herb under the name of cowslip. See Cowslip.

Marsh´y (-y), a. [E. Marsh.] 1. Resembling a marsh; wet; boggy; fenny. 2. Pertaining to, or produced in, marshes; as a marshy weed. Dryden.

Mar´si•po•branch , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Marsipobranchia.

Mar´si•po•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a pouch + a gill.] (Zoöl.) A class of Vertebrata, lower than fishes, characterized by their purselike gill cavities, cartilaginous skeletons, absence of limbs, and a suckerlike mouth destitute of jaws. It includes the lampreys and hagfishes. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey. Called also Marsipobranchiata, and Marsipobranchii.

Mar•su´pi•al (mär•su´pi•al), a. [Cf. F. marsupial.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having a pouch for carrying the immature young; of or pertaining to the Marsupialia. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a marsupium; as the marsupial bones. Marsupial frog. (Zoöl.) See Nototrema.

Mar•su´pi•al, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Marsupialia.

Mar•su•pi•a´li•a (-a´li•a), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. marsupium a pouch, bag, purse, Gr. marsy•pion, dim. of ma•rsypos, ma•rsipos.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Mammalia, including nearly all the mammals of Australia and the adjacent islands, together with the opossums of America. They differ from ordinary mammals in having the corpus callosum very small, in being implacental, and in having their young born while very immature. The female generally carries the young for some time after birth in an external pouch, or marsupium. Called also Marsupiata. { Mar•su•pi•a´li•an , Mar•su´pi•an } n. (Zoöl.) One of the Marsupialia.

Mar•su´pi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Related to or resembling the marsupials; furnished with a pouch for the young, as the marsupials, and also some fishes and Crustacea.

Mar•su´pi•on , n. [NL.] Same as Marsupium.

Mar´su•pite , n. [See Marsupial.] (Paleon.) A fossil crinoid of the genus Marsupites, resembling a purse in form.

Mar•su´pi•um , n.; pl. Marsupia (#). [L., a pouch], (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The pouch, formed by a fold of the skin of the abdomen, in which marsupials carry their young; also a pouch for similar use in other animals, as certain Crustacea. (b) The pecten in the eye of birds and reptiles. See Pecten.

Mart (märt), n. [Contr. fr. market.] 1. A market. “Where has commerce such a mart … as London ?” Cowper. 2. A bargain. [Obs.] Shak.

Mart, v. t. To buy or sell in, or as in, a mart. [Obs.] “To sell and mart your officer for gold
To undeservers.” Shak.

Mart, v. t. To traffic. [Obs.] Shak.

Mart, n. [See Mars.] 1. The god Mars. [Obs.] 2. Battle; contest. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Mar´ta•gon , n. [Cf. F. & Sp. martagon, It. martagone.] (Bot.) A lily (Lilium Martagon) with purplish red flowers, found in Europe and Asia.

Mar´tel , v. i. [F. marteler, fr. martel, marteau, hammer, a dim. fr. L. martulus, marculus, dim. of marcus hammer. Cf. March to step.] To make a blow with, or as with, a hammer. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mar•tel• de fer´ [OF., hammer of iron.] A weapon resembling a hammer, often having one side of the head pointed; — used by horsemen in the Middle Ages to break armor. Fairholt.

Mar´te•line , n. [F.] A small hammer used by marble workers and sculptors.

Mar•tel´lo tow•er [It. martello hammer. The name was orig. given to towers erected on the coasts of Sicily and Sardinia for protection against the pirates in the time of Charles the Fifth, which prob. orig. contained an alarm bell to be struck with a hammer. See Martel.] (Fort.) A building of masonry, generally circular, usually erected on the seacoast, with a gun on the summit mounted on a traversing platform, so as to be fired in any direction. The English borrowed the name of the tower from Corsica in 1794.

Mar´ten (mär´ten), n. (Zoöl.) A bird. See Martin.

Mar´ten, n. [From older martern, marter, martre, F. martre, marte, LL. martures (pl.), fr. L. martes; akin to AS. mearð, meard, G. marder, OHG. mardar, Icel. mörðr. Cf. Foumart.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several fur-bearing carnivores of the genus Mustela, closely allied to the sable. Among the more important species are the European beech, or stone, marten (Mustela foina); the pine marten (M. martes); and the American marten, or sable (M. Americana), which some zoölogists consider only a variety of the Russian sable. 2. The fur of the marten, used for hats, muffs, etc.

Mar´tern , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Marten. [Obs.]

Mar´-text , n. A blundering preacher.

Mar´tial , a. [F., fr. L. martialis of or belonging to Mars, the god of war. Cf. March the month.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or suited for, war; military; as martial music; a martial appearance. ´Martial equipage.´ Milton. 2. Practiced in, or inclined to, war; warlike; brave. “But peaceful kings, o’er martial people set,
Each other’s poise and counterbalance are.” Dryden. 3. Belonging to war, or to an army and navy; — opposed to civil; as martial law; a court- martial. 4. Pertaining to, or resembling, the god, or the planet, Mars. Sir T. Browne. 5. (Old Chem. & Old Med.) Pertaining to, or containing, iron; chalybeate; as martial preparations. [Archaic] Martial flowers (Med.), a reddish crystalline salt of iron; the ammonio-chloride of iron. [Obs.] - - Martial law, the law administered by the military power of a government when it has superseded the civil authority in time of war, or when the civil authorities are unable to enforce the laws. It is distinguished from military law, the latter being the code of rules for the regulation of the army and navy alone, either in peace or in war. Syn. — Martial, Warlike. Martial refers more to war in action, its array, its attendants, etc.; as martial music, a martial appearance, a martial array, courts-martial, etc. Warlike describes the feeling or temper which leads to war, and the adjuncts of war; as a warlike nation, warlike indication, etc. The two words are often used without discrimination.

Mar´tial•ism , n. The quality of being warlike; exercises suitable for war. [Obs.]

Mar´tial•ist, n. A warrior. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mar´tial•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Martialized p. pr. & vb. n. Martializing ] To render warlike; as to martialize a people.

Mar´tial•ly, adv. In a martial manner.

Mar´tial•ness, n. The quality of being martial.

Mar´tin , n. (Stone Working) [Etymol. uncertain.] A perforated stone-faced runner for grinding.

Mar´tin, n. [F. martin, from the proper name Martin. Cf. Martlet.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of swallows, usually having the tail less deeply forked than the tail of the common swallows. [Written also marten.] The American purple martin, or bee martin (Progne subis, or purpurea), and the European house, or window, martin (Hirundo, or Chelidon, urbica), are the best known species. Bank martin. (a) The bank swallow. See under Bank. (b) The fairy martin. See under Fairy. — Bee martin. (a) The purple martin. (b) The kingbird. — Sand martin, the bank swallow.

Mar´ti•net , n. [So called from an officer of that name in the French army under Louis XIV. Cf. Martin the bird, Martlet.] In military language, a strict disciplinarian; in general, one who lays stress on a rigid adherence to the details of discipline, or to forms and fixed methods. [Hence, the word is commonly employed in a depreciatory sense.]

Mar´ti•net, n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The martin.

Mar•ti•ne´ta , n. [Cf. Sp. martinete.] (Zoöl.) A species of tinamou (Calopezus elegans), having a long slender crest.

Mar´ti•net•ism , n. The principles or practices of a martinet; rigid adherence to discipline, etc. { Mar´tin•gale , Mar´tin•gal } n. [F. martingale; cf. It. martingala a sort of hose, martingale, Sp. martingala a greave, cuish, martingale, Sp. almártaga a kind of bridle.] 1. A strap fastened to a horse’s girth, passing between his fore legs, and fastened to the bit, or now more commonly ending in two rings, through which the reins pass. It is intended to hold down the head of the horse, and prevent him from rearing. 2. (Naut.) A lower stay of rope or chain for the jib boom or flying jib boom, fastened to, or reeved through, the dolphin striker. also the dolphin striker itself. 3. (Gambling) The act of doubling, at each stake, that which has been lost on the preceding stake; also the sum so risked; — metaphorically derived from the bifurcation of the martingale of a harness. [Cant] Thackeray.

Mar´tin•mas , n. [St. Martin + mass religious service.] (Eccl.) The feast of St. Martin, the eleventh of November; — often called martlemans. Martinmas summer, a period of calm, warm weather often experienced about the time of Martinmas; Indian summer. Percy Smith.

Mar´tite , n. [L. Mars, Martis, the god Mars, the alchemical name of iron.] (Min.) Iron sesquioxide in isometric form, probably a pseudomorph after magnetite.

Mar´tle•mas , n. See Martinmas. [Obs.]

Mart´let , n. [F. martinet. See Martin the bird, and cf. Martinet a disciplinarian.] 1. (Zoöl.) The European house martin. 2. [Cf. F. merlette.] (Her.) A bird without beak or feet; — generally assumed to represent a martin. As a mark of cadency it denotes the fourth son.

Mar´tyr , n. [AS., from L. martyr, Gr. ma•rtyr, ma•rtys, prop., a witness; cf. Skr. smr to remember, E. memory.] 1. One who, by his death, bears witness to the truth of the gospel; one who is put to death for his religion; as Stephen was the first Christian martyr. Chaucer. “To be a martyr, signifies only to witness the truth of Christ; but the witnessing of the truth was then so generally attended with persecution, that martyrdom now signifies not only to witness, but to witness by death.” South. 2. Hence, one who sacrifices his life, his station, or what is of great value to him, for the sake of principle, or to sustain a cause. “Then if thou fall’st, O Cromwell,
Thou fall’st a blessed martyr !” Shak.

Mar´tyr , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Martyred p. pr. & vb. n. Martyring.] 1. To put to death for adhering to some belief, esp. Christianity; to sacrifice on account of faith or profession. Bp. Pearson. 2. To persecute; to torment; to torture. Chaucer. “The lovely Amoret, whose gentle heart
Thou martyrest with sorrow and with smart.” Spenser. “Racked with sciatics, martyred with the stone.” Pope.

Mar´tyr•dom , n. [Martyr + -dom.] 1. The condition of a martyr; the death of a martyr; the suffering of death on account of adherence to the Christian faith, or to any cause. Bacon. “I came from martyrdom unto this peace.” Longfellow. 2. Affliction; torment; torture. Chaucer.

Mar•tyr•i•za´tion , n. Act of martyrizing, or state of being martyrized; torture. B. Jonson.

Mar´tyr•ize , v. t. [Cf. F. martyriser, LL. martyrizare.] To make a martyr of. Spenser.

Mar´tyr•ly, adv. In the manner of a martyr.

Mar´tyr•o•loge , n. [LL. martyrologium: cf. F. martyrologe.] A martyrology. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. { Mar•tyr•o•log´ic , Mar•tyr•o•log´ic•al , } a. Pertaining to martyrology or martyrs; registering, or registered in, a catalogue of martyrs.

Mar•tyr•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. martyrologiste.] A writer of martyrology; an historian of martyrs. T. Warton.

Mar•tyr•ol´o•gy , n.; pl. -gies (#). [Martyr + -logy.] A history or account of martyrs; a register of martyrs. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Mar´tyr•ship, n. Martyrdom. [R.] Fuller.

Mar´vel , n. [OE. mervaile, F. merveille, fr. L. mirabilia wonderful things, pl., fr. mirabilis wonderful, fr. mirari to wonder or marvel at. See Admire, Smile, and cf. Miracle.] 1. That which causes wonder; a prodigy; a miracle. “I will do marvels such as have not been done.” Ex. xxxiv. 10. “Nature’s sweet marvel undefiled.” Emerson. 2. Wonder. [R.] ´Use lessens marvel.´ Sir W. Scott. Marvel of Peru. (Bot.) See Four- o’clock.

Mar´vel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marveled or Marvelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marveling or Marvelling.] [OE. merveilen, OF. merveillier.] To be struck with surprise, astonishment, or wonder; to wonder. “Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you.” 1 john iii. 13.

Mar´vel, v. t. 1. To marvel at. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To cause to marvel, or be surprised; — used impersonally. [Obs.] “But much now me marveleth.” Rich. the Redeless.

Mar´vel•ous , a. [OE. merveillous, OF. merveillos, F. Merveilleux. See Marvel, n.] [Written also marvellous.] 1. Exciting wonder or surprise; astonishing; wonderful. “This is the Lord’s doing; it is marvelous in our eyes.” Ps. cxiii. 23. 2. Partaking of the character of miracle, or supernatural power; incredible. “The marvelous fable includes whatever is supernatural, and especially the machines of the gods.” Pope. The marvelous, that which exceeds natural power, or is preternatural; that which is wonderful; — opposed to the probable. Syn. — Wonderful; astonishing; surprising; strange; improbable; incredible. — Marvelous, Wonderful. We speak of a thing as wonderful when it awakens our surprise and admiration; as marvelous when it is so much out of the ordinary course of things as to seem nearly or quite incredible.

Mar´vel•ous•ly, adv. In a marvelous manner; wonderfully; strangely.

Mar´vel•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being marvelous; wonderfulness; strangeness.

Mar´ver , n. [Prob. corrupt. fr. OE. or F. marbre marble.] (Glass Marking) A stone, or cast-iron plate, or former, on which hot glass is rolled to give it shape.

Mar´y , n. Marrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ry , interj. See Marry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ry-bud , n. (Bot.) The marigold; a blossom of the marigold. Shak.

Ma•ry•ol´a•try , n. Mariolatry.

Ma´ry•sole , n. [Mary, the proper name + sole the fish.] (Zoöl.) A large British fluke, or flounder (Rhombus megastoma); — called also carter, and whiff. { Mas•ca´gnin , Mas•ca´gnite } n. [Cf. F. mascagnin.] (Min.) Native sulphate of ammonia, found in volcanic districts; — so named from Mascagni, who discovered it.

Mas´cle (mas´k’l), n. [OF. mascle, F. macle, L. macula spot, mesh of a net, LL. macula, macla, mascla a scale of a coat of mail. See Mail armor.] (Her.) A lozenge voided.

Mas´cled (-k’ld), a. Composed of, or covered with, lozenge-shaped scales; having lozenge-shaped divisions. Mascled armor, armor composed of small lozenge-shaped scales of metal fastened on a foundation of leather or quilted cloth. { Mas´cot , Mas´cotte } , n. [Through French fr. Pr. mascot a little sorcerer or magician, mascotto witchcraft, sorcery.] A person who is supposed to bring good luck to the household to which he or she belongs; anything that brings good luck.

Mas´cu•late , v. t. [L. masculus male, masculine.] To make strong. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Mas´cu•line (mas´ku•lin), a. [L. masculinus, fr. masculus male, manly, dim. of mas a male: cf. F. masculin. See Male masculine.] 1. Of the male sex; not female. “Thy masculine children, that is to say, thy sons.” Chaucer. 2. Having the qualities of a man; suitable to, or characteristic of, a man; virile; not feminine or effeminate; strong; robust. “That lady, after her husband’s death, held the reins with a masculine energy.” Hallam. 3. Belonging to males; appropriated to, or used by, males. [R.] ´A masculine church.´ Fuller. 4. (Gram.) Having the inflections of, or construed with, words pertaining especially to male beings, as distinguished from feminine and neuter. See Gender. — Mas´cu•line•ly, adv. — Mas´cu•line•ness, n.

Mas•cu•lin´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being masculine; masculineness.

Mase , n. & v. See Maze. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mas´e•lyn , n. A drinking cup. See 1st Maslin, 2. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ma´ser , n. Same as Mazer.

Mash , n. A mesh. [Obs.]

Mash, n. [Akin to G. meisch, maisch, meische, maische, mash, wash, and prob. to AS. miscian to mix. See Mix.] 1. A mass of mixed ingredients reduced to a soft pulpy state by beating or pressure; a mass of anything in a soft pulpy state. Specifically (Brewing), ground or bruised malt, or meal of rye, wheat, corn, or other grain (or a mixture of malt and meal) steeped and stirred in hot water for making the wort. 2. A mixture of meal or bran and water fed to animals. 3. A mess; trouble. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Mash tun, a large tub used in making mash and wort.

Mash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mashed p. pr. & vb. n. Mashing.] [Akin to G. meischen, maischen, to mash, mix, and prob. to mischen, E. mix. See 2d Mash.] To convert into a mash; to reduce to a soft pulpy state by beating or pressure; to bruise; to crush; as to mash apples in a mill, or potatoes with a pestle. Specifically (Brewing), to convert, as malt, or malt and meal, into the mash which makes wort. Mashing tub, a tub for making the mash in breweries and distilleries; — called also mash tun, and mash vat.

Mash´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, mashes; also (Brewing), a machine for making mash. 2. A charmer of women. [Slang] London Punch.

Mash´lin , n. See Maslin.

Mash´y , a. Produced by crushing or bruising; resembling, or consisting of, a mash.

Mask , n. [F. masque, LL. masca, mascha, mascus; cf. Sp. & Pg. máscara, It. maschera; all fr. Ar. maskharat buffoon, fool, pleasantry, anything ridiculous or mirthful, fr. sakhira to ridicule, to laugh at. Cf. Masque, Masquerade.] 1. A cover, or partial cover, for the face, used for disguise or protection; as a dancer’s mask; a fencer’s mask; a ball player’s mask. 2. That which disguises; a pretext or subterfuge. 3. A festive entertainment of dancing or other diversions, where all wear masks; a masquerade; hence, a revel; a frolic; a delusive show. Bacon. “This thought might lead me through the world’s vain mask.” Milton. 4. A dramatic performance, formerly in vogue, in which the actors wore masks and represented mythical or allegorical characters. 5. (Arch.) A grotesque head or face, used to adorn keystones and other prominent parts, to spout water in fountains, and the like; — called also mascaron. 6. (Fort.) (a) In a permanent fortification, a redoubt which protects the caponiere. (b) A screen for a battery. 7. (Zoöl.) The lower lip of the larva of a dragon fly, modified so as to form a prehensile organ. Mask house, a house for masquerades. [Obs.]

Mask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masked p. pr. & vb. n. Masking.] 1. To cover, as the face, by way of concealment or defense against injury; to conceal with a mask or visor. “They must all be masked and vizarded.” Shak. 2. To disguise; to cover; to hide. “Masking the business from the common eye.” Shak. 3. (Mil.) (a) To conceal; also to intervene in the line of. (b) To cover or keep in check; as to mask a body of troops or a fortress by a superior force, while some hostile evolution is being carried out.

Mask, v. i. 1. To take part as a masker in a masquerade. Cavendish. 2. To wear a mask; to be disguised in any way. Shak.

Masked , a. 1. Wearing a mask or masks; characterized by masks; concealed; hidden. 2. (Bot.) Same as Personate. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior part of the head differing decidedly in color from the rest of the plumage; — said of birds. Masked ball, a ball in which the dancers wear masks. — Masked battery (Mil.), a battery so placed as not to be seen by an enemy until it opens fire. H. L. Scott. — Masked crab (Zoöl.), a European crab (Corystes cassivelaunus) with markings on the carapace somewhat resembling a human face. — Masked pig (Zoöl.), a Japanese domestic hog (Sus pliciceps). Its face is deeply furrowed.

Mask´er , n. One who wears a mask; one who appears in disguise at a masquerade.

Mask´er, v. t. To confuse; to stupefy. [Obs.] Holland.

Mask´er•y , n. The dress or disguise of a masker; masquerade. [Obs.] Marston.

Mas´ki•nonge , n. The muskellunge.

Mask´ shell (Zoöl.) Any spiral marine shell of the genus Persona, having a curiously twisted aperture.

Mas´lach , n. [Ar. maslaq: cf. F. masloc.] (Med.) An excitant containing opium, much used by the Turks. Dunglison.

Mas´lin , n. [OE. missellane, misceline, miscelin, meslin, fr. miscellane. See Miscellane.] 1. A mixture composed of different materials; especially: (a) A mixture of metals resembling brass. (b) A mixture of different sorts of grain, as wheat and rye. [Written also meslin, mislin, maselyn, mastlin.] 2. A vessel made of maslin, 1 (a). [Obs.] “Mead eke in a maselyn.” Chaucer.

Mas´lin, a. Composed of different sorts; as maslin bread, which is made of rye mixed with a little wheat. [Written also meslin, mislin, etc.]

Ma´son , n. [F. maçon, LL. macio, machio, mattio, mactio, marcio, macerio; of uncertain origin.] 1. One whose occupation is to build with stone or brick; also one who prepares stone for building purposes. 2. A member of the fraternity of Freemasons. See Freemason. Mason bee (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of solitary bees of the genus Osmia. They construct curious nests of hardened mud and sand. — Mason moth (Zoöl.), any moth whose larva constructs an earthen cocoon under the soil. — Mason shell (Zoöl.), a marine univalve shell of the genus Phorus; — so called because it cements other shells and pebbles upon its own shell; a carrier shell. — Mason wasp (Zoöl.), any wasp that constructs its nest, or brood cells, of hardened mud. The female fills the cells with insects or spiders, paralyzed by a sting, and thus provides food for its larvae

Ma´son, v. t. To build stonework or brickwork about, under, in, over, etc.; to construct by masons; — with a prepositional suffix; as to mason up a well or terrace; to mason in a kettle or boiler.

Ma•son´ic (ma•son´ik), a. Of or pertaining to Freemasons or to their craft or mysteries.

Ma´son•ry , n. [F. maçonnerie.] 1. The art or occupation of a mason. 2. The work or performance of a mason; as good or bad masonry; skillful masonry. 3. That which is built by a mason; anything constructed of the materials used by masons, such as stone, brick, tiles, or the like. Dry masonry is applied to structures made without mortar. 4. The craft, institution, or mysteries of Freemasons; freemasonry.

Ma•soo´la boat A kind of boat used on the coast of Madras India. The planks are sewed together with strands of coir which cross over a wadding of the same material, so that the shock on taking the beach through surf is much reduced. [Written also masula, masulah, etc.]

Ma•so´ra , n. [NHeb. masorah tradition.] A Jewish critical work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed by several learned rabbis of the school of Tiberias in the eighth and ninth centuries. [Written also Masorah, Massora, and Massorah.]

Mas´o•ret , n. A Masorite. [Written also Masorete, and Massorete.] { Mas•o•ret´ic , Mas•o•ret´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. massoretique.] Of or relating to the Masora, or to its authors. Masoretic points and accents, the vowel points and accents of the Hebrew text of the Bible, of which the first mention is in the Masora.

Mas´o•rite , n. One of the writers of the Masora.

Masque , n. A mask; a masquerade.

Mas•quer•ade´ , n. [F. mascarade, fr. Sp. mascarada, or It. mascherata. See Mask.] 1. An assembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing themselves with dancing, conversation, or other diversions. “In courtly balls and midnight masquerades.” Pope. 2. A dramatic performance by actors in masks; a mask. See 1st Mask, 4. [Obs.] 3. Acting or living under false pretenses; concealment of something by a false or unreal show; pretentious show; disguise. “That masquerade of misrepresentation which invariably accompanied the political eloquence of Rome.” De Quincey. 4. A Spanish diversion on horseback.

Mas•quer•ade´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Masqueraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Masquerading.] 1. To assemble in masks; to take part in a masquerade. 2. To frolic or disport in disquise; to make a pretentious show of being what one is not. “A freak took an ass in the head, and he goes into the woods, masquerading up and down in a lion’s skin.” L’Estrange.

Mas•quer•ade´, v. t. To conceal with masks; to disguise. ´To masquerade vice.´ Killingbeck.

Mas•quer•ad´er , n. One who masquerades; a person wearing a mask; one disguised.

Mass , n. [OE. masse, messe, AS. maesse. LL. missa, from L. mittere, missum, to send, dismiss: cf. F. messe. In the ancient churches, the public services at which the catechumens were permitted to be present were called missa catechumenorum, ending with the reading of the Gospel. Then they were dismissed with these words : ´Ite, missa est´ [sc. ecclesia], the congregation is dismissed. After that the sacrifice proper began. At its close the same words were said to those who remained. So the word gave the name of Mass to the sacrifice in the Catholic Church. See Missile, and cf. Christmas, Lammas, Mess a dish, Missal.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The sacrifice in the sacrament of the Eucharist, or the consecration and oblation of the host. 2. (Mus.) The portions of the Mass usually set to music, considered as a musical composition; — namely, the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Credo, the Sanctus, and the Agnus Dei, besides sometimes an Offertory and the Benedictus. Canon of the Mass. See Canon. — High Mass, Mass with incense, music, the assistance of a deacon, subdeacon, etc. — Low Mass, Mass which is said by the priest throughout, without music. — Mass bell, the sanctus bell. See Sanctus. — Mass book, the missal or Roman Catholic service book.

Mass , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Massed p. pr. & vb. n. Massing.] To celebrate Mass. [Obs.] Hooker.

Mass, n. [OE. masse, F. masse, L. massa; akin to Gr. a barley cake, fr. to knead. Cf. Macerate.] 1. A quantity of matter cohering together so as to make one body, or an aggregation of particles or things which collectively make one body or quantity, usually of considerable size; as a mass of ore, metal, sand, or water. “If it were not for these principles, the bodies of the earth, planets, comets, sun, and all things in them, would grow cold and freeze, and become inactive masses.” Sir I. Newton. “A deep mass of continual sea is slower stirred
To rage.” Savile. 2. (Phar.) A medicinal substance made into a cohesive, homogeneous lump, of consistency suitable for making pills; as blue mass. 3. A large quantity; a sum. “All the mass of gold that comes into Spain.” Sir W. Raleigh. “He had spent a huge mass of treasure.” Sir J. Davies. 4. Bulk; magnitude; body; size. “This army of such mass and charge.” Shak. 5. The principal part; the main body. “Night closed upon the pursuit, and aided the mass of the fugitives in their escape.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 6. (Physics) The quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or volume. Mass and weight are often used, in a general way, as interchangeable terms, since the weight of a body is proportional to its mass (under the same or equal gravitative forces), and the mass is usually ascertained from the weight. Yet the two ideas mass and weight, are quite distinct. Mass is the quantity of matter in a body; weight is the comparative force with which it tends towards the center of the earth. A mass of sugar and a mass of lead are assumed to be equal when they show an equal weight by balancing each other in the scales. Blue mass. See under Blue. — Mass center (Geom.), the center of gravity of a triangle. — Mass copper, native copper in a large mass. — Mass meeting, a large or general assembly of people, usually a meeting having some relation to politics. — The masses, the great body of the people, as contrasted with the higher classes; the populace.

Mass, v. t. To form or collect into a mass; to form into a collective body; to bring together into masses; to assemble. “But mass them together and they are terrible indeed.” Coleridge.

Mas´sa•cre , n. [F., fr. LL. mazacrium; cf. Prov. G. metzgern, metzgen, to kill cattle, G. metzger a butcher, and LG. matsken to cut, hew, OHG. meizan to cut, Goth. máitan.] 1. The killing of a considerable number of human beings under circumstances of atrocity or cruelty, or contrary to the usages of civilized people; as the massacre on St. Bartholomew’s Day. 2. Murder. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Massacre, Butchery, Carnage. Massacre denotes the promiscuous slaughter of many who can not make resistance, or much resistance. Butchery refers to cold-blooded cruelty in the killing of men as if they were brute beasts. Carnage points to slaughter as producing the heaped-up bodies of the slain. “I’ll find a day to massacre them all,
And raze their faction and their family.” Shak. “If thou delight to view thy heinous deeds,
Brhold this pattern of thy butcheries.” Shak. “Such a scent I draw
Of carnage, prey innumerable !” Milton.

Mas´sa•cre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Massacred p. pr. & vb. n. Massacring ] [Cf. F. massacrer. See Massacre, n.] To kill in considerable numbers where much resistance can not be made; to kill with indiscriminate violence, without necessity, and contrary to the usages of nations; to butcher; to slaughter; — limited to the killing of human beings. “If James should be pleased to massacre them all, as Maximian had massacred the Theban legion.” Macaulay.

Mas´sa•crer , n. One who massacres. [R.]

Mas´sage , n. [F.] A rubbing or kneading of the body, especially when performed as a hygienic or remedial measure.

Mas•sa•sau´ga , n. (Zoöl.) The black rattlesnake (Crotalus, or Caudisona, tergemina), found in the Mississippi Valley. { Masse, or Masse shot }, n. (Billiards) A stroke made with the cue held vertically.

Mass´er, n. A priest who celebrates Mass. [R.] Bale.

Mas´se•ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a chewer, a muscle of the lower jaw used in chewing, from to chew: cf. F. masseter.] (Anat.) The large muscle which raises the under jaw, and assists in mastication.

Mas•se•ter´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the masseter.

Mas´se•ter•ine , a. (Anat.) Masseteric. { Mas•seur´ , n. m., Mas•seuse´ , n. f.,} [F., or formed in imitation of French. See Massage.] (Med.) One who performs massage.

Mas´si•cot , n. [F. massicot; E. masticot is a corruption.] (Chem.) Lead protoxide, PbO, obtained as a yellow amorphous powder, the fused and crystalline form of which is called litharge; lead ocher. It is used as a pigment. Massicot is sometimes used by painters, and also as a drier in the composition of ointments and plasters.

Mass´i•ness , n. [From Massy.] The state or quality of being massy; ponderousness.

Mass´ive , a. [F. massif.] 1. Forming, or consisting of, a large mass; compacted; weighty; heavy; massy. ´Massive armor.´ Dr. H. More. 2. (Min.) In mass; not necessarily without a crystalline structure, but having no regular form; as a mineral occurs massive. Massive rock (Geol.), a compact crystalline rock not distinctly schistose, as granite; also with some authors, an eruptive rock.

Mass´ive•ly, adv. In a heavy mass.

Mass´ive•ness, n. The state or quality of being massive; massiness.

Mas•soo´la boat. See Masoola boat.

Mas•so´ra , n. Same as Masora.

Mas´so•ret , n. Same as Masorite.

Mass´y , a. [Compar. Massier superl. Massiest.] Compacted into, or consisting of, a mass; having bulk and weight or substance; ponderous; bulky and heavy; weighty; heavy; as a massy shield; a massy rock. “Your swords are now too massy for your strengths,
And will not be uplifted.” Shak. “Yawning rocks in massy fragments fly.” Pope.

Mast (mast), n. [AS. maest, fem.; akin to G. mast, and E. meat. See Meat.] The fruit of the oak and beech, or other forest trees; nuts; acorns. “Oak mast, and beech, … they eat.” Chapman. “Swine under an oak filling themselves with the mast.” South.

Mast, n. [AS. maest, masc.; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. mast, Icel. mastr, and perh. to L. malus.] 1. (Naut.) A pole, or long, strong, round piece of timber, or spar, set upright in a boat or vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rigging, etc. A mast may also consist of several pieces of timber united by iron bands, or of a hollow pillar of iron or steel. “The tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some great ammiral.” Milton. The most common general names of masts are foremast, mainmast, and mizzenmast, each of which may be made of separate spars. 2. (Mach.) The vertical post of a derrick or crane. Afore the mast, Before the mast. See under Afore, and Before. - - Mast coat. See under Coat. — Mast hoop, one of a number of hoops attached to the fore edge of a boom sail, which slip on the mast as the sail is raised or lowered; also one of the iron hoops used in making a made mast. See Made.

Mast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masted; p. pr. & vb. n. Masting.] To furnish with a mast or masts; to put the masts of in position; as to mast a ship.

Mas´tax , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mouth, jaws.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pharynx of a rotifer. It usually contains four horny pieces. The two central ones form the incus, against which the mallei, or lateral ones, work so as to crush the food. (b) The lore of a bird.

Mast´ed , a. Furnished with a mast or masts; — chiefly in composition; as a three-masted schooner.

Mast´er (-er), n. (Naut.) A vessel having (so many) masts; — used only in compounds; as a two-master.

Mas´ter (mas´ter), n. [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. maître, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. me•gas. Cf. Maestro, Magister, Magistrate, Magnitude, Major, Mister, Mistress, Mickle.] 1. A male person having another living being so far subject to his will, that he can, in the main, control his or its actions; — formerly used with much more extensive application than now. (a) The employer of a servant. (b) The owner of a slave. (c) The person to whom an apprentice is articled. (d) A sovereign, prince, or feudal noble; a chief, or one exercising similar authority. (e) The head of a household. (f) The male head of a school or college. (g) A male teacher. (h) The director of a number of persons performing a ceremony or sharing a feast. (i) The owner of a docile brute, — especially a dog or horse. (j) The controller of a familiar spirit or other supernatural being. 2. One who uses, or controls at will, anything inanimate; as to be master of one’s time. Shak. “Master of a hundred thousand drachms.” Addison. “We are masters of the sea.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). 3. One who has attained great skill in the use or application of anything; as a master of oratorical art. “Great masters of ridicule.” Macaulay. “No care is taken to improve young men in their own language, that they may thoroughly understand and be masters of it.” Locke. 4. A title given by courtesy, now commonly pronounced mister, except when given to boys; — sometimes written Mister, but usually abbreviated to Mr. 5. A young gentleman; a lad, or small boy. “Where there are little masters and misses in a house, they are impediments to the diversions of the servants.” Swift. 6. (Naut.) The commander of a merchant vessel; — usually called captain. also a commissioned officer in the navy ranking next above ensign and below lieutenant; formerly, an officer on a man-of-war who had immediate charge, under the commander, of sailing the vessel. 7. A person holding an office of authority among the Freemasons, esp. the presiding officer; also a person holding a similar office in other civic societies. Little masters, certain German engravers of the 16th century, so called from the extreme smallness of their prints. — Master in chancery, an officer of courts of equity, who acts as an assistant to the chancellor or judge, by inquiring into various matters referred to him, and reporting thereon to the court. — Master of arts, one who takes the second degree at a university; also the degree or title itself, indicated by the abbreviation M. A., or A. M. — Master of the horse, the third great officer in the British court, having the management of the royal stables, etc. In ceremonial cavalcades he rides next to the sovereign. — Master of the rolls, in England, an officer who has charge of the rolls and patents that pass the great seal, and of the records of the chancery, and acts as assistant judge of the court. Bouvier. Wharton. — Past master, one who has held the office of master in a lodge of Freemasons or in a society similarly organized. — The old masters, distinguished painters who preceded modern painters; especially, the celebrated painters of the 16th and 17th centuries. — To be master of one’s self, to have entire self-control; not to be governed by passion. — To be one’s own master, to be at liberty to act as one chooses without dictation from anybody. Master, signifying chief, principal, masterly, superior, thoroughly skilled, etc., is often used adjectively or in compounds; as master builder or master-builder, master chord or master-chord, master mason or master-mason, master workman or master-workman, master mechanic, master mind, master spirit, master passion, etc. “Throughout the city by the master gate.” Chaucer. Master joint (Geol.), a quarryman’s term for the more prominent and extended joints traversing a rock mass. — Master key, a key adapted to open several locks differing somewhat from each other; figuratively, a rule or principle of general application in solving difficulties. — Master lode (Mining), the principal vein of ore. — Master mariner, an experienced and skilled seaman who is certified to be competent to command a merchant vessel. — Master sinew (Far.), a large sinew that surrounds the hough of a horse, and divides it from the bone by a hollow place, where the windgalls are usually seated. — Master singer. See Mastersinger. — Master stroke, a capital performance; a masterly achievement; a consummate action; as a master stroke of policy. — Master tap (Mech.), a tap for forming the thread in a screw cutting die. — Master touch. (a) The touch or skill of a master. Pope. (b) Some part of a performance which exhibits very skillful work or treatment. ´Some master touches of this admirable piece.´ Tatler. — Master work, the most important work accomplished by a skilled person, as in architecture, literature, etc.; also a work which shows the skill of a master; a masterpiece. — Master workman, a man specially skilled in any art, handicraft, or trade, or who is an overseer, foreman, or employer.

Mas´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mastered p. pr. vb. n. Mastering.] 1. To become the master of; to subject to one’s will, control, or authority; to conquer; to overpower; to subdue. “Obstinacy and willful neglects must be mastered, even though it cost blows.” Locke. 2. To gain the command of, so as to understand or apply; to become an adept in; as to master a science. 3. To own; to posses. [Obs.] “The wealth
That the world masters.” Shak.

Mas´ter, v. i. To be skillful; to excel. [Obs.]

Mas´ter•dom , n. [Master + -dom.] Dominion; rule; command. [R.] Shak.

Mas´ter•ful , a. 1. Inclined to play the master; domineering; imperious; arbitrary. Dryden. 2. Having the skill or power of a master; indicating or expressing power or mastery. “His masterful, pale face.” Mrs. Browning.

Mas´ter•ful•ly, adv. In a masterful manner; imperiously. “A lawless and rebellious man who held lands masterfully and in high contempt of the royal authority.” Macaulay.

Mas´ter•hood , n. The state of being a master; hence, disposition to command or hector. C. Bronte.

Mas´ter•less, a. Destitute of a master or owner; ungoverned or ungovernable. — Mas´ter•less•ness, n.

Mas´ter•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being masterly; ability to control wisely or skillfully.

Mas´ter•ly, a. 1. Suitable to, or characteristic of, a master; indicating thorough knowledge or superior skill and power; showing a master’s hand; as a masterly design; a masterly performance; a masterly policy. ´A wise and masterly inactivity.´ Sir J. Mackintosh. 2. Imperious; domineering; arbitrary.

Mas´ter•ly, adv. With the skill of a master. “Thou dost speak masterly.” Shak.

Mas´ter•ous , a. Masterly. [Obs.] Milton.

Mas´ter•piece , n. Anything done or made with extraordinary skill; a capital performance; a chef- d’œuvre; a supreme achievement. “The top and masterpiece of art.” South. “Dissimulation was his masterpiece.” Claredon.

Mas´ter•ship, n. 1. The state or office of a master. 2. Mastery; dominion; superior skill; superiority. “Where noble youths for mastership should strive.” Driden. 3. Chief work; masterpiece. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. An ironical title of respect. “How now, seignior Launce ! what news with your mastership ?” Shak.

Mas´ter•sing•er , n. [A translation of G. meistersänger.] One of a class of poets which flourished in Nuremberg and some other cities of Germany in the 15th and 16th centuries. They bound themselves to observe certain arbitrary laws of rhythm.

Mas´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) (a) A tall and coarse European umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Ostruthium, formerly Imperatoria). (b) The Astrantia major, a European umbelliferous plant with a showy colored involucre. (c) Improperly, the cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum).

Mas´ter•y , n.; pl. Masteries (#). [OF. maistrie.] 1. The position or authority of a master; dominion; command; supremacy; superiority. “If divided by mountains, they will fight for the mastery of the passages of the tops.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Superiority in war or competition; victory; triumph; preëminence. “The voice of them that shout for mastery.” Ex. xxxii. 18. “Every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things.” 1 Cor. ix. 25. “O, but to have gulled him
Had been a mastery.” B. Jonson. 3. Contest for superiority. [Obs.] Holland. 4. A masterly operation; a feat. [Obs.] “I will do a maistrie ere I go.” Chaucer. 5. Specifically, the philosopher’s stone. [Obs.] 6. The act process of mastering; the state of having mastered. “He could attain to a mastery in all languages.” Tillotson. “The learning and mastery of a tongue, being unpleasant in itself, should not be cumbered with other difficulties.” Locke.

Mast´ful , a. [See lst Mast.] Abounding in mast; producing mast in abundance; as the mastful forest; a mastful chestnut. Dryden.

Mast´head , n. (Naut.) The top or head of a mast; the part of a mast above the hounds.

Mast´head´, v. t. (Naut.) To cause to go to the masthead as a punishment. Marryat.

Mast´house , n. A building in which vessels’ masts are shaped, fitted, etc.

Mas´tic , n. [F., fr. L. mastiche, mastichum, Gr. , fr. to chew, because of its being used in the East for chewing.] [Written also mastich.] 1. (Bot.) A low shrubby tree of the genus Pistacia (P. Lentiscus), growing upon the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, and producing a valuable resin; — called also mastic tree. 2. A resin exuding from the mastic tree, and obtained by incision. The best is in yellowish white, semitransparent tears, of a faint smell, and is used as an astringent and an aromatic, also as an ingredient in varnishes. 3. A kind of cement composed of burnt clay, litharge, and linseed oil, used for plastering walls, etc. Barbary mastic (Bot.), the Pistachia Atlantica. — Peruvian mastic tree (Bot.), a small tree (Schinus Molle) with peppery red berries; — called also pepper tree. — West Indian mastic (Bot.), a lofty tree (Bursera gummifera) full of gum resin in every part.

Mas´ti•ca•ble , a. Capable of being masticated.

Mas•ti•ca´dor , n. [Cf. Sp. mastigador. See Masticate.] (Man.) A part of a bridle, the slavering bit. [Written also mastigador.]

Mas´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masticated p. pr. & vb. n. Masticating ] [L. masticatus, p. p. of masticare to chew, prob. fr. mastiche mastic. See Mastic.] To grind or crush with, or as with, the teeth and prepare for swallowing and digestion; to chew; as to masticate food.

Mas´ti•ca•ter , n. One who masticates.

Mas•ti•ca´tion , n. [L. masticatio: cf. F. mastication.] The act or operation of masticating; chewing, as of food. “Mastication is a necessary preparation of solid aliment, without which there can be no good digestion.” Arbuthnot.

Mas´ti•ca•tor , n. 1. One who masticates. 2. A machine for cutting meat into fine pieces for toothless people; also a machine for cutting leather, India rubber, or similar tough substances, into fine pieces, in some processes of manufacture.

Mas´ti•ca•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. masticatoire.] Chewing; adapted to perform the office of chewing food.

Mas´ti•ca•to•ry, n.; pl. -ries . (Med.) A substance to be chewed to increase the saliva. Bacon.

Mas´tich , n. See Mastic.

Mas´ti•cin , n. (Chem.) A white, amorphous, tenacious substance resembling caoutchouc, and obtained as an insoluble residue of mastic.

Mas´ti•cot , n. (Chem.) Massicot. [Obs.]

Mas´tiff , n.; pl. Mastiffs . [Mastives is irregular and unusual.] [Prob. fr. Prov. E. masty, adj., large, n., a great dog, prob. fr. mast fruit, and hence, lit., fattened with mast. There is perh. confusion with OF. mestif mongrel; cf. also F. mâtin mastiff, OF. mastin.] (Zoöl.) A breed of large dogs noted for strength and courage. There are various strains, differing in form and color, and characteristic of different countries. Mastiff bat (Zoöl.) , any bat of the genus Molossus; so called because the face somewhat resembles that of a mastiff.

Mas´ti•go•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Mastigopoda.

Mas•ti•gop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ma•stix, -igos, a whip + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The Infusoria.

Mas´ti•gure , n. [Gr. ma•stix, -igos, a scourge + tail.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several large spiny-tailed lizards of the genus Uromastix. They inhabit Southern Asia and North Africa.

Mast´ing , n. (Naut.) The act or process of putting a mast or masts into a vessel; also the scientific principles which determine the position of masts, and the mechanical methods of placing them. Masting house (Naut.), a large building, with suitable mechanism overhanging the water, used for stepping and unstepping the masts of vessels.

Mas•ti´tis , n. [Gr. masto•s breast + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the breast.

Mast´less , a. [See lst Mast.] Bearing no mast; as a mastless oak or beech. Dryden.

Mast´less, a. [See 2d Mast.] Having no mast; as a mastless vessel.

Mast´lin (mast´lin), n. See Maslin.

Mas´to•don , n. [Gr. masto•s the breast + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth. So called from the conical projections upon its molar teeth.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of mammals closely allied to the elephant, but having less complex molar teeth, and often a pair of lower, as well as upper, tusks, which are incisor teeth. The species were mostly larger than elephants, and their remains occur in nearly all parts of the world in deposits ranging from Miocene to late Quaternary time.

Mas•to•don•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. E. Mastodon + Gr. say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) A large extinct genus of labyrinthodonts, found in the European Triassic rocks.

Mas•to•don´tic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a mastodon; as mastodontic dimensions. Everett.

Mas•to•dyn´i•a , Mas•tod´y•ny , n. [NL. mastodynia, fr. Gr. masto•s the breast + pain.] (Med.) Pain occuring in the mamma or female breast, — a form of neuralgia.

Mas´toid , a. [Gr. ; masto•s the breast + form: cf. F. mastoïde.] (Anat.) (a) Resembling the nipple or the breast; — applied specifically to a process of the temporal bone behind the ear. (b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the mastoid process; mastoidal.

Mas•toid´al , a. Same as Mastoid.

Mas•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. masto•s the breast + -logy: cf. F. mastologie.] The natural history of Mammalia.

Mas´tress , n. Mistress. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mas•tur•ba´tion , n. [L. masturbatus, p. p. of masturbari to practice onanism: cf. F. masturbation.] Onanism; self-pollution.

Mast´y , a. [See lst Mast.] Full of mast; abounding in acorns, etc.

Ma•su´la boat Same as Masoola boat.

Mat , n. [Cf. Matte.] A name given by coppersmiths to an alloy of copper, tin, iron, etc., usually called white metal. [Written also matt.]

Mat, a. [OF. See 4th Mate.] Cast down; dejected; overthrown; slain. [Obs.] “When he saw them so piteous and so maat.” Chaucer.

Mat, n. [AS. matt, meatt, fr. L. matta a mat made of rushes.] 1. A fabric of sedge, rushes, flags, husks, straw, hemp, or similar material, used for wiping and cleaning shoes at the door, for covering the floor of a hall or room, and for other purposes. 2. Any similar fabric for various uses, as for covering plant houses, putting beneath dishes or lamps on a table, securing rigging from friction, and the like. 3. Anything growing thickly, or closely interwoven, so as to resemble a mat in form or texture; as a mat of weeds; a mat of hair. 4. An ornamental border made of paper, pasterboard, metal, etc., put under the glass which covers a framed picture; as the mat of a daguerreotype. Mat grass. (Bot.) (a) A low, tufted, European grass (Nardus stricta). (b) Same as Matweed. — Mat rush (Bot.), a kind of rush (Scirpus lacustris) used in England for making mats.

Mat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matted p. pr. & vb. n. Matting.] 1. To cover or lay with mats. Evelyn. 2. To twist, twine, or felt together; to interweave into, or like, a mat; to entangle. “And o’er his eyebrows hung his matted hair.” Dryden.

Mat, v. i. To grow thick together; to become interwoven or felted together like a mat.

Ma•ta•chin´ , n. [Sp.] An old dance with swords and bucklers; a sword dance.

Mat´a•co , n. (Zoöl.) The three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutis tricinctus). See Illust. under Loricata. { Mat´a•dore , Mat´a•dor} , n. [Sp. matador, prop., a killer, fr. matar to kill, L. mactare to sacrifice, kill.] 1. The killer; the man appointed to kill the bull in bullfights. 2. (Card Playing) In the game of quadrille or omber, the three principal trumps, the ace of spades being the first, the ace of clubs the third, and the second being the deuce of a black trump or the seven of a red one. “When Lady Tricksey played a four,
You took it with a matadore.” Swift.

Mat•a•gasse´ , n. (Zoöl.) A shrike or butcher bird; — called also mattages. [Prov. Eng.]

Ma•ta•ma´ta , n. [Pg.] (Zoöl.) The bearded tortoise (Chelys fimbriata) of South American rivers.

Ma•tan´za , n. [Sp., slaughter, fr. matar to kill.] A place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and tallow. [Western U. S.]

Match (mach), n. [OE. macche, F. mèche, F. mèche, fr. L. myxa a lamp nozzle, Gr. my•xa mucus, nostril, a lamp nozzle. Cf. Mucus.] Anything used for catching and retaining or communicating fire, made of some substance which takes fire readily, or remains burning some time; esp., a small strip or splint of wood dipped at one end in a substance which can be easily ignited by friction, as a preparation of phosphorus or chlorate of potassium. Match box, a box for holding matches. - - Match tub, a tub with a perforated cover for holding slow matches for firing cannon, esp. on board ship. The tub contains a little water in the bottom, for extinguishing sparks from the lighted matches. — Quick match, threads of cotton or cotton wick soaked in a solution of gunpowder mixed with gum arabic and boiling water and afterwards strewed over with mealed powder. It burns at the rate of one yard in thirteen seconds, and is used as priming for heavy mortars, fireworks, etc. — Slow match, slightly twisted hempen rope soaked in a solution of limewater and saltpeter or washed in a lye of water and wood ashes. It burns at the rate of four or five inches an hour, and is used for firing cannon, fireworks, etc.

Match, n. [OE. macche, AS. gemaecca; akin to gemaca, and to OS. gimako, OHG. gimah fitting, suitable, convenient, Icel. mark suitable, maki mate, Sw. make, Dan. mage; all from the root of E. make, v. See Make mate, and Make, v., and cf. Mate an associate.] 1. A person or thing equal or similar to another; one able to mate or cope with another; an equal; a mate. “Government … makes an innocent man, though of the lowest rank, a match for the mightiest of his fellow subjects.” Addison. 2. A bringing together of two parties suited to one another, as for a union, a trial of skill or force, a contest, or the like; as specifically: (a) A contest to try strength or skill, or to determine superiority; an emulous struggle. ´Many a warlike match.´ Drayton. “A solemn match was made; he lost the prize.” Dryden. (b) A matrimonial union; a marriage. 3. An agreement, compact, etc. ´Thy hand upon that match.´ Shak. “Love doth seldom suffer itself to be confined by other matches than those of its own making.” Boyle. 4. A candidate for matrimony; one to be gained in marriage. ´She … was looked upon as the richest match of the West.´ Clarendon. 5. Equality of conditions in contest or competition. “It were no match, your nail against his horn.” Shak. 6. Suitable combination or bringing together; that which corresponds or harmonizes with something else; as the carpet and curtains are a match. 7. (Founding) A perforated board, block of plaster, hardened sand, etc., in which a pattern is partly imbedded when a mold is made, for giving shape to the surfaces of separation between the parts of the mold. Match boarding (Carp.), boards fitted together with tongue and groove, or prepared to be so fitted. — Match game, a game arranged as a test of superiority. — Match plane (Carp.), either of the two planes used to shape the edges of boards which are joined by grooving and tonguing. — Match plate (Founding), a board or plate on the opposite sides of which the halves of a pattern are fastened, to facilitate molding. Knight. — Match wheel (Mach.), a cogwheel of suitable pitch to work with another wheel; specifically, one of a pair of cogwheels of equal size.

Match, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matched p. pr. & vb. n. Matching.] 1. To be a mate or match for; to be able to complete with; to rival successfully; to equal. “No settled senses of the world can match
The pleasure of that madness.” Shak. 2. To furnish with its match; to bring a match, or equal, against; to show an equal competitor to; to set something in competition with, or in opposition to, as equal. “No history or antiquity can matchis policies and his conduct.” South. 3. To oppose as equal; to contend successfully against. “Eternal might
To match with their inventions they presumed
So easy, and of his thunder made a scorn.” Milton. 4. To make or procure the equal of, or that which is exactly similar to, or corresponds with; as to match a vase or a horse; to match cloth. ´Matching of patterns and colors.´ Swift. 5. To make equal, proportionate, or suitable; to adapt, fit, or suit (one thing to another). “Let poets match their subject to their strength.” Roscommon. 6. To marry; to give in marriage. “A senator of Rome survived,
Would not have matched his daughter with a king.” Addison. 7. To fit together, or make suitable for fitting together; specifically, to furnish with a tongue and a groove, at the edges; as to match boards. Matching machine, a planing machine for forming a tongue or a groove on the edge of a board.

Match, v. i. 1. To be united in marriage; to mate. “I hold it a sin to match in my kindred.” Shak. “Let tigers match with hinds, and wolves with sheep.” Dryden. 2. To be of equal, or similar, size, figure, color, or quality; to tally; to suit; to correspond; as these vases match.

Match´a•ble , a. Capable of being matched; comparable on equal conditions; adapted to being joined together; correspondent. — Match´a•ble•ness, n. “Sir Walter Raleigh … is matchable with the best of the ancients.” Hakewill.

Match´-cloth , n. A coarse cloth.

Match´-coat , n. A coat made of match-cloth.

Match´er , n. One who, or that which, matches; a matching machine. See under 3d Match.

Match´less, a. [Cf. Mateless.] 1. Having no equal; unequaled. ´A matchless queen.´ Waller. 2. Unlike each other; unequal; unsuited. [Obs.] ´Matchless ears.´ Spenser. — Match´less•ly, adv. — Match´less•ness, n.

Match´lock , n. An old form of gunlock containing a match for firing the priming; hence, a musket fired by means of a match.

Match´mak•er , n. 1. One who makes matches for burning or kinding. 2. One who tries to bring about marriages.

Match´mak•ing, n. 1. The act or process of making matches for kindling or burning. 2. The act or process of trying to bring about a marriage for others.

Match´mak•ing, a. Busy in making or contriving marriages; as a matchmaking woman.

Ma´te , n. [Sp.] The Paraguay tea, being the dried leaf of the Brazilian holly (Ilex Paraguensis). The infusion has a pleasant odor, with an agreeable bitter taste, and is much used for tea in South America.

Mate , n. [F. mat, abbrev. fr. echec et mat. See Checkmate.] (Chess) Same as Checkmate.

Mate, a. See 2d Mat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mate, v. t. [F. mater to fatigue, enfeeble, humiliate, checkmate. See Mate checkmate.] 1. To confuse; to confound. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To checkmate.

Mate, n. [Perhaps for older make a companion; cf. also OD. maet companion, mate, D. maat. Cf. Make a companion, Match a mate.] 1. One who customarily associates with another; a companion; an associate; any object which is associated or combined with a similar object. 2. Hence, specifically, a husband or wife; and among the lower animals, one of a pair associated for propagation and the care of their young. 3. A suitable companion; a match; an equal. “Ye knew me once no mate
For you; there sitting where you durst not soar.” Milton. 4. (Naut.) An officer in a merchant vessel ranking next below the captain. If there are more than one bearing the title, they are called, respectively, first mate, second mate, third mate, etc. In the navy, a subordinate officer or assistant; as master’s mate; surgeon’s mate.

Mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mated; p. pr. & vb. n. Mating.] 1. To match; to marry. “If she be mated with an equal husband.” Shak. 2. To match one’s self against; to oppose as equal; to compete with. “There is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death.” Bacon. “I, … in the way of loyalty and truth, …
Dare mate a sounder man than Surrey can be.” Shak.

Mate, v. i. To be or become a mate or mates, especially in sexual companionship; as some birds mate for life; this bird will not mate with that one.

Mate´less, a. [Cf. Matchless.] Having no mate.

Mat´e•lote (mat´e•lot), n. [F., fr. matelot a sailor; properly, a dish such as sailors prepare.] A dish of food composed of many kinds of fish.

Ma•te•ol´o•gy (ma•te•ol´o•jy), n. [Gr. mataiologi•a; ma•taios useless, vain + lo•gos discourse: cf. F. mateologie.] A vain, unprofitable discourse or inquiry. [R.]

Ma•te•o•tech´ny (ma•te•o•tek´ny), n. [Gr. mataiotechni•a; ma•taios vain + te•chnh art, science.] Any unprofitable science. [Obs.]

Ma´ter , n. [L., mother. See Mother.] See Alma mater, Dura mater, and Pia mater.

Ma•te´ri•al , a. [L. materialis, fr. materia stuff, matter: cf. F. materiel. See Matter, and cf. Materiel.] 1. Consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; physical; as material substance or bodies. “The material elements of the universe.” Whewell. 2. Hence: Pertaining to, or affecting, the physical nature of man, as distinguished from the mental or moral nature; relating to the bodily wants, interests, and comforts. 3. Of solid or weighty character; not insubstantial; of consequence; not be dispensed with; important. “Discourse, which was always material, never trifling.” Evelyn. “I shall, in the account of simple ideas set down only such as are most material to our present purpose.” Locke. 4. (Logic.) Pertaining to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing. See Matter. Material cause. See under Cause. — Material evidence (Law), evidence which conduces to the proof or disproof of a relevant hypothesis. Wharton. Syn. — Corporeal; bodily; important; weighty; momentous; essential.

Ma•te´ri•al, n. The substance or matter of which anything is made or may be made. Raw material, any crude, unfinished, or elementary materials that are adapted to use only by processes of skilled labor. Cotton, wool, ore, logs, etc., are raw material.

Ma•te´ri•al, v. t. To form from matter; to materialize. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ma•te´ri•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. materialisme.] 1. The doctrine of materialists; materialistic views and tenets. “The irregular fears of a future state had been supplanted by the materialism of Epicurus.” Buckminster. 2. The tendency to give undue importance to material interests; devotion to the material nature and its wants. 3. Material substances in the aggregate; matter. [R. & Obs.] A. Chalmers.

Ma•te´ri•al•ist (ma•te´ri•al•ist), n. [Cf. F. materialiste.] 1. One who denies the existence of spiritual substances or agents, and maintains that spiritual phenomena, so called, are the result of some peculiar organization of matter. 2. One who holds to the existence of matter, as distinguished from the idealist, who denies it. Berkeley. { Ma•te•ri•al•is´tic , Ma•te•ri•al•is´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to materialism or materialists; of the nature of materialism. “But to me his very spiritualism seemed more materialistic than his physics.” C. Kingsley.

Ma•te•ri•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. materialite.] 1. The quality or state of being material; material existence; corporeity. 2. Importance; as the materiality of facts.

Ma•te•ri•al•i•za´tion , n. The act of materializing, or the state of being materialized.

Ma•te´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Materialized p. pr. & vb. n. Materializing ] [Cf. F. materialiser.] 1. To invest with material characteristics; to make perceptible to the senses; hence, to present to the mind through the medium of material objects. “Having with wonderful art and beauty materialized, if I may so call it, a scheme of abstracted notions, and clothed the most nice, refined conceptions of philosophy in sensible images.” Tatler. 2. To regard as matter; to consider or explain by the laws or principles which are appropriate to matter. 3. To cause to assume a character appropriate to material things; to occupy with material interests; as to materialize thought. 4. (Spiritualism) To make visable in, or as in, a material form; — said of spirits. “A female spirit form temporarily materialized, and not distinguishable from a human being.” Epes Sargent.

Ma•te´ri•al•ize, v. i. To appear as a material form; to take substantial shape. [Colloq.]

Ma•te´ri•al•ly, adv. 1. In the state of matter. “I do not mean that anything is separable from a body by fire that was not materially preëxistent in it.” Boyle. 2. In its essence; substantially. “An ill intention is certainly sufficient to spoil … an act in itself materially good.” South. 3. In an important manner or degree; essentially; as it materially concerns us to know the real motives of our actions.

Ma•te´ri•al•ness, n. The state of being material.

Ma•te´ri•a med´i•ca [L. See Matter, and Medical.] 1. Material or substance used in the composition of remedies; — a general term for all substances used as curative agents in medicine. 2. That branch of medical science which treats of the nature and properties of all the substances that are employed for the cure of diseases.

Ma•te•ri•a´ri•an , n. [L. materiarius.] See Materialist. [Obs.] { Ma•te´ri•ate , Ma•te´ri•a•ted } a. [L. materiatus, p. p. of materiare to build of wood.] Consisting of matter. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ma•te•ri•a´tion , n. [L. materiatio woodwork.] Act of forming matter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ma•te•ri•el´ , n. [F. See Material.] That in a complex system which constitutes the materials, or instruments employed, in distinction from the personnel, or men; as the baggage, munitions, provisions, etc., of an army; or the buildings, libraries, and apparatus of a college, in distinction from its officers.

Ma•te´ri•ous , a. See Material. [Obs.]

Ma•ter´nal , a. [F. maternel, L. maternus, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] Of or pertaining to a mother; becoming to a mother; motherly; as maternal love; maternal tenderness. Syn. — See Motherly.

Ma•ter´nal•ly, adv. In a motherly manner.

Ma•ter´ni•ty , n. [F. maternite, LL. maternitas.] The state of being a mother; the character or relation of a mother.

Mat´fel•on , n. [W. madfelen.] (Bot.) The knapweed (Centaurea nigra).

Math , n. [AS. maeð; akin to mawan to mow, G. mahd math. See Mow to cut (grass).] A mowing, or that which is gathered by mowing; — chiefly used in composition; as an aftermath. [Obs.] “The first mowing thereof, for the king’s use, is wont to be sooner than the common math.” Bp. Hall.

Math•e•mat´ic , a. [F. mathematique, L. mathematicus, Gr. disposed to learn, belonging to learning or the sciences, especially to mathematics, fr. that which is learned, learning, pl. things learned, learning, science, especially mathematical science, fr. , , to learn; akin to E. mind. See Mind.] See Mathematical.

Math•e•mat´ic•al , a. [See Mathematic.] Of or pertaining to mathematics; according to mathematics; hence, theoretically precise; accurate; as mathematical geography; mathematical instruments; mathematical exactness. — Math•e•mat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Math•e•ma•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. mathematicien.] One versed in mathematics.

Math•e•mat´ics , n. [F. mathematiques, pl., L. mathematica, sing., Gr. (sc. ) science. See Mathematic, and -ics.] That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact relations existing between quantities or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accordance with these relations, quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known or supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative relations. Mathematics embraces three departments, namely: 1. Arithmetic. 2. Geometry, including Trigonometry and Conic Sections. 3. Analysis, in which letters are used, including Algebra, Analytical Geometry, and Calculus. Each of these divisions is divided into pure or abstract, which considers magnitude or quantity abstractly, without relation to matter; and mixed or applied, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with physical considerations.

Math´er , n. See Madder.

Math´es , n. [Perh. corrupted fr. L. anthemis camomile, Gr. .] (Bot.) The mayweed. Cf. Maghet.

Ma•the´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from , , to learn.] Learning; especially, mathematics. [R.] Pope.

Math´u•rin , n. (R. C. Ch.) See Trinitarian.

Ma•ti´co , n. (Bot.) A Peruvian plant (Piper, or Artanthe, elongatum), allied to the pepper, the leaves of which are used as a styptic and astringent.

Mat´ie , n. (Zoöl.) A fat herring with undeveloped roe. [Written also matty.] [Eng. & Scot.]

Mâ•tin´ , n. [F. mâtin.] (Zoöl.) A French mastiff.

Mat´in , n. [F. fr. L. matutinum the morning, matutinus of the morning, Matuta the goddess of the morning. See Matutinal.] 1. Morning. [Obs.] Shak. 2. pl. [F. matines. See Etymol. above.] Morning worship or service; morning prayers or songs. “The winged choristers began
To chirp their matins.” Cleveland. 3. Time of morning service; the first canonical hour in the Roman Catholic Church.

Mat´in, a. Of or pertaining to the morning, or to matins; used in the morning; matutinal.

Mat´in•al , a. Relating to the morning, or to matins; matutinal.

Mat•i•nee´ , n. [F., from matin. See Matin.] A reception, or a musical or dramatic entertainment, held in the daytime. See Soiree.

Ma•trass´ , n. [F. matras; perh. so called from its long narrow neck; cf. OF. matras large arrow, L. materis, mataris, matara, a Celtic javelin, pike; of Celtic origin.] (Chem.) A round- bottomed glass flask having a long neck; a bolthead.

Mat´ress , n. See Matress.

Ma´tri•arch , n. [L. mater mother + -arch.] The mother and ruler of a family or of her descendants; a ruler by maternal right.

Ma•tri•ar´chal , a. Of or pertaining to a matriarch; governed by a matriarch.

Ma´tri•ar´chate , n. The office or jurisdiction of a matriarch; a matriarchal form of government.

Ma´trice , n. [Cf. F. matrice. See Matrix.] See Matrix.

Mat´ri•ci•dal , a. Of or pertaining to matricide.

Mat´ri•cide , n. [L. matricidium; mater mother + coedere to kill, slay: cf. F. matricide. See Mother, and cf. Homicide.] 1. The murder of a mother by her son or daughter. 2. [L. matricida: cf. F. matricide.] One who murders one’s own mother.

Ma•tric´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matriculated p. pr. & vb. n. Matriculating.] [L. matricula a public roll or register, dim. of matrix a mother, in respect to propagation, also a public register. See Matrix.] To enroll; to enter in a register; specifically, to enter or admit to membership in a body or society, particularly in a college or university, by enrolling the name in a register. “In discovering and matriculating the arms of commissaries from North America.” Sir W. Scott.

Ma•tric´u•late, v. i. To go though the process of admission to membership, as by examination and enrollment, in a society or college.

Ma•tric´u•late , a. Matriculated. Skelton. — n. One who is matriculated. Arbuthnot.

Ma•tric•u•la´tion , n. The act or process of matriculating; the state of being matriculated.

Mat´ri•moine , n. Matrimony. [Obs.]

Mat•ri•mo´ni•al , a. [L. matrimonialis: cf. F. matrimonial. See Matrimony.] Of or pertaining to marriage; derived from marriage; connubial; nuptial; hymeneal; as matrimonial rights or duties. “If he relied upon that title, he could be but a king at courtesy, and have rather a matrimonial than a regal power.” Bacon. Syn. — Connubial; conjugal; sponsal; spousal; nuptial; hymeneal.

Mat•ri•mo´ni•al•ly, adv. In a matrimonial manner.

Mat•ri•mo´ni•ous , a. Matrimonial. [R.] Milton.

Mat´ri•mo•ny , n. [OE. matrimoine, through Old French, fr. L. matrimonium, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] 1. The union of man and woman as husband and wife; the nuptial state; marriage; wedlock. “If either of you know any impediment, why ye may not be lawfully joined together in matrimony, ye do now confess it.” Book of Com. Prayer (Eng. Ed. ) 2. A kind of game at cards played by several persons. Matrimony vine (Bot.), a climbing thorny vine (Lycium barbarum) of the Potato family. Gray. Syn. — Marriage; wedlock. See Marriage.

Ma´trix (ma´triks), n.; pl. Matrices (mat´ri•sez). [L., fr. mater mother. See Mother, and cf. Matrice.] 1. (Anat.) The womb. “All that openeth the matrix is mine.” Ex. xxxiv. 19. 2. Hence, that which gives form or origin to anything; as: (a) (Mech.) The cavity in which anything is formed, and which gives it shape; a die; a mold, as for the face of a type. (b) (Min.) The earthy or stony substance in which metallic ores or crystallized minerals are found; the gangue. (c) pl. (Dyeing) The five simple colors, black, white, blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are composed. 3. (Biol.) The lifeless portion of tissue, either animal or vegetable, situated between the cells; the intercellular substance. 4. (Math.) A rectangular arrangement of symbols in rows and columns. The symbols may express quantities or operations.

Ma´tron , n. [F. matrone, L. matrona, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] 1. A wife or a widow, especially, one who has borne children; a woman of staid or motherly manners. “Your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons, and your maids.” Shak. “Grave from her cradle, insomuch that she was a matron before she was a mother.” Fuller. 2. A housekeeper; esp., a woman who manages the domestic economy of a public instution; a head nurse in a hospital; as the matron of a school or hospital. Jury of matrons (Law), a jury of experienced women called to determine the question of pregnancy when set up in bar of execution, and for other cognate purposes.

Mat´ron•age , n. 1. The state of a matron. 2. The collective body of matrons. Burke. “Can a politician slight the feelings and convictions of the whole matronage of his country ?” Hare.

Mat´ron•al , a. [L. matronalis.] Of or pertaining to a matron; suitable to an elderly lady or to a married woman; grave; motherly.

Ma´tron•hood , n. The state of being a matron.

Mat´ron•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matronized p. pr. & vb. n. Matronizing ] 1. To make a matron of; to make matronlike. “Childbed matronizes the giddiest spirits.” Richardson. 2. To act the part of a matron toward; to superintend; to chaperone; as to matronize an assembly.

Ma´tron•like , a. Like a matron; sedate; grave; matronly.

Ma´tron•ly, a. 1. Advanced in years; elderly. 2. Like, or befitting, a matron; grave; sedate.

Mat•ro•nym´ic , n. [L. mater mother + -nymic, as in patronimic.] See Metronymic.

Ma•tross´ , n. [D. matroos, fr. F. matelot.] (Mil.) Formerly, in the British service, a gunner or a gunner’s mate; one of the soldiers in a train of artillery, who assisted the gunners in loading, firing, and sponging the guns. [Obs.]

Matt , n. See Matte. Knight.

Mat•ta•ges´ , n. (Zoöl.) A shrike or butcher bird; — written also matagasse. [Prov. Eng.]

Mat´ta•more , n. [F. matamore, from Ar. matmora.] A subterranean repository for wheat.

Matte (mat), n. [F. matte; cf. F. mat, masc., matte, fem., faint, dull, dim; — said of metals. See Mate checkmate.] 1. (Metallurgy) A partly reduced copper sulphide, obtained by alternately roasting and melting copper ore in separating the metal from associated iron ores, and called coarse metal, fine metal, etc., according to the grade of fineness. On the exterior it is dark brown or black, but on a fresh surface is yellow or bronzy in color. 2. A dead or dull finish, as in gilding where the gold leaf is not burnished, or in painting where the surface is purposely deprived of gloss.

Mat´ted , a. [See Matte.] Having a dull surface; unburnished; as matted gold leaf or gilding. Matted glass, glass ornamented with figures on a dull ground.

Mat´ted, a. [See 3d Mat.] 1. Covered with a mat or mats; as a matted floor. 2. Tangled closely together; having its parts adhering closely together; as matted hair.

Mat´ter , n. [OE. matere, F. matière, fr. L. materia; perh. akin to L. mater mother. Cf. Mother, Madeira, Material.] 1. That of which anything is composed; constituent substance; material; the material or substantial part of anything; the constituent elements of conception; that into which a notion may be analyzed; the essence; the pith; the embodiment. “He is the matter of virtue.” B. Jonson. 2. That of which the sensible universe and all existent bodies are composed; anything which has extension, occupies space, or is perceptible by the senses; body; substance. Matter is usually divided by philosophical writers into three kinds or classes: solid, liquid, and aëriform. Solid substances are those whose parts firmly cohere and resist impression, as wood or stone. Liquids have free motion among their parts, and easily yield to impression, as water and wine. Aëriform substances are elastic fluids, called vapors and gases, as air and oxygen gas. 3. That with regard to, or about which, anything takes place or is done; the thing aimed at, treated of, or treated; subject of action, discussion, consideration, feeling, complaint, legal action, or the like; theme. ´If the matter should be tried by duel.´ Bacon. “Son of God, Savior of men ! Thy name
Shall be the copious matter of my song.” Milton. “Every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge.” Ex. xviii. 22. 4. That which one has to treat, or with which one has to do; concern; affair; business. “To help the matter, the alchemists call in many vanities out of astrology.” Bacon. “Some young female seems to have carried matters so far, that she is ripe for asking advice.” Spectator. 5. Affair worthy of account; thing of consequence; importance; significance; moment; — chiefly in the phrases what matter ? no matter, and the like. “A prophet some, and some a poet, cry;
No matter which, so neither of them lie.” Dryden. 6. Inducing cause or occasion, especially of anything disagreeable or distressing; difficulty; trouble. “And this is the matter why interpreters upon that passage in Hosea will not consent it to be a true story, that the prophet took a harlot to wife.” Milton. 7. Amount; quantity; portion; space; — often indefinite. “Away he goes, … a matter of seven miles.” L’ Estrange. “I have thoughts to tarry a small matter.” Congreve. “No small matter of British forces were commanded over sea the year before.” Milton. 8. Substance excreted from living animal bodies; that which is thrown out or discharged in a tumor, boil, or abscess; pus; purulent substance. 9. (Metaph.) That which is permanent, or is supposed to be given, and in or upon which changes are effected by psychological or physical processes and relations; — opposed to form. Mansel. 10. (Print.) Written manuscript, or anything to be set in type; copy; also type set up and ready to be used, or which has been used, in printing. Dead matter (Print.), type which has been used, or which is not to be used, in printing, and is ready for distribution. — Live matter (Print.), type set up, but not yet printed from. — Matter in bar, Matter of fact. See under Bar, and Fact. — Matter of record, anything recorded. — Upon the matter, or Upon the whole matter, considering the whole; taking all things into view. “Waller, with Sir William Balfour, exceeded in horse, but were, upon the whole matter, equal in foot.” Clarendon.

Mat´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mattered p. pr. & vb. n. Mattering.] 1. To be of importance; to import; to signify. “It matters not how they were called.” Locke. 2. To form pus or matter, as an abscess; to maturate. [R.] ´Each slight sore mattereth.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Mat´ter, v. t. To regard as important; to take account of; to care for. [Obs.] “He did not matter cold nor hunger.” H. Brooke.

Mat´ter•less, a. 1. Not being, or having, matter; as matterless spirits. Davies (Wit’s Pilgr. ). 2. Unimportant; immaterial. [Obs.]

Mat´ter-of-fact´ , a. Adhering to facts; not turning aside from absolute realities; not fanciful or imaginative; commonplace; dry.

Mat´ter•y , a. 1. Generating or containing pus; purulent. 2. Full of substance or matter; important. B. Jonson.

Mat´ting , n. [From Mat, v. t. & i.] 1. The act of interweaving or tangling together so as to make a mat; the process of becoming matted. 2. Mats, in general, or collectively; mat work; a matlike fabric, for use in covering floors, packing articles, and the like; a kind of carpeting made of straw, etc. 3. Materials for mats. 4. An ornamental border. See 3d Mat, 4.

Mat´ting, n. [See Matte.] A dull, lusterless surface in certain of the arts, as gilding, metal work, glassmaking, etc.

Mat´tock , n. [AS. mattuc; cf. W. matog.] An implement for digging and grubbing. The head has two long steel blades, one like an adz and the other like a narrow ax or the point of a pickax. “’T is you must dig with mattock and with spade.” Shak.

Mat•to•wac´ca , n. [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) An American clupeoid fish (Clupea mediocris), similar to the shad in habits and appearance, but smaller and less esteemed for food; — called also hickory shad, tailor shad, fall herring, and shad herring.

Mat´tress , n. [OF. materas, F. matelas, LL. matratium; cf. Sp. & Pg. almadraque, Pr. almatrac; all from Ar. matrah a place where anything is thrown, what is thrown under something, fr. taraha to throw.] 1. A quilted bed; a bed stuffed with hair, moss, or other suitable material, and quilted or otherwise fastened. [Written also matress.] 2. (Hydraulic Engin.) A mass of interwoven brush, poles, etc., to protect a bank from being worn away by currents or waves.

Mat´u•rant , n. [L. maturans, p. pr. See Maturate.] (Med.) A medicine, or application, which promotes suppuration.

Mat´u•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maturated p. pr. & vb. n. Maturating ] [L. maturatus, p. p. of maturare to make ripe, fr. maturus ripe, mature. See Mature, v. & a.] 1. To bring to ripeness or maturity; to ripen. “A tree may be maturated artificially.” Fuller. 2. To promote the perfect suppuration of (an abscess).

Mat´u•rate, v. i. To ripen; to become mature; specifically, to suppurate.

Mat•u•ra´tion , n. [L. maturatio a hastening: cf. F. maturation.] The process of bringing, or of coming, to maturity; hence, specifically, the process of suppurating perfectly; the formation of pus or matter.

Mat´u•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. maturatif.] Conducing to ripeness or maturity; hence, conducing to suppuration.

Mat´u•ra•tive, n. (Med.) A remedy promoting maturation; a maturant.

Ma•ture´ , a. [Compar. Maturer superl. Maturest.] [L. maturus; prob. akin to E. matin.] 1. Brought by natural process to completeness of growth and development; fitted by growth and development for any function, action, or state, appropriate to its kind; full-grown; ripe. “Now is love mature in ear.” Tennison. “How shall I meet, or how accost, the sage,
Unskilled in speech, nor yet mature of age ?” Pope. 2. Completely worked out; fully digested or prepared; ready for action; made ready for destined application or use; perfected; as a mature plan. “This lies glowing, … and is almost mature for the violent breaking out.” Shak. 3. Of or pertaining to a condition of full development; as a man of mature years. 4. Come to, or in a state of, completed suppuration. Syn. — Ripe; perfect; completed; prepared; digested; ready. — Mature, Ripe. Both words describe fullness of growth. Mature brings to view the progressiveness of the process; ripe indicates the result. We speak of a thing as mature when thinking of the successive stayes through which it has passed; as ripe, when our attention is directed merely to its state. A mature judgment; mature consideration; ripe fruit; a ripe scholar.

Ma•ture´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matured p. pr. & vb. n. Maturing.] [See Maturate, Mature.] To bring or hasten to maturity; to promote ripeness in; to ripen; to complete; as to mature one’s plans. Bacon.

Ma•ture´, v. i. 1. To advance toward maturity; to become ripe; as wine matures by age; the judgment matures by age and experience. 2. Hence, to become due, as a note.

Ma•ture´ly, adv. 1. In a mature manner; with ripeness; completely. 2. With caution; deliberately. Dryden. 3. Early; soon. [A Latinism, little used] Bentley.

Ma•ture´ness, n. The state or quality of being mature; maturity.

Ma•tur´er , n. One who brings to maturity.

Mat•u•res´cent , a. [L. maturescens, p. pr. of maturescere to become ripe, v. incho. from maturus. See Mature, a.] Approaching maturity.

Ma•tur´ing , a. Approaching maturity; as maturing fruits; maturing notes of hand.

Ma•tu´ri•ty , n. [L. maturitas: cf. F. maturite.] 1. The state or quality of being mature; ripeness; full development; as the maturity of corn or of grass; maturity of judgment; the maturity of a plan. 2. Arrival of the time fixed for payment; a becoming due; termination of the period a note, etc., has to run.

Mat•u•ti´nal , a. [L. matutinalis, matutinus: cf. F. matutinal. See Matin.] Of or pertaining to the morning; early.

Ma•tu´ti•na•ry , a. Matutinal. [R.]

Mat´u•tine , a. Matutinal. [R.]

Mat´weed , n. (Bot.) A name of several maritime grasses, as the sea sand-reed (Ammophila arundinacea) which is used in Holland to bind the sand of the seacoast dikes (see Beach grass, under Beach); also the Lygeum Spartum, a Mediterranean grass of similar habit.

Mat´y , n. [Etymology uncertain.] A native house servant in India. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Matz´oth , n. [Heb. matstsoth, pl. of matstsah unleavened.] A cake of unleavened bread eaten by the Jews at the feast of the Passover.

Mau•ca´co , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A lemur; — applied to several species, as the White-fronted, the ruffed, and the ring-tailed lemurs.

Maud , n. A gray plaid; — used by shepherds in Scotland.

Mau´dle , v. t. To throw onto confusion or disorder; to render maudlin. [Obs.]

Maud´lin , a. [From Maudlin, a contr. of Magdalen, OE. Maudeleyne, who is drawn by painters with eyes swelled and red with weeping.] 1. Tearful; easily moved to tears; exciting to tears; excessively sentimental; weak and silly. ´Maudlin eyes.´ Dryden. ´Maudlin eloquence.´ Roscommon. ´A maudlin poetess.´ Pope. ´Maudlin crowd.´ Southey. 2. Drunk, or somewhat drunk; fuddled; given to drunkenness. “Maudlin Clarence in his malmsey butt.” Byron. { Maud´lin , Maude´line } n. (Bot.) An aromatic composite herb, the costmary; also the South European Achillea Ageratum, a kind of yarrow.

Maud´lin•ism , n. A maudlin state. Dickens.

Maud´lin•wort , n. (Bot.) The oxeye daisy. { Mau´ger , Mau´gre } (ma´ger), prep. [OF. maugre, malgre, F. malgre. See Mal-, Malice, and Agree.] In spite of; in opposition to; notwithstanding. “A man must needs love maugre his heed.” Chaucer. “This mauger all the world will I keep safe.” Shak.

Mau´gre, v. t. To defy. [Obs.] J. Webster.

Mau´kin , n. 1. See Malkin. 2. (Zoöl.) A hare. [Scot.]

Maul , n. [See Mall a hammer.] A heavy wooden hammer or beetle. [Written also mall.]

Maul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mauled p. pr. & vb. n. Mauling.] 1. To beat and bruise with a heavy stick or cudgel; to wound in a coarse manner. “Meek modern faith to murder, hack, and maul.” Pope. 2. To injure greatly; to do much harm to. “It mauls not only the person misrepreseted, but him also to whom he is misrepresented.” South.

Maule , n. (Bot.) The common mallow.

Maul´ing , n. A severe beating with a stick, cudgel, or the fist.

Maul´-stick , n. [G. malerstock; maler a painter + stock stick.] A stick used by painters as a rest for the hand while working. [Written also mahl-stick.]

Mau´met , n. See Mawmet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maunch , v. t. To munch. [Obs.]

Maunch , n. See Manche.

Maund , n. [AS. mand, mond.] A hand basket. [Obs.] Herrick.

Maund, n. [Hind, & Per. man.] An East Indian weight, varying in different localities from 25 to about 82 pounds avoirdupois. { Maund , Maund´er } v. i. [Cf. F. mendier to beg, E. mendicant.] 1. To beg. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Beau. & Fl. 2. To mutter; to mumble; to grumble; to speak indistinctly or disconnectedly; to talk incoherently. “He was ever maundering by the how that he met a party of scarlet devils.” Sir W. Scott.

Maund´er, v. t. To utter in a grumbling manner; to mutter.

Maund´er, n. A beggar. [Obs.]

Maund´er•er , n. One who maunders.

Maun´dril , n. [Cf. Mandrel.] (Coal Mining) A pick with two prongs, to pry with.

Maun´dy Thurs´day [OE. maunde a command, OF. mande, L. mandatum, from mandare to command. See called from the ancient custom of washing the feet of the poor on this day, which was taken to be the fulfillment of the ´new commandment,´ John xiii. 5, 34.] (Eccl.) The Thursday in Passion week, or next before Good Friday.

Maun´gy , a. Mangy. [Obs.] Skelton.

Mau•resque´ , a. & n. See Moresque.

Maur´ist , n. [From Maurus, the favorite disciple of St. Benedict.] A member of the Congregation of Saint Maur, an offshoot of the Benedictines, originating in France in the early part of the seventeenth century. The Maurists have been distinguished for their interest in literature.

Mau•so•le´an , a. [L. Mausoleus. See Mausoleum.] Pertaining to a mausoleum; monumental.

Mau•so•le´um , n.; pl. E. Mausoleums (#), L. -lea (#). [L. mausoleum, Gr. , fr. Mausolus, king of Caria, to whom Artemisia, his widow, erected a stately monument.] A magnificent tomb, or stately sepulchral monument.

Mau´ther , n. [Cf. AS. maegþ a maid.] [Also spelled mawther, mother.] A girl; esp., a great, awkward girl; a wench. [Prov. Eng.]

Mauv•an´i•line , n. (Chem.) See Mauve aniline, under Mauve.

Mauve (mov), n. [F., mallow, L. malva. So named from the similarity of the color to that of the petals of common mallow, Malva sylvestris. See Mallow.] A color of a delicate purple, violet, or lilac. Mauve aniline (Chem.), a dyestuff produced artificially by the oxidation of commercial aniline, and the first discovered of the so-called coal-tar, or aniline, dyes. It consists of the sulphate of mauveïne, and is a dark brown or bronze amorphous powder, which dissolves to a beatiful purple color. Called also aniline purple, violine, etc.

Mauve´ïne , n. (Chem.) An artificial organic base, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, and valuable for the dyestuffs it forms. [Written also mauvine.]

Mauv´ine , a. Mauve- colored.

Mav´er•ick , n. In the southwestern part of the united States, a bullock or heifer that has not been branded, and is unclaimed or wild; — said to be from Maverick, the name of a cattle owner in Texas who neglected to brand his cattle.

Ma´vis (ma´vis), n. [F. mauvis, Arm. milvid, milfid, milc’hhouid, Corn. melhuez.] (Zoöl.) The European throstle or song thrush (Turdus musicus).

Maw (ma), n. [See Mew a gull.] (Zoöl.) A gull.

Maw, n. [OE. mawe, AS. maga stomach; akin to D. maag, OHG. mago, G. magen, Icel. magi, Sw. mage, Dan. mave. rad.103.] 1. A stomach; the receptacle into which food is taken by swallowing; in birds, the craw; — now used only of the lower animals, exept humorously or in contempt. Chaucer. “Bellies and maws of living creatures.” Bacon. 2. Appetite; inclination. [Obs.] “Unless you had more maw to do me good.” Beau. & Fl. Fish maw. (Zoöl.) See under Fish.

Maw, n. An old game at cards. Sir A. Weldon.

Mawk (mak), n. [OE. mauk, maðek, Icel. maðkr; akin to Dan. maddik, and E. mad an earthworm. See Mad, n.] 1. A maggot. [Scot.] 2. A slattern; a mawks. [Prov. Eng.]

Maw´kin , n. See Malkin, and Maukin.

Mawk´ing•ly , adv. Slatternly. [Obs.]

Mawk´ish, a. [Orig., maggoty. See Mawk.] 1. Apt to cause satiety or loathing; nauseous; disgusting. “So sweetly mawkish’, and so smoothly dull.” Pope. 2. Easily disgusted; squeamish; sentimentally fastidious. J. H. Newman.

Mawk´ish•ly, adv. In a mawkish way.

Mawk´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being mawkish. J. H. Newman.

Mawks , n. A slattern; a mawk. [Prov. Eng.]

Mawk´y , a. Maggoty. [Prov. Eng.]

Maw´met , n. [Contr. fr. Mahomet.] A puppet; a doll; originally, an idol, because in the Middle Ages it was generally believed that the Mohammedans worshiped images representing Mohammed. [Obs.] Wyclif. Beau. & Fl.

Maw´met•ry , n. The religion of Mohammed; also idolatry. See Mawmet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maw´mish , a. [Prov. E. maum soft, mellow, rotten; cf. OD. molm rotten wood, G. mulm.] Nauseous. [Obs.] L’ Estrange.

Maw´seed , n. [Cf. G. magsamen.] (Bot.) The seed of the opium poppy.

Maw´worm , n. [Maw the belly + worm.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any intestinal worm found in the stomach, esp. the common round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides), and allied species. (b) One of the larvae of botflies of horses; a bot.

Max•il´la , n.; pl. Maxillae (#). [L., dim. of mala jaw, jawbone.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The bone of either the upper or the under jaw. (b) The bone, or principal bone, of the upper jaw, the bone of the lower jaw being the mandible. [Now commonly used in this restricted sense.] 2. (Zoöl.) One of the lower or outer jaws of arthropods. There are usually two pairs in Crustacea and one pair in insects. In certain insects they are not used as jaws, but may form suctorial organs. See Illust. under Lepidoptera, and Diptera. { Max´il•lar , Max´il•la•ry } a. [L. maxillaris, fr. maxilla jawbone, jaw: cf. F. maxillaire.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to either the upper or the lower jaw, but now usually applied to the upper jaw only. — n. The principal maxillary bone; the maxilla. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a maxilla.

Max•il´li•form , a. [Maxilla + -form: cf. F. maxilliforme.] Having the form, or structure, of a maxilla.

Max•il´li•ped , n. [Maxilla + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) One of the mouth appendages of Crustacea, situated next behind the maxillae. Crabs have three pairs, but many of the lower Crustacea have but one pair of them. Called also jawfoot, and foot jaw.

Max•il•lo-man•dib´u•lar , a. [Maxilla + mandibular.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the maxilla and mandible; as the maxillo-mandibular nerve.

Max•il•lo-pal´a•tine , a. [Maxilla + palatine.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the maxillary and palatine regions of the skull; as the maxillo- palatine process of the maxilla. Also used as n.

Max•il•lo•tur•bi•nal , a. [Maxilla + turbinal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the maxillary and turbinal regions of the skull. — n. The maxillo-turbinal, or inferior turbinate, bone.

Max´im , n. [F. maxime, L. maxima (sc. sententia), the greatest sentence, proposition, or axiom, i. e., of the greatest weight or authority, fem. fr. maximus greatest, superl. of magnus great. See Magnitude, and cf. Maximum.] 1. An established principle or proposition; a condensed proposition of important practical truth; an axiom of practical wisdom; an adage; a proverb; an aphorism. “’T is their maxim, Love is love’s reward.” Dryden. 2. (Mus.) The longest note formerly used, equal to two longs, or four breves; a large. Syn. — Axiom; aphorism; apothegm; adage; proverb; saying. See Axiom.

Max•i•mil´ian , n. [From the proper name.] A gold coin of Bavaria, of the value of about 13s. 6d. sterling, or about three dollars and a quarter.

Max•i•mi•za´tion , n. The act or process of increasing to the highest degree. Bentham.

Max´i•mize , v. t. [L. maximus greatest.] To increase to the highest degree. Bentham.

Max´i•mum , n.; pl. Maxima (#). [L., neut. from maximus the greatest. See Maxim.] The greatest quantity or value attainable in a given case; or, the greatest value attained by a quantity which first increases and then begins to decrease; the highest point or degree; — opposed to minimum. “Good legislation is the art of conducting a nation to the maximum of happiness, and the minimum of misery.” P. Colquhoun. Maximum thermometer, a thermometer that registers the highest degree of temperature attained in a given time, or since its last adjustment.

Max´i•mum, a. Greatest in quantity or highest in degree attainable or attained; as a maximum consumption of fuel; maximum pressure; maximum heat.

May (ma), v. [imp. Might (mit)] [AS. pres. maeg I am able, pret. meahte, mihte; akin to D. mogen, G. mögen, OHG. mugan, magan, Icel. mega, Goth. magan, Russ. moche. rad.103. Cf. Dismay, Main strength, Might. The old imp. mought is obsolete, except as a provincial word.] An auxiliary verb qualifying the meaning of another verb, by expressing: (a) Ability, competency, or possibility; — now oftener expressed by can. “How may a man, said he, with idle speech,
Be won to spoil the castle of his health !” Spenser. “For what he [the king] may do is of two kinds; what he may do as just, and what he may do as possible.” Bacon. “For of all sad words of tongue or pen
The saddest are these: ´It might have been.´” Whittier. (b) Liberty; permission; allowance. “Thou mayst be no longer steward.” Luke xvi. 2. (c) Contingency or liability; possibility or probability. “Though what he learns he speaks, and may advance
Some general maxims, or be right by chance.” Pope. (d) Modesty, courtesy, or concession, or a desire to soften a question or remark. “How old may Phillis be, you ask.” Prior. (e) Desire or wish, as in prayer, imprecation, benediction, and the like. ´May you live happily.´ Dryden. May be, ∧ It may be, are used as equivalent to possibly, perhaps, by chance, peradventure. See 1st Maybe.

May, n. [Cf. Icel. maer, Goth. mawi; akin to E. maiden. rad.103.] A maiden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

May, n. [F. Mai, L. Maius; so named in honor of the goddess Maia (Gr. ), daughter of Atlas and mother of Mercury by Jupiter.] 1. The fifth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Chaucer. 2. The early part or springtime of life. “His May of youth, and bloom of lustihood.” Shak. 3. (Bot.) The flowers of the hawthorn; — so called from their time of blossoming; also the hawthorn. “The palm and may make country houses gay.” Nash. “Plumes that mocked the may.” Tennyson. 4. The merrymaking of May Day. Tennyson. Italian may (Bot.), a shrubby species of Spiraea (S. hypericifolia) with many clusters of small white flowers along the slender branches. — May apple (Bot.), the fruit of an American plant (Podophyllum peltatum). also the plant itself (popularly called mandrake), which has two lobed leaves, and bears a single egg-shaped fruit at the forking. The root and leaves, used in medicine, are powerfully drastic. — May beetle, May bug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of large lamellicorn beetles that appear in the winged state in May. They belong to Melolontha, and allied genera. Called also June beetle. — May Day, the first day of May; — celebrated in the rustic parts of England by the crowning of a May queen with a garland, and by dancing about a May pole. — May dew, the morning dew of the first day of May, to which magical properties were attributed. — May flower (Bot.), a plant that flowers in May; also its blossom. See Mayflower, in the vocabulary. — May fly (Zoöl.), any species of Ephemera, and allied genera; — so called because the mature flies of many species appear in May. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral. — May game, any May-day sport. — May lady, the queen or lady of May, in old May games. — May lily (Bot.), the lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). — May pole. See Maypole in the Vocabulary. — May queen, a girl or young woman crowned queen in the sports of May Day. — May thorn, the hawthorn.

Ma´ya (mä´yä), n. (Hindoo Philos.) The name for the doctrine of the unreality of matter, called, in English, idealism; hence, nothingness; vanity; illusion.

May´be , adv. [For it may be.] Perhaps; possibly; peradventure. “Maybe the amorous count solicits her.” Shak. “In a liberal and, maybe, somewhat reckless way.” Tylor.

May´be, a. Possible; probable, but not sure. [R.] “Then add those maybe years thou hast to live.” Driden.

May´be, n. Possibility; uncertainty. [R.] “What they offer is mere maybe and shift.” Creech.

May´bird , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The whimbrel; — called also May fowl, May curlew, and May whaap. (b) The knot. [Southern U. S.] (c) The bobolink.

May´bloom , n. (Bot.) The hawthorn.

May´bush , n. (Bot.) The hawthorn.

May´duke , n. [Corrupt. of Medoc, a province in France, where it is supposed to have originated.] A large dark-red cherry of excellent quality.

May´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A common American minnow (Fundulus majalis). See Minnow.

May´flow•er , n. (Bot.) In England, the hawthorn; in New England, the trailing arbutus (see Arbutus); also the blossom of these plants.

May´hap , adv. Perhaps; peradventure. [Prov. or Dialectic]

May´hem , n. [The same as maim. See Maim.] (Law) The maiming of a person by depriving him of the use of any of his members which are necessary for defense or protection. See Maim.

May´ing , n. The celebrating of May Day. ´He met her once a-Maying.´ Milton.

Ma•yon•naise´ , n. [F.] A sauce compounded of raw yolks of eggs beaten up with olive oil to the consistency of a sirup, and seasoned with vinegar, pepper, salt, etc.; — used in dressing salads, fish, etc. also a dish dressed with this sauce.

May´or , n. [OE. maire, F. maire, fr. L. major greater, higher, nobler, compar. of magnus great; cf. Sp. mayor. See Major, and cf. Merino.] The chief magistrate of a city or borough; the chief officer of a municipal corporation. In some American cities there is a city court of which the major is chief judge.

May´or•al , n. [Sp., fr. mayor greater, L. major.] The conductor of a mule team; also a head shepherd.

May´or•al•ty , n. The office, or the term of office, of a mayor.

May´or•ess , n. The wife of a mayor.

May´or•ship, n. The office of a mayor.

May´pole , n. A tall pole erected in an open place and wreathed with flowers, about which the rustic May-day sports were had.

May´pop , n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. maracock.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of a passion flower, especially that of the North American Passiflora incarnata, an oval yellowish berry as large as a small apple.

May´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) A composite plant (Anthemis Cotula), having a strong odor; dog’s fennel. It is a native of Europe, now common by the roadsides in the United States. (b) The feverfew. { Ma•za´ma , Ma•za´me } n. (Zoöl.) A goatlike antelope (Haplocerus montanus) which inhabits the Rocky Mountains, frequenting the highest parts; — called also mountain goat.

Maz´ard , n. [Cf. F. merise a wild cherry.] (Bot.) A kind of small black cherry.

Maz´ard, n. [Prob. fr. mazer, the head being compared to a large goblet.] The jaw; the head or skull. [Obs.] Shak.

Maz´ard, v. t., To knock on the head. [Obs.]

Maz•a•rine´ , a. Of or pertaining to Cardinal Mazarin, prime minister of France, 1643-1661. Mazarine Bible, the first Bible, and perhaps the first complete book, printed with movable metal types; — printed by Gutenberg at Mentz, 1450-55; — so called because a copy was found in the Mazarine Library, at Paris, about 1760. — Mazarine blue, a deep blue color, named in honor of Cardinal Mazarin.

Maz•a•rine´, n. Mazarine blue.

Maz´de•an , a. Of or pertaining to Ahura-Mazda, or Ormuzd, the beneficent deity in the Zoroastrian dualistic system; hence, Zoroastrian.

Maz´de•ism , n. The Zoroastrian religion.

Maze , n. [OE. mase; cf. OE. masen to confuse, puzzle, Norweg. masast to fall into a slumber, masa to be continually busy, prate, chatter, Icel. masa to chatter, dial. Sw. masa to bask, be slow, work slowly and lazily, mas slow, lazy.] 1. A wild fancy; a confused notion. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Confusion of thought; perplexity; uncertainty; state of bewilderment. 3. A confusing and baffling network, as of paths or passages; an intricacy; a labyrinth. ´Quaint mazes on the wanton green.´ Shak. “Or down the tempting maze of Shawford brook.” Wordaworth. “The ways of Heaven are dark and intricate,
Puzzled with mazes, and perplexed with error.” Addison. Syn. — Labyrinth; intricacy. See Labyrinth.

Maze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mazed p. pr. & vb. n. Mazing.] To perplex greatly; to bewilder; to astonish and confuse; to amaze. South.

Maze, v. i. To be bewildered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maz´ed•ness , n. The condition of being mazed; confusion; astonishment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Maze´ful , a. Mazy. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Maz´er , n. [OE. maser, akin to OD. maser an excrescence on a maple tree, OHG. masar, G. maser spot, Icel. mösurr maple.] A large drinking bowl; — originally made of maple. [Obs.] “Their brimful mazers to the feasting bring.” Drayton.

Ma´zi•ly , adv. In a mazy manner.

Ma´zi•ness, n. The state or quality of being mazy.

Maz•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to mazology.

Ma•zol´o•gist , n. One versed in mazology or mastology.

Ma•zol´o•gy , n. [Gr. the breast + -logy.] Same as Mastology. { Ma•zour´ka , Ma•zur´ka } n. A Polish dance, or the music which accompanies it, usually in 3-4 or 3-8 measure, with a strong accent on the second beat.

Ma´zy , a. [From Maze.] Perplexed with turns and windings; winding; intricate; confusing; perplexing; embarrassing; as mazy error. Milton. “To range amid the mazy thicket.” Spenser. “To run the ring, and trace the mazy round.” Dryden.

Me , pron. One. See Men, pron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Me (me), pers. pron. [AS. me, dat. & acc., mec, acc. only ; akin to D. mij, G. mich, Icel. & Goth. mik, L. me, Gr. me•, ’eme•, Skr. ma, mam. rad.187. Cf. 2d Mine.] The person speaking, regarded as an object; myself; a pronoun of the first person used as the objective and dative case of the pronoum I; as he struck me; he gave me the money, or he gave the money to me; he got me a hat, or he got a hat for me. In methinks, me is properly in the dative case, and the verb is impersonal, the construction being, it appears to me. In early use me was often placed before forms of the verb to be with an adjective; as me were lief. “Me rather had my heart might frrl your love
Than my unpleased eye see your courtesy.” Shak.

Meach , v. i. To skulk; to cower. See Mich.

Mea´cock , n. [Prob. fr. meek + cock.] An uxorious, effeminate, or spiritless man. [Obs.] Johnson.

Mead (med), n. [OE. mede, AS. meodo; akin to D. mede, G. met, meth, OHG. metu, mitu, Icel. mjöðr, Dan. miöd, Sw. mjöd, Russ. med’, Lith. midus, W. medd, Gr. me•qy wine, Skr. madhu honey, a sweet drink, as adj., sweet. rad.270. Cf. Metheglin.] 1. A fermented drink made of water and honey with malt, yeast, etc.; metheglin; hydromel. Chaucer. 2. A drink composed of sirup of sarsaparilla or other flavoring extract, and water. It is sometimes charged with carbonic acid gas. [U. S.]

Mead, n. [AS. maed. See Meadow.] A meadow. “A mede
All full of freshe flowers, white and reede.” Chaucer. “To fertile vales and dewy meads
My weary, wandering steps he leads.” Addison.

Mead´ow , n. [AS. meady; akin to maed, and to G. matte; prob. also to E. mow. See Mow to cut (grass), and cf. 2d Mead.] 1. A tract of low or level land producing grass which is mown for hay; any field on which grass is grown for hay. 2. Low land covered with coarse grass or rank herbage near rives and in marshy places by the sea; as the salt meadows near Newark Bay.

Mead´ow, a. Of or pertaining to a meadow; of the nature of a meadow; produced, growing, or living in, a meadow. ´Fat meadow ground.´ Milton. For many names of plants compounded with meadow, see the particular word in the Vocabulary. Meadow beauty. (Bot.) Same as Deergrass. — Meadow foxtail (Bot.), a valuable pasture grass (Alopecurus pratensis) resembling timothy, but with softer spikes. — Meadow grass (Bot.), a name given to several grasses of the genus Poa, common in meadows, and of great value for nay and for pasture. See Grass. — Meadow hay, a coarse grass, or true sedge, growing in uncultivated swamp or river meadow; — used as fodder or bedding for cattle, packing for ice, etc. [Local, U. S.] — Meadow hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The American bittern. See Stake-driver. (b) The American coot (Fulica). (c) The clapper rail. — Meadow lark (Zoöl.), any species of Sturnella, a genus of American birds allied to the starlings. The common species (S. magna) has a yellow breast with a black crescent. — Meadow mouse (Zoöl.), any mouse of the genus Arvicola, as the common American species A. riparia; — called also field mouse, and field vole. — Meadow mussel (Zoöl.), an American ribbed mussel (Modiola plicatula), very abundant in salt marshes. — Meadow ore (Min.), bog-iron ore , a kind of limonite. — Meadow parsnip. (Bot.) See under Parsnip. — Meadow pink. (Bot.) See under Pink. — Meadow pipit (Zoöl.), a small singing bird of the genus Anthus, as A. pratensis, of Europe. — Meadow rue (Bot.), a delicate early plant, of the genus Thalictrum, having compound leaves and numerous white flowers. There are many species. — Meadow saffron. (Bot.) See under Saffron. — Meadow sage. (Bot.) See under Sage. — Meadow saxifrage (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant of Europe (Silaus pratensis), somewhat resembling fennel. — Meadow snipe (Zoöl.), the common or jack snipe. { Mead´ow•sweet• , Mead´ow•wort• } n. (Bot.) The name of several plants of the genus Spiraea, especially the white- or pink-flowered S. salicifolia, a low European and American shrub, and the herbaceous S. Ulmaria, which has fragrant white flowers in compound cymes.

Mead´ow•y , a. Of or pertaining to meadows; resembling, or consisting of, meadow. { Mea´ger , Mea´gre } , a. [OE. merge, F. maigre, L. macer; akin to D. & G. mager, Icel. magr, and prob. to Gr. makro•s long. Cf. Emaciate, Maigre.] 1. Destitue of, or having little, flesh; lean. “Meager were his looks;
Sharp misery had worn him to the bones.” Shak. 2. Destitute of richness, fertility, strength, or the like; defective in quantity, or poor in quality; poor; barren; scanty in ideas; wanting strength of diction or affluence of imagery. ´Meager soil.´ Dryden. “Of secular habits and meager religious belief.” I. Taylor. “His education had been but meager.” Motley. 3. (Min.) Dry and harsh to the touch, as chalk. Syn. — Thin; lean; lank; gaunt; starved; hungry; poor; emaciated; scanty; barren. { Mea´ger , Mea´gre }, v. t. To make lean. [Obs.] { Mea´ger•ly , Mea´gre•ly }, adv. Poorly; thinly. { Mea´ger•ness , Mea´gre•ness }, n. The state or quality of being meager; leanness; scantiness; barrenness.

Mea´gre , n. [F. maigre.] (Zoöl.) A large European sciaenoid fish (Sciaena umbra or S. aquila), having white bloodless flesh. It is valued as a food fish. [Written also maigre.]

Meak , n. [Cf. AS. mece sword, OS. maki, Icel. maekir.] A hook with a long handle. [Obs.] Tusser.

Meak´ing, n. [See Meak.] (Naut.) The process of picking out the oakum from the seams of a vessel which is to be recalked. Meaking iron (Naut.), the tool with which old oakum is picked out of a vessel’s seams.

Meal (mel), n. [OE. mele, AS. mael part, portion, portion of time; akin to E. meal a repast. Cf. Piecemeal.] A part; a fragment; a portion. [Obs.]

Meal, n. [OE. mel; akin to E. meal a part, and to D. maal time, meal, G. mal time, mahl meal, Icel. mal measure, time, meal, Goth. mel time, and to E. measure. See Measure.] The portion of food taken at a particular time for the satisfaction of appetite; the quantity usually taken at one time with the purpose of satisfying hunger; a repast; the act or time of eating a meal; as the traveler has not eaten a good meal for a week; there was silence during the meal. “What strange fish
Hath made his meal on thee ?” Shak.

Meal, n. [OE. mele, AS. melu, melo; akin to D. meel, G. mehl, OHG. melo, Icel. mjöl, SW. mjöl, Dan. meel, also to D. malen to grind, G. mahlen, OHG., OS., & Goth. malan, Icel. mala, W. malu, L. molere, Gr. my•lh mill, and E. mill. rad.108. Cf. Mill, Mold soil, Mole an animal, Immolate, Molar.] 1. Grain (esp. maize, rye, or oats) that is coarsely ground and unbolted; also a kind of flour made from beans, pease, etc.; sometimes, any flour, esp. if coarse. 2. Any substance that is coarsely pulverized like meal, but not granulated. Meal beetle (Zoöl.), the adult of the meal worm. See Meal worm, below. — Meal moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect (Asopia farinalis), the larvae of which feed upon meal, flour, etc. — Meal worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a beetle (Tenebrio molitor) which infests granaries, bakehouses, etc., and is very injurious to flour and meal.

Meal, v. t. 1. To sprinkle with, or as with, meal. Shak. 2. To pulverize; as mealed powder.

Meal´ies , n. pl. [From Mealy.] (Bot.) Maize or Indian corn; — the common name in South Africa.

Meal´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being mealy.

Meal´-mouthed , a. See Mealy-mouthed.

Meal´time , n. The usual time of eating a meal.

Meal´y , a. [Compar. Mealier superl. Mealiest.] 1. Having the qualities of meal; resembling meal; soft, dry, and friable; easily reduced to a condition resembling meal; as a mealy potato. 2. Overspread with something that resembles meal; as the mealy wings of an insect. Shak. Mealy bug (Zoöl.), a scale insect (Coccus adonidum, and related species), covered with a white powderlike substance. It is a common pest in hothouses.

Meal´y-mouthed , a. Using soft words; plausible; affectedly or timidly delicate of speech; unwilling to tell the truth in plain language. ´Mealy-mouthed philanthropies.´ Tennyson. “She was a fool to be mealy-mouthed where nature speaks so plain.” L’Estrange. — Meal´y-mouth•ness (#), n.

Mean (men), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meant (ment); p. pr. & vb. n. Meaning.] [OE. menen, AS. maenan to recite, tell, intend, wish; akin to OS. menian to have in mind, mean, D. meenen, G. meinen, OHG. meinan, Icel. meina, Sw. mena, Dan. mene, and to E. mind. rad.104. See Mind, and cf. Moan.] 1. To have in the mind, as a purpose, intention, etc.; to intend; to purpose; to design; as what do you mean to do ? “What mean ye by this service ?” Ex. xii. 26. “Ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good.” Gen. 1. 20. “I am not a Spaniard
To say that it is yours and not to mean it.” Longfellow. 2. To signify; to indicate; to import; to denote. “What mean these seven ewe lambs ?” Gen. xxi. 29. “Go ye, and learn what that meaneth.” Matt. ix. 13.

Mean, v. i. To have a purpose or intention. [Rare, except in the phrase to mean well, or ill.] Shak.

Mean (men), a. [Compar. Meaner (men´er); superl. Meanest.] [OE. mene, AS. maene wicked; akin to man, a., wicked, n., wickedness, OS. men wickedness, OHG. mein, G. meineid perjury, Icel. mein harm, hurt, and perh. to AS. gemaene common, general, D. gemeen, G. gemein, Goth. gamáins, and L. communis. The AS. gemaene prob. influenced the meaning.] 1. Destitute of distinction or eminence; common; low; vulgar; humble. ´Of mean parentage.´ Sir P. Sidney. “The mean man boweth down, and the great man humbleth himself.” Is. ii. 9. 2. Wanting dignity of mind; low-minded; base; destitute of honor; spiritless; as a mean motive. “Can you imagine I so mean could prove,
To save my life by changing of my love ?” Dryden. 3. Of little value or account; worthy of little or no regard; contemptible; despicable. “The Roman legions and great Caesar found
Our fathers no mean foes.” J. Philips. 4. Of poor quality; as mean fare. 5. Penurious; stingy; close-fisted; illiberal; as mean hospitality. Mean is sometimes used in the formation of compounds, the sense of which is obvious without explanation; as meanborn, mean-looking, etc. Syn. — Base; ignoble; abject; beggarly; wretched; degraded; degenerate; vulgar; vile; servile; menial; spiritless; groveling; slavish; dishonorable; disgraceful; shameful; despicable; contemptible; paltry; sordid. See Base.

Mean, a. [OE. mene, OF. meiien, F. moyen, fr. L. medianus that is in the middle, fr. medius; akin to E. mid. See Mid.] 1. Occupying a middle position; middle; being about midway between extremes. “Being of middle age and a mean stature.” Sir. P. Sidney. 2. Intermediate in excellence of any kind. “According to the fittest style of lofty, mean, or lowly.” Milton. 3. (Math.) Average; having an intermediate value between two extremes, or between the several successive values of a variable quantity during one cycle of variation; as mean distance; mean motion; mean solar day. Mean distance (of a planet from the sun) (Astron.), the average of the distances throughout one revolution of the planet, equivalent to the semi-major axis of the orbit. — Mean error (Math. Phys.), the average error of a number of observations found by taking the mean value of the positive and negative errors without regard to sign. — Mean-square error, or Error of the mean square (Math. Phys.), the error the square of which is the mean of the squares of all the errors; — called also especially by European writers, mean error. — Mean line. (Crystallog.) Same as Bisectrix. — Mean noon, noon as determined by mean time. — Mean proportional (between two numbers) (Math.), the square root of their product. — Mean sun, a fictitious sun supposed to move uniformly in the equator so as to be on the meridian each day at mean noon. — Mean time, time as measured by an equable motion, as of a perfect clock, or as reckoned on the supposition that all the days of the year are of a mean or uniform length, in contradistinction from apparent time, or that actually indicated by the sun, and from sidereal time, or that measured by the stars.

Mean, n. 1. That which is mean, or intermediate, between two extremes of place, time, or number; the middle point or place; middle rate or degree; mediocrity; medium; absence of extremes or excess; moderation; measure. “But to speak in a mean, the virtue of prosperity is temperance; the virtue of adversity is fortitude.” Bacon. “There is a mean in all things.” Dryden. “The extremes we have mentioned, between which the wellinstracted Christian holds the mean, are correlatives.” I. Taylor. 2. (Math.) A quantity having an intermediate value between several others, from which it is derived, and of which it expresses the resultant value; usually, unless otherwise specified, it is the simple average, formed by adding the quantities together and dividing by their number, which is called an arithmetical mean. A geometrical mean is the square root of the product of the quantities. 3. That through which, or by the help of which, an end is attained; something tending to an object desired; intermediate agency or measure; necessary condition or coagent; instrument. “Their virtuous conversation was a mean to work the conversion of the heathen to Christ.” Hooker. “You may be able, by this mean, to review your own scientific acquirements.” Coleridge. “Philosophical doubt is not an end, but a mean.” Sir W. Hamilton. In this sense the word is usually employed in the plural form means, and often with a singular attribute or predicate, as if a singular noun. “By this means he had them more at vantage.” Bacon. “What other means is left unto us.” Shak. 4. pl. Hence: Resources; property, revenue, or the like, considered as the condition of easy livelihood, or an instrumentality at command for effecting any purpose; disposable force or substance. “Your means are very slender, and your waste is great.” Shak. 5. (Mus.) A part, whether alto or tenor, intermediate between the soprano and base; a middle part. [Obs.] “The mean is drowned with your unruly base.” Shak. 6. Meantime; meanwhile. [Obs.] Spenser. 7. A mediator; a go-between. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “He wooeth her by means and by brokage.” Chaucer. By all means, certainly; without fail; as go, by all means. — By any means, in any way; possibly; at all. “If by any means I might attain to the resurrection of the dead.” Phil. iii. ll. — By no means, or By no manner of means, not at all; certainly not; not in any degree. “The wine on this side of the lake is by no means so good as that on the other.” Addison.

Me•an´der , n. [L. Maeander, orig., a river in Phrygia, proverbial for its many windings, Gr. : cf. F. meandre.] 1. A winding, crooked, or involved course; as the meanders of the veins and arteries. Sir M. Hale. “While lingering rivers in meanders glide.” Sir R. Blackmore. 2. A tortuous or intricate movement. 3. (Arch.) Fretwork. See Fret.

Me•an´der, v. t. To wind, turn, or twist; to make flexuous. Dryton.

Me•an´der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meandered p. pr. & vb. n. Meandering.] To wind or turn in a course or passage; to be intricate. “Five miles meandering with a mazy motion
Through wood and dale the sacred river ran.” Coleridge.

Me•an´dri•an , a. [L. Maeandrius: cf. F. meandrien.] Winding; having many turns.

Me•an•dri´na , n. [NL.: cf. F. meandrine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of corals with meandering grooves and ridges, including the brain corals. { Me•an´drous , Me•an´dry } a. Winding; flexuous.

Mean´ing , n. 1. That which is meant or intended; intent; purpose; aim; object; as a mischievous meaning was apparent. “If there be any good meaning towards you.” Shak. 2. That which is signified, whether by act lanquage; signification; sense; import; as the meaning of a hint. 3. Sense; power of thinking. [R.] — Mean´ing•less, a. — Mean´ing•ly, adv.

Mean´ly, adv. [Mean middle.] Moderately. [Obs.] “A man meanly learned himself, but not meanly affectioned to set forward learning in others.” Ascham.

Mean´ly, adv. [From Mean low.] In a mean manner; unworthily; basely; poorly; ungenerously. “While the heaven-born child
All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies.” Milton. “Would you meanly thus rely
On power you know I must obey ?” Prior. “We can not bear to have others think meanly of them [our kindred].” I. Watts.

Mean´ness, n. 1. The condition, or quality, of being mean; want of excellence; poorness; lowness; baseness; sordidness; stinginess. “This figure is of a later date, by the meanness of the workmanship.” Addison. 2. A mean act; as to be guilty of meanness. Goldsmith.

Mean´-spir•it•ed , a. Of a mean spirit; base; groveling. — Mean´-spir•it•ed•ness, n.

Meant , imp. & p. p. of Mean. { Mean´time• , Mean´while• } n. The intervening time; as in the meantime (or mean time). { Mean´time• , Mean´while• } adv. In the intervening time; during the interval.

Mear , n. A boundary. See Mere. [Obs.]

Mease , n. [Cf. G. mass measure.] Five hundred; as a mease of herrings. [Prov. Eng.]

Mea´sel•ry , n. [OE. meselrie, OF. mesellerie. See lst Measle.] Leprosy. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

Mea´sle , n. [OE. mesel, OF. mesel, LL. misellus, L. misellus unfortunate, dim. of miser. See Miser.] A leper. [Obs.] [Written also meazel, and mesel.] Wyclif (Matt. x. 8. ).

Mea´sle, n. (Zoöl.) A tapeworm larva. See 2d Measles, 4.

Mea´sled , a. [See 2d Measles.] Infected or spotted with measles, as pork. — Mea´sled•ness, n.

Mea´sles , n. [From lst Measle.] Leprosy; also a leper. [Obs.]

Mea´sles, n.; pl. in form, but used as singular in senses 1, 2, & 3. [D. mazelen; akin to G. masern, pl., and E. mazer, and orig. meaning, little spots. See Mazer.] 1. (Med.) A contagious febrile disorder commencing with catarrhal symptoms, and marked by the appearance on the third day of an eruption of distinct red circular spots, which coalesce in a crescentic form, are slightly raised above the surface, and after the fourth day of the eruption gradually decline; rubeola. “Measles commences with the ordinary symptoms of fever.” Am. Cyc. 2. (Veter. Med.) A disease of cattle and swine in which the flesh is filled with the embryos of different varieties of the tapeworm. 3. A disease of trees. [Obs.] 4. pl. (Zoöl.) The larvae of any tapeworm (Taenia) in the cysticerus stage, when contained in meat. Called also bladder worms.

Mea´sly , a. 1. Infected with measles. 2. (Zoöl.) Containing larval tapeworms; — said of pork and beef.

Meas´ur•a•ble , a. [F. mesurable, L. mensurabilis. See Measure, and cf. Mensurable.] 1. Capable of being measured; susceptible of mensuration or computation. 2. Moderate; temperate; not excessive. “Of his diet measurable was he.” Chaucer. — Meas´ur•a•ble•ness, n. — Meas´ur•a•bly, adv. “Yet do it measurably, as it becometh Christians.” Latimer.

Meas´ure (mezh´ur; 135), n. [OE. mesure, F. mesure, L. mensura, fr. metiri, mensus, to measure; akin to metrum poetical measure, Gr. me•tron, E. meter. Cf. Immense, Mensuration, Mete to measure.] 1. A standard of dimension; a fixed unit of quantity or extent; an extent or quantity in the fractions or multiples of which anything is estimated and stated; hence, a rule by which anything is adjusted or judged. 2. An instrument by means of which size or quantity is measured, as a graduated line, rod, vessel, or the like. “False ells and measures be brought all clean adown.” R. of Gloucester. 3. The dimensions or capacity of anything, reckoned according to some standard; size or extent, determined and stated; estimated extent; as to take one’s measure for a coat. “The measure thereof is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea.” Job xi. 9. 4. The contents of a vessel by which quantity is measured; a quantity determined by a standard; a stated or limited quantity or amount. “It is like leaven which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal.” Luke xiii. 21. 5. Extent or degree not excessive or beyong bounds; moderation; due restraint; esp. in the phrases, in measure; with measure; without or beyond measure. “Hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure.” Is. v. 14. 6. Determined extent, not to be exceeded; limit; allotted share, as of action, influence, ability, or the like; due proportion. “Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days.” Ps. xxxix. 4. 7. The quantity determined by measuring, especially in buying and selling; as to give good or full measure. 8. Undefined quantity; extent; degree. “There is a great measure of discretion to be used in the performance of confession.” Jer. Taylor. 9. Regulated division of movement: (a) (Dancing) A regulated movement corresponding to the time in which the accompanying music is performed; but, especially, a slow and stately dance, like the minuet. (b) (Mus.) (1) The group or grouping of beats, caused by the regular recurrence of accented beats. (2) The space between two bars. See Beat, Triple, Quadruple, Sextuple, Compound time, under Compound, a., and Figure. (c) (Poetry) The manner of ordering and combining the quantities, or long and short syllables; meter; rhythm; hence, a foot; as a poem in iambic measure. 10. (Arith.) A number which is contained in a given number a number of times without a remainder; as in the phrases, the common measure, the greatest common measure, etc., of two or more numbers. 11. A step or definite part of a progressive course or policy; a means to an end; an act designed for the accomplishment of an object; as political measures; prudent measures; an inefficient measure. “His majesty found what wrong measures he had taken in the conferring that trust, and lamented his error.” Clarendon. 12. The act of measuring; measurement. Shak. 13. pl. (Geol.) Beds or strata; as coal measures; lead measures. Lineal, or Long, measure, measure of length; the measure of lines or distances. — Liquid measure, the measure of liquids. — Square measure, the measure of superficial area of surfaces in square units, as inches, feet, miles, etc. — To have hard measure, to have harsh treatment meted out to one; to be harshly or oppressively dealt with. — To take measures, to make preparations; to provide means. — To take one’s measure, to measure one, as for a garment; hence, to form an opinion of one’s disposition, character, ability, etc. — To tread a measure, to dance in the style so called. See 9 (a). “Say to her, we have measured many miles
To tread a measure with her on this grass.” Shak.

Meas´ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Measured p. pr. & vb. n. Measuring.] [F. mesurer, L. mensurare. See Measure, n.] 1. To ascertain by use of a measuring instrument; to compute or ascertain the extent, quantity, dimensions, or capacity of, by a certain rule or standard; to take the dimensions of; hence, to estimate; to judge of; to value; to appraise. “Great are thy works, Jehovah, infinite
Thy power! what thought can measure thee?” Milton. 2. To serve as the measure of; as the thermometer measures changes of temperature. 3. To pass throught or over in journeying, as if laying off and determining the distance. “A true devoted pilgrim is not weary
To measure kingdoms with his feeble steps.” Shak. 4. To adjust by a rule or standard. “To secure a contented spirit, measure your desires by your fortunes, not your fortunes by your desires.” Jer. Taylor. 5. To allot or distribute by measure; to set off or apart by measure; — often with out or off. “With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.” Matt. vii. 2. “That portion of eternity which is called time, measured out by the sun.” Addison. To measure swords with one, to try another’s skill in the use of the sword; hence, figuratively, to match one’s abilities against an antagonist’s.

Meas´ure , v. i. 1. To make a measurement or measurements. 2. To result, or turn out, on measuring; as the grain measures well; the pieces measure unequally. 3. To be of a certain size or quantity, or to have a certain length, breadth, or thickness, or a certain capacity according to a standard measure; as cloth measures three fourths of a yard; a tree measures three feet in diameter.

Meas´ured , a. Regulated or determined by a standard; hence, equal; uniform; graduated; limited; moderated; as he walked with measured steps; he expressed himself in no measured terms. — Meas´ured•ly, adv.

Meas´ure•less , a. Without measure; unlimited; immeasurable. — Meas´ure•less•ness, n. Syn. — Boundless; limitless; endless; unbounded; unlimited; vast; immense; infinite; immeasurable.

Meas´ure•ment , n. 1. The act or result of measuring; mensuration; as measurement is required. 2. The extent, size, capacity, amount. or quantity ascertained by measuring; as its measurement is five acres.

Meas´ur•er , n. One who measures; one whose occupation or duty is to measure commondities in market.

Meas´ur•ing, a. Used in, or adapted for, ascertaining measurements, or dividing by measure. Measuring faucet, a faucet which permits only a given quantity of liquid to pass each time it is opened, or one by means of which the liquid which passes can be measured. - - Measuring worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid.

Meat , n. [OE. mete, AS. mete; akin to OS. mat, meti, D. met hashed meat, G. mettwurst sausage, OHG. maz food, Icel. matr, Sw. mat, Dan. mad, Goth. mats. Cf. Mast fruit, Mush.] 1. Food, in general; anything eaten for nourishment, either by man or beast. Hence, the edible part of anything; as the meat of a lobster, a nut, or an egg. Chaucer. “And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, … to you it shall be for meat.” Gen. i. 29. “Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you.” Gen. ix. 3. 2. The flesh of animals used as food; esp., animal muscle; as a breakfast of bread and fruit without meat. 3. Specifically, dinner; the chief meal. [Obs.] Chaucer. Meat biscuit. See under Biscuit. — Meat earth (Mining), vegetable mold. Raymond. — Meat fly. (Zoöl.) See Flesh fly, under Flesh. — Meat offering (Script.), an offering of food, esp. of a cake made of flour with salt and oil. — To go to meat, to go to a meal. [Obs.] — To sit at meat, to sit at the table in taking food.

Meat, v. t. To supply with food. [Obs.] Tusser. “His shield well lined, his horses meated well.” Chapman.

Me•a´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a meatus; resembling a meatus. Owen.

Meat´ed , a. 1. Fed; fattened. [Obs.] Tusser. 2. Having (such) meat; — used chiefly in composition; as thick-meated. { Meath , Meathe }, n. [See Mead.] A sweet liquor; mead. [Obs.] Chaucer. Milton.

Meat´i•ness , n. Quality of being meaty.

Meat´less, a. Having no meat; without food. “´Leave these beggars meatless.´” Sir T. More.

Me•at´o•scope , n. [Meatus + -scope.] (Med.) A speculum for examining a natural passage, as the urethra.

Me•at´o•tome , n. [Meatus + Gr. to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for cutting into the urethra so as to enlarge its orifice.

Me•a´tus , n. sing. & pl.; E. pl. Meatuses . [L., a going, passage, fr. meare to go.] (Anat.) A natural passage or canal; as the external auditory meatus. See Illust. of Ear.

Meat´y , a. Abounding in meat.

Meaw , n. The sea mew. [Obs.] Spenser.

Meaw, v. i. See Mew, to cry as a cat.

Meawl , v. i. See Mewl, and Miaul.

Mea´zel , n. See 1st Measle. [Obs.]

Meaz´ling , a. Falling in small drops; mistling; mizzing. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Me´bles , n. pl. See Moebles. [Obs.]

Me•ca´te , n. [Sp.] A rope of hair or of maguey fiber, for tying horses, etc. [Southwestern U. S.]

Mec•ca•wee´ , a. Of or pertaining to Mecca, in Arabia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Mecca.

Me•chan´ic , n. [F. mecanique mechanics. See Mechanic, a.] 1. The art of the application of the laws of motion or force to construction. [Obs.] 2. A mechanician; an artisan; an artificer; one who practices any mechanic art; one skilled or employed in shaping and uniting materials, as wood, metal, etc., into any kind of structure, machine, or other object, requiring the use of tools, or instruments. “An art quite lost with our mechanics.” Sir T. Browne.

Me•chan´ic (me•kan´ik), a. [F. mecanique, L. mechanicus, Gr. mhchaniko•s, fr. mhchanh• a machine. See Machine.] 1. Having to do with the application of the laws of motion in the art of constructing or making things; of or pertaining to mechanics; mechanical; as the mechanic arts. ´These mechanic philosophers.´ Ray. “Mechanic slaves,
With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers.” Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to a mechanic or artificer, or to the class of artisans; hence, rude; common; vulgar. “To make a god, a hero, or a king
Descend to a mechanic dialect.” Roscommon. “Sometimes he ply’d the strong, mechanic tool.” Thomson. 3. Base. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Me•chan´ic•al , a. [From Mechanic, a.] 1. Pertaining to, governed by, or in accordance with, mechanics, or the laws of motion; pertaining to the quantitative relations of force and matter, as distinguished from mental, vital, chemical, etc.; as mechanical principles; a mechanical theory; mechanical deposits. 2. Of or pertaining to a machine or to machinery or tools; made or formed by a machine or with tools; as mechanical precision; mechanical products. “We have also divers mechanical arts.” Bacon. 3. Done as if by a machine; uninfluenced by will or emotion; proceeding automatically, or by habit, without special intention or reflection; as mechanical singing; mechanical verses; mechanical service. 4. Made and operated by interaction of forces without a directing intelligence; as a mechanical universe. 5. Obtained by trial, by measurements, etc.; approximate; empirical. See the 2d Note under Geometric. Mechanical effect, effective power; useful work exerted, as by a machine, in a definite time. — Mechanical engineering. See the Note under Engineering. — Mechanical maneuvers (Mil.), the application of mechanical appliances to the mounting, dismounting, and moving of artillery. Farrow. - - Mechanical philosophy, the principles of mechanics applied to the investigation of physical phenomena. — Mechanical powers, certain simple instruments, such as the lever and its modifications (the wheel and axle and the pulley), the inclined plane with its modifications (the screw and the wedge), which convert a small force acting through a great space into a great force acting through a small space, or vice versa, and are used separately or in combination. — Mechanical solution (Math.), a solution of a problem by any art or contrivance not strictly geometrical, as by means of the ruler and compasses, or other instruments.

Me•chan´ic•al, n. A mechanic. [Obs.] Shak.

Me•chan´ic•al•ize , v. t. To cause to become mechanical.

Me•chan´ic•al•ly, adv. In a mechanical manner.

Me•chan´ic•al•ness, n. The state or quality of being mechanical.

Mech•a•ni´cian , n. [Cf. F. mecanicien. See Mechanic.] One skilled in the theory or construction of machines; a machinist. Boyle.

Me•chan•i•co-chem´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, connected with, or dependent upon, both mechanics and chemistry; — said especially of those sciences which treat of such phenomena as seem to depend on the laws both of mechanics and chemistry, as electricity and magnetism.

Me•chan´ics , n. [Cf. F. mecanique.] That science, or branch of applied mathematics, which treats of the action of forces on bodies. That part of mechanics which considers the action of forces in producing rest or equilibrium is called statics; that which relates to such action in producing motion is called dynamics. The term mechanics includes the action of forces on all bodies, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous. It is sometimes, however, and formerly was often, used distinctively of solid bodies only: The mechanics of liquid bodies is called also hydrostatics, or hydrodynamics, according as the laws of rest or of motion are considered. The mechanics of gaseous bodies is called also pneumatics. The mechanics of fluids in motion, with special reference to the methods of obtaining from them useful results, constitutes hydraulics. Animal mechanics (Physiol.), that portion of physiology which has for its object the investigation of the laws of equilibrium and motion in the animal body. The most important mechanical principle is that of the lever, the bones forming the arms of the levers, the contractile muscles the power, the joints the fulcra or points of support, while the weight of the body or of the individual limbs constitutes the weight or resistance. — Applied mechanics, the principles of abstract mechanics applied to human art; also the practical application of the laws of matter and motion to the construction of machines and structures of all kinds.

Mech´an•ism , n. [Cf. F. mecanisme, L. mechanisma. See Mechanic.] 1. The arrangement or relation of the parts of a machine; the parts of a machine, taken collectively; the arrangement or relation of the parts of anything as adapted to produce an effect; as the mechanism of a watch; the mechanism of a sewing machine; the mechanism of a seed pod. 2. Mechanical operation or action. “He acknowledges nothing besides matter and motion; so that all must be performed either by mechanism or accident.” Bentley. 3. (Kinematics) An ideal machine; a combination of movable bodies constituting a machine, but considered only with regard to relative movements.

Mech´an•ist, n. 1. A maker of machines; one skilled in mechanics. 2. One who regards the phenomena of nature as the effects of forces merely mechanical.

Mech´an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mechanized p. pr. & vb. n. Mechanizing ] [Cf. F. mechaniser.] To cause to be mechanical. Shelley.

Mech´an•o•graph , n. [Gr. mhchanh• machine + -graph.] One of a number of copies of anything multiplied mechanically.

Mech•an•o•graph•ic (mek•an•o•graf´ik), a. 1. Treating of mechanics. [R.] 2. Written, copied, or recorded by machinery; produced by mechanography; as a mechanographic record of changes of temperature; mechanographic prints.

Mech•an•og´ra•phist (-og´ra•fist), n. An artist who, by mechanical means, multiplies copies of works of art.

Mech•an•og´ra•phy , n. The art of mechanically multiplying copies of a writing, or any work of art.

Mech´an•ur•gy , n. [Gr. mhchanh• machine + the root of work.] That branch of science which treats of moving machines.

Mech´i•tar•ist , n. [From Mechitar, an Armenian., who founded the congregation in the early part of the eighteenth century.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious congregation of the Roman Catholic Church devoted to the improvement of Armenians.

Mech´lin , n. A kind of lace made at, or originating in, Mechlin, in Belgium.

Me•cho´a•can , n. A species of jalap, of very feeble properties, said to be obtained from the root of a species of Convolvulus (C. Mechoacan); — so called from Michoacan, in Mexico, whence it is obtained.

Meck•e´li•an , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, J. F. Meckel, a German anatomist. Meckelian cartilage, the cartilaginous rod which forms the axis of the mandible; — called also Meckel’s cartilage.

Mec´o•nate , n. [Cf. F. meconate.] (Chem.) A salt of meconic acid.

Me•con´ic , a. [Gr. belonging to the poppy, fr. the poppy: cf. F. meconique.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the poppy or opium; specif. (Chem.), designating an acid related to aconitic acid, found in opium and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Me•con´i•dine , n. (Chem) An alkaloid found in opium, and extracted as a yellow amorphous substance which is easily decomposed.

Mec•o•nid´i•um , n. [NL., dim. of Gr. a poppy. So called in allusion to the shape of the seed capsules of the poppy.] (Zoöl.) A kind of gonophore produced by hydroids of the genus Gonothyraea. It has tentacles, and otherwise resembles a free medusa, but remains attached by a pedicel.

Mec´o•nin , n. [Cf. F. meconine.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an anhydride of meconinic acid, existing in opium and extracted as a white crystalline substance. Also erroneously called meconina, meconia, etc., as though it were an alkaloid.

Mec•o•nin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which occurs in opium, and which may be obtained by oxidizing narcotine.

Me•co´ni•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. poppy.] (Med.) (a) Opium. [Obs.] (b) The contents of the fetal intestine; hence, first excrement.

Med´al , n. [F. medaille, It. medaglia, fr. L. metallum metal, through (assumed) LL. metalleus made of metal. See Metal, and cf. Mail a piece of money.] A piece of metal in the form of a coin, struck with a device, and intended to preserve the remembrance of a notable event or an illustrious person, or to serve as a reward.

Med´al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Medaled , or Medalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Medaling or Medalling.] To honor or reward with a medal. ´Medaled by the king.´ Thackeray.

Med´al•et , n. A small medal.

Med´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. medailliste, It. medaglista.] [Written also medallist.] 1. A person that is skilled or curious in medals; a collector of medals. Addison. 2. A designer of medals. Macaulay. 3. One who has gained a medal as the reward of merit.

Me•dal´lic , a. Of or pertaining to a medal, or to medals. ´Our medallic history.´ Walpole.

Me•dal´lion , n. [F. medaillion, It. medaglione, augm. of medaglia. See Medal.] 1. A large medal or memorial coin. 2. A circular or oval (or, sometimes, square) tablet bearing a figure or figures represented in relief.

Med´al•ur•gy , n. [Medal + the root of Gr. work.] The art of making and striking medals and coins. [Written also medallurgy.]

Med´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meddled p. pr. & vb. n. Meddling ] [OE. medlen to mix, OF. medler, mesler, F. mêler, LL. misculare, a dim. fr. L. miscere to mix. rad.271. See Mix, and cf. Medley, Mellay.] 1. To mix; to mingle. [Obs.] “More to know
Did never meddle with my thoughts.” Shak. 2. To interest or engage one’s self; to have to do; — in a good sense. [Obs.] Barrow. “Study to be quiet, and to meddle with your own business.” Tyndale. 3. To interest or engage one’s self unnecessarily or impertinently, to interfere or busy one’s self improperly with another’s affairs; specifically, to handle or distrub another’s property without permission; — often followed by with or in. “Why shouldst thou meddle to thy hurt?” 2 Kings xiv. 10. “The civil lawyers … have meddled in a matter that belongs not to them.” Locke. To meddle and make, to intrude one’s self into another person’s concerns. [Archaic] Shak. Syn. — To interpose; interfere; intermeddle.

Med´dle, v. t. To mix; to mingle. [Obs.] Chaucer. “´Wine meddled with gall.´” Wyclif (Matt. xxvii. 34).

Med´dler , n. One who meddles; one who interferes or busies himself with things in which he has no concern; an officious person; a busybody.

Med´dle•some , a. Given to meddling; apt to interpose in the affairs of others; officiously intrusive. — Med´dle•some•ness, n.

Med´dling , a. Meddlesome. Macaulay.

Med´dling•ly, adv. In a meddling manner.

Mede , n. A native or inhabitant of Media in Asia.

Mede, n. See lst & 2d Mead, and Meed. [Obs.]

Me´di•a , n., pl. of Medium.

Me´di•a, n.; pl. Mediae (-e). [NL., fr. L. medius middle.] (Phonetics) One of the sonant mutes β, δ, γ (b, d, g), in Greek, or of their equivalents in other languages, so named as intermediate between the tenues, π, τ, κ (p, t, k), and the aspiratae (aspirates) φ, theta, χ (ph or f, th, ch). Also called middle mute, or medial, and sometimes soft mute.

Me´di•a•cy , n. The state or quality of being mediate. Sir W. Hamilton.

Me•di•ae´val , a. [L. medius middle + aevum age. See Middle, and Age.] Of or relating to the Middle Ages; as mediaeval architecture. [Written also medieval.]

Me•di•ae´val•ism , n. The method or spirit of the Middle Ages; devotion to the institutions and practices of the Middle Ages; a survival from the Middle Ages. [Written also medievalism.]

Me•di•ae´val•ist, n. One who has a taste for, or is versed in, the history of the Middle Ages; one in sympathy with the spirit or forms of the Middle Ages. [Written also medievalist.]

Me•di•ae´val•ly, adv. In the manner of the Middle Ages; in accordance with mediaevalism.

Me•di•ae´vals , n. pl. The people who lived in the Middle Ages. Ruskin.

Me´di•al , a. [L. medialis, fr. medius middle: cf. F. medial. See Middle.] Of or pertaining to a mean or average; mean; as medial alligation.

Me´di•al, n. (Phonetics) See 2d Media.

Me´di•a•lu´na , n. [Sp. media luna half-moon.] (Zoöl.) See Half- moon.

Me´di•an , a. [L. medianus, fr. medius middle. See Medial.] 1. Being in the middle; running through the middle; as a median groove. 2. (Zoöl.) Situated in the middle; lying in a plane dividing a bilateral animal into right and left halves; — said of unpaired organs and parts; as median coverts. Median line. (a) (Anat.) Any line in the mesial plane; specif., either of the lines in which the mesial plane meets the surface of the body. (b) (Geom.) The line drawn from an angle of a triangle to the middle of the opposite side; any line having the nature of a diameter. — Median plane (Anat.), the mesial plane. — Median point (Geom.), the point where the three median lines of a triangle mutually intersect.

Me´di•an, n. (Geom.) A median line or point.

Me´di•ant , n. [L. medians, p. p. of mediare to halve: cf. It. mediante, F. mediante.] (Mus.) The third above the keynote; — so called because it divides the interval between the tonic and dominant into two thirds.

Me•di•as•ti´nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a mediastinum. { Me•di•as´tine , Me•di•as•ti´num } n. [NL. mediastinum, fr. L. medius middle; cf. mediastinus helper, a menial servant, LL. mediastinus equiv. to medius: cf F. mediastin.] (Anat.) A partition; a septum; specifically, the folds of the pleura (and the space included between them) which divide the thorax into a right and left cavity. The space included between these folds of the pleura, called the mediastinal space, contains the heart and gives passage to the esophagus and great blood vessels.

Me´di•ate , a. [L. mediatus, p. p. of mediare, v. t., to halve, v. i., to be in the middle. See Mid, and cf. Moiety.] 1. Being between the two extremes; middle; interposed; intervening; intermediate. Prior. 2. Acting by means, or by an intervening cause or instrument; not direct or immediate; acting or suffering through an intervening agent or condition. 3. Gained or effected by a medium or condition. Bacon. “An act of mediate knowledge is complex.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Me´di•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mediated p. pr. & vb. n. Mediating.] [LL. mediatus, p. p. of mediare to mediate. See Mediate, a.] 1. To be in the middle, or between two; to intervene. [R.] 2. To interpose between parties, as the equal friend of each, esp. for the purpose of effecting a reconciliation or agreement; as to mediate between nations.

Me´di•ate, v. t. 1. To effect by mediation or interposition; to bring about as a mediator, instrument, or means; as to mediate a peace. 2. To divide into two equal parts. [R.] Holder.

Me´di•ate•ly , adv. In a mediate manner; by a secondary cause or agent; not directly or primarily; by means; — opposed to immediately. “God worketh all things amongst us mediately.” Sir W. Raleigh. “The king grants a manor to A, and A grants a portion of it to B. In this case. B holds his lands immediately of A, but mediately of the king.” Blakstone.

Me´di•ate•ness, n. The state of being mediate.

Me•di•a´tion , n. [OE. mediacioun, F. mediation. See Mediate, a.] 1. The act of mediating; action or relation of anything interposed; action as a necessary condition, means, or instrument; interposition; intervention. “The soul [acts] by the mediation of these passions.” South. 2. Hence, specifically, agency between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them; entreaty for another; intercession. Bacon.

Me´di•a•tive , a. Pertaining to mediation; used in mediation; as mediative efforts. Beaconsfield.

Me•di•at•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. mediatisation.] The act of mediatizing.

Me´di•a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mediatized p. pr. & vb. n. Mediatizing.] [Cf. F. mediatiser.] To cause to act through an agent or to hold a subordinate position; to annex; — specifically applied to the annexation during the former German empire of a smaller German state to a larger, while allowing it a nominal sovereignty, and its prince his rank. “The misfortune of being a mediatized prince.” Beaconsfield.

Me´di•a•tor , n. [L. mediator: cf. E. mediateur.] One who mediates; especially, one who interposes between parties at variance for the purpose of reconciling them; hence, an intercessor. “For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus.” 1 Tim. ii. 5.

Me•di•a•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a mediator, or to mediation; mediatory; as a mediatorial office. — Me•di•a•to´ri•al•ly, adv. “My measures were … healing and mediatorial.” Burke.

Me´di•a•tor•ship , n. The office or character of a mediator.

Me´di•a•to•ry , a. Mediatorial. { Me•di•a´tress , Me•di•a•´trix } n. [L. mediatrix, f. of mediator: cf. F. mediatrice.] A female mediator.

Med´ic , n. [L. medica, Gr. (sc. ) a kind of clover introduced from Media, from Median.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Medicago. The black medic is the Medicago lupulina; the purple medic, or lucern, is M. sativa.

Med´ic, a. [L. medicus.] Medical. [R.]

Med´i•ca•ble , a. [L. medicabilis, from medicare, medicari, to heal, fr. medicus physician. See Medical.] Capable of being medicated; admitting of being cured or healed.

Med´ic•al , a. [LL. medicalis, L. medicus belonging to healing, fr. mederi to heal; cf. Zend madha medical science, wisdom, Gr. to learn, E. mind: cf. F. medical.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or having to do with, the art of healing disease, or the science of medicine; as the medical profession; medical services; a medical dictionary; medical jurisprudence. 2. Containing medicine; used in medicine; medicinal; as the medical properties of a plant.

Med´ic•al•ly, adv. In a medical manner; with reference to healing, or to the principles of the healing art.

Med´i•ca•ment , n. [L. medicamentum, fr. medicare, medicari, to heal: cf. F. medicament. See Medicable.] Anything used for healing diseases or wounds; a medicine; a healing application.

Med•ica•men´tal , a. Of or pertaining to medicaments or healing applications; having the qualities of medicaments. — Med•ica•men´tal•ly, adv.

Med´i•cas•ter , n. [Cf. F. medicastre. See Medical.] A quack. [R.] Whitlock.

Med´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Medicated p. pr. & vb. n. Medicating ] [L. medicatus, p. p. of medicare, medicari. See Medicable.] 1. To tincture or impregnate with anything medicinal; to drug. ´Medicated waters.´ Arbuthnot. 2. To treat with medicine.

Med•i•ca´tion , [L. medicatio: cf. F. medication.] The act or process of medicating.

Med´i•ca•tive , a. Medicinal; acting like a medicine.

Med•i•ce´an , a. Of or relating to the Medici, a noted Italian family; as the Medicean Venus. Medicean planets (Astron.), a name given by Galileo to the satellites of Jupiter.

Me•dic´i•na•ble , a. Medicinal; having the power of healing. [Obs.] Shak.

Me•dic´i•nal , a. [L. medicinalis: cf. F. medicinal. See Medicine.] 1. Having curative or palliative properties; used for the cure or alleviation of bodily disorders; as medicinal tinctures, plants, or springs. “Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum.” Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to medicine; medical.

Me•dic´i•nal•ly, adv. In a medicinal manner.

Med´i•cine , n. [L. medicina (sc. ars), fr. medicinus medical, fr. medicus: cf. F. medecine. See Medical.] 1. The science which relates to the prevention, cure, or alleviation of disease. 2. Any substance administered in the treatment of disease; a remedial agent; a remedy; physic. “By medicine, life may be prolonged.” Shak. 3. A philter or love potion. [Obs.] Shak. 4. [F. medecin.] A physician. [Obs.] Shak. Medicine bag, a charm; — so called among the North American Indians, or in works relating to them. — Medicine man (among the North American Indians), a person who professes to cure sickness, drive away evil spirits, and regulate the weather by the arts of magic. — Medicine seal, a small gem or paste engraved with reversed characters, to serve as a seal. Such seals were used by Roman physicians to stamp the names of their medicines.

Med´i•cine, v. t. To give medicine to; to affect as a medicine does; to remedy; to cure. ´Medicine thee to that sweet sleep.´ Shak.

Med•i•co-le´gal , a. Of or pertaining to law as affected by medical facts.

Med•i•com´mis•sure , n. [L. medius middle + E. commissure.] (Anat.) A large transverse commissure in the third ventricle of the brain; the middle or soft commissure. B. G. Wildex.

Med•i•cor´nu , n.; pl. Medicornua (#). [NL., fr. L. medius middle + cornu horn.] (Anat.) The middle or inferior horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder.

Med´ics , n. Science of medicine. [Obs.]

Me•di´e•ty , n. [L. medietas.] The middle part; half; moiety. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. { Me•di•e´val , Me•di•e´val•ism, Me•di•e´val•ist }. Same as Medival, Medivalism, etc.

Me•di´na ep´och [From Medina in New York.] (Geol.) A subdivision of the Niagara period in the American upper Silurian, characterized by the formations known as the Oneida conglomerate, and the Medina sandstone. See the Chart of Geology.

Me•di´no (me•de´no), n. Same as Para.

Me´di•o•cral , a. Mediocre. [R.]

Me´di•o•cre (me´di•o•ker), a. [F. mediocre, L. mediocris, fr. medius middle. See Mid.] Of a middle quality; of but a moderate or low degree of excellence; indifferent; ordinary. ´ A very mediocre poet.´ Pope.

Me´di•o•cre, n. 1. A mediocre person. [R.] 2. A young monk who was excused from performing a portion of a monk’s duties. Shipley.

Me´di•o•crist , n. A mediocre person. [R.]

Me•di•oc´ri•ty , n. [F. mediocrite, L. mediocritas.] 1. The quality of being mediocre; a middle state or degree; a moderate degree or rate. ´A mediocrity of success.´ Bacon. 2. Moderation; temperance. [Obs.] Hooker.

Me•di•o•sta•pe´di•al , a. [L. medius middle + E. stapedial.] (Anat.) Pertaining to that part of the columella of the ear which, in some animals, connects the stapes with the other parts of the columella. — n. The mediostapedial part of the columella.

Me•di•ox´u•mous , a. [L. medioxumus middlemost.] Intermediate. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Med´i•tance , n. Meditation. [Obs.]

Med´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meditated p. pr. & vb. n. Meditating.] [L. meditatus, p. p. of meditari to meditate; cf. Gr. to learn, E. mind.] To keep the mind in a state of contemplation; to dwell on anything in thought; to think seriously; to muse; to cogitate; to reflect. Jer. Taylor. “In his law doth he meditate day and night.” Ps. i. 2.

Med´i•tate, v. t. 1. To contemplate; to keep the mind fixed upon; to study. ´Blessed is the man that doth meditate good things.´ Ecclus. xiv. 20. 2. To purpose; to intend; to design; to plan by revolving in the mind; as to meditate a war. “I meditate to pass the remainder of life in a state of undisturbed repose.” Washington. Syn. — To consider; ponder; weigh; revolve; study. — To Meditate, Contemplate, Intend. We meditate a design when we are looking out or waiting for the means of its accomplishment; we contemplate it when the means are at hand, and our decision is nearly or quite made. To intend is stronger, implying that we have decided to act when an opportunity may offer. A general meditates an attack upon the enemy; he contemplates or intends undertaking it at the earliest convenient season.

Med•i•ta´tion , n. [OE. meditacioun, F. meditation, fr. L. meditatio.] 1. The act of meditating; close or continued thought; the turning or revolving of a subject in the mind; serious contemplation; reflection; musing. “Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in thy sight.” Ps. xix. 14. 2. Thought; — without regard to kind. [Obs.] “With wings as swift
As meditation or the thoughts of love.” Shak.

Med´i•ta•tist, n. One who is given to meditation.

Med´i•ta•tive , a. [L. meditativus: cf. F. meditatif.] Disposed to meditate, or to meditation; as a meditative man; a meditative mood. — Med´i•ta•tive•ly, adv. — Med´i•ta•tive•ness, n.

Med•i•ter•ra´ne•an , a. [L. mediterraneus; medius middle + terra land. See Mid, and Terrace.] 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, with land; as the Mediterranean Sea, between Europe and Africa. 2. Inland; remote from the ocean. [Obs.] “Cities, as well mediterranean as maritime.” Holland. 3. Of or pertaining to the Mediterranean Sea; as Mediterranean trade; a Mediterranean voyage.

Med•i•ter•ra´ne•ous , a. Inland. Sir T. Browne.

Me´di•um , n.; pl. L. Media (#), E. Mediums (#). [L. medium the middle, fr. medius middle. See Mid, and cf. Medius.] 1. That which lies in the middle, or between other things; intervening body or quantity. Hence, specifically: (a) Middle place or degree; mean. “The just medium … lies between pride and abjection.” L’Estrange. (b) (Math.) See Mean. (c) (Logic) The mean or middle term of a syllogism; that by which the extremes are brought into connection. 2. A substance through which an effect is transmitted from one thing to another; as air is the common medium of sound. Hence: The condition upon which any event or action occurs; necessary means of motion or action; that through or by which anything is accomplished, conveyed, or carried on; specifically, in animal magnetism, spiritualism, etc., a person through whom the action of another being is said to be manifested and transmitted. “Whether any other liquors, being made mediums, cause a diversity of sound from water, it may be tried.” Bacon. “I must bring together
All these extremes; and must remove all mediums.” Denham. 3. An average. [R.] “A medium of six years of war, and six years of peace.” Burke. 4. A trade name for printing and writing paper of certain sizes. See Paper. 5. (Paint.) The liquid vehicle with which dry colors are ground and prepared for application. Circulating medium, a current medium of exchange, whether coin, bank notes, or government notes. — Ethereal medium (Physics), the ether. — Medium of exchange, that which is used for effecting an exchange of commodities — money or current representatives of money.

Me´di•um, a. Having a middle position or degree; mean; intermediate; medial; as a horse of medium size; a decoction of medium strength.

Me´di•um-sized , a. Having a medium size; as a medium-sized man.

Me´di•us , n.; pl. Medii (#). [NL., fr. L. medius middle. See Medium.] (Anat.) The third or middle finger; the third digit, or that which corresponds to it.

Med´lar , n. [OE. medler medlar tree, OF. meslier, F. neflier, L. mespilum, mespilus, Gr. , . Cf. Naseberry.] A tree of the genus Mespilus (M. Germanica); also the fruit of the tree. The fruit is something like a small apple, but has a bony endocarp. When first gathered the flesh is hard and austere, and it is not eaten until it has begun to decay. Japan medlar (Bot.), the loquat. See Loquat. — Neapolitan medlar (Bot.), a kind of thorn tree (Crataegus Azarolus); also its fruit.

Med´le , v. t. [See Meddle.] To mix; to mingle; to meddle. [Written also medly.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Med´ley , n.; pl. Medleys (#). [OE. medlee, OF. meslee, medlee, mellee, F. mêlee. See Meddle, and cf. Melee, Mellay.] 1. A mixture; a mingled and confused mass of ingredients, usually inharmonious; a jumble; a hodgepodge; — often used contemptuously. “This medley of philosophy and war.” Addison. “Love is a medley of endearments, jars,
Suspicions, reconcilements, wars.” W. Walsh. 2. The confusion of a hand to hand battle; a brisk, hand to hand engagement; a mêlee. [Obs.] Holland. 3. (Mus.) A composition of passages detached from several different compositions; a potpourri. Medley is usually applied to vocal, potpourri to instrumental, compositions. 4. A cloth of mixed colors. Fuller.

Med´ley, a. 1. Mixed; of mixed material or color. [Obs.] ´A medle coat.´ Chaucer. 2. Mingled; confused. Dryden.

Med´ly , v. t. See Medle. Johnson.

Me•doc´ , n. [Cf. Mayduke.] A class of claret wines, including several varieties, from the district of Medoc in the department of Gironde.

Med´re•gal , n. (Zoöl.) See Bonito, 3.

Med´rick , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A species of gull or tern. [Prov.] Lowell.

Me•dul´la , n. [L.] 1. Marrow; pith; hence, essence. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (Anat.) The marrow of bones; the deep or inner portion of an organ or part; as the medulla, or medullary substance, of the kidney; specifically, the medula oblongata. 3. (Bot.) A soft tissue, occupying the center of the stem or branch of a plant; pith. Medulla oblongata. [L., oblong medulla] (Anat.), the posterior part of the brain connected with the spinal cord. It includes all the hindbrain except the cerebellum and pons, and from it a large part of the cranial nerves arise. It controls very largely respiration, circulation, swallowing, and other functions, and is the most vital part of the brain; — called also bulb of the spinal cord. See Brain.

Me•dul´lar , a. See Medullary.

Med´ul•la•ry , a. [L. medullaris, fr. medulla marrow: cf. F. medullaire.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow or medulla. (b) Pertaining to the medula oblongata. 2. (Bot.) Filled with spongy pith; pithy. Medullary groove (Anat.), a groove, in the epiblast of the vertebrate blastoderm, the edges of which unite, making a tube (the medullary canal) from which the brain and spinal cord are developed. — Medullary rays (Bot.), the rays of cellular tissue seen in a transverse section of exogenous wood, which pass from the pith to the bark. — Medullary sheath (Anat.), the layer of white semifluid substance (myelin), between the primitive sheath and axis cylinder of a medullated nerve fiber.

Me•dul´la•ted , a. (Anat.) Furnished with a medulla or marrow, or with a medullary sheath; as a medullated nerve fiber.

Me•dul´lin , n. [Cf. F. medulline.] (Bot. Chem.) A variety of lignin or cellulose found in the medulla, or pith, of certain plants. Cf. Lignin, and Cellulose.

Me•du´sa , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Gorgon; or one of the Gorgons whose hair was changed into serpents, after which all who looked upon her were turned into stone. 2. [pl. Medusae .] (Zoöl.) Any free swimming acaleph; a jellyfish. The larger medusae belong to the Discophora, and are sometimes called covered-eyed medusae; others, known as naked-eyed medusae, belong to the Hydroidea, and are usually developed by budding from hydroids. See Discophora, Hydroidea, and Hydromedusa. Medusa bud (Zoöl.), one of the buds of a hydroid, destined to develop into a gonophore or medusa. See Athecata, and Gonotheca. — Medusa’s head. (a) (Zoöl.) An astrophyton. (b) (Astron.) A cluster of stars in the constellation Perseus. It contains the bright star Algol.

Me•du´si•an , n. (Zoöl.) A medusa.

Me•du´si•form , a. [Medusa + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling a medusa in shape or structure.

Me•du´soid , a. [Medusa + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like a medusa; having the fundamental structure of a medusa, but without a locomotive disk; — said of the sessile gonophores of hydroids. — n. A sessile gonophore. See Illust. under Gonosome.

Meech (mech), v. i. See Mich. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Meed (med), n. [OE. mede, AS. med, meord; akin to OS. meda, OHG. miata, mieta, G. miethe hire, Goth. mizdo reward, Bohem. & Russ. mzda, Gr. mistho•s, Skr. midha. rad.276.] 1. That which is bestowed or rendered in consideration of merit; reward; recompense. “A rosy garland was the victor’s meed.” Spenser. 2. Merit or desert; worth. “My meed hath got me fame.” Shak. 3. A gift; also a bride. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Meed, v. t. 1. To reward; to repay. [Obs.] Waytt. 2. To deserve; to merit. [Obs.] Heywood.

Meed´ful , a. Worthy of meed, reward, or recompense; meritorious. ´Meedful works.´ Wiclif.

Meed´ful•ly, adv. According to merit; suitably.

Meek (mek), a. [Compar. Meeker (-er); superl. Meekest.] [OE. mek, meoc; akin to Icel. mjkr mild, soft, Sw. mjuk, Dan. myg, D. muik, Goth. mukamodei gentleness.] 1. Mild of temper; not easily provoked or orritated; patient under injuries; not vain, or haughty, or resentful; forbearing; submissive. “Now the man Moses was very meek.” Num. xii. 3. 2. Evincing mildness of temper, or patience; characterized by mildness or patience; as a meek answer; a meek face. ´Her meek prayer.´ Chaucer. Syn. — Gentle; mild; soft; yielding; pacific; unassuming; humble. See Gentle. { Meek , Meek´en (-’n) }, v. t. To make meek; to nurture in gentleness and humility. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Meek´ly, adv. In a meek manner. Spenser.

Meek´ness, n. The quality or state of being meek.

Meer (mer), a. Simple; unmixed. See Mere, a. [Obs.]

Meer, n. See Mere, a lake.

Meer, n. A boundary. See Mere.

Meer´kat (mer´kat), n. [D.] (Zoöl.) A South African carnivore (Cynictis penicillata), allied to the ichneumons.

Meer´schaum (mer´sham; 277), n. [G., lit., sea foam; meer sea + schaum foam; but it perh. is a corruption of the Tartaric name myrsen. Cf. Mere a lake, and Scum.] 1. (Min.) A fine white claylike mineral, soft, and light enough when in dry masses to float in water. It is a hydrous silicate of magnesia, and is obtained chiefly in Asia Minor. It is manufacturd into tobacco pipes, cigar holders, etc. Also called sepiolite. 2. A tobacco pipe made of this mineral.

Meet (met), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Met (met); p. pr. & vb. n. Meeting.] [OE. meten, AS. metan, fr. mot, gemot, a meeting; akin to OS. motian to meet, Icel. maeta, Goth. gamotjan. See Moot, v. t.] 1. To join, or come in contact with; esp., to come in contact with by approach from an opposite direction; to come upon or against, front to front, as distinguished from contact by following and overtaking. 2. To come in collision with; to confront in conflict; to encounter hostilely; as they met the enemy and defeated them; the ship met opposing winds and currents. 3. To come into the presence of without contact; to come close to; to intercept; to come within the perception, influence, or recognition of; as to meet a train at a junction; to meet carriages or persons in the street; to meet friends at a party; sweet sounds met the ear. “His daughter came out to meet him.” Judg. xi. 34. 4. To perceive; to come to a knowledge of; to have personal acquaintance with; to experience; to suffer; as the eye met a horrid sight; he met his fate. “Of vice or virtue, whether blest or curst,
Which meets contempt, or which compassion first.” Pope. 5. To come up to; to be even with; to equal; to match; to satisfy; to ansver; as to meet one’s expectations; the supply meets the demand. To meet half way, literally, to go half the distance between in order to meet (one); hence, figuratively, to yield or concede half of the difference in order to effect a compromise or reconciliation with.

Meet, v. t. 1. To come together by mutual approach; esp., to come in contact, or into proximity, by approach from opposite directions; to join; to come face to face; to come in close relationship; as we met in the street; two lines meet so as to form an angle. “O, when meet now
Such pairs in love and mutual honor joined !” Milton. 2. To come together with hostile purpose; to have an encounter or conflict. “Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us and worse our foes.” Milton. 3. To assemble together; to congregate; as Congress meets on the first Monday of December. “They … appointed a day to meet together.” 2. Macc. xiv. 21. 4. To come together by mutual concessions; hence, to agree; to harmonize; to unite. To meet with. (a) To light upon; to find; to come to; — often with the sense of unexpectedness. “We met with many things worthy of observation.” Bacon. (b) To join; to unite in company. Shak. (c) To suffer unexpectedly; as to meet with a fall; to meet with a loss. (d) To encounter; to be subjected to. “Prepare to meet with more than brutal fury
From the fierce prince.” Rowe. (e) To obviate. [Obs.] Bacon.

Meet, n. An assembling together; esp., the assembling of huntsmen for the hunt; also the persons who so assemble, and the place of meeting.

Meet, a. [OE. mete fitting, moderate, scanty, AS. maete moderate; akin to gemet fit, meet, metan to mete, and G. mässig moderate, gemäss fitting. See Mete.] Suitable; fit; proper; appropriate; qualified; convenient. “It was meet that we should make merry.” Luke xv. 32. To be meet with, to be even with; to be equal to. [Obs.]

Meet (met), adv. Meetly. [Obs.] Shak.

Meet´en (met´’n), v. t. To render fit. [R.]

Meet´er (met´er), n. One who meets.

Meeth (meth), n. Mead. See Meathe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Meet´ing, n. 1. A coming together; an assembling; as the meeting of Congress. 2. A junction, crossing, or union; as the meeting of the roads or of two rivers. 3. A congregation; a collection of people; a convention; as a large meeting; an harmonious meeting. 4. An assembly for worship; as to attend meeting on Sunday; — in England, applied distinctively and disparagingly to the worshiping assemblies of Dissenters. Syn. — Conference; assembly; company; convention; congregation; junction; confluence; union.

Meet´ing•house , n. A house used as a place of worship; a church; — in England, applied only to a house so used by Dissenters.

Meet´ly, adv. Fitly; suitably; properly.

Meet´ness, n. Fitness; suitableness; propriety. { Meg- (meg-), Meg´a (meg´a- ), Meg´a•lo- (-lo-) }. [Gr. me•gas, gen. mega•loy, great.] Combining forms signifying: (a) Great, extended, powerful; as megascope, megacosm. (b) (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) A million times, a million of; as megameter, a million meters; megafarad, a million farads; megohm, a million ohms. { Meg•a•ce•phal´ic (meg•a•se•fal´ik), Meg•a•ceph´a•lous (-sef´a•lus) }, a. [Mega- + Gr. kefalh• head.] (Biol.) Large headed; — applied to animals, and to plants when they have large flower heads.

Me•gac´e•ros (me•gas´e•ros), n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•gas great + ke•ras horn.] (Paleon.) The Irish elk.

Meg´a•chile , n. [Mega- + Gr. lip.] (Zoöl.) A leaf-cutting bee of the genus Megachilus. See Leaf cutter, under Leaf.

Meg´a•cosm , n. [Mega- + Gr. world.] See Macrocosm. Croft.

Meg•a•cou•lomb´ , n. [Mega- + coulomb.] (Elec.) A million coulombs.

Meg´a•derm , n. [Mega- + Gr. skin.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Old World blood-sucking bats of the genus Megaderma.

Meg´a•dyne , n. [Mega- + dyne.] (Physics) One of the larger measures of force, amounting to one million dynes.

Meg´a•far•ad , n. [Mega- + farad.] (Elec.) One of the larger measures of electrical capacity, amounting to one million farads; a macrofarad.

Meg´a•lerg , n. [Megalo- + erg.] (Physics) A million ergs; a megerg.

Meg•a•le´sian , a. [L. Megalesius, fr. Gr. Mega•lh the Great, a surname of Cybele, the Magna Mater.] Pertaining to, or in honor of, Cybele; as the Megalesian games at Rome.

Meg•a•leth´o•scope , n. [Mega- + alethoscope.] An optical apparatus in which pictures are viewed through a large lens with stereoptical effects. It is often combined with the stereoscope.

Meg´a•lith , n. [Mega- + - lith; cf. F. megalithe.] A large stone; especially, a large stone used in ancient building. — Meg•a•lith´ic (#), a.

Meg´a•lo- See Meg-.

Meg´a•lo•cyte , n. [Megalo- + Gr. a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A large, flattened corpuscle, twice the diameter of the ordinary red corpuscle, found in considerable numbers in the blood in profound anaemia.

Meg•a•lo•ma´ni•a , n. [NL., fr. megalo- + mania.] (Pathol.) A form of mental alienation in which the patient has grandiose delusions.

Meg•a•lon´yx , n. [NL., from Gr. me•gas, mega•lh, great + ’o•nyx claw.] (Paleon.) An extinct quaternary mammal, of great size, allied to the sloth.

Meg•a•loph´o•nous (meg•a•lof´o•nus), a. [Megalo- + Gr. fwnh• voice.] Having a loud voice.

Meg•a•lop´o•lis (-lop´o•lis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. megalo•polis; me•gas, mega•lh, great + po•lis city.] A chief city; a metropolis. [R.]

Meg´a•lops (meg´a•lops), n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•gas, - a•loy, large + ’w•ps eye.] (Zoöl.) 1. A larva, in a stage following the zoëa, in the development of most crabs. In this stage the legs and abdominal appendages have appeared, the abdomen is relatively long, and the eyes are large. Also used adjectively. 2. A large fish; the tarpum.

Meg•a•lop´sy•chy , n. [Megalo- + Gr. soul, mind.] Greatness of soul. [Obs. & R.] { Meg´a•lo•saur• , Meg•a•lo•sau´rus } n. [NL. megalosaurus, fr. Gr. me•gas, mega•lh, great + say^ros lizard: cf. F. megalosaure.] (Paleon.) A gigantic carnivorous dinosaur, whose fossil remains have been found in England and elsewhere.

Me•gam´e•ter , n. [Mega- + -meter: cf. F. megamètre.] (Physics) 1. An instrument for determining longitude by observation of the stars. 2. A micrometer. [R.] Knight. { Meg´a•me•ter , Meg´a•me•tre } , n. [Mega- + meter, metre, n., 2.] In the metric system, one million meters, or one thousand kilometers.

Meg•am•père´ , n. [Mega- + ampère.] (Elec.) A million ampères.

Meg´a•phone , n. [Mega- + Gr. fwnh• voice.] A device to magnify sound, or direct it in a given direction in a greater volume, such as a very large funnel used as an ear trumpet or as a speaking trumpet.

Me•gaph´y•ton , n. [NL., from Gr. me•gas great + fyto•n plant.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of tree ferns with large, two-ranked leaves, or fronds.

Meg´a•pode , n. [Mega- + Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large-footed, gallinaceous birds of the genera Megapodius and Leipoa, inhabiting Australia and other Pacific islands. See Jungle fowl (b) under Jungle, and Leipoa.

Me•gap´o•lis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•gas great + po•lis city.] A metropolis. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. { Me•ga´ri•an , Me•gar´ic } a. Belonging, or pertaining, to Megara, a city of ancient Greece. Megarian, or Megaric, school, a school of philosophy established at Megara, after the death of Socrates, by his disciples, and remarkable for its logical subtlety.

Meg´a•scope , n. [Mega- + -scope: cf. F. megascope.] A modification of the magic lantern, used esp. for throwing a magnified image of an opaque object on a screen, solar or artificial light being used. [archaic]

Meg´a•seme , a. [Mega- + Gr. sing, mark: cf. F. megasème.] (Anat.) Having the orbital index relatively large; having the orbits narrow transversely; — opposed to microseme. { Me´gass´ , Me•gasse´ }, n. See Bagasse.

Meg´as•thene , n. [Gr. me•gas great + sthe•nos strength.] (Zoöl.) One of a group which includes the higher orders of mammals, having a large size as a typical characteristic.

Meg•as•then´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having a typically large size; belonging to the megasthenes.

Meg´a•stome , n. [Gr. me•gas great + sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of univalve shells, having a large aperture or mouth. { Meg´a•there , Meg•a•the´ri•um } n. [NL. megatherium, fr. Gr. me•gas great + thyri•on beast.] (Paleon.) An extinct gigantic quaternary mammal, allied to the ant-eaters and sloths. Its remains are found in South America.

Meg•a•the´roid , n. [Megatherium + -oid.] (Paleon.) One of a family of extinct edentates found in America. The family includes the megatherium, the megalonyx, etc.

Meg•a•volt´ , n. [Mega- + volt.] (Elec.) One of the larger measures of electro-motive force, amounting to one million volts.

Meg•a•we´ber , n. [Mega- + weber.] (Elec.) A million webers.

Meg´erg , n. [Mega- + erg.] (Physics) One of the larger measures of work, amounting to one million ergs; — called also megalerg. { Me•gilp´ , Me•gilph´ }, n. (Paint.) A gelatinous compound of linseed oil and mastic varnish, used by artists as a vehicle for colors. [Written also magilp, and magilph.]

Meg´ohm´ , n. [Mega- + ohm.] (Elec.) One of the larger measures of electrical resistance, amounting to one million ohms.

Me´grim , n. [OE. migrim, migrene, F. migraine, LL. hemigrania, L. hemicrania, hemicranium, Gr. ´hmikrani•a; ´hmi- half + krani•on skull. See Hemi- and Cranium, and cf. Hemicrania, Migraine.] 1. A kind of sick or nervous headache, usually periodical and confined to one side of the head. 2. A fancy; a whim; a freak; a humor; esp., in the plural, lowness of spirits. “These are his megrims, firks, and melancholies.” Ford. 3. pl. (Far.) A sudden vertigo in a horse, succeeded sometimes by unconsciousness, produced by an excess of blood in the brain; a mild form of apoplexy. Youatt.

Me´grim, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The British smooth sole, or scaldfish (Psetta arnoglossa).

Mei•bo´mi•an , a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Meibomius. Meibomian glands, the slender sebaceous glands of the eyelids, which discharge, through minute orifices in the edges of the lids, a fatty secretion serving to lubricate the adjacent parts.

Meine , v. t. See Menge. { Mein´e , Mein´y, , } n. [OF. maisniee, maisnie. See Menial.] 1. A family, including servants, etc.; household; retinue; train. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. 2. Company; band; army. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mei´o•cene , a. (Geol.) See Miocene.

Mei´o•nite , n. [Gr. mei•wn smaller. So called in a allusion to the low pyramids of the crystals.] (Min.) A member of the scapolite group, occuring in glassy crystals on Monte Somma, near Naples.

Mei•o´sis (mi•o´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. mei•wsis, fr. meioy^n to make smaller, from mei•wn. See Meionite.] (Rhet.) Diminution; a species of hyperbole, representing a thing as being less than it really is.

Mei•o•stem´o•nous , a. [Gr. mei•wn smaller + warp, thread.] (Bot.) Having fever stamens than the parts of the corolla.

Meis´ter•sing•er , n. [G.] See Mastersinger.

Mekh´i•tar•ist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) See Mechitarist.

Me•lac´o•nite , n. [Gr. me•las black + dust.] (Min.) An earthy black oxide of copper, arising from the decomposition of other ores. { Me•la´da , Me•la´do } n. [Sp., prop. p. p. of melar to sugar, candy, fr. L. mel honey. See Molasses.] A mixture of sugar and molasses; crude sugar as it comes from the pans without being drained.

Me•lae´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las, m., me•laina, f., black.] (Med.) A discharge from the bowels of black matter, consisting of altered blood.

Mel´ain , n. [See Melaena.] The dark coloring matter of the liquid of the cuttlefish.

Me•lai´no•type , n. See Melanotype.

Me´lam (me´lam), n. [Cf. F. melam.] (Chem.) A white or buff-colored granular powder, C6H9N11, obtained by heating ammonium sulphocyanate.

Me•lam´ine , n. (Chem.) A strong nitrogenous base, C3H6N6, produced from several cyanogen compounds, and obtained as a white crystalline substance, — formerly supposed to be produced by the decomposition of melam. Called also cyanuramide.

Mel´am•pode , n. [Gr. melampo•dion; of uncertain origin.] The black hellebore. [Obs.] Spenser. { Mel•am•py´rin , Mel•am•py´rite } n. [NL. Melampyrum cowwheat; Gr. me•las black + pyro•s wheat.] (Chem.) The saccharine substance dulcite; — so called because found in the leaves of cowwheat (Melampyrum). See Dulcite.

Mel•a•nae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + a´i^ma blood.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the blood contains black pigment either floating freely or imbedded in the white blood corpuscles.

Me•lan´a•gogue , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + leading, driving, to lead.] (Med.) A medicine supposed to expel black bile or choler. [Obs.]

Mel•an•cho´li•a , n. [L. See Melancholy.] (Med.) A kind of mental unsoundness characterized by extreme depression of spirits, ill-grounded fears, delusions, and brooding over one particular subject or train of ideas.

Mel•an•cho´li•an , n. A person affected with melancholy; a melancholic. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

Mel´an•chol•ic , a. [L. melancholicus, Gr. : cf. F. melancholique.] Given to melancholy; depressed; melancholy; dejected; unhappy. “Just as the melancholic eye
Sees fleets and armies in the sky.” Prior.

Mel´an•chol•ic, n. [Obs.] 1. One affected with a gloomy state of mind. J. Spenser. 2. A gloomy state of mind; melancholy. Clarendon.

Mel´an•chol•i•ly , adv. In a melancholy manner.

Mel´an•chol•i•ness, n. The state or quality of being melancholy. Hallywell.

Mel•an•cho´li•ous , a. [Cf. OF. melancholieux.] Melancholy. [R.] Milton.

Mel´an•chol•ist , n. One affected with melancholy or dejection. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Mel´an•cho•lize , v. i. To become gloomy or dejected in mind. Barrow.

Mel´an•cho•lize, v. t. To make melancholy.

Mel´an•chol•y , n. [OE. melancolie, F. melancolie, L. melancholia, fr. Gr. ; me•las, -anos, black + gall, bile. See Malice, and 1st Gall.] 1. Depression of spirits; a gloomy state continuing a considerable time; deep dejection; gloominess. Shak. 2. Great and continued depression of spirits, amounting to mental unsoundness; melancholia. 3. Pensive maditation; serious thoughtfulness. [Obs.] ´Hail, divinest Melancholy !´ Milton. 4. Ill nature. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mel´an•chol•y, a. 1. Depressed in spirits; dejected; gloomy dismal. Shak. 2. Producing great evil and grief; causing dejection; calamitous; afflictive; as a melancholy event. 3. Somewhat deranged in mind; having the jugment impaired. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds. 4. Favorable to meditation; somber. “A pretty, melancholy seat, well wooded and watered.” Evelin. Syn. — Gloomy; sad; dispirited; low-spirited; downhearted; unhappy; hypochondriac; disconsolate; heavy, doleful; dismal; calamitous; afflictive.

Mel•a•ne´sian , a. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + island. Melanesia was so called from the dark complexion of the natives.] Of or pertaining to Melanesia.

Me•lange´ , n. [F. See Mell, Meddle.] A mixture; a medley.

Me•la´ni•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of a family of fresh-water pectinibranchiate mollusks, having a turret-shaped shell.

Me•lan´ic , a. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black.] 1. Melanotic. 2. (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the black-haired races. Prichard.

Me•lan´i•line , n. (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous hydrocarbon obtained artificially (as by the action of cyanogen chloride on aniline) as a white, crystalline substance; — called also diphenyl guanidin.

Mel´a•nin , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black.] (Physiol.) A black pigment found in the pigment-bearing cells of the skin (particularly in the skin of the negro), in the epithelial cells of the external layer of the retina (then called fuscin), in the outer layer of the choroid, and elsewhere. It is supposed to be derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin.

Mel´a•nism (mel´a•niz’m), n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black.] 1. An undue development of dark-colored pigment in the skin or its appendages; — the opposite of albinism. 2. (Med.) A disease; black jaundice. See Melaena.

Mel•a•nis´tic , a. Affected with melanism; of the nature of melanism.

Mel´a•nite , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black: cf. F. melanite.] (Min.) A black variety of garnet.

Mel•a•noch´ro•i , n. pl. [NL. See Melanochroic.] (Ethnol.) A group of the human race, including the dark whites.

Mel•a•no•chro´ic , a. [Gr. melana•chroos; me•las, -anos, black + chroa• color.] Having a dark complexion; of or pertaining to the Melanochroi.

Mel•a•no•chro´ite , n. [See Melanochroic.] (Min.) A mineral of a red, or brownish or yellowish red color. It is a chromate of lead; — called also phœnicocroite.

Mel•a•noc´o•mous , a. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + hair.] Having very dark or black hair; black-haired. Prichard.

Mel•a•nor•rhœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + to flow.] (Bot.) An East Indian genus of large trees. Melanorrhœa usitatissima is the lignum-vitae of Pegu, and yields a valuable black varnish.

Me•lan´o•scope , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + -scope.] (Opt.) An instrument containing a combination of colored glasses such that they transmit only red light, so that objects of other colors, as green leaves, appear black when seen through it. It is used for viewing colored flames, to detect the presence of potassium, lithium, etc., by the red light which they emit.

Mel•a•no´sis , [NL., fr. Gr. a growing black, fr. me•las, -anos, black.] (Med.) The morbid deposition of black matter, often of a malignant character, causing pigmented tumors.

Me•lan´o•sperm , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) An alga of any kind that produces blackish spores, or seed dust. The melanosperms include the rockweeds and all kinds of kelp. — Mel•a•no•sper´mous (#), a.

Mel•a•not´ic , a. Melanistic.

Me•lan´o•type , n. [Gr. me•las, -anos, black + -type.] (Photog.) A positive picture produced with sensitized collodion on a smooth surface of black varnish, coating a thin plate of iron; also the process of making such a picture. [Written also melainotype.]

Me•lan´ter•ite , n. (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of iron of a green color and vitreous luster; iron vitriol.

Mel´a•nure , n. [NL. melanurus, fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + o’ura• tail.] (Zoöl.) A small fish of the Mediterranean; a gilthead. See Gilthead (a).

Mel•a•nu´ric , a. [Melam + urea.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid obtained by decomposition of melam, or of urea, as a white crystalline powder; — called also melanurenic acid.

Mel´a•phyre , n. [F., fr. Gr. me•las, -anos, black + porphyre porphyry.] (Min.) Any one of several dark-colored augitic, eruptive rocks allied to basalt.

Me•las´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. black spot.] (Med.) A dark discoloration of the skin, usually local; as Addison’s melasma, or Addison’s disease. — Me•las´mic (#), a.

Me•las´ses , n. See Molasses.

Me•las´sic , a. [See Molasses.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from molasses or glucose, and probably identical with saccharic acid. See Saccharic.

Me•las´to•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•las black + sto•ma mouth.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen tropical shrubs; — so called from the black berries of some species, which stain the mouth.

Mel•a•sto•ma´ceous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the order of which Melastoma is the type.

Mel´chite , n. [Heb. melek king.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect, chiefly in Syria and Egypt, which acknowledges the authority of the pope, but adheres to the liturgy and ceremonies of the Eastern Church.

Mel•e•a´grine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Meleagris.

Mel•e•a´gris , n. [L., the Guinea fowl.] (Zoöl.) A genus of American gallinaceous birds, including the common and the wild turkeys.

Mê•lee´ (ma•la´), n. [F., fr. mêler to mix. See Meddle, Mell, and cf. Mellay.] A fight in which the combatants are mingled in one confused mass; a hand to hand conflict; an affray.

Me•le´na , n. (Med.) See Melaena.

Mel´ene , n. [Melissic + ethylene.] (Chem.) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C30H60, of the ethylene series, obtained from beeswax as a white, scaly, crystalline wax; — called also melissene, and melissylene.

Mel´e•nite , n. [Gr. me•li honey.] An explosive of great destructive power; — so called from its color, which resembles honey.

Mel´e•tin , n. (Chem.) See Quercitin.

Me•lez´i•tose , n. [F. melèze the larch + melitose.] (Chem.) A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose, extracted from the manna of the larch (Larix). [Written also melicitose.]

Me•li•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a natural order (Meliacae) of plants of which the genus Melia is the type. It includes the mahogany and the Spanish cedar. { Mel•i•be´an , Mel•i•b´an }, a. [From L. Meliboeus, one of the interlocutors in Virgil’s first Eclogue.] (Rhet.) Alternately responsive, as verses.

Mel´ic , [Gr. , fr. song.] Of or pertaining to song; lyric; tuneful.

Me•lic´er•ous , a. [L. meliceris a kind of tumor, fr. Gr. ; me•li honey + wax.] (Med.) Consisting of or containing matter like honey; — said of certain encysted tumors.

Mel´ic grass (Bot.) A genus of grasses (Melica) of little agricultural importance.

Mel•i•co•toon´ , n. (Bot.) See Melocoton.

Me•lic´ra•to•ry , n. [Gr. meli•kraton.] A meadlike drink. [Obs.]

Mel´i•lite (mel´i•lit), n. [Gr. me•li honey + -lite; cf. F. melilithe.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in small yellow crystals, found in the lavas (melilite basalt) of Vesuvius, and elsewhere. [Written also mellilite.]

Mel´i•lot (-lot), n. [F. melilot, L. melilotus, fr. Gr. , , a kind of clover containing honey; me•li honey + lotus.] (Bot.) Any species of Melilotus, a genus of leguminous herbs having a vanillalike odor; sweet clover; hart’s clover. The blue melilot (Melilotus caerulea) is used in Switzerland to give color and flavor to sapsago cheese.

Mel•i•lot´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sweet clover or melilot; specifically, designating an acid of the aromatic series, obtained from melilot as a white crystalline substance.

Mel´io•rate (mel´yo•rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meliorated (- ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Meliorating.] [L. melioratus, p. p. of meliorare to meliorate, fr. melior better; akin to Gr. ma^llon rather, ma•la very. Cf. Ameliorate.] To make better; to improve; to ameliorate; to soften; to make more tolerable. “Nature by art we nobly meliorate.” Denham. “The pure and benign light of revelation has had a meliorating influence on mankind.” Washington.

Mel´io•rate, v. i. To grow better.

Mel´io•ra•ter , n. Same as Meliorator.

Mel•io•ra´tion , n. [L. melioratio.] The act or operation of meliorating, or the state of being meliorated; improvement. Bacon.

Mel´io•ra•tor , n. One who meliorates.

Mel´io•rism , n. [From L. melior better.] The doctrine that there is a tendency throughout nature toward improvement. J. Sully.

Mel•ior´i•ty , n. [LL. melioritas, fr. L. melior. See Meliorate.] The state or quality of being better; melioration. [Obs.] Bacon.

Me•liph´a•gan , a. [Gr. me•li honey + to eat.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the genus Meliphaga.

Me•liph´a•gan, n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Meliphaga and allied genera; a honey eater; — called also meliphagidan.

Me•liph´a•gous , a. [See Meliphagan.] (Zool.) Eating, or feeding upon, honey.

Me•lis´ma , n.; pl. Melismata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. me•lisma a song.] (Mus.) (a) A piece of melody; a song or tune, — as opposed to recitative or musical declamation. (b) A grace or embellishment.

Me•lis´sa , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•lissa a bee, honey.] (Bot.) A genus of labiate herbs, including the balm, or bee balm (Melissa officinalis).

Me•lis´sic , a. [Gr. me•lissa a bee, honey.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax; specif., denoting an acid obtained by oxidation of myricin.

Me•lis´syl , n. [Melissic +yl.] (Chem.) See Myricyl.

Me•lis´sy•lene , n. [Melissic + -yl + -ene.] (Chem.) See Melene.

Mel´i•tose , n. [Gr. me•li honey.] (Chem.) A variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, extracted from cotton seeds and from the so- called Australian manna (a secretion of certain species of Eucalyptus).

Mell , v. i. & t. [F. mêler, OF. meller, mester. See Meddle.] To mix; to meddle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mell, n. [See Mellifluous.] Honey. [Obs.] Warner.

Mell, n. A mill. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mel´late , n. [L. mel, mellis, honey. Cf. Mellitate.] (Chem.) A mellitate. [R.]

Mel´lay , n. A mêlee; a conflict. Tennyson.

Mel´lic , a. (Chem.) See Mellitic. [R.]

Mel•lif´er•ous , a. [L. mellifer; mel, mellis, honey + ferre to bear.] Producing honey.

Mel•lif´ic , a. [L. mel, mellis, honey + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] Producing honey.

Mel•li•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. mellificare to make honey: cf. F. mellification. See Mellific.] The making or production of honey.

Mel•lif´lu•ence , n. A flow of sweetness, or a sweet, smooth flow.

Mel•lif´lu•ent , a. [L. mellifluens. See Mellifluous.] Flowing as with honey; smooth; mellifluous.

Mel•lif´lu•ent•ly, adv. In a mellifluent manner.

Mel•lif´lu•ous , a. [L. mellifluus; mel, mellis, honey (akin to Gr. , Goth. milip) + fluere to flow. See Mildew, Fluent, and cf. Marmalade.] Flowing as with honey; smooth; flowing sweetly or smoothly; as a mellifluous voice. — Mel•lif´lu•ous•ly, adv.

Mel•lig´e•nous , a. [L. mel, mellis + -genous.] Having the qualities of honey. [R.]

Mel•li´go , n. [L.] Honeydew.

Mel•lil´o•quent , a. [L. mel, mellis honey + loquens speaking, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Speaking sweetly or harmoniously.

Mel•liph´a•gan , n. See Meliphagan.

Mel•liph´a•gous , a. See Meliphagous.

Mel´li•tate , n. [Cf. F. mellitate. See Mellitic.] (Chem.) A salt of mellitic acid.

Mel´lite , n. [L. mel, mellis, honey: cf. F. mellite.] (Min.) A mineral of a honey color, found in brown coal, and partly the result of vegetable decomposition; honeystone. It is a mellitate of alumina.

Mel•lit´ic , a. [Cf. F. mellitique. See Mellite.] (Chem.) (a) Containing saccharine matter; marked by saccharine secretions; as mellitic diabetes. (b) Pertaining to, or derived from, the mineral mellite. Mellitic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, organic substance, C6(CO2H)6, occurring naturally in combination with aluminium in the mineral mellite, and produced artificially by the oxidation of coal, graphite, etc., and hence called also graphitic acid.

Mel´lone , n. (Chem.) A yellow powder, C6H3N9, obtained from certain sulphocyanates. It has acid properties and forms compounds called mellonides.

Mel´lon•ide , n. See Mellone.

Mel´low , a. [Compar. Mellower superl. Mellowest.] [OE. melwe; cf. AS. mearu soft, D. murw, Prov. G. mollig soft, D. malsch, and E. meal flour.] 1. Soft or tender by reason of ripeness; having a tender pulp; as a mellow apple. 2. Hence: (a) Easily worked or penetrated; not hard or rigid; as a mellow soil. ´Mellow glebe.´ Drayton (b) Not coarse, rough, or harsh; subdued; soft; rich; delicate; — said of sound, color, flavor, style, etc. ´The mellow horn.´ Wordsworth. ´The mellow-tasted Burgundy.´ Thomson. “The tender flush whose mellow stain imbues
Heaven with all freaks of light.” Percival. 3. Well matured; softened by years; genial; jovial. “May health return to mellow age.” Wordsworth. “As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound.” W. Irving. 4. Warmed by liquor; slightly intoxicated. Addison.

Mel´low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mellowed p. pr. & vb. n. Mellowing.] To make mellow. Shak. “If the Weather prove frosty to mellow it [the ground], they do not plow it again till April.” Mortimer. “The fervor of early feeling is tempered and mellowed by the ripeness of age.” J. C. Shairp.

Mel´low, v. i. To become mellow; as ripe fruit soon mellows. ´Prosperity begins to mellow.´ Shak.

Mel´low•ly, adv. In a mellow manner.

Mel´low•ness, n. Quality or state of being mellow.

Mel´low•y , a. Soft; unctuous. Drayton.

Mel•lu´co , n. (Bot.) A climbing plant (Ullucus officinalis) of the Andes, having tuberous roots which are used as a substitute for potatoes.

Mel´ne , n. A mill. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Mel•o•co•ton´ , Mel•o•co•toon´ } , n. [Sp. melocoton a kind of peach tree and its fruit, L. malum cotonium, or cotonea, or Cydonia, a quince, or quince tree, lit., apple of Cydonia, Gr. . See Quince.] (Bot.) (a) A quince. (b) A kind of peach having one side deep red, and the flesh yellow. [Written also malacatoon, malacotune.]

Me•lo´de•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. musical. See Melody, and cf. Odeon.] 1. (Mus.) A kind of small reed organ; — a portable form of the seraphine. 2. A music hall.

Me•lod´ic , a. [L. melodicus, Gr. : cf. F. melodique.] Of the nature of melody; relating to, containing, or made up of, melody; melodious.

Me•lod´ics , n. The department of musical science which treats of the pitch of tones, and of the laws of melody.

Me•lo´di•o•graph , n. [Melody + -graph.] A contrivance for preserving a record of music, by recording the action of the keys of a musical instrument when played upon.

Me•lo´di•ous , a. [Cf. F. melodieux. See Melody.] Containing, or producing, melody; musical; agreeable to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds; as a melodious voice. ´A melodious voice.´ ´A melodious undertone.´ Longfellow. — Me•lo´di•ous•ly, adv. — Me•lo´di•ous•ness, n.

Mel´o•dist , n. [Cf. F. melodiste.] A composer or singer of melodies.

Mel´o•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Melodized p. pr. & vb. n. Melodizing ] To make melodious; to form into, or set to, melody.

Mel´o•dize, v. i. To make melody; to compose melodies; to harmonize.

Mel•o•dra´ma , n. [F. melodrame, fr. Gr. me•los song + dra^ma drama.] Formerly, a kind of drama having a musical accompaniment to intensify the effect of certain scenes. Now, a drama abounding in romantic sentiment and agonizing situations, with a musical accompaniment only in parts which are especially thrilling or pathetic. In opera, a passage in which the orchestra plays a somewhat descriptive accompaniment, while the actor speaks; as the melodrama in the gravedigging scene of Beethoven’s ´Fidelio´.

Mel•o•dra•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. melodramatique.] Of or pertaining to melodrama; like or suitable to a melodrama; unnatural in situation or action. — Mel•o•dra•mat´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Mel•o•dram´a•tist , n. One who acts in, or writes, melodramas.

Mel´o•drame , n. [F.] Melodrama.

Mel´o•dy , n.; pl. Melodies (#). [OE. melodie, F. melodie, L. melodia, fr. Gr. a singing, choral song, fr. musical, melodious; me•los song, tune + song. See Ode.] 1. A sweet or agreeable succession of sounds. “Lulled with sound of sweetest melody.” Shak. 2. (Mus.) A rhythmical succession of single tones, ranging for the most part within a given key, and so related together as to form a musical whole, having the unity of what is technically called a musical thought, at once pleasing to the ear and characteristic in expression. Melody consists in a succession of single tones; harmony is a consonance or agreement of tones, also a succession of consonant musical combinations or chords. 3. The air or tune of a musical piece. Syn. — See Harmony.

Mel´o•e , [ NL., fr. Gr. to probe a wound.] (Zoöl.) A genus of beetles without wings, but having short oval elytra; the oil beetles. These beetles are sometimes used instead of cantharides for raising blisters. See Oil beetle, under Oil.

Mel´o•graph (mel´o•graf), n. [Gr. me•los a song + -graph : cf. F. melographe.] Same as Melodiograph.

Mel•o•lon•thid´i•an , n. [Gr. the cockchafer.] (Zoöl.) A beetle of the genus Melolontha, and allied genera. See May beetle, under May.

Mel´on (mel´un), n. [F., fr. L. melo, for melopepo an apple-shaped melon, Gr. ; mh^lon apple + a species of large melon; cf. L. malum apple. Cf. Marmalade.] 1. (Bot.) The juicy fruit of certain cucurbitaceous plants, as the muskmelon, watermelon, and citron melon; also the plant that produces the fruit. 2. (Zoöl.) A large, ornamental, marine, univalve shell of the genus Melo. Melon beetle (Zoöl.), a small leaf beetle (Diabrotiea vittata), which damages the leaves of melon vines. — Melon cactus, Melon thistle. (a) (Bot.) A genus of cactaceous plants (Melocactus) having a fleshy and usually globose stem with the surface divided into spiny longitudinal ridges, and bearing at the top a prickly and woolly crown in which the small pink flowers are half concealed. M. communis, from the West Indies, is often cultivated, and sometimes called Turk’s cap. (b) The related genus Mamillaria, in which the stem is tubercled rather than ribbed, and the flowers sometimes large. See Illust. under Cactus.

Mel•o•pi•a´no , n. [Gr. me•los song + E. piano.] A piano having a mechanical attachment which enables the player to prolong the notes at will.

Mel•o•plas´tic , a. Of or pertaining to meloplasty, or the artificial formation of a new cheek.

Mel´o•plas•ty (mel´o•plas•ty), n. [Gr. mh^lon an apple, a cheek + - plasty: cf. F. meloplastie.] (Surg.) The process of restoring a cheek which has been destroyed wholly or in part.

Mel•o•pœ´ia , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; me•los song + poiei^n to make.] (Mus.) The art of forming melody; melody; — now often used for a melodic passage, rather than a complete melody.

Mel´o•type , n. (Photog.) A picture produced by a process in which development after exposure may be deferred indefinitely, so as to permit transportation of exposed plates; also the process itself.

Mel•pom´e•ne , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., the songstress, fr. , , to sing.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Muse of tragedy. 2. (Astron.) The eighteenth asteroid.

Mel´rose , n. Honey of roses.

Melt (melt), n. (Zoöl.) See 2d Milt.

Melt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Melted (obs.) p. p. Molten p. pr. & vb. n. Melting.] [AS. meltan; akin to Gr. me•ldein, E. malt, and prob. to E. smelt, v. rad.108. Cf. Smelt, v., Malt, Milt the spleen.] 1. To reduce from a solid to a liquid state, as by heat; to liquefy; as to melt wax, tallow, or lead; to melt ice or snow. 2. Hence: To soften, as by a warming or kindly influence; to relax; to render gentle or susceptible to mild influences; sometimes, in a bad sense, to take away the firmness of; to weaken. “Thou would’st have … melted down thy youth.” Shak. “For pity melts the mind to love.” Dryden. Syn. — To liquefy; fuse; thaw; mollify; soften.

Melt, v. i. 1. To be changed from a solid to a liquid state under the influence of heat; as butter and wax melt at moderate temperatures. 2. To dissolve; as sugar melts in the mouth. 3. Hence: To be softened; to become tender, mild, or gentle; also to be weakened or subdued, as by fear. “My soul melteth for heaviness.” Ps. cxix. 28. “Melting with tenderness and kind compassion.” Shak. 4. To lose distinct form or outline; to blend. “The soft, green, rounded hills, with their flowing outlines, overlapping and melting into each other.” J. C. Shairp. 5. To disappear by being dispersed or dissipated; as the fog melts away. Shak.

Melt´a•ble , a. Capable of being melted.

Melt´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, melts.

Melt´ing, n. Liquefaction; the act of causing (something) to melt, or the process of becoming melted. Melting point (Chem.), the degree of temperature at which a solid substance melts or fuses; as the melting point of ice is 0° Centigrade or 32° Fahr., that of urea is 132° Centigrade. — Melting pot, a vessel in which anything is melted; a crucible.

Melt´ing a. Causing to melt; becoming melted; — used literally or figuratively; as a melting heat; a melting appeal; a melting mood. — Melt´ing•ly, adv.

Mel´ton , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of stout woolen cloth with unfinished face and without raised nap. A commoner variety has a cotton warp.

Mem´ber , v. t. [See Remember.] To remember; to cause to remember; to mention. [Obs.]

Mem´ber, n. [OE. membre, F. membre, fr. L. membrum; cf. Goth. mimz flesh, Skr. mamsa.] 1. (Anat.) A part of an animal capable of performing a distinct office; an organ; a limb. “We have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office.” Rom. xii. 4. 2. Hence, a part of a whole; an independent constituent of a body; as: (a) A part of a discourse or of a period or sentence; a clause; a part of a verse. (b) (Math.) Either of the two parts of an algebraic equation, connected by the sign of equality. (c) (Engin.) Any essential part, as a post, tie rod, strut, etc., of a framed structure, as a bridge truss. (d) (Arch.) Any part of a building, whether constructional, as a pier, column, lintel, or the like, or decorative, as a molding, or group of moldings. (e) One of the persons composing a society, community, or the like; an individual forming part of an association; as a member of the society of Friends. Compression member, Tension member (Engin.), a member, as a rod, brace, etc., which is subjected to compression or tension, respectively.

Mem´bered , a. 1. Having limbs; — chiefly used in composition. 2. (Her.) Having legs of a different tincture from that of the body; — said of a bird in heraldic representations.

Mem´ber•ship, n. 1. The state of being a member. 2. The collective body of members, as of a society.

Mem´bral , a. (Anat.) Relating to a member.

Mem•bra•na´ceous , a. [L. membranaceus.] 1. Same as Membranous. Arbuthnot. 2. (Bot.) Thin and rather soft or pliable, as the leaves of the rose, peach tree, and aspen poplar.

Mem´brane , n. [F., fr. L. membrana the skin that covers the separate members of the body, fr. L. membrum. See Member.] (Anat.) A thin layer or fold of tissue, usually supported by a fibrous network, serving to cover or line some part or organ, and often secreting or absorbing certain fluids. The term is also often applied to the thin, expanded parts, of various texture, both in animals and vegetables. Adventitious membrane, a membrane connecting parts not usually connected, or of a different texture from the ordinary connection; as the membrane of a cicatrix. — Jacob’s membrane. See under Retina. — Mucous membranes (Anat.), the membranes lining passages and cavities which communicate with the exterior, as well as ducts and receptacles of secretion, and habitually secreting mucus. — Schneiderian membrane. (Anat.) See Schneiderian. — Serous membranes (Anat.) , the membranes, like the peritoneum and pleura, which line, or lie in, cavities having no obvious outlet, and secrete a serous fluid.

Mem•bra´ne•ous , a. [L. membraneus of parchment.] See Membranous.

Mem•bra•nif´er•ous , a. [Membrane + -ferous.] Having or producing membranes.

Mem•bra´ni•form , a. [Membrane + -form: cf. F. membraniforme.] Having the form of a membrane or of parchment.

Mem•bra•nol´o•gy , n. [Membrane + -logy.] The science which treats of membranes.

Mem´bra•nous , a. [Cf. F. membraneux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, membrane; as a membranous covering or lining. 2. (Bot.) Membranaceous. Membranous croup (Med.), true croup. See Croup.

Me•men´to , n.; pl. Mementos (#). [L., remember, be mindful, imper. of meminisse to remember. See Mention.] A hint, suggestion, token, or memorial, to awaken memory; that which reminds or recalls to memory; a souvenir. “Seasonable mementos may be useful.” Bacon.

Me•min´na , n. (Zoöl.) A small deerlet, or chevrotain, of India.

Mem´non , n. [L., from Gr. , lit., the Steadfast, Resolute, the son of Tithonus and Aurora, and king of the Ethiopians, killed by Achilles.] (Antiq.) A celebrated Egyptian statue near Thebes, said to have the property of emitting a harplike sound at sunrise. { Mem´oir , or pl. Mem´oirs }, n. [F. memoire, m., memorandum, fr. memoire, f., memory, L. memoria. See Memory.] 1. A memorial account; a history composed from personal experience and memory; an account of transactions or events (usually written in familiar style) as they are remembered by the writer. See History, 2. 2. A memorial of any individual; a biography; often, a biography written without special regard to method and completeness. 3. An account of something deemed noteworthy; an essay; a record of investigations of any subject; the journals and proceedings of a society.

Mem´oir•ist, n. A writer of memoirs.

Mem•o•ra•bil´i•a , n. pl. [L., fr. memorabilis memorable. See Memorable.] Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance or record; also the record of them.

Mem•o•ra•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being memorable.

Mem´o•ra•ble , a. [L. memorabilis, fr. memorare to bring to remembrance, fr. memor mindful, remembering. See Memory, and cf. Memorabilia.] Worthy to be remembered; very important or remarkable. — Mem´o•ra•ble•ness, n. — Mem´o•ra•bly, adv. “Surviving fame to gain,
Buy tombs, by books, by memorable deeds.” Sir J. Davies.

Mem•o•ran´dum , n.; pl. E. Memorandums, L. Memoranda (#). [L., something to be remembered, neut. of memorandus, fut. pass. p. of memorare. See Memorable.] 1. A record of something which it is desired to remember; a note to help the memory. “I … entered a memorandum in my pocketbook.” Guardian. “I wish you would, as opportunity offers, make memorandums of the regulations of the academies.” Sir J. Reynolds. 2. (Law) A brief or informal note in writing of some transaction, or an outline of an intended instrument; an instrument drawn up in a brief and compendious form. Memorandum check, a check given as an acknowledgment of indebtedness, but with the understanding that it will not be presented at bank unless the maker fails to take it up on the day the debt becomes due. It usually has Mem. written on its face.

Mem´o•rate , v. t. [L. memoratus, p. p. of memorare. See Memorable.] To commemorate. [Obs.]

Mem´o•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. memoratif.] Commemorative. [Obs.] Hammond.

Me•mo´ri•a , n. [L.] Memory. Memoria technica, technical memory; a contrivance for aiding the memory.

Me•mo´ri•al , a. [F. memorial, L. memorialis, fr. memoria. See Memory.] 1. Serving to preserve remembrance; commemorative; as a memorial building. “There high in air, memorial of my name,
Fix the smooth oar, and bid me live to fame.” Pope. 2. Contained in memory; as a memorial possession. 3. Mnemonic; assisting the memory. “This succession of Aspirate, Soft, and Hard, may be expressed by the memorial word ASH.” Skeat. Memorial Day. Same as Decoration Day. [U.S.]

Me•mo´ri•al, n. [Cf. F. memorial.] 1. Anything intended to preserve the memory of a person or event; something which serves to keep something else in remembrance; a monument. Macaulay. “Churches have names; some as memorials of peace, some of wisdom, some in memory of the Trinity itself.” Hooker. 2. A memorandum; a record. [Obs. or R.] Hayward. 3. A written representation of facts, addressed to the government, or to some branch of it, or to a society, etc., — often accompanied with a petition. 4. Memory; remembrance. [Obs.] “Precious is the memorial of the just.” Evelyn. 5. (Diplomacy) A species of informal state paper, much used in negotiation.

Me•mo´ri•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. memorialiste.] One who writes or signs a memorial.

Me•mo´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Memorialized p. pr. & vb. n. Memorializing ] To address or petition by a memorial; to present a memorial to; as to memorialize the legislature. T. Hook.

Me•mo´ri•al•i•zer , n. One who petitions by a memorial. T. Hook.

Mem´o•rist , n. [See Memorize.] One who, or that which, causes to be remembered. [Obs.]

Me•mor´i•ter , adv. [L., fr. memor mindful. See Memorable.] By, or from, memory.

Mem´o•rize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Memorized p. pr. & vb. n. Memorizing ] [See Memory.] 1. To cause to be remembered ; hence, to record. [Obs.] “They neglect to memorize their conquest.” Spenser. “They meant to … memorize another Golgotha.” Shak. 2. To commit to memory; to learn by heart.

Mem´o•ry , n.; pl. Memories (#). [OE. memorie, OF. memoire, memorie, F. memoire, L. memoria, fr. memor mindful; cf. mora delay. Cf. Demur, Martyr, Memoir, Remember.] 1. The faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous thoughts, impressions, or events. “Memory is the purveyor of reason.” Rambler. 2. The reach and positiveness with which a person can remember; the strength and trustworthiness of one’s power to reach and represent or to recall the past; as his memory was never wrong. 3. The actual and distinct retention and recognition of past ideas in the mind; remembrance; as in memory of youth; memories of foreign lands. 4. The time within which past events can be or are remembered; as within the memory of man. “And what, before thy memory, was done
From the begining.” Milton. 5. Something, or an aggregate of things, remembered; hence, character, conduct, etc., as preserved in remembrance, history, or tradition; posthumous fame; as the war became only a memory. “The memory of the just is blessed.” Prov. x. 7. “That ever-living man of memory, Henry the Fifth.” Shak. “The Nonconformists … have, as a body, always venerated her [Elizabeth’s] memory.” Macaulay. 6. A memorial. [Obs.] “These weeds are memories of those worser hours.” Shak. Syn. — Memory, Remembrance, Recollection, Reminiscence. Memory is the generic term, denoting the power by which we reproduce past impressions. Remembrance is an exercise of that power when things occur spontaneously to our thoughts. In recollection we make a distinct effort to collect again, or call back, what we know has been formerly in the mind. Reminiscence is intermediate between remembrance and recollection, being a conscious process of recalling past occurrences, but without that full and varied reference to particular things which characterizes recollection. ´When an idea again recurs without the operation of the like object on the external sensory, it is remembrance; if it be sought after by the mind, and with pain and endeavor found, and brought again into view, it is recollection.´ Locke. To draw to memory, to put on record; to record. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gower.

Mem´phi•an , a. Of or pertaining to the ancient city of Memphis in Egypt; hence, Egyptian; as Memphian darkness.

Men , n., pl. of Man.

Men, pron. [OE. me, men. ´Not the plural of man, but a weakened form of the word man itself.´ Skeat.] A man; one; — used with a verb in the singular, and corresponding to the present indefinite one or they. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. “Men moot give silver to the poure friars.” Chaucer. “A privy thief, men clepeth death.” Chaucer.

Me•nac´can•ite , n. [From Menaccan, in Cornwall, where it was first found.] (Min.) An iron-black or steel-gray mineral, consisting chiefly of the oxides of iron and titanium. It is commonly massive, but occurs also in rhombohedral crystals. Called also titanic iron ore, and ilmenite.

Men´ace (men´as; 48), n. [F., fr. L. minaciae threats, menaces, fr. minax, - acis, projecting, threatening, minae projecting points or pinnacles, threats. Cf. Amenable, Demean, Imminent, Minatory.] The show of an intention to inflict evil; a threat or threatening; indication of a probable evil or catastrophe to come. “His (the pope’s) commands, his rebukes, his menaces.” Milman. “The dark menace of the distant war.” Dryden.

Men´ace (men´as; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Menaced (ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Menacing ] [OF. menacier, F. menacer. See Menace, n.] 1. To express or show an intention to inflict, or to hold out a prospect of inflicting, evil or injury upon; to threaten; — usually followed by with before the harm threatened; as to menace a country with war. “My master … did menace me with death.” Shak. 2. To threaten, as an evil to be inflicted. “By oath he menaced
Revenge upon the cardinal.” Shak.

Men´ace, v. i. To act in threatening manner; to wear a threatening aspect. “Who ever knew the heavens menace so?” Shak.

Men´a•cer , n. One who menaces.

Men´a•cing•ly, adv. In a threatening manner.

Me•nage´ , n. See Manage.

Me•nage´ , n. [See Menagerie.] A collection of animals; a menagerie. [Obs.] Addison.

Men•ag´er•ie , n. [F. menagerie, fr. menager to keep house, menage household. See Menial, Mansion.] 1. A piace where animals are kept and trained. 2. A collection of wild or exotic animals, kept for exhibition.

Men´a•gogue , n. [F. menagogue, fr. Gr. mh•n month + leading.] (Med.) Emmenagogue.

Me•na´ion , n.; pl. Menaia (-yå). [NL., from Gr. monthly.] (Eccl.) A work of twelve volumes, each containing the offices in the Greek Church for a month; also each volume of the same. Shipley. { Men´ald , Men´ild } a. Covered with spots; speckled; variegated. [Obs.]

Mend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mended; p. pr. & vb. n. Mending.] [Abbrev. fr. amend. See Amend.] 1. To repair, as anything that is torn, broken, defaced, decayed, or the like; to restore from partial decay, injury, or defacement; to patch up; to put in shape or order again; to re-create; as to mend a garment or a machine. 2. To alter for the better; to set right; to reform; hence, to quicken; as to mend one’s manners or pace. “The best service they could do the state was to mend the lives of the persons who composed it.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To help, to advance, to further; to add to. “Though in some lands the grass is but short, yet it mends garden herbs and fruit.” Mortimer. “You mend the jewel by the wearing it.” Shak. Syn. — To improve; help; better; emend; amend; correct; rectify; reform.

Mend, v. i. To grow better; to advance to a better state; to become improved. Shak.

Mend´a•ble , a. Capable of being mended.

Men•da´cious , a. [L. mendax, -acis, lying, cf. mentiri to lie.] 1. Given to deception or falsehood; lying; as a mendacious person. 2. False; counterfeit; containing falsehood; as a mendacious statement. — Men•da´cious•ly, adv. — Men•da´cious•ness, n.

Men•dac´i•ty , n.; pl. Mendacities (#). [L. mendacitas.] 1. The quality or state of being mendacious; a habit of lying. Macaulay. 2. A falsehood; a lie. Sir T. Browne. Syn. — Lying; deceit; untruth; falsehood.

Mend´er , n. One who mends or repairs.

Men´di•ant , n. See Mendinant. [Obs.]

Men´di•can•cy , n. The condition of being mendicant; beggary; begging. Burke.

Men´di•cant , a. [L. mendicans, -antis, p. pr. of mendicare to beg, fr. mendicus beggar, indigent.] Practicing beggary; begging; living on alms; as mendicant friars. Mendicant orders (R. C. Ch.), certain monastic orders which are forbidden to acquire landed property and are required to be supported by alms, esp. the Franciscans, the Dominicans, the Carmelites, and the Augustinians.

Men´di•cant, n. A beggar; esp., one who makes a business of begging; specifically, a begging friar.

Men´di•cate , v. t.& i. [L. mendicatus, p. p. of mendicare to beg.] To beg. [R.] Johnson.

Men•di•ca´tion , n. The act or practice of begging; beggary; mendicancy. Sir T. Browne.

Men•dic´i•ty , n. [L. mendicitas: cf. F. mendicite. See Mendicant.] The practice of begging; the life of a beggar; mendicancy. Rom. of R.

Men´di•nant , n. A mendicant or begging friar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mend´ment , n. Amendment. [Obs.]

Men´dole (men´dol), n. [Cf. F. mendol, mendole.] (Zoöl.) The cackerel.

Men´dre•gal , n. (Zoöl.) Medregal.

Mends (mendz), n. See Amends. [Obs.] Shak.

Menge (menj), v. i. [imp. Mente, Meinte; p. p. Ment, Meint.] [See Mingle.] To mix. [Obs.] Spenser.

Men•ha´den , n. (Zoöl.) An American marine fish of the Herring family (Brevoortia tyrannus), chiefly valuable for its oil and as a component of fertilizers; — called also mossbunker, bony fish, chebog, pogy, hardhead, whitefish, etc.

Men´hir , n. [F. Armor. men stone + hir high.] A large stone set upright in olden times as a memorial or monument. Many, of unknown date, are found in Brittany and throughout Northern Europe.

Men´ial , a. [OE. meneal, fr. meine, maine, household, OF. maisniee, maisnie, LL. mansionaticum. See Mansion, and cf. Meine, n., Meiny.] 1. Belonging to a retinue or train of servants; performing servile office; serving. “Two menial dogs before their master pressed.” Dryden. 2. Pertaining to servants, esp. domestic servants; servile; low; mean. ´ Menial offices.´ Swift.

Men´ial, n. 1. A domestic servant or retainer, esp. one of humble rank; one employed in low or servile offices. 2. A person of a servile character or disposition.

Me•nière’s´ dis•ease´ (Med.) A disease characterized by deafness and vertigo, resulting in incoördination of movement. It is supposed to depend upon a morbid condition of the semicircular canals of the internal ear. Named after Menière, a French physician.

Men´i•lite , n. [F. menilite; — so called because it is found at Menilmontant, near Paris.] (Min.) See Opal.

Me•nin´ge•al (me•nin´je•al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the meninges.

Me•nin´ges (-jez), n. pl.; sing. Meninx . [NL., fr. Gr. mh^nigx, -iggos, a membrane.] (Anat.) The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord; the pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid membrane.

Men•in•gi´tis , n. [NL. See Meninges, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord. Cerebro-spinal meningitis. See under Cerebro-spinal.

Me•nis´cal , a. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a meniscus.

Me•nis´coid , a. [Meniscus + -oid.] Concavo-convex, like a meniscus.

me•nis´cus , n.; pl. L. menisci (-si), E. Meniscuses (#). [NL., from Gr. mhni•skos, dim. of mh•nh the moon.] 1. A crescent. 2. (Opt.) A lens convex on one side and concave on the other. 3. (Anat.) An interarticular synovial cartilage or membrane; esp., one of the intervertebral synovial disks in some parts of the vertebral column of birds. Converging meniscus, Diverging meniscus. See Lens.

Men•i•sper•ma´ceous , a. [Gr. mh•nh the moon + spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) Pertaining to a natural order (Menispermaceae) of climbing plants of which moonseed (Menispermum) is the type.

Men•i•sper´mic , a. Pertaining to, or obtained from, moonseed (Menispermum), or other plants of the same family, as the Anamirta Cocculus.

Men•i•sper´mine , n. [Cf. F. menispermine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid distinct from picrotoxin and obtained from the cocculus indicus (the fruit of Anamirta Cocculus, formerly Menispermum Cocculus) as a white, crystalline, tasteless powder; — called also menispermina.

Men´i•ver , n. [OF. menuver, menuveir, menuvair, a grayish fur; menu small + vair a kind of fur. See Minute, a., and Vair.] Same as Miniver. { Men´non•ist , Men´non•ite } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a small denomination of Christians, so called from Menno Simons of Friesland, their founder. They believe that the New Testament is the only rule of faith, that there is no original sin, that infants should not be baptized, and that Christians ought not to take oath, hold office, or render military service. { Men´o•branch , Men•o•bran´chus } n. [NL. menobranchus, fr. Gr. to remain + a gill.] (Zoöl.) A large aquatic American salamander of the genus Necturus, having permanent external gills. { Men•o•lo´gi•um , Me•nol´o•gy } n.; pl. L. Menologia (#), E. Menologies (#). [NL. menologium, fr. Gr. mh•n month + lo•gos discourse : cf. F. menologe.] 1. A register of months. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. (Gr. Church) A brief calendar of the lives of the saints for each day in the year, or a simple remembrance of those whose lives are not written.

Men´o•pause , n. [Gr. mh•n month + to cause to cease. See Menses.] (Med.) The period of natural cessation of menstruation. See Change of life, under Change. { Men•o•po´ma , Men´o•pome } n. [NL. menopoma, fr. Gr. to remain + lid.] (Zoöl.) The hellbender.

Men•or•rha´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mh•n month + to break.] (Med.) (a) Profuse menstruation. (b) Any profuse bleeding from the uterus; Metrorrhagia.

Me•nos´ta•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mh•n month + ’istan•nai to stop.] (Med.) Stoppage of the menses.

Men•os•ta´tion , n. (Med.) Same as Menostasis.

Men´ow , n. (Zoöl.) A minnow.

Men´-pleas•er , n. One whose motive is to please men or the world, rather than God. Eph. vi. 6.

Men´sal , a. [L. mensalis, fr. mensa table.] Belonging to the table; transacted at table; as mensal conversation.

Men´sal , a. [L. mensis month.] Occurring once in a month; monthly.

Mense , n. [OE. menske, AS. mennisc human, man. See Man.] Manliness; dignity; comeliness; civility. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] — Mense´ful (#), a. — Mense´less, a.

Mense, v. t. To grace. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Men´ses , n. pl. [L. mensis month, pl. menses months, and the monthly courses of women. Cf. Month.] (Med.) The catamenial or menstrual discharge, a periodic flow of blood or bloody fluid from the uterus or female generative organs.

Men´stru•al , a. [L. menstrualis: cf. F. menstruel. See Menstruous.] 1. Recurring once a month; monthly; gone through in a month; as the menstrual revolution of the moon; pertaining to monthly changes; as the menstrual equation of the sun’s place. 2. Of or pertaining to the menses; as menstrual discharges; the menstrual period. 3. Of or pertaining to a menstruum. Bacon.

Men´stru•ant , a. [L. menstruans, p. pr. of menstruare to have a monthly term, fr. menstruus. See Menstruous.] Subject to monthly flowing or menses.

Men´stru•ate , a. Menstruous. [Obs.]

Men´stru•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Menstruated p. pr. & vb. n. Menstruating ] To discharge the menses; to have the catamenial flow.

Men•stru•a´tion , n. The discharge of the menses; also the state or the period of menstruating.

Men´strue , n. [Cf. F. menstrues. See Menstruous.] The menstrual flux; menses. [Obs.]

Men´stru•ous , a. [L. menstruus, fr. mensis month. Cf. Menstruum.] 1. Having the monthly flow or discharge; menstruating. 2. Of or pertaining to the monthly flow; catamenial.

Men´stru•um , n.; pl. E. Menstruums (#), L. Menstrua (#). [L. menstruus. See Menstruous.] Any substance which dissolves a solid body; a solvent. “The proper menstruum to dissolve metal.” Bacon. “All liquors are called menstruums which are used as dissolvents, or to extract the virtues of ingredients by infusion or decoction.” Quincy. The use is supposed to have originated in some notion of the old chemists about the influence of the moon in the preparation of dissolvents. Johnson.

Men•su•ra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. mensurabilite.] The quality of being mensurable.

Men´su•ra•ble , a. [L. mensurabilis, fr. mensurare to measure, fr. mensura measure: cf. F. mensurable. See Measurable, Measure.] Capable of being measured; measurable.

Men´su•ra•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being mensurable; measurableness.

Men´su•ral , a. [L. mensuralis.] Of or pertaining to measure.

Men´su•rate , v. t. [L. mensuratus, p. p. of mensurare. See Measure, v.] To measure. [Obs.]

Men•su•ra´tion , n. [L. mensuratio : cf. F. mensuration.] 1. The act, process, or art, of measuring. 2. That branch of applied geometry which gives rules for finding the length of lines, the areas of surfaces, or the volumes of solids, from certain simple data of lines and angles.

-ment , [F. -ment, L. -mentum.] A suffix denoting that which does a thing; an act or process; the result of an act or process; state or condition; as aliment, that which nourishes, ornament, increment; fragment, piece broken, segment; abridgment, act of abridging, imprisonment, movement, adjournment; amazement, state of being amazed, astonishment.

Ment , p. p. of Menge.

Men´ta•gra , n. [NL., fr. L. mentum chin + Gr. a catching.] (Med.) Sycosis.

Men´tal , a. [L. mentum the chin.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin; genian; as the mental nerve; the mental region.

Men´tal, n. (Zoöl.) A plate or scale covering the mentum or chin of a fish or reptile.

Men´tal, a. [F., fr. L. mentalis, fr. mens, mentis, the mind; akin to E. mind. See Mind.] Of or pertaining to the mind; intellectual; as mental faculties; mental operations, conditions, or exercise. “What a mental power
This eye shoots forth!” Shak. Mental alienation, insanity. — Mental arithmetic, the art or practice of solving arithmetical problems by mental processes, unassisted by written figures.

Men•tal´i•ty , n. Quality or state of mind. ´The same hard mentality.´ Emerson.

Men´tal•ly , adv. In the mind; in thought or meditation; intellectually; in idea.

Men´tha , n. [L. See Mint the plant.] (Bot.) A widely distributed genus of fragrant herbs, including the peppermint, spearmint, etc. The plants have small flowers, usually arranged in dense axillary clusters.

Men´thene , n. [Menthol + terpene.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid hydrocarbon resembling oil of turpentine, obtained by dehydrating menthol. It has an agreeable odor and a cooling taste.

Men´thol , n. [Mentha + - ol.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, aromatic substance resembling camphor, extracted from oil of peppermint (Mentha); — called also mint camphor or peppermint camphor.

Men´thyl , n. [Mentha + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical forming the base of menthol.

Men•ti•cul´tur•al , a. Of or pertaining to mental culture; serving to improve or strengthen the mind. [R.]

Men´tion , n. [OE. mencioun, F. mention, L. mentio, from the root of meminisse to remember. See Mind.] A speaking or notice of anything, — usually in a brief or cursory manner. Used especially in the phrase to make mention of. “I will make mention of thy righteousness.” Ps. lxxi. 16. “And sleep in dull, cold marble, where no mention
Of me more must be heard of.” Shak.

Men´tion (men´shun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mentioned (- shund); p. pr. & vb. n. Mentioning.] [Cf. F. mentionner.] To make mention of; to speak briefly of; to name. “I will mention the loving-kindnesses of the Lord.” Is. lxiii. 7.

Men´tion•a•ble , a. Fit to be mentioned.

Men•to•meck•e´li•an , a. [1st mental + Meckelian.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the chin and lower jaw. — n. The bone or cartilage forming the anterior extremity of the lower jaw in some adult animals and the young of others.

Men´tor , n. [From Mentor, the counselor of Telemachus, Gr. Me•ntwr, prop., counselor. Cf. Monitor.] A wise and faithful counselor or monitor.

Men•to´ri•al , a. [From Mentor.] Containing advice or admonition.

Men´tum , n. [L., chin.] (Zoöl.) The front median plate of the labium in insects. See Labium.

Me•nu´ , n. [F., slender, thin, minute. See 4th Minute.] The details of a banquet; a bill of fare.

Me´nuse , v. i. See Amenuse. [Obs.]

Me•ow´ , v. i. & n. See 6th and 7th Mew.

Meph•is•to•phe´li•an , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the devil Mephistopheles, ´a crafty, scoffing, relentless fiend;´ devilish; crafty. { Me•phit´ic , Me•phit´ic•al } a. [L. mephiticus, fr. mephitis mephitis: cf. F. mephitique.] 1. Tending to destroy life; poisonous; noxious; as mephitic exhalations; mephitic regions. 2. Offensive to the smell; as mephitic odors. Mephitic air (Chem.), carbon dioxide; — so called because of its deadly suffocating power. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

Me•phi´tis , n. [L. mephitis : cf. F. mephitis.] 1. Noxious, pestilential, or foul exhalations from decomposing substances, filth, or other source. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of mammals, including the skunks.

Meph´i•tism , n. Same as Mephitis, 1.

Me•ra´cious , a. [L. meracus, fr. merus pure, inmixed.] Being without mixture or adulteration; hence, strong; racy. [Obs.]

Mer´ca•ble , a. [L. mercabilis, fr. mercari to trade, traffic, buy. See Merchant.] Capable of being bought or sold. [Obs.]

Mer´can•tile ( 277), a. [F. mercantile, It. mercantile, fr. L. mercans, - antis, p. pr. of mercari to traffic. See Merchant.] Of or pertaining to merchants, or the business of merchants; having to do with trade, or the buying and selling of commodities; commercial. “The expedition of the Argonauts was partly mercantile, partly military.” Arbuthnot. Mercantile agency, an agency for procuring information of the standing and credit of merchants in different parts of the country, for the use of dealers who sell to them. - - Mercantile marine, the persons and vessels employed in commerce, taken collectively. — Mercantile paper, the notes or acceptances given by merchants for goods bought, or received on consignment; drafts on merchants for goods sold or consigned. McElrath. Syn. — Mercantile, Commercial. Commercial is the wider term, being sometimes used to embrace mercantile. In their stricter use, commercial relates to the shipping, freighting, forwarding, and other business connected with the commerce of a country (whether external or internal), that is, the exchange of commodities; while mercantile applies to the sale of merchandise and goods when brought to market. As the two employments are to some extent intermingled, the two words are often interchanged.

Mer•cap´tal , n. [Mercaptan + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of compounds of mercaptans with aldehydes.

Mer•cap´tan , n. [F., fr. NL. mercurius mercury + L. captans, p. pr. of captare to seize, v. intens. fr. capere.] (Chem.) Any one of series of compounds, hydrosulphides of alcohol radicals, in composition resembling the alcohols, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen, and hence called also the sulphur alcohols. In general, they are colorless liquids having a strong, repulsive, garlic odor. The name is specifically applied to ethyl mercaptan, C2H5SH. So called from its avidity for mercury, and other metals.

Mer•cap´tide , n. (Chem.) A compound of mercaptan formed by replacing its sulphur hydrogen by a metal; as potassium mercaptide, C2H5SK.

Mer´cat , n. [L. mercatus : cf. It. mercato. See Market.] Market; trade. [Obs.] Bp. Sprat.

Mer•ca•tan´te ( It. ?), n. [It. See Merchant.] A foreign trader. [Obs.] Shak.

Mer•ca´tor’s chart´ See under Chart, and see Mercator’s projection, under Projection.

Mer´ca•ture ( 135), n. [L. mercatura commerce.] Commerce; traffic; trade. [Obs.]

Merce , v. t. [See Amerce.] To subject to fine or amercement; to mulct; to amerce. [Obs.]

Mer•ce•na´ri•a , n. [NL. See Mercenary.] (Zoöl.) The quahog.

Mer•ce•na´ri•an (-an), n. A mercenary. [Obs.]

Mer´ce•na•ri•ly , adv. In a mercenary manner.

Mer´ce•na•ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being mercenary; venality. Boyle.

Mer´ce•na•ry , a. [OE. mercenarie, F. mercenaire, fr. L. mercenarius, fr. merces wages, reward. See Mercy.] 1. Acting for reward; serving for pay; paid; hired; hireling; venal; as mercenary soldiers. 2. Hence: Moved by considerations of pay or profit; greedy of gain; sordid; selfish. Shak. “For God forbid I should my papers blot
With mercenary lines, with servile pen.” Daniel. Syn. — See Venal.

Mer´ce•na•ry , n.; pl. Mercenaries . One who is hired; a hireling; especially, a soldier hired into foreign service. Milman.

Mer´cer , n. [F. mercier, fr. L. merx, mercis, wares, merchandise. See Merchant.] Originally, a dealer in any kind of goods or wares; now restricted to a dealer in textile fabrics, as silks or woolens. [Eng.]

Mer´cer•ship, n. The business of a mercer.

Mer´cer•y , n. [F. mercerie.] The trade of mercers; the goods in which a mercer deals.

Mer´chand , v. i. [F. marchander. See Merchant.] To traffic. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mer´chan•di•sa•ble , a. Such as can be used or transferred as merchandise.

Mer´chan•dise , n. [F. marchandise, OF. marcheandise.] 1. The objects of commerce; whatever is usually bought or sold in trade, or market, or by merchants; wares; goods; commodities. Spenser. 2. The act or business of trading; trade; traffic.

Mer´chan•dise, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Merchandised p. pr. & vb. n. Merchandising ] To trade; to carry on commerce. Bacon.

Mer´chan•dise, v. t. To make merchandise of; to buy and sell. ´Love is merchandised.´ Shak.

Mer´chan•di•ser , n. A trader. Bunyan.

Mer´chand•ry , n. [See Merchant.] Trade; commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Mer´chant , n. [OE. marchant, OF. marcheant, F. marchand, fr. LL. mercatans, -antis, p. pr. of mercatare to negotiate, L. mercari to traffic, fr. merx, mercis, wares. See Market, Merit, and cf. Commerce.] 1. One who traffics on a large scale, especially with foreign countries; a trafficker; a trader. “Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad.” Shak. 2. A trading vessel; a merchantman. [Obs.] Shak. 3. One who keeps a store or shop for the sale of goods; a shopkeeper. [U. S. & Scot.]

Mer´chant, a. Of, pertaining to, or employed in, trade or merchandise; as the merchant service. Merchant bar, Merchant iron or steel, certain common sizes of wrought iron and steel bars. — Merchant service, the mercantile marine of a country. Am. Cyc. — Merchant ship, a ship employed in commerce. — Merchant tailor, a tailor who keeps and sells materials for the garments which he makes.

Mer´chant, v. i. To be a merchant; to trade. [Obs.]

Mer´chant•a•ble , a. Fit for market; such as is usually sold in market, or such as will bring the ordinary price; as merchantable wheat; sometimes, a technical designation for a particular kind or class.

Mer´chant•ly, a. Merchantlike; suitable to the character or business of a merchant. [Obs.] Gauden.

Mer´chant•man , n.; pl. Merchantmen . 1. A merchant. [Obs.] Matt. xiii. 45. 2. A trading vessel; a ship employed in the transportation of goods, as distinguished from a man-of- war.

Mer´chant•ry , n. 1. The body of merchants taken collectively; as the merchantry of a country. 2. The business of a merchant; merchandise. Walpole.

Mer´ci•a•ble , a. [OF.] Merciful. [Obs.]

Mer´ci•ful , a. [Mercy + - ful.] 1. Full of mercy; having or exercising mercy; disposed to pity and spare offenders; unwilling to punish. “The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious.” Ex. xxxiv. 6. “Be merciful, great duke, to men of mold.” Shak. 2. Unwilling to give pain; compassionate. “A merciful man will be merciful to his beast.” Old Proverb. Syn. — Compassionate; tender; humane; gracious; kind; mild; clement; benignant. — Mer´ci•ful•ly, adv. — Mer´ci•ful•ness, n.

Mer´ci•fy , v. t. To pity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mer´ci•less, a. Destitute of mercy; cruel; unsparing; — said of animate beings, and also figuratively, of things; as a merciless tyrant; merciless waves. “The foe is merciless, and will not pity.” Shak. Syn. — Cruel; unmerciful; remorseless; ruthless; pitiless; barbarous; savage. — Mer´ci•less•ly, adv. — Mer´ci•less•ness, n.

Mer•cur•am•mo´ni•um , n. [Mercuric + ammonium.] (Chem.) A radical regarded as derived from ammonium by the substitution of mercury for a portion of the hydrogen.

Mer•cu´ri•al , a. [L. mercurialis, fr. Mercurius Mercury: cf. F. mercuriel.] 1. Having the qualities fabled to belong to the god Mercury; swift; active; sprightly; fickle; volatile; changeable; as a mercurial youth; a mercurial temperament. “A mercurial man
Who fluttered over all things like a fan.” Byron. 2. Having the form or image of Mercury; — applied to ancient guideposts. [Obs.] Chillingworth. 3. Of or pertaining to Mercury as the god of trade; hence, money-making; crafty. “The mercurial wand of commerce.” J. Q. Adams. 4. Of or pertaining to, or containing, mercury; as mercurial preparations, barometer. See Mercury, 2. 5. (Med.) Caused by the use of mercury; as mercurial sore mouth.

Mer•cu´ri•al, n. 1. A person having mercurial qualities. Bacon. 2. (Med.) A preparation containing mercury.

Mer•cu´ri•al•ist, n. 1. One under the influence of Mercury; one resembling Mercury in character. 2. (Med.) A physician who uses much mercury, in any of its forms, in his practice.

Mer•cu´ri•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mercurialized p. pr. & vb. n. Mercurializing ] 1. (Med.) To affect with mercury. 2. (Photography) To treat with mercury; to expose to the vapor of mercury.

Mer•cu´ri•al•ize, v. i. To be sprightly, fantastic, or capricious. [Obs.]

Mer•cu´ri•al•ly, adv. In a mercurial manner.

Mer•cu´ric , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mercury; containing mercury; — said of those compounds of mercury into which this element enters in its lowest proportion. Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate. See Corrosive.

Mer•cu•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. mercurification. See Mercurify.] 1. (Metal.) The process or operation of obtaining the mercury, in its fluid form, from mercuric minerals. 2. (Chem.) The act or process of compounding, or the state of being compounded, with mercury. [R.]

Mer•cu´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mercurified p. pr. & vb. n. Mercurifying ] [Mercury + -fy.] 1. To obtain mercury from, as mercuric minerals, which may be done by any application of intense heat that expels the mercury in fumes, which are afterward condensed. [R.] 2. To combine or mingle mercury with; to impregnate with mercury; to mercurialize. [R.]

Mer´cu•rism , n. A communication of news; an announcement. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Mer•cu´rous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mercury; containing mercury; — said of those compounds of mercury in which it is present in its highest proportion. Mercurous chloride. (Chem.) See Calomel.

Mer´cu•ry , n. [L. Mercurius; akin to merx wares.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) A Latin god of commerce and gain; — treated by the poets as identical with the Greek Hermes, messenger of the gods, conductor of souls to the lower world, and god of eloquence. 2. (Chem.) A metallic element mostly obtained by reduction from cinnabar, one of its ores. It is a heavy, opaque, glistening liquid (commonly called quicksilver), and is used in barometers, thermometers, etc. Specific gravity 13.6. Symbol Hg (Hydrargyrum). Atomic weight 199.8. Mercury has a molecule which consists of only one atom. It was named by the alchemists after the god Mercury, and designated by his symbol, &mercury;. Mercury forms alloys, called amalgams, with many metals, and is thus used in applying tin foil to the backs of mirrors, and in extracting gold and silver from their ores. It is poisonous, and is used in medicine in the free state as in blue pill, and in its compounds as calomel, corrosive sublimate, etc. It is the only metal which is liquid at ordinary temperatures, and it solidifies at about -39° Centigrade to a soft, malleable, ductile metal. 3. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, being the one nearest the sun, from which its mean distance is about 36,000,000 miles. Its period is 88 days, and its diameter 3,000 miles. 4. A carrier of tidings; a newsboy; a messenger; hence, also a newspaper. Sir J. Stephen. ´The monthly Mercuries.´ Macaulay. 5. Sprightly or mercurial quality; spirit; mutability; fickleness. [Obs.] “He was so full of mercury that he could not fix long in any friendship, or to any design.” Bp. Burnet. 6. (Bot.) A plant (Mercurialis annua), of the Spurge family, the leaves of which are sometimes used for spinach, in Europe. The name is also applied, in the United States, to certain climbing plants, some of which are poisonous to the skin, esp. to the Rhus Toxicodendron, or poison ivy. Dog’s mercury (Bot.), Mercurialis perennis, a perennial plant differing from M. annua by having the leaves sessile. — English mercury (Bot.), a kind of goosefoot formerly used as a pot herb; - - called Good King Henry. — Horn mercury (Min.), a mineral chloride of mercury, having a semitranslucent, hornlike appearance.

Mer´cu•ry, v. t. To wash with a preparation of mercury. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mer´cy , n.; pl. Mercies (#). [OE. merci, F. merci, L. merces, mercedis, hire, pay, reward, LL., equiv. to misericordia pity, mercy. L. merces is prob. akin to merere to deserve, acquire. See Merit, and cf. Amerce.] 1. Forbearance to inflict harm under circumstances of provocation, when one has the power to inflict it; compassionate treatment of an offender or adversary; clemency. “Examples of justice must be made for terror to some; examples of mercy for comfort to others.” Bacon. 2. Compassionate treatment of the unfortunate and helpless; sometimes, favor, beneficence. Luke x. 37. 3. Disposition to exercise compassion or favor; pity; compassion; willingness to spare or to help. “In whom mercy lacketh and is not founden.” Sir T. Elyot. 4. A blessing regarded as a manifestation of compassion or favor. “The Father of mercies and the God of all comfort.” 2 Cor. i. 3. Mercy seat (Bib.), the golden cover or lid of the Ark of the Covenant. See Ark, 2. — Sisters of Mercy (R. C. Ch.),a religious order founded in Dublin in the year 1827. Communities of the same name have since been established in various American cities. The duties of those belonging to the order are, to attend lying-in hospitals, to superintend the education of girls, and protect decent women out of employment, to visit prisoners and the sick, and to attend persons condemned to death. — To be at the mercy of, to be wholly in the power of. Syn. — See Grace.

Merd , n. [F. merde, L. merda.] Ordure; dung. [Obs.] Burton.

-mere [Gr. part.] A combining form meaning part, portion; as blastomere, epimere.

Mere (mer), n. [Written also mar.] [OE. mere, AS. mere mere, sea; akin to D. meer lake, OS. meri sea, OHG. meri, mari, G. meer, Icel. marr, Goth. marei, Russ. more, W. mor, Ir. & Gael. muir, L. mare, and perh. to L. mori to die, and meaning originally, that which is dead, a waste. Cf. Mortal, Marine, Marsh, Mermaid, Moor.] A pool or lake. Drayton. Tennyson.

Mere, n. [Written also meer and mear.] [AS. gemaere. rad.269.] A boundary. Bacon.

Mere , v. t. To divide, limit, or bound. [Obs.] “Which meared her rule with Africa.” Spenser.

Mere, n. A mare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mere , a. [Superl. Merest. The comparative is rarely or never used.] [L. merus.] 1. Unmixed; pure; entire; absolute; unqualified. “Then entered they the mere, main sea.” Chapman. “The sorrows of this world would be mere and unmixed.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Only this, and nothing else; such, and no more; simple; bare; as a mere boy; a mere form. “From mere success nothing can be concluded in favor of any nation.” Atterbury.

Mere´ly, adv. 1. Purely; unmixedly; absolutely. “Ulysses was to force forth his access,
Though merely naked.” Chapman. 2. Not otherwise than; simply; barely; only. “Prize not your life for other ends
Than merely to oblige your friends.” Swift. Syn. — Solely; simply; purely; barely; scarcely.

Me•ren´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a part + -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Tissue composed of spheroidal cells.

Meres´man , n. An officer who ascertains meres or boundaries. [Eng.]

Mere´stead , n. [Mere boundary + stead place.] The land within the boundaries of a farm; a farmstead or farm. [Archaic.] Longfellow.

Mere´stone , n. A stone designating a limit or boundary; a landmark. Bacon.

Mer•e•tri´cious , a. [L. meretricius, from meretrix, -icis, a prostitute, lit., one who earns money, i. e., by prostitution, fr. merere to earn, gain. See Merit.] 1. Of or pertaining to prostitutes; having to do with harlots; lustful; as meretricious traffic. 2. Resembling the arts of a harlot; alluring by false show; gaudily and deceitfully ornamental; tawdry; as meretricious dress or ornaments. — Mer•e•tri´cious•ly, adv. — Mer•e•tri´cious•ness, n.

Mer•gan´ser , n. [Sp. mergánsar, fr. mergo a diver (L. mergus, fr. mergere to dip, dive) + ánsar goose, L. anser.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Merganser, and allied genera. They are allied to the ducks, but have a sharply serrated bill. The red-breasted merganser (Merganser serrator) inhabits both hemispheres. It is called also sawbill, harle, and sheldrake. The American merganser (M. Americanus.) and the hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) are well-known species. — White merganser, the smew or white nun.

Merge (merj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Merged (merjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Merging (mer´jing).] [L. mergere, mersum. Cf. Emerge, Immerse, Marrow.] To cause to be swallowed up; to immerse; to sink; to absorb. “To merge all natural … sentiment in inordinate vanity.” Burke. “Whig and Tory were merged and swallowed up in the transcendent duties of patriots.” De Quincey.

Merge, v. i. To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. “Native irresolution had merged in stronger motives.” I. Taylor.

Mer´ger , n. 1. One who, or that which, merges. 2. (Law) An absorption of one estate, or one contract, in another, or of a minor offense in a greater.

Mer´i•carp , n. [Gr. me•ros a part + karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) One carpel of an umbelliferous fruit. See Cremocarp.

Mer´ide , n. [Gr. a part.] (Biol.) A permanent colony of cells or plastids which may remain isolated, like Rotifer, or may multiply by gemmation to form higher aggregates, termed zoides. Perrier.

Me•rid´i•an , a. [F. meridien, L. meridianus pertaining to noon, fr. meridies noon, midday, for older medidies; medius mid, middle + dies day. See Mid, and Diurnal.] 1. Being at, or pertaining to, midday; belonging to, or passing through, the highest point attained by the sun in his diurnal course. ´Meridian hour.´ Milton. “Tables … to find the altitude meridian.” Chaucer. 2. Pertaining to the highest point or culmination; as meridian splendor.

Me•rid´i•an, n. [F. meridien. See Meridian, a.] 1. Midday; noon. 2. Hence: The highest point, as of success, prosperity, or the like; culmination. “I have touched the highest point of all my greatness,
And from that full meridian of my glory
I haste now to my setting.” Shak. 3. (Astron.) A great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith of a given place. It is crossed by the sun at midday. 4. (Geog.) A great circle on the surface of the earth, passing through the poles and any given place; also the half of such a circle included between the poles. The planes of the geographical and astronomical meridians coincide. Meridians, on a map or globe, are lines drawn at certain intervals due north and south, or in the direction of the poles. Calculated for, or fitted to, or adapted to, the meridian of, suited to the local circumstances, capabilities, or special requirements of. “All other knowledge merely serves the concerns of this life, and is fitted to the meridian thereof.” Sir M. Hale. — First meridian, the meridian from which longitudes are reckoned. The meridian of Greenwich is the one commonly employed in calculations of longitude by geographers, and in actual practice, although in various countries other and different meridians, chiefly those which pass through the capitals of the countries, are occasionally used; as in France, the meridian of Paris; in the United States, the meridian of Washington, etc. — Guide meridian (Public Land Survey), a line, marked by monuments, running North and South through a section of country between other more carefully established meridians called principal meridians, used for reference in surveying. [U.S.] — Magnetic meridian, a great circle, passing through the zenith and coinciding in direction with the magnetic needle, or a line on the earth’s surface having the same direction. — Meridian circle (Astron.), an instrument consisting of a telescope attached to a large graduated circle and so mounted that the telescope revolves like the transit instrument in a meridian plane. By it the right ascension and the declination of a star may be measured in a single observation. — Meridian instrument (Astron.), any astronomical instrument having a telescope that rotates in a meridian plane. — Meridian of a globe, or Brass meridian, a graduated circular ring of brass, in which the artificial globe is suspended and revolves.

Me•rid´i•o•nal , a. [F. meridional, L. meridionalis, fr. meridies midday. See Meridian.] 1. Of or pertaining to the meridian. 2. Having a southern aspect; southern; southerly. “Offices that require heat … should be meridional.” Sir H. Wotton. Meridional distance, the distance or departure from the meridian; the easting or westing. — Meridional parts, parts of the meridian in Mercator’s projection, corresponding to each minute of latitude from the equator up to 70 or 80 degrees; tabulated numbers representing these parts used in projecting charts, and in solving cases in Mercator’s sailing.

Me•rid•i•o•nal´i•ty , n. 1. The state of being in the meridian. 2. Position in the south; aspect toward the south.

Me•rid´i•o•nal•ly , adv. In the direction of the meridian.

Mer´ils , n. [F. merelle, marelle, marelles, LL. marella, marrella. Cf. Morris the game.] A boy’s play, called also fivepenny morris. See Morris.

Me•ringue´ (F. me•raN´g’; E. me•rang´), n. [F.] A delicate pastry made of powdered sugar and the whites of eggs whipped up, — with jam or cream added.

Me•ri´no , a. [Sp. merino moving from pasture to pasture, fr. merino a royal judge and superintendent or inspector of sheep walks, LL. merinus, fr. majorinus, i. e., major vill, fr. L. major greater. See Major. Merino sheep are driven at certain seasons from one part of Spain to another, in large flocks, for pasturage.] 1. Of or pertaining to a variety of sheep with very fine wool, originally bred in Spain. 2. Made of the wool of the merino sheep.

Me•ri´no, n.; pl. Merinos (#). [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) A breed of sheep originally from Spain, noted for the fineness of its wool. 2. A fine fabric of merino wool.

Mer•is•mat´ic , a. [Gr. division, fr. part.] (Biol.) Dividing into cells or segments; characterized by separation into two or more parts or sections by the formation of internal partitions; as merismatic growth, where one cell divides into many.

Mer´i•stem , n. [Gr. divisible.] (Bot.) A tissue of growing cells, or cells capable of further division.

Mer´it , n. [F. merite, L. meritum, fr. merere, mereri, to deserve, merit; prob. originally, to get a share; akin to Gr. part, fate, doom, to receive as one’s portion. Cf. Market, Merchant, Mercer, Mercy.] 1. The quality or state of deserving well or ill; desert. “Here may men see how sin hath his merit.” Chaucer. “Be it known, that we, the greatest, are misthought
For things that others do; and when we fall,
We answer other’s merits in our name.” Shak. 2. Esp. in a good sense: The quality or state of deserving well; worth; excellence. “Reputation is … oft got without merit, and lost without deserving.” Shak. “To him the wit of Greece and Rome was known,
And every author’s merit, but his own.” Pope. 3. Reward deserved; any mark or token of excellence or approbation; as his teacher gave him ten merits. “Those laurel groves, the merits of thy youth.” Prior.

Mer´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Merited; p. pr. & vb. n. Meriting.] [F. meriter, L. meritare, v. intens. fr. merere. See Merit, n.] 1. To earn by service or performance; to have a right to claim as reward; to deserve; sometimes, to deserve in a bad sense; as to merit punishment. ´This kindness merits thanks.´ Shak. 2. To reward. [R. & Obs.] Chapman.

Mer´it, v. i. To acquire desert; to gain value; to receive benefit; to profit. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Mer´it•a•ble , a. Deserving of reward. [R.]

Mer´it•ed•ly, adv. By merit; deservedly. { Mer´i•thal , Mer•i•thal´lus } n. [NL. merithallus, fr. Gr. , or , a part + a young shoot.] (Bot.) Same as Internode.

Mer´it•mon•ger , n. One who depends on merit for salvation. [Obs.] Milner.

Mer•i•to´ri•ous , a. [L. meritorius that brings in money.] Possessing merit; deserving of reward or honor; worthy of recompense; valuable. “And meritorious shall that hand be called,
Canonized, and worshiped as a saint.” Shak. — Mer•i•to´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Mer•i•to´ri•ous•ness, n.

Mer´i•to•ry , a. Meritorious. [Obs.]

Mer´i•tot , n. A play of children, in swinging on ropes, or the like, till they are dizzy.

Merk , n. [See Marc.] An old Scotch silver coin; a mark or marc. [Scot.]

Merk, n. A mark; a sign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Merke , a. Murky. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Mer´kin , n. Originally, a wig; afterwards, a mop for cleaning cannon. { Merl , Merle } n. [F. merle, L. merula, merulus. Cf. Ousel.] (Zoöl.) The European blackbird. See Blackbird. Drayton.

Mer´lin , n. [OE. merlion, F. emerillon ; cf. OHG. smirl, G. schmerl ; prob. fr. L. merula blackbird. Cf. Merle.] (Zoöl.) A small European falcon (Falco lithofalco, or F. aesalon).

Mer´ling , n. (Zoöl.) The European whiting.

Mer´lon , n. [F., perh. fr. L. moerus, for murus a wall, through (assumed) dim. moerulus.] (Fort.) One of the solid parts of a battlemented parapet; a battlement. See Illust. of Battlement.

Mer´luce , n. [F. merluche, merlus.] (Zoöl.) The European hake; — called also herring hake and sea pike.

Mer´maid , n. [AS. mere lake, sea. See Mere lake, and maid.] A fabled marine creature, typically represented as having the upper part like that of a woman, and the lower like a fish; a sea nymph, sea woman, or woman fish. Chaucer uses this word as equivalent to the siren of the ancients. Mermaid fish (Zoöl.) the angel fish (Squatina). — Mermaid’s glove (Zoöl.), a British branched sponge somewhat resembling a glove. — Mermaid’s head (Zoöl.), a European spatangoid sea urchin (Echinocardium cordatum) having some resemblance to a skull. — Mermaid weed (Bot.), an aquatic herb with dentate or pectinate leaves (Proserpinaca palustris and P. pectinacea).

Mer´man , n.; pl. Mermen . The male corresponding to mermaid; a sea man, or man fish.

Mer´o•blast , n. [Gr. part + -blast.] (Biol.) An ovum, as that of a mammal, only partially composed of germinal matter, that is, consisting of both a germinal portion and an albuminous or nutritive one; — opposed to holoblast.

Mer•o•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Consisting only in part of germinal matter; characterized by partial segmentation only; as meroblastic ova, in which a portion of the yolk only undergoes fission; meroblastic segmentation; — opposed to holoblastic.

Me´ro•cele , n. [Gr. thigh + tumor.] (Med.) Hernia in the thigh; femoral hernia .

Mer•o•is´tic , a. [Gr. part + an egg.] (Zoöl.) Applied to the ovaries of insects when they secrete vitelligenous cells, as well as ova.

Me•rop´i•dan , n. [L. merops a bee-eating bird, Gr. me•rops.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of birds (Meropidae), including the bee-eaters.

Me•rop´o•dite , n. [Gr. thigh + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The fourth joint of a typical appendage of Crustacea.

Mer•or•gan•i•za´tion , n. [Gr. part + E. organization.] Organization in part. [R.]

Me´ros , n. [NL., from Gr. part.] (Arch.) The plain surface between the channels of a triglyph. [Written also merus.] Weale.

Me´ros, n. [NL., fr. Gr. the thigh.] (Anat.) The proximal segment of the hind limb; the thigh.

Mer´o•some , n. [Gr. part + - some body.] (Zoöl.) One of the serial segments, or metameres, of which the bodies of vertebrate and articulate animals are composed.

Mer•o•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. thigh + , -, mouth.] (Zoöl.) A class of Arthropoda, allied to the Crustacea. It includes the trilobites, Eurypteroidea, and Limuloidea. All are extinct except the horseshoe crabs of the last group. See Limulus.

Me•rou´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) See Jack, 8 (c).

Mer•o•vin´gi•an , a. [From Merovaeus, the Latin name of a king of the Franks.] Of or pertaining to the first Frankish dynasty in Gaul or France. — n. One of the kings of this dynasty.

Mer´ri•ly , adv. [From Merry.] In a merry manner; with mirth; with gayety and laughter; jovially. See Mirth, and Merry. “Merrily sing, and sport, and play.” Granville.

Mer´ri•make , n. See Merrymake, n.

Mer´ri•make, v. i. See Merrymake, v. Gay.

Mer´ri•ment , n. Gayety, with laughter; mirth; frolic. ´Follies and light merriment.´ Spenser. “Methought it was the sound
Of riot and ill-managed merriment.” Milton.

Mer´ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being merry; merriment; mirth; gayety, with laughter.

Mer´ry , a. [Compar. Merrier superl. Merriest.] [OE. merie, mirie, murie, merry, pleasant, AS. merge, myrige, pleasant; cf. murge, adv.; prob. akin to OHG. murg, short, Goth. gamaúrgjan to shorten; cf. L. murcus a coward, who cuts off his thumb to escape military service; the Anglo-Saxon and English meanings coming from the idea of making the time seem short. Cf. Mirth.] 1. Laughingly gay; overflowing with good humor and good spirits; jovial; inclined to laughter or play ; sportive. “They drank, and were merry with him.” Gen. xliii. 34. “I am never merry when I hear sweet music.” Shak. 2. Cheerful; joyous; not sad; happy. “Is any merry? let him sing psalms.” Jas. v. 13. 3. Causing laughter, mirth, gladness, or delight; as a merry jest. ´Merry wind and weather.´ Spenser. Merry dancers. See under Dancer. — Merry men, followers; retainers. [Obs.] “His merie men commanded he
To make him bothe game and glee.” Chaucer. — To make merry, to be jovial; to indulge in hilarity; to feast with mirth. Judg. ix. 27. Syn. — Cheerful; blithe; lively; sprightly; vivacious; gleeful; joyous; mirthful; jocund; sportive; hilarious.

Mer´ry (mer´ry), n. (Bot.) A kind of wild red cherry.

Mer´ry-an´drew (-an´dru), n. One whose business is to make sport for others; a buffoon; a zany; especially, one who attends a mountebank or quack doctor. This term is said to have originated from one Andrew Borde, an English physician of the 16th century, who gained patients by facetious speeches to the multitude.

Mer´ry-go•-round´ , n. Any revolving contrivance for affording amusement; esp., a ring of flying hobbyhorses.

Mer´ry•make , n. Mirth; frolic; a meeting for mirth; a festival. [Written also merrimake.]

Mer´ry•make, v. i. To make merry; to be jolly; to feast. [Written also merrimake.]

Mer´ry•mak•er , n. One who makes merriment or indulges in conviviality; a jovial comrade.

Mer´ry•mak•ing , a. Making or producing mirth; convivial; jolly.

Mer´ry•mak•ing, n. The act of making merry; conviviality; merriment; jollity. Wordsworth.

Mer´ry•meet•ing , n. A meeting for mirth.

Mer´ry•thought , n. The forked bone of a fowl’s breast; — called also wishbone. See Furculum. It is a sportive custom for two persons to break this bone by pulling the ends apart to see who will get the longer piece, the securing of which is regarded as a lucky omen, signifying that the person holding it will obtain the gratification of some secret wish.

Mer´sion , n. [L. mersio. See Merge.] Immersion. [R.] Barrow.

Me•ru´li•dan , n. [L. merula, merulus, blackbird. See Merle.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Thrush family.

Me´rus , n. [NL.] (Arch.) See Meros.

Mer´vaille , n. Marvel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mes- See Meso-.

Me´sa , . [Sp.] A high tableland; a plateau on a hill. [Southwestern U.S.] Bartlett.

Mes•ac´o•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mesaconic acid.

Mes•a•con´ic , a. [Mes- + -aconic, as in citraconic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, one of several isomeric acids obtained from citric acid.

Mes´ad , adv. Same as Mesiad.

Mes´al , a. Same as Mesial.

Me•sal•li•ance´ , n. [F.] A marriage with a person of inferior social position; a misalliance.

Mes´al•ly (mes´al•ly), adv. Same as Mesially.

Mes•a•mœ´boid (mes•&ador;•me´boid), n. [Mes- + amœboid.] (Biol.) One of a class of independent, isolated cells found in the mesoderm, while the germ layers are undergoing differentiation.

Mes•a•ra´ic , a. [Gr. mesa•raion mesentery; me•sos middle + ’araia• flank.] (Anat.) Mesenteric.

Mes•a•ti•ce•phal´ic , a. [Gr. midmost + E. cephalic.] (Anat.) Having the ratio of the length to the breadth of the cranium a medium one; neither brachycephalic nor dolichocephalic.

Mes•a•ti•ceph´a•lous , a. (Anat.) Mesaticephalic.

Mes•cal´ , n. [Sp.] A distilled liquor prepared in Mexico from a species of agave. See Agave.

Mes•dames´ (F. ?, E. ?), n., pl. of Madame and Madam.

Me•seems´ , v. impers. [imp. Meseemed ] It seems to me. [Poetic]

Me´sel , n. [See Measle.] A leper. [Obs.]

Me´sel•ry , n. Leprosy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Me•sem•bry•an´the•mum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. meshmbri•a midday + ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous or suffruticose plants, chiefly natives of South Africa. The leaves are opposite, thick, and feshy. The flowers usually open about midday, whence the name.

Mes•en•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesencephalon or midbrain.

Mes•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Meso- and Encephalon.] (Anat.) The middle segment of the brain; the midbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to mesen. See Brain.

Mes•en´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + -enchyma, as in E. parenchyma.] (Biol.) The part of the mesoblast which gives rise to the connective tissues and blood.

Mes•en•ter´ic , a. [Cf. F. mesenterique.] (Anat.) Pertaining to a mesentery; mesaraic.

Mes•en´te•ron , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Enteron.] (Anat.) All that part of the alimentary canal which is developed from the primitive enteron and is lined with hypoblast. It is distinguished from the stomodaeum, a part at the anterior end of the canal, including the cavity of the mouth, and the proctodaeum, a part at the posterior end, which are formed by invagination and are lined with epiblast.

Mes´en•ter•y ( 277), n. [Gr. mesente•rion, me•sos + ’e•nteron intestine: cf. F. mesentère.] 1. (Anat.) The membranes, or one of the membranes (consisting of a fold of the peritoneum and inclosed tissues), which connect the intestines and their appendages with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. The mesentery proper is connected with the jejunum and ilium, the other mesenteries being called mesocaecum, mesocolon, mesorectum, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the vertical muscular radiating partitions which divide the body cavity of Anthozoa into chambers.

Mes•e•ra´ic , a. (Anat.) Mesaraic.

Mes•eth´moid , a. [Mes- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the middle of the ethmoid region or ethmoid bone. — n. (Anat.) The median vertical plate, or median element, of the ethmoid bone.

Mesh (mesh), n. [AS. masc, max, maescre; akin to D. maas, masche, OHG. masca, Icel. möskvi; cf. Lith. mazgas a knot, megsti to weave nets, to knot.] 1. The opening or space inclosed by the threads of a net between knot and knot, or the threads inclosing such a space; network; a net. “A golden mesh to entrap the hearts of men.” Shak. 2. (Gearing) The engagement of the teeth of wheels, or of a wheel and rack. Mesh stick, a stick on which the mesh is formed in netting.

Mesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meshed p. pr. & vb. n. Meshing.] To catch in a mesh. Surrey.

Mesh, v. i. (Gearing) To engage with each other, as the teeth of wheels.

Meshed , a. Mashed; brewed. [Obs.] Shak.

Mesh´y , a. Formed with meshes; netted.

Mes´i•ad , adv. [Gr. me•sos middle + L. ad to.] (Anat.) Toward, or on the side toward, the mesial plane; mesially; — opposed to laterad.

Me´sial ( 277), a. [Gr. me•sos middle.] (Anat.) Middle; median; in, or in the region of, the mesial plane; internal; — opposed to lateral. Mesial plane. (Anat.) See Meson.

Me´sial•ly, adv. (Anat.) In, near, or toward, the mesial plane; mesiad.

Mes´i•tyl , n. (Chem.) A hypothetical radical formerly supposed to exist in mesityl oxide. Mesityl oxide (Chem.), a volatile liquid having the odor of peppermint, obtained by certain dehydrating agents from acetone; — formerly called also dumasin.

Me•sit´y•le•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mesitylenic acid.

Me•sit´y•lene , n. (Chem.) A colorless, fragrant liquid, C6H3(CH3)3, of the benzene series of hydrocarbons, obtained by distilling acetone with sulphuric acid. — Me•sit•y•len´ic (#), a.

Me•sit´y•lol , n. [Mesitylene + -ol.] (Chem.) A crystalline substance obtained from mesitylene.

Mes´lin , n. See Maslin.

Mes•mer•ee´ , n. A person subjected to mesmeric influence; one who is mesmerized. [R.] { Mes•mer´ic , Mes•mer´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. mesmerique.] Of, pertaining to, or induced by, mesmerism; as mesmeric sleep.

Mes´mer•ism , n. [From Mesmer, who first brought it into notice at Vienna, about 1775: cf. F. mesmerisme.] The art of inducing an extraordinary or abnormal state of the nervous system, in which the actor claims to control the actions, and communicate directly with the mind, of the recipient. See Animal magnetism, under Magnetism.

Mes´mer•ist, n. One who practices, or believes in, mesmerism.

Mes•mer•i•za´tion , n. The act of mesmerizing; the state of being mesmerized.

Mes´mer•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mesmerized p. pr. & vb. n. Mesmerizing ] To bring into a state of mesmeric sleep.

Mes´mer•i•zer , n. One who mesmerizes.

Mesne , a. [Cf. Mean intermediate.] (Law) Middle; intervening; as a mesne lord, that is, a lord who holds land of a superior, but grants a part of it to another person, in which case he is a tenant to the superior, but lord or superior to the second grantee, and hence is called the mesne lord. Mesne process, intermediate process; process intervening between the beginning and end of a suit, sometimes understood to be the whole process preceding the execution. Blackstone. Burrill. — Mesne profits, profits of premises during the time the owner has been wrongfully kept out of the possession of his estate. Burrill. { Mes´o- , Mes- }. [Gr. me•sos in the middle.] A combining form denoting in the middle, intermediate; specif. (Chem.), denoting a type of hydrocarbons which are regarded as methenyl derivatives. Also used adjectively.

Mes•o•a´ri•um , n. [NL., from Gr. me•sos middle + ’w,a•rion, dim. of ’w,o•n an egg.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum which suspends the ovary from the dorsal wall of the body cavity.

Mes´o•blast , n. [Meso- + -blast.] (Biol.) (a) The mesoderm. (b) The cell nucleus; mesoplast.

Mes•o•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Relating to the mesoblast; as the mesoblastic layer.

Mes•o•bran´chi•al , a. [Meso- + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a region of the carapace of a crab covering the middle branchial region.

Mes•o•bron´chi•um , n.; pl. Mesobronchia (#). [NL. See Meso-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) The main bronchus of each lung.

Mes•o•cae´cum , n. (Anat.) [NL. See Meso-, and Caecum.] The fold of peritoneum attached to the caecum. — Mes•o•cae´cal (#), a.

Mes´o•carp , n. [Meso- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) The middle layer of a pericarp which consists of three distinct or dissimilar layers. Gray.

Mes•o•ce•phal´ic , a. [Meso- + cephalic.] (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the middle of the head; as the mesocephalic flexure. (b) Having the cranial cavity of medium capacity; neither megacephalic nor microcephalic. (c) Having the ratio of the length to the breadth of the cranium a medium one; mesaticephalic.

Mes•o•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Cephalon.] (Anat.) The pons Varolii.

Mes•o•ceph´a•lous , a. (Anat.) Mesocephalic. { Mes•o•cœ´le , Mes•o•cœ´li•a } n. [NL. mesocoelia. See Meso-, and Cœlia.] (Anat.) The cavity of the mesencephalon; the iter.

Mes•o•co´lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; me•sos middle + the colon : cf. F. mesocôlon.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the colon. — Mes•o•col´ic (#), a.

Mes•o•cor´a•coid , n. [Meso- + coracoid.] (Anat.) A process from the middle of the coracoid in some animals. { Mes•o•cu•ne´i•form , Mes•o•cu´ni•form , } n. [Meso- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) One of the bones of the tarsus. See 2d Cuneiform.

Mes´o•derm , n. [Meso- + Gr. de•rma skin.] (Biol.) (a) The layer of the blastoderm, between the ectoderm and endoderm; mesoblast. See Illust. of Blastoderm and Ectoderm. (b) The middle body layer in some invertebrates. (c) The middle layer of tissue in some vegetable structures.

Mes•o•der´mal , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the mesoderm; as mesodermal tissues.

Mes•o•der´mic , a. Same as Mesodermal.

Mes´o•dont , a. [Meso- + Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having teeth of moderate size.

Mes•o•gas´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + belly.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity; the mesogastrium.

Mes•o•gas´tric , a. [Meso- + gastric.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the middle region of the abdomen, or of the stomach. (b) Of or pertaining to the mesogaster. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the middle gastric lobe of the carapace of a crab.

Mes•o•gas´tri•um , n. [NL. See Mesogaster.] (Anat.) (a) The umbilical region. (b) The mesogaster.

Mes•o•glœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a glutinous substance.] (Zoöl.) A thin gelatinous tissue separating the ectoderm and endoderm in certain cœlenterates. — Mes•o•glœ´al (#), a.

Me•sog´na•thous , a. [Meso- + Gr. gna•qos jaw.] (Anat.) Having the jaws slightly projecting; between prognathous and orthognathous. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic.

Mes•o•he´par , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Hepar.] (Anat.) A fold of the peritoneum connecting the liver with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity.

Mes•o•hip´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct mammal of the Horse family, but not larger than a sheep, and having three toes on each foot.

Mes´o•labe , n. [L. mesolabium, Gr. ; me•sos middle + to take.] An instrument of the ancients for finding two mean proportionals between two given lines, required in solving the problem of the duplication of the cube. Brande & C.

Mes´ole , n. [Gr. me•sos middle.] (Min.) Same as Thomsonite.

Mes´o•lite ( 277), n. [Meso- + -lite.] (Min.) A zeolitic mineral, grayish white or yellowish, occuring in delicate groups of crystals, also fibrous massive. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina, lime, and soda.

Mes•o•log´a•rithm , n. [Meso- + logarithm : cf. F. mesologarithme.] (Math.) A logarithm of the cosine or cotangent. [Obs.] Kepler. Hutton.

Mes•o•me´tri•um , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Metrium.] (Anat.) The fold of the peritoneum supporting the oviduct.

Mes•o•my•o´di•an , n. (Zoöl.) A bird having a mesomyodous larynx.

Mes•o•my´o•dous , a. [Meso- + Gr. , , a muscle.] (Zoöl.) Having the intrinsic muscles of the larynx attached to the middle of the semirings.

Mes´on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•son middle, neut. of me•sos, a., middle.] (Anat.) The mesial plane dividing the body of an animal into similar right and left halves. The line in which it meets the dorsal surface has been called the dorsimeson, and the corresponding ventral edge the ventrimeson. B. G. Wilder.

Mes•o•na´sal , a. [Meso- + nasal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the middle portion of the nasal region.

Mes•o•neph´ric , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesonephros; as the mesonephric, or Wolffian, duct.

Mes•o•neph´ros , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + nefro•s kidney.] (Anat.) The middle one of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates; the Wolffian body.

Mes•o•no´tum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + nw^ton the back.] (Zoöl.) The dorsal portion of the mesothorax of insects.

Mes•o•phlœ´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + floio•s bark.] (Bot.) The middle bark of a tree; the green layer of bark, usually soon covered by the outer or corky layer, and obliterated.

Me•soph´ry•on , n. [NL., from Gr. meso•fryon.] (Anat.) See Glabella.

Mes•o•phyl´lum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) The parenchyma of a leaf between the skin of the two surfaces. Gray.

Mes´o•plast , n. [Meso- + -plast.] (Biol.) The nucleus of a cell; mesoblast. Agassiz.

Mes•o•po´di•al (mes•o•po´di•al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesopodialia or to the parts of the limbs to which they belong.

Mes•o•po•di•a´le , n.; pl. Mesopodialia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + , dim. of poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Anat.) One of the bones of either the carpus or tarsus.

Mes•o•po´di•um , n. [NL. See Mesopodiale.] (Zoöl.) The middle portion of the foot in the Gastropoda and Pteropoda.

Me•sop•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a fin.] (Anat.) The middle one of the three principal basal cartilages in the fins of fishes. — Me•sop•ter•yg´i•al (#), a.

Me•sor´chi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a testicle.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum which attaches the testis to the dorsal wall of the body cavity or scrotal sac.

Mes•o•rec´tum , n. [Meso- + rectum.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the rectum. — Mes•o•rec´tal (#), a.

Mes´o•rhine , a. [Meso- + Gr. , , the nose.] (Anat.) Having the nose of medium width; between leptorhine and platyrhine.

Mes•o•sau´ri•a , n. Same as Mosasauria.

Mes•o•scap´u•la , n. [Meso- + scapula.] (Anat.) A process from the middle of the scapula in some animals; the spine of the scapula.

Mes•o•scap´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesoscapula.

Mes•o•scu´tum , n. [Meso- + scutum.] (Zoöl.) The scutum or dorsal plate of the middle thoracic segment of an insect. See Illust. of Butterfly.

Mes´o•seme , a. [Meso- + Gr. sign, mark; cf. F. mesosème.] (Anat.) Having a medium orbital index; having orbits neither broad nor narrow; between megaseme and microseme.

Mes•o•sid´er•ite , n. [Meso- + siderite.] (Min.) See the Note under Meteorite.

Mes´o•sperm , n. [Meso- + Gr. seed: cf. F. mesosperme.] (Bot.) A membrane of a seed. See Secundine.

Mes´o•state , n. [Meso- + Gr. to make to stand.] (Physiol.) A product of metabolic action. Every mesostate is either an anastate or katastate, according as it is formed by an anabolic or katabolic process. See Metabolism.

Mes•o•ster´nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mesosternum.

Mes•o•ster´num , n. [Meso- + sternum.] 1. (Anat.) The middle portion, or body, of the sternum. 2. (Zoöl.) The ventral piece of the middle segment of the thorax in insects.

Mes•o•tar•tar´ic , a. [Meso- + tartaric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid called also inactive tartaric acid.

Mes•o•the´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + box.] (Zoöl.) The middle layer of the gonophore in the Hydrozoa.

Mes•o•the´li•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + E. epithelium.] (Biol.) Epithelial mesoderm; a layer of cuboidal epithelium cells, formed from a portion of the mesoderm during the differetiation of the germ layers. It constitutes the boundary of the cœlum.

Mes•o•tho•rac´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the mesothorax.

Mes•o•tho´rax , n. [Meso- + thorax: cf. F. mesothorax.] (Zoöl.) The middle segment of the thorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera.

Mes´o•tro•chal , a. [Meso- + Gr. anything round, a hoop.] (Zoöl.) Having the middle of the body surrounded by bands of cilia; — said of the larvae of certain marine annelids.

Mes´o•type , n. [Meso- + - type: cf. F. mesotype.] (Min.) An old term covering natrolite or soda mesolite, scolecite or lime mesotype, and mesolite or lime-soda mesotype.

Mes•o•va´ri•um , n. [NL. See Meso-, and Ovary.] (Anat.) The fold of peritoneum connecting the ovary with the wall of the abdominal cavity.

Mes•ox´a•late , n. (Chem.) A salt of mesoxalic acid.

Mes•ox•al´ic , a. [Mes- + oxalic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, CH2O2(CO2H)2, obtained from amido malonic acid.

Mes•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL. See Mesozoic.] (Zoöl.) A group of very lowly organized, wormlike parasites, including the Dicyemata. They are found in cephalopods. See Dicyemata.

Mes•o•zo´ic , a. [Meso- + Gr. life, fr. to live.] (Geol.) Belonging, or relating, to the secondary or reptilian age, or the era between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. See Chart of Geology.

Mes•o•zo´ic, n. The Mesozoic age or formation.

Mes•prise´ , n. [OF. mespris, F. mepris. See Misprize.] 1. Contempt; scorn. [Obs.] 2. [Perh. for F. meprise mistake. Cf. Misprision.] Misadventure; ill-success. [Obs.] Spenser. { Mes•qui´te (mes•ke´ta), Mes•quit´ (mes•ket´) }, n. [Sp. mezquite; said to be a Mexican Indian word.] (Bot.) A name for two trees of the southwestern part of North America, the honey mesquite, and screw-pod mesquite. Honey mesquite. See Algaroba (b). — Screw-pod mesquite, a smaller tree (Prosopis pubescens), having spiral pods used as fodder and sometimes as food by the Indians. — Mesquite grass, a rich native grass in Western Texas (Bouteloua oligostachya, and other species); — so called from its growing in company with the mesquite tree; — called also muskit grass, grama grass.

Mess , n. Mass; church service. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mess , n. [OE. mes, OF. mets, LL. missum, p. p. of mittere to put, place (e. g., on the table), L. mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Mass religious service.] 1. A quantity of food set on a table at one time; provision of food for a person or party for one meal; as a mess of pottage; also the food given to a beast at one time. “At their savory dinner set
Of herbs and other country messes.” Milton. 2. A number of persons who eat together, and for whom food is prepared in common; especially, persons in the military or naval service who eat at the same table; as the wardroom mess. Shak. 3. A set of four; — from the old practice of dividing companies into sets of four at dinner. [Obs.] Latimer. 4. The milk given by a cow at one milking. [U.S.] 5. [Perh. corrupt. fr. OE. mesh for mash: cf. muss.] A disagreeable mixture or confusion of things; hence, a situation resulting from blundering or from misunderstanding; as he made a mess of it. [Colloq.]

Mess , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Messed p. pr. & vb. n. Messing.] To take meals with a mess; to belong to a mess; to eat (with others); as I mess with the wardroom officers. Marryat.

Mess, v. t. To supply with a mess.

Mes´sage ( 48), n. [F., fr. LL. missaticum, fr. L. mittere, missum, to send. See Mission, and cf. Messenger.] 1. Any notice, word, or communication, written or verbal, sent from one person to another. “Ehud said, I have a message from God unto thee.” Judg. iii. 20. 2. Hence, specifically, an official communication, not made in person, but delivered by a messenger; as the President’s message. Message shell. See Shell.

Mes´sage, v. t. To bear as a message. [Obs.]

Mes´sage, n. [OE., fr. OF. message, fr. LL. missaticus. See 1st Message.] A messenger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mes´sa•ger , n. [OE.] A messenger. [Obs.]

Mes´sen•ger , n. [OE. messager, OF. messagier, F. messager. See Message.] 1. One who bears a message; the bearer of a verbal or written communication, notice, or invitation, from one person to another, or to a public body; specifically, an office servant who bears messages. 2. One who, or that which, foreshows, or foretells. “Yon gray lines
That fret the clouds are messengers of day.” Shak. 3. (Naut.) A hawser passed round the capstan, and having its two ends lashed together to form an endless rope or chain; — formerly used for heaving in the cable. 4. (Law) A person appointed to perform certain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolvent laws, such as to take charge of the estate of the bankrupt or insolvent. Bouvier. Tomlins. Syn. — Carrier; intelligencer; courier; harbinger; forerunner; precursor; herald. Messenger bird, the secretary bird, from its swiftness.

Mes´set , n. A dog. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Mes•si´ad , n. A German epic poem on the Messiah, by Klopstock.

Mes•si´ah , n. [Heb. mashiakh anointed, fr. mashakh to anoint. Cf. Messias.] The expected king and deliverer of the Hebrews; the Savior; Christ. “And told them the Messiah now was born.” Milton.

Mes•si´ah•ship, n. The state or office of the Messiah.

Mes•si•an´ic , a. Of or relating to the Messiah; as the Messianic office or character.

Mes•si´as , n. [LL., fr. Gr. . See Messiah.] The Messiah. “I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ.” John iv. 25.

Mes•si•dor´ (F. E. ?), n. [F., fr. L. messis harvest.] The tenth month of the French republican calendar dating from September 22, 1792. It began June 19, and ended July 18. See Vendemiaire.

Mes´sieurs ( F. 277), n. pl. [F.; pl. of monsieur.] Sirs; gentlemen; — abbreviated to Messrs., which is used as the plural of Mr.

Mes•si•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Messina, or its inhabitans.

Mess´mate , n. An associate in a mess.

Mes´suage ( 48), n. [Cf. OF. mesuage, masnage, LL. messuagium, mansionaticum, fr. L. mansio, -onis, a staying, remaining, dwelling, fr. manere, mansum, to stay, remain, E. mansion, manse.] (Law) A dwelling house, with the adjacent buildings and curtilage, and the adjoining lands appropriated to the use of the household. Cowell. Bouvier. “They wedded her to sixty thousand pounds,
To lands in Kent, and messuages in York.” Tennyson.

Mest , a. Most. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mes•tee´ , n. [See Mestizo.] The offspring of a white person and a quadroon; — so called in the West Indies. [Written also mustee.]

Mes´ter , n. [Obs.] See Mister, a trade.

Mes•ti´no , n.; pl. Mestinos . See Mestizo.

Mes•ti´zo , n.; pl. Mestizos (#). [Sp. mestizo; akin to OF. mestis, F. metis; all fr. (assumed) LL. mixtitius, fr. L. mixtus mixed, p. p. of miscere to mix. See Mix, and cf. Mestee, Metif, Metis, Mustee.] The offspring of an Indian or a negro and a European or person of European stock. [Spanish America] Mestizo wool, wool imported from South America, and produced by mixed breeds of sheep.

Mest´ling , n. A kind of brass. See Maslin. [Obs.]

Me•sym´ni•cum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. me•sos middle + a festive song. See Hymn.] (Anc. Poetry) A repetition at the end of a stanza.

Met , imp. & p. p. of Meet.

Met, obs. imp. & p. p. of Mete, to measure. Chapman.

Met, obs. p. p. of Mete, to dream. Chaucer. { Met´a- , Met- }. [Gr. meta• between, with, after; akin to AS. mid with, G. mit, Goth. miþ, E. mid, in midwife.] 1. A prefix meaning between, with, after, behind, over, about, reversely; as metachronism, the error of placing after the correct time; metaphor, lit., a carrying over; metathesis, a placing reversely. 2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting: (a) Other; duplicate, corresponding to; resembling; hence, metameric; as meta-arabinic, metaldehyde. (b) (Organic Chem.) That two replacing radicals, in the benzene nucleus, occupy the relative positions of 1 and 3, 2 and 4, 3 and 5, 4 and 6, 5 and 1, or 6 and 2; as metacresol, etc. See Ortho-, and Para-. (c) (Inorganic Chem.) Having less than the highest number of hydroxyl groups; - - said of acids; as metaphosphoric acid. Also used adjectively.

Me•tab´a•sis , n.; pl. Metabases (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to pass over; beyond, over + to go.] 1. (Rhet.) A transition from one subject to another. 2. (Med.) Same as Metabola. { Me•tab´o•la , Me•tab´o•le } n. [NL., from Gr. change; beyond + to throw.] (Med.) A change or mutation; a change of disease, symptoms, or treatment. { Me•tab´o•la , Met•a•bo´li•a } n. pl. [NL. See 1st Metabola.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of insects, including those that undegro a metamorphosis.

Met•a•bo´li•an , n. [See Metabola.] (Zoöl.) An insect which undergoes a metamorphosis.

Met•a•bol´ic , a. [Gr. . See Metabola.] 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to metamorphosis; pertaining to, or involving, change. 2. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to metabolism; as metabolic activity; metabolic force.

Met•a•bol´i•sis , n. [NL.] Metabolism. [R.]

Me•tab´o•lism , n. (Physiol.) The act or process, by which living tissues or cells take up and convert into their own proper substance the nutritive material brought to them by the blood, or by which they transform their cell protoplasm into simpler substances, which are fitted either for excretion or for some special purpose, as in the manufacture of the digestive ferments. Hence, metabolism may be either constructive (anabolism), or destructive (katabolism).

Me•tab´o•lite , n. (Physiol Chem.) A product of metabolism; a substance produced by metabolic action, as urea.

Me•tab´o•lize , v. t. & i. (Physiol.) To change by a metabolic process. See Metabolism.

Met•a•bran´chi•al , a. [Meta- + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lobe of the carapace of crabs covering the posterior branchiae.

Met•a•car´pal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metacarpus. — n. A metacarpal bone.

Met•a•car´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; beyond, between + the wrist.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton of the hand or forefoot between the carpus and phalanges. In man it consists of five bones. See Illust. of Artiodactyla. { Met•a•cen´ter or -tre }, n. [Pref. meta- + center.] (Hydrostatics) The point of intersection of a vertical line through the center of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating body which is tipped through a small angle from its position of equilibrium, and the inclined line which was vertical through the center of gravity of the body when in equilibrium. When the metacenter is above the center of gravity, the position of the body is stable; when below it, unstable.

Me•tac´e•tone , n. [Pref. met- + acetone.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid of an agreeable odor, C6H10O, obtained by distilling a mixture of sugar and lime; — so called because formerly regarded as a polymeric modification of acetone.

Met•a•chlo´ral , n. [Pref. meta- + chloral.] (Chem.) A white, amorphous, insoluble substance regarded as a polymeric variety of chloral.

Me•tach´ro•nism , n. [Gr. , , after the time, happening afterward; beyond + time: cf. F. metachronisme.] An error committed in chronology by placing an event after its real time.

Met•a•chro´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. beyond + a coloring.] (Biol.) The power of changing color at will by the expansion of special pigment cells, under nerve influence, as seen in many reptiles, fishes, etc. Cope.

Met•a•cin´na•bar•ite , n. [Pref. meta- + cinnabar.] (Min.) Sulphide of mercury in isometric form and black in color.

Met´a•cism , n. [L. metacismus, Gr. fondness for the letter .] A defect in pronouncing the letter m, or a too frequent use of it.

Met•a•cro´le•in , n. [Pref. met- + acrolein.] (Chem.) A polymeric modification of acrolein obtained by heating it with caustic potash. It is a crystalline substance having an aromatic odor.

Met•a•cro´mi•on , n. [NL.] (Anat.) A process projecting backward and downward from the acromion of the scapula of some mammals.

Met•a•dis•coid´al , a. [Meta- + discoidal.] (Anat.) Discoidal by derivation; — applied especially to the placenta of man and apes, because it is supposed to have been derived from a diffused placenta.

Met•a•gas´tric , a. [Pref. meta- + gastric.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the two posterior gastric lobes of the carapace of crabs.

Met´age ( 48), n. [From Mete, v.] 1. Measurement, especially of coal. De Foe. 2. Charge for, or price of, measuring. Simmonds.

Met•a•gen´e•sis , n. [Pref. meta- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) The change of form which one animal species undergoes in a series of successively produced individuals, extending from the one developed from the ovum to the final perfected individual. Hence, metagenesis involves the production of sexual individuals by nonsexual means, either directly or through intervening sexless generations. Opposed to monogenesis. See Alternate generation, under Generation. 2. (Biol.) Alternation of sexual and asexual or gemmiparous generations; — in distinction from heterogamy.

Met•a•ge•net´ic (met•a•je•net´ik), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to metagenesis.

Met•a•gen´ic (-jen´ik), a. (Biol.) Metagenetic.

Me•tag´na•thous , a. [Pref. meta- + Gr. gna•qos the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Cross-billed; — said of certain birds, as the crossbill.

Met•a•gram´ma•tism , n. Anagrammatism.

Met•a•graph´ic , a. By or pertaining to metagraphy.

Me•tag´ra•phy , n. [Pref. meta- + -graphy.] The art or act of rendering the letters of the alphabet of one language into the possible equivalents of another; transliteration. Stormonth.

Met´al (? or 277), n. [F. metal, L. metallum metal, mine, Gr. mine; cf. Gr. to search after. Cf. Mettle, Medal.] 1. (Chem.) An elementary substance, as sodium, calcium, or copper, whose oxide or hydroxide has basic rather than acid properties, as contrasted with the nonmetals, or metalloids. No sharp line can be drawn between the metals and nonmetals, and certain elements partake of both acid and basic qualities, as chromium, manganese, bismuth, etc. Popularly, the name is applied to certain hard, fusible metals, as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, zinc, nickel, etc., and also to the mixed metals, or metallic alloys, as brass, bronze, steel, bell metal, etc. 2. Ore from which a metal is derived; — so called by miners. Raymond. 3. A mine from which ores are taken. [Obs.] “Slaves … and persons condemned to metals.” Jer. Taylor. 4. The substance of which anything is made; material; hence, constitutional disposition; character; temper. “Not till God make men of some other metal than earth.” Shak. 5. Courage; spirit; mettle. See Mettle. Shak. The allusion is to the temper of the metal of a sword blade. Skeat. 6. The broken stone used in macadamizing roads and ballasting railroads. 7. The effective power or caliber of guns carried by a vessel of war. 8. Glass in a state of fusion. Knight. 9. pl. The rails of a railroad. [Eng.] Base metal (Chem.), any one of the metals, as iron, lead, etc., which are readily tarnished or oxidized, in contrast with the noble metals. In general, a metal of small value, as compared with gold or silver. — Fusible metal (Metal.), a very fusible alloy, usually consisting of bismuth with lead, tin, or cadmium. — Heavy metals (Chem.), the metallic elements not included in the groups of the alkalies, alkaline earths, or the earths; specifically, the heavy metals, as gold, mercury, platinum, lead, silver, etc. — Light metals (Chem.), the metallic elements of the alkali and alkaline earth groups, as sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, etc.; also sometimes, the metals of the earths, as aluminium. — Muntz metal, an alloy for sheathing and other purposes, consisting of about sixty per cent of copper, and forty of zinc. Sometimes a little lead is added. It is named from the inventor. — Prince’s metal (Old Chem.), an alloy resembling brass, consisting of three parts of copper to one of zinc; — also called Prince Rupert’s metal.

Met´al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metaled or Metalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Metaling or Metalling.] To cover with metal; as to metal a ship’s bottom; to metal a road.

Met•al•am•mo´ni•um , n. [Metal + ammonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical derived from ammonium by the substitution of metallic atoms in place of hydrogen.

Met•al•bu´min , n. [Pref. met- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A form of albumin found in ascitic and certain serous fluids. It is sometimes regarded as a mixture of albumin and mucin.

Me•tal´de•hyde , n. [Pref. met- + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance isomeric with, and obtained from, acetic aldehyde by polymerization, and reconvertible into the same.

Met•a•lep´sis , n.; pl. Metalepses (#). [L., fr. Gr. participation, alteration, fr. to partake, to take in exchange; beyond + to take.] (Rhet.) The continuation of a trope in one word through a succession of significations, or the union of two or more tropes of a different kind in one word.

Met´a•lep•sy , n. (Chem.) Exchange; replacement; substitution; metathesis. [R.]

Met•a•lep´tic , a. [Gr. ] 1. Of or pertaining to a metalepsis. 2. Transverse; as the metaleptic motion of a muscle. 3. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, concerned in, or occurring by, metalepsy.

Met•a•lep´tic•al , a. Metaleptic. — Met•a•lep´tic•al•ly, adv.

Me•tal´lic , a. [L. metallicus, fr. metallum: cf. F. metallique. See Metal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a metal; of the nature of metal; resembling metal; as a metallic appearance; a metallic alloy. 2. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, the essential and implied properties of a metal, as contrasted with a nonmetal or metalloid; basic; antacid; positive. Metallic iron, iron in the state of the metal, as distinquished from its ores, as magnetic iron. — Metallic paper, paper covered with a thin solution of lime, whiting, and size. When written upon with a pewter or brass pencil, the lines can hardly be effaced. — Metallic tinking (Med.), a sound heard in the chest, when a cavity communicating with the air passages contains both air and liquid.

Me•tal´lic•al , a. See Metallic. [Obs.]

Me•tal´lic•ly , adv. In a metallic manner; by metallic means.

Me•tal•li•fac´ture ( 135), n. [L. metallum metal + facere, factum, to make.] The production and working or manufacture of metals. [R.] R. Park.

Met•al•lif´er•ous , a. [L. metallifer; metallum metal + ferre to bear: cf. F. metallifère.] Producing metals; yielding metals.

Me•tal´li•form , a. [L. metallum metal + -form: cf. F. metalliforme.] Having the form or structure of a metal.

Met´al•line , a. [Cf. F. metallin.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or resembling, a metal; metallic; as metalline properties. (b) Impregnated with metallic salts; chalybeate; as metalline water. [R.]

Met´al•line , n. (Chem.) A substance of variable composition, but resembling a soft, dark-colored metal, used in the bearings of machines for obviating friction, and as a substitute for lubricants.

Met´al•list , n. A worker in metals, or one skilled in metals.

Met•al•li•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. metallisation.] The act or process of metallizing. [R.]

Met´al•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metallized p. pr. & vb. n. Metallizing ] [Cf. F. metalliser.] To impart metallic properties to; to impregnate with a metal. [R.]

Me•tal´lo•chrome , n. [See Metallochromy.] A coloring produced by the deposition of some metallic compound; specifically, the prismatic tints produced by depositing a film of peroxide of lead on polished steel by electricity.

Me•tal´lo•chro•my , n. [L. metallum metal + Gr. color.] The art or process of coloring metals.

Me•tal´lo•graph , n. [L. metallum metal + -graph.] A print made by metallography.

Me•tal•lo•graph´ic , a. Pertaining to, or by means of, metallography.

Met•al•log´ra•phist , n. One who writes on the subject of metals.

Met•al•log´ra•phy , n. [L. metallum metal + -graphy: cf. F. metallographie.] 1. The science or art of metals and metal working; also a treatise on metals. 2. A method of transferring impressions of the grain of wood to metallic surfaces by chemical action. Knight. 3. A substitute for lithography, in which metallic plates are used instead of stone. Knight.

Met´al•loid , n. [L. metallum metal + -oid: cf. F. metalloïde.] (a) Formerly, the metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth; — applied by Sir H. Davy to sodium, potassium, and some other metallic substances whose metallic character was supposed to be not well defined. (b) Now, one of several elementary substances which in the free state are unlike metals, and whose compounds possess or produce acid, rather than basic, properties; a nonmetal; as boron, carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine, etc., are metalloids.

Met´al•loid, a. 1. Having the appearance of a metal. 2. (Chem.) Having the properties of a nonmetal; nonmetallic; acid; negative.

Met•al•loid´al , a. Metalloid.

Met•al•lor•gan´ic , a. Metalorganic.

Me•tal•lo•ther´a•py , n. [L. metallum metal + E. therapy.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by applying metallic plates to the surface of the body. { Met•al•lur´gic , Met•al•lur´gic•al } a. [Cf. F. metallurgique.] Of or pertaining to metallurgy.

Met´al•lur•gist , n. [Cf. F. metallurgiste.] One who works in metals, or prepares them for use; one who is skilled in metallurgy.

Met´al•lur•gy , n. [F. metallurgie, fr. L. metallum metal, Gr. a mine + the root of work. See Metal, and Work.] The art of working metals, comprehending the whole process of separating them from other matters in the ore, smelting, refining, and parting them; sometimes, in a narrower sense, only the process of extracting metals from their ores.

Met´al•man , n.; pl. Metalmen . A worker in metals.

Met•a•log´ic•al , a. Beyond the scope or province of logic.

Met•al•or•gan´ic , a. [Metal, L. metallum + E. organic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, any one of a series of compounds of certain metallic elements with organic radicals; as zinc methyl, sodium ethyl, etc. [Written also metallorganic.]

Met´a•mer , n. [See Metamere.] (Chem.) Any one of several metameric forms of the same substance, or of different substances having the same composition; as xylene has three metamers, viz., orthoxylene, metaxylene, and paraxylene.

Met´a•mere , n. [Pref. meta- + -mere.] (Biol.) One of successive or homodynamous parts in animals and plants; one of a series of similar parts that follow one another in a vertebrate or articulate animal, as in an earthworm; a segment; a somite. See Illust. of Loeven’s larva.

Met•a•mer´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + Gr. part.] 1. (Chem.) Having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but possessing a different structure and different properties; as methyl ether and ethyl alcohol are metameric compounds. See Isomeric. The existence of metameric compounds is due to the different arrangement of the same constituents in the molecule. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a metamere or its formation; as metameric segmentation.

Met•a•mer´ic•al•ly, adv. In a metameric manner.

Me•tam´er•ism , n. 1. (Biol.) The symmetry of a metameric structure; serial symmetry; the state of being made up of metameres. 2. (Chem.) The state or quality of being metameric; also the relation or condition of metameric compounds.

Met•a•mor´phic , a. [See Metamorphosis.] 1. Subject to change; changeable; variable. 2. Causing a change of structure. 3. (Geol.) Pertaining to, produced by, or exhibiting, certain changes which minerals or rocks may have undergone since their original deposition; — especially applied to the recrystallization which sedimentary rocks have undergone through the influence of heat and pressure, after which they are called metamorphic rocks.

Met•a•mor´phism , n. (Geol.) The state or quality of being metamorphic; the process by which the material of rock masses has been more or less recrystallized by heat, pressure, etc., as in the change of sedimentary limestone to marble. Murchison.

Met•a•mor´phist , n. (Eccl.) One who believes that the body of Christ was merged into the Deity when he ascended.

Met•a•mor´phize , v. t. To metamorphose.

Met•a•mor´phose , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metamorphosed p. pr. & vb. n. Metamorphosing.] [Cf. F. metamorphoser.] To change into a different form; to transform; to transmute. “And earth was metamorphosed into man.” Dryden.

Met•a•mor´phose , n. [Cf. F. metamorphose. See Metamorphosis.] Same as Metamorphosis.

Met•a•mor´pho•ser , n. One who metamorphoses. [R.] Gascoigne.

Met•a•mor´pho•sic , a. Changing the form; transforming. [R.] Pownall.

Met•a•mor´pho•sis , n.; pl. Metamorphoses (#). [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to be transformed; meta• beyond, over + morfh• form.] 1. Change of form, or structure; transformation. 2. (Biol.) A change in the form or function of a living organism, by a natural process of growth or development; as the metamorphosis of the yolk into the embryo, of a tadpole into a frog, or of a bud into a blossom. Especially, that form of sexual reproduction in which an embryo undergoes a series of marked changes of external form, as the chrysalis stage, pupa stage, etc., in insects. In these intermediate stages sexual reproduction is usually impossible, but they ultimately pass into final and sexually developed forms, from the union of which organisms are produced which pass through the same cycle of changes. See Transformation. 3. (Physiol.) The change of material of one kind into another through the agency of the living organism; metabolism. Vegetable metamorphosis (Bot.), the doctrine that flowers are homologous with leaf buds, and that the floral organs are transformed leaves.

Met•a•nau´pli•us , n. [NL. See Meta-, and Nauplius.] (Zoöl.) A larval crustacean in a stage following the nauplius, and having about seven pairs of appendages.

Met•a•ne•phrit´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metanephros.

Met•a•neph´ros , n. [NL., fr. Gr. behind + kidney.] (Anat.) The most posterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in many vertebrates.

Met•a•no´tum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. behind + back.] (Zoöl.) The dorsal portion of the metaphorax of insects.

Met•an•ti•mo´nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metantimonic acid.

Met•an•ti•mon´ic , a. [Pref. met- + antimonic.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (formerly called antimonic acid) analogous to metaphosphoric acid, and obtained as a white amorphous insoluble substance, (HSbO3). (b) Formerly, designating an acid, which is now properly called pyroantimonic acid, and analogous to pyrophosphoric acid.

Met•a•pec´tic , a. [Pref. meta- + pectic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a supposed acid obtained from pectin.

Met•a•pec´tin , n. (Chem.) A substance obtained from, and resembling, pectin, and occurring in overripe fruits.

Met•a•pep´tone , n. [Pref. meta- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) An intermediate product formed in the gastric digestion of albuminous matter.

Met´a•phor (met´a•fer), n. [F. metaphore, L. metaphora, fr. Gr. metafora•, fr. metafe•rein to carry over, transfer; meta• beyond, over + fe•rein to bring, bear.] (Rhet.) The transference of the relation between one set of objects to another set for the purpose of brief explanation; a compressed simile; e. g., the ship plows the sea. Abbott & Seeley. ´All the world’s a stage.´ Shak. The statement, ´that man is a fox,´ is a metaphor; but ´that man is like a fox,´ is a simile, similitude, or comparison. { Met•a•phor´ic , Met•a•phor´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. metaphorique.] Of or pertaining to metaphor; comprising a metaphor; not literal; figurative; tropical; as a metaphorical expression; a metaphorical sense. — Met•a•phor´ic•al•ly, adv. — Met•a•phor´ic•al•ness, n.

Met´a•phor•ist , n. One who makes metaphors.

Met•a•phos´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metaphosphoric acid.

Met•a•phos•phor´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a monobasic acid, HPO3, analogous to nitric acid, and, by heating phosphoric acid, obtained as a crystalline substance, commonly called glacial phosphoric acid.

Met´a•phrase (met´a•fraz), n. [Gr. meta•frasis, from metafra•zein to paraphrase; meta• beyond, over + fra•zein to speak: cf. F. metaphrase.] 1. A verbal translation; a version or translation from one language into another, word for word; — opposed to paraphrase. Dryden. 2. An answering phrase; repartee. Mrs. Browning.

Met´a•phrased (met´a•frazd), a. Translated literally.

Me•taph´ra•sis (me•taf´ra•sis), n. [NL. See Metaphrase.] Metaphrase.

Met´a•phrast , n. [Gr. : cf. F. metaphraste.] A literal translator. { Met•a•phras´tic , Met•a•phras´tic•al } a. [Gr. .] Close, or literal.

Met•a•phys´ic , n. [Cf. F. metaphysique.] See Metaphysics.

Met•a•phys´ic, a. Metaphysical.

Met•a•phys´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. metaphysique. See Metaphysics.] 1. Of or pertaining to metaphysics. 2. According to rules or principles of metaphysics; as metaphysical reasoning. 3. Preternatural or supernatural. [Obs.] “The golden round
Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem
To have thee crowned withal.” Shak.

Met•a•phys´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of metaphysical science, or of a metaphysician. South.

Met•a•phy•si´cian , n. [Cf. F. metaphysicien.] One who is versed in metaphysics.

Met•a•phys´ics , n. [Gr. after those things which relate to external nature, after physics, fr. beyond, after + relating to external nature, natural, physical, fr. nature: cf. F. metaphysique. See Physics. The term was first used by the followers of Aristotle as a name for that part of his writings which came after, or followed, the part which treated of physics.] 1. The science of real as distinguished from phenomenal being; ontology; also the science of being, with reference to its abstract and universal conditions, as distinguished from the science of determined or concrete being; the science of the conceptions and relations which are necessarily implied as true of every kind of being; philosophy in general; first principles, or the science of first principles. Metaphysics is distinguished as general and special. General metaphysics is the science of all being as being. Special metaphysics is the science of one kind of being; as the metaphysics of chemistry, of morals, or of politics. According to Kant, a systematic exposition of those notions and truths, the knowledge of which is altogether independent of experience, would constitute the science of metaphysics. “Commonly, in the schools, called metaphysics, as being part of the philosophy of Aristotle, which hath that for title; but it is in another sense: for there it signifieth as much as ´books written or placed after his natural philosophy.´ But the schools take them for ´books of supernatural philosophy;´ for the word metaphysic will bear both these senses.” Hobbes. “Now the science conversant about all such inferences of unknown being from its known manifestations, is called ontology, or metaphysics proper.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Metaphysics are [is] the science which determines what can and what can not be known of being, and the laws of being, a priori.” Coleridge. 2. Hence: The scientific knowledge of mental phenomena; mental philosophy; psychology. “Metaphysics, in whatever latitude the term be taken, is a science or complement of sciences exclusively occupied with mind.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Whether, after all,
A larger metaphysics might not help
Our physics.” Mrs. Browning.

Me•taph´y•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. after + nature.] Change of form; transformation.

Met´a•plasm , n. [L. metaplasmus, Gr. ; beyond, over + to mold: cf. F. metaplasme.] (Gram.) A change in the letters or syllables of a word.

Met´a•plast , n. [See Metaplasm.] (Gram.) A word having more than one form of the root.

Met´a•pode , n. [NL. metapodium, from Gr. behind + , dim. of poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The posterior division of the foot in the Gastropoda and Pteropoda.

Met•a•po´di•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metapodialia, or to the parts of the limbs to which they belong.

Met•a•po•di•a´le , n.; pl. Metapodialia (#). [NL. See Metapode.] (Anat.) One of the bones of either the metacarpus or metatarsus.

Met•a•po´di•um , n.; pl. Metapodia (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Metapode.

Met•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Metapophyses (#). [NL. See Meta-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A tubercle projecting from the anterior articular processes of some vertebrae; a mammillary process.

Me•tap•te•ryg´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. after + fin.] (Anat.) The posterior of the three principal basal cartilages in the fins of fishes. — Me•tap•ter•yg´i•al (#), a.

Met•a•sil´i•cate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metasilicic acid.

Met•a•si•lic´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + silicic.] (Chem.) Designating an acid derived from silicic acid by the removal of water; of or pertaining to such an acid. The salts of metasilicic acid are often called bisilicates, in mineralogy, as Wollastonite (CaSiO3). Metasilicic acid (Chem.), a gelatinous substance, or white amorphous powder, analogous to carbonic acid, and forming many stable salts.

Met•a•so´ma•tism , n. [Pref. meta- + Gr. , , body.] (Geol.) An alteration in a mineral or rock mass when involving a chemical change of the substance, as of chrysolite to serpentine; — opposed to ordinary metamorphism, as implying simply a recrystallization. — Met•a•so•mat´ic (#), a.

Met´a•some , n. [Pref. meta- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) One of the component segments of the body of an animal.

Met•a•stan´nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of metastannic acid.

Met•a•stan´nic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a compound of tin (metastannic acid), obtained, as an isomeric modification of stannic acid, in the form of a white amorphous substance.

Me•tas´ta•sis , n.; pl. Metastases (#). [L., transition, fr. Gr. , fr. to place in another way; after + to place.] 1. (Theol.) A spiritual change, as during baptism. 2. (Med.) A change in the location of a disease, as from one part to another. Dunglison. 3. (Physiol.) The act or process by which matter is taken up by cells or tissues and is transformed into other matter; in plants, the act or process by which are produced all of those chemical changes in the constituents of the plant which are not accompanied by a production of organic matter; metabolism.

Met•a•stat´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or caused by, metastasis; as a metastatic abscess; the metastatic processes of growth.

Met•a•ster´nal , a. Of or pertaining to the metasternum.

Met•a•ster´num , n. [Pref. meta- + sternum.] 1. (Anat.) The most posterior element of the sternum; the ensiform process; xiphisternum. 2. (Zoöl.) The ventral plate of the third or last segment of the thorax of insects. { Me•tas´to•ma , Met´a•stome } n. [NL. metastoma, from Gr. meta• behind + sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) A median elevation behind the mouth in the arthropods.

Met•a•tar´sal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the metatarsus. — n. A metatarsal bone.

Met´a•tarse , n. (Anat.) Metatarsus.

Met•a•tar´sus , n.; pl. Metatarsi (#). [NL. See Meta-, and Tarsus.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton of the hind or lower limb between the tarsus and phalanges; metatarse. It consists, in the human foot, of five bones. See Illustration in Appendix.

Me•tath´e•sis , n.; pl. Metatheses . [L., fr. Gr. meta•thesis, fr. metatithe•nai to place differently, to transpose; meta• beyond, over + tithe•nai to place, set. See Thesis.] 1. (Gram.) Transposition, as of the letters or syllables of a word; as pistris for pristis; meagre for meager. 2. (Med.) A mere change in place of a morbid substance, without removal from the body. 3. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of exchange, substitution, or replacement of atoms and radicals; thus, by metathesis an acid gives up all or part of its hydrogen, takes on an equivalent amount of a metal or base, and forms a salt. { Met•a•thet´ic , Met•a•thet´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to metathesis.

Met•a•tho•rac´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the metathorax.

Met•a•tho´rax , n. [NL.: cf. F. metathorax. See Meta-, and Thorax.] (Zoöl.) The last or posterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera.

Met•a•ti•tan´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + titanic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of titanium analogous to metasilicic acid.

Met•a•tung´state , n. (Chem.) A salt of metatungstic acid.

Met•a•tung´stic , a. [Pref. meta- + tungstic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid known only in its salts (the metatungstates) and properly called polytungstic, or pyrotungstic, acid.

Met•a•van´a•date , n. (Chem.) A salt of metavanadic acid.

Met•a•va•nad´ic , a. [Pref. meta- + vanadic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a vanadic acid analogous to metaphosphoric acid.

Met•a•xy´lene , n. [Pref. meta- + xylene.] (Chem.) That variety of xylene, or dimethyl benzene, in which the two methyl groups occupy the meta position with reference to each other. It is a colorless inflammable liquid.

Me•ta•yage´ , n. [F. See Metayer.] A system of farming on halves. [France & Italy]

Me•ta•yer´ (F. E. ?), n. [F., fr. LL. medietarius, fr. L. medius middle, half. See Mid, a.] One who cultivates land for a share (usually one half) of its yield, receiving stock, tools, and seed from the landlord. [France & Italy] Milman.

Met•a•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. after + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) Those animals in which the protoplasmic mass, constituting the egg, is converted into a multitude of cells, which are metamorphosed into the tissues of the body. A central cavity is commonly developed, and the cells around it are at first arranged in two layers, — the ectoderm and endoderm. The group comprises nearly all animals except the Protozoa.

Met•a•zo´an , n.; pl. Metazoans . (Zoöl.) One of the Metazoa.

Met•a•zo´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Metazoa.

Met•a•zo´ön , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Metazoa.

Mete , n. Meat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mete, v. t. & i. To meet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mete, v. i. & t. [imp. Mette p. p. Met.] [AS. mtan.] To dream; also impersonally; as me mette, I dreamed. [Obs.] ´I mette of him all night.´ Chaucer.

Mete , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meted; p. pr. & vb. n. Meting.] [AS. metan; akin to D. meten, G. messen, OHG. mezzan, Icel. meta, Sw. mäta, Goth. mitan, L. modus measure, moderation, modius a corn measure, Gr. to rule, a corn measure, and ultimately from the same root as E. measure, L. metiri to measure; cf. Skr. ma to measure. rad.99. Cf. Measure, Meet, a., Mode.] To find the quantity, dimensions, or capacity of, by any rule or standard; to measure.

Mete , v. i. To measure. [Obs.] Mark iv. 24.

Mete, n. [AS. met. See Mete to measure.] Measure; limit; boundary; — used chiefly in the plural, and in the phrase metes and bounds.

Mete´corn , n. A quantity of corn formerly given by the lord to his customary tenants, as an encouragement to, or reward for, labor and faithful service.

Mete´ly, a. According to measure or proportion; proportionable; proportionate. [Obs.] { Met•em•pir´ic , Met•em•pir´ic•al } a. [Pref. met- + empiric, - ical.] (Metaph.) Related, or belonging, to the objects of knowledge within the province of metempirics. “If then the empirical designates the province we include within the range of science, the province we exclude may be fitly styled the metempirical.” G. H. Lewes.

Met•em•pir´i•cism , n. The science that is concerned with metempirics.

Met•em•pir´ics , n. The concepts and relations which are conceived as beyond, and yet as related to, the knowledge gained by experience.

Me•temp´sy•chose , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metempsychosed p. pr. & vb. n. Metempsychosing ] [See Metempsychosis.] To translate or transfer, as the soul, from one body to another. [R.] Peacham.

Me•temp•sy•cho´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; beyond, over + to animate; in + soul. See Psychology.] The passage of the soul, as an immortal essence, at the death of the animal body it had inhabited, into another living body, whether of a brute or a human being; transmigration of souls. Sir T. Browne.

Met•emp•to´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. beyond, after + a falling upon, fr. to fall in or upon; in + to fall.] (Chron.) The suppression of a day in the calendar to prevent the date of the new moon being set a day too late, or the suppression of the bissextile day once in 134 years. The opposite to this is the proemptosis, or the addition of a day every 330 years, and another every 2,400 years.

Met•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [Met- + encephalon.] (Anat.) The posterior part of the brain, including the medulla; the afterbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to meten.

Met•en•so•ma•to´sis , n. [L., a change of body (by the soul), fr. Gr. .] (Biol.) The assimilation by one body or organism of the elements of another.

Me´te•or , n. [F. meteore, Gr. , pl. things in the air, fr. high in air, raised off the ground; beyond + , , a suspension or hovering in the air, fr. to lift, raise up.] 1. Any phenomenon or appearance in the atmosphere, as clouds, rain, hail, snow, etc. “Hail, an ordinary meteor.” Bp. Hall. 2. Specif.: A transient luminous body or appearance seen in the atmosphere, or in a more elevated region. “The vaulty top of heaven
Figured quite o’er with burning meteors.” Shak. The term is especially applied to fireballs, and the masses of stone or other substances which sometimes fall to the earth; also to shooting stars and to ignes fatui. Meteors are often classed as: aerial meteors, winds, tornadoes, etc.; aqueous meteors, rain, hail, snow, dew, etc.; luminous meteors, rainbows, halos, etc.; and igneous meteors, lightning, shooting stars, and the like.

Me•te•or´ic , a. [Cf. F. meteorique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a meteor, or to meteors; atmospheric, as meteoric phenomena; meteoric stones. 2. Influenced by the weather; as meteoric conditions. 3. Flashing; brilliant; transient; like a meteor; as meteoric fame. ´Meteoric politician.´ Craik. Meteoric iron, Meteoric stone. (Min.) See Meteorite. — Meteoric paper, a substance of confervoid origin found floating in the air, and resembling bits of coarse paper; — so called because formerly supposed to fall from meteors. — Meteoric showers, periodical exhibitions of shooting stars, occuring about the 9th or 10th of August and 13th of November, more rarely in April and December, and also at some other periods.

Me•te•or´ic•al , a. Meteoric.

Me´te•or•ism , n. (Med.) Flatulent distention of the abdomen; tympanites.

Me´te•or•ite , n. [Cf. F. meteorite.] (Min.) A mass of stone or iron which has fallen to the earth from space; an aërolite. Meteorites usually show a pitted surface with a fused crust, caused by the heat developed in their rapid passage through the earth’s atmosphere. A meteorite may consist: 1. Of metallic iron, alloyed with a small percentage of nickel (meteoric iron, holosiderite). When etched this usually exhibits peculiar crystalline figures, called Widmanstätten figures. 2. Of a cellular mass of iron with imbedded silicates (mesosiderite or siderolite). 3. Of a stony mass of silicates with little iron (meteoric stone, sporadosiderite). 4. Of a mass without iron (asiderite).

Me´te•or•ize , v. i. [Gr. to raise to a height.] To ascend in vapors; to take the form of a meteor. Evelyn.

Me•te•or´o•graph , n. [Meteor + -graph.] An instrument which registers meteorologic phases or conditions.

Me•te•or•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to meteorography.

Me•te•or•og´ra•phy , n. [Meteor + -graphy.] The registration of meteorological phenomena.

Me´te•or•oid (me´te•er•oid), n. [Meteor + -oid.] (Astron.) A small body moving through space, or revolving about the sun, which on entering the earth’s atmosphere would be deflagrated and appear as a meteor. “These bodies [small, solid bodies] before they come into the air, I call meteoroids.” H. A. Newton.

Me•te•or•oid´al , a. Of or pertaining to a meteoroid or to meteoroids.

Me•te•or´o•lite ( 277), n. [Meteor + -lite : cf. F. meteorolithe.] A meteoric stone; an aërolite; a meteorite. { Me•te•or•o•log´ic , Me•te•or•o•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. meteorologique.] Of or pertaining to the atmosphere and its phenomena, or to meteorology. Meteorological table, Meteorological register, a table or register exhibiting the state of the air and its temperature, weight, dryness, moisture, motion, etc.

Me•te•or•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. meteorologiste.] A person skilled in meteorology.

Me•te•or•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; + lo•gos discourse: cf. F. meteorologie. See Meteor.] The science which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena, particularly of its variations of heat and moisture, of its winds, storms, etc.

Me•te•or´o•man•cy , n. [Meteor + -mancy : cf. F. meteoromancie.] A species of divination by meteors, chiefly by thunder and lightning, which was held in high estimation by the Romans.

Me•te•or•om´e•ter , n. [Meteor + -meter.] An apparatus which transmits automatically to a central station atmospheric changes as marked by the anemometer, barometer, thermometer, etc.

Me•te•or´o•scope ( 277), n. [Gr. , fr. observing the heavenly bodies; + to view: cf. F. meteoroscope. See Meteor.] (Astron.) (a) An astrolabe; a planisphere. [Obs.] (b) An instrument for measuring the position, length, and direction, of the apparent path of a shooting star.

Me•te´o•rous , a. [See Meteor.] Of the nature or appearance of a meteor.

-me´ter [L. metrum measure, or the allied Gr. . See Meter rhythm.] A suffix denoting that by which anything is measured; as barometer, chronometer, dynamometer.

Me´ter , n. [From Mete to measure.] 1. One who, or that which, metes or measures. See Coal-meter. 2. An instrument for measuring, and usually for recording automatically, the quantity measured. Dry meter, a gas meter having measuring chambers, with flexible walls, which expand and contract like bellows and measure the gas by filling and emptying. — Wet meter, a gas meter in which the revolution of a chambered drum in water measures the gas passing through it.

Me´ter, n. A line above or below a hanging net, to which the net is attached in order to strengthen it. { Me´ter , Me´tre } , n. [OE. metre, F. mètre, L. metrum, fr. Gr. ; akin to Skr. ma to measure. See Mete to measure.] 1. Rhythmical arrangement of syllables or words into verses, stanzas strophes, etc.; poetical measure, depending on number, quantity, and accent of syllables; rhythm; measure; verse; also any specific rhythmical arrangements; as the Horatian meters; a dactylic meter. “The only strict antithesis to prose is meter.” Wordsworth. 2. A poem. [Obs.] Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. A measure of length, equal to 39.37 English inches, the standard of linear measure in the metric system of weights and measures. It was intended to be, and is very nearly, the ten millionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole, as ascertained by actual measurement of an arc of a meridian. See Metric system, under Metric. Common meter (Hymnol.), four iambic verses, or lines, making a stanza, the first and third having each four feet, and the second and fourth each three feet; — usually indicated by the initials C.M. — Long meter (Hymnol.), iambic verses or lines of four feet each, four verses usually making a stanza; — commonly indicated by the initials L. M. — Short meter (Hymnol.), iambic verses or lines, the first, second, and fourth having each three feet, and the third four feet. The stanza usually consists of four lines, but is sometimes doubled. Short meter is indicated by the initials S. M.

Me´ter•age , n. [See 1st Meter.] The act of measuring, or the cost of measuring.

Me´ter•gram , n. (Mech.) A measure of energy or work done; the power exerted in raising one gram through the distance of one meter against gravitation.

Mete´wand , n. [Mete to measure + wand.] A measuring rod. Ascham.

Mete´yard , n. [AS. metgeard. See Mete to measure, and Yard stick.] A yard, staff, or rod, used as a measure. [Obs.] Shak.

Meth , n. See Meathe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Met•haem•o•glo´bin , n. [Pref. met- + haemoglobin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A stable crystalline compound obtained by the decomposition of hemoglobin. It is found in old blood stains.

Meth´al , n. [Myristic + ether + alcohol.] (Chem.) A white waxy substance, found in small quantities in spermaceti as an ethereal salt of several fatty acids, and regarded as an alcohol of the methane series.

Meth´ane , n. [See Methal.] (Chem.) A light, colorless, gaseous, inflammable hydrocarbon, CH4; marsh gas. See Marsh gas, under Gas. Methane series (Chem.), a series of saturated hydrocarbons, of which methane is the first member and type, and (because of their general chemical inertness and indifference) called also the paraffin (little affinity) series. The lightest members are gases, as methane, ethane; intermediate members are liquids, as hexane, heptane, etc. (found in benzine, kerosene, etc.); while the highest members are white, waxy, or fatty solids, as paraffin proper.

Me•theg´lin , n. [W. meddyglyn; medd mead + llyn liquor, juice. See Mead a drink.] A fermented beverage made of honey and water; mead. Gay.

Meth´ene , n. [Methyl + ethylene.] (Chem.) See Methylene.

Meth´e•nyl , n. [Methene + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical hydrocarbon radical CH, regarded as an essential residue of certain organic compounds.

Meth´ide , n. [See Methyl.] (Chem.) A binary compound of methyl with some element; as aluminium methide, Al2(CH3)6.

Me•thinks´ , v. impers. [imp. Methought ] [AS. þyncan to seem, me þynceð, me þuhte, OE. me thinketh, me thoughte; akin to G. dünken to seem, denken to think, and E. think. See Me, and Think.] It seems to me; I think. See Me. [R., except in poetry.] “In all ages poets have been had in special reputation, and, methinks, not without great cause.” Spenser.

Me•thi´on•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of methionic acid.

Meth•i•on´ic , a. [Methyl + thionic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic (thionic) acid derivative of methane, obtained as a stable white crystalline substance, CH2.(SO3H)2, which forms well defined salts.

Meth´od , n. [F. methode, L. methodus, fr. Gr. meqodos method, investigation following after; meta• after + ´odo•s way.] 1. An orderly procedure or process; regular manner of doing anything; hence, manner; way; mode; as a method of teaching languages; a method of improving the mind. Addison. 2. Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, or classification; clear and lucid exhibition; systematic arrangement peculiar to an individual. “Though this be madness, yet there’s method in it.” Shak. “All method is a rational progress, a progress toward an end.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Classification; a mode or system of classifying natural objects according to certain common characteristics; as the method of Theophrastus; the method of Ray; the Linnaean method. Syn. — Order; system; rule; regularity; way; manner; mode; course; process; means. — Method, Mode, Manner. Method implies arrangement; mode, mere action or existence. Method is a way of reaching a given end by a series of acts which tend to secure it; mode relates to a single action, or to the form which a series of acts, viewed as a whole, exhibits. Manner is literally the handling of a thing, and has a wider sense, embracing both method and mode. An instructor may adopt a good method of teaching to write; the scholar may acquire a bad mode of holding his pen; the manner in which he is corrected will greatly affect his success or failure. { Me•thod´ic , Me•thod´ic•al } a. [L. methodicus, Gr. : cf. F. methodique.] 1. Arranged with regard to method; disposed in a suitable manner, or in a manner to illustrate a subject, or to facilitate practical observation; as the methodical arrangement of arguments; a methodical treatise. ´Methodical regularity.´ Addison. 2. Proceeding with regard to method; systematic. ´Aristotle, strict, methodic, and orderly.´ Harris. 3. Of or pertaining to the ancient school of physicians called methodists. Johnson. — Me•thod´ic•al•ly, adv. — Me•thod´ic•al•ness, n.

Me•thod´ios , n. The art and principles of method.

Meth´o•dism , n. (Eccl.) The system of doctrines, polity, and worship, of the sect called Methodists. Bp. Warburton.

Meth´o•dist , n. [Cf. F. methodiste. See Method.] 1. One who observes method. [Obs.] 2. One of an ancient school of physicians who rejected observation and founded their practice on reasoning and theory. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Theol.) One of a sect of Christians, the outgrowth of a small association called the ´Holy Club,´ formed at Oxford University, A.D. 1729, of which the most conspicuous members were John Wesley and his brother Charles; — originally so called from the methodical strictness of members of the club in all religious duties. 4. A person of strict piety; one who lives in the exact observance of religious duties; — sometimes so called in contempt or ridicule.

Meth´o•dist, a. Of or pertaining to the sect of Methodists; as Methodist hymns; a Methodist elder. { Meth•o•dis´tic , Meth•o•dis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to methodists, or to the Methodists. — Meth•o•dis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Meth•od•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of methodizing, or the state of being methodized.

Meth´od•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Methodized p. pr. & vb. n. Methodizing ] To reduce to method; to dispose in due order; to arrange in a convenient manner; as to methodize one’s work or thoughts. Spectator.

Meth´od•i•zer , n. One who methodizes.

Meth•od•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to methodology.

Meth•od•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. method + -logy.] The science of method or arrangement; a treatise on method. Coleridge.

Meth´ol , n. [Gr. wine + - ol.] (Chem.) The technical name of methyl alcohol or wood spirit; also by extension, the class name of any of the series of alcohols of the methane series of which methol proper is the type. See Methyl alcohol, under Methyl.

Me•thought´ , imp. of Methinks.

Meth•ox´yl , n. [Methyl + hydroxyl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, CH3O, analogous to hydroxyl.

Meth´yl , n. [See Methylene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, CH3, not existing alone but regarded as an essential residue of methane, and appearing as a component part of many derivatives; as methyl alcohol, methyl ether, methyl amine, etc. [Formerly written also methule, methyle, etc.] Methyl alcohol (Chem.), a light, volatile, inflammable liquid, CH3.OH, obtained by the distillation of wood, and hence called wood spirit; — called also methol, carbinol, etc. — Methyl amine (Chem.), a colorless, inflammable, alkaline gas CH3.NH2, having an ammoniacal, fishy odor. It is produced artificially, and also occurs naturally in herring brine and other fishy products. It is regarded as ammonia in which a third of its hydrogen is replaced by methyl, and is a type of the class of substituted ammonias. — Methyl ether (Chem.), a light, volatile ether CH3.O.CH3, obtained by the etherification of methyl alcohol; — called also methyl oxide. — Methyl green. (Chem.) See under Green, n. — Methyl orange. (Chem.) See Helianthin. — Methyl violet (Chem.), an artificial dye, consisting of certain methyl halogen derivatives of rosaniline.

Meth´yl•al , n. [Methylene + alcohol.] (Chem.) A light, volatile liquid, H2C(OCH3)2, regarded as a complex ether, and having a pleasant ethereal odor. It is obtained by the partial oxidation of methyl alcohol. Called also formal.

Meth•yl•am´ine , n. (Chem.) See Methyl amine, under Methyl.

Meth´yl•ate , n. [Methyl + alcoholate.] (Chem.) An alcoholate of methyl alcohol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a metal, after the analogy of a hydrate; as sodium methylate, CH3ONa.

Meth´yl•ate , v. t. To impregnate or mix with methyl or methyl alcohol.

Meth´yl•a•ted , a. (Chem.) Impregnated with, or containing, methyl alcohol or wood spirit; as methylated spirits.

Meth´yl•ene , n. [F. methylène, from Gr. wine + wood; — a word coined to correspond to the name wood spirit.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, CH2, not known in the free state, but regarded as an essential residue and component of certain derivatives of methane; as methylene bromide, CH2Br2; — formerly called also methene. Methylene blue (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff consisting of a complex sulphur derivative of diphenyl amine; — called also pure blue.

Me•thyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, methyl; specifically, designating methyl alcohol. See under Methyl.

Me•thys´ti•cin , n. (Chem.) A white, silky, crystalline substance extracted from the thick rootstock of a species of pepper (Piper methysticum) of the South Sea Islands; — called also kanakin.

Met´ic (? or 277), n. [Gr. , prop., changing one’s abode; , indicating change + house, abode: cf. L. metoecus, F. metèque.] (Gr. Antiq.) A sojourner; an immigrant; an alien resident in a Grecian city, but not a citizen. Mitford. “The whole force of Athens, metics as well as citizens, and all the strangers who were then in the city.” Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Me•tic´u•lous , a. [L. meticulosus, fr. metus fear: cf. F. meticuleux.] Timid; fearful. — Me•tic´u•lous•ly, adv. { Me•tif´ , n. m. Me•tive´ , n. f. }[F.] See Metis. { Me•tis´ , n. m. Me•tisse´ , n. f. }[F.; akin to Sp. mestizo. See Mestizo.] 1. The offspring of a white person and an American Indian. 2. The offspring of a white person and a quadroon; an octoroon. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Met´o•che , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a sharing, fr. to share in; with + to have.] (Arch.) (a) The space between two dentils. (b) The space between two triglyphs.

Me•ton´ic , a. [Cf. F. metonique.] Pertaining to, or discovered by, Meton, the Athenian. Metonic cycle or year. (Astron.) See under Cycle. { Met•o•nym´ic , Met•o•nym´ic•al } a. [See Metonymy.] Used by way of metonymy. — Met•o•nym´ic•al•ly, adv.

Me•ton´y•my (me•ton´i•my; 277), n. [L. metonymia, Gr. metwnymi•a; meta•, indicating change + ’o•nyma , for ’o•noma a name: cf. F. metonymie. See Name.] (Rhet.) A trope in which one word is put for another that suggests it; as we say, a man keeps a good table instead of good provisions; we read Virgil, that is, his poems; a man has a warm heart, that is, warm affections.

Met´o•pe , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; meta• with, between + opening, hole, the hole in the frieze between the beam ends.] 1. (Arch.) The space between two triglyphs of the Doric frieze, which, among the ancients, was often adorned with carved work. See Illust. of Entablature. 2. (Zoöl.) The face of a crab. In the Parthenon, groups of centaurs and heroes in high relief occupy the metopes.

Me•top´ic , a. [Gr. the forehead.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the forehead or frontal bones; frontal; as the metopic suture.

Met´o•po•man•cy , n. [Gr. the forehead + -mancy.] Fortune telling by physiognomy. [R.] Urquhart. { Met•o•po•scop´ic , Met•o•po•scop´ic•al , } a. Of or relating to metoposcopy.

Met•o•pos´co•pist , n. One versed in metoposcopy.

Met•o•pos´co•py , n. [Gr. observing the forehead; the forehead + to view: cf. F. metoposcopie.] The study of physiognomy; the art of discovering the character of persons by their features, or the lines of the face.

Me•tos´te•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. after + bone.] (Anat.) The postero-lateral ossification in the sternum of birds; also the part resulting from such ossification.

Me´tre (me´ter), n. See Meter.

Met´ric (met´rik), a. [L. metricus, Gr. : cf. F. metrique. See Meter rhythm.] 1. Relating to measurement; involving, or proceeding by, measurement. 2. Of or pertaining to the meter as a standard of measurement; of or pertaining to the decimal system of measurement of which a meter is the unit; as the metric system; a metric measurement. Metric analysis (Chem.), analysis by volume; volumetric analysis. — Metric system, a system of weights and measures originating in France, the use of which is required by law in many countries, and permitted in many others, including the United States and England. The principal unit is the meter (see Meter). From this are formed the are, the liter, the stere, the gram, etc. These units, and others derived from them, are divided decimally, and larger units are formed from multiples by 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000. The successive multiplies are designated by the prefixes, deca- , hecto-, kilo-, and myria-; successive parts by deci-, centi-, and milli-. The prefixes mega- and micro- are sometimes used to denote a multiple by one million, and the millionth part, respectively. See the words formed with these prefixes in the Vocabulary. For metric tables, see p. 1682.

Met´ric•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the meter; arranged in meter; consisting of verses; as metrical compositions. 2. Of or pertaining to measurement; as the inch, foot, yard, etc., are metrical terms; esp., of or pertaining to the metric system.

Met´ric•al•ly, adv. In a metrical manner.

Me•tri´cian , n. [Cf. F. metricien. See Meter rhythm.] A composer of verses. [Obs.]

Met´ric sys´tem See Metric, a.

Met•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. Composition in metrical form; versification. [R.] Tennyson.

Met´ri•fy , v. i. [L. metrum meter + -fy: cf. F. metrifier.] To make verse. [R.] Skelton.

Me´trist , n. A maker of verses. Bale. “Spenser was no mere metrist, but a great composer.” Lowell.

Me•tri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. womb + -tis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the womb.

Met´ro•chrome , n. [Gr. + color.] An instrument for measuring colors.

Met´ro•graph , n. [Gr. measure + -graph.] An instrument attached to a locomotive for recording its speed and the number and duration of its stops.

Met•ro•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. metrologique.] Of or pertaining to metrology.

Me•trol´o•gy , n. [Gr. measure + -metrologie.] The science of, or a system of, weights and measures; also a treatise on the subject.

Met•ro•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. measure + E. mania.] A mania for writing verses.

Met•ro•ma´ni•ac , n. One who has metromania.

Me•trom´e•ter , n. [Gr. womb + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument for measuring the size of the womb. Knight.

Met´ro•nome , n. [Gr. measure + distribute, assign: cf. F. metronome, It. metronomo.] An instrument consisting of a short pendulum with a sliding weight. It is set in motion by clockwork, and serves to measure time in music.

Me•tron´o•my , n. [See Metronome.] Measurement of time by an instrument.

Met•ro•nym´ic , a. [Gr. ; mother + , for name.] Derived from the name of one’s mother, or other female ancestor; as a metronymic name or appellation. — n. A metronymic appellation.

Met´ro•pole , n. [Cf. F. metropole. See Metropolis.] A metropolis. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Me•trop´o•lis , n. [L. metropolis, Gr. , prop., the mother city (in relation to colonies); mother + city. See Mother, and Police.] 1. The mother city; the chief city of a kingdom, state, or country. “[Edinburgh] gray metropolis of the North.” Tennyson. 2. (Eccl.) The seat, or see, of the metropolitan, or highest church dignitary. “The great metropolis and see of Rome.” Shak.

Met•ro•pol´i•tan ( 277), a. [L. metropolitanus: cf. F. metropolitain.] 1. Of or pertaining to the capital or principal city of a country; as metropolitan luxury. 2. (Eccl.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a metropolitan or the presiding bishop of a country or province, his office, or his dignity; as metropolitan authority. ´Bishops metropolitan.´ Sir T. More.

Met•ro•pol´i•tan, n. [LL. metropolitanus.] 1. The superior or presiding bishop of a country or province. 2. (Lat. Church.) An archbishop. 3. (Gr. Church) A bishop whose see is a civil metropolis. His rank is intermediate between that of an archbishop and a patriarch. Hook.

Met•ro•pol´i•tan•ate , n. The see of a metropolitan bishop. Milman.

Me•trop´o•lite , n. [L. metropolita, Gr. .] A metropolitan. Barrow.

Met•ro•po•lit´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to a metropolis; being a metropolis; metropolitan; as the metropolitical chair. Bp. Hall.

Met•ror•rha´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. womb + to break.] (Med.) Profuse bleeding from the womb, esp. such as does not occur at the menstrual period.

Met´ro•scope , n. [Gr. womb + -scope.] A modification of the stethoscope, for directly auscultating the uterus from the vagina.

Met•ro•si•de´ros , n. [NL., fr. Gr. heart of a tree + iron.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous genus of trees or shrubs, found in Australia and the South Sea Islands, and having very hard wood. Metrosideros vera is the true ironwood.

Met´ro•tome , n. [See Metrotomy.] (Surg.) An instrument for cutting or scarifying the uterus or the neck of the uterus.

Me•trot´o•my , n. [Gr. womb + to cut: cf. F. metrotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the uterus; hysterotomy; the Caesarean section.

-me•try [See -meter.] A suffix denoting the art, process, or science, of measuring; as acidimetry, chlorometry, chronometry.

Mette , obs. imp. of Mete, to dream. Chaucer.

Met´tle , n. [E. metal, used in a tropical sense in allusion to the temper of the metal of a sword blade. See Metal.] Substance or quality of temperament; spirit, esp. as regards honor, courage, fortitude, ardor, etc.; disposition; — usually in a good sense. “A certain critical hour which shall … try what mettle his heart is made of.” South. “Gentlemen of brave mettle.” Shak. “The winged courser, like a generous horse,
Shows most true mettle when you check his course.” Pope. To put one one’s mettle, to cause or incite one to use one’s best efforts.

Met´tled , a. Having mettle; high-spirited; ardent; full of fire. Addison.

Met´tle•some , a. Full of spirit; possessing constitutional ardor; fiery; as a mettlesome horse. — Met´tle•some•ly, adv. — Met´tle•some•ness, n.

Meute , n. A cage for hawks; a mew. See 4th Mew, 1. Milman.

Meve , v. t. & i. To move. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mew , n. [AS. mw, akin to D. meeuw, G. möwe, OHG. mh, Icel. mar.] (Zoöl.) A gull, esp. the common British species (Larus canus); called also sea mew, maa, mar, mow, and cobb.

Mew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mewing.] [OE. muen, F. muer, fr. L. mutare to change, fr. movere to move. See Move, and cf. Mew a cage, Molt.] To shed or cast; to change; to molt; as the hawk mewed his feathers. “Nine times the moon had mewed her horns.” Dryden.

Mew, v. i. To cast the feathers; to molt; hence, to change; to put on a new appearance. “Now everything doth mew,
And shifts his rustic winter robe.” Turbervile.

Mew, n. [OE. mue, F. mue change of feathers, scales, skin, the time or place when the change occurs, fr. muer to molt, mew, L. mutare to change. See 2d Mew.] 1. A cage for hawks while mewing; a coop for fattening fowls; hence, any inclosure; a place of confinement or shelter; — in the latter sense usually in the plural. “Full many a fat partrich had he in mewe.” Chaucer. “Forthcoming from her darksome mew.” Spenser. “Violets in their secret mews.” Wordsworth. 2. A stable or range of stables for horses; - - compound used in the plural, and so called from the royal stables in London, built on the site of the king’s mews for hawks.

Mew, v. t. [From Mew a cage.] To shut up; to inclose; to confine, as in a cage or other inclosure. “More pity that the eagle should be mewed.” Shak. “Close mewed in their sedans, for fear of air.” Dryden.

Mew, v. i. [Of imitative origin; cf. G. miauen.] To cry as a cat. [Written also meaw, meow.] Shak.

Mew, n. The common cry of a cat. Shak.

Mewl , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mewled p. pr. & vb. n. Mewling.] [Cf. F. miauler to mew, E. mew to cry as a cat. Cf. Miaul.] To cry, as a young child; to squall. [Written also meawl.] Shak.

Mewl´er , n. One that mewls.

Mews , n. sing. & pl. [Prop. pl. of mew. See Mew a cage.] An alley where there are stables; a narrow passage; a confined place. [Eng.] “Mr. Turveydrop’s great room … was built out into a mews at the back.” Dickens.

Mex•al´ , Mex´i•cal (#), n. [Sp. mexcal.] See Mescal.

Mex´i•can , a. Of or pertaining to Mexico or its people. — n. A native or inhabitant of Mexico. Mexican poppy (Bot.), a tropical American herb of the Poppy family (Argemone Mexicana) with much the look of a thistle, but having large yellow or white blossoms. — Mexican tea (Bot.), an aromatic kind of pigweed from tropical America (Chenopodium ambrosioides).

Mex´i•can•ize , v. t. To cause to be like the Mexicans, or their country, esp. in respect of frequent revolutions of government.

Mex´i•can•ize, v. i. To become like the Mexicans, or their country or government.

Meyn´e (men´e), n. [Obs.] Same as Meine.

Mez•cal´ , n. Same as Mescal.

Me•ze´re•on , n. [F. mezereon, Per. mazriyun.] (Bot.) A small European shrub (Daphne Mezereum), whose acrid bark is used in medicine.

Mez•qui´ta , n. [Sp.] A mosque.

Mez´u•zoth , n. [Heb. mezuzoth, pl. of mezuzah doorpost.] A piece of parchment bearing the Decalogue and attached to the doorpost; — in use among orthodox Hebrews.

Mez´za•nine , n. [F. mezzanine, It. mezzanino, fr. mezzano middle, fr. mezzo middle, half. See Mezzo.] (Arch.) (a) Same as Entresol. (b) A partial story which is not on the same level with the story of the main part of the edifice, as of a back building, where the floors are on a level with landings of the staircase of the main house.

Mez´za vo´ce [It., fr. mezzo, fem. mezza middle, half + voce voice, L. vox.] (Mus.) With a medium fullness of sound.

Mez´zo , a. [It., from L. medius middle, half. See Mid, a.] (Mus.) Mean; not extreme.

Mez´zo-re•lie´vo , n. Mezzo- rilievo.

Mez´zo-ri•lie´vo , n. [It.] (a) A middle degree of relief in figures, between high and low relief. (b) Sculpture in this kind of relief. See under Alto-rilievo.

Mez´zo-so•pra´no , a. (Mus.) Having a medium compass between the soprano and contralto; — said of the voice of a female singer. — n. (a) A mezzo-soprano voice. (b) A person having such a voice.

Mez´zo•tint , n. [Cf. F. mezzo- tinto.] A manner of engraving on copper or steel by drawing upon a surface previously roughened, and then removing the roughness in places by scraping, burnishing, etc., so as to produce the requisite light and shade. also an engraving so produced.

Mez´zo•tint, v. t. To engrave in mezzotint.

Mez´zo•tint•er , n. One who engraves in mezzotint.

Mez•zo•tin´to , n. [It. mezzo half + tinto tinted, p. p. of tingere to dye, color, tinge, L. tingere. See Mezzo.] Mezzotint.

Mez•zo•tin´to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mezzotintoed p. pr. & vb. n. Mezzotintoing ] To engrave in mezzotint; to represent by mezzotint.

Mhorr , n. (Zoöl.) See Mohr.

Mi , n. [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied to the third tone of the scale of C, i. e., to E, in European solmization, but to the third tone of any scale in the American system.

Mi•a´mis , n. pl.; sing. Miami . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians that formerly occupied the country between the Wabash and Maumee rivers.

Mi•ar´gy•rite , n. [Gr. less + silver. So called because it contains less silver than some kindred ore.] (Min.) A mineral of an iron-black color, and very sectile, consisting principally of sulphur, antimony, and silver.

Mi´as , n. [Malayan.] The orang-outang.

Mi•asc´ite , n. [Named from Miask, in the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) A granitoid rock containing feldspar, biotite, elaeolite, and sodalite.

Mi´asm , n. [Cf. F. miasme.] Miasma.

Mi•as´ma , n.; pl. Miasmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. defilement, fr. to pollute.] Infectious particles or germs floating in the air; air made noxious by the presence of such particles or germs; noxious effluvia; malaria.

Mi•as´mal , a. Containing miasma; miasmatic. { Mi•as•mat´ic , Mi•as•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. miasmatique.] Containing, or relating to, miasma; caused by miasma; as miasmatic diseases.

Mi•as´ma•tist , n. One who has made a special study of miasma.

Mi•as•mol´o•gy , n. [Miasma + -logy.] That department of medical science which treats of miasma.

Mi•aul´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Miauled p. pr. & vb. n. Miauling.] [Cf. F. miauler, of imitative origin, and E. mew. Cf. Mewl.] To cry as a cat; to mew; to caterwaul. Sir W. Scott.

Mi•aul´, n. The crying of a cat.

Mi´ca , n. [L. mica crumb, grain, particle; cf. F. mica.] (Min.) The name of a group of minerals characterized by highly perfect cleavage, so that they readily separate into very thin leaves, more or less elastic. They differ widely in composition, and vary in color from pale brown or yellow to green or black. The transparent forms are used in lanterns, the doors of stoves, etc., being popularly called isinglass. Formerly called also cat-silver, and glimmer. The important species of the mica group are: muscovite, common or potash mica, pale brown or green, often silvery, including damourite (also called hydromica); biotite, iron-magnesia mica, dark brown, green, or black; lepidomelane, iron, mica, black; phlogopite, magnesia mica, colorless, yellow, brown; lepidolite, lithia mica, rose- red, lilac. Mica (usually muscovite, also biotite) is an essential constituent of granite, gneiss, and mica slate; biotite is common in many eruptive rocks; phlogopite in crystalline limestone and serpentine. Mica diorite (Min.), an eruptive rock allied to diorite but containing mica (biotite) instead of hornblende. — Mica powder, a kind of dynamite containing fine scales of mica. — Mica schist, Mica slate (Geol.), a schistose rock, consisting of mica and quartz with, usually, some feldspar.

Mi•ca•ce•o-cal•ca´re•ous , a. (Geol.) Partaking of the nature of, or consisting of, mica and lime; — applied to a mica schist containing carbonate of lime.

Mi•ca´ceous , a. [Cf. F. micace.] Pertaining to, or containing, mica; splitting into laminae or leaves like mica.

Mice , n., pl of Mouse.

Mi•cel´la , n.; pl. Micellae (#). [NL., dim. of L. mica a morsel, grain.] (Biol.) A theoretical aggregation of molecules constituting a structural particle of protoplasm, capable of increase or diminution without change in chemical nature. { Mich , Miche } , v. i. [OE. michen; cf. OE. muchier, mucier, to conceal, F. musser, and OHG. muhhen to waylay. Cf. Micher, Curmudgeon, Muset.] To lie hid; to skulk; to act, or carry one’s self, sneakingly. [Obs. or Colloq.] [Written also meach and meech.] Spenser.

Mich´ael•mas , n. [Michael + mass religious service; OE. Mighelmesse.] The feast of the archangel Michael, a church festival, celebrated on the 29th of September. Hence, colloquially, autumn. Michaelmas daisy. (Bot.) See under Daisy.

Mich´er , n. [OE. michare, muchare. See Mich.] One who skulks, or keeps out of sight; hence, a truant; an idler; a thief, etc. [Obs.] Shak.

Mich´er•y , n. Theft; cheating. [Obs.] Gower.

Mich´ing, a. Hiding; skulking; cowardly. [Colloq.] [Written also meaching and meeching.]

Mic´kle (mik´k’l), a. [OE. mikel, muchel, mochel, mukel, AS. micel, mycel; akin to OS. mikil, OHG. mihil, mihhil, Icel. mikill, mykill, Goth. mikils, L. magnus, Gr. me•gas, gen. mega•loy; cf. Skr. mahat. rad.103. Cf. Much, Muckle, Magnitude.] Much; great. [Written also muckle and mockle.] [Old Eng. & Scot.] ´A man of mickle might.´ Spenser.

Mic´macs , n. pl.; sing. Micmac . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians inhabiting Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. [Written also Mikmaks.]

Mi´co , n. [Sp. or Pg. mico.] (Zoöl.) A small South American monkey (Mico melanurus), allied to the marmoset. The name was originally applied to an albino variety.

Mi•cra•cous´tic , a. Same as Microustic.

Mi•cras´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mikro•s small + star.] (Paleon.) A genus of sea urchins, similar to Spatangus, abounding in the chalk formation; — from the starlike disposal of the ambulacral furrows.

Mi•cren•ceph´a•lous , [Micr- + Gr. brain.] Having a small brain. { Mi´cro- , Mi´cr- }. [Gr. mikro•s small.] A combining form signifying: (a) Small, little, trivial, slight; as microcosm, microscope. (b) (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) A millionth part of; as microfarad, microohm, micrometer.

Mi•cro•am•père´ , n. [Micr- + ampère.] (Elec.) One of the smaller measures of electrical currents; the millionth part of one ampère.

Mi•cro•bac•te´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Micro-, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) In the classification of Cohn, one of the four tribes of Bacteria. In this classification bacteria are divided into four tribes: 1. Spherobacteria, or spherical bacteria, as the genus Micrococcus. 2. Microbacteria, or bacteria in the form of short rods, including the genus Bacterium. 3. Desmobacteria, or bacteria in straight filaments, of which the genus Bacillus is a type. 4. Spirobacteria, or bacteria in spiral filaments, as the genus Vibrio. { Mi´crobe , Mi•cro´bi•on } n. [NL. microbion, fr. Gr. little + life.] (Biol.) A microscopic organism; — particularly applied to bacteria and especially to pathogenic forms; as the microbe of fowl cholera.

Mi•cro´bi•an , a. (Biol.) Of, pertaining to, or caused by, microbes; as the microbian theory; a microbian disease.

Mi•crob´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a microbe.

Mi•crob´i•cide , n. [Microbe + L. caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Any agent detrimental to, or destructive of, the life of microbes or bacterial organisms. { Mi•cro•ce•phal´ic , Mi•cro•ceph´a•lous , } a. [Micro- + cephalic, cephalous.] (Anat.) Having a small head; having the cranial cavity small; — opposed to megacephalic.

Mi•cro-chem´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to micro-chemistry; as a micro-chemical test.

Mi•cro-chem´is•try , n. [Micro- + chemistry.] The application of chemical tests to minute objects or portions of matter, magnified by the use of the microscopy; — distinguished from macro-chemistry.

Mi•cro•chro•nom´e•ter , n. A chronoscope.

Mi´cro•cline , n. [Micro- + Gr. to incline.] (Min.) A mineral of the feldspar group, like orthoclase or common feldspar in composition, but triclinic in form.

Mi•cro•coc´cal , a. Of or pertaining to micrococci; caused by micrococci. Nature.

Mi•cro•coc´cus , n.; pl. Micrococci (#). [NL. See Micro-, and Coccus.] (Biol.) A genus of Spherobacteria, in the form of very small globular or oval cells, forming, by transverse division, filaments, or chains of cells, or in some cases single organisms shaped like dumb-bells (Diplococcus), all without the power of motion. See Illust. of Ascoccus. Physiologically, micrococci are divided into three groups; chromogenic, characterized by their power of forming pigment; zymogenic, including those associated with definite chemical processes; and pathogenic, those connected with disease.

Mi´cro•cosm , n. [F. microcosme, L. microcosmus, fr. Gr. mikro•s small + ko•smos the world.] A little world; a miniature universe. Hence (so called by Paracelsus), a man, as a supposed epitome of the exterior universe or great world. Opposed to macrocosm. Shak. { Mi•cro•cos´mic , Mi•cro•cos´mic•al } a. [Cf. F. microcosmique.] Of or pertaining to the microcosm. Microcosmic salt (Chem.), a white crystalline substance obtained by mixing solutions of sodium phosphate and ammonium phosphate, and also called hydric-sodic- ammonic-phosphate. It is a powerful flux, and is used as a substitute for borax as a blowpipe reagent in testing for the metallic oxides. Originally obtained by the alchemists from human urine, and called sal microcosmicum.

Mi•cro•cos•mog´ra•phy , n. [Microcosm + -graphy.] Description of man as a microcosm.

Mi•cro•cou•lomb´ , n. [Micro- + coulomb.] (Elec.) A measure of electrical quantity; the millionth part of one coulomb.

Mi•cro•cous´tic , a. [Micro- + acoustic: cf. F. microcoustique, micracoustique.] Pertaining, or suited, to the audition of small sounds; fitted to assist hearing.

Mi•cro•cous´tic, n. An instrument for making faint sounds audible, as to a partially deaf person.

Mi•cro•crith´ , n. [Micro- + crith.] (Chem.) The weight of the half hydrogen molecule, or of the hydrogen atom, taken as the standard in comparing the atomic weights of the elements; thus, an atom of oxygen weighs sixteen microcriths. See Crith. J. P. Cooke.

Mi•cro•crys´tal•line , a. [Micro- + crystalline.] (Crystallog.) Crystalline on a fine, or microscopic, scale; consisting of fine crystals; as the ground mass of certain porphyrics is microcrystalline.

Mi´cro•cyte , n. [Micro- + Gr. a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) One of the elementary granules found in blood. They are much smaller than an ordinary corpuscle, and are particularly noticeable in disease, as in anaemia.

Mic´ro•dont , a. [Micr- + Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having small teeth.

Mi•cro•far´ad , n. [Micro- + farad.] (Elec.) The millionth part of a farad.

Mi´cro•form , n. [Micro- + form, n.] (Biol.) A microscopic form of life; an animal or vegetable organism of microscopic size.

Mi•cro-ge•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to micro-geology.

Mi•cro-ge•ol´o•gy , n. [Micro- + geology.] The part of geology relating to structure and organisms which require to be studied with a microscope.

Mi´cro•graph , n. [See Micrography.] An instrument for executing minute writing or engraving.

Mi•cro•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to micrography.

Mi•crog´ra•phy , n. [Micro- + -graphy: cf. F. micrographie.] The description of microscopic objects.

Mi•crohm´ , n. [Micr- + ohm.] (Elec.) The millionth part of an ohm.

Mi•cro•lep•i•dop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Micro-, and Lepidoptera.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of Lepidoptera, including a vast number of minute species, as the plume moth, clothes moth, etc.

Mi•cro•les´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. mikro•s small + a robber.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of small Triassic mammals, the oldest yet found in European strata.

Mi´cro•lite , n. [Micro- + -lite.] (Min.) 1. A rare mineral of resinous luster and high specific gravity. It is a tantalate of calcium, and occurs in octahedral crystals usually very minute. 2. (Min.) A minute inclosed crystal, often observed when minerals or rocks are examined in thin sections under the microscope.

Mi´cro•lith , n. [Micro- + lith.] (Min.) Same as Microlite, 2.

Mi•cro•lith´ic , a. Formed of small stones. { Mi•cro•log´ic , Mi•cro•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to micrology; very minute; as micrologic examination. — Mi•cro•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Mi•crol´o•gy , n. [Micro- + -logy.] 1. That part of science which treats of microscopic objects, or depends on microscopic observation. 2. Attention to petty items or differences. W. Taylor.

Mi´cro•mere , n. [Micro- + -mere.] (Biol.) One of the smaller cells, or blastomeres, resulting from the complete segmentation of a telolecithal ovum.

Mi•crom´e•ter , n. [Micro- + -meter: cf. F. micromètre.] An instrument, used with a telescope or microscope, for measuring minute distances, or the apparent diameters of objects which subtend minute angles. The measurement given directly is that of the image of the object formed at the focus of the object glass. Circular, or Ring, micrometer, a metallic ring fixed in the focus of the object glass of a telescope, and used to determine differences of right ascension and declination between stars by observations of the times at which the stars cross the inner or outer periphery of the ring. — Double image micrometer, a micrometer in which two images of an object are formed in the field, usually by the two halves of a bisected lens which are movable along their line of section by a screw, and distances are determined by the number of screw revolutions necessary to bring the points to be measured into optical coincidence. When the two images are formed by a bisected object glass, it is called a divided-object-glass micrometer, and when the instrument is large and equatorially mounted, it is known as a heliometer. — Double refraction micrometer, a species of double image micrometer, in which the two images are formed by the double refraction of rock crystal. — Filar, or Bifilar, micrometer. See under Bifilar. — Micrometer caliper or gauge (Mech.), a caliper or gauge with a micrometer screw, for measuring dimensions with great accuracy. — Micrometer head, the head of a micrometer screw. — Micrometer microscope, a compound microscope combined with a filar micrometer, used chiefly for reading and subdividing the divisions of large astronomical and geodetical instruments. — Micrometer screw, a screw with a graduated head used in some forms of micrometers. — Position micrometer. See under Position. — Scale, or Linear, micrometer, a minute and very delicately graduated scale of equal parts used in the field of a telescope or microscope, for measuring distances by direct comparison. { Mi•cro•met´ric , Mi•cro•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. micrometrique.] Belonging to micrometry; made by the micrometer. — Mi•cro•met´ric•al•ly, adv.

Mi•crom´e•try , n. The art of measuring with a micrometer.

Mi•cro•mil´li•me•ter , n. [Micro- + millimeter.] The millionth part of a meter.

Mic´ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mikro•s small.] (Physics) A measure of length; the thousandth part of one millimeter; the millionth part of a meter.

Mi´cro•ne´sian , a. [From Micronesia, fr. Gr. mikro•s small + nh^sos an island.] Of or pertaining to Micronesia, a collective designation of the islands in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, embracing the Marshall and Gilbert groups, the Ladrones, the Carolines, etc.

Mi•cro•ne´sians , n. pl.; sing. Micronesian. (Ethnol.) A dark race inhabiting the Micronesian Islands. They are supposed to be a mixed race, derived from Polynesians and Papuans.

Mi•cro•nom´e•ter , n. [Micro- + chronometer.] An instrument for noting minute portions of time.

Mi•cro•ör´gan•ism , n. [Micro- + organism.] (Biol.) Any microscopic form of life; — particularly applied to bacteria and similar organisms, esp. such are supposed to cause infectious diseases.

Mi•cro•pan´to•graph , n. [Micro- + pantograph.] A kind of pantograph which produces copies microscopically minute.

Mi•cro•peg´ma•tite , n. [Micro- + pegmatite.] (Min.) A rock showing under the microscope the structure of a graphic granite (pegmatite). — Mi•cro•peg•ma•tit´ic (#), a.

Mi´cro•phone , n. [Micro- + Gr. sound, voice: cf. F. microphone.] (Physics) An instrument for intensifying and making audible very feeble sounds. It produces its effects by the changes of intensity in an electric current, occasioned by the variations in the contact resistance of conducting bodies, especially of imperfect conductors, under the action of acoustic vibrations.

Mi•cro•phon´ics , n. [See Microphone.] The science which treats of the means of increasing the intensity of low or weak sounds, or of the microphone.

Mi•croph´o•nous , a. Serving to augment the intensity of weak sounds; microcoustic.

Mi•cro•pho´to•graph , n. [Micro- + photograph.] 1. A microscopically small photograph of a picture, writing, printed page, etc. 2. An enlarged representation of a microscopic object, produced by throwing upon a sensitive plate the magnified image of an object formed by a microscope or other suitable combination of lenses. A picture of this kind is preferably called a photomicrograph.

Mi•cro•pho•tog´ra•phy , n. The art of making microphotographs. { Mi•croph•thal´mi•a , Mi•croph•thal´my , } n. [Micro- + Gr. ’ofqalmo•s eye.] An unnatural smallness of the eyes, occurring as the result of disease or of imperfect development.

Mi•croph´yl•lous , a. [Micro- + Gr. fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Small- leaved.

Mi•croph´y•tal , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, microphytes.

Mi´cro•phyte , n. [Micro- + Gr. a plant: cf. F. microphyte.] (Bot.) A very minute plant, one of certain unicellular algae, such as the germs of various infectious diseases are believed to be.

Mi´cro•pyle , n. [Micro- + Gr. gate, orifice: cf. F. micropyle.] (Biol.) (a) An opening in the membranes surrounding the ovum, by which nutrition is assisted and the entrance of the spermatozoa permitted. (b) An opening in the outer coat of a seed, through which the fecundating pollen enters the ovule. — Mi•crop´y•lar (#), a.

Mi•cros´co•pal , a. Pertaining to microscopy, or to the use of the microscope. Huxley.

Mi´cro•scope , n. [Micro- + -scope.] An optical instrument, consisting of a lens, or combination of lenses, for making an enlarged image of an object which is too minute to be viewed by the naked eye. Compound microscope, an instrument consisting of a combination of lenses such that the image formed by the lens or set of lenses nearest the object (called the objective) is magnified by another lens called the ocular or eyepiece. — Oxyhydrogen microscope, and Solar microscope. See under Oxyhydrogen, and Solar. — Simple, or Single, microscope, a single convex lens used to magnify objects placed in its focus.

Mi•cro•sco´pi•al , a. Microscopic. [R.] Berkeley. { Mi•cro•scop´ic , Mi•cro•scop´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. microscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the microscope or to microscopy; made with a microscope; as microscopic observation. 2. Able to see extremely minute objects. “Why has not man a microscopic eye?” Pope. 3. Very small; visible only by the aid of a microscope; as a microscopic insect.

Mi•cro•scop´ic•al•ly, adv. By the microscope; with minute inspection; in a microscopic manner.

Mi•cros´co•pist ( 277), n. One skilled in, or given to, microscopy.

Mi•cros´co•py , n. The use of the microscope; investigation with the microscope.

Mi´cro•seme , a. [Micro- + Gr. sign, mark: cf. F. microsème.] (Anat.) Having the orbital index relatively small; having the orbits broad transversely; — opposed to megaseme.

Mi•cro•spec´tro•scope (mi•kro•spek´tro•skop or mi•kro-), n. [Micro- + spectroscope.] (Physics) A spectroscope arranged for attachment to a microscope, for observation of the spectrum of light from minute portions of any substance.

Mi•cro•spo•ran´gi•um , n. [NL. See Micro-, and Sporangium.] (Bot.) A sporangium or conceptacle containing only very minute spores. Cf. Macrosporangium.

Mi´cro•spore , n. [Micro- + spore.] (Bot.) One of the exceedingly minute spores found in certain flowerless plants, as Selaginella and Isoetes, which bear two kinds of spores, one very much smaller than the other. Cf. Macrospore.

Mi•cro•spor´ic , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to microspores.

Mi´cro•sthene , n. [Micro- + Gr. sqe•nos might, strength.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of mammals having a small size as a typical characteristic. It includes the lower orders, as the Insectivora, Cheiroptera, Rodentia, and Edentata.

Mi•cro•sthen´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having a typically small size; of or pertaining to the microsthenes.

Mi•cro•ta•sim´e•ter , n. [Micro- + tasimeter.] (Physics) A tasimeter, especially when arranged for measuring very small extensions. See Tasimeter.

Mi´cro•tome , n. [Micro- + Gr. te•mnein to cut.] An instrument for making very thin sections for microscopical examination.

Mi•crot´o•mist , n. One who is skilled in or practices microtomy.

Mi•crot´o•my , n. The art of using the microtome; investigation carried on with the microtome.

Mi•cro•volt´ , n. [Micro- + volt.] (Elec.) A measure of electro-motive force; the millionth part of one volt.

Mi•cro•we´ber , n. [Micro- + weber.] (Elec.) The millionth part of one weber.

Mi•cro•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mikro•s small + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Infusoria.

Mi•cro•zo´ö•spore , n. [Micro- + zoöspore.] (Bot.) A small motile spore furnished with two vibratile cilia, found in certain green algae.

Mi´cro•zyme , n. [Micro- + Gr. zy•mh leaven.] (Biol.) A microörganism which is supposed to act like a ferment in causing or propagating certain infectious or contagious diseases; a pathogenic bacterial organism.

Mic•tu•ri´tion , n. [L. micturire to desire to make water, v. desid. fr. mingere, mictum, to make water.] The act of voiding urine; also a morbidly frequent passing of the urine, in consequence of disease.

Mid (mid), a. [Compar. wanting; superl. Midmost.] [AS. midd; akin to OS. middi, D. mid (in comp.), OHG. mitti, Icel. miðr, Goth. midjis, L. medius, Gr. me•sos, Skr. madhya. rad.271. Cf. Amid, Middle, Midst, Mean, Mediate, Meridian, Mizzen, Moiety.] 1. Denoting the middle part; as in mid ocean. “No more the mounting larks, while Daphne sings,
Shall list’ning in mid air suspend their wings.” Pope. 2. Occupying a middle position; middle; as the mid finger; the mid hour of night. 3. (Phon.) Made with a somewhat elevated position of some certain part of the tongue, in relation to the palate; midway between the high and the low; — said of certain vowel sounds; as a (ale), e (ell), o (old). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11. Mid is much used as a prefix, or combining form, denoting the middle or middle part of a thing; as mid-air, mid-channel, mid-age, midday, midland, etc. also specifically, in geometry, to denote a circle inscribed in a triangle (a midcircle), or relation to such a circle; as mid-center, midradius.

Mid, n. Middle. [Obs.] “About the mid of night come to my tent.” Shak.

Mid, prep. See Amid.

Mi´da , n. [Gr. a destructive insect in pulse.] (Zoöl.) The larva of the bean fly.

Mi´das , n. [So called from L. Midas, a man fabled to have had ass’s ears.] (Zoöl.) A genus of longeared South American monkeys, including numerous species of marmosets. See Marmoset.

Mi´das’s ear´ [See Midas.] (Zoöl.) A pulmonate mollusk (Auricula, or Ellobium, aurismidae); — so called from resemblance to a human ear.

Mid´brain , n. [Mid, a. + brain.] (Anat.) The middle segment of the brain; the mesencephalon. See Brain.

Mid´day , n. [AS. middaeg. See Mid, a., and Day.] The middle part of the day; noon.

Mid´day, a. Of or pertaining to noon; meridional; as the midday sun.

Mid´den , n. [Also midding.] [Cf. Dan. mögdynge, E. muck, and dung.] 1. A dunghill. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An accumulation of refuse about a dwelling place; especially, an accumulation of shells or of cinders, bones, and other refuse on the supposed site of the dwelling places of prehistoric tribes, — as on the shores of the Baltic Sea and in many other places. See Kitchen middens.

Mid´den crow´ (Zoöl.) The common European crow. [Prov. Eng.]

Mid´dest , a.; superl. of Mid. [See Midst.] Situated most nearly in the middle; middlemost; midmost. [Obs.] ´ ’Mongst the middest crowd.´ Spenser.

Mid´dest, n. Midst; middle. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mid´ding , n. Same as Midden.

Mid´dle (-d’l), a. [OE. middel, AS. middel; akin to D. middel, OHG. muttil, G. mittel. rad.271. See Mid, a.] 1. Equally distant from the extreme either of a number of things or of one thing; mean; medial; as the middle house in a row; a middle rank or station in life; flowers of middle summer; men of middle age. 2. Intermediate; intervening. “Will, seeking good, finds many middle ends.” Sir J. Davies. Middle is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as middle-sized, middle- witted. Middle Ages, the period of time intervening between the decline of the Roman Empire and the revival of letters. Hallam regards it as beginning with the sixth and ending with the fifteenth century. — Middle class, in England, people who have an intermediate position between the aristocracy and the artisan class. It includes professional men, bankers, merchants, and small landed proprietors “The middle-class electorate of Great Britain.” M. Arnold. — Middle distance. (Paint.) See Middle-ground. — Middle English. See English, n., 2. — Middle Kingdom, China. — Middle oil (Chem.), that part of the distillate obtained from coal tar which passes over between 170° and 230° Centigrade; — distinguished from the light, and the heavy or dead, oil. — Middle passage, in the slave trade, that part of the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and the West Indies. — Middle post. (Arch.) Same as King-post. — Middle States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; which, at the time of the formation of the Union, occupied a middle position between the Eastern States (or New England) and the Southern States. [U.S.] — Middle term (Logic), that term of a syllogism with which the two extremes are separately compared, and by means of which they are brought together in the conclusion. Brande. — Middle tint (Paint.), a subdued or neutral tint. Fairholt. — Middle voice. (Gram.) See under Voice. — Middle watch, the period from midnight to four A. M.; also the men on watch during that time. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Middle weight, a pugilist, boxer, or wrestler classed as of medium weight, i. e., over 140 and not over 160 lbs., in distinction from those classed as light weights, heavy weights, etc.

Mid´dle , n. [AS. middel. See Middle, a.] The point or part equally distant from the extremities or exterior limits, as of a line, a surface, or a solid; an intervening point or part in space, time, or order of series; the midst; central portion; specif., the waist. Chaucer. ´The middle of the land.´ Judg. ix. 37. “In this, as in most questions of state, there is a middle.” Burke. Syn. — See Midst.

Mid´dle-age , [Middle + age. Cf. Mediaeval.] Of or pertaining to the Middle Ages; mediaeval.

Mid´dle-aged , a. Being about the middle of the ordinary age of man; between 30 and 50 years old.

Mid´dle-earth , n. The world, considered as lying between heaven and hell. [Obs.] Shak.

Mid´dle-ground , n. (Paint.) That part of a picture between the foreground and the background.

Mid´dle•man , n.; pl. Middlemen . 1. An agent between two parties; a broker; a go-between; any dealer between the producer and the consumer; in Ireland, one who takes land of the proprietors in large tracts, and then rents it out in small portions to the peasantry. 2. A person of intermediate rank; a commoner. 3. (Mil.) The man who occupies a central position in a file of soldiers.

Mid´dle•most , a. [Cf. Midmost.] Being in the middle, or nearest the middle; midmost.

Mid´dler , n. One of a middle or intermediate class in some schools and seminaries.

Mid´dling , a. Of middle rank, state, size, or quality; about equally distant from the extremes; medium; moderate; mediocre; ordinary. ´A town of but middling size.´ Hallam. “Plainly furnished, as beseemed the middling circumstances of its inhabitants.” Hawthorne. — Mid´dling•ly, adv. — Mid´dling•ness, n.

Mid´dlings , n. pl. 1. A combination of the coarser parts of ground wheat the finest bran, separated from the fine flour and coarse bran in bolting; — formerly regarded as valuable only for feed; but now, after separation of the bran, used for making the best quality of flour. Middlings contain a large proportion of gluten. 2. In the southern and western parts of the United States, the portion of the hog between the ham and the shoulder; bacon; — called also middles. Bartlett.

Mid´dy , n.; pl. Middies . A colloquial abbreviation of midshipman.

Mid´feath•er , n. 1. (Steam Boilers) A vertical water space in a fire box or combustion chamber. 2. (Mining) A support for the center of a tunnel.

Mid´gard , n. [Icel. miðgarðr.] (Scand. Myth.) The middle space or region between heaven and hell; the abode of human beings; the earth.

Midge , n. [OE. migge, AS. mycge; akin to OS. muggia, D. mug, G. mücke, OHG. mucca, Icel. m, Sw. mygga, mygg, Dan. myg; perh. named from its buzzing; cf. Gr. to low, bellow.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of many small, delicate, long- legged flies of the Chironomus, and allied genera, which do not bite. Their larvae are usually aquatic. 2. A very small fly, abundant in many parts of the United States and Canada, noted for the irritating quality of its bite. The name is also applied to various other small flies. See Wheat midge, under Wheat.

Midg´et , n. [Dim. of midge.] 1. (Zoöl.) A minute bloodsucking fly. [Local, U. S.] 2. A very diminutive person.

Mid´gut , n. [Mid, a. + gut.] (Anat.) The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.

Mid´heav•en , n. 1. The midst or middle of heaven or the sky. 2. (Astron.) The meridian, or middle line of the heavens; the point of the ecliptic on the meridian.

Mid´land , a. 1. Being in the interior country; distant from the coast or seashore; as midland towns or inhabitants. Howell. 2. Surrounded by the land; mediterranean. “And on the midland sea the French had awed.” Dryden.

Mid´land , n. The interior or central region of a country; — usually in the plural. Drayton.

Mid´main , n. The middle part of the main or sea. [Poetic] Chapman.

Mid´most , a. [OE. middemiste. Cf. Foremost.] Middle; middlemost. “Ere night’s midmost, stillest hour was past.” Byron.

Mid´night , n. [AS. midniht.] The middle of the night; twelve o’clock at night. “The iron tongue of midnight hath told twelve.” Shak.

Mid´night, a. Being in, or characteristic of, the middle of the night; as midnight studies; midnight gloom. ´Midnight shout and revelry.´ Milton.

Mid•rash´ , n.; pl. Midrashim (#), Midrashoth (#). [Heb., explanation.] A talmudic exposition of the Hebrew law, or of some part of it.

Mid´rib , n. (Bot.) A continuation of the petiole, extending from the base to the apex of the lamina of a leaf.

Mid´riff (mid´rif), n. [AS. midhrif; midd mid, middle + hrif bowels, womb; akin to OFries. midref midriff, rif, ref, belly, OHG. href body, and to L. corpus body. See Corpse.] (Anat.) See Diaphragm, n., 2. “Smote him into the midriff with a stone.” Milton. { Mid´ sea´, or Mid´-sea´ }. The middle part of the sea or ocean. Milton. The Mid-sea, the Mediterranean Sea. [Obs.]

Mid´ship, a. Of or pertaining to, or being in, the middle of a ship. Midship beam (Naut.), the beam or timber upon which the broadest part of a vessel is formed. — Midship bend, the broadest frame in a vessel. Weale.

Mid´ship•man , n.; pl. Midshipmen . 1. (a) Formerly, a kind of naval cadet, in a ship of war, whose business was to carry orders, messages, reports, etc., between the officers of the quarter-deck and those of the forecastle, and render other services as required. (b) In the English naval service, the second rank attained by a combatant officer after a term of service as naval cadet. Having served three and a half years in this rank, and passed an examination, he is eligible to promotion to the rank of lieutenant. (c) In the United States navy, the lowest grade of officers in line of promotion, being graduates of the Naval Academy awaiting promotion to the rank of ensign. 2. (Zoöl.) An American marine fish of the genus Porichthys, allied to the toadfish. Cadet midshipman, formerly a title distinguishing a cadet line officer from a cadet engineer at the U. S. Naval Academy. See under Cadet. — Cadet midshipman, formerly, a naval cadet who had served his time, passed his examinations, and was awaiting promotion; — now called, in the United States, midshipman; in England, sublieutenant.

Mid´ships, adv. [For amidships.] (Naut.) In the middle of a ship; — properly amidships.

Mid´ships, n. pl. (Naut.) The timbers at the broadest part of the vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Midst , n. [From middest, in the middest, for older in middes, where -s is adverbial (orig. forming a genitive), or still older a midde, a midden, on midden. See Mid, and cf. Amidst.] 1. The interior or central part or place; the middle; — used chiefly in the objective case after in; as in the midst of the forest. “And when the devil had thrown him in the midst, he came out of him.” Luke iv. 35. “There is nothing … in the midst [of the play] which might not have been placed in the beginning.” Dryden. 2. Hence, figuratively, the condition of being surrounded or beset; the press; the burden; as in the midst of official duties; in the midst of secular affairs. The expressions in our midst, in their midst, etc., are avoided by some good writers, the forms in the midst of us, in the midst of them, etc., being preferred. Syn. — Midst, Middle. Midst in present usage commonly denotes a part or place surrounded on enveloped by or among other parts or objects (see Amidst); while middle is used of the center of length, or surface, or of a solid, etc. We say in the midst of a thicket; in the middle of a line, or the middle of a room; in the midst of darkness; in the middle of the night.

Midst, prep. In the midst of; amidst. Shak.

Midst, adv. In the middle. [R.] Milton.

Mid´sum•mer , n. [AS. midsumor.] The middle of summer. Shak. Midsummer daisy (Bot.), the oxeye daisy.

Mid´ward , a. Situated in the middle.

Mid´ward, adv. In or toward the midst.

Mid´way , n. The middle of the way or distance; a middle way or course. Shak. “Paths indirect, or in the midway faint.” Milton.

Mid´way, a. Being in the middle of the way or distance; as the midway air. Shak.

Mid´way, adv. In the middle of the way or distance; half way. ´She met his glance midway.´ Dryden.

Mid´week , n. The middle of the week. Also used adjectively.

Mid´wife , n.; pl. Midwives (#). [OE. midwif, fr. AS. mid with (akin to Gr. ) + woman, wife. Properly, the woman or wife who is attendant upon a woman in childbirth. See Meta-, and Wife.] A woman who assists other women in childbirth; a female practitioner of the obstetric art.

Mid´wife, v. t. To assist in childbirth.

Mid´wife, v. i. To perform the office of midwife.

Mid´wife•ry ( 277), n. 1. The art or practice of assisting women in childbirth; obstetrics. 2. Assistance at childbirth; help or coöperation in production.

Mid´win•ter , n. [AS. midwinter.] The middle of winter. Dryden.

Mid´wive (mid´w&ima;cv•), v. t. To midwife. [Obs.]

Mien (men), n. [F. mine; perh. from sane source as mener to lead; cf. E. demean, menace, mine, n.] Aspect; air; manner; demeanor; carriage; bearing. “Vice is a monster of so frightful mien,
as to be hated, needs but to be seen.” Pope.

Miff , n. [Cf. Prov. G. muff sullenness, sulkiness, muffen to be silky, muffïg sullen, pouting.] A petty falling out; a tiff; a quarrel; offense. Fielding.

Miff, v. t. To offend slightly. [Colloq.]

Might (mit), imp. of May. [AS. meahte, mihte.]

Might, n. [AS. meaht, miht, from the root of magan to be able, E. may; akin to D. magt, OS. maht, G. macht, Icel. mattr, Goth. mahts. rad.103. See May, v.] Force or power of any kind, whether of body or mind; energy or intensity of purpose, feeling, or action; means or resources to effect an object; strength; force; power; ability; capacity. “What so strong,
But wanting rest, will also want of might?” Spenser. “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.” Deut. vi. 5. With might and main. See under 2d Main.

Might´ful , a. Mighty. [Obs.] Shak.

Might´i•ly , adv. [From Mighty.] 1. In a mighty manner; with might; with great earnestness; vigorously; powerfully. “Whereunto I also labor, striving according to his working, which worketh in me mightily.” Col. i. 29. 2. To a great degree; very much. “Practical jokes amused us mightily.” Hawthorne.

Might´i•ness, n. 1. The quality of being mighty; possession of might; power; greatness; high dignity. “How soon this mightiness meets misery.” Shak. 2. Highness; excellency; — with a possessive pronoun, a title of dignity; as their high mightinesses.

Might´less, a. Without; weak. [Obs.]

Might´y , a. [Compar. Mightier superl. Mightiest.] [AS. meahtig, mihtig; akin to G. mächtig, Goth. mahteigs. See Might, n.] 1. Possessing might; having great power or authority. “Wise in heart, and mighty in strength.” Job ix. 4. 2. Accomplished by might; hence, extraordinary; wonderful. ´His mighty works.´ Matt. xi. 20. 3. Denoting an extraordinary degree or quality in respect of size, character, importance, consequences, etc. ´A mighty famine.´ Luke xv. 14. ´Giants of mighty bone.´ Milton. “Mighty was their fuss about little matters.” Hawthorne.

Might´y, n.; pl. Mighties (#). A warrior of great force and courage. [R. & Obs.] 1 Chron. xi. 12.

Might´y, adv. In a great degree; very. [Colloq.] ´He was mighty methodical.´ Jeffrey. “We have a mighty pleasant garden.” Doddridge.

Mign´iard , a. [F. mignard, akin to mignon. See Minion.] Soft; dainty. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mign´iard•ise , n. [F. mignardise.] Delicate fondling. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mi´gnon , a. [F.] See 3d Minion.

Mi´gnon, v. t. To flatter. [R. & Obs.] Danie.

Mi•gnon•ette´ , n. [F. mignonnette, dim. of mignon darling. See 2d Minion.] (Bot.) A plant (Reseda odorata) having greenish flowers with orange-colored stamens, and exhaling a delicious fragrance. In Africa it is a low shrub, but further north it is usually an annual herb. Mignonette pepper, coarse pepper.

Mi•graine´ , n. [F.] Same as Megrim. — Mi•grain´ous, a.

Mi´grant , a. [L. migrans, p. pr. of migrare. See Migrate.] Migratory. Sir T. Browne. — n. A migratory bird or other animal.

Mi´grate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Migrated p. pr. & vb. n. Migrating ] [L. migratus, p. p. of migrare to migrate, transfer.] 1. To remove from one country or region to another, with a view to residence; to change one’s place of residence; to remove; as the Moors who migrated from Africa into Spain; to migrate to the West. 2. To pass periodically from one region or climate to another for feeding or breeding; — said of certain birds, fishes, and quadrupeds.

Mi•gra´tion , n. [L. migratio: cf. F. migration.] The act of migrating.

Mi´gra•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. migratoire.] 1. Removing regularly or occasionally from one region or climate to another; as migratory birds. 2. Hence, roving; wandering; nomad; as migratory habits; a migratory life. Migratory locust (Zoöl.) See Locust. — Migratory thrush (Zoöl.), the American robin. See Robin.

Mi•ka´do , n. [Jap.] The popular designation of the hereditary sovereign of Japan.

Mik´maks , n. Same as Micmacs.

Mil´age ( 48), n. Same as Mileage.

Mil•an•ese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Milan in Italy, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Milan; people of Milan.

Milch , a. [OE. milche; akin to G. melk, Icel. milkr, mjolkr, and to E. milk. See Milk.] 1. Giving milk; — now applied only to beasts. ´Milch camels.´ Gen. xxxii. ´Milch kine.´ Shak. 2. Tender; pitiful; weeping. [Obs.] Shak.

Mild , a. [Compar. Milder superl. Mildest.] [AS. milde; akin to OS. mildi, D. & G. mild, OHG. milti, Icel. mildr, Sw. & Dan. mild, Goth. milds; cf. Lith. melas dear, Gr. gladdening gifts.] Gentle; pleasant; kind; soft; bland; clement; hence, moderate in degree or quality; — the opposite of harsh, severe, irritating, violent, disagreeable, etc.; — applied to persons and things; as a mild disposition; a mild eye; a mild air; a mild medicine; a mild insanity. “The rosy morn resigns her light
And milder glory to the noon.” Waller. “Adore him as a mild and merciful Being.” Rogers. Mild, or Low, steel, steel that has but little carbon in it and is not readily hardened. Syn. — Soft; gentle; bland; calm; tranquil; soothing; pleasant; placid; meek; kind; tender; indulgent; clement; mollifying; lenitive; assuasive. See Gentle.

Mild´en , v. t. To make mild, or milder. Lowell.

Mil´dew , n. [AS. meledeáw; akin to OHG. militou, G. mehlthau, mehltau; prob. orig. meaning, honeydew; cf. Goth. milip honey. See Mellifluous, and Dew.] (Bot.) A growth of minute powdery or webby fungi, whitish or of different colors, found on various diseased or decaying substances.

Mil´dew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mildewed p. pr. & vb. n. Mildewing.] To taint with mildew. “He … mildews the white wheat.” Shak.

Mil´dew, v. i. To become tainted with mildew.

Mild´ly , adv. In a mild manner.

Mild´ness, n. The quality or state of being mild; as mildness of temper; the mildness of the winter.

Mile , n. [AS. mil, fr. L. millia, milia; pl. of mille a thousand, i. e., milia passuum a thousand paces. Cf. Mill the tenth of a cent, Million.] A certain measure of distance, being equivalent in England and the United States to 320 poles or rods, or 5,280 feet. The distance called a mile varies greatly in different countries. Its length in yards is, in Norway, 12,182; in Brunswick, 11,816; in Sweden, 11,660; in Hungary, 9,139; in Switzerland, 8,548; in Austria, 8,297; in Prussia, 8,238; in Poland, 8,100; in Italy, 2,025; in England and the United States, 1,760; in Spain, 1,552; in the Netherlands, 1,094. Geographical, or Nautical mile, one sixtieth of a degree of a great circle of the earth, or 6080.27 feet. — Mile run. Same as Train mile. See under Train. — Roman mile, a thousand paces, equal to 1,614 yards English measure. — Statute mile, a mile conforming to statute, that is, in England and the United States, a mile of 5,280 feet, as distinguished from any other mile.

Mile´age ( 48), n. 1. An allowance for traveling expenses at a certain rate per mile. 2. Aggregate length or distance in miles; esp., the sum of lengths of tracks or wires of a railroad company, telegraph company, etc. [Written also milage.] Constructive mileage, a mileage allowed for journeys supposed to be made, but not actually made. Bartlett.

Mile´post , n. A post, or one of a series of posts, set up to indicate spaces of a mile each or the distance in miles from a given place.

Mi•le´sian , a. [L. Milesius, Gr. .] 1. (Anc. Geog.) Of or pertaining to Miletus, a city of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants. 2. (Irish Legendary Hist.) Descended from King Milesius of Spain, whose two sons are said to have conquered Ireland about 1300 b. c.; or pertaining to the descendants of King Milesius; hence, Irish.

Mi•le´sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Miletus. 2. A native or inhabitant of Ireland.

Mile´stone , n. A stone serving the same purpose as a milepost.

Mil´foil , n. [F. mille- feuille, L. millefolium; mille thousand + folium leaf. See Foil a leaf.] (Bot.) A common composite herb (Achillea Millefolium) with white flowers and finely dissected leaves; yarrow. Water milfoil (Bot.), an aquatic herb with dissected leaves (Myriophyllum).

Mil•i•a´ri•a , n. [NL. See Miliary.] (Med.) A fever accompanied by an eruption of small, isolated, red pimples, resembling a millet seed in form or size; miliary fever.

Mil´ia•ry ( 277), a. [L. miliarius, fr. milium millet: cf. F. miliaire.] 1. Like millet seeds; as a miliary eruption. 2. (Med.) Accompanied with an eruption like millet seeds; as a miliary fever. 3. (Zoöl.) Small and numerous; as the miliary tubercles of Echini.

Mil´ia•ry, n. (Zoöl.) One of the small tubercles of Echini.

Mi•lice´ , n. [F.] Militia. [Obs.]

Mil´i•o•la , n. [NL., dim. of L. milium millet. So named from its resemblance to millet seed.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Foraminifera, having a porcelanous shell with several longitudinal chambers.

Mil´i•o•lite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil shell of, or similar to, the genus Miliola.

Mil´i•o•lite, a. The same Miliolitic. Miliolite limestone (Geol.), a building stone, one of the group of the Paris basin, almost entirely made up of many-chambered microscopic shells.

Mil•i•o•lit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the genus Miliola; containing miliolites.

Mil´i•tan•cy , n. [See Militant.] 1. The state of being militant; warfare. 2. A military spirit or system; militarism. H. Spencer.

Mil´i•tant , a. [L. militans, -antis, p. pr. of militare to be soldier: cf. F. militant. See Militate.] Engaged in warfare; fighting; combating; serving as a soldier. — Mil´i•tant•ly, adv. “At which command the powers militant …
Moved on in silence.” Milton. Church militant, the Christian church on earth, which is supposed to be engaged in a constant warfare against its enemies, and is thus distinguished from the church triumphant, in heaven.

Mil´i•tar , a. Military. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mil´i•ta•ri•ly , adv. In a military manner.

Mil´i•ta•rism , n. [Cf. F. militarisme.] 1. A military state or condition; reliance on military force in administering government; a military system. 2. The spirit and traditions of military life. H. Spencer.

Mil´i•ta•rist , n. A military man. [Obs.] Shak.

Mil´i•ta•ry , a. [L. militaris, militarius, from miles, militis, soldier: cf. F. militaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to soldiers, to arms, or to war; belonging to, engaged in, or appropriate to, the affairs of war; as a military parade; military discipline; military bravery; military conduct; military renown. “Nor do I, as an enemy to peace,
Troop in the throngs of military men.” Shak. 2. Performed or made by soldiers; as a military election; a military expedition. Bacon. Military law. See Martial law, under Martial. — Military order. (a) A command proceeding from a military superior. (b) An association of military persons under a bond of certain peculiar rules; especially, such an association of knights in the Middle Ages, or a body in modern times taking a similar form, membership of which confers some distinction. — Military tenure, tenure of land, on condition of performing military service.

Mil´i•ta•ry, n. [Cf. F. militaire.] The whole body of soldiers; soldiery; militia; troops; the army.

Mil´i•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Militated p. pr. & vb. n. Militating ] [L. militare, militatum, to be a soldier, fr. miles, militis, soldier.] To make war; to fight; to contend; — usually followed by against and with. “These are great questions, where great names militate against each other.” Burke. “The invisible powers of heaven seemed to militate on the side of the pious emperor.” Gibbon.

Mi•li´tia , n. [L., military service, soldiery, fr. miles, militis, soldier: cf. F. milice.] 1. In the widest sense, the whole military force of a nation, including both those engaged in military service as a business, and those competent and available for such service; specifically, the body of citizens enrolled for military instruction and discipline, but not subject to be called into actual service except in emergencies. “The king’s captains and soldiers fight his battles, and yet … the power of the militia is he.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Military service; warfare. [Obs.] Baxter.

Mi•li´tia•man , n.; pl. Militiamen . One who belongs to the militia.

Mi•li´ti•ate , v. i. To carry on, or prepare for, war. [Obs.] Walpole.

Milk (milk), n. [AS. meoluc, meoloc, meolc, milc; akin to OFries. meloc, D. melk, G. milch, OHG. miluh, Icel. mjolk, Sw. mjölk, Dan. melk, Goth. miluks, G. melken to milk, OHG. melchan, Lith. milszti, L. mulgere, Gr. ’ame•lgein. rad.107. Cf. Milch, Emulsion, Milt soft roe of fishes.] 1. (Physiol.) A white fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young, consisting of minute globules of fat suspended in a solution of casein, albumin, milk sugar, and inorganic salts. ´White as morne milk.´ Chaucer. 2. (Bot.) A kind of juice or sap, usually white in color, found in certain plants; latex. See Latex. 3. An emulsion made by bruising seeds; as the milk of almonds, produced by pounding almonds with sugar and water. 4. (Zoöl.) The ripe, undischarged spat of an oyster. Condensed milk. See under Condense, v. t. — Milk crust (Med.), vesicular eczema occurring on the face and scalp of nursing infants. See Eczema. — Milk fever. (a) (Med.) A fever which accompanies or precedes the first lactation. It is usually transitory. (b) (Vet. Surg.) A form puerperal peritonitis in cattle; also a variety of meningitis occurring in cows after calving. — Milk glass, glass having a milky appearance. — Milk knot (Med.), a hard lump forming in the breast of a nursing woman, due to obstruction to the flow of milk and congestion of the mammary glands. — Milk leg (Med.), a swollen condition of the leg, usually in puerperal women, caused by an inflammation of veins, and characterized by a white appearance occasioned by an accumulation of serum and sometimes of pus in the cellular tissue. — Milk meats, food made from milk, as butter and cheese. [Obs.] Bailey. — Milk mirror. Same as Escutcheon, 2. — Milk molar (Anat.), one of the deciduous molar teeth which are shed and replaced by the premolars. — Milk of lime (Chem.), a watery emulsion of calcium hydrate, produced by macerating quicklime in water. — Milk parsley (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum palustre) of Europe and Asia, having a milky juice. — Milk pea (Bot.), a genus (Galactia) of leguminous and, usually, twining plants. — Milk sickness (Med.), a peculiar malignant disease, occurring in some parts of the Western United States, and affecting certain kinds of farm stock (esp. cows), and persons who make use of the meat or dairy products of infected cattle. Its chief symptoms in man are uncontrollable vomiting, obstinate constipation, pain, and muscular tremors. Its origin in cattle has been variously ascribed to the presence of certain plants in their food, and to polluted drinking water. — Milk snake (Zoöl.), a harmless American snake (Ophibolus triangulus, or O. eximius). It is variously marked with white, gray, and red. Called also milk adder, chicken snake, house snake, etc. — Milk sugar. (Physiol. Chem.) See Lactose, and Sugar of milk (below). — Milk thistle (Bot.), an esculent European thistle (Silybum marianum), having the veins of its leaves of a milky whiteness. — Milk thrush. (Med.) See Thrush. — Milk tooth (Anat.), one of the temporary first set of teeth in young mammals; in man there are twenty. — Milk tree (Bot.), a tree yielding a milky juice, as the cow tree of South America (Brosimum Galactodendron), and the Euphorbia balsamifera of the Canaries, the milk of both of which is wholesome food. — Milk vessel (Bot.), a special cell in the inner bark of a plant, or a series of cells, in which the milky juice is contained. See Latex. — Rock milk. See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. — Sugar of milk. The sugar characteristic of milk; a hard white crystalline slightly sweet substance obtained by evaporation of the whey of milk. It is used in pellets and powder as a vehicle for homeopathic medicines, and as an article of diet. See Lactose.

Milk (milk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Milked (milkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Milking.] 1. To draw or press milk from the breasts or udder of, by the hand or mouth; to withdraw the milk of. ´Milking the kine.´ Gay. “I have given suck, and know
How tender ’t is to love the babe that milks me.” Shak. 2. To draw from the breasts or udder; to extract, as milk; as to milk wholesome milk from healthy cows. 3. To draw anything from, as if by milking; to compel to yield profit or advantage; to plunder. Tyndale. “They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock.” London Spectator. To milk the street, to squeeze the smaller operators in stocks and extract a profit from them, by alternately raising and depressing prices within a short range; — said of the large dealers. [Cant] — To milk a telegram, to use for one’s own advantage the contents of a telegram belonging to another person. [Cant]

Milk, v. i. To draw or to yield milk.

Milk´en , a. Consisting of milk. [Obs.]

Milk´er , n. 1. One who milks; also a mechanical apparatus for milking cows. 2. A cow or other animal that gives milk.

Milk´ful , a. Full of milk; abounding with food. [R.] ´Milkful vales.´ Sylvester.

Milk´i•ly , adv. In a milky manner.

Milk´i•ness, n. State or quality of being milky.

Milk´-liv•ered , a. White- livered; cowardly; timorous.

Milk´maid , n. A woman who milks cows or is employed in the dairy.

Milk´man , n.; pl. Milkmen . A man who sells milk or delivers it to customers.

Milk´sop , n. A piece of bread sopped in milk; figuratively, an effeminate or weak-minded person. Shak. “To wed a milksop or a coward ape.” Chaucer.

Milk´ vetch (Bot.) A leguminous herb (Astragalus glycyphyllos) of Europe and Asia, supposed to increase the secretion of milk in goats. The name is sometimes taken for the whole genus Astragalus, of which there are about two hundred species in North America, and even more elsewhere.

Milk´weed , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genera Asclepias and Acerates, abounding in a milky juice, and having its seed attached to a long silky down; silkweed. The name is also applied to several other plants with a milky juice, as to several kinds of spurge.

Milk´wort , n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Polygala) of many species. The common European P. vulgaris was supposed to have the power of producing a flow of milk in nurses. The species of Campanula, or bellflower, are sometimes called milkwort, from their juice.

Milk´y , a. 1. Consisting of, or containing, milk. “Pails high foaming with a milky flood.” Pope. 2. Like, or somewhat like, milk; whitish and turbid; as the water is milky. ´Milky juice.´ Arbuthnot. 3. Yielding milk. ´Milky mothers.´ Roscommon. 4. Mild; tame; spiritless. “Has friendship such a faint and milky heart?” Shak. Milky Way. (Astron.) See Galaxy, 1.

Mill (mil), n. [L. mille a thousand. Cf. Mile.] A money of account of the United States, having the value of the tenth of a cent, or the thousandth of a dollar.

Mill, n. [OE. mille, melle, mulle, milne, AS. myln, mylen; akin to D. molen, G. mühle, OHG. muli, mulin, Icel. mylna; all prob. from L. molina, fr. mola millstone; prop., that which grinds, akin to molere to grind, Goth. malan, G. mahlen, and to E. meal. rad.108. See Meal flour, and cf. Moline.] 1. A machine for grinding or comminuting any substance, as grain, by rubbing and crushing it between two hard, rough, or indented surfaces; as a gristmill, a coffee mill; a bone mill. 2. A machine used for expelling the juice, sap, etc., from vegetable tissues by pressure, or by pressure in combination with a grinding, or cutting process; as a cider mill; a cane mill. 3. A machine for grinding and polishing; as a lapidary mill. 4. A common name for various machines which produce a manufactured product, or change the form of a raw material by the continuous repetition of some simple action; as a sawmill; a stamping mill, etc. 5. A building or collection of buildings with machinery by which the processes of manufacturing are carried on; as a cotton mill; a powder mill; a rolling mill. 6. (Die Sinking) A hardened steel roller having a design in relief, used for imprinting a reversed copy of the design in a softer metal, as copper. 7. (Mining) (a) An excavation in rock, transverse to the workings, from which material for filling is obtained. (b) A passage underground through which ore is shot. 8. A milling cutter. See Illust. under Milling. 9. A pugilistic encounter. [Cant] R. D. Blackmore. Edge mill, Flint mill, etc. See under Edge, Flint, etc. — Mill bar (Iron Works), a rough bar rolled or drawn directly from a bloom or puddle bar for conversion into merchant iron in the mill. — Mill cinder, slag from a puddling furnace. — Mill head, the head of water employed to turn the wheel of a mill. — Mill pick, a pick for dressing millstones. — Mill pond, a pond that supplies the water for a mill. — Mill race, the canal in which water is conveyed to a mill wheel, or the current of water which drives the wheel. — Mill tail, the water which flows from a mill wheel after turning it, or the channel in which the water flows. — Mill tooth, a grinder or molar tooth. - - Mill wheel, the water wheel that drives the machinery of a mill. — Roller mill, a mill in which flour or meal is made by crushing grain between rollers. — Stamp mill (Mining), a mill in which ore is crushed by stamps. — To go through the mill, to experience the suffering or discipline necessary to bring one to a certain degree of knowledge or skill, or to a certain mental state.

Mill (mil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Milled (mild); p. pr. & vb. n. Milling.] [See Mill, n., and cf. Muller.] 1. To reduce to fine particles, or to small pieces, in a mill; to grind; to comminute. 2. To shape, finish, or transform by passing through a machine; specifically, to shape or dress, as metal, by means of a rotary cutter. 3. To make a raised border around the edges of, or to cut fine grooves or indentations across the edges of, as of a coin, or a screw head; also to stamp in a coining press; to coin. 4. To pass through a fulling mill; to full, as cloth. 5. To beat with the fists. [Cant] Thackeray. 6. To roll into bars, as steel. To mill chocolate, to make it frothy, as by churning.

Mill, v. i. (Zoöl.) To swim under water; — said of air-breathing creatures.

Mill´board , n. A kind of stout pasteboard.

Mill´-cake , n. The incorporated materials for gunpowder, in the form of a dense mass or cake, ready to be subjected to the process of granulation.

Mill´dam , n. A dam or mound to obstruct a water course, and raise the water to a height sufficient to turn a mill wheel.

Milled , a. Having been subjected to some process of milling. Milled cloth, cloth that has been beaten in a fulling mill. — Milled lead, lead rolled into sheets.

Mil•le•fi•o´re glass [It. mille thousand + fiore flower.] Slender rods or tubes of colored glass fused together and embedded in clear glass; — used for paperweights and other small articles.

Mil•le•na´ri•an , a. [See Millenary.] Consisting of a thousand years; of or pertaining to the millennium, or to the Millenarians.

Mil•le•na´ri•an, n. One who believes that Christ will personally reign on earth a thousand years; a Chiliast. { Mil•le•na´ri•an•ism , Mil´le•na•rism } n. The doctrine of Millenarians.

Mil´le•na•ry , a. [L. millenarius, fr. milleni a thousand each, fr. mille a thousand: cf. F. millenaire. See Mile.] Consisting of a thousand; millennial.

Mil´le•na•ry, n. The space of a thousand years; a millennium; also a Millenarian.´During that millenary.´ Hare.

Mil•len´ni•al , a. Of or pertaining to the millennium, or to a thousand years; as a millennial period; millennial happiness.

Mil•len´ni•al•ist, n. One who believes that Christ will reign personally on earth a thousand years; a Chiliast; also a believer in the universal prevalence of Christianity for a long period. { Mil•len´ni•an•ism , Mil•len´ni•a•rism , } n. Belief in, or expectation of, the millennium; millenarianism.

Mil´len•nist (mil´len•nist), n. One who believes in the millennium. [Obs.] Johnson.

Mil•len´ni•um (mil•len´ni•um), n. [LL., fr. L. mille a thousand + annus a year. See Mile, and Annual.] A thousand years; especially, the thousand years mentioned in the twentieth chapter of Revelation, during which holiness is to be triumphant throughout the world. Some believe that, during this period, Christ will reign on earth in person with his saints.

Mil´le•ped (mil´le•pedi), n. [L. millepeda; mille a thousand + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. mille-pieds.] (Zoöl.) A myriapod with many legs, esp. a chilognath, as the galleyworm. [Written also millipede and milliped.]

Mil•le•po´ra (mil•le•po´ra), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Hydrocorallia, which includes the millipores.

Mil´le•pore (mil´le•por), n. [L. mille thousand + porus pore: cf. F. millepore.] (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Millepora, having the surface nearly smooth, and perforated with very minute unequal pores, or cells. The animals are hydroids, not Anthozoa. See Hydrocorallia.

Mil´le•po•rite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil millepore.

Mill´er (mil´er), n. 1. One who keeps or attends a flour mill or gristmill. 2. A milling machine. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A moth or lepidopterous insect; — so called because the wings appear as if covered with white dust or powder, like a miller’s clothes. Called also moth miller. (b) The eagle ray. (c) The hen harrier. [Prov. Eng.] Miller’s thumb. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fresh-water fish of the genus Uranidea (formerly Cottus), as the European species (U. gobio), and the American (U. gracilis); — called also bullhead. (b) A small bird, as the gold-crest, chiff-chaff, and long-tailed tit. [Prov. Eng.]

Mil´ler•ite , n. A believer in the doctrine of William Miller (d. 1849), who taught that the end of the world and the second coming of Christ were at hand.

Mil´ler•ite, n. [From W. H. Miller, of Cambridge, Eng.] (Min.) A sulphide of nickel, commonly occurring in delicate capillary crystals, also in incrustations of a bronze yellow; — sometimes called hair pyrites.

Mil•les´i•mal , a. [L. millesimus, fr. mille a thousand.] Thousandth; consisting of thousandth parts; as millesimal fractions.

Mil´let , n. [F., dim. of mil, L. milium; akin to Gr. , AS. mil.] (Bot.) The name of several cereal and forage grasses which bear an abundance of small roundish grains. The common millets of Germany and Southern Europe are Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria Italica. Arabian millet is Sorghum Halepense. — Egyptian or East Indian, millet is Penicillaria spicata. — Indian millet is Sorghum vulgare. (See under Indian.) — Italian millet is Setaria Italica, a coarse, rank-growing annual grass, valuable for fodder when cut young, and bearing nutritive seeds; — called also Hungarian grass. — Texas millet is Panicum Texanum. — Wild millet, or Millet grass, is Milium effusum, a tail grass growing in woods.

Mil´li- [From L. mille a thousand.] (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) A prefix denoting a thousandth part of; as millimeter, milligram, milliampère.

Mil•li•am•père´ , n. [Milli- + ampère.] (Elec.) The thousandth part of one ampère.

Mil•liard´ , n. [F., from mille, mil, thousand, L. mille.] A thousand millions; — called also billion. See Billion.

Mil´li•a•ry , a. [L. milliarius containing a thousand, fr. mille thousand: cf. F. milliaire milliary. See Mile.] Of or pertaining to a mile, or to distance by miles; denoting a mile or miles. “A milliary column, from which they used to compute the distance of all the cities and places of note.” Evelyn.

Mil´li•a•ry, n.; pl. Milliaries (#). [L. milliarium. See Milliary, a.] A milestone.

Mil•lier´ , n. [F., fr. mille thousand.] A weight of the metric system, being one million grams; a metric ton.

Mil´li•fold , a. [L. mille thousand + E. fold times.] Thousandfold. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode). { Mil´li•gram , Mil´li•gramme } , n. [F. milligramme; milli- milli- + gramme. See 3d Gram.] A measure of weight, in the metric system, being the thousandth part of a gram, equal to the weight of a cubic millimeter of water, or .01543 of a grain avoirdupois. { Mil´li•li•ter , Mil´li•li•tre } , n. [F. millilitre; milli- milli- + litre. See Liter.] A measure of capacity in the metric system, containing the thousandth part of a liter. It is a cubic centimeter, and is equal to .061 of an English cubic inch, or to .0338 of an American fluid ounce. { Mil´li•me•ter , Mil´li•me•tre } , n. [F. millimètre; milli- milli- + mètre. See 3d Meter.] A lineal measure in the metric system, containing the thousandth part of a meter; equal to .03937 of an inch. See 3d Meter.

Mil´li•ner , n. [From Milaner an inhabitant of Milan, in Italy; hence, a man from Milan who imported women’s finery.] 1. Formerly, a man who imported and dealt in small articles of a miscellaneous kind, especially such as please the fancy of women. [Obs.] “No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves.” Shak. 2. A person, usually a woman, who makes, trims, or deals in hats, bonnets, headdresses, etc., for women. Man milliner, a man who makes or deals in millinery; hence, contemptuously, a man who is busied with trifling occupations or embellishments.

Mil´li•ner•y , n. 1. The articles made or sold by milliners, as headdresses, hats or bonnets, laces, ribbons, and the like. 2. The business of work of a milliner.

Mil•li•net´ , n. A stiff cotton fabric used by milliners for lining bonnets.

Mill´ing , n. The act or employment of grinding or passing through a mill; the process of fulling; the process of making a raised or intented edge upon coin, etc.; the process of dressing surfaces of various shapes with rotary cutters. See Mill. High milling, milling in which grain is reduced to flour by a succession of crackings, or of slight and partial crushings, alternately with sifting and sorting the product. — Low milling, milling in which the reduction is effected in a single crushing or grinding. — Milling cutter, a fluted, sharp-edged rotary cutter for dressing surfaces, as of metal, of various shapes. — Milling machine, a machine tool for dressing surfaces by rotary cutters. — Milling tool, a roller with indented edge or surface, for producing like indentations in metal by rolling pressure, as in turning; a knurling tool; a milling cutter.

Mil´lion (mil´yun), n. [F., from LL. millio, fr. L. mille a thousand. See Mile.] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, or a thousand thousand, — written 1,000,000. See the Note under Hundred. 2. A very great number; an indefinitely large number. “Millions of truths that a man is not concerned to know.” Locke. 3. The mass of common people; — with the article the. “For the play, I remember, pleased not the million.” Shak.

Mil•lion•aire´ ( 277), n. [F. millionnaire.] One whose wealth is counted by millions of francs, dollars, or pounds; a very rich person; a person worth a million or more. [Written also millionnaire.]

Mil•lion•air´ess, n. A woman who is a millionaire, or the wife of a millionaire. [Humorous] Holmes.

Mil´lion•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to millions; consisting of millions; as the millionary chronology of the pundits. Pinkerton.

Mil´lioned , a. Multiplied by millions; innumerable. [Obs.] Shak.

Mil•lion•naire´ , n. [F.] Millionaire.

Mil´lionth , a. Being the last one of a million of units or objects counted in regular order from the first of a series or succession; being one of a million.

Mil´lionth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by one million; one of a million equal parts.

Mil´li•ped , n. (Zoöl.) The same Milleped.

Mil´li•stere , n. [F. millistère, from milli- milli- + stère.] A liter, or cubic decimeter.

Mil•li•we´ber , n. [Milli- + weber.] (Physics) The thousandth part of one weber. { Mill´rea• (mil´re•), Mill´ree•, Mill´reis• (-res•) }, n. See Milreis. { Mill´rind• (-rind•), Mill´rynd• (- rind•) }, n. [Mill + rynd.] (Her.) A figure supposed to represent the iron which holds a millstone by being set into its center.

Mill´-sixpence , n. A milled sixpence; — the sixpence being one of the first English coins milled (1561).

Mill´stone , n. One of two circular stones used for grinding grain or other substance. “No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge.” Deut. xxiv. 6. The cellular siliceous rock called buhrstone is usually employed for millstones; also some kinds of lava, as that Niedermendig, or other firm rock with rough texture. The surface of a millstone has usually a series of radial grooves in which the powdered material collects. Millstone girt (Geol.), a hard and coarse, gritty sandstone, dividing the Carboniferous from the Subcarboniferous strata. See Farewell rock, under Farewell, a., and Chart of Geology. — To see into, or through, a millstone, to see into or through a difficult matter. (Colloq.)

Mill´work , n. 1. The shafting, gearing, and other driving machinery of mills. 2. The business of setting up or of operating mill machinery.

Mill´wright , n. A mechanic whose occupation is to build mills, or to set up their machinery.

Mil´reis , n. [Pg. mil reis, i. e., one thousand reis; mil a thousand + reis, pl. of real a rei.] A Portuguese money of account rated in the treasury department of the United States at one dollar and eight cents; also a Brazilian money of account rated at fifty-four cents and six mills.

Milt , n. [AS. milte; akin to D. milt, G. milz, OHG. milzi, Icel. milti, Dan. milt, Sw. mjälte, and prob. to E. malt, melt. rad.108. See Malt the grain.] (Anat.) The spleen.

Milt, n. [Akin to Dan. melk, Sw. mjölke, G. milch, and E. milk. See Milk.] (Zoöl.) (a) The spermatic fluid of fishes. (b) The testes, or spermaries, of fishes when filled with spermatozoa.

Milt, v. t. To impregnate (the roe of a fish) with milt.

Milt´er , n. [Cf. D. milter, G. milcher, milchner. See 2d Milt.] (Zoöl.) A male fish.

Mil•to´ni•an , a. Miltonic. Lowell.

Mil•ton´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Milton, or his writings; as Miltonic prose.

Milt´waste , [1st milt + waste.] (Bot.) A small European fern (Asplenium Ceterach) formerly used in medicine.

Mil´vine , a. [L. milvus kite.] (Zoöl.) Of or resembling birds of the kite kind.

Mil´vine, n. (Zoöl.) A bird related to the kite.

Mil´vus , n. [L., a kite.] (Zoöl.) A genus of raptorial birds, including the European kite.

Mime , n. [L. mimus, Gr. , akin to to imitate, to mimic: cf. F. mime. Cf. Mimosa.] 1. A kind of drama in which real persons and events were generally represented in a ridiculous manner. 2. An actor in such representations.

Mime, v. i. To mimic. [Obs.] — Mim´er (#), n.

Mim´e•o•graph , n. [Gr. to imitate + -graph.] An autographic stencil copying device invented by Edison.

Mi•me´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. imitation.] (Rhet. & Biol.) Imitation; mimicry.

Mim´e•tene , n. (Min.) See Mimetite. { Mi•met´ic ( 277), Mi•met´ic•al }[Gr. , fr. to imitate.] 1. Apt to imitate; given to mimicry; imitative. 2. (Biol.) Characterized by mimicry; - - applied to animals and plants; as mimetic species; mimetic organisms. See Mimicry.

Mim´e•tism , n. [From Gr. to mimic.] (Biol.) Same as Mimicry.

Mim´e•tite , n. [Gr. an imitator. So called because it resembles pyromorphite.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in pale yellow or brownish hexagonal crystals. It is an arseniate of lead. { Mim´ic , Mim´ic•al } a. [L. mimicus, Gr. , fr. mime: cf. F. mimique. See Mime.] 1. Imitative; mimetic. “Oft, in her absence, mimic fancy wakes
To imitate her.” Milton. “Man is, of all creatures, the most mimical.” W. Wotton. 2. Consisting of, or formed by, imitation; imitated; as mimic gestures. ´Mimic hootings.´ Wordsworth. 3. (Min.) Imitative; characterized by resemblance to other forms; — applied to crystals which by twinning resemble simple forms of a higher grade of symmetry. Mimic often implies something droll or ludicrous, and is less dignified than imitative. Mimic beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle that feigns death when disturbed, esp. the species of Hister and allied genera.

Mim´ic, n. One who imitates or mimics, especially one who does so for sport; a copyist; a buffoon. Burke.

Mim´ic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mimicked p. pr. & vb. n. Mimicking.] 1. To imitate or ape for sport; to ridicule by imitation. “The walk, the words, the gesture, could supply,
The habit mimic, and the mien belie.” Dryden. 2. (Biol.) To assume a resemblance to (some other organism of a totally different nature, or some surrounding object), as a means of protection or advantage. Syn. — To ape; imitate; counterfeit; mock.

Mim´ic•al•ly , adv. In an imitative manner.

Mim´ick•er , n. 1. One who mimics; a mimic. 2. (Zoöl.) An animal which imitates something else, in form or habits.

Mim´ic•ry , n. 1. The act or practice of one who mimics; ludicrous imitation for sport or ridicule. 2. (Biol.) Protective resemblance; the resemblance which certain animals and plants exhibit to other animals and plants or to the natural objects among which they live, — a characteristic which serves as their chief means of protection against enemies; imitation; mimesis; mimetism.

Mi•mog´ra•pher , n. [L. mimographus, Gr. ; a mime + to write: cf. F. mimographe.] A writer of mimes. Sir T. Herbert.

Mi•mo´sa ( 277), n. [NL., fr. Gr. imitator. Cf. Mime.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, containing many species, and including the sensitive plants (Mimosa sensitiva, and M. pudica). The term mimosa is also applied in commerce to several kinds bark imported from Australia, and used in tanning; — called also wattle bark. Tomlinson.

Mi•mo•tan´nic , a. [Mimosa + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a variety of tannin or tannic acid found in Acacia, Mimosa, etc.

Mi´na , n.; pl. L. Minae (#), E. Minas (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] An ancient weight or denomination of money, of varying value. The Attic mina was valued at a hundred drachmas.

Mi´na , n. (Zoöl.) See Myna.

Min´a•ble , a. Such as can be mined; as minable earth. Sir T. North.

Mi•na´cious , a. [L. minax, -acis. See Menace.] Threatening; menacing. [R.]

Mi•nac´i•ty , n. Disposition to threaten. [R.]

Min´a•ret , n. [Sp. minarete, Ar. manarat lamp, lantern, lighthouse, turret, fr. nar to shine.] (Arch.) A slender, lofty tower attached to a mosque and surrounded by one or more projecting balconies, from which the summon to prayer is cried by the muezzin.

Min•ar´gent , n. [Prob. contr. from aluminium + L. argentum silver.] An alloy consisting of copper, nickel, tungsten, and aluminium; — used by jewelers. { Min•a•to´ri•al•ly , Min´a•to•ri•ly }, adv. In a minatory manner; with threats.

Min´a•to•ry , a. [L. minatorius, fr. minari to threaten. See Menace.] Threatening; menacing. Bacon.

Mi•naul´ , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Manul.

Mince (mins), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minced (minst); p. pr. & vb. n. Minging (min´sing).] [AS. minsian to grow less, dwindle, fr. min small; akin to G. minder less, Goth. minniza less, mins less, adv., L. minor, adj. (cf. Minor); or more likely fr. F. mincer to mince, prob. from (assumed) LL. minutiare. rad.101. See Minish.] 1. To cut into very small pieces; to chop fine; to hash; as to mince meat. Bacon. 2. To suppress or weaken the force of; to extenuate; to palliate; to tell by degrees, instead of directly and frankly; to clip, as words or expressions; to utter half and keep back half of. “I know no ways to mince it in love, but directly to say — ´I love you.´” Shak. “Siren, now mince the sin,
And mollify damnation with a phrase.” Dryden. “If, to mince his meaning, I had either omitted some part of what he said, or taken from the strength of his expression, I certainly had wronged him.” Dryden. 3. To affect; to make a parade of. [R.] Shak.

Mince, v. i. 1. To walk with short steps; to walk in a prim, affected manner. “The daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with stretched forth necks and wanton eyes, … mincing as they go.” Is. iii. 16. “I ’ll … turn two mincing steps
Into a manly stride.” Shak. 2. To act or talk with affected nicety; to affect delicacy in manner.

Mince, n. A short, precise step; an affected manner.

Mince´-meat , n. Minced meat; meat chopped very fine; a mixture of boiled meat, suet, apples, etc., chopped very fine, to which spices and raisins are added; — used in making mince pie.

Mince´ pie A pie made of mince-meat.

Min´cer , n. One who minces.

Min´cing , a. That minces; characterized by primness or affected nicety.

Min´cing•ly, adv. In a mincing manner; not fully; with affected nicety.

Mind (mind), n. [AS. mynd, gemynd; akin to OHG. minna memory, love, G. minne love, Dan. minde mind, memory, remembrance, consent, vote, Sw. minne memory, Icel. minni, Goth. gamunds, L. mens, mentis, mind, Gr. me•nos, Skr. manas mind, man to think. rad.104, 278. Cf. Comment, Man, Mean, v., 3d Mental, Mignonette, Minion, Mnemonic, Money.] 1. The intellectual or rational faculty in man; the understanding; the intellect; the power that conceives, judges, or reasons; also the entire spiritual nature; the soul; — often in distinction from the body. “By the mind of man we understand that in him which thinks, remembers, reasons, wills.” Reid. “What we mean by mind is simply that which perceives, thinks, feels, wills, and desires.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind.” Rom. xiv. 5. “The mind shall banquet, though the body pine.” Shak. 2. The state, at any given time, of the faculties of thinking, willing, choosing, and the like; psychical activity or state; as: (a) Opinion; judgment; belief. “A fool uttereth all his mind.” Prov. xxix. 11. “Being so hard to me that brought your mind, I fear she’ll prove as hard to you in telling her mind.” Shak. (b) Choice; inclination; liking; intent; will. “If it be your minds, then let none go forth.” 2 Kings ix. 15. (c) Courage; spirit. Chapman. 3. Memory; remembrance; recollection; as to have or keep in mind, to call to mind, to put in mind, etc. To have a mind or great mind, to be inclined or strongly inclined in purpose; — used with an infinitive. ´Sir Roger de Coverly … told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy with me.´ Addison. — To lose one’s mind, to become insane, or imbecile. — To make up one’s mind, to come to an opinion or decision; to determine. — To put in mind, to remind. ´Regard us simply as putting you in mind of what you already know to be good policy.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Mind , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minded; p. pr. & vb. n. Minding.] [AS. myndian, gemyndian to remember. See Mind, n.] 1. To fix the mind or thoughts on; to regard with attention; to treat as of consequence; to consider; to heed; to mark; to note. ´Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.´ Rom. xii. 16. “My lord, you nod: you do not mind the play.” Shak. 2. To occupy one’s self with; to employ one’s self about; to attend to; as to mind one’s business. “Bidding him be a good child, and mind his book.” Addison. 3. To obey; as to mind parents; the dog minds his master. 4. To have in mind; to purpose. Beaconsfield. “I mind to tell him plainly what I think.” Shak. 5. To put in mind; to remind. [Archaic] M. Arnold. “He minded them of the mutability of all earthly things.” Fuller. “I do thee wrong to mind thee of it.” Shak. Never mind, do not regard it; it is of no consequence; no matter. Syn. — To notice; mark; regard; obey. See Attend.

Mind, v. i. To give attention or heed; to obey; as the dog minds well.

Mind´ed, a. Disposed; inclined; having a mind. “Joseph … was minded to put her away privily.” Matt. i. 19. “If men were minded to live virtuously.” Tillotson. Minded is much used in composition; as high- minded, feeble-minded, sober-minded, double- minded.

Mind´er , n. 1. One who minds, tends, or watches something, as a child, a machine, or cattle; as a minder of a loom. 2. One to be attended; specif., a pauper child intrusted to the care of a private person. [Eng.] Dickens.

Mind´ful , a. Bearing in mind; regardful; attentive; heedful; observant. “What is man, that thou art mindful of him?” Ps. viii. 4. “I promise you to be mindful of your admonitions.” Hammond. — Mind´ful•ly, adv. — Mind´ful•ness, n.

Mind´ing, n. Regard; mindfulness.

Mind´less, a. 1. Not indued with mind or intellectual powers; stupid; unthinking. 2. Unmindful; inattentive; heedless; careless. “Cursed Athens, mindless of thy worth.” Shak.

Mine (men), n. [F.] See Mien. [Obs.]

Mine (min), pron. & a. [OE. min, fr. AS. min; akin to D. mijn, OS., OFries., & OHG. min, G. mein, Sw. & Dan. min, Icel. minn, Goth. meins my, mine, meina of me, and E. me. rad.187. See Me, and cf. My.] Belonging to me; my. Used as a pronominal to me; my. Used as a pronominal adjective in the predicate; as ´Vengeance is mine; I will repay.´ Rom. xii. 19. also in the old style, used attributively, instead of my, before a noun beginning with a vowel. “I kept myself from mine iniquity.” Ps. xviii. 23. Mine is often used absolutely, the thing possessed being understood; as his son is in the army, mine in the navy. “When a man deceives me once, says the Italian proverb, it is his fault; when twice, it is mine.” Bp. Horne. “This title honors me and mine.” Shak. “She shall have me and mine.” Shak.

Mine, v. i. [F. miner, L. minare to drive animals, in LL. also to lead, conduct, dig a mine (cf. E. lode, and lead to conduct), akin to L. minari to threaten; cf. Sp. mina mine, conduit, subterraneous canal, a spring or source of water, It. mina. See Menace, and cf. Mien.] 1. To dig a mine or pit in the earth; to get ore, metals, coal, or precious stones, out of the earth; to dig in the earth for minerals; to dig a passage or cavity under anything in order to overthrow it by explosives or otherwise. 2. To form subterraneous tunnel or hole; to form a burrow or lodge in the earth; as the mining cony.

Mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mined p. pr. & vb. n. Mining.] 1. To dig away, or otherwise remove, the substratum or foundation of; to lay a mine under; to sap; to undermine; hence, to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret means. “They mined the walls.” Hayward. “Too lazy to cut down these immense trees, the spoilers … had mined them, and placed a quantity of gunpowder in the cavity.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To dig into, for ore or metal. “Lead veins have been traced … but they have not been mined.” Ure. 3. To get, as metals, out of the earth by digging. “The principal ore mined there is the bituminous cinnabar.” Ure.

Mine, n. [F., fr. LL. mina. See Mine, v. i.] 1. A subterranean cavity or passage; especially: (a) A pit or excavation in the earth, from which metallic ores, precious stones, coal, or other mineral substances are taken by digging; — distinguished from the pits from which stones for architectural purposes are taken, and which are called quarries. (b) (Mil.) A cavity or tunnel made under a fortification or other work, for the purpose of blowing up the superstructure with some explosive agent. 2. Any place where ore, metals, or precious stones are got by digging or washing the soil; as a placer mine. 3. Fig.: A rich source of wealth or other good. Shak. Mine dial, a form of magnetic compass used by miners. — Mine pig, pig iron made wholly from ore; in distinction from cinder pig, which is made from ore mixed with forge or mill cinder. Raymond.

Min´er , n. [Cf. F. mineur.] 1. One who mines; a digger for metals, etc.; one engaged in the business of getting ore, coal, or precious stones, out of the earth; one who digs military mines; as armies have sappers and miners. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any of numerous insects which, in the larval state, excavate galleries in the parenchyma of leaves. They are mostly minute moths and dipterous flies. (b) The chattering, or garrulous, honey eater of Australia (Myzantha garrula). Miner’s elbow (Med.), a swelling on the black of the elbow due to inflammation of the bursa over the olecranon; — so called because of frequent occurrence in miners. — Miner’s inch, in hydraulic mining, the amount of water flowing under a given pressure in a given time through a hole one inch in diameter. It is a unit for measuring the quantity of water supplied.

Min´er•al , n. [F. mineral, LL. minerale, fr. minera mine. See Mine, v. i.] 1. An inorganic species or substance occurring in nature, having a definite chemical composition and usually a distinct crystalline form. Rocks, except certain glassy igneous forms, are either simple minerals or aggregates of minerals. 2. A mine. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Anything which is neither animal nor vegetable, as in the most general classification of things into three kingdoms (animal, vegetable, and mineral).

Min´er•al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to minerals; consisting of a mineral or of minerals; as a mineral substance. 2. Impregnated with minerals; as mineral waters. Mineral acids (Chem.), inorganic acids, as sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, acids, etc., as distinguished from the organic acids. — Mineral blue, the name usually given to azurite, when reduced to an impalpable powder for coloring purposes. — Mineral candle, a candle made of paraffine. — Mineral caoutchouc, an elastic mineral pitch, a variety of bitumen, resembling caoutchouc in elasticity and softness. See Caoutchouc, and Elaterite. — Mineral chameleon (Chem.) See Chameleon mineral, under Chameleon. — Mineral charcoal. See under Charcoal. — Mineral cotton. See Mineral wool (below). — Mineral green, a green carbonate of copper; malachite. — Mineral kingdom (Nat. Sci.), that one of the three grand divisions of nature which embraces all inorganic objects, as distinguished from plants or animals. — Mineral oil. See Naphtha, and Petroleum. — Mineral paint, a pigment made chiefly of some natural mineral substance, as red or yellow iron ocher. — Mineral patch. See Bitumen, and Asphalt. — Mineral right, the right of taking minerals from land. — Mineral salt (Chem.), a salt of a mineral acid. — Mineral tallow, a familiar name for hatchettite, from its fatty or spermaceti- like appearance. — Mineral water. See under Water. — Mineral wax. See Ozocerite. — Mineral wool, a fibrous wool-like material, made by blowing a powerful jet of air or steam through melted slag. It is a poor conductor of heat.

Min´er•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. mineraliste.] One versed in minerals; mineralogist. [R.]

Min•er•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. mineralisation.] 1. The process of mineralizing, or forming a mineral by combination of a metal with another element; also the process of converting into a mineral, as a bone or a plant. 2. The act of impregnating with a mineral, as water. 3. (Bot.) The conversion of a cell wall into a material of a stony nature.

Min´er•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mineralized p. pr. & vb. n. Mineralizing ] [Cf. F. mineraliser.] 1. To transform into a mineral. “In these caverns the bones are not mineralized.” Buckland. 2. To impregnate with a mineral; as mineralized water.

Min´er•al•ize, v. i. To go on an excursion for observing and collecting minerals; to mineralogize.

Min´er•al•i•zer , n. An element which is combined with a metal, thus forming an ore. Thus, in galena, or lead ore, sulphur is a mineralizer; in hematite, oxygen is a mineralizer.

Min•er•al•og´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. mineralogique. See Mineralogy.] Of or pertaining to mineralogy; as a mineralogical table.

Min•er•al•og´ic•al•ly, adv. According to the principles of, or with reference to, mineralogy.

Min•er•al´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. mineralogiste.] 1. One versed in mineralogy; one devoted to the study of minerals. 2. (Zoöl.) A carrier shell (Phorus).

Min•er•al´o•gize , v. i. To study mineralogy by collecting and examining minerals. Miss Edgeworth.

Min•er•al´o•gy , n.; pl. Mineralogies (#). [Mineral + -logy: cf. F. mineralogie.] 1. The science which treats of minerals, and teaches how to describe, distinguish, and classify them. 2. A treatise or book on this science.

Mi•ner´va , n. [L.] (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of wisdom, of war, of the arts and sciences, of poetry, and of spinning and weaving; — identified with the Grecian Pallas Athene.

Mi•nette´ , n. The smallest of regular sizes of portrait photographs.

Min´e•ver , n. Same as Miniver.

Minge , v. t. [AS. myngian; akin to E. mind.] To mingle; to mix. [Obs.]

Minge, n. [Prob. corrupt. fr. midge.] (Zoöl.) A small biting fly; a midge. [Local, U. S.]

Min´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mingled p. pr. & vb. n. Mingling ] [From OE. mengen, AS. mengan; akin to D. & G. mengen, Icel. menga, also to E. among, and possibly to mix. Cf. Among, Mongrel.] 1. To mix; intermix; to combine or join, as an individual or part, with other parts, but commonly so as to be distinguishable in the product; to confuse; to confound. “There was … fire mingled with the hail.” Ex. ix. 24. 2. To associate or unite in society or by ties of relationship; to cause or allow to intermarry; to intermarry. “The holy seed have mingled themselves with the people of those lands.” Ezra ix. 2. 3. To deprive of purity by mixture; to contaminate. “A mingled, imperfect virtue.” Rogers. 4. To put together; to join. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To make or prepare by mixing the ingredients of. “[He] proceeded to mingle another draught.” Hawthorne.

Min´gle, v. i. To become mixed or blended.

Min´gle, n. A mixture. [Obs.] Dryden.

Min´gle•a•ble , a. That can be mingled. Boyle.

Min´gled•ly , adv. Confusedly.

Min´gle-man•gle , v. t. [Reduplicated fr. mingle.] To mix in a disorderly way; to make a mess of. [Obs.] Udall.

Min´gle-man•gle, n. A hotchpotch. [Obs.] Latimer.

Min´gle•ment , n. The act of mingling, or the state of being mixed.

Min´gler , n. One who mingles.

Min´gling•ly , adv. In a mingling manner.

Min••a´ceous , a. Of the color of minium or red lead; miniate.

Min´iard , a. Migniard. [Obs.]

Min´iard•ize , v. t. To render delicate or dainty. [Obs.] Howell.

Min´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Miniated p. pr. & vb. n. Miniating ] [L. miniatus, p. p. of miniare. See Minium.] To paint or tinge with red lead or vermilion; also to decorate with letters, or the like, painted red, as the page of a manuscript. T. Wharton.

Min´i•ate , a. Of or pertaining to the color of red lead or vermilion; painted with vermilion.

Min´i•a•ture ( 277), n. [It. miniatura, fr. L. miniare. See Miniate, v.,Minium.] 1. Originally, a painting in colors such as those in mediaeval manuscripts; in modern times, any very small painting, especially a portrait. 2. Greatly diminished size or form; reduced scale. 3. Lettering in red; rubric distinction. [Obs.] 4. A particular feature or trait. [Obs.] Massinger.

Min´i•a•ture, a. Being on a small scale; much reduced from the reality; as a miniature copy.

Min´i•a•ture, v. t. To represent or depict in a small compass, or on a small scale.

Min´i•a•tur•ist , n. A painter of miniatures.

Min´i•bus , n. [L. minor less + -bus, as in omnibus.] A kind of light passenger vehicle, carrying four persons.

Min´ie ball [From the inventor, Captain Minie, of France.] A conical rifle bullet, with a cavity in its base plugged with a piece of iron, which, by the explosion of the charge, is driven farther in, expanding the sides to fit closely the grooves of the barrel.

Min´ie ri´fle A rifle adapted to minie balls.

Min´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minified p. pr. & vb. n. Minifying ] [L. minor less + -fly.] 1. To make small, or smaller; to diminish the apparent dimensions of; to lessen. 2. To degrade by speech or action.

Min´i•kin , n. [OD. minneken a darling, dim. of minne love; akin to G. minne, and to E. mind.] 1. A little darling; a favorite; a minion. [Obs.] Florio. 2. A little pin. [Obs.]

Min´i•kin, a. Small; diminutive. Shak.

Min´im , n. [F. minime, L. minimus the least, smallest, a superl. of minor: cf. It. minima a note in music. See Minor, and cf. Minimum.] 1. Anything very minute; as the minims of existence; — applied to animalcula; and the like. 2. The smallest liquid measure, equal to about one drop; the sixtieth part of a fluid drachm. 3. (Zoöl.) A small fish; a minnow. [Prov. Eng.] 4. A little man or being; a dwarf. [Obs.] Milton. 5. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an austere order of mendicant hermits or friars founded in the 15th century by St. Francis of Paola. 6. (Mus.) A time note, formerly the shortest in use; a half note, equal to half a semibreve, or two quarter notes or crotchets. 7. A short poetical encomium. [Obs.] Spenser.

Min´im, a. Minute. ´Minim forms.´ J. R. Drake.

Min´i•ment , n. [Prob. corrupt. of moniment.] A trifle; a trinket; a token. [Obs.] Spenser.

Min•i•mi•za´tion , n. The act or process of minimizing. Bentham.

Min´i•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minimized p. pr. & vb. n. Minimizing ] To reduce to the smallest part or proportion possible; to reduce to a minimum. Bentham.

Min´i•mum , n.; pl. Minima (#). [L., fr. minimus. See Minim.] The least quantity assignable, admissible, or possible, in a given case; hence, a thing of small consequence; — opposed to maximum. Minimum thermometer, a thermometer for recording the lowest temperature since its last adjustment.

Min´i•mus , n.; pl. Minimi (#). [L. See Minim.] 1. A being of the smallest size. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Anat.) The little finger; the fifth digit, or that corresponding to it, in either the manus or pes.

Min´ing , n. [See Mine, v. i.] The act or business of making mines or of working them.

Min´ing, a. Of or pertaining to mines; as mining engineer; mining machinery; a mining region. Mining engineering. See the Note under Engineering.

Min´ion , n. Minimum. [Obs.] Burton.

Min´ion, n. [F. mignon, fr. OHG. minni love, G. minne; akin to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Mignonette.] 1. A loved one; one highly esteemed and favored; — in a good sense. [Obs.] “God’s disciple and his dearest minion.” Sylvester. “Is this the Athenian minion whom the world
Voiced so regardfully?” Shak. 2. An obsequious or servile dependent or agent of another; a fawning favorite. Sir J. Davies. “Go, rate thy minions, proud, insulting boy!” Shak. 3. (Print.) A small kind of type, in size between brevier and nonpareil. This line is printed in minion type. 4. An ancient form of ordnance, the caliber of which was about three inches. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Min´ion, a. [See 2d Minion.] Fine; trim; dainty. [Obs.] ´Their … minion dancing.´ Fryth.

Min•ion•ette´ , a. Small; delicate. [Obs.] ´His minionette face.´ Walpole.

Min´ion•ette, n. (Print.) A size of type between nonpareil and minion; — used in ornamental borders, etc.

Min´ion•ing , n. Kind treatment. [Obs.]

Min´ion•ize , v. t. To flavor. [Obs.] { Min´ion•like• , Min´ion•ly } a. & adv. Like a minion; daintily. Camden.

Min´ion•ship, n. State of being a minion. [R.]

Min´ious , a. [L. minium red lead.] Of the color of red or vermilion. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Min´ish , v. t. [OE. menusen, F. menuiser to make small, cut small, fr. (assumed) LL. minutiare, for minutare, fr. L. minutus small. See Minute, a., and cf. Diminish, Minge.] To diminish; to lessen. “The living of poor men thereby minished.” Latimer.

Min´ish•ment , n. The act of diminishing, or the state of being diminished; diminution. [Obs.]

Min´is•ter , n. [OE. ministre, F. ministre, fr. L. minister, orig. a double comparative from the root of minor less, and hence meaning, an inferior, a servant. See 1st Minor, and cf. Master, Minstrel.] 1. A servant; a subordinate; an officer or assistant of inferior rank; hence, an agent, an instrument. “Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua.” Ex. xxiv. 13. “I chose
Camillo for the minister, to poison
My friend Polixenes.” Shak. 2. An officer of justice. [Obs.] “I cry out the on the ministres, quod he,
That shoulde keep and rule this cite.” Chaucer. 3. One to whom the sovereign or executive head of a government intrusts the management of affairs of state, or some department of such affairs. “Ministers to kings, whose eyes, ears, and hands they are, must be answerable to God and man.” Bacon. 4. A representative of a government, sent to the court, or seat of government, of a foreign nation to transact diplomatic business. Ambassadors are classed (in the diplomatic sense) in the first rank of public ministers, ministers plenipotentiary in the second. ´The United States diplomatic service employs two classes of ministers, — ministers plenipotentiary and ministers resident.´ Abbott. 5. One who serves at the altar; one who performs sacerdotal duties; the pastor of a church duly authorized or licensed to preach the gospel and administer the sacraments. Addison. Syn. — Delegate; official; ambassador; clergyman; parson; priest.

Min´is•ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ministered p. pr. & vb. n. Ministering.] [OE. ministren, OF. ministrer, fr. L. ministrare. See Minister, n.] To furnish or apply; to afford; to supply; to administer. “He that ministereth seed to the sower.” 2 Cor. ix. 10. “We minister to God reason to suspect us.” Jer. Taylor.

Min´is•ter, v. i. 1. To act as a servant, attendant, or agent; to attend and serve; to perform service in any office, sacred or secular. “The Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister.” Matt. xx. 28. 2. To supply or to things needful; esp., to supply consolation or remedies. Matt. xxv. 44. “Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased?” Shak.

Min•is•te´ri•al , a. [L. ministerialis: cf. F. ministeriel. See Minister, and cf. Minstrel.] 1. Of or pertaining to ministry or service; serving; attendant. “Enlightening spirits and ministerial flames.” Prior. 2. Of or pertaining to the office of a minister or to the ministry as a body, whether civil or sacerdotal. ´Ministerial offices.´ Bacon. ´A ministerial measure.´ Junius. ´Ministerial garments.´ Hooker. 3. Tending to advance or promote; contributive. ´Ministerial to intellectual culture.´ De Quincey. The ministerial benches, the benches in the House of Commons occupied by members of the cabinet and their supporters; — also the persons occupying them. ´Very solid and very brilliant talents distinguish the ministerial benches.´ Burke. Syn. — Official; priestly; sacerdotal; ecclesiastical.

Min•is•te´ri•al•ist, n. A supporter of the ministers, or the party in power.

Min•is•te´ri•al•ly, adv. In a ministerial manner; in the character or capacity of a minister.

Min´is•ter•y , n. See Ministry. Milton.

Min´is•tra•cy , n. Ministration. [Obs.]

Min´is•tral , a. Ministerial. [Obs.] Johnson.

Min´is•trant (min´is•trant), a. [L. ministrans, -antis, of ministrare to minister.] Performing service as a minister; attendant on service; acting under command; subordinate. ´Princedoms and dominations ministrant.´ Milton. — n. One who ministers.

Min•is•tra´tion , n. [L. ministratio, fr. ministrare.] The act of ministering; service; ministry. ´The days of his ministration.´ Luke i. 23.

Min´is•tra•tive , a. Serving to aid; ministering.

Min´is•tress , n. [Cf. L. ministrix.] A woman who ministers. Akenside.

Min´is•try , n.; pl. Ministries (#). [L. ministerium. See Minister, n., and cf. Mystery a trade.] 1. The act of ministering; ministration; service. ´With tender ministry.´ Thomson. 2. Hence: Agency; instrumentality. “The ordinary ministry of second causes.” Atterbury. “The wicked ministry of arms.” Dryden. 3. The office, duties, or functions of a minister, servant, or agent; ecclesiastical, executive, or ambassadorial function or profession. 4. The body of ministers of state; also the clergy, as a body. 5. Administration; rule; term in power; as the ministry of Pitt.

Min´is•try•ship, n. The office of a minister. Swift.

Min´i•um ( 277), n. [L. minium, an Iberian word, the Romans getting all their cinnabar from Spain; cf. Basque armineá.] (Chem.) A heavy, brilliant red pigment, consisting of an oxide of lead, Pb3O4, obtained by exposing lead or massicot to a gentle and continued heat in the air. It is used as a cement, as a paint, and in the manufacture of flint glass. Called also red lead.

Min´i•ver , n. [See Meniver.] A fur esteemed in the Middle Ages as a part of costume. It is uncertain whether it was the fur of one animal only or of different animals.

Min´i•vet , n. (Zoöl.) A singing bird of India of the family Campephagidae.

Mink , n. [Cf. 2d Minx.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal of the genus Putorius, allied to the weasel. The European mink is Putorius lutreola. The common American mink (P. vison) varies from yellowish brown to black. Its fur is highly valued. Called also minx, nurik, and vison.

Min´ne•sing•er , n. [G., fr. minne love + singen to sing.] A love-singer; specifically, one of a class of German poets and musicians who flourished from about the middle of the twelfth to the middle of the fourteenth century. They were chiefly of noble birth, and made love and beauty the subjects of their verses.

Min´now, n. [OE. menow, cf. AS. myne; also OE. menuse, OF. menuise small fish; akin to E. minish, minute.] [Written also minow.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small European fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Phoxinus laevis, formerly Leuciscus phoxinus); sometimes applied also to the young of larger kinds; — called also minim and minny. The name is also applied to several allied American species, of the genera Phoxinus, Notropis, or Minnilus, and Rhinichthys. 2. (Zoöl.) Any of numerous small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus, and related genera. They live both in fresh and in salt water. Called also killifish, minny, and mummichog.

Min´ny , n. (Zoöl.) A minnow.

Mi´no bird´ (mi´no berd). [Hind. maina.] (Zoöl.) An Asiatic bird (Gracula musica), allied to the starlings. It is black, with a white spot on the wings, and a pair of flat yellow wattles on the head. It is often tamed and taught to pronounce words.

Mi´nor (mi´ner), a. [L., a comparative with no positive; akin to AS. min small, G. minder less, OHG. minniro, a., min, adv., Icel. minni, a., minnr, adv., Goth. minniza, a., mins, adv., Ir. & Gael. min small, tender, L. minuere to lessen, Gr. miny•qein, Skr. mi to damage. Cf. Minish, Minister, Minus, Minute.] 1. Inferior in bulk, degree, importance, etc.; less; smaller; of little account; as minor divisions of a body. 2. (Mus.) Less by a semitone in interval or difference of pitch; as a minor third. Asia Minor (Geog.), the Lesser Asia; that part of Asia which lies between the Euxine, or Black Sea, on the north, and the Mediterranean on the south. — Minor mode (Mus.), that mode, or scale, in which the third and sixth are minor, — much used for mournful and solemn subjects. — Minor orders (Eccl.), the rank of persons employed in ecclesiastical offices who are not in holy orders, as doorkeepers, acolytes, etc. — Minor scale (Mus.) The form of the minor scale is various. The strictly correct form has the third and sixth minor, with a semitone between the seventh and eighth, which involves an augmented second interval, or three semitones, between the sixth and seventh, as 6/F, 7/G&sharp;, 8/A. But, for melodic purposes, both the sixth and the seventh are sometimes made major in the ascending, and minor in the descending, scale, thus: — See Major. — Minor term of a syllogism (Logic), the subject of the conclusion.

Mi´nor , n. 1. A person of either sex who has not attained the age at which full civil rights are accorded; an infant; in England and the United States, one under twenty-one years of age. In hereditary monarchies, the minority of a sovereign ends at an earlier age than of a subject. The minority of a sovereign of Great Britain ends upon the completion of the eighteenth year of his age. 2. (Logic) The minor term, that is, the subject of the conclusion; also the minor premise, that is, that premise which contains the minor term; in hypothetical syllogisms, the categorical premise. It is the second proposition of a regular syllogism, as in the following: Every act of injustice partakes of meanness; to take money from another by gaming is an act of injustice; therefore, the taking of money from another by gaming partakes of meanness. 3. A Minorite; a Franciscan friar.

Mi´nor•ate , v. t. [L. minoratus; p. p. of minorare to diminish, fr. minor, a. See 1st Minor.] To diminish. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Mi•nor•a´tion , n. [L. minoratio: cf. F. minoration.] A diminution. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Mi´nor•ess , n. See Franciscan Nuns, under Franciscan, a.

Mi´nor•ite , n. [L. minor less. Cf. 2d Minor, 3.] A Franciscan friar.

Mi•nor´i•ty , n.; pl. Minorities (#). [Cf. F. minorite. See Minor, a. & n.] 1. The state of being a minor, or under age. 2. State of being less or small. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. The smaller number; — opposed to majority; as the minority must be ruled by the majority.

Mi´nos , n. [Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) A king and lawgiver of Crete, fabled to be the son of Jupiter and Europa. After death he was made a judge in the Lower Regions.

Min´o•taur (min´&ocl;•tar), n. [L. Minotaurus, Gr. Minw•tayros; Mi•nos, the husband of Pasiphaë + tay^ros a bull, the Minotaur being the offspring of Pasiphaë and a bull: cf. F. minotaure.] (Class. Myth.) A fabled monster, half man and half bull, confined in the labyrinth constructed by Daedalus in Crete.

Min´ow , n. See Minnow.

Min´ster , n. [AS. mynster, fr. L. monasterium. See Monastery.] (Arch.) A church of a monastery. The name is often retained and applied to the church after the monastery has ceased to exist (as Beverly Minster, Southwell Minster, etc.), and is also improperly used for any large church. Minster house, the official house in which the canons of a cathedral live in common or in rotation. Shipley.

Min´strel , n. [OE. minstrel, menestral, OF. menestrel, fr. LL. ministerialis servant, workman (cf. ministrellus harpist), fr. L. ministerium service. See Ministry, and cf. Ministerial.] In the Middle Ages, one of an order of men who subsisted by the arts of poetry and music, and sang verses to the accompaniment of a harp or other instrument; in modern times, a poet; a bard; a singer and harper; a musician. Chaucer.

Min´strel•sy , n. 1. The arts and occupation of minstrels; the singing and playing of a minstrel. 2. Musical instruments. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A collective body of minstrels, or musicians; also a collective body of minstrels’ songs. Chaucer. ´The minstrelsy of heaven.´ Milton.

Mint (mint), n. [AS. minte, fr. L. mentha, Gr. mi•nqa, mi•nqh.] (Bot.) The name of several aromatic labiate plants, mostly of the genus Mentha, yielding odoriferous essential oils by distillation. See Mentha. Corn mint is Mentha arvensis. — Horsemint is M. sylvestris, and in the United States Monarda punctata, which differs from the true mints in several respects. — Mountain mint is any species of the related genus Pycnanthemum, common in North America. — Peppermint is M. piperita. — Spearmint is M. viridis. — Water mint is M. aquatica. Mint camphor. (Chem.) See Menthol. — Mint julep. See Julep. — Mint sauce, a sauce flavored with spearmint, for meats.

Mint, n. [AS. mynet money, coin, fr. L. moneta the mint, coined money, fr. Moneta, a surname of Juno, in whose at Rome money was coined; akin to monere to warn, admonish, AS. manian, and to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Money, Monition.] 1. A place where money is coined by public authority. 2. Hence: Any place regarded as a source of unlimited supply; the supply itself. “A mint of phrases in his brain.” Shak.

Mint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minted; p. pr. & vb. n. Minting.] [AS. mynetian.] 1. To make by stamping, as money; to coin; to make and stamp into money. 2. To invent; to forge; to fabricate; to fashion. “Titles … of such natures as may be easily minted.” Bacon. Minting mill, a coining press.

Mint´age , n. 1. The coin, or other production, made in a mint. “Stamped in clay, a heavenly mintage.” Sterling. 2. The duty paid to the mint for coining.

Mint´er , n. One who mints.

Mint´man , n.; pl. Mintmen . One skilled in coining, or in coins; a coiner.

Mint´-mas•ter , n. The master or superintendent of a mint. Also used figuratively.

Min´u•end , n. [L. minuendus to be diminished, fr. minuere to lessen, diminish. See Minish.] (Arith.) The number from which another number is to be subtracted.

Min´u•et , n. [F., fr. menu small, L. minutus small. So called on account of the short steps of the dance. See 4th Minute.] 1. A slow graceful dance consisting of a coupee, a high step, and a balance. 2. (Mus.) A tune or air to regulate the movements of the dance so called; a movement in suites, sonatas symphonies, etc., having the dance form, and commonly in 3-4, sometimes 3-8, measure.

Min´um , n. [See 2d Minion, Minum, 6.] [Obs.] 1. A small kind of printing type; minion. 2. (Mus.) A minim.

Mi´nus (mi´nus), a. [L. See Minor, and cf. Mis- pref. from the French.] (Math.) Less; requiring to be subtracted; negative; as a minus quantity. Minus sign (Math.), the sign [-] denoting minus, or less, prefixed to negative quantities, or quantities to be subtracted. See Negative sign, under Negative.

Mi•nus´cule , n. [L. minusculus rather small, fr. minus less: cf. F. minuscule.] 1. Any very small, minute object. 2. A small Roman letter which is neither capital nor uncial; a manuscript written in such letters. — a. Of the size and style of minuscules; written in minuscules. “These minuscule letters are cursive forms of the earlier uncials.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Min´u•ta•ry , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, minutes. [Obs.] Fuller.

Min´ute ( 277), n. [LL. minuta a small portion, small coin, fr. L. minutus small: cf. F. minute. See 4th Minute.] 1. The sixtieth part of an hour; sixty seconds. (Abbrev. m.; as 4 h. 30 m.) “Four minutes, that is to say, minutes of an hour.” Chaucer. 2. The sixtieth part of a degree; sixty seconds (Marked thus (′); as 10° 20′). 3. A nautical or a geographic mile. 4. A coin; a half farthing. [Obs.] Wyclif (Mark xii. 42) 5. A very small part of anything, or anything very small; a jot; a tittle. [Obs.] “Minutes and circumstances of his passion.” Jer. Taylor. 6. A point of time; a moment. “I go this minute to attend the king.” Dryden. 7. The memorandum; a record; a note to preserve the memory of anything; as to take minutes of a contract; to take minutes of a conversation or debate. 8. (Arch.) A fixed part of a module. See Module. Different writers take as the minute one twelfth, one eighteenth, one thirtieth, or one sixtieth part of the module.

Min´ute, a. Of or pertaining to a minute or minutes; occurring at or marking successive minutes. Minute bell, a bell tolled at intervals of a minute, as to give notice of a death or a funeral. — Minute book, a book in which written minutes are entered. — Minute glass, a glass measuring a minute or minutes by the running of sand. — Minute gun, a discharge of a cannon repeated every minute as a sign of distress or mourning. — Minute hand, the long hand of a watch or clock, which makes the circuit of the dial in an hour, and marks the minutes.

Min´ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Minuting.] To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of. “The Empress of Russia, with her own hand, minuted an edict for universal tolerance.” Bancroft.

Mi•nute´ , a. [L. minutus, p. p. of minuere to lessen. See Minish, Minor, and cf. Menu, Minuet.] 1. Very small; little; tiny; fine; slight; slender; inconsiderable. ´Minute drops.´ Milton. 2. Attentive to small things; paying attention to details; critical; particular; precise; as a minute observer; minute observation. Syn. — Little; diminutive; fine; critical; exact; circumstantial; particular; detailed. — Minute, Circumstantial, Particular. A circumstantial account embraces all the leading events; a particular account includes each event and movement, though of but little importance; a minute account goes further still, and omits nothing as to person, time, place, adjuncts, etc.

Mi•nute´-jack , n. 1. A figure which strikes the hour on the bell of some fanciful clocks; — called also jack of the clock house. 2. A timeserver; an inconstant person. Shak.

Mi•nute´ly , adv. [From 4th Minute.] In a minute manner; with minuteness; exactly; nicely.

Min´ute•ly , a. [From 1st Minute.] Happening every minute; continuing; unceasing. [Obs.] “Throwing themselves absolutely upon God’s minutely providence.” Hammond.

Min´ute•ly, adv. At intervals of a minute; very often and regularly. J. Philips. “Minutely proclaimed in thunder from heaven.” Hammond.

Min´ute•man , n.; pl. Minutemen . A militiaman who was to be ready to march at a moment’s notice; — a term used in the American Revolution.

Mi•nute´ness , n. The quality of being minute.

Mi•nu´ti•a, n.; pl. Minutiae (-e). [L., fr. minutus small, minute. See 4th Minute.] A minute particular; a small or minor detail; — used chiefly in the plural.

Minx , n. [Prob. of Low German origin; cf. LG. minsk wench, jade, hussy, D. mensch; prop. the same word as D. & G. mensch man, human being, OHG. mennisco, AS. mennisc, fr. man. See Man.] 1. A pert or a wanton girl. Shak. 2. A she puppy; a pet dog. [Obs.] Udall.

Minx, n. [See Mink.] (Zoöl.) The mink; — called also minx otter. [Obs.]

Min´y (min´y), a. Abounding with mines; like a mine. ´Miny caverns.´ Thomson.

Mi´o•cene (mi´o•sen), a. [Gr. mei•wn less + kaino•s new, fresh, recent.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the middle division of the Tertiary. — n. The Miocene period. See Chart of Geology.

Mi•o•hip´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mei•wn less + ´ippo•s horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct Miocene mammal of the Horse family, closely related to the genus Anhithecrium, and having three usable hoofs on each foot.

Miq´ue•let , n. [Sp. miquelete.] (Mil.) An irregular or partisan soldier; a bandit.

Mir , n. A Russian village community. D. M. Wallace.

Mir, n. [Per. mir.] Same as Emir.

Mi´ra , n. [NL., from L. mirus wonderful.] (Astron.) A remarkable variable star in the constellation Cetus (ο Ceti).

Mi•rab´i•la•ry , n.; pl. Mirabilaries . One who, or a work which, narrates wonderful things; one who writes of wonders. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mi•rab´i•lis , n. [L., wonderful.] (Bot.) A genus of plants. See Four- o’clock.

Mi•rab´i•lite , n. (Min.) Native sodium sulphate; Glauber’s salt.

Mi´ra•ble , a. [L. mirabilis, fr. mirari to wonder: cf. OF. mirable. See Marvel.] Wonderful; admirable. [Obs.] Shak.

Mir´a•cle , n. [F., fr. L. miraculum, fr. mirari to wonder. See Marvel, and cf. Mirror.] 1. A wonder or wonderful thing. “That miracle and queen of genus.” Shak. 2. Specifically: An event or effect contrary to the established constitution and course of things, or a deviation from the known laws of nature; a supernatural event, or one transcending the ordinary laws by which the universe is governed. “They considered not the miracle of the loaves.” Mark vi. 52. 3. A miracle play. 4. A story or legend abounding in miracles. [Obs.] “When said was all this miracle.” Chaucer. Miracle monger, an impostor who pretends to work miracles. — Miracle play, one of the old dramatic entertainments founded on legends of saints and martyrs or (see 2d Mystery, 2) on events related in the Bible.

Mir´a•cle, v. t. To make wonderful. [Obs.] Shak.

Mi•rac´u•lize , v. t. To cause to seem to be a miracle. [R.] Shaftesbury.

Mi•rac´u•lous , a. [F. miraculeux. See Miracle.] 1. Of the nature of a miracle; performed by supernatural power; effected by the direct agency of almighty power, and not by natural causes. 2. Supernatural; wonderful. 3. Wonder-working. ´The miraculous harp.´ Shak. — Mi•rac´u•lous•ly, adv. — Mi•rac´u•lous•ness, n.

Mir•a•dor´ , n. [Sp., fr. mirar to behold, view. See Mirror.] (Arch.) Same as Belvedere.

Mi•rage´ , n. [F., fr. mirer to look at carefully, to aim, se mirer to look at one’s self in a glass, to reflect, to be reflected, LL. mirare to look at. See Mirror.] An optical effect, sometimes seen on the ocean, but more frequently in deserts, due to total reflection of light at the surface common to two strata of air differently heated. The reflected image is seen, commonly in an inverted position, while the real object may or may not be in sight. When the surface is horizontal, and below the eye, the appearance is that of a sheet of water in which the object is seen reflected; when the reflecting surface is above the eye, the image is seen projected against the sky. The fata Morgana and looming are species of mirage. “By the mirage uplifted the land floats vague in the ether,
Ships and the shadows of ships hang in the motionless air.” Longfellow.

Mir´bane , n. See Nitrobenzene.

Mire (mir), n. [AS. mire, myre; akin to D. mier, Icel. maurr, Dan. myre, Sw. myra; cf. also Ir. moirbh, Gr. my•rmhx.] An ant. [Obs.] See Pismire.

Mire, n. [OE. mire, myre; akin to Icel. myrr swamp, Sw. myra marshy ground, and perh. to E. moss.] Deep mud; wet, spongy earth. Chaucer. “He his rider from the lofty steed
Would have cast down and trod in dirty mire.” Spenser. Mire crow (Zoöl.), the pewit, or laughing gull. [Prov. Eng.] — Mire drum, the European bittern. [Prov. Eng.]

Mire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mired p. pr. & vb. n. Miring.] 1. To cause or permit to stick fast in mire; to plunge or fix in mud; as to mire a horse or wagon. 2. To soil with mud or foul matter. “Smirched thus and mired with infamy.” Shak.

Mire, v. i. To stick in mire. Shak. { Mi•rif´ic , Mi•rif´ic•al } a. [L. mirificus; mirus wonderful + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Working wonders; wonderful.

Mi•rif´i•cent , a. Wonderful. [Obs.]

Mir´i•ness , n. The quality of being miry.

Mirk , a. [See Murky.] Dark; gloomy; murky. Spenser. Mrs. Browning.

Mirk, n. Darkness; gloom; murk. ´In mirk and mire.´ Longfellow.

Mirk´some , a. Dark; gloomy; murky. [Archaic] Spenser. — Mirk´some•ness, n. [Archaic]

Mirk´y , a. Dark; gloomy. See Murky.

Mir´ror , n. [OE. mirour, F. miroir, OF. also mireor, fr. (assumed) LL. miratorium, fr. mirare to look at, L. mirari to wonder. See Marvel, and cf. Miracle, Mirador.] 1. A looking-glass or a speculum; any glass or polished substance that forms images by the reflection of rays of light. “And in her hand she held a mirror bright,
Wherein her face she often viewèd fair.” Spenser. 2. That which gives a true representation, or in which a true image may be seen; hence, a pattern; an exemplar. “She is mirour of all courtesy.” Chaucer. “O goddess, heavenly bright,
Mirror of grace and majesty divine.” Spenser. 3. (Zoöl.) See Speculum. Mirror carp (Zoöl.), a domesticated variety of the carp, having only three or fur rows of very large scales side. — Mirror plate. (a) A flat glass mirror without a frame. (b) Flat glass used for making mirrors. — Mirror writing, a manner or form of backward writing, making manuscript resembling in slant and order of letters the reflection of ordinary writing in a mirror. The substitution of this manner of writing for the common manner is a symptom of some kinds of nervous disease.

Mir´ror , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mirrored p. pr. & vb. n. Mirroring.] To reflect, as in a mirror.

Mirth , n. [OE. mirthe, murthe, merthe, AS. myrð, myrgð, merhð, mirhð. See Merry.] 1. Merriment; gayety accompanied with laughter; jollity. “Then will I cause to cease … from the streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth.” Jer. vii. 34. 2. That which causes merriment. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Merriment; joyousness; gladness; fun; frolic; glee; hilarity; festivity; jollity. See Gladness.

Mirth´ful , a. 1. Full of mirth or merriment; merry; as mirthful children. 2. Indicating or inspiring mirth; as a mirthful face. “Mirthful, comic shows.” Shak. — Mirth´ful•ly, adv. — Mirth´ful•ness, n.

Mirth´less, a. Without mirth. — Mirth´less•ness, n.

Mir´y , a. [From 2d Mire.] Abounding with deep mud; full of mire; muddy; as a miry road.

Mir´za , n. [Per. mirza, abbrev. fr. mirzadeh son of the prince; mir prince (Ar. amir, emir) + zadeh son.] The common title of honor in Persia, prefixed to the surname of an individual. When appended to the surname, it signifies Prince.

Mis- (mis-). [In words of Teutonic origin, fr. AS. mis-; akin to D. mis-, G. miss-, OHG. missa- , missi-, Icel. & Dan. mis-, Sw. miss-, Goth. missa-; orig., a p. p. from the root of G. meiden to shun, OHG. midan, AS. miðan (rad.100. Cf. Miss to fail of). In words from the French, fr. OF. mes-, F. me-, mes-, fr. L. minus less (see Minus). In present usage these two prefixes are commonly confounded.] A prefix used adjectively and adverbially in the sense of amiss, wrong, ill, wrongly, unsuitably; as misdeed, mislead, mischief, miscreant.

Mis (mis), a. & adv. [See Amiss.] Wrong; amiss. [Obs.] ´To correcten that [which] is mis.´ Chaucer.

Mis•ac•cep•ta´tion , n. Wrong acceptation; understanding in a wrong sense.

Mis•ac•compt´ , v. t. To account or reckon wrongly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•ad•just´ , v. t. To adjust wrongly of unsuitably; to throw of adjustment. I. Taylor.

Mis•ad•just´ment , n. Wrong adjustment; unsuitable arrangement.

Mis•ad•ven´ture ( 135), n. [OE. mesaventure, F. mesaventure.] Mischance; misfortune; ill luck; unlucky accident; ill adventure. Chaucer. Homicide by misadventure (Law), homicide which occurs when a man, doing a lawful act, without any intention of injury, unfortunately kills another; — called also excusable homicide. See Homicide. Blackstone. Syn. — Mischance; mishap; misfortune; disaster; calamity.

Mis•ad•ven´tured , a. Unfortunate. [Obs.]

Mis•ad•ven´tur•ous , a. Unfortunate.

Mis•ad•vert´ence , n. Inadvertence.

Mis•ad•vice´ , n. Bad advice.

Mis•ad•vise´ , v. t. To give bad counsel to.

Mis•ad•vised´ , a. Ill advised. — Mis•ad•vis´ed•ly (#), adv.

Mis•af•fect´ , v. t. To dislike. [Obs.]

Mis•af•fect´ed, a. Ill disposed. [Obs.]

Mis•af•fec´tion , n. An evil or wrong affection; the state of being ill affected. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•af•firm´ , v. t. To affirm incorrectly.

Mis•aimed´ , a. Not rightly aimed. Spenser.

Mis•al•le•ga´tion , n. A erroneous statement or allegation. Bp. Hall.

Mis•al•lege´ , v. t. To state erroneously.

Mis•al•li´ance , n. [F. mesalliance.] A marriage with a person of inferior rank or social station; an improper alliance; a mesalliance. “A Leigh had made a misalliance, and blushed
A Howard should know it.” Mrs. Browning.

Mis•al•lied´ , a. Wrongly allied or associated.

Mis•al•lot´ment , n. A wrong allotment.

Mis•al´ter , v. t. To alter wrongly; esp., to alter for the worse. Bp. Hall.

Mis´an•thrope (mis´an•throp), n. [Gr. misa•nqrwpos; misei^n to hate + ’a•nqrwpos a man; cf. F. misanthrope. Cf. Miser.] A hater of mankind; a misanthropist. { Mis•an•throp´ic , Mis•an•throp´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. misanthropique.] Hating or disliking mankind.

Mis•an´thro•pist , n. A misanthrope.

Mis•an´thro•pos , n. [NL. See Misanthrope.] A misanthrope. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•an´thro•py , n. [Gr. : cf. F. misanthropie.] Hatred of, or dislike to, mankind; — opposed to philanthropy. Orrery.

Mis•ap•pli•ca´tion , n. A wrong application. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•ap•ply´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misapplied p. pr. & vb. n. Misapplying.] To apply wrongly; to use for a wrong purpose; as to misapply a name or title; to misapply public money.

Mis•ap•pre´ci•a•ted , a. Improperly appreciated.

Mis•ap•pre•hend´ , v. t. To take in a wrong sense; to misunderstand. Locke.

Mis•ap•pre•hen´sion , n. A mistaking or mistake; wrong apprehension of one’s meaning of a fact; misconception; misunderstanding.

Mis•ap•pre•hen´sive•ly , adv. By, or with, misapprehension.

Mis•ap•pro´pri•ate , v. t. To appropriate wrongly; to use for a wrong purpose.

Mis•ap•pro•pri•a´tion , n. Wrong appropriation; wrongful use.

Mis•ar•range´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misarranged p. pr. & vb. n. Misarranging ] To place in a wrong order, or improper manner.

Mis•ar•range´ment , n. Wrong arrangement.

Mis•ar•cribe´ , v. t. To ascribe wrongly.

Mis•as•say´ , v. t. To assay, or attempt, improperly or unsuccessfully. [Obs.] W. Browne.

Mis•as•sign´ , v. t. To assign wrongly.

Mis•at•tend´ , v. t. To misunderstand; to disregard. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis•a•ven´ture , n. Misadventure. [Obs.]

Mis•a•vize´ , v. t. To misadvise. [Obs.]

Mis•bear´ , v. t. To carry improperly; to carry (one’s self) wrongly; to misbehave. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•be•come´ , v. t. Not to become; to suit ill; not to befit or be adapted to. Macaulay. “Thy father will not act what misbecomes him.” Addison.

Mis•be•com´ing, a. Unbecoming. Milton. — Mis•be•com´ing•ly, adv. — Mis•be•com´ing•ness, n. Boyle.

Mis•bede´ , v. t. [imp. Misbode p. p. Misboden ] [AS. mis-beôdan.] To wrong; to do injury to. [Obs.] “Who hath you misboden or offended?” Chaucer.

Mis•be•fit´ting , a. Not befitting. { Mis•be•got´ , Mis•be•got´ten } p. a. Unlawfully or irregularly begotten; of bad origin; pernicious. ´Valor misbegot.´ Shak.

Mis•be•have´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misbehaved p. pr. & vb. n. Misbehaving.] To behave ill; to conduct one’s self improperly; — often used with a reciprocal pronoun.

Mis•be•haved´ , a. Guilty of ill behavior; illbred; rude. ´A misbehaved and sullen wench.´ Shak.

Mis•be•hav´ior , n. Improper, rude, or uncivil behavior; ill conduct. Addison.

Mis•be•lief´ , n. Erroneous or false belief.

Mis•be•lieve´ , v. i. To believe erroneously, or in a false religion. ´That misbelieving Moor.´ Shak.

Mis•be•liev´er , n. One who believes wrongly; one who holds a false religion. Shak.

Mis•be•seem´ , v. t. To suit ill.

Mis•be•stow´ , v. t. To bestow improperly.

Mis•be•stow´al , n. The act of misbestowing.

Mis•bi•leve´ , n. Misbelief; unbelief; suspicion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•bode´ , imp. of Misbede.

Mis•bo´den , p. p. of Misbede.

Mis´born , a. Born to misfortune. Spenser.

Mis•cal´cu•late , v. t. & i. To calculate erroneously; to judge wrongly. — Mis•cal•cu•la´tion (#), n.

Mis•call´ , v. t. 1. To call by a wrong name; to name improperly. 2. To call by a bad name; to abuse. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mis•car´riage , n. 1. Unfortunate event or issue of an undertaking; failure to attain a desired result or reach a destination. “When a counselor, to save himself,
Would lay miscarriages upon his prince.” Dryden. 2. Ill conduct; evil or improper behavior; as the failings and miscarriages of the righteous. Rogers. 3. The act of bringing forth before the time; premature birth.

Mis•car´riage•a•ble , a. Capable of miscarrying; liable to fail. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•car´ry , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Miscarried p. pr. & vb. n. Miscarrying.] 1. To carry, or go, wrong; to fail of reaching a destination, or fail of the intended effect; to be unsuccessful; to suffer defeat. “My ships have all miscarried.” Shak. “The cardinal’s letters to the pope miscarried.” Shak. 2. To bring forth young before the proper time.

Mis•cast´ , v. t. To cast or reckon wrongly.

Mis•cast´, n. An erroneous cast or reckoning.

Mis•ce•ge•na´tion , n. [L. miscere to mix + the root of genus race.] A mixing of races; amalgamation, as by intermarriage of black and white.

Mis•cel•la•na´ri•an , a. [See Miscellany.] Of or pertaining to miscellanies. Shaftesbury. — n. A writer of miscellanies.

Mis´cel•lane , n. [See Miscellaneous, and cf. Maslin.] A mixture of two or more sorts of grain; — now called maslin and meslin. Bacon.

Mis´cel•la´ne•a , n. pl. [L. See Miscellany.] A collection of miscellaneous matters; matters of various kinds.

Mis•cel•la´ne•ous , a. [L. miscellaneus mixed, miscellaneous, fr. miscellus mixed, fr. miscere to mix. See Mix, and cf. Miscellany.] Mixed; mingled; consisting of several things; of diverse sorts; promiscuous; heterogeneous; as a miscellaneous collection. ´A miscellaneous rabble.´ Milton. — Mis•cel•la´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Mis•cel•la´ne•ous•ness, n.

Mis´cel•la•nist , n. A writer of miscellanies; miscellanarian.

Mis´cel•la•ny , n.; pl. Miscellanies (#). [L. miscellanea, neut. pl. of. miscellaneus: cf. F. miscellanee, pl. miscellanees. See Miscellaneous.] A mass or mixture of various things; a medley; esp., a collection of compositions on various subjects. “’T is but a bundle or miscellany of sin; sins original, and sins actual.” Hewyt. Miscellany madam, a woman who dealt in various fineries; a milliner. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mis´cel•la•ny (mis´sel•la•ny), a. Miscellaneous; heterogeneous. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mis•cen´sure , v. t. To misjudge. [Obs.] Daniel. — n. Erroneous judgment. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Mis•chance´ , n. [OE. meschance, OF. mescheance.] Ill luck; ill fortune; mishap. Chaucer. “Never come mischance between us twain.” Shak. Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; misadventure; mishap; infelicity; disaster. See Calamity.

Mis•chance´, v. i. To happen by mischance. Spenser.

Mis•chance´ful , a. Unlucky. R. Browning.

Mis•char´ac•ter•ize , v. t. To characterize falsely or erroneously; to give a wrong character to. “They totally mischaracterize the action.” Eton.

Mis•charge´ , v. t. To charge erroneously, as in an account. — n. A mistake in charging.

Mis´chief (mis´chif), n. [OE. meschef bad result, OF. meschief; pref. mes- (L. minus less) + chief end, head, F. chef chief. See Minus, and Chief.] 1. Harm; damage; esp., disarrangement of order; trouble or vexation caused by human agency or by some living being, intentionally or not; often, calamity, mishap; trivial evil caused by thoughtlessness, or in sport. Chaucer. “Thy tongue deviseth mischiefs.” Ps. lii. 2. “The practice whereof shall, I hope, secure me from many mischiefs.” Fuller. 2. Cause of trouble or vexation; trouble. Milton. “The mischief was these allies would never allow that the common enemy was subdued.” Swift. To be in mischief, to be doing harm or causing annoyance. — To make mischief, to do mischief, especially by exciting quarrels. — To play the mischief, to cause great harm; to throw into confusion. [Colloq.] Syn. — Damage; harm; hurt; injury; detriment; evil; ill. — Mischief, Damage, Harm. Damage is an injury which diminishes the value of a thing; harm is an injury which causes trouble or inconvenience; mischief is an injury which disturbs the order and consistency of things. We often suffer damage or harm from accident, but mischief always springs from perversity or folly.

Mis´chief, v. t. To do harm to. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis´chief•a•ble , a. Mischievous. [R.] Lydgate.

Mis´chief•ful , a. Mischievous. [Obs.] Foote.

Mis´chief-mak•er , n. One who makes mischief; one who excites or instigates quarrels or enmity.

Mis´chief-mak•ing, a. Causing harm; exciting enmity or quarrels. Rowe. — n. The act or practice of making mischief, inciting quarrels, etc.

Mis´chie•vous (mis´che•vus), a. Causing mischief; harmful; hurtful; — now often applied where the evil is done carelessly or in sport; as a mischievous child. ´Most mischievous foul sin.´ Shak. “This false, wily, doubling disposition is intolerably mischievous to society.” South. Syn. — Harmful; hurtful; detrimental; noxious; pernicious; destructive. — Mis´chie•vous•ly, adv. — Mis´chie•vous•ness, n.

Misch´na , n. See Mishna.

Misch´nic , a. See Mishnic.

Mis•choose´ , v. t. [imp. Mischose p. p. Mischosen p. pr. & vb. n. Mischoosing.] To choose wrongly. Milton.

Mis•choose´, v. i. To make a wrong choice.

Mis•chris´ten , v. t. To christen wrongly.

Mis•ci•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. miscibilite.] Capability of being mixed.

Mis´ci•ble , a. [Cf. F. miscible, fr. L. miscere to mix.] Capable of being mixed; mixable; as water and alcohol are miscible in all proportions. Burke.

Mis•ci•ta´tion , n. Erroneous citation.

Mis•cite´, v. t. To cite erroneously.

Mis•claim´ , n. A mistaken claim.

Mis•cog´ni•zant , a. (Law) Not cognizant; ignorant; not knowing.

Mis•cog´nize , v. t. To fail to apprehend; to misunderstand. [Obs.] Holland.

Mis•col•lo•ca´tion , n. Wrong collocation. De Quincey.

Mis•col´or , v. t. To give a wrong color to; figuratively, to set forth erroneously or unfairly; as to miscolor facts. C. Kingsley.

Mis•com´fort , n. Discomfort. [Obs.]

Mis•com•pre•hend´ , v. t. To get a wrong idea of or about; to misunderstand.

Mis•com•pu•ta´tion , n. Erroneous computation; false reckoning.

Mis•com•pute´ , v. t. [Cf. Miscount.] To compute erroneously. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•con•ceit´ , n. Misconception. [Obs.]

Mis•con•ceive´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misconceived p. pr. & vb. n. Misconceiving.] To conceive wrongly; to interpret incorrectly; to receive a false notion of; to misjudge; to misapprehend. “Those things which, for want of due consideration heretofore, they have misconceived.” Hooker. Syn. — To misapprehend; misunderstand; mistake.

Mis•con•ceiv´er , n. One who misconceives.

Mis•con•cep´tion , n. Erroneous conception; false opinion; wrong understanding. Harvey.

Mis•con•clu´sion , n. An erroneous inference or conclusion. Bp. Hall.

Mis•con´duct , n. Wrong conduct; bad behavior; mismanagement. Addison. Syn. — Misbehavior; misdemeanor; mismanagement; misdeed; delinquency; offense.

Mis•con•duct´ , v. t. To conduct amiss; to mismanage. Johnson. To misconduct one’s self, to behave improperly.

Mis•con•duct´, v. i. To behave amiss.

Mis•con´fi•dent , a. Having a mistaken confidence; wrongly trusting. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•con•jec´ture ( 135), n. A wrong conjecture or guess. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•con•jec´ture , v. t. & i. To conjecture wrongly.

Mis•con´se•crate , v. t. To consecrate amiss. ´Misconsecrated flags.´ Bp. Hall.

Mis•con•se•cra´tion, n. Wrong consecration.

Mis•con´se•quence , n. A wrong consequence; a false deduction.

Mis•con´stru•a•ble , a. Such as can be misconstrued, as language or conduct. R. North.

Mis•con•struct´ , v. t. To construct wrongly; to construe or interpret erroneously.

Mis•con•struc´tion , n. Erroneous construction; wrong interpretation. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Mis•con´strue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misconstrued p. pr. & vb. n. Misconstruing.] To construe wrongly; to interpret erroneously. “Do not, great sir, misconstrue his intent.” Dryden. “Much afflicted to find his actions misconstrued.” Addison.

Mis•con´stru•er , n. One who misconstrues.

Mis•con•tent´ , a. Discontent. [Obs.]

Mis•con•tin´u•ance , n. (Law) Discontinuance; also continuance by undue process.

Mis•copy´ , v. t. To copy amiss.

Mis•copy´, n. A mistake in copying. North Am. Rev.

Mis•cor•rect´ , v. t. To fail or err in attempting to correct. ´Scaliger miscorrects his author.´ Dryden.

Mis•coun´sel , v. t. To counsel or advise wrongly.

Mis•count´ , v. t. & i. [Cf. OF. mesconter, F. mecompter. Cf. Miscompute.] To count erroneously.

Mis•count´, n. [Cf. F. mecompte error, OF. mesconte.] An erroneous counting.

Mis•cov´et , v. t. To covet wrongfully. [Obs.] { Mis´cre•ance , Mis´cre•an•cy } n. [OF. mescreance, F. mecreance incredulity.] The quality of being miscreant; adherence to a false religion; false faith. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Mis´cre•ant , n. [OF. mescreant, F. mecreant; pref. mes- (L. minus less) + p. pr. fr. L. credere to believe. See Creed.] 1. One who holds a false religious faith; a misbeliever. [Obs.] Spenser. De Quincey. “Thou oughtest not to be slothful to the destruction of the miscreants, but to constrain them to obey our Lord God.” Rivers. 2. One not restrained by Christian principles; an unscrupulous villain; a vile wretch. Addison.
[1913 Webster]

Mis´cre•ant, a. 1. Holding a false religious faith. 2. Destitute of conscience; unscrupulous. Pope.

Mis•cre•ate´ , a. Miscreated; illegitimate; forged; as miscreate titles. [Obs. or Poet.] Shak.

Mis•cre•ate´ , v. t. To create badly or amiss.

Mis•cre•at´ed , a. Formed unnaturally or illegitimately; deformed. Spenser. Milton.

Mis•cre•a´tive, a. Creating amiss. [R.]

Mis•cre´dent , n. [Pref. mis- + credent. Cf. Miscreant.] A miscreant, or believer in a false religious doctrine. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Mis•cre•du´li•ty , n. Wrong credulity or belief; misbelief. Bp. Hall.

Mis•cue´ , n. (Billiards) A false stroke with a billiard cue, the cue slipping from the ball struck without impelling it as desired.

Mis•date´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misdated; p. pr. & vb. n. Misdating.] To date erroneously. Young.

Mis•deal´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misdealt p. pr. & vb. n. Misdealing.] To deal or distribute wrongly, as cards; to make a wrong distribution.

Mis•deal´, n. The act of misdealing; a wrong distribution of cards to the players.

Mis•deed´ , n. [AS. misdaed. See Deed, n.] An evil deed; a wicked action. “Evils which our own misdeeds have wrought.” Milton. Syn. — Misconduct; misdemeanor; fault; offense; trespass; transgression; crime.

Mis•deem´ , v. t. To misjudge. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis•de•mean´ , v. t. To behave ill; — with a reflexive pronoun; as to misdemean one’s self.

Mis•de•mean´ant , n. One guilty of a misdemeanor. Sydney Smith.

Mis•de•mean´or , n. 1. Ill behavior; evil conduct; fault. Shak. 2. (Law) A crime less than a felony. Wharton. As a rule, in the old English law, offenses capitally punishable were felonies; all other indictable offenses were misdemeanors. In common usage, the word crime is employed to denote the offenses of a deeper and more atrocious dye, while small faults and omissions of less consequence are comprised under the gentler name of misdemeanors. Blackstone.
The distinction, however, between felonies and misdemeanors is purely arbitrary, and is in most jurisdictions either abrogated or so far reduced as to be without practical value. Cf. Felony. Wharton. Syn. — Misdeed; misconduct; misbehavior; fault; trespass; transgression.

Mis•dempt´ , obs. p. p. of Misdeem. Spenser.

Mis•de•part´ , v. t. To distribute wrongly. [Obs.] “He misdeparteth riches temporal.” Chaucer.

Mis•de•rive´ , v. t. 1. To turn or divert improperly; to misdirect. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. To derive erroneously.

Mis•de•scribe´ , v. t. To describe wrongly.

Mis•de•sert´, n. Ill desert. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•de•vo´tion , n. Mistaken devotion.

Mis•di´et , n. Improper diet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•di´et, v. t. To diet improperly.

Mis•dight´ , a. Arrayed, prepared, or furnished, unsuitably. [Archaic] Bp. Hall.

Mis•di•rect´ , v. t. To give a wrong direction to; as to misdirect a passenger, or a letter; to misdirect one’s energies. Shenstone.

Mis•di•rec´tion , n. 1. The act of directing wrongly, or the state of being so directed. 2. (Law) An error of a judge in charging the jury on a matter of law. Mozley & W.

Mis•dis•po•si´tion , n. Erroneous disposal or application. Bp. Hall.

Mis•dis•tin´guish , v. t. To make wrong distinctions in or concerning. Hooker.

Mis•di•vide´ , v. t. To divide wrongly.

Mis•di•vi´sion , n. Wrong division.

Mis•do´ (mis•doo´), v. t. [imp. Misdid p. p. Misdone p. pr. & vb. n. Misdoing.] [AS. misdon. See Do, v.] 1. To do wrongly. “Afford me place to show what recompense
Towards thee I intend for what I have misdone.” Milton. 2. To do wrong to; to illtreat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•do´, v. i. To do wrong; to commit a fault. “I have misdone, and I endure the smart.” Dryden.

Mis•do´er, n. A wrongdoer. Spenser.

Mis•do´ing, n. A wrong done; a fault or crime; an offense; as it was my misdoing.

Mis•doubt´ , v. t. & i. To be suspicious of; to have suspicion. [Obs.] “I do not misdoubt my wife.” Shak.

Mis•doubt´, n. 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] 2. Irresolution; hesitation. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•doubt´ful , a Misgiving; hesitating. [Obs.] ´Her misdoubtful mind.´ Spenser.

Mis•dread´ , n. Dread of evil. [Obs.]

Mise , n. [F. mise a putting, setting, expense, fr. mis, mise, p. p. of mettre to put, lay, fr. LL. mittere to send.] 1. (Law) The issue in a writ of right. 2. Expense; cost; disbursement. [Obs.] 3. A tax or tallage; in Wales, an honorary gift of the people to a new king or prince of Wales; also a tribute paid, in the country palatine of Chester, England, at the change of the owner of the earldom. [Obs.]

Mis•ease´ , n. [OE. mesaise, OF. mesaise.] Want of ease; discomfort; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•eased´ , a. Having discomfort or misery; troubled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•eas´y , a. Not easy; painful. [Obs.]

Mis•e•di´tion , n. An incorrect or spurious edition. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•ed´u•cate ( 135), v. t. To educate in a wrong manner.

Mis•em•ploy´ , v. t. To employ amiss; as to misemploy time, advantages, talents, etc. “Their frugal father’s gains they misemploy.” Dryden.

Mis•em•ploy´ment , n. Wrong or mistaken employment. Johnson.

Mis•en´ter , v. t. To enter or insert wrongly, as a charge in an account.

Mis•en•treat´ , v. t. To treat wrongfully. [Obs.] Grafton.

Mis•en´try , n. An erroneous entry or charge, as of an account.

Mi´ser (mi´zer), n. [L. miser wretched, miserable; cf. Gr. mi^sos hate, misei^n to hate: cf. It. & Sp. misero wretched, avaricious.] 1. A wretched person; a person afflicted by any great misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser. “The woeful words of a miser now despairing.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. A despicable person; a wretch. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A covetous, grasping, mean person; esp., one having wealth, who lives miserably for the sake of saving and increasing his hoard. “As some lone miser, visiting his store,
Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o’er.” Goldsmith. 4. A kind of large earth auger. Knight.

Mis´er•a•ble , a. [F. miserable, L. miserabilis, fr. miserari to lament, pity, fr. miser wretched. See Miser.] 1. Very unhappy; wretched. “What hopes delude thee, miserable man?” Dryden. 2. Causing unhappiness or misery. “What ’s more miserable than discontent?” Shak. 3. Worthless; mean; despicable; as a miserable fellow; a miserable dinner. “Miserable comforters are ye all.” Job xvi. 2. 4. Avaricious; niggardly; miserly. [Obs.] Hooker. Syn. — Abject; forlorn; pitiable; wretched.

Mis´er•a•ble, n. A miserable person. [Obs.] Sterne.

Mis´er•a•ble•ness, n. The state or quality of being miserable.

Mis´er•a•bly, adv. In a miserable; unhappily; calamitously; wretchedly; meanly. “They were miserably entertained.” Sir P. Sidney. “The fifth was miserably stabbed to death.” South.

Mis•er•a´tion , n. Commiseration. [Obs.]

Mis•e•re´re , n. [L., have mercy, fr. misereri to have mercy, fr. miser. See Miser.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The psalm usually appointed for penitential acts, being the 50th psalm in the Latin version. It commences with the word miserere. 2. A musical composition adapted to the 50th psalm. “Where only the wind signs miserere.” Lowell. 3. (Arch.) A small projecting boss or bracket, on the under side of the hinged seat of a church stall (see Stall). It was intended, the seat being turned up, to give some support to a worshiper when standing. Called also misericordia. 4. (Med.) Same as Ileus.

Mis´er•i•corde´ , n. [F. misericorde. See Misericordia.] 1. Compassion; pity; mercy. [Obs.] 2. (Anc. Armor.) Same as Misericordia, 2.

Mis•e•ri•cor´di•a , n. [L., mercy, compassion; miser wretched + cor, cordis, heart.] 1. (O. Law) An amercement. Burrill. 2. (Anc. Armor.) A thin-bladed dagger; so called, in the Middle Ages, because used to give the death wound or ´mercy´ stroke to a fallen adversary. 3. (Eccl.) An indulgence as to food or dress granted to a member of a religious order. Shipley.

Mi´ser•ly (mi´zer•ly), a. [From Miser.] Like a miser; very covetous; sordid; niggardly. Syn. — Avaricious; niggardly; sordid; parsimonious; penurious; covetous; stingy; mean. See Avaricious.

Mi´ser•y , n.; pl. Miseries (#). [OE. miserie, L. miseria, fr. miser wretched: cf. F. misère, OF. also miserie.] 1. Great unhappiness; extreme pain of body or mind; wretchedness; distress; woe. Chaucer. “Destruction and misery are in their ways.” Rom. iii. 16. 2. Cause of misery; calamity; misfortune. “When we our betters see bearing our woes,
We scarcely think our miseries our foes.” Shak. 3. Covetousness; niggardliness; avarice. [Obs.] Syn. — Wretchedness; torture; agony; torment; anguish; distress; calamity; misfortune.

Mis•es•teem´ , n. [Cf. F. mesestime.] Want of esteem; disrespect. Johnson.

Mis•es´ti•mate , v. t. To estimate erroneously. J. S. Mill.

Mis•ex•pla•na´tion , n. An erroneous explanation.

Mis•ex•pli•ca´tion , n. Wrong explication.

Mis•ex•po•si´tion , n. Wrong exposition.

Mis•ex•pound´ , v. t. To expound erroneously.

Mis•ex•pres´sion , n. Wrong expression.

Mis•faith´ , n. Want of faith; distrust. ´[Anger] born of your misfaith.´ Tennyson.

Mis•fall´ , v. t. [imp. Misfell; p. p. Misfallen ; p. pr. & vb. n. Misfalling.] To befall, as ill luck; to happen to unluckily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•fare´ , v. i. [AS. misfaran.] To fare ill. [Obs.] — n. Misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•fash´ion , v. t. To form wrongly.

Mis•fea´sance , n. [OF. pref. mes- wrong (L. minus less) + faisance doing, fr. faire to do, L. facere. Cf. Malfeasance.] (Law) A trespass; a wrong done; the improper doing of an act which a person might lawfully do. Bouvier. Wharton.

Mis•fea´ture , n. Ill feature. [R.] Keats.

Mis•feel´ing , a. Insensate. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Mis•feign´ , v. i. To feign with an evil design. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•fit´ , n. 1. The act or the state of fitting badly; as a misfit in making a coat; a ludicrous misfit. 2. Something that fits badly, as a garment. “I saw an uneasy change in Mr. Micawber, which sat tightly on him, as if his new duties were a misfit.” Dickens.

Mis•form´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misformed p. pr. & vb. n. Misforming.] To make in an ill form. Spenser.

Mis•for•ma´tion , n. Malformation.

Mis•for´tu•nate ( 135), a. Producing misfortune. [Obs.]

Mis•for´tune , n. Bad fortune or luck; calamity; an evil accident; disaster; mishap; mischance. “Consider why the change was wrought,
You ’ll find his misfortune, not his fault.” Addison. Syn. — Calamity; mishap; mischance; misadventure; ill; harm; disaster. See Calamity.

Mis•for´tune, v. i. To happen unluckily or unfortunately; to miscarry; to fail. [Obs.] Stow.

Mis•for´tuned , a. Unfortunate. [Obs.]

Mis•frame´ , v. t. To frame wrongly.

Mis•get´ , v. t. To get wrongfully. [Obs.]

Mis•gie´ , v. t. See Misgye. [Obs.]

Mis•give´ , v. t. [imp. Misgave p. p. Misgiven p. pr. & vb. n. Misgiving.] 1. To give or grant amiss. [Obs.] Laud. 2. Specifically: To give doubt and apprehension to, instead of confidence and courage; to impart fear to; to make irresolute; — usually said of the mind or heart, and followed by the objective personal pronoun. “So doth my heart misgive me in these conflicts
What may befall him, to his harm and ours.” Shak. “Such whose consciences misgave them, how ill they had deserved.” Milton. 3. To suspect; to dread. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•give´, v. i. To give out doubt and apprehension; to be fearful or irresolute. ´My mind misgives.´ Shak.

Mis•giv´ing, n. Evil premonition; doubt; distrust. ´Suspicious and misgivings.´ South.

Mis•go´ (-go´), v. i. To go astray. Spenser.

Mis•got´ten (-got´t’n), a. Unjustly gotten. Spenser.

Mis•gov´ern , v. t. To govern ill; as to misgovern a country. Knolles.

Mis•gov´ern•ance , n. Misgovernment; misconduct; misbehavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Mis•gov´erned , a. Ill governed, as a people; ill directed. ´Rude, misgoverned hands.´ Shak.

Mis•gov´ern•ment , n. Bad government; want of government. Shak.

Mis•gra´cious , a. Not gracious. [Obs.]

Mis•graff´ , v. t. To misgraft. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•graft´ , v. t. To graft wrongly.

Mis•ground´ , v. t. To found erroneously. ´Misgrounded conceit.´ Bp. Hall.

Mis•growth´ , n. Bad growth; an unnatural or abnormal growth.

Mis•guess´ , v. t. & i. To guess wrongly.

Mis•guid´ance , n. Wrong guidance.

Mis•guide´ , v. t. To guide wrongly; to lead astray; as to misguide the understanding.

Mis•guide´, n. Misguidance; error. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•guid´ing, a. Misleading. — Mis•guid´ing•ly, adv.

Mis•gye´ , v. t. To misguide. [Obs.]

Mis•han´dle , v. t. To handle ill or wrongly; to maltreat.

Mis•hap´ , n. Evil accident; ill luck; misfortune; mischance. Chaucer. “Secure from worldly chances and mishaps.” Shak.

Mis•hap´ , v. i. To happen unluckily; — used impersonally. [Obs.] ´If that me mishap.´ Chaucer.

Mis•hap´pen , v. i. To happen ill or unluckily. Spenser.

Mis•hap´py , a. Unhappy. [Obs.]

Mish•cup´ , n. [See Scup.] (Zoöl.) The scup. [Local, U. S.]

Mis•hear´ , v. t. & i. To hear incorrectly.

Mish´mash , n. [Cf. G. mish- mash, fr. mischen to mix.] A hotchpotch. Sir T. Herbert.

Mish´na , n. [NHeb. mishnah, i. e., repetition, doubling, explanation (of the divine law), fr. Heb. shanah to change, to repeat.] A collection or digest of Jewish traditions and explanations of Scripture, forming the text of the Talmud. [Written also Mischna.]

Mish´nic , a. Of or pertaining to the Mishna.

Mis•im•ag•i•na´tion , n. Wrong imagination; delusion. Bp. Hall.

Mis•im•prove´ , v. t. To use for a bad purpose; to abuse; to misuse; as to misimprove time, talents, advantages, etc. South. Mis•im•prove´ment , n. Ill use or employment; use for a bad purpose.

Mis´in•cline´ , v. t. To cause to have a wrong inclination or tendency; to affect wrongly.

Mis•in•fer´ , v. t. To infer incorrectly.

Mis•in•form´ , v. t. To give untrue information to; to inform wrongly.

Mis•in•form´, v. i. To give untrue information; (with against) to calumniate. [R.] Bp. Montagu.

Mis•in•form´ant , n. A misinformer.

Mis•in•for•ma´tion , n. Untrue or incorrect information. Bacon.

Mis•in•form´er , n. One who gives untrue or incorrect information.

Mis•in•struct´ , v. t. To instruct amiss.

Mis•in•struc´tion , n. Wrong or improper instruction.

Mis•in•tel´li•gence , n. 1. Wrong information; misinformation. 2. Disagreement; misunderstanding. [Obs.]

Mis•in•tend´ , v. t. To aim amiss. [Obs.]

Mis•in•ter´pret , v. t. To interpret erroneously; to understand or to explain in a wrong sense.

Mis•in•ter´pret•a•ble , a. Capable of being misinterpreted; liable to be misunderstood.

Mis•in•ter´pre•ta´tion , n. The act of interpreting erroneously; a mistaken interpretation.

Mis•in•ter´pret•er , n. One who interprets erroneously.

Mis•join´ , v. t. To join unfitly or improperly.

Mis•join´der , n. (Law) An incorrect union of parties or of causes of action in a procedure, criminal or civil. Wharton.

Mis•judge´ , v. t. & i. To judge erroneously or unjustly; to err in judgment; to misconstrue.

Mis•judg´ment , n. [Written also misjudgement.] A wrong or unjust judgment.

Mis•keep´ , v. t. To keep wrongly. Chaucer.

Mis•ken´ , v. t. Not to know. [Obs.]

Mis´kin , n. [Prob. for music + - kin.] (Mus.) A little bagpipe. [Obs.] Drayton.

Mis•kin´dle , v. t. To kindle amiss; to inflame to a bad purpose; to excite wrongly.

Mis•know´ , v. t. To have a mistaken notion of or about. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•lac•ta´tion , n. (Med.) Defective flow or vitiated condition of the milk.

Mis•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mislaid p. pr. & vb. n. Mislaying.] 1. To lay in a wrong place; to ascribe to a wrong source. “The fault is generally mislaid upon nature.” Locke. 2. To lay in a place not recollected; to lose. “The … charter, indeed, was unfortunately mislaid: and the prayer of their petition was to obtain one of like import in its stead.” Hallam.

Mis•lay´er , n. One who mislays.

Mi´sle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Misled p. pr. & vb. n. Misling ] [Prop. mistle, fr. mist. Cf. Mistle, Mizzle.] To rain in very fine drops, like a thick mist; to mizzle.

Mi´sle, n. A fine rain; a thick mist; mizzle.

Mis•lead´ (mis•led´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misled (- led´); p. pr. & vb. n. Misleading.] [AS. mislaedan. See Mis-, and Lead to conduct.] To lead into a wrong way or path; to lead astray; to guide into error; to cause to mistake; to deceive. “Trust not servants who mislead or misinform you.” Bacon. “To give due light
To the mislead and lonely traveler.” Milton. Syn. — To delude; deceive. See Deceive.

Mis•lead´er , n. One who leads into error.

Mis•lead´ing, a. Leading astray; delusive.

Mis•learn´ , v. t. To learn wrongly.

Mis•led´ , imp. & p. p. of Mislead.

Mis´len , n. See Maslin.

Mis´le•toe , n. See Mistletoe.

Mis•light´ , v. t. To deceive or lead astray with a false light. Herrick.

Mis•like´ (-lik´), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misliked (likt´); p. pr. & vb. n. Misliking.] [AS. mislician to displease. See Like, v.] To dislike; to disapprove of; to have aversion to; as to mislike a man. “Who may like or mislike what he says.” I. Taylor.

Mis•like´, n. Dislike; disapprobation; aversion.

Mis•lik´er , n. One who dislikes.

Mis•lik´ing, n. Dislike; aversion.

Mis´lin , n. & a. See Maslin.

Mis•live´ , v. i. To live amiss.

Mis•lodge´ , v. t. To lodge amiss. [Obs.]

Mis•luck´ , n. Ill luck; misfortune.

Mis´ly , a. Raining in very small drops.

Mis•make´ (mis•mak´), v. t. To make or form amiss; to spoil in making. ´Limping possibilities of mismade human nature.´ Mrs. Browning.

Mis•man´age , v. t. & i. To manage ill or improperly; as to mismanage public affairs.

Mis•man´age•ment , n. Wrong or bad management; as he failed through mismagement.

Mis•man´a•ger , n. One who manages ill.

Mis•mark´ , v. t. To mark wrongly.

Mis•match´ , v. t. To match unsuitably.

Mis•mate´ , v. t. To mate wrongly or unsuitably; as to mismate gloves or shoes; a mismated couple.

Mis•meas´ure ( 135), v. t. To measure or estimate incorrectly.

Mis•meas´ure•ment, n. Wrong measurement.

Mis•me´ter , v. t. To give the wrong meter to, as to a line of verse. [R.] Chaucer.

Mis•name´ , v. t. To call by the wrong name; to give a wrong or inappropriate name to.

Mis•no´mer , n. [OF. pref. mes- amiss, wrong (L. minus less) + F. nommer to name, L. nominare, fr. nomen name. See Name.] The misnaming of a person in a legal instrument, as in a complaint or indictment; any misnaming of a person or thing; a wrong or inapplicable name or title. “Many of the changes, by a great misnomer, called parliamentary ´reforms´.” Burke. “The word ´synonym´ is fact a misnomer.” Whatel.

Mis•no´mer, v. t. To misname. [R.]

Mis•num´ber , v. t. To number wrongly.

Mis•nur´ture ( 135), v. t. To nurture or train wrongly; as to misnurture children. Bp. Hall.

Mis•o•be´di•ence , n. Mistaken obedience; disobedience. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis•ob•serve´ , v. t. To observe inaccurately; to mistake in observing. Locke.

Mis•ob•serv´er , n. One who misobserves; one who fails to observe properly.

Mi•sog´a•mist , n. [Gr. misei^n to hate + marriage.] A hater of marriage.

Mi•sog´a•my , n. [Cf. F. misogamie.] Hatre of marriage.

Mi•sog´y•nist (mi•soj´i•nist), n. [Gr. misogy•nhs, misogy•naios; misei^n to hate + gynh•: cf. F. misogyne.] A woman hater. Fuller.

Mi•sog´y•nous , a. Hating women.

Mi•sog´y•ny ( 277), n. [Gr. misogyni•a: cf. F. misogynie.] Hatred of women. Johnson.

Mi•sol´o•gy (mi•sol´o•jy), n. [Gr. misologi•a; misei^n to hate + lo•gos discourse.] Hatred of argument or discussion; hatred of enlightenment. G. H. Lewes.

Mis•o•pin´ion, n. Wrong opinion. [Obs.]

Mis•or´der , v. t. To order ill; to manage erroneously; to conduct badly. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•or´der, n. Irregularity; disorder. [Obs.] Camden.

Mis•or´der•ly, a. Irregular; disorderly. [Obs.]

Mis•or•di•na´tion , n. Wrong ordination.

Mis´o•the•ism , n. [Gr. misei^n to hate + qeo•s god.] Hatred of God. De Quincey.

Mis•paint´ , v. t. To paint ill, or wrongly.

Mis•pas´sion , n. Wrong passion or feeling. [Obs.]

Mis•pay´ , v. t. [Cf. Appay.] To dissatisfy. [Obs.]

Mis•pell´ , v. t., Mis•pend´ , v. t., etc. See Misspell, Misspend, etc.

Mis•pense´ , n. See Misspense. Bp. Hall.

Mis•per•cep´tion , n. Erroneous perception.

Mis•per•suade´ , v. t. To persuade amiss.

Mis•per•sua´sion , n. A false persuasion; wrong notion or opinion. Dr. H. More.

Mis•pick´el , n. [G.] (Min.) Arsenical iron pyrites; arsenopyrite.

Mis•place´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misplaced p. pr. & vb. n. Misplacing ] To put in a wrong place; to set or place on an improper or unworthy object; as he misplaced his confidence.

Mis•place´ment , n. The act of misplacing, or the state of being misplaced.

Mis•plead´ , v. i. To err in pleading.

Mis•plead´ing, n. (Law) An error in pleading.

Mis•point´ , v. t. To point improperly; to punctuate wrongly.

Mis•pol´i•cy , n. Wrong policy; impolicy.

Mis•prac´tice , n. Wrong practice.

Mis•praise´ , v. t. To praise amiss.

Mis•print´ , v. t. To print wrong.

Mis•print´, n. A mistake in printing; a deviation from the copy; as a book full of misprints.

Mis•prise´ , v. t. See Misprize. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•prise´, v. t. [OF. mesprise mistake, F. meprise, fr. mespris, masc., mesprise, fem., p. p. of mesprendre to mistake; F. meprendre; pref. mes- amiss + prendre to take, L. prehendere.] To mistake. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•pri´sion , n. [LL. misprisio, or OF. mesprison, prop., a mistaking, but confused with OF. mespris contempt, F. mepris. See 2d Misprise, Misprize, Prison.] 1. The act of misprising; misapprehension; misconception; mistake. [Archaic] Fuller. “The misprision of this passage has aided in fostering the delusive notion.” Hare. 2. Neglect; undervaluing; contempt. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Law) A neglect, negligence, or contempt. In its larger and older sense it was used to signify ´every considerable misdemeanor which has not a certain name given to it in the law.´ Russell.
In a more modern sense it is applied exclusively to two offenses: - -
1. Misprision of treason, which is omission to notify the authorities of an act of treason by a person cognizant thereof. Stephen. 2. Misprision of felony, which is a concealment of a felony by a person cognizant thereof. Stephen.

Mis•prize´ (mis•priz´), v. t. [OF. mesprisier to deprise, F. mepriser; pref. amiss, wrong (L. minus less + LL. pretium price. See price, Prize, v.] To slight or undervalue. “O, for those vanished hours, so much misprized!” Hillhouse. “I do not blame them, madam, nor misprize.” Mrs. Browning.

Mis•pro•ceed´ing , n. Wrong or irregular proceding.

Mis•pro•fess´ , v. i. To make a false profession; to make pretensions to skill which is not possessed.

Mis•pro•fess´, v. t. To make a false profession of.

Mis•pro•nounce´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Mispronounced p. pr. & vb. n. Mispronouncing ] To pronounce incorrectly.

Mis•pro•nun•ci•a´tion , n. Wrong or improper pronunciation.

Mis•pro•por´tion , v. t. To give wrong proportions to; to join without due proportion.

Mis•proud´, a. Viciously proud. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•punc´tu•ate ( 135), v. t. To punctuate wrongly or incorrectly.

Mis•quo•ta´tion , n. Erroneous or inaccurate quotation.

Mis•quote´ , v. t. & i. To quote erroneously or incorrectly. Shak.

Mis•raise´ , v. t. To raise or excite unreasonable. ´Misraised fury.´ Bp. Hall.

Mis•rate´ , v. t. To rate erroneously.

Mis•read´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misread p. pr. & vb. n. Misreading ] To read amiss; to misunderstand in reading.

Mis•re•ceive´ , v. t. To receive wrongly.

Mis•re•cit´al , n. An inaccurate recital.

Mis•re•cite´ , v. t. & i. To recite erroneously.

Mis•reck´on , v. t. & i. To reckon wrongly; to miscalculate. Swift.

Mis•reck´on•ing, n. An erroneous computation.

Mis•rec•ol•lect´ , v. t. & i. To have an erroneous remembrance of; to suppose erroneously that one recollects. Hitchcock.

Mis•rec•ol•lec´tion , n. Erroneous or inaccurate recollection.

Mis•re•form´ , v. t. To reform wrongly or imperfectly.

Mis•re•gard´ , n. Wrong understanding; misconstruction. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•reg´u•late , v. t. To regulate wrongly or imperfectly; to fail to regulate.

Mis•re•hearse´ , v. t. To rehearse or quote incorrectly. Sir T. More.

Mis•re•late´ , v. t. To relate inaccurately.

Mis•re•la´tion , n. Erroneous relation or narration. Abp. Bramhall.

Mis•re•li´gion , n. False religion. [R.]

Mis•re•mem´ber , v. t. & i. To mistake in remembering; not to remember correctly. Sir T. More.

Mis•ren´der , v. t. To render wrongly; to translate or recite wrongly. Boyle.

Mis•re•peat´ , v. t. To repeat wrongly; to give a wrong version of. Gov. Winthrop.

Mis•re•port´ , v. t. & i. To report erroneously; to give an incorrect account of. Locke.

Mis•re•port´, n. An erroneous report; a false or incorrect account given. Denham. South.

Mis•rep•re•sent´ , v. t. To represent incorrectly (almost always, unfavorably); to give a false or erroneous representation of, either maliciously, ignorantly, or carelessly. Swift.

Mis•rep•re•sent´, v. i. To make an incorrect or untrue representation. Milton.

Mis•rep•re•sen•ta´tion , n. Untrue representation; false or incorrect statement or account; — usually unfavorable to the thing represented; as a misrepresentation of a person’s motives. Sydney Smith. In popular use, this word often conveys the idea of intentional untruth.

Mis•rep•re•sent´a•tive , a. Tending to convey a wrong impression; misrepresenting.

Mis•rep•re•sent´er , n. One who misrepresents.

Mis•re•pute´ , v. t. To have in wrong estimation; to repute or estimate erroneously.

Mis•rule´ , v. t. & i. To rule badly; to misgovern.

Mis•rule´, n. 1. The act, or the result, of misruling. 2. Disorder; confusion; tumult from insubordination. “Enormous riot and misrule surveyed.” Pope. Abbot of Misrule, or Lord of Misrule. See under Abbot, and Lord.

Mis•rul´y , a. Unruly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Miss (mis), n.; pl. Misses (-sez). [Contr. fr. mistress.] 1. A title of courtesy prefixed to the name of a girl or a woman who has not been married. See Mistress, 5. There is diversity of usage in the application of this title to two or more persons of the same name. We may write either the Miss Browns or the Misses Brown. 2. A young unmarried woman or a girl; as she is a miss of sixteen. “Gay vanity, with smiles and kisses,
Was busy ’mongst the maids and misses.” Cawthorn. 3. A kept mistress. See Mistress, 4. [Obs.] Evelyn. 4. (Card Playing) In the game of three-card loo, an extra hand, dealt on the table, which may be substituted for the hand dealt to a player.

Miss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Missed (mist); p. pr. & vb. n. Missing.] [AS. missan; akin to D. & G. missen, OHG. missan, Icel. missa, Sw. mista, Dan. miste. rad.100. See Mis-, pref.] 1. To fail of hitting, reaching, getting, finding, seeing, hearing, etc.; as to miss the mark one shoots at; to miss the train by being late; to miss opportunites of getting knowledge; to miss the point or meaning of something said. “When a man misses his great end, happiness, he will acknowledge he judged not right.” Locke. 2. To omit; to fail to have or to do; to get without; to dispense with; — now seldom applied to persons. “She would never miss, one day,
A walk so fine, a sight so gay.” Prior. “We cannot miss him; he does make our fire,
Fetch in our wood.” Shak. 3. To discover the absence or omission of; to feel the want of; to mourn the loss of; to want. Shak. “Neither missed we anything … Nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him.” 1 Sam. xxv. 15, 21. “What by me thou hast lost, thou least shalt miss.” Milton. To miss stays. (Naut.) See under Stay.

Miss , v. i. 1. To fail to hit; to fly wide; to deviate from the true direction. “Men observe when things hit, and not when they miss.” Bacon. “Flying bullets now,
To execute his rage, appear too slow;
They miss, or sweep but common souls away.” Waller. 2. To fail to obtain, learn, or find; — with of. “Upon the least reflection, we can not miss of them.” Atterbury. 3. To go wrong; to err. [Obs.] “Amongst the angels, a whole legion
Of wicked sprites did fall from happy bliss;
What wonder then if one, of women all, did miss?” Spenser. 4. To be absent, deficient, or wanting. [Obs.] See Missing, a. “What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.” Shak.

Miss, n. 1. The act of missing; failure to hit, reach, find, obtain, etc. 2. Loss; want; felt absence. [Obs.] “There will be no great miss of those which are lost.” Locke. 3. Mistake; error; fault. Shak. “He did without any great miss in the hardest points of grammar.” Ascham. 4. Harm from mistake. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis´sa , n.; pl. Missae (#). [LL. See 1st Mass.] (R.C.Ch.) The service or sacrifice of the Mass.

Mis´sal , n. [LL. missale, liber missalis, from missa mass: cf. F. missel. See 1st Mass.] The book containing the service of the Mass for the entire year; a Mass book.

Mis´sal, a. Of or pertaining to the Mass, or to a missal or Mass book. Bp. Hall.

Mis•say´ , v. t. 1. To say wrongly. 2. To speak evil of; to slander. [Obs.]

Mis•say´, v. i. To speak ill. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•seek´ , v. t. To seek for wrongly. [Obs.]

Mis•seem´ , v. i. 1. To make a false appearance. [Obs.] 2. To misbecome; to be misbecoming. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis´sel , n. Mistletoe. [Obs.] Missel bird, Missel thrush (Zoöl.), a large European thrush (Turdus viscivorus) which feeds on the berries of the mistletoe; — called also mistletoe thrush and missel.

Mis´sel•dine , n. [See Mistletoe.] [Written also misselden.] The mistletoe. [Obs.] Baret.

Mis´sel•toe , n. See Mistletoe.

Mis•sem´blance , n. False resemblance or semblance. [Obs.]

Mis•send´ , v. t. To send amiss or incorrectly.

Mis•serve´ , v. t. & i. To serve unfaithfully.

Mis•set´ (mis•set´), v. t. To set or place wrongly.

Mis•shape´ , v. t. To shape ill; to give an ill or unnatural from to; to deform. ´Figures monstrous and misshaped.´ Pope.

Mis•shap´en , a. Having a bad or ugly form. ´The mountains are misshapen.´ Bentley. — Mis•shap´en•ly, adv. — Mis•shap´en•ness, n.

Mis•sheathed´ , a. Sheathed by mistake; wrongly sheathed; sheathed in a wrong place. Shak.

Mis•sif´i•cate , v. i. [LL. missa Mass + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy- .] To perform Mass. [Obs.] Milton.

Mis´sile , a. [L. missils, fr. mittere, missum, to cause to go, to send, to throw; cf. Lith. mesti to throw: cf. F. missile. Cf. Admit, Dismiss, Mass the religious service, Message, Mission.] Capable of being thrown; adapted for hurling or to be projected from the hand, or from any instrument or engine, so as to strike an object at a distance. “We bend the bow, or wing the missile dart.” Pope.

Mis´sile, n. [L. missile.] A weapon thrown or projected or intended to be projected, as a lance, an arrow, or a bullet.

Miss´ing , a. [From Miss, v. i.] Absent from the place where it was expected to be found; lost; wanting; not present when called or looked for. “Neither was there aught missing unto them.” 1 Sam. xxv. 7. “For a time caught up to God, as once
Moses was in the mount, and missing long.” Milton.

Miss´ing•ly, adv. With a sense of loss. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis´sion , n. [L. missio, fr. mittere, missum, to send: cf. F. mission. See Missile.] 1. The act of sending, or the state of being sent; a being sent or delegated by authority, with certain powers for transacting business; comission. “Whose glorious deeds, but in these fields of late,
Made emulous missions ’mongst the gods themselves.” Shak. 2. That with which a messenger or agent is charged; an errand; business or duty on which one is sent; a commission. “How to begin, how to accomplish best
His end of being on earth, and mission high.” Milton. 3. Persons sent; any number of persons appointed to perform any service; a delegation; an embassy. “In these ships there should be a mission of three of the fellows or brethren of Solomon’s house.” Bacon. 4. An assotiation or organization of missionaries; a station or residence of missionaries. 5. An organization for worship and work, dependent on one or more churches. 6. A course of extraordinary sermons and services at a particular place and time for the special purpose of quickening the faith and zeal participants, and of converting unbelievers. Addis & Arnold. 7. Dismission; discharge from service. [Obs.] Mission school. (a) A school connected with a mission and conducted by missionaries. (b) A school for the religious instruction of children not having regular church privileges. Syn. — Message; errand; commission; deputation.

Mis´sion , v. t. To send on a mission. [Mostly used in the form of the past participle.] Keats.

Mis´sion•ary , n.; pl. Missionaries (#). [Cf. F. missionnaire. See Mission, n.] One who is sent on a mission; especially, one sent to propagate religion. Swift. Missionary apostolic, a Roman Catholic missionary sent by commission from the pope.

Mis´sion•a•ry, a. Of or pertaining to missions; as a missionary meeting; a missionary fund.

Mis´sion•er , n. A missionary; an envoy; one who conducts a mission. See Mission, n., 6. ´Like mighty missioner you come.´ Dryden.

Mis´sis , n. A mistress; a wife; — so used by the illiterate. G. Eliot.

Miss´ish, a. Like a miss; prim; affected; sentimental. — Miss´ish•ness, n.

Mis•sit´ , v. t. To sit badly or imperfectly upon; to misbecome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis´sive , a. [See Missive, n.] 1. Specially sent; intended or prepared to be sent; as a letter missive. Ayliffe. 2. Missile. ´The missive weapons fly.´ Dryden. Letters missive, letters conveying the permission, comand, or advice of a superior authority, as a sovereign. They are addressed and sent to some certain person or persons, and are distinguished from letters patent, which are addressed to the public.

Mis´sive, n. [F. lettre missive. See Mission, n.] 1. That which is sent; a writing containing a message. 2. One who is sent; a messenger. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•sound´ , v. t. To sound wrongly; to utter or pronounce incorrectly. E,Hall.

Mis•speak´ , v. i. To err in speaking.

Mis•speak´, v. t. To utter wrongly.

Mis•speech´ , n. Wrong speech. [Obs.]

Mis•spell´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misspelled , or Misspelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Misspelling.] To spell incorrectly.

Mis•spell´ing, n. A wrong spelling.

Mis•spend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misspent p. pr. & vb. n. Misspending.] To spend amiss or for wrong purposes; to squander; to waste; as to misspend time or money. J. Philips.

Mis•spend´er , n. One who misspends.

Mis•spense´ , n. A spending improperly; a wasting. [Obs.] Barrow.

Mis•spent´ , imp. & p. p. of Misspend.

Mis•state´ , v. t. To state wrongly; as to misstate a question in debate. Bp. Sanderson.

Mis•state´ment , n. An incorrect statement.

Mis•stayed´ , a. (Naut.) Having missed stays; — said of a ship.

Mis•step´, n. A wrong step; an error of conduct.

Mis•step´, v. i. To take a wrong step; to go astray.

Mis•suc•cess´ , n. Failure. [Obs.]

Mis•sug•ges´tion , n. Wrong or evil suggestion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•sum•ma´tion, n. Wrong summation.

Mis•swear´ , v. i. To swear falsely.

Mis´sy , n. (Min.) See Misy.

Mis´sy, n. An affectionate, or contemptuous, form of miss; a young girl; a miss. — a. Like a miss, or girl.

Mist (mist), n. [AS. mist; akin to D. & Sw. mist, Icel. mistr, G. mist dung, Goth. maíhstus, AS. migan to make water, Icel. miga, Lith. migla mist, Russ. mgla, L. mingere, meiere, to make water, Gr. to make water, mist, Skr. mih to make water, n., a mist mgha cloud. rad.102. Cf. Misle, Mizzle, Mixen.] 1. Visible watery vapor suspended in the atmosphere, at or near the surface of the earth; fog. 2. Coarse, watery vapor, floating or falling in visible particles, approaching the form of rain; as Scotch mist. 3. Hence, anything which dims or darkens, and obscures or intercepts vision. “His passion cast a mist before his sense.” Dryden. Mist flower (Bot.), a composite plant (Eupatorium cœlestinum), having heart-shaped leaves, and corymbs of lavender-blue flowers. It is found in the Western and Southern United States.

Mist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misted; p. pr. & vb. n. Misting.] To cloud; to cover with mist; to dim. Shak.

Mist, v. i. To rain in very fine drops; as it mists.

Mis•tak´a•ble , a. Liable to be mistaken; capable of being misconceived. Sir T. Browne.

Mis•take´ (mis•tak´), v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Mistook (- took´); p. p. Mistaken (-tak´’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Mistaking.] [Pref. mis- + take: cf. Icel. mistaka.] 1. To take or choose wrongly. [Obs. or R.] Shak. 2. To take in a wrong sense; to misunderstand misapprehend, or misconceive; as to mistake a remark; to mistake one’s meaning. Locke. “My father’s purposes have been mistook.” Shak. 3. To substitute in thought or perception; as to mistake one person for another. “A man may mistake the love of virtue for the practice of it.” Johnson. 4. To have a wrong idea of in respect of character, qualities, etc.; to misjudge. “Mistake me not so much,
To think my poverty is treacherous.” Shak.

Mis•take´, v. i. To err in knowledge, perception, opinion, or judgment; to commit an unintentional error. “Servants mistake, and sometimes occasion misunderstanding among friends.” Swift.

Mis•take´ (mis•tak´), n. 1. An apprehending wrongly; a misconception; a misunderstanding; a fault in opinion or judgment; an unintentional error of conduct. “Infallibility is an absolute security of the understanding from all possibility of mistake.” Tillotson. 2. (Law) Misconception, error, which when non-negligent may be ground for rescinding a contract, or for refusing to perform it. No mistake, surely; without fail; as it will happen at the appointed time, and no mistake. [Low] Syn. — Blunder; error; bull. See Blunder.

Mis•tak´en , p. a. 1. Being in error; judging wrongly; having a wrong opinion or a misconception; as a mistaken man; he is mistaken. 2. Erroneous; wrong; as a mistaken notion.

Mis•tak´en•ly, adv. By mistake. Goldsmith.

Mis•tak´en•ness, n. Erroneousness.

Mis•tak´er , n. One who mistakes. “Well meaning ignorance of some mistakers.” Bp. Hall.

Mis•tak´ing, n. An error; a mistake. Shak.

Mis•tak´ing•ly, adv. Erroneously.

Mis•taught´ (mis•tat´), a. [See Misteach.] Wrongly taught; as a mistaught youth. L’Estrange.

Mis•teach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mistaught p. pr. & vb. n. Misteaching.] [AS. mistaecan.] To teach wrongly; to instruct erroneously.

Mis•tell´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mistold p. pr. & vb. n. Mistelling.] To tell erroneously.

Mis•tem´per , v. t. To temper ill; to disorder; as to mistemper one’s head. Warner. “This inundation of mistempered humor.” Shak.

Mis´ter , n. [See Master, and cf. Mistress.] A title of courtesy prefixed to the name of a man or youth. It is usually written in the abbreviated form Mr. “To call your name, inquire your where,
Or what you think of Mister Some-one’s book,
Or Mister Other’s marriage or decease.” Mrs. Browning.

Mis´ter, v. t. To address or mention by the title Mr.; as he mistered me in a formal way. [Colloq.]

Mis´ter, n. [OF. mistier trade, office, ministry, need, F. metier trade, fr. L. ministerium service, office, ministry. See Ministry, Mystery trade.] [Written also mester.] 1. A trade, art, or occupation. [Obs.] “In youth he learned had a good mester.” Chaucer. 2. Manner; kind; sort. [Obs.] Spenser. “But telleth me what mester men ye be.” Chaucer. 3. Need; necessity. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Mis´ter, v. i. To be needful or of use. [Obs.] “As for my name, it mistereth not to tell.” Spenser.

Mis•term´ , v. t. To call by a wrong name; to miscall.

Mis´ter•y , n. See Mystery, a trade.

Mist´ful , a. Clouded with, or as with, mist.

Mis•think´ , v. i. [See Think.] To think wrongly. [Obs.] ´Adam misthought of her.´ Milton.

Mis•think´, v. t. To have erroneous thoughts or judgment of; to think ill of. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•thought´ , n. Erroneous thought; mistaken opinion; error. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•thrive´ , v. i. To thrive poorly; to be not thrifty or prosperous. [Obs.]

Mis•throw´ , v. t. To throw wrongly. { Mis´tic , Mis´ti•co } n. [Sp. místico.] A kind of small sailing vessel used in the Mediterranean. It is rigged partly like a xebec, and partly like a felucca.

Mis•tide´ , v. i. [AS. mistidan. See Tide.] To happen or come to pass unfortunately; also to suffer evil fortune. [Obs.] { Mis•ti•gris´ , Mis•ti•gri´ }, n. [F. mistigri.] A variety of the game of poker in which the joker is used, and called mistigris or mistigri.

Mist´i•head , n. Mistiness. [Obs.]

Mist´i•ly, adv. With mist; darkly; obscurely.

Mis•time´ , v. t. [AS. mistimain to turn out ill.] To time wrongly; not to adapt to the time.

Mist´i•ness , n. State of being misty.

Mis´tion , n. [L. mistio, mixtio. See Mix, and cf. Mixtion.] Mixture. [Obs.]

Mis•ti´tle , v. t. To call by a wrong title.

Mis´tle , v. i. [Eng. mist. See Misle, and Mizzle.] To fall in very fine drops, as rain.

Mis´tle•toe , n. [AS. misteltan; mistel mistletoe + tan twig. AS. mistel is akin of D., G., Dan. & Sw. mistel, OHG. mistil, Icel. mistilteinn; and AS. tan to D. teen, OHG. zein, Icel. teinn, Goth. tains. Cf. Missel.] (Bot.) A parasitic evergreen plant of Europe (Viscum album), bearing a glutinous fruit. When found upon the oak, where it is rare, it was an object of superstitious regard among the Druids. A bird lime is prepared from its fruit. [Written also misletoe, misseltoe, and mistleto.] Lindley. Loudon. The mistletoe of the United States is Phoradendron flavescens, having broader leaves than the European kind. In different regions various similar plants are called by this name.

Mis´to•nusk , n. [From the Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The American badger.

Mis•took´ , imp. & obs. p. p. of Mistake.

Mis•tra•di´tion , n. A wrong tradition. ´Monsters of mistradition.´ Tennyson.

Mis•train´ , v. t. To train amiss.

Mis´tral , n. [F., fr. Provençal.] A violent and cold northwest wind experienced in the Mediterranean provinces of France, etc.

Mis•trans•late´ , v. t. To translate erroneously.

Mis•trans•la´tion , n. Wrong translation.

Mis•trans•port´ , v. t. To carry away or mislead wrongfully, as by passion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mis•tread´ing , n. Misstep; misbehavior. ´To punish my mistreadings.´ Shak.

Mis•treat´ , v. t. To treat amiss; to abuse.

Mis•treat´ment , n. Wrong treatment.

Mis´tress , n. [OE. maistress, OF. maistresse, F. maîtresse, LL. magistrissa, for L. magistra, fem. of magister. See Master, Mister, and cf. Miss a young woman.] 1. A woman having power, authority, or ownership; a woman who exercises authority, is chief, etc.; the female head of a family, a school, etc. “The late queen’s gentlewoman! a knight’s daughter!
To be her mistress’ mistress!” Shak. 2. A woman well skilled in anything, or having the mastery over it. “A letter desires all young wives to make themselves mistresses of Wingate’s Arithmetic.” Addison. 3. A woman regarded with love and devotion; she who has command over one’s heart; a beloved object; a sweetheart. [Poetic] Clarendon. 4. A woman filling the place, but without the rights, of a wife; a concubine; a loose woman with whom one consorts habitually. Spectator. 5. A title of courtesy formerly prefixed to the name of a woman, married or unmarried, but now superseded by the contracted forms, Mrs., for a married, and Miss, for an unmarried, woman. “Now Mistress Gilpin (careful soul).” Cowper. 6. A married woman; a wife. [Scot.] “Several of the neighboring mistresses had assembled to witness the event of this memorable evening.” Sir W. Scott. 7. The old name of the jack at bowls. Beau. & Fl. To be one’s own mistress, to be exempt from control by another person.

Mis´tress, v. i. To wait upon a mistress; to be courting. [Obs.] Donne.

Mis´tress•ship, n. 1. Female rule or dominion. 2. Ladyship, a style of address; — with the personal pronoun. [Obs.] Massinger.

Mis•tri´al , n. (Law) A false or erroneous trial; a trial which has no result.

Mis•trist´ , v. t. To mistrust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•trow´ , v. i. To think wrongly. [Obs.]

Mis•trust´ , n. Want of confidence or trust; suspicion; distrust. Milton.

Mis•trust´, v. t. 1. To regard with jealousy or suspicion; to suspect; to doubt the integrity of; to distrust. “I will never mistrust my wife again.” Shak. 2. To forebode as near, or likely to occur; to surmise. “By a divine instinct, men’s minds mistrust
Ensuing dangers.” Shak.

Mis•trust´er , n. One who mistrusts.

Mis•trust´ful , a. Having or causing mistrust, suspicions, or forebodings. “Their light blown out in some mistrustful wood.” Shak. — Mis•trust´ful•ly, adv. — Mis•trust´ful•ness, n.

Mis•trust´ing•ly, adv. With distrust or suspicion.

Mis•trust´less, a. Having no mistrust or suspicion. “The swain mistrustless of his smutted face.” Goldsmith.

Mis•tune´ , v. t. To tune wrongly.

Mis•tu´ra , n. [L. See Mixture.] (Med.) (a) A mingled compound in which different ingredients are contained in a liquid state; a mixture. See Mixture, n., 4. (b) Sometimes, a liquid medicine containing very active substances, and which can only be administered by drops. Dunglison.

Mis•turn´ , v. t. To turn amiss; to pervert.

Mis•tu´tor , v. t. To instruct amiss.

Mist´y (mist´y), a. [Compar. Mistier (-i•er); superl. Mistiest.] [AS. mistig. See Mist. In some senses misty has been confused with mystic.] 1. Accompanied with mist; characterized by the presence of mist; obscured by, or overspread with, mist; as misty weather; misty mountains; a misty atmosphere. 2. Obscured as if by mist; dim; obscure; clouded; as misty sight. “The more I muse therein [theology],
The mistier it seemeth.” Piers Plowman.

Mis•un•der•stand´ (mis•un•der•stand´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misunderstood (- stood´); p. pr. & vb. n. Misunderstanding.] To misconceive; to mistake; to miscomprehend; to take in a wrong sense.

Mis•un•der•stand´er (-er), n. One who misunderstands. Sir T. More.

Mis•un•der•stand´ing, n. 1. Mistake of the meaning; error; misconception. Bacon. 2. Disagreement; difference of opinion; dissension; quarrel. ´Misunderstandings among friends.´ Swift.

Mi•su•ra´to (me•soo•rä´to), a. [It.] (Mus.) Measured; — a direction to perform a passage in strict or measured time.

Mis•us´age (mis•uz´aj), n. [Cf. F. mesusage.] Bad treatment; abuse. Spenser.

Mis•use´ (-uz´), v. t. [F. mesuser. See Mis-, prefix from French, and Use.] 1. To treat or use improperly; to use to a bad purpose; to misapply; as to misuse one’s talents. South. “The sweet poison of misused wine.” Milton. 2. To abuse; to treat ill. “O, she misused me past the endurance of a block.” Shak. Syn. — To maltreat; abuse; misemploy; misapply.

Mis•use´ (mis•us´), n. 1. Wrong use; misapplication; erroneous or improper use. “Words little suspected for any such misuse.” Locke. 2. Violence, or its effects. [Obs.] Shak.

Mis•use´ment , n. Misuse. [Obs.]

Mis•us´er , n. 1. One who misuses. ´Wretched misusers of language.´ Coleridge. 2. (Law) Unlawful use of a right; use in excess of, or varying from, one’s right. Bouvier.

Mis•val´ue , v. t. To value wrongly or too little; to undervalue. “But for I am so young, I dread my work
Wot be misvalued both of old and young.” W. Browne.

Mis•vouch´ , v. t. To vouch falsely.

Mis•wan´der , v. i. To wander in a wrong path; to stray; to go astray. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•way´ , n. A wrong way. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mis•wear´ , v. t. To wear ill. [Obs.] Bacon.

Mis•wed´ , v. t. To wed improperly.

Mis•ween´ , v. i. To ween amiss; to misjudge; to distrust; to be mistaken. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mis•wend´ , v. i. To go wrong; to go astray. [Obs.] ´The world is miswent.´ Gower.

Mis•word´ , v. t. To word wrongly; as to misword a message, or a sentence.

Mis•word´, n. A word wrongly spoken; a cross word. [Obs.] Sylvester. Breton.

Mis•wor´ship , n. Wrong or false worship; mistaken practices in religion. Bp. Hall. “Such hideous jungle of misworships.” Carlyle.

Mis•wor´ship, v. t. To worship wrongly. Bp. Hall.

Mis•wor´ship•er , n. One who worships wrongly.

Mis•write´ , v. t. To write incorrectly.

Mis•wrought´ , a. Badly wrought. Bacon.

Mi´sy , n. [Cf. L. misy a mineral, perh. copperas Gr. .] (Min.) An impure yellow sulphate of iron; yellow copperas or copiapite.

Mis•yoke´ , v. t. To yoke improperly.

Mis•zeal´ous , a. Mistakenly zealous. [Obs.]

Mite (mit), n. [AS. mite mite (in sense 1); akin to LG. mite, D. mijt, G. miete, OHG. miza; cf. Goth. maitan to cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) A minute arachnid, of the order Acarina, of which there are many species; as the cheese mite, sugar mite, harvest mite, etc. See Acarina. 2. [D. mijt; prob. the same word.] A small coin formerly circulated in England, rated at about a third of a farthing. The name is also applied to a small coin used in Palestine in the time of Christ. “Two mites, which make a farthing.” Mark xii. 49. 3. A small weight; one twentieth of a grain. 4. Anything very small; a minute object; a very little quantity or particle. “For in effect they be not worth a myte.” Chaucer. { Mi´ter , Mi´tre } , n. [F. mitre, fr. L. mitra headband, turban, Gr. .] 1. A covering for the head, worn on solemn occasions by church dignitaries. It has been made in many forms, the present form being a lofty cap with two points or peaks. Fairholt. 2. The surface forming the beveled end or edge of a piece where a miter joint is made; also a joint formed or a junction effected by two beveled ends or edges; a miter joint. 3. (Numis.) A sort of base money or coin. Miter box (Carp. & Print.), an apparatus for guiding a handsaw at the proper angle in making a miter joint; esp., a wooden or metal trough with vertical kerfs in its upright sides, for guides. — Miter dovetail (Carp.), a kind of dovetail for a miter joint in which there is only one joint line visible, and that at the angle. — Miter gauge (Carp.), a gauge for determining the angle of a miter. — Miter joint, a joint formed by pieces matched and united upon a line bisecting the angle of junction, as by the beveled ends of two pieces of molding or brass rule, etc. The term is used especially when the pieces form a right angle. See Miter, 2. — Miter shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine univalve shells of the genus Mitra. — Miter square (Carp.), a bevel with an immovable arm at an angle of 45°, for striking lines on stuff to be mitered; also a square with an arm adjustable to any angle. — Miter wheels, a pair of bevel gears, of equal diameter, adapted for working together, usually with their axes at right angles. { Mi´ter , Mi´tre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mitered or Mitred; p. pr. & vb. n. Mitering or Mitring.] 1. To place a miter upon; to adorn with a miter. ´Mitered locks.´ Milton. 2. To match together, as two pieces of molding or brass rule on a line bisecting the angle of junction; to bevel the ends or edges of, for the purpose of matching together at an angle. { Mi´ter , Mi´tre }, v. i. To meet and match together, as two pieces of molding, on a line bisecting the angle of junction.

Mi´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Mitella, — slender, perennial herbs with a pod slightly resembling a bishop’s miter; bishop’s cap. False miterwort, a white-flowered perennial herb of the United States (Tiarella cardifolia).

Mith´ic , a. See Mythic.

Mi´thras , n. [L., from Gr. .] The sun god of the Persians.

Mith´ri•date , n. (Med.) An antidote against poison, or a composition in form of an electuary, supposed to serve either as a remedy or a preservative against poison; an alexipharmic; — so called from King Mithridates, its reputed inventor. “[Love is] a drop of the true elixir; no mithridate so effectual against the infection of vice.” Southey.

Mith•ri•dat´ic (mith•ri•dat´ik), a. Of or pertaining to King Mithridates, or to a mithridate.

Mit´i•ga•ble , a. Admitting of mitigation; that may be mitigated.

Mit´i•gant , a. [L. mitigans, p. pr. of mitigare. See Mitigate.] Tending to mitigate; mitigating; lenitive. Johnson.

Mit´i•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mitigated p. pr. & vb. n. Mitigating.] [L. mitigatus, p. p. of mitigare to soften, mitigate; mitis mild, soft + the root of agere to do, drive.] 1. To make less severe, intense, harsh, rigorous, painful, etc.; to soften; to meliorate; to alleviate; to diminish; to lessen; as to mitigate heat or cold; to mitigate grief. 2. To make mild and accessible; to mollify; - - applied to persons. [Obs.] “This opinion … mitigated kings into companions.” Burke. Syn. — To alleviate; assuage; allay. See Alleviate.

Mit•i•ga´tion , n. [OE. mitigacioun, F. mitigation, fr. L. mitigatio.] The act of mitigating, or the state of being mitigated; abatement or diminution of anything painful, harsh, severe, afflictive, or calamitous; as the mitigation of pain, grief, rigor, severity, punishment, or penalty. Syn. — Alleviation; abatement; relief.

Mit´i•ga•tive , a. [L. mitigativus: cf. F. mitigatif.] Tending to mitigate; alleviating.

Mit´i•ga•tor , n. One who, or that which, mitigates.

Mit´i•ga•to•ry , a. Tending to mitigate or alleviate; mitigative.

Mit´ing , n. [From Mite.] A little one; — used as a term of endearment. [Obs.] Skelton.

Mi´tome , n. [Gr. a thread.] (Biol.) The denser part of the protoplasm of a cell.

Mi•to´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a thread.] (Biol.) See Karyokinesis.

Mi•traille´ , n. [F. See Mitrailleur.] Shot or bits of iron used sometimes in loading cannon.

Mi•tra•illeur´ , n. [F.] (Mil.) One who serves a mitrailleuse.

Mi•tra•illeuse´ , n. [F., fr. mitrailler to fire grapeshot, fr. mitraille old iron, grapeshot, dim. of OF. mite a mite.] (Mil.) A breech-loading machine gun consisting of a number of barrels fitted together, so arranged that the barrels can be fired simultaneously, or successively, and rapidly.

Mi´tral , a. [Cf. F. mitral. See Miter.] Pertaining to a miter; resembling a miter; as the mitral valve between the left auricle and left ventricle of the heart.

Mi´tre , n. & v. See Miter.

Mit´ri•form , a. [Miter + -form: cf. F. mitriforme.] Having the form of a miter, or a peaked cap; as a mitriform calyptra. Gray.

Mitt , n. [Abbrev. fr. mitten.] A mitten; also a covering for the wrist and hand and not for the fingers.

Mit´ten , n. [OE. mitaine, meteyn, F. mitaine, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. miotog, Gael. miotag, Ir. & Gael. mutan a muff, a thick glove. Cf. Mitt.] 1. A covering for the hand, worn to defend it from cold or injury. It differs from a glove in not having a separate sheath for each finger. Chaucer. 2. A cover for the wrist and forearm. To give the mitten to, to dismiss as a lover; to reject the suit of. [Colloq.] — To handle without mittens, to treat roughly; to handle without gloves. [Colloq.]

Mit´tened , a. Covered with a mitten or mittens. ´Mittened hands.´ Whittier.

Mit´tent , a. [L. mittens, p. pr. of mittere to send.] Sending forth; emitting. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Mit´ti•mus , n. [L., we send, fr. mittere to send.] (Law) (a) A precept or warrant granted by a justice for committing to prison a party charged with crime; a warrant of commitment to prison. Burrill. (b) A writ for removing records from one court to another. Brande & C.

Mit´tler’s green (Chem.) A pigment of a green color, the chief constituent of which is oxide of chromium.

Mit´ty , n. The stormy petrel. [Prov. Eng.]

Mi´tu (mi´tu), n. [Braz. mitu poranga.] (Zoöl.) A South American curassow of the genus Mitua.

Mit´y , a. [From Mite.] Having, or abounding with, mites.

Mix (miks), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mixed (mikst) (less properly Mixt); p. pr. & vb. n. Mixing.] [AS. miscan; akin to OHG. misken, G. mischen, Russ. mieshate, W. mysgu, Gael. measg, L. miscere, mixtum, Gr. mi•sgein, migny•nai, Skr. miçra mixed. The English word has been influenced by L. miscere, mixtum (cf. Mixture), and even the AS. miscan may have been borrowed fr. L. miscere. Cf. Admix, Mash to bruise, Meddle.] 1. To cause a promiscuous interpenetration of the parts of, as of two or more substances with each other, or of one substance with others; to unite or blend into one mass or compound, as by stirring together; to mingle; to blend; as to mix flour and salt; to mix wines. “Fair persuasions mixed with sugared words.” Shak. 2. To unite with in company; to join; to associate. “Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people.” Hos. vii. 8. 3. To form by mingling; to produce by the stirring together of ingredients; to compound of different parts. “Hast thou no poison mixed?” Shak. “I have chosen an argument mixed of religious and civil considerations.” Bacon.

Mix , v. i. 1. To become united into a compound; to be blended promiscuously together. 2. To associate; to mingle. “He had mixed
Again in fancied safety with his kind.” Byron.

Mix´a•ble , a. Capable of being mixed.

Mixed , a. Formed by mixing; united; mingled; blended. See Mix, v. t. & i. Mixed action (Law), a suit combining the properties of a real and a personal action. — Mixed angle, a mixtilineal angle. — Mixed fabric, a textile fabric composed of two or more kinds of fiber, as a poplin. — Mixed marriage, a marriage between persons of different races or religions; specifically, one between a Roman Catholic and a Protestant. — Mixed number, a whole number and a fraction taken together. — Mixed train, a railway train containing both passenger and freight cars. — Mixed voices (Mus.), voices of both males and females united in the same performance.

Mix´ed•ly , adv. In a mixed or mingled manner.

Mix´en , n. [AS. mixen, myxen, fr. meohx, meox, dung, filth; akin to E. mist. See Mist.] A compost heap; a dunghill. Chaucer. Tennyson.

Mix´er , n. One who, or that which, mixes.

Mix•og´a•mous , a. [Gr. a mixing + marriage.] (Zoöl.) Pairing with several males; — said of certain fishes of which several males accompany each female during spawning.

Mix•o•lyd´i•an mode [Gr. a mixing + E. Lydian.] (Mus.) The seventh ecclesiastical mode, whose scale commences on G. { Mix•ti•lin´e•al , Mix•ti•lin´e•ar } a. [L. mixtus mixed (p. p. of miscere to mix) + E. lineal, linear.] Containing, or consisting of, lines of different kinds, as straight, curved, and the like; as a mixtilinear angle, that is, an angle contained by a straight line and a curve. [R.]

Mix´tion , n. [L. mixtio, mistio: cf. F. mixtion. See Mistion, Mix.] 1. Mixture. [Obs.] 2. A kind of cement made of mastic, amber, etc., used as a mordant for gold leaf.

Mixt´ly , adv. With mixture; in a mixed manner; mixedly. Bacon.

Mix´ture , n. [L. mixtura, fr. miscere, mixtum, to mix: cf. F. mixture. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing, or the state of being mixed; as made by a mixture of ingredients. Hooker. 2. That which results from mixing different ingredients together; a compound; as to drink a mixture of molasses and water; — also a medley. “There is also a mixture of good and evil wisely distributed by God, to serve the ends of his providence.” Atterbury. 3. An ingredient entering into a mixed mass; an additional ingredient. “Cicero doubts whether it were possible for a community to exist that had not a prevailing mixture of piety in its constitution.” Addison. 4. (Med.) A kind of liquid medicine made up of many ingredients; esp., as opposed to solution, a liquid preparation in which the solid ingredients are not completely dissolved. 5. (Physics & Chem.) A mass of two or more ingredients, the particles of which are separable, independent, and uncompounded with each other, no matter how thoroughly and finely commingled; — contrasted with a compound; thus, gunpowder is a mechanical mixture of carbon, sulphur, and niter. 6. (Mus.) An organ stop, comprising from two to five ranges of pipes, used only in combination with the foundation and compound stops; — called also furniture stop. It consists of high harmonics, or overtones, of the ground tone. Syn. — Union; admixture; intermixture; medley.

Miz´maze , n. A maze or labyrinth. [Obs.]

Miz´zen , a. [It. mezzana, fr. mezzano middle, fr. mezzo middle, half: cf. F. misaine foresail. See Mezzo.] (Naut.) Hindmost; nearest the stern; as the mizzen shrouds, sails, etc.

Miz´zen, n. (Naut.) The hindmost of the fore and aft sails of a three-masted vessel; also the spanker.

Miz´zen•mast , n. (Naut.) The hindmost mast of a three-masted vessel, or of a yawl-rigged vessel.

Miz´zle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mizzled p. pr. & vb. n. Mizzling ] [See Misle, and cf. Mistle.] 1. To rain in very fine drops. Spenser. 2. To take one’s self off; to go. [Slang] “As long as George the Fourth could reign, he reigned,
And then he mizzled.” Epigram, quoted by Wright.

Miz´zle, n. Mist; fine rain.

Miz´zy , n. [Cf. F. moisi moldy, musty, p. p. of moisir to mold, fr. L. mucere to be moldy.] A bog or quagmire. [Obs.] Ainsworth. { Mne•mon´ic (ne•mon´ik), Mne•mon´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Gr. mnhmoniko•s, fr. mnh•mwn mindful, remembering, mnh•mh memory, mna^sqai to think on, remember; akin to E. mind.] Assisting in memory.

Mne•mo•ni´cian , n. One who instructs in the art of improving or using the memory.

Mne•mon´ics , n. [Gr. ta~ mnhmonika•: cf. F. mnemonique.] The art of memory; a system of precepts and rules intended to assist the memory; artificial memory.

Mne•mos´y•ne , n. [L., fr. Gr. mnhmosy•nh remembrance, memory, and the goddess of memory. See Mnemonic.] (Class Myth.) The goddess of memory and the mother of the Muses.

Mne´mo•tech•ny , n. [Gr. memory + art: cf. F. mnemotechnie.] Mnemonics.

Mo , a., adv., & n. [Written also moe.] [AS. ma. See More.] More; — usually, more in number. [Obs.] “An hundred thousand mo.” Chaucer. “Likely to find mo to commend than to imitate it.” Fuller.

-mo A suffix added to the names of certain numerals or to the numerals themselves, to indicate the number of leaves made by folding a sheet of paper; as sixteenmo or 16mo; eighteenmo or 18mo. It is taken from the Latin forms similarly used; as duodecimo, sextodecimo, etc. A small circle, placed after the number and near its top, is often used for -mo; as 16°, 18°, etc.

Mo´a (mo´a), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several very large extinct species of wingless birds belonging to Dinornis, and other related genera, of the suborder Dinornithes, found in New Zealand. They are allied to the apteryx and the ostrich. They were probably exterminated by the natives before New Zealand was discovered by Europeans. Some species were much larger than the ostrich.

Mo´ab•ite , n. One of the posterity of Moab, the son of Lot. (Gen. xix. 37.) Also used adjectively.

Mo´ab•i•tess , n. A female Moabite. Ruth i. 22.

Mo´ab•i•tish , a. Moabite. Ruth ii. 6.

Moan (mon), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moaned (mond); p. pr. & vb. n. Moaning.] [AS. maenan to moan, also to mean; but in the latter sense perh. a different word. Cf. Mean to intend.] 1. To make a low prolonged sound of grief or pain, whether articulate or not; to groan softly and continuously. “Unpitied and unheard, where misery moans.” Thomson. “Let there bechance him pitiful mischances,
To make him moan.” Shak. 2. To emit a sound like moan; — said of things inanimate; as the wind moans.

Moan, v. t. 1. To bewail audibly; to lament. “Ye floods, ye woods, ye echoes, moan
My dear Columbo, dead and gone.” Prior. 2. To afflict; to distress. [Obs.] “Which infinitely moans me.” Beau. & Fl.

Moan, n. [OE. mone. See Moan, v. i.] 1. A low prolonged sound, articulate or not, indicative of pain or of grief; a low groan. “Sullen moans, hollow groans.” Pope. 2. A low mournful or murmuring sound; — of things. “Rippling waters made a pleasant moan.” Byron.

Moan´ful , a. Full of moaning; expressing sorrow. — Moan´ful•ly, adv.

Moat , n. [OF. mote hill, dike, bank, F. motte clod, turf: cf. Sp. & Pg. mota bank or mound of earth, It. motta clod, LL. mota, motta, a hill on which a fort is built, an eminence, a dike, Prov. G. mott bog earth heaped up; or perh. F. motte, and OF. mote, are from a LL. p. p. of L. movere to move (see Move). The name of moat, properly meaning, bank or mound, was transferred to the ditch adjoining: cf. F. dike and ditch.] (Fort.) A deep trench around the rampart of a castle or other fortified place, sometimes filled with water; a ditch.

Moat, v. t. To surround with a moat. Dryden.

Moate , v. i. [See Mute to molt.] To void the excrement, as a bird; to mute. [Obs.]

Mob , n. [See Mobcap.] A mobcap. Goldsmith.

Mob, v. t. To wrap up in, or cover with, a cowl. [R.]

Mob, n. [L. mobile vulgus, the movable common people. See Mobile, n.] 1. The lower classes of a community; the populace, or the lowest part of it. “A cluster of mob were making themselves merry with their betters.” Addison. 2. Hence: A throng; a rabble; esp., an unlawful or riotous assembly; a disorderly crowd. “The mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease.” Pope. “Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob.” Madison. “Confused by brainless mobs.” Tennyson. Mob law, law administered by the mob; lynch law. — Swell mob, well dressed thieves and swindlers, regarded collectively. [Slang] Dickens.

Mob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Mobbing.] To crowd about, as a mob, and attack or annoy; as to mob a house or a person.

Mob´bish , a. Like a mob; tumultuous; lawless; as a mobbish act. Bp. Kent.

Mob´cap , n. [D. mop-muts; OD. mop a woman’s coif + D. muts cap.] A plain cap or headdress for women or girls; especially, one tying under the chin by a very broad band, generally of the same material as the cap itself. Thackeray.

Mo´bile , a. [L. mobilis, for movibilis, fr. movere to move: cf. F. mobile. See Move.] 1. Capable of being moved; not fixed in place or condition; movable. ´Fixed or else mobile.´ Skelton. 2. Characterized by an extreme degree of fluidity; moving or flowing with great freedom; as benzine and mercury are mobile liquids; — opposed to viscous, viscoidal, or oily. 3. Easily moved in feeling, purpose, or direction; excitable; changeable; fickle. Testament of Love. “The quick and mobile curiosity of her disposition.” Hawthorne. 4. Changing in appearance and expression under the influence of the mind; as mobile features. 5. (Physiol.) Capable of being moved, aroused, or excited; capable of spontaneous movement.

Mo´bile (mo´bil; L. mob´i•le), n. [L. mobile vulgus. See Mobile, a., and cf. 3d Mob.] The mob; the populace. [Obs.] ´The unthinking mobile.´ South.

Mo•bil´i•ty (mo•bil´i•ty), n. [L. mobilitas: cf. F. mobilite.] 1. The quality or state of being mobile; as the mobility of a liquid, of an army, of the populace, of features, of a muscle. Sir T. Browne. 2. The mob; the lower classes. [Humorous] Dryden.

Mob•i•li•za´tion , n. [F. mobilization.] The act of mobilizing.

Mob´i•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobilized p. pr. & vb. n. Mobilizing ] [F. mobiliser.] To put in a state of readiness for active service in war, as an army corps.

Mo´ble , v. t. [From Mob to wrap up.] To wrap the head of in a hood. [Obs.] Shak.

Mo´bles , n. pl. See Moebles. [Obs.]

Mob•oc´ra•cy , n. [Mob rabble + -cracy, as in democracy.] A condition in which the lower classes of a nation control public affairs without respect to law, precedents, or vested rights. “It is good name that Dr. Stevens has given to our present situation (for one can not call it a government), a mobocracy.” Walpole.

Mob´o•crat , n. One who favors a form of government in which the unintelligent populace rules without restraint. Bayne.

Mob•o•crat´ic , a. Of, or relating to, a mobocracy.

Moc´ca•sin , n. [An Indian word. Algonquin makisin.] [Sometimes written moccason.] 1. A shoe made of deerskin, or other soft leather, the sole and upper part being one piece. It is the customary shoe worn by the American Indians. 2. (Zoöl.) A poisonous snake of the Southern United States. The water moccasin (Ancistrodon piscivorus) is usually found in or near water. Above, it is olive brown, barred with black; beneath, it is brownish yellow, mottled with darker. The upland moccasin is Ancistrodon atrofuscus. They resemble rattlesnakes, but are without rattles. Moccasin flower (Bot.), a species of lady’s slipper (Cypripedium acaule) found in North America. The lower petal is two inches long, and forms a rose-colored moccasin-shaped pouch. It grows in rich woods under coniferous trees.

Moc´ca•sined , a. Covered with, or wearing, a moccasin or moccasins. ´Moccasined feet.´ Harper’s Mag.

Mo´cha , n. 1. A seaport town of Arabia, on the Red Sea. 2. A variety of coffee brought from Mocha. 3. An Abyssinian weight, equivalent to a Troy grain. Mocha stone (Min.), moss agate.

Moche , n. [F.] A bale of raw silk.

Moche , a. Much. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moch´el , a. & adv. Much. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mo•chi´la , n. [Sp.] A large leather flap which covers the saddletree. [Western U.S.]

Mock , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mocked p. pr. & vb. n. Mocking.] [F. moquer, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. mocken to mumble, G. mucken, OSw. mucka.] 1. To imitate; to mimic; esp., to mimic in sport, contempt, or derision; to deride by mimicry. “To see the life as lively mocked as ever
Still sleep mocked death.” Shak. “Mocking marriage with a dame of France.” Shak. 2. To treat with scorn or contempt; to deride. “Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud.” 1 Kings xviii. 27. “Let not ambition mock their useful toil.” Gray. 3. To disappoint the hopes of; to deceive; to tantalize; as to mock expectation. “Thou hast mocked me, and told me lies.” Judg. xvi. 13. “He will not …
Mock us with his blest sight, then snatch him hence.” Milton. Syn. — To deride; ridicule; taunt; jeer; tantalize; disappoint. See Deride.

Mock, v. i. To make sport in contempt or in jest; to speak in a scornful or jeering manner. “When thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed?” Job xi. 3. “She had mocked at his proposal.” Froude.

Mock, n. 1. An act of ridicule or derision; a scornful or contemptuous act or speech; a sneer; a jibe; a jeer. “Fools make a mock at sin.” Prov. xiv. 9. 2. Imitation; mimicry. [R.] Crashaw.

Mock, a. Imitating reality, but not real; false; counterfeit; assumed; sham. “That superior greatness and mock majesty.” Spectator. Mock bishop’s weed (Bot.), a genus of slender umbelliferous herbs (Discopleura) growing in wet places. — Mock heroic, burlesquing the heroic; as a mock heroic poem. — Mock lead. See Blende (a). — Mock nightingale (Zoöl.), the European blackcap. — Mock orange (Bot.), a genus of American and Asiatic shrubs (Philadelphus), with showy white flowers in panicled cymes. P. coronarius, from Asia, has fragrant flowers; the American kinds are nearly scentless. — Mock sun. See Parhelion. — Mock turtle soup, a soup made of calf’s head, veal, or other meat, and condiments, in imitation of green turtle soup. — Mock velvet, a fabric made in imitation of velvet. See Mockado.

Mock´a•ble , a. Such as can be mocked. Shak.

Mock´a•do , n. A stuff made in imitation of velvet; — probably the same as mock velvet. [Obs.] “Our rich mockado doublet.” Ford.

Mock´a•dour , n. See Mokadour. [Obs.]

Mock´age , n. Mockery. [Obs.] Fuller.

Mock´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The European sedge warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis).

Mock´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, mocks; a scorner; a scoffer; a derider. 2. A deceiver; an impostor. 3. (Zoöl.) A mocking bird. Mocker nut (Bot.), a kind of hickory (Carya tomentosa) and its fruit, which is far inferior to the true shagbark hickory nut.

Mock´er•y , n.; pl. Mockeries (#). [F. moquerie.] 1. The act of mocking, deriding, and exposing to contempt, by mimicry, by insincere imitation, or by a false show of earnestness; a counterfeit appearance. “It is, as the air, invulnerable,
And our vain blows malicious mockery.” Shak. “Grace at meals is now generally so performed as to look more like a mockery upon devotion than any solemn application of the mind to God.” Law. “And bear about the mockery of woe.” Pope. 2. Insulting or contemptuous action or speech; contemptuous merriment; derision; ridicule. “The laughingstock of fortune’s mockeries.” Spenser. 3. Subject of laughter, derision, or sport. “The cruel handling of the city whereof they made a mockery.” 2 Macc. viii. 17.

Mock´ing, a. Imitating, esp. in derision, or so as to cause derision; mimicking; derisive. Mocking bird (Zoöl.), a North American singing bird (Mimus polyglottos), remarkable for its exact imitations of the notes of other birds. Its back is gray; the tail and wings are blackish, with a white patch on each wing; the outer tail feathers are partly white. The name is also applied to other species of the same genus, found in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. — Mocking thrush (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Harporhynchus, as the brown thrush (H. rufus). — Mocking wren (Zoöl.), any American wren of the genus Thryothorus, esp. T. Ludovicianus.

Mock´ing•ly, adv. By way of derision; in a contemptuous or mocking manner.

Mock´ing•stock , n. A butt of sport; an object of derision. [R.]

Mock´ish, a. Mock; counterfeit; sham. [Obs.]

Moc´kle , a. See Mickle.

Mo´co , n. (Zoöl.) A South American rodent (Cavia rupestris), allied to the Guinea pig, but larger; — called also rock cavy.

Mo´dal , a. [Cf. F. modal. See Mode.] 1. Of or pertaining to a mode or mood; consisting in mode or form only; relating to form; having the form without the essence or reality. Glanvill. 2. (Logic & Metaph.) Indicating, or pertaining to, some mode of conceiving existence, or of expressing thought.

Mo´dal•ist, n. (Theol.) One who regards Father, Son, and Spirit as modes of being, and not as persons, thus denying personal distinction in the Trinity. Eadie.

Mo•dal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. modalite.] 1. The quality or state of being modal. 2. (Logic & Metaph.) A modal relation or quality; a mode or point of view under which an object presents itself to the mind. According to Kant, the quality of propositions, as assertory, problematical, or apodeictic.

Mo´dal•ly , adv. In a modal manner. “A compound proposition, the parts of which are united modally … by the particles ´as´ and ´so.´” Gibbs.

Mode , n. [L. modus a measure, due or proper measure, bound, manner, form; akin to E. mete: cf. F. mode. See Mete, and cf. Commodious, Mood in grammar, Modus.] 1. Manner of doing or being; method; form; fashion; custom; way; style; as the mode of speaking; the mode of dressing. “The duty of itself being resolved on, the mode of doing it may easily be found.” Jer. Taylor. “A table richly spread in regal mode.” Milton. 2. Prevailing popular custom; fashion, especially in the phrase the mode. “The easy, apathetic graces of a man of the mode.” Macaulay. 3. Variety; gradation; degree. Pope. 4. (Metaph.) Any combination of qualities or relations, considered apart from the substance to which they belong, and treated as entities; more generally, condition, or state of being; manner or form of arrangement or manifestation; form, as opposed to matter. “Modes I call such complex ideas which, however compounded, contain not in them the supposition of subsisting by themselves, but are considered as dependencies on, or affections of, substances.” Locke. 5. (Logic) The form in which the proposition connects the predicate and subject, whether by simple, contingent, or necessary assertion; the form of the syllogism, as determined by the quantity and quality of the constituent proposition; mood. 6. (Gram.) Same as Mood. 7. (Mus.) The scale as affected by the various positions in it of the minor intervals; as the Dorian mode, the Ionic mode, etc., of ancient Greek music. In modern music, only the major and the minor mode, of whatever key, are recognized. 8. A kind of silk. See Alamode, n. Syn. — Method; manner. See Method.

Mod´el , n. [F. modèle, It. modello, fr. (assumed) L. modellus, fr. modulus a small measure, dim. of modus. See Mode, and cf. Module.] 1. A miniature representation of a thing, with the several parts in due proportion; sometimes, a facsimile of the same size. “In charts, in maps, and eke in models made.” Gascoigne. “I had my father’s signet in my purse,
Which was the model of that Danish seal.” Shak. “You have the models of several ancient temples, though the temples and the gods are perished.” Addison. 2. Something intended to serve, or that may serve, as a pattern of something to be made; a material representation or embodiment of an ideal; sometimes, a drawing; a plan; as the clay model of a sculpture; the inventor’s model of a machine. “[The application for a patent] must be accompanied by a full description of the invention, with drawings and a model where the case admits of it.” Am. Cyc. “When we mean to build
We first survey the plot, then draw the model.” Shak. 3. Anything which serves, or may serve, as an example for imitation; as a government formed on the model of the American constitution; a model of eloquence, virtue, or behavior. 4. That by which a thing is to be measured; standard. “He that despairs measures Providence by his own little, contracted model.” South. 5. Any copy, or resemblance, more or less exact. “Thou seest thy wretched brother die,
Who was the model of thy father’s life.” Shak. 6. A person who poses as a pattern to an artist. “A professional model.” H. James. Working model, a model of a machine which can do on a small scale the work which the machine itself does, or is expected to do.

Mod´el , a. Suitable to be taken as a model or pattern; as a model house; a model husband.

Mod´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modeled or Modelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Modeling or Modelling.] [Cf. F. modeler, It. modellare.] To plan or form after a pattern; to form in model; to form a model or pattern for; to shape; to mold; to fashion; as to model a house or a government; to model an edifice according to the plan delineated.

Mod´el, v. i. (Fine Arts) To make a copy or a pattern; to design or imitate forms; as to model in wax.

Mod´el•er , n. One who models; hence, a worker in plastic art. [Written also modeller.]

Mod´el•ing, n. (Fine Arts) The act or art of making a model from which a work of art is to be executed; the formation of a work of art from some plastic material. also in painting, drawing, etc., the expression or indication of solid form. [Written also modelling.] Modeling plane, a small plane for planing rounded objects. — Modeling wax, beeswax melted with a little Venice turpentine, or other resinous material, and tinted with coloring matter, usually red, — used in modeling.

Mod´el•ize , v. t. To model. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mod´e•na , n. [From Modena, in Italy.] A certain crimsonlike color. Good.

Mod•e•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Modena or its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Modena; the people of Modena.

Mo´der , n. [OE. See Mother female parent.] 1. A mother. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The principal piece of an astrolabe, into which the others are fixed. [Obs.]

Mod´er , v. t. To moderate. [Obs.]

Mod´er•a•ble , a. [L. moderabilis.] Moderate; temperate. [Obs.]

Mod´er•ance , n. Moderation. [Obs.] Caxton.

Mod´er•ate , a. [L. moderatus, p. p. of moderate, moderati, to moderate, regulate, control, fr. modus measure. See Mode.] Kept within due bounds; observing reasonable limits; not excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous; limited; restrained; as: (a) Limited in quantity; sparing; temperate; frugal; as moderate in eating or drinking; a moderate table. (b) Limited in degree of activity, energy, or excitement; reasonable; calm; slow; as moderate language; moderate endeavors. (c) Not extreme in opinion, in partisanship, and the like; as a moderate Calvinist. “A number of moderate members managed … to obtain a majority in a thin house.” Swift. (d) Not violent or rigorous; temperate; mild; gentle; as a moderate winter. ´Moderate showers.´ Walter. (e) Limited as to degree of progress; as to travel at moderate speed. (f) Limited as to the degree in which a quality, principle, or faculty appears; as an infusion of moderate strength; a man of moderate abilities. (g) Limited in scope or effects; as a reformation of a moderate kind. Hooker.

Mod´er•ate, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a party in the Church of Scotland in the 18th century, and part of the 19th, professing moderation in matters of church government, in discipline, and in doctrine.

Mod´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moderated p. pr. & vb. n. Moderating.] 1. To restrain from excess of any kind; to reduce from a state of violence, intensity, or excess; to keep within bounds; to make temperate; to lessen; to allay; to repress; to temper; to qualify; as to moderate rage, action, desires, etc.; to moderate heat or wind. “By its astringent quality, it moderates the relaxing quality of warm water.” Arbuthnot. “To moderate stiff minds disposed to strive.” Spenser. 2. To preside over, direct, or regulate, as a public meeting; as to moderate a synod.

Mod´er•ate, v. i. 1. To become less violent, severe, rigorous, or intense; as the wind has moderated. 2. To preside as a moderator. “Dr. Barlow [was] engaged … to moderate for him in the divinity disputation.” Bp. Barlow’s Remains (1693).

Mod´er•ate•ly , adv. In a moderate manner or degree; to a moderate extent. “Each nymph but moderately fair.” Waller.

Mod´er•ate•ness, n. The quality or state of being moderate; temperateness; moderation.

Mod•er•a´tion , n. [L. moderatio: cf. F. moderation.] 1. The act of moderating, or of imposing due restraint. 2. The state or quality of being mmoderate. “In moderation placing all my glory,
While Tories call me Whig, and Whigs a Tory.” Pope. 3. Calmness of mind; equanimity; as to bear adversity with moderation. “The calm and judicious moderation of Orange.” Motley. 4. pl. The first public examinations for degrees at the University of Oxford; — usually contracted to mods.

Mod´er•a•tism (mod´er•a•tiz’m), n. Moderation in doctrines or opinion, especially in politics or religion.

Mod•e•ra´to , a. & adv. [It. See Moderate.] (Mus.) With a moderate degree of quickness; moderately. Allegro moderato, a little slower than allegro. — Andante moderato, a little faster than andante.

Mod´er•a•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. moderateur.] 1. One who, or that which, moderates, restrains, or pacifies. Sir W. Raleigh. “Angling was … a moderator of passions.” Walton. 2. The officer who presides over an assembly to preserve order, propose questions, regulate the proceedings, and declare the votes. 3. In the University of Oxford, an examiner for moderations; at Cambridge, the superintendant of examinations for degrees; at Dublin, either the first (senior) or second (junior) in rank in an examination for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 4. A mechanical arrangement for regulating motion in a machine, or producing equality of effect.

Mod´er•a•tor•ship, n. The office of a moderator.

Mod´er•a•tress , n. A female moderator. Fuller.

Mod´er•a•trix , n. [L.] A female moderator.

Mod´ern , a. [F. moderne, L. modernus; akin to modo just now, orig. abl. of modus measure; hence, by measure, just now. See Mode.] 1. Of or pertaining to the present time, or time not long past; late; not ancient or remote in past time; of recent period; as modern days, ages, or time; modern authors; modern fashions; modern taste; modern practice. Bacon. 2. New and common; trite; commonplace. [Obs.] “We have our philosophical persons, to make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless.” Shak. Modern English. See the Note under English.

Mod´ern, n. A person of modern times; — opposed to ancient. Pope.

Mod´ern•ism , n. Modern practice; a thing of recent date; esp., a modern usage or mode of expression.

Mod´ern•ist, n. [Cf. F. moderniste.] One who admires the moderns, or their ways and fashions.

Mo•der´ni•ty , n. Modernness; something modern. Walpole.

Mod•ern•i•za´tion , n. The act of rendering modern in style; the act or process of causing to conform to modern of thinking or acting.

Mod´ern•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modernized p. pr. & vb. n. Modernizing ] [Cf. F. moderniser.] To render modern; to adapt to modern person or things; to cause to conform to recent or present usage or taste. Percy.

Mod´ern•i•zer , n. One who modernizes.

Mod´ern•ly, adv. In modern times. Milton.

Mod´ern•ness, n. The quality or state of being modern; recentness; novelty. M. Arnold.

Mod´est , a. [F. modeste, L. modestus, fr. modus measure. See Mode.] 1. Restraining within due limits of propriety; not forward, bold, boastful, or presumptious; rather retiring than pushing one’s self forward; not obstructive; as a modest youth; a modest man. 2. Observing the proprieties of the sex; not unwomanly in act or bearing; free from undue familiarity, indecency, or lewdness; decent in speech and demeanor; — said of a woman. “Mrs. Ford, the honest woman, the modest wife.” Shak. “The blushing beauties of a modest maid.” Dryden. 3. Evincing modestly in the actor, author, or speaker; not showing presumption; not excessive or extreme; moderate; as a modest request; modest joy. Syn. — Reserved; unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; coy; shy; decent; becoming; chaste; virtuous.

Mod´est•ly, adv. In a modest manner.

Mod´es•ty , n. [L. modestia: cf. F. modestie. See Modest.] 1. The quality or state of being modest; that lowly temper which accompanies a moderate estimate of one’s own worth and importance; absence of self-assertion, arrogance, and presumption; humility respecting one’s own merit. 2. Natural delicacy or shame regarding personal charms and the sexual relation; purity of thought and manners; due regard for propriety in speech or action. “Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty.” Shak. Modesty piece, a narrow piece of lace worn by women over the bosom. [Obs.] Addison. Syn. — Bashfulness; humility; diffidence; shyness. See Bashfulness, and Humility.

Mo•dic´i•ty , n. [LL. modicitas; cf. F. modicite.] Moderateness; smallness; meanness. [Obs.]

Mod´i•cum , n. [L., fr. modicus moderate, fr. modus. See Mode.] A little; a small quantity; a measured supply. ´Modicums of wit.´ Shak. “Her usual modicum of beer and punch.” Thackeray.

Mod•i•fi•a•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being modified; state or quality of being modifiable.

Mod´i•fi•a•ble , a. [From Modify.] Capable of being modified; liable to modification.

Mo•dif´i•ca•ble , a. Modifiable. [Obs.]

Mod´i•fi•cate , v. t. [See Modify.] To qualify. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Mod•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. modificatio a measuring: cf. F. modification. See Modify.] The act of modifying, or the state of being modified; a modified form or condition; state as modified; a change; as the modification of an opinion, or of a machine; the various modifications of light. Bentley.

Mod´i•fi•ca•tive , n. That which modifies or qualifies, as a word or clause.

Mod´i•fi•ca•to•ry , a. Tending or serving to modify; modifying. Max Müller.

Mod´i•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, modifies. Hume.

Mod´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modified p. pr. & vb. n. Modifying ] [F. modifier, L. modificare, modificari; modus limit + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Mode, and -fy.] 1. To change somewhat the form or qualities of; to alter somewhat; as to modify a contrivance adapted to some mechanical purpose; to modify the terms of a contract. 2. To limit or reduce in extent or degree; to moderate; to qualify; to lower. “Of his grace
He modifies his first severe decree.” Dryden.

Mo•dil´lion , n. [F. modillon, It. modiglione. Cf. Module, n.] (Arch.) The enriched block or horizontal bracket generally found under the cornice of the Corinthian and Composite entablature, and sometimes, less ornamented, in the Ionic and other orders; — so called because of its arrangement at regulated distances.

Mo•di´o•lar , a. [L. modiolus, dim. of modius the Roman corn measure.] Shaped like a bushel measure.

Mo•di´o•lus , n.; pl. Modioli (#). [L., a small measure.] (Anat.) The central column in the osseous cochlea of the ear.

Mod´ish , a. According to the mode, or customary manner; conformed to the fashion; fashionable; hence, conventional; as a modish dress; a modish feast. Dryden. ´Modish forms of address.´ Barrow. — Mod´ish•ly, adv. — Mod´ish•ness, n.

Mod´ist , n. One who follows the fashion.

Mo•diste´ , n. [F. See Mode, and cf. Modist.] A female maker of, or dealer in, articles of fashion, especially of the fashionable dress of ladies; a woman who gives direction to the style or mode of dress.

Mo´di•us , n.; pl. Modii (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A dry measure, containing about a peck.

Mo´docs , n. pl.; sing. Modoc . (Ethnol.) A tribe of warlike Indians formerly inhabiting Northern California. They are nearly extinct.

Mod´u•lar , a. Of or pertaining to mode, modulation, module, or modius; as modular arrangement; modular accent; modular measure.

Mod´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modulated p. pr. & vb. n. Modulating ] [L. modulatus, p. p. of modulari to measure, to modulate, fr. modulus a small measure, meter, melody, dim. of modus. See Mode.] 1. To form, as sound, to a certain key, or to a certain portion. 2. To vary or inflect in a natural, customary, or musical manner; as the organs of speech modulate the voice in reading or speaking. “Could any person so modulate her voice as to deceive so many?” Broome.

Mod´u•late, v. i. (Mus.) To pass from one key into another.

Mod•u•la´tion , n. [L. modulatio: cf. F. modulation.] 1. The act of modulating, or the state of being modulated; as the modulation of the voice. 2. Sound modulated; melody. [R.] Thomson. 3. (Mus.) A change of key, whether transient, or until the music becomes established in the new key; a shifting of the tonality of a piece, so that the harmonies all center upon a new keynote or tonic; the art of transition out of the original key into one nearly related, and so on, it may be, by successive changes, into a key quite remote. There are also sudden and unprepared modulations.

Mod´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, modulates. Denham.

Mod´ule , n. [F., fr. L. modulus a small measure, dim. of modus. See Mode, and cf. Model, Modulus, Mold a matrix.] 1. A model or measure. 2. (Arch.) The size of some one part, as the diameter of semi-diameter of the base of a shaft, taken as a unit of measure by which the proportions of the other parts of the composition are regulated. Generally, for columns, the semi-diameter is taken, and divided into a certain number of parts, called minutes (see Minute), though often the diameter is taken, and any dimension is said to be so many modules and minutes in height, breadth, or projection.

Mod´ule, v. t. [See module, n., Modulate.] To model; also to modulate. [Obs.] Sandys. Drayton.

Mod´u•lus , n.; pl. Moduli (#). [L., a small measure. See Module, n.] (Math., Mech., & Physics) A quantity or coefficient, or constant, which expresses the measure of some specified force, property, or quality, as of elasticity, strength, efficiency, etc.; a parameter. Modulus of a machine, a formula expressing the work which a given machine can perform under the conditions involved in its construction; the relation between the work done upon a machine by the moving power, and that yielded at the working points, either constantly, if its motion be uniform, or in the interval of time which it occupies in passing from any given velocity to the same velocity again, if its motion be variable; — called also the efficiency of the machine. Mosley. Rankine. — Modulus of a system of logarithms (Math.), a number by which all the Napierian logarithms must be multiplied to obtain the logarithms in another system. — Modulus of elasticity. (a) The measure of the elastic force of any substance, expressed by the ratio of a stress on a given unit of the substance to the accompanying distortion, or strain. (b) An expression of the force (usually in terms of the height in feet or weight in pounds of a column of the same body) which would be necessary to elongate a prismatic body of a transverse section equal to a given unit, as a square inch or foot, to double, or to compress it to half, its original length, were that degree of elongation or compression possible, or within the limits of elasticity; — called also Young’s modulus. — Modulus of rupture, the measure of the force necessary to break a given substance across, as a beam, expressed by eighteen times the load which is required to break a bar of one inch square, supported flatwise at two points one foot apart, and loaded in the middle between the points of support. Rankine.

Mo´dus , n.; pl. Modi (#). [L. See Mode.] (Old Law) 1. The arrangement of, or mode of expressing, the terms of a contract or conveyance. 2. (Law) A qualification involving the idea of variation or departure from some general rule or form, in the way of either restriction or enlargement, according to the circumstances of the case, as in the will of a donor, an agreement between parties, and the like. Bracton. 3. (Law) A fixed compensation or equivalent given instead of payment of tithes in kind, expressed in full by the phrase modus decimandi. Blackstone. “They, from time immemorial, had paid a modus, or composition.” Landor. Modus operandi [L.], manner of operating.

Mod´y , a. [From Mode.] Fashionable. [R.]

Moe , n. A wry face or mouth; a mow. [Obs.]

Moe, v. i. To make faces; to mow. [Obs.]

Moe, a., adv., & n. [AS. ma See More.] More. See Mo. [Obs.] ´Sing no more ditties, sing no moe.´ Shak.

Moe´bles , n. pl. [OE., fr. OF. moeble, mueble, movable, from L. mobilis.] Movables; furniture; — also used in the singular (moeble). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mo´el•line , n. [F. moelle, fr. L. medulla marrow.] An unguent for the hair.

Mo´el•lon , n. [F.] Rubble masonry.

Mœ•so•goth´ic , a. Belonging to the Mœsogoths, a branch of the Goths who settled in Mœsia.

Mœ•so•goth´ic, n. The language of the Mœsogoths; — also called Gothic.

Moeve , v. t. & i. To move. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moff , n. A thin silk stuff made in Caucasia.

Mog´gan , n. A closely fitting knit sleeve; also a legging of knitted material. [Scot.]

Mo•gul´ , n. [From the Mongolian.] 1. A person of the Mongolian race. 2. (Railroad) A heavy locomotive for freight traffic, having three pairs of connected driving wheels and a two-wheeled truck. Great, or Grand, Mogul, the sovereign of the empire founded in Hindostan by the Mongols under Baber in the sixteenth century. Hence, a very important personage; a lord; — sometimes only mogul. Dryden.

Mo´ha , n. (Bot.) A kind of millet (Setaria Italica); German millet.

Mo´hair , n. [F. moire, perh. from Ar. mukhayyar a kind of coarse camelot or haircloth; but prob. fr. L. marmoreus of marble, resembling marble. Cf. Moire, Marble.] The long silky hair or wool of the Angora goat of Asia Minor; also a fabric made from this material, or an imitation of such fabric.

Mo•ham´med•an , a. [From Mohammed, fr. Ar. muhámmad praiseworthy, highly praised.] Of or pertaining to Mohammed, or the religion and institutions founded by Mohammed. [Written also Mahometan, Mahomedan, Muhammadan, etc.]

Mo•ham´med•an, n. A follower of Mohammed, the founder of Islamism; one who professes Mohammedanism or Islamism. { Mo•ham´med•an•ism , Mo•ham´med•ism } , n. The religion, or doctrines and precepts, of Mohammed, contained in the Koran; Islamism. { Mo•ham´med•an•ize , Mo•ham´med•ize } , v. t. To make conformable to the principles, or customs and rites, of Mohammedanism. [Written also Mahometanize.]

Mo´hawk , n. 1. (Ethnol.) One of a tribe of Indians who formed part of the Five Nations. They formerly inhabited the valley of the Mohawk River. 2. One of certain ruffians who infested the streets of London in the time of Addison, and took the name from the Mohawk Indians. [Slang] Spectator. Macaulay.

Mo•hi´cans , n. pl.; sing. Mohican . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Lenni-Lenape Indians who formerly inhabited Western Connecticut and Eastern New York. [Written also Mohegans.]

Mo´ho , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A gallinule (Notornis Mantelli) formerly inhabiting New Zealand, but now supposed to be extinct. It was incapable of flight. See Notornis.

Mo´hock , n. See Mohawk.

Mo•ho´li , n. (Zoöl.) See Maholi.

Mohr , n. (Zoöl.) A West African gazelle (Gazella mohr), having horns on which are eleven or twelve very prominent rings. It is one of the species which produce bezoar. [Written also mhorr.]

Mo´hur , n. [Hind., fr. Per. muhur, muhr, a gold coin, a seal, seal ring.] A British Indian gold coin, of the value of fifteen silver rupees, or $7.21. Malcom. { Mo•hur´rum , Mu•har´ram }, n. [Ar. muharram, prop., sacred, forbidden, n., the first month of the Mohammedan lunar year.] 1. The first month of the Mohammedan year. Whitworth. 2. A festival of the Shiah sect of the Mohammedans held during the first ten days of the month Mohurrum.

Moi´der , v. i. To toil. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Moi´dore , n. [Pg. moeda d’ouro, lit., coin of gold. Cf. Money, and Aureate.] A gold coin of Portugal, valued at about 27s. sterling.

Moi´e•ty (moi´e•ty), n.; pl. Moieties (-tiz). [F. moitie, L. medietas, fr. medius middle, half. See Mid, a., and cf. Mediate, Mediety.] 1. One of two equal parts; a half; as a moiety of an estate, of goods, or of profits; the moiety of a jury, or of a nation. Shak. “The more beautiful moiety of his majesty’s subject.” Addison. 2. An indefinite part; a small part. Shak.

Moil , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moiled p. pr. & vb. n. Moiling.] [OE. moillen to wet, OF. moillier, muillier, F. mouller, fr. (assumed) LL. molliare, fr. L. mollis soft. See Mollify.] To daub; to make dirty; to soil; to defile. “Thou … doest thy mind in dirty pleasures moil.” Spenser.

Moil, v. i. [From Moil to daub; prob. from the idea of struggling through the wet.] To soil one’s self with severe labor; to work with painful effort; to labor; to toil; to drudge. “Moil not too much under ground.” Bacon. “Now he must moil and drudge for one he loathes.” Dryden.

Moil, n. A spot; a defilement. “The moil of death upon them.” Mrs. Browning.

Moile , n. [F. mule a slipper.] A kind of high shoe anciently worn. [Written also moyle.]

Moi´neau , n. [F.] (Fort.) A small flat bastion, raised in the middle of an overlong curtain.

Moi´ra (moi´ra), n. [NL., fr. Gr. Moi^ra.] (Greek Myth.) The deity who assigns to every man his lot.

Moire , n. [F. Cf. Mohair.] 1. Originally, a fine textile fabric made of the hair of an Asiatic goat; afterwards, any textile fabric to which a watered appearance is given in the process of calendering. 2. A watered, clouded, or frosted appearance produced upon either textile fabrics or metallic surfaces. Moire antique, a superior kind of thick moire.

Moi•re´ me•tal•lique´ [F.] A crystalline or frosted appearance produced by some acids on tin plate; also the tin plate thus treated.

Moist , a. [OE. moiste, OF. moiste, F. moite, fr. L. muccidus, for mucidus, moldy, musty. Cf. Mucus, Mucid.] 1. Moderately wet; damp; humid; not dry; as a moist atmosphere or air. ´Moist eyes.´ Shak. 2. Fresh, or new. [Obs.] ´Shoes full moist and new.´ ´A draught of moist and corny ale.´ Chaucer.

Moist, v. t. To moisten. [Obs.] Shak.

Mois´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moistened p. pr. & vb. n. Moistening.] 1. To make damp; to wet in a small degree. “A pipe a little moistened on the inside.” Bacon. 2. To soften by making moist; to make tender. “It moistened not his executioner’s heart with any pity.” Fuller.

Mois´ten•er , n. One who, or that which, moistens. Johnson.

Moist´ful , a. Full of moisture. [R.]

Moist´less, a. Without moisture; dry. [R.]

Moist´ness, n. The quality or state of being moist.

Mois´ture , n. [Cf. OF. moistour, F. moiteur.] 1. A moderate degree of wetness. Bacon. 2. That which moistens or makes damp or wet; exuding fluid; liquid in small quantity. “All my body’s moisture
Scarce serves to quench my furnace-burning heat.” Shak.

Mois´ture•less, a. Without moisture.

Moist´y , a. Moist. [Obs.]

Moi´ther , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To perplex; to confuse. [Prov. Eng.] Lamb.

Moi´ther, v. i. To toil; to labor. [Prov. Eng.]

Mok´a•dour , n. [Sp. mocador handkerchief.] A handkerchief. [Obs.]

Moke , n. A donkey. [Cant] Thackeray.

Moke , n. A mesh of a net, or of anything resembling a net. Halliwell.

Mo´ky , a. [Cf. Icel. mökkvi cloud, mist, mökkr a dense cloud, W. mwg smoke, and E. muggy, muck.] Misty; dark; murky; muggy. [Obs.]

Mo´la , n. (Zoöl.) See Sunfish, 1.

Mo´lar , a. [L. moles mass.] (Mech.) Of or pertaining to a mass of matter; — said of the properties or motions of masses, as distinguished from those of molecules or atoms. Carpenter.

Mo´lar, a. [L. molaris, fr. mola mill, fr. molere to grind in a mill. See Mill the machine.] Having power to grind; grinding; as the molar teeth; also of or pertaining to the molar teeth. Bacon.

Mo´lar, n. (Anat.) Any one of the teeth back of the incisors and canines. The molars which replace the deciduous or milk teeth are designated as premolars, and those which are not preceded by deciduous teeth are sometimes called true molars. See Tooth.

Mo´la•ry , a. Same as 2d Molar.

Mo•lasse´ , n. [F. molasse, prob. fr. mollasse flabby, flimsy, fr. L. mollis soft.] (Geol.) A soft Tertiary sandstone; — applied to a rock occurring in Switzerland. See Chart of Geology.

Mo•las´ses , n. [F. melasse, cf. Sp. melaza, Pg. melaço, fr. L. mellaceus honeylike, honey-sweet, mel, mellis, honey. See Mellifluous, and cf. Melasses.] The thick, brown or dark colored, viscid, uncrystallizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the process of manufacture; any thick, viscid, sweet sirup made from vegetable juice or sap, as of the sorghum or maple. See Treacle.

Mold , n. [See Mole a spot.] A spot; a blemish; a mole. [Obs.] Spenser. { Mold , Mould } , n. [OE. molde, AS. molde; akin to D. mul, G. mull, mulm, OHG. molt, molta, Icel. mold, Dan. muld, Sw. mull, Goth. mulda, and E. meal flour. See Meal, and cf. Mole an animal, Mull, v.] [The prevalent spelling is, perhaps, mould; but as the u has not been inserted in the other words of this class, as bold, gold, old, cold, etc., it seems desirable to complete the analogy by dropping it from this word, thus spelling it as Spenser, South, and many others did. The omission of the u is now very common in America.] 1. Crumbling, soft, friable earth; esp., earth containing the remains or constituents of organic matter, and suited to the growth of plants; soil. 2. Earthy material; the matter of which anything is formed; composing substance; material. “The etherial mold,
Incapable of stain.” Milton. “Nature formed me of her softest mold.” Addison. { Mold , Mould } , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Molded or Moulded; p. pr. & vb. n. Molding or Moulding.] To cover with mold or soil. [R.] { Mold , Mould } n. [From the p. p. of OE. moulen to become moldy, to rot, prob. fr. Icel. mygla to grow musty, mugga mugginess; cf. Sw. mögla to grow moldy. See Muggy, and cf. Moldy.] (Bot.) A growth of minute fungi of various kinds, esp. those of the great groups Hyphomycetes, and Physomycetes, forming on damp or decaying organic matter. The common blue mold of cheese, the brick-red cheese mold, and the scarlet or orange strata which grow on tubers or roots stored up for use, when commencing to decay, are familiar examples. M. J. Berkley. { Mold , Mould } v. t. To cause to become moldy; to cause mold to grow upon. { Mold , Mould } v. i. To become moldy; to be covered or filled, in whole or in part, with a mold. { Mold , Mould } n. [OE. molde, OF. mole, F. moule, fr. L. modulus. See Model.] [For spelling, see 2d Mold, above.] 1. The matrix, or cavity, in which anything is shaped, and from which it takes its form; also the body or mass containing the cavity; as a sand mold; a jelly mold. Milton. 2. That on which, or in accordance with which, anything is modeled or formed; anything which serves to regulate the size, form, etc., as the pattern or templet used by a shipbuilder, carpenter, or mason. “The glass of fashion and the mold of form.” Shak. 3. Cast; form; shape; character. “Crowned with an architrave of antique mold.” Pope. 4. (Arch.) A group of moldings; as the arch mold of a porch or doorway; the pier mold of a Gothic pier, meaning the whole profile, section, or combination of parts. 5. (Anat.) A fontanel. 6. (Paper Making) A frame with a wire cloth bottom, on which the pump is drained to form a sheet, in making paper by hand. { Mold , Mould } v. t. [Cf. F. mouler, OF. moler, moller. See Mold the matrix.] 1. To form into a particular shape; to shape; to model; to fashion. “He forgeth and moldeth metals.” Sir M. Hale. “Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay
To mold me man?” Milton. 2. To ornament by molding or carving the material of; as a molded window jamb. 3. To knead; as to mold dough or bread. 4. (Founding) To form a mold of, as in sand, in which a casting may be made. { Mold´a•ble , Mould´a•ble } , a. Capable of being molded or formed. { Mold´board• , Mould´board• } , n. 1. A curved plate of iron (originally of wood) back of the share of a plow, which turns over the earth in plowing. 2. (Founding) A follow board. { Mold´er , Mould´er } , n. One who, or that which, molds or forms into shape; specifically (Founding), one skilled in the art of making molds for castings. { Mold´er , Mould´er } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moldered or Mouldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Moldering or Mouldering.] [From Mold fine soft earth: cf. Prov. G. multern.] To crumble into small particles; to turn to dust by natural decay; to lose form, or waste away, by a gradual separation of the component particles, without the presence of water; to crumble away. “The moldering of earth in frosts and sun.” Bacon. “When statues molder, and when arches fall.” Prior. “If he had sat still, the enemy’s army would have moldered to nothing.” Clarendon. { Mold´er , Mould´er } v. t. To turn to dust; to cause to crumble; to cause to waste away. “[Time’s] gradual touch
Has moldered into beauty many a tower.” Mason. { Mold´er•y , Mould´er•y } , a. Covered or filled with mold; consisting of, or resembling, mold. { Mold´i•ness , Mould´i•ness } , n. [From Moldy.] The state of being moldy. { Mold´ing , Mould´ing } n. 1. The act or process of shaping in or on a mold, or of making molds; the art or occupation of a molder. 2. Anything cast in a mold, or which appears to be so, as grooved or ornamental bars of wood or metal. 3. (Arch.) A plane, or curved, narrow surface, either sunk or projecting, used for decoration by means of the lights and shades upon its surface. Moldings vary greatly in pattern, and are generally used in groups, the different members of each group projecting or retreating, one beyond another. See Cable, n., 3, and Crenelated molding, under Crenelate, v. t. { Mold´ing , Mould´ing } p. a. Used in making a mold or moldings; used in shaping anything according to a pattern. Molding, or Moulding, board. (a) See Follow board, under Follow, v. t. (b) A board on which bread or pastry is kneaded and shaped. — Molding, or Moulding, machine. (a) (Woodworking) A planing machine for making moldings. (b) (Founding) A machine to assist in making molds for castings. — Molding, or Moulding, mill, a mill for shaping timber. — Molding, or Moulding, sand (Founding), a kind of sand containing clay, used in making molds. { Mold´warp , Mould´warp } , n. [OE. moldwerp: AS. molde soil + weorpan to throw up; cf. OD. molworp, G. maulwurf, Icel. moldvarpa, Dan. muldvarp. See Mold soil, Warp, and cf. Mole the animal.] (Zoöl.) See Mole the animal. Spenser. { Mold´y , Mould´y } , a. [Compar. Moldier or Mouldier; superl. Moldiest or Mouldiest.] [From Mold the growth of fungi.] Overgrown with, or containing, mold; as moldy cheese or bread.

Mole , n. [AS. mal; akin to OHG. meil, Goth. mail Cf. Mail a spot.] 1. A spot; a stain; a mark which discolors or disfigures. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. A spot, mark, or small permanent protuberance on the human body; esp., a spot which is dark-colored, from which commonly issue one or more hairs.

Mole, n. [L. mola.] A mass of fleshy or other more or less solid matter generated in the uterus.

Mole, n. [F. môle, L. moles. Cf. Demolish, Emolument, Molest.] A mound or massive work formed of masonry or large stones, etc., laid in the sea, often extended either in a right line or an arc of a circle before a port which it serves to defend from the violence of the waves, thus protecting ships in a harbor; also sometimes, the harbor itself. Brande & C.

Mole, n. [OE. molle, either shortened fr. moldwerp, or from the root of E. mold soil: cf. D. mol, OD. molworp. See Moldwarp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any insectivore of the family Talpidae. They have minute eyes and ears, soft fur, and very large and strong fore feet. The common European mole, or moldwarp (Talpa Europaea), is noted for its extensive burrows. The common American mole, or shrew mole (Scalops aquaticus), and star- nosed mole (Condylura cristata) have similar habits. In the Scriptures, the name is applied to two unindentified animals, perhaps the chameleon and mole rat. 2. A plow of peculiar construction, for forming underground drains. [U.S.] Duck mole. See under Duck. — Golden mole. See Chrysochlore. — Mole cricket (Zoöl.), an orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllotalpa, which excavates subterranean galleries, and throws up mounds of earth resembling those of the mole. It is said to do damage by injuring the roots of plants. The common European species (Gryllotalpa vulgaris), and the American (G. borealis), are the best known. — Mole rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World rodents of the genera Spalax, Georychus, and several allied genera. They are molelike in appearance and habits, and their eyes are small or rudimentary. — Mole shrew (Zoöl.), any one of several species of short-tailed American shrews of the genus Blarina, esp. B. brevicauda. — Water mole, the duck mole.

Mole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moled p. pr. & vb. n. Moling.] 1. To form holes in, as a mole; to burrow; to excavate; as to mole the earth. 2. To clear of molehills. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Mole´but , n. (Zoöl.) The sunfish (Orthagoriscus, or Mola). [Written also molebat.]

Mole´cast , n. A little elevation of earth made by a mole; a molehill. Mortimer.

Mo´lech , n. [Heb. molek king.] (Script.) The fire god of the Ammonites, to whom human sacrifices were offered; Moloch. Lev. xviii. 21.

Mo•lec´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. moleculare. See Molecule.] (Phys. & Chem.) Pertaining to, connected with, produced by, or consisting of, molecules; as molecular forces; molecular groups of atoms, etc. Molecular attraction (Phys.), attraction acting between the molecules of bodies, and at insensible distances. — Molecular weight (Chem.), the weight of a molecule of any gas or vapor as compared with the hydrogen atom as a standard; the sum of the atomic weights of the constituents of a molecule; thus, the molecular weight of water (H2O) is 18.

Mo•lec•u•lar´i•ty , n. (Phys. & Chem.) The state of consisting of molecules; the state or quality of being molecular.

Mo•lec´u•lar•ly , adv. (Phys. & Chem.) With molecules; in the manner of molecules. W. R. Grove.

Mol´e•cule , n. [Dim. fr. L. moles a mass: cf. F. molecule. See 3d Mole.] 1. One of the very small invisible particles of which all matter is supposed to consist. 2. (Physics) The smallest part of any substance which possesses the characteristic properties and qualities of that substance, and which can exist alone in a free state. 3. (Chem.) A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom.

Mole´-eyed , a. Having eyes like those of the mole; having imperfect sight.

Mole´hill , n. A little hillock of earth thrown up by moles working under ground; hence, a very small hill, or an insignificant obstacle or difficulty. “Having leapt over such mountains, lie down before a molehill.” South. { Mo•len•di•na´ceous (mo•len•di•na´shus), Mo•len•di•na´ri•ous (mo•len•di•na´ri•us), } a. [L. molendinarius, fr. molendinum a mill, fr. molere to grind.] (Bot.) Resembling the sails of a windmill.

Mole´skin (mol´skin), n. Any fabric having a thick soft shag, like the fur of a mole; esp., a kind of strong twilled fustian.

Mo•lest´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Molested; p. pr. & vb. n. Molesting.] [F. molester, L. molestare, fr. molestus troublesome, fr. moles a heavy mass, load, burden. See 3d Mole.] To trouble; to disturb; to render uneasy; to interfere with; to vex. “They have molested the church with needless opposition.” Hooker. Syn. — To trouble; disturb; incommode; inconvenience; annoy; vex; tease.

Mo•lest´, n. Molestation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mol•es•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. molestation.] The act of molesting, or the state of being molested; disturbance; annoyance.

Mo•lest´er , n. One who molests.

Mo•lest´ful , a. Troublesome; vexatious. [R.] { Mo•les´tie , Mo•les´ty }, n. [L. molestia.] Molestation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mole´warp , n. (Zoöl.) See Moldwarp.

Mo•lim´i•nous , a. [L. molimen a great exertion; moles a heavy mass.] Of great bulk or consequence; very important. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Mo´line , n. [L. molina mill, fr. molere to grind. See Mill.] The crossed iron that supports the upper millstone by resting on the spindle; a millrind. Cross moline (Her.), a cross each arm of which is divided at the end into two rounded branches or divisions.

Mo´lin•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrines of the Molinists, somewhat resembling the tenets of the Arminians.

Mo´lin•ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of the opinions of Molina, a Spanish Jesuit (in respect to grace); an opposer of the Jansenists.

Moll , a. [G., fr. L. mollis soft, tender, elegiac. Cf. Molle.] (Mus.) Minor; in the minor mode; as A moll, that is, A minor.

Mol´lah , n. [Ar. maula, commonly mollain Turkey.] One of the higher order of Turkish judges; also a Turkish title of respect for a religious and learned man. [Written also moolah.]

Mol´le , a. [See Moll.] (Mus.) Lower by a semitone; flat; as E molle, that is, E flat.

Mol´le•bart , n. An agricultural implement used in Flanders, consisting of a kind of large shovel drawn by a horse and guided by a man. [Written also mollebaert and mouldebaert.] Simmonds.

Mol´le•moke , n. [Sw. mallemucke the stormy petrel.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large pelagic petrels and fulmars, as Fulmarus glacialis, of the North Atlantic, and several species of AEstrelata, of the Southern Ocean. See Fulmar. [Written also mollymawk, malmock, mollemock, mallemocke, etc.]

Mol´lient , a. [L. molliens, p. p. of mollire to soften, fr. mollis soft.] Serving to soften; assuaging; emollient.

Mol´lient•ly, adv. Assuagingly.

Mol´li•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being mollified.

Mol•li•fi•ca´tion , n. [LL. mollificatio; cf. F. mollification.] The act of mollifying, or the state of being mollified; a softening. Chaucer.

Mol´li•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, mollifies. Bacon.

Mol´li•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mollified p. pr. & vb. n. Mollifying ] [F. mollifier, L. mollificare; mollis soft + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Enmollient, Moil, v. t., and - fy.] 1. To soften; to make tender; to reduce the hardness, harshness, or asperity of; to qualify; as to mollify the ground. “With sweet science mollified their stubborn hearts.” Spenser. 2. To assuage, as pain or irritation, to appease, as excited feeling or passion; to pacify; to calm.

Mol´li•net , n. [Cf. Moline.] A little mill.

Mol•li•pi•lose´ , a. [L. mollis soft + pilosus hairy.] (Zoöl.) Having soft hairs; downy.

Mol•li´ti•es , n. [L., softness.] (Med.) Unnatural softness of any organ or part. Dunglison.

Mol´li•tude , n. [L. mollitudo, fr. mollis soft.] Softness; effeminacy; weakness. [R.]

Mol´lusc , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Mollusk.

Mol•lus´ca , n. pl. [NL. See Mollusk.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, including the classes Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, and Lamellibranchiata, or Conchifera. These animals have an unsegmented bilateral body, with most of the organs and parts paired, but not repeated longitudinally. Most of them develop a mantle, which incloses either a branchial or a pulmonary cavity. They are generally more or less covered and protected by a calcareous shell, which may be univalve, bivalve, or multivalve. Formerly the Brachiopoda, Bryzoa, and Tunicata were united with the Lamellibranchiata in an artificial group called Acephala, which was also included under Mollusca. See Molluscoidea.

Mol•lus´can , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to mollusks. — n. A mollusk; one of the Mollusca.

Mol•lus´coid , a. [Mollusca + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the true mollusks; belonging to the Molluscoidea. — n. One of the Molluscoidea.

Mol•lus•coid´al , a. (Zoöl.) Molluscoid.

Mol•lus•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Mollusk, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Invertebrata which includes the classes Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; - - called also Anthoid Mollusca. Originally the Tunicata were included under Molluscoidea, from which they are known to differ widely in structure and embryology. Molluscoidea were formerly considered a subdivision of Mollusca, but they are now known to have more relationship with Annelida than with Mollusca.

Mol•lus´cous , a. (Zoöl.) Molluscan.

Mol•lus´cum , n. [NL. See Mollusk.] (Med.) A cutaneous disease characterized by numerous tumors, of various forms, filled with a thick matter; — so called from the resemblance of the tumors to some molluscous animals. Dunglison.

Mol´lusk , n. [F. mollusque, L. mollusca a kind of soft nut with a thin shell, fr. molluscus soft, mollis soft. See Mollify.] (Zoöl.) One of the Mollusca. [Written also mollusc.]

Mol´ly , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Mollemoke.

Mol´ly, n. A pet or colloquial name for Mary. Molly cottontail. (Zoöl.) See Cottontail. — Molly Maguire (ma•gwir´); pl. Molly Maguires (- gwirz). (a) A member of a secret association formed among the tenantry in Ireland about 1843, principally for the purpose of intimidating law officers and preventing the service of legal writs. Its members disguised themselves in the dress of women. (b) A member of a similar association of Irishmen organized in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania, about 1854, for the purpose of intimidating employers and officers of the law, and for avenging themselves by murder on persons obnoxious to them. The society was broken up by criminal prosecutions in 1876.

Mol´ly-mawk , n. (Zoöl.) See Mollemoke.

Mo´loch , n. [Heb. molek king.] 1. (Script.) The fire god of the Ammonites in Canaan, to whom human sacrifices were offered; Molech. Also applied figuratively. 2. (Zoöl.) A spiny Australian lizard (Moloch horridus). The horns on the head and numerous spines on the body give it a most formidable appearance.

Mo•losse´ , n. See Molossus.

Mo•los´ses , n. Molasses. [Obs.]

Mo•los´sine , n. (Zoöl.) A bat of the genus Molossus, as the monk bat.

Mo•los´sus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop., Molossian, belonging to the Molossians, a people in the eastern part of Epirus.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A foot of three long syllables. [Written also molosse.]

Molt , obs. imp. of Melt. Chaucer. Spenser. { Molt , Moult } , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Molted or Moulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Molting or Moulting.] [OE. mouten, L. mutare. See Mew to molt, and cf. Mute, v. t.] [The prevalent spelling is, perhaps, moult; but as the u has not been inserted in the otherwords of this class, as bolt, colt, dolt, etc., it is desirable to complete the analogy by the spelling molt.] To shed or cast the hair, feathers, skin, horns, or the like, as an animal or a bird. Bacon. { Molt , Moult } v. t. To cast, as the hair, skin, feathers, or the like; to shed. { Molt , Moult } n. The act or process of changing the feathers, hair, skin, etc.; molting.

Molt´a•ble , a. Capable of assuming a molten state; meltable; fusible. [Obs.]

Mol´ten , a. [See Melt.] 1. Melted; being in a state of fusion, esp. when the liquid state is produced by a high degree of heat; as molten iron. 2. Made by melting and casting the substance or metal of which the thing is formed; as a molten image.

Mol´to , adv. [It.] (Mus.) Much; very; as molto adagio, very slow.

Mo´ly , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. A fabulous herb of occult power, having a black root and white blossoms, said by Homer to have been given by Hermes to Ulysses to counteract the spells of Circe. Milton. 2. (Bot.) A kind of garlic (Allium Moly) with large yellow flowers; — called also golden garlic.

Mo•lyb´date , n. (Chem.) A salt of molybdic acid.

Mol•yb•de´na , n. [L. molybdaena galena, Gr. , fr. lead.] (Min.) See Molybdenite.

Mo•lyb´de•nite , n. [Cf. F. molybdenite. See Molybdena.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in soft, lead-gray, foliated masses or scales, resembling graphite; sulphide of molybdenum.

Mo•lyb´de•nous , a. (Chem.) See Molybdous.

Mol•yb•de´num , n. [NL.: cf. F. molybdène. See Molybdena.] (Chem.) A rare element of the chromium group, occurring in nature in the minerals molybdenite and wulfenite, and when reduced obtained as a hard, silver-white, difficulty fusible metal. Symbol Mo. Atomic weight 95.9.

Mo•lyb´dic , a. [Cf. F. molybdique. See molybdena.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, molybdenum; specif., designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence, as contrasted with molybdous compounds; as molybdic oxide.

Mo•lyb´dite , n. (Min.) Molybdic ocher.

Mo•lyb´dous , a. [See Molybdena.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, molybdenum; specif., designating those compounds in which molybdenum has a lower valence as contrasted with molybdic compounds.

Mome , n. [Cf. Mumm, Momus.] A dull, silent person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mo´ment , n. [F. moment, L. momentum, for movimentum movement, motion, moment, fr. movere to move. See Move, and cf. Momentum, Movement.] 1. A minute portion of time; a point of time; an instant; as at that very moment. “In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye.” 1 Cor. xv. 52. 2. Impulsive power; force; momentum. “The moments or quantities of motion in bodies.” Berkley. “Touch, with lightest moment of impulse,
His free will.” Milton. 3. Importance, as in influence or effect; consequence; weight or value; consideration. “Matters of great moment.” Shak. “It is an abstruse speculation, but also of far less moment and consequence of us than the others.” Bentley. 4. An essential element; a deciding point, fact, or consideration; an essential or influential circumstance. 5. (Math.) An infinitesimal change in a varying quantity; an increment or decrement. [Obs.] 6. (Mech.) Tendency, or measure of tendency, to produce motion, esp. motion about a fixed point or axis. Moment of a couple (Mech.), the product of either of its forces into the perpendicular distance between them. — Moment of a force. (Mech.) (a) With respect to a point, the product of the intensity of the force into the perpendicular distance from the point to the line of direction of the force. (b) With respect to a line, the product of that component of the force which is perpendicular to the plane passing through the line and the point of application of the force, into the shortest distance between the line and this point. (c) With respect to a plane that is parallel to the force, the product of the force into the perpendicular distance of its point of application from the plane. — Moment of inertia, of a rotating body, the sum of the mass of each particle of matter of the body into the square of its distance from the axis of rotation; — called also moment of rotation and moment of the mass. — Statical moment, the product of a force into its leverage; the same as moment of a force with respect to a point, line, etc. — Virtual moment. See under Virtual. Syn. — Instant; twinkling; consequence; weight; force; value; consideration; signification; avail.

Mo•men´tal , a. [Cf. OF. momental.] [Obs.] 1. Lasting but a moment; brief. “Not one momental minute doth she swerve.” Breton. 2. Important; momentous. 3. (Mech.) Of or pertaining to moment or momentum.

Mo•men´tal•ly, adv. For a moment. [Obs.] { Mo•men•ta´ne•ous , Mo´men•ta•ny } a. [L. momentaneus: cf. F. momentane.] Momentary. [Obs.] Hooker. ´Momentany as a sound.´ Shak.

Mo´men•ta•ri•ly , adv. Every moment; from moment to moment. Shenstone.

Mo´men•ta•ri•ness, n. The state or quality of being momentary; shortness of duration.

Mo´men•ta•ry , a. [L. momentarius. See Moment.] Done in a moment; continuing only a moment; lasting a very short time; as a momentary pang. “This momentary joy breeds months of pain.” Shak.

Mo´ment•ly , adv. 1. For a moment. 2. In a moment; every moment; momentarily.

Mo•men´tous , a. [Cf. L. momentosus rapid, momentary.] Of moment or consequence; very important; weighty; as a momentous decision; momentous affairs. — Mo•men´tous•ly, adv. — Mo•men´tous•ness, n.

Mo•men´tum , n.; pl. L. Momenta (#), F. Momentums (#). [L. See Moment.] 1. (Mech.) The quantity of motion in a moving body, being always proportioned to the quantity of matter multiplied into the velocity; impetus. 2. Essential element, or constituent element. “I shall state the several momenta of the distinction in separate propositions.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Mom´i•er , n. [F. mômier, fr. OF. momer, mommer, to mumm, to mask one’s self.] A name given in contempt to strict Calvinists in Switzerland, France, and some parts of Germany, in the early part of the 19th century.

Mom´mer•y , n. See Mummery. Rowe.

Mo´mot , n. [Momot and motmot, the native American name.] (Zoöl.) See Motmot.

Mo´mus , n. [Gr. blame, ridicule, Momus.] (Gr. Myth.) The god of mockery and censure.

Mon- Same as Mono-.

Mo´na , n. [CF. Sp. & Pg. mona, fem. of mono a monkey, ape.] (Zoöl.) A small, handsome, long-tailed West American monkey (Cercopithecus mona). The body is dark olive, with a spot of white on the haunches.

Mon´a•chal , a. [L. monachus a monk: cf. F. monacal. See Monk.] Of or pertaining to monks or a monastic life; monastic.

Mon´a•chism , n. [Cf. F. monachisme.] The system and influences of a monastic life; monasticism.

Mon•ac´id , a. [Mon- + acid.] (Chem.) Having one hydrogen atom replaceable by a negative or acid atom or radical; capable of neutralizing a monobasic acid; — said of bases, and of certain metals.

Mon´ad , n. [L. monas, - adis, a unit, Gr. , , fr. mo•nos alone.] 1. An ultimate atom, or simple, unextended point; something ultimate and indivisible. 2. (Philos. of Leibnitz) The elementary and indestructible units which were conceived of as endowed with the power to produce all the changes they undergo, and thus determine all physical and spiritual phenomena. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the smallest flagellate Infusoria; esp., the species of the genus Monas and allied genera. 4. (Biol.) A simple, minute organism; a primary cell, germ, or plastid. 5. (Chem.) An atom or radical whose valence is one, or which can combine with, be replaced by, or exchanged for, one atom of hydrogen. Monad deme (Biol.), in tectology, a unit of the first order of individuality.

Mon•a•da´ri•a (mon•a•da´ri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Monad.] (Zoöl.) The Infusoria.

Mon•a•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. mo•nos alone + ’adelfo•s brother.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having the stamens united into a tube, or ring, by the filaments, as in the Mallow family. { Mon•a•del´phi•an , Mon•a•del´phous } a. [Cf. F. monadelphie.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Monadelphia; having the stamens united in one body by the filaments. { Mo•nad´ic , Mo•nad´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a monad, in any of its senses. See Monad, n. Dr. H. More.

Mo•nad´i•form , a. [Monad + -form.] (Biol.) Having the form of a monad; resembling a monad in having one or more filaments of vibratile protoplasm; as monadiform young.

Mon•ad•ol´o•gy , n. [Monad + -logy.] (Philos.) The doctrine or theory of monads.

Mo•nal´ , n. (Zoöl.) Any Asiatic pheasant of the genus Lophophorus, as the Impeyan pheasant.

Mon•am´ide , n. [Mon- + amide.] (Chem.) An amido compound with only one amido group.

Mon•am´ine , n. [Mon- + amine.] (Chem.) A basic compound containing one amido group; as methyl amine is a monamine.

Mo•nan´der , n. (Bot.) One of the Monandria.

Mo•nan´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. mo•nos alone + ’anh•r, ’andro•s, a man.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants embracing those having but a single stamen.

Mo•nan´dri•an , a.; (Bot.) Same as Monandrous.

Mo•nan´dric , a. Of or pertaining to monandry; practicing monandry as a system of marriage.

Mo•nan´drous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the monandria; having but one stamen.

Mo•nan´dry , n. [See Monandria.] The possession by a woman of only one husband at the same time; — contrasted with polyandry.

Mo•nan´thous , a. [Mon- + Gr. ’a•nqos flower.] (Bot.) Having but one flower; one-flowered. Gray.

Mon´arch , n. [F. monarque, L. monarcha, fr. Gr. , ; mo•nos alone + to be first, rule, govern. See Archi-.] 1. A sole or supreme ruler; a sovereign; the highest ruler; an emperor, king, queen, prince, or chief. “He who reigns
Monarch in heaven, … upheld by old repute.” Milton. 2. One superior to all others of the same kind; as an oak is called the monarch of the forest. 3. A patron deity or presiding genius. “Come, thou, monarch of the vine,
Plumpy Bacchus.” Shak. 4. (Zoöl.) A very large red and black butterfly (Danais Plexippus); — called also milkweed butterfly.

Mon´arch, a. Superior to others; preëminent; supreme; ruling. ´Monarch savage.´ Pope.

Mo•nar´chal , a. Pertaining to a monarch; suiting a monarch; sovereign; regal; imperial. “Satan, whom now transcendent glory raised
Above his fellows, with monarchal pride.” Milton.

Mon´arch•ess, n. A female monarch. [Obs.]

Mo•nar´chi•al , a. Monarchic. Burke.

Mo•nar´chi•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the early Christian church which rejected the doctrine of the Trinity; — called also patripassian. { Mo•nar´chic , Mo•nar´chic•al } a. [F. monarchique, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to a monarch, or to monarchy. Burke. — Mo•nar´chic•al•ly, adv.

Mon´arch•ism , n. The principles of, or preference for, monarchy.

Mon´arch•ist, n. [Cf. F. monarchiste.] An advocate of, or believer in, monarchy.

Mon´arch•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Monarchized p. pr. & vb. n. Monarchizing ] To play the sovereign; to act the monarch. [R.] Shak.

Mon´arch•ize, v. t. To rule; to govern. [R.]

Mon´arch•i•zer , n. One who monarchizes; also a monarchist.

Mo•nar´cho , n. The nickname of a crackbrained Italian who fancied himself an emperor. [Obs.] Shak.

Mon´arch•y , n.; pl. Monarchies (#). [F. monarchie, L. monarchia, Gr. . See Monarch.] 1. A state or government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch. 2. A system of government in which the chief ruler is a monarch. “In those days he had affected zeal for monarchy.” Macaulay. 3. The territory ruled over by a monarch; a kingdom. “What scourage for perjury
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence.” Shak. Fifth monarchy, a universal monarchy, supposed to be the subject of prophecy in Daniel ii.; the four preceding monarchies being Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman. See Fifth Monarchy men, under Fifth.

Mo´nas , n. [NL. See Monad.] (Zoöl.) A genus of minute flagellate Infusoria of which there are many species, both free and attached. See Illust. under Monad.

Mon•as•te´ri•al , a. [L. monasterials, fr. monasterium.] Of or pertaining to monastery, or to monastic life. — Mon•as•te´ri•al•ly, adv.

Mon´as•te•ry , n.; pl. Monasteries (#). [L. monasterium, Gr. , fr. a solitary, a monk, fr. to be alone, live in solitude, fr. mo•nos alone. Cf. Minister.] A house of religious retirement, or of secusion from ordinary temporal concerns, especially for monks; — more rarely applied to such a house for females. Syn. — Convent; abbey; priory. See Cloister.

Mo•nas´tic , n. A monk. { Mo•nas´tic , Mo•nas´tic•al } a. [Gr. monk: cf. F. monastique. See Monastery.] 1. Of or pertaining to monasteries, or to their occupants, rules, etc., as monastic institutions or rules. 2. Secluded from temporal concerns and devoted to religion; recluse. ´A life monastic.´ Denham.

Mo•nas´tic•al•ly, adv. In a monastic manner.

Mo•nas´ti•cism , n. The monastic life, system, or condition. Milman.

Mo•nas´ti•con , n. [NL. See Monastic.] A book giving an account of monasteries.

Mon•a•tom´ic , adv. [Mon- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Consisting of, or containing, one atom; as the molecule of mercury is monatomic. (b) Having the equivalence or replacing power of an atom of hydrogen; univalent; as the methyl radical is monatomic.

Mo•nax´i•al , a. [Mon- + axial.] (Biol.) Having only one axis; developing along a single line or plane; as monaxial development.

Mon´a•zite (mon´a•zit), n. [From Gr. mona•zein to be solitary, in allusion to its isolated crystals.] (Min.) A mineral occurring usually in small isolated crystals, — a phosphate of the cerium metals.

Mon´day (mun´da; 48), n. [OE. moneday, monenday, AS. monandaeg, i.e., day of the moon, day sacred to the moon; akin to D. maandag, G. montag, OHG. manatag, Icel. manadagr, Dan. mandag, Sw. måndag. See Moon, and Day.] The second day of the week; the day following Sunday.

Monde (môNd), n. [F. See Mundane.] The world; a globe as an ensign of royalty. [R.] A. Drummond. Le beau monde [F.], fashionable society. See Beau monde. — Demi monde. See Demimonde.

Mone , n. The moon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mone, n. A moan. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Mo•ne´cian , Mo•ne´cious } a. (Bot.) See Monœcian, and Monœcious.

Mon•em´bry•o•ny , n. [See Mono- , and Embryo.] (Bot.) The condition of an ovule having but a single embryo. — Mon•em•bry•on´ic (#), a.

Mo´ner , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Monera.

Mo•ne´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single.] (Zoöl.) The lowest division of rhizopods, including those which resemble the amœbas but are destitute of a nucleus.

Mo•ne´ral , a. Of or pertaining to the Monera.

Mo•ne´ran , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monera. — n. One of the Monera.

Mo•ne´ron , n.; pl. L. Monera (#); E. Monerons (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Monera.

Mo•ner´u•la , n. [NL., dim. of moner. See Monera.] (Biol.) A germ in that stage of development in which its form is simply that of a non- nucleated mass of protoplasm. It precedes the one-celled germ. So called from its likeness to a moner. Haeckel.

Mo•ne´sia , n. (Pharm.) The bark, or a vegetable extract brought in solid cakes from South America and believed to be derived from the bark, of the tree Chrysophyllum glycyphlœum. It is used as an alterative and astringent.

Mo•ne´sin , n. The acrid principle of Monesia, sometimes used as a medicine.

Mo•nest´ , v. t. [See Admonish.] To warn; to admonish; to advise. [Obs.] Wyclif (2 Cor. v. 20).

Mon´e•ta•ry , a. [L. monetarius belonging to a mint. See Money.] Of or pertaining to money, or consisting of money; pecuniary. ´The monetary relations of Europe.´ E. Everett. Monetary unit, the standard of a national currency, as the dollar in the United States, the pound in England, the franc in France, the mark in Germany.

Mon´eth , n. A month. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mon•e•ti•za´tion , n. The act or process of converting into money, or of adopting as money; as the monetization of silver.

Mon´e•tize , v. t. To convert into money; to adopt as current money; as to monetize silver.

Mon´ey , n.; pl. Moneys (#). [OE. moneie, OF. moneie, F. monnaie, fr. L. moneta. See Mint place where coin is made, Mind, and cf. Moidore, Monetary.] 1. A piece of metal, as gold, silver, copper, etc., coined, or stamped, and issued by the sovereign authority as a medium of exchange in financial transactions between citizens and with government; also any number of such pieces; coin. “To prevent such abuses, … it has been found necessary … to affix a public stamp upon certain quantities of such particular metals, as were in those countries commonly made use of to purchase goods. Hence the origin of coined money, and of those public offices called mints.” A. Smith. 2. Any written or stamped promise, certificate, or order, as a government note, a bank note, a certificate of deposit, etc., which is payable in standard coined money and is lawfully current in lieu of it; in a comprehensive sense, any currency usually and lawfully employed in buying and selling. Whatever, among barbarous nations, is used as a medium of effecting exchanges of property, and in the terms of which values are reckoned, as sheep, wampum, copper rings, quills of salt or of gold dust, shovel blades, etc., is, in common language, called their money. 3. In general, wealth; property; as he has much money in land, or in stocks; to make, or lose, money. “The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.” 1 Tim vi. 10 (Rev. Ver. ). Money bill (Legislation), a bill for raising revenue. — Money broker, a broker who deals in different kinds of money; one who buys and sells bills of exchange; — called also money changer. — Money cowrie (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Cypraea (esp. C. moneta) formerly much used as money by savage tribes. See Cowrie. — Money of account, a denomination of value used in keeping accounts, for which there may, or may not, be an equivalent coin; e. g., the mill is a money of account in the United States, but not a coin. — Money order, an order for the payment of money; specifically, a government order for the payment of money, issued at one post office as payable at another; — called also postal money order. — Money scrivener, a person who procures the loan of money to others. [Eng.] — Money spider, Money spinner (Zoöl.), a small spider; — so called as being popularly supposed to indicate that the person upon whom it crawls will be fortunate in money matters. — Money’s worth, a fair or full equivalent for the money which is paid. — A piece of money, a single coin. — Ready money, money held ready for payment, or actually paid, at the time of a transaction; cash. - - To make money, to gain or acquire money or property; to make a profit in dealings.

Mon´ey , v. t. To supply with money. [Obs.]

Mon´ey•age , n. [Cf. F. monnayage coinage.] 1. A tax paid to the first two Norman kings of England to prevent them from debashing the coin. Hume. 2. Mintage; coinage. [Obs.]

Mon´eyed , adv. 1. Supplied with money; having money; wealthy; as moneyed men. Bacon. 2. Converted into money; coined. “If exportation will not balance importation, away must your silver go again, whether moneyed or not moneyed.” Locke. 3. Consisting in, or composed of, money. A. Hamilton.

Mon´ey•er , n. [From Money; cf. OF. monoier, F. monnoayeur, L. monetarius a master of the mint. Cf. Monetary.] 1. A person who deals in money; banker or broker. [Obs. or R.] 2. An authorized coiner of money. Sir M. Hale. The Company of Moneyers, the officials who formerly coined the money of Great Britain, and who claimed certain prescriptive rights and privileges.

Mon´ey•less, a. Destitute of money; penniless; impecunious. Swift.

Mon´ey-mak•er , n. 1. One who coins or prints money; also a counterfeiter of money. [R.] 2. One who accumulates money or wealth; specifically, one who makes money-getting his governing motive.

Mon´ey-mak•ing, n. The act or process of making money; the acquisition and accumulation of wealth. “Obstinacy in money-making.” Milman.

Mon´ey-mak•ing, a. 1. Affording profitable returns; lucrative; as a money- making business. 2. Successful in gaining money, and devoted to that aim; as a money-making man.

Mon´ey•wort , n. (Bot.) A trailing plant (Lysimachia Nummularia), with rounded opposite leaves and solitary yellow flowers in their axils.

Mong´corn , n. See Mangcorn.

Mon´ger , n. [AS. mangere, fr. mangian to trade; akin to Icel. manga to trade, mangari a trader, OHG. mangari, mengari; cf. L. mango a dealer in slaves.] 1. A trader; a dealer; — now used chiefly in composition; as fishmonger, ironmonger, newsmonger. 2. A small merchant vessel. [Obs.] Blount.

Mon´ger, v. t. To deal in; to make merchandise of; to traffic in; — used chiefly of discreditable traffic.

Mon´gol , n. One of the Mongols. — a. Of or pertaining to Mongolia or the Mongols.

Mon•go´li•an , a. Of or pertaining to Mongolia or the Mongols. — n. One of the Mongols.

Mon•gol´ic , a. See Mongolian.

Mon´go•loid , a. [Mongol + -oid.] Resembling a Mongol or the Mongols; having race characteristics, such as color, hair, and features, like those of the Mongols. Huxley. { Mon´gols , Mon•go´li•ans }, n. pl. (Ethnol.) One of the great races of man, including the greater part of the inhabitants of China, Japan, and the interior of Asia, with branches in Northern Europe and other parts of the world. By some American Indians are considered a branch of the Mongols. In a more restricted sense, the inhabitants of Mongolia and adjacent countries, including the Burats and the Kalmuks. { Mon´goose , Mon´goos } , n. (Zoöl.) A species of ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), native of India. Applied also to other allied species, as the African banded mongoose (Crossarchus fasciatus). [Written also mungoose, mungoos, mungous.]

Mon´grel , n. [Prob. shortened fr. mongrel, and akin to AS. mengan to mix, and E. mingle. See Mingle.] The progeny resulting from a cross between two breeds, as of domestic animals; anything of mixed breed. Drayton.

Mon´grel, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Not of a pure breed. 2. Of mixed kinds; as mongrel language.

Mon´grel•ize , v. t. & i. To cause to be mongrel; to cross breeds, so as to produce mongrels.

’Mongst , prep. See Amongst.

Mon´ied , a. See Moneyed.

Mo•nif´i•er , n. [NL., fr. L. monile necklace + ferre to bear.] (Paleon.) A fossil fish.

Mo•nil´i•form , a. [L. monile necklace + -form: cf. F. moniliforme.] (Biol.) Joined or constricted, at regular intervals, so as to resemble a string of beads; as a moniliform root; a moniliform antenna. See Illust. of Antenna.

Mon´i•ment , n. [L. monimentum, monumentum. See Monument.] Something to preserve memory; a reminder; a monument; hence, a mark; an image; a superscription; a record. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mon´ish , v. t. [OE. monesten. See Admonish, Monition.] To admonish; to warn. See Admonish. [Archaic] Ascham.

Mon´ish•er , n. One who monishes; an admonisher. [Archaic]

Mon´ish•ment , n. Admonition. [Archaic]

Mon´ism (mon´iz’m or mo´niz’m), n. [From Gr. mo•nos single.] 1. (Metaph.) That doctrine which refers all phenomena to a single ultimate constituent or agent; — the opposite of dualism. The doctrine has been held in three generic forms: matter and its phenomena have been explained as a modification of mind, involving an idealistic monism; or mind has been explained by and resolved into matter, giving a materialistic monism; or, thirdly, matter, mind, and their phenomena have been held to be manifestations or modifications of some one substance, like the substance of Spinoza, or a supposed unknown something of some evolutionists, which is capable of an objective and subjective aspect. 2. (Biol.) See Monogenesis, 1.

Mon´ist, n. A believer in monism.

Mo•nis´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or involving, monism.

Mo•ni´tion , n. [F., fr. L. monitio, from monere to warn, bring to mind; akin to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Admonish, Money, Monster.] 1. Instruction or advice given by way of caution; an admonition; a warning; a caution. “Sage monitions from his friends.” Swift. 2. Information; indication; notice; advice. “We have no visible monition of … other periods, such as we have of the day by successive light and darkness.” Holder. 3. (Admiralty Practice) A process in the nature of a summons to appear and answer. 4. (Eccl. Law) An order monishing a party complained against to obey under pain of the law. Shipley.

Mon´i•tive , a. Conveying admonition; admonitory. Barrow.

Mon´i•tor , n. [L., fr. monere. See Monition, and cf. Mentor.] 1. One who admonishes; one who warns of faults, informs of duty, or gives advice and instruction by way of reproof or caution. “You need not be a monitor to the king.” Bacon. 2. Hence, specifically, a pupil selected to look to the school in the absence of the instructor, to notice the absence or faults of the scholars, or to instruct a division or class. 3. (Zoöl.) Any large Old World lizard of the genus Varanus; esp., the Egyptian species (V. Niloticus), which is useful because it devours the eggs and young of the crocodile. It is sometimes five or six feet long. 4. [So called from the name given by Captain Ericson, its designer, to the first ship of the kind.] An ironclad war vessel, very low in the water, and having one or more heavily-armored revolving turrets, carrying heavy guns. 5. (Mach.) A tool holder, as for a lathe, shaped like a low turret, and capable of being revolved on a vertical pivot so as to bring successively the several tools in holds into proper position for cutting. Monitor top, the raised central portion, or clearstory, of a car roof, having low windows along its sides.

Mon•i•to´ri•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a monitor or monitors. 2. Done or performed by a monitor; as monitorial work; conducted or taught by monitors; as a monitorial school; monitorial instruction.

Mon•i•to´ri•al•ly, adv. In a monitorial manner.

Mon´i•tor•ship , n. The post or office of a monitor.

Mon´i•to•ry , a. [L. monitorius.] Giving admonition; instructing by way of caution; warning. “Losses, miscarriages, and disappointments, are monitory and instructive.” L’Estrange.

Mon´i•to•ry, n. Admonition; warning; especially, a monition proceeding from an ecclesiastical court, but not addressed to any one person. { Mon´i•tress , Mon´i•trix } n. A female monitor.

Monk , n. [AS. munuc, munec, munc, L. monachus, Gr. , fr. mo•nos alone. Cf. Monachism.] 1. A man who retires from the ordinary temporal concerns of the world, and devotes himself to religion; one of a religious community of men inhabiting a monastery, and bound by vows to a life of chastity, obedience, and poverty. ´A monk out of his cloister.´ Chaucer. “Monks in some respects agree with regulars, as in the substantial vows of religion; but in other respects monks and regulars differ; for that regulars, vows excepted, are not tied up to so strict a rule of life as monks are.” Ayliffe. 2. (Print.) A blotch or spot of ink on a printed page, caused by the ink not being properly distributed. It is distinguished from a friar, or white spot caused by a deficiency of ink. 3. A piece of tinder made of agaric, used in firing the powder hose or train of a mine. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A South American monkey (Pithecia monachus); also applied to other species, as Cebus xanthocephalus. (b) The European bullfinch. Monk bat (Zoöl.), a South American and West Indian bat (Molossus nasutus); — so called because the males live in communities by themselves. — Monk bird(Zoöl.), the friar bird. — Monk seal (Zoöl.), a species of seal (Monachus albiventer) inhabiting the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic. — Monk’s rhubarb (Bot.), a kind of dock; — also called patience (Rumex Patientia).

Monk´er•y , n.; pl. Monkeries . 1. The life of monks; monastic life; monastic usage or customs; — now usually applied by way of reproach. “Miters, and wretched dead mediaeval monkeries.” Carlyle. 2. A collective body of monks. [Obs.] “Though he have a whole monkery to sing for him.” Latimer.

Mon´key , n.; pl. Monkeys (#). [Cf. OIt. monicchio, It. monnino, dim. of monna an ape, also dame, mistress, contr. fr. madonna. See Madonna.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) In the most general sense, any one of the Quadrumana, including apes, baboons, and lemurs. (b) Any species of Quadrumana, except the lemurs. (c) Any one of numerous species of Quadrumana (esp. such as have a long tail and prehensile feet) exclusive of apes and baboons. The monkeys are often divided into three groups: (a) Catarrhines, or Simidae. These have an oblong head, with the oblique flat nostrils near together. Some have no tail, as the apes. All these are natives of the Old World. (b) Platyrhines, or Cebidae. These have a round head, with a broad nasal septum, so that the nostrils are wide apart and directed downward. The tail is often prehensile, and the thumb is short and not opposable. These are natives of the New World. (c) Strepsorhines, or Lemuroidea. These have a pointed head with curved nostrils. They are natives of Southern Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. 2. A term of disapproval, ridicule, or contempt, as for a mischievous child. “This is the monkey’s own giving out; she is persuaded I will marry her.” Shak. 3. The weight or hammer of a pile driver, that is, a very heavy mass of iron, which, being raised on high, falls on the head of the pile, and drives it into the earth; the falling weight of a drop hammer used in forging. 4. A small trading vessel of the sixteenth century. Monkey boat. (Naut.) (a) A small boat used in docks. (b) A half- decked boat used on the River Thames. — Monkey block (Naut.), a small single block strapped with a swivel. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Monkey flower (Bot.), a plant of the genus Mimulus; — so called from the appearance of its gaping corolla. Gray. — Monkey gaff (Naut.), a light gaff attached to the topmast for the better display of signals at sea. — Monkey jacket, a short closely fitting jacket, worn by sailors. — Monkey rail (Naut.), a second and lighter rail raised about six inches above the quarter rail of a ship. — Monkey shine, monkey trick. [Slang, U.S.] — Monkey trick, a mischievous prank. Saintsbury. — Monkey wheel. See Gin block, under 5th Gin. — Monkey wrench, a wrench or spanner having a movable jaw.

Mon´key, v. t. & i. To act or treat as a monkey does; to ape; to act in a grotesque or meddlesome manner. To monkey with, to handle in a meddlesome manner. [Colloq.]

Mon´key-bread , n. (Bot.) The fruit of the Adansonia digitata; also the tree. See Adansonia.

Mon´key-cup , n. (Bot.) See Nepenthes.

Mon´key-pot , n. (Zoöl.) The fruit of two South American trees (Lecythis Ollaria, and L. Zabucajo), which have for their fruit large, pot-shaped, woody capsules containing delicious nuts, and opening almost explosively by a circular lid at the top. Vases and pots are made of this capsule.

Mon´key’s puz´zle (Bot.) A lofty coniferous Chilian tree (Araucaria imbricata), the branches of which are so crowded and intertwisted ´as to puzzle a monkey to climb.´ The edible nuts are over an inch long, and are called piñon by the Chilians.

Mon´key•tail , n. (Naut.) A short, round iron bar or lever used in naval gunnery. Totten.

Monk´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The angel fish (Squatina). (b) The angler (Lophius).

Monk´flow•er , n. (Bot.) A name of certain curious orchids which bear three kinds of flowers formerly referred to three genera, but now ascertained to be sexually different forms of the same genus (Catasetum tridentatum, etc.).

Monk´hood , n. [Monk + - hood.] 1. The character or condition of a monk. Atterbury. 2. Monks, regarded collectively. Longfellow.

Monk´ing, a. Monkish. [R.] Coleridge.

Monk´ish, a. Like a monk, or pertaining to monks; monastic; as monkish manners; monkish dress; monkish solitude. — Monk´ish•ness, n.

Monk´ly, a. Like, or suitable to, a monk. [R.]

Monks´hood , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Aconitum; aconite. See Aconite.

Monk’s´ seam (Naut.) An extra middle seam made at the junction of two breadths of canvas ordinarily joined by only two rows of stitches. { Mon´o- , Mon- }. [Gr. .] A prefix signifying one, single, alone; as monocarp, monopoly; (Chem.) indicating that a compound contains one atom, radical, or group of that to the name of which it is united; as monoxide, monosulphide, monatomic, etc.

Mo´no , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) The black howler of Central America (Mycetes villosus).

Mon•o•ba´sic , a. [Mono- + basic.] (Chem.) Capable of being neutralized by a univalent base or basic radical; having but one acid hydrogen atom to be replaced; — said of acids; as acetic, nitric, and hydrochloric acids are monobasic.

Mon•o•car•bon´ic , a. [Mono- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Containing one carboxyl group; as acetic acid is a monocarbonic acid.

Mon•o•car´di•an , a. [Mono- + Gr. heart.] (Zoöl.) Having a single heart, as fishes and amphibians. — n. An animal having a single heart.

Mon´o•carp , n. (Bot.) A monocarpic plant.

Mon•o•car´pel•la•ry , a. [Mono- + carpellary.] (Bot.) Consisting of a single carpel, as the fruit of the pea, cherry, and almond. { Mon•o•car´pic , Mon•o•car´pous } a. [Mono- + Gr. fruit: cf. F. monocarpe.] (Bot.) Bearing fruit but once, and dying after fructification, as beans, maize, mustard, etc. Annual and biennual herbs are monocarpic, so also some plants of longer duration, as the century plant.

Mon•o•ceph´a•lous , a. [Mono- + Gr. kefalh• head.] (Bot.) Having a solitary head; — said of unbranched composite plants.

Mo•noc´e•ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; mo•nos alone, single + ke•ras horn.] 1. A one-horned creature; a unicorn; a sea monster with one horn. “Mighty monoceroses with immeasured tails.” Spenser. 2. (Astron.) The Unicorn, a constellation situated to the east Orion.

Mon•o•chla•myd´e•ous , a. [Mono- + Gr. , , cloak: cf. F. monochlamyde.] (Bot.) Having a single floral envelope, that is, a calyx without a corolla, or, possibly, in rare cases, a corolla without a calyx.

Mon´o•chord , n. [L. monochordon, Gr. , fr. with but one string; only, single + string: cf. F. monocorde. See Chord, and cf. Mainchord.] (Mus.) An instrument for experimenting upon the mathematical relations of musical sounds. It consists of a single string stretched between two bridges, one or both of which are movable, and which stand upon a graduated rule for the purpose of readily changing and measuring the length of the part of the string between them.

Mon•o•chro•mat´ic , a. [Cf. F. monochromatique. See Monochrome.] Consisting of one color, or presenting rays of light of one color only. Monochromatic lamp (Opt.),a lamp whose flame yields rays of some one homogenous light. It is of great importance in optical experiments.

Mon´o•chrome , n. [Gr. of one color; mo•nos single + color: cf. F. monochrome.] A painting or drawing in a single color; a picture made with a single color.

Mon•o•chro´mic , a. Made, or done, with a single color; as a monochromic picture.

Mon´o•chro•my , n. The art of painting or drawing in monochrome.

Mon•o•chron´ic , a. [Mono- + Gr. time.] Existing at the same time; contemporaneous.

Mon•o•cil´i•a•ted , a. [Mono- + ciliated.] (Biol.) Having but one cilium.

Mon´o•cle , n. [F. See Monocular.] An eyeglass for one eye. Simmonds.

Mon•o•cli´nal , a. [See Monoclinic.] (Geol.) Having one oblique inclination; — applied to strata that dip in only one direction from the axis of elevation.

Mon´o•cline , n. (Geol.) A monoclinal fold.

Mon•o•clin´ic , a. [Mono- + Gr. to incline.] (Crystallog.) Having one oblique intersection; — said of that system of crystallization in which the vertical axis is inclined to one, but at right angles to the other, lateral axis. See Crystallization.

Mo•noc´li•nous , a. [Mono- + Gr. couch, fr. to lie down: cf. F. monocline.] (Bot.) Hermaphrodite, or having both stamens and pistils in every flower.

Mon•o•con´dy•la , n. pl. [NL. See Mono-, and Condyle.] (Zoöl.) A group of vertebrates, including the birds and reptiles, or those that have only one occipital condyle; the Sauropsida.

Mon´o•co•tyl , n. (Bot.) Any monocotyledonous plant.

Mon´o•co•tyle , a. [Cf. F. monocotyle.] (Bot.) Monocotyledonous.

Mon•o•cot•y•le´don , n. [Mono- + cotyledon: cf. F. monocotyledone.] (Bot.) A plant with only one cotyledon, or seed lobe. The plural, monocotyledons, is used as the name of a large class of plants, and is generally understood to be equivalent to the term endogens.

Mon•o•cot•y•le´don•ous , a. [Cf. F. monocotyledone.] (Bot.) Having only one cotyledon, seed lobe, or seminal leaf. Lindley.

Mo•noc´ra•cy , n. [Mono- + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government by a single person; undivided rule. Sydney Smith.

Mon´o•crat , n. [Cf. Gr. ruling alone.] One who governs alone.

Mon•o•crot´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of, pertaining to, or showing, monocrotism; as a monocrotic pulse; a pulse of the monocrotic type.

Mo•noc´ro•tism , n. [Gr. mo•nos alone + a beating.] (Physiol.) That condition of the pulse in which the pulse curve or sphygmogram shows but a single crest, the dicrotic elevation entirely disappearing.

Mo•noc´u•lar , a. [L. monoculus; Gr. mo•nos single + L. oculus eye: cf. F. monoculaire.] 1. Having only one eye; with one eye only; as monocular vision. 2. Adapted to be used with only one eye at a time; as a monocular microscope.

Mon´o•cule (mon´o•kul), n. [See Monocular.] (Zoöl.) A small crustacean with one median eye.

Mo•noc´u•lous , a. Monocular. Glanvill.

Mon•o•cys´tic , a. [See Mono- , and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a division (Monocystidea) of Gregarinida, in which the body consists of one sac.

Mon•o•dac´tyl•ous , a. [Gr. monoda•ktylos; mo•nos single + da•ktylos finger: cf. F. monodactyle.] (Zoöl.) Having but one finger or claw. { Mon´o•delph , Mon•o•del´phi•an } n. (Zoöl.) One of the Monodelphia.

Mon•o•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + delfy•s the womb.] (Zoöl.) The group that includes all ordinary or placental mammals; the Placentalia. See Mammalia. { Mon•o•del´phic , Mon•o•del´phous } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monodelphia. { Mo•nod´ic , Mo•nod´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] 1. Belonging to a monody. 2. (Mus.) (a) For one voice; monophonic. (b) Homophonic; — applied to music in which the melody is confined to one part, instead of being shared by all the parts as in the style called polyphonic.

Mon•o•di•met´ric , a. [Mono- + dimetric.] (Crystallog.) Dimetric.

Mon´o•dist , n. A writer of a monody. { Mon´o•dra•ma , Mon´o•drame } n. [Mono- + Gr. drama.] A drama acted, or intended to be acted, by a single person.

Mon•o•dra•mat´ic , a. Pertaining to a monodrama.

Mon´o•dy , n.; pl. Monodies (#). [L. monodia, Gr. , fr. singing alone; mo•nos single + song: cf. F. monodie. See Ode.] A species of poem of a mournful character, in which a single mourner expresses lamentation; a song for one voice.

Mon•o•dy•nam´ic , a. [Mono- + dynamic.] Possessing but one capacity or power. ´Monodynamic men.´ De Quincey.

Mon•o•dy´na•mism , n. The theory that the various forms of activity in nature are manifestations of the same force. G. H. Lewes.

Mo•nœ´ci•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + house.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants, whose stamens and pistils are in distinct flowers in the same plant.

Mo•nœ´cian , a. 1. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Monœcia; monœcious. — n. One of the Monœcia. 2. (Zoöl.) A monœcious animal, as certain mollusks.

Mo•nœ´cious , a. (Biol.) Having the sexes united in one individual, as when male and female flowers grow upon the same individual plant; hermaphrodite; — opposed to diœcious.

Mo•nœ´cism , n. (Biol.) The state or condition of being monœcious.

Mon´o•gam , n. (Bot.) One of the Monogamia.

Mon•o•ga´mi•a , n. pl. [NL. See Monogamous.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants, having solitary flowers with united anthers, as in the genus Lobelia. { Mon•o•ga´mi•an , Mon•o•gam´ic } a. [See Monogamous.] 1. Pertaining to, or involving, monogamy. 2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Monogamia; having a simple flower with united anthers.

Mo•nog´a•mist , n. One who practices or upholds monogamy. Goldsmith.

Mo•nog´a•mous , a. [L. monogamus having but one wife, Gr. ; mo•nos single + marriage.] 1. Upholding, or practicing, monogamy. 2. (Bot.) Same as Monogamian. 3. (Zoöl.) Mating with but one of the opposite sex; — said of birds and mammals.

Mo•nog´a•my , n. [L. monogamia, Gr. : cf. F. monogamie.] 1. Single marriage; marriage with but one person, husband or wife, at the same time; — opposed to polygamy. also one marriage only during life; — opposed to deuterogamy. 2. (Zoöl.) State of being paired with a single mate.

Mon•o•gas´tric , a. [Mono- + Gr. belly.] Having but a single stomach.

Mon•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Mono- + genesis.] 1. Oneness of origin; esp. (Biol.), development of all beings in the universe from a single cell; — opposed to polygenesis. Called also monism. Dana. Haeckel. 2. (Biol.) That form of reproduction which requires but one parent, as in reproduction by fission or in the formation of buds, etc., which drop off and form new individuals; asexual reproduction. Haeckel. 3. (Biol.) The direct development of an embryo, without metamorphosis, into an organism similar to the parent organism; — opposed to metagenesis. E. van Beneden.

Mon•o•ge•net´ic , a. [See Monogenesis.] 1. (Geol.) One in genesis; resulting from one process of formation; — used of a mountain range. Dana. 2. (Biol.) Relating to, or involving, monogenesis; as the monogenetic school of physiologists, who admit but one cell as the source of all beings.

Mon•o•gen´ic , a. 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to monogenesis. 2. (Zoöl.) Producing only one kind of germs, or young; developing only in one way.

Mo•nog´e•nism , n. (Anthropol.) The theory or doctrine that the human races have a common origin, or constitute a single species.

Mo•nog´e•nist , n. (Anthropol.) One who maintains that the human races are all of one species; — opposed to polygenist.

Mon•o•ge•nis´tic , a. Monogenic.

Mo•nog´e•nous , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to monogenesis; as monogenous, or asexual, reproduction.

Mo•nog´e•ny , n. 1. Monogenesis. 2. (Anthropol.) The doctrine that the members of the human race have all a common origin.

Mon•o•go•neu´tic , a. [Mono- + Gr. offspring.] (Zoöl.) Having but one brood in a season.

Mon´o•gram , n. [L. monogramma; Gr. mo•nos single + gra•mma letter, fr. gra•fein to write: cf. F. monogramme. See Graphic.] 1. A character or cipher composed of two or more letters interwoven or combined so as to represent a name, or a part of it (usually the initials). Monograms are often used on seals, ornamental pins, rings, buttons, and by painters, engravers, etc., to distinguish their works. Monogram. The monogram above, combining the letters of the name Karolvs, was used by Charlemagne. 2. A picture in lines; a sketch. [R.] 3. An arbitrary sign for a word. [R.]

Mon´o•gram•mal , a. See Monogrammic.

Mon•o•gram•mat´ic , a. Monogrammic.

Mon•o•gram´mic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a monogram.

Mon´o•gram•mous , a. Monogrammic.

Mon´o•graph , n. [Mono- + -graph.] A written account or description of a single thing, or class of things; a special treatise on a particular subject of limited range.

Mo•nog´ra•pher , n. A writer of a monograph. { Mon•o•graph´ic , Mon•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. monographique.] Of or pertaining to a monograph, or to a monography; as a monographic writing; a monographic picture. — Mon•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Mo•nog´ra•phist , n. One who writes a monograph.

Mo•nog´ra•phous , a. Monographic. [Obs.]

Mo•nog´ra•phy , n. [Mono- + -graphy: cf. F. monographie.] 1. Representation by lines without color; an outline drawing. 2. A monograph. [Obs.]

Mon´o•gyn , n. (Bot.) One of the Monogynia.

Mon•o•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + woman, female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants, including those which have only one style or stigma.

Mon•o•gyn´i•an , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to the Monogynia; monogynous. — n. One of the Monogynia.

Mo•nog´y•nous , a. [Cf. F. monogyne.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to Monogynia; having only one style or stigma.

Mo•nog´y•ny , n. [See Monogynia.] 1. Marriage with the one woman only. 2. (Bot.) The state or condition of being monogynous.

Mon•o•hem´er•ous , a. [Mono- + Gr. day.] (Med.) Lasting but one day.

Mo•noi´cous , a. (Bot.) Monœcious.

Mo•nol´a•try , n. [Mono- + Gr. worship.] Worship of a single deity.

Mon´o•lith , n. [F. monolithe, L. monolithus consisting of a single stone, Gr. ; mo•nos single + li•qos stone.] A single stone, especially one of large size, shaped into a pillar, statue, or monument.

Mon´o•lith•al , a. Monolithic.

Mon•o•lith´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a monolith; consisting of a single stone.

Mo•nol´o•gist , n. [See Monologue.] One who soliloquizes; esp., one who monopolizes conversation in company. De Quincey.

Mon´o•logue , n. [F. monologue, Gr. speaking alone; mo•nos alone, single, sole + lo•gos speech, discourse, le•gein to speak. See Legend.] 1. A speech uttered by a person alone; soliloquy; also talk or discourse in company, in the strain of a soliloquy; as an account in monologue. Dryden. 2. A dramatic composition for a single performer.

Mo•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. .] The habit of soliloquizing, or of monopolizing conversation. “It was not by an insolent usurpation that Coleridge persisted in monology through his whole life.” De Quincey. { Mon•o•ma´chi•a , Mo•nom´a•chy } n. [L. monomachia, Gr. , fr. fighting in single combat; mo•nos single, alone + to fight.] A duel; single combat. ´The duello or monomachia.´ Sir W. Scott.

Mo•nom´a•chist , n. One who fights in single combat; a duelist.

Mon´o•mane , n. A monomaniac. [R.]

Mon•o•ma´ni•a , n. [Mono- + mania.] Derangement of the mind in regard of a single subject only; also such a concentration of interest upon one particular subject or train of ideas to show mental derangement. Syn. — Insanity; madness; alienation; aberration; derangement; mania. See Insanity.

Mon•oma´ni•ac , n. A person affected by monomania. { Mon•oma´ni•ac , Mon•oma´ni•a•cal } a. [Cf. F. monomaniaque.] Affected with monomania, or partial derangement of intellect; caused by, or resulting from, monomania; as a monomaniacal delusion.

Mon´ome , n. [F., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + -nome as in binome. See Binomial.] (Math.) A monomial.

Mo•nom´er•ous , a. [Gr. mo•nos single; mo•nos alone + part.] 1. (Bot.) Composed of solitary parts, as a flower with one sepal, one petal, one stamen, and one pistil. 2. (Zoöl.) Having but one joint; — said of the foot of certain insects.

Mon•o•me•tal´lic , a. Consisting of one metal; of or pertaining to monometallism.

Mon•o•met´al•lism , n. [Mono- + metal.] The legalized use of one metal only, as gold, or silver, in the standard currency of a country, or as a standard of money values. See Bimetallism.

Mon•o•met´al•list , n. One who believes in monometallism as opposed to bimetallism, etc.

Mo•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. of one meter; mo•nos single + measure.] A rhythmic series, consisting of a single meter.

Mon•o•met´ric , a. [Cf. F. monometrique.] (Crystallog.) Same as Isometric.

Mo•no´mi•al , n. [See Monome, Binomial.] (Alg.) A single algebraic expression; that is, an expression unconnected with any other by the sign of addition, substraction, equality, or inequality.

Mo•no´mi•al, a. (Alg.) Consisting of but a single term or expression. { Mon•o•mor´phic , Mon•o•mor´phous } a. [Mono- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Having but a single form; retaining the same form throughout the various stages of development; of the same or of an essentially similar type of structure; — opposed to dimorphic, trimorphic, and polymorphic.

Mo•nom´pha•lus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos alone + the navel.] A form of double monster, in which two individuals are united by a common umbilicus. { Mo•no´my•a , Mon•o•my•a´ri•a } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + , , muscle.] (Zoöl.) An order of lamellibranchs having but one muscle for closing the shell, as the oyster. { Mon•o•my´a•ri•an , Mon•o•my´a•ry } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monomya. — n. One of the Monomya.

Mon•o•no´mi•al , n. & a. Monomyal. { Mon•o•ou´si•an , Mon•o•ou´si•ous } a. [Mono- + Gr. being, substance, essence.] (Theil.) Having but one and the same nature or essence.

Mo•nop´a•thy , n. [Gr. ; mo•nos alone + , , to suffer.] Suffering or sensibility in a single organ or function. — Mon•o•path´ic, a.

Mon•o•per´son•al , a. [Mono- + personal.] Having but one person, or form of existence.

Mon•o•pet´al•ous , a. [Mono- + petal: cf. F. monopetale.] (Bot.) Having only one petal, or the corolla in one piece, or composed of petals cohering so as to form a tube or bowl; gamopetalous. The most recent authors restrict this form to flowers having a solitary petal, as in species of Amorpha, and use gamopetalous for a corolla of several petals combined into one piece. See Illust. of Gamopetalous.

Mo•noph´a•nous , a. [Mono- + Gr. to show.] Having one and the same appearance; having a mutual resemblance.

Mon•o•phon´ic , a. [Mono- + Gr. a voice.] (Mus.) Single-voiced; having but one part; as a monophonic composition; — opposed to polyphonic.

Mon´oph•thong , n. [Gr. with one sound; mo•nos alone + sound, voice.] 1. A single uncompounded vowel sound. 2. A combination of two written vowels pronounced as one; a digraph.

Mon•oph•thon´gal , a. Consisting of, or pertaining to, a monophthong.

Mon•o•phy•let´ic , a. [Gr. of one tribe, fr. mo•nos single + clan.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a single family or stock, or to development from a single common parent form; — opposed to polyphyletic; as monophyletic origin.

Mo•noph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. mono•fyllos; mo•nos alone + fy•llon leaf: cf. F. monophylle.] (Bot.) One-leaved; composed of a single leaf; as a monophyllous involucre or calyx.

Mon•o•phy´o•dont , a. [Gr. mo•nos single (mo•nos alone + to produce) + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having but one set of teeth; — opposed to diphyodont.

Mo•noph´y•site , n. [Gr. ; mo•nos single + nature: cf. F. monophysite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect, in the ancient church, who maintained that the human and divine in Jesus Christ constituted but one composite nature. Also used adjectively.

Mon•o•phy•sit´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to Monophysites, or their doctrines.

Mon´o•plast , n. [Mono- + -plast.] (Biol.) A monoplastic element.

Mon•o•plas´tic , a. [Mono- + -plastic.] (Biol.) That has one form, or retains its primary form, as a monoplastic element.

Mon•ople´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + a stroke.] (Med.) Paralysis affecting a single limb.

Mon•op•neu´mo•na , n. pl. [NL. See Mono-, and Pneumonia.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Dipnoi, including the Ceratodus. [Written also monopneumonia.]

Mon´o•pode , n. 1. One of a fabulous tribe or race of Ethiopians having but one leg and foot. Sir J. Mandeville. Lowell. 2. (Bot.) A monopodium.

Mon•o•po´di•al , a. (Bot.) Having a monopodium or a single and continuous axis, as a birchen twig or a cornstalk.

Mon•o•po´di•um , n.; pl. L. Monopodia (#), E. -ums (#). [L. See Monopody.] (Bot.) A single and continuous vegetable axis; — opposed to sympodium.

Mo•nop´o•dy , n. [Mono- + Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot: cf. , , one-footed.] (Pros.) A measure of but a single foot.

Mo•nop´o•ler , n. A monopolist. [Obs.]

Mo•nop´o•list (mo•nop´o•list), n. One who monopolizes; one who has a monopoly; one who favors monopoly.

Mo•nop•o•lis´tic (-lis´tik), a. Of or pertaining to a monopolist. North Am. Rev.

Mo•nop´o•lite , n. A monopolist. Sylvester.

Mo•nop´o•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Monopolized p. pr. & vb. n. Monopolizing ] [From Monopoly.] To acquire a monopoly of; to have or get the exclusive privilege or means of dealing in, or the exclusive possession of; to engross the whole of; as to monopolize the coffee trade; to monopolize land.

Mo•nop´o•li•zer , n. One who monopolizes.

Mo•nop´o•ly , n.; pl. Monopolies (#). [L. monopolium, Gr. , ; mo•nos alone + to sell.] 1. The exclusive power, or privilege of selling a commodity; the exclusive power, right, or privilege of dealing in some article, or of trading in some market; sole command of the traffic in anything, however obtained; as the proprietor of a patented article is given a monopoly of its sale for a limited time; chartered trading companies have sometimes had a monopoly of trade with remote regions; a combination of traders may get a monopoly of a particular product. “Raleigh held a monopoly of cards, Essex a monopoly of sweet wines.” Macaulay. 2. Exclusive possession; as a monopoly of land. “If I had a monopoly out, they would have part on ’t.” Shak. 3. The commodity or other material thing to which the monopoly relates; as tobacco is a monopoly in France. [Colloq.]

Mon•o•pol´y•logue , n. [Mono- + Gr. poly•s many + lo•gos speech.] An exhibition in which an actor sustains many characters.

Mon•o•psy´chism , n. [Mono- + Gr. soul.] The doctrine that there is but one immortal soul or intellect with which all men are endowed.

Mo•nop´ter•al , a. [Gr. with a row of pillars only; mo•nos alone, only + feather, wing, also a row of pillars: cf. F. monoptère.] (Arch.) Round and without a cella; consisting of a single ring of columns supporting a roof; — said esp. of a temple.

Mo•nop´ter•on , n.; pl. Monoptera (#). [NL. See Monopteral.] (Arch.) A circular temple consisting of a roof supported on columns, without a cella.

Mon´op•tote , n. [L. monoptotum, Gr. ; mo•nos single + apt to fall, fallen, fr. to fall; cf. case.] (Gram.) 1. A noun having only one case. Andrews. 2. A noun having only one ending for the oblique cases.

Mon•o•py•re´nous , a. [Mono- + pyrene.] (Bot.) Having but a single stone or kernel.

Mon•or•gan´ic , a. [Mon- + organic.] (Biol. & Med.) Belonging to, or affecting, a single organ, or set of organs.

Mon•o•rhi´na , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + , , nose.] (Zoöl.) The Marsipobranchiata.

Mon´o•rhyme , n. [Mono- + rhyme: cf. F. monorime.] A composition in verse, in which all the lines end with the same rhyme.

Mon•o•sep´al•ous , a. [Mono- + sepal: cf. F. monosepale.] (Bot.) Having only one sepal, or the calyx in one piece or composed of the sepals united into one piece; gamosepalous. The most recent writers restrict this term to flowers having a solarity sepal, and use gamosepalous for a calyx formed by several sepals combined into one piece. Cf. Monopetalous.

Mon´o•sperm , n. (Bot.) A monospermous plant. { Mon•o•sper´mal , Mon•o•sper´mous } a. [Mono- + Gr. spe•rma seed: cf. F. monosperme.] (Bot.) Having only one seed.

Mon•o•spher´ic•al , a. [Mono- + spherical.] Consisting of one sphere only.

Mon´o•stich , n. [Gr. , from consisting of one verse; mo•nos single + sti•chos line, verse.] A composition consisting of one verse only.

Mo•nos´ti•chous (mo•nos´ti•kus), a. [See Monostich.] (Bot.) Arranged in a single row on one side of an axis, as the flowers in grasses of the tribe Chloridae.

Mo•nos´tro•phe (mo•nos´tro•fe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. mono•strofos monostrophic.] A metrical composition consisting of a single strophe.

Mon•o•stroph´ic (mon•o•strof´ik), a. [Gr. monostrofiko•s; mo•nos single + strofh• strophe.] (Pros.) Having one strophe only; not varied in measure; written in unvaried measure. Milton.

Mon•o•sul´phide , n. [Mono- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide containing one atom of sulphur, and analogous to a monoxide; — contrasted with a polysulphide; as galena is a monosulphide.

Mon•o•sul´phu•ret , n. [Mono- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) See Monosulphide.

Mon•o•syl•lab´ic , a. [Cf. F. monosyllabique.] Being a monosyllable, or composed of monosyllables; as a monosyllabic word; a monosyllabic language. — Mon•o•syl•lab´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Mon•o•syl´la•bism , n. The state of consisting of monosyllables, or having a monosyllabic form; frequent occurrence of monosyllables.

Mon´o•syl•la•ble , n. [L. monosyllabus of one syllable, Gr. : cf. F. monosyllabe. See Mono-, Syllable.] A word of one syllable.

Mon´o•syl•la•bled , a. Formed into, or consisting of, monosyllables. Cleveland. { Mon•o•sym•met´ric , Mon•o•sym•met´ric•al } a. [Mono- + symmetric, - ical.] (Crystallog.) Same as Monoclinic.

Mon•o•tes´sa•ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + four.] A single narrative framed from the statements of the four evangelists; a gospel harmony. [R.]

Mon•o•thal´a•ma , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + qa•lamos a chamber.] (Zoöl.) A division of Foraminifera including those that have only one chamber.

Mon•o•thal´a•man , n. [See Monothalamous.] (Zoöl.) A foraminifer having but one chamber.

Mon•o•thal´a•mous , a. [Mono- + Gr. qa•lamos chamber: cf. F. monothalame.] (Zoöl.) One-chambered.

Mon•o•thal´mic , a. [See Monothalamous.] (Bot.) Formed from one pistil; — said of fruits. R. Brown.

Mon•o•the´cal , a. [Mono- + Br. box.] (Bot.) Having a single loculament.

Mon´o•the•ism , n. [Mono- + Gr. god: cf. F. monotheisme.] The doctrine or belief that there is but one God.

Mon´o•the•ist, n. [Cf. F. monotheiste.] One who believes that there is but one God.

Mon•o•the•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to monotheism. { Mo•noth´e•lism , Mo•noth´e•li•tism } n. [Cf. F. monothelisme, monothelitisme.] The doctrine of the Monothelites.

Mo•noth´e•lite , n. [Gr. ; mo•nos alone, only + , , to will, be willing: cf. F. monothelite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient sect who held that Christ had but one will as he had but one nature. Cf. Monophysite. Gibbon.

Mon•o•the•lit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Monothelites, or their doctrine.

Mo•not´o•cous , a. [Mono- + Gr. birth, offspring.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing fruit but once; monocarpic. 2. (Zoöl.) Uniparous; laying a single egg.

Mo•not´o•mous , a. [Mono- + Gr. cutting, fr. to cut.] (Min.) Having a distinct cleavage in a single direction only.

Mon´o•tone , n. [See Monotonous, Monotony.] 1. (Mus.) A single unvaried tone or sound. 2. (Rhet.) The utterance of successive syllables, words, or sentences, on one unvaried key or line of pitch. { Mon•o•ton´ic , Mon•o•ton´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or uttered in, a monotone; monotonous. ´Monotonical declamation.´ Chesterfield.

Mo•not´o•nist , n. One who talks in the same strain or on the same subject until weariness is produced. Richardson.

Mo•not´o•nous , a. [Gr. ; mo•nos alone, single + tone. See Tone.] Uttered in one unvarying tone; continued with dull uniformity; characterized by monotony; without change or variety; wearisome. — Mo•not´o•nous•ly, adv. — Mo•not´o•nous•ness, n.

Mo•not´o•ny , n. [Gr. : cf. F. monotonie. See Monotonius.] 1. A frequent recurrence of the same tone or sound, producing a dull uniformity; absence of variety, as in speaking or singing. 2. Any irksome sameness, or want of variety. “At sea, everything that breaks the monotony of the surrounding expanse attracts attention.” W. Irving.

Mon•o•trem´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + hole.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Mammalia, having a cloaca in which the ducts of the urinary, genital, and alimentary systems terminate, as in birds. The female lays eggs like a bird. See Duck mole, under Duck, and Echidna.

Mon•o•trem´a•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Monotremata.

Mon´o•treme , n. [Cf. F. monotrème.] (Zoöl.) One of the Monotremata.

Mon•o•tri´glyph , n. [Mono- + triglyph: cf. F. monotriglyphe.] (Arch.) A kind of intercolumniation in an entablature, in which only one triglyph and two metopes are introduced.

Mo•not´ro•pa , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mo•nos single + turn, from to turn.] (Bot.) A genus of parasitic or saprophytic plants including the Indian pipe and pine sap. The name alludes to the dropping end of the stem. { Mon´o•type , Mon•o•typ´ic } a. [Mono- + -type: cf. F. monotype.] (Biol.) Having but one type; containing but one representative; as a monotypic genus, which contains but one species.

Mo•nov´a•lent , a. [Mono- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of one; univalent. See Univalent.

Mo•nox´ide , n. [Mon- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing one atom of oxygen in each molecule; as barium monoxide.

Mo•nox´y•lon , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. made from one piece of wood; mo•nos alone + wood.] A canoe or boat made from one piece of timber.

Mo•nox´y•lous , a. [See Monoxylon.] Made of one piece of wood.

Mon•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. mo•nos single + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) A division of Radiolaria; — called also Monocyttaria. — Mon•o•zo´ic (#), a.

Mon•roe´ doc´trine. See under Doctrine.

Mon•sei•gneur´ , n.; pl. Messeigneurs (#). [F., fr. mon my + seigneur lord, L. senior older. See Senior, and cf. Monsieur.] My lord; — a title in France of a person of high birth or rank; as Monseigneur the Prince, or Monseigneur the Archibishop. It was given, specifically, to the dauphin, before the Revolution of 1789. (Abbrev. Mgr.)

Mon´sel’s salt (Med.) A basic sulphate of iron; — so named from Monsel, a Frenchman.

Mon´sel’s so•lu´tion [See Monsel’s salt.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of Monsel’s salt, having valuable styptic properties.

Mon•sieur´ , n.; pl. Messieurs (#). [F., fr. mon my + Sieur, abbrev. of seigneur lord. See Monseigneur.] 1. The common title of civility in France in speaking to, or of, a man; Mr. or Sir. [Represented by the abbreviation M. or Mons. in the singular, and by MM. or Messrs. in the plural.] 2. The oldest brother of the king of France. 3. A Frenchman. [Contemptuous] Shak.

Mon•si•gno´re , n.; pl. Monsignors (#). [It., my lord. Cf. Monseigneur.] My lord; — an ecclesiastical dignity bestowed by the pope, entitling the bearer to social and domestic rank at the papal court. (Abbrev. Mgr.)

Mon•soon´ , n. [Malay musim, fr. Ar. mausim a time, season: cf. F. monson, mousson, Sr. monzon, Pg. monção, It. monsone.] A wind blowing part of the year from one direction, alternating with a wind from the opposite direction; — a term applied particularly to periodical winds of the Indian Ocean, which blow from the southwest from the latter part of May to the middle of September, and from the northeast from about the middle of October to the middle of December.

Mon´ster , n. [OE. monstre, F. monstre, fr. L. monstrum, orig., a divine omen, indicating misfortune; akin of monstrare to show, point out, indicate, and monere to warn. See Monition, and cf. Demonstrate, Muster.] 1. Something of unnatural size, shape, or quality; a prodigy; an enormity; a marvel. “A monster or marvel.” Chaucer. 2. Specifically , an animal or plant departing greatly from the usual type, as by having too many limbs. 3. Any thing or person of unnatural or excessive ugliness, deformity, wickedness, or cruelty.

Mon´ster, a. Monstrous in size. Pope.

Mon´ster, v. t. To make monstrous. [Obs.] Shak.

Mon´strance , n. [LL. monstrantia, fr. L. monstrare to show: cf. OF. monstrance. See Monster.] (R. C. Ch.) A transparent pyx, in which the consecrated host is exposed to view.

Mon•stra´tion , n. [L. monstratio.] The act of demonstrating; proof. [Obs.] “A certain monstration.” Grafton.

Mon•stros´i•ty , n.; pl. Monstrosities (#). [Cf. F. monstruosite. See Monstrous.] The state of being monstrous, or out of the common order of nature; that which is monstrous; a monster. South. “A monstrosity never changes the name or affects the immutability of a species.” Adanson (Trans. ).

Mon´strous , a. [OE. monstruous, F. monstrueux, fr. L. monstruosus, fr. monstrum. See Monster.] 1. Marvelous; strange. [Obs.] 2. Having the qualities of a monster; deviating greatly from the natural form or character; abnormal; as a monstrous birth. Locke. “He, therefore, that refuses to do good to them whom he is bound to love … is unnatural and monstrous in his affections.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Extraordinary in a way to excite wonder, dislike, apprehension, etc.; — said of size, appearance, color, sound, etc.; as a monstrous height; a monstrous ox; a monstrous story. 4. Extraordinary on account of ugliness, viciousness, or wickedness; hateful; horrible; dreadful. “So bad a death argues a monstrous life.” Shak. 5. Abounding in monsters. [R.] “Where thou, perhaps, under the whelming tide
Visitest the bottom of the monstrous world.” Milton.

Mon´strous, adv. Exceedingly; very; very much. ´A monstrous thick oil on the top.´ Bacon. “And will be monstrous witty on the poor.” Dryden.

Mon´strous•ly, adv. In a monstrous manner; unnaturally; extraordinarily; as monstrously wicked. ´Who with his wife is monstrously in love.´ Dryden.

Mon´strous•ness, n. The state or quality of being monstrous, unusual, extraordinary. Shak.

Mon•stru•os´i•ty , n. Monstrosity. [Obs.] Shak.

Mon´stru•ous , a. Monstrous. [Obs.]

Mont , n. [F. See Mount, n.] Mountain.

Mon´taigne , n. A mountain. [Obs.]

Mon•tan´ic , a. [L. montanus, fr. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n.] Of or pertaining to mountains; consisting of mountains.

Mon´ta•nist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Mintanus, a Phrygian enthusiast of the second century, who claimed that the Holy Spirit, the Paraclete, dwelt in him, and employed him as an instrument for purifying and guiding men in the Christian life. — Mon•ta•nis´tic (#), Mon•ta•nis´tic•al (#), a.

Mon´tant , n. [F.,prop., mounting, fr. monter to mount, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount.] 1. (Fencing) An upward thrust or blow. Shak. 2. (Arch.) An upright piece in any framework; a mullion or muntin; a stile. [R.] See Stile.

Mont´ de pi•e•te´ [F., fr. It. monte di pietà mount of piety.] One of certain public pawnbroking establishments which originated in Italy in the 15th century, the object of which was to lend money at a low rate of interest to poor people in need; — called also mount of piety. The institution has been adopted in other countries, as in Spain and France. See Lombard-house.

Mon´te (mon´ta), n. [Sp., lit., mountain, hence, the stock of cards remaining after laying out a certain number, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain.] A favorite gambling game among Spaniards, played with dice or cards.

Monte•-ac´id , n. [F. monter to raise + acide acid.] (Chem.) An acid elevator, as a tube through which acid is forced to some height in a sulphuric acid manufactory.

Mon•teith´ , n. See Monteth.

Mon´tem , n. [L. ad montem to the hillock. See Mount, n.] A custom, formerly practiced by the scholars at Eton school, England, of going every third year, on Whittuesday, to a hillock near the Bath road, and exacting money from all passers-by, to support at the university the senior scholar of the school.

Mon•te´ro , n. [Sp. montera a hunting cap, fr. montero a huntsman, monte a mountain, forest, L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n.] An ancient kind of cap worn by horsemen or huntsmen. Bacon. { Mon•teth´ , Mon•teith´ }, n. A vessel in which glasses are washed; — so called from the name of the inventor. “New things produce new words, and thus Monteth
Has by one vessel saved his name from death.” King.

Mont•gol´fier , n. A balloon which ascends by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire; a fire balloon; — so called from two brothers, Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, of France, who first constructed and sent up a fire balloon.

Month (munth), n. [OE. month, moneth, AS. monð, monað; akin to mona moon, and to D. maand month, G. monat, OHG. manod, Icel. manuðr, manaðr, Goth. menoþs. rad.272. See Moon.] One of the twelve portions into which the year is divided; the twelfth part of a year, corresponding nearly to the length of a synodic revolution of the moon, — whence the name. In popular use, a period of four weeks is often called a month. In the common law, a month is a lunar month, or twenty-eight days, unless otherwise expressed. Blackstone. In the United States the rule of the common law is generally changed, and a month is declared to mean a calendar month. Cooley’s Blackstone. A month mind. (a) A strong or abnormal desire. [Obs.] Shak. (b) A celebration made in remembrance of a deceased person a month after death. Strype. — Calendar months, the months as adjusted in the common or Gregorian calendar; April, June, September, and November, containing 30 days, and the rest 31, except February, which, in common years, has 28, and in leap years 29. — Lunar month, the period of one revolution of the moon, particularly a synodical revolution; but several kinds are distinguished, as the synodical month, or period from one new moon to the next, in mean length 29 d. 12 h. 44 m. 2.87 s.; the nodical month, or time of revolution from one node to the same again, in length 27 d. 5 h. 5 m. 36 s.; the sidereal, or time of revolution from a star to the same again, equal to 27 d. 7 h. 43 m. 11.5 s.; the anomalistic, or time of revolution from perigee to perigee again, in length 27 d. 13 h. 18 m. 37.4 s.; and the tropical, or time of passing from any point of the ecliptic to the same again, equal to 27 d. 7 h. 43 m. 4.7 s. — Solar month, the time in which the sun passes through one sign of the zodiac, in mean length 30 d. 10 h. 29 m. 4.1 s.

Month´ling , n. That which is a month old, or which lives for a month. [R.] Wordsworth.

Month´ly, a. 1. Continued a month, or a performed in a month; as the monthly revolution of the moon. 2. Done, happening, payable, published, etc., once a month, or every month; as a monthly visit; monthly charges; a monthly installment; a monthly magazine. Monthly nurse, a nurse who serves for a month or some short time, esp. one which attends women after childbirth.

Month´ly, n.; pl. Monthlies . A publication which appears regularly once a month.

Month´ly, adv. 1. Once a month; in every month; as the moon changes monthly. Shak. 2. As if under the influence of the moon; in the manner of a lunatic. [Obs.] Middleton.

Mon´ti•cle , n. [L. monticulus, dim. of mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. monticule. See Mount, n.] A little mount; a hillock; a small elevation or prominence. [Written also monticule.]

Mon•tic´u•late , a. Furnished with monticles or little elevations.

Mon´ti•cule , n. See Monticle.

Mon•tic´u•lous , a. Monticulate.

Mon´ti•form , a. [L. mons, montis, mountain + -form.] Resembling a mountain in form.

Mon•tig´e•nous , a. [L. montigena; mons, montis, mountain + the root of gignere to beget.] Produced on a mountain.

Mon•toir´ , n. [F., fr. monter to mount. See Montant.] A stone used in mounting a horse; a horse block.

Mon´ton , n. [Sp.] (Mining) A heap of ore; a mass undergoing the process of amalgamation.

Mon•tross´ , n. See Matross. [Obs.]

Mon´true , n. [F., fr. monter to mount. See Montoir.] That on which anything is mounted; a setting; hence, a saddle horse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mon´u•ment , n. [F., fr. L. monumentum, fr. monere to remind, admonish. See Monition, and cf. Moniment.] 1. Something which stands, or remains, to keep in remembrance what is past; a memorial. “Of ancient British art
A pleasing monument.” Philips. “Our bruised arms hung up for monuments.” Shak. 2. A building, pillar, stone, or the like, erected to preserve the remembrance of a person, event, action, etc.; as the Washington monument; the Bunker Hill monument. also a tomb, with memorial inscriptions. “On your family’s old monument
Hang mournful epitaphs, and do all rites
That appertain unto a burial.” Shak. 3. A stone or other permanent object, serving to indicate a limit or to mark a boundary. 4. A saying, deed, or example, worthy of record. “Acts and Monuments of these latter and perilous days.” Foxe. Syn. — Memorial; remembrance; tomb; cenotaph.

Mon•u•men´tal , a. [L. monumentalis: cf. F. monumental.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or suitable for, a monument; as a monumental inscription. 2. Serving as a monument; memorial; preserving memory. ´Of pine, or monumental oak.´ Milton. “A work outlasting monumental brass.” Pope.

Mon•u•men´tal•ly, adv. 1. By way of memorial. 2. By means of monuments.

Mon•u´re•id , n. [Mon- + ureid.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of complex nitrogenous substances regarded as derived from one molecule of urea; as alloxan is a monureid. [Written also monureide.]

Moo (mo), a., adv., & n. See Mo. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moo (moo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mooed p. pr. & vb. n. Mooing.] [Of imitative origin.] To make the noise of a cow; to low; — a child’s word.

Moo, n. The lowing of a cow.

Mood (mood), n. [The same word as mode, perh. influenced by mood temper. See Mode.] 1. Manner; style; mode; logical form; musical style; manner of action or being. See Mode which is the preferable form). 2. (Gram.) Manner of conceiving and expressing action or being, as positive, possible, hypothetical, etc., without regard to other accidents, such as time, person, number, etc.; as the indicative mood; the infinitive mood; the subjunctive mood. Same as Mode.

Mood, n. [OE. mood, mod, AS. modmind, feeling, heart, courage; akin to OS. & OFries. mod, D. moed, OHG. muot, G. muth, mut, courage, Dan. & Sw. mod, Icel. moðr wrath, Goth. mods.] Temper of mind; temporary state of the mind in regard to passion or feeling; humor; as a melancholy mood; a suppliant mood. “Till at the last aslaked was his mood.” Chaucer. “Fortune is merry,
And in this mood will give us anything.” Shak. “The desperate recklessness of her mood.” Hawthorne.

Moo´der , n. Mother. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mood´i•ly (mood´i•ly), adv. In a moody manner.

Mood´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being moody; specifically, liability to strange or violent moods.

Moo´dir , n. [Ar. mudir.] The governor of a province in Egypt, etc. [Written also mudir.]

Mood´ish , a. Moody. [Obs.]

Mood´ish•ly, adv. Moodily. [Obs.]

Mood´y (-y), a. [Compar. Moodier superl. Moodiest.] [AS. modig courageous.] 1. Subject to varying moods, especially to states of mind which are unamiable or depressed. 2. Hence: Out of humor; peevish; angry; fretful; also abstracted and pensive; sad; gloomy; melancholy. ´Every peevish, moody malcontent.´ Rowe. “Arouse thee from thy moody dream!” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Gloomy; pensive; sad; fretful; capricious. { Moo´lah , Mool´lah }, n. See Mollah.

Mool´ley , n. Same as Mulley.

Moon (moon), n. [OE. mone, AS. mona; akin to D. maan, OS. & OHG. mano, G. mond, Icel. mani, Dan. maane, Sw. måne, Goth. mena, Lith. men&uring;, L. mensis month, Gr. mh•nh moon, mh•n month, Skr. mas moon, month; prob. from a root meaning to measure (cf. Skr. ma to measure), from its serving to measure the time. rad.271. Cf. Mete to measure, Menses, Monday, Month.] 1. The celestial orb which revolves round the earth; the satellite of the earth; a secondary planet, whose light, borrowed from the sun, is reflected to the earth, and serves to dispel the darkness of night. The diameter of the moon is 2,160 miles, its mean distance from the earth is 240,000 miles, and its mass is one eightieth that of the earth. See Lunar month, under Month. “The crescent moon, the diadem of night.” Cowper. 2. A secondary planet, or satellite, revolving about any member of the solar system; as the moons of Jupiter or Saturn. 3. The time occupied by the moon in making one revolution in her orbit; a month. Shak. 4. (Fort.) A crescentlike outwork. See Half-moon. Moon blindness. (a) (Far.) A kind of ophthalmia liable to recur at intervals of three or four weeks. (b) (Med.) Hemeralopia. — Moon dial, a dial used to indicate time by moonlight. — Moon face, a round face like a full moon. — Moon madness, lunacy. [Poetic] — Moon month, a lunar month. — Moon trefoil (Bot.), a shrubby species of medic (Medicago arborea). See Medic. — Moon year, a lunar year, consisting of lunar months, being sometimes twelve and sometimes thirteen.

Moon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mooned p. pr. & vb. n. Mooning.] To expose to the rays of the moon. “If they have it to be exceeding white indeed, they seethe it yet once more, after it hath been thus sunned and mooned.” Holland.

Moon, v. i. To act if moonstruck; to wander or gaze about in an abstracted manner. “Elsley was mooning down the river by himself.” C. Kingsley.

Moon´beam , n. A ray of light from the moon.

Moon´blind , a. Dim-sighted; purblind.

Moon´blink , n. A temporary blindness, or impairment of sight, said to be caused by sleeping in the moonlight; — sometimes called nyctalopia.

Moon´calf , n. 1. A monster; a false conception; a mass of fleshy matter, generated in the uterus. 2. A dolt; a stupid fellow. Dryden.

Moon´-cul´mi•na•ting , a. Culminating, or coming to the meredian, at or about the same time with the moon; — said of a star or stars, esp. of certain stars selected beforehand, and named in an ephemeris (as the Nautical Almanac), as suitable to be observed in connection with the moon at culmination, for determining terrestrial longitude.

Mooned , a. Of or resembling the moon; symbolized by the moon. ´Sharpening in mooned horns.´ ´Mooned Ashtaroth.´ Milton.

Moon´er , n. One who abstractedly wanders or gazes about, as if moonstruck. [R.] Dickens.

Moon´er•y , n. Conduct of one who moons. [R.]

Moon´et , n. A little moon. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Moon´-eye , n. 1. A eye affected by the moon; also a disease in the eye of a horse. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of American fresh-water fishes of the genus Hyodon, esp. H. tergisus of the Great Lakes and adjacent waters. (b) The cisco.

Moon´-eyed , a. Having eyes affected by the moon; moonblind; dim-eyed; purblind.

Moon´-faced , a. Having a round, full face.

Moon´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine fish (Vomer setipennis); — called also bluntnosed shiner, horsefish, and sunfish. (b) A broad, thin, silvery marine fish (Selene vomer); — called also lookdown, and silver moonfish. (c) The mola. See Sunfish, 1.

Moon´flow•er , n. (Bot.) (a) The oxeye daisy; — called also moon daisy. (b) A kind of morning glory (Ipomœa Bona-nox) with large white flowers opening at night.

Moong , n. (Bot.) Same as Mung.

Moon´glade , n. The bright reflection of the moon’s light on an expanse of water. [Poetic]

Moo´nie (moo´ni), n. (Zoöl.) The European goldcrest.

Moon´ish (moon´ish), a. Like the moon; variable. “Being but a moonish youth.” Shak.

Moon´less, a. Being without a moon or moonlight.

Moon•light , n. The light of the moon. — a. Occurring during or by moonlight; characterized by moonlight.

Moon´ling , n. A simpleton; a lunatic. [Obs.]

Moon´lit , a. Illumined by the moon. ´The moonlit sea.´ Moore. ´Moonlit dells.´ Lowell.

Moon´rak•er , n. (Naut.) Same as Moonsail.

Moon´rise , n. The rising of the moon above the horizon; also the time of its rising.

Moon´sail , n. (Naut.) A sail sometimes carried in light winds, above a skysail. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Moon´seed , n. (Bot.) A climbing plant of the genus Menispermum; — so called from the crescentlike form of the seeds.

Moon´set , n. The descent of the moon below the horizon; also the time when the moon sets.

Moon´shee , n. [Hind. munishi, fr. Ar. munishi a writer, author, secretary, tutor.] A Mohammedan professor or teacher of language. [India]

Moon´shine , n. 1. The light of the moon. 2. Hence, show without substance or reality. 3. A month. [R.] Shak. 4. A preparation of eggs for food. [Obs.]

Moon´shine, a. Moonlight. [R.] Clarendon.

Moon´shin•er , n. A person engaged in illicit distilling; — so called because the work is largely done at night. [Cant, U.S.]

Moon´shin•y , a. Moonlight. [Colloq.] “I went to see them in a moonshiny night.” Addison.

Moon´stone (-ston•), n. (Min.) A nearly pellucid variety of feldspar, showing pearly or opaline reflections from within. It is used as a gem. The best specimens come from Ceylon.

Moon´strick•en , a. See Moonstruck.

Moon´struck , a. 1. Mentally affected or deranged by the supposed influence of the moon; lunatic. 2. Produced by the supposed influence of the moon. ´Moonstruck madness.´ Milton. 3. Made sick by the supposed influence of the moon, as a human being; made unsuitable for food, as fishes, by such supposed influence.

Moon´wort , n. (Bot.) (a) The herb lunary or honesty. See Honesty. (b) Any fern of the genus Botrychium, esp. B. Lunaria; — so named from the crescent-shaped segments of its frond.

Moon´y , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the moon. “Soft and pale as the moony beam.” J. R. Drake. 2. Furnished with a moon; bearing a crescent. “But soon the miscreant moony host
Before the victor cross shall fly.” Fenton. 3. Silly; weakly sentimental. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Moor (moor), n. [F. More, Maure, L. Maurus a Moor, a Mauritanian, an inhabitant of Mauritania, Gr. May^ros; cf. may^ros black, dark. Cf. Morris a dance, Morocco.] 1. One of a mixed race inhabiting Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, chiefly along the coast and in towns. 2. (Hist.) Any individual of the swarthy races of Africa or Asia which have adopted the Mohammedan religion. ´In Spanish history the terms Moors, Saracens, and Arabs are synonymous.´ Internat. Cyc.

Moor, n. [OE. mor, AS. mor moor, morass; akin to D. moer moor, G. moor, and prob. to Goth. marei sea, E. mere. See Mere a lake.] 1. An extensive waste covered with patches of heath, and having a poor, light soil, but sometimes marshy, and abounding in peat; a heath. “In her girlish age she kept sheep on the moor.” Carew. 2. A game preserve consisting of moorland. Moor buzzard (Zoöl.), the marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.] — Moor coal (Geol.), a friable variety of lignite. — Moor cock (Zoöl.), the male of the moor fowl or red grouse of Europe. — Moor coot. (Zoöl.) See Gallinule. — Moor fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European ptarmigan, or red grouse (Lagopus Scoticus). (b) The European heath grouse. See under Heath. — Moor game. (Zoöl.) Same as Moor fowl (above). — Moor grass (Bot.), a tufted perennial grass (Sesleria caerulea), found in mountain pastures of Europe. — Moor hawk (Zoöl.), the marsh harrier. — Moor hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The female of the moor fowl. (b) A gallinule, esp. the European species. See Gallinule. (c) An Australian rail (Tribonyx ventralis). — Moor monkey (Zoöl.), the black macaque of Borneo (Macacus maurus). — Moor titling (Zoöl.), the European stonechat (Pratinocola rubicola).

Moor (moor), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moored (moord); p. pr. & vb. n. Mooring.] [Prob. fr. D. marren to tie, fasten, or moor a ship. See Mar.] 1. (Naut.) To fix or secure, as a vessel, in a particular place by casting anchor, or by fastening with cables or chains; as the vessel was moored in the stream; they moored the boat to the wharf. 2. Fig.: To secure, or fix firmly. Brougham.

Moor, v. i. To cast anchor; to become fast. “On oozy ground his galleys moor.” Dryden.

Moor´age , n. A place for mooring.

Moor´ball , n. (Bot.) A fresh-water alga (Cladophora AEgagropila) which forms a globular mass.

Moor´band , n. See Moorpan.

Moor´ess , n. A female Moor; a Moorish woman.

Moor´ing, n. 1. The act of confining a ship to a particular place, by means of anchors or fastenings. 2. That which serves to confine a ship to a place, as anchors, cables, bridles, etc. 3. pl. The place or condition of a ship thus confined. “And the tossed bark in moorings swings.” Moore. Mooring block (Naut.), a heavy block of cast iron sometimes used as an anchor for mooring vessels.

Moor´ish, a. [From 2d Moor.] Having the characteristics of a moor or heath. ´Moorish fens.´ Thomson.

Moor´ish, a. [See 1st Moor, and cf. Morris, Moresque.] Of or pertaining to Morocco or the Moors; in the style of the Moors. Moorish architecture, the style developed by the Moors in the later Middle Ages, esp. in Spain, in which the arch had the form of a horseshoe, and the ornamentation admitted no representation of animal life. It has many points of resemblance to the Arabian and Persian styles, but should be distinguished from them. See Illust. under Moresque.

Moor´land , n. [AS. morland.] Land consisting of a moor or moors.

Moor´pan , n. [Cf. Hard pan, under Hard.] A clayey layer or pan underlying some moors, etc.

Moor´stone , n. A species of English granite, used as a building stone.

Moo´ruk , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A species of cassowary (Casuarius Bennetti) found in New Britain, and noted for its agility in running and leaping. It is smaller and has stouter legs than the common cassowary. Its crest is bilobed; the neck and breast are black; the back, rufous mixed with black; and the naked skin of the neck, blue.

Moor´y , a. Of or pertaining to moors; marshy; fenny; boggy; moorish. Mortimer. “As when thick mists arise from moory vales.” Fairfax.

Moor´y, n. A kind of blue cloth made in India. Balfour (Cyc of India).

Moose (moos), n. [A native name; Knisteneaux mouswah; Algonquin monse. Mackenzie.] (Zoöl.) A large cervine mammal (Alces machlis, or A. Americanus), native of the Northern United States and Canada. The adult male is about as large as a horse, and has very large, palmate antlers. It closely resembles the European elk, and by many zoölogists is considered the same species. See Elk. Moose bird (Zoöl.), the Canada jayor whisky jack. See Whisky jack. — Moose deer. Same as Moose. — Moose yard (Zoöl.), a locality where moose, in winter, herd together in a forest to feed and for mutual protection.

Moose´wood , n. (Bot.) (a) The striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum). (b) Leatherwood.

Moot (mot), v. See 1st Mot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Moot (moot), n. (Shipbuilding) A ring for gauging wooden pins.

Moot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mooted p. pr. & vb. n. Mooting.] [OE. moten, motien, AS. motan to meet or assemble for conversation, to discuss, dispute, fr. mot, gemot, a meeting, an assembly; akin to Icel. mot, MHG. muoz. Cf. Meet to come together.] 1. To argue for and against; to debate; to discuss; to propose for discussion. “A problem which hardly has been mentioned, much less mooted, in this country.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Specifically: To discuss by way of exercise; to argue for practice; to propound and discuss in a mock court. “First a case is appointed to be mooted by certain young men, containing some doubtful controversy.” Sir T. Elyot.

Moot , v. i. To argue or plead in a supposed case. “There is a difference between mooting and pleading; between fencing and fighting.” B. Jonson.

Moot, n. [AS. mot, gemot, a meeting; — usually in comp.] [Written also mote.] 1. A meeting for discussion and deliberation; esp., a meeting of the people of a village or district, in Anglo-Saxon times, for the discussion and settlement of matters of common interest; — usually in composition; as folk- moot. J. R. Green. 2. [From Moot, v.] A discussion or debate; especially, a discussion of fictitious causes by way of practice. “The pleading used in courts and chancery called moots.” Sir T. Elyot. Moot case, a case or question to be mooted; a disputable case; an unsettled question. Dryden. — Moot court, a mock court, such as is held by students of law for practicing the conduct of law cases. — Moot point, a point or question to be debated; a doubtful question.

Moot, a. Subject, or open, to argument or discussion; undecided; debatable; mooted.

Moot´a•ble , a. Capable of being mooted.

Moot´er , n. A disputer of a mooted case. { Moot´-hall• , Moot´-house• } n. [AS. moths.] A hall for public meetings; a hall of judgment. [Obs.] ´The moot- hall of Herod.´ Wyclif.

Moot´-hill , n. (O. Eng. Law) A hill of meeting or council; an elevated place in the open air where public assemblies or courts were held by the Saxons; - - called, in Scotland, mute-hill. J. R. Green.

Moot´man , n.; pl. Mootmen . (O. Eng. Law) One who argued moot cases in the inns of court.

Mop , n. [See Mope.] A made-up face; a grimace. ´What mops and mowes it makes!´ Beau. & Fl.

Mop, v. i. To make a wry mouth. [Obs.] Shak.

Mop, n. [CF. W. mop, mopa, Ir. moipal, Gael. moibeal, moibean; or OF. mappe a napkin (see Map, Napkin).] 1. An implement for washing floors, or the like, made of a piece of cloth, or a collection of thrums, or coarse yarn, fastened to a handle. 2. A fair where servants are hired. [Prov. Eng.] 3. The young of any animal; also a young girl; a moppet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Mop head. (a) The end of a mop, to which the thrums or rags are fastened. (b) A clamp for holding the thrums or rags of a mop. [U.S.]

Mop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mopped p. pr. & vb. n. Mopping.] To rub or wipe with a mop, or as with a mop; as to mop a floor; to mop one’s face with a handkerchief.

Mop´board , n. (Carp.) A narrow board nailed against the wall of a room next to the floor; skirting board; baseboard. See Baseboard.

Mope , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moped p. pr. & vb. n. Moping.] [Cf. D. moppen to pout, Prov. G. muffen to sulk.] To be dull and spiritless. ´Moping melancholy.´ Milton. “A sickly part of one true sense
Could not so mope.” Shak.

Mope, v. t. To make spiritless and stupid. [Obs.]

Mope, n. A dull, spiritless person. Burton.

Mope´-eyed , a. Shortsighted; purblind.

Mope´ful , a. Mopish. [R.]

Mop´ish , a. Dull; spiritless; dejected. — Mop´ish•ly, adv. — Mop´ish•ness, n.

Mop´lah , n. [Malayalam mapplia.] One of a class of Mohammedans in Malabar.

Mop´pet , n. [From 3d Mop.] 1. A rag baby; a puppet made of cloth; hence, also in fondness, a little girl, or a woman. 2. (Zoöl.) A long-haired pet dog. { Mop´sey , Mop´sy } , n. 1. A moppet. 2. A slatternly, untidy woman. Halliwell.

Mop´si•cal , a. Shortsighted; mope-eyed.

Mop´stick , n. The long handle of a mop.

Mo´pus (mo´pus), n. A mope; a drone. [Obs.] Swift.

Mo•quette´ , n. [F.] A kind of carpet having a short velvety pile.

Mor´a , n. [It.] A game of guessing the number of fingers extended in a quick movement of the hand, — much played by Italians of the lower classes.

Mo´ra , n. (Bot.) A leguminous tree of Guiana and Trinidad (Dimorphandra excelsa); also its timber, used in shipbuilding and making furniture.

Mo´ra, n. [L.] (Rom. & Civil Law) Delay; esp., culpable delay; postponement.

Mo•raine´ , n. [F. Cf. Prov. G. mur stones broken off, It. mora a heap of stones, hillock, G. mürbe soft, broken up, OHG. muruwi, AS. mearu tender, Gr. to cause to wither, Skr. mla to relax.] (Geol.) An accumulation of earth and stones carried forward and deposited by a glacier. Lyell. If the moraine is at the extremity of the glacier it is a terminal moraine; if at the side, a lateral moraine; if parallel to the side on the central portion of the glacier, a medial moraine. See Illust. of Glacier. In the last case it is formed by the union of the lateral moraines of the branches of the glacier. A ground moraine is one beneath the mass of ice.

Mo•rain´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a moranie.

Mor´al , a. [F., fr. It. moralis, fr. mos, moris, manner, custom, habit, way of life, conduct.] 1. Relating to duty or obligation; pertaining to those intentions and actions of which right and wrong, virtue and vice, are predicated, or to the rules by which such intentions and actions ought to be directed; relating to the practice, manners, or conduct of men as social beings in relation to each other, as respects right and wrong, so far as they are properly subject to rules. “Keep at the least within the compass of moral actions, which have in them vice or virtue.” Hooker. “Mankind is broken loose from moral bands.” Dryden. “She had wandered without rule or guidance in a moral wilderness.” Hawthorne. 2. Conformed to accepted rules of right; acting in conformity with such rules; virtuous; just; as a moral man. Used sometimes in distinction from religious; as a moral rather than a religious life. “The wiser and more moral part of mankind.” Sir M. Hale. 3. Capable of right and wrong action or of being governed by a sense of right; subject to the law of duty. “A moral agent is a being capable of those actions that have a moral quality, and which can properly be denominated good or evil in a moral sense.” J. Edwards. 4. Acting upon or through one’s moral nature or sense of right, or suited to act in such a manner; as a moral arguments; moral considerations. Sometimes opposed to material and physical; as moral pressure or support. 5. Supported by reason or probability; practically sufficient; — opposed to legal or demonstrable; as a moral evidence; a moral certainty. 6. Serving to teach or convey a moral; as a moral lesson; moral tales. Moral agent, a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. — Moral certainty, a very high degree or probability, although not demonstrable as a certainty; a probability of so high a degree that it can be confidently acted upon in the affairs of life; as there is a moral certainty of his guilt. — Moral insanity, insanity, so called, of the moral system; badness alleged to be irresponsible. — Moral philosophy, the science of duty; the science which treats of the nature and condition of man as a moral being, of the duties which result from his moral relations, and the reasons on which they are founded. — Moral play, an allegorical play; a morality. [Obs.] — Moral sense, the power of moral judgment and feeling; the capacity to perceive what is right or wrong in moral conduct, and to approve or disapprove, independently of education or the knowledge of any positive rule or law. — Moral theology, theology applied to morals; practical theology; casuistry.

Mor´al , n. 1. The doctrine or practice of the duties of life; manner of living as regards right and wrong; conduct; behavior; — usually in the plural. “Corrupt in their morals as vice could make them.” South. 2. The inner meaning or significance of a fable, a narrative, an occurrence, an experience, etc.; the practical lesson which anything is designed or fitted to teach; the doctrine meant to be inculcated by a fiction; a maxim. “Thus may we gather honey from the weed,
And make a moral of the devil himself.” Shak. “To point a moral, or adorn a tale.” Johnson. “We protest against the principle that the world of pure comedy is one into which no moral enters.” Macaulay. 3. A morality play. See Morality, 5.

Mor´al, v. i. To moralize. [Obs.] Shak.

Mo•rale´ , n. [F. See Moral, a.] The moral condition, or the condition in other respects, so far as it is affected by, or dependent upon, moral considerations, such as zeal, spirit, hope, and confidence; mental state, as of a body of men, an army, and the like.

Mor´al•er , n. A moralizer. [Obs.] Shak.

Mor´al•ism , n. A maxim or saying embodying a moral truth. Farrar.

Mor´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. moraliste.] 1. One who moralizes; one who teaches or animadverts upon the duties of life; a writer of essays intended to correct vice and inculcate moral duties. Addison. 2. One who practices moral duties; a person who lives in conformity with moral rules; one of correct deportment and dealings with his fellow-creatures; — sometimes used in contradistinction to one whose life is controlled by religious motives. “The love (in the moralist of virtue, but in the Christian) of God himself.” Hammond.

Mo•ral´i•ty , n.; pl. Moralities (#). [L. moralitas: cf. F. moralite.] 1. The relation of conformity or nonconformity to the moral standard or rule; quality of an intention, a character, an action, a principle, or a sentiment, when tried by the standard of right. “The morality of an action is founded in the freedom of that principle, by virtue of which it is in the agent’s power, having all things ready and requisite to the performance of an action, either to perform or not perform it.” South. 2. The quality of an action which renders it good; the conformity of an act to the accepted standard of right. “Of moralitee he was the flower.” Chaucer. “I am bold to think that morality is capable of demonstration.” Locke. 3. The doctrines or rules of moral duties, or the duties of men in their social character; ethics. “The end of morality is to procure the affections to obey reason, and not to invade it.” Bacon. “The system of morality to be gathered out of … ancient sages falls very short of that delivered in the gospel.” Swift. 4. The practice of the moral duties; rectitude of life; conformity to the standard of right; virtue; as we often admire the politeness of men whose morality we question. 5. A kind of allegorical play, so termed because it consisted of discourses in praise of morality between actors representing such characters as Charity, Faith, Death, Vice, etc. Such plays were occasionally exhibited as late as the reign of Henry VIII. Strutt. 6. Intent; meaning; moral. [Obs.] “Taketh the morality thereof, good men.” Chaucer.

Mor•al•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. moralisation.] 1. The act of moralizing; moral reflections or discourse. 2. Explanation in a moral sense. T. Warton.

Mor´al•ize (mor´al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moralized p. pr. & vb. n. Moralizing ] [Cf. F. moraliser.] 1. To apply to a moral purpose; to explain in a moral sense; to draw a moral from. “This fable is moralized in a common proverb.” L’Estrange. “Did he not moralize this spectacle?” Shak. 2. To furnish with moral lessons, teachings, or examples; to lend a moral to. “While chastening thoughts of sweetest use, bestowed
By Wisdom, moralize his pensive road.” Wordsworth. 3. To render moral; to correct the morals of. “It had a large share in moralizing the poor white people of the country.” D. Ramsay. 4. To give a moral quality to; to affect the moral quality of, either for better or worse. “Good and bad stars moralize not our actions.” Sir T. Browne.

Mor´al•ize , v. i. To make moral reflections; to regard acts and events as involving a moral.

Mor´al•i•zer , n. One who moralizes.

Mor´al•ly, adv. 1. In a moral or ethical sense; according to the rules of morality. “By good, good morally so called, ´bonum honestum´ ought chiefly to be understood.” South. 2. According to moral rules; virtuously. ´To live morally.´ Dryden. 3. In moral qualities; in disposition and character; as one who physically and morally endures hardships. 4. In a manner calculated to serve as the basis of action; according to the usual course of things and human judgment; according to reason and probability. “It is morally impossible for an hypocrite to keep himself long upon his guard.” L’Estrange.

Mo•rass´ , n. [OE. marras, mareis (perh. through D. moeras), fr. F. marais, prob. from L. mare sea, in LL., any body of water; but perh. influenced by some German word. See Mere a lake, and cf. Marsh.] A tract of soft, wet ground; a marsh; a fen. Morass ore. (Min.) See Bog ore, under Bog.

mo•rass´y , a. Marshy; fenny. [R.] Pennant.

Mo´rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of moric acid.

Mo•ra´tion , n. [L. moratio.] A delaying tarrying; delay. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Mo•ra´vi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Moravia, or to the United Brethren. See Moravian, n.

Mo•ra´vi•an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect called the United Brethren (an offshoot of the Hussites in Bohemia), which formed a separate church of Moravia, a northern district of Austria, about the middle of the 15th century. After being nearly extirpated by persecution, the society, under the name of The Renewed Church of the United Brethren, was reëstablished in 1722-35 on the estates of Count Zinzendorf in Saxony. Called also Herrnhuter.

Mo•ra´vi•an•ism , n. The religious system of the Moravians.

Mor´ay , n. (Zoöl.) A muraena.

Mor´bid , a. [L. morbidus, fr. morbus disease; prob. akin to mori to die: cf. F. morbide, It. morbido. See Mortal.] 1. Not sound and healthful; induced by a diseased or abnormal condition; diseased; sickly; as morbid humors; a morbid constitution; a morbid state of the juices of a plant. ´Her sick and morbid heart.´ Hawthorne. 2. Of or pertaining to disease or diseased parts; as morbid anatomy. Syn. — Diseased; sickly; sick. — Morbid, Diseased. Morbid is sometimes used interchangeably with diseased, but is commonly applied, in a somewhat technical sense, to cases of a prolonged nature; as a morbid condition of the nervous system; a morbid sensibility, etc.

Mor•bi•dez´za , n. [It., softness, delicacy. See Morbid.] 1. (Fine Arts) Delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh. 2. (Mus.) A term used as a direction in execution, signifying, with extreme delicacy. Ludden.

Mor•bid´i•ty , n. 1. The quality or state of being morbid. 2. Morbid quality; disease; sickness. C. Kingsley. 3. Amount of disease; sick rate.

Mor´bid•ly , adv. In a morbid manner.

Mor´bid•ness, n. The quality or state of being morbid; morbidity. { Mor•bif´ic , Mor•bif´ic•al } a. [L. morbus disease + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. morbifique. See -fy.] Causing disease; generating a sickly state; as a morbific matter.

Mor•bil´lous , a. [LL. morbilli measles, dim. of L. morbus disease: cf. F. morbilleux.] Pertaining to the measles; partaking of the nature of measels, or resembling the eruptions of that disease; measly.

Mor•bose´ , a. [L. morbosus, fr. morbus disease.] Proceeding from disease; morbid; unhealthy. “Morbose tumors and excrescences of plants.” Ray.

Mor•bos´i•ty , n. [L. morbositas.] A diseased state; unhealthiness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Mor•ceau´ , n. [F.] A bit; a morsel.

Mor•da´cious , a. [L. mordax, -acis, fr. mordere, morsum, to bite. See Morsel.] Biting; given to biting; hence, figuratively, sarcastic; severe; scathing. — Mor•da´cious•ly, adv.

Mor•dac´i•ty , n. [L. mordacitas: cf. F. mordacite. See Mordacious.] The quality of being mordacious; biting severity, or sarcastic quality. Bacon.

Mor´dant , a. [F., p. pr. of mordere to bite; L. mordere. See Morsel.] 1. Biting; caustic; sarcastic; keen; severe. 2. (Dyeing & Calico Printing) Serving to fix colors.

Mor´dant, n. [F., originally, biting.] 1. Any corroding substance used in etching. 2. (Dyeing & Calico Printing) Any substance, as alum or copperas which, having a twofold attraction for organic fibers and coloring matter, serves as a bond of union, and thus gives fixity to, or bites in, the dyes. 3. (Gilding) Any sticky matter by which the gold leaf is made to adhere.

Mor´dant , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mordanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Mordanting.] To subject to the action of, or imbue with, a mordant; as to mordant goods for dyeing.

Mor´dant•ly, adv. In the manner of a mordant.

Mor•den´te , n. [It.] (Mus.) An embellishment resembling a trill.

Mor´di•can•cy , n. A biting quality; corrosiveness. [R.] Evelyn.

Mor´di•cant , a. [L. mordicans, p. pr. of mordicare to bite, fr. mordere: cf. F. mordicant.] Biting; acrid; as the mordicant quality of a body. [R.] Boyle.

Mor•di•ca´tion , n. [L. mordicatio.] The act of biting or corroding; corrosion. [R.] Bacon.

Mor´di•ca•tive , a. [L. mordicativus.] Biting; corrosive. [R.] Holland.

More (mor), n. [AS. mor. See Moor a waste.] A hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

More, n. [AS. more, moru; akin to G. möhre carrot, OHG. moraha, morha.] A root. [Obs.] Chaucer.

More, a., compar. [Positive wanting; superl. Most (most).] [OE. more, mare, and (orig. neut. and adv.) mo, ma, AS. mara, and (as neut. and adv.) ma; akin to D. meer, OS. mer, G. mehr, OHG. mero, mer, Icel. meiri, meirr, Dan. meere, meer, Sw. mera, mer, Goth. maiza, a., mais, adv., and perh. to L. major greater, compar. of magnus great, and magis, adv., more. rad.103. Cf. Most, uch, Major.] 1. Greater; superior; increased; as: (a) Greater in quality, amount, degree, quality, and the like; with the singular. “He gat more money.” Chaucer. “If we procure not to ourselves more woe.” Milton. More, in this sense, was formerly used in connection with some other qualifying word, — a, the, this, their, etc., — which now requires the substitution of greater, further, or the like, for more. “Whilst sisters nine, which dwell on Parnasse height,
Do make them music for their more delight.” Spenser. “The more part knew not wherefore they were come together.” Acts xix. 32. “Wrong not that wrong with a more contempt.” Shak. (b) Greater in number; exceeding in numbers; — with the plural. “The people of the children of Israel are more and mighter than we.” Ex. i. 9. 2. Additional; other; as he wept because there were no more worlds to conquer. “With open arms received one poet more.” Pope.

More, n. 1. A greater quantity, amount, or number; that which exceeds or surpasses in any way what it is compared with. “And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less.” Ex. xvi. 17. 2. That which is in addition; something other and further; an additional or greater amount. “They that would have more and more can never have enough.” L’Estrange. “O! That pang where more than madness lies.” Byron. Any more. (a) Anything or something additional or further; as I do not need any more. (b) Adverbially: Further; beyond a certain time; as do not think any more about it. — No more, not anything more; nothing in addition. — The more and less, the high and low. [Obs.] Shak. ´All cried, both less and more.´ Chaucer.

More, adv. 1. In a greater quantity; in or to a greater extent or degree. (a) With a verb or participle. “Admiring more
The riches of Heaven’s pavement.” Milton. (b) With an adjective or adverb (instead of the suffix -er) to form the comparative degree; as more durable; more active; more sweetly. “Happy here, and more happy hereafter.” Bacon. Double comparatives were common among writers of the Elizabeth period, and for some time later; as more brighter; more dearer. “The duke of Milan
And his more braver daughter.” Shak. 2. In addition; further; besides; again. “Yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more,
Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere,
I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude.” Milton. More and more, with continual increase. ´Amon trespassed more and more.´ 2 Chron. xxxiii. 23. - - The more, to a greater degree; by an added quantity; for a reason already specified. — The more — the more, by how much more — by so much more. ´The more he praised it in himself, the more he seems to suspect that in very deed it was not in him.´ Milton. — To be no more, to have ceased to be; as Cassius is no more; Troy is no more. “Those oracles which set the world in flames,
Nor ceased to burn till kingdoms were no more.” Byron.

More, v. t. To make more; to increase. [Obs.] Gower.

Mo•reen´ , n. [Cf. Mohair.] A thick woolen fabric, watered or with embossed figures; — used in upholstery, for curtains, etc.

Mor´el , n. [See Moril.] (Bot.) An edible fungus (Morchella esculenta), the upper part of which is covered with a reticulated and pitted hymenium. It is used as food, and for flavoring sauces. [Written also moril.]

Mor´el, n. [See Morelle.] (Bot.) 1. Nightshade; — so called from its blackish purple berries. [Written also morelle.] 2. A kind of cherry. See Morello. Great morel, the deadly nightshade. — Petty morel, the black nightshade. See Nightshade.

More´land , n. Moorland.

Mo•relle´ , n. [F., orig. fem. of moreau black, OF. morel, fr. LL. morellus. Cf. Morello, Murrey.] (Bot.) Nightshade. See 2d Morel.

Mo•rel´lo , n. [Cf. It. morello blackish, OF. morel. Cf. Morelle.] (Bot.) A kind of nearly black cherry with dark red flesh and juice, — used chiefly for preserving.

Mo•ren´do , a. & n. [It.] (Mus.) Dying; a gradual decrescendo at the end of a strain or cadence.

More´ness , n. Greatness. [Obs.] Wyclif.

More•o´ver , adv. [More + over.] Beyond what has been said; further; besides; in addition; furthermore; also; likewise. “Moreover, he hath left you all his walks.” Shak. Syn. — Besides, Moreover. Of the two words, moreover is the stronger and is properly used in solemn discourse, or when what is added is important to be considered. See Besides.

More´pork , n. [So named from its cry.] (Zoöl.) The Australian crested goatsucker (AEgotheles Novae-Hollandiae). Also applied to other allied birds, as Podargus Cuveiri.

Mo•resk´ , a. & n. Moresque. [Obs.]

Mo•resque´ , a. [F., fr. It. moresco, or Sp. morisco. See Morris.] Of or pertaining to, or in the manner or style of, the Moors; Moorish. — n. The Moresque style of architecture or decoration. See Moorish architecture, under Moorish. [Written also mauresque.]

Mor•ga•nat´ic , a. [LL. matrimonium ad morganaticam, fr. morganatica a morning gift, a kind of dowry paid on the morning before or after the marriage, fr. OHG. morgan morning, in morgangeba morning gift, G. morgengabe. See Morn.] Pertaining to, in the manner of, or designating, a kind of marriage, called also left-handed marriage, between a man of superior rank and a woman of inferior, in which it is stipulated that neither the latter nor her children shall enjoy the rank or inherit the possessions of her husband. Brande & C. — Mor•ga•nat´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Mor´gay , n. [W. morgi dogfish, shark; mor sea + ci dog.] (Zoöl.) The European small-spotted dogfish, or houndfish. See the Note under Houndfish.

Mor´glay , n. [Cf. Claymore.] A sword. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Morgue , n. [F.] A place where the bodies of persons found dead are exposed, that they may be identified, or claimed by their friends; a deadhouse.

Mo´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. folly.] Idiocy; imbecility; fatuity; foolishness.

Mo´ri•an , n. (Ethnol.) A Moor. [Obs.] “In vain the Turks and Morians armed be.” Fairfax.

Mor´i•bund , a. [L. moribundus, from moriri to die. See Mortal.] In a dying state; dying; at the point of death. “The patient was comatose and moribund.” Copland.

Mor´i•bund , n. A dying person. [R.]

Mo´ric , a. Pertaining to, or derived from, fustic (see Morin); as moric acid.

Mor´ice , n. See Morisco.

Mo•rig´er•ate , a. [L. morigeratus, p. p. of morigerari to comply with. See Morigerous.] Obedient. [Obs.]

Mo•rig•er•a´tion , n. [L. morigeratio.] Obsequiousness; obedience. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Mo•rig´er•ous , a. [L. morigerus; mos, moris, custom, manner + gerere to bear, conduct.] Obedient; obsequious. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Mor´il , n. [F. morille; cf. OHG. morhila, G. morchel, OHG. morha carrot. See More a root.] (Bot.) An edible fungus. Same as 1st Morel.

Mo´rin , n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance of acid properties extracted from fustic (Maclura tinctoria, formerly called Morus tinctoria); - - called also moric acid.

Mo•rin´da , n. (Bot.) A genus of rubiaceous trees and shrubs, mostly East Indian, many species of which yield valuable red and yellow dyes. The wood is hard and beautiful, and used for gunstocks.

Mo•rin´din , n. (Chem.) A yellow dyestuff extracted from the root bark of an East Indian plant (Morinda citrifolia).

Mor´i•nel , n. [Cf. F. morinelle.] (Zoöl.) The dotterel.

Mo•rin´ga , n. [Malayam murunggi.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of Southern India and Northern Africa. One species (Moringa pterygosperma) is the horse-radish tree, and its seeds, as well as those of M. aptera, are known in commerce as ben or ben nuts, and yield the oil called oil of ben.

Mo•rin´gic , a. (Chem.) Designating an organic acid obtained from oil of ben. See Moringa.

Mo•rin•tan´nic , a. [NL. Morus fustic + E. tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a variety of tannic acid extracted from fustic (Maclura, formerly Morus, tinctoria) as a yellow crystalline substance; — called also maclurin.

Mo´ri•on , n. [F. morion, Sp. morrion; cf. Sp. morra the upper part of the head, morro anything that is round.] A kind of open helmet, without visor or beaver, and somewhat resembling a hat. “A battered morion on his brow.” Sir W. Scott.

Mo´ri•on, n. [G.] (Min.) A dark variety of smoky quartz.

Mo´ri•o•plas•ty , n. [Gr. piece (dim. of a part + -plasty.] (Surg.) The restoration of lost parts of the body.

Mo•ris´co (mo•ris´ko), a. [Sp. See Morris the dance.] Moresque.

Mo•ris´co, n. [Sp. morisco Moorish.] A thing of Moorish origin; as: (a) The Moorish language. (b) A Moorish dance, now called morris dance. Marston. (c) One who dances the Moorish dance. Shak. (d) Moresque decoration or architecture.

Mo´risk , n. Same as Morisco.

Mor´kin , n. [Akin to Sw. murken putrefied, Icel. morkinn putrid.] A beast that has died of disease or by mischance. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mor´land , n. Moorland. [Obs.]

Mor´ling , n. [Cf. F. mort dead, L. mortuus, fr. moriri to die.] Mortling. [Eng.] Ainsworth.

Mor´mal , n. [F. mort-mai a deadly evil. Nares.] A bad sore; a gangrene; a cancer. [Obs.] [Written also morrimal and mortmal.] Chaucer.

Mor´mo , n. [Gr. mormw• a hideous she-monster, a bugbear.] A bugbear; false terror. [Obs.] Jonhson.

Mor´mon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mormw•n monster, bugbear.] (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of sea birds, having a large, thick bill; the puffin. (b) The mandrill.

Mor´mon , n. (Eccl.) One of a sect in the United States, followers of Joseph Smith, who professed to have found an addition to the Bible, engraved on golden plates, called the Book of Mormon, first published in 1830. The Mormons believe in polygamy, and their hierarchy of apostles, etc., has control of civil and religious matters. The Mormons call their religious organization The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Its head claims to receive revelations of God’s will, and to have certain supernatural powers.

Mor´mon, a. Of or pertaining to the Mormons; as the Mormon religion; Mormon practices.

Mor´mon•dom , n. The country inhabited by the Mormons; the Mormon people.

Mor´mon•ism , n. The doctrine, system, and practices of the Mormons.

Mor´mon•ite , n. A Mormon. — a. Mormon. ´Mormonite religion.´ F. W. Newman.

Morn (môrn), n. [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen; akin to D. morgen, OS. morgan, G. morgen, Icel. morginn, morgunn, Sw. morgon, Dan. morgen, Goth. maúrgins. Cf. Morrow, Morning.] The first part of the day; the morning; — used chiefly in poetry. “From morn
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve.” Milton.

Mor´ne (môr´ne), a. Of or pertaining to the morn; morning. [Obs.] ´White as morne milk.´ Chaucer.

Morne (môrn), n. [F., fr. morne sad, sorrowful. See Mourn.] A ring fitted upon the head of a lance to prevent wounding an adversary in tilting.

Mor•ne´ (môr•na´), a. [F., fr. morne a morne.] (Her.) Without teeth, tongue, or claws; — said of a lion represented heraldically.

Morn´ing (môrn´ing), n. [OE. morning, morwening. See Morn.] 1. The first or early part of the day, variously understood as the earliest hours of light, the time near sunrise; the time from midnight to noon, from rising to noon, etc. 2. The first or early part; as the morning of life. 3. The goddess Aurora. [Poetic] Shak.

Morn´ing, a. Pertaining to the first part or early part of the day; being in the early part of the day; as morning dew; morning light; morning service. “She looks as clear
As morning roses newly washed with dew.” Shak. Morning gown, a gown worn in the morning before one is dressed for the day. — Morning gun, a gun fired at the first stroke of reveille at military posts. — Morning sickness (Med.), nausea and vomiting, usually occurring in the morning; — a common sign of pregnancy. — Morning star. (a) Any one of the planets (Venus, Jupiter, Mars, or Saturn) when it precedes the sun in rising, esp. Venus. Cf. Evening star, Evening. (b) Satan. See Lucifer. “Since he miscalled the morning star,
Nor man nor fiend hath fallen so far.” Byron. (c) A weapon consisting of a heavy ball set with spikes, either attached to a staff or suspended from one by a chain. — Morning watch (Naut.), the watch between four A. M. and eight A. M..

Morn´ing-glo•ry , n. (Bot.) A climbing plant (Ipomœa purpurea) having handsome, funnel-shaped flowers, usually red, pink, purple, white, or variegated, sometimes pale blue. See Dextrorsal.

Morn´ing•tide , n. Morning time. [Poetic]

Morn´ward , adv. Towards the morn. [Poetic] “And mornward now the starry hands move on.” Lowell.

Mo´ro , n. [Cf. It. mora mulberry, L. morum.] (Med.) A small abscess or tumor having a resemblance to a mulberry. Dunglison.

Mo•roc´can , a. Of or pertaining to Morocco, or its inhabitants.

Mo•roc´co , n. [Named from Morocco, the country. Cf. Morris the dance.] A fine kind of leather, prepared commonly from goatskin (though an inferior kind is made of sheepskin), and tanned with sumac and dyed of various colors; — said to have been first made by the Moors.

Mo•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. mwrologi•a foolish talk, mw^ros foolish + lo•gos discourse.] Foolish talk; nonsense; folly. [Obs.]

Mo•rone´ (mo•ron´), n. Maroon; the color of an unripe black mulberry.

Mo•ro•sau´rus , n. [NL., from Gr. mw^ros stupid + sau^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of large herbivorous dinosaurs, found in Jurassic strata in America.

Mo•rose´ (mo•ros´), a. [L. morosus, prop., excessively addicted to any particular way or habit, fr. mos, moris, manner, habit, way of life: cf. F. morose.] 1. Of a sour temper; sullen and austere; ill-humored; severe. ´A morose and affected taciturnity.´ I. Watts. 2. Lascivious; brooding over evil thoughts. [Obs.] Syn. — Sullen; gruff; severe; austere; gloomy; crabbed; crusty; churlish; surly; ill-humored.

Mo•rose´ly , adv. Sourly; with sullen austerity.

Mo•rose´ness, n. Sourness of temper; sulenness. “Learn good humor, never to oppose without just reason; abate some degrees of pride and moroseness.” I. Watts. Moroseness is not precisely peevishness or fretfulness, though often accompanied with it. It denotes more of silence and severity, or ill-humor, than the irritability or irritation which characterizes peevishness.

Mo•ro´sis (mo•ro´sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. mw•rwsis, fr. mw^ros silly, foolish.] (Med.) Idiocy; fatuity; stupidity.

Mo•ros´i•ty , n. [L. morositas: cf. F. morosite.] Moroseness. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Mo´ro•soph , n. [Gr. mo^ros foolish + sofo•s wise.] A philosophical or learned fool. [Obs.]

Mo•ro´sous , a. Morose. [Obs.] Sheldon.

Mo•rox´ite , n. [Cf. Gr. , , a sort of pipe clay.] (Min.) A variety of apatite of a greenish blue color.

Mo•rox´y•late , n. (Chem.) A morate.

Mor•ox•yl´ic , a. [L. morus a mulberry tree + Gr. wood.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the mulberry; moric.

Mor´phe•an , a. Of or relating to Morpheus, to dreams, or to sleep. Keats.

Mor´pheus (môr´fus or môr´fe•us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Morfey•s prop., the fashioner or molder, because of the shapes he calls up before the sleeper, fr. morfh• form, shape.] (Class. Myth.) The god of dreams.

Mor´phew , n. [F. morphee, LL. morphea; cf. It. morfea.] A scurfy eruption. [Obs.] Drayton.

Mor´phew, v. t. To cover with a morphew. [Obs.]

Mor´phi•a , n. [NL.] (Chem.) Morphine.

Mor´phine , n. [From Morpheus: cf. F. morphine.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline alkaloid found in opium, possessing strong narcotic properties, and much used as an anodyne; — called also morphia, and morphina.

Mor´phin•ism , n. (Med.) A morbid condition produced by the excessive or prolonged use of morphine.

Mor´pho , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , an epithet of Venus.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large, handsome, tropical American butterflies, of the genus Morpho. They are noted for the very brilliant metallic luster and bright colors (often blue) of the upper surface of the wings. The lower surface is usually brown or gray, with eyelike spots.

Mor•phog´e•ny , n. [form + root of to be born.] (Biol.) History of the evolution of forms; that part of ontogeny that deals with the germ history of forms; — distinguished from physiogeny. Haeckel. { Mor•pho•log´ic , Mor•pho•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. morphologique.] (Biol.) Of, pertaining to, or according to, the principles of morphology. — Mor•pho•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Mor•phol´o•gist , n. (Biol.) One who is versed in the science of morphology.

Mor•phol´o•gy , n. [Gr. form + -logy: cf. F. morphologie.] (Biol.) That branch of biology which deals with the structure of animals and plants, treating of the forms of organs and describing their varieties, homologies, and metamorphoses. See Tectology, and Promorphology.

Mor´phon , n. [Gr. , p. pr. of to form.] (Biol.) A morphological individual, characterized by definiteness of form, in distinction from bion, a physiological individual. See Tectology. Haeckel. Of morphons there are six orders or categories: 1. Plastids or elementary organisms. 2. Organs, homoplastic or heteroplastic. 3. Antimeres (opposite or symmetrical or homotypic parts). 4. Metameres (successive or homodynamous parts). 5. Personae (shoots or buds of plants, individuals in the narrowest sense among the higher animals). 6. Corms (stocks or colonies). For orders 2, 3, and 4 the term idorgan has been recently substituted. See Idorgan.

Mor•phon´o•my , n. [Gr. form + a law.] (Biol.) The laws of organic formation.

Mor´pho•phy•ly , n. [Gr. form + a clan.] (Biol.) The tribal history of forms; that part of phylogeny which treats of the tribal history of forms, in distinction from the tribal history of functions. Haeckel.

Mor•pho´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. form, fr. form.] (Biol.) The order or mode of development of an organ or part.

Mor•phot´ic , a. [Gr. fit for forming.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or becoming an integral part of, a living unit or of the morphological framework; as morphotic, or tissue, proteids. Foster.

-mor´phous [Gr. form.] A combining form denoting form, shape; as isomorphous.

Mor´pi•on , n. [F., fr. mordre to bite + L. pedis louse.] (Zoöl.) A louse. Hudibras.

Mor´rice , n. Same as 1st Morris.

Mor´rice, a. Dancing the morrice; dancing. “In shoals and bands, a morrice train.” Wordsworth.

Mor´ri•cer , n. A morris dancer. [Obs.]

Mor´ri•mal , n. & a. See Mormal.

Mor´ris , n. [Sp. morisco Moorish, fr. Moro a Moor: cf. F. moresque, It. moresca.] 1. A Moorish dance, usually performed by a single dancer, who accompanies the dance with castanets. 2. A dance formerly common in England, often performed in pagenats, processions, and May games. The dancers, grotesquely dressed and ornamented, took the parts of Robin Hood, Maidmarian, and other fictitious characters. 3. An old game played with counters, or men, which are placed at the angles of a figure drawn on a board or on the ground; also the board or ground on which the game is played. “The nine-men’s morris is filled up with mud.” Shak. The figure consists of three concentric squares, with lines from the angles of the outer one to those of the inner, and from the middle of each side of the outer square to that of the inner. The game is played by two persons with nine or twelve pieces each (hence called nine-men’s morris or twelve-men’s morris). The pieces are placed alternately, and each player endeavors to prevent his opponent from making a straight row of three. Should either succeed in making a row, he may take up one of his opponent’s pieces, and he who takes off all of his opponent’s pieces wins the game.

Mor´ris , n. [So called from its discoverer.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish having a very slender, flat, transparent body. It is now generally believed to be the young of the conger eel or some allied fish.

Mor´ris-pike , n. A Moorish pike. [Obs.]

Mor´rot , n. (Zoöl.) See Marrot.

Mor´row , n. [OE. morwe, morwen, AS. morgen. See Morn.] 1. Morning. [Obs.] ´White as morrow’s milk.´ Bp. Hall. “We loved he by the morwe a sop in wine.” Chaucer. 2. The next following day; the day subsequent to any day specified or understood. Lev. vii. 16. “Till this stormy night is gone,
And the eternal morrow dawn.” Crashaw. 3. The day following the present; to- morrow. Good morrow, good morning; — a form of salutation. — To morrow. See To- morrow in the Vocabulary.

Morse , n. [F. morse, Russ. morj’; perh. akin to E. mere lake; cf. Russ. more sea.] (Zoöl.) The walrus. See Walrus.

Morse, n. [L. morsus a biting, a clasp, fr. mordere to bite.] A clasp for fastening garments in front. Fairholt.

Morse´ al´pha•bet A telegraphic alphabet in very general use, inventing by Samuel F.B.Morse, the inventor of Morse’s telegraph. The letters are represented by dots and dashes impressed or printed on paper, as .- (A), - … (B), -.. (D), . (E), .. (O), … (R), — (T), etc., or by sounds, flashes of light, etc., with greater or less intervals between them.

Mor´sel , n. [OF. morsel, F. morceau, LL. morsellus, a dim. fr. L. morsus a biting, bite, fr. mordere to bite; prob. akin to E. smart. See Smart, and cf. Morceau, Mordant, Muse, v., Muzzle, n.] 1. A little bite or bit of food. Chaucer. “Every morsel to a satisfied hunger is only a new labor to a tired digestion.” South. 2. A small quantity; a little piece; a fragment.

Mor´sing horn A horn or flask for holding powder, as for priming. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Mor•si•ta´tion , n. The act of biting or gnawing. [Obs.]

Mor´sure , n. [F., fr. L. mordere, morsum, to bite.] The act of biting. Swift.

Mort , n. [Cf. Icel. margt, neut. of margr many.] A great quantity or number. [Prov. Eng.] “There was a mort of merrymaking.” Dickens.

Mort, n. [Etym. uncert.] A woman; a female. [Cant] “Male gypsies all, not a mort among them.” B. Jonson.

Mort, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A salmon in its third year. [Prov. Eng.]

Mort, n. [F., death, fr. L. mors, mortis.] 1. Death; esp., the death of game in the chase. 2. A note or series of notes sounded on a horn at the death of game. “The sportsman then sounded a treble mort.” Sir W. Scott. 3. The skin of a sheep or lamb that has died of disease. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Mort cloth, the pall spread over a coffin; black cloth indicative or mourning; funeral hangings. Carlyle. — Mort stone, a large stone by the wayside on which the bearers rest a coffin. [Eng.] H. Taylor.

Mor´tal , a. [F. mortel, L. mortalis, from mors, mortis, death, fr. moriri 8die; akin to E. murder. See Murder, and cf. Filemot, Mere a lake, Mortgage.] 1. Subject to death; destined to die; as man is mortal. 2. Destructive to life; causing or occasioning death; terminating life; exposing to or deserving death; deadly; as a mortal wound; a mortal sin. 3. Fatally vulnerable; vital. “Last of all, against himself he turns his sword, but missing the mortal place, with his poniard finishes the work.” Milton. 4. Of or pertaining to the time of death. “Safe in the hand of one disposing Power,
Or in the natal or the mortal hour.” Pope. 5. Affecting as if with power to kill; deathly. “The nymph grew pale, and in a mortal fright.” Dryden. 6. Human; belonging to man, who is mortal; as mortal wit or knowledge; mortal power. “The voice of God
To mortal ear is dreadful.” Milton. 7. Very painful or tedious; wearisome; as a sermon lasting two mortal hours. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. Mortal foe, Mortal enemy, an inveterate, desperate, or implacable enemy; a foe bent on one’s destruction.

Mor´tal, n. A being subject to death; a human being; man. ´Warn poor mortals left behind.´ Tickell.

Mor•tal´i•ty , n. [L. mortalitas: cf. F. mortalite.] 1. The condition or quality of being mortal; subjection to death or to the necessity of dying. “When I saw her die,
I then did think on your mortality.” Carew. 2. Human life; the life of a mortal being. “From this instant
There ’s nothing serious in mortality.” Shak. 3. Those who are, or that which is, mortal; the human race; humanity; human nature. “Take these tears, mortality’s relief.” Pope. 4. Death; destruction. Shak. 5. The whole sum or number of deaths in a given time or a given community; also the proportion of deaths to population, or to a specific number of the population; death rate; as a time of great, or low, mortality; the mortality among the settlers was alarming. Bill of mortality. See under Bill. — Law of mortality, a mathematical relation between the numbers living at different ages, so that from a given large number of persons alive at one age, it can be computed what number are likely to survive a given number of years. — Table of mortality, a table exhibiting the average relative number of persons who survive, or who have died, at the end of each year of life, out of a given number supposed to have been born at the same time.

Mor´tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortalized p. pr. & vb. n. Mortalizing ] To make mortal. [R.]

Mor´tal•ly, adv. 1. In a mortal manner; so as to cause death; as mortally wounded. 2. In the manner of a mortal or of mortal beings. “I was mortally brought forth.” Shak. 3. In an extreme degree; to the point of dying or causing death; desperately; as mortally jealous. “Adrian mortally envied poets, painters, and artificers, in works wherein he had a vein to excel.” Bacon.

Mor´tal•ness, n. Quality of being mortal; mortality.

Mor´tar , n. [OE. morter, AS. mortere, L. mortarium: cf. F. mortier mortar. Cf. sense 2 (below), also 2d Mortar, Martel, Morter.] 1. A strong vessel, commonly in form of an inverted bell, in which substances are pounded or rubbed with a pestle. 2. [F. mortier, fr. L. mortarium mortar (for trituarating).] (Mil.) A short piece of ordnance, used for throwing bombs, carcasses, shells, etc., at high angles of elevation, as 45°, and even higher; — so named from its resemblance in shape to the utensil above described. Mortar bed (Mil.), a framework of wood and iron, suitably hollowed out to receive the breech and trunnions of a mortar. — Mortar boat or vessel (Naut.), a boat strongly built and adapted to carrying a mortar or mortars for bombarding; a bomb ketch. — Mortar piece, a mortar. [Obs.] Shak.

Mor´tar, n. [OE. mortier, F. mortier, L. mortarium mortar, a large basin or trough in which mortar is made, a mortar (in sense 1, above). See 1st Mortar.] (Arch.) A building material made by mixing lime, cement, or plaster of Paris, with sand, water, and sometimes other materials; — used in masonry for joining stones, bricks, etc., also for plastering, and in other ways. Mortar bed, a shallow box or receptacle in which mortar is mixed. — Mortar board. (a) A small square board with a handle beneath, for holding mortar; a hawk. (b) A cap with a broad, projecting, square top; — worn by students in some colleges. [Slang]

Mor´tar, v. t. To plaster or make fast with mortar.

Mor´tar , n. [F. mortier. See Mortar a vessel.] A chamber lamp or light. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mort´gage (môr´gaj; 48), n. [F. mort-gage; mort dead (L. mortuus) + gage pledge. See Mortal, and Gage.] 1. (Law) A conveyance of property, upon condition, as security for the payment of a debt or the preformance of a duty, and to become void upon payment or performance according to the stipulated terms; also the written instrument by which the conveyance is made. It was called a mortgage (or dead pledge) because, whatever profit it might yield, it did not thereby redeem itself, but became lost or dead to the mortgager upon breach of the condition. But in equity a right of redemption is an inseparable incident of a mortgage until the mortgager is debarred by his own laches, or by judicial decree. Cowell. Kent. 2. State of being pledged; as lands given in mortgage. Chattel mortgage. See under Chattel. — To foreclose a mortgage. See under Foreclose. — Mortgage deed (Law), a deed given by way of mortgage.

Mort´gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortgaged p. pr. & vb. n. Mortgaging ] 1. (Law) To grant or convey, as property, for the security of a debt, or other engagement, upon a condition that if the debt or engagement shall be discharged according to the contract, the conveyance shall be void, otherwise to become absolute, subject, however, to the right of redemption. 2. Hence: To pledge, either literally or figuratively; to make subject to a claim or obligation. “Mortgaging their lives to covetise.” Spenser. “I myself an mortgaged to thy will.” Shak.

Mort•ga•gee´ , n. (Law) The person to whom property is mortgaged, or to whom a mortgage is made or given. { Mort´gage•or , Mort´ga•gor } , n. (Law) One who gives a mortgage. The letter e is required analogically after the second g in order to soften it; but the spelling mortgagor is in fact the prevailing form. When the word is contradistinguished from mortgagee it is accented on the last syllable (-jôr´).

Mort´ga•ger , n. (Law) One who gives a mortgage.

Mor´tif´er•ous , a. [L. mortifier; mors, mortis, death + ferre to bring: cf. F. mortifère.] Bringing or producing death; deadly; destructive; as a mortiferous herb. Gov. of Tongue.

Mor•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [F., fr. L. mortificatio a killing. See Mortify.] 1. The act of mortifying, or the condition of being mortified; especially: (a) (Med.) The death of one part of an animal body, while the rest continues to live; loss of vitality in some part of a living animal; gangrene. Dunglison. (b) (Alchem. & Old Chem.) Destruction of active qualities; neutralization. [Obs.] Bacon. (c) Subjection of the passions and appetites, by penance, abstinence, or painful severities inflicted on the body. “The mortification of our lusts has something in it that is troublesome, yet nothing that is unreasonable.” Tillotson. (d) Hence: Deprivation or depression of self- approval; abatement of pride; humiliation; chagrin; vexation. “We had the mortification to lose sight of Munich, Augsburg, and Ratisbon.” Addison. 2. That which mortifies; the cause of humiliation, chagrin, or vexation. “It is one of the vexatious mortifications of a studious man to have his thoughts discovered by a tedious visit.” L’Estrange. 3. (Scots Law) A gift to some charitable or religious institution; — nearly synonymous with mortmain. Syn. — Chagrin; vexation; shame. See Chagrin.

Mor´ti•fied , imp. & p. p. of Mortify.

Mor´ti•fied•ness , n. The state of being mortified; humiliation; subjection of the passions. [R.]

Mor´ti•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, mortifies.

Mor´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortified p. pr. & vb. n. Mortifying ] [OE. mortifien, F. mortifier, fr. L. mortificare; L. mors, mortis, death + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Mortal, and - fy.] 1. To destroy the organic texture and vital functions of; to produce gangrene in. 2. To destroy the active powers or essential qualities of; to change by chemical action. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Quicksilver is mortified with turpentine.” Bacon. “He mortified pearls in vinegar.” Hakewill. 3. To deaden by religious or other discipline, as the carnal affections, bodily appetites, or worldly desires; to bring into subjection; to abase; to humble. “With fasting mortified, worn out with tears.” Harte. “Mortify thy learned lust.” Prior. “Mortify, therefore, your members which are upon the earth.” Col. iii. 5. 4. To affect with vexation, chagrin, or humiliation; to humble; to depress. “The news of the fatal battle of Worcester, which exceedingly mortified our expectations.” Evelyn. “How often is the ambitious man mortified with the very praises he receives, if they do not rise so high as he thinks they ought!” Addison.

Mor´ti•fy, v. i. 1. To lose vitality and organic structure, as flesh of a living body; to gangrene. 2. To practice penance from religious motives; to deaden desires by religious discipline. “This makes him … give alms of all that he hath, watch, fast, and mortify.” Law. 3. To be subdued; to decay, as appetites, desires, etc.

Mor´ti•fy•ing , a. 1. Tending to mortify; affected by, or having symptoms of, mortification; as a mortifying wound; mortifying flesh. 2. Subduing the appetites, desires, etc.; as mortifying penances. 3. Tending to humble or abase; humiliating; as a mortifying repulse.

Mor´ti•fy•ing•ly, adv. In a mortifying manner.

Mor´tise , n. [F. mortaise; cf. Sp. mortaja, Ar. murtazz fixed, or W. mortais, Ir. mortis, moirtis, Gael. moirteis.] A cavity cut into a piece of timber, or other material, to receive something (as the end of another piece) made to fit it, and called a tenon. Mortise and tenon (Carp.), made with a mortise and tenon; joined or united by means of a mortise and tenon; — used adjectively. — Mortise joint, a joint made by a mortise and tenon. — Mortise lock. See under Lock. — Mortise wheel, a cast-iron wheel, with wooden clogs inserted in mortises on its face or edge; — also called mortise gear, and core gear.

Mor´tise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortised p. pr. & vb. n. Mortising.] 1. To cut or make a mortise in. 2. To join or fasten by a tenon and mortise; as to mortise a beam into a post, or a joist into a girder.

Mort´ling , n. [See Morling.] 1. An animal, as a sheep, dead of disease or privation; a morling. [Eng.] 2. Wool plucked from a dead sheep; morling.

Mort´main , n. [F. mort, morte, dead + main hand; F. main-morte. See Mortal, and Manual.] (Law) Possession of lands or tenements in, or conveyance to, dead hands, or hands that cannot alienate. The term was originally applied to conveyance of land made to ecclesiastical bodies; afterward to conveyance made to any corporate body. Burrill.

Mort´mal , n. See Mormal. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Mort´pay , n. [F. mort dead + E. pay.] Dead pay; the crime of taking pay for the service of dead soldiers, or for services not actually rendered by soldiers. [Obs.] Bacon. { Mor´tress , Mor´trew } n. [See Mortar.] A dish of meats and other ingredients, cooked together; an ollapodrida. Chaucer. Bacon.

Mor´tu•a•ry , n.; pl. Mortuaries (#). [LL. mortuarium. See Mortuary, a.] 1. A sort of ecclesiastical heriot, a customary gift claimed by, and due to, the minister of a parish on the death of a parishioner. It seems to have been originally a voluntary bequest or donation, intended to make amends for any failure in the payment of tithes of which the deceased had been guilty. 2. A burial place; a place for the dead. 3. A place for the reception of the dead before burial; a deadhouse; a morgue.

Mor´tu•a•ry , a. [L. mortuarius, fr. mortuus dead: cf. F. mortuaire. See Mortal.] Of or pertaining to the dead; as mortuary monuments. Mortuary urn, an urn for holding the ashes of the dead.

Mor´u•la , n.; pl. Morulae (#). [NL., dim. of L. morum a mulberry.] (Biol.) The sphere or globular mass of cells (blastomeres), formed by the clevage of the ovum or egg in the first stages of its development; — called also mulberry mass, segmentation sphere, and blastosphere. See Segmentation.

Mor•u•la´tion , n. (Biol.) The process of cleavage, or segmentation, of the ovum, by which a morula is formed.

Mo´rus , n. [L., mulberry tree. See Mulberry.] (Bot.) A genus of trees, some species of which produce edible fruit; the mulberry. See Mulberry. Morus alba is the white mulberry, a native of India or China, the leaves of which are extensively used for feeding silkworms, for which it furnishes the chief food. — Morus multicaulis, the many-stemmed or Chinese mulberry, is only a form of white mulberry, preferred on account of its more abundant leaves. — Morus nigra, the black mulberry, produces a dark-colored fruit, of an agreeable flavor.

Mor´we , n. See Morrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mor´wen•ing , n. Morning. [Obs.]

Mo•sa´ic , n. [F. mosaïque; cf. Pr. mozaic, musec, Sp. & Pg. mosaico, It. mosaico, musaico, LGr. , , L. musivum; all fr. Gr. belonging to the Muses. See Muse the goddess.] 1. (Fine Arts) A surface decoration made by inlaying in patterns small pieces of variously colored glass, stone, or other material; — called also mosaic work. 2. A picture or design made in mosaic; an article decorated in mosaic.

Mo•sa´ic, a. Of or pertaining to the style of work called mosaic; formed by uniting pieces of different colors; variegated; tessellated; also composed of various materials or ingredients. “A very beautiful mosaic pavement.” Addison. Florentine mosaic. See under Florentine. — Mosaic gold. (a) See Ormolu. (b) Stannic sulphide, SnS2, obtained as a yellow scaly crystalline powder, and used as a pigment in bronzing and gilding wood and metal work. It was called by the alchemists aurum musivum, or aurum mosaicum. Called also bronze powder. — Mosaic work. See Mosaic, n.

Mo•sa´ic, a. [From Moses.] Of or pertaining to Moses, the leader of the Israelites, or established through his agency; as the Mosaic law, rites, or institutions.

Mo•sa´ic•al , a. Mosaic (in either sense). ´A mosaical floor.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Mo•sa´ic•al•ly, adv. In the manner of a mosaic.

Mo´sa•ism , n. Attachment to the system or doctrines of Moses; that which is peculiar to the Mosaic system or doctrines. { Mos´a•saur , Mos•a•sau´ri•an } n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct order of reptiles, including Mosasaurus and allied genera. See Mosasauria.

Mos•a•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Mosasaurus.] (Paleon.) An order of large, extinct, marine reptiles, found in the Cretaceous rocks, especially in America. They were serpentlike in form and in having loosely articulated and dilatable jaws, with large recurved teeth, but they had paddlelike feet. Some of them were over fifty feet long. They are, essentially, fossil sea serpents with paddles. Called also Pythonomarpha, and Mosasauria.

Mos•a•sau´rus , n. [NL., fr. L. Mosa the River Meuse (on which Meastricht is situated) + Gr. a lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct marine reptiles allied to the lizards, but having the body much elongated, and the limbs in the form of paddles. The first known species, nearly fifty feet in length, was discovered in Cretaceous beds near Maestricht, in the Netherlands. [Written also Mososaurus.]

Mos´cha•tel , n. [Gr. musk: cf. F. moscatelline. See Muscadel, Musk.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Adoxa (A. moschatellina), the flowers of which are pale green, and have a faint musky smell. It is found in woods in all parts of Europe, and is called also hollow root and musk crowfoot. Loudon.

Mos´chine , a. Of or pertaining to Moschus, a genus including the musk deer.

Mos´el , n. & v. See Muzzle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mo•selle´ , n. A light wine, usually white, produced in the vicinity of the river Moselle.

Mo´ses , n. A large flatboat, used in the West Indies for taking freight from shore to ship.

Mosk , n. See Mosque.

Mos´lem (moz´lem), n.; pl. Moslems (-lemz), or collectively Moslem. [Ar. muslim a true believer in the Mohammedan faith, fr. salama to submit to God, to resign one’s self to the divine will. Cf. Islam, Mussulman.] A Mussulman; an orthodox Mohammedan. [Written also muslim.] ´Heaps of slaughtered Moslem.´ Macaulay. “They piled the ground with Moslem slain.” Halleck.

Mos´lem (moz´lem), a. Of or pertaining to the Mohammedans; Mohammedan; as Moslem lands; the Moslem faith.

Mos´lings , n. pl. Thin shreds of leather shaved off in dressing skins. Simmonds.

Mos•o•sau´rus , n. [NL.] (Paleon.) Same as Mosasaurus.

Mosque (mosk), n. [F. mosquee, Sp. mezquita, Ar. masjid, from sajada to bend, adore.] A Mohammedan church or place of religious worship. [Written also mosk.]

Mos•qui´to (mos•ke•to), n.; pl. Mosquitoes (#). [Sp. mosquito, fr. moscafly, L. musca. Cf. Musket.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of gnats of the genus Culex and allied genera. The females have a proboscis containing, within the sheathlike labium, six fine, sharp, needlelike organs with which they puncture the skin of man and animals to suck the blood. These bites, when numerous, cause, in many persons, considerable irritation and swelling, with some pain. The larvae and pupae, called wigglers, are aquatic. [Written also musquito.] Mosquito bar, Mosquito net, a net or curtain for excluding mosquitoes, — used for beds and windows. — Mosquito fleet, a fleet of small vessels. — Mosquito hawk (Zoöl.), a dragon fly; — so called because it captures and feeds upon mosquitoes. — Mosquito netting, a loosely-woven gauzelike fabric for making mosquito bars.

Moss , n. [OE. mos; akin to AS. meós, D. mos, G. moos, OHG. mos, mios, Icel. mosi, Dan. mos, Sw. mossa, Russ. mokh’, L. muscus. Cf. Muscoid.] 1. (Bot.) A cryptogamous plant of a cellular structure, with distinct stem and simple leaves. The fruit is a small capsule usually opening by an apical lid, and so discharging the spores. There are many species, collectively termed Musci, growing on the earth, on rocks, and trunks of trees, etc., and a few in running water. The term moss is also popularly applied to many other small cryptogamic plants, particularly lichens, species of which are called tree moss, rock moss, coral moss, etc. Fir moss and club moss are of the genus Lycopodium. See Club moss, under Club, and Lycopodium. 2. A bog; a morass; a place containing peat; as the mosses of the Scottish border. Moss is used with participles in the composition of words which need no special explanation; as moss-capped, moss-clad, moss-covered, moss-grown, etc. Black moss. See under Black, and Tillandsia. — Bog moss. See Sphagnum. — Feather moss, any moss branched in a feathery manner, esp. several species of the genus Hypnum. — Florida moss, Long moss, or Spanish moss. See Tillandsia. — Iceland moss, a lichen. See Iceland Moss. — Irish moss, a seaweed. See Carrageen. — Moss agate (Min.), a variety of agate, containing brown, black, or green mosslike or dendritic markings, due in part to oxide of manganese. Called also Mocha stone. - - Moss animal (Zoöl.), a bryozoan. — Moss berry (Bot.), the small cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccus). — Moss campion (Bot.), a kind of mosslike catchfly (Silene acaulis), with mostly purplish flowers, found on the highest mountains of Europe and America, and within the Arctic circle. — Moss land, land produced accumulation of aquatic plants, forming peat bogs of more or less consistency, as the water is grained off or retained in its pores. — Moss pink (Bot.), a plant of the genus Phlox (P. subulata), growing in patches on dry rocky hills in the Middle United States, and often cultivated for its handsome flowers. Gray. — Moss rose (Bot.), a variety of rose having a mosslike growth on the stalk and calyx. It is said to be derived from the Provence rose. — Moss rush (Bot.), a rush of the genus Juncus (J. squarrosus). — Scale moss. See Hepatica.

Moss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mossed p. pr. & vb. n. Mossing.] To cover or overgrow with moss. “An oak whose boughs were mossed with age.” Shak.

Moss´back , n. A veteran partisan; one who is so conservative in opinion that he may be likened to a stone or old tree covered with moss. [Political Slang, U.S.] { Moss´bank•er , Moss´bunk•er } n. (Zoöl.) The menhaded.

Moss´-grown , a. Overgrown with moss.

Moss´i•ness , n. The state of being mossy.

Moss´troop•er , n. [Moss + trooper.] One of a class of marauders or bandits that formerly infested the border country between England and Scotland; — so called in allusion to the mossy or boggy character of much of the border country.

Moss´y , a. [Compar. Mossier superl. Mossiest.] 1. Overgrown with moss; abounding with or edged with moss; as mossy trees; mossy streams. “Old trees are more mossy far than young.” Bacon. 2. Resembling moss; as mossy green.

Most (most), a., superl. of More. [OE. most, mast, mest, AS. maest; akin to D. meest, OS. mest, G. meist, Icel. mestr, Goth. maists; a superl. corresponding to E. more. rad.103. See More, a.] 1. Consisting of the greatest number or quantity; greater in number or quantity than all the rest; nearly all. ´Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness.´ Prov. xx. 6. “The cities wherein most of his mighty works were done.” Matt. xi. 20. 2. Greatest in degree; as he has the most need of it. ´In the moste pride.´ Chaucer. 3. Highest in rank; greatest. [Obs.] Chaucer. Most is used as a noun, the words part, portion, quantity, etc., being omitted, and has the following meanings: 1. The greatest value, number, or part; preponderating portion; highest or chief part. 2. The utmost; greatest possible amount, degree, or result; especially in the phrases to make the most of, at the most, at most. “A quarter of a year or some months at the most.” Bacon. “A covetous man makes the most of what he has.” L’Estrange. For the most part, in reference to the larger part of a thing, or to the majority of the persons, instances, or things referred to; as human beings, for the most part, are superstitious; the view, for the most part, was pleasing. — Most an end, generally. See An end, under End, n. [Obs.] ´She sleeps most an end.´ Massinger.

Most, adv. [AS. maest. See Most, a.] In the greatest or highest degree. “Those nearest to this king, and most his favorites, were courtiers and prelates.” Milton. Placed before an adjective or adverb, most is used to form the superlative degree, being equivalent to the termination -est; as most vile, most wicked; most illustrious; most rapidly. Formerly, and until after the Elizabethan period of our literature, the use of the double superlative was common. See More, adv. “The most unkindest cut of all.” Shak. “The most straitest sect of our religion.” Acts xxvi. 5.

Mos•ta•hi´ba , n. See Mustaiba.

Mos´te , obs. imp. of Mote. Chaucer. { Mos´tic , Mos´tick } , n. [See Maul-stick.] A painter’s maul-stick.

Most´ly , adv. For the greatest part; for the most part; chiefly; in the main.

Mos´tra , n. [It.] (Mus.) See Direct, n.

Most´what , adv. For the most part. [Obs.] ´All the rest do mostwhat far amiss.´ Spenser.

Mot (mot), v. [Sing. pres. ind. Mot, Mote, Moot (mot), pl. Mot, Mote, Moote, pres. subj. Mote; imp. Moste.] [See Must, v.] [Obs.] May; must; might. “He moot as well say one word as another” Chaucer. “The wordes mote be cousin to the deed.” Chaucer. “Men moot [i.e., one only] give silver to the poore freres.” Chaucer. So mote it be, so be it; amen; — a phrase in some rituals, as that of the Freemasons.

Mot (mot; mo, def. 2), n. [F. See Motto.] 1. A word; hence, a motto; a device. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. “Tarquin’s eye may read the mot afar.” Shak. 2. A pithy or witty saying; a witticism. [A Gallicism] “Here and there turns up a … savage mot.” N. Brit. Rev. 3. A note or brief strain on a bugle. Sir W. Scott.

Mot´a•cil , n. [Cf. F. motacille.] (Zoöl.) Any singing bird of the genus Motacilla; a wagtail.

Mo•ta´tion , n. [L. motare, motatum, to keep moving.] The act of moving; motion. [Obs.]

Mote , v. See 1st Mot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mote, n. [See Moot, a meeting.] [Obs., except in a few combinations or phrases.] 1. A meeting of persons for discussion; as a wardmote in the city of London. 2. A body of persons who meet for discussion, esp. about the management of affairs; as a folkmote. 3. A place of meeting for discussion. Mote bell, the bell rung to summon to a mote. [Obs.]

Mote, n. The flourish sounded on a horn by a huntsman. See Mot, n., 3, and Mort. Chaucer.

Mote, n. [OE. mot, AS. mot.] A small particle, as of floating dust; anything proverbially small; a speck. “The little motes in the sun do ever stir, though there be no wind.” Bacon. “We are motes in the midst of generations.” Landor.

Mot´ed , a. Filled with motes, or fine floating dust; as the air. ´Moted sunbeams.´ Tennyson.

Mo•tet´ , n. [F., a dim. of mot word; cf. It. mottetto, dim. of motto word, device. See Mot, Motto.] (Mus.) A composition adapted to sacred words in the elaborate polyphonic church style; an anthem.

Moth (moth), n. A mote. [Obs.] Shak.

Moth, n.; pl. Moths (mothz). [OE. mothe, AS. moððe; akin to D. mot, G. motte, Icel. motti, and prob. to E. mad an earthworm. Cf. Mad, n., Mawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any nocturnal lepidopterous insect, or any not included among the butterflies; as the luna moth; Io moth; hawk moth. 2. (Zoöl.) Any lepidopterous insect that feeds upon garments, grain, etc.; as the clothes moth; grain moth; bee moth. See these terms under Clothes, Grain, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Any one of various other insects that destroy woolen and fur goods, etc., esp. the larvae of several species of beetles of the genera Dermestes and Anthrenus. Carpet moths are often the larvae of Anthrenus. See Carpet beetle, under Carpet, Dermestes, Anthrenus. 4. Anything which gradually and silently eats, consumes, or wastes any other thing. Moth blight (Zoöl.), any plant louse of the genus Aleurodes, and related genera. They are injurious to various plants. — Moth gnat (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect of the genus Bychoda, having fringed wings. — Moth hunter (Zoöl.), the goatsucker. — Moth miller (Zoöl.), a clothes moth. See Miller, 3, (a). — Moth mullein (Bot.), a common herb of the genus Verbascum (V. Blattaria), having large wheel-shaped yellow or whitish flowers.

Moth´-eat , v. t. To eat or prey upon, as a moth eats a garment. [Rarely used except in the form moth-eaten, p. p. or a.] “Ruin and neglect have so moth-eaten her.” Sir T. Herbert.

Moth´en , a. Full of moths. [Obs.] Fulke.

Moth´er , n. [OE. moder, AS. modor; akin to D. moeder, OS. modar, G. mutter, OHG. muotar, Icel. moðir, Dan. & Sw. moder, OSlav. mati, Russ. mate, Ir. & Gael. mathair, L. mater, Gr. mh•thr, Skr. matr; cf. Skr. ma to measure. rad.268. Cf. Material, Matrix, Metropolis, Father.] 1. A female parent; especially, one of the human race; a woman who has borne a child. 2. That which has produced or nurtured anything; source of birth or origin; generatrix. “Alas! poor country! … it can not
Be called our mother, but our grave.” Shak. “I behold … the solitary majesty of Crete, mother of a religion, it is said, that lived two thousand years.” Landor. 3. An old woman or matron. [Familiar] 4. The female superior or head of a religious house, as an abbess, etc. 5. Hysterical passion; hysteria. [Obs.] Shak. Mother Carey’s chicken (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small petrels, as the stormy petrel (Procellaria pelagica), and Leach’s petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), both of the Atlantic, and O. furcata of the North Pacific. — Mother Carey’s goose (Zoöl.), the giant fulmar of the Pacific. See Fulmar. — Mother’s mark (Med.), a congenital mark upon the body; a naevus.

Moth´er, a. Received by birth or from ancestors; native, natural; as mother language; also acting the part, or having the place of a mother; producing others; originating. “It is the mother falsehood from which all idolatry is derived.” T. Arnold. Mother cell (Biol.), a cell which, by endogenous divisions, gives rise to other cells (daughter cells); a parent cell. — Mother church, the original church; a church from which other churches have sprung; as the mother church of a diocese. — Mother country, the country of one’s parents or ancestors; the country from which the people of a colony derive their origin. - - Mother liquor (Chem.), the impure or complex residual solution which remains after the salts readily or regularly crystallizing have been removed. — Mother queen, the mother of a reigning sovereign; a queen mother. — Mother tongue. (a) A language from which another language has had its origin. (b) The language of one’s native land; native tongue. — Mother water. See Mother liquor (above). — Mother wit, natural or native wit or intelligence.

Moth´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mothered p. pr. & vb. n. Mothering.] To adopt as a son or daughter; to perform the duties of a mother to. “The queen, to have put lady Elizabeth besides the crown, would have mothered another body’s child.” Howell.

Moth´er, n. [Akin to D. modder mud, G. moder mold, mud, Dan. mudder mud, and to E. mud. See Mud.] A film or membrane which is developed on the surface of fermented alcoholic liquids, such as vinegar, wine, etc., and acts as a means of conveying the oxygen of the air to the alcohol and other combustible principles of the liquid, thus leading to their oxidation. The film is composed of a mass of rapidly developing microörganisms of the genus Mycoderma, and in the mother of vinegar the microörganisms (Mycoderma aceti) composing the film are the active agents in the Conversion of the alcohol into vinegar. When thickened by growth, the film may settle to the bottom of the fluid. See Acetous fermentation, under Fermentation.

Moth´er, v. i. To become like, or full of, mother, or thick matter, as vinegar.

Moth´ered , a. Thick, like mother; viscid. “They oint their naked limbs with mothered oil.” Dryden.

Moth´er•hood , n. The state of being a mother; the character or office of a mother.

Moth´er•ing, n. A rural custom in England, of visiting one’s parents on Midlent Sunday, — supposed to have been originally visiting the mother church to make offerings at the high altar.

Moth´er-in-law , n. The mother of one’s husband or wife.

Moth´er•land , n. The country of one’s ancestors; — same as fatherland.

Moth´er•less, a. [AS. modorleás.] Destitute of a mother; having lost a mother; as motherless children.

Moth´er•li•ness , n. The state or quality of being motherly.

Moth´er•ly, a. [AS. modorlic.] Of or pertaining to a mother; like, or suitable for, a mother; tender; maternal; as motherly authority, love, or care. Hooker. Syn. — Maternal; paternal. — Motherly, Maternal. Motherly, being Anglo-Saxon, is the most familiar word of the two when both have the same meaning. Besides this, maternal is confined to the feelings of a mother toward her own children, whereas motherly has a secondary sense, denoting a care like that of a mother for her offspring. There is, perhaps, a growing tendency thus to separate the two, confining motherly to the latter signification. ´They termed her the great mother, for her motherly care in cherishing her brethren whilst young.´ Sir W. Raleigh.

Moth´er•ly, adv. In a manner of a mother.

Moth´er-na•ked , a. Naked as when born.

Moth´er-of-pearl , n. (Zoöl.) The hard pearly internal layer of several kinds of shells, esp. of pearl oysters, river mussels, and the abalone shells; nacre. See Pearl.

Moth´er-of-thyme , n. (Bot.) An aromatic plant (Thymus Serphyllum); — called also wild thyme.

Moth´er•wort , n. (Bot.) (a) A labiate herb (Leonurus Cardiaca), of a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine; lion’s tail. (b) The mugwort. See Mugwort.

Moth´er•y (muth´er•y), a. Consisting of, containing, or resembling, mother (in vinegar).

Moth´y , a. Infested with moths; moth-eaten. ´An old mothy saddle.´ Shak.

Mo´tif , n. [F.] Motive.

Mo•tif´ic , a. [L. motus motion (fr. movere to move) + facere to make.] Producing motion. [R.]

Mo´tile , a. [See Motive.] 1. (Biol.) Having powers of self-motion, though unconscious; as the motile spores of certain seaweeds. 2. Producing motion; as motile powers.

Mo•til´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. motilite.] (Physiol.) Capability of motion; contractility.

Mo´tion , n. [F., fr. L. motio, fr. movere, motum, to move. See Move.] 1. The act, process, or state of changing place or position; movement; the passing of a body from one place or position to another, whether voluntary or involuntary; — opposed to rest. “Speaking or mute, all comeliness and grace
attends thee, and each word, each motion, forms.” Milton. 2. Power of, or capacity for, motion. “Devoid of sense and motion.” Milton. 3. Direction of movement; course; tendency; as the motion of the planets is from west to east. “In our proper motion we ascend.” Milton. 4. Change in the relative position of the parts of anything; action of a machine with respect to the relative movement of its parts. “This is the great wheel to which the clock owes its motion.” Dr. H. More. 5. Movement of the mind, desires, or passions; mental act, or impulse to any action; internal activity. “Let a good man obey every good motion rising in his heart, knowing that every such motion proceeds from God.” South. 6. A proposal or suggestion looking to action or progress; esp., a formal proposal made in a deliberative assembly; as a motion to adjourn. “Yes, I agree, and thank you for your motion.” Shak. 7. (Law) An application made to a court or judge orally in open court. Its object is to obtain an order or rule directing some act to be done in favor of the applicant. Mozley & W. 8. (Mus.) Change of pitch in successive sounds, whether in the same part or in groups of parts. “The independent motions of different parts sounding together constitute counterpoint.” Grove. Conjunct motion is that by single degrees of the scale. Contrary motion is that when parts move in opposite directions. Disjunct motion is motion by skips. Oblique motion is that when one part is stationary while another moves. Similar or direct motion is that when parts move in the same direction. 9. A puppet show or puppet. [Obs.] “What motion’s this? the model of Nineveh?” Beau. & Fl. Motion, in mechanics, may be simple or compound. Simple motions are: (a) straight translation, which, if of indefinite duration, must be reciprocating. (b) Simple rotation, which may be either continuous or reciprocating, and when reciprocating is called oscillating. (c) Helical, which, if of indefinite duration, must be reciprocating. Compound motion consists of combinations of any of the simple motions. Center of motion, Harmonic motion, etc. See under Center, Harmonic, etc. — Motion block (Steam Engine), a crosshead. — Perpetual motion (Mech.), an incessant motion conceived to be attainable by a machine supplying its own motive forces independently of any action from without. Syn. — See Movement.

Mo´tion, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Motioned p. pr. & vb. n. Motioning.] 1. To make a significant movement or gesture, as with the hand; as to motion to one to take a seat. 2. To make proposal; to offer plans. [Obs.] Shak.

Mo´tion, v. t. 1. To direct or invite by a motion, as of the hand or head; as to motion one to a seat. 2. To propose; to move. [Obs.] “I want friends to motion such a matter.” Burton.

Mo´tion•er , n. One who makes a motion; a mover. Udall.

Mo´tion•ist, n. A mover. [Obs.]

Mo´tion•less, a. Without motion; being at rest.

Mo´tive , n. [F. motif, LL. motivum, from motivus moving, fr. L. movere, motum, to move. See Move.] 1. That which moves; a mover. [Obs.] Shak. 2. That which incites to action; anything prompting or exciting to choise, or moving the will; cause; reason; inducement; object. “By motive, I mean the whole of that which moves, excites, or invites the mind to volition, whether that be one thing singly, or many things conjunctively.” J. Edwards. 3. (Mus.) The theme or subject; a leading phrase or passage which is reproduced and varied through the course of a comor a movement; a short figure, or melodic germ, out of which a whole movement is develpoed. See also Leading motive, under Leading. [Written also motivo.] 4. (Fine Arts) That which produces conception, invention, or creation in the mind of the artist in undertaking his subject; the guiding or controlling idea manifested in a work of art, or any part of one. Syn. — Incentive; incitement; inducement; reason; spur; stimulus; cause. — Motive, Inducement, Reason. Motive is the word originally used in speaking of that which determines the choice. We call it an inducement when it is attractive in its nature. We call it a reason when it is more immediately addressed to the intellect in the form of argument.

Mo´tive, a. Causing motion; having power to move, or tending to move; as a motive argument; motive power. ´Motive faculty.´ Bp. Wilkins. Motive power (Mach.), a natural agent, as water, steam, wind, electricity, etc., used to impart motion to machinery; a motor; a mover.

Mo´tive , v. t. To prompt or incite by a motive or motives; to move.

Mo´tive•less, a. Destitute of a motive; not incited by a motive. — Mo´tive•less•ness, n. G. Eliot.

Mo•tiv´i•ty , n. [See Motive, n.] 1. The power of moving or producing motion. 2. The quality of being influenced by motives. [R.]

Mo•ti´vo , n. [It. See Motive, n.] See Motive, n., 3, 4.

Mot´ley , a. [OE. mottelee, motle; cf. OF. mattele clotted, curdled, OF, ciel mattonne a mottled sky, mate, maton, curdled milk, Prov. G. matte curd. Cf. Mottle.] 1. Variegated in color; consisting of different colors; dappled; party-colored; as a motley coat. 2. Wearing motley or party-colored clothing. See Motley, n., 1. ´A motley fool.´ Shak. 3. Composed of different or various parts; heterogeneously made or mixed up; discordantly composite; as motley style. Byron.

Mot´ley, n. 1. A combination of distinct colors; esp., the party-colored cloth, or clothing, worn by the professional fool. Chaucer. ´Motley ’s the only wear.´ Shak. 2. Hence, a jester, a fool. [Obs.] Shak. Man of motley, a fool. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Mot´ley-mind•ed , a. Having a mind of a jester; foolish. Shak.

Mot´mot , n. [Cf. Momot.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of long-tailed, passerine birds of the genus Momotus, having a strong serrated beak. In most of the species the two long middle tail feathers are racket-shaped at the tip, when mature. The bird itself is said by some writers to trim them into this shape. They feed on insects, reptiles, and fruit, and are found from Mexico to Brazil. The name is derived from its note. [Written also momot.]

Mo´to , n. [It.] (Mus.) Movement; manner of movement; particularly, movement with increased rapidity; — used especially in the phrase con moto, directing to a somewhat quicker movement; as andante con moto, a little more rapidly than andante, etc.

Mo´ton , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Anc. Armor) A small plate covering the armpit in armor of the 14th century and later.

Mo´tor , n. [L., fr. movere, motum, to move.] 1. One who, or that which, imparts motion; a source of mechanical power. 2. (Mach.) A prime mover; a machine by means of which a source of power, as steam, moving water, electricity, etc., is made available for doing mechanical work. { Mo´tor , Mo´to•ry , Mo•to´ri•al } a. [L. motorius that has motion. See Motor, n.] Causing or setting up motion; pertaining to organs of motion; — applied especially in physiology to those nerves or nerve fibers which only convey impressions from a nerve center to muscles, thereby causing motion.

Mo´tor•man , n. A man who controls a motor.

Mo•tor•path´ic , a. Of or pertaining to motorpathy.

Mo•tor´pa•thy , n. [L. motor a mover + Gr. , , to suffer.] (Med.) Kinesiatrics.

Motte , n. [Cf. F. motte a clod, clump, or hillock.] A clump of trees in a prairie. [Local, U.S.]

Mot´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mottled p. pr. & vb. n. Mottling ] [From Mottled.] To mark with spots of different color, or shades of color, as if stained; to spot; to maculate.

Mot´tle, n. A mottled appearance.

Mot´tled , a. [From Motley.] Marked with spots of different colors; variegated; spotted; as mottled wood. ´The mottled meadows.´ Drayton.

Mot´to , n.; pl. Mottoes (#). [It. motto a word, a saying, L. muttum a mutter, a grunt, cf. muttire, mutire, to mutter, mumble; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Mot a word.] 1. (Her.) A sentence, phrase, or word, forming part of an heraldic achievment. 2. A sentence, phrase, or word, prefixed to an essay, discourse, chapter, canto, or the like, suggestive of its subject matter; a short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle; a maxim. “It was the motto of a bishop eminent for his piety and good works, … ´Serve God, and be cheerful.´” Addison.

Mot´toed , a. Bearing or having a motto; as a mottoed coat or device.

Mot´ty , a. Full of, or consisting of, motes. [Written also mottie.] [Scot.] “The motty dust reek raised by the workmen.” H. Miller.

Mou•choir´ (moo•shwär´), n. [F.] A handkerchief.

Mou•ez´zin , n. [F.] See Muezzin.

Mouf´lon , n. [F. mouflon.] (Zoöl.) A wild sheep (Ovis musimon), inhabiting the mountains of Sardinia, Corsica, etc. Its horns are very large, with a triangular base and rounded angles. It is supposed by some to be the original of the domestic sheep. Called also musimon or musmon. [Written also moufflon.]

Mought , obs. imp. of May. Might.

Mouil•la´tion , n. [See Mouille.] (Phon.) The act of uttering the sound of a mouille letter.

Mouil•le´ , a. [F., lit., wet.] (Phon.) Applied to certain consonants having a ´liquid´ or softened sound; e.g., in French, l or ll and gn (like the lli in million and ni in minion); in Italian, gl and gn; in Spanish, ll and ñ; in Portuguese, lh and nh. { Mould (mold), Mould´er , Mould´y , etc. } See Mold, Molder, Moldy, etc.

Moule (mol), v. i. [OE. moulen. See Mold.] To contract mold; to grow moldy; to mold. [Obs.] “Let us not moulen thus in idleness.” Chaucer. { Mou•line´ , Mou´li•net } n. [F. moulinet, orig., a little mill, dim. of moulin mill. See Mill.] 1. The drum upon which the rope is wound in a capstan, crane, or the like. 2. A machine formerly used for bending a crossbow by winding it up. 3. In sword and saber exercises, a circular swing of the weapon.

Moult (molt), v. & n. See Molt.

Moult´en (-’n), a. Having molted. [Obs.] ´A moulten raven.´ Shak.

Moun (moun), v., pl. of Mow, may. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Mounch (mounch), v. t. To munch. [Obs.]

Mound (mound), n. [F. monde the world, L. mundus. See Mundane.] A ball or globe forming part of the regalia of an emperor or other sovereign. It is encircled with bands, enriched with precious stones, and surmounted with a cross; — called also globe.

Mound, n. [OE. mound, mund, protection, AS. mund protection, hand; akin to OHG. munt, Icel. mund hand, and prob. to L. manus. See Manual.] An artificial hill or elevation of earth; a raised bank; an embarkment thrown up for defense; a bulwark; a rampart; also a natural elevation appearing as if thrown up artificially; a regular and isolated hill, hillock, or knoll. “To thrid the thickets or to leap the mounds.” Dryden. Mound bird. (Zoöl.) Same as Mound maker (below). — Mound builders (Ethnol.), the tribe, or tribes, of North American aborigines who built, in former times, extensive mounds of earth, esp. in the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Formerly they were supposed to have preceded the Indians, but later investigations go to show that they were, in general, identical with the tribes that occupied the country when discovered by Europeans. — Mound maker (Zoöl.), any one of the megapodes. — Shell mound, a mound of refuse shells, collected by aborigines who subsisted largely on shellfish. See Midden, and Kitchen middens.

Mound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Mounding.] To fortify or inclose with a mound.

Mount (mount), n. [OE. munt, mont, mount, AS. munt, fr. L. mons, montis; cf. L. minae protections, E. eminent, menace: cf. F. mont. Cf. Mount, v., Mountain, Mont, Monte, Montem.] 1. A mass of earth, or earth and rock, rising considerably above the common surface of the surrounding land; a mountain; a high hill; — used always instead of mountain, when put before a proper name; as Mount Washington; otherwise, chiefly in poetry. 2. A bulwark for offense or defense; a mound. [Obs.] “Hew ye down trees, and cast a mount against Jerusalem.” Jer. vi. 6. 3. [See Mont de piete.] A bank; a fund. Mount of piety. See Mont de piete.

Mount, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mounted p. pr. & vb. n. Mounting.] [OE. mounten, monten, F. monter, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n. (above).] 1. To rise on high; to go up; to be upraised or uplifted; to tower aloft; to ascend; — often with up. “Though Babylon should mount up to heaven.” Jer. li. 53. “The fire of trees and houses mounts on high.” Cowley. 2. To get up on anything, as a platform or scaffold; especially, to seat one’s self on a horse for riding. 3. To attain in value; to amount. “Bring then these blessings to a strict account,
Make fair deductions, see to what they mount.” Pope.

Mount, v. t. 1. To get upon; to ascend; to climb. “Shall we mount again the rural throne?” Dryden. 2. To place one’s self on, as a horse or other animal, or anything that one sits upon; to bestride. 3. To cause to mount; to put on horseback; to furnish with animals for riding; to furnish with horses. ´To mount the Trojan troop.´ Dryden. 4. Hence: To put upon anything that sustains and fits for use, as a gun on a carriage, a map or picture on cloth or paper; to prepare for being worn or otherwise used, as a diamond by setting, or a sword blade by adding the hilt, scabbard, etc. 5. To raise aloft; to lift on high. “What power is it which mounts my love so high?” Shak. A fort or ship is said to mount cannon, when it has them arranged for use in or about it. To mount guard (Mil.), to go on guard; to march on guard; to do duty as a guard. — To mount a play, to prepare and arrange the scenery, furniture, etc., used in the play.

Mount, n. [From Mount, v.] That upon which a person or thing is mounted, as: (a) A horse. “She had so good a seat and hand, she might be trusted with any mount.” G. Eliot. (b) The cardboard or cloth on which a drawing, photograph, or the like is mounted; a mounting.

Mount´a•ble , a. Such as can be mounted.

Moun´tain , n. [OE. mountaine, montaine, F. montagne, LL. montanea, montania, fr. L. mons, montis, a mountain; cf. montanus belonging to a mountain. See 1st Mount.] 1. A large mass of earth and rock, rising above the common level of the earth or adjacent land; earth and rock forming an isolated peak or a ridge; an eminence higher than a hill; a mount. 2. pl. A range, chain, or group of such elevations; as the White Mountains. 3. A mountainlike mass; something of great bulk. “I should have been a mountain of mummy.” Shak. The Mountain (La montagne) (French Hist.), a popular name given in 1793 to a party of extreme Jacobins in the National Convention, who occupied the highest rows of seats.

Moun´tain (moun´tin), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a mountain or mountains; growing or living on a mountain; found on or peculiar to mountains; among mountains; as a mountain torrent; mountain pines; mountain goats; mountain air; mountain howitzer. 2. Like a mountain; mountainous; vast; very great. “The high, the mountain majesty of worth.” Byron. Mountain antelope (Zoöl.), the goral. — Mountain ash (Bot.), an ornamental tree, the Pyrus (Sorbus) Americana, producing beautiful bunches of red berries. Its leaves are pinnate, and its flowers white, growing in fragrant clusters. The European species is the P. aucuparia, or rowan tree. — Mountain barometer, a portable barometer, adapted for safe transportation, used in measuring the heights of mountains. — Mountain beaver (Zoöl.), the sewellel. — Mountain blue (Min.), blue carbonate of copper; azurite. — Mountain cat (Zoöl.), the catamount. See Catamount. — Mountain chain, a series of contiguous mountain ranges, generally in parallel or consecutive lines or curves. — Mountain cock (Zoöl.), capercailzie. See Capercailzie. — Mountain cork (Min.), a variety of asbestus, resembling cork in its texture. — Mountain crystal. See under Crystal. — Mountain damson (Bot.), a large tree of the genus Simaruba (S. amarga) growing in the West Indies, which affords a bitter tonic and astringent, sometimes used in medicine. — Mountain dew, Scotch whisky, so called because often illicitly distilled among the mountains. [Humorous] — Mountain ebony (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Bauhinia variegata) of the East and West Indies; — so called because of its dark wood. The bark is used medicinally and in tanning. — Mountain flax (Min.), a variety of asbestus, having very fine fibers; amianthus. See Amianthus. — Mountain fringe (Bot.), climbing fumitory. See under Fumitory. — Mountain goat. (Zoöl.) See Mazama. — Mountain green. (Min.) (a) Green malachite, or carbonate of copper. (b) See Green earth, under Green, a. — Mountain holly (Bot.), a branching shrub (Nemopanthes Canadensis), having smooth oblong leaves and red berries. It is found in the Northern United States. — Mountain laurel (Bot.), an American shrub (Kalmia latifolia) with glossy evergreen leaves and showy clusters of rose-colored or white flowers. The foliage is poisonous. Called also American laurel, ivy bush, and calico bush. See Kalmia. — Mountain leather (Min.), a variety of asbestus, resembling leather in its texture. — Mountain licorice (Bot.), a plant of the genus Trifolium (T. Alpinum). - - Mountain limestone (Geol.), a series of marine limestone strata below the coal measures, and above the old red standstone of Great Britain. See Chart of Geology. — Mountain linnet (Zoöl.), the twite. — Mountain magpie. (Zoöl.) (a) The yaffle, or green woodpecker. (b) The European gray shrike. — Mountain mahogany (Bot.) See under Mahogany. — Mountain meal (Min.), a light powdery variety of calcite, occurring as an efflorescence. — Mountain milk (Min.), a soft spongy variety of carbonate of lime. — Mountain mint. (Bot.) See Mint. — Mountain ousel (Zoöl.), the ring ousel; — called also mountain thrush and mountain colley. See Ousel. — Mountain pride, or Mountain green (Bot.), a tree of Jamaica (Spathelia simplex), which has an unbranched palmlike stem, and a terminal cluster of large, pinnate leaves. — Mountain quail (Zoöl.), the plumed partridge (Oreortyx pictus) of California. It has two long, slender, plumelike feathers on the head. The throat and sides are chestnut; the belly is brown with transverse bars of black and white; the neck and breast are dark gray. — Mountain range, a series of mountains closely related in position and direction. — Mountain rice. (Bot.) (a) An upland variety of rice, grown without irrigation, in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States. (b) An American genus of grasses (Oryzopsis). — Mountain rose (Bot.), a species of rose with solitary flowers, growing in the mountains of Europe (Rosa alpina). — Mountain soap (Min.), a soft earthy mineral, of a brownish color, used in crayon painting; saxonite. — Mountain sorrel (Bot.), a low perennial plant (Oxyria digyna with rounded kidney-form leaves, and small greenish flowers, found in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and in high northern latitudes. Gray. — Mountain sparrow (Zoöl.), the European tree sparrow. — Mountain spinach. (Bot.) See Orach. — Mountain tobacco (Bot.), a composite plant (Arnica montana) of Europe; called also leopard’s bane. — Mountain witch (Zoöl.), a ground pigeon of Jamaica, of the genus Geotrygon.

Moun•tain•eer´ (moun•tin•er´), n. [OF. montanier, LL. montanarius. See Mountain.] 1. An inhabitant of a mountain; one who lives among mountains. 2. A rude, fierce person. [Obs.] “No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer.” Milton.

Moun•tain•eer´, v. i. To live or act as a mountaineer; to climb mountains. “You can’t go mountaineering in a flat country.” H. James.

Moun´tain•er , n. A mountaineer. [Obs.]

Moun´tain•et , n. A small mountain. [R.]

Moun´tain•ous , a. [F. montagneux, L. montaniosus.] 1. Full of, or containing, mountains; as the mountainous country of the Swiss. 2. Inhabiting mountains. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. Large as or resembling, a mountain; huge; of great bulk; as a mountainous heap. Prior.

Moun´tain•ous•ness, n. The state or quality of being mountainous.

Mount´ance , n. [OF. montance.] Amount; sum; quantity; extent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mount´ant , a. [F. montant, p. pr. of monter. See Mount, and cf. Montant.] Raised; high. [Obs.]

Mount´e•bank , n. [It. montimbanco, montambanco; montare to mount + in in, upon + banco bench. See Mount, and 4th Bank.] 1. One who mounts a bench or stage in the market or other public place, boasts of his skill in curing diseases, and vends medicines which he pretends are infallible remedies; a quack doctor. “Such is the weakness and easy credulity of men, that a mountebank … is preferred before an able physician.” Whitlock. 2. Any boastful or false pretender; a charlatan; a quack. “Nothing so impossible in nature but mountebanks will undertake.” Arbuthnot.

Mount´e•bank, v. t. To cheat by boasting and false pretenses; to gull. [R.] Shak.

Mount´e•bank, v. i. To play the mountebank.

Mount´e•bank•er•y , n. The practices of a mountebank; quackery; boastful and vain pretenses.

Mount´e•bank•ish, a. Like a mountebank or his quackery. Howell.

Mount´e•bank•ism , n. The practices of a mountebank; mountebankery.

Mount´ed, a. 1. Seated or serving on horseback or similarly; as mounted police; mounted infantry. 2. Placed on a suitable support, or fixed in a setting; as a mounted gun; a mounted map; a mounted gem.

Mount´e•naunce , n. Mountance. [Obs.]

Mount´er , n. 1. One who mounts. 2. An animal mounted; a monture. [Obs.]

Mount´ing, n. 1. The act of one that mounts. 2. That by which anything is prepared for use, or set off to advantage; equipment; embellishment; setting; as the mounting of a sword or diamond.

Mount´ing•ly, adv. In an ascending manner.

Mount´let , n. A small or low mountain. [R.]

Mount´y , n. [F. montee, fr. monter. See Mount, v.] The rise of a hawk after prey. Sir P. Sidney.

Mourn (morn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mourned (mornd); p. pr. & vb. n. Mourning.] [AS. murnan; akin to OS. mornian, OHG. mornen, Goth. maúrnan.] 1. To express or to feel grief or sorrow; to grieve; to be sorrowful; to lament; to be in a state of grief or sadness. “Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.” Gen. xxiii. 2. 2. To wear the customary garb of a mourner. “We mourn in black; why mourn we not in blood?” Shak. “Grieve for an hour, perhaps, then mourn a year.” Pope.

Mourn, v. t. 1. To grieve for; to lament; to deplore; to bemoan; to bewail. “As if he mourned his rival’s ill success.” Addison. “And looking over the hills, I mourn
The darling who shall not return.” Emerson. 2. To utter in a mournful manner or voice. “The lovelorn nightingale
Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth well.” Milton. Syn. — See Deplore.

Mourne (morn), n. [See 2d Morne.] The armed or feruled end of a staff; in a sheephook, the end of the staff to which the hook is attached. Sir P. Sidney.

Mourn´er (morn´er), n. 1. One who mourns or is grieved at any misfortune, as the death of a friend. “His mourners were two hosts, his friends and foes.” Byron. 2. One who attends a funeral as a hired mourner. “Mourners were provided to attend the funeral.” L’Estrange.

Mourn´ful , a. Full of sorrow; expressing, or intended to express, sorrow; mourning; grieving; sad; also causing sorrow; saddening; grievous; as a mournful person; mournful looks, tones, loss. — Mourn´ful•ly, adv. — Mourn´ful•ness, n. Syn. — Sorrowful; lugubrious; sad; doleful; heavy; afflictive; grievous; calamitous.

Mourn´ing, n. [AS. murnung.] 1. The act of sorrowing or expressing grief; lamentation; sorrow. 2. Garb, drapery, or emblems indicative of grief, esp. clothing or a badge of somber black. “The houses to their tops with black were spread,
And ev’n the pavements were with mourning hid.” Dryden. Deep mourning. See under Deep.

Mourn´ing, a. 1. Grieving; sorrowing; lamenting. 2. Employed to express sorrow or grief; worn or used as appropriate to the condition of one bereaved or sorrowing; as mourning garments; a mourning ring; a mourning pin, and the like. Mourning bride (Bot.), a garden flower (Scabiosa atropurpurea) with dark purple or crimson flowers in flattened heads. — Mourning dove (Zoöl.), a wild dove (Zenaidura macroura) found throughout the United States; — so named from its plaintive note. Called also Carolina dove. See Illust. under Dove. — Mourning warbler (Zoöl.), an American ground warbler (Geothlypis Philadelphia). The male has the head, neck, and chest, deep ash- gray, mixed with black on the throat and chest; other lower parts are pure yellow.

Mourn´ing•ly, adv. In a mourning manner.

Mour´ni•val , n. See Murnival.

Mouse (mous), n.; pl. Mice (mis). [OE. mous, mus, AS. mus, pl. mys; akin to D. muis, G. maus, OHG. & Icel. mus, Dan. muus, Sw. mus, Russ. muishe, L. mus, Gr. my^s, Skr. mush mouse, mush to steal. rad.277. Cf. Muscle, Musk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridae. The common house mouse (Mus musculus) is found in nearly all countries. The American white-footed, or deer, mouse (Hesperomys leucopus) sometimes lives in houses. See Dormouse, Meadow mouse, under Meadow, and Harvest mouse, under Harvest. 2. (Naut.) (a) A knob made on a rope with spun yarn or parceling to prevent a running eye from slipping. (b) Same as 2d Mousing, 2. 3. A familiar term of endearment. Shak. 4. A dark-colored swelling caused by a blow. [Slang] 5. A match used in firing guns or blasting. Field mouse, Flying mouse, etc. See under Field, Flying, etc. — Mouse bird (Zoöl.), a coly. — Mouse deer (Zoöl.), a chevrotain, as the kanchil. — Mouse galago (Zoöl.), a very small West American galago (Galago murinus). In color and size it resembles a mouse. It has a bushy tail like that of a squirrel. — Mouse hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A hawk that devours mice. (b) The hawk owl; — called also mouse owl. — Mouse lemur (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very small lemurs of the genus Chirogaleus, found in Madagascar. — Mouse piece (Cookery), the piece of beef cut from the part next below the round or from the lower part of the latter; — called also mouse buttock.

Mouse , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moused p. pr. & vb. n. Mousing ] 1. To watch for and catch mice. 2. To watch for or pursue anything in a sly manner; to pry about, on the lookout for something.

Mouse, v. t. 1. To tear, as a cat devours a mouse. [Obs.] ´[Death] mousing the flesh of men.´ Shak. 2. (Naut.) To furnish with a mouse; to secure by means of a mousing. See Mouse, n., 2.

Mouse´-ear , n. (Bot.) (a) The forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris) and other species of the same genus. (b) A European species of hawkweed (Hieracium Pilosella). Mouse-ear chickweed, a name of two common species of chickweed (Cerastium vulgarium, and C. viscosum). — Mouse-ear cress, a low cruciferous herb (Sisymbrium Thaliana). All these are low herbs with soft, oval, or obovate leaves, whence the name.

Mouse´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Frogfish.

Mouse´hole , n. A hole made by a mouse, for passage or abode, as in a wall; hence, a very small hole like that gnawed by a mouse.

Mouse´kin , n. A little mouse. Thackeray.

Mous´er , n. 1. A cat that catches mice. 2. One who pries about on the lookout for something.

Mouse´tail , n. (Bot.) A genus of ranunculaceous plants (Myosurus), in which the prolonged receptacle is covered with imbricating achenes, and so resembles the tail of a mouse.

Mous´ie , n. Diminutive for Mouse. Burns.

Mous´ing , a. Impertinently inquisitive; prying; meddlesome. ´Mousing saints.´ L’Estrange.

Mous´ing, n. 1. The act of hunting mice. 2. (Naut.) A turn or lashing of spun yarn or small stuff, or a metallic clasp or fastening, uniting the point and shank of a hook to prevent its unhooking or straighening out. 3. A ratchet movement in a loom. Mousing hook, a hook with an attachment which prevents its unhooking.

Mou´sle , v. t. To sport with roughly; to rumple. [Written also mouzle.] [Obs.] Wycherley.

Mousse•line´ , n. [F.] Muslin. Mousseline de laine . [F., muslin of wool.] Muslin delaine. See under Muslin. — Mousseline glass, a kind of thin blown glassware, such as wineglasses, etc.

Mous•tache´ , n. [F.] Mustache.

Mous´y (mouz´y), a. Infested with mice; smelling of mice.

Mou´tan , n. (Bot.) The Chinese tree peony (Paeonia Mountan), a shrub with large flowers of various colors.

Mouth (mouth), n.; pl. Mouths (mouthz). [OE. mouth, muþ, AS. muð; akin to D. mond, OS. muð, G. mund, Icel. muðr, munnr, Sw. mun, Dan. mund, Goth. munþs, and possibly L. mentum chin; or cf. D. muil mouth, muzzle, G. maul, OHG. mula, Icel. muli, and Skr. mukha mouth.] 1. The opening through which an animal receives food; the aperture between the jaws or between the lips; also the cavity, containing the tongue and teeth, between the lips and the pharynx; the buccal cavity. 2. Hence: An opening affording entrance or exit; orifice; aperture; as: (a) The opening of a vessel by which it is filled or emptied, charged or discharged; as the mouth of a jar or pitcher; the mouth of the lacteal vessels, etc. (b) The opening or entrance of any cavity, as a cave, pit, well, or den. (c) The opening of a piece of ordnance, through which it is discharged. (d) The opening through which the waters of a river or any stream are discharged. (e) The entrance into a harbor. 3. (Saddlery) The crosspiece of a bridle bit, which enters the mouth of an animal. 4. A principal speaker; one who utters the common opinion; a mouthpiece. “Every coffeehouse has some particular statesman belonging to it, who is the mouth of the street where he lives.” Addison. 5. Cry; voice. [Obs.] Dryden. 6. Speech; language; testimony. “That in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.” Matt. xviii. 16. 7. A wry face; a grimace; a mow. “Counterfeit sad looks,
Make mouths upon me when I turn my back.” Shak. Down in the mouth, chapfallen; of dejected countenance; depressed; discouraged. [Obs. or Colloq.] — Mouth friend, one who professes friendship insincerely. Shak. — Mouth glass, a small mirror for inspecting the mouth or teeth. — Mouth honor, honor given in words, but not felt. Shak. — Mouth organ. (Mus.) (a) Pan’s pipes. See Pandean. (b) An harmonicon. — Mouth pipe, an organ pipe with a lip or plate to cut the escaping air and make a sound. — To stop the mouth, to silence or be silent; to put to shame; to confound. “The mouth of them that speak lies shall be stopped.” Ps. lxiii. 11. “Whose mouths must be stopped.” Titus i. 11.

Mouth (mouth), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mouthed (mouthd); p. pr. & vb. n. Mouthing.] 1. To take into the mouth; to seize or grind with the mouth or teeth; to chew; to devour. Dryden. 2. To utter with a voice affectedly big or swelling; to speak in a strained or unnaturally sonorous manner. ´Mouthing big phrases.´ Hare. “Mouthing out his hollow oes and aes.” Tennyson. 3. To form or cleanse with the mouth; to lick, as a bear her cub. Sir T. Browne. 4. To make mouths at. [R.] R. Blair.

Mouth, v. i. 1. To speak with a full, round, or loud, affected voice; to vociferate; to rant. “I’ll bellow out for Rome, and for my country,
And mouth at Caesar, till I shake the senate.” Addison. 2. To put mouth to mouth; to kiss. [R.] Shak. 3. To make grimaces, esp. in ridicule or contempt. “Well I know, when I am gone,
How she mouths behind my back.” Tennyson.

Mouthed , a. 1. Furnished with a mouth. 2. Having a mouth of a particular kind; using the mouth, speech, or voice in a particular way; — used only in composition; as wide-mouthed; hard-mouthed; foul- mouthed; mealy-mouthed.

Mouth´er , n. One who mouths; an affected speaker.

Mouth´-foot•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the basal joints of the legs converted into jaws.

Mouth´ful , n.; pl. Mouthfuls . 1. As much as is usually put into the mouth at one time. 2. Hence, a small quantity.

Mouth´less, a. [AS. muðleás.] Destitute of a mouth.

Mouth´-made , a. Spoken without sincerity; not heartfelt. ´Mouth-made vows.´ Shak.

Mouth´piece , n. 1. The part of a musical or other instrument to which the mouth is applied in using it; as the mouthpiece of a bugle, or of a tobacco pipe. 2. An appendage to an inlet or outlet opening of a pipe or vessel, to direct or facilitate the inflow or outflow of a fluid. 3. One who delivers the opinion of others or of another; a spokesman; as the mouthpiece of his party. “Egmont was imprudent enough to make himself the mouthpiece of their remonstrance.” Motley.

Mov•a•bil´i•ty , n. Movableness.

Mov´a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. movable. See Move.] 1. Capable of being moved, lifted, carried, drawn, turned, or conveyed, or in any way made to change place or posture; susceptible of motion; not fixed or stationary; as a movable steam engine. 2. Changing from one time to another; as movable feasts, i. e., church festivals, the date of which varies from year to year. Movable letter (Heb. Gram.), a letter that is pronounced, as opposed to one that is quiescent.

Mov´a•ble, n.; pl. Movables . 1. An article of wares or goods; a commodity; a piece of property not fixed, or not a part of real estate; generally, in the plural, goods; wares; furniture. “Furnished with the most rich and princely movables.” Evelyn. 2. (Rom. Law) Property not attached to the soil. The word is not convertible with personal property, since rents and similar incidents of the soil which are personal property by our law are immovables by the Roman law. Wharton.

Mov´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being movable; mobility; susceptibility of motion.

Mov´a•bly, adv. In a movable manner or condition.

Move (moov), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moved (moovd); p. pr. & vb. n. Moving.] [OE. moven, OF. moveir, F. mouvoir, L. movere; cf. Gr. ’amei•bein to change, exchange, go in or out, quit, Skr. miv, p. p. muta, to move, push. Cf. Emotion, Mew to molt, Mob, Mutable, Mutiny.] 1. To cause to change place or posture in any manner; to set in motion; to carry, convey, draw, or push from one place to another; to impel; to stir; as the wind moves a vessel; the horse moves a carriage. 2. (Chess, Checkers, etc.) To transfer (a piece or man) from one space or position to another, according to the rules of the game; as to move a king. 3. To excite to action by the presentation of motives; to rouse by representation, persuasion, or appeal; to influence. “Minds desirous of revenge were not moved with gold.” Knolles. “No female arts his mind could move.” Dryden. 4. To arouse the feelings or passions of; especially, to excite to tenderness or compassion; to touch pathetically; to excite, as an emotion. Shak. “When he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them.” Matt. ix. 36. “[The use of images] in orations and poetry is to move pity or terror.” Felton. 5. To propose; to recommend; specifically, to propose formally for consideration and determination, in a deliberative assembly; to submit, as a resolution to be adopted; as to move to adjourn. “Let me but move one question to your daughter.” Shak. “They are to be blamed alike who move and who decline war upon particular respects.” Hayward. 6. To apply to, as for aid. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To stir; agitate; trouble; affect; persuade; influence; actuate; impel; rouse; prompt; instigate; incite; induce; incline; propose; offer.

Move, v. i. 1. To change place or posture; to stir; to go, in any manner, from one place or position to another; as a ship moves rapidly. “The foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth.” Ps. xviii. 7. “On the green bank I sat and listened long, …
Nor till her lay was ended could I move.” Dryden. 2. To act; to take action; to stir; to begin to act; as to move in a matter. 3. To change residence; to remove, as from one house, town, or state, to another. 4. (Chess, Checkers, etc.) To change the place of a piece in accordance with the rules of the game.

Move , n. 1. The act of moving; a movement. 2. (Chess, Checkers, etc.) The act of moving one of the pieces, from one position to another, in the progress of the game. 3. An act for the attainment of an object; a step in the execution of a plan or purpose. To make a move. (a) To take some action. (b) To move a piece, as in a game. — To be on the move, to bustle or stir about. [Colloq.]

Move•less, a. Motionless; fixed. ´Moveless as a tower.´ Pope.

Move´ment , n. [F. mouvement. See Move, and cf. Moment.] 1. The act of moving; change of place or posture; transference, by any means, from one situation to another; natural or appropriate motion; progress; advancement; as the movement of an army in marching or maneuvering; the movement of a wheel or a machine; the party of movement. 2. Motion of the mind or feelings; emotion. 3. Manner or style of moving; as a slow, or quick, or sudden, movement. 4. (Mus.) (a) The rhythmical progression, pace, and tempo of a piece. ´Any change of time is a change of movement.´ Busby. (b) One of the several strains or pieces, each complete in itself, with its own time and rhythm, which make up a larger work; as the several movements of a suite or a symphony. 5. (Mech.) A system of mechanism for transmitting motion of a definite character, or for transforming motion; as the wheelwork of a watch. Febrile movement (Med.), an elevation of the body temperature; a fever. — Movement cure. (Med.) See Kinesiatrics. — Movement of the bowels, an evacuation or stool; a passage or discharge. Syn. — Motion. — Movement, Motion. Motion expresses a general idea of not being at rest; movement is oftener used to express a definite, regulated motion, esp. a progress.

Mo´vent , a. [L. movens, p. pr. of movere. See Move.] Moving. [R.] Grew.

Mo´vent, n. That which moves anything. [R.]

Mov´er , n. 1. A person or thing that moves, stirs, or changes place. 2. A person or thing that imparts motion, or causes change of place; a motor. 3. One who, or that which, excites, instigates, or causes movement, change, etc.; as movers of sedition. “These most poisonous compounds,
Which are the movers of a languishing death.” Shak. 4. A proposer; one who offers a proposition, or recommends anything for consideration or adoption; as the mover of a resolution in a legislative body.

Mov´ing, a. 1. Changing place or posture; causing motion or action; as a moving car, or power. 2. Exciting movement of the mind; adapted to move the sympathies, passions, or affections; touching; pathetic; as a moving appeal. “I sang an old moving story.” Coleridge. Moving force (Mech.), a force that accelerates, retards, or deflects the motion of a body. — Moving plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Desmodium gyrans); — so called because its leaflets have a distinct automatic motion.

Mov´ing, n. The act of changing place or posture; esp., the act of changing one’s dwelling place or place of business. Moving day, a day when one moves; esp., a day when a large number of tenants change their dwelling place.

Mov´ing•ly, adv. In a moving manner. Addison.

Mov´ing•ness, n. The power of moving.

Mow , n. [Written also moe and mowe.] [F. moue pouting, a wry face; cf. OD. mouwe the protruded lip.] A wry face. ´Make mows at him.´ Shak.

Mow, v. i. To make mouths. “Nodding, becking, and mowing.” Tyndale.

Mow, n. (Zoöl.) Same as Mew, a gull.

Mow, v. [pres. sing. Mow, pl. Mowe, Mowen, Moun.] [AS. magan. See May, v.] May; can. ´Thou mow now escapen.´ [Obs.] Chaucer. “Our walles mowe not make hem resistence.” Chaucer.

Mow (mo), v. t. [imp. Mowed (mod); p. p. Mowed or Mown (mon); p. pr. & vb. n. Mowing.] [OE. mowen, mawen, AS. mawan; akin to D. maaijen, G. mähen, OHG. majan, Dan. meie, L. metere to reap, mow, Gr. ’ama^n. Cf. Math, Mead a meadow, Meadow.] 1. To cut down, as grass, with a scythe or machine. 2. To cut the grass from; as to mow a meadow. 3. To cut down; to cause to fall in rows or masses, as in mowing grass; — with down; as a discharge of grapeshot mows down whole ranks of men.

Mow, v. i. To cut grass, etc., with a scythe, or with a machine; to cut grass for hay.

Mow , n. [OE. mowe, AS. mga.] 1. A heap or mass of hay or of sheaves of grain stowed in a barn. 2. The place in a barn where hay or grain in the sheaf is stowed.

Mow , v. t. To lay, as hay or sheaves of grain, in a heap or mass in a barn; to pile and stow away.

Mow´burn , v. i. To heat and ferment in the mow, as hay when housed too green.

Mowe , v. See 4th Mow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mowe, n. & v. See 1st & 2d Mow. [Obs.]

Mow´er , n. One who, or that which, mows; a mowing machine; as a lawn mower.

Mow´ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or the operation of that which, mows. 2. Land from which grass is cut; meadow land. Mowing machine, an agricultural machine armed with knives or blades for cutting standing grass, etc. It is drawn by a horse or horses, or propelled by steam.

Mown , p. p. & a. Cut down by mowing, as grass; deprived of grass by mowing; as a mown field.

Mow´yer , n. A mower. [Obs.]

Mox´a , n. [A corruption of Japan. mogusa (pronounced mongsa), an escharotic made from the plant yomigi: cf. F. moxa.] 1. (Med.) A soft woolly mass prepared from the young leaves of Artemisia Chinensis, and used as a cautery by burning it on the skin; hence, any substance used in a like manner, as cotton impregnated with niter, amadou. 2. (Bot.) A plant from which this substance is obtained, esp. Artemisia Chinensis, and A. moxa.

Mox´ie , n. [fr. Moxie, a trade name for a beverage.] 1. energy; pep. 2. courage, determination. 3. Know-how, expertise. MW10.

Moy´a , n. Mud poured out from volcanoes during eruptions; — so called in South America.

Moyle , n. & v. See Moil, and Moile. { Moz´a•rab , Moz•a•rab´ic }. Same as Muzarab, Muzarabic. { Mo•zet´ta , Moz•zet´ta } n. [It. mozzetta: cf. F. mosette. Cf. Amice a hood or cape.] (Eccl.) A cape, with a small hood; — worn by the pope and other dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church.

Mr.. . The customary abbreviation of Mister in writing and printing. See Master, 4.

Mrs. . The customary abbreviation of Mistress when used as a title of courtesy, in writing and printing.

Mu•cam´ide , n. [Mucic + amide.] (Chem.) The acid amide of mucic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Mu´cate , n. (Chem.) A salt of mucic acid.

Muce , n. See Muse, and Muset.

Mu•ce´din , n. [From Mucus.] (Bot. Chem.) A yellowish white, amorphous, nitrogenous substance found in wheat, rye, etc., and resembling gluten; — formerly called also mucin.

Much (much), a. [Compar. & superl. wanting, but supplied by More (mor), and Most (most), from another root.] [OE. moche, muche, miche, prob. the same as mochel, muchel, michel, mikel, fr. AS. micel, mycel; cf. Gr. me•gas, fem. mega•lh, great, and Icel. mjök, adv., much. rad.103. See Mickle.] 1. Great in quantity; long in duration; as much rain has fallen; much time. “Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in.” Deut. xxviii. 38. 2. Many in number. [Archaic] “Edom came out against him with much people.” Num. xx. 20. 3. High in rank or position. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Much, n. 1. A great quantity; a great deal; also an indefinite quantity; as you have as much as I. “He that gathered much had nothing over.” Ex. xvi. 18. Muchin this sense can be regarded as an adjective qualifying a word unexpressed, and may, therefore, be modified by as, so, too, very. 2. A thing uncommon, wonderful, or noticeable; something considerable. “And [he] thought not much to clothe his enemies.” Milton. To make much of, to treat as something of especial value or worth.

Much, adv. [Cf. Icel. mjök. See Much, a.] To a great degree or extent; greatly; abundantly; far; nearly. ´Much suffering heroes.´ Pope. “Thou art much mightier than we.” Gen. xxvi. 16. “Excellent speech becometh not a fool, much less do lying lips a prince.” Prov. xvii. 7. “Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong
Life much.” Milton. “All left the world much as they found it.” Sir W. Temple.

Much´el , a. [rad.103. See Mickle.] Much. [Obs.]

Much´ness, n. Greatness; extent. [Obs. or Colloq.] “The quantity and muchness of time which it filcheth.” W. Whately. Much of a muchness, much the same. [Colloq.] ´Men’s men; gentle or simple, they’re much of a muchness.´ G. Eliot.

Much´what , adv. Nearly; almost; much. [Obs.] ´Muchwhat after the same manner.´ Glanvill.

Mu´cic , a. [L. mucus mucus: cf. F. mucique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gums and micilaginous substances; specif., denoting an acid obtained by the oxidation of gums, dulcite, etc., as a white crystalline substance isomeric with saccharic acid.

Mu´cid , a. [L. mucidus, fr. L. mucus mucus. See Mucus, and cf. Moist.] Musty; moldy; slimy; mucous. — Mu´cid•ness, n.

Mu•cif´ic , a. [Mucus + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. (Med.) Inducing or stimulating the secretion of mucus; blennogenous. 2. (Physiol.) Secreting mucus.

Mu´ci•form , a. [Mucus + - form.] (Physiol.) Resembling mucus; having the character or appearance of mucus.

Mu´ci•gen , n. [Mucin + - gen.] (Physiol.) A substance which is formed in mucous epithelial cells, and gives rise to mucin.

Mu•cig´e•nous , a. (Physiol.) Connected with the formation of mucin; resembling mucin. “The mucigenous basis is manufactured at the expense of the ordinary protoplasm of the cell.” Foster.

Mu´ci•lage , n. [F., from L. mucilago a musty juice, fr. mucus mucus, slime. See Mucus.] 1. (Bot. Chem.) A gummy or gelatinous substance produced in certain plants by the action of water on the cell wall, as in the seeds of quinces, of flax, etc. 2. An aqueous solution of gum, or of substances allied to it; as medicinal mucilage; mucilage for fastening envelopes.

Mu•ci•lag´i•nous , a. [Cf. F. mucilagineux. See Mucilage.] 1. Partaking of the nature of, or resembling, mucilage; moist, soft, and viscid; slimy; ropy; as a mucilaginous liquid. 2. Of, pertaining to, or secreting, mucilage; as the mucilaginous glands. 3. Soluble in water, but not in alcohol; yielding mucilage; as mucilaginous gums or plants. — Mu•ci•lag´i•nous•ness, n.

Mu´cin (mu´sin), n. [From Mucus.] 1. (Bot. Chem.) See Mucedin. [Obs.] 2. (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminoid substance which is contained in mucus, and gives to the latter secretion its peculiar ropy character. It is found in all the secretions from mucous glands, and also between the fibers of connective tissue, as in tendons. See Illust. of Demilune.

Mu•cin´o•gen (mu•sin´o•jen), n. [Mucin + -gen.] (Physiol.) Same as Mucigen.

Mu•cip´a•rous (mu•si´pa•rus), a. [Mucus + L. parere to produce.] (Physiol.) Secreting, or producing, mucus or mucin.

Mu´ci•vore (mu´si•vor), n. [L. mucus slime, mucus + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) An insect which feeds on mucus, or the sap of plants, as certain Diptera, of the tribe Mucivora.

Muck (muk), abbreviation of Amuck. To run a muck. See Amuck.

Muck, n. [Icel. myki; akin to D. mög. Cf. Midden.] 1. Dung in a moist state; manure. Bacon. 2. Vegetable mold mixed with earth, as found in low, damp places and swamps. 3. Anything filthy or vile. Spenser. 4. Money; — in contempt. “The fatal muck we quarreled for.” Beau. & Fl. Muck bar, bar iron which has been through the rolls only once. — Muck iron, crude puddled iron ready for the squeezer or rollers. Knight.

Muck, a. Like muck; mucky; also used in collecting or distributing muck; as a muck fork.

Muck, v. t. To manure with muck.

Muck´en•der , n. [Sp. mocador. Cf. Mokadour.] A handkerchief. [Obs.] [Written also muckinder, muckiter, mockadour.]

Muck´er , n. A term of reproach for a low or vulgar labor person. [Slang]

Muck´er, v. t. To scrape together, as money, by mean labor or shifts. [Obs.] Udall.

Muck´er•er , n. A miser; a niggard. [Obs.]

Muck´i•ness , n. The quality of being mucky.

Muc´kle , a. [See Mickle.] Much. [Obs.]

Muck´mid•den , n. A dunghill. [Scot.]

Muck´sy , a. Somewhat mucky; soft, sticky, and dirty; muxy. [Prov. Eng.] R. D. Blackmore.

Muck´worm , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A larva or grub that lives in muck or manure; — applied to the larvae of the tumbledung and allied beetles. 2. One who scrapes together money by mean labor and devices; a miser. ´Misers are muckworms.´ Pope.

Muck´y , a. 1. Filthy with muck; miry; as a mucky road. ´Mucky filth.´ Spenser. 2. Vile, in a moral sense; sordid. [Obs.] Spenser. “Mucky money and false felicity.” Latimer.

Mu´co•cele , n. [Mucus + Gr. kh•lh tumor.] (Med.) An enlargement or protrusion of the mucous membrane of the lachrymal passages, or dropsy of the lachrymal sac, dependent upon catarrhal inflammation of the latter. Dunglison.

Mu´coid , a. [Mucus + - oid.] Resembling mucus. Dunglison. Mucoid degeneration, a form of degeneration in which the tissues are transformed into a semisolid substance resembling mucus. Quain.

Mu´co•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of muconic acid.

Mu•con´ic , a. [Mucic + itaconic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid, obtained indirectly from mucic acid, and somewhat resembling itaconic acid.

Mu•co•pu´ru•lent , a. [Mucus + purulent.] (Med.) Having the character or appearance of both mucus and pus. Dunglison.

Mu´cor , n. [L., fr. mucere to be moldy or musty.] (Bot.) A genus of minute fungi. The plants consist of slender threads with terminal globular sporangia; mold.

Mu•cos´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being mucous or slimy; mucousness.

Mu´cous , a. [L. mucosus, fr. mucus mucus.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, mucus; slimy, ropy, or stringy, and lubricous; as a mucous substance. 2. Secreting a slimy or mucigenous substance; as the mucous membrane. Mucous membrane. (Anat.) See under Membrane. — Mucous patches (Med.), elevated patches found in the mucous membranes of the mouth and anus, usually due to syphilis. — Mucous tissue (Anat.), a form of connective tissue in an early stage of development, found in the umbilical cord and in the embryo, and also in certain tumors called myxomata.

Mu´cous•ness, n. The quality or state of being mucous; sliminess.

Mu´cro , n. [L.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) A minute abrupt point, as of a leaf; any small, sharp point or process, terminating a larger part or organ. { Mu´cro•nate , Mu´cro•na•ted } a. [L. mucronatus, fr. mucro a sharp point: cf. F. mucrone.] Ending abruptly in a sharp point; abruptly tipped with a short and sharp point; as a mucronate leaf. — Mu´cro•nate•ly, adv.

Mu•cron´u•late , a. Having, or tipped with, a small point or points.

Mu´cu•lent , a. [L. muculentus, fr. mucus.] Slimy; moist, and moderately viscous.

Mu´cus (mu´kus), n. [L. mucus, muccus; cf. mucere to be moldy or musty, Gr. my•xa mucus, and Skr. muc to release. Cf. Match for striking fire, Moist, Mucilage.] 1. (Physiol.) A viscid fluid secreted by mucous membranes, which it serves to moisten and protect. It covers the lining membranes of all the cavities which open externally, such as those of the mouth, nose, lungs, intestinal canal, urinary passages, etc. 2. (Physiol.) Any other animal fluid of a viscid quality, as the synovial fluid, which lubricates the cavities of the joints; — improperly so used. 3. (Bot.) A gelatinous or slimy substance found in certain algae and other plants.

Mu´cus•in , n. (Physiol. Chem.) Mucin. [R.]

Mud , n. [Akin to LG. mudde, D. modder, G. moder mold, OSw. modd mud, Sw. modder mother, Dan. mudder mud. Cf. Mother a scum on liquors.] Earth and water mixed so as to be soft and adhesive. Mud bass (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish (Acantharchum pomotis) of the Eastern United States. It produces a deep grunting note. — Mud bath, an immersion of the body, or some part of it, in mud charged with medicinal agents, as a remedy for disease. — Mud boat, a large flatboat used in dredging. — Mud cat. See Catfish. — Mud crab (Zoöl.), any one of several American marine crabs of the genus Panopeus. — Mud dab (Zoöl.), the winter flounder. See Flounder, and Dab. — Mud dauber (Zoöl.), a mud wasp. — Mud devil (Zoöl.), the fellbender. — Mud drum (Steam Boilers), a drum beneath a boiler, into which sediment and mud in the water can settle for removal. — Mud eel (Zoöl.), a long, slender, aquatic amphibian (Siren lacertina), found in the Southern United States. It has persistent external gills and only the anterior pair of legs. See Siren. — Mud frog (Zoöl.), a European frog (Pelobates fuscus). — Mud hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The American coot (Fulica Americana). (b) The clapper rail. - - Mud lark, a person who cleans sewers, or delves in mud. [Slang] — Mud minnow (Zoöl.), any small American fresh-water fish of the genus Umbra, as U. limi. The genus is allied to the pickerels. — Mud plug, a plug for stopping the mudhole of a boiler. — Mud puppy (Zoöl.), the menobranchus. — Mud scow, a heavy scow, used in dredging; a mud boat. [U.S.] — Mud turtle, Mud tortoise (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of fresh-water tortoises of the United States. — Mud wasp (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to Pepaeus, and allied genera, which construct groups of mud cells, attached, side by side, to stones or to the woodwork of buildings, etc. The female places an egg in each cell, together with spiders or other insects, paralyzed by a sting, to serve as food for the larva. Called also mud dauber.

Mud, v. t. 1. To bury in mud. [R.] Shak. 2. To make muddy or turbid. Shak.

Mu´dar , n. [Hind. madar.] (Bot.) Either one of two asclepiadaceous shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, and C. procera), which furnish a strong and valuable fiber. The acrid milky juice is used medicinally.

Mu´da•rin , n. (Chem.) A brown, amorphous, bitter substance having a strong emetic action, extracted from the root of the mudar.

Mud´di•ly , adv. In a muddy manner; turbidly; without mixture; cloudily; obscurely; confusedly.

Mud´di•ness, n. 1. The condition or quality of being muddy; turbidness; foulness caused by mud, dirt, or sediment; as the muddiness of a stream. 2. Obscurity or confusion, as in treatment of a subject; intellectual dullness.

Mud´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muddled p. pr. & vb. n. Muddling ] [From Mud.] 1. To make turbid, or muddy, as water. [Obs.] “He did ill to muddle the water.” L’Estrange. 2. To cloud or stupefy; to render stupid with liquor; to intoxicate partially. “Epicurus seems to have had brains so muddled and confounded, that he scarce ever kept in the right way.” Bentley. “Often drunk, always muddled.” Arbuthnot. 3. To waste or misuse, as one does who is stupid or intoxicated. [R.] “They muddle it [money] away without method or object, and without having anything to show for it.” Hazlitt. 4. To mix confusedly; to confuse; to make a mess of; as to muddle matters; also to perplex; to mystify. F. W. Newman.

Mud´dle, v. i. 1. To dabble in mud. [Obs.] Swift. 2. To think and act in a confused, aimless way.

Mud´dle, n. A state of being turbid or confused; hence, intellectual cloudiness or dullness. “We both grub on in a muddle.” Dickens.

Mud´dle•head , n. A stupid person. [Colloq.] C. Reade. — Mud´dle-head•ed, a. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Mud´dler , n. One who, or that which, muddles.

Mud´dy , a. [Compar. Muddier superl. Muddiest.] 1. Abounding in mud; besmeared or dashed with mud; as a muddy road or path; muddy boots. 2. Turbid with mud; as muddy water. 3. Consisting of mud or earth; gross; impure. “This muddy vesture of decay.” Shak. 4. Confused, as if turbid with mud; cloudy in mind; dull; stupid; also immethodical; incoherent; vague. “Cold hearts and muddy understandings.” Burke. “Dost think I am so muddy, so unsettled.” Shak. 5. Not clear or bright. Swift.

Mud´dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muddied p. pr. & vb. n. Muddying ] 1. To soil with mud; to dirty; to render turbid. 2. Fig.: To cloud; to make dull or heavy. Grew.

Mud´dy-head•ed , a. Dull; stupid.

Mud´dy-met•tled , a. Dull- spirited. Shak.

Mud´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European loach. (b) The bowfin. (c) The South American lipedosiren, and the allied African species (Protopterus annectens). See Lipedosiren. (d) The mud minnow.

Mud´hole , n. 1. A hole, or hollow place, containing mud, as in a road. 2. (Steam Boilers) A hole near the bottom, through which the sediment is withdrawn.

Mu´dir , n. Same as Moodir.

Mud´sill , n. The lowest sill of a structure, usually embedded in the soil; the lowest timber of a house; also that sill or timber of a bridge which is laid at the bottom of the water. See Sill.

Mud´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) A woodcock.

Mud´wall , n. (Zoöl.) The European bee-eater. See Bee-eater. [Written also modwall.]

Mud´wort , n. (Bot.) A small herbaceous plant growing on muddy shores (Limosella aquatica).

Mue (mu), v. i. To mew; to molt. [Obs.] Quarles.

Mu•ez´zin (mu•ez´zin), n. [Ar.] A Mohammedan crier of the hour of prayer. [Written also mouezzin, mueddin, and muwazzin.]

Muff (muf), n. [Cf. LG. muff, D. mof, G., Dan., & Sw. muff, F. moufle mitten, LL. muffula, MHG. mouwe sleeve, D. mouw, and E. muffle, v.] 1. A soft cover of cylindrical form, usually of fur, worn by women to shield the hands from cold. 2. (Mech.) A short hollow cylinder surrounding an object, as a pipe. 3. (Glass Manuf.) A blown cylinder of glass which is afterward flattened out to make a sheet. 4. [Perhaps a different word; cf. Prov. E. maffle to slammer.] A stupid fellow; a poor-spirited person. [Colloq.] ´A muff of a curate.´ Thackeray. 5. [See 4.] (Baseball) A failure to hold a ball when once in the hands. 6. (Zoöl.) The whitethroat. [Prov. Eng.]

Muff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muffed p. pr. & vb. n. Muffing.] To handle awkwardly; to fumble; to fail to hold, as a ball, in catching it.

Muf•fe•tee´ , n. A small muff worn over the wrist. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Muf´fin , n. [From Muff.] A light, spongy, cylindrical cake, used for breakfast and tea.

Muf•fin•eer´ , n. A dish for keeping muffins hot.

Muff´ish , a. [See Muff, 4 & 5.] Stupid; awkward. [Colloq.]

Muf´fle (muf´f’l), n. The bare end of the nose between the nostrils; — used esp. of ruminants.

Muf´fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muffled p. pr. & vb. n. Muffling ] [Cf. F. moufle a mitten, LL. muffula, OD. moffel a muff. See Muff.] 1. To wrap up in something that conceals or protects; to wrap, as the face and neck, in thick and disguising folds; hence, to conceal or cover the face of; to envelop; to inclose; — often with up. South. “The face lies muffled up within the garment.” Addison. “He muffled with a cloud his mournful eyes.” Dryden. “Muffled up in darkness and superstition.” Arbuthnot. 2. To prevent seeing, or hearing, or speaking, by wraps bound about the head; to blindfold; to deafen. 3. To wrap with something that dulls or deadens the sound of; as to muffle the strings of a drum, or that part of an oar which rests in the rowlock.

Muf´fle, v. i. [Cf. F. maffle, mumble, D. moffelen.] To speak indistinctly, or without clear articulation.

Muf´fle, n. [F. moufle, prop., a mitten, from the resemblance in shape. See Muffle, v. t., Muff.] 1. Anything with which another thing, as an oar or drum, is muffled; also a boxing glove; a muff. 2. (Metal.) An earthenware compartment or oven, often shaped like a half cylinder, used in furnaces to protect objects heated from the direct action of the fire, as in scorification of ores, cupellation of ore buttons, etc. 3. (Ceramics) A small oven for baking and fixing the colors of painted or printed pottery, without exposing the pottery to the flames of the furnace or kiln. 4. A pulley block containing several sheaves. Knight.

Muf´fler , n. 1. Anything used in muffling; esp., a scarf for protecting the head and neck in cold weather; a tippet. “Fortune is painted blind, with a muffler above her eyes.” Shak. 2. (Mus.) A cushion for terminating or softening a note made by a stringed instrument with a keyboard. 3. A kind of mitten or boxing glove, esp. when stuffed. 4. One who muffles.

Muf´lon , n. (Zoöl.) See Mouflon.

Muf´ti , n.; pl. Muftis (#). [Ar. mufti.] An official expounder of Mohammedan law.

Muf´ti, n. Citizen’s dress when worn by a naval or military officer; — a term derived from the British service in India. [Colloq. Eng.]

Mug , n. [Cf. Ir. mugam a mug, mucog a cup.] 1. A kind of earthen or metal drinking cup, with a handle, — usually cylindrical and without a lip. 2. The face or mouth. [Slang] Thackeray.

Mug´gard , a. [Cf. G. mucker a sulky person, muckish sullen, peevish, mucken to mutter, grumble.] Sullen; displeased. [Obs.]

Mug´get , n. The small entrails of a calf or a hog.

Mug´gi•ness , n. The condition or quality of being muggy.

Mug´gish , a. See Muggy.

Mug•gle•to´ni•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an extinct sect, named after Ludovic Muggleton, an English journeyman tailor, who (about 1657) claimed to be inspired. Eadie.

Mug´gy (mug´gy), a. [Compar. Muggier (-gi•er); superl. Muggiest.] [Cf. Icel. mugga mist, mugginess. Cf. 4th Mold.] 1. Moist; damp; moldy; as muggy straw. 2. Warm, damp, and close; as muggy air, weather.

Mug´house (mug´hous•), n. An alehouse; a pothouse. Tickel.

Mu´gi•en•cy , n. A bellowing. [Obs.]

Mu´gi•ent , a. [L. mugiens, p. pr. of mugire to bellow.] Lowing; bellowing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Mu´gil , n. [L., a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes including the gray mullets. See Mullet.

Mu´gi•loid , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidae.

Mug´weed , n. (Bot.) A slender European weed (Galium Cruciata); — called also crossweed.

Mug´wort , n. [AS. mucgwyrt. Cf. Midge.] (Bot.) A somewhat aromatic composite weed (Artemisia vulgaris), at one time used medicinally; — called also motherwort.

Mug´wump , n. [Cf. Algonquin mugquomp a chief.] A bolter from the Republican party in the national election of 1884; an Independent. [Political Cant, U.S.] { Mug´wump•er•y , Mug´wump•ism } n. The acts and views of the mugwumps. [Political Cant, U.S.] { Mu•ham´mad•an , Mu•ham´med•an } a. & n. Mohammedan.

Mu•ham´mad•an•ism , n. Mohammedanism.

Mu•la´da , n. A moor. [Scot.] Lockhart.

Mu•la´da , n. [Sp. Amer., fr. Sp. mulo, mula, a mule.] A drove of mules. [Southwest. U.S.]

Mu•lat´to , n.; pl. Mulattoes (#). [Sp. & Pg. mulato, masc., mulata, fem., of a mixed breed, fr. mulo mule, L. mulus. See Mule.] The offspring of a negress by a white man, or of a white woman by a negro, — usually of a brownish yellow complexion.

Mu•lat´tress, n. A female mulatto. G. W. Gable.

Mul´ber•ry , n.; pl. Mulberries (#). [OE. moolbery, murberie, AS. murberie, where the first part is fr. L. morum mulberry; cf. Gr. , . Cf. Murrey, Sycamore.] 1. (Bot.) The berry or fruit of any tree of the genus Morus; also the tree itself. See Morus. 2. A dark pure color, like the hue of a black mulberry. Mulberry mass. (Biol.) See Morula. — Paper mulberry, a tree (Broussonetia papyrifera), related to the true mulberry, used in Polynesia for making tapa cloth by macerating and pounding the inner bark, and in China and Japan for the manufacture of paper. It is seen as a shade tree in America.

Mul´ber•ry-faced (-fast•), a. Having a face of a mulberry color, or blotched as if with mulberry stains.

Mulch , n. [Cf. mull dirt, also Prov. G. mulsch, molsch, rotten, soft, mellow, as fruit.] Half-rotten straw, or any like substance strewn on the ground, as over the roots of plants, to protect from heat, drought, etc., and to preserve moisture.

Mulch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mulched p. pr. & vb. n. Mulching.] To cover or dress with mulch.

Mulct , n. [L. mulcta, multa.] 1. A fine or penalty, esp. a pecuniary punishment or penalty. 2. A blemish or defect. [Obs.] Syn. — Amercement; forfeit; forfeiture; penalty.

Mulct, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mulcted; p. pr. & vb. n. Mulcting.] [L. mulctare, multare.] 1. To punish for an offense or misdemeanor by imposing a fine or forfeiture, esp. a pecuniary fine; to fine. 2. Hence, to deprive of; to withhold by way of punishment or discipline. [Obs.] { Mulc´ta•ry , Mulc´tu•a•ry } a. Imposing a pecuniary penalty; consisting of, or paid as a fine. “Fines, or some known mulctuary punishments.” Sir W. Temple.

Mule (mul), n. [F., a she-mule, L. mula, fem. of mulus; cf. Gr. my•klos, mychlo•s. Cf. AS. mul, fr. L. mulus. Cf. Mulatto.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hybrid animal; specifically, one generated between an ass and a mare, sometimes a horse and a she-ass. See Hinny. Mules are much used as draught animals. They are hardy, and proverbial for stubbornness. 2. (Bot.) A plant or vegetable produced by impregnating the pistil of one species with the pollen or fecundating dust of another; — called also hybrid. 3. A very stubborn person. 4. A machine, used in factories, for spinning cotton, wool, etc., into yarn or thread and winding it into cops; — called also jenny and mule-jenny. Mule armadillo (Zoöl.), a long- eared armadillo (Tatusia hybrida), native of Buenos Aires; — called also mulita. See Illust. under Armadillo. — Mule deer (Zoöl.), a large deer (Cervus, or Cariacus, macrotis) of the Western United States. The name refers to its long ears. — Mule pulley (Mach.), an idle pulley for guiding a belt which transmits motion between shafts that are not parallel. — Mule twist, cotton yarn in cops, as spun on a mule; — in distinction from yarn spun on a throstle frame.

Mule´-jen•ny , n. See Mule, 4.

Mu•le•teer´ , n. [F. muletier, fr. mulet a mule, dim. fr. L. mulus.] One who drives mules.

Mule´wort , n. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Hemionitis.

Mu´ley , n. (Sawmills) A stiff, long saw, guided at the ends but not stretched in a gate. Muley axle (Railroad), a car axle without collars at the outer ends of the journals. Forney.

Mul´ey , n. See Mulley.

Mu•li•eb´ri•ty (mu•li•eb´ri•ty), n. [L. muliebritas, fr. muliebris belonging to a woman, fr. mulier a woman.] 1. The state of being a woman or of possessing full womanly powers; womanhood; — correlate of virility. 2. Hence: Effeminancy; softness.

Mu´li•er , n. [L., a woman.] 1. A woman. 2. (Law) (a) Lawful issue born in wedlock, in distinction from an elder brother born of the same parents before their marriage; a lawful son. (b) (Civ. Law) A woman; a wife; a mother. Blount. Cowell.

Mu´li•er•ly, adv. In the manner or condition of a mulier; in wedlock; legitimately. [Obs.]

Mu´li•er•ose , a. [L. mulierosus.] Fond of woman. [R.] Charles Reade.

Mu•li•er•os´i•ty , n. [L. mulierositas.] A fondness for women. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Mu´li•er•ty , n. (Law) Condition of being a mulier; position of one born in lawful wedlock.

Mul´ish (mul´ish), a. Like a mule; sullen; stubborn. — Mul´ish•ly, adv. — Mul´ish•ness, n.

Mull (mul), n. [Perh. contr. fr. mossul. See Muslin.] A thin, soft kind of muslin.

Mull, n. [Icel. muli a snout, muzzle, projecting crag; or cf. Ir. & Gael. meall a heap of earth, a mound, a hill or eminence, W. moel. Cf. Mouth.] 1. A promontory; as the Mull of Cantyre. [Scot.] 2. A snuffbox made of the small end of a horn.

Mull, n. [Prob. akin to mold. rad.108. See Mold.] Dirt; rubbish. [Obs.] Gower.

Mull, v. t. [OE. mullen. See 2d Muller.] To powder; to pulverize. [Prov. Eng.]

Mull, v. i. To work (over) mentally; to cogitate; to ruminate; — usually with over; as to mull over a thought or a problem. [Colloq. U.S.]

Mull, n. An inferior kind of madder prepared from the smaller roots or the peelings and refuse of the larger.

Mull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mulled (muld); p. pr. & vb. n. Mulling.] [From mulled, for mold, taken as a p. p.; OE. mold-ale funeral ale or banquet. See Mold soil.] 1. To heat, sweeten, and enrich with spices; as to mull wine. “New cider, mulled with ginger warm.” Gay. 2. To dispirit or deaden; to dull or blunt. Shak.

Mul´la , n. Same as Mollah.

Mul•la•ga•taw´ny , n. [Tamil milagu-tannir pepper water.] An East Indian curry soup.

Mul´lah , n. See Mollah.

Mul´lar , n. A die, cut in intaglio, for stamping an ornament in relief, as upon metal.

Mul´lein , n. [OE. moleyn, AS. molegn.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Verbascum. They are tall herbs having coarse leaves, and large flowers in dense spikes. The common species, with densely woolly leaves, is Verbascum Thapsus. Moth mullein. See under Moth. — Mullein foxglove, an American herb (Seymeria macrophylla) with coarse leaves and yellow tubular flowers with a spreading border. — Petty mullein, the cowslip. Dr. Prior.

Mul´len , n. (Bot.) See Mullein.

Mull´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, mulls. 2. A vessel in which wine, etc., is mulled over a fire.

Mull´er, n. [OE. mullen to pulverize, bruise; cf. Icel. mylja; prob. akin to E. mold soil. See Mold soil, and cf. Mull dirt.] A stone or thick lump of glass, or kind of pestle, flat at the bottom, used for grinding pigments or drugs, etc., upon a slab of similar material.

Mül•le´ri•an , a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Johannes Müller. Müllerian ducts (Anat.), a pair of embryonic ducts which give rise to the genital passages in the female, but disappear in the male. — Müllerian fibers (Anat.), the sustentacular or connective- tissue fibers which form the framework of the retina.

Mul´let , n. [OE. molet, mulet, F. mulet, fr. L. mullus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous fishes of the genus Mugil; — called also gray mullets. They are found on the coasts of both continents, and are highly esteemed as food. Among the most valuable species are Mugil capito of Europe, and M. cephalus which occurs both on the European and American coasts. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Mullus, or family Mullidae; called also red mullet, and surmullet, esp. the plain surmullet (Mullus barbatus), and the striped surmullet (M. surmulletus) of Southern Europe. The former is the mullet of the Romans. It is noted for the brilliancy of its colors. See Surmullet. French mullet. See Ladyfish (a).

Mul´let, n. [F. molette.] (Her.) A star, usually five pointed and pierced; — when used as a difference it indicates the third son.

Mul´let, n. [Cf. F. molet a sort of pinchers.] Small pinchers for curling the hair. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Mul´ley , Mool´ley }, n. [CF. Gael. maolag a hornless cow, maol bald, hornless, blunt.] 1. A mulley or polled animal. [U. S.] 2. A cow. [Prov. Eng.; U.S., a child’s word.] “Leave milking and dry up old mulley, thy cow.” Tusser. { Mul´ley , Mool´ley }, a. Destitute of horns, although belonging to a species of animals most of which have horns; hornless; polled; as mulley cattle; a mulley (or moolley) cow. [U. S.] [Written also muley.]

Mul•li•ga•taw´ny , n. See Mullagatawny.

Mul´li•grubs , n. [Cf. Prov. E. mull to squeeze, pull about, mulling numb or dull.] 1. A griping of the intestines; colic. [Slang] “Whose dog lies sick of the mulligrubs?” Beau. & Fl. 2. Hence, sullenness; the sulks. [Slang]

Mul´lin•gong , n. (Zoöl.) See Duck mole, under Duck. [Written also mollingong.]

Mul´lion , n. [A corruption of munnion, F. moignon stump of an amputated limb, stump, OF. moing mutilated; cf. Armor. moñ, mouñ, mank, monk, and also L. mancus maimed.] (Arch.) (a) A slender bar or pier which forms the division between the lights of windows, screens, etc. (b) An upright member of a framing. See Stile.

Mul´lion, v. t. To furnish with mullions; to divide by mullions.

Mul´lock , n. [From Mull dirt: cf. Scot. mulloch, mulock, crumb. rad.108.] Rubbish; refuse; dirt. [Obs.] “All this mullok [was] in a sieve ythrowe.” Chaucer.

Mul´loid (mul´loid), a. [NL. Mullus, generic name (fr. L. mullus surmullet) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Mullus, which includes the surmullet, or red mullet.

Mul´mul , n. A fine, soft muslin; mull.

Mulse (muls), n. [L. mulsum (sc. vinum), fr. mulsus mixed with honey, honey-sweet, p. p. of mulcere to sweeten, soften.] Wine boiled and mingled with honey.

Mult-. See Multi-.

Mul•tan´gu•lar , a. [L. multangulus; multus much, many + angulus angle: cf. F. multangulaire.] Having many angles. — Mul•tan´gu•lar•ly, adv. — Mul•tan´gu•lar•ness, n.

Mul•tan´i•mous , a. [Mult- + L. animus mind.] Many-minded; many-sided. “The multanimous nature of the poet.” J. R. Lowell.

Mul•tar•tic´u•late , a. [Mult- + articulate.] Having many articulations or joints.

Mul•te´i•ty , n. [L. multus much, many.] Multiplicity. [R.] Coleridge. { Mul´ti- , Mult- }. [L. multus much.] A prefix signifying much or many; several; more than one; as multiaxial, multocular.

Mul•ti•ax´i•al , a. [Multi- + axial.] (Biol.) Having more than one axis; developing in more than a single line or plain; — opposed to monoaxial.

Mul•ti•cap´su•lar , a. [Multi- + capsular: cf. F. multicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Having many, or several, capsules.

Mul•ti•car´i•nate , a. [Multi- + carinate.] (Zoöl.) Many- keeled.

Mul•ti•ca´vous , a. [L. multicavus; multus much, many + cavum, cavus, a cavity, hole, fr. cavus hollow.] Having many cavities.

Mul•ti•cel´lu•lar , a. Consisting of, or having, many cells or more than one cell.

Mul•ti•cen´tral , a. [Multi- + central.] Having many, or several, centers; as a multicentral cell. Multicentral development (Biol.), growth, or development, from several centers. According as the insubordination to a single center is more or less pronounced, the resultant organism will be more or less irregular in form and may even become discontinuous.

Mul•ti•cip´i•tal , a. [Multi- + L. caput head.] (Bot.) Having many heads or many stems from one crown or root. Gray.

Mul´ti•col•or , a. [See Multi- , and Color.] Having many, or several, colors.

Mul•ti•cos´tate , a. [Multi- + costate.] Having numerous ribs, or costae, as the leaf of a plant, or as certain shells and corals.

Mul•ti•cus´pid , a. [See Multi- , and Cuspid.] Multicuspidate; — said of teeth.

Mul•ti•cus´pi•date , a. [Multi- + cuspidate.] Having many cusps or points.

Mul•ti•den´tate , a. [Multi- + dentate.] Having many teeth, or toothlike processes.

Mul•ti•dig´i•tate , a. [Multi- + digitate.] Having many fingers, or fingerlike processes.

Mul´ti•faced , a. [Multi- + face.] Having many faces.

Mul•ti•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. multifarius; multus much, many. Cf. Bifarious.] 1. Having multiplicity; having great diversity or variety; of various kinds; diversified; made up of many differing parts; manifold. “There is a multifarious artifice in the structure of the meanest animal.” Dr. H. More. 2. (Bot.) Having parts, as leaves, arranged in many vertical rows.

Mul•ti•fa´ri•ous•ly, adv. With great multiplicity and diversity; with variety of modes and relations.

Mul•ti•fa´ri•ous•ness, n. 1. Multiplied diversity. 2. (Law) The fault of improperly uniting in one bill distinct and independent matters, and thereby confounding them. Burrill.

Mul•tif´er•ous , a. [L. multifer; multus much, many + ferre to bear.] Bearing or producing much or many. [R.]

Mul´ti•fid , a. [L. multifidus; multus much, many + findere to split: cf. F. multifide.] (Bot.) Having many segments; cleft into several parts by linear sinuses; as a multifid leaf or corolla.

Mul•ti•flo´rous , a. [L. multiflorus; multus much, many + flos, floris, flower: cf. F. multiflore.] (Bot.) Having many flowers.

Mul´ti•flue (mul´ti•flu), a. [Multi- + flue.] Having many flues; as a multiflue boiler. See Boiler.

Mul´ti•foil , n. [Multi- + foil.] (Arch.) An ornamental foliation consisting of more than five divisions or foils. [R.] See Foil.

Mul´ti•foil, a. Having more than five divisions or foils.

Mul´ti•fold , a. [Multi- + fold.] Many times doubled; manifold; numerous.

Mul´ti•form , a. [L. multiformis; multus much, many + forma shape: cf. F. multiforme.] Having many forms, shapes, or appearances. “A plastic and multiform unit.” Hare.

Mul•ti•form´i•ty , n. [L. multiformitas.] The quality of being multiform; diversity of forms; variety of appearances in the same thing. Purchas.

Mul•ti•form´ous , a. Multiform. [Obs.]

Mul•ti•gen´er•ous , a. [L. multigenerus; multus + genus, generis, kind.] Having many kinds.

Mul•ti•gran´u•late , a. [Multi- + granulate.] Having, or consisting of, many grains.

Mul•tij´u•gate , a. Having many pairs of leaflets.

Mul•tij´u•gous , a. [L. multijugus; multus + jugum yoke.] 1. Consisting of many parts. 2. (Bot.) Same as Multijugate.

Mul•ti•lat´er•al , a. [Multi- + lateral.] Having many sides; many-sided.

Mul•ti•lin´e•al , a. [Multi- + lineal.] Having many lines. Steevens.

Mul•ti•lo´bar , a. [Multi- + lobar.] Consisting of, or having, many lobes.

Mul•ti•loc´u•lar , a. [Multi- + locular: cf. F. multiloculaire.] Having many or several cells or compartments; as a multilocular shell or capsule.

Mul•til´o•quence , n. Quality of being multiloquent; use of many words; talkativeness. { Mul•til´o•quent , Mul•til´o•quous } a. [L. multiloquus; multus much, many + loqui to speak.] Speaking much; very talkative; loquacious.

Mul•til´o•quy , n. [L. multiloquium.] Excess of words or talk. [R.]

Mul•ti•no´date , a. [Multi- + nodate.] Having many knots or nodes.

Mul•ti•no´dous , a. [L. multinodus.] Same as Multinodate.

Mul•ti•no´mi•al , n. & a. [Multi- + -nomial, as in binomial. See Binomial.] (Alg.) Same as Polynomial. { Mul•ti•nom´i•nal , Mul•ti•nom´i•nous } a. [L. multinominis; multus many + nomen nominis name.] Having many names or terms.

Mul•ti•nu´cle•ar , a. [Multi- + nuclear.] (Biol.) Containing many nuclei; as multinuclear cells. { Mul•ti•nu´cle•ate , Mul•ti•nu´cle•a•ted } a. (Biol.) Multinuclear.

Mul•tip´a•rous , a. [Multi- + L. parere to produce: cf. F. multipare.] Producing many, or more than one, at a birth.

Mul•tip´ar•tite , a. [L. multipartitus multus much, many partitus divided, p. p.: cf. F. multipartite. See Partite.] Divided into many parts; having several parts.

Mul´ti•ped , n. [L. multipes, multipeda; multus much, many + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. multipède.] (Zoöl.) An insect having many feet, as a myriapod.

Mul´ti•ped, a. Having many feet.

Mul´ti•ple , a. [Cf. F. multiple, and E. quadruple, and multiply.] Containing more than once, or more than one; consisting of more than one; manifold; repeated many times; having several, or many, parts. Law of multiple proportion (Chem.), the generalization that when the same elements unite in more than one proportion, forming two or more different compounds, the higher proportions of the elements in such compounds are simple multiples of the lowest proportion, or the proportions are connected by some simple common factor; thus, iron and oxygen unite in the proportions FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, in which compounds, considering the oxygen, 3 and 4 are simple multiplies of 1. Called also the Law of Dalton, from its discoverer. — Multiple algebra, a branch of advanced mathematics that treats of operations upon units compounded of two or more unlike units. — Multiple conjugation (Biol.), a coalescence of many cells (as where an indefinite number of amœboid cells flow together into a single mass) from which conjugation proper and even fertilization may have been evolved. — Multiple fruits. (Bot.) See Collective fruit, under Collective. — Multiple star (Astron.), several stars in close proximity, which appear to form a single system.

Mul´ti•ple, n. (Math.) A quantity containing another quantity a number of times without a remainder. A common multiple of two or more numbers contains each of them a number of times exactly; thus, 24 is a common multiple of 3 and 4. The least common multiple is the least number that will do this; thus, 12 is the least common multiple of 3 and 4.

Mul´ti•plex , a. [L. multiplex, -plicis. See Multiply.] Manifold; multiple.

Mul´ti•pli•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. multipliable.] Capable of being multiplied. — Mul´ti•pli•a•ble•ness, n.

Mul´ti•pli•ca•ble , a. [L. multiplicabilis.] Capable of being multiplied; multipliable.

Mul´ti•pli•cand , n. [L. multiplicandus to be multiplied: cf. F. multiplicande.] (Math.) The number which is to be multiplied by another number called the multiplier. See Note under Multiplication.

Mul´ti•pli•cate , a. [L. multiplicatus, p. p. of multiplicare. See Multiply.] Consisting of many, or of more than one; multiple; multifold. Multiplicate flower (Bot.), a flower that is double, or has an unusual number of petals in consequence of the abnormal multiplication of the parts of the floral whorls.

Mul•ti•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. multiplicatio: cf. F. multiplication. See Multiply.] 1. The act or process of multiplying, or of increasing in number; the state of being multiplied; as the multiplication of the human species by natural generation. “The increase and multiplication of the world.” Thackeray. 2. (Math.) The process of repeating, or adding to itself, any given number or quantity a certain number of times; commonly, the process of ascertaining by a briefer computation the result of such repeated additions; also the rule by which the operation is performed; — the reverse of division. The word multiplication is sometimes used in mathematics, particularly in multiple algebra, to denote any distributive operation expressed by one symbol upon any quantity or any thing expressed by another symbol. Corresponding extensions of meaning are given to the words multiply, multiplier, multiplicand, and product. Thus, since φ(x + y) = φx + φy (see under Distributive), where φ(x + y), φx, and φy indicate the results of any distributive operation represented by the symbol φ upon x + y, x, and y, severally, then because of many very useful analogies φ(x + y) is called the product of φ and x + y, and the operation indicated by φ is called multiplication. Cf. Facient, n., 2. 3. (Bot.) An increase above the normal number of parts, especially of petals; augmentation. 4. The art of increasing gold or silver by magic, — attributed formerly to the alchemists. [Obs.] Chaucer. Multiplication table, a table giving the product of a set of numbers multiplied in some regular way; commonly, a table giving the products of the first ten or twelve numbers multiplied successively by 1, 2, 3, etc., up to 10 or 12.

Mul´ti•pli•ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. multiplicatif.] Tending to multiply; having the power to multiply, or incease numbers.

Mul´ti•pli•ca•tive•ly, adv. So as to multiply.

Mul´ti•pli•ca•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. multiplicateur. Cf. Multiplier.] The number by which another number is multiplied; a multiplier.

Mul•ti•pli´cious , a. [See Multiplex.] Manifold. [Obs.]

Mul•ti•plic´ity , n. [Cf. F. multiplicite.] The quality of being multiple, manifold, or various; a state of being many; a multitude; as a multiplicity of thoughts or objects. ´A multiplicity of goods.´ South.

Mul´ti•pli•er , n. [Cf. F. multiplier. Cf. Multiplicator.] 1. One who, or that which, multiplies or increases number. 2. (Math.) The number by which another number is multiplied. See the Note under Multiplication. 3. (Physics) An instrument for multiplying or increasing by repetition or accumulation the intensity of a force or action, as heat or electricity. It is particularly used to render such a force or action appreciable or measurable when feeble. See Thermomultiplier.

Mul´ti•ply , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Multiplied p. pr. & vb. n. Multiplying ] [F. multiplier, L. multiplicare, fr. multiplex manifold. See Multitude, Complex.] 1. To increase in number; to make more numerous; to add quantity to. “Impunity will multiply motives to disobedience.” Ames. 2. (Math.) To add (any given number or quantity) to itself a certain number of times; to find the product of by multiplication; thus 7 multiplied by 8 produces the number 56; to multiply two numbers. See the Note under Multiplication. 3. To increase (the amount of gold or silver) by the arts of alchemy. [Obs.] Multiplying gear (Mach.), gear for increasing speed. — Multiplying lens. (Opt.) See under Lens.

Mul´ti•ply, v. i. 1. To become greater in number; to become numerous. “When men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them.” Gen. vi. 1. 2. To increase in extent and influence; to spread. “The word of God grew and multiplied.” Acts xii. 24. 3. To increase amount of gold or silver by the arts of alchemy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Mul•ti•po´lar , a. [Multi- + polar.] (Biol.) Having many poles; — applied especially to those ganglionic nerve cells which have several radiating processes.

Mul•tip´o•tent , a. [L. multipotens; multus much + potens powerful. See Potent.] Having manifold power, or power to do many things. ´Jove multipotent.´ Shak.

Mul•ti•pres´ence , n. The state or power of being multipresent. “The multipresence of Christ’s body.” Bp. Hall.

Mul•ti•pres´ent , a. [Multi- + present, a.] Being, or having the power to be, present in two or more places at once.

Mul•ti•ra´di•ate , a. [Multi- + radiate.] Having many rays.

Mul•ti•ram´i•fied , a. [Multi- + p. p. of ramify.] Divided into many branches.

Mul•ti•ra•mose´ , a. [Multi- + ramose.] Having many branches.

Mul•tis´cious , a. [L. multiscius; multus much + scius knowing, fr. scire to know.] Having much or varied knowledge. [Obs.]

Mul´ti•sect , a. [Multi- + L. sectus, p. p. of secare to cut.] (Zoöl.) Divided into many similar segments; — said of an insect or myriapod.

Mul•ti•sep´tate , a. [Multi- + septate.] (Bot.) Divided into many chambers by partitions, as the pith of the pokeweed.

Mul•ti•se´ri•al , a. [Multi- + serial.] (Bot.) Arranged in many rows, or series, as the scales of a pine cone, or the leaves of the houseleek.

Mul•ti•sil´i•quous , a. [Multi- + siliquious.] (Bot.) Having many pods or seed vessels.

Mul•tis´o•nous , a. [L. multisonus; multus much, many + sonus sound.] Having many sounds, or sounding much.

Mul•ti•spi´ral , a. [Multi- + spiral.] (Zoöl.) Having numerous spiral coils round a center or nucleus; — said of the opercula of certain shells.

Mul•ti•stri´ate , a. [Multi- + striate.] Having many streaks.

Mul•ti•sul´cate , a. [Multi- + sulcate.] Having many furrows.

Mul´ti•syl•la•ble , n. [Multi- + syllable.] A word of many syllables; a polysyllable. [R.] — Mul•ti•syl•lab´ic (#), a.

Mul•ti•tit´u•lar , a. [Multi- + titular.] Having many titles.

Mul•ti•tu´bu•lar , a. [Multi- + tubular.] Having many tubes; as a multitubular boiler.

Mul´ti•tude , n. [F. multitude, L. multitudo, multitudinis, fr. multus much, many; of unknown origin.] 1. A great number of persons collected together; a numerous collection of persons; a crowd; an assembly. “But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them.” Matt. ix. 36. 2. A great number of persons or things, regarded collectively; as the book will be read by a multitude of people; the multitude of stars; a multitude of cares. “It is a fault in a multitude of preachers, that they utterly neglect method in their harangues.” I. Watts. “A multitude of flowers
As countless as the stars on high.” Longfellow. 3. The state of being many; numerousness. “They came as grasshoppers for multitude.” Judg. vi. 5. The multitude, the populace; the mass of men. Syn. — Throng; crowd; assembly; assemblage; commonalty; swarm; populace; vulgar. See Throng.

Mul•ti•tu´di•na•ry , a. Multitudinous.

Mul•ti•tu´di•nous , a. 1. Consisting of a multitude; manifold in number or condition; as multitudinous waves. ´The multitudinous seas.´ Shak. “A renewed jingling of multitudinous chains.” G. Kennan. 2. Of or pertaining to a multitude. ´The multitudinous tongue.´ Shak. — Mul•ti•tu´di•nous•ly, adv. — Mul•ti•tu´di•nous•ness, n. { Mul•tiv´a•gant , Mul•tiv´a•gous } a. [L. multivagus; multus much + vagus wandering; cf. vagans, p. pr. of vagari. See Vagary.] Wandering much. [Obs.]

Mul•tiv´a•lence , n. (Chem.) Quality, state, or degree, of a multivalent element, atom, or radical.

Mul•tiv´a•lent , a. [Multi- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) (a) Having a valence greater than one, as silicon. (b) Having more than one degree of valence, as sulphur.

Mul´ti•valve , n. [Cf. F. multivalve.] (Zoöl.) Any mollusk which has a shell composed of more than two pieces. { Mul´ti•valve , Mul•ti•val´vu•lar } a. [Multi- + valve, valvular: cf. F. multivalve.] 1. Having many valves. 2. (Zoöl.) Many-valved; having more than two valves; — said of certain shells, as the chitons.

Mul•tiv´er•sant , a. [Multi- + L. versans, p. pr. See Versant.] Turning into many shapes; assuming many forms; protean.

Mul•tiv´i•ous , a. & adv. [L. multivius; multus many + via way.] Having many ways or roads; by many ways. [Obs.]

Mul•tiv´o•cal , a. [Multi- + vocal.] Signifying many different things; of manifold meaning; equivocal. ´An ambiguous multivocal word.´ Coleridge. — n. A multivocal word. [R.] Fitzed. Hall.

Mul•toc´u•lar , a. [Multi- + L. oculus eye.] Having many eyes, or more than two.

Mul´tum , n. An extract of quassia licorice, fraudulently used by brewers in order to economize malt and hops. Craig. Hard multum, a preparation made from Cocculus Indicus, etc., used to impart an intoxicating quality to beer.

Mul•tun´gu•late , a. [Multi- + ungulate.] Having many hoofs.

Mul´ture , n. [OF. multure, moulture, F. mouture, fr. L. molitura a grinding, molere to grind. See Mill the machine.] 1. (Scots Law) The toll for grinding grain. Erskine. 2. A grist or grinding; the grain ground.

Mum , a. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Mumble.] Silent; not speaking. Thackeray. “The citizens are mum, and speak not a word.” Shak.

Mum, interj. Be silent! Hush! “Mum, then, and no more.” Shak.

Mum, n. Silence. [R.] Hudibras.

Mum, n. [G. mummere, fr. Christian Mumme, who first brewed it in 1492.] A sort of strong beer, originally made in Brunswick, Germany. Addison. “The clamorous crowd is hushed with mugs of mum.” Pope.

Mum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mumbled p. pr. & vb. n. Mumbling ] [OE. momelen; cf. D. mompelen, mommelen, G. mummelen, Sw. mumla, Dan. mumle. Cf. Mum, a., Mumm, Mump, v.] 1. To speak with the lips partly closed, so as to render the sounds inarticulate and imperfect; to utter words in a grumbling indistinct manner, indicating discontent or displeasure; to mutter. “Peace, you mumbling fool.” Shak. “A wrinkled hag, with age grown double,
Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself.” Otway. 2. To chew something gently with closed lips.

Mum´ble (mum´b’l), v. t. 1. To utter with a low, inarticulate voice. Bp. Hall. 2. To chew or bite gently, as one without teeth. “Gums unarmed, to mumble meat in vain.” Dryden. 3. To suppress, or utter imperfectly.

Mum´ble•news , n. A talebearer. [Obs.]

Mum´bler , n. One who mumbles.

Mum´bling , a. Low; indistinct; inarticulate. — Mum´bling•ly, adv.

Mum´bo Jum•bo An object of superstitious homage and fear. Carlyle. “The miserable Mumbo Jumbo they paraded.” Dickens.

Mum´-chance , n. 1. A game of hazard played with cards in silence. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Decker. 2. A silent, stupid person. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Mum´-chance, a. Silent and idle. [Colloq.] “Boys can’t sit mum-chance always.” J. H. Ewing.

Mumm , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mummed p. pr. & vb. n. Mumming.] [D. mimmen to mask, mom a mask; akin to G. mumme disguise; prob. of imitative origin, and akin to E. mum, mumble, in allusion to the indistinctness of speech occasioned by talking from behind a mask. Cf. Mumble, Mummery.] To sport or make diversion in a mask or disguise; to mask. “With mumming and with masking all around.” Spenser.

Mumm´er , n. [Cf. OF. mommeur. See Mumm, and cf. Momier.] One who mumms, or makes diversion in disguise; a masker; a buffon. “Jugglers and dancers, antics, mummers.” Milton.

Mum´mer•y , n.; pl. Mummeries (#). [F. momerie, of Dutch or German origin. See Mumm.] 1. Masking; frolic in disguise; buffoonery. “The mummery of foreign strollers.” Fenton. 2. Farcical show; hypocritical disguise and parade or ceremonies. Bacon.

Mum´mi•chog , n. [Amer. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus, and of allied genera; the killifishes; — called also minnow. [Written also mummychog, mummachog.]

Mum•mi•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Mummify.] The act of making a mummy.

Mum´mi•fied , a. Converted into a mummy or a mummylike substance; having the appearance of a mummy; withered.

Mum´mi•form , a. [Mummy + -form.] Having some resemblance to a mummy; — in zoölogy, said of the pupae of certain insects.

Mum´mi•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mummified p. pr. & vb. n. Mummifying ] [Mummy + -fy: cf. F. momifier.] To embalm and dry as a mummy; to make into, or like, a mummy. Hall (1646).

Mum´my (mum´my), n.; pl. Mummies (#). [F. momie; cf. Sp. & Pg. momia, It. mummia; all fr. Per. mumiya, fr. mum wax.] 1. A dead body embalmed and dried after the manner of the ancient Egyptians; also a body preserved, by any means, in a dry state, from the process of putrefaction. Bacon. 2. Dried flesh of a mummy. [Obs.] Sir. J. Hill. 3. A gummy liquor that exudes from embalmed flesh when heated; — formerly supposed to have magical and medicinal properties. [Obs.] Shak. Sir T. Herbert. 4. A brown color obtained from bitumen. See Mummy brown (below). 5. (Gardening) A sort of wax used in grafting, etc. 6. One whose affections and energies are withered. Mummy brown, a brown color, nearly intermediate in tint between burnt umber and raw umber. A pigment of this color is prepared from bitumen, etc., obtained from Egyptian tombs. — Mummy wheat (Bot.), wheat found in the ancient mummy cases of Egypt. No botanist now believes that genuine mummy wheat has been made to germinate in modern times. — To beat to a mummy, to beat to a senseless mass; to beat soundly.

Mum´my, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mummied p. pr. & vb. n. Mummying.] To embalm; to mummify.

Mum´my•chog , n. (Zoöl.) See Mummichog.

Mump , v. i. [Akin to mumble; cf. D. mompen to cheat; perh. orig., to whine like a beggar, D. mompelen to mumble. See Mumble, Mum, and cf. Mumps.] 1. To move the lips with the mouth closed; to mumble, as in sulkiness. “He mumps, and lovers, and hangs the lip.” Taylor, 1630. 2. To talk imperfectly, brokenly, or feebly; to chatter unintelligibly. 3. To cheat; to deceive; to play the beggar. “And then when mumping with a sore leg, … canting and whining.” Burke. 4. To be sullen or sulky. [Prov. Eng.]

Mump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mumped p. pr. & vb. n. Mumping.] 1. To utter imperfectly, brokenly, or feebly. “Old men who mump their passion.” Goldsmith. 2. To work over with the mouth; to mumble; as to mump food. 3. To deprive of (something) by cheating; to impose upon.

Mump´er , n. A beggar; a begging impostor. “Deceived by the tales of a Lincoln’s Inn mumper.” Macaulay.

Mump´ish, a. Sullen, sulky. — Mump´ish•ly, adv. — Mump´ish•ness, n.

Mumps , n. [Prov. E. mump to be sulky. Cf. Mump, Mumble, and Mum.] 1. pl. Sullenness; silent displeasure; the sulks. Skinner. 2. [Prob. so called from the patient’s appearance.] (Med.) A specific infectious febrile disorder characterized by a nonsuppurative inflammation of the parotid glands; epidemic or infectious parotitis.

Mun , n. [See Mouth.] The mouth. [Obs.] “One a penny, two a penny, hot cross buns,
Butter them and sugar them and put them in your muns.” Old Rhyme. Halliwell.

Munch , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Munched p. pr. & vb. n. Munching.] [Prob. akin to mumble: cf. also F. manger to eat (cf. Mange), and mâcher to cher (cf. Masticate). See Mumble.] To chew with a grinding, crunching sound, as a beast chews provender; to chew deliberately or in large mouthfuls. [Formerly written also maunch and mounch.] “I could munch your good dry oats.” Shak.

Mun•chau´sen•ism , n. [So called in allusion to Baron Munchausen’s extravagant tales of travel.] An extravagant fiction embodying an account of some marvelous exploit or adventure.

Munch´er , n. One who munches.

Mund , n. See Mun.

Mun´dane , a. [L. mundanus, fr. mundus the world, an implement, toilet adornments, or dress; cf. mundus, a., clean, neat, Skr. mand to adorn, dress, manda adornment. Cf. Monde, Mound in heraldry.] Of or pertaining to the world; worldly; earthly; terrestrial; as the mundane sphere. — Mun´dane•ly, adv. “The defilement of mundane passions.” I. Taylor.

Mun•dan´i•ty , n. Worldliness. [Obs.]

Mun•da´tion , n. [L. mundatio, fr. mundare to make clean.] The act of cleansing. [Obs.]

Mun´da•to•ry , a. [L. mundatorius.] Cleansing; having power to cleanse. [Obs.]

Mun´dic , n. Iron pyrites, or arsenical pyrites; — so called by the Cornish miners.

Mun•dif´i•cant , a. [L. mundificans, p. pr. of mundificare to make clean, fr. mundus clean + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] Serving to cleanse and heal. — n. A mundificant ointment or plaster.

Mun•di•fi•ca´tion , n. The act or operation of cleansing.

Mun•dif´i•ca•tive , a. Cleansing. — n. A detergent medicine or preparation.

Mun´di•fy , v. t. [Cf. F. mondifier, L. mundificare. See Mundificant.] To cleanse. [Obs.]

Mun´dil , n. A turban ornamented with an imitation of gold or silver embroidery.

Mun•div´a•gant , a. [L. mundus the world + vagans wandering, p. pr. of vagari. See Vagary.] Wandering over the world. [R.]

Mun•dun´gus , n. [Cf. Sp. mondongo paunch, tripe, black pudding.] A stinking tobacco.

Mu´ner•a•ry , a. [L. munerarius, from munus a gift.] Having the nature of a gift. [Obs.]

Mu´ner•ate , v. t. [L. muneratus, p. p. of munerare to give, bestow, fr. munus a gift.] To remunerate.

Mu•ner•a´tion , n. [L. muneratio.] Remuneration. [Obs.]

Mung (mung), n. [Hind. mung.] (Bot.) Green gram, a kind of pulse (Phaseolus Mungo), grown for food in British India. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Mun´ga , n. (Zoöl.) See Bonnet monkey, under Bonnet.

Mung´corn , n. Same as Mangcorn.

Mun´go , n. A fibrous material obtained by deviling rags or the remnants of woolen goods. Mungo properly signifies the disintegrated rags of woolen cloth, as distinguished from those of worsted, which form shoddy. The distinction is very commonly disregarded. Beck (Draper’s Dict. ). { Mun´goose , Mun´goos } , n. (Zoöl.) See Mongoose.

Mun´grel , n. & a. See Mongrel.

Mu•nic´i•pal , a. [L. municipalis, fr. municipium a town, particularly in Italy, which possessed the right of Roman citizenship, but was governed by its own laws, a free town, fr. municeps an inhabitant of a free town, a free citizen; munia official duties, functions + capere to take: cf. F. municipal. Cf. Immunity, and Capacoius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a city or a corporation having the right of administering local government; as municipal rights; municipal officers. 2. Of or pertaining to a state, kingdom, or nation. “Municipal law is properly defined to be a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state.” Blackstone.

Mu•nic´i•pal•ism , n. Municipal condition.

Mu•nic•i•pal´i•ty , n.; pl. Municipalities (#). [Cf. F. municipalite.] A municipal district; a borough, city, or incorporated town or village.

Mu•nic´i•pal•ly , adv. In a municipal relation or condition.

Mu•nif´ic , a. [See Munificent.] Munificent; liberal. [Obs. or R.]

Mu•nif´i•cate , v. t. [L. munificatus, p. p. of munificare to present with a thing, fr. munificus. See Munificent.] To enrich. [Obs.]

Mu•nif´i•cence , n. [Cf. L. munire to fortify.] Means of defense; fortification. [Obs.] Spenser.

Mu•nif´i•cence, n. [L. munificentia: cf. F. munificence.] The quality or state of being munificent; a giving or bestowing with extraordinary liberality; generous bounty; lavish generosity. “The virtues of liberality and munificence.” Addison. Syn. — Benevolence; beneficence; liberality; generosity; bounty; bounteousness. See Benevolence.

Mu•nif´i•cent , a. [L. munificus; munus service, gift + -ficare (in comp.) to make. Cf. Immunity, -fy.] Very liberal in giving or bestowing; lavish; as a munificent benefactor. — Mu•nif´i•cent•ly, adv. Syn. — Bounteous; bountiful; liberal; generous.

Mu´ni•fy , v. t. & i. [See Munificate.] To prepare for defense; to fortify. [Obs.]

Mu´ni•ment , n. [L. munimentum, fr. munire to fortify. See Munition.] 1. The act of supporting or defending. [Obs.] 2. That which supports or defends; stronghold; place or means of defense; munition; assistance. ´Other muniments and petty helps.´ Shak. 3. (Law) A record; the evidences or writings whereby a man is enabled to defend the title to his estate; title deeds and papers. Blount. Muniment house or room, that room in a cathedral, castle, or other public building, which is used for keeping the records, charters, seals, deeds, and the like. Gwilt.

Mu•nite´ , v. t. [L. munitus, p. p. of munire to wall, fortify.] To fortify; to strengthen. [Obs.]

Mu•ni´tion , n. [F., munition of war, L. munitio a fortifying, fortification, fr. munire to fortify, defend with a wall; cf. moenia walls, murus (for moirus) a wall, and Skr. mi to fix, make firm. Cf. Ammunition.] 1. Fortification; stronghold. [Obs.] “His place of defense shall be the munitions of rocks.” Is. xxxiii. 16. 2. Whatever materials are used in war for defense or for annoying an enemy; ammunition; also stores and provisions; military stores of all kinds. “The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Mu´ni•ty , n. [See Immunity.] Freedom; security; immunity. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Mun•jeet´ , n. [Hind. majith a drug used for dyeing red.] See Indian madder, under Madder.

Mun´jis•tin , n. (Chem.) An orange-red coloring substance resembling alizarin, found in the root of an East Indian species of madder (Rubia munjista).

Mun´nion , n. See Mullion. { Mun´tin , Mun´ting } n. [CF. Montant.] (Arch.) Same as Mullion; — especially used in joiner’s work.

Munt´jac , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small Asiatic deer of the genus Cervulus, esp. C. muntjac, which occurs both in India and on the East Indian Islands. [Written also muntjak.]

Muntz´ met•al See under Metal.

Mu•rae´na , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of large eels of the family Muraenidae. They differ from the common eel in lacking pectoral fins and in having the dorsal and anal fins continuous. The murry (Muraena Helenae) of Southern Europe was the muraena of the Romans. It is highly valued as a food fish. { Mu•rae´noid , Mu•re´noid } , a. [NL. Muraena, the generic name + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Muraena, or family Muraenidae.

Mu´rage , n. [F., fr. murer to wall, fr. mur wall, L. murus. See Mure a wall.] A tax or toll paid for building or repairing the walls of a fortified town.

Mu´ral , a. [F., fr. L. muralis, fr. murus wall. See Mure a wall.] 1. Of or pertaining to a wall; being on, or in, a wall; growing on, or against, a wall; as a mural quadrant. ´Mural breach.´ Milton. ´Mural fruit.´ Evelyn. 2. Resembling a wall; perpendicular or steep; as a mural precipice. Mural circle (Astron.), a graduated circle, in the plane of the meridian, attached permanently to a perpendicular wall; — used for measuring arcs of the meridian. See Circle, n., 3. — Mural crown (Rom. Antiq.), a golden crown, or circle of gold indented so as to resemble a battlement, bestowed on him who first mounted the wall of a besieged place, and there lodged a standard.

Mur´der (mûr´der), n. [OE. morder, morther, AS. morðor, fr. morð murder; akin to D. moord, OS. morð, G., Dan., & Sw. mord, Icel. morð, Goth. maúrþr, OSlav. mreti to die, Lith. mirti, W. marw dead, L. mors, mortis, death, mori, moriri, to die, Gr. broto•s (for mroto•s) mortal, ’a•mbrotos immortal, Skr. mr to die, mrta death. rad.105. Cf. Amaranth, Ambrosia, Mortal.] The offense of killing a human being with malice prepense or aforethought, express or implied; intentional and unlawful homicide. ´Mordre will out.´ Chaucer. “The killing of their children had, in the account of God, the guilt of murder, as the offering them to idols had the guilt of idolatry.” Locke. “Slaughter grows murder when it goes too far.” Dryden. Murder in the second degree, in most jurisdictions, is a malicious homicide committed without a specific intention to take life. Wharton.

Mur´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Murdered p. pr. & vb. n. Murdering.] [OE. mortheren, murtheren, AS. myrðrian; akin to OHG. murdiren, Goth. maúrþrjan. See Murder, n.] 1. To kill with premediated malice; to kill (a human being) willfully, deliberately, and unlawfully. See Murder, n. 2. To destroy; to put an end to. “[Canst thou] murder thy breath in middle of a word?” Shak. 3. To mutilate, spoil, or deform, as if with malice or cruelty; to mangle; as to murder the king’s English. Syn. — To kill; assassinate; slay. See Kill.

Mur´der•er (mûr´der•er), n. 1. One guilty of murder; a person who, in possession of his reason, unlawfully kills a human being with premeditated malice. 2. A small cannon, formerly used for clearing a ship’s decks of boarders; — called also murdering piece. [Obs.]

Mur´der•ess, n. A woman who commits murder.

Mur´der•ment , n. Murder. [Obs.] Farfax.

Mur´der•ous , a. Of or pertaining to murder; characterized by, or causing, murder or bloodshed; having the purpose or quality of murder; bloody; sanguinary; as the murderous king; murderous rapine; murderous intent; a murderous assault. ´Murderous coward.´ Shak. — Mur´der•ous•ly, adv. Syn. — Bloody; sanguinary; bloodguilty; bloodthirsty; fell; savage; cruel.

Mur´dress , n. A battlement in ancient fortifications with interstices for firing through.

Mure , n. [L. murus; or F. mur, fr. L. murus. Cf. Munition.] A wall. [Obs.] Shak.

Mure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mured ] [F. murer, L. murare. See Mure, n.] To inclose in walls; to wall; to immure; to shut up. Spenser. “The five kings are mured in a cave.” John. x. (Heading).

Mu´ren•ger , n. One who had charge of the wall of a town, or its repairs.

Mu´rex , n.; pl. Murices (#). [L., the purple fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropods, having rough, and frequently spinose, shells, which are often highly colored inside; the rock shells. They abound in tropical seas.

Mu•rex´an , n. [From Murexide.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous substance obtained from murexide, alloxantin, and other ureids, as a white, or yellowish, crystalline which turns red on exposure to the air; — called also uramil, dialuramide, and formerly purpuric acid.

Mu•rex´ide , n. [L. murex the purple fish, purple.] (Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous substance having a splendid dichroism, being green by reflected light and garnet-red by transmitted light. It was formerly used in dyeing calico, and was obtained in a large quantities from guano. Formerly called also ammonium purpurate.

Mu•rex´o•ïn , n. (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous compound obtained as a scarlet crystalline substance, and regarded as related to murexide.

Mu´ri•ate , n. [See Muriatic.] (Chem.) A salt of muriatic hydrochloric acid; a chloride; as muriate of ammonia. This term, as also the word muriatic, was formerly applied to the chlorides before their true composition was understood, and while they were erroneously supposed to be compounds of an acid with an oxide. Muriate and muriatic are still occasionally used as commercial terms, but are obsolete in scientific language.

Mu´ri•a•ted , a. 1. Put in brine. Evelyn. 2. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with muriatic or hydrochloric acid. 3. (Photog.) Prepared with chloride of silver through the agency of common salt.

Mu•ri•at´ic , a. [L. muriaticus pickled, from muria brine: cf. F. muriatique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sea salt, or from chlorine, one of the constituents of sea salt; hydrochloric. Muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid, HCl; — formerly called also marine acid, and spirit of salt. See hydrochloric, and the Note under Muriate.

Mu•ri•a•tif´er•ous , a. [Muriatic + -ferous.] (Old Chem.) Producing muriatic substances or salt. [Obs.] { Mu´ri•cate , Mu´ri•ca•ted } a. [L. muricatus, fr. murex a pointed rock or stone.] Formed with sharp points; full of sharp points or of pickles; covered, or roughened, as a surface, with sharp points or excrescences.

Mu´ri•coid , a. [Murex + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Murex, or family Muricidae.

Mu•ric´u•late , a. Minutely muricate.

Mu´ride , n. [L. muria brine.] (Old Chem.) Bromine; — formerly so called from its being obtained from sea water.

Mu´ri•form , a. [L. murus a wall + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling courses of bricks or stones in squareness and regular arrangement; as a muriform variety of cellular tissue.

Mu´rine , a. [L. murinus, from mus, muris, mouse: cf. F. murin.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to a family of rodents (Muridae), of which the mouse is the type.

Mu´rine, n. (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of rodents, of which the mouse is the type.

Mu´rin•ger , n. See Murenger. Jacob.

Murk , a. [See Murky.] Dark; murky. “He can not see through the mantle murk.” J. R. Drake.

Murk, n. Darkness; mirk. [Archaic] Shak.

Murk, n. The refuse of fruit, after the juice has been expressed; marc.

Murk´i•ly , adv. Darkly; gloomily.

Murk´i•ness, n. The state of being murky.

Murk´y , a. [Compar. Murkier superl. Murkiest.] [OE. mirke, merke, AS. myrce, mirce; akin to Icel. myrkr, Dan. & Sw. mörk.] Dark; obscure; gloomy. ´The murkiest den.´ Shak. “A murky deep lowering o’er our heads.” Addison.

Mur´lins , n. (Bot.) A seaweed. See Baddrelocks.

Mur´mur , n. [F. murmure: cf. L. murmur. CF. Murmur, v. i.] 1. A low, confused, and indistinct sound, like that of running water. 2. A complaint half suppressed, or uttered in a low, muttering voice. Chaucer. “Some discontents there are, some idle murmurs.” Dryden.

Mur´mur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Murmured p. pr. & vb. n. Murmuring.] [F. murmurer, L. murmurare, murmurari, fr. murmur murmur; cf. Gr. to roar and boil, said of water, Skr. marmara a rustling sound; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To make a low continued noise, like the hum of bees, a stream of water, distant waves, or the wind in a forest. “They murmured as doth a swarm of bees.” Chaucer. 2. To utter complaints in a low, half- articulated voice; to feel or express dissatisfaction or discontent; to grumble; — often with at or against. ´His disciples murmured at it.´ John vi. 61. “And all the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron.” Num. xiv. 2. “Neither murmur ye, as some of them also murmured.” 1 Cor. x. 10.

Mur´mur, v. t. To utter or give forth in low or indistinct words or sounds; as to murmur tales. Shak. “The people murmured such things concerning him.” John vii. 32.

Mur•mur•a´tion , n. [L. murmuratio.] The act of murmuring; a murmur. [Obs.] Skelton.

Mur´mur•er , n. One who murmurs.

Mur´mur•ing, a. & n. Uttering murmurs; making low sounds; complaining. — Mur´mur•ing•ly, adv.

Mur´mur•ous , a. [Cf. L. murmuriosus, OF. murmuros.] Attended with murmurs; exciting murmurs or complaint; murmuring. [Archaic or Poetic] “The lime, a summer home of murmurous wings.” Tennyson.

Mur´ni•val , n. [Perh. fr. F. mornifle a game at cards.] In the game of gleek, four cards of the same value, as four aces or four kings; hence, four of anything. [Obs.] [Written also mournival.]

Mur´phy , n. A potato. [Humorous] Thackeray.

Murr , n. [Prob. abbrev. from murrain.] A catarrh. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Mur´rain , n. [OE. moreine, OF. morine, fr. OF. morir, murir, 8die, L. mori, moriri.] (Far.) An infectious and fatal disease among cattle. Bacon. A murrain on you, may you be afflicted with a pestilent disease. Shak.

Mur´rain, a. Having, or afflicted with, murrain.

Mur´ray•in , n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the flowers of a plant (Murraya exotica) of South Asia, and extracted as a white amorphous slightly bitter substance.

Murre , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sea birds of the genus Uria, or Catarractes; a guillemot. The murres are allied to the auks, and are abundant on the northern coasts of Europe and America. They often breed in large communities on the projecting ledges of precipituous cliffs, laying one or two large eggs on the bare rocks.

Murre´let , n. [Murre + - let.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of sea birds of the genera Synthliboramphus and Brachyramphus, inhabiting the North Pacific. They are closely related to the murres.

Mur´rey , n. [OF. moree a dark red color, mor blackish brown, fr. L. morum mulberry, blackberry, or fr. Maurus a Moor. Cf. Mulberry, Moor, Morelle.] A dark red color. — a. Of a dark red color. Bacon.

Mur´rhine , a. [L. murrhinus, fr. murrha: cf. F. murrhin.] Made of the stone or material called by the Romans murrha; — applied to certain costly vases of great beauty and delicacy used by the luxurious in Rome as wine cups; as murrhine vases, cups, vessels. Murrhine glass, glassware made in imitation of murrhine vases and cups.

Mur´ri•on , a. [See Murrain.] Infected with or killed by murrain. [Obs.] Shak.

Mur´ri•on, n. A morion. See Morion.

Mur´ry , n. (Zoöl.) See Muraena.

Murth , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Plenty; abundance. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Mur´ther , n. & v. Murder, n. & v. [Obs. or Prov.] ´The treason of the murthering.´ Chaucer.

Mur´ther•er , n. A murderer. [Obs. or Prov.]

Mur´za , n. One of the hereditary nobility among the Tatars, esp. one of the second class. This word must not be confounded with the Persian Mirza, though perhaps of the same origin.

Mus , n.; pl. Mures (#). [L., a mouse.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small rodents, including the common mouse and rat.

Mu´sa , n.; pl. Musae (#). [NL., fr. Ar. mauz, mauza, banana.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial, herbaceous, endogenous plants of great size, including the banana (Musa sapientum), the plantain (M. paradisiaca of Linnaeus, but probably not a distinct species), the Abyssinian (M. Ensete), the Philippine Island (M. textilis, which yields Manila hemp), and about eighteen other species. See Illust. of Banana and Plantain.

Mu•sa´ceous , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the genus Musa.

Mus´al , a. Of or pertaining to the Muses, or to Poetry. [R.]

Mu•sang´ , n. (Zoöl.) A small animal of Java (Paradoxirus fasciatus), allied to the civets. It swallows, but does not digest, large quantities of ripe coffee berries, thus serving to disseminate the coffee plant; hence it is called also coffee rat.

Mu´sar , n. An itinerant player on the musette, an instrument formerly common in Europe.

Mu´sard , n. [F., fr. muser to loiter, trifle. See Muse, v. i.] A dreamer; an absent-minded person. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Mus´ca , n.; pl. Muscae (#). [L., a fly.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects, including the common house fly, and numerous allied species. Formerly, a large part of the Diptera were included under the genus Musca. 2. (Astron.) A small constellation situated between the Southern Cross and the Pole. Muscae volitantes . [L., flying flies.] (Med.) Specks or filaments apparently seen moving or gliding about in the field of vision. Their appearance is often a symptom of disease of the eye, or of disorder of the nervous system.

Mus´ca•del , n. [It. moscadello, moscatello, LL. muscatellum or muscadellum (sc. vinum), fr. muscatellus nutmeglike, dim. of muscatus smelling like musk, muscatum and muscata (sc. nux) nutmeg: cf. F. muscadelle, fr. Italian. See Musk and cf. Moschatel, Muscardin, Muscat, Nutmeg.] See Muscatel, n. “Quaffed off the muscadel.” Shak.

Mus´ca•dine , n. [See Muscadel.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several very different kinds of grapes, but in America used chiefly for the scuppernong, or southern fox grape, which is said to be the parent stock of the Catawba. See Grapevine. 2. (Bot.) A fragrant and delicious pear. 3. (Zoöl.) See Muscardin. Northern muscadine (Bot.), a derivative of the northern fox grape, and scarcely an improvement upon it. — Royal muscadine (Bot.), a European grape of great value. Its berries are large, round, and of a pale amber color. Called also golden chasselas.

Mus•ca´les , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. muscus moss.] (Bot.) An old name for mosses in the widest sense, including the true mosses and also hepaticae and sphagna.

Mus´cal•longe , n. (Zoöl.) See Muskellunge.

Mus´car•din , n. [F., fr. muscadin a musk-scented lozenge, fr. muscade nutmeg, fr. L. muscus musk. See Muscadel.] (Zoöl.) The common European dormouse; — so named from its odor. [Written also muscadine.]

Mus•car•dine´ , n. [F.] A disease which is very destructive to silkworms, and which sometimes extends to other insects. It is attended by the development of a fungus (provisionally called Botrytis bassiana). also the fungus itself.

Mus•car´i•form , a. [L. muscarium fly brush + -form.] Having the form of a brush.

Mus•ca´rin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A solid crystalline substance, C5H13NO2, found in the toadstool (Agaricus muscarius), and in putrid fish. It is a typical ptomaine, and a violent poison.

Mus´cat , n. [F. See Muscadel.] (Bot.) A name given to several varieties of Old World grapes, differing in color, size, etc., but all having a somewhat musky flavor. The muscat of Alexandria is a large oval grape of a pale amber color. [Written also muskat.]

Mus´ca•tel , a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, or derived from, a muscat grapes or similar grapes; as muscatel grapes; muscatel wine, etc.

Mus´ca•tel, n. 1. A common name for several varieties of rich sweet wine, made in Italy, Spain, and France. 2. pl. Finest raisins, dried on the vine; ´sun raisins.´ [Variously written moscatel, muscadel, etc.]

Musch´el•kalk , n. [G., from muschel shell + kalk limestone.] (Geol.) A kind of shell limestone, whose strata form the middle one of the three divisions of the Triassic formation in Germany. See Chart, under Geology.

Mus´ci , n. pl. [L. muscus moss.] (Bot.) An order or subclass of cryptogamous plants; the mosses. See Moss, and Cryptogamia.

Mus•cic´a•pine , a. [L. musca a fly + capere to catch.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Muscicapidae, a family of birds that includes the true flycatchers.

Mus´cid , n. Any fly of the genus Musca, or family Muscidae.

Mus´ci•form , a. [Musca + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form or structure of flies of the genus Musca, or family Muscidae.

Mus´ci•form, a. [Muscus + - form.] (Bot.) Having the appearance or form of a moss.

Mus´cle , n. [F., fr. L. musculus a muscle, a little mouse, dim. of mus a mouse. See Mouse, and cf. sense 3 (below).] 1. (Anat.) (a) An organ which, by its contraction, produces motion. See Illust. of Muscles of the Human Body, in Appendix. (b) The contractile tissue of which muscles are largely made up. Muscles are of two kinds, striated and nonstriated. The striated muscles, which, in most of the higher animals, constitute the principal part of the flesh, exclusive of the fat, are mostly under the control of the will, or voluntary, and are made up of great numbers of elongated fibres bound together into bundles and inclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, the perimysium. Each fiber is inclosed in a delicate membrane (the sarcolemma), is made up of alternate segments of lighter and darker material which give it a transversely striated appearance, and contains, scattered through its substance, protoplasmic nuclei, the so-called muscle corpuscles. The nonstriated muscles are involuntary. They constitute a large part of the walls of the alimentary canal, blood vessels, uterus, and bladder, and are found also in the iris, skin, etc. They are made up of greatly elongated cells, usually grouped in bundles or sheets. 2. Muscular strength or development; as to show one’s muscle by lifting a heavy weight. [Colloq.] 3. [AS. muscle, L. musculus a muscle, mussel. See above.] (Zoöl.) See Mussel. Muscle curve (Physiol.), contraction curve of a muscle; a myogram; the curve inscribed, upon a prepared surface, by means of a myograph when acted upon by a contracting muscle. The character of the curve represents the extent of the contraction.

Mus´cled , a. Furnished with muscles; having muscles; as things well muscled.

Mus´cling , n. (Fine Arts) Exhibition or representation of the muscles. [R.] “A good piece, the painters say, must have good muscling, as well as coloring and drapery.” Shaftesbury.

Mus•co´gees , n. pl. See Muskogees.

Mus´coid , a. [Muscus + - oid: cf. F. muscoide.] (Bot.) Mosslike; resembling moss.

Mus´coid, n. (Bot.) A term formerly applied to any mosslike flowerless plant, with a distinct stem, and often with leaves, but without any vascular system.

Mus•col´o•gy , n. [Muscus + -logy.] Bryology.

Mus•cos´i•ty , n. [L. muscosus mossy, fr. muscus moss.] Mossiness. Jonhson.

Mus•co•va´do , a. [Corrupted fr. Sp. mascabado; cf. Pg. mascavado, F. moscouade, n., formerly also mascovade, It. mascavato.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, unrefined or raw sugar, obtained from the juice of the sugar cane by evaporating and draining off the molasses. Muscovado sugar contains impurities which render it dark colored and moist.

Mus•co•va´do, n. Unrefined or raw sugar.

Mus´co•vite , n. [See Muscovy glass.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Muscovy or ancient Russia; hence, a Russian. 2. (Min.) Common potash mica. See Mica.

Mus´co•vy duck [A corruption of musk duck.] (Zoöl.) A duck (Cairina moschata), larger than the common duck, often raised in poultry yards. Called also musk duck. It is native of tropical America, from Mexico to Southern Brazil.

Mus´co•vy glass [From Muscovy, the old name of Russia: cf. F. verre de Moscovie.] Mica; muscovite. See Mica.

Mus´cu•lar , a. [Cf. F. musculaire. See Muscle.] 1. Of or pertaining to a muscle, or to a system of muscles; consisting of, or constituting, a muscle or muscles; as muscular fiber. “Great muscular strength, accompanied by much awkwardness.” Macaulay. 2. Performed by, or dependent on, a muscle or the muscles. ´The muscular motion.´ Arbuthnot. 3. Well furnished with muscles; having well- developed muscles; brawny; hence, strong; powerful; vigorous; as a muscular body or arm. Muscular Christian, one who believes in a part of religious duty to maintain a healthful and vigorous physical state. T. Hughes. — Muscular Christianity. (a) The practice and opinion of those Christians who believe that it is a part of religious duty to maintain a vigorous condition of the body, and who therefore approve of athletic sports and exercises as conductive to good health, good morals, and right feelings in religious matters. T. Hughes. (b) An active, robust, and cheerful Christian life, as opposed to a meditative and gloomy one. C. Kingsley. — Muscular excitability (Physiol.), that property in virtue of which a muscle shortens, when it is stimulated; irritability. — Muscular sense (Physiol.), muscular sensibility; the sense by which we obtain knowledge of the condition of our muscles and to what extent they are contracted, also of the position of the various parts of our bodies and the resistance offering by external objects.

Mus•cu•lar´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being muscular. Grew.

Mus´cu•lar•ize , v. t. To make muscular. Lowell.

Mus´cu•lar•ly, adv. In a muscular manner.

Mus•cu•la´tion , n. (Anat.) The muscular system of an animal, or of any of its parts.

Mus´cu•la•ture , n. [Cf. F. musculature.] (Anat.) Musculation.

Mus´cule , n. [L. musculus: cf. F. muscule.] (Mil.) A long movable shed used by besiegers in ancient times in attacking the walls of a fortified town.

Mus´cu•lin , n. [L. musculus a muscle.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Syntonin.

Mus•cu•lo•cu•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. musculus + E. cutaneous.] (Anat.) Pertaining both to muscles and skin; as the musculocutaneous nerve.

Mus•cu•lo•phren´ic , a. [L. musculus muscle + E. phrenic.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the muscles and the diaphragm; as the musculophrenic artery.

Mus•cu•los´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being musculous; muscularity. [Obs.]

Mus•cu•lo•spi´ral , a. [L. musculus muscle + E. spiral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the muscles, and taking a spiral course; — applied esp. to a large nerve of the arm.

Mus´cu•lous , a. [L. musculosus: cf. F. musculeux.] Muscular. [Obs.] Jonhson.

Muse , n. [From F. musse. See Muset.] A gap or hole in a hedge, hence, wall, or the like, through which a wild animal is accustomed to pass; a muset. “Find a hare without a muse.” Old Prov.

Muse, n. [F. Muse, L. Musa, Gr. . Cf. Mosaic, n., Music.] 1. (Class. Myth.) One of the nine goddesses who presided over song and the different kinds of poetry, and also the arts and sciences; — often used in the plural. “Granville commands; your aid, O Muses, bring:
What Muse for Granville can refuse to sing?” Pope. The names of the Muses were Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polymnia or Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania. 2. A particular power and practice of poetry. Shak. 3. A poet; a bard. [R.] Milton.

Muse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mused p. pr. & vb. n. Musing.] [F. muser to loiter or trifle, orig., to stand with open mouth, fr. LL. musus, morsus, muzzle, snout, fr. L. morsus a biting, bite, fr. mordere to bite. See Morsel, and cf. Amuse, Muzzle, n.] 1. To think closely; to study in silence; to meditate. ´Thereon mused he.´ Chaucer. “He mused upon some dangerous plot.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To be absent in mind; to be so occupied in study or contemplation as not to observe passing scenes or things present; to be in a brown study. Daniel. 3. To wonder. [Obs.] Spenser. B. Jonson. Syn. — To consider; meditate; ruminate. See Ponder.

Muse, v. t. 1. To think on; to meditate on. “Come, then, expressive Silence, muse his praise.” Thomson. 2. To wonder at. [Obs.] Shak.

Muse, n. 1. Contemplation which abstracts the mind from passing scenes; absorbing thought; hence, absence of mind; a brown study. Milton. 2. Wonder, or admiration. [Obs.] Spenser.

Muse´ful , a. Meditative; thoughtfully silent. ´Museful mopings.´ Dryden. - - Muse´ful•ly, adv.

Muse´less, a. Unregardful of the Muses; disregarding the power of poetry; unpoetical. Milton.

Mus´er , n. One who muses.

Mu´set , n. [OF. mussette, dim. of musse, muce, a hiding place, fr. F. musser, OF. mucier, muchier, to conceal, hide. Cf. Micher.] A small hole or gap through which a wild animal passes; a muse. Shak.

Mu•sette´ , n. [F., dim. of OF. muse.] 1. A small bagpipe formerly in use, having a soft and sweet tone. 2. An air adapted to this instrument; also a kind of rustic dance.

Mu•se´um , n. [L., a temple of the Muses, hence, a place of study, fr. Gr. , fr. a Muse.] A repository or a collection of natural, scientific, or literary curiosities, or of works of art. Museum beetle, Museum pest. (Zoöl.) See Anthrenus.

Mush , n. [Cf. Gael. mus, muss, pap, porridge, any thick preparation of fruit, OHG. muos; akin to AS. & OS. mos food, and prob, to E. meat. See Meat.] Meal (esp. Indian meal) boiled in water; hasty pudding; supawn. [U.S.]

Mush, v. t. [Cf. F. moucheter to cut with small cuts.] To notch, cut, or indent, as cloth, with a stamp.

Mush´room , n. [OE. muscheron, OF. mouscheron, F. mousseron; perhaps fr. mousse moss, of German origin. See Moss.] 1. (Bot.) (a) An edible fungus (Agaricus campestris), having a white stalk which bears a convex or oven flattish expanded portion called the pileus. This is whitish and silky or somewhat scaly above, and bears on the under side radiating gills which are at first flesh-colored, but gradually become brown. The plant grows in rich pastures and is proverbial for rapidity of growth and shortness of duration. It has a pleasant smell, and is largely used as food. It is also cultivated from spawn. (b) Any large fungus, especially one of the genus Agaricus; a toadstool. Several species are edible; but many are very poisonous. 2. One who rises suddenly from a low condition in life; an upstart. Bacon.

Mush´room, a. 1. Of or pertaining to mushrooms; as mushroom catchup. 2. Resembling mushrooms in rapidity of growth and shortness of duration; short-lived; ephemerial; as mushroom cities. Mushroom anchor, an anchor shaped like a mushroom, capable of grasping the ground in whatever way it falls. — Mushroom coral (Zoöl.), any coral of the genus Fungia. See Fungia. — Mushroom spawn (Bot.), the mycelium, or primary filamentous growth, of the mushroom; also cakes of earth and manure containing this growth, which are used for propagation of the mushroom.

Mush´room-head•ed , a. (Bot.) Having a cylindrical body with a convex head of larger diameter; having a head like that of a mushroom.

Mush´y , a. Soft like mush; figuratively, good-naturedly weak and effusive; weakly sentimental. “She ’s not mushy, but her heart is tender.” G. Eliot.

Mu´sic , n. [F. musique, fr. L. musica, Gr. (sc. ), any art over which the Muses presided, especially music, lyric poetry set and sung to music, fr. belonging to Muses or fine arts, fr. Muse.] 1. The science and the art of tones, or musical sounds, i. e., sounds of higher or lower pitch, begotten of uniform and synchronous vibrations, as of a string at various degrees of tension; the science of harmonical tones which treats of the principles of harmony, or the properties, dependences, and relations of tones to each other; the art of combining tones in a manner to please the ear. Not all sounds are tones. Sounds may be unmusical and yet please the ear. Music deals with tones, and with no other sounds. See Tone. 2. (a) Melody; a rhythmical and otherwise agreeable succession of tones. (b) Harmony; an accordant combination of simultaneous tones. 3. The written and printed notation of a musical composition; the score. 4. Love of music; capacity of enjoying music. “The man that hath no music in himself
Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils.” Shak. 5. (Zoöl.) A more or less musical sound made by many of the lower animals. See Stridulation. Magic music, a game in which a person is guided in finding a hidden article, or in doing a specific art required, by music which is made more loud or rapid as he approaches success, and slower as he recedes. Tennyson. — Music box. See Musical box, under Musical. — Music hall, a place for public musical entertainments. — Music loft, a gallery for musicians, as in a dancing room or a church. - - Music of the spheres, the harmony supposed to be produced by the accordant movement of the celestial spheres. — Music paper, paper ruled with the musical staff, for the use of composers and copyists. — Music pen, a pen for ruling at one time the five lines of the musical staff. — Music shell (Zoöl.), a handsomely colored marine gastropod shell (Voluta musica) found in the East Indies; — so called because the color markings often resemble printed music. Sometimes applied to other shells similarly marked. — To face the music, to meet any disagreeable necessity without flinching. [Colloq. or Slang]

Mu´sic•al , a. [Cf. F. musical.] Of or pertaining to music; having the qualities of music; or the power of producing music; devoted to music; melodious; harmonious; as musical proportion; a musical voice; musical instruments; a musical sentence; musical persons. Musical, or Music, box, a box or case containing apparatus moved by clockwork so as to play certain tunes automatically. — Musical fish (Zoöl.), any fish which utters sounds under water, as the drumfish, grunt, gizzard shad, etc. — Musical glasses, glass goblets or bowls so tuned and arranged that when struck, or rubbed, they produce musical notes. Cf. Harmonica, 1.

Mu´sic•al, n. 1. Music. [Obs.] “To fetch home May with their musical.” Spenser. 2. A social entertainment of which music is the leading feature; a musical party. [Colloq.]

Mu•si•cale´ , n. [F. Cf. Soiree musicale.] A social musical party. [Colloq.]

Mu´sic•al•ly , adv. In a musical manner.

Mu´sic•al•ness, n. The quality of being musical.

Mu•si´cian , n. [F. musicien.] One skilled in the art or science of music; esp., a skilled singer, or performer on a musical instrument.

Mu•si•co•ma´ni•a , n. [Music + mania: cf. F. musicomanie.] (Med.) A kind of monomania in which the passion for music becomes so strong as to derange the intellectual faculties. Dunglison.

Mus´i•mon , n. [See Musmon.] (Zoöl.) See Mouflon.

Mus´ing•ly , adv. In a musing manner.

Mu´sit , n. See Muset.

Musk , n. [F. musc, L. muscus, Per. musk, fr. Skr. mushka testicle, orig., a little mouse. See Mouse, and cd. Abelmosk, Muscadel, Muscovy duck, Nutmeg.] 1. A substance of a reddish brown color, and when fresh of the consistence of honey, obtained from a bag being behind the navel of the male musk deer. It has a slightly bitter taste, but is specially remarkable for its powerful and enduring odor. It is used in medicine as a stimulant antispasmodic. The term is also applied to secretions of various other animals, having a similar odor. 2. (Zoöl.) The musk deer. See Musk deer (below). 3. The perfume emitted by musk, or any perfume somewhat similar. 4. (Bot.) (a) The musk plant (Mimulus moschatus). (b) A plant of the genus Erodium (E. moschatum); — called also musky heron’s-bill. (c) A plant of the genus Muscari; grape hyacinth. Musk beaver (Zoöl.), muskrat (1). — Musk beetle (Zoöl.), a European longicorn beetle (Aromia moschata), having an agreeable odor resembling that of attar of roses. — Musk cat. See Bondar. — Musk cattle (Zoöl.), musk oxen. See Musk ox (below). — Musk deer (Zoöl.), a small hornless deer (Moschus moschiferus), which inhabits the elevated parts of Central Asia. The upper canine teeth of the male are developed into sharp tusks, curved downward. The male has scent bags on the belly, from which the musk of commerce is derived. The deer is yellow or red-brown above, whitish below. The pygmy musk deer are chevrotains, as the kanchil and napu. — Musk duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The Muscovy duck. (b) An Australian duck (Biziura lobata). — Musk lorikeet (Zoöl.), the Pacific lorikeet (Glossopsitta australis) of Australia. — Musk mallow (Bot.), a name of two malvaceous plants: (a) A species of mallow (Malva moschata), the foliage of which has a faint musky smell. (b) An Asiatic shrub. See Abelmosk. - - Musk orchis (Bot.), a European plant of the Orchis family (Herminium Minorchis); — so called from its peculiar scent. — Musk ox (Zoöl.), an Arctic hollow-horned ruminant (Ovibos moschatus), now existing only in America, but found fossil in Europe and Asia. It is covered with a thick coat of fine yellowish wool, and with long dark hair, which is abundant and shaggy on the neck and shoulders. The full-grown male weighs over four hundred pounds. — Musk parakeet. (Zoöl.) Same as Musk lorikeet (above). — Musk pear (Bot.), a fragrant kind of pear much resembling the Seckel pear. — Musk plant (Bot.), the Mimulus moschatus, a plant found in Western North America, often cultivated, and having a strong musky odor. — Musk root (Bot.), the name of several roots with a strong odor, as that of the nard (Nardostachys Jatamansi) and of a species of Angelica. — Musk rose (Bot.), a species of rose (Rosa moschata), having peculiarly fragrant white blossoms. — Musk seed (Bot.), the seed of a plant of the Mallow family (Hibiscus moschatus), used in perfumery and in flavoring. See Abelmosk. — Musk sheep (Zoöl.), the musk ox. — Musk shrew (Zoöl.), a shrew (Sorex murinus), found in India. It has a powerful odor of musk. Called also sondeli, and mondjourou. — Musk thistle (Bot.), a species of thistle (Carduus nutans), having fine large flowers, and leaves smelling strongly of musk. — Musk tortoise, Musk turtle (Zoöl.), a small American fresh- water tortoise (Armochelys, or Ozotheca, odorata), which has a distinct odor of musk; — called also stinkpot.

Musk (musk), v. t. To perfume with musk.

Mus´ka•del (mus´ka•del•), n. See Muscadel.

Mus´kat (mus´kat), n. See Muscat.

Mus´kel•lunge , n. [From the Amer. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A large American pike (Esox nobilior) found in the Great Lakes, and other Northern lakes, and in the St. Lawrence River. It is valued as a food fish. [Written also maskallonge, maskinonge, muskallonge, muskellonge, and muskelunjeh.]

Mus´ket , n. [F. mousquet, It. moschetto, formerly, a kind of hawk; cf. OF. mousket, moschet, a kind of hawk falcon, F. mouchet, prop., a little fly (the hawk prob. being named from its size), fr. L. musca a fly. Cf. Mosquito.] [Sometimes written also musquet.] 1. (Zoöl.) The male of the sparrow hawk. 2. A species of firearm formerly carried by the infantry of an army. It was originally fired by means of a match, or matchlock, for which several mechanical appliances (including the flintlock, and finally the percussion lock) were successively substituted. This arm has been generally superseded by the rifle.

Mus•ket•eer´ , n. [F. mousquetaire; cf. It. moschettiere.] A soldier armed with a musket.

Mus•ke´to , n. See Mosquito.

Mus•ket•oon´ , n. [F. mousqueton; cf. It. moschettone.] 1. A short musket. 2. One who is armed with such a musket.

Mus´ket•ry , n. [F. mousqueterie; cf. It. moschetteria.] 1. Muskets, collectively. 2. The fire of muskets. Motley.

Musk´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being musky; the scent of musk.

Musk´mel•on , n. [Musk + melon.] (Bot.) The fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Cucumis Melo), having a peculiar aromatic flavor, and cultivated in many varieties, the principal sorts being the cantaloupe (Cucumis Melo cantalupensis), of oval form and yellowish flesh, and the smaller nutmeg melon with greenish flesh. See Illust. of Melon.

Mus•ko´gees , n. pl.; sing. Muskogee . (Ethnol.) A powerful tribe of North American Indians that formerly occupied the region of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. They constituted a large part of the Creek confederacy. [Written also Muscogees.]

Musk´rat , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A North American aquatic fur-bearing rodent (Fiber zibethicus). It resembles a rat in color and having a long scaly tail, but the tail is compressed, the hind feet are webbed, and the ears are concealed in the fur. It has scent glands which secrete a substance having a strong odor of musk. Called also musquash, musk beaver, and ondatra. 2. (Zoöl.) The musk shrew. 3. (Zoöl.) The desman.

Musk´wood , n. [So called from its fragrance.] (Bot.) (a) The wood of a West Indian tree of the Mahogany family (Moschoxylum Swartzii). (b) The wood of an Australian tree (Eurybia argophylla).

Musk´y , a. Having an odor of musk, or somewhat the like. Milton.

Mus´lim , n. See Moslem.

Mus´lin , n. [F. mousseline; cf. It. mussolino, mussolo, Sp. muselina; all from Mussoul a city of Mesopotamia, Ar. Mausil, Syr. Mauzol, Muzol, Mosul, where it was first manufactured. Cf. Mull a kind of cloth.] A thin cotton, white, dyed, or printed. The name is also applied to coarser and heavier cotton goods; as shirting and sheeting muslins. Muslin cambric. See Cambric. — Muslin delaine, a light woolen fabric for women’s dresses. See Delaine. [Written also mousseline de laine.]

Mus•lin•et´ , n. [F. mousselinette.] A sort of coarse or light cotton cloth.

Mus´mon , n. [L. musmo, musimo, a Sardinian animal; cf. Gr. moy•smwn.] (Zoöl.) See Mouflon.

Mu•so•ma´ni•a , n. See Musicomania.

Mus´quash , n. [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) See Muskrat. Musquash root (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Cicuta maculata), having a poisonous root. See Water hemlock.

Mus´quaw , n. [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The American black bear. See Bear.

Mus´quet , n. See Musket.

Mus•qui´to , n. (Zoöl.) See Mosquito. { Mus´role , Mus´rol } , n. [F. muserolle, fr. muserau a muzzle, OF. musel. See Muzzle.] The nose band of a horse’s bridle.

Muss , n. [Cf. OF. mousche a fly, also the play called muss, fr. L. musca a fly.] A scramble, as when small objects are thrown down, to be taken by those who can seize them; a confused struggle. Shak.

Muss, n. A state of confusion or disorder; — prob. variant of mess, but influenced by muss, a scramble. [Colloq. U.S.]

Muss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mussed p. pr. & vb. n. Mussing.] To disarrange, as clothing; to rumple. [Colloq. U.S.]

Muss, n. [Cf. OE. mus a mouse. See Mouse.] A term of endearment. [Obs.] See Mouse. B. Jonson.

Mus´sel , n. [See Muscle, 3.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Mytilus, and related genera, of the family Mytidae. The common mussel (Mytilus edulis; see Illust. under Byssus), and the larger, or horse, mussel (Modiola modiolus), inhabiting the shores both of Europe and America, are edible. The former is extensively used as food in Europe. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Unio, and related fresh-water genera; — called also river mussel. See Naiad, and Unio. Mussel digger (Zoöl.), the grayback whale. See Gray whale, under Gray.

Mus•si•ta´tion , n. [L. mussitatio suppression of the voice, fr. mussitare to be silent, to murmur.] A speaking in a low tone; mumbling. [Obs.]

Mus´site , n. (Min.) A variety of pyroxene, from the Mussa Alp in Piedmont; diopside.

Mus´sul•man, n.; pl. Mussulmans (#). [Ar. muslimin, pl. of muslim: cf. F. & Sp. musulman. See Moslem.] A Mohammedan; a Moslem.

Mus•sul•man´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, the Mussulmans, or their customs: Mohammedan.

Mus´sul•man•ish , a. Mohammedan.

Mus´sul•man•ism , n. Mohammedanism.

Mus´sul•man•ly, adv. In the manner of Moslems.

Muss´y , a. [From 2d Muss.] Disarranged; rumpled. [Colloq. U.S.]

Must (must), v. i. or auxiliary. [OE. moste, a pret. generally meaning, could, was free to, pres. mot, moot, AS. moste, pret. mot, pres.; akin to D. moetan to be obliged, OS. motan to be free, to be obliged, OHG. muozan, G. müssen to be obliged, Sw. måste must, Goth. gamotan to have place, have room, to able; of unknown origin.] 1. To be obliged; to be necessitated; - - expressing either physical or moral necessity; as a man must eat for nourishment; we must submit to the laws. 2. To be morally required; to be necessary or essential to a certain quality, character, end, or result; as he must reconsider the matter; he must have been insane. “Likewise must the deacons be grave.” 1 Tim. iii. 8. “Morover, he [a bishop] must have a good report of them which are without.” 1 Tim. iii. 7. The principal verb, if easily supplied by the mind, was formerly often omitted when must was used; as I must away. ´I must to Coventry.´ Shak.

Must, n. [AS. must, fr. L. mustum (sc. vinum), from mustus young, new, fresh. Cf. Mustard.] 1. The expressed juice of the grape, or other fruit, before fermentation. ´These men ben full of must.´ Wyclif (Acts ii. 13. ). “No fermenting must fills … the deep vats.” Longfellow. 2. [Cf. Musty.] Mustiness.

Must, v. t. & i. To make musty; to become musty.

Mus´tac , n. [F. moustac.] (Zoöl.) A small tufted monkey.

Mus•tache´ (mus•tash´; 277), n.; pl. Mustaches . [Written also moustache.] [F. moustache, It. mostaccio visage, mostacchio mustache, fr. Gr. my•stax upper lip and the beard upon it; cf. ma•stax mouth: cf. Sp. mostacho.] 1. That part of the beard which grows on the upper lip; hair left growing above the mouth. 2. (Zoöl.) A West African monkey (Cercopithecus cephus). It has yellow whiskers, and a triangular blue mark on the nose. 3. (Zoöl.) Any conspicuous stripe of color on the side of the head, beneath the eye of a bird.

Mus•ta´cho , n.; pl. Mustachios . A mustache. Longfellow.

Mus•ta´choed , a. Having mustachios.

Mus•ta•i´ba , n. A close- grained, heavy wood of a brownish color, brought from Brazil, and used in turning, for making the handles of tools, and the like. [Written also mostahiba.] MaElrath.

Mus´tang , n. [Sp. musteño belonging to the graziers, strayed, wild.] (Zoöl.) The half-wild horse of the plains in Mexico, California, etc. It is small, hardy, and easily sustained. Mustard grape (Bot.), a species of grape (Vitis candicans), native in Arkansas and Texas. The berries are small, light-colored, with an acid skin and a sweet pulp.

Mus´tard , n. [OF. moustarde, F. moutarde, fr. L. mustum must, — mustard was prepared for use by being mixed with must. See Must, n.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several cruciferous plants of the genus Brassica (formerly Sinapis), as white mustard (B. alba), black mustard (B. Nigra), wild mustard or charlock (B. Sinapistrum). There are also many herbs of the same family which are called mustard, and have more or less of the flavor of the true mustard; as bowyer’s mustard (Lepidium ruderale); hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale); Mithridate mustard (Thlaspi arvense); tower mustard (Arabis perfoliata); treacle mustard (Erysimum cheiranthoides). 2. A powder or a paste made from the seeds of black or white mustard, used as a condiment and a rubefacient. Taken internally it is stimulant and diuretic, and in large doses is emetic. Mustard oil (Chem.), a substance obtained from mustard, as a transparent, volatile and intensely pungent oil. The name is also extended to a number of analogous compounds produced either naturally or artificially.

Mus•tee´ , n. See Mestee.

Mus´te•line , a. [L. mustelinus, fr. mustela weasel.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the family Mustelidae, or the weasels and martens.

Mus´ter , n. [OE. moustre, OF. mostre, moustre, F. montre, LL. monstra. See Muster, v. t.] 1. Something shown for imitation; a pattern. [Obs.] 2. A show; a display. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. An assembling or review of troops, as for parade, verification of numbers, inspection, exercise, or introduction into service. “The hurried muster of the soldiers of liberty.” Hawthorne. “See how in warlike muster they appear,
In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings.” Milton. 4. The sum total of an army when assembled for review and inspection; the whole number of effective men in an army. “And the muster was thirty thousands of men.” Wyclif. “Ye publish the musters of your own bands, and proclaim them to amount of thousands.” Hooker. 5. Any assemblage or display; a gathering. “Of the temporal grandees of the realm, mentof their wives and daughters, the muster was great and splendid.” Macaulay. Muster book, a book in which military forces are registered. — Muster file, a muster roll. — Muster master (Mil.), one who takes an account of troops, and of their equipment; a mustering officer; an inspector. [Eng.] — Muster roll (Mil.), a list or register of all the men in a company, troop, or regiment, present or accounted for on the day of muster. — To pass muster, to pass through a muster or inspection without censure. “Such excuses will not pass muster with God.” South.

Mus´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mustered p. pr. & vb. n. Mustering.] [OE. mustren, prop., to show, OF. mostrer, mustrer, moustrer, monstrer, F. montrer, fr. L. monstrare to show. See Monster.] 1. To collect and display; to assemble, as troops for parade, inspection, exercise, or the like. Spenser. 2. Hence: To summon together; to enroll in service; to get together. ´Mustering all its force.´ Cowper. “All the gay feathers he could muster.” L’Estrange. To muster troops into service (Mil.), to inspect and enter troops on the muster roll of the army. — To muster troops out of service (Mil.), to register them for final payment and discharge. — To muster up, to gather up; to succeed in obtaining; to obtain with some effort or difficulty. “One of those who can muster up sufficient sprightliness to engage in a game of forfeits.” Hazlitt.

Mus´ter, v. i. To be gathered together for parade, inspection, exercise, or the like; to come together as parts of a force or body; as his supporters mustered in force. ´The mustering squadron.´ Byron.

Mus´ti•ly , a. In a musty state.

Mus´ti•ness, n. The quality or state of being musty.

Mus´ty , a. [Compar. Mustier superl. Mustiest.] [From L. mustum must; or perh. fr. E. moist. Cf. Must, n., Moist.] 1. Having the rank, pungent, offensive odor and taste which substances of organic origin acquire during warm, moist weather; foul or sour and fetid; moldy; as musty corn; musty books. Harvey. 2. Spoiled by age; rank; stale. “The proverb is somewhat musty.” Shak. 3. Dull; heavy; spiritless. ´That he may not grow musty and unfit for conversation.´ Addison.

Mu•ta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. mutabilitas: cf. F. mutabilite.] The quality of being mutable, or subject to change or alteration, either in form, state, or essential character; susceptibility of change; changeableness; inconstancy; variation. “Plato confessed that the heavens and the frame of the world are corporeal, and therefore subject to mutability.” Stillingfleet.

Mu´ta•ble , a. [L. mutabilis, fr. mutare to change. See Move.] 1. Capable of alteration; subject to change; changeable in form, qualities, or nature. “Things of the most accidental and mutable nature.” South. 2. Changeable; inconstant; unsettled; unstable; fickle. ´Most mutable wishes.´ Byron. Syn. — Changeable; alterable; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; inconstant; variable; fickle.

Mu´ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being mutable.

Mu´ta•bly, adv. Changeably.

Mu´ta•cism , n. See Mytacism.

Mu´tage , n. [F.] A process for checking the fermentation of the must of grapes.

Mu•tan´dum (mu•tan´dum), n.; pl. Mutanda (#). [L., fr. mutare to change.] A thing which is to be changed; something which must be altered; — used chiefly in the plural.

Mu•ta´tion (mu•ta´shun), n. [L. mutatio, fr. mutare to change: cf. F. mutation. See Mutable.] Change; alteration, either in form or qualities. “The vicissitude or mutations in the superior globe are no fit matter for this present argument.” Bacon.

Mutch (much), n. [Cf. D. mutse a cap, G. mütze. Cf. Amice a cape.] The close linen or muslin cap of an old woman. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Mutch´kin , n. A liquid measure equal to four gills, or an imperial pint. [Scot.]

Mute (mut), v. t. [L. mutare to change. See Molt.] To cast off; to molt. “Have I muted all my feathers?” Beau. & Fl.

Mute, v. t. & i. [F. mutir, emeutir, OF. esmeltir, fr. OD. smelten, prop., to melt. See Smelt.] To eject the contents of the bowels; — said of birds. B. Jonson.

Mute, n. The dung of birds. Hudibras.

Mute, a. [L. mutus; cf. Gr. to shut, Skr. mta bound, mka dumb: cf. OE. muet, fr. F. muet, a dim. of OF. mu, L. mutus.] 1. Not speaking; uttering no sound; silent. “All the heavenly choir stood mute,
And silence was in heaven.” Milton. In law a prisoner is said to stand mute, when, upon being arranged, he makes no answer, or does not plead directly, or will not put himself on trial. 2. Incapable of speaking; dumb. Dryden. 3. Not uttered; unpronounced; silent; also produced by complete closure of the mouth organs which interrupt the passage of breath; — said of certain letters. See 5th Mute, 2. 4. Not giving a ringing sound when struck; — said of a metal. Mute swan (Zoöl.), a European wild white swan (Cygnus gibbus), which produces no loud notes. Syn. — Silent; dumb; speechless. — Mute, Silent, Dumb. One is silent who does not speak; one is dumb who can not, for want of the proper organs; as a dumb beast, etc.; and hence, figuratively, we speak of a person as struck dumb with astonishment, etc. One is mute who is held back from speaking by some special cause; as he was mute through fear; mute astonishment, etc. Such is the case with most of those who never speak from childhood; they are not ordinarily dumb, but mute because they are deaf, and therefore never learn to talk; and hence their more appropriate name is deaf-mutes. “They spake not a word;
But, like dumb statues, or breathing stones,
Gazed each on other.” Shak. “All sat mute,
Pondering the danger with deep thoughts.” Milton.

Mute, n. 1. One who does not speak, whether from physical inability, unwillingness, or other cause. Specifically: (a) One who, from deafness, either congenital or from early life, is unable to use articulate language; a deaf-mute. (b) A person employed by undertakers at a funeral. (c) A person whose part in a play does not require him to speak. (d) Among the Turks, an officer or attendant who is selected for his place because he can not speak. 2. (Phon.) A letter which represents no sound; a silent letter; also a close articulation; an element of speech formed by a position of the mouth organs which stops the passage of the breath; as p, b, d, k, t. 3. (Mus.) A little utensil made of brass, ivory, or other material, so formed that it can be fixed in an erect position on the bridge of a violin, or similar instrument, in order to deaden or soften the tone.

Mute´-hill , n. See Moot- hill. [Scot.]

Mute´ly, adv. Without uttering words or sounds; in a mute manner; silently.

Mute´ness, n. The quality or state of being mute; speechlessness. { Mu´tic , Mu´ti•cous } a. [L. muticus, for mutilus. See Mutilate.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Without a point or pointed process; blunt.

Mu´ti•late , a. [L. mutilatus, p. p. of mutilare to mutilate, fr. mutilus maimed; cf. Gr. , . Cf. Mutton.] 1. Deprived of, or having lost, an important part; mutilated. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) Having finlike appendages or flukes instead of legs, as a cetacean.

Mu´ti•late, n. (Zoöl.) A cetacean, or a sirenian.

Mu´ti•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mutilated p. pr. & vb. n. Mutilating ] 1. To cut off or remove a limb or essential part of; to maim; to cripple; to hack; as to mutilate the body, a statue, etc. 2. To destroy or remove a material part of, so as to render imperfect; as to mutilate the orations of Cicero. “Among the mutilated poets of antiquity, there is none whose fragments are so beautiful as those of Sappho.” Addison. Mutilated gear, Mutilated wheel (Mach.), a gear wheel from a portion of whose periphery the cogs are omitted. It is used for giving intermittent movements.

Mu•ti•la´tion , n. [L. mutilatio: cf. F. mutilation.] The act of mutilating, or the state of being mutilated; deprivation of a limb or of an essential part.

Mu´ti•la´tor , n. [Cf. F. mutilateur.] One who mutilates.

Mu´ti•lous , a. [L. mutilus. See Mutilate.] Mutilated; defective; imperfect. [Obs.]

Mu´tine , n. [F. mutin.] A mutineer. [Obs.]

Mu´tine, v. i. [F. mutiner.] To mutiny. [Obs.]

Mu´ti•neer , n. [See Mutiny.] One guilty of mutiny.

Mut´ing , n. Dung of birds.

Mu´ti•nous , a. [See Mutiny.] Disposed to mutiny; in a state of mutiny; characterized by mutiny; seditious; insubordinate. “The city was becoming mutinous.” Macaulay. — Mu´ti•nous•ly, adv. — Mu´ti•nous•ness, n.

Mu´ti•ny , n.; pl. Mutinies (#). [From mutine to mutiny, fr. F. se mutiner, fr. F. mutin stubborn, mutinous, fr. OF. meute riot, LL. movita, fr. movitus, for L. motus, p. p. of movere to move. See Move.] 1. Insurrection against constituted authority, particularly military or naval authority; concerted revolt against the rules of discipline or the lawful commands of a superior officer; hence, generally, forcible resistance to rightful authority; insubordination. “In every mutiny against the discipline of the college, he was the ringleader.” Macaulay. 2. Violent commotion; tumult; strife. [Obs.] “To raise a mutiny betwixt yourselves.” Shak. Mutiny act (Law), an English statute reënacted annually to punish mutiny and desertion. Wharton. Syn. — See Insurrection.

Mu´ti•ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mutinied p. pr. & vb. n. Mutinying ] 1. To rise against, or refuse to obey, lawful authority in military or naval service; to excite, or to be guilty of, mutiny or mutinous conduct; to revolt against one’s superior officer, or any rightful authority. 2. To fall into strife; to quarrel. [Obs.] Shak.

Mut´ism , n. The condition, state, or habit of being mute, or without speech. Max Müller.

Mut´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Muttered p. pr. & vb. n. Muttering.] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. muttire, mutire.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or with a low voice and lips partly closed; esp., to utter indistinct complaints or angry expressions; to grumble; to growl. “Wizards that peep, and that mutter.” Is. viii. 19. “Meantime your filthy foreigner will stare,
And mutter to himself.” Dryden. 2. To sound with a low, rumbling noise. “Thick lightnings flash, the muttering thunder rolls.” Pope.

Mut´ter, v. t. To utter with imperfect articulations, or with a low voice; as to mutter threats. Shak.

Mut´ter, n. Repressed or obscure utterance.

Mut´ter•er , n. One who mutters.

Mut´ter•ing•ly, adv. With a low voice and indistinct articulation; in a muttering manner.

Mut´ton , n. [OE. motoun, OF. moton, molton, a sheep, wether, F. mouton, LL. multo, by transposition of l fr. L. mutilus mutilated. See Mutilate.] 1. A sheep. [Obs.] Chapman. “Not so much ground as will feed a mutton.” Sir H. Sidney. “Muttons, beeves, and porkers are good old words for the living quadrupeds.” Hallam. 2. The flesh of a sheep. “The fat of roasted mutton or beef.” Swift. 3. A loose woman; a prostitute. [Obs.] Mutton bird (Zoöl.), the Australian short-tailed petrel (Nectris brevicaudus). — Mutton chop, a rib of mutton for broiling, with the end of the bone at the smaller part chopped off. — Mutton fish (Zoöl.), the American eelpout. See Eelpout. — Mutton fist, a big brawny fist or hand. [Colloq.] Dryden. — Mutton monger, a pimp. [Low & Obs.] Chapman. — To return to one’s muttons. [A translation of a phrase from a farce by De Brueys, revenons à nos moutons let us return to our sheep.] To return to one’s topic, subject of discussion, etc. [Humorous] “I willingly return to my muttons.” H. R. Haweis.

Mut´ton•y , a. Like mutton; having a flavor of mutton.

Mu´tu•al , a. [F. mutuel, L. mutuus, orig., exchanged, borrowed, lent; akin to mutare to change. See Mutable.] 1. Reciprocally acting or related; reciprocally receiving and giving; reciprocally given and received; reciprocal; interchanged; as a mutual love, advantage, assistance, aversion, etc. “Conspiracy and mutual promise.” Sir T. More. “Happy in our mutual help,
And mutual love.” Milton. “A certain shyness on such subjects, which was mutual between the sisters.” G. Eliot. 2. Possessed, experienced, or done by two or more persons or things at the same time; common; joint; as mutual happiness; a mutual effort. Burke. “A vast accession of misery and woe from the mutual weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth.” Bentley. This use of mutual as synonymous with common is inconsistent with the idea of interchange, or reciprocal relation, which properly belongs to it; but the word has been so used by many writers of high authority. The present tendency is toward a careful discrimination. “Mutual, as Johnson will tell us, means something reciprocal, a giving and taking. How could people have mutual ancestors?” P. Harrison. Mutual insurance, agreement among a number of persons to insure each other against loss, as by fire, death, or accident. — Mutual insurance company, one which does a business of insurance on the mutual principle, the policy holders sharing losses and profits pro rata. Syn. — Reciprocal; interchanged; common.

Mu´tu•al•ism , n. (Ethics) The doctrine of mutual dependence as the condition of individual and social welfare. F. Harrison. H. Spencer. Mallock.

Mu•tu•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. mutualite.] 1. The quality of correlation; reciprocation; interchange; interaction; interdependence. 2. (Law) Reciprocity of consideration. Wharton.

Mu´tu•al•ly , adv. In a mutual manner.

Mu´tu•a•ry , n. [L. mutuarius mutual.See Mutuation.] (Law) One who borrows personal chattels which are to be consumed by him, and which he is to return or repay in kind. Bouvier.

Mu•tu•a´tion , n. [L. mutuatio, fr. mutuare, mutuari, to borrow, fr. mutuus. See Mutual.] The act of borrowing or exchanging. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Mu´tule , n. [F., fr. L. mutulus.] (Arch.) A projecting block worked under the corona of the Doric corice, in the same situation as the modillion of the Corinthian and Composite orders. See Illust. of Gutta. Oxf. Gloss.

Mux , n. [Cf. Mixen.] Dirt; filth; muck. [Prov. Eng.] ose.

Mux, v. t. To mix in an untidy and offensive way; to make a mess of. [Prov. Eng.; Colloq. U.S.]

Mux´y , a. Soft; sticky, and dirty. [Prov. Eng.] See Mucky.

Muz´a•rab , n. [Sp. mozarabe, fr. Ar. mosta’rib, a name applied to strange tribes living among the Arabs.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a denomination of Christians formerly living under the government of the Moors in Spain, and having a liturgy and ritual of their own. [Written also Mozarab, Mostarab.] Brande & C.

Muz•a•rab´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Muzarabs; as the Muzarabic liturgy. [Written also Mozarabic.]

Muz´zi•ness , n. The state or quality of being muzzy.

Muz´zle , n. [OE. mosel, OF. musel, F. museau muzzle or snout, LL. musellus, fr. musus, morsus. See Muse, v. i., and cf. Morsel.] 1. The projecting mouth and nose of a quadruped, as of a horse; a snout. 2. The mouth of a thing; the end for entrance or discharge; as the muzzle of a gun. 3. A fastening or covering (as a band or cage) for the mouth of an animal, to prevent eating or vicious biting. “With golden muzzles all their mouths were bound” Dryden. Muzzle sight. (Gun.) See Dispart, n., 2.

Muz´zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muzzled p. pr. & vb. n. Muzzling ] [F. museler.] 1. To bind the mouth of; to fasten the mouth of, so as to prevent biting or eating; hence, figuratively, to bind; to sheathe; to restrain from speech or action. ´My dagger muzzled.´ Shak. “Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn.” Deut. xxv. 4. 2. To fondle with the closed mouth. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Muz´zle, v. i. To bring the mouth or muzzle near. “The bear muzzles and smells to him.” L’Estrange.

Muz´zle-load•er , n. A firearm which receives its charge through the muzzle, as distinguished from one which is loaded at the breech.

Muz´zle-load•ing, a. Receiving its charge through the muzzle; as a muzzle-loading rifle.

Muz´zy , a. [Cf. F. muse.] Absent-minded; dazed; muddled; stupid. “The whole company stared at me with a whimsical, muzzy look, like men whose senses were a little obfuscated by beer rather than wine.” W. Irving.

My , a. & poss. pron. [OE. mi, fr. min. See Mine, and cf., for loss of n, A, a., An, a.] Of or belonging to me; — used always attributively; as my body; my book; — mine is used in the predicate; as the book is mine. See Mine.

My´a , n. [L. mya a kind of mussel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve mollusks, including the common long, or soft-shelled, clam.

My•al´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. muscle + pain.] (Med.) Pain in the muscles; muscular rheumatism or neuralgia.

My•all´ wood (Bot.) A durable, fragrant, and dark-colored Australian wood, used by the natives for spears. It is obtained from the small tree Acacia homolophylla.

My•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of bivalve mollusks of which the common clam (Mya) is the type.

My•ce´li•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. my•khs a mushroom.] (Bot.) The white threads or filamentous growth from which a mushroom or fungus is developed; the so-called mushroom spawn. — My•ce´li•al (#), a.

Myc´e•loid , a. [Mycelium + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling mycelium.

My•ce´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mykhth•s a bellower, fr. myka^sqai to bellow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of South American monkeys, including the howlers. See Howler, 2, and Illust.

Myc´e•toid , [Gr. my•khs, -htos, a fungus + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling a fungus.

My•co•der´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. my•khs a fungus + de•rma skin.] 1. (Biol.) One of the forms in which bacteria group themselves; a more or less thick layer of motionless but living bacteria, formed by the bacteria uniting on the surface of the fluid in which they are developed. This production differs from the zoöglœa stage of bacteria by not having the intermediary mucous substance. 2. A genus of microörganisms of which the acetic ferment (Mycoderma aceti), which converts alcoholic fluids into vinegar, is a representative. Cf. Mother. { My•co•log´ic , My•co•log´ic•al } a. Of or relating to mycology, or the fungi.

My•col´o•gist , n. One who is versed in, or who studies, mycology.

My•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. my•khs fungus + -logy.] That branch of botanical science which relates to the mushrooms and other fungi.

My•co•mel´ic , a. [Gr. (spurious) my^kos mucus (L. mucus) + me•li honey.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid of the alloxan group, obtained as a honey-yellow powder. Its solutions have a gelatinous consistency.

My•co•pro´te•in , n. [Gr. (spurious) my^kos mucus (L. mucus) + E. protein.] (Biol.) The protoplasmic matter of which bacteria are composed.

My´cose (-kos), n. [Gr. my•khs a mushroom.] (Chem.) A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. Called also trehalose. [Written also mykose.]

Myc´o•thrix (mik´o•thriks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (spurious) my•khs mucus (L. mucus) + qri•x, tricho•s, hair.] (Biol.) The chain of micrococci formed by the division of the micrococci in multiplication.

My•da´le•ine , n. [Gr. myda^n to be clammy (from decay).] (Physiol. Chem.) A toxic alkaloid (ptomaine) obtained from putrid flesh and from herring brines. As a poison it is said to execute profuse diarrhœa, vomiting, and intestinal inflammation. Brieger.

Myd•a•tox´in , n. [Gr. myda^n to be clammy (from decay) + toxic + in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A poisonous amido acid, C6H13NO2, separated by Brieger from decaying horseflesh. In physiological action, it is similar to curare.

Myd´a•us , n. [NL., fr. Gr. myda^n to be clammy or damp.] (Zoöl.) The teledu.

My•dri´a•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Physiol. & Med.) A long-continued or excessive dilatation of the pupil of the eye.

Myd•ri•at´ic , a. Causing dilatation of the pupil. — n. A mydriatic medicine or agent, as belladonna.

My•e•len•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL. See Myelencephalon.] (Zoöl.) Same as Vertebrata.

My•e•len•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the myelencephalon; cerebro- spinal.

My•e•len•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL., from Gr. myelo•s marrow + E. encephalon.] (Anat.) (a) The brain and spinal cord; the cerebro-spinal axis; the neuron. Sometimes abbreviated to myelencephal. (b) The metencephalon. Huxley.

My•e•len•ceph´a•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Myelencephala.

My´e•lin , n. [Gr. marrow.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) A soft white substance constituting the medullary sheaths of nerve fibers, and composed mainly of cholesterin, lecithin, cerebrin, albumin, and some fat. (b) One of a group of phosphorized principles occurring in nerve tissue, both in the brain and nerve fibers.

My•e•li´tis , n. [NL., from Gr. myelo•s marrow + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the spinal marrow or its membranes.

My´e•lo•cœle , n. [Gr. myelo•s marrow + koi^los hollow.] (Anat.) The central canal of the spinal cord.

My•e•lo•gen´ic , a. [Gr. myelo•s marrow + the root of to be born.] (Physiol.) Derived from, or pertaining to, the bone marrow.

My´e•loid , a. [Gr. myelo•s marrow + -oid.] Resembling marrow in appearance or consistency; as a myeloid tumor.

My•e•loid´in , n. [Myelin + -oid + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance, present in the protoplasm of the retinal epithelium cells, and resembling, if not identical with, the substance (myelin) forming the medullary sheaths of nerve fibers.

My´e•lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. myelo•s marrow.] (Anat.) The spinal cord. (Sometimes abbrev. to myel.)

My´e•lo•nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the myelon; as the myelonal, or spinal, nerves.

My•e•lo•neu´ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. myelo•s + ney^ron a nerve.] (Zoöl.) The Vertebrata.

My•el´o•plax , n.; pl. E. Myeloplaxes (#), L. Myeloplaces (#). [NL., fr. Gr. myelo•s marrow + anything flat and broad.] (Anat.) One of the huge multinucleated cells found in the marrow of bone and occasionally in other parts; a giant cell. See Osteoclast.

Myg´a•le , n. [L., a field mouse, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of very large hairy spiders having four lungs and only four spinnerets. They do not spin webs, but usually construct tubes in the earth, which are often furnished with a trapdoor. The South American bird spider (Mygale avicularia), and the crab spider, or matoutou (M. cancerides) are among the largest species. Some of the species are erroneously called tarantulas, as the Texas tarantula (M. Hentzii).

Myl´o•don , n. [Gr. a mill + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of large slothlike American edentates, allied to Megatherium.

My•lo•hy´oid , a. [Gr. the molar teeth + E. hyoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the lower jaw and the hyoid apparatus; as the mylohyoid nerve.

My´na , n. [See Mino bird.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Asiatic starlings of the genera Acridotheres, Sturnopastor, Sturnia, Gracula, and allied genera. In habits they resemble the European starlings, and like them are often caged and taught to talk. See Hill myna, under Hill, and Mino bird. [Spelt also mynah.]

Myn´chen , n. [AS. mynecen, fr. munec monk. See Monk.] A nun. [Obs.]

Myn´cher•y , n. A nunnery; — a term still applied to the ruins of certain nunneries in England.

Myn•heer´ , n. [D. mijnheer.] The Dutch equivalent of Mr. or Sir; hence, a Dutchman.

My´o- A combining form of Gr. , , a muscle; as myograph, myochrome.

My•o•car•di´tis , n. [NL. see Myocardium.] (Med.) Inflammation of the myocardium.

My•o•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , muscle + heart.] (Anat.) The main substance of the muscular wall of the heart inclosed between the epicardium and endocardium.

My´o•chrome , n. [Myo- + Gr. color.] (Physiol.) A colored albuminous substance in the serum from red-colored muscles. It is identical with hemoglobin.

My•o•com´ma , n.; pl. L. Myocommata (#), E. Myocommas (#). [NL. See Myo-, and Comma.] (Anat.) A myotome.

My•o•dy•nam´ics , n. [Myo- + dynamics.] (Physiol.) The department of physiology which deals with the principles of muscular contraction; the exercise of muscular force or contraction.

My•o•dy•na•mi•om´e•ter , n. A myodynamometer.

My•o•dy•na•mom´e•ter , n. [Myo- + E. dynamometer.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the muscular strength of man or of other animals; a dynamometer. Dunglison.

My•o•ep•i•the´li•al , a. [Myo- + epithelial.] 1. (Biol.) Derived from epithelial cells and destined to become a part of the muscular system; — applied to structural elements in certain embryonic forms. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the characteristics of both muscle and epithelium; as the myoepithelial cells of the hydra.

My•og´a•lid , n. [Myo- + Gr. a weasel.] (Zoöl.) One of the Myogalodae, a family of Insectivora, including the desman, and allied species.

My´o•gram , n. [Myo- + - gram.] (Physiol.) See Muscle curve, under Muscle.

My´o•graph , n. [Myo- + - graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for determining and recording the different phases, as the intensity, velocity, etc., of a muscular contraction. { My•o•graph´ic , My•o•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to myography.

My•og´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. myographie.] The description of muscles, including the study of muscular contraction by the aid of registering apparatus, as by some form of myograph; myology.

My•o•haem´a•tin , n. [Myo- + haematin.] (Physiol.) A red-colored respiratory pigment found associated with hemoglobin in the muscle tissue of a large number of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate.

My´oid , a. [Myo- + - oid.] Composed of, or resembling, muscular fiber.

My•o•lem´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a muscle + skin.] (Anat.) Sarcolemma.

My´o•lin , n. [Gr. , , muscle.] (Physiol.) The essential material of muscle fibers. { My•o•log´ic , My•o•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to myology.

My•ol´o•gist , n. One skilled in myology.

My•ol´o•gy , n. [Myo- + - logy: cf. F. myologie.] That part of anatomy which treats of muscles.

My•o´ma , n. [NL. See Myo-, and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor consisting of muscular tissue.

My´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. my^s mouse + -mancy.] Divination by the movements of mice.

My´o•morph , n. One of the Myomorpha.

My•o•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. my^s, myo•s, a mouse + form.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of rodents which includes the rats, mice, jerboas and many allied forms.

My•o•pa•thi´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a muscle + , , to suffer.] (Med.) Any affection of the muscles or muscular system.

My•o•path´ic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to myopathia.

My•op´a•thy , n. Same as Myopathia.

My´ope , n. [F., fr. Gr. , ; to close, shut the eyes + , , the eye.] A person having myopy; a myops.

My´o•phan , n. [Myo- + Gr. to show.] (Zoöl.) A contractile striated layer found in the bodies and stems of certain Infusoria.

My•o´pi•a , n. [NL. See Myope.] (Med.) Nearsightedness; shortsightedness; a condition of the eye in which the rays from distant object are brought to a focus before they reach the retina, and hence form an indistinct image; while the rays from very near objects are normally converged so as to produce a distinct image. It is corrected by the use of a concave lens.

My•op´ic , a. Pertaining to, or affected with, or characterized by, myopia; nearsighted. Myopic astigmatism, a condition in which the eye is affected with myopia in one meridian only.

My´ops (mi´ops), n. [NL.] See Myope.

My•op´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fly + sight.] (Med.) The appearance of muscae volitantes. See Muscae volitantes, under Musca.

My´o•py , n. [F. myopie.] (Med.) Myopia.

My´o•sin , n. [Gr. , a muscle.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous body present in dead muscle, being formed in the process of coagulation which takes place in rigor mortis; the clot formed in the coagulation of muscle plasma. See Muscle plasma, under Plasma. Myosin belongs to the group of globulins. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute solution of salt, and is especially characterized by being completely precipitated by saturation of its solutions with salt.

My•o´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to close the eyes or lips.] (Med.) Long-continued contraction of the pupil of the eye.

My•o•sit´ic , a. (Med.) Myotic.

My•o•si´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , muscle + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the muscles.

My•o•so´tis , n. [NL.; Gr. , lit., mouse ear.] (Bot.) A genus of plants. See Mouse- ear.

My•ot´ic , a. [See Myosis.] (Med.) Producing myosis, or contraction of the pupil of the eye, as opium, calabar bean, etc. — n. A myotic agent.

My´o•tome , n. [See Myotomy.] (Anat.) (a) A muscular segment; one of the zones into which the muscles of the trunk, especially in fishes, are divided; a myocomma. (b) One of the embryonic muscular segments arising from the protovertebrae; also one of the protovertebrae themselves. (c) The muscular system of one metamere of an articulate.

My•o•tom´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a myotome or myotomes.

My•ot´o•my , n. [Myo- + Gr. to cut: cf. F. myotomie.] The dissection, or that part of anatomy which treats of the dissection, of muscles.

Myr´ci•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A large genus of tropical American trees and shrubs, nearly related to the true myrtles (Myrtus), from which they differ in having very few seeds in each berry.

Myr´i•a- [Gr. a myriad. See Myriad.] A prefix, esp. in the metric system, indicating ten thousand, ten thousand times; as myriameter.

Myr•i•a•can´thous , a. [Gr. numberless + ’a•kanqa a spine.] (Zoöl.) Having numerous spines, as certain fishes.

Myr´i•ad , n. [Gr. , , fr. numberless, pl. ten thousand: cf. F. myriade.] 1. The number of ten thousand; ten thousand persons or things. 2. An immense number; a very great many; an indefinitely large number.

Myr´i•ad, a. Consisting of a very great, but indefinite, number; as myriad stars. { Myr´i•a•gram , Myr´i•a•gramme } , n. [F. myriagramme. See Myria-, and 3d Gram.] A metric weight, consisting of ten thousand grams or ten kilograms. It is equal to 22.046 lbs. avoirdupois. { Myr´i•a•li•ter , Myr´i•a•li•tre } , n. [F. myrialitre. See Myria-, and Liter.] A metric measure of capacity, containing ten thousand liters. It is equal to 2641.7 wine gallons. { Myr´i•a•me•ter , Myr´i•a•me•tre } , n. [F. myriamètre. See Myria-, and Meter.] A metric measure of length, containing ten thousand meters. It is equal to 6.2137 miles.

Myr´i•a•pod , n. [Cf. F. myriapode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Myriapoda.

Myr•i•ap´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. numberless + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class, or subclass, of arthropods, related to the hexapod insects, from which they differ in having the body made up of numerous similar segments, nearly all of which bear true jointed legs. They have one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouth organs, and numerous tracheae, similar to those of true insects. The larvae, when first hatched, often have but three pairs of legs. See Centiped, Galleyworm, Milliped. The existing Myriapoda are divided into three orders: Chilopoda, Chilognatha or Diplopoda, and Pauropoda (see these words in the Vocabulary). Large fossil species (very different from any living forms) are found in the Carboniferous formation.

Myr´i•arch , n. [Gr. , ; ten thousand + chief.] A captain or commander of ten thousand men.

Myr´i•are , n. [F. See Myria- , and 2d Are.] A measure of surface in the metric system containing ten thousand ares, or one million square meters. It is equal to about 247.1 acres.

My•ri´ca , n. [L., fr. Gr. tamarisk.] (Bot.) A widely dispersed genus of shrubs and trees, usually with aromatic foliage. It includes the bayberry or wax myrtle, the sweet gale, and the North American sweet fern, so called.

Myr´i•cin , n. [Cf. F. myricine. Prob. so called from a fancied resemblance to the wax of the bayberry (Myrica).] (Chem.) A silky, crystalline, waxy substance, forming the less soluble part of beeswax, and regarded as a palmitate of a higher alcohol of the paraffin series; — called also myricyl alcohol.

Myr´i•cyl , n. [Myricin + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical regarded as the essential residue of myricin; — called also melissyl.

Myr•i•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or relating to a myriologue.

Myr•i•ol´o•gist , n. One who composes or sings a myriologue.

Myr´i•o•logue , n. [F. myriologue, myriologie, NGr. , , fr. Gr. Moi^ra the goddess of fate or death + lo•gos speech, discourse.] An extemporaneous funeral song, composed and sung by a woman on the death of a friend. [Modern Greece]

Myr•i•oph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. numberless + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Having an indefinitely great or countless number of leaves.

Myr•i•op´o•da , n. pl. See Myriapoda.

Myr•i•o•ra´ma , n. [Gr. numberless + a sight, fr. to see.] A picture made up of several smaller pictures, drawn upon separate pieces in such a manner as to admit of combination in many different ways, thus producing a great variety of scenes or landscapes.

Myr´i•o•scope , n. [Gr. numberless + -scope.] A form of kaleidoscope.

My•ris´tate (mi•ris´tat), n. (Chem.) A salt of myristic acid.

My•ris´tic (mi•ris´tik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the nutmeg (Myristica). Specifically, designating an acid found in nutmeg oil and otoba fat, and extracted as a white crystalline waxy substance.

My•ris´tin , n. (Chem.) The myristate of glycerin, — found as a vegetable fat in nutmeg butter, etc.

My•ris´tone , n. [Myristic + -one.] (Chem.) The ketone of myristic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Myr´mi•cine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Myrmica, a genus of ants including the small house ant (M. molesta), and many others.

Myr´mi•don , n. [L. Myrmidones, Gr. , pl.] 1. One of a fierce tribe or troop who accompanied Achilles, their king, to the Trojan war. 2. A soldier or a subordinate civil officer who executes cruel orders of a superior without protest or pity; — sometimes applied to bailiffs, constables, etc. Thackeray. “With unabated ardor the vindictive man of law and his myrmidons pressed forward.” W. H. Ainsworth.

Myr•mi•do´ni•an , a. Consisting of, or like, myrmidons. Pope.

Myr•mo•the´rine , a. [Gr. an ant + to hunt.] (Zoöl.) Feeding upon ants; — said of certain birds. { My•rob´a•lan , My•rob´o•lan } n. [L. myrobalanum the fruit of a palm tree from which a balsam was made, Gr. ; any sweet juice distilling from plants, any prepared unguent or sweet oil + an acorn or any similar fruit: cf. F. myrobolan.] A dried astringent fruit much resembling a prune. It contains tannin, and was formerly used in medicine, but is now chiefly used in tanning and dyeing. Myrobolans are produced by various species of Terminalia of the East Indies, and of Spondias of South America.

My•ron´ic , a. [Gr. a sweet- smelling unguent.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, mustard; — used specifically to designate a glucoside called myronic acid, found in mustard seed.

My•rop´o•list , n. [Gr. ; unguent + to sell.] One who sells unguents or perfumery. [Obs.] Jonhson.

Myr´o•sin , n. (Chem.) A ferment, resembling diastase, found in mustard seeds.

My•rox´y•lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a sweet juice distilling from a plant + wood.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous trees of tropical America, the different species of which yield balsamic products, among which are balsam of Peru, and balsam of Tolu. The species were formerly referred to Myrospermum.

Myrrh , n. [OE. mirre, OF. mirre, F. myrrhe, L. myrrha, murra, Gr. ; cf. Ar. murr bitter, also myrrh, Heb. mar bitter.] A gum resin, usually of a yellowish brown or amber color, of an aromatic odor, and a bitter, slightly pungent taste. It is valued for its odor and for its medicinal properties. It exudes from the bark of a shrub of Abyssinia and Arabia, the Balsamodendron Myrrha. The myrrh of the Bible is supposed to have been partly the gum above named, and partly the exudation of species of Cistus, or rockrose. False myrrh. See the Note under Bdellium.

Myr´rhic , a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, myrrh.

Myr´rhine , a. Murrhine.

Myr•ta´ceous , a. [L. myrtaceus.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a large and important natural order of trees and shrubs (Myrtaceae), of which the myrtle is the type. It includes the genera Eucalyptus, Pimenta, Lechythis, and about seventy more.

Myr´ti•form , a. [L. myrtus myrtle + -form: cf. F. myrtiforme.] Resembling myrtle or myrtle berries; having the form of a myrtle leaf.

Myr´tle (mer´t’l), n. [F. myrtil bilberry, prop., a little myrtle, from myrte myrtle, L. myrtus, murtus, Gr. my•rtos; cf. Per. murd.] (Bot.) A species of the genus Myrtus, especially Myrtus communis. The common myrtle has a shrubby, upright stem, eight or ten feet high. Its branches form a close, full head, thickly covered with ovate or lanceolate evergreen leaves. It has solitary axillary white or rosy flowers, followed by black several-seeded berries. The ancients considered it sacred to Venus. The flowers, leaves, and berries are used variously in perfumery and as a condiment, and the beautifully mottled wood is used in turning. The name is also popularly but wrongly applied in America to two creeping plants, the blue-flowered periwinkle and the yellow- flowered moneywort. In the West Indies several myrtaceous shrubs are called myrtle. Bog myrtle, the sweet gale. — Crape myrtle. See under Crape. — Myrtle warbler (Zoöl.), a North American wood warbler (Dendroica coronata); — called also myrtle bird, yellow-rumped warbler, and yellow- crowned warbler. — Myrtle wax. (Bot.) See Bayberry tallow, under Bayberry. — Sand myrtle, a low, branching evergreen shrub (Leiophyllum buxifolium), growing in New Jersey and southward. — Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera). See Bayberry.

My•self´ , pron.; pl. Ourselves . I or me in person; — used for emphasis, my own self or person; as I myself will do it; I have done it myself; — used also instead of me, as the object of the first person of a reflexive verb, without emphasis; as I will defend myself.

My•selv´en , pron. Myself. [Obs.]

My´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a closing of the lips or eyes.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small schizopod shrimps found both in fresh and salt water; the opossum shrimps. One species inhabits the Great Lakes of North America, and is largely eaten by the whitefish. The marine species form part of the food of right whales.

Mys´ta•cal , a. [Gr. my•stax mustache.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the upper lip, or mustache. { Mys•ta•gog´ic , Mys•ta•gog´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to interpretation of mysteries or to mystagogue; of the nature of mystagogy.

Mys´ta•gogue , n. [L. mystagogus, Gr. ; one initiated in mysteries + leading, n., a leader, fr. to lead: cf. F. mystagogue. See 1st Mystery.] 1. One who interprets mysteries, especially of a religious kind. 2. One who keeps and shows church relics.

Mys´ta•go•gy , n. The doctrines, principles, or practice of a mystagogue; interpretation of mysteries.

Mys•te´ri•al , a. Mysterious. [Obs.]

Mys•te´ri•arch , n. [L. mysteriarches, Gr. ; mystery + chief.] One presiding over mysteries. [Obs.]

Mys•te´ri•ous , a. [F. mystèrieux. See 1st Mystery.] Of or pertaining to mystery; containing a mystery; difficult or impossible to understand; obscure; not revealed or explained; enigmatical; incomprehensible. “God at last
To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied,
Thought in mysterious terms.” Milton. Syn. — Obscure; secret; occult; dark; mystic; cabalistic; enigmatical; unintelligible; incomprehensible.

Mys•te´ri•ous•ly, adv. In a mysterious manner.

Mys•te´ri•ous•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being mysterious. 2. Something mysterious; a mystery. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Mys´ter•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mysterized p. pr. & vb. n. Mysterizing ] To make mysterious; to make a mystery of.

Mys´ter•y (mis´ter•y), n.; pl. Mysteries (- iz). [L. mysterium, Gr. mysth•rion, fr. my•sths one initiated in mysteries; cf. myei^n to initiate into the mysteries, fr. my•ein to shut the eyes. Cf. Mute, a.] 1. A profound secret; something wholly unknown, or something kept cautiously concealed, and therefore exciting curiosity or wonder; something which has not been or can not be explained; hence, specifically, that which is beyond human comprehension. “We speak the wisdom of God in a mystery.” 1 Cor. ii. 7. “If God should please to reveal unto us this great mystery of the Trinity, or some other mysteries in our holy religion, we should not be able to understand them, unless he would bestow on us some new faculties of the mind.” Swift. 2. A kind of secret religious celebration, to which none were admitted except those who had been initiated by certain preparatory ceremonies; — usually plural; as the Eleusinian mysteries. 3. pl. The consecrated elements in the eucharist. 4. Anything artfully made difficult; an enigma.

Mys´ter•y, n.; pl. Mysteries. [OE. mistere, OF. mestier, F. metier, L. ministerium. See Ministry.] 1. A trade; a handicraft; hence, any business with which one is usually occupied. “Fie upon him, he will discredit our mystery.” Shak. “And that which is the noblest mystery
Brings to reproach and common infamy.” Spenser. 2. A dramatic representation of a Scriptural subject, often some event in the life of Christ; a dramatic composition of this character; as the Chester Mysteries, consisting of dramas acted by various craft associations in that city in the early part of the 14th century. “´Mystery plays,´ so called because acted by craftsmen.” Skeat. { Mys´tic , Mys´tic•al } a. [L. mysticus, Gr. belonging to secret rites, from one initiated: cf. F. mystique. See 1st Mystery, Misty.] 1. Remote from or beyond human comprehension; baffling human understanding; unknowable; obscure; mysterious. “Heaven’s numerous hierarchy span
The mystic gulf from God to man.” Emerson. “God hath revealed a way mystical and supernatural.” Hooker. 2. Importing or implying mysticism; involving some secret meaning; allegorical; emblematical; as a mystic dance; mystic Babylon. “Thus, then, did the spirit of unity and meekness inspire every joint and sinew of the mystical body.” Milton. — Mys´tic•al•ly, adv. — Mys´tic•al•ness, n.

Mys´tic , n. One given to mysticism; one who holds mystical views, interpretations, etc.; especially, in ecclesiastical history, one who professed mysticism. See Mysticism.

Mys´ti•cete , n. [Gr. my•stax the upper lip, also the mustache + kh^tos a whale.] (Zoöl.) Any right whale, or whalebone whale. See Cetacea.

Mys´ti•cism , n. [Cf. F. mysticisme.] 1. Obscurity of doctrine. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of the Mystics, who professed a pure, sublime, and wholly disinterested devotion, and maintained that they had direct intercourse with the divine Spirit, and aquired a knowledge of God and of spiritual things unattainable by the natural intellect, and such as can not be analyzed or explained. 3. (Philos.) The doctrine that the ultimate elements or principles of knowledge or belief are gained by an act or process akin to feeling or faith.

Mys•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. mystification.] The act of mystifying, or the state of being mystied; also something designed to, or that does, mystify. “The reply of Pope seems very much as though he had been playing off a mystification on his Grace.” De Quincey.

Mys´ti•fi•ca•tor , n. One who mystifies.

Mys´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mystified p. pr. & vb. n. Mystifying ] [F. mystifier, fr. Gr. + L. - ficare (in comp.) to make. See 1st Mystery, and - fy.] 1. To involve in mystery; to make obscure or difficult to understand; as to mystify a passage of Scripture. 2. To perplex the mind of; to puzzle; to impose upon the credulity of ; as to mystify an opponent. “He took undue advantage of his credulity and mystified him exceedingly.” Ld. Campbell.

My´ta•cism , n. [Gr. . Cf. Metacism.] Too frequent use of the letter m, or of the sound represented by it.

Myth , n. [Written also mythe.] [Gr. my^qos myth, fable, tale, talk, speech: cf. F. mythe.] 1. A story of great but unknown age which originally embodied a belief regarding some fact or phenomenon of experience, and in which often the forces of nature and of the soul are personified; an ancient legend of a god, a hero, the origin of a race, etc.; a wonder story of prehistoric origin; a popular fable which is, or has been, received as historical. 2. A person or thing existing only in imagination, or whose actual existence is not verifiable. “As for Mrs. Primmins’s bones, they had been myths these twenty years.” Ld. Lytton. Myth history, history made of, or mixed with, myths.

Mythe , n. See Myth. Grote. { Myth´ic , Myth´ic•al } a. [L. mythicus, Gr. . See Myth.] Of or relating to myths; described in a myth; of the nature of a myth; fabulous; imaginary; fanciful. — Myth´ic•al•ly, adv. “The mythic turf where danced the nymphs.” Mrs. Browning. “Hengist and Horsa, Vortigern and Rowena, Arthur and Mordred, are mythical persons, whose very existence may be questioned.” Macaulay.

My•thog´ra•pher , n. [Gr. myqogra•fos; my^qos + gra•fein to write.] A composer of fables.

My•thol´o•ger , n. A mythologist.

Myth•o•lo´gi•an , n. A mythologist. { Myth•o•log´ic , Myth•o•log´ic•al } a. [L. mythologicus: cf. F. mytholigique.] Of or pertaining to mythology or to myths; mythical; fabulous. — Myth•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

My•thol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. mythologiste.] One versed in, or who writes on, mythology or myths.

My•thol´o•gize , v. i. [Cf. F. mythologiser.] 1. To relate, classify, and explain, or attempt to explain, myths; to write upon myths. 2. To construct and propagate myths.

My•thol´o•gi•zer , n. One who, or that which, mythologizes. “Imagination has always been, and still is, in a narrower sense, the great mythologizer.” Lowell.

Myth´o•logue , n. [See Mythology.] A fabulous narrative; a myth. [R.] “May we not … consider his history of the fall as an excellent mythologue, to account for the origin of human evil?” Geddes.

My•thol´o•gy , n.; pl. Mythologies (#). [F. mythologie, L. mythologia, Gr. myqologi•a; my^qos, fable, myth + lo•gos speech, discourse.] 1. The science which treats of myths; a treatise on myths. 2. A body of myths; esp., the collective myths which describe the gods of a heathen people; as the mythology of the Greeks.

Myth´o•plasm , n. [Gr. my^qos myth + pla•ssein to form.] A narration of mere fable.

Myth•o•pœ´ic , a. [Gr. myqopoio•s making myths; my^qos myth + poiei^n to make.] Making or producing myths; giving rise to mythical narratives. “The mythopœic fertility of the Greeks.” Grote.

Myth•o•po•et´ic , a. [Gr. my^qos myth + able to make, producing, fr. poiei^n to make.] Making or producing myths or mythical tales.

Myt´i•loid , a. [Mytilus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Mytilus, or family Mytilidae.

Myt•i•lo•tox´ine , n. [Mytilus + toxic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A poisonous base (leucomaine) found in the common mussel. It either causes paralysis of the muscles, or gives rise to convulsions, including death by an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood.

Myt´i•lus , n. [L., a sea mussel, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalve shells, including the common mussel. See Illust. under Byssus.

Myx´a , n. [L., a lamp nozzle, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) The distal end of the mandibles of a bird.

Myx´ine , n. (Zoöl.) A genus of marsipobranchs, including the hagfish. See Hag, 4.

Myx´i•noid , a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Myxine. — n. A hagfish.

Myx•o•cys•to´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. mucus + a bladder.] (Zoöl.) A division of Infusoria including the Noctiluca. See Noctiluca.

Myx•o´ma , n.; pl. Myxomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. mucus + - oma.] (Med.) A tumor made up of a gelatinous tissue resembling that found in the umbilical cord.

Myx´o•pod , n. [Gr. mucus, slime + -pod.] (Zoöl.) A rhizopod or moneran. Also used adjectively; as a myxopod state.

My•zon´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to suck.] (Zoöl.) The Marsipobranchiata.

My•zo•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. my•zein to suck + sto•ma, -atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) An order of curious parasitic worms found on crinoids. The body is short and disklike, with four pairs of suckers and five pairs of hook-bearing parapodia on the under side. N.

N (en), the fourteenth letter of English alphabet, is a vocal consonent, and, in allusion to its mode of formation, is called the dentinasal or linguanasal consonent. Its commoner sound is that heard in ran, done; but when immediately followed in the same word by the sound of g hard or k (as in single, sink, conquer), it usually represents the same sound as the digraph ng in sing, bring, etc. This is a simple but related sound, and is called the gutturo-nasal consonent. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 243-246. The letter N came into English through the Latin and Greek from the Phœnician, which probably derived it from the Egyptian as the ultimate origin. It is etymologically most closely related to M. See M.

N, n. (Print.) A measure of space equal to half an M (or em); an en.

Na (nä), a. & adv. No, not. See No. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nab (nab), n. [Cf. Knap, Knop, Knob.] 1. The summit of an eminence. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. (Firearms) The cock of a gunlock. Knight. 3. (Locksmithing) The keeper, or box into which the lock is shot. Knight.

Nab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nabbed p. pr. & vb. n. Nabbing.] [Dan nappe, or Sw. nappa.] To catch or seize suddenly or unexpectedly. [Colloq.] Smollett.

Na´bit (na´bit), n. Pulverized sugar candy. Crabb.

Nabk (nabk), n. [Ar. nabiqa, nibqa.] (Bot.) The edible berries of the Zizyphys Lotus, a tree of Northern Africa, and Southwestern Europe. [Written also nubk.] See Lotus (b), and Sadr.

Na´bob (na´bob), n. [Hind. nawab, from Ar. nawab, pl. of naïb a vicegerent, governor. Cf Nawab.] 1. A deputy or viceroy in India; a governor of a province of the ancient Mogul empire. 2. One who returns to Europe from the East with immense riches: hence, any man of great wealth. ´ A bilious old nabob.´ Macaulay.

Nac´a•rat , n. [F. nacarat, fr. Sp. or Pg. nacarado, fr. nácar mother-of- pearl. See Nacre.] 1. A pale red color, with a cast of orange. Ure. 2. Fine linen or crape dyed of this color. Ure.

Nack´er , n. See Nacre. Johnson.

Na´cre , n. [F., cf. Sp. nácara, nácar, It. nacchera, naccaro, LL. nacara, nacrum; of Oriental origin, cf. Ar. nakir hollowed.] (Zoöl.) A pearly substance which lines the interior of many shells, and is most perfect in the mother-of-pearl. [Written also nacker and naker.] See Pearl, and Mother-of- pearl.

Na´cre•ous , a. [See Nacre.] (Zoöl.) Consisting of, or resembling, nacre; pearly. { Nad , Nad´de }. [Contr. fr. ne hadde.] Had not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nad´der , n. [AS. naedre. See Adder.] An adder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Na´dir , n. [F., Sp., & It. nadir; all fr. Ar. nasiru’s samt nadir, prop., the point opposite the zenith (as samt), in which nasir means alike, corresponding to. Cf. Azimuth, Zenith.] 1. That point of the heavens, or lower hemisphere, directly opposite the zenith; the inferior pole of the horizon; the point of the celestial sphere directly under the place where we stand. 2. The lowest point; the time of greatest depression. “The seventh century is the nadir of the human mind in Europe.” Hallam. Nadir of the sun (Astron.), the axis of the conical shadow projected by the earth. Crabb.

Nae´ni•a , n. See Nenia.

Naeve , n. [L. naevus.] A naevus. [Obs.] Dryden.

Nae´void , a. [Naevus + -oid.] Resembling a naevus or naevi; as naevoid elephantiasis. Dunglison.

Nae´vose , a. Spotted; freckled.

Nae´vus (ne´vus), n.; pl. Naevi (- vi). [L.] (Med.) A spot or mark on the skin of children when born; a birthmark; — usually applied to vascular tumors, i. e., those consisting mainly of blood vessels, as dilated arteries, veins, or capillaries.

Nag (nag), n. [OE. nagge, D. negge; akin to E. neigh.] 1. A small horse; a pony; hence, any horse. 2. A paramour; — in contempt. [Obs.] Shak.

Nag, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Nagged p. pr. & vb. n. Nagging ] [Cf. Sw. nagga to nibble, peck, Dan. nage to gnaw, Icel. naga, gnaga, G. nagen, & E. gnaw.] To tease in a petty way; to scold habitually; to annoy; to fret pertinaciously. [Colloq.] ´She never nagged.´ J. Ingelow.

Nag´ging , a. Fault-finding; teasing; persistently annoying; as a nagging toothache. [Colloq.]

Nag´gy , a. Irritable; touchy. [Colloq.]

Na´gor , n. (Zoöl.) A West African gazelle (Gazella redunca).

Nag´yag•ite , n. [So called from Nagyag, in Transylvania.] (Min.) A mineral of blackish lead-gray color and metallic luster, generally of a foliated massive structure; foliated tellurium. It is a telluride of lead and gold.

Na´iad , n. [L. naias, - adis, naïs, -idis, a water nymph, Gr , , fr. to flow: cf. F. naïade. Cf. Naid.] 1. (Myth.) A water nymph; one of the lower female divinities, fabled to preside over some body of fresh water, as a lake, river, brook, or fountain. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of a tribe (Naiades) of freshwater bivalves, including Unio, Anodonta, and numerous allied genera; a river mussel. 3. (Zoöl) One of a group of butterflies. See Nymph. 4. (Bot.) Any plant of the order Naiadaceae, such as eelgrass, pondweed, etc.

Na´iant , a. (Her.) See Natant. Crabb.

Na´id , n. [See Naiad.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small, fresh- water, chaetopod annelids of the tribe Naidina. They belong to the Oligochaeta.

Na´ïf (; formerly ), a. [F. naïf. See Naïve.] 1. Having a true natural luster without being cut; — applied by jewelers to a precious stone. 2. Naïve; as a naïf remark. London Spectator.

Na´ik , n. [Hind. nayak.] A chief; a leader; a Sepoy corporal. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Nail , n. [AS. naegel, akin to D. nagel, OS OHG. nagal, G. nagel, Icel. nagl, nail (in sense 1), nagli nail (in sense 3), Sw. nagel nail (in senses 1 and 3), Dan. nagle, Goth. ganagljan to nail, Lith. nagas nail (in sense 1), Russ. nogote, L. unguis, Gr. , Skr. nakha. ] 1. (Anat.) the horny scale of plate of epidermis at the end of the fingers and toes of man and many apes. “His nayles like a briddes claws were.” Chaucer. The nails are strictly homologous with hoofs and claws. When compressed, curved, and pointed, they are called talons or claws, and the animal bearing them is said to be unguiculate; when they incase the extremities of the digits they are called hoofs, and the animal is ungulate. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The basal thickened portion of the anterior wings of certain hemiptera. (b) The terminal horny plate on the beak of ducks, and other allied birds. 3. A slender, pointed piece of metal, usually with a head, used for fastening pieces of wood or other material together, by being driven into or through them. The different sorts of nails are named either from the use to which they are applied, from their shape, from their size, or from some other characteristic, as shingle, floor, ship-carpenters’, and horseshoe nails, roseheads, diamonds, fourpenny, tenpenny (see Penny, a.), chiselpointed, cut, wrought, or wire nails, etc. 4. A measure of length, being two inches and a quarter, or the sixteenth of a yard. Nail ball (Ordnance), a round projectile with an iron bolt protruding to prevent it from turning in the gun. — Nail plate, iron in plates from which cut nails are made. — On the nail, in hand; on the spot; immediately; without delay or time of credit; as to pay money on the nail. ´You shall have ten thousand pounds on the nail.´ Beaconsfield. — To hit the nail on the head, to hit most effectively; to do or say a thing in the right way.

Nail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nailed p. pr. & vb. n. Nailing.] [AS. naeglian. See Nail, n.] 1. To fasten with a nail or nails; to close up or secure by means of nails; as to nail boards to the beams. “He is now dead, and nailed in his chest.” Chaucer. 2. To stud or boss with nails, or as with nails. “The rivets of your arms were nailed with gold.” Dryden. 3. To fasten, as with a nail; to bind or hold, as to a bargain or to acquiescence in an argument or assertion; hence, to catch; to trap. “When they came to talk of places in town, you saw at once how I nailed them.” Goldsmith. 4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Crabb. To nail a lie or an assertion, etc., to detect and expose it, so as to put a stop to its currency; — an expression probably derived from the former practice of shopkeepers, who were accustomed to nail bad or counterfeit pieces of money to the counter.

Nail´brush, n. A brush for cleaning the nails.

Nail´er , n. 1. One whose occupation is to make nails; a nail maker. 2. One who fastens with, or drives, nails.

Nail´er•ess, n. A women who makes nailes.

Nail´er•y , n.; pl. Naileries . A manufactory where nails are made.

Nail´-head•ed , a. Having a head like that of a nail; formed so as to resemble the head of a nail. Nail-headed characters, arrowheaded or cuneiform characters. See under Arrowheaded. — Nail-headed molding (Arch.), an ornament consisting of a series of low four-sided pyramids resembling the heads of large nails; — called also nail-head molding, or nail-head. It is the same as the simplest form of dogtooth. See Dogtooth.

Nail´less, a. Without nails; having no nails.

Nain•sook´ , n. [Nainsukh, a valley in Kaghan.] A thick sort of jaconet muslin, plain or striped, formerly made in India.

Na´is , n. [L., a naiad.] (Zoöl.) See Naiad.

Nais•sant´ , a. [F., p. pr. of naître to be born, L. nasci.] (Her.) Same as Jessant.

Na´ïve , a. [F. naïf, fem. naïve, fr. L. nativus innate, natural, native. See Native, and cf. Naïf.] Having native or unaffected simplicity; ingenuous; artless; frank; as naïve manners; a naïve person; naïve and unsophisticated remarks.

Na´ïve•ly , adv. In a naïve manner.

Na•ïve•te´ , n. [F. See Naïve, and cf. Nativity.] Native simplicity; unaffected plainness or ingenuousness; artlessness. “A story which pleases me by its naïvete — that is, by its unconscious ingenuousness.” De Quincey.

Na´ïve•ty , n. Naïvete. Carlyle.

Nake , v. t. To make naked. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Come, be ready, nake your swords.” Old Play.

Na´ked , a. [AS. nacod; akin to D. naakt, G. nackt, OHG. nacchot, nahhot, Icel. nökviðr, nakinn, Sw. naken, Dan. nögen, Goth. naqaþs, Lith. n&uring;gas, Russ. nagii, L. nudus, Skr. nagna. rad.266. Cf. Nude.] 1. Having no clothes on; uncovered; nude; bare; as a naked body; a naked limb; a naked sword. 2. Having no means of defense or protection; open; unarmed; defenseless. “Thy power is full naked.” Chaucer. “Behold my bosom naked to your swords.” Addison. 3. Unprovided with needful or desirable accessories, means of sustenance, etc.; destitute; unaided; bare. “Patriots who had exposed themselves for the public, and whom they say now left naked.” Milton. 4. Without addition, exaggeration, or excuses; not concealed or disguised; open to view; manifest; plain. “The truth appears so naked on my side, That any purblind eye may find it out.” Shak. “All things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we to do.” Heb. iv. 13. 5. Mere; simple; plain. “The very naked name of love.” Shak. 6. (Bot.) Without pubescence; as a naked leaf or stem; bare, or not covered by the customary parts, as a flower without a perianth, a stem without leaves, seeds without a pericarp, buds without bud scales. 7. (Mus.) Not having the full complement of tones; — said of a chord of only two tones, which requires a third tone to be sounded with them to make the combination pleasing to the ear; as a naked fourth or fifth. Naked bed, a bed the occupant of which is naked, no night linen being worn in ancient times. Shak. — Naked eye, the eye alone, unaided by glasses, or by telescope, microscope, or the like. — Naked-eyed medusa. (Zoöl.) See Hydromedusa. — Naked flooring (Carp.), the timberwork which supports a floor. Gwilt. — Naked mollusk (Zoöl.), a nudibranch. — Naked wood (Bot.), a large rhamnaceous tree (Colibrina reclinata) of Southern Florida and the West Indies, having a hard and heavy heartwood, which takes a fine polish. C. S. Sargent. Syn. — Nude; bare; denuded; uncovered; unclothed; exposed; unarmed; plain; defenseless.

Na´ked•ly, adv. In a naked manner; without covering or disguise; manifestly; simply; barely.

Na´ked•ness, n. 1. The condition of being naked. 2. (Script.) The privy parts; the genitals. “Ham … saw the nakedness of his father.” Gen. ix. 22.

Na´ker , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Nacre.

Na´ker, n. [OE. nakere, F. nakaire, LL. nacara, Per. naqaret.] A kind of kettledrum. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Na´koo , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The gavial. [Written also nako.]

Nale , n. [A corrupt form arising from the older ´at þen ale´ at the nale.] Ale; also an alehouse. [Obs.] “Great feasts at the nale.” Chaucer.

Nall , n. [Either fr. Icel. nal (see Needle); or fr. awl, like newt fr. ewt.] An awl. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

Nam [Contr. fr. ne am.] Am not. [Obs.]

Nam, obs. imp. of Nim. Chaucer.

Nam´a•ble , a. Capable of being named.

Na•ma´tion , n. [LL. namare to take; cf. AS. niman to take.] (O. Eng. & Scots Law) A distraining or levying of a distress; an impounding. Burrill.

Nam´ay•cush , n. [Indian name.] (Zool.) A large North American lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). It is usually spotted with red, and sometimes weighs over forty pounds. Called also Mackinaw trout, lake trout, lake salmon, salmon trout, togue, and tuladi.

Nam´by-pam•by , n. [From Ambrose Phillips, in ridicule of the extreme simplicity of some of his verses.] Talk or writing which is weakly sentimental or affectedly pretty. Macaulay.

Nam´by-pam•by, a. Affectedly pretty; weakly sentimental; finical; insipid. Thackeray. “Namby-pamby madrigals of love.” W. Gifford.

Name , n. [AS. nama; akin to D. naam, OS. & OHG. namo, G. name, Icel. nafn, for namn, Dan. navn, Sw. namn, Goth. namo, L. nomen (perh. influenced by noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know), Gr. ’o•mona, Scr. naman. rad.267. Cf. Anonymous, Ignominy, Misnomer, Nominal, Noun.] 1. The title by which any person or thing is known or designated; a distinctive specific appellation, whether of an individual or a class. “Whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.” Gen. ii. 19. “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.” Shak. 2. A descriptive or qualifying appellation given to a person or thing, on account of a character or acts. “His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.” Is. ix. 6. 3. Reputed character; reputation, good or bad; estimation; fame; especially, illustrious character or fame; honorable estimation; distinction. “What men of name resort to him?” Shak. “Far above … every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come.” Eph. i. 21. “I will get me a name and honor in the kingdom.” 1 Macc. iii. 14. “He hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin.” Deut. xxii. 19. “The king’s army … had left no good name behind.” Clarendon. 4. Those of a certain name; a race; a family. “The ministers of the republic, mortal enemies of his name, came every day to pay their feigned civilities.” Motley. 5. A person, an individual. [Poetic] “They list with women each degenerate name.” Dryden. Christian name. (a) The name a person receives at baptism, as distinguished from surname; baptismal name. (b) A given name, whether received at baptism or not. — Given name. See under Given. — In name, in profession, or by title only; not in reality; as a friend in name. — In the name of. (a) In behalf of; by the authority of. ´ I charge you in the duke’s name to obey me.´ Shak. (b) In the represented or assumed character of. ´I’ll to him again in name of Brook.´ Shak. — Name plate, a plate as of metal, glass, etc., having a name upon it, as a sign; a doorplate. — Pen name, a name assumed by an author; a pseudonym or nom de plume. Bayard Taylor. — Proper name (Gram.), a name applied to a particular person, place, or thing. — To call names, to apply opprobrious epithets to; to call by reproachful appellations. — To take a name in vain, to use a name lightly or profanely; to use a name in making flippant or dishonest oaths. Ex. xx. 7. Syn. — Appellation; title; designation; cognomen; denomination; epithet. — Name, Appellation, Title, Denomination. Name is generic, denoting that combination of sounds or letters by which a person or thing is known and distinguished. Appellation, although sometimes put for name simply, denotes, more properly, a descriptive term, used by way of marking some individual peculiarity or characteristic; as Charles the Bold, Philip the Stammerer. A title is a term employed to point out one’s rank, office, etc.; as the Duke of Bedford, Paul the Apostle, etc. Denomination is to particular bodies what appellation is to individuals; thus, the church of Christ is divided into different denominations, as Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, etc.

Name , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Named p. pr. & vb. n. Naming.] [AS. namian. See Name, n.] 1. To give a distinctive name or appellation to; to entitle; to denominate; to style; to call. “She named the child Ichabod.” 1 Sam. iv. 21. “Thus was the building left
Ridiculous, and the work Confusion named.” Milton. 2. To mention by name; to utter or publish the name of; to refer to by distinctive title; to mention. “None named thee but to praise.” Halleck. “Old Yew, which graspest at the stones
That name the underlying dead.” Tennyson. 3. To designate by name or specifically for any purpose; to nominate; to specify; to appoint; as to name a day for the wedding. “Whom late you have named for consul.” Shak. 4. (House of Commons) To designate (a member) by name, as the Speaker does by way of reprimand. Syn. — To denominate; style; term; call; mention; specify; designate; nominate.

Name´less, a. 1. Without a name; not having been given a name; as a nameless star. Waller. 2. Undistinguished; not noted or famous. “A nameless dwelling and an unknown name.” Harte. 3. Not known or mentioned by name; anonymous; as a nameless writer.´Nameless pens.´ Atterbury. 4. Unnamable; indescribable; inexpressible. “But what it is, that is not yet known; what
I can not name; t is nameless woe,I wot.” Shak. “I have a nameless horror of the man.” Hawthorne.

Name´less•ly, adv. In a nameless manner.

Name´ly, adv. 1. By name; by particular mention; specifically; especially; expressly. [Obs.] Chaucer. “The solitariness of man … God hath namely and principally ordered to prevent by marriage.” Milton. 2. That is to say; to wit; videlicet; — introducing a particular or specific designation. “For the excellency of the soul, namely, its power of divining dreams; that several such divinations have been made, none an question.” Addison.

Nam´er , n. One who names, or calls by name.

Name´sake , n. [For name’s sake; i. e., one named for the sake of another’s name.] One that has the same name as another; especially, one called after, or named out of regard to, another.

Na•mo´ , adv. No more. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nan , interj. [For anan.] Anan. [Prov. Eng.]

Nan´dine , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An African carnivore (Nandinia binotata), allied to the civets. It is spotted with black. { Nan´dou , Nan´du } n. [Braz. nhandu or yandu.] (Zoöl.) Any one of three species of South American ostriches of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. See Rhea. [Written also nandow.]

Nan•keen´ , n. [So called from its being originally manufactured at Nankin, in China.] [Written also nankin.] 1. A species of cloth, of a firm texture, originally brought from China, made of a species of cotton (Gossypium religiosum) that is naturally of a brownish yellow color quite indestructible and permanent. 2. An imitation of this cloth by artificial coloring. 3. pl. Trousers made of nankeen. Ld. Lytton. Nankeen bird (Zoöl.), the Australian night heron (Nycticorax Caledonicus); — called also quaker.

Nan´ny , n. A diminutive of Ann or Anne, the proper name. Nanny goat, a female goat. [Colloq.]

Nan´ny•ber•ry , n. (Bot.) See Sheepberry.

Nan´pie , n. (Zoöl.) The magpie.

Na´os , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a temple, the cella.] (Arch.) A term used by modern archaeologists instead of cella. See Cella.

Nap , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Napped p. pr. & vb. n. Napping ] [OE. nappen, AS. hnaeppian to take a nap, to slumber; cf. AS. hnipian to bend one’s self, Icel. hnipna, hnipa, to droop.] 1. To have a short sleep; to be drowsy; to doze. Chaucer. 2. To be in a careless, secure state. Wyclif. “I took thee napping, unprepared.” Hudibras.

Nap, n. A short sleep; a doze; a siesta. Cowper.

Nap, n. [OE. noppe, AS. hnoppa; akin to D. nop, Dan. noppe, LG. nobbe.] 1. Woolly or villous surface of felt, cloth, plants, etc.; an external covering of down, of short fine hairs or fibers forming part of the substance of anything, and lying smoothly in one direction; the pile; — as the nap of cotton flannel or of broadcloth. 2. pl. The loops which are cut to make the pile, in velvet. Knight.

Nap, v. t. To raise, or put, a nap on.

Nape , n. [Perh. akin to knap a knop.] The back part of the neck. Spenser.

Nape´-crest , n. (Zoöl.) An African bird of the genus Schizorhis, related to the plantain eaters.

Na´per•y , n.; pl. Naperies (#). [OF. naperie, fr. nape a tablecloth, F. nappe, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa. See Map, and cf. Apron, Napkin.] Table linen; also linen clothing, or linen in general. [Obs.] Gayton.

Na´pha wa•ter [Sp. nafa, from Ar. napha odor.] A perfume distilled from orange flowers.

Na´phew , n. (Bot.) See Navew.

Naph´tha , n. [L. naphtha, Gr. , fr.Ar. nafth, nifth.] 1. (Chem.) The complex mixture of volatile, liquid, inflammable hydrocarbons, occurring naturally, and usually called crude petroleum, mineral oil, or rock oil. Specifically: That portion of the distillate obtained in the refinement of petroleum which is intermediate between the lighter gasoline and the heavier benzine, and has a specific gravity of about 0.7, — used as a solvent for varnishes, as a carburetant, illuminant, etc. 2. (Chem.) One of several volatile inflammable liquids obtained by the distillation of certain carbonaceous materials and resembling the naphtha from petroleum; as Boghead naphtha, from Boghead coal (obtained at Boghead, Scotland); crude naphtha, or light oil, from coal tar; wood naphtha, from wood, etc. This term was applied by the earlier chemical writers to a number of volatile, strong smelling, inflammable liquids, chiefly belonging to the ethers, as the sulphate, nitrate, or acetate of ethyl. Watts. Naphtha vitrioli [NL., naphtha of vitriol] (Old Chem.), common ethyl ether; — formerly called sulphuric ether. See Ether.

Naph´tha•late , n. (Chem.) A salt of naphthalic acid; a phthalate. [Obs.]

Naph´tha•lene , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline aromatic hydrocarbon, C10H8, analogous to benzene, and obtained by the distillation of certain bituminous materials, such as the heavy oil of coal tar. It is the type and basis of a large number of derivatives among organic compounds. Formerly called also naphthaline. Naphthalene red (Chem.), a dyestuff obtained from certain diazo derivatives of naphthylamine, and called also magdala red. — Naphthalene yellow (Chem.), a yellow dyestuff obtained from certain nitro derivatives of naphthol.

Naph•tha•len´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to , or derived from, naphthalene; — used specifically to designate a yellow crystalline substance, called naphthalenic acid and also hydroxy quinone, and obtained from certain derivatives of naphthol.

Naph•tha´lic , a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, naphthalene; — used specifically to denote any one of a series of acids derived from naphthalene, and called naphthalene acids. (b) Formerly, designating an acid probably identical with phthalic acid.

Naph•thal´i•dine , n. [Naphthalene + toluidine.] (Chem.) Same as Naphthylamine. { Naph´tha•lin , Naph´tha•line } n. [F. naphthaline.] (Chem.) See Naphthalene.

Naph´tha•lize , v. t. (Chem.) To mingle, saturate, or impregnate, with naphtha.

Naph•thaz´a•rin , n. [Naphthalene + alizarin.] (Chem.) A dyestuff, resembling alizarin, obtained from naphthoquinone as a red crystalline substance with a bright green, metallic luster; — called also naphthalizarin.

Naph´thene , n. (Chem.) A peculiar hydrocarbon occuring as an ingredient of Caucasian petroleum.

Naph´thide , n. (Chem.) A compound of naphthalene or its radical with a metallic element; as mercuric naphthide.

Naph•tho´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, naphthalene; — used specifically to designate any one of a series of carboxyl derivatives, called naphthoic acids.

Naph´thol , n. [Naphthalene + -ol.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of hydroxyl derivatives of naphthalene, analogous to phenol. In general they are crystalline substances with a phenol (carbolic) odor. Naphthol blue, Naphthol orange, Naphthol yellow (Chem.), brilliant dyestuffs produced from certain complex nitrogenous derivatives of naphthol or naphthoquinone.

Naph•tho•qui´none , n. [Naphthalene + quinone.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, C10H6O2, analogous to quinone, obtained by oxidizing naphthalene with chromic acid.

Naph´thyl , n. [Naphthalene + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical regarded as the essential residue of naphthalene.

Naph•thyl•am´ine , n. (Chem.) One of two basic amido derivatives of naphthalene, C10H7.NH2, forming crystalline solids. { Na•pie´ri•an , Na•pe´ri•an , } , a. Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Napier, or Naper. Naperian logarithms. See under Logarithms. { Na´pi•er’s bones• , Na´pi•er’s rods• }. A set of rods, made of bone or other material, each divided into nine spaces, and containing the numbers of a column of the multiplication table; — a contrivance of Baron Napier, the inventor of logarithms, for facilitating the operations of multiplication and division.

Na´pi•form , a. [L. napus turnip + -form: cf. F. napiforme. Cf. Navew.] (Bot.) Turnip-shaped; large and round in the upper part, and very slender below.

Nap´kin , n. [Dim. of OF. nape a tablecloth, cloth, F. nappe, L. mappa. See Napery.] 1. A little towel, or small cloth, esp. one for wiping the fingers and mouth at table. 2. A handkerchief. [Obs.] Shak. Napkin pattern. See Linen scroll, under Linen. — Napkin ring, a ring of metal, ivory, or other material, used to inclose a table napkin.

Nap´less, a. Without nap; threadbare. Shak.

Na´ples yel´low See under Yellow.

Na•po´le•on , n. [From the Emperor Napoleon 1.] A French gold coin of twenty francs, or about $3.86.

Na•po•le•on´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Napoleon I., or his family; resembling, or having the qualities of, Napoleon I. Lowell.

Na•po´le•on•ist , n. A supporter of the dynasty of the Napoleons.

Nappe , n. [F. nappe cloth, sheet. See Napery.] (Geom.) Sheet; surface; all that portion of a surface that is continuous in such a way that it is possible to pass from any one point of the portion to any other point of the portion without leaving the surface. Thus, some hyperboloids have one nappe, and some have two.

Nap´pi•ness , n. [From 2d Nappy.] The quality of having a nap; abundance of nap, as on cloth.

Nap´ping , n. 1. The act or process of raising a nap, as on cloth. 2. (Hat Making) A sheet of partially felted fur before it is united to the hat body. Knight.

Nap´py , a. [From 1st Nap.] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy; as to feel nappy. 2. Tending to cause sleepiness; serving to make sleepy; strong; heady; as nappy ale. [Obs.] Wyatt.

Nap´py, a. [From 3d Nap.] Having a nap or pile; downy; shaggy. Holland.

Nap´py, n.; pl. Nappies (#). [OE. nap, AS. hnaep cup, bowl. See Hanaper.] A round earthen dish, with a flat bottom and sloping sides. [Written also nappie.]

Nap´-tak•ing , n. A taking by surprise; an unexpected onset or attack. Carew.

Na•pu´ , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A very small chevrotain (Tragulus Javanicus), native of Java. It is about the size of a hare, and is noted for its agility in leaping. Called also Java musk deer, pygmy musk deer, and deerlet.

Na´pus , n. [L.] (Bot.) A kind of turnip. See Navew.

Nar´ce•ine , n. [L. narce numbness, torpor, Gr. : cf. F. narceïne.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in small quantities in opium, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a bitter astringent taste. It is a narcotic. Called also narceia.

Nar•cis´sine , a. Of or pertaining to Narcissus.

Nar•cis´sus , n.; pl. Narcissuses (#). [L. narcissus, and (personified) Narcissus, Gr. na•rkissos, Na•rkissos, fr. na•rkh torpor, in allusion to the narcotic properties of the flower. Cf. Narcotic.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of endogenous bulbous plants with handsome flowers, having a cup-shaped crown within the six-lobed perianth, and comprising the daffodils and jonquils of several kinds. 2. (Classical Myth.) A beautiful youth fabled to have been enamored of his own image as seen in a fountain, and to have been changed into the flower called Narcissus.

Nar•co´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. na•rkwsis. See Narcotic.] (Med.) Privation of sense or consciousness, due to a narcotic.

Nar•cot´ic , a. [F. narcotique, Gr. , fr. to benumb, na•rkh numbness, torpor.] (Med.) Having the properties of a narcotic; operating as a narcotic. — Nar•cot´ic•ness, n.

Nar•cot´ic , n. (Med.) A drug which, in medicinal doses, generally allays morbid susceptibility, relieves pain, and produces sleep; but which, in poisonous doses, produces stupor, coma, or convulsions, and, when given in sufficient quantity, causes death. The best examples are opium (with morphine), belladonna (with atropine), and conium. “Nercotykes and opye (opium) of Thebes.” Chaucer.

Nar•cot´ic•al , a. Narcotic. — Nar•cot´ic•al•ly, adv.

Nar´co•tine , n. [Cf. F. narcotine. Cf. Cotarnine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in opium, and extracted as a white crystalline substance, tasteless and less poisonous than morphine; — called also narcotia.

Nar•co•tin´ic , a. Pertaining to narcotine.

Nar´co•tism , n. [Cf. F. narcotisme.] Narcosis; the state of being narcotized. G. Eliot.

Nar´co•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narcotized p. pr. & vb. n. Narcotizing ] To imbue with, or subject to the influence of, a narcotic; to put into a state of narcosis.

Nard , n. [AS., fr. L. nardus, Gr. ; cf. Heb. nêrd, Per. nard, Scr. nalada.] 1. (Bot.) An East Indian plant (Nardostachys Jatamansi) of the Valerian family, used from remote ages in Oriental perfumery. 2. An ointment prepared partly from this plant. See Spikenard. 3. (Bot.) A kind of grass (Nardus stricta) of little value, found in Europe and Asia.

Nard´ine , a. [L. nardinus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to nard; having the qualities of nard.

Nar•doo´ , n. (Bot.) An Australian name for Marsilea Drummondii, a four-leaved cryptogamous plant, sometimes used for food.

Nare , n. [L. naris.] A nostril. [R.] B. Jonson.

Na´res , n. pl. [L., pl. of naris nostril.] (Anat.) The nostrils or nasal openings, — the anterior nares being the external or proper nostrils, and the posterior nares, the openings of the nasal cavities into the mouth or pharynx. { Nar´gile , Nar´gi•leh } n. [Per. narghil, prop., a cocoanut; prob. so called because first made of a cocoanut.] An apparatus for smoking tobacco. It has a long flexible tube, and the smoke is drawn through water.

Nar´i•ca , n. (Zoöl.) The brown coati. See Coati.

Nar´i•form , a. [L. naris nostril + -form. See Nose.] Formed like the nose.

Nar´ine , a. Of or belonging to the nostrils.

Nar´ra•ble , a. [L. narrabilis, fr. narrare to narrate.] Capable of being narrated or told. [Obs.]

Nar•ra•gan´setts , n. pl.; sing. Narragansett . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited the shores of Narragansett Bay.

Nar•rate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Narrating.] [L. narratus, p. p. of narrare to narrate, prob. for gnarigare, fr. gnarus knowing. See Ignore, Know.] To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story; to relate the particulars of; to go through with in detail, as an incident or transaction; to give an account of. Syn. — To relate; recount; detail; describe.

Nar•ra´tion , n. [L. narratio: cf. F. narration.] 1. The act of telling or relating the particulars of an event; rehearsal; recital. 2. That which is related; the relation in words or writing of the particulars of any transaction or event, or of any series of transactions or events; story; history. 3. (Rhet.) That part of a discourse which recites the time, manner, or consequences of an action, or simply states the facts connected with the subject. Syn. — Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; description; explanation; detail; narrative; story; tale; history. See Account.

Nar´ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. narratif.] 1. Of or pertaining to narration; relating to the particulars of an event or transaction. 2. Apt or inclined to relate stories, or to tell particulars of events; story-telling; garrulous. “But wise through time, and narrative with age.” Pope.

Nar´ra•tive, n. That which is narrated; the recital of a story; a continuous account of the particulars of an event or transaction; a story. “Cyntio was much taken with my narrative.” Tatler. Syn. — Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; narration; story; tale. See Account.

Nar´ra•tive•ly, adv. In the style of narration.

Nar•ra´tor , n. [L.] One who narrates; one who relates a series of events or transactions.

Nar´ra•to•ry , a. Giving an account of events; narrative; as narratory letters. Howell.

Narre , a. Nearer. [Obs.] Spenser.

Nar´row , a. [Compar. Narrower superl. Narrowest.] [OE. narwe, naru, AS. nearu; akin to OS. naru, naro.] 1. Of little breadth; not wide or broad; having little distance from side to side; as a narrow board; a narrow street; a narrow hem. “Hath passed in safety through the narrow seas.” Shak. 2. Of little extent; very limited; circumscribed. “The Jews were but a small nation, and confined to a narrow compass in the world.” Bp. Wilkins. 3. Having but a little margin; having barely sufficient space, time, or number, etc.; close; near; — with special reference to some peril or misfortune; as a narrow shot; a narrow escape; a narrow majority. Dryden. 4. Limited as to means; straitened; pinching; as narrow circumstances. 5. Contracted; of limited scope; illiberal; bigoted; as a narrow mind; narrow views. ´A narrow understanding.´ Macaulay. 6. Parsimonious; niggardly; covetous; selfish. “A very narrow and stinted charity.” Smalridge. 7. Scrutinizing in detail; close; accurate; exact. “But first with narrow search I must walk round
This garden, and no corner leave unspied.” Milton. 8. (Phon.) Formed (as a vowel) by a close position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate; or (according to Bell) by a tense condition of the pharynx; — distinguished from wide; as e (eve) and oo (food), etc., from i (ill) and oo (foot), etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 13. Narrow is not unfrequently prefixed to words, especially to participles and adjectives, forming compounds of obvious signification; as narrow-bordered, narrow- brimmed, narrow-breasted, narrow-edged, narrow- faced, narrow-headed, narrow-leaved, narrow- pointed, narrow-souled, narrow-sphered, etc. Narrow gauge. (Railroad) See Note under Gauge, n., 6.

Nar´row , n.; pl. Narrows . A narrow passage; esp., a contracted part of a stream, lake, or sea; a strait connecting two bodies of water; — usually in the plural; as The Narrows of New York harbor. “Near the island lay on one side the jaws of a dangerous
narrow.” Gladstone.

Nar´row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Narrowing.] [AS. nearwian.] 1. To lessen the breadth of; to contract; to draw into a smaller compass; to reduce the width or extent of. Sir W. Temple. 2. To contract the reach or sphere of; to make less liberal or more selfish; to limit; to confine; to restrict; as to narrow one’s views or knowledge; to narrow a question in discussion. “Our knowledge is much more narrowed if we confine ourselves to our own solitary reasonings.” I. Watts. 3. (Knitting) To contract the size of, as a stocking, by taking two stitches into one.

Nar´row, v. i. 1. To become less broad; to contract; to become narrower; as the sea narrows into a strait. 2. (Man.) Not to step out enough to the one hand or the other; as a horse narrows. Farrier’s Dict. 3. (Knitting) To contract the size of a stocking or other knit article, by taking two stitches into one.

Nar´row•er , n. One who, or that which, narrows or contracts. Hannah More.

Nar´row•ing, n. 1. The act of contracting, or of making or becoming less in breadth or extent. 2. The part of a stocking which is narrowed.

Nar´row•ly, adv. [AS. nearulice.] 1. With little breadth; in a narrow manner. 2. Without much extent; contractedly. 3. With minute scrutiny; closely; as to look or watch narrowly; to search narrowly. 4. With a little margin or space; by a small distance; hence, closely; hardly; barely; only just; — often with reference to an avoided danger or misfortune; as he narrowly escaped. 5. Sparingly; parsimoniously.

Nar´row-mind•ed , a. Of narrow mental scope; illiberal; mean. — Nar´row- mind•ed•ness, n.

Nar´row•ness, n. [AS. nearunes.] The condition or quality of being narrow.

Nart [For ne art.] Art not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nar´thex , n. [L., giant fennel, Gr. .] 1. (Bot.) A tall umbelliferous plant (Ferula communis). See Giant fennel, under Fennel. 2. (Arch.) The portico in front of ancient churches; sometimes, the atrium or outer court surrounded by ambulatories; — used, generally, for any vestibule, lobby, or outer porch, leading to the nave of a church.

Nar´wal , n. (Zoöl.) See Narwhal.

Nar´we , a. Narrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nar´whal , n. [Sw. or Dan. narvhal; akin to Icel. nahvalr, and E. whale. the first syllable is perh. from Icel. nar corpse, dead body, in allusion to the whitish color its skin. See Whale.] [Written also narwhale.] (Zoöl.) An arctic cetacean (Monodon monocerous), about twenty feet long. The male usually has one long, twisted, pointed canine tooth, or tusk projecting forward from the upper jaw like a horn, whence it is called also sea unicorn, unicorn fish, and unicorn whale. Sometimes two horns are developed, side by side.

Nas (näz). [For ne was.] Was not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nas. [Contr. fr. ne has.] Has not. [Obs.] Spenser.

Na´sal (na´zal), a. [F., from L. nasus the nose. See Nose.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nose. 2. (Phon.) Having a quality imparted by means of the nose; and specifically, made by lowering the soft palate, in some cases with closure of the oral passage, the voice thus issuing (wholly or partially) through the nose, as in the consonants m, n, ng (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 20, 208); characterized by resonance in the nasal passage; as a nasal vowel; a nasal utterance. Nasal bones (Anat.), two bones of the skull, in front of the frontals. — Nasal index (Anat.), in the skull, the ratio of the transverse the base of the aperture to the nasion, which latter distance is taken as the standard, equal to 100.

Na´sal, n. 1. An elementary sound which is uttered through the nose, or through both the nose and the mouth simultaneously. 2. (Med.) A medicine that operates through the nose; an errhine. [Archaic] 3. (Anc. Armor) Part of a helmet projecting to protect the nose; a nose guard. 4. (Anat.) One of the nasal bones. 5. (Zoöl.) A plate, or scale, on the nose of a fish, etc.

Na•sal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. nasalite.] The quality or state of being nasal.

Na•sal•i•za´tion , n. The act of nasalizing, or the state of being nasalized.

Na´sal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nasalized p. pr. & vb. n. Nasalizing ] To render nasal, as sound; to insert a nasal or sound in.

Na´sal•ize, v. t. To utter words or letters with a nasal sound; to speak through the nose.

Na´sal•ly, adv. In a nasal manner; by the nose.

Nas´cal , n. [F. nascale.] (Med.) A kind of pessary of medicated wool or cotton, formerly used.

Nas´cen•cy , n. [L. nascentia. See Nascent.] State of being nascent; birth; beginning; origin.

Nas´cent , a. [L. nascens, -entis, p. pr. nasci to be born. See Nation, and cf. Naissant.] 1. Commencing, or in process of development; beginning to exist or to grow; coming into being; as a nascent germ. “Nascent passions and anxieties.” Berkley. 2. (Chem.) Evolving; being evolved or produced. Nascent state (Chem.), the supposed instantaneous or momentary state of an uncombined atom or radical just separated from one compound acid, and not yet united with another, — a hypothetical condition implying peculiarly active chemical properties; as hydrogen in the nascent state is a strong reducer.

Nase´ber•ry , n. [Sp. nispero medlar and naseberry tree, fr. L. mespilus. See Medlar.] (Bot.) A tropical fruit. See Sapodilla. [Written also nisberry.]

Nash , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Firm; stiff; hard; also chilly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Nas•i•cor´nous , a. [L. nasus nose + cornu horn: cf. F. nasicorne.] (Zoöl.) Bearing a horn, or horns, on the nose, as the rhinoceros.

Nas´i•form , a. [L. nasus nose + -form. See Nose, and cf. Nariform.] Having the shape of a nose.

Na•si•on , n. [NL., fr. L. nasus nose.] (Anat.) The middle point of the nasofrontal suture.

Na´so- . [L. nasus nose.] (Anat.) A combining form denoting pertaining to, or connected with, the nose; as nasofrontal.

Na´so•buc´cal , a. [Naso + buccal.] (Anat.) Connected with both the nose and the mouth; as the nasobuccal groove in the skate.

Na•so•fron´tal , a. [Naso- + frontal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nose and the front of the head; as the embryonic nasofrontal process which forms the anterior boundary of the mouth.

Na•so•lach´ry•mal , a. [Naso- + lachrymal.] (Anat.) Connected with the lachrymal apparatus and the nose; as the nasolachrymal, or lachrymal duct. { Na•so•pal´a•tal , Na•so•pal´a•tine }, a. [Naso- + palatal.] (Anat.) Connected with both the nose and the palate; as the nasopalatine or incisor, canal connecting the mouth and the nasal chamber in some animals; the nasopalatine nerve.

Na•so•phar•yn•ge´al (? or ), a. [Naso- + pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both throat and nose; as a nasopharyngeal polypus.

Na•so•sep´tal , a. [Naso- + septal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the internasal septum.

Na•so•tur´bi•nal , a. [Naso- + turbinal.] (Anat.) Connected with, or near, both the turbinal and the nasal bones; as the nasalturbinal bone, made up of the uppermost lammelae of the ethmoturbinal, and sometimes united with the nasal. — n. The nasoturbinal bone.

Nas´sa , n.; pl. E. Nassas (#), L. NassAE (#). [From L. nassa a kind of basket, in allusion to the reticulation of some species.] (Zoöl.) Any species of marine gastropods, of the genera Nassa, Tritia, and other allied genera of the family Nassidae; a dog whelk. See Illust. under Gastropoda. — nas´soid (#), a.

Nas´ti•ly , adv. In a nasty manner.

Nas´ti•ness, n. The quality or state of being nasty; extreme filthness; dirtiness; also indecency; obscenity. “The nastiness of Plautus and Aristophanes.” Dryden.

Nas•tur´tion , n. [See Nasturtium.] (Bot.) Same as Nasturtium.

Nas•tur´tium , n. [L. nasturtium, for nasitortium, fr. nasus nose + torquere, tortum, to twist, torture, in allusion to the causing one to make a wry face by its pungent taste. See Nose of the face, and Torture.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, having white or yellowish flowers, including several species of cress. They are found chiefly in wet or damp grounds, and have a pungent biting taste. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Tropaeolum, geraniaceous herbs, having mostly climbing stems, peltate leaves, and spurred flowers, and including the common Indian cress (Tropaeolum majus), the canary-bird flower (T. peregrinum), and about thirty more species, all natives of South America. The whole plant has a warm pungent flavor, and the fleshy fruits are used as a substitute for capers, while the leaves and flowers are sometimes used in salads.

Nas´ty , a. [Compar. Nastier ; superl. Nastiest.] [For older nasky; cf. dial. Sw. naskug, nasket.] 1. Offensively filthy; very dirty, foul, or defiled; disgusting; nauseous. 2. Hence, loosely: Offensive; disagreeable; unpropitious; wet; drizzling; as a nasty rain, day, sky. 3. Characterized by obscenity; indecent; indelicate; gross; filthy. Syn. — Nasty, Filthy, Foul, Dirty. Anything nasty is usually wet or damp as well as filthy or dirty, and disgusts by its stickiness or odor; but filthy and foul imply that a thing is filled or covered with offensive matter, while dirty describes it as defiled or sullied with dirt of any kind; as filthy clothing, foul vapors, etc.

Na´sute , a. [L. nasutus, fr. nasus the nose.] 1. Having a nice sense of smell. [Obs.] Evelyn. 2. Critically nice; captious. [Obs.] auden.

Na´sut•ness, n. Quickness of scent; hence, nice discernment; acuteness. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Nat , adv. Not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nat [For ne at.] Not at; nor at. [Obs.] haucer.

Na´tal , a. [L. natalis, fr. natus, p. p. of nasci to be born: cf. F. natal. See Nation, and cf. Noel.] 1. Of or pertaining to one’s birth; accompying or dating from one’s birth; native. “Princes’ children took names from their natal places.” Camden. “Propitious star, whose sacred power
Presided o’er the monarch’s natal hour.” Prior. 2. (Actrol.) Presiding over nativity; as natal Jove. Syn. — Native, natural. See Native. { Na•ta•li´tial , Na•ta•li´tious }, a. [L. natalitius, from natalis. See Natal.] Of or pertaining to one’s birth or birthday, or one’s nativity. [Obs.] ´Natalitial poplar.´ Evelyn. ´Natalitious fire.´ W. Cartwright.

Na•tal´o•in , n. [From Natal aloes.] (Chem.) A bitter crystalline substance constituting the essential principle of Natal aloes. Cf. Aloon.

Na•tal´ plum (Bot.) The drupaceous fruit of two South African shrubs of the genus Arduina (A. bispinosa and A. grandiflora).

Na´tals , n. pl. One’s birth, or the circumstances attending it. [Obs.] Fitz- Geffry.

Na´tant , a. [L. natans, - antis, from swim, v. intens. fr. nare to swim: cf. F. natant.] 1. (Bot.) Floating in water, as the leaves of water lilies, or submersed, as those of many aquatic plants. 2. (Her.) Placed horizontally across the field, as if swimming toward the dexter side; said of all sorts of fishes except the flying fish.

Na´tant•ly , adv. In a floating manner; swimmingly.

Na•ta´tion , n. [L. natatio, fr. natare to swim: cf. F. natation. See Natant.] The act of floating on the water; swimming. Sir T. Browne.

Na•ta•to´res , n. pl. [L. natator a swimmer.] (Zoöl.) The swimming birds. They were formerly united into one order, which is now considered an artificial group.

Na•ta•to´rial , a. Inclined or adapted to swim; swimming; as natatorial birds.

Na•ta•to´ri•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Adapted for swimming; — said of the legs of certain insects.

Na•ta•to´rium , n. [L.] A swimming bath.

Na´ta•to•ry , a. [L. natatorius.] Adapted for swimming or floating; as natatory organs.

Natch , n. [OF. nache fesse, LL. natica, from L. natis the rump, buttocks. Cf. Aitchbone.] The rump of beef; esp., the lower and back part of the rump. Natch bone, the edgebone, or aitchbone, in beef.

Natch´ez , n. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly lived near the site of the city of Natchez, Mississippi. In 1729 they were subdued by the French; the survivors joined the Creek Confederacy.

Natch´nee , n. (Bot.) An annual grass (Eleusine coracona), cultivated in India as a food plant.

Na´tes , n. pl. [L., the buttocks.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The buttocks. (b) The two anterior of the four lobes on the dorsal side of the midbrain of most mammals; the anterior optic lobes. 2. (Zoöl.) The umbones of a bivalve shell.

Nath [Contr. fr. ne hath,] hath not. [Obs.]

Nath´less , adv. [OE. natheles, na the les, not the less, AS. na never. See Na, The, conj., and cf. Nevertheless.] Nevertheless. [Archaic] Chaucer. Milton. E. Arnold.

Nath´more , adv. [OE. na the more.] Not the more; never the more. [Obs.] penser.

Nat´i•ca , n.; pl. Naticas , L. NaticAE (- se). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods belonging to Natica, Lunatia, Neverita, and other allied genera (family Naticidae.) They burrow beneath the sand, or mud, and drill other shells.

Nat´i•coid , a. [Natica + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to Natica, or the family Naticidae.

Na´tion , n. [F. nation, L. natio nation, race, orig., a being born, fr. natus, p. p. of nasci, to be born, for gnatus, gnasci, from the same root as E. kin. rad.44. See Kin kindred, and cf. Cognate, Natal, Native.] 1. (Ethnol.) A part, or division, of the people of the earth, distinguished from the rest by common descent, language, or institutions; a race; a stock. “All nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues.” Rev. vii. 9. 2. The body of inhabitants of a country, united under an independent government of their own. “A nation is the unity of a people.” Coleridge. “Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation.” F. S. Key. 3. Family; lineage. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (a) One of the divisions of university students in a classification according to nativity, formerly common in Europe. (b) (Scotch Universities) One of the four divisions (named from the parts of Scotland) in which students were classified according to their nativity. 5. A great number; a great deal; — by way of emphasis; as a nation of herbs. Sterne. Five nations. See under Five. — Law of nations. See International law, under International, and Law. Syn. — people; race. See People.

Na´tion•al ( 277), a. [Cf. F. national.] 1. Of or pertaining to a nation; common to a whole people or race; public; general; as a national government, language, dress, custom, calamity, etc. 2. Attached to one’s own country or nation. National anthem, a popular song or hymn which has become by general acceptance the recognized musical expression of the patriotic sentiment of a nation; as ´God save the King´ is called the national anthem of England. — National bank, the official common name of a class of banking corporations established under the laws of the United States. — National flag. See under Flag. — National guard, a body of militia, or a local military organization, as in Paris during the French Revolution, or as certain bodies of militia in other European countries and in the United States. — National salute, a salute consisting of as many guns as there are States in the Union. [U.S.]

Na´tion•al•ism , n. 1. The state of being national; national attachment; nationality. 2. An idiom, trait, or character peculiar to any nation. 3. National independence; the principles of the Nationalists.

Na´tion•al•ist, n. One who advocates national unity and independence; one of a party favoring Irish independence.

Na•tion•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Nationalities (#). [Cf. F. nationalite.] 1. The quality of being national, or strongly attached to one’s own nation; patriotism. 2. The sum of the qualities which distinguish a nation; national character. 3. A race or people, as determined by common language and character, and not by political bias or divisions; a nation. “the fulfillment of his mission is to be looked for in the condition of nationalities and the character of peoples.” H. W. Beecher. 4. Existence as a distinct or individual nation; national unity and integrity. 5. The state or quality of belonging to or being connected with a nation or government by nativity, character, ownership, allegiance, etc.

Na•tion•al•i•za´tion , n. The act of nationalizing, or the state of being nationalized.

Na´tion•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nationalized p. pr. & vb. n. Nationalizing ] [Cf. F. nationaliser.] To make national; to make a nation of; to endow with the character and habits of a nation, or the peculiar sentiments and attachment of citizens of a nation.

Na´tion•al•ly, adv. In a national manner or way; as a nation. ´The jews … being nationally espoused to God by covenant.´ South.

Na´tion•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being national; nationality. Johnson.

Na´tive , a. [F. natif, L. nativus, fr. nasci, p. p. natus. See Nation, and cf. Naïve, Nelf a serf.] 1. Arising by birth; having an origin; born. [Obs.] “Anaximander’s opinion is, that the gods are native, rising and vanishing again in long periods of times.” Cudworth. 2. Of or pertaining to one’s birth; natal; belonging to the place or the circumstances in which one is born; — opposed to foreign; as native land, language, color, etc. 3. Born in the region in which one lives; as a native inhabitant, race; grown or originating in the region where used or sold; not foreign or imported; as native oysters, or strawberries. 4. Original; constituting the original substance of anything; as native dust. Milton. 5. Conferred by birth; derived from origin; born with one; inherent; inborn; not acquired; as native genius, cheerfulness, simplicity, rights, etc. “Courage is native to you.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). 6. Naturally related; cognate; connected (with). [R.] “the head is not more native to the heart, …
Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father.” Shak. 7. (Min.) (a) Found in nature uncombined with other elements; as native silver. (b) Found in nature; not artificial; as native sodium chloride. Native American party. See under American, a. — Native bear (Zoöl.), the koala. — Native bread (Bot.), a large underground fungus, of Australia (Mylitta australis), somewhat resembling a truffle, but much larger. — Native devil. (Zoöl.) Same as Tasmanian devil, under Devil. — Native hen (Zoöl.), an Australian rail (Tribonyx Mortierii). — Native pheasant. (Zoöl.) See Leipoa. — Native rabbit (Zoöl.), an Australian marsupial (Perameles lagotis) resembling a rabbit in size and form. — Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala. — Native thrush (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird (Pachycephala olivacea); — called also thickhead. — Native turkey (Zoöl.), the Australian bustard (Choriotis australis); — called also bebilya. Syn. — Natural; natal; original; congential. — Native, Natural, Natal. natural refers to the nature of a thing, or that which springs therefrom; native, to one’s birth or origin; as a native country, language, etc.; natal, to the circumstances of one’s birth; as a natal day, or star. Native talent is that which is inborn; natural talent is that which springs from the structure of the mind. Native eloquence is the result of strong innate emotion; natural eloquence is opposed to that which is studied or artificial.

Na´tive , n. 1. One who, or that which, is born in a place or country referred to; a denizen by birth; an animal, a fruit, or vegetable, produced in a certain region; as a native of France. 2. (Stock Breeding) Any of the live stock found in a region, as distinguished from such as belong to pure and distinct imported breeds. [U.S.]

Na´tive•ly, adv. By natural or original condition; naturally; originally.

Na´tive•ness, n. The quality or state of being native.

Na´tiv•ism , n. 1. The disposition to favor the native inhabitants of a country, in preference to immigrants from foreign countries. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine of innate ideas or that the mind possesses forms of thought independent of sensation.

Na´tiv•ist , n. An advocate of nativism.

Na•tiv•is´tic , a. Relating to nativism.

Na•tiv´i•ty , n.; pl. Nativies (#). [F. nativite, L. nativitas. See Native, and cf. Naïvete.] 1. The coming into life or into the world; birth; also the circumstances attending birth, as time, place, manner, etc. Chaucer. “I have served him from the hour of my nativity.” Shak. “Thou hast left … the land of thy nativity.” Ruth ii. 11. “These in their dark nativity the deep
Shall yield us, pregnant with infernal flame.” Milton. 2. (Fine Arts) A picture representing or symbolizing the early infancy of Christ. The simplest form is the babe in a rude cradle, and the heads of an ox and an ass to express the stable in which he was born. 3. (Astrol.) A representation of the positions of the heavenly bodies as the moment of one’s birth, supposed to indicate his future destinies; a horoscope. The Nativity, the birth or birthday of Christ; Christmas day. — To cast, or calculate, one’s nativity (Astrol.), to find out and represent the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one’s birth.

Nat´ka , a. (Zoöl.) A species of shrike.

Na´tri•um , n. [NL. See Natron.] (Chem.) The technical name for sodium.

Na´tro•lite ( 277), n. [Natron + -lite: cf. F. natrolithe.] (Min.) A zeolite occuring in groups of glassy acicular crystals, and in masses which often have a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and soda.

Na´tron , n. [F., fr. Sp. natron, Ar. natrun, nitrun. Cf. Niter, Anatron.] (Min.) Native sodium carbonate. [Written also anatron.]

Nat´ter , v. i. [Cf. Icel. knetta to grumble.] To find fault; to be peevish. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

Nat´ter•jack , n. (Zoöl.) A European toad (Bufo calamita), having a yellow line along its back.

Nat´ty , a. [Cf. Neat clean.] Neat; tidy; spruce. [Colloq.] — Nat´ti•ly, adv. — Nat´ti•ness, n.

Nat´u•ral ( 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color. “With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.” Macaulay. 2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as the natural consequence of crime; a natural death. “What can be more natural than the circumstances in the behavior of those women who had lost their husbands on this fatal day?” Addison. 3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with, or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or experience; not supernatural; as a natural law; natural science; history, theology. “I call that natural religion which men might know … by the mere principles of reason, improved by consideration and experience, without the help of revelation.” Bp. Wilkins. 4. Conformed to truth or reality; as: (a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or exaggerated; — said of action, delivery, etc.; as a natural gesture, tone, etc. (b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature; according to the life; — said of anything copied or imitated; as a portrait is natural. 5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to one’s position; not unnatural in feelings. “To leave his wife, to leave his babes, …
He wants the natural touch.” Shak. 6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. ´Natural friends.´ J. H. Newman. 7. Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as a natural child. 8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate. “The natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God.” 1 Cor. ii. 14. 9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some system, in which the base is 1; — said or certain functions or numbers; as natural numbers, those commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken in arcs whose radii are 1. 10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. Chaucer. — Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas. etc. — Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. — Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of botany, zoölogy, geology, mineralogy, paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zoölogy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. — Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. — Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. — Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order. — Natural person. (Law) See under person, n. — Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called physics, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; — contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. — Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale — Natural science, natural history, in its broadest sense; — used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. — Natural selection (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See Darwinism. — Natural system (Bot. & Zoöl.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. “It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions.” Gray. — Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; — distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3. — Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; — so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel, under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, § 17. Syn. — See Native.

Nat´u•ral ( 135), n. 1. A native; an aboriginal. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. pl. Natural gifts, impulses, etc. [Obs.] Fuller. 3. One born without the usual powers of reason or understanding; an idiot. ´The minds of naturals.´ Locke. 4. (Mus.) A character [&natural;] used to contradict, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat which has preceded it, and to restore the unaltered note.

Nat´u•ral•ism , n. [Cf. F. naturalisme.] 1. A state of nature; conformity to nature. 2. (Metaph.) The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in spiritual influences; also any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature to a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by one intelligent will.

Nat´u•ral•ist, n. [Cf. F. naturaliste.] 1. One versed in natural science; a student of natural history, esp. of the natural history of animals. 2. One who holds or maintains the doctrine of naturalism in religion. H. Bushnell.

Nat•u•ral•is´tic , a. 1. Belonging to the doctrines of naturalism. 2. Closely resembling nature; realistic. ´Naturalistic bit of pantomime.´ W. D. Howells.

Nat•u•ral´i•ty , n. [L. naturalitas: cf. F. naturalite.] Nature; naturalness. [R.]

Nat•u•ral•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. naturalisation.] The act or process of naturalizing, esp. of investing an alien with the rights and privileges of a native or citizen; also the state of being naturalized.

Nat´u•ral•ize ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Naturalized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Naturalizing (#).] [Cf. F. naturaliser. See Natural.] 1. To make natural; as custom naturalizes labor or study. 2. To confer the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on; to make as if native; to adopt, as a foreigner into a nation or state, and place in the condition of a native subject. 3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular; to make one’s own; as to naturalize foreign words. 4. To adapt; to accustom; to habituate; to acclimate; to cause to grow as under natural conditions. “Its wearer suggested that pears and peaches might yet be naturalized in the New England climate.” Hawthorne.

Nat´u•ral•ize, v. i. 1. To become as if native. 2. To explain phenomena by natural agencies or laws, to the exclusion of the supernatural. “Infected by this naturalizing tendency.” H. Bushnell.

Nat´u•ral•ly, adv. In a natural manner or way; according to the usual course of things; spontaneously.

Nat´u•ral•ness, n. The state or quality of being natural; conformity to nature.

Na´ture ( 135), n. [F., fr. L. natura, fr. natus born, produced, p. p. of nasci to be born. See Nation.] 1. The existing system of things; the world of matter, or of matter and mind; the creation; the universe. “But looks through nature up to nature’s God.” Pope. “Nature has caprices which art can not imitate.” Macaulay. 2. The personified sum and order of causes and effects; the powers which produce existing phenomena, whether in the total or in detail; the agencies which carry on the processes of creation or of being; — often conceived of as a single and separate entity, embodying the total of all finite agencies and forces as disconnected from a creating or ordering intelligence. “I oft admire
How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit
Such disproportions.” Milton. 3. The established or regular course of things; usual order of events; connection of cause and effect. 4. Conformity to that which is natural, as distinguished from that which is artificial, or forced, or remote from actual experience. “One touch of nature makes the whole world kin.” Shak. 5. The sum of qualities and attributes which make a person or thing what it is, as distinct from others; native character; inherent or essential qualities or attributes; peculiar constitution or quality of being. “Thou, therefore, whom thou only canst redeem,
Their nature also to thy nature join,
And be thyself man among men on earth.” Milton. 6. Hence: Kind, sort; character; quality. “A dispute of this nature caused mischief.” Dryden. 7. Physical constitution or existence; the vital powers; the natural life. ´My days of nature.´ Shak. “Oppressed nature sleeps.” Shak. 8. Natural affection or reverence. “Have we not seen
The murdering son ascend his parent’s bed,
Through violated nature foce his way?” Pope. 9. Constitution or quality of mind or character. “A born devil, on whose nature
Nurture can never stick.” Shak. “That reverence which is due to a superior nature.” Addison. Good nature, Ill nature. see under Good and Ill. — In a state of nature. (a) Naked as when born; nude. (b) In a condition of sin; unregenerate. (c) Untamed; uncvilized. — Nature printng, a process of printing from metallic or other plates which have received an impression, as by heavy pressure, of an object such as a leaf, lace, or the like. — Nature worship, the worship of the personified powers of nature. — To pay the debt of nature, to die.

Na´ture, v. t. To endow with natural qualities. [Obs.] “He [God] which natureth every kind.” Gower.

Na´tured ( 135), a. Having (such) a nature, temper, or disposition; disposed; — used in composition; as good-natured, ill-natured, etc.

Na´ture•less , a. Not in accordance with nature; unnatural. [Obs.] Milton.

Na´tur•ism , n. (Med.) The belief or doctrine that attributes everything to nature as a sanative agent.

Na´tur•ist, n. One who believes in, or conforms to, the theory of naturism. Boyle.

Na•tu´ri•ty , n. The quality or state of being produced by nature. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Na´tur•ize , v. t. To endow with a nature or qualities; to refer to nature. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Nau´frage ( 48), n. [F., fr. L. naufragium; navis + frangere.] Shipwreck; ruin. [Obs.] acon.

Nau´fra•gous , a. [L. naufragus. See Naufrage.] causing shipwreck. [Obs.] r. Taylor.

Naught , n. [OE. naught, nought, naht, nawiht, AS. nwiht, nuht, nht; ne not + ever + wiht thing, whit; hence, not ever a whit. See No, adv. Whit, and cf. Aught, Not.] 1. Nothing. [Written also nought.] “Doth Job fear God for naught?” Job i. 9. 2. The arithmetical character 0; a cipher. See Cipher. To set at naught, to treat as of no account; to disregard; to despise; to defy; to treat with ignominy. ´Ye have set at naught all my counsel.´ Prov. i. 25.

Naught, adv. In no degree; not at all. Chaucer. “To wealth or sovereign power he naught applied.” Fairfax.

Naught, a. 1. Of no value or account; worthless; bad; useless. “It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer.” Prov. xx. 14. “Go, get you to your house; begone, away!
All will be naught else.” Shak. “Things naught and things indifferent.” Hooker. 2. Hence, vile; base; naughty. [Obs.] “No man can be stark naught at once.” Fuller.

Naugh´ti•ly , adv. In a naughty manner; wickedly; perversely. Shak.

Naugh´ti•ness, n. The quality or state of being naughty; perverseness; badness; wickedness. “I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart.” 1 Sam. xvii. 28.

Naught´ly , adv. Naughtily; wrongly. [Obs.] “because my parents naughtly brought me up.” Mir. for Mag.

Naugh´ty , a. [Compar. Naughtier superl. Naughtiest.] 1. Having little or nothing. [Obs.] “[Men] that needy be and naughty, help them with thy goods.” Piers Plowman. 2. Worthless; bad; good for nothing. [Obs.] “The other basket had very naughty figs.” Jer. xxiv. 2. 3. hence, corrupt; wicked. [Archaic] “So shines a good deed in a naughty world.” Shak. 4. Mischievous; perverse; froward; guilty of disobedient or improper conduct; as a naughty child. This word is now seldom used except in the latter sense, as applied to children, or in sportive censure.

Nau´ma•chy , n. [L. naumachia, Gr. ; ship + fight, battle, to fight.] 1. A naval battle; esp., a mock sea fight. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A show or spectacle representing a sea fight; also a place for such exhibitions.

Nau´pli•us , n.; pl. Nauplii (#). [L., a kind of shellfish, fr. Gr. ship + to sail.] (Zoöl.) A crustacean larva having three pairs of locomotive organs (corresponding to the antennules, antennae, and mandibles), a median eye, and little or no segmentation of the body.

Nau•ro•pom´e•ter , n. [Gr. ship + inclination + -meter.] (Naut.) An instrument for measuring the amount which a ship heels at sea.

Naus´co•py , n. [Gr. ship + - scopy: cf. F. nauscopie.] (Naut.) The power or act of discovering ships or land at considerable distances.

Nau´se•a (? or ), n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. ship. See Nave of a church, and cf. Noise.] Seasickness; hence, any similar sickness of the stomach accompanied with a propensity to vomit; qualm; squeamishness of the stomach; loathing.

Nau´se•ant , n. [L. nauseans, p. pr. Of nauseare.] (Med.) A substance which produces nausea.

Nau´se•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nauseated p. pr. & vb. n. Nauseating.] [L. nauseare, nauseatum, fr. nausea. See Nausea.] To become squeamish; to feel nausea; to turn away with disgust.

Nau´se•ate, v. t. 1. To affect with nausea; to sicken; to cause to feel loathing or disgust. 2. To sicken at; to reject with disgust; to loathe. “The patient nauseates and loathes wholesome foods.” Blackmore.

Nau•se•a´tion , n. The act of nauseating, or the state of being nauseated.

Nau´se•a•tive (? or ), a. Causing nausea; nauseous.

Nau´seous ( 277), a. [L. nauseosus.] Causing, or fitted to cause, nausea; sickening; loathsome; disgusting; exciting abhorrence; as a nauseous drug or medicine. — Nau´seous•ly, adv. — Nau´seous•ness, n. “The nauseousness of such company disgusts a reasonable man.” Dryden.

Nautch , n. [Hind. nach, fr. Skr. nrtya dance.] An entertainment consisting chiefly of dancing by professional dancing (or Nautch) girls. [India]

Nau´tic , a. [See Nautical.] Nautical.

Nau´tic•al , a. [L. nauticus, Gr. naytiko•s, fr. nay•ths a seaman, sailor, fr. nay^s ship: cf. F. nautique. See Nave of a church.] Of or pertaining to seamen, to the art of navigation, or to ships; as nautical skill. Syn. — Naval; marine; maritime. See Naval. Nautical almanac. See under Almanac. — Nautical distance, the length in nautical miles of the rhumb line joining any two places on the earth’s surface. — nautical mile. See under Mile.

Nau´tic•al•ly, adv. In a nautical manner; with reference to nautical affairs.

Nau´ti•form , a. [Gr. nay^s ship + -form.] Shaped like the hull of a ship.

Nau´ti•lite , n. (paleon.) A fossil nautilus.

Nau´ti•loid , a. [Nautilus + -oid: cf. F. nautiloïde.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the nautilus; shaped like a nautilus shell. — n. A mollusk, or shell, of the genus Nautilus or family Nautilidae.

Nau´ti•lus , n.; pl. E. Nautiluses (#), L. Nautili (#). [L., fr. Gr. nayti•los a seaman, sailor, a kind of shellfish which was supposed to be furnished with a membrane which served as a sail; fr. nay^s ship. See Nave of a church.] 1. (Zoöl.) The only existing genus of tetrabranchiate cephalopods. About four species are found living in the tropical Pacific, but many other species are found fossil. The shell is spiral, symmetrical, and chambered, or divided into several cavities by simple curved partitions, which are traversed and connected together by a continuous and nearly central tube or siphuncle. See Tetrabranchiata. The head of the animal bears numerous simple tapered arms, or tentacles, arranged in groups, but not furnished with suckers. The siphon, unlike, that of ordinary cephalopods, is not a closed tube, and is not used as a locomotive organ, but merely serves to conduct water to and from the gill cavity, which contains two pairs of gills. The animal occupies only the outer chamber of the shell; the others are filled with gas. It creeps over the bottom of the sea, not coming to the surface to swim or sail, as was formerly imagined. 2. The argonaut; — also called paper nautilus. See Argonauta, and Paper nautilus, under Paper. 3. A variety of diving bell, the lateral as well as vertical motions of which are controlled, by the occupants.

Na´va•joes , n. pl.; sing. Navajo . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians inhabiting New Mexico and Arizona, allied to the Apaches. They are now largely engaged in agriculture.

Na´val , a. [L. navalis, fr. navis ship: cf. F. naval. See Nave of a church.] Having to do with shipping; of or pertaining to ships or a navy; consisting of ships; as naval forces, successes, stores, etc. Naval brigade, a body of seamen or marines organized for military service on land. — Naval officer. (a) An officer in the navy. (b) A high officer in some United States customhouses. — Naval tactics, the science of managing or maneuvering vessels sailing in squadrons or fleets. Syn. — Nautical; marine; maritime. — Naval, Nautical. Naval is applied to vessels, or a navy, or the things which pertain to them or in which they participate; nautical, to seamen and the art of navigation. Hence we speak of a naval, as opposed to a military, engagement; naval equipments or stores, a naval triumph, a naval officer, etc., and of nautical pursuits or instruction, nautical calculations, a nautical almanac, etc.

Na´vals , n. pl. Naval affairs. [Obs.]

Na´varch , n. [L. navarchus, Gr. nay•archo•s; nay^s ship + ’archo•s chief.] (Gr. Antiq.) The commander of a fleet. Mitford.

Na´varch•y , n. [Gr. nayarchi•a.] Nautical skill or experience. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty.

Na•var•rese´ (? or ), a. Of or pertaining to Navarre. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Navarre; the people of Navarre.

Nave (nav), n. [AS. nafu; akin to D. naaf, G. nabe, OHG. naba, Icel. nöf, Dan. nav, Sw. naf, Skr. nabhi nave and navel: cf. L. umbo boss of a shield. rad.260. Cf. Navel.] 1. The block in the center of a wheel, from which the spokes radiate, and through which the axle passes; — called also hub or hob. 2. The navel. [Obs.] hak.

Nave, n. [F. nef, fr. L. navis ship, to which the church was often likened; akin to Gr. nay•archo•s, Skr. naus, and perh. to AS. naca boat, G. nachen, Icel. nökkvi; cf. L. nare to swim, float. Cf. Nausea, Nautical, Naval.] (Arch.) The middle or body of a church, extending from the transepts to the principal entrances, or, if there are no transepts, from the choir to the principal entrance, but not including the aisles.

Na´vel (na´v’l), n. [AS. nafela, fr. nafu nave; akin to D. navel, G. nabel, OHG. nabolo, Icel. nafli, Dan. navle, Sw. nafle, L. umbilicus, Gr. ’omfalo•s, Skr. nabhila. rad.260. See Nave hub, and cf. Omphalic, Nombril, Umbilical.] 1. (Anat.) A mark or depression in the middle of the abdomen; the umbilicus. See Umbilicus. 2. The central part or point of anything; the middle. “Within the navel of this hideous wood,
Immured in cypress shades, a sorcerer dwells.” Milton. 3. (Gun.) An eye on the under side of a carronade for securing it to a carriage. Navel gall, a bruise on the top of the chine of the back of a horse, behind the saddle. Johnson. — Navel point. (Her.) Same as Nombril.

Na´vel-string , n. The umbilical cord.

Na´vel•wort , n. (Bot.) A European perennial succulent herb (Cotyledon umbilicus), having round, peltate leaves with a central depression; — also called pennywort, and kidneywort.

Na´vew , n. [OE. navel, naveau, a dim. fr. L. napus navew. Cf. Napiform.] (Bot.) A kind of small turnip, a variety of Brassica campestris. See Brassica. [Writen also naphew.]

Na•vic´u•lar , a. [L. navicularius, fr. navicula, dim. of navis ship: cf. F. naviculaire.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a boat or ship. 2. Shaped like a boat; cymbiform; scaphoid; as the navicular glumes of most grasses; the navicular bone. Navicular bone. (Anat.) (a) One of the middle bones of the tarsus, corresponding to the centrale; — called also scaphoid. (b) A proximal bone on the radial side of the carpus; the scaphoid. — Navicular disease (Far.), a disease affecting the navicular bone, or the adjacent parts, in a horse’s foot.

Na•vic´u•lar, n. (Anat.) The navicular bone.

Nav•i•ga•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. navigabilite.] The quality or condition of being navigable; navigableness.

Nav´i•ga•ble , a. [L. navigabilis: cf. F. navigable. See Navigate.] Capable of being navigated; deep enough and wide enough to afford passage to vessels; as a navigable river. By the common law, a river is considered as navigable only so far as the tide ebbs and flows in it. This is also the doctrine in several of the United States. In other States, the doctrine of the civil law prevails, which is, that a navigable river is a river capable of being navigated, in the common sense of the term. Kent. Burrill. — Nav´i•ga•ble•ness, n. — Nav´i•ga•bly, adv.

Nav´i•gate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Navigated p. pr. & vb. n. Navigating.] [L. navigatus, p. p. of navigare, v.t. & i.; navis ship + agere to move, direct. See Nave, and Agent.] To journey by water; to go in a vessel or ship; to perform the duties of a navigator; to use the waters as a highway or channel for commerce or communication; to sail. “The Phenicians navigated to the extremities of the Western Ocean.” Arbuthnot.

Nav´i•gate, v. t. 1. To pass over in ships; to sail over or on; as to navigate the Atlantic. 2. To steer, direct, or manage in sailing; to conduct (ships) upon the water by the art or skill of seamen; as to navigate a ship.

Nav•i•ga´tion , n. [L. navigatio: cf. F. navigation.] 1. The act of navigating; the act of passing on water in ships or other vessels; the state of being navigable. 2. (a) the science or art of conducting ships or vessels from one place to another, including, more especially, the method of determining a ship’s position, course, distance passed over, etc., on the surface of the globe, by the principles of geometry and astronomy. (b) The management of sails, rudder, etc.; the mechanics of traveling by water; seamanship. 3. Ships in general. [Poetic] Shak. Aërial navigation, the act or art of sailing or floating in the air, as by means of ballons; aëronautic. — Inland navigation, Internal navigation, navigation on rivers, inland lakes, etc.

Nav´i•ga•tor , n. One who navigates or sails; esp., one who direct the course of a ship, or one who is skillful in the art of navigation; also a book which teaches the art of navigation; as Bowditch’s Navigator.

Na•vig´er•ous , a. [L. naviger; navis ship + gerere to bear.] Bearing ships; capable of floating vessels. [R.] Blount.

Nav´vy , n.; pl. Navies (#). [Abbreviated fr. navigator.] Originally, a laborer on canals for internal navigation; hence, a laborer on other public works, as in building railroads, embankments, etc. [Eng.]

Na´vy n.; pl. Navies (#). [ OF. navie, fr. L. navis ship. See Nave of a church.] 1. A fleet of ships; an assemblage of merchantmen, or so many as sail in company. ´The navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir.´ 1 kings x. 11. 2. The whole of the war vessels belonging to a nation or ruler, considered collectively; as the navy of Italy. 3. The officers and men attached to the war vessels of a nation; as he belongs to the navy. Navy bean. see Bean. — Navy yard, a place set apart as a shore station for the use of the navy. It often contains all the mechanical and other appliences for building and equipping war vessels and training their crews.

Na•wab´ , n. [See Nabob.] A deputy ruler or viceroy in India; also a title given by courtesy to other persons of high rank in the East.

Nawl , n. [See Nall.] An awl. [Obs.] usser.

Nay , adv. [Icel. nei; akin to E. no. See No, adv.] 1. No; — a negative answer to a question asked, or a request made, now superseded by no. See Yes. “And eke when I say ´ye,´ ne say not ´nay.´” Chaucer. “I tell you nay; but except ye repent, ye shall all likewisr perish.” Luke xiii. 3. “And now do they thrust us out privily? nay, verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out.” Acts xvi. 37. “He that will not when he may,
When he would he shall have nay.” Old Prov. Before the time of Henry VIII. nay was used to answer simple questions, and no was used when the form of the question involved a negative expression; nay was the simple form, no the emphatic. Skeat. 2. Not this merely, but also; not only so, but; — used to mark the addition or substitution of a more explicit or more emphatic phrase. Nay in this sense may be interchanged with yea. ´Were he my brother, nay, my kingdom’s heir.´ Shak.

Nay, n.; pl. Nays . 1. Denial; refusal. 2. a negative vote; one who votes in the negative. It is no nay, there is no denying it. [Obs.] haucer.

Nay, v. t. & i. To refuse. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Na•yaur´ , n. (Zoöl.) A specied of wild sheep (Ovis Hodgsonii), native of Nepaul and Thibet. It has a dorsal mane and a white ruff beneath the neck.

Nayt , v. t. [Icel. neita.] To refuse; to deny. [Obs.] ´He shall not nayt ne deny his sin.´ Chaucer.

Nay´ward , n. The negative side. [R.] “Howe’er you lean to the nayward.” Shak.

Nay´word , n. A byword; a proverb; also a watchword. [Obs.] hak.

Naz•a•rene´ , n. [L. Nazarenus, Gr. , fr. Nazareth.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Nazareth; — a term of contempt applied to Christ and the early Christians. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Judaizing Christians in the first and second centuries, who observed the laws of Moses, and held to certain heresies.

Naz´a•rite , n. A Jew bound by a vow to lave the hair uncut, to abstain from wine and strong drink, and to practice extraordinary purity of life and devotion, the obligation being for life, or for a certain time. The word is also used adjectively.

Naz´a•rite•ship, n. The state of a Nazarite.

Naz•a•rit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a Nazarite, or to Nazarites.

Naz´a•ri•tism ( 277), n. The vow and practice of a Nazarite.

Naze , n. [See Ness.] A promontory or headland.

Naz´i•rite , n. A Nazarite.

Ne , adv. [AS. ne. See No.] Not; never. [Obs.] “He never yet no villany ne said.” Chaucer. Ne was formerly used as the universal adverb of negation, and survives in certain compounds, as never (= ne ever) and none (= ne one). Other combinations, now obsolete, will be found in the Vocabulary, as nad, nam, nil. See Negative, 2.

Ne, conj. [See Ne, adv.] Nor. [Obs.] Shak. “No niggard ne no fool.” Chaucer. Ne … ne, neither … nor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Neaf , n. See 2d Neif. Shak.

Neal , v. t. To anneal. [R.] Chaucer.

Neal, v. i. To be tempered by heat. [R.] Bacon.

Neap , n. [Cf. Neb, Nape.] The tongue or pole of a cart or other vehicle drawn by two animals. [U.S.]

Neap , a. [As. nepflod neap flood; cf. hnipian to bend, incline.] Low. Neap tides, the lowest tides of the lunar month, which occur in the second and fourth quarters of the moon; — opposed to spring tides.

Neap, n. A neap tide. “High springs and dead neaps.” Harkwill.

Neaped , a. (Naut.) Left aground on the height of a spring tide, so that it will not float till the next spring tide; — called also beneaped.

Ne•a•pol´i•tan , a. [L. Neapolitanus, fr. Neapolis Naples, Gr. , lit., New town.] Of of pertaining to Naples in Italy. — n. A native or citizen of Naples.

Near (ner), adv. [AS. neár, compar. of neáh nigh. See Nigh.] 1. At a little distance, in place, time, manner, or degree; not remote; nigh. “My wife! my traitress! let her not come near me.” Milton. 2. Nearly; almost; well-nigh. ´Near twenty years ago.´ Shak. ´Near a fortnight ago.´ Addison. “Near about the yearly value of the land.” Locke. 3. Closely; intimately. Shak. Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. — To come near to, to want but little of; to approximate to. ´Such a sum he found would go near to ruin him.´ Addison. — Near the wind (Naut.), close to the wind; closehauled.

Near , a. [Compar. Nearer superl. Nearest.] [See Near, adv.] 1. Not far distant in time, place, or degree; not remote; close at hand; adjacent; neighboring; nigh. ´As one near death.´ Shak. “He served great Hector, and was ever near,
Not with his trumpet only, but his spear.” Dryden. 2. Closely connected or related. “She is thy father’s near kinswoman.” Lev. xviii. 12. 3. Close to one’s interests, affection, etc.; touching, or affecting intimately; intimate; dear; as a near friend. 4. Close to anything followed or imitated; not free, loose, or rambling; as a version near to the original. 5. So as barely to avoid or pass injury or loss; close; narrow; as a near escape. 6. Next to the driver, when he is on foot; in the Unted States, on the left of an animal or a team; as the near ox; the near leg. See Off side, under Off, a. 7. Immediate; direct; close; short. ´The nearest way.´ Milton. 8. Close-fisted; parsimonious. [Obs. or Low, Eng.] Near may properly be followed by to before the thing approached’; but more frequently to is omitted, and the adjective or the adverb is regarded as a preposition. The same is also true of the word nigh. Syn. — Nigh; close; adjacent; proximate; contiguous; present; ready; intimate; dear.

Near, prep. Adjacent to; close by; not far from; nigh; as the ship sailed near the land. See the Note under near, a.

Near, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neared p. pr. & vb. n Nearing.] [See Near, adv.] To approach; to come nearer; as the ship neared the land.

Near, v. i. To draw near; to approach. “A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist!
And still it neared, and neared.” Coleridge.

Ne•arc´tic , a. [Neo + arctic.] Of or pertaining to a region of the earth’s surface including all of temperate and arctic North America and Greenland. In the geographical distribution of animals, this region is marked off as the habitat certain species.

Near´hand , a. & adv. Near; near at hand; closely. [Obs. or Scot.] Bacon.

Near´-legged , a. Having the feet so near together that they interfere in traveling. Shak.

Near´ly, adv. In a near manner; not remotely; closely; intimately; almost.

Near´ness, n. The state or quality of being near; — used in the various senses of the adjective.

Near´sight•ed , a. Seeing distinctly at short distances only; shortsighted. — Near´sight•ed•ness, n. See Myopic and Myopia.

Neat , n. sing. & pl. [AS. neát; akin to OHG. nz, Icel. naut, Sw. nöt, Dan. nöd, and to AS. neótan to make use of, G. geniessen, Goth. niutan to have a share in, have joy of, Lith. nauda use, profit.] (Zoöl.) Cattle of the genus Bos, as distinguished from horses, sheep, and goats; an animal of the genus Bos; as a neat’s tongue; a neat’s foot. Chaucer. “Wherein the herds[men] were keeping of their neat.” Spenser. “The steer, the heifer, and the calf
Are all called neat.” Shak. “A neat and a sheep of his own.” Tusser. Neat’s-foot, an oil obtained by boiling the feet of neat cattle. It is used to render leather soft and pliable.

Neat, a. [See neat, n.] Of or pertaining to the genus Bos, or to cattle of that genus; as neat cattle.

Neat, a. [Compar. Neater superl. Neatest.] [OE. nett, F. nett, fr. L. nitidus, fr. nitere to shine. Cf. Nitid, Net, a., Natty.] 1. Free from that which soils, defiles, or disorders; clean; cleanly; tidy. “If you were to see her, you would wonder what poor body it was that was so surprisingly neat and clean.” Law. 2. Free from what is unbecoming, inappropriate, or tawdry; simple and becoming; pleasing with simplicity; tasteful; chaste; as a neat style; a neat dress. 3. Free from admixture or adulteration; good of its kind; as neat brandy. ´Our old wine neat.´ Chapman. 4. Excellent in character, skill, or performance, etc.; nice; finished; adroit; as a neat design; a neat thief. 5. With all deductions or allowances made; net. [In this sense usually written net. See Net, a., 3.] neat line (Civil Engin.), a line to which work is to be built or formed. — Neat work, work built or formed to neat lines. Syn. — Nice; pure; cleanly; tidy; trim; spruce.

’Neath (? or ), prep. & adv. An abbreviation of Beneath. [Poetic]

Neat´herd , n. A person who has the care of neat cattle; a cowherd. Dryden.

Neat´house , n. A building for the shelter of neat cattle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger.

Neat´i•fy , v. t. [Neat, a. + -fy.] To make neat. [Obs.] olland.

Neat´ly, adv. In a neat manner; tidily; tastefully.

neat´ness, n. The state or quality of being neat.

Neat´ress , n. [From neat cattle.] A woman who takes care of cattle. [R.] Warner.

Neb , n. [AS. nebb head, face; akin to D. neb, Icel. nef, beak of a bird, nose, Dan. naeb beak, bill, Sw. näbb, näf, and prob. also to D. sneb, snavel, bill, beak, G. schnabel, Dan. & Sw. snabel, and E. snap. Cf. Nib, Snap, Snaffle.] The nose; the snout; the mouth; the beak of a bird; a nib, as of a pen. [Also written nib.] Shak.

Ne•ba´li•a , n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small marine Crustacea, considered the type of a distinct order (Nebaloidea, or Phyllocarida.)

Neb´-neb , n. Same as Bablh.

Neb´u•la , n.; pl. Nebulae (#). [L., mist, cloud; akin to Gr. , , cloud, mist, G. nebel mist, OHG. nebul, D. nevel, Skr. nabhas cloud, mist. Cf. Nebule.] 1. (Astron.) A faint, cloudlike, self- luminous mass of matter situated beyond the solar system among the stars. True nebulae are gaseous; but very distant star clusters often appear like them in the telescope. 2. (Med.) (a) A white spot or a slight opacity of the cornea. (b) A cloudy appearance in the urine. [Obs.]

Neb´u•lar , a. Of or pertaining to nebulae; of the nature of, or resembling, a nebula. Nebular hypothesis, an hypothesis to explain the process of formation of the stars and planets, presented in various forms by Kant, Herschel, Laplace, and others. As formed by Laplace, it supposed the matter of the solar system to have existed originally in the form of a vast, diffused, revolving nebula, which, gradually cooling and contracting, threw off, in obedience to mechanical and physical laws, succesive rings of matter, from which subsequently, by the same laws, were produced the several planets, satellites, and other bodies of the system. The phrase may indicate any hypothesis according to which the stars or the bodies of the solar system have been evolved from a widely diffused nebulous form of matter.

Neb´u•la•ted , a. Clouded with indistinct color markings, as an animal.

Neb•u•la´tion , n. The condition of being nebulated; also a clouded, or ill-defined, color mark.

Neb´ule , n. [Cf. F. nebule. See nebula.] A little cloud; a cloud. [Obs.] “O light without nebule.” Old Ballad. { Ne•bu•le´ , Neb´u•ly }, a. [F. nebule.] (Her.) Composed of successive short curves supposed to resemble a cloud; — said of a heraldic line by which an ordinary or subordinary may be bounded.

Neb•u•li•za´tion , n. (Med.) The act or process of nebulizing; atomization.

Neb´u•lize , v. t. [See Nebula.] To reduce (as a liquid) to a fine spray or vapor; to atomize.

Neb´u•li•zer , n. An atomizer.

Neb´u•lose , a. Nebulous; cloudy. Derham.

Neb•u•los´i•ty , n. [L. nebulositas: cf. F. nebulosite] 1. The state or quality of being nebulous; cloudiness; haziness; mistiness; nebulousness. “The nebulosity … of the mother idiom.” I. Disraeli. 2. (Astron.) (a) The stuff of which a nebula is formed. (b) A nebula.

Neb´u•lous , a. [L. nebulosus: cf. F. nebuleux. See Nebula.] 1. Cloudy; hazy; misty. 2. (Astron.) Of, pertaining to, or having the appearance of, a nebula; nebular; cloudlike. — Neb´u•lous•ly, adv. — Neb´u•lous•ness, n.

Neb´u•ly, n. (Her. & Arch.) A line or a decoration composed of successive short curves or waves supposed to resemble a cloud. See Nebule

Nec•es•sa´ri•an , n. [Cf. F. necessarien. See Necessary.] An advocate of the doctrine of philosophical necessity; a necessitarian.

Nec•es•sa´ri•an, a. Of or pertaining to necessarianism.

Nec•es•sa´ri•an•ism , n. The doctrine of philosophical necessity; necessitarianism. Hixley.

Nec´es•sa•ri•ly , adv. In a necessary manner; by necessity; unavoidably; indispensably.

Nec´es•sa•ri•ness, n. The quality of being necessary.

Nec´es•sa•ry , a. [L. necessarius, from necesse unavoidable, necessary; of uncertain origin: cf. F. necessaire.] 1. Such as must be; impossible to be otherwise; not to be avoided; inevitable. “Death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come.” Shak. 2. Impossible to be otherwise, or to be dispensed with, without preventing the attainment of a desired result; indispensable; requisite; essential. ´’T is necessary he should die.´ Shak. “A certain kind of temper is necessary to the pleasure and quiet of our minds.” Tillotson. 3. Acting from necessity or compulsion; involuntary; — opposed to free; as whether man is a necessary or a free agent is a question much discussed.

Nec´es•sa•ry, n.; pl. Necessaries . 1. A thing that is necessary or indispensable to some purpose; something that one can not do without; a requisite; an essential; — used chiefly in the plural; as the necessaries of life. 2. A privy; a water-closet. 3. pl. (Law) Such things, in respect to infants, lunatics, and married women, as are requisite for support suitable to station.

Ne•ces•si•ta´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the doctrine of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and existence of things, especially as applied to the actings or choices of the will; — opposed to libertarian.

Ne•ces•si•ta´ri•an, n. One who holds to the doctrine of necessitarianism.

Ne•ces•si•ta´ri•an•ism , n. The doctrine of philosophical necessity; the doctrine that results follow by invariable sequence from causes, and esp. that the will is not free, but that human actions and choices result inevitably from motives; determinism. M. Arnold.

Ne•ces´si•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Necessitated p. pr. & vb. n. Necessitating ] [Cf. L. necessitatus, p. p. of necessitare, and F. necessiter. See Necessity.] 1. To make necessary or indispensable; to render unavoidable. “Sickness [might] necessitate his removal from the court.” South. “This fact necessitates a second line.” J. Peile. 2. To reduce to the necessity of; to force; to compel. “The Marquis of Newcastle, being pressed on both sides, was necessitated to draw all his army into York.” Clarendon.

Ne•ces•si•tat´tion , n. [Cf. F. necessitation.] The act of making necessary, or the state of being made necessary; compulsion. [R.] bp. Bramhall.

Ne•ces´si•tied , a. In a state of want; necessitous. [Obs.] Shak.

Ne•ces´si•tous , a. [Cf. F. necessiteux.] 1. Very needy or indigent; pressed with poverty. “Necessitous heirs and penurious parents.” Arbuthnot. 2. Narrow; destitute; pinching; pinched; as necessitous circumstances. — Ne•ces´si•tous•ly, adv. — Ne•ces´si•tous•ness, n.

Ne•ces´si•tude , n. [L. necessitudo, fr. necesse. See Necessray.] 1. Necessitousness; want. Sir M. Hale. 2. Necessary connection or relation. “Between kings and their people, parents and their children, there is so great a necessitude, propriety, and intercourse of nature.” Jer. Taylor.

Ne•ces´si•ty , n.; pl. Necessities (#). [OE. necessite, F. necessite, L. necessitas, fr. necesse. See Necessary.] 1. The quality or state of being necessary, unavoidable, or absolutely requisite; inevitableness; indispensableness. 2. The condition of being needy or necessitous; pressing need; indigence; want. “Urge the necessity and state of times.” Shak. “The extreme poverty and necessity his majesty was in.” Clarendon. 3. That which is necessary; a necessary; a requisite; something indispensable; — often in the plural. “These should be hours for necessities,
Not for delights.” Shak. “What was once to me
Mere matter of the fancy, now has grown
The vast necessity of heart and life.” Tennyson. 4. That which makes an act or an event unavoidable; irresistible force; overruling power; compulsion, physical or moral; fate; fatality. “So spake the fiend, and with necessity,
The tyrant’s plea, excused his devilish deeds.” Milton. 5. (Metaph.) The negation of freedom in voluntary action; the subjection of all phenomena, whether material or spiritual, to inevitable causation; necessitarianism. Of necessity, by necessary consequence; by compulsion, or irresistible power; perforce. Syn. — See Need.

Neck , n. [OE. necke, AS. hnecca; akin to D. nek the nape of the neck, G. nacken, OHG. nacch, hnacch, Icel. hnakki, Sw. nacke, Dan. nakke.] 1. The part of an animal which connects the head and the trunk, and which, in man and many other animals, is more slender than the trunk. 2. Any part of an inanimate object corresponding to or resembling the neck of an animal; as: (a) The long slender part of a vessel, as a retort, or of a fruit, as a gourd. (b) A long narrow tract of land projecting from the main body, or a narrow tract connecting two larger tracts. (c) (Mus.) That part of a violin, guitar, or similar instrument, which extends from the head to the body, and on which is the finger board or fret board. 3. (Mech.) A reduction in size near the end of an object, formed by a groove around it; as a neck forming the journal of a shaft. 4. (Bot.) the point where the base of the stem of a plant arises from the root. Neck and crop, completely; wholly; altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.] — Neck and neck (Racing), so nearly equal that one cannot be said to be before the other; very close; even; side by side. — Neck of a capital. (Arch.) See Gorgerin. — Neck of a cascabel (Gun.), the part joining the knob to the base of the breech. — Neck of a gun, the small part of the piece between the chase and the swell of the muzzle. — Neck of a tooth (Anat.), the constriction between the root and the crown. — Neck or nothing (Fig.), at all risks. — Neck verse. (a) The verse formerly read to entitle a party to the benefit of clergy, said to be the first verse of the fifty-first Psalm, ´Miserere mei,´ etc. Sir W. Scott. (b) Hence, a verse or saying, the utterance of which decides one’s fate; a shibboleth. “These words, ´bread and cheese,´ were their neck verse or shibboleth to distinguish them; all pronouncing ´broad and cause,´ being presently put to death.” Fuller. — Neck yoke. (a) A bar by which the end of the tongue of a wagon or carriage is suspended from the collars of the harnesses. (b) A device with projecting arms for carrying things (as buckets of water or sap) suspended from one’s shoulders. — On the neck of, immediately after; following closely. ´Commiting one sin on the neck of another.´ W. Perkins. — Stiff neck, obstinacy in evil or wrong; inflexible obstinacy; contumacy. ´I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck.´ Deut. xxxi. 27. — To break the neck of, to destroy the main force of. ´What they presume to borrow from her sage and virtuous rules … breaks the neck of their own cause.´ Milton. — To harden the neck, to grow obstinate; to be more and more perverse and rebellious. Neh. ix. 17. — To tread on the neck of, to oppress; to tyrannize over.

Neck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Necked p. pr. & vb. n. Necking.] (Mech.) To reduce the diameter of (an object) near its end, by making a groove around it; — used with down; as to neck down a shaft.

Neck´ar nut (Bot.) See Nicker nut.

Neck´band , n. A band which goes around the neck; often, the part at the top of a garment.

Neck´cloth ( 115), n. A piece of any fabric worn around the neck.

Necked , a. 1. Having (such) a neck; — chiefly used in composition; as stiff- necked. 2. (Naut.) Cracked; — said of a treenail.

Neck´er•chief , n. [For neck kerchief.] A kerchief for the neck; — called also neck handkerchief.

Neck´ing, n. Same as Neckmold.

Neck´lace ( 48), n. 1. A string of beads, etc., or any continuous band or chain, worn around the neck as an ornament. 2. (Naut.) A rope or chain fitted around the masthead to hold hanging blocks for jibs and stays.

neck´laced , a. Wearing a necklace; marked as with a necklace. “The hooded and the necklaced snake.” Sir W. Jones.

neck´land , n. A neck of land. [Obs.]

neck´let , n. A necklace. E. Anold. { Neck´mold• , Neck´mould• } , n. (Arch.) A small convex molding surrounding a column at the junction of the shaft and capital. Weale.

Neck´plate , n. See Gorget, 1 and 2.

Neck´tie , n. A scarf, band, or kerchief of silk, etc., passing around the neck or collar and tied in front; a bow of silk, etc., fastened in front of the neck.

Neck´wear , n. A collective term for cravats, collars, etc. [Colloq. or trade name]

Neck´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) An American annual weed (veronica peregrina), with small white flowers and a roundish pod. (b) The hemp; — so called as furnishing ropes for hanging criminals. Dr. prior.

Nec•ro•bi•o´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. dead + way of life, fr. life.] (Biol. & Med.) The death of a part by molecular disintegration and without loss of continuity, as in the processes of degeneration and atrophy. Virchow.

Nec•ro•bi•ot´ic , a. (Biol. & Med.) Of or pertaining to necrobiosis; as a necrobiotic metamorphosis.

Ne•crol´a•try , n. [Gr. a dead person + to worship.] The worship of the dead; manes worship. H. Spenser.

Nec´ro•lite , n. [Gr. a corpse + -lite.] (Min.) Same as Necronite. { Nec•ro•log´ic , Nec•ro•log´ic•al }, a. [Cf. F. necrologique.] Of or pertaining to necrology; of the nature of necrology; relating to, or giving, an account of the dead, or of deaths.

Ne•crol´o•gist , n. One who gives an account of deaths.

Ne•crol´o•gy , n.; pl. Necrologies (#). [Gr. a dead person + - logy: cf. F. necrologie. See Necromancy.] An account of deaths, or of the dead; a register of deaths; a collection of obituary notices.

Nec´ro•man•cer , n. One who practices necromancy; a sorcerer; a wizard.

Nec´ro•man•cy , n. [OE. nigromaunce, nigromancie, OF. nigromance, F. necromance, necromancie, from L. necromantia, Gr. ; a dead body (akin to L. necare to kill, Skr. na() to perish, vanish) + divination, fr. diviner, seer, akin to E. mania. See Mania, and cf. Internecine, Noxious. The old spelling is due to confusion with L. niger black. Hence the name black art.] The art of revealing future events by means of a pretended communication with the dead; the black art; hence, magic in general; conjuration; enchantment. See Black art. “This palace standeth in the air,
By necromancy placèd there.” Drayton.

Nec•ro•man´tic , n. Conjuration. [R.] “With all the necromantics of their art.” Young. { Nec•ro•man´tic , Nec•ro•man´tic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to necromancy; performed by necromancy. — Nec•ro•man´tic•al•ly, adv.

Nec´ro•nite , n. [Gr. a dead body.] (Min.) Fetid feldspar, a mineral which, when struck, exhales a fetid odor.

Ne•croph´a•gan , a. [See Necrophagous.] (Zoöl.) Eating carrion. — n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a tribe (Necrophaga) of beetles which, in the larval state, feed on carrion; a burying beetle.

Ne•croph´a•gous , a. [Gr. eating corpses; a dead body + to eat: cf. F. necrophage.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Necrophaga; eating carrion. See Necrophagan.

Nec•ro•pho´bi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a dead body + to fear.] An exaggerated fear of death or horror of dead bodies.

Nec´ro•phore , n. [Gr. a dead body + to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of beetles of the genus Necrophorus and allied genera; — called also burying beetle, carrion beetle, sexton beetle.

Ne•crop´o•lis , n.; pl. Necropolises (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ; a dead body, adj., dead + city.] A city of the dead; a name given by the ancients to their cemeteries, and sometimes applied to modern burial places; a graveyard.

Nec´rop•sy , n. [Gr. a dead body + sight: cf. F. necropsie.] (Med.) A post-mortem examination or inspection; an autopsy. See Autopsy. { Nec•ro•scop´ic , Nec•ro•scop´ic•al }, a. [Gr. a dead body + -scope.] Or or relating to post-mortem examinations.

Ne•crose´ , v. t. & i. (Med.) To affect with necrosis; to undergo necrosis. Quain.

Ne•crosed´ , a. (Med.) Affected by necrosis; dead; as a necrosed bone. Dunglison.

Ne•cro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to make dead, to mortify, a dead body.] 1. (med.) Mortification or gangrene of bone, or the death of a bone or portion of a bone in mass, as opposed to its death by molecular disintegration. See Caries. 2. (Bot.) A disease of trees, in which the branches gradually dry up from the bark to the center.

Ne•crot´ic , a. (Med.) Affected with necrosis; as necrotic tissue; characterized by, or producing, necrosis; as a necrotic process.

Nec´tar , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Myth. & Poetic) The drink of the gods (as ambrosia was their food); hence, any delicious or inspiring beverage. 2. (Bot.) A sweetish secretion of blossoms from which bees make honey.

Nec•ta´re•al , a. 1. Nectareous. 2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a nectary.

Nec•ta´re•an , a. [L. nectareus: cf. F. nectareen.] Resembling nectar; very sweet and pleasant. ´nectarean juice.´ Talfourd.

Nec´tared , a. Imbued with nectar; mingled with nectar; abounding with nectar. Milton.

Nec•ta´re´ous , a. Of, pertaining to, containing, or resembling nectar; delicious; nectarean. Pope. — Nec•ta´re•ous•ly, adv. — Nec•ta´re•ous•ness, n.

Nec•ta´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to the nectary of a plant.

Nec´ta•ried , a. Having a nectary.

Nec•tar•if´er•ous , a. [L. nectar nectar + -ferous: cf. F. nectarifère.] (Bot.) Secreting nectar; — said of blossoms or their parts.

Nec´tar•ine , a. Nectareous. [R.] Milton.

Nec´tar•ine, n. [Cf. F. nectarine. See Nectar.] (Bot.) A smooth- skinned variety of peach. Spanish nectarine, the plumlike fruit of the West Indian tree Chrysobalanus Icaco; — also called cocoa plum. it is made into a sweet conserve which a largely exported from Cuba.

Nec´tar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nectarized p. pr. & vb. n. Nectarizing ] To mingle or infuse with nectar; to sweeten. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Nec´tar•ous , a. Nectareous. Milton.

Nec´ta•ry , n.; pl. Nectaries (#). [From Nectar: cf. F. nectaire.] (Bot.) That part of a blossom which secretes nectar, usually the base of the corolla or petals; also the spur of such flowers as the larkspur and columbine, whether nectariferous or not. See the Illustration of Nasturtium.

Nec•to•ca´lyx , n.; pl. Nectocalyces (#). [NL., fr. Gr. swimming + a calyx.] (Zoöl.) (a) The swimming bell or umbrella of a jellyfish of medusa. (b) One of the zooids of certain Siphonophora, having somewhat the form, and the essential structure, of the bell of a jellyfish, and acting as a swimming organ. { Nec´to•sac , Nec´to•sack } , n. [Gr. swimming + E. sac, sack.] (Zoöl.) The cavity of a nectocalyx.

Nec´to•stem , n. [Gr. swimming + E. stem.] (Zoöl.) That portion of the axis which bears the nectocalyces in the Siphonophora.

Ned´der , n. [See Adder.] (Zoöl.) An adder. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.

Ned´dy , n.; pl. Neddies . (Zoöl.) A pet name for a donkey.

Nee , p. p., fem. [F., fr. L. nata, fem. of natus, p. p. of nasci to be born. See Nation.] Born; — a term sometimes used in introducing the name of the family to which a married woman belongs by birth; as Madame de Staël, nee Necker.

Need , n. [OE. need, neod, nede, AS. neád, nyd; akin to D. nood, G. not, noth, Icel. nauðr, Sw. & Dan. nöd, Goth. naups.] 1. A state that requires supply or relief; pressing occasion for something; necessity; urgent want. “And the city had no need of the sun.” Rev. xxi. 23. “I have no need to beg.” Shak. “Be governed by your needs, not by your fancy.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Want of the means of subsistence; poverty; indigence; destitution. Chaucer. “Famine is in thy cheeks;
Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes.” Shak. 3. That which is needful; anything necessary to be done; (pl.) necessary things; business. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. Situation of need; peril; danger. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Exigency; emergency; strait; extremity; necessity; distress; destitution; poverty; indigence; want; penury. — Need, Necessity. Necessity is stronger than need; it places us under positive compulsion. We are frequently under the necessity of going without that of which we stand very greatly in need. It is also with the corresponding adjectives; necessitous circumstances imply the direct pressure of suffering; needy circumstances, the want of aid or relief.

Need , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Needed; p. pr. & vb. n. Needing.] [See Need, n. Cf. AS. ndan to force, Goth. naujan.] To be in want of; to have cause or occasion for; to lack; to require, as supply or relief. “Other creatures all day long
Rove idle, unemployed, and less need rest.” Milton. With another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, generally in a negative sentence expressing requirement or obligation, and in this use it undergoes no change of termination in the third person singular of the present tense. ´And the lender need not fear he shall be injured.´ Anacharsis (Trans. ).

Need, v. i. To be wanted; to be necessary. Chaucer. “When we have done it, we have done all that is in our power, and all that needs.” Locke.

Need, adv. Of necessity. See Needs. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Need´er , n. One who needs anything. Shak.

Need´ful , a. 1. Full of need; in need or want; needy; distressing. [Archaic] Chaucer. “The needful time of trouble.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. Necessary for supply or relief; requisite. “All things needful for defense abound.” Dryden. — Need´ful•ly, adv. — Need´ful•ness, n.

Need´i•ly , adv. [From Needy.] In a needy condition or manner; necessarily. Chaucer.

Need´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being needy; want; poverty; indigence.

Nee´dle , n. [OE. nedle, AS. ndl; akin to D. neald, OS. nadla, G. nadel, OHG. nadal, nadala, Icel. nal, Sw. nål, Dan. naal, and also to G. nähen to sew, OHG. najan, L. nere to spin, Gr. , and perh. to E. snare: cf. Gael. & Ir. snathad needle, Gael. snath thread, G. schnur string, cord.] 1. A small instrument of steel, sharply pointed at one end, with an eye to receive a thread, — used in sewing. Chaucer. In some needles(as for sewing machines) the eye is at the pointed end, but in ordinary needles it is at the blunt end. 2. See Magnetic needle, under Magnetic. 3. A slender rod or wire used in knitting; a knitting needle; also a hooked instrument which carries the thread or twine, and by means of which knots or loops are formed in the process of netting, knitting, or crocheting. 4. (Bot.) One of the needle-shaped secondary leaves of pine trees. See Pinus. 5. Any slender, pointed object, like a needle, as a pointed crystal, a sharp pinnacle of rock, an obelisk, etc. Dipping needle. See under Dipping. — Needle bar, the reciprocating bar to which the needle of a sewing machine is attached. — Needle beam (Arch.), to shoring, the horizontal cross timber which goes through the wall or a pier, and upon which the weight of the wall rests, when a building is shored up to allow of alterations in the lower part. — Needle furze (Bot.), a prickly leguminous plant of Western Europe; the petty whin (Genista Anglica). — Needle gun, a firearm loaded at the breech with a cartridge carrying its own fulminate, which is exploded by driving a slender needle, or pin, into it. — Needle loom (Weaving), a loom in which the weft thread is carried through the shed by a long eye- pointed needle instead of by a shuttle. — Needle ore (Min.), acicular bismuth; a sulphide of bismuth, lead, and copper occuring in acicular crystals; — called also aikinite. — Needle shell (Zoöl.), a sea urchin. — Needle spar (Min.), aragonite. — Needle telegraph, a telegraph in which the signals are given by the deflections of a magnetic needle to the right or to the left of a certain position. — Sea needle (Zoöl.), the garfish.

Nee´dle, v. t. To form in the shape of a needle; as to needle crystals.

Nee´dle, v. i. To form needles; to crystallize in the form of needles.

Nee´dle•book , n. A book- shaped needlecase, having leaves of cloth into which the needles are stuck.

Nee´dle•case , n. A case to keep needles.

Nee´dle•fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European great pipefish (Siphostoma, or Syngnathus, acus); — called also earl, and tanglefish. (b) The garfish.

nee´dle•ful , n.; pl. needlefuls . As much thread as is used in a needle at one time.

Nee´dle-pointed , a. Pointed as needles.

Nee´dler , n. One who makes or uses needles; also a dealer in needles. Piers Plowman.

Nee´dless , a. 1. Having no need. [Obs.] “Weeping into the needless stream.” Shak. 2. Not wanted; unnecessary; not requisite; as needless labor; needless expenses. 3. Without sufficient cause; groundless; causeless. ´Needless jealousy.´ Shak. — Need´less•ly, adv. — Need´less•ness, n.

Nee´dle•stone , n. (Min.) Natrolite; — called also needle zeolite.

Nee´dle•wom•an , n.; pl. Needlewomen . A woman who does needlework; a seamstress.

Nee´dle•work , n. 1. Work executed with a needle; sewed work; sewing; embroidery; also the business of a seamstress. 2. The combination of timber and plaster making the outside framework of some houses.

Nee´dly , a. Like a needle or needles; as a needly horn; a needly beard. R. D. Blackmore.

Need´ly , adv. [AS. nydlice. See Need.] Necessarily; of necessity. [Obs.] hak.

Need´ment , n. Something needed or wanted. pl. Outfit; necessary luggage. [Archaic] Spenser. “Carrying each his needments.” Wordsworth.

Needs , adv. [Orig. gen. of need, used as an adverb. Cf. -wards.] Of necessity; necessarily; indispensably; — often with must, and equivalent to of need. “A man must needs love mauger his head.” Chaucer. “And he must needs go through Samaria.” John iv. 4. “He would needs know the cause of his reulse.” Sir J. Davies.

Needs´cost , adv. Of necessity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Needs´ly, adv. Of necessity. [Obs.] Drayton.

Need´y , a. [Compar. Needier superl. Neediest.] 1. Distressed by want of the means of living; very poor; indigent; necessitous. “Thou shalt open thy hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy in thy land.” Deut. xv. 11. “Spare the blushes of needly merit.” Dr. T. Dwight. 2. Necessary; requisite. [Obs.] “Corn to make your needy bread.” Shak. { Neeld , Neele }, n. [See Needle.] A needle. [Obs.] Shak.

Neel´ghau , n. (Zoöl.) See Nylghau.

Neem´ tree [Hind. nim.] (Bot.) An Asiatic name for Melia Azadirachta, and M. Azedarach. See Margosa.

Neer , adv. & a. Nearer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ne’er , adv. a contraction of Never.

Neese , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neesed p. pr. & vb. n. Neesing.] [OE. nesen; akin to D. niezen, G. niesen, Icel. hnjosa.] To sneeze. [Obs.] [Written also neeze.]

Nees´ing , n. Sneezing. [Obs.] ´By his neesings a light doth shine.´ Job xli. 18.

Ne• ex´e•at [L. ne exeat regno let him not go out of the kingdom.] (Law) A writ to restrain a person from leaving the country, or the jurisdiction of the court. The writ was originally applicable to purposes of state, but is now an ordinary process of courts of equity, resorted to for the purpose of obtaining bail, or security to abide a decree. Kent.

Nef ( F. ), n. [F. See Nave.] The nave of a church. Addison. { Ne´fand , Ne•fan´dous }, a. [L. nefandus not to be spoken; ne not + fari to speak.] Unfit to speak of; unmentionable; impious; execrable. [Obs.] ´Nefand adominations.´ Sheldon. ´Nefandous high treason.´ Cotton Mather.

Ne•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. nefarius, fr. nefas crime, wrong; ne not + fas divine law; akin to fari to speak. See No, adv., and Fate.] Wicked in the extreme; abominable; iniquitous; atrociously villainous; execrable; detestably vile. Syn. — Iniquitous; detestable; horrible; heinious; atrocious; infamous; impious. See Iniquitous. — Ne•fa´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Ne•fa´ri•ous•ness, n.

Ne´fasch , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Distichodus. Several large species inhabit the Nile.

Ne´fast , a. [L. nefastus.] Wicked. [R.]

Ne•ga´tion , n. [L. negatio, fr. negare to say no, to deny; ne not + the root of aio I say; cf. Gr. , Skr. ah to say; cf. F. negation. See No, adv., and cf. Adage, Deny, Renegade.] 1. The act of denying; assertion of the nonreality or untruthfulness of anything; declaration that something is not, or has not been, or will not be; denial; — the opposite of affirmation. “Our assertions and negations should be yea and nay.” Rogers. 2. (Logic) Description or definition by denial, exclusion, or exception; statement of what a thing is not, or has not, from which may be inferred what it is or has.

Neg´a•tive , a. [F. negatif, L. negativus, fr. negare to deny. See Negation.] 1. Denying; implying, containing, or asserting denial, negation or refusal; returning the answer no to an inquiry or request; refusing assent; as a negative answer; a negative opinion; — opposed to affirmative. “If thou wilt confess,
Or else be impudently negative.” Shak. “Denying me any power of a negative voice.” Eikon Basilike. “Something between an affirmative bow and a negative shake.” Dickens. 2. Not positive; without affirmative statement or demonstration; indirect; consisting in the absence of something; privative; as a negative argument; a negative morality; negative criticism. “There in another way of denying Christ, … which is negative, when we do not acknowledge and confess him.” South. 3. (Logic) Asserting absence of connection between a subject and a predicate; as a negative proposition. 4. (Photog.) Of or pertaining to a picture upon glass or other material, in which the lights and shades of the original, and the relations of right and left, are reversed. 5. (Chem.) Metalloidal; nonmetallic; - - contracted with positive or basic; as the nitro group is negative. This word, derived from electro-negative, is now commonly used in a more general sense, when acidiferous is the intended signification. Negative crystal. (a) A cavity in a mineral mass, having the form of a crystal. (b) A crystal which has the power of negative double refraction. See refraction. — negative electricity (Elec.), the kind of electricity which is developed upon resin or ebonite when rubbed, or which appears at that pole of a voltaic battery which is connected with the plate most attacked by the exciting liquid; — formerly called resinous electricity. Opposed to positive electricity. Formerly, according to Franklin’s theory of a single electric fluid, negative electricity was supposed to be electricity in a degree below saturation, or the natural amount for a given body. see Electricity. — Negative eyepiece. (Opt.) see under Eyepiece. — Negative quantity (Alg.), a quantity preceded by the negative sign, or which stands in the relation indicated by this sign to some other quantity. See Negative sign (below). — Negative rotation, right-handed rotation. See Right-handed, 3. — Negative sign, the sign -, or minus (opposed in signification to +, or plus), indicating that the quantity to which it is prefixed is to be subtracted from the preceding quantity, or is to be reckoned from zero or cipher in the opposite direction to that of quanties having the sign plus either expressed or understood; thus, in a - b, b is to be substracted from a, or regarded as opposite to it in value; and -10° on a thermometer means 10° below the zero of the scale.

Neg´a•tive, n. [Cf. F. negative.] 1. A proposition by which something is denied or forbidden; a conception or term formed by prefixing the negative particle to one which is positive; an opposite or contradictory term or conception. “This is a known rule in divinity, that there is no command that runs in negatives but couches under it a positive duty.” South. 2. A word used in denial or refusal; as not, no. In Old England two or more negatives were often joined together for the sake of emphasis, whereas now such expressions are considered ungrammatical, being chiefly heard in iliterate speech. A double negative is now sometimes used as nearly or quite equivalent to an affirmative. “No wine ne drank she, neither white nor red.” Chaucer. “These eyes that never did nor never shall
So much as frown on you.” Shak. 3. The refusal or withholding of assents; veto. “If a kind without his kingdom be, in a civil sense, nothing, then … his negative is as good as nothing.” Milton. 4. That side of a question which denies or refuses, or which is taken by an opposing or denying party; the relation or position of denial or opposition; as the question was decided in the negative. 5. (Photog.) A picture upon glass or other material, in which the light portions of the original are represented in some opaque material (usually reduced silver), and the dark portions by the uncovered and transparent or semitransparent ground of the picture. A negative is chiefly used for producing photographs by means of the sun’s light passing through it and acting upon sensitized paper, thus producing on the paper a positive picture. 6. (Elect.) The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell. Negative pregnant (Law), a negation which implies an affirmation.

Neg´a•tive , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Negatived p. pr. & vb. n. Negativing.] 1. To prove unreal or untrue; to disprove. “The omission or infrequency of such recitals does not negative the existence of miracles.” Paley. 2. To reject by vote; to refuse to enact or sanction; as the Senate negatived the bill. 3. To neutralize the force of; to counteract.

Neg´a•tive•ly, adv. 1. In a negative manner; with or by denial. ´He answered negatively.´ Boyle. 2. In the form of speech implying the absence of something; — opposed to positively. “I shall show what this image of God in man is, negatively, by showing wherein it does not consist, and positively, by showing wherein it does consist.” South. Negatively charged or electrified (Elec.), having a charge of the kind of electricity called negative. { Neg´a•tive•ness , Neg•a•tiv´i•ty } , n. The quality or state of being negative.

Neg´a•to•ry , a. [L. negatorius: cf. F. negatorie.] Expressing denial; belonging to negation; negative. Carlyle.

Neg´i•noth , n. pl. [Heb. neginoth.] (Script.) Stringed instruments. Dr. W. Smith. “To the chief musician on Neginoth.” Ps. iv. 9heading).

Neg•lect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neglected; p. pr. & vb. n. Neglecting.] [L. neglectus, p. p. of neglegere (negligere) to disregard, neglect, the literal sense prob. neing, not to pick up; nec not, nor (fr. ne not + - que, a particle akin to Goth. -h, -uh, and prob. to E. who; cf. Goth. nih nor) + L. legere to pick up, gather. See No, adv., Legend, Who.] 1. Not to attend to with due care or attention; to forbear one’s duty in regard to; to suffer to pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, etc.; to omit; to disregard; to slight; as to neglect duty or business; to neglect to pay debts. “I hope
My absence doth neglect no great designs.” Shak. “This, my long suffering and my day of grace,
Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste.” Milton. 2. To omit to notice; to forbear to treat with attention or respect; to slight; as to neglect strangers. Syn. — To slight; overlook; disregard; disesteem; contemn. See Slight.

Neg•lect´, n. [L. neglectus. See Neglect, v.] 1. Omission of proper attention; avoidance or disregard of duty, from heedlessness, indifference, or willfulness; failure to do, use, or heed anything; culpable disregard; as neglect of business, of health, of economy. “To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame,
Or our neglect, we lost her as we came.” Milton. 2. Omission if attention or civilities; slight; as neglect of strangers. 3. Habitual carelessness; negligence. “Age breeds neglect in all.” Denham. 4. The state of being disregarded, slighted, or neglected. “Rescue my poor remains from vile neglect.” Prior. Syn. — Negligence; inattention; disregard; disesteem; remissness; indifference. See Negligence.

Neg•lect´ed•ness, n. The state of being neglected.

Neg•lect´er , n. One who neglects. South.

Neg•lect´ful , a. Full of neglect; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive; indifferent. Pope. “A cold and neglectful countenance.” Locke. “Though the Romans had no great genius for trade, yet they were not entirely neglectful of it.” Arbuthnot. — Neg•lect´ful•ly, adv. — Neg•lect´ful•ness, n.

Neg•lect´ing•ly, adv. Carelessly; heedlessly. Shak.

Neg•lec´tion , n. [L. neglectio.] The state of being negligent; negligence. [Obs.] Shak.

Neg•lect´ive , a. Neglectful. [R.] ´Neglective of their own children.´ Fuller.

Neg•li•gee´ , n. [F. neglige, fr. negliger to neglect, L. negligere. See Neglect.] An easy, unceremonious attire; undress; also a kind of easy robe or dressing gown worn by women.

Neg´li•gence , n. [F. negligence, L. negligentia.] The quality or state of being negligent; lack of due diligence or care; omission of duty; habitual neglect; heedlessness. 2. An act or instance of negligence or carelessness. “remarking his beauties, … I must also point out his negligences and defects.” Blair. 3. (Law) The omission of the care usual under the circumstances, being convertible with the Roman culpa. A specialist is bound to higher skill and diligence in his specialty than one who is not a specialist, and liability for negligence varies acordingly. Contributory negligence. See under Contributory. Syn. — Neglect; inattention; heedlessness; disregard; slight. — Negligence, Neglect. These two words are freely interchanged in our older writers; but a distinction has gradually sprung up between them. As now generally used, negligence is the habit, and neglect the act, of leaving things undone or unattended to. We are negligent as a general trait of character; we are guilty of neglect in particular cases, or in reference to individuals who had a right to our attentions.

Neg´li•gent , a. [F. negligent, L. negligens,p. pr. of negligere. See Neglect.] Apt to neglect; customarily neglectful; characterized by negligence; careless; heedless; culpably careless; showing lack of attention; as disposed in negligent order. ´Be thou negligent of fame.´ Swift. “He that thinks he can afford to be negligent is not far from being poor.” Rambler. Syn. — Careles; heedless; neglectful; regardless; thoughtless; indifferent; inattentive; remiss.

Neg´li•gent•ly , adv. In a negligent manner.

Neg´li•gi•ble , a. [Cf. F. negligible, negligeable.] That may neglected, disregarded, or left out of consideration. “Within very negligible limits of error.” Sir J. Herschel.

Ne•goce´ , n. [F. negoce. See Negotiate.] Business; occupation. [Obs.] Bentley.

Ne•go•ti•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. negociabilite.] The quality of being negotiable or transferable by indorsement.

Ne•go´ti•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. negotiable. See Negotiate.] Capable of being negotiated; transferable by assignment or indorsement to another person; as a negotiable note or bill of exchange. Negotiable paper, any commercial paper transferable by sale or delivery and indorsement, as bills of exchange, drafts, checks, and promissory notes.

Ne•go´ti•ant , n. [L. negotians, prop. p. pr. of negotiari: cf. F. negociant.] A negotiator. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Ne•go´ti•ate , v. i. [L. negotiatus, p. p. of negotiari, fr. negotium business; nec not + otium leisure. Cf. Neglect.] 1. To transact business; to carry on trade. [Obs.] Hammond. 2. To treat with another respecting purchase and sale or some business affair; to bargain or trade; as to negotiate with a man for the purchase of goods or a farm. 3. To hold intercourse respecting a treaty, league, or convention; to treat with, respecting peace or commerce; to conduct communications or conferences. “He that negotiates between God and man
Is God’s ambassador.” Cowper. 4. To intrigue; to scheme. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ne•go´ti•ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Negotiated p. pr. & vb. n. Negotiating ] 1. To carry on negotiations concerning; to procure or arrange for by negotiation; as to negotiate peace, or an exchange. “Constantinople had negotiated in the isles of the Archipelago … the most indispensable supplies.” Gibbon. 2. To transfer for a valuable consideration under rules of commercial law; to sell; to pass. “The notes were not negotiated to them in the usual course of business or trade.” Kent.

Ne•go•ti•a´tion , n. [L. negotiatio: cf. F. negociation.] 1. The act or process of negotiating; a treating with another respecting sale or purchase. etc. 2. Hence, mercantile business; trading. [Obs.] “Who had lost, with these prizes, forty thousand pounds, after twenty years’ negotiation in the East Indies.” Evelyn. 3. The transaction of business between nations; the mutual intercourse of governments by diplomatic agents, in making treaties, composing difference, etc.; as the negotiations at Ghent. “An important negotiation with foreign powers.” Macaulay.

Ne•go´ti•a•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. negociateur.] One who negotiates; a person who treats with others, either as principal or agent, in respect to purchase and sale, or public compacts.

Ne•go´ti•a•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to negotiation.

Ne•go•ti•a´trix , n. [L.] A woman who negotiates. Miss Edgeworth.

Ne•go•ti•os´i•ty , n. [L. negotiositas.] The state of being busy; multitude of business. [Obs.]

Ne•go´tious , a. [L. negotiosus.] Very busy; attentive to business; active. [R.] D. Rogers.

Ne•go´tious•ness, n. The state of being busily occupied; activity. [R.] D. Rogers.

Ne´gress , n.; pl. Negresses . [Cf. F. negrese, fem. of negre a negro. See Negro.] A black woman; a female negro.

Ne•gri´ta , n. [Sp., blackish, fem. of negrito, dim. of negro black.] (Zoöl.) A blackish fish (Hypoplectrus nigricans), of the Sea-bass family. It is a native of the West Indies and Florida.

Ne•grit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to negroes; composed of negroes. Keary.

Ne•gri´tos , n. pl.; sing Negrito . [Sp., dim. of negro black.] (Ethnol.) A degraded Papuan race, inhabiting Luzon and some of the other east Indian Islands. They resemble negroes, but are smaller in size. They are mostly nomads.

Ne´gro , n.; pl. Negroes . [Sp. or Pg. negro, fr. negro black, L. niger; perh. akin to E. night.] A black man; especially, one of a race of black or very dark persons who inhabit the greater part of tropical Africa, and are distinguished by crisped or curly hair, flat noses, and thick protruding lips; also any black person of unmixed African blood, wherever found.

Ne´gro, a. Of or pertaining to negroes; black. Negro bug (Zoöl.), a minute black bug common on the raspberry and blackberry. It produced a very disagreeable flavor. — negro corn, the Indian millet or durra; — so called in the West Indies. see Durra. McElrath. — Negro fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous fly (Psila rosae) which, in the larval state, is injurious to carrots; — called also carrot fly. — Negro head (Com.), Cavendish tobacco. [Cant] McElrath. — Negro monkey (Zoöl.), the moor monkey.

Ne´groid , a. [Negro + - oid.] 1. Characteristic of the negro. 2. Resembling the negro or negroes; of or pertaining to those who resemble the negro.

Ne´gro•loid , a. See Negroid.

Ne´gus , n. A beverage made of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon juice; — so called, it is said, from its first maker, Colonel Negus.

Ne´hi•loth , n. pl. [Heb.] (Script.) A term supposed to mean, perforated wind instruments of music, as pipes or flutes. Ps. v. (heading).

Ne•hush´tan , n. [Heb.] A thing of brass; — the name under which the Israelites worshiped the brazen serpent made by Moses. 2 Kings xviii. 4. { Neif , Neife } (nef), n. [OF. neïf, naïf, a born serf, fr. L. nativus born, imparted by birth. See Native.] A woman born in the state of villeinage; a female serf. Blackstone. { Neif , Neaf (nef), } n. [Icel. hnefi; akin to Dan. naeve, Sw. näfve.] The fist. [Obs.] ´I kiss thy neif.´ ´Give me your neaf.´ Shak.

Neigh (na), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neighed (nad); p. pr. & vb. n. Neighing.] [OE. neien, AS. hnaegan, prob. of imitative origin; cf. MHG. negen, Icel. hneggja, gneggja, Sw. gnägga. Cf. Nag a horse.] 1. To utter the cry of the horse; to whinny. 2. To scoff or sneer; to jeer. [Obs.] “Neighed at his nakedness.” Beau. & Fl.

Neigh, n. The cry of a horse; a whinny.

Neigh´bor (na´ber), n. [OE. neighebour, AS. neáhgebur; neáh nigh + gebur a dweller, farmer; akin to D. nabuur, G. nachbar, OHG. nahgibur. See Nigh, and Boor.] [Spelt also neighbour.] 1. A person who lives near another; one whose abode is not far off. Chaucer. “Masters, my good friends, mine honest neighbors.” Shak. 2. One who is near in sympathy or confidence. “Buckingham
No more shall be the neighbor to my counsel.” Shak. 3. One entitled to, or exhibiting, neighborly kindness; hence, one of the human race; a fellow being. “Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbor unto him that fell among the thieves?” Luke x. 36. “The gospel allows no such term as ´stranger;´ makes every man my neighbor.” South.

Neigh´bor, a. Near to another; adjoining; adjacent; next; neighboring. ´The neighbor cities.´ Jer. l. 40. ´The neighbor room.´ Shak.

neigh´bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neighbored p. pr. & vb. n Neighboring.] 1. To adjoin; to border on; tobe near to. “Leisurely ascending hills that neighbor the shore.” Sandys. 2. To associate intimately with. [Obs.] Shak.

Neigh´bor, v. i. To dwell in the vicinity; to be a neighbor, or in the neighborhood; to be near. [Obs.] “A copse that neighbors by.” Shak.

Neigh´bor•hood , n. [Written also neighbourhood.] 1. The quality or condition of being a neighbor; the state of being or dwelling near; proximity. “Then the prison and the palace were in awful neighborhood.” Ld. Lytton. 2. A place near; vicinity; adjoining district; a region the inhabitants of which may be counted as neighbors; as he lives in my neighborhood. 3. The inhabitants who live in the vicinity of each other; as the fire alarmed all the neiborhood. 4. The disposition becoming a neighbor; neighborly kindness or good will. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Vicinity; vicinage; proximity. — Neighborhood, Vicinity. Neighborhood is Anglo- Saxon, and vicinity is Latin. Vicinity does not commonly denote so close a connection as neighborhood. A neighborhood is a more immediate vicinity. The houses immediately adjoining a square are in the neighborhood of that square; those which are somewhat further removed are also in the vicinity of the square.

Neigh´bor•ing, a. Living or being near; adjacent; as the neighboring nations or countries.

Neigh´bor•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being neighborly.

Neigh´bor•ly, a. [Also written neighbourly.] Appropriate to the relation of neighbors; having frequent or familiar intercourse; kind; civil; social; friendly. — adv. In a neighborly manner. “Judge if this be neighborly dealing.” Arbuthnot.

Neigh´bor•ship, n. The state of being neighbors. [R.] J. Bailie.

Neis´hout , n. [From D. niezen to sneeze + hout wood.] (Bot.) The mahogany-like wood of the South African tree Pteroxylon utile, the sawdust of which causes violent sneezing (whence the name). Also called sneezewood.

Nei´ther (? or 277), a. [OE. neiter, nother, nouther, AS. nawðer, nahwaeðer; na never, not + hwaeðer whether. The word has followed the form of either. See No, and Whether, and cf. Neuter, Nor.] Not either; not the one or the other. “Which of them shall I take?
Both? one? or neither? Neither can be enjoyed,
If both remain alive.” Shak. “He neither loves,
Nor either cares for him.” Shak.

Nei´ther, conj. not either; generally used to introduce the first of two or more coördinate clauses of which those that follow begin with nor. “Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king.” 1 Kings xxii. 31. “Hadst thou been firm and fixed in thy dissent,
Neither had I transgressed, nor thou with me.” Milton. “When she put it on, she made me vow
That I should neither sell, nor give, nor lose it.” Shak. Neither was formerly often used where we now use nor. ´For neither circumcision, neither uncircumcision is anything at all.´ Tyndale. ´Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it.´ Gen. iii. 3. Neither is sometimes used colloquially at the end of a clause to enforce a foregoing negative (nor, not, no). ´He is very tall, but not too tall neither.´ Addison. ´ •I care not for his thrust’ •No, nor I neither.’´ Shak. Not so neither, by no means. [Obs.] Shak.

Ne•lum´bo , n. [Ceylonese word.] (Bot.) A genus of great water lilies. The North American species is Nelumbo lutea, the Asiatic is the sacred lotus, N. speciosa. [Written also Nelumbium.]

Nem´a•line , a. [L. nema thread, Gr. , fr. to spin.] (Min.) Having the form of threads; fibrous.

Nem´a•lite , n. [Gr. thread + -lite: cf. F. nemalite.] (Min.) A fibrous variety of brucite.

Nem•a•tel´mi•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Nemathelminthes.

Nem•a•the´ci•um (? or ), n.; pl. Nemathecia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a thread + a box.] (Bot.) A peculiar kind of fructification on certain red algae, consisting of an external mass of filaments at length separating into tetraspores. { Nem•a•thel•min´thes , Nem•a•tel•min´thes }, n. pl. [NL. See Nemato-, and Helminthes.] (Zoöl.) An ordr of helminths, including the Nematoidea and Gordiacea; the roundworms. [Written also Nematelminthea.]

Nem´a•to- A combining form from Gr. nh^ma, nh•matos, a thread.

Nem´a•to•blast , n. [Nemato- + -blast.] (Biol.) A spermatocyte or spermoblast.

Nem•a•to•ca´lyx , n.; pl. Nematocalyces (#), E. -calyxes (#). [NL. See Nemato-, and Calyx.] (Zoöl.) One of a peculiar kind of cups, or calicles, found upon hydroids of the family Plumularidae. They contain nematocysts. See Plumularia.

Nem•a•toc´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a thread + ke•ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of dipterous insects, having long antennae, as the mosquito, gnat, and crane fly; — called also Nemocera.

Nem´a•to•cyst , n. [Nemato- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) A lasso cell, or thread cell. See Lasso cell, under Lasso.

Nem´a•tode , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Nematoid.

Nem´a•to•gene , n. [Nemato- + root of Gr. to be born.] (Zoöl.) One of the dimorphic forms of the species of Dicyemata, which produced vermiform embryos; — opposed to rhombogene.

Nem•a•tog´nath , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Nematognathi.

Nem•a•tog´na•thi , n. pl. [NL. See nemato-, and Gnathic.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes having barbels on the jaws. It includes the catfishes, or siluroids. See Siluroid.

Nem´a•toid , a. [Nemato- + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Nematoidea. — n. One of the Nematoidea. See Illustration in Appendix.

Nem•a•toi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , thread + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of worms, having a long, round, and generally smooth body; the roundworms. They are mostly parasites. Called also Nematodea, and Nematoda. The trichina, stomach worm, and pinworm of man belong to this group. See also Vinegar eel, under Vinegar, and Gapeworm.

Nem•a•toid´e•an , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Nematoid.

Nem•a•toph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a thread + to bear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Cœlenterata.

Ne´me•an (ne´me•an; 277), a. [L. Nemeus, fr. Nemea, Gr. Neme•h.] Of or pertaining to Nemea, in Argolis, where the ancient Greeks celebrated games, and Hercules killed a lion.

Ne•mer´te•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Nemertina. — n. One of the Nemertina.

Ne•mer´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. nhmerth•s unerring.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Nemertina.

Ne•mer´ti•an , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Nemertean.

Ne•mer´tid , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Nemertean.

Ne•mer´ti•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Nemertina.

Nem•er•ti´na (nem•er•ti´na), n. pl. [NL. See Nemrtes.] (Zoöl.) An order of helminths usually having a long, slender, smooth, often bright-colored body, covered with minute vibrating cilia; — called also Nemertea, Nemertida, and Rhynchocœla. The mouth is beneath the head, and the straight intestine at the posterior end. They have a very singular long tubular proboscis, which can be everted from a pore in the front of the head. Their nervous system and blood vessels are well developed. Some of the species become over one hundred feet long. They are mostly marine and seldom parasitic; a few inhabit fresh water. The two principal divisions are Anopla and Enopla.

Nem´e•sis (nem´e•sis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ne•mesis, orig., distribution, fr. ne•mein to distribute. See Nomad.] (Class. Myth.) The goddess of retribution or vengeance; hence, retributive justice personified; divine vengeance. “This is that ancient doctrine of nemesis who keeps watch in the universe, and lets no offense go unchastised.” Emerson.

Ne•moph´i•list , n. [See Nemophily.] One who is fond of forest or forest scenery; a haunter of the woods. [R.]

Ne•moph´i•ly , n. [Gr. ne•mos wooded pasture, glade + filei^n to love.] Fondness for forest scenery; love of the woods. [R.]

Nem´o•ral , a. [L. nemoralis, fr. nemus, nemoris, a wood or grove: cf. F. nemoral.] Of or pertaining to a wood or grove. [R.]

Nem´o•rous , a. [L. nemorosus.] Woody. [R.] “Paradise itself was but a kind of nemorous temple.” Evelyn.

Nemp´ne , v. t. [AS. nemnan to name or call. See Name, v.] To name or call. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nempt , p. p. of Nempne. Called; named. [Obs.]

Nems , n. (Zoöl.) The ichneumon.

Ne´ni•a , n. [L. nenia, naenia.] A funeral song; an elegy.

Nen´u•phar , n. [F. nenufar: cf. Sp. nenúfar, It. nenufár; all fr. Per. nilfar.] (Bot.) The great white water lily of Europe; the Nymphaea alba.

Ne´o- . [Gr. youthful, new. See New.] A prefix meaning new, recent, late; and in chemistry designating specifically that variety of metameric hydrocarbons which, when the name was applied, had been recently classified, and in which at least one carbon atom in connected directly with four other carbon atoms; — contrasted with normal and iso-; as neopentane; the neoparaffins. Also used adjectively.

Ne•o•car´i•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. new + , , a kind of crustacean.] (Zoöl.) The modern, or true, Crustacea, as distinguished from the Merostomata.

Ne´o•cene , a. [Neo- + Gr. new.] (Geol.) More recent than the Eocene, that is, including both the Miocene and Pliocene divisions of the Tertiary.

Ne•o-Chris•tian´i•ty , n. [Neo- + Christianity.] Rationalism.

Ne•o•co´mi•an , n. [From Neocomium, the Latin name of Neuchatel, in Switzerland, where these rocks occur.] (Geol.) A term applied to the lowest deposits of the Cretaceous or chalk formation of Europe, being the lower greensand.

Ne•o•co´mi•an, a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lower greensand.

Ne•o•cos´mic , a. [Neo- + cosmic.] Of or pertaining to the universe in its present state; specifically, pertaining to the races of men known to history.

Ne•oc´ra•cy , n. [Neo-+ - cracy, as in aristocracy.] Government by new or inexperienced hands; upstart rule; raw or untried officials.

Ne•od´a•mode , n. [Gr. ; new + , dh•mos, the people + shape.] In ancient Sparta, one of those Helots who were freed by the state in reward for military service. Milford.

Ne•o•dym´i•um , n. [NL. Dee Neo- , and Didymium.] (Chem.) An elementary substance which forms one of the constituents of didymium. Symbol Nd. Atomic weight 140.8.

Ne•o•gae´an , a. [Neo- + Gr. earth.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the New World, or Western Hemisphere.

Ne•og´a•mist , n. [Gr. newly married.] A person recently married.

Ne´o•gen , n. [Neo- + - gen.] (Chem.) An alloy resembling silver, and consisting chiefly of copper, zinc, and nickel, with small proportions of tin, aluminium, and bismuth. Ure.

Ne•og´ra•phy , n. [Neo- + -graphy.] A new method or system of writing.

Ne•o-Lat´in , a. [Neo- + Latin.] Applied to the Romance languages, as being mostly of Latin origin.

Ne•o•lith´ic , a. [Neo- + -lith + -ic.] (Archaeol. & Geol.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, an era characterized by late remains in stone. “The Neolithic era includes the latter half of the ´Stone age;´ the human relics which belong to it are associated with the remains of animals not yet extinct. The kitchen middens of Denmark, the lake dwellings of Switzerland, and the stockaded islands, or ´crannogs,´ of the British Isles, belong to this era.” Lubbock.

Ne•o•lo•gi•an , a. Neologic; neological.

Ne•o•lo´gi•an, n. A neologist.

Ne•o•lo´gi•an•ism , n. Neologism. { Ne•o•log´ic , Ne•o•log´ic•al }, a. [Cf. F. neologique.] Of or pertaining to neology; employing new words; of the nature of, or containing, new words or new doctrines. “A genteel neological dictionary.” Chesterfield.

Ne•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In a neological manner.

Ne•ol´o•gism , n. [Cf. F. neologisme.] 1. The introduction of new words, or the use of old words in a new sense. Mrs. Browning. 2. A new word, phrase, or expression. 3. A new doctrine; specifically, rationalism.

Ne•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. neologiste.] 1. One who introduces new words or new senses of old words into a language. 2. An innovator in any doctrine or system of belief, especially in theology; one who introduces or holds doctrines subversive of supernatural or revealed religion; a rationalist, so- called. { Ne•ol•o•gis´tic , Ne•ol•o•gis´tic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to neology; neological.

Ne•ol•o•gi•za´tion , n. The act or process of neologizing.

Ne•ol´o•gize , v. i. 1. To introduce or use new words or terms or new uses of old words. 2. To introduce innovations in doctrine, esp. in theological doctrine.

Ne•ol´o•gy , n. [Neo- + - logy: cf. F. neologie.] 1. The introduction of a new word, or of words or significations, into a language; as the present nomenclature of chemistry is a remarkable instance of neology. 2. A new doctrine; esp. (Theol.), a doctrine at variance with the received interpretation of revealed truth; a new method of theological interpretation; rationalism.

Ne•o•me´ni•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; new + mh•n month.] The time of the new moon; the beginning of the month in the lunar calendar.

Ne•o•me•noi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Neomenia, a representative genus (See Neomenia) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of vermiform gastropod mollusks, without a shell, belonging to the Isopleura.

Ne´o•morph , n. [Neo- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) A structure, part, or organ developed independently, that is, not derived from a similar structure, part, or organ, in a preexisting form.

Ne´o•nism , n. Neologism.

Ne•o•no´mi•an , n. [Neo- + Gr. law.] One who advocates adheres to new laws; esp. one who holds or believes that the gospel is a new law.

Ne•o•no´mi•an, a. Of or pertaining to the Neonomians, or in accordance with their doctrines.

Ne•o•no´mi•an•ism , n. The doctrines or belief of the neonomians.

Ne´o•phyte , n. [L. neophytis, Gr. , prop., newly planted; new + grown, that which has grown, a plant, fr. to grow: cf. F. neophyte. See New, and Be.] 1. A new convert or proselyte; — a name given by the early Christians, and still given by the Roman Catholics, to such as have recently embraced the Christian faith, and been admitted to baptism, esp. to converts from heathenism or Judaism. 2. A novice; a tyro; a beginner in anything.

Ne•o•pla´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. new + to form, mold.] (Physiol. & Med.) Growth or development of new material; neoplasty.

Ne´o•plasm , n. [See Neoplasia.] (Physiol. & Med.) A new formation or tissue, the product of morbid action.

Ne•o•plas´tic , a. (Physiol. & Med.) Of or pertaining to neoplasty, or neoplasia.

Ne´o•plas•ty , n. [See Neoplasia.] (Physiol. & Med.) Restoration of a part by granulation, adhesive inflammation, or autoplasty.

Ne•o•pla´ton´ic , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Neoplatonism or the Neoplatonists.

Ne•o•pla•to•ni´cian , n. A Neoplatonist.

Ne•o•pla´to•nism , n. [Neo- + Platonism.] A pantheistic eclectic school of philosophy, of which Plotinus was the chief (A. D. 205-270), and which sought to reconcile the Platonic and Aristotelian systems with Oriental theosophy. It tended to mysticism and theurgy, and was the last product of Greek philosophy.

Ne•o•pla´to•nist , n. One who held to Neoplatonism; a member of the Neoplatonic school.

Ne•o•ra´ma , n. [Gr. temple + a view.] A panorama of the interior of a building, seen from within.

Ne•os´sine , n. [Gr. neossia• a bird’s nest.] The substance constituting the edible bird’s nest.

Ne•os•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a young bird + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The study of young birds. { Ne•o•ter´ic , Ne•o•ter´ic•al }, a. [L. neotericus, Gr. , fr. , compar. of young, new.] Recent in origin; modern; new. ´Our neoteric verbs.´ Fitzed. Hall. “Some being ancient, others neoterical.” Bacon.

Ne•o•ter´ic, n. One of modern times; a modern.

Neo•ter´ic•al•ly , adv. Recently; newly.

Ne•ot´er•ism , n. [Gr. innovation] An innovation or novelty; a neoteric word or phrase.

Ne•ot´er•ist, n. One ho introduces new word or phrases. Fitzed Hall.

Ne•ot´er•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neoterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Neoterized.] [Gr. to innovate.] To innovate; to coin or introduce new words. “Freely as we of the nineteenth century neoterize.” fized. Hall.

Ne•o•trop´ic•al , a. [Neo- + tropical.] (Geog. & Zoöl.) Belonging to, or designating, a region of the earth’s surface which comprises most of South America, the Antilles, and tropical North America.

Ne•o•zo´ic , a. [Neo- + Gr. life.] (Geol.) More recent than the Paleozoic, — that is, including the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

Nep , n. [Abbrev. fr. Nepeta.] (Bot.) Catnip.

Ne´pa , n. [L. nepa scorpion.] (Zoöl.) A genus of aquatic hemipterous insects. The species feed upon other insects and are noted for their voracity; — called also scorpion bug and water scorpion.

Nep•au•lese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Nepaul, a kingdom in Northern Hindostan. — n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Nepaul.

Ne•pen´the , n. [Fr. Gr. removing all sorrow; hence, an epithet of an Egyptian drug which lulled sorrow for the day; not + sorrow, grief.] A drug used by the ancients to give relief from pain and sorrow; — by some supposed to have been opium or hasheesh. Hence, anything soothing and comforting. “Lulled with the sweet nepenthe of a court.” Pope. “Quaff, O quaff this kind nepenthe.” Poe.

Ne•pen´thes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Nepenthe.] 1. Same as Nepenthe. Milton. 2. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants found in India, Malaya, etc., which have the leaves prolonged into a kind of stout tendril terminating in a pitcherlike appendage, whence the plants are often called pitcher plants and monkey- cups. There are about thirty species, of which the best known is Nepenthes distillatoria. See Pitcher plant.

Nep´e•ta , n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of labiate plants, including the catnip and ground ivy.

Neph´a•lism , n. [Gr. soberness, fr. sober, to drink no wine: cf. F. nephalisme.] Total abstinence from spirituous liquor.

Neph´a•list , n. [Cf. F. nephaliste.] One who advocates or practices nephalism. { Neph´e•line , Neph´e•lite }, n. [gr. cloud: cf. F. nepheline. Cf. Nebula.] (Min.) A mineral occuring at Vesuvius, in glassy hexagonal crystals; also elsewhere, in grayish or greenish masses having a greasy luster, as the variety elaeolite. It is a silicate of aluminia, soda, and potash.

Neph•e•lo•dom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a cloud + way + -meter.] (Meteorol.) An instrument for reckoning the distances or velocities of clouds.

Neph•e•lom´e•ter , n. [Gr. a cloud + -meter.] An instrument for measuring or registering the amount of cloudiness.

Neph´ew (nef´u; in England nev´u; 277), n. [OE. neveu, nevou, nevu, fr. F. neveu, OF. also nevou, L. nepos; akin to AS. nefa, D. neef, G. neffe, OHG. nevo, Icel. nefi a kinsman, Gr. ne•podes, pl., brood, young, Skr. nepat grandson, descendant. rad.262. Cf. Niece, Nepotism.] 1. A grandson or grandchild, or remoter lineal descendant. [Obs.] “But if any widow have children or nephews [Rev. Ver. grandchildren].” 1 Tim. v. 4. “If naturalists say true that nephews are often liker to their grandfathers than to their fathers.” Jer. Taylor. 2. A cousin. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The son of a brother or a sister, or of a brother-in-law or sister-in-law. Chaucer.

Neph´i•lim , n. pl. [Heb. nephilim.] Giants. Gen. vi. 4. Num. xiii. 33.

Neph´o•scope , n. [Gr. a cloud + -scope.] (Meteorol.) An instrument for observing the clouds and their velocity. { Ne•phral´gi•a , Ne•phral´gy }, n. [NL. nephralgia, fr. Gr. a kidney + pain: cf. F. nephralgie.] (Med.) Neuralgia of the kidneys; a disease characterized by pain in the region of the kidneys without any structural lesion of the latter. Quain.

Ne•phrid´i•al , a. (Zoöl. & Anat.) Of or pertaining to a nephridium.

Ne•phrid´i•um , n.; pl. Nephridia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. of the kidneys.] (Zoöl. & Anat.) A segmental tubule; one of the tubules of the primitive urinogenital organs; a segmental organ. See Illust. under Loeven’s larva.

Neph´rite ( 277), n. [Cf. F. nephrite. See Nephritis.] (Min.) A hard compact mineral, of a dark green color, formerly worn as a remedy for diseases of the kidneys, whence its name; kidney stone; a kind of jade. See Jade. { Ne•phrit´ic , Ne•phrit´ic•al }, a. [L. nephriticus, Gr. : cf. F. nephretique. See Nephritis.] 1. Of or pertaining to the kidneys or urinary organs; renal; as a nephritic disease. 2. (Med.) (a) Affected with a disease of the kidneys; as a nephritic patient. (b) Relieving disorders of the kidneys; affecting the kidneys; as a nephritic medicine. Nephritic stone (Min.), nephrite; jade. See Nephrite.

Ne•phrit´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine adapted to relieve or cure disease of the kidneys.

Ne•phri´tis , n. [L., fr. Gr. (sc. ), fr. a kidney.] (Med.) An inflammation of the kidneys.

neph•ro•lith´ic , a. [Gr. a kidney + -lith + ic.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to gravel, or renal calculi. Dunglison.

Ne•phrol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a kidney + -logy.] A treatise on, or the science which treats of, the kidneys, and their structure and functions.

Neph´ro•stome , n. [Gr. a kidney + mouth.] (Zoöl. & Anat.) The funnel-shaped opening of a nephridium into the body cavity.

Ne•phrot´o•my , n. [Gr. a kidney + to cut: cf. F. nephrotomie.] (Surg.) Extraction of stone from the kidney by cutting.

Nep´o•tal , a. Of or relating to a nephew.

Ne•pot´ic , a. [See nepotism.] Of or pertaining to nepotism. “The nepotic ambition of the ruling pontiff.” Milman.

Nep´o•tism ( 277), n. [L. nepus, nepotus, nephew: cf. F. nepotisme. See Nephew.] Undue attachment to relations; favoritism shown to members of one’s family; bestowal of patronage in consideration of relationship, rather than of merit or of legal claim. “From nepotism Alexander V. was safe; for he was without kindred or relatives. But there was another perhaps more fatal nepotism, which turned the tide of popularity against him — the nepotism of his order.” Milman.

Nep´o•tist , n. One who practices nepotism.

Nep´tune , n. [L. Neptunus.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The son of Saturn and Ops, the god of the waters, especially of the sea. He is represented as bearing a trident for a scepter. 2. (Astron.) The remotest known planet of our system, discovered — as a result of the computations of Leverrier, of Paris — by Galle, of Berlin, September 23, 1846. Its mean distance from the sun is about 2,775,000,000 miles, and its period of revolution is about 164,78 years. Neptune powder, an explosive containing nitroglycerin, — used in blasting. — Neptune’s cup (Zoöl.), a very large, cup-shaped, marine sponge (Thalassema Neptuni).

Nep•tu´ni•an , a. [L. Neptunius belonging to Neptune: cf. F. neptunien.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ocean or sea. 2. (Geol.) Formed by water or aqueous solution; as Neptunian rocks. Neptunian races (Ethnol.), the Malay and Polynesian races. — Neptunian theory (Geol.), the theory of Werner, which referred the formation of all rocks and strata to the agency of water; — opposed to the Plutonic theory. { Nep•tu´ni•an , Nep´tu•nist }, n. [Cf. F. neptinien, neptuniste.] (Geol.) One who adopts the Neptunian theory.

Nep•tu•ni•cen´tric , a. [Neptune + centric.] (Astron.) As seen from Neptune, or having Neptune as a center; as Neptunicentric longitude or force.

Nep•tu´ni•um , n. [NL.] A new metallic element, of doubtful genuineness and uncertain identification, said to exist in certain minerals, as columbite. Hermann.

Ner , adv. & a. Nearer. [Obs.] See Nerre.

Nere [Contr. fr. ne were.] Were not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ne´re•id , n.; pl. E. Nereids (#), L. Nereides (#). [L. Nereis, -idis, Gr. Nhrei:•s Nhrhi:•s, i:•dos, a daughter of Nereus, a nymph of the sea, fr. Nhrey•s Nereus, an ancient sea god; akin to nhro•s wet, Skr. nara water, cf. Gr. na•ein to flow.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A sea nymph, one of the daughters of Nereus, who were attendants upon Neptune, and were represented as riding on sea horses, sometimes with the human form entire, and sometimes with the tail of a fish. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of Nereis. The word is sometimes used for similar annelids of other families.

Ne•re•id´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any annelid resembling Nereis, or of the family Lycoridae or allied families.

Ne´re•is , n.; pl. Nereides (#). [L.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A Nereid. See Nereid. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus, including numerous species, of marine chaetopod annelids, having a well- formed head, with two pairs of eyes, antennae, four pairs of tentacles, and a protrusile pharynx, armed with a pair of hooked jaws.

Ne´re•ites , n. pl. (Paleon.) Fossil tracks of annelids.

Ne•re•o•cys´tis , n. [NL. See Nereid, and Cyst.] (Bot.) A genus of gigantic seaweeds. Nereocystis Lutkeana, of the North Pacific, has a stem many fathoms long, terminating in a great vesicle, which is crowned with a tuft of long leaves. The stem is used by the Alaskans for fishing lines.

Nerf´ling , n. (Zoöl.) The id.

Ne•ri´ta , n. [L., a sort of sea mussel, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropods, mostly natives of warm climates.

Ner´ite (? or 277), n. (Zoöl.) Any mollusk of the genus Nerita.

Ner•i•ti´na , n. (Zoöl.) A genus including numerous species of shells resembling Nerita in form. They mostly inhabit brackish water, and are often delicately tinted.

Ne´ro , n. A Roman emperor notorious for debauchery and barbarous cruelty; hence, any profligate and cruel ruler or merciless tyrant. — Ne•ro´ni•an (#), a.

Ner´o•li , n. [F. neroli, said to be from the name of an Italian princess.] (Chem.) An essential oil obtained by distillation from the flowers of the orange. It has a strong odor, and is used in perfumery, etc. Neroli camphor (Chem.), a white crystalline waxy substance, tasteless and odorless, obtained from beroli oil; — called also auradin.

Ner´re , adv. & a. [See Near.] Nearer. [Obs.] [Written also neer, ner.] Chaucer. Never the neer, never the nearer; no nearer. [Obs.]

Nerv´ate , a. (Bot.) Nerved.

Ner•va´tion , n. The arrangement of nerves and veins, especially those of leaves; neuration. “The outlines of the fronds of ferns, and their nervation, are frail characters if employed alone for the determination of existing genera.” J. D. Hooker.

Nerve , n. [OE. nerfe, F. nerf, L. nervus, akin to Gr. sinew, nerve; cf. string, bowstring; perh. akin to E. needle. Cf. Neuralgia.] 1. (Anat.) One of the whitish and elastic bundles of fibers, with the accompanying tissues, which transmit nervous impulses between nerve centers and various parts of the animal body. An ordinary nerve is made up of several bundles of nerve fibers, each bundle inclosed in a special sheath (the perineurium) and all bound together in a connective tissue sheath and framework (the epineurium) containing blood vessels and lymphatics. 2. A sinew or a tendon. Pope. 3. Physical force or steadiness; muscular power and control; constitutional vigor. “he led me on to mightiest deeds,
Above the nerve of mortal arm.” Milton. 4. Steadiness and firmness of mind; self- command in personal danger, or under suffering; unshaken courage and endurance; coolness; pluck; resolution. 5. Audacity; assurance. [Slang] 6. (Bot.) One of the principal fibrovascular bundles or ribs of a leaf, especially when these extend straight from the base or the midrib of the leaf. 7. (Zoöl.) One of the nervures, or veins, in the wings of insects. Nerve cell (Anat.), one of the nucleated cells with which nerve fibers are connected; a ganglion cell. — Nerve fiber (Anat.), one of the fibers of which nerves are made up. These fibers are either medullated or nonmedullated. in both kinds the essential part is the translucent threadlike axis cylinder which is continuous the whole length of the fiber. — Nerve stretching (Med.), the operation of stretching a nerve in order to remedy diseases such as tetanus, which are supposed to be influenced by the condition of the nerve or its connections.

Nerve , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nerved p. pr. & vb. n. Nerving.] To give strength or vigor to; to supply with force; as fear nerved his arm.

Nerved , a. 1. Having nerves of a special character; as weak- nerved. 2. (Bot.) Having nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins. Gray.

Nerve´less , a. 1. Destitute of nerves. 2. Destitute of strength or of courage; wanting vigor; weak; powerless. “A kingless people for a nerveless state.” Byron. “Awaking, all nerveless, from an ugly dream.” Hawthorne.

Nerve´less•ness, n. The state of being nerveless.

Nerve´-shak•en , a. Affected by a tremor, or by a nervous disease; weakened; overcome by some violent influence or sensation; shocked.

Ner•vi•mo´tion , n. [Nerve + motion.] (Physiol.) The movement caused in the sensory organs by external agents and transmitted to the muscles by the nerves. Dunglison.

Ner•vi•mo´tor , n. [Nerve + motor.] (Physiol.) Any agent capable of causing nervimotion. Dunglison.

Nerv´ine ( 277) a. [L. nervinus made of sinews: cf.F. nervin. See Nerve.] (Med.) Having the quality of acting upon or affecting the nerves; quieting nervous excitement. — n. A nervine agent.

Ner•vo•mus´cu•lar , a. [Nerve + muscular.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to both nerves and muscles; of the nature of nerves and muscles; as nervomuscular energy.

Ner•vose´ , a. [See Nervous.] (Bot.) Same as Nerved.

Ner•vos´i•ty , n. [L. nervositas strength.] Nervousness. [R.]

Nerv´ous , a. [L. nervosus sinewy, vigorous: cf. F. nerveux. See Nerve.] 1. possessing nerve; sinewy; strong; vigorous. ´Nervous arms.´ Pope. 2. Possessing or manifesting vigor of mind; characterized by strength in sentiment or style; forcible; spirited; as a nervous writer. 3. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the nerves; as nervous excitement; a nervous fever. 4. Having the nerves weak, diseased, or easily excited; subject to, or suffering from, undue excitement of the nerves; easily agitated or annoyed. “Poor, weak, nervous creatures.” Cheyne. 5. Sensitive; excitable; timid. “Our aristocratic class does not firmly protest against the unfair treatment of Irish Catholics, because it is nervous about the land.” M. Arnold. Nervous fever (Med.), a low form of fever characterized by great disturbance of the nervous system, as evinced by delirium, or stupor, disordered sensibility, etc. — Nervous system (Anat.), the specialized coördinating apparatus which endows animals with sensation and volition. In vertebrates it is often divided into three systems: the central, brain and spinal cord; the peripheral, cranial and spinal nerves; and the sympathetic. See Brain, Nerve, Spinal cord, under Spinal, and Sympathetic system, under Sympathetic, and Illust. in Appendix. — Nervous temperament, a condition of body characterized by a general predominance of mental manifestations. Mayne.

Nerv´ous•ly, adv. In a nervous manner.

Nerv´ous•ness, n. State or quality of being nervous.

Nerv´ure , n. [F. See Nerve.] 1. (Bot.) One of the nerves of leaves. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the chitinous supports, or veins, in the wings of incests.

Nerv´y , a. [Compar. Nervier superl. - iest.] Strong; sinewy. ´His nervy knees.´ Keats.

Nes´cience , n. [L. nescientia, fr. nesciens, p. pr. of nescire not to know; ne not + scire to know.] Want of knowledge; ignorance; agnosticism. “God fetched it about for me, in that absence and nescience of mine.” Bp. Hall.

Nese , n. Nose. [Obs.] Piers plowman.

Nesh , a. [AS. hnesc, hnaesc, akin to Goth. hnasqus.] Soft; tender; delicate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ness , n. [AS. naes, ns; akin to Icel. nes, Sw. näs, Dan. naes, and E. nose. rad. 261. See Nose.] A promontory; a cape; a headland. Hakluyt. Ness is frequently used as a suffix in the names of places and promontories; as Sheerness.

-ness . [AS. -ness, -nyss, - nys; akin to OS. -nissi, nussi, D. -nis, OHG. -nissa, -nassi, -nussi, G. - nis, -niss, Goth. -inasus.] A suffix used to form abstract nouns expressive of quality or state; as goodness, greatness.

Ness´ler•ize , v. t. [From Nessler, the chemist.] (Chem.) To treat or test, as a liquid, with a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide and potassium hydroxide, which is called Nessler’s solution or Nessler’s test, and is used to detect the presence of ammonia.

Nest , n. [AS. nest; akin to D. & G. nest, Sw. näste, L. nidus, for nisdus, Skr. nia resting place, nest; cf. Lith. lizdas, Arm. neiz, Gael. & Ir. nead. Prob. from the particle ni down, Skr. ni + the root of E. sit, and thus orig., a place to sit down in. rad. 264. See Nether, and Sit, and cf. Eyas, Nidification, Nye.] 1. The bed or receptacle prepared by a fowl for holding her eggs and for hatching and rearing her young. “The birds of the air have nests.” Matt. viii. 20. 2. Hence: the place in which the eggs of other animals, as insects, turtles, etc., are laid and hatched; a snug place in which young animals are reared. Bentley. 3. A snug, comfortable, or cozy residence or situation; a retreat, or place of habitual resort; hence, those who occupy a nest, frequent a haunt, or are associated in the same pursuit; as a nest of traitors; a nest of bugs. “A little cottage, like some poor man’s nest.” Spenser. 4. (Geol.) An aggregated mass of any ore or mineral, in an isolated state, within a rock. 5. A collection of boxes, cases, or the like, of graduated size, each put within the one next larger. 6. (Mech.) A compact group of pulleys, gears, springs, etc., working together or collectively. Nest egg, an egg left in the nest to prevent the hen from forsaking it, and to induce her to lay more in the same place; hence, figuratively, something laid up as the beginning of a fund or collection. Hudibras.

Nest , v. i. To build and occupy a nest. “The king of birds nested within his leaves.” Howell.

Nest, v. t. To put into a nest; to form a nest for. “From him who nested himself into the chief power.” South.

Nest´ful , n.; pl. Nestfuls . As much or many as will fill a nest.

Nes´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nestled p. pr. & vb. n. Nestling ] [AS. nestlian.] 1. To make and occupy a nest; to nest. [Obs.] “The kingfisher … nestles in hollow banks.” L’Estrange. 2. To lie close and snug, as a bird in her nest; to cuddle up; to settle, as in a nest; to harbor; to take shelter. “Their purpose was to fortify in some strong place of the wild country, and there nestle till succors came.” Bacon. 3. To move about in one’s place, like a bird when shaping the interior of her nest or a young bird getting close to the parent; as a child nestles.

Nes´tle, v. t. To house, as in a nest. 2. To cherish, as a bird her young.

Nes´tling n. 1. A young bird which has not abandoned the nest. Piers Plowman. 2. A nest; a receptacle. [Obs.] Bacon.

Nes´tling, a. Newly hatched; being yet in the nest.

Nes´tor , n. (Zoöl.) A genus of parrots with gray heads. of New Zeland and papua, allied to the cockatoos. See Kaka.

Nes•to´ri•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople in the fifth century, who has condemned as a heretic for maintaining that the divine and the human natures were not merged into one nature in Christ (who was God in man), and, hence, that it was improper to call Mary the mother of God though she might be called the mother of Christ; also one of the sect established by the followers of Nestorius in Persia, India, and other Oriental countries, and still in existence. Opposed to Eutychian.

Nes•to´ri•an, a. 1. Of or relating to the Nestorians. 2. Relating to, or resembling, Nestor, the aged warrior and counselor mentioned by Homer; hence, wise; experienced; aged; as Nestorian caution.

Nes•to´ri•an•ism , n. The doctrines of the Nestorian Christians, or of Nestorius.

Net (net), n. [AS. net; akin to D. net, OS. net, netti, OHG. nezzi, G. netz, Icel. & Dan. net, Sw. nät, Goth. nati; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fabric of twine, thread, or the like, wrought or woven into meshes, and used for catching fish, birds, butterflies, etc. 2. Anything designed or fitted to entrap or catch; a snare; any device for catching and holding. “A man that flattereth his neighbor spreadeth a net for his feet.” Prov. xxix. 5. “In the church’s net there are fishes good or bad.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Anything wrought or woven in meshes; as a net for the hair; a mosquito net; a tennis net. 4. (Geom.) A figure made up of a large number of straight lines or curves, which are connected at certain points and related to each other by some specified law.

Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Netted p. pr. & vb. n. Netting.] 1. To make into a net; to make in the style of network; as to net silk. 2. To take in a net; to capture by stratagem or wile. “And now I am here, netted and in the toils.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To inclose or cover with a net; as to net a tree.

Net, v. i. To form network or netting; to knit.

Net, a. [F. See Neat clean.] 1. Without spot; pure; shining. [Obs.] “Her breast all naked as net ivory.” Spenser. 2. Free from extraneous substances; pure; unadulterated; neat; as net wine, etc. [R.] 3. Not including superfluous, incidental, or foreign matter, as boxes, coverings, wraps, etc.; free from charges, deductions, etc; as net profit; net income; net weight, etc. [Less properly written nett.] Net tonnage (Naut.), the tonnage of a vessel after a deduction from the gross tonnage has been made, to allow space for crew, machinery, etc.

Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Netted; p. pr. & vb. n. Netting.] To produce or gain as clear profit; as he netted a thousand dollars by the operation.

Net´fish , n. (Zoöl.) An astrophyton.

Neth´er (neth´er), a. [OE. nethere, neithere, AS. niðera, fr. the adv. niðer downward; akin to neoðan below, beneath, D. neder down, G. nieder, Sw. nedre below, nether, a. & adv., and also to Skr. ni down. rad.201. Cf. Beneath.] Situated down or below; lying beneath, or in the lower part; having a lower position; belonging to the region below; lower; under; — opposed to upper. “’Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires.” Milton. “This darksome nether world her light
Doth dim with horror and deformity.” Spenser. “All my nether shape thus grew transformed.” Milton.

Neth´er•more (neth´er•mor•), a. Lower, nether. [Obs.] Holland.

Neth´er•most (-most•), a. [AS. niðemest. See Nether, and cf. Aftermost.] Lowest; as the nethermost abyss. Milton.

Neth´i•nim , n. pl. [Heb., pl. of nathin given, granted, a slave of the temple, fr. nathan to give.] (jewish Antiq.) Servants of the priests and Levites in the menial services about the tabernacle and temple.

Net´i•fy , v. t. [Net, a. + -fy.] To render neat; to clean; to put in order. [R.] Chapman.

Net´ting , n. [From Net, n.] 1. The act or process of making nets or network, or of forming meshes, as for fancywork, fishing nets, etc. 2. A piece of network; any fabric, made of cords, threads, wires, or the like, crossing one another with open spaces between. 3. (Naut.) A network of ropes used for various purposes, as for holding the hammocks when not in use, also for stowing sails, and for hoisting from the gunwale to the rigging to hinder an enemy from boarding. Totten. Netting needle, a kind of slender shuttle used in netting. See Needle, n., 3.

Net´ting, n. Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Net´tle , n. [AS. netele; akin to D. netel, G. nessel, OHG. nezzïla, nazza, Dan. nelde, nälde, Sw. nässla; cf, Lith. notere.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Urtica, covered with minute sharp hairs containing a poison that produces a stinging sensation. Urtica gracitis is common in the Northern, and U. chamaedryoides in the Southern, United States. the common European species, U. urens and U. dioica, are also found in the Eastern united States. U. pilulifera is the Roman nettle of England. The term nettle has been given to many plants related to, or to some way resembling, the true nettle; as: Australian nettle, a stinging tree or shrub of the genus Laportea (as L. gigas and L. moroides); — also called nettle tree. — Bee nettle, Hemp nettle, a species of Galeopsis. See under Hemp. — Blind nettle, Dead nettle, a harmless species of Lamium. — False nettle (Baehmeria cylindrica), a plant common in the United States, and related to the true nettles. — Hedge nettle, a species of Stachys. See under Hedge. — Horse nettle (Solanum Carolinense). See under Horse. — nettle tree. (a) Same as Hackberry. (b) See Australian nettle (above). — Spurge nettle, a stinging American herb of the Spurge family (Jatropha urens). — Wood nettle, a plant (Laportea Canadensis) which stings severely, and is related to the true nettles. Nettle cloth, a kind of thick cotton stuff, japanned, and used as a substitute for leather for various purposes. — Nettle rash (Med.), an eruptive disease resembling the effects of whipping with nettles. — Sea nettle (Zoöl.), a medusa.

Net´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nettled p. pr. & vb. n. Nettling ] To fret or sting; to irritate or vex; to cause to experience sensations of displeasure or uneasiness not amounting to violent anger. “The princes were so nettled at the scandal of this affront, that every man took it to himself.” L’Estrange.

Net´tle•bird , n. (Zoöl.) the European whitethroat. [Prov. Eng.]

Net´tler , n. One who nettles. [R.] Milton.

Net´tles , n. pl. [See Knittle.] (Naut.) (a) The halves of yarns in the unlaid end of a rope twisted for pointing or grafting. (b) Small lines used to sling hammocks under the deck beams. (c) Reef points.

Net´tling , n. (Rope Making) (a) A process (resembling splicing) by which two ropes are joined end to end so as to form one rope. (b) The process of tying together the ends of yarns in pairs, to prevent tangling.

Net´tling, p. pr. & a. Stinging; irritating. Nettling cell (Zoöl.), a lasso cell. See under Lasso.

Net´ty , a. Like a net, or network; netted. [R.]

Net´-veined , a. Having veins, or nerves, reticulated or netted; as a net-veined wing or leaf.

Net´work , n. 1. A fabric of threads, cords, or wires crossing each other at certain intervals, and knotted or secured at the crossings, thus leaving spaces or meshes between them. 2. Any system of lines or channels interlacing or crossing like the fabric of a net; as a network of veins; a network of railroads.

Neu´rad , adv. [Gr. nerve + L. ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the neural side; — opposed to haemad.

Neu´ral , a. [Gr. nerve.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) relating to the nerves or nervous system; taining to, situated in the region of, or on the side with, the neural, or cerebro-spinal, axis; — opposed to hemal. As applied to vertebrates, neural is the same as dorsal; as applied to invertebrates it is usually the same as ventral. Cf. Hemal. Neural arch (Anat.), the cartilaginous or bony arch on the dorsal side of the centrum of the vertebra in a segment of the spinal skeleton, usually inclosing a segment of the spinal cord.

Neu•ral´gi•a , n. [NL., from Gr. nerve + pain. See nerve.] (Med.) A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very acute pain, exacerbating or intermitting, which follows the course of a nervous branch, extends to its ramifications, and seems therefore to be seated in the nerve. It seems to be independent of any structural lesion. Dunglison.

Neu•ral´gic , a. Of or pertaining to, or having the character of, neuralgia; as a neuralgic headache.

Neu•ral´gy , n. Neuralgia.

Neu•rap•o•phys´i•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a neurapophysis.

Neu•ra•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Neurapophyses (#). [NL. See Neuro-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) (a) One of the two lateral processes or elements which form the neural arch. (b) The dorsal process of the neural arch; neural spine; spinous process.

Neu•ras•the•ni´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. nerve + weakness.] (Med.) A condition of nervous debility supposed to be dependent upon impairment in the functions of the spinal cord.

Neu•ra´tion , n. (Biol.) The arrangement or distribution of nerves, as in the leaves of a plant or the wings of an insect; nervation.

Neu•rax´is , n. [Neuro- + axis.] (Anat.) See Axis cylinder, under Axis.

Neu•ren•ter´ic , a. [Neuro- + enteric.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the neuron and the enteron; as the neurenteric canal, which, in embroys of many vertebrates, connects the medullary tube and the primitive intestine. See Illust. of Ectoderm.

Neu´ri•din , n. [From Neurine.] (Physiol. Chem.) a nontoxic base, C5H14N2, found in the putrescent matters of flesh, fish, decaying cheese, etc.

Neu•ri•lem´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. nerve + peel, skin.] (Anat.) (a) The delicate outer sheath of a nerve fiber; the primitive sheath. (b) The perineurium.

Neu•ril´i•ty , n. [Gr. nerve.] (Physiol.) The special properties and functions of the nerves; that capacity for transmitting a stimulus which belongs to nerves. G. H. Lewes.

Neu´rine , n. [Gr. a nerve.] (Physiol. Chem.) A poisonous organic base (a ptomaine) formed in the decomposition of protagon with boiling baryta water, and in the putrefaction of proteid matter. It was for a long time considered identical with choline, a crystalline body originally obtained from bile. Chemically, however, choline is oxyethyl- trimethyl-ammonium hydroxide, while neurine is vinyl-trimethyl- ammonium hydroxide. [Written also neurin.]

Neu´rism , n. [Gr. nerve.] (Biol.) Nerve force. See Vital force, under Vital.

Neu•ri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. nerve + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a nerve.

Neu´ro- . [Gr. ney^ron nerve.] (Anat.) A combining denoting a nerve, of or pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system.

Neu•ro-cen´tral , a. [Neuro- + central.] (Anat.) Between the neural arch and the centrum of a vertebra; as the neurocentral suture. Huxley.

Neu´ro•chord n., Neu•ro•chor´dal a. (Zoöl.) See Neurocord.

Neu•roc´i•ty , n. (Physiol.) Nerve force.

Neu´ro•cœle , n. [Neuro- + Gr. koi^los a hollow.] (Anat.) The central canal and ventricles of the spinal cord and brain; the myelencephalic cavity.

Neu´ro•cord , n. [Neuro- + cord.] (Zoöl.) A cordlike organ composed of elastic fibers situated above the ventral nervous cord of annelids, like the earthworm. — Neu•ro•cor´dal (#), a.

Neu•ro-ep•i•der´mal , a. [Neuro- + epidermal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or giving rise to, the central nervous system and epidermis; as the neuroepidermal, or epiblastic, layer of the blastoderm.

Neu•rog´li•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ney^ron ligament + glue.] (Anat.) The delicate connective tissue framework which supports the nervous matter and blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord.

Neu•rog´ra•phy , n. [Neuro- + -graphy.] (Anat.) A description of the nerves. Dunglison.

Neu•ro•ker´a•tin , n. [Neuro- + keratin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance, resembling keratin, present in nerve tissue, as in the sheath of the axis cylinder of medullated nerve fibers. Like keratin it resists the action of most chemical agents, and by decomposition with sulphuric acid yields leucin and tyrosin.

Neu•ro•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to neurology.

Neu•rol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in neurology; also one skilled in the treatment of nervous diseases.

Neu•rol´o•gy , n. [Neuro- + -logy.] The branch of science which treats of the nervous system.

Neu•ro´ma , n. [NL. See Neuro- , and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor developed on, or connected with, a nerve, esp. one consisting of new-formed nerve fibers.

Neu´ro•mere , n. [Neuro- + -mere.] (Anat.) A metameric segment of the cerebro-spinal nervous system.

Neu•ro•mus´cu•lar , a. [Neuro- + muscular.] (Physiol.) Nervomuscular.

Neu´ron , n.; pl. Neura (#). [NL., from Gr. ney^ron nerve.] (Anat.) The brain and spinal cord; the cerebro- spinal axis; myelencephalon. B. G. Wilder.

Neu•ro•path´ic , a. Of or pertaining to neuropathy; of the nature of, or suffering from, nervous disease.

Neu•rop´a•thy , n. [Neuro- + Gr. , , to suffer.] (Med.) An affection of the nervous system or of a nerve.

Neu´ro•pod , n. [Neuro- + -pod.] (Zoöl.) A neuropodous animal. G. Rolleston.

Neu•ro•po´di•um , n. [NL., from Gr. a nerve + , dim. of , , the foot.] (Zoöl.) The ventral lobe or branch of a parapodium.

Neu•rop´o•dous , a. [Neuro- + -pod + -ous.] (Zoöl.) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the neural side, as in most invertebrates; — opposed to haemapodous. G. Rolleston.

Neu´ro•pore , n. [Neuro- + pore.] (Anat.) An opening at either end of the embryonic neural canal.

Neu•rop´ter (nu•rop´ter), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Neuroptera.

Neu•rop´te•ra (-te•ra), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ney^ron nerve + ptero•n a wing, fr. pte•sqai to fly.] (Zoöl.) An order of hexapod insects having two pairs of large, membranous, net-veined wings. The mouth organs are adapted for chewing. They feed upon other insects, and undergo a complete metamorphosis. The ant-lion, hellgamite, and lacewing fly are examples. Formerly, the name was given to a much more extensive group, including the true Neuroptera and the Pseudoneuroptera.

Neu•rop´ter•al (nu•rop´ter•al), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Neuroptera.

Neu•rop´ter•an (-an), n. (Zoöl.) A neuropter.

Neu•rop´te•ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a nerve + a kind of fern.] (Paleon.) An extensive genus of fossil ferns, of which species have been found from the Devonian to the Triassic formation.

Neu•rop´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Neuropteral.

Neu•ro•sen•sif´er•ous , a. [neuro- + sensiferous.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or forming, both nerves and sense organs.

Neu•ro´sis , n.; pl. Neuroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. nerve.] (Med.) A functional nervous affection or disease, that is, a disease of the nerves without any appreciable change of nerve structure.

Neu•ro•skel´e•tal , a. Of or pertaining to the neuroskeleton. [R.] Owen.

Neu•ro•skel´e•ton , n. [Neuro- + skeleton.] (Anat.) The deep-seated parts of the vertebrate skeleton which are in relation with the nervous axis and locomotion. Owen.

Neu´ro•spast , n. [L. neurospaston, Gr. , fr. drawn by strings.] A puppet. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Neu•rot´ic , a. [Gr. nerve.] 1. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the nerves; nervous; as a neurotic disease. 2. Useful in disorders of, or affecting, the nerves.

Neu•rot´ic, n. 1. A disease seated in the nerves. 2. (Med.) Any toxic agent whose action is mainly directed to the great nerve centers. Neurotic as a class include all those poisons whose mains action is upon the brain and spinal cord. They may be divided three orders: (a) Cerebral neurotics, or those which affect the brain only. (b) Spinal neurotics, or tetanics, those which affect the spinal cord. (c) Cerebro-spinal neurotics, or those which affect both brain and spinal cord.

Neu´ro•tome , n. [See Neurotomy.] 1. An instrument for cutting or dissecting nerves. 2. (Anat.) A neuromere.

Neu•ro•tom´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to neurotomy.

Neu•rot´o•mist , n. One who skilled in or practices neurotomy.

Neu•rot´o•my , n. [Neuro- + Gr. to cut.] 1. The dissection, or anatomy, of the nervous system. 2. (Med.) The division of a nerve, for the relief of neuralgia, or for other purposes. Dunglison.

Neu´ru•la , n. [NL., dim. of Gr. a nerve.] (Zoöl.) An embryo or certain invertebrates in the stage when the primitive band is first developed.

Neu´ter , a. [L., fr. ne not + uter whether; akin to E. whether. See No, and Whether, and cf. Neither.] 1. Neither the one thing nor the other; on neither side; impartial; neutral. [Archaic] “In all our undertakings God will be either our friend or our enemy; for Providence never stands neuter.” South. 2. (Gram.) (a) Having a form belonging more especially to words which are not appellations of males or females; expressing or designating that which is of neither sex; as a neuter noun; a neuter termination; the neuter gender. (b) Intransitive; as a neuter verb. 3. (Biol.) Having no generative organs, or imperfectly developed ones; sexless. See Neuter, n., 3.

Neu´ter, n. 1. A person who takes no part in a contest; one who is either indifferent to a cause or forbears to interfere; a neutral. “The world’s no neuter; it will wound or save.” Young. 2. (Gram.) (a) A noun of the neuter gender; any one of those words which have the terminations usually found in neuter words. (b) An intransitive verb. 3. (Biol.) An organism, either vegetable or animal, which at its maturity has no generative organs, or but imperfectly developed ones, as a plant without stamens or pistils, as the garden Hydrangea; esp., one of the imperfectly developed females of certain social insects, as of the ant and the common honeybee, which perform the labors of the community, and are called workers.

Neu´tral , a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See Neuter.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. “The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other.” Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. “Some things good, and some things ill, do seem,
And neutral some, in her fantastic eye.” Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See Neuter, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; — said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with acid, and alkaline. Neutral axis, Neutral surface (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See Axis. — Neutral equilibrium (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. — Neutral salt (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. — Neutral tint, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. - - Neutral vowel, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the u in up, and is called also the natural vowel, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 17.

Neu´tral , n. A person or a nation that takes no part in a contest between others; one who is neutral. “The neutral, as far as commerce extends, becomes a party in the war.” R. G. Harper.

Neu´tral•ist, n. A neutral; one who professes or practices neutrality. Milman.

Neu•tral´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. neutralite.] 1. The state or quality of being neutral; the condition of being unengaged in contests between others; state of taking no part on either side; indifference. “Men who possess a state of neutrality in times of public danger, desert the interest of their fellow subjects.” Addison. 2. Indifference in quality; a state neither very good nor bad. [Obs.] Donne. 3. (Chem.) The quality or state of being neutral. See Neutral, a., 4. 4. (International Law) The condition of a nation or government which refrains from taking part, directly or indirectly, in a war between other powers. 5. Those who are neutral; a combination of neutral powers or states. Armed neutrality, the condition of a neutral power, in time of war, which holds itself ready to resist by force any aggression of either belligerent.

Neu•tral•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. neutralisation.] 1. The act or process of neutralizing, or the state of being neutralized. 2. (Chem.) The act or process by which an acid and a base are combined in such proportions that the resulting compound is neutral. See Neutral, a., 4.

Neu´tral•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neutralized p. pr. & vb. n. Neutralizing ] [Cf. F. neutraliser.] 1. To render neutral; to reduce to a state of neutrality. “So here I am neutralized again.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Chem.) To render inert or imperceptible the peculiar affinities of, as a chemical substance; to destroy the effect of; as to neutralize an acid with a base. 3. To destroy the peculiar properties or opposite dispositions of; to reduce to a state of indifference or inefficiency; to counteract; as to neutralize parties in government; to neutralize efforts, opposition, etc. “Counter citations that neutralize each other.” E. Everett.

Neu´tral•i•zer , n. One who, or that which, neutralizes; that which destroys, disguises, or renders inert the peculiar properties of a body.

Neu´tral•ly, adv. In a neutral manner; without taking part with either side; indifferently.

Neu•vaines´ , n. pl. [F. neuvaine, fr. LL. novena, fr. L. novem. See Noon.] (R.C.Ch.) Prayers offered up for nine successive days.

Ne•va´dite , n. (Min.) A granitoid variety of rhyolite, common in Nevada.

Ne•ve´ , n. [F., fr. nix, nivis, snow.] (Geol.) The upper part of a glacier, above the limit of perpetual snow. See Glacier.

Nev´en , v. t. [Icel. nefna. rad. 267.] To name; to mention; to utter. [Obs.] “As oft I heard my lord them neven.” Chaucer.

Nev´er , adv. [AS. nfre; ne not, no + fre ever.] 1. Not ever; not at any time; at no time, whether past, present, or future. Shak. “Death still draws nearer, never seeming near.” Pope. 2. In no degree; not in the least; not. “Whosoever has a friend to guide him, may carry his eyes in another man’s head, and yet see never the worse.” South. “And he answered him to never a word.” Matt. xxvii. 14. Never is much used in composition with present participles to form adjectives, as in never-ceasing, never-dying, never-ending, never-fading, never-failing, etc., retaining its usual signification. Never a deal, not a bit. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Never so, as never before; more than at any other time, or in any other circumstances; especially; particularly; — now often expressed or replaced by ever so. “Ask me never so much dower and gift.” Gen. xxxiv. 12. “A fear of battery, … though never so well grounded, is no duress.” Blackstone.

Nev´er•more , adv. Never again; at no time hereafter. Testament of Love. Tyndale. “Where springtime of the Hesperides
Begins, but endeth nevermore.” Longfellow.

Nev•er•the•lat´er , adv. or conj. Nevertheless. [Obs.]

Nev•er•the•less´ , adv. or conj. [Never + the (see The by that) + less.] Not the less; notwithstanding; in spite of that; yet. “No chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous; nevertheless, afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of righteousness.” Heb. xii. 11. Syn. — However; at least; yet; still. See However.

Nev´ew , n. Nephew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

New , a. [Compar. Newer superl. Newest.] [OE. OE. newe, AS. niwe, neowe; akin to D. nieuw, OS. niwi, OHG. niuwi, G. neu, Icel. nr, Dan. & Sw. ny, Goth. niujis, Lith. naujas, Russ. novuii, Ir. nua, nuadh, Gael. nuadh, W. newydd, Armor. nevez, L. novus, Gr. , Skr. nava, and prob. to E. now. rad.263. See Now, and cf. Announce, Innovate, Neophyte, Novel.] 1. Having existed, or having been made, but a short time; having originated or occured lately; having recently come into existence, or into one’s possession; not early or long in being; of late origin; recent; fresh; modern; — opposed to old, as a new coat; a new house; a new book; a new fashion. ´Your new wife.´ Chaucer. 2. Not before seen or known, although existing before; lately manifested; recently discovered; as a new metal; a new planet; new scenes. 3. Newly beginning or recurring; starting anew; now commencing; different from has been; as a new year; a new course or direction. 4. As if lately begun or made; having the state or quality of original freshness; also changed for the better; renovated; unworn; untried; unspent; as rest and travel made him a new man. “Steadfasty purposing to lead a new life.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. “Men after long emaciating diets, fat, and almost new.” Bacon. 5. Not of ancient extraction, or of a family of ancient descent; not previously known or famous. Addison. 6. Not habituated; not familiar; unaccustomed. “New to the plow, unpracticed in the trace.” Pope. 7. Fresh from anything; newly come. “New from her sickness to that northern air.” Dryden. New birth. See under Birth. — New Church, or New Jerusalem Church, the church holding the doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. See Swedenborgian. — New heart (Theol.), a heart or character changed by the power of God, so as to be governed by new and holy motives. — New land, land ckeared and cultivated for the first time. — New light. (Zoöl.) See Crappie. — New moon. (a) The moon in its first quarter, or when it first appears after being invisible. (b) The day when the new moon is first seen; the first day of the lunar month, which was a holy day among the Jews. 2 Kings iv. 23. — New Red Sandstone (Geol.), an old name for the formation immediately above the coal measures or strata, now divided into the Permian and Trias. See Sandstone. — New style. See Style. — New testament. See under Testament. — New world, the land of the Western Hemisphere; — so called because not known to the inhabitants of the Eastern Hemisphere until recent times. Syn. — Novel; recent; fresh; modern. See Novel.

New , adv. Newly; recently. Chaucer. New is much used in composition, adverbially, in the sense of newly, recently, to quality other words, as in new-born, new-formed, new-found, new- mown. Of new, anew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

New, v. t. & i. To make new; to renew. [Obs.]

New´born , a. Recently born. Shak.

New´come , a. Recently come.

New´com•er , n. One who has lately come.

New´el , n. [From New. Cf. Novel.] A novelty; a new thing. [Obs.] Spenser.

New´el , n. [OF. nual, F. noyau sone, of fruit, noyau d’escaler newel, fr. L. nucalis like a nut, fr. nux, nucis, nut. Cf Nowel the inner wall of a mold, Nucleus..] (Arch.) The upright post about which the steps of a circular staircase wind; hence, in stairs having straight flights, the principal post at the foot of a staircase, or the secondary ones at the landings. See Hollow newel, under Hollow.

New´fan•gle , a. [New + fangle.] Eager for novelties; desirous of changing. [Obs.] “So newfangel be they of their meat.” Chaucer.

New´fan•gle, v. t. To change by introducing novelties. [Obs.]

New´fan•gled , a. 1. Newmade; formed with the affectation of novelty. ´A newfangled nomenclature.´ Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Disposed to change; inclined to novelties; given to new theories or fashions. ´Newfangled teachers.´ 1 Tim. vi. (heading). ´Newfangled men.´ Latimer.

New´fan•gled•ness, n. Affectation of, or fondness for, novelty; vain or affected fashion or form.

New´fan•gle•ness , n. [OE. newefanglenes. See Fangle.] Newfangledness. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Proud newfangleness in their apparel.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

New´fan•glist , n. One who is eager for novelties or desirous of change. [Obs.] Tooker.

New´fan•gly , adv. In a newfangled manner; with eagerness for novelty. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

New•fash´ioned , a. Made in a new form, or lately come into fashion.

New´found•land (?, often ), n. 1. An island on the coast of British North America, famed for the fishing grounds in its vicinity. 2. A Newfoundland dog. Tennyson. Newfoundland dog (Zoöl.), a breed of large dogs, with shaggy hair, which originated in Newfoundland, noted for intelligence, docility, and swimming powers.

New´ing , n. [From New, v. t.] Yeast; barm. [Prov. Eng.]

New´ish, a. Somewhat new; nearly new. Bacon.

New´ly, adv. 1. Lately; recently. “He rubbed it o’er with newly gathered mint.” Dryden. 2. Anew; afresh; freshly. “And the refined mind doth newly fashion
Into a fairer form.” Spenser.

New´mar•ket , n. [From Newmarket, England.] A long, closely fitting cloak.

New•-mod´el , v. t. To remodel.

New´ness , n. The quality or state of being new; as the newness of a system; the newness of a scene; newness of life.

News (n&uamc;z), n [From New; cf. F. nounelles. News is plural in form, but is commonly used with a singular verb.] 1. A report of recent occurrences; information of something that has lately taken place, or of something before unknown; fresh tidings; recent intelligence. “Evil news rides post, while good news baits.” Milton. 2. Something strange or newly happened. “It is no news for the weak and poor to be a prey to the strong and rich.” L’Estrange. 3. A bearer of news; a courier; a newspaper. [Obs.] “There cometh a news thither with his horse.” Pepys.

News´-book , n. A newspaper. [Obs.]

News´boy , n. A boy who distributes or sells newspapers.

News´-let•ter , n. A circular letter, written or printed for the purpose of disseminating news. This was the name given to the earliest English newspapers.

News´man , n.; pl. Newsmen . 1. One who brings news. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A man who distributes or sells newspapers.

News´mon•ger , n. One who deals in news; one who is active in hearing and telling news.

News´pa•per , n. A sheet of paper printed and distributed, at stated intervals, for conveying intelligence of passing events, advocating opinions, etc.; a public print that circulates news, advertisements, proceedings of legislative bodies, public announcements, etc.

News´room , n. A room where news is collected and disseminated, or periodicals sold; a reading room supplied with newspapers, magazines, etc.

News´-vnd•er , n. A seller of newspapers.

News´-writ•er , n. One who gathered news for, and wrote, news-letters. Macaulay.

News´y , a. Full of news; abounding in information as to current events. [Colloq.]

Newt , n. [OE. ewt, evete, AS. efete, with n prefixed, an ewt being understood as a newt. Cf. Eft.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small aquatic salamanders. The common British species are the crested newt (Triton cristatus) and the smooth newt (Lophinus punctatus). In America, Diemictylus viridescens is one of the most abundant species.

New•to´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton, or his discoveries. Newtonian philosophy, the philosophy of Sir Isaac Newton; — applied to the doctrine of the universe as expounded in Newton’s ´Principia,´ to the modern or experimental philosophy (as opposed to the theories of Descartes and others), and, most frequently, to the mathematical theory of universal gravitation. — Newtonian telescope (Astron.), a reflecting telescope, in which rays from the large speculum are received by a plane mirror placed diagonally in the axis, and near the open end of the tube, and thrown at right angles toward one side of the tube, where the image is formed and viewed through the eyeplace. — Newtonian theory of light. See Note under Light.

New•to´ni•an, n. A follower of Newton.

New´-year , a. Of or pertaining to, or suitable for, the commencement of the year; as New-year gifts or odes.

New´ Year’s• Day´ the first day of a calendar year; the first day of January. Often colloquially abbreviated to New year’s or new year.

New• Zea´land A group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. New Zealand flax. (a) (Bot.) A tall, liliaceous herb (Phormium tenax), having very long, sword-shaped, distichous leaves which furnish a fine, strong fiber very valuable for cordage and the like. (b) The fiber itself. — New Zealand tea (Bot.), a myrtaceous shrub (Leptospermum scoparium) of New Zealand and Australia, the leaves of which are used as a substitute for tea.

Nex´i•ble , a. [L. nexibilis, from nectere, nexum, to bind.] That may be knit together. [R.]

Next (nekst), a., superl. of Nigh. [AS. nehst, niehst, nyhst, superl. of neáh nigh. See Nigh.] 1. Nearest in place; having no similar object intervening. Chaucer. “Her princely guest
Was next her side; in order sat the rest.” Dryden. “Fear followed me so hard, that I fled the next way.” Bunyan. 2. Nearest in time; as the next day or hour. 3. Adjoining in a series; immediately preceding or following in order. “None could tell whose turn should be the next.” Gay. 4. Nearest in degree, quality, rank, right, or relation; as the next heir was an infant. “The man is near of kin unto us, one of our next kinsmen.” Ruth ii. 20. Next is usually followed by to before an object, but to is sometimes omitted. In such cases next in considered by many grammarians as a preposition. Next friend (Law), one who represents an infant, a married woman, or any person who can not appear sui juris, in a suit at law.

Next, adv. In the time, place, or order nearest or immediately succeeding; as this man follows next.

Nex´us , n. [L.] Connection; tie. “Man is doubtless one by some subtile nexus … extending from the new-born infant to the superannuated dotard.” De Quincey.

Nez´ Per•ces´ , pl.; sing. Nez Perce . [F., pierced noses.] (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians, mostly inhabiting Idaho.

Ngi´na , n. [Native name.] The gorilla.

Ni•ag´a•ra pe´ri•od (Geol.) A subdivision or the American Upper Silurian system, embracing the Medina, Clinton, and Niagara epoch. The rocks of the Niagara epoch, mostly limestones, are extensively distributed, and at Niagara Falls consist of about eighty feet of shale supporting a greater thickness of limestone, which is gradually undermined by the removal of the shale. See Chart of Geology.

Ni´as , n. [F. niais. See Eyas.] A young hawk; an eyas; hence, an unsophisticated person. [Obs.]

Nib (nib), n. [A variabt of neb.] 1. A small and pointed thing or part; a point; a prong. ´The little nib or fructifying principle.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) The bill or beak of a bird; the neb. 3. The points of a pen; also the pointed part of a pen; a short pen adapted for insertion in a holder. 4. One of the handles which project from a scythe snath; also [Prov. Eng.], the shaft of a wagon.

Nib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nebbed p. pr. & vb. n. Nibbing.] To furnish with a nib; to point; to mend the point of; as to nib a pen.

Nibbed , a. Having a nib or point.

Nib´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nibbled p. pr. & vb. n. Nibbling ] [Cf. Nip.] To bite by little at a time; to seize gently with the mouth; to eat slowly or in small bits. “Thy turfy mountains, where live nibbling sheep.” Shak.

Nib´ble, v. t. To bite upon something gently or cautiously; to eat a little of a thing, as by taking small bits cautiously; as fishes nibble at the bait. “Instead of returning a full answer to my book, he manifestly falls a-nibbling at one single passage.” Tillotson.

Nib´ble, n. A small or cautious bite.

Nib´bler , n. One who, or that which, nibbles.

Nib´bling•ly , adv. In a nibbling manner; cautiously.

Nib´lick , n. A kind of golf stick used to lift the ball out of holes, ruts, etc.

Ni•ca´gua , n. (Zoöl.) The laughing falcon. See under laughing.

Nic•a•ra´gua wood Brazil wood.

Nic´co•lite , n. [from NL. niccolum nickel.] (Min.) A mineral of a copper-red color and metallic luster; an arsenide of nickel; — called also coppernickel, kupfernickel.

Nice , a. [Compar. Nicer superl. Nicest.] [OE., foolish, fr. OF. nice ignorant, fool, fr. L. nescius ignorant; ne not + scius knowing, scire to know. perhaps influenced by E. nesh delicate, soft. See No, and Science.] 1. Foolish; silly; simple; ignorant; also weak; effeminate. [Obs.] Gower. “But say that we ben wise and nothing nice.” Chaucer. 2. Of trifling moment; unimportant; trivial. [Obs.] “The letter was not nice, but full of charge
Of dear import.” Shak. 3. Overscrupulous or exacting; hard to please or satisfy; fastidious in small matters. “Curious not knowing, not exact but nice.” Pope. “And to taste
Think not I shall be nice.” Milton. 4. Delicate; refined; dainty; pure. “Dear love, continue nice and chaste.” Donne. “A nice and subtile happiness.” Milton. 5. Apprehending slight differences or delicate distinctions; distinguishing accurately or minutely; carefully discriminating; as a nice taste or judgment. ´Our author happy in a judge so nice.´ Pope. ´Nice verbal criticism.´ Coleridge. 6. Done or made with careful labor; suited to excite admiration on account of exactness; evidencing great skill; exact; fine; finished; as nice proportions, nice workmanship, a nice application; exactly or fastidiously discriminated; requiring close discrimination; as a nice point of law, a nice distinction in philosophy. “The difference is too nice
Where ends the virtue, or begins the vice.” Pope. 7. Pleasing; agreeable; gratifying; delightful; good; as a nice party; a nice excursion; a nice person; a nice day; a nice sauce, etc. [Loosely & Colloquially] To make nice of, to be scrupulous about. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Dainty; delicate; exquisite; fine; accurate; exact; correct; precise; particular; scrupulous; punctilious; fastidious; squeamish; finical; effeminate; silly.

Nice´ly adv. In a nice manner.

Ni´cene , a. [L. Nicaenus, fr. Nicaea Nice, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Nice, a town of Asia Minor, or to the ecumenical council held there a. d. 325. Nicene Creed , a summary of Christian faith, composed and adopted by the Council of Nice, against Arianism, a. d. 325, altered and confirmed by the Council of Constantinople, a. d. 381, and by subsequent councils.

Nice´ness , n. Quality or state of being nice.

Ni´cer•y , n. Nicety. [Colloq.] Chapman.

Ni´ce•ty , n.; pl. Niceties (#). [OE. nicete foolishness.] 1. The quality or state of being nice (in any of the senses of that word.). “The miller smiled of her nicety.” Chaucer. 2. Delicacy or exactness of perception; minuteness of observation or of discrimination; precision. 3. A delicate expression, act, mode of treatment, distinction, or the like; a minute distinction. “The fineness and niceties of words.” Locke. To a nicety, with great exactness or accuracy.

Niche , n. [F., fr. It. nicchia, prop., a shell-like recess in a wall, fr. nicchio a shellfish, mussel, fr. L. mytilus.] A cavity, hollow, or recess, generally within the thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, or other erect ornament. hence, any similar position, literal or figurative. “Images defended from the injuries of the weather by niches of stone wherein they are placed.” Evelun.

Niched. , a. Placed in a niche. ´Those niched shapes of noble mold.´ Tennyson.

Nick , n. [AS. nicor a marine monster; akin to D. nikker a water spite, Icel. nykr, ONG. nihhus a crocodile, G. nix a water sprite; cf. Gr. to wash, Skr. nij. Cf. Nix.] (Northern Myth.) An evil spirit of the waters. Old Nick, the evil one; the devil. [Colloq.]

Nick, n. [Akin to Nock.] 1. A notch cut into something; as: (a) A score for keeping an account; a reckoning. [Obs.] (b) (Print.) A notch cut crosswise in the shank of a type, to assist a compositor in placing it properly in the stick, and in distribution. W. Savage. (c) A broken or indented place in any edge or surface; nicks in china. 2. A particular point or place considered as marked by a nick; the exact point or critical moment. “To cut it off in the very nick.” Howell. “This nick of time is the critical occasion for the gainger of a point.” L’Estrange.

Nick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nicked p. pr. & vb. n. Nicking.] 1. To make a nick or nicks in; to notch; to keep count of or upon by nicks; as to nick a stick, tally, etc. 2. To mar; to deface; to make ragged, as by cutting nicks or notches in. “And thence proceed to nicking sashes.” Prior. “The itch of his affection should not then
Have nicked his captainship.” Shak. 3. To suit or fit into, as by a correspondence of nicks; to tally with. “Words nicking and resembling one another are applicable to different significations.” Camden. 4. To hit at, or in, the nick; to touch rightly; to strike at the precise point or time. “The just season of doing things must be nicked, and all accidents improved.” L’Estrange. 5. To make a cross cut or cuts on the under side of (the tail of a horse, in order to make him carry it higher).

Nick, v. t. To nickname; to style. [Obs.] “For Warbeck, as you nick him, came to me.” Ford. { Nick´ar nut• , Nick´ar tree• }. (Bot.) Same as Nicker nut, Nicker tree.

Nick´el , n. [G., fr. Sw. nickel, abbrev. from Sw. kopparnickel copper-nickel, a name given in derision, as it was thought to be a base ore of copper. The origin of the second part of the word is uncertain. Cf. Kupfer-nickel, Copper-nickel.] 1. (Chem.) A bright silver-white metallic element. It is of the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulphur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulphur in nickel glance. Symbol Ni. Atomic weight 58.6. On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as german silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iron. 2. A small coin made of or containing nickel; esp., a five-cent piece. [Colloq. U.S.] Nickel silver, an alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc; — usually called german silver; called also argentan.

Nick•el´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, nickel; specifically, designating compounds in which, as contrasted with the nickelous compounds, the metal has a higher valence; as nickelic oxide.

Nick•el•if´er•ous , a. [Nickel + -ferous.] Containing nickel; as nickelferous iron.

Nick´el•ine , n. 1. (Chem.) An alloy of nickel, a variety of German silver. 2. (Min.) Niccolite.

Nick´el•ous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, those compounds of nickel in which, as contrasted with the nickelic compounds, the metal has a lower valence; as nickelous oxide. Frankland.

Nick´er , n. [From Nick, v. t.] 1. One of the night brawlers of London formerly noted for breaking windows with half- pence. [Cant] Arbuthnot. 2. The cutting lip which projects downward at the edge of a boring bit and cuts a circular groove in the wood to limit the size of the hole that is bored.

Nick´er nut A rounded seed, rather smaller than a nutmeg, having a hard smooth shell, and a yellowish or bluish color. The seeds grow in the prickly pods of tropical, woody climbers of the genus Caesalpinia. C. Bonduc has yellowish seeds; C. Bonducella, bluish gray. [Spelt also neckar nut, nickar nut.]

Nick´er tree (Bot.) The plant producing nicker nuts. [Written also neckar tree and nickar tree.]

Nick´ing, n. [From Nick, v. t.] (Coal Mining) (a) The cutting made by the hewer at the side of the face. (b) pl. Small coal produced in making the nicking.

Nic´kle , n. (Zoöl.) The European woodpecker, or yaffle; — called also nicker pecker.

Nick´nack , n. See Knickknack.

Nick´nack•er•y , n. See Knickknackery.

Nick´name , n. [OE. ekename surname, hence, a nickname, an ekename being understood as a nekename, influenced also by E. nick, v. See Eke, and Name.] A name given in contempt, derision, or sportive familiarity; a familiar or an opprobrious appellation.

Nick´name, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nicknamed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Nicknaming.] To give a nickname to; to call by a nickname. “You nickname virtue; vice you should have spoke.” Shak. “I altogether disclaim what has been nicknamed the doctrine of finality.” Macaulay.

Ni•co•la´i•tan , n. [So called from Nicolas of Antioch, mentioned in Acts vi. 5.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of certain corrupt persons in the early church at Ephesus, who are censured in rev. ii. 6, 15.

Ni•co´tian , n. [F. nicotiane; — so called from Nicot, who introduced it into France, a. d. 1560.] Tobacco. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ni•co´tian, a. Pertaining to, or derived from, tobacco. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ni•co•ti•a´na , n. [NL. See Nicotian.] (Bot.) A genus of American and Asiatic solanaceous herbs, with viscid foliage and funnel-shaped blossoms. Several species yield tobacco. See Tobacco.

Ni•co´ti•a•nine , n. [F. nicotianine. See Nicotian.] (Chem.) A white waxy substance having a hot, bitter taste, extracted from tobacco leaves and called also tobacco camphor.

Ni•cot´ic , a. (Chem.) Nicotinic.

Ni•cot´i•dine , n. [Nicotine + pyridine.] (Chem.) A complex, oily, nitrogenous base, isomeric with nicotine, and obtained by the reduction of certain derivatives of the pyridine group.

Nic´o•tine , n. [F. nicotine. See Nicotian.] (Chem.) An alkaloid which is the active principle of tobacco. It is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid, having an acrid odor, and an acrid burning taste. It is intensely poisonous. Ure.

Nic•o•tin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, nicotine; nicotic; — used specifically to designate an acid related to pyridine, obtained by the oxidation of nicotine, and called nicotinic acid.

Nic´tate , v. i. [L. nictare, nictatum, from nicere to beckon.] To wink; to nictitate.

Nic•ta´tion , n. [L. nictatio cf. F. nictation.] the act of winking; nictitation.

Nic´ti•tate , v. i. [See Nictate.] To wink; to nictate. Nictitating membrane (Anat.), a thin membrane, found in many animals at the inner angle, or beneath the lower lid, of the eye, and capable of being drawn across the eyeball; the third eyelid; the haw.

Nic•ti•ta´tion , n. The act of winking.

Nid•a•men´tal , a. [L. nidamentum materials for a nest, fr. nidus nest. See Nest.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or baring, eggs or egg capsules; as the nidament capsules of certain gastropods; nidamental glands. See Illust. of Dibranchiata.

Ni´da•ry , n. [L. nidus a nest.] A collection of nests. [R.] velyn.

Nide , n. [L. nidus a nest: cf. F. nid.] A nestful; a brood; as a nide of pheasants. [Obs.]

Ni´der•ing , a. [See Niding.] Infamous; dastardly. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott.

Nidg´er•y , n. [See Nidget.] A trifle; a piece of foolery. [Obs.] Skinner.

Nidg´et , n. [Written also nigget, nigeot.] [Cf. F. nigaud a booby, fool, OF. niger to play the fool.] A fool; an idiot, a coward. [Obs.] Camden.

Nid´i•fi•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nidificated p. pr. & vb. n. Nidificating.] [L. nidificare, nidificatum; nidus nest + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy, and cf. nest.] To make a nest. “Where are the fishes which nidificated in trees?” Lowell.

Nid•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. nidification.] The act or process of building a nest.

Ni´ding (ni´ding), n. [Written also nithing.] [AS. niðing, fr. nið wickness, malice, hatred.] A coward; a dastard; — a term of utmost opprobrium. [Obs.] “He is worthy to be called a niding.” Howell.

Ni´dor , n. [L.] Scent or savor of meat or food, cooked or cooking. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ni´dor•ose , a. Nidorous. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Ni´dor•ous , a. [L. nidorosus steaming, reeking: cf. F. nidoreux. See Nidor.] Resembling the smell or taste of roast meat, or of corrupt animal matter. [R.]

Nid´u•lant , a. [L. nidulans, p. pr.: cf. F. Nidulant.] 1. Nestling, as a bird in its nest. 2. (Bot.) Lying loose in pulp or cotton within a berry or pericarp, as in a nest.

Nid´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nidulated p. pr. & vb. n. Nidulating.] [L. nidulari, fr. nidulus, dim. of nidus a nest.] To make a nest, as a bird. [R.] Cockeram.

Nid•u•la´tion , n. The time of remaining in the nest. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Nid´u•lite , n. [L. nidulus a little nest.] (Paleon.) A Silurian fossil, formerly supposed to consist of eggs.

Ni´dus , n.; pl. nidi (#). [L. See Nidi, Nest.] A nest: a repository for the eggs of birds, insects, etc.; a breeding place; esp., the place or substance where parasites or the germs of a disease effect lodgment or are developed.

Niece , n. [OE. nece, F. nièce, LL. neptia, for L. neptis a granddaughter, niece, akin to nepos. See Nephew.] 1. A relative, in general; especially, a descendant, whether male or female; a granddaughter or a grandson. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Wyclif. Shak. 2. A daughter of one’s brother or sister, or of one’s brother-in-law or sister-in-law.

Nief , n. See Neif, the fist.

Ni•el´list , n. One who practices the style of ornamentation called niello.

Ni•el´lo , n. [It. niello, LL. nigellum a black of blackish enamel, fr. L. nigellus, dim. of niger black. See Negro, and cf. Anneal.] 1. A metallic alloy of a deep black color. 2. The art, process, or method of decorating metal with incised designs filled with the black alloy. 3. A piece of metal, or any other object, so decorated. 4. An impression on paper taken from an ancient incised decoration or metal plate.

Ni´fle (nif´’l), n. [OF.] A trifle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nig´gard , n. [Icel. hnöggr niggardly, stingy + -ard; cf. Sw. njugg, AS. hneáw.] A person meanly close and covetous; one who spends grudgingly; a stingy, parsimonious fellow; a miser. Chaucer. “A penurious niggard of his wealth.” Milton. “Be niggards of advice on no pretense.” Pope.

Nig´gard, a. Like a niggard; meanly covetous or parsimonious; niggardly; miserly; stingy.

Nig´gard, v. t. & i. To act the niggard toward; to be niggardly. [R.] Shak.

Nig´gard•ise , n. Niggardliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Nig´gard•ish, a. Somewhat niggard.

Nig´gard•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being niggard; meanness in giving or spending; parsimony; stinginess. “Niggardliness is not good husbandry.” Addison.

Nig´gard•ly, a. Meanly covetous or avaricious in dealing with others; stingy; niggard. “Where the owner of the house will be bountiful, it is not for the steward to be niggardly.” Bp. Hall. Syn. — Avaricious; covetous; parsimonious; sparing; miserly; penurious; sordid; stingy. See Avaricious.

Nig´gard•ly, adv. In a niggard manner.

Nig´gard•ness, n. Niggardliness. Sir P. Sidney.

Nig´gard•ous , a. Niggardly. [Obs.] “Covetous gathering and niggardous keeping.” Sir T. More.

Nig´gard•ship, n. Niggardliness. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Nig´gard•y , n. Niggardliness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

nigged , n. [Prov. E. nig to clip money.] (Masonry) Hammer-dressed; — said of building stone.

Nig´ger , n. A negro; — in vulgar derision or depreciation.

Nig´gish , a. [See Niggard.] Niggardly. [Obs.]

Nig´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Niggled p. pr. & vb. n. Niggling ] [Dim. of Prov. E. nig to clip money; cf. also Prov. E. nig a small piece.] To trifle with; to deceive; to mock. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Nig´gle, v. t. 1. To trifle or play. “Take heed, daughter,
You niggle not with your conscience and religion.” Massinger. 2. To act or walk mincingly. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To fret and snarl about trifles. [Prov. Eng.]

Nig´gler , n. One who niggles.

Nigh , a. [Compar. Nigher superl. Nighest, or Next .] [OE. nigh, neigh, neih, AS. neáh, nh; akin to D. na, adv., OS. nah, a., OHG. nah, G. nah, a., nach to, after, Icel. na (in comp.) nigh, Goth. nhw, nhwa, adv., nigh. Cf. Near, Neighbor, Next.] 1. Not distant or remote in place or time; near. “The loud tumult shows the battle nigh.” Prior. 2. Not remote in degree, kindred, circumstances, etc.; closely allied; intimate. ´Nigh kinsmen.´ Knolles. “Ye … are made nigh by the blood of Christ.” Eph. ii. 13. Syn. — Near; close; adjacent; contiguous; present; neighboring.

Nigh, adv. [AS. neáh, nh. See Nigh, a.] 1. In a situation near in place or time, or in the course of events; near. “He was sick, nigh unto death.” Phil. ii. 27. “He drew not nigh unheard; the angel bright,
Ere he drew nigh, his radiant visage turned.” Milton. 2. Almost; nearly; as he was nigh dead.

Nigh, v. t. & i. To draw nigh (to); to approach; to come near. [Obs.] Wyclif (Matt. iii. 2).

Nigh, prep. Near to; not remote or distant from. ´was not this nigh shore?´ Shak.

Nigh´ly, adv. In a near relation in place, time, degree, etc.; within a little; almost. [Obs.] “A cube and a sphere … nighly of the same bigness.” Locke.

Nigh´ness, n. The quality or state of being nigh. [R.] ´Nighness of blood.´ Holished.

Night , n. [OE. night, niht, AS. neaht, niht; akin to D. nacht, OS. & OHG. naht, G. nacht, Icel. ntt, Sw. natt, Dan. nat, Goth. nachts, Lith. naktis, Russ. noche, W. nos, Ir. nochd, L. nox, noctis, Gr. , , Skr. nakta, nakti. rad. 265. Cf. Equinox, Nocturnal.] 1. That part of the natural day when the sun is beneath the horizon, or the time from sunset to sunrise; esp., the time between dusk and dawn, when there is no light of the sun, but only moonlight, starlight, or artificial light. “And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.” Gen. i. 5. 2. Hence: (a) Darkness; obscurity; concealment. “Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night.” Pope. (b) Intellectual and moral darkness; ignorance. (c) A state of affliction; adversity; as a dreary night of sorrow. (d) The period after the close of life; death. “She closed her eyes in everlasting night.” Dryden. (e) A lifeless or unenlivened period, as when nature seems to sleep. ´Sad winter’s night´. Spenser. Night is sometimes used, esp. with participles, in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as night- blooming, night-born, night-warbling, etc. Night by night, Night after night, nightly; many nights. “So help me God, as I have watched the night,
Ay, night by night, in studying good for England.” Shak. — Night bird. (Zoöl.) (a) The moor hen (Gallinula chloropus). (b) The Manx shearwater (Puffinus Anglorum). — Night blindness. (Med.) See Hemeralopia. - - Night cart, a cart used to remove the contents of privies by night. — Night churr, (Zoöl.), the nightjar. — Night crow, a bird that cries in the night. — Night dog, a dog that hunts in the night, — used by poachers. — Night fire. (a) Fire burning in the night. (b) Ignis fatuus; Will-o’-the-wisp; Jask-with-a- lantern. — Night flyer (Zoöl.), any creature that flies in the night, as some birds and insects. — night glass, a spyglass constructed to concentrate a large amount of light, so as see objects distinctly at night. Totten. — Night green, iodine green. — Night hag, a witch supposed to wander in the night. — Night hawk (Zoöl.), an American bird (Chordeiles Virginianus), allied to the goatsucker. It hunts the insects on which it feeds toward evening, on the wing, and often, diving down perpendicularly, produces a loud whirring sound, like that of a spinning wheel. Also sometimes applied to the European goatsuckers. It is called also bull bat. — Night heron (Zoöl.), any one of several species of herons of the genus Nycticorax, found in various parts of the world. The best known species is Nycticorax griseus, or N. nycticorax, of Europe, and the American variety (var. naevius). The yellow-crowned night heron (Nycticorax violaceus) inhabits the Southern States. Called also qua-bird, and squawk. — Night house, a public house, or inn, which is open at night. — Night key, a key for unfastening a night latch. — Night latch, a kind of latch for a door, which is operated from the outside by a key. - - Night monkey (Zoöl.), an owl monkey. — night moth (Zoöl.), any one of the noctuids. — Night parrot (Zoöl.), the kakapo. — Night piece, a painting representing some night scene, as a moonlight effect, or the like. — Night rail, a loose robe, or garment, worn either as a nightgown, or over the dress at night, or in sickness. [Obs.] — Night raven (Zoöl.), a bird of ill omen that cries in the night; esp., the bittern. — Night rule. (a) A tumult, or frolic, in the night; — as if a corruption, of night revel. [Obs.] (b) Such conduct as generally rules, or prevails, at night. “What night rule now about this haunted grove?” Shak. — Night sight. (Med.) See Nyctolopia. — Night snap, a night thief. [Cant] Beau. & Fl. — Night soil, human excrement; — so called because in cities it is collected by night and carried away for manure. — Night spell, a charm against accidents at night. — Night swallow (Zoöl.), the nightjar. — Night walk, a walk in the evening or night. — Night walker. (a) One who walks in his sleep; a somnambulist; a noctambulist. (b) One who roves about in the night for evil purposes; specifically, a prostitute who walks the streets. — Night walking. (a) Walking in one’s sleep; somnambulism; noctambulism. (b) Walking the streets at night with evil designs. — Night warbler (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis); — called also night singer. [prov. Eng.] — Night watch. (a) A period in the night, as distinguished by the change of watch. (b) A watch, or guard, to aford protection in the night. — Night watcher, one who watches in the night; especially, one who watches with evil designs. — Night witch. Same as Night hag, above.

Night´-bloom•ing , a. Blooming in the night. Night-blooming cereus. (Bot.) See Note under Cereus.

Night´cap , n. 1. A cap worn in bed to protect the head, or in undress. 2. A potion of spirit drank at bedtime. [Cant] Wright.

Night´dress , n. A nightgown.

Night´ed, a. 1. Darkness; clouded. [R.] Shak. 2. Overtaken by night; belated. Beau. & Fl.

Night´er•tale , n. [Cf. Icel. nattarpel.] period of night; nighttime. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Night´-eyed , a. Capable of seeing at night; sharp-eyed. ´Your night-eyed Tiberius.´ B. Jonson.

Night´fall , n. The close of the day. Swift.

Night´-far•ing , a. Going or traveling in the night. Gay.

Night´gown , n. A loose gown used for undress; also a gown used for a sleeping garment.

Night´in•gale , n. [OE. nihtegale,nightingale, AS. nihtegale; niht night + galan to sing, akin to E. yell; cf. D. nachtegaal, OS. nahtigala, OHG. nahtigala, G. nachtigall, Sw. näktergal, Dan. nattergal. See Night, and Yell.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small, plain, brown and gray European song bird (Luscinia luscinia). It sings at night, and is celebrated for the sweetness of its song. 2. (Zoöl.) A larger species (Lucinia philomela), of Eastern Europe, having similar habits; the thrush nightingale. The name is also applied to other allied species. Mock nightingale. (Zoöl.) See Blackcap, n., 1 (a).

Night´ish, a. Of or pertaining to night.

Night´jar , n. A goatsucker, esp. the European species. See Illust. of Goatsucker.

Night´less, a. Having no night.

Night´long ( 115), a. Lasting all night.

Night´ly, a. Of or pertaining to the night, or to every night; happening or done by night, or every night; as nightly shades; he kept nightly vigils.

Night´ly, adv. At night; every night.

Night´man , n.; pl. Nightmen . One whose business is emptying privies by night.

Night´mare , n. [Night + mare incubus. See Mare incubus.] 1. A fiend or incubus formerly supposed to cause trouble in sleep. 2. A condition in sleep usually caused by improper eating or by digestive or nervous troubles, and characterized by a sense of extreme uneasiness or discomfort (as of weight on the chest or stomach, impossibility of motion or speech, etc.), or by frightful or oppressive dreams, from which one wakes after extreme anxiety, in a troubled state of mind; incubus. Dunglison. 3. Hence, any overwhelming, oppressive, or stupefying influence.

Night´shade , n. [AS. nichtscadu.] (Bot.) A common name of many species of the genus Solanum, given esp. to the Solanum nigrum, or black nightshade, a low, branching weed with small white flowers and black berries reputed to be poisonous. Deadly nightshade. Same as Belladonna (a). — Enchanter’s nightshade. See under Enchanter. — Stinking nightshade. See Henbane. - - Three-leaved nightshade. See Trillium.

Night´shirt , n. A kind of nightgown for men.

Night´time , n. The time from dusk to dawn; — opposed to daytime.

Night´ward , a. Approaching toward night.

Ni•gran´i•line , n. [L. niger black + E. aniline.] (Chem.) The complex, nitrogenous, organic base and dyestuff called also aniline black.

Ni•gres´cent , a. [L. nigrescens, p. pr. of nigrescere to grow black, fr. niger black. See Negro.] Growing black; changing to a black color; approaching to blackness. Johnson.

Nig•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. nigrificare to blacken; niger black + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of making black. [R.] Johnson.

Ni´grine , n. [L. niger black: cf. F. nigrine.] (Min.) A ferruginous variety of rutile.

Nig´ri•tude , n. [L. nigritudo, fr. niger black.] Blackness; the state of being black. Lamb.

Nig´ro•man•cie , n. Necromancy. [Obs.]

Nig´ro•man•cien , n. A necromancer. [Obs.] “These false enchanters or nigromanciens.” Chaucer.

Ni´gro•sine , n. [From L. niger black.] (Chem.) A dark blue dyestuff, of the induline group; — called also azodiphenyl blue.

Ni´gua , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) The chigoe.

Ni´hil , n. [L.] Nothing. Nihil album [L., white nothing] (Chem.), oxide of zinc. See under Zinc. — Nihil debet [L., he owes nothing] (Law), the general issue in certain actions of debt. — Nihil dicit [L., he says nothing] (Law), a declinature by the defendant to plead or answer. Tomlins.

Ni´hil•ism , n. [L. nihil nothing: cf. F. nihilisme. See Annihilate.] 1. Nothingness; nihility. 2. The doctrine that nothing can be known; scepticism as to all knowledge and all reality. 3. (Politics) The theories and practices of the Nihilists.

Ni´hil•ist, n. [Cf. F. nihiliste. See Nihilism.] 1. One who advocates the doctrine of nihilism; one who believes or teaches that nothing can be known, or asserted to exist. 2. (Politics) A member of a secret association (esp. in Russia), which is devoted to the destruction of the present political, religious, and social institutions.

Ni•hil•is´tic , a. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, nihilism.

Ni•hil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. nihilite. See Nihilism.] Nothingness; a state of being nothing.

Nil [See Nill, v. t.] Will not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nil, n. & a. [L., a contr. of nihil.] Nothing; of no account; worthless; — a term often used for canceling, in accounts or bookkeeping. A. J. Ellis.

Nile , n. [L. Nilus, Gr. .] The great river of Egypt. Nile bird. (Zoöl.) (a) The wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The crocodile bird. — Nile goose (Zoöl.), the Egyptian goose. See Note under Goose, 2.

Nil´gau , n. (Zoöl.) see Nylghau.

Nill , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nilled p. pr. & vb. n. Nilling.] [AS. nilan, nyllan; ne not + willan to will. See No, and Will.] Not to will; to refuse; to reject. [Obs.] “Certes, said he, I nill thine offered grace.” Spenser.

Nill, v. i. To be unwilling; to refuse to act. “The actions of the will are ´velle´ and ´nolle,´ to will and nill.” Burton. Will he, nill he, whether he wills it or not.

Nill, n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. neul star, light. Cf. Nebula.] 1. Shining sparks thrown off from melted brass. 2. Scales of hot iron from the forge. Knight.

Ni•lom´e•ter , n. [Gr. ; the Nile + measure: cf. F. nilomètre.] An instrument for measuring the rise of water in the Nile during its periodical flood.

Ni´lo•scope , n. [Gr. ; the Nile + to observe.] A Nilometer.

Ni•lot´ic , a. [L. Niloticus, fr. Nilus th Nile, Gr. : cf. F. nilotique.] Of or pertaining to the river Nile; as the Nilotic crocodile.

Nilt [Contr. fr. ne wilt.] Wilt not. [Obs.]

Nim , v. t. [imp. Nam or Nimmed ; p. p. Nomen or Nome .] [AS. niman. rad. 7. Cf. Nimble.] To take; to steal; to filch. [Obs.] “This canon it in his hand nam.” Chaucer.

Nim•bif´er•ous , a. [L. nimbifer; nimbus a cloud + ferre to bear.] Serving to bring clouds or stormy weather.

Nim´ble , a. [Compar. Nimbler superl. Nimblest ] [OE. nimel, prob. orig., quick at seizing, fr. nimen to take, AS. niman; akin to D. nemen, G. nehmen, OHG. neman, Icel. nema, Goth. nima, and prob. to Gr. to distribute. rad. 7. Cf. Nomand, Numb.] Light and quick in motion; moving with ease and celerity; lively; swift. “Through the mid seas the nimble pinnace sails.” Pope. Nimble is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as nimble-footed, nimble- pinioned, nimble-winged, etc. Nimble Will (Bot.), a slender, branching, American grass (Muhlenbergia diffusa), of some repute for grazing purposes in the Mississippi valley. Syn. — Agile; quick; active; brisk; lively; prompt.

Nim´ble•ness, n. The quality of being nimble; lightness and quickness in motion; agility; swiftness.

Nim´bless , n. Nimbleness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Nim´bly, adv. In a nimble manner; with agility; with light, quick motion.

Nim•bose´ , a. [L. nimbosus, fr. nimbus cloud.] Cloudy; stormy; tempestuous.

Nim´bus , n.; pl. L. Nimbi (#), E. Nimbuses (#). [L., a rain storm, a rain cloud, the cloudshaped which enveloped the gods when they appeared on earth.] 1. (Fine Arts) A circle, or disk, or any indication of radiant light around the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns, upon medals, pictures, etc.; a halo. See Aureola, and Glory, n., 5. ´The nimbus is of pagan origin.´ ´As an atribute of power, the nimbus is often seen attached to the heads of evil spirits.´ Fairholl. 2. (Meteor.) A rain cloud; one of the four principal varieties of clouds. See Cloud.

Ni•mi´e•ty , n. [L. nimietas, fr. nimius, a., nimis, adv., too much.] State of being in excess. [R.] “There is a nimiety, a too-muchess, in all Germans.” Coleridge.

Nim´i•ous , a. [L. nimius.] Excessive; extravagant; inordinate. [Obs.]

Nim´mer , n. [From Nim.] A thief. [Obs.]

Nin [Fr. ne in.] Not in. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nin´com•poop , n. [A corruption of non compos.] A fool; a silly or stupid person. [Law] “An old ninnyhammer, a dotard, a nincompoop, is the best language she can afford me.” Addison.

Nine , a. [OE. nine, nihen, AS. nigon, nigan; akin to D. & LG. negen, OS. & OFries. nigun, OHG. niun, G. neun, Icel. niu, sw. nio, Dan. ni, Goth. niun, Ir. & Gael. naoi, W. naw, L. novem, Gr. , Skr. navan; of unknown origin. rad.307. Cf. Novembeer.] Eight and one more; one less than ten; as nine miles. Nine men’s morris. See Morris. - - Nine points circle (Geom.), a circle so related to any given triangle as to pass through the three points in which the perpendiculars from the angles of the triangle upon the opposite sides (or the sides produced) meet the sides. It also passes through the three middle points of the sides of the triangle and through the three middle points of those parts of the perpendiculars that are between their common point of meeting and the angles of the triangle. The circle is hence called the nine points or six points circle.

Nine, n. 1. The number greater than eight by a unit; nine units or objects. 2. A symbol representing nine units, as 9 or ix. The Nine, the nine Muses.

Nine´-bark , n. (Bot.) A white-flowered rosaceous shrub (Neillia, or Spiraea, opulifolia), common in the Northern United States. The bark separates into many thin layers, whence the name.

Nine´-eyes , n. (Zoöl.) The lamprey.

Nine´fold , a. Nine times repeated.

Nine´holes , n. pl. A game in which nine holes are made in the ground, into which a ball is bowled.

Nine´-kill•er , n. [So called because it is believed to kill and impale on thorns nine birds, etc., in succession.] (Zoöl.) The northern butcher bird.

Nine´pence , n.; pl. Ninepences . 1. An old English silver coin, worth nine pence. 2. A New England name for the Spanish real, a coin formerly current in the United States, as valued at twelve and a half cents.

Nine´pins , n. pl. A game played with nine pins, or pieces of wood, set on end, at which a wooden ball is bowled to knock them down; bowling. In the United States, ten pins are used for this game, which is therefore often called tenpins.

Nine´score , a. Nine times twenty, or one hundred and eighty. — n. The product of nine times twenty; ninescore units or objects.

Nine´teen , a. [AS. nigontne, nigontne. See Nine, and Ten.] Nine and ten; eighteen and one more; one less than twenty; as nineteen months.

Nine´teen, n. 1. The number greater than eighteen by a unit; the sum of ten and nine; nineteen units or objects. 2. A symbol for nineteen units, as 19 or xix.

Nine´teenth , a. [Cf. AS. nigonteóa.] 1. Following the eighteenth and preceding the twentieth; coming after eighteen others. 2. Constituting or being one of nineteen equal parts into which anything is divided.

Nine´teenth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by nineteen; one of nineteen equal parts of anything. 2. The next in order after the eighteenth. 3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves and a fifth.

Nine´ti•eth , a. 1. Next in order after the eighty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one of ninety equal parts.

Nine´ti•eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by ninety; one of ninety equal parts of anything. 2. The next in order after the eighty- ninth.

Nine´ty , a. [See Nine, and cf. Forty.] Nine times ten; eighty-nine and one more; as ninety men.

Nine´ty, n.; pl. Nineties . 1. The sum of nine times ten; the number greater by a unit than eighty-nine; ninety units or objects. 2. A symbol representing ninety units, as 90 or xc.

Nin´ny , n.; pl. Ninnies (#). [Cf. It. ninno, ninna, a baby, Sp. niño, niña, child, infant, It. ninna, ninna nanna, lullably, prob. fr. ni, na, as used in singing a child to sleep.] A fool; a simpleton. Shak.

Nin´ny•ham•mer , n. A simpleton; a silly person. [Colloq.] Addison.

Ninth , a. [From Nine; cf. AS. nigoða.] 1. Following the eight and preceding the tenth; coming after eight others. 2. Constituting or being one of nine equal parts into which anything is divided.

Ninth, n. 1. The quotient of one divided by nine; one of nine equal parts of a thing; the next after the eighth. 2. (Mus.) (a) An interval containing an octave and a second. (b) A chord of the dominant seventh with the ninth added.

Ninth´ly, adv. In the ninth place.

Nin´ut , n. (Zoöl.) The magpie. [Prov. Eng.]

Ni´o•bate , n. [See Niobium.] (Chem.) Same as Columbate.

Ni´o•be , n. [L. Nioba, Niobe, Gr. .] (Class, Myth.) The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. Her pride in her children provoked Apollo and Diana, who slew them all. Niobe herself was changed by the gods into stone.

Ni•ob´ic , a. (Chem.) Same as Columbic.

Ni´o•bite , n. (Min.) Same as Columbite.

Ni•o´bi•um , n. [NL., fr. L. & E. Niobe.] (Chem.) A later name of columbium. See Columbium.

Ni•o´po , n. A kind of snuff prepared by the natives of Venezuela from the roasted seeds of a leguminous tree (Piptadenia peregrina), thence called niopo tree.

Nip , n. [LG. & D. nippen to sip; akin to Dan. nippe, G. nippen.] A sip or small draught; esp., a draught of intoxicating liquor; a dram.

Nip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nipped , less properly Nipt; p. pr. & vb. n. Nipping ] [OE. nipen; cf. D. niipen to pinch, also knippen to nip, clip, pinch, snap, knijpen to pinch, LG. knipen, G. kneipen, kneifen, to pinch, cut off, nip, Lith. knebti.] 1. To catch and inclose or compress tightly between two surfaces, or points which are brought together or closed; to pinch; to close in upon. “May this hard earth cleave to the Nadir hell,
Down, down, and close again, and nip me flat,
If I be such a traitress.” Tennyson. 2. To remove by pinching, biting, or cutting with two meeting edges of anything; to clip. “The small shoots … must be nipped off.” Mortimer. 3. Hence: To blast, as by frost; to check the growth or vigor of; to destroy. 4. To vex or pain, as by nipping; hence, to taunt. “And sharp remorse his heart did prick and nip.” Spenser. To nip in the bud, to cut off at the verycommencement of growth; to kill in the incipient stage.

Nip, n. 1. A seizing or closing in upon; a pinching; as in the northern seas the nip of masses of ice. 2. A pinch with the nails or teeth. 3. A small cut, or a cutting off the end. 4. A blast; a killing of the ends of plants by frost. 5. A biting sarcasm; a taunt. Latimer. 6. (Naut.) A short turn in a rope. Nip and tuck, a phrase signifying equality in a contest. [Low, U.S.]

Nip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, nips. 2. A fore tooth of a horse. The nippers are four in number. 3. A satirist. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. A pickpocket; a young or petty thief. [Old Cant] 5. (Zoöl.) (a) The cunner. (b) A European crab (Polybius Henslowii).

Nip´per•kin, n. [See 1st Nip.] A small cup. [Obs.]

Nip´pers , n. pl. [From 2d Nip.] 1. Small pinchers for holding, breaking, or cutting. 2. (Mach.) A device with fingers or jaws for seizing an object and holding or conveying it; as in a printing press, a clasp for catching a sheet and conveying it to the form. 3. (Naut.) A number of rope-yarns wound together, used to secure a cable to the messenger.

Nip´ping , a. Biting; pinching; painful; destructive; as a nipping frost; a nipping wind.

Nip´ping•ly, adv. In a nipping manner.

Nip´pi•tate , a. [Cf. 1st Nip.] Peculiary strong and good; — said of ale or liquor. [Old Cant] “’T will make a cup of wine taste nippitate.” Chapman.

Nip•pi•ta´to , n. Strong liquor. [Old Cant] Beau. & Fl.

Nip´ple , n. [Formerly neble, a dim. of neb. See Neb, Nib.] 1. (Anat.) The protuberance through which milk is drawn from the breast or mamma; the mammilla; a teat; a pap. 2. The orifice at which any animal liquid, as the oil from an oil bag, is discharged. [R.] Derham. 3. Any small projection or article in which there is an orifice for discharging a fluid, or for other purposes; as the nipple of a nursing bottle; the nipple of a percussion lock, or that part on which the cap is put and through which the fire passes to the charge. 4. (Mech.) A pipe fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a screw thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings. Solder nipple, a short pipe, usually of brass, one end of which is tapered and adapted for attachment to the end of a lead pipe by soldering.

Nip´ple•wort , n. (Bot.) A yellow-flowered composite herb (Lampsana communis), formerly used as an external application to the nipples of women; — called also dock-cress.

Nir•va´na , n. [Skr. nirvana.] In the Buddhist system of religion, the final emancipation of the soul from transmigration, and consequently a beatific enfrachisement from the evils of worldly existence, as by annihilation or absorption into the divine. See Buddhism.

Nis [From ne is.] Is not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ni´san , n. [Heb. nisan.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, formerly answering nearly to the month of April, now to March, of the Christian calendar. See Abib.

Ni´sey , n.; pl. Nyseys. A simpleton. [Obs.]

Ni´si , conj. [L.] Unless; if not. In legal proceedings, this word is used to indicate that any order, etc., shall take effect at a given time, unless before that time the order, etc., in modified, or something else is done to prevent its taking effect. Continuance nisi is a conditional continuance of the case till the next term of the court, unless otherwise disposed of in the mean time. Nisi prius (Law), unless before; — a phrase applied to terms of court, held generally by a single judge, with a jury, for the trial of civil causes. The term originated in a legal fiction. An issue of fact being made up, it is, according to the English practice, appointed by the entry on the record, or written proceedings, to be tried by a jury from the county of which the proceedings are dated, at Westminster, unless before the day appointed (nisi prius) the judges shall have come to the county in question (which they always do) and there try the cause. See In banc, under Banc.

Nis´te [Contr. from ne wiste.] Wist not; knew not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ni´sus , n. [L., fr. niti, p. p. nisus, to strive.] A striving; an effort; a conatus. “A nisus or energizing towards a presented object.” Hickok.

Nit , n. [AS. hnitu; akin to D. neet, G. niss, OHG. niz; cf. Gr. , , Icel. gnit, Sw. gnet, Dan. gnid, Russ. & Pol. gnida, Bohem. hnida, W. nedd.] (Zoöl.) The egg of a louse or other small insect. Nit grass (Bot.), a pretty annual European grass (Gastridium lendigerum), with small spikelets somewhat resembling a nit. It is also found in California and Chili.

Ni´ten•cy , n. [L. nitens, p. pr. of nitere to shine.] Brightness; luster. [R.]

Ni´ten•cy, n. [From L. nitens, p. pr. of niti to strive.] Endeavor; effort; tendency. [R.] Boyle. { Ni´ter , Ni´tre } , n. [F. nitre, L. nitrum native soda, natron, Gr. ; cf. Ar. nitun, natrun natron. Cf. Natron.] 1. (Chem.) A white crystalline semitransparent salt; potassium nitrate; saltpeter. See Saltpeter. 2. (Chem.) Native sodium carbonate; natron. [Obs.] “For though thou wash thee with niter, and take thee much soap, yet thine iniquity is marked before me.” Jer. ii. 22. Cubic niter, a deliquescent salt, sodium nitrate, found as a native incrustation, like niter, in Peru and Chili, whence it is known also as Chili saltpeter. — Niter bush (Bot.), a genus (Nitraria) of thorny shrubs bearing edible berries, and growing in the saline plains of Asia and Northern Africa.

Nith´ing , n. [Obs.] See Niding.

Nit´id , a. [L. nitidus, fr. nitere. See 3d Neat.] 1. Bright; lustrous; shining. [R.] Boyle. 2. Gay; spruce; fine; — said of persons. [R.] T. Reeve.

Ni•tra•nil´ic , a. [Nitro- + chloranil + -ic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex organic acid produced as a white crystalline substance by the action of nitrous acid on hydroquinone.

Ni•tran´i•line , n. [Nitro- + aniline.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of nitro derivatives of aniline. In general they are yellow crystalline substances.

Ni´trate , n. [Cf. F. nitrate.] (Chem.) A salt of nitric acid. Nitrate of silver, a white crystalline salt (AgNO3), used in photography and as a cauterizing agent; - - called also lunar caustic.

Ni´tra•ted , a. 1. (Chem.) Combined, or impregnated, with nitric acid, or some of its compounds. 2. (Photog.) Prepared with nitrate of silver.

Ni´tra•tine , n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in transparent crystals, usually of a white, sometimes of a reddish gray, or lemon-yellow, color; native sodium nitrate. It is used in making nitric acid and for manure. Called also soda niter.

Ni´tre , n. (Chem.) See Niter.

Ni´tri•a•ry , n. [See Niter.] An artificial bed of animal matter for the manufacture of niter by nitrification. See Nitrification, 2.

Ni´tric , a. [Cf. F. nitrique. See Niter.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, nitrogen; specifically, designating any one of those compounds in which, as contrasted with nitrous compounds, the element has a higher valence; as nitric oxide; nitric acid. Nitric acid, a colorless or yellowish liquid obtained by distilling a nitrate with sulphuric acid. It is powerfully corrosive, being a strong acid, and in decomposition a strong oxidizer. — Nitric anhydride, a white crystalline oxide of nitrogen (N2O5), called nitric pentoxide, and regarded as the anhydride of nitric acid. — Nitric oxide, a colorless poisous gas (NO) obtained by treating nitric acid with copper. On contact with the air or with oxygen, it becomes reddish brown from the formation of nitric dioxide or peroxide.

Ni´tride , n. [fromNitrogen.] (Chem.) A binary compound of nitrogen with a more metallic element or radical; as boric nitride.

Ni•trif´er•ous , a. [Niter + -ferous.] Bearing niter; yielding, or containing, niter.

Ni•tri•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. nitrification. see Nitrify.] 1. (Chem.) (a) The act, process, or result of combining with nitrogen or some of its compounds. (b) The act or process of oxidizing nitrogen or its compounds so as to form nitrous or nitric acid. 2. A process of oxidation, in which nitrogenous vegetable and animal matter in the presence of air, moisture, and some basic substances, as lime or alkali carbonate, is converted into nitrates. The process is going on at all times in porous soils and in water contaminated with nitrogenous matter, and is supposed to be due to the presence of an organized ferment or ferments, called nitrification ferments. In former times the process was extensively made use of in the production of saltpeter.

Ni´tri•fi•er , n. (Chem.) An agent employed in nitrification.

Ni´tri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nitrified p. pr. & vb. n. Nitrifying ] [Niter + -fy: cf. F. nitrifer. See Niter.] (Chem.) To combine or impregnate with nitrogen; to convert, by oxidation, into nitrous or nitric acid; to subject to, or produce by, nitrification.

Ni´trile , n. [See Nitro- .] (Chem.) Any one of a series of cyanogen compounds; particularly, one of those cyanides of alcohol radicals which, by boiling with acids or alkalies, produce a carboxyl acid, with the elimination of the nitrogen as ammonia. The nitriles are named with reference to the acids produced by their decomposition, thus, hydrocyanic acid is formic nitrile, and methyl cyanide is acetic nitrile.

Ni´trite , n. [Cf. F. nitrite. See Niter.] (Chem.) A salt of nitrous acid. Amyl nitrite, a yellow oily volatile liquid, used in medicine as a depressant and a vaso-dilator. Its inhalation produces an instantaneous flushing of the face.

Ni´tro- . 1. A combining form or an adjective denoting the presence of niter. 2. (Chem.) A combining form (used also adjectively) designating certain compounds of nitrogen or of its acids, as nitrohydrochloric, nitrocalcite; also designating the group or radical NO2, or its compounds, as nitrobenzene. Nitro group, the radical NO2; — called also nitroxyl.

Ni•tro•ben´zene , n. [Nitro- + benzene.] (Chem.) A yellow aromatic liquid (C6H5.NO2), produced by the action of nitric acid on benzene, and called from its odor imitation oil of bitter almonds, or essence of mirbane. It is used in perfumery, and is manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline. Fornerly called also nitrobenzol. { Ni•tro•ben´zol , Ni•tro•ben´zole, ( or ) }, n. See Nitrobenzene.

Ni•tro•cal´cite , n. [Nitro- + calcite.] (Min.) Nitrate of calcium, a substance having a grayish white color, occuring in efflorescences on old walls, and in limestone caves, especially where there exists decaying animal matter.

Ni•tro•car´bol , n. [Nitro- + carbon + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) See Nitromethane.

Ni•tro•cel´lu•lose , n. [Nitro- + cellulose.] (Chem.) See Gun cotton, under Gun.

Ni•tro-chlo´ro•form , n. [Nitro- + chloroform.] (Chem.) Same as Chlorpicrin.

Ni´tro•form , n. [Nitro- + formyl.] (Chem.) A nitro derivative of methane, analogous to chloroform, obtained as a colorless oily or crystalline substance, CH.(NO2)3, quite explosive, and having well-defined acid properties.

Ni•tro•gel´a•tin , n. [Nitro- + gelatin.] An explosive consisting of gun cotton and camphor dissolved in nitroglycerin. [Written also nitrogelatine.]

Ni•tro•gen , n. [L. nitrum natron + -gen: cf. F. nitrogène. See Niter.] (Chem.) A colorless nonmetallic element, tasteless and odorless, comprising four fifths of the atmosphere by volume. It is chemically very inert in the free state, and as such is incapable of supporting life (hence the name azote still used by French chemists); but it forms many important compounds, as ammonia, nitric acid, the cyanides, etc, and is a constituent of all organized living tissues, animal or vegetable. Symbol N. Atomic weight 14. It was formerly regarded as a permanent noncondensible gas but was liquefied in 1877 by Cailletet of Paris, and Pictet of Geneva.

Ni´tro•gen•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nitrogenized p. pr. & vb. n. Nitrogenizing.] (Chem.) To combine, or impregnate, with nitrogen or its compounds.

Ni•trog´e•nous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, nitrogen; as a nitrogenous principle; nitrogenous compounds. Nitrogenous foods. See 2d Note under Food, n., 1.

Ni•tro•glyc´er•in , n. [Nitro- + glycerinn.] (Chem.) A liquid appearing like a heavy oil, colorless or yellowish, and consisting of a mixture of several glycerin salts of nitric acid, and hence more properly called glycerin nitrate. It is made by the action of nitric acid on glycerin in the presence of sulphuric acid. It is extremely unstable and terribly explosive. A very dilute solution is used in medicine as a neurotic under the name of glonion. [Written also nitroglycerine.] A great number of explosive compounds have been produced by mixing nitroglycerin with different substances; as dynamite, or giant powder, nitroglycerin mixed with siliceous earth; lithofracteur, nitroglycerin with gunpowder, or with sawdust and nitrate of sodium or barium; Colonia powder, gunpowder with nitroglycerin; dualin, nitroglycerin with sawdust, or with sawdust and nitrate of potassium and some other substances; lignose, wood fiber and nitroglycerin.

Ni•tro•hy•dro•chlo´ric , a. [Nitro- + hydrochloric.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, nitric and hydrochloric acids. Nitrohydrochloric acid, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, usually in the proportion of one part of the former to three of the latter, and remarkable for its solvent action on gold and platinum; — called also nitromuriatic acid, and aqua regia.

Ni´trol , n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of hydrocarbons containing the nitro and the nitroso or isonitroso group united to the same carbon atom.

Ni•tro´le•um , n. [NL., fr. L. nitrum natron + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Nitroglycerin.

Ni•trol´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, derived from, or designating, a nitrol; as a nitrolic acid.

Ni•tro•mag´ne•site , n. [Nitro- + magnesite.] (Chem.) Nitrate of magnesium, a saline efflorescence closely resembling nitrate of calcium.

Ni•trom´e•ter , n. [Nitro- + -meter: cf. F. nitromètre.] (Chem.) An apparatus for determining the amount of nitrogen or some of its compounds in any substance subjected to analysis; an azotometer.

Ni•tro•meth´ane , n. [Nitro- + methane.] (Chem.) A nitro derivative of methane obtained as a mobile liquid; — called also nitrocarbol.

Ni•tro•mu•ri•at´ic , a. [Cf. F. nitromuriatique. See Nitro-, and Muriatic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or composed of, nitric acid and muriatic acid; nitrohydrochloric. See Nitrohydrochloric.

Ni•tro•ph´nol , n. [Nitro- + phenol.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of nitro derivatives of phenol. They are yellow oily or crystalline substances and have well-defined acid properties, as picric acid.

Ni•tro•prus´sic (? or ), a. [Nitro- + prussic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a complex acid called nitroprussic acid, obtained indirectly by the action of nitric acid on potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate), as a red crystalline unstable substance. It forms salts called nitroprussides, which give a rich purple color with alkaline sulphides.

Ni•tro•prus´side , n. See Nitroprussic.

Ni•tro•qui´nol , n. [Nitro- + quine + -ol.] (Chem.) A hypothetical nitro derivative of quinol or hydroquinone, not known in the free state, but forming a well defined series of derivatives.

Ni•tro•sac´cha•rin , n. [Nitro- + saccharin.] (Chem.) An explosive nitro derivative of certain sugars, analogous to nitroglycerin, gun cotton, etc.

Ni•tro•sal•i•cyl´ic , a. [Nitro- + salicylic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a nitro derivative of salicylic acid, called also anilic acid.

Ni•trose´ , a. (Chem.) See Nitrous.

Ni•tro´so- ( or ). (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) designating the group or radical NO, called the nitroso group, or its compounds.

Ni•tro´syl , n. [Nitroso- + -yl.] (Chem.) the radical NO, called also the nitroso group. The term is sometimes loosely used to designate certain nitro compounds; as nitrosyl sulphuric acid. Used also adjectively.

Ni•tro•syl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, nitrosyl; as nitrosylic acid.

Ni´trous , a. [L. nitrosus full of natron: cf. F. nitreux. See Niter.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or containing, niter; of the quality of niter, or resembling it. 2. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of those compounds in which nitrogen has a relatively lower valence as contrasted with nitric compounds. Nitrous acid (Chem.), a hypothetical acid of nitrogen HNO2, not known in the free state, but forming a well known series of salts, viz., the nitrites. — Nitrous oxide. See Laughing gas.

Ni•trox´yl , n. [Nitro- + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The group NO2, usually called the nitro group.

Ni´trum , n. [L., natron. See Niter.] (Old Chem.) Niter. Nitrum flammans [L., flaming niter] (Old Chem.), ammonium nitrate; — probably so called because it deflagerates when suddenly heated.

Ni´try , a. (Chem.) Nitrous. [Obs.]

Ni´tryl , n. [Nitro- + - yl.] (Chem.) A name sometimes given to the nitro group or radical.

Nit´ter , n. [From Nit.] (Zoöl.) The horse louse; an insect that deposits nits on horses.

Nit´ti•ly , adv. Lousily. [Obs.] Hayward.

Nit´tings , n. pl. [Prob. from Nit.] (Mining) The refuse of good ore. Raymond.

Nit´ty , a. Full of nits. B. Jonson.

Nit´ty, a. [L. nitidus. See Nitid.] Shining; elegant; spruce. [Obs.] ´O sweet, nitty youth.´ Marston.

Ni´val , a. [L. nivalis, fr. nix, nivis, snow.] Abounding with snow; snowy. [Obs.] Johnson.

Niv´e•ous , a. [L. niveus, fr. nix, nivis, snow.] Snowy; resembling snow; partaking of the qualities of snow. Sir T. Browne.

Ni•vose´ , n. [F., fr. L. nix. nivis, snow.] The fourth month of the French republican calendar [1792-1806]. It commenced December 21, and ended January 19. See Vendemiaire.

Nix , n.; fem. Nixe . [G. Cf. 1st Nick.] (Teut. Myth.) One of a class of water spirits, commonly described as of a mischievous disposition. “The treacherous nixes who entice men to a watery death.” Tylor.

Nix´ie , n. See Nix.

Ni•zam´ , n. [Hind. & Ar. nizam order, a ruler, fr. Ar. nazama arrange, govern.] The title of the native sovereigns of Hyderabad, in India, since 1719.

No , a. [OE. no, non, the same word as E. none; cf. E. a, an. See None.] Not any; not one; none. “Let there be no strife … between me and thee.” Gen. xiii. 8. “That goodness is no name, and happiness no dream.” Byron. In Old England before a vowel the form non or noon was used. ´No man.´ ´Noon apothercary.´ Chaucer.

No, adv. [OE. no, na, AS. na; ne not + a ever. AS. ne is akin to OHG. ni, Goth. ni, Russ. ne, Ir., Gael. & W. ni, L. ne, Gr. nh (in comp.), Skr. na, and also to E. prefix un-. rad. 193. See Aye, and cf. Nay, Not, Nice, Nefarious.] Nay; not; not at all; not in any respect or degree; — a word expressing negation, denial, or refusal. Before or after another negative, no is emphatic. “We do no otherwise than we are willed.” Shak. “I am perplx’d and doubtful whether or no
I dare accept this your congratulation.” Coleridge. “There is none righteous, no, not one.” Rom. iii. 10. “No! Nay, Heaven forbid.” Coleridge.

No , n.; pl. Noes . 1. A refusal by use of the wordd no; a denial. 2. A negative vote; one who votes in the negative; as to call for the ayes and noes; the noes have it.

No•a´chi•an , a. Of or pertaining to the patriarch Noah, or to his time.

No´ah , n. [Heb. Noakh rest.] A patriarch of Biblical history, in the time of the Deluge. Noah’s ark. (a) (Zoöl.) A marine bivalve shell (Arca Noae), which somewhat resembles an ark, or ship, in form. (b) A child’s toy, consisting of an ark-shaped box containing many different wooden animals.

Nob , n. [Cf. Knob.] The head. [Low]

Nob, n. [Abbrev. fr. noble.] A person in a superior position in life; a nobleman. [Slang]

Nob´bi•ly , adv. In a nobby manner. [Slang]

Nob´bler , n. A dram of spirits. [Australia]

Nob´by , a. [From 2d Nob.] Stylish; modish; elegant; showy; aristocratic; fashionable. [Slang]

No•bil´ia•ry , a. [F. nobiliare. See Noble.] Of or pertaining to the nobility. Fitzed. Hall.

No•bil´ia•ry, n. A history of noble families.

No•bil´i•fy , v. t. [L. nobilis noble + -fy.] To make noble; to nobiliate. [Obs.]

No•bil´i•tate , v. t. [L. nobilitatus, p. p. of nobilitare.] To make noble; to ennoble; to exalt. [Obs.]

No•bil•i•ta´tion , n. [Cf. OF. nobilitation.] The act of making noble. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

No•bil´i•ty , n. [L. nobilitas: cf. OF. nobilite. See Noble.] 1. The quality or state of being noble; superiority of mind or of character; commanding excellence; eminence. “Though she hated Amphialus, yet the nobility of her courage prevailed over it.” Sir P. Sidney. “They thought it great their sovereign to control,
And named their pride nobility of soul.” Dryden. 2. The state of being of high rank or noble birth; patrician dignity; antiquity of family; distinction by rank, station, or title, whether inherited or conferred. “I fell on the same argument of preferring virtue to nobility of blood and titles, in the story of Sigismunda.” Dryden. 3. Those who are noble; the collective body of nobles or titled persons in a state; the aristocratic and patrician class; the peerage; as the English nobility.

No´ble , a. [Compar. Nobler superl. Noblest ] [F. noble, fr. L. nobilis that can be or is known, well known, famous, highborn, noble, fr. noscere to know. See know.] 1. Possessing eminence, elevation, dignity, etc.; above whatever is low, mean, degrading, or dishonorable; magnanimous; as a noble nature or action; a noble heart. “Statues, with winding ivy crowned, belong
To nobler poets for a nobler song.” Dryden. 2. Grand; stately; magnificent; splendid; as a noble edifice. 3. Of exalted rank; of or pertaining to the nobility; distinguished from the masses by birth, station, or title; highborn; as noble blood; a noble personage. Noble is used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as noble-born, noble-hearted, noble- minded. Noble metals (Chem.), silver, gold, and platinum; — so called from their freedom from oxidation and permanence in air. Copper, mercury, aluminium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium are sometimes included. Syn. — Honorable; worthy; dignified; elevated; exalted; superior; sublime; great; eminent; illustrious; renowned; stately; splendid; magnificent; grand; magnanimous; generous; liberal; free.

No´ble, n. 1. A person of rank above a commoner; a nobleman; a peer. 2. An English money of account, and, formerly, a gold coin, of the value of 6 s. 8 d. sterling, or about $1.61. 3. (Zoöl.) A European fish; the lyrie.

No´ble, v. t. To make noble; to ennoble. [Obs.] “Thou nobledest so far forth our nature.” Chaucer.

No´ble•man , n.; pl. Noblemen . One of the nobility; a noble; a peer; one who enjoys rank above a commoner, either by virtue of birth, by office, or by patent.

No´ble-mind•ed , a. Having a noble mind; honorable; magnanimous. — No´ble- mind•ed•ness, n.

No´ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being noble; greatness; dignity; magnanimity; elevation of mind, character, or station; nobility; grandeur; stateliness. “His purposes are full honesty, nobleness, and integrity.” Jer. Taylor. { No•bless´ , No•blesse´ } ( 277), n. [F. noblesse. See Noble.] 1. Dignity; greatness; noble birth or condition. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. B. Jonson. 2. The nobility; persons of noble rank collectively, including males and females. Dryden.

No´ble•wom•an , n.; pl. Noblewomen . A female of noble rank; a peeress.

No´bley , n. [OF. nobleie.] 1. The body of nobles; the nobility. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Noble birth; nobility; dignity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

No´bly , adv. 1. Of noble extraction; as nobly born or descended. 2. In a noble manner; with greatness of soul; heroically; with magnanimity; as a deed nobly done. 3. Splendidly; magnificently. Syn. — Illustriously; honorably; magnanimously; heroically; worthly; eminently; grandly.

No´bod•y , n.; pl. Nobodies (#). [No, a. + body.] 1. No person; no one; not anybody. 2. Hence: A person of no influence or importance; an insignificant or contemptible person. [Colloq.]

No´cake , n. [Corrupted fr. Indian nookhik meal. Palfrey.] Indian corn parched, and beaten to powder, — used for food by the Northern American Indians.

No´cent , a. [L. nocens, p. pr. of nocere to hurt. See Nuisance, Noxious.] 1. Doing hurt, or having a tendency to hurt; hurtful; mischievous; noxious; as nocent qualities. I. Watts. 2. Guilty; — the opposite of innocent. [Obs.] Foxe.

No´cent, n. A criminal. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

No´cent•ly, adv. Hurtfully; injuriously. [R.]

No´cive , a. [L. nocivus, fr. nocere to hurt.] Hurtful; injurious. [R.] Hooker.

Nock , n. [See Notch.] 1. A notch. “He took his arrow by the nock.” Chapman. 2. (Naut.) The upper fore corner of a boom sail or of a trysail.

Nock, v. t. To notch; to fit to the string, as an arrow; to string, as a bow. Chapman.

Noc•tam•bu•la´tion , n. [L. nox, noctis, night + ambulare to walk: cf. F. noctambulation.] Somnambulism; walking in sleep. Quain.

Noc•tam´bu•lism , n. Somnambulism.

Noc•tam´bu•list , n. A somnambulist.

Noc•tam´bu•lo , n. A noctambulist. [Obs.]

Noc•tid´i•al , a. [L. nox, noctos, night + dies day.] Comprising a night and a day; a noctidial day. [R.] Holder.

Noc•tif´er•ous , a. [L. noctifer; nox, noctis + ferre to bring.] Bringing night. [Obs.] Johnson.

Noc•til´i•o•nid , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A South American bat of the genus Noctilio, having cheek pouches and large incisor teeth.

Noc•ti•lu´ca , n.; pl. NoctilucAE (#). [L. noctiluca something that shines by night, fr. nox, noctis, night + lucere to shine, lux light.] 1. (Old Chem.) That which shines at night; — a fanciful name for phosphorus. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine flagellate Infusoria, remarkable for their unusually large size and complex structure, as well as for their phosphorescence. The brilliant diffuse phosphorescence of the sea is often due to myriads of Noctilucae.

Noc•ti•lu´cin , n. (Zoöl.) A fatlike substance in certain marine animals, to which they owe their phosphorescent properties.

Noc•ti•lu´cine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Noctiluca.

Noc•ti•lu´cous , a. Shining in the night.

Noc•tiv´a•gant , a. [L. nox, noctis, night + vagans, p. pr. of vagari to wander about.] (Zoöl.) Going about in the night; night-wandering.

Noc•tiv•a•ga´tion , n. A roving or going about in the night. Gayton.

Noc•tiv´a•gous , a. [L. noctivagus; nox, noctis + vagus wandering.] Noctivagant.

Noc´to•graph , n. [L. nox, noctis, night + -graph.] 1. A kind of writing frame for the blind. 2. An instrument or register which records the presence of watchmen on their beats. Knight.

Noc´tu•a•ry ( 135), n. [L. noctu by night.] A record of what passes in the night; a nightly journal; — distinguished from diary. [R.] Addison.

Noc´tu•id , n. [From L. nox, noctis, night.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous moths of the family Noctuidae, or Noctuaelitae, as the cutworm moths, and armyworm moths; — so called because they fly at night. — a. Of or pertaining to the noctuids, or family Noctuidae.

Noc´tule ( 135), n. [F., fr. L. noctua a night owl, fr. nox, noctis, night.] (Zoöl.) A large European bat (Vespertilio, or Noctulina, altivolans).

Noc´turn , n. [F. nocturne, fr. L. nocturnus. See Nocturnal, and cf. Nocturne.] 1. An office of devotion, or act of religious service, by night. 2. One of the portions into which the Psalter was divided, each consisting of nine psalms, designed to be used at a night service. Hook.

Noc•tur´nal , a. [L. nocturnalis, nocturnus, fr. nox, noctis, night. See Night, and cf. Nocturn.] 1. Of, pertaining to, done or occuring in, the night; as nocturnal darkness, cries, expedition, etc.; — opposed to diurnal. Dryden. 2. Having a habit of seeking food or moving about at night; as nocturnal birds and insects.

Noc•tur´nal, n. An instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the stars, etc., at sea. I. Watts.

Noc•tur´nal•ly, adv. By night; nightly.

Noc•turne´ , n. [F. See Nocturn.] (Mus.) A night piece, or serenade. The name is now used for a certain graceful and expressive form of instrumental composition, as the nocturne for orchestra in Mendelsohn’s ´Midsummer-Night’s Dream´ music.

Noc´u•ment , n. [LL. nocumentum, fr. L. nocere to hurt.] Harm; injury; detriment. [Obs.]

Noc´u•ous , a. [L. nocuus, fr. nocere to hurt.] Hurtful; noxious. [R.] — Noc´u•ous•ly, adv. [R.]

Nod , v. i. [OE. nodden; cf. OHG. kntn, genuotn, to shake, and E. nudge.] 1. To bend or incline the upper part, with a quick motion; as nodding plumes. 2. To incline the head with a quick motion; to make a slight bow; to make a motion of assent, of salutation, or of drowsiness, with the head; as to nod at one. 3. To be drowsy or dull; to be careless. “Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream.” Pope.

Nod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nodded p. pr. & vb. n. Nodding.] 1. To incline or bend, as the head or top; to make a motion of assent, of salutation, or of drowsiness with; as to nod the head. 2. To signify by a nod; as to nod approbation. 3. To cause to bend. [Poetic] “By every wind that nods the mountain pine.” Keats.

Nod , n. 1. A dropping or bending forward of the upper part or top of anything. “Like a drunken sailor on a mast,
Ready with every nod to tumble down.” Shak. 2. A quick or slight downward or forward motion of the head, in assent, in familiar salutation, in drowsiness, or in giving a signal, or a command. “A look or a nod only ought to correct them [the children] when they do amiss.” Locke. “Nations obey my word and wait my nod.” Prior. The land of Nod, sleep.

Nod´al , a. Of the nature of, or relating to, a node; as a nodal point. Nodal line, Nodal point, in a vibrating plate or cord, that line or point which remains at rest while the other parts of the body are in a state of vibration.

No´da•ted , a. [L. nodatus, p. p. of nodare to make knotty, fr. nodus knot. See Node.] Knotted. Nodated hyperbola (Geom.), a certain curve of the third order having two branches which cross each other, forming a node.

No•da´tion , n. [L. nodatio knottiness.] Act of making a knot, or state of being knotted. [R.]

Nod´der , n. One who nods; a drowsy person.

Nod´ding , a. Curved so that the apex hangs down; having the top bent downward.

Nod´dle , n. [OE. nodil, nodle; perh. fr. nod, because the head is the nodding part of the body, or perh. akin to E. knot; cf. Prov. E. nod the nape of the neck.] 1. The head; - - used jocosely or contemptuously. “Come, master, I have a project in my noddle.” L’Estrange. 2. The back part of the head or neck. [Obs.] “For occasion … turneth a bald noddle, after she hath presented her locks in front, and no hold taken.” Bacon.

Nod´dy , n.; pl. Noddies (#). [Prob. fr. nod to incline the head, either as in assent, or from drowsiness.] 1. A simpleton; a fool. L’Estrange. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any tern of the genus Anous, as A. stolidus. (b) The arctic fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). Sometimes also applied to other sea birds. 3. An old game at cards. Halliwell. 4. A small two-wheeled one-horse vehicle. 5. An inverted pendulum consisting of a short vertical flat spring which supports a rod having a bob at the top; — used for detecting and measuring slight horizontal vibrations of a body to which it is attached.

Node , n. [L. nodus; perh. akin to E. knot. Cf. Noose, Nowed.] 1. A knot, a knob; a protuberance; a swelling. 2. Specifically: (a) (Astron.) One of the two points where the orbit of a planet, or comet, intersects the ecliptic, or the orbit of a satellite intersects the plane of the orbit of its primary. (b) (Bot.) The joint of a stem, or the part where a leaf or several leaves are inserted. (c) (Dialing) A hole in the gnomon of a dial, through which passes the ray of light which marks the hour of the day, the parallels of the sun’s declination, his place in the ecliptic, etc. (d) (Geom.) The point at which a curve crosses itself, being a double point of the curve. See Crunode, and Acnode. (e) (Mech.) The point at which the lines of a funicular machine meet from different angular directions; — called also knot. W. R. Johnson. (f) (poet.) The knot, intrigue, or plot of a piece. (g) (Med.) A hard concretion or incrustation which forms upon bones attacked with rheumatism, gout, or syphilis; sometimes also a swelling in the neighborhood of a joint. Dunglison. (h) (Mus) One of the fixed points of a sonorous string, when it vibrates by aliquot parts, and produces the harmonic tones; nodal line or point. (i) (Zoöl.) A swelling. Ascending node (Astron.), the node at which the body is passing northerly, marked with the symbol &astascending;, called the Dragon’s head. Called also northern node. — Descending node, the node at which the body is moving southwardly, marked thus &astdescending;, called Dragon’s tail. — Line of nodes, a straight line joining the two nodes of an orbit.

Nod´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to the nodes; from a node to the same node again; as the nodical revolutions of the moon. Nodical month. See Lunar month, under Month.

No•do•sa´rine , a. (Zoöl.) Resembling in form or structure a foraminiferous shell of the genus Nodosaria. — n. (Zoöl.) A foraminifer of the genus Nodosaria or of an allied genus.

No•dose´ , a. [L. nodosus, fr. nodus knot.] 1. Knotty; having numerous or conspicuous nodes. 2. (Zoöl.) Having nodes or prominences; having the alternate joints enlarged, as the antennae of certain insects.

No•dos´i•ty , n. [L. nodositas.] 1. The quality of being knotty or nodose; resemblance to a node or swelling; knottiness. Holland. 2. A knot; a node. { No•do´sous , No´dous }, a. Nodose; knotty; knotted. [Obs.]

Nod´u•lar ( 135), a. [Cf. F. nodulaire.] Of, pertaining to, or in the form of, a nodule or knot.

Nod´ule , n. [L. nodulus, dim. of nodus knot: cf. F. nodule.] A rounded mass or irregular shape; a little knot or lump.

Nod´uled , a. Having little knots or lumps. { Nod´u•lose• , Nod´u•lous } a. (Biol.) Having small nodes or knots; diminutively nodose.

No´el , n. [F. noël, L. natalis birthday, fr. natalis natal. See Natal.] Same as Nowel.

No•e•ma•tach´o•graph , n. [Gr. the understanding + swiftness + -graph.] An instrument for determining and registering the duration of more or less complex operations of the mind. Dunglison. { No•e•mat´ic , No•e•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. the understanding. See Noetic.] Of or pertaining to the understanding. [Obs.] Cudworth.

No•e´mics , n. [Gr. the understanding. See Noetic.] The science of the understanding; intellectual science.

No•e´tian , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the followers of Noetus, who lived in the third century. He denied the distinct personality of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. { No•et´ic , No•et´ic•al } a. [Gr. , fr. to perceive, mind, intellect.] Of or pertaining to the intellect; intellectual. “I would employ the word noetic to express all those cognitions which originate in the mind itself.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Nof [Contr. fr. ne of.] Not of; nor of. [Obs.]

Nog , n. [Abbrev. fr. noggin.] 1. A noggin. 2. A kind of strong ale. Halliwell.

Nog, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A wooden block, of the size of a brick, built into a wall, as a hold for the nails of woodwork. 2. One of the square logs of wood used in a pile to support the roof of a mine. 3. (Shipbuilding) A treenail to fasten the shores.

Nog, v. t. [From 2d Nog.] 1. To fill in, as between scantling, with brickwork. 2. (Shipbuilding) To fasten, as shores, with treenails.

Nog´gen , a. [Prop., made of hemp, fr. Prov. E. nogs hemp.] Made of hemp; hence, hard; rough; harsh. [Obs.] Johnson.

Nog´gin , n. [Ir. noigin, or Gael. noigean. Cf. lst Nog.] 1. A small mug or cup. 2. A measure equivalent to a gill. [Prov. Eng.]

Nog´ging , n. [From Nog, v. t.] Rough brick masonry used to fill in the interstices of a wooden frame, in building.

Noght , adv. Not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Noi´ance , n. [Abbrev. fr. OE. anoiance.] [Written also noyance.] Annoyance. [Obs.] Tusser.

Noie , v. t. To annoy. See Noy. [Obs.]

Noi´er , n. An annoyer. [Obs.] Tusser.

Noils , n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] Waste and knots of wool removed by the comb; combings.

Noint , v. t. To anoint. [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Noi´ous , a. Annoying; troublesome. [Obs.]

Noise , n. [F. noise noisy strife, quarrel, brawl, fr. L. nausea seasickness, sickness, disgust. See Nausea.] 1. Sound of any kind. “The heavens turn about in a most rapid motion without noise
to us perceived.” Bacon. Noise is either a sound of too short a duration to be determined, like the report of a cannon; or else it is a confused mixture of many discordant sounds, like the rolling of thunder or the noise of the waves. Nevertheless, the difference between sound and noise is by no means precise. Ganot. 2. Especially, loud, confused, or senseless sound; clamor; din. 3. Loud or continuous talk; general talk or discussion; rumor; report. ´The noise goes.´ Shak. “What noise have we had about transplantation of diseases and transfusion of blood!” T. Baker. “Soerates lived in Athens during the great plague which has made so much noise in all ages.” Spectator. 4. Music, in general; a concert; also a company of musicians; a band. [Obs.] Milton. “The king has his noise of gypsies.” B. Jonson. Syn. — Cry; outcry; clamor; din; clatter; uproar.

Noise, v. i. To sound; to make a noise. Milton.

Noise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noised p pr. & vb. n. Noising.] 1. To spread by rumor or report. “All these sayings were noised abroad.” Luke i. 65. 2. To disturb with noise. [Obs.] Dryden.

Noise´ful , a. Loud; clamorous. [Obs.] Dryden.

Noise´less, a. Making, or causing, no noise or bustle; without noise; silent; as the noiseless foot of time. “So noiseless would I live.” Dryden. — Noise´less•ly, adv. — Noise´less•ness, n.

Noi•sette´ , n. (Bot.) A hybrid rose produced in 1817, by a French gardener, Noisette, of Charleston, South Carolina, from the China rose and the musk rose. It has given rise to many fine varieties, as the Lamarque, the Marechal (or Marshal) Niel, and the Cloth of gold. Most roses of this class have clustered flowers and are of vigorous growth. P. Henderson.

Nois´i•ly , adv. In a noisy manner.

Nois´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being noisy.

Noi´some , a. [For noysome, fr. noy for annoy. See Annoy.] 1. Noxious to health; hurtful; mischievous; unwholesome; insalubrious; destructive; as noisome effluvia. ´Noisome pestilence.´ Ps. xci. 3. 2. Offensive to the smell or other senses; disgusting; fetid. ´Foul breath is noisome.´ Shak. — Noi´some•ly, adv. — Noi´some•ness, n. Syn. — Noxious; unwholesome; insalubrious; mischievous; destructive. — Noisome, Noxious. These words have to a great extent been interchanged; but there is a tendency to make a distinction between them, applying noxious to things that inflict evil directly; as a noxious plant, noxious practices, etc., and noisome to things that operate with a remoter influence; as noisome vapors, a noisome pestilence, etc. Noisome has the additional sense of disqusting. A garden may be free from noxious weeds or animals; but, if recently covered with manure, it may be filled with a noisome smell.

Nois´y , a. [Compar. Noisier superl. Noisiest.] [From Noise.] 1. Making a noise, esp. a loud sound; clamorous; vociferous; turbulent; boisterous; as the noisy crowd. 2. Full of noise. ´The noisy town.´ Dryden.

Nol´de [Contr. fr. ne wolde.] Would not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nole , n. [See Noll.] The head. [Obs.] Shak.

No´li-me-tan´ge•re , n. [L., touch me not.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of a genus of herbs (Impatiens) having capsules which, if touched when ripe, discharge their seeds. — See Impatiens. (b) The squirting cucumber. See under Cucumber. 2. (Med.) A name formerly applied to several varieties of ulcerous cutaneous diseases, but now restricted to Lupus exedens, an ulcerative affection of the nose.

No•li´tion , n. [L. nolle not to will, to be unwilling; ne + velle to will, to be willing.] Adverse action of will; unwillingness; — opposed to volition. “A nolition and a direct enmity against the lust.” Jer. Taylor.

Noll , n. [OE. nol, AS. hnoll top; akin to OHG. hnol top, head.] The head; the noddle. [Obs.]

Nol•le´i•ty , n. [L. nolle to be unwilling.] The state of being unwilling; nolition. [R.]

Nol´le pros´e•qui [L., to be unwilling to prosecute.] (Law) Will not prosecute; — an entry on the record, denoting that a plaintiff discontinues his suit, or the attorney for the public a prosecution; either wholly, or as to some count, or as to some of several defendants.

No´lo con•ten´de•re [L., I do not wish to contend.] (Law) A plea, by the defendant, in a criminal prosecution, which, without admitting guilt, subjects him to all the consequences of a plea of guilty.

Nol. pros. An abbrev. of Nolle prosequi.

Nol•-pros´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. -prossed p. pr. & vb. n. -prossing.] To discontinue by entering a nolle prosequi; to decline to prosecute.

Nolt , n. sing. & pl. Neat cattle. [Prov. Eng.]

Nom , n. [F. See Noun.] Name. Nom de guerre , literally, war name; hence, a fictitious name, or one assumed for a time. — Nom de plume , literally, pen name; hence, a name assumed by an author as his or her signature.

No´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , lit., a feeding. See Name.] (Med.) See Canker, n., 1.

Nom´ad , n. [L. nomas, - adis, Gr. , , pasturing, roaming without fixed home, fr. a pasture, allotted abode, fr. to distribute, allot, drive to pasture; prob. akin to AS. niman to take, and E. nimble: cf. F. nomade. Cf. Astronomy, Economy, Nimble, Nemesis, Numb, Number.] One of a race or tribe that has no fixed location, but wanders from place to place in search of pasture or game.

Nom´ad, a. Roving; nomadic.

Nom´ade , n. [F.] See Nomad, n.

No•ma´di•an , n. A nomad. [R.]

No•mad´ic , a. [Gr. . See Nomad.] Of or pertaining to nomads, or their way of life; wandering; moving from place to place for subsistence; as a nomadic tribe. — No•mad´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Nom´ad•ism , n. The state of being a nomad.

Nom´ad•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nomadized p. pr. & vb. n. Nomadizing ] To lead the life of a nomad; to wander with flocks and herds for the sake of finding pasturage. “The Vogules nomadize chiefly about the Rivers Irtish, Obi, Kama, and Volga.” W. Tooke.

No´man•cy , n. [Cf. F. nomancie, nomance, abbrev. fr. onomancie. See Onomancy.] The art or practice of divining the destiny of persons by the letters which form their names.

No´-man’s• land 1. (Naut.) A space amidships used to keep blocks, ropes, etc.; a space on a ship belonging to no one in particular to care for. 2. Fig.: An unclaimed space or time. “That no-man’s land of twilight.” W. Black.

Nom´arch , n. [Gr. a district + -arch.] The chief magistrate of a nome or nomarchy.

Nom´arch•y , n.; pl. Nomarchies . A province or territorial division of a kingdom, under the rule of a nomarch, as in modern Greece; a nome.

Nom´bles , n. pl. [F. nombles, fr. L. lumbulus, dim. of lumbus a loin. Cf. Numbles, Umbles, Humbles.] The entrails of a deer; the umbles. [Written also numbles.] Johnson.

Nom´bril , n. [F. nombril, for OF. lombril, i. e., ombril, with the article, a dim. fr. L. umbilicus the navel. See Navel.] (Her.) A point halfway between the fess point and the middle base point of an escutcheon; — called also navel point. See Escutcheon.

Nome , n. [Gr. , fr. to deal out, distribute.] 1. A province or political division, as of modern Greece or ancient Egypt; a nomarchy. 2. Any melody determined by inviolable rules. [Obs.]

Nome, n. [Cf. Binomial.] (Alg.) [Obs.] See Term. { Nome , No´men }, obs. p. p. of Nim. Chaucer.

No´men•cla•tor , n. [L., fr. nomen name + calare to call. See Name, and Calendar.] 1. One who calls persons or things by their names. In Rome, candidates for office were attended each by a nomenclator, who informed the candidate of the names of the persons whom they met and whose votes it was desirable to solicit. 2. One who gives names to things, or who settles and adjusts the nomenclature of any art or science; also a list or vocabulary of technical names.

No´men•cla•tress , n. A female nomenclator.

No•men•cla´tur•al , a. Pertaining or according to a nomenclature.

No´men•cla•ture , n. [L. nomenclatura: cf. F. nomenclature. See Nomenclator.] 1. A name. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A vocabulary, dictionary, or glossary. [R.] 3. The technical names used in any particular branch of science or art, or by any school or individual; as the nomenclature of botany or of chemistry; the nomenclature of Lavoisier and his associates.

No´mi•al , n. [Cf. Binomial.] (Alg.) A name or term.

Nom´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. a law, custom.] Customary; ordinary; — applied to the usual English spelling, in distinction from strictly phonetic methods. H Sweet. — n. Nomic spelling. A. J. Ellis.

Nom´i•nal , a. [L. nominalis, fr. nomen, nominis, name. See Name.] 1. Of or pertaining to a name or names; having to do with the literal meaning of a word; verbal; as a nominal definition. Bp. Pearson. 2. Existing in name only; not real; as a nominal difference. ´Nominal attendance on lectures.´ Macaulay.

Nom´i•nal, n. 1. A nominalist. [Obs.] Camden. 2. (Gram.) A verb formed from a noun. 3. A name; an appellation. “A is the nominal of the sixth note in the natural diatonic scale.” Moore (Encyc. of Music. )

Nom´i•nal•ism , n. The principles or philosophy of the Nominalists.

Nom´i•nal•ist, n. (Metaph.) One of a sect of philosophers in the Middle Ages, who adopted the opinion of Roscelin, that general conceptions, or universals, exist in name only. Reid.

Nom•i•nal•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the Nominalists.

Nom´i•nal•ize , v. t. To convert into a noun. [Obs.]

Nom´i•nal•ly, adv. In a nominal manner; by name; in name only; not in reality. Burke.

Nom´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nominated p. pr. & vb. n. Nominating ] [L. nominatus, p. p. of nominare to nominate, fr. nomen name. See Name.] 1. To mention by name; to name. [Obs.] “To nominate them all, it is impossible.” Shak. 2. To call; to entitle; to denominate. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To set down in express terms; to state. [Obs.] “Is it so noiminated in the bond?” Shak. 4. To name, or designate by name, for an office or place; to appoint; esp., to name as a candidate for an election, choice, or appointment; to propose by name, or offer the name of, as a candidate for an office or place.

Nom´i•nate•ly , adv. By name; particularly; namely. [Obs.] Spelman.

Nom•i•na´tion , n. [L. nominatio: cf. F. nomination.] 1. The act of naming or nominating; designation of a person as a candidate for office; the power of nominating; the state of being nominated. “The nomination of persons to places being … a flower of his crown, he would reserve to himself.” Clarendon. 2. The denomination, or name. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Nom•i•na•ti´val , a. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to the nominative case.

Nom´i•na•tive , a. [L. nominativus belonging to a name, nominative.] (Gram.) Giving a name; naming; designating; — said of that case or form of a noun which stands as the subject of a finite verb. — n. The nominative case.

Nom´i•na•tive•ly, adv. In the manner of a nominative; as a nominative.

Nom´i•na•tor , n. [L.] One who nominates.

Nom•i•nee´ , n. [See Nominate, and -ee.] A person named, or designated, by another, to any office, duty, or position; one nominated, or proposed, by others for office or for election to office.

Nom´i•nor , n. [See Nominate, and -or.] A nominator. [Obs.] Bentham.

No•moc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. law + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government in accordance with a system of law. Milman.

No•mog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; law + to write.] A treatise on laws; an exposition of the form proper for laws.

No•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. law + - logy.] 1. The science of law; legislation. 2. The science of the laws of the mind; rational psychology. Sir W. Hamilton.

Nom•o•pel´mous , a. [Gr. law, custom + sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having a separate and simple tendon to flex the first toe, or hallux, as do passerine birds.

Nom´o•thete , n. [Gr. ; + to assign: cf. F. nomothète.] A lawgiver. [R.] { Nom•o•thet´ic , Nom•o•thet´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] Legislative; enacting laws; as a nomothetical power. [R.] Bp. Barlow.

Non , a. No; not. See No, a. Chaucer.

Non- [L. non, OL. noenu, noenum, fr. neoenum, lit., not one. See None.] A prefix used in the sense of not; un-; in- ; as in nonattention, or non-attention, nonconformity, nonmetallic, nonsuit. The prefix non- may be joined to the leading word by means of a hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with. The list of words having the prefix non- could easily be lengthened.

Non•a•bil´i•ty , n. 1. Want of ability. 2. (Law) An exception taken against a plaintiff in a cause, when he is unable legally to commence a suit.

Non•ac•cept´ance , n. A neglect or refusal to accept.

Non•ac´id , a. (Chem.) Destitute of acid properties; hence, basic; metallic; positive; — said of certain atoms and radicals.

Non•ac•quaint´ance , n. Want of acquaintance; the state of being unacquainted.

Non•ac•qui•es´cence , n. Refusal of acquiescence; failure to yield or comply.

Non•ad•mis´sion , n. Failure to be admitted.

Non•a•dult´ , a. Not adult; immature.

Non•a•ër•o•bi•ot´ic , a. (Biol.) Capable of living without atmospheric oxygen; anaërobiotic.

Non´age , n. [LL. nonagium, from L. nonus ninth, novem nine.] (Eccl.) The ninth part of movable goods, formerly payable to the clergy on the death of persons in their parishes. Mozley & W.

Non´age, n. [Pref. non- + age.] Time of life before a person becomes of age; legal immaturity; minority. “The human mind … was still in its nonage.” Coleridge.

Non´aged , a. Having the quality of nonage; being a minor; immature. W. Browne.

Non•a•ge•na´ri•an , n. [L. nonagenarius containing, or consisting of, ninety, fr. nonageni ninety each; akin to novem nine.] A person ninety years old.

Non•a•ges´i•mal , a. [L. nonagesimus the ninetieth. See Nonagenarian.] (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the ninetieth degree or to a nonagesimal.

Non•a•ges´i•mal, n. (Astron.) The middle or highest point of the part of the ecliptic which is at any given moment above the horizon. It is the ninetieth degree of the ecliptic, reckoned from the points in which it is intersected by the horizon.

Non´a•gon , n. [L. nonus ninth + Gr. angle.] (Math.) A figure or polygon having nine sides and nine angles.

Non•a´gri•an , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Any moth of the genus Nonagria and allied genera, as the spindleworm and stalk borer.

Non•al•ien•a´tion , n. Failure to alienate; also the state of not being alienated.

Non´ane , n. [L. nonus ninth.] (Chem.) One of a group of metameric hydrocarbons C9H20 of the paraffin series; — so called because of the nine carbon atoms in the molecule. Normal nonane is a colorless volatile liquid, an ingredient of ordinary kerosene.

Non•ap•pear´ance , n. Default of appearance, as in court, to prosecute or defend; failure to appear.

Non•ap•point´ment , n. Neglect of making appointment; failure to receive an appointment.

Non•ar•riv´al , n. Failure to arrive.

Non• as•sump´sit [L., he did not undertake.] (Law) The general plea or denial in an action of assumpsit.

Non•at•tend´ance , n. A failure to attend; omission of attendance; nonappearance.

Non•at•ten´tion , n. Inattention.

Non•bi•tu´mi•nous , a. Containing no bitumen; not bituminous.

Nonce (nons), n. [For the nonce, OE. for the nones, a corruption of for then ones, where n. in then is a relic of AS. m in ðam, dat. of the article and demonstrative pronoun, E. the. See For, Once, and The.] The one or single occasion; the present call or purpose; — chiefly used in the phrase for the nonce. “The miller was a stout carl for the nones.” Chaucer. “And that he calls for drink, I ’ll have prepared him
A chalice for the nonce.” Shak. Nonce word, ´a word apparently employed only for the nonce´. Murray (New English Dict.).

Non•cha•lance´ , n. [F. See Nonchalant.] Indifference; carelessness; coolness.

Non•cha•lant´ , a. [F., fr. non not (L. non) + chaloir to concern one’s self for, fr. L. calere to be warm, to be inflamed with desire, to be troubled. See Non-, and Caldron.] Indifferent; careless; cool.

Non´cha•lant•ly , adv. In a nonchalant, indifferent, or careless manner; coolly.

Non´claim , n. A failure to make claim within the time limited by law; omission of claim.

Non•co•he´sion , n. Want of cohesion.

Non•co•in´ci•dence, n. Lack of coincidence.

Non•co•in´ci•dent , a. Not coincident.

Non•com´bat•ant , n. (Mil.) Any person connected with an army, or within the lines of an army, who does not make it his business to fight, as any one of the medical officers and their assistants, chaplains, and others; also any of the citizens of a place occupied by an army; also any one holding a similar position with respect to the navy.

Non•com•mis´sioned , a. Not having a commission. Noncommissioned officer (Mil.), a subordinate officer not appointed by a commission from the chief executive or supreme authority of the State; but by the Secretary of War or by the commanding officer of the regiment.

Non•com•mit´tal , n. A state of not being committed or pledged; forbearance or refusal to commit one’s self. Also used adjectively.

Non•com•mun´ion , n. Neglect or failure of communion.

Non•com•ple´tion , n. Lack of completion; failure to complete.

Non•com•pli´ance , n. Neglect of compliance; failure to comply.

Non•com•ply´ing , a. Neglecting or refusing to comply. { Non com´pos Non com´pos men´tis } [L.] Not of sound mind; not having the regular use of reason; hence, also as a noun, an idiot; a lunatic; one devoid of reason, either by nature or from accident.

Non´con. , n. See Noncontent.

Non•con•clud´ing , a. Not concluding.

Non•con•cur´ , v. i. To dissent or refuse to concur.

Non•con•cur´rence , n. Refusal to concur.

Non•con•den´si•ble , a. Not condensible; incapable of being liquefied; — said of gases.

Non•con•dens´ing, a. (Steam Engine) Not condensing; discharging the steam from the cylinder at a pressure nearly equal to or above that of the atmosphere and not into a condenser.

Non•con•duct´ing , a. Not conducting; not transmitting a fluid or force; thus, in electricity, wax is a nonconducting substance.

Non•con•duc´tion , n. The quality of not being able to conduct or transmit; failure to conduct.

Non•con•duct´or , n. (Physics) A substance which does not conduct, that is, convey or transmit, heat, electricity, sound, vibration, or the like, or which transmits them with difficulty; an insulator; as wool is a nonconductor of heat; glass and dry wood are nonconductors of electricity.

Non•con•form´ing , a. Not conforming; declining conformity; especially, not conforming to the established church of a country.

Non•con•form´ist, n. One who does not conform to an established church; especially, one who does not conform to the established church of England; a dissenter.

Non•con•form´i•ty , n. Neglect or failure of conformity; especially, in England, the neglect or refusal to unite with the established church in its rites and modes of worship.

Non•con´stat , n. [Law L.] It does not appear; it is not plain or clear; it does not follow.

Non•con•ta´gious , a. Not contagious; not catching; not communicable by contact. — Non•con•ta´gious•ness, n.

Non•con•tent´ , n. (British House of Lords) One who gives a negative vote; — sometimes abridged into noncon. or non con. { Non•con•trib´u•ting , Non•con•trib´u•to•ry }, a. Not contributing.

Non´da , n. (Bot.) The edible plumlike fruit of the Australian tree, Parinarium Nonda.

Non•dec´ane , n. [L. nonus ninth + decem ten.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, a white waxy substance, C19H40; — so called from the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

Non•de•cid´u•ate , a. (Anat.) Characterized by the absence of a decidua; indeciduate.

Non•de•liv´er•y , n. A neglect or failure of delivery; omission of delivery.

Non•dep•o•si´tion , n. A failure to deposit or throw down.

Non´de•script , a. [Pref. non- + L. descriptus described.] Not hitherto described; novel; hence, odd; abnormal; unclassifiable.

Non´de•script, n. A thing not yet described; that of which no account or explanation has been given; something abnormal, or hardly classifiable.

Non•de•vel´op•ment , n. Failure or lack of development.

Non•dis•cov´er•y , n. Want or failure of discovery.

Non´do , n. (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant (Ligusticum actaeifolium) with a large aromatic root. It is found chiefly in the Alleghany region. Also called Angelico.

None , a. & pron. [OE. none, non, nan, no, na, AS. nan, fr. ne not + an one. . See No, a. & adv., One, and cf. Non-, Null, a.] 1. No one; not one; not anything; — frequently used also partitively, or as a plural, not any. “There is none that doeth good; no, not one.” Ps. xiv. 3. “Six days ye shall gather it, but on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath, in it there shall be none.” Ex. xvi. 26. “Terms of peace yet none
Vouchsafed or sought.” Milton. “None of their productions are extant.” Blair. 2. No; not any; — used adjectively before a vowel, in old style; as thou shalt have none assurance of thy life. None of, not at all; not; nothing of; — used emphatically. ´They knew that I was none of the register that entered their admissions in the universities.´ Fuller. — None-so-pretty (Bot.), the Saxifraga umbrosa. See London pride (a), under London.

None, n. [F.] Same as Nones, 2.

Non•ef•fect´ive , a. 1. Not effective. 2. (Mil.) Not fit or available for duty.

Non-e´go , n. [L., not I.] (Metaph.) The union of being and relation as distinguished from, and contrasted with, the ego. See Ego.

Non•e•las´tic , a. Not having elasticity.

Non•e•lect´ , n. sing. & pl. (Theol.) A person or persons not elected, or chosen, to salvation.

Non•e•lec´tion , n. Failure of election. { Non•e•lec´tric , Non•e•lec´tric•al }, a. Not electric; conducting electricity.

Non•e•lec´tric, n. (Physics) A substance that is not an electric; that which transmits electricity, as a metal. { Non•em•phat´ic , Non•em•phat´ic•al }, a. Having no emphasis; unemphatic.

Non•en´ti•ty , n.; pl. Nonentities . 1. Nonexistence; the negation of being. 2. A thing not existing. South. 3. A person or thing of little or no account. [Colloq.]

Non•-E•pis´co•pal , a. Not Episcopal; not pertaining to the Episcopal church or system.

Nones , n. pl. [L. nonae, so called because it was the ninth day before the ides, fr. nonus ninth, from novem nine. See Nine, Nones, 2, Noon .] 1. (Roman Cal.) The fifth day of the months January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December, and the seventh day of March, May, July, and October. The nones were nine days before the ides, reckoning inclusively, according to the Roman method. 2. [F. none, fr. L. See Noon.] The canonical office, being a part of the Breviary, recited at noon (formerly at the ninth hour, 3 P. M.) in the Roman Catholic Church. 3. The hour of dinner; the noonday meal. [Obs.] “At my supper and sometimes at nones.” P. Plowman.

Non•es•sen´tial , a. Not essential.

Non•es•sen´tial, n. A thing not essential.

Non• est• fac´tum [Law L. it is not (his) deed.] (Law) The plea of the general issue in an action of debt on bond.

Non• est• in•ven´tus [L., he is not found.] (Law) The return of a sheriff on a writ, when the defendant is not found in his county. Bouvier.

None´such , n. A person or thing of a sort that there is no other such; something extraordinary; a thing that has not its equal. It is given as a name to various objects, as to a choice variety of apple, a species of medic (Medicago lupulina), a variety of pottery clay, etc. { No•net´ , No•net´to }, n. [From L. nonus ninth, like E. duet, fr. L. duo.] (Mus.) A composition for nine instruments, rarely for nine voices.

Non´ett , n. (Zoöl.) The titmouse. [Obs.]

Non•ex•e•cu´tion , n. Neglect or failure of execution; nonperformance.

Non•ex•ist´ence , n. 1. Absence of existence; the negation of being; nonentity. A. Baxter. 2. A thing that has no existence. Sir T. Browne.

Non•ex•ist´ent , a. Not having existence.

Non•ex•por•ta´tion , n. A failure of exportation; a not exporting of commodities.

Non•ex•ten´sile , a. Not extensile; incapable of being stretched.

Non-fea´sance , n. [Pref. non- + OF. faisance a doing, fr. faire to do.] (Law) An omission or neglect to do something, esp. that which ought to have been done. Cf. Malfeasance.

Non•ful•fill´ment, n. Neglect or failure to fulfill.

No•nil´lion , n. [L. nonus ninth + -illion, as in E. million.] According to the French and American notation, a thousand octillions, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a million octillions, or a unit with fifty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.

Non•im•por•ta´tion , n. Want or failure of importation; a not importing of commodities.

Non•im•port´ing , a. Not importing; not bringing from foreign countries.

Non•in•flec´tion•al , a. Not admitting of, or characterized by, inflection.

Non•in•hab´it•ant , n. One who is not an inhabitant; a stranger; a foreigner; a nonresident.

Non•in•ter•ven´tion , n. The state or habit of not intervening or interfering; as the nonintervention of one state in the affairs of another.

No´ni•us , n. [Latinized form of Nunez, the name of a Portuguese mathematician.] A vernier.

Non•join´der , n. (Law) The omission of some person who ought to have been made a plaintiff or defendant in a suit, or of some cause of action which ought to be joined.

Non•ju´rant , a. Nonjuring.

Non•ju´ring , a. [F. jurer to swear, or L. jurare, jurari, to swear, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law, justice. See Jury.] Not swearing allegiance; — applied to the party in Great Britain that would not swear allegiance to William and Mary, or their successors.

Non•ju´ror , n. (Eng. Hist.) One of those adherents of James II. who refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, or to their successors, after the revolution of 1688; a Jacobite.

Non•ju´ror•ism , n. (Eng. Hist.) The doctrines, or action, of the Nonjurors.

Non•lim•i•ta´tion , n. Want of limitation; failure to limit.

Non• li´quet [L.] It is not clear; — a verdict given by a jury when a matter is to be deferred to another day of trial.

Non•ma•lig´nant , a. Not malignant, as a disease.

Non•man•u•fac´tur•ing , a. Not carrying on manufactures.

Non•med´ul•la•ted , a. Not medullated; (Anat.) without a medulla or marrow, or without a medullary sheath; as a nonmedullated nerve fiber.

Non•mem´ber, n. One who is not a member.

Non•mem´ber•ship, n. State of not being a member.

Non´met•al , n. (Chem.) Any one of the set of elements which, as contrasted with the metals, possess, produce, or receive, acid rather than basic properties; a metalloid; as oxygen, sulphur, and chlorine are nonmetals.

Non•me•tal´lic , a. 1. Not metallic. 2. (Chem.) Resembling, or possessing the properties of, a nonmetal or metalloid; as sulphur is a nonmetallic element.

Non•nat´u•ral, a. Not natural; unnatural.

Nonne , n. A nun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Non•ne•ces´si•ty , n. Absence of necessity; the quality or state of being unnecessary.

Non•ni•trog´nous , a. Devoid of nitrogen; as a nonnitrogenous principle; a nonnitrogenous food. See the Note under Food, n., 1.

Non•nu´cle•a•ted , a. Without a nucleus.

Non´ny , n. A silly fellow; a ninny.

Non•o•be´di•ence , n. Neglect of obedience; failure to obey.

Non•ob•serv´ance , n. Neglect or failure to observe or fulfill.

Non• ob•stan´te [L.] 1. Notwithstanding; in opposition to, or in spite of, what has been stated, or is to be stated or admitted. 2. (Law) A clause in old English statutes and letters patent, importing a license from the crown to do a thing notwithstanding any statute to the contrary. This dispensing power was abolished by the Bill of Rights. “In this very reign [Henry III.] the practice of dispensing with statutes by a non obstante was introduced.” Hallam. Non obstante veredicto [LL.] (Law), a judgment sometimes entered by order of the court, for the plaintiff, notwithstanding a verdict for the defendant. Stephen.

No•no´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, nonane; as nonoic acid, which is also called pelargonic acid. Cf. Pelargonic.

Non´one , n. [Nonane + - one, suffix denoting the third degree of unsaturation.] (Chem.) Any one of several metameric unsaturated hydrocarbons (C9H14) of the valylene series.

Non•ox•yg´e•nous , a. (Chem.) Without oxygen; characterized by the absence of oxygen; as a nonoxygenous alkaloid.

Non•pa•reil´ , n. [See Nonpareil, a. ] 1. Something of unequaled excellence; a peerless thing or person; a nonesuch; — often used as a name. 2. [F. nonpareille.] (Print.) A size of type next smaller than minion and next larger than agate (or ruby). This line is printed in the type called nonpareil. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A beautifully colored finch (Passerina ciris), native of the Southern United States. The male has the head and neck deep blue, rump and under parts bright red, back and wings golden green, and the tail bluish purple. Called also painted finch. (b) Any other similar bird of the same genus.

Non•pa•reil´, a. [F., from non not + pareil equal, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See Non, and Pair, Peer.] Having no equal; peerless.

Non•pay´ment, n. Neglect or failure to pay.

Non•per•form´ance, n. Neglect or failure to perform.

Non•pho•to•bi•ot´ic , a. (Biol.) Capable of living without light; as nonphotobiotic plant cells, or cells which habitually live in darkness.

Non•plane´ , a. (Math.) Not lying in one plane; — said of certain curves.

Non´plus , n. [L. non not + plus more, further. See Plural.] A state or condition which baffles reason or confounds judgment; insuperable difficulty; inability to proceed or decide; puzzle; quandary. “Both of them are a perfect nonplus and baffle to all human understanding.” South.

Non´plus , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nonplused or Nonplussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nonplusing or Nonplussing.] To puzzle; to confound; to perplex; to cause to stop by embarrassment. “He has been nonplused by Mr. Dry’s desiring him to tell what it was that he endeavored to prove.” Spectator.

Non•prep•a•ra´tion , n. Neglect or failure to prepare; want of preparation.

Non•pres•en•ta´tion , n. Neglect or failure to present; state of not being presented.

Non•pro•duc´tion, n. A failure to produce or exhibit.

Non•pro•fes´sion•al , a. Not belonging to a profession; not done by, or proceeding from, professional men; contrary to professional usage.

Non•pro•fi´cien•cy , n. Want of proficiency; failure to make progress.

Non•pro•fi´cient , n. One who has failed to become proficient.

Non´ pros. . An abbreviation of Non prosequitur.

Non•-pros´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nonprossed p. pr. & vb. n. Non-prossing ] To decline or fail to prosecute; to allow to be dropped (said of a suit); to enter judgment against (a plaintiff who fails to prosecute); as the plaintiff was non-prossed.

Non´ pro•seq´ui•tur [L. he does not prosecute.] (Law) A judgment entered against the plaintiff in a suit where he does not appear to prosecute. See Nolle prosequi.

Non•re•cur´rent , a. Not recurring.

Non•re•cur´ring , a. Nonrecurrent.

Non•re•gard´ance , n. Want of due regard; disregard; slight. [Obs.] Shak.

Non•re´gent , n. (Eng. Universities) A master of arts whose regency has ceased. See Regent.

Non•ren•di´tion , n. Neglect of rendition; the not rendering what is due. “The nonrendition of a service which is due.” S. E. Dwight.

Non•re•sem´blance , n. Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilarity.

Non•res´i•dence , n. The state or condition of being nonresident, Swift.

Non•res´i•dent , a. Not residing in a particular place, on one’s own estate, or in one’s proper place; as a nonresident clergyman or proprietor of lands.

Non•res´i•dent, n. A nonresident person; one who does not reside in the State or jurisdiction.

Non•re•sist´ance , n. The principles or practice of a nonresistant; passive obedience; submission to authority, power, oppression, or violence without opposition.

Non•re•sist´ant , a. Making no resistance.

Non•re•sist´ant, n. One who maintains that no resistance should be made to constituted authority, even when unjustly or oppressively exercised; one who advocates or practices absolute submission; also one who holds that violence should never be resisted by force.

Non•re•sist´ing, a. Not making resistance.

Non•ru´mi•nant , a. Not ruminating; as a nonruminant animal.

Non•sane´ , a. Unsound; not perfect; as a person of nonsane memory. Blackstone.

Non´sense , n. [Pref. non- + sense: cf. F. nonsens.] 1. That which is not sense, or has no sense; words, or language, which have no meaning, or which convey no intelligible ideas; absurdity. 2. Trifles; things of no importance. Nonsense verses, lines made by taking any words which occur, but especially certain words which it is desired to recollect, and arranging them without reference to anything but the measure, so that the rhythm of the lines may aid in recalling the remembrance of the words. Syn. — Folly; silliness; absurdity; trash; balderdash.

Non•sen´si•cal , a. Without sense; unmeaning; absurd; foolish; irrational; preposterous. — Non•sen´si•cal•ly, adv. — Non•sen´si•cal•ness, n.

Non•sen´si•tive , a. Not sensitive; wanting sense or perception; not easily affected.

Non seq´ui•tur [L., it does not follow.] (Logic) An inference which does not follow from the premises.

Non•sex´u•al , a. Having no distinction of sex; sexless; neuter.

Non•slave´hold•ing , a. Not possessing or holding slaves; as a nonslaveholding State.

Non•so•lu´tion , n. Failure of solution or explanation.

Non•sol´ven•cy , n. Inability to pay debts; insolvency.

Non•sol´vent , a. Not solvent; insolvent.

Non•sol´vent, n. An insolvent.

Non•so´nant , a. Not sonant. — n. A nonsonant or nonvocal consonant.

Non•spar´ing , a. Sparing none.

Non•stri´a•ted , a. (Nat. Hist.) Without striations; unstriped; as nonstriated muscle fibers.

Non•sub•mis´sion , n. Want of submission; failure or refusal to submit.

Non•sub•mis´sive , a. Not submissive.

Non´such , n. See Nonesuch.

Non´suit , n. (Law) A neglect or failure by the plaintiff to follow up his suit; a stopping of the suit; a renunciation or withdrawal of the cause by the plaintiff, either because he is satisfied that he can not support it, or upon the judge’s expressing his opinion. A compulsory nonsuit is a nonsuit ordered by the court on the ground that the plaintiff on his own showing has not made out his case.

Non´suit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nonsuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Nonsuiting.] (Law) To determine, adjudge, or record (a plaintiff) as having dropped his suit, upon his withdrawal or failure to follow it up. ´When two are joined in a writ, and one is nonsuited.´ Z. Swift.

Non´suit, a. Nonsuited. D. A. Tyng. Non•sure´ty , n. Insecurity. [Obs.]

Non•ten´ure , n. (Law) A plea of a defendant that he did not hold the land, as affirmed.

Non´term , n. (Law) A vacation between two terms of a court.

Non•tox´ic , a. Not toxic.

Non´tro•nite , n. [So called because found in the arrondissement of Notron, France.] (Min.) A greenish yellow or green mineral, consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of iron.

Non•u´ni•form•ist , n. One who believes that past changes in the structure of the earth have proceeded from cataclysms or causes more violent than are now operating; — called also nonuniformitarian.

Non•un´ion•ist , n. One who does not belong, or refuses to belong, to a trades union.

Non•us´ance , n. Neglect of using; failure to use. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Non•us´er , 1. A not using; failure to use. “An office may be forfeited by misuser or nonuser.” Blackstone. 2. (Law) Neglect or omission to use an easement or franchise or to assert a right. Kent.

Non•vas´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Destitute of vessels; extravascular.

Non•ver•nac´u•lar , a. Not vernacular. “A nonvernacular expression.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Non•vo´cal , a. Not vocal; destitute of tone. — n. A nonvocal consonant.

Non´yl , n. [Nonane + - yl.] (Chem.) The hydrocarbon radical, C9H19, derived from nonane and forming many compounds. Used also adjectively; as nonyl alcohol.

Non´y•lene , n. [Nonane + ethylene.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of metameric, unsaturated hydrocarbons C9H18 of the ethylene series.

Non•y•len´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, related to, or designating, nonylene or its compounds; as nonylenic acid.

No•nyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, nonyl or its compounds; as nonylic acid.

Noo´dle , n. [Cf. Noddle, Noddy.] A simpleton; a blockhead; a stupid person; a ninny. [Low] “The chuckling grin of noodles.” Sydney Smith.

Noo´dle, n. [G. nudel vermicelli.] A thin strip of dough, made with eggs, rolled up, cut into small pieces, and used in soup.

Nook , n. [OE. nok; cf. Gael. & Ir. niuc.] A narrow place formed by an angle in bodies or between bodies; a corner; a recess; a secluded retreat. “How couldst thou find this dark, sequestered nook?” Milton.

Nook´-shot•ten , a. Full of nooks, angles, or corners. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] “That nook-shotten isle of Albion.” Shak.

No•ö•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to noölogy.

No•öl´o•gist , n. One versed in noölogy.

No•öl´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , the mind + -logy.] The science of intellectual phenomena.

Noon , a. No. See the Note under No. [Obs.]

Noon , n. [AS. nn, orig., the ninth hour, fr. L. nona (sc. hora) the ninth hour, then applied to the church services (called nones) at that hour, the time of which was afterwards changed to noon. See Nine, and cf. Nones, Nunchion.] 1. The middle of the day; midday; the time when the sun is in the meridian; twelve o’clock in the daytime. 2. Hence, the highest point; culmination. “In the very noon of that brilliant life which was destined to be so soon, and so fatally, overshadowed.” Motley. High noon, the exact meridian; midday. — Noon of night, midnight. [Poetic] Dryden.

Noon , a. Belonging to midday; occurring at midday; meridional. Young.

Noon, v. i. To take rest and refreshment at noon.

Noon´day , n. Midday; twelve o’clock in the day; noon.

Noon´day , a. Of or pertaining to midday; meridional; as the noonday heat. ´Noonday walks.´ Addison.

Noon´-flow•er , n. (Bot.) The goat’s beard, whose flowers close at midday.

Noon´ing, n. A rest at noon; a repast at noon.

Noon´shun , n. [Obs.] See Nunchion. Nares.

Noon´stead , n. The position of the sun at noon. [Obs.] Drayton.

Noon´tide , n. [From noon + tide time; cf. AS. nntid the ninth hour.] The time of noon; midday.

Noose , n. [Prob. fr. OF. nous, nom. sing. or acc. pl. of nou knot, F. nud, L. nodus. Cf. Node.] A running knot, or loop, which binds the closer the more it is drawn.

Noose , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noosed p. pr. & vb. n. Noosing.] To tie in a noose; to catch in a noose; to entrap; to insnare.

Noot See lst Not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

No´pal , n. [Mexican nopalli.] (Bot.) A cactaceous plant (Nopalea cochinellifera), originally Mexican, on which the cochineal insect feeds, and from which it is collected. The name is sometimes given to other species of Cactaceae.

No´pal•ry , n.; pl. Nopalries . A plantation of the nopal for raising the cochineal insect.

Nope , n. (Zoöl.) A bullfinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Nor , conj. [OE. nor, contr. from nother. See Neither.] A negative connective or particle, introducing the second member or clause of a negative proposition, following neither, or not, in the first member or clause (as or in affirmative propositions follows either). Nor is also used sometimes in the first member for neither, and sometimes the neither is omitted and implied by the use of nor. “Provide neither gold nor silver, nor brass, in your purses, nor scrip for your journey.” Matt. x. 9, 10. “Where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt.” Matt. vi. 20. “I love him not, nor fear him.” Shak. “Where neither party is nor true, nor kind.” Shak. “Simois nor Xanthus shall be wanting there.” Dryden.

Nor´bert•ine , n. See Premonstrant.

No´ri•a , n. [Sp., from Ar. na’ra.] A large water wheel, turned by the action of a stream against its floats, and carrying at its circumference buckets, by which water is raised and discharged into a trough; used in Arabia, China, and elsewhere for irrigating land; a Persian wheel.

No´ri•an , a. [From norite.] (Geol.) Pertaining to the upper portion of the Laurentian rocks. T. S. Hunt.

Nor´ice , n. Nurse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

No´rie , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The cormorant. [Prov. Eng.]

Nor´i•mon , n.; pl. Norimons . A Japanese covered litter, carried by men. B. Taylor.

No´rite , n. [F., fr. Norvège Norway .] (Min.) A granular crystalline rock consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar (as labradorite) and hypersthene.

No´ri•um , n. [NL.] (Chem.) A supposed metal alleged to have been discovered in zircon.

Norm , n. [L. norma a rule. See Normal, a.] 1. A rule or authoritative standard; a model; a type. 2. (Biol.) A typical, structural unit; a type. Agassiz.

Nor´ma , n. [L.] 1. A norm; a principle or rule; a model; a standard. J. S. Mill. 2. A mason’s or a carpenter’s square or rule. 3. A templet or gauge.

Nor´mal , a. [L. normalis, fr. norma rule, pattern, carpenter’s square; prob. akin to noscere to know; cf. Gr. well known, gnomon, also carpenter’s square: cf. F. normal. See Known, and cf. Abnormal, Enormous.] 1. According to an established norm, rule, or principle; conformed to a type, standard, or regular form; performing the proper functions; not abnormal; regular; natural; analogical. “Deviations from the normal type.” Hallam. 2. (Geom.) According to a square or rule; perpendicular; forming a right angle. Specifically: Of or pertaining to a normal. 3. (Chem.) Standard; original; exact; typical. Specifically: (a) (Quantitative Analysis) Denoting a solution of such strength that every cubic centimeter contains the same number of milligrams of the element in question as the number of its molecular weight. (b) (Chem.) Denoting certain hypothetical compounds, as acids from which the real acids are obtained by dehydration; thus, normal sulphuric acid and normal nitric acid are respectively S(OH)6, and N(OH)5. (c) (Organ. Chem.) Denoting that series of hydrocarbons in which no carbon atom is united with more than two other carbon atoms; as normal pentane, hexane, etc. Cf. Iso-. Normal equations (Method of Least Squares), a set of equations of the first degree equal in number to the number of unknown quantities, and derived from the observations by a specified process. The solution of the normal equations gives the most probable values of the unknown quantities. — Normal group (Geol.), a group of rocks taken as a standard. Lyell. — Normal place (of a planet or comet) (Astron.), the apparent place in the heavens of a planet or comet at a specified time, the place having been determined by a considerable number of observations, extending perhaps over many days, and so combined that the accidental errors of observation have largely balanced each other. — Normal school, a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; an institution for the training of teachers. Syn. — Normal, Regular, Ordinary. Regular and ordinary are popular terms of well-known signification; normal has now a more specific sense, arising out of its use in science. A thing is normal, or in its normal state, when strictly conformed to those principles of its constitution which mark its species or to the standard of a healthy and natural condition. It is abnormal when it departs from those principles.

Nor´mal , n. [Cf. F. normale, ligne normale. See Normal, a.] 1. (Geom.) Any perpendicular. 2. (Geom.) A straight line or plane drawn from any point of a curve or surface so as to be perpendicular to the curve or surface at that point. The term normal is also used to denote the distance along the normal line from the curve to the axis of abscissas or to the center of curvature.

Nor´mal•cy , n. The quality, state, or fact of being normal; as the point of normalcy. [R.]

Nor•mal•i•za´tion , n. Reduction to a standard or normal state.

Nor´mal•ly, adv. In a normal manner. Darwin.

Nor´man , n. [F. normand.] (Naut.) A wooden bar, or iron pin. W. C. Russell.

Nor´man, a. [F. normand, of Scand. origin. See Northman, and cf. Norse.] Of or pertaining to Normandy or to the Normans; as the Norman language; the Norman conquest. Norman style (Arch.), a style of architecture which arose in the tenth century, characterized by great massiveness, simplicity, and strength, with the use of the semicircular arch, heavy round columns, and a great variety of ornaments, among which the zigzag and spiral or cable-formed ornaments were prominent.

Nor´man, n. A native or inhabitant of Normandy; originally, one of the Northmen or Scandinavians who conquered Normandy in the 10th century; afterwards, one of the mixed (Norman-French) race which conquered England, under William the Conqueror.

Nor´man•ism , n. A Norman idiom; a custom or expression peculiar to the Normans. M. Arnold. { Norn , Nor´na }, n. [Icel. norn, pl. nornir.] 1. (Scandinavian Myth.) One of the three Fates, Past, Present, and Future. Their names were Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. 2. A tutelary deity; a genius.

No•ro•pi•an´ic , a. [Etymology uncertain.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the aromatic series obtained from opianic acid.

Nor´roy , n. [Lit., north king, fr. F. nord north + roi king.] (Her.) The most northern of the English Kings-at-arms. See King-at-arms, under King.

Norse , a. [Dan. Norsk, fr. nord north. See North.] Of or pertaining to ancient Scandinavia, or to the language spoken by its inhabitants.

Norse, n. The Norse language.

Norse´man , n.; pl. Norsemen . One of the ancient Scandinavians; a Northman.

Nor´tel•ry , n. [Cf. Nurture.] Nurture; education; culture; bringing up. [Obs.] “Nortelry … learned at the nunnery.” Chaucer.

North , n. [AS. norð; akin to D. noord, G., Sw., & Dan. nord, Icel. norðr. Cf. Norman, Norse.] 1. That one of the four cardinal points of the compass, at any place, which lies in the direction of the true meridian, and to the left hand of a person facing the east; the direction opposite to the south. 2. Any country or region situated farther to the north than another; the northern section of a country. 3. Specifically: That part of the United States lying north of Mason and Dixon’s line. See under Line.

North, a. Lying toward the north; situated at the north, or in a northern direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the north, or coming from the north. North following. See Following, a., 2. — North pole, that point in the heavens, or on the earth, ninety degrees from the equator toward the north. — North preceding. See Following, a., 2. — North star, the star toward which the north pole of the earth very nearly points, and which accordingly seems fixed and immovable in the sky. The star α (alpha) of the Little Bear, is our present north star, being distant from the pole about 1° 25′, and from year to year approaching slowly nearer to it. It is called also Cynosura, polestar, and by astronomers, Polaris.

North, v. i. To turn or move toward the north; to veer from the east or west toward the north.

North, adv. Northward.

North•east´ , n. The point between the north and east, at an equal distance from each; the northeast part or region.

North•east´, a. Of or pertaining to the northeast; proceeding toward the northeast, or coming from that point; as a northeast course; a northeast wind. Northeast passage, a passage or communication by sea between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the north coast of Asia.

North•east´, adv. Toward the northeast.

North•east´er , n. A storm, strong wind, or gale, coming from the northeast.

North•east´er•ly, a. Pertaining to the northeast; toward the northeast, or coming from the northeast.

North•east´er•ly, adv. Toward the northeast.

North•east´ern , a. Of or pertaining to the northeast; northeasterly. { North•east´ward , North•east´ward•ly }, adv. Toward the northeast.

North´er , n. A wind from the north; esp., a strong and cold north wind in Texas and the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico.

North´er•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being northerly; direction toward the north.

North´er•ly, a. Of or pertaining to the north; toward the north, or from the north; northern.

North´er•ly, adv. Toward the north.

North´ern , a. [AS. norðerne.] 1. Of or pertaining to the north; being in the north, or nearer to that point than to the east or west. 2. In a direction toward the north; as to steer a northern course; coming from the north; as a northern wind. Northern diver. (Zoöl.) See Loon. — Northern lights. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora. — Northern spy (Bot.), an excellent American apple, of a yellowish color, marked with red.

North´ern•er , n. 1. One born or living in the north. 2. A native or inhabitant of the Northern States; — contradistinguished from Southerner. [U. S.]

North´ern•ly, adv. Northerly. [Obs.] Hakewill.

North´ern•most , a. [Cf. Northmost.] Farthest north.

North´ing, n. 1. (Surv. & Navigation) Distance northward from any point of departure or of reckoning, measured on a meridian; — opposed to southing. 2. (Astron.) The distance of any heavenly body from the equator northward; north declination.

North´man (nôrth´man), n.; pl. Northmen (-men). [AS. norðman. See North, and Man, and cf. Norman.] One of the inhabitants of the north of Europe; esp., one of the ancient Scandinavians; a Norseman.

North´most (-most), a. [AS. norðmest. Cf. Aftermost.] Lying farthest north; northernmost. “Northmost part of the coast of Mozambique.” De Foe.

North´ness, n. A tendency in the end of a magnetic needle to point to the north. Faraday.

North•um´bri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Northumberland in England. — n. A native or inhabitant of Northumberland.

North´ward , a. [AS. norðweard.] Toward the north; nearer to the north than to the east or west point. { North´ward , North´wards }, adv. Toward the north, or toward a point nearer to the north than to the east or west point.

North´ward•ly, a. Having a northern direction.

North´ward•ly, adv. In a northern direction.

North•west´ , n. [AS. norðwest.] The point in the horizon between the north and west, and equally distant from each; the northwest part or region.

North•west´, a. 1. Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the point between the north and west; being in the northwest; toward the northwest, or coming from the northwest; as the northwest coast. 2. Coming from the northwest; as a northwest wind. Northwest passage, a passage or communication by sea between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the north coast of America, long sought for by navigators.

North•west´, adv. Toward the northwest.

North•west´er , n. A storm or gale from the northwest; a strong northwest wind.

North•west´er•ly, a. Toward the northwest, or from the northwest.

North•west´ern , a. Of, pertaining to, or being in, the northwest; in a direction toward the northwest; coming from the northwest; northwesterly; as a northwestern course. { North•west´ward , North•west´ward•ly } adv. Toward the northwest.

Nor•we´gi•an , a. [Cf. Icel. Noregr, Norvegr, Norway. See North, and Way.] Of or pertaining to Norway, its inhabitants, or its language.

Nor•we´gi•an, n. 1. A native of Norway. 2. That branch of the Scandinavian language spoken in Norway.

Nor•we´gi•um , n. [NL. See Norwegian.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of doubtful identification, said to occur in the copper-nickel of Norway.

Nor•we´yan , a. Norwegian. [Obs.] Shak.

Nose , n. [AS. nosu; akin to D. neus, G. nase, OHG. nasa, Icel. nös, Sw. näsa, Dan. näse, Lith. nosis, Russ. nos’, L. nasus, nares, Skr. nasa, nas. Cf. Nasal, Nasturtium, Naze, Nostril, Nozzle.] 1. (Anat.) The prominent part of the face or anterior extremity of the head containing the nostrils and olfactory cavities; the olfactory organ. See Nostril, and Olfactory organ under Olfactory. 2. The power of smelling; hence, scent. “We are not offended with a dog for a better nose than his master.” Collier. 3. A projecting end or beak at the front of an object; a snout; a nozzle; a spout; as the nose of a bellows; the nose of a teakettle. Nose bit (Carp.), a bit similar to a gouge bit, but having a cutting edge on one side of its boring end. — Nose hammer (Mach.), a frontal hammer. — Nose hole (Glass Making), a small opening in a furnace, before which a globe of crown glass is held and kept soft at the beginning of the flattening process. — Nose key (Carp.), a fox wedge. — Nose leaf (Zoöl.), a thin, broad, membranous fold of skin on the nose of many species of bats. It varies greatly in size and form. — Nose of wax, fig., a person who is pliant and easily influenced. ´A nose of wax to be turned every way.´ Massinger — Nose piece, the nozzle of a pipe, hose, bellows, etc.; the end piece of a microscope body, to which an objective is attached. — To hold, put, or bring one’s nose to the grindstone. See under Grindstone. — To lead by the nose, to lead at pleasure, or to cause to follow submissively; to lead blindly, as a person leads a beast. Shak. — To put one’s nose out of joint, to humiliate one’s pride, esp. by supplanting one in the affections of another. [Slang] — To thrust one’s nose into, to meddle officiously in. — To wipe one’s nose of, to deprive of; to rob. [Slang]

Nose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nosed p. pr. & vb. n. Nosing.] 1. To smell; to scent; hence, to track, or trace out. 2. To touch with the nose; to push the nose into or against; hence, to interfere with; to treat insolently. “Lambs … nosing the mother’s udder.” Tennyson. “A sort of national convention, dubious in its nature … nosed Parliament in the very seat of its authority.” Burke. 3. To utter in a nasal manner; to pronounce with a nasal twang; as to nose a prayer. [R.] Cowley.

Nose (noz), v. i. 1. To smell; to sniff; to scent. Audubon. 2. To pry officiously into what does not concern one.

Nose´bag , n. A bag in which feed for a horse, ox, or the like, may be fastened under the nose by a string passing over the head.

Nose´band , n. That part of the headstall of a bridle which passes over a horse’s nose.

Nose´bleed , n. 1. A bleeding at the nose. 2. (Bot.) The yarrow. See Yarrow.

Nosed , a. Having a nose, or such a nose; — chieflay used in composition; as pug- nosed.

Nose´gay , n. [Nose + gay in the sense of a gay or showy thing.] A bunch of odorous and showy flowers; a bouquet; a posy. Pope.

Nos´el , v. t. [See Noursle.] To nurse; to lead or teach; to foster; to nuzzle. [Obs.] “If any man use the Scripture … to nosel thee in anything save in Christ, he is a false prophet.” Tyndale.

Nose´less , a. Destitute of a nose.

Nose´smart , n. (Bot.) A kind of cress, a pungent cruciferous plant, including several species of the genus Nasturtium. { Nose´thirl , Nose´thril }, n. Nostril. [Obs.] [Written also nosethurl, nosthrill.] Chaucer.

Nos´ing , n. (Arch.) That part of the treadboard of a stair which projects over the riser; hence, any like projection, as the projecting edge of a molding.

No´sle , n. [See Nozzle, Nose.] Nozzle. [Obs.]

Nos•o•co´mi•al , a. [L. nosocomium a hospital, Gr. ; disease + to attend to.] Of or pertaining to a hospital; as nosocomial atmosphere. Dunglison.

No•sog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. disease + -graphy: cf. F. nosographie.] A description or classification of diseases.

Nos•o•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. nosologique.] Of or pertaining to nosology.

No•sol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. nosologiste.] One versed in nosology.

No•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. disease + -logy: cf. F. nosologie.] 1. A systematic arrangement, or classification, of diseases. 2. That branch of medical science which treats of diseases, or of the classification of diseases.

Nos•o•po•et´ic , a. [Gr. disease + productive, fr. to make.] Producing diseases. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Nost [Contr. from ne wost.] Wottest not; knowest not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nos•tal´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a return home + pain.] (Med.) Homesickness; esp., a severe and sometimes fatal form of melancholia, due to homesickness.

Nos•tal´gic , a. [Cf. F. nostalgique.] Of or pertaining to nostalgia; affected with nostalgia.

Nos•tal´gy , n. Same as Nostalgia.

Nos´toc , n. [F.] (Bot.) A genus of algae. The plants are composed of moniliform cells imbedded in a gelatinous substance. Nostoc commune is found on the ground, and is ordinarily not seen; but after a rain it swells up into a conspicuous jellylike mass, whish was formerly supposed to have fallen from the sky, whence the popular names, fallen star and star jelly. Also called witches’ butter.

Nos´tril , n. [OE. nosethril, nosethirl, AS. nospyrl; nos for nosu nose + pyrel opening, hole, from pyrel pierced, for pyrhel, fr. purh through. See Nose, and Through, and cf. Thrill.] 1. (Anat.) One of the external openings of the nose, which give passage to the air breathed and to secretions from the nose and eyes; one of the anterior nares. In sperm whales, porpoises, and allied animals, there is only one nostril, which is situated on the top of the head and called a spiracle. 2. Perception; insight; acuteness. [Obs.] “Methinks a man
Of your sagacity and clear nostril should
Have made another choice.” B. Jonson.

Nos´trum (-trum), n.; pl. Nostrums (-trumz). [Neut. sing. of L. noster ours, fr. nos we. See Us.] 1. A medicine, the ingredients of which are kept secret for the purpose of restricting the profits of sale to the inventor or proprietor; a quack medicine. 2. Any scheme or device proposed by a quack. “The incentives of agitators, the arts of impostors and the nostrums of quacks.” Brougham.

Not [Contr. from ne wot. See 2d Note.] Wot not; know not; knows not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Not, a. Shorn; shaven. [Obs.] See Nott.

Not, adv. [OE. not, noht, nought, naught, the same word as E. naught. See Naught.] A word used to express negation, prohibition, denial, or refusal. “Not one word spake he more than was need.” Chaucer. “Thou shalt not steal.” Ex. xx. 15. “Thine eyes are upon me, and I am not.” Job vii. 8. “The question is, may I do it, or may I not do it?” Bp. Sanderson. Not … but, or Not but, only. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chaucer.

No•ta•bil´i•a , n. pl. [Neut. pl. of L. notabilis notable.] Things worthy of notice.

Not•a•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Notabilities (#). [Cf. F. notabilite .] 1. Quality of being notable. 2. A notable, or remarkable, person or thing; a person of note. ´Parisian notabilities´ Carlyle. 3. A notable saying. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Not´a•ble , a. [F. notable, L. notabilis, fr. notare to mark, nota mark, note. See 5th Note.] 1. Capable of being noted; noticeable; plan; evident. 2. Worthy of notice; remarkable; memorable; noted or distinguished; as a notable event, person. Notable in the sense of careful, thrifty, characterized by thrift and capacity (as a notable housekeeper) is pronounced by many good orthoëpists, not´a•b’l, the derivatives notableness, and notably, being also similarly pronounced with short o in the first syllable. 3. Well-known; notorious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Not´a•ble , n. 1. A person, or thing, of distinction. 2. (French Hist.) One of a number of persons, before the revolution of 1789, chiefly of the higher orders, appointed by the king to constitute a representative body.

Not´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being notable.

Not´a•bly, adv. In a notable manner.

No•tae´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pertaining to the notum or back.] (Zoöl.) The back or upper surface, as of a bird.

No´tal , a. [Gr. the back.] Of or pertaining to the back; dorsal.

No•tan´dum , n.; pl. Notanda (#). [L., fr. notare to observe.] A thing to be noted or observed; a notable fact; — chiefly used in the plural.

No•ta´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. notarial.] Of or pertaining to a notary; done or taken by a notary; as a notarial seal; notarial evidence or attestation.

No•ta´ri•al•ly, adv. In a notarial manner.

No´ta•ry , n.; pl. Notaries (#). [F. notaire, L. notarius notary (in sense 1), fr. nota mark. See 5th Note.] 1. One who records in shorthand what is said or done; as the notary of an ecclesiastical body. 2. (Eng. & Am. Law) A public officer who attests or certifies deeds and other writings, or copies of them, usually under his official seal, to make them authentic, especially in foreign countries. His duties chiefly relate to instruments used in commercial transactions, such as protests of negotiable paper, ship’s papers in cases of loss, damage, etc. He is generally called a notary public.

No´tate , a. [L. notatus marked, p. p. of notare to mark. See 5th Note.] (Bot.) Marked with spots or lines, which are often colored. Henslow.

No•ta´tion , n. [L. notatio a marking, observing, etymology, fr. notare to mark, nota a mark: cf. F. notation. See 5th Note.] 1. The act or practice of recording anything by marks, figures, or characters. 2. Any particular system of characters, symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in art or science, to express briefly technical facts, quantities, etc. Esp., the system of figures, letters, and signs used in arithmetic and algebra to express number, quantity, or operations. 3. Literal or etymological signification. [Obs.] “´Conscience´ is a Latin word, and, according to the very notation of it, imports a double or joint knowledge.” South.

Notch , n. [Akin to nock; cf. OD. nock, OSw. nocka. Cf. Nick a notch.] 1. A hollow cut in anything; a nick; an indentation. “And on the stick ten equal notches makes.” Swift. 2. A narrow passage between two elevation; a deep, close pass; a defile; as the notch of a mountain.

Notch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Notched p. pr. & vb. n. Notching.] 1. To cut or make notches in ; to indent; also to score by notches; as to notch a stick. 2. To fit the notch of (an arrow) to the string. “God is all sufferance; here he doth show
No arrow notched, only a stringless bow.” Herrick.

Notch´board , n. (Carp.) The board which receives the ends of the steps in a staircase.

Notch´ing, n. 1. The act of making notches; the act of cutting into small hollows. 2. The small hollow, or hollows, cut; a notch or notches. 3. (Carp.) A method of joining timbers, scantling, etc., by notching them, as at the ends, and overlapping or interlocking the notched portions. 4. (Engin.) A method of excavating, as in a bank, by a series of cuttings side by side. See also Gulleting.

Notch´weed , n. (Bot.) A foul-smelling weed, the stinking goosefoot (Chenopodium Vulvaria).

Note , v. t. [AS. hnitan to strike against, imp. hnat.] To butt; to push with the horns. [Prov. Eng.]

Note [AS. nat; ne not + wat wot. See Not, and Wot.] Know not; knows not. [Obs.]

Note, n. Nut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Note, n. [AS. notu use, profit.] Need; needful business. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Note, n. [F. note, L. nota; akin to noscere, notum, to know. See Know.] 1. A mark or token by which a thing may be known; a visible sign; a character; a distinctive mark or feature; a characteristic quality. “Whosoever appertain to the visible body of the church, they have also the notes of external profession.” Hooker. “She [the Anglican church] has the note of possession, the note of freedom from party titles,the note of life — a tough life and a vigorous.” J. H. Newman. “What a note of youth, of imagination, of impulsive eagerness, there was through it all !” Mrs. Humphry Ward. 2. A mark, or sign, made to call attention, to point out something to notice, or the like; a sign, or token, proving or giving evidence. 3. A brief remark; a marginal comment or explanation; hence, an annotation on a text or author; a comment; a critical, explanatory, or illustrative observation. “The best writers have been perplexed with notes, and obscured with illustrations.” Felton. 4. A brief writing intended to assist the memory; a memorandum; a minute. 5. pl. Hence, a writing intended to be used in speaking; memoranda to assist a speaker, being either a synopsis, or the full text of what is to be said; as to preach from notes; also a reporter’s memoranda; the original report of a speech or of proceedings. 6. A short informal letter; a billet. 7. A diplomatic missive or written communication. 8. A written or printed paper acknowledging a debt, and promising payment; as a promissory note; a note of hand; a negotiable note. 9. A list of items or of charges; an account. [Obs.] “Here is now the smith’s note for shoeing.” Shak. 10. (Mus.) (a) A character, variously formed, to indicate the length of a tone, and variously placed upon the staff to indicate its pitch. Hence: (b) A musical sound; a tone; an utterance; a tune. (c) A key of the piano or organ. “The wakeful bird … tunes her nocturnal note.” Milton. “That note of revolt against the eighteenth century, which we detect in Goethe, was struck by Winckelmann.” W. Pater. 11. Observation; notice; heed. “Give orders to my servants that they take
No note at all of our being absent hence.” Shak. 12. Notification; information; intelligence. [Obs.] “The king … shall have note of this.” Shak. 13. State of being under observation. [Obs.] “Small matters … continually in use and in note.” Bacon. 14. Reputation; distinction; as a poet of note. “There was scarce a family of note which had not poured out its blood on the field or the scaffold.” Prescott. 15. Stigma; brand; reproach. [Obs.] Shak. Note of hand, a promissory note.

Note , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noted; p. pr. & vb. n. Noting.] [F. noter, L. notare, fr. nota. See Note, n.] 1. To notice with care; to observe; to remark; to heed; to attend to. Pope. “No more of that; I have noted it well.” Shak. 2. To record in writing; to make a memorandum of. “Every unguarded word … was noted down.” Maccaulay. 3. To charge, as with crime (with of or for before the thing charged); to brand. [Obs.] “They were both noted of incontinency.” Dryden. 4. To denote; to designate. Johnson. 5. To annotate. [R.] W. H. Dixon. 6. To set down in musical characters. To note a bill or draft, to record on the back of it a refusal of acceptance, as the ground of a protest, which is done officially by a notary.

Note´book , n. 1. A book in which notes or memorandums are written. 2. A book in which notes of hand are registered.

Not´ed , a. Well known by reputation or report; eminent; celebrated; as a noted author, or traveler. — Not´ed•ly, adv. — Not´ed•ness, n.

Note´ful , a. Useful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Note´less, a. Not attracting notice; not conspicuous. “Noteless as the race from which he sprung.” Sir W. Scott.

Note´less•ness, n. A state of being noteless.

Note´let , n. A little or short note; a billet.

Note´ pa•per Writing paper, not exceeding in size, when folded once, five by eight inches.

Not´er , n. 1. One who takes notice. 2. An annotator. [Obs.]

Note´wor•thy , a. Worthy of observation or notice; remarkable.

Noth´er , conj. Neither; nor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Noth´ing , n. [From no, a. + thing.] 1. Not anything; no thing (in the widest sense of the word thing); — opposed to anything and something. “Yet had his aspect nothing of severe.” Dryden. 2. Nonexistence; nonentity; absence of being; nihility; nothingness. Shak. 3. A thing of no account, value, or note; something irrelevant and impertinent; something of comparative unimportance; utter insignificance; a trifle. “Behold, ye are of nothing, and your work of nought.” Is. xli. 24. “’T is nothing, says the fool; but, says the friend,
This nothing, sir, will bring you to your end.” Dryden. 4. (Arith.) A cipher; naught. Nothing but, only; no more than. Chaucer. — To make nothing of. (a) To make no difficulty of; to consider as trifling or important. ´We are industrious to preserve our bodies from slavery, but we make nothing of suffering our souls to be slaves to our lusts.´ Ray. (b) Not to understand; as I could make nothing of what he said.

Noth´ing, adv. In no degree; not at all; in no wise. “Adam, with such counsel nothing swayed.” Milton. “The influence of reason in producing our passions is nothing near so extensive as is commonly believed.” Burke. Nothing off (Naut.), an order to the steersman to keep the vessel close to the wind.

Noth•ing•a´ri•an , n. One of no certain belief; one belonging to no particular sect.

Noth´ing•ism , n. Nihility; nothingness. [R.]

Noth´ing•ness, n. 1. Nihility; nonexistence. 2. The state of being of no value; a thing of no value.

No´tice , n. [F., fr. L. notitia a being known, knowledge, fr. noscere, notum, to know. See Know.] 1. The act of noting, remarking, or observing; observation by the senses or intellect; cognizance; note. “How ready is envy to mingle with the notices we take of other persons !” I. Watts. 2. Intelligence, by whatever means communicated; knowledge given or received; means of knowledge; express notification; announcement; warning. “I … have given him notice that the Duke of Cornwall and Regan his duchess will be here.” Shak. 3. An announcement, often accompanied by comments or remarks; as book notices; theatrical notices. 4. A writing communicating information or warning. 5. Attention; respectful treatment; civility. To take notice of, to perceive especially; to observe or treat with particular attention. Syn. — Attention; regard; remark; note; heed; consideration; respect; civility; intelligence; advice; news.

No´tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noticed p. pr. & vb. n. Noticing ] 1. To observe; to see to mark; to take note of; to heed; to pay attention to. 2. To show that one has observed; to take public note of; remark upon; to make comments on; to refer to; as to notice a book. “This plant deserves to be noticed in this place.” Tooke. “Another circumstance was noticed in connection with the suggestion last discussed.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To treat with attention and civility; as to notice strangers. Syn. — To remark; observe; perceive; see; mark; note; mind; regard; heed; mention. See Remark.

No´tice•a•ble , a. Capable of being observed; worthy of notice; likely to attract observation; conspicuous. “A noticeable man, with large gray eyes.” Wordsworth.

No´tice•a•bly, adv. In a noticeable manner.

No´ti•cer , n. One who notices.

No•ti•da´ni•an , n. [Gr. back + comely.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sharks of the family Notidanidae, or Hexanchidae. Called also cow sharks. See Shark.

No•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. notification. See Notify.] 1. The act of notifying, or giving notice; the act of making known; especially, the act of giving official notice or information to the public or to individuals, corporations, companies, or societies, by words, by writing, or by other means. 2. Notice given in words or writing, or by signs. 3. The writing which communicates information; an advertisement, or citation, etc.

No´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Notified p. pr. & vb. n. Notifying ] [F. notifier, L. notificare; notus known (p. p. of noscere to known) + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Know, and -fy.] 1. To make known; to declare; to publish; as to notify a fact to a person. “No law can bind till it be notified or promulged.” Sowth. 2. To give notice to; to inform by notice; to apprise; as the constable has notified the citizens to meet at the city hall; the bell notifies us of the time of meeting. “The President of the United States has notified the House of Representatives that he has approved and signed the act.” Journal of the Senate, U. S. This application of notify has been condemned; but it is in constant good use in the United States, and in perfect accordance with the use of certify.

No´tion , [L. notio, fr. noscere to know: cf. F. notion. See Know.] 1. Mental apprehension of whatever may be known or imagined; an idea; a conception; more properly, a general or universal conception, as distinguishable or definable by marks or notae. “What hath been generally agreed on, I content myself to assume under the notion of principles.” Sir I. Newton. “Few agree in their notions about these words.” Cheyne. “That notion of hunger, cold, sound, color, thought, wish, or fear which is in the mind, is called the ´idea´ of hunger, cold, etc.” I. Watts. “Notion, again, signifies either the act of apprehending, signalizing, that is, the remarking or taking note of, the various notes, marks, or characters of an object which its qualities afford, or the result of that act.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A sentiment; an opinion. “The extravagant notion they entertain of themselves.” Addison. “A perverse will easily collects together a system of notions to justify itself in its obliquity.” J. H. Newman. 3. Sense; mind. [Obs.] Shak. 4. An invention; an ingenious device; a knickknack; as Yankee notions. [Colloq.] 5. Inclination; intention; disposition; as I have a notion to do it. [Colloq.]

No´tion•al , a. 1. Consisting of, or conveying, notions or ideas; expressing abstract conceptions. 2. Existing in idea only; visionary; whimsical. “Discourses of speculative and notional things.” Evelyn. 3. Given to foolish or visionary expectations; whimsical; fanciful; as a notional man.

No•tion•al´i•ty , n. A notional or groundless opinion. [R.] Glanvill.

No´tion•al•ly , adv. In mental apprehension; in conception; not in reality. “Two faculties … notionally or really distinct.” Norris.

No´tion•ate , a. Notional. [R.]

No´tion•ist, n. One whose opinions are ungrounded notions. [R.] Bp. Hopkins.

No´tist , n. An annotator. [Obs.]

No•to•bran•chi•a•ta , n. pl. [NL. See Notum, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of nudibranchiate mollusks having gills upon the back. (b) The Dorsibranchiata.

No•to•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Notobranchiata.

No´to•chord , n. [Gr. the back + E. chord.] (Anat.) An elastic cartilagelike rod which is developed beneath the medullary groove in the vertebrate embryo, and constitutes the primitive axial skeleton around which the centra of the vertebrae and the posterior part of the base of the skull are developed; the chorda dorsalis. See Illust. of Ectoderm.

No•to•chor´dal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the notochord; having a notochord.

No•to•don´tian , n. [Gr. the back + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of bombycid moths belonging to Notodonta, Nerice, and allied genera. The caterpillar of these moths has a hump, or spine, on its back.

No•to•po´di•um , n.; pl. L. Notopodia (#), E. Notopodiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. the back + , , the foot.] (Zoöl.) The dorsal lobe or branch of a parapodium. See Parapodium.

No•to•rhi´zal , a. [Gr. the back + a root.] (Bot.) Having the radicle of the embryo lying against the back of one of the cotyledons; incumbent.

No•to•ri´e•ty , n. [Cf. F. notoriete. See Notorious.] The quality or condition of being notorious; the state of being generally or publicly known; — commonly used in an unfavorable sense; as the notoriety of a crime. “They were not subjects in their own nature so exposed to public notoriety.” Addison.

No•to´ri•ous , a. [L. notorius pointing out, making known, fr. noscere, notum, to known: cf. F. notoire. See Know.] Generally known and talked of by the public; universally believed to be true; manifest to the world; evident; — usually in an unfavorable sense; as a notorious thief; a notorious crime or vice. “Your goodness,
Since you provoke me, shall be most notorious.” Shak. Syn. — Distinguished; remarkable; conspicuous; celebrated; noted; famous; renowned. — No•to´ri•ous•ly, adv. — No•to´ri•ous•ness, n.

No•tor´nis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the south, or southwest + bird.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds allied to the gallinules, but having rudimentary wings and incapable of flight. Notornis Mantelli was first known as a fossil bird of New Zealand, but subsequently a few individuals were found living on the southern island. It is supposed to be now nearly or quite extinct.

No•to•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the south + a wild animal.] (Zoöl.) An extinct genus of gigantic herbivorous marsupials, found in the Pliocene formation of Australia.

No•to•tre´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. back + a hole.] (Zoöl.) The pouched, or marsupial, frog of South America. { Not´-pat•ed , Nott´-pat•ed }, a. Same as Nott-headed. [Obs.] Shak.

Not´self , n. (Metaph.) The negative of self. ´A cognizance of notself.´ Sir. W. Hamilton.

Nott , a. [AS. hnot shorn.] Shorn. [Obs.]

Nott, v. t. To shear. [Obs.] Stow.

Nott´-head•ed , a. Having the hair cut close. [Obs.] Chapman.

Not•tur´no , n. [It.] (Mus.) Same as Nocturne.

No´tum , n.; pl. Nota (#). [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) The back.

No´tus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] The south wind.

Not´wheat , n. [Nott + wheat.] Wheat not bearded. Carew.

Not•with•stand´ing , prep. Without prevention, or obstruction from or by; in spite of. “We gentil women bee
Loth to displease any wight,
Notwithstanding our great right.” Chaucer’s Dream. “Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures were so transported that their gratitude made them, notwithstanding his prohibition, proclaim the wonders he had done.” Dr. H. More. Notwithstanding was by Johnson and Webster, viewed as a participle absolute, an English equivalent of the Latin non obstante. Its several meanings, either as preposition, adverb, or conjunction, are capable of being explained in this view. Later grammarians, while admitting that the word was originally a participle, and can be treated as such, prefer to class it as a preposition or disjunctive conjunction. Syn. — In spite of; despite. — Notwithstanding, In spite of, Despite. These words and phrases are often interchanged, but there is a difference between them, chiefly in strength. Notwithstanding is the weaker term, and simply points to some obstacle that may exist; as I shall go, notwithstanding the rain. In spite or despite of has reference primarily to active opposition to be encountered from others; as ´I’ll be, in man’s despite, a monarch; ´ ´I’ll keep mine own, despite of all the world.´ Shak. Hence, these words, when applied to things, suppose greater opposition than notwithstanding. We should say. ´He was thrust rudely out of doors in spite of his entreaties,´ rather than ´notwithstanding´. On the other hand, it would be more civil to say, ´Notwithstanding all you have said, I must still differ with you.´

Not•with•stand´ing, adv. or conj. [Originally the participle of withstand, with not prefixed.] Nevertheless; however; although; as I shall go, notwithstanding it rains. “I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant. Notwithstanding, in thy days I will not do it.” 1 Kings xi. 11, 12. “They which honor the law as an image of the wisdom of God himself, are, notwithstanding, to know that the same had an end in Christ.” Hooker. “You did wisely and honestly too, notwithstanding
She is the greatest beauty in the parish.” Fielding. Notwithstanding that, notwithstanding; although. “These days were ages to him, notwithstanding that he was basking in the smiles of the pretty Mary.” W. Irving.

Nouch , n. [See Ouch.] An ouch; a jewel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nou•gat´ , n. [F.] A cake, sweetmeat, or confectión made with almonds or other nuts.

Nought , n. & adv. See Naught. Chaucer.

Nould [Contr. fr. ne would.] Would not. [Obs.] ´By those who nould repent.´ Fairfax.

Noule , n. [See Noll.] The top of the head; the head or noll. [Obs.] Spenser.

Nou´me•nal , a. (Metaph.) Of or pertaining to the noumenon; real; — opposed to phenomenal. G. H. Lewes.

Nou´me•non , n. [NL. fr. Gr. the thing perceived, p. pr. pass. of to perceive, the mind.] (Metaph.) The of itself unknown and unknowable rational object, or thing in itself, which is distinguished from the phenomenon through which it is apprehended by the senses, and by which it is interpreted and understood; — so used in the philosophy of Kant and his followers.

Noun , n. [OF. noun, nun, num, non, nom, F. nom, fr. L. nomen name. See Name.] (Gram.) A word used as the designation or appellation of a creature or thing, existing in fact or in thought; a substantive. By some grammarians the term noun is so used as to include adjectives, as being descriptive; but in general it is limited to substantives.

Noun´al , a. Of or pertaining to a noun. “Verbs which in whole or in part have shed their old nounal coat.” Earle.

Noun´ize , v. t. To change (an adjective, verb, etc.) into a noun. Earle.

Nour´ice , n. A nurse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Nour´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nourished p. pr. & vb. n. Nourishing.] [OE. norisen, norischen, OF. nurir, nurrir, norir, F. norrir, fr. L. nutrire. Cf. Nurse, Nutriment, and see - ish.] 1. To feed and cause to grow; to supply with matter which increases bulk or supplies waste, and promotes health; to furnish with nutriment. “He planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it.” Is. xliv. 14. 2. To support; to maintain. “Whiles I in Ireland nourish a mighty band.” Shak. 3. To supply the means of support and increase to; to encourage; to foster; as to nourish rebellion; to nourish the virtues. ´Nourish their contentions.´ Hooker. 4. To cherish; to comfort. “Ye have nourished your hearts.” James v. 5. 5. To educate; to instruct; to bring up; to nurture; to promote the growth of in attainments. Chaucer. “Nourished up in the words of faith.” 1 Tim. iv. 6. Syn. — To cherish; feed; supply. See Nurture.

Nour´ish, v. i. 1. To promote growth; to furnish nutriment. “Grains and roots nourish more than their leaves.” Bacon. 2. To gain nourishment. [R.] Bacon.

Nour´ish, n. A nurse. [Obs.] Hoolland.

Nour´ish•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. nourrissable.] 1. Capable of being nourished; as the nourishable parts of the body. Grew. 2. Capable of giving nourishment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Nour´ish•er , n. One who, or that which, nourishes. Milton.

Nour´ish•ing, a. Promoting growth; nutritious,

Nour´ish•ing•ly, adv. Nutritively; cherishingly.

Nour´ish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. norrissement.] 1. The act of nourishing, or the state of being nourished; nutrition. 2. That which serves to nourish; nutriment; food. “Learn to seek the nourishment of their souls.” Hooker.

Nour´i•ture , n. Nurture. [Obs.] Spenser.

Nour´sle , v. t. [Freq., fr. OE. nourse. See Nurse.] To nurse; to rear; to bring up. [Obs.] [Written also nosel, nousel, nousle, nowsle, nusle, nuzzle, etc.] “She noursled him till years he raught.” Spenser.

Nous , n. [NL., fr. Gr. mind.] Intellect; understanding; talent; — used humorously. { Nous´el , Nou´sle } , v. t. [See Noose.] To insnare; to entrap. [Obs.] Johnson. { Nou´the , Now´the }, adv. [Now + the.] Just now; at present. [Obs.] “But thereof needeth not to speak as nouthe.” Chaucer.

No•vac´u•lite , n. [L. novacula a sharp knife, razor: cf. F. novaculite.] (Min.) A variety of siliceous slate, of which hones are made; razor stone; Turkey stone; hone stone; whet slate.

No•va´tian , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the sect of Novatius, or Novatianus, who held that the lapsed might not be received again into communion with the church, and that second marriages are unlawful.

No•va´tian•ism , n. The doctrines or principles of the Novatians. Milner.

No•va´tion , n. [L. novatio; novus new: cf. F. novation.] 1. Innovation. [Obs.] “I shall easily grant that novations in religion are a main cause of distempers in commonwealths.” Laud. 2. (Law) A substitution of a new debt for an old one; also the remodeling of an old obligation.

No•va´tor , n. An innovator. [Obs.]

Nov´el , a. [OF. novel, nuvel, F. nouvel, nouveau, L. novellus, dim. of novus new. See New.] Of recent origin or introduction; not ancient; new; hence, out of the ordinary course; unusual; strange; surprising. In civil law, the novel or new constitutions are those which are supplemental to the code, and posterior in time to the other books. These contained new decrees of successive emperors. Novel assignment (Law), a new assignment or specification of a suit. Syn. — New; recent; modern; fresh; strange; uncommon; rare; unusual. — Novel, New . Everything at its first occurrence is new; that is novel which is so much out of the ordinary course as to strike us with surprise. That is a new sight which is beheld for the first time; that is a novel sight which either was never seen before or is seen but seldom. We have daily new inventions, but a novel one supposes some very peculiar means of attaining its end. Novel theories are regarded with distrust, as likely to prove more ingenious than sound.

Nov´el, n. [F. nouvelle. See Novel, a.] 1. That which is new or unusual; a novelty. 2. pl. News; fresh tidings. [Obs.] “Some came of curiosity to hear some novels.” Latimer. 3. A fictitious tale or narrative, professing to be conformed to real life; esp., one intended to exhibit the operation of the passions, and particularly of love. Dryden. 4. [L. novellae (sc. constitutiones): cf. F. novelles.] (Law) A new or supplemental constitution. See the Note under Novel, a.

Nov•el•ette´ , n. [Dim. of novel, n. See Novel.] A short novel.

Nov´el•ism , n. Innovation. [Obs.]

Nov´el•ist, n. 1. An innovator; an asserter of novelty. [Obs.] Cudworth. 2. [Cf. F. nouvelliste, It. novellista.] A writer of news. [Obs.] Tatler (178). 3. [Cf. F. nouvelliste.] A writer of a novel or novels.

Nov´el•ize , v. i. To innovate. [Obs.]

Nov´el•ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Novelized p. pr. & vb. n. Novelizing ] 1. To innovate. [Obs.] 2. To put into the form of novels; to represent by fiction. ´To novelize history.´ Sir J. Herschel.

Nov´el•ry , n. [OF. novelerie.] Novelty; new things. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nov´el•ty , n.; pl. Novelties (#). [OF. novelte, F. nouveaute, L. novellitas.] 1. The quality or state of being novel; newness; freshness; recentness of origin or introduction. “Novelty is the great parent of pleasure.” South. 2. Something novel; a new or strange thing.

No•vem´ber , n. [L. November, or Novembris (sc. mensis), the ninth month of the old Roman year, which began with March, fr. novem nine: cf. F. Novembre. See Nine.] The eleventh month of the year, containing thirty days.

Nov´e•na•ry , a. [L. novenarius, from novem nine.] Of or pertaining to the number nine.

Nov´e•na•ry, n. The number of nine units; nine, collectively.

No´vene , a. [L. novenus nine each, in LL., ninth, fr. L. novem nine.] Relating to, or dependent on, the number nine; novenary. [R.] “The triple and novene division ran throughout.” Milman.

No•ven´ni•al , a. [L. novennis of nine years; novem nine + annus year.] Done or recurring every ninth year.

No•ver´cal , a. [L. novennis of nine years; novem nine + annus year.] Done or recurring every ninth year.

No•ver´cal , a. [L. novercalis, from noverca a stepmother.] Of or pertaining to a stepmother; suitable to, or in the manner of, a stepmother. Derham.

Nov´ice , n. [F., from L. novicius, novitius, new, from novus new. See New, and cf. Novitious.] 1. One who is new in any business, profession, or calling; one unacquainted or unskilled; one yet in the rudiments; a beginner; a tyro. “I am young; a novice in the trade.” Dryden. 2. One newly received into the church, or one newly converted to the Christian faith. 1 Tim. iii. 6. 3. (Eccl.) One who enters a religious house, whether of monks or nuns, as a probationist. Shipley. “No poore cloisterer, nor no novys.” Chaucer.

Nov´ice, a. Like a novice; becoming a novice. [Obs.]

Nov´ice•ship , n. The state of being a novice; novitiate.

No•vi•lu´nar , a. [L. novus new + luna the moon.] Of or pertaining to the new moon. [R.]

No•vi´ti•ate , n. [LL. novitiatus: cf. F. noviciat.] 1. The state of being a novice; time of initiation or instruction in rudiments. 2. Hence: Time of probation in a religious house before taking the vows. 3. One who is going through a novitiate, or period of probation; a novice. Addison. 4. The place where novices live or are trained. [R.]

No•vi´tious , a. [L. novitius, novicius.] Newly invented; recent; new. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Nov´i•ty , n. [L. novitas, fr. novus new.] Newness; novelty. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

No´vum , n. A game at dice, properly called novem quinque (L., nine five), the two principal throws being nine and five. [Obs.] Shak.

Now , adv. [OE. nou, nu, AS. nu, nu; akin to D., OS., & OHG. nu, G. nu, nun, Icel., nu, Dan., Sw., & Goth. nu, L. nunc, Gr. , , Skr. nu, nu. rad.193. Cf. New.] 1. At the present time; at this moment; at the time of speaking; instantly; as I will write now. “I have a patient now living, at an advanced age, who discharged blood from his lungs thirty years ago.” Arbuthnot. 2. Very lately; not long ago. “They that but now, for honor and for plate,
Made the sea blush with blood, resign their hate.” Waller. 3. At a time contemporaneous with something spoken of or contemplated; at a particular time referred to. “The ship was now in the midst of the sea.” Matt. xiv. 24. 4. In present circumstances; things being as they are; — hence, used as a connective particle, to introduce an inference or an explanation. “How shall any man distinguish now betwixt a parasite and a man of honor ?” L’Estrange. “Why should he live, now nature bankrupt is ?” Shak. “Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but Barabbas. Now, Barabbas was a robber.” John xviii. 40. “The other great and undoing mischief which befalls men is, by their being misrepresented. Now, by calling evil good, a man is misrepresented to others in the way of slander.” South. Now and again, now and then; occasionally. — Now and now, again and again; repeatedly. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Now and then, at one time and another; indefinitely; occasionally; not often; at intervals. ´A mead here, there a heath, and now and then a wood.´ Drayton. — Now now, at this very instant; precisely now. [Obs.] ´Why, even now now, at holding up of this finger, and before the turning down of this.´ J. Webster (1607). — Now … now, alternately; at one time … at another time. ´Now high, now low, now master up, now miss.´ Pope.

Now, a. Existing at the present time; present. [R.] ´Our now happiness.´ Glanvill.

Now, n. The present time or moment; the present. “Nothing is there to come, and nothing past;
But an eternal now does ever last.” Cowley.

Now´a•days , adv. [For now on (OE. an) days. See A-, 1.] In these days; at the present time. “What men of spirit, nowadays,
Come to give sober judgment of new plays ?” Garrick. { No´way• , No´ways• } adv. [No, a. + way. Cf. - wards.] In no manner or degree; not at all; nowise. “But Ireland will noways allow that name unto it.” Fuller.

Nowch , n. See Nouch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nowd , n. (Zoöl.) The European gray gurnard (Trigla gurnardus). [Written also knoud.]

Now´ed , a. [F. noue, p. p. of nouer to knot, fr. L. nodare. See Nodated.] (Her.) Knotted; tied in a knot, as a serpent.

Now´el , n. [See Noel.] [Written also noël.] 1. Christmas; also a shout of joy at Christmas for the birth of the Savior. [Obs.] 2. (Mus.) A kind of hymn, or canticle, of mediaeval origin, sung in honor of the Nativity of our Lord; a Christmas carol. Grove.

Now´el, n. [F. noyau, prop., a kernel. See Noyau, Newel a post.] (Founding) (a) The core, or the inner part, of a mold for casting a large hollow object. (b) The bottom part of a mold or of a flask, in distinction from the cope; the drag.

Nowes , n. pl. [From OF. nous. See Noose, Node.] The marriage knot. [Obs.] Crashaw.

No´where , adv. [AS. nahwaer. See No, and Where.] Not anywhere; not in any place or state; as the book is nowhere to be found.

No´whith•er , adv. [No + whither.] Not anywhither; in no direction; nowhere. [Archaic] ´Thy servant went nowhither.´ 2 Kings v. 25.

No´wise , adv. [For in no wise. See Wise, n.] Not in any manner or degree; in no way; noways. “Others whose case is nowise different.” Earle.

Nowt , n. pl. (Zoöl.) Neat cattle.

Now´the See Nouthe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nox´ious , a. [L. noxius, fr. noxa harm; akin to nocere to harm, hurt. Cf. Nuisance, Necromancy.] 1. Hurtful; harmful; baneful; pernicious; injurious; destructive; unwholesome; insalubrious; as noxious air, food, or climate; pernicious; corrupting to morals; as noxious practices or examples. “Too frequent an appearance in places of public resort is noxious to spiritual promotions.” Swift. 2. Guilty; criminal. [R.] “Those who are noxious in the eye of the law.” Abp. Bramhall. Syn. — Noisome; hurtful; harmful; injurious; destructive; pernicious; mischievous; corrupting; baneful; unwholesome; insalubrious. See Noisome. — Nox´ious•ly, adv. — Nox´ious•ness, n.

Noy , v. t. [See Annoy.] To annoy; to vex. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Piers Plowman. “All that noyed his heavy spright.” Spenser.

Noy, n. That which annoys. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Noy´ance , n. Annoyance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Noy•au´ , n. [F., prop., the stone or nut of a fruit, fr. L. nucalis like a nut. See Newel a post.] A cordial of brandy, etc., flavored with the kernel of the bitter almond, or of the peach stone, etc.

Noy´er , n. An annoyer. [Obs.] Tusser.

Noy´ful , a. Full of annoyance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Noyls , n. pl. See Noils.

Noy´ous , a. Annoying; disagreeable. [Obs.] “Watch the noyous night, and wait for yous day.” Spenser.

No´zle , n. Nozzle. [Obs.]

Noz´zle , n. [A dim. of nose. rad.261] [Written also nosle.] 1. The nose; the snout; hence, the projecting vent of anything; as the nozzle of a bellows. 2. Specifically: (a) A short tube, usually tapering, forming the vent of a hose or pipe. (b) A short outlet, or inlet, pipe projecting from the end or side of a hollow vessel, as a steam-engine cylinder or a steam boiler.

Nu•ance´ , n. [F.] A shade of difference; a delicate gradation.

Nub , v. t. [Cf. Knob.] To push; to nudge; also to beckon. [Prov. Eng.]

Nub, n. A jag, or snag; a knob; a protuberance; also the point or gist, as of a story. [Colloq.]

Nub´bin , n. A small or imperfect ear of maize. [Colloq. U. S.]

Nub´ble , v. t. [Cf. LG. nubben to knock, cuff.] To beat or bruise with the fist. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Nu•bec´u•la , n.; pl. Nubeculae (-le). [L., dim. of nubes cloud.] 1. (Astron.) (a) A nebula. (b) pl. Specifically, the Magellanic clouds. 2. (Med.) (a) A slight spot on the cornea. (b) A cloudy object or appearance in urine. Dunglison.

Nu´bi•a , n. [From L. nubes cloud.] A light fabric of wool, worn on the head by women; a cloud.

Nu´bi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Nubia in Eastern Africa. — n. A native of Nubia.

Nu•bif´er•ous , a. [L. nubifer; nubes cloud + ferre to bear: cf. F. nubifère.] Bringing, or producing, clouds.

Nu•big´e•nous , a. [L. nubes cloud + -genous.] Born of, or produced from, clouds. [R.]

Nu´bi•late , v. t. [L. nubilatus, p. p. of nubilare to cloud, fr. nubes cloud.] To cloud. [Obs.]

Nu´bile , a. [L. nubilis, fr. nubere to marry: cf. F. nubile. See Nuptial.] Of an age suitable for marriage; marriageable. Prior.

Nu•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. nubilite .] The state of being marriageable. [R.] { Nu´bi•lose• , Nu´bi•lous } a. [L. nubilosus, nubilus, fr. nubes cloud.] Cloudy. [R.]

Nu´ca•ment , n. [L. nucamenta fir cones, fr. nux, nucis, a nut.] (Bot.) A catkin or ament; the flower cluster of the hazel, pine, willow, and the like.

Nu•ca•men•ta´ceous , a. [See Nucament.] (Bot.) Like a nut either in structure or in being indehiscent; bearing one-seeded nutlike fruits. [Written also nucumentaceous.]

Nu•cel´lus , n.; pl. Nucelli (#). [NL., dim. of nux, nucis, a nut.] (Bot.) See Nucleus, 3 (a).

Nu´cha , n.; pl. Nuch (#). [LL.] (Zoöl.) The back or upper part of the neck; the nape.

Nu´chal , a. [Cf. F. nucal.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the back, or nape, of the neck; — applied especially to the anterior median plate in the carapace of turtles.

Nu•cif´er•ous , a. [L. nux, nucis, nut + -ferous.] Bearing, or producing, nuts.

Nu´ci•form , a. [L. nux, nucis, nut + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a nut; nut-shaped.

Nu´cin , n. [L. nux, nucis, a nut.] (Chem.) See Juglone. { Nu´cle•al , Nu´cle•ar } a. Of or pertaining to a nucleus; as the nuclear spindle (see Illust. of Karyokinesis) or the nuclear fibrils of a cell; the nuclear part of a comet, etc.

Nu´cle•ate , a. [L. nucleatus having a kernel.] Having a nucleus; nucleated.

Nu´cle•ate , v. t. [Cf. L. nucleare to become kernelly.] To gather, as about a nucleus or center.

Nu´cle•a•ted , a. Having a nucleus; nucleate; as nucleated cells.

Nu•cle´i•form , a. [L. nucleus kernel + -form.] Formed like a nucleus or kernel.

Nu´cle•in , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A constituent of the nuclei of all cells. It is a colorless amorphous substance, readily soluble in alkaline fluids and especially characterized by its comparatively large content of phosphorus. It also contains nitrogen and sulphur.

Nu´cle•o•branch , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Nucleobranchiata. — n. One of the Nucleobranchiata.

Nu•cle•o•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Nucleus, and Branchia] (Zoöl.) See Heteropoda.

Nu•cle•o•id•i•o•plas´ma , n. [NL. See Nucleus, and Idioplasma.] (Biol.) Hyaline plasma contained in the nucleus of vegetable cells.

Nu•cle´o•lar , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the nucleolus of a cell.

Nu´cle•o•la•ted , a. Having a nucleole, or second inner nucleus.

Nu´cle•ole , n. [See Nucleolus.] The nucleus within a nucleus; nucleolus.

Nu•cle´o•lus , n.; pl. Nucleoli (#). [L., a little nut, dim. of nucleus.] 1. A little nucleus. 2. (Biol.) A small rounded body contained in the nucleus of a cell or a protozoan. It was termed by Agassiz the entoblast. In the protozoa, where it may be situated on one side of the nucleus, it is sometimes called the endoplastule, and is supposed to be concerned in the male part of the reproductive process. See Nucleus.

Nu´cle•o•plasm , n. [Nucleus + -plasm.] (Biol.) The matter composing the nucleus of a cell; the protoplasm of the nucleus; karyoplasma.

Nu•cle•o•plas´mic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to nucleoplasm; — esp. applied to a body formed in the developing ovum from the plasma of the nucleus of the germinal vesicle.

Nu´cle•us , n.; pl. E. Nucleuses (#), L. Nuclei (#). [L., a kernel, dim. fr. nux, nucis, nut. Cf. Newel post.] 1. A kernel; hence, a central mass or point about which matter is gathered, or to which accretion is made; the central or material portion; — used both literally and figuratively. “It must contain within itself a nucleus of truth.” I. Taylor. 2. (Astron.) The body or the head of a comet. 3. (Bot.) (a) An incipient ovule of soft cellular tissue. (b) A whole seed, as contained within the seed coats. 4. (Biol.) A body, usually spheroidal, in a cell or a protozoan, distinguished from the surrounding protoplasm by a difference in refrangibility and in behavior towards chemical reagents. It is more or less protoplasmic, and consists of a clear fluid (achromatin) through which extends a network of fibers (chromatin) in which may be suspended a second rounded body, the nucleolus (see Nucleoplasm). See Cell division, under Division. The nucleus is sometimes termed the endoplast or endoblast, and in the protozoa is supposed to be concerned in the female part of the reproductive process. See Karyokinesis. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) The tip, or earliest part, of a univalve or bivalve shell. (b) The central part around which additional growths are added, as of an operculum. (c) A visceral mass, containing the stomach and other organs, in Tunicata and some mollusks.

Nu´cu•la , n. [L., little nut, dim. of nux, nucis, a nut.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small marine bivalve shells, having a pearly interior.

Nu´cule (nu´kul), n. [L. nucula a small nut.] (Bot.) Same as Nutlet.

Nu•cu•men•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) See Nucamentaceous.

Nu•da´tion , n. [L. nudatio, fr. nudare to make naked, fr. nudus naked. See Nude.] The act of stripping, or making bare or naked.

Nud´dle , v. i. To walk quickly with the head bent forward; — often with along. [Prov. Eng.]

Nude , a. [L. nudus. See Naked.] 1. Bare; naked; unclothed; undraped; as a nude statue. 2. (Law) Naked; without consideration; void; as a nude contract. See Nudum pactum. Blackstone. The nude, the undraped human figure in art. — Nude´ly, adv.- Nude´ness, n.

Nudge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nudge p. pr. & vb. n. Nudging.] [Cf. Prov. G. knütschen to squeeze, pinch, E. Knock.] To touch gently, as with the elbow, in order to call attention or convey intimation.

Nudge , n. A gentle push, or jog, as with the elbow.

Nu•di•brach´i•ate , a. [L. nudus naked + brachium an arm.] (Zoöl.) Having tentacles without vibratile cilia. Carpenter.

Nu´di•branch , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Nudibranchiata. — n. One of the Nudibranchiata.

Nu•di•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Nude, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks, having no shell except while very young. The gills are naked and situated upon the back or sides. See Ceratobranchia.

Nu•di•bran´chi•ate , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Nudibranch.

Nu´di•caul , a. [L. nudus naked + caulis stem.] (Bot.) Having the stems leafless.

Nu•di•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. nudus naked + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act of making nude.

Nu´di•ty , n.; pl. Nudities (#). [Cf. F. nudite .] 1. The quality or state of being nude; nakedness. 2. That which is nude or naked; naked part; undraped or unclothed portion; esp. (Fine Arts), the human figure represented unclothed; any representation of nakedness; — chiefly used in the plural and in a bad sense. “There are no such licenses permitted in poetry any more than in painting, to design and color obscene nudities.” Dryden.

Nu´dum pac´tum [L., a nude pact.] (Law) A bare, naked contract, without any consideration. Tomlins.

Nu•gac´i•ty , n. [L. nugacitas, fr. nugax, -acis, trifling.] Futility; trifling talk or behavior; drollery. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Nu´gae , n. pl. [L.] Trifles; jests.

Nu•ga´tion , n. [Cf. OF. nugation.] The act or practice of trifling. [R.] Bacon.

Nu´ga•to•ry , a. [L. nugatorius, fr. nugari to trifle, nugae jests, trifles.] 1. Trifling; vain; futile; insignificant. 2. Of no force; inoperative; ineffectual. “If all are pardoned, and pardoned as a mere act of clemency, the very substance of government is made nugatory.” I. Taylor.

Nug´get , n. [Earlier niggot, prob. for nigot, an ingot. See Ingot.] A lump; a mass, esp. a native lump of a precious metal; as a nugget of gold.

Nu´gi•fy , v. t. [L. nuggae trifles + -fy.] To render trifling or futile; to make silly. [R.] Coleridge.

Nui´sance , n. [OE. noisance, OF. noisance, nuisance, fr. L. nocentia guilt, fr. nocere to hurt, harm; akin to necare to kill. Cf Necromancy, Nocent, Noxious, Pernicious.] That which annoys or gives trouble and vexation; that which is offensive or noxious. Nuisances are public when they annoy citizens in general; private, when they affect individuals only.

Nui´san•cer , n. (Law) One who makes or causes a nuisance.

Nul , a. [F. See Null, a.] (Law) No; not any; as nul disseizin; nul tort.

Null , a. [L. nullus not any, none; ne not + ullus any, a dim. of unus one; cf. F. nul. See No, and One, and cf. None.] Of no legal or binding force or validity; of no efficacy; invalid; void; nugatory; useless. “Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null,
Dead perfection; no more.” Tennyson.

Null, n. 1. Something that has no force or meaning. 2. That which has no value; a cipher; zero. Bacon. Null method (Physics.), a zero method. See under Zero.

Null, v. t. [From null, a., or perh. abbrev. from annul.] To annul. [Obs.] Milton.

Null, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] One of the beads in nulled work.

Nulled , a. Turned so as to resemble nulls. Nulled work (Cabinetwork), ornamental turned work resembling nulls or beads strung on a rod.

Nul•li•bi´e•ty , n. [L. nullibi nowhere.] The state or condition of being nowhere. [Obs.]

Nul•li•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. nullificatio contempt. See Nullify.] The act of nullifying; a rendering void and of no effect, or of no legal effect. Right of nullification (U. S. Hist.), the right claimed in behalf of a State to nullify or make void, by its sovereign act or decree, an enactment of the general government which it deems unconstitutional.

Nul•li•fid´i•an , a. [L. nullus none + fide faith.] Of no faith; also not trusting to faith for salvation; — opposed to solifidian. Feltham.

Nul•li•fid´i•an, n. An unbeliever. B. Jonson.

Nul´li•fi•er , n. One who nullifies or makes void; one who maintains the right to nullify a contract by one of the parties.

Nul´li•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nullified p. pr. & vb. n. Nullifying ] [L. nullificare; nullus none + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Null, a., and -fy.] To make void; to render invalid; to deprive of legal force or efficacy. “Such correspondence would at once nullify the conditions of the probationary system.” I. Taylor. Syn. — To abrogate; revoke; annul; repeal; invalidate; cancel. See Abolish.

Nul´li•pore , n. [L. nullus none + porus pope.] (Bot.) A name for certain crustaceous marine algae which secrete carbonate of lime on their surface, and were formerly thought to be of animal nature. They are now considered corallines of the genera Melobesia and Lithothamnion.

Nul´li•ty , n.; pl. Nullities. [LL. nullitias, fr. L. nullus none: cf. F. nullite . See Null.] 1. The quality or state of being null; nothingness; want of efficacy or force. 2. (Law) Nonexistence; as a decree of nullity of marriage is a decree that no legal marriage exists. 3. That which is null. “Was it not absurd to say that the convention was supreme in the state, and yet a nullity ?” Macaulay.

Numb , a. [OE. nume, nome, prop., seized, taken, p. p. of nimen to take, AS. niman, p. p. numen. rad.7. See Nimble, Nomad, and cf. Benumb.] 1. Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the power of sensation and motion; rendered torpid; benumbed; insensible; as the fingers or limbs are numb with cold. ´A stony image, cold and numb.´ Shak. 2. Producing numbness; benumbing; as the numb, cold night. [Obs.] Shak.

Numb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numbed p. pr. & vb. n. Numbing ] To make numb; to deprive of the power of sensation or motion; to render senseless or inert; to deaden; to benumb; to stupefy. “For lazy winter numbs the laboring hand.” Dryden. “Like dull narcotics, numbing pain.” Tennyson.

Numb´ed•ness , n. Numbness. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Num´ber , n. [OE. nombre, F. nombre, L. numerus; akin to Gr. that which is dealt out, fr. to deal out, distribute. See Numb, Nomad, and cf. Numerate, Numero, Numerous.] 1. That which admits of being counted or reckoned; a unit, or an aggregate of units; a numerable aggregate or collection of individuals; an assemblage made up of distinct things expressible by figures. 2. A collection of many individuals; a numerous assemblage; a multitude; many. “Ladies are always of great use to the party they espouse, and never fail to win over numbers.” Addison. 3. A numeral; a word or character denoting a number; as to put a number on a door. 4. Numerousness; multitude. “Number itself importeth not much in armies where the people are of weak courage.” Bacon. 5. The state or quality of being numerable or countable. “Of whom came nations, tribes, people, and kindreds out of number.” 2 Esdras iii. 7. 6. Quantity, regarded as made up of an aggregate of separate things. 7. That which is regulated by count; poetic measure, as divisions of time or number of syllables; hence, poetry, verse; — chiefly used in the plural. “I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.” Pope. 8. (Gram.) The distinction of objects, as one, or more than one (in some languages, as one, or two, or more than two), expressed (usually) by a difference in the form of a word; thus, the singular number and the plural number are the names of the forms of a word indicating the objects denoted or referred to by the word as one, or as more than one. 9. (Math.) The measure of the relation between quantities or things of the same kind; that abstract species of quantity which is capable of being expressed by figures; numerical value. Abstract number, Abundant number, Cardinal number, etc. See under Abstract, Abundant, etc. — In numbers, in numbered parts; as a book published in numbers.

Num´ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numbered p. pr & vb. n. Numbering.] [OE. nombren, noumbren, F. nombrer, fr. L. numerare, numeratum. See Number, n.] 1. To count; to reckon; to ascertain the units of; to enumerate. “If a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered.” Gen. xiii. 16. 2. To reckon as one of a collection or multitude. “He was numbered with the transgressors.” Is. liii. 12. 3. To give or apply a number or numbers to; to assign the place of in a series by order of number; to designate the place of by a number or numeral; as to number the houses in a street, or the apartments in a building. 4. To amount; to equal in number; to contain; to consist of; as the army numbers fifty thousand. “Thy tears can not number the dead.” Campbell. Numbering machine, a machine for printing consecutive numbers, as on railway tickets, bank bills, etc. Syn. — To count; enumerate; calculate; tell.

Num´ber•er , n. One who numbers.

Num´ber•ful , a. Numerous. [Obs.]

Num´ber•less, a. Innumerable; countless.

Num´ber•ous , a. Numerous. [Obs.] Drant.

Num´bers , n. pl. of Number. The fourth book of the Pentateuch, containing the census of the Hebrews.

Numb´fish , n. (Zoöl.) The torpedo, which numbs by the electric shocks which it gives.

Num´bless , n. pl. See Nombles.

Numb´ness , n. The condition of being numb; that state of a living body in which it loses, wholly or in part, the power of feeling or motion.

Nu´mer•a•ble , a. [L. numerabilis. See Number, v. t.] Capable of being numbered or counted.

Nu´mer•al , a. [L. numeralis, fr. numerus number: cf. F. numeral. See Number, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to number; consisting of number or numerals. “A long train of numeral progressions.” Locke. 2. Expressing number; representing number; as numeral letters or characters, as X or 10 for ten.

Nu´mer•al, n. 1. A figure or character used to express a number; as the Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, etc.; the Roman numerals, I, V, X, L, etc. 2. A word expressing a number.

Nu´mer•al•ly, adv. According to number; in number; numerically.

Nu´mer•a•ry , a. [LL. numerarius: cf. F. numeraire.] Belonging to a certain number; counting as one of a collection or body. “A supernumerary canon, when he obtains a prebend, becomes a numerary canon.” Ayliffe.

Nu´mer•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numerated p. pr. & vb. n. Numerating ] [L. numeratus, p. p. of numerare to count. See Number, v.] (Arith.) To divide off and read according to the rules of numeration; as to numerate a row of figures.

Nu•mer•a´tion , n. [L. numeratio a counting out: cf. F. numeration.] 1. The act or art of numbering. “Numeration is but still the adding of one unit more, and giving to the whole a new name or sign.” Locke. 2. The act or art of reading numbers when expressed by means of numerals. The term is almost exclusively applied to the art of reading numbers written in the scale of tens, by the Arabic method. Davies & Peck. For convenience in reading, numbers are usually separated by commas into periods of three figures each, as 1,155,465. According to what is called the ´English´ system, the billion is a million of millions, a trillion a million of billions, and each higher denomination is a million times the one preceding. According to the system of the French and other Continental nations and also that of the United States, the billion is a thousand millions, and each higher denomination is a thousand times the preceding.

Nu´mer•a•tive , a. Of or pertaining to numeration; as a numerative system. Eng. Cyc.

Nu´mer•a´tor , n. [L. numerator: cf. F. numerateur.] 1. One who numbers. 2. (Math.) The term in a fraction which indicates the number of fractional units that are taken. In a vulgar fraction the numerator is written above a line; thus, in the fraction &frac59; (five ninths) 5 is the numerator; in a decimal fraction it is the number which follows the decimal point. See Fraction. { Nu•mer´ic , Nu•mer´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. numerique. See Number, n.] 1. Belonging to number; denoting number; consisting in numbers; expressed by numbers, and not letters; as numerical characters; a numerical equation; a numerical statement. Numerical, as opposed to algebraical, is used to denote a value irrespective of its sign; thus, -5 is numerically greater than -3, though algebraically less. 2. The same in number; hence, identically the same; identical; as the same numerical body. [Obs.] South. “Would to God that all my fellow brethren, which with me bemoan the loss of their books, … might rejoice for the recovery thereof, though not the same numerical volumes.” Fuller. Numerical equation (Alg.), an equation which has all the quantities except the unknown expressed in numbers; — distinguished from literal equation. — Numerical value of an equation or expression, that deduced by substituting numbers for the letters, and reducing.

Nu•mer´ic, n. (Math.) Any number, proper or improper fraction, or incommensurable ratio. The term also includes any imaginary expression like m + nrad.- 1, where m and n are real numerics.

Nu•mer´ic•al•ly, adv. In a numerical manner; in numbers; with respect to number, or sameness in number; as a thing is numerically the same, or numerically different.

Nu´mer•ist , n. One who deals in numbers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Nu´me•ro , n. [It., or F. numero ; both fr. L. numerus number.] Number; — often abbrev. No.

Nu•mer•os´i•ty , n. [L. numerositas.] 1. The state of being numerous; numerousness. [Obs.] 2. Rhythm; harmony; flow. [Obs.] “The numerosity of the sentence pleased the ear.” S. Parr.

Nu´mer•ous , a. [L. numerosus. See Number.] 1. Consisting of a great number of units or individual objects; being many; as a numerous army. “Such and so numerous was their chivalry.” Milton. 2. Consisting of poetic numbers; rhythmical; measured and counted; melodious; musical. [Obs.] “Such prompt eloquence
Flowed from their lips, in prose or numerous verse.” Milton. — Nu´mer•ous•ly, adv. — Nu´mer•ous•ness, n.

Nu•mid´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to ancient Numidia in Northern Africa. Numidian crane. (Zoöl.) See Demoiselle, 2. { Nu•mis•mat´ic , Nu•mis•mat´ic•al } a. [L. numisma, nomisma, a piece of money, coin, fr. Gr. anything sanctioned by usage, the current coin, fr. to introduce a custom, or usage, fr. a custom, or usage, fr. to distribute, assign: cf. F. numismatique. See Nomad.] Of or pertaining to coins; relating to the science of coins or medals.

Nu•mis•mat´ics , n. [Cf. F. numismatique.] The science of coins and medals.

Nu•mis´ma•tist , n. One skilled in numismatics; a numismatologist.

Nu•mis•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [L. numisma, -atis (Gr. ) + -graphy.] A treatise on, or description of, coins and medals.

Nu•mis•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in numismatology.

Nu•mis•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [L. numisma, -atis + -logy.] The science which treats of coins and medals, in their relation to history; numismatics.

Num´ma•ry , a. [L. nummarius, from nummus a coin.] Of or relating to coins or money. { Num´mu•lar , Num´mu•la•ry } a. [L. nummularius, fr. nummulus, dim. of nummus a coin: cf. F. nummulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to coin or money; pecuniary; as the nummulary talent. 2. (Pathol.) Having the appearance or form of a coin. ´Nummular sputa.´ Sir T. Watson.

Num•mu•la´tion , n. (Physiol.) The arrangement of the red blood corpuscles in rouleaux, like piles of coins, as when a drop of human blood is examined under the microscope.

Num´mu•lite , n. [L. nummus a coin + -lite: cf. F. nummulite.] (Paleon.) A fossil of the genus Nummulites and allied genera.

Num•mu•li´tes , n. [NL. See Nummulite.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct Tertiary Foraminifera, having a thin, flat, round shell, containing a large number of small chambers arranged spirally.

Num•mu•lit´ic , a. Of, like, composed of, containing, nummulites; as nummulitic beds.

Numps , n. [Cf. Numb.] A dolt; a blockhead. [Obs.] Bp. Parker.

Num´skull , n. [Numb + skull.] A dunce; a dolt; a stupid fellow. [Colloq.] “They have talked like numskulls.” Arbuthnot.

Num´skulled , a. Stupid; doltish. [Colloq.]

Nun , n. [OE. nunne, AS. nunne, fr. L. nonna nun, nonnus monk; cf. Gr. , ; of unknown origin. Cf. Nunnery.] 1. A woman devoted to a religious life, who lives in a convent, under the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. “They holy time is quiet as a nun
Breathless with adoration.” Wordsworth. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A white variety of domestic pigeons having a veil of feathers covering the head. (b) The smew. (c) The European blue titmouse. Gray nuns (R. C. Ch.), the members of a religious order established in Montreal in 1745, whence branches were introduced into the United States in 1853; — so called from the color or their robe, and known in religion as Sisters of Charity of Montreal. — Nun buoy. See under Buoy.

Nun´chion , n. [OE. nonechenche, for noneschenche, prop., a noon drink; none noon + schenchen, schenken, skinken, to pour, AS. scencan. See Noon, and Skink, v. i.] A portion of food taken at or after noon, usually between full meals; a luncheon. [Written also noonshun.] Hudibras.

Nun´ci•ate , n. One who announces; a messenger; a nuncio. [Obs.] Hoole.

Nun´ci•a•ture , n. [L. nunciare, nuntiare, to announce, report, fr. nuncius, nuntius, messenger: cf. F. nonciature, It. nunziatura. See Nuncio.] The office of a nuncio. Clarendon.

Nun´ci•o , n.; pl. Nuncios (#). [It. nunzio, nuncio, fr. L. nuncius, nuntius, messenger; perh. akin to novus new, E. new, and thus, one who brings news. Cf. Announce.] 1. A messenger. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The permanent official representative of the pope at a foreign court or seat of government. Distinguished from a legate a latere, whose mission is temporary in its nature, or for some special purpose. Nuncios are of higher rank than internuncios.

Nun´ci•us , n.; pl. Nuncii (#). [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law) (a) A messenger. (b) The information communicated.

Nun´cu•pate , v. t. [L. nuncupatus, p. p. of nuncupare to nuncupate, prob. fr. nomen name + capere to take.] 1. To declare publicly or solemnly; to proclaim formally. [Obs.] “In whose presence did St. Peter nuncupate it ?” Barrow. 2. To dedicate by declaration; to inscribe; as to nuncupate a book. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Nun•cu•pa´tion , n. [L. nuncupatio.] The act of nuncupating. [Obs.]

Nun•cu´pa•tive , a. [L. nuncupativus nominal: cf. F. nuncupatif.] 1. Publicly or solemnly declaratory. [Obs.] 2. Nominal; existing only in name. [Obs.] 3. Oral; not written. Nuncupative will or testament, a will or testament made by word of mouth only, before witnesses, as by a soldier or seaman, and depending on oral testimony for proof. Blackstone.

Nun•cu´pa•to•ry , a. Nuncupative; oral.

Nun´di•nal , n. A nundinal letter. { Nun´di•nal , Nun´di•na•ry } a. [L. nundinalis, nundinarius, fr. nundinae the market day, the weekly market, prop., the ninth day, fr. nundinus belonging to nine days; novem nine + dies day: cf. F. nundinal.] Of or pertaining to a fair, or to a market day. Nundinal letter, among the Romans, one of the first eight letters of the alphabet, which were repeated successively from the first to the last day of the year. One of these always expressed the market day, which returned every nine days (every eight days by our reckoning).

Nun´di•nate , v. i. [L. nundinatus, p. p. of nundinary to attend fairs, to traffic. See Nundinal, a.] To buy and sell at fairs or markets. [Obs.]

Nun•di•na´tion , n. [L. nundinatio.] Traffic at fairs; marketing; buying and selling. [Obs.] “Common nundination of pardons.” Abp. Bramhall.

Nun•na´tion , n. [From nun, the Arabic name of the letter n: cf. NL. nunnatio, F. nunnation.] (Arabic Gram.) The pronunciation of n at the end of words.

Nun´ner•y , n.; pl. Nunneries (#). [OE. nonnerie, OF. nonerie, F. nonnerie, fr. nonne nun, L. nonna. See Nun.] A house in which nuns reside; a cloister or convent in which women reside for life, under religious vows. See Cloister, and Convent.

Nun´nish , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling a nun; characteristic of a nun. — Nun´nish•ness, n.

Nup , n. Same as Nupson. [Obs.]

Nu´phar , n. [Per. nfar.] (Bot.) A genus of plants found in the fresh-water ponds or lakes of Europe, Asia, and North America; the yellow water lily. Cf. Nymphaea.

Nup´son , n. [Of doubtful origin.] A simpleton; a fool. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Nup´tial , a. [L. nuptialis, fr. nuptiae marriage, wedding, fr. nubere, nuptum, prop., to cover, to veil, hence, to marry, as the head of the bride was covered with a veil; cf. Gr. bride, nymph: cf. F. nuptial.] Of or pertaining to marriage; done or used at a wedding; as nuptial rites and ceremonies. “Then, all in heat,
They light the nuptial torch.” Milton.

Nup´tial, n.; pl. Nuptials . Marriage; wedding; nuptial ceremony; — now only in the plural. “Celebration of that nuptial, which
We two have sworn shall come.” Shak. “Preparations … for the approaching nuptials.” Prescott.

Nur , n. [Cf. Knur.] A hard knot in wood; also a hard knob of wood used by boys in playing hockey. “I think I’m as hard as a nur, and as tough as whitleather.” W. Howitt.

Nurl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nurled p. pr. & vb. n. Nurling.] [Cf. Knurl.] To cut with reeding or fluting on the edge of, as coins, the heads of screws, etc.; to knurl.

Nurse , n. [OE. nourse, nurice, norice, OF. nurrice, norrice, nourrice, F. nourrice, fr. L. nutricia nurse, prop., fem. of nutricius that nourishes; akin to nutrix, -icis, nurse, fr. nutrire to nourish. See Nourish, and cf. Nutritious.] 1. One who nourishes; a person who supplies food, tends, or brings up; as: (a) A woman who has the care of young children; especially, one who suckles an infant not her own. (b) A person, especially a woman, who has the care of the sick or infirm. 2. One who, or that which, brings up, rears, causes to grow, trains, fosters, or the like. “The nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise.” Burke. 3. (Naut.) A lieutenant or first officer, who is the real commander when the captain is unfit for his place. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A peculiar larva of certain trematodes which produces cercariae by asexual reproduction. See Cercaria, and Redia. (b) Either one of the nurse sharks. Nurse shark. (Zoöl.) (a) A large arctic shark (Somniosus microcephalus), having small teeth and feeble jaws; — called also sleeper shark, and ground shark. (b) A large shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), native of the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico, having the dorsal fins situated behind the ventral fins. — To put to nurse, or To put out to nurse, to send away to be nursed; to place in the care of a nurse. — Wet nurse, Dry nurse. See Wet nurse, and Dry nurse, in the Vocabulary.

Nurse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nursed p. pr. & vb. n. Nursing.] 1. To nourish; to cherish; to foster; as: (a) To nourish at the breast; to suckle; to feed and tend, as an infant. (b) To take care of or tend, as a sick person or an invalid; to attend upon. “Sons wont to nurse their parents in old age.” Milton. “Him in Egerian groves Aricia bore,
And nursed his youth along the marshy shore.” Dryden. 2. To bring up; to raise, by care, from a weak or invalid condition; to foster; to cherish; — applied to plants, animals, and to any object that needs, or thrives by, attention. ´To nurse the saplings tall.´ Milton. “By what hands [has vice] been nursed into so uncontrolled a dominion?” Locke. 3. To manage with care and economy, with a view to increase; as to nurse our national resources. 4. To caress; to fondle, as a nurse does. A. Trollope. To nurse billiard balls, to strike them gently and so as to keep them in good position during a series of caroms.

Nurse´hound , n. (Zoöl.) See Houndfish.

Nurse´maid , n. A girl employed to attend children.

Nurse´pond, n. A pond where fish are fed. Walton.

Nurs´er , n. One who nurses; a nurse; one who cherishes or encourages growth.

Nurs´er•y , n.; pl. Nurseries (#). [Cf. F. nourricerie.] 1. The act of nursing. [Obs.] ´Her kind nursery.´ Shak. 2. The place where nursing is carried on; as: (a) The place, or apartment, in a house, appropriated to the care of children. (b) A place where young trees, shrubs, vines, etc., are propagated for the purpose of transplanting; a plantation of young trees. (c) The place where anything is fostered and growth promoted. ´Fair Padua, nursery of arts.´ Shak. “Christian families are the nurseries of the church on earth, as she is the nursery of the church in heaven.” J. M. Mason. (d) That which forms and educates; as commerce is the nursery of seamen. 3. That which is nursed. [R.] Milton.

Nurs´er•y•man , n.; pl. Nurserymen . One who cultivates or keeps a nursery, or place for rearing trees, etc.

Nurs´ing, a. Supplying or taking nourishment from, or as from, the breast; as a nursing mother; a nursing infant.

Nurs´ling , n. [Nurse + - ling.] One who, or that which, is nursed; an infant; a fondling. “I was his nursling once, and choice delight.” Milton.

Nurs´tle , v. t. To nurse. See Noursle. [Obs.]

Nur´ture , n. [OE. norture, noriture, OF. norriture, norreture, F. nourriture, fr. L. nutritura a nursing, suckling. See Nourish.] 1. The act of nourishing or nursing; thender care; education; training. “A man neither by nature nor by nurture wise.” Milton. 2. That which nourishes; food; diet. Spenser.

Nur´ture , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nurtured p. pr. & vb. n. Nurturing.] 1. To feed; to nourish. 2. To educate; to bring or train up. “He was nurtured where he had been born.” Sir H. Wotton. Syn. — To nourish; nurse; cherish; bring up; educate; tend. — To Nurture, Nourish, Cherish. Nourish denotes to supply with food, or cause to grow; as to nourish a plant, to nourish rebellion. To nurture is to train up with a fostering care, like that of a mother; as to nurture into strength; to nurture in sound principles. To cherish is to hold and treat as dear; as to cherish hopes or affections.

Nus´tle , v. t. [Cf. Nuzzle.] To fondle; to cherish. [Obs.]

Nut , n. [OE. nute, note, AS. hnutu; akin to D. noot, G. nuss, OHG. nuz, Icel. hnot, Sw. nöt, Dan. nöd.] 1. (Bot.) The fruit of certain trees and shrubs (as of the almond, walnut, hickory, beech, filbert, etc.), consisting of a hard and indehiscent shell inclosing a kernel. 2. A perforated block (usually a small piece of metal), provided with an internal or female screw thread, used on a bolt, or screw, for tightening or holding something, or for transmitting motion. See Illust. of lst Bolt. 3. The tumbler of a gunlock. Knight. 4. (Naut.) A projection on each side of the shank of an anchor, to secure the stock in place. Check nut, Jam nut, Lock nut, a nut which is screwed up tightly against another nut on the same bolt or screw, in order to prevent accidental unscrewing of the first nut. — Nut buoy. See under Buoy. — Nut coal, screened coal of a size smaller than stove coal and larger than pea coal; — called also chestnut coal. - - Nut crab (Zoöl.), any leucosoid crab of the genus Ebalia as Ebalia tuberosa of Europe. — Nut grass (Bot.), a plant of the Sedge family (Cyperus rotundus, var. Hydra), which has slender rootstocks bearing small, nutlike tubers, by which the plant multiplies exceedingly, especially in cotton fields. — Nut lock, a device, as a metal plate bent up at the corners, to prevent a nut from becoming unscrewed, as by jarring. — Nut pine. (Bot.) See under Pine. — Nut rush (Bot.), a genus of cyperaceous plants (Scleria) having a hard bony achene. Several species are found in the United States and many more in tropical regions. — Nut tree, a tree that bears nuts. — Nut weevil (Zoöl.), any species of weevils of the genus Balaninus and other allied genera, which in the larval state live in nuts.

Nut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nutted p. pr. & vb. n. Nutting.] To gather nuts.

Nu´tant , a. [L. nutans, p. pr. of nutare to nod, v. intens. fr. nuere (in comp.) to nod; cf. Gr. .] Nodding; having the top bent downward.

Nu•ta´tion , n. [L. nutatio a nodding, fr. nutare to nod: cf. F. nutation.] 1. The act of nodding. “So from the midmost the nutation spreads,
Round and more round, o’er all the sea of heads.” Pope. 2. (Astron.) A very small libratory motion of the earth’s axis, by which its inclination to the plane of the ecliptic is constantly varying by a small amount. 3. (Bot.) (a) The motion of a flower in following the apparent movement of the sun, from the east in the morning to the west in the evening. (b) Circumnutation.

Nut´break•er , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European nuthatch. (b) The nutcracker.

Nut´-brown , a. Brown as a nut long kept and dried. ´The spicy nutbrown ale.´ Milton.

Nut´crack•er , n. 1. An instrument for cracking nuts. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A European bird (Nucifraga caryocatactes), allied to the magpie and crow. Its color is dark brown, spotted with white. It feeds on nuts, seeds, and insects. (b) The American, or Clarke’s, nutcracker (Picicorvus Columbianus) of Western North America.

Nut´gall , n. A more or less round gall resembling a nut, esp. one of those produced on the oak and used in the arts. See Gall, Gallnut.

Nut´hatch , n. [OE. nuthake. See 2d Hack.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of birds of the genus Sitta, as the European species (Sitta Europaea). The white-breasted nuthatch (S. Carolinensis), the red-breasted nuthatch (S. Canadensis), the pygmy nuthatch (S. pygmaea), and others, are American.

Nut´hook , n. 1. A hook at the end of a pole to pull down boughs for gathering the nuts. 2. A thief who steals by means of a hook; also a bailiff who hooks or seizes malefactors. Shak.

Nut´job•ber , n. (Zoöl.) The nuthatch. [Prov. Eng.]

Nut´let , n. (Bot.) A small nut; also the stone of a drupe.

Nut´meg , n. [OE. notemuge; note nut + OF. muge musk, of the same origin as E. musk; cf. OF. noix muguette nutmeg, F. noix muscade. See Nut, and Musk.] (Bot.) The kernel of the fruit of the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans), a native of the Molucca Islands, but cultivated elsewhere in the tropics. This fruit is a nearly spherical drupe, of the size of a pear, of a yellowish color without and almost white within. This opens into two nearly equal longitudinal valves, inclosing the nut surrounded by its aril, which is mace The nutmeg is an aromatic, very grateful to the taste and smell, and much used in cookery. Other species of Myristica yield nutmegs of inferior quality. American, Calabash, or Jamaica, nutmeg, the fruit of a tropical shrub (Monodora Myristica). It is about the size of an orange, and contains many aromatic seeds imbedded in pulp. — Brazilian nutmeg, the fruit of a lauraceous tree, Cryptocarya moschata. — California nutmeg, tree of the Yew family (Torreya Californica), growing in the Western United States, and having a seed which resembles a nutmeg in appearance, but is strongly impregnated with turpentine. — Clove nutmeg, the Ravensara aromatica, a laura ceous tree of Madagascar. The foliage is used as a spice, but the seed is acrid and caustic. — Jamaica nutmeg. See American nutmeg (above). — Nutmeg bird (Zoöl.), an Indian finch (Munia punctularia). — Nutmeg butter, a solid oil extracted from the nutmeg by expression. — Nutmeg flower (Bot.), a ranunculaceous herb (Nigella sativa) with small black aromatic seeds, which are used medicinally and for excluding moths from furs and clothing. — Nutmeg liver (Med.), a name applied to the liver, when, as the result of heart or lung disease, it undergoes congestion and pigmentation about the central veins of its lobules, giving it an appearance resembling that of a nutmeg. — Nutmeg melon (Bot.), a small variety of muskmelon of a rich flavor. — Nutmeg pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of several species of pigeons of the genus Myristicivora, native of the East Indies and Australia. The color is usually white, or cream-white, with black on the wings and tail. — Nutmeg wood (Bot.), the wood of the Palmyra palm. — Peruvian nutmeg, the aromatic seed of a South American tree (Laurelia sempervirens). — Plume nutmeg (Bot.), a spicy tree of Australia (Atherosperma moschata).

Nut´megged , a. Seasoned with nutmeg.

Nut´peck•er , n. (Zoöl.) The nuthatch.

Nu´tri•a , n. [Sp. nutria an otter, fr. L. lutra, lytra.] The fur of the coypu. See Coypu.

Nu•tri•ca´tion , n. [L. nutricatio, fr. nutricare, nutricari, to suckle, nourish, fr. nutrix a nurse.] The act or manner of feeding. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Nu´tri•ent , a. [L. nutriens, p. pr. of nutrire. See Nourish.] Nutritious; nourishing; promoting growth. — n. Any substance which has nutritious qualities, i. e., which nourishes or promotes growth.

Nu´tri•ment , n. [L. nutrimentum, fr. nutrire to nourish. See Nourish.] 1. That which nourishes; anything which promotes growth and repairs the natural waste of animal or vegetable life; food; aliment. “The stomach returns what it has received, in strength and nutriment diffused into all parts of the body.” South. 2. That which promotes development or growth. “Is not virtue in mankind
The nutriment that feeds the mind ?” Swift.

Nu•tri•men´tal , a. Nutritious.

Nu•tri´tial , a. Pertaining to, or connected with, nutrition; nutritious. [Obs.] Chapman.

Nu•tri´tion , n. [Cf. F. nutrition. See Nutritious.] 1. (Physiol.) In the broadest sense, a process or series of processes by which the living organism as a whole (or its component parts or organs) is maintained in its normal condition of life and growth. In this wide sense it comprehends digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, etc., in fact all of the steps by which the nutritive matter of the food is fitted for incorporation with the different tissues, and the changes which it undergoes after its assimilation, prior to its excretion. See Metabolism. 2. (Physiol.) In a more limited sense, the process by which the living tissues take up, from the blood, matters necessary either for their repair or for the performance of their healthy functions. 3. That which nourishes; nutriment. “Fixed like a plant, on his peculiar spot,
To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot.” Pope.

Nu•tri´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to nutrition; as nutritional changes.

Nu•tri´tious , a. [L. nutricius, nutritius, from nutrix, -icis, a nurse, nutrire to nourish. See Nurse, Nourish.] Nourishing; promoting growth, or preventing decay; alimental. — Nu•tri´tious•ly, adv. — Nu•tri´tious•ness, n.

Nu´tri•tive , a. [Cf. F. nutritif.] Of or pertaining to nutrition; as the nutritive functions; having the quality of nourishing; nutritious; nutrimental; alimental; as nutritive food or berries. Nutritive plasma. (Biol.) See Idioplasma. — Nutritive polyp (Zoöl.), any one of the zooids of a compound hydroid, or coral, which has a mouth and digestive cavity. — Nu´tri•tive•ly, adv. — Nu´tri•tive•ness, n.

Nu´tri•ture , n. [L. nutritura, fr. nutrir to nourish.] Nutrition; nourishment. [Obs.] Harvey.

Nut´shell , n. 1. The shell or hard external covering in which the kernel of a nut is inclosed. 2. Hence, a thing of little compass, or of little value. 3. (Zoöl.) A shell of the genus Nucula. To be, or lie, in a nutshell, to be within a small compass; to admit of very brief or simple determination or statement. ´The remedy lay in a nutshell.´ Macaulay.

Nut´ter , n. A gatherer of nuts.

Nut´ting , n. The act of gathering nuts.

Nut´ty , a. 1. Abounding in nuts. 2. Having a flavor like that of nuts; as nutty wine.

Nux• vom´i•ca [NL., fr. L. nux nut + vomere to vomit.] The seed of Strychnos Nuxvomica, a tree which abounds on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of the East Indies. From this seed the deadly poisons known as strychnine and brucine are obtained. The seeds are sometimes called Quaker buttons.

Nuz´zle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nuzzied p. pr. & vb. n. Nuzzling ] [See Noursle.] 1. To noursle or nurse; to foster; to bring up. [Obs.] “The people had been nuzzled in idolatry.” Milton. 2. [Perh. a corruption of nestle. Cf. Nustle.] To nestle; to house, as in a nest.

Nuz´zle , v. i. [Dim. fr. nose. See Nozzle.] 1. To work with the nose, like a swine in the mud. “And nuzzling in his flank, the loving swine
Sheathed, unaware, the tusk in his soft groin.” Shak. “He charged through an army of lawyers, sometimes … nuzzling like an eel in the mud.” Arbuthnot. 2. To go with head poised like a swine, with nose down. “Sir Roger shook his ears, and nuzzled along.” Arbuthnot. 3. [Cf. Nuzzle, v. t., 2.] To hide the head, as a child in the mother’s bosom; to nestle. 4. To loiter; to idle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ny [Contr. fr. ne I.] Not I; nor I. [Obs.] { Ny , Nye }, a. & adv. Nigh. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ny´as , n. See Nias.

Nyc•ta•lo´pi•a , n. [L. nyctalopia, fr. nyctalops a nyctalops, Gr. . Gr. meant, a person affected either with day blindness or with night blindness, and in the former case was derived fr. , , night + , , the eye; in the latter, fr. + blind + .] (Med.) (a) A disease of the eye, in consequence of which the patient can see well in a faint light or at twilight, but is unable to see during the day or in a strong light; day blindness. (b) See Moonblink. Some writers (as Quain) use the word in the opposite sense, night blindness. See Hemeralopia.

Nyc´ta•lops , n. [L., from Gr. .] One afflicted with nyctalopia.

Nyc´ta•lo•py , n. Same as Nyctalopia.

Nyc•the´me•ron , n. [Gr. ; , , night + day.] The natural day and night, or space of twenty-four hours.

Nyc´ti•bune , n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird of the genus Nyctibius, allied to the goatsuckers.

Nyc•ti•trop´ic , a. [From Gr. , , night + turning.] (Bot.) Turning or bending at night into special positions. Nyctitropic movements of plants usually consist in a folding or drooping of the leaves, the advantage being in lessening the radiation of heat.

Nyc´to•phile , n. [Gr. , , night + to love.] (Zoöl.) Any Australian bat of the genus Nyctophilus, having a very simple nasal appendage.

Nye , n. [Prob. fr. F. nid nest, brood, L. nidus nest. See Nest, and cf. Eye brood, Nide.] A brood or flock of pheasants.

Ny•en´tek , n. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal (Helictis moscatus, or H. orientalis), native of Eastern Asia and the Indies. It has a dorsal white stripe, and another one across the shoulders. It has a strong musky odor. { Nyl´ghau , Nyl´gau } , n. [Hind. & Per. nilgaw, prop., a blue cow; Per. nil blue + gaw cow. See Lilac, and Cow the animal.] (Zoöl.) A large Asiatic antelope (Boselaphus, or Portax, tragocamelus), found in Northern India. It has short horns, a black mane, and a bunch of long hair on the throat. The general color is grayish brown. [Written also neelghau, nilgau, and nylghaie.]

Nymph , n. [L. nympha nymph, bride, young woman, Gr. : cf. F. nymphe. Cf. Nuptial.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A goddess of the mountains, forests, meadows, or waters. “Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless deep
Closed o’er the head of your loved Lycidas ?” Milton. 2. Hence: A lovely young girl; a maiden; a damsel. “Nymph, in thy orisons
Be all my sins remembered.” Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) The pupa of an insect; a chrysalis. 4. (Zoöl.) Any one of a subfamily (Najades) of butterflies including the purples, the fritillaries, the peacock butterfly, etc.; — called also naiad.

Nym´pha , n.; pl. Nymphae (#). [L. See Nymph a goddess.] 1. (Zoöl.) Same as Nymph, 3. 2. pl. (Anat.) Two folds of mucous membrane, within the labia, at the opening of the vulva.

Nym•phae´a , n. [L., the water lily, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of aquatic plants having showy flowers (white, blue, pink, or yellow, often fragrant), including the white water lily and the Egyptia lotus. Recent critics have endeavored to show that this genus should be called Castalia, and the name Nymphaea transferred to what is now known as Nuphar.

Nymph´al , a. Of or pertaining to a nymph or nymphs; nymphean.

Nym•pha´les , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extensive family of butterflies including the nymphs, the satyrs, the monarchs, the heliconias and others; — called also brush-footed butterflies.

Nym•phe´an , a. [Gr. . See Nymph.] Of, pertaining to, or appropriate to, nymphs; inhabited by nymphs; as a nymphean cave.

Nymph´et , n. A little or young nymph. [Poetic] ´The nymphets sporting there.´ Drayton. { Nymph´ic , Nymph´ic•al } a. [Gr. bridal.] Of or pertaining to nymphs.

Nym•phip´a•rous , a. [Nymph + L. parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Producing pupas or nymphs.

Nymph´ish , a. Relating to nymphs; ladylike. ´Nymphish war.´ Drayton. { Nymph´like• , Nymph´ly } a. Resembling, or characteristic of, a nymph.

Nym´pho•lep•sy , n. [Gr. a nymph + to seize.] A species of demoniac enthusiasm or possession coming upon one who had accidentally looked upon a nymph; ecstasy. [R.] De Quincey. “The nympholepsy of some fond despair.” Byron.

Nym•pho•lep´tic , a. Under the influence of nympholepsy; ecstatic; frenzied. [Poetic]

Nym•pho•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. a bride + madness.] (Med.) Morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in women, constituting a true disease.

Nym´pho•ma•ny , n. [Cf. F. nymphomanie.] (Med.) Same as Nymphomania.

Nym•phot´o•my , n. [Nympha + Gr. to cut.] (Med.) Excision of the nymphae.

Nys Is not. See Nis. Chaucer. Spenser.

Nys•tag´mus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. drowsiness, fr. to nod in sleep, to slumber.] (Med.) A rapid involuntary oscillation of the eyeballs.

Ny•u´la , n. (Zoöl.) A species of ichneumon (Herpestes nyula). Its fur is beautifully variegated by closely set zigzag markings. O.

O (o). 1. O, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet, derives its form, value, and name from the Greek O, through the Latin. The letter came into the Greek from the Phœnician, which possibly derived it ultimately from the Egyptian. Etymologically, the letter o is most closely related to a, e, and u; as in E. bone, AS. ban; E. stone, AS. stan; E. broke, AS. brecan to break; E. bore, AS. beran to bear; E. dove, AS. dufe; E. toft, tuft; tone, tune; number, F. nombre. The letter o has several vowel sounds, the principal of which are its long sound, as in bone, its short sound, as in nod, and the sounds heard in the words orb, son, do (feod), and wolf (book). In connection with the other vowels it forms several digraphs and diphthongs. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 107-129. 2. Among the ancients, O was a mark of triple time, from the notion that the ternary, or number 3, is the most perfect of numbers, and properly expressed by a circle, the most perfect figure. O was also anciently used to represent 11: with a dash over it 11,000.

O (o), n.; pl. O’s or Oes (oz). 1. The letter O, or its sound. ´Mouthing out his hollow oes and aes.´ Tennyson. 2. Something shaped like the letter O; a circle or oval. ´This wooden O [Globe Theater]´. Shak. 3. A cipher; zero. [R.] “Thou art an O without a figure.” Shak.

O’. [Ir. o a descendant.] A prefix to Irish family names, which signifies grandson or descendant of, and is a character of dignity; as O’Neil, O’Carrol.

O’ (o; unaccented o), prep. A shortened form of of or on. ´At the turning o’ the tide.´ Shak.

O (o), a. [See One.] One. [Obs.] Chaucer. ´Alle thre but o God.´ Piers Plowman.

O , interj. An exclamation used in calling or directly addressing a person or personified object; also as an emotional or impassioned exclamation expressing pain, grief, surprise, desire, fear, etc. “For ever, O Lord, thy word is settled in heaven.” Ps. cxix. 89. “O how love I thy law ! it is my meditation all the day.” Ps. cxix. 97. O is frequently followed by an ellipsis and that, an in expressing a wish: ´O [I wish] that Ishmael might live before thee !´ Gen. xvii. 18; or in expressions of surprise, indignation, or regret: ´O [it is sad] that such eyes should e’er meet other object !´ Sheridan Knowles. A distinction between the use of O and oh is insisted upon by some, namely, that O should be used only in direct address to a person or personified object, and should never be followed by the exclamation point, while Oh (or oh) should be used in exclamations where no direct appeal or address to an object is made, and may be followed by the exclamation point or not, according to the nature or construction of the sentence. Some insist that oh should be used only as an interjection expressing strong feeling. The form O, however, is, it seems, the one most commonly employed for both uses by modern writers and correctors for the press. ´O, I am slain !´ Shak. ´O what a fair and ministering angel !´ ´O sweet angel !´ Longfellow. “O for a kindling touch from that pure flame !” Wordsworth. “But she is in her grave, — and oh
The difference to me !” Wordsworth. “Oh for a lodge in some vast wilderness !” Cowper. “We should distinguish between the sign of the vocative and the emotional interjection, writing O for the former, and oh for the latter.” Earle. O dear, ∧ O dear me! [corrupted fr. F. O Dieu! or It. O Dio! O God! O Dio mio! O my God! Wyman.], exclamations expressive of various emotions, but usually promoted by surprise, consternation, grief, pain, etc.

Oad (od), n. See Woad. [Obs.] Coles.

Oaf (of), n. [See Auf.] Originally, an elf’s child; a changeling left by fairies or goblins; hence, a deformed or foolish child; a simpleton; an idiot.

Oaf´ish, a. Like an oaf; simple. — Oaf´ish•ness, n.

Oak (ok), n. [OE. oke, ok, ak, AS. ac; akin to D. eik, G. eiche, OHG. eih, Icel. eik, Sw. ek, Dan. eeg.] 1. (Bot.) Any tree or shrub of the genus Quercus. The oaks have alternate leaves, often variously lobed, and staminate flowers in catkins. The fruit is a smooth nut, called an acorn, which is more or less inclosed in a scaly involucre called the cup or cupule. There are now recognized about three hundred species, of which nearly fifty occur in the United States, the rest in Europe, Asia, and the other parts of North America, a very few barely reaching the northern parts of South America and Africa. Many of the oaks form forest trees of grand proportions and live many centuries. The wood is usually hard and tough, and provided with conspicuous medullary rays, forming the silver grain. 2. The strong wood or timber of the oak. Among the true oaks in America are: Barren oak, or Black-jack, Q. nigra. — Basket oak, Q. Michauxii. — Black oak, Q. tinctoria; — called also yellow or quercitron oak. — Bur oak (see under Bur.), Q. macrocarpa; — called also over-cup or mossy-cup oak. — Chestnut oak, Q. Prinus and Q. densiflora. — Chinquapin oak (see under Chinquapin), Q. prinoides. — Coast live oak, Q. agrifolia, of California; — also called enceno. — Live oak (see under Live), Q. virens, the best of all for shipbuilding; also Q. Chrysolepis, of California. — Pin oak. Same as Swamp oak. - - Post oak, Q. obtusifolia. — Red oak, Q. rubra. — Scarlet oak, Q. coccinea. — Scrub oak, Q. ilicifolia, Q. undulata, etc. — Shingle oak, Q. imbricaria. — Spanish oak, Q. falcata. — Swamp Spanish oak, or Pin oak, Q. palustris. — Swamp white oak, Q. bicolor. — Water oak, Q. aguatica. — Water white oak, Q. lyrata. — Willow oak, Q. Phellos. Among the true oaks in Europe are: Bitter oak, or Turkey oak, Q. Cerris (see Cerris). — Cork oak, Q. Suber. — English white oak, Q. Robur. — Evergreen oak, Holly oak, or Holm oak, Q. Ilex. — Kermes oak, Q. coccifera. — Nutgall oak, Q. infectoria. Among plants called oak, but not of the genus Quercus, are: African oak, a valuable timber tree (Oldfieldia Africana). — Australian, or She, oak, any tree of the genus Casuarina (see Casuarina). — Indian oak, the teak tree (see Teak). — Jerusalem oak. See under Jerusalem. — New Zealand oak, a sapindaceous tree (Alectryon excelsum). — Poison oak, the poison ivy. See under Poison. — Silky, or Silk-bark, oak, an Australian tree (Grevillea robusta). Green oak, oak wood colored green by the growth of the mycelium of certain fungi. — Oak apple, a large, smooth, round gall produced on the leaves of the American red oak by a gallfly (Cynips confluens). It is green and pulpy when young. — Oak beauty (Zoöl.), a British geometrid moth (Biston prodromaria) whose larva feeds on the oak. — Oak gall, a gall found on the oak. See 2d Gall. — Oak leather (Bot.), the mycelium of a fungus which forms leatherlike patches in the fissures of oak wood. — Oak pruner. (Zoöl.) See Pruner, the insect. — Oak spangle, a kind of gall produced on the oak by the insect Diplolepis lenticularis. — Oak wart, a wartlike gall on the twigs of an oak. — The Oaks, one of the three great annual English horse races (the Derby and St. Leger being the others). It was instituted in 1779 by the Earl of Derby, and so called from his estate. — To sport one’s oak, to be ´not at home to visitors,´ signified by closing the outer (oaken) door of one’s rooms. [Cant, Eng. Univ.]

Oak´en , a. [AS. acen.] Made or consisting of oaks or of the wood of oaks. ´In oaken bower.´ Milton. “Oaken timber, wherewith to build ships.” Bacon.

Oak´er , n. See Ocher. [Obs.] Spenser.

Oak´ling , n. A young oak. Evelyn.

Oak´um , n. [AS. acumba; pref. (cf.G. er-, Goth. us-, orig. meaning, out) + cemban to comb, camb comb. See Comb.] 1. The material obtained by untwisting and picking into loose fiber old hemp ropes; — used for calking the seams of ships, stopping leaks, etc. 2. The coarse portion separated from flax or hemp in nackling. Knight. White oakum, that made from untarred rope.

Oak´y , n. Resembling oak; strong. Bp. Hall.

Oar , n [AS. ar; akin to Icel. ar, Dan. aare, Sw. åra; perh. akin to E. row, v. Cf. Rowlock.] 1. An implement for impelling a boat, being a slender piece of timber, usually ash or spruce, with a grip or handle at one end and a broad blade at the other. The part which rests in the rowlock is called the loom. An oar is a kind of long paddle, which swings about a kind of fulcrum, called a rowlock, fixed to the side of the boat. 2. An oarsman; a rower; as he is a good oar. 3. (Zoöl.) An oarlike swimming organ of various invertebrates. Oar cock (Zoöl), the water rail. [Prov. Eng.] — Spoon oar, an oar having the blade so curved as to afford a better hold upon the water in rowing. — To boat the oars, to cease rowing, and lay the oars in the boat. — To feather the oars. See under Feather., v. t. — To lie on the oars, to cease pulling, raising the oars out of water, but not boating them; to cease from work of any kind; to be idle; to rest. — To muffle the oars, to put something round that part which rests in the rowlock, to prevent noise in rowing. — To put in one’s oar, to give aid or advice; — commonly used of a person who obtrudes aid or counsel not invited. — To ship the oars, to place them in the rowlocks. — To toss the oars, To peak the oars, to lift them from the rowlocks and hold them perpendicularly, the handle resting on the bottom of the boat. - - To trail oars, to allow them to trail in the water alongside of the boat. — To unship the oars, to take them out of the rowlocks.

Oar, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Oared p. pr. & vb. n. Oaring.] To row. ´Oared himself.´ Shak. “Oared with laboring arms.” Pope.

Oared , a. 1. Furnished with oars; — chiefly used in composition; as a four- oared boat. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having feet adapted for swimming. (b) Totipalmate; — said of the feet of certain birds. See Illust. of Aves. Oared shrew (Zoöl.), an aquatic European shrew (Crossopus ciliatus); — called also black water shrew.

Oar´fish (or´fish•), n. (Zoöl.) The ribbon fish.

Oar´foot (-f&oomcr;t•), n. (Zoöl.) Any crustacean of the genus Remipes.

Oar´-foot•ed a. Having feet adapted for swimming.

Oar´less, a. Without oars. Sylvester.

Oar´lock (or´lok•), n. (Naut.), The notch, fork, or other device on the gunwale of a boat, in which the oar rests in rowing. See Rowlock.

Oars´man (orz´man), n.; pl. Oarsmen (-men). One who uses, or is skilled in the use of, an oar; a rower. “At the prow of the boat, rose one of the oarsmen.” Longfellow.

Oars´weed (or´wed•), n. (Bot.) Any large seaweed of the genus Laminaria; tangle; kelp. See Kelp.

Oar´y (or´y), a. Having the form or the use of an oar; as the swan’s oary feet. Milton. Addison.

O´as•is (o´a•sis or o•a´sis; 277), n.; pl. Oases (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. ’o•asis; cf. Copt. ouahe.] A fertile or green spot in a waste or desert, esp. in a sandy desert. “My one oasis in the dust and drouth
Of city life.” Tennyson.

Oast (ost), n. [OE. ost, AS. ast; cf. Gr. a’i^qos burning heat.] A kiln to dry hops or malt; a cockle. Mortimer.

Oat (ot), n.; pl. Oats (ots). [OE. ote, ate, AS. ata, akin to Fries. oat. Of uncertain origin.] 1. (Bot.) A well-known cereal grass (Avena sativa), and its edible grain; — commonly used in the plural and in a collective sense. 2. A musical pipe made of oat straw. [Obs.] Milton. Animated oats or Animal oats (Bot.), A grass (Avena sterilis) much like oats, but with a long spirally twisted awn which coils and uncoils with changes of moisture, and thus gives the grains an apparently automatic motion. — Oat fowl (Zoöl.), the snow bunting; — so called from its feeding on oats. [Prov. Eng.] — Oat grass (Bot.), the name of several grasses more or less resembling oats, as Danthonia spicata, D. sericea, and Arrhenatherum avenaceum, all common in parts of the United States. — To feel one’s oats, to be conceited ro self-important. [Slang] — To sow one’s wild oats, to indulge in youthful dissipation. Thackeray. — Wild oats (Bot.), a grass (Avena fatua) much resembling oats, and by some persons supposed to be the original of cultivated oats.

Oat´cake , n. A cake made of oatmeal.

Oat´en , a. 1. Consisting of an oat straw or stem; as an oaten pipe. Milton. 2. Made of oatmeal; as oaten cakes.

Oath (oth), n.; pl. Oaths (othz). [OE. othe, oth, ath, AS. að; akin to D. eed, OS. eð, G. eid, Icel. eiðr, Sw. ed, Dan. eed, Goth. aiþs; cf. OIr. oeth.] 1. A solemn affirmation or declaration, made with a reverent appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. ´I have an oath in heaven´ Shak. “An oath of secrecy for the concealing of those [inventions] which we think fit to keep secret.” Bacon. 2. A solemn affirmation, connected with a sacred object, or one regarded as sacred, as the temple, the altar, the blood of Abel, the Bible, the Koran, etc. 3. (Law) An appeal (in verification of a statement made) to a superior sanction, in such a form as exposes the party making the appeal to an indictment for perjury if the statement be false. 4. A careless and blasphemous use of the name of the divine Being, or anything divine or sacred, by way of appeal or as a profane exclamation or ejaculation; an expression of profane swearing. ´A terrible oath´ Shak.

Oath´a•ble , a. Capable of having an oath administered to. [Obs.] Shak.

Oath´break•ing , n. The violation of an oath; perjury. Shak

Oat´meal , n. 1. Meal made of oats. Gay. 2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Panicum; panic grass.

Ob- [L. ob, prep. Cf. Epi-.] A prefix signifying to, toward, before, against, reversely, etc.; also as a simple intensive; as in oblige, to bind to; obstacle, something standing before; object, lit., to throw against; obovate, reversely, ovate. Ob- is commonly assimilated before c, f, g, and p, to oc-, of-, og-, and op- .

Ob´com•pressed´ a. [Pref. ob- + compressed.] Compressed or flattened antero- posteriorly, or in a way opposite to the usual one. { Ob•con´ic , Ob•con´ic•al } a. [Pref. ob- + conic, conical.] Conical, but having the apex downward; inversely conical.

Ob•cor´date , a. [Pref. ob- + cordate.] Heart-shaped, with the attachment at the pointed end; inversely cordate: as an obcordate petal or leaf.

Ob•dip•lo•stem´o•nous , a. [Pref. ob- + diplostemonous.] (Bot.) Having twice as many stamens as petals, those of the outer set being opposite the petals; — said of flowers. Gray.

Ob•dip´lo•stem´o•ny , n. (Bot.) The condition of being obdiplostemonous.

Ob´dor•mi´tion , n. [L. obdormire to fall asleep.] Sleep. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ob•duce´ , v. t. [L. obducere, obductum; ob (see Ob-) + ducere to lead.] To draw over, as a covering. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Ob•duct´ , v. t. [See Obduce.] To draw over; to cover. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ob•duc´tion , n. [L. obductio.] The act of drawing or laying over, as a covering. [Obs.]

Ob´du•ra•cy , n. The duality or state of being obdurate; invincible hardness of heart; obstinacy. ´Obduracy and persistency.´ Shak. “The absolute completion of sin in final obduracy.” South.

Ob´du•rate , a. [L. obduratus, p. p. of obdurare to harden; ob (see Ob-)+ durare to harden, durus hard. See Dure.] 1. Hardened in feelings, esp. against moral or mollifying influences; unyielding; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked. “The very custom of evil makes the heart obdurate against whatsoever instructions to the contrary.” Hooker. “Art thou obdurate, flinty, hard as steel, Nay, more than flint, for stone at rain relenteth?” Shak. 2. Hard; harsh; rugged; rough; intractable. ´Obdurate consonants.´ Swift. Sometimes accented on the second syllable, especially by the older poets. “There is no flesh in man’s obdurate heart.” Cowper. Syn. — Hard; firm; unbending; inflexible; unyielding; stubborn; obstinate; impenitent; callous; unfeeling; insensible; unsusceptible. — Obdurate, Callous, Hardened. Callous denotes a deadening of the sensibilities; as. a callous conscience. Hardened implies a general and settled disregard for the claims of interest, duty, and sympathy; as hardened in vice. Obdurate implies an active resistance of the heart and will aganst the pleadings of compassion and humanity. — Ob´du•rate•ly (#), adv. — Ob´du•rate•ness, n.

Ob´du•rate , v. t. To harden. [Obs.]

Ob´du•ra´tion , n. [L. obduratio.] A hardening of the heart; hardness of heart. [Obs.]

Ob•dure´ (ob•dur´), v. t. To harden. [Obs.] Milton. { Ob•dure´ (ob•dur´), Ob•dured´ (ob•durd´), } a. Obdurate; hard. [Obs.] “This saw his hapless foes, but stood obdured.” Milton. { Ob•dure´ness, n., Ob•dur´ed•ness , n.} Hardness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ob´e (o´be), n. See Obi.

O•be´ah n. Same as Obi. — a. Of or pertaining to obi; as the obeah man. B. Edwards.

O•be´di•ble , a. Obedient. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

O•be´di•ence , n. [F. obedience, L. obedientia, oboedientia. See Obedient, and cf. Obeisance.] 1. The act of obeying, or the state of being obedient; compliance with that which is required by authority; subjection to rightful restraint or control. “Government must compel the obedience of individuals.” Ames. 2. Words or actions denoting submission to authority; dutifulness. Shak. 3. (Eccl.) (a) A following; a body of adherents; as the Roman Catholic obedience, or the whole body of persons who submit to the authority of the pope. (b) A cell (or offshoot of a larger monastery) governed by a prior. (c) One of the three monastic vows. Shipley. (d) The written precept of a superior in a religious order or congregation to a subject. Canonical obedience. See under Canonical. — Passive obedience. See under Passive.

O•be•di•en´ci•a•ry , n. One yielding obedience. [Obs.] Foxe.

O•be´di•ent , a. [OF. obedient, L. obediens, oboediens, -entis. p. pr. of obedire, oboedire, to obey. See Obey.] Subject in will or act to authority; willing to obey; submissive to restraint, control, or command. “And floating straight, obedient to the stream.” Shak. “The chief his orders gives; the obedient band,
With due observance, wait the chief’s command.” Pope. Syn. — Dutiful; respectful; compliant; submissive.

O•be•di•en´tial , a. [Cf. F. obedientiel.] According to the rule of obedience. [R.] “An obediental subjection to the Lord of Nature.” Sir M. Hale.

O•be´di•ent•ly , adv. In an obedient manner; with obedience.

O•bei´sance , n. [F. obeissance obedience, fr. obeissant. See Obey, and cf. Obedience, Abaisance.] 1. Obedience. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A manifestation of obedience; an expression of difference or respect; homage; a bow; a courtesy. “Bathsheba bowed and did obeisance unto the king.” 1 Kings i. 16.

O•bei´san•cy , n. See Obeisance. [Obs.]

O•bei´sant , a. [F. obeissant, p. pr. of obeir to obey.] Ready to obey; reverent; differential; also servilely submissive.

O•be´li•on , n. [NL., from Gr. a spit.] (Anat.) The region of the skull between the two parietal foramina where the closure of the sagittal suture usually begins.

Ob•e•lis´cal , a. Formed like an obelisk.

Ob´e•lisk , n. [L. obeliscus, Gr. , dim. of a spit, a pointed pillar: cf. F. obelisque.] 1. An upright, four- sided pillar, gradually tapering as it rises, and terminating in a pyramid called pyramidion. It is ordinarily monolithic. Egyptian obelisks are commonly covered with hieroglyphic writing from top to bottom. 2. (Print.) A mark of reference; — called also dagger [†]. See Dagger, n., 2.

Ob´e•lisk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obelisked p. pr. & vb. n. Obelisking.] To mark or designate with an obelisk.

Ob´e•lize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obelized p. pr. & vb. n. Obelizing ] [Gr. , fr. ’obelo•s. See Obelus.] To designate with an obelus; to mark as doubtful or spirituous. [R.]

Ob´e•lus , n.; pl. Obeli (#). [L., fr. Gr. ’obelo•s, prop., a spit.] (Print.) A mark [thus —, or ÷]; — so called as resembling a needle. In old MSS. or editions of the classics, it marks suspected passages or readings.

Ob•eq´ui•tate , v. i. [L. obequitatus, p. p. of obequitare to ride about.] To ride about. [Obs.] — Ob•eq•ui•ta´tion (#), n. [Obs.] Cockerman.

Ob´er•on (ob´er•on), n. [F., fr. OF. Auberon; prob. of Frankish origin.] (Mediaeval Mythol.) The king of the fairies, and husband of Titania or Queen Mab. Shak.

Ob•er•ra´tion , n. [L. oberrate to wander about.] A wandering about. [Obs.] Jonhson.

O•bese´ a. [L. obesus eaten away, lean; also that has eaten itself fat, fat, stout, p. p. of obedere to devour; ob (see Ob-) + edere to eat. See Eat.] Excessively corpulent; fat; fleshy.

O•bese´ness, n. Quality of being obese; obesity.

O•bes´i•ty , n.[L. obesitas: cf.F. obesite.] The state or quality of being obese; incumbrance of flesh.

O•bey´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obeyed p. pr. & vb. n. Obeying.] [OE. obeyen, F. obeir, fr. L. obedire, oboedire; ob (see Ob-) + audire to hear. See Audible, and cf. Obeisance.] 1. To give ear to; to execute the commands of; to yield submission to; to comply with the orders of. “Children, obey your parents in the Lord.” Eph. vi. 1. “Was she the God, that her thou didst obey?” Milton. 2. To submit to the authority of; to be ruled by. “My will obeyed his will.” Chaucer. “Afric and India shall his power obey.” Dryden. 3. To yield to the impulse, power, or operation of; as a ship obeys her helm.

O•bey´, v. i. To give obedience. “Will he obey when one commands?” Tennyson. By some old writers obey was used, as in the French idiom, with the preposition to. “His servants ye are, to whom ye obey.” Rom. vi. 16. “He commanded the trumpets to sound: to which the two brave knights obeying, they performed their courses.” Sir. P. Sidney.

O•bey´er , n. One who yields obedience. Holland.

O•bey´ing•ly, adv. Obediently; submissively. { Ob•firm´ , Ob•firm´ate } v. t. [L. obfirmatus, p. p. of obfirmare to make steadfast. See Ob-, and Firm, v. t.] To make firm; to harden in resolution. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Sheldon.

Ob´fir•ma´tion , n. [LL. obfirmatio.] Hardness of heart; obduracy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ob•fus´cate , a. [L. obfuscatus, p. p. of obfuscare to darken; ob (see Ob-) + fuscare, fuscatum, to darken, from fuscus dark.] Obfuscated; darkened; obscured. [Obs.] [Written also offuscate.] Sir. T. Elyot.

Ob•fus´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obfuscated p. pr. & vb. n. Obfuscating.] To darken; to obscure; to becloud; hence, to confuse; to bewilder. “His head, like a smokejack, the funnel unswept, and the ideas whirling round and round about in it, all obfuscated and darkened over with fuliginous matter.” Sterne. “Clouds of passion which might obfuscate the intellects of meaner females.” Sir. W. Scott.

Ob•fus•ca´tion , n. [L. obfuscatio.] The act of darkening or bewildering; the state of being darkened. ´Obfuscation of the cornea.´ E. Darwin.

O´bi , n. [Prob. of African origin.] 1. A species of sorcery, probably of African origin, practiced among the negroes of the West Indies. [Written also obe and obeah.] De Quincey. B. Edwards. 2. A charm or fetich. [West Indies] B. Edwards.

Ob•im´bri•cate , a. [Pref. ob- + imbricate.] (Bot.) Imbricated, with the overlapping ends directed downward.

O´bit , n. [OF. obit, L. obitus, fr. obire to go against, to go to meet, (sc. mortem) to die; ob (see Ob-) + ire to go. See Issue.] 1. Death; decease; the date of one’s death. Wood. 2. A funeral solemnity or office; obsequies. 3. A service for the soul of a deceased person on the anniversary of the day of his death. “The emoluments and advantages from oblations, obits, and other sources, increased in value.” Milman. Post obit [L. post obitum]. See Post-obit.

Ob´i•ter , adv. [L., on the way; ob (see Ob-) + iter a going, a walk, way.] In passing; incidentally; by the way. Obiter dictum (Law), an incidental and collateral opinion uttered by a judge. See Dictum, n., 2 (a).

O•bit´u•al , a. [L. obitus death. See Obit.] Of or pertaining to obits, or days when obits are celebrated; as obitual days. Smart.

O•bit´u•a•ri•ly , adv. In the manner of an obituary.

O•bit´u•a•ry , a. [See Obit.] Of or pertaining to the death of a person or persons; as an obituary notice; obituary poetry.

O•bit´u•a•ry, n.; pl. Obituaries (#). [Cf. F. obituaire. See Obit.] 1. That which pertains to, or is called forth by, the obit or death of a person; esp., an account of a deceased person; a notice of the death of a person, accompanied by a biographical sketch. 2. (R.C.Ch.) A list of the dead, or a register of anniversary days when service is performed for the dead.

Ob•ject´ (ob•jekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Objected; p. pr. & vb. n. Objecting.] [L. objectus, p. p. of objicere, obicere, to throw or put before, to oppose; ob (see Ob-) + jacere to throw: cf. objecter. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To set before or against; to bring into opposition; to oppose. [Obs.] “Of less account some knight thereto object,
Whose loss so great and harmful can not prove.” Fairfax. “Some strong impediment or other objecting itself.” Hooker. “Pallas to their eyes
The mist objected, and condensed the skies.” Pope. 2. To offer in opposition as a criminal charge or by way of accusation or reproach; to adduce as an objection or adverse reason. “He gave to him to object his heinous crime.” Spencer. “Others object the poverty of the nation.” Addison. “The book … giveth liberty to object any crime against such as are to be ordered.” Whitgift.

Ob•ject´, v. i. To make opposition in words or argument; — usually followed by to. Sir. T. More.

Ob´ject (ob´jekt), n. [L. objectus. See Object, v. t.] 1. That which is put, or which may be regarded as put, in the way of some of the senses; something visible or tangible; as he observed an object in the distance; all the objects in sight; he touched a strange object in the dark. 2. That which is set, or which may be regarded as set, before the mind so as to be apprehended or known; that of which the mind by any of its activities takes cognizance, whether a thing external in space or a conception formed by the mind itself; as an object of knowledge, wonder, fear, thought, study, etc. “Object is a term for that about which the knowing subject is conversant; what the schoolmen have styled the ´materia circa quam.´” Sir. W. Hamilton. “The object of their bitterest hatred.” Macaulay. 3. That by which the mind, or any of its activities, is directed; that on which the purpose are fixed as the end of action or effort; that which is sought for; end; aim; motive; final cause. “Object, beside its proper signification, came to be abusively applied to denote motive, end, final cause … . This innovation was probably borrowed from the French.” Sir. W. Hamilton. “Let our object be, our country, our whole country, and nothing but our country.” D. Webster. 4. Sight; show; appearance; aspect. [Obs.] Shak. “He, advancing close
Up to the lake, past all the rest, arose
In glorious object.” Chapman. 5. (Gram.) A word, phrase, or clause toward which an action is directed, or is considered to be directed; as the object of a transitive verb. Object glass, the lens, or system of lenses, placed at the end of a telescope, microscope, etc., which is toward the object. Its office is to form an image of the object, which is then viewed by the eyepiece. Called also objective. See Illust. of Microscope. — Object lesson, a lesson in which object teaching is made use of. — Object staff. (Leveling) Same as Leveling staff. — Object teaching, a method of instruction, in which illustrative objects are employed, each new word or idea being accompanied by a representation of that which it signifies; — used especially in the kindergarten, for young children.

Ob•ject´ , a. [L. objectus, p. p.] Opposed; presented in opposition; also exposed. [Obs.]

Ob•ject´a•ble , a. Such as can be presented in opposition; that may be put forward as an objection. [R.]

Ob•jec´ti•fy , v. t. [Object + -fy.] To cause to become an object; to cause to assume the character of an object; to render objective. J. D. Morell.

Ob•jec´tion , n. [L. objectio: cf. F. objection.] 1. The act of objecting; as to prevent agreement, or action, by objection. Johnson. 2. That which is, or may be, presented in opposition; an adverse reason or argument; a reason for objecting; obstacle; impediment; as I have no objection to going; unreasonable objections. ´Objections against every truth.´ Tyndale. 3. Cause of trouble; sorrow. [Obs. or R.] “He remembers the objection that lies in his bosom, and he sighs deeply.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Exception; difficulty; doubt; scruple.

Ob•jec´tion•a•ble , a. Liable to objection; likely to be objected to or disapproved of; offensive; as objectionable words. — Ob•jec´tion•a•bly, adv.

Ob´ject•ist , n. One who adheres to, or is skilled in, the objective philosophy. Ed. Rev.

Ob•jec´ti•vate , v. t. To objectify.

Ob•jec•ti•va´tion , n. Converting into an object.

Ob•jec´tive , a. [Cf.F. objectif.] 1. Of or pertaining to an object. 2. (Metaph.) Of or pertaining to an object; contained in, or having the nature or position of, an object; outward; external; extrinsic; — an epithet applied to whatever ir exterior to the mind, or which is simply an object of thought or feeling, and opposed to subjective. “In the Middle Ages, subject meant substance, and has this sense in Descartes and Spinoza: sometimes, also in Reid. Subjective is used by William of Occam to denote that which exists independent of mind; objective, what is formed by the mind. This shows what is meant by realitas objectiva in Descartes. Kant and Fichte have inverted the meanings. Subject, with them, is the mind which knows; object, that which is known; subjective, the varying conditions of the knowing mind; objective, that which is in the constant nature of the thing known.” Trendelenburg. “Objective means that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the object known, and not from the subject knowing, and thus denotes what is real, in opposition to that which is ideal - - what exists in nature, in contrast to what exists merely in the thought of the individual.” Sir. W. Hamilton. “Objective has come to mean that which has independent exostence or authority, apart from our experience or thought. Thus, moral law is said to have objective authority, that is, authority belonging to itself, and not drawn from anything in our nature.” Calderwood (Fleming’s Vocabulary). 3. (Gram.) Pertaining to, or designating, the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition, being that case in which the direct object of the verb is placed. See Accusative, n. The objective case is frequently used without a governing word, esp. in designations of time or space, where a preposition, as at, in, on, etc., may be supplied. “My troublous dream [on] this night make me sad.” Shak. “To write of victories [in or for] next year.” Hudibras. Objective line (Perspective), a line drawn on the geometrical plane which is represented or sought to be represented. — Objective plane (Perspective), any plane in the horizontal plane that is represented. — Objective point, the point or result to which the operations of an army are directed. By extension, the point or purpose to which anything, as a journey or an argument, is directed. Syn. — Objective, Subjective. Objective is applied to things exterior to the mind, and objects of its attention; subjective, to the operations of the mind itself. Hence, an objective motive is some outward thing awakening desire; a subjective motive is some internal feeling or propensity. Objective views are those governed by outward things; subjective views are produced or modified by internal feeling. Sir Walter Scott’s poetry is chiefly objective; that of Wordsworth is eminently subjective. “In the philosophy of mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, the ego; objective what belongs to the object of thought, the non- ego.” Sir. W. Hamilton

Ob•jec´tive, n. 1. (Gram.) The objective case. 2. An object glass. See under Object, n. 3. Same as Objective point, under Objective, a.

Ob•jec´tive•ly, adv. In the manner or state of an object; as a determinate idea objectively in the mind.

Ob•jec´tive•ness, n. Objectivity. “Is there such a motion or objectiveness of external bodies, which produceth light?” Sir M. Hale

Ob•jec•tiv´i•ty , n. [Cf.F. objectivite.] The state, quality, or relation of being objective; character of the object or of the objective. “The calm, the cheerfulness, the disinterested objectivity have disappeared [in the life of the Greeks].” M. Arnold.

Ob´ject•ize , v. t. To make an object of; to regard as an object; to place in the position of an object. “In the latter, as objectized by the former, arise the emotions and affections.” Coleridge.

Ob´ject•less, a. Having no object; purposeless.

Ob•ject´or , n. [L., an accuser.] One who objects; one who offers objections to a proposition or measure.

Ob•jib´ways , n. pl. See Chippeways.

Ob•jic´i•ent , n. [L. objiciens, p. pr. of objicere to object.] One who makes objection; an objector. [R.] Cardinal Wiseman.

Ob•ju•ra´tion , n. [L. objurare to bind by oath; ob (see Ob-) + jurare to swear, fr. jus right.] A binding by oath. [R.] Abp. Bramhall.

Ob•jur´gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Objurgated p. pr. & vb. n. Objurgating.] [L. objurgatus, p. p. of objurgare to chide; ob (see Ob-) + jurgare to quarrel, scold, fr. jus right, court. See Jury.] To chide; to reprove.

Ob•jur•ga´tion , n. [L. objurgatio: cf.F. objurgation.] The act of objurgating; reproof. “While the good lady was bestowing this objurgation on Mr. Ben Allen.” Dickens. “With a strong objurgation of the elbow in his ribs.” Landor.

Ob•jur´ga•to•ry , a. [L. objurgatorius.] Designed to objurgate or chide; containing or expressing reproof; culpatory. Bancroft. “The objurgatory question of the Pharisees.” Paley.

Ob•lan´ce•o•late , a. [Pref. ob- + lanceolate.] Lanceolate in the reversed order, that is, narrowing toward the point of attachment more than toward the apex.

Ob•late´ , a. [L. oblatus, used as p. p. of offerre to bring forward, offer, dedicate; ob (see Ob-) + latus borne, for tlatus. See Tolerate.] 1. (Geom.) Flattened or depressed at the poles; as the earth is an oblate spheroid. 2. Offered up; devoted; consecrated; dedicated; — used chiefly or only in the titles of Roman Catholic orders. See Oblate, n. Oblate ellipsoid or spheroid (Geom.), a solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about its minor axis; an oblatum. See Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid.

Ob•late´, n. [From Oblate, a.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) One of an association of priests or religious women who have offered themselves to the service of the church. There are three such associations of priests, and one of women, called oblates. (b) One of the Oblati.

Ob•late´ness, n. The quality or state of being oblate.

Ob•la´ti , n. pl. [LL., fr. L. oblatus. See Oblate.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) Children dedicated in their early years to the monastic state. (b) A class of persons, especially in the Middle Ages, who offered themselves and their property to a monastery. Addis & Arnold.

Ob•la´tion , n. [L. oblatio: cf. F. oblation. See Oblate.] 1. The act of offering, or of making an offering. Locke. 2. Anything offered or presented in worship or sacred service; an offering; a sacrifice. “A peculiar … oblation given to God.” Jer. Taylor. “A pin was the usual oblation.” Sir. W. Scott. 3. A gift or contribution made to a church, as for the expenses of the eucharist, or for the support of the clergy and the poor.

Ob•la´tion•er , n. One who makes an offering as an act worship or reverence. Dr. H. More.

Ob•la´trate , v. i. [L. oblatratus, p. p. of oblatrare to bark against.] To bark or snarl, as a dog. [Obs.]

Ob•la•tra´tion , n. The act of oblatrating; a barking or snarling. Bp. Hall.

Ob•la´tum , n.; pl. Oblata (#). [NL. See Oblate.] (Geom.) An oblate spheroid; a figure described by the revolution of an ellipse about its minor axis. Cf. Oblongum.

Ob•lec´tate , v. t. [L. oblectatus, p. p. of oblectare.] To delight; to please greatly. [Obs.]

Ob´lec•ta´tion , n. [L. oblectatio.] The act of pleasing highly; the state of being greatly pleased; delight. [R.] Feltham.

Ob´li•ga•ble , a. Acknowledging, or complying with, obligation; trustworthy. [R.] “The main difference between people seems to be, that one man can come under obligations on which you can rely, — is obligable; and another is not.” Emerson.

Ob´li•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obligated p. pr. & vb. n. Obligating.] [L. obligatus, p. p. of obligare. See Oblige.] 1. To bring or place under obligation, moral or legal; to hold by a constraining motive. ´Obligated by a sense of duty.´ Proudfit. “That’s your true plan — to obligate
The present ministers of state.” Churchill. 2. To bind or firmly hold to an act; to compel; to constrain; to bind to any act of duty or courtesy by a formal pledge. “That they may not incline or be obligated to any vile or lowly occupations.” Landor.

Ob´li•ga´tion , n. [F. obligation. L. obligatio. See Oblige.] 1. The act of obligating. 2. That which obligates or constrains; the binding power of a promise, contract, oath, or vow, or of law; that which constitutes legal or moral duty. “A tender conscience is a stronger obligation than a proson.” Fuller. 3. Any act by which a person becomes bound to do something to or for anouther, or to forbear something; external duties imposed by law, promise, or contract, by the relations of society, or by courtesy, kindness, etc. “Every man has obligations which belong to his station. Duties extend beyond obligation, and direct the affections, desires, and intentions, as well as the actions.” Whewell. 4. The state of being obligated or bound; the state of being indebted for an act of favor or kindness; as to place others under obligations to one. 5. (Law) A bond with a condition annexed, and a penalty for nonfulfillment. In a larger sense, it is an acknowledgment of a duty to pay a certain sum or do a certain things. Days of obligation. See under Day.

Ob´li•ga´to , a. [It.] See Obbligato.

Ob´li•ga•to•ri•ly , adv. In an obligatory manner; by reason of obligation. Foxe.

Ob´li•ga•to•ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being obligatory.

Ob´li•ga•to•ry , a. [L. obligatorius: cf.F. obligatoire.] Binding in law or conscience; imposing duty or obligation; requiring performance or forbearance of some act; — often followed by on or upon; as obedience is obligatory on a soldier. “As long as the law is obligatory, so long our obedience is due.” Jer. Taylor.

O•blige´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obliged p. pr. & vb. n. Obliging ] [OF. obligier, F. obliger, L. obligare; ob (see Ob-) + ligare to bind. See Ligament, and cf. Obligate.] 1. To attach, as by a bond. [Obs.] “He had obliged all the senators and magistrates firmly to himself.” Bacon. 2. To constrain by physical, moral, or legal force; to put under obligation to do or forbear something. “The obliging power of the law is neither founded in, nor to be measured by, the rewards and punishments annexed to it.” South. “Religion obliges men to the practice of those virtues which conduce to the preservation of our health.” Tillotson. 3. To bind by some favor rendered; to place under a debt; hence, to do a favor to; to please; to gratify; to accommodate. “Thus man, by his own strength, to heaven would soar,
And would not be obliged to God for more.” Dryden. “The gates before it are brass, and the whole much obliged to Pope Urban VIII.” Evelyn. “I shall be more obliged to you than I can express.” Mrs. E. Montagu.

Ob´li•gee´ , n. [F. oblige, p. p. of obliger. See Oblige.] The person to whom another is bound, or the person to whom a bond is given. Blackstone.

O•blige´ment , n. Obligation. [R.] “I will not resist, therefore, whatever it is, either of divine or human obligement, that you lay upon me.” Milton.

O•bli´ger , n. One who, or that which, obliges. Sir H. Wotton.

O•bli´ging, a. Putting under obligation; disposed to oblige or do favors; hence, helpful; civil; kind. “Mons.Strozzi has many curiosities, and is very obliging to a stranger who desires the sight of them.” Addison. Syn. — Civil; complaisant; courteous; kind, — Obliging, Kind, Complaisant. One is kind who desires to see others happy; one is complaisant who endeavors to make them so in social intercourse by attentions calculated to please; one who is obliging performs some actual service, or has the disposition to do so. — O•bli´ging•ly. adv. — O•bli´ging•ness, n.

Ob•li•gor´ , n. The person who binds himself, or gives his bond to another. Blackstone.

Ob•li•qua´tion , n. [L. obliquatio, fr. obliquare to turn obliquely. See Oblique.] 1. The act of becoming oblique; a turning to one side; obliquity; as the obliquation of the eyes. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Deviation from moral rectitude. [R.]

Ob•lique´ , a. [F., fr. L. obliquus; ob (see Ob-) + liquis oblique; cf. licinus bent upward, Gr slanting.] [Written also oblike.] 1. Not erect or perpendicular; neither parallel to, nor at right angles from, the base; slanting; inclined. “It has a direction oblique to that of the former motion.” Cheyne. 2. Not straightforward; indirect; obscure; hence, disingenuous; underhand; perverse; sinister. “The love we bear our friends …
Hath in it certain oblique ends.” Drayton. “This mode of oblique research, when a more direct one is denied, we find to be the only one in our power.” De Quincey. “Then would be closed the restless, oblique eye.
That looks for evil, like a treacherous spy.” Wordworth. 3. Not direct in descent; not following the line of father and son; collateral. “His natural affection in a direct line was strong, in an oblique but weak.” Baker. Oblique angle, Oblique ascension, etc. See under Angle,Ascension, etc. — Oblique arch (Arch.), an arch whose jambs are not at right angles with the face, and whose intrados is in consequence askew. — Oblique bridge, a skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. — Oblique case (Gram.), any case except the nominative. See Case, n. — Oblique circle (Projection), a circle whose plane is oblique to the axis of the primitive plane. — Oblique fire (Mil.), a fire the direction of which is not perpendicular to the line fired at. — Oblique flank (Fort.), that part of the curtain whence the fire of the opposite bastion may be discovered. Wilhelm. — Oblique leaf. (Bot.) (a) A leaf twisted or inclined from the normal position. (b) A leaf having one half different from the other. — Oblique line (Geom.), a line that, meeting or tending to meet another, makes oblique angles with it. — Oblique motion (Mus.), a kind of motion or progression in which one part ascends or descends, while the other prolongs or repeats the same tone, as in the accompanying example. — Oblique muscle (Anat.), a muscle acting in a direction oblique to the mesial plane of the body, or to the associated muscles; — applied especially to two muscles of the eyeball. — Oblique narration. See Oblique speech. — Oblique planes (Dialing), planes which decline from the zenith, or incline toward the horizon. — Oblique sailing (Naut.), the movement of a ship when she sails upon some rhumb between the four cardinal points, making an oblique angle with the meridian. — Oblique speech (Rhet.), speech which is quoted indirectly, or in a different person from that employed by the original speaker. — Oblique sphere (Astron. & Geog.), the celestial or terrestrial sphere when its axis is oblique to the horizon of the place; or as it appears to an observer at any point on the earth except the poles and the equator. — Oblique step (Mil.), a step in marching, by which the soldier, while advancing, gradually takes ground to the right or left at an angle of about 25°. It is not now practiced. Wilhelm. — Oblique system of coördinates (Anal. Geom.), a system in which the coördinate axes are oblique to each other.

Ob•lique´, n. (Geom.) An oblique line.

Ob•lique´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Obliqued p. pr. & vb. n. Obliquing.] 1. To deviate from a perpendicular line; to move in an oblique direction. “Projecting his person towards it in a line which obliqued from the bottom of his spine.” Sir. W. Scott. 2. (Mil.) To march in a direction oblique to the line of the column or platoon; — formerly accomplished by oblique steps, now by direct steps, the men half- facing either to the right or left.

Ob•lique´-an•gled , a. Having oblique angles; as an oblique-angled triangle.

Ob•lique´ly, adv. In an oblique manner; not directly; indirectly. ´Truth obliquely leveled.´ Bp. Fell. “Declining from the noon of day,
The sun obliquely shoots his burning ray.” Pope “His discourse tends obliquely to the detracting from others.” Addison.

Ob•lique´ness, n. Quality or state of being oblique.

Ob•liq´ui•ty, n.; pl. Obliquities (#). [L. obliquitas: cf. F. obliquite.] 1. The condition of being oblique; deviation from a right line; deviation from parallelism or perpendicularity; the amount of such deviation; divergence; as the obliquity of the ecliptic to the equator. 2. Deviation from ordinary rules; irregularity; deviation from moral rectitude. “To disobey [God] … imports a moral obliquity.” South.

Ob´lite , a. [L. oblitus, p. p. pf oblinere to besmear.] Indistinct; slurred over. [Obs.] ´Obscure and oblite mention.´ Fuller.

Ob•lit´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obliterated p. pr. & vb. n. Obliterating.] [L. obliteratus, p. p. of obliterare to obliterate; ob (see Ob-) + litera, littera, letter. See Letter.] 1. To erase or blot out; to efface; to render undecipherable, as a writing. 2. To wear out; to remove or destroy utterly by any means; to render imperceptible; as. to obliterate ideas; to obliterate the monuments of antiquity. “The harsh and bitter feelings of this or that experience are slowly obliterated.” W. Black.

Ob•lit´er•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Scarcely distinct; — applied to the markings of insects.

Ob•lit•er•a´tion , n. [L. obliteratio: cf.F. obliteration.] The act of obliterating, or the state of being obliterated; extinction. Sir. M. Hale.

Ob•lit´er•a•tive , a. Tending or serving to obliterate.

Ob•liv´i•on , n. [L. oblivio, akin to oblivisci to forget: cf. OF. oblivion.] 1. The act of forgetting, or the state of being forgotten; cessation of remembrance; forgetfulness. “Second childishness and mere oblivion.” Shak. “Among our crimes oblivion may be set.” Dryden “The origin of our city will be buried in eternal oblivion.” W. Irving. 2. Official ignoring of offenses; amnesty, or general pardon; as an act of oblivion. Sir J. Davies. Syn. — See Forgetfulness.

Ob•liv´i•ous , a. [L. obliviosus: cf.F. oblivieux.] 1. Promoting oblivion; causing forgetfulness. ´The oblivious pool.´ Milton. “She lay in deep, oblivious slumber.” Longfellow. 2. Evincing oblivion; forgetful. “Through are both weak in body and oblivious.” Latimer. — Obliv´i•ous•ly, adv. — Ob•liv´i•ous•ness, n. Foxe.

Ob•loc´u•tor , n. [L. oblocutor, obloquutor, fr. obloqui, oblocutus, to speak against; ob (see Ob-) + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] A disputer; a gainsayer. [Obs.] Bale.

Ob´long , a. [L. oblongus; ob (see Ob-) + longus long: cf. F. oblong.] Having greater length than breadth, esp. when rectangular.

Ob´long, n. A rectangular figure longer than it is broad; hence, any figure longer than it is broad. “The best figure of a garden I esteem an oblong upon a descent.” Sir W. Temple.

Ob•lon•ga´ta , n. [NL.] (Anat.) The medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder.

Ob´lon•ga´tal , a. Of or pertaining to the medulla oblongata; medullar.

Ob´long•ish , a. Somewhat oblong.

Ob´long•ly, adv. In an oblong form.

Ob´long•ness, n. State or quality of being oblong.

Ob´long-o´vate , a. Between oblong and ovate, but inclined to the latter.

Ob•lon´gum , n.; pl. Oblonga (#). [NL. See Oblong.] (Geom.) A prolate spheroid; a figure described by the revolution of an ellipse about its greater axis. Cf. Oblatum, and see Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid.

Ob•lo´qui•ous , a. Containing obloquy; reproachful [R.] Naunton.

Ob´lo•quy (ob´lo•kwy), n. [L. obloquium, fr. obloqui. See Oblocutor.] 1. Censorious speech; defamatory language; language that casts contempt on men or their actions; blame; reprehension. “Shall names that made your city the glory of the earth be mentioned with obloquy and detraction?” Addison. 2. Cause of reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Reproach; odium; censure; contumely; gainsaying; reviling; calumny; slander; detraction.

Ob•luc•ta´tion , n. [L. oblictutio, fr. obluctari to struggle against.] A struggle against; resistance; opposition. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Ob•mu•tes´cence (ob•mu•tes´sens), n. [L. obmutescens, p. pr of obmutescere to become dumb; ob (see Ob-) + mutescere to grow dumb, fr. mutus dumb.] 1. A becoming dumb; loss of speech. Sir T. Browne. 2. A keeping silent or mute. Paley.

Ob•nox´ious (ob•nok´shus), a. [L. obnoxius; ob (see Ob-) + noxius hurtful. See Noxious.] 1. Subject; liable; exposed; answerable; amenable; — with to. “The writings of lawyers, which are tied obnoxious to their particular laws.” Bacon. “Esteeming it more honorable to live on the public than to be obnoxious to any private purse.” Milton. “Obnoxious, first or last,
To basest things” Milton. 2. Liable to censure; exposed to punishment; reprehensible; blameworthy. ´The contrived and interested schemes of … obnoxious authors.´ Bp. Fell. “All are obnoxious, and this faulty land,
Like fainting Hester, does before you stand
Watching your scepter.” Waller. 3. Offensive; odious; hateful; as an obnoxious statesman; a minister obnoxious to the Whigs. Burke. — Ob•nox´ious•ly, adv. — Ob•nox´ious•ness, n. South.

Ob•nu´bi•late , v. t. [L. obnubilatus, p. p. of obnubilare to obscure. See Ob- , and Nubilate.] To cloud; to obscure. [Obs.] Burton. — Ob•nu´bi•la´tion (#), n. [Obs.] Beddoes.

O´boe , n. [It., fr. F. hautbois. See Hautboy.] (Mus.) One of the higher wind instruments in the modern orchestra, yet of great antiquity, having a penetrating pastoral quality of tone, somewhat like the clarinet in form, but more slender, and sounded by means of a double reed; a hautboy. Oboe d’amore [It., lit., oboe of love], and Oboe di caccia [It., lit., oboe of the chase], are names of obsolete modifications of the oboe, often found in the scores of Bach and Handel.

O´bo•ist , n. A performer on the oboe.

Ob´o•la•ry , a. [See Obolus.] Possessing only small coins; impoverished. [R.] Lamb.

Ob´ole , n. [Cf.F. obole. See Obolus.] (Old Pharm.) A weight of twelve grains; or, according to some, of ten grains, or half a scruple. [Written also obol.]

Ob´o•lize , v. t. See Obelize.

Ob´o•lo , n. [Cf. Obolus.] A copper coin, used in the Ionian Islands, about one cent in value.

Ob´o•lus , n.;pl. Oboli (#). [L., fr Gr. ] (Gr.Antiq.) (a) A small silver coin of Athens, the sixth part of a drachma, about three cents in value. (b) An ancient weight, the sixth part of a drachm.

Ob•o•me´goid , a. [Pref. ob- + omegoid.] (Zoöl.) Obversely omegoid.

Ob•o´val , a. [Pref. ob- + oval.] Obovate.

Ob•o´vate a. [Pref. ob- + ovate.] (Bot.) Inversely ovate; ovate with the narrow end downward; as an obovate leaf.

Ob•rep´tion , n. [L. obreptio, fr. obrepere, obreptum, to creep up to; ob (see Ob-) + repere to creep.] 1. The act of creeping upon with secrecy or by surprise. [Obs.] Cudworth. 2. (Scots Law) The obtaining gifts of escheat by fraud or surprise. Bell.

Ob•rep•ti´tious , a. [L. obreptitus. See Obreption.] Done or obtained by surprise; with secrecy, or by concealment of the truth. [R.] Cotgrave.

Ob´ro•gate , v. t. [L. obrogatus, p. p. of obrogare to obrogate.] To annul indirectly by enacting a new and contrary law, instead of by expressly abrogating or repealing the old one. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ob´rok , n. [Russ. obrok’.] (a) A rent. (b) A poll tax paid by peasants absent from their lord’s estate. [Russia] Brande & C.

Ob•scene´ , a. [L. obscenus, obscaenus, obscoenus, ill looking, filthy, obscene: cf. F. obscene.] 1. Offensive to chastity or modesty; expressing or presenting to the mind or view something which delicacy, purity, and decency forbid to be exposed; impure; as obscene language; obscene pictures. “Words that were once chaste, by frequent use grew obscene and uncleanly.” I. Watts. 2. Foul; fifthy; disgusting. “A girdle foul with grease bds his obscene attire.” Dryden. 3. Inauspicious; ill-omened. [R.] [A Latinism] “At the cheerful light,
The groaning ghosts and birds obscene take flight.” Dryden. Syn. — Impure; immodest; indecent; unchaste; lewd. — Ob•scene´ly, adv. — Ob•scene´ness, n.

Ob•scen´i•ty , n.; pl. Obscenities (#). [L. obscentias: cf.F. obscenite.] That quality in words or things which presents what is offensive to chasity or purity of mind; obscene or impure lanquage or acts; moral impurity; lewdness; obsceneness; as the obscenity of a speech, or a picture. “Mr.Cowley asserts plainly, that obscenity has no place in wit.” Dryden. “No pardon vile obscenity should find.” Pope.

Ob•scur´ant , n. [L. obscurans, p. pr. of obscurare to obscure.] One who obscures; one who prevents enlightenment or hinders the progress of knowledge and wisdom. Coleridge.

Ob•scur´ant•ism , n. The system or the principles of the obscurants. C. Kingsley.

Ob•scur´ant•ist, n. Same as Obscurant. Ed. Rev.

Ob•scu•ra´tion , n. [L. obscurativ: cf.F. obscuration. See Obscure, v. t. ] The act or operation of obscuring; the state of being obscured; as the obscuration of the moon in an eclipse. Sir J. Herschel.

Ob•scure´ , a. [Compar. Obscurer superl. Obscurest.] [L. obscurus, orig., covered; ob- (see Ob-) + a root probably meaning, to cover; cf. L. scutum shield, Skr. sku to cover: cf.F. obscur. Cf. Sky.] 1. Covered over, shaded, or darkened; destitute of light; imperfectly illuminated; dusky; dim. “His lamp shall be put out in obscure darkness.” Prov. xx. 20. 2. Of or pertaining to darkness or night; inconspicuous to the sight; indistinctly seen; hidden; retired; remote from observation; unnoticed. “The obscure bird
Clamored the livelong night.” Shak. “The obscure corners of the earth.” Sir J. Davies. 3. Not noticeable; humble; mean. ´O base and obscure vulgar.´ Shak. ´An obscure person.´ Atterbury. 4. Not easily understood; not clear or legible; abstruse or blind; as an obscure passage or inscription. 5. Not clear, full, or distinct; clouded; imperfect; as an obscure view of remote objects. Obscure rays (Opt.), those rays which are not luminous or visible, and which in the spectrum are beyond the limits of the visible portion. Syn. — Dark; dim; darksome; dusky; shadowy; misty; abstruse; intricate; difficult; mysterious; retired; unnoticed; unknown; humble; mean; indistinct.

Ob•scure´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obscured p. pr. & vb. n. Obscuring.] [L. obscurare, fr. obscurus: cf. OF. obscurer. See Obscure, a.] To render obscure; to darken; to make dim; to keep in the dark; to hide; to make less visible, intelligible, legible, glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. “They are all couched in a pit hard by Herne’s oak, with obscured lights.” Shak. “Why, ’t is an office of discovery, love,
And I should be obscured.” Shak. “There is scarce any duty which has been so obscured by the writings of learned men as this.” Wake. “And seest not sin obscures thy godlike frame?” Dryden.

Ob•scure´ , v. i. To conceal one’s self; to hide; to keep dark. [Obs.] “How! There’s bad news.
I must obscure, and hear it.” Beau. & Fl.

Ob•scure´, n. Obscurity. [Obs.] Milton.

Ob•scure´ly, adv. In an obscure manner. Milton.

Ob•scure´ment , n. The act of obscuring, or the state of being obscured; obscuration. Pomfret.

Ob•scure´ness, n. Obscurity. Bp. Hall.

Ob•scur´er , n. One who, or that which, obscures.

Ob•scu´ri•ty , n. [L. obscuritas: cf. F. obscurite.] The quality or state of being obscure; darkness; privacy; inconspicuousness; unintelligibleness; uncertainty. “Yuo are not for obscurity designed.” Dryden. “They were now brought forth from obscurity, to be contemplated by artists with admiration and despair.” Macaulay. Syn. — Darkness; dimness; gloom. See Darkness.

Ob´se•crate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obsecrated p. pr. & vb, n. Obsecrating.] [L. obsecratus, p. p. of obsecrare, prop., to ask on religious grounds; ob (see Ob-) + sacrare to declare as sacred, from sacer sacred.] To beseech; to supplicate; to implore. [R.]. Cockerman.

Ob´se•cra´tion , n. [L. obsecratio: cf. F. obsecration.] 1. The act of obsecrating or imploring; as the obsecrations of the Litany, being those clauses beginning with ´By.´ Bp. Stillingfeet. Shipley. 2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the orator implores the assistance of God or man.

Ob´se•cra•to•ry , a. Expressing, or used in, entreaty; supplicatory. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ob´se•quent , a. [L. obsequens, p. pr. of obsequi; ob (see Ob- ) + sequi. See Sequence.] Obedient; submissive; obsequious. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Ob•se´qui•ence , n. Obsequiousness. [R.]

Ob´se•quies , n. pl. See Obsequy.

Ob•se´qui•ous , a. [L. obsequiosus, fr. obsequium compliance, fr. obsequi, fr. obsequi: cf. F. obsequieux, See Obsequent, and cf. Obsequy.] 1. Promptly obedient, or submissive, to the will of another; compliant; yielding to the desires of another; devoted. [Obs.] “His servants weeping,
Obsequious to his orders, bear him hither.” Addison. 2. Servilely or meanly attentive; compliant to excess; cringing; fawning; as obsequious flatterer, parasite. “There lies ever in ´obsequious´ at the present the sense of an observance which is overdone, of an unmanly readiness to fall in with the will of another.” Trench. 3. [See Obsequy.] Of or pertaining to obsequies; funereal. [R.] ´To do obsequious sorrow.´ Shak. Syn. — Compliant; obedient; servile. See Yielding.

Ob•se´qui•ous•ly, adv. 1. In an obsequious manner; compliantly; fawningly. Dryden. 2. In a manner appropriate to obsequies. [Obs.] “Whilst I a while obsequiously lament
The untimely fall of virtuous Lancaster.” Shak.

Ob•se´qui•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being obsequious. South.

Ob´se•quy , n.; pl. Obsequies (#). [L. obsequiae, pl., funeral rites, fr. obsequi: cf.F. obsèques. See Obsequent, and cf. Obsequious.] 1. The last duty or service to a person, rendered after his death; hence, a rite or ceremony pertaining to burial; — now used only in the plural. Spencer. “I will … fetch him hence, and solemnly attend,
With silent obsequy and funeral train.” Milton “I will myself
Be the chief mourner at his obsequies.” Dryden. “The funeral obsequies were decently and privately performed by his family” J. P. Mahaffy. 2. Obsequiousness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ob•serv´a•ble , a. [L. observabilis: cf.F. observable.] Worthy or capable of being observed; discernible; noticeable; remarkable. Sir. T. Browne. “The difference is sufficiently observable.” Southey. — Ob•serv´a•ble•ness, n. — Ob•serv´a•bly, adv.

Ob•serv´ance , n. [F. observance, L. observantia. See Observant.] 1. The act or practice of observing or noticing with attention; a heeding or keeping with care; performance; — usually with a sense of strictness and fidelity; as the observance of the Sabbath is general; the strict observance of duties. “It is a custom
More honored in the breach than the observance.” Shak. 2. An act, ceremony, or rite, as of worship or respect; especially, a customary act or service of attention; a form; a practice; a rite; a custom. “At dances
These young folk kept their observances.” Chaucer. “Use all the observance of civility.” Shak. “Some represent to themselves the whole of religion as consisting in a few easy observances.” Rogers. “O I that wasted time to tend upon her,
To compass her with sweet observances!” Tennyson. 3. Servile attention; sycophancy. [Obs.] “Salads and flesh, such as their haste could get,
Served with observance.” Chapman. “This is not atheism,
But court observance.” Beau. & Fl. Syn. — Observance, Observation. These words are discriminated by the two distinct senses of observe. To observe means (1) to keep strictly; as to observe a fast day, and hence, observance denotes the keeping or heeding with strictness; (2) to consider attentively, or to remark; and hence, observation denotes either the act of observing, or some remark made as the result thereof. We do not say the observation of Sunday, though the word was formerly so used. The Pharisees were curious in external observances; the astronomers are curious in celestial observations. “Love rigid honesty,
And strict observance of impartial laws.” Roscommon.

Ob•serv´an•cy , n. Observance. [Obs.]

Ob•ser•van´dum , n.; pl. Observanda (#). [L.] A thing to be observed. Swift.

Ob•serv´ant , a. [L. observans, -anits, p. pr. of observare: cf. F. observant. See Observe.] 1. Taking notice; viewing or noticing attentively; watchful; attentive; as an observant spectator; observant habits. “Wandering from clime to clime observant stray’d.” Pope. 2. Submissively attentive; obediently watchful; regardful; mindful; obedient (to); — with of, as to be observant of rules. “We are told how observant Alexander was of his master Aristotle.” Sir K. Digby.

Ob•serv´ant, n. 1. One who observes forms and rules. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. A sycophantic servant. [Obs.] “Silly ducking observants,
That stretch their duties nicely.” Shak. 3. (R.C.Ch.) An Observantine.

Ob•ser•van´tine , n. [Fr. observantin.] (R.C.Ch.) One of a branch of the Order of Franciscans, who profess to adhere more strictly than the Conventuals to the intention of the founder, especially as to poverty; — called also Observants.

Ob•serv´ant•ly, adv. In an observant manner.

Ob•ser•va´tion , n. [L. observatio: cf.F. observation.] 1. The act or the faculty of observing or taking notice; the act of seeing, or of fixing the mind upon, anything. “My observation, which very seldom lies.” Shak. 2. The result of an act, or of acts, of observing; view; reflection; conclusion; judgment. “In matters of human prudence, we shall find the greatest advantage in making wise observations on our conduct.” I. Watts. 3. Hence: An expression of an opinion or judgment upon what one has observed; a remark. ´That’s a foolish observation.´ Shak. “To observations which ourselves we make
We grow more partial for the observer’s sake.” Pope. 4. Performance of what is prescribed; adherence in practice; observance. [Obs.] “We are to procure dispensation or leave to omit the observation of it in such circumstances.” Jer. Taylor. 5. (Science) (a) The act of recognizing and noting some fact or occurrence in nature, as an aurora, a corona, or the structure of an animal. (b) Specifically, the act of measuring, with suitable instruments, some magnitude, as the time of an occultation, with a clock; the right ascension of a star, with a transit instrument and clock; the sun’s altitude, or the distance of the moon from a star, with a sextant; the temperature, with a thermometer, etc. (c) The information so acquired. When a phenomenon is scrutinized as it occurs in nature, the act is termed an observation. When the conditions under which the phenomenon occurs are artificial, or arranged beforehand by the observer, the process is called an experiment. Experiment includes observation. To take an observation (Naut.), to ascertain the altitude of a heavenly body, with a view to fixing a vessel’s position at sea. Syn. — Observance; notice; attention; remark; comment; note. See Observance.

Ob•ser•va´tion•al , a. Of a pertaining to observation; consisting of, or containing, observations. Chalmers.

Ob•serv´a•tive , a. Observing; watchful.

Ob´ser•va•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who observes or takes notice. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. One who makes a remark. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ob•serv´a•to•ry , n.; pl. Observatories (#). [Cf. F. observatoire.] 1. A place or building for making observations on the heavenly bodies. “The new observatory in Greenwich Park.” Evelyn. 2. A building fitted with instruments for making systematic observations of any particular class or series of natural phenomena. 3. A place, as an elevated chamber, from which a view may be observed or commanded. 4. (Mil.) A lookout on a flank of a battery whence an officer can note the range and effect of the fire. Farrow.

Ob•serve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Observed p. pr. & vb. n. Observing.] [L. observare, observatum; ob (see Ob-) + servare to save, preserve, keep, heed, observe: cf.F. observer. See Serve.] 1. To take notice of by appropriate conduct; to conform one’s action or practice to; to keep; to heed; to obey; to comply with; as to observe rules or commands; to observe civility. “Ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread.” Ex. xii. 17. “He wolde no such cursedness observe.” Chaucer. “Must I budge? Must I observe you?” Shak. “With solemn purpose to observe
Immutably his sovereign will.” Milton. 2. To be on the watch respecting; to pay attention to; to notice with care; to see; to perceive; to discover; as to observe an eclipse; to observe the color or fashion of a dress; to observe the movements of an army. 3. To express as what has been noticed; to utter as a remark; to say in a casual or incidental way; to remark.

Ob•serve´, v. i. 1. To take notice; to give attention to what one sees or hears; to attend. 2. To make a remark; to comment; — generally with on or upon. “I have barely quoted … without observing upon it.” Pope. Syn. — To remark. See Remark.

Ob•serv´er , n. 1. One who observes, or pays attention to, anything; especially, one engaged in, or trained to habits of, close and exact observation; as an astronomical observer. “The observed of all observers.” Shak. “Careful observers may foretell the hour,
By sure prognostic, when to dread a shower.” Swift. 2. One who keeps any law, custom, regulation, rite, etc.; one who conforms to anything in practice. ´Diligent observers of old customs.´ Spenser. “These … hearkend unto observers of times.” Deut. xviii. 14. 3. One who fulfills or performs; as an observer of his promises. 4. A sycophantic follower. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Ob•serv´er•ship , n. The office or work of an observer.

Ob•serv´ing, a. Giving particular attention; habitually attentive to what passes; as an observing person; an observing mind. — Ob•serv´ing•ly, adv.

Ob•sess´ , v. t. [L. obsessus, p. p. of obsidere to besiege; ob (see Ob-) + sedere to sit.] To besiege; to beset. Sir T. Elyot.

Ob•ses´sion , n. [L. obsessio: cf.F. obsession.] 1. The act of besieging. Johnson. 2. The state of being besieged; — used specifically of a person beset by a spirit from without. Tylor. “Whether by obsession or possession, I will not determine.” Burton.

Ob•sid´i•an , n. [L. Obsidianus lapis, so named, according to Pliny, after one Obsidius, who discovered it in Ethiopia: cf.F. obsidiane, obsidienne. The later editions of Pliny read Obsianus lapis, and Obsius, instead of Obsidianus lapis, and Obsidius.] (Min.) A kind of glass produced by volcanoes. It is usually of a black color, and opaque, except in thin splinters. In a thin section it often exhibits a fluidal structure, marked by the arrangement of microlites in the lines of the flow of the molten mass.

Ob•sid´i•o•nal , a. [L. obsidionalis, from obsidio a siege, obsidere to besiege: cf.F. obsidional. See Obsess.] Of or pertaining to a siege. Obsidional crown (Rom.Antiq.), a crown bestowed upon a general who raised the siege of a beleaguered place, or upon one who held out against a siege.

Ob•sig•il•la´tion , n. [L. ob (see Ob-) + sigillum a seal.] A sealing up. [Obs.] Maunder.

Ob•sign´ , v. t. [See Obsignate.] To seal; to confirm, as by a seal or stamp. [Obs.] Bradford.

Ob•sig´nate , v. t. [L. obsignated, p. p. of obsignare to seal. See Ob-, and Sign.] To seal; to ratify. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ob•sig•na´tion , n. [L. obsignatio.] The act of sealing or ratifying; the state of being sealed or confirmed; confirmation, as by the Holy Spirit. “The spirit of manifestation will but upbraid you in the shame and horror of a sad eternity, if you have not the spirit of obsignation.” Jer. Taylor.

Ob•sig´na•to•ry , a. Ratifying; confirming by sealing. [Obs.] Samuel Ward (1643)

Ob•so•lesce´ , v. i. [L. obsolescere. See Obsolescent.] To become obsolescent. [R.] Fitzed. Hall.

Ob•so•les´cence , n. [See Obsolescent.] The state of becoming obsolete.

Ob•so•les´cent , a. [L. obsolescens, -entis, p. pr. of obsolescere, to wear out gradually, to fall into disuse; ob (see Ob-) + solere to use, be wont.] Going out of use; becoming obsolete; passing into desuetude.

Ob´so•lete , a. [L. obsoletus, p. p. of obsolescere. See Obsolescent.] 1. No longer in use; gone into disuse; disused; neglected; as an obsolete word; an obsolete statute; — applied chiefly to words, writings, or observances. 2. (Biol.) Not very distinct; obscure; rudimental; imperfectly developed; abortive. Syn. — Ancient; antiquated; old-fashioned; antique; old; disused; neglected. See Ancient.

Ob´so•lete, v. i. To become obsolete; to go out of use. [R.] Fitzed. Hall.

Ob´so•lete•ly, adv. In an obsolete manner.

Ob´so•lete•ness, n. 1. The state of being obsolete, or no longer used; a state of desuetude. 2. (Biol.) Indistinctness; want of development.

Ob´so•let•ism , n. A disused word or phrase; an archaism. Fitzed. Hall.

Ob´sta•cle , n. [F., fr. L. obstaculum, fr. obstare to withstand, oppose; ob (see Ob-) + stare to stand. See Stand. and cf. Oust, v.] That which stands in the way, or opposes; anything that hinders progress; a hindrance; an obstruction, physical or moral. “If all obstacles were cut away.
And that my path were even to the crown.” Shak. Syn. — Impediment; obstuction; hindrance; difficulty. See Impediment, and Obstruction.

Ob´stan•cy , n. [L. obstantia, fr. obstans, p. pr. of obstare. See Obstacle.] Opposition; impediment; obstruction. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Ob•stet´ric , Ob•stet´ric•al } a. [L. obstetricius, fr. obstetrix, -icis, a midwife, fr. obstare to stand before: cf.F. obstetrique. See Obstacle.] Of or pertaining to midwifery, or the delivery of women in childbed; as the obstetric art. Obstetrical toad (Zoöl.), a European toad of the genus Alytes, especially A. obstetricans. The eggs are laid in a string which the male winds around his legs, and carries about until the young are hatched.

Ob•stet´ri•cate , v. i. [L. obstetricatus, p. p. of obstetricare, fr. obstetrix.] To perform the office of midwife. [Obs.] ´Nature does obstetricate.´ Evelyn.

Ob•stet´ri•cate, v. t. To assist as a midwife. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Ob•stet´ri•ca´tion , n. The act of assisting as a midwife; delivery. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ob•ste•tri´cian , n. One skilled in obstetrics; an accoucheur.

Ob•ste•tri´cious , a. [See Obstetric.] Serving to assist childbirth; obstetric; hence, facilitating any bringing forth or deliverance. [Obs.] “Yet is all human teaching but maieutical, or obstetricious.” Cudworth.

Ob•stet´rics , n. [Cf. F. obstetrique. See Obstetric.] The science of midwifery; the art of assisting women in parturition, or in the trouble incident to childbirth.

Ob•stet´ri•cy , n. Obstetrics. [R.] Dunglison.

Ob´sti•na•cy , n. [See Obstinate.] 1. A fixedness in will, opinion, or resolution that can not be shaken at all, or only with great difficulty; firm and usually unreasonable adherence to an opinion, purpose, or system; unyielding disposition; stubborness; pertinacity; persistency; contumacy. “You do not well in obstinacy
To cavil in the course of this contract.” Shak. “To shelter their ignorance, or obstinacy, under the obscurity of their terms.” Locke. 2. The quality or state of being difficult to remedy, relieve, or subdue; as the obstinacy of a disease or evil. Syn. — Pertinacity; firmness; resoluteness; inflexibility; persistency; stubbornness; perverseness; contumacy. — Obstinacy, Pertinacity. Pertinacity denotes great firmness in holding to a thing, aim, etc. Obstinacy is great firmness in holding out against persuasion, attack, etc. The former consists in adherence, the latter in resistance. An opinion is advocated with pertinacity or defended with obstinacy. Pertinacity is often used in a good sense; obstinacy generally in a bad one. ´In this reply was included a very gross mistake, and if with pertinacity maintained, a capital error.´ Sir T. Browne. ´Every degree of obstinacy in youth is one step to rebellion.´ South.

Ob´sti•nate , a. [L. obstinatus, p. p. of obstinare to set about a thing with firmness, to persist in; ob (see Ob-) + a word from the root of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Destine.] 1. Pertinaciously adhering to an opinion, purpose, or course; persistent; not yielding to reason, arguments, or other means; stubborn; pertinacious; — usually implying unreasonableness. “I have known great cures done by obstinate resolution of drinking no wine.” Sir W. Temple. “No ass so meek, no ass so obstinate.” Pope. “Of sense and outward things.” Wordsworth. 2. Not yielding; not easily subdued or removed; as obstinate fever; obstinate obstructions. Syn. — Stubborn; inflexible; immovable; firm; pertinacious; persistent; headstrong; opinionated; unyielding; refractory; contumacious. See Stubborn. — Ob´sti•nate•ly, adv. — Ob´sti•nate•ness, n.

Ob•sti•na´tion , n. [L. obstinatio.] Obstinacy; stubbornness. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ob•sti•pa´tion , n. [L. obstipatio a close pressure; ob (see Ob-) + stipare to press.] 1. The act of stopping up, as a passage. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. (Med.) Extreme constipation. [Obs.] Hooper.

Ob•strep´er•ous , a. [L. obstreperus, from obstrepere to make a noise at; ob (see Ob-) + strepere to make a noise.] Attended by, or making, a loud and tumultuous noise; clamorous; noisy; vociferous. ´The obstreperous city.´ Wordsworth. ´Obstreperous approbation.´ Addison. “Beating the air with their obstreperous beaks.” B. Jonson. — Ob•strep´er•ous•ly, adv. — Ob•strep´er•ous•ness, n.

Ob•stric´tion , n. [L. obstringere, obstrictum, to bind to or about.] The state of being constrained, bound, or obliged; that which constrains or obliges; obligation; bond. [R.] Milton.

Ob•stringe´ , v. t. [See Obstriction.] To constrain; to put under obligation. [R.] Bp. Gardiner.

Ob•struct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obstructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Obstructing.] [L. obstructus, p. p. of obstruere to build up before or against, to obstruct; ob (see Ob- ) + struere to pile up. See Structure.] 1. To block up; to stop up or close, as a way or passage; to place an obstacle in, or fill with obstacles or impediments that prevent or hinder passing; as to obstruct a street; to obstruct the channels of the body. “’T is the obstructed paths of sound shall clear.” Pope. 2. To be, or come, in the way of; to hinder from passing; to stop; to impede; to retard; as the bar in the harbor obstructs the passage of ships; clouds obstruct the light of the sun; unwise rules obstruct legislation. ´Th’ impatience of obstructed love.´ Johnson. Syn. — To bar; barricade; stop; arrest; check; interrupt; clog; choke; impede; retard; embarrass; oppose.

Ob•struct´er , n. One who obstructs or hinders.

Ob•struc´tion , n. [L. obstructio.] 1. The act of obstructing, or state of being obstructed. 2. That which obstructs or impedes; an obstacle; an impediment; a hindrance. “A popular assembly free from obstruction.” Swift. 3. The condition of having the natural powers obstructed in their usual course; the arrest of the vital functions; death. [Poetic] “To die, and go we know not where,
To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot.” Shak. Syn. — Obstacle; bar; barrier; impediment; clog; check; hindrance. — Obstruction, Obstacle. The difference between these words is that indicated by their etymology; an obstacle is something standing in the way; an obstruction is something put in the way. Obstacle implies more fixedness and is the stronger word. We remove obstructions; we surmount obstacles. “Disparity in age seems a greater obstacle to an intimate friendship than inequality of fortune.” Collier. “The king expected to meet with all the obstructions and difficulties his enraged enemies could lay in his way.” Clarendon.

Ob•struc´tion•ism , n. The act or the policy of obstructing progress. Lond. Lit. World.

Ob•struc´tion•ist, n. One who hinders progress; one who obstructs business, as in a legislative body. — a. Of or pertaining to obstructionists. [Recent]

Ob•struct´ive , a. [Cf.F. obstrictif.] Tending to obstruct; presenting obstacles; hindering; causing impediment. — Ob•struct´ive•ly, adv.

Ob•struct´ive, n. An obstructive person or thing.

Ob´stru•ent , a. [L. obstruens, p. pr. of obstruere. See Obstruct.] Causing obstruction; blocking up; hindering; as an obstruent medicine. Johnson.

Ob´stru•ent, n. Anything that obstructs or closes a passage; esp., that which obstructs natural passages in the body; as a medicine which acts as an obstruent.

Ob•stu•pe•fac´tion , n. [L. obstuperfacere to stupefy.] See Stupefaction. [Obs.] Howell.

Ob•stu•pe•fac´tive , a. Stupefactive. [Obs.]

Ob•stu´pe•fy , v. t. [Cf.L. obstupefacere. See Ob-, and Stupefy.] See Stupefy. [Obs.]

Ob•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtained p. pr. & vb. n. Obtaining.] [F. obtenir, L. obtinere; ob (see Ob-) + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] 1. To hold; to keep; to possess. [Obs.] “His mother, then, is mortal, but his Sire
He who obtains the monarchy of heaven.” Milton. 2. To get hold of by effort; to gain possession of; to procure; to acquire, in any way. “Some pray for riches; riches they obtain.” Dryden. “By guileful fair words peace may be obtained.” Shak. “It may be that I may obtain children by her.” Gen. xvi. 2. Syn. — To attain; gain; procure; acquire; win; earn. See Attain. — To Obtain, Get, Gain, Earn, Acquire. The idea of getting is common to all these terms. We may, indeed, with only a slight change of sense, substitute get for either of them; as to get or to gain a prize; to get or to obtain an employment; to get or to earn a living; to get or to acquire a language. To gain is to get by striving; and as this is often a part of our good fortune, the word gain is peculiarly applicable to whatever comes to us fortuitously. Thus, we gain a victory, we gain a cause, we gain an advantage, etc. To earn is to deserve by labor or service; as to earn good wages; to earn a triumph. Unfortunately, one does not always get or obtain what he has earned. To obtain implies desire for possession, and some effort directed to the attainment of that which is not immediately within our reach. Whatever we thus seek and get, we obtain, whether by our own exertions or those of others; whether by good or bad means; whether permanently, or only for a time. Thus, a man obtains an employment; he obtains an answer to a letter, etc. To acquire is more limited and specific. We acquire what comes to us gradually in the regular exercise of our abilities, while we obtain what comes in any way, provided we desire it. Thus, we acquire knowledge, property, honor, reputation, etc. What we acquire becomes, to a great extent, permanently our own; as to acquire a language; to acquire habits of industry, etc.

Ob•tain´, v. i. 1. To become held; to gain or have a firm footing; to be recognized or established; to subsist; to become prevalent or general; to prevail; as the custom obtains of going to the seashore in summer. “Sobriety hath by use obtained to signify temperance in drinking.” Jer. Taylor. “The Theodosian code, several hundred years after Justinian’s time, did obtain in the western parts of Europe.” Baker. 2. To prevail; to succeed. [R.] Evelyn. “So run that ye may obtain.” 1 Cor. ix. 24. “There is due from the judge to the advocate, some commendation, where causes are fair pleaded; especially towards the side which obtaineth not.” Bacon.

Ob•tain´a•ble , a. Capable of being obtained.

Ob•tain´er , n. One who obtains.

Ob•tain´ment , n. The act or process of obtaining; attainment. Milton.

Ob•tect´ed , a. [L. obtectus, p. p. of obtegere to cover over.] 1. Covered; protected. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) Covered with a hard chitinous case, as the pupa of certain files.

Ob•tem´per , v. t. & i. [See Obtemperate.] (Scots Law) To obey (a judgment or decree).

Ob•tem´per•ate , v. t. [L. obtemperare, obtemperatum to obey.] To obey. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ob•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtended; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtending.] [L. obtendere, obtentum, to stretch or place before or against; ob (see Ob-) + tendere to stretch.] 1. To oppose; to hold out in opposition. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. To offer as the reason of anything; to pretend. [Obs.] Dryden

Ob•ten•e•bra´tion , n. [L. obtenebrate to make dark.] The act of darkening; the state of being darkened; darkness. [Obs.] “In every megrim or vertigo, there is an obtenebration joined with a semblance of turning round.” Bacon.

Ob•ten´sion , n. [L. obtentio. See Obtend.] The act of obtending. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ob•test´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtested; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtesting.] [L. obtestari; ob (see Ob-) + testari to witness, fr. testis a witness.] 1. To call to witness; to invoke as a witness. [R.] Dryden. 2. To beseech; to supplicate; to beg for. [R.]

Ob•test´, v. i. To protest. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

Ob•tes•ta´tion , n. [L. obtestatio.] The act of obtesting; supplication; protestation. [R.] “Antonio asserted this with great obtestation.” Evelyn.

Ob•trec•ta´tion , n. [L. obtrectatio, from obtrectare to detract from through envy. See Detract.] Slander; detraction; calumny. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ob•trude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtruded, p. pr. & vb. n. Obtruding.] [L. obtrudere, obtrusum; ob (see Ob-) + trudere to thrust. See Threat.] 1. To thrust impertinently; to present without warrant or solicitation; as to obtrude one’s self upon a company. “The objects of our senses obtrude their particular ideas upon our minds, whether we will or no.” Lock. 2. To offer with unreasonable importunity; to urge unduly or against the will. Milton.

Ob•trude´, v. i. To thrust one’s self upon a company or upon attention; to intrude. Syn. — To Obtrude, Intrude. To intrude is to thrust one’s self into a place, society, etc., without right, or uninvited; to obtrude is to force one’s self, remarks, opinions, etc., into society or upon persons with whom one has no such intimacy as to justify such boldness.

Ob•trud´er , n. One who obtrudes. Boyle.

Ob•trun´cate , v. t. [L. obtruncatus, p. p. of obtruncare.] To deprive of a limb; to lop. [R.]

Ob•trun•ca´tion , n. [L. obtruncatio.] The act of lopping or cutting off. [R.] Cockeram.

Ob•tru´sion , n. [L. obtrusio. See Obtrude.] 1. The act of obtruding; a thrusting upon others by force or unsolicited; as the obtrusion of crude opinions on the world. 2. That which is obtruded. Milton.

Ob•tru´sion•ist, n. One who practices or excuses obtrusion. [R.] Gent. Mag.

Ob•tru´sive , a. Disposed to obtrude; inclined to intrude or thrust one’s self or one’s opinions upon others, or to enter uninvited; forward; pushing; intrusive. — Ob•tru´sive•ly, adv. - - Ob•tru´sive•ness, n. “Not obvious, not obtrusive, but retired.” Milton.

Ob•tund´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtunded; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtunding.] [L. obtundere, obtusum; ob (see Ob-) + tundere to strike or beat. See Stutter.] To reduce the edge, pungency, or violent action of; to dull; to blunt; to deaden; to quell; as to obtund the acrimony of the gall. [Archaic] Harvey. “They … have filled all our law books with the obtunding story of their suits and trials.” Milton.

Ob•tund´ent , n. [L. obtundens, p. pr. of obtundere.] (Med.) A substance which sheathes a part, or blunts irritation, usually some bland, oily, or mucilaginous matter; — nearly the same as demulcent. Forsyth.

Ob•tund´er , n. (Med.) That which obtunds or blunts; especially, that which blunts sensibility.

Ob•tu•ra´tion , n. [L. obturare to stop up: cf.F. obturation.] The act of stopping up, or closing, an opening. ´Deaf by an outward obturation.´ Bp. Hall.

Ob´tu•ra•tor , n. [NL., fr. L. obturare to stop up: cf.F. obturateur.] 1. That which closes or stops an opening. 2. (Surg.) An apparatus designed to close an unnatural opening, as a fissure of the palate.

Ob´tu•ra•tor, a. (Anat.) Serving as an obturator; closing an opening; pertaining to, or in the region of, the obturator foramen; as the obturator nerve. Obturator foramen (Anat.), an opening situated between the public and ischial parts of the innominate bone and closed by the obturator membrane; the thyroid foramen.

Ob•tus´an•gu•lar , a. See Obstuseangular.

Ob•tuse´ a. [Compar. Obtuser ; superl. Obtusest.] [L. obtusus, p. p. of obtundere to blunt: cf. F. obtus. See Obtund.] 1. Not pointed or acute; blunt; — applied esp. to angles greater than a right angle, or containing more than ninety degrees. 2. Not having acute sensibility or perceptions; dull; stupid; as obtuse senses. Milton. 3. Dull; deadened; as obtuse sound. Johnson. { Ob•tuse´-an•gled , ob•tuse´-an•gu•lar , } a. Having an obtuse angle; as an obtuse- angled triangle.

Ob•tuse´ly, adv. In an obtuse manner.

Ob•tuse´ness, n. State or quality of being obtuse.

Ob•tu´sion , n. [L. obtusio, from obtundere to blunt. See Obtund.] 1. The act or process of making obtuse or blunt. 2. The state of being dulled or blunted; as the obtusion of the senses. Harvey.

Ob•tu´si•ty , n. Obtuseness. Lond. Quart. Rev.

Ob•um´brant , a. [L. obumbrans, p. pr.] (Zoöl.) Overhanging; as obumbrant feathers.

Ob•um´brate , v. t. [L. obumbratus, p. p. of obumbrare to overshadow, cloud; ob + umbrare to shade.] To shade; to darken; to cloud. [R.] Howell.

Ob•um•bra´tion , n. [L. obumbratio.] Act of darkening or obscuring. [R.] Sir T. More.

Ob•un´cous , a. [L. obuncus; ob (see Ob-) + uncus hooked.] Hooked or crooked in an extreme degree. Maunder.

Ob•ven´tion , n. [L. obvention, fr. obvenire to come before or in the way of, to befall; ob (see Ob-) + venire to come: cf.F. obvention.] The act of happening incidentally; that which happens casually; an incidental advantage; an occasional offering. [Obs.] ´Tithes and other obventions.´ Spenser. “Legacies bequeathed by the deaths of princes and great persons, and other casualities and obventions.” Fuller.

Ob•vers´ant , a. [L. obversans, p. pr. of obversari to hover before; ob (see Ob-) + versare to move about.] Conversant; familiar. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ob•verse´ , a. [L. obversus, p. p. of obvertere. See Obvert.] Having the base, or end next the attachment, narrower than the top, as a leaf.

Ob´verse , n. [Cf.F. obverse, obvers. See Obverse, a.] 1. The face of a coin which has the principal image or inscription upon it; — the other side being the reverse. 2. Anything necessarily involved in, or answering to, another; the more apparent or conspicuous of two possible sides, or of two corresponding things. “The fact that it [a belief] invariably exists being the obverse of the fact that there is no alternative belief.” H. Spencer.

Ob•verse´ly , adv. In an obverse manner.

Ob•ver´sion , n. [L. obversio a turning towards.] 1. The act of turning toward or downward. 2. (Logic) The act of immediate inference, by which we deny the opposite of anything which has been affirmed; as all men are mortal; then, by obversion, no men are immortal. This is also described as ´immediate inference by privative conception.´ Bain.

Ob•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Obverting.] [L. obvertere; ob (see Ob-) + vertere to turn. See Verse.] To turn toward. “If its base be obverted towards us.” I. Watts.

Ob´vi•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obviated p. pr. & vb. n. Obviating.] [L. obviare; ob (see Ob-) + viare to go, fr. via way. See Voyage.] 1. To meet in the way. [Obs.] “Not to stir a step to obviate any of a different religion.” Fuller. 2. To anticipate; to prevent by interception; to remove from the way or path; to make unnecessary; as to obviate the necessity of going. “To lay down everything in its full light, so as to obviate all exceptions.” Woodward.

Ob•vi•a´tion , n. The act of obviating, or the state of being obviated.

Ob´vi•ous , a. [L. obvius; ob (see Ob-) + via way. See Voyage.] 1. Opposing; fronting. [Obs.] “To the evil turn
My obvious breast.” Milton. 2. Exposed; subject; open; liable. [Obs.] ´Obvious to dispute.´ Milton. 3. Easily discovered, seen, or understood; readily perceived by the eye or the intellect; plain; evident; apparent; as an obvious meaning; an obvious remark. “Apart and easy to be known they lie,
Amidst the heap, and obvious to the eye.” Pope. Syn. — Plain; clear; evident. See Manifest. — Ob´vi•ous•ly, adv. — Ob´vi•ous- ness, n. { Ob´vo•lute , Ob•vo•lu´ted } a. [L. obvolutus, p. p. of obvolvere to wrap round; ob (see Ob-) + volvere to roll.] Overlapping; contorted; convolute; — applied primarily, in botany, to two opposite leaves, each of which has one edge overlapping the nearest edge of the other, and secondarily to a circle of several leaves or petals which thus overlap.

O´by , n. See Obi.

O´ca , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A Peruvian name for certain species of Oxalis (O. crenata, and O. tuberosa) which bear edible tubers.

Oc´ca•my , n. [A corruption of alchemy.] An alloy imitating gold or silver. [Written also ochimy, ochymy, etc.]

Oc•ca´sion (ok•ka´zhun), n. [F. occasion, L. occasio, fr. occidere, occasum, to fall down; ob (see Ob- ) + cadere to fall. See Chance, and cf. Occident.] 1. A falling out, happening, or coming to pass; hence, that which falls out or happens; occurrence; incident. “The unlooked-for incidents of family history, and its hidden excitements, and its arduous occasions.” I. Taylor. 2. A favorable opportunity; a convenient or timely chance; convenience. “Sin, taking occasion by the commandment, deceived me.” Rom. vii. 11. “I’ll take the occasion which he gives to bring
Him to his death.” Waller. 3. An occurrence or condition of affairs which brings with it some unlooked-for event; that which incidentally brings to pass an event, without being its efficient cause or sufficient reason; accidental or incidental cause. “Her beauty was the occasion of the war.” Dryden. 4. Need; exigency; requirement; necessity; as I have no occasion for firearms. “After we have served ourselves and our own occasions.” Jer. Taylor. “When my occasions took me into France.” Burke. 5. A reason or excuse; a motive; a persuasion. “Whose manner was all passengers to stay,
And entertain with her occasions sly.” Spenser. On occasion, in case of need; in necessity; as convenience requires; occasionally. ´That we might have intelligence from him on occasion,´ De Foe. Syn. — Need; incident; use. See Opportunity.

Oc•ca´sion (ok•ka´zhun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Occasioned (- zhund); p. pr. & vb. n. Occasioning.] [Cf.F. occasionner.] To give occasion to; to cause; to produce; to induce; as to occasion anxiety. South. “If we inquire what it is that occasions men to make several combinations of simple ideas into distinct modes.” Locke.

Oc•ca´sion•a•ble , a. Capable of being occasioned or caused. Barrow.

Oc•ca´sion•al , a. [Cf.F. occasionnel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an occasion or to occasions; occuring at times, but not constant, regular, or systematic; made or happening as opportunity requires or admits; casual; incidental; as occasional remarks, or efforts. “The … occasional writing of the present times.” Bagehot. 2. Produced by accident; as the occasional origin of a thing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Occasional cause (Metaph.), some circumstance preceding an effect which, without being the real cause, becomes the occasion of the action of the efficient cause; thus, the act of touching gunpowder with fire is the occasional, but not the efficient, cause of an explosion.

Oc•ca´sion•al•ism , n. (Metaph.) The system of occasional causes; — a name given to certain theories of the Cartesian school of philosophers, as to the intervention of the First Cause, by which they account for the apparent reciprocal action of the soul and the body.

Oc•ca•sion•al´i•ty , n. Quality or state of being occasional; occasional occurrence. [R.]

Oc•ca´sion•al•ly , adv. In an occasional manner; on occasion; at times, as convenience requires or opportunity offers; not regularly. Stewart. “The one, Wolsey, directly his subject by birth; the other, his subject occasionally by his preferment.” Fuller.

Oc•ca´sion•ate , v. t. To occasion. [Obs.] “The lowest may occasionate much ill.” Dr. H. More.

Oc•ca´sion•er , n. One who, or that which, occasions, causes, or produces. Bp. Sanderson.

Oc•ca´sive , a. [L. occasivus, fr. occasus a going down, setting of the heavenly bodies, fr. occidere to fall or down. See Occasion.] Of or pertaining to the setting sun; falling; descending; western.

Oc•ce•ca´tion , n. [L. occaecatio, fr. occaecare to make blind; ob + caecare to blind, fr. caecus blind.] The act of making blind, or the state of being blind. [R.] ´This inward occecation.´ Bp. Hall.

Oc´ci•dent , n. [F., fr. L. occidens, occidentis, fr. occidents, p. pr. of occidere to fall or go down. See Occasion.] The part of the horizon where the sun last appears in the evening; that part of the earth towards the sunset; the west; — opposed to orient. Specifically, in former times, Europe as opposed to Asia; now, also the Western hemisphere. Chaucer. “I may wander from east to occident.” Shak.

Oc•ci•den´tal , a. [L. occidentalis; cf. F. occidental.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or situated in, the occident, or west; western; — opposed to oriental; as occidental climates, or customs; an occidental planet. 2. Possessing inferior hardness, brilliancy, or beauty; — used of inferior precious stones and gems, because those found in the Orient are generally superior.

Oc•ci•den´tals , n. pl. (Eccl.) Western Christians of the Latin rite. See Orientals. Shipley.

Oc•cid´u•ous , a. [L. occiduus, fr. occidere to go down.] Western; occidental. [R.] Blount.

Oc•cip´i•tal , a. [Cf. F. occipital.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the occiput, or back part of the head, or to the occipital bone. Occipital bone (Anat.), the bone which forms the posterior segment of the skull and surrounds the great foramen by which the spinal cord leaves the cranium. In the higher vertebrates it is usually composed of four bones, which become consolidated in the adult. — Occipital point (Anat.), the point of the occiput in the mesial plane farthest from the ophryon.

Oc•cip´i•tal, n. (Anat.) The occipital bone.

Oc•cip´i•to- . [See Occiput.] A combining form denoting relation to, or situation near, the occiput; as occipito-axial; occipito- mastoid.

Oc•cip•i•to•ax´i•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the occipital bone and second vertebra, or axis.

Oc´ci•put , n.; pl. L. Occipita (#), E. Occiputs. [L., fr. ob (see Ob-) + caput head. See Chief.] 1. (Anat.) The back, or posterior, part of the head or skull; the region of the occipital bone. 2. (Zoöl.) A plate which forms the back part of the head of insects.

Oc•ci´sion , n. [L. occisio, fr. occidere, occisium, to cut down, to kill; ob (see Ob-) + caedere to cut.] A killing; the act of killing. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Oc•clude´ , v. t. [L. occludere, occlusum; ob (see Ob-) + claudere to shut.] 1. To shut up; to close. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Chem.) To take in and retain; to absorb; — said especially with respect to gases; as iron, platinum, and palladium occlude large volumes of hydrogen.

Oc•clud´ent , a. [L. occludens, p. pr. of occludere.] Serving to close; shutting up. — n. That which closes or shuts up. Sterne.

Oc•cluse´ , a. [L. occlusus, p. p. See Occlude.] Shut; closed. [Obs.] Holder.

Oc•clu´sion , n. [See Occlude.] 1. The act of occluding, or the state of being occluded. “Constriction and occlusion of the orifice.” Howell. 2. (Med.) The transient approximation of the edges of a natural opening; imperforation. Dunglison. Occlusion of gases (Chem. & Physics), the phenomenon of absorbing gases, as exhibited by platinum, palladium, iron, or charcoal; thus, palladium absorbs, or occludes, nearly a thousand times its own volume of hydrogen, and in this case a chemical compound seems to be formed.

Oc•crus´tate , v. t. [See Ob- , and Crustated.] To incrust; to harden. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Oc•cult´ , a. [L. occultus, p. p. of occulere to cover up, hide; ob (see Ob- ) + a root prob.akin to E. hell: cf. F. occulte.] Hidden from the eye or the understanding; inviable; secret; concealed; unknown. “It is of an occult kind, and is so insensible in its advances as to escape observation.” I. Taylor. Occult line (Geom.), a line drawn as a part of the construction of a figure or problem, but not to appear in the finished plan. — Occult qualities, those qualities whose effects only were observed, but the nature and relations of whose productive agencies were undetermined; — so called by the schoolmen. — Occult sciences, those sciences of the Middle Ages which related to the supposed action or influence of occult qualities, or supernatural powers, as alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology.

Oc•cult´, v. t. To eclipse; to hide from sight.

Oc•cul•ta´tion , n. [L. occultatio a hiding, fr. occultare, v. intens. of occulere: cf.F. occultation. See Occult.] 1. (Astron.) The hiding of a heavenly body from sight by the intervention of some other of the heavenly bodies; — applied especially to eclipses of stars and planets by the moon, and to the eclipses of satellites of planets by their primaries. 2. Fig.: The state of being occult. “The reappearance of such an author after those long periods of occultation.” Jeffrey. Circle of perpetual occultation. See under Circle.

Oc•cult´ed, a. 1. Hidden; secret. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Astron.) Concealed by the intervention of some other heavenly body, as a star by the moon.

Oc•cult´ing , n. Same as Occultation.

Oc•cult´ism , n. A certain Oriental system of theosophy. A. P. Sinnett.

Oc•cult´ist, n. An adherent of occultism.

Oc•cult´ly, adv. In an occult manner.

Oc•cult´ness, n. State or quality of being occult.

Oc´cu•pan•cy , n. [See Occupant.] The act of taking or holding possession; possession; occupation. Title by occupancy (Law), a right of property acquired by taking the first possession of a thing, or possession of a thing which belonged to nobody, and appropriating it. Blackstone. Kent.

Oc´cu•pant , n. [L. occupans, p. pr. of occupare: cf. F. occupant. See Occupy.] 1. One who occupies, or takes possession; one who has the actual use or possession, or is in possession, of a thing. This word, in law, sometimes signifies one who takes the first possession of a thing that has no owner. 2. A prostitute. [Obs.] Marston.

Oc´cu•pate , v. t. [L. occupatus, p. p. of occupare. See Occupy.] To occupy. [Obs.] Bacon.

Oc•cu•pa´tion , n. [L. occupatio: cf.F. occupation.] 1. The act or process of occupying or taking possession; actual possession and control; the state of being occupied; a holding or keeping; tenure; use; as the occupation of lands by a tenant. 2. That which occupies or engages the time and attention; the principal business of one’s life; vocation; employment; calling; trade. “Absence of occupation is not rest.” Cowper. Occupation bridge (Engin.), a bridge connecting the parts of an estate separated by a railroad, a canal, or an ordinary road. Syn. — Occupancy; possession; tenure; use; employment; avocation; engagement; vocation; calling; office; trade; profession.

Oc´cu•pi•er , n. 1. One who occupies, or has possession. 2. One who follows an employment; hence, a tradesman. [Obs.] ´Merchants and occupiers.´ Holland. “The occupiers of thy merchandise.” Ezek. xxvii. 27.

Oc´cu•py , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Occupied p. pr. & vb. n. Occupying ] [OE. occupien, F. occuper, fr.L. occupare; ob (see Ob-) + a word akin to capere to take. See Capacious.] 1. To take or hold possession of; to hold or keep for use; to possess. “Woe occupieth the fine [/end] of our gladness.” Chaucer. “The better apartments were already occupied.” W. Irving. 2. To hold, or fill, the dimensions of; to take up the room or space of; to cover or fill; as the camp occupies five acres of ground. Sir J. Herschel. 3. To possess or use the time or capacity of; to engage the service of; to employ; to busy. “An archbishop may have cause to occupy more chaplains than six.” Eng. Statute (Hen. VIII. ) “They occupied themselves about the Sabbath.” 2 Macc. viii. 27. 4. To do business in; to busy one’s self with. [Obs.] “All the ships of the sea, with their mariners, were in thee to occupy the merchandise.” Ezek. xxvii. 9. “Not able to occupy their old crafts.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 5. To use; to expend; to make use of. [Obs.] “All the gold that was occupied for the work.” Ex. xxxviii. 24. “They occupy not money themselves.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 6. To have sexual intercourse with. [Obs.] Nares.

Oc´cu•py, v. i. 1. To hold possession; to be an occupant. ´Occupy till I come.´ Luke xix. 13. 2. To follow business; to traffic.

Oc•cur´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Occurred p. pr. & vb. n. Occurring ] [L. occurrere, occursum; ob (see Ob-) + currere to run. See Course.] 1. To meet; to clash. [Obs.] “The resistance of the bodies they occur with.” Bentley. 2. To go in order to meet; to make reply. [Obs.] “I must occur to one specious objection.” Bentley. 3. To meet one’s eye; to be found or met with; to present itself; to offer; to appear; to happen; to take place; as I will write if opportunity occurs. “In Scripture, though the word heir occur, yet there is no such thing as ´heir´ in our author’s sense.” Locke. 4. To meet or come to the mind; to suggest itself; to be presented to the imagination or memory. “There doth not occur to me any use of this experiment for profit.” Bacon.

Oc•cur´rence , n. [Cf. F. occurrence. See Occur.] 1. A coming or happening; as the occurence of a railway collision. “Voyages detain the mind by the perpetual occurrence and expectation of something new.” I. Watts. 2. Any incident or event; esp., one which happens without being designed or expected; as an unusual occurrence, or the ordinary occurrences of life. “All the occurrence of my fortune.” Shak. Syn. — See Event.

Oc•cur´rent , a. [L. occurrens, -entis, p. pr. of occurrere: cf.F. occurrent. See Occur.] Occurring or happening; hence, incidental; accidental.

Oc•cur´rent , n. 1. One who meets; hence, an adversary. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Anything that happens; an occurrence. [Obs.] “These we must meet with in obvious occurrents of the world.” Sir T. Browne.

Oc•curse´ , n. [L. occursus.] Same as Occursion. [Obs.] Bentley.

Oc•cur´sion , n. [L. occursio. See Occur.] A meeting; a clash; a collision. [Obs.] Boyle.

O´cean (o´shan), n. [F. ocean, L. oceanus, Gr. ’wkeano•s ocean, in Homer, the great river supposed to encompass the earth.] 1. The whole body of salt water which covers more than three fifths of the surface of the globe; — called also the sea, or great sea. “Like the odor of brine from the ocean
Comes the thought of other years.” Longfellow. 2. One of the large bodies of water into which the great ocean is regarded as divided, as the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic oceans. 3. An immense expanse; any vast space or quantity without apparent limits; as the boundless ocean of eternity; an ocean of affairs. Locke.

O´cean (o´shan), a. Of or pertaining to the main or great sea; as the ocean waves; an ocean stream. Milton.

O•ce•an´ic , a. [Cf.F. oceanique. See Ocean.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ocean; found or formed in or about, or produced by, the ocean; frequenting the ocean, especially mid- ocean. “Petrels are the most aërial and oceanic of birds.” Darwin. 2. Of or pertaining to Oceania or its inhabitants.

O•cean•og´ra•phy , n. [Ocean + -graphy.] A description of the ocean.

O•cean•ol´o•gy , n. [Ocean + -logy.] That branch of science which relates to the ocean.

O•ce´a•nus , n. [L., from Gr. .] (Gr.Myth.) The god of the great outer sea, or the river which was believed to flow around the whole earth.

O•cel´la•ry , a. Of or pertaining to ocelli.

O•cel´late , a. Same as Ocellated.

O•cel´la•ted , a. [L. ocellatus, fr. ocellus a little eye, dim. of oculus an eye.] 1. Resembling an eye. 2. Marked with eyelike spots of color; as the ocellated blenny. Ocellated turkey (Zoöl.), the wild turkey of Central America (Meleagris ocellata).

O•cel´lus , n.; pl. Ocelli (#). [L., dim. of oculus an eye.] (Zoöl.) (a) A little eye; a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates. (b) An eyelike spot of color, as those on the tail of the peacock.

O´ce•loid , a. [Ocelot + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the ocelot.

O´ce•lot , n. [Mexican ocelotl.] (Zoöl.) An American feline carnivore (Felis pardalis). It ranges from the Southwestern United States to Patagonia. It is covered with blackish ocellated spots and blotches, which are variously arranged. The ground color varies from reddish gray to tawny yellow. { O´cher , O´chre } , n. [F. ocre, L. ochra, fr. Gr. , from pale, pale yellow.] (Min.) (a) A impure earthy ore of iron or a ferruginous clay, usually red (hematite) or yellow (limonite), — used as a pigment in making paints, etc. The name is also applied to clays of other colors. (b) A metallic oxide occurring in earthy form; as tungstic ocher or tungstite. { O´cher•ous , O´chre•ous } , a. [Cf. F. ocreux.] Of or pertaining to ocher; containing or resembling ocher; as ocherous matter; ocherous soil.

O´cher•y , a. Ocherous. [Written also ochrey, ochry.]

Och•i•my , n. [Obs.] See Occamy.

Och•le´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. disturbance, fr. crowd, mob.] (Med.) A general morbid condition induced by the crowding together of many persons, esp. sick persons, under one roof. G. Gregory.

Och•loc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. ; the populace, multitude + to be strong, to rule, strength: cf.F. ochlocratie.] A form of government by the multitude; a mobocracy. Hare. { Och•lo•crat•ic , Och•lo•crat•ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to ochlocracy; having the form or character of an ochlocracy; mobocratic. — Och•lo•crat´ic•al•ly, adv.

O•chra´ceous , a. Ocherous.

O´chre , n. (Min.) See Ocher.

O´chre•a , n.; pl. Ochreaee (#). [L.] 1. (Antiq.) A greave or legging. 2. (Bot.) A kind of sheath formed by two stipules united round a stem. { O´chre•ate , O´chre•a•ted } a. 1. Wearing or furnished with an ochrea or legging; wearing boots; booted. “A scholar undertook … to address himself ochreated unto the vice chancellor.” Fuller. 2. (Bot.) Provided with ochrea, or sheathformed stipules, as the rhubarb, yellow dock, and knotgrass.

O´chre•ous , a. See Ocherous.

O´chrey , a. See Ochery.

Och•ro•leu´cous , a. [Gr. ocher + white.] Yellowish white; having a faint tint of dingy yellow. Gray.

O´chry , a. See Ochery.

Och´y•my , n. [Obs.] See Occamy.

-ock [AS. -uc.] A suffix used to form diminutives; as bullock, hillock.

O´cra , n. (Bot.) See Okra.

O´cre•a , n. [L.] See Ochrea. { O´cre•ate , O´cre•a´ted } a. [See Ochrea.] Same as Ochreate, Ochreated.

Oc´ta- A prefix meaning eight. See Octo-.

Oc´ta•chord , n. [Gr. with eight strings; (for eight) + string, chord: cf.F. octacorde.] (Mus.) An instrument of eight strings; a system of eight tones. [Also written octochord.]

Oc´tad , n. [Gr. , , the number eight.] (Chem.) An atom or radical which has a valence of eight, or is octavalent.

Oc•ta•e´dral , a. See Octahedral.

Oc•ta•em´e•ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , neut. of of the eighth day.] (Eccl.) A fast of eight days before a great festival. Shipley.

Oc´ta•gon , n. [Gr. eight- cornered; (for eight) + an angle: cf.F. cctogone.] 1. (Geom.) A plane figure of eight sides and eight angles. 2. Any structure (as a fortification) or place with eight sides or angles. Regular octagon, one in which the sides are all equal, and the angles also are all equal.

Oc•tag´o•nal , a. Having eight sides and eight angles.

Oc•tag´y•nous , a. [Octa- + Gr. wife.] (Bot.) Having eight pistils or styles; octogynous.

Oc•ta•he´dral , a. [See Octahedron.] Having eight faces or sides; of, pertaining to, or formed in, octahedrons; as octahedral cleavage. Octahedral borax (Chem.), borax obtained from a saturated solution in octahedral crystals, which contain five molecules of water of crystallization; distinguished from common or prismatic borax. — Octahedral iron ore (Min.), magnetite.

Oc•ta•he´drite , n. (Min.) Titanium dioxide occurring in acute octahedral crystals.

Oc•ta•he´dron , n. [Gr., fr. eight-side; (for eight) + seat, base, from to sit.] (Geom.) A solid bounded by eight faces. The regular octahedron is contained by eight equal equilateral triangles.

Oc•tam´er•ous , a. [Octa- + Gr. part.] (Biol.) Having the parts in eights; as an octamerous flower; octamerous mesenteries in polyps.

Oc•tam´e•ter , n. [Cf.L. octameter in eight feet. See Octa-, and meter.] (Pros.) A verse containing eight feet; as —
“Deep\’b6 in|to\’b6 the | dark\’b6ness | peer\’b6ing, | long\’b6 I | stood\’b6 there | wond’\’b6ring, | fear\’b6ing.” Poe.

Oc•tan´der , n. One of the Octandria.

Oc•tan´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (for eight) + , , male, man.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants, in which the flowers have eight stamens not united to one another or to the pistil. { Oc•tan´dri•an , Oc•tan´drous } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Octandria; having eight distinct stamens.

Oc´tane , n. [See Octa-] . (Chem.) Any one of a group of metametric hydrocarcons (C8H18) of the methane series. The most important is a colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, found in petroleum, and a constituent of benzene or ligroin.

Oc•tan´gu•lar , a. [L. octangulus eight-cornered; octo eight + angulus angle.] Having eight angles; eight-angled. — Oc•tan´gu•lar•ness, n.

Oc´tant , n. [L. octans, - antis. fr. octo eight. See Octave.] 1. (Geom.) The eighth part of a circle; an arc of 45 degrees. 2. (Astron. & Astrol.) The position or aspect of a heavenly body, as the moon or a planet, when half way between conjunction, or opposition, and quadrature, or distant from another body 45 degrees. 3. An instrument for measuring angles (generally called a quadrant), having an arc which measures up to 9O°, but being itself the eighth part of a circle. Cf. Sextant. 4. (Math. & Crystallog.) One of the eight parts into which a space is divided by three coördinate planes.

Oc´ta•pla , n.; etymol. pl., but syntactically sing. [NL., fr.Gr. (for eight) + -pla, as in E. hexapla; cf.Gr. eightfold.] A portion of the Old Testament prepared by Origen in the 3d century, containing the Hebrew text and seven Greek versions of it, arranged in eight parallel columns.

Oc•ta•roon´ , n. See Octoroon.

Oc´ta•style , a. See Octostyle.

Oc´ta•teuch , n. [L. octateuchus, Gr. .] A collection of eight books; especially, the first eight books of the Old Testament. [R.]

Oc•tav´a•lent , a. [Octa- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of eight; capable of being combined with, exchanged for, or compared with, eight atoms of hydrogen; — said of certain atoms or radicals.

Oc´tave , n. [F., fr. L. octava an eighth, fr. octavus eighth, fr. octo eight. See Eight, and cf. Octavo, Utas.] 1. The eighth day after a church festival, the festival day being included; also the week following a church festival. ´The octaves of Easter.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. (Mus.) (a) The eighth tone in the scale; the interval between one and eight of the scale, or any interval of equal length; an interval of five tones and two semitones. (b) The whole diatonic scale itself. The ratio of a musical tone to its octave above is 1:2 as regards the number of vibrations producing the tones. 3. (Poet.) The first two stanzas of a sonnet, consisting of four verses each; a stanza of eight lines. “With mournful melody it continued this octave.” Sir P. Sidney. Double octave. (Mus.) See under Double. — Octave flute (Mus.), a small flute, the tones of which range an octave higher than those of the German or ordinary flute; — called also piccolo. See Piccolo. 4. A small cask of wine, the eighth part of a pipe.

Oc´tave , a. Consisting of eight; eight. Dryden.

Oc•ta´vo , n.;pl. Octavos (#). [L. in octavo; in in + octavo, abl. of octavus. See Octave.] A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into eight leaves; hence, indicating more or less definitely a size of book so made; — usually written 8vo or 8°.

Oc•ta´vo, a. Having eight leaves to a sheet; as an octavo form, book, leaf, size, etc.

Oc´tene , n. [See Octo-.] (Chem.) Same as Octylene.

Oc•ten´ni•al , a. [L. octennium a period of eight years; octo eight + annus year.] Happening every eighth year; also lasting a period of eight years. Johnson. — Oc•ten´ni•al•ly, adv.

Oc•tet´ , n. [From L. octo eight, like E. duet, fr.L. duo. See Octave.] (Mus.) A composition for eight parts, usually for eight solo instruments or voices.

Oc´tic , a. [Octo- + - ic.] (Math.) Of the eighth degree or order. — n. (Alg.) A quantic of the eighth degree.

Oc´tile , n. [Cf. F. octil, a. See Octant.] Same as Octant, 2. [R.]

Oc•til´lion , n. [L. octo eight + -illion, as in E. million: cf. F. octillion.] According to the French method of numeration (which method is followed also in the United States) the number expressed by a unit with twenty-seven ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-eight ciphers annexed. See Numeration. { Oc´to- , Oc´ta- }. [L. octo eight, Gr. , with a combining form . Cf. Eight.] A combining form meaning eight; as in octodecimal, octodecimal, octolocular.

Oc´to•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of an octoic acid; a caprylate.

Oc•to´ber , n. [L., the eighth month of the primitive Roman year, which began in March, fr. octo eight: cf.F. Octobre. See Octave.] 1. The tenth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. 2. Ale or cider made in that month. “The country gentlemen had a posset or drink they called October.” Emerson.

Oc•toc´e•ra , n. pl. [NL.] Octocerata.

Oc•to•cer´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. eight + , a horn.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Cephalopoda including Octopus, Argonauta, and allied genera, having eight arms around the head; — called also Octopoda.

Oc´to•chord , n. (Mus.) See Octachord.

Oc•todec´i•mo , a. [L. octodecim eighteen. See Octavo, Decimal, and -mo.] Having eighteen leaves to a sheet; as an octodecimo form, book, leaf, size, etc.

Oc•to•dec´i•mo, n.; pl. Octodecimos . A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into eighteen leaves; hence; indicating more or less definitely a size of book, whose sheets are so folded; — usually written 18mo or 18°, and called eighteenmo.

Oc•to•den´tate , a. [Octo- + dentate.] Having eight teeth.

Oc´to•dont , a. [Octo- + Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Octodontidae, a family of rodents which includes the coypu, and many other South American species.

Oc•to•ed´ric•al , a. See Octahedral. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Oc´to•fid , a. [Octo- + root of L. findere to split: cf.F. octofide.] (Bot.) Cleft or separated into eight segments, as a calyx.

Oc•tog´a•my , n. [Octo- + Gr. marriage.] A marrying eight times. [R.] Chaucer.

Oc•to•ge•na´ri•an , n. A person eighty years, or more, of age.

Oc•tog´e•na•ry , a. [L. octogenarrus, from octogeni eighty each, octoginta eighty, fr. octo eight. See Eight, Eighty.] Of eighty years of age. ´Being then octogenary.´ Aubrey.

Oc´to•gild , n. [Octo- + AS. gild payment.] (Anglo-Saxon Law) A pecuniary compensation for an injury, of eight times the value of the thing.

Oc•tog´o•nal , a. See Octagonal. [Obs.]

Oc•to•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. eight + a woman, female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having eight pistils. { Oc•to•gyn´i•an , Oc•tog´y•nous } a. (Bot.) Having eight pistils; octagynous.

Oc•to´ic , a. [See Octo-.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, octane; — used specifically, to designate any one of a group of acids, the most important of which is called caprylic acid.

Oc•to•loc´u•lar , a. [Octo- + locular.] (Bot.) Having eight cells for seeds.

Oc•to•naph´thene , n. [Octo- + naphthene.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid hydrocarbon of the octylene series, occurring in Caucasian petroleum.

Oc•to•na•ry , a. [L. octonarius, fr. octoni eight each, fr. octo eight.] Of or pertaining to the number eight. Dr. H. More.

Oc•to•noc´u•lar , a. [L. octoni eight each + E. ocular.] Having eight eyes. Derham.

Oc•to•pede , n. [Octo- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) An animal having eight feet, as a spider.

Oc•to•pet´al•ous , a. [Octo- + petal.] (Bot.) Having eight petals or flower leaves.

Oc´to•pod , n. [Gr. eight- footed; eight + poy•s, podo•s, foot: cf.F. octopode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Octocerata.

Oc•top´o•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Octocerata. (b) Same as Arachnida.

Oc•to•po´di•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. eight + a little foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Octocerata.

Oc´to•pus , n. [NL. See Octopod.] (Zoöl.) A genus of eight-armed cephalopods, including numerous species, some of them of large size. See Devilfish,

Oc•to•ra´•di•a•ted , a. [Octo- + radiated.] Having eight rays.

Oc•to•roon´ , n. [L. octo eight + -roon, as in quadroon.] The offspring of a quadroon and a white person; a mestee.

Oc•to•sper´mous , a. [Octo- + Cr. seed.] (Bot.) Containing eight seeds.

Oc•tos´ti•chous , a. [Octo- + Gr. a row.] (Bot.) In eight vertical ranks, as leaves on a stem.

Oc´to•style , a. [Octo- + Gr. a pillar: cf.F. octostyle.] (Arch.) Having eight columns in the front; — said of a temple or portico. The Parthenon is octostyle, but most large Greek temples are hexastele. See Hexastyle. — n. An octostyle portico or temple. { Oc•to•syl•lab´ic , Oc•to•syl•lab´ic•al , } a. [L. octosyllabus. See Octo-, and Syllable.] Consisting of or containing eight syllables.

Oc´to•syl•la•ble , a. Octosyllabic.

Oc´to•syl•la•ble, n. A word of eight syllables.

Oc´to•yl , n. [Octoic + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical (C8H15O), regarded as the essential residue of octoic acid.

Oc•troi´ , n. [F.] 1. A privilege granted by the sovereign authority, as the exclusive right of trade granted to a guild or society; a concession. 2. A tax levied in money or kind at the gate of a French city on articles brought within the walls. [Written also octroy.]

Oc´tu•or , n. [From L. octo eight + -uor, as in L. quatuor.] (Mus.) See Octet. [R.]

Oc´tu•ple , a. [L. octuplus; cf. Gr. : cf.F. octuple.] Eightfold.

Oc´tyl , n. [Octane + - yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical hydrocarbon radical regarded as an essential residue of octane, and as entering into its derivatives; as octyl alcohol.

Oc´tyl•ene , n. [Octane + ethylene.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of metameric hydrocarbons (C8H16) of the ethylene series. In general they are combustible, colorless liquids.

Oc•tyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, octyl; as octylic ether.

Oc´u•lar , a. [L. ocularis, ocularius, fr. oculus the eye: cf.F. oculaire. See Eye, and cf. Antler, Inveigle.] 1. Depending on, or perceived by, the eye; received by actual sight; personally seeing or having seen; as ocular proof. Shak. “Thomas was an ocular witness of Christ’s death.” South. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the eye; optic.

Oc´u•lar, n. (Opt.) The eyepiece of an optical instrument, as of a telescope or microscope.

Oc´u•lar•ly, adv. By the eye, or by actual sight.

Oc´u•la•ry , a. Of or pertaining to the eye; ocular; optic; as oculary medicines. Holland. { Oc´u•late , Oc´u•la•ted } a. [L. oculatus, fr. oculus eye.] 1. Furnished with eyes. 2. Having spots or holes resembling eyes; ocellated.

Oc•u•li•form , a. [L. oculus the eye + form: cf.F. oculiforme.] In the form of an eye; resembling an eye; as an oculiform pebble.

Oc•u•li´na , n. [NL., fr. L. oculus the eye.] (Zoöl.) A genus of tropical corals, usually branched, and having a very volid texture.

Oc•u•li•na´•ce•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. NL. oculina the name of a typical genus.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of corals including many reef- building species, having round, starlike calicles.

Oc´u•list , n. [L. oculus the eye: cf. F. oculiste.] One skilled in treating diseases of the eye.

Oc´u•lo- A combining form from L. oculus the eye.

Oc•u•lo•mo´tor , a. [Oculo- + motor.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the movement of the eye; — applied especially to the common motor nerves (or third pair of cranial nerves) which supply many of the muscles of the orbit. — n. The oculomotor nerve.

Oc•u•lo•na´sal , a. [Oculo- + nasal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the region of the eye and the nose; as the oculonasal, or nasal, nerve, one of the branches of the ophthalmic.

Oc´u•lus , n.; pl. Oculi (#). [L., an eye.] 1. An eye; (Bot.) a leaf bud. 2. (Arch.) A round window, usually a small one.

O•cy•po´di•an, n. [Gr. ’wky•s swift + poy•s, podo•s, foot.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of crabs which live in holes in the sand along the seashore, and run very rapidly, — whence the name.

Od , n. [G., fr. Gr. passage.] (Physics) An alleged force or natural power, supposed, by Reichenbach and others, to produce the phenomena of mesmerism, and to be developed by various agencies, as by magnets, heat, light, chemical or vital action, etc.; — called also odyle or the odylic force. [Archaic] “That od force of German Reichenbach
Which still, from female finger tips, burnt blue.” Mrs. Browning.

O•da•lisque´ , n. [F., fr. Turk. odaliq chambermaid, fr. oda chamber, room.] A female slave or concubine in the harem of the Turkish sultan. [Written also odahlic, odalisk, and odalik.] “Not of those that men desire, sleek
Odalisques, or oracles of mode.” Tennyson.

Odd , a. [Compar. Odder superl. Oddest.] [OE. odde, fr.Icel. oddi a tongue of land, a triangle, an odd number (from the third or odd angle, or point, of a triangle), orig., a point, tip; akin to Icel. oddr point, point of a weapon, Sw. udda odd, udd point, Dan. od, AS. ord, OHG. ort, G. ort place (cf. E. point, for change of meaning).] 1. Not paired with another, or remaining over after a pairing; without a mate; unmatched; single; as an odd shoe; an odd glove. 2. Not divisible by 2 without a remainder; not capable of being evenly paired, one unit with another; as 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, etc., are odd numbers. “I hope good luck lies in odd numbers.” Shak. 3. Left over after a definite round number has been taken or mentioned; indefinitely, but not greatly, exceeding a specified number; extra. “Sixteen hundred and odd years after the earth was made, it
was destroyed in a deluge.” T. Burnet. “There are yet missing of your company
Some few odd lads that you remember not.” Shak. 4. Remaining over; unconnected; detached; fragmentary; hence, occasional; inconsiderable; as odd jobs; odd minutes; odd trifles. 5. Different from what is usual or common; unusual; singular; peculiar; unique; strange. ´An odd action.´ Shak. ´An odd expression.´ Thackeray. “The odd man, to perform all things perfectly, is, in my poor opinion, Joannes Sturmius.” Ascham. “Patients have sometimes coveted odd things.” Arbuthnot. “Locke’s Essay would be a very odd book for a man to make himself master of, who would get a reputation by critical writings.” Spectator. Syn. — Quaint; unmatched; singular; unusual; extraordinary; strange; queer; eccentric, whimsical; fantastical; droll; comical. See Quaint.

Odd´ Fel•low A member of a secret order, or fraternity, styled the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, established for mutual aid and social enjoyment.

Odd´i•ty , n.; pl. Oddities . 1. The quality or state of being odd; singularity; queerness; peculiarity; as oddity of dress, manners, and the like. “That infinitude of oddities in him.” Sterne. 2. That which is odd; as a collection of oddities.

Odd´ly, adv. 1. In an odd manner; unevently. [R.] 2. In a peculiar manner; strangely; queerly; curiously. ´A figure a little more oddly turned.´ Locke. “A great black substance, … very oddly shaped.” Swift. 3. (Math.) In a manner measured by an odd number.

Odd´ness, n. 1. The state of being odd, or not even. “Take but one from three, and you not only destroy the oddness, but also the essence of that number.” Fotherby. 2. Singularity; strangeness; eccentricity; irregularity; uncouthness; as the oddness of dress or shape; the oddness of an event. Young.

Odds (odz), n. sing. & pl. [See Odd, a.] 1. Difference in favor of one and against another; excess of one of two things or numbers over the other; inequality; advantage; superiority; hence, excess of chances; probability. ´Preëminent by so much odds.´ Milton. ´The fearful odds of that unequal fray.´ Trench. “The odds
Is that we scarce are men and you are gods.” Shak. “There appeared, at least, four to one odds against them.” Swift. “All the odds between them has been the different scope … given to their understandings to range in.” Locke. “Judging is balancing an account and determining on which side the odds lie.” Locke. 2. Quarrel; dispute; debate; strife; — chiefly in the phrase at odds. “Set them into confounding odds.” Shak. “I can not speak
Any beginning to this peevish odds.” Shak. At odds, in dispute; at variance. ´These squires at odds did fall.´ Spenser. ´He flashes into one gross crime or other, that sets us all at odds.´ Shak. — It is odds, it is probable. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Odds and ends, that which is left; remnants; fragments; refuse; scraps; miscellaneous articles. ´My brain is filled … with all kinds of odds and ends.´ W. Irving.

Ode , n. [F., fr. L. ode, oda, Gr. a song, especially a lyric song, contr. fr. , fr. to sing; cf.Skr. vad to speak, sing. Cf. Comedy, Melody, Monody.] A short poetical composition proper to be set to music or sung; a lyric poem; esp., now, a poem characterized by sustained noble sentiment and appropriate dignity of style. “Hangs odes upon hawthorns and elegies on brambles.” Shak. “O! run; prevent them with thy humble ode,
And lay it lowly at his blessed feet.” Milton. Ode factor, one who makes, or who traffics in, odes; — used contemptuously.

Ode´let , n. A little or short ode.

O•de´on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. : cf.F. odeon. See Ode.] A kind of theater in ancient Greece, smaller than the dramatic theater and roofed over, in which poets and musicians submitted their works to the approval of the public, and contended for prizes; — hence, in modern usage, the name of a hall for musical or dramatic performances.

O•de´um , n. [L.] See Odeon.

O´di•ble , a. [L. odibilis. See Odium.] Fitted to excite hatred; hateful. [Obs.] Bale.

Od´ic , a. Of or pertaining to od. See Od. [Archaic] — Od´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

O´din , n. [Icel. ; prob.akin to E. wood, a. See Wednesday.] (Northern Myth.) The supreme deity of the Scandinavians; — the same as Woden, of the German tribes. “There in the Temple, carved in wood,
The image of great Odin stood.” Longfellow.

O•din´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Odin.

O´di•ous , a. [L. odiosus, from odium hatred: cf. F. odieux. See Odium.] 1. Hateful; deserving or receiving hatred; as an odious name, system, vice. ´All wickedness will be most odious.´ Sprat. “He rendered himself odious to the Parliament.” Clarendon. 2. Causing or provoking hatred, repugnance, or disgust; offensive; disagreeable; repulsive; as an odious sight; an odious smell. Milton. “The odious side of that polity.” Macaulay. Syn. — Hateful; detestable; abominable; disgusting; loathsome; invidious; repulsive; forbidding; unpopular. — O´di•ous•ly. adv. — O´di•ous•ness, n.

Od´ist , n. A writer of an ode or odes.

O´di•um , n. [L., fr. odi I hate. Gr. Annoy, Noisome.] 1. Hatred; dislike; as his conduct brought him into odium, or, brought odium upon him. 2. The quality that provokes hatred; offensiveness. “She threw the odium of the fact on me.” Dryden. Odium theologicum [L.], the enmity peculiar to contending theologians. Syn. — Hatred; abhorrence; detestation; antipathy. — Odium, Hatred. We exercise hatred; we endure odium. The former has an active sense, the latter a passive one. We speak of having a hatred for a man, but not of having an odium toward him. A tyrant incurs odium. The odium of an offense may sometimes fall unjustly upon one who is innocent. “I wish I had a cause to seek him there,
To oppose his hatred fully.” Shak. “You have … dexterously thrown some of the odium of your polity upon that middle class which you despise.” Beaconsfield.

Od´ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Odized p. pr. & vb. n. Odizing.] To charge with od. See Od. [Archaic]

Od´myl , n. [Gr. , , stench + -yl.] (Chem.) A volatile liquid obtained by boiling sulphur with linseed oil. It has an unpleasant garlic odor.

O•dom´e•ter (o•dom´e•ter), n. [Gr. ’odo•metron, ’odo•metros, an instrument for measuring distance; ’odo•s way + me•tron measure: cf. F. odometre, hodometre.] An instrument attached to the wheel of a vehicle, to measure the distance traversed; also a wheel used by surveyors, which registers the miles and rods traversed.

O•do•met´ric•al , a. [Cf. F. odometrique, hodometrique.] Of or pertaining to the odometer, or to measurements made with it.

O•dom´e•trous , a. Serving to measure distance on a road. [R.] Sydney Smith.

O•dom´e•try , n. Measurement of distances by the odometer.

O•don´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) The division of insects that includes the dragon flies.

O•don•tal´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth + pain.] (Med.) Toothache.

O•don•tal´gic , a. [Cf. F. odontalgique.] Of or pertaining to odontalgia. — n. A remedy for the toothache.

O•don•tal´gy , n. (Med.) Same as Odontalgia.

O•don•ti´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.] Cutting of the teeth; dentition.

O•don´to- A combining form from Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth.

O•don´to•blast , n. [Odonto- + -blast.] 1. (Anat.) One of the more or less columnar cells on the outer surface of the pulp of a tooth; an odontoplast. They are supposed to be connected with the formation of dentine. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the cells which secrete the chitinous teeth of Mollusca.

O•don•to•ce´te , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth + a whale.] (Zoöl.) A subdivision of Cetacea, including the sperm whale, dolphins, etc.; the toothed whales.

O•don•tog´e•ny , n. [Odonto- + root of Gr. to be born: cf: F. odontogenie.] (Physiol.) Generetion, or mode of development, of the teeth.

O•don´to•graph , n. [Odonto- + -graph.] An instrument for marking or laying off the outlines of teeth of gear wheels.

O•don•to•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to odontography.

O•don•tog´ra•phy , n. A description of the teeth.

O•don´toid , a. [Gr. ; ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth + form: cf.F. odontoïde.] (Anat.) (a) Having the form of a tooth; toothlike. (b) Of or pertaining to the odontoid bone or to the odontoid process. Odontoid bone (Anat.), a separate bone, in many reptiles, corresponding to the odontoid process. - - Odontoid process, or Odontoid peg (Anat.), the anterior process of the centrum of the second vertebra, or axis, in birds and mammals. See Axis.

O•don•tol´cae , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth + a furrow.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of ostrichlike aquatic birds having teeth, which are set in a groove in the jaw. It includes Hesperornis, and allied genera. See Hesperornis. [Written also Odontholcae, and Odontoholcae.]

O•don´to•lite , n. [Odonto- + -lite.] (Min.) A fossil tooth colored a bright blue by phosphate of iron. It is used as an imitation of turquoise, and hence called bone turquoise.

O•don•tol´o•gy , n. [Odonto- + -logy: cf.F. odontologie.] The science which treats of the teeth, their structure and development.

O•don•toph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Odontophore.] (Zoöl.) Same as Cephalophora.

O•don´to•phore , n. [Odonto- + Gr. to bear.] (Zoöl.) A special structure found in the mouth of most mollusks, except bivalves. It consists of several muscles and a cartilage which supports a chitinous radula, or lingual ribbon, armed with teeth. Also applied to the radula alone. See Radula.

O•don•toph´o•rous , a. (Zoöl.) Having an odontophore.

O•don´to•plast , n. [Odonto- + Gr. to form, mold.] (Anat.) An odontoblast.

O•don•top´te•ryx , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth + pte•ryx a wing.] (Paleon.) An extinct Eocene bird having the jaws strongly serrated, or dentated, but destitute of true teeth. It was found near London.

O•don•tor•ni•´thes , n. pl. [NL., fr.Gr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth + , , a bird.] (Paleon.) A group of Mesozoic birds having the jaws armed with teeth, as in most other vertebrates. They have been divided into three orders: Odontolcae, Odontotormae, and Saururae.

O•don´to•stom´a•tous , a. [Odonto- + Gr. , , the mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having toothlike mandibles; — applied to certain insects.

O•don•to•tor´mae , n. pl. [NL., fr. ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, a tooth + a socket.] (Paleon.) An order of extinct toothed birds having the teeth in sockets, as in the genus Ichthyornis. See Ichthyornis.

O´dor , n. [OE. odor, odour, OF. odor, odour, F. odeur, fr. L. odor; akin to olere to smell, Gr. , Lith. Cf. Olfactory, Osmium, Ozone, Redolent.] [Written also odour.] Any smell, whether fragrant or offensive; scent; perfume. “Meseemed I smelt a garden of sweet flowers,
That dainty odors from them threw around.” Spenser. To be in bad odor, to be out of favor, or in bad repute.

O´dor•a•ment , n. [L. odoramentum. See Odorate.] A perfume; a strong scent. [Obs.] Burton.

O´dor•ant , a. [L. odorans, -antis, p. pr.] Yielding odors; fragrant. Holland.

O´dor•ate , a. [L. odoratus, p. p. of odorare to perfume, fr. odor odor.] Odorous. [Obos.] Bacon.

O´dor•a•ting , a. Diffusing odor or scent; fragrant.

O•dor•if´er•ous , a. [L. odorifer; odor odor + ferre to bear. See Odoe, and 1st Bear.] Bearing or yielding an odor; perfumed; usually, sweet of scent; fragrant; as odoriferous spices, particles, fumes, breezes. Milton. — O•dor•if´er•ous•ly, adv. — O•dor•if´er•ous•ness, n.

O´dor•ine , n. (Chem.) A pungent oily substance obtained by redistilling bone oil. [Obs.]

O´dor•less, a. Free from odor.

O´dor•ous , a. [Written also odourous.] [L. odorus, fr. odor odor: cf. OF. odoros, odoreux.] Having or emitting an odor or scent, esp. a sweet odor; fragrant; sweet-smelling. ´Odorous bloom.´ Keble. “Such fragrant flowers do give most odorous smell.” Spenser. — O´dor•ous•ly, adv. — O´dor•ous•ness, n.

Ods , interj. A corruption of God’s; — formerly used in oaths and ejaculatory phrases. ´Ods bodikin.´ ´Ods pity.´ Shak. { Od´yl , Od´yle } , n. [Gr. , passage + matter or material.] (Physics) See Od. [Archaic].

O•dyl´ic , a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to odyle; odic; as odylic force. [Archaic]

Od´ys•sey , n. [L. Odyssea, Gr. , fr. Ulysses: cf.F. Odyssee.] An epic poem attributed to Homer, which describes the return of Ulysses to Ithaca after the siege of Troy.

Œ (e), a diphthong, employed in the Latin language, and thence in the English language, as the representative of the Greek diphthong oi. In many words in common use, e alone stands instead of œ. Classicists prefer to write the diphthong oe separate in Latin words.

Œ´coid , n. [Gr. a house + -oid.] (Anat.) The colorless porous framework, or stroma, of red blood corpuscles from which the zooid, or hemoglobin and other substances of the corpuscles, may be dissolved out.

Œ•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. house + -logy.] (Biol.) The various relations of animals and plants to one another and to the outer world.

Œ•co•nom´ic•al , a. See Economical.

Œ•co•nom´ics , n. See Economics.

Œ•con´o•my , n. See Economy.

Œc•u•men´ic•al , a. See Ecumenical.

Œ•de´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. a swelling, tumor, fr. to swell.] (Med.) A swelling from effusion of watery fluid in the cellular tissue beneath the skin or mucous membrance; dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue. [Written also edema.]

Œ•dem´a•tous , a. (Med.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, edema; affected with edema. { Œ•il´iad , Œil´lade• } n. [F. œillade, fr. œel eye. See Eyelent.] A glance of the eye; an amorous look. [Obs.] “She gave strange œillades and most speaking looks.” Shak.

Œ´let , n. [See Eyelet.] An eye, bud, or shoot, as of a plant; an oilet. [Obs.] Holland.

Œ•nan´thate , n. (Chem.) A salt of the supposed œnanthic acid.

Œ•nan´thic , a. [Gr. the first shoot of the vine, the vine blossom, the vine; the vine + bloom, flower.] (Chem.) Having, or imparting, the odor characteristic of the bouquet of wine; specifically used, formerly, to designate an acid whose ethereal salts were supposed to occasion the peculiar bouquet, or aroma, of old wine. Cf. Œnanthylic. Œnanthic acid, an acid obtained from œnanthic ether by the action of alkalies. — Œnanthic ether, an ethereal substance (not to be confused with the bouquet, or aroma, of wine) found in wine lees, and consisting of a complex mixture of the ethereal salts of several of the higher acids of the acetic acid series. It has an ethereal odor, and it used in flavoring artificial wines and liquors. Called also oil of wine. See Essential oil, under Essential.

Œ•nan´thol , n. [œnanthylic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An oily substance obtained by the distillation of castor oil, recognized as the aldehyde of œnanthylic acid, and hence called also œnanthaldehyde.

Œ•nan´thone , n. [œnanthic + -one] (Chem.) The ketone of œnanthic acid.

Œ•nan´thyl , n. [œnnthic + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical formerly supposed to exist in œnanthic acid, now known to be identical with heptyl.

Œ•nan´thyl•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of œnanthylic acid; as potassium œnanthylate.

Œ•nan•thyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, œnanthyl; specifically, designating an acid formerly supposed to be identical with the acid in œnanthic ether, but now known to be identical with heptoic acid.

Œ•nan•thyl´i•dene , n. (Chem.) A colorless liquid hydrocarbon, having a garlic odor; heptine.

Œ•nan´thyl•ous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid formerly supposed to be the acid of œnanthylic ether, but now known to be a mixture of higher acids, especially capric acid. [Obs.]

Œ•no•cy´an , n. [Gr. wine + a dark-blue substance.] (Chem.) The coloring matter of red wines.

Œ•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. wine + -logy.] Knowledge of wine, scientific or practical.

Œn•o•ma´ni•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. wine + mania.] (Med.) (a) Delirium tremens. Rayer. (b) Dipsomania.

Œn´o•mel , n. [Gr. wine + honey.] Wine mixed with honey; mead, [R.]

Œ•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. wine + -meter.] See Alcoholometer.

Œ•noph´i•list , n. [Gr. wine + to love.] A lover of wine. [R.] Thackeray.

Œ•no•thi•on´ic , a. [Gr. wine + thionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid now called sulphovinic, or ethyl sulphuric, acid.

O’er , prep. & adv. A contr. of Over. [Poetic]

Œ•soph´a•gus, n., Œ•so•phag´e•al, a., etc. Same as Esophagus, Esophageal, etc.

Œs´tri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the gadflies. — n. A gadfly.

Œs´tru•al , a. [See Œstrus.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to sexual desire; — mostly applied to brute animals; as the œstrual period; œstrual influence.

Œs•tru•a´tion , n. (Physiol.) The state of being under œstrual influence, or of having sexual desire.

Œs´trus , n. [L., a gadfly; also frenzy, fr.Gr. gadfly; hence, sting, fury, insane desire, frenzy.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of gadflies. The species which deposits its larvae in the nasal cavities of sheep is œstrus ovis. 2. A vehement desire; esp. (Physiol.), the periodical sexual impulse of animals; heat; rut.

Of , prep. [AS. of of, from, off; akin to D. & OS. af, G. ab off, OHG. aba from, away, Icel., Dan., Sw., & Goth. af, L. ab, Gr. , Skr. apa. Cf. Off, A- (2), Ab-, After, Epi-.] In a general sense, from, or out from; proceeding from; belonging to; relating to; concerning; — used in a variety of applications; as: 1. Denoting that from which anything proceeds; indicating origin, source, descent, and the like; as he is of a race of kings; he is of noble blood. “That holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God.” Luke i. 35. “I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you.” 1 Cor. xi. 23. 2. Denoting possession or ownership, or the relation of subject to attribute; as the apartment of the consul: the power of the king; a man of courage; the gate of heaven. ´Poor of spirit.´ Macaulay. 3. Denoting the material of which anything is composed, or that which it contains; as a throne of gold; a sword of steel; a wreath of mist; a cup of water. 4. Denoting part of an aggregate or whole; belonging to a number or quantity mentioned; out of; from amongst; as of this little he had some to spare; some of the mines were unproductive; most of the company. “It is of the Lord’s mercies that we are not consumed.” Lam. iii. 22. “It is a duty to communicate of those blessings we have received.” Franklin. 5. Denoting that by which a person or thing is actuated or impelled; also the source of a purpose or action; as they went of their own will; no body can move of itself; he did it of necessity. “For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts.” Josh. xi. 20. 6. Denoting reference to a thing; about; concerning; relating to; as to boast of one’s achievements. “Knew you of this fair work?” Shak. 7. Denoting nearness or distance, either in space or time; from; as within a league of the town; within an hour of the appointed time. 8. Denoting identity or equivalence; — used with a name or appellation, and equivalent to the relation of apposition; as the continent of America; the city of Rome; the Island of Cuba. 9. Denoting the agent, or person by whom, or thing by which, anything is, or is done; by. “And told to her of [by] some.” Chaucer. “He taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all.” Luke iv. 15. “[Jesus] being forty days tempted of the devil.” Luke iv. 1, 2. The use of the word in this sense, as applied to persons, is nearly obsolete. 10. Denoting relation to place or time; belonging to, or connected with; as men of Athens; the people of the Middle Ages; in the days of Herod. 11. Denoting passage from one state to another; from. [Obs.] ´O miserable of happy.´ Milton. 12. During; in the course of. “Not be seen to wink of all the day.” Shak. “My custom always of the afternoon.” Shak. Of may be used in a subjective or an objective sense. ´The love of God´ may mean, our love for God, or God’s love for us. From is the primary sense of this preposition; a sense retained in off, the same word differently written for distinction. But this radical sense disappears in most of its application; as a man of genius; a man of rare endowments; a fossil of a red color, or of an hexagonal figure; he lost all hope of relief; an affair of the cabinet; he is a man of decayed fortune; what is the price of corn? In these and similar phrases, of denotes property or possession, or a relation of some sort involving connection. These applications, however all proceeded from the same primary sense. That which proceeds from, or is produced by, a person or thing, either has had, or still has a close connection with the same; and hence the word was applied to cases of mere connection, not involving at all the idea of separation. Of consequence, of importance, value, or influence. — Of late, recently; in time not long past. — Of old, formerly; in time long past. — Of one’s self, by one’s self; without help or prompting; spontaneously. “Why, knows not Montague, that of itself
England is safe, if true within itself?” Shak.

Off , adv. [OE. of, orig. the same word as R. of, prep., AS. of, adv. & prep. rad.194. See Of.] In a general sense, denoting from or away from; as: 1. Denoting distance or separation; as the house is a mile off. 2. Denoting the action of removing or separating; separation; as to take off the hat or cloak; to cut off, to pare off, to clip off, to peel off, to tear off, to march off, to fly off, and the like. 3. Denoting a leaving, abandonment, departure, abatement, interruption, or remission; as the fever goes off; the pain goes off; the game is off; all bets are off. 4. Denoting a different direction; not on or towards: away; as to look off. 5. Denoting opposition or negation. [Obs.] “The questions no way touch upon puritanism, either off or on.” Bp. Sanderson. From off, off from; off. ´A live coal … taken with the tongs from off the altar.´ Is. vi. 6. — Off and on. (a) Not constantly; not regularly; now and then; occasionally. (b) (Naut.) On different tacks, now toward, and now away from, the land. — To be off. (a) To depart; to escape; as he was off without a moment’s warning. (b) To be abandoned, as an agreement or purpose; as the bet was declared to be off. [Colloq.] — To come off, To cut off, To fall off, To go off, etc. See under Come, Cut, Fall, Go, etc. — To get off. (a) To utter; to discharge; as to get off a joke. (b) To go away; to escape; as to get off easily from a trial. [Colloq.] — To take off, to mimic or personate. — To tell off (Mil.), to divide and practice a regiment or company in the several formations, preparatory to marching to the general parade for field exercises. Farrow. — To be well off, to be in good condition. — To be ill off, To be badly off, to be in poor condition.

Off , interj. Away; begone; — a command to depart.

Off, prep. Not on; away from; as to be off one’s legs or off the bed; two miles off the shore. Addison. Off hand. See Offhand. — Off side (Football), out of play; — said when a player has got in front of the ball in a scrimmage, or when the ball has been last touched by one of his own side behind him. — To be off color, to be of a wrong color. — To be off one’s food, to have no appetite. (Colloq.)

Off, a. 1. On the farther side; most distant; on the side of an animal or a team farthest from the driver when he is on foot; in the United States, the right side; as the off horse or ox in a team, in distinction from the nigh or near horse or ox; the off leg. 2. Designating a time when one is not strictly attentive to business or affairs, or is absent from his post, and, hence, a time when affairs are not urgent; as he took an off day for fishing: an off year in politics. ´In the off season.´ Thackeray. Off side. (a) The right hand side in driving; the farther side. See Gee. (b) (Cricket) See Off, n.

Off, n. (Cricket) The side of the field that is on the right of the wicket keeper.

Of´fal , n. [Off + fall.] 1. The rejected or waste parts of a butchered animal. 2. A dead body; carrion. Shak. 3. That which is thrown away as worthless or unfit for use; refuse; rubbish. “The off als of other profession.” South.

Off´cut , n. 1. That which is cut off. 2. (Bookbinding) A portion ofthe printed sheet, in certain sizes of books, that is cut off before folding.

Of•fence´ , n. See Offense.

Of•fend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offended; p. pr. & vb. n. Offending.] [OF. offendre, L. offendere, offensum; ob (see Ob-) + fendere (in comp.) to thrust, dash. See Defend.] 1. To strike against; to attack; to assail. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To displease; to make angry; to affront. “A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city.” Prov. xviii. 19. 3. To be offensive to; to harm; to pain; to annoy; as strong light offends the eye; to offend the conscience. 4. To transgress; to violate; to sin against. [Obs.] “Marry, sir, he hath offended the law.” Shak. 5. (Script.) To oppose or obstruct in duty; to cause to stumble; to cause to sin or to fall. [Obs.] “Who hath you misboden or offended.” Chaucer. “If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out … And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off.” Matt. v. 29, 3O. “Great peace have they which love thy law, and nothing shall offend them.” Ps. cxix. 165.

Of•fend´, v. i. 1. To transgress the moral or divine law; to commit a crime; to stumble; to sin. “Whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all.” James ii. 10. “If it be a sin to cevet honor,
I am the most offending soul alive.” Shak. 2. To cause dislike, anger, or vexation; to displease. “I shall offend, either to detain or give it.” Shak. To offend against, to do an injury or wrong to; to commit an offense against. ´We have offended against the Lord already.´ 2 Chron. xxviii. 13.

Of•fend´ant , n. An offender. [R.] Holland.

Of•fend´er , n. One who offends; one who violates any law, divine or human; a wrongdoer. “I and my son Solomon shall be counted offenders.” 1 Kings i. 21.

Of•fend´ress , n. A woman who offends. Shak. { Of•fense´ , Of•fence´ } , n. [F., fr. L. offensa. See Offend.] 1. The act of offending in any sense; esp., a crime or a sin, an affront or an injury. “Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification.” Rom. iv. 25. “I have given my opinion against the authority of two great men, but I hope without offense to their memories.” Dryden. 2. The state of being offended or displeased; anger; displeasure. “He was content to give them just cause of offense, when they had power to make just revenge.” Sir P. Sidney. 3. A cause or occasion of stumbling or of sin. [Obs.] “Woe to that man by whom the offense cometh!” Matt. xviii. 7. This word, like expense, is often spelled with a c. It ought, however, to undergo the same change with expense, the reasons being the same, namely, that s must be used in offensive as in expensive, and is found in the Latin offensio, and the French offense. To take offense, to feel, or assume to be, injured or affronted; to become angry or hostile. — Weapons of offense, those which are used in attack, in distinction from those of defense, which are used to repel. Syn. — Displeasure; umbrage; resentment; misdeed; misdemeanor; trespass; transgression; delinquency; fault; sin; crime; affront; indignity; outrage; insult.

Of•fense´ful , a. Causing offense; displeasing; wrong; as an offenseful act. [R.]

Of•fense´less, a. Unoffending; inoffensive.

Of•fen´si•ble , a. That may give offense. [Obs.]

Of•fen´sion , n. [OF., fr. L. offensio an offense.] Assault; attack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Of•fen´sive , a. [Cf.F. offensif. See Offend.] 1. Giving offense; causing displeasure or resentment; displeasing; annoying; as offensive words. 2. Giving pain or unpleasant sensations; disagreeable; revolting; noxious; as an offensive smell; offensive sounds. ´Offensive to the stomach.´ Bacon. 3. Making the first attack; assailant; aggressive; hence, used in attacking; — opposed to defensive; as an offensive war; offensive weapons. League offensive and defensive, a leaque that requires all the parties to it to make war together against any foe, and to defend one another if attacked. Syn. — Displeasing; disagreeable; distasteful; obnoxious; abhorrent; disgusting; impertinent; rude; saucy; reproachful; opprobrious; insulting; insolent; abusive; scurrilous; assailant; attacking; invading. — Of•fen´sive•ly, adv. — Of•fen´sive•ness, n.

Of•fen´sive , n. The state or posture of one who offends or makes attack; aggressive attitude; the act of the attacking party; — opposed to defensive. To act on the offensive, to be the attacking party.

Of´fer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offered p. pr. & vb. n. Offering.] [OE. offren, AS. offrian to sacrifice, fr. L. offerre; ob (see OB-) + ferre to bear, bring. The English word was influenced by F. offrir to offer, of the same origin. See 1st Bear.] 1. To present, as an act of worship; to immolate; to sacrifice; to present in prayer or devotion; — often with up. “Thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for atonement.” Ex. xxix. 36. “A holy priesthood to offer up spiritual sacrifices.” 1 Pet. ii. 5. 2. To bring to or before; to hold out to; to present for acceptance or rejection; as to offer a present, or a bribe; to offer one’s self in marriage. “I offer thee three things.” 2 Sam. xxiv. 12. 3. To present in words; to proffer; to make a proposal of; to suggest; as to offer an opinion. With the infinitive as an objective: To make an offer; to declare one’s willingness; as he offered to help me. 4. To attempt; to undertake. “All that offer to defend him.” Shak. 5. To bid, as a price, reward, or wages; as to offer a guinea for a ring; to offer a salary or reward. 6. To put in opposition to; to manifest in an offensive way; to threaten; as to offer violence, attack, etc. Syn. — To propose; propound; move; proffer; tender; sacrifice; immolate.

Of´fer, v. i. 1. To present itself; to be at hand. “The occasion offers, and the youth complies.” Dryden. 2. To make an attempt; to make an essay or a trial; — used with at. ´Without offering at any other remedy.´ Swift. “He would be offering at the shepherd’s voice.” L’Estrange. “I will not offer at that I can not master.” Bacon.

Of´fer , n. [Cf. F. offre, fr. offrir to offer, fr. L. offerre. See Offer, v. t.] 1. The act of offering, bringing forward, proposing, or bidding; a proffer; a first advance. ´This offer comes from mercy.´ Shak. 2. That which is offered or brought forward; a proposal to be accepted or rejected; a sum offered; a bid. “When offers are disdained, and love denied.” Pope. 3. Attempt; endeavor; essay; as he made an offer to catch the ball. ´Some offer and attempt.´ South.

Of´fer•a•ble , a. Capable of being offered; suitable or worthy to be offered.

Of´fer•er , n. One who offers; esp., one who offers something to God in worship. Hooker.

Of´fer•ing, n. 1. The act of an offerer; a proffering. 2. That which is offered, esp. in divine service; that which is presented as an expiation or atonement for sin, or as a free gift; a sacrifice; an oblation; as sin offering. “They are polluted offerings more abhorred
Than spotted livers in the sacrifice.” Shak. 3. A sum of money offered, as in church service; as a missionary offering. Specif.: (Ch. of Eng.) Personal tithes payable according to custom, either at certain seasons as Christmas or Easter, or on certain occasions as marriages or christenings. “[None] to the offering before her should go.” Chaucer. Burnt offering, Drink offering, etc. See under Burnt. etc.

Of´fer•to•ry , n.; pl. Offertories . [L. offertorium the place to which offerings were brought, in LL. offertory: cf.F. offertoire.] 1. The act of offering, or the thing offered. [Obs. or R.] Bacon. Bp. Fell. 2. (R.C.Ch.) (a) An anthem chanted, or a voluntary played on the organ, during the offering and first part of the Mass. (b) That part of the Mass which the priest reads before uncovering the chalice to offer up the elements for consecration. (c) The oblation of the elements. 3. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) (a) The Scripture sentences said or sung during the collection of the offerings. (b) The offerings themselves.

Of´fer•ture , n. [LL. offertura an offering.] Offer; proposal; overture. [Obs.] “More offertures and advantages to his crown.” Milton.

Off´hand , a. Instant; ready; extemporaneous; as an offhand speech; offhand excuses. — adv. In an offhand manner; as he replied offhand.

Of´fice , n. [F., fr. L. officium, for opificium; ops ability, wealth, holp + facere to do or make. See Opulent, Fact.] 1. That which a person does, either voluntarily or by appointment, for, or with reference to, others; customary duty, or a duty that arises from the relations of man to man; as kind offices, pious offices. “I would I could do a good office between you.” Shak. 2. A special duty, trust, charge, or position, conferred by authority and for a public purpose; a position of trust or authority; as an executive or judical office; a municipal office. 3. A charge or trust, of a sacred nature, conferred by God himself; as the office of a priest under the old dispensation, and that of the apostles in the new. “Inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office.” Rom. xi. 13. 4. That which is performed, intended, or assigned to be done, by a particular thing, or that which anything is fitted to perform; a function; — answering to duty in intelligent beings. “They [the eyes] resign their office and their light.” Shak. “Hesperus, whose office is to bring
Twilight upon the earth.” Milton. “In this experiment the several intervals of the teeth of the comb do the office of so many prisms.” Sir I. Newton. 5. The place where a particular kind of business or service for others is transacted; a house or apartment in which public officers and others transact business; as the register’s office; a lawyer’s office. 6. The company or corporation, or persons collectively, whose place of business is in an office; as I have notified the office. 7. pl. The apartments or outhouses in which the domestics discharge the duties attached to the service of a house, as kitchens, pantries, stables, etc. [Eng.] “As for the offices, let them stand at distance.” Bacon. 8. (Eccl.) Any service other than that of ordination and the Mass; any prescribed religious service. “This morning was read in the church, after the office was done, the declaration setting forth the late conspiracy against the king’s person.” Evelyn. Holy office. Same as Inquisition, n., 3. — Houses of office. Same as def. 7 above. Chaucer. — Little office (R.C.Ch.), an office recited in honor of the Virgin Mary. — Office bearer, an officer; one who has a specific office or duty to perform. — Office copy (Law), an authenticated or certified copy of a record, from the proper office. See Certified copies, under Copy. Abbott. — Office- found (Law), the finding of an inquest of office. See under Inquest. — Office holder. See Officeholder in the Vocabulary

Of•fice , v. t. To perform, as the duties of an office; to discharge. [Obs.] Shak.

Of´fice•hold´er , n. An officer, particularly one in the civil service; a placeman.

Of´fi•cer , n. [F. officier. See Office, and cf. Official, n.] 1. One who holds an office; a person lawfully invested with an office, whether civil, military, or ecclesiastical; as a church officer; a police officer; a staff officer. ´I am an officer of state.´ Shak. 2. (U. S. Mil.) Specifically, a commissioned officer, in distinction from a warrant officer. Field officer, General officer, etc. See under Field, General. etc. — Officer of the day (Mil.), the officer who, on a given day, has charge for that day of the quard, prisoners, and police of the post or camp. — Officer of the deck, or Officer of the watch (Naut.), the officer temporarily in charge on the deck of a vessel, esp. a war vessel.

Of´fi•cer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Officered p. pr. & vb. n. Officering.] 1. To furnish with officers; to appoint officers over. Marshall. 2. To command as an officer; as veterans from old regiments officered the recruits.

Of•fi´cial , a. [L. officialis: cf. F. officiel. See Office, and cf. Official, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to an office or public trust; as official duties, or routine. “That, in the official marks invested, you
Anon do meet the senate.” Shak. 2. Derived from the proper office or officer, or from the proper authority; made or communicated by virtue of authority; as an official statement or report. 3. (Pharm.) Approved by authority; sanctioned by the pharmacopœia; appointed to be used in medicine; as an official drug or preparation. Cf. Officinal. 4. Discharging an office or function. [Obs.] “The stomach and other parts official unto nutrition.” Sir T. Browne.

Of•fi´cial, n. [L. officialis a magistrate’s servant or attendant: cf.F. official. See Official, a., and cf. Officer.] 1. One who holds an office; esp., a subordinate executive officer or attendant. 2. An ecclesiastical judge appointed by a bishop, chapter, archdeacon, etc., with charge of the spiritual jurisdiction. Blackstone.

Of•fi´cial•ism , n. The state of being official; a system of official government; also adherence to office routine; red-tapism. “Officialism may often drift into blunders.” Smiles.

Of•fi•ci•al´i•ty (of•fish•i•al´i•ty), n. See Officialty.

Of•fi´cial•ly , adv. By the proper officer; by virtue of the proper authority; in pursuance of the special powers vested in an officer or office; as accounts or reports officially verified or rendered; letters officially communicated; persons officially notified.

Of•fi´cial•ty , n. [Cf.F. officialite.] The charge, office, court, or jurisdiction of an official. Ayliffe.

Of•fi´ciant , n. [L. officians, p. pr. See Officiate.] (Eccl.) The officer who officiates or performs an office, as the burial office. Shipley.

Of•fi´ci•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to an office or an officer; official. [R.] Heylin.

Of•fi´ci•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Officiated p. pr. & vb. n. Officiating.] [LL. officiare. See Office.] To act as an officer in performing a duty; to transact the business of an office or public trust; to conduct a public service. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Of•fi´ci•ate, v. t. To discharge, perform, or supply, as an official duty or function. [Obs.] “Merely to officiate light
Round this opacous earth.” Milton.

Of•fi´ci•a•tor , n. One who officiates. Tylor.

Of•fic´i•nal , a. [F., fr. L. officina a workshop, contr.fr. opificina, fr. opifex a workman; opus work + facere to make or do.] 1. Used in a shop, or belonging to it. [Obs. or R.] Johnson. 2. (Pharm.) Kept in stock by apothecaries; — said of such drugs and medicines as may be obtained without special preparation or compounding; not magistral. This term is often interchanged with official, but in strict use officinal drugs are not necessarily official. See Official, a., 3.

Of•fi´cious , a. [L. officiosus: cf.F. officieux. See Office.] 1. Pertaining to, or being in accordance with, duty. [R.] “If there were any lie in the case, it could be no more than as officious and venial one.” Note on Gen. xxvii. (Douay version). 2. Disposed to serve; kind; obliging. [Archaic] “Yet not to earth are those bright luminaries
Officious.” Milton. “They were tolerably well bred, very officious, humane, and hospitable.” Burke. 3. Importunately interposing services; intermeddling in affairs in which one has no concern; meddlesome. “You are too officious
In her behalf that scorns your services.” Shak. Syn. — Impertinent; meddling. See Impertinent. — Of•fi´cious•ly, adv. — Of•fi´cious•ness, n.

Off´ing , n. [From Off.] That part of the sea at a good distance from the shore, or where there is deep water and no need of a pilot; also distance from the shore; as the ship had ten miles offing; we saw a ship in the offing.

Off´ish, a. Shy or distant in manner. [Colloq. U.S.]

Off´let, n. [Off + let.] A pipe to let off water.

Off´scour•ing , n. [Off + scour.] That which is scoured off; hence, refuse; rejected matter; that which is vile or despised. Lam. iii. 45.

Off´scum , n. [Off + scum.] Removed scum; refuse; dross.

Off´set , n. [Off + set. Cf. Set-off.] In general, that which is set off, from, before, or against, something; as: — 1. (Bot.) A short prostrate shoot, which takes root and produces a tuft of leaves, etc. See Illust. of Houseleek. 2. A sum, account, or value set off against another sum or account, as an equivalent; hence, anything which is given in exchange or retaliation; a set-off. 3. A spur from a range of hills or mountains. 4. (Arch.) A horizontal ledge on the face of a wall, formed by a diminution of its thickness, or by the weathering or upper surface of a part built out from it; — called also set-off. 5. (Surv.) A short distance measured at right angles from a line actually run to some point in an irregular boundary, or to some object. 6. (Mech.) An abrupt bend in an object, as a rod, by which one part is turned aside out of line, but nearly parallel, with the rest; the part thus bent aside. 7. (Print.) A more or less distinct transfer of a printed page or picture to the opposite page, when the pages are pressed together before the ink is dry or when it is poor. Offset staff (Surv.), a rod, usually ten links long, used in measuring offsets.

Off•set´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offset; p. pr. & vb. n. Offsetting.] 1. To set off; to place over against; to balance; as to offset one account or charge against another. 2. To form an offset in, as in a wall, rod, pipe, etc.

Off´set, v. i. (Printing) To make an offset.

Off´shoot , n. [Off + shoot.] That which shoots off or separates from a main stem, channel, family, race, etc.; as the offshoots of a tree.

Off´shore´ , a. From the shore; as an offshore wind; an offshore signal.

Off´skip , n. [Off + - skip, as in landskip.] (Paint.) That part of a landscape which recedes from the spectator into distance. [R.] Fairholt.

Off´spring , n.sing. & pl. [Off + spring.] 1. The act of production; generation. [Obs.] 2. That which is produced; a child or children; a descendant or descendants, however remote from the stock. “To the gods alone
Our future offspring and our wives are known.” Dryden. 3. Origin; lineage; family. [Obs.] Fairfax. { Of•fus´cate , Of•fus•ca•tion }. See Obfuscate, Obfuscation. [Obs.]

Oft (oft; 115), adv. [AS. oft; akin to OS. & G. oft, OHG. ofto, Sw. ofta, Dan. ofte, Icel. opt, Goth. ufta; of uncertain origin. Cf. Often.] Often; frequently; not rarely; many times. [Poetic] Chaucer. “Oft she rejects, but never once offends.” Pope.

Oft, a. Frequent; often; repeated. [Poetic]

Of•ten , adv. [Compar. Oftener superl. Oftenest.] [Formerly also ofte, fr. oft. See Oft., adv.] Frequently; many times; not seldom.

Of´ten, a. Frequent; common; repeated. [R.] ´Thine often infirmities.´ 1 Tim. v. 23. “And weary thee with often welcomes.” Beau. & Fl.

Of´ten•ness, n. Frequency. Hooker.

Of´ten•sith , adv. [Often + sith time.] Frequently; often. [Obs.] “For whom I sighed have so oftensith.” Gascoigne.

Of´ten•tide´ , adv. [Often + tide time.] Frequently; often. [Obs.] Robert of Brunne.

Of´ten•times , adv. [Often + time. Cf. -wards.] Frequently; often; many times. Wordsworth.

Oft´er , adv. Compar. of Oft. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Oft´times , adv. [Oft + time. Cf. -wards.] Frequently; often. Milton.

Og´am , n. Same as Ogham.

Og´do•ad , n. [Gr. , , from eight.] A thing made up of eight parts. Milman.

Og•do•as•tich , n. [Gr. the eighth + a verse.] A poem of eight lines. [Obs.] Selden

O•gee´ , n. [F. ogive, augive, LL. augiva, of uncertain origin; cf.LL. ogis a support, prop. L. augere to increase, strengthen, Sp. auge highest point of power or fortune, apogee, Ar. auj, an astronomical term.] 1. (Arch.) A molding, the section of which is the form of the letter S, with the convex part above; cyma reversa. See Illust. under Cyma. 2. Hence, any similar figure used for any purpose. Ogee arch (Arch.), a pointed arch, each of the sides of which has the curve of an ogee, that is, has a reversed curve near the apex.

O•gee´chee lime [So named from the Ogeechee River in Georgia.] (Bot.) (a) The acid, olive-shaped, drupaceous fruit of a species of tupelo (Nyssa capitata) which grows in swamps in Georgia and Florida. (b) The tree which bears this fruit.

Og•ga•ni´tion , n. [L. oggannire to snarl at; ob (see Ob-) + gannire to yelp.] Snarling; grumbling. [R.] Bp. Montagu.

Og´ham , n. [Ir.] A particular kind of writing practiced by the ancient Irish, and found in inscriptions on stones, metals, etc. [Written also ogam.]

O´give , n. [F. ogive, OF. augive a pointed arch, LL. augiva a double arch of two at right angles.] (Arch.) The arch or rib which crosses a Gothic vault diagonally.

O´gle (og’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ogled p. pr. & vb. n. Ogling ] [From a Dutch word corresponding to G. äugeln to ogle, fr. auge eye; cf. D. ooglonken to ogle, OD. oogen to cast sheep’s eyes upon, ooge eye. See Eye.] To view or look at with side glances, as in fondness, or with a design to attract notice. “And ogling all their audience, ere they speak.” Dryden.

O´gle, n. An amorous side glance or look. Byron.

O´gler , n. One who ogles. Addison.

O´gli•o , n. See Olio.

O´gre (o´ger), n. [F., fr. Sp. ogro, fr. L. Orcus the god of the infernal regions; also the lower world, hell.] An imaginary monster, or hideous giant of fairy tales, who lived on human beings; hence, any frightful giant; a cruel monster. “His schoolroom must have resembled an ogre’s den.” Maccaulay.

O´gre•ish, a. Resembling an ogre; having the character or appearance of an ogre; suitable for an ogre. ´An ogreish kind of jocularity.´ Dickens.

O´gress , n. [F. ogresse. See Ogre.] A female ogre. Tennyson. { O´gre•ism , O´grism }, n. The character or manners of an ogre.

O•gyg´i•an (o•jij´i•an), a. [L. Ogygius, Gr. ’Ogy•gios.] Of or pertaining to Ogyges, a mythical king of ancient Attica, or to a great deluge in Attica in his days; hence, primeval; of obscure antiquity.

Oh (o), interj. [See O, interj.] An exclamation expressing various emotions, according to the tone and manner, especially surprise, pain, sorrow, anxiety, or a wish. See the Note under O.

Ohm (om), n. [So called from the German electrician, G. S. Ohm.] (Elec.) The standard unit in the measure of electrical resistance, being the resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere. As defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893, and by United States Statute, it is a resistance substantially equal to 109 units of resistance of the C. G. S. system of electro-magnetic units, and is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice 14.4521 grams in mass, of a constant cross-sectional area, and of the length of 106.3 centimeters. As thus defined it is called the international ohm. Ohm’s law (Elec.), the statement of the fact that the strength or intensity of an electrical current is directly proportional to the electro-motive force, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

O•ho´ , interj. An exclamation of surprise, etc.

-oid (-oid). [Gr. , fr. e’i^dos form, akin to to see, and E. wit: cf.F. -oïde, L. - oïdes.] A suffix or combining form meaning like, resembling, in the form of; as in anthropoid, asteroid, spheroid.

O•ïd´i•um , n. [NL., dim. fr. Gr. w,’o•n egg.] (Bot.) A genus of minute fungi which form a floccose mass of filaments on decaying fruit, etc. Many forms once referred to this genus are now believed to be temporary conditions of fungi of other genera, among them the vine mildew (Oïdium Tuckeri), which has caused much injury to grapes.

Oil (oil), n. [OE. oile, OF. oile, F. huile, fr. L. oleum; akin to Gr. . Cf. Olive.] Any one of a great variety of unctuous combustible substances, not miscible with water; as olive oil, whale oil, rock oil, etc. They are of animal, vegetable, or mineral origin and of varied composition, and they are variously used for food, for solvents, for anointing, lubrication, illumination, etc. By extension, any substance of an oily consistency; as oil of vitriol. The mineral oils are varieties of petroleum. See Petroleum. The vegetable oils are of two classes, essential oils (see under Essential), and natural oils which in general resemble the animal oils and fats. Most of the natural oils and the animal oils and fats consist of ethereal salts of glycerin, with a large number of organic acids, principally stearic, oleic, and palmitic, forming respectively stearin, olein, and palmitin. Stearin and palmitin prevail in the solid oils and fats, and olein in the liquid oils. Mutton tallow, beef tallow, and lard are rich in stearin, human fat and palm oil in palmitin, and sperm and cod-liver oils in olein. In making soaps, the acids leave the glycerin and unite with the soda or potash. Animal oil, Bone oil, Dipple’s oil, etc. (Old Chem.), a complex oil obtained by the distillation of animal substances, as bones. See Bone oil, under Bone. — Drying oils, Essential oils. (Chem.) See under Drying, and Essential. — Ethereal oil of wine, Heavy oil of wine. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. — Fixed oil. (Chem.) See under Fixed. — Oil bag (Zoöl.), a bag, cyst, or gland in animals, containing oil. — Oil beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the genus Meloe and allied genera. When disturbed they emit from the joints of the legs a yellowish oily liquor. Some species possess vesicating properties, and are used instead of cantharides. — Oil box, or Oil cellar (Mach.), a fixed box or reservoir, for lubricating a bearing; esp., the box for oil beneath the journal of a railway-car axle. — Oil cake. See under Cake. — Oil cock, a stopcock connected with an oil cup. See Oil cup. — Oil color. (a) A paint made by grinding a coloring substance in oil. (b) Such paints, taken in a general sense. — Oil cup, a cup, or small receptacle, connected with a bearing as a lubricator, and usually provided with a wick, wire, or adjustable valve for regulating the delivery of oil. — Oil engine, a gas engine worked with the explosive vapor of petroleum. - - Oil gas, inflammable gas procured from oil, and used for lighting streets, houses, etc. — Oil gland. (a) (Zoöl.) A gland which secretes oil; especially in birds, the large gland at the base of the tail. (b) (Bot.) A gland, in some plants, producing oil. — Oil green, a pale yellowish green, like oil. — Oil of brick, empyreumatic oil obtained by subjecting a brick soaked in oil to distillation at a high temperature, — used by lapidaries as a vehicle for the emery by which stones and gems are sawn or cut. Brande & C. — Oil of talc, a nostrum made of calcined talc, and famous in the 17th century as a cosmetic. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Oil of vitriol (Chem.), strong sulphuric acid; — so called from its oily consistency and from its forming the vitriols or sulphates. — Oil of wine, Œnanthic ether. See under Œnanthic. — Oil painting. (a) The art of painting in oil colors. (b) Any kind of painting of which the pigments are originally ground in oil. — Oil palm (Bot.), a palm tree whose fruit furnishes oil, esp. Elaeis Guineensis. See Elaeis. — Oil sardine (Zoöl.), an East Indian herring (Clupea scombrina), valued for its oil. — Oil shark (Zoöl.) (a) The liver shark. (b) The tope. — Oil still, a still for hydrocarbons, esp. for petroleum. — Oil test, a test for determining the temperature at which petroleum oils give off vapor which is liable to explode. — Oil tree. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Ricinus (R. communis), from the seeds of which castor oil is obtained. (b) An Indian tree, the mahwa. See Mahwa. (c) The oil palm. — To burn the midnight oil, to study or work late at night. — Volatle oils. See Essential oils, under Essential.

Oil , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oiled p. pr. & vb. n. Oiling.] To smear or rub over with oil; to lubricate with oil; to anoint with oil.

Oil´bird , n. (Zoöl.) See Guacharo.

Oil´cloth´ , n. Cloth treated with oil or paint, and used for marking garments, covering floors, etc.

Oiled , a. Covered or treated with oil; dressed with, or soaked in, oil. Oiled silk, silk rendered waterproof by saturation with boiled oil.

Oil´er , n. 1. One who deals in oils. 2. One who, or that which, oils.

Oil´er•y , n. [Cf.F. huilerie.] The business, the place of business, or the goods, of a maker of, or dealer in, oils.

Oil´i•ness , n. The quality of being oily. Bacon.

Oil´let , n. [See Eyelet.] (Arch.) (a) A small opening or loophole, sometimes circular, used in mediaeval fortifications. (b) A small circular opening, and ring of moldings surrounding it, used in window tracery in Gothic architecture. [Written also oylet.]

Oil´man , n.; pl. Oilmen . One who deals in oils; formerly, one who dealt in oils and pickles.

Oil´nut , n. (Bot.) The buffalo nut. See Buffalo nut, under Buffalo. The name is also applied to various nuts and seeds yielding oil, as the butternut, cocoanut, oil-palm nut.

Oil´seed , n. (Bot.) (a) Seed from which oil is expressed, as the castor bean; also the plant yielding such seed. See Castor bean. (b) A cruciferous herb (Camelina sativa). (c) The sesame.

Oil´skin , n. Cloth made waterproof by oil.

Oil´stone , n. A variety of hone slate, or whetstone, used for whetting tools when lubricated with oil.

Oil´y , a. [Compar. Oilier superl. Oiliest.] 1. Consisting of oil; containing oil; having the nature or qualities of oil; unctuous; oleaginous; as oily matter or substance. Bacon. 2. Covered with oil; greasy; hence, resembling oil; as an oily appearance. 3. Smoothly subservient; supple; compliant; plausible; insinuating. ´This oily rascal.´ Shak. “His oily compliance in all alterations.” Fuller. Oily grain (Bot.), the sesame. - - Oily palm, the oil palm.

Oi´ne•ment , n. Ointment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Oi•no•ma´ni•a , n. See œnomania.

Oint , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ointed; p. pr & vb. n. Ointing.] [F. oint, p. p. of oindre, L. ungere. See Anoint, Ointment.] To anoint. [Obs.] Dryden.

Oint´ment , n. [OE. oinement, OF. oignement, fr.F. oindre to anoint, L. ungere, unguere; akin to Skr. aj, and to G. anke (in Switzerland) butter. The first t in the E. word is due to the influence of anoint. Cf. Anoint, Unguent.] That which serves to anoint; any soft unctuous substance used for smearing or anointing; an unguent.

O•jib´ways , n. pl.; sing. Ojibway. (Ethnol.) Same as Chippeways.

O´jo , n. [Sp., prop., an eye.] A spring, surrounded by rushes or rank grass; an oasis. [Southwestern U.S.] Bartlett.

Oke , n. [Turk. okkah, fr. Ar. ukiyah, wakiyah, prob. fr. Gr. , , an ounce, fr. L. uncia. Cf. Ounce a weight.] 1. A Turkish and Egyptian weight, equal to about 2¾ pounds. 2. An Hungarian and Wallachian measure, equal to about 2½ pints.

O´ken•ite , n. [Prob. from Lorenz Oken, a German naturalist.] (Min.) A massive and fibrous mineral of a whitish color, chiefly hydrous silicate of lime.

O´ker , n. (Min.) See Ocher.

O´kra , n. (Bot.) An annual plant (Abelmoschus, or Hibiscus, esculentus), whose green pods, abounding in nutritious mucilage, are much used for soups, stews, or pickles; gumbo. [Written also ocra and ochra.]

-ol [From alcohol.] (Chem.) A suffix denoting that the substance in the name of which it appears belongs to the series of alcohols or hydroxyl derivatives, as carbinol, glycerol, etc.

O´lay , n. pl. [Tamil olai.] Palm leaves, prepared for being written upon with a style pointed with steel. [Written also ola.] Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Old , n. Open country. [Obs.] See World. Shak.

Old, a. [Compar. Older superl. Oldest.] [OE. old, ald, AS. ald, eald; akin to D. oud, OS. ald, OFries. ald, old, G. alt, Goth. alpeis, and also to Goth. alan to grow up, Icel. ala to bear, produce, bring up, L. alere to nourish. Cf. Adult, Alderman, Aliment, Auld, Elder.] 1. Not young; advanced far in years or life; having lived till toward the end of the ordinary term of living; as an old man; an old age; an old horse; an old tree. “Let not old age disgrace my high desire.” Sir P. Sidney. “The melancholy news that we grow old.” Young. 2. Not new or fresh; not recently made or produced; having existed for a long time; as old wine; an old friendship. ´An old acquaintance.´ Camden. 3. Formerly existing; ancient; not modern; preceding; original; as an old law; an old custom; an old promise. ´The old schools of Greece.´ Milton. ´The character of the old Ligurians.´ Addison. 4. Continued in life; advanced in the course of existence; having (a certain) length of existence; — designating the age of a person or thing; as an infant a few hours old; a cathedral centuries old. “And Pharaoh said unto Jacob, How old art thou?” Cen. xlvii. 8. In this use old regularly follows the noun that designates the age; as she was eight years old. 5. Long practiced; hence, skilled; experienced; cunning; as an old offender; old in vice. “Vane, young in years, but in sage counsel old.” Milton. 6. Long cultivated; as an old farm; old land, as opposed to new land, that is, to land lately cleared. 7. Worn out; weakened or exhausted by use; past usefulness; as old shoes; old clothes. 8. More than enough; abundant. [Obs.] “If a man were porter of hell gate, he should have old turning the key.” Shak. 9. Aged; antiquated; hence, wanting in the mental vigor or other qualities belonging to youth; — used disparagingly as a term of reproach. 10. Old-fashioned; wonted; customary; as of old; as the good old times; hence, colloquially, gay; jolly. 11. Used colloquially as a term of cordiality and familiarity. ´Go thy ways, old lad.´ Shak. Old age, advanced years; the latter period of life. — Old bachelor. See Bachelor, 1. — Old Catholics. See under Catholic. — Old English. See under English. n., 2. — Old Nick, Old Scratch, the devil. — Old lady (Zoöl.), a large European noctuid moth (Mormo maura). — Old maid. (a) A woman, somewhat advanced in years, who has never been married; a spinster. (b) (Bot.) A West Indian name for the pink-flowered periwinkle (Vinca rosea). (c) A simple game of cards, played by matching them. The person with whom the odd card is left is the old maid. — Old man’s beard. (Bot.) (a) The traveler’s joy (Clematis Vitalba). So named from the abundant long feathery awns of its fruit. (b) The Tillandsia usneoides. See Tillandsia. — Old man’s head (Bot.), a columnar cactus (Pilocereus senilis), native of Mexico, covered towards the top with long white hairs. — Old red sandstone (Geol.), a series of red sandstone rocks situated below the rocks of the Carboniferous age and comprising various strata of siliceous sandstones and conglomerates. See Sandstone, and the Chart of Geology. — Old school, a school or party belonging to a former time, or preserving the character, manner, or opinions of a former time; as a gentleman of the old school; — used also adjectively; as Old-School Presbyterians. — Old sledge, an old and well-known game of cards, called also all fours, and high, low, Jack, and the game. — Old squaw (Zoöl.), a duck (Clangula hyemalis) inhabiting the northern parts of both hemispheres. The adult male is varied with black and white and is remarkable for the length of its tail. Called also longtailed duck, south southerly, callow, hareld, and old wife. — Old style. (Chron.) See the Note under Style. — Old Testament. See under Testament. — Old wife. [In the senses b and cwritten also oldwife.] (a) A prating old woman; a gossip. “Refuse profane and old wives’ fables.” 1 Tim. iv. 7. (b) (Zoöl.) The local name of various fishes, as the European black sea bream (Cantharus lineatus), the American alewife, etc. (c) (Zoöl.) A duck; the old squaw. — Old World, the Eastern Hemisphere. Syn. — Aged; ancient; pristine; primitive; antique; antiquated; old-fashioned; obsolete. See Ancient.

Old´en , a. Old; ancient; as the olden time. ´A minstrel of the olden stamp.´ J. C. Shairp.

Old´en, v. i. To grow old; to age. [R.] “She had oldened in that time.” Thackeray.

Old•-fash´ioned , a. Formed according to old or obsolete fashion or pattern; adhering to old customs or ideas; as an old-fashioned dress, girl. ´Old-fashioned men of wit.´ Addison. “This old-fashioned, quaint abode.” Longfellow.

Old•-gen´tle•man•ly , a. Pertaining to an old gentleman, or like one. Byron.

Old´ish, a. Somewhat old.

Old• lang syne´ See Auld lang syne.

Old•-maid´ish , a. Like an old maid; prim; precise; particular.

Old•-maid´ism , n. The condition or characteristics of an old maid. G. Eliot.

Old´ness, n. The state or quality of being old; old age.

Old´ster , n. [Cf. Youngster.] An old person. [Jocular] H. Kingsley.

Old•-wom•an•ish , a. Like an old woman; anile. — Old•-wom´an•ish•ness, n.

O´le•a , n. [L. olive. See Olive.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the olive. The Chinese Olea fragrans, noted for its fragrance, and the American devilwood (Olea Americana) are now usually referred to another genus (Osmanthus).

O•le•a´ceous , a. [L. oleaceus of the olive tree.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Oleaceae), mostly trees and shrubs, of which the olive is the type. It includes also the ash, the lilac, the true jasmine, and fringe tree.

O•le•ag•i•nous , a. [L. oleaginus, oleagineus, belonging to the olive, fr. olea olive: cf. F. oleagineux. See Olive, Oil.] Having the nature or qualities of oil; oily; unctuous.

O•le•ag•i•nous•ness, n. Oiliness. Boyle.

O•le•a´men , n. [L.] (Med.) A soft ointment prepared from oil. Dunglison.

O•le•an´der , n. [F. oleandre (cf. It. oleandro, LL. lorandrum), prob. corrupted, under the influence of laurus laurel, fr. L. rhododendron, Gr. ; rose + tree.] (Bot.) A beautiful evergreen shrub of the Dogbane family, having clusters of fragrant red or white flowers. It is native of the East Indies, but the red variety has become common in the south of Europe. Called also rosebay, rose laurel, and South-sea rose. Every part of the plant is dangerously poisonous, and death has occured from using its wood for skewers in cooking meat.

O•le•an´drine , n. (Chem.) One of several alkaloids found in the leaves of the oleander.

O•le•as´ter , n. [L., fr. olea olive tree. See Olive, Oil.] (Bot.) (a) The wild olive tree (Olea Europea, var. sylvestris). (b) Any species of the genus Elaeagus. See Eleagnus. The small silvery berries of the common species (Elaeagnus hortensis) are called Trebizond dates, and are made into cakes by the Arabs.

O´le•ate , n. [Cf.F. oleate.] (Chem.) A salt of oleic acid. Some oleates, as the oleate of mercury, are used in medicine by way of inunction.

O•lec´ra•nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the olecranon.

O•lec´ra•non , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; elbow + krani•on the head.] (Anat.) The large process at the proximal end of the ulna which projects behind the articulation with the humerus and forms the bony prominence of the elbow.

O•le´fi•ant , a. [F. olefiant, fr.L. oleum oil + -ficare (in comp.). Cf. -Fy.] (Chem.) Forming or producing an oil; specifically, designating a colorless gaseous hydrocarbon called ethylene. [Archaic]

O´le•fine , n. [From Olefiant.] (Chem.) Olefiant gas or ethylene; hence, by extension, any one of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons of which ethylene is a type. See Ethylene.

O´le•ic , a. [L. oleum oil: cf. F. oleique.] (Physiol.Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or contained in, oil; as oleic acid, an acid of the acrylic acid series found combined with glyceryl in the form of olein in certain animal and vegetable fats and oils, such as sperm oil, olive oil, etc. At low temperatures the acid is crystalline, but melts to an oily liquid above 14 C.

O•le•if•er•ous , a. [L. oleum oil + -ferous: cf.F. oleifere.] Producing oil; as oleiferous seeds.

O´le•in , n. [L. oleum oil: cf. F. oleine.] (Physiol. Chem.) A fat, liquid at ordinary temperatures, but solidifying at temperatures below 0° C., found abundantly in both the animal and vegetable kingdoms (see Palmitin). It dissolves solid fats, especially at 30-40° C. Chemically, olein is a glyceride of oleic acid; and, as three molecules of the acid are united to one molecule of glyceryl to form the fat, it is technically known as triolein. It is also called elain.

O´lent , a. [L. olens, p. pr. of olere to smell.] Scented. [R.] R. Browning.

O•le•o•graph , n. [L. oleum oil + -graph.] 1. (Chem.) The form or figure assumed by a drop of oil when placed upon water or some other liquid with which it does not mix. 2. (Painting) A picture produced in oils by a process analogous to that of lithographic printing.

O•le•o•mar´ga•rine , n. [L. oleum oil + E. margarine, margarin.] [Written also oleomargarin.] 1. A liquid oil made from animal fats (esp. beef fat) by separating the greater portion of the solid fat or stearin, by crystallization. It is mainly a mixture of olein and palmitin with some little stearin. 2. An artificial butter made by churning this oil with more or less milk. Oleomargarine was wrongly so named, as it contains no margarin proper, but olein, palmitin, and stearin, a mixture of palmitin and stearin having formerly been called margarin by mistake.

O•le•om•e•ter , n. [L. oleum oil + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for ascertaining the weight and purity of oil; an elaiometer.

O´le•one , n. [L. oleum + - one, 1.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, obtained by distillation of calcium oleate, and probably consisting of the ketone of oleic acid.

O•le•op´tene , n. [L. oleum oil + Cr. fleeting.] (Chem.) See Eleoptene. [R.]

O•le•o•res´in , n. [L. oleum oil + E. resin.] 1. (Chem.) A natural mixture of a terebinthinate oil and a resin. 2. (Med.) A liquid or semiliquid preparation extracted (as from capsicum, cubebs, or ginger) by means of ether, and consisting of fixed or volatile oil holding resin in solution. — O•le•o•res´in•ous (#), a. { O´le•ose• , O´le•ous } a. [L. oleosus, fr. oleum oil.] Oily. [R.] Ray. Floyer.

O•le•os´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being oily or fat; fatness. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ol•er•a´ceous , a. [L. oleraceus, from olus, oleris, garden or pot herbs, vegetables.] Pertaining to pot herbs; of the nature or having the qualities of herbs for cookery; esculent. Sir T. Browne.

Olf , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European bullfinch. [Prov.Eng.]

Ol•fac´tion , n. [See Olfactory.] (Physiol.) The sense by which the impressions made on the olfactory organs by the odorous particles in the atmosphere are perceived.

Ol•fac´tive , a. See Olfactory, a.

Ol•fac´tor , n. A smelling organ; a nose. [R.]

Ol•fac´to•ry , a. [L. olfactus, p. p. of olfacere to smell; olere to have a smell + facere to make. See Odor, and Fact.] (Physiol.) Of, pertaining to, or connected with, the sense of smell; as the olfactory nerves; the olfactory cells. Olfactory organ (Anat.), an organ for smelling. In vertebrates the olfactory organs are more or less complicated sacs, situated in the front part of the head and lined with epithelium innervated by the olfactory (or first cranial) nerves, and sensitive to odoriferous particles conveyed to it in the air or in water.

Ol•fac´to•ry , n.; pl. Olfactories . An olfactory organ; also the sense of smell; — usually in the plural.

Ol´i•ban , n. (Chem.) See Olibanum.

O•lib´a•num , n. [LL., fr. Ar. al-luban frankincense; cf.Gr. , , of Semitic origin.] The fragrant gum resin of various species of Boswellia; Oriental frankincense.

Ol´i•bene , n. (Chem.) A colorless mobile liquid of a pleasant aromatic odor obtained by the distillation of olibanum, or frankincense, and regarded as a terpene; — called also conimene. { Ol´id , Ol´i•dous } a. [L. olidus, fr. olere to smell.] Having a strong, disagreeable smell; fetid. [Obs.] Boyle. Sir T. Browne.

Ol´i•fant , n. [OF.] 1. An elephant. [Obs.] 2. An ancient horn, made of ivory.

Ol•i•gan´drous , a. [Oligo- + Gr. , , man, male.] (Bot.) Having few stamens.

Ol•i•gan´thous , a. [Oligo- + Gr. flower.] (Bot.) Having few flowers.

Ol•i•garch , n. A member of an oligarchy; one of the rulers in an oligarchical government.

Ol•i•gar´chal , a. Oligarchic. Glover. { Ol•i•gar´chic , Ol•i•gar´chic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. oligarchique. See Oligarchy.] Of or pertaining to oligarchy, or government by a few. ´Oligarchical exiles.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Ol´i•gar•chist , n. An advocate or supporter of oligarchy.

Ol´i•gar´chy , n.; pl. Oligarchies (#). [Gr. ; few, little + to rule, govern: cf.F. oligarchie.] A form of government in which the supreme power is placed in the hands of a few persons; also those who form the ruling few. “All oligarchies, wherein a few men domineer, do what they list.” Burton.

Ol´i•gist , n. [See Oligist, a.] (Min.) Hematite or specular iron ore; — prob. so called in allusion to its feeble magnetism, as compared with magnetite. { Ol´i•gist , Ol•i•gis´tic } a. [Gr. , superl. of few, little: cf. F. oligiste.] (Min.) Of or pertaining to hematite.

Ol´i•go- A combining form from Gr. , few, little, small.

Ol´i•go•cene , a. [Oligo- + Gr. new, recent.] (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, certain strata which occupy an intermediate position between the Eocene and Miocene periods. — n. The Oligocene period. See the Chart of Geology.

Ol•i•go•chae´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. little, pl., few + hair.] (Zoöl.) An order of Annelida which includes the earthworms and related species.

Ol´i•go•chete , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Oligochaeta.

Ol´i•go•clase , n. [Oligo- + Gr. fracture, fr. to break.] (Min.) A triclinic soda-lime feldspar. See Feldspar.

Ol•i•gom´er•ous , a. [Oligo- + Gr. part.] (Bot.) Having few members in each set of organs; as an oligomerous flower.

Ol•i•go´my•old , a. [Oligo- + Gr. , , a muscle + -oid.] (Anat.) Having few or imperfect syringeal muscles; — said of some passerine birds (Oligomyodi).

Ol•i•go•pet´al•ous , a. [Oligo- + petal.] (Bot.) Having few petals.

Ol•i•go•sep´al•ous , a. [Oligo- + sepal.] (Bot.) Having few sepals.

Ol•i•go•sid´er•ite , n. [Oligo- + siderite.] (Min.) A meteorite characterized by the presence of but a small amount of metallic iron.

Ol•i•go•sper´mous , a. [Oligo- + Gr. a seed.] (Bot.) Having few seeds.

Ol•i•got´o•kous , a. [Oligo- + Gr. offspring.] (Zoöl.) Producing few young.

O´li•o , n. [Sp. olla a round earthen pot, a dish of boiled or stewed meat, fr. L. olla a pot, dish. Cf. Olla, Olla-podrida.] 1. A dish of stewed meat of different kinds. [Obs.] “Besides a good olio, the dishes were trifling.” Evelyn. 2. A mixture; a medley. Dryden. 3. (Mus.) A collection of miscellaneous pieces.

Ol´i•to•ry , a. [L. olitorius belonging to a kitchen gardener, or to vegetables, fr. olitor a kitchen gardener, fr. olus, oleris, vegetables.] Of or pertaining to, or produced in, a kitchen garden; used for kitchen purposes; as olitory seeds. “At convenient distance towards the olitory garden.” Evelyn.

O•li´va , n. [L. an olive.] (Zoöl.) A genus of polished marine gastropod shells, chiefly tropical, and often beautifully colored.

Ol•i•va´ceous , a. [L. oliva olive.] Resembling the olive; of the color of the olive; olive- green.

Ol´i•va•ry , a. [L. olivarius belonging to olives, fr. oliva an olive: cf. F. olivaire.] (Anat.) Like an olive. Olivary body (Anat.), an oval prominence on each side of the medulla oblongata; — called also olive.

Ol•i•vas´ter , a. [L. oliva olive: cf.F. olivâtre.] Of the color of the olive; tawny. Sir T. Herbert.

Ol´ive , n. [F., fr. L. oliva, akin to Gr. . See Oil.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A tree (Olea Europaea) with small oblong or elliptical leaves, axillary clusters of flowers, and oval, one-seeded drupes. The tree has been cultivated for its fruit for thousands of years, and its branches are the emblems of peace. The wood is yellowish brown and beautifully variegated. (b) The fruit of the olive. It has been much improved by cultivation, and is used for making pickles. Olive oil is pressed from its flesh. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any shell of the genus Oliva and allied genera; — so called from the form. See Oliva. (b) The oyster catcher. [Prov.Eng.] 3. (a) The color of the olive, a peculiar dark brownish, yellowish, or tawny green. (b) One of the tertiary colors, composed of violet and green mixed in equal strength and proportion. 4. (Anat.) An olivary body. See under Olivary. 5. (Cookery) A small slice of meat seasoned, rolled up, and cooked; as olives of beef or veal. Olive is sometimes used adjectively and in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as olive brown, olive green, olive-colored, olive-skinned, olive crown, olive garden, olive tree, olive yard, etc. Bohemian olive (Bot.), a species of Elaeagnus (E. angustifolia), the flowers of which are sometimes used in Southern Europe as a remedy for fevers. — Olive branch. (a) A branch of the olive tree, considered an emblem of peace. (b) Fig.: A child. — Olive brown, brown with a tinge of green. — Olive green, a dark brownish green, like the color of the olive. — Olive oil, an oil expressed from the ripe fruit of the olive, and much used as a salad oil, also in medicine and the arts. — Olive ore (Min.), olivenite. — Wild olive (Bot.), a name given to the oleaster or wild stock of the olive; also variously to several trees more or less resembling the olive.

Ol´ive, a. Approaching the color of the olive; of a peculiar dark brownish, yellowish, or tawny green.

Ol´ived , a. Decorated or furnished with olive trees. [R.] T. Warton.

O•liv´en•ite , n. (Min.) An olive-green mineral, a hydrous arseniate of copper; olive ore.

Ol´i•ver , n. 1. [OF. oliviere.] An olive grove. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. [F. olivier.] An olive tree. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ol´i•ver, n. A small tilt hammer, worked by the foot.

Ol•i•ve´ri•an , n. (Eng. Hist.) An adherent of Oliver Cromwell. Macaulay.

Ol•ive•wood´ , n. (Bot.) (a) The wood of the olive. (b) An Australian name given to the hard white wood of certain trees of the genus Elaeodendron, and also to the trees themselves.

Ol•i•vil , n. [Cf. F. olivile.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, obtained from an exudation from the olive, and having a bitter-sweet taste and acid proporties. [Written also olivile.] Gregory.

Ol´i•vin , n. (Chem.) A complex bitter gum, found on the leaves of the olive tree; — called also olivite.

Ol´i•vine , n. [Cf. F. olivine.] (Min.) A common name of the yellowish green mineral chrysolite, esp. the variety found in eruptive rocks.

Ol´i•vite , n. (Chem.) See Olivin.

Ol´la , n. [See Olio.] 1. A pot or jar having a wide mouth; a cinerary urn, especially one of baked clay. 2. A dish of stewed meat; an olio; an olla- podrida.

Ol•la-po•dri´da , n. [Sp., lit., a rotten pot. See Olio.] 1. A favorite Spanish dish, consisting of a mixture of several kinds of meat chopped fine, and stewed with vegetables. 2. Any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous collection; an olio. B. Jonson.

Ol´o•gy , n. [See -logy.] A colloquial or humorous name for any science or branch of knowledge. “He had a smattering of mechanics, of physiology, geology, mineralogy, and all other ologies whatsoever.” De Quincey.

Ol´pe , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] Originally, a leather flask or vessel for oils or liquids; afterward, an earthenware vase or pitcher without a spout.

O•lu´sa•trum , n. [L. holusatrum, olusatrum; olus garden herb + ater black.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, the common Alexanders of Western Europe (Smyrnium Olusatrum).

O•lym´pi•ad (o•lim´pi•ad), n. [L. olympias, -adis, Gr. ’olympia•s, -a•dos, fr. ’O•lympos Olympus, a mountain in Macedonia: cf. F. olympiade.] (Greek Antiq.) A period of four years, by which the ancient Greeks reckoned time, being the interval from one celebration of the Olympic games to another, beginning with the victory of Corœbus in the foot race, which took place in the year 776 b.c.; as the era of the olympiads. { O•lym´pi•an (-an), O•lym´pic (- pik), } a. [L. Olympius, Olympicus, Gr. ’Oly•mpios, ’Olympiko•s, fr. ’O•lympos: cf. F. olympique. See Olympiad.] Of or pertaining to Olympus, a mountain of Thessaly, fabled as the seat of the gods, or to Olympia, a small plain in Elis. Olympic games, or Olympics (Greek Antiq.), the greatest of the national festivals of the ancient Greeks, consisting of athletic games and races, dedicated to Olympian Zeus, celebrated once in four years at Olympia, and continuing five days.

O•lym•pi•on´ic , n. [Gr. a conqueror in the Olympic games.] An ode in honor of a victor in the Olympic games. [R.] Johnson.

-o´ma [Gr. , .] A suffix used in medical terms to denote a morbid condition of some part, usually some kind of tumor; as in fibroma, glaucoma.

Om´a•gra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. shoulder + seizure.] (Med.) Gout in the shoulder.

O´ma•has´ , n. pl.; sing. Omaha . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who inhabited the south side of the Missouri River. They are now partly civilized and occupy a reservation in Nebraska.

O•man´der wood [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) The wood of Diospyros ebenaster, a kind of ebony found in Ceylon.

O•ma´sum , n. [L.] (Anat.) The third division of the stomach of ruminants. See Manyplies, and Illust. under Ruminant. { Om´ber , Om´bre} , n. [F. hombre, fr. Sp. hombre, lit., a man, fr. L. homo. See Human.] A game at cards, borrowed from the Spaniards, and usually played by three persons. Pope. “When ombre calls, his hand and heart are free,
And, joined to two, he fails not to make three.” Young.

Om´bre, n. [F., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) A large Mediterranean food fish (Umbrina cirrhosa): — called also umbra, and umbrine.

Om•brom´e•ter , n. [Gr. rain + -meter: cf. F. ombrometre.] (Meteorol.) An instrument for measuring the rain that falls; a rain gauge.

O•me´ga , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , i.e., the great or long o. Cf. Mickle.] 1. The last letter of the Greek alphabet. See Alpha. 2. The last; the end; hence, death. “´Omega! thou art Lord,´ they said.” Tennyson. Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending; hence, the chief, the whole. Rev. i. 8. “The alpha and omega of science.” Sir J. Herschel.

O•me´goid , a. [Omega + - oid.] Having the form of the Greek capital letter Omega (&OMEGA;).

Om´e•let , n. [F. omelette, OF. amelette, alumete, alumelle, perh. fr. L. lamella. Cf. Lamella.] Eggs beaten up with a little flour, etc., and cooked in a frying pan; as a plain omelet.

O´men , n. [L. omen, the original form being osmen, according to Varro.] An occurrence supposed to portend, or show the character of, some future event; any indication or action regarded as a foreshowing; a foreboding; a presage; an augury. “Bid go with evil omen, and the brand
Of infamy upon my name.” Milton.

O´men, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Omened p. pr. & vb. n. Omening.] To divine or to foreshow by signs or portents; to have omens or premonitions regarding; to predict; to augur; as to omen ill of an enterprise. “The yet unknown verdict, of which, however, all omened the tragical contents.” Sir W. Scott.

O´mened , a. Attended by, or containing, an omen or omens; as happy-omened day.

O•men´tal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to an omentum or the omenta.

O•men´tum , n.; pl. Omenta (#). [L.] (Anat.) A free fold of the peritoneum, or one serving to connect viscera, support blood vessels, etc.; an epiploön. The great, or gastrocolic, omentum forms, in most mammals, a great sac, which is attached to the stomach and transverse colon, is loaded with fat, and covers more or less of the intestines; the caul. The lesser, or gastrohepatic, omentum connects the stomach and liver and contains the hepatic vessels. The gastrosplenic omentum, or ligament, connects the stomach and spleen.

O´mer , n. [Cf. Homer.] A Hebrew measure, the tenth of an ephah. See Ephah. Ex. xvi. 36.

Om•i•let´ic•al , a. Homiletical. [Obs.]

Om´i•nate , v. t. & i. [L. ominatus, p. p. of ominari to presage, fr. omen.] To presage; to foreshow; to foretoken. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Om•i•na´tion , n. [L. ominatio.] The act of ominating; presaging. [Obs.] Fuller.

Om´i•nous , a. [L. ominosus, fr. omen. See Omen.] Of or pertaining to an omen or to omens; being or exhibiting an omen; significant; portentous; — formerly used both in a favorable and unfavorable sense; now chiefly in the latter; foreboding or foreshowing evil; inauspicious; as an ominous dread. “He had a good ominous name to have made a peace.” Bacon. “In the heathen worship of God, a sacrifice without a heart was accounted ominous.” South. — Om´i•nous•ly, adv. — Om´i•nous•ness, n.

O•mis´si•ble , a. Capable of being omitted; that may be omitted.

O•mis´sion , n. [L. omissio: cf. F. omission. See Omit.] 1. The act of omitting; neglect or failure to do something required by propriety or duty. “The most natural division of all offenses is into those of omission and those of commission.” Addison. 2. That which is omitted or is left undone.

O•mis´sive , a. [See Omit.] Leaving out; omitting. Bp. Hall. — O•mis´sive•ly, adv.

O•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Omitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Omitting.] [L. omittere, omissum; ob (see Ob- + mittere to cause to go, let go, send. See Mission.] 1. To let go; to leave unmentioned; not to insert or name; to drop. “These personal comparisons I omit.” Bacon. 2. To pass by; to forbear or fail to perform or to make use of; to leave undone; to neglect. “Her father omitted nothing in her education that might make her the most accomplished woman of her age.” Addison.

O•mit´tance , n. The act of omitting, or the state of being omitted; forbearance; neglect. Shak.

O•mit´ter , n. One who omits. Fuller.

Om•ma•te´al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to an ommateum.

Om•ma•te´um , n.; pl. Ommatea (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , the eye.] (Zoöl.) A compound eye, as of insects and crustaceans.

Om•ma•tid´i•um , n.; pl. Ommatidia (#). [NL., dim. of Gr. , , the eye.] (Zoöl.) One of the single eyes forming the compound eyes of crustaceans, insects, and other invertebrates.

Om´ni- [L. omnis all.] A combining form denoting all, every, everywhere; as in omnipotent, all-powerful; omnipresent.

Om´ni•bus , n. [L., for all, dat. pl. from omnis all. Cf. Bus.] 1. A long four-wheeled carriage, having seats for many people; especially, one with seats running lengthwise, used in conveying passengers short distances. 2. (Glass Making) A sheet-iron cover for articles in a leer or annealing arch, to protect them from drafts. Omnibus bill, a legislative bill which provides for a number of miscellaneous enactments or appropriations. [Parliamentary Cant, U.S.] — Omnibus box, a large box in a theater, on a level with the stage and having communication with it. [Eng.] Thackeray.

Om•ni•cor•po´re•al , a. [Omni- + corporeal.] Comprehending or including all bodies; embracing all substance. [R.] Cudworth.

Om•ni´e•ty , n. That which is all-pervading or all-comprehensive; hence, the Deity. [R.] “Omniety formed nullity into an essence.” Sir T. Browne.

Om•ni•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. omnifarius; omnis all + -farius. Cf. Bifarious.] Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. ´Omnifarious learning.´ Coleridge.

Om•nif´er•ous , a. [L. omnifer; omnis all + ferre to bear.] All- bearing; producing all kinds.

Om•nif´ic , a. [Omni- + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make.] All-creating. ´The omnific word.´ Milton.

Om´ni•form , a. [L. omniformis; omnis all + forma form: cf. F. omniforme.] Having every form or shape. Berkeley.

Om•ni•for´mi•ty , n. The condition or quality of having every form. Dr. H. More.

Om´ni•fy , v. t. [Omni- + -fy.] To render universal; to enlarge. [R.] “Omnify the disputed point into a transcendent, and you may defy the opponent to lay hold of it.” Coleridge.

Om•nig´e•nous , a. [L. omniqenus; omnis all + genus kind.] Consisting of all kinds. [R.]

Om´ni•graph , n. [Omni- + -graph.] A pantograph. [R.]

Om•ni•pa´ri•ent , a. [L. omniparens all-producing; omnis all + parere to bring forth.] Producing or bringing forth all things; all- producing. [R.]

Om•ni•par´i•ty , n. [Omni- + -parity.] Equality in every part; general equality.

Om•nip´a•rous , a. [See Omniparient.] Producing all things; omniparient.

Om•ni•pa´tient , a. [Omni- + patient.] Capable of enduring all things. [R.] Carlyle. { Om•ni•per•cip´i•ence , Om•ni•per•cip´i•en•cy } n. Perception of everything.

Om•ni•per•cip´i•ent , a. [Omni- + percipient.] Perceiving everything. Dr. H. More. { Om•nip´o•tence , Om•nip´o•ten•cy } n. [L. omnipotentia: cf.F. omnipotence.] 1. The state of being omnipotent; almighty power; hence, one who is omnipotent; the Deity. “Will Omnipotence neglect to save
The suffering virtue of the wise and brave?” Pope. 2. Unlimited power of a particular kind; as love’s omnipotence. Denham.

Om•nip´o•tent , a. [F., fr.L. omnipotens, -entis; omnis all + potens powerful, potent. See Potent.] 1. Able in every respect and for every work; unlimited in ability; all-powerful; almighty; as the Being that can create worlds must be omnipotent. “God’s will and pleasure and his omnipotent power.” Sir T. More. 2. Having unlimited power of a particular kind; as omnipotent love. Shak. “The Omnipotent, The Almighty; God.” Milton.

Om•nip´o•tent•ly, adv. In an omnipotent manner.

Om•ni•pres´ence , n. [Cf. F. omnipresence.] Presence in every place at the same time; unbounded or universal presence; ubiquity. “His omnipresence fills
Land, sea, and air, and every kind that lives.” Milton.

Om•ni•pres´en•cy , n. Omnipresence. [Obs.]

Om•ni•pres´ent , a. [Omni- + present: cf.F. omnipresent.] Present in all places at the same time; ubiquitous; as the omnipresent Jehovah. Prior.

Om•ni•pre•sen´tial , a. Implying universal presence. [R.] South.

Om•ni•prev´a•lent , a. [Omni- + prevalent.] Prevalent everywhere or in all things. Fuller.

Om•nis´cience , n. [Cf. F. omniscience.] The quality or state of being omniscient; - - an attribute peculiar to God. Dryden.

Om•nis´cien•cy , n. Omniscience.

Om•nis´cient , a. [Omni- + L. sciens, -entis, p. pr. of scire to know: cf. F. omniscient. See Science.] Having universal knowledge; knowing all things; infinitely knowing or wise; as the omniscient God. — Om•nis´cient•ly, adv. “For what can scape the eye
Of God all-seeing, or deceive his heart
Omniscient?” Milton.

Om•nis´cious , a. [L. omniscius. See Omniscient.] All-knowing. [Obs.] Hakewill.

Om•ni•spec´tive , a. [Omni- + L. spectus, p. p. of specere, spicere, to view.] Beholding everything; capable of seeing all things; all- seeing. [R.] ´Omnispective Power!´ Boyse.

Om´ni•um , n. [L., of all, gen. pl. of omnis all.] (Eng.Stock Exchange) The aggregate value of the different stocks in which a loan to government is now usually funded. M’Culloch.

Om•ni•um-gath´er•um , n. [A macaronic compound of L. omnium, gen.pl. of omnis all, and E. gather.] A miscellaneous collection of things or persons; a confused mixture; a medley. [Colloq. & Humorous] Selden.

Om•niv´a•gant , a. [Omni + L. vagans, p. pr. of vagari to wander.] Wandering anywhere and everywhere. [R.]

Om•niv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Omnivorous.] (Zoöl.) A group of ungulate mammals including the hog and the hippopotamus. The term is also sometimes applied to the bears, and to certain passerine birds.

Om•niv´o•rous , a. [L. omnivorus; omnis all + vorate to eat greedily. See Voracious.] All-devouring; eating everything indiscriminately; as omnivorous vanity; esp. (Zoöl.), eating both animal and vegetable food. — Om•niv´o•rous•ness, n.

O´mo- [Gr. the shoulder.] A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the shoulder or the scapula.

O•mo•hy´oid , a. [Omo- + hyoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the shoulder and the hyoid bone; as the omohyoid muscle.

O´mo•phag´ic , a. [Gr. ; raw + to eat.] Eating raw flesh; using uncooked meat as food; as omophagic feasts, rites.

Om´o•plate , n. [F., from Gr. . See Omo-, and Plate.] (Anat.) The shoulder blade, or scapula.

O•mos´te•gite , n. [Omo- + Gr. a roof.] (Zoöl.) The part of the carapace of a crustacean situated behind the cervical groove.

O•mo•ster´nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the omosternum.

O•mo•ster´num , n. [Omo- + sternum.] (Anat.) (a) The anterior element of the sternum which projects forward from between the clavicles in many batrachians and is usually tipped with cartilage. (b) In many mammals, an interarticular cartilage, or bone, between the sternum and the clavicle.

Om´pha•cine , a. [Gr. , from an unripe grape or olive: cf.F. omphacin.] Of, pertaining to, or expressed from, unripe fruit; as omphacine oil.

Om•phal´ic, a. [Gr. having a boss, bossy, fr. the navel. See Navel.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the umbilicus, or navel.

Om´pha•lo- [Gr. the navel.] A combining form indicating connection with, or relation to, the umbilicus, or navel.

Om´pha•lo•cele , n. [Gr. the navel + a tumor: cf.F. omphalocele.] (Med.) A hernia at the navel.

Om´pha•lode , n. [Omphalo- + Gr. form.] (Bot.) The central part of the hilum of a seed, through which the nutrient vessels pass into the rhaphe or the chalaza; — called also omphalodium.

Om´pha•lo•man´cy , n. [Omphalo- + -mancy.] Divination by means of a child’s navel, to learn how many children the mother may have. Crabb.

Om•pha•lo•mes•a•ra´ic , a. [Omphalo- + mesaraic.] (Anat.) Omphalomesenteric.

Om•pha•lo•mes•en•ter´ic , a. [Omphalo- + mesenteric.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the umbilicus and mesentery; omphalomesaraic; as the omphalomesenteric arteries and veins of a fetus.

Om•pha•lop´sy•chite , n. [Omphalo- + Gr. breath, spirit, soul: cf. F. omphalopsyque.] (Eccl.Hist.) A name of the Hesychasts, from their habit of gazing upon the navel. { Om•pha•lop´ter , Om•pha•lop´tic } n. [Gr. the navel + one who looks, belonging to sight: cf.F. omphaloptre.] An optical glass that is convex on both sides. [Obs.] Hutton.

Om´pha•los , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Anat.) The navel.

Om•pha•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. ; the navel + to cut: cf. F. omphalotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of dividing the navel-string.

O´my , a. Mellow, as land. [Prov.Eng.] Ray.

On , prep. [OE. on, an, o, a, AS. on, an; akin to D. aan, OS. & G. an, OHG. ana, Icel. a, Sw. å, Goth. ana, Russ. na, L. an-, in anhelare to pant, Gr. ’ana•, Zend ana. rad.195. Cf. A-, 1, Ana-, Anon.] The general signification of on is situation, motion, or condition with respect to contact or support beneath; as: — 1. At, or in contact with, the surface or upper part of a thing, and supported by it; placed or lying in contact with the surface; as the book lies on the table, which stands on the floor of a house on an island. “I stood on the bridge at midnight.” Longfellow. 2. To or against the surface of; — used to indicate the motion of a thing as coming or falling to the surface of another; as rain falls on the earth. “Whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken.” Matt. xxi. 44. 3. Denoting performance or action by contact with the surface, upper part, or outside of anything; hence, by means of; with; as to play on a violin or piano. Hence, figuratively, to work on one’s feelings; to make an impression on the mind. 4. At or near; adjacent to; — indicating situation, place, or position; as on the one hand, on the other hand; the fleet is on the American coast. 5. In addition to; besides; — indicating multiplication or succession in a series; as heaps on heaps; mischief on mischief; loss on loss; thought on thought. Shak. 6. Indicating dependence or reliance; with confidence in; as to depend on a person for assistance; to rely on; hence, indicating the ground or support of anything; as he will promise on certain conditions; to bet on a horse. 7. At or in the time of; during; as on Sunday we abstain from labor. See At (synonym). 8. At the time of, conveying some notion of cause or motive; as on public occasions, the officers appear in full dress or uniform. Hence, in consequence of, or following; as on the ratification of the treaty, the armies were disbanded. 9. Toward; for; — indicating the object of some passion; as have pity or compassion on him. 10. At the peril of, or for the safety of. ´Hence, on thy life.´ Dryden. 11. By virtue of; with the pledge of; — denoting a pledge or engagement, and put before the thing pledged; as he affirmed or promised on his word, or on his honor. 12. To the account of; — denoting imprecation or invocation, or coming to, falling, or resting upon; as on us be all the blame; a curse on him. “His blood be on us and on our children.” Matt. xxvii. 25. 13. In reference or relation to; as on our part expect punctuality; a satire on society. 14. Of. [Obs.] ´Be not jealous on me.´ Shak. “Or have we eaten on the insane root
That takes the reason prisoner?” Shak. Instances of this usage are common in our older writers, and are sometimes now heard in illiterate speech. 15. Occupied with; in the performance of; as only three officers are on duty; on a journey. 16. In the service of; connected with; of the number of; as he is on a newspaper; on a committee. On and upon are in general interchangeable. In some applications upon is more euphonious, and is therefore to be preferred; but in most cases on is preferable. On a bowline. (Naut.) Same as Closehauled. — On a wind, or On the wind (Naut.), sailing closehauled. — On a sudden. See under Sudden. — On board, On draught, On fire, etc. See under Board, Draught, Fire, etc. — On it, On’t, of it. [Obs. or Colloq.] Shak. — On shore, on land; to the shore. — On the road, On the way, On the wing, etc. See under Road, Way, etc. — On to, upon; on; to; — sometimes written as one word, onto, and usually called a colloquialism; but it may be regarded in analogy with into. “They have added the -en plural form on to an elder plural.” Earle. “We see the strength of the new movement in the new class of ecclesiastics whom it forced on to the stage.” J. R. Green.

On, adv. [See On, prep.] 1. Forward, in progression; onward; — usually with a verb of motion; as move on; go on. ´Time glides on.´ Macaulay. “The path is smooth that leadeth on to danger.” Shak. 2. Forward, in succession; as from father to son, from the son to the grandson, and so on. 3. In continuance; without interruption or ceasing; as sleep on, take your ease; say on; sing on. 4. Adhering; not off; as in the phrase, ´He is neither on nor off,´ that is, he is not steady, he is irresolute. 5. Attached to the body, as clothing or ornament, or for use. ´I have boots on.´ B. Gonson. “He put on righteousness as a breastplate.” Is. lix. 17. 6. In progress; proceeding; as a game is on. On is sometimes used as an exclamation, or a command to move or proceed, some verb being understood; as on, comrades; that is, go on, move on. On and on, continuously; for a long time together. ´Toiling on and on and on.´ Longfellow.

On´a•ger , n.; pl. L. Onagri (#), E. Onagers (#). [L. onager, onagrus, Gr. .] 1. (Rom.Antiq.) A military engine acting like a sling, which threw stones from a bag or wooden bucket, and was operated by machinery. Fairholt. 2. (Zoöl.) A wild ass, especially the koulan.

O•nag´ga , n. (Zoöl.) The dauw. { On•a•gra´ceous (on•a•gra´shus), On•a•gra•ri´e•ous (-gra•ri´e•us), } a. [From NL. Onagra an old scientific name of the evening primrose (Œnothera), fr. Gr. ’ona•gra a kind of plant; of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Onagraceae or Onagrarieae), which includes the fuchsia, the willow-herb (Epilobium), and the evening primrose (Œnothera).

O´nan•ism , n. [Onan (Gen. xxxviii. 9): cf. F. onanisme.] Self-pollution; masturbation.

O•nap´po , n. (Zoöl.) A nocturnal South American monkey (Callithrix discolor), noted for its agility; — called also ventriloquist monkey.

Once , n. (Zoöl.) The ounce.

Once , adv. [OE. ones, anes, an adverbial form fr. one, on, an, one. See One-, -Wards.] 1. By limitation to the number one; for one time; not twice nor any number of times more than one. “Ye shall … go round about the city once.” Josh. vi. 3. “Trees that bear mast are fruitful but once in two years.” Bacon. 2. At some one period of time; — used indefinitely. “My soul had once some foolish fondness for thee.” Addison. “That court which we shall once govern.” Bp. Hall. 3. At any one time; — often nearly equivalent to ever, if ever, or whenever; as once kindled, it may not be quenched. “Wilt thou not be made clean? When shall it once be?” Jer. xiii. 27. “To be once in doubt
Is once to be resolved.” Shak. Once is used as a noun when preceded by this or that; as this once, that once. It is also sometimes used elliptically, like an adjective, for once- existing. ´The once province of Britain.´ J. N. Pomeroy. At once. (a) At the same point of time; immediately; without delay. ´Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once.´ Shak. ´I … withdrew at once and altogether.´ Jeffrey. (b) At one and the same time; simultaneously; in one body; as they all moved at once. — Once and again, once and once more; repeatedly. ´A dove sent forth once and again, to spy.´ Milton.

On•cid´i•um , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical orchidaceous plants, the flower of one species of which (O. Papilio) resembles a butterfly.

On´co•graph , n. [Gr. bulk + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for registering the changes observable with an oncometer.

On•com´e•ter , n. [Gr. bulk + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the variations in size of the internal organs of the body, as the kidney, spleen, etc.

On•cot´o•my (on´kot•o•my), n. [Gr. ’o•gkos bulk, mass + te•mnein to cut: cf. F. oncotomie.] (Surg.) The opening of an abscess, or the removal of a tumor, with a cutting instrument. [Written also onkotomy.] Dunglison.

Onde , n. [AS. anda malice, anger; akin to Icel. andi, önd, breath.] Hatred; fury; envy. [Obs.]

On• dit´ [F.] They say, or it is said. — n. A flying report; rumor; as it is a mere on dit.

-one [From Gr. -w•nh, signifying, female descendant.] (Chem.) A suffix indicating that the substance, in the name of which it appears, is a ketone; as acetone.

-one.(Chem.) A termination indicating that the hydrocarbon to the name of which it is affixed belongs to the fourth series of hydrocarbons, or the third series of unsaturated hydrocarbonsl as nonone.

One , a. [OE. one, on, an, AS. än; akin to D. een, OS. ën, OFries. ën, än, G. ein, Dan. een, Sw. en, Icel. einn, Goth. ains, W. un, Ir. & Gael. aon, L. unus, earlier oinos, oenos, Gr. the ace on dice; cf. Skr. ëka. The same word as the indefinite article a, an. rad. 299. Cf. 2d A, 1st An, Alone, Anon, Any, None, Nonce, Only, Onion, Unit.] 1. Being a single unit, or entire being or thing, and no more; not multifold; single; individual. “The dream of Pharaoh is one.” Gen. xli. 25. “O that we now had here
But one ten thousand of those men in England.” Shak. 2. Denoting a person or thing conceived or spoken of indefinitely; a certain. ´I am the sister of one Claudio´ [Shak.], that is, of a certain man named Claudio. 3. Pointing out a contrast, or denoting a particular thing or person different from some other specified; — used as a correlative adjective, with or without the. “From the one side of heaven unto the other.” Deut. iv. 32. 4. Closely bound together; undivided; united; constituting a whole. “The church is therefore one, though the members may be many.” Bp. Pearson 5. Single in kind; the same; a common. “One plague was on you all, and on your lords.” 1 Sam. vi. 4. 6. Single; inmarried. [Obs.] “Men may counsel a woman to be one.” Chaucer. One is often used in forming compound words, the meaning of which is obvious; as one-armed, one-celled, one-eyed, one-handed, one-hearted, one- horned, one-idead, one-leaved, one-masted, one-ribbed, one-story, one-syllable, one- stringed, one-winged, etc. All one, of the same or equal nature, or consequence; as he says that it is all one what course you take. Shak. — One day. (a) On a certain day, not definitely specified, referring to time past. “One day when Phoebe fair,
With all her band, was following the chase.” Spenser. (b) Referring to future time: At some uncertain day or period; some day. “Well, I will marry one day.” Shak.

One, n. 1. A single unit; as one is the base of all numbers. 2. A symbol representing a unit, as 1, or i. 3. A single person or thing. ´The shining ones.´ Bunyan. ´Hence, with your little ones.´ Shak. “He will hate the one, and love the other.” Matt. vi. 24. “That we may sit, one on thy right hand, and the other on thy left hand, in thy glory.” Mark x. 37. After one, after one fashion; alike. [Obs.] Chaucer. — At one, in agreement or concord. See At one, in the Vocab. — Ever in one, continually; perpetually; always. [Obs.] Chaucer. — In one, in union; in a single whole. — One and one, One by one, singly; one at a time; one after another. ´Raising one by one the suppliant crew.´ Dryden.

One , indef. pron. Any person, indefinitely; a person or body; as what one would have well done, one should do one’s self. “It was well worth one’s while.” Hawthorne. “Against this sort of condemnation one must steel one’s self as one best can.” G. Eliot. One is often used with some, any, no, each, every, such, a, many a, another, the other, etc. It is sometimes joined with another, to denote a reciprocal relation. “When any one heareth the word.” Matt. xiii. 19. “She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia.” Compton Reade. “The Peloponnesians and the Athenians fought against one another.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). “The gentry received one another.” Thackeray.

One, v. t. To cause to become one; to gather into a single whole; to unite; to assimilite. [Obs.] “The rich folk that embraced and oned all their heart to treasure of the world.” Chaucer.

One´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The herb Paris. See Herb Paris, under Herb.

One´-hand , a. Employing one hand; as the one-hand alphabet. See Dactylology.

One´-horse , a. 1. Drawn by one horse; having but a single horse; as a one- horse carriage. 2. Second-rate; inferior; small. [Slang, U.S.]

O•nei´das , n. pl.; sing. Oneida . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the region near Oneida Lake in the State of New York, and forming part of the Five Nations. Remnants of the tribe now live in New York, Canada, and Wisconsin.

O•nei•ro•crit•ic , n. [Cf.F. oneirocritique. See Oneirocritic, a.] An interpreter of dreams. Bp. Warburton. Addison. { O•nei•ro•crit•ic , O•nei•ro•crit•ic•al , } a. [Gr. ; a dream + critical, fr. to discern.] Of or pertaining to the interpretation of dreams. Addison. { O•nei•ro•crit•i•cism , O•nei•ro•crit•ics } n. The art of interpreting dreams.

O•nei´ro•man•cy , n. [Gr. a dream + -mancy.] Divination by means of dreams. De Quincey.

O•nei•ros´co•pist, n. One who interprets dreams.

O•nei•ros´co•py , n. [Gr. a dream + -scopy.] The interpretation of dreams.

One´li•ness , n. The state of being one or single. [Obs.] Cudworth.

One´ly , a. See Only. [Obs.] Spenser.

One´ment , n. The state of being at one or reconciled. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

One´ness, n. The state of being one; singleness in number; individuality; unity. “Our God is one, or rather very oneness.” Hooker.

On´er•a•ry , a. [L. onerarius, fr. onus, oneris, load, burden: cf.F. oneraire.] Fitted for, or carrying, a burden. Johnson.

On´er•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Onerated p. pr. & vb. n. Onerating.] [L. oneratus, p. p. pf onerare.] To load; to burden. [Obs.] Becon.

On•er•a´tion , n. The act of loading. [Obs.]

On´er•ous , a. [L. onerosus, fr. onus, oneris, a load, burden: cf.F. onereux.] Burdensome; oppressive. ´Too onerous a solicitude.´ I. Taylor. Onerous cause (Scots Law), a good and legal consideration; — opposed to gratuitous.

On´er•ous•ly, adv. In an onerous manner.

Ones , adv. Once. [Obs.] Chaucer.

One•self´ , pron. A reflexive form of the indefinite pronoun one. Commonly writen as two words, one’s self. “One’s self (or more properly oneself), is quite a modern form. In Elizabethan English we find a man’s self=one’s self.” Morris.

One•-sid´ed , a. 1. Having one side only, or one side prominent; hence, limited to one side; partial; unjust; unfair; as a one-sided view or statement. ´Unguarded and one-sided language.´ T. Arnold. 2. (Bot.) Growing on one side of a stem; as one-sided flowers. — One•-sid´ed-ly, adv. — One•- sid´ed•ness, n.

On•ethe´ , adv. Scarcely. See Unnethe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

On´go•ing , n. The act of going forward; progress; (pl.) affairs; business; current events. “The common ongoings of this our commonplace world, and everyday life.” Prof. Wilson.

On´guent , n. [F.] An unguent.

On´-hang•er , n. A hanger- on.

On´ion , n. [F. ognon, fr. L. unio oneness, unity, a single large pearl, an onion. See One, Union.] (Bot.) A liliaceous plant of the genus Allium (A. cepa), having a strong-flavored bulb and long hollow leaves; also its bulbous root, much used as an article of food. The name is often extended to other species of the genus. Onion fish (Zoöl.), the grenadier. — Onion fly (Zoöl.) a dipterous insect whose larva feeds upon the onion; especially, Anthomyia ceparum and Ortalis flexa. — Welsh onion. (Bot.) See Cibol. — Wild onion (Bot.), a name given to several species of the genus Allium.

O•ni•ro•crit•ic , a. See Oneirocritic.

On´li•ness , n. The state of being alone. [Obs.]

On•loft´ , adv. Aloft; above ground. [Obs.] “She kept her father’s life onloft.” Chaucer.

On´-look•er , n. A looker- on.

On´-look•ing, a. Looking on or forward.

On´ly , a. [OE. only, anly, onlich, AS. anlic, i.e., onelike. See One, and Like, a.] 1. One alone; single; as the only man present; his only occupation. 2. Alone in its class; by itself; not associated with others of the same class or kind; as an only child. 3. Hence, figuratively: Alone, by reason of superiority; preëminent; chief. ´Motley’s the only wear.´ Shak.

On´ly , adv. [See Only, a.] 1. In one manner or degree; for one purpose alone; simply; merely; barely. “And to be loved himself, needs only to be known.” Dryden. 2. So and no otherwise; no other than; exclusively; solely; wholly. ´She being only wicked.´ Beau. & Fl. “Every imagination … of his heart was only evil.” Gen. vi. 5. 3. Singly; without more; as only- begotten. 4. Above all others; particularly. [Obs.] “His most only elected mistress.” Marston.

On´ly, conj. Save or except (that); — an adversative used elliptically with or without that, and properly introducing a single fact or consideration. “He might have seemed some secretary or clerk … only that his low, flat, unadorned cap … indicated that he belonged to the city.” Sir W. Scott.

On•o•ce´rin , n. [NL. Ononis, the generic name of the plant + L. cera wax.] (Chem.) A white crystalline waxy substance extracted from the root of the leguminous plant Ononis spinosa.

O•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. an ass + -logy.] Foolish discourse. [R.]

On´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. name + -mancy. Cf. Nomancy.] Divination by the letters of a name; nomancy. [R.] Camden. { On•o•man´tic , On•o•man´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to onomancy. [R.]

On•o•mas´tic , a. [Gr. , from to name, name.] (Law) Applied to a signature when the body of the instrument is in another’s handwriting. Burrill.

On•o•mas´ti•con , n. [NL., fr. Gr. (sc.), fr. . See Onomastic.] A collection of names and terms; a dictionary; specif., a collection of Greek names, with explanatory notes, made by Julius Pollux about A.D.180.

On´o•ma•tech•ny , n. [Gr. + art.] Prognostication by the letters of a name.

On•o•ma•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in the history of names. Southey.

On•o•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , + -logy.] The science of names or of their classification.

O•nom´a•tope , n. [See Onomatopœia.] An imitative word; an onomatopoetic word.

On•o•mat•o•pœ´ia , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; , , a name + to make.] (Philol.) The formation of words in imitation of sounds; a figure of speech in which the sound of a word is imitative of the sound of the thing which the word represents; as the buzz of bees; the hiss of a goose; the crackle of fire. It has been maintained by some philologist that all primary words, especially names, were formed by imitation of natural sounds.

On•o•mat•o•pœ´ic , a. Onomatopoetic. Whitney.

On•o•mat•o•po•et´ic , a. Of or pertaining to onomatopœia; characterized by onomatopœia; imitative; as an onomatopoetic writer or word. Earle.

On•o•mat´o•py , n. Onomatopœia.

O•nom´o•man•cy , n. See Onomancy.

On•on•da´gas , n. pl.; sing. Onondaga . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting what is now a part of the State of New York. They were the central or head tribe of the Five Nations.

On´rush , n. A rushing onward.

On´set , n. [On + set.] 1. A rushing or setting upon; an attack; an assault; a storming; especially, the assault of an army. Milton. “The onset and retire
Of both your armies.” Shak. “Who on that day the word of onset gave.” Wordsworth. 2. A setting about; a beginning. [Obs.] Shak. “There is surely no greater wisdom than well to time the beginnings and onsets of things.” Bacon. 3. Anything set on, or added, as an ornament or as a useful appendage. [Obs.] Johnson.

On´set, v. t. 1. To assault; to set upon. [Obs.] 2. To set about; to begin. [Obs.] Carew.

On´slaught , n. [OE. on on + slaught, slaht, slaughter. See Slaughter.] 1. An attack; an onset; esp., a furious or murderous attack or assault. “By storm and onslaught to proceed.” Hudibras. 2. A bloody fray or battle. [Scot.] Jamieson.

On´stead , n. [Possibly a corruption of homestead.] A single farmhouse; a steading. [Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Grose. Jamieson.

On´to , prep. [On + to. Cf. Into.] On the top of; upon; on. See On to, under On, prep. { On•to•gen´e•sis , On•tog´e•ny } n. [See Ontology, and Genesis.] (Biol.) The history of the individual development of an organism; the history of the evolution of the germ; the development of an individual organism, — in distinction from phylogeny, or evolution of the tribe. Called also henogenesis, henogeny.

On•to•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to ontogenesis; as ontogenetic phenomena. — On•to•ge•net´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

On•to•gen´ic , a. (Biol.) Ontogenetic.

On•to•log´ic , a. Ontological.

On•to•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. ontologique.] Of or pertaining to ontology.

On••to•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In an ontological manner.

On•tol´o•gist , n. [Cf.F. ontologiste.] One who is versed in or treats of ontology. Edin. Rev.

On•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. the things which exist (pl.neut. of , , being, p. pr. of to be) + - logy: cf.F. ontologie.] That department of the science of metaphysics which investigates and explains the nature and essential properties and relations of all beings, as such, or the principles and causes of being.

O´nus , n. [L.] A burden; an obligation. Onus probandi [L.], obligation to furnish evidence to prove a thing; the burden of proof.

On´ward , a. 1. Moving in a forward direction; tending toward a contemplated or desirable end; forward; as an onward course, progress, etc. 2. Advanced in a forward direction or toward an end. “Within a while, Philoxenus came to see how onward the fruits were of his friend’s labor.” Sir P. Sidney.

On´ward, adv. Toward a point before or in front; forward; progressively; as to move onward. “Not one looks backward, onward still he goes.” Pope.

On´ward•ness, n. Progress; advancement.

On´wards , adv. [See -wards.] Onward.

On´y , a. Any. [Obs.] Chaucer. On´y•cha n. [NL. from L. onyx -ychis onyx also a kind of mussel Gr. See Onyx.] 1. An ingredient of the Mosaic incense probably the operculum of some kind of strombus. Ex. xxx. 34. 2. The precious stone called onyx. [R.]

O•nych´i•a , n. [NL. See Onyx.] (Med.) (a) A whitlow. (b) An affection of a finger or toe, attended with ulceration at the base of the nail, and terminating in the destruction of the nail.

On´y•cho•man•cy , n. [Gr. , , a finger nail + -mancy: cf. F. onychomancie.] Divination by the nails.

On•y•choph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , , a claw + .] (Zoöl.) Malacopoda.

O´nyx , n. [L., fr. Gr. a claw, finger nail, a veined gem. See Nail, and cf. Onycha.] (Min.) Chalcedony in parallel layers of different shades of color. It is used for making cameos, the figure being cut in one layer with the next as a ground. Onyx marble, a banded variety of marble or calcium carbonate resembling onyx. It is obtained from Mexico.

Oo, a. One. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O´ö , n. [Hawaiian.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful bird (Moho nobilis) of the Hawaiian Islands. It yields the brilliant yellow feathers formerly used in making the royal robes. Called also yellow-tufted honeysucker.

O•œ´ci•um , n.; pl. Oœcia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. w,’o•n an egg + a house.] (Zoöl.) One of the special zooids, or cells, of Bryozoa, destined to receive and develop ova; an ovicell. See Bryozoa.

O•ö•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. w,’o•n an egg + E. genesis.] (Physiol.) The development, or mode of origin, of the ova.

O•ö•go´ni•um , n.; pl. L. Oögonia (#), E. Oögoniums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. w,’o•n an egg + offspring.] (Bot.) A special cell in certain cryptogamous plants containing oöspheres, as in the rockweeds (Fucus), and the orders Vaucherieae and Peronosporeae.

O•oi´dal , a. [Gr. ; w,’o•n an egg + form.] (Biol.) Shaped like an egg.

Ook , n. Oak. [Obs.] ´A branched ook.´ Chaucer.

O´ö•lite , n. [Gr. w,’o•n an egg + -lite: cf.F. oölithe. So named from its resemblance to the roe of fish.] (Geol.) A variety of limestone, consisting of small round grains, resembling the roe of a fish. It sometimes constitutes extensive beds, as in the European Jurassic. See the Chart of Geology.

O•ö•lit´ic , a. [Cf.F. oölithique.] Of or pertaining to oölite; composed of, or resembling, oölite.

O•ö•log´ic•al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to oölogy.

O•öl´o•gist , n. One versed in oölogy.

O•öl´o•gy , n. [Gr. w,’o•n an egg + -logy.] The science of eggs in relation to their coloring, size, shape, and number.

Oo´long , n. [Chinese, green dragon.] A fragrant variety of black tea having somewhat the flavor of green tea. [Written also oulong.] { Oo´mi•ac , Oo´mi•ak} , n. A long, broad boat used by the Eskimos.

Oon , a. One. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Oones , adv. Once. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Oop , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To bind with a thread or cord; to join; to unite. [Scot.] Jamieson. { Oo´pack , Oo´pak} , n. [So named from a district in China.] A kind of black tea.

O´ö•phore , n. [Gr. egg- bearing; w,’o•n an egg + to bear.] (Bot.) An alternately produced form of certain cryptogamous plants, as ferns, mosses, and the like, which bears antheridia and archegonia, and so has sexual fructification, as contrasted with the sporophore, which is nonsexual, but produces spores in countless number. In ferns the oöphore is a minute prothallus; in mosses it is the leafy plant.

O•ö•pho•rec´to•my , n. [Gr. w,’o•n egg + to bear + a cutting out.] (Surg.) Ovariotomy.

O•ö•phor´ic , a. (Bot.) Having the nature of, or belonging to, an oöphore.

O•ö•pho•rid´i•um , n.; pl. L. Oöphorida (#), E. Oöphoridiums (#). [NL., dim. fr. Gr. . See Oöphore.] (Bot.) The macrosporangium or case for the larger kind of spores in heterosporous flowerless plants.

O•ö•pho•ri´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. w,’o•n egg + fe•rein to bear + - itis.] (Med.) Ovaritis.

O´ö•phyte , n. [Gr. w,’o•n an egg + fyto•n a plant.] (Bot.) Any plant of a proposed class or grand division (collectively termed oöphytes or Oöphyta), which have their sexual reproduction accomplished by motile antherozoids acting on oöspheres, either while included in their oögonia or after exclusion. This class was at first called Oösporeae, and is made to include all algae and fungi which have this kind of reproduction, however they may differ in all other respects, the contrasted classes of Thallophytes being Protophytes, Zygophytes, and Carpophytes. The whole system has its earnest advocates, but is rejected by many botanists. See Carpophyte.

O•ö•phyt´ic , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an oöphyte.

O•ö´ri•al , n. (Zoöl.) A wild, bearded sheep inhabiting the Ladakh mountains. It is reddish brown, with a dark beard from the chin to the chest.

O´ö•sperm (omac/´o•sperm), n. [Gr. an egg + E. sperm.] (Biol.) The ovum, after fusion with the spermatozoön in impregnation. Balfour.

O´ö•sphere (-sfer), n. [Gr. an egg + E. sphere.] 1. (Bot.) An unfertilized, rounded mass of protoplasm, produced in an oögonium. After being fertilized by the access of antherozoids it becomes covered with a cell wall and develops into an oöspore, which may grow into a new plant like the parent. 2. (Bot.) An analogous mass of protoplasm in the ovule of a flowering plant; an embryonic vesicle. Goodale.

O•ö•spo•ran´gi•um , n.; pl. L. Oösporangia (#), E. Oösporangiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. an egg + vessel.] (Bot.) An oögonium; also a case containing oval or rounded spores of some other kind than oöspores.

O´ö•spore , n. [Gr. an egg + a seed.] (Bot.) (a) A special kind of spore resulting from the fertilization of an oösphere by antherozoids. (b) A fertilized oösphere in the ovule of a flowering plant.

O•ö•spor´ic , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an oöspore.

O•ös´te•gite , n. [Gr. + a roof.] (Zoöl.) One of the plates which in some Crustacea inclose a cavity wherein the eggs are hatched.

O•ö•the´ca , n.; pl. Oöthecae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. an egg + a case.] (Zoöl.) An egg case, especially those of many kinds of mollusks, and of some insects, as the cockroach. Cf. Oœcium. { O•öt´•ooid , O•öt´o•coid } n. [Gr. laying eggs ( egg + a bearing, to bear) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A half oviparous, or an oviparous, mammal; a marsupial or monotreme.

O´ö•type , n. [Gr. + - type.] (Zoöl.) The part of the oviduct of certain trematode worms in which the ova are completed and furnished with a shell.

Ooze , n. [OE. wose, AS. wase dirt, mire, mud, akin to ws juice, ooze, Icel. vas wetness, OHG. waso turf, sod, G. wasen.] 1. Soft mud or slime; earth so wet as to flow gently, or easily yield to pressure. ´My son i’ the ooze is bedded.´ Shak. 2. Soft flow; spring. Prior. 3. The liquor of a tan vat.

Ooze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oozed p. pr. & vb. n. Oozing.] [Prov. Eng. weeze, wooz. See Ooze, n.] 1. To flow gently; to percolate, as a liquid through the pores of a substance or through small openings. “The latent rill, scare oozing through the grass.” Thomson. 2. Fig.: To leak (out) or escape slowly; as the secret oozed out; his courage oozed out.

Ooze, v. t. To cause to ooze. Alex. Smith.

O•ö•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. an egg + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) Same as Acrita.

Ooz´y , a. Miry; containing soft mud; resembling ooze; as the oozy bed of a river. Pope.

O•pa´cate , v. t. [L. opacatus, p. p. of opacare.] To darken; to cloud. [Obs.] Boyle.

O•pac´i•ty , n. [L. opacitas: cf.F. opacite.] 1. The state of being opaque; the quality of a body which renders it impervious to the rays of light; want of transparency; opaqueness. 2. Obscurity; want of clearness. Bp. Hall.

O•pa´cous , a. [L. opacus. See Opaque.] Opaque. [R.] Milton. — O•pa´cous•ness, n. [R.]

O•pac´u•lar , a. Opaque. [Obs.] Sterne.

O´pah , n. (Zoöl.) A large oceanic fish (Lampris quttatus), inhabiting the Atlantic Ocean. It is remarkable for its brilliant colors, which are red, green, and blue, with tints of purple and gold, covered with round silvery spots. Called also king of the herrings.

O•pake´ , a. See Opaque.

O´pal , n. [L. opalus: cf. Gr. , Skr. upala a rock, stone, precious stone: cf. F. opale.] (Min.) A mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity. The precious opal presents a peculiar play of colors of delicate tints, and is highly esteemed as a gem. One kind, with a varied play of color in a reddish ground, is called the harlequin opal. The fire opal has colors like the red and yellow of flame. Common opal has a milky appearance. Menilite is a brown impure variety, occurring in concretions at Menilmontant, near Paris. Other varieties are cacholong, girasol, hyalite, and geyserite.

O•pal•esce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Opalesced p. pr. & vb. n. Opalescing ] To give forth a play of colors, like the opal.

O•pal•es´cence , n. (Min.) A reflection of a milky or pearly light from the interior of a mineral, as in the moonstone; the state or quality of being opalescent.

O•pal•es´cent , a. Reflecting a milky or pearly light from the interior; having an opaline play of colors.

O´pal•ine , a. [Cf. F. opalin.] Of, pertaining to, or like, opal in appearance; having changeable colors like those of the opal.

O´pal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opalized p. pr. & vb. n. Opalizing.] [Cf. F. opaliser.] To convert into opal, or a substance like opal. Lyell.

O•pal´o•type , n. [Opal + -type.] (Photog.) A picture taken on ´milky´ glass.

O•paque´ , a. [F., fr. L. opacus. Cf. Opacous.] 1. Impervious to the rays of light; not transparent; as an opaque substance. 2. Obscure; not clear; unintelligible. [Colloq.]

O•paque´, n. That which is opaque; opacity. Young.

O•paque´ness, n. The state or quality of being impervious to light; opacity. Dr. H. More.

Ope , a. Open. [Poetic] Spenser. “On Sunday heaven’s gate stands ope.” Herbert.

Ope, v. t. & i. To open. [Poetic] “Wilt thou not ope thy heart to know
What rainbows teach and sunsets show?” Emerson.

O•pei´do•scope , n. [Gr. , , voice + form + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument, consisting of a tube having one end open and the other end covered with a thin flexible membrance to the center of which is attached a small mirror. It is used for exhibiting upon a screen, by means of rays reflected from the mirror, the vibratory motions caused by sounds produced at the open end of the tube, as by speaking or singing into it. A. E. Dolbear.

Ope´let , n. (Zoöl.) A bright-colored European actinian (Anemonia, or Anthea, sulcata); — so called because it does not retract its tentacles.

O´pen , a. [AS. open; akin to D. open, OS. opan, G. offan, Icel. opinn, Sw. öppen, Dan. aaben, and perh. to E. up. Cf. Up, and Ope.] 1. Free of access; not shut up; not closed; affording unobstructed ingress or egress; not impeding or preventing passage; not locked up or covered over; — applied to passageways; as an open door, window, road, etc.; also to inclosed structures or objects; as open houses, boxes, baskets, bottles, etc.; also to means of communication or approach by water or land; as an open harbor or roadstead. “Through the gate,
Wide open and unquarded, Satan passed.” Milton also figuratively, used of the ways of communication of the mind, as by the senses; ready to hear, see, etc.; as to keep one’s eyes and ears open. “His ears are open unto their cry.” Ps. xxxiv. 15. 2. Free to be used, enjoyed, visited, or the like; not private; public; unrestricted in use; as an open library, museum, court, or other assembly; liable to the approach, trespass, or attack of any one; unprotected; exposed. “If Demetrius … have a matter against any man, the law is open and there are deputies.” Acts xix. 33. “The service that I truly did his life,
Hath left me open to all injuries.” Shak. 3. Free or cleared of obstruction to progress or to view; accessible; as an open tract; the open sea. 4. Not drawn together, closed, or contracted; extended; expanded; as an open hand; open arms; an open flower; an open prospect. “Each, with open arms, embraced her chosen knight.” Dryden. 5. Hence: (a) Without reserve or false pretense; sincere; characterized by sincerity; unfeigned; frank; also generous; liberal; bounteous; — applied to personal appearance, or character, and to the expression of thought and feeling, etc. “With aspect open, shall erect his head.” Pope. “The Moor is of a free and open nature.” Shak. “The French are always open, familiar, and talkative.” Addison. (b) Not concealed or secret; not hidden or disguised; exposed to view or to knowledge; revealed; apparent; as open schemes or plans; open shame or guilt. “His thefts are too open.” Shak. “That I may find him, and with secret gaze
Or open admiration him behold.” Milton. 6. Not of a quality to prevent communication, as by closing water ways, blocking roads, etc.; hence, not frosty or inclement; mild; — used of the weather or the climate; as an open season; an open winter. Bacon. 7. Not settled or adjusted; not decided or determined; not closed or withdrawn from consideration; as an open account; an open question; to keep an offer or opportunity open. 8. Free; disengaged; unappropriated; as to keep a day open for any purpose; to be open for an engagement. 9. (Phon.) (a) Uttered with a relatively wide opening of the articulating organs; — said of vowels; as the än fär is open as compared with the a in say. (b) Uttered, as a consonant, with the oral passage simply narrowed without closure, as in uttering s. 10. (Mus.) (a) Not closed or stopped with the finger; — said of the string of an instrument, as of a violin, when it is allowed to vibrate throughout its whole length. (b) Produced by an open string; as an open tone. The open air, the air out of doors. — Open chain. (Chem.) See Closed chain, under Chain. — Open circuit (Elec.), a conducting circuit which is incomplete, or interrupted at some point; — opposed to an uninterrupted, or closed circuit. — Open communion, communion in the Lord’s supper not restricted to persons who have been baptized by immersion. Cf. Close communion, under Close, a. — Open diapason (Mus.), a certain stop in an organ, in which the pipes or tubes are formed like the mouthpiece of a flageolet at the end where the wind enters, and are open at the other end. — Open flank (Fort.), the part of the flank covered by the orillon. — Open-front furnace (Metal.), a blast furnace having a forehearth. — Open harmony (Mus.), harmony the tones of which are widely dispersed, or separated by wide intervals. — Open hawse (Naut.), a hawse in which the cables are parallel or slightly divergent. Cf. Foul hawse, under Hawse. — Open hearth (Metal.), the shallow hearth of a reverberatory furnace. — Open-hearth furnace, a reverberatory furnace; esp., a kind of reverberatory furnace in which the fuel is gas used in manufacturing steel. — Open-hearth process (Steel Manuf.), a process by which melted cast iron is converted into steel by the addition of wrought iron, or iron ore and manganese, and by exposure to heat in an open-hearth furnace; — also called the Siemens- Martin process, from the inventors. — Open-hearth steel, steel made by an open-hearth process; — also called Siemens-Martin steel. — Open newel. (Arch.) See Hollow newel, under Hollow. — Open pipe (Mus.), a pipe open at the top. It has a pitch about an octave higher than a closed pipe of the same length. — Open- timber roof (Arch.), a roof of which the constructional parts, together with the under side of the covering, or its lining, are treated ornamentally, and left to form the ceiling of an apartment below, as in a church, a public hall, and the like. — Open vowel or consonant. See Open, a., 9. Open is used in many compounds, most of which are self-explaining; as open-breasted, open-minded. Syn. — Unclosed; uncovered; unprotected; exposed; plain; apparent; obvious; evident; public; unreserved; frank; sincere; undissembling; artless. See Candid, and Ingenuous.

O´pen , n. Open or unobstructed space; clear land, without trees or obstructions; open ocean; open water. ´To sail into the open.´ Jowett (Thucyd. ). “Then we got into the open.” W. Black. In open, in full view; without concealment; openly. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

O´pen v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opened p. pr. & vb. n. Opening.] [AS. openian. See Open,a.] 1. To make or set open; to render free of access; to unclose; to unbar; to unlock; to remove any fastening or covering from; as to open a door; to open a box; to open a room; to open a letter. “And all the windows of my heart
I open to the day.” Whittier. 2. To spread; to expand; as to open the hand. 3. To disclose; to reveal; to interpret; to explain. “The king opened himself to some of his council, that he was sorry for the earl’s death.” Bacon. “Unto thee have I opened my cause.” Jer. xx. 12. “While he opened to us the Scriptures.” Luke xxiv. 32. 4. To make known; to discover; also to render available or accessible for settlements, trade, etc. “The English did adventure far for to open the North parts of America.” Abp. Abbot. 5. To enter upon; to begin; as to open a discussion; to open fire upon an enemy; to open trade, or correspondence; to open a case in court, or a meeting. 6. To loosen or make less compact; as to open matted cotton by separating the fibers. To open one’s mouth, to speak. — To open up, to lay open; to discover; to disclose. “Poetry that had opened up so many delightful views into the character and condition of our ´bold peasantry, their country’s pride.´” Prof. Wilson.

O´pen, v. i. 1. To unclose; to form a hole, breach, or gap; to be unclosed; to be parted. “The earth opened and swallowed up Dathan, and covered the company of Abiram.” Ps. cvi. 17. 2. To expand; to spread out; to be disclosed; as the harbor opened to our view. 3. To begin; to commence; as the stock opened at par; the battery opened upon the enemy. 4. (Sporting) To bark on scent or view of the game.

O´pen-air , a. Taking place in the open air; outdoor; as an open-air game or meeting.

O´pen•bill , n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Anastomus, allied to the stork; — so called because the two parts of the bill touch only at the base and tip. One species inhabits India, another Africa. Called also open- beak. See Illust. (m), under Beak.

O´pen•er , n. One who, or that which, opens. ´True opener of my eyes.´ Milton.

O´pen-eyed , a. With eyes widely open; watchful; vigilant. Shak.

O´pen-hand•ed , a. Generous; liberal; munificent. — O´pen-hand•ed•ness, n. J. S. Mill.

O´pen-head•ed , a. Bareheaded. [Obs.]

O´pen-heart•ed , a. Candid; frank; generous. Dryden. — O´pen-heart•ed•ly, adv. — O´pen-heart•ed•ness, n. Walton.

O´pen•ing, n. 1. The act or process of opening; a beginning; commencement; first appearance; as the opening of a speech. “The opening of your glory was like that of light.” Dryden. 2. A place which is open; a breach; an aperture; a gap; cleft, or hole. “We saw him at the opening of his tent.” Shak. 3. Hence: A vacant place; an opportunity; as an opening for business. [Colloq.] Dickens. 4. A thinly wooded space, without undergrowth, in the midst of a forest; as oak openings. [U.S.] Cooper.

O´pen•ly, adv. [AS. openlice.] 1. In an open manner; publicly; not in private; without secrecy. “How grossly and openly do many of us contradict the precepts of the gospel by our ungodliness!” Tillotson. 2. Without reserve or disguise; plainly; evidently. “My love … shall show itself more openly.” Shak.

O´pen-mouthed , a. Having the mouth open; gaping; hence, greedy; clamorous. L’Estrange.

O´pen•ness, n. The quality or state of being open.

O´pen•work , n. 1. Anything so constructed or manufactured (in needlework, carpentry, metal work, etc.) as to show openings through its substance; work that is perforated or pierced. 2. (Mining) A quarry; an open cut. Raymond.

Op´er•a , n. [It., fr. opera work, composition, opposed to an improvisation, fr. L. opera pains work, fr. opus, operis, work, labor: cf. F. opera. See Operate.] 1. A drama, either tragic or comic, of which music forms an essential part; a drama wholly or mostly sung, consisting of recitative, arials, choruses, duets, trios, etc., with orchestral accompaniment, preludes, and interludes, together with appropriate costumes, scenery, and action; a lyric drama. 2. The score of a musical drama, either written or in print; a play set to music. 3. The house where operas are exhibited. Opera bouffe [F. opera opera + bouffe comic, It. buffo], Opera buffa [It.], light, farcical, burlesque opera. — Opera box, a partially inclosed portion of the auditorium of an opera house for the use of a small private party. — Opera comique [F.], comic or humorous opera. — Opera flannel, a light flannel, highly finished. Knight. — Opera girl (Bot.), an East Indian plant (Mantisia saltatoria) of the Ginger family, sometimes seen in hothouses. It has curious flowers which have some resemblance to a ballet dancer, whence the popular name. Called also dancing girls. — Opera glass, a short telescope with concave eye lenses of low power, usually made double, that is, with a tube and set of glasses for each eye; a lorgnette; — so called because adapted for use at the opera, theater, etc. — Opera hat, a gentleman’s folding hat. — Opera house, specifically, a theater devoted to the performance of operas. — Opera seria [It.], serious or tragic opera; grand opera.

Op´er•a•ble , a. Practicable. [Obs.]

Op•er•am´e•ter , n. [L. opus, operis, pl. opera work + -meter.] An instrument or machine for measuring work done, especially for ascertaining the number of rotations made by a machine or wheel in manufacturing cloth; a counter. Ure. { Op´er•ance , Op´er•an•cy } n. The act of operating or working; operation. [R.]

Op´er•and , n. [From neuter of L. operandus, gerundive of operari. See Operate.] (Math.) The symbol, quantity, or thing upon which a mathematical operation is performed; — called also faciend.

Op´er•ant , a. [L. operans, p. pr. of operari. See Operate.] Operative. [R.] Shak. — n. An operative person or thing. [R.] Coleridge.

Op´er•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Operated p. pr. & vb. n. Operating.] [L. operatus, p. p. of operari to work, fr. opus, operis, work, labor; akin to Skr. apas, and also to G. üben to exercise, OHG. uoben, Icel. fa. Cf. Inure, Maneuver, Ure.] 1. To perform a work or labor; to exert power or strengh, physical or mechanical; to act. 2. To produce an appropriate physical effect; to issue in the result designed by nature; especially (Med.), to take appropriate effect on the human system. 3. To act or produce effect on the mind; to exert moral power or influence. “The virtues of private persons operate but on a few.” Atterbury. “A plain, convincing reason operates on the mind both of a learned and ignorant hearer as long as they live.” Swift. 4. (Surg.) To perform some manual act upon a human body in a methodical manner, and usually with instruments, with a view to restore soundness or health, as in amputation, lithotomy, etc. 5. To deal in stocks or any commodity with a view to speculative profits. [Brokers’ Cant]

Op´er•ate, v. t. 1. To produce, as an effect; to cause. “The same cause would operate a diminution of the value of stock.” A. Hamilton. 2. To put into, or to continue in, operation or activity; to work; as to operate a machine. { Op•er••at´ic , Op•er•at´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the opera or to operas; characteristic of, or resembling, the opera.

Op•er•a´tion , n. [L. operatio: cf. F. operation.] 1. The act or process of operating; agency; the exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or moral. “The pain and sickness caused by manna are the effects of its operation on the stomach.” Locke. “Speculative painting, without the assistance of manual operation, can never attain to perfection.” Dryden. 2. The method of working; mode of action. 3. That which is operated or accomplished; an effect brought about in accordance with a definite plan; as military or naval operations. 4. Effect produced; influence. [Obs.] “The bards … had great operation on the vulgar.” Fuller. 5. (Math.) Something to be done; some transformation to be made upon quantities, the transformation being indicated either by rules or symbols. 6. (Surg.) Any methodical action of the hand, or of the hand with instruments, on the human body, to produce a curative or remedial effect, as in amputation, etc. Calculus of operations. See under Calculus.

Op´er•a•tive , a. [Cf.L. operativus, F. operatif.] 1. Having the power of acting; hence, exerting force, physical or moral; active in the production of effects; as an operative motive. “It holds in all operative principles.” South. 2. Producing the appropriate or designed effect; efficacious; as an operative dose, rule, or penalty. 3. (Surg.) Based upon, or consisting of, an operation or operations; as operative surgery.

Op´er•a•tive, n. A skilled worker; an artisan; esp., one who operates a machine in a mill or manufactory.

Op´er•a•tive•ly, adv. In an operative manner.

Op´er•a•tor , n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, operates or produces an effect. 2. (Surg.) One who performs some act upon the human body by means of the hand, or with instruments. 3. A dealer in stocks or any commodity for speculative purposes; a speculator. [Brokers’ Cant] 4. (Math.) The symbol that expresses the operation to be performed; — called also facient.

Op´er•a•to•ry , n. A laboratory. [Obs.]

O´per•cle , n. [Cf.F. opercule. See Operculum.] 1. (Anat.) Any one of the bony plates which support the gill covers of fishes; an opercular bone. 2. (Zoöl.) An operculum.

O•per´cu•la , n. pl. See Operculum.

O•per´cu•lar , a. Of, pertaining to, or like, an operculum.

O•per´cu•lar, n. (Anat.) The principal opercular bone or operculum of fishes. { O•per´cu•late , O•per´cu•la•ted } a. [L. operculatus, p. p. of operculare to furnish with a lid, fr. operculum lid.] 1. (Bot.) Closed by a lid or cover, as the capsules of the mosses. 2. (Zoöl.) Having an operculum, or an apparatus for protecting the gills; — said of shells and of fishes.

O•per•cu•lif´er•ous , a. [Operculum + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing an operculum.

O•per´cu•li•form , a. [L. operculum a cover + -form: cf. F. operculiforme.] Having the form of a lid or cover.

O•per•cu•lig•e•nous , a. [Operculum + -genous.] (Zoöl.) Producing an operculum; — said of the foot, or part of the foot, of certain mollusks.

O•per´cu•lum , n.; pl. L. Opercula (#), E. Operculums (#). [L., a cover or lid, fr. operire to cover.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The lid of a pitcherform leaf. (b) The lid of the urnlike capsule of mosses. 2. (Anat.) (a) Any lidlike or operculiform process or part; as the opercula of a dental follicle. (b) The fold of integument, usually supported by bony plates, which protects the gills of most fishes and some amphibians; the gill cover; the gill lid. (c) The principal opercular bone in the upper and posterior part of the gill cover. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The lid closing the aperture of various species of shells, as the common whelk. See Illust. of Gastropoda. (b) Any lid-shaped structure closing the aperture of a tube or shell.

Op•er•et´ta , n. [It., dim. of opera.] (Mus.) A short, light, musical drama.

Op´er•ose a. [L. operosus, fr. opera pains, labor, opus, operis, work, labor.] Wrought with labor; requiring labor; hence, tedious; wearisome. ´Operose proceeding.´ Burke. ´A very operose calculation.´ De Quincey. — Op´er•ose•ly, adv. — Op´er•ose•ness, n.

Op•er•os´i•ty , n. [L. operositas.] Laboriousness. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Op´er•ous , a. Operose. [Obs.] Holder. — Op´er•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Op•er•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. opertaneus; operire to hide.] Concealed; private. [R.]

Ope´tide , n. [Ope + tide.] Open time; — applied to different things: (a) The early spring, or the time when flowers begin opening. [Archaic] Nares. (b) The time between Epiphany and Ash Wednesday wherein marriages were formerly solemnized publicly in churches. [Eng.] (c) The time after harvest when the common fields are open to all kinds of stock. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. [Written also opentide.]

O•phel´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a substance (called ophelic acid) extracted from a plant (Ophelia) of the Gentian family as a bitter yellowish sirup, used in India as a febrifuge and tonic.

Oph´i•cleide , n. [F. ophicleide, fr. Gr. ’o•fis a serpent + , gen. , a key. So named because it was in effect the serpent, an old musical instrument, with keys added.] (Mus.) A large brass wind instrument, formerly used in the orchestra and in military bands, having a loud tone, deep pitch, and a compass of three octaves; — now generally supplanted by bass and contrabass tubas. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

O•phid´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , dim. of ’o•fis a snake.] (Zoöl.) The order of reptiles which includes the serpents. The most important divisions are: the Solenoglypha, having erectile perforated fangs, as the rattlesnake; the Proteroglypha, or elapine serpents, having permanently erect fang, as the cobra; the Asinea, or colubrine serpents, which are destitute of fangs; and the Opoterodonta, or Epanodonta, blindworms, in which the mouth is not dilatable.

O•phid´i•an , n. [Cf. F. ophidien.] (Zoöl.) One of the Ophidia; a snake or serpent.

O•phid´i•an, a. [Cf. F. ophidien.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ophidia; belonging to serpents.

O•phid´i•oid , a. [Ophidion + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ophidiidae, a family of fishes which includes many slender species. — n. One of the Ophidiidae.

O•phid´i•on , n.; pl. Ophidia (#). [L., fr. Gr. little snake, fr. ’o•fis a serpent.] (Zoöl.) The typical genus of ophidioid fishes. [Written also Ophidium.] See Illust. under Ophidioid.

O•phid´i•ous , a. Ophidian.

O•phi•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. ’o•fis serpent + worship.] The worship of serpents. { O•phi•o•log´ic , O•phi•o•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to ophiology.

O•phi•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in the natural history of serpents.

O•phi•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’o•fis a serpent + -logy: cf.F. ophioloqie.] That part of natural history which treats of the ophidians, or serpents.

O´phi•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ’o•fis a serpent + -mancy: cf. F. ophiomantie.] Divination by serpents, as by their manner of eating, or by their coils.

O•phi•o•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL. See Ophiomorphous.] (Zoöl.) An order of tailless amphibians having a slender, wormlike body with regular annulations, and usually with minute scales imbedded in the skin. The limbs are rudimentary or wanting. It includes the caecilians. Called also Gymnophiona and Ophidobatrachia.

O•phi•o•mor´phite , n. [Gr. ’o•fis a serpent + form.] (Paleon.) An ammonite.

O•phi•o•mor´phous , a. [Gr. ’o•fis a serpent + -morphous.] Having the form of a serpent.

O•phi•oph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ’o•fis a serpent + fagei^n to eat: cf. F. ophiophage.] (Zoöl.) Feeding on serpents; — said of certain birds and reptiles.

O•phi•oph´a•gus, n. [NL. See Ophiophagous.] (Zoöl.) A genus of venomous East Indian snakes, which feed on other snakes. Ophiophagus elaps is said to be the largest and most deadly of poisonous snakes.

O´phite , a. [Gr. ’ofi•ths, fr. ’o•fis a serpent.] Of or pertaining to a serpent. [Obs.]

O´phite, n. [L. ophites, Gr. ’ofi•ths (sc. ), a kind of marble spotted like a serpent: cf. F. ophite.] (Min.) A greenish spotted porphyry, being a diabase whose pyroxene has been altered to uralite; — first found in the Pyreness. So called from the colored spots which give it a mottled appearance. — O•phi´ic (#), a.

O´phite, n. [L. Ophitae, pl. See Ophite, a.] (Eccl.Hist.) A mamber of a Gnostic serpent-worshiping sect of the second century.

O•phi•u´chus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., holding a serpent; ’o•fis a serpent + to hold.] (Astron.) A constellation in the Northern Hemisphere, delineated as a man holding a serpent in his hands; — called also Serpentarius.

O•phi•u´ra , n. [NL., from Gr. snake + a tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ophiurioid starfishes.

O•phi•u´ran , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ophiurioidea. — n. One of the Ophiurioidea.

O•phi•u´rid , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ophiurioid.

O•phi•u´ri•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Ophiurioidea.

O•phi•u´ri•oid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ophiurioidea. — n. One of the Ophiurioidea. [Written also ophiuroid.] { O•phi•u•ri•oi´de•a , O•phi•u•roi´de•a } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. serpent + tail + form.] (Zoöl.) A class of star-shaped echinoderms having a disklike body, with slender, articulated arms, which are not grooved beneath and are often very fragile; — called also Ophiuroida and Ophiuridea. See Illust. under Brittle star.

Oph´ry•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , the brow.] (Anat.) The supraorbital point.

Oph•thal´mi•a (of•thal´mi•a), n. [F. ophthalmie, L. ophthalmia, fr. Gr. ’ofqalmi•a, fr. ’ofqalmo•s the eye, akin to E. optic. See Optic.] (Med.) An inflammation of the membranes or coats of the eye or of the eyeball.

Oph•thal´mic (of•thal´mik; 277), a. [Gr. ’ofqalmiko•s: cf. F. ophthalmique. See Ophthalmia.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the eye; ocular; as the ophthalmic, or orbitonasal, nerve, a division of the trigeminal, which gives branches to the lachrymal gland, eyelids, nose, and forehead. Ophthalmic region (Zoöl.), the space around the eyes.

Oph•thal´mite , n. [Gr. ’ofqalmo•s the eye.] (Zoöl.) An eyestalk; the organ which bears the compound eyes of decapod Crustacea.

Oph•thal•mo•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to ophthalmology.

Oph•thal•mol´o•gist , n. One skilled in ophthalmology; an oculist.

Oph•thal•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ’ofqalmo•s the eye + -logy: cf. F. ophthalmologie.] The science which treats of the structure, functions, and diseases of the eye.

Oph•thal•mom´e•ter, n. [Gr. ’ofqalmo•s eye + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument devised by Helmholtz for measuring the size of a reflected image on the convex surface of the cornea and lens of the eye, by which their curvature can be ascertained.

Oph•thal´mo•scope , n. [From Gr. ’ofqalmo•s the eye + -scope.] (Physiol.) An instrument for viewing the interior of the eye, particularly the retina. Light is thrown into the eye by a mirror (usually concave) and the interior is then examined with or without the aid of a lens. — Oph•thal•mo•scop´ic (#), a.

Oph•thal•mos´co•py , n. [Cf. F. ophthalmoscopie.] 1. A branch of physiognomy which deduces the knowledge of a person’s temper and character from the appearance of the eyes. 2. Examination of the eye with the ophthalmoscope.

Oph•thal´my , n. Same as Ophthalmia.

O•pi•an´ic , a. [From Opium.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the oxidation of narcotine.

O´pi•a•nine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in small quantity in opium. It is identical with narcotine.

O´pi•a•nyl, n. [Opianic + - yl.] (Chem.) Same as Meconin.

O´pi•ate , n. [From Opium: cf.F. opiat.] 1. Originally, a medicine of a thicker consistence than sirup, prepared with opium. Parr. 2. Any medicine that contains opium, and has the quality of inducing sleep or repose; a narcotic. 3. Anything which induces rest or inaction; that which quiets uneasiness. “They chose atheism as an opiate.” Bentley.

O´pi•ate, a. [See Opium.] Inducing sleep; somniferous; narcotic; hence, anodyne; causing rest, dullness, or inaction; as the opiate rod of Hermes. Milton.

O´pi•ate , v. t. To subject to the influence of an opiate; to put to sleep. [R.] Fenton.

O´pi•a•ted , a. 1. Mixed with opiates. 2. Under the influence of opiates.

O´pie , n. Opium. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O•pif´er•ous , a. [L. opifer; ops, opis, help + ferre to bear.] Bringing help. [R.]

Op´i•fice , n. [L. opificium, fr. opifex workman. See Office.] Workmanship. [Obs.] Bailey.

O•pif´i•cer , n. An artificer; a workman. [Obs.] ´The almighty opificer.´ Bentley.

O•pin´a•ble , a. [L. opinabilis.] Capable of being opined or thought. Holland.

Op•i•na´tion , n. [L. opinatio. See Opine,] The act of thinking; a supposition. [Obs.]

O•pin´a•tive , a. Obstinate in holding opinions; opinionated. [Obs.] — O•pin´a•tive•ly, adv. [Obs.] Burton. Sir T. More.

Op´i•na•tor , n. [L.] One fond of his own opinious; one who holds an opinion. [Obs.] Glanvill.

O•pine´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Opined p. pr. & vb. n. Opining.] [L. opinari, p. p. opinatus; akin to opinus (in comp.) thinking, and perh. to E. apt: cf. F. opiner.] To have an opinion; to judge; to think; to suppose. South.

O•pin´er , n. One who opines. Jer. Taylor. { O•pin•ias´ter , O•pin•ia´tre } a. [OF. opiniastre, F. opiniâtre. See Opinion.] Opinionated. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

O•pin•ias´trous , a. See Opiniaster. [Obs.].

O•pin´iate , v. t. To hold or maintain persistently. [Obs.] Barrow.

O•pin´ia•ted , a. Opinionated. [Obs.]

O•pin´ia•tive , a. Opinionative. Glanvill. — O•pin´ia•tive•ly, adv. — O•pin´ia•tive•ness, n. { O•pin•ia´tor , O•pin•ia´tre } , n. One who is opinionated. [Obs.] South. Barrow.

O•pin•ia´tre, a. See Opiniaster. [Obs.] Locke.

O•pin•iat´re•ty , n. [Cf. F. opiniâtrete.] Obstinacy in opinious. [Written also opiniatry.] [Obs.]

O•pin´i•cus , n. (Her.) An imaginary animal borne as a charge, having wings, an eagle’s head, and a short tail; — sometimes represented without wings.

O•pin´ing , n. Opinion. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

O•pin´ion , n. [F., from L. opinio. See Opine.] 1. That which is opined; a notion or conviction founded on probable evidence; belief stronger than impression, less strong than positive knowledge; settled judgment in regard to any point of knowledge or action. “Opinion is when the assent of the understanding is so far gained by evidence of probability, that it rather inclines to one persussion than to another, yet not without a mixture of incertainty or doubting.” Sir M. Hale. “I can not put off my opinion so easily.” Shak. 2. The judgment or sentiment which the mind forms of persons or things; estimation. “I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people.” Shak. “Friendship … gives a man a peculiar right and claim to the good opinion of his friend.” South. “However, I have no opinion of those things.” Bacon. 3. Favorable estimation; hence, consideration; reputation; fame; public sentiment or esteem. [Obs.] “Thou hast redeemed thy lost opinion.” Shak. “This gained Agricola much opinion, who … had made such early progress into laborious … enterprises.” Milton. 4. Obstinacy in holding to one’s belief or impression; opiniativeness; conceitedness. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Law.) The formal decision, or expression of views, of a judge, an umpire, a counselor, or other party officially called upon to consider and decide upon a matter or point submitted. To be of opinion, to think; to judge. - - To hold opinion with, to agree with. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Sentiment; notion; persuasion; idea; view; estimation. See Sentiment.

O•pin´ion, v. t. To opine. [Obs.]

O•pin´ion•a•ble , a. Being, or capable of being, a matter of opinion; that can be thought; not positively settled; as an opinionable doctrine. C. J. Ellicott.

O•pin´ion•ate , a. Opinionated.

O•pin´ion•a•ted , a. Stiff in opinion; firmly or unduly adhering to one’s own opinion or to preconceived notions; obstinate in opinion. Sir W. Scott.

O•pin´ion•ate•ly , adv. Conceitedly. Feltham.

O•pin´ion•a•tist , n. An opinionist. [Obs.]

O•pin´ion•a•tive, a. 1. Unduly attached to one’s own opinions; opinionated. Milton. 2. Of the nature of an opinion; conjectured. [Obs.] ´Things both opinionative and practical.´ Bunyan. — O•pin´ion•a•tive•ly, adv. — O•pin´ion•a•tive•ness, n.

O•pin´ion•a•tor , n. An opinionated person; one given to conjecture. [Obs.] South.

O•pin´ioned , a. Opinionated; conceited. “His opinioned zeal which he thought judicious.” Milton.

O•pin´ion•ist , n. [Cf. F. opinioniste.] One fond of his own notions, or unduly attached to his own opinions. Glanvill.

O•pip´a•rous , a. [L. opiparus, fr. ops, opis, riches + parare to provide.] Sumptuous. [Obs.] — O•pip´a•rous•ly, adv. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Op•i•som´e•ter , n. [Gr. backwards + -meter.] An instrument with a revolving wheel for measuring a curved line, as on a map.

O•pis´thi•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. hinder.] (Anat.) The middle of the posterior, or dorsal, margin of the great foramen of the skull. { O•pis•tho•bran´chi•a , O•pis•tho•bran•chi•a´ta } n. pl. [NL., from Gr. behind + gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropod Mollusca, in which the breathing organs are usually situated behind the heart. It includes the tectibranchs and nudibranchs.

O•pis•tho•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Opisthobranchiata. — n. One of the Opisthobranchiata. { O•pis•tho•cœ´li•an , O•pis•tho•cœ´lous } a. [Gr. behind + koi^los hollow,] (Anat.) Concave behind; — applied especially to vertebrae in which the anterior end of the centrum is convex and the posterior concave.

O•pis´tho•dome , n. [L. opisthodomus, Gr. ; behind + do•mos house: cf. F. opisthodome.] (Arch.) A back chamber; especially, that part of the naos, or cella, farthest from the main entrance, sometimes having an entrance of its own, and often used as a treasury.

O•pis•tho•glyph´a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. behind + to carve.] (Zoöl.) A division of serpents which have some of the posterior maxillary teeth grooved for fangs.

Op•is•thog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. behind + -graphy.] A writing upon the back of anything, as upon the back of a leaf or sheet already written upon on one side. [R.] Scudamore.

Op•is•tho´mi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. behind + the shoulder.] (Zoöl.) An order of eellike fishes having the scapular arch attached to the vertebrae, but not connected with the skull.

O•pis•tho•pul´mo•nate , a.[Gr. behind + E. pulmonate.] (Zoöl.) Having the pulmonary sac situated posteriorly; — said of certain air-breathing Mollusca.

Op•is•thot´ic , n. [Gr. behind + , , ear.] (Anat.) The inferior and posterior of the three elements forming the periotic bone.

Op•is•thot´o•nos , n. [NL., from Gr. backwards + a stretching.] (Med.) A tetanic spasm in which the body is bent backwards and stiffened.

O•pit•u•la´tion , n. [L. opitulatio, fr. opitulari to bring help.] The act of helping or aiding; help. [Obs.] Bailey.

O´pi•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. poppy juice, dim. of vegetable juice.] (Chem.) The inspissated juice of the Papaver somniferum, or white poppy. Opium is obtained from incisions made in the capsules of the plant, and the best flows from the first incision. It is imported into Europe and America chiefly from the Levant, and large quantities are sent to China from India, Persia, and other countries. It is of a brownish yellow color, has a faint smell, and bitter and acrid taste. It is a stimulant narcotic poison, which may produce hallicinations, profound sleep, or death. It is much used in medicine to soothe pain and inflammation, and is smoked as an intoxicant with baneful effects. Opium joint, a low resort of opium smokers. [Slang]

O´ple tree [L. opulus a kind of maple tree.] The witch-hazel. [Obs.] Ainsworth. { Op•o•bal´sam , Op•o•bal´sa•mum } n. [L. opobalsamum, Gr. ; vegetable juice + balsam.] (Med.) The old name of the aromatic resinous juice of the Balsamodendron opobalsamum, now commonly called balm of Gilead. See under Balm.

Op•o•del´doc , n. [So called by Paracelsus. The first syllable may be fr. Gr. vegetable juice.] 1. A kind of plaster, said to have been invented by Mindererus, — used for external injuries. [Obs.] 2. A saponaceous, camphorated liniment; a solution of soap in alcohol, with the addition of camphor and essential oils; soap liniment.

O•pop´a•nax , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; vegetable juice + , . a kind of plant: cf. F. opopanax.] The inspissated juice of an umbelliferous plant (the Opoponax Chironum), brought from Turkey and the East Indies in loose granules, or sometimes in larger masses, of a reddish yellow color, with specks of white. It has a strong smell and acrid taste, and was formerly used in medicine as an emmenagogue and antispasmodic. Dunglison.

O•pos´sum , n. [Of N. American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Any American marsupial of the genera Didelphys and Chironectes. The common species of the United States is Didelphys Virginiana. Several related species are found in South America. The water opossum of Brazil (Chironectes variegatus), which has the hind feet, webbed, is provided with a marsupial pouch and with cheek pouches. It is called also yapock. Opossum mouse. (Zoöl.) See Flying mouse, under Flying. — Opossum shrimp (Zoöl.), any schizopod crustacean of the genus Mysis and allied genera. See Schizopoda.

Op´pi•dan , a. [L. oppidanus, fr. oppidum town.] Of or pertaining to a town. Howell.

Op´pi•dan, n. 1. An inhabitant of a town. 2. A student of Eton College, England, who is not a King’s scholar, and who boards in a private family.

Op•pig´ner•ate , v. i. [L. oppigneratus, p. p. of oppignerare to pawn. See Ob- , and Pignerate.] To pledge; to pawn. [Obs.] Bacon.

Op´pi•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppilated p. pr. & vb. n. Oppilating ] [L. oppilatus, p. p. of oppilare to stop up; ob (see Ob-) + pilare to ram down, to thrust.] To crowd together; to fill with obstructions; to block up. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Op•pi•la´tion , n. [L. oppilatio: cf. F. opilation.] The act of filling or crowding together; a stopping by redundant matter; obstruction, particularly in the lower intestines. Jer. Taylor.

Op•pi•la•tive , a. [Cf. F. opilatif. See Oppilate.] Obstructive. [Obs.] Sherwood. { Op•plete´ , Op•plet´ed } a. [L. oppletus, p. p. of opplere to fill up; ob (see Ob-) + plere to fill.] Filled; crowded. [Obs.] Johnson.

Op•ple´tion , n. The act of filling up, or the state of being filled up; fullness. [Obs.]

Op•pone´ , v. t. [L. opponere. See Opponent.] To oppose. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Op•po´nen•cy , n. The act of opening an academical disputation; the proposition of objections to a tenet, as an exercise for a degree. [Eng.] Todd.

Op•po´nent , a. [L. opponens, -entis, p. pr. of opponere to set or place against, to oppose; ob (see Ob-) + ponere to place. See Position.] Situated in front; opposite; hence, opposing; adverse; antagonistic. Pope.

Op•po´nent, n. 1. One who opposes; an adversary; an antagonist; a foe. Macaulay. 2. One who opposes in a disputation, argument, or other verbal controversy; specifically, one who attacks some theirs or proposition, in distinction from the respondent, or defendant, who maintains it. “How becomingly does Philopolis exercise his office, and seasonably commit the opponent with the respondent, like a long-practiced moderator!” Dr. H. More. Syn. — Antagonist; opposer; foe. See Adversary.

Op•por•tune´ , a. [F. opporiun, L. opportunus, lit., at or before the port; ob (see Ob-) + a derivative of portus port, harbor. See Port harbor.] Convenient; ready; hence, seasonable; timely. Milton. “This is most opportune to our need.” Shak. — Op•por•tune´ly, adv. — Op•por•tune´ness, n.

Op•por•tune´, v. t. To suit. [Obs.] Dr. Clerke(1637).

Op•por•tun´ism , n. [Cf. F. opportunisme.] The art or practice of taking advantage of opportunities or circumstances, or of seeking immediate advantage with little regard for ultimate consequences. [Recent]

Op•por•tun´ist, n. [Cf. F. opportuniste.] One who advocates or practices opportunism. [Recent]

Op•por•tu´ni•ty , n.; pl. Opportunities (#). [F. opportunite, L. opportunitas. See Opportune.] 1. Fit or convenient time; a time or place favorable for executing a purpose; a suitable combination of conditions; suitable occasion; chance. “A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.” Bacon. 2. Convenience of situation; fitness. [Obs.] “Hull, a town of great strength and opportunity, both to sea and land affairs.” Milton. 3. Importunity; earnestness. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Occasion; convenience; occurrence. — Opportunity, Occasion. An occasion is that which falls in our way, or presents itself in the course of events; an opportunity is a convenience or fitness of time, place, etc., for the doing of a thing. Hence, occasions often make opportunities. The occasion of sickness may give opportunity for reflection.

Op•pos•a•bil´i•ty , n. The condition or quality of being opposable. “In no savage have I ever seen the slightest approach to opposability of the great toe, which is the essential distinguishing feature of apes.” A. R. Wallace.

Op•pos´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being opposed or resisted. 2. Capable of being placed opposite something else; as the thumb is opposable to the forefinger.

Op•pos´al , n. Opposition. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

Op•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opposed p. pr. & vb. n. Opposing.] [F. opposer. See Ob-, Pose, and cf.2d Appose, Puzzle, n. Cf.L. opponere, oppositum.] 1. To place in front of, or over against; to set opposite; to exhibit. “Her grace sat down …
In a rich chair of state; opposing freely
The beauty of her person to the people.” Shak. 2. To put in opposition, with a view to counterbalance or countervail; to set against; to offer antagonistically. “I may … oppose my single opinion to his.” Locke. 3. To resist or antagonize by physical means, or by arguments, etc.; to contend against; to confront; to resist; to withstand; as to oppose the king in battle; to oppose a bill in Congress. 4. To compete with; to strive against; as to oppose a rival for a prize. “I am … too weak
To oppose your cunning.” Shak. Syn. — To combat; withstand; contradict; deny; gainsay; oppugn; contravene; check; obstruct.

Op•pose´ , v. i. 1. To be set opposite. Shak. 2. To act adversely or in opposition; — with against or to; as a servant opposed against the act. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To make objection or opposition in controversy.

Op•pose´less, a. Not to be effectually opposed; irresistible. [Obs.] ´Your great opposeless wills.´ Shak.

Op•pos´er , n. One who opposes; an opponent; an antagonist; an adversary.

Op´po•site , a. [F., fr. L. oppositus, p. p. of opponere. See Opponent.] 1. Placed over against; standing or situated over against or in front; facing; — often with to; as a house opposite to the Exchange. 2. Applied to the other of two things which are entirely different; other; as the opposite sex; the opposite extreme. 3. Extremely different; inconsistent; contrary; repugnant; antagonistic. “Novels, by which the reader is misled into another sort of pieasure opposite to that which is designed in an epic poem.” Dryden. “Particles of speech have divers, and sometimes almost opposite, significations.” Locke. 4. (Bot.) (a) Set over against each other, but separated by the whole diameter of the stem, as two leaves at the same node. (b) Placed directly in front of another part or organ, as a stamen which stands before a petal.

Op´po•site, n. 1. One who opposes; an opponent; an antagonist. [Obs.] “The opposites of this day’s strife.” Shak. 2. That which is opposed or contrary; as sweetness and its opposite. “The virtuous man meets with more opposites and opponents than any other.” Landor.

Op´po•site•ly, adv. In a situation to face each other; in an opposite manner or direction; adversely. “Winds from all quarters oppositely blow.” May.

Op´po•site•ness, n. The quality or state of being opposite.

Op•pos•i•ti•fo´li•ous , a. [See Opposite, Folious.] (Bot.) Placed at the same node with a leaf, but separated from it by the whole diameter of the stem; as an oppositifolious peduncle.

Op•po•si´tion , n. [F., fr. L. oppositio. See Opposite.] 1. The act of opposing; an attempt to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance. “The counterpoise of so great an opposition.” Shak. “Virtue which breaks through all opposition.” Milton. 2. The state of being placed over against; situation so as to front something else. Milton. 3. Repugnance; contrariety of sentiment, interest, or purpose; antipathy. Shak. 4. That which opposes; an obstacle; specifically, the aggregate of persons or things opposing; hence, in politics and parliamentary practice, the party opposed to the party in power. 5. (Astron.) The situation of a heavenly body with respect to another when in the part of the heavens directly opposite to it; especially, the position of a planet or satellite when its longitude differs from that of the sun 180°; - - signified by the symbol ; as &Jupiter; &Sun;, opposition of Jupiter to the sun. 6. (Logic) The relation between two propositions when, having the same subject and predicate, they differ in quantity, or in quality, or in both; or between two propositions which have the same matter but a different form.

Op•po•si´tion•ist, n. One who belongs to the opposition party. Praed.

Op•pos•i•ti•pet´al•ous , a. [See Opposite, and Petal.] (Bot.) Placed in front of a petal.

Op•pos•i•ti•sep´al•ous , a. [See Opposite, and Sepal.] (Bot.) Placed in front of a sepal.

Op•pos•i•tive , a. [Cf. F. oppositif. See Opposite.] Capable of being put in opposition. Bp. Hall.

Op•press´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppressed p. pr. & vb. n. Oppressing.] [F. oppresser, LL. oppressare, fr. L. oppressus, p. p. of opprimere; ob (see Ob- ) + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To impose excessive burdens upon; to overload; hence, to treat with unjust rigor or with cruelty. Wyclif. “For thee, oppressèd king, am I cast down.” Shak. “Behold the kings of the earth; how they oppress
Thy chosen !” Milton. 2. To ravish; to violate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To put down; to crush out; to suppress. [Obs.] “The mutiny he there hastes to oppress.” Shak. 4. To produce a sensation of weight in (some part of the body); as my lungs are oppressed by the damp air; excess of food oppresses the stomach.

Op•pres´sion , n. [F., fr. L. oppressio.] 1. The act of oppressing, or state of being oppressed. 2. That which oppresses; a hardship or injustice; cruelty; severity; tyranny. ´The multitude of oppressions.´ Job xxxv. 9. 3. A sense of heaviness or obstruction in the body or mind; depression; dullness; lassitude; as an oppression of spirits; an oppression of the lungs. “There gentlee Sleep
First found me, and with soft oppression seized
My drowsed sense.” Milton. 4. Ravishment; rape. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Op•press´ive , a. [Cf. F. oppressif.] 1. Unreasonably burdensome; unjustly severe, rigorous, or harsh; as oppressive taxes; oppressive exactions of service; an oppressive game law. Macaulay. 2. Using oppression; tyrannical; as oppressive authority or commands. 3. Heavy; overpowering; hard to be borne; as oppressive grief or woe. “To ease the soul of one oppressive weight.” Pope. — Op•press´ive•ly, adv. — Op•press´ive•ness, n.

Op•press´or , n. [L.] One who oppresses; one who imposes unjust burdens on others; one who harasses others with unjust laws or unreasonable severity. “The orphan pines while the oppressor feeds.” Shak. “To relieve the oppressed and to punish the oppressor.” Swift.

Op•pres´sure , n. Oppression. [Obs.]

Op•pro´bri•ous , a. [L. opprobriosus, fr. opprobrium. See Opprobrium.] 1. Expressive of opprobrium; attaching disgrace; reproachful; scurrilous; as opprobrious language. “They … vindicate themselves in terms no less opprobrious than those by which they are attacked.” Addison. 2. Infamous; despised; rendered hateful; as an opprobrious name. “This dark, opprobrious den of shame.” Milton. — Op•pro´bri•ous•ly, adv. — Op•pro´bri•ous•ness, n.

Op•pro´bri•um , n. [L., fr. ob (see Ob-) + probrum reproach, disgrace.] Disgrace; infamy; reproach mingled with contempt; abusive language. “Being both dramatic author and dramatic performer, he found himself heir to a twofold opprobrium.” De Quincey.

Op•pro´bry , n. Opprobrium. [Obs.] Johnson.

Op•pugn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppugned p pr. & vb. n. Oppugning.] [OF. oppugner, L. oppugnare; ob (see Ob-) + pugnare to fight. See Impugn.] To fight against; to attack; to be in conflict with; to oppose; to resist. “They said the manner of their impeachment they could not but conceive did oppugn the rights of Parliament.” Clarendon.

Op•pug´nan•cy , n. [See Oppugnant.] The act of oppugning; opposition; resistance. Shak.

Op•pug´nant , a. [L. oppugnans, p. pr. of oppugnare. See Oppugn.] Tending to awaken hostility; hostile; opposing; warring. ´Oppugnant forces.´ I. Taylor. — n. An opponent. [R.] Coleridge.

Op•pug•na´tion , n. [L. oppugnatio: cf. OF. oppugnation.] Opposition. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Op•pugn´er , n. One who opposes or attacks; that which opposes. Selden.

Op•sim´a•thy , n. [Gr. .] Education late in life. [R.] Hales.

Op•si•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. sight + -meter: cf. F. opsiomètre.] An instrument for measuring the limits of distincts vision in different individuals, and thus determiming the proper focal length of a lens for correcting imperfect sight. Brande & C.

Op•so•na´tion , n. [L. opsonatio.] A catering; a buying of provisions. [Obs.] Bailey.

Op´ta•ble , a. [L. optabilis.] That may be chosen; desirable. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Op´tate , v. i. [L. optatus, p. p. of optare.] To choose; to wish for; to desire. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Op•ta´tion , n. [L. optatio. See Option.] The act of optating; a wish. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Op´ta•tive , a. [L. optativus: cf. F. optatif.] Expressing desire or wish. Fuller. Optative mood (Gram.), that mood or form of a verb, as in Greek, Sanskrit, etc., in which a wish or desire is expressed.

Op´ta•tive, n. [Cf. F. optatif.] 1. Something to be desired. [R.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) The optative mood; also a verb in the optative mood.

Op´ta•tive•ly, adv. In an optative manner; with the expression of desire. [R.] “God blesseth man imperatively, and man blesseth God optatively.” Bp. Hall.

Op´tic , n. [From Optic, a.] 1. The organ of sight; an eye. “The difference is as great between
The optics seeing, as the object seen.” Pope. 2. An eyeglass. [Obs.] Herbert. { Op´tic , Op´tic•al } a. [F. optique, Gr. ; akin to sight, I have seen, I shall see, and to the two eyes, face, L. oculus eye. See Ocular, Eye, and cf. Canopy, Ophthalmia.] 1. Of or pertaining to vision or sight. “The moon, whose orb
Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views.” Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to the eye; ocular; as the optic nerves (the first pair of cranial nerves) which are distributed to the retina. See Illust. of Brain, and Eye. 3. Relating to the science of optics; as optical works. Optic angle (Opt.), the angle included between the optic axes of the two eyes when directed to the same point; — sometimes called binocular parallax. — Optic axis. (Opt.) (a) A line drawn through the center of the eye perpendicular to its anterior and posterior surfaces. In a normal eye it is in the direction of the optic axis that objects are most distinctly seen. (b) The line in a doubly refracting crystal, in the direction of which no double refraction occurs. A uniaxial crystal has one such line, a biaxial crystal has two. - - Optical circle (Opt.), a graduated circle used for the measurement of angles in optical experiments. — Optical square, a surveyor’s instrument with reflectors for laying off right angles.

Op´tic•al•ly, adv. By optics or sight; with reference to optics. Optically active, Optically inactive (Chem. Physics), terms used of certain metameric substances which, while identical with each other in other respects, differ in this, viz., that they do or do not produce right- handed or left-handed circular polarization of light. — Optically positive, Optically negative. See under Refraction.

Op•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. opticien. See Optic, a.] 1. One skilled in optics. [R.] A. Smith. 2. One who deals in optical glasses and instruments.

Op´tics , n. [Cf. F. optique, L. optice, Gr. (sc. ). See Optic.] That branch of physical science which treats of the nature and properties of light, the laws of its modification by opaque and transparent bodies, and the phenomena of vision.

Op´ti•graph , n. [Optic + -graph: cf. F. opticographe. See Optic, a. ] A telescope with a diagonal eyepiece, suspended vertically in gimbals by the object end beneath a fixed diagonal plane mirror. It is used for delineating landscapes, by means of a pencil at the eye end which leaves the delineation on paper.

Op´ti•ma•cy , n. [Cf. F. optimatie. See Optimate.] 1. Government by the nobility. [R.] Howell. 2. Collectively, the nobility. [R.]

Op´ti•mate , a. [L. optimas, -atis, adj., optimates, n. pl., the adherents of the best men, the aristocrats, fr. optimus the best.] Of or pertaining to the nobility or aristocracy. [R.] — n. A nobleman or aristocrat; a chief man in a state or city. [R.] Chapman.

Op•ti•ma´tes , n. pl. [L. See Optimate.] The nobility or aristocracy of ancient Rome, as opposed to the populares.

Op´ti•me , n. [L., adv. fr. optimus the best.] One of those who stand in the second rank of honors, immediately after the wranglers, in the University of Cambridge, England. They are divided into senior and junior optimes.

Op´ti•mism , n. [L. optimus the best; akin to optio choice: cf. F. optimisme. See Option.] 1. (Metaph.) The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature, being the work of God, is ordered for the best, or that the ordering of things in the universe is such as to produce the highest good. 2. A disposition to take the most hopeful view; — opposed to pessimism.

Op´ti•mist , n. [Cf. F. optimiste.] 1. (Metaph.) One who holds the opinion that all events are ordered for the best. 2. One who looks on the bright side of things, or takes hopeful views; — opposed to pessimist.

Op•ti•mis´tic , a. 1. (Metaph.) Of or pertaining to optimism; tending, or conforming, to the opinion that all events are ordered for the best. 2. Hopeful; sanguine; as an optimistic view.

Op•tim´i•ty , n. [L. optimitas, fr. optimus the best.] The state of being best. [R.] Bailey.

Op´tion , n. [L. optio; akin to optare to choose, wish, optimus best, and perh. to E. apt: cf. F. option.] 1. The power of choosing; the right of choice or election; an alternative. “There is an option left to the United States of America, whether they will be respectable and prosperous, or contemptible and miserable, as a nation.” Washington. 2. The exercise of the power of choice; choice. “Transplantation must proceed from the option of the people, else it sounds like an exile.” Bacon. 3. A wishing; a wish. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Ch. of Eng.) A right formerly belonging to an archbishop to select any one dignity or benefice in the gift of a suffragan bishop consecrated or confirmed by him, for bestowal by himself when next vacant; — annulled by Parliament in 1845. 5. (Stock Exchange) A stipulated privilege, given to a party in a time contract, of demanding its fulfillment on any day within a specified limit. Buyer’s option, an option allowed to one who contracts to buy stocks at a certain future date and at a certain price, to demand the delivery of the stock (giving one day’s notice) at any previous time at the market price. — Seller’s option, an option allowed to one who contracts to deliver stock art a certain price on a certain future date, to deliver it (giving one day’s notice) at any previous time at the market price. Such options are privileges for which a consideration is paid. — Local option. See under Local. Syn. — Choice; preference; selection. — Option, Choice. Choice is an act of choosing; option often means liberty to choose, and implies freedom from constraint in the act of choosing.

Op´tion•al , a. Involving an option; depending on the exercise of an option; left to one’s discretion or choice; not compulsory; as optional studies; it is optional with you to go or stay. — n. See Elective, n. “If to the former the movement was not optional, it was the same that the latter chose when it was optional.” Palfrey. “Original writs are either optional or peremptory.” Blackstone.

Op´tion•al•ly, adv. In an optional manner. { Op´to•cœle , Op•to•cœ´li•a } n. [NL. optocoelia, fr. Gr. optic + koi^los a hollow.] (Anat.) The cavity of one of the optic lobes of the brain in many animals. B. G. Wilder.

Op´to•gram , n. [Optic + - gram: cf. F. optogramme.] (Physiol.) An image of external objects fixed on the retina by the photochemical action of light on the visual purple. See Optography.

Op•tog´ra•phy , n. [Optic + -graphy.] (Physiol.) The production of an optogram on the retina by the photochemical action of light on the visual purple; the fixation of an image in the eye. The object so photographed shows white on a purple or red background. See Visual purple, under Visual.

Op•tom´e•ter , n. [Optic + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the distance of distinct vision, mainly for the selection of eveglasses.

Op´u•lence , n. [L. opulentia: cf. F. opulence. See Opulent.] Wealth; riches; affluence. Swift

Op´u•len•cy , n. See Opulence. Shak.

Op´u•lent , a. [L. opulens, opulentus, fr. ops, opis, power, wealth, riches, perh. akin to E. apt: cf. F. opulent. Cf. Copious, Couple, Office.] Having a large estate or property; wealthy; rich; affluent; as an opulent city; an opulent citizen. — Op´u•lent•ly, adv. “I will piece
Her opulent throne with kingdoms.” Shak.

O•pun´ti•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of cactaceous plants; the prickly pear, or Indian fig.

O´pus , n.; pl. Opera (#). [L. See Opera.] A work; specif. (Mus.), a musical composition. Each composition, or set of pieces, as the composer may choose, is called an opus, and they are numbered in the order of their issue. (Often abbrev. to op.) Opus incertum. [L.] (Arch.) See under Incertum. { O•pus´cle , O•pus´cule } n. [L. opusculum, dim. of opus work: cf. F. opuscule.] A small or petty work.

O•pus´cu•lum , n.; pl. Opuscula (#). [L.] An opuscule. Smart.

O´pye , n. Opium. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O•quas´sa , n. (Zoöl.) A small, handsome trout (Salvelinus oquassa), found in some of the lakes in Maine; — called also blueback trout.

-or. [L. -or: cf. OF. -or, -ur, - our, F. -eur.] 1. A noun suffix denoting an act; a state or quality; as in error, fervor, pallor, candor, etc. 2. A noun suffix denoting an agent or doer; as in auditor, one who hears; donor, one who gives; obligor, elevator. It is correlative to - ee. In general -or is appended to words of Latin, and - er to those of English, origin. See -er.

Or , conj. [OE. or, outher, other, auther, either, or, AS. awer, contr. from ahwaeer; a aye + hwaeer whether. See Aye, and Whether, and cf. Either.] A particle that marks an alternative; as you may read or may write, — that is, you may do one of the things at your pleasure, but not both. It corresponds to either. You may ride either to London or to Windsor. It often connects a series of words or propositions, presenting a choice of either; as he may study law, or medicine, or divinity, or he may enter into trade. “If man’s convenience, health,
Or safety interfere, his rights and claims
Are paramount.” Cowper. Or may be used to join as alternatives terms expressing unlike things or ideas (as is the orange sour or sweet?), or different terms expressing the same thing or idea; as this is a sphere, or globe. Or sometimes begins a sentence. In this case it expresses an alternative or subjoins a clause differing from the foregoing. ´Or what man is there of you, who, if his son shall ask him for a loaf, will give him a stone?´ Matt. vii. 9 (Rev. Ver. ). Or for either is archaic or poetic. “Maugre thine heed, thou must for indigence
Or steal, or beg, or borrow thy dispence.” Chaucer.

Or, prep. & adv. [AS. r ere, before. rad.204. See Ere, prep. & adv.] Ere; before; sooner than. [Obs.] “But natheless, while I have time and space,
Or that I forther in this tale pace.” Chaucer. Or ever, Or ere. See under Ever, and Ere.

Or, n. [F., fr. L. aurum gold. Cf. Aureate.] (Her.) Yellow or gold color, — represented in drawing or engraving by small dots.

O´ra , n. [AS. See 2d Ore.] A money of account among the Anglo-Saxons, valued, in the Domesday Book, at twenty pence sterling.

O•ra•bas´su , n. (Zoöl.) A South American monkey of the genus Callithrix, esp. C. Moloch. { Or´ach , Or´ache} , n. [F. arroche, corrupted fr. L. atriplex, Gr. . Cf. Arrach.] (Bot.) A genus (Atriplex) of herbs or low shrubs of the Goosefoot family, most of them with a mealy surface. Garden orache, a plant (Atriplex hortensis), often used as a pot herb; — also called mountain spinach.

Or´a•cle , n. [F., fr. L. oraculum, fr. orare to speak, utter, pray, fr. os, oris, mouth. See Oral.] 1. The answer of a god, or some person reputed to be a god, to an inquiry respecting some affair or future event, as the success of an enterprise or battle. “Whatso’er she saith, for oracles must stand.” Drayton. 2. Hence: The deity who was supposed to give the answer; also the place where it was given. “The oracles are dumb;
No voice or hideous hum
Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving.” Milton. 3. The communications, revelations, or messages delivered by God to the prophets; also the entire sacred Scriptures — usually in the plural. “The first principles of the oracles of God.” Heb. v. 12. 4. (Jewish Antiq.) The sanctuary, or Most Holy place in the temple; also the temple itself. 1 Kings vi. 19. “Siloa’s brook, that flow’d
Fast by the oracle of God.” Milton. 5. One who communicates a divine command; an angel; a prophet. “God hath now sent his living oracle
Into the world to teach his final will.” Milton. 6. Any person reputed uncommonly wise; one whose decisions are regarded as of great authority; as a literary oracle. ´Oracles of mode.´ Tennyson. “The country rectors … thought him an oracle on points of learning.” Macaulay. 7. A wise sentence or decision of great authority.

Or´a•cle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oracled p. pr. & vb. n. Oracling ] To utter oracles. [Obs.]

O•rac´u•lar , a. [L. oracularius. See Oracle.] 1. Of or pertaining to an oracle; uttering oracles; forecasting the future; as an oracular tongue. 2. Resembling an oracle in some way, as in solemnity, wisdom, authority, obscurity, ambiguity, dogmatism. “They have something venerable and oracular in that unadorned gravity and shortness in the expression.” Pope. — O•rac´u•lar•ly, adv. — O•rac´u•lar•ness, n.

O•rac´u•lous , a. Oracular; of the nature of an oracle. [R.] ´Equivocations, or oraculous speeches.´ Bacon. ´The oraculous seer.´ Pope. — O•rac´u•lous•ly, adv. — O•rac´u•lous•ness, n.

O•ra´gious , a. [F. orageux.] Stormy. [R.]

Or´ai•son , n. See Orison. [Obs.] Shak.

O´ral , a. [L. os, oris, the mouth, akin to Skr. as. Cf. Adore, Orison, Usher.] 1. Uttered by the mouth, or in words; spoken, not written; verbal; as oral traditions; oral testimony; oral law. 2. Of or pertaining to the mouth; surrounding or lining the mouth; as oral cilia or cirri.

O´ral•ly, adv. 1. In an oral manner. Tillotson. 2. By, with, or in, the mouth; as to receive the sacrament orally. [Obs.] Usher.

O•rang´ , n. (Zoöl.) See Orang-outang.

Or´ange , n. [F.; cf. It. arancia, arancio, LL. arangia, Sp. naranjia, Pg. laranja; all fr. Ar. naranj, Per. naranj, narang; cf. Skr. naranga orange tree. The o- in F. orange is due to confusion with or gold, L. aurum, because the orange resembles gold in color.] 1. The fruit of a tree of the genus Citrus (C. Aurantium). It is usually round, and consists of pulpy carpels, commonly ten in number, inclosed in a leathery rind, which is easily separable, and is reddish yellow when ripe. There are numerous varieties of oranges; as the bitter orange, which is supposed to be the original stock; the navel orange, which has the rudiment of a second orange imbedded in the top of the fruit; the blood orange, with a reddish juice; and the horned orange, in which the carpels are partly separated. 2. (Bot.) The tree that bears oranges; the orange tree. 3. The color of an orange; reddish yellow. Mandarin orange. See Mandarin. - - Mock orange (Bot.), any species of shrubs of the genus Philadelphus, which have whitish and often fragrant blossoms. — Native orange, or Orange thorn (Bot.), an Australian shrub (Citriobatus parviflorus); also its edible yellow berries. — Orange bird (Zoöl.), a tanager of Jamaica (Tanagra zena); — so called from its bright orange breast. — Orange cowry (Zoöl.), a large, handsome cowry (Cypraea aurantia), highly valued by collectors of shells on account of its rarity. — Orange grass (Bot.), an inconspicuous annual American plant (Hypericum Sarothra), having minute, deep yellow flowers. — Orange oil (Chem.), an oily, terpenelike substance obtained from orange rind, and distinct from neroli oil, which is obtained from the flowers. — Orange pekoe, a kind of black tea. — Orange pippin, an orange-colored apple with acid flavor. — Quito orange, the orangelike fruit of a shrubby species of nightshade (Solanum Quitoense), native in Quito. — Orange scale (Zoöl.) any species of scale insects which infests orange trees; especially, the purple scale (Mytilaspis citricola), the long scale (M. Gloveri), and the red scale (Aspidiotus Aurantii).

Or´ange, a. Of or pertaining to an orange; of the color of an orange; reddish yellow; as an orange ribbon.

Or•ange•ade´ , n. [F., fr. orange.] A drink made of orange juice and water, corresponding to lemonade; orange sherbet.

Or•an•geat´ , n. [F., fr. orange.] Candied orange peel; also orangeade.

Or´ange•ism , n. Attachment to the principles of the society of Orangemen; the tenets or practices of the Orangemen.

Or´ange•man , n.; pl. -men . One of a secret society, organized in the north of Ireland in 1795, the professed objects of which are the defense of the regning sovereign of Great Britain, the support of the Protestant religion, the maintenance of the laws of the kingdom, etc.; — so called in honor of William, Prince of Orange, who became William III. of England.

Or´ange•root , n. (Bot.) An American ranunculaceous plant (Hidrastis Canadensis), having a yellow tuberous root; — also called yellowroot, golden seal, etc.

Or´an•ger•y , n. [F. orangerie, fr. orange. See Orange.] A place for raising oranges; a plantation of orange trees.

Or´ange•taw•ny , a. & n. Deep orange-yellow; dark yellow. Shak.

Or´an•gite , (Min.) An orange-yellow variety of the mineral thorite, found in Norway.

O•rang´-ou•tang , n. [Malayan rang tan, i. e., man of the woods; rang man + tan a forest, wood, wild, savage.] (Zoöl.) An arboreal anthropoid ape (Simia satyrus), which inhabits Borneo and Sumatra. Often called simply orang. [Written also orang-outan, orang-utan, ourang- utang, and oran-utan.] It is over four feet high, when full grown, and has very long arms, which reach nearly or quite to the ground when the body is erect. Its color is reddish brown. In structure, it closely resembles man in many respects.

O•ra´ri•an , a. [L. orarius, fr. ora coast.] Of or pertaining to a coast.

O•ra´tion , n.[L. oratio, fr. orare to speak, utter, pray. See Oral, Orison.] An elaborate discourse, delivered in public, treating an important subject in a formal and dignified manner; especially, a discourse having reference to some special occasion, as a funeral, an anniversary, a celebration, or the like; — distinguished from an argument in court, a popular harangue, a sermon, a lecture, etc.; as Webster’s oration at Bunker Hill. “The lord archbishop … made a long oration.” Bacon. Syn. — Address; speech. See Harangue.

O•ra´tion, v. i. To deliver an oration. Donne.

Or´a•tor , n. [L., fr. orare to speak, utter. See Oration.] 1. A public speaker; one who delivers an oration; especially, one distinguished for his skill and power as a public speaker; one who is eloquent. “I am no orator, as Brutus is.” Shak. “Some orator renowned
In Athens or free Rome.” Milton. 2. (Law) (a) In equity proceedings, one who prays for relief; a petitioner. (b) A plaintiff, or complainant, in a bill in chancery. Burrill. 3. (Eng. Universities) An officer who is the voice of the university upon all public occasions, who writes, reads, and records all letters of a public nature, presents, with an appropriate address, those persons on whom honorary degrees are to be conferred, and performs other like duties; — called also public orator.

Or•a•to´ri•al , a. Oratorical. [R.] Swift. — Or•a•to´ri•al•ly, adv.

Or•a•to´ri•an , a. Oratorical. [Obs.] R. North.

Or•a•to´ri•an, n. [Cf. F. oratorien.] (R. C. Ch.) See Fathers of the Oratory, under Oratory.

Or•a•tor´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to an orator or to oratory; characterized by oratory; rhetorical; becoming to an orator; as an oratorical triumph; an oratorical essay. — Or•a•tor´ic•al•ly, adv.

Or•a•to´ri•o , n. [It., fr. L. oratorius belonging to praying. See Orator, and cf. Oratory.] 1. (Mus.) A more or less dramatic text or poem, founded on some Scripture nerrative, or great divine event, elaborately set to music, in recitative, arias grand choruses, etc., to be sung with an orchestral accompaniment, but without action, scenery, or costume, although the oratorio grew out of the Mysteries and the Miracle and Passion plays, which were acted. There are instances of secular and mythological subjects treated in the form of the oratorios, and called oratorios by their composers; as Haydn’s ´Seasons,´ Handel’s ´Semele,´ etc. 2. Performance or rendering of such a composition.

Or•a•to´ri•ous , a. [LL. oratorius.] Oratorical. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Or•a•to´ri•ous•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Or´a•tor•ize , v. i. To play the orator. [Jocose or derisive] Dickens.

Or´a•to•ry , n.; pl. Oratories (#). [OE. oratorie, fr. L. oratorium, fr. oratorius of praying, of an orator: cf. F. oratoire. See Orator, Oral, and cf. Oratorio.] A place of orisons, or prayer; especially, a chapel or small room set apart for private devotions. “An oratory [temple] … in worship of Dian.” Chaucer. “Do not omit thy prayers for want of a good oratory, or place to pray in.” Jer. Taylor. Fathers of the Oratory (R. C. Ch.), a society of priests founded by St. Philip Neri, living in community, and not bound by a special vow. The members are called also oratorians.

Or´a•to•ry, n. [L. oratoria (sc. ars) the oratorical art.] The art of an orator; the art of public speaking in an eloquent or effective manner; the exercise of rhetorical skill in oral discourse; eloquence. ´The oratory of Greece and Rome.´ Milton. “When a world of men
Could not prevail with all their oratory.” Shak.

Or´a•tress , n. A woman who makes public addresses. Warner.

Or´a•trix , n. [L.] A woman plaintiff, or complainant, in equity pleading. Burrill.

Orb , n. [OF. orb blind, fr. L. orbus destitute.] (Arch.) A blank window or panel. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss.

Orb, n. [F. orbe, fr. L. orbis circle, orb. Cf. Orbit.] 1. A spherical body; a globe; especially, one of the celestial spheres; a sun, planet, or star. “In the small orb of one particular tear.” Shak. “Whether the prime orb,
Incredible how swift, had thither rolled.” Milton. 2. One of the azure transparent spheres conceived by the ancients to be inclosed one within another, and to carry the heavenly bodies in their revolutions. 3. A circle; esp., a circle, or nearly circular orbit, described by the revolution of a heavenly body; an orbit. “The schoolmen were like astronomers, which did feign eccentrics, and epicycles, and such engines of orbs.” Bacon. “You seem to me as Dian in her orb.” Shak. “In orbs
Of circuit inexpressible they stood,
Orb within orb.” Milton. 4. A period of time marked off by the revolution of a heavenly body. [R.] Milton. 5. The eye, as luminous and spherical. [Poetic] “A drop serene hath quenched their orbs.” Milton. 6. A revolving circular body; a wheel. [Poetic] “The orbs
Of his fierce chariot rolled.” Milton. 7. A sphere of action. [R.] Wordsworth. “But in our orbs we’ll live so round and safe.” Shak 8. Same as Mound, a ball or globe. See lst Mound. 9. (Mil.) A body of soldiers drawn up in a circle, as for defense, esp. infantry to repel cavalry. Syn. — Globe; ball; sphere. See Globe.

Orb , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orbed p. pr. & vb. n. Orbing.] 1. To form into an orb or circle. [Poetic] Milton. Lowell. 2. To encircle; to surround; to inclose. [Poetic] “The wheels were orbed with gold.” Addison.

Orb, v. i. To become round like an orb. [Poetic] “And orb into the perfect star.” Tennyson.

Or´bate , a. [L. orbatus, p. p. of orbare to bereave, fr. orbus bereaved of parents or children. See Orphan.] Bereaved; fatherless; childless. [Obs.]

Or•ba´tion , n. [L. orbatio.] The state of being orbate, or deprived of parents or children; privation, in general; bereavement. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Orbed , a. Having the form of an orb; round. “The orbèd eyelids are let down.” Trench. { Or´bic , Or´bic•al } a. [L. orbicus, or orbitus, fr. orbis orb.] Spherical; orbicular; orblike; circular. [R.] Bacon.

Or´bi•cle , n. [L. orbiculus, dim. of orbis orb.] A small orb, or sphere. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Or•bic´u•la , n. [NL. See Orbicle.] (Zoöl.) Same as Discina.

Or•bic´u•lar , a. [L. orbicularis, fr. orbiculus, dim. of orbis orb: cf. F. orbiculaire.] Resembling or having the form of an orb; spherical; circular; orbiculate. — Or•bic´u•lar•ly, adv. — Or•bic´u•lar•ness, n. “Orbicular as the disk of a planet.” De Quincey.

Or•bic´u•late , n. That which is orbiculate; especially, a solid the vertical section of which is oval, and the horizontal section circular. { Or•bic´u•late , Or•bic´u•la•ted } a. [L. orbiculatus. See Orbicular.] Made, or being, in the form of an orb; having a circular, or nearly circular, or a spheroidal, outline. Orbiculate leaf (Bot.), a leaf whose outline is nearly circular.

Or•bic•u•la´tion , n. The state or quality of being orbiculate; orbicularness. Dr. H. More.

Or´bit , n. [L. orbita a track or rut made by a wheel, course, circuit, fr. orbis a circle: cf. F. orbite. See 2d Orb.] 1. (Astron.) The path described by a heavenly body in its periodical revolution around another body; as the orbit of Jupiter, of the earth, of the moon. 2. An orb or ball. [Rare & Improper] “Roll the lucid orbit of an eye.” Young. 3. (Anat.) The cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. 4. (Zoöl.) The skin which surrounds the eye of a bird.

Or´bit•al , a. Of or pertaining to an orbit. ´Orbital revolution.´ J. D. Forbes. Orbital index (Anat.), in the skull, the ratio of the vertical height to the transverse width of the orbit, which is taken as the standard, equal to 100.

Or´bit•ar , a. [Cf. F. orbitaire.] Orbital. [R.] Dunglison.

Or´bit•a•ry , a. Situated around the orbit; as the orbitary feathers of a bird.

Or•bi•te´lae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. orbis an orb + tela a web.] (Zoöl.) A division of spiders, including those that make geometrical webs, as the garden spider, or Epeira.

Or•bi•to•li´tes , n. [NL. See Orbit, and -lite.] (Zoöl.) A genus of living Foraminifera, forming broad, thin, circular disks, containing numerous small chambers.

Or•bi•to•na´sal , a. [Orbit + nasal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the orbit and the nose; as the orbitonasal, or ophthalmic, nerve.

Or•bi•to•sphe´noid , a. [Orbit + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sphenoid bone and the orbit, or to the orbitosphenoid bone. — n. The orbitosphenoid bone, which is situated in the orbit on either side of the presphenoid. It generally forms a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

Or•bi•to•sphe•noid´al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the orbitosphenoid bone; orbitosphenoid.

Or•bit´u•a•ry , a. Orbital. [R.] { Or´bi•tude , Or´bi•ty } n. [L. orbitudo, orbitas, fr. orbus: cf. F. orbite. See Orbate.] Orbation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Or•bu•li´na , n. [NL., dim. of L. orbis orb.] (Zoöl.) A genus of minute living Foraminifera having a globular shell.

Orb´y , a. [From 2d Orb.] Orblike; having the course of an orb; revolving. [Obs.] ´Orby hours.´ Chapman.

Orc , n. [L. orca: cf. F. orque.] (Zoöl.) The grampus. [Written also ork and orch.] Milton.

Or•ca´di•an , a. [L. Orcades the Orkney Islands.] Of or pertaining to the Orkney Islands.

Or´ce•in , n. (Chem.) A reddish brown amorphous dyestuff, , obtained from orcin, and forming the essential coloring matter of cudbear and archil. It is closely related to litmus.

Or´chal , n. See Archil.

Or´cha•net , n. [F. orcanète.] (Bot.) Same as Alkanet, 2. Ainsworth.

Or´chard , n. [AS. ortgeard, wyrtgeard, lit., wortyard, i. e., a yard for herbs; wyrt herb + geard yard. See Wort, Yard inclosure.] 1. A garden. [Obs.] 2. An inclosure containing fruit trees; also the fruit trees, collectively; — used especially of apples, peaches, pears, cherries, plums, or the like, less frequently of nutbearing trees and of sugar maple trees. Orchard grass (Bot.), a tall coarse grass (Dactylis glomerata), introduced into the United States from Europe. It grows usually in shady places, and is of value for forage and hay. — Orchard house (Hort.), a glazed structure in which fruit trees are reared in pots. — Orchard oriole (Zool.), a bright-colored American oriole (Icterus spurius), which frequents orchards. It is smaller and darker thah the Baltimore oriole.

Or´chard•ing , n. 1. The cultivation of orchards. 2. Orchards, in general.

Or´chard•ist, n. One who cultivates an orchard.

Or´chel , n. Archil.

Or•che•sog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. dance + -graphy.] A treatise upon dancing. [R.]

Or´ches•ter , n. See Orchestra.

Or•ches´tian , n. [From Gr. a dancer. See Orchestra.] (Zoöl.) Any species of amphipod crustacean of the genus Orchestia, or family Orchestidae. See Beach flea, under Beach.

Or´ches•tra , n. [L. orchestra, Gr. , orig., the place for the chorus of dancers, from to dance: cf. F. orchestre.] 1. The space in a theater between the stage and the audience; — originally appropriated by the Greeks to the chorus and its evolutions, afterward by the Romans to persons of distinction, and by the moderns to a band of instrumental musicians. 2. The place in any public hall appropriated to a band of instrumental musicians. 3. (Mus.) (a) Loosely: A band of instrumental musicians performing in a theater, concert hall, or other place of public amusement. (b) Strictly: A band suitable for the performance of symphonies, overtures, etc., as well as for the accompaniment of operas oratorios, cantatas masses, and the like, or of vocal and instrumental solos. (c) A band composed, for the largest part, of players of the various viol instruments, many of each kind, together with a proper complement of wind instruments of wood and brass; — as distinguished from a military or street band of players on wind instruments, and from an assemblage of solo players for the rendering of concerted pieces, such as septets, octets, and the like. 4. (Mus.) The instruments employed by a full band, collectively; as an orchestra of forty stringed instruments, with proper complement of wind instruments.

Or´ches•tral , a. Of or pertaining to an orchestra; suitable for, or performed in or by, an orchestra.

Or•ches•tra´tion , n. (Mus.) The arrangement of music for an orchestra; orchestral treatment of a composition; — called also instrumentation.

Or´ches•tre , n. [F.] See Orchestra.

Or•ches´tric , a. Orchestral.

Or•ches´tri•on , n. A large music box imitating a variety of orchestral instruments.

Or´chid , n. [See Orchis.] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Orchidaceae. See Orchidaceous.

Or•chi•da´ceous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order (Orchidaceae) of endogenous plants of which the genus Orchis is the type. They are mostly perennial herbs having the stamens and pistils united in a single column, and normally three petals and three sepals, all adherent to the ovary. The flowers are curiously shaped, often resembling insects, the odd or lower petal (called the lip) being unlike the others, and sometimes of a strange and unexpected appearance. About one hundred species occur in the United States, but several thousand in the tropics. Over three hundred genera are recognized.

Or•chid´e•an , a. (Bot.) Orchidaceous.

Or•chid´e•ous , a. (Bot.) Same as Orchidaceous.

Or•chid•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in orchidology.

Or•chid•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. the orchis + -logy.] The branch of botany which treats of orchids.

Or´chil , n. See Archil.

Or•chil´la weed (Bot.) The lichen from which archil is obtained. See Archil.

Or´chis , n.; pl. Orchises (#). [L., fr. Gr. a testicle, the orchis; — so called from its tubers.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of endogenous plants growing in the North Temperate zone, and consisting of about eighty species. They are perennial herbs growing from a tuber (beside which is usually found the last year’s tuber also), and are valued for their showy flowers. See Orchidaceous. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of the same family with the orchis; an orchid. The common names, such as bee orchis, fly orchis, butterfly orchis, etc., allude to the peculiar form of the flower.

Or•chi´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a testicle + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the testicles.

Or•chot´o•my , n. [Gr. a testicle + to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting out or removing a testicle by the knife; castration.

Or´cin , n. [Etymology uncertain: cf. F. orcine.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, C6H3.CH3.(OH)2, which is obtained from certain lichens (Roccella, Lecanora, etc.), also from extract of aloes, and artificially from certain derivatives of toluene. It changes readily into orcein.

Ord , n. [AS. ord point.] An edge or point; also a beginning. [ Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Ord and end, the beginning and end. Cf. Odds and ends, under Odds. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Halliwell.

Or•dain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ordained p. pr. & vb. n. Ordaining.] [OE. ordeinen, OF. ordener, F. ordonner, fr. L. ordinare, from ordo, ordinis, order. See Order, and cf. Ordinance.] 1. To set in order; to arrange according to rule; to regulate; to set; to establish. ´Battle well ordained.´ Spenser. “The stake that shall be ordained on either side.” Chaucer. 2. To regulate, or establish, by appointment, decree, or law; to constitute; to decree; to appoint; to institute. “Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month.” 1 Kings xii. 32. “And doth the power that man adores ordain
Their doom ?” Byron. 3. To set apart for an office; to appoint. “Being ordained his special governor.” Shak. 4. (Eccl.) To invest with ministerial or sacerdotal functions; to introduce into the office of the Christian ministry, by the laying on of hands, or other forms; to set apart by the ceremony of ordination. “Meletius was ordained by Arian bishops.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

Or•dain´a•ble , a. Capable of being ordained; worthy to be ordained or appointed. Bp. Hall.

Or•dain´er , n. One who ordains.

Or•dain´ment , n. Ordination. [R.] Burke.

Or´dal , n. Ordeal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Or•da´li•an , a. [LL. ordalium.] Of or pertaining to trial by ordeal. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Or´de•al (ôr´de•al), n. [AS. ordal, ordael, a judgment; akin to D. oordeel, G. urteil, urtheil; orig., what is dealt out, the prefix or- being akin to a- compounded with verbs, G. er-, ur- , Goth. us-, orig. meaning, out. See Deal, v. & n., and cf. Arise, Ort.] 1. An ancient form of test to determine guilt or innocence, by appealing to a supernatural decision, — once common in Europe, and still practiced in the East and by savage tribes. In England ordeal by fire and ordeal by water were used, the former confined to persons of rank, the latter to the common people. The ordeal by fire was performed, either by handling red-hot iron, or by walking barefoot and blindfold over red-hot plowshares, laid at unequal distances. If the person escaped unhurt, he was adjudged innocent; otherwise he was condemned as guilty. The ordeal by water was performed, either by plunging the bare arm to the elbow in boiling water, an escape from injury being taken as proof of innocence, or by casting the accused person, bound hand and foot, into a river or pond, when if he floated it was an evidence of guilt, but if he sunk he was acquitted. It is probable that the proverbial phrase, to go through fire and water, denoting severe trial or danger, is derived from the ordeal. See Wager of battle, under Wager. 2. Any severe trial, or test; a painful experience. Ordeal bean. (Bot.) See Calabar bean, under Calabar. — Ordeal root (Bot.) the root of a species of Strychnos growing in West Africa, used, like the ordeal bean, in trials for witchcraft. — Ordeal tree (Bot.), a poisonous tree of Madagascar (Tanghinia, or Cerbera, venenata). Persons suspected of crime are forced to eat the seeds of the plumlike fruit, and criminals are put to death by being pricked with a lance dipped in the juice of the seeds.

Or´de•al, a. Of or pertaining to trial by ordeal.

Or´der , n. [OE. ordre, F. ordre, fr. L. ordo, ordinis. Cf. Ordain, Ordinal.] 1. Regular arrangement; any methodical or established succession or harmonious relation; method; system; as: (a) Of material things, like the books in a library. (b) Of intellectual notions or ideas like the topics of a discource. (c) Of periods of time or occurrences, and the like. “The side chambers were … thirty in order.” Ezek. xli. 6. “Bright-harnessed angels sit in order serviceable.” Milton. “Good order is the foundation of all good things.” Burke. 2. Right arrangement; a normal, correct, or fit condition; as the house is in order; the machinery is out of order. Locke. 3. The customary mode of procedure; established system, as in the conduct of debates or the transaction of business; usage; custom; fashion. Dantiel. “And, pregnant with his grander thought,
Brought the old order into doubt.” Emerson. 4. Conformity with law or decorum; freedom from disturbance; general tranquillity; public quiet; as to preserve order in a community or an assembly. 5. That which prescribes a method of procedure; a rule or regulation made by competent authority; as the rules and orders of the senate. “The church hath authority to establish that for an order at one time which at another time it may abolish.” Hooker. 6. A command; a mandate; a precept; a direction. “Upon this new fright, an order was made by both houses for disarming all the papists in England.” Clarendon. 7. Hence: A commission to purchase, sell, or supply goods; a direction, in writing, to pay money, to furnish supplies, to admit to a building, a place of entertainment, or the like; as orders for blankets are large. “In those days were pit orders — beshrew the uncomfortable manager who abolished them.” Lamb. 8. A number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or suitable place, or relative position; a rank; a row; a grade; especially, a rank or class in society; a group or division of men in the same social or other position; also a distinct character, kind, or sort; as the higher or lower orders of society; talent of a high order. “They are in equal order to their several ends.” Jer. Taylor. “Various orders various ensigns bear.” Granville. “Which, to his order of mind, must have seemed little short of crime.” Hawthorne. 9. A body of persons having some common honorary distinction or rule of obligation; esp., a body of religious persons or aggregate of convents living under a common rule; as the Order of the Bath; the Franciscan order. “Find a barefoot brother out,
One of our order, to associate me.” Shak. “The venerable order of the Knights Templars.” Sir W. Scott. 10. An ecclesiastical grade or rank, as of deacon, priest, or bishop; the office of the Christian ministry; — often used in the plural; as to take orders, or to take holy orders, that is, to enter some grade of the ministry. 11. (Arch.) The disposition of a column and its component parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in classical architecture; hence (as the column and entablature are the characteristic features of classical architecture) a style or manner of architectural designing. The Greeks used three different orders, easy to distinguish, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Romans added the Tuscan, and changed the Doric so that it is hardly recognizable, and also used a modified Corinthian called Composite. The Renaissance writers on architecture recognized five orders as orthodox or classical, — Doric (the Roman sort), Ionic, Tuscan, Corinthian, and Composite. See Illust. of Capital. 12. (Nat. Hist.) An assemblage of genera having certain important characters in common; as the Carnivora and Insectivora are orders of Mammalia. The Linnaean artificial orders of plants rested mainly on identity in the numer of pistils, or agreement in some one character. Natural orders are groups of genera agreeing in the fundamental plan of their flowers and fruit. A natural order is usually (in botany) equivalent to a family, and may include several tribes. 13. (Rhet.) The placing of words and members in a sentence in such a manner as to contribute to force and beauty or clearness of expression. 14. (Math.) Rank; degree; thus, the order of a curve or surface is the same as the degree of its equation. Artificial order or system. See Artificial classification, under Artificial, and Note to def. 12 above. — Close order (Mil.), the arrangement of the ranks with a distance of about half a pace between them; with a distance of about three yards the ranks are in open order. — The four Orders, The Orders four, the four orders of mendicant friars. See Friar. Chaucer. — General orders (Mil.), orders issued which concern the whole command, or the troops generally, in distinction from special orders. — Holy orders. (a) (Eccl.) The different grades of the Christian ministry; ordination to the ministry. See def. 10 above. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A sacrament for the purpose of conferring a special grace on those ordained. — In order to, for the purpose of; to the end; as means to. “The best knowledge is that which is of greatest use in order to our eternal happiness.” Tillotson. — Minor orders (R. C. Ch.), orders beneath the diaconate in sacramental dignity, as acolyte, exorcist, reader, doorkeeper. — Money order. See under Money. — Natural order. (Bot.) See def. 12, Note. — Order book. (a) A merchant’s book in which orders are entered. (b) (Mil.) A book kept at headquarters, in which all orders are recorded for the information of officers and men. (c) A book in the House of Commons in which proposed orders must be entered. [Eng.] — Order in Council, a royal order issued with and by the advice of the Privy Council. [Great Britain] — Order of battle (Mil.), the particular disposition given to the troops of an army on the field of battle. — Order of the day, in legislative bodies, the special business appointed for a specified day. — Order of a differential equation (Math.), the greatest index of differentiation in the equation. — Sailing orders (Naut.), the final instructions given to the commander of a ship of war before a cruise. — Sealed orders, orders sealed, and not to be opened until a certain time, or arrival at a certain place, as after a ship is at sea. — Standing order. (a) A continuing regulation for the conduct of parliamentary business. (b) (Mil.) An order not subject to change by an officer temporarily in command. — To give order, to give command or directions. Shak. — To take order for, to take charge of; to make arrangements concerning. “Whiles I take order for mine own affairs.” Shak. Syn. — Arrangement; management. See Direction.

Or´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ordered p pr. & vb. n. Ordering.] [From Order, n.] 1. To put in order; to reduce to a methodical arrangement; to arrange in a series, or with reference to an end. Hence, to regulate; to dispose; to direct; to rule. “To him that ordereth his conversation aright.” Ps. 1. 23. “Warriors old with ordered spear and shield.” Milton. 2. To give an order to; to command; as to order troops to advance. 3. To give an order for; to secure by an order; as to order a carriage; to order groceries. 4. (Eccl.) To admit to holy orders; to ordain; to receive into the ranks of the ministry. “These ordered folk be especially titled to God.” Chaucer. “Persons presented to be ordered deacons.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. Order arms (Mil.), the command at which a rifle is brought to a position with its but resting on the ground; also the position taken at such a command.

Or´der, v. i. To give orders; to issue commands.

Or´der•a•ble , a. Capable of being ordered; tractable. [R.] “Being very orderable in all his sickness.” Fuller.

Or´der•er , n. 1. One who puts in order, arranges, methodizes, or regulates. 2. One who gives orders.

Or´der•ing, n. Disposition; distribution; management. South.

Or´der•less, a. Being without order or regularity; disorderly; out of rule.

Or´der•li•ness , n. The state or quality of being orderly.

Or´der•ly, a. 1. Conformed to order; in order; regular; as an orderly course or plan. Milton. 2. Observant of order, authority, or rule; hence, obedient; quiet; peaceable; not unruly; as orderly children; an orderly community. 3. Performed in good or established order; well-regulated. ´An orderly … march.´ Clarendon. 4. Being on duty; keeping order; conveying orders. ´Aids-de-camp and orderly men.´ Sir W. Scott. Orderly book (Mil.), a book for every company, in which the general and regimental orders are recorded. — Orderly officer, the officer of the day, or that officer of a corps or regiment whose turn it is to supervise for the day the arrangements for food, cleanliness, etc. Farrow. — Orderly room. (a) The court of the commanding officer, where charges against the men of the regiment are tried. (b) The office of the commanding officer, usually in the barracks, whence orders emanate. Farrow. — Orderly sergeant, the first sergeant of a company.

Or´der•ly , adv. According to due order; regularly; methodically; duly. “You are blunt; go to it orderly.” Shak.

Or´der•ly, n.; pl. Orderlies . 1. (Mil.) A noncommissioned officer or soldier who attends a superior officer to carry his orders, or to render other service. “Orderlies were appointed to watch the palace.” Macaulay. 2. A street sweeper. [Eng.] Mayhew.

Or•di•na•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being ordained or appointed. [Obs.] Bp. Bull.

Or´di•na•ble , a. [See Ordinate, Ordain.] Capable of being ordained or appointed. [Obs.]

Or´di•nal , a. [L. ordinalis, fr. ordo, ordinis, order. See Order.] 1. Indicating order or succession; as the ordinal numbers, first, second, third, etc. 2. Of or pertaining to an order.

Or´di•nal, n. 1. A word or number denoting order or succession. 2. (Ch. of Eng.) The book of forms for making, ordaining, and consecrating bishops, priests, and deacons. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A book containing the rubrics of the Mass. [Written also ordinale.]

Or´di•nal•ism , n. The state or quality of being ordinal. [R.] Latham.

Or´di•nance , n. [OE. ordenance, OF. ordenance, F. ordonnance. See Ordain, and cf. Ordnance, Ordonnance.] 1. Orderly arrangement; preparation; provision. [Obs.] Spenser. “They had made their ordinance
Of victual, and of other purveyance.” Chaucer. 2. A rule established by authority; a permanent rule of action; a statute, law, regulation, rescript, or accepted usage; an edict or decree; esp., a local law enacted by a municipal government; as a municipal ordinance. “Thou wilt die by God’s just ordinance.” Shak. “By custom and the ordinance of times.” Shak. “Walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless.” Luke i. 6. Acts of Parliament are sometimes called ordinances; also certain colonial laws and certain acts of Congress under Confederation; as the ordinance of 1787 for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River; the colonial ordinance of 1641, or 1647. This word is often used in Scripture in the sense of a law or statute of sovereign power. Ex. xv. 25. Num. x. 8. Ezra iii. 10. Its most frequent application now in the United States is to laws and regulations of municipal corporations. Wharton (Law Dict.). 3. (Eccl.) An established rite or ceremony. 4. Rank; order; station. [Obs.] Shak. 5. [See Ordnance.] Ordnance; cannon. [Obs.] Shak.

Or´di•nand , n. [L. ordinandus, gerundive of ordinare. See Ordain.] One about to be ordained.

Or´di•nant , a. [L. ordinans, p. pr. of ordinare. See Ordain.] Ordaining; decreeing. [Obs.] Shak.

Or´di•nant, n. One who ordains. F. G. Lee.

Or´di•na•ri•ly , adv. According to established rules or settled method; as a rule; commonly; usually; in most cases; as a winter more than ordinarily severe. “Those who ordinarily pride themselves not a little upon their penetration.” I. Taylor.

Or´di•na•ry , a. [L. ordinarius, fr. ordo, ordinis, order: cf. F. ordinaire. See Order.] 1. According to established order; methodical; settled; regular. ´The ordinary forms of law.´ Addison. 2. Common; customary; usual. Shak. “Method is not less reguisite in ordinary conversation that in writing.” Addison. 3. Of common rank, quality, or ability; not distinguished by superior excellence or beauty; hence, not distinguished in any way; commonplace; inferior; of little merit; as men of ordinary judgment; an ordinary book. “An ordinary lad would have acquired little or no useful knowledge in such a way.” Macaulay. Ordinary seaman (Naut.), one not expert or fully skilled, and hence ranking below an able seaman. Syn. — Normal; common; usual; customary. See Normal. — Ordinary, Common. A thing is common in which many persons share or partake; as a common practice. A thing is ordinary when it is apt to come round in the regular common order or succession of events.

Or´di•na•ry, n.; pl. Ordinaries (-riz). 1. (Law) (a) (Roman Law) An officer who has original jurisdiction in his own right, and not by deputation. (b) (Eng. Law) One who has immediate jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical; an ecclesiastical judge; also a deputy of the bishop, or a clergyman appointed to perform divine service for condemned criminals and assist in preparing them for death. (c) (Am. Law) A judicial officer, having generally the powers of a judge of probate or a surrogate. 2. The mass; the common run. [Obs.] “I see no more in you than in the ordinary
Of nature’s salework.” Shak. 3. That which is so common, or continued, as to be considered a settled establishment or institution. [R.] “Spain had no other wars save those which were grown into an ordinary.” Bacon. 4. Anything which is in ordinary or common use. “Water buckets, wagons, cart wheels, plow socks, and other ordinaries.” Sir W. Scott. 5. A dining room or eating house where a meal is prepared for all comers, at a fixed price for the meal, in distinction from one where each dish is separately charged; a table d’hôte; hence, also the meal furnished at such a dining room. Shak. “All the odd words they have picked up in a coffeehouse, or a gaming ordinary, are produced as flowers of style.” Swift. “He exacted a tribute for licenses to hawkers and peddlers and to ordinaries.” Bancroft. 6. (Her.) A charge or bearing of simple form, one of nine or ten which are in constant use. The bend, chevron, chief, cross, fesse, pale, and saltire are uniformly admitted as ordinaries. Some authorities include bar, bend sinister, pile, and others. See Subordinary. In ordinary. (a) In actual and constant service; statedly attending and serving; as a physician or chaplain in ordinary. An ambassador in ordinary is one constantly resident at a foreign court. (b) (Naut.) Out of commission and laid up; — said of a naval vessel. — Ordinary of the Mass (R. C. Ch.), the part of the Mass which is the same every day; — called also the canon of the Mass.

Or´di•na•ry•ship , n. The state of being an ordinary. [R.] Fuller.

Or´di•nate , a. [L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare. See Ordain.] Well-ordered; orderly; regular; methodical. ´A life blissful and ordinate.´ Chaucer. Ordinate figure (Math.), a figure whose sides and angles are equal; a regular figure.

Or´di•nate, n. (Geom.) The distance of any point in a curve or a straight line, measured on a line called the axis of ordinates or on a line parallel to it, from another line called the axis of abscissas, on which the corresponding abscissa of the point is measured. The ordinate and abscissa, taken together, are called coördinates, and define the position of the point with reference to the two axes named, the intersection of which is called the origin of coördinates. See Coordinate.

Or´di•nate , v. t. To appoint, to regulate; to harmonize. Bp. Hall.

Or´di•nate•ly , adv. In an ordinate manner; orderly. Chaucer. Skelton.

Or•di•na´tion , n. [L. ordinatio: cf. F. ordination.] 1. The act of ordaining, appointing, or setting apart; the state of being ordained, appointed, etc. “The holy and wise ordination of God.” Jer. Taylor. “Virtue and vice have a natural ordination to the happiness and misery of life respectively.” Norris. 2. (Eccl.) The act of setting apart to an office in the Christian ministry; the conferring of holy orders. 3. Disposition; arrangement; order. [R.] Angle of ordination (Geom.), the angle between the axes of coördinates.

Or´di•na•tive , a. [L. ordinativus.] Tending to ordain; directing; giving order. [R.] Gauden.

Or´di•na•tor , n. [L.] One who ordains or establishes; a director. [R.] T. Adams.

Ord´nance , n. [From OE. ordenance, referring orig. to the bore or size of the cannon. See Ordinance.] Heavy weapons of warfare; cannon, or great guns, mortars, and howitzers; artillery; sometimes, a general term for all weapons and appliances used in war. “All the battlements their ordnance fire.” Shak. “Then you may hear afar off the awful roar of his [Rufus Choate’s] rifled ordnance.” E. Ererett. Ordnance survey, the official survey of Great Britain and Ireland, conducted by the ordnance department.

Or´don•nance , n. [F. See Ordinance.] (Fine Arts) The disposition of the parts of any composition with regard to one another and the whole. “Their dramatic ordonnance of the parts.” Coleridge.

Or´don•nant , a. [F., p. pr. of ordonner. See Ordinant.] Of or pertaining to ordonnance. Dryden.

Or•do´vi•an , a. & n. (Geol.) Ordovician.

Or•do•vi´cian , a. [From L. Ordovices, a Celtic people in Wales.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to a division of the Silurian formation, corresponding in general to the Lower Silurian of most authors, exclusive of the Cambrian. — n. The Ordovician formation.

Or´dure , n. [F. ordure, OF. ord filthy, foul, fr. L. horridus horrid. See Horrid.] 1. Dung; excrement; faeces. Shak. 2. Defect; imperfection; fault. [Obs.] Holland.

Or´dur•ous , a. Of or pertaining to ordure; filthy. Drayton.

Ore (or), n. [AS. ar.] Honor; grace; favor; mercy; clemency; happy augry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ore, n. [AS. ara; cf. ar brass, bronze, akin to OHG. er, G. ehern brazen, Icel. eir brass, Goth. ais, L. aes, Skr. ayas iron. rad.210. Cf. Ora, Era.] 1. The native form of a metal, whether free and uncombined, as gold, copper, etc., or combined, as iron, lead, etc. Usually the ores contain the metals combined with oxygen, sulphur, arsenic, etc. (called mineralizers). 2. (Mining) A native metal or its compound with the rock in which it occurs, after it has been picked over to throw out what is worthless. 3. Metal; as the liquid ore. [R.] Milton. Ore hearth, a low furnace in which rich lead ore is reduced; — also called Scotch hearth. Raymond.

O´re•ad , n. [L. Oreas, - adis, Gr. ’Oreia•s, -a•dos, fr. ’o•ros mountain: cf. F. oreade.] (Class. Myth.) One of the nymphs of mountains and grottoes. “Like a wood nymph light,
Oread or Dryad.” Milton.

O•re´a•des , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of butterflies which includes the satyrs. See Satyr, 2.

O•rec´tic , a. [Gr. ’orektiko•s, fr. ’o•rexis, yearning after, from ’ore•gein to reach after.] (Philos.) Of or pertaining to the desires; hence, impelling to gratification; appetitive.

Or´e•gon grape (or´e•gon grap•). (Bot.) An evergreen species of barberry (Berberis Aquifolium), of Oregon and California; also its roundish, blue- black berries.

O´re•ide , n. See Oroide.

O´re•o•don , n. [Gr. ’o•ros, -eos, mountain + ’odoy•s, ’odo•ntos, tooth.] (Paleon) A genus of extinct herbivorous mammals, abundant in the Tertiary formation of the Rocky Mountains. It is more or less related to the camel, hog, and deer.

O´re•o•dont , a. (Paleon.) Resembling, or allied to, the genus Oreodon.

O•re•o•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to oreography.

O•re•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’o•ros, -eos, mountain + -graphy.] The science of mountains; orography.

O•re•os´e•lin , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance which is obtained indirectly from the root of an umbelliferous plant (Imperatoria Oreoselinum), and yields resorcin on decomposition.

O•re•o•so´ma , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ’o•ros, -eos, mountain + body.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small oceanic fishes, remarkable for the large conical tubercles which cover the under surface.

Ore´weed , n. Same as Oarweed.

Ore´wood , n. Same as Oarweed. { Orf , Or´fe } n. (Zoöl.) A bright-colored domesticated variety of the id. See Id.

Orf´gild , n. [AS. orf, yrfe, cattle, property + gild, gield, money, fine.] (O. Eng. Law) Restitution for cattle; a penalty for taking away cattle. Cowell.

Or´fray , n. [F. orfraie. Cf. Osprey, Ossifrage.] (Zoöl.) The osprey. [Obs.] Holland.

Or´frays , n. [OF. orfrais, F. orfroi; F. or gold + fraise, frise, fringe, ruff. See Fraise, and cf. Auriphrygiate.] See Orphrey. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Or´gal , n. (Chem.) See Argol. [Obs.]

Or´gan , n. [L. organum, Gr. ; akin to work, and E. work: cf. F. organe. See Work, and cf. Orgue, Orgy.] 1. An instrument or medium by which some important action is performed, or an important end accomplished; as legislatures, courts, armies, taxgatherers, etc., are organs of government. 2. (Biol.) A natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well- being of the whole; as the heart, lungs, etc., are organs of animals; the root, stem, foliage, etc., are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. Groups of organs constitute a system. See System. 3. A component part performing an essential office in the working of any complex machine; as the cylinder, valves, crank, etc., are organs of the steam engine. 4. A medium of communication between one person or body and another; as the secretary of state is the organ of communication between the government and a foreign power; a newspaper is the organ of its editor, or of a party, sect, etc. 5. [Cf. AS. organ, fr. L. organum.] (Mus.) A wind instrument containing numerous pipes of various dimensions and kinds, which are filled with wind from a bellows, and played upon by means of keys similar to those of a piano, and sometimes by foot keys or pedals; — formerly used in the plural, each pipe being considired an organ. “The deep, majestic, solemn organs blow.” Pope. Chaucer used the form orgon as a plural. “The merry orgon … that in the church goon [go].” Barrel organ, Choir organ, Great organ, etc. See under Barrel, Choir, etc. — Cabinet organ (Mus.), an organ of small size, as for a chapel or for domestic use; a reed organ. — Organ bird (Zoöl.), a Tasmanian crow shrike (Gymnorhina organicum). It utters discordant notes like those of a hand organ out of tune. — Organ fish (Zoöl.), the drumfish. — Organ gun. (Mil.) Same as Orgue (b). — Organ harmonium (Mus.), an harmonium of large capacity and power. — Organ of Gorti (Anat.), a complicated structure in the cochlea of the ear, including the auditory hair cells, the rods or fibers of Corti, the membrane of Corti, etc. See Note under Ear. — Organ pipe. See Pipe, n., 1. — Organ-pipe coral. (Zoöl.) See Tubipora. — Organ point (Mus.), a passage in which the tonic or dominant is sustained continuously by one part, while the other parts move.

Or´gan, v. t. To supply with an organ or organs; to fit with organs; to organize. [Obs.] “Thou art elemented and organed for other apprehensions.” Bp. Mannyngham. { Or´gan•die , Or´gan•dy } , n. [F. organdi.] A kind of transparent light muslin.

Or•gan´ic , a. [L. organicus, Gr. : cf. F. organique.] 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an organ or its functions, or to objects composed of organs; consisting of organs, or containing them; as the organic structure of animals and plants; exhibiting characters peculiar to living organisms; as organic bodies, organic life, organic remains. Cf. Inorganic. 2. Produced by the organs; as organic pleasure. [R.] 3. Instrumental; acting as instruments of nature or of art to a certain destined function or end. [R.] “Those organic arts which enable men to discourse and write perspicuously.” Milton. 4. Forming a whole composed of organs. Hence: Of or pertaining to a system of organs; inherent in, or resulting from, a certain organization; as an organic government; his love of truth was not inculcated, but organic. 5. Pertaining to, or denoting, any one of the large series of substances which, in nature or origin, are connected with vital processes, and include many substances of artificial production which may or may not occur in animals or plants; — contrasted with inorganic. The principles of organic and inorganic chemistry are identical; but the enormous number and the completeness of related series of organic compounds, together with their remarkable facility of exchange and substitution, offer an illustration of chemical reaction and homology not to be paralleled in inorganic chemistry. Organic analysis (Chem.), the analysis of organic compounds, concerned chiefly with the determination of carbon as carbon dioxide, hydrogen as water, oxygen as the difference between the sum of the others and 100 per cent, and nitrogen as free nitrogen, ammonia, or nitric oxide; — formerly called ultimate analysis, in distinction from proximate analysis. — Organic chemistry. See under Chemistry. — Organic compounds. (Chem.) See Carbon compounds, under Carbon. — Organic description of a curve (Geom.), the description of a curve on a plane by means of instruments. Brande & C. — Organic disease (Med.), a disease attended with morbid changes in the structure of the organs of the body or in the composition of its fluids; — opposed to functional disease. — Organic electricity. See under Electricity. — Organic law or laws, a law or system of laws, or declaration of principles fundamental to the existence and organization of a political or other association; a constitution. — Organic stricture (Med.), a contraction of one of the natural passages of the body produced by structural changes in its walls, as distinguished from a spasmodic stricture, which is due to muscular contraction.

Or•gan´ic•al , a. Organic. “The organical structure of human bodies, whereby they live and move.” Bentley.

Or•gan´ic•al•ly, adv. In an organic manner; by means of organs or with reference to organic functions; hence, fundamentally. Gladstone.

Or•gan´ic•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being organic.

Or•gan´i•cism , n. (Med.) The doctrine of the localization of disease, or which refers it always to a material lesion of an organ. Dunglison.

Or•gan•if´ic , a. [Organ + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy.] Making an organic or organized structure; producing an organism; acting through, or resulting from, organs. Prof. Park.

Or´gan•ism , n. [Cf. F. organisme.] 1. Organic structure; organization. ´The advantageous organism of the eye.´ Grew. 2. (Biol.) An organized being; a living body, either vegetable or animal, compozed of different organs or parts with functions which are separate, but mutually dependent, and essential to the life of the individual. Some of the lower forms of life are so simple in structure as to be without organs, but are still called organisms, since they have different parts analogous in functions to the organs of higher plants and animals.

Or´gan•ist, n. [Cf. F. organiste.] 1. (Mus.) One who plays on the organ. 2. (R. C. Ch.) One of the priests who organized or sung in parts. [Obs.]

Or•ga•nis´ta , n. [Sp., an organis.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several South American wrens, noted for the sweetness of their song.

Or•gan´i•ty , n. Organism. [R.]

Or•gan•i•za•bil´i•ty , n. Quality of being organizable; capability of being organized.

Or´gan•i•za•ble , a. Capable of being organized; esp. (Biol.), capable of being formed into living tissue; as organizable matter.

Or•gan•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. organisation.] 1. The act of organizing; the act of arranging in a systematic way for use or action; as the organization of an army, or of a deliberative body. ´The first organization of the general government.´ Pickering. 2. The state of being organized; also the relations included in such a state or condition. “What is organization but the connection of parts in and for a whole, so that each part is, at once, end and means?” Coleridge. 3. That which is organized; an organized existence; an organism; specif. (Biol.), an arrangement of parts for the performance of the functions necessary to life. “The cell may be regarded as the most simple, the most common, and the earliest form of organization.” McKendrick.

Or´gan•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Organized p. pr. & vb. n. Organizing ] [Cf. F. organiser, Gr. . See Organ.] 1. (Biol.) To furnish with organs; to give an organic structure to; to endow with capacity for the functions of life; as an organized being; organized matter; — in this sense used chiefly in the past participle. “These nobler faculties of the mind, matter organized could never produce.” Ray. 2. To arrange or constitute in parts, each having a special function, act, office, or relation; to systematize; to get into working order; — applied to products of the human intellect, or to human institutions and undertakings, as a science, a government, an army, a war, etc. “This original and supreme will organizes the government.” Cranch. 3. (Mus.) To sing in parts; as to organize an anthem. [R.] Busby.

Or´gan•i•zer , n. One who organizes.

Or´gan•ling , n. (Zoöl.) A large kind of sea fish; the orgeis.

Or´ga•no- [See Organ.] A combining form denoting relation to, or connection with, an organ or organs.

Or•gan´o•gen , n. [Organo- + -gen.] (Chem.) A name given to any one of the four elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, which are especially characteristic ingredients of organic compounds; also by extension, to other elements sometimes found in the same connection; as sulphur, phosphorus, etc.

Or•ga•no•gen´e•sis , n. [Organo- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) The origin and development of organs in animals and plants. 2. (Biol.) The germ history of the organs and systems of organs, — a branch of morphogeny. Haeckel.

Or•ga•no•gen´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to organogenesis.

Or•ga•nog´e•ny , n. (Biol.) Organogenesis. { Or•ga•no•graph´ic , Or•ga•no•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. organographique.] Of or pertaining to organography.

Or•ga•nog´ra•phist , n. One versed in organography.

Or•ga•nog´ra•phy , n. [Organo- + -graphy: cf. F. organographie.] A description of the organs of animals or plants.

Or•ga•no•lep´tic , a. [F. organoleptique, fr. Gr. an organ + to lay hold of.] (Physiol.) Making an impression upon an organ; plastic; - - said of the effect or impression produced by any substance on the organs of touch, taste, or smell, and also on the organism as a whole.

Or•ga•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or relating to organology.

Or•ga•nol´o•gy , n. [Organ + -logy: cf. F. organologie.] 1. The science of organs or of anything considered as an organic structure. “The science of style, as an organ of thought, of style in relation to the ideas and feelings, might be called the organology of style.” De Quincey. 2. That branch of biology which treats, in particular, of the organs of animals and plants. See Morphology.

Or•ga•no•me•tal´lic , a. (Chem.) Metalorganic. { Or´ga•non , Or´ga•num } n. [NL. organon, L. organum. See Organ.] An organ or instrument; hence, a method by which philosophical or scientific investigation may be conducted; — a term adopted from the Aristotelian writers by Lord Bacon, as the title (´Novum Organon´) of part of his treatise on philosophical method. Sir. W. Hamilton.

Or•ga•non´y•my , n. [Organo- + Gr., for , a name.] (Biol.) The designation or nomenclature of organs. B. G. Wilder.

Or•ga•noph´y•ly , n. [Organo- + Gr. clan.] (Biol.) The tribal history of organs, — a branch of morphophyly. Haeckel.

Or•ga•no•plas´tic , a. [Organo- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Having the property of producing the tissues or organs of animals and plants; as the organoplastic cells.

Or•ga•nos´co•py , n. [Organo- + -scopy.] Phrenology. Fleming.

Or•ga•no•troph´ic , a. [Organo- + Gr. to nourish.] (Biol.) Relating to the creation, organization, and nutrition of living organs or parts.

Or´gan•ule , n. [Dim. of organ.] (Anat.) One of the essential cells or elements of an organ. See Sense organule, under Sense. Huxley.

Or´ga•ny , n. [AS. Organe, from the Latin. See Origan.] (Bot.) See Origan.

Or´gan•zine , n. [F. organsin; cf. Sp. organsino, It. organzino.] A kind of double thrown silk of very fine texture, that is, silk twisted like a rope with different strands, so as to increase its strength.

Or´gasm , n. [F. orgasme; cf. Gr. a kneading, softening, prob. confused with to swell, espicially with lust; to feel an ardent desire.] (Physiol.) Eager or immoderate excitement or action; the state of turgescence of any organ; erethism; esp., the height of venereal excitement in sexual intercourse.

Or´geat , n. [F., fr. orge barley, L. hordeum.] A sirup in which, formerly, a decoction of barley entered, but which is now prepared with an emulsion of almonds, — used to flavor beverages or edibles.

Or´ge•is , n. (Zoöl.) See Organling.

Or•gi•as´tic , a. [Gr. . See Orgy.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, orgies. Elton.

Or´gies , n. pl.; sing. Orgy . [The singular is rarely used.] [F. orgie, orgies, L. orgia, pl., Gr. ; akin to work. See Organ, and Work.] 1. A sacrifice accompanied by certain ceremonies in honor of some pagan deity; especially, the ceremonies observed by the Greeks and Romans in the worship of Dionysus, or Bacchus, which were characterized by wild and dissolute revelry. “As when, with crowned cups, unto the Elian god,
Those priests high orgies held.” Drayton. 2. Drunken revelry; a carouse. B. Jonson. Tennyson.

Or´gil•lous , a. [OF. orguillous, F. orgueilleux, fr. OF. orgoil pride, F. orgueil.] Proud; haughty. [Obs.] Shak.

Orgue , n. [F., fr. L. organum organ, Gr. . See Organ.] (Mil.) (a) Any one of a number of long, thick pieces of timber, pointed and shod with iron, and suspended, each by a separate rope, over a gateway, to be let down in case of attack. (b) A piece of ordnance, consisting of a number of musket barrels arranged so that a match or train may connect with all their touchholes, and a discharge be secured almost or quite simultaneously.

Or´gu•lous , a. See Orgillous. [Obs.]

Or´gy , n.; pl. Orgies . A frantic revel; drunken revelry. See Orgies

Or•gy´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the length of the outstretched arms. So named because, when at rest, it stretches forward its fore legs like arms.] (Zoöl.). A genus of bombycid moths whose caterpillars (esp. those of Orgyia leucostigma) are often very injurious to fruit trees and shade trees. The female is wingless. Called also vaporer moth.

Or´i•calche , n. [Obs.] See Orichalch. “Costly oricalche from strange Phœnice.” Spenser.

Or•i•chal´ce•ous , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, orichalch; having a color or luster like that of brass. Maunder.

Or´i•chalch , n. [L. orichalcum, Gr. ; ’o•ros, mountain + chalko•s brass: cf. F. orichalque.] A metallic substance, resembling gold in color, but inferior in value; a mixed metal of the ancients, resembling brass; — called also aurichalcum, orichalcum, etc.

O´ri•el , n. [OF. oriol gallery, corridor, LL. oriolum portico, hall, prob. fr. L. aureolus gilded, applied to an apartment decorated with gilding. See Oriole.] [Formerly written also oriol, oryal, oryall.] 1. A gallery for minstrels. [Obs.] W. Hamper. 2. A small apartment next a hall, where certain persons were accustomed to dine; a sort of recess. [Obs.] Cowell. 3. (Arch.) A bay window. See Bay window. “The beams that thro’ the oriel shine
Make prisms in every carven glass.” Tennyson. There is no generally admitted difference between a bay window and an oriel. In the United States the latter name is often applied to bay windows which are small, and either polygonal or round; also to such as are corbeled out from the wall instead of resting on the ground.

O´ri•en•cy , n. [See Orient.] Brightness or strength of color. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

O´ri•ent , a. [F., fr. L. oriens, -entis, p. pr. of oriri to rise. See Origin.] 1. Rising, as the sun. “Moon, that now meet’st the orient sun.” Milton. 2. Eastern; oriental. ´The orient part.´ Hakluyt. 3. Bright; lustrous; superior; pure; perfect; pellucid; — used of gems and also figuratively, because the most perfect jewels are found in the East. ´Pearls round and orient.´ Jer. Taylor. ´Orient gems.´ Wordsworth. ´Orient liquor in a crystal glass.´ Milton.

O´ri•ent, n. 1. The part of the horizon where the sun first appears in the morning; the east. “[Morn] came furrowing all the orient into gold.” Tennyson. 2. The countries of Asia or the East. Chaucer. “Best built city throughout the Orient.” Sir T. Herbert. 3. A pearl of great luster. [R.] Carlyle.

O´ri•ent , v. t. [F. orienter. Cf. Orientate.] 1. To define the position of, in relation to the orient or east; hence, to ascertain the bearings of. 2. Fig.: To correct or set right by recurring to first principles; to arrange in order; to orientate.

O•ri•en´tal , a. [L. orientalis: cf. F. oriental.] Of or pertaining to the orient or east; eastern; concerned with the East or Orientalism; — opposed to occidental; as Oriental countries. “The sun’s ascendant and oriental radiations.” Sir T. Browne.

O•ri•en´tal, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Orient or some Eastern part of the world; an Asiatic. 2. pl. (Eccl.) Eastern Christians of the Greek rite.

O•ri•en´tal•ism , n. [Cf. F. orientalisme.] 1. Any system, doctrine, custom, expression, etc., peculiar to Oriental people. 2. Knowledge or use of Oriental languages, history, literature, etc. London Quart. Rev.

O•ri•en´tal•ist, n. [Cf. F. orientaliste.] 1. An inhabitant of the Eastern parts of the world; an Oriental. 2. One versed in Eastern languages, literature, etc.; as the Paris Congress of Orientalists. Sir J. Shore.

O•ri•en•tal´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being oriental or eastern. Sir T. Browne.

O•ri•en´tal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orientalized p. pr. & vb. n. Orientalizing ] to render Oriental; to cause to conform to Oriental manners or conditions.

O´ri•en•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orientated p. pr. & vb. n. Orientating.] [From Orient.] 1. To place or turn toward the east; to cause to assume an easterly direction, or to veer eastward. 2. To arrange in order; to dispose or place (a body) so as to show its relation to other bodies, or the relation of its parts among themselves. “A crystal is orientated when placed in its proper position so as to exhibit its symmetry.” E. S. Dana.

O´ri•en•tate, v. i. To move or turn toward the east; to veer from the north or south toward the east.

O•ri•en•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. orientation.] 1. The act or process of orientating; determination of the points of the compass, or the east point, in taking bearings. 2. The tendency of a revolving body, when suspended in a certain way, to bring the axis of rotation into parallelism with the earth’s axis. 3. An aspect or fronting to the east; especially (Arch.), the placing of a church so that the chancel, containing the altar toward which the congregation fronts in worship, will be on the east end. 4. Fig.: A return to first principles; an orderly arrangement. “The task of orientation undertaken in this chapter.” L. F. Ward.

O´ri•ent•ness , n. The quality or state of being orient or bright; splendor. [Obs.] Fuller.

Or´i•fice , n. [F., from L. orificium; os, oris, a mouth + facere to make. See Oral, and Fact.] A mouth or aperture, as of a tube, pipe, etc.; an opening; as the orifice of an artery or vein; the orifice of a wound. Shak. “Etna was bored through the top with a monstrous orifice.” Addison. { Or´i•flamb , Or´i•flamme } , n. [F. oriflamme, OF. oriflambe, LL. auriflamma; L. aurum gold + flamma flame; cf. L. flammula a little banner. So called because it was a flag of red silk, split into many points, and borne on a gilded lance.] 1. The ancient royal standard of France. 2. A standard or ensign, in battle. ´A handkerchief like an oriflamb.´ Longfellow. “And be your oriflamme to-day the helmet of Navarre.” Macaulay. { Or´i•gan , O•rig´a•num } n. [L. origanum, Gr. , , prob. fr. ’o•ros, mountain + brightness, beauty. Cf. Organy.] (Bot.) A genus of aromatic labiate plants, including the sweet marjoram (O. Marjorana) and the wild marjoram (O. vulgare). Spenser.

Or´i•gen•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The opinions of Origen of Alexandria, who lived in the 3d century, one of the most learned of the Greek Fathers. Prominent in his teaching was the doctrine that all created beings, including Satan, will ultimately be saved.

Or´i•gen•ist, n. A follower of Origen of Alexandria.

Or´i•gin , n. [F. origine, L. origo, -iginis, fr. oriri to rise, become visible; akin to Gr. ’orny•nai to stir up, rouse, Skr. r, and perh. to E. run.] 1. The first existence or beginning of anything; the birth. “This mixed system of opinion and sentiment had its origin in the ancient chivalry.” Burke. 2. That from which anything primarily proceeds; the fountain; the spring; the cause; the occasion. 3. (Anat.) The point of attachment or end of a muscle which is fixed during contraction; — in contradistinction to insertion. Origin of coördinate axes (Math.), the point where the axes intersect. See Note under Ordinate. Syn. — Commencement; rise; source; spring; fountain; derivation; cause; root; foundation. — Origin, Source. Origin denotes the rise or commencement of a thing; source presents itself under the image of a fountain flowing forth in a continuous stream of influences. The origin of moral evil has been much disputed, but no one can doubt that it is the source of most of the calamities of our race. “I think he would have set out just as he did, with the origin of ideas — the proper starting point of a grammarian, who is to treat of their signs.” Tooke. “Famous Greece,
That source of art and cultivated thought
Which they to Rome, and Romans hither, brought.” Waller.

O•rig´i•na•ble , a. Capable of being originated.

O•rig´i•nal , a. [F. original, L. originalis.] 1. Pertaining to the origin or beginning; preceding all others; first in order; primitive; primary; pristine; as the original state of man; the original laws of a country; the original inventor of a process. “His form had yet not lost
All her original brightness.” Milton. 2. Not copied, imitated, or translated; new; fresh; genuine; as an original thought; an original process; the original text of Scripture. 3. Having the power to suggest new thoughts or combinations of thought; inventive; as an original genius. 4. Before unused or unknown; new; as a book full of original matter. Original sin (Theol.), the first sin of Adam, as related to its consequences to his descendants of the human race; — called also total depravity. See Calvinism.

O•rig´i•nal, n. [Cf. F. original.] 1. Origin; commencement; source. “It hath it original from much grief.” Shak. “And spangled heavens, a shining frame,
Their great Original proclaim.” Addison. 2. That which precedes all others of its class; archetype; first copy; hence, an original work of art, manuscript, text, and the like, as distinguished from a copy, translation, etc. “The Scriptures may be now read in their own original.” Milton. 3. An original thinker or writer; an originator. [R.] “Men who are bad at copying, yet are good originals.” C. G. Leland. 4. A person of marked eccentricity. [Colloq.] 5. (Zoöl. & Bot.) The natural or wild species from which a domesticated or cultivated variety has been derived; as the wolf is thought by some to be the original of the dog, the blackthorn the original of the plum.

O•rig´i•nal•ist, n. One who is original. [R.]

O•rig•i•nal´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. originalite.] The quality or state of being original. Macaulay.

O•rig´i•nal•ly , adv. 1. In the original time, or in an original manner; primarily; from the beginning or origin; not by derivation, or imitation. “God is originally holy in himself.” Bp. Pearson. 2. At first; at the origin; at the time of formation or costruction; as a book originally written by another hand. ´Originally a half length [portrait].´ Walpole.

O•rig´i•nal•ness , n. The quality of being original; originality. [R.] Johnson.

O•rig´i•nant , a. Originating; original. [R.] “An absolutely originant act of self will.” Prof. Shedd.

O•rig´i•na•ry , a. [L. originarius: cf. F. originaire.] 1. Causing existence; productive. [R.] “The production of animals, in the originary way, requires a certain degree of warmth.” Cheyne. 2. Primitive; primary; original. [R.] “The grand originary right of all rights.” Hickok.

O•rig´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Originated p. pr. & vb. n. Originating.] [From Origin.] To give an origin or beginning to; to cause to be; to bring into existence; to produce as new. “A decomposition of the whole civill and political mass, for the purpose of originating a new civil order.” Burke.

O•rig´i•nate, v. i. To take first existence; to have origin or beginning; to begin to exist or act; as the scheme originated with the governor and council.

O•rig•i•na´tion , n. [L. originatio.] 1. The act or process of bringing or coming into existence; first production. ´The origination of the universe.´ Keill. “What comes from spirit is a spontaneous origination.” Hickok. 2. Mode of production, or bringing into being. “This eruca is propagated by animal parents, to wit, butterflies, after the common origination of all caterpillars.” Ray.

O•rig´i•na•tive , a. Having power, or tending, to originate, or bring into existence; originating. H. Bushnell. — O•rig´i•na•tive•ly, adv.

O•rig´i•na•tor , n. One who originates.

O•ril´lon , n. [F., lit., a little ear, from oreille an ear, fr. L. oricula, auricula, dim. of auris an ear. See Ear.] (Fort.) A semicircular projection made at the shoulder of a bastion for the purpose of covering the retired flank, — found in old fortresses.

O´ri•ol , n. See Oriel.

O´ri•ole , n. [OF. oriol, oriouz, orieus, F. loriot (for l’oriol), fr. L. aureolus golden, dim. of aureus golden, fr. aurum gold. Cf. Aureole, Oriel, Loriot.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of various species of Old World singing birds of the family Oriolidae. They are usually conspicuously colored with yellow and black. The European or golden oriole (Oriolus galbula, or O. oriolus) has a very musical flutelike note. (b) In America, any one of several species of the genus Icterus, belonging to the family Icteridae. See Baltimore oriole, and Orchard oriole, under Orchard. Crested oriole. (Zoöl.) See Cassican.

O•ri´on , n. [L., fr. Gr. , orig., a celebrated hunter in the oldest Greek mythology, after whom this constellation was named.] (Astron.) A large and bright constellation on the equator, between the stars Aldebaran and Sirius. It contains a remarkable nebula visible to the naked eye. “The flaming glories of Orion’s belt.” E. Everett.

O•ris´ka•ny , a. [From Oriskany, in New York.] (Geol.) Designating, or pertaining to, certain beds, chiefly limestone, characteristic of the latest period of the Silurian age. Oriskany period, a subdivision of the American Paleozoic system intermediate or translational in character between the Silurian and Devonian ages. See Chart of Geology.

O•ris•mo•log´ic•al , a. (Nat. Hist.) Of or pertaining to orismology.

O•ris•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a marking out by boundaries, the definition of a word + -logy. See Horizon.] That departament of natural history which treats of technical terms.

Or´i•son , n. [OF. orison, oreson, oreison, F. oraison, fr. L. oratio speech, prayer. See Oration.] A prayer; a supplication. [Poetic] Chaucer. Shak. “Lowly they bowed, adoring, and began
Their orisons, each morning duly paid.” Milton.

Or´i•sont , n. Horizon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ork , n. (Zoöl.) See Orc.

Ork´ney•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Orkney islands. ´Orkneyan skerries.´ Longfellow.

Orle , n. [F. orle an orle, a fillet, fr. LL. orla border, dim. of L. ora border, margin.] 1. (Her.) A bearing, in the form of a fillet, round the shield, within, but at some distance from, the border. 2. (Her.) The wreath, or chaplet, surmounting or encircling the helmet of a knight and bearing the crest. In orle, round the escutcheon, leaving the middle of the field vacant, or occupied by something else; — said of bearings arranged on the shield in the form of an orle.

Or´le•ans , n. [So called from the city of Orleans, in France.] 1. A cloth made of worsted and cotton, — used for wearing apparel. 2. A variety of the plum. See under Plum. [Eng.]

Or´lo , n. [Sp.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of music in use among the Spaniards.

Or´lop , n. [D. overloop the upper deck, lit., a running over or overflowing, fr. overloopen to run over. See Over, and Leap, and cf. Overloop.] (Naut.) The lowest deck of a vessel, esp. of a ship of war, consisting of a platform laid over the beams in the hold, on which the cables are coiled.

Or´mer , n. (Zoöl.) An abalone.

Or•mo•lu´ , n. [F. or moulu; or gold (L. aurum) + moulu, p. p. of moudre to grind, to mill, L. molere. See Aureate, and Mill.] A variety of brass made to resemble gold by the use of less zinc and more copper in its composition than ordinary brass contains. Its golden color is often heightened by means of lacquer of some sort, or by use of acids. Called also mosaic gold. Ormolu varnish, a varnish applied to metals, as brass, to give the appearance of gold.

Or´muzd , n. [Zend Ahuramazda.] The good principle, or being, of the ancient Persian religion. See Ahriman.

Orn , v. t. To ornament; to adorn. [Obs.] Joye.

Or´na•ment , n. [OE. ornement, F. ornement, fr. L. ornamentum, fr. ornare to adorn.] That which embellishes or adorns; that which adds grace or beauty; embellishment; decoration; adornment. “The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.” 1 Pet. iii. 4. “Like that long-buried body of the king
Found lying with his urns and ornaments.” Tennyson.

Or´na•ment , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ornamented; p. pr. & vb. n. Ornamenting.] To adorn; to deck; to embellish; to beautify; as to ornament a room, or a city. Syn. — See Adorn.

Or•na•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. ornemental.] Serving to ornament; characterized by ornament; beautifying; embellishing. “Some think it most ornamental to wear their bracelets on their wrists; others, about their ankles.” Sir T. Browne.

Or•na•men´tal•ly, adv. By way of ornament.

Or•na•men•ta´tion , n. 1. The act or art of ornamenting, or the state of being ornamented. 2. That which ornaments; ornament. C. Kingsley.

Or´na•ment•er , n. One who ornaments; a decorator.

Or•nate´ , a. [L. ornatus, p. p. of ornare to adorn.] 1. Adorned; decorated; beautiful. ´So bedecked, ornate, and gay.´ Milton. 2. Finely finished, as a style of composition. “A graceful and ornate rhetoric.” Milton.

Or•nate´, v. t. To adorn; to honor. [R.] “They may ornate and sanctify the name of God.” Latimer.

Or•nate´ly, adv. In an ornate manner. Sir T. More.

Or•nate´ness, n. The quality of being ornate.

Or´na•ture , n. [L. ornatura.] Decoration; ornamentation. [R.] Holinshed.

Or•nith´ic , a. [Gr. , , a bird.] Of or pertaining to birds; as ornithic fossils. Owen.

Or•nith•ich´nite , n. [Ornitho- + Gr. track.] (Paleon.) The footmark of a bird occurring in strata of stone. Hitchcock.

Or•nith•ich•nol´o•gy , n. [Ornitho- + ichnology.] (Paleon.) The branch of science which treats of ornithichnites. Hitchcock.

Ornitho-. [Cf. Ern.] A combining form fr. Gr. , , a bird.

Or•ni•tho•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. + the womb.] Same as Monotremata. - - Or•ni•tho•del´phid (#), a.

Or•ni•thoid•ich´nite , n. [Ornitho- + -oid + Gr. footstep, track.] (Paleon.) A fossil track resembling that of a bird. Hitchcock.

Or•nith´o•lite , n. [Ornitho- + -lite.] (Paleon.) (a) The fossil remains of a bird. (b) A stone of various colors bearing the figures of birds. { Or•ni•tho•log´ic , Or•ni•tho•log´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. ornithologique.] Of or pertaining to ornithology.

Or•ni•thol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. ornithologiste.] One skilled in ornithology; a student of ornithology; one who describes birds.

Or•ni•thol´o•gy , n. [Ornitho- + -logy: cf. F. ornithologie.] 1. That branch of zoölogy which treats of the natural history of birds and their classification. 2. A treatise or book on this science.

Or•nith´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ; , , a bird + divination: cf. F. ornithomancie.] Divination by means of birds, their flight, etc. “Ornithomancy grew into an elaborate science.” De Quincey.

Or•ni´thon , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. , , a bird.] An aviary; a poultry house. Weale.

Or•ni•tho•pap´pi , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a bird + an ancestor.] (Zoöl.) An extinct order of birds. It includes only the Archaeopteryx.

Or•ni•thop´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Ornitho-, and -poda.] (Paleon.) An order of herbivorous dinosaurs with birdlike characteristics in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind legs, which in some genera had only three functional toes, and supported the body in walking as in Iguanodon. See Illust. in Appendix.

Or•ni•tho•rhyn´chus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a bird + snout, beak.] (Zoöl.) See Duck mole, under Duck.

Or•ni•tho•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Ornitho-, and Sauria.] (Paleon.) An order of extinct flying reptiles; — called also Pterosauria.

Or•ni•tho•scel´i•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a bird + a leg.] (Zoöl.) A group of extinct Reptilia, intermediate in structure (especially with regard to the pelvis) between reptiles and birds. — Or•ni•tho•scel´i•dan (#), a.

Or•ni•thos´co•py , n. [Ornitho- + -scopy: cf. Gr. divination from birds.] Observation of birds and their habits. [R.] De Quincey.

Or•ni•tho•tom´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to ornithotomy.

Or•ni•thot´o•mist , n. One who is skilled in ornithotomy.

Or•ni•thot´o•my , n. [Gr. , , a bird + to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of birds. { Or•o•graph´ic , Or•o•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to orography.

O•rog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ’o•ros, a mountain + -graphy.] That branch of science which treats of mountains and mountain systems; orology; as the orography of Western Europe.

Or•o•hip´pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’o•ros, mountain (referring to the Rocky Mountain region) + ´i•ppos horse.] (Paleon.) A genus of American Eocene mammals allied to the horse, but having four toes in front and three behind.

O´roide , n. [F. or gold (L. aurum) + Gr. form.] An alloy, chiefly of copper and zinc or tin, resembling gold in color and brilliancy. [Written also oreide.]

Or•o•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. orologique.] Of or pertaining to orology.

O•rol´o•gist , n. One versed in orology.

O•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. mountain + -logy: cf. F. orologie.] The science or description of mountains.

O´ro•tund , a. [L. os, oris, the mouth + rotundus round, smooth.] Characterized by fullness, clearness, strength, and smoothness; ringing and musical; — said of the voice or manner of utterance. — n. The orotund voice or utterance Rush.

O•ro•tun´di•ty , n. The orotund mode of intonation.

Or´pha•line , n. See Orpheline. [Obs.]

Or´phan , n. [L. orphanus, Gr. , akin to L. orbus. Cf. Orb a blank window.] A child bereaved of both father and mother; sometimes, also a child who has but one parent living. Orphans’ court (Law), a court in some of the States of the Union, having jurisdiction over the estates and persons of orphans or other wards. Bouvier.

Or´phan, a. Bereaved of parents, or (sometimes) of one parent.

Or´phan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orphaned p. pr. & vb. n. Orphaning.] To cause to become an orphan; to deprive of parents. Young.

Or´phan•age , n. 1. The state of being an orphan; orphanhood; orphans, collectively. 2. An institution or asylum for the care of orphans.

Or´phan•cy , n. Orphanhood. Sir P. Sidney.

Or´phan•et , n. A little orphan. Drayton.

Or´phan•hood , n. The state or condition of being an orphan; orphanage.

Or´phan•ism , n. Orphanhood. [R.]

Or•phan•ot´ro•phism , n. The care and support of orphans. [R.] Cotton Mather (1711).

Or•phan•ot´ro•phy , n. [L. orphanotrophium, Gr. ; an orphan + to feed, bring up.] 1. A hospital for orphans. [R.] A. Chalmers. 2. The act of supporting orphans. [R.]

Or•pha´ri•on , n. (Mus.) An old instrument of the lute or cittern kind. [Spelt also orpheoreon.]

Or•phe´an , a. [L. Orph us, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Orpheus, the mythic poet and musician; as Orphean strains. Cowper.

Or´phe•line , n. [F. orphelin. See Orphan.] An orphan. [Obs.] Udcll.

Or´phe•us , n. [L. Orpheus, Gr. .] (Gr. Myth.) The famous mythic Thracian poet, son of the Muse Calliope, and husband of Eurydice. He is reputed to have had power to entrance beasts and inanimate objects by the music of his lyre.

Or´phic , a. [L. Orphicus, Gr. .] Pertaining to Orpheus; Orphean; as Orphic hymns.

Or´phrey , n. [See Orfrays.] A band of rich embroidery, wholly or in part of gold, affixed to vestments, especially those of ecclesiastics. Pugin.

Or´pi•ment , n. [F., fr. L. auripigmentum; aurum gold + pigmentum pigment. Cf. Aureate, Pigment, Orpin, Orpine.] (Chem.) Arsenic sesquisulphide, produced artificially as an amorphous lemonyellow powder, and occurring naturally as a yellow crystalline mineral; — formerly called auripigment. It is used in king’s yellow, in white Indian fire, and in certain technical processes, as indigo printing. “Our orpiment and sublimed mercurie.” Chaucer. Red orpiment, realgar; the red sulphide of arsenic. — Yellow orpiment, king’s yellow.

Or´pin, n. [F., orpiment, also the plant orpine. See Orpiment.] 1. A yellow pigment of various degrees of intensity, approaching also to red. 2. (Bot.) The orpine.

Or´pine , n. [F. orpin the genus of plants which includes orpine; — so called from the yellow blossoms of a common species (Sedum acre). See Orpiment.] (Bot.) A low plant with fleshy leaves (Sedum telephium), having clusters of purple flowers. It is found on dry, sandy places, and on old walls, in England, and has become naturalized in America. Called also stonecrop, and live-forever. [Written also orpin.]

Or´rach , n. See Orach.

Or´re•ry , n.; pl. Orreries (#). [So named in honor of the Earl of Orrery.] An apparatus which illustrates, by the revolution of balls moved by wheelwork, the relative size, periodic motions, positions, orbits, etc., of bodies in the solar system.

Or´ris , n. [Prob. corrupted from It. ireos iris. See Iris.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Iris (I. Florentina); a kind of flower-de- luce. Its rootstock has an odor resembling that of violets. Orris pea (Med.), an issue pea made from orris root. — Orris root, the fragrant rootstock of the orris.

Or´ris , n. 1. [Contr. from orfrays, or from arras.] A sort of gold or silver lace. Johnson. 2. A peculiar pattern in which gold lace or silver lace is worked; especially, one in which the edges are ornamented with conical figures placed at equal distances, with spots between them. { Orse´dew , Or´se•due } n. Leaf metal of bronze; Dutch metal. See under Dutch.

Or•seille´ , n. [F.] See Archil.

Or•sel´lic , a. [From F. orseille archil. See Archil.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in certain lichens, and called also lecanoric acid. [Formerly written also orseillic.]

Or•sel•lin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid obtained by a partial decomposition of orsellic acid as a white crystalline substance, and related to protocatechuic acid.

Ort , n.; pl. Orts (#). [Akin to LG. ort, ortels, remnants of food, refuse, OFries. ort, OD. oorete, ooraete; prob. from the same prefix as in E. ordeal + a word akin to eat.] A morsel left at a meal; a fragment; refuse; — commonly used in the plural. Milton. “Let him have time a beggar’s orts to crave.” Shak.

Or•ta•lid´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous small two-winged flies of the family Ortalidae. The larvae of many of these flies live in fruit; those of others produce galls on various plants.

Or´thid , n. (Zoöl.) A brachiopod shell of the genus Orthis, and allied genera, of the family Orthidae.

Or´this (ôr´this), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’orqo•s straight.] (Zoöl.) An extinct genus of Brachiopoda, abundant in the Paleozoic rocks.

Or´thite , n. [Gr. straight.] (Min.) A variety of allanite occurring in slender prismatic crystals.

Or´tho- [Gr. straight; akin to Skr. rdhva upright, vrdh to grow, to cause to grow.] 1. A combining form signifying straight, right, upright, correct, regular; as orthodromy, orthodiagonal, orthodox, orthographic. 2. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively), designating: (a) (Inorganic Chem.) The one of several acids of the same element (as the phosphoric acids), which actually occurs with the greatest number of hydroxyl groups; as orthophosphoric acid. Cf. Normal. (b) (Organic Chem.) Connection with, or affinity to, one variety of isomerism, characteristic of the benzene compounds; — contrasted with meta- or para-; as the ortho position; hence, designating any substance showing such isomerism; as an ortho compound. In the graphic representation of the benzene nucleus (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), provisionally adopted, any substance exhibiting double substitution in adjacent and contiguous carbon atoms, as 1 & 2, 3 & 4, 4 & 5, etc., is designated by ortho-; as orthoxylene; any substance exhibiting substitution of two carbon atoms with one intervening, as 1 & 3, 2 & 4, 3 & 5, 4 & 6, etc., by meta-; as resorcin or metaxylene; any substance exhibiting substitution in opposite parts, as 1 & 4, 2 & 5, 3 & 6, by para-; as hydroquinone or paraxylene.

Or•tho•car•bon´ic , a. [Ortho- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Designating a complex ether, C.(OC2H5)4, which is obtained as a liquid of a pleasant ethereal odor by means of chlorpicrin, and is believed to be a derivative of the hypothetical normal carbonic acid, C.(OH)4.

Or•tho•cen´ter , n. [Ortho- + center.] (Geom.) That point in which the three perpendiculars let fall from the angles of a triangle upon the opposite sides, or the sides produced, mutually intersect.

Or•thoc´e•ras , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ’orqo•s straight + a horn.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Paleozoic Cephalopoda, having a long, straight, conical shell. The interior is divided into numerous chambers by transverse septa.

Or•tho•cer´a•tite , n. [Ortho- + Gr. , , a horn.] (Zoöl.) An orthoceras; also any fossil shell allied to Orthoceras.

Or´tho•clase , n. [Ortho- + Gr. to break.] (Min.) Common or potash feldspar crystallizing in the monoclinic system and having two cleavages at right angles to each other. See Feldspar.

Or•tho•clas´tic , a. (Crystallog.) Breaking in directions at right angles to each other; — said of the monoclinic feldspars.

Or•tho•di•ag´o•nal , n. [Ortho- + diagonal.] (Crystallog.) The diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which is at right angles with the vertical axis.

Or´tho•dome , n. [Ortho- + dome.] (Crystallog.) See the Note under Dome, 4.

Or´tho•dox , a. [L. orthodoxus, Gr. ’orqo•doxos; ’orqo•s right, true + do•xa opinion, dokei^n to think, seem; cf. F. orthodoxe. See Ortho-, Dogma.] 1. Sound in opinion or doctrine, especially in religious doctrine; hence, holding the Christian faith; believing the doctrines taught in the Scriptures; — opposed to heretical and heterodox; as an orthodox Christian. 2. According or congruous with the doctrines of Scripture, the creed of a church, the decree of a council, or the like; as an orthodox opinion, book, etc. 3. Approved; conventional. “He saluted me on both cheeks in the orthodox manner.” H. R. Haweis. The term orthodox differs in its use among the various Christian communions. The Greek Church styles itself the ´Holy Orthodox Apostolic Church,´ regarding all other bodies of Christians as more or less heterodox. The Roman Catholic Church regards the Protestant churches as heterodox in many points. In the United States the term orthodox is frequently used with reference to divergent views on the doctrine of the Trinity. Thus it has been common to speak of the Trinitarian Congregational churches in distinction from the Unitarian, as Orthodox. The name is also applied to the conservative, in distinction from the ´liberal´, or Hicksite, body in the Society of Friends. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

Or´tho•dox•al , a. Pertaining to, or evincing, orthodoxy; orthodox. [R.] Milton.

Or•tho•dox•al´i•ty , n. Orthodoxness. [R.]

Or´tho•dox•al•ly , adv. Orthodoxly. [R.] Milton

Or•tho•dox•as´tic•al , a. Orthodox. [Obs.]

Or•tho•dox´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or evincing, orthodoxy; orthodox.

Or´tho•dox•ly , adv. In an orthodox manner; with soundness of faith. Sir W. Hamilton.

Or´tho•dox•ness, n. The quality or state of being orthodox; orthodoxy. Waterland.

Or´tho•dox•y , n. [Gr. : cf. F. orthodoxie. See Orthodox.] 1. Soundness of faith; a belief in the doctrines taught in the Scriptures, or in some established standard of faith; — opposed to heterodoxy or to heresy. “Basil himself bears full and clear testimony to Gregory’s orthodoxy.” Waterland. 2. Consonance to genuine Scriptural doctrines; — said of moral doctrines and beliefs; as the orthodoxy of a creed. 3. By extension, said of any correct doctrine or belief.

Or•tho•drom´ic , a. [Ortho- + Gr. to run.] Of or pertaining to orthodromy.

Or•tho•drom´ics , n. The art of sailing in a direct course, or on the arc of a great circle, which is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of the globe; great-circle sailing; orthodromy.

Or´tho•drom•y , n. [Cf. F. orthodromie.] The act or art of sailing on a great circle. { Or•tho•ëp´ic , Or•tho•ëp´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to orthoëpy, or correct pronunciation. — Or•tho•ëp´ic•al•ly, adv.

Or´tho•ë•pist , n. One who is skilled in orthoëpy.

Or´tho•ë•py , n. [Gr. ; ’orqo•s right + a word: cf. F. orthoepie. See Ortho-, and Epic.] The art of uttering words correctly; a correct pronunciation of words; also mode of pronunciation.

Or•thog´a•my , n. [Ortho- + Gr. marriage.] (Bot.) Direct fertilization in plants, as when the pollen fertilizing the ovules comes from the stamens of the same blossom; — opposed to heterogamy.

Or•thog•nath´ic , a. Orthognathous.

Or•thog´na•thism , n. (Anat.) The quality or state of being orthognathous. Huxley.

Or•thog´na•thous , a. [Ortho- + Gr. the jaw.] (Anat.) Having the front of the head, or the skull, nearly perpendicular, not retreating backwards above the jaws; — opposed to prognathous. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic.

Or´tho•gon , n. [Ortho- + Gr. angle: cf. F. orthogone, a.] (Geom.) A rectangular figure.

Or•thog´o•nal , a. [Cf. F. orthogonal.] Right-angled; rectangular; as an orthogonal intersection of one curve with another. Orthogonal projection. See under Orthographic.

Or•thog´o•nal•ly, adv. Perpendicularly; at right angles; as a curve cuts a set of curves orthogonally.

Or•thog´ra•pher , n. One versed in orthography; one who spells words correctly. { Or•tho•graph´ic , Or•tho•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. orthographique, L. orthographus, Gr. .] 1. Of or pertaining to orthography, or right spelling; also correct in spelling; as orthographical rules; the letter was orthographic. 2. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to right lines or angles. Orthographic or Orthogonal, projection, that projection which is made by drawing lines, from every point to be projected, perpendicular to the plane of projection. Such a projection of the sphere represents its circles as seen in perspective by an eye supposed to be placed at an infinite distance, the plane of projection passing through the center of the sphere perpendicularly to the line of sight.

Or•tho•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In an orthographical manner: (a) according to the rules of proper spelling; (b) according to orthographic projection.

Or•thog´ra•phist , n. One who spells words correctly; an orthographer.

Or•thog´ra•phize , v. t. To spell correctly or according to usage; to correct in regard to spelling. “In the coalesced into ith, which modern reaction has orthographized to i’ th’.” Earle.

Or•thog´ra•phy , n. [OE. ortographie, OF. orthographie, L. orthographia, Gr. , fr. writing correctly; ’orqo•s right + gra•fein to write. See Ortho-, and Graphic.] 1. The art or practice of writing words with the proper letters, according to standard usage; conventionally correct spelling; also mode of spelling; as his orthography is vicious. “When spelling no longer follows the pronunciation, but is hardened into orthography.” Earle. 2. The part of grammar which treats of the letters, and of the art of spelling words correctly. 3. A drawing in correct projection, especially an elevation or a vertical section.

Or•thol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; ’orqo•s right + speech, description: cf. F. orthologie.] The right description of things. [R.] Fotherby.

Or•tho•met´ric , a. [See Orthometry.] (Crystallog.) Having the axes at right angles to one another; — said of crystals or crystalline forms.

Or•thom´e•try , n. [Ortho- + -metry.] The art or practice of constructing verses correctly; the laws of correct versification.

Or•tho•mor´phic , a. [Ortho- + morphic.] (Geom.) Having the right form. Orthomorphic projection, a projection in which the angles in the figure to be projected are equal to the corresponding angles in the projected figure. { Or•tho•ped´ic , Or•tho•ped´ic•al } a. (Med.) Pertaining to, or employed in, orthopedy; relating to the prevention or cure of deformities of children, or, in general, of the human body at any age; as orthopedic surgery; an orthopedic hospital.

Or•thop´e•dist , n. (Med.) One who prevents, cures, or remedies deformities, esp. in children.

Or•thop´e•dy , n. [Ortho- + Gr. , , a child.] (Med.) The art or practice of curing the deformities of children, or, by extension, any deformities of the human body.

Or•thoph´o•ny , n. [Ortho- + Gr. voice.] The art of correct articulation; voice training.

Or•tho•pin´a•coid , n. [Ortho- + pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) A name given to the two planes in the monoclinic system which are parallel to the vertical and orthodiagonal axes. { Or•thop•nœ´a , Or•thop´ny } n. [L. orthopnoea, Gr. ; ’orqo•sstraight, right + pnei^n to breathe: cf. F. orthopnee.] (Med.) Specifically, a morbid condition in which respiration can be performed only in an erect posture; by extension, any difficulty of breathing.

Or•thop´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Ortho-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) An extinct order of reptiles which stood erect on the hind legs, and resembled birds in the structure of the feet, pelvis, and other parts.

Or´tho•prax•y , n. [Gr. ’orqo•s straight + a doing.] (Med.) The treatment of deformities in the human body by mechanical appliances.

Or•thop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ’orqo•s straight + feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of mandibulate insects including grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, etc. See Illust. under Insect. The anterior wings are usually thickened and protect the posterior wings, which are larger and fold longitudinally like a fan. The Orthoptera undergo no metamorphosis.

Or•thop´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Orthoptera.

Or•thop´ter•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Orthoptera.

Or•tho•rhom´bic , a. [Ortho- + rhombic.] (Crystallog.) Noting the system of crystallization which has three unequal axes at right angles to each other; trimetric. See Crystallization.

Or´tho•scope , n. [Ortho- + -scope.] (Physyol.) An instrument designed to show the condition of the superficial portions of the eye.

Or•tho•scop´ic , a. (Opt.) Giving an image in correct or normal proportions; giving a flat field of view; as an orthoscopic eyepiece.

Or•tho•si•lic´ic , a. [Ortho- + silicic.] (Chem.) Designating the form of silicic acid having the normal or highest number of hydroxyl groups.

Or•tho•sper´mous , a. [Ortho- + Gr. seed.] (Bot.) Having the seeds straight, as in the fruits of some umbelliferous plants; — opposed to cœlospermous. Darwin.

Or´tho•stade , n. [Gr. ; ’orqo•s straight + to place.] (Anc. Costume) A chiton, or loose, ungirded tunic, falling in straight folds.

Or•thos´ti•chy , n.; pl. Orthostichies (#). [Ortho- + Gr. row.] (Bot.) A longitudinal rank, or row, of leaves along a stem.

Or•tho•tom´ic , a. [Ortho- + Gr. to cleave.] (Geom.) Cutting at right angles. Orthotomic circle (Geom.), that circle which cuts three given circles at right angles.

Or•thot´o•mous , a. (Crystallog.) Having two cleavages at right angles with one another.

Or•thot´o•my , n. (Geom.) The property of cutting at right angles.

Or´tho•tone , a. [Ortho- + Gr. tone, accent.] (Gr. Gram.) Retaining the accent; not enclitic; — said of certain indefinite pronouns and adverbs when used interrogatively, which, when not so used, are ordinarilly enclitic. { Or•thot´ro•pal , Or•thot´ro•pous } a. [Ortho- + Gr. to turn: cf. F. orthotrope.] (Bot.) Having the axis of an ovule or seed straight from the hilum and chalaza to the orifice or the micropyle; atropous. This word has also been used (but improperly) to describe any embryo whose radicle points towards, or is next to, the hilum.

Or•tho•trop´ic , a. [See Orthotropal.] (Bot.) Having the longer axis vertical; — said of erect stems. Encyc. Brit.

Or•tho•xy´lene , n. [Ortho- + xylene.] (Chem.) That variety of xylene in which the two methyl groups are in the ortho position; a colorless, liquid, combustible hydrocarbon resembling benzene.

Or´tive , a. [L. ortivus, fr. oriri, ortus, to rise: cf. F. ortive.] Of or relating to the time or act of rising; eastern; as the ortive amplitude of a planet.

Or´to•lan , n. [F., fr. It. ortolano ortolan, gardener, fr. L. hortulanus gardener, fr. hortulus, dim. of hortus garden. So called because it frequents the hedges of gardens. See Yard an inclosure, and cf. Hortulan.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European singing bird (Emberiza hortulana), about the size of the lark, with black wings. It is esteemed delicious food when fattened. Called also bunting. (b) In England, the wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). (c) In America, the sora, or Carolina rail (Porzana Carolina). See Sora.

Or´ty•gan , n. [Gr. , , a quail.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of East Indian birds of the genera Ortygis and Hemipodius. They resemble quails, but lack the hind toe. See Turnix.

Or´val , n. [F. orvale.] (Bot.) A kind of sage (Salvia Horminum).

Or•vet´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The blindworm.

Or•vi•e´tan , n. [F. orvietan: cf. It. orvietano. So called because invented at Orvieto, in Italy.] A kind of antidote for poisons; a counter poison formerly in vogue. [Obs.]

-o•ry [L. -orius: cf. F. -oire.] 1. An adjective suffix meaning of or pertaining to, serving for; as in auditory, pertaining to or serving for hearing; prohibitory, amendatory, etc. 2. [L. -orium: cf. F. -oire.] A noun suffix denoting that which pertains to, or serves for; as in ambulatory, that which serves for walking; consistory, factory, etc. { O´ry•al , O´ry•all }, n. See Oriel.

Or´yc•tere , n. [Gr. digger: cf. F. oryctère.] (Zoöl.) The aard- vark.

O•ryc´ter•ope , n. [Gr. digger + foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Oryctere.

Or•yc•tog´no•sy , n. [Gr. dug ( to dig) + knowledge.] Mineralogy. [Obs.] — Or•yc•tog•nos´tic (#), a. — Or•yc•tog•nos´tic•al (#), a. [Obs.] — Or•yc•tog•nos´tic•al•ly (#), adv. [Obs.]

Or•yc•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. dug + -graphy.] Description of fossils. [Obs.]

Or•yc•to•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. oryctologique.] Of or pertaining to oryctology. [Obs.]

Or•yc•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in oryctology. [Obs.]

Or•yc•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. dug + -logy: cf. F. oryctologie.] 1. An old name for paleontology. 2. An old name for mineralogy and geology.

O´ryx , n. [NL., from Gr. a kind of gazelle or antelope.] (Zoöl.) A genus of African antelopes which includes the gemsbok, the leucoryx, the bisa antelope (O. beisa), and the beatrix antelope (O. beatrix) of Arabia.

O•ry´za , n. [L., rice, Gr. See Rice.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses including the rice plant; rice.

Os , n.; pl. Ossa (#). [L.] A bone.

Os, n.; pl. Ora (#). [L.] A mouth; an opening; an entrance.

Os , n.; pl. Osar (#). [Sw. ås ridge, chain of hills, pl. åsar.] (Geol.) One of the ridges of sand or gravel found in Sweden, etc., supposed by some to be of marine origin, but probably formed by subglacial waters. The osar are similar to the kames of Scotland and the eschars of Ireland. See Eschar.

O´sage or´ange (Bot.) An ornamental tree of the genus Maclura (M. aurantiaca), closely allied to the mulberry (Morus); also its fruit. The tree was first found in the country of the Osage Indians, and bears a hard and inedible fruit of an orangelike appearance. See Bois d’arc.

O•sa´ges , n. pl.; sing. Osage . (Ethnol.) A tribe of southern Sioux Indians, now living in the Indian Territory.

O•san´ne , n. Hosanna. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O´sar , n. pl. (Geol.) See 3d Os.

Os´can , a. Of or pertaining to the Osci, a primitive people of Campania, a province of ancient Italy. — n. The language of the Osci.

Os´cil•lan•cy , n. The state of oscillating; a seesaw kind of motion. [R.]

Os•cil•la´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. L. oscillare to swing.] (Bot.) A genus of dark green, or purplish black, filamentous, fresh-water algae, the threads of which have an automatic swaying or crawling motion. Called also Oscillatoria.

Os´cil•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oscillated p. pr. & vb. n. Oscillating ] [L. oscillare to swing, fr. oscillum a swing, a little mask or puppet made to be hung from trees and swing in the wind, prob. orig., a little mouth, a dim. from os mouth. See Oral, and cf. Osculate.] 1. To move backward and forward; to vibrate like a pendulum; to swing; to sway. 2. To vary or fluctuate between fixed limits; to act or move in a fickle or fluctuating manner; to change repeatedly, back and forth. “The amount of superior families oscillates rather than changes, that is, it fluctuates within fixed limits.” Dc Quincey.

Os´cil•la•ting , a. That oscillates; vibrating; swinging. Oscillating engine, a steam engine whose cylinder oscillates on trunnions instead of being permanently fixed in a perpendicular or other direction. Weale.

Os•cil•la´tion , n. [L. oscillatio a swinging.] 1. The act of oscillating; a swinging or moving backward and forward, like a pendulum; vibration. 2. Fluctuation; variation; change back and forth. “His mind oscillated, undoubtedly; but the extreme points of the oscillation were not very remote.” Macaulay. Axis of oscillation, Center of oscillation. See under Axis, and Center.

Os´cil•la•tive , a. Tending to oscillate; vibratory. [R.] I. Taylor.

Os•cil•la•to´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Oscillatory.] (Bot.) Same as Oscillaria.

Os´cil•la•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. oscillatoire. See Oscillate.] Moving, or characterized by motion, backward and forward like a pendulum; swinging; oscillating; vibratory; as oscillatory motion.

Os´cine , a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Oscines.

Os´ci•nes , n. pl. [L. oscen, -inis.] (Zoöl.) Singing birds; a group of the Passeres, having numerous syringeal muscles, conferring musical ability.

Os•cin´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Oscines, or singing birds.

Os•cin´i•an, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of dipterous files of the family Oscinidae. Some, whose larvae live in the stalks, are very destructive to barley, wheat, and rye; others, as the barley fly (Oscinis frit), destroy the heads of grain.

Os´ci•nine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Oscines.

Os´ci•tan•cy , n. [See Oscitant.] 1. The act of gaping or yawning. 2. Drowsiness; dullness; sluggishness. Hallam. “It might proceed from the oscitancy of transcribers.” Addison.

Os´ci•tant , a. [L. oscitans, -antis, p. pr. of oscitare: cf. F. oscitant.] 1. Yawning; gaping. 2. Sleepy; drowsy; dull; sluggish; careless. “He must not be oscitant, but intent on his charge.” Barrow.

Os´ci•tant•ly, adv. In an oscitant manner.

Os´ci•tate , v. i. [L. oscitare; os the mouth + citare, v. intens. fr. ciere to move.] To gape; to yawn.

Os•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. oscitatio: cf. F. oscitation.] The act of yawning or gaping. Addison.

Os´cu•lant , a. [L. osculans, -antis, p. pr. of osculari to kiss. See Osculate.] 1. Kissing; hence, meeting; clinging. 2. (Zoöl.) Adhering closely; embracing; — applied to certain creeping animals, as caterpillars. 3. (Biol.) Intermediate in character, or on the border, between two genera, groups, families, etc., of animals or plants, and partaking somewhat of the characters of each, thus forming a connecting link; interosculant; as the genera by which two families approximate are called osculant genera.

Os´cu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Osculated p. pr. & vb. n. Osculating.] [L. osculatus, p. p. of osculari to kiss, fr. osculum a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os mouth. See Oral, and cf. Oscillate.] 1. To kiss. 2. (Geom.) To touch closely, so as to have a common curvature at the point of contact. See Osculation, 2.

Os´cu•late, v. i. 1. To kiss one another; to kiss. 2. (Geom.) To touch closely. See Osculation, 2. 3. (Biol.) To have characters in common with two genera or families, so as to form a connecting link between them; to interosculate. See Osculant.

Os•cu•la´tion , n. [L. osculatio a kissing: cf. F. osculation.] 1. The act of kissing; a kiss. 2. (Geom.) The contact of one curve with another, when the number of consecutive points of the latter through which the former passes suffices for the complete determination of the former curve. Brande & C.

Os´cu•la•to•ry , a. 1. Of or pertaining to kissing; kissing. ´The osculatory ceremony.´ Thackeray. 2. (Geom.) Pertaining to, or having the properties of, an osculatrix; capable of osculation; as a circle may be osculatory with a curve, at a given point. Osculatory circle. (Geom.) See Osculating circle of a curve, under Circle. — Osculatory plane (to a curve of double curvature), a plane which passes through three successive points of the curve. — Osculatory sphere (to a line of double curvature), a sphere passing through four consecutive points of the curve.

Os´cu•la•to•ry, n. [LL. osculatorium. See Osculate.] (R. C. Ch.) Same as Pax, 2.

Os•cu•la´trix , n.; pl. Osculatrixes (#). [NL.] (Geom.) A curve whose contact with a given curve, at a given point, is of a higher order (or involves the equality of a greater number of successive differential coefficients of the ordinates of the curves taken at that point) than that of any other curve of the same kind.

Os´cule , n. [Cf. F. oscule. See Osculum.] (Zoöl.) One of the excurrent apertures of sponges.

Os´cu•lum , n.; pl. Oscula (#). [L., a little mouth.] (Zoöl.) Same as Oscule.

-ose [L. -osus: cf. F. -ose. Cf. - ous.] 1. A suffix denoting full of, containing, having the qualities of, like; as in verbose, full of words; pilose, hairy; globose, like a globe. 2. (Chem.) A suffix indicating that the substance to the name of which it is affixed is a member of the carbohydrate group; as in cellulose, sucrose, dextrose, etc.

O´sier , n. [F. osier: cf. Prov. F. oisis, Armor. ozil, aozil, Gr. , , , L. vitex, and E. withy.] (Bot.) (a) A kind of willow (Salix viminalis) growing in wet places in Europe and Asia, and introduced into North America. It is considered the best of the willows for basket work. The name is sometimes given to any kind of willow. (b) One of the long, pliable twigs of this plant, or of other similar plants. “The rank of osiers by the murmuring stream.” Shak. Osier bed, or Osier holt, a place where willows are grown for basket making. [Eng.] — Red osier. (a) A kind of willow with reddish twigs (Salix rubra). (b) An American shrub (Cornus stolonifera) which has slender red branches; — also called osier cornel.

O´sier, a. Made of osiers; composed of, or containing, osiers. ´This osier cage of ours.´ Shak.

O´siered , a. Covered or adorned with osiers; as osiered banks. [Poetic] Collins.

O´sier•y , n. An osier bed.

O•si´ris , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; of Egyptian origin.] (Myth.) One of the principal divinities of Egypt, the brother and husband of Isis. He was figured as a mummy wearing the royal cap of Upper Egypt, and was symbolized by the sacred bull, called Apis. Cf. Serapis. — O•sir´i•an (#), a.

Os´man•li , n.; pl. Osmanlis (#). [So called from Osman. See Ottoman.] A Turkish official; one of the dominant tribe of Turks; loosely, any Turk.

Os´mate , n. (Chem.) A salt of osmic acid. [Formerly written also osmiate.]

Os•ma•te´ri•um , n.; pl. Osmateria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. smell.] (Zoöl.) One of a pair of scent organs which the larvae of certain butterflies emit from the first body segment, either above or below.

Os´ma•zome , n. [Gr. smell, odor + broth: cf. F. osmazôme.] (Old Chem.) A substance formerly supposed to give to soup and broth their characteristic odor, and probably consisting of one or several of the class of nitrogenous substances which are called extractives.

Os•mi•am´ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of osmiamic acid.

Os•mi•am´ic , a. [Osmium + amido.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous acid of osmium, H2N2Os2O5, forming a well-known series of yellow salts.

Os´mic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, osmium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a valence higher than in other lower compounds; as osmic oxide. Osmic acid. (Chem.) (a) Osmic tetroxide. [Obs.] (b) Osmic acid proper, an acid analogous to sulphuric acid, not known in the free state, but forming a well-known and stable series of salts (osmates), which were formerly improperly called osmites. — Osmic tetroxide (Chem.), a white volatile crystalline substance, OsO4, the most stable and characteristic of the compounds of osmium. It has a burning taste, and gives off a vapor, which is a powerful irritant poison, violently attacking the eyes, and emitting a strong chlorinelike odor. Formerly improperly called osmic acid.

Os•mi•dro´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. smell + to sweat.] (Med.) The secretion of fetid sweat.

Os´mi•ous , a. (Chem.) Denoting those compounds of osmium in which the element has a valence relatively lower than in the osmic compounds; as osmious chloride. [Written also osmous.] Osmious acid (Chem.), an acid derived from osmium, analogous to sulphurous acid, and forming unstable salts. It is a brown amorphous substance.

Os´mite , n. (Chem.) A salt of osmious acid.

Os´mi•um , n. [Gr. a smell, odor, akin to to smell. So named in allusion to the strong chlorinelike odor of osmic tetroxide. See Odor.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the platinum group, found native as an alloy in platinum ore, and in iridosmine. It is a hard, infusible, bluish or grayish white metal, and the heaviest substance known. Its tetroxide is used in histological experiments to stain tissues. Symbol Os. Atomic weight 191.1. Specific gravity 22.477.

Os•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. impulse + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the amount of osmotic action in different liquids.

Os•mom´e•try , n. (Physics) The study of osmose by means of the osmometer.

Os´mose , n. [Gr. , equiv. to impulse, fr. to push.] (Chemical Physics) (a) The tendency in fluids to mix, or become equably diffused, when in contact. It was first observed between fluids of differing densities, and as taking place through a membrane or an intervening porous structure. The more rapid flow from the thinner to the thicker fluid was then called endosmose, and the opposite, slower current, exosmose. Both are, however, results of the same force. Osmose may be regarded as a form of molecular attraction, allied to that of adhesion. (b) The action produced by this tendency. Electric osmose, or Electric endosmose (Elec.), the transportation of a liquid through a porous septum by the action of an electric current.

Os•mo´sis , n. [NL.] Osmose.

Os•mot´ic , a. Pertaining to, or having the property of, osmose; as osmotic force.

Os´mund , n. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Osmunda, or flowering fern. The most remarkable species is the osmund royal, or royal fern (Osmunda regalis), which grows in wet or boggy places, and has large bipinnate fronds, often with a panicle of capsules at the top. The rootstock contains much starch, and has been used in stiffening linen.

Os´na•burg , n. A species of coarse linen, originally made in Osnaburg, Germany.

O´so-ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The small, blueblack, drupelike fruit of the Nuttallia cerasiformis, a shrub of Oregon and California, belonging to the Cherry tribe of Rosaceae.

Os•phra´di•um , n.; pl. Osphradia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. strong scent, fr. to smell.] (Zoöl.) The olfactory organ of some Mollusca. It is connected with the organ of respiration. { Os´prey , Os´pray } , n. [Through OF. fr. L. ossifraga (orig., the bone breaker); prob. influenced by oripelargus (mountain stork, a kind of eagle, Gr. ); cf. OF. orpres, and F. orfraie. See Ossifrage.] (Zoöl.) The fishhawk.

Oss , v. i. [See Osse, n.] To prophesy; to presage. [R. & Obs.] R. Edgeworth.

Osse , n. [Gr. .] A prophetic or ominous utterance. [R. & Obs.] Holland.

Os´se•an , n. (Zoöl.) A fish having a bony skeleton; a teleost.

Os´se•in , n. [L. os bone.] (Physiol. Chem.) The organic basis of bone tissue; the residue after removal of the mineral matters from bone by dilute acid; in embryonic tissue, the substance in which the mineral salts are deposited to form bone; — called also ostein. Chemically it is the same as collagen.

Os´se•let , n. [F.] 1. A little bone. 2. (Zoöl.) The internal bone, or shell, of a cuttlefish.

Os´se•ous , a. [L. osseus, from os, ossis bone; akin to Gr. , Skr. asthi. Cf. Oyster.] Composed of bone; resembling bone; capable of forming bone; bony; ossific.

Os´se•ter , n. [Russ, osetr’ sturgeon.] (Zoöl.) A species of sturgeon.

Os•si•an´ic , a. Of or pertaining to, or characteristic of, Ossian, a legendary Erse or Celtic bard. “The compositions might be fairly classed as Ossianic.” G. Eliot.

Os´si•cle , n. [L. ossiculum, dim. of os, ossis, a bone.] 1. A little bone; as the auditory ossicles in the tympanum of the ear. 2. (Zoöl.) One of numerous small calcareous structures forming the skeleton of certain echinoderms, as the starfishes.

Os•sic´u•la•ted , a. Having small bones.

Os•sic´u•lum , n.; pl. Ossicula (#). [L., a little bone.] (Zoöl.) Same as Ossicle.

Os•sif´er•ous , a. [L. os, ossis, a bone + -ferous: cf. F. ossifère.] Containing or yielding bone.

Os•sif´ic , a. [L. os, ossis, bone + facere to make: cf. F. ossifique. See Fact.] Capable of producing bone; having the power to change cartilage or other tissue into bone.

Os•si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. ossification. See Ossify.] 1. (Physiol.) The formation of bone; the process, in the growth of an animal, by which inorganic material (mainly lime salts) is deposited in cartilage or membrane, forming bony tissue; ostosis. Besides the natural ossification of growing tissue, there is the so-called accidental ossification which sometimes follows certain abnormal conditions, as in the ossification of an artery. 2. The state of being changed into a bony substance; also a mass or point of ossified tissue.

Os´si•fied , a. Changed to bone or something resembling bone; hardened by deposits of mineral matter of any kind; — said of tissues.

Os´si•frage , n. [L. ossifraga, ossifragus, osprey, fr. ossifragus bone breaking; os, ossis, a bone + frangere, fractum, to break. See Osseous, Break, and cf. Osprey, Ossifragous.] (Zoöl.) (a) The lammergeir. (b) The young of the sea eagle or bald eagle. [Obs.]

Os•sif´ra•gous , a. [L. ossifragus. See Ossifrage.] Serving to break bones; bone-breaking.

Os´si•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ossified p. pr. & vb. n. Ossifying ] [L. os, ossis, bone + - fy: cf. F. ossifier. See Osseous.] 1. (Physiol.) To form into bone; to change from a soft animal substance into bone, as by the deposition of lime salts. 2. Fig.: To harden; as to ossify the heart. Ruskin.

Os´si•fy, v. i. (Physiol.) To become bone; to change from a soft tissue to a hard bony tissue.

Os´si•fy•ing , a. (Physiol.) Changing into bone; becoming bone; as the ossifying process.

Os•siv´o•rous , a. [L. os, ossis, bone + vorare to devour: cf. F. ossivore.] Feeding on bones; eating bones; as ossivorous quadrupeds. Derham.

Os´spring•er , n. The osprey. [R.]

Os•su•a´ri•um , n. [L.] A charnel house; an ossuary. Walpole.

Os´su•a•ry , n.; pl. -ries (#). [L. ossuarium, fr. ossuarius of or bones, fr. os, ossis, bone: cf. F. ossuaire.] A place where the bones of the dead are deposited; a charnel house. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ost , n. See Oast.

Os´te•al , a. [Gr. a bone.] Osseous.

Os´te•in , n. [Gr. bone.] Ossein.

Os•te•i´tis , n. [NL. See Osteo-, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of bone.

Os´tel•er , n. Same as Hosteler. Wyclif.

Os•tend´ , v. t. [L. ostendere to show.] To exhibit; to manifest. [Obs.] “Mercy to mean offenders we’ll ostend.” J. Webster.

Os•ten•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being ostensible.

Os•ten´si•ble , a. [From L. ostensus, p. p. of ostendere to show, prop., to stretch out before; fr. prefix obs- (old form of ob-) + tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. Capable of being shown; proper or intended to be shown. [R.] Walpole. 2. Shown; exhibited; declared; avowed; professed; apparent; — often used as opposed to real or actual; as an ostensible reason, motive, or aim. D. Ramsay.

Os•ten´si•bly , adv. In an ostensible manner; avowedly; professedly; apparently. Walsh. “Ostensibly, we were intended to prevent filibustering into Texas but really as a menace to Mexico.” U. S. Grant.

Os•ten´sion , n. [L. ostensio a showing: cf. F. ostension. See Ostend.] (Eccl.) The showing of the sacrament on the altar in order that it may receive the adoration of the communicants.

Os•ten´sive , a. Showing; exhibiting. Ostensive demonstration (Math.), a direct or positive demonstration, as opposed to the apagogical or indirect method.

Os•ten´sive•ly, adv. In an ostensive manner. { Os•ten•so´ri•um , Os•ten´so•ry } n.; pl. L. -soria-sories (#). [NL. ostensorium: cf. F. ostensoir. See Ostensible.] (R. C. Ch.) Same as Monstrance.

Os´tent , n. [L. ostentus, ostentum, fr. ostendere (p. p. ostensus and ostentus) to show. See Ostensible.] 1. Appearance; air; mien. Shak. 2. Manifestation; token; portent. Dryden. “We asked of God that some ostent might clear
Our cloudy business, who gave us sign.” Chapman.

Os´ten•tate , v. t. [L. ostentatus, p. p. of ostentare, v. intens. fr. ostendere. See Ostent.] To make an ambitious display of; to show or exhibit boastingly. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Os•ten•ta´tion , n. [L. ostentatio: cf. F. ostentation.] 1. The act of ostentating or of making an ambitious display; unnecessary show; pretentious parade; — usually in a detractive sense. ´Much ostentation vain of fleshly arm.´ Milton. “He knew that good and bountiful minds were sometimes inclined to ostentation.” Atterbury. 2. A show or spectacle. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Parade; pageantry; show; pomp; pompousness; vaunting; boasting. See Parade.

Os•ten•ta´tious , a. Fond of, or evincing, ostentation; unduly conspicuous; pretentious; boastful. “Far from being ostentatious of the good you do.” Dryden. “The ostentatious professions of many years.” Macaulay. — Os•ten•ta´tious•ly, adv. — Os•ten•ta´tious•ness, n.

Os´ten•ta•tor , n. [L.] One fond of display; a boaster. Sherwood.

Os•ten´tive , a. Ostentatious. [Obs.]

Os•ten´tous , a. Ostentatious. [Obs.] Feltham.

Os´te•o-. A combining form of Gr. a bone.

Os´te•o•blast , n. [Osteo- + -blast.] (Anat.) One of the protoplasmic cells which occur in the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum, and from or around which the matrix of the bone is developed; an osteoplast.

Os•te•o•cla´sis , n. [NL. See Osteoclast.] (Surg.) The operation of breaking a bone in order to correct deformity.

Os´te•o•clast , n. [Osteo- + Gr. to break.] 1. (Physiol.) A myeloplax. The osteoclasts occur usually in pits or cavities which they appear to have excavated, and are supposed to be concerned in the absorption of the bone matrix. 2. An instrument for performing osteoclasis.

Os•te•o•col´la , n. [Osteo- + Gr. glue.] 1. A kind of glue obtained from bones. Ure. 2. A cellular calc tufa, which in some places forms incrustations on the stems of plants, — formerly supposed to have the quality of uniting fractured bones.

Os•te•o•com´ma , n.; pl. L. Osteocommata (#), E. Osteocommas (#). [NL. See Osteo-, and Comma.] (Anat.) A metamere of the vertebrate skeleton; an osteomere; a vertebra. Owen.

Os´te•o•cope , n. [Gr. ; a bone + a striking, pain: cf. F. osteocope.] (Med.) Pain in the bones; a violent fixed pain in any part of a bone. — Os•te•o•cop´ic (#), a.

Os•te•o•cra´ni•um , n. [Osteo- + cranium.] (Anat.) The bony cranium, as distinguished from the cartilaginous cranium.

Os•te•o•den´tine , n. [Osteo- + denite.] (Anat.) A hard substance, somewhat like bone, which is sometimes deposited within the pulp cavity of teeth.

Os´te•o•gen , n. [Osteo- + -gen.] (Physiol.) The soft tissue, or substance, which, in developing bone, ultimately undergoes ossification. { Os•te•o•gen´e•sis , Os•te•og´e•ny } n. [Osteo- + genesis, or the root of Gr. to be born: cf. F. osteogenie.] (Physiol.) The formation or growth of bone.

Os•te•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Physiol.) Connected with osteogenesis, or the formation of bone; producing bone; as osteogenetic tissue; the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum.

Os•te•o•gen´ic , a. (Physiol.) Osteogenetic.

Os•te•og´ra•pher , n. An osteologist.

Os•te•og´ra•phy , n. [Osteo- + -graphy.] The description of bones; osteology.

Os´te•oid , a. [Osteo- + - oid: cf. Gr. .] (Anat.) Resembling bone; bonelike.

Os´te•o•lite , n. [Osteo- + -lite.] (Min.) A massive impure apatite, or calcium phosphate.

Os•te•ol´o•ger , n. One versed in osteology; an osteologist. { Os•te•o•log´ic , Os•te•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. osteologique.] Of or pertaining to osteology. — Os•te•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Os•te•ol´o•gist , n. One who is skilled in osteology; an osteologer.

Os•te•ol´o•gy , n. [Osteo- + -logy: cf. F. osteologie.] The science which treats of the bones of the vertebrate skeleton.

Os•te•o´ma , n.; pl. Osteomata (#). [NL. See Osteo-, and - oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed mainly of bone; a tumor of a bone.

Os•te•o•ma•la´ci•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. bone + softness.] (Med.) A disease of the bones, in which they lose their earthy material, and become soft, flexible, and distorted. Also called malacia.

Os´te•o•man•ty , n. [Osteo- Gr. divination.] Divination by means of bones. [R.]

Os´te•o•mere , n. [Osteo- + -mere.] (Anat.) An osteocomma. Owen.

Os´te•o•phone , n. [Gr. bone + voice.] An instrument for transmission of auditory vibrations through the bones of the head, so as to be appreciated as sounds by persons deaf from causes other than those affecting the nervous apparatus of hearing.

Os´te•o•plast , n. [Osteo- + Gr. to form.] (Anat.) An osteoblast.

Os•te•o•plas´tic , a. [Osteo- + -plastic.] 1. (Physiol.) Producing bone; as osteoplastic cells. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the replacement of bone; as an osteoplastic operation.

Os´te•o•plas•ty , n. [Osteo- + -plasty.] (Med.) An operation or process by which the total or partial loss of a bone is remedied. Dunglison.

Os•te•op•ter•yg´i•ous , a. [Osteo- Gr. a fin.] (Zoöl.) Having bones in the fins, as certain fishes.

Os•te•o•sar•co´ma , n.; pl. Osteosarcomata (#). [NL. See Osteo-, and sarcoma.] (Med.) A tumor having the structure of a sacroma in which there is a deposit of bone; sarcoma connected with bone.

Os´te•o•tome , n. [Osteo- + Gr. .] (Surg.) Strong nippers or a chisel for dividing bone.

Os•te•ot´o•mist , n. One skilled in osteotomy.

Os•te•ot´o•my , n. 1. The dissection or anatomy of bones; osteology. 2. (Surg.) The operation of dividing a bone or of cutting a piece out of it, — done to remedy deformity, etc.

Os•te•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a bone + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) Same as Vertebrata.

Os´ti•a•ry , n.; pl. -riesostium door, entrance. See Usher.] 1. The mouth of a river; an estuary. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. One who keeps the door, especially the door of a church; a porter. N. Bacon.

Os´tic , a. [From North American Indian oshtegwon a head.] Pertaining to, or applied to, the language of the Tuscaroras Iroquois, Wyandots, Winnebagoes, and a part of the Sioux Indians. Schoolcraft.

Os´ti•ole , n. [L. ostiolum a little door, dim. of ostium a door: cf. F. ostiole.] (Bot.) (a) The exterior opening of a stomate. See Stomate. (b) Any small orifice.

Os•ti´tis , n. [NL.] (Med.) See Osteitis.

Os´ti•um , n.; pl. Ostia (#). [L.] (Anat.) An opening; a passage.

Ost´ler , n. See Hostler.

Ost´ler•ess, n. A female ostler. [R.] Tennyson.

Ost´ler•y , n. See Hostelry. [Obs.]

Ost´men , n. pl.; sing. Ostman. [See East, and Man.] East men; Danish settlers in Ireland, formerly so called. Lyttelton.

Os•to´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. a bone.] (Physiol.) Bone formation; ossification. See Ectostosis, and Endostosis.

Os•tra´ce•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A division of bivalve mollusks including the oysters and allied shells.

Os•tra´cean , n. [L. ostrea an oyster. See Oyster.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a family of bivalves, of which the oyster is the type.

Os•tra´ci•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. small shell.] (Zoöl.) A genus of plectognath fishes having the body covered with solid, immovable, bony plates. It includes the trunkfishes.

Os•tra´ci•ont , n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Ostracion and allied genera.

Os´tra•cism , n. [Gr. , fr. to ostracize. See Ostracize.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Banishment by popular vote, — a means adopted at Athens to rid the city of a person whose talent and influence gave umbrage. 2. Banishment; exclusion; as social ostracism. “Public envy is as an ostracism, that eclipseth men when they grow too great.” Bacon. “Sentenced to a perpetual ostracism from the … confidence, and honors, and emoluments of his country.” A. Hamilton.

Os´tra•cite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil oyster.

Os´tra•cize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ostracized p. pr. & vb. n. Ostracizing ] [Gr. , fr. a tile, a tablet used in voting, a shell; cf. oyster, bone. Cf. Osseous, Oyster.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) To exile by ostracism; to banish by a popular vote, as at Athens. Grote. 2. To banish from society; to put under the ban; to cast out from social, political, or private favor; as he was ostracized by his former friends. Marvell.

Os•trac´o•da , n. pl. (Zoöl.) Ostracoidea.

Os•tra•coder´mi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. shell of a testacean + skin.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of fishes of which Ostracion is the type.

Os´tra•coid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ostracoidea. — n. One of the Ostracoidea.

Os•tra•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. shell of a testacean + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca possessing hard bivalve shells. They are of small size, and swim freely about. [Written also Ostracoda.]

Os´tre•a , n. [L., an oyster.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve Mollusca which includes the true oysters.

Os•tre•a´ceous , a. [L. ostrea an oyster. See Oyster.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to an oyster, or to a shell; shelly. “The crustaceous or ostreaceous body.” Cudworth.

Os´tre•a•cul•ture , n. The artificial cultivation of oysters.

Os•tre•oph´a•gist , n. [Gr. an oyster + to eat.] One who feeds on oysters.

Os´trich , n. [OE. ostriche, ostrice, OF. ostruche, ostruce, F. autruche, L. avis struthio; avis bird + struthio ostrich, fr. Gr. , fr. bird, sparrow. Cf. Aviary, Struthious.] [Formerly written also estrich.] (Zoöl.) A large bird of the genus Struthio, of which Struthio camelus of Africa is the best known species. It has long and very strong legs, adapted for rapid running; only two toes; a long neck, nearly bare of feathers; and short wings incapable of flight. The adult male is about eight feet high. The South African ostrich (Struthio australis) and the Asiatic ostrich are considered distinct species by some authors. Ostriches are now domesticated in South Africa in large numbers for the sake of their plumes. The body of the male is covered with elegant black plumose feathers, while the wings and tail furnish the most valuable white plumes. Ostrich farm, a farm on which ostriches are bred for the sake of their feathers, oil, eggs, etc. — Ostrich farming, the occupation of breeding ostriches for the sake of their feathers, etc. — Ostrich fern (Bot.) a kind of fern (Onoclea Struthiopteris), the tall fronds of which grow in a circle from the rootstock. It is found in alluvial soil in Europe and North America.

Os•trif´er•ous , a. [L. ostrifer; ostrea oyster + ferre.] Producing oysters; containing oysters.

Os´tro•goth , n. [L. Ostrogothi, pl. See East, and Goth.] One of the Eastern Goths. See Goth.

Os•tro•goth´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the Ostrogoths.

Os•we´go tea´ (Bot.) An American aromatic herb (Monarda didyma), with showy, bright red, labiate flowers.

Ot•a•cous´tic , a. [Oto- + acoustic: cf. F. otacoustique.] Assisting the sense of hearing; as an otacoustic instrument. { Ot•a•cous´tic , Ot•a•cous´ti•con } n. An instrument to facilitate hearing, as an ear trumpet.

O•ta•hei´te ap´ple [So named from Otaheite, or Tahiti, one of the Society Islands.] (Bot.) (a) The fruit of a Polynesian anacardiaceous tree (Spondias dulcis), also called vi-apple. It is rather larger than an apple, and the rind has a flavor of turpentine, but the flesh is said to taste like pineapples. (b) A West Indian name for a myrtaceous tree (Jambosa Malaccensis) which bears crimson berries.

O•tal´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; o’y^s, ’wto•s, the ear + pain: cf. F. otalgie.] (Med.) Pain in the ear; earache.

O•tal´gic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to otalgia. — n. A remedy for otalgia.

O•tal´gy , n. Pain in the ear; otalgia.

O´ta•ry , n.; pl. Otaries (#). [Gr. large-eared, fr. , , ear: cf. F. otarie.] (Zoöl.) Any eared seal.

O´the•o•scope , n. [Gr. to push + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument for exhibiting the repulsive action produced by light or heat in an exhausted vessel; a modification of the radoimeter. W. Crookes.

Oth´er (uth´er), conj. [See Or.] Either; — used with other or or for its correlative (as either … or are now used). [Obs.] “Other of chalk, other of glass.” Chaucer.

Oth´er, pron. & a. [AS. oðer; akin to OS. aðar, oðar, D. & G. ander, OHG. andar, Icel. annarr, Sw. annan, Dan. anden, Goth. anþar, Skr. antara: cf. L. alter; all orig. comparatives: cf. Skr. anya other. rad.180. Cf. Alter.] [Formerly other was used both as singular and plural.] 1. Different from that which, or the one who, has been specified; not the same; not identical; additional; second of two. “Each of them made other for to win.” Chaucer. “Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.” Matt. v. 39. 2. Not this, but the contrary; opposite; as the other side of a river. 3. Alternate; second; — used esp. in connection with every; as every other day, that is, each alternate day, every second day. 4. Left, as opposed to right. [Obs.] “A distaff in her other hand she had.” Spenser. Other is a correlative adjective, or adjective pronoun, often in contrast with one, some, that, this, etc. “The one shall be taken, and the other left.” Matt. xxiv. 41. “And some fell among thorns … but other fell into good ground.” Matt. xiii. 7, 8. It is also used, by ellipsis, with a noun, expressed or understood. “To write this, or to design the other.” Dryden. It is written with the indefinite article as one word, another; is used with each, indicating a reciprocal action or relation; and is employed absolutely, or eliptically for other thing, or other person, in which case it may have a plural. “The fool and the brutish person perish, and leave their wealth to others.” Ps. xlix. 10. “If he is trimming, others are true.” Thackeray. Other is sometimes followed by but, beside, or besides; but oftener by than. “No other but such a one as he.” Coleridge. “Other lords beside thee have had dominion over us.” Is. xxvi. 13. “For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid.” 1 Cor. iii. 11. “The whole seven years of … ignominy had been little other than a preparation for this very hour.” Hawthorne. Other some, some others. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] — The other day, at a certain time past, not distant, but indefinite; not long ago; recently; rarely, the third day past. “Bind my hair up: as’t was yesterday?
No, nor t’ other day.” B. Jonson.

Oth´er , adv. Otherwise. ´It shall none other be.´ Chaucer. ´If you think other.´ Shak.

Oth´er•gates , adv. [Other + gate way. See wards.] In another manner. [Obs.] “He would have tickled you othergates.” Shak. { Oth´er•guise• , Oth´er•guess• }, a. & adv. [A corruption of othergates.] Of another kind or sort; in another way. ´Otherguess arguments.´ Berkeley.

Oth´er•ness, n. The quality or state of being other or different; alterity; oppositeness.

Oth´er•ways , adv. See Otherwise. Tyndale.

Oth´er•where , adv. In or to some other place, or places; elsewhere. Milton. Tennyson. { Oth´er•while• , Oth´er•whiles• } adv. At another time, or other times; sometimes; ccasionally. [Archaic] “Weighing otherwhiles ten pounds and more.” Holland.

Oth´er•wise , adv. [Other + wise manner.] 1. In a different manner; in another way, or in other ways; differently; contrarily. Chaucer. “Thy father was a worthy prince,
And merited, alas! a better fate;
But Heaven thought otherwise.” Addison. 2. In other respects. “It is said, truly, that the best men otherwise are not always the best in regard of society.” Hooker. 3. In different circumstances; under other conditions; as I am engaged, otherwise I would accept. Otherwise, like so and thus, may be used as a substitute for the opposite of a previous adjective, noun, etc. “Let no man think me a fool; if otherwise, yet as a fool receive me.” 2 Cor. xi. 16. “Her eyebrows … rather full than otherwise.” Fielding.

Oth´man , n. & a. See Ottoman.

O´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. o’y^s, ’wto•s, the ear: cf. F. otique.] Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the ear; auricular; auditory.

O´ti•ose , a. [L. otiosus, fr. otium ease.] Being at leisure or ease; unemployed; indolent; idle. ´Otiose assent.´ Paley. “The true keeping of the Sabbath was not that otiose and unrofitable cessation from even good deeds which they would enforce.” Alford.

O•ti•os´ity , n. [L. otiositas.] Leisure; indolence; idleness; ease. [R.] Thackeray.

O´tis , n. [L., a kind of bustard, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the bustards.

O•ti´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. o’y^s, ’wto•s, the ear + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the ear.

O´to- [Gr. o’y^s, ’wto•s, the ear.] A combining form denoting relation to, or situation near or in, the ear.

O•to´ba fat (Chem.) A colorless buttery substance obtained from the fruit of Myristica otoba, a species of nutmeg tree.

O•toc´o•nite , n. [Oto- + Gr. dust.] (Anat.) (a) A mass of otoliths. (b) An otolith.

O´to•crane , n. [Oto- + Gr. skull.] (Anat.) The cavity in the skull in which the parts of the internal ear are lodged.

O•to•cra´ni•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the otocrane.

O´to•cyst , n. [Oto- + cyst.] (Zoöl. & Anat.) An auditory cyst or vesicle; one of the simple auditory organs of many invertebrates, containing a fluid and otoliths; also the embryonic vesicle from which the parts of the internal ear of vertebrates are developed.

O•tog´ra•phy , n. [Oto- + -graphy.] A description of the ear. { O´to•lith , O´to•lite } n. [Oto- + -lith, -lite.] (Anat.) One of the small bones or particles of calcareous or other hard substance in the internal ear of vertebrates, and in the auditory organs of many invertebrates; an ear stone. Collectively, the otoliths are called ear sand and otoconite. { O•to•lith´ic , O•to•lit´ic } a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to otoliths.

O•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining tootology.

O•tol´o•gist , n. One skilled in otology; an aurist.

O•tol´o•gy , n. [Oto- + - logy.] The branch of science which treats of the ear and its diseases.

O•top´a•thy , n. [Oto- + Gr. to suffer.] (Med.) A diseased condition of the ear.

O•tor•rhœ´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. o’y^s, ’wto•s, the ear + to flow.] (Med.) A flow or running from the ear, esp. a purulent discharge.

O´to•scope , n. [Oto- + - scope.] An instrument for examining the condition of the ear.

O•to•scope´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the otoscope or to otoscopy.

O•tos´co•py , n. (Med.) The examination of the ear; the art of using the otoscope.

O•tos´te•al , n. [Oto- + Gr. a bone.] (Anat.) An auditory ossicle. R. Owen.

O•to•zo´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , a fabled giant + zo^,on an animal.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of huge vertebrates, probably dinosaurs, known only from four-toed tracks in Triassic sandstones.

Ot´tar , n. See Attar.

Ot´ta•was , n. pl.; sing. Ottawa . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who, when first known, lived on the Ottawa River. Most of them subsequently migrated to the southwestern shore of Lake Superior.

Ot´ter , n. [OE. oter, AS. otor; akin to D. & G. otter, Icel. otr, Dan. odder, Sw. utter, Lith. udra, Russ, vuidra, Gr. ´y•dra water serpent, hydra, Skr. udra otter, and also to E. water. rad.137, 215. See Water, and cf. Hydra.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous animal of the genus Lutra, and related genera. Several species are described. They have large, flattish heads, short ears, and webbed toes. They are aquatic, and feed on fish. Their fur is soft and valuable. The common otter of Europe is Lutra vulgaris; the American otter is L. Canadensis; other species inhabit South America and Asia. 2. (Zoöl.) The larva of the ghost moth. It is very injurious to hop vines. Otter hound, Otter dog (Zoöl.), a small breed of hounds, used in England for hunting otters. — Otter sheep. See Ancon sheep, under Ancon. — Otter shell (Zoöl.), very large bivalve mollusk (Schizothaerus Nuttallii) found on the northwest coast of America. It is excellent food, and is extensively used by the Indians. — Sea otter. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary.

Ot´ter, n. A corruption of Annotto.

Ot´to , n. See Attar.

Ot´to•man , a. [F. ottoman: cf. It. ottomano, ottomanno; — from Othoman, Othman, or Osman, the name of a sultan who assumed the government of Turkey about the year 1300. Cf. Osmanli, Ottoman a stuffed seat.] Of or pertaining to the Turks; as the Ottoman power or empire.

Ot´to•man, n.; pl. Ottomans . 1. A Turk. 2. [F. ottomane, from ottoman Turkish.] A stuffed seat without a back, originally used in Turkey.

Ot´to•mite , n. An Ottoman. [R.] Shak.

Ot´trel•ite , n. [From Ottrez, on the borders of Luxembourg.] (Min.) A micaceous mineral occurring in small scales. It is characteristic of certain crystalline schists.

Oua•ka´ri , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any South American monkey of the genus Brachyurus, especially B. ouakari.

Ouan•der•oo´ , n. (Zoöl.) The wanderoo.

Oua•rine´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A Brazilian monkey of the genus Mycetes.

Ou•bli•ette´ , n. [F., fr. oublier to forget, fr. (assumed) LL. oblitare, L. oblivisci, p. p. oblitus.] A dungeon with an opening only at the top, found in some old castles and other strongholds, into which persons condemned to perpetual imprisonment, or to perish secretly, were thrust, or lured to fall. “Sudden in the sun
An oubliette winks. Where is he? Gone.” Mrs. Browning.

Ouch (ouch), n. [OE. ouch, nouche (a nouch being taken for an ouch: cf. Adder), fr. OF. nusche, nosche, nousche, buckle, clasp, LL. nusca, fr. OHG. nusca, nuscha.] A socket or bezel holding a precious stone; hence, a jewel or ornament worn on the person. “A precious stone in a rich ouche.” Sir T. Elyot. “Your brooches, pearls, and ouches.” Shak.

Ough´ne (o´ne), a. Own. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ought (at), n. & adv. See Aught.

Ought, imp., p. p., or auxiliary. [Orig. the preterit of the verb to owe. OE. oughte, aughte, ahte, AS. ahte. rad.110. See Owe.] 1. Was or were under obligation to pay; owed. [Obs.] “This due obedience which they ought to the king.” Tyndale. “The love and duty I long have ought you.” Spelman. “[He] said … you ought him a thousand pound.” Shak. 2. Owned; possessed. [Obs.] “The knight the which that castle ought.” Spenser. 3. To be bound in duty or by moral obligation. “We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.” Rom. xv. 1. 4. To be necessary, fit, becoming, or expedient; to behoove; — in this sense formerly sometimes used impersonally or without a subject expressed. ´Well ought us work.´ Chaucer. “To speak of this as it ought, would ask a volume.” Milton. “Ought not Christ to have suffered these things?” Luke xxiv. 26. Ought is now chiefly employed as an auxiliary verb, expressing fitness, expediency, propriety, moral obligation, or the like, in the action or state indicated by the principal verb. Syn. — Ought, Should. Both words imply obligation, but ought is the stronger. Should may imply merely an obligation of propriety, expendiency, etc.; ought denotes an obligation of duty.

Ought´ness , n. The state of being as a thing ought to be; rightness. [R.] N. W. Taylor.

Ough´where , adv. [AS. ahwaer.] Anywhere; somewhere. See Owher. [Obs.]

Ouis´ti•ti , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) See Wistit.

Oul , n. An awl. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Oul, n. An owl. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ou´la•chan , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Eulachon.

Ounce , n. [F. once, fr. L. uncia a twelfth, the twelfth part of a pound or of a foot: cf. Gr. bulk, mass, atom. Cf. 2d Inch, Oke.] 1. A weight, the sixteenth part of a pound avoirdupois, and containing 437 grains. 2. (Troy Weight) The twelfth part of a troy pound. The troy ounce contains twenty pennyweights, each of twenty-four grains, or, in all, 480 grains, and is the twelfth part of the troy pound. The troy ounce is also a weight in apothecaries’ weight. [Troy ounce is sometimes written as one word, troyounce.] 3. Fig.: A small portion; a bit. [Obs.] “By ounces hung his locks that he had.” Chaucer. Fluid ounce. See under Fluid, n.

Ounce, n. [F. once; cf. It. lonza, Sp. onza; prob. for lonce, taken as l’once, fr. L. lynx, Gr. , or an (assumed) fem. adj. lyncea, from lynx. Cf. Lynx.] (Zoöl.) A feline quadruped (Felis irbis, or uncia) resembling the leopard in size, and somewhat in color, but it has longer and thicker fur, which forms a short mane on the back. The ounce is pale yellowish gray, with irregular dark spots on the neck and limbs, and dark rings on the body. It inhabits the lofty mountain ranges of Asia. Called also once. { Ound´ed , Oun´dy } a. [F. onde, -ee, fr. onde, L. unda, a wave.] Wavy; waving curly. [Obs.] ´Owndie hair.´ Chaucer.

Ound´ing , vb. n. Waving. [Obs.] “Ounding, paling, winding, or bending … of cloth.” Chaucer.

Ouphe , n. [See Auf.] A fairy; a goblin; an elf. [Obs.] ´Like urchins, ouphes, and fairies.´ Shak.

Ouph´en , a. Elfish. [Obs.]

Our , possessive pron. [AS. re our, of us; akin to s us, to us, and to G. unser our, of us, Goth. unsara. rad.186 See Us.] Of or pertaining to us; belonging to us; as our country; our rights; our troops; our endeavors. See I. “The Lord is our defense.” Ps. lxxxix. 18. When the noun is not expressed, ours is used in the same way as hers for her, yours for your, etc.; as whose house is that? It is ours. “Our wills are ours, we known not how.” Tennyson.

-our [OF. -our.] See - or.

Ou•rang´ , n. (Zoöl.) The orang-outang.

Ou•rang´-ou•tang , n. (Zoöl.) See Orang-outang.

Ou•ra•nog´ra•phist , n. See Uranographist.

Ou•ra•nog´ra•phy , n. See Uranography.

Ou´re•bi , n. (Zoöl.) A small, graceful, and swift African antelope, allied to the klipspringer.

Ou•ret´ic , a. [Gr. , from urine. Cf. Uretic.] (Chem.) Uric.

Ou•rol´o•gy , n. See Urology.

Ou•ros´co•py , n. [Gr. urine + -scopy.] Ourology.

Ours , possessive pron. See Note under Our.

Our•selves´ , pron. ; sing. Ourself . An emphasized form of the pronoun of the first person plural; — used as a subject, usually with we; also alone in the predicate, in the nominative or the objective case. “We ourselves might distinctly number in words a great deal further then we usually do.” Locke. “Safe in ourselves, while on ourselves we stand.” Dryden. The form ourself is usec only in the regal or formal style after we or us, denoting a single person. “Unless we would denude ourself of all force.” Clarendon.

-ous [OF. -ous, us, -os, F. -eux, fr. L. -osus, and -us. Cf. -ose.] 1. An adjective suffix meaning full of, abounding in, having, possessing the qualities of, like; as in gracious, abounding in grace; arduous, full of ardor; bulbous, having bulbs, bulblike; riotous, poisonous, piteous, joyous, etc. 2. (Chem.) A suffix denoting that the element indicated by the name bearing it, has a valence lower than that denoted by the termination -ic; as nitrous, sulphurous, etc., as contrasted with nitric, sulphuric, etc.

Ouse , n. & v. See Ooze. [Obs.]

Ou´sel , n. [OE. osel, AS. sle; akin to G. amsel, OHG. amsala, and perh. to L. merula blackbird. Cf. Merle, Amsel.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of European thrushes, especially the blackbird (Merula merula, or Turdus merula), and the mountain or ring ousel (Turdus torquatus). [Written also ouzel.] Rock ousel (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. — Water ousel (Zoöl.), the European dipper (Cinclus aquaticus), and the American dipper (C. Mexicanus).

Oust , n. See Oast.

Oust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ousted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ousting.] [OF. oster, F. ôter, prob. fr. L. obstare to oppose, hence, to forbid, take away. See Obstacle, and cf. Ouster.] 1. To take away; to remove. “Multiplication of actions upon the case were rare, formerly, and thereby wager of law ousted.” Sir M. Hale. 2. To eject; to turn out. Blackstone. “From mine own earldom foully ousted me.” Tennyson.

Oust´er , n. [Prob. fr. the OF. infin. oster, used substantively. See Oust.] A putting out of possession; dispossession; ejection; disseizin. “Ouster of the freehold is effected by abatement, intrusion, disseizin, discontinuance, or deforcement.” Blackstone. Ouster le main. [Ouster + F. la main the hand, L. manus.] (Law) A delivery of lands out of the hands of a guardian, or out of the king’s hands, or a judgement given for that purpose. Blackstone.

Out , adv. [OE. out, ut, oute, ute, AS. ut, and ute, utan, fr. ut; akin to D. uit, OS. ut, G. aus, OHG. uz, Icel. ut, Sw. ut, Dan. ud, Goth. ut, Skr. ud. rad.198. Cf. About, But, prep., Carouse, Utter, a.] In its original and strict sense, out means from the interior of something; beyond the limits or boundary of somethings; in a position or relation which is exterior to something; — opposed to in or into. The something may be expressed after of, from, etc. (see Out of, below); or, if not expressed, it is implied; as he is out; or, he is out of the house, office, business, etc.; he came out; or, he came out from the ship, meeting, sect, party, etc. Out is used in a variety of applications, as: — 1. Away; abroad; off; from home, or from a certain, or a usual, place; not in; not in a particular, or a usual, place; as the proprietor is out, his team was taken out. ´My shoulder blade is out.´ Shak. “He hath been out (of the country) nine years.” Shak. 2. Beyond the limits of concealment, confinement, privacy, constraint, etc., actual of figurative; hence, not in concealment, constraint, etc., in, or into, a state of freedom, openness, disclosure, publicity, etc.; as the sun shines out; he laughed out, to be out at the elbows; the secret has leaked out, or is out; the disease broke out on his face; the book is out. “Leaves are out and perfect in a month.” Bacon. “She has not been out [in general society] very long.” H. James. 3. Beyond the limit of existence, continuance, or supply; to the end; completely; hence, in, or into, a condition of extinction, exhaustion, completion; as the fuel, or the fire, has burned out. ´Hear me out.´ Dryden. “Deceitiful men shall not live out half their days.” Ps. iv. 23. “When the butt is out, we will drink water.” Shak. 4. Beyond possession, control, or occupation; hence, in, or into, a state of want, loss, or deprivation; — used of office, business, property, knowledge, etc.; as the Democrats went out and the Whigs came in; he put his money out at interest. ´Land that is out at rack rent.´ Locke. ´He was out fifty pounds.´ Bp. Fell. “I have forgot my part, and I am out.” Shak. 5. Beyond the bounds of what is true, reasonable, correct, proper, common, etc.; in error or mistake; in a wrong or incorrect position or opinion; in a state of disagreement, opposition, etc.; in an inharmonious relation. ´Lancelot and I are out.´ Shak. “Wicked men are strangely out in the calculating of their own interest.” South. “Very seldom out, in these his guesses.” Addison. 6. Not in the position to score in playing a game; not in the state or turn of the play for counting or gaining scores. Out is largely used in composition as a prefix, with the same significations that it has as a separate word; as outbound, outbreak, outbuilding, outcome, outdo, outdoor, outfield. See also the first Note under Over, adv. Day in, day out, from the beginning to the limit of each of several days; day by day; every day. — Out and out. (a) adv. Completely; wholly; openly. (b) adj. Without any reservation or disguise; absolute; as an out and out villain. [As an adj. written also out-and-out.] — Out at, Out in, Out on, etc., elliptical phrases, that to which out refers as a source, origin, etc., being omitted; as out (of the house and) at the barn; out (of the house, road, fields, etc., and) in the woods. “Three fishers went sailing out into the west,
Out into the west, as the sun went down.” C. Kingsley. In these lines after out may be understood, ´of the harbor,´ ´from the shore,´ ´of sight,´ or some similar phrase. The complete construction is seen in the saying: ´Out of the frying pan into the fire.´ — Out from, a construction similar to out of (below). See Of and From. Out of, a phrase which may be considered either as composed of an adverb and a preposition, each having its appropriate office in the sentence, or as a compound preposition. Considered as a preposition, it denotes, with verbs of movement or action, from the interior of; beyond the limit: from; hence, origin, source, motive, departure, separation, loss, etc.; — opposed to in or into; also with verbs of being, the state of being derived, removed, or separated from. Examples may be found in the phrases below, and also under Vocabulary words; as out of breath; out of countenance. Out of cess, beyond measure, excessively. Shak. — Out of character, unbecoming; improper. — Out of conceit with, not pleased with. See under Conceit. — Out of date, not timely; unfashionable; antiquated. — Out of door, Out of doors, beyond the doors; from the house; in, or into, the open air; hence, figuratively, shut out; dismissed. See under Door, also Out-of-door, Outdoor, Outdoors, in the Vocabulary. ´He ’s quality, and the question’s out of door,´ Dryden. — Out of favor, disliked; under displeasure. — Out of frame, not in correct order or condition; irregular; disarranged. Latimer. — Out of hand, immediately; without delay or preparation. ´Ananias … fell down and died out of hand.´ Latimer. — Out of harm’s way, beyond the danger limit; in a safe place. — Out of joint, not in proper connection or adjustment; unhinged; disordered. ´The time is out of joint.´ Shak. — Out of mind, not in mind; forgotten; also beyond the limit of memory; as time out of mind. — Out of one’s head, beyond commanding one’s mental powers; in a wandering state mentally; delirious. [Colloq.] — Out of one’s time, beyond one’s period of minority or apprenticeship. — Out of order, not in proper order; disarranged; in confusion. — Out of place, not in the usual or proper place; hence, not proper or becoming. — Out of pocket, in a condition of having expended or lost more money than one has received. — Out of print, not in market, the edition printed being exhausted; — said of books, pamphlets, etc. — Out of the question, beyond the limits or range of consideration; impossible to be favorably considered. — Out of reach, beyond one’s reach; inaccessible. — Out of season, not in a proper season or time; untimely; inopportune. — Out of sorts, wanting certain things; unsatisfied; unwell; unhappy; cross. See under Sort, n. — Out of temper, not in good temper; irritated; angry. — Out of time, not in proper time; too soon, or too late. - - Out of time, not in harmony; discordant; hence, not in an agreeing temper; fretful. — Out of twist, winding, or wind, not in warped condition; perfectly plain and smooth; — said of surfaces. — Out of use, not in use; unfashionable; obsolete. — Out of the way. (a) On one side; hard to reach or find; secluded. (b) Improper; unusual; wrong. — Out of the woods, not in a place, or state, of obscurity or doubt; free from difficulty or perils; safe. [Colloq.] — Out to out, from one extreme limit to another, including the whole length, breadth, or thickness; — applied to measurements. — Out West, in or towards, the West; specifically, in some Western State or Territory. [U. S.] — To come out, To cut out, To fall out, etc. See under Come, Cut, Fall, etc. — To put out of the way, to kill; to destroy. — Week in, week out. See Day in, day out (above).

Out , n. 1. One who, or that which, is out; especially, one who is out of office; — generally in the plural. 2. A place or space outside of something; a nook or corner; an angle projecting outward; an open space; — chiefly used in the phrase ins and outs; as the ins and outs of a question. See under In. 3. (Print.) A word or words omitted by the compositor in setting up copy; an omission. To make an out (Print.), to omit something, in setting or correcting type, which was in the copy.

Out, v. t. 1. To cause to be out; to eject; to expel. “A king outed from his country.” Selden. “The French have been outed of their holds.” Heylin. 2. To come out with; to make known. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To give out; to dispose of; to sell. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Out, v. i. To come or go out; to get out or away; to become public. ´Truth will out.´ Shak.

Out, interj. Expressing impatience, anger, a desire to be rid of; — with the force of command; go out; begone; away; off. “Out, idle words, servants to shallow fools !” Shak. Out upon or on! equivalent to ´shame upon!´ ´away with!´ as out upon you!

Out•act´ , v. t. To do or beyond; to exceed in acting. [R.] “He has made me heir to treasures
Would make me outact a real window’s whining.” Otway.

Ou´ta•gam•ies , n. pl.; sing. Outagamie . (Ethnol.) See lst Fox, 7.

Out•ar´gue , v. t. To surpass or conquer in argument.

Out•bab´ble , v. t. To utter foolishly or excessively; to surpass in babbling. [R.] Milton.

Out•bal´ance , v. t. To outweight; to exceed in weight or effect. “Let dull Ajax bear away my right
When all his days outbalance this one night.” Dryden.

Out•bar´ , v. t. To bar out. [R.] Spenser.

Out•beg´ , v. t. To surpass in begging. [R.]

Out•bid´ , v. t. [imp. Outbid or Outbade ; p. p. Outbid or Outbidden ; p. pr. & vb. n. Outbidding.] To exceed or surpass in bidding. “Prevent the greedy, and outbid the bold.” Pope.

Out•bid´der , n. One who outbids. Johnson.

Out•bleat´ , v. t. To surpass in bleating.

Out´blown , a. Inflated with wind. Dryden.

Out•blush´ , v. t. To exceed in blushing; to surpass in rosy color. T. Shipman.

Out´board , a. & adv. (Naut.) Beyond or outside of the lines of a vessel’s bulwarks or hull; in a direction from the hull or from the keel; — opposed to inboard; as outboard rigging; swing the davits outboard.

Out´born , a. Foreign; not native. [R.]

Out´bound , a. Outward bound. Dryden.

Out´bounds , n. pl. The farthest or exterior bounds; extreme limits; boundaries. Spenser.

Out•bow´ , v. t. To excel in bowing. Young.

Out´bowed , a. Convex; curved outward. ´The convex or outbowed side of a vessel.´ Bp. Hall.

Out•brag´ , v. t. To surpass in bragging; hence, to make appear inferior. “Whose bare outbragg’d the web it seemed to wear.” Shak.

Out•brave´ , v. t. 1. To excel in bravery o in insolence; to defy with superior courage or audacity 2. To excel in magnificence or comeliness. “The basest weed outbraves his dignity.” Shak.

Out•bray´ , v. t. 1. To exceed in braying. 2. To emit with great noise. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Out•bra´zen , v. t. To bear down with a brazen face; to surpass in impudence. T. Brown.

Out´break , n. A bursting forth; eruption; insurrection. ´Mobs and outbreaks.´ J. H. Newman. “The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind.” Shak.

Out´break•ing, n. 1. The act of breaking out. 2. That which bursts forth.

Out•breast´ , v. t. To surpass in singing. See Breast, n., 6. [Obs.]

Out•breathe´ , v. t. 1. To breathe forth. ´Outbreathed life.´ Spenser. 2. To cause to be out of breath; to exhaust. Shak.

Out•breathe´, v. i. To issue, as breath; to be breathed out; to exhale. Beau. & Fl.

Out•bribe´ , v. t. To surpass in bribing.

Out•bring´ , v. t. To bring or bear out.

Out•bud´ , v. i. To sprout. [Poetic] Spenser.

Out•build´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outbuilt or Outbuilded; p. pr. & vb. n. Outbuilding.] To exceed in building, or in durability of building.

Out´build•ing , n. A building separate from, and subordinate to, the main house; an outhouse.

Out•burn´, v. t. & i. 1. To exceed in burning. 2. To burn entirely; to be consumed. Shak.

Out´burst , n. A bursting forth.

Out•cant´ , v. t. To surpass in canting. Pope.

Out´cast , a. [Cf. Sw. utkasta to cast out.] Cast out; degraded. ´Outcast, rejected.´ Longfellow.

Out´cast, n. 1. One who is cast out or expelled; an exile; one driven from home, society, or country; hence, often, a degraded person; a vagabond. “The Lord … gathereth together the outcasts of Israel.” Ps. cxlvii. 2. 2. A quarrel; a contention. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Out´cast•ing, n. That which is cast out. [Obs.]

Out•cept´ , prep. Except. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Out•cheat´ , v. t. To exceed in cheating.

Out•climb´ , v. t. To climb bevond; to surpass in climbing. Davenant.

Out´come , n. That which comes out of, or follows from, something else; issue; result; consequence; upshot. ´The logical outcome.´ H. Spenser. “All true literature, all genuine poetry, is the direct outcome, the condensed essence, of actual life and thougth.” J. C. Shairp.

Out•com´pass , v. t. To exceed the compass or limits of. Bacon.

Out´court , n. An outer or exterior court. “The skirts and outcourts of heaven.” South.

Out•craft´y , v. t. To exceed in cunning. [R.] Shak.

Out´cri•er , n. One who cries out or proclaims; a herald or crier.

Out´crop , n. (Geol.) (a) The coming out of a stratum to the surface of the ground. Lyell. (b) That part of inclined strata which appears at the surface; basset.

Out•crop´ , v. i. (Geol.) To come out to the surface of the ground; — said of strata.

Out´cry , n. 1. A vehement or loud cry; a cry of distress, alarm, opposition, or detestation; clamor. 2. Sale at public auction. Massinger. Thackeray.

Out•dare´ , v. t. To surpass in daring; to overcome by courage; to brave. Shak. R. Browning.

Out•dat´ed , a. Being out of date; antiquated. [Obs.] Hammond.

Out•daz´zle , v. t. To surpass in dazzing.

Out•do´ , v. t. [imp. Outdid p. p. Outdone p. pr. & vb. n. Outdoing.] To go beyond in performance; to excel; to surpass. “An imposture outdoes the original.” L’ Estrange. “I grieve to be outdone by Gay.” Swift.

Out´door , a. [For out of door.] Being, or done, in the open air; being or done outside of certain buildings, as poorhouses, hospitals, etc.; as outdoor exercise; outdoor relief; outdoor patients.

Out´doors , adv. Abread; out of the house; out of doors.

Out•draw´ , v. t. To draw out; to extract. [R.] ´He must the teeth outdraw.´ Gower.

Out•dream´ , v. t. To pass, or escape, while dreaming. ´To oultdream dangers.´ Beau. & Fl.

Out•drink´ , v. t. To exceed in drinking.

Out•dure´ , v. t. To outlast. [Obs.]

Out•dwell´ , v. t. To dwell or stay beyond. [Poetic] ´He outdwells his hour.´ Shak.

Out´dwell•er , n. One who holds land in a parish, but lives elsewhere. [Eng.]

Out´er (out´er), a. [Compar. of Out.] [AS. utor, compar. of ut, adv., out. See Out, Utter, a.] Being on the outside; external; farthest or farther from the interior, from a given station, or from any space or position regarded as a center or starting place; — opposed to inner; as the outer wall; the outer court or gate; the outer stump in cricket; the outer world. Outer bar, in England, the body of junior (or utter) barristers; — so called because in court they occupy a place beyond the space reserved for Queen’s counsel.

Out´er, n. (a) The part of a target which is beyond the circles surrounding the bull’s- eye. (b) A shot which strikes the outer of a target.

Out´er, n. [From Out, v.] One who puts out, ousts, or expels; also an ouster; dispossession. [R.]

Out´er•ly, adv. 1. Utterly; entirely. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Toward the outside. [R.] Grew.

Out´er•most , a. [See Uttermost, Utmost, and cf. Outmost.] Being on the extreme external part; farthest outward; as the outermost row. Boyle.

Out•face´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outfaced p pr. & vb. n. Outfacing ] To face or look (one) out of countenance; to resist or bear down by bold looks or effrontery; to brave. Shak. “Having outfaced all the world.” South.

Out´fall , n. 1. The mouth of a river; the lower end of a water course; the open end of a drain, culvert, etc., where the discharge occurs. 2. A quarrel; a falling out. [Prov. Eng.]

Out•fang´thef , n. [AS. t- fangen-eóf. See Out, Fang, v. t., and Thief.] (Anglo-Saxon & O. Eng. Law) (a) A thief from without or abroad, taken within a lord’s fee or liberty. (b) The privilege of trying such a thief. Burrill.

Out•fawn´ , v. t. To exceed in fawning.

Out•feast´ , v. t. To exceed in feasting.

Out•feat´ , v. t. To surpass in feats.

Out´field , n. 1. Arable land which has been or is being exhausted. See Infield, 1. [Scot.] 2. A field beyond, or separated from, the inclosed land about the homestead; an uninclosed or unexplored tract. Also used figuratively. “The great outfield of thought or fact.” Trench. 3. (Baseball) The part of the field beyond the diamond, or infield. It is occupied by the fielders. 4. (Cricket) The part of the field farthest from the batsman.

Out´fit , n. A fitting out, or equipment, as of a ship for a voyage, or of a person for an expedition in an unoccupied region or residence in a foreign land; things required for equipment; the expense of, or allowance made for, equipment, as by the government of the United States to a diplomatic agent going abroad.

Out´fit•ter , n. One who furnishes outfits for a voyage, a journey, or a business.

Out•flank´ , v. t. (Mil.) To go beyond, or be superior to, on the flank; to pass around or turn the flank or flanks of.

Out•flat´ter , v. t. To exceed in flattering.

Out´fling, n. A gibe; a contemptuous remark.

Out´flow , n. A flowing out; efflux.

Out•flow´ , v. i. To flow out. Campbell.

Out•fly´ , v. t. [imp. Outflew p. p. Outflown p. pr. & vb. n. Outflying.] To surpass in flying; to fly beyond or faster than. Shak. “Winged with fear outflies the wind.” Waller.

Out•fool´, v. t. To exceed in folly. [R.] Young.

Out´form , n. External appearance. [Obs.]

Out•frown´ , v. t. To frown down; to overbear by frowning. Shak.

Out´gate , n. An outlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Out•gaze´ , v. t. To gaze beyond; to exceed in sharpness or persistence of seeing or of looking; hence, to stare out of countenance.

Out•gen´er•al , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outgeneraled or Outgeneralled; p. pr. & vb. n. Outgeneraling or Outgeneralling.] To exceed in generalship; to gain advantage over by superior military skill or executive ability; to outmaneuver. Chesterfield.

Out•give´ , v. t. To surpass in giving. Dryden.

Out•go´ , v. t. [imp. Outwent p. p. Outgone p. pr. & vb. n. Outgoing.] 1. To go beyond; to exceed in swiftness; to surpass; to outdo. 2. To circumvent; to overreach. [Obs.] Denham.

Out´go , n.; pl. Outgoes . That which goes out, or is paid out; outlay; expenditure; — the opposite of income. Lowell.

Out´go•er , n. One who goes out or departs.

Out´go•ing, n. 1. The act or the state of going out. “The outgoings of the morning and evening.” Ps. lxv. 8. 2. That which goes out; outgo; outlay. 3. The extreme limit; the place of ending. [Obs.] “The outgoings of the border were at the north bay of the salt sea, at the south end of Jordan.” Josh. xviii. 19.

Out´go•ing, a. Going out; departing; as the outgoing administration; an outgoing steamer.

Out´ground , n. Ground situated at a distance from the house; outlying land.

Out•grow´ , v. t. [imp. Outgrew p. p. Outgrown p. pr. & vb. n. Outgrowing.] 1. To surpass in growing; to grow more than. Shak. 2. To grow out of or away from; to grow too large, or too aged, for; as to outgrow clothing; to outgrow usefulness; to outgrow an infirmity.

Out´growth , n. That which grows out of, or proceeds from, anything; an excrescence; an offshoot; hence, a result or consequence.

Out´guard , n. (Mil.) A guard or small body of troops at a distance from the main body of an army, to watch for the approach of an enemy; hence, anything for defense placed at a distance from the thing to be defended.

Out´gush , n. A pouring out; an outburst. “A passionate outgush of emotion.” Thackeray.

Out•gush´ , v. i. To gush out; to flow forth.

Out´haul , n. (Naut.) A rope used for hauling out a sail upon a spar; — opposite of inhaul.

Out•hees´ , n. [Cf. LL. uthesium, hutesium, huesium, OF. hueis, and E. hue, in hue and cry.] Outcry; alarm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Outh´er , conj. Other. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Out-Her´od , v. t. To surpass (Herod) in violence or wickedness; to exceed in any vicious or offensive particular. ´It out-Herods Herod.´ Shak. “Out-Heroding the preposterous fashions of the times.” Sir W. Scott.

Out•hire´ , v. t. To hire out. [Obs.] Spenser.

Out´house , n. A small house or building at a little distance from the main house; an outbuilding.

Out´ing, n. 1. The act of going out; an airing; an excursion; as a summer outing. 2. A feast given by an apprentice when he is out of his time. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Out•jest´ , v. t. To surpass in jesting; to drive out, or away, by jesting. [R.] Shak.

Out´jet , n. That which jets out or projects from anything. [R.] H. Miller.

Out•jug´gle , v. t. To surpass in juggling.

Out´keep•er , n. (Surv.) An attachment to a surveyor’s compass for keeping tally in chaining.

Out•knave´ , v. t. To surpass in knavery.

Out•la´bor , v. t. To surpass in laboring.

Out´land , a. [Out + land. See Outlandish.] Foreign; outlandish. [Obs.] Strutt.

Out´land•er , n. A foreigner. Wood.

Out•land´ish , a. [AS. tlendisc foreign. See Out, Land, and - ish.] 1. Foreign; not native. “Him did outlandish women cause to sin.” Neh. xiii. 26. “Its barley water and its outlandish wines.” G. W. Cable. 2. Hence: Not according with usage; strange; rude; barbarous; uncouth; clownish; as an outlandish dress, behavior, or speech. “Something outlandish, unearthy, or at variance with ordinary fashion.” Hawthorne. —Out•land´ish•ly, adv. — Out•land´ish•ness, n.

Out•last´ , v. t. To exceed in duration; to survive; to endure longer than. Milton.

Out•laugh´ , v. t. 1. To surpass or outdo in laughing. Dryden. 2. To laugh (one) out of a purpose, principle, etc.; to discourage or discomfit by laughing; to laugh down. [R.] “His apprehensions of being outlaughed will force him to continue in a restless obscurity.” Franklin.

Out´law , n. [AS. tlaga, tlah. See Out, and Law.] A person excluded from the benefit of the law, or deprived of its protection. Blackstone.

Out´law, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outlawed p. pr. & vb. n. Outlawing.] [AS. tlagian.] 1. To deprive of the benefit and protection of law; to declare to be an outlaw; to proscribe. Blackstone. 2. To remove from legal jurisdiction or enforcement; as to outlaw a debt or claim; to deprive of legal force. ´Laws outlawed by necessity.´ Fuller.

Out´law•ry , n.; pl. Outlawries . 1. The act of outlawing; the putting a man out of the protection of law, or the process by which a man (as an absconding criminal) is deprived of that protection. 2. The state of being an outlaw.

Out•lay´ , v. t. To lay out; to spread out; to display. [R.] Drayton.

Out´lay , n. 1. A laying out or expending. 2. That which is expended; expenditure. 3. An outlying haunt. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Out•leap´ , v. t. To surpass in leaping.

Out´leap , n. A sally. [R.] Locke.

Out•learn´ , v. t. 1. To excel or surpass in learing. 2. To learn out [i. e., completely, utterly]; to exhaust knowledge of. “Naught, according to his mind,
He could outlearn.” Spenser. “Men and gods have not outlearned it [love].” Emerson.

Out´let , n. The place or opening by which anything is let out; a passage out; an exit; a vent. “Receiving all, and having no outlet.” Fuller.

Out•let´ , v. t. To let out; to emit. [R.] Daniel.

Out•lie´ , v. t. To exceed in lying. Bp. Hall.

Out´li•er , n. 1. One who does not live where his office, or business, or estate, is. Bentley. 2. That which lies, or is, away from the main body. 3. (Geol.) A part of a rock or stratum lying without, or beyond, the main body, from which it has been separated by denudation.

Out´limb , n. An extreme member or part of a thing; a limb. [Obs.] Fuller.

Out´line , n. 1. (a) The line which marks the outer limits of an object or figure; the exterior line or edge; contour. (b) In art: A line drawn by pencil, pen, graver, or the like, by which the boundary of a figure is indicated. (c) A sketch composed of such lines; the delineation of a figure without shading. “Painters, by their outlines, colors, lights, and shadows, represent the same in their pictures.” Dryden. 2. Fig.: A sketch of any scheme; a preliminary or general indication of a plan, system, course of thought, etc.; as the outline of a speech. “But that larger grief …
Is given in outline and no more.” Tennyson. Syn. — Sketch; draught; delineation. See Sketch.

Out´line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outlined p. pr. & vb. n. Outlining.] 1. To draw the outline of. 2. Fig.: To sketch out or indicate as by an outline; as to outline an argument or a campaign.

Out•lin´e•ar , a. Of or pertaining to an outline; being in, or forming, an outline. Trench.

Out•live´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outlived p. pr. & vb. n. Outliving.] To live beyond, or longer than; to survive. “They live too long who happiness outlive.” Dryden.

Out•liv´er , n. One who outlives. [R.]

Out•look´ , v. t. 1. To face down; to outstare. “To outlook conquest, and to win renown.” Shak. 2. To inspect throughly; to select. [Obs.] Cotton.

Out´look, n. 1. The act of looking out; watch. 2. One who looks out; also the place from which one looks out; a watchower. Lyon Playfair. 3. The view obtained by one looking out; scope of vision; prospect; sight; appearance. “Applause
Which owes to man’s short outlook all its charms.” Young.

Out´loose , n. A loosing from; an escape; an outlet; an evasion. [Obs.] “That ´whereas´ gives me an outloose.” Selden.

Out´lope , n. An excursion. [Obs.] Florio. { Out•lus´ter , Out•lus´tre } , v. t. To excel in brightness or luster. Shak.

Out´ly•ing , a. Lying or being at a distance from the central part, or the main body; being on, or beyond, the frontier; exterior; remote; detached. { Out•ma•neu´ver , Out•ma•nœu´vre } , v. t. To surpass, or get an advantage of, in maneuvering; to outgeneral.

Out•man´tle , v. t. To excel in mantling; hence, to excel in splendor, as of dress. [R.] “And with poetic trappings grace thy prose,
Till it outmantle all the pride of verse.” Cowper.

Out•march´ , v. t. To surpass in marching; to march faster than, or so as to leave behind.

Out•meas´ure , v. t. To exceed in measure or extent; to measure more than. Sir T. Browne.

Out´most , a. [OE. outemest, utmest, AS. temest, a superl. fr. te out. See Out, Utmost, and cf. Outermost.] Farthest from the middle or interior; farthest outward; outermost.

Out•mount´ , v. t. To mount above. [R.]

Out•name´ , v. t. 1. To exceed in naming or describing. [R.] 2. To exceed in name, fame, or degree. [Obs.] “And found out one to outname thy other faults.” Beau. & Fl.

Out´ness , n. 1. The state of being out or beyond; separateness. 2. (Metaph.) The state or quality of being distanguishable from the perceiving mind, by being in space, and possessing marerial quality; externality; objectivity. “The outness of the objects of sense.” Sir W. Hamiltom.

Out•noise´ , v. t. To exceed in noise; to surpass in noisiness. [R.] Fuller.

Out•num´ber , v. t. To exceed in number.

Out•-of-door´ , a. Being out of the house; being, or done, in the open air; outdoor; as out-of- door exercise. See Out of door, under Out, adv. “Amongst out-of-door delights.” G. Eliot.

Out•-of-the-way´, a. See under Out, adv.

Out•pace´ , v. t. [Cf. Outpass.] To outgo; to move faster than; to leave behind. [R.] Lamb.

Out•par´a•mour , v. t. To exceed in the number of mistresses. [R.] Shak.

Out´par•ish , n. A parish lying without the walls of, or in a remote part of, a town. Graunt.

Out´part , n. An outlying part. [R.] Ayliffe.

Out•pass´ , v. t. [Cf. Outpace.] To pass beyond; to exceed in progress.

Out•pas´sion , v. t. To exceed in passion.

Out´-pa•tient , n. A patient who is outside a hospital, but receives medical aid from it.

Out•peer´ , v. t. To excel. [R.] Shak.

Out•play´ , v. t. To excel or defeat in a game; to play better than; as to be outplayed in tennis or ball.

Out•poise´ , v. t. To outweigh. Howell.

Out´port , n. A harbor or port at some distance from the chief town or seat of trade. Macaulay.

Out´post , n. (Mil.) (a) A post or station without the limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of an army, for observation of the enemy. (b) The troops placed at such a station.

Out•pour´ , v. t. To pour out. Milton.

Out´pour, n. A flowing out; a free discharge.

Out•pow´er , v. t. To excel in power; to overpover. [Obs.] Fuller.

Out•pray´ , v. t. To exceed or excel in prayer.

Out•preach´ , v. t. To surpass in preaching. “And for a villain’s quick conversion
A pillory can outpreach a parson.” Trumbull.

Out•prize´ , v. t. To prize beyong value, or in excess; to exceed in value. [Obs.] Shak.

Out´put , n. 1. The amount of coal or ore put out from one or more mines, or the quantity of material produced by, or turned out from, one or more furnaces or mills, in a given time. 2. (Physiol.) That which is thrown out as products of the metabolic activity of the body; the egesta other than the faeces. See Income. The output consists of: (a) The respiratory products of the lungs, skin, and alimentary canal, consisting chiefly of carbonic acid and water with small quantities of hydrogen and carbureted hydrogen. (b) Perspiration, consisting chiefly of water and salts. (c) The urine, which is assumed to contain all the nitrogen truly excreted by the body, besides a large quantity of saline matters and water. Foster.

Out•quench´ , v. t. To quench entirely; to extinguish. ´The candlelight outquenched.´ Spenser.

Out•rage´ , v. t. [Out + rage.] To rage in excess of. [R.] Young.

Out´rage , n. [F. outrage; OF. outre, oltre, beyond (F. outre, L. ultra) + -age, as in courage, voyage. See Ulterior.] 1. Injurious violence or wanton wrong done to persons or things; a gross violation of right or decency; excessive abuse; wanton mischief; gross injury. Chaucer. “He wrought great outrages, wasting all the country.” Spenser. 2. Excess; luxury. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Affront; insult; abuse. See Affront.

Out´rage , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outragen p. pr. & vb. n. Outraging ] [F. outrager. See Outrage, n.] 1. To commit outrage upon; to subject to outrage; to treat with violence or excessive abuse. “Base and insolent minds outrage men when they have hope of doing it without a return.” Atterbury. “This interview outrages all decency.” Broome. 2. Specifically, to violate; to commit an indecent assault upon (a female).

Out´rage, v. t. To be guilty of an outrage; to act outrageously.

Out•ra´geous , a. [OF. outrageus, F. outrageux. See Outrage, n.] Of the nature of an outrage; exceeding the limits of right, reason, or decency; involving or doing an outrage; furious; violent; atrocious. ´Outrageous weeping.´ Chaucer. ´The most outrageous villainies.´ Sir P. Sidney. ´The vile, outrageous crimes.´ Shak. ´Outrageous panegyric.´ Dryden. Syn. — Violent; furious; exorbitant; excessive; atrocious; monstrous; wanton; nefarious; heinous. — Out•ra´geous•ly (out•ra´jus•ly), adv. — Out•ra´geous•ness, n.

Ou•trance´ (oo•träNs´), n. [F. See OutrAE.] The utmost or last extremity. Combat à outrance, a fight to the end, or to the death.

Out•rank´ (out•rank´), v. t. To exceed in rank; hence, to take precedence of.

Out•ray´ (-ra´), v. t. To outshine. [R.] Skelton.

Out•ray´, v. i. To spread out in array. [Obs.] “And now they outray to your fleet.” Chapman.

Out•raye´ , v. i. See Outrage, v. i. [Obs.] “This warn I you, that ye not suddenly
Out of yourself for no woe should outraye.” Chaucer.

Out•raze´ , v. t. To obliterate. [Obs.] Sandys.

Ou•tre´ , a. [F., p. p. of outrer to exaggerate, fr. L. ultra beyond. See Outrage.] Being out of the common course or limits; extravagant; bizarre.

Out•reach´ , v. t. To reach beyond.

Out•rea´son , v. t. To excel or surpass in reasoning; to reason better than. South.

Out•reck´on , v. t. To exceed in reckoning or computation. Bp. Pearson.

Ou•tre•cui•dance´ , n. [F., fr. outre beyond + cuider to think, L. cogitare.] Excessive presumption. [R.] B. Jonson.

Out•rede´ , v. t. To surpass in giving rede, or counsel. [Obs.] See Atrede. Chaucer.

Out•reign´ , v. t. To go beyond in reigning; to reign through the whole of, or longer than. [R.] Spenser.

Out•ride´ , v. t. To surpass in speed of riding; to ride beyond or faster than. Shak.

Out´ride, n. 1. A riding out; an excursion. [R.] 2. A place for riding out. [R.]

Out´rid•er , n. 1. A summoner whose office is to cite men before the sheriff. [Obs.] 2. One who rides out on horseback. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A servant on horseback attending a carriage.

Out´rig•ger , n. 1. Any spar or projecting timber run out for temporary use, as from a ship’s mast, to hold a rope or a sail extended, or from a building, to support hoisting teckle. 2. (Naut.) (a) A projecting support for a rowlock, extended from the side of a boat. (b) A boat thus equipped. (c) A projecting contrivance at the side of a boat to prevent upsetting, as projecting spars with a log at the end.

Out´right , adv. 1. Immediately; without delay; at once; as he was killed outright. 2. Completely; utterly. Cardinal Manning.

Out•ring´ , v. t. To excel in volume of ringing sound; to ring louder than.

Out•ri´val , v. t. To surpass in a rivalry.

Out•rive´ , v. t. To river; to sever. [Obs.] Fairfax. { Out´road• , Out´rode• } , n. An excursion. [Obs.] ´Outrodes by the ways of Judea.´ Macc. xv. 41 (Geneva Bible).

Out•roar´ , v. t. To exceed in roaring.

Out•ro•mance´ , v. t. To exceed in romantic character. [R.] Fuller.

Out´room , n. An outer room. [R.] Fuller.

Out•root´ , v. t. To eradicate; to extirpate.

Out•run´ , v. t. [imp. Outran p. p. Outrun; p. pr. & vb. n. Outrunning.] To exceed, or leave behind, in running; to run faster than; to outstrip; to go beyond. “Your zeal outruns my wishes.” Sir W. Scott. “The other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulcher.” Jhon xx. 4.

Out•run´ner , n. An offshoot; a branch. [R.] ´Some outrunner of the river.´ Lauson.

Out•rush´ , v. i. To rush out; to issue, or ru out, forcibly. Garth.

Out•sail´ , v. t. To excel, or to leave behind, in sailing; to sail faster than. Beau. & Fl.

Out•scent´ , v. t. To exceed in odor. Fuller.

Out•scold´ , v. t. To exceed in scolding. Shak.

Out•scorn´ , v. t. To confront, or subdue, with greater scorn. Shak.

Out´scour•ing , n. That which is scoured out o washed out. Buckland.

Out•scout´ , v. t. To overpower by disdain; to outface. [Obs.] Marston.

Out•see´ , v. t. To see beyond; to excel in cerainty of seeing; to surpass in foresight.

Out•sell´ , v. t. 1. To exceed in amount of sales; to sell more than. 2. To exceed in the price of selling; to fetch more than; to exceed in value. Fuller. Shak.

Out´sen•try , n. (Mil.) A sentry who guards the entrance or approach to a place; an outguard.

Out´set , n. A setting out, starting, or beginning. ´The outset of a political journey.´ Burke. “Giving a proper direction to this outset of life.” J. Hawes.

Out´set•tler , n. One who settles at a distance, or away, from others.

Out•shine´ , v. i. To shine forth. ´Bright, outshining beams.´ Shak.

Out•shine´, v. t. To excel in splendor. “A throne of royal state, which far
Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind.” Milton.

Out•shoot´ , v. t. To exceed or excel in shooting; to shoot beyond. Bacon. “Men are resolved never to outshoot their forefathers’ mark.” Norris.

Out•shut´ , v. t. To shut out. [R.] Donne.

Out´side , n. 1. The external part of a thing; the part, end, or side which forms the surface; that which appears, or is manifest; that which is superficial; the exterior. “There may be great need of an outside where there is little or nothing within.” South. “Created beings see nothing but our outside.” Addison. 2. The part or space which lies without an inclosure; the outer side, as of a door, walk, or boundary. “I threw open the door of my chamber, and found the family standing on the outside.” Spectator. 3. The furthest limit, as to number, quantity, extent, etc.; the utmost; as it may last a week at the outside. 4. One who, or that which, is without; hence, an outside passenger, as distinguished from one who is inside. See Inside, n. 3. [Colloq. Eng.]

Out´side , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the outside; external; exterior; superficial. 2. Reaching the extreme or farthest limit, as to extent, quantity, etc.; as an outside estimate. [Colloq.] Outside finish (Arch.), a term for the minor parts, as corner boards, hanging stiles, etc., required to complete the exterior of a wooden building; — rare in masonry.

Out´side , adv. or prep. On or to the outside (of); without; on the exterior; as to ride outside the coach; he stayed outside.

Out•sid´er , n. 1. One not belonging to the concern, institution, party, etc., spoken of; one disconnected in interest or feeling. [Recent] A. Trollope. 2. A locksmith’s pinchers for grasping the point of a key in the keyhole, to open a door from the outside when the key is inside. 3. A horse which is not a favorite in the betting. [Cant]

Out•sing´ , v. t. To surpass in singing.

Out•sit´ , v. t. To remain sitting, or in session, longer than, or beyond the time of; to outstay.

Out´skirt , n. A part remote from the center; outer edge; border; — usually in the plural; as the outskirts of a town. Wordsworth. “The outskirts of his march of mystery.” Keble.

Out•sleep´ , v. t. To exceed in sleeping. Shak.

Out•slide´ , v. i. To slide outward, onward, or forward; to advance by sliding. [Poetic] “At last our grating keels outslide.” Whittier.

Out•soar´ , v. t. To soar beyond or above.

Out´sole , n. The outside sole of a boot or shoe.

Out•sound´ , v. t. To surpass in sounding.

Out•span´ , v. t. & i. [D. uitspannen.] To unyoke or disengage, as oxen from a wagon. [S. Africa]

Out•spar´kle , v. t. To exceed in sparkling.

Out•speak´ , v. t. 1. To exceed in speaking. 2. To speak openly or boldly. T. Campbell. 3. To express more than. Shak.

Out•speed´ , v. t. To excel in speed. “Outspeed the realized miracles of steam.” Talfourd.

Out´spend , n. Outlay; expenditure. [R.] “A mere outspend of savageness.” I. Taylor.

Out•spin´ , v. t. To spin out; to finish.

Out•spo´ken , a. Speaking, or spoken, freely, openly, or boldly; as an outspoken man; an outspoken rebuke. — Out•spo´ken•ness, n.

Out•sport´ , v. t. To exceed in sporting. [R.] ´Not to outsport discretion.´ Shak.

Out•spread´ , v. t. To spread out; to expand; — usually as a past part. or adj.

Out•spring´ , v. i. To spring out; to issue.

Out•stand´ , v. i. To stand out, or project, from a surface or mass; hence, to remain standing out.

Out•stand´, v. t. 1. To resist effectually; to withstand; to sustain without yielding. [R.] Woodward. 2. To stay beyond. ´I have outstood my time.´ Shak.

Out•stand´ing, a. That stands out; undischarged; uncollected; not paid; as outstanding obligations. “Revenues … as well outstanding as collected.” A. Hamilton.

Out•stare´ , v. t. To excel or overcome in staring; to face down. “I would outstare the sternest eyes that look.” Shak.

Out•start´ , v. i. To start out or up. Chaucer.

Out•stay´ , v. t. To stay beyond or longer than. “She concluded to outstay him.” Mad. D’ Arblay.

Out•step´ , v. t. To exceed in stepping.

Out•storm´ , v. t. To exceed in storming. “Insults the tempest and outstorms the skies.” J. Barlow.

Out´street , n. A street remote from the center of a town. Johnson.

Out•stretch´ , v. t. To stretch out. Milton.

Out•stride´ , v. t. To surpass in striding.

Out•strike´ , v. t. To strike out; to strike faster than. Shak.

Out•strip´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outstripped p. pr. & vb. n. Outstripping.] To go faster than; to outrun; to advance beyond; to leave behing. “Appetites which … had outstripped the hours.” Southey. “He still outstript me in the race.” Tennyson.

Out•suf´fer , v. t. To exceed in suffering.

Out•swear´ , v. t. To exceed in swearing.

Out•sweet´en , v. t. To surpass in sweetness. [R.] Shak.

Out•swell´ , v. t. 1. To exceed in swelling. 2. To swell beyond; to overflow. [Obs.] Hewyt.

Out•take´ , prep. Except. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

Out•tak´en , p. p. or prep. Excepted; save. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer.

Out•talk´ , v. t. To overpower by talking; to exceed in talking; to talk down. Shak.

Out•tell´ , v. t. To surpass in telling, counting, or reckoning. ´I have outtold the clock.´ Beau. & Fl.

Out´term , n. An external or superficial thing; outward manner; superficial remark, etc. [Obs.] “Not to bear cold forms, nor men’s outterms.” B. Jonson.

Out•throw´ , v. t. 1. To throw out. Spenser. 2. To excel in throwing, as in ball playing.

Out•toil´ , v. t. To exceed in toiling.

Out•tongue´ , v. t. To silence by talk, clamor, or noise. [R.] Shak.

Out•top´ , v. t. To overtop. [Obs.]

Out•trav´el , v. t. To exceed in speed o distance traveled. Mad. D’ Arblay.

Out•twine´ , v. t. To disentangle. [Obs.]

Out•val´ue , v. t. To exceed in value. Boyle.

Out•ven´om , v. t. To exceed in venom.

Out•vie´ , v. t. To exceed in vying. Dryden.

Out•vil´lain , v. t. To exceed in villainy.

Out•voice´ , v. t. To exceed in noise. Shak.

Out•vote´ , v. t. To exceed in the number of votes given; to defeat by votes. South.

Out•walk´ , v. t. To excel in walking; to leave behind in walking. B. Jonson.

Out´wall , n. The exterior wall; the outside surface, or appearance. Shak. { Out´ward , Out´wards } adv. [AS. teweard. See Out, and -ward, -wards.] From the interior part; in a direction from the interior toward the exterior; out; to the outside; beyond; off; away; as a ship bound outward. “The wrong side may be turned outward.” Shak. “Light falling on them is not reflected outwards.” Sir I. Newton. Outward bound, bound in an outward direction or to foreign parts; — said especially of vessels, and opposed to homeward bound.

Out´ward, a. 1. Forming the superficial part; external; exterior; — opposed to inward; as an outward garment or layer. “Though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day.” Cor. iv. 16. 2. Of or pertaining to the outer surface or to what is external; manifest; public. ´Sins outward.´ Chaucer. “An outward honor for an inward toil.” Shak. 3. Foreign; not civil or intestine; as an outward war. [Obs.] Hayward. 4. Tending to the exterior or outside. “The fire will force its outward way.” Dryden. — Out´ward•ly, adv. — Out´ward•ness, n. Outward stroke. (Steam Engine) See under Stroke.

Out´ward, n. External form; exterior. [R.] “So fair an outward and such stuff within.” Shak.

Out´wards , adv. See Outward, adv.

Out•watch´ , v. t. To exceed in watching.

Out´way , n. A way out; exit. [R.] “In divers streets and outways multiplied.” P. Fletcher.

Out•wear´ , v. t. 1. To wear out; to consume or destroy by wearing. Milton. 2. To last longer than; to outlast; as this cloth will outwear the other. ´If I the night outwear.´ Pope.

Out•wea´ry , v. t. To weary out. Cowley.

Out•weed´ , v. t. To weed out. [Obs.]

Out•weep´ , v. t. To exceed in weeping.

Out•weigh´ , v. t. To exceed in weight or value.

Out•well´ , v. t. To pour out. [Obs.] Spenser.

Out•well´, v. i. To issue forth. Thomson.

Out•went´ , imp. of Outgo.

Out•whore´ , v. t. To exceed in lewdness.

Out•win´ , v. t. To win a way out of. [Obs.]

Out•wind´ , v. t. To extricate by winding; to unloose. [R.] Spenser. Dr. H. More.

Out•wing´ , v. t. To surpass, exceed, or outstrip in flying. Garth.

Out•wit´ , v. t. To surpass in wisdom, esp. in cunning; to defeat or overreach by superior craft. “They did so much outwit and outwealth us !” Gauden.

Out´wit , n. The faculty of acquiring wisdom by observation and experience, or the wisdom so acquired; — opposed to inwit. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Out•woe´ , v. t. To exceed in woe. [Obs.]

Out•work´ , v. t. To exceed in working; to work more or faster than.

Out´work , n. (Fort.) A minor defense constructed beyond the main body of a work, as a ravelin, lunette, hornwork, etc. Wilhelm.

Out•worth´ , v. t. To exceed in worth. [R.]

Out•wrest´ , v. t. To extort; to draw from or forth by violence. [Obs.] Spenser.

Out•write´ , v. t. To exceed or excel in writing.

Out•za´ny , v. t. To exceed in buffoonery. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ou•va´ro•vite , n. [Named from the Russian Count Uvaroff.] (Min.) Chrome garnet.

Ouze , n. & v. See Ooze. [Obs.]

Ou´zel , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ousel. “The mellow ouzel fluted in the elm.” Tennyson.

O´va , n. pl. See Ovum.

O´val , a. [F. ovale, fr. L. ovum egg. Cf. Egg, Ovum.] 1. Of or pertaining to eggs; done in the egg, or inception; as oval conceptions. [Obs.] 2. Having the figure of an egg; oblong and curvilinear, with one end broader than the other, or with both ends of about the same breadth; in popular usage, elliptical. 3. (Bot.) Broadly elliptical. Oval chuck (Mech.), a lathe chuck so constructed that work attached to it, and cut by the turning tool in the usual manner, becomes of an oval form.

O´val, n. A body or figure in the shape of an egg, or popularly, of an ellipse. Cassinian oval (Geom.), the locus of a point the product of whose distances from two fixed points is constant; — so called from Cassini, who first investigated the curve. Thus, in the diagram, if P moves so that P A.P B is constant, the point P describes a Cassinian oval. The locus may consist of a single closed line, as shown by the dotted line, or of two equal ovals about the points A and B. { O•val•bu´min , O•val•bu´men } n. [Ovum + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) The albumin from white of eggs; egg albumin; — in distinction from serum albumin. See Albumin.

O•val´i•form , a. [Oval + -form.] Having the form of an egg; having a figure such that any section in the direction of the shorter diameter will be circular, and any in the direction of the longer diameter will be oval.

O´val•ly , adv. In an oval form.

O´vant , a. [L. ovans triumphant, p. pr. of ovare to exult.] Exultant. [Obs.] Holland. { O•va´ri•an , O•va´ri•al } a. Of or pertaining to an ovary.

O•va´ri•ole , n. (Zoöl.) One of the tubes of which the ovaries of most insects are composed.

O•va•ri•ot´o•mist , n. One who performs, or is skilled in, ovariotomy.

O•va•ri•ot´o•my , n. [Ovarium + Gr. to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of removing one or both of the ovaries; oöphorectomy.

O•va´ri•ous , a. Consisting of eggs; as ovarious food. [R.] Thomson.

O•va•ri´tis , n. [NL. See Ovarium, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the ovaries.

O•va´ri•um , n.; pl. L. Ovaria (#), E. Ovariums (#). [NL.] An ovary. See Ovary.

O´va•ry , n.; pl. Ovaries (#). [NL. ovarium, fr. L. ovum egg: cf. F. ovaire. See Oval.] 1. (Bot.) That part of the pistil which contains the seed, and in most flowering plants develops into the fruit. See Illust. of Flower. 2. (Zoöl. & Anat.) The essential female reproductive organ in which the ova are produced. See Illust. of Discophora.

O´vate , a. [L. ovatus, from ovum egg. See Oval.] 1. Shaped like an egg, with the lower extremity broadest. 2. (Bot.) Having the shape of an egg, or of the longitudinal sectior of an egg, with the broader end basal. Gray.

O´vate-a•cu´mi•nate , a. Having an ovate form, but narrowed at the end into a slender point.

O´vate-cyl•in•dra´ceous , a. Having a form intermediate between ovate and cylindraceous.

O´va•ted , a. Ovate.

O´vate-lan´ce•o•late , a. Having a form intermediate between ovate and lanceolate.

O´vate-ob´long , a. Oblong. with one end narrower than the other; ovato-oblong.

O´vate-ro•tund´ate , a. Having a form intermediate between that of an egg and a sphere; roundly ovate.

O´vate-su´bu•late , a. Having an ovate form, but with a subulate tip or extremity.

O•va´tion , n. [L. ovatio, fr. ovare to exult, rejoice, triumph in an ovation; cf. Gr. to shout: cf. F. ovation.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A lesser kind of triumph allowed to a commander for an easy, bloodless victory, or a victory over slaves. 2. Hence: An expression of popular homage; the tribute of the multitude to a public favorite. “To rain an April of ovation round
Their statues.” Tennyson.

O•va´to-a•cu´mi•nate , a. Same as Ovate-acuminate.

O•va´to-cyl•in•dra´ceous , a. Same as Ovate-cylindraceous.

O•va´to-ob´long , a. Same as Ovate-oblong.

O•va´to-ro•tund´ate , a. Same as Ovate-rotundate.

Ov´en , n. [AS. ofen; akin to D. oven, OHG. ofan, ovan, G. ofen, Icel. ofn, Dan. ovn, Sw. ugn, Goth. aúhns, Gr. , Skr. ukha pot.] A place arched over with brick or stonework, and used for baking, heating, or drying; hence, any structure, whether fixed or portable, which may be heated for baking, drying, etc.; esp., now, a chamber in a stove, used for baking or roasting.

Ov´en•bird , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of the genus Furnarius, allied to the creepers. They inhabit South America and the West Indies, and construct curious oven-shaped nests. (b) In the United States, Seiurus aurocapillus; — called also golden-crowned thrush. (c) In England, sometimes applied to the willow warbler, and to the long-tailed titmouse.

O´ver , prep. [AS. ofer; akin to D. over, G. über, OHG. ubir, ubar, Dan. over, Sw. öfver, Icel. yfir, Goth. ufar, L. super, Gr. , Skr. upari. 199. Cf. Above, Eaves, Hyper-, Orlop, Super-, Sovereign, Up.] 1. Above, or higher than, in place or position, with the idea of covering; — opposed to under; as clouds are over our heads; the smoke rises over the city. “The mercy seat that is over the testimony.” Ex. xxx. 6. “Over them gleamed far off the crimson banners of morning.” Longfellow. 2. Across; from side to side of; — implying a passing or moving, either above the substance or thing, or on the surface of it; as a dog leaps over a stream or a table. “Certain lakes … poison birds which fly over them.” Bacon. 3. Upon the surface of, or the whole surface of; hither and thither upon; throughout the whole extent of; as to wander over the earth; to walk over a field, or over a city. 4. Above; — implying superiority in excellence, dignity, condition, or value; as the advantages which the Christian world has over the heathen. Swift. 5. Above in authority or station; — implying government, direction, care, attention, guard, responsibility, etc.; — opposed to under. “Thou shalt be over my house.” Gen. xli. 40. “I will make thee rules over many things.” Matt. xxv. 23. “Dost thou not watch over my sin ?” Job xiv. 16. “His tender mercies are over all his works.” Ps. cxlv. 9. 6. Across or during the time of; from beginning to end of; as to keep anything over night; to keep corn over winter. 7. Above the perpendicular height or length of, with an idea of measurement; as the water, or the depth of water, was over his head, over his shoes. 8. Beyond; in excess of; in addition to; more than; as it cost over five dollars. ´Over all this.´ Chaucer. 9. Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding; as he triumphed over difficulties; the bill was passed over the veto. Over, in poetry, is often contracted into o’er. Over his signature (or name) is a substitute for the idiomatic English form, under his signature (name, hand and seal, etc.), the reference in the latter form being to the authority under which the writing is made, executed, or published, and not the place of the autograph, etc. Over all (Her.), placed over or upon other bearings, and therefore hinding them in part; — said of a charge. — Over head and ears, beyond one’s depth; completely; wholly; hopelessly; as over head and ears in debt. [Colloq.] — Over the left. See under Left. — To run over (Mach.), to have rotation in such direction that the crank pin traverses the upper, or front, half of its path in the forward, or outward, stroke; — said of a crank which drives, or is driven by, a reciprocating piece.

O´ver , adv. 1. From one side to another; from side to side; across; crosswise; as a board, or a tree, a foot over, i. e., a foot in diameter. 2. From one person or place to another regarded as on the opposite side of a space or barrier; — used with verbs of motion; as to sail over to England; to hand over the money; to go over to the enemy. ´We will pass over to Gibeah.´ Judges xix. 12. also with verbs of being: At, or on, the opposite side; as the boat is over. 3. From beginning to end; throughout the course, extent, or expanse of anything; as to look over accounts, or a stock of goods; a dress covered over with jewels. 4. From inside to outside, above or across the brim. “Good measure, pressed down … and running over.” Luke vi. 38. 5. Beyond a limit; hence, in excessive degree or quantity; superfluously; with repetition; as to do the whole work over. ´So over violent.´ Dryden. “He that gathered much had nothing over.” Ex. xvi. 18. 6. In a manner to bring the under side to or towards the top; as to turn (one’s self) over; to roll a stone over; to turn over the leaves; to tip over a cart. 7. At an end; beyond the limit of continuance; completed; finished. ´Their distress was over.´ Macaulay. ´The feast was over.´ Sir W. Scott. Over, out, off, and similar adverbs, are often used in the predicate with the sense and force of adjectives, agreeing in this respect with the adverbs of place, here, there, everywhere, nowhere; as the games were over; the play is over; the master was out; his hat is off. Over is much used in composition, with the same significations that it has as a separate word; as in overcast, overflow, to cast or flow so as to spread over or cover; overhang, to hang above; overturn, to turn so as to bring the underside towards the top; overact, overreach, to act or reach beyond, implying excess or superiority. All over. (a) Over the whole; upon all parts; completely; as he is spatterd with mud all over. (b) Wholly over; at an end; as it is all over with him. — Over again, once more; with repetition; afresh; anew. Dryden. — Over against, opposite; in front. Addison. — Over and above, in a manner, or degree, beyond what is supposed, defined, or usual; besides; in addition; as not over and above well. ´He … gained, over and above, the good will of all people.´ L’ Estrange. — Over and over, repeatedly; again and again. — To boil over. See under Boil, v. i. — To come it over, To do over, To give over, etc. See under Come, Do, Give, etc. — To throw over, to abandon; to betray. Cf. To throw overboard, under Overboard.

O´ver, a. Upper; covering; higher; superior; also excessive; too much or too great; — chiefly used in composition; as overshoes, overcoat, over- garment, overlord, overwork, overhaste.

O´ver, n. (Cricket) A certain number of balls (usually four) delivered successively from behind one wicket, after which the ball is bowled from behind the other wicket as many times, the fielders changing places.

O•ver•a•bound´ , v. i. To be exceedingly plenty or superabundant. Pope.

O•ver•act´ , v. t. 1. To act or perform to excess; to exaggerate in acting; as he overacted his part. 2. To act upon, or influence, unduly. [Obs.] “The hope of inheritance overacts them.” Milton.

O•ver•act´ , v. i. To act more than is necessary; to go to excess in action. B. Jonson.

O´ver•ac´tion , n. Perormance to excess; exaggerated or excessive action.

O•ver•af•fect´ , v. t. To affect or care for unduly. [Obs.] Milton.

O•ver•ag´i•tate , v. t. To agitate or discuss beyond what is expedient. Bp. Hall.

O´ver•all , adv. Everywhere. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O´ver•alls , n. pl. 1. A kind of loose trousers worn over others to protect them from soiling. 2. Waterproof leggings. R. D. Blackmore.

O´ver•anx•i´e•ty , n. The state of being overanxious; excessive anxiety.

O´ver•anx´ious , a. Anxious in an excessive or needless degree. — O´ver•anx´ious•ly, adv.

O•ver•arch´ , v. t. & i. To make or place an arch over; to hang over like an arch. ´Brown with o’erarching shades.´ Pope.

O´ver-arm , a. (Cricket, etc.) Done (as bowling or pitching) with the arm raised above the shoulder. See Overhard. ´An over-arm with a round-arm bowler.´ R. A. Proctor.

O•ver•awe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overawed p. pr. & vb. n. Overawing.] To awe exceedingly; to subjugate or restrain by awe or great fear. “The king was present in person to overlook the magistrates, and overawe these subjects with the terror of his sword.” Spenser.

O´ver•aw´ful , a. Awful, or reverential, in an excessive degree. [R.] Milton.

O•ver•bal´ance , v. t. 1. To exceed equality with; to outweigh. Locke. 2. To cause to lose balance or equilibrium.

O´ver•bal•ance , n. Excess of weight or value; something more than an equivalent; as an overbalance of exports. J. Edwards.

O´ver•bar´ren , a. Excessively barren.

O´ver•bat´tle , a. [Over + battle, a.] Excessively fertile; bearing rank or noxious growths. [Obs.] ´Overbattle grounds.´ Hooker.

O•ver•bear´ , v. t. 1. To bear down or carry down, as by excess of weight, power, force, etc.; to overcome; to suppress. “The point of reputation, when the news first came of the battle lost, did overbear the reason of war.” Bacon. “Overborne with weight the Cyprians fell.” Dryden. “They are not so ready to overbear the adversary who goes out of his own country to meet them.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. To domineer over; to overcome by insolence.

O•ver•bear´, v. i. To bear fruit or offspring to excess; to be too prolific.

O•ver•bear´ing, a. 1. Overpowering; subduing; repressing. I. Watts. 2. Aggressively haughty; arrogant; domineering; tyrannical; dictatorial; insolent. —O•ver•bear´ing•ly, adv. — O•ver•bear´ing•ness, n.

O•ver•bend´ , v. t. To bend to excess.

O•ver•bend´, v. i. To bend over. [R.]

O•ver•bid´ , v. t. To bid or offer beyond, or in excess of. Dryden.

O•ver•bide´ , v. t. To outlive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O•ver•blow´ , v. i. 1. To blow over, or be subdued. [R.] Spenser. 2. (Mus.) To force so much wind into a pipe that it produces an overtone, or a note higher than the natural note; thus, the upper octaves of a flute are produced by overblowing.

O•ver•blow´, v. t. To blow away; to dissipate by wind, or as by wind. “When this cloud of sorrow’s overblown.” Waller.

O´ver•board , adv. Over the side of a ship; hence, from on board of a ship, into the water; as to fall overboard. To throw overboard, to discard; to abandon, as a dependent or friend.

O•ver•boil´ , v. i. To boil over or unduly. “Nor is discontent to keep the mind
Deep in its fountain, lest it overboil
In the hot throng.” Byron.

O•ver•bold´ , a. Excessively or presumptuously bold; impudent. Shak. — O´ver•bold´ly, adv.

O´ver•book´ish , a. Excessively bookish.

O´ver•boun´te•ous, a. Bounteous to excess.

O•ver•bow´ , v. t. To bend or bow over; to bend in a contrary direction. [Obs.] Fuller.

O•ver•breed´ , v. t. To breed to excess.

O•ver•brim´ , v. i. To flow over the brim; to be so full as to overflow. [R.]

O•ver•brow´ , v. t. To hang over like a brow; to impend over. [Poetic] Longfellow. “Did with a huge projection overbrow
Large space beneath.” Wordsworth.

O•ver•build´ , v. t. 1. To build over. Milton. 2. To build too much; to build beyond the demand.

O•ver•built´ , a. Having too many buildings; as an overbuilt part of a town.

O•ver•bulk´ , v. t. To oppress by bulk; to overtower. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

O•ver•bur´den , v. t. To load with too great weight or too much care, etc. Sir P. Sidney.

O´ver•bur•den, n. The waste which overlies good stone in a quarry. Raymond.

O´ver•bur´den•some , a. Too burdensome.

O•ver•burn´ , v. t. & i. To burn too much; to be overzealous.

O´ver-bus´y , a. Too busy; officious.

O•ver•buy´ , v. t. 1. To buy too much. 2. To buy at too dear a rate. Dryden.

O•ver•can´o•py , v. t. To cover as with a canopy. Shak.

O•ver•ca´pa•ble , a. Too capable. [R.] “Overcapable of such pleasing errors.” Hooker.

O´ver•care´ , n. Excessive care. Dryden.

O´ver•care´ful , a. Too careful. Shak.

O´ver•cark´ing , a. Too anxious; too full of care. [Archaic] Fuller.

O•ver•car´ry , v. t. & i. To carry too far; to carry beyond the proper point. Hayward.

O•ver•cast´ , v. t. 1. To cast or cover over; hence, to cloud; to darken. “Those clouds that overcast your morn shall fly.” Dryden. 2. To compute or rate too high. Bacon. 3. (Sewing) To take long, loose stitches over (the raw edges of a seam) to prevent raveling.

O•ver•catch´ , v. t. To overtake. [Obs.]

O´ver•cau´tious , a. Too cautious; cautious or prudent to excess. — O´ver•cau´tious•ly, adv. — O´ver•cau´tiou•ness, n.

O´ver•change , n. Too much or too frequent change; fickleness. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

O•ver•charge´ , v. t. [Cf. Supercharge, Surcharge.] 1. To charge or load too heavily; to burden; to oppress; to cloy. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. To fill too full; to crowd. “Our language is overcharged with consonants.” Addison. 3. To charge excessively; to charge beyond a fair rate or price. 4. To exaggerate; as to overcharge a description. Overcharged mine. (Mil.) See Globe of compression, under Globe.

O•ver•charge´, v. i. To make excessive charges.

O´ver•charge , n. [Cf. Supercargo, Supercharge.] 1. An excessive load or burden. 2. An excessive charge in an account.

O•ver•climb´ , v. t. To climb over. Surrey.

O•ver•cloud´ , v. t. To cover or overspread with clouds; to becloud; to overcast.

O•ver•cloy´ , v. t. To fill beyond satiety. Shak.

O´ver•coat , n. [Cf. Surcoat.] A coat worn over the other clothing; a greatcoat; a topcoat.

O´ver•cold´ , a. Cold to excess. Wiseman.

O•ver•col´or , v. t. To color too highly.

O•ver•come´ , v. t. [imp. Overcame p. p. Overcome; p. pr & vb. n. Overcoming.] [AS. ofercuman. See Over, Come, and cf. Supervene.] 1. To get the better of; to surmount; to conquer; to subdue; as to overcome enemies in battle. “This wretched woman overcome
Of anguish, rather than of crime, hath been.” Spenser. 2. To overflow; to surcharge. [Obs.] J. Philips. 3. To come or pass over; to spreads over. [Obs.] “And overcome us like a summer’s cloud.” Shak. Syn. — To conquer; subdue; vanquish; overpower; overthrow; overturn; defeat; crush; overbear; overwhelm; prostrate; beat; surmount. See Conquer.

O•ver•come´, v. i. To gain the superiority; to be victorious. Rev. iii. 21.

O•ver•com´er , n. One who overcomes.

O•ver•com´ing , a. Conquering; subduing. — O•ver•com´ing•ly, adv.

O´ver•con´fi•dence , n. Excessive confidence; too great reliance or trust.

O´ver•con´fi•dent , a. Confident to excess. — O´ver•con´fi•dent•ly, adv.

O´ver•cost´ly , a. Too costly. Milton.

O•ver•count´ , v. t. To rate too high; to outnumber. Shak.

O•ver•cov´er , v. t. To cover up. Shak.

O´ver•cred´u•lous , a. Too credulous.

O•ver•crow´ , v. t. To crow, exult, or boast, over; to overpower. Spenser. Shak.

O•ver•crowd´ , v. t. To crowd too much.

O´ver•cun´ning , a. Exceedingly or excessively cunning.

O´ver•cu´ri•ous , a. Too curious.

O•ver•dare´ , v. t. & i. To dare too much or rashly; to be too daring.

O•ver•date´ , v. t. To date later than the true or proper period. Milton.

O´ver•deal , n. The excess. [Obs.] “The overdeal in the price will be double.” Holland.

O´ver•del´i•cate , a. Too delicate.

O´ver•de•light´ed , a. Delighted beyond measure.

O´ver•dight´ , a. Covered over. [Obs.] Spenser.

O•ver•do´ , v. t. [imp. Overdid p. p. Overdone p. pr. & vb. n. Overdoing.] 1. To do too much; to exceed what is proper or true in doing; to exaggerate; to carry too far. “Anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing.” Shak. 2. To overtask. or overtax; to fatigue; to exhaust; as to overdo one’s strength. 3. To surpass; to excel. [R.] Tennyson. 4. To cook too much; as to overdo the meat.

O•ver•do´, v. i. To labor too hard; to do too much.

O•ver•do´er , n. One who overdoes.

O•ver•dose´ , v. t. To dose to excess; to give an overdose, or too many doses, to.

O´ver•dose, n. Too great a dose; an excessive dose.

O•ver•draw´ , v. t. [imp. Overdrew p. p. Overdrawn p. pr. & vb. n. Overdrawing.] 1. To exaggerate; to overdo. 2. (Banking) To make drafts upon or against, in excess of the proper amount or limit.

O•ver•dress´ , v. t. To dress or adorn to excess; to dress too much. Pope.

O•ver•drink´ , v. t. & i. To drink to excess.

O•ver•drive´ , v. t. & i. To drive too hard, or far, or beyond strength.

O•ver•drown´ , v. t. To wet or drench to excess. [Obs.] W. Browne.

O•ver•dry´ , v. t. To dry too much. Burton.

O´ver•due´ , a. Due and more than due; delayed beyond the proper time of arrival or payment, etc.; as an overdue vessel; an overdue note.

O•ver•dye´ , v. t. To dye with excess of color; to put one color over (another). Shak.

O•ver•ea´ger , a. Too eager; too impatient. — O•ver•ea´ger•ly, adv. — O´ver•ea´ger•ness, n.

O•ver•ear´nest , a. Too earnest. — O´ver•ear´nest•ly, adv. — O´ver•ear´nest•ness, n.

O•ver•eat´ , v. t. & i. 1. To gnaw all over, or on all sides. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To eat to excess; — often with a reflexive.

O´ver•el´e•gant , a. Too elegant. Johnson.

O•ver•emp´ty , v. t. To make too empty; to exhaust. [R.] Carew.

O´ver•est , a. [Superl. of Over.] Uppermost; outermost. “Full threadbare was his overeste courtepy.” Chaucer.

O•ver•es´ti•mate , v. t. To estimate too highly; to overvalue.

O•ver•es´ti•mate , n. An estimate that is too high; as an overestimate of the vote.

O•ver•ex•cite´ , v. t. To excite too much.

O´ver•ex•cite´ment , n. Excess of excitement; the state of being overexcited.

O•ver•ex•ert´ , v. t. To exert too much.

O´ver•ex•er´tion , n. Excessive exertion.

O´ver•ex´qui•site , a. Too exquisite; too exact or nice; too careful.

O•ver•eye´ , v. t. 1. To superintend; to oversee; to inspect. [Obs.] 2. To see; to observe. [Obs.] Shak.

O´ver•fall , n. 1. A cataract; a waterfall. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) A turbulent surface of water, caused by strong currents setting over submerged ridges; also a dangerous submerged ridge or shoal.

O´ver•fa•tigue´ , n. Excessive fatigue.

O•ver•fa•tigue´, v. t. To fatigue to excess; to tire out.

O•ver•feed´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Overfed p. pr. & vb. n. Overfeeding.] To feed to excess; to surfeit.

O´ver•fierce´ , a. Excessively fierce.

o•ver•fill´ , v. t. To fill to excess; to surcharge.

O•ver•fish´ , v. t. To fish to excess.

O•ver•float´ , v. t. To overflow. [R.] Dryden.

O•ver•flour´ish , v. t. 1. To make excessive display or flourish of. Collier. 2. To embellish with outward ornaments or flourishes; to varnish over. [Obs.] Shak.

O•ver•flow´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overflowed p. pr. & vb. n. Overflowing.] [AS. oferflwan. See Over, and Flow.] 1. To flow over; to cover woth, or as with, water or other fluid; to spread over; to inundate; to overwhelm. “The northern nations overflowed all Christendom.” Spenser. 2. To flow over the brim of; to fill more than full.

O•ver•flow´, v. i. 1. To run over the bounds. 2. To be superabundant; to abound. Rogers.

O´ver•flow , n. 1. A flowing over, as of water or other fluid; an inundation. Bacon. 2. That which flows over; a superfluous portion; a superabundance. Shak. 3. An outlet for the escape of surplus liquid. Overflow meeting, a meeting constituted of the surplus or overflow of another audience.

O•ver•flow´ing , n. An overflow; that which overflows; exuberance; copiousness. “He was ready to bestow the overflowings of his full mind on anybody who would start a subject.” Macaulay.

O•ver•flow´ing•ly, adv. In great abundance; exuberantly. Boyle.

O•ver•flush´ , v. t. To flush to excess. [R.]

O•ver•flut´ter , v. t. To flutter over.

O´ver•flux , n. Overflow; exuberance. [R.]

O•ver•fly´ , v. t. [imp. Overflew p. p. Overflown p. pr. & vb. n. Overflying.] To cross or pass over by flight. Byron.

O´ver•fond´ , a. Fond to excess. Milton. — O´ver•fond´ly, adv. — O´ver•fond´ness, n.

O´ver•force , n. Excessive force; violence.

O´ver•for´ward , a. Forward to excess; too forward. — O´ver•for´ward•ness, n.

O´ver•free´ , a. Free to excess; too liberal; too familiar. — O´ver•free´ly, adv.

O•ver•freight´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overfreighted (Overfraught , obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Overfreighting.] To put too much freight in or upon; to load too full, or too heavily; to overload.

O´ver•fre´quent , a. Too frequent.

O•ver•frieze´ , v. t. To cover with a frieze, or as with a frieze. E. Hall.

O•ver•front´ , v. t. To confront; to oppose; to withstand. [Obs.] Milton.

O´ver•fruit´ful , a. Too fruitful.

O´ver•full´ , a. [AS. oferfull.] Too full; filled to overflowing; excessively full; surfeited. Shak.

O´ver•full´ness, n. The state of being excessively or abnormally full, so as to cause overflow, distention, or congestion; excess of fullness; surfeit.

O´ver-gar•ment , n. An outer garment.

O•ver•gar´ri•son , v. t. To garrison to excess.

O•ver•gaze´ , v. t. To gaze; to overlook. [Poetic] ´Earth’s o’ergazing mountains.´ Byron.

O•ver•get´ , v. t. 1. To reach; to overtake; to pass. [Obs.] 2. To get beyond; to get over or recover from. [R.]

O•ver•gild´ , v. t. [AS. ofergyldan.] To gild over; to varnish.

O•ver•gird´ , v. t. To gird too closely. [R.]

O•ver•give´ , v. t. To give over; to surrender; to yield. [Obs.] Spenser.

O´ver•glad´ , a. Excessively or unduly glad.

O•ver•glance´ , v. t. To glance over.

O•ver•glide´ , v. t. To glide over. Wyatt.

O•ver•gloom´ , v. t. To spread gloom over; to make gloomy; to overshadow. [R.] “Overgloomed by memories of sorrow.” De Quincey.

O•ver•go´ , v. t. [imp. Overwent p. p. Overgone p. pr. & vb. n. Overgoing.] [AS. ofergan.] 1. To travel over. [R.] Shak. 2. To exceed; to surpass. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 3. To cover. [Obs.] Chapman. 4. To oppress; to weigh down. [Obs.] Shak.

O•ver•gorge´ , v. t. To gorge to excess.

O•ver•grace´ , v. t. To grace or honor exceedingly or beyond desert. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

O´ver•grassed´ , a. Overstocked, or overgrown, or covered, with grass. [Obs.] Spenser.

O•ver•great´ , a. Too great.

O´ver•great´ness, n. Excessive greatness.

O´ver•greed´y , a. Excessively greedy.

O´ver•gross´ , a. Too gross.

O´ver•ground´ , a. Situated over or above ground; as the overground portion of a plant.

O•ver•grow´ , v. t. [imp. Overgrew p. p. Overgrown p. pr. & vb. n. Overgrowing.] 1. To grow over; to cover with growth or herbage, esp. that which is rank. “The green … is rough and overgrown.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To grow beyond; to rise above; hence, to overcome; to oppress. [Obs.] Mortimer. ´O’ergrown with labor.´ Beau. & Fl. [Usually in the past participle.]

O•ver•grow´, v. i. To grow beyond the fit or natural size; as a huge, overgrown ox. L’Estrange.

O´ver•growth , n. Excessive growth.

O•ver•hail´ , v. t. See Overhaul. [Obs.]

O•ver•hale´ , v. t. See Overhaul. [Obs.]

O´ver•hand , n. The upper hand; advantage; superiority; mastery. “He had gotten thereby a great overhand on me.” Sir T. More.

O´ver•hand, a. 1. (Sewing) Over and over; — applied to a style of sewing, or to a seam, in which two edges, usually selvedges, are sewed together by passing each stitch over both. 2. (Baseball, Cricket, etc.) Done (as pitching or bowling) with the hand higher than the elbow, or the arm above, or higher than, the shoulder. Overhand knot. See Illustration of Knot.

O´ver•hand, adv. In an overhand manner or style.

O•ver•han´dle , v. t. To handle, or use, too much; to mention too often. Shak.

O•ver•hang´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overhung p. pr. & vb. n. Overhanging.] 1. To impend or hang over. [R.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To hang over; to jut or project over. Pope.

O•ver•hang´, v. i. To jut over. Milton.

O•ver•hang, n. (Arch.) 1. In a general sense, that which just out or projects; a projection; also the measure of the projection; as the overhang is five feet. 2. Specifically: The projection of an upper part (as a roof, an upper story, or other part) of a building beyond the lower part; as the overhang of a roof, of the eaves, etc. 3. (Naut.) The portion of the bow or stem of a vessel that projects over the water beyond the water line. 4. (Mach.) The projection of a part beyond another part that is directly below it, or beyond a part by which it is supported; as the overhang of a shaft; i. e., its projection beyond its bearing.

O´ver•hap´py , a. Exceedingly happy. Shak.

O•ver•hard´en , v. t. To harden too much; to make too hard. Boyle.

O´ver•har´dy , a. Too hardy; overbold.

O´ver•haste , n. Too great haste.

O´ver•has´ty , a. Too hasty; precipitate; rash. — O´ver•has´ti•ly (#), adv. — O•ver•has´ti•ness, n.

O•ver•haul´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overhauled p. pr. & vb. n. Overhauling.] 1. To haul or drag over; hence, to turn over for examination; to inspect; to examine thoroughly with a view to corrections or repairs. 2. (Naut.) To gain upon in a chase; to overtake. To overhaul a tackle, to pull on the leading parts so as to separate the blocks. — To overhaul running rigging, to keep it clear, and see that no hitch occurs. { O´ver•haul• , O•ver•haul´ing } n. A strict examination with a view to correction or repairs.

O•ver•head´ , adv. Aloft; above; in or attached to the ceiling or roof; in the story or upon the floor above; in the zenith. “While overhead the moon
Sits arbitress.” Milton. Also used adjectively; as an overhead crane, gear, etc. Overhead engine, a vertical steam engine in which the cylinder stands above the crank. — Overhead work, a general term in manufactories for countershafting and gearing, when overhead.

O•ver•hear´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overheard p. pr. & vb. n. Overhearing.] [AS. oferhieran.] 1. To hear more of (anything) than was intended to be heard; to hear by accident or artifice. Shak. 2. To hear again. ShaK.

O•ver•heat´ , v. t. [Cf. Superheat.] To heat to excess; to superheat. Cowper.

O´ver•heav•y , a. Excessively heavy.

O•ver•hele´ , v. t. [AS. oferhelian.] To hele or cover over. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

O•ver•hent´, v. t. [See Hent.] To overtake. [Obs.] “So forth he went and soon them overhent.” Spenser.

O´ver•high´ , a. [AS. oferheáh.] Too high.

O´ver•high´ly, adv. Too highly; too greatly.

O•ver•hip´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overhipped p. pr. & vb. n. Overhipping.] [Over + a word akin to E. hop to skip.] To pass over by, or as by a hop; to skip over; hence, to overpass. [Obs.] ´When the time is overhipt.´ Holland.

O•ver•hold´ , v. t. To hold or value too highly; to estimate at too dear a rate. [Obs.] Shak.

O´ver•hung´ , a. 1. Covered over; ornamented with hangings. Carlyle. 2. Suspended from above or from the top. Overhung door, a sliding door, suspended door, suspended from the top, as upon rollers.

O•ver•in´flu•ence , v. t. To influence in an excessive degree; to have undue influence over.

O•ver•in•form´ , v. t. To inform, fill, or animate, excessively. [R.] Johnson.

O´ver•is´sue , n. An excessive issue; an issue, as of notes or bonds, exceeding the limit of capital, credit, or authority. “An overissue of government paper.” Brougham.

O•ver•is´sue, v. t. To issue in excess.

O•ver•jeal´ous , a. [Over + jealous. Cf. Overzealous.] Excessively jealous; too jealous.

O•ver•joy´ , v. t. To make excessively joyful; to gratify extremely.

O´ver•joy , n. Excessive joy; transport.

O•ver•jump´ , v. t. To jump over; hence, to omit; to ignore. Marston.

O´ver•king , n. A king who has sovereignty over inferior kings or ruling princes. J. R. Green.

O´ver•know´ing , a. Too knowing or too cunning.

O•ver•la´bor , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overlabored p. pr. & vb. n. Overlaboring.] 1. To cause to labor excessively; to overwork. Dryden. 2. To labor upon excessively; to refine unduly.

O•ver•lade´ , v. t. [imp. Overladed; p. p. Overladen p. pr. & vb. n. Overlading.] [Cf. Overload.] To load with too great a cargo; to overburden; to overload. Spenser.

O´ver•land , a. Being, or accomplished, over the land, instead of by sea; as an overland journey.

O´ver•land, adv. By, upon, or across, land.

O´ver•land•er , n. One who travels over lands or countries; one who travels overland.

O´ver•lan´guaged , a. Employing too many words; diffuse. Lowell.

O•ver•lap´ , v. t. & i. To lap over; to lap.

O´ver•lap , n. 1. The lapping of one thing over another; as an overlap of six inches; an overlap of a slate on a roof. 2. (Geol.) An extension of geological beds above and beyond others, as in a conformable series of beds, when the upper beds extend over a wider space than the lower, either in one or in all directions.

O´ver•large´ , a. Too large; too great.

O´ver•large´ness, n. Excess of size or bulk.

O•ver•lash´ , v. i. [Cf. Prov. E. lash extravagant, lashing lavish.] To drive on rashly; to go to excess; hence, to exaggerate; to boast. [Obs.] Barrow.

O•ver•lash´ing, n. Excess; exaggeration. [Obs.]

O´ver•late´ , a. Too late; exceedingly late.

O•ver•lave´ , v. t. To lave or bathe over.

O´ver•lav´ish , a. Lavish to excess.

O•ver•lay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overlaid p. pr. & vb. n. Overlaying.] 1. To lay, or spread, something over or across; hence, to cover; to overwhelm; to press excessively upon. “When any country is overlaid by the multitude which live upon it.” Sir W. Raleigh. “As when a cloud his beams doth overlay.” Spenser. “Framed of cedar overlaid with gold.” Milton. “And overlay
With this portentous bridge the dark abyss.” Milton. 2. To smother with a close covering, or by lying upon. “This woman’s child died in the night; because she overlaid it.” 1 Kings iii. 19. “A heap of ashes that o’erlays your fire.” Dryden. 3. (Printing) To put an overlay on.

O´ver•lay , n. 1. A covering. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Printing) A piece of paper pasted upon the tympan sheet to improve the impression by making it stronger at a particular place.

O´ver•lay´er , n. One who overlays; that with which anything is overlaid.

O´ver•lay´ing, n. A superficial covering; a coating.

O•ver•lead´ , v. t. To domineer over; to affront; to treat with indignity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O•ver•leap´ , v. t. [AS. oferhleápan. See Over, and Leap.] To leap over or across; hence, to omit; to ignore. ´Let me o’erleap that custom.´ Shak.

O´ver•learn´ed , a. Too learned. — O´ver•learn´ed, adv. — O´ver•learn´ed•ness, n.

O´ver•leath•er , n. Upper leather. Shak.

O•ver•leav´en , v. t. To leaven too much; hence, to change excessively; to spoil. [Obs.]

O´ver•lib´er•al , a. Too liberal.

O´ver•lib´er•al•ly, adv. In an overliberal manner.

O•ver•lick´ , v. t. To lick over.

O•ver•lie´ , v. t. [imp. Overlay p. p. Overlain p. pr. & vb. n. Overlying.] To lie over or upon; specifically, to suffocate by lying upon; as to overlie an infant. Quain. “A woman by negligence overlieth her child in her sleeping.” Chaucer.

O´ver•light , n. Too strong a light. Bacon.

O´ver•light´, a. Too light or frivolous; giddy.

O´ver•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being overly; carelessness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

O´ver•lin´ger , v. t. To cause to linger; to detain too long. [Obs.] Fuller.

O´ver•lip , n. [AS. oferlibban.] The upper lip. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O•ver•live´ , v. t. To outlive. Sir P. Sidney. “The culture of Northumbria overlived the term of its political supermacy.” Earle.

O•ver•live´ , v. i. To live too long, too luxuriously, or too actively. Milton. ´Overlived in this close London life.´ Mrs. Browning.

O´ver•liv´er , n. A survivor. Bacon.

O•ver•load´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overloaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Overloading.] [Cf. Overlade.] To load or fill to excess; to load too heavily.

O´ver•load , n. An excessive load; the excess beyond a proper load.

O´ver•log´ic•al , a. Excessively logical; adhering too closely to the forms or rules of logic.

O´ver•long´ , a. & adv. Too long. Shak.

O•ver•look´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overlooked p. pr. & vb. n. Overlooking.] 1. To look down upon from a place that is over or above; to look over or view from a higher position; to rise above, so as to command a view of; as to overlook a valley from a hill. ´The pile o’erlooked the town.´ Dryden. “[Titan] with burning eye did hotly overlook them.” Shak. 2. Hence: To supervise; to watch over; sometimes, to observe secretly; as to overlook a gang of laborers; to overlook one who is writing a letter. 3. To inspect; to examine; to look over carefully or repeatedly. ´Overlook this pedigree.´ Shak. “The time and care that are required
To overlook and file and polish well.” Roscommon. 4. To look upon with an evil eye; to bewitch by looking upon; to fascinate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. “If you trouble me I will overlook you, and then your pigs will die.” C. Kingsley. 5. To look over and beyond (anything) without seeing it; to miss or omit in looking; hence, to refrain from bestowing notice or attention upon; to neglect; to pass over without censure or punishment; to excuse. “The times of ignorance therefore God overlooked.” Acts xvii. 30 (Rev. Ver. ) “They overlook truth in the judgments they pass.” Atterbury. “The pardoning and overlooking of faults.” Addison.

O´ver•look´er , n. One who overlooks.

O´ver•loop , n. See Orlop. [Obs.]

O´ver•lord , n. One who is lord over another or others; a superior lord; a master. Freeman.

O´ver•lord´ship , n. Lordship or supremacy of a person or a people over others. J. R. Green.

O´ver•loud´ , a. Too loud; noisy.

O•ver•love´ , v. t. To love to excess.

O´ver•lus´cious , a. Excessively luscious.

O´ver•lust´y , a. Too lusty, or lively. Shak.

O´ver•ly, a. 1. Careless; negligent; inattentive; superfical; not thorough. [Archaic] Bp. Hall. 2. Excessive; too much. [R.] Coleridge.

O´ver•ly, adv. In an overly manner. [Archaic]

O•ver•ly´ing , a. Lying over or upon something; as overlying rocks.

O•ver•mag´ni•fy , v. t. To magnify too much. Bp. Hall.

O´ver•mal´a•pert , a. Excessively malapert or impudent. [Obs.] Prynne.

O´ver•man•ner , adv. In an excessive manner; excessively. [Obs.] Wiclif.

O•ver•march´ , v. t. & i. To march too far, or too much; to exhaust by marching. Baker.

O•ver•mast´ , v. t. (Naut.) To furnish (a vessel) with too long or too heavy a mast or masts.

O•ver•mas´ter , v. t. To overpower; to subdue; to vanquish; to govern.

O•ver•match´ , v. t. 1. To be more than equal to or a match for; hence, to vanquish. Drayton. 2. To marry (one) to a superior. [Obs.] Burton.

O´ver•match , n. One superior in power; also an unequal match; a contest in which one of the opponents is overmatched. Milton. D. Webster.

O•ver•meas´ure , v. t. To measure or estimate too largely.

O´ver•meas•ure , n. Excessive measure; the excess beyond true or proper measure; surplus.

O•ver•med´dle , v. t. To meddle unduly.

O•ver•med´dling , n. Excessive interference. ´Justly shent for their overmeddling.´ Fuller.

O´ver•mel´low , a. Too mellow; overripe.

O´ver•mer´it , n. Excessive merit. Bacon.

O´ver•mic´kle , a. & adv. Overmuch. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

O•ver•mix´ , v. t. To mix with too much.

O´ver•mod´est , a. Modest to excess; bashful. — O´ver•mod´est•ly, adv.

O´ver•moist´ , a. Excessively moist. Bacon.

O´ver•mois´ture , n. Excess of moisture.

O´ver•more´ , adv. Beyond; moreover. [Obs.]

O´ver•mor´row , n. The day after or following to-morrow. [Obs.] Bible (1551).

O´ver•most , a. Over the rest in authority; above all others; highest. [Obs.] Fabyan.

O•ver•mount´ , v. t. [Cf. Surmount.] To mount over; to go higher than; to rise above.

O´ver•much´ , a. Too much. — adv. In too great a degree; too much. — n. An excess; a surplus.

O•ver•much´ness , n. The quality or state of being in excess; superabundance. [R.] B. Jonson.

O•ver•mul´ti•ply , v. t. & i. To multiply or increase too much; to repeat too often.

O•ver•mul´ti•tude , v. t. To outnumber. [Obs.]

O•ver•name´ , v. t. To name over or in a series; to recount. [Obs.] Shak.

O´ver•neat´ , a. Excessively neat. Spectator.

O´ver•nice´ , a. Excessively nice; fastidious. Bp. Hall. — O´ver•nice´ly, adv. — O´ver•nice´ness, n.

O´ver•night , n. The fore part of the night last past; the previous evening. [R.] Shak.

O´ver•night´, adv. In the fore part of the night last past; in the evening before; also during the night; as the candle will not last overnight. “I had been telling her all that happened overnight.” Dickens.

O•ver•noise´ , v. t. To overpower by noise.

O´ver•nu´mer•ous , a. Excessively numerous; too many.

O•ver•of´fice , v. t. To domineer over by virtue of office. [Obs.] Shak.

O´ver•of•fi´cious , a. Too busy; too ready to intermeddle; too officious. Collier.

O•ver•paint´ , v. t. To color or describe too strongly. Sir W. Raleigh.

O•ver•pam´per , v. t. To pamper excessively; to feed or dress too much. Dryton.

O•ver•part´ , v. t. To give too important or difficult a part to. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

O•ver•pass´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overpassed p. pr. & vb. n. Overpassing.] [Cf. Surpass.] 1. To go over or beyond; to cross; as to overpass a river; to overpass limits. 2. To pass over; to omit; to overlook; to disregard. “All the beauties of the East
He slightly viewed and slightly overpassed.” Milton. 3. To surpass; to excel. [R.] R. Browning.

O•ver•pass´, v. i. To pass over, away, or off.

O´ver•pas´sion•ate , a. Passionate to excess. — O´ver•pas´sion•ate•ly, adv.

O´ver•pa´tient , a. Patient to excess.

O•ver•pay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overpaid p. pr. & vb. n. Overpaying.] To pay too much to; to reward too highly.

O•ver•peer´ , v. t. To peer over; to rise above.

O•ver•peo´ple , v. t. To people too densely.

O•ver•perch´ , v. t. To perch upon; to fly over. [Obs.] Shak.

O•ver•per•suade´ , v. t. To persuade or influence against one’s inclination or judgment. Pope.

O•ver•pes´ter , v. t. To pester exceedingly or excessively. Sir W. Raleigh.

O•ver•pic´ture , v. t. To surpass nature in the picture or representation of. [Obs.] ´O’erpicturing that Venus.´ Shak.

O•ver•please´ , v. t. To please excessively.

O´ver•plus , n. [Over + L. plus more. See Plus, and cf. Surplus.] That which remains after a supply, or beyond a quantity proposed; surplus. Shak. ´The overplus of a great fortune.´ Addison.

O•ver•ply´ , v. t. To ply to excess; to exert with too much vigor; to overwork. Milton.

O•ver•poise´ , v. t. To outweigh; to overbalance. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

O´ver•poise, n. Preponderant weight; a counterbalance. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

O•ver•pol´ish , v. t. To polish too much.

O´ver•pon´der•ous , a. Too heavy.

O•ver•post´ , v. t. To post over; to pass over swiftly, as by post. Shak.

O´ver•po´tent , a. Too potent or powerful.

O•ver•pow´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overpowered p. pr. & vb. n. Overpowering.] To excel or exceed in power; to cause to yield; to vanquish; to subdue; as the light overpowers the eyes. ´And overpower’d that gallant few.´ Wordsworth. Syn. — To overbear; overcome; vanquish; defeat; crush; overwhelm; overthrow; rout; conquer; subdue.

O´ver•pow•er, n. A dominating power. Bacon.

O•ver•pow´er•ing, a. Excelling in power; too powerful; irresistible. — O•ver•pow´er•ing•ly, adv.

O•ver•praise´ , v. t. [Cf. Overprize, Superpraise.] To praise excessively or unduly.

O•ver•prais´ing, n. The act of praising unduly; excessive praise. Milton.

O•ver•press´ , v. t. 1. To bear upon with irresistible force; to crush; to overwhelm. Shak. 2. To overcome by importunity. Johnson.

O´ver•pres´sure , n. Excessive pressure or urging. London Athenaeum.

O•ver•prize´ , v. t. [Cf. Overpraise.] Toprize excessively; to overvalue. Sir H. Wotton.

O´ver•pro•duc´tion , n. Excessive production; supply beyond the demand. J. S. Mill.

O´ver•prompt´ , a. Too prompt; too ready or eager; precipitate. — O•ver•prompt´ness, n.

O´ver•proof´ , a. Containing more alcohol than proof spirit; stronger than proof spirit; that is, containing more than 49.3 per cent by weight of alcohol.

O•ver•pro•por´tion , v. t. To make of too great proportion.

O´ver•proud´ , a. Exceedingly or unduly proud. ´Overproud of his victory.´ Milton.

O´ver•prov´i•dent , a. Too provident.

O•ver•pro•voke´ , v. t. To provoke excessively. Bp. Hall.

O•ver•quell´ , v. t. To quell or subdue completely. [R.] Bp. Hall.

O´ver•qui´et•ness , n. Too much quietness. Sir. T. Browne.

O•ver•rake´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overraked p. pr. & vb. n. Overraking.] (Naut.) To rake over, or sweep across, from end to end, as waves that break over a vessel anchored with head to the sea.

O´ver•rank´ , a. Too rank or luxuriant.

O•ver•rate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Overrating.] To rate or value too highly.

O´ver•rate, n. An excessive rate. [R.] Massinger.

O•ver•reach´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overreached , (Overraught , obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Overreaching.] 1. To reach above or beyond in any direction. 2. To deceive, or get the better of, by artifice or cunning; to outwit; to cheat. Shak.

O•ver•reach´, v. i. 1. To reach too far; as: (a) To strike the toe of the hind foot against the heel or shoe of the forefoot; — said of horses. (b) (Naut.) To sail on one tack farther than is necessary. Shak. 2. To cheat by cunning or deception.

O´ver•reach , n. The act of striking the heel of the fore foot with the toe of the hind foot; — said of horses.

O•ver•reach´er , n. One who overreaches; one who cheats; a cheat.

O•ver•read´ , v. t. To read over, or peruse. Shak.

O´ver•read´y , a. Too ready. — O´ver•read´•i•ly (#), adv. — O´ver•read´i•ness, n.

O•ver•reck´on , v. t. To reckon too highly.

O•ver•red´ , v. t. To smear with red. [Obs.]

O•ver•re•fine´ , v. t. To refine too much.

O´ver•re•fine´ment , n. Excessive refinement.

O•ver•rent´ , v. t. To rent for too much.

O´ver•rich´ , a. Exccessively rich.

O•ver•ride´ , v. t. [imp. Overrode p. p. Overridden , Overrode, Overrid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Overriding.] [AS. offeridan.] 1. To ride over or across; to ride upon; to trample down. “The carter overridden with [i. e., by] his cart.” Chaucer. 2. To suppress; to destroy; to supersede; to annul; as one low overrides another; to override a veto. 3. To ride beyond; to pass; to outride. [Obs.] “I overrode him on the way.” Shak. 4. To ride too much; to ride, as a horse, beyond its strength.

O´ver•rigged´ , a. Having too much rigging.

O´ver•right´eous , a. Excessively righteous; — usually implying hypocrisy.

O´ver•rig´id , a. Too rigid; too severe.

O´ver•rig´or•ous , a. Too rigorous; harsh.

O´ver•ripe´ , a. Matured to excess. Milton.

O•ver•rip´en , v. t. To make too ripe. Shak.

O•ver•roast´ , v. t. To roast too much. Shak.

O•ver•rule´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overruled p. pr. & vb. n. Overruling.] 1. To rule over; to govern or determine by superior authority. 2. To rule or determine in a contrary way; to decide against; to abrogate or alter; as God overrules the purposes of men; the chairman overruled the point of order. “His passion and animosity overruled his conscience.” Clarendon. “These [difficulties] I had habitually overruled.” F. W. Newman. 3. (Law) To supersede, reject, annul, or rule against; as the plea, or the decision, was overruled by the court.

O•ver•rule´, v. i. To be superior or supreme in rulling or controlling; as God rules and overrules. Shak.

O•ver•rul´er , n. One who, or that which, controls, governs, or determines. Sir P. Sidney.

O•ver•rul´ing, a. Exerting controlling power; as an overruling Providence. — O•ver•rul´ing•ly, adv.

O•ver•run´ , v. t. [imp. Overran p. p. Overrun; p. pr. & vb. n. Overrunning. ] 1. To run over; to grow or spread over in excess; to invade and occupy; to take possession of; as the vine overran its trellis; the farm is overrun with witch grass. “Those barbarous nations that overran the world.” Spenser. 2. To exceed in distance or speed of running; to go beyond or pass in running. “Ahimaaz run by the way of the plain, and overran Cushi.” 2 Sam. xviii. 23. 3. To go beyond; to extend in part beyond; as one line overruns another in length. In machinery, a sliding piece is said to overrun its bearing when its forward end goes beyond it. 4. To abuse or oppress, as if by treading upon. “None of them the feeble overran.” Spenser. 5. (Print.) (a) To carry over, or back, as type, from one line or page into the next after, or next before. (b) To extend the contents of (a line, column, or page) into the next line, column, or page.

O•ver•run´, v. i. 1. To run, pass, spread, or flow over or by something; to be beyond, or in excess. “Despised and trodden down of all that overran.” Spenser. 2. (Print.) To extend beyond its due or desired length; as a line, or advertisement, overruns.

O•ver•run´ner , n. One that overruns. Lovelace.

O•ver•sat´u•rate , v. t. [Cf. Supersaturate.] To saturate to excess.

O•ver•say´ , v. t. To say over; to repeat. Ford.

O•ver•scent´ed , a. 1. Scented excessively. 2. Covered or concealed by a different odor. Fuller.

O•ver•scru•pu•los´i•ty , n. Overscrupulousness.

O•ver•scru´pu•lous , a. Scrupulous to excess.

O•ver•scru´pu•lous•ness, n. The quality or state of being overscrupulous; excess of scrupulousness.

O´ver•sea´ , a. Beyond the sea; foreign. { O´ver•sea´ , O´ver•seas´ } adv. Over the sea; abroad. Milton. Tennyson.

O•ver•search´ , v. t. To search all over.

O•ver•sea´son , v. t. To season too highly.

O•ver•see´ , v. t. [imp. Oversaw p. p. Overseen p. pr. & vb. n. Overseeing.] [AS. oferseon to survey, to despise. See Over, and See.] 1. To superintend; to watch over; to direct; to look or see after; to overlook. 2. To omit or neglect seeing. Spenser.

O•ver•see´, v. i. To see too or too much; hence, to be deceived. [Obs.] “The most expert gamesters may sometimes oversee.” Fuller. “Your partiality to me is much overseen, if you think me fit to correct your Latin.” Walpole.

O•ver•seer´ , n. One who oversees; a superintendent; a supervisor; as an overseer of a mill; specifically, one or certain public officers; as an overseer of the poor; an overseer of highways.

O•ver•seer´ship, n. The office of an overseer.

O•ver•sell , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oversold p. pr. & vb. n. Overselling. ] 1. To sell for a higher price than; to exceed in selling price. “One whose beauty
Would oversell all Italy.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To sell beyond means of delivery. [Brokers’Cant] Oversold market (Brokers’ Cant), a market in which stocks or commodities have been sold ´short´ to such an extent that it is difficult to obtain them for delivery.

O•ver•set´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overset; p. pr. & vb. n. Oversetting. ] 1. To turn or tip (anything) over from an upright, or a proper, position so that it lies upon its side or bottom upwards; to upset; as to overset a chair, a coach, a ship, or a building. Dryden. 2. To cause to fall, or to tail; to subvert; to overthrow; as to overset a government or a plot. Addison. 3. To fill too full. [Obs.] Howell.

O•ver•set´, v. i. To turn, or to be turned, over; to be upset. Mortimer.

O´ver•set , n. 1. An upsetting; overturn; overthrow; as the overset of a carriage. 2. An excess; superfluity. [Obs.] ´This overset of wealth and pomp. ´ Bp. Burnel.

O•ver•shade , v. t. [AS. ofersceadwian. See Over, and Shade, and cf. Overshadow.] To cover with shade; to render dark or gloomy; to overshadow. Shak.

O•ver•shad´ow , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overshadowed p. pr. & vb. n. Overshadowing. ] [Cf. Overshade. ] 1. To throw a shadow, or shade, over; to darken; to obscure. “There was a cloud that overshadowed them.” Mark ix. 7. 2. Fig.: To cover with a superior influence. Milton.

O´ver•shad´ow•er , n. One that throws a shade, or shadow, over anything. Bacon.

O´ver•shad´ow•y , a. Overshadowing. [R.]

O•ver•shake´ , v. t. To shake over or away; to drive away; to disperse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O•ver•shine´ , v. t. 1. To shine over or upon; to illumine. Shak. 2. To excel in shining; to outshine. Shak.

O´ver•shoe , n. A shoe that is worn over another for protection from wet or for extra warmth; esp., an India-rubber shoe; a galoche.

O•ver•shoot´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overshot p. pr. & vb. n. Overshooting.] 1. To shoot over or beyond. ´Not to overshoot his game.´ South. 2. To pass swiftly over; to fly beyond. Hartle. 3. To exceed; as to overshoot the truth. Cowper. To overshoot one’s self, to venture too far; to assert too much.

O•ver•shoot´, v. i. To fly beyond the mark. Collier.

O´ver•shot , a. From Overshoot, v. t. Overshot wheel, a vertical water wheel, the circumference of which is covered with cavities or buckets, and which is turned by water which shoots over the top of it, filling the buckets on the farther side and acting chiefly by its we’ght.

O´ver•sight , n. 1. Watchful care; superintendence; general supervision. 2. An overlooking; an omission; an error. Hooker. 3. Escape from an overlooked peril. [R.] ´His fool-happy oversight.´ Spenser. Syn. — Superintendence; supervision; inspection; overlooking; inadvertence; neglect; mistake; error; omission.

O•ver•size´ , v. t. To surpass in size.

O•ver•size´, v. t. To cover with viscid matter. [R.] “O’ersized with coagulate gore.” Shak.

O•ver•skip´ , v. t. To skip or leap over; to treat with indifference. Shak.

O´ver•skirt , n. An upper skirt, shorter than the dress, and usually draped.

O´ver•slaugh , n. [D. overslag.] A bar in a river; as the overslaugh in the Hudson River. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

O•ver•slaugh´, v. t. [D. overslaan.] To hinder or stop, as by an overslaugh or an impediment; as to overslaugh a bill in a legislative body; to overslaugh a military officer, that is, to hinder his promotion or employment. [Local Cant, U. S.]

O•ver•sleep´ , v. t. To sleep beyond; as to oversleep one’s self or one’s usual hour of rising.

O•ver•sleep´, v. i. To sleep too long.

O•ver•slide´ , v. t. To slide over or by.

O•ver•slip´ , v. t. To slip or slide over; to pass easily or carelessly beyond; to omit; to neglect; as to overslip time or opportunity.

O´ver•slop , n. [AS. oferslop.] An outer garment, or slop. [Obs.] Chaucer.

O•ver•slow´ , v. t. To render slow; to check; to curb. [Obs.] Hammond.

O´ver•slow´, a. Too slow.

O´vers•man , n.; pl. Oversmen . 1. An overseer; a superintendent. 2. (Scots Law) An umpire; a third arbiter, appointed when two arbiters, previously selected, disagree.

O•ver•snow´ , v. t. To cover with snow, or as with snow. [Poetic] Shak. Dryden.

O´ver•soon´ , adv. Too soon. Sir P. Sidney.

O•ver•sor´row , v. t. To grieve or afflict to excess. [Obs.] Milton.

O´ver•soul , n. The all- containing soul. [R.] “That unity, that oversout, within which every man’s particular being is contained and made one with all other.” Emerson.

O•ver•sow´ , v. t. [AS. ofersawan.] To sow where something has already been sown. [R.] “His enemy came and oversowed cockle among the wheat.” Matt. xii. 25. (Douay Version).

O•ver•span´ , v. t. To reach or extend over.

O•ver•speak´ , v. t. & i. [AS. ofersprecan.] To exceed in speaking; to speak too much; to use too many words.

O•ver•spin´ , v. t. To spin out to too great length; to protract unduly. W. Cartwright.

O•ver•spread´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overspread; p. pr. & vb. n. Overspreading.] [AS. oferspraedan.] To spread over; to cover; as the deluge overspread the earth. Chaucer. “Those nations of the North
Which overspread the world.” Drayton.

O•ver•spread´, v. i. To be spread or scattered over.

O•ver•spring´ , v. t. To spring or leap over.

O•ver•stand´ , v. t. To stand on the price or conditions of, so as to lose a sale; to lose by an extravagant price or hard conditions. [Obs.] “What madman would o’erstand his market twice ?” Dryden.

O•ver•stare´ , v. t. To outstare. [Obs.] Shak.

O•ver•stare´, v. i. To stare wildly. [Obs.] Ascham.

O•ver•state´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstated; p. pr. & vb. n. Overstating.] To state in too strong terms; to exaggerate. Fuller.

O´ver•state´ment , n. An exaggerated statement or account.

O•ver•stay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstayed or Overstaid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Overstaying.] To stay beyond the time or the limits of; as to overstay the appointed time. Bp. Hall.

O•ver•step´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstepped p. pr. & vb. n. Overstepping.] [AS. ofersteppan.] To step over or beyond; to transgress. Shak.

O´ver•stock , n. Stock in excess. Tatler.

O•ver•stock´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstocked p. pr. & vb. n. Overstocking.] To fill too full; to supply in excess; as to overstock a market with goods, or a farm with cattle.

O•ver•store´ , v. t. To overstock. Sir. M. Hale.

O•ver-sto•ry , n. (Arch.) The clearstory, or upper story, of a building.

O•ver•strain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Overstrained p. pr. & vb. n. Overstraining.] To strain one’s self to excess. Dryden.

O•ver•strain´, v. t. To stretch or strain too much; as to overstrain one’s nerves. Ayliffe.

O•ver•strait´ly , adv. Too straitly or strictly. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

O•ver•straw´ , v. t. To overstrew. [Obs.] Shak.

O•ver•strew´ , v. t. To strew or scatter over.

O´ver•strict´ , a. Excessively strict.

O•ver•stride´ , v. t. To stride over or beyond.

O•ver•strike´ , v. t. To strike beyond. [Obs.]

O•ver•strow´ , v. t. See Overstrew.

O´ver•stu´di•ous , a. Too studious.

O´ver•sub´tile , a. Excessively subtile.

O´ver•sum , n. A sum or quantity over; surplus. [Obs.] Holinshed.

O•ver•sup•ply´ , v. t. To supply in excess.

O´ver•sup•ply, n. An excessive supply. “A general oversupply or excess of all commodities.” J. S. Mill.

O´ver•sure´ , a. Excessively sure.

O•ver•sway´ , v. t. To bear sway over.

O•ver•swell´ , v. t. & i. To swell or rise above; to overflow. [R.] Shak.

O´vert , a. [OF. overt, F. ouvert, p. p. of OF. ovrir, F. ouvrir, to open, of uncertain origin; cf. It. aprire, OIt. also oprire, L. aperire to open, operire to cover, deoperire to uncover. Perch. from L. aperire influenced by F. couvrir to cover. Cf. Aperient, Cover.] 1. Open to view; public; apparent; manifest. “Overt and apparent virtues bring forth praise.” Bacon. 2. (Law) Not covert; open; public; manifest; as an overt act of treason. Macaulay. “No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.” Constitution of the U. S. In criminal law, an overt act is an open done in pursuance and manifestation of a criminal design; the mere design or intent not being punishable without such act. In English law, market overt is an open market; a pound overt is an open, uncovered pound.

O•ver•take´ , v. t. [imp. Overtook p. p. Overtaken p. pr. & vb. n. Overtaking.] 1. To come up with in a course, pursuit, progress, or motion; to catch up with. “Follow after the men; and when thou dost overtake them, say … Wherefore have ye rewarded evil for good.” Gen. xliv. 4. “He had him overtaken in his flight.” Spenser. 2. To come upon from behind; to discover; to surprise; to capture; to overcome. “If a man be overtaken in a fault.” Gal. vi. 1 “I shall see
The winged vengeance overtake such children.” Shak. 3. Hence, figuratively, in the past participle (overtaken), drunken. [Obs.] Holland.

O•ver•talk´ , v. i. To talk to excess. Milton.

O•ver•task´ , v. t. To task too heavily.

O•ver•tax´ , v. t. To tax or to task too heavily.

O•ver•te´di•ous , a. Too tedious.

O•ver•tempt´ , v. t. To tempt exceedingly, or beyond the power of resistance. Milton.

O•ver•throw´ , v. t. [imp. Overthrew p. p. Overthrown p. pr. & vb. n. Overthrowing.] 1. To throw over; to overturn; to upset; to turn upside down. “His wife overthrew the table.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To cause to fall or to fail; to subvert; to defeat; to make a ruin of; to destroy. “When the walls of Thebes he overthrew.” Dryden. “[Gloucester] that seeks to overthrow religion.” Shak. Syn. — To demolish; overturn; prostrate; destroy; ruin; subvert; overcome; conquer; defeat; discomfit; vanquish; beat; rout.

O´ver•throw , n. 1. The act of overthrowing; the state of being overthrow; ruin. “Your sudden overthrow much rueth me.” Spenser. 2. (a) (Baseball) The act of throwing a ball too high, as over a player’s head. (b) (Cricket) A faulty return of the ball by a fielder, so that the striker makes an additional run.

O´ver•thwart´ (o´ver•thwart´), a. 1. Having a transverse position; placed or situated across; hence, opposite. ´Our overthwart neighbors.´ Dryden. 2. Crossing in kind or disposition; perverse; adverse; opposing. ´Overthwart humor.´ Clarendon.

O´ver•thwart´, adv. Across; crosswise; transversely. ´Y’clenched overthwart and endelong.´ Chaucer.

O´ver•thwart´, prep. Across; from alde to side of. ´Huge trees overthwart one another.´ Milton.

O´ver•thwart, n. That which is overthwart; an adverse circumstance; opposition. [Obs.] Surrey.

O•ver•thwart´, v. t. To cross; to oppose. [Obs.]

O´ver•thwart´ly, adv. In an overthwart manner; across; also perversely. [Obs.] Peacham.

O´ver•thwart´ness, n. The state of being overthwart; perverseness. [Obs.] Lord Herbert.

O•ver•tilt´ , v. t. To tilt over; to overturn.

O´ver•time , n. Time beyond, or in excess of, a limit; esp., extra working time.

O•ver•tire´ , v. t. To tire to excess; to exhaust.

O•ver•tire´, v. t. To become too tired. Br. Hall.

O•ver•ti´tle , v. t. To give too high a title to.

O´vert•ly , adv. Publicly; openly.

O•ver•toil´ , v. t. To overwork.

O•ver•toil´, v. t. To weary excessively; to exhaust. “Then dozed a while herself, but overtoiled
By that day’s grief and travel.” Tennyson.

O´ver•tone , n. [A translation of G. oberton. See Over,Tone.] (Mus.) One of the harmonics faintly heard with and above a tone as it dies away, produced by some aliquot portion of the vibrating sting or column of air which yields the fundamental tone; one of the natural harmonic scale of tones, as the octave, twelfth, fifteenth, etc.; an aliquot or ´partial´ tone; a harmonic. See Harmonic, and Tone. Tyndall.

O•ver•top´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overtopped p. pr. & vb. n. Overtopping.] 1. To rise above the top of; to exceed in height; to tower above. ´To ’ertop old Pelion.´ Shak. 2. To go beyond; to transcend; to transgress. “If kings presume to overtop the law by which they reign, … they are by law to be reduced into order.” Milton. 3. To make of less importance, or throw into the background, by superior excellence; to dwarf; to obscure. Becon.

O•ver•tow´er , v. t. To tower over or above.

O•ver•tow´er, v. i. To soar too high. [R.] Fuller.

O•ver•trade´ , v. i. To trade beyond one’s capital; to buy goods beyond the means of paying for or seleng them; to overstock the market.

O•ver•trad´ing , n. The act or practice of buying goods beyond the means of payment; a glutting of the market.

O•ver•tread´ , v. t. [AS. oferiredan.] To tread over or upon.

O•ver•trip´ , v. t. To trip over nimbly.

O•ver•trou´bled , a. Excessively troubled.

O•ver•trow´ , v. i. To be too trustful or confident; to trust too much. [Obs.] Wyclif

O´ver•trust , n. Excessive confidence.

O•ver•trust´, v. t. & i. To trust too much. Bp. Hall.

O´ver•ture , [OF. overture, F. ouverture, fr. OF. ovrir, F. ouvrir. See Overt.] 1. An opening or aperture; a recess; a recess; a chamber. [Obs.] Spenser. ´The cave’s inmost overture.´ Chapman. 2. Disclosure; discovery; revelation. [Obs.] “It was he
That made the overture of thy treasons to us.” Shak. 3. A proposal; an offer; a proposition formally submitted for consideration, acceptance, or rejection. ´The great overture of the gospel.´ Barrow. 4. (Mus.) A composition, for a full orchestra, designed as an introduction to an oratorio, opera, or ballet, or as an independent piece; — called in the latter case a concert overture.

O´ver•ture, v. t. To make an overture to; as to overture a religious body on some subject.

O•ver•turn´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overturned p. pr. & vb. n. Overturning.] 1. To turn or throw from a basis, foundation, or position; to overset; as to overturn a carriage or a building. 2. To subvert; to destroy; to overthrow. 3. To overpower; to conquer. Milton. Syn. — To demolish; overthrow. See Demolish.

O´ver•turn, n. The act off overturning, or the state of being overturned or subverted; overthrow; as an overturn of parties.

O•ver•turn´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or liable to be, overturned or subverted.

O•ver•turn´er , n. One who overturns. South.

O•ver•vail´ , v. t. See Overveil.

O´ver•val•u•a´tion , n. Excessive valuation; overestimate.

O•ver•val´ue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overvalued p. pr. & vb. n. Overvaluing.] 1. To value excessively; to rate at too high a price. ´To overvalue human power.´ Holyday. 2. To exceed in value. [R.] H. Brooke.

O•ver•veil´ , v. t. To veil or cover. Shak.

O´ver•view , n. [Cf. Survey.] An inspection or overlooking. [Obs.] Shak.

O•ver•vote´ , v. t. To outvote; to outnumber in votes given. [R.] Eikon Basilike.

O•ver•walk´ , v. t. To walk over or upon.

O•ver•war´ , v. t. To defeat. [Obs.] Warner.

O´ver•wa´ry , a. Too wary; too cautious.

O•ver•wash´ , v. t. To overflow. Holinshed.

O•ver•wast´ed , a. Wasted or worn out; onsumed; spent [Obs.] Drayton.

O´ver•watch´ , v. t. 1. To watch too much. 2. To weary or exhaust by watching. Dryden.

O•ver•wax´ , v. i. To wax or grow too rapindly or too much. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester.

O´ver•weak´ , a. Too weak; too feeble.

O•ver•wear´ , v. t. To wear too much; to wear out. Drayton.

O´ver•wea´ry , v. t. To weary too much; to tire out. Dryden.

O•ver•weath´er , v. t. To expose too long to the influence of the weather. [Obs.] Shak.

O•ver•ween´ , v. t. [AS. oferwnian. See Over, and Ween.] To think too highly or arrogantly; to regard one’s own thinking or conclusions too highly; hence, to egotistic, arrogant, or rash, in opinion; to think conceitedly; to presume. “They that overween,
And at thy growing virtues fret their spleen.” Milton.

O•ver•ween´er , n. One who overweens. [R.] “The conceits of warmed or overweening brain.” Locke.

O•ver•ween´ing, a. Unduly confident; arrogant; presumptuous; conceited. — O•ver•ween´ingly, adv. Milton. — O•ver•ween´ing•ness, n. “Here’s an overweening rogue.” Shak.

O•ver•ween´ing, n. Conceit; arrogance. Milton.

O•ver•weigh´ , v. t. To exceed in weight; to overbalance; to weigh down. Drayton. Hooker.

O´ver•weight , n. 1. Weight over and above what is required by law or custom. 2. Superabundance of weight; preponderance.

O´ver•weight´, a. Overweighing; excessive. [Obs.] ´Of no overweight worth.´ Fuller.

O•ver•well´ , v. t. To overflow. R. D. Blackmore.

O´ver•wet , n. Excessive wetness. [Obs.] “Another ill accident is, overwet at sowing time.” Bacon.

O•ver•whelm´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overwhelmed p. pr. & vb. n. Overwhelming.] 1. To cover over completely, as by a great wave; to overflow and bury beneath; to ingulf; hence, figuratively, to immerse and bear down; to overpower; to crush; to bury; to oppress, etc., overpoweringly. “The sea overwhelmed their enemies.” Ps. lxxviii. 53. “Fearfulness and trembling are come upon me, and horror hath overwhelmed me.” Ps. lv. 5. “Foul deeds will rise,
Though all the earth o’erwhelm them.” Shak. “Gaza yet stands; but all her sons are fallen,
All in a moment overwhelmed and fallen.” Milton. 2. To project or impend over threateningly. “His louering brows o’erwhelming his fair sight.” Shak. 3. To cause to surround, to cover. Papin.

O´ver•whelm, n. The act of overwhelming. [R.]

O•ver•whelm´ing, a. Overpowering; irresistible. — O•ver•whelm´ing•ly, adv.

O•ver•wind´ , v. t. To wind too tightly, as a spring, or too far, as a hoisting rope on a drum.

O•ver•wing´ , v. t. To outflank. [Obs.] Milton.

O´ver•wise´ , a. Too wise; affectedly wise. — O•ver•wise´ly, adv. — O•ver•wise´ness, n.

O•ver•wit´ , v. t. To outwit. Swift.

O•ver•word´ , v. t. To say in too many words; to express verbosely. Hales.

O•ver•work´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overworked or Overwrought ; p. pr. & vb. n. Overworking.] 1. To work beyond the strength; to cause to labor too much or too long; to tire excessively; as to overwork a horse. 2. To fill too full of work; to crowd with labor. “My days with toil are overwrought.” Longfellow. 3. To decorate all over.

O•ver•work´, v. t. To work too much, or beyond one’s strength.

O´ver•work, n. Work in excess of the usual or stipulated time or quantity; extra work; also excessive labor.

O•ver•worn´ , p. p. & a. from Overwear, v. t. Worn out or subdued by toil; worn out so as to be trite.

O•ver•wrest´ , v. t. To wrest or force from the natural or proper position. Shak.

O•ver•wres´tle , v. t. To subdue by wrestling. [Obs.] Spenser.

O•ver•wrought , p. p. & a. from Overwork. Wrought upon excessively; overworked; overexcited.

O´ver•zeal , n. Excess of zeal. Fairfax.

O´ver•zeal´ous , a. Too zealous.

O•vi•cap´sule , n. [Ovum + capsule.] 1. (Anat) The outer layer of a Graafian follicle. 2. (Zoöl.) Same as Oötheca.

O´vi•cell , n. [Ovum + cell.] (Zoöl) One of the dilatations of the body wall of Bryozoa in which the ova sometimes undegro the first stages of their development. See Illust. of Chilostoma.

O•vic´u•lar , a. [L. ovum an egg.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an egg.

O´vi•cyst , n. [Ovum + cyst.] (Zoöl.) The pouch in which incubation takes place in some Tunicata.

O•vid´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the Latin poet Ovid; resembling the style of Ovid.

O•vi•du´cal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to oviducts; as oviducal glands.

O´vi•duct , n. [Ovum + duct: cf. F. oviducte.] (Anat.) A tube, or duct, for the passage of ova from the ovary to the exterior of the animal or to the part where further development takes place. In mammals the oviducts are also called Fallopian tubes.

O•vif´er•ous , a. [Ovum + -ferous: cf. F. ovifère.] (Biol.) Egg-bearing; — applied particularly to certain receptacles, as in Crustacea, that retain the eggs after they have been excluded from the formative organs, until they are hatched.

O´vi•form , a. [Ovum + - form: cf. F. oviforme.] (Biol.) Having the form or figure of an egg; egg-shaped; as an oviform leaf.

O•vig´er•ons , a. [Ovum + -gerous: cf. F. ovigere.] (Biol.) Bearing eggs; oviferous.

O´vile , a. See Ovine.

O´vine , a. [L. ovinus, fr. ovis sheep: cf. F. ovine.] Of or pertaining to sheep; consisting of sheep.

O•vip´a•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Oviparous.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of vertebrates, including those that lay eggs; — opposed to Vivipara.

O•vi•par´i•ty , n. [See Oviparous.] (Biol.) Generation by means of ova. See Generation.

O•vip´a•rous , a. [L. oviparus; ovum egg + parere to bring forth: cf. F. ovipare.] (Physiol.) Producing young from rggs; as an oviparous animal, in which the egg is generally separated from the animal, and hatched after exclusion; — opposed to viviparous.

O•vi•pos´it , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oviposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Ovipositing.] [See Ovum, and Posit.] To lay or deposit eggs; — said esp. of insects.

O•vi•pos´it, v. t. To deposit or lay (an egg). { O•vi•pos´it•ing , O•vi•po•si´tion } n. The depositing of eggs, esp. by insects.

O•vi•pos´i•tor , n. [L. ovum an egg + positor a placer, fr. ponere to place.] (Zoöl.) The organ with which many insects and some other animals deposit their eggs. Some ichneumon files have a long ovipositor fitted to pierce the eggs or larvae of other insects, in order to lay their own eggs within the same.

O´vi•sac , n. [Ovum + sac.] (Anat) (a) A Graafian follicle; any sac containing an ovum or ova. (b) The inner layer of the fibrous wall of a Graafian follicle.

O´vist , n. (Biol.) Same as Ovulist.

O•vo•coc´cus , n.; pl. Ovococci (#). [Ovum + Gr. grain, seed.] (Biol.) A germinal vesicle. { O´void , O•void´al } a. [Ovum + -oid: cf. F. ovoïde.] Resembling an egg in shape; egg-shaped; ovate; as an ovoidal apple.

O´void , n. A solid resembling an egg in shape.

O´vo•lo , n. [It. ovolo, uovolo, fr. L. ovum an egg. Cf. Ovule.] (Arch.) A round, convex molding. See Illust. of Column. In Roman work it is usually a quarter circle in section; in Greek work it is flatter, and is equivalent to the echinus; that is, it has in section the elastic curve of the shell of the sea urchin. In mediaeval architecture it is not distinguishable from the multitude of convex moldings, of all sections, which are used.

O•vol´o•gy , n. [Ovum + - logy. Cf. F. ovologie.] That branch of natural history which treats of the origin and functions of eggs.

O•vo•plas´ma , n. [Ovum + plasma.] (Boil.) Yolk; egg yolk. Haeckel.

O•vo•test´tis , n. [NL. See Ovum, and Testis.] (Zoöl.) An organ which produces both ova and spermatozoids; an hermaphrodite gland.

O•vo•vi•vip´a•rous , a. [Ovum + viviparous: cf. F. ovovivipare.] (Biol.) Oviparous, but hatching the egg while it is within the body, as some fishes and reptiles.

O´vu•lar , a. (Biol.) Relating or belonging to an ovule; as an ovular growth.

O´vu•la•ry , a. (Biol.) Pertaining to ovules.

O´vu•late , a. (Biol.) Containing an ovule or ovules.

O•vu•la´tion , n. (Phisiol.) The formation of ova or eggs in the ovary, and the discharge of the same. In the mammalian female the discharge occurs during menstruation.

O´vule , n. [Dim. of L. ovum an egg: cf. F. ovule. Cf. Ovolo, Ovulum.] (Biol.) (a) The rudiment of a seed. It grows from a placenta, and consists of a soft nucleus within two delicate coatings. The attached base of the ovule is the hilum, the coatings are united with the nucleus at the chalaza, and their minute orifice is the foramen. (b) An ovum.

O•vu•lif´er•ous , a. [Ovule + -ferous.] (biol.) Producing ovules.

O´vu•list , n. (Biol.) A believer in the theory (called encasement theory), current during the last century, that the egg was the real animal germ, and that at the time of fecundation the spermatozoa simply gave the impetus which caused the unfolding of the egg, in which all generations were inclosed one within the other. Also called ovist.

O´vu•lite , n. [Ovum + - lite.] A fossil egg.

O´vu•lum , n.; pl. Ovula (#). [NL. See Ovule.] (Biol.) An ovule.

O´vum , n.; pl. L. Ova (#), E. Ovums (#). [L., an egg. See Oval.] 1. (Biol.) A more or less spherical and transparent mass of granular protoplasm, which by a process of multiplication and growth develops into a mass of cells, constituting a new individual like the parent; an egg, spore, germ, or germ cell. See Illust. of Mycropyle. The ovum is a typical cell, with a cell wall, cell substance, nucleus, and nucleolus. In man and the higher animals the cell wall, a vertically striated membrane, is called the zona pellucida; the cell contents, the vitellus; the nucleus, the germinal vesicle; and the nucleolus, the germinal spot. The diameter of the ripe ovum in man and the domestic animals varies between 1-200 and 1-120 of an inch. 2. (Arch.) One of the series of egg- shaped ornaments into which the ovolo is often carved. Gwilt.

Owch , n. See Ouch. [Obs.] Speser.

Owe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Owed , (Ought obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Owing ] [OE. owen, awen,aghen, to have, own, have (to do), hence, owe, AS. agan to have; akin to G. eigen, a., own, Icel. eiga to have, Dan. eie, Sw. äga, Goth. áigan, Skr… Cf. Ought, v., 2d Own, Fraught.] 1. To possess; to have, as the rightful owner; to own. [Obs.] “Thou dost here usurp
The name thou ow’st not.” Shak. 2. To have or possess, as something derived or bestowed; to be obliged to ascribe (something to some source); to be indebted or obliged for; as he owed his wealth to his father; he owed his victory to his lieutenants. Milton. “O deem thy fall not owed to man’s decree.” Pope. 3. Hence: To have or be under an obigation to restore, pay, or render (something) in return or compensation for something received; to be indebted in the sum of; as the subject owes allegiance; the fortunate owe assistance to the unfortunate. “The one ought five hundred pence, and the other fifty.” Bible (1551). “A son owes help and honor to his father.” Holyday. Owe was sometimes followed by an objective clause introduced by the infinitive. ´Ye owen to incline and bow your heart.´ Chaucer. 4. To have an obligation to (some one) on account of something done or received; to be indebted to; as to iwe the grocer for supplies, or a laborer for services.

Ow´el , a. [OF. oel, owel, iwel,ivel, F. egal, fr. L. aequalis.] (Law) Equal. [Obs.] Burrill.

Ow´el•ty , n. [OF. oelte, ivelte.] (Law) Equality; — sometimes written ovelty and ovealty. Burrill.

Ow´en , a.[See Own.] Own. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ow´en•ite , n. A follower of Robert Owen, who tried to reorganize society on a socialistic basis, and established an industrial community on the Clyde, Scotland, and, later, a similar one in Indiana.

O´wher , adv. [AS. ahwaer.] Anywhere. [Obs.] ´If he found owher a good fellow.´ Chaucer.

Ow•ing , p. p. & a. [Used in a passive sense for owed (AS. agen. See Own).] 1. Had or held under obligation of paying; due. “There is more owing her than is paid.” Shak. 2. Had or experienced as a consequence, result, issue, etc.; ascribable; — with to; as misfortunes are often owing to vices; his failure was owing to speculations.

Owl , n. [AS. ule; akin to D. uil, OHG. uwila, G. eule, Icel. ugla, Sw. ugla, Dan. ugle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any species of raptorial birds of the family Strigidae. They have large eyes and ears, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye. They are mostly nocturnal in their habits. Some species have erectile tufts of feathers on the head. The feathers are soft and somewhat downy. The species are numerous. See Barn owl, Burrowing owl, Eared owl, Hawk owl, Horned owl, Screech owl, Snowy owl, under Barn, Burrowing, etc. In the Scriptures the owl is commonly associated with desolation; poets and story-tellers introduce it as a bird of ill omen… . The Greeks and Romans made it the emblem of wisdom, and sacred to Minerva, — and indeed its large head and solemn eyes give it an air of wisdom. Am. Cyc. 2. (Zoöl.) A variety of the domestic pigeon. Owl monkey (Zoöl.), any one of several species of South American nocturnal monkeys of the genus Nyctipithecus. They have very large eyes. Called also durukuli. — Owl moth (Zoöl.), a very large moth (Erebus strix). The expanse of its wings is over ten inches. — Owl parrot (Zoöl.), the kakapo. — Sea owl (Zoöl.), the lumpfish. — Owl train, a cant name for certain railway trains whose run is in the nighttime.

Owl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Owled p. pr. & vb. n. Owling.] 1. To pry about; to prowl. [Prov. Eng.] 2. To carry wool or sheep out of England. [Obs.] This was formerly illegal, and was done chiefly by night. 3. Hence, to carry on any contraband trade. [Eng.]

Owl´er , n. [From Owl, v. i.] One who owls; esp., one who conveys contraband goods. See Owling, n. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] T. Brown.

Owl´er•y , n.; pl. Owleries . An abode or a haunt of owls.

Owl´et , n. [Dim. of owl. Cf. Howlet.] (Zoöl.) A small owl; especially, the European species (Athene noctua), and the California flammulated owlet (Megascops flammeolus). Owlet moth (Zoöl.), any noctuid moth.

Owl´-eyed , a. Having eyes like an owl’s.

Owl´ing, n. [From Owl, v. i.] (O. Eng. Law) The offense of transporting wool or sheep out of England contrary to the statute formerly existing. Blackstone.

Owl´ish, a. Resembling, or characteristic of, an owl.

Owl´ism , n. Affected wisdom; pompous dullness. [R.]

Owl´light , n. Glimmering or imperfect light. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Own (on), v. t. [OE. unnen to grant, permit, be pleased with, AS. unnan to grant; akin to OS. giunnan, G. gönnen, Icel. unna; of uncertain origin. This word has been confused with own to possess.] To grant; to acknowledge; to admit to be true; to confess; to recognize in a particular character; as we own that we have forfeited your love. “The wakeful bloodhound rose, and shook his hide;
But his sagacious eye an inmate owns.” Keats.

Own, a. [OE. owen, awen, auen, aughen, AS. agen, p. p. of agan to possess; akin to OS. egan, G. & D. eigen, Icel. eiginn, Sw. & Dan. egen. rad.110. See Owe.] Belonging to; belonging exclusively or especially to; peculiar; — most frequently following a possessive pronoun, as my, our, thy, your, his, her, its, their, in order to emphasize or intensify the idea of property, peculiar interest, or exclusive ownership; as my own father; my own composition; my own idea; at my own price. ´No man was his own [i. e., no man was master of himself, or in possession of his senses].´ Shak. To hold one’s own, to keep or maintain one’s possessions; to yield nothing; esp., to suffer no loss or disadvantage in a contest. Shak.

Own, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Owned p. pr. & vb. n. Owning.] [OE. ohnien, ahnien, AS. agnian, fr. agen own, a. See Own, a.] To hold as property; to have a legal or rightful title to; to be the proprietor or possessor of; to possess; as to own a house.

Own´er , n. One who owns; a rightful proprietor; one who has the legal or rightful title, whether he is the possessor or not. Shak.

Own´er•less, a. Without an owner.

Own´er•ship, n. The state of being an owner; the right to own; exclusive right of possession; legal or just claim or title; proprietorship.

Owre , n. [AS. ur; akin to G. auerochs, OHG. ur, urohso, Icel. urr.] (Zoöl.) The aurochs. [Obs.] { Owse (ouz), Ow´ser (ou´zer), } n. Tanner’s ooze. See Ooze, 3.

Ox (oks), n.; pl. Oxen (#). [AS. oxa; akin to D. os. G. ochs, ochse, OHG. ohso, Icel. oxi, Sw. & Dan. oxe, Goth. aúhsa, Skr. ukshan ox, bull; cf. Skr. uksh to sprinkle. rad.214. Cf. Humid, Aurochs.] (Zoöl.) The male of bovine quadrupeds, especially the domestic animal when castrated and grown to its full size, or nearly so. The word is also applied, as a general name, to any species of bovine animals, male and female. “All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field.” Ps. viii. 7. The castrated male is called a steer until it attains its full growth, and then, an ox; but if castrated somewhat late in life, it is called a stag. The male, not castrated, is called a bull. These distinctions are well established in regard to domestic animals of this genus. When wild animals of this kind are spoken of, ox is often applied both to the male and the female. The name ox is never applied to the individual cow, or female, of the domestic kind. Oxen may comprehend both the male and the female. Grunting ox (Zoöl.), the yak. — Indian ox (Zoöl.), the zebu. — Javan ox (Zoöl.), the banteng. — Musk ox. (Zoöl.) See under Musk. — Ox bile. See Ox gall, below. — Ox gall, the fresh gall of the domestic ox; — used in the arts and in medicine. — Ox pith, ox marrow. [Obs.] Marston. — Ox ray (Zoöl.), a very large ray (Dicerobatis Giornae) of Southern Europe. It has a hornlike organ projecting forward from each pectoral fin. It sometimes becomes twenty feet long and twenty-eight feet broad, and weighs over a ton. Called also sea devil. — To have the black ox tread on one’s foot, to be unfortunate; to know what sorrow is (because black oxen were sacrificed to Pluto). Leigh Hunt.

Ox•ac´id (oks•as´id), n. (Chem.) See Oxyacid.

Ox´a•lan , n. [From Alloxan, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous substance C3N3H5O3 obtained from alloxan (or when urea is fused with ethyl oxamate), as a stable white crystalline powder; — called also oxaluramide.

Ox•a•lan´tin , n. [From Alloxantin, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance (C6H4N4O5) obtained by the reduction of parabanic acid; — called also leucoturic acid.

Ox´a•late , n. [Cf. F. oxalate. See Oxalic.] (Chem.) A salt of oxalic acid.

Ox•al´de•hyde , n. [Oxalic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Same as Glyoxal.

Ox•al•eth´yl•ine , n. [Oxalic + ethyl + -ine.] A poisonous nitrogenous base (C6H10N2) obtained indirectly from oxamide as a thick transparent oil which has a strong narcotic odor, and a physiological action resembling that of atropine. It is probably related to pyridine.

Ox•al´ic , a. [From Oxalis: cf. F. oxalique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or contained in, sorrel, or oxalis; specifically, designating an acid found in, and characteristic of, oxalis, and also certain plant of the Buckwheat family. Oxalic acid (Chem.), a dibasic acid, existing combined in oxalis as an acid potassium oxalate, and in many plant tissues as the calcium oxalate. It is prepared on a large scale, by the action of fused caustic soda or potash on sawdust, as a white crystalline substance, which has a strong acid taste, and is poisonous in large doses. It is used in dyeing, calico printing, bleaching flax and straw, the preparation of formic acid, and in salts of lemon for removing ink stains, mold, etc.

Ox´a•line , n. [Glyoxal + - ine.] (Chem.) See Glyoxaline.

Ox´a•lis , n. [L., a kind of sorrel, Gr. , fr. sharp, pungent, acid.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly herbs, with acid-tasting trifoliolate or multifoliolate leaves; — called also wood sorrel.

Ox´a•lite , n. (Min.) A yellow mineral consisting of oxalate of iron.

Ox•a•lur•am´ide , n. [Oxaluric + amide.] (Chem.) Same as Oxalan.

Ox•a•lur´ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of oxaluric acid.

Ox•a•lur´ic , a. [Oxalyl + urea.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid related to the ureids, and obtained from parabanic acid as a white silky crystalline substance.

Ox´a•lyl , n. [Oxalic + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A hydrocarbon radical (C2O2) regarded as a residue of oxalic acid and occurring in derivatives of it. (b) An old name for carbonyl. (c) An old name for carboxyl.

Ox•am´ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of oxamic acid.

Ox•a•meth´ane , n. [Oxamic + ethyl.] (Chem.) Ethyl oxamate, obtained as a white scaly crystalline powder.

Ox•a•meth´yl•ane , n. [Oxamic + methyl.] (Chem.) Methyl oxamate, obtained as a pearly white crystalline substance.

Ox•am´ic , a. [Oxalic + amido] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid NH2.C2O2.HO obtained as a fine crystalline powder, intermediate between oxalic acid and oxamide. Its ammonium salt is obtained by boiling oxamide with ammonia.

Ox•am´ide , n, [Oxalic + amide.] (Chem.) A white crystalline neutral substance (C2O2(NH2)2) obtained by treating ethyl oxalate with ammonia. It is the acid amide of oxalic acid. Formerly called also oxalamide.

Ox•am´i•dine , n. [Oxygen + amido + -ine.] (Chem.) One of a series of bases containing the amido and the isonitroso groups united to the same carbon atom.

Ox•a•nil•am´ide , n. [Oxanilic + amide.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, obtained indirectly by the action of cyanogen on aniline, and regarded as an anilide of oxamic acid; — called also phenyl oxamide.

Ox•an´i•late , n. (Chem.) A salt of oxanilic acid.

Ox•an•il´ic , a. [Oxalic + aniline.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, oxalic acid and aniline; — used to designate an acid obtained in white crystalline scales by heating these substances together.

Ox•an´i•lide , n. [Oxalic + aniline + amide.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, resembling oxanilamide, obtained by heating aniline oxalate, and regarded as a double anilide of oxalic acid; — called also diphenyl oxamide.

Ox´bane , n. (Bot.) A poisonous bulbous plant (Buphane toxicaria) of the Cape of Good Hope.

Ox´bird , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The sanderling. (c) An African weaver bird (Textor alector).

Ox´bit•er , n. (Zoöl.) The cow blackbird. [Local, U. S.]

Ox´bow , n. A frame of wood, bent into the shape of the letter U, and embracing an ox’s neck as a kind of collar, the upper ends passing through the bar of the yoke; also anything so shaped, as a bend in a river.

Ox´eye , n. [Ox + eye.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The oxeye daisy. See under Daisy. (b) The corn camomile (Anthemis arvensis). (c) A genus of composite plants (Buphthalmum) with large yellow flowers. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A titmouse, especially the great titmouse (Parus major) and the blue titmouse (P. cœruleus). [Prov. Eng.] (b) The dunlin. (c) A fish; the bogue, or box. Creeping oxeye (Bot.) a West Indian composite plant (Wedelia carnosa). — Seaside oxeye (Bot.), a West Indian composite shrub (Borrichia arborescens).

Ox´•eyed , a. Having large, full eyes, like those of an ox. Burton.

Ox´fly , n. (Zoöl.) The gadfly of cattle.

Ox´ford , a. Of or pertaining to the city or university of Oxford, England. Oxford movement. See Tractarianism. — Oxford School, a name given to those members of the Church of England who adopted the theology of the so-called Oxford ´Tracts for the Times,´ issued the period 1833 — 1841. Shipley. — Oxford tie, a kind of shoe, laced on the instep, and usually covering the foot nearly to the ankle.

Ox´gang , n. [Ox + gang, n., 1.] (O. Eng. Law) See Bovate.

Ox´goad , n. A goad for driving oxen.

Ox´head , n. [Cf. Hogshead.] Literally, the head of an ox (emblem of cuckoldom); hence, a dolt; a blockhead. “Dost make a mummer of me, oxhead?” Marston.

Ox´heal , n. (Bot.) Same as Bear’s-foot.

Ox´heart , n. A large heart- shaped cherry, either black, red, or white.

Ox´hide , n. 1. The skin of an ox, or leather made from it. 2. (O. Eng. Law) A measure of land. See 3d Hide.

Ox´id , n. (Chem.) See Oxide.

Ox•i•da•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. oxydabilite.] Capability of being converted into an oxide.

Ox´i•da•ble , a. [Cf. F. oxydable.] Capable of being converted into an oxide.

Ox´i•date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxidated p. pr. & vb. n. Oxidating.] [Cf. f. oxyder. See Oxide.] (Chem.) To oxidize. [Obs.]

Ox•i•da´tion , n. [Cf. F. oxidation.] (Chem.) The act or process of oxidizing, or the state or result of being oxidized.

Ox´i•da•tor , n. 1. An oxidizer. [Obs.] 2. A contrivance for causing a current of air to impinge on the flame of the Argand lamp; — called also oxygenator.

Ox´ide , n. [F. oxygène oxygen + acide acid: cf. F. oxyde. The French word was correctly spelt oxide, till about the year 1840, when, in ignorance or forgetfulness of the true history and composition of the word, the orthography was change to make it represent the υ of Gr. ’oxy•s, from which it was supposed to be directly derived.] (Chem.) A binary compound of oxygen with an atom or radical, or a compound which is regarded as binary; as iron oxide, ethyl oxide, nitrogen oxide, etc. In the chemical nomenclature adopted by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier,and their associates, the term oxides was made to include all compounds of oxygen which had no acid (F. acide) properties, as contrasted with the acids, all of which were at that time supposed to contain oxygen. The orthography oxyde, oxyd, etc., was afterwards introduced in ignorance or disregard of the true etymology, but these forms are now obsolete in English. The spelling oxid is not common.

Ox´i•di•za•ble , a. Capable of being oxidized.

Ox´i•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxidized p. pr. & vb. n. Oxidizing.] (Chem.) To combine with oxygen, or subject to the action of oxygen, or of an oxidizing agent. Specifically: (a) To combine with oxygen or with more oxygen; to add oxygen to; as to oxidize nitrous acid so as to form nitric acid. (b) To remove hydrogen from (anything), as by the action of oxygen; as to oxidize alcohol so as to form aldehyde. (c) To subject to the action of oxygen or of an oxidizing agent, so as to bring to a higher grade, as an -ous compound to an -ic compound; as to oxidize mercurous chloride to mercuric chloride. In certain cases to oxidize is identical with to acidify; for, in nearly all cases, the more oxygen a substance contains the more nearly does it approximate to acid qualities; thus, by oxidation many elements, as sulphur, nitrogen, carbon, chromium, manganese, etc., pass into compounds which are acid anhydrides, and thus practically in the acid state.

Ox´i•dize•ment , n. Oxidation. [R.]

Ox´i•di•zer , n. (Chem.) An agent employed in oxidation, or which facilitates or brings about combination with oxygen; as nitric acid, chlorine, bromine, etc., are strong oxidizers.

Ox•id´u•la•ted , a. (Chem.) Existing in the state of a protoxide; — said of an oxide. [R.]

Ox´ime , n. (Chem.) One of a series of isonitroso derivatives obtained by the action of hydroxylamine on aldehydes or ketones.

Ox•in´dol , n. [Oxygen + indol.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance (C8H7NO) of the indol group, obtained by the reduction of dioxindol. It is a so-called lactam compound.

Ox•i•od´ic , a. [Oxy- (a) + iodic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of iodine and oxygen.

Ox´like , a. Characteristic of, or like, an ox.

Ox´lip , n. [AS. oxanslyppe. See Ox, and Cowslip.] (Bot.) The great cowslip (Primula veris, var. elatior).

Ox´o•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of oxonic acid.

Ox•o´ni•an , a. Of or relating to the city or the university of Oxford, England. Macaulay.

Ox•o´ni•an, n. A student or graduate of Oxford University, in England.

Ox•on´ic , a. [Prob. glyoxalic + carbonic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid (C4H5N3O4) not known in the free state, but obtained, in combination with its salts, by a slow oxidation of uric acid, to which it is related.

Ox´peck•er , n. (Zoöl.) An African bird of the genus Buphaga; the beefeater.

Ox´shoe , n. A shoe for oxen, consisting of a flat piece of iron nailed to the hoof.

Ox´ter , n. [AS. ohsta.] The armpit; also the arm. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Ox´tongue , n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants, from the shape and roughness of their leaves; as Anchusa officinalis, a kind of bugloss, and Helminthia echioides, both European herbs.

Ox´y- (Chem.) A prefix, also used adjectively, designating: (a) A compound containing oxygen. (b) A compound containing the hydroxyl group, more properly designated by hydroxy-. See Hydroxy-. Oxy acid. See Oxyacid (below).

Ox•y•a•ce´tic , a. [Oxy- (b) + acetic.] Hydroxyacetic; designating an acid called also glycolic acid.

Ox•y•ac´id , n. [Oxy- (a) + acid.] (Chem.) An acid containing oxygen, as chloric acid or sulphuric acid; — contrasted with the hydracids, which contain no oxygen, as hydrochloric acid. See Acid, and Hydroxy-.

Ox•y•am•mo´ni•a , n. [Oxy- (b) + ammonia.] (Chem.) Same as Hydroxylamine.

Ox•y•ben´zene , n. [Oxy- (b) + benzene.] (Chem.) Hydroxy benzene. Same as Phenol.

Ox•y•ben•zo´ic , a. [Oxy- (b) + benzoic.] (Chem.) Hydroxybenzoic; pertaining to, or designating, any one of several hydroxyl derivatives of benzonic acid, of which the commonest is salicylic acid.

Ox•y•bro´mic , a. [Oxy- (a) + bromic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of oxygen and bromine.

Ox•y•bu•tyr´ic , a. [Oxy- (b) + butyric.] (Chem.) Hydroxybutyric; designating any one of a group of metameric acids (C3H6.OH.CO2H).

Ox•y•cal´ci•um , a. [Oxy- (a) + calcium.] Of or pertaining to oxygen and calcium; as the oxycalcium light. See Drummond light.

Ox•y•ca•pro´ic , a. (Chem.) See Leucic.

Ox•y•chlo´ric , a. [Oxy- (a) + chloric.] (Chem.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or designating in general, certain compounds containing oxygen and chlorine. (b) Formerly designating an acid now called perchloric acid. See Perchloric.

Ox•y•chlo´ride , n. [Oxy- (a) + chloride.] (Chem.) A ternary compound of oxygen and chlorine; as plumbic oxychloride.

Ox´y•crate , n. [Gr. ; acid + to mix: cf. F. oxycrat.] (med.) A Mixture of water and vinegar. Wiseman.

Ox•y•cy´mene , n. [Oxy- (b) + cymene.] (Chem.) Hydroxy cymene. Same as Carvacrol.

Ox´y•gen , n. [F. oxygène, from Gr. sharp, acid + root of to be born. So called because originally supposed to be an essential part of every acid.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless, tasteless, odorless, gaseous element occurring in the free state in the atmosphere, of which it forms about 23 per cent by weight and about 21 per cent by volume, being slightly heavier than nitrogen. Symbol O. Atomic weight 15.96. It occurs combined in immense quantities, forming eight ninths by weight of water, and probably one half by weight of the entire solid crust of the globe, being an ingredient of silica, the silicates, sulphates, carbonates, nitrates, etc. Oxygen combines with all elements (except fluorine), forming oxides, bases, oxyacid anhydrides, etc., the process in general being called oxidation, of which combustion is only an intense modification. At ordinary temperatures with most substances it is moderately active, but at higher temperatures it is one of the most violent and powerful chemical agents known. It is indispensable in respiration, and in general is the most universally active and efficient element. It may be prepared in the pure state by heating potassium chlorate. This element (called dephlogisticated air by Priestley) was named oxygen by Lavoisier because he supposed it to be a constituent of all acids. This is not so in the case of a very few acids (as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydric sulphide, etc.), but these do contain elements analogous to oxygen in property and action. Moreover, the fact that most elements approach the nearer to acid qualities in proportion as they are combined with more oxygen, shows the great accuracy and breadth of Lavoisier’s conception of its nature. 2. Chlorine used in bleaching. [Manufacturing name]

Ox´y•gen•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxygenated p. pr. & vb. n. Oxygenating ] [Cf. F. oxygener.] (Chem.) To unite, or cause to combine, with oxygen; to treat with oxygen; to oxidize; as oxygenated water (hydrogen dioxide).

Ox•y•gen•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. oxygenation.] (Chem.) The act or process of combining or of treating with oxygen; oxidation.

Ox´y•gen•a•tor , n. An oxidizer.

Ox•y•gen´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, oxygen; producing oxygen.

Ox•y•ge´ni•um , n. [NL.] (Chem.) The technical name of oxygen. [R.]

Ox´y•gen•i´za•ble , a. (Chem.) Oxidizable.

Ox´y•gen•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxygenized p pr. & vb. n. Oxygenizing ] (Chem.) To oxidize.

Ox´y•gen•ize•ment , n. Oxidation.

Ox•yg´e•nous , a. Oxygenic.

Ox´y•gon , n. [Gr. sharp + an angle: cf.F. oxygone.] (Geom.) A triangle having three acute angles. { Ox•yg´o•nal , Ox•y•go´ni•al } a. Having acute angles. Barlow. { Ox•Y•haem•a•cy´a•nin , Ox•y•haem•o•cy´a•nin } n. [Oxy- (a) + haemacyanin, haemocyanin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Haemacyanin. { Ox•y•haem•o•glo´bin , Ox•y•hem•o•glo´bin } , n. [Oxy- (a) + haemoglobin, hemoglobin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Hemoglobin.

Ox•y•hy´dro•gen , a. [Oxy- (a) + hydrogen.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen; as oxyhydrogen gas. Oxyhydrogen blowpipe. (Chem.) See Blowpipe. — Oxyhydrogen microscope, a form of microscope arranged so as to use the light produced by burning lime or limestone under a current of oxyhydrogen gas.

Ox´y•mel , n. [L. oxymeli, Gr. ; acid + honey.] (Med.) A mixture of honey, water, vinegar, and spice, boiled to a sirup. Sir T. Elyot.

Ox•y•meth´yl•ene, n. [Oxy- (a) + methylene.] (Chem.) Formic aldehyde, regarded as a methylene derivative.

Ox•y•mo´ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. pointedly foolish; sharp + foolish.] (Rhet.) A figure in which an epithet of a contrary signification is added to a word; e. g., cruel kindness; laborious idleness.

Ox•y•mu´ri•ate , n. (Old Chem.) A salt of the supposed oxymuriatic acid; a chloride. Oxymuriate of lime, chloride of lime.

Ox•y•mu•ri•at´ic , a. [Oxy- (a) + muriatic: cf. F. oxymuriatique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or consisting of, oxygen and muriatic acid, that is, hydrochloric acid. [Archaic.] Oxymuriatic acid, chlorine, formerly so called on the supposition that it was a compound of oxygen and muriatic acid. [Obs.]

Ox•y•neu´rine , n. (Chem.) See Betaine.

Ox•yn´tic , a. [Gr. to make acid.] (Physiol.) Acid; producing acid; -applied especially to certain glands and cells in the stomach. { Ox•y•o´pi•a , Ox´y•o•py } n. [NL. oxyopia, from Gr. sharp + sight.] (Med.) Excessive acuteness of sight.

Ox•y•phe´nic , a. [Oxy- (b) + phenol.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, the phenol formerly called oxyphenic acid, and now oxyphenol and pyrocatechin. See Pyrocatechin.

Ox•y•phe´nol , n. (Chem.) A phenol, , produced by the distillation of catechin; called also oxyphenic acid, and now pyrocatechin.

Ox•yph´o•ny , n. [Gr. sharp + voice.] Acuteness or shrillness of voice.

Ox•y•quin´o•line , n. [Oxy- (b) + quinoline.] (Chem.) Hydroxy quinoline; a phenol derivative of quinoline, — called also carbostyril.

Ox•y•rhyn´cha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sharp + snout.] (Zoöl.) The maioid crabs.

Ox•yr´rho•dine , n. [Gr. (sc. ); ’oxy•s acid + made of roses, rose.] (Med.) A mixture of two parts of the oil of roses with one of the vinegar of roses. Floyer.

Ox´y•salt , n. [Oxy- (a) + salt.] (Chem.) A salt of an oxyacid, as a sulphate.

Ox•y•sul´phide , n. (Chem.) A ternary compound of oxygen and sulphur.

Ox•y•sul´phu•ret , n. (Chem.) An oxysulphide. [Obsolescent]

Ox•y•toc´ic , a. [Gr. sharp, quick + birth.] (Med.) Promoting uterine contractions, or parturition. — n. An oxytocic medicine or agent.

Ox•y•tol´u•ene , n. [Oxy- (a) + toluene.] One of three hydroxy derivatives of toluene, called the cresols. See Cresol.

Ox´y•tone , a. [Gr. ; sharp + tone.] Having an acute sound; (Gr. Gram.), having an acute accent on the last syllable.

Ox´y•tone, n. 1. An acute sound. 2. (Gr. Gram.) A word having the acute accent on the last syllable.

Ox•y•ton´ic•al , a. (Gr. Gram.) Oxytone.

O´yer , n. [Anglo F., a hearing, from OF. oïr, F. ouïr, to hear, L. audire. See Audible.] (Law) A hearing or an inspection, as of a deed, bond, etc., as when a defendant in court prays oyer of a writing. Blackstone. Oyer and terminer (Law), a term used in England in commissions directed to judges of assize about to hold court, directing them to hear and determine cases brought before them. In the U.S. the phrase is used to designate certain criminal courts.

O´yez (oyes; 277), interj. [Anglo-F. oyez hear ye. See Oyer.] Hear; attend; — a term used by criers of courts to secure silence before making a proclamation. It is repeated three times. [Written also oyes.]

Oy´let , n. [See Eyelet.] 1. See Eyelet. 2. (Arch.) Same as Oillet.

Oy´noun , n. Onion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Oys´ter , n. [OF. oistre, F. huître, L. ostrea, ostreum, Gr. ’o•streon; prob. akin to ’ostre•on bone, the oyster being so named from its shell. Cf. Osseous, Ostracize.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any marine bivalve mollusk of the genus Ostrea. They are usually found adhering to rocks or other fixed objects in shallow water along the seacoasts, or in brackish water in the mouth of rivers. The common European oyster (Ostrea edulis), and the American oyster (Ostrea Virginiana), are the most important species. 2. A name popularly given to the delicate morsel contained in a small cavity of the bone on each side of the lower part of the back of a fowl. Fresh-water oyster (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Etheria, and allied genera, found in rivers of Africa and South America. They are irregular in form, and attach themselves to rocks like oysters, but they have a pearly interior, and are allied to the fresh-water mussels. — Oyster bed, a breeding place for oysters; a place in a tidal river or other water on or near the seashore, where oysters are deposited to grow and fatten for market. See 1st Scalp, n. — Oyster catcher (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wading birds of the genus Haematopus, which frequent seashores and feed upon shellfish. The European species (H. ostralegus), the common American species (H. palliatus), and the California, or black, oyster catcher (H. Bachmani) are the best known. — Oyster crab (Zoöl.) a small crab (Pinnotheres ostreum) which lives as a commensal in the gill cavity of the oyster. — Oyster dredge, a rake or small dragnet of bringing up oyster from the bottom of the sea. — Oyster fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The tautog. (b) The toadfish. — Oyster plant. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Tragopogon (T. porrifolius), the root of which, when cooked, somewhat resembles the oyster in taste; salsify; — called also vegetable oyster. (b) A plant found on the seacoast of Northern Europe, America and Asia (Mertensia maritima), the fresh leaves of which have a strong flavor of oysters. — Oyster plover. (Zoöl.) Same as Oyster catcher, above. — Oyster shell (Zoöl.), the shell of an oyster. — Oyster wench, Oyster wife, Oyster women, a women who deals in oysters. — Pearl oyster. (Zoöl.) See under Pearl. — Thorny oyster (Zoöl.), any spiny marine shell of the genus Spondylus.

Oys´ter-green , n. (Bot.) A green membranous seaweed (Ulva) often found growing on oysters but common on stones, piles, etc.

Oys´ter•ing, n. Gathering, or dredging for, oysters.

Oys´ter•ling , n. (Zoöl.) A young oyster.

O•ze´na , n. [NL., fr. L. ozaena, Gr. ’o•zaina, fr. ’o•zein to smell.] (Med.) A discharge of fetid matter from the nostril, particularly if associated with ulceration of the soft parts and disease of the bones of the nose.

O•zo•ce´rite , n. [Gr. ’o•zein to smell + wax.] (Min.) A waxlike mineral resin; — sometimes called native paraffin, and mineral wax.

O•zo•na´tion , n. (Chem.) The act of treating with ozone; also the act of converting into, or producing, ozone; ozonization.

O´zone , n. [Gr. ’o•zwn smelling, p. pr. of ’o•zein to smell. See Odor.] (Chem.) A colorless gaseous substance (O) obtained (as by the silent discharge of electricity in oxygen) as an allotropic form of oxygen, containing three atoms in the molecule. It is a streng oxidizer, and probably exists in the air, though by he ordinary tests it is liable to be confused with certain other substances, as hydrogen dioxide, or certain oxides of nitrogen. It derives its name from its peculiar odor, which resembles that of weak chlorine.

O•zon´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, ozone.

O•zo•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [Ozone + L. -ficare to make. See fy. ] (Chem.) The act or process of producing, or of subjecting to the action of, ozone.

O•zo•ni•za´tion , n. (Chem.) Ozonation.

O´zo•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ozonized p. pr. & vb. n. Ozonizing.] (Chem.) (a) To convert into ozone, as oxygen. (b) To treat with ozone.

O´zo•ni•zer , n. (Chem.) An apparatus or agent for the production or application of ozone.

O•zo•nom´e•ter , n. [Ozone + -meter.] An instrument for ascertaining the amount of ozone in the atmosphere, or in any gaseous mixture. Faraday.

O•zo•no•met´ric , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or used for, the determination of the amount of ozone; of or relating to ozonometry.

O•zo•nom´e•try , n. (Chem.) The measurement or determination of the quantity of ozone.

O•zo´no•scope , n. [Ozone + -scope.] (Chem.) An apparatus employed to indicate the presence, or the amount, of ozone.

O•zo•no•scop´ic , a. [Ozone + Gr. to view.] (Chem.) Serving to indicate the presence or the amount of ozone.

O´zo•nous , a. Pertaining to or containing, ozone.

P (pe), the sixteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a nonvocal consonant whose form and value come from the Latin, into which language the letter was brought, through the ancient Greek, from the Phœnician, its probable origin being Egyptian. Etymologically P is most closely related to b, f, and v; as hobble, hopple; father, paternal; recipient, receive. See B, F, and M. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 247, 248, and 184- 195.

Pa (pä), n. A shortened form of Papa.

Pa´age (pa´aj; 48), n. [OF. paage, paiage, F. peage, fr. (assumed) LL. pedaticum, fr. L. pes, pedis, foot. See Pedage, Pedal.] (O. Eng. Law) A toll for passage over another person’s grounds. [Written also peage and pedage.] Burke.

Paard (pärd), n. [D., a horse.] The zebra. [S. Africa]

Paas (päs), n. Pace [Obs.] Chaucer

Paas (pas), n. [D. paash. See Pasch.] The Easter festival. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. Paas egg. See Easter egg, under Easter.

Pab´u•lar , a. [L. pabularis.] Of, pertaining to, or fit for, pabulum or food; affording food.

Pab•u•la´tion , n. [L. pabulatio, fr. pabulari to feed, fr. pabulum food. See Pabulum.] 1. The act of feeding, or providing food. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. Food; fodder; pabulum. [Obs.]

Pab´u•lous , a. [L. pabulosus.] Affording pabulum, or food; alimental. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pab´u•lum , n. [L., akin to pascere to pasture. See Pastor.] The means of nutriment to animals or plants; food; nourishment; hence, that which feeds or sustains, as fuel for a fire; that upon which the mind or soul is nourished; as intellectual pabulum.

Pac , n. A kind of moccasin, having the edges of the sole turned up and sewed to the upper. Knight.

Pa´ca , n. [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.) A small South American rodent (Cœlogenys paca), having blackish brown fur, with four parallel rows of white spots along its sides; the spotted cavy. It is nearly allied to the agouti and the Guinea pig.

Pa´ca•ble , a. [L. pacare to pacify.] Placable. [R.] Coleridge.

Pa•cane´ , n. (Bot.) A species of hickory. See Pecan.

Pa´cate , a. [L. pacatus, p. p. of pacare to pacify, fr. pax, pacis, peace. See Pay to requite, Peace.] Appeased; pacified; tranquil. [R.]

Pa´ca•ted , a. Pacified; pacate.

Pa•ca´tion , n. [L. pacatio.] The act of pacifying; a peacemaking. Coleridge.

Pace , n. [OE. pas, F. pas, from L. passus a step, pace, orig., a stretching out of the feet in walking; cf. pandere, passum, to spread, stretch; perh. akin to E. patent. Cf. Pas, Pass.] 1. A single movement from one foot to the other in walking; a step. 2. The length of a step in walking or marching, reckoned from the heel of one foot to the heel of the other; — used as a unit in measuring distances; as he advanced fifty paces. ´The heigh of sixty pace .´ Chaucer. Ordinarily the pace is estimated at two and one half linear feet; but in measuring distances be stepping, the pace is extended to three feet (one yard) or to three and three tenths feet (one fifth of a rod). The regulation marching pace in the English and United States armies is thirty inches for quick time, and thirty-six inches for double time. The Roman pace (passus) was from the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot when it next touched the ground, five Roman feet. 3. Manner of stepping or moving; gait; walk; as the walk, trot, canter, gallop, and amble are paces of the horse; a swaggering pace; a quick pace. Chaucer. “To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day.” Shak. “In the military schools of riding a variety of paces are taught.” Walsh. 4. A slow gait; a footpace. [Obs.] Chucer. 5. Specifically, a kind of fast amble; a rack. 6. Any single movement, step, or procedure. [R.] “The first pace necessary for his majesty to make is to fall into confidence with Spain.” Sir W. Temple. 7. (Arch.) A broad step or platform; any part of a floor slightly raised above the rest, as around an altar, or at the upper end of a hall. 8. (Weaving) A device in a loom, to maintain tension on the warp in pacing the web. Geometrical pace, the space from heel to heel between the spot where one foot is set down and that where the same foot is again set down, loosely estimated at five feet, or by some at four feet and two fifths. See Roman pace in the Note under def. 2. [Obs.] — To keep, or hold, pace with, to keep up with; to go as fast as. ´In intellect and attainments he kept pace with his age.´ Southey.

Pace , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paced p. pr. & vb. n. Pacing ] 1. To go; to walk; specifically, to move with regular or measured steps. ´I paced on slowly.´ Pope. ´With speed so pace.´ Shak. 2. To proceed; to pass on. [Obs.] “Or [ere] that I further in this tale pace.” Chaucer. 3. To move quickly by lifting the legs on the same side together, as a horse; to amble with rapidity; to rack. 4. To pass away; to die. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pace, v. t. 1. To walk over with measured tread; to move slowly over or upon; as the guard paces his round. ´Pacing light the velvet plain.´ T. Warton. 2. To measure by steps or paces; as to pace a piece of ground. 3. To develop, guide, or control the pace or paces of; to teach the pace; to break in. “If you can, pace your wisdom
In that good path that I would wish it go.” Shak To pace the web (Weaving), to wind up the cloth on the beam, periodically, as it is woven, in a loom.

Paced , a. Having, or trained in, [such] a pace or gait; trained; — used in composition; as slow- paced; a thorough-paced villain.

Pa´cer , n. One who, or that which, paces; especially, a horse that paces.

Pa•cha´ , n. [F.] See Pasha.

Pa•cha•ca•mac´ , n. A divinity worshiped by the ancient Peruvians as the creator of the universe.

Pa•chak´ , n. (Bot.) The fragrant roots of the Saussurea Costus, exported from India to China, and used for burning as incense. It is supposed to be the costus of the ancients. [Written also putchuck.]

Pa•cha´lic , a. & n. See Pashalic.

Pa•chi´si , Par•che´si , n. [Hind., fr. pachis twenty-five, the highest throw in the game.] A game, somewhat resembling backgammon, originating in India.

Pa•chom´e•ter , n. [Gr. pa•chos thickness + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring thickness, as of the glass of a mirror, or of paper; a pachymeter.

Pa•chon´ta , n. (Bot.) A substance resembling gutta-percha, and used to adulterate it, obtained from the East Indian tree Isonandra acuminata.

Pach´y- [Gr. thick.] A combining form meaning thick; as pachyderm, pachydactyl.

Pach•y•car´pous , a. [Pachy- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) Having the pericarp thick.

Pach•y•dac´tyl , n. [Pachy- + dactyl.] (Zoöl.) A bird or other animal having thick toes.

Pach•y•dac´tyl•ous , a. (Zoöl.) Having thick toes.

Pach´y•derm , n. [Cf. F. pachyderme.] (Zoöl.) One of the Pachydermata.

Pach•y•der´mal , a. (Zoöl.) Of or relating to the pachyderms; as pachydermal dentition.

Pach•y•der´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. thick-skinned; pachy•s thick + skin.] (Zoöl.) A group of hoofed mammals distinguished for the thickness of their skins, including the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, and hog. It is now considered an artificial group.

Pach•y•der´ma•tous , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the pachyderms. 2. Thick-skinned; not sensitive to ridicule.

Pach•y•der´moid , a. [Pachyderm + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Related to the pachyderms.

Pach•y•glos´sal , a. [Pachy- + Gr. tongue.] (Zoöl.) Having a thick tongue; — applied to a group of lizards (Pachyglossae), including the iguanas and agamas.

Pach•y•men•in•gi´tis , n. [Pachy- + meningitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the dura mater or outer membrane of the brain.

Pa•chym´e•ter , n. [Pachy- + -meter.] Same as Pachometer.

Pach´y•ote , n. [Pachy- + Gr. , , ear.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of bats, including those which have thick external ears.

Pac´i•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being pacified or appeased; placable.

Pa•cif´ic , a. [L. pacificus: cf. F. pacifique. See Pacify.] Of or pertaining to peace; suited to make or restore peace; of a peaceful character; not warlike; not quarrelsome; conciliatory; as pacific words or acts; a pacific nature or condition. Pacific Ocean, the ocean between America and Asia, so called by Magellan, its first European navigator, on account of the exemption from violent tempests which he enjoyed while sailing over it; — called also simply, the Pacific, and, formerly, the South sea. Syn. — Peacemaking; appeasing; conciliatory; tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful; reconciling; mild; gentle.

Pa•cif´ic•a•ble , a. Placable. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Pa•cif´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to peace; pacific. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. — Pa•cif´ic•al•ly, adv. [R.]

Pa•cif•i•ca´tion , n. [L. pacificatio: cf. F. pacification. See Pacify.] The act or process of pacifying, or of making peace between parties at variance; reconciliation. ´An embassy of pacification.´ Bacon.

Pa•cif´i•ca•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, pacifies; a peacemaker. Bacon.

Pa•cif´i•ca•to•ry , a. [L. pacificatorius.] Tending to make peace; conciliatory. Barrow.

Pac´i•fi•er , n. One who pacifies.

Pac´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pacified p. pr. & vb. n. Pacifying ] [F. pacifier, L. pacificare; pax, pacis, peace + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Peace, and -fy.] To make to be at peace; to appease; to calm; to still; to quiet; to allay the agitation, excitement, or resentment of; to tranquillize; as to pacify a man when angry; to pacify pride, appetite, or importunity. ´Pray ye, pacify yourself.´ Shak. “To pacify and settle those countries.” Bacon.

Pa•cin´i•an , a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Filippo Pacini, an Italian physician of the 19th century. Pacinian corpuscles, small oval bodies terminating some of the minute branches of the sensory nerves in the integument and other parts of the body. They are supposed to be tactile organs.

Pack , n. [Cf. Pact.] A pact. [Obs.] Daniel.

Pack, n. [Akin to D. pak, G. pack, Dan. pakke, Sw. packa, Icel. pakki, Gael. & Ir. pac, Arm. pak. Cf. Packet.] 1. A bundle made up and prepared to be carried; especially, a bundle to be carried on the back; a load for an animal; a bale, as of goods. Piers Plowman. 2. [Cf. Peck, n.] A number or quantity equal to the contents of a pack; hence, a multitude; a burden. ´A pack of sorrows.´ ´A pack of blessings.´ Shak. ´In England, by a pack of meal is meant 280 lbs.; of wool, 240 lbs.´ McElrath. 3. A number or quantity of connected or similar things; as: (a) A full set of playing cards; also the assortment used in a particular game; as a euchre pack. (b) A number of hounds or dogs, hunting or kept together. (c) A number of persons associated or leagued in a bad design or practice; a gang; as a pack of thieves or knaves. (d) A shook of cask staves. (e) A bundle of sheet-iron plates for rolling simultaneously. 4. A large area of floating pieces of ice driven together more or less closely. Kane. 5. An envelope, or wrapping, of sheets used in hydropathic practice, called dry pack, wet pack, cold pack, etc., according to the method of treatment. 6. [Prob. the same word; but cf. AS. pcan to deceive.] A loose, lewd, or worthless person. See Baggage. [Obs.] Skelton. Pack animal, an animal, as a horse, mule, etc., employed in carrying packs. — Pack cloth, a coarse cloth, often duck, used in covering packs or bales. — Pack horse. See Pack animal (above). — Pack ice. See def. 4, above. — Pack moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Anacampsis sarcitella) which, in the larval state, is very destructive to wool and woolen fabrics. — Pack needle, a needle for sewing with pack thread. Piers Plowman. — Pack saddle, a saddle made for supporting the load on a pack animal. Shak. — Pack staff, a staff for supporting a pack; a peddler’s staff. — Pack thread, strong thread or small twine used for tying packs or parcels. — Pack train (Mil.), a troop of pack animals.

Pack , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Packed p. pr. & vb. n. Packing.] [Akin to D. pakken, G. packen, Dan. pakke, Sw. packa, Icel. pakka. See Pack, n.] 1. To make a pack of; to arrange closely and securely in a pack; hence, to place and arrange compactly as in a pack; to press into close order or narrow compass; as to pack goods in a box; to pack fish. “Strange materials packed up with wonderful art.” Addison. “Where … the bones
Of all my buried ancestors are packed.” Shak. 2. To fill in the manner of a pack, that is, compactly and securely, as for transportation; hence, to fill closely or to repletion; to stow away within; to cause to be full; to crowd into; as to pack a trunk; the play, or the audience, packs the theater. 3. To sort and arrange (the cards) in a pack so as to secure the game unfairly. “And mighty dukes pack cards for half a crown.” Pope. 4. Hence: To bring together or make up unfairly and fraudulently, in order to secure a certain result; as to pack a jury or a causes. “The expected council was dwindling into … a packed assembly of Italian bishops.” Atterbury. 5. To contrive unfairly or fraudulently; to plot. [Obs.] “ He lost life … upon a nice point subtilely devised and packed by his enemies.” Fuller. 6. To load with a pack; hence, to load; to encumber; as to pack a horse. “Our thighs packed with wax, our mouths with honey.” Shack. 7. To cause to go; to send away with baggage or belongings; esp., to send away peremptorily or suddenly; — sometimes with off; as to pack a boy off to school. “He … must not die” “Till George be packed with post horse up to heaven.” Shak. 8. To transport in a pack, or in the manner of a pack (i. e., on the backs of men or beasts). [Western U.S.] 9. (Hydropathy) To envelop in a wet or dry sheet, within numerous coverings. See Pack, n., 5. 10. (Mech.) To render impervious, as by filling or surrounding with suitable material, or to fit or adjust so as to move without giving passage to air, water, or steam; as to pack a joint; to pack the piston of a steam engine.

Pack, v. i. 1. To make up packs, bales, or bundles; to stow articles securely for transportation. 2. To admit of stowage, or of making up for transportation or storage; to become compressed or to settle together, so as to form a compact mass; as the goods pack conveniently; wet snow packs well. 3. To gather in flocks or schools; as the grouse or the perch begin to pack. [Eng.] 4. To depart in haste; — generally with off or away. “Poor Stella must pack off to town” Swift. “You shall pack,
And never more darken my doors again.” Tennyson. 5. To unite in bad measures; to confederate for ill purposes; to join in collusion. [Obs.] ´Go pack with him.´ Shak. To send packing, to drive away; to send off roughly or in disgrace; to dismiss unceremoniously. ´The parliament … presently sent him packing.´ South.

Pack´age , n. 1. Act or process of packing. 2. A bundle made up for transportation; a packet; a bale; a parcel; as a package of goods. 3. A charge made for packing goods. 4. A duty formerly charged in the port of London on goods imported or exported by aliens, or by denizens who were the sons of aliens.

Pack´er , n. A person whose business is to pack things; especially, one who packs food for preservation; as a pork packer.

Pack´et , n. [F. paquet, dim. fr. LL. paccus, from the same source as E. pack. See Pack.] 1. A small pack or package; a little bundle or parcel; as a packet of letters. Shak. 2. Originally, a vessel employed by government to convey dispatches or mails; hence, a vessel employed in conveying dispatches, mails, passengers, and goods, and having fixed days of sailing; a mail boat. Packet boat, ship, or vessel. See Packet, n., 2. — Packet day, the day for mailing letters to go by packet; or the sailing day. — Packet note or post. See under Paper.

Pack´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Packeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Packeting.] 1. To make up into a packet or bundle. 2. To send in a packet or dispatch vessel. “Her husband
Was packeted to France.” Ford.

Pack´et, v. i. To ply with a packet or dispatch boat.

Pack´fong , n. [Chin. peh tung.] (Metal.) A Chinese alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper, resembling German silver.

Pack herse. See under 2d Pack.

Pack´house , n. Warehouse for storing goods.

Pack´ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who packs. 2. Any material used to pack, fill up, or make close. Specifically (Mach.): A substance or piece used to make a joint impervious; as: (a) A thin layer, or sheet, of yielding or elastic material inserted between the surfaces of a flange joint. (b) The substance in a stuffing box, through which a piston rod slides. (c) A yielding ring, as of metal, which surrounds a piston and maintains a tight fit, as inside a cylinder, etc. 3. (Masonry) Same as Filling. [Rare in the U. S.] 4. A trick; collusion. [Obs.] Bale. Cherd packing (Bridge Building), the arrangement, side by side, of several parts, as bars, diagonals, a post, etc., on a pin at the bottom of a chord. Waddell. — Packing box, a stuffing box. See under Stuffing. — Packing press, a powerful press for baling cotton, wool, hay, etc. — Packing ring. See Packing, 2 (c), and Illust. of Piston. — Packing sheet. (a) A large cloth for packing goods. (b) A sheet prepared for packing hydropathic patients.

Pack´man , n.; pl. Packmen . One who bears a pack; a peddler. { Pack saddle , Pack thread }. See under 2d Pack.

Pack´wax , n. (Anat.) Same as Paxwax.

Pack´way , n. A path, as over mountains, followed by pack animals. { Pa´co , Pa´cos } n. [Sp. paco, fr. Peruv. paco. Cf. Alpaca.] 1. (Zoöl.) Same as Alpaca. 2. [Peruv. paco, pacu, red, reddish, reddish ore containing silver; perh. a different word.] (Min.) An earthy-looking ore, consisting of brown oxide of iron with minute particles of native silver. Ure.

Pact , n. [L. pactum, fr. paciscere to make a bargain or contract, fr. pacere to settle, or agree upon; cf. pangere to fasten, Gr. , Skr. paca bond, and E. fang: cf. F. pacie. Cf. Peace, Fadge, v.] An agreement; a league; a compact; a covenant. Bacon. “The engagement and pact of society whish goes by the name of the constitution.” Burke.

Pac´tion , n. [L. pactio: cf. F. paction. See Pact.] An agreement; a compact; a bargain. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Pac´tion•al , a. Of the nature of, or by means of, a paction. Bp. Sanderson.

Pac•ti´tious , a. [L. pactitius, pacticius.] Setted by a pact, or agreement. [R.] Johnson.

Pac•to´li•an , a. Pertaining to the Pactolus, a river in ancient Lydia famous for its golden sands.

Pa´cu , n. (Zoöl.) A South American freah-water fish (Myleies pacu), of the family Characinidae. It is highly esteemed as food.

Pad , n. [D. pad. rad.21. See Path.] 1. A footpath; a road. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. An easy-paced horse; a padnag. Addison “An abbot on an ambling pad.” Tennyson. 3. A robber that infests the road on foot; a highwayman; — usually called a footpad. Gay. Byron. 4. The act of robbing on the highway. [Obs.]

Pad, v. t. To travel upon foot; to tread. [Obs.] “Padding the streets for half a crown.” Somerville.

Pad, v. i. 1. To travel heavily or slowly. Bunyan. 2. To rob on foot. [Obs.] Cotton Mather. 3. To wear a path by walking. [Prov. Eng.]

Pad, n. [Perh. akin to pod.] 1. A soft, or small, cushion; a mass of anything soft; stuffing. 2. A kind of cushion for writing upon, or for blotting; esp., one formed of many flat sheets of writing paper, or layers of blotting paper; a block of paper. 3. A cushion used as a saddle without a tree or frame. 4. A stuffed guard or protection; esp., one worn on the legs of horses to prevent bruising. 5. (Zoöl.) A cushionlike thickening of the skin one the under side of the toes of animals. 6. A floating leaf of a water lily or similar plant. 7. (Med.) A soft bag or cushion to relieve pressure, support a part, etc. 8. (Naut.) A piece of timber fixed on a beam to fit the curve of the deck. W. C. Russel. 9. A measure for fish; as sixty mackerel go to a pad; a basket of soles. [Eng.] Simmonds. Pad cloth, a saddlecloth; a housing. — Pad saddle. See def. 3, above. — Pad tree (Harness Making), a piece of wood or metal which gives rigidity and shape to a harness pad. Knight.

Pad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Padded; p. pr. & vb. n. Padding.] 1. To stuff; to furnish with a pad or padding. 2. (Calico Printing) To imbue uniformly with a mordant; as to pad cloth. Ure.

Pad´ar , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Groats; coarse flour or meal. [Obs.] Sir. H. Wotton.

Pad´der , n. 1. One who, or that which, pads. 2. A highwayman; a footpad. [Obs.]

Pad´ding, n. 1. The act or process of making a pad or of inserting stuffing. 2. The material with which anything is padded. 3. Material of inferior value, serving to extend a book, essay, etc. London Sat. Rev. 4. (Calico Printing) The uniform impregnation of cloth with a mordant.

Pad´dle , v. i. [Prob. for pattle, and a dim. of pat, v.; cf. also E. pad to tread, Prov. G. paddeln, padden, to walk with short steps, to paddle, G. patschen to splash, dash, dabble, F. patouiller to dabble, splash, fr. patte a paw. rad.21.] 1. To use the hands or fingers in toying; to make caressing strokes. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To dabble in water with hands or feet; to use a paddle, or something which serves as a paddle, in swimming, in paddling a boat, etc. “As the men were paddling for their lives.” L’Estrange. “While paddling ducks the standing lake desire.” Gay.

Pad´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paddled p. pr. & vb. n. Paddling ] 1. To pat or stroke amorously, or gently. “To be paddling palms and pinching fingers.” Shak. 2. To propel with, or as with, a paddle or paddles. 3. To pad; to tread upon; to trample. [Prov. Eng.]

Pad´dle, n. [See Paddle, v. i.] 1. An implement with a broad blade, which is used without a fixed fulcrum in propelling and steering canoes and boats. 2. The broad part of a paddle, with which the stroke is made; hence, any short, broad blade, resembling that of a paddle. “Thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon.” Deut. xxiii. 13. 3. One of the broad boards, or floats, at the circumference of a water wheel, or paddle wheel. 4. A small gate in sluices or lock gates to admit or let off water; — also called clough. 5. (Zoöl.) A paddle-shaped foot, as of the sea turtle. 6. A paddle-shaped implement for stirring or mixing. 7. [In this sense prob. for older spaddle, a dim. of spade.] See Paddle staff (b), below. [Prov. Eng.] Paddle beam (Shipbuilding), one of two large timbers supporting the spring beam and paddle box of a steam vessel. — Paddle board. See Paddle, n., 3. — Paddle box, the structure inclosing the upper part of the paddle wheel of a steam vessel. — Paddle shaft, the revolving shaft which carries the paddle wheel of a steam vessel. — Paddle staff. (a) A staff tipped with a broad blade, used by mole catchers. [Prov. Eng.] (b) A long-handled spade used to clean a plowshare; — called also plow staff. [Prov. Eng.] — Paddle steamer, a steam vessel propelled by paddle wheels, in distinction from a screw propeller. — Paddle wheel, the propelling wheel of a steam vessel, having paddles (or floats) on its circumference, and revolving in a vertical plane parallel to the vessel’s length.

Pad´dle•cock , n. (Zoöl.) The lumpfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Pad´dle•fish , n. (Zoöl) A large ganoid fish (Polyodon spathula) found in the rivers of the Mississippi Valley. It has a long spatula-shaped snout. Called also duck-billed cat, and spoonbill sturgeon.

Pad´dler , n. One who, or that which, paddles.

Pad´dle•wood , n. (Bot.) The light elastic wood of the Aspidosperma excelsum, a tree of Guiana having a fluted trunk readily split into planks.

Pad´dock , n. [OE. padde toad, frog + -ock; akin to D. pad, padde, toad, Icel. & Sw. padda, Dan. padde.] (Zoöl.) A toad or frog. Wyclif. ´Loathed paddocks.´ Spenser Paddock pipe (Bot.), a hollow-stemmed plant of the genus Equisetum, especially E. limosum and the fruiting stems of E. arvense; — called also padow pipe and toad pipe. See Equisetum. — Paddock stone. See Toadstone. — Paddock stool (Bot.),a toadstool.

Pad´dock, n. [Corrupted fr. parrock. See Parrock.] 1. A small inclosure or park for sporting. [Obs.] 2. A small inclosure for pasture; esp., one adjoining a stable. Evelyn. Cowper.

Pad´dy , a. [Prov. E. paddy worm-eaten.] Low; mean; boorish; vagabond. ´Such pady persons.´ Digges (1585). ´The paddy persons.´ Motley.

Pad´dy, n.; pl. Paddies (#). [Corrupted fr. St. Patrick, the tutelar saint of Ireland.] A jocose or contemptuous name for an Irishman.

Pad´dy, n. [Either fr. Canarese bhatta or Malay padi.] (Bot.) Unhusked rice; — commonly so called in the East Indies. Paddy bird. (Zoöl.) See Java sparrow, under Java.

Pad•e•li´on , n. [F. pas de lionon’s foot.] (Bot.) A plant with pedately lobed leaves; the lady’s mantle.

Pa•del´la , n. [It., prop., a pan, a friing pan, fr. L. patella a pan.] A large cup or deep saucer, containing fatty matter in which a wick is placed, — used for public illuminations, as at St. Peter’s, in Rome. Called also padelle.

Pad•e•mel´on , n. (Zoöl.) See Wallaby.

Pad´e•soy , n. See Paduasoy.

Padge, n. (Zoöl.) The barn owl; — called also pudge, and pudge owl. [Prov. Eng.]

Pa•di•shah´ , n. [Per. padishah. Cf. Pasha.] Chief ruler; monarch; sovereign; — a title of the Sultan of Turkey, and of the Shah of Persia.

Pad´lock , n. [Perh. orig., a lock for a pad gate, or a gate opening to a path, or perh., a lock for a basket or pannier, and from Prov. E. pad a pannier. Cf. Pad a path, Paddler.] 1. A portable lock with a bow which is usually jointed or pivoted at one end so that it can be opened, the other end being fastened by the bolt, — used for fastening by passing the bow through a staple over a hasp or through the links of a chain, etc. 2. Fig.: A curb; a restraint.

Pad´lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Padlocked p. pr. & vb. n. Padlocking.] To fasten with, or as with, a padlock; to stop; to shut; to confine as by a padlock. Milton. Tennyson.

Pad´nag , n. [lst pad + nag.] An ambling nag. ´An easy padnag.´ Macaulay.

Pad´ow , n. (Zoöl.) A paddock, or toad. Padow pipe. (Bot.) See Paddock pipe, under Paddock.

Pa•dro´ne , n.; pl. It. Padroni (#), E. Padrones. [It. See Patron.] 1. A patron; a protector. 2. The master of a small coaster in the Mediterranean. 3. A man who imports, and controls the earnings of, Italian laborers, street musicians, etc.

Pad•u•a•soy´ , n. [From Padua, in Italy + F. soie silk; or cf. F. pou-de-soie.] A rich and heavy silk stuff. [Written also padesoy.]

Pa•du´cahs (pa•du´kaz), n. pl.; sing. Paducah (-ka). (Ethnol.) See Comanches.

Pae´an (pe•an), n. [L. paean, Gr. paia•n, fr. Paia•n the physician of the gods, later, Apollo. Cf. Paeon, Peony.] [Written also pean.] 1. An ancient Greek hymn in honor of Apollo as a healing deity, and, later, a song addressed to other deities. 2. Any loud and joyous song; a song of triumph. Dryden. ´Public paeans of congratulation.´ De Quincey. 3. See Paeon.

Pae•do•bap´tism (pe•do•bap´tiz’m), n. Pedobaptism.

Pae•do•gen´esis (pe•do•jen´e•sis), n. [Gr. pai^s, paido•s, child + E. genesis.] (Zoöl.) Reproduction by young or larval animals.

Pae•do•ge•net´ic (-je•net´ik), a. (Zoöl.) Producing young while in the immature or larval state; — said of certain insects, etc.

Pae´on (pe´on), n. [L. paeon, Gr. paiw•n a solemn song, also a paeon, equiv. to paia•n. See Paean.] (Anc. Poet.) A foot of four syllables, one long and three short, admitting of four combinations, according to the place of the long syllable. [Written also less correctly, paean.]

Pae´o•nine (pe´o•nin), n. (Chem.) An artifical red nitrogenous dyestuff, called also red coralline.

Pae´o•ny (pe´o•ny), n. (Bot.) See Peony.

Pa´gan (pa´gan), n. [L. paganus a countryman, peasant, villager, a pagan, fr. paganus of or pertaining to the country, rustic, also pagan, fr. pagus a district, canton, the country, perh. orig., a district with fixed boundaries: cf. pangere to fasten. Cf. Painim, Peasant, and Pact, also Heathen.] One who worships false gods; an idolater; a heathen; one who is neither a Christian, a Mohammedan, nor a Jew. “Neither having the accent of Christians, nor the gait of Christian, pagan, nor man.” Shak. Syn. — Gentile; heathen; idolater. — Pagan, Gentile, Heathen. Gentile was applied to the other nations of the earth as distinguished from the Jews. Pagan was the name given to idolaters in the early Christian church, because the villagers, being most remote from the centers of instruction, remained for a long time unconverted. Heathen has the same origin. Pagan is now more properly applied to rude and uncivilized idolaters, while heathen embraces all who practice idolatry.

Pa´gan, a. [L. paganus of or pertaining to the country, pagan. See Pagan, n.] Of or pertaining to pagans; relating to the worship or the worshipers of false goods; heathen; idolatrous, as pagan tribes or superstitions. “And all the rites of pagan honor paid.” Dryden.

Pa´gan•dom (-dum), n. The pagan lands; pagans, collectively; paganism. [R.] { Pa•gan´ic (pa•gan´ik), Pa•gan´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. Of or pertaining to pagans or paganism; heathenish; paganish. [R.] ´The paganic fables of the goods.´ Cudworth. — Pa•gan´ic•al•ly, adv. [R.]

Pa´gan•ish (pa´gan•ish), a. Of or pertaining to pagans; heathenish. ´The old paganish idolatry.´ Sharp

Pa´gan•ism (-iz’m), n. [L. paganismus: cf. F. paganisme. See Pagan, and cf. Painim.] The state of being pagan; pagan characteristics; esp., the worship of idols or false gods, or the system of religious opinions and worship maintained by pagans; heathenism.

Pa•gan´i•ty (pa•gan´i•ty), n. [L. Paganitas.] The state of being a pagan; paganism. [R.] Cudworth.

Pa´gan•ize (pa´gan•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paganized p. pr. & vb. n. Paganizing ] To render pagan or heathenish; to convert to paganism. Hallywell.

Pa´gan•ize, v. i. To behave like pagans. Milton.

Pa´gan•ly, adv. In a pagan manner. Dr. H. More.

Page (paj), n. [F., fr. It. paggio, LL. pagius, fr. Gr. paidi•on, dim. of pai^s, paido•s, a boy, servant; perh. akin to L. puer. Cf. Pedagogue, Puerile.] 1. A serving boy; formerly, a youth attending a person of high degree, especially at courts, as a position of honor and education; now commonly, in England, a youth employed for doing errands, waiting on the door, and similar service in households; in the United States, a boy employed to wait upon the members of a legislative body. “He had two pages of honor — on either hand one.” Bacon. 2. A boy child. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A contrivance, as a band, pin, snap, or the like, to hold the skirt of a woman’s dress from the ground. 4. (Brickmaking.) A track along which pallets carrying newly molded bricks are conveyed to the hack. 5. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of beautiful South American moths of the genus Urania.

Page, v. t. To attend (one) as a page. [Obs.] Shak.

Page, n. [F., fr. L. pagina; prob. akin to pagere, pangere, to fasten, fix, make, the pages or leaves being fastened together. Cf. Pact, Pageant, Pagination.] 1. One side of a leaf of a book or manuscript. “Such was the book from whose pages she sang.” Longfellow. 2. Fig.: A record; a writing; as the page of history. 3. (Print.) The type set up for printing a page.

Page, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paged p. pr. & vb. n. Paging ] To mark or number the pages of, as a book or manuscript; to furnish with folios.

Pag´eant (paj´ent or pa´jent; 277), n. [OE. pagent, pagen, originally, a movable scaffold or stage, hence, what was exhibited on it, fr. LL. pagina, akin to pangere to fasten; cf. L. pagina page, leaf, slab, compaginare to join together, compages a joining together, structure. See Pact, Page of a book.] 1. A theatrical exhibition; a spectacle. ´A pageant truly played.´ Shak. “To see sad pageants of men’s miseries.” Spenser. 2. An elaborate exhibition devised for the entertainmeut of a distinguished personage, or of the public; a show, spectacle, or display. “The gaze of fools, and pageant of a day !” Pope. “We love the man, the paltry pageant you.” Cowper.

Pag´eant, a. Of the nature of a pageant; spectacular. ´Pageant pomp.´ Dryden.

Pag´eant, v. t. To exhibit in show; to represent; to mimic. [R.] ´He pageants us.´ Shak.

Pag´eant•ry (-ry), n. Scenic shows or spectacles, taken collectively; spectacular quality; splendor. “Such pageantry be to the people shown.” Dryden. “The pageantry of festival.” J. A. Symonds. Syn. — Pomp; parade; show; display; spectacle.

Page´hood , n. The state of being a page.

Pag´i•na , n.; pl. Paginae (#). [L.] (Bot.) The surface of a leaf or of a flattened thallus.

Pag´i•nal , a. [L. paginalis.] Consisting of pages. ´Paginal books.´ Sir T. Browne.

Pag•i•na´tion , n. The act or process of paging a book; also the characters used in numbering the pages; page number. Lowndes.

Pa´ging , n. The marking or numbering of the pages of a book.

Pa´god , n. [Cf. F. pagode. See Pagoda.] 1. A pagoda. [R.] ´Or some queer pagod.´ Pope. 2. An idol. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet.

Pa•go´da , n. [Pg. pagoda, pagode, fr.Hind. & Per. but-kadah a house of idols, or abode of God; Per. but an idol + kadah a house, a temple.] 1. A term by which Europeans designate religious temples and tower-like buildings of the Hindoos and Buddhists of India, Farther India, China, and Japan, — usually but not always, devoted to idol worship. 2. An idol. [R.] Brande & C. 3. [Prob. so named from the image of a pagoda or a deity (cf. Skr. bhagavat holy, divine) stamped on it.] A gold or silver coin, of various kinds and values, formerly current in India. The Madras gold pagoda was worth about three and a half rupees.

Pa•go´dite , n. (Min.) Agalmatolite; — so called because sometimes carved by the Chinese into the form of pagodas. See Agalmatolite.

Pa•gu´ma , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of East Indian viverrine mammals of the genus Paguma. They resemble a weasel in form.

Pa•gu´ri•an , n. [L. pagurus a kind of crab, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Any one of a tribe of anomuran crustaceans, of which Pagurus is a type; the hermit crab. See Hermit crab, under Hermit.

Pah , interj. An exclamation expressing disgust or contempt. See Bah. “Fie! fie! fie! pah! pah! Give me an ounce of civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagination.” Shak.

Pah , n. [From native name.] A kind of stockaded intrenchment. [New Zealand.] Farrow.

Pa´hi , n. (Naut.) A large war canoe of the Society Islands.

Pah´le•vi , n. Same as Pehlevi.

Pa•ho´e•ho•e , n. (Min.) A name given in the Sandwich Islands to lava having a relatively smooth surface, in distinction from the rough-surfaced lava, called a-a.

Pah´•Utes , n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Utes.

Paid , imp., p. p., & a. of Pay. 1. Receiving pay; compensated; hired; as a paid attorney. 2. Satisfied; contented. [Obs.] ´Paid of his poverty.´ Chaucer.

Pai•deu´tics , n. [Gr. , fr. to teach, fr. ,, a boy.] The science or art of teaching.

Pai´en , n. & a. Pagan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pai´gle , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A species of Primula, either the cowslip or the primrose. [Written also pagle, pagil, peagle, and pygil.]

Pai•ja´ma , n. Pyjama.

Pail , n. [OE. paile, AS. paegel a wine vessel, a pail, akin to D. & G. pegel a watermark, a gauge rod, a measure of wine, Dan. paegel half a pint.] A vessel of wood or tin, etc., usually cylindrical and having a bail, — used esp. for carrying liquids, as water or milk, etc.; a bucket. It may, or may not, have a cover. Shak.

Pail´ful , n.; pl. Pailfuls . The quantity that a pail will hold. ´By pailfuls.´ Shak.

Pail•lasse´ ( F. ), n. [F., fr. paille straw. See Pallet a bed.] An under bed or mattress of straw. [Written also palliasse.]

Pail•mall´ , n. & a. See Pall-mall. [Obs.]

Pain , n. [OE. peine, F. peine, fr. L. poena, penalty, punishment, torment, pain; akin to Gr. penalty. Cf. Penal, Pine to languish, Punish.] 1. Punishment suffered or denounced; suffering or evil inflicted as a punishment for crime, or connected with the commission of a crime; penalty. Chaucer. “We will, by way of mulct or pain, lay it upon him.” Bacon. “Interpose, on pain of my displeasure.” Dryden. “None shall presume to fly, under pain of death.” Addison. 2. Any uneasy sensation in animal bodies, from slight uneasiness to extreme distress or torture, proceeding from a derangement of functions, disease, or injury by violence; bodily distress; bodily suffering; an ache; a smart. ´The pain of Jesus Christ.´ Chaucer. Pain may occur in any part of the body where sensory nerves are distributed, and it is always due to some kind of stimulation of them. The sensation is generally referred to the peripheral end of the nerve. 3. pl. Specifically, the throes or travail of childbirth. “She bowed herself and travailed, for her pains came upon her.” 1 Sam. iv. 19. 4. Uneasiness of mind; mental distress; disquietude; anxiety; grief; solicitude; anguish. Chaucer. “In rapture as in pain.” Keble. 5. See Pains, labor, effort. Bill of pains and penalties. See under Bill. — To die in the pain, to be tortured to death. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pained p. pr. & vb. n. Paining.] [OE. peinen, OF. pener, F. peiner to fatigue. See Pain, n.] 1. To inflict suffering upon as a penalty; to punish. [Obs.] Wyclif (Acts xxii. 5). 2. To put to bodily uneasiness or anguish; to afflict with uneasy sensations of any degree of intensity; to torment; to torture; as his dinner or his wound pained him; his stomach pained him. “Excess of cold, as well as heat, pains us.” Locke. 3. To render uneasy in mind; to disquiet; to distress; to grieve; as a child’s faults pain his parents. “I am pained at my very heart.” Jer. iv. 19. To pain one’s self, to exert or trouble one’s self; to take pains; to be solicitous. [Obs.] ´She pained her to do all that she might.´ Chaucer. Syn. — To disquiet; trouble; afflict; grieve; aggrieve; distress; agonize; torment; torture.

Pain´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. penible.] Causing pain; painful. [Obs.] “The manacles of Astyages were not … the less weighty and painable for being composed of gold or silver.” Evelyn.

Pain´ful , a. 1. Full of pain; causing uneasiness or distress, either physical or mental; afflictive; disquieting; distressing. Addison. 2. Requiring labor or toil; difficult; executed with laborious effort; as a painful service; a painful march. 3. Painstaking; careful; industrious. [Obs.] Fuller. “A very painful person, and a great clerk.” Jer. Taylor. “Nor must the painful husbandman be tired.” Dryden. Syn. — Disquieting; troublesome; afflictive; distressing; grievous; laborious; toilsome; difficult; arduous. — Pain´ful•ly, adv. — Pain´ful•ness, n.

Pai´nim , n.[OE. painime pagans, paganism, fr. OF. paienisme paganism, LL. paganismus. See Paganism, Pagan.] A pagan; an infidel; — used also adjectively. [Written also panim and paynim.] Peacham.

Pain´less , a. Free from pain; without pain. — Pain´less•ly, adv. - - Pain´less•ness, n.

Pains , n.Labor; toilsome effort; care or trouble taken; — plural in form, but used with a singular or plural verb, commonly the former. “And all my pains is sorted to no proof.” Shak. “The pains they had taken was very great.” Clarendon. “The labored earth your pains have sowed and tilled.” Dryden.

Pains´tak•er , n. One who takes pains; one careful and faithful in all work. Gay.

Pains´tak•ing, a. Careful in doing; diligent; faithful; attentive. ´Painstaking men.´ Harris.

Pains´tak•ing, n. The act of taking pains; carefulness and fidelity in performance. Beau. & Fl.

Pains´wor•thy , a. Worth the pains or care bestowed.

Paint (pant), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Painted; p. pr. & vb. n. Painting.] [OE. peinten, fr. F. peint, p. p. of peindre to paint, fr. L. pingere, pictum; cf. Gr. poiki•los many-colored, Skr. piç to adorn. Cf. Depict, Picture, Pigment, Pint.] 1. To cover with coloring matter; to apply paint to; as to paint a house, a signboard, etc. “Jezebel painted her face and tired her head.” 2 Kings ix. 30. 2. Fig.: To color, stain, or tinge; to adorn or beautify with colors; to diversify with colors. “Not painted with the crimson spots of blood.” Shak. “Cuckoo buds of yellow hue
Do paint the meadows with delight.” Shak. 3. To form in colors a figure or likeness of on a flat surface, as upon canvas; to represent by means of colors or hues; to exhibit in a tinted image; to portray with paints; as to paint a portrait or a landscape. 4. Fig.: To represent or exhibit to the mind; to describe vividly; to delineate; to image; to depict. “Disloyal?
The word is too good to paint out her wickedness.” Shak. “If folly grow romantic, I must paint it.” Pope. Syn. — To color; picture; depict; portray; delineate; sketch; draw; describe.

Paint, v. t. 1. To practice the art of painting; as the artist paints well. 2. To color one’s face by way of beautifying it. “Let her paint an inch thick.” Shak.

Paint, n. 1. (a) A pigment or coloring substance. (b) The same prepared with a vehicle, as oil, water with gum, or the like, for application to a surface. 2. A cosmetic; rouge. Praed.

Paint´ed, a. 1. Covered or adorned with paint; portrayed in colors. “As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.” Coleridge. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Marked with bright colors; as the painted turtle; painted bunting. Painted beauty (Zoöl.), a handsome American butterfly (Vanessa Huntera), having a variety of bright colors, — Painted cup (Bot.), any plant of an American genus of herbs (Castilleia) in which the bracts are usually bright-colored and more showy than the flowers. Castilleia coccinea has brilliantly scarlet bracts, and is common in meadows. — Painted finch. See Nonpareil. — Painted lady (Zoöl.), a bright-colored butterfly. See Thistle butterfly. — Painted turtle (Zoöl.), a common American freshwater tortoise (Chrysemys picta), having bright red and yellow markings beneath.

Paint´er (pant´er), n. [OE, pantere a noose, snare, F. pantière, LL. panthera, L. panther a hunting net, fr. Gr. panqh•ra; pa^s all + qh•r beast; cf. Ir. painteir a net, gin, snare, Gael. painntear.] (Naut.) A rope at the bow of a boat, used to fasten it to anything. Totten.

Paint´er, n. [Corrupt. of panther.] (Zoöl.) The panther, or puma. [A form representing an illiterate pronunciation, U. S.] J. F. Cooper.

Paint´er, n. [See lst Paint.] One whose occupation is to paint; esp.: (a) One who covers buildings, ships, ironwork, and the like, with paint. (b) An artist who represents objects or scenes in color on a flat surface, as canvas plaster, or the like. Painter’s colic. (Med.) See Lead colic, under Colic. — Painter stainer. (a) A painter of coats of arms. Crabb. (b) A member of a livery company or guild in London, bearing this name.

Paint´er•ly , a. Like a painter’s work. [Obs.] ´A painterly glose of a visage.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Paint´er•ship, n. The state or position of being a painter. [R.] Br. Gardiner.

Paint´ing, n. 1. The act or employment of laying on, or adorning with, paints or colors. 2. (Fine Arts) The work of the painter; also any work of art in which objects are represented in color on a flat surface; a colored representation of any object or scene; a picture. 3. Color laid on; paint. [R.] Shak. 4. A depicting by words; vivid representation in words. Syn. — See Picture.

Paint´less, a. Not capable of being painted or described. ´In paintless patience.´ Savage.

Pain´ture , n. [F. peinture. See Paint, v. t., and cf. Picture.] The art of painting. [Obs.] Chaucer. Dryden.

Paint´y , a. Unskillfully painted, so that the painter’s method of work is too obvious; also having too much pigment applied to the surface. [Cant]

Pair , n. [F. paire, LL. paria, L. paria, pl. of par pair, fr. par, adj., equal. Cf. Apparel, Par equality, Peer an equal.] 1. A number of things resembling one another, or belonging together; a set; as a pair or flight of stairs. ´A pair of beads.´ Chaucer. Beau. & Fl. ´Four pair of stairs.´ Macaulay. [Now mostly or quite disused, except as to stairs.] “Two crowns in my pocket, two pair of cards.” Beau. & Fl. 2. Two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each other, and intended to be used together; as a pair of gloves or stockings; a pair of shoes. 3. Two of a sort; a span; a yoke; a couple; a brace; as a pair of horses; a pair of oxen. 4. A married couple; a man and wife. ´A happy pair.´ Dryden. ´The hapless pair.´ Milton. 5. A single thing, composed of two pieces fitted to each other and used together; as a pair of scissors; a pair of tongs; a pair of bellows. 6. Two members of opposite parties or opinion, as in a parliamentary body, who mutually agree not to vote on a given question, or on issues of a party nature during a specified time; as there were two pairs on the final vote. [Parliamentary Cant] 7. (Kinematics) In a mechanism, two elements, or bodies, which are so applied to each other as to mutually constrain relative motion. Pairs are named in accordance with the kind of motion they permit; thus, a journal and its bearing form a turning pair, a cylinder and its piston a sliding pair, a screw and its nut a twisting pair, etc. Any pair in which the constraining contact is along lines or at points only (as a cam and roller acting together), is designated a higher pair; any pair having constraining surfaces which fit each other (as a cylindrical pin and eye, a screw and its nut, etc.), is called a lower pair. Pair royal (pl. Pairs Royal) three things of a sort; — used especially of playing cards in some games, as cribbage; as three kings, three ´eight spots´ etc. Four of a kind are called a double pair royal. ´Something in his face gave me as much pleasure as a pair royal of naturals in my own hand.´ Goldsmith. ´That great pair royal of adamantine sisters [the Fates].´ Quarles. [Written corruptly parial and prial.] Syn. — Pair, Flight, Set. Originally, pair was not confined to two things, but was applied to any number of equal things (pares), that go together. Ben Jonson speaks of a pair (set) of chessmen; also he and Lord Bacon speak of a pair (pack) of cards. A ´pair of stairs´ is still in popular use, as well as the later expression, ´flight of stairs.´

Pair, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paired p. pr. & vb. n. Pairing.] 1. To be joined in paris; to couple; to mate, as for breeding. 2. To suit; to fit, as a counterpart. “My heart was made to fit and pair with thine.” Rowe. 3. Same as To pair off. See phrase below. To pair off, to separate from a company in pairs or couples; specif. (Parliamentary Cant), to agree with one of the opposite party or opinion to abstain from voting on specified questions or issues. See Pair, n., 6.

Pair, v. t. 1. To unite in couples; to form a pair of; to bring together, as things which belong together, or which complement, or are adapted to one another. “Glossy jet is paired with shining white.” Pope. 2. To engage (one’s self) with another of opposite opinions not to vote on a particular question or class of questions. [Parliamentary Cant] Paired fins. (Zoöl.) See under Fin.

Pair, v. t. [See Impair.] To impair. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pair´er , n. One who impairs. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Pair´ing, n. [See Pair, v. i.] 1. The act or process of uniting or arranging in pairs or couples. 2. See To pair off, under Pair, v. i. Pairyng time, the time when birds or other animals pair.

Pair´ment , n. Impairment. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Pa•is , n. [OF. puïs, F. pays, country.] (O. E. Law) The country; the people of the neighborhood. A trial per pais is a trial by the country, that is, by a jury; and matter in pais is matter triable by the country, or jury.

Pa•i•sa´no , n. [Sp., of the country, ative.] (Zoöl.) The chaparral cock.

Paise , n. [Obs.] See Poise. Chapman.

Pa´jock , n. A peacock. [Obs.] Shak.

Pak´fong , n. See Packfong.

Pal , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A mate; a partner; esp., an accomplice or confederate. [Slang]

Pal´ace , n. [OE. palais, F. palais, fr. L. palatium, fr. Palatium, one of the seven hills of Rome, which Augustus had his residence. Cf. Paladin.] 1. The residence of a sovereign, including the lodgings of high officers of state, and rooms for business, as well as halls for ceremony and reception. Chaucer. 2. The official residence of a bishop or other distinguished personage. 3. Loosely, any unusually magnificent or stately house. Palace car. See under Car. — Palace court, a court having jurisdiction of personal actions arising within twelve miles of the palace at Whitehall. The court was abolished in 1849. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Pa•la´cious , a. Palatial. [Obs.] Graunt.

Pal´a•din , n. [F., fr.It. paladino, fr. L. palatinus an officer of the palace. See Palatine.] A knight-errant; a distinguished champion; as the paladins of Charlemagne. Sir W. Scott.

Pa´lae•o- See Paleo-.

Pa•lae•og´ra•pher , n., Pa•lae•o•graph´ic , a., etc. See Paleographer, Paleographic, etc.

Pa´lae•o•type , n. [Palaeo- + -type.] (Phon.) A system of representing all spoken sounds by means of the printing types in common use. Ellis. — Pa•lae•o•typ´ic•al (#), a. — Pa•lae•o•typ´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pa•laes´tra , n. See Palestra.

Pa•laes´tric , a. See Palestric.

Pa•lae•ti•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in palaetiology.

Pa•lae•ti•ol´o•gy , n. [Palaeo- + aetiology.] The science which explains, by the law of causation, the past condition and changes of the earth. — Pa•lae•ti•o•log´ic•al (#), a.

Pal´a•ma , n.; pl. Palamme (#). [NL., fr. Gr. the palm.] (Zoöl.) A membrane extending between the toes of a bird, and uniting them more or less closely together.

Pal•a•me´de•ae , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order, or suborder, including the kamichi, and allied South American birds; — called also screamers. In many anatomical characters they are allied to the Anseres, but they externally resemble the wading birds.

Pal•am•pore´ , n. See Palempore.

Pa•lan´ka , n. [Cf. It., Pg., & Sp. palanca, fr.L. palanga, phalanga a pole, Gr. ] (Mil.) A camp permanently intrenched, attached to Turkish frontier fortresses.

Pal•an•quin´ , n. [F. palanquin, Pg. palanquim, Javan. palangki, OJavan. palangkan, through Prakrit fr. Skr. paryaka, palyaka, bed, couch; pari around (akin to E. pref. peri-) + aka a hook, flank, probably akin to E. angle fishing tackle. Cf. Palkee.] An inclosed carriage or litter, commonly about eight feet long, four feet wide, and four feet high, borne on the shoulders of men by means of two projecting poles, — used in India, China, etc., for the conveyance of a single person from place to place. [Written also palankeen.]

Pa•lap´te•ryx , n. [Paleo- + apteryx.] (Paleon.) A large extinct ostrichlike bird of New Zealand.

Pal•a•ta•bil´i•ty , n. Palatableness.

Pal´a•ta•ble , a. [From Palate.] Agreeable to the palate or taste; savory; hence, acceptable; pleasing; as palatable food; palatable advice.

Pal´a•ta•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being agreeable to the taste; relish; acceptableness.

Pal´a•ta•bly, adv. In a palatable manner.

Pal´a•tal , a. [Cf. F. palatal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the palate; palatine; as the palatal bones. 2. (Phonetics) Uttered by the aid of the palate; — said of certain sounds, as the sound of k in kirk.

Pal´a•tal, n. (Phon.) A sound uttered, or a letter pronounced, by the aid of the palate, as the letters k and y.

Pal´a•tal•ize , v. t. (Phon.) To palatize.

Pal´ate , n. [L. palatum: cf. F. palais, Of. also palat.] 1. (Anat.) The roof of the mouth. The fixed portion, or palate proper, supported by the maxillary and palatine bones, is called the hard palate to distinguish it from the membranous and muscular curtain which separates the cavity of the mouth from the pharynx and is called the soft palate, or velum. 2. Relish; taste; liking; — a sense originating in the mistaken notion that the palate is the organ of taste. “Hard task! to hit the palate of such guests.” Pope. 3. Fig.: Mental relish; intellectual taste. T. Baker. 4. (Bot.) A projection in the throat of such flowers as the snapdragon.

Pal´ate, v. t. To perceive by the taste. [Obs.] Shak.

Pa•la´tial , a. [L. palatium palace. See Palace.] Of or pertaining to a palace; suitable for a palace; resembling a palace; royal; magnificent; as palatial structures. ´Palatial style.´ A. Drummond.

Pa•la´tial, a. [From Palate.] (Anat.) Palatal; palatine. [Obs.] Barrow.

Pa•la´tial, n. A palatal letter. [Obs.] Sir W. Jones.

Pa•lat´ic , a. (Anat.) Palatal; palatine.

Pa•lat´ic, n. (Phon.) A palatal. [R.]

Pa•lat´i•nate , n. [F. palatinat. See Palatine.] The province or seigniory of a palatine; the dignity of a palatine. Howell.

Pa•lat´i•nate , v. t. To make a palatinate of. [Obs.] Fuller.

Pal´a•tine , a. [F. palatin, L. palatinus, fr. palatium. See Palace, and cf. Paladin.] Of or pertaining to a palace, or to a high officer of a palace; hence, possessing royal privileges. Count palatine, County palatine. See under Count, and County. — Palatine hill, or The palatine, one of the seven hills of Rome, once occupied by the palace of the Caesars. See Palace.

Pal´a•tine , n. 1. One invested with royal privileges and rights within his domains; a count palatine. See Count palatine, under 4th Count. 2. The Palatine hill in Rome.

Pal´a•tine, a. [From Palate.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the palate. Palatine bones (Anat.), a pair of bones (often united in the adult) in the root of the mouth, back of and between the maxillaries.

Pal´a•tine n. (Anat.) A palatine bone.

Pal´a•tive , a. Pleasing to the taste; palatable. [Obs.] ´Palative delights.´ Sir T. Browne.

Pal´a•tize , v. t. To modify, as the tones of the voice, by means of the palate; as to palatize a letter or sound. — Pal•a•ti•za´tion (#), n. J. Peile.

Pal´a•to- [From Palate.] A combining form used in anatomy to indicate relation to, or connection with, the palate; as in palatolingual.

Pal•a•to•na´res , n. pl. [NL. See Palato-, and Nares.] (Anat.) The posterior nares. See Nares.

Pal•a•top•ter´y•goid , a. [Palato- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the palatine and pterygoid region of the skull; as the palatopterygoid cartilage, or rod, from which the palatine and pterygoid bones are developed.

Pa•la´ver , n. [Sp. palabra, or Pg. palavra, fr. L. parabola a comparison, a parable, LL., a word. See Parable.] 1. Talk; conversation; esp., idle or beguiling talk; talk intended to deceive; flattery. 2. In Africa, a parley with the natives; a talk; hence, a public conference and deliberation; a debate. “This epoch of parliaments and eloquent palavers.” Carlyle.

Pa•la´ver, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Palavered p. pr. & vb. n. Palavering.] To make palaver with, or to; to used palaver;to talk idly or deceitfully; to employ flattery; to cajole; as to palaver artfully. “Palavering the little language for her benefit.” C. Bront

Pa•la´ver•er , n. One who palavers; a flatterer.

Pale , a. [Compar. Paler superl. Palest.] [F. pâle, fr. pâlir to turn pale, L. pallere to be o look pale. Cf. Appall, Fallow, pall, v. i., Pallid.] 1. Wanting in color; not ruddy; dusky white; pallid; wan; as a pale face; a pale red; a pale blue. ´Pale as a forpined ghost.´ Chaucer. “Speechless he stood and pale.” Milton. “They are not of complexion red or pale.” T. Randolph. 2. Not bright or brilliant; of a faint luster or hue; dim; as the pale light of the moon. “The night, methinks, is but the daylight sick;
It looks a little paler.” Shak. Pale is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as pale-colored, pale-eyed, pale-faced, pale-looking, etc.

Pale, n. Paleness; pallor. [R.] Shak.

Pale, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paled p. pr. & vb. n. Paling.] To turn pale; to lose color or luster. Whittier. “Apt to pale at a trodden worm.” Mrs. Browning.

Pale, v. t. To make pale; to diminish the brightness of. “The glowworm shows the matin to be near,
And gins to pale his uneffectual fire.” Shak.

Pale, n. [F. pal, fr. L. palus: cf. D. paal. See Pol a stake, and lst Pallet.] 1. A pointed stake or slat, either driven into the ground, or fastened to a rail at the top and bottom, for fencing or inclosing; a picket. “Deer creep through when a pale tumbles down.” Mortimer. 2. That which incloses or fences in; a boundary; a limit; a fence; a palisade. ´Within one pale or hedge.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. A space or field having bounds or limits; a limited region or place; an inclosure; — often used figuratively. ´To walk the studious cloister’s pale.´ Milton. ´Out of the pale of civilization.´ Macaulay. 4. A stripe or band, as on a garment. Chaucer. 5. (Her.) One of the greater ordinaries, being a broad perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon, equally distant from the two edges, and occupying one third of it. 6. A cheese scoop. Simmonds. 7. (Shipbuilding) A shore for bracing a timber before it is fastened. English pale (Hist.), the limits or territory within which alone the English conquerors of Ireland held dominion for a long period after their invasion of the country in 1172. Spencer.

Pale, v. t. To inclose with pales, or as with pales; to encircle; to encompass; to fence off. “[Your isle, which stands] ribbed and paled in
With rocks unscalable and roaring waters.” Shak.

Pa´le•a , n.; pl. Paleae (-e). [L., chaff.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The interior chaff or husk of grasses. (b) One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, as the Coreopsis, the sunflower, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) A pendulous process of the skin on the throat of a bird, as in the turkey; a dewlap.

Pa•le•a´ceous , a. [L. palea chaff.] (Bot.) Chaffy; resembling or consisting of paleae, or chaff; furnished with chaff; as a paleaceous receptacle.

Pa•le•arc´tic , a. [Paleo- + arctic.] Belonging to a region of the earth’s surface which includes all Europe to the Azores, Iceland, and all temperate Asia.

Paled , a. [See 5th Pale.] 1. Striped. [Obs.] ´[Buskins] … paled part per part.´ Spenser. 2. Inclosed with a paling. ´A paled green.´ Spenser.

Pa•le•ëch•i•noi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Paleo-, and Echinoidea.] (Zoöl.) An extinct order of sea urchins found in the Paleozoic rocks. They had more than twenty vertical rows of plates. Called also Palaeechini. [Written also Palaeechinoidea.]

Pale´face , n. A white person; — an appellation supposed to have been applied to the whites by the American Indians. J. F. Cooper.

Pa•le•ich´thy•es , n. pl. [NL. See Paleo-, and Ichthyology.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of fishes which includes the elasmobranchs and ganoids. [Written also Palaeichthyes.]

Pale´ly , adv. [From Pale, a.] In a pale manner; dimly; wanly; not freshly or ruddily. Thackeray.

Pal•em•pore´ , n. A superior kind of dimity made in India, — used for bed coverings. [Written also palampore, palampoor, etc.] De Colange.

Pale´ness , n. The quality or condition of being pale; want of freshness or ruddiness; a sickly whiteness; lack of color or luster; wanness. “The blood the virgin’s cheek forsook;
A livid paleness spreads o’er all her look.” Pope.

Pa•len´que , n. pl. (Ethnol.) A collective name for the Indians of Nicaragua and Honduras.

Pa´le•o- [Gr. , adj.] A combining form meaning old, ancient; as palearctic, paleontology, paleothere, paleography. [Written also palaeo-.]

Pa•le•o•bot´a•nist , n. One versed in paleobotany.

Pa•le•o•bot´a•ny , n. [Paleo- + botany.] That branch of paleontology which treats of fossil plants.

Pa•le•o•car´ida , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ancient + , , , a kind of crustacean.] (Zoöl.) Same as Merostomata. [Written also Palaeocarida.]

Pa•le•o•cri•noi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Paleo-, and Crinoidea.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Crinoidea found chiefly in the Paleozoic rocks.

Pa•le•o•crys´tic , a. [Paleo- + Gr. ice.] Of, pertaining to, or derived from, a former glacial formation.

Pa•le•o•gae´an , a. [Paleo- + Gr. the eart] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Eastern hemisphere. [Written also palaeogaean.]

Pa´le•o•graph , n. An ancient manuscript.

Pa•le•og´ra•pher , n. One skilled in paleography; a paleographist. { Pa•le•o•graph´ic , Pa•le•o•graph´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. paleographique.] Of or pertaining to paleography.

Pa•le•og´ra•phist , n. One versed in paleography; a paleographer.

Pa•le•og´ra•phy, n. [Paleo- + -graphy: cf. F. paleographie.] 1. An ancient manner of writing; ancient writings, collectively; as Punic paleography. 2. The study of ancient inscriptions and modes of writing; the art or science of deciphering ancient writings, and determining their origin, period, etc., from external characters; diplomatics.

Pa•le´o•la , n.; pl. Paleolae (#). [NL., dim. of L. palea.] (Bot.) A diminutive or secondary palea; a lodicule.

Pa´le•o•lith , n. [Paleo- + -lith.] (Geol.) A relic of the Paleolithic era.

Pa•le•o•lith´ic , a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to an era marked by early stone implements. The Paleolithic era (as proposed by Lubbock) includes the earlier half of the ´Stone Age;´ the remains belonging to it are for the most part of extinct animals, with relics of human beings.

Pa•le•ol´ogist , n. One versed in paleology; a student of antiquity.

Pa•le•ol´o•gy , n. [Paleo- + -logy.] The study or knowledge of antiquities, esp. of prehistoric antiquities; a discourse or treatise on antiquities; archaeology .

Pa•le•on•to•graph´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to the description of fossil remains.

Pa•le•on•tog´ra•phy , n. [Paleo- + Gr. existing things + -graphy.] The description of fossil remains.

Pa•le•on•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to paleontology. — Pa•le•on•to•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pa•le•on•tol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. paleontologiste.] One versed in paleontology.

Pa•le•on•tol´o•gy , n. [Paleo- + Gr. existing things + -logy. Cf. Ontology.] The science which treats of the ancient life of the earth, or of fossils which are the remains of such life.

Pa•le•o•phy•tol´o•gist , n. A paleobotanist.

Pa•le•o•phy•tol´o•gy , n. [Paleo- + phytology.] Paleobotany.

Pa•le•or•ni•thol´o•gy , n. [Paleo- + ornithology.] The branch of paleontology which treats of fossil birds.

Pa•le•o•sau´rus , n.[NL., fr. Gr. ancient + a lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil saurians found in the Permian formation.

Pa•le•o•tech´nic , a. [Paleo- + technic.] Belonging to, or connected with, ancient art. ´The paleotechnic men of central France.´ D. Wilson.

Pa´le•o•there , n. [F. paleothère.] (Paleon.) Any species of Paleotherium.

Pa•le•o•the´ri•an , a. [F. paleotherien.] (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to Paleotherium.

Pa•le•o•the´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ancient + beast.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of herbivorous Tertiary mammals, once supposed to have resembled the tapir in form, but now known to have had a more slender form, with a long neck like that of a llama. [Written also Palaeotherium.]

Pa•le•o•the´roid , [Paleothere + -oid.] (Paleon.) Resembling Paleotherium. — n. An animal resembling, or allied to, the paleothere.

Pa´le•o•type , n. See Palaeotype.

Pa´le•ous , a. [L. palea chaff.] Chaffy; like chaff; paleaceous. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pa•le•o•zo´ic , a. [Paleo- + Gr. life, fr. to live.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, the older division of geological time during which life is known to have existed, including the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous ages, and also to the life or rocks of those ages. See Chart of Geology.

Pa•le•o•zo•öl´o•gy , n. (Geol.) The Paleozoic time or strata.

Pa•le•o•zo•ö´o•gy , n. [Paleo- + zoölogy.] The science of extinct animals, a branch of paleontology. { Pale´sie , Pale´sy }, n. Palsy. [Obs.] Wyclif. { Pal•es•tin´i•an , Pal•es•tin´e•an } a. Of or pertaining to Palestine.

Pa•les´tra , n.; pl. L. Palestrae (#), E. Palestras (#). [NL., fr. L. palaestra, Gr. , fr. to wrestle.] [Written also palaestra.] (Antiq.) (a) A wrestling school; hence, a gymnasium, or place for athletic exercise in general. (b) A wrestling; the exercise of wrestling. { Pa•les´tri•an , Pa•les´tric , Pa•les´tric•al } a. [L. palaestricus, Gr. ] Of or pertaining to the palestra, or to wrestling.

Pal´et , n. [See Palea.] (Bot.) Same as Palea.

Pal´e•tot , n. [F. paletot, OF. palletoc, prob. fr. L. palla (see Palla) + F. toque cap, and so lit., a frock with a cap or hood; cf. Sp. paletoque.] (a) An overcoat. Dickens. (b) A lady’s outer garment, — of varying fashion.

Pal´ette , n. [See Pallet a thin board.] 1. (Paint.) A thin, oval or square board, or tablet, with a thumb hole at one end for holding it, on which a painter lays and mixes his pigments. [Written also pallet.] 2. (Anc. Armor) One of the plates covering the points of junction at the bend of the shoulders and elbows. Fairholt. 3. (Mech.) A breastplate for a breast drill. Palette knife, a knife with a very flexible steel blade and no cutting edge, rounded at the end, used by painters to mix colors on the grinding slab or palette. — To set the palette (Paint.), to lay upon it the required pigments in a certain order, according to the intended use of them in a picture. Fairholt.

Pale´wise , adv. (Her.) In the manner of a pale or pales; by perpendicular lines or divisions; as to divide an escutcheon palewise.

Pal´frey , n. [OE. palefrai, OF. palefrei, F. palefroi, LL. palafredus, parafredus, from L. paraveredus a horse for extraordinary occasions, an extra post horse; Gr. along, beside + L. veredus a post horse.] 1. A saddle horse for the road, or for state occasions, as distinguished from a war horse. Chaucer. 2. A small saddle horse for ladies. Spenser. “Call the host and bid him bring
Charger and palfrey.” Tennyson.

Pal´freyed , a. Mounted on a palfrey. Tickell.

Pal´grave , n. See Palsgrave.

Pa´li , n., pl. of Palus.

Pa´li , n. [Ceylonese, fr. Skr. pali row, line, series, applied to the series of Buddhist sacred texts.] A dialect descended from Sanskrit, and like that, a dead language, except when used as the sacred language of the Buddhist religion in Farther India, etc.

Pal•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. palus a stake + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. palification. See -fy.] The act or practice of driving piles or posts into the ground to make it firm. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Pa´li•form , a. (Zoöl.) Resembling a palus; as the paliform lobes of the septa in corals.

Pa•lil´o•gy , n. [L. palilogia, Gr. ; again + to speak.] (Rhet.) The repetition of a word, or part of a sentence, for the sake of greater emphasis; as ´The living, the living, he shall praise thee.´ Is. xxxviii. 19.

Pal´imp•sest , n. [L. palimpsestus, Gr. scratched or scraped again, a palimpsest; again + to rub, rub away: cf. F. palimpseste.] A parchment which has been written upon twice, the first writing having been erased to make place for the second. Longfellow.

Pal´in•drome , n. [Gr. running back again; again + to run: cf. F. palindrome.] A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same when read backward or forward; as madam; Hannah; or Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwel. { Pal•in•drom´ic , Pal•in•drom´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a palindrome.

Pa•lin´dro•mist , n. A writer of palindromes.

Pal´ing , n. 1. Pales, in general; a fence formed with pales or pickets; a limit; an inclosure. “They moved within the paling of order and decorum.” De Quincey. 2. The act of placing pales or stripes on cloth; also the stripes themselves. [Obs.] Chaucer. Paling board, one of the slabs sawed from the sides of a log to fit it to be sawed into boards. [Eng.]

Pal•in•ge•ne´si•a , n.[NL.] See Palingenesis. { Pal•in•gen´e•sis , Pal•in•gen´e•sy } n. [Gr. ; again + birth: cf. F. palingenesie. See Genesis.] 1. A new birth; a re-creation; a regeneration; a continued existence in different manner or form. 2. (Biol.) That form of evolution in which the truly ancestral characters conserved by heredity are reproduced in development; original simple descent; — distinguished from kenogenesis. Sometimes, in zoölogy, the abrupt metamorphosis of insects, crustaceans, etc.

Pal•in•ge•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to palingenesis: as a palingenetic process. - - Pal•in•ge•net´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Pal´i•node , n. [L. palinodia, from Gr. ; again + a song. See Ode.] 1. An ode recanting, or retracting, a former one; also a repetition of an ode. 2. A retraction; esp., a formal retraction. Sandys.

Pal•i•no´di•al , a. Of or pertaining to a palinode, or retraction. J. Q. Adams.

Pal´i•no•dy , n. See Palinode. [Obs.] Wood.

Pal•inu´rus , n. [So called from L. Palinurus, the pilot of AEneas.] (Naut.) An instrument for obtaining directly, without calculation, the true bearing of the sun, and thence the variation of the compass

Pal•i•sade´ , n. [F. palissade, cf. Sp. palizada, It. palizzata, palizzo, LL. palissata; all fr. L. palus a stake, pale. See Pale a stake.] 1. (Fort.) A strong, long stake, one end of which is set firmly in the ground, and the other is sharpened; also a fence formed of such stakes set in the ground as a means of defense. 2. Any fence made of pales or sharp stakes. Palisade cells (Bot.), vertically elongated parenchyma cells, such as are seen beneath the epidermis of the upper surface of many leaves. — Palisade worm (Zoöl.), a nematoid worm (Strongylus armatus), parasitic in the blood vessels of the horse, in which it produces aneurisms, often fatal.

Pal•i•sade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palisaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Palisading.] [Cf. F. palissader.] To surround, inclose, or fortify, with palisades.

Pal•i•sad´ing , n. (Fort.) A row of palisades set in the ground.

Pal•i•sa•´do , n.; pl. Palisadoes . A palisade. [Obs.] Shak.

Pal•i•sa´do, v. t. To palisade. [Obs.] Sterne.

Pal´ish , a. Somewhat pale or wan.

Pal•is•san´der , n. [F. palissandre.] (Bot.) (a) Violet wood. (b) Rosewood.

Pal´is•sy , a. Designating, or of the nature of, a kind of pottery made by Bernard Palissy, in France, in the 16th centry. Palissy ware, glazed pottery like that made by Bernard Palissy; especially, that having figures of fishes, reptiles, etc., in high relief.

Pal´kee , n. [Hind. palki; of the same origin as E. palanquin.] A palanquin. Malcom.

Pall , n. Same as Pawl.

Pall, n. [OE. pal, AS. pael, from L. pallium cover, cloak, mantle, pall; cf. L. palla robe, mantle.] 1. An outer garment; a cloak mantle. “His lion’s skin changed to a pall of gold.” Spenser. 2. A kind of rich stuff used for garments in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] Wyclif (Esther viii. 15). 3. (R. C. Ch.) Same as Pallium. “About this time Pope Gregory sent two archbishop’s palls into England, — the one for London, the other for York.” Fuller. 4. (Her.) A figure resembling the Roman Catholic pallium, or pall, and having the form of the letter Y. 5. A large cloth, esp., a heavy black cloth, thrown over a coffin at a funeral; sometimes, also over a tomb. “Warriors carry the warrior’s pall.” Tennyson. 6. (Eccl.) A piece of cardboard, covered with linen and embroidered on one side; — used to put over the chalice.

Pall, v. t. To cloak. [R.] Shak

Pall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Palled p. pr. & vb. n. Palling.] [Either shortened fr. appall, or fr. F. pâlir to grow pale. Cf. Appall, Pale, a.] To become vapid, tasteless, dull, or insipid; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste; as the liquor palls. “Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover,
Fades in the eye, and palls upon the sense.” Addisin.

Pall, v. t. 1. To make vapid or insipid; to make lifeless or spiritless; to dull; to weaken. Chaucer. “Reason and reflection … pall all his enjoyments.” Atterbury. 2. To satiate; to cloy; as to pall the appetite.

Pall, n. Nausea. [Obs.] Shaftesbury.

Pal´la , n. [L. See Pall a cloak.] (Rom. Antuq.) An oblong rectangular piece of cloth, worn by Roman ladies, and fastened with brooches.

Pal•la´di•an , a. (Arch.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a variety of the revived classic style of architecture, founded on the works of Andrea Palladio, an Italian architect of the 16th century.

Pal•la´dic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, palladium; — used specifically to designate those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with palladious compounds.

Pal•la´di•ous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, palladium; — used specifically to designate those compounds in which palladium has a lower valence as compared with palladic compounds.

Pal•la´di•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. , , Pallas.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Any statue of the goddess Pallas; esp., the famous statue on the preservation of which depended the safety of ancient Troy. 2. Hence: That which affords effectual protection or security; a safeguard; as the trial by jury is the palladium of our civil rights. Blackstone.

Pal•la´di•um, n. [NL.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the light platinum group, found native, and also alloyed with platinum and gold. It is a silver-white metal resembling platinum, and like it permanent and untarnished in the air, but is more easily fusible. It is unique in its power of occluding hydrogen, which it does to the extent of nearly a thousand volumes, forming the alloy Pd2H. It is used for graduated circles and verniers, for plating certain silver goods, and somewhat in dentistry. It was so named in 1804 by Wollaston from the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered in 1802. Symbol Pd. Atomic weight, 106.2.

Pal•la´di•um•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palladiumized p. pr. & vb. n. Palladiumizing ] To cover or coat with palladium. [R.]

Pal´lah , n. (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (AEpyceros melampus). The male has long lyrate and annulated horns. The general color is bay, with a black crescent on the croup. Called also roodebok.

Pal´las , n. [L., fr. Gr. , .] (Gr. Myth.) Pallas Athene, the Grecian goddess of wisdom, called also Athene, and identified, at a later period, with the Roman Minerva.

Pall´bear•er , n. One of those who attend the coffin at a funeral; — so called from the pall being formerly carried by them.

Pal´let , n. [OE. paillet, F. paillet a heap of straw, fr. paille straw, fr. L. palea chaff; cf. Gr. fine meal, dust, Skr. pala straw, palava chaff. Cf. Paillasse.] A small and mean bed; a bed of straw. Milton.

Pal´let, n. [Dim. of pale. See Pale a stake.] (Her.) A perpendicular band upon an escutcheon, one half the breadth of the pale.

Pal´let, n. [F. palette: af. It. paletta; prop. and orig., a fire shovel, dim. of L. pala a shovel, spade. See Peel a shovel.] 1. (Paint.) Same as Palette. 2. (Pottery) (a) A wooden implement used by potters, crucible makers, etc., for forming, beating, and rounding their works. It is oval, round, and of other forms. (b) A potter’s wheel. 3. (Gilding) (a) An instrument used to take up gold leaf from the pillow, and to apply it. (b) A tool for gilding the backs of books over the bands. 4. (Brickmaking) A board on which a newly molded brick is conveyed to the hack. Knight. 5. (Mach.) (a) A click or pawl for driving a ratchet wheel. (b) One of the series of disks or pistons in the chain pump. Knight. 6. (Horology) One of the pieces or levers connected with the pendulum of a clock, or the balance of a watch, which receive the immediate impulse of the scape-wheel, or balance wheel. Brande & C. 7. (Mus.) In the organ, a valve between the wind chest and the mouth of a pipe or row of pipes. 8. (Zoöl.) One of a pair of shelly plates that protect the siphon tubes of certain bivalves, as the Teredo. See Illust. of Teredo. 9. A cup containing three ounces, — ormerly used by surgeons.

Pal´li•al , a. [L. pallium a mantle. See Pall.] (Zoöl.) Of or pretaining to a mantle, especially to the mantle of mollusks; produced by the mantle; as the pallial line, or impression, which marks the attachment of the mantle on the inner surface of a bivalve shell. See Illust. of Bivalve. Pallial chamber (Zoöl.), the cavity inclosed by the mantle. — Pallial sinus (Zoöl.), an inward bending of the pallial line, near the posterior end of certain bivalve shells, to receive the siphon. See Illust. of Bivalve.

Pal´li•a•ment , n. [LL. palliare to clothe, fr. L. pallium a manltle. See Pall the garment.] A dress; a robe. [Obs.] Shak.

Pal´liard , n. [F. paillard, orig., one addicted to the couch, fr. paille straw. See Pallet a small bed.] 1. A born beggar; a vagabond. [Obs.] Halliwell. 2. A lecher; a lewd person. [Obs.] Dryden.

Pal•liasse´ , n. See Paillasse.

Pal´li•ate , a. [L. palliatus, fr. pallium a cloak. See Pall the garment.] 1. Covered with a mante; cloaked; disguised. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. Eased; mitigated; alleviated. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Pal´li•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palliated p. pr. & vb. n. Palliating] 1. To cover with a mantle or cloak; to cover up; to hide. [Obs.] “Being palliated with a pilgrim’s coat.” Sir T. Herbert. 2. To cover with excuses; to conceal the enormity of, by excuses and apologies; to extenuate; as to palliate faults. “They never hide or palliate their vices.” Swift. 3. To reduce in violence; to lessen or abate; to mitigate; to ease withhout curing; as to palliate a disease. “To palliate dullness, and give time a shove.” Cowper. Syn. — To cover; cloak; hide; extenuate; conceal. — To Palliate, Extenuate, Cloak. These words, as here compared, are used in a figurative sense in reference to our treatment of wrong action. We cloak in order to conceal completely. We extenuate a crime when we endeavor to show that it is less than has been supposed; we palliate a crime when we endeavor to cover or conceal its enormity, at least in part. This naturally leads us to soften some of its features, and thus palliate approaches extenuate till they have become nearly or quite identical. ´To palliate is not now used, though it once was in the sense of wholly cloaking or covering over, as it might be, our sins, but in that of extenuating; to palliate our faults is not to hide them altogether, but to seek to diminish their guilt in part.´ Trench.

Pal•li•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. palliation.] 1. The act of palliating, or state of being palliated; extenuation; excuse; as the palliation of faults, offenses, vices. 2. Mitigation; alleviation, as of a disease. Bacon. 3. That which cloaks or covers; disguise; also the state of being covered or disguised. [Obs.]

Pal´li•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. palliatif.] Serving to palliate; serving to extenuate or mitigate.

Pal´li•a•tive , n. That which palliates; a palliative agent. Sir W. Scott.

Pal´li•a•to•ry , a. Palliative; extenuating.

Pal´lid , a. [L. pallidus, fr. pallere to be or look pale. See pale, a.] Deficient in color; pale; wan; as a pallid countenance; pallid blue. Spenser.

Pal•lid´i•ty , n. Pallidness; paleness.

Pal´lid•ly , adv. In a pallid manner.

Pal´lid•ness, n. The quality or state of being pallid; paleness; pallor; wanness.

Pal•li•o•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Brachiopoda.

Pal•li•o•bran´chi•ate , a. [See Pallium, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Having the pallium, or mantle, acting as a gill, as in brachiopods.

Pal´li•um , n.; pl. L. Pallia, E. Palliums (#). [L. See Pall the garment.] 1. (Anc. Costume) A large, square, woolen cloak which enveloped the whole person, worn by the Greeks and by certain Romans. It is the Roman name of a Greek garment. 2. (R.C.Ch.) A band of white wool, worn on the shoulders, with four purple crosses worked on it; a pall. The wool is obtained from two lambs brought to the basilica of St. Agnes, Rome, and blessed. It is worn by the pope, and sent to patriarchs, primates, and archbishops, as a sign that they share in the plenitude of the episcopal office. Befoer it is sent, the pallium is laid on the tomb of St. Peter, where it remains all night. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The mantle of a bivalve. See Mantle. (b) The mantle of a bird.

Pall•-mall´ , n. [OF. palemail, It. pallamagio; palla a ball (of German origin, akin to E. ball) + magio hammer, fr. L. malleus. See lst Ball, and Mall a beetle.] A game formerly common in England, in which a wooden ball was driven with a mallet through an elevated hoop or ring of iron. The name was also given to the mallet used, to the place where the game was played, and to the street, in London, still called Pall Mall. [Written also pail-mail and pell-mell.] Sir K. Digby. Evelyn.

Pal•lo´ne , n. [It., a large ball, fr. palla ball. See Balloon.] An Italian game, played with a large leather ball.

Pal´lor , n. [L., fr. pallere to be or look pale. See Pale, a.] Paleness; want of color; pallidity; as pallor of the complexion. Jer. Taylor.

Palm , n. [OE. paume, F. paume, L. palma, Gr. , akin to Skr. pani hand, and E. fumble. See Fumble, Feel, and cf. 2d Palm.] 1. (Anat.) The inner and somewhat concave part of the hand between the bases of the fingers and the wrist. “Clench’d her fingers till they bit the palm.” Tennyson. 2. A lineal measure equal either to the breadth of the hand or to its length from the wrist to the ends of the fingers; a hand; — used in measuring a horse’s height. In Greece, the palm was reckoned at three inches. The Romans adopted two measures of this name, the lesser palm of 2.91 inches, and the greater palm of 8.73 inches. At the present day, this measure varies in the most arbitrary manner, being different in each country, and occasionally varying in the same. Internat. Cyc. 3. (Sailmaking) A metallic disk, attached to a strap, and worn the palm of the hand, — used to push the needle through the canvas in sewing sails, etc. 4. (Zoöl.) The broad flattened part of an antler, as of a full-grown fallow deer; — so called as resembling the palm of the hand with its protruding fingers. 5. (Naut.) The flat inner face of an anchor fluke.

Palm, n. [AS. palm, L. palma; — so named fr. the leaf resembling a hand. See lst Palm, and cf. Pam.] 1. (Bot.) Any endogenous tree of the order Palmae or Palmaceae; a palm tree. Palms are perennial woody plants, often of majestic size. The trunk is usually erect and rarely branched, and has a roughened exterior composed of the persistent bases of the leaf stalks. The leaves are borne in a terminal crown, and are supported on stout, sheathing, often prickly, petioles. They are usually of great size, and are either pinnately or palmately many-cleft. There are about one thousand species known, nearly all of them growing in tropical or semitropical regions. The wood, petioles, leaves, sap, and fruit of many species are invaluable in the arts and in domestic economy. Among the best known are the date palm, the cocoa palm, the fan palm, the oil palm, the wax palm, the palmyra, and the various kinds called cabbage palm and palmetto. 2. A branch or leaf of the palm, anciently borne or worn as a symbol of victory or rejoicing. “A great multitude … stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palme in their hands.” Rev. vii. 9. 3. Hence: Any symbol or token of superiority, success, or triumph; also victory; triumph; supremacy. ´The palm of martyrdom.´ Chaucer. “So get the start of the majestic world
And bear the palm alone.” Shak. Molucca palm (Bot.), a labiate herb from Asia (Molucella laevis), having a curious cup-shaped calyx. — Palm cabbage, the terminal bud of a cabbage palm, used as food. — Palm cat (Zoöl.), the common paradoxure. — Palm crab (Zoöl.), the purse crab. — Palm oil, a vegetable oil, obtained from the fruit of several species of palms, as the African oil palm (Elaeis Guineensis), and used in the manufacture of soap and candles. See Elaeis. — Palm swift (Zoöl.), a small swift (Cypselus Batassiensis) which frequents the palmyra and cocoanut palms in India. Its peculiar nest is attached to the leaf of the palmyra palm. — Palm toddy. Same as Palm wine. — Palm weevil (Zoöl.), any one of mumerous species of very large weevils of the genus Rhynchophorus. The larvae bore into palm trees, and are called palm borers, and grugru worms. They are considered excellent food. — Palm wine, the sap of several species of palms, especially, in India, of the wild date palm (Phœnix sylvestrix), the palmyra, and the Caryota urens. When fermented it yields by distillation arrack, and by evaporation jaggery. Called also palm toddy. — Palm worm, or Palmworm. (Zoöl.) (a) The larva of a palm weevil. (b) A centipede.

Palm , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palmed p. pr. & vb. n. Palming.] 1. To handle. [Obs.] Prior. 2. To manipulate with, or conceal in, the palm of the hand; to juggle. “They palmed the trick that lost the game.” Prior. 3. To impose by fraud, as by sleight of hand; to put by unfair means; — usually with off. “For you may palm upon us new for old.” Dryden.

Pal•ma´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to palms; of the nature of, or resembling, palms.

Pal´ma Chris´ti [L., palm of Christ.] (Bot.) A plant (Ricinus communis) with ornamental peltate and palmately cleft foliage, growing as a woody perennial in the tropics, and cultivated as an herbaceous annual in temperate regions; — called also castor-oil plant. [Sometimes corrupted into palmcrist.]

Pal´ma•cite , n. (Paleon.) A fossil palm.

Pal´mar , a. [L. palmaris, fr. palma the palm of the hand: cf. F. palmaire.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or corresponding with, the palm of the hand. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the under side of the wings of birds.

Pal•ma´ri•um , n.; pl. Palmaria (#). [NL. See Palmar.] (Zoöl.) One of the bifurcations of the brachial plates of a crinoid.

Pal´ma•ry , a. (Anat.) Palmar.

Pal´ma•ry, a. [L. palmarius, palmaris, belonging to palms, deserving the palm or prize, fr. palma a palm.] Worthy of the palm; palmy; preëminent; superior; principal; chief; as palmary work. Br. Horne.

Pal´mate , n. (Chem.) A salt of palmic acid; a ricinoleate. [Obsoles.] { Pal´mate , Pal´ma•ted } a. [L. palmatus marked with the palm of a hand, from palma the palm of the hand.] 1. Having the shape of the hand; resembling a hand with the fingers spread. 2. (Bot.) Spreading from the apex of a petiole, as the divisions of a leaf, or leaflets, so as to resemble the hand with outspread fingers. Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the anterior toes united by a web, as in most swimming birds; webbed. See Illust. (i) under Aves. (b) Having the distal portion broad, flat, and more or less divided into lobes; — said of certain corals, antlers, etc.

Pal´mate•ly , adv. In a palmate manner.

Pal•mat´i•fid , a. [L. palmatus palmate + root of findere to split.] (Bot.) Palmate, with the divisions separated but little more than halfway to the common center.

Pal•mat´i•lobed , a. [L. palmatus palmate + E. lobed.] (Bot.) Palmate, with the divisions separated less than halfway to the common center. { Pal•mat´i•sect , Pal•mat•i•sect´ed } a. [L. palmatus palmate + secare to cut.] (Bot.) Divided, as a palmate leaf, down to the midrib, so that the parenchyma is interrupted.

Palm´crist , n. The palma Christi. (Jonah iv. 6, margin, and Douay version, note.)

Palmed , a. Having or bearing a palm or palms. Palmed deer (Zoöl.), a stag of full growth, bearing palms. See lst Palm, 4.

Palm´er , n. [From Palm, v. t.] One who palms or cheats, as at cards or dice.

Palm´er, n.[From Palm the tree.] A wandering religious votary; especially, one who bore a branch of palm as a token that he had visited the Holy Land and its sacred places. Chaucer. “Pilgrims and palmers plighted them together.” P. Plowman. “The pilgrim had some home or dwelling place, the palmer had none. The pilgrim traveled to some certain, designed place or places, but the palmer to all.” T. Staveley.

Palm´er , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A palmerworm.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] 2. (Angling) Short for Palmer fly, an artificial fly made to imitate a hairy caterpillar; a hackle.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Palm´er•worm , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any hairy caterpillar which appears in great numbers, devouring herbage, and wandering about like a palmer. The name is applied also to other voracious insects. Joel. i. 4. (b) In America, the larva of any one of several moths, which destroys the foliage of fruit and forest trees, esp. the larva of Ypsolophus pometellus, which sometimes appears in vast numbers.

Pal•mette´ , n. [F., dim. of palme a palm.] A floral ornament, common in Greek and other ancient architecture; — often called the honeysuckle ornament.

Pal•met´to , n. [Dim. of palm the tree: cf. Sp. palmito.] (Bot.) A name given to palms of several genera and species growing in the West Indies and the Southern United States. In the United States, the name is applied especially to the Chamaerops, or Sabal, Palmetto, the cabbage tree of Florida and the Carolinas. See Cabbage tree, under Cabbage. Royal palmetto, the West Indian Sabal umbraculifera, the trunk of which, when hollowed, is used for water pipes, etc. The leaves are used for thatching, and for making hats, ropes, etc. — Saw palmetto, Sabal serrulata, a native of Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. The nearly impassable jungle which it forms is called palmetto scrub.

Pal´mic , a. [Cf. F. palmique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi); — formerly used to designate an acid now called ricinoleic acid. [Obsoles.]

Pal•mi•dac´ty•les , n. pl. [NL. See Palm, and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) A group of wading birds having the toes webbed, as the avocet.

Pal•mif´er•ous , a.[L. palmifer; palma a palm + ferre to bear: cf. F. palmifère.] Bearing palms.

Pal´mi•grade , a. [L. palma palm of the hand + gradi to walk.] (Zoöl.) Putting the whole foot upon the ground in walking, as some mammals.

Pal´min , n. [From palma Christi: cf. F. palmine.] (Chem.) (a) A white waxy or fatty substance obtained from castor oil. (b) Ricinolein. [Obs.]

Pal´mi•ped , a.[L. palmipes, -edis, broad-footed; palma the palm of the hand + pes a foot; cf. F. palmipède.] (Zoöl.) Web-footed, as a water fowl. — n. A swimming bird; a bird having webbed feet.

Pal•mip´e•des , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Natatores.

Pal´mis•ter , n. [From Palm of the hand.] One who practices palmistry Bp. Hall.

Pal•mis•try , n.[See Palmister.] 1. The art or practice of divining or telling fortunes, or of judging of character, by the lines and marks in the palm of the hand; chiromancy. Ascham. Cowper. 2. A dexterous use or trick of the hand. Addison.

Pal´mi•tate , n. (Chem.) A salt of palmitic acid.

Pal´mite , n. [From Palm.] (Bot.) A South African plant (Prionium Palmita) of the Rush family, having long serrated leaves. The stems have been used for making brushes.

Pal•mit´ic , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, palmitin or palm oil; as palmitic acid, a white crystalline body belonging to the fatty acid series. It is readily soluble in hot alcohol, and melts to a liquid oil at 62° C.

Pal´mi•tin , n. [So called because abundant in palm oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) A solid crystallizable fat, found abundantly in animals and in vegetables. It occurs mixed with stearin and olein in the fat of animal tissues, with olein and butyrin in butter, with olein in olive oil, etc. Chemically, it is a glyceride of palmitic acid, three molecules of palmitic acid being united to one molecule of glyceryl, and hence it is technically called tripalmitin, or glyceryl tripalmitate.

Pal•mi•tol´ic , a. [Palmitic + -oleic + ic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an artificial acid of the oleic acid series, isomeric with linoleic acid.

Pal´mi•tone , n. (Chem.) The ketone of palmitic acid.

Palm´ Sun•day (Eccl.) The Sunday next before Easter; — so called in commemoration of our Savior’s triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the multitude strewed palm branches in the way.

Palm´y , a. 1. Bearing palms; abounding in palms; derived from palms; as a palmy shore. Pope. “His golden sands and palmy wine.” Goldsmith. 2. Worthy of the palm; flourishing; prosperous. “In the most high and palmy state of Rome.” Shak.

Pal•my´ra , n. (Bot.) A species of palm (Borassus flabelliformis) having a straight, black, upright trunk, with palmate leaves. It is found native along the entire northern shores of the Indian Ocean, from the mouth of the Tigris to New Guinea. More than eight hundred uses to which it is put are enumerated by native writers. Its wood is largely used for building purposes; its fruit and roots serve for food, its sap for making toddy, and its leaves for thatching huts.

Pa•lo´la , n. [Fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) An annelid (Palola viridis) which, at certain seasons of the year, swarms at the surface of the sea about some of the Pacific Islands, where it is collected for food.

Pa•lo•me´ta , n. (Zoöl.) A pompano.

Palp (palp), n. [Cf. F. palpe. See Palpable.] (Zoöl.) Same as Palpus.

Palp, v. t. [L. palpare: cf. F. palper.] To have a distinct touch or feeling of; to feel. [Obs.] “To bring a palpèd darkness o’er the earth.” Heywood.

Pal•pa•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being palpable, or perceptible by the touch. Arbuthnot.

Pal´pa•ble , a. [F. palpable, L. palpabilis, fr. palpare to feel, stroke; cf. palpus the soft palm of the hand.] 1. Capable of being touched and felt; perceptible by the touch; as a palpable form. Shak. “Darkness must overshadow all his bounds,
Palpable darkness.” Milton. 2. Easily perceptible; plain; distinct; obvious; readily perceived and detected; gross; as palpable imposture; palpable absurdity; palpable errors. ´Three persons palpable.´ P. Plowman. “[Lies] gross as a mountain, open, palpable.” Shak. — Pal´pa•ble•ness, n. — Pal´pa•bly, adv.

Pal•pa´tion , n. [L. palpatio, fr. palpare. See Palpable.] 1. Act of touching or feeling. 2. (Med.) Examination of a patient by touch. Quain.

Pal•pa´tor , n. [L., a stroker.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of clavicorn beetles, including those which have very long maxillary palpi.

Pal´pe•bra , n.; pl. Palpebrae (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) The eyelid.

Pal´pe•bral , a. [L. palpebralis, fr. palpebra: cf. F. palpebral.] Of or pertaining to the eyelids.

Pal´pe•brate , a. (Zoöl.) Having eyelids.

Palped (palpt), a. (Zoöl.) Having a palpus.

Pal´pi (pal´pi), n., pl. of Palpus. (Zoöl.) See Palpus.

Pal´pi•corn , n. [See Palpus, and Cornu.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of aquatic beetles (Palpicornia) having short club-shaped antennae, and long maxillary palpi.

Pal´pi•fer , n. [Palpus + L. ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Palpiger.

Pal´pi•form , a. [Palpus + -form: cf. F. palpiforme.] (Zoöl.) Having the form of a palpus.

Pal´pi•ger , n. [See Palpigerous.] (Zoöl.) That portion of the labium which bears the palpi in insects.

Pal•pig´er•ous , a. [Palpus + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing a palpus. Kirby.

Pal´pi•tant , a. [L. palpitans, p. pr.] Palpitating; throbbing; trembling. Carlyle.

Pal´pi•tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Palpitated p. pr. & vb. n. Palpitating] [L. palpitare, palpitatum, v. intens. fr. pappare. See Palpable.] To beat rapidly and more strongly than usual; to throb; to bound with emotion or exertion; to pulsate violently; to flutter; — said specifically of the heart when its action is abnormal, as from excitement.

Pal•pi•ta´tion , n. [L. palpitatio: cf. F. palpitation.] A rapid pulsation; a throbbing; esp., an abnormal, rapid beating of the heart as when excited by violent exertion, strong emotion, or by disease.

Palp´less , a. (Zoöl.) Without a palpus.

Pal´po•cil , n. [See Palpus, and Cilium.] (Zoöl.) A minute soft filamentary process springing from the surface of certain hydroids and sponges.

Pal´pus , n.; pl. Palpi (#). [NL. See Palp.] (Zoöl.) A feeler; especially, one of the jointed sense organs attached to the mouth organs of insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and annelids; as the mandibular palpi, maxillary palpi, and labial palpi. The palpi of male spiders serve as sexual organs. Called also palp. See Illust. of Arthrogastra and Orthoptera.

Pals´grave , n. [D. paltsgraaf; palts palace (l. palatium) + graaf count; cf. G. pfalzgraf. See Palace, and Landgrave.] (Ger. Hist.) A count or earl who presided in the domestic court, and had the superintendence, of a royal household in Germany.

Pals´gra•vine , n.[D. paltsgravin: cf. G. pfalzgrafin.] The consort or widow of a palsgrave.

Pal´si•cal , a.[From Palsy.] Affected with palsy; palsied; paralytic. [R.] Johnson.

Pal´sied , a. Affected with palsy; paralyzed.

Pal´stave , n. [Dan. paalstav.] A peculiar bronze adz, used in prehistoric Europe about the middle of the bronze age. Dawkins.

Pal´ster , n. [D. palsterstaf.] A pilgrim’s staff. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Pal´sy , n.; pl. Palsies (#). [OE. palesie, parlesy, OF. paralesie, F. paralysie, L. paralysis. See Paralysis.] (Med.) Paralysis, complete or partial. See Paralysis. ´One sick of the palsy.´ Mark ii. 3. Bell’s palsy, paralysis of the facial nerve, producing distortion of one side of the face; — so called from Sir Charles Bell, an English surgeon who described it. — Scrivener’s palsy. See Writer’s cramp, under Writer. — Shaking palsy, paralysis agitans, a disease usually occurring in old people, characterized by muscular tremors and a peculiar shaking and tottering gait.

Pal´sy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palsied p. pr. & vb. n. Palsying.] To affect with palsy, or as with palsy; to deprive of action or energy; to paralyze.

Pal´sy•wort , n. (Bot.) The cowslip (Primula veris); — so called from its supposed remedial powers. Dr. Prior.

Pal´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paltered p. pr. & vb. n. Paltering.] [See Paltry.] 1. To haggle. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. To act in insincere or deceitful manner; to play false; to equivocate; to shift; to dodge; to trifle. “Romans, that have spoke the word,
And will not palter.” Shak. “Who never sold the truth to serve the hour,
Nor paltered with eternal God for power.” Tennyson. 3. To babble; to chatter. [Obs.]

Pal´ter, v. t. To trifle with; to waste; to squander in paltry ways or on worthless things. [Obs.] ´Palter out your time in the penal statutes.´ Beau. & Fl.

Pal´ter•er , n. One who palters. Johnson.

Pal´ter•ly, a. & adv. Paltry; shabby; shabbily; paltrily. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] ´In palterly clothes.´ Pepys.

Pal´tock , n. [See Paletot.] A kind of doublet; a jacket. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Pal´tri•ly , adv. In a paltry manner.

Pal´tri•ness, n. The state or quality of being paltry.

Pal´try , a. [Compar. Paltrier ; superl. Paltriest.] [Cf. Prov. E. paltry refuse, rubbish, LG. paltering ragged, palte, palter, a rag, a tatter, Dan. pialt, Sw. palta, pl. paltor.] Mean; vile; worthless; despicable; contemptible; pitiful; trifling; as a paltry excuse; paltry gold. Cowper. “The paltry prize is hardly worth the cost.” Byron. Syn. — See Contemptible.

Pa•lu´dal , a. [L. palus, - udis, a marsh.] Of or pertaining to marshes or fens; marshy. [R.] Paludal fever, malarial fever; — so called because generated in marshy districts.

Pa•lu´da•ment , n. See Paludamentum.

Pa•lu•da•men•tum , n.; pl. Paladumenta . (Rom. Antiq.) A military cloak worn by a general and his principal officers.

Pal•u•dic´o•lae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. palus, -udis, a marsh + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds, including the cranes, rails, etc.

Pa•lu´di•cole , a. [Cf. F. paludicole.] (Zoöl.) Marsh-inhabiting; belonging to the Paludicolae

Pal•u•di´na , n.; pl. L. Paludinae (#), E. Paludinas (#). [NL., fr. L. palus, -udis, a marsh, pool.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of freshwater pectinibranchiate mollusks, belonging to Paludina, Melantho, and allied genera. They have an operculated shell which is usually green, often with brown bands. See Illust. of Pond snail, under Pond.

Pal•u•di´nal , a. Inhabiting ponds or swamps.

Pal´u•dine , a. [L. palus, -udis, a marsh.] Of or pertaining to a marsh. Buckland.

Pa•lu´di•nous , a. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Paludinal. (b) Like or pertaining to the genus Paludina. 2. Of or pertaining to a marsh or fen. [R.]

Pa•lu´dism , n. (Med.) The morbid phenomena produced by dwelling among marshes; malarial disease or disposition.

Pal´u•dose , a.[L. paludosus marshy.] Growing or living in marshy places; marshy.

Pal´ule , n. (Zoöl.) See Palulus or Palus.

Pal´u•lus , n.; pl. Paluli (#). [NL., dim. of L. palus a stake.] (Zoöl.) Same as Palus.

Pa´lus , n.; pl. Pali (#). [L., a stake.] (Zoöl.) One of several upright slender calcareous processes which surround the central part of the calicle of certain corals.

Pa•lus´tral , a. [L. paluster, -ustris.] Of or pertaining to a bog or marsh; boggy. [R.]

Pa•lus´trine , a. Of, pertaining to, or living in, a marsh or swamp; marshy.

Pal´y , a. [From Pale, a.] Pale; wanting color; dim. [Poetic] Shak. Whittier.

Pal´y, a. [Cf. F. pale. See Pale a stake.] (Her.) Divided into four or more equal parts by perpendicular lines, and of two different tinctures disposed alternately.

Pam , n. [From Palm victory; cf. trump, fr. triumph.] The knave of clubs. [Obs.] Pope.

Pa´ment , n. A pavement. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pam´pa•no , n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pompano.

Pam´pas , n. pl. [Sp., fr. Peruv. pampa a field, plain.] Vast plains in the central and southern part of the Argentine Republic in South America. The term is sometimes used in a wider sense for the plains extending from Bolivia to Southern Patagonia. Pampas cat (Zoöl.), a South American wild cat (Felis pajeros). It has oblique transverse bands of yellow or brown. It is about three and a half feet long. Called also straw cat. — Pampas deer (Zoöl.), a small, reddish-brown, South American deer (Cervus, or Blastocerus, campestris). — Pampas grass (Bot.), a very tall ornamental grass (Gynerium argenteum) with a silvery-white silky panicle. It is a native of the pampas of South America.

Pam´per , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pampered p. pr. & vb. n. Pampering.] [Cf. LG. pampen, slampampen, to live luxuriously, pampe thick pap, and E. pap.] 1. To feed to the full; to feed luxuriously; to glut; as to pamper the body or the appetite. ´A body … pampered for corruption.´ Dr. T. Dwight. 2. To gratify inordinately; to indulge to excess; as to pamper pride; to pamper the imagination. South.

Pam´pered , a. Fed luxuriously; indulged to the full; hence, luxuriant. ´Pampered boughs.´ Milton. ´Pampered insolence.´ Pope. — Pam´pered•ness, n. Bp. Hall.

Pam´per•er , n. One who, or that which, pampers. Cowper.

Pam´per•ize , v. t. To pamper. [R.] Sydney Smith.

Pam•pe´ro , n.[Sp., fr. pampa a plain.] A violent wind from the west or southwest, which sweeps over the pampas of South America and the adjacent seas often doing great damage. Sir W. Parish.

Pam•pe´ros , n. pl.; sing. Pampero . [Sp. American.] (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians inhabiting the pampas of South America.

Pam´phlet , n. [OE. pamflet, pamfilet, paunflet, possibly fr. OF. palme the palm of the hand, F. paume (see Palm) + OF. fueillet a leaf, dim. of fueil, m., F. feuille, f., fr. L. folium, pl. folia, thus meaning, a leaf to be held in the hand; or perh. through old French, fr. L. Pamphila, a female historian of the first century who wrote many epitomes; prob., however, fr. OF. Pamflette, the Old French name given to Pamphilus, a poem in Latin verse of the 12th century, pamphlets being named from the popularity of this poem.] 1. A writing; a book. Testament of love. “Sir Thomas More in his pamphlet of Richard the Third.” Ascham. 2. A small book consisting of a few sheets of printed paper, stitched together, often with a paper cover, but not bound; a short essay or written discussion, usually on a subject of current interest.

Pam´phlet , v. i. To write a pamphlet or pamphlets. [R.] Howell.

Pam•phlet•eer´ , n. A writer of pamphlets; a scribbler. Dryden. Macaulay.

Pam•phlet•eer´, v. i. To write or publish pamphlets. “By pamphleteering we shall not win.” C. Kingsley.

Pam•pin´i•form , a. [L. pampinus a tendril + -form.] (Anat.) In the form of tendrils; — applied especially to the spermatic and ovarian veins.

Pam´pre , n. [F. pampre a vine branch, L. pampinus.] (Sculp.) An ornament, composed of vine leaves and bunches of grapes, used for decorating spiral columns.

Pam•pro•dac´tyl•ous , a. [Pan- + Gr. forward + finger.] (Zoöl.) Having all the toes turned forward, as the colies. { Pan- , Pan´ta- , Pan´to- }. [Gr. , m., ,neut., gen. , all.] Combining forms signifying all, every; as panorama, pantheism, pantagraph, pantograph. Pan- becomes pam- before b or p, as pamprodactylous.

Pan, n. [OE. See 2d Pane.] 1. A part; a portion. 2. (Fort.) The distance comprised between the angle of the epaule and the flanked angle. 3. [Perh. a different word.] A leaf of gold or silver.

Pan, v. t. & i. [Cf. F. pan skirt, lappet, L. pannus a cloth, rag, W. panu to fur, to full.] To join or fit together; to unite. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Pan , n. [Hind. pan, Skr. parna leaf.] The betel leaf; also the masticatory made of the betel leaf, etc. See etel.

Pan , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. Myth.) The god of shepherds, guardian of bees, and patron of fishing and hunting. He is usually represented as having the head and trunk of a man, with the legs, horns, and tail of a goat, and as playing on the shepherd’s pipe, which he is said to have invented.

Pan, n. [OE. panne, AS. panne; cf. D. pan, G. pfanne, OHG. pfanna, Icel., Sw., LL., & Ir. panna, of uncertain origin; cf. L. patina, E. paten.] 1. A shallow, open dish or vessel, usually of metal, employed for many domestic uses, as for setting milk for cream, for frying or baking food, etc.; also employed for various uses in manufacturing. ´A bowl or a pan.´ Chaucer. 2. (Manuf.) A closed vessel for boiling or evaporating. See Vacuum pan, under Vacuum. 3. The part of a flintlock which holds the priming. 4. The skull, considered as a vessel containing the brain; the upper part of the head; the brainpan; the cranium. Chaucer. 5. (Crp.) A recess, or bed, for the leaf of a hinge. 6. The hard stratum of earth that lies below the soil. See Hard pan, under Hard. 7. A natural basin, containing salt or fresh water, or mud. Flash in the pan. See under Flash. — To savor of the pan, to suggest the process of cooking or burning; in a theological sense, to be heretical. Ridley. Southey.

Pan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Panned p. pr. & vb. n. Panning.] (Mining) To separate, as gold, from dirt or sand, by washing in a kind of pan. [U. S.] “We … witnessed the process of cleaning up and panning out, which is the last process of separating the pure gold from the fine dirt and black sand.” Gen. W. T. Sherman.

Pan, v. i. 1. (Mining) To yield gold in, or as in, the process of panning; — usually with out; as the gravel panned out richly. 2. To turn out (profitably or unprofitably); to result; to develop; as the investigation, or the speculation, panned out poorly. [Slang, U. S.]

Pan´a•base , n. [Pan- + base. So called in allusion to the number of metals contained in it.] (Min.) Same as Tetrahedrite.

Pan•a•ce´a , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. all-healing; , , all + to heal.] 1. A remedy for all diseases; a universal medicine; a cure-all; catholicon; hence, a relief or solace for affliction. 2. (Bot.) The herb allheal.

Pan•a•ce´an , a. Having the properties of a panacea. [R.] ´Panacean dews.´ Whitehead.

Pa•nache´ , n. [F., fr. L. penna a feather. See Pen a feather.] A plume or bunch of feathers, esp. such a bunch worn on the helmet; any military plume, or ornamental group of feathers. “A panache of variegated plumes.” Prescott. { Pa•na´da , Pa•nade´ } n. [Sp. panada, fr. L. panis bread: cf. F. panade. See Pantry.] Bread boiled in water to the consistence of pulp, and sweetened or flavored. [Written also panado.]

Pa•nade´ , n. A dagger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pan•a•ma´ hat A fine plaited hat, made in Central America of the young leaves of a plant (Carludovica palmata).

Pan•-A•mer´i•can , a. [See Pan- .] Of or pertaining to both North and South America.

Pan•-An´gli•can , a. [Pan- + Anglican.] (Eccl.) Belonging to, or representing, the whole Church of England; used less strictly, to include the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States; as the Pan- Anglican Conference at Lambeth, in 1888.

Pan´a•ry , a. [L. panis bread.] Of or pertaining to bread or to breadmaking.

Pan´a•ry, n. A storehouse for bread. Halliwell.

Pan´cake , n. A thin cake of batter fried in a pan or on a griddle; a griddlecake; a flapjack. ´A pancake for Shrove Tuesday.´ Shak.

Pan´carte , n. [F., fr. LL. pancharta. See Pan-, and Carte.] A royal charter confirming to a subject all his possessions. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Pance , n. (Bot.) The pansy. [Also paunce.]

Panch , n. (Naut.) See Paunch.

Panch´way , n. [Hind. panoi.] (Naut.) A Bengalese four-oared boat for passengers. [Written also panshway and paunchwas.] Malcom.

Pan•cra´tian , a. Pancratic; athletic.

Pan•cra´ti•ast , n. One who engaged in the contests of the pancratium.

Pan•cra•ti•as´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the pancratium. G. West.

Pan•crat´ic , a. [Gr. all- powerful.] (Opt.) Having all or many degrees of power; having a great range of power; — said of an eyepiece made adjustable so as to give a varying magnifying power. { Pan•crat´ic , Pan•crat´ic•al } a. [See Pancratium.] Of or pertaining to the pancratium; athletic. Sir T. Browne

Pan´cra•tist , n. An athlete; a gymnast.

Pan•cra´ti•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. a complete contest, fr. all-powerful; , , all + strength.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) An athletic contest involving both boxing and wrestling. 2. (Bot.) A genus of Old World amaryllideous bulbous plants, having a funnel-shaped perianth with six narrow spreading lobes. The American species are now placed in the related genus Hymenocallis.

Pan´cre•as , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; , , all + flesh, meat: cf. F. pancreas.] (Anat.) The sweetbread, a gland connected with the intestine of nearly all vertebrates. It is usually elongated and light-colored, and its secretion, called the pancreatic juice, is discharged, often together with the bile, into the upper part of the intestines, and is a powerful aid in digestion. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus.

Pan•cre•at´ic , a. [Cf. F. pancreatique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pancreas; as the pancreatic secretion, digestion, ferments. Pancreatic juice (Physiol.), a colorless alkaline fluid secreted intermittently by the pancreatic gland. It is one of the most important of the digestive fluids, containing at least three distinct ferments, trypsin, steapsin and an amylolytic ferment, by which it acts upon all three classes of food stuffs. See Pancreas.

Pan´cre•a•tin , n. [See Pancreas.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of the digestive ferments of the pancreatic juice; also a preparation containing such a ferment, made from the pancreas of animals, and used in medicine as an aid to digestion. By some the term pancreatin is restricted to the amylolytic ferment of the pancreatic juice, by others it is applied to trypsin, and by still others to steapsin.

Pan´cy , n. See Pansy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Pan´da , n. (Zoöl.) A small Asiatic mammal (Ailurus fulgens) having fine soft fur. It is related to the bears, and inhabits the mountains of Northern India.

Pan•da´nus , n. [NL., fr. Malay pandan.] (Bot.) A genus of endogenous plants. See Screw pine.

Pan´dar , n. Same as Pander. ´Seized by the pandar of Appius.´ Macaulay.

Pan´dar•ism , n. Same as Panderism. Swift.

Pan´dar•ize , v. i. To pander. [Obs.]

Pan´dar•ous , a. Panderous. [Obs.]

Pan•de´an, a. [From 4th Pan.] Of or relating to the god Pan. Pandean pipes, a primitive wind instrument, consisting of a series of short hollow reeds or pipes, graduated in length by the musical scale, and fastened together side by side; a syrinx; a mouth organ; — said to have been invented by Pan. Called also Pan’s pipes and Panpipes.

Pan´dect , n. [L. pandecta, pandectes, Gr. all-receiving, all-containing; , , all + to receive: cf. F. pandectes, pl.] 1. A treatise which comprehends the whole of any science. “[Thou] a pandect mak’st, and universal book.” Donne. 2. pl. The digest, or abridgment, in fifty books, of the decisions, writings, and opinions of the old Roman jurists, made in the sixth century by direction of the emperor Justinian, and forming the leading compilation of the Roman civil law. Kent.

Pan•dem´ic , a. [L. pandemus, Gr. , ; , , all + the people: cf. F. pandemique.] Affecting a whole people or a number of countries; everywhere epidemic. — n. A pandemic disease. Harvey.

Pan•de•mo´ni•um , n. [NL., from Gr. , , all + a demon.] 1. The great hall or council chamber of demons or evil spirits. Milton. 2. An utterly lawless, riotous place or assemblage.

Pan´der , n. [From Pandarus, a leader in the Trojan army, who is represented by Chaucer and Shakespeare as having procured for Troilus the possession of Cressida.] 1. A male bawd; a pimp; a procurer. “Thou art the pander to her dishonor.” Shak. 2. Hence, one who ministers to the evil designs and passions of another. “Those wicked panders to avarice and ambition.” Burke.

Pan´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pandered p. pr. & vb. n. Pandering.] To play the pander for.

Pan´der, v. i. To act the part of a pander.

Pan´der•age , n. The act of pandering.

Pan´der•ism , n. The employment, arts, or practices of a pander. Bp. Hall.

Pan´der•ly, a. Having the quality of a pander. ´O, you panderly rascals.´ Shak.

Pan•der´mite , n. [From Panderma, a port on the Black Sea from which it is exported.] (Min.) A hydrous borate of lime, near priceite.

Pan´der•ous , a. Of or relating to a pander; characterizing a pander.

Pan•dic´u•la•ted , a. [See Pandiculation.] Extended; spread out; stretched.

Pan•dic•u•la´tion , n. [L. pandiculari to stretch one’s self, fr. pandere to spread out.] A stretching and stiffening of the trunk and extremities, as when fatigued and drowsy.

Pan´dit , n. See Pundit.

Pan´door , n. Same as Pandour.

Pan•do´ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. Pandw•ra; pa^s, pa^n, all + dw^ron a gift.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A beautiful woman (all-gifted), whom Jupiter caused Vulcan to make out of clay in order to punish the human race, because Prometheus had stolen the fire from heaven. Jupiter gave Pandora a box containing all human ills, which, when the box was opened, escaped and spread over the earth. Hope alone remained in the box. Another version makes the box contain all the blessings of the gods, which were lost to men when Pandora opened it. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalves, in which one valve is flat, the other convex.

Pan´dore , n. [F. See Bandore.] An ancient musical instrument, of the lute kind; a bandore. [Written also pandoran.]

Pan´dour , n. One of a class of Hungarian mountaineers serving in the Austrian army; — so called from Pandur, a principal town in the region from which they originally came. [Written also pandoor.] “Her whiskered pandours and her fierce hussars.” Campbell.

Pan•dow´dy , n. A deep pie or pudding made of baked apples, or of sliced bread and apples baked together, with no bottom crust. { Pan´du•rate , Pan•du´ri•form } a. [L. pandura a pandore + -form: cf. F. panduriforme.] Obovate, with a concavity in each side, like the body of a violin; fiddle-shaped; as a panduriform leaf; panduriform color markings of an animal.

Pane , n. [F. panne.] The narrow edge of a hammer head. See Peen.

Pane, n. [OE. pan part, portion of a thing, F. pan a skirt, lappet, part or piece of a wall, side, fr. L. pannus a cloth, fillet, rag; akin to E. vane. See Vane, and cf. Panel, Pawn pledge.] 1. A division; a distinct piece, limited part, or compartment of any surface; a patch; hence, a square of a checkered or plaided pattern. 2. One of the openings in a slashed garment, showing the bright colored silk, or the like, within; hence, the piece of colored or other stuff so shown. 3. (Arch.) (a) A compartment of a surface, or a flat space; hence, one side or face of a building; as an octagonal tower is said to have eight panes. (b) Especially, in modern use, the glass in one compartment of a window sash. 4. In irrigating, a subdivision of an irrigated surface between a feeder and an outlet drain. 5. (a) One of the flat surfaces, or facets, of any object having several sides. (b) One of the eight facets surrounding the table of a brilliant cut diamond.

Paned , a. 1. Having panes; provided with panes; also having openings; as a paned window; paned window sash. ´Paned hose.´ Massinger. 2. (Mach.) Having flat sides or surfaces; as a sixpaned nut.

Pan•e•gyr´ic , n. [L. panegyricus, Gr. panhgyrico•s: cf. F. panegyrique. See Panegyric, a.] An oration or eulogy in praise of some person or achievement; a formal or elaborate encomium; a laudatory discourse; laudation. See Synonym of Eulogy. { Pan•e•gyr´ic , Pan•e•gyr´ic•al } a. [L. panegyricus, Gr. panhgyrico•s, from an assembly of the people, a high festival; pa^, pa^n all + , an assembly.] Containing praise or eulogy; encomiastic; laudatory. ´Panegyric strains.´ Pope. — Pan•e•gyr´ic•al•ly, adv. “Some of his odes are panegyrical.” Dryden.

Pa•neg´y•ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Panegyric.] A festival; a public assembly. [Obs.] S. Harris.

Pan´e•gyr•ist , n. [L. panegyrista, Gr. one who attends a : cf. to celebrate or attend a public festival, to make a set speech, esp. a panegyric, in a public assembly. See Panegyric.] One who delivers a panegyric; a eulogist; one who extols or praises, either by writing or speaking. “If these panegyrists are in earnest.” Burke.

Pan´e•gy•rize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Panegyrized p. pr. & vb. n. Panegyrizing ] [Gr. . See Panegyrist.] To praise highly; to extol in a public speech; to write or deliver a panegyric upon; to eulogize.

Pan´e•gy•rize, v. i. To indulge in panegyrics. Mitford.

Pan´e•gyr•y , n. A panegyric. [Obs.] Milton.

Pan´el , n. [Orig., a little piece; OF. panel, pannel, F. panneau, dim. of pan skirt, lappet, part or piece of a wall, side. See 2d Pane.] 1. (Arch.) A sunken compartment with raised margins, molded or otherwise, as in ceilings, wainscotings, etc. 2. (Law) (a) A piece of parchment or a schedule, containing the names of persons summoned as jurors by the sheriff; hence, more generally, the whole jury. Blackstone. (b) (Scots Law) A prisoner arraigned for trial at the bar of a criminal court. Burrill. 3. Formerly, a piece of cloth serving as a saddle; hence, a soft pad beneath a saddletree to prevent chafing. 4. (Joinery) A board having its edges inserted in the groove of a surrounding frame; as the panel of a door. 5. (Masonry) One of the faces of a hewn stone. Gwilt. 6. (Painting) A slab or plank of wood upon which, instead of canvas a picture is painted. 7. (Mining) (a) A heap of dressed ore. (b) One of the districts divided by pillars of extra size, into which a mine is laid off in one system of extracting coal. 8. (Dressmaking) A plain strip or band, as of velvet or plush, placed at intervals lengthwise on the skirt of a dress, for ornament. 9. A portion of a framed structure between adjacent posts or struts, as in a bridge truss. Panel game, a method of stealing money in a panel house. — Panel house, a house of prostitution in which the rooms have secret entrances to facilitate theft by accomplices of the inmates. — Panel saw, handsaw with fine teeth, — used for cutting out panels, etc. — Panel thief, one who robs in a panel house.

Pan´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paneled or Panelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Paneling or Panelling.] To form in or with panels; as to panel a wainscot. Paneled back (Arch.), the paneled work covering the window back. See Window back.

Pan•el•a´tion , n. The act of impaneling a jury. [Obs.] [Written also panellation.] Wood.

Pane´less , a. Without panes. “To patch his paneless window.” Shenstone.

Pan´el•ing , n. A forming in panels; panelwork. [Written also panelling.]

Pan´el•work , n. (Arch.) Wainscoting.

Pan•eu´lo•gism , n. [See Pan-, Eulogy.] Eulogy of everything; indiscriminate praise. [R.] “Her book has a trace of the cant of paneulogism.” National Rev.

Pan´ful , n.; pl. Panfuls (#). [See 5th Pan.] Enough to fill a pan.

Pang , n. [Prob. for older prange. Cf. Prong.] A paroxysm of extreme pain or anguish; a sudden and transitory agony; a throe; as the pangs of death. Syn. — Agony; anguish; distress. See Agony.

Pang, v. t. To torture; to cause to have great pain or suffering; to torment. [R.] Shak.

Pan•gen´e•sis , n. [Pan- + genesis.] (Biol.) An hypothesis advanced by Darwin in explanation of heredity. The theory rests on the assumption, that the whole organization, in the sense of every separate atom or unit, reproduces itself, the cells throwing off minute granules called gemmules, which circulate freely throughout the system and multiply by subdivision. These gemmules collect in the reproductive organs and products, or in buds, so that the egg or bud contains gemmules from all parts of the parent or parents, which in development give rise to cells in the offspring similar to those from which they were given off in the parent. The hypothesis also assumes that these gemmules need not in all cases develop into cells, but may lie dormant, and be transmitted from generation to generation without producing a noticeable effect until a case of atavism occurs.

Pan•ge•net´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to pangenesis.

Pang´ful , a. Full of pangs. Richardson.

Pang´less, a. Without a pang; painless. Byron.

Pan´go•lin , n. [Malay panglang.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Manis, Pholidotus, and related genera, found in Africa and Asia. They are covered with imbricated scales, and feed upon ants. Called also scaly ant-eater.

Pan•goth´ic , a. [Pan- + Gothic.] Of, pertaining to, or including, all the Gothic races. ´Ancestral Pangothic stock.´ Earle.

Pan•hel•len´ic , a. [See Panhellenium.] Of or pertaining to all Greece, or to Panhellenism; including all Greece, or all the Greeks.

Pan•hel´len•ism , n. A scheme to unite all the Greeks in one political body.

Pan•hel´len•ist, n. An advocate of Panhellenism.

Pan•hel•le´ni•um , n. [NL., from Gr. ; , , all + the Greeks.] (Gr. Antiq.) An assembly or association of Greeks from all the states of Greece.

Pan´ic , n. [L. panicum.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Panicum; panic grass; also the edible grain of some species of panic grass. Panic grass (Bot.), any grass of the genus Panicum.

Pan´ic, a. [Gr. of or pertaining to Pan, to whom the causing of sudden fright was ascribed: cf. F. panique.] Extreme or sudden and causeless; unreasonable; - - said of fear or fright; as panic fear, terror, alarm. ´A panic fright.´ Dryden.

Pan´ic, n. [Gr. (with or without fear): cf. F. panigue. See Panic, a.] 1. A sudden, overpowering fright; esp., a sudden and groundless fright; terror inspired by a trifling cause or a misapprehension of danger; as the troops were seized with a panic; they fled in a panic. 2. By extension: A sudden widespread fright or apprehension concerning financial affairs.

Pan´ic•al , a. See Panic, a. [Obs.] Camden.

Pan´i•cle , n. [L. panicula a tuft on plants, dim. of panus the thread wound upon the bobbin in a shuttle; cf. Gr. , ; prob. akin to E. pane: cf. F. panicule. See 2d Pane.] (Bot.) A pyramidal form of inflorescence, in which the cluster is loosely branched below and gradually simpler toward the end.

Pan´i•cled , a. (Bot.) Furnished with panicles; arranged in, or like, panicles; paniculate. { Pan´ic-strick•en , Pan´ic-struck• }, a. Struck with a panic, or sudden fear. Burke. { Pa•nic´u•late , Pa•nic´u•la•ted } a. [See Panicle.] (Bot) Same as Panicled.

Pan´i•cum , n. [L., panic grass.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including several hundred species, some of which are valuable; panic grass.

Pan•id•i•o•mor´phic , a. [Pan- + idiomorphic.] (Geol.) Having a completely idiomorphic structure; — said of certain rocks.

Pan´ier , n. See Pannier, 3. [Obs.]

Pan•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. panis bread + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. panification.] The act or process of making bread. Ure.

Pa´nim , n. See Painim. [Obs.] Milton.

Pan•is´lam•ism , n. [Pan- + Islamism.] A desire or plan for the union of all Mohammedan nations for the conquest of the world.

Pa•niv´o•rous , a. [L. panis bread + vorare to devour.] Eating bread; subsisting on bread.

Pan•nade´ , n. The curvet of a horse.

Pan´nage , n. [OF. pasnage, LL. pasnadium, pastinaticum, fr. pastionare to feed on mast, as swine, fr. L. pastio a pasturing, grazing. See Pastor.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) The food of swine in the woods, as beechnuts, acorns, etc.; — called also pawns. (b) A tax paid for the privilege of feeding swine in the woods.

Pan´na•ry , a. See Panary. Loudon.

Pan´nel , n. [See Panel.] 1. A kind of rustic saddle. Tusser. 2. (Falconry) The stomach of a hawk. Ainsworth. 3. (Mil.) A carriage for conveying a mortar and its bed, on a march. Farrow.

Pan´nier , n. [F. panier, fr. L. panarium a bread basket, fr. panis bread. Cf. Pantry.] 1. A bread basket; also a wicker basket (used commonly in pairs) for carrying fruit or other things on a horse or an ass Hudibras. 2. (Mil. Antiq.) A shield of basket work formerly used by archers as a shelter from the enemy’s missiles. 3. A table waiter at the Inns of Court, London. 4. A framework of steel or whalebone, worn by women to expand their dresses; a kind of bustle.

Pan´niered , a. Bearing panniers. Wordsworth.

Pan´ni•kel , n. [See Pan a dish.] The brainpan, or skull; hence, the crest. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pan´ni•kin , n. [Dim. of pan a dish.] A small pan or cup. Marryat. Thackeray.

Pan´nose , a. [See Pannus.] (Bot.) Similar in texture or appearance to felt or woolen cloth.

Pan´nus , n. [L., cloth. See 2d Pane.] (Med.) A very vascular superficial opacity of the cornea, usually caused by granulation of the eyelids. Foster.

Pan•o•is´tic , a. [Pan- + Gr. an egg.] (Zoöl.) Producing ova only; — said of the ovaries of certain insects which do not produce vitelligenous cells.

Pan•om•phe´an , a. [L. panomphaeus, Gr. .] Uttering ominous or prophetic voices; divining. [R.] “We want no half gods, panomphean Joves.” Mrs. Browning.

Pan´o•plied , a. Dressed in panoply.

Pan´o•ply , n. [Gr. ; , , all + tool, implement, in pl., armor, arms.] Defensive armor in general; a full suit of defensive armor. Milton. “We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God.” Ray.

Pa•nop´ti•con , n. [NL. See Pan- , and Optic.] 1. A prison so contructed that the inspector can see each of the prisoners at all times, without being seen. 2. A room for the exhibition of novelties.

Pan•o•ra´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , all + that which is seen, a view, fr. to see. See Pan- , and Wary.] 1. A complete view in every direction. 2. A picture presenting a view of objects in every direction, as from a central point. 3. A picture representing scenes too extended to be beheld at once, and so exhibited a part at a time, by being unrolled, and made to pass continuously before the spectator. { Pan•o•ram´ic , Pan•o•ram´ic•al } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a panorama. Panoramic camera. See under Camera.

Pa•nor´pi•an , a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Panorpa. — n. Same as Panorpid.

Pa•nor´pid , n. (Zoöl.) Any neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa, and allied genera. The larvae feed on plant lice.

Pan•phar´ma•con , n. [NL. See Pan- , and Pharmacon.] A medicine for all diseases; a panacea. [R.]

Pan•pres•by•te´ri•an , a. [Pan- + Presbyterian.] Belonging to, or representative of, those who hold Presbyterian views in all parts of the world; as a Panpresbyterian council. { Pan•sclav´ic , Pan•sclav´ism , Pan•sclav´ist , Pan•scla•vo´ni•an }. See Panslavic, Panslavism, etc.

Pan´shon , n. An earthen vessel wider at the top than at the bottom, — used for holding milk and for various other purposes. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pan´sied , a. [From Pansy.] Covered or adorned with pansies. ´The pansied grounds.´ Darwin.

Pan•slav´ic , a. [Pan- + Slavic.] Pertaining to all the Slavic races.

Pan•slav´ism , n. A scheme or desire to unite all the Slavic races into one confederacy.

Pan•slav´ist , n. One who favors Panslavism.

Pan•sla•vo´ni•an , a. See Panslavic.

Pan•soph´ic•al , a. [See Pansophy.] All-wise; claiming universal knowledge; as pansophical pretenders. [R.] John Worthington.

Pan´so•phy , n. [Pan- + Gr. wisdom, wise: cf. F. pansophie.] Universal wisdom; esp., a system of universal knowledge proposed by Comenius (1592 — 1671), a Moravian educator. [R.] Hartlib. { Pan•sper´ma•tist , Pan´sper•mist } n. (Biol.) A believer in panspermy; one who rejects the theory of spontaneous generation; a biogenist.

Pan•sper´mic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to panspermy; as the panspermic hypothesis.

Pan´sper•my , n. [Pan- + Gr. a seed.] (Biol.) (a) The doctrine of the widespread distribution of germs, from which under favorable circumstances bacteria, vibrios, etc., may develop. (b) The doctrine that all organisms must come from living parents; biogenesis; — the opposite of spontaneous generation.

Pan•ste•re•o•ra´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , all + solid + a view.] A model of a town or country, in relief, executed in wood, cork, pasteboard, or the like. Brande & C.

Pan´sy , n.; pl. Pansies (#). [F. Pensee thought, pansy, fr. penser to think, L. pensare to weigh, ponder. See Pensive.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Viola (V. tricolor) and its blossom, originally purple and yellow. Cultivated varieties have very large flowers of a great diversity of colors. Called also heart’s-ease, love-in-idleness, and many other quaint names.

Pant , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Panted; p. pr. & vb. n. Panting.] [Cf. F. panteler to gasp for breath, OF. panteisier to be breathless, F. pantois out of breath; perh. akin to E. phantom, the verb prob. orig. meaning, to have the nightmare.] 1. To breathe quickly or in a labored manner, as after exertion or from eagerness or excitement; to respire with heaving of the breast; to gasp. “Pluto plants for breath from out his cell.” Dryden. 2. Hence: To long eagerly; to desire earnestly. “As the hart panteth after the water brooks.” Ps. xlii. 1. “Who pants for glory finds but short repose.” Pope. 3. To beat with unnatural violence or rapidity; to palpitate, or throb; — said of the heart. Spenser. 4. To sigh; to flutter; to languish. [Poetic] “The whispering breeze
Pants on the leaves, and dies upon the trees.” Pope.

Pant, v. t. 1. To breathe forth quickly or in a labored manner; to gasp out. “There is a cavern where my spirit
Was panted forth in anguish.” Shelley. 2. To long for; to be eager after. [R.] “Then shall our hearts pant thee.” Herbert.

Pant, n. 1. A quick breathing; a catching of the breath; a gasp. Drayton. 2. A violent palpitation of the heart. Shak.

Pan´ta- See Pan-.

Pan´ta•ble , n. See Pantofle. [Obs.]

Pan´ta•cosm , n. [Panta- + Gr. ko•smos universe.] See Cosmolabe.

Pan´ta•graph , n. See Pantograph.

Pan•tag´ru•el•ism , n. [From Pantagruel, one of the characters of Rabelais.] 1. The theory or practice of the medical profession; — used in burlesque or ridicule. 2. An assumption of buffoonery to cover some serious purpose. [R.] Donaldson.

Pan•ta•let´ , n. [Dim. of pantaloon.] One of the legs of the loose drawers worn by children and women; particularly, the lower part of such a garment, coming below the knee, often made in a separate piece; — chiefly in the plural.

Pan•ta•loon´ , n. [F. pantalon, fr. It. pantalone, a masked character in the Italian comedy, who wore breeches and stockings that were all of one piece, from Pantaleone, the patron saint of Venice, which, as a baptismal name, is very frequent among the Venetians, and is applied to them by the other Italians as a nickname, fr. Gr. , lit., all lion, a Greek personal name.] 1. A ridiculous character, or an old dotard, in the Italian comedy; also a buffoon in pantomimes. Addison. “The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon.” Shak. 2. pl. A bifurcated garment for a man, covering the body from the waist downwards, and consisting of breeches and stockings in one. 3. pl. In recent times, same as Trousers.

Pan•ta•loon´er•y , n. 1. The character or performances of a pantaloon; buffoonery. [R.] Lamb. 2. Materials for pantaloons.

Pan´ta•morph , n. That which assumes, or exists in, all forms.

Pan•ta•mor´phic , a. [Panta- + Gr. form.] Taking all forms.

Pan´ta•scope , n. [Panta- + -scope.] (Photog.) A pantascopic camera.

Pan•ta•scop´ic , a. Viewing all; taking a view of the whole. See under Camera.

Pan•ta•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , all + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Flagellata, including the monads and allied forms.

Pan•tech´ni•con , n. [NL. See Pan- , and Technic.] A depository or place where all sorts of manufactured articles are collected for sale.

Pan•tel´e•graph , n. [Pan- + telegraph.] See under Telegraph.

Pant´er , n. One who pants. Congreve.

Pan´ter , n.[F. panetier. See Pantry.] A keeper of the pantry; a pantler. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Pan´ter, n. [See Painter a rope.] A net; a noose. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pan•teu•ton´ic , a. [Pan- + Teutonic.] Of or pertaining to all the Teutonic races.

Pan´the•ism , n. [Pan- + theism.] The doctrine that the universe, taken or conceived of as a whole, is God; the doctrine that there is no God but the combined force and laws which are manifested in the existing universe; cosmotheism.

Pan´the•ist, n. One who holds to pantheism. { Pan•the•is´tic , Pan•the•is´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to pantheism; founded in, or leading to, pantheism. — Pan•the•is´tic•al•ly, adv.

Pan•the•ol´o•gist , n. One versed in pantheology.

Pan•the•ol´o•gy , n. [Pan- + theology.] A system of theology embracing all religions; a complete system of theology.

Pan•the´on , n. [L. pantheon, pantheum, Gr. (sc. ), fr. of all gods; , , all + a god: cf. F. pantheon. See Pan-, and Theism.] 1. A temple dedicated to all the gods; especially, the building so called at Rome. 2. The collective gods of a people, or a work treating of them; as a divinity of the Greek pantheon.

Pan´ther , n. [OE. pantere, F. panthère, L. panthera, Gr. , prob. fr. Skr. pundrika a tiger.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large dark-colored variety of the leopard, by some zoölogists considered a distinct species. It is marked with large ringlike spots, the centers of which are darker than the color of the body. 2. (Zoöl.) In America, the name is applied to the puma, or cougar, and sometimes to the jaguar. Panther cat (Zoöl.), the ocelot. — Panther cowry (Zoöl.), a spotted East Indian cowry (Cypraea pantherina); — so called from its color.

Pan´ther•ess, n. (Zoöl.) A female panther.

Pan´ther•ine , a. Like a panther, esp. in color; as the pantherine snake (Ptyas mucosus) of Brazil.

Pan´tile , n. [5th pan + tile.] (Arch.) A roofing tile, of peculiar form, having a transverse section resembling an elongated S laid on its side .

Pant´ing•ly , adv. With palpitation or rapid breathing. Shak.

Pan•ti•soc´ra•cy , n. [Panto- + Gr. equal + to rule.] A Utopian community, in which all should rule equally, such as was devised by Coleridge, Lovell, and Southey, in their younger days.

Pan•tis´o•crat , n. A pantisocratist.

Pan•ti•so•crat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a pantisocracy.

Pan•ti•soc´ra•tist , n. One who favors or supports the theory of a pantisocracy. Macaulay.

Pan´tler , n. [F. panetier. See Panter, Pantry.] The servant or officer, in a great family, who has charge of the bread and the pantry. [Obs.] Shak.

Pan´to- See Pan-.

Pan•to•chro•nom´e•ter , n. [Panto- + chronometer.] An instrument combining a compass, sundial, and universal time dial. Brande & C.

Pan•to´fle , n. [F. pantoufle.] A slipper for the foot. [Written also pantable and pantoble.]

Pan´to•graph , n. [Panto- + -graph: cf. F. pantographe.] An instrument for copying plans, maps, and other drawings, on the same, or on a reduced or an enlarged, scale. [Written also pantagraph, and incorrectly pentagraph.] Skew pantograph, a kind of pantograph for drawing a copy which is inclined with respect to the original figure; — also called plagiograph. { Pan•to•graph´ic , Pan•to•graph´ic•al }, a. [Cf. F. pantographique.] Of or pertaining to a pantograph; relating to pantography.

Pan•tog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. pantographie.] A general description; entire view of an object.

Pan•to•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to pantology.

Pan•tol´o•gist , n. One versed in pantology; a writer of pantology.

Pan•tol´o•gy , n. [Panto- + -logy.] A systematic view of all branches of human knowledge; a work of universal information.

Pan•tom´e•ter , n. [Panto- + -meter: cf. F. pantomètre.] An instrument for measuring angles for determining elevations, distances, etc.

Pan•tom´e•try , n. Universal measurement. [R.] — Pan•to•met´ric (#), a. [R.]

Pan´to•mime , n. [F., fr. L. pantomimus, Gr. , lit., all-imitating; , , all + to imitate: cf. It. pantomimo. See Mimic.] 1. A universal mimic; an actor who assumes many parts; also any actor. [Obs.] 2. One who acts his part by gesticulation or dumb show only, without speaking; a pantomimist. “[He] saw a pantomime perform so well that he could follow the performance from the action alone.” Tylor. 3. A dramatic representation by actors who use only dumb show; hence, dumb show, generally. 4. A dramatic and spectacular entertainment of which dumb acting as well as burlesque dialogue, music, and dancing by Clown, Harlequin, etc., are features.

Pan´to•mime, a. Representing only in mute actions; pantomimic; as a pantomime dance. { Pan•to•mim´ic , Pan•to•mim´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. pantomimique.] Of or pertaining to the pantomime; representing by dumb show. ´Pantomimic gesture.´ Bp. Warburton. — Pan•to•mim´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pan´to•mi•mist , n. An actor in pantomime; also a composer of pantomimes.

Pan´ton , n. [F. patin. See Patten.] (Far.) A horseshoe to correct a narrow, hoofbound heel.

Pan•toph´a•gist , n. [See Pantophagous.] A person or an animal that has the habit of eating all kinds of food.

Pan•toph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ; , , all + to eat.] Eating all kinds of food.

Pan•toph´a•gy , n. [Gr. .] The habit or power of eating all kinds of food.

Pan•top´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Panto-, & -poda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pycnogonida.

Pan•to•scop´ic , a. [Panto- + -scope + -ic.] Literally, seeing everything; — a term applied to eyeglasses or spectacles divided into two segments, the upper being designed for distant vision, the lower for vision of near objects.

Pan´try , n.; pl. Pantries (#). [OE. pantrie, F. paneterie, fr. panetier pantler, LL. panetarius baker, panetus small loaf of bread, L. panis bread. Cf. Company, Pannier, Pantler.] An apartment or closet in which bread and other provisions are kept.

Pan•ur´gic , a. [Cf. Gr. knavish.] Skilled in all kinds of work. ´The panurgic Diderot.´ J. Morley.

Pan´ur•gy , n. [Gr. , fr. , properly, ready to do anything; hence, knavish, roguish; , , all + work.] Skill in all kinds of work or business; craft. [R.] Bailey.

Pan´yard , n. See Pannier. [Obs.] Pepys.

Pa´nym , n. & a. See Panim. [Obs.]

Pan•zo´ism , n. [Pan- + Gr. an animal.] (Biol.) A term used to denote all of the elements or factors which constitute vitality or vital energy. H. Spencer.

Pa´o•lo , n. [It. Cf. Paul.] An old Italian silver coin, worth about ten cents.

Pap , n. [Cf. OSw. papp. Cf. Pap soft food.] 1. (Anat.) A nipple; a mammilla; a teat. Dryden. “The paps which thou hast sucked.” Luke xi. 27. 2. A rounded, nipplelike hill or peak; anything resembling a nipple in shape; a mamelon. Macaulay.

Pap, n. [Cf. D. pap, G. pappe, both perh. fr. L. papa, pappa, the word with which infants call for food: cf. It. pappa.] 1. A soft food for infants, made of bread boiled or softtened in milk or water. 2. Nourishment or support from official patronage; as treasury pap. [Colloq. & Contemptuous] 3. The pulp of fruit. Ainsworth.

Pap, v. t. To feed with pap. Beau. & Fl.

Pa•pa´ , n. [F. papa, L. papa; cf. Gr. , , a child’s word meaning father. Cf. Pope.] 1. A child’s word for father. 2. A parish priest in the Greek Church. Shipley.

Pa•pa•bo´te , n. [Probably of Creole origin.] (Zoöl.) The upland plover. [Local, U. S.]

Pa´pa•cy , n. [LL. papatia, fr. L. papa a father, bishop. See Pope.] 1. The office and dignity of the pope, or pontiff, of Rome; papal jurisdiction. 2. The popes, collectively; the succession of popes. 3. The Roman Catholic religion; — commonly used by the opponents of the Roman Catholics in disparagement or in an opprobrious sense.

Pap´a•gay , n. (Zoöl.) See Popinjay, 1 (b).

Pa•pa´in , n. [From Papaw.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteolytic ferment, like trypsin, present in the juice of the green fruit of the papaw (Carica Papaya) of tropical America.

Pa´pal , a. [F., fr. L. papa bishop. See Papacy.] 1. Of or pertaining to the pope of Rome; proceeding from the pope; ordered or pronounced by the pope; as papal jurisdiction; a papal edict; the papal benediction. Milman. 2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church. ´Papal Christians.´ Bp. Burnet. Papal cross. See Illust. 3 of Cross. — Papal crown, the tiara.

Pa´pal•ist , n. A papist. [Obs.] Baxter.

Pa•pal´i•ty , n. [LL. papalitas: cf. F. papaute.] The papacy. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. Milton.

Pa´pal•ize , v. t. To make papal. [R.]

Pa´pal•ize, v. i. To conform to popery. Cowper.

Pa´pal•ly, adv. In a papal manner; popishly

Pa´pal•ty , n. The papacy. [Obs.] Milton.

Pa•pa•pho´bi•a , n. [NL., fr. L. papa bishop + Gr. to fear.] Intense fear or dread of the pope, or of the Roman Catholic Church. [R.]

Pa´par•chy , n. [L. papa bishop + -archy.] Government by a pope; papal rule.

Pa•pa´ver , n. [L., poppy.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including the poppy.

Pa•pav•er•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Papaveraceae) of which the poppy, the celandine, and the bloodroot are well-known examples.

Pa•pav´er•ine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in opium. It has a weaker therapeutic action than morphine.

Pa•pav´er•ous , a. Of or pertaining to the poppy; of the nature of the poppy. Sir T. Browne.

Pa•paw´ , n. [Prob. from the native name in the West Indies; cf. Sp. papayo papaw, papaya the fruit of the papaw.] [Written also pawpaw.] 1. (Bot.) A tree (Carica Papaya) of tropical America, belonging to the order Passifloreae. It has a soft, spongy stem, eighteen or twenty feet high, crowned with a tuft of large, long-stalked, palmately lobed leaves. The milky juice of the plant is said to have the property of making meat tender. also its dull orange-colored, melon-shaped fruit, which is eaten both raw and cooked or pickled. 2. (Bot.) A tree of the genus Asimina (A. triloba), growing in the western and southern parts of the United States, and producing a sweet edible fruit; also the fruit itself. Gray.

Pap´boat , n. 1. A kind of sauce boat or dish. 2. (Zoöl.) A large spiral East Indian marine shell (Turbinella rapha); — so called because used by native priests to hold the oil for anointing.

Pape , n. [Cf. F. pape, fr. L. papa. See Pope.] A spiritual father; specifically, the pope. [Obs.]

Pa´pe•jay , n. A popinjay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pa´per , n. [F. papier, fr. L. papyrus papyrus, from which the Egyptians made a kind of paper, Gr. . Cf. Papyrus.] 1. A substance in the form of thin sheets or leaves intended to be written or printed on, or to be used in wrapping. It is made of rags, straw, bark, wood, or other fibrous material, which is first reduced to pulp, then molded, pressed, and dried. 2. A sheet, leaf, or piece of such substance. 3. A printed or written instrument; a document, essay, or the like; a writing; as a paper read before a scientific society. “They brought a paper to me to be signed.” Dryden. 4. A printed sheet appearing periodically; a newspaper; a journal; as a daily paper. 5. Negotiable evidences of indebtedness; notes; bills of exchange, and the like; as the bank holds a large amount of his paper. 6. Decorated hangings or coverings for walls, made of paper. See Paper hangings, below. 7. A paper containing (usually) a definite quantity; as a paper of pins, tacks, opium, etc. 8. A medicinal preparation spread upon paper, intended for external application; as cantharides paper. Paper is manufactured in sheets, the trade names of which, together with the regular sizes in inches, are shown in the following table. But paper makers vary the size somewhat. In the manufacture of books, etc., a sheet, of whatever size originally, is termed, when folded once, a folio; folded twice, a quarto, or 4to; three times, an octavo, or 8vo; four times, a sextodecimo, or 16mo; five times, a 32mo; three times, with an offcut folded twice and set in, a duodecimo, or 12mo; four times, with an offcut folded three times and set in, a 24mo. Paper is often used adjectively or in combination, having commonly an obvious signification; as paper cutter or paper-cutter; paper knife, paper-knife, or paperknife; paper maker, paper-maker, or papermaker; paper mill or paper-mill; paper weight, paper-weight, or paperweight, etc. Business paper, checks, notes, drafts, etc., given in payment of actual indebtedness; — opposed to accommodation paper. — Fly paper, paper covered with a sticky preparation, — used for catching flies. — Laid paper. See under Laid. — Paper birch (Bot.), the canoe birch tree (Betula papyracea). — Paper blockade, an ineffective blockade, as by a weak naval force. — Paper boat (Naut.), a boat made of water-proof paper. — Paper car wheel (Railroad), a car wheel having a steel tire, and a center formed of compressed paper held between two plate- iron disks. Forney. — Paper credit, credit founded upon evidences of debt, such as promissory notes, duebills, etc. — Paper hanger, one who covers walls with paper hangings. — Paper hangings, paper printed with colored figures, or otherwise made ornamental, prepared to be pasted against the walls of apartments, etc.; wall paper. — Paper house, an audience composed of people who have come in on free passes. [Cant] — Paper money, notes or bills, usually issued by government or by a banking corporation, promising payment of money, and circulated as the representative of coin. — Paper mulberry. (Bot.) See under Mulberry. — Paper muslin, glazed muslin, used for linings, etc. — Paper nautilus. (Zoöl.) See Argonauta. — Paper reed (Bot.), the papyrus. - - Paper sailor. (Zoöl.) See Argonauta. — Paper stainer, one who colors or stamps wall paper. De Colange. — Paper wasp (Zoöl.), any wasp which makes a nest of paperlike material, as the yellow jacket. — Paper weight, any object used as a weight to prevent loose papers from being displaced by wind, or otherwise. — Parchment paper. See Papyrine. — Tissue paper, thin, gauzelike paper, such as is used to protect engravings in books. — Wall paper. Same as Paper hangings, above. — Waste paper, paper thrown aside as worthless or useless, except for uses of little account. — Wove paper, a writing paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or watermarked.

Pa´per , a. Of or pertaining to paper; made of paper; resembling paper; existing only on paper; unsubstantial; as a paper box; a paper army.

Pa´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Papered p. pr. & vb. n. Papering.] 1. To cover with paper; to furnish with paper hangings; as to paper a room or a house. 2. To fold or inclose in paper. 3. To put on paper; to make a memorandum of. [Obs.]

Pa´per•weight , n. See under Paper, n.

Pa´per•y , a. Like paper; having the thinness or consistence of paper. Gray.

Pa•pes´cent , a. [From Pap soft food.] Containing or producing pap; like pap. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Pa´pess , n. [F. papesse.] A female pope; i. e., the fictitious pope Joan. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pa•pe•terie´ , n. [F., paper manufacture, fr. papier paper.] A case or box containing paper and materials for writing.

Pa´phi•an , a. [L. Paphius, Gr. , from the city Paphos.] Of or pertaining to Paphos, an ancient city of Cyprus, having a celebrated temple of Venus; hence, pertaining to Venus, or her rites.

Pa´phi•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Paphos.

Pa•pier´-ma•che´ , n. [F. papier mâche, lit., chewed or mashed paper.] A hard and strong substance made of a pulp from paper, mixed with sise or glue, etc. It is formed into various articles, usually by means of molds.

Pa•pil´i•o , n. [L., a butterfly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of butterflies. Formerly it included numerous species which are now placed in other genera. By many writers it is now restricted to the swallow- tailed butterflies, like Papilio polyxenes, or asterias, and related species.

Pa•pil•io•na´ceous , a. 1. Resembling the butterfly. 2. (Bot.) (a) Having a winged corolla somewhat resembling a butterfly, as in the blossoms of the bean and pea. (b) Belonging to that suborder of leguminous plants (Papilionaceae) which includes the bean, pea, vetch, clover, and locust.

Pa•pil•i•o´nes , n. pl. [NL. See Papilio.] (Zoöl.) The division of Lepidoptera which includes the butterflies.

Pa•pil•i•on´i•des , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The typical butterflies.

Pa•pil´la , n.; pl. Papillae (#). [L., a nipple, pimple.] Any minute nipplelike projection; as the papillae of the tongue.

Pap´il•lar , a. [Cf. F. papillaire.] Same as Papillose.

Pap´il•la•ry , a. [Cf. F. papillaire.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a papilla or papillae; bearing, or covered with, papillae; papillose.

Pap´il•late , v. t. & i. To cover with papillae; to take the form of a papilla, or of papillae.

Pap´il•late , a. Same as Papillose.

Pa•pil´li•form , a. [Papilla + -form.] Shaped like a papilla; mammilliform.

Pap•il•lo´ma , n.; pl. Papillomata (#). [NL. See Papilla, and - Oma.] (Med.) A tumor formed by hypertrophy of the papillae of the skin or mucous membrane, as a corn or a wart. Quain.

Pap•il•lo´ma•tous , a. (Med.) Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, papillomata.

Pap´il•lose , a. [Cf. F. papilleux.] Covered with, or bearing, papillae; resembling papillae; papillate; papillar; papillary.

Pap´il•lote , n. [F., fr. papillon a butterfly.] a small piece of paper on which women roll up their hair to make it curl; a curl paper.

Pap´il•lous , a. Papillary; papillose.

Pa•pil´lu•late , a. (Zoöl.) Having a minute papilla in the center of a larger elevation or depression.

Pa´pi•on , n. [Prob. from native name: cf. Sp. papion.] (Zoöl.) A West African baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx), allied to the chacma. Its color is generally chestnut, varying in tint.

Pa´pism , n. [F. papisme. See Pape, Pope.] Popery; — an offensive term. Milton.

Pa´pist , n. [F. papiste. See Pape, Pope.] A Roman catholic; one who adheres to the Church of Rome and the authority of the pope; — an offensive designation applied to Roman Catholics by their opponents. { Pa•pis´tic , Pa•pis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. papistique.] Of or pertaining to the Church of Rome and its doctrines and ceremonies; pertaining to popery; popish; — used disparagingly. ´The old papistic worship.´ T. Warton. — Pa•pis´tic•al•ly, adv.

Pa´pist•ry , n. The doctrine and ceremonies of the Church of Rome; popery. [R.] Whitgift.

Pa´pized , a. [From Pape.] Conformed to popery. [Obs.] ´Papized writers.´ Fuller.

Pa•poose´ , n. A babe or young child of Indian parentage in North America.

Pap´pi•form , a. (Bot.) Resembling the pappus of composite plants.

Pap•poose´ , n. Same as Papoose. Pappoose root. (Bot.) See Cohosh.

Pap•pose´ , a. (Bot.) Furnished with a pappus; downy.

Pap´pous , a. (Bot.) Pappose.

Pap´pus , n. [L., an old man or grandfather; hence, a substance resembling gray hairs, Gr. .] (Bot.) The hairy or feathery appendage of the achenes of thistles, dandelions, and most other plants of the order Compositae; also the scales, awns, or bristles which represent the calyx in other plants of the same order.

Pap´py , a. [From Pap soft food.] Like pap; soft; succulent; tender. Ray.

Pap´u•an , a. Of or pertaining to Papua.

Pap´u•ars , n. pl.; sing. Papuan . (Ethnol.) The native black race of Papua or New Guinea, and the adjacent islands.

Pap´u•la , n.; pl. Papulae (#). [L.] 1. (Med.) A pimple; a small, usually conical, elevation of the cuticle, produced by congestion, accumulated secretion, or hypertrophy of tissue; a papule. Quain. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the numerous small hollow processes of the integument between the plates of starfishes.

Pap´u•lar , a. 1. Covered with papules. 2. (Med.) Consisting of papules; characterized by the presence of papules; as a papular eruption.

Pap´ule , n.; pl. Papules . Same as Papula.

Pap´u•lose , a. (Biol.) Having papulae; papillose; as a papulose leaf.

Pap´u•lous , a. [Cf. F. papleux.] Covered with, or characterized by, papulae; papulose.

Pap•y•ra´ceous , a. [L. papyraceus made of papyrus.] Made of papyrus; of the consistency of paper; papery.

Pa•pyr´e•an , a. Of or pertaining to papyrus, or to paper; papyraceous.

Pap´y•rine , n. [Cf. F. papyrin made of paper. See Paper.] Imitation parchment, made by soaking unsized paper in dilute sulphuric acid.

Pa•pyr´o•graph , n. [Papyrus + -graph.] An apparatus for multiplying writings, drawings, etc., in which a paper stencil, formed by writing or drawing with corrosive ink, is used. The word is also used of other means of multiplying copies of writings, drawings, etc. See Copygraph, Hectograph, Manifold.

Pap•y•rog´ra•phy , n. The process of multiplying copies of writings, etc., by means of the papyrograph. — Pap•y•ro•graph´ic (#), a.

Pa•py´rus , n.; pl. Papyri (#). [L., fr. Gr. . See Paper.] 1. (Bot.) A tall rushlike plant (Cyperus Papyrus) of the Sedge family, formerly growing in Egypt, and now found in Abyssinia, Syria, Sicily, etc. The stem is triangular and about an inch thick. 2. The material upon which the ancient Egyptians wrote. It was formed by cutting the stem of the plant into thin longitudinal slices, which were gummed together and pressed. 3. A manuscript written on papyrus; esp., pl., written scrolls made of papyrus; as the papyri of Egypt or Herculaneum.

Pâque , n. [F. pâque.] See Pasch and Easter.

Par , n. (Zoöl.) See Parr.

Par, prep. [F., fr. L. per. See Per.] By; with; — used frequently in Early English in phrases taken from the French, being sometimes written as a part of the word which it governs; as par amour, or paramour; par cas or parcase; par fay, or parfay.

Par , n. [L. par, adj., equal. See Peer an equal.] 1. Equal value; equality of nominal and actual value; the value expressed on the face or in the words of a certificate of value, as a bond or other commercial paper. 2. Equality of condition or circumstances. At par, at the original price; neither at a discount nor at a premium. — Above par, at a premium. — Below par, at a discount. — On a par, on a level; in the same condition, circumstances, position, rank, etc.; as their pretensions are on a par; his ability is on a par with his ambition. — Par of exchange. See under Exchange. — Par value, nominal value; face value.

Par´a- [Gr. para• beside; prob. akin to E. for- in forgive. Cf. For-.] 1. A prefix signifying alongside of, beside, beyond, against, amiss; as parable, literally, a placing beside; paradox, that which is contrary to opinion; parachronism. 2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting: (a) Likeness, similarity, or connection, or that the substance resembles, but is distinct from, that to the name of which it is prefixed; as paraldehyde, paraconine, etc.; also an isomeric modification. (b) Specifically: (Organ. Chem.) That two groups or radicals substituted in the benzene nucleus are opposite, or in the respective positions 1 and 4; 2 and 5; or 3 and 6, as paraxylene; paroxybenzoic acid. Cf. Ortho-, and Meta-. Also used adjectively.

Pa•ra´ , n. [Turk., fr. Per. parah a piece.] A piece of Turkish money, usually copper, the fortieth part of a piaster, or about one ninth of a cent.

Par•a•ban´ic , a. [Gr. to pass over.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous acid which is obtained by the oxidation of uric acid, as a white crystalline substance (C3N2H2O3); — also called oxalyl urea.

Par´a•blast , n. [Cf. Gr. to grow beside. See Para-, and -blast.] (Biol.) A portion of the mesoblast (of peripheral origin) of the developing embryo, the cells of which are especially concerned in forming the first blood and blood vessels. C. S. Minot.

Par•a•blas´tic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the parablast; as the parablastic cells.

Par´a•ble , a. [L. parabilis, fr. parare to provide.] Procurable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Par´a•ble, n. [F. parabole, L. parabola, fr. Gr. a placing beside or together, a comparing, comparison, a parable, fr. to throw beside, compare; para• beside + to throw; cf. Skr. gal to drop. Cf. Emblem, Gland, Palaver, Parabola, Parley, Parabole, Symbol.] A comparison; a similitude; specifically, a short fictitious narrative of something which might really occur in life or nature, by means of which a moral is drawn; as the parables of Christ. Chaucer. “Declare unto us the parable of the tares.” Matt. xiii. 36. Syn. — See Allegory, and Note under Apologue.

Par´a•ble, v. t. To represent by parable. [R.] “Which by the ancient sages was thus parabled.” Milton.

Pa•rab´o•la , n.; pl. Parabolas (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ; — so called because its axis is parallel to the side of the cone. See Parable, and cf. Parabole.] (Geom.) (a) A kind of curve; one of the conic sections formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides. It is a curve, any point of which is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, called the directrix. See Focus. (b) One of a group of curves defined by the equation y = axn where n is a positive whole number or a positive fraction. For the cubical parabola n = 3; for the semicubical parabola n = &frac32;. See under Cubical, and Semicubical. The parabolas have infinite branches, but no rectilineal asymptotes.

Pa•rab´o•le , n. [L., fr. Gr. . See Parable.] (Rhet.) Similitude; comparison. { Par•a•bol´ic , Par•a•bol´ic•al } a. [Gr. paraboliko•s figurative: cf. F. parabolique. See Parable.] 1. Of the nature of a parable; expressed by a parable or figure; allegorical; as parabolical instruction. 2. [From Parabola.] (Geom.) (a) Having the form or nature of a parabola; pertaining to, or resembling, a parabola; as a parabolic curve. (b) Generated by the revolution of a parabola, or by a line that moves on a parabola as a directing curve; as a parabolic conoid. Parabolic conoid, a paraboloid; a conoid whose directing curve is a parabola. See Conoid. — Parabolic mirror (Opt.), a mirror having a paraboloidal surface which gives for parallel rays (as those from very distant objects) images free from aberration. It is used in reflecting telescopes. — Parabolic spindle, the solid generated by revolving the portion of a parabola cut off by a line drawn at right angles to the axis of the curve, about that line as an axis. — Parabolic spiral, a spiral curve conceived to be formed by the periphery of a semiparabola when its axis is wrapped about a circle; also any other spiral curve having an analogy to the parabola.

Par•a•bol´ic•al•ly (par•a•bol´i•kal•ly), adv. 1. By way of parable; in a parabolic manner. 2. In the form of a parabola.

Par•a•bol´i•form (-i•fôrm), a. [Parabola + -form.] Resembling a parabola in form.

Pa•rab´o•lism (pa•rab´o•liz’m), n. [From Parabola.] (Alg.) The division of the terms of an equation by a known quantity that is involved in the first term. [Obs.]

Pa•rab´o•list (-list), n. A narrator of parables.

Pa•rab´o•loid (-loid), n. [Parabola + -oid: cf. F. paraboloïde.] (Geom.) The solid generated by the rotation of a parabola about its axis; any surface of the second order whose sections by planes parallel to a given line are parabolas. The term paraboloid has sometimes been applied also to the parabolas of the higher orders. Hutton.

Par•a•bo•loid´al , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a paraboloid.

Par•a•bron´chi•um , n.; pl. Parabronchia (#). [NL. See Para-, Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the branches of an ectobronchium or entobronchium.

Par•a•cel´si•an , a. Of, pertaining to, or in conformity with, the practice of Paracelsus, a Swiss physician of the 15th century. Ferrand.

Par•a•cel´si•an, n. A follower of Paracelsus or his practice or teachings. Hakewill.

Par•a•cel´sist , n. A Paracelsian.

Par•a•cen•te´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to pierce at the side, to tap.] (Med.) The perforation of a cavity of the body with a trocar, aspirator, or other suitable instrument, for the evacuation of effused fluid, pus, or gas; tapping. { Par•a•cen´tric , Par•a•cen´tric•al } a. [Pref. para- + centric, - ical: cf. F. paracentrique.] Deviating from circularity; changing the distance from a center. Paracentric curve (Math.), a curve having the property that, when its plane is placed vertically, a body descending along it, by the force of gravity, will approach to, or recede from, a fixed point or center, by equal distances in equal times; — called also a paracentric. — Paracentric motton or velocity, the motion or velocity of a revolving body, as a planet, by which it approaches to, or recedes from, the center, without reference to its motion in space, or to its motion as reckoned in any other direction.

Par•a•chor´dal , a. [Pref. para- + chordal.] (Anat.) Situated on either side of the notochord; — applied especially to the cartilaginous rudiments of the skull on each side of the anterior part of the notochord. — n. A parachordal cartilage.

Pa•rach´ro•nism , n. [Pref. para- + Gr. time: cf. F. parachronisme.] An error in chronology, by which the date of an event is set later than the time of its occurrence. [R.]

Par´a•chrose , a. [Gr. false coloring; para• beside, beyond + color.] (Min.) Changing color by exposure Mohs.

Par´a•chute , n. [F., fr. paper to ward off, guard + chute a fall. See Parry, and Chute, Chance.] 1. A contrivance somewhat in the form of an umbrella, by means of which a descent may be made from a balloon, or any eminence. 2. (Zoöl.) A web or fold of skin which extends between the legs of certain mammals, as the flying squirrels, colugo, and phalangister.

Par´a•clete , n. [L. paracletus, Gr. , from to call to one, to exhort, encourage; para• beside + to call.] An advocate; one called to aid or support; hence, the Consoler, Comforter, or Intercessor; — a term applied to the Holy Spirit. “From which intercession especially I conceive he hath the name of the Paraclete given him by Christ.” Bp. Pearson.

Par´a•close , n. (Arch.) See Parclose.

Par•ac•mas´tic , a. [Gr. . See Para-, and Acme.] (Med.) Gradually decreasing; past the acme, or crisis, as a distemper. Dunglison.

Par•a•con´ic , a. [Pref. para- + aconitic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid obtained as a deliquescent white crystalline substance, and isomeric with itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids.

Par•a•co´nine , n. [Pref. para- + conine.] (Chem.) A base resembling and isomeric with conine, and obtained as a colorless liquid from butyric aldehyde and ammonia.

Par•a•co•rol´la , n. [Pref. para- + corolla.] (Bot.) A secondary or inner corolla; a corona, as of the Narcissus.

Par•a•cros´tic , n. [Pref. para- + acrostic.] A poetical composition, in which the first verse contains, in order, the first letters of all the verses of the poem. Brande & C.

Par•a•cy•an´o•gen , n. [Pref. para- + cyanogen.] (Chem.) A polymeric modification of cyanogen, obtained as a brown or black amorphous residue by heating mercuric cyanide.

Par•a•cy´mene, n. [Pref. para- + cymene.] (Chem.) Same as Cymene.

Par•a•dac´ty•lum, n.; pl. Paradactyla (#). [NL. See Para-, and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) The side of a toe or finger.

Pa•rade´ , n. [F., fr. Sp. parada a halt or stopping, an assembling for exercise, a place where troops are assembled to exercise, fr. parar to stop, to prepare. See Pare, v. t.] 1. The ground where a military display is held, or where troops are drilled. 2. (Mil.) An assembly and orderly arrangement or display of troops, in full equipments, for inspection or evolutions before some superior officer; a review of troops. Parades are general, regimental, or private (troop, battery, or company), according to the force assembled. 3. Pompous show; formal display or exhibition. “Be rich, but of your wealth make no parade.” Swift. 4. That which is displayed; a show; a spectacle; an imposing procession; the movement of any body marshaled in military order; as a parade of firemen. “In state returned the grand parade.” Swift. 5. Posture of defense; guard. [A Gallicism.] “When they are not in parade, and upon their guard.” Locke. 6. A public walk; a promenade. Dress parade, Undress parade. See under Dress, and Undress. — Parade rest, a position of rest for soldiers, in which, however, they are required to be silent and motionless. Wilhelm. Syn. — Ostentation; display; show. — Parade, Ostentation. Parade is a pompous exhibition of things for the purpose of display; ostentation now generally indicates a parade of virtues or other qualities for which one expects to be honored. ´It was not in the mere parade of royalty that the Mexican potentates exhibited their power.´ Robertson. ´We are dazzled with the splendor of titles, the ostentation of learning, and the noise of victories.´ Spectator.

Pa•rade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Parading.] [Cf. F. parader.] 1. To exhibit in a showy or ostentatious manner; to show off. “Parading all her sensibility.” Byron. 2. To assemble and form; to marshal; to cause to maneuver or march ceremoniously; as to parade troops.

Pa•rade´, v. i. 1. To make an exhibition or spectacle of one’s self, as by walking in a public place. 2. To assemble in military order for evolutions and inspection; to form or march, as in review.

Par´a•digm , n. [F. paradigme, L. paradigma, fr. Gr. , fr. to show by the side of, to set up as an example; para• beside + to show. See Para-, and Diction.] 1. An example; a model; a pattern. [R.] ´The paradigms and patterns of all things.´ Cudworth. 2. (Gram.) An example of a conjugation or declension, showing a word in all its different forms of inflection. 3. (Rhet.) An illustration, as by a parable or fable. { Par•a•dig•mat´ic , Par•a•dig•mat´ic•al , } a. [Gr. paradeigmatiko•s.] Exemplary. — Par•a•dig•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Par•a•dig•mat´ic, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A writer of memoirs of religious persons, as examples of Christian excellence.

Par•a•dig´ma•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paradigmatized p. pr. & vb. n. Paradigmatizing ] [Gr. paradeigmati•zein. See Paradigm.] To set forth as a model or example. [Obs.] Hammond. { Par•a•di•sa´ic , Par•a•di•sa´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, paradise; paradisiacal. ´Paradisaical pleasures.´ Gray.

Par´a•di•sal , a. Paradisiacal.

Par´a•dise , n. [OE. & F. paradis, L. paradisus, fr. Gr. para•deisos park, paradise, fr. Zend pairidaeza an inclosure; pairi around (akin to Gr. ) + diz to throw up, pile up; cf. Skr. dih to smear, and E. dough. Cf. Parvis.] 1. The garden of Eden, in which Adam and Eve were placed after their creation. 2. The abode of sanctified souls after death. “To-day shalt thou be with me in paradise.” Luke xxiii. 43. “It sounds to him like her mother’s voice,
Singing in Paradise.” Longfellow. 3. A place of bliss; a region of supreme felicity or delight; hence, a state of happiness. “The earth
Shall be all paradise.” Milton. “Wrapt in the very paradise of some creative vision.” Beaconsfield. 4. (Arch.) An open space within a monastery or adjoining a church, as the space within a cloister, the open court before a basilica, etc. 5. A churchyard or cemetery. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss. Fool’s paradise. See under Fool, and Limbo. — Grains of paradise. (Bot.) See Melequeta pepper, under Pepper. — Paradise bird. (Zoöl.) Same as Bird of paradise. Among the most beautiful species are the superb (Lophorina superba); the magnificent (Diphyllodes magnifica); and the six-shafted paradise bird (Parotia sefilata). The long-billed paradise birds (Epimachinae) also include some highly ornamental species, as the twelve-wired paradise bird (Seleucides alba), which is black, yellow, and white, with six long breast feathers on each side, ending in long, slender filaments. See Bird of paradise in the Vocabulary. — Paradise fish (Zoöl.), a beautiful fresh-water Asiatic fish (Macropodus viridiauratus) having very large fins. It is often kept alive as an ornamental fish. — Paradise flycatcher (Zoöl.), any flycatcher of the genus Terpsiphone, having the middle tail feathers extremely elongated. The adult male of T. paradisi is white, with the head glossy dark green, and crested. — Paradise grackle (Zoöl.), a very beautiful bird of New Guinea, of the genus Astrapia, having dark velvety plumage with brilliant metallic tints. — Paradise nut (Bot.), the sapucaia nut. See Sapucaia nut. [Local, U. S.] — Paradise whidah bird. (Zoöl.) See Whidah.

Par´a•dise , v. t. To affect or exalt with visions of felicity; to entrance; to bewitch. [R.] Marston.

Par•a•dis´e•an , a. Paradisiacal.

Par´a•dised , a. Placed in paradise; enjoying delights as of paradise. { Par•a•dis´i•ac , Par•a•di•si´a•cal } a. [L. paradisiacus.] Of or pertaining to paradise; suitable to, or like, paradise. C. Kingsley. T. Burnet. ´A paradisiacal scene.´ Pope. “The valley … is of quite paradisiac beauty.” G. Eliot. { Par•a•dis´i•al , Par•a•dis´i•an } a. Paradisiacal. [R.]

Par•a•dis´ic , a. Paradisiacal. [R.] Broome.

Par•a•dis´ic•al , a. Paradisiacal. [R.]

Par•a•dos , n.; pl. Paradoses (#). [F., fr. parer to defend + dos back, L. dorsum.] (Fort.) An intercepting mound, erected in any part of a fortification to protect the defenders from a rear or ricochet fire; a traverse. Farrow.

Par•a•dox , n.; pl. Paradoxes (#). [F. paradoxe, L. paradoxum, fr. Gr. ; para• beside, beyond, contrary to + to think, suppose, imagine. See Para-, and Dogma.] A tenet or proposition contrary to received opinion; an assertion or sentiment seemingly contradictory, or opposed to common sense; that which in appearance or terms is absurd, but yet may be true in fact. “A gloss there is to color that paradox, and make it appear in show not to be altogether unreasonable.” Hooker. “This was sometime a paradox, but now the time gives it proof.” Shak. Hydrostatic paradox. See under Hydrostatic.

Par´a•dox•al , a. Paradoxical. [Obs.]

Par•a•dox´ic•al , a. 1. Of the nature of a paradox. 2. Inclined to paradoxes, or to tenets or notions contrary to received opinions. Southey. — Par•a•dox´ic•al•ly, adv. — Par•a•dox´ic•al•ness, n.

Par´a•dox•er , n., Par´a•dox•ist n. One who proposes a paradox.

Par•a•dox´i•des , n. [NL.] (Paleon.) A genus of large trilobites characteristic of the primordial formations.

Par•a•dox•ol´o•gy , n. [Paradox + -logy.] The use of paradoxes. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Par•a•dox´ure (-doks´ur), n. [Gr. para•doxos incredible, paradoxical + o’yra• tail. So called because its tail is unlike that of the other animals to which it was supposed to be related.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Paradoxurus, a genus of Asiatic viverrine mammals allied to the civet, as the musang, and the luwack or palm cat (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). See Musang.

Par´a•dox•y , n. 1. A paradoxical statement; a paradox. 2. The quality or state of being paradoxical. Coleridge { Par´af•fin (par´af•fin), Par´af•fine }, n. [F. paraffine, fr. L. parum too little + affinis akin. So named in allusion to its chemical inactivity.] (Chem.) A white waxy substance, resembling spermaceti, tasteless and odorless, and obtained from coal tar, wood tar, petroleum, etc., by distillation. It is used as an illuminant and lubricant. It is very inert, not being acted upon by most of the strong chemical reagents. It was formerly regarded as a definite compound, but is now known to be a complex mixture of several higher hydrocarbons of the methane or marsh-gas series; hence, by extension, any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, of the same chemical series; thus coal gas and kerosene consist largely of paraffins. In the present chemical usage this word is spelt paraffin, but in commerce it is commonly spelt paraffine. Native paraffin. See Ozocerite. - - Paraffin series. See Methane series, under Methane.

Par´age, n. [F., fr. L. par, adj., equal. Cf. Peerage, Peer an equal.] 1. (Old Eng. Law) Equality of condition, blood, or dignity; also equality in the partition of an inheritance. Spelman. 2. (Feudal Law) Equality of condition between persons holding unequal portions of a fee. Burrill. 3. Kindred; family; birth. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. “We claim to be of high parage.” Chaucer.

Par•a•gen´e•sis (par•a•jen´e•sis), n. [Pref. para- + genesis.] (Min.) The science which treats of minerals with special reference to their origin.

Par•a•gen´ic (-ik), a. [Pref. para- + the root of ge•nos birth.] (Biol.) Originating in the character of the germ, or at the first commencement of an individual; — said of peculiarities of structure, character, etc.

Par•a•glob´u•lin (-glob´u•lin), n. [Pref. para- + globulin.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous body in blood serum, belonging to the group of globulins. See Fibrinoplastin.

Par•a•glos´sa (-glos´sa), n.; pl. Paraglossae (- se). [NL., from Gr. para• beside + glw^ssa tongue.] (Zoöl.) One of a pair of small appendages of the lingua or labium of certain insects. See Illust. under Hymenoptera.

Par´ag•nath , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Paragnathus.

Pa•rag´na•thous , a. (Zoöl.) Having both mandibles of equal length, the tips meeting, as in certain birds.

Pa•rag´na•thus , n.; pl. Paragnathi (#). [NL. See Para-, and Gnathic.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the two lobes which form the lower lip, or metastome, of Crustacea. (b) One of the small, horny, toothlike jaws of certain annelids.

Par•a•go´ge , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from to lead beside, protract; para• beside + to lead.] 1. (Gram.) The addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word, as withouten for without. 2. (Med.) Coaptation. [Obs.] Dunglison. { Par•a•gog´ic , Par•a•gog´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. paragogique.] Of, pertaining to, or constituting, a paragoge; added to the end of, or serving to lengthen, a word. Paragogic letters, in the Semitic languages, letters which are added to the ordinary forms of words, to express additional emphasis, or some change in the sense.

Par´a•gon , n. [OF. paragon, F. parangon; cf. It. paragone, Sp. paragon, parangon; prob. fr. Gr. to rub against; para• beside + whetstone; cf. LGr. a polishing stone.] 1. A companion; a match; an equal. [Obs.] Spenser. “Philoclea, who indeed had no paragon but her sister.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. Emulation; rivalry; competition. [Obs.] “Full many feats adventurous
Performed, in paragon of proudest men.” Spenser. 3. A model or pattern; a pattern of excellence or perfection; as a paragon of beauty or eloquence. Udall. “Man, … the paragon of animals !” Shak. “The riches of sweet Mary’s son,
Boy-rabbi, Israel’s paragon.” Emerson. 4. (Print.) A size of type between great primer and double pica. See the Note under Type.

Par´a•gon, v. t. [Cf. OF. paragonner, F. parangonner.] 1. To compare; to parallel; to put in rivalry or emulation with. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To compare with; to equal; to rival. [R.] Spenser. “In arms anon to paragon the morn,
The morn new rising.” Glover. 3. To serve as a model for; to surpass. [Obs.] “He hath achieved a maid
That paragons description and wild fame.” Shak.

Par´a•gon, v. i. To be equal; to hold comparison. [R.] “Few or none could … paragon with her.” Shelton.

Pa•rag´o•nite , n. [From Gr. , p. pr. of to mislead.] (Min.) A kind of mica related to muscovite, but containing soda instead of potash. It is characteristic of the paragonite schist of the Alps.

Par´a•gram , n. [Gr. that which one writes beside. See Paragraph.] A pun. “Puns, which he calls paragrams.” Addison.

Par•a•gram´ma•tist , n. A punster.

Pa•ra•gran´di•ne , n. [It., from parare to parry + grandine hail.] An instrument to avert the occurrence of hailstorms. See Paragrêle. Knight.

Par´a•graph , n. [F. paragraphe, LL. paragraphus, fr. Gr. para•grafos (sc. grammh•) a line or stroke drawn in the margin, fr. paragra•fein to write beside; para• beside + gra•fein to write. See Para- , and Graphic, and cf. Paraph.] 1. Originally, a marginal mark or note, set in the margin to call attention to something in the text, e. g., a change of subject; now, the character ¶, commonly used in the text as a reference mark to a footnote, or to indicate the place of a division into sections. This character is merely a modification of a capital P (the initial of the word paragraph), the letter being reversed, and the black part made white and the white part black for the sake of distinctiveness. 2. A distinct part of a discourse or writing; any section or subdivision of a writing or chapter which relates to a particular point, whether consisting of one or many sentences. The division is sometimes noted by the mark , but usually, by beginning the first sentence of the paragraph on a new line and at more than the usual distance from the margin. 3. A brief composition complete in one typographical section or paragraph; an item, remark, or quotation comprised in a few lines forming one paragraph; as a column of news paragraphs; an editorial paragraph.

Par´a•graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paragraphed p. pr. & vb. n. Paragraphing.] 1. To divide into paragraphs; to mark with the character ¶. 2. To express in the compass of a paragraph; as to paragraph an article. 3. To mention in a paragraph or paragraphs

Par´a•graph•er , n. A writer of paragraphs; a paragraphist. { Par•a•graph´ic , Par•a•graph´ic•al } a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a paragraph or paragraphs. — Par•a•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Par´a•graph•ist , n. A paragrapher.

Par•a•gra•phis´tic•al , a. Of or relating to a paragraphist. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Pa•ra´ grass (Bot.) A valuable pasture grass (Panicum barbinode) introduced into the Southern United States from Brazil.

Pa•ra•grêle´ , n. [F., fr. parer to guard + grêle hail.] A lightning conductor erected, as in a vineyard, for drawing off the electricity in the atmosphere in order to prevent hailstorms. [France] Knight.

Par•a•guay´an , a. Of or pertaining to Paraguay. — n. A native or inhabitant of Paraguay.

Pa•ra•guay´ tea´ See Mate, the leaf of the Brazilian holly.

Par´ail , n. See Apparel. [Obs.] ´In the parail of a pilgrim.´ Piers Plowman.

Par´a•keet , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Parrakeet.

Par•a•lac´tic , a. [Pref. para- + lactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Designating an acid called paralactic acid. See Lactic acid, under Lactic.

Par•al•bu´min , n. [Pref. para- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteidlike body found in the fluid from ovarian cysts and elsewhere. It is generally associated with a substance related to, if not identical with, glycogen.

Par•al´de•hyde , n. [Pref. para- + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A polymeric modification of aldehyde obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Par•a•leip´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to leave on one side, to omit; para• beside + to leave.] (Rhet.) A pretended or apparent omission; a figure by which a speaker artfully pretends to pass by what he really mentions; as for example, if an orator should say, ´I do not speak of my adversary’s scandalous venality and rapacity, his brutal conduct, his treachery and malice.´ [Written also paralepsis, paralepsy, paralipsis.]

Par•a•lep´sis , n. [NL.] See Paraleipsis.

Pa•ra´li•an , n. [Gr. near the sea; para• beside + the sea.] A dweller by the sea. [R.]

Par•a•li•pom´e•non , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. paraleipome•nwn of things omitted, pass. p. pr. (neuter genitive plural) fr. to omit.] A title given in the Douay Bible to the Books of Chronicles. In the Septuagint these books are called Paraleipome•nwn prw^ton and dey•teron, which is understood, after Jerome’s explanation, as meaning that they are supplementary to the Books of Kings W. Smith.

Par•a•lip´sis , n. [NL.] See Paraleipsis. { Par•al•lac´tic , Par•al•lac´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. parallactique.] Of or pertaining to a parallax.

Par´al•lax , n. [Gr. alternation, the mutual inclination of two lines forming an angle, fr. to change a little, go aside, deviate; para• beside, beyond + to change: cf. F. parallaxe. Cf. Parallel.] 1. The apparent displacement, or difference of position, of an object, as seen from two different stations, or points of view. 2. (Astron.) The apparent difference in position of a body (as the sun, or a star) as seen from some point on the earth’s surface, and as seen from some other conventional point, as the earth’s center or the sun. Annual parallax, the greatest value of the heliocentric parallax, or the greatest annual apparent change of place of a body as seen from the earth and sun; as the annual parallax of a fixed star. — Binocular parallax, the apparent difference in position of an object as seen separately by one eye, and then by the other, the head remaining unmoved. — Diurnal, or Geocentric, parallax, the parallax of a body with reference to the earth’s center. This is the kind of parallax that is generally understood when the term is used without qualification. — Heliocentric parallax, the parallax of a body with reference to the sun, or the angle subtended at the body by lines drawn from it to the earth and sun; as the heliocentric parallax of a planet. — Horizontal parallax, the geocentric parallx of a heavenly body when in the horizon, or the angle subtended at the body by the earth’s radius. — Optical parallax, the apparent displacement in position undergone by an object when viewed by either eye singly. Brande & C. — Parallax of the cross wires (of an optical instrument), their apparent displacement when the eye changes its position, caused by their not being exactly in the focus of the object glass. — Stellar parallax, the annual parallax of a fixed star.

Par´al•lel , a. [F. parallèle, L. parallelus, fr. Gr. ; para• beside + of one another, fr. other, akin to L. alius. See Allien.] 1. (Geom.) Extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant; as parallel lines; parallel planes. “Revolutions … parallel to the equinoctial.” Hakluyt. Curved lines or curved planes are said to be parallel when they are in all parts equally distant. 2. Having the same direction or tendency; running side by side; being in accordance (with); tending to the same result; — used with to and with. “When honor runs parallel with the laws of God and our country, it can not be too much cherished.” Addison. 3. Continuing a resemblance through many particulars; applicable in all essential parts; like; similar; as a parallel case; a parallel passage. Addison. Parallel bar. (a) (Steam Eng.) A rod in a parallel motion which is parallel with the working beam. (b) One of a pair of bars raised about five feet above the floor or ground, and parallel to each other, — used for gymnastic exercises. — Parallel circles of a sphere, those circles of the sphere whose planes are parallel to each other. — Parallel columns, or Parallels (Printing), two or more passages of reading matter printed side by side, for the purpose of emphasizing the similarity or discrepancy between them. — Parallel forces (Mech.), forces which act in directions parallel to each other. — Parallel motion. (a) (Mach.) A jointed system of links, rods, or bars, by which the motion of a reciprocating piece, as a piston rod, may be guided, either approximately or exactly in a straight line. Rankine. (b) (Mus.) The ascending or descending of two or more parts at fixed intervals, as thirds or sixths. — Parallel rod (Locomotive Eng.), a metal rod that connects the crank pins of two or more driving wheels; — called also couping rod, in distinction from the connecting rod. See Illust. of Locomotive, in App. — Parallel ruler, an instrument for drawing parallel lines, so constructed as to have the successive positions of the ruling edge parallel to each other; also one consisting of two movable parts, the opposite edges of which are always parallel. - - Parallel sailing (Naut.), sailing on a parallel of latitude. — Parallel sphere (Astron. & Geog.), that position of the sphere in which the circles of daily motion are parallel to the horizon, as to an observer at either pole. — Parallel vise, a vise having jaws so guided as to remain parallel in all positions.

Par´al•lel , n. 1. A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another line; a parallel line, a parallel plane, etc. “Who made the spider parallels design,
Sure as De Moivre, without rule or line ?” Pope. 2. Direction conformable to that of another line, “Lines that from their parallel decline.” Garth. 3. Conformity continued through many particulars or in all essential points; resemblance; similarity. “Twixt earthly females and the moon
All parallels exactly run.” Swift. 4. A comparison made; elaborate tracing of similarity; as Johnson’s parallel between Dryden and Pope. 5. Anything equal to, or resembling, another in all essential particulars; a counterpart. “None but thyself can be thy parallel.” Pope. 6. (Geog.) One of the imaginary circles on the surface of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude; also the corresponding line on a globe or map. 7. (Mil.) One of a series of long trenches constructed before a besieged fortress, by the besieging force, as a cover for troops supporting the attacking batteries. They are roughly parallel to the line of outer defenses of the fortress. 8. (Print.) A character consisting of two parallel vertical lines (thus, ) used in the text to direct attention to a similarly marked note in the margin or at the foot of a page. Limiting parallels. See under Limit, v. t. — Parallel of altitude (Astron.), one of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the horizon; an almucantar. — Parallel of declination (Astron.), one of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the equator. — Parallel of latitude. (a) (Geog.) See def. 6. above. (b) (Astron.) One of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the ecliptic.

Par´al•lel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paralleled p. pr. & vb. n. Paralleling ] 1. To place or set so as to be parallel; to place so as to be parallel to, or to conform in direction with, something else. “The needle … doth parallel and place itself upon the true meridian.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Fig.: To make to conform to something else in character, motive, aim, or the like. “His life is paralleled
Even with the stroke and line of his great justice.” Shak. 3. To equal; to match; to correspond to. Shak. 4. To produce or adduce as a parallel. [R.] Locke. “My young remembrance can not parallel
A fellow to it.” Shak.

Par´al•lel, v. i. To be parallel; to correspond; to be like. [Obs.] Bacon.

Par´al•lel•a•ble , a. Capable of being paralleled, or equaled. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Par´al•lel•ism , n. [Gr. , fr. to place side by side, or parallel: cf. F. parallelisme.] 1. The quality or state of being parallel. 2. Resemblance; correspondence; similarity. “A close parallelism of thought and incident.” T. Warton. 3. Similarity of construction or meaning of clauses placed side by side, especially clauses expressing the same sentiment with slight modifications, as is common in Hebrew poetry; e. g.: —
“At her feet he bowed, he fell:
Where he bowed, there he fell down dead.” Judg. v. 27.

Par•al•lel•is´tic , a. Of the nature of a parallelism; involving parallelism. “The antithetic or parallelistic form of Hebrew poetry is entirely lost.” Milman.

Par´al•lel•ize , v. t. To render parallel. [R.]

Par´al•lel•less, a. Matchless. [R.]

Par´al•lel•ly, adv. In a parallel manner; with parallelism. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Par•al•lel´o•gram , n. [Gr. ; parallel + to write: cf. F. parallelogramme. See Parallel, and -gram.] (Geom.) A right-lined quadrilateral figure, whose opposite sides are parallel, and consequently equal; — sometimes restricted in popular usage to a rectangle, or quadrilateral figure which is longer than it is broad, and with right angles. Parallelogram of velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc. (Mech.), a parallelogram the diagonal of which represents the resultant of two velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc., both in quantity and direction, when the velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc., are represented in quantity and direction by the two adjacent sides of the parallelogram.

Par•al•lel•o•gram•mat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a parallelogram; parallelogrammic. { Par•al•lel•o•gram´mic , Par•al•lel•o•gram´mic•al } a. Having the properties of a parallelogram. [R.]

Par•al•lel•o•pi´ped , n. [Gr. a body with parallel surfaces; parallel + a plane surface, on the ground, or level with it, level, flat; on + the ground: cf. F. parallelopipède.] (Geom.) A solid, the faces of which are six parallelograms, the opposite pairs being parallel, and equal to each other; a prism whose base is a parallelogram.

Par•al•lel•o•pip´e•don , n. [NL.] A parallelopiped. Hutton.

Par•a•log´ic•al , a. Containing paralogism; illogical. ´Paralogical doubt.´ Sir T. Browne.

Pa•ral´o•gism , n. [Gr. , fr. to reason falsely; para• beside + to reason, discourse, reason: cf. F. paralogisme.] (Logic) A reasoning which is false in point of form, that is, which is contrary to logical rules or formulae; a formal fallacy, or pseudo- syllogism, in which the conclusion does not follow from the premises.

Pa•ral´o•gize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paralogized p. pr. & vb. n. Paralogizing ] [Gr. .] To reason falsely; to draw conclusions not warranted by the premises. [R.]

Pa•ral´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; para• beside, beyond + reason.] False reasoning; paralogism.

Par´a•lyse , v. t. Same as Paralyze.

Pa•ral´y•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to loosen, dissolve, or disable at the side; para• beside + to loosen. See Para-, and Loose, and cf. Palsy.] (Med.) Abolition of function, whether complete or partial; esp., the loss of the power of voluntary motion, with or without that of sensation, in any part of the body; palsy. See Hemiplegia, and Paraplegia. Also used figuratively. ´Utter paralysis of memory.´ G. Eliot. “Mischievous practices arising out of the paralysis of the powers of ownership.” Duke of Argyll (1887).

Par•a•lyt´ic , a. [L. paralyticus, Gr. : cf. F. paralytique.] 1. Of or pertaining to paralysis; resembling paralysis. 2. Affected with paralysis, or palsy. “The cold, shaking, paralytic hand.” Prior. 3. Inclined or tending to paralysis. Paralytic secretion (Physiol.), the fluid, generally thin and watery, secreted from a gland after section or paralysis of its nerves, as the pralytic saliva.

Par•a•lyt´ic, n. A person affected with paralysis.

Par•a•lyt´ic•al , a. See Paralytic.

Par•a•ly•za´tion , n. The act or process of paralyzing, or the state of being paralyzed.

Par´a•lyze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paralyzed p. pr. & vb. n. Paralyzing ] [F. paralyser. See Paralysis.] 1. To affect or strike with paralysis or palsy. 2. Fig.: To unnerve; to destroy or impair the energy of; to render ineffective; as the occurrence paralyzed the community; despondency paralyzed his efforts.

Par´am , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance (C2H4N4); — called also dicyandiamide.

Par•a•mag•net´ic , a. [Pref. para- + magnetic.] Magnetic, as opposed to diamagnetic. — n. A paramagnetic substance. Faraday. — Par•a•mag•net´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Par•a•mag´net•ism , n. Magnetism, as opposed to diamagnetism. Faraday.

Par•a•ma•le´ic , a. [Pref. para- + maleic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from malic acid, and now called fumaric acid. [Obs.]

Par•a•ma´lic , a. [Pref. para- + malic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid metameric with malic acid.

Par•a•mas´toid , a. [Pref. para- + mastoid.] (Anat.) Situated beside, or near, the mastoid portion of the temporal bone; paroccipital; — applied especially to a process of the skull in some animals.

Par•a•mat´ta , n. [So named from Paramatta, in Australia.] A light fabric of cotton and worsted, resembling bombazine or merino. Beck (Draper’s Dict.)

Par´a•ment , n. [Sp. paramento, from parar to prepare, L. parare.] Ornamental hangings, furniture, etc., as of a state apartment; rich and elegant robes worn by men of rank; — chiefly in the plural. [Obs.] “Lords in paraments on their coursers.” Chaucer. Chamber of paraments, presence chamber of a monarch.

Pa•ra•men´to , n. [Sp.] Ornament; decoration. Beau. & Fl.

Par´a•mere , n. [Pref. para- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the symmetrical halves of any one of the radii, or spheromeres, of a radiate animal, as a starfish.

Pa•ram´e•ter , n. [Pref. para- + -meter: cf. F. paramètre.] 1. (a) (Math.) A term applied to some characteristic magnitude whose value, invariable as long as one and the same function, curve, surface, etc., is considered, serves to distinguish that function, curve, surface, etc., from others of the same kind or family. Brande & C. (b) Specifically (Conic Sections), in the ellipse and hyperbola, a third proportional to any diameter and its conjugate, or in the parabola, to any abscissa and the corresponding ordinate. The parameter of the principal axis of a conic section is called the latus rectum. 2. (Crystallog.) The ratio of the three crystallographic axes which determines the position of any plane; also the fundamental axial ratio for a given species.

Par•a•me•tri´tis , n. [NL. See Para-, and Metritis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cellular tissue in the vicinity of the uterus.

Par•a•mi•og´ra•pher , n. [Gr. proverb + -graph + -er.] A collector or writer of proverbs. [R.]

Par•a•mi´tome , n. [Pref. para- + mitome.] (Biol.) The fluid portion of the protoplasm of a cell.

Pa´ra•mo , n.; pl. Paramos (#). [Sp. paeramo.] A high, bleak plateau or district, with stunted trees, and cold, damp atmosphere, as in the Andes, in South America.

Par´a•morph , n. [Pref. para- + Gr. form.] (Min.) A kind of pseudomorph, in which there has been a change of physical characters without alteration of chemical composition, as the change of aragonite to calcite.

Par•a•mor´phism , n. (Min.) The change of one mineral species to another, so as to involve a change in physical characters without alteration of chemical composition.

Par•a•mor´phous , a. (Min.) Relating to paramorphism; exhibiting paramorphism.

Par´a•mount , a. [OF. par amont above; par through, by (L. per) + amont above. See Amount.] Having the highest rank or jurisdiction; superior to all others; chief; supreme; preëminent; as a paramount duty. ´A traitor paramount.´ Bacon. Lady paramount (Archery), the lady making the best score. — Lord paramount, the king. Syn. Superior; principal; preëminent; chief.

Par´a•mount, n. The highest or chief. Milton.

Par´a•mount•ly, adv. In a paramount manner.

Par´a•mour , n. [F. par amour, lit., by or with love. See 2d Par, and Amour.] 1. A lover, of either sex; a wooer or a mistress (formerly in a good sense, now only in a bad one); one who takes the place, without possessing the rights, of a husband or wife; — used of a man or a woman. “The seducer appeared with dauntless front, accompanied by his paramour” Macaulay. 2. Love; gallantry. [Obs.] ´For paramour and jollity.´ Chaucer. { Par´a•mour• , Par´a•mours• }, adv. By or with love, esp. the love of the sexes; — sometimes written as two words. [Obs.] “For par amour, I loved her first ere thou.” Chaucer.

Par•am´y•lum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. para• beside + starch.] (Chem.) A substance resembling starch, found in the green frothy scum formed on the surface of stagnant water.

Par•a•naph´tha•lene , n. [Pref. para- + naphthalene.] (Chem.) Anthracene; — called also paranaphthaline. [Obs.]

Par•a•noi´a (par•a•noi´a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. para•noia.] (Med.) Mental derangement; insanity.

Par•an´thra•cene , n. [Pref. para- + anthracene.] (Chem.) An inert isomeric modification of anthracene.

Par•a•nu´cle•us , n. [Pref. para- + nucleus.] (Biol.) Some as Nucleolus.

Pa•ra´ nut (pa•rä´ nut•). (Bot.) The Brazil nut.

Par´a•nymph , n. [L. paranymphus, Gr. ; para• beside, near + a bride: cf. F. paranymphe.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) (a) A friend of the bridegroom who went with him in his chariot to fetch home the bride. Milton. (b) The bridesmaid who conducted the bride to the bridegroom. 2. Hence: An ally; a supporter or abettor. Jer. Taylor.

Par•a•nym´phal , a. Bridal; nuptial. [R.] “At some paranymphal feast.” Ford.

Par•a•pec´tin , n. [Pref. para- + pectin.] (Chem.) A gelatinous modification of pectin.

Par´a•pegm , n. [L. parapegma, Gr. , fr. to fix beside; para• beside + to fix: cf. F. parapegme.] An engraved tablet, usually of brass, set up in a public place. Parapegms were used for the publication of laws, proclamations, etc., and the recording of astronomical phenomena or calendar events.

Par•a•pep´tone , n. [Pref. para- + peptone.] (Phisiol. Chem.) An albuminous body formed in small quantity by the peptic digestion of proteids. It can be converted into peptone by pancreatic juice, but not by gastric juice.

Par´a•pet , n. [F., fr. It. parapetto, fr. parare to ward off, guard (L. parare to prepare, provide) + petto the breast, L. pectus. See Parry, and Pectoral.] 1. (Arch.) A low wall, especially one serving to protect the edge of a platform, roof, bridge, or the like. 2. (Fort.) A wall, rampart, or elevation of earth, for covering soldiers from an enemy’s fire; a breastwork. See Illust. of Casemate.

Par•a•pet´al•ous , a. [Pref. para- + petal.] (Bot.) Growing by the side of a petal, as a stamen.

Par´a•pet•ed, a. Having a parapet.

Par´aph , n. [F. paraphe, parafe, contr. fr. paragraphe.] A flourish made with the pen at the end of a signature. In the Middle Ages, this formed a sort of rude safeguard against forgery. Brande & C.

Par´aph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paraphed p. pr. & vb. n. Paraphing.] [Cf. F. parapher, parafer.] To add a paraph to; to sign, esp. with the initials.

Par•a•pher´na , n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Law) The property of a woman which, on her marriage, was not made a part of her dower, but remained her own.

Par•a•pher´nal , a. [Cf. F. paraphernal.] Of or pertaining to paraphernalia; as paraphernal property. Kent.

Par•a•pher•na´li•a , n. pl. [LL. paraphernalia bona, fr. L. parapherna, pl., parapherna, Gr. ; para• beside + a bride’s dowry, fr. fe•rein to bring. See 1st Bear.] 1. (Law) Something reserved to a wife, over and above her dower, being chiefly apparel and ornaments suited to her degree. 2. Appendages; ornaments; finery; equipments.

Par•a•phi•mo´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; beyond + to muzzle.] (Med.) A condition in which the prepuce, after being retracted behind the glans penis, is constricted there, and can not be brought forward into place again.

Par•a•phos•phor´ic , a. [Pref. para- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Pyrophosphoric. [Obs.]

Par•a•phrag´ma (-frag´ma), n.; pl. Paraphragmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. para• beside + , , an inclosure.] (Zoöl.) One of the outer divisions of an endosternite of Crustacea. — Par•a•phrag´mal (#), a.

Par´a•phrase (par´a•fraz), n. [L. paraphrasis, Gr. para•frasis, from parafra•zein to say the same thing in other words; para• beside + fra•zein to speak: cf. F. paraphrase. See Para-, and Phrase.] A restatement of a text, passage, or work, expressing the meaning of the original in another form, generally for the sake of its clearer and fuller exposition; a setting forth the signification of a text in other and ampler terms; a free translation or rendering; — opposed to metaphrase. “In paraphrase, or translation with latitude, the author’s words are not so strictly followed as his sense.” Dryden. “Excellent paraphrases of the Psalms of David.” I. Disraeli. “His sermons a living paraphrase upon his practice.” Sowth. “The Targums are also called the Chaldaic or Aramaic Paraphrases.” Shipley.

Par´a•phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paraphrased p. pr. & vb. n. Paraphrasing ] To express, interpret, or translate with latitude; to give the meaning of a passage in other language. “We are put to construe and paraphrase our own words.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

Par´a•phrase, v. i. To make a paraphrase.

Par´a•phra•ser , n. One who paraphrases.

Par•a•phra´sian , n. A paraphraser. [R.]

Par´a•phrast , n. [L. paraphrastes, Gr. : cf. F. paraphraste.] A paraphraser. T. Warton. { Par•a•phras´tic , Par•a•phras´tic•al } a. [Gr.: cf. F. paraphrastique.] Paraphrasing; of the nature of paraphrase; explaining, or translating in words more clear and ample than those of the author; not literal; free. — Par•a•phras´tic•al•ly, adv.

Pa•raph´y•sis , n.; pl. Paraphyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. para• beside + growth.] (Bot.) A minute jointed filament growing among the archegonia and antheridia of mosses, or with the spore cases, etc., of other flowerless plants. { Par•a•ple´gi•a , Par´a•ple•gy } n. [NL. paraplegia, fr. Gr. hemiplegia, fr. to strike at the side; para• beside + to strike: cf. F. paraplegie.] (Med.) Palsy of the lower half of the body on both sides, caused usually by disease of the spinal cord. — Par•a•pleg´ic (#), a.

Par•a•pleu´ra , n.; pl. Parapleurae (#). [NL. See Para-, and 2d Pleura.] (Zoöl.) A chitinous piece between the metasternum and the pleuron of certain insects.

Par•a•po´di•um , n.; pl. Parapodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. para• beside + , dim. of foot.] (Zoöl.) One of the lateral appendages of an annelid; — called also foot tubercle. They may serve for locomotion, respiration, and sensation, and often contain spines or setae. When well developed, a dorsal part, or notopodium, and a ventral part, or neuropodium, are distinguished.

Par•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Parapophyses (#). [NL. See Para-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) The ventral transverse, or capitular, process of a vertebra. See Vertebra. — Par•ap•o•phys´ic•al (#), a.

Pa•rap´te•rum , n.; pl. Paraptera (#). [NL. See Para-, and Pteron.] (Zoöl.) A special plate situated on the sides of the mesothorax and metathorax of certain insects. { Par•a•quet´ , Par•a•qui´to } n. [See Paroquet.] (Zoöl.) See Parrakeet.

Par´a•sang , n. [L. parasanga, Gr. , from Old Persian; cf. Per. farsang.] A Persian measure of length, which, according to Herodotus and Xenophon, was thirty stadia, or somewhat more than three and a half miles. The measure varied in different times and places, and, as now used, is estimated at from three and a half to four English miles.

Par•a•sce´ni•um , n.; pl. Parascenia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ; para• beside + stage.] (Greek & Rom. Antiq.) One of two apartments adjoining the stage, probably used as robing rooms.

Par•a•sce´ve , n. [L., from Gr. , lit., preparation.] 1. Among the Jews, the evening before the Sabbath. [Obs.] Mark xv. 42 (Douay ver.) 2. A preparation. [R.] Donne.

Par•a•sche•mat´ic , a. [Gr. to change from the true form.] Of or pertaining to a change from the right form, as in the formation of a word from another by a change of termination, gender, etc. Max Müller.

Par•a•se•le´ne , n.; pl. Paraselenae (#). [NL., from Gr. para• beside + the moon: cf. F. paraselène.] (Meteor.) A mock moon; an image of the moon which sometimes appears at the point of intersection of two lunar halos. Cf. Parhelion.

Par•a•si´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) An artificial group formerly made for parasitic insects, as lice, ticks, mites, etc. (b) A division of copepod Crustacea, having a sucking mouth, as the lerneans. They are mostly parasites on fishes. Called also Siphonostomata.

Par´a•si•tal , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to parasites; parasitic.

Par´a•site , n. [F., fr. L. parasitus, Gr. , lit., eating beside, or at the table of, another; para• beside + to feed, from wheat, grain, food.] 1. One who frequents the tables of the rich, or who lives at another’s expense, and earns his welcome by flattery; a hanger-on; a toady; a sycophant. “Thou, with trembling fear,
Or like a fawning parasite, obey’st.” Milton. “Parasites were called such smell-feasts as would seek to be free guests at rich men’s tables.” Udall. 2. (Bot.) (a) A plant obtaining nourishment immediately from other plants to which it attaches itself, and whose juices it absorbs; — sometimes, but erroneously, called epiphyte. (b) A plant living on or within an animal, and supported at its expense, as many species of fungi of the genus Torrubia. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal which lives during the whole or part of its existence on or in the body of some other animal, feeding upon its food, blood, or tissues, as lice, tapeworms, etc. (b) An animal which steals the food of another, as the parasitic jager. (c) An animal which habitually uses the nest of another, as the cowbird and the European cuckoo. { Par•a•sit´ic , Par•a•sit´ic•al } a. [L. parasiticus, Gr. : cf. F. parasitique.] 1. Of the nature of a parasite; fawning for food or favors; sycophantic. ´Parasitic preachers.´ Milton. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to parasites; living on, or deriving nourishment from, some other living animal or plant. See Parasite, 2 & 3. Parasitic gull, Parasitic jager. (Zoöl.) See Jager. — Par•a•sit´ic•al•ly, adv. — Par•a•sit´ic•al•ness, n.

Par•a•sit´i•cide , n. [Parasite + L. caedere to kill.] Anything used to destroy parasites. Quain.

Par´a•si•tism , n. [Cf. F. parasitisme.] 1. The state or behavior of a parasite; the act of a parasite. ´Court parasitism.´ Milton. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.)The state of being parasitic.

Par´a•sol , n. [F., fr. Sp. or Pg. parasol, or It. parasole; It. parare to ward off, Sp. & Pg. parar (L. parare to prepare) + It. sole sun, Sp. & Pg. sol (L. sol). See Parry, Solar.] A kind of small umbrella used by women as a protection from the sun.

Par´a•sol, v. t. To shade as with a parasol. [R.]

Par•a•sol•ette´ , n. A small parasol.

Par•a•sphe´noid , a. [Pref. para- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Near the sphenoid bone; - - applied especially to a bone situated immediately beneath the sphenoid in the base of the skull in many animals. — n. The parasphenoid bone.

Pa•ras´ti•chy , n. [Pref. para- + Gr. a row.] (Bot.) A secondary spiral in phyllotaxy, as one of the evident spirals in a pine cone.

Par•a•syn•ax´is , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from to assemble illegally or secretly.] (Civil Law) An unlawful meeting.

Par•a•syn•thet´ic , a. [Gr. . See Para-, and Synthetic.] Formed from a compound word. ´Parasynthetic derivatives.´ Dr. Murray.

Par•a•tac´tic , a. (Gram.) Of pertaining to, or characterized by, parataxis.

Par•a•tax´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a placing beside, fr. to place beside.] (Gram.) The mere ranging of propositions one after another, without indicating their connection or interdependence; — opposed to syntax. Brande & C.

Pa•rath´e•sis , n.; pl. Paratheses (#). [NL., from Gr. a putting beside, from to put beside.] 1. (Gram.) The placing of two or more nouns in the same case; apposition. 2. (Rhet.) A parenthetical notice, usually of matter to be afterward expanded. Smart. 3. (Print.) The matter contained within brackets. 4. (Eccl.) A commendatory prayer. Shipley.

Par•a•thet´ic , a. Of or pertaining to parathesis.

Pa•ra•ton•nerre´ , n. [F., fr. parer to parry + tonnerre thunderbolt.] A conductor of lightning; a lightning rod.

Par•aun´ter , adv. [Par + aunter.] Peradventure. See Paraventure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pa•rauque´ , n. (Zoöl.) A bird (Nyctidromus albicollis) ranging from Texas to South America. It is allied to the night hawk and goatsucker.

Par•a•vail´ , a. [OF. par aval below; par through (L. per) + aval down; a- (L. ad) + val (L. vallis) a valley. Cf. Paramount.] (Eng. Law) At the bottom; lowest. Cowell. In feudal law, the tenant paravail is the lowest tenant of the fee, or he who is immediate tenant to one who holds over of another. Wharton. { Par´a•vant• , Par´a•vant• } adv. [OF. par avant. See Par, and lst Avaunt.] 1. In front; publicly. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Beforehand; first. [Obs.] Spenser.

Par•a•ven´ture , adv. [Par + aventure.] Peradventure; perchance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par•a•xan´thin , n. [Pref. Para- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance closely related to xanthin, present in small quantity in urine.

Par•ax´i•al , a. [Pref. para- + axial.] (Anat.) On either side of the axis of the skeleton.

Par•a•xy´lene , n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series obtained as a colorless liquid by the distillation of camphor with zinc chloride. It is one of the three metamers of xylene. Cf. Metamer, and Xylene.

Par´boil , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parboiled p. pr. & vb. n. Parboiling.] [OE. parboilen, OF. parbouillir to cook well; par through (see Par) + bouillir to boil, L. bullire. The sense has been influenced by E. part. See lst Boil.] 1. To boil or cook thoroughly. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To boil in part; to cook partially by boiling.

Par´break , v. i. & t. [Par + break.] To throw out; to vomit. [Obs.] Skelton.

Par´break, n. Vomit. [Obs.] Spenser.

Par´buc•kle , n. (a) A kind of purchase for hoisting or lowering a cylindrical burden, as a cask. The middle of a long rope is made fast aloft, and both parts are looped around the object, which rests in the loops, and rolls in them as the ends are hauled up or payed out. (b) A double sling made of a single rope, for slinging a cask, gun, etc.

Par´buc•kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parbuckled p. pr. & vb. n. Parbuckling ] To hoist or lower by means of a parbuckle. Totten.

Par´cae , n. pl. [L.] The Fates. See Fate, 4.

Par•case´ , adv. [Par + case.] Perchance; by chance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par´cel , n. [F. parcelle a small part, fr. (assumed) LL. particella, dim. of L. pars. See Part, n., and cf. Particle.] 1. A portion of anything taken separately; a fragment of a whole; a part. [Archaic] ´A parcel of her woe.´ Chaucer. “Two parcels of the white of an egg.” Arbuthnot. “The parcels of the nation adopted different forms of self-government.” J. A. Symonds. 2. (Law) A part; a portion; a piece; as a certain piece of land is part and parcel of another piece. 3. An indiscriminate or indefinite number, measure, or quantity; a collection; a group. “This youthful parcel
Of noble bachelors stand at my disposing.” Shak. 4. A number or quantity of things put up together; a bundle; a package; a packet. “’Tis like a parcel sent you by the stage.” Cowper. Bill of parcels. See under 6th Bill. — Parcel office, an office where parcels are received for keeping or forwarding and delivery. — Parcel post, that department of the post office concerned with the collection and transmission of parcels. — Part and parcel. See under Part.

Par´cel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parceled or Parcelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Parceling or Parcelling.] 1. To divide and distribute by parts or portions; — often with out or into. ´Their woes are parceled, mine are general.´ Shak. “These ghostly kings would parcel out my power.” Dryden. “The broad woodland parceled into farms.” Tennyson. 2. To add a parcel or item to; to itemize. [R.] “That mine own servant should
Parcel the sum of my disgraces by
Addition of his envy.” Shak. 3. To make up into a parcel; as to parcel a customer’s purchases; the machine parcels yarn, wool, etc. To parcel a rope (Naut.), to wind strips of tarred canvas tightly arround it. Totten. — To parcel a seam (Naut.), to cover it with a strip of tarred canvas.

Par´cel, a. & adv. Part or half; in part; partially. Shak. [Sometimes hyphened with the word following.] “The worthy dame was parcel-blind.” Sir W. Scott. “One that … was parcel-bearded [partially bearded].” Tennyson. Parcel poet, a half poet; a poor poet. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Par´cel•ing, n. [Written also parcelling.] 1. The act of dividing and distributing in portions or parts. 2. (Naut.) Long, narrow slips of canvas daubed with tar and wound about a rope like a bandage, before it is served; used, also in mousing on the stayes, etc.

Par´cel-mele , adv. [See Parcel, and Meal a part.] By parcels or parts. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par´ce•na•ry , n. [See Parcener, partner.] (Law) The holding or occupation of an inheritable estate which descends from the ancestor to two or more persons; coheirship. It differs in many respects from joint tenancy, which is created by deed or devise. In the United States there is no essential distinction between parcenary and tenancy in common. Wharton. Kent.

Par´ce•ner , n. [Of. parçonnier, parsonnier, fr. parzon, parçun, parcion, part, portion, fr. L. partitio a division. See Partition, and cf. Partner.] (Law) A coheir, or one of two or more persons to whom an estate of inheritance descends jointly, and by whom it is held as one estate.

Parch (pärch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parched p. pr. & vb. n. Parching.] [OE. perchen to pierce, hence used of a piercing heat or cold, OF. perchier, another form of percier, F. percer. See Pierce.] 1. To burn the surface of; to scorch; to roast over the fire, as dry grain; as to parch the skin; to parch corn. “Ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn.” Lev. xxiii. 14. 2. To dry to extremity; to shrivel with heat; as the mouth is parched from fever. “The ground below is parched.” Dryden.

Parch, v. i. To become scorched or superficially burnt; to be very dry. ´Parch in Afric sun.´ Shak.

Parch´ed•ness, n. The state of being parched.

Par•che´si (pär•che´zi), n. See Pachisi.

Parch´ing (pärch´ing), a. Scorching; burning; drying. ´Summer’s parching heat.´ Shak. — Parch´ing•ly, adv.

Parch´ment (-ment), n. [OE. parchemin, perchemin, F. parchemin, LL. pergamenum, L. pergamena, pergamina, fr. L. Pergamenus of or belonging to Pergamus an ancient city of Mysia in Asia Minor, where parchment was first used.] 1. The skin of a lamb, sheep, goat, young calf, or other animal, prepared for writing on. See Vellum. “But here’s a parchment with the seal of Caesar.” Shak. 2. The envelope of the coffee grains, inside the pulp. Parchment paper. See Papyrine.

Par´ci•ty , n. [L. parcitas, fr. parcus sparing.] Sparingless. [Obs.]

Par´close , n. [OF. See Perclose.] (Eccl. Arch.) A screen separating a chapel from the body of the church. [Written also paraclose and perclose.] Hook.

Pard (pärd), n. [L. pardus, Gr. pa•rdos; cf. Skr. prdaku tiger, panther.] (Zoöl.) A leopard; a panther. “And more pinch-spotted make them
Than pard or cat o’mountain.” Shak.

Par´dale (pär´dal), n. [L. pardalis, Gr. pa•rdalis. Cf. Pard.] (Zoöl.) A leopard. [Obs.] Spenser. { Par•de´ , Par•die´ }, adv. or interj. [F. pardi, for par Dieu by God.] Certainly; surely; truly; verily; — originally an oath. [Written also pardee, pardieux, perdie, etc.] [Obs.] “He was parde, an old fellow of yours.” Chaucer.

Par´dine , a. (Zoöl.) Spotted like a pard. Pardine lynx (Zoöl.), a species of lynx (Felis pardina) inhabiting Southern Europe. Its color is rufous, spotted with black.

Par´do , n. [Pg. pardao, fr. Skr. pratapa splendor, majesty.] A money of account in Goa, India, equivalent to about 2s. 6d. sterling. or 60 cts.

Par´don , n. [F., fr. pardonner to pardon. See Pardon, v. t.] 1. The act of pardoning; forgiveness, as of an offender, or of an offense; release from penalty; remission of punishment; absolution. “Pardon, my lord, for me and for my tidings.” Shak. “But infinite in pardon was my judge.” Milton. Used in expressing courteous denial or contradiction; as I crave your pardon; or in indicating that one has not understood another; as I beg pardon. 2. An official warrant of remission of penalty. “Sign me a present pardon for my brother.” Shak. 3. The state of being forgiven. South. 4. (Law) A release, by a sovereign, or officer having jurisdiction, from the penalties of an offense, being distinguished from amenesty, which is a general obliteration and canceling of a particular line of past offenses. Syn. — Forgiveness; remission. See Forgiveness.

Par´don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pardoned p. pr. & vb. n. Pardoning.] [Either fr. pardon, n., or from F. pardonner, LL. perdonare; L. per through, thoroughly, perfectly + donare to give, to present. See Par- , and Donation.] 1. To absolve from the consequences of a fault or the punishment of crime; to free from penalty; — applied to the offender. “In this thing the Lord pardon thy servant.” 2 Kings v. 18. “I pray you, pardon me; pray heartily, pardom me.” Shak. 2. To remit the penalty of; to suffer to pass without punishment; to forgive; — applied to offenses. “I pray thee, pardon my sin.” 1 S. xv. 25. “Apollo, pardon
My great profaneness ’gainst thine oracle ” Shak. 3. To refrain from exacting as a penalty. “I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it.” Shak. 4. To give leave (of departure) to. [Obs.] “Even now about it! I will pardon you.” Shak. Pardon me, forgive me; excuse me; — a phrase used also to express courteous denial or contradiction. Syn. — To forgive; absolve; excuse; overlook; remit; acquit. See Excuse.

Par´don•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. pardonnable.] Admitting of pardon; not requiring the excution of penalty; venial; excusable; — applied to the offense or to the offender; as a pardonable fault, or culprit.

Par´don•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being pardonable; as the pardonableness of sin. Bp. Hall.

Par´don•a•bly, adv. In a manner admitting of pardon; excusably. Dryden.

Par´don•er , n. 1. One who pardons. Shak. 2. A seller of indulgences. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par´don•ing, a. Relating to pardon; having or exercising the right to pardon; willing to pardon; merciful; as the pardoning power; a pardoning God.

Pare , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pared p. pr. & vb. n. Paring.] [F. parer to pare, as a horse’s hoofs, to dress or curry, as leather, to clear, as anchors or cables, to parry, ward off, fr. L. parare to prepare. Cf. Empire, Parade, Pardon, Parry, Prepare.] 1. To cut off, or shave off, the superficial substance or extremities of; as to pare an apple; to pare a horse’s hoof. 2. To remove; to separate; to cut or shave, as the skin, ring, or outside part, from anything; — followed by off or away; as; to pare off the ring of fruit; to pare away redundancies. 3. Fig.: To diminish the bulk of; to reduce; to lessen. “The king began to pare a little the privilege of clergy.” Bacon.

Par•e•gor´ic , a. [L. paregoricus, Gr. , from addressing, encouraging, soothing; para• beside + an assembly: cf. F. paregorique. See Allegory.] Mitigating; assuaging or soothing pain; as paregoric elixir.

Par•e•gor´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine that mitigates pain; an anodyne; specifically, camphorated tincture of opium; — called also paregoric elexir.

Pa•rel´con , n. [Gr. to draw aside, to be redundant; para• beside + to draw.] (Gram.) The addition of a syllable or particle to the end of a pronoun, verb, or adverb.

Par•e•lec•tro•nom´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or relating to parelectronomy; as the parelectronomic part of a muscle.

Par•e•lec•tron´o•my , n. [Pref. para- + electro- + Gr. law.] (Physiol.) A condition of the muscles induced by exposure to severe cold, in which the electrical action of the muscle is reversed. { Pa•rel´la , Pa•relle } n. [Cf. F. parelle.] (Bot.) (a) A name for two kinds of dock (Rumex Patientia and R. Hydrolapathum). (b) A kind of lichen (Lecanora parella) once used in dyeing and in the preparation of litmus.

Pa•rem´bo•le , n. [NL., from Gr. an insertion beside. See Para-, and Embolus.] (Rhet.) A kind of parenthesis.

Pare´ment , n. See Parament. [Obs.]

Par•emp•to´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. a coming in beside; para• beside + to fall in.] Same as Parembole.

Pa•ren´chy•ma , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. to pour in beside; para• beside + in + to pour: cf. F. parenchyme.] (Biol.) The soft celluar substance of the tissues of plants and animals, like the pulp of leaves, to soft tissue of glands, and the like.

Pa•ren´chy•mal , a. Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, parenchyma. { Par•en•chym´a•tous , Pa•ren´chy•mous } a. [Cf. F. parenchymateux.] Of, pertaining to, or connected with, the parenchyma of a tissue or an organ; as parenchymatous degeneration.

Pa•ren´e•sis , n. [L. paraenesis, Gr. , fr. to advise.] Exhortation. [R.] { Par•e•net´ic , Par•e•net´io•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. parenetique.] Hortatory; encouraging; persuasive. [R.] F. Potter.

Par´ent , n. [L. parens, - entis; akin to parere to bring forth; cf. Gr. to give, beget: cf. F. parent. Cf. Part.] 1. One who begets, or brings forth, offspring; a father or a mother. “Children, obey your parents in the Lord.” Eph. vi. 1. 2. That which produces; cause; source; author; begetter; as idleness is the parent of vice. “Regular industry is the parent of sobriety.” Channing. Parent cell. (Biol.) See Mother cell, under Mother, also Cytula. — Parent nucleus (Biol.), a nucleus which, in cell division, divides, and gives rise to two or more daughter nuclei. See Karyokinesis, and Cell division, under Division.

Par´ent•age , n. [Cf. F. parentage relationship.] Descent from parents or ancestors; parents or ancestors considered with respect to their rank or character; extraction; birth; as a man of noble parentage. ´Wilt thou deny thy parentage?´ Shak. “Though men esteem thee low of parentage.” Milton.

Pa•ren´tal , a. [L. parentalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to a parent or to parents; as parental authority; parental obligations. 2. Becoming to, or characteristic of, parents; tender; affectionate; devoted; as parental care. “The careful course and parental provision of nature.” Sir T. Browne.

Pa•ren´tal•ly, adv. In a parental manner.

Par•en•ta´tion , n. [L. parentatio, fr. parentare to offer a solemn sacrifice in honor of deceased parents. See Parent.] Something done or said in honor of the dead; obsequies. [Obs.] Abp. Potter.

Par´en•tele , n. [F. parentèle, L. parentela.] Kinship; parentage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pa•ren´the•sis , n.; pl. Parentheses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to put in beside, insert; para• beside + in + to put, place. See Para-, En-, 2, and Thesis.] 1. A word, phrase, or sentence, by way of comment or explanation, inserted in, or attached to, a sentence which would be grammatically complete without it. It is usually inclosed within curved lines (see def. 2 below), or dashes. ´Seldom mentioned without a derogatory parenthesis.´ Sir T. Browne. “Don’t suffer every occasional thought to carry you away into a long parenthesis.” Watts. 2. (Print.) One of the curved lines () which inclose a parenthetic word or phrase. Parenthesis, in technical grammar, is that part of a sentence which is inclosed within the recognized sign; but many phrases and sentences which are punctuated by commas are logically parenthetical. In def. 1, the phrase ´by way of comment or explanation´ is inserted for explanation, and the sentence would be grammatically complete without it. The present tendency is to avoid using the distinctive marks, except when confusion would arise from a less conspicuous separation.

Pa•ren´the•size , v. t. To make a parenthesis of; to include within parenthetical marks. Lowell. { Par•en•thet´ic , Par•en•thet´ic•al } a. [Cf. Gr. .] 1. Of the nature of a parenthesis; pertaining to, or expressed in, or as in, a parenthesis; as a parenthetical clause; a parenthetic remark. “A parenthetical observation of Moses himself.” Hales. 2. Using or containing parentheses.

Par•en•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. In a parenthetical manner; by way of parenthesis; by parentheses.

Par´ent•hood , n. The state of a parent; the office or character of a parent.

Pa•ren´ti•cide , n. [L. parenticida a parricide; parens parent + caedere to kill.] 1. The act of one who kills one’s own parent. [R.] 2. One who kills one’s own parent; a parricide. [R.]

Par´ent•less , a. Deprived of parents.

Par•ep•i•did´y•mis , n. [NL. See Para-, and Epididymis.] (Anat.) A small body containing convoluted tubules, situated near the epididymis in man and some other animals, and supposed to be a remnant of the anterior part of the Wolffian body.

Par´er , n. [From Pare, v. t.] One who, or that which, pares; an instrument for paring.

Pa•rer´gon , n. [L.] See Parergy.

Par´er•gy , n. [L. parergon, Gr. ; para• beside + work.] Something unimportant, incidental, or superfluous. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Par´e•sis , n. [NL., from Gr. , fr. to let go; from + to send.] (Med.) Incomplete paralysis, affecting motion but not sensation.

Par•eth´moid , a. [Pref. para- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Near or beside the ethmoid bone or cartilage; — applied especially to a pair of bones in the nasal region of some fishes, and to the ethmoturbinals in some higher animals. — n. A parethmoid bone.

Pa•ret´ic , a. Of or pertaining to paresis; affected with paresis.

Par•fay´ , interj. [Par + fay.] By my faith; verily. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par´fit , a. Perfect. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par´fit•ly, adv. Perfectly. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Par•forn´ , Par•fourn´ }, v. t. To perform. [Obs.] Chaucer. Piers Plowman.

Par´gas•ite , n. [So called from Pargas, in Finland.] (Min.) A dark green aluminous variety of amphibole, or hornblende.

Parge´board , n. See Bargeboard.

Par´get , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pargeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pargeting.] [OE. pargeten, also spargeten, sparchen; of uncertain origin.] 1. To coat with parget; to plaster, as walls, or the interior of flues; as to parget the outside of their houses. Sir T. Herbert. “The pargeted ceiling with pendants.” R. L. Stevenson. 2. To paint; to cover over. [Obs.]

Par´get, v. i. 1. To lay on plaster. 2. To paint, as the face. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Par´get, n. 1. Gypsum or plaster stone. 2. Plaster, as for lining the interior of flues, or for stuccowork. Knight. 3. Paint, especially for the face. [Obs.] Drayton.

Par´get•er , n. A plasterer. Johnson.

Par´get•ing, n. [Written also pargetting.] Plasterwork; esp.: (a) A kind of decorative plasterwork in raised ornamental figures, formerly used for the internal and external decoration of houses. (b) In modern architecture, the plastering of the inside of flues, intended to give a smooth surface and help the draught.

Par´get•o•ry , n. Something made of, or covered with, parget, or plaster. [Obs.] Milton.

Par•he´lic , a. Of or pertaining to parhelia.

Par•hel´ion , n.; pl. Parhelia (#). [L. parelion, Gr. , ; para• beside + the sun.] A mock sun appearing in the form of a bright light, sometimes near the sun, and tinged with colors like the rainbow, and sometimes opposite to the sun. The latter is usually called an anthelion. Often several mock suns appear at the same time. Cf. Paraselene.

Par•he´li•um , n. See Parhelion.

Par´i- [L. par, paris, equal.] A combining form signifying equal; as paridigitate, paripinnate.

Pa´ri•ah , n. [From Tamil paraiyan, pl. paraiyar, one of the low caste, fr. parai a large drum, because they beat the drums at certain festivals.] 1. One of an aboriginal people of Southern India, regarded by the four castes of the Hindoos as of very low grade. They are usually the serfs of the Sudra agriculturalists. See Caste. Balfour (Cyc. of India). 2. An outcast; one despised by society. Pariah dog (Zoöl.), a mongrel race of half-wild dogs which act as scavengers in Oriental cities. — Pariah kite (Zoöl.), a species of kite (Milvus govinda) which acts as a scavenger in India.

Pa•ri´al , n. See Pair royal, under Pair, n.

Pa´ri•an , a. [L. Parius.] Of or pertaining to Paros, an island in the AEgean Sea noted for its excellent statuary marble; as Parian marble. Parian chronicle, a most ancient chronicle of the city of Athens, engraved on marble in the Isle of Paros, now among the Arundelian marbles.

Pa´ri•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Paros. 2. A ceramic ware, resembling unglazed porcelain biscuit, of which are made statuettes, ornaments, etc.

Par•i•dig•i•ta´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Pari-, and Digitate.] (Zoöl.) Same as Artiodactyla.

Par•i•dig´i•tate , a. (Anat.) Having an even number of digits on the hands or the feet. Qwen.

Pa´ri•es , n.; pl. Parietes (#). [See Parietes.] (Zoöl.) The triangular middle part of each segment of the shell of a barnacle.

Pa•ri´e•tal , a. [L. parietalis, fr. paries, -ietis, a wall: cf. F. parietal. Cf. Parietary, Pellitory.] 1. Of or pertaining to a wall; hence, pertaining to buildings or the care of them. 2. Resident within the walls or buildings of a college. “At Harvard College, the officers resident within the college walls constitute a permanent standing committee, called the Parietal Committee.” B. H. Hall (1856). 3. (Anat.) (a) Of pertaining to the parietes. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the parietal bones, which form the upper and middle part of the cranium, between the frontals and occipitals. 4. (Bot.) Attached to the main wall of the ovary, and not to the axis; — said of a placenta.

Pa•ri´e•tal, n. 1. (Anat.) One of the parietal bones. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the special scales, or plates, covering the back of the head in certain reptiles and fishes.

Pa•ri´e•ta•ry , a. See Parietal, 2.

Pa•ri´e•ta•ry, n. [L. parietaria, fr. parietarius parietal. Cf. Pellitory, Parietal.] (Bot.) Any one of several species of Parietaria. See 1st Pellitory.

Pa•ri´e•tes , n. pl. [L. paries a wall.] 1. (Anat.) The walls of a cavity or an organ; as the abdominal parietes; the parietes of the cranium. 2. (Bot.) The sides of an ovary or of a capsule.

Pa•ri•et´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in the lichen Parmelia parietina, and called also chrysophanic acid.

Pa•ri´e•tine , n. [L. parietinus parietal: cf. parietinae ruined walls.] A piece of a fallen wall; a ruin. [Obs.] Burton.

Pa•ri´e•to- . (Anat.) A combining form used to indicate connection with, or relation to, the parietal bones or the parietal segment of the skull; as the parieto-mastoid suture.

Pa•rig´e•nin , n. [Parillin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) A curdy white substance, obtained by the decomposition of parillin.

Pa•ril´lin , n. [Shortened fr. sarsaparillin.] (Chem.) A glucoside resembling saponin, found in the root of sarsaparilla, smilax, etc., and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance; — called also smilacin, sarsaparilla saponin, and sarsaparillin.

Par´ing , n. [From Pare, v. t.] 1. The act of cutting off the surface or extremites of anything. 2. That which is pared off. Pope. “Pare off the surface of the earth, and with the parings raise your hills.” Mortimer.

Par•i•pin´nate , a. [Pari- + pinnate.] (Bot.) Pinnate with an equal number of leaflets on each side; having no odd leaflet at the end.

Par´is , n. [From Paris, the son of Priam.] (Bot.) A plant common in Europe (Paris quadrifolia); herb Paris; truelove. It has been used as a narcotic. It much resembles the American genus Trillium, but has usually four leaves and a tetramerous flower.

Par´is, n. The chief city of France. Paris green. See under Green, n. — Paris white (Chem.), purified chalk used as a pigment; whiting; Spanish white.

Par´ish , n. [OE. parishe, paresche, parosche, OF. paroisse, parosse, paroiche, F. paroisse, L. parochia, corrupted fr. paroecia, Gr. , fr. dwelling beside or near; para• beside + a house, dwelling; akin to L. vicus village. See Vicinity, and cf. Parochial.] 1. (Eccl. & Eng. Law) (a) That circuit of ground committed to the charge of one parson or vicar, or other minister having cure of souls therein. Cowell. (b) The same district, constituting a civil jurisdiction, with its own officers and regulations, as respects the poor, taxes, etc. Populous and extensive parishes are now divided, under various parliamentary acts, into smaller ecclesiastical districts for spiritual purposes. Mozley & W. 2. An ecclesiastical society, usually not bounded by territorial limits, but composed of those persons who choose to unite under the charge of a particular priest, clergyman, or minister; also loosely, the territory in which the members of a congregation live. [U. S.] 3. In Louisiana, a civil division corresponding to a county in other States.

Par´ish, a. Of or pertaining to a parish; parochial; as a parish church; parish records; a parish priest; maintained by the parish; as parish poor. Dryden. Parish clerk. (a) The clerk or recording officer of a parish. (b) A layman who leads in the responses and otherwise assists in the service of the Church of England. — Parish court, in Louisiana, a court in each parish.

Par´ish•en , n. A parishioner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pa•rish´ion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a parish; parochial. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Pa•rish´ion•er , n. [F. paroissien, LL. parochianus.] One who belongs to, or is connected with, a parish.

Pa•ri´sian , n. [Cf. F. parisen.] A native or inhabitant of Paris, the capital of France.

Pa•ri´sian, a. Of or pertaining to Paris.

Pa•ri•si•enne´ , n. [F.] A female native or resident of Paris.

Par•i•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. almost equal, evenly balanced + -logy.] The use of equivocal or ambiguous words. [R.] { Par•i•syl•lab´ic , Par•i•syl•lab´ic•al , } a. [Pari- + syllabic, -ical: cf. F. parisyllabique.] Having the same number of syllables in all its inflections.

Par´i•tor , n. [Abbrev. fr. apparitor: cf. L. paritor a servant, attendant.] An apparitor. ´Summoned by an host of paritors.´ Dryden.

Par´i•to•ry , n. Pellitory. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par´i•ty , n. [L. paritas, fr. par, paris, equal: cf. F. parite. See Pair, Peer an equal.] The quality or condition of being equal or equivalent; A like state or degree; equality; close correspondence; analogy; as parity of reasoning. ´No parity of principle.´ De Quincey. “Equality of length and parity of numeration.” Sir T. Browne.

Park , n. [AS. pearroc, or perh. rather fr. F. parc; both being of the same origin; cf. LL. parcus, parricus, Ir. & Gael. pairc, W. park, parwg. Cf. Paddock an inclosure, Parrock.] 1. (Eng. Law) A piece of ground inclosed, and stored with beasts of the chase, which a man may have by prescription, or the king’s grant. Mozley & W. 2. A tract of ground kept in its natural state, about or adjacent to a residence, as for the preservation of game, for walking, riding, or the like. Chaucer. “While in the park I sing, the listening deer
Attend my passion, and forget to fear.” Waller. 3. A piece of ground, in or near a city or town, inclosed and kept for ornament and recreation; as Hyde Park in London; Central Park in New York. 4. (Mil.) A space occupied by the animals, wagons, pontoons, and materials of all kinds, as ammunition, ordnance stores, hospital stores, provisions, etc., when brought together; also the objects themselves; as a park of wagons; a park of artillery. 5. A partially inclosed basin in which oysters are grown. [Written also parc.] Park of artillery. See under Artillery. — Park phaeton, a small, low carriage, for use in parks.

Park, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parked p. pr. & vb. n. Parking.] 1. To inclose in a park, or as in a park. “How are we parked, and bounded in a pale.” Shak. 2. (Mil.) To bring together in a park, or compact body; as to park the artillery, the wagons, etc.

Park´er , n. The keeper of a park. Sir M. Hale.

Par•ke´ri•a , n. [NL. So named from W. K. Parker, a British zoölogist.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large arenaceous fossil Foraminifera found in the Cretaceous rocks. The species are globular, or nearly so, and are of all sizes up to that of a tennis ball.

Parkes´ine , n. [So called from Mr. Parkes, the inventor.] A compound, originally made from gun cotton and castor oil, but later from different materials, and used as a substitute for vulcanized India rubber and for ivory; — called also xylotile.

Park´leaves , n. (Bot.) A European species of Saint John’s-wort; the tutsan. See Tutsan.

Par´lance , n. [OF., fr. F. parler to speak. See Parley.] Conversation; discourse; talk; diction; phrase; as in legal parlance; in common parlance. “A hate of gossip parlance and of sway.” Tennyson. { Par•lan´do , Par•lan´te } a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Speaking; in a speaking or declamatory manner; to be sung or played in the style of a recitative.

Parle , v. i. [F. parler. See Parley.] To talk; to converse; to parley. [Obs.] Shak. “Finding himself too weak, began to parle.” Milton.

Parle, n. Conversation; talk; parley. [Obs.] “They ended parle, and both addressed for fight.” Milton.

Par´ley , n.; pl. Parleys (#). [F. parler speech, talk, fr. parler to speak, LL. parabolare, fr. L. parabola a comparison, parable, in LL., a word. See Parable, and cf. Parliament, Parlor.] Mutual discourse or conversation; discussion; hence, an oral conference with an enemy, as with regard to a truce. “We yield on parley, but are stormed in vain.” Dryden. To beat a parley (Mil.), to beat a drum, or sound a trumpet, as a signal for holding a conference with the enemy.

Par´ley, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Parleyed p. pr. & vb. n. Parleying.] To speak with another; to confer on some point of mutual concern; to discuss orally; hence, specifically, to confer orally with an enemy; to treat with him by words, as on an exchange of prisoners, an armistice, or terms of peace. “They are at hand,
To parley or to fight; therefore prepare.” Shak.

Par´lia•ment , n. [OE. parlement, F. parlement, fr. parler to speak; cf. LL. parlamentum, parliamentum. See Parley.] 1. A parleying; a discussion; a conference. [Obs.] “But first they held their parliament.” Rom. of R. 2. A formal conference on public affairs; a general council; esp., an assembly of representatives of a nation or people having authority to make laws. “They made request that it might be lawful for them to summon a parliament of Gauls.” Golding. 3. The assembly of the three estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, viz., the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and the representatives of the commons, sitting in the House of Lords and the House of Commons, constituting the legislature, when summoned by the royal authority to consult on the affairs of the nation, and to enact and repeal laws. Thought the sovereign is a constituting branch of Parliament, the word is generally used to denote the three estates named above. 4. In France, before the Revolution of 1789, one of the several principal judicial courts. Parliament heel, the inclination of a ship when made to careen by shifting her cargo or ballast. — Parliament hinge (Arch.), a hinge with so great a projection from the wall or frame as to allow a door or shutter to swing back flat against the wall. — Long Parliament, Rump Parliament. See under Long, and Rump.

Par•lia•men´tal , a. Parliamentary. [Obs.]

Par•lia•men•ta´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to Parliament. Wood.

Par•lia•men•ta´ri•an, n. 1. (Eng. Hist.) One who adhered to the Parliament, in opposition to King Charles I. Walpole. 2. One versed in the rules and usages of Parliament or similar deliberative assemblies; as an accomplished parliamentarian.

Par•lia•men´ta•ri•ly , adv. In a parliamentary manner.

Par•lia•men´ta•ry , a. [Cf. F. parlementaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to Parliament; as parliamentary authority. Bacon. 2. Enacted or done by Parliament; as a parliamentary act. Sir M. Hale. 3. According to the rules and usages of Parliament or of deliberative bodies; as a parliamentary motion. Parliamentary agent, a person, usually a solicitor, professionally employed by private parties to explain and recommend claims, bills, etc., under consideration of Parliament. [Eng.] — Parliamentary train, one of the trains which, by act of Parliament, railway companies are required to run for the conveyance of third-class passengers at a reduced rate. [Eng.]

Par´lor , n. [OE. parlour, parlur, F. parloir, LL. parlatorium. See Parley.] [Written also parlour.] A room for business or social conversation, for the reception of guests, etc. Specifically: (a) The apartment in a monastery or nunnery where the inmates are permitted to meet and converse with each other, or with visitors and friends from without. Piers Plowman. (b) In large private houses, a sitting room for the family and for familiar guests, — a room for less formal uses than the drawing-room. Esp., in modern times, the dining room of a house having few apartments, as a London house, where the dining parlor is usually on the ground floor. (c) Commonly, in the United States, a drawing- room, or the room where visitors are received and entertained. ´In England people who have a drawing-room no longer call it a parlor, as they called it of old and till recently.´ Fitzed. Hall. Parlor car. See Palace car, under Car.

Par´lous , a. [For perlous, a contr. fr. perilous.] 1. Attended with peril; dangerous; as a parlous cough. [Archaic] ´A parlous snuffing.´ Beau. & Fl. 2. Venturesome; bold; mischievous; keen. [Obs.] ´A parlous boy.´ Shak. ´A parlous wit.´ Dryden. — Par´lous•ly, adv. [Obs.] — Par´lous•ness, n. [Obs.]

Par•me•san´ , a. [F. parmesan, It. parmigiano.] Of or pertaining to Parma in Italy. Parmesan cheese, a kind of cheese of a rich flavor, though from skimmed milk, made in Parma, Italy.

Par•nas´si•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs growing in wet places, and having white flowers; grass of Parnassus.

Par•nas´sian , a. [L. Parnassius.] Of or pertaining to Parnassus.

Par•nas´sian, n. [See Parnassus.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of butterflies belonging to the genus Parnassius. They inhabit the mountains, both in the Old World and in America.

Par•nas´sus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Anc. Geog. & Gr. Myth.) A mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, and famous for a temple of Apollo and for the Castalian spring. Grass of Parnassus. (Bot.) See under Grass, and Parnassia. — To climb Parnassus, to write poetry. [Colloq.]

Par•oc•cip´i•tal , a. [Pref. para- + occipital.] (Anat.) Situated near or beside the occipital condyle or the occipital bone; paramastoid; — applied especially to a process of the skull in some animals.

Pa•ro´chi•al , a. [LL. parochialis, from L. parochia. See Parish.] Of or pertaining to a parish; restricted to a parish; as parochial duties. ´Parochial pastors.´ Bp. Atterbury. Hence, limited; narrow. ´The parochial mind.´ W. Black.

Pa•ro´chi•al•ism , n. The quality or state of being parochial in form or nature; a system of management peculiar to parishes.

Pa•ro•chi•al´i•ty , n. The state of being parochial. [R.] Sir J. Marriot.

Pa•ro´chi•al•ize , v. t. To render parochial; to form into parishes.

Pa•ro´chi•al•ly, adv. In a parochial manner; by the parish, or by parishes. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Pa•ro´chi•an , a. [See Parochial, Parishioner.] Parochial. [Obs.] ´Parochian churches.´ Bacon.

Pa•ro´chi•an, n. [LL. parochianus.] A parishioner. [Obs.] Ld. Burleigh. { Pa•rod´ic , Pa•rod´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. parodique.] Having the character of parody. “Very paraphrastic, and sometimes parodical.” T. Warton.

Par´o•dist , n. [Cf. F. parodiste.] One who writes a parody; one who parodies. Coleridge.

Par´o•dy , n.; pl. Parodies (#). [L. parodia, Gr. ; para• beside + a song: cf. F. parodie. See Para-, and Ode.] 1. A writing in which the language or sentiment of an author is mimicked; especially, a kind of literary pleasantry, in which what is written on one subject is altered, and applied to another by way of burlesque; travesty. “The lively parody which he wrote … on Dryden’s ´Hind and Panther´ was received with great applause.” Macaulay. 2. A popular maxim, adage, or proverb. [Obs.]

Par´o•dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parodied p. pr. & vb. n. Parodying.] [Cf. F. parodier.] To write a parody upon; to burlesque. “I have translated, or rather parodied, a poem of Horace.” Pope.

Par´o•ket , n. (Zoöl.) See Paroquet.

Pa•rol´ , n. [See Parole, the same word.] 1. A word; an oral utterance. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Oral declaration; word of mouth; also a writing not under seal. Blackstone.

Pa•rol´, a. Given or done by word of mouth; oral; also given by a writing not under seal; as parol evidence. Parol arrest (Law), an arrest in pursuance of a verbal order from a magistrate. — Parol contract (Law), any contract not of record or under seal, whether oral or written; a simple contract. Chitty. Story.

Pa•role´ , n. [F. parole. See Parley, and cf. Parol.] 1. A word; an oral utterance. [Obs.] 2. Word of promise; word of honor; plighted faith; especially (Mil.), promise, upon one’s faith and honor, to fulfill stated conditions, as not to bear arms against one’s captors, to return to custody, or the like. “This man had forfeited his military parole.” Macaulay. 3. (Mil.) A watchword given only to officers of guards; — distinguished from countersign, which is given to all guards. 4. (Law) Oral declaration. See lst Parol, 2.

Pa•role´, a. See 2d Parol.

Pa•role´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paroled p. pr. & vb. n. Paroling.] (Mil.) To set at liberty on parole; as to parole prisoners.

Par•o•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. fr. , fr. to grant; by, near + to speak together, agree. See Homologous.] (Rhet.) A concession to an adversary in order to strengthen one’s own argument.

Par•o•no•ma´si•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to form a word by a slight change; para• beside + to name, fr. a name.] (Rhet.) A play upon words; a figure by which the same word is used in different senses, or words similar in sound are set in opposition to each other, so as to give antithetical force to the sentence; punning. Dryden. { Par•o•no•mas´tic , Par•o•no•mas´tic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to paronomasia; consisting in a play upon words.

Par•o•nom´a•sy , n. [Cf. F. paronomasie.] Paronomasia. [R.] B. Jonson.

Par•o•nych´i•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; para• beside + , , a nail.] (Med.) A whitlow, or felon. Quincy.

Par´o•nym , n. A paronymous word. [Written also paronyme.]

Pa•ron´y•mous , a. [Gr. ; para• beside, near + a name.] 1. Having the same derivation; allied radically; conjugate; — said of certain words, as man, mankind, manhood, etc. 2. Having a similar sound, but different orthography and different meaning; — said of certain words, as al and awl; hair and hare, etc.

Pa•ron´y•my, n. The quality of being paronymous; also the use of paronymous words.

Par•o•öph´o•ron , n. [NL., from Gr. (see Para-) + an egg + to bear.] (Anat.) A small mass of tubules near the ovary in some animals, and corresponding with the parepididymis of the male.

Par´o•quet , n. [F. perroquet, or Sp. periquito; both prob. orig. meaning, little Peter. See Parrot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Parrakeet. [Written also paroket, parroquet, and perroquet.] Paroquet auk or auklet (Zoöl.), a small auk (Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus) inhabiting the coast and islands of Alaska. The upper parts are dark slate, under parts white, bill orange red. Called also perroquet auk.

Pa•ror´chis , n. [NL. See Para- , and Orchis.] (Anat.) The part of the epididymis; or the corresponding part of the excretory duct of the testicle, which is derived from the Wolffian body.

Pa•ros´te•al , (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to parostosis; as parosteal ossification.

Par•os•to´sis , n. [NL. See Para-, and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) Ossification which takes place in purely fibrous tracts; the formation of bone outside of the periosteum.

Par•os•tot´ic , a. Pertaining to parostosis.

Pa•rot´ic , a. [See Parotid.] (Anat.) On the side of the auditory capsule; near the external ear. Parotic region (Zoöl.), the space around the ears.

Pa•rot´id , a. [L. parotis, -idis, Gr. , ; para• beside, near + , , the ear: cf. F. parotide. ] (Anat.) (a) Situated near the ear; — applied especially to the salivary gland near the ear. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the parotid gland. Parotid gland (Anat.), one of the salivary glands situated just in front of or below the ear. It is the largest of the salivary glands in man, and its duct opens into the interior of the mouth opposite the second molar of the upper jaw.

Pa•rot´id, n. (Anat.) The parotid gland.

Par•o•ti´tis , n. [NL. See Parotid, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the parotid glands. Epidemic, or Infectious, parotitis, mumps.

Par´o•toid , a. [Parotid + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the parotid gland; — applied especially to cutaneous glandular elevations above the ear in many toads and frogs. — n. A parotoid gland.

Pa•rou´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Parusia.] (a) The nativity of our Lord. (b) The last day. Shipley.

Par•o•va´ri•um , n. [NL. See Para-, and Ovarium.] (Anat.) A group of tubules, a remnant of the Wolffian body, often found near the ovary or oviduct; the epoöphoron.

Par´ox•ysm , n. [F. paroxysme, Gr. , fr. to sharpen, irritate; para• beside, beyond + to sharpen, from sharp.] 1. (Med.) The fit, attack, or exacerbation, of a disease that occurs at intervals, or has decided remissions or intermissions. Arbuthnot. 2. Any sudden and violent emotion; spasmodic passion or action; a convulsion; a fit. “The returning paroxysms of diffidence and despair.” South.

Par•ox•ys´mal , a. Of the nature of a paroxysm; characterized or accompanied by paroxysms; as a paroxysmal pain; paroxysmal temper. — Par•ox•ys´mal•ly, adv.

Par•ox´y•tone , n. [Gr. , a. See Para-, and Oxytone.] (Gr. Gram.) A word having an acute accent on the penultimate syllable.

Par•quet´ , n. [F. See Parquetry.] 1. A body of seats on the floor of a music hall or theater nearest the orchestra; but commonly applied to the whole lower floor of a theater, from the orchestra to the dress circle; the pit. 2. Same as Parquetry.

Par´quet•age , n. See Parquetry.

Par´quet•ed, a. Formed in parquetry; inlaid with wood in small and differently colored figures. “One room parqueted with yew, which I liked well.” Evelyn.

Par´quet•ry , n. [F. parqueterie, fr. parquet inlaid flooring, fr. parquet, dim. of parc an inclosure. See Park.] A species of joinery or cabinet-work consisting of an inlay of geometric or other patterns, generally of different colors, — used especially for floors.

Par•quette´ , n. See Parquet.

Parr , n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. bradan a salmon.] (Zoöl.) (a) A young salmon in the stage when it has dark transverse bands; — called also samlet, skegger, and fingerling. (b) A young leveret. { Par´ra•keet• , Par´a•keet• }, n. [See Paroquet.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small parrots having a graduated tail, which is frequently very long; — called also paroquet and paraquet. Many of the Asiatic and Australian species belong to the genus Paleornis; others belong to Polytelis, Platycercus, Psephotus, Euphema, and allied genera. The American parrakeets mostly belong to the genus Conurus, as the Carolina parrakeet (C. Carolinensis). { Par´ral , Par´rel } n. [F. appareil. See Apparel, n.] 1. (Naut.) The rope or collar by which a yard or spar is held to the mast in such a way that it may be hoisted or lowered at pleasure. Totten. 2. A chimney-piece. Halliwell.

Par•ra´qua , n. (Zoöl.) A curassow of the genus Ortalida, allied to the guan.

Par•rhe´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; para• beside, beyond + a speaking.] (Rhet.) Boldness or freedom of speech.

Par´ri•ci•dal , a. [L. parricidalis, parricidialis. See Parricide.] Of or pertaining to parricide; guilty of parricide.

Par´ri•cide , n. [F., fr. L. parricida; pater father + caedere to kill. See Father, Homicide, and cf. Patricide.] 1. Properly, one who murders one’s own father; in a wider sense, one who murders one’s father or mother or any ancestor. 2. [L. parricidium.] The act or crime of murdering one’s own father or any ancestor.

Par•ri•cid´i•ous , a. Parricidal. [Obs.]

Par´rock , n. [AS. pearruc, pearroc. See Park.] A croft, or small field; a paddock. [Prov. Eng.]

Par´rot , n. [Prob. fr. F. Pierrot, dim. of Pierre Peter. F. pierrot is also the name of the sparrow. Cf. Paroquet, Petrel, Petrify.] 1. (Zoöl.) In a general sense, any bird of the order Psittaci. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of Psittacus, Chrysotis, Pionus, and other genera of the family Psittacidae, as distinguished from the parrakeets, macaws, and lories. They have a short rounded or even tail, and often a naked space on the cheeks. The gray parrot, or jako (P. erithacus) of Africa (see Jako), and the species of Amazon, or green, parrots (Chrysotis) of America, are examples. Many species, as cage birds, readily learn to imitate sounds, and to repeat words and phrases. Carolina parrot (Zoöl.), the Carolina parrakeet. See Parrakeet. — Night parrot, or Owl parrot. (Zoöl.) See Kakapo. — Parrot coal, cannel coal; — so called from the crackling and chattering sound it makes in burning. [Eng. & Scot.] — Parrot green. (Chem.) See Scheele’s green, under Green, n. — Parrot weed (Bot.), a suffrutescent plant (Bocconia frutescens) of the Poppy family, native of the warmer parts of America. It has very large, sinuate, pinnatifid leaves, and small, panicled, apetalous flowers. — Parrot wrasse, Parrot fish (Zoöl.), any fish of the genus Scarus. One species (S. Cretensis), found in the Mediterranean, is esteemed by epicures, and was highly prized by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Par´rot, v. t. To repeat by rote, as a parrot.

Par´rot, v. i. To chatter like a parrot.

Par´rot•er , n. One who simply repeats what he has heard. [R.] J. S. Mill.

Par´rot•ry , n. Servile imitation or repetition. [R.] Coleridge. ´The supine parrotry.´ Fitzed. Hall.

Par´rot’s-bill , n. [So called from the resemblance of its curved superior petal to a parrot’s bill.] (Bot.) The glory pea. See under Glory.

Par´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parried p. pr. & vb. n. Parrying.] [F. pare, p. p. of parer. See Pare, v. t.] 1. To ward off; to stop, or to turn aside; as to parry a thrust, a blow, or anything that means or threatens harm. Locke. “Vice parries wide
The undreaded volley with a sword of straw.” Cowper. 2. To avoid; to shift or put off; to evade. “The French government has parried the payment of our claims.” E. Everett.

Par´ry, v. i. To ward off, evade, or turn aside something, as a blow, argument, etc. Locke.

Par´ry, n.; pl. Parries . A warding off of a thrust or blow, as in sword and bayonet exercises or in boxing; hence, figuratively, a defensive movement in debate or other intellectual encounter.

Parse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parsed p. pr. & vb. n. Parsing.] [L. pars a part; pars orationis a part of speech. See Part, n.] (Gram.) To resolve into its elements, as a sentence, pointing out the several parts of speech, and their relation to each other by government or agreement; to analyze and describe grammatically. “Let him construe the letter into English, and parse it over perfectly.” Ascham.

Par´see , n. [Hind. & Per. parsi a Persian, a follower of Zoroaster, a fire worshiper. Cf. Persian.] 1. One of the adherents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian religion, descended from Persian refugees settled in India; a fire worshiper; a Gheber. 2. The Iranian dialect of much of the religious literature of the Parsees.

Par´see•ism , n. The religion and customs of the Parsees.

Pars´er , n. One who parses.

Par•si•mo´ni•ous , a. [Cf. F. parcimonieux. See Parsimony.] Exhibiting parsimony; sparing in expenditure of money; frugal to excess; penurious; niggardly; stingy. — Par•si•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Par•si•mo´ni•ous•ness, n. “A prodigal king is nearer a tyrant than a parsimonious.” Bacon. “Extraordinary funds for one campaign may spare us the expense of many years; whereas a long, parsimonious war will drain us of more men and money.” Addison. Syn. — Covetous; niggardly; miserly; penurious; close; saving; mean; stingy; frugal. See Avaricious.

Par´si•mo•ny , n. [L. parsimonia, parcimonia; cf. parcere to spare, parsus sparing: cf. F. parcimonie.] Closeness or sparingness in the expenditure of money; — generally in a bad sense; excessive frugality; niggardliness. Bacon. “Awful parsimony presided generally at the table.” Thackeray. Syn. — Economy; frugality; illiberality; covetousness; closeness; stinginess. See Economy.

Pars´ley , n. [OE. persely, persil, F. persil, L. petroselinum rock parsley, Gr. ; stone + parsley. Cf. Celery.] (Bot.) An aromatic umbelliferous herb (Carum Petroselinum), having finely divided leaves which are used in cookery and as a garnish. “As she went to the garden for parsley, to stuff a rabbit.” Shak. Fool’s parsley. See under Fool. - - Hedge parsley, Milk parsley, Stone parsley, names given to various weeds of similar appearance to the parsley. — Parsley fern (Bot.), a small fern with leaves resembling parsley (Cryptogramme crispa). — Parsley piert (Bot.), a small herb (Alchemilla arvensis) formerly used as a remedy for calculus.

Pars´nip , n. [OE. parsnepe, from a French form, fr. L. pastinaca; cf. pastinare to dig up, pastinum a kind of dibble; cf. OF. pastenade, pastenaque.] (Bot.) The aromatic and edible spindle-shaped root of the cultivated form of the Pastinaca sativa, a biennial umbelliferous plant which is very poisonous in its wild state; also the plant itself. Cow parsnip. See Cow parsnip. — Meadow parsnip, the European cow parsnip. - - Poison parsnip, the wild stock of the parsnip. — Water parsnip, any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sium, the species of which are poisonous.

Par´son , n. [OE. persone person, parson, OF. persone, F. personne person, LL. persona (sc. ecclesiae), fr. L. persona a person. See Person.] 1. (Eng. Eccl. Law) A person who represents a parish in its ecclesiastical and corporate capacities; hence, the rector or incumbent of a parochial church, who has full possession of all the rights thereof, with the cure of souls. 2. Any clergyman having ecclesiastical preferment; one who is in orders, or is licensed to preach; a preacher. “He hears the parson pray and preach.” Longfellow. Parson bird (Zoöl.), a New Zealand bird (Prosthemadera Novaeseelandiae) remarkable for its powers of mimicry and its ability to articulate words. Its color is glossy black, with a curious tuft of long, curly, white feathers on each side of the throat. It is often kept as a cage bird.

Par´son•age , n. 1. (Eng. Eccl. Law) A certain portion of lands, tithes, and offerings, for the maintenance of the parson of a parish. 2. The glebe and house, or the house only, owned by a parish or ecclesiastical society, and appropriated to the maintenance or use of the incumbent or settled pastor. 3. Money paid for the support of a parson. [Scot.] “What have I been paying stipend and teind, parsonage and vicarage, for?” Sir W. Scott.

Par´soned , a. Furnished with a parson. { Par•son´ic , Par•son´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a parson; clerical. “Vainglory glowed in his parsonic heart.” Colman. — Par•son´ic•al•ly, adv.

Par´son•ish , a. Appropriate to, or like, a parson; — used in disparagement. [Colloq.]

Part , n. [F. part, L. pars, gen. partis; cf. parere to bring forth, produce. Cf. Parent, Depart, Parcel, Partner, Party, Portion.] 1. One of the portions, equal or unequal, into which anything is divided, or regarded as divided; something less than a whole; a number, quantity, mass, or the like, regarded as going to make up, with others, a larger number, quantity, mass, etc., whether actually separate or not; a piece; a fragment; a fraction; a division; a member; a constituent. “And kept back part of the price, … and brought a certain part and laid it at the apostles’feet.” Acts v. 2. “Our ideas of extension and number — do they not contain a secret relation of the parts ?” Locke. “I am a part of all that I have met.” Tennyson. 2. Hence, specifically: (a) An equal constituent portion; one of several or many like quantities, numbers, etc., into which anything is divided, or of which it is composed; proportional division or ingredient. “An homer is the tenth part of an ephah.” Ex. xvi. 36. “A thought which, quartered, hath but one part wisdom,
And ever three parts coward.” Shak. (b) A constituent portion of a living or spiritual whole; a member; an organ; an essential element. “All the parts were formed … into one harmonious body.” Locke. “The pulse, the glow of every part.” Keble. (c) A constituent of character or capacity; quality; faculty; talent; — usually in the plural with a collective sense. ´Men of considerable parts.´ Burke. ´Great quickness of parts.´ Macaulay. “Which maintained so politic a state of evil, that they will not admit any good part to intermingle with them.” Shak. (d) Quarter; region; district; — usually in the plural. ´The uttermost part of the heaven.´ Neh. i. 9. “All parts resound with tumults, plaints, and fears.” Dryden. (e) (Math.) Such portion of any quantity, as when taken a certain number of times, will exactly make that quantity; as 3 is a part of 12; — the opposite of multiple. also a line or other element of a geometrical figure. 3. That which belongs to one, or which is assumed by one, or which falls to one, in a division or apportionment; share; portion; lot; interest; concern; duty; office. “We have no part in David.” 2 Sam. xx. 1. “Accuse not Nature! she hath done her part;
Do thou but thine.” Milton. “Let me bear
My part of danger with an equal share.” Dryden. 4. Hence, specifically: (a) One of the opposing parties or sides in a conflict or a controversy; a faction. “For he that is not against us is on our part.” Mark ix. 40. “Make whole kingdoms take her brother’s part.” Waller. (b) A particular character in a drama or a play; an assumed personification; also the language, actions, and influence of a character or an actor in a play; or, figuratively, in real life. See To act a part, under Act. “That part
Was aptly fitted and naturally performed.” Shak. “It was a brute part of him to kill so capital a calf.” Shak. “Honor and shame from no condition rise;
Act well your part, there all the honor lies.” Pope. (c) (Mus.) One of the different melodies of a concerted composition, which heard in union compose its harmony; also the music for each voice or instrument; as the treble, tenor, or bass part; the violin part, etc. For my part, so far as concerns me; for my share. — For the most part. See under Most, a. — In good part, as well done; favorably; acceptably; in a friendly manner. Hooker. — In ill part, unfavorably; with displeasure. — In part, in some degree; partly. — Part and parcel, an essential or constituent portion; — a reduplicative phrase. Cf. might and main, kith and kin, etc. ´She was … part and parcel of the race and place.´ Howitt. — Part of speech (Gram.), a sort or class of words of a particular character; thus, the noun is a part of speech denoting the name of a thing; the verb is a part of speech which asserts something of the subject of a sentence. — Part owner (Law), one of several owners or tenants in common. See Joint tenant, under Joint. — Part singing, singing in which two or more of the harmonic parts are taken. — Part song, a song in two or more (commonly four) distinct vocal parts. ´A part song differs from a madrigal in its exclusion of contrapuntual devices; from a glee, in its being sung by many voices, instead of by one only, to each part.´ Stainer & Barrett. Syn. — Portion; section; division; fraction; fragment; piece; share; constituent. See Portion, and Section.

Part , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parted; p. pr. & vb. n. Parting.] [F. partir, L. partire, partiri, p. p. partitus, fr. pars, gen. partis, a part. See Part, n.] 1. To divide; to separate into distinct parts; to break into two or more parts or pieces; to sever. ´Thou shalt part it in pieces.´ Lev. ii. 6. “There, [celestial love] parted into rainbow hues.” Keble. 2. To divide into shares; to divide and distribute; to allot; to apportion; to share. “To part his throne, and share his heaven with thee.” Pope. “They parted my raiment among them.” John xix. 24. 3. To separate or disunite; to cause to go apart; to remove from contact or contiguity; to sunder. “The Lord do so to me, and more also if aught but death part thee and me.” Ruth i. 17. “While he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven.” Luke xxiv. 51. “The narrow seas that part
The French and English.” Shak. 4. Hence: To hold apart; to stand between; to intervene betwixt, as combatants. “The stumbling night did part our weary powers.” Shak. 5. To separate by a process of extraction, elimination, or secretion; as to part gold from silver. “The liver minds his own affair, …
And parts and strains the vital juices.” Prior. 6. To leave; to quit. [Obs.] “Since presently your souls must part your bodies.” Shak. To part a cable (Naut.), to break it. — To part company, to separate, as travelers or companions.

Part, v. i. 1. To be broken or divided into parts or pieces; to break; to become separated; to go asunder; as rope parts; his hair parts in the middle. 2. To go away; to depart; to take leave; to quit each other; hence, to die; — often with from. “He wrung Bassanio’s hand, and so they parted.” Shak. “He owned that he had parted from the duke only a few hours before.” Macaulay. “His precious bag, which he would by no means part from.” G. Eliot. 3. To perform an act of parting; to relinquish a connection of any kind; — followed by with or from. “Celia, for thy sake, I part
With all that grew so near my heart.” Waller. “Powerful hands … will not part
Easily from possession won with arms.” Milton. “It was strange to him that a father should feel no tenderness at parting with an only son.” A. Trollope. 4. To have a part or share; to partake. [Obs.] ´They shall part alike.´ 1 Sam. xxx. 24.

Part, adv. Partly; in a measure. [R.] Shak.

Part´a•ble , a. See Partible. Camden.

Part´age , n. [F. See Part, v. & n.] 1. Division; the act of dividing or sharing. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. Part; portion; share. [Obs.] Ford.

Par•take´ , v. i. [imp. Partook p. p. Partaken ; p. pr. & vb. n. Partaking.] [Part + take.] 1. To take a part, portion, lot, or share, in common with others; to have a share or part; to participate; to share; as to partake of a feast with others. ´Brutes partake in this faculty.´ Locke. “When I against myself with thee partake.” Shak. 2. To have something of the properties, character, or office; — usually followed by of. “The attorney of the Duchy of Lancaster partakes partly of a judge, and partly of an attorney-general.” Bacon.

Par•take´ , v. t. 1. To partake of; to have a part or share in; to share. “Let every one partake the general joy.” Driden. 2. To admit to a share; to cause to participate; to give a part to. [Obs.] Spencer. 3. To distribute; to communicate. [Obs.] Shak.

Par•tak´er , n. 1. One who partakes; a sharer; a participator. “Partakers of their spiritual things.” Rom. xv. 27. “Wish me partaker in my happiness.” Shark. 2. An accomplice; an associate; a partner. [Obs.] “Partakers wish them in the blood of the prophets.” Matt. xxiii. 30.

Par´tan , n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. partan.] (Zoöl.) An edible British crab. [Prov. Eng.]

Part´ed , a. 1. Separated; devided. 2. Endowed with parts or abilities. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Bot.) Cleft so that the divisions reach nearly, but not quite, to the midrib, or the base of the blade; — said of a leaf, and used chiefly in composition; as three- parted, five-parted, etc. Gray.

Part´er , n. One who, or which, parts or separates. Sir P. Sidney.

Par•terre´ , n. [F., fr. par on, by (L. per)+terre earth, ground, L. terra. See Terrace.] 1. (Hort.) An ornamental and diversified arrangement of beds or plots, in which flowers are cultivated, with intervening spaces of gravel or turf for walking on. 2. The pit of a theater; the parquet. [France]

Par•the´ni•ad , n. [See Parthenic.] A poem in honor of a virgin. [Obs.]

Par•then´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. a maid, virgin.] Of or pertaining to the Spartan Partheniae, or sons of unmarried women.

Par•the•no•gen´e•sis , n. [Gr. parqe•nos a virgin + E. genesis.] 1. (Biol.) The production of new individuals from virgin females by means of ova which have the power of developing without the intervention of the male element; the production, without fertilization, of cells capable of germination. It is one of the phenomena of alternate generation. Cf. Heterogamy, and Metagenesis. 2. (Bot.) The production of seed without fertilization, believed to occur through the nonsexual formation of an embryo extraneous to the embrionic vesicle.

Par•the•no•ge•net´ic, a. (Biol.) Of, pertaining to, or produced by, parthenogenesis; as parthenogenetic forms. — Par•the•no•ge•net´ic•al•ly, adv.

Par•the•no•gen´i•tive , a. (Biol.) Parthenogenetic.

Par•the•nog´e•ny , n. (Biol.) Same as Parthenogenesis.

Par´the•non , n. [L., fr. Gr. Parqenw•n, fr.parqe•nos a virgin, i. e., Athene, the Greek goddess called also Pallas.] A celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.

Par•then´o•pe (pär•then´o•pe), n. [L., the name of a Siren, fr. Gr. Parqeno•pn.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of the Sirens, who threw herself into the sea, in despair at not being able to beguile Ulysses by her songs. 2. One of the asteroids between Mars and Jupiter, discovered by M. de Gasparis in 1850.

Par´thi•an , a. Of or pertaining to ancient Parthia, in Asia. — n. A native of Parthia. Parthian arrow, an arrow discharged at an enemy when retreating from him, as was the custom of the ancient Parthians; hence, a parting shot.

Par´tial , a. [F., fr. LL. partials, fr. L. pars, gen. partis, a part; cf. (for sense 1) F. partiel. See Part, n.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting, a part only; not general or universal; not total or entire; as a partial eclipse of the moon. ´Partial dissolutions of the earth.´ T. Burnet. 2. Inclined to favor one party in a cause, or one side of a question, more then the other; baised; not indifferent; as a judge should not be partial. “Ye have been partial in the law.” Mal. ii. 9. 3. Having a predelection for; inclined to favor unreasonably; foolishly fond. ´A partial parent.´ Pope. “Not partial to an ostentatious display.” Sir W. Scott. 4. (Bot.) Pertaining to a subordinate portion; as a compound umbel is made up of a several partial umbels; a leaflet is often supported by a partial petiole. Partial differentials, Partial differential coefficients, Partial differentiation, etc. (of a function of two or more variables), the differentials, differential coefficients, differentiation etc., of the function, upon the hypothesis that some of the variables are for the time constant. — Partial fractions (Alg.), fractions whose sum equals a given fraction. — Partial tones (Music), the simple tones which in combination form an ordinary tone; the overtones, or harmonics, which, blending with a fundamental tone, cause its special quality of sound, or timbre, or tone color. See, also Tone.

Par´tial•ism , n. Partiality; specifically (Theol.), the doctrine of the Partialists.

Par´tial•ist n. 1. One who is partial. [R.] 2. (Theol.) One who holds that the atonement was made only for a part of mankind, that is, for the elect.

Par•ti•al´i•ty ( 277), n. [Cf. F. partialite.] 1. The quality or state of being partial; inclination to favor one party, or one side of a question, more than the other; undue bias of mind. 2. A predilection or inclination to one thing rather than to others; special taste or liking; as a partiality for poetry or painting. Roget.

Par´tial•ize , v. t. & i. To make or be partial. [R.]

Par´tial•ly adv. 1. In part; not totally; as partially true; the sun partially eclipsed. Sir T. Browne. 2. In a partial manner; with undue bias of mind; with unjust favor or dislike; as to judge partially. Shak.

Part•i•bil´i•ty , n. [From Partible.] The quality or state of being partible; divisibility; separability; as the partibility of an inherttance.

Part´i•ble , a. [L. partibilis, fr. partire to part, divide, fr. L. pars: cf. F. partible. See Part.] Admitting of being parted; divisible; separable; susceptible of severance or partition; as an estate of inheritance may be partible. ´Make the molds partible.´ Bacon.

Par•tic´i•pa•ble , a. Capable of being participated or shared. [R.] Norris.

Par•tic´i•pant , a. [L. participans, p. pr. of participare: cf. F. participant. See Participate.] Sharing; participating; having a share of part. Bacon.

Par•tic´i•pant, n. A participator; a partaker. “Participants in their … mysterious rites.” Bp. Warburton.

Par•tic´i•pant•ly, adv. In a participant manner.

Par•tic´i•pate , a. [L. participatus, p. p. of participare to participate; pars, partis, part + capere to take. See Part, and Capacious.] Acting in common; participating. [R.] Shak.

Par•tic´i•pate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Participated p. pr. & vb. n. Participating.] To have a share in common with others; to take a part; to partake; — followed by in, formely by of; as to participate in a debate. Shak. “So would he participateof their wants.” Hayward. “Mine may come when men
With angels may participate.” Milton.

Par•tic´i•pate, v. t. 1. To partake of; to share in; to receive a part of. [R.] “Fit to participate all rational delight.” Milton. 2. To impart, or give, or share of. [Obs.] Drayton.

Par•tic•i•pa´tion , n. [F. participation, L. participatio.] 1. The act or state of participating, or sharing in common with others; as a participation in joy or sorrows. “These deities are so by participation.” Bp. Stillingfleet. “What an honor, that God should admit us into such a blessed participation of himself!” Atterbury. 2. Distribution; division into shares. [Obs.] Raleigh. 3. community; fellowship; association. [Obs.] Shak.

Par•tic´i•pa•tive , a. [Cf. F. participatif.] Capable of participating.

Par•tic´i•pa•tor , n. [L.] One who participates, or shares with another; a partaker.

Par•ti•cip´i•al , a. [L. participialis: cf. E. participal. See Participle.] Having, or partaking of, the nature and use of a participle; formed from a participle; as a participial noun. Lowth.

Par•ti•cip´i•al, n. A participial word.

Par•ti•cip´i•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Participialized p. pr. & vb. n. Participializing.] To form into, or put in the form of, a participle. [R.]

Par•ti•cip´i•al•ly, adv. In the sense or manner of a participle.

Par´ti•ci•ple , n. [F. participe, L. participium, fr. particeps sharing, participant; pars, gen. partis, a part + capere to take. See Participate.] 1. (Gram.) A part of speech partaking of the nature both verb and adjective; a form of a verb, or verbal adjective, modifying a noun, but taking the adjuncts of the verb from which it is derived. In the sentences: a letter is written; being asleep he did not hear; exhausted by toil he will sleep soundly, — written, being, and exhaustedare participles. “By a participle, [I understand] a verb in an adjectival aspect.” Earle. Present participles, called also imperfect, or incomplete, participles, end in -ing. Past participles, called also perfect, or complete, participles, for the most part end in -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n. A participle when used merely as an attribute of a noun, without reference to time, is called an adjective, or a participial adjective; as a written constitution; a rolling stone; the exhausted army. The verbal noun in -ing has the form of the present participle. See Verbal noun, under Verbal, a. 2. Anything that partakes of the nature of different things. [Obs.] “The participles or confines between plants and living creatures.” Bacon.

Par´ti•cle , n. [L. particula, dim of pars, gen partis, a part: cf. F. particule. See Part, and cf. Parcel.] 1. A minute part or portion of matter; a morsel; a little bit; an atom; a jot; as a particle of sand, of wood, of dust. “The small size of atoms which unite
To make the smallest particle of light.” Blackmore. 2. Any very small portion or part; the smallest portion; as he has not a particle of patriotism or virtue. “The houses had not given their commissioners authority in the least particle to recede.” Clarendon. 3. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A crumb or little piece of concecrated host. (b) The smaller hosts distributed in the communion of the laity. Bp. Fitzpatrick. 4. (Gram.) A subordinate word that is never inflected (a preposition, conjunction, interjection); or a word that can not be used except in compositions; as ward in backward, ly in lovely.

Par´ti•col•ored, a. Same as Party-colored.

Par•tic´u•lar , a. [OE. particuler, F. particulier, L. particularis. See Particle.] 1. Relating to a part or portion of anything; concerning a part separated from the whole or from others of the class; separate; sole; single; individual; specific; as the particular stars of a constellation. Shak. “[/Make] each particular hair to stand an end,
Like quills upon the fretful porpentine.” Shak. “Seken in every halk and every herne
Particular sciences for to lerne.” Chaucer. 2. Of or pertaining to a single person, class, or thing; belonging to one only; not general; not common; hence, personal; peculiar; singular. ´Thine own particular wrongs.´ Shak. “Wheresoever one plant draweth such a particular juice out of the earth.” Bacon. 3. Separate or distinct by reason of superiority; distinguished; important; noteworthy; unusual; special; as he brought no particular news; she was the particular belle of the party. 4. Concerned with, or attentive to, details; minute; circumstantial; precise; as a full and particular account of an accident; hence, nice; fastidious; as a man particular in his dress. 5. (Law) (a) Containing a part only; limited; as a particular estate, or one precedent to an estate in remainder. (b) Holding a particular estate; as a particular tenant. Blackstone. 6. (Logic) Forming a part of a genus; relatively limited in extension; affirmed or denied of a part of a subject; as a particular proposition; — opposed to universal: e. g. (particular affirmative) Some men are wise; (particular negative) Some men are not wise. Particular average. See under Average. — Particular Baptist, one of a branch of the Baptist denomination the members of which hold the doctrine of a particular or individual election and reprobation. — Particular lien (Law), a lien, or a right to retain a thing, for some charge or claim growing out of, or connected with, that particular thing. — Particular redemption, the doctrine that the purpose, act, and provisions of redemption are restricted to a limited number of the human race. See Calvinism. Syn. — Minute; individual; respective; appropriate; peculiar; especial; exact; specific; precise; critical; circumstantial. See Minute.

Par•tic´u•lar , n. 1. A separate or distinct member of a class, or part of a whole; an individual fact, point, circumstance, detail, or item, which may be considered separately; as the particulars of a story. “Particulars which it is not lawful for me to reveal.” Bacon. “It is the greatest interest of particulars to advance the good of the community.” L’Estrange. 2. Special or personal peculiarity, trait, or character; individuality; interest, etc. [Obs.] “For his particular I’ll receive him gladly.” Shak. “If the particulars of each person be considered.” Milton. “Temporal blessings, whether such as concern the public … or such as concern our particular.” Whole Duty of Man. 3. (Law) One of the details or items of grounds of claim; — usually in the pl.; also a bill of particulars; a minute account; as a particular of premises. “The reader has a particular of the books wherein this law was written.” Ayliffe. Bill of particulars. See under Bill. - - In particular, specially; peculiarly. ´This, in particular, happens to the lungs.´ Blackmore. — To go into particulars, to relate or describe in detail or minutely.

Par•tic´u•lar•ism , n. [Cf. F. particularisme.] 1. A minute description; a detailed statement. [R.] 2. (Theol.) The doctrine of particular election. 3. (German Politics) Devotion to the interests of one’s own kingdom or province rather than to those of the empire.

Par•tic´u•lar•ist, n. [Cf. F. particulariste.] One who holds to particularism. — Par•tic•u•lar•is´tic, a.

Par•tic•u•lar´i•ty , n.; pl. Particularities (#). [Cf. F. particularite.] 1. The state or quality of being particular; distinctiveness; circumstantiality; minuteness in detail. 2. That which is particular; as: (a) Peculiar quality; individual characteristic; peculiarity. ´An old heathen altar with this particularity.´ Addison. (b) Special circumstance; minute detail; particular. ´Even descending to particularities.´ Sir P. Sidney. (c) Something of special or private concern or interest. “Let the general trumpet blow his blast,
Particularities and petty sounds
To cease!” Shak.

Par•tic•u•lar•i•za´tion , n. The act of particularizing. Coleridge.

Par•tic´u•lar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Particularized p. pr. & vb. n. Particularizing ] [Cf. F. particulariser.] To give as a particular, or as the particulars; to mention particularly; to give the particulars of; to enumerate or specify in detail. “He not only boasts of his parentage as an Israelite, but particularizes his descent from Benjamin.” Atterbury.

Par•tic´u•lar•ize, v. i. To mention or attend to particulars; to give minute details; to be circumstantial; as to particularize in a narrative.

Par•tic´u•lar•ly, adv. 1. In a particular manner; expressly; with a specific reference or interest; in particular; distinctly. 2. In an especial manner; in a high degree; as a particularly fortunate man; a particularly bad failure. “The exact propriety of Virgil I particularly regarded as a great part of his character.” Dryden.

Par•tic´u•lar•ment , n. A particular; a detail. [Obs.]

Par•tic´u•late , v. t. & i. [See Particle.] To particularize. [Obs.]

Par•tic´u•late , a. 1. Having the form of a particle. 2. Referring to, or produced by, particles, such as dust, minute germs, etc. [R.] “The smallpox is a particulate disease.” Tyndall.

Par´ting , a. [From Part, v.] 1. Serving to part; dividing; separating. 2. Given when departing; as a parting shot; a parting salute. ´Give him that parting kiss.´ Shak. 3. Departing. ´Speed the parting guest.´ Pope. 4. Admitting of being parted; partible. Parting fellow, a partner. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Parting pulley. See under Pulley. — Parting sand (Founding), dry, nonadhesive sand, sprinkled upon the partings of a mold to facilitate the separation. — Parting strip (Arch.), in a sash window, one of the thin strips of wood let into the pulley stile to keep the sashes apart; also the thin piece inserted in the window box to separate the weights. — Parting tool (Mach.), a thin tool, used in turning or planing, for cutting a piece in two.

Par´ting , n. 1. The act of parting or dividing; the state of being parted; division; separation. ´The parting of the way.´ Ezek. xxi. 21. 2. A separation; a leave-taking. Shak. “And there were sudden partings, such as press
The life from out young hearts.” Byron. 3. A surface or line of separation where a division occurs. 4. (Founding) The surface of the sand of one section of a mold where it meets that of another section. 5. (Chem.) The separation and determination of alloys; esp., the separation, as by acids, of gold from silver in the assay button. 6. (Geol.) A joint or fissure, as in a coal seam. 7. (Naut.) The breaking, as of a cable, by violence. 8. (Min.) Lamellar separation in a crystallized mineral, due to some other cause than cleavage, as to the presence of twinning lamellae.

Par´ti•san , n. [F., fr. It. partigiano. See Party, and cf. Partisan a truncheon.] [Written also partizan.] 1. An adherent to a party or faction; esp., one who is strongly and passionately devoted to a party or an interest. ´The violence of a partisan.´ Macaulay. “Both sides had their partisans in the colony.” Jefferson. 2. (Mil.) (a) The commander of a body of detached light troops engaged in making forays and harassing an enemy. (b) Any member of such a corps.

Par´ti•san, a. [Written also partizan.] 1. Adherent to a party or faction; especially, having the character of blind, passionate, or unreasonable adherence to a party; as blinded by partisan zeal. 2. (Mil.) Serving as a partisan in a detached command; as a partisan officer or corps. Partisan ranger (Mil.), a member of a partisan corps.

Par´ti•san, n. [F. pertuisane, prob. fr. It. partigiana, influenced in French by OF. pertuisier to pierce. It was prob. so named as the weapon of some partisans, or party men. Cf. Partisan one of a corps of light troops.] A kind of halberd or pike; also a truncheon; a staff. “And make him with our pikes and partisans a grave.” Shak.

Par´ti•san•ship, n. The state of being a partisan, or adherent to a party; feelings or conduct appropriate to a partisan.

Par•ti´ta , n. [It.] (Mus.) A suite; a set of variations.

Par´tite , a. [L. partitus, p. p. of partire to part, divide, from pars. See Part, and cf. Party, a.] (Bot.) Divided nearly to the base; as a partite leaf is a simple separated down nearly to the base.

Par•ti´tion , n. [F. partition, L. partitio. See Part, v.] 1. The act of parting or dividing; the state of being parted; separation; division; distribution; as the partition of a kingdom. “And good from bad find no partition.” Shak. 2. That which divides or separates; that by which different things, or distinct parts of the same thing, are separated; separating boundary; dividing line or space; specifically, an interior wall dividing one part or apartment of a house, an inclosure, or the like, from another; as a brick partition; lath and plaster partitions. “No sight could pass
Betwixt the nice partitions of the grass.” Dryden. 3. A part divided off by walls; an apartment; a compartment. [R.] ´Lodged in a small partition.´ Milton. 4. (Law.) The servance of common or undivided interests, particularly in real estate. It may be effected by consent of parties, or by compulsion of law. 5. (Mus.) A score. Partition of numbers (Math.), the resolution of integers into parts subject to given conditions. Brande & C.

Par•ti´tion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Partitioned p. pr. & vb. n. Partitioning.] 1. To divide into parts or shares; to divide and distribute; as to partition an estate among various heirs. 2. To divide into distinct parts by lines, walls, etc.; as to partition a house. “Uniform without, though severally partitioned within.” Bacon.

Par•ti´tion•ment , n. The act of partitioning.

Par´ti•tive , a. [Cf. F. partitif.] (Gram.) Denoting a part; as a partitive genitive.

Par´ti•tive, n. (Gram.) A word expressing partition, or denoting a part.

Par´ti•tive•ly, adv. In a partitive manner.

Part´let , n. [Dim. of part.] 1. A covering for the neck, and sometimes for the shoulders and breast; originally worn by both sexes, but laterby women alone; a ruff. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A hen; — so called from the ruffing of her neck feathers. ´Dame Partlett, the hen.´ Shak.

Part´ly, adv. In part; in some measure of degree; not wholly. ´I partly believe it.´ 1 Cor. xi. 18.

Part´ner , n. [For parcener, influenced by part.] 1. One who has a part in anything with an other; a partaker; an associate; a sharer. ´Partner of his fortune.´ Shak. Hence: (a) A husband or a wife. (b) Either one of a couple who dance together. (c) One who shares as a member of a partnership in the management, or in the gains and losses, of a business. “My other self, the partner of my life.” Milton. 2. (Law) An associate in any business or occupation; a member of a partnership. See Partnership. 3. pl. (Naut.) A framework of heavy timber surrounding an opening in a deck, to strengthen it for the support of a mast, pump, capstan, or the like. Dormant, or Silent, partner. See under Dormant, a. Syn. — Associate; colleague; coadjutor; confederate; partaker; participator; companion; comrade; mate.

Part´ner, v. t. To associate, to join. [Obs.] Shak.

Part´ner•ship, n. 1. The state or condition of being a partner; as to be in partnership with another; to have partnership in the fortunes of a family or a state. 2. A division or sharing among partners; joint possession or interest. “Rome, that ne’er knew three lordly heads before,
First fell by fatal partnership of power.” Rowe. “He does possession keep,
And is too wise to hazard partnership.” Dryden. 3. An alliance or association of persons for the prosecution of an undertaking or a business on joint account; a company; a firm; a house; as to form a partnership. 4. (Law) A contract between two or more competent persons for joining together their money, goods, labor, and skill, or any or all of them, under an understanding that there shall be a communion of profit between them, and for the purpose of carrying on a legal trade, business, or adventure. Kent. Story. Community of profit is absolutely essential to, though not necessary the test of, a partnership. 5. (Arith.) See Fellowship, n., 6. Limited partnership, a form of partnership in which the firm consists of one or more general partners, jointly and severally responsible as ordinary partners, and one or more special partners, who are not liable for the debts of the partnership beyond the amount of cash they contribute as capital. — Partnership in commendam, the title given to the limited partnership (F. societe en commandite) of the French law, introduced into the code of Louisiana. Burrill. — Silent partnership, the relation of partnership sustained by a person who furnishes capital only.

Par•took´ , imp. of Partake.

Par´tridge , n. [OE. partriche, pertriche, OF. pertris, perdriz, F. perdrix, L. perdix, -icis, fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of numerous species of small gallinaceous birds of the genus Perdix and several related genera of the family Perdicidae, of the Old World. The partridge is noted as a game bird. “Full many a fat partrich had he in mew.” Chaucer. The common European, or gray, partridge (Perdix cinerea) and the red-legged partridge (Caccabis rubra) of Southern Europe and Asia are well-known species. 2. Any one of several species of quail-like birds belonging to Colinus, and allied genera. [U.S.] Among them are the bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus) of the Eastern States; the plumed, or mountain, partridge (Oreortyx pictus) of California; the Massena partridge (Cyrtonyx Montezumae); and the California partridge (Callipepla Californica). 3. The ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). [New Eng.] Bamboo partridge (Zoöl.), a spurred partridge of the genus Bambusicola. Several species are found in China and the East Indies. — Night partridge (Zoöl.), the woodcock. [Local, U.S.] — Painted partridge (Zoöl.), a francolin of South Africa (Francolinus pictus). — Partridge berry. (Bot.) (a) The scarlet berry of a trailing american plant (Mitchella repens) of the order Rubiaceae, having roundish evergreen leaves, and white fragrant flowers sometimes tinged with purple, growing in pairs with the ovaries united, and producing the berries which remain over winter; also the plant itself. (b) The fruit of the creeping wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens); also the plant itself. — Partridge dove (Zoöl.) Same as Mountain witch, under Mountain. — Partridge pea (Bot.), a yellow-flowered leguminous herb (Cassia Chamaecrista), common in sandy fields in the Eastern United States. — Partridge shell (Zoöl.), a large marine univalve shell (Dolium perdix), having colors variegated like those of the partridge. — Partridge wood (a) A variegated wood, much esteemed for cabinetwork. It is obtained from tropical America, and one source of it is said to be the leguminous tree Andira inermis. Called also pheasant wood. (b) A name sometimes given to the dark-colored and striated wood of some kind of palm, which is used for walking sticks and umbrella handles. — Sea partridge (Zoöl.), an Asiatic sand partridge (Ammoperdix Bonhami); — so called from its note. — Snow partridge (Zoöl.), a large spurred partridge (Lerwa nivicola) which inhabits the high mountains of Asia. — Spruce partridge. See under Spruce. — Wood partridge, or Hill partridge (Zoöl.), any small Asiatic partridge of the genus Arboricola.

Par´ture , n. Departure. [Obs.] Spenser.

Par•tu´ri•ate , v. i. [See Parturient.] To bring forth young. [Obs.]

Par•tu´ri•en•cy , n. Parturition.

Par•tu´ri•ent , a. [L. parturiens, p. pr. of parturire to desire to bring forth, fr. parere, partum, to bring forth. See Parent.] Bringing forth, or about to bring forth, young; fruitful. Jer. Tailor.

Par•tu•ri•fa´cient , n. [L. parturire to desire to bring forth + facere to make.] (Med.) A medicine tending to cause parturition, or to give relief in childbearing. Dunglison.

Par•tu´ri•ous , a. Parturient. [Obs.] Drayton.

Par•tu•ri´tion , n. [L. parturitio, fr. parturire: cf. F. parturition. See Parturient.] 1. The act of bringing forth, or being delivered of, young; the act of giving birth; delivery; childbirth. 2. That which is brought forth; a birth. [Obs.]

Par•tu´ri•tive , a. Pertaining to parturition; obstetric. [R.]

Par´ty , n.; pl. Parties (#). [F. parti and partie, fr. F. partir to part, divide, L. partire, partiri. See Part, v.] 1. A part or portion. [Obs.] ´The most party of the time.´ Chaucer. 2. A number of persons united in opinion or action, as distinguished from, or opposed to, the rest of a community or association; esp., one of the parts into which a people is divided on questions of public policy. “Win the noble Brutus to our party.” Shak. “The peace both parties want is like to last.” Dryden. 3. A part of a larger body of company; a detachment; especially (Mil.), a small body of troops dispatched on special service. 4. A number of persons invited to a social entertainment; a select company; as a dinner party; also the entertainment itself; as to give a party. 5. One concerned or interested in an affair; one who takes part with others; a participator; as he was a party to the plot; a party to the contract. 6. The plaintiff or the defendant in a lawsuit, whether an individual, a firm, or corporation; a litigant. “The cause of both parties shall come before the judges.” Ex. xxii. 9. 7. Hence, any certain person who is regarded as being opposed or antagonistic to another. “It the jury found that the party slain was of English race, it had been adjudged felony.” Sir J. Davies. 8. Cause; side; interest. “Have you nothing said
Upon this Party ’gainst the Duke of Albany?” Shak. 9. A person; as he is a queer party. [Now accounted a vulgarism.] ´For several generations, our ancestors largely employed party for person; but this use of the word, when it appeared to be reviving, happened to strike, more particularly, the fancy of the vulgar; and the consequence has been, that the polite have chosen to leave it in their undisputed possession.´ Fitzed. Hall. Party jury (Law), a jury composed of different parties, as one which is half natives and half foreigners. — Party man, a partisan. Swift. — Party spirit, a factious and unreasonable temper, not uncommonly shown by party men. Whately. — Party verdict, a joint verdict. Shak. — Party wall. (a) (Arch.) A wall built upon the dividing line between two adjoining properties, usually having half its thickness on each property. (b) (Law) A wall that separates adjoining houses, as in a block or row.

Par´ty, a. [F. parti divided, fr. partir to divide. See Part, v., and cf. Partite.] 1. (Her.) Parted or divided, as in the direction or form of one of the ordinaries; as an escutcheon party per pale. 2. Partial; favoring one party. “I will be true judge, and not party.” Chaucer. Charter party. See under Charter.

Par´ty, adv. Partly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Par´ty-coat•ed , a. Having a motley coat, or coat of divers colors. Shak. { Par´ty-col•ored , Par´ti-col•ored } , a. Colored with different tints; variegated; as a party-colored flower. ´Parti-colored lambs.´ Shak.

Par´ty•ism , n. Devotion to party.

Par•um•bil´ic•al , a. [Pref. para- + umbilical.] (Anat.) Near the umbilicus; — applied especially to one or more small veins which, in man, connect the portal vein with the epigastric veins in the front wall of the abdomen.

Pa•ru´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. presence, fr. to be present; para• beside + to be.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which the present tense is used instead of the past or the future, as in the animated narration of past, or in the prediction of future, events.

Par•va•nim´i•ty , n. [L. parvus little + animus mind.] The state or quality of having a little or ignoble mind; pettiness; meanness; — opposed to magnanimity. De Quincey.

Par´ve•nu , n. [F., prop. p. p. of parvenir to attain to, to succeed, to rise to high station, L. pervenire to come to; per through + venire to come. See Par, prep., and Come.] An upstart; a man newly risen into notice. { Par´vis , Par´vise } , n. [F. parvis, fr. LL. paravisus, fr. L. paradisus. See Paradise.] a court of entrance to, or an inclosed space before, a church; hence, a church porch; — sometimes formerly used as place of meeting, as for lawyers. Chaucer. { Par´vi•tude , Par´vi•ty } n. [L. parvitas, fr. parvus little: cf. OF. parvite.] Littleness. [Obs.] Glanvill. Ray.

Par´vo•lin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A nonoxygenous ptomaine, formed in the putrefaction of albuminous matters, especially of horseflesh and mackerel.

Par´vo•line , n. (Chem.) A liquid base, CHN, of the pyridine group, found in coal tar; also any one of the series of isometric substances of which it is the type.

Pas , n. [F. See Pace.] 1. A pace; a step, as in a dance. Chaucer. 2. Right of going foremost; precedence. Arbuthnot.

Pa´san , n. (Zoöl.) The gemsbok. { Pasch , Pas´cha } n. [AS. pascha, L. pascha, Gr. , fr. Heb. pesach, fr. pasach to pass over: cf. OF. pasque, F. pâque. Cf. Paschal, Paas, Paque.] The passover; the feast of Easter. Pasch egg. See Easter egg, under Easter. — Pasch flower. See Pasque flower, under Pasque.

Pas´chal , a. [L. paschalis: cf. F. pascal. See Pasch.] Of or pertaining to the passover, or to Easter; as a paschal lamb; paschal eggs. Longfellow. Paschal candle (R. C. Ch.), a large wax candle, blessed and placed on the altar on Holy Saturday, or the day before Easter. — Paschal flower. See Pasque flower, under Pasque.

Pa•seng´ , n. (Zoöl.) The wild or bezoar goat. See Goat.

Pash , v. t. [Prob. of imitative origin, or possibly akin to box to fight with the fists.] To strike; to crush; to smash; to dash in pieces. [Obs.] P. Plowman. ´I’ll pash him o’er the face.´ Shak.

Pash, n. [Scot., the pate. Cf. Pash, v. t.] 1. The head; the poll. [R.] ´A rough pash.´ Shak. 2. A crushing blow. [Obs.] 3. A heavy fall of rain or snow. [Prov. Eng.]

Pa•sha´ , n. [Turk. pasha, basha; cf. Per. basha, badshah; perh. a corruption of Per. padishah. Cf. Bashaw, Padishah, Shah.] An honorary title given to officers of high rank in Turkey, as to governers of provinces, military commanders, etc. The earlier form was bashaw. [Written also pacha.] There are three classes of pashas whose rank is distinguished by the number of the horsetails borne on their standards, being one, two, or three, a pasha of three tails being the highest.

Pa•sha´lic , n. [Written also pachalic.] [Turk.] The jurisdiction of a pasha.

Pa•shaw´ , n. See Pasha. { Pas•i•graph´ic , Pas•i•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to pasigraphy.

Pa•sig´ra•phy , n. [Gr. for all (dat. pl. of all) + -graphy.] A system of universal writing, or a manner of writing that may be understood and used by all nations. Good.

Pas´i•la•ly , n. [Gr. for all (dat. pl. of all) + talking.] A form of speech adapted to be used by all mankind; universal language.

Pask , n. [See Pasque.] See Pasch.

Pas´py , n. [F. passe-pied.] A kind of minuet, in triple time, of French origin, popular in the reign of Queen Elizabeth and for some time after; — called also passing measure, and passymeasure. Percy Smith.

Pasque , n. [OF. pasque.] See Pasch. Pasque flower (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Anemone, section Pulsatilla. They are perennial herbs with rather large purplish blossoms, which appear in early spring, or about Easter, whence the common name. Called also campana.

Pas´quil , n. [It. pasquillo.] See Pasquin. [R.]

Pas´quil, v. t. [R.] See Pasquin.

Pas´quil•ant , n. A lampooner; a pasquiler. [R.] Coleridge.

Pas´quil•er , n. A lampooner. [R.] Burton.

Pas´quin , n. [It. pasquino a mutilated statue at Rome, set up against the wall of the place of the Orsini; — so called from a witty cobbler or tailor, near whose shop the statue was dug up. On this statue it was customary to paste satiric papers.] A lampooner; also a lampoon. See Pasquinade. “The Grecian wits, who satire first began,
Were pleasant pasquins on the life of man.” Dryden.

Pas´quin, v. t. To lampoon; to satiraze. [R.] “To see himself pasquined and affronted.” Dryden.

Pas•quin•ade´ , n. [F. pasquinade, It. pasquinata.] A lampoon or satirical writing. Macaulay.

Pas•quin•ade´, v. t. To lampoon, to satirize.

Pass , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Passed p. pr. & vb. n. Passing.] [F. passer, LL. passare, fr. L. passus step, or from pandere, passum, to spread out, lay open. See Pace.] 1. To go; to move; to proceed; to be moved or transferred from one point to another; to make a transit; — usually with a following adverb or adverbal phrase defining the kind or manner of motion; as to pass on, by, out, in, etc.; to pass swiftly, directly, smoothly, etc.; to pass to the rear, under the yoke, over the bridge, across the field, beyond the border, etc. ´But now pass over [i. e., pass on].´ Chaucer. “On high behests his angels to and fro
Passed frequent.” Milton. “Sweet sounds rose slowly through their mouths,
And from their bodies passed.” Coleridge. 2. To move or be transferred from one state or condition to another; to change possession, condition, or circumstances; to undergo transition; as the business has passed into other hands. “Others, dissatisfied with what they have, … pass from just to unjust.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To move beyond the range of the senses or of knowledge; to pass away; hence, to disappear; to vanish; to depart; specifically, to depart from life; to die. “Disturb him not, let him pass paceably.” Shak. “Beauty is a charm, but soon the charm will pass.” Dryden. “The passing of the sweetest soul
That ever looked with human eyes.” Tennyson. 4. To move or to come into being or under notice; to come and go in consciousness; hence, to take place; to occur; to happen; to come; to occur progressively or in succession; to be present transitorily. “So death passed upon all men.” Rom. v. 12. “Our own consciousness of what passes within our own mind.” I. Watts. 5. To go by or glide by, as time; to elapse; to be spent; as their vacation passed pleasantly. “Now the time is far passed.” Mark vi. 35 6. To go from one person to another; hence, to be given and taken freely; as clipped coin will not pass; to obtain general acceptance; to be held or regarded; to circulate; to be current; — followed by for before a word denoting value or estimation. ´Let him pass for a man.´ Shak. “False eloquence passeth only where true is not understood.” Felton. “This will not pass for a fault in him.” Atterbury. 7. To advance through all the steps or stages necessary to validity or effectiveness; to be carried through a body that has power to sanction or reject; to receive legislative sanction; to be enacted; as the resolution passed; the bill passed both houses of Congress. 8. To go through any inspection or test successfully; to be approved or accepted; as he attempted the examination, but did not expect to pass. 9. To be suffered to go on; to be tolerated; hence, to continue; to live along. ´The play may pass.´ Shak. 10. To go unheeded or neglected; to proceed without hindrance or opposition; as we let this act pass. 11. To go beyond bounds; to surpass; to be in excess. [Obs.] ´This passes, Master Ford.´ Shak. 12. To take heed; to care. [Obs.] “As for these silken-coated slaves, I pass not.” Shak. 13. To go through the intestines. Arbuthnot. 14. (Law) To be conveyed or transferred by will, deed, or other instrument of conveyance; as an estate passes by a certain clause in a deed. Mozley & W. 15. (Fencing) To make a lunge or pass; to thrust. 16. (Card Playing & other games) To decline to take an optional action when it is one’s turn, as to decline to bid, or to bet, or to play a card; in euchre, to decline to make the trump. “She would not play, yet must not pass.” Prior. 17. In football, hockey, etc., to make a pass; to transfer the ball, etc., to another player of one’s own side.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] To bring to pass, To come to pass. See under Bring, and Come. — To pass away, to disappear; to die; to vanish. ´The heavens shall pass away.´ 2 Pet. iii. 10. ´I thought to pass away before, but yet alive I am.´ Tennyson. — To pass by, to go near and beyond a certain person or place; as he passed by as we stood there. — To pass into, to change by a gradual transmission; to blend or unite with. — To pass on, to proceed. — To pass on or upon. (a) To happen to; to come upon; to affect. ´So death passed upon all men.´ Rom. v. 12. ´Provided no indirect act pass upon our prayers to define them.´ Jer. Taylor. (b) To determine concerning; to give judgment or sentence upon. ´We may not pass upon his life.´ Shak. — To pass off, to go away; to cease; to disappear; as an agitation passes off. — To pass over, to go from one side or end to the other; to cross, as a river, road, or bridge.

Pass , v. t. 1. In simple, transitive senses; as: (a) To go by, beyond, over, through, or the like; to proceed from one side to the other of; as to pass a house, a stream, a boundary, etc. (b) Hence: To go from one limit to the other of; to spend; to live through; to have experience of; to undergo; to suffer. ´To pass commodiously this life.´ Milton. “She loved me for the dangers I had passed.” Shak. (c) To go by without noticing; to omit attention to; to take no note of; to disregard. “Please you that I may pass This doing.” Shak. “I pass their warlike pomp, their proud array.” Dryden. (d) To transcend; to surpass; to excel; to exceed. “And strive to pass …
Their native music by her skillful art.” Spenser. “Whose tender power
Passes the strength of storms in their most desolate hour.” Byron. (e) To go successfully through, as an examination, trail, test, etc.; to obtain the formal sanction of, as a legislative body; as he passed his examination; the bill passed the senate. 2. In causative senses: as: (a) To cause to move or go; to send; to transfer from one person, place, or condition to another; to transmit; to deliver; to hand; to make over; as the waiter passed bisquit and cheese; the torch was passed from hand to hand. “I had only time to pass my eye over the medals.” Addison. “Waller passed over five thousand horse and foot by Newbridge.” Clarendon. (b) To cause to pass the lips; to utter; to pronounce; hence, to promise; to pledge; as to pass sentence. Shak. “Father, thy word is passed.” Milton. (c) To cause to advance by stages of progress; to carry on with success through an ordeal, examination, or action; specifically, to give legal or official sanction to; to ratify; to enact; to approve as valid and just; as he passed the bill through the committee; the senate passed the law. (e) To put in circulation; to give currency to; as to pass counterfeit money. ´Pass the happy news.´ Tennyson. (f) To cause to obtain entrance, admission, or conveyance; as to pass a person into a theater, or over a railroad. 3. To emit from the bowels; to evacuate. 4. (Naut.) To take a turn with (a line, gasket, etc.), as around a sail in furling, and make secure. 5. (Fencing) To make, as a thrust, punto, etc. Shak. Passed midshipman. See under Midshipman. — To pass a dividend, to omit the declaration and payment of a dividend at the time when due. — To pass away, to spend; to waste. ´Lest she pass away the flower of her age.´ Ecclus. xlii. 9. — To pass by. (a) To disregard; to neglect. (b) To excuse; to spare; to overlook. — To pass off, to impose fraudulently; to palm off. ´Passed himself off as a bishop.´ Macaulay. — To pass (something) on or upon (some one), to put upon as a trick or cheat; to palm off. ´She passed the child on her husband for a boy.´ Dryden. — To pass over, to overlook; not to note or resent; as to pass over an affront.

Pass, n. [Cf. F. pas (for sense 1), and passe, fr. passer to pass. See Pass, v. i.] 1. An opening, road, or track, available for passing; especially, one through or over some dangerous or otherwise impracticable barrier; a passageway; a defile; a ford; as a mountain pass. “´Try not the pass!´ the old man said.” Longfellow. 2. (Fencing) A thrust or push; an attempt to stab or strike an adversary. Shak. 3. A movement of the hand over or along anything; the manipulation of a mesmerist. 4. (Rolling Metals) A single passage of a bar, rail, sheet, etc., between the rolls. 5. State of things; condition; predicament. “Have his daughters brought him to this pass.” Shak. “Matters have been brought to this pass.” South. 6. Permission or license to pass, or to go and come; a psssport; a ticket permitting free transit or admission; as a railroad or theater pass; a military pass. “A ship sailing under the flag and pass of an enemy.” Kent. 7. Fig.: a thrust; a sally of wit. Shak. 8. Estimation; character. [Obs.] “Common speech gives him a worthy pass.” Shak. 9. [Cf. Passus.] A part; a division. [Obs.] Chaucer. Pass boat (Naut.), a punt, or similar boat. — Pass book. (a) A book in which a trader enters articles bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the purchaser. (b) See Bank book. — Pass box (Mil.), a wooden or metallic box, used to carry cartridges from the service magazine to the piece. — Pass check, a ticket of admission to a place of entertainment, or of readmission for one who goes away in expectation of returning.

Pass´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. passable.] 1. Capable of being passed, traveled, navigated, traversed, penetrated, or the like; as the roads are not passable; the stream is passablein boats. “His body’s a passable carcass if it be not hurt; it is a throughfare for steel.” Shak. 2. Capable of being freely circulated or disseminated; acceptable; generally receivable; current. “With men as with false money — one piece is more or less passable than another.” L’Estrange. “Could they have made this slander passable.” Collier. 3. Such as may be allowed to pass without serious objection; tolerable; admissable; moderate; mediocre. “My version will appear a passable beauty when the original muse is absent.” Dryden.

Pass´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being passable.

Pass´a•bly, adv. Tolerably; moderately. { Pas•sa•ca•glia , Pas•sa•ca•glio } n. [Sp. pasacalle a certain tune on the guitar, prop., a tune played in passing through the streets.] (Mus.) An old Italian or Spanish dance tune, in slow three-four measure, with divisions on a ground bass, resembling a chaconne. { Pas•sade´ , Pas•sa´do } n. [F. passade; cf. Sp. pasada. See Pass, v. i.] 1. (Fencing) A pass or thrust. Shak. 2. (Man.) A turn or course of a horse backward or forward on the same spot of ground.

Pas´sage , n. [F. passage. See Pass, v. i.] 1. The act of passing; transit from one place to another; movement from point to point; a going by, over, across, or through; as the passage of a man or a carriage; the passage of a ship or a bird; the passage of light; the passage of fluids through the pores or channels of the body. “What! are my doors opposed against my passage!” Shak. 2. Transit by means of conveyance; journey, as by water, carriage, car, or the like; travel; right, liberty, or means, of passing; conveyance. “The ship in which he had taken passage.” Macaulay. 3. Price paid for the liberty to pass; fare; as to pay one’s passage. 4. Removal from life; decease; departure; death. [R.] ´Endure thy mortal passage.´ Milton. “When he is fit and season’d for his passage.” Shak. 5. Way; road; path; channel or course through or by which one passes; way of exit or entrance; way of access or transit. Hence, a common avenue to various apartments in a building; a hall; a corridor. “And with his pointed dart
Explores the nearest passage to his heart.” Dryden. “The Persian army had advanced into the … passages of Cilicia.” South. 6. A continuous course, process, or progress; a connected or continuous series; as the passage of time. “The conduct and passage of affairs.” Sir J. Davies. “The passage and whole carriage of this action.” Shak. 7. A separate part of a course, process, or series; an occurrence; an incident; an act or deed. ´In thy passages of life.´ Shak. “The … almost incredible passage of their unbelief.” South. 8. A particular portion constituting a part of something continuous; esp., a portion of a book, speech, or musical composition; a paragraph; a clause. “How commentators each dark passage shun.” Young. 9. Reception; currency. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. 10. A pass or en encounter; as a passage at arms. “No passages of love
Betwixt us twain henceforward evermore.” Tennyson. 11. A movement or an evacuation of the bowels. 12. In parliamentary proceedings: (a) The course of a proposition (bill, resolution, etc.) through the several stages of consideration and action; as during its passage through Congress the bill was amended in both Houses. (b) The advancement of a bill or other proposition from one stage to another by an affirmative vote; esp., the final affirmative action of the body upon a proposition; hence, adoption; enactment; as the passage of the bill to its third reading was delayed. ´The passage of the Stamp Act.´ D. Hosack. “The final question was then put upon its passage.” Cushing. In passage, in passing; cursorily. ´These … have been studied but in passage.´ Bacon. - - Middle passage, Northeast passage, Northwest passage. See under Middle, Northeast, etc. — Of passage, passing from one place, region, or climate, to another; migratory; — said especially of birds. ´Birds of passage.´ Longfellow. — Passage hawk, a hawk taken on its passage or migration. — Passage money, money paid for conveyance of a passenger, — usually for carrying passengers by water. Syn. — Vestibule; hall; corridor. See Vestibule.

Pas´sa•ger , n. [See Passenger.] A passenger; a bird or boat of passage. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Pas´sage•way , n. A way for passage; a hall. See Passage, 5.

Pas´sant , a. [F., p. pr. of passer. See Pass, v. i.] 1. Passing from one to another; in circulation; current. [Obs.] “Many opinions are passant.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Cursry, careless. [Obs.] “On a passant rewiew of what I wrote to the bishop.” Sir P. Pett. 3. Surpassing; excelling. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Her.) Walking; — said of any animal on an escutcheon, which is represented as walking with the dexter paw raised. { Pas•se´, masc. Pas•se´e, fem. } , a. [F.] Past; gone by; hence, past one’s prime; worn; faded; as a passee belle. Ld. Lytton.

Passe´garde , n. [F.] (Anc. Armor) A ridge or projecting edge on a shoulder piece to turn the blow of a lance or other weapon from the joint of the armor.

Passe´ment , n. [F.] Lace, gimp, braid etc., sewed on a garment. Sir W. Scott.

Passe•men´terie (E. pas•men´tri; F. pä•s’mäN•t’re´), n. [F.] Beaded embroidery for women’s dresses.

Pas´sen•ger , n. [OE. & F. passager. See Passage, and cf. Messenger.] 1. A passer or passer-by; a wayfarer. Shak. 2. A traveler by some established conveyance, as a coach, steamboat, railroad train, etc. Passenger falcon (Zoöl.), a migratory hawk. Ainsworth. — Passenger pigeon (Zoöl.), the common wild pigeon of North America (Ectopistes migratorius), so called on account of its extensive migrations.

Passe´ par•tout´ , n. [F., from passer to pass + partout everywhere.] 1. That by which one can pass anywhere; a safe-conduct. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. A master key; a latchkey. 3. A light picture frame or mat of cardboard, wood, or the like, usually put between the picture and the glass, and sometimes serving for several pictures.

Pass´er , n. One who passes; a passenger.

Pass•er-by´ , n. One who goes by; a passer.

Pas´se•res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. passer a sparrow.] (Zoöl.) An order, or suborder, of birds, including more that half of all the known species. It embraces all singing birds (Oscines), together with many other small perching birds.

Pas•ser´i•form , a. (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Passeres.

Pas´ser•ine , a. [L. passerinus, fr. passer a sparrow.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Passeres. “The columbine, gallinaceous, and passerine tribes people the fruit trees.” Sydney Smith.

Pas´ser•ine, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Passeres.

Pas•si•bil´i•ty , n. [L. passibilitas: cf. F. passibilite.] The quality or state of being passible; aptness to feel or suffer; sensibility. Hakewill.

Pas´si•ble , a. [L. passibilis, fr. pati, to suffer: cf. F. passible. See Passion.] Susceptible of feeling or suffering, or of impressions from external agents. “Apolinarius, which held even deity itself passible.” Hooker.

Pas´si•ble•ness, n. Passibility. Brerewood.

Pas´si•flo´ra , n. [NL., from L. passio passion (fr. pati, passus, to suffer) + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including the passion flower. It is the type of the order Passifloreae, which includes about nineteen genera and two hundred and fifty species.

Pas´sim , adv. [L.] Here and there; everywhere; as this word occurs passim in the poem.

Pass´ing , n. The act of one who, or that which, passes; the act of going by or away. Passing bell, a tolling of a bell to announce that a soul is passing, or has passed, from its body (formerly done to invoke prayers for the dying); also a tolling during the passing of a funeral procession to the grave, or during funeral ceremonies. Sir W. Scott. Longfellow.

Pass´ing, a. 1. Relating to the act of passing or going; going by, beyond, through, or away; departing. 2. Exceeding; surpassing, eminent. Chaucer. ´Her passing deformity.´ Shak. Passing note (Mus.), a character including a passing tone. — Passing tone (Mus.), a tone introduced between two other tones, on an unaccented portion of a measure, for the sake of smoother melody, but forming no essential part of the harmony.

Pass´ing, adv. Exceedingly; excessively; surpassingly; as passing fair; passing strange. ´You apprehend passing shrewdly.´ Shak.

Pass´ing•ly, adv. Exceedingly. Wyclif.

Pas´sion , n. [F., fr. L. passio, fr. pati, passus, to suffer. See Patient.] 1. A suffering or enduring of imposed or inflicted pain; any suffering or distress (as a cardiac passion); specifically, the suffering of Christ between the time of the last supper and his death, esp. in the garden upon the cross. ´The passions of this time.´ Wyclif (Rom. viii. 18). “To whom also he showed himself alive after his passion, by many infallible proofs.” Acts i. 3. 2. The state of being acted upon; subjection to an external agent or influence; a passive condition; — opposed to action. “A body at rest affords us no idea of any active power to move, and, when set is motion, it is rather a passion than an action in it.” Locke. 3. Capacity of being affected by external agents; susceptibility of impressions from external agents. [R.] “Moldable and not moldable, scissible and not scissible, and many other passions of matter.” Bacon. 4. The state of the mind when it is powerfully acted upon and influenced by something external to itself; the state of any particular faculty which, under such conditions, becomes extremely sensitive or uncontrollably excited; any emotion or sentiment (specifically, love or anger) in a state of abnormal or controlling activity; an extreme or inordinate desire; also the capacity or susceptibility of being so affected; as to be in a passion; the passions of love, hate, jealously, wrath, ambition, avarice, fear, etc.; a passion for war, or for drink; an orator should have passion as well as rhetorical skill. ´A passion fond even to idolatry.´ Macaulay. ´Her passion is to seek roses.´ Lady M. W. Montagu. “We also are men of like passions with you.” Acts xiv. 15. “The nature of the human mind can not be sufficiently understood, without considering the affections and passions, or those modifications or actions of the mind consequent upon the apprehension of certain objects or events in which the mind generally conceives good or evil.” Hutcheson. “The term passion, and its adverb passionately, often express a very strong predilection for any pursuit, or object of taste — a kind of enthusiastic fondness for anything.” Cogan. “The bravery of his grief did put me
Into a towering passion.” Shak. “The ruling passion, be it what it will,
The ruling passion conquers reason still.” Pope. “Who walked in every path of human life,
Felt every passion.” Akenside. “When statesmen are ruled by faction and interest, they can have no passion for the glory of their country.” Addison. 5. Disorder of the mind; madness. [Obs.] Shak. 6. Passion week. See Passion week, below. R. of Gl. Passion flower (Bot.), any flower or plant of the genus Passiflora; — so named from a fancied resemblance of parts of the flower to the instruments of our Savior’s crucifixion. The flowers are showy, and the fruit is sometimes highly esteemed (see Granadilla, and Maypop). The roots and leaves are generally more or less noxious, and are used in medicine. The plants are mostly tendril climbers, and are commonest in the warmer parts of America, though a few species are Asiatic or Australian. Passion music (Mus.), originally, music set to the gospel narrative of the passion of our Lord; after the Reformation, a kind of oratorio, with narrative, chorals, airs, and choruses, having for its theme the passion and crucifixion of Christ. — Passion play, a mystery play, in which the scenes connected with the passion of our Savior are represented dramatically. — Passion Sunday (Eccl.), the fifth Sunday in Lent, or the second before Easter. — Passion Week, the last week but one in Lent, or the second week preceding Easter. ´The name of Passion week is frequently, but improperly, applied to Holy Week.´ Shipley. Syn. — Passion, Feeling, Emotion. When any feeling or emotion completely masters the mind, we call it a passion; as a passion for music, dress, etc.; especially is anger (when thus extreme) called passion. The mind, in such cases, is considered as having lost its self- control, and become the passive instrument of the feeling in question.

Pas´sion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Passioned p. pr & vb. n. Passioning.] To give a passionate character to. [R.] Keats.

Pas´sion, v. i. To suffer pain or sorrow; to experience a passion; to be extremely agitated. [Obs.] ´Dumbly she passions, frantically she doteth.´ Shak.

Pas´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to passion or the passions; exciting, influenced by, or ministering to, the passions. — n. A passionary.

Pas´sion•a•ry , n. [L. passionarius: cf. F. passionaire.] A book in which are described the sufferings of saints and martyrs. T. Warton.

Pas´sion•ate , a. [LL. passionatus: cf. F. passionne.] 1. Capable or susceptible of passion, or of different passions; easily moved, excited or agitated; specifically, easily moved to anger; irascible; quick-tempered; as a passionate nature. “Homer’s Achilles is haughty and passionate.” Prior. 2. Characterized by passion; expressing passion; ardent in feeling or desire; vehement; warm; as a passionate friendship. ´The passionate Pilgrim.´ Shak. 3. Suffering; sorrowful. [Obs.] Shak.

Pas´sion•ate , v. i. 1. To affect with passion; to impassion. [Obs.] “Great pleasure, mixed with pitiful regard,
The godly kind and queen did passionate.” Spenser. 2. To express feelingly or sorrowfully. [Obs.] Shak.

Pas´sion•ate•ly , adv. 1. In a passionate manner; with strong feeling; ardently. “Sorrow expresses itself … loudly and passionately.” South. 2. Angrily; irascibly. Locke.

Pas´sion•ate•ness, n. The state or quality of being passionate.

Pas´sion•ist, n. (R. C. Ch.) A member of a religious order founded in Italy in 1737, and introduced into the United States in 1852. The members of the order unite the austerities of the Trappists with the activity and zeal of the Jesuits and Lazarists. Called also Barefooted Clerks of the Most Holy Cross.

Pas´sion•less , a. Void of passion; without anger or emotion; not easily excited; calm. ´Self-contained and passionless.´ Tennyson.

Pas´sion•tide , n. [Passion + tide time.] The last fortnight of Lent.

Pas´sive , a. [L. passivus: cf. F. passif. See Passion.] 1. Not active, but acted upon; suffering or receiving impressions or influences; as they were passive spectators, not actors in the scene. “The passive air
Upbore their nimble tread.” Milton. “The mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas.” Locke. 2. Receiving or enduring without either active sympathy or active resistance; without emotion or excitement; patient; not opposing; unresisting; as passive obedience; passive submission. “The best virtue, passive fortitude.” Massinger. 3. (Chem.) Inactive; inert; not showing strong affinity; as red phosphorus is comparatively passive. 4. (Med.) Designating certain morbid conditions, as hemorrhage or dropsy, characterized by relaxation of the vessels and tissues, with deficient vitality and lack of reaction in the affected tissues. Passive congestion (Med.), congestion due to obstruction to the return of the blood from the affected part. — Passive iron (Chem.), iron which has been subjected to the action of heat, of strong nitric acid, chlorine, etc. It is then not easily acted upon by acids. — Passive movement (Med.), a movement of a part, in order to exercise it, made without the assistance of the muscles which ordinarily move the part. — Passive obedience (as used by writers on government), obedience or submission of the subject or citizen as a duty in all cases to the existing government. — Passive prayer, among mystic divines, a suspension of the activity of the soul or intellectual faculties, the soul remaining quiet, and yielding only to the impulses of grace. — Passive verb, or Passive voice (Gram.), a verb, or form of a verb, which expresses the effect of the action of some agent; as in Latin, doceor, I am taught; in English, she is loved; the picture is admired by all; he is assailed by slander. Syn. — Inactive; inert; quiescent; unresisting; unopposing; suffering; enduring; submissive; patient.

Pas´sive•ly, adv. 1. In a passive manner; inertly; unresistingly. 2. As a passive verb; in the passive voice.

Pas´sive•ness, n. The quality or state of being passive; unresisting submission. “To be an effect implies passiveness, or the being subject to the power and action of its cause.” J. Edwards.

Pas•siv´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. passivite.] 1. Passiveness; — opposed to activity. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Physics) The tendency of a body to remain in a given state, either of motion or rest, till disturbed by another body; inertia. Cheyne. 3. (Chem.) The quality or condition of any substance which has no inclination to chemical activity; inactivity.

Pass´-key , n. A key for opening more locks than one; a master key.

Pass´less, a. Having no pass; impassable. Cowley.

Pass´man , n.; pl. Passmen . One who passes for a degree, without honors. See Classman, 2. [Eng. Univ.]

Pass´o•ver , n. [Pass + over. See Pasch.] (Jewish Antiq.) (a) A feast of the Jews, instituted to commemorate the sparing of the Hebrews in Egypt, when God, smiting the firstborn of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Israelites which were marked with the blood of a lamb. (b) The sacrifice offered at the feast of the passover; the paschal lamb. Ex. xii.

Pass•-pa•role´ , n. [F. passe- parole.] (Mil.) An order passed from front to rear by word of mouth.

Pass´port , n. [F. passeport, orig., a permission to leave a port or to sail into it; passer to pass + port a port, harbor. See Pass, and Port a harbor.] 1. Permission to pass; a document given by the competent officer of a state, permitting the person therein named to pass or travel from place to place, without molestation, by land or by water. “Caution in granting passports to Ireland.” Clarendon. 2. A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to certify their nationality and protect them from belligerents; a sea letter. 3. A license granted in time of war for the removal of persons and effects from a hostile country; a safe- conduct. Burrill. 4. Figuratively: Anything which secures advancement and general acceptance. Sir P. Sidney. “His passport is his innocence and grace.” Dryden.

Pas´sus , n.; pl. L. Passus, E. Passuses . [L., a step, a pace. See Pace.] A division or part; a canto; as the passus of Piers Plowman. See 2d Fit.

Pass´word , n. A word to be given before a person is allowed to pass; a watchword; a countersign. Macaulay.

Pas´sy•meas•ure , n. [Corrupted fr. It. passamezzo.] [Obs.] See Paspy. Shak.

Past , a. [From Pass, v.] Of or pertaining to a former time or state; neither present nor future; gone by; elapsed; ended; spent; as past troubles; past offences. ´Past ages.´ Milton. Past master. See under Master.

Past, n. A former time or state; a state of things gone by. ´The past, at least, is secure.´ D. Webster. “The present is only intelligible in the light of the past, often a very remote past indeed.” Trench.

Past, prep. 1. Beyond, in position, or degree; further than; beyond the reach or influence of. ´Who being past feeling.´ Eph. iv. 19. ´Galled past endurance.´ Macaulay. “Until we be past thy borders.” Num. xxi. 22. “Love, when once past government, is consequently past shame.” L’Estrange. 2. Beyond, in time; after; as past the hour. “Is it not past two o’clock?” Shak. 3. Above; exceeding; more than. [R.] “Not past three quarters of a mile.” Shak. “Bows not past three quarters of a yard long.” Spenser.

Past , adv. By; beyond; as he ran past. “The alarum of drums swept past.” Longfellow.

Paste , n. [OF. paste, F. pâte, L. pasta, fr. Gr. barley broth; cf. barley porridge, sprinkled with salt, to sprinkle. Cf. Pasty, n., Patty.] 1. A soft composition, as of flour moistened with water or milk, or of earth moistened to the consistence of dough, as in making potter’s ware. 2. Specifically, in cookery, a dough prepared for the crust of pies and the like; pastry dough. 3. A kind of cement made of flour and water, starch and water, or the like, — used for uniting paper or other substances, as in bookbinding, etc., — also used in calico printing as a vehicle for mordant or color. 4. A highly refractive vitreous composition, variously colored, used in making imitations of precious stones or gems. See Strass. 5. A soft confection made of the inspissated juice of fruit, licorice, or the like, with sugar, etc. 6. (Min.) The mineral substance in which other minerals are imbedded. Paste eel (Zoöl.), the vinegar eel. See under Vinegar.

Paste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pasting.] To unite with paste; to fasten or join by means of paste.

Paste´board , n. 1. A stiff thick kind of paper board, formed of several single sheets pasted one upon another, or of paper macerated and pressed into molds, etc. 2. (Cookery) A board on which pastry dough is rolled; a molding board.

Pas´tel , n. [F.; cf. It. pastello. Cf. Pastil.] 1. A crayon made of a paste composed of a color ground with gum water. [Sometimes incorrectly written pastil.] ´Charming heads in pastel.´ W. Black. 2. (Bot.) A plant affording a blue dye; the woad (Isatis tinctoria); also the dye itself.

Past´er , n. 1. One who pastes; as a paster in a government department. 2. A slip of paper, usually bearing a name, intended to be pasted by the voter, as a substitute, over another name on a printed ballot. [Cant, U.S.]

Pas´tern , n. [Of. pasturon, F. pâturon, fr. OF. pasture a tether, for beasts while pasturing; prop., a pasturing. See Pasture.] 1. The part of the foot of the horse, and allied animals, between the fetlock and the coffin joint. See Illust. of Horse. The upper bone, or phalanx, of the foot is called the great pastern bone; the second, the small pastern bone; and the third, in the hoof, the coffin bone. Pastern joint, the joint in the hoof of the horse, and allied animals, between the great and small pastern bones. 2. A shackle for horses while pasturing. Knight. 3. A patten. [Obs.] Dryden.

Pas•teur´ism , n. [Fr. Pasteur, a French scientist.] 1. A method of treatment, devised by Pasteur, for preventing certain diseases, as hydrophobia, by successive inoculations with an attenuated virus of gradually increasing strength. 2. Pasteurization.

Pas•teur•i•za´tion , n. A process devised by Pasteur for preventing or checking fermentation in fluids, such as wines, milk, etc., by exposure to a temperature of 140° F., thus destroying the vitality of the contained germs or ferments.

Pas•teur´ize , v. t. 1. To subject to pasteurization. 2. To treat by pasteurism.

Pas•tic´ci•o , n. [It., fr. pasta. See Paste.] 1. A medley; an olio. [R.] H. Swinburne. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) A work of art imitating directly the work of another artist, or of more artists than one. (b) A falsified work of art, as a vase or statue made up of parts of original works, with missing parts supplied. { Pas´til , Pas•tille´ } n. [F. pastille, L. pastillusa pastus food. See Pasture, and cf. Pastel.] 1. (Pharmacy) A small cone or mass made of paste of gum, benzoin, cinnamon, and other aromatics, — used for fumigating or scenting the air of a room. 2. An aromatic or medicated lozenge; a troche. 3. See Pastel, a crayon.

Pas´time , n. [Pass + time: cf. F. passetemps.] That which amuses, and serves to make time pass agreeably; sport; amusement; diversion.

Pas´time, v. i. To sport; to amuse one’s self. [R.]

Pas´tor , n. [L., fr. pascere, pastum, to pasture, to feed. Cf. Pabulum, Pasture, Food.] 1. A shepherd; one who has the care of flocks and herds. 2. A guardian; a keeper; specifically (Eccl.), a minister having the charge of a church and parish. 3. (Zoöl.) A species of starling (Pastor roseus), native of the plains of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. Its head is crested and glossy greenish black, and its back is rosy. It feeds largely upon locusts.

Pas´tor•age , n. The office, jurisdiction, or duty, of a pastor; pastorate.

Pas´tor•al , a. [L. pastoralis: cf. F. pastoral. See Pastor.] 1. Of or pertaining to shepherds; hence, relating to rural life and scenes; as a pastoral life. 2. Relating to the care of souls, or to the pastor of a church; as pastoral duties; a pastoral letter. Pastoral staff (Eccl.), a staff, usually of the form of a shepherd’s crook, borne as an official emblem by a bishop, abbot, abbess, or other prelate privileged to carry it. See Crook, and Crosier. — Pastoral Theology, that part of theology which treats of the duties of pastors.

Pas´tor•al , n. 1. A poem describing the life and manners of shepherds; a poem in which the speakers assume the character of shepherds; an idyl; a bucolic. “A pastoral is a poem in which any action or passion is represented by its effects on a country life.” Rambler. 2. (Mus.) A cantata relating to rural life; a composition for instruments characterized by simplicity and sweetness; a lyrical composition the subject of which is taken from rural life. Moore (Encyc. of Music). 3. (Eccl.) A letter of a pastor to his charge; specifically, a letter addressed by a bishop to his diocese; also (Prot. Epis. Ch.), a letter of the House of Bishops, to be read in each parish.

Pas•to•ra´le , n. [It.] 1. (Mus.) A composition in a soft, rural style, generally in 6-8 or 12-8 time. 2. A kind of dance; a kind of figure used in a dance.

Pas´tor•al•ly , adv. 1. In a pastoral or rural manner. 2. In the manner of a pastor.

Pas´tor•ate , n. [Cf. F. pastorat. See Pastor.] The office, state, or jurisdiction of a pastor.

Pas´tor•less, a. Having no pastor.

Pas´tor•ling , n. An insignificant pastor. [R.]

Pas´tor•ly, a. Appropriate to a pastor. Milton.

Pas´tor•ship, n. Pastorate. Bp. Bull.

Pas´try , n.; pl. Pastries . 1. The place where pastry is made. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Articles of food made of paste, or having a crust made of paste, as pies, tarts, etc. Pastry cook, one whose occupation is to make pastry; as the pastry cook of a hotel.

Pas´tur•a•ble , a. Fit for pasture.

Pas´tur•age , n. [OF. pasturage, F. pâturage. See Pasture.] 1. Grazing ground; grass land used for pasturing; pasture. 2. Grass growing for feed; grazing. 3. The business of feeding or grazing cattle.

Pas´ture , n. [OF. pasture, F. pâture, L. pastura, fr. pascere, pastum, to pasture, to feed. See Pastor.] 1. Food; nourishment. [Obs.] “Toads and frogs his pasture poisonous.” Spenser. 2. Specifically: Grass growing for the food of cattle; the food of cattle taken by grazing. 3. Grass land for cattle, horses, etc.; pasturage. “He maketh me to lie down in green pastures.” Ps. xxiii. 2. “So graze as you find pasture.” Shak.

Pas´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pastured p. pr. & vb. n. Pasturing.] To feed, esp. to feed on growing grass; to supply grass as food for; as the farmer pastures fifty oxen; the land will pasture forty cows.

Pas´ture, v. i. To feed on growing grass; to graze.

Pas´ture•less, a. Destitute of pasture. Milton.

Pas´tur•er , n. One who pastures; one who takes cattle to graze. See Agister.

Pas´ty , a. Like paste, as in color, softness, stickness. ´A pasty complexion.´ G. Eliot.

Pas´ty, n.; pl. Pasties (#). [OF. paste, F. pâte. See Paste, and cf. Patty.] A pie consisting usually of meat wholly surrounded with a crust made of a sheet of paste, and often baked without a dish; a meat pie. ´If ye pinch me like a pasty.´ Shak. ´Apple pasties.´ Dickens. “A large pasty baked in a pewter platter.” Sir W. Scott.

Pat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patted p. pr. & vb. n. Patting.] [Cf. G. patschen, Prov. G. patzen, to strike, tap.] To strike gently with the fingers or hand; to stroke lightly; to tap; as to pat a dog. “Gay pats my shoulder, and you vanish quite.” Pope.

Pat, n. 1. A light, quik blow or stroke with the fingers or hand; a tap. 2. A small mass, as of butter, shaped by pats. “It looked like a tessellated work of pats of butter.” Dickens.

Pat, a. [Cf. pat a light blow, D. te pas convenient, pat, where pas is fr. F. passer to pass.] Exactly suitable; fit; convenient; timely. ´Pat allusion.´ Barrow.

Pat, adv. In a pat manner. “I foresaw then ’t would come in pat hereafter.” Sterne.

Pa•ta´ca , n. [Sp.] The Spanish dollar; — called also patacoon. [Obs.]

Pa•tache´ , n. [F. & Sp. patache, P. patacho.] (Naut.) A tender to a fleet, formerly used for conveying men, orders, or treasure. [Spain & Portugal]

Pa•ta•coon´ , n. [Sp.] See Pataca.

Pa•ta´gi•um , n.; pl. Patagia (#). [L., an edge or border.] 1. (Anat.) In bats, an expansion of the integument uniting the fore limb with the body and extending between the elongated fingers to form the wing; in birds, the similar fold of integument uniting the fore limb with the body. 2. (Zoöl.) One of a pair of small vesicular organs situated at the bases of the anterior wings of lepidopterous insects. See Illust. of Butterfly.

Pat•a•go´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Patagonia. — n. A native of Patagonia.

Pat´a•mar , n. [From the native name.] (Naut.) A vessel resembling a grab, used in the coasting trade of Bombay and Ceylon. [Written also pattemar.]

Pa•tas´ , n. (Zoöl.) A West African long-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ruber); the red monkey.

Pat•a•vin´i•ty , n. [L. patavinitas, fr. Patavium: cf. F. patavinite] The use of local or provincial words, as in the peculiar style or diction of Livy, the Roman historian; — so called from Patavium, now Padua, the place of Livy’s nativity.

Patch , n. [OE. pacche; of uncertain origin, perh. for placche; cf. Prov. E. platch patch, LG. plakk, plakke.] 1. A piece of cloth, or other suitable material, sewed or otherwise fixed upon a garment to repair or strengthen it, esp. upon an old garment to cover a hole. “Patches set upon a little breach.” Shak. 2. Hence: A small piece of anything used to repair a breach; as a patch on a kettle, a roof, etc. 3. A small piece of black silk stuck on the face, or neck, to hide a defect, or to heighten beauty. “Your black patches you wear variously.” Beau. & Fl. 4. (Gun.) A piece of greased cloth or leather used as wrapping for a rifle ball, to make it fit the bore. 5. Fig.: Anything regarded as a patch; a small piece of ground; a tract; a plot; as scattered patches of trees or growing corn. “Employed about this patch of ground.” Bunyan. 6. (Mil.) A block on the muzzle of a gun, to do away with the effect of dispart, in sighting. 7. A paltry fellow; a rogue; a ninny; a fool. [Obs. or Colloq.] ´Thou scurvy patch.´ Shak. Patch ice, ice in overlapping pieces in the sea. — Soft patch, a patch for covering a crack in a metallic vessel, as a steam boiler, consisting of soft material, as putty, covered and held in place by a plate bolted or riveted fast.

Patch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patched p. pr. & vb. n. Patching.] 1. To mend by sewing on a piece or pieces of cloth, leather, or the like; as to patch a coat. 2. To mend with pieces; to repair with pieces festened on; to repair clumsily; as to patch the roof of a house. 3. To adorn, as the face, with a patch or patches. “Ladies who patched both sides of their faces.” Spectator. 4. To make of pieces or patches; to repair as with patches; to arrange in a hasty or clumsy manner; — generally with up; as to patch up a truce. ´If you’ll patch a quarrel.´ Shak.

Patch´er , n. One who patches or botches. Foxe.

Patch´er•y , n. Botchery; covering of defects; bungling; hypocrisy. [R.] Shak.

Patch´ing•ly , adv. Knavishy; deceitfully. [Obs.] { Pa•tchou´li , Pa•tchou´ly } , n. [CF. F. patchouli; prob. of East Indian origin.] 1. (Bot.) A mintlike plant (Pogostemon Patchouli) of the East Indies, yielding an essential oil from which a highly valued perfume is made. 2. The perfume made from this plant. Patchouly camphor (Chem.), a substance homologous with and resembling borneol, found in patchouly oil.

Patch´work , n. Work composed of pieces sewed together, esp. pieces of various colors and figures; hence, anything put together of incongruous or ill-adapted parts; something irregularly clumsily composed; a thing putched up. Swift.

Patch´y , a. Full of, or covered with, patches; abounding in patches.

Pa•te´ , a. (Her.) See Patte.

Pa•te´ , n. [F. pâte.] 1. A pie. See Patty. 2. (Fort.) A kind of platform with a parapet, usually of an oval form, and generally erected in marshy grounds to cover a gate of a fortified place. [R.]

Pate , n. [Cf. LG. & Prov. G. pattkopf, patzkopf, scabby head; patt, patz, scab + kopf head.] 1. The head of a person; the top, or crown, of the head. [Now generally used in contempt or ridicule.] “His mischief shall return upon his own head, and his violent dealing shall come down upon his own pate.” Ps. vii. 16. “Fat paunches have lean pate.” Shak. 2. The skin of a calf’s head.

Pat´ed , a. Having a pate; — used only in composition; as long-pated; shallow- pated.

Pa•tee´ , n. See Pattee.

Pat•e•fac´tion , n. [L. patefactio, fr. patefacere to open; patere to lie open + facere to make.] The act of opening, disclosing, or manifesting; open declaration. Jer. Taylor.

Pat´e•la , n. [Hind. patela.] A large flat-bottomed trading boat peculiar to the river Ganges; — called also puteli.

Pa•tel´la , n.; pl. Patellae (#). [L., a small pan, the kneepan, dim. of patina, patena, a pan, dish.] 1. A small dish, pan, or vase. 2. (Anat.) The kneepan; the cap of the knee. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropods, including many species of limpets. The shell has the form of a flattened cone. The common European limpet (Patella vulgata) is largely used for food. 4. (Bot.) A kind of apothecium in lichens, which is orbicular, flat, and sessile, and has a special rim not a part of the thallus.

Pa•tel´lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the patella, or kneepan.

Pa•tel´li•form , a. [Patella + form: cf. F. pattelliforme.] 1. Having the form of a patella. 2. (Zoöl.) Resembling a limpet of the genus Patella.

Pa•tel´lu•la , n.; pl. Patellulae (#). [NL., dim. of L. patella. See Patella.] (Zoöl.) A cuplike sucker on the feet of certain insects.

Pat´en , n. [LL. patina, patena, fr. L. patina, patena, a pan; cf. L. patere to be open, E. patent, and Gr. a kind of flat dish: cf. F. patène. Cf. Patina.] 1. A plate. [Obs.] 2. (Eccl.) The place on which the consecrated bread is placed in the Eucharist, or on which the host is placed during the Mass. It is usually small, and formed as to fit the chalice, or cup, as a cover. [Written also patin, patine.]

Pat´e•na , n. [LL.] (Eccl.) A paten.

Pa•te´na , n. [Cf. Pg. patena a paten.] A grassy expanse in the hill region of Ceylon.

Pa´ten•cy , n. [See Patent.] 1. The condition of being open, enlarged, or spread. 2. The state of being patent or evident.

Pat´ent (pat´ent or pat´ent), a. [L. patens, -entis, p. pr. of patere to be open: cf. F. patent. Cf. Fathom.] 1. (Oftener pronounced pat´ent in this sense) Open; expanded; evident; apparent; unconcealed; manifest; public; conspicuous. “He had received instructions, both patent and secret.” Motley. 2. Open to public perusal; — said of a document conferring some right or privilege; as letters patent. See Letters patent, under 3d Letter. 3. Appropriated or protected by letters patent; secured by official authority to the exclusive possession, control, and disposal of some person or party; patented; as a patent right; patent medicines. “Madder … in King Charles the First’s time, was made a patent commodity.” Mortimer. 4. (Bot.) Spreading; forming a nearly right angle with the steam or branch; as a patent leaf. Patent leather, a varnished or lacquered leather, used for boots and shoes, and in carriage and harness work. — Patent office, a government bureau for the examination of inventions and the granting of patents. — Patent right. (a) The exclusive right to an invention, and the control of its manufacture. (b) (Law) The right, granted by the sovereign, of exclusive control of some business of manufacture, or of the sale of certain articles, or of certain offices or prerogatives. — Patent rolls, the registers, or records, of patents.

Pat´ent, n. [Cf. F. patente. See Patent, a.] 1. A letter patent, or letters patent; an official document, issued by a sovereign power, conferring a right or privilege on some person or party. Specifically: (a) A writing securing to an invention. (b) A document making a grant and conveyance of public lands. “Four other gentlemen of quality remained mentioned in that patent.” Fuller. In the United States, by the act of 1870, patents for inventions are issued for seventeen years, without the privilege of renewal except by act of Congress. 2. The right or privilege conferred by such a document; hence, figuratively, a right, privilege, or license of the nature of a patent. “If you are so fond over her iniquity, give her patent to offend.” Shak.

Pat´ent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patented; p. pr. & vb. n. Patenting.] To grant by patent; to make the subject of a patent; to secure or protect by patent; as to patent an invention; to patent public lands.

Pat´ent•a•ble , a. Suitable to be patented; capable of being patented.

Pat•ent•ee´ , n. One to whom a grant is made, or a privilege secured, by patent. Bacon.

Pat´ent-ham´mered , a. (Stone Cutting) Having a surface dressed by cutting with a hammer the head of which consists of broad thin chisels clamped together.

Pat´ent•ly ( see Patent, a.), adv. Openly; evidently.

Pat´e•ra , n.; pl. Paterae. [ L., fr. patere to lie open.] 1. A saucerlike vessel of earthenware or metal, used by the Greeks and Romans in libations and sacrificies. 2. (Arch.) A circular ornament, resembling a dish, often worked in relief on friezes, and the like.

Pat•e•re´ro , n. See Pederero. [Obs.]

Pa•ter•fa•mil•i•as , n.; pl. Pateresfamilias (#). [L., fr. pater father + familias, gen. of familia family.] (Rom. Law) The head of a family; in a large sense, the proprietor of an estate; one who is his own master.

Pa•ter´nal , a. [L. paternus, fr. pater a father: cf. F. paternel. See Father.] 1. Of or pertaining to a father; fatherly; showing the disposition of a father; guiding or instructing as a father; as paternal care. ´Under paternal rule.´ Milton. 2. Received or derived from a father; hereditary; as a paternal estate. “Their small paternal field of corn.” Dryden. Paternal government (Polit. Science), the assumption by the governing power of a quasi-fatherly relation to the people, involving strict and intimate supervision of their business and social concerns, upon the theory that they are incapable of managing their own afffairs.

Pa•ter´nal•ism , n. (Polit. Science) The theory or practice of paternal government. See Paternal government, under Paternal. London Times.

Pa•ter´nal•ly, adv. In a paternal manner.

Pa•ter´ni•ty , n. [L. paternitas: cf. F. paternite. See Paternal.] 1. The relation of a father to his child; fathership; fatherhood; family headship; as the divine paternity. “The world, while it had scarcity of people, underwent no other dominion than paternity and eldership.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Derivation or descent from a father; male parentage; as the paternity of a child. 3. Origin; authorship. “The paternity of these novels was … disputed.” Sir W. Scott.

Pa´ter•nos•ter , n. [L., Our Father.] 1. The Lord’s prayer, so called from the first two words of the Latin version. 2. (Arch.) A beadlike ornament in moldings. 3. (Angling) A line with a row of hooks and beadshaped sinkers. Paternoster pump, Paternoster wheel, a chain pump; a noria. — Paternoster while, the space of time required for repeating a paternoster. Udall.

Path (path), n.; pl. Paths (pathz). [As. paeð, pað; akin to D. pad, G. pfad, of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. pa•tos, Skr. patha, path. rad.21.] 1. A trodden way; a footway. “The dewy paths of meadows we will tread.” Dryden. 2. A way, course, or track, in which anything moves or has moved; route; passage; an established way; as the path of a meteor, of a caravan, of a storm, of a pestilence. Also used figuratively, of a course of life or action. “All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth.” Ps. xxv. 10. “The paths of glory lead but to the grave.” Gray.

Path (path), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pathed (pathd); pr.p. & vb. n. Pathing.] To make a path in, or on (something), or for (some one). [R.] ´Pathing young Henry’s unadvised ways.´ Drayton.

Path, v. i. To walk or go. [R.] Shak.

Path•e•mat´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. a suffering, , to suffer.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, emotion or suffering. [R.] Chalmers.

Pa•thet´ic , a. [L. patheticus, Gr. , fr. , , to suffer: cf. F. pathetique. See Pathos.] 1. Expressing or showing anger; passionate. [Obs.] 2. Affecting or moving the tender emotions, esp. pity or grief; full of pathos; as a pathetic song or story. ´Pathetic action.´ Macaulay. “No theory of the passions can teach a man to be pathetic.” E. Porter. Pathetic muscle (Anat.), the superior oblique muscle of the eye. — Pathetic nerve (Anat.), the fourth cranial, or trochlear, nerve, which supplies the superior oblique, or pathetic, muscle of the eye. — The pathetic, a style or manner adapted to arouse the tender emotions.

Pa•thet´ic•al , a. Pathetic. [R.] — Pa•thet´ic•al•ly, adv. — Pa•thet´ic•al•ness, n.

Path´e•tism , n. [Cf. F. pathetisme.] See Mesmerism. L. Sunderland.

Path´find•er , n. One who discovers a way or path; one who explores untraversed regions. “The cow is the true pathfinder and pathmaker.” J. Burroughs.

Path´ic , n. [L. pathicus, Gr. , passive, fr. , , to suffer] A male who submits to the crime against nature; a catamite. [R.] B. Jonson.

Path´ic, a. [Gr. .] Passive; suffering.

Path´less , a. Having no beaten path or way; untrodden; impenetrable; as pathless woods. “Trough the heavens’ wide, pathless way.” Milton.

Path´mak•er , n. One who, or that which, makes a way or path.

Path´o•gene , n. [See Pathogenic.] (Biol.) One of a class of virulent microörganisms or bacteria found in the tissues and fluids in infectious diseases, and supposed to be the cause of the disease; a pathogenic organism; a pathogenic bacterium; — opposed to zymogene.

Path•o•gen´e•sis , n. (Med.) Pathogeny.

Path•o•ge•net´ic , a. (Med.) Pathogenic.

Path•o•gen´ic , a. [Gr. disease + the root of birth.] (Med. & Biol.) Of or pertaining to pathogeny; producting disease; as a pathogenic organism; a pathogenic bacterium.

Pa•thog´e•ny , n. (Med.) (a) The generation, and method of development, of disease; as the pathogeny of yellow fever is unsettled. (b) That branch of pathology which treats of the generation and development of disease.

Pa•thog•no•mon´ic , a. [Gr. skilled in judging of diseases; a disease + skilled: cf. F. pathognomonique. See Gnomic.] (Med.) Specially or decisively characteristic of a disease; indicating with certainty a disease; as a pathognomonic symptom. “The true pathognomonic sign of love jealousy.” Arbuthnot.

Pa•thog´no•my , n. [Gr. passion + a judgment, fr. , , to know.] Expression of the passions; the science of the signs by which human passions are indicated. { Path•o•log´ic , Path•o•log´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. pathologique.] Of or pertaining to pathology. — Path•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pa•thol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. pathologiste.] One skilled in pathology; an investigator in pathology; as the pathologist of a hospital, whose duty it is to determine the causes of the diseases.

Pa•thol´o•gy (-jy), n.; pl. Pathologies (-jiz). [Gr. pa•qos a suffering, disease + -logy: cf. F. pathologie.] (Med.) The science which treats of diseases, their nature, causes, progress, symptoms, etc. Pathology is general or special, according as it treats of disease or morbid processes in general, or of particular diseases; it is also subdivided into internal and external, or medical and surgical pathology. Its departments are nosology, aetiology, morbid anatomy, symptomatology, and therapeutics, which treat respectively of the classification, causation, organic changes, symptoms, and cure of diseases. Celluar pathology, a theory that gives prominence to the vital action of cells in the healthy and diseased function of the body. Virchow.

Path•o•pœ´la , n.; pl. -ias(#). [NL., from Gr. ; passion + to make.] (Rhet.) A speech, or figure of speech, designed to move the passion. Smart.

Pa´thos , n. [L., from Gr. pa•qos a suffering, passion, fr. , , to suffer; cf. toil, L. pati to suffer, E. patient.] That quality or property of anything which touches the feelings or excites emotions and passions, esp., that which awakens tender emotions, such as pity, sorrow, and the like; contagious warmth of feeling, action, or expression; pathetic quality; as the pathos of a picture, of a poem, or of a cry. “The combination of incident, and the pathos of catastrophe.” T. Warton.

Path´way , n. A footpath; a beaten track; any path or course. Also used figuratively. Shak. “In the way of righteousness is life; and in the pathway thereof is no death.” Prov. xii. 28. “We tread the pathway arm in arm.” Sir W. Scott.

Pat´i•ble , a. [L. patibilis, fr. pati to suffer.] Sufferable; tolerable; endurable. [Obs.] Bailey.

Pa•tib´u•la•ry , a. [L. patibulum a gallows: cf. F. patibulaire.] Of or pertaining to the gallows, or to execution. [R.] Carlyle.

Pa•tib´u•la•ted, a. Hanged on a gallows. [R.]

Pa´tience , n. [F. patience, fr. L. patientia. See Patient.] 1. The state or quality of being patient; the power of suffering with fortitude; uncomplaining endurance of evils or wrongs, as toil, pain, poverty, insult, oppression, calamity, etc. “Strenthened with all might, … unto all patience and long-suffering.” Col. i. 11. “I must have patience to endure the load.” Shak. “Who hath learned lowliness
From his Lord’s cradle, patience from his cross.” Keble. 2. The act or power of calmly or contentedly waiting for something due or hoped for; forbearance. “Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all.” Matt. xviii. 29. 3. Constancy in labor or application; perseverance. “He learned with patience, and with meekness taught.” Harte. 4. Sufferance; permission. [Obs.] Hooker. “They stay upon your patience.” Shak. 5. (Bot.) A kind of dock (Rumex Patientia), less common in America than in Europe; monk’s rhubarb. 6. (Card Playing) Solitaire. Syn. — Patience, Resignation. Patience implies the quietness or self-possession of one’s own spirit under sufferings, provocations, etc.; resignation implies submission to the will of another. The Stoic may have patience; the Christian should have both patience and resignation.

Pa´tient , a. [F., fr. L. patiens, -entis, p. pr. of pati to suffer. Cf. Pathos, Passion.] 1. Having the quality of enduring; physically able to suffer or bear. “Patient of severest toil and hardship.” Bp. Fell. 2. Undergoing pains, trails, or the like, without murmuring or fretfulness; bearing up with equanimity against trouble; long-suffering. 3. Constant in pursuit or exertion; persevering; calmly diligent; as patient endeavor. “Whatever I have done is due to patient thought.” Sir I. Newton. 4. Expectant with calmness, or without discontent; not hasty; not overeager; composed. “Not patient to expect the turns of fate.” Prior. 5. Forbearing; long-suffering. “Be patient toward all men.” 1 Thess. v. 14.

Pa´tient, n. 1. ONe who, or that which, is passively affected; a passive recipient. “Malice is a passion so impetuous and precipitate that often involves the agent and the patient.” Gov. of Tongue. 2. A person under medical or surgical treatment; — correlative to physician or nurse. “Like a physician, … seeing his patient in a pestilent fever.” Sir P. Sidney. In patient, a patient who receives lodging and food, as treatment, in a hospital or an infirmary. — Out patient, one who receives advice and medicine, or treatment, from an infirmary.

Pa´tient, v. t. To compose, to calm. [Obs.] ´Patient yourself, madam.´ Shak.

Pa´tient•ly, adv. In a patient manner. Cowper. { Pat´in , Pat´ine }, n. A plate. See Paten. ´Inlaid with patines of bright gold.´ Shak.

Pat´ina , n. [It., fr. L. patina a dish, a pan, a kind of cake. Cf. Paten.] 1. A dish or plate of metal or earthenware; a patella. 2. (Fine Arts) The color or incrustation which age gives to works of art; especially, the green rust which covers ancient bronzes, coins, and medals. Fairholt.

Pa´ti•o (pä´te•o), n. [Sp., a court] (Metal) A paved yard or floor where ores are cleaned and sorted, or where ore, salt, mercury, etc., are trampled by horses, to effect intermixture and amalgamation. The patio process is used to reduce silver ores by amalgamation.

Pat´ly , adv. Fitly; seasonably. Barrow.

Pat´ness, n. Fitness or appropriateness; striking suitableness; convenience. “The description with equal patness may suit both.” Barrow.

Pa•tois´ , n. [F.] A dialect peculiar to the illiterate classes; a provincial form of speech. “The jargon and patois of several provinces.” Sir T. Browne.

Pa•tonce´ , a. [Cf. F. patte d’once paw of an ounce.] (Her.) Having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end; — said of a cross. See Illust. 9 of Cross.

Pa´tri•al , a. [L. patria fatherland, country, fr. pater father.] (Lat. Gram.) Derived from the name of a country, and designating an inhabitant of the country; gentile; — said of a noun. — n. A patrial noun. Thus Romanus, a Roman, and Troas, a woman of Troy, are patrial nouns, or patrials. Andrews.

Pa´tri•arch , n. [F. patriarche, L. patriarcha, Gr. , fr. lineage, especially on the father’s side, race; father + a leader, chief, fr. to lead, rule. See Father, Archaic.] 1. The father and ruler of a family; one who governs his family or descendants by paternal right; — usually applied to heads of families in ancient history, especially in Biblical and Jewish history to those who lived before the time of Moses. 2. (R. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.) A dignitary superior to the order of archbishops; as the patriarch of Constantinople, of Alexandria, or of Antioch. 3. A venerable old man; an elder. Also used figuratively. “The patriarch hoary, the sage of his kith and the hamlet.” Longfellow. “The monarch oak, the partiarch of trees.” Dryde.

Pa•tri•ar´chal , a. [Cf. F. patriarcal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a patriarch or to patriarchs; possessed by, or subject to, patriarchs; as patriarchal authority or jurisdiction; a patriarchal see; a patriarchal church. 2. Characteristic of a patriarch; venerable. “About whose patriarchal knee
Late the little children clung.” Tennyson. 3. (Ethnol.) Having an organization of society and government in which the head of the family exercises authority over all its generations. Patriarchal cross (Her.), a cross, the shaft of which is intersected by two transverse beams, the upper one being the smaller. See Illust. (2) of Cross. — Patriarchal dispensation, the divine dispensation under which the patriarchs lived before the law given by Moses.

Pa•tri•ar´chate (p>amac/•tri•är´kat), n. [Cf. F. patriarcat.] 1. The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a patriarch. Jer. Taylor. 2. The residence of an ecclesiastic patriarch. 3. (Ethnol.) A patriarchal form of government or society. See Patriarchal, a., 3.

Pa´tri•arch•dom , n. The office or jurisdiction of a patriarch; patriarchate. [R.]

Pa•tri•ar´chic , a. [L. patriarchicus, Gr. .] Patriarchal.

Pa´tri•arch•ism , n. Government by a patriarch, or the head of a family.

Pa´tri•arch•ship, n. A patriarchate. Ayliffe.

Pa´tri•arch•y , n. [Gr. .] 1. The jurisdiction of a patriarch; patriarchship. Brerewood. 2. Government by a patriarch; patriarchism.

Pa•tri´cian , a. [L. patricius, fr. patres fathers or senators, pl. of pater: cf. F. patricien. See Paternal.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Of or pertaining to the Roman patres (fathers) or senators, or patricians. 2. Of, pertaining to, or appropriate to, a person of high birth; noble; not plebeian. “Born in the patrician file of society.” Sir W. Scott. “His horse’s hoofs wet with patrician blood.” Addison.

Pa•tri´cian, n. [L. patricius: cf. F. patricien.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Originally, a member of any of the families constituting the populus Romanus, or body of Roman citizens, before the development of the plebeian order; later, one who, by right of birth or by special privilege conferred, belonged to the nobility. 2. A person of high birth; a nobleman. 3. One familiar with the works of the Christian Fathers; one versed in patristic lore. [R.] Colridge.

Pa•tri´cian•ism , n. The rank or character of patricians.

Pa•tri´ci•ate , n. The patrician class; the aristocracy; also the office of patriarch. Milman.

Pat•ri´ci•dal , a. Of or pertaining to patricide; parricidal.

Pat•ri´cide , n. [L. pater father + caedere to kill. Cf. Parricide.] 1. The murderer of his father. 2. The crime of one who murders his father. Same as Parricide.

Pat•ri•mo´ni•al , a. [L. patrimonialis: cf. F. patrimonial.] Of or pertaining to a patrimony; inherited from ancestors; as a patrimonial estate.

Pat•ri•mo´ni•al•ly, adv. By inheritance.

Pat´ri•mo•ny , n.; pl. Patrimonies (#). [L. patrimonium, fr. pater father: cf. F. patrimoine. See Paternal.] 1. A right or estate inherited from one’s father; or, in a larger sense, from any ancestor. ´’Reave the orphan of his patrimony.´ Shak. 2. Formerly, a church estate or endowment. Shipley.

Pa´tri•ot , n. [F. patriote; cf. Sp. patriota, It. patriotto; all fr. Gr. a fellow-countryman, fr. established by forefathers, fr. father. See Father.] One who loves his country, and zealously supports its authority and interests. Bp. Hall. “Such tears as patriots shaed for dying laws.” Pope.

Pa´tri•ot, a. Becoming to a patriot; patriotic.

Pa•tri•ot´ic , a. [Cf. F. patriotique, Gr. belonging to a fellow-countryman.] Inspired by patriotism; actuated by love of one’s country; zealously and unselfishly devoted to the service of one’s country; as a patriotic statesman, vigilance.

Pa•tri•ot´ic•al , a. Patriotic; that pertains to a patriot. — Pa•tri•ot´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pa´tri•ot•ism , n. [Cf. F. patriotisme.] Love of country; devotion to the welfare of one’s country; the virtues and actions of a patriot; the passion which inspires one to serve one’s country. Berkley.

Pa•tri•pas´sian , n. [LL. Patripassiani, pl.; L. pater father + pati, passus, to suffer: cf. F. patripassiens.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a body of believers in the early church who denied the independent preëxistent personality of Christ, and who, accordingly, held that the Father suffered in the Son; a monarchian. — Pa•tri•pas´sian•ism (#), n.

Pa´trist , n. One versed in patristics. { Pa•tris´tic , Pa•tris´tic•al } a. [F. patristique. See Paternal.] Of or pertaining to the Fathers of the Christian church. “The voluminous editor of Jerome anf of tons of patristic theology.” I. Taylor.

Pa•tris´tics , n. That departnent of historical theology which treats of the lives and doctrines of the Fathers of the church.

Pa´tri•zate , v. i. [L. patrissare, patrizare;cf. Gr. .] To imitate one’s father. [R.]

Pa•troc´i•nate , v. t. [L. patrocinatus, p. p. of patrocinari to patronize, fr. patronus patron.] To support; to patronize. [Obs.] Urquhart.

Pa•troc•i•na´tion , n. The act of patrocinating or patronizing. [Obs.] ´Patrocinations of treason.´ Bp. Hall.

Pa•troc´i•ny , n. [L. patrocinium.] [Obs.] See Patrocination.

Pa•trol´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Patrolled p. pr. & vb. n. Patrolling.] [F. patrouiller, O. & Prov. F. patrouiller to paddle, paw about, patrol, fr. patte a paw; cf. D. poot paw, G. pfote, and E. pat, v.] To go the rounds along a chain of sentinels; to traverse a police district or beat.

Pa•trol´ , v.t To go the rounds of, as a sentry, guard, or policeman; as to patrol a frontier; to patrol a beat.

Pa•trol´, n. [F. patrouille, OF. patouille. See Patrol, v. i.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A going of the rounds along the chain of sentinels and between the posts, by a guard, usually consisting of three or four men, to insure greater security from attacks on the outposts. (b) A movement, by a small body of troops beyond the line of outposts, to explore the country and gain intelligence of the enemy’s whereabouts. (c) The guard or men who go the rounds for observation; a detachment whose duty it is to patrol. 2. Any perambulation of a particular line or district to guard it; also the men thus guarding; as a customs patrol; a fire patrol. “In France there is an army of patrols to secure her fiscal regulations.” A. Hamilton.

Pa•trole´ , n. & v. See Patrol, n. & v.

Pa•trol´man , n.; pl. Patrolmen . One who patrols; a watchman; especially, a policeman who patrols a particular precinct of a town or city.

Pa´tron , n. [F., fr. L. patronus, fr. pater a father. See Paternal, and cf. Patroon, Padrone, Pattern.] 1. One who protects, supports, or countenances; a defender. ´Patron of my life and liberty.´ Shak. ´The patron of true holiness.´ Spenser. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A master who had freed his slave, but still retained some paternal rights over him. (b) A man of distinction under whose protection another person placed himself. (c) An advocate or pleader. “Let him who works the client wrong
Beware the patron’s ire.” Macaulay. 3. One who encourages or helps a person, a cause, or a work; a furtherer; a promoter; as a patron of art. 4. (Eccl. Law) One who has gift and disposition of a benefice. [Eng.] 5. A guardian saint. — called also patron saint. 6. (Naut.) See Padrone, 2. Patrons of Husbandry, the grangers. See Granger, 2.

Pa´tron, v. t. To be a patron of; to patronize; to favor. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pa´tron, a. Doing the duty of a patron; giving aid or protection; tutelary. Dryden. Patron saint (R. C. Ch.), a saint regarded as the peculiar protector of a country, community, church, profession, etc., or of an individual.

Pa´tron•age , n. [F. patronage. Cf. LL. patronaticum, and L. patronatus.] 1. Special countenance or support; favor, encouragement, or aid, afforded to a person or a work; as the patronage of letters; patronage given to an author. 2. Business custom. [Commercial Cant] 3. Guardianship, as of a saint; tutelary care. Addison. 4. The right of nomination to political office; also the offices, contracts, honors, etc., which a public officer may bestow by favor. 5. (Eng. Law) The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson. Blackstone.

Pa´tron•age, v. t. To act as a patron of; to maintain; to defend. [Obs.] Shak.

Pa´tron•al , a. [L. patronalis; cf. F. patronal.] Patron; protecting; favoring. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pa´tron•ate , n. [L. patronatus.] The right or duty of a patron; patronage. [R.] Westm. Rev.

Pa´tron•ess , n. [Cf. F. patronnesse.] A female patron or helper. Spenser. “Night, best patroness of grief.” Milton.

Pa•tron•i•za´tion , n. The act of patronizing; patronage; support. [R.]

Pa´tron•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patronized p. pr. & vb. n. Patronizing ] 1. To act as patron toward; to support; to countenance; to favor; to aid. “The idea has been patronized by two States only.” A. Hamilton. 2. To trade with customarily; to frequent as a customer. [Commercial Cant] 3. To assume the air of a patron, or of a superior and protector, toward; — used in an unfavorable sense; as to patronize one’s equals.

Pa´tron•i•zer , n. One who patronizes.

Pa´tron•i•zing , a. Showing condescending favor; assuming the manner of airs of a superior toward another. — Pat´ron•i•zing•ly, adv. Thackeray.

Pa´tron•less , a. Destitute of a patron.

Pa•tro•nom•a•yol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , a father + E. onomatology.] That branch of knowledge which deals with personal names and their origin; the study of patronymics.

Pa•tro•nym´ic , a. [L. patronymicus, Gr. ; father + name: cf. F. patronymique.] Derived from ancestors; as a patronymic denomination.

Pa•tro•nym´ic, n. [Gr. .] A modification of the father’s name borne by the son; a name derived from that of a parent or ancestor; as Pelides, the son of Peleus; Johnson, the son of John; Macdonald, the son of Donald; Paulowitz, the son of Paul; also the surname of a family; the family name. M. A. Lower.

Pa•tro•nym´ic•al , a. Same as Patronymic.

Pa•troon´ , n. [D. patroon a patron, a protector. See Patron.] One of the proprietors of certain tracts of land with manorial privileges and right of entail, under the old Dutch governments of New York and New Jersey.

Pa•troon´ship, n. The office of a patroon. Irving. { Pat•te´ , Pat•tee´ } a. [F. patte, fem. pattee, fr. patte paw, foot. Cf. Patten.] (Her.) Narrow at the inner, and very broad at the other, end, or having its arms of that shape; — said of a cross. See Illust. (8) of Cross. [Written also pate, patee.]

Pat´te•mar , n. See Patamar.

Pat´ten , n. [F. patin a high- heeled shoe, fr. patte paw, foot. Cf. Panton, Patte.] 1. A clog or sole of wood, usually supported by an iron ring, worn to raise the feet from the wet or the mud. “The patten now supports each frugal dame.” Gay. 2. A stilt. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pat´ten•ed , a. Wearing pattens. ´Some pattened girl.´ Jane Austen.

Pat´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pattered p. pr. & vb. n. Pattering.] [Freq. of pat to strike gently.] 1. To strike with a quick succession of slight, sharp sounds; as pattering rain or hail; pattering feet. “The stealing shower is scarce to patter heard.” Thomson. 2. To mutter; to mumble; as to patter with the lips. Tyndale. [In this sense, and in the following, perh. from paternoster.] 3. To talk glibly; to chatter; to harangue. [Colloq.] “I’ve gone out and pattered to get money.” Mayhew.

Pat´ter, v. t. 1. To spatter; to sprinkle. [R.] ´And patter the water about the boat.´ J. R. Drake. 2. [See Patter, v. i., 2.] To mutter; as prayers. “[The hooded clouds] patter their doleful prayers.” Longfellow. To patter flash, to talk in thieves’ cant. [Slang]

Pat´ter, n. 1. A quick succession of slight sounds; as the patter of rain; the patter of little feet. 2. Glib and rapid speech; a voluble harangue. 3. The cant of a class; patois; as thieves’s patter; gypsies’ patter.

Pat´ter•er , n. One who patters, or talks glibly; specifically, a street peddler. [Cant, Eng.]

Pat´tern , n. [OE. patron, F. patron, a patron, also a pattern. See Patron.] 1. Anything proposed for imitation; an archetype; an exemplar; that which is to be, or is worthy to be, copied or imitated; as a pattern of a machine. “I will be the pattern of all patience.” Shak. 2. A part showing the figure or quality of the whole; a specimen; a sample; an example; an instance. “He compares the pattern with the whole piece.” Swift. 3. Stuff sufficient for a garment; as a dress pattern. 4. Figure or style of decoration; design; as wall paper of a beautiful pattern. 5. Something made after a model; a copy. Shak. “The patterns of things in the heavens.” Heb. ix. 23. 6. Anything cut or formed to serve as a guide to cutting or forming objects; as a dressmaker’s pattern. 7. (Founding) A full-sized model around which a mold of sand is made, to receive the melted metal. It is usually made of wood and in several parts, so as to be removed from the mold without injuring it. Pattern box, chain, or cylinder (Figure Weaving), devices, in a loom, for presenting several shuttles to the picker in the proper succession for forming the figure. — Pattern card. (a) A set of samples on a card. (b) (Weaving) One of the perforated cards in a Jacquard apparatus. — Pattern reader, one who arranges textile patterns. — Pattern wheel (Horology), a count- wheel.

Pat´tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patterned p. pr. & vb. n. Patterning.] 1. To make or design (anything) by, from, or after, something that serves as a pattern; to copy; to model; to imitate. Milton. “[A temple] patterned from that which Adam reared in Paradise.” Sir T. Herbert. 2. To serve as an example for; also to parallel. To pattern after, to imitate; to follow.

Pat´ty , n.; pl. Patties (#). [F. pâte. See Pasty.] A little pie.

Pat´ty•pan , n. 1. A pan for baking patties. 2. A patty. [Obs.]

Pat´u•lous , a. [L. patulus, fr. patere to be open, extend.] Open; expanded; slightly spreading; having the parts loose or dispersed; as a patulous calyx; a patulous cluster of flowers. “The eyes are large and patulous.” Sir J. Hill.

Pau , n. See Pah.

Pau•cil´o•quent , a. Uttering few words; brief in speech. [R.]

Pau•cil´o•quy , n. [L. pauciloquium; paucus little + loqui to speak.] Brevity in speech. [R.]

Pau•ci•spi´ral , a. [L. paucus few + E. spiral.] (Zoöl.) Having few spirals, or whorls; as a paucispiral operculum or shell.

Pau´ci•ty , n. [L. paucitas, fr. paucus few, little: cf. F. paucite See Few.] 1. Fewness; smallness of number; scarcity. Hooker. “Revelation denies it by the stern reserve, the paucity, and the incompleteness, of its communications.” I. Taylor. 2. Smallnes of quantity; exiguity; insufficiency; as paucity of blood. Sir T. Browne. { Pau´gie , Pau´gy } , n.; pl. Paugies (#). [Corrupted from Amer. Indian mishcuppauog. See Scup.] (Zoöl.) The scup. See Porgy, and Scup.

Pau•hau´gen , n. [North Amer. Indian.] (Zoöl.) The menhaden; — called also poghaden.

Paul , n. See Pawl.

Paul, n. An Italian silver coin. See Paolo.

Paul´dron , n. [See Powldron.] (Mil. Antiq.) A piece of armor covering the shoulder at the junction of the body piece and arm piece. { Pau´li•an , Pau´li•an•ist } n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Paul of Samosata, a bishop of Antioch in the third century, who was deposed for denying the divinity of Christ.

Pau´li•cian , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian dualists originating in Armenia in the seventh century. They rejected the Old Testament and the part of the New.

Pau´lin , n. (Naut.) See Tarpaulin.

Pau´line , a. [L. Paulinus, fr. Paulus Paul.] Of or pertaining to the apostle Paul, or his writings; resembling, or conforming to, the writings of Paul; as the Pauline epistles; Pauline doctrine. “My religion had always been Pauline.” J. H. Newman.

Paul´ist , n. (R. C. Ch.) A member of The Institute of the Missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apostle, founded in 1858 by the Rev. I. T. Hecker of New York. The majority of the members were formerly Protestants.

Pau•low´ni•a , n. [NL. So named from the Russian princess Anna Pavlovna.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of the order Scrophulariaceae, consisting of one species, Paulownia imperialis. The tree is native to Japan, and has immense heart-shaped leaves, and large purplish flowers in panicles. The capsules contain many little winged seeds, which are beautiful microscopic objects. The tree is hardy in America as far north as Connecticut.

Paum , v. t. & i. [See Palm to cheat.] To palm off by fraud; to cheat at cards. [Obs.] Swift.

Paunce , n. [See Pansy.] (Bot.) The pansy. ´The pretty paunce.´ Spenser.

Paunch , n. [OF. panch, pance, F. panse, L. pantex, panticis.] 1. (Anat.) The belly and its contents; the abdomen; also the first stomach, or rumen, of ruminants. See Rumen. 2. (Naut.) A paunch mat; — called also panch. 3. The thickened rim of a bell, struck by the clapper. Paunch mat (Naut.), a thick mat made of strands of rope, used to prevent the yard or rigging from chafing.

Paunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paunched p. pr. & vb. n. Paunching.] 1. To pierce or rip the belly of; to eviscerate; to disembowel. Shak. 2. To stuff with food. [Obs.] Udall.

Paunch´y , a. Pot-bellied. [R.] Dickens.

Paune , n. A kind of bread. See Pone.

Pau´per , n. [L. See Poor.] A poor person; especially, one development on private or public charity. Also used adjectively; as pouper immigrants, pouper labor.

Pau´per•ism , n. [Cf. F. pauperisme.] The state of being a pauper; the state of indigent persons requiring support from the community. Whatly. Syn. — Poverty; indigence; penury; want; need; destitution. See Poverty.

Pau•per•i•za´tion , n. The act or process of reducing to pauperism. C. Kingsley.

Pau´per•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pauperized p. pr. & vb. n. Pauperizing ] To reduce to pauperism; as to pauperize the peasantry.

Pau•rop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. small + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of small myriapods having only nine pairs of legs and destitute of tracheae.

Pause , n. [F., fr. L. pausa. See Pose.] 1. A temporary stop or rest; an intermission of action; interruption; suspension; cessation. 2. Temporary inaction or waiting; hesitation; suspence; doubt. “I stand in pause where I shall first begin.” Shak. 3. In speaking or reading aloud, a brief arrest or suspension of voice, to indicate the limits and relations of sentences and their parts. 4. In writing and printing, a mark indicating the place and nature of an arrest of voice in reading; a punctuation point; as teach the pupil to mind the pauses. 5. A break or paragraph in writing. “He writes with warmth, which usually neglects method, and those partitions and pauses which men educated in schools observe.” Locke. 6. (Mus.) A hold. See 4th Hold, 7. Syn. — Stop; cessation; suspension.

Pause, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paused p. pr. & vb. n. Pausing.] [Cf. F. pauser, L. pausare. See Pause, n., Pose.] 1. To make a short stop; to cease for a time; to intermit speaking or acting; to stop; to wait; to rest. ´Tarry, pause a day or two.´ Shak. “Pausing while, thus to herself she mused.” Milton. 2. To be intermitted; to cease; as the music pauses. 3. To hesitate; to hold back; to delay. [R.] “Why doth the Jew pause? Take thy forfeiture.” Shak. 4. To stop in order to consider; hence, to consider; to reflect. [R.] ´Take time to pause.´ Shak. To pause upon, to deliberate concerning. Shak. Syn. — To intermit; stop; stay; wait; delay; tarry; hesitate; demur.

Pause, v. t. To cause to stop or rest; — used reflexively. [R.] Shak.

Paus´er , n. One who pauses. Shak.

Paus´ing•ly, adv. With pauses; haltingly. Shak.

Paux´i , n. [From the native name: cf. Sp. pauji.] (Zoöl.) A curassow (Ourax pauxi), which, in South America, is often domesticated.

Pav´age , n. [Cf. F. pavage.] See Pavage. [R.]

Pav´an , n. [F. pavane; cf. It. & Sp. pavana, and Sp. pavon, pavo, a peacock, L. pavo.] A stately and formal Spanish dance for which full state costume is worn; — so called from the resemblance of its movements to those of the peacock. [Written also pavane, paven, pavian, and pavin.]

Pa•ve´ , n. [F., from paver to pave. See Pave.] The pavement. Nymphe du pave , a prostitute who solicits in the street. [A low euphemism.]

Pave , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paved p. pr. & vb. n. Paving.] [F. paver to pave, LL. pavare, from L. pavire to beat, ram, or tread down; cf. Gr. to beat, strike.] 1. To lay or cover with stone, brick, or other material, so as to make a firm, level, or convenient surface for horses, carriages, or persons on foot, to travel on; to floor with brick, stone, or other solid material; as to pave a street; to pave a court. “With silver paved, and all divine with gold.” Dryden. “To pave thy realm, and smooth the broken ways.” Gay. 2. Fig.: To make smooth, easy, and safe; to prepare, as a path or way; as to pave the way to promotion; to pave the way for an enterprise. “It might open and pave a prepared way to his own title.” Bacon.

Pave´ment , n. [F., fr. LL. pavamentum, L. pavimentum. See Pave.] That with which anythingis paved; a floor or covering of solid material, laid so as to make a hard and convenient surface for travel; a paved road or sidewalk; a decorative interior floor of tiles or colored bricks. “The riches of heaven’s pavement, trodden gold.” Milton. Pavement teeth (Zoöl.), flattened teeth which in certain fishes, as the skates and cestracionts, are arranged side by side, like tiles in a pavement.

Pave´ment, v. t. To furnish with a pavement; to pave. [Obs.] ´How richly pavemented!´ Bp. Hall.

Pav´en , n. See Pavan.

Pav´er , n. One who paves; one who lays a pavement. [Written also pavier and pavior.]

Pav•e•sade´ , n. [F. See Pavise.] A canvas screen, formerly sometimes extended along the side of a vessel in a naval engagement, to conceal from the enemy the operations on board. {Pa•vese´ , Pa•vesse´ }, n. Pavise. [Obs.]

Pa´vi•age , n. (Law) A contribution or a tax for paving streets or highways. Bouvier.

Pav´i•an , n. See Pavan.

Pav´id , a. [L. pavidus, from pavere to be afraid.] Timid; fearful. [R.] Thackeray.

Pa•vid´i•ty , n. Timidity. [R.]

Pav´ier , n. A paver.

Pa´vi•in (pa´vi•in), n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in species of the genus Pavia of the Horse-chestnut family.

Pa•vil´ion , n. [F. pavillon, fr. L. pavilio a butterfly, also a tent, because spread out like a butterfly’s wings.] 1. A temporary movable habitation; a large tent; a marquee; esp., a tent raised on posts. ´[The] Greeks do pitch their brave pavilions.´ Shak. 2. (Arch.) A single body or mass of building, contained within simple walls and a single roof, whether insulated, as in the park or garden of a larger edifice, or united with other parts, and forming an angle or central feature of a large pile. 3. (Mil.) A flag, colors, ensign, or banner. 4. (Her.) Same as Tent (Her.) 5. That part of a brilliant which lies between the girdle and collet. See Illust. of Brilliant. 6. (Anat.) The auricle of the ear; also the fimbriated extremity of the Fallopian tube. 7. A covering; a canopy; figuratively, the sky. “The pavilion of heaven is bare.” Shelley.

Pa•vil´ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pavilioned p. pr. & vb. n. Pavilioning.] To furnish or cover with, or shelter in, a tent or tents. “The field pavilioned with his guardians bright.” Milton.

Pav´in , n. See Pavan.

Pav´ing , n. 1. The act or process of laying a pavement, or covering some place with a pavement. 2. A pavement.

Pav´ior , n. 1. One who paves; a paver. 2. A rammer for driving paving stones. 3. A brick or slab used for paving.

Pa•vise , n. [OF. pavaix, F. pavois; cf. It. pavese, LL. pavense; perh. named from Pavia in Italy.] (Mil. Antiq.) A large shield covering the whole body, carried by a pavisor, who sometimes screened also an archer with it. [Written also pavais, pavese, and pavesse.] Fairholt.

Pa•vis´or , n. (Mil. Antiq.) A soldier who carried a pavise.

Pa´vo , n. [L., a peacock. See Peacock.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of birds, including the peacocks. 2. (Astron.) The Peacock, a constellation of the southern hemisphere.

Pa´von , n. A small triangular flag, esp. one attached to a knight’s lance; a pennon.

Pa•vone´ , n. [Cf. It. pavone, Sp. pavon, fr. L. pavo.] (Zoöl.) A peacock. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pa•vo´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to a peacock. [R.] Southey.

Pav´o•nine , a. [L. pavoninus, fr. pavo a peacock. See Peacock.] 1. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Pavo. 2. Characteristic of a peacock; resembling the tail of a peacock, as in colors; iridescent. P. Cleaveland.

Paw (pa), n. [OE. pawe, poue, OF. poe: cf. patte, LG. pote, D. poot, G. pfote.] 1. The foot of a quadruped having claws, as the lion, dog, cat, etc. 2. The hand. [Jocose] Dryden. Paw clam (Zoöl.), the tridacna; - - so called because shaped like an animal’s paw.

Paw, v. i. To draw the forefoot along the ground; to beat or scrape with the forefoot. Job xxxix. 21.

Paw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pawed p. pr. & vb. n. Pawing.] 1. To pass the paw over; to stroke or handle with the paws; hence, to handle fondly or rudely. 2. To scrape or beat with the forefoot. “His hot courser pawed the Hungarian plane.” Tickell.

Pawk , n. (Zoöl.) A small lobster. Travis.

Paw´ky , a. [Cf. AS. paecean to deceive.] Arch; cunning; sly. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Pawl , n. [W. pawl a pole, a stake. Cf. Pole a stake.] (Mach.) A pivoted tongue, or sliding bolt, on one part of a machine, adapted to fall into notches, or interdental spaces, on another part, as a ratchet wheel, in such a manner as to permit motion in one direction and prevent it in the reverse, as in a windlass; a catch, click, or detent. See Illust. of Ratchet Wheel. [Written also paul, or pall.] Pawl bitt (Naut.), a heavy timber, set abaft the windlass, to receive the strain of the pawls. — Pawl rim or ring (Naut.), a stationary metallic ring surrounding the base of a capstan, having notches for the pawls to catch in.

Pawl, v. t. To stop with a pawl; to drop the pawls off. To pawl the capstan. See under Capstan.

Pawn , n. See Pan, the masticatory.

Pawn, n. [OE. paune, poun, OF. peon, poon, F. pion, LL. pedo a foot soldier, fr. L. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Pioneer, Peon.] (Chess) A man or piece of the lowest rank.

Pawn, n. [OF. pan pledge, assurance, skirt, piece, F. pan skirt, lappet, piece, from L. pannus. See Pane.] 1. Anything delivered or deposited as security, as for the payment of money borrowed, or of a debt; a pledge. See Pledge, n., 1. “As for mortgaging or pawning, … men will not take pawns without use [i. e., interest].” Bacon. 2. State of being pledged; a pledge for the fulfillment of a promise. [R.] “Redeem from broking pawn the blemish’d crown.” Shak. “As the morning dew is a pawn of the evening fatness.” Donne. 3. A stake hazarded in a wager. [Poetic] “My life I never held but as a pawn
To wage against thy enemies.” Shak. In pawn, At pawn, in the state of being pledged. ´Sweet wife, my honor is at pawn.´ Shak. — Pawn ticket, a receipt given by the pawnbroker for an article pledged.

Pawn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pawned p. pr. & vb. n. Pawning.] 1. To give or deposit in pledge, or as security for the payment of money borrowed; to put in pawn; to pledge; as to pawn one’s watch. “And pawned the last remaining piece of plate.” Dryden. 2. To pledge for the fulfillment of a promise; to stake; to risk; to wager; to hazard. “Pawning his honor to obtain his lust.” Shak.

Pawna•ble , a. Capable of being pawned.

Pawn´bro•ker , n. One who makes a business of lending money on the security of personal property pledged or deposited in his keeping.

Pawn´bro•king, n. The business of a pawnbroker.

Pawn•ee´ , n. (Law) One or two whom a pledge is delivered as security; one who takes anything in pawn.

Paw•nees´ , n. pl.; sing. Pawnee . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians (called also Loups) who formerly occupied the region of the Platte river, but now live mostly in the Indian Territory. The term is often used in a wider sense to include also the related tribes of Rickarees and Wichitas. Called also Pani. { Pawn´er , Pawn•or´ } n. (Law) One who pawns or pledges anything as security for the payment of borrowed money or of a debt.

Paw•paw´ , n. (Bot.) See Papaw.

Pax , n. [L. pax peace. See Peace.] 1. (Eccl.) The kiss of peace; also the embrace in the sanctuary now substituted for it at High Mass in Roman Catholic churches. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A tablet or board, on which is a representation of Christ, of the Virgin Mary, or of some saint and which, in the Mass, was kissed by the priest and then by the people, in mediaeval times; an osculatory. It is still used in communities, confraternities, etc. “Kiss the pax, and be quiet like your neighbors.” Chapman.

Pax´il•lose , a. [L. paxillus a small stake.] (Geol.) Resembling a little stake.

Pax•il´lus , n.; pl. Paxilli (#). [L., a peg.] (Zoöl.) One of a peculiar kind of spines covering the surface of certain starfishes. They are pillarlike, with a flattened summit which is covered with minute spinules or granules. See Illustration in Appendix.

Pax´wax , n. [For faxvax, fr. AS. fea hair (akin to OHG. fahs) + weaxan to grow. See Wax to grow, and cf. Faxed, Pectinate.] (Anat.) The strong ligament of the back of the neck in quadrupeds. It connects the back of the skull with dorsal spines of the cervical vertebrae, and helps to support the head. Called also paxywaxy and packwax.

Pax´y•wax•y , n. (Anat.) See Paxwax.

Pay , v. t. [OF. peier, fr. L. picare to pitch, i pitch: cf. OF. peiz pitch, F. poix. See Pitch a black substance.] (Naut.) To cover, as bottom of a vessel, a seam, a spar, etc., with tar or pitch, or waterproof composition of tallow, resin, etc.; to smear.

Pay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paid p. pr. & vb. n. Paying.] [OE. paien, F. payer, fr. L. pacare to pacify, appease, fr. pax, pacis, peace. See Peace.] 1. To satisfy, or content; specifically, to satisfy (another person) for service rendered, property delivered, etc.; to discharge one’s obligation to; to make due return to; to compensate; to remunerate; to recompense; to requite; as to pay workmen or servants. “May no penny ale them pay [i. e., satisfy].” P. Plowman. “[She] pays me with disdain.” Dryden. 2. Hence, figuratively: To compensate justly; to requite according to merit; to reward; to punish; to retort or retaliate upon. “For which, or pay me quickly, or I’ll pay you.” B. Jonson. 3. To discharge, as a debt, demand, or obligation, by giving or doing what is due or required; to deliver the amount or value of to the person to whom it is owing; to discharge a debt by delivering (money owed). ´Pay me that thou owest.´ Matt. xviii. 28. “Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all.” Matt. xviii. 26. “If they pay this tax, they starve.” Tennyson. 4. To discharge or fulfill, as a duy; to perform or render duty, as that which has been promised. “This day have I paid my vows.” Prov. vii. 14. 5. To give or offer, without an implied obligation; as to pay attention; to pay a visit. “Not paying me a welcome.” Shak. To pay off. (a) To make compensation to and discharge; as to pay off the crew of a ship. (b) To allow (a thread, cord, etc.) to run off; to unwind. — To pay one’s duty, to render homage, as to a sovereign or other superior. — To pay out (Naut.), to pass out; hence, to slacken; to allow to run out; as to pay out more cable. See under Cable. — To pay the piper, to bear the cost, expense, or trouble. [Colloq.]

Pay (pa), v. i. To give a recompense; to make payment, requital, or satisfaction; to discharge a debt. “The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again.” Ps. xxxvii. 21. 2. Hence, to make or secure suitable return for expense or trouble; to be remunerative or profitable; to be worth the effort or pains required; as it will pay to ride; it will pay to wait; politeness always pays. To pay for. (a) To make amends for; to atone for; as men often pay for their mistakes with loss of property or reputation, sometimes with life. (b) To give an equivalent for; to bear the expense of; to be mulcted on account of. “’T was I paid for your sleeps; I watched your wakings.” Beau. & Fl. — To pay off. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) To fall to leeward, as the head of a vessel under sail. — To pay on. [Etymol. uncertain.] To beat with vigor; to redouble blows. [Colloq.] — To pay round [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) To turn the ship’s head.

Pay, n. 1. Satisfaction; content. Chaucer. 2. An equivalent or return for money due, goods purchased, or services performed; salary or wages for work or service; compensation; recompense; payment; hire; as the pay of a clerk; the pay of a soldier. “Where only merit constant pay receives.” Pope. “There is neither pay nor plunder to be got.” L’Estrange. Full pay, the whole amount of wages or salary; maximum pay; especially, the highest pay or allowance to civil or military officers of a certain rank, without deductions. — Half pay. See under Half. — Pay day, the day of settlement of accounts. — Pay dirt (Mining), earth which yields a profit to the miner. [Western U.S.] — Pay office, a place where payment is made. — Pay roll, a roll or list of persons entitled to payment, with the amounts due.

Pay´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. payable. Cf. Pacable.] 1. That may, can, or should be paid; suitable to be paid; justly due. Drayton. “Thanks are a tribute payable by the poorest.” South. 2. (Law) (a) That may be discharged or settled by delivery of value. (b) Matured; now due.

Pay•ee´ , n. The person to whom money is to be, or has been, paid; the person named in a bill or note, to whom, or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed to be paid. See Bill of exchange, under Bill.

Pay´en , n. & a. Pagan. [F.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pay´er , n. One who pays; specifically, the person by whom a bill or note has been, or should be, paid.

Pay´mas•ter , n. One who pays; one who compensates, rewards, or requites; specifically, an officer or agent of a government, a corporation, or an employer, whose duty it is to pay salaries, wages, etc., and keep account of the same.

Pay´ment , n. [F. payment, paiement. See Pay to requite.] 1. The act of paying, or giving compensation; the discharge of a debt or an obligation. “No man envieth the payment of a debt.” Bacon. 2. That which is paid; the thing given in discharge of a debt, or an obligation, or in fulfillment of a promise; reward; recompense; requital; return. Shak. 3. Punishment; chastisement. [R.]

Payn , n. [OF. & F. pain, fr. L. panis bread.] Bread. Having Piers Plowman.

Payn•de•main´ , n. [OF. pain bread + demaine manorial, lordly, own, private. See Payn, and Demesne. Said to be so called from the figure of our Lord impressed upon it.] The finest and whitest bread made in the Middle Ages; — called also paynemain, payman. [Obs.]

Pay´nim , n. & a. See Painim.

Payn´ize , v. t. [From Mr. Payne, the inventor.] To treat or preserve, as wood, by a process resembling kyanizing.

Pay•or´ , n. (Law) See Payer. [R.]

Payse , v. t. To poise. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pay´tine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from a white bark resembling that of the cinchona, first brought from Payta, in Peru.

Pea , n. [OF. peis. See Poise.] The sliding weight on a steelyard. [Written also pee.]

Pea, n. (Naut.) See Peak, n., 3.

Pea, n.; pl. Peas (#) or Pease (#). [OE. pese, fr. AS. pisa, or OF. peis, F. pois; both fr. L. pisum; cf. Gr. , . The final s was misunderstood in English as a plural ending. Cf. Pease.] 1. (Bot.) A plant, and its fruit, of the genus Pisum, of many varieties, much cultivated for food. It has a papilionaceous flower, and the pericarp is a legume, popularly called a pod. When a definite number, more than one, is spoken of, the plural form peas is used; as the pod contained nine peas; but, in a collective sense, the form pease is preferred; as a bushel of pease; they had pease at dinner. This distinction is not always preserved, the form peas being used in both senses. 2. A name given, especially in the Southern States, to the seed of several leguminous plants (species of Dolichos, Cicer, Abrus, etc.) esp. those having a scar (hilum) of a different color from the rest of the seed. The name pea is given to many leguminous plants more or less closely related to the common pea. See the Phrases, below. Beach pea (Bot.), a seashore plant, Lathyrus maritimus. — Black-eyed pea, a West Indian name for Dolichos sphaerospermus and its seed. — Butterfly pea, the American plant Clitoria Mariana, having showy blossoms. — Chick pea. See Chick-pea. — Egyptian pea. Same as Chick-pea. — Everlasting pea. See under Everlasting. — Glory pea. See under Glory, n. — Hoary pea, any plant of the genus Tephrosia; goat’s rue. — Issue pea, Orris pea. (Med.) See under Issue, and Orris. — Milk pea. (Bot.) See under Milk. — Pea berry, a kind of a coffee bean or grain which grows single, and is round or pea-shaped; often used adjectively; as pea-berry coffee. — Pea bug. (Zoöl.) Same as Pea weevil. — Pea coal, a size of coal smaller than nut coal. — Pea crab (Zoöl.), any small crab of the genus Pinnotheres, living as a commensal in bivalves; esp., the European species (P. pisum) which lives in the common mussel and the cockle. — Pea dove (Zoöl.), the American ground dove. — Pea-flower tribe (Bot.), a suborder (Papilionaceae) of leguminous plants having blossoms essentially like that of the pea. G. Bentham. — Pea maggot (Zoöl.), the larva of a European moth (Tortrix pisi), which is very destructive to peas. — Pea ore (Min.), argillaceous oxide of iron, occurring in round grains of a size of a pea; pisolitic ore. — Pea starch, the starch or flour of the common pea, which is sometimes used in adulterating wheat flour, pepper, etc. — Pea tree (Bot.), the name of several leguminous shrubs of the genus Caragana, natives of Siberia and China. — Pea vine. (Bot.) (a) Any plant which bears peas. (b) A kind of vetch or tare, common in the United States (Lathyrus Americana, and other similar species). — Pea weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil (Bruchus pisi) which destroys peas by eating out the interior. — Pigeon pea. (Bot.) See Pigeon pea. — Sweet pea (Bot.), the annual plant Lathyrus odoratus; also its many-colored, sweet-scented blossoms.

Pea´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The wryneck; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

Pea´bod•y bird (Zoöl.) An American sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) having a conspicuous white throat. The name is imitative of its note. Called also White- throated sparrow.

Peace , n. [OE. pees, pais, OF. pais, paiz, pes, F. paix, L. pax, pacis, akin to pacere, paciscere, pacisci, to make an agreement, and prob. also pangere to fasten. Cf. Appease, Fair, a., Fay, v., Fang, Pacify, Pact, Pay to requite.] A state of quiet or tranquillity; freedom from disturbance or agitation; calm; repose; specifically: (a) Exemption from, or cessation of, war with public enemies. (b) Public quiet, order, and contentment in obedience to law. (c) Exemption from, or subjection of, agitating passions; tranquillity of mind or conscience. (d) Reconciliation; agreement after variance; harmony; concord. ´The eternal love and pees.´ Chaucer. Peace is sometimes used as an exclamation in commanding silence, quiet, or order. ´Peace! foolish woman.´ Shak. At peace, in a state of peace. — Breach of the peace. See under Breach. — Justice of the peace. See under Justice. — Peace of God. (Law) (a) A term used in wills, indictments, etc., as denoting a state of peace and good conduct. (b) (Theol.) The peace of heart which is the gift of God. — Peace offering. (a) (Jewish Antiq.) A voluntary offering to God in token of devout homage and of a sense of friendly communion with Him. (b) A gift or service offered as satisfaction to an offended person. — Peace officer, a civil officer whose duty it is to preserve the public peace, to prevent riots, etc., as a sheriff or constable. — To hold one’s peace, to be silent; to refrain from speaking. — To make one’s peace with, to reconcile one with, to plead one’s cause with, or to become reconciled with, another. ´I will make your peace with him.´ Shak.

Peace, v. t. & i. To make or become quiet; to be silent; to stop. [R.] ´Peace your tattlings.´ Shak. “When the thunder would not peace at my bidding.” Shak.

Peace´a•ble , a. [OE. peisible, F. paisible.] Begin in or at peace; tranquil; quiet; free from, or not disposed to, war, disorder, or excitement; not quarrelsome. — Peace´a•ble•ness, n. — Peace´a•bly, adv. Syn. — Peaceful; pacific; tranquil; quiet; mild; undisturbed; serene; still. — Peaceable, Peaceful. Peaceable describes the state of an individual, nation, etc., in reference to external hostility, attack, etc.; peaceful, in respect to internal disturbance. The former denotes ´in the spirit of peace;´ latter; ´in the possession or enjoyment of peace.´ A peaceable adjustment of difficulties; a peaceful life, scene.

Peace´break•er , n. One who disturbs the public peace. — Peace´break•ing, n.

Peace´ful , a. 1. Possessing or enjoying peace; not disturbed by war, tumult, agitation, anxiety, or commotion; quiet; tranquil; as a peaceful time; a peaceful country; a peaceful end. 2. Not disposed or tending to war, tumult or agitation; pacific; mild; calm; peaceable; as peaceful words. Syn. — See Peaceable. —Peace´ful•ly, adv.. — Peace´ful•ness, n.

Peace´less, a. Without peace; disturbed. Sandys.

Peace´mak•er , n. One who makes peace by reconciling parties that are at variance. Matt. v. 9. —Peace´mak•ing, n.

Peach , v. t. [See Appeach, Impeach.] To accuse of crime; to inform against. [Obs.] Foxe.

Peach, v. i. To turn informer; to betray one’s accomplice. [Obs. or Colloq.] “If I be ta’en, I’ll peach for this.” Shak.

Peach , n. [OE. peche, peshe, OF. pesche, F. pêche, fr. LL. persia, L. Persicum (sc. malum) a Persian apple, a peach. Cf. Persian, and Parsee.] (Bot.) A well-known high-flavored juicy fruit, containing one or two seeds in a hard almond-like endocarp or stone; also the tree which bears it (Prunus, or Amygdalus Persica). In the wild stock the fruit is hard and inedible. Guinea, or Sierra Leone, peach, the large edible berry of the Sarcocephalus esculentus, a rubiaceous climbing shrub of west tropical Africa. — Palm peach, the fruit of a Venezuelan palm tree (Bactris speciosa). — Peach color, the pale red color of the peach blossom. — Peach-tree borer (Zoöl.), the larva of a clearwing moth (AEgeria, or Sannina, exitiosa) of the family AEgeriidae, which is very destructive to peach trees by boring in the wood, usually near the ground; also the moth itself. See Illust. under Borer.

Peach´-col•ored , a. Of the color of a peach blossom. ´Peach-colored satin.´ Shak.

Peach´er , n. One who peaches. [Low] Foxe.

Pea´chick , n. (Zoöl.) The chicken of the peacock.

Peach´y , a. Resembling a peach or peaches.

Pea´cock , n. [OE. pecok. Pea- in this word is from AS. peá, pawa, peacock, fr. L. pavo, prob. of Oriental origin; cf. Gr. , , Per. taus, tawus, Ar. tawus. See Cock the bird.] 1. (Zoöl.) The male of any pheasant of the genus Pavo, of which at least two species are known, native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. The upper tail coverts, which are long and capable of erection, are each marked with a black spot bordered by concentric bands of brilliant blue, green, and golden colors. The common domesticated species is Pavo cristatus. The Javan peacock (P. muticus) is more brilliantly colored than the common species. 2. In common usage, the species in general or collectively; a peafowl. Peacock butterfly (Zoöl.), a handsome European butterfly (Hamadryas Io) having ocelli like those of peacock. — Peacock fish (Zoöl.), the European blue-striped wrasse (Labrus variegatus); — so called on account of its brilliant colors. Called also cook wrasse and cook. — Peacock pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of handsome Asiatic pheasants of the genus Polyplectron. They resemble the peacock in color.

Pea´fowl , n. [See Peacock.] (Zoöl.) The peacock or peahen; any species of Pavo.

Pe´age , n. See Paage.

Pea´grit , n. (Min.) A coarse pisolitic limestone. See Pisolite.

Pea´hen , n. [See Peacock.] (Zoöl.) The hen or female peafowl.

Pea´-jack•et , n. [Prob. fr. D. pij, pije, a coat of a coarse woolen stuff.] A thick loose woolen jacket, or coat, much worn by sailors in cold weather.

Peak , n. [OE. pek, AS. peac, perh of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. peac a sharp- pointed thing. Cf. Pike.] 1. A point; the sharp end or top of anything that terminates in a point; as the peak, or front, of a cap. ´Run your beard into a peak.´ Beau. & Fl. 2. The top, or one of the tops, of a hill, mountain, or range, ending in a point; often, the whole hill or mountain, esp. when isolated; as the Peak of Teneriffe. “Silent upon a peak in Darien.” Keats. 3. (Naut.) (a) The upper aftermost corner of a fore-and-aft sail; — used in many combinations; as peak-halyards, peak-brails, etc. (b) The narrow part of a vessel’s bow, or the hold within it. (c) The extremity of an anchor fluke; the bill. [In the last sense written also pea and pee.] Fore peak. (Naut.) See under Fore.

Peak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peaked p. pr. & vb. n. Peaking.] 1. To rise or extend into a peak or point; to form, or appear as a peak. “There peaketh up a mighty high mount.” Holand. 2. To acquire sharpness of figure or features; hence, to look thin or sicky. ´Dwindle, peak, and pine.´ Shak. 3. [Cf. Peek.] To pry; to peep slyly. Shak. Peak arch (Arch.), a pointed or Gothic arch.

Peak, v. t. (Naut.) To raise to a position perpendicular, or more nearly so; as to peak oars, to hold them upright; to peak a gaff or yard, to set it nearer the perpendicular.

Peaked , a. 1. Pointed; ending in a point; as a peaked roof. 2. (Oftener ) Sickly; not robust. [Colloq.]

Peak´ing , a. 1. Mean; sneaking. [Vulgar] 2. Pining; sickly; peakish. [Colloq.]

Peak´ish, a. 1. Of or relating to a peak; or to peaks; belonging to a mountainous region. ´Her peakish spring.´ Drayton. ´His peakish dialect.´ Bp. Hall. 2. Having peaks; peaked. 3. Having features thin or sharp, as from sickness; hence, sickly. [Colloq.]

Peak´y , a. 1. Having a peak or peaks. Tennyson. 2. Sickly; peaked. [Colloq.]

Peal , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A small salmon; a grilse; a sewin. [Prov. Eng.]

Peal, v. i. To appeal. [Obs.] Spencer.

Peal, n. [An abbrev. of F. appel a call, appeal, ruffle of a drum, fr. appeller to call, L. appellare. See Appeal.] 1. A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds, as of bells, thunder, cannon, shouts, of a multitude, etc. ´A fair peal of artillery.´ Hayward. “Whether those peals of praise be his or no.” Shak. “And a deep thunder, peal on peal, afar.” Byron. 2. A set of bells tuned to each other according to the diatonic scale; also the changes rung on a set of bells. To ring a peal. See under Ring.

Peal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pealed p. pr. & vb. n. Pealing.] 1. To utter or give out loud sounds. “There let the pealing organ blow.” Milton. 2. To resound; to echo. “And the whole air pealed
With the cheers of our men.” Longfellow.

Peal, v. t. 1. To utter or give forth loudly; to cause to give out loud sounds; to noise abroad. “The warrior’s name,
Though pealed and chimed on all the tongues of fame.” J. Barlow. 2. To assail with noise or loud sounds. “Nor was his ear less pealed.” Milton. 3. To pour out. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pean , n. [OF. pene, F. panne.] (Her.) One of the furs, the ground being sable, and the spots or tufts or.

Pe´an , n. A song of praise and triumph. See Paean.

Pe´an•ism , n. [Gr. , fr. to chant the paean.] The song or shout of praise, of battle, or of triumph. [R.]

Pea´nut , n. (Bot.) The fruit of a trailing leguminous plant (Arachis hypogaea); also the plant itself, which is widely cultivated for its fruit. The fruit is a hard pod, usually containing two or three seeds, sometimes but one, which ripen beneath the soil. Called also earthnut, groundnut, and goober.

Pear (pâr), n. [OE. pere, AS. peru, L. pirum: cf. F. poire. Cf. Perry.] (Bot.) The fleshy pome, or fruit, of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus communis), cultivated in many varieties in temperate climates; also the tree which bears this fruit. See Pear family, below. Pear blight. (a) (Bot.) A name of two distinct diseases of pear trees, both causing a destruction of the branches, viz., that caused by a minute insect (Xyleborus pyri), and that caused by the freezing of the sap in winter. A. J. Downing. (b) (Zoöl.) A very small beetle (Xyleborus pyri) whose larvae bore in the twigs of pear trees and cause them to wither. — Pear family (Bot.), a suborder of rosaceous plants (Pomeae), characterized by the calyx tube becoming fleshy in fruit, and, combined with the ovaries, forming a pome. It includes the apple, pear, quince, service berry, and hawthorn. — Pear gauge (Physics), a kind of gauge for measuring the exhaustion of an air-pump receiver; — so called because consisting in part of a pear-shaped glass vessel. — Pear shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Pyrula, native of tropical seas; — so called from the shape. — Pear slug (Zoöl.), the larva of a sawfly which is very injurious to the foliage of the pear tree.

Pearch , n. [Obs.] See Perch.

Pearl , n. A fringe or border. [Obs.] — v. t. To fringe; to border. [Obs.] See Purl. Pearl stitch. See Purl stitch, under Purl.

Pearl, n. [OE. perle, F. perle, LL. perla, perula, probably fr. (assumed) L. pirulo, dim. of L. pirum a pear. See Pear, and cf. Purl to mantle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A shelly concretion, usually rounded, and having a brilliant luster, with varying tints, found in the mantle, or between the mantle and shell, of certain bivalve mollusks, especially in the pearl oysters and river mussels, and sometimes in certain univalves. It is usually due to a secretion of shelly substance around some irritating foreign particle. Its substance is the same as nacre, or mother-of- pearl. Pearls which are round, or nearly round, and of fine luster, are highly esteemed as jewels, and compare in value with the precious stones. 2. Hence, figuratively, something resembling a pearl; something very precious. “I see thee compassed with thy kingdom’s pearl.” Shak. “And those pearls of dew she wears.” Milton. 3. Nacre, or mother-of-pearl. 4. (Zoöl.) A fish allied to the turbot; the brill. 5. (Zoöl.) A light-colored tern. 6. (Zoöl.) One of the circle of tubercles which form the bur on a deer’s antler. 7. A whitish speck or film on the eye. [Obs.] Milton. 8. A capsule of gelatin or similar substance containing some liquid for medicinal application, as ether. 9. (Print.) A size of type, between agate and diamond. This line is printed in the type called pearl. Ground pearl. (Zoöl.) See under Ground. — Pearl barley, kernels of barley, ground so as to form small, round grains. — Pearl diver, one who dives for pearl oysters. — Pearl edge, an edge of small loops on the side of some kinds of ribbon; also a narrow kind of thread edging to be sewed on lace. — Pearl eye, cataract. [R.] — Pearl gray, a very pale and delicate blue-gray color. — Pearl millet, Egyptian millet (Penicillaria spicata). — Pearl moss. See Carrageen. — Pearl moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Margaritia; — so called on account of its pearly color. — Pearl oyster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large tropical marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Meleagrina, or Margaritifera, found in the East Indies (especially at Ceylon), in the Persian Gulf, on the coast of Australia, and on the Pacific coast of America. Called also pearl shell, and pearl mussel. — Pearl powder. See Pearl white, below. — Pearl sago, sago in the form of small pearly grains. — Pearl sinter (Min.), fiorite. — Pearl spar (Min.), a crystallized variety of dolomite, having a pearly luster. — Pearl white. (a) Basic bismuth nitrate, or bismuth subchloride; — used chiefly as a cosmetic. (b) A variety of white lead blued with indigo or Berlin blue.

Pearl , a. Of or pertaining to pearl or pearls; made of pearls, or of mother-of-pearl.

Pearl, v. t. 1. To set or adorn with pearls, or with mother-of-pearl. Used also figuratively. 2. To cause to resemble pearls; to make into small round grains; as to pearl barley.

Pearl, v. i. 1. To resemble pearl or pearls. 2. To give or hunt for pearls; as to go pearling.

Pearl•a´ceous , a. Resembling pearl or mother-of-pearl; pearly in quality or appearance.

Pearl´ash , n. (Chem.) A white amorphous or granular substance which consists principally of potassium carbonate, and has a strong alkaline reaction. It is obtained by lixiviating wood ashes, and evaporating the lye, and has been an important source of potassium compounds. It is used in making soap, glass, etc.

Pearl´-eyed , a. Having a pearly speck in the eye; afflicted with the cataract.

Pearl´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish whose scales yield a pearl-like pigment used in manufacturing artificial pearls, as the bleak, and whitebait. { Pearl´ins , Pearl´ings } n. pl. [Prob. a corruption of purflings. See Purfle.] A kind of lace of silk or thread. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. { Pearl´ite , Pearl´stone• } n. (Min.) A glassy volcanic rock of a grayish color and pearly luster, often having a spherulitic concretionary structure due to the curved cracks produced by contraction in cooling. See Illust. under Perlitic.

Pearl´wort , n. (Bot.) A name given to several species of Sagina, low and inconspicuous herbs of the Chickweed family.

Pearl´y , a. 1. Containing pearls; abounding with, or yielding, pearls; as pearly shells. Milton. 2. Resembling pearl or pearls; clear; pure; transparent; iridescent; as the pearly dew or flood.

Pear´main , n. (Bot.) The name of several kinds of apples; as the blue pearmain, winter pearmain, and red pearmain.

Pear´-shaped , a. Of the form of a pear.

Peart , a. [A variant of pert, a.] Active; lively; brisk; smart; — often applied to convalescents; as she is quite peart to-day. [O. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] “There was a tricksy girl, I wot, albeit clad in gray,
As peart as bird, as straight as bolt, as fresh as flowers in May.” Warner (1592).

Peas´ant , n. [OF. païsant (the i being perh. due to confusion with the p. pr. of verbs), païsan, F. paysan, fr. OF. & F. pays country, fr. L. pagus the country. See Pagan.] A countryman; a rustic; especially, one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil in European countries. Syn. — Countryman; rustic; swain; hind.

Peas´ant, a. Rustic, rural. Spenser.

Peas´ant•like , a. Rude; clownish; illiterate.

Peas´ant•ly, a. Peasantlike. [Obs.] Milton.

Peas´ant•ry , n. 1. Peasants, collectively; the body of rustics. ´A bold peasantry.´ Goldsmith. 2. Rusticity; coarseness. [Obs.] p. Butler.

Peas´cod , n. The legume or pericarp, or the pod, of the pea.

Pease , n.; obs.pl. Peases (#), Peasen (#). [See Pea.] 1. A pea. [Obs.] ´A peose.´ ´Bread … of beans and of peses.´ Piers Plowman. 2. A plural form of Pea. See the Note under Pea.

Pea´stone , n. (Min.) Pisolite.

Peas´weep , n. [So called from its note.] [Prov. Eng.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pewit, or lapwing. (b) The greenfinch.

Peat , n. [Cf. Pet a fondling.] A small person; a pet; — sometimes used contemptuously. [Obs.] Shak.

Peat, n. [Prob. for beat, prop., material used to make the fire burn better, fr. AS. btan to better, mend (a fire), bt advantage. See Better, Boot advantage.] A substance of vegetable origin, consisting of roots and fibers, moss, etc., in various stages of decomposition, and found, as a kind of turf or bog, usually in low situations, where it is always more or less saturated with water. It is often dried and used for fuel. Peat bog, a bog containing peat; also peat as it occurs in such places; peat moss. — Peat moss. (a) The plants which, when decomposed, become peat. (b) A fen producing peat. (c) (Bot.) Moss of the genus Sphagnum, which often grows abundantly in boggy or peaty places. — Peat reek, the reek or smoke of peat; hence, also the peculiar flavor given to whisky by being distilled with peat as fuel. [Scot.]

Peat´y , a. Composed of peat; abounding in peat; resembling peat.

Pe´ba , n. [Cf. Pg. peba.] (Zoöl.) An armadillo (Tatusia novemcincta) which is found from Texas to Paraguay; — called also tatouhou.

Peb´ble , n. [AS. papolstan; cf. L. papula pimple, mote. See Stone.] 1. A small roundish stone or bowlder; especially, a stone worn and rounded by the action of water; a pebblestone. ´The pebbles on the hungry beach.´ Shak. “As children gathering pebbles on the shore.” Milton. 2. Transparent and colorless rock crystal; as Brazilian pebble; — so called by opticians. Pebble powder, slow-burning gunpowder, in large cubical grains. — Scotch pebble, varieties of quartz, as agate, chalcedony, etc., obtained from cavities in amygdaloid.

Peb´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pebbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pebbling.] To grain (leather) so as to produce a surface covered with small rounded prominences.

Peb´bled , a. Abounding in pebbles. Thomson.

Peb´ble•stone A pebble; also pebbles collectively. ´Chains of pebblestone.´ Marlowe.

Peb´bly , a. Full of pebbles; pebbled. ´A hard, pebbly bottom.´ Johnson.

Pe•brine´ , n. [F.] An epidemic disease of the silkworm, characterized by the presence of minute vibratory corpuscles in the blood.

Pe•can´ , n. [Cf. F. pacane the nut.] (Bot.) A species of hickory (Carya olivaeformis), growing in North America, chiefly in the Mississippi valley and in Texas where it is one of the largest of forest trees; also its fruit, a smooth, oblong nut, an inch or an inch and a half long, with a thin shell and well-flavored meat. [Written also pacane.]

Pec´a•ry , n. (Zoöl.) See Peccary.

Pec•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being peccable; lability to sin. “The common peccability of mankind.” Dr. H. More.

Pec´ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. peccable. See Peccant.] Liable to sin; subject to transgress the divine law. ´A frail and peccable mortal.´ Sir W. Scott.

Pec•ca•dil´lo , n.; pl. Peccadillos (#). [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado a sin, fr. L. peccatum. See Peccant.] A slight trespass or offense; a petty crime or fault. Sir W. Scott.

Pec´can•cy , n. [L. peccantia.] 1. The quality or state of being peccant. 2. A sin; an offense. W. Montagu.

Pec´cant , a. [L. peccans, -antis, p. pr. of peccare to sin: cf. F. peccant.] 1. Sinning; guilty of transgression; criminal; as peccant angels. Milton. 2. Morbid; corrupt; as peccant humors. Bacon. 3. Wrong; defective; faulty. [R.] Ayliffe.

Pec´cant, n. An offender. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Pec´cant•ly, adv. In a peccant manner.

Pec´ca•ry , n.; pl. Peccaries (#). [From the native South American name: cf. F. pecari, Sp. pecar.] (Zoöl.) A pachyderm of the genus Dicotyles. The collared peccary, or tajacu (Dicotyles torquatus), is about the size and shape of a small hog, and has a white ring aroung the neck. It ranges from Arkansas to Brazil. A larger species (D. labiatus), with white cheeks, is found in South America.

Pec•ca´vi [L.] I have sinned; — used colloquially to express confession or acknowledgment of an offense. Aubrey.

Pec´co , n. See Pekoe.

Peck, n. [Perh. akin to pack; or, orig., an indefinite quantity, and fr. peck, v. (below): cf. also F. picotin a peak.] 1. The fourth part of a bushel; a dry measure of eight quarts; as a peck of wheat. ´A peck of provender.´ Shak. 2. A great deal; a large or excessive quantity. ´A peck of uncertainties and doubts.´ Milton.

Peck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pecked p. pr. & vb. n. Pecking.] [See Pick, v.] 1. To strike with the beak; to thrust the beak into; as a bird pecks a tree. 2. Hence: To strike, pick, thrust against, or dig into, with a pointed instrument; especially, to strike, pick, etc., with repeated quick movements. 3. To seize and pick up with the beak, or as with the beak; to bite; to eat; — often with up. Addison. “This fellow pecks up wit as pigeons peas.” Shak. 4. To make, by striking with the beak or a pointed instrument; as to peck a hole in a tree.

Peck, v. i. 1. To make strokes with the beak, or with a pointed instrument. Carew. 2. To pick up food with the beak; hence, to eat. “[The hen] went pecking by his side.” Dryden. To peck at, to attack with petty and repeated blows; to carp at; to nag; to tease.

Peck , n. A quick, sharp stroke, as with the beak of a bird or a pointed instrument.

Peck´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, pecks; specif., a bird that pecks holes in trees; a woodpecker. 2. An instrument for pecking; a pick. Garth. Flower pecker. (Zoöl.) See under Flower.

Peck´ish, a. Inclined to eat; hungry. [Colloq.] ´When shall I feel peckish again?´ Beaconsfield.

Pec´kled , a. Speckled; spotted. [Obs.]

Pe•cop´te•ris , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to comb + a kind of fern.] (Paleon.) An extensive genus of fossil ferns; — so named from the regular comblike arrangement of the leaflets.

Pec´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pecus. See Pecuniary.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of ruminants, including the antelopes, deer, and cattle.

Pec´tate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pectic acid.

Pec´ten , n. [L. pecten, - inis, a comb, a kind of shellfish. See Pectinate.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A vascular pigmented membrane projecting into the vitreous humor within the globe of the eye in birds, and in many reptiles and fishes; — also called marsupium. (b) The pubic bone. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of bivalve mollusks of the genus Pecten, and numerous allied genera (family Pectinidae); a scallop. See Scallop. 3. (Zoöl.) The comb of a scorpion. See Comb, 4 (b).

Pec´tic , a. [Gr. curdled.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to pectin; specifically, designating an acid obtained from ordinary vegetable jelly (pectin) as an amorphous substance, tough and horny when dry, but gelatinous when moist.

Pec´tin , n. [Gr. curdled, congealed, from to make fast or stiff: cf. F. pectine.] (Chem.) One of a series of carbohydrates, commonly called vegetable jelly, found very widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, especially in ripe fleshy fruits, as apples, cranberries, etc. It is extracted as variously colored, translucent substances, which are soluble in hot water but become viscous on cooling.

Pec´ti•nal , a. [L. pecten comb. See Pectinate.] Of or pertaining to a comb; resembling a comb.

Pec´ti•nal, n. A fish whose bone resemble comb teeth. Sir T. Browne. { Pec´ti•na•te , Pec´ti•na•ted } a. [L. pectinatus, p. pr. of pectinare to comb, from pecten, -inis, a comb; cf. Gr. to comb, AS. feax hair, OHG. fahs, E. paxwax.] 1. Resembling the teeth of a comb. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Having very narrow, close divisions, in arrangement and regularity resembling those of a comb; comblike; as a pectinate leaf; pectinated muscles. See Illust. (e) of Antennae. 3. Interlaced, like two combs. [R.] ´Our fingers pectinated, or shut together.´ Sir T. Browne. Pectinate claw (Zoöl.), a claw having a serrate edge, found in some birds, and supposed to be used in cleaning the feathers.

Pec´ti•nate•ly , adv. In a pectinate manner.

Pec•ti•na´tion , n. 1. The state of being pectinated; that which is pectinated. Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of combing; the combing of the head. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Comblike toothing.

Pec•tin´e•al , a. [See Pecten.] (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the pecten. (b) Relating to, or connected with, the pubic bone.

Pec•tin´i•branch , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Pectinibranchiata. Also used adjectively.

Pec•ti•ni•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Pecten, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) A division of Gastropoda, including those that have a comblike gill upon the neck.

Pec•ti•ni•bran´chi•ate , a. [L. pecten, -inis, a comb + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having pectinated gills.

Pec•tin´i•form , a. Comblike in form.

Pec•tize´ , v. i. [Gr. solid.] To congeal; to change into a gelatinous mass. [R.] H. Spencer.

Pec´to•lite , n. [L. pecten a comb + -lite.] (Min.) A whitish mineral occurring in radiated or fibrous crystalline masses. It is a hydrous silicate of lime and soda.

Pec´to•ral , a. [L. pectoralis, fr. pectus, -oris the breast; cf. F. pectoral.] 1. Of or pertaining to the breast, or chest; as the pectoral muscles. 2. Relating to, or good for, diseases of the chest or lungs; as a pectoral remedy. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the breast conspicuously colored; as the pectoral sandpiper. Pectoral arch, or Pectoral girdle (Anat.), the two or more bony or cartilaginous pieces of the vertebrate skeleton to which the fore limbs are articulated; the shoulder girdle. In man it consists of two bones, the scapula and clavicle, on each side. — Pectorial cross (Eccl.), a cross worn on the breast by bishops and abbots, and sometimes also by canons. - - Pectorial fins, or Pectorials (Zoöl.), fins situated on the sides, behind the gills. See Illust. under Fin. — Pectorial rail. (Zoöl.) See Land rail (b) under Land. — Pectorial sandpiper (Zoöl.), the jacksnipe (b).

Pec´to•ral , n. [L. pectorale a breastplate, neut. of pectorials.] 1. A covering or protecting for the breast. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A breastplate, esp. that worn by the Jewish high person. (b) A clasp or a cross worn on the breast. 3. A medicine for diseases of the chest organs, especially the lungs.

Pec´to•ral•ly , adv. As connected with the breast.

Pec•to•ri•lo´qui•al , a. [Cf. F. pectoriloque.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, pectoriloquy.

Pec•to•ril´o•quism , n. Pectoriloquy.

Pec•to•ril´o•quous , a. Pectoriloquial.

Pec•to•ril´o•quy , n. [L. pectus, -oris, the breast + loqui to speak: cf. F. pectoriloquie.] (Med.) The distinct articulation of the sounds of a patient’s voice, heard on applying the ear to the chest in auscultation. It usually indicates some morbid change in the lungs or pleural cavity.

Pec´tose , n. [Pectic + cellulose.] (Chem.) An amorphous carbohydrate found in the vegetable kingdom, esp. in unripe fruits. It is associated with cellulose, and is converted into substances of the pectin group.

Pec•to´sic , a. (Chem.)Of, pertaining to, resembling, or derived from, pectose; specifically, designating an acid supposed to constitute largely ordinary pectin or vegetable jelly.

Pec•tos´tra•ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. fixed + shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A degenerate order of Crustacea, including the Rhizocephala and Cirripedia.

Pec´tous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, pectose.

Pec´tus , n.; pl. Pectora (#). [L., the breast.] (Zoöl.) The breast of a bird.

Pec´ul , n. See Picul.

Pec´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peculated p. pr. & vb. n. Peculating.] [L. peculatus, p. p. of peculari to peculate, akin to peculium private property. See Peculiar.] To appropriate to one’s own use the property of the public; to steal public moneys intrusted to one’s care; to embezzle. “An oppressive, … rapacious, and peculating despotism.” Burke.

Pec•u•la´tion , n. The act or practice of peculating, or of defrauding the public by appropriating to one’s own use the money or goods intrusted to one’s care for management or disbursement; embezzlement. “Every British subject … active in the discovery of peculations has been ruined.” Burke.

Pec´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who peculates. ´Peculators of the public gold.´ Cowper.

Pe•cul´iar , a. [L. peculiaris, fr. peculium private property, akin to pecunia money: cf. OF. peculier. See Pecuniary.] 1. One’s own; belonging solely or especially to an individual; not possessed by others; of private, personal, or characteristic possession and use; not owned in common or in participation. “And purify unto himself a peculiar people.” Titus ii. 14. “Hymns … that Christianity hath peculiar unto itself.” Hooker. 2. Particular; individual; special; appropriate. “While each peculiar power forgoes his wonted seat.” Milton. “My fate is Juno’s most peculiar care.” Dryden. 3. Unusual; singular; rare; strange; as the sky had a peculiarappearance. Syn. — Peculiar, Special, Especial. Peculiar is from the Roman peculium, which was a thing emphatically and distinctively one’s own, and hence was dear. The former sense always belongs to peculiar (as a peculiar style, peculiar manners, etc.), and usually so much of the latter as to involve feelings of interest; as peculiar care, watchfulness, satisfaction, etc. Nothing of this kind belongs to special and especial. They mark simply the relation of species to genus, and denote that there is something in this case more than ordinary; as a special act of Congress; especial pains, etc. “Beauty, which, either walking or asleep,
Shot forth peculiar graces.” Milton. “For naught so vile that on the earth doth live,
But to the earth some special good doth give.” Shak.

Pe•cul´iar, n. 1. That which is peculiar; a sole or exclusive property; a prerogative; a characteristic. “Revenge is … the peculiar of Heaven.” South. 2. (Eng. Canon Law) A particular parish or church which is exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary. Court of Peculiars (Eng. Law), a branch of the Court of Arches having cognizance of the affairs of peculiars. Blackstone. — Dean of peculiars. See under Dean, 1.

Pe•cul•iar´i•ty , n.; pl. Peculiarities . 1. The quality or state of being peculiar; individuality; singularity. Swift. 2. That which is peculiar; a special and distinctive characteristic or habit; particularity. “The smallest peculiarity of temper on manner.” Macaulay. 3. Exclusive possession or right. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pe•cul´iar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pecularized p. pr. & vb. n. Pecularizing ] To make peculiar; to set appart or assign, as an exclusive possession. [R.] Dr. John Smith.

Pe•cul´iar•ly, adv. In a peculiar manner; particulary; in a rare and striking degree; unusually.

Pe•cul´iar•ness, n. The quality or state of being peculiar; peculiarity. Mede.

Pe•cu´li•um , n. [L. See Peculiar.] 1. (Rom. Law) The saving of a son or a slave with the father’s or master’s consent; a little property or stock of one’s own; any exclusive personal or separate property. Burrill. 2. A special fund for private and personal uses. “A slight peculium only subtracted to supply his snuff box and tobacco pouch.” Sir W. Scott.

Pe•cu´ni•al , a. Pecuniary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pe•cun´ia•ri•ly , adv. In a pecuniary manner; as regards money.

Pe•cun´ia•ry , a. [L. pecuniarius, fr. pecunia money, orig., property in cattle, fr. pecus cattle: cf. F. pecuniaire. See Fee, and cf. Peculiar.] 1. Relating to money; monetary; as a pecuniary penalty; a pecuniary reward. Burke.

Pe•cu´ni•ous , a. [L. pecuniosus, fr. pecunia: cf. F. pecunieux.] Abounding in money; wealthy; rich. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Ped , n. [OE. See Peddler.] A basket; a hammer; a pannier. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Ped´age , n. [LL. pedagium, for pedaticum. See Paage.] A toll or tax paid by passengers, entitling them to safe-conduct and protection. [Obs.] Spelman.

Ped´a•gog , n. Pedagogue.

Ped•a•gog´ic , n. [From Pedagogic, a.; cf. G. pedagogik.] See Pedagogics. { Ped•a•gog´ic , Ped•a•gog´ic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. pedagogique. See Pedagogue.] Of or pertaining to a pedagogue; suited to, or characteristic of, a pedagogue.

Ped•a•gog´ics , n. The science or art of teaching; the principles and rules of teaching; pedagogy.

Ped´a•gog•ism , n. [Cf. F. pedagogisme.] The system, occupation, character, or manner of pedagogues. Milton. “Avocation of pedantry and pedagogism.” De Foe.

Ped´a•gogue , n. [F. pedagogue, L. paedagogus, Gr. ; pai^s, paido•s, a boy + to lead, guide; cf. leading. See Page a servant, Agent.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A slave who led his master’s children to school, and had the charge of them generally. 2. A teacher of children; one whose occupation is to teach the young; a schoolmaster. 3. One who by teaching has become formal, positive, or pedantic in his ways; one who has the manner of a schoolmaster; a pedant. Goldsmith.

Ped´a•gogue, v. t. [Cf. L. paedagogare to instruct.] To play the pedagogue toward. [Obs.] Prior.

Ped´a•go•gy , n. [Gr. : cf. F. pedagogie.] Pedagogics; pedagogism. South.

Pe´dal , a. [L. pedalis, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Pew.] 1. Of or pertaining to the foot, or to feet, literally or figuratively; specifically (Zoöl.), pertaining to the foot of a mollusk; as the pedal ganglion. 2. Of or pertaining to a pedal; having pedals. Pedal curve or surface (Geom.), the curve or surface which is the locus of the feet of perpendiculars let fall from a fixed point upon the straight lines tangent to a given curve, or upon the planes tangent to a given surface. — Pedal note (Mus.), the note which is held or sustained through an organ point. See Organ point, under Organ. — Pedal organ (Mus.), an organ which has pedals or a range of keys moved by the feet; that portion of a full organ which is played with the feet.

Pe´dal , n. [Cf. F. pedale, It. pedale. See Pedal, a.] 1. (Mech.) A lever or key acted on by the foot, as in the pianoforte to raise the dampers, or in the organ to open and close certain pipes; a treadle, as in a lathe or a bicycle. 2. (Geom.) A pedal curve or surface.

Pe•da´li•an , a. Relating to the foot, or to a metrical foot; pedal. [R.] Maunder.

Pe•dal´i•ty , n. The act of measuring by paces. [R.] Ash.

Pe•da´ne•ous , a. [L. pedaneus of the size of a foot.] Going on foot; pedestrian. [R.]

Ped´ant , n. [F. pedant, It. pedante, fr. Gr. to instruct, from pai^s boy. See Pedagogue.] 1. A schoolmaster; a pedagogue. [Obs.] Dryden. “A pedant that keeps a school i’th’ church.” Shak. 2. One who puts on an air of learning; one who makes a vain display of learning; a pretender to superior knowledge. Addison. “A scholar, yet surely no pedant, was he.” Goldsmith. { Pe•dan´tic , Pe•dan´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a pedant; characteristic of, or resembling, a pedant; ostentatious of learning; as a pedantic writer; a pedantic description; a pedantical affectation. ´Figures pedantical.´ Shak.

Pe•dan´tic•al•ly, adv. In a pedantic manner.

Pe•dan´tic•ly , adv. Pedantically. [R.]

Ped´ant•ism , n. The office, disposition, or act of a pedant; pedantry. [Obs.]

Ped´ant•ize , v. i. [Cf. F. pedantiser.] To play the pedant; to use pedantic expressions. [R.]

Ped•an•toc´ra•cy , n. [Pedant + democracy.] The sway of pedants. [R.] J. S. Mill.

Ped´ant•ry , n. [Cf. F. pedanterie.] The act, character, or manners of a pedant; vain ostentation of learning. ´This pedantry of quotation.´ Cowley. “’T is a practice that savors much of pedantry.” Sir T. Browne.

Ped´ant•y , n. An assembly or clique of pedants. [Obs.] Milton.

Pe•da´ri•an , n. [L. pedarius, fr. pedarius belonging to the foot, fr. pes, pedis, foot.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of a class eligible to the office of senator, but not yet chosen, who could sit and speak in the senate, but could not vote; — so called because he might indicate his opinion by walking over to the side of the party he favored when a vote was taken.

Ped´a•ry , n.; pl. Pedaries (#). [L. pedarius of the foot.] A sandal. [Obs.] Latimer.

Pe•da´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Pedate.] (Zoöl.) An order of holothurians, including those that have ambulacral suckers, or feet, and an internal gill.

Ped´ate , a. [L. pedatus, p. p. of pedare to furnish with feet, fr. pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) Palmate, with the lateral lobes cleft into two or more segments; — said of a leaf. — Ped´ate•ly, adv.

Pe•dat´i•fid , a. [Pedate + root of L. findere to split.] [Colloq.] Cleft in a pedate manner, but having the lobes distinctly connected at the base; — said of a leaf.

Ped´dle , v. i. [From Peddler.] 1. To travel about with wares for sale; to go from place to place, or from house to house, for the purpose of retailing goods; as to peddle without a license. 2. To do a small business; to be busy about trifles; to piddle.

Ped´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peddled p. pr. & vb. n. Peddling ] To sell from place to place; to retail by carrying around from customer to customer; to hawk; hence, to retail in very small quantities; as to peddle vegetables or tinware.

Ped´dler , n. [OE. pedlere, pedlare, also peddare, peoddare, fr. OE. ped a basket, of unknown origin.] One who peddles; a traveling trader; one who travels about, retailing small wares; a hawker. [Written also pedlar and pedler.] ´Some vagabond huckster or peddler.´ Hakluyt.

Ped´dler•y , n. [Written also pedlary and pedlery.] 1. The trade, or the goods, of a peddler; hawking; small retail business, like that of a peddler. 2. Trifling; trickery. [Obs.] ´Look … into these their deceitful peddleries.´ Milton.

Ped´dling, a. 1. Hawking; acting as a peddler. 2. Petty; insignificant. ´The miserable remains of a peddling commerce.´ Burke.

Ped´er•ast , n. [Gr. paiderasth•s; pai^s, paido•s, a boy + ’era^n to love: cf. F. pederaste.] One guilty of pederasty; a sodomite.

Ped•er•as´tic , a. [Gr. paiderastiko•s.] Of or pertaining to pederasty.

Ped´er•as•ty , n. [Gr. paiderasti•a: cf. F. pederastie.] The crime against nature; sodomy.

Ped•e•re´ro , n. [Sp. pedrero, fr. OSp. pedra, Sp. piedra, a stone, L. petra, fr. Gr. . So named because it was at first charged with stones.] (Mil.) A term formerly applied to a short piece of chambered ordnance. [Written also paterero and peterero.]

Pe•de´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. a leaping.] Same as Brownian movement, under Brownian.

Ped´es•tal , n. [Sp. pedestal; cf. F. piedestal, It. piedestallo; fr. L. es, pedis, foot + OHG. stal standing place, station, place, akin to E. stall. See Foot, and Stall, and Footstall.] 1. (Arch.) The base or foot of a column, statue, vase, lamp, or the like; the part on which an upright work stands. It consists of three parts, the base, the die or dado, and the cornice or surbase molding. See Illust. of Column. “Build him a pedestal, and say, ´Stand there!´” Cowper. 2. (a) (Railroad Cars) A casting secured to the frame of a truck and forming a jaw for holding a journal box. (b) (Mach.) A pillow block; a low housing. (c) (Bridge Building) An iron socket, or support, for the foot of a brace at the end of a truss where it rests on a pier. Pedestal coil (steam Heating), a group of connected straight pipes arranged side by side and one above another, — used in a radiator.

Ped´es•taled , a. Placed on, or supported by, a pedestal; figuratively, exalted. Hawthorne. “Pedestaled haply in a palace court.” Keats.

Pe•des´tri•al , a. [L. pedester, -esteris, fr. pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. pedestere. See Pedal.] Of or pertaining to the feet; employing the foot or feet.

Pe•des´tri•al•ly, adv. In a pedestrial manner.

Pe•des´tri•an , a. Going on foot; performed on foot; as a pedestrian journey.

Pe•des´tri•an, n. A walker; one who journeys on foot; a foot traveler; specif., a professional walker or runner.

Pe•des´tri•an•ism , n. The act, art, or practice of a pedestrian; walking or running; traveling or racing on foot.

Pe•des´tri•an•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pedestrianized p. pr. & vb. n. Pedestrianizing.] To practice walking; to travel on foot.

Pe•des´tri•ous , a. Going on foot; not winged. [Obs.] ´Pedestrious animals.´ Sir T. Browne.

Ped•e•ten´tous , a. [L. pes, pedis, foot + tendere to stretch out: cf. L. tentim by degrees.] Proceeding step by step; advancing cautiously. [R.] “That pedetentous pace and pedetentous mind in which it behooves the wise and virtuous improver to walk.” Sydney Smith. { Ped´i- , Ped´o- }. [See Foot.] Combining forms from L. pes, pedis, foot, as pedipalp, pedireme, pedometer.

Pe´di•al , a. Pertaining to the foot, or to any organ called a foot; pedal. Dana.

Ped´i•cel , n. [F. pedicelle. See Pedicle.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A stalk which supports one flower or fruit, whether solitary or one of many ultimate divisions of a common peduncle. See Peduncle, and Illust. of Flower. (b) A slender support of any special organ, as that of a capsule in mosses, an air vesicle in algae, or a sporangium in ferns. 2. (Zoöl.) A slender stem by which certain of the lower animals or their eggs are attached. See Illust. of Aphis lion. 3. (Anat.) (a) The ventral part of each side of the neural arch connecting with the centrum of a vertebra. (b) An outgrowth of the frontal bones, which supports the antlers or horns in deer and allied animals.

Ped´i•celed , a. Pedicellate.

Ped•i•cel•la´ri•a , n.; pl. Pedicellariae (#). [NL. See Pedicel.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar forcepslike organ which occurs in large numbers upon starfishes and echini. Those of starfishes have two movable jaws, or blades, and are usually nearly, or quite, sessile; those of echini usually have three jaws and a pedicel. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ped´i•cel•late , a. Having a pedicel; supported by a pedicel.

Ped•i•cel•li´na , n. [NL. See Pedicel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Bryozoa, of the order Entoprocta, having a bell-shaped body supported on a slender pedicel. See Illust. under Entoprocta.

Ped´i•cle , n. [L. pediculus a little foot, dim. of pes foot: cf. F. pedicule. See edal, and cf. Pedicel.] Same as Pedicel.

Pe•dic´u•lar , a. [L. pedicularis, fr. pediculus a louse: cf. F. pediculaire.] Of or pertaining to lice; having the lousy distemper (phthiriasis); lousy. Southey.

Pe•dic´u•late , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Pediculati.

Pe•dic•u•la´ti , n. pl. [NL. See Pedicle.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the anglers. See Illust. of Angler and Batfish.

Pe•dic•u•la´tion , n. (Med.) Phthiriasis.

Ped´i•cule , n. [See Pedicle.] A pedicel.

Pe•dic•u•li´na , n. pl. [NL. See Pediculus.] (Zoöl.) A division of parasitic hemipterous insects, including the true lice. See Illust. in Appendix.

Pe•dic´u•lous , a. [L. pediculosus.] Pedicular.

Pe•dic´u•lus , n.; pl. Pediculi (#). [L., a louse.] (Zoöl.) A genus of wingless parasitic Hemiptera, including the common lice of man. See Louse.

Ped´i•form , a. [Pedi- + - form.] Shaped like a foot.

Pe•dig´er•ous , a. [Pedi- + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing or having feet or legs.

Ped´i•gree , n. [Of unknown origin; possibly fr. F. par degres by degrees, — for a pedigree is properly a genealogical table which records the relationship of families by degrees; or, perh., fr. F. pied de grue crane’s foot, from the shape of the heraldic genealogical trees.] 1. A line of ancestors; descent; lineage; genealogy; a register or record of a line of ancestors. “Alterations of surnames … have obscured the truth of our pedigrees.” Camden. “His vanity labored to contrive us a pedigree.” Milton. “I am no herald to inquire of men’s pedigrees.” Sir P. Sidney. “The Jews preserved the pedigrees of their tribes.” Atterbury. 2. (Stock Breeding) A record of the lineage or strain of an animal, as of a horse.

Ped´i•lu•vy , n. [Pedi- + L. luere to wash: cf. It. & Sp. pediluvio, F. pediluve.] The bathing of the feet, a bath for the feet. [Obs.]

Pe•dim´a•na , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pes, pedis, foot + manus hand.] (Zoöl.) A division of marsupials, including the opossums.

Ped´i•mane , n. [Cf. F. pedimane.] (Zoöl.) A pedimanous marsupial; an opossum.

Pe•dim´a•nous , a. [See Pedimana.] (Zoöl.) Having feet resembling hands, or with the first toe opposable, as the opossums and monkeys.

Ped´i•ment , n. [L. pes, pedis, a foot. See Foot.] (Arch.) Originally, in classical architecture, the triangular space forming the gable of a simple roof; hence, a similar form used as a decoration over porticoes, doors, windows, etc.; also a rounded or broken frontal having a similar position and use. See Temple.

Ped•i•men´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a pediment.

Ped´i•palp , n. [Cf. F. pedipalpe.] (Zoöl.) One of the Pedipalpi.

Ped•i•pal´pi , n pl. [NL. See Pedipalpus.] (Zoöl.) A division of Arachnida, including the whip scorpions (Thelyphonus) and allied forms. Sometimes used in a wider sense to include also the true scorpions.

Ped•i•pal´pous , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the pedipalps.

Ped•i•pal´pus , n.; pl. Pedipalpi (#). [NL. See Pes, and Palpus.] (Zoöl.) One of the second pair of mouth organs of arachnids. In some they are leglike, but in others, as the scorpion, they terminate in a claw.

Ped´i•reme , n. [Pedi- + L. remus oar.] (Zoöl.) A crustacean, some of whose feet serve as oars. { Ped´lar , Ped´ler } , n. See Peddler.

Pe•do•bap´tism , n. [Gr. , , a child + E. baptism.] The baptism of infants or of small children. [Written also paedobaptism.]

Pe•do•bap´tist , n. One who advocates or practices infant baptism. [Written also paedobaptist.]

Ped´o•man•cy , n. [Pedi- + -mancy.] Divination by examining the soles of the feet.

Pe•dom´e•ter , n. [Pedi-, pedo- + -meter: cf. F. pedomètre.] (Mech.) An instrument for including the number of steps in walking, and so ascertaining the distance passed over. It is usually in the form of a watch; an oscillating weight by the motion of the body causes the index to advance a certain distance at each step. { Ped•o•met´ric , Ped•o•met´ric•al } a. Pertaining to, or measured by, a pedometer.

Ped•o•mo´tive , a. [Pedi-, pedo- + -motive.] Moved or worked by the action of the foot or feet on a pedal or treadle.

Pe•dot´ro•phy , n. [Gr. , fr. , , a child + to nourish: cf. F. pedotrophie.] The art of nourishing children properly.

Pe•dre•gal´ , n. [Sp., a stony place, fr. piedra stone.] A lava field. [Mexico & Western U.S.]

Pe•dun´cle , n. [Formed fr. (assumed) L. pedunculus, dim. of pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. pedoncule.] 1. (Bot.) The stem or stalk that supports the flower or fruit of a plant, or a cluster of flowers or fruits. The ultimate divisions or branches of a peduncle are called pedicels. In the case of a solitary flower, the stalk would be called a peduncle if the flower is large, and a pedicel if it is small or delicate. 2. (Zoöl.) A sort of stem by which certain shells and barnacles are attached to other objects. See Illust. of Barnacle. 3. (Anat.) A band of nervous or fibrous matter connecting different parts of the brain; as the peduncles of the cerebellum; the peduncles of the pineal gland.

Pe•dun´cled , a. Having a peduncle; supported on a peduncle; pedunculate.

Pe•dun´cu•lar , a. [Cf. F. pedonculaire.] Of or pertaining to a peduncle; growing from a peduncle; as a peduncular tendril.

Pe•dun•cu•la´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Peduncle.] (Zoöl.) A division of Cirripedia, including the stalked or goose barnacles. { Pe•dun´cu•late , Pe•dun´cu•la•ted } a. (Biol.) Having a peduncle; growing on a peduncle; as a pedunculate flower; a pedunculate eye, as in a lobster.

Pee , n. See 1st Pea.

Pee, n. (Naut.) Bill of an anchor. See Peak, 3 (c).

Peece , n. & v. [Obs.] See Piece.

Pee´chi , n. (Zoöl.) The dauw.

Peek , v. i. [OE. piken: cf. F. piquer to pierce, prick, E. pique. Cf. Peak.] To look slyly, or with the eyes half closed, or through a crevice; to peep. [Colloq.]

Peek´a•boo , n. A child’s game; bopeep.

Peel , n. [OE. pel. Cf. Pile a heap.] A small tower, fort, or castle; a keep. [Scot.]

Peel, n. [F. pelle, L. pala.] A spadelike implement, variously used, as for removing loaves of bread from a baker’s oven; also a T-shaped implement used by printers and bookbinders for hanging wet sheets of paper on lines or poles to dry. also the blade of an oar.

Peel, v. t. [Confused with peel to strip, but fr. F. piller to pillage. See Pill to rob, Pillage.] To plunder; to pillage; to rob. [Obs.] “But govern ill the nations under yoke,
Peeling their provinces.” Milton.

Peel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peeled p. pr. & vb. n. Peeling.] [F. peler to pull out the hair, to strip, to peel, fr. L. pilare to deprive of hair, fr. pilus a hair; or perh. partly fr. F. peler to peel off the skin, perh. fr. L. pellis skin (cf. Fell skin). Cf. Peruke.] 1. To strip off the skin, bark, or rind of; to strip by drawing or tearing off the skin, bark, husks, etc.; to flay; to decorticate; as to peel an orange. “The skillful shepherd peeled me certain wands.” Shak. 2. To strip or tear off; to remove by stripping, as the skin of an animal, the bark of a tree, etc.

Peel, v. i. To lose the skin, bark, or rind; to come off, as the skin, bark, or rind does; — often used with an adverb; as the bark peels easily or readily.

Peel, n. The skin or rind; as the peel of an orange.

Pee´le , n. (Zoöl.) A graceful and swift South African antelope (Pelea capreola). The hair is woolly, and ash-gray on the back and sides. The horns are black, long, slender, straight, nearly smooth, and very sharp. Called also rheeboc, and rehboc.

Peel´er , n. One who peels or strips.

Peel´er, n. [See Peel to plunder.] A pillager.

Peel´er, n. A nickname for a policeman; — so called from Sir Robert Peel. [British Slang] See Bobby.

Peel´house , n. See 1st Peel. Sir W. Scott.

Peen , n. [Cf. G. pinne pane of a hammer.] (a) A round-edged, or hemispherical, end to the head of a hammer or sledge, used to stretch or bend metal by indentation. (b) The sharp-edged end of the head of a mason’s hammer. [Spelt also pane, pein, and piend.]

Peen, v. t. To draw, bend, or straighten, as metal, by blows with the peen of a hammer or sledge.

Peenge , v. i. To complain. [Scot.]

Peep , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peeped p. pr. & vb. n. Peeping.] [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. pipen, F. piper, pepier, L. pipire, pipare, pipiare, D. & G. piepen. Senses 2 and 3 perhaps come from a transfer of sense from the sound which chickens make upon the first breaking of the shell to the act accompanying it; or perhaps from the influence of peek, or peak. Cf. Pipe.] 1. To cry, as a chicken hatching or newly hatched; to chirp; to cheep. “There was none that moved the wing, or opened the mouth, or peeped.” Is. x. 14. 2. To begin to appear; to look forth from concealment; to make the first appearance. “When flowers first peeped, and trees did blossoms bear.” Dryden. 3. To look cautiously or slyly; to peer, as through a crevice; to pry. “eep through the blanket of the dark.” Shak. “From her cabined loophole peep.” Milton. Peep sight, an adjustable piece, pierced with a small hole to peep through in aiming, attached to a rifle or other firearm near the breech.

Peep , n. 1. The cry of a young chicken; a chirp. 2. First outlook or appearance. “Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn.” Gray. 3. A sly look; a look as through a crevice, or from a place of concealment. “To take t’ other peep at the stars.” Swift. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any small sandpiper, as the least sandpiper (Trigna minutilla). (b) The European meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis). Peep show, a small show, or object exhibited, which is viewed through an orifice or a magnifying glass. — Peep-o’-day boys, the Irish insurgents of 1784; — so called from their visiting the house of the loyal Irish at day break in search of arms. [Cant]

Peep´er , n. 1. A chicken just breaking the shell; a young bird. 2. One who peeps; a prying person; a spy. “Who’s there? peepers, … eavesdroppers?” J. Webster. 3. The eye; as to close the peepers. [Colloq.]

Peep´hole , n. A hole, or crevice, through which one may peep without being discovered.

Peep´ing hole. See Peephole.

Pee´pul tree [Hind. pipal, Skr. pippala.] (Bot.) A sacred tree (Ficus religiosa) of the Buddhists, a kind of fig tree which attains great size and venerable age. See Bo tree. [Written also pippul tree, and pipal tree.]

Peer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peered p. pr. & vb. n. Peering.] [OF. parir, pareir equiv. to F. paraître to appear, L. parere. Cf. Appear.] 1. To come in sight; to appear. [Poetic] “So honor peereth in the meanest habit.” Shak. “See how his gorget peers above his gown!” B. Jonson. 2. [Perh. a different word; cf. OE. piren, LG. piren. Cf. Pry to peep.] To look narrowly or curiously or intently; to peep; as the peering day. Milton. “Peering in maps for ports, and piers, and roads.” Shak. “As if through a dungeon grate he peered.” Coleridge.

Peer, n. [OE. per, OF. per, F. pair, fr. L. par equal. Cf. Apparel, Pair, Par, n., Umpire.] 1. One of the same rank, quality, endowments, character, etc.; an equal; a match; a mate. “In song he never had his peer.” Dryden. “Shall they consort only with their peers?” I. Taylor. 2. A comrade; a companion; a fellow; an associate. “He all his peers in beauty did surpass.” Spenser. 3. A nobleman; a member of one of the five degrees of the British nobility, namely, duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron; as a peer of the realm. “A noble peer of mickle trust and power.” Milton. House of Peers, The Peers, the British House of Lords. See Parliament. — Spiritual peers, the bishops and archibishops, or lords spiritual, who sit in the House of Lords.

Peer v. t. To make equal in rank. [R.] Heylin.

Peer v. t. To be, or to assume to be, equal. [R.]

Peer´age , n. [See Peer an equal, and cf. Parage.] 1. The rank or dignity of a peer. Blackstone. 2. The body of peers; the nobility, collectively. “When Charlemain with all his peerage fell.” Milton.

Peer´dom , n. Peerage; also a lordship. [Obs.]

Peer´ess, n. The wife of a peer; a woman ennobled in her own right, or by right of marriage. { Peer´ie , Peer´y } , a. [See 1st Peer, 2.] Inquisitive; suspicious; sharp. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] ´Two peery gray eyes.´ Sir W. Scott.

Peer´less , a. Having no peer or equal; matchless; superlative. ´Her peerless feature.´ Shak. “Unvailed her peerless light.” Milton. —Peer´less•ly, adv. — Peer´less•ness, n.

Peert , a. Same as Peart.

Peer´weet , n. Same as Pewit (a & b).

Pee´vish , a. [OE. pevische; of uncertain origin, perh. from a word imitative of the noise made by fretful children + -ish.] 1. Habitually fretful; easily vexed or fretted; hard to please; apt to complain; querulous; petulant. ´Her peevish babe.´ Wordsworth. “She is peevish, sullen, froward.” Shak. 2. Expressing fretfulness and discontent, or unjustifiable dissatisfaction; as a peevish answer. 3. Silly; childish; trifling. [Obs.] “To send such peevish tokens to a king.” Shak. Syn. — Querulous; petulant; cross; ill-tempered; testy; captious; discontented. See Fretful.

Pee´vish•ly, adv. In a peevish manner. Shak.

Pee´vish•ness, n. The quality of being peevish; disposition to murmur; sourness of temper. Syn. — See Petulance. { Pee´vit , Pee´wit } n. (Zoöl.) See Pewit.

Peg , n. [OE. pegge; cf. Sw. pigg, Dan. pig a point, prickle, and E. peak.] 1. A small, pointed piece of wood, used in fastening boards together, in attaching the soles of boots or shoes, etc.; as a shoe peg. 2. A wooden pin, or nail, on which to hang things, as coats, etc. Hence, colloquially and figuratively: A support; a reason; a pretext; as a peg to hang a claim upon. 3. One of the pins of a musical instrument, on which the strings are strained. Shak. 4. One of the pins used for marking points on a cribbage board. 5. A step; a degree; esp. in the slang phrase ´To take one down peg.´ “To screw papal authority to the highest peg.” Barrow. “And took your grandess down a peg.” Hudibras. Peg ladder, a ladder with but one standard, into which cross pieces are inserted. — Peg tankard, an ancient tankard marked with pegs, so as divide the liquor into equal portions. ´Drink down to your peg.´ Longfellow. — Peg tooth. See Fleam tooth under Fleam. — Peg top, a boy’s top which is spun by throwing it. — Screw peg, a small screw without a head, for fastening soles.

Peg , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pegged p. pr. & vb. n. Pegging ] 1. To put pegs into; to fasten the parts of with pegs; as to peg shoes; to confine with pegs; to restrict or limit closely. “I will rend an oak
And peg thee in his knotty entrails.” Shak. 2. (Cribbage) To score with a peg, as points in the game; as she pegged twelwe points. [Colloq.]

Peg, v. i. To work diligently, as one who pegs shoes; — usually with on, at, or away; as to peg away at a task.

Pe•ga•dor´ , n. [Sp., a sticker.] (Zoöl.) A species of remora (Echeneis naucrates). See Remora.

Pe•ga´se•an , a. Of or pertaining to Pegasus, or, figuratively, to poetry.

Peg´a•soid , a. [Pegasus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to Pegasus.

Peg´a•sus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A winged horse fabled to have sprung from the body of Medusa when she was slain. He is noted for causing, with a blow of his hoof, Hippocrene, the inspiring fountain of the Muses, to spring from Mount Helicon. On this account he is, in modern times, associated with the Muses, and with ideas of poetic inspiration. “Each spurs his jaded Pegasus apace.” Byron. 2. (Astron.) A northen constellation near the vernal equinoctial point. Its three brightest stars, with the brightest star of Andromeda, form the square of Pegasus. 3. (Zoöl.) A genus of small fishes, having large pectoral fins, and the body covered with hard, bony plates. Several species are known from the East Indies and China.

Peg´ger , n. One who fastens with pegs.

Peg´ging , n. The act or process of fastening with pegs.

Pegm , n. [L. pegma a movable stage, Gr. , orig., a framework.] A sort of moving machine employed in the old pageants. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Peg´ma•tite , n. [From Gr. something fastened together, in allusion to the quartz and feldspar in graphic granite: cf. F. pegmatite. See Pegm.] (Min.) (a) Graphic granite. See under Granite. (b) More generally, a coarse granite occurring as vein material in other rocks.

Peg•ma•tit´ic , a. (Min.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, pegmatite; as the pegmatic structure of certain rocks resembling graphic granite.

Peg´ma•toid , a. [Pegmatite + -oid.] (Min.) Resembling pegmatite; pegmatic.

Peg´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. phgh• fountain + -mancy.] Divination by fountains. [R.]

Peg´roots (peg´roots•), n. Same as Setterwort.

Peh´le•vi , n. [Parsee Pahlavi.] An ancient Persian dialect in which words were partly represented by their Semitic equivalents. It was in use from the 3d century (and perhaps earlier) to the middle of the 7th century, and later in religious writings. [Written also Pahlavi.]

Pein , n. See Peen.

Pei•ram´e•ter , n. [Gr. a trail + -meter.] A dynamometer for measuring the force required to draw wheel carriages on roads of different constructions. G. Francis.

Pei•ras´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to try, fr. a trail.] Fitted for trail or test; experimental; tentative; treating of attempts.

Peise , n. [See Poise.] A weight; a poise. [Obs.] ´To weigh pence with a peise.´ Piers Plowman.

Peise, v. t. To poise or weight. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Lest leaden slumber peise me down.” Shak.

Pei´trel , n. (Anc. Armor) See Peytrel.

Pe•jor´a•tive , a. [F. pejoratif, fr. L. pejor, used as compar. of malus evil.] Implying or imputing evil; depreciatory; disparaging; unfavorable.

Pek´an , n. [F. pekan.] (Zoöl.) See Fisher, 2.

Pek´oe , n. [Chin. pih-hoau: cf. F. pekoë] A kind of black tea. [Written also pecco.]

Pe´la , n. (Zoöl.) See Wax insect, under Wax.

Pel´age , n. [F. pelage, fr. L. pilus hair.] (Zoöl.) The covering, or coat, of a mammal, whether of wool, fur, or hair.

Pe•la´gi•an , a. [L. pelagius, Gr. , fr. the sea: cf. F. pelagien.] Of or pertaining to the sea; marine; pelagic; as pelagian shells.

Pe•la´gi•an, n. [L. Pelagianus: cf. F. pelagien.] (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Pelagius, a British monk, born in the later part of the 4th century, who denied the doctrines of hereditary sin, of the connection between sin and death, and of conversion through grace.

Pe•la´gi•an, a. [Cf. F. pelagien.] Of or pertaining to Pelagius, or to his doctrines.

Pe•la´gi•an•ism , n. [Cf. F. pelagianisme.] The doctrines of Pelagius.

Pe•lag´ic , a. [L. pelagicus.] Of or pertaining to the ocean; — applied especially to animals that live at the surface of the ocean, away from the coast.

Pel•ar•gon´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid (called also nonoic acid) found in the leaves of the geranium (Pelargonium) and allied plants.

Pel•ar•go´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a stork.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants of the order Geraniaceae, differing from Geranium in having a spurred calyx and an irregular corolla. About one hundred and seventy species are known, nearly all of them natives of South Africa, and many having very beautiful blossoms. See the Note under Geranium. { Pe•las´gi•an , Pe•las´gic } a. [L. Pelasgus, Gr. a Pelasgian.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Pelasgians, an ancient people of Greece, of roving habits. 2. (Zoöl.) Wandering.

Pel´e•can , n. (Zoöl.) See Pelican.

Pel•e•can•i•for´mes , n. pl. [NL. See Pelican, and -form.] (Zoöl.) Those birds that are related to the pelican; the Totipalmi.

Pel´e•coid , n. [Gr. a hatchet + -oid.] (Geom.) A figure, somewhat hatched-shaped, bounded by a semicircle and two inverted quadrants, and equal in area to the square ABCD inclosed by the chords of the four quadrants. [Written also pelicoid.] Math. Dict.

Pel•e•cyp´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a hatchet + -poda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellibranchia.

Pel´e•grine , a. See Peregrine. [Obs.]

Pel´er•ine , n. [F. pèlerine a tippet, fr. pèlerin a pilgrim, fr. L. peregrinus foreign, alien. See Pilgrim.] A woman’s cape; especially, a fur cape that is longer in front than behind.

Pelf , n. [OE. pelfir booty, OF. pelfre, akin to pelfrer to plunder, and perh. to E. pillage. Cf. Pilfer.] Money; riches; lucre; gain; — generally conveying the idea of something ill-gotten or worthless. It has no plural. ´Mucky pelf.´ Spenser. ´Paltry pelf.´ Burke. “Can their pelf prosper, not got by valor or industry?” Fuller.

Pelf´ish, a. Of or pertaining to pelf. Stanyhurst. { Pel´fray , Pel´fry } n. Pelf; also figuratively, rubbish; trash. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Pel´i•can , n. [F. pelican, L. pelicanus, pelecanus, Gr. , , , the woodpecker, and also a water bird of the pelican kind, fr. to hew with an ax, akin to Skr. paraçu.] [Written also pelecan.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any large webfooted bird of the genus Pelecanus, of which about a dozen species are known. They have an enormous bill, to the lower edge of which is attached a pouch in which captured fishes are temporarily stored. The American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) and the brown species (P. fuscus) are abundant on the Florida coast in winter, but breed about the lakes in the Rocky Mountains and British America. 2. (Old Chem.) A retort or still having a curved tube or tubes leading back from the head to the body for continuous condensation and redistillation. The principle is still employed in certain modern forms of distilling apparatus. Frigate pelican (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. See under Frigate. — Pelican fish (Zoöl.), deep-sea fish (Eurypharynx pelecanoides) of the order Lyomeri, remarkable for the enormous development of the jaws, which support a large gular pouch. — Pelican flower (Bot.), the very large and curiously shaped blossom of a climbing plant (Aristolochia grandiflora) of the West Indies; also the plant itself. — Pelican ibis (Zoöl.), a large Asiatic wood ibis (Tantalus leucocephalus). The head and throat are destitute of feathers; the plumage is white, with the quills and the tail greenish black. — Pelican in her piety (in heraldry and symbolical art), a representation of a pelican in the act of wounding her breast in order to nourish her young with her blood; — a practice fabulously attributed to the bird, on account of which it was adopted as a symbol of the Redeemer, and of charity. — Pelican’s foot (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod shell of the genus Aporrhais, esp. Aporrhais pes-pelicani of Europe.

Pel´ick , n. (Zoöl.) The American coot (Fulica).

Pel´i•coid , n. See Pelecoid.

Pel•i•co•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a wooden bowl (but taken to mean, pelvis) + a lizard.] (Paleon.) A suborder of Theromorpha, including terrestrial reptiles from the Permian formation.

Pe´li•om , n. [See Pelioma.] (Min.) A variety of iolite, of a smoky blue color; pelioma.

Pe•li•o´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. livid.] 1. (Med.) A livid ecchymosis. 2. (Min.) See Peliom.

Pe•lisse´ , n. [F., fr. L. pelliceus, pellicius, made of skins, fr. pellis a skin. Cf. Pelt skin, Pilch, and see 2d Pell.] An outer garment for men or women, originally of fur, or lined with fur; a lady’s outer garment, made of silk or other fabric.

Pell , v. t. [Cf. Pelt, v. t.] To pelt; to knock about. [Obs.] Holland.

Pell, n. [OF. pel, F. peau, L. pellis a skin. See Fell a skin.] 1. A skin or hide; a pelt. 2. A roll of parchment; a parchment record. Clerk of the pells, formerly, an officer of the exchequer who entered accounts on certain parchment rolls, called pell rolls. [Eng.]

Pel´lack , n. [Cf. Gael. Peileag.] (Zoöl.) A porpoise.

Pell´age (pel´aj), n. [See 2d Pell.] A customs duty on skins of leather.

Pel´la•gra (pel´la•gra), n. (Med.) An erythematous affection of the skin, with severe constitutional and nervous symptoms, endemic in Northern Italy.

Pel´la•grin , n. One who is afficted with pellagra. Chambers’s Encyc.

Pel´let , n. [F. pelote, LL. pelota, pilota, fr. L. pila a ball. Cf. Platoon.] 1. A little ball; as a pellet of wax paper. 2. A bullet; a ball for firearms. [Obs.] Bacon. “As swift as a pellet out of a gun.” Chaucer. Pellet molding (Arch.), a narrow band ornamented with smalt, flat disks.

Pel´let, v.. To form into small balls. [Obs.] Shak.

Pel´let•ed, a. Made of, or like, pellets; furnished with pellets. [R.] ´This pelleted storm.´ Shak.

Pel•li•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. pellis garment + branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) A division of Nudibranchiata, in which the mantle itself serves as a gill.

Pel´li•cle , n. [L. pellicua, dim. of pellis skin: cf. F. pellicule.] 1. A thin skin or film. 2. (Chem.) A thin film formed on the surface of an evaporating solution.

Pel•lic´u•lar , a. Of or pertaining to a pellicle. Henslow.

Pel•li´le , n. (Zoöl.) The redshank; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

Pel´li•to•ry , n. [OE. paritorie, OF. paritoire, F. parietaire; (cf. It. & Sp. parietaria), L. parietaria the parietary, or pellitory, the wall plant, fr. parietarus belonging to the walls, fr. paries, parietis a wall. Cf. Parietary.] (Bot.) The common name of the several species of the genus Parietaria, low, harmless weeds of the Nettle family; — also called wall pellitory, and lichwort. Parietaria officinalis is common on old walls in Europe; P. pennsylvanica is found in the United States; and six or seven more species are found near the Mediterranean, or in the Orient.

Pel´li•to•ry, n. [Sp. pelitre, fr. L. pyrethrum. See Bertram.] (Bot.) (a) A composite plant (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) of the Mediterranean region, having finely divided leaves and whitish flowers. The root is the officinal pellitory, and is used as an irritant and sialogogue. Called also bertram, and pellitory of Spain. (b) The feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium); — so called because it resembles the above.

Pell•-mell´ , n. See Pall- mall.

Pell•mell´, adv. [F. pêle- mêle, prob. fr. pelle a shovel + mêler to mix, as when different kinds of grain are heaped up and mixed with a shovel. See Pell shovel, Medley.] In utter confusion; with confused violence. ´Men, horses, chariots, crowded pellmell.´ Milton.

Pel•lu´cid , a. [L. pellucidus; per (see Per-) + lucidus clear, bright: cf. F. pellucide.] Transparent; clear; limpid; translucent; not opaque. ´Pellucid crystal.´ Dr. H. More. ´Pellucid streams.´ Wordsworth. { Pel•lu•cid´i•ty , Pel•lu´cid•ness } n. [L. pelluciditas.] The quality or state of being pellucid; transparency; translucency; clearness; as the pellucidity of the air. Locke.

Pel•lu´cid•ly, adv. In a pellucid manner.

Pel´ma , n.; pl. Pelmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) The under surface of the foot.

Pe•lo´pi•um , n. [NL., fr. L. Pelops, brother of Niobe, Gr. .] (Chem.) A supposed new metal found in columbite, afterwards shown to be identical with columbium, or niobium.

Pel•o•pon•ne´sian , a. [L. Peloponnesius, fr. Peloponnesus, Gr. , lit., the Island of Pelops; , , Pelops + an island.] Of or pertaining to the Peloponnesus, or southern peninsula of Greece. — n. A native or an inhabitant of the Peloponnesus.

Pe•lo´ri•a , n. [NL., from Gr. monstrous.] (Bot.) Abnormal regularity; the state of certain flowers, which, being naturally irregular, have become regular through a symmetrical repetition of the special irregularity.

Pe•lo´ric , a. (Bot.) Abnormally regular or symmetrical. Darwin.

Pel´o•tage , n. [F.] Packs or bales of Spanish wool.

Pelt , n. [Cf. G. pelz a pelt, fur, fr. OF. pelice, F. pelisse (see Pelisse); or perh. shortened fr. peltry.] 1. The skin of a beast with the hair on; a raw or undressed hide; a skin preserved with the hairy or woolly covering on it. See 4th Fell. Sir T. Browne. “Raw pelts clapped about them for their clothes.” Fuller. 2. The human skin. [Jocose] Dryden. 3. (Falconry) The body of any quarry killed by the hawk. Pelt rot, a disease affecting the hair or wool of a beast.

Pelt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pelted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pelting.] [OE. pelten, pulten, pilten, to thrust, throw, strike; cf. L. pultare, equiv. to pulsare (v. freq. fr. pellere to drive), and E. pulse a beating.] 1. To strike with something thrown or driven; to assail with pellets or missiles, as to pelt with stones; pelted with hail. “The children billows seem to pelt the clouds.” Shak. 2. To throw; to use as a missile. “My Phillis me with pelted apples plies.” Dryden.

Pelt, v. i. 1. To throw missiles. Shak. 2. To throw out words. [Obs.] “Another smothered seems to peltand swear.” Shak.

Pelt, n. A blow or stroke from something thrown.

Pel´ta , n.; pl. Peltae. [L., a shield, fr. Gr. .] 1. (Antiq.) A small shield, especially one of an approximately elliptic form, or crescent-shaped. 2. (Bot.) A flat apothecium having no rim. { Pel´tate , Pel´ta•ted } a. [Cf. F. pelte. See Pelta.] Shield-shaped; scutiform; (Bot.) having the stem or support attached to the lower surface, instead of at the base or margin; — said of a leaf or other organ. — Pel´tate•ly (#), adv.

Pelt´er , n. One who pelts.

Pel´ter , n. A pinchpenny; a mean, sordid person; a miser; a skinflint. [Obs.] ´Let such pelters prate.´ Gascoigne.

Pel´ti•form , a. [Pelta + - form.] Shieldlike, with the outline nearly circular; peltate. Henslow.

Pel´ting , a. Mean; paltry. [Obs.] Shak.

Pelt´ry , n. [F. pelleterie peltry, furriery, fr. pelletier a furrier, fr. OF. pel skin, F. peau, L. pelis. See Pelt a skin, Pell, n., Fell a skin.] Pelts or skins, collectively; skins with the fur on them; furs.

Pelt´ry•ware , n. Peltry. [Obs.]

Pe•lu´do , n. [Sp. peludo hairy.] (Zoöl.) The South American hairy armadillo (Dasypus villosus).

Pe•lu´si•ac , a. [L. Pelusiacus.] Of or pertaining to Pelusium, an ancient city of Egypt; as the Pelusiac (or former eastern) outlet of the Nile.

Pel´vic , a. Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pelvis; as pelvic cellulitis. Pelvic arch, or Pelvic girdle (Anat.), the two or more bony or cartilaginous pieces of the vertebrate skeleton to which the hind limbs are articulated. When fully ossified, the arch usually consists of three principal bones on each side, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are often closely united in the adult, forming the innominate bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate.

Pel•vim´e•ter , n. [Pelvis + -meter.: cf. F. pelvimètre.] An instrument for measuring the dimensions of the pelvis. Coxe.

Pel´vis , n. [L., a basin, laver; cf. Gr. , , bowl.] 1. (Anat.) The pelvic arch, or the pelvic arch together with the sacrum. See Pelvic arch, under Pelvic, and Sacrum. 2. (Zoöl.) The calyx of a crinoid. Pelvis of the kidney (Anat.), the basinlike cavity into which the ureter expands as it joins the kidney.

Pem´mi•can , n. [Written also pemican.] 1. Among the North American Indians, meat cut in thin slices, divested of fat, and dried in the sun. “Then on pemican they feasted.” Longfellow. 2. Meat, without the fat, cut in thin slices, dried in the sun, pounded, then mixed with melted fat and sometimes dried fruit, and compressed into cakes or in bags. It contains much nutriment in small compass, and is of great use in long voyages of exploration.

Pem•phi´gus , n. [Nl., fr. Gr. , , a bubble.] (Med.) A somewhat rare skin disease, characterized by the development of blebs upon different part of the body. Quain.

Pen , n. [OE. penne, OF. penne, pene, F. penne, fr. L. penna.] 1. A feather. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A wing. [Obs.] Milton. 3. An instrument used for writing with ink, formerly made of a reed, or of the quill of a goose or other bird, but now also of other materials, as of steel, gold, etc. also originally, a stylus or other instrument for scratching or graving. “Graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock.” Job xix. 24. 4. Fig.: A writer, or his style; as he has a sharp pen. ´Those learned pens.´ Fuller. 5. (Zoöl.) The internal shell of a squid. 6. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A female swan. [Prov. Eng.] Bow pen. See Bow-pen. — Dotting pen, a pen for drawing dotted lines. — Drawing, or Ruling, pen, a pen for ruling lines having a pair of blades between which the ink is contained. — Fountain pen, Geometric pen. See under Fountain, and Geometric. — Music pen, a pen having five points for drawing the five lines of the staff. — Pen and ink, or pen- and-ink, executed or done with a pen and ink; as a pen and ink sketch. — Pen feather. A pin feather. [Obs.] — Pen name. See under Name. — Sea pen (Zoöl.), a pennatula. [Usually written sea- pen.]

Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penned p. pr. & vb. n. Penning ] To write; to compose and commit to paper; to indite; to compose; as to pen a sonnet. ´A prayer elaborately penned.´ Milton.

Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penned or Pent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Penning.] [OE. pennen, AS. pennan in on-pennan to unfasten, prob. from the same source as pin, and orig. meaning, to fasten with a peg.See Pin, n. & v.] To shut up, as in a pen or cage; to confine in a small inclosure or narrow space; to coop up, or shut in; to inclose. ´Away with her, and pen her up.´ Shak. “Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve.” Milton.

Pen, n. [From Pen to shut in.] A small inclosure; as a pen for sheep or for pigs. “My father stole two geese out of a pen.” Shak.

Pe´nal , a. [L. poenalis, fr. poena punishment: cf. F. penal. See Pain.] Of or pertaining to punishment, to penalties, or to crimes and offenses; pertaining to criminal jurisprudence: as: (a) Enacting or threatening punishment; as a penal statue; the penal code. (b) Incurring punishment; subject to a penalty; as a penalact of offense. (c) Inflicted as punishment; used as a means of punishment; as a penal colony or settlement. ´Adamantine chains and penal fire.´ Milton. Penal code (Law), a code of laws concerning crimes and offenses and their punishment. — Penal laws, Penal statutes (Law), laws prohibited certain acts, and imposing penalties for committing them. — Penal servitude, imprisonment with hard labor, in a prison, in lieu of transportation. [Great Brit.] — Penal suit, Penal action (Law), a suit for penalties.

Pe•nal´i•ty , n. [Cf. LL. poenalitas. See Penalty.] The quality or state of being penal; lability to punishment. Sir T. Browne.

Pe´nal•ize , v. t. 1. To make penal. 2. (Sport.) To put a penalty on. See Penalty, 3. [Eng.]

Pe´nal•ly , adv. In a penal manner.

Pe´nal•ty , n.; pl. Penalties (#). [F. penalite. See Penal.] 1. Penal retribution; punishment for crime or offense; the suffering in person or property which is annexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime, offense, or trespass. “Death is the penalty imposed.” Milton. 2. The suffering, or the sum to be forfeited, to which a person subjects himself by covenant or agreement, in case of nonfulfillment of stipulations; forfeiture; fine. “The penalty and forfeit of my bond.” Shak. 3. A handicap. [Sporting Cant] The term penalty is in law mostly applied to a pecuniary punishment. Bill of pains and penalties. See under Bill. — On, or Under, penalty of, on pain of; with exposure to the penalty of, in case of transgression.

Pen´ance , n. [OF. penance, peneance, L. paenitentia repentance. See Penitence.] 1. Repentance. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xv. 7). 2. Pain; sorrow; suffering. [Obs.] ´Joy or penance he feeleth none.´ Chaucer. 3. (Eccl.) A means of repairing a sin committed, and obtaining pardon for it, consisting partly in the performance of expiatory rites, partly in voluntary submission to a punishment corresponding to the transgression. Penance is the fourth of seven sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church. Schaff- Herzog Encyc. “And bitter penance, with an iron whip.” Spenser. “Quoth he, ´The man hath penance done,
And penance more will do.´” Coleridge.

Pen´ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penanced ] To impose penance; to punish. ´Some penanced lady elf.´ Keats.

Pen´ance•less, a. Free from penance. [R.]

Pe•nang´ nut [From the native name.] (Bot.) The betel nut. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Pen•an´nu•lar , a. [L. pene, paene, almost + E. annular.] Nearly annular; having nearly the form of a ring. ´Penannular relics.´ D. Wilson.

Pe´na•ry , a. Penal. [Obs.] Gauden.

Pe•na´tes , n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The household gods of the ancient Romans. They presided over the home and the family hearth. See Lar.

Pen´aunt , n. [OF. penant, peneant. See Penitent.] A penitent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pence , n., pl. of Penny. See Penny.

Pen´cel , n. [See Pennoncel.] A small, narrow flag or streamer borne at the top of a lance; — called also pennoncel. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer.

Pen•chant´ , n. [F., fr. pencher to bend, fr. (assumed) LL. pendicare, L. pendere. See Pendant.] Inclination; decided taste; bias; as a penchant for art.

Pen´chute , n. See Penstock.

Pen´cil , n. [OF. pincel, F. pinceau, L. penicillum, penicillus, equiv. to peniculus, dim. of penis a tail. Cf. Penicil.] 1. A small, fine brush of hair or bristles used by painters for laying on colors. “With subtile pencil depainted was this storie.” Chaucer. 2. A slender cylinder or strip of black lead, colored chalk, slate etc., or such a cylinder or strip inserted in a small wooden rod intended to be pointed, or in a case, which forms a handle, — used for drawing or writing. See Graphite. 3. Hence, figuratively, an artist’s ability or peculiar manner; also in general, the act or occupation of the artist, descriptive writer, etc. 4. (Opt.) An aggregate or collection of rays of light, especially when diverging from, or converging to, a point. 5. (Geom.) A number of lines that intersect in one point, the point of intersection being called the pencil point. 6. (Med.) A small medicated bougie. Pencil case, a holder for pencil lead. - - Pencil flower (Bot.), an American perennial leguminous herb (Stylosanthes elatior). — Pencil lead, a slender rod of black lead, or the like, adapted for insertion in a holder.

Pen´cil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penciled or Pencilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Penciling or Pencilling.] To write or mark with a pencil; to paint or to draw. Cowper. “Where nature pencils butterflies on flowers.” Harte.

Pen´ciled , a. [Written also pencilled.] 1. Painted, drawn, sketched, or marked with a pencil. 2. Radiated; having pencils of rays. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Marked with parallel or radiating lines.

Pen´cil•ing , n. [Written also pencilling.] 1. The work of the pencil or bruch; as delicate penciling in a picture. 2. (Brickwork) Lines of white or black paint drawn along a mortar joint in a brick wall. Knight. { Pen´cil•late , Pen´cil•la•ted } a. Shaped like a pencil; penicillate.

Pen´craft , n. 1. Penmanship; skill in writing; chirography. 2. The art of composing or writing; authorship. “I would not give a groat for that person’s knowledge in pencraft.” Sterne.

Pend , n. Oil cake; penock. [India]

Pend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pended; p. pr. & vb. n. Pending.] [L. pendere.] 1. To hang; to depend. [R.] “Pending upon certain powerful motions.” I. Taylor. 2. To be undecided, or in process of adjustment.

Pend, v. t. [Cf. pen to shut in, or AS. pyndan, E. pound an inclosure.] To pen; to confine. [R.] “ended within the limits … of Greece.” Udall.

Pend´ant , n. [F., orig. p. pr. of pendre to hang, L. pendere. Cf. Pendent, Pansy, Pensive, Poise, Ponder.] 1. Something which hangs or depends; something suspended; a hanging appendage, especially one of an ornamental character; as to a chandelier or an eardrop; also an appendix or addition, as to a book. “Some hang upon the pendants of her ear.” Pope. “Many … have been pleased with this work and its pendant, the Tales and Popular Fictions.” Keightley. 2. (Arch.) A hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, etc., much used in the later styles of Gothic architecture, where it is of stone, and an important part of the construction. There are imitations in plaster and wood, which are mere decorative features. ´[A bridge] with … pendants graven fair.´ Spenser. 3. (Fine Arts) One of a pair; a counterpart; as one vase is the pendant to the other vase. 4. A pendulum. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. 5. The stem and ring of a watch, by which it is suspended. [U.S.] Knight. Pendant post (Arch.), a part of the framing of an open timber roof; a post set close against the wall, and resting upon a corbel or other solid support, and supporting the ends of a collar beam or any part of the roof.

Pend´ence , n. [See Pendent.] Slope; inclination. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Pend´en•cy , n. 1. The quality or state of being pendent or suspended. 2. The quality or state of being undecided, or in continuance; suspense; as the pendency of a suit. Ayliffe.

Pend´ent , a. [L. pendens, -entis, p. pr. of pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendant.] 1. Supported from above; suspended; depending; pendulous; hanging; as a pendent leaf. ´The pendent world.´ Shak. “Often their tresses, when shaken, with pendent icicles tinkle.” Longfellow. 2. Jutting over; projecting; overhanging. ´A vapor sometime like a … pendent rock.´ Shak.

Pen•den´tive , n. [F. pendentif, fr. L. pendere to hang.] (Arch.) (a) The portion of a vault by means of which the square space in the middle of a building is brought to an octagon or circle to receive a cupola. (b) The part of a groined vault which is supported by, and springs from, one pier or corbel.

Pend´ent•ly, adv. In a pendent manner.

Pen´dice , n. [Cf. Pentice.] A sloping roof; a lean-to; a penthouse. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Pen´di•cle , n. [Cf. Appendicle.] An appendage; something dependent on another; an appurtenance; a pendant. Sir W. Scott.

Pen•di•cler , n. An inferior tenant; one who rents a pendicle or croft. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Pend´ing , a. [L. pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendent.] Not yet decided; in continuance; in suspense; as a pending suit.

Pend´ing, prep. During; as pending the trail.

Pen´drag•on , n. A chief leader or a king; a head; a dictator; — a title assumed by the ancient British chiefs when called to lead other chiefs. “The dread Pendragon, Britain’s king of kings.” Tennyson.

Pen´du•lar , a. Pendulous.

Pen´du•late , v. i. To swing as a pendulum. [R.]

Pen´dule , n. [F.] A pendulum. [R.] Evelyn.

Pen´du•line , n. [F. See Pendulum.] (Zoöl.) A European titmouse (Parus, or AEgithalus, pendulinus). It is noted for its elegant pendulous purselike nest, made of the down of willow trees and lined with feathers.

Pen•du•los´i•ty , n. [See Pendulous.] The state or quality of being pendulous. Sir T. Browne.

Pen´du•lous , a. [L. pendulus, fr. pendere to hang. Cf. Pendant, and cf. Pendulum.] 1. Depending; pendent loosely; hanging; swinging. Shak. ´The pendulous round earth.´ Milton. 2. Wavering; unstable; doubtful. [R.] ´A pendulous state of mind.´ Atterbury. 3. (Bot.) Inclined or hanging downwards, as a flower on a recurved stalk, or an ovule which hangs from the upper part of the ovary.

Pen´du•lous•ly, adv. In a pendulous manner.

Pen´du•lous•ness, n. The quality or state of being pendulous; the state of hanging loosely; pendulosity.

Pen´du•lum , n.; pl. Pendulums (#). [NL., fr. L. pendulus hanging, swinging. See Pendulous.] A body so suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum. It is used to regulate the movements of clockwork and other machinery. The time of oscillation of a pendulum is independent of the arc of vibration, provided this arc be small. Ballistic pendulum. See under Ballistic. — Compensation pendulum, a clock pendulum in which the effect of changes of temperature of the length of the rod is so counteracted, usually by the opposite expansion of differene metals, that the distance of the center of oscillation from the center of suspension remains invariable; as the mercurial compensation pendulum, in which the expansion of the rod is compensated by the opposite expansion of mercury in a jar constituting the bob; the gridiron pendulum, in which compensation is effected by the opposite expansion of sets of rodsof different metals. — Compound pendulum, an ordinary pendulum; — so called, as being made up of different parts, and contrasted with simple pendulum. — Conical or Revolving, pendulum, a weight connected by a rod with a fixed point; and revolving in a horizontal cyrcle about the vertical from that point. — Pendulum bob, the weight at the lower end of a pendulum. — Pendulum level, a plumb level. See under Level. — Pendulum wheel, the balance of a watch. — Simple or Theoretical, pendulum, an imaginary pendulum having no dimensions except length, and no weight except at the center of oscillation; in other words, a material point suspended by an ideal line.

Pe•nel´o•pe (pe•nel´o•pe), n. [From. L. Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, the hero of the Odyssey, Gr. Phnelo•ph.] (Zoöl.) A genus of curassows, including the guans.

Pen•e•tra•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. penetrabilite.] The quality of being penetrable; susceptibility of being penetrated, entered, or pierced. Cheyne.

Pen´e•tra•ble , a. [L. penetrabilus: cf. F. penetrable.] Capable of being penetrated, entered, or pierced. Used also figuratively. “And pierce his only penetrable part.” Dryden. “I am not made of stones,
But penetrable to your kind entreats.” Shak. — Pen´e•tra•ble•ness, n. — Pen´e•tra•bly, adv.

Pen´e•trail , n. Penetralia. [Obs.] Harvey.

Pen•e•tra´li•a , n. pl. [L., fr. penetralis penetrating, internal. See Penetrate.] 1. The recesses, or innermost parts, of any thing or place, especially of a temple or palace. 2. Hidden things or secrets; privacy; sanctuary; as the sacred penetralia of the home. { Pen´e•trance , Pen´e•tran•cy } n. The quality or state of being penetrant; power of entering or piercing; penetrating power of quality; as the penetrancy of subtile effluvia.

Pen´e•trant , a. [L. penetrans, p. pr. of penetrare: cf. F. penetrant.] Having power to enter or pierce; penetrating; sharp; subtile; as penetrant cold. ´Penetrant and powerful arguments.´ Boyle.

Pen´e•trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penetrated p. pr. & vb. n. Penetrating.] [L. penetratus, p. p. of penetrare to penetrate; akin to penitus inward, inwardly, and perh. to pens with, in the power of, penus store of food, innermost part of a temple.] 1. To enter into; to make way into the interior of; to effect an entrance into; to pierce; as light penetrates darkness. 2. To affect profoundly through the senses or feelings; to touch with feeling; to make sensible; to move deeply; as to penetrate one’s heart with pity. Shak. “The translator of Homer should penetrate himself with a sense of the plainness and directness of Homer’s style.” M. Arnold. 3. To pierce into by the mind; to arrive at the inner contents or meaning of, as of a mysterious or difficult subject; to comprehend; to understand. “Things which here were too subtile for us to penetrate.” Ray.

Pen´e•trate, v. i. To pass; to make way; to pierce. Also used figuratively. “Preparing to penetrate to the north and west.” J. R. Green. “Born where Heaven’s influence scarce can penetrate.” Pope. “The sweet of life that penetrates so near.” Daniel.

Pen´e•tra•ting , a. 1. Having the power of entering, piercing, or pervading; sharp; subtile; penetrative; as a penetrating odor. 2. Acute; discerning; sagacious; quick to discover; as a penetrating mind.

Pen´e•tra•ting•ly, adv. In a penetrating manner.

Pen´e•tra•tion , n. [L. penetratio: cf. F. penetration.] 1. The act or process of penetrating, piercing, or entering; also the act of mentally penetrating into, or comprehending, anything difficult. “And to each in ward part,
With gentle penetration, though unseen,
Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep.” Milton. “A penetration into the difficulties of algebra.” Watts. 2. Acuteness; insight; sharp discoverment; sagacity; as a person of singular penetration. Walpole. Syn. — Discernment; sagacity; acuteness; sharpness; discrimination. See Discernment, and Sagacity.

Pen´e•tra•tive , a. [Cf. F. penetratif.] 1. Tending to penetrate; of a penetrating quality; piercing; as the penetrative sun. “His look became keen and penetrative.” Hawthorne. 2. Having the power to affect or impress the mind or heart; impressive; as penetrative shame. Shak. 3. Acute; discerning; sagacious; as penetrative wisdom. ´The penetrative eye.´ Wordsworth. “Led on by skill of penetrative soul.” Grainger.

Pen´e•tra•tive•ness, n. The quality of being penetrative.

Pen´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A squid.

Pen´fold , n. See Pinfold.

Pen´go•lin , n. (Zoöl.)The pangolin.

Pen´guin , n. [Perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. W. pen head + gwyn white; or perh. from a native South American name.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the order Impennes, or Ptilopteri. They are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. They are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. See King penguin, under Jackass. Penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. The king penguins (Aptenodytes Patachonica, and A. longirostris) are the largest; the jackass penguins (Spheniscus) and the rock hoppers (Catarractes) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds. 2. (Bot.) The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant (Bromelia Pinguin) of the Pineapple family; also the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spiny- toothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [Written also pinguin.] Arctic penguin (Zoöl.), the great auk. See Auk.

Pen´guin•er•y , n. (Zoöl.) A breeding place, or rookery, of penguins.

Pen´hold•er , n. A handle for a pen.

Pen´house , n. A penthouse. [Obs.]

Pen•i´ble , a. [OF. penible. Cf. Painable.] Painstaking; assidous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pen´i•cil , n. [L. penicillum, penicillus, a painter’s brush, a roil of lint, a tent for wounds.] (mented.) A tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers.

Pen•i•cil´late , a. [Cf. F. penicille. See Penicil.] (Biol.) Having the form of a pencil; furnished with a pencil of fine hairs; ending in a tuft of hairs like a camel’s-hair brush, as the stigmas of some grasses.

Pen•i•cil´li•form , a. (Bot.) Penicillate.

Pen•in´su•la , n. [L. peninsula or paeninsula; paene almost + insula an island. See Isle.] A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus.

Pen•in´su•lar , a. [Cf. F. peninsulaire.] Of or pertaining to a peninsula; as a peninsular form; peninsular people; the peninsular war.

Pen•in´su•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peninsulated p. pr. & vb. n. Peninsulating.] To form into a peninsula. “South River … peninsulates Castle Hill farm.” W. Bentley.

Pe´nis (pe´nis), n. [L.] (Anat.) The male member, or organ of generation.

Pen´i•tence , n. [F. penitence, L. paenitentia. See Penitent, and cf. Penance.] The quality or condition of being penitent; the disposition of a penitent; sorrow for sins or faults; repentance; contrition. ´Penitence of his old guilt.´ Chaucer. “Death is deferred, and penitenance has room
To mitigate, if not reverse, the doom.” Dryden. Syn. — Repentance; contrition; compunction.

Pen´i•ten•cer , n. [F. penitencier.] A priest who heard confession and enjoined penance in extraordinary cases. [Written also penitenser.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pen´i•ten•cy , n. Penitence. [Obs.]

Pen´i•tent , a. [F. penitent, L. paenitens, -entis, poenitens, p. pr. of paenitere, poenitere, to cause to repent, to repent; prob. akin to poena punishment. See Pain.] 1. Feeling pain or sorrow on account of sins or offenses; repentant; contrite; sincerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolved on amendment of life. “Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite.” Milton. “The pound he tamed, the penitent he cheered.” Dryden. 2. Doing penance. [Obs.] Shak.

Pen´i•tent, n. 1. One who repents of sin; one sorrowful on account of his transgressions. 2. One under church censure, but admitted to penance; one undergoing penance. 3. One under the direction of a confessor. Penitents is an appellation given to certain fraternities in Roman Catholic countries, distinguished by their habit, and employed in charitable acts.

Pen•i•ten´tial , a. [Cf. F. penitentiel.] Of or pertaining to penitence, or to penance; expressing penitence; of the nature of penance; as the penitential book; penitential tears. ´Penitential stripes.´ Cowper. “Guilt that all the penitential fires of hereafter can not cleanse.” Sir W. Scott.

Pen•i•ten´tial, n. (R. C. Ch.) A book formerly used by priests hearing confessions, containing rules for the imposition of penances; — called also penitential book.

Pen•i•ten´tial•ly, adv. In a penitential manner.

Pen•i•ten´tia•ry , a. [Cf. F. penitentiaire.] 1. Relating to penance, or to the rules and measures of penance. ´A penitentiary tax.´ Abp. Bramhall. 2. Expressive of penitence; as a penitentiary letter. 3. Used for punishment, discipline, and reformation. ´Penitentiary houses.´ Blackstone.

Pen•i•ten´tia•ry, n.; pl. Penitentiaries (#). [Cf. F. penitencier. See Penitent.] 1. One who prescribes the rules and measures of penance. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. One who does penance. [Obs.] Hammond. 3. A small building in a monastery where penitents confessed. Shpiley. 4. That part of a church to which penitents were admitted. Shipley. 5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An office of the papal court which examines cases of conscience, confession, absolution from vows, etc., and delivers decisions, dispensations, etc. Its chief is a cardinal, called the Grand Penitentiary, appointed by the pope. (b) An officer in some dioceses since A. D. 1215, vested with power from the bishop to absolve in cases reserved to him. 6. A house of correction, in which offenders are confined for punishment, discipline, and reformation, and in which they are generally compelled to labor.

Pen•i•ten´tia•ry•ship, n. The office or condition of a penitentiary of the papal court. [R.] Wood.

Pen´i•tent•ly, adv. In a penitent manner.

Penk , n. A minnow. See Pink, n., 4. [Prov. Eng.] Walton.

Pen´knife , n.; pl. Penknives (#). [Pen + knife.] A small pocketknife; formerly, a knife used for making and mending quill pens.

Pen´man , n.; pl. Penmen . 1. One who uses the pen; a writer; esp., one skilled in the use of the pen; a calligrapher; a writing master. 2. An author; a composer. South.

Pen´man•ship, n. The use of the pen in writing; the art of writing; style or manner of writing; chirography; as good or bad penmanship.

Pen´na , n.; pl. Pennae (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) A perfect, or normal, feather.

Pen´na´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a normal feather.

Pen´nach , n. [OF. pennache. See Panache.] A bunch of feathers; a plume. [Obs.] Holland.

Pen´nached , a. [Cf. OF. pennache. See Panache.] Variegated; striped. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Pen´nage , n. [L. penna feather.] Feathery covering; plumage. [Obs.] Holland.

Pen´nant , n. [OE. penon, penoun, pynoun, OF. penon, F. pennon, fr. L. penna feather. See Pen a feather, and cf. Pennon, Pinion.] (Naut.) (a) A small flag; a pennon. The narrow, or long, pennant (called also whip or coach whip) is a long, narrow piece of bunting, carried at the masthead of a government vessel in commission. The board pennant is an oblong, nearly square flag, carried at the masthead of a commodore’s vessel. ´With flags and pennants trimmed.´ Drayton. (b) A rope or strap to which a purchase is hooked. { Pen´nate , Pen´na•ted } a. [L. pennatus feathered, winged, from penna feather, wing.] 1. Winged; plume- shaped. 2. (Bot.) Same as Pinnate.

Pen•nat´u•la , n.; pl. L. Pennatulae (#), E. Pennatulas (#). [NL., fr. L. penna a feather.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Pennatula, Pteroides, and allied genera of Alcyonaria, having a featherlike form; a sea-pen. The zooids are situated along one edge of the side branches.

Pen•nat•u•la´ce•a , n. pl. [NL. See Pennatula.] (Zoöl.) A division of alcyonoid corals, including the seapens and related kinds. They are able to move about by means of the hollow muscular peduncle, which also serves to support them upright in the mud. See Pennatula, and Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Penned , a. 1. Winged; having plumes. [Obs.] 2. Written with a pen; composed. ´Their penned speech.´ Shak.

Pen´ner , n. 1. One who pens; a writer. Sir T. North. 2. A case for holding pens. [Obs.]

Pen´ni•form , a. [L. penna feather + -form: cf. F. penniforme.] Having the form of a feather or plume.

Pen•nig´er•ous , a. [L. penniger; penna feather + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Bearing feathers or quills.

Pen´ni•less , a. [From Penny.] Destitute of money; impecunious; poor. — Pen´ni•less•ness, n.

Pen´ni•nerved , a. [L. penna feather + E. nerve.] Pinnately veined or nerved.

Pen•nip´o•tent , a. [L. pennipotens; penna wing + potens strong.] Strong of wing; strong on the wing. [Poetic] Davies (Holy Roode).

Pen´non , n. [Cf. Pinion.] A wing; a pinion. Milton.

Pen´non, n. [See Pennant.] A pennant; a flag or streamer. Longfellow. { Pen´non•cel• , Pen´non•celle• }, n. [OF. penoncel. See Pennant.] See Pencel.

Pen´ny , a. [Perh. a corruption of pun, for pound.] Denoting pound weight for one thousand; — used in combination, with respect to nails; as tenpenny nails, nails of which one thousand weight ten pounds.

Pen•ny, n.; pl. Pennies (#) or Pence . Pennies denotes the number of coins; pence the amount of pennies in value. [OE. peni, AS. penig, pening, pending; akin to D. penning, OHG. pfenning, pfenting, G. pfennig, Icel. penningr; of uncertain origin.] 1. An English coin, formerly of copper, now of bronze, the twelfth part of an English shilling in account value, and equal to four farthings, or about two cents; — usually indicated by the abbreviation d. (the initial of denarius). ´The chief Anglo-Saxon coin, and for a long period the only one, corresponded to the denarius of the Continent … [and was] called penny, denarius, or denier.´ R. S. Poole. The ancient silver penny was worth about three pence sterling (see Pennyweight). The old Scotch penny was only one twelfth the value of the English coin. In the United States the word penny is popularly used for cent. 2. Any small sum or coin; a groat; a stiver. Shak. 3. Money, in general; as to turn an honest penny. “What penny hath Rome borne,
What men provided, what munition sent?” Shak. 4. (Script.) See Denarius. Penny cress (Bot.), an annual herb of the Mustard family, having round, flat pods like silver pennies (Thlaspi arvense). Dr. Prior. — Penny dog (Zoöl.), a kind of shark found on the South coast of Britain: the tope. — Penny father, a penurious person; a niggard. [Obs.] Robinson (More’s Utopia). — Penny grass (Bot.), pennyroyal. [R.] — Penny post, a post carrying a letter for a penny; also a mail carrier. — Penny wise, wise or prudent only in small matters; saving small sums while losing larger; — used chiefly in the phrase, penny wise and pound foolish.

Pen´ny , a. Worth or costing one penny.

Pen´ny-a-lin´er , n. One who furnishes matter to public journals at so much a line; a poor writer for hire; a hack writer. Thackeray.

Pen•ny•roy´al , n. [A corruption of OE. puliall royal. OE. puliall is ultimately derived fr. L. puleium, or pulegium regium (so called as being good against fleas), fr. pulex a flea; and royal is a translation of L. regium, in puleium regium.] (Bot.) An aromatic herb (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe; also a North American plant (Hedeoma pulegioides) resembling it in flavor. Bastard pennyroyal (Bot.) See Blue curls, under Blue.

Pen´ny•weight , n. A troy weight containing twenty-four grains, or the twentieth part of an ounce; as a pennyweight of gold or of arsenic. It was anciently the weight of a silver penny, whence the name.

Pen´ny•wort , n. (Bot.) A European trailing herb (Linaria Cymbalaria) with roundish, reniform leaves. It is often cultivated in hanging baskets. March, or Water, pennywort. (Bot.) See under March.

Pen´ny•worth , n. 1. A penny’s worth; as much as may be bought for a penny. ´A dear pennyworth.´ Evelyn. 2. Hence: The full value of one’s penny expended; due return for money laid out; a good bargain; a bargain. “The priests sold the better pennyworths.” Locke. 3. A small quantity; a trifle. Bacon.

Pen´ock , n. See Pend.

Pen•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to penology.

Pe•nol´o•gist , n. One versed in, or a student of, penology.

Pe•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , or L. poena, punishment + -logy.] The science or art of punishment. [Written also pœnology.]

Pen´rack , n. A rack for pens not in use.

Pens , n., pl. of Penny. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pen´sa•tive , a. Pensive. [Obs.] Shelton.

Pen´sel , n. A pencel. Chaucer.

Pen´si•ble , a. Held aloft. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pen´sile , a. [L. pensilis, fr. pendere to hang: cf. OE. pensil. See Pendant.] Hanging; suspended; pendent; pendulous. Bacon. “The long, pensile branches of the birches.” W. Howitt.

Pen´sile•ness, n. State or quality of being pensile; pendulousness.

Pen´sion , n. [F., fr. L. pensio a paying, payment, fr. pendere, pensum, to weight, to pay; akin to pendre to hang. See Pendant, and cf. Spend.] 1. A payment; a tribute; something paid or given. [Obs.] “The stomach’s pension, and the time’s expense.” Sylvester. 2. A stated allowance to a person in consideration of past services; payment made to one retired from service, on account of age, disability, or other cause; especially, a regular stipend paid by a government to retired public officers, disabled soldiers, the families of soldiers killed in service, or to meritorious authors, or the like. “To all that kept the city pensions and wages.” 1 Esd. iv. 56. 3. A certain sum of money paid to a clergyman in lieu of tithes. [Eng.] Mozley & W. 4. [F., pronounced .] A boarding house or boarding school in France, Belgium, Switzerland, etc.

Pen´sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pensioned p. pr. & vb. n. Pensioning.] To grant a pension to; to pay a regular stipend to; in consideration of service already performed; — sometimes followed by off; as to pension off a servant. “One knighted Blackmore, and one pensioned Quarles.” Pope.

Pen´sion•a•ry , a. 1. Maintained by a pension; receiving a pension; as pensionary spies. Donne. 2. Consisting of a pension; as a pensionary provision for maintenance.

Pen´sion•a•ry , n.; pl. Pensionaries (#). [Cf. F. pensionnaire. Cf. Pensioner.] 1. One who receives a pension; a pensioner. E. Hall. 2. One of the chief magistrates of towns in Holland. Grand pensionary, the title of the prime minister, or or president of the Council, of Holland when a republic.

Pen´sion•er , n. 1. One in receipt of a pension; hence, figuratively, a dependent. “The fickle pensioners of Morpheus’ train.” Milton. “Old pensioners … of Chelsea Hospital.” Macaulay. 2. One of an honorable band of gentlemen who attend the sovereign of England on state occasions, and receive an annual pension, or allowance, of £150 and two horses. 3. [Cf. F. pensionnaire one who pays for his board. Cf. Pensionary, n.] In the university of Cambridge, England, one who pays for his living in commons; — corresponding to commoner at Oxford. Ld. Lytton.

Pen´sive , a. [F. pensif, fr. penser to think, fr. L. pensare to weigh, ponder, consider, v. intens. fr. pendere to weigh. See Pension, Poise.] 1. Thoughtful, sober, or sad; employed in serious reflection; given to, or favorable to, earnest or melancholy musing. “The pensive secrecy of desert cell.” Milton. “Anxious cares the pensive nymph oppressed.” Pope. 2. Expressing or suggesting thoughtfulness with sadness; as pensive numbers. Prior.

Pen´sived , a. Made pensive. [R.] Shak.

Pen´sive•ly , adv. In a pensive manner.

Pen´sive•ness, n. The state of being pensive; serious thoughtfulness; seriousness. Hooker.

Pen´stock , n. [Etymol. uncertain; perh. fr. pen an inclosure + stock.] 1. A close conduit or pipe for conducting water, as to a water wheel, or for emptying a pond, or for domestic uses. 2. The barrel of a wooden pump.

Pent , p. p. or a. [From Pen, v. t.] Penned or shut up; confined; — often with up. “Here in the body pent.” J. Montgomery. “No pent-up Utica contracts your powers.” J. M. Sewall.

Pen´ta- [Gr. , a later combining form of five. See Five.] 1. A combining form denoting five; as pentacapsular; pentagon. 2. (Chem.) Denoting the degree of five, either as regards quality, property, or composition; as pentasulphide; pentoxide, etc. Also used adjectively.

Pen•ta•ba´sic , a. [Penta- + basic.] (Chem.) Capable of uniting with five molecules of a monacid base; having five acid hydrogen atoms capable of substitution by a basic radical; — said of certain acids.

Pen•ta•cap´su•lar , a. [Penta- + capsular.] (Bot.) Having five capsules.

Pen•ta•che´ni•um , n. [NL. See Penta-, and Achenium.] (Bot.) A dry fruit composed of five carpels, which are covered by an epigynous calyx and separate at maturity.

Pen•ta•chlo´ride , n. [Penta- + chloride.] (Chem.) A chloride having five atoms of chlorine in each molecule.

Pen´ta•chord , n. [L. pentachordus five-stringed, Gr. ; five + string.] 1. An ancient instrument of music with five strings. 2. An order or system of five sounds. Busby.

Pen•tac´id , a. [Penta- + acid.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing, or combining with, five molecules of a monobasic acid; having five hydrogen atoms capable of substitution by acid residues; — said of certain complex bases.

Pen´ta•cle , n. [Gr. five.] A figure composed of two equilateral triangles intersecting so as to form a six-pointed star, — used in early ornamental art, and also with superstitious import by the astrologers and mystics of the Middle Ages.

Pen•ta•coc´cous , a. [See Penta- , Coccus.] (Bot.) Composed of five united carpels with one seed in each, as certain fruits.

Pen´ta•con•ter , n. (Gr. Antiq.) See Penteconter.

Pen•tac´ri•nin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A red and purple pigment found in certain crinoids of the genus Pentacrinus.

Pen•tac´ri•nite , n. [Penta- + Gr. a lily.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Pentacrinus.

Pen•tac´ri•noid , n. [Pentacrinus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An immature comatula when it is still attached by a stem, and thus resembles a Pentacrinus.

Pen•tac´ri•nus , n. [NL. See Penta-, and Crinum.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large, stalked crinoids, of which several species occur in deep water among the West Indies and elsewhere.

Pen•ta´cron , n.; pl. L. Pentacra (#), E. Pentacrons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. five + a summit.] (Geom.) A solid having five summits or angular points.

Pen•ta•cros´tic , n. [Penta- + acrostic.] A set of verses so disposed that the name forming the subject of the acrostic occurs five times — the whole set of verses being divided into five different parts from top to bottom.

Pen´tad , n. [Gr. , , a body of five, fr. five.] (Chem.) Any element, atom, or radical, having a valence of five, or which can be combined with, substituted for, or compared with, five atoms of hydrogen or other monad; as nitrogen is a pentad in the ammonium compounds.

Pen´tad, a. (Chem.) Having the valence of a pentad. { Pen•ta•dac´tyl , Pen•ta•dac´tyle } , a. [Gr. with five fingers or toes. See Penta- , and Dactyl.] 1. (Anat.) Having five digits to the hand or foot. 2. Having five appendages resembling fingers or toes.

Pen•ta•dac´tyl•oid , a. [Pentadactyl + -oid.] (Anat.) Having the form of, or a structure modified from, a pentadactyl limb.

Pen•ta•dec´ane , n. [Penta- + Gr. ten.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, (C15H32) found in petroleum, tar oil, etc., and obtained as a colorless liquid; — so called from the fifteen carbon atoms in the molecule.

Pen•ta•dec•a•to´ic , a. [Penta- + decatoic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, pentadecane, or designating an acid related to it.

Pen•ta•decyl´ic , a. [Penta- + decylic.] (Chem.) Same as Quindecylic.

Pen•ta•del´phous , a. [Penta- + Gr. brother.] (Bot.) Having the stamens arranged in five clusters, those of each cluster having their filaments more or less united, as the flowers of the linden.

Pen´ta•fid , a. [Penta- + root of L. findere to split.] (Bot.) Divided or cleft into five parts.

Pen´ta•glot , n. [Penta- + -glot, as in polyglot.] A work in five different tongues.

Pen´ta•gon , n. [Gr. ; (see Penta-) + gwni•a angle: cf. L. pentagonium, F. pentagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure having five angles, and, consequently, five sides; any figure having five angles. Regular pentagon, a pentagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides all equal.

Pen•tag´o•nal , a. [Cf. F. pentagonal, pentagone, L. pentagonus, pentagonius, Gr. .] Having five corners or angles. Pentagonal dodecahedron. See Dodecahedron, and Pyritohedron.

Pen•tag´o•nal•ly, adv. In the form of a pentagon; with five angles. Sir T. Browne.

Pen•tag´o•nous , a. Pentagonal.

Pen´ta•gram , n. [Gr. , neut. of having five lines. See Penta-, and -gram.] A pentacle or a pentalpha. ´Like a wizard pentagram.´ Tennyson. { Pen•ta•graph´ic , Pen•ta•graph´ic•al } a. [Corrupted fr. pantographic, - ical.] Pantographic. See Pantograph.

Pen•ta•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (see Penta-) + female.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants, having five styles or pistils. { Pen•ta•gyn´i•an , Pen•tag´y•nous } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to plants of the order Pentagyna; having five styles.

Pen•ta•he´dral , a. Having five sides; as a pentahedral figure.

Pen•ta•hed´ric•al , a. Pentahedral. [R.]

Pen•ta•he´dron , n. [Penta- + Gr. ´e•dra seat, base.] A solid figure having five sides.

Pen•ta•he´drous , a. Pentahedral. Woodward.

Pen´tail , n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar insectivore (Ptilocercus Lowii) of Borneo; — so called from its very long, quill-shaped tail, which is scaly at the base and plumose at the tip.

Pen•tal´pha , n. [NL., fr. Gr. : cf. F. pentalpha. See Penta-, and Alpha.] A five-pointed star, resembling five alphas joined at their bases; — used as a symbol.

Pen•tam´e•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Pentamerous.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Coleoptera, including those that normally have five-jointed tarsi. It embraces about half of all the known species of the Coleoptera.

Pen•tam´er•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Pentamera.

Pen•tam´er•ous , a. [Penta- + Gr. part.] 1. (Biol.) Divided into, or consisting of, five parts; also arranged in sets, with five parts in each set, as a flower with five sepals, five petals, five, or twice five, stamens, and five pistils. 2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Pentamera.

Pen•tam´e•rus , n. [NL. See Pentamerous.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct Paleozoic brachiopods, often very abundant in the Upper Silurian. Pentamerus limestone (Geol.), a Silurian limestone composed largely of the shells of Pentamerus.

Pen•tam´e•ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; (see Penta-) + measure.] (Gr. & L.Pros.) A verse of five feet. The dactylic pentameter consists of two parts separated by a diaeresis. Each part consists of two dactyls and a long syllable. The spondee may take the place of the dactyl in the first part, but not in the second. The elegiac distich consists of the hexameter followed by the pentameter. Harkness.

Pen•tam´e•ter, a. Having five metrical feet.

Pen•ta•meth´yl•ene , n. [Penta- + methylene.] (Chem.) A hypothetical hydrocarbon, C5H10, metameric with the amylenes, and the nucleus of a large number of derivatives; — so named because regarded as composed of five methylene residues. Cf. Trimethylene, and Tetramethylene.

Pen•tan´dri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (see Penta-) + , , man, male.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having five separate stamens. { Pen•tan´dri•an , Pen•tan´drous } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the class Pentadria; having five stamens.

Pen´tane , n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Any one of the three metameric hydrocarbons, C5H12, of the methane or paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, two of which occur in petroleum. So called because of the five carbon atoms in the molecule.

Pen´tan•gle , n. [Penta- + angle.] A pentagon. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pen•tan´gu•lar , a. [Penta- + angular.] Having five corners or angles. [R.]

Pen•ta•pet´al•ous , a. [Penta- + petal.] (Bot.) Having five petals, or flower leaves.

Pen•taph´yl•lous , a. [Penta- + Gr. leaf.] (Bot.) Having five leaves or leaflets.

Pen•tap´o•dy , n. [Penta- + Gr. , , foot.] (Pros.) A measure or series consisting of five feet.

Pen´tap•tote , n. [L. (pl.) pentaptota. Gr. with five cases; (see Penta-) + falling.] (Gram.) A noun having five cases.

Pen´tap•tych , n. [Penta- + Gr. , , a fold.] (Fine Arts) A picture, or combination of pictures, consisting of a centerpiece and double folding doors or wings, as for an altarpiece.

Pen´tar•chy , n. [Gr. : cf. F. pentarchie. See Penta-, and -archy.] A government in the hands of five persons; five joint rulers. P. Fletcher. ´The pentarchy of the senses.´ A. Brewer.

Pen´ta•spast , n. [L. pentaspaston, Gr. (see Penta-) + to pull: cf. F. pentaspaste.] A purchase with five pulleys. [R.]

Pen•ta•sper´mous , a. [Penta- + Gr. seed.] (Bot.) Containing five seeds.

Pen´ta•stich , n. [Gr. of five verses; (see Penta-) + line, verse.] A composition consisting of five verses.

Pen•tas´ti•chous , a. [Penta- + Gr. a row.] (Bot.) Having, or arranged in, five vertical ranks, as the leaves of an apple tree or a cherry tree.

Pen•ta•stom´i•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. (see Penta-) + a mouth.] (Zoöl.) Same as Linguatulina.

Pen´ta•style , a. [Penta- + Gr. a pillar.] (Arch.) Having five columns in front; - - said of a temple or portico in classical architecture. — n. A portico having five columns.

Pen´ta•teuch , n. [L. pentateuchus, Gr. ; (see Penta-) + a tool, implement, a book, akin to to prepare, make ready, and perh. to E. text. See Five, and Text.] The first five books of the Old Testament, collectively; — called also the Law of Moses, Book of the Law of Moses, etc.

Pen•ta•teu´chal , a. Of or pertaining to the Pentateuch.

Pen•ta•thi•on´ic , a. [Penta- + thionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of sulphur obtained by leading hydrogen sulphide into a solution of sulphur dioxide; — so called because it contains five atoms of sulphur.

Pen•tath´lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; five + a contest.] (Gr. Antiq.) A fivefold athletic performance peculiar to the great national games of the Greeks, including leaping, foot racing, wrestling, throwing the discus, and throwing the spear.

Pen•ta•tom´ic , a. [Penta- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having five atoms in the molecule. (b) Having five hydrogen atoms capable of substitution.

Pen•tav´a•lent , a. [Penta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of five; — said of certain atoms and radicals.

Pen´te•con•ter , n. [Gr. (sc. ), fr. fifty.] (Gr. Antiq.) A Grecian vessel with fifty oars. [Written also pentaconter.]

Pen´te•cost , n. [L. pentecoste, Gr. (sc. ) the fiftieth day, Pentecost, fr. fiftieth, fr. fifty, fr. five. See Five, and cf. Pingster.] 1. A solemn festival of the Jews; — so called because celebrated on the fiftieth day (seven weeks) after the second day of the Passover (which fell on the sixteenth of the Jewish month Nisan); — hence called, also the Feast of Weeks. At this festival an offering of the first fruits of the harvest was made. By the Jews it was generally regarded as commemorative of the gift of the law on the fiftieth day after the departure from Egypt. 2. A festival of the Roman Catholic and other churches in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles; which occurred on the day of Pentecost; — called also Whitsunday. Shak.

Pen•te•cos´tal , a. Of or pertaining to Pentecost or to Whitsuntide.

Pen•te•cos´tals , n. pl. Offerings formerly made to the parish priest, or to the mother church, at Pentecost. Shipley.

Pen•te•cos´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. fifty.] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer in the Spartan army commanding fifty men. Mitford.

Pen•te•cos´ty , n.; pl. Pentecosties (#). [Gr. , fr. the fiftieth, fifty.] (Gr. Antiq.) A troop of fifty soldiers in the Spartan army; — called also pentecostys. Jowett (Thucyd. ). { Pen•tel´ic , Pen•tel´i•can } a. Of or pertaining to Mount Pentelicus, near Athens, famous for its fine white marble quarries; obtained from Mount Pentelicus; as the Pentelic marble of which the Parthenon is built.

Pen´tene , n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Same as Amylene.

Pent´house , n. [A corruption of pentice.] A shed or roof sloping from the main wall or building, as over a door or window; a lean-to. Also figuratively. ´The penthouse of his eyes.´ Sir W. Scott.

Pent´house, a. Leaning; overhanging. ´Penthouse lid.´ Shak. ´My penthouse eyebrows.´ Dryden.

Pen´tice , n. [F. appentis a penthouse. See Append.] A penthouse. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Pen´tile , n. See Pantile.

Pen´tine , n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C5H8, of the acetylene series. Same as Valerylene.

Pen•to´ic , a. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or desingating, an acid (called also valeric acid) derived from pentane.

Pen´tone , n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Same as Valylene.

Pen•tox´ide , n. [Penta- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing five atoms of oxygen in each molecule; as phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5.

Pen´tre•mite , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Pentremites.

Pen•tre•mi´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. five + L. remus an oar.] (Zoöl.) A genus of crinoids belonging to the Blastoidea. They have five petal-like ambulacra.

Pent´roof , n. [F. pente slope + E. roof, or from penthouse roof.] See Lean-to.

Pen´trough , n. A penstock.

Pen´tyl , n. [Penta + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical, C5H11, of pentane and certain of its derivatives. Same as Amyl.

Pen•tyl´ic , a. Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, pentyl; as pentylic alcohol { Pe´nu•chle , Pin´o•cle }, n. A game at cards, played with forty-eight cards, being all the cards above the eight spots in two packs.

Pe´nult , n. [Abbreviated fr. penultima.] (Gram. & Pros.) The last syllable but one of a word; the syllable preceding the final one.

Pe•nul´ti•ma , n. [L. (sc. syllaba), fr. penultimus, paenultimus, the last but one; paene almost + ultimus the last.] Same as Penult.

Pe•nul´ti•mate , a. Last but one; as the penultimate syllable, the last syllable but one of a word.

Pe•nul´ti•mate, n. The penult.

Pe•num´bra , n. [NL., fr. L. paene almost + umbra shade.] 1. An incomplete or partial shadow. 2. (Astron.) The shadow cast, in an eclipse, where the light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the intervening body; the space of partial illumination between the umbra, or perfect shadow, on all sides, and the full light. Sir I. Newton. The faint shade surrounding the dark central portion of a solar spot is also called the penumbra, and sometimes umbra. 3. (Paint.) The part of a picture where the shade imperceptibly blends with the light.

Pe•num´brala. Of or pertaining to a penumbra; resembling a penumbra; partially illuminated.

Pe•nu´ri•ous , a. [From Penury.] 1. Excessively sparing in the use of money; sordid; stingy; miserly. ´A penurious niggard of his wealth.´ Milton. 2. Not bountiful or liberal; scanty. “Here creeps along a poor, penurious stream.” C. Pitt. 3. Destitute of money; suffering extreme want. [Obs.] ´My penurious band.´ Shak. Syn. — Avaricious; covetous; parsimonious; miserly; niggardly; stingy. See Avaricious. —Pe•nu´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Pe•nu´ri•ous•ness, n.

Pen´u•ry , n. [L. penuria; cf. Gr. hunger, poverty, need, one who works for his daily bread, a poor man, to work for one’s daily bread, to be poor: cf. F. penurie.] 1. Absence of resources; want; privation; indigence; extreme poverty; destitution. ´A penury of military forces.´ Bacon. “They were exposed to hardship and penury.” Sprat. “It arises in neither from penury of thought.” Landor. 2. Penuriousness; miserliness. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Pen´wip•er , n. A cloth, or other material, for wiping off or cleaning ink from a pen.

Pen´wom•an , n.; pl. Penwomen . A female writer; an authoress. Johnson.

Pe´on , n. See Poon.

Pe´on, n. [Sp. peon, or Pg. peo, one who travels on foot, a foot soldier, a pawn in chess. See Pawn in chess.] 1. A foot soldier; a policeman; also an office attendant; a messenger. [India] 2. A day laborer; a servant; especially, in some of the Spanish American countries, debtor held by his creditor in a form of qualified servitude, to work out a debt. 3. (Chess) See 2d Pawn.

Pe´on•age , n. The condition of a peon.

Pe´on•ism , n. Same as Peonage. D. Webster.

Pe´o•ny , n.; pl. Peonies (#). [OE. pione, pioine, pioni, OF. pione, F. pivoine, L. paeonia, Gr. , fr. , , the god of healing. Cf. Paean.] (Bot.) A plant, and its flower, of the ranunculaceous genus Paeonia. Of the four or five species, one is a shrub; the rest are perennial herbs with showy flowers, often double in cultivation. [Written also paeony, and piony.]

Peo´ple , n. [OE. peple, people, OF. pueple, F. peuple, fr. L. populus. Cf. Populage, Public, Pueblo.] 1. The body of persons who compose a community, tribe, nation, or race; an aggregate of individuals forming a whole; a community; a nation. “Unto him shall the gathering of the people be.” Gen. xlix. 10. “The ants are a people not strong.” Prov. xxx. 25. “Before many peoples, and nations, and tongues.” Rev. x. 11. “Earth’s monarchs are her peoples.” Whitter. “A government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people.” T. Parker. Peopleis a collective noun, generally construed with a plural verb, and only occasionally used in the plural form (peoples), in the sense of nations or races. 2. Persons, generally; an indefinite number of men and women; folks; population, or part of population; as country people; — sometimes used as an indefinite subject or verb, like on in French, and man in German; as people in adversity. “People were tempted to lend by great premiums.” Swift. “People have lived twenty-four days upon nothing but water.” Arbuthnot. 3. The mass of comunity as distinguished from a special class; the commonalty; the populace; the vulgar; the common crowd; as nobles and people. “And strive to gain his pardon from the people.” Addison. 4. With a possessive pronoun: (a) One’s ancestors or family; kindred; relations; as my people were English. (b) One’s subjects; fellow citizens; companions; followers. ´You slew great number of his people.´ Shak. Syn. — People, Nation. When speaking of a state, we use people for the mass of the community, as distinguished from their rulers, and nation for the entire political body, including the rulers. In another sense of the term, nation describes those who are descended from the same stock; and in this sense the Germans regard themselves as one nation, though politically subject to different forms of government.

Peo´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peopled p. pr. & vb. n. Peopling .] [Cf. OF. popler, puepler, F. puepler. Cf. Populate.] To stock with people or inhabitants; to fill as with people; to populate. ´Peopled heaven with angels.´ Dryden. “As the gay motes that people the sunbeams.” Milton.

Peo´pled , a. Stocked with, or as with, people; inhabited. ´The peopled air.´ Gray.

Peo´ple•less, a. Destitute of people. Poe.

Peo´pler , n. A settler; an inhabitant. ´Peoplers of the peaceful glen.´ J. S. Blackie.

Peo´plish , a. Vulgar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pe•o´ri•as , n. pl.; sing. Peoria . (Ethnol.) An Algonquin tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Illinois.

Pe•pas´tic , a. & n. [Gr. to ripen, suppurate: cf. F. pepastique.] (Med.) Same as Maturative. { Pep´e•rine , Pep•e•ri´no } n. [It. peperino, L. piper pepper. So called on account of its color.] (Geol.) A volcanic rock, formed by the cementing together of sand, scoria, cinders, etc.

Pep´lis , n. [L., a kind of plant, Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of plants including water purslane.

Pep´lus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. An upper garment worn by Grecian and Roman women. 2. A kind of kerchief formerly worn by Englishwomen. [Obs.] Fairholt.

Pe´po , n. [L., a kind of melon, from Gr. .] (Bot.) Any fleshy fruit with a firm rind, as a pumpkin, melon, or gourd. See Gourd.

Pep´per , n. [OE. peper, AS. pipor, L. piper, fr. Gr. , , akin to Skr. pippala, pippali.] 1. A well-known, pungently aromatic condiment, the dried berry, either whole or powdered, of the Piper nigrum. Common, or black, pepper is made from the whole berry, dried just before maturity; white pepper is made from the ripe berry after the outer skin has been removed by maceration and friction. It has less of the peculiar properties of the plant than the black pepper. Pepper is used in medicine as a carminative stimulant. 2. (Bot.) The plant which yields pepper, an East Indian woody climber (Piper nigrum), with ovate leaves and apetalous flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The berries are red when ripe. also by extension, any one of the several hundred species of the genus Piper, widely dispersed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the earth. 3. Any plant of the genus Capsicum, and its fruit; red pepper; as the bell pepper. The term pepper has been extended to various other fruits and plants, more or less closely resembling the true pepper, esp. to the common varieties of Capsicum. See Capsicum, and the Phrases, below. African pepper, the Guinea pepper. See under Guinea. — Cayenne pepper. See under Cayenne. — Chinese pepper, the spicy berries of the Xanthoxylum piperitum, a species of prickly ash found in China and Japan. — Guinea pepper. See under Guinea, and Capsicum. — Jamaica pepper. See Allspice. — Long pepper. (a) The spike of berries of Piper longum, an East Indian shrub. (b) The root of Piper, or Macropiper, methysticum. See Kava. — Malaguetta, or Meleguetta, pepper, the aromatic seeds of the Amomum Melegueta, an African plant of the Ginger family. They are sometimes used to flavor beer, etc., under the name of grains of Paradise. — Red pepper. See Capsicum. — Sweet pepper bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Clethra alnifolia), with racemes of fragrant white flowers; — called also white alder. — Pepper box or caster, a small box or bottle, with a perforated lid, used for sprinkling ground pepper on food, etc. — Pepper corn. See in the Vocabulary. — Pepper elder (Bot.), a West Indian name of several plants of the Pepper family, species of Piper and Peperomia. — Pepper moth (Zoöl.), a European moth (Biston betularia) having white wings covered with small black specks. — Pepper pot, a mucilaginous soup or stew of vegetables and cassareep, much esteemed in the West Indies. — Pepper root. (Bot.). See Coralwort. — pepper sauce, a condiment for the table, made of small red peppers steeped in vinegar. — Pepper tree (Bot.), an aromatic tree (Drimys axillaris) of the Magnolia family, common in New Zealand. See Peruvian mastic tree, under Mastic.

Pep´per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peppered p. pr. & vb. n. Peppering.] 1. To sprinkle or season with pepper. 2. Figuratively: To shower shot or other missiles, or blows, upon; to pelt; to fill with shot, or cover with bruises or wounds. ´I have peppered two of them.´ ´I am peppered, I warrant, for this world.´ Shak.

Pep´per, v. i. To fire numerous shots (at).

Pep´per•brand , n. (Bot.) See 1st Bunt.

Pep´per•corn , n. 1. A dried berry of the black pepper (Piper nigrum). 2. Anything insignificant; a particle.

Pep´per dulse (Bot.) A variety of edible seaweed (Laurencia pinnatifida) distinguished for its pungency. [Scot.] Lindley.

Pep´per•er , n. A grocer; — formerly so called because he sold pepper. [Obs.]

Pep´per•grass , n. (Bot.) (a) Any herb of the cruciferous genus Lepidium, especially the garden peppergrass, or garden cress, Lepidium sativum; — called also pepperwort. All the species have a pungent flavor. (b) The common pillwort of Europe (Pilularia globulifera). See Pillwort.

Pep´per•idge , n. [Cf. NL. berberis, E. barberry.] (Bot.) A North American tree (Nyssa multiflora) with very tough wood, handsome oval polished leaves, and very acid berries, — the sour gum, or common tupelo. See Tupelo. [Written also piperidge and pipperidge.] Pepperidge bush (Bot.), the barberry.

Pep´per•ing, a. Hot; pungent; peppery. Swift.

Pep´per•mint , n. [Pepper + mint.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic and pungent plant of the genus Mentha (M. piperita), much used in medicine and confectionery. 2. A volatile oil (oil of peppermint) distilled from the fresh herb; also a well-known essence or spirit (essence of peppermint) obtained from it. 3. A lozenge of sugar flavored with peppermint. Peppermint camphor. (Chem.) Same as Menthol. — Peppermint tree (Bot.), a name given to several Australian species of gum tree (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. piperita, E. odorata, etc.) which have hard and durable wood, and yield an essential oil.

Pep´per•wort , n. (Bot.) See Peppergrass.

Pep´per•y , a. 1. Of or pertaining to pepper; having the qualities of pepper; hot; pungent. 2. Fig.: Hot-tempered; passionate; choleric.

Pep´sin , n. [Gr. a cooking, digesting, digestion, fr. , , to cook, digest: cf. F. pepsine. Cf. Dyspepsia.] (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized proteolytic ferment or enzyme contained in the secretory glands of the stomach. In the gastric juice it is united with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.2 per cent, approximately) and the two together constitute the active portion of the digestive fluid. It is the active agent in the gastric juice of all animals. As prepared from the glandular layer of pigs’ or calves’ stomachs it constitutes an important article of pharmacy.

Pep•sin•hy•dro•chlo´ric , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Peptohydrochloric.

Pep•sin´o•gen , n. [Pepsin + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The antecedent of the ferment pepsin. A substance contained in the form of granules in the peptic cells of the gastric glands. It is readily convertible into pepsin. Also called propepsin.

Pep´tic , a. [L. pepticus, Gr. . See Pepsin.] 1. Relating to digestion; promoting digestion; digestive; as peptic sauces. 2. Able to digest. [R.] “Tolerably nutritive for a mind as yet so peptic.” Carlyle. 3. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to pepsin; resembling pepsin in its power of digesting or dissolving albuminous matter; containing or yielding pepsin, or a body of like properties; as the peptic glands.

Pep´tic, n. 1. An agent that promotes digestion. 2. pl. The digestive organs. “Is there some magic in the place,
Or do my peptics differ?” Tennyson.

Pep´tics , n. The science of digestion.

Pep´to•gen , n. [Peptone + -gen.] (Physiol.) A substance convertible into peptone.

Pep•to•gen´ic , a. Same as Peptogenous.

Pep•tog´e•nous , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Capable of yielding, or being converted into, peptone.

Pep•to•hy•dro•chlo´ric , a. [See Peptone, and Hydrochloric.] (Physiol. Chem.) Designating a hypothetical acid (called peptohydrochloric acid, pepsinhydrochloric acid, and chloropeptic acid) which is supposed to be formed when pepsin and dilute (0.1-0.4 per cent) hydrochloric acid are mixed together.

Pep´tone , n. [Gr. cooked.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) The soluble and diffusible substance or substances into which albuminous portions of the food are transformed by the action of the gastric and pancreatic juices. Peptones are also formed from albuminous matter by the action of boiling water and boiling dilute acids. (b) Collectively, in a broader sense, all the products resulting from the solution of albuminous matter in either gastric or pancreatic juice. In this case, however, intermediate products (albumose bodies), such as antialbumose, hemialbumose, etc., are mixed with the true peptones. Also termed albuminose. Pure peptones are of three kinds, amphopeptone, antipeptone, and hemipeptone, and, unlike the albumose bodies, are not precipitated by saturating their solutions with ammonium sulphate.

Pep´to•nize , v. t. (Physiol.) To convert into peptone; to digest or dissolve by means of a proteolytic ferment; as peptonized food.

Pep´to•noid , n. [Peptone + -oid.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance related to peptone.

Pep•to•nu´ri•a , n. [NL. See Peptone, and Urine.] (Med.) The presence of peptone, or a peptonelike body, in the urine.

Pep•to•tox´ine , n. [Peptone + toxic + -ine.] (Physiol. Chem.) A toxic alkaloid found occasionally associated with the peptones formed from fibrin by pepsinhydrochloric acid.

Pe´quots , n. pl.; sing. Pequot . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited Eastern Connecticut. [Written also Pequods.]

Per- [See Per.] 1. A prefix used to signify through, throughout, by, for, or as an intensive as perhaps, by hap or chance; perennial, that lasts throughout the year; perforce, through or by force; perfoliate, perforate; perspicuous, evident throughout or very evident; perplex, literally, to entangle very much. 2. (Chem.) Originally, denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed in the respective compounds exercised its highest valence; now, only that the element has a higher valence than in other similar compounds; thus, barium peroxide is the highest oxide of barium; while nitrogen and manganese peroxides, so-called, are not the highest oxides of those elements.

Per , prep. [L. Cf. Far, For-, Pardon, and cf. Par, prep.] Through; by means of; through the agency of; by; for; for each; as per annum; per capita, by heads, or according to individuals; per curiam, by the court; per se, by itself, of itself. Per is also sometimes used with English words. Per annum, by the year; in each successive year; annually. — Per cent, Per centum, by the hundred; in the hundred; — used esp. of proportions of ingredients, rate or amount of interest, and the like; commonly used in the shortened form per cent. — Per diem, by the day. [For other phrases from the Latin, see Quotations, Phrases, etc., from Foreign Languages, in the Supplement.]

Per•act´ , v. t. [L. peractus, p. p. of peragere.] To go through with; to perform. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Per•a•cute´ , a. [L. peracutus. See Per-, and Acute.] Very sharp; very violent; as a peracute fever. [R.] Harvey.

Per•ad•ven´ture , adv. & conj. [OE. per aventure, F. par aventure. See Per, and Adventure.] By chance; perhaps; it may be; if; supposing. ´If peradventure he speak against me.´ Shak. “Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city.” Gen. xviii. 24.

Per•ad•ven´ture, n. Chance; hap; hence, doubt; question; as proved beyond peradventure. South.

Pe•rae´o•pod , n. [Gr. on the opposite side + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the thoracic legs of a crustacean. See Illust. of Crustacea.

Per´a•grate , v. t. [L. peragratus, p. p. of peragrate.] To travel over or through. [Obs.]

Per•agra´tion , n. [L. peragratio: cf. F. peragration.] The act or state of passing through any space; as the peragration of the moon in her monthly revolution. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Per•am´bu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perambulated p. pr. & vb. n. Perambulating.] [L. perambulatus, p. p. of perambulare to perambulate; per through + ambulare to walk. See Per-, and Amble.] To walk through or over; especially, to travel over for the purpose of surveying or examining; to inspect by traversing; specifically, to inspect officially the boundaries of, as of a town or parish, by walking over the whole line.

Per•am´bu•late, v. i. To walk about; to ramble; to stroll; as he perambulated in the park.

Per•am•bu•la´tion , n. 1. The act of perambulating; traversing. Bacon. 2. An annual survey of boundaries, as of town, a parish, a forest, etc. 3. A district within which one is authorized to make a tour of inspection. ´The … bounds of his own perambulation.´ [Obs.] Holyday.

Per•am´bu•la•tor , n. 1. One who perambulates. 2. A surveyor’s instrument for measuring distances. It consists of a wheel arranged to roll along over the ground, with an apparatus of clockwork, and a dial plate upon which the distance traveled is shown by an index. See Odometer. 3. A low carriage for a child, propelled by pushing.

Per•a•me´les , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a pouch + L. meles a badger.] (Zoöl.) Any marsupial of the genus Perameles, which includes numerous species found in Australia. They somewhat resemble rabbits in size and form. See Illust. under Bandicoot.

Per´bend , n. See Perpender.

Per´break , n. [Obs.] See Parbreak.

Per•bro´mate , n. (Chem.)A salt of perbromic acid.

Per•bro´mic , a. [Pref. per- + bromic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid, HBrO4, of bromine.

Per•bro´mide , n. (Chem.) A bromide having a higher proportion of bromine than any other bromide of the same substance or series.

Per´ca , n. [L., a perch.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, including the fresh-water perch.

Per•cale´ , n. [F.] A fine cotton fabric, having a linen finish, and often printed on one side, - - used for women’s and children’s wear.

Per•ca•line´ , n. [F.] A fine kind of French cotton goods, usually of one color.

Per•car´bide , n. [Pref. per- + carbide.] (Chem.)A compound containing a relatively large amount of carbon. [R.]

Per•car´bu•ret , n. [Pref. per- + carburet.] (Chem.) A percarbide. [Obsoles.]

Per•car´bu•ret•ed, a. (Chem.) Combined with a relatively large amount of carbon.

Per•case´ , adv. [OE. per cas. See Parcase.] Perhaps; perchance. [Obs.] Bacon.

Perce , v. t. To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per•ceiv´a•ble , a. Capable of being perceived; perceptible. — Per•ceiv´a•bly, adv.

Per•ceiv´ance , n. Power of perceiving. [Obs.] ´The senses and common perceivance.´ Milton.

Per•ceive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perceived p. pr. & vb. n. Perceiving.] [OF. percevoir, perceveir, L. percipere, perceptum; per (see Per-) + capere to take, receive. See Capacious, and cf. Perception.] 1. To obtain knowledge of through the senses; to receive impressions from by means of the bodily organs; to take cognizance of the existence, character, or identity of, by means of the senses; to see, hear, or feel; as to perceive a distant ship; to perceive a discord. Reid. 2. To take intellectual cognizance of; to apprehend by the mind; to be convinced of by direct intuition; to note; to remark; to discern; to see; to understand. “Jesus perceived their wickedness.” Matt. xxii. 18. “You may, fair lady,
Perceive I speak sincerely.” Shak. “Till we ourselves see it with our own eyes, and perceive it by our own understandings, we are still in the dark.” Locke. 3. To be affected of influented by. [R.] “The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the matter of tempests before the air here below.” Bacon. Syn. — To discern; distinguish; observe; see; feel; know; understand. — To Perceive, Discern. To perceive a thing is to apprehend it as presented to the senses or the intellect; to discern is to mark differences, or to see a thing as distinguished from others around it. We may perceive two persons afar off without being able to discern whether they are men or women. Hence, discern is often used of an act of the senses or the mind involving close, discriminating, analytical attention. We perceive that which is clear or obvious; we discern that which requires much attention to get an idea of it. ´We perceive light, darkness, colors, or the truth or falsehood of anything. We discern characters, motives, the tendency and consequences of actions, etc.´ Crabb.

Per•ceiv´er , n. One who perceives (in any of the senses of the verb). Milton.

Perce´ly , n. Parsley. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per•cent´age , n. [Per cent + -age, as in average. See Per, and Cent.] (Com.) A certain rate per cent; the allowance, duty, rate of interest, discount, or commission, on a hundred.

Per´cept , n. [From L. percipere, perceptum.] That which is perceived. Sir W. Hamilton. “The modern discussion between percept and concept, the one sensuous, the other intellectual.” Max Müller.

Per•cep•ti•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. perceptibilite.] 1. The quality or state of being perceptible; as the perceptibility of light or color. 2. Perception. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Per•cep´ti•ble , a. [L. perceptibilis: cf. F. perceptible. See Perceive.] Capable of being perceived; cognizable; discernible; perceivable. “With a perceptible blast of the air.” Bacon. — Per•cep´ti•ble•ness, n. — Per•cep´ti•bly, adv.

Per•cep´tion , n. [L. perceptio: cf. F. perception. See Perceive.] 1. The act of perceiving; cognizance by the senses or intellect; apperhension by the bodily organs, or by the mind, of what is presented to them; discernment; apperhension; cognition. 2. (Metaph.) The faculty of perceiving; the faculty, or peculiar part, of man’s constitution by which he has knowledge through the medium or instrumentality of the bodily organs; the act of apperhending material objects or qualities through the senses; — distinguished from conception. Sir W. Hamilton. “Matter hath no life nor perception, and is not conscious of its own existence.” Bentley. 3. The quality, state, or capability, of being affected by something external; sensation; sensibility. [Obs.] “This experiment discovereth perception in plants.” Bacon. 4. An idea; a notion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. ´The word perception is, in the language of philosophers previous to Reid, used in a very extensive signification. By Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Leibnitz, and others, it is employed in a sense almost as unexclusive as consciousness, in its widest signification. By Reid this word was limited to our faculty acquisitive of knowledge, and to that branch of this faculty whereby, through the senses, we obtain a knowledge of the external world. But his limitation did not stop here. In the act of external perception he distinguished two elements, to which he gave the names of perception and sensation. He ought perhaps to have called these perception proper and sensation proper, when employed in his special meaning.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Per•cep´tive , a. [Cf. F. perceptif.] Of or pertaining to the act or power of perceiving; having the faculty or power of perceiving; used in perception. ´His perceptive and reflective faculties.´ Motley.

Per•cep•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being perceptive; power of perception. Locke.

Per•ces´o•ces , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. perca a perch + esox, -ocis, a pike.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the gray mullets (Mugil), the barracudas the silversides, and other related fishes. So called from their relation both to perches and to pikes.

Perch (perch), n. [Written also pearch.] [OE. perche, F. perche, L. perca, fr. Gr. pe•rkh; cf. perkno•s dark-colored, Skr. prçni spotted, speckled, and E. freckle.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any fresh-water fish of the genus Perca and of several other allied genera of the family Percidae, as the common American or yellow perch (Perca flavescens, or Americana), and the European perch (P. fluviatilis). 2. Any one of numerous species of spiny-finned fishes belonging to the Percidae, Serranidae, and related families, and resembling, more or less, the true perches. Black perch. (a) The black bass. (b) The flasher. (c) The sea bass. — Blue perch, the cunner. — Gray perch, the fresh-water drum. — Red perch, the rosefish. — Red-bellied perch, the long- eared pondfish. — Perch pest, a small crustacean, parasitic in the mouth of the perch. — Silver perch, the yellowtail. — Stone, or Striped, perch, the pope. — White perch, the Roccus, or Morone, Americanus, a small silvery serranoid market fish of the Atlantic coast.

Perch , n. [F. perche, L. pertica.] 1. A pole; a long staff; a rod; esp., a pole or other support for fowls to roost on or to rest on; a roost; figuratively, any elevated resting place or seat. “As chauntecleer among his wives all
Sat on his perche, that was in his hall.” Chaucer. “Not making his high place the lawless perch
Of winged ambitions.” Tennyson. 2. (a) A measure of length containing five and a half yards; a rod, or pole. (b) In land or square measure: A square rod; the 160th part of an acre. (c) In solid measure: A mass 16½ feet long, 1 foot in height, and 1½ feet in breadth, or 24¾ cubic feet (in local use, from 22 to 25 cubic feet); — used in measuring stonework. 3. A pole connecting the fore gear and hind gear of a spring carriage; a reach.

Perch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perched p. pr. & vb. n. Perching.] [F. percher. See Perch a pole.] To alight or settle, as a bird; to sit or roost. “Wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch.” Shak.

Perch, v. t. 1. To place or to set on, or as on, a perch. 2. To occupy as a perch. Milton.

Per•chance´ , adv. [F. par by (L. per) + chance. See Par, and Chance.] By chance; perhaps; peradventure.

Perch´ant , n. [F.] A bird tied by the foot, to serve as decoy to other birds by its fluttering.

Perch´er , n. [From Perch, v. i.] 1. One who, or that which, perches. J. Burroughs. 2. One of the Insessores. 3. [From Perch a pole.] A Paris candle anciently used in England; also a large wax candle formerly set upon the altar. [Obs.] Bailey.

Per´che•ron , n. [F.] One of a breed of draught horses originating in Perche, an old district of France; — called also Percheron-Norman.

Per•chlo´rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of perchloric acid.

Per•chlo´ric , a. [Pref. per- + chloric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HClO4), of chlorine; — called also hyperchloric.

Per•chlo´ride , n. (Chem.) A chloride having a higher proportion of chlorine than any other chloride of the same substance or series.

Per•chro´mic , a. [Pref. per- + chromic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a certain one of the highly oxidized compounds of chromium, which has a deep blue color, and is produced by the action of hydrogen peroxide.

Per´ci•form , a. [NL., & L. perca a perch + -form.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Perciformes.

Per•ci•for´mes , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extensive tribe or suborder of fishes, including the true perches (Percidae); the pondfishes (Centrarchidae); the sciaenoids (Sciaenidae); the sparoids (Sparidae); the serranoids (Serranidae), and some other related families. { Per•cip´i•ence , Per•cip´i•en•cy } n. The faculty, act or power of perceiving; perception. Mrs. Browning.

Per•cip´i•ent , a. [L. percipiens, -entis, p. pr. of percipere. See Perceive.] Having the faculty of perception; perceiving; as a percipient being. Bentley. — n. One who, or that which, is percipient. Glanvill.

Per•close´ , n. [OF. parclose an inclosed place; L. per through + claudere, clausum, to shut.] 1. (Eccl. Arch.) Same as Parclose. 2. Conclusion; end. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Per´coid , a. [L. perca a perch + -oid: cf. F. percoïde.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the perches, or family Percidae. — n. Any fish of the genus Perca, or allied genera of the family Percidae.

Per•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Perciformes.

Per´co•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percolated p. pr. & vb. n. Percolating.] [L. percolatus, p. p. of percolare to percolate; per through + colare to strain.] To cause to pass through fine interstices, as a liquor; to filter; to strain. Sir M. Hale.

Per´co•late, v. i. To pass through fine interstices; to filter; as water percolates through porous stone.

Per•co•la´tion , n. [L. percolatio.] The act or process of percolating, or filtering; filtration; straining. Specifically (Pharm.), the process of exhausting the virtues of a powdered drug by letting a liquid filter slowly through it.

Per´co•la•tor , n. One who, or that which, filters. ´[Tissues] act as percolators.´ Henfrey.

Per•co•mor´phi , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. perca perch + Gr. form.] (Zoöl.) A division of fishes including the perches and related kinds.

Per´cu•laced , a. [Prob. corrupt. fr. portcullised.] (Her.) Latticed. See Lattice, n., 2.

Per•cur´rent , a. [L. percurrens, p. pr. of percurrere to run through; per through + currere to run.] Running through the entire length.

Per•cur´so•ry , a. [L. percursor one who runs through, fr. percurrere. See Percurrent.] Running over slightly or in haste; cursory. [R.]

Per•cuss´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percussed p. pr. & vb. n. Percussing.] [L. percussus, p. p. of percutere; per + quatere to shake, strike. See Quash.] To strike smartly; to strike upon or against; as to percuss the chest in medical examination. “Flame percussed by air giveth a noise.” Bacon.

Per•cuss´, v. i. (Med.) To strike or tap in an examination by percussion. See Percussion, 3. Quain.

Per•cus´sion , n. [L. percussio: cf. F. percussion. See Percuss.] 1. The act of percussing, or striking one body against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives a sound or report. Sir I. Newton. 2. Hence: The effect of violent collision; vibratory shock; impression of sound on the ear. “The thunderlike percussion of thy sounds.” Shak. 3. (Med.) The act of tapping or striking the surface of the body in order to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the sound emitted or the sensation imparted to the fingers. Percussion is said to be immediate if the blow is directly upon the body; if some interventing substance, as a pleximeter, is, used, it is called mediate. Center of percussion. See under Center. — Percussion bullet, a bullet containing a substance which is exploded by percussion; an explosive bullet. — Percussion cap, a small copper cap or cup, containing fulminating powder, and used with a percussion lock to explode gunpowder. — Percussion fuze. See under Fuze. — Percussion lock, the lock of a gun that is fired by percussion upon fulminating powder. — Percussion match, a match which ignites by percussion. — Percussion powder, powder so composed as to ignite by slight percussion; fulminating powder. — Percussion sieve, Percussion table, a machine for sorting ores by agitation in running water.

Per•cuss´ive , a. Striking against; percutient; as percussive force.

Per•cu´tient , a. [L. percutiens, p. pr. of percutere. See Percuss.] Striking; having the power of striking. — n. That which strikes, or has power to strike. Bacon.

Per´di•cine , a. [See Perdix.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Perdicidae, or partridges.

Per•die´ , adv. See Parde. Spenser.

Per´di•foil , n. [L. perdere to lose + folium leaf.] (Bot.) A deciduous plant; - - opposed to evergreen. J. Barton.

Per•di´tion , n. [F., fr. L. perditio, fr. perdere, perditum, to ruin, to lose; per (cf. Skr. para away) + -dere (only in comp.) to put; akin to Gr. , E. do. See Do.] 1. Entire loss; utter destruction; ruin; esp., the utter loss of the soul, or of final happiness in a future state; future misery or eternal death. “The mere perdition of the Turkish fleet.” Shak. “If we reject the truth, we seal our own perdition.” J. M. Mason. 2. Loss of diminution. [Obs.] Shak.

Per•di´tion•a•ble , a. Capable of being ruined; worthy of perdition. [R.] Pollok.

Per´dix (per´diks), n. [L., a partridge, Gr. pe•rdix.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the common European partridge. Formerly the word was used in a much wider sense to include many allied genera.

Per•du´ (per•du´ or per´du), n. [See Perdu, a.] 1. One placed on watch, or in ambush. 2. A soldier sent on a forlorn hope. Shak. { Per•du´ , Per•due´ } (per•du´ or per´du), a. [F. perdu, f. perdue, lost, p. p. of perdre to lose, L. perdere. See Perdition.] 1. Lost to view; in concealment or ambush; close. “He should lie perdue who is to walk the round.” Fuller. 2. Accustomed to, or employed in, desperate enterprises; hence, reckless; hopeless. ´A perdue captain.´ Beau. & Fl.

Per•du•el´lion , n. [L. perduellio; per + duellum, bellum, war.] (Civil Law) Treason.

Per´du•lous , a. [See Perdu, a.] Lost; thrown away. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

Per•dur•a•bil´i•ty , n. Durability; lastingness. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Per•dur´a•ble (per•dur´a•b’l; 277), n. [Cf. F. perdurable, OE. pardurable. See Perdure.] Very durable; lasting; continuing long. [Archaic] Chaucer. Shak. — Per•dur´a•bly, adv. [Archaic] { Per•dur´ance (per•dur´ans), Per•du•ra´tion (per•du•ra´shun), } n. Long continuance. [Archaic]

Per•dure´ (per•dur´), v. i. [L. perdurare; per through + durare to last.] To last or endure for a long time; to be perdurable or lasting. [Archaic] “The mind perdures while its energizing may construct a thousand lines.” Hickok.

Per•dy´ , adv. Truly. See Parde. [Obs.] “Ah, dame! perdy ye have not done me right.” Spenser.

Pere , n. A peer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per•e´gal , a. [OF. par very (L. per) + egal equal, L. aequalis.] Fully equal. [Obs.] Chaucer. ´Peregal to the best.´ Spenser.

Per´e•gri•nate , v. i. [L. peregrinatus, p. p. of peregrinari to travel. See Pilgrim.] To travel from place to place, or from one country to another; hence, to sojourn in foreign countries.

Per´e•gri•nate , a. [L. peregrinatus, p. p.] Having traveled; foreign. [Obs.] Shak.

Per•e•gri•na´tion , n. [L. peregrinatio: cf. F. peregrination.] A traveling from one country to another; a wandering; sojourn in foreign countries. ´His peregrination abroad.´ Bacon.

Per´e•gri•na•tor , n. [L.] One who peregrinates; one who travels about.

Per´e•grine , a. [L. peregrinus. See Pilgrim.] Foreign; not native; extrinsic or from without; exotic. [Spelt also pelegrine.] ´Peregrine and preternatural heat.´ Bacon. Peregrine falcon (Zoöl.), a courageous and swift falcon (Falco peregrinus), remarkable for its wide distribution over all the continents. The adult plumage is dark bluish ash on the back, nearly black on the head and cheeks, white beneath, barred with black below the throat. Called also peregrine hawk, duck hawk, game hawk, and great-footed hawk.

Per´e•grine , n. The peregrine falcon.

Per•e•grin´i•ty , n. [L. peregrinitas: cf. F. peregrinite.] 1. Foreignness; strangeness. [Obs.] ´Somewhat of a peregrinity in their dialect.´ Johnson. 2. Travel; wandering. [R.] Carlyle.

Per´el , n. Apparel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per•empt´ , v. t. [L. peremptus, p. p. of perimere to take away entirely, to destroy; per (see Per-) + OL. emere to take. See Redeem.] (Law) To destroy; to defeat. [R.] Ayliffe.

Per•emp´tion , n. [L. peremptio: cf. F. peremption.] (Law) A quashing; a defeating. [Obs.]

Per´emp•to•ri•ly , adv. In a peremptory manner; absolutely; positively. Bacon.

Per´emp•to•ri•ness, n. The quality of being peremptory; positiveness.

Per´emp•to•ry , a. [L. peremptorius destructive, deadly, decisive, final: cf. F. peremptorie. See Perempt.] 1. Precluding debate or expostulation; not admitting of question or appeal; positive; absolute; decisive; conclusive; final. “Think of heaven with hearty purposes and peremptory designs to get thither.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Positive in opinion or judgment; decided; dictatorial; dogmatical. “Be not too positive and peremptory.” Bacon. “Briefly, then, for we are peremptory.” Shak. 3. Firmly determined; unawed. [Poetic] Shak. Peremptory challenge (Law) See under Challenge. — Peremptory mandamus, a final and absolute mandamus. — Peremptory plea, a plea by a defendant tending to impeach the plaintiff’s right of action; a plea in bar. Syn. — Decisive; positive; absolute; authoritative; express; arbitrary; dogmatical.

Per•en´ni•al , a. [L. perennis that lasts the whole year through; per through + annus year. See Per-, and Annual.] 1. ing or continuing through the year; as perennial fountains. 2. Continuing without cessation or intermission; perpetual; unceasing; never failing. “The perennial existence of bodies corporate.” Burke. 3. (Bot.) Continuing more than two years; as a perennial steam, or root, or plant. Syn. — Perpetual; unceasing; never failing; enduring; continual; permanent; uninterrupted.

Per•en´ni•al, n. (Bot.) A perennial plant; a plant which lives or continues more than two years, whether it retains its leaves in winter or not.

Per•en´ni•al•ly, adv. In a perennial manner.

Per•en•ni•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Perennial, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Those Batrachia which retain their gills through life, as the menobranchus.

Per•en•ni•bran´chi•ate , a. [See Perennial, and Branchiate.] 1. (Anat.) Having branchae, or gills, through life; — said especially of certain Amphibia, like the menobranchus. Opposed to caducibranchiate. 2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Perennibranchiata.

Per•en´ni•ty , n. [L. perennitas.] The quality of being perennial. [R.] Derham.

Per•er•ra´tion , n. [L. pererrare, pererratum, to wander through.] A wandering, or rambling, through various places. [R.] Howell.

Per´fect , a. [OE. parfit, OF. parfit, parfet, parfait, F. parfait, L. perfectus, p. p. of perficere to carry to the end, to perform, finish, perfect; per (see Per-) + facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. Brought to consummation or completeness; completed; not defective nor redundant; having all the properties or qualities requisite to its nature and kind; without flaw, fault, or blemish; without error; mature; whole; pure; sound; right; correct. “My strength is made perfect in weakness.” 2 Cor. xii. 9. “Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun.” Shak. “I fear I am not in my perfect mind.” Shak. “O most entire perfect sacrifice!” Keble. “God made thee perfect, not immutable.” Milton. 2. Well informed; certain; sure. “I am perfect that the Pannonains are now in arms.” Shak. 3. (Bot.) Hermaphrodite; having both stamens and pistils; — said of flower. Perfect cadence (Mus.), a complete and satisfactory close in harmony, as upon the tonic preceded by the dominant. — Perfect chord (Mus.), a concord or union of sounds which is perfectly coalescent and agreeable to the ear, as the unison, octave, fifth, and fourth; a perfect consonance; a common chord in its original position of keynote, third, fifth, and octave. — Perfect number (Arith.), a number equal to the sum of all its divisors; as 28, whose aliquot parts, or divisors, are 14, 7, 4, 2, 1. See Abundant number, under Abundant. Brande & C. — Perfect tense (Gram.), a tense which expresses an act or state completed. Syn. — Finished; consummate; complete; entire; faultless; blameless; unblemished.

Per´fect , n. The perfect tense, or a form in that tense.

Per´fect , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfected; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfecting.] [L. perfectus, p. p. of perficere. See Perfect, a.] To make perfect; to finish or complete, so as to leave nothing wanting; to give to anything all that is requisite to its nature and kind. “God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfect in us.” 1 John iv. 12. “Inquire into the nature and properties of the things, … and thereby perfect our ideas of their distinct species.” Locke. Perfecting press (Print.), a press in which the printing on both sides of the paper is completed in one passage through the machine. Syn. — To finish; accomplish; complete; consummate.

Per´fect•er , n. One who, or that which, makes perfect. ´The … perfecter of our faith.´ Barrow.

Per•fect•i•bil´i•an , n. A perfectionist. [R.] Ed. Rev.

Per•fec•tib´i•list , n. A perfectionist. See also Illuminati, 2. [R.]

Per•fect•i•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. perfectibilite.] The quality or state of being perfectible.

Per•fect´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. perfectible.] Capable of becoming, or being made, perfect.

Per•fec´tion , n. [F. perfection, L. perfectio.] 1. The quality or state of being perfect or complete, so that nothing requisite is wanting; entire development; consummate culture, skill, or moral excellence; the highest attainable state or degree of excellence; maturity; as perfection in an art, in a science, or in a system; perfection in form or degree; fruits in perfection. 2. A quality, endowment, or acquirement completely excellent; an ideal faultlessness; especially, the divine attribute of complete excellence. Shak. “What tongue can her perfections tell?” Sir P. Sidney. To perfection, in the highest degree of excellence; perfectly; as to imitate a model to perfection.

Per•fec´tion, v. t. To perfect. [Obs.] Foote.

Per•fec´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to perfection; characterized by perfection. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

Per•fec´tion•ate , v. t. To perfect. Dryden.

Per•fec´tion•ism , n. The doctrine of the Perfectionists.

Per•fec´tion•ist, n. One pretending to perfection; esp., one pretending to moral perfection; one who believes that persons may and do attain to moral perfection and sinlessness in this life. South.

Per•fec´tion•ment , n. [Cf. F. perfectionnement.] The act of bringing to perfection, or the state of having attained to perfection. [R.] I. Taylor.

Per•fect´ive , a. Tending or conducing to make perfect, or to bring to perfection; — usually followed by of. ´A perfective alteration.´ Fuller. “Actions perfective of their natures.” Ray.

Per•fec´tive•ly, adv. In a perfective manner.

Per´fect•ly , adv. In a perfect manner or degree; in or to perfection; completely; wholly; throughly; faultlessly. ´Perfectly divine.´ Milton. “As many as touched were made perfectly whole.” Matt. xiv. 36.

Per´fect•ness, n. The quality or state of being perfect; perfection. ´Charity, which is the bond of perfectness.´ Col. iii. 14.

Per•fer´vid , a. [Pref. per- + fervid.] Very fervid; too fervid; glowing; ardent.

Per•fi´cient , a. [L. perficiens, p. pr. of perficere to perform. See Perfect.] Making or doing throughly; efficient; effectual. [R.] Blackstone.

Per•fi´cient, n. One who performs or perfects a work; especially, one who endows a charity. [R.]

Per•fid´i•ous (per•fid´i•us; 277), a. [L. perfidious.] 1. Guilty of perfidy; violating good faith or vows; false to trust or confidence reposed; teacherous; faithless; as a perfidious friend. Shak. 2. Involving, or characterized by, perfidy. ´Involved in this perfidious fraud.´ Milton.

Per•fid´i•ous•ly, adv. In a perfidious manner.

Per•fid´i•ous•ness, n. The quality of being perfidious; perfidy. Clarendon.

Per´fi•dy (per´fi•dy), n.; pl. Perfidies (- diz). [L. perfidia, fr. L. perfidus faithless; per (cf. Skr. para away) + fides faith: cf. F. perfidie. See Faith.] The act of violating faith or allegiance; violation of a promise or vow, or of trust reposed; faithlessness; treachery. “The ambition and perfidy of tyrants.” Macaulay. “His perfidy to this sacred engagement.” DeQuincey.

Per´fit (per´fit), a. Perfect. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per•fix´ (per´fiks), v. t. [Pref. per- + fix.] To fix surely; to appoint. [Obs.]

Per´fla•ble , a. [L. perflabilis. See Perflate.] Capable of being blown through. [Obs.]

Per•flate´ , v. t. [L. perflatus, p. p. of perflare to blow through.] To blow through. [Obs.] Harvey.

Per•fla´tion , n. [L. perflatio.] The act of perflating. [Obs.] Woodward.

Per•fo´li•ate , a. [Pref. per- + L. folium leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Having the basal part produced around the stem; — said of leaves which the stem apparently passes directory through. 2. (Zoöl.) Surrounded by a circle of hairs, or projections of any kind.

Per•fo•ra´ta (per•fo•ra´ta), n. pl. [NL. See Perforate.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of corals including those that have a porous texture, as Porites and Madrepora; — opposed to Aporosa. (b) A division of Foraminifera, including those having perforated shells.

Per´fo•rate (per´fo•rat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perforated (- ra•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Perforating.] [L. perforatus, p. p. of perforare to perforate; per through + forare to bore. See Bore, v.] To bore through; to pierce through with a pointed instrument; to make a hole or holes through by boring or piercing; to pierce or penetrate the surface of. Bacon. { Per´fo•rate (per´fo•rat), Per´fo•ra•ted (per´fo•ra´ted), } a. Pierced with a hole or holes, or with pores; having transparent dots resembling holes.

Per•fo•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. perforation.] 1. The act of perforating, or of boring or piercing through. Bacon. 2. A hole made by boring or piercing; an aperture. ´Slender perforations.´ Sir T. Browne.

Per´fo•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. perforatif.] Having power to perforate or pierce.

Per´fo•ra•tor , n. [Cf. F. perforateur.] One who, or that which, perforates; esp., a cephalotome.

Per•force´ , adv. [F. par (L. per) + force.] By force; of necessary; at any rate. Shak.

Per•force´, v. t. To force; to compel. [Obs.]

Per•form´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Performed p. pr. & vb. n. Performing.] [OE. performen, parfourmen, parfournen, OF. parfornir, parfournir, to finish, complete; OF. & F. par (see Par) + fournir to finish, complete. The word has been influenced by form; cf. L. performare to form thoroughly. See Furnish.] 1. To carry through; to bring to completion; to achieve; to accomplish; to execute; to do. “I will cry unto God most high, unto God that performeth all things for me.” Ps. lvii. 2. “Great force to perform what they did attempt.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To discharge; to fulfill; to act up to; as to perform a duty; to perform a promise or a vow. “To perform your father’s will.” Shak. 3. To represent; to act; to play; as in drama. “Perform a part thou hast not done before.” Shak. Syn. — To accomplish; do; act; transact; achieve; execute; discharge; fulfill; effect; complete; consummate. See Accomplish.

Per•form´, v. i. To do, execute, or accomplish something; to acquit one’s self in any business; esp., to represent sometimes by action; to act a part; to play on a musical instrument; as the players perform poorly; the musician performs on the organ.

Per•form´a•ble , a. Admitting of being performed, done, or executed; practicable.

Per•form´ance , n. The act of performing; the carrying into execution or action; execution; achievement; accomplishment; representation by action; as the performance of an undertaking of a duty. “Promises are not binding where the performance is impossible.” Paley. 2. That which is performed or accomplished; a thing done or carried through; an achievement; a deed; an act; a feat; esp., an action of an elaborate or public character. ´Her walking and other actual performances.´ Shak. ´His musical performances.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Completion; consummation; execution; accomplishment; achievement; production; work; act; action; deed; exploit; feat.

Per•form´er , n. One who performs, accomplishes, or fulfills; as a good promiser, but a bad performer; especially, one who shows skill and training in any art; as a performer of the drama; a performer on the harp.

Per´fri•cate , v. t. [L. perfricatus, p. p. of perfricare.] To rub over. Bailey.

Per•fu´ma•to•ry , a. Emitting perfume; perfuming. [R.] Sir E. Leigh.

Per•fume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfumed p. pr. & vb. n. Perfuming.] [F. parfumer (cf. Sp. perfumar); par (see Par) + fumer to smoke, L. fumare, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.] To fill or impregnate with a perfume; to scent. “And Carmel’s flowery top perfumes the skies.” Pope.

Per´fume , n. [F. parfum; cf. Sp. perfume. See Perfume, v.] 1. The scent, odor, or odoriferous particles emitted from a sweet-smelling substance; a pleasant odor; fragrance; aroma. “No rich perfumes refresh the fruitful field.” Pope. 2. A substance that emits an agreeable odor. “And thou shalt make it a perfume.” Ex. xxx. 35.

Per•fum´er , n. 1. One who, oe that which, perfumes. 2. One whose trade is to make or sell perfumes.

Per•fum´er•y , n. 1. Perfumes, in general. 2. [Cf. F. parfumerie.] The art of preparing perfumes.

Per•func´to•ri•ly , adv. In a perfunctory manner; formally; carelessly. Boyle.

Per•func´to•ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being perfunctory.

Per•func´to•ry , a. [L. perfunctorius, fr. perfunctus dispatched, p. p. of perfungi to discharge, dispatch; per (see Per) + fungi to perform. See Function.] 1. Done merely to get rid of a duty; performed mechanically and as a thing of rote; done in a careless and superficial manner; characterized by indifference; as perfunctory admonitions. Macaulay. 2. Hence: Mechanical; indifferent; listless; careless. ´Perfunctory in his devotions.´ Sharp.

Per•func´tu•rate , v. t. To perform in a perfunctory manner; to do negligently. [R.]

Per•fuse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfused p. pr. & vb. n. Perfusing.] [L. perfusus, p. p. of perfundere to pour over; per + fundere to pour.] To suffuse; to fill full or to excess. Harvey.

Per•fu´sion , n. [L. perfusio.] The act of perfusing.

Per•fu´sive , a. Of a nature to flow over, or to spread through. { Per•ga•me´no•us , Per•ga•men•ta´ceous } a. [L. pergamena parchment. See Parchment.] Like parchment.

Per•haps´ , adv. [Per + hap chance.] By chance; peradventure; perchance; it may be. “And pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee.” Acts viii. 22.

Per´i- [Gr. , prep.] A prefix used to signify around, by, near, over, beyond, or to give an intensive sense; as perimeter, the measure around; perigee, point near the earth; periergy, work beyond what is needed; perispherical, quite spherical.

Pe´ri , n.; pl. Peris (#). [Per. peri a female genus, a fairy.] (Persian Myth.) An imaginary being, male or female, like an elf or fairy, represented as a descendant of fallen angels, excluded from paradise till penance is accomplished. Moore.

Per•i•a´gua , n. See Pirogue.

Per´i•anth , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. flower: cf. F. perianthe.] (Bot.) (a) The leaves of a flower generally, especially when the calyx and corolla are not readily distinguished. (b) A saclike involucre which incloses the young fruit in most hepatic mosses. See Illust. of Hepatica.

Per•i•an´thi•um , n. [NL.] (Bot.) The perianth.

Per´i•apt , n. [Gr. , fr. hung about, to hang about; about + to tie: cf. F. periapte.] A charm worn as a protection against disease or mischief; an amulet. Coleridge. “Now help, ye charming spells and periapts.” Shak.

Per•i•as´tral , a. Among or around the stars. ´Comets in periastral passage.´ R. A. Proctor.

Per•i•as´tron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. about + a star.] (Astron.) That point, in the real or apparent orbit of one star revolving around another, at which the former is nearest to the latter.

Per´i•au´ger , n. See Pirogue. W. Irving.

Per´i•blast , a. [Gr. to grow around. See Peri-, and -blast.] (Biol.) The protoplasmic matter which surrounds the entoblast, or cell nucleus, and undergoes segmentation. — Per•i•blas´tic, a.

Per´i•blem , n. [Pref. peri- + root of Gr. to sprout.] (Bot.) Nascent cortex, or immature cellular bark.

Pe•rib´o•los , n. [Nl., fr. Gr. , fr. , adj., going round, fr. to throw round; cf. L. peribolus.] In ancient architecture, an inclosed court, esp., one surrounding a temple.

Per•i•bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Surrounding the branchiae; as a peribranchial cavity.

Per•i•bran´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Around the bronchi or bronchial tubes; as the peribronchial lymphatics.

Per•i•cam´bi•um , n. [NL. See Peri-, and Cambium.] (Biol.) A layer of thin-walled young cells in a growing stem, in which layer certain new vessels originate. { Per•i•car´di•ac , Per•i•car´di•al } a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to pericardium; situated around the heart. Pericardial fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid of a pale yellow color contained in the pericardium.

Per•i•car´di•an , a. Pericardiac.

Per•i•car´dic , a. Pericardiac.

Per•i•car•di´tus , n. [NL. See Pericardium, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the pericardium. Dunglison.

Per•i•car´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. about or near the heart; about + heart.] (Anat.) The double baglike fold of serous membrane which incloses the heart. The inner layer is closely adherent to the outer surface of the heart, and is called the cardiac pericardium. The outer layer loosely incloses the heart and the adherent inner layer, and is called the parietal pericardium. At the base of the heart the two layers are continuous, and form a narrow closed cavity filled with fluid, in which the pulsations of the heart cause little friction.

Per´i•carp , n. [Gr. ; around + fruit: cf. F. pericarpe.] (Bot.) The ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit. See Illusts. of Capsule, Drupe, and Legume. { Per•i•car´pi•al , Per•i•car´pic }, a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a pericarp.

Per•i•cel´lu•lar , a. (Anat.) Surrounding a cell; as the pericellular lymph spaces surrounding ganglion cells.

Per´i•chaeth , n. [See Perichaetium.] (Bot.) The leafy involucre surrounding the fruit stalk of mosses; perichaetium; perichete.

Per•i•chae´ti•al , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the perichaeth.

Per•i•chae´ti•um , n.; pl. Perichaetia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. about + flowing hair, foliage.] (Bot.) Same as Perichaeth.

Per•i•chae´tous , a. [See Perichaetium.] (Zoöl.) Surrounded by setae; — said of certain earthworms (genus Perichaetus).

Per´i•chete , n. Same as Perichaeth.

Per•i•chon´dri•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the perichondrium; situated around cartilage.

Per•i•chon•dri´tis , n. [NL. See Perichondrium, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the perichondrium.

Per•i•chon´dri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. around + cartilage.] (Anat.) The membrane of fibrous connective tissue which closely invests cartilage, except where covering articular surfaces.

Per•i•chor´dal , a. Around the notochord; as a perichordal column. See Epichordal. { Per´i•clase , Per•i•cla´site } n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. to break.] (Min.) A grayish or dark green mineral, consisting essentially of magnesia (magnesium oxide), occurring in granular forms or in isometric crystals.

Per•i•clin´i•um , n.; pl. Periclinia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. around + a bed.] (Bot.) The involucre which surrounds the common receptacle in composite flowers.

Pe•ric´li•tate , v. t. [L. periclitatus, p. p. of periclitari, fr. periculum.] To endanger. [Obs.] “Periclitating, pardi! the whole family.” Sterne.

Pe•ric•li•ta´tion , n. [L. periclitatio: cf. F. periclitation.] 1. Trial; experiment. [Obs.] 2. The state of being in peril. [Obs.]

Pe•ric´o•pe , n. [L., section of a book, Gr. ; around + to cut.] A selection or extract from a book; especially (Theol.), a selection from the Bible, appointed to be read in the churches or used as a text for a sermon.

Per•i•cra´ni•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pericranium.

Per•i•cra´ni•um , n. [NL.] (Anat.) The periosteum which covers the cranium externally; the region around the cranium.

Pe•ric´u•lous , a. [L. periculosus. See Perilous.] Dangerous; full of peril. [Obs.]

Pe•ric´u•lum , n.; pl. Pericula (#). [L.] (Rom. & O.Eng. Law) 1. Danger; risk. 2. In a narrower, judicial sense: Accident or casus, as distinguished from dolus and culpa, and hence relieving one from the duty of performing an obligation.

Per´i•derm , n. 1. (Bot.) The outer layer of bark. 2. (Zoöl.) The hard outer covering of hydroids and other marine animals; the perisarc.

Per•i•di•as´to•le , n. (Physiol.) The almost inappreciable time which elapses between the systole and the diastole of the heart.

Pe•rid´i•um , n.; pl. Peridia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. about + , a dim. ending.] (Bot.) The envelope or coat of certain fungi, such as the puffballs and earthstars.

Per´i•dot , n. [F. peridot.] (Min.) Chrysolite.

Per´i•do•tite , n. [Cf. F. peridotite.] (Min.) An eruptive rock characterized by the presence of chrysolite (peridot). It also usually contains pyroxene, enstatite, chromite, etc. It is often altered to serpentine. The chief diamond deposits in South Africa occur in a more or less altered peridotite.

Per´i•drome , n. [Gr. , fr. running around, fr. to run round; round + to run: cf. F. peridrome.] (Archaeol.) The space between the columns and the wall of the cella, in a Greek or a Roman temple.

Per•i•e´cians , n. pl. See Periœcians.

Per•i•en´te•ron , n. [NL. See Peri-, and Enteron.] (Anat.) The primitive perivisceral cavity.

Per´i•er•gy , n. [Gr. , fr. overcareful; about, beyond + work.] 1. Excessive care or diligence. [Obs.] 2. (Rhet.) A bombastic or labored style. [R.]

Per•i•gan•gli•on´ic , a. (Anat.) Surrounding a ganglion; as the periganglionic glands of the frog.

Per•i•gas´tric , a. (Zoöl.) Surrounding the stomach; — applied to the body cavity of Bryozoa and various other Invertebrata.

Per•i•ge´an , a. Pertaining to the perigee. Perigean tides, those spring tides which occur soon after the moon passes her perigee. { Per´i•gee , Per•i•ge´um } n. [NL. perigeum, fr. Gr. about, near + the earth: cf. F. perigee.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth; — opposed to apogee. It is sometimes, but rarely, used of the nearest points of other orbits, as of a comet, a planet, etc. Called also epigee, epigeum.

Per•i•gen´e•sis , n. (Biol.) A theory which explains inheritance by the transmission of the type of growth force possessed by one generation to another.

Per•i•gen´e•tic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to perigenesis.

Per´i•gone , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. productive organs.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Any organ inclosing the essential organs of a flower; a perianth. (b) In mosses, the involucral bracts of a male flower. 2. (Zoöl.) A sac which surrounds the generative bodies in the gonophore of a hydroid.

Per•i•go´ni•um , n.; pl. Perigonia (#). [NL.] Same as Perigone.

Per´i•gord pie [From Perigord, a former province of France.] A pie made of truffles, much esteemed by epicures.

Per´i•graph , n. [Gr. outline; round, about + to write.] A careless or inaccurate delineation of anything. [R.]

Per•i•gyn´i•um , n.; pl. Perigynia (#). [NL. See Perigynous.] (Bot.) Some unusual appendage about the pistil, as the bottle-shaped body in the sedges, and the bristles or scales in some other genera of the Sedge family, or Cyperaceae.

Pe•rig´y•nous , a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. woman.] (Bot.) Having the ovary free, but the petals and stamens borne on the calyx; — said of flower such as that of the cherry or peach. { Per•i•hel´ion , Per•i•he´li•um } n.; pl. Perihelia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. about, near + the sun.] (Astron.) That point of the orbit of a planet or comet which is nearest to the sun; — opposed to aphelion.

Per´il , n. [F. peril, fr. L. periculum, periclum, akin to peritus experienced, skilled, and E. fare. See Fare, and cf. Experience.] Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; exposure of person or property to injury, loss, or destruction. “In perils of waters, in perils of robbers.” 2 Cor. xi. 26. “Adventure hard
With peril great achieved.” Milton. At, or On, one’s peril, with risk or danger to one; at the hazard of. ´On thy soul’s peril.´ Shak. Syn. — Hazard; risk; jeopardy. See Danger.

Per´il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periled or Perilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Periling or Perilling.] To expose to danger; to hazard; to risk; as to peril one’s life.

Per´il , v. i. To be in danger. [Obs.] Milton.

Pe•ril´la , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A genus of labiate herbs, of which one species (Perilla ocimoides, or P. Nankinensis) is often cultivated for its purple or variegated foliage.

Per´il•ous , a. [OF. perillous, perilleus, F. perilleux, L. periculosus. See Peril.] [Written also perillous.] 1. Full of, attended with, or involving, peril; dangerous; hazardous; as a perilous undertaking. “Infamous hills, and sandy, perilous wilds.” Milton. 2. Daring; reckless; dangerous. [Obs.] Latimer. “For I am perilous with knife in hand.” Chaucer. — Per´il•ous•ly, adv. — Per´il•ous•ness, n.

Per´i•lymph , n. (Anat.) The fluid which surrounds the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear, and separates it from the walls of the chambers in which the labyrinth lies.

Per•i•lym•phan´gi•al , a. (Anat.) Around, or at the side of, a lymphatic vessel.

Per•i•lym•phat´ic , a. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or containing, perilymph. (b) Perilymphangial.

Per•im´e•ter , n. [Gr. ; around + measure: cf. F. perimètre.] 1. (Geom.) The outer boundary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. 2. An instrument for determining the extent and shape of the field of vision. { Per•i•met´ric , Per•i•met´ric•al } a. Of or pertaining to the perimeter, or to perimetry; as a perimetric chart of the eye.

Per•im´e•try , n. The art of using the perimeter; measurement of the field of vision.

Per´i•morph , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. form.] (Min.) A crystal of one species inclosing one of another species. See Endomorph.

Per•i•my´sial , a. (Anat.) (a) Surrounding a muscle or muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the perimysium.

Per•i•my´si•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. about + muscle.] (Anat.) The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a muscle, and sends partitions inwards between the bundles of muscular fibers.

Per•i•nae´um , n. See Perineum.

Per•i•ne´al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the perineum.

Per•i•ne´o•plas•ty , n. [Perineum + -plasty.] (Med.) The act or process of restoring an injured perineum.

Per•i•ne•or´rha•phy , n. [Perineum + Gr. to sew.] (Med.) The operation of sewing up a ruptured perineum.

Per•i•ne•phri´tis , n. [NL. See Peri-, and Nephritis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cellular tissue around the kidney. — Per•i•ne•phrit´ic, a.

Per•i•ne´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , .] (Anat.) The region which is included within the outlet of the pelvis, and is traversed by the urinogenital canal and the rectum.

Per•i•neu´ri•al , a. (Anat.) Surrounding nerves or nerve fibers; of or pertaining to the perineurium.

Per•i•neu´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. about + a nerve.] (Anat.) The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. See Epineurium, and Neurilemma.

Per•i•nu´cle•ar , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a nucleus; situated around a nucleus; as the perinuclear protoplasm.

Pe´ri•od , n. [L. periodus, Gr. a going round, a way round, a circumference, a period of time; round, about + a way: cf. F. periode.] 1. A portion of time as limited and determined by some recurring phenomenon, as by the completion of a revolution of one of the heavenly bodies; a division of time, as a series of years, months, or days, in which something is completed, and ready to recommence and go on in the same order; as the period of the sun, or the earth, or a comet. 2. Hence: A stated and recurring interval of time; more generally, an interval of time specified or left indefinite; a certain series of years, months, days, or the like; a time; a cycle; an age; an epoch; as the period of the Roman republic. “How by art to make plants more lasting than their ordinary period.” Bacon. 3. (Geol.) One of the great divisions of geological time; as the Tertiary period; the Glacial period. See the Chart of Geology. 4. The termination or completion of a revolution, cycle, series of events, single event, or act; hence, a limit; a bound; an end; a conclusion. Bacon. “So spake the archangel Michael; then paused,
As at the world’s great period.” Milton. “Evils which shall never end till eternity hath a period.” Jer. Taylor. “This is the period of my ambition.” Shak. 5. (Rhet.) A complete sentence, from one full stop to another; esp., a well-proportioned, harmonious sentence. ´Devolved his rounded periods.´ Tennyson. “Periods are beautiful when they are not too long.” B. Johnson. The period, according to Heyse, is a compound sentence consisting of a protasis and apodosis; according to Becker, it is the appropriate form for the coördinate propositions related by antithesis or causality. Gibbs. 6. (Print.) The punctuation point [.] that marks the end of a complete sentence, or of an abbreviated word. 7. (Math.) One of several similar sets of figures or terms usually marked by points or commas placed at regular intervals, as in numeration, in the extraction of roots, and in circulating decimals. 8. (Med.) The time of the exacerbation and remission of a disease, or of the paroxysm and intermission. 9. (Mus.) A complete musical sentence. The period, the present or current time, as distinguished from all other times. Syn. — Time; date; epoch; era; age; duration; limit; bound; end; conclusion; determination.

Pe´ri•od , v. t. To put an end to. [Obs.] Shak.

Pe´ri•od, v. i. To come to a period; to conclude. [Obs.] ´You may period upon this, that,´ etc. Felthman.

Per•i´o•date , n. (Chem.) A salt of periodic acid.

Per•i•od´ic , a. [Pref. per- + iodic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HIO) of iodine. { Pe•ri•od´ic , Pe•ri•od´ic•al } a. [L. periodicus, Gr. : cf. F. periodique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a period or periods, or to division by periods. “The periodicaltimes of all the satellites.” Sir J. Herschel. 2. Performed in a period, or regular revolution; proceeding in a series of successive circuits; as the periodical motion of the planets round the sun. 3. Happening, by revolution, at a stated time; returning regularly, after a certain period of time; acting, happening, or appearing, at fixed intervals; recurring; as periodical epidemics. “The periodic return of a plant’s flowering.” Henslow. “To influence opinion through the periodical press.” Courthope. 4. (Rhet.) Of or pertaining to a period; constituting a complete sentence. Periodic comet (Astron.), a comet that moves about the sun in an elliptic orbit; a comet that has been seen at two of its approaches to the sun. — Periodic function (Math.), a function whose values recur at fixed intervals as the variable uniformly increases. The trigonomertic functions, as sin x, tan x, etc., are periodic functions. Exponential functions are also periodic, having an imaginary period, and the elliptic functions have not only a real but an imaginary period, and are hence called doubly periodic. — Periodic law (Chem.), the generalization that the properties of the chemical elements are periodic functions of their atomic wieghts. ´In other words, if the elements are grouped in the order of their atomic weights, it will be found that nearly the same properties recur periodically throughout the entire series.´ The following tabular arrangement of the atomic weights shows the regular recurrence of groups (under I., II., III., IV., etc.), each consisting of members of the same natural family. The gaps in the table indicate the probable existence of unknown elements. TABLE OF THE PERIODIC LAW OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (The vertical columns contain the periodic groups) Series1{ 2{ 3{ 4{ 5{ 6{ 7{ 8{ 9{ 10{ 11{ 12{ ——————————————————————————————— |I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. | RH4 RH3 RH3 RH |R2O RO R3O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4 ——————————————————————————————— H 1 Li 7 Na 23 K 39 (Cu) 63 Rb 85.2 (Ag) (108) Cs 133 (-) (-) (Au) (197) (-) ————————————————————————————————- A similar relation had been enunciated in a crude way by Newlands; but the law in its effective form was developed and elaborated by Mendelejeff, whence it is sometimes called Mendelejeff’s law. Important extensions of it were also made by L. Meyer. By this means Mendelejeff predicted with remarkable accuracy the hypothetical elements ekaboron, ekaluminium, and ekasilicon, afterwards discovered and named respectively scandium, gallium, and germanium. — Periodic star (Astron.), a variable star whose changes of brightness recur at fixed periods. — Periodic time of a heavenly body (Astron.), the time of a complete revolution of the body about the sun, or of a satellite about its primary.

Pe•ri•od´ic•al, n. A magazine or other publication which appears at stated or regular intervals.

Pe•ri•od´ic•al•ist, n. One who publishes, or writes for, a periodical.

Pe•ri•od´ic•al•ly, adv. In a periodical manner.

Pe•ri•od´ic•al•ness, n. Periodicity.

Pe•ri•o•dic´i•ty , n.; pl. Periodicities (#). [Cf. F. periodicite.] The quality or state of being periodical, or regularly recurrent; as the periodicity in the vital phenomena of plants. Henfrey.

Per•i´o•dide , n. [Pref. per- + iodide.] An iodide containing a higher proportion of iodine than any other iodide of the same substance or series.

Per•i•o•don´tal , a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. , , tooth.] (Anat.) Surrounding the teeth.

Pe•ri•od´o•scope , n. [Period + -scope.] (Med.) A table or other means for calculating the periodical functions of women. Dunglison. { Per•i•œ´ci , Per•i•œ´cians } n. pl. [NL. perioeci, fr. Gr. ; around + house, dwelling.] Those who live on the same parallel of latitude but on opposite meridians, so that it is noon in one place when it is midnight in the other. Compare Antœci.

Per´i•o•ple , n. [F. periople, from Gr. about + the hoof of a horse.] (Anat.) The external smooth horny layer of the hoof of the horse and allied animals.

Per•i•op´lic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the periople; connected with the periople.

Per•i•os´te•al , a. (Anat.) Situated around bone; of or pertaining to the periosteum.

Per•i•os´te•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. round the bones; around + a bone: cf. L. periosteon.] (Anat.) The membrane of fibrous connective tissue which closely invests all bones except at the articular surfaces.

Per•i•os•ti´tis , n. [NL. See Periosteum, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the periosteum.

Per•i•os´tra•cum , n.; pl. Periostraca (#). [NL., fr. Gr. around + shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A chitinous membrane covering the exterior of many shells; — called also epidermis.

Per•i•o´tic , a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. , , the ear.] (Anat.) Surrounding, or pertaining to the region surrounding, the internal ear; as the periotic capsule. — n. A periotic bone.

Per•i•pa•te´cian , n. A peripatetic. [Obs.]

Per•i•pa•tet´ic , a. [L. peripateticus, Gr. , fr. to walk about; about + to walk: cf. F. peripatetique.] 1. Walking about; itinerant. 2. Of or pertaining to the philosophy taught by Aristotle (who gave his instructions while walking in the Lyceum at Athens), or to his followers. ´The true peripatetic school.´ Howell.

Per•i•pa•tet´ic, n. 1. One who walks about; a pedestrian; an itinerant. Tatler. 2. A disciple of Aristotle; an Aristotelian.

Per•i•pa•tet´ic•al , a. Peripatetic. [R.] Hales.

Per•i•pa•tet´i•cism , n. [Cf. F. peripatetisme.] The doctrines or philosophical system of the peripatetics. See Peripatetic, n., 2. Lond. Sat. Rev.

Pe•rip´a•tus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a walking about.] (Zoöl.) A genus of lowly organized arthropods, found in South Africa, Australia, and tropical America. It constitutes the order Malacopoda.

Per•i•pet´al•ous , a. (Bot.) Surrounding, or situated about, the petals.

Pe•riph´er•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a periphery; constituting a periphery; peripheric. 2. (Anat.) External; away from the center; as the peripheral portion of the nervous system. { Per•i•pher´ic , Per•i•pher´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. peripherique. See Periphery.] See Peripheral.

Pe•riph´er•y , n.; pl. Peripheries (#). [L. peripheria, Gr. ; around + to bear, carry: cf. F. peripherie.] 1. The outside or superficial portions of a body; the surface. 2. (Geom.) The circumference of a circle, ellipse, or other figure.

Per´i•phrase , n. [L. periphrasis, Gr. , fr. to think about, to be expressed periphrastically; + to speak: cf. F. periphrase. See Phrase.] (Rhet.) The use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; a roundabout, or indirect, way of speaking; circumlocution. ´To describe by enigmatic periphrases.´ De Quincey.

Per´i•phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periphrased p. pr. & vb. n. Periphrasing.] [Cf. F. periphraser.] To express by periphrase or circumlocution.

Per´i•phrase, v. i. To use circumlocution.

Pe•riph´ra•sis , n.; pl. Periphrases (#). [L.] See Periphrase. { Per•i•phras´tic , Per•i•phras´tic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. periphrastique.] Expressing, or expressed, in more words than are necessary; characterized by periphrase; circumlocutory. Periphrastic conjugation (Gram.), a conjugation formed by the use of the simple verb with one or more auxiliaries.

Per•i•phras´tic•al•ly, adv. With circumlocution.

Per´i•plast , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. to mold, form.] (Biol.) Same as Periblast. — Per•i•plas´tic (#), a. Huxley. { Per•ip•neu•mo´ni•a , Per•ip•neu´mo•ny , } n. [L. peripneumonia, Gr. : cf. F. peripneumonie. See Peri-, Pneumonia.] (Med.) Pneumonia. (Obsoles.)

Per•ip•neu•mon´ic , a. [L. peripneumonicus, Gr. : cf. F. peripneumonique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to peripneumonia.

Per´i•proct , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. the anus.] (Zoöl.) The region surrounding the anus, particularly of echinoderms.

Per•i•proc•ti´tis , n. [NL. See Peri-, and Proctitus.] (Med.) Inflammation of the tissues about the rectum.

Pe•rip´ter•al , a. [Gr., fr. + feather, wing, row of columns.] (Arch.) Having columns on all sides; — said of an edifice. See Apteral.

Pe•rip´ter•ous , a. 1. (Arch.) Peripteral. 2. (Zoöl.) Feathered all around.

Per´i•sarc , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. , , flesh.] (Zoöl.) The outer, hardened integument which covers most hydroids.

Pe•ris´cian , a. [Gr. ; around + shadow: cf. F. periscien.] Having the shadow moving all around. { Pe•ris´cians , Pe•ris´ci•i } n. pl. [NL. See Periscian.] Those who live within a polar circle, whose shadows, during some summer days, will move entirely round, falling toward every point of the compass.

Per´i•scope , n. [Pref. peri- + -scope.] A general or comprehensive view. [R.]

Per•i•scop´ic , a. [Cf. F. periscopique.] Viewing all around, or on all sides. Periscopic spectacles (Opt.), spectacles having concavo-convex or convexo-concave lenses with a considerable curvature corresponding to that of the eye, to increase the distinctness of objects viewed obliquely.

Per´ish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perished p. pr. & vb. n. Perishing.] [OE. perissen, perisshen, F. perir, p. pr. perissant, L. perire to go or run through, come to nothing, perish; per through + ire to go. Cf. Issue, and see -ish.] To be destroyed; to pass away; to become nothing; to be lost; to die; hence, to wither; to waste away. “I perish with hunger!” Luke xv. 17. “Grow up and perish, as the summer fly.” Milton. “The thoughts of a soul that perish in thinking.” Locke.

Per´ish, v. t. To cause perish. [Obs.] Bacon.

Per•ish•a•bil´i•ty , n. Perishableness.

Per´ish•a•ble , a. [F. perissable.] Liable to perish; subject to decay, destruction, or death; as perishable goods; our perishable bodies.

Per´ish•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being perishable; liability to decay or destruction. Locke.

Per´ish•a•bly, adv. In a perishable degree or manner.

Per´ish•ment , n. [Cf. OF. perissement.] The act of perishing. [R.] Udall.

Per•i•so´ma , n.; pl. Perisomata (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Perisome.

Per´i•some , n. [Pref. peri- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The entire covering of an invertebrate animal, as echinoderm or cœlenterate; the integument.

Per´i•sperm , n. [F. perisperme. See Peri-, and Sperm.] (Bot.) The albumen of a seed, especially that portion which is formed outside of the embryo sac. — Per•i•sper´mic (#), a. { Per•i•spher´ic , Per•i•spher´ic•al } a. Exactly spherical; globular.

Per•i•spom´e•non , n.; pl. Perispomena (#). [NL., from Gr. , pr. pass. p. of to draw around, to circumflex; around + to draw.] (Gr. Gram.) A word which has the circumflex accent on the last syllable. Goodwin.

Per´i•spore , n. (Bot.) The outer covering of a spore.

Per´is•sad , a. [Gr. odd, from over.] (Chem.) Odd; not even; — said of elementary substances and of radicals whose valence is not divisible by two without a remainder. Contrasted with artiad.

Per´isse , v. i. To perish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per•is•so•dac´tyl , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Perissodactyla.

Per•is•so•dac´ty•la , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. odd (fr. over) + finger.] (Zoöl.) A division of ungulate mammals, including those that have an odd number of toes, as the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros; — opposed to Artiodactyla.

Per•is•so•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. perissologique.] Redundant or excessive in words. [R.]

Per•is•sol´o•gy , n. [L. perissologia, Gr. ; odd, superfluous + discourse.] Superfluity of words. [R.] G. Campbell.

Per•i•stal´sis , n. [NL. See Peristaltic.] (Physiol.) Peristaltic contraction or action.

Per•i•stal´tic , a. [Gr. clasping and compressing, fr. to surround, wrap up; round + to place, arrange: cf. F. peristaltique.] (Physiol.) Applied to the peculiar wormlike wave motion of the intestines and other similar structures, produced by the successive contraction of the muscular fibers of their walls, forcing their contents onwards; as peristaltic movement. — Per•i•stal´tic•al•ly (#), adv.

Per•is•te´ri•a , n. [NL. See Peristerion.] (Bot.) A genus of orchidaceous plants. See Dove plant.

Per•is•te´ri•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a dovecote, a kind of verbena, fr. a dove, pigeon; cf. L. peristereon.] (Bot.) The herb vervain (Verbena officinalis).

Pe•ris´ter•ite , n. [Gr. a pigeon.] (Min.) A variety of albite, whitish and slightly iridescent like a pigeon’s neck.

Pe•ris•ter•o•mor´phous , a. [Gr. a pigeon + -morphous.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the pigeons or Columbae.

Pe•ris•ter•op´o•dous , a. [Gr. a pigeon + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) Having pigeonlike feet; — said of those gallinaceous birds that rest on all four toes, as the curassows and megapods.

Pe•ris´to•le , n. [NL.: cf. F. peristole. See Peristaltic.] (Physiol.) Peristaltic action, especially of the intestines.

Pe•ris´to•ma , n.; pl. Peristomata (#). [NL.] Same as Peristome.

Per´i•stome , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. , , mouth.] 1. (Bot.) The fringe of teeth around the orifice of the capsule of mosses. It consists of 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 teeth, and may be either single or double. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The lip, or edge of the aperture, of a spiral shell. (b) The membrane surrounding the mouth of an invertebrate animal.

Per•i•sto´mi•al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a peristome.

Per•i•sto´mi•um , n. [NL.] Same as Peristome.

Per•i•streph´ic , a. [Gr. to turn round.] Turning around; rotatory; revolving; as a peristrephic painting (of a panorama).

Per´i•style , n. [L. peristylum, Gr. , ; about + a column: cf. F. peristyle.] (Arch.) A range of columns with their entablature, etc.; specifically, a complete system of columns, whether on all sides of a court, or surrounding a building, such as the cella of a temple. Used in the former sense, it gives name to the larger and inner court of a Roman dwelling, the peristyle. See Colonnade.

Per•i•sys´to•le , n. [Pref. peri- + systole: cf. F. perisystole.] (Physiol.) The interval between the diastole and systole of the heart. It is perceptible only in the dying.

Pe•rite´ , a. [L. peritus.] Skilled. [Obs.]

Per•i•the´ci•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. around + box.] (Bot.) An organ in certain fungi and lichens, surrounding and enveloping the masses of fructification. Henslow.

Pe•rit´o•mous , a. [Gr. cut off all around. See Peri-, and Tome.] (Min.) Cleaving in more directions than one, parallel to the axis.

Per•i•to•nae´um , n. (Anat.) Same as Peritoneum.

Per•i•to•ne´al , a. [Cf. F. peritoneal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the peritoneum.

Per•i•to•ne´um , n. [L. peritoneum, peritonaeum, Gr. , , fr. to stretch all around or over; around + to stretch.] (Anat.) The smooth serous membrane which lines the cavity of the abdomen, or the whole body cavity when there is no diaphragm, and, turning back, surrounds the viscera, forming a closed, or nearly closed, sac. [Written also peritonaeum.]

Per•i•to•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Peritoneum, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the peritoneum.

Per•i•tra´che•al , a. (Zoöl.) Surrounding the tracheae.

Per´i•treme , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. a hole.] (Zoöl.) (a) That part of the integument of an insect which surrounds the spiracles. (b) The edge of the aperture of a univalve shell.

Pe•rit´ri•cha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. about + , , hair.] (Zoöl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria having a circle of cilia around the oral disk and sometimes another around the body. It includes the vorticellas. See Vorticella.

Per•i•tro´chi•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; around + a wheel.] (Mech.) The wheel which, together with the axle, forms the axis in peritrochio, which see under Axis.

Per•it´ro•pal , a. [Gr. , fr. to turn around; around + to turn: cf. F. peritrope.] 1. Rotatory; circuitous. [R.] 2. Having the axis of the seed perpendicular to the axis of the pericarp to which it is attached.

Per•it´ro•pous , a. Peritropal.

Per•i•typh•li´tis , n. [NL. See Peri-, and Typhlitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the connective tissue about the caecum.

Per•i•u´ter•ine , a. (Med.) Surrounding the uterus.

Per•i•vas´cu•lar , a. Around the blood vessels; as perivascular lymphatics.

Per•i•ver´te•bral , a. (Anat.) Surrounding the vertebrae.

Per•i•vis´cer•al , a. (Anat.) Around the viscera; as the perivisceral cavity.

Per•i•vi•tel´line , a. [Pref. peri- + vitelline.] (Biol.) Situated around the vitellus, or between the vitellus and zona pellucida of an ovum.

Per´i•wig , n. [OE. perrwige, perwicke, corrupt. fr. F. perruque; cf. OD. peruyk, from French. See Peruke, and cf. Wig.] A headdress of false hair, usually covering the whole head, and representing the natural hair; a wig. Shak.

Per´i•wig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perwigged p. pr. & vb. n. Perwigging ] To dress with a periwig, or with false hair. Swift.

Per´i•win•kle , n. [From AS. pinewincla a shellfish, in which pine- is fr. L. pina, pinna, a kind of mussel, akin to Gr. . Cf. Winkle.] (Zoöl.) Any small marine gastropod shell of the genus Littorina. The common European species (Littorina littorea), in Europe extensively used as food, has recently become naturalized abundantly on the American coast. See Littorina. In America the name is often applied to several large univalves, as Fulgur carica, and F. canaliculata.

Per´i•win•kle, n. [OE. pervenke, AS. pervince, fr. L. pervinca.] (Bot.) A trailing herb of the genus Vinca. The common perwinkle (Vinca minor) has opposite evergreen leaves and solitary blue or white flowers in their axils. In America it is often miscalled myrtle. See under Myrtle.

Per´jen•et , n. [Cf. Pear, and Jenneting.] A kind of pear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per´jure , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perjured p. pr. & vb. n. Perjuring.] [F. parjurer, L. perjurare, perjerare; per through, over + jurare to swear. See Jury.] 1. To cause to violate an oath or a vow; to cause to make oath knowingly to what is untrue; to make guilty of perjury; to forswear; to corrupt; — often used reflexively; as he perjured himself. “Want will perjure
The ne’er-touched vestal.” Shak. 2. To make a false oath to; to deceive by oaths and protestations. [Obs.] “And with a virgin innocence did pray
For me, that perjured her.” J. Fletcher. Syn. — To Perjure, Forswear. These words have been used interchangeably; but there is a tendency to restrict perjure to that species of forswearing which constitutes the crime of perjury at law, namely, the willful violation of an oath administered by a magistrate or according to law.

Per´jure, n. [L. perjurus: cf. OF. parjur, F. parjure.] A perjured person. [Obs.] Shak.

Per´jured , a. Guilty of perjury; having sworn falsely; forsworn. Shak. ´Perjured persons.´ 1 Tim. i. 10. ´Their perjured oath.´ Spenser.

Per´jur•er , n. One who is guilty of perjury; one who perjures or forswears, in any sense. { Per•ju´ri•ous , Per´ju•rous } a. [L. perjuriosus, perjurus.] Guilty of perjury; containing perjury. [Obs.] Quarles. B. Johnson.

Per´ju•ry , n.; pl. Perjuries (#). [L. perjurium. See Perjure, v.] 1. False swearing. 2. (Law) At common law, a willfully false statement in a fact material to the issue, made by a witness under oath in a competent judicial proceeding. By statute the penalties of perjury are imposed on the making of willfully false affirmations. If a man swear falsely in nonjudicial affidavits, it is made perjury by statute in some jurisdictions in the United States.

Perk , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perked p. pr. & vb. n. Perking.] [Cf. W. percu to trim, to make smart.] To make trim or smart; to straighten up; to erect; to make a jaunty or saucy display of; as to perk the ears; to perk up one’s head. Cowper. Sherburne.

Perk, v. i. To exalt one’s self; to bear one’s self loftily. ´To perk over them.´ Barrow. To perk it, to carry one’s self proudly or saucily. Pope.

Perk, a. Smart; trim; spruce; jaunty; vain. ´Perk as a peacock.´ Spenser.

Perk, v. i. To peer; to look inquisitively. Dickens.

Per´kin , n. A kind of weak perry.

Per´kin•ism , n. (Med.) A remedial treatment, by drawing the pointed extremities of two rods, each of a different metal, over the affected part; tractoration, — first employed by Dr. Elisha Perkins of Norwich, Conn. See Metallotherapy.

Perk´y , a. Perk; pert; jaunty; trim. “There amid perky larches and pines.” Tennyson.

Per•la´ceous , a. [See Pearl.] Pearly; resembling pearl.

Per´lid , n. (Zoöl.) Any insect of the genus Perla, or family Perlidae. See Stone fly, under Stone.

Per´lite , n. (Min.) Same as Pearlite.

Per•lit´ic , a. (Min.) Relating to or resembling perlite, or pearlstone; as the perlitic structure of certain rocks. See Pearlite.

Per´lous , a. Perilous. [Obs.] Spenser.

Per•lus•tra´tion , n. [L. perlustrare to wander all through, to survey. See 3d Luster.] The act of viewing all over. [Archaic] Howell.

Per´ma•na•ble , a. Permanent; durable. [Obs.] Lydgate. { Per´ma•nence , Per´ma•nen•cy } n. [Cf. F. permanence.] The quality or state of being permanent; continuance in the same state or place; duration; fixedness; as the permanence of institutions; the permanence of nature.

Per´ma•nent , a. [L. permanens, -entis, p. pr. of permanere to stay or remain to the end, to last; per + manere to remain: cf. F. permanent. See Per-, and Mansion.] Continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys form or character; remaining unaltered or unremoved; abiding; durable; fixed; stable; lasting; as a permanent impression. “Eternity stands permanent and fixed.” Dryden. Permanent gases (Chem. & Physics), hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide; — also called incondensible or incoercible gases, before their liquefaction in 1877. — Permanent way, the roadbed and superstructure of a finished railway; — so called in distinction from the contractor’s temporary way. — Permanent white (Chem.), barium sulphate (heavy spar), used as a white pigment or paint, in distinction from white lead, which tarnishes and darkens from the formation of the sulphide. Syn. — Lasting; durable; constant. See Lasting.

Per´ma•nent•ly, adv. In a permanent manner.

Per•man´ga•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of permanganic acid. Potassium permanganate. (Chem.) See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

Per•man•gan´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, one of the higher acids of manganese, HMnO4, which forms salts called permanganates.

Per•man´sion , n. [L. permansio. See Permanent.] Continuance. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Per•me•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. permeabilite.] The quality or state of being permeable. Magnetic permeability (Physics), the specific capacity of a body for magnetic induction, or its conducting power for lines of magnetic force. Sir W. Thomson.

Per´me•a•ble , a. [L. permeabilis: cf. F. permeable. See Permeate.] Capable of being permeated, or passed through; yielding passage; passable; penetrable; — used especially of substances which allow the passage of fluids; as wood is permeable to oil; glass is permeable to light. I. Taylor.

Per´me•a•bly, adv. In a permeable manner.

Per´me•ant , a. [L. permeans, p. pr.] Passing through; permeating. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Per´me•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permeated p. pr. & vb. n. Permeating.] [L. permeatus, p. p. of permeare to permeate; per + meare to go, pass.] 1. To pass through the pores or interstices of; to penetrate and pass through without causing rupture or displacement; — applied especially to fluids which pass through substances of loose texture; as water permeates sand. Woodward. 2. To enter and spread through; to pervade. “God was conceived to be diffused throughout the whole world, to permeate and pervade all things.” Cudworth.

Per•me•a´tion , n. The act of permeating, passing through, or spreading throughout, the pores or interstices of any substance. “Here is not a mere involution only, but a spiritual permeation and inexistence.” Bp. Hall.

Per´mi•an , a. [From the ancient kingdom of Permia, where the Permian formation exists.] (Geol.) Belonging or relating to the period, and also to the formation, next following the Carboniferous, and regarded as closing the Carboniferous age and Paleozoic era. — n. The Permian period. See Chart of Geology.

Per´mi•ans , n. pl.; sing. Permian . (Ethnol.) A tribe belonging to the Finnic race, and inhabiting a portion of Russia.

Per•mis´ci•ble , a. [L. permiscere to mingle; per + miscere to mix.] Capable of being mixed.

Per•miss´ , n. [See Permit.] A permitted choice; a rhetorical figure in which a thing is committed to the decision of one’s opponent. [Obs.] Milton.

Per•mis•si•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being permissible; permissibleness; allowableness.

Per•mis´si•ble , a. That may be permitted; allowable; admissible. — Per•mis´si•ble•ness, n. — Per•mis´si•bly, adv.

Per•mis´sion , n. [L. permissio: cf. F. permission. See Permit.] The act of permitting or allowing; formal consent; authorization; leave; license or liberty granted. “High permission of all-ruling Heaven.” Milton. “You have given me your permission for this address.” Dryden. Syn. — Leave; liberty; license. — Leave, Permission. Leave implies that the recipient may decide whether to use the license granted or not. Permission is the absence on the part of another of anything preventive, and in general, at least by implication, signifies approval.

Per•mis´sive , a. 1. Permitting; granting leave or liberty. ´By his permissive will.´ Milton. 2. Permitted; tolerated; suffered. Milton.

Per•mis´sive•ly, adv. In a permissive manner.

Per•mis´tion , n. [L. permistio, permixtio, fr. permiscere, permistum, and permixtum. See Permiscible.] The act of mixing; the state of being mingled; mixture. [Written also permixtion.]

Per•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Permitting.] [L. permittere, permissum, to let through, to allow, permit; per + mittere to let go, send. See Per-, and Mission.] 1. To consent to; to allow or suffer to be done; to tolerate; to put up with. “What things God doth neither command nor forbid … he permitteth with approbation either to be done or left undone.” Hooker. 2. To grant (one) express license or liberty to do an act; to authorize; to give leave; — followed by an infinitive. “Thou art permitted to speak for thyself.” Acis xxvi. 1. 3. To give over; to resign; to leave; to commit. “Let us not aggravate our sorrows,
But to the gods permit the event of things.” Addison. Syn. — To allow; let; grant; admit; suffer; tolerate; endure; consent to. — To Allow, Permit, Suffer, Tolerate. To allow is more positive, denoting (at least originally and etymologically) a decided assent, either directly or by implication. To permit is more negative, and imports only acquiescence or an abstinence from prevention. The distinction, however, is often disregarded by good writers. To suffer has a stronger passive or negative sense than to permit, sometimes implying against the will, sometimes mere indifference. To tolerate is to endure what is contrary to will or desire. To suffer and to tolerate are sometimes used without discrimination.

Per•mit´, v. i. To grant permission; to allow.

Per´mit , n. Warrant; license; leave; permission; specifically, a written license or permission given to a person or persons having authority; as a permit to land goods subject to duty.

Per•mit´tance , n. The act of permitting; allowance; permission; leave. Milton.

Per•mit•tee´ , n. One to whom a permission or permit is given.

Per•mit´ter , n. One who permits. “A permitter, or not a hinderer, of sin.” J. Edwards.

Per•mix´ , v. t. To mix; to mingle. [Obs.]

Per•mix´tion , n. See Permission.

Per•mut´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. permutable.] Capable of being permuted; exchangeable. — Per•mut´a•ble•ness, n. — Per•mut´a•bly, adv.

Per•mu•ta´tion , n. [L. permutatio: cf. F. permutation. See Permute.] 1. The act of permuting; exchange of the thing for another; mutual transference; interchange. “The violent convulsions and permutations that have been made in property.” Burke. 2. (Math.) (a) The arrangement of any determinate number of things, as units, objects, letters, etc., in all possible orders, one after the other; — called also alternation. Cf. Combination, n., 4. (b) Any one of such possible arrangements. 3. (Law) Barter; exchange. Permutation lock, a lock in which the parts can be transposed or shifted, so as to require different arrangements of the tumblers on different occasions of unlocking.

Per•mute´ , v. t. [L. permutare, permutatum; per + mutare to change: cf. F. permuter.] 1. To interchange; to transfer reciprocally. 2. To exchange; to barter; to traffic. [Obs.] “Bought, trucked, permuted, or given.” Hakluyt.

Per•mut´er , n. One who permutes.

Pern , v. t. [See Pernancy.] To take profit of; to make profitable. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Pern, n. (Zoöl.) The honey buzzard.

Per´nan•cy , n. [OF. prenance, fr. prendre, prenre, penre, to take, L. prendere, prehendere.] (Law) A taking or reception, as the receiving of rents or tithes in kind, the receiving of profits. Blackstone.

Per´nel , n. See Pimpernel. [Obs.]

Per•ni´cion , n. [See 2d Pernicious.] Destruction; perdition. [Obs.] hudibras.

Per•ni´cious , a. [L. pernix, -icis.] Quick; swift (to burn). [R.] Milton.

Per•ni´cious, a. [L. perniciosus, from pernicies destruction, from pernecare to kill or slay outright; per + necare to kill, slay: cf. F. pernicieux. Cf. Nuisance, Necromancy.] Having the quality of injuring or killing; destructive; very mischievous; baleful; malicious; wicked. “Let this pernicious hour
Stand aye accursed in the calendar.” Shak. “Pernicious to his health.” Prescott. Syn. — Destructive; ruinous; deadly; noxious; injurious; baneful; deleterious; hurtful; mischievous. — Per•ni´cious•ly, adv., — Per•ni´cious•ness, n.

Per•nic´i•ty , n. [L. pernicitas. See 1st Pernicious.] Swiftness; celerity. [R.] Ray.

Per´ni•o , n. [L.] (Med.) A chilblain.

Per•noc•ta´li•an , n. One who watches or keeps awake all night.

Per•noc•ta´tion , n. [L. pernoctatio, fr. pernoctare to stay all night; per + nox, noctis, night.] The act or state of passing the whole night; a remaining all night. ´Pernoctation in prayer.´ Jer. Taylor.

Per´nor , n. [See Pern, v.] (Law) One who receives the profits, as of an estate.

Per´not fur´nace [So called from Charles Pernot, its inventor.] A reverberatory furnace with a circular revolving hearth, — used in making steel.

Per´ny•i moth´ (Zoöl.) A silk- producing moth (Attacus Pernyi) which feeds upon the oak. It has been introduced into Europe and America from China.

Per•of´skite , n. [From von Perovski, of St.Petersburg.] (Min.) A titanate of lime occurring in octahedral or cubic crystals. [Written also Perovskite.]

Pe•rogue , n. See Pirogue.

Per´o•nate , a. [L. peronatus roughbooted, fr. pero, -onis, a kind of rough boot.] (Bot.) A term applied to the stipes or stalks of certain fungi which are covered with a woolly substance which at length becomes powdery. Henslow.

Per•o•ne´al , a. [Gr. the fibula.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the fibula; in the region of the fibula.

Per´o•rate , v. i. [See Peroration.] To make a peroration; to harangue. [Colloq.]

Per•o•ra´tion , n. [L. peroratio, fr. perorate, peroratum, to speak from beginning to end; per + orate to speak. See Per-, and Oration.] (Rhet.) The concluding part of an oration; especially, a final summing up and enforcement of an argument. Burke.

Per•ox•i•da´tion , n. Act, process, or result of peroxidizing; oxidation to a peroxide.

Per•ox´ide , n. (Chem.) An oxide containing more oxygen than some other oxide of the same element. Formerly peroxides were regarded as the highest oxides. Cf. Per-, 2.

Per•ox´i•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peroxidized p. pr. & vb. n. Peroxidizing.] (Chem.) To oxidize to the utmost degree, so as to form a peroxide.

Per•pend´ , v. t. [L. perpendere, perpensum; per + pendere to weight.] To weight carefully in the mind. [R.] ´Perpend my words.´ Shak.

Per•pend´, v. i. To attend; to be attentive. [R.] Shak.

Per•pend´er , n. [F. parpaing, pierre parpaigne; of uncertain origin.] (Masonry) A large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it, and acting as a binder; — called also perbend, perpend stone, and perpent stone.

Per•pen´di•cle , n. [L. perpendiculum; per + pendere to hang: cf. F. perpendicule.] Something hanging straight down; a plumb line. [Obs.]

Per•pen•dic´u•lar , a. [L. perpendicularis, perpendicularius: cf. F. perpendiculaire. See Perpendicle, Pension.] 1. Exactly upright or vertical; pointing to the zenith; at right angles to the plane of the horizon; extending in a right line from any point toward the center of the earth. 2. (Geom.) At right angles to a given line or surface; as the line ad is perpendicular to the line bc. Perpendicular style (Arch.), a name given to the latest variety of English Gothic architecture, which prevailed from the close of the 14th century to the early part of the 16th; — probably so called from the vertical style of its window mullions.

Per•pen•dic´u•lar , n. 1. A line at right angles to the plane of the horizon; a vertical line or direction. 2. (Geom.) A line or plane falling at right angles on another line or surface, or making equal angles with it on each side.

Per•pen•dic•u•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. perpendicularite.] The quality or state of being perpendicular.

Per•pen•dic´u•lar•ly , adv. In a perpendicular manner; vertically.

Per´pend stone See Perpender.

Per•pen´sion , n. [See Perpend.] Careful consideration; pondering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Per•pen´si•ty , n. Perpension. [Obs.]

Per´pent stone See Perpender.

Per•pes´sion , n. [L. perpessio, fr. perpeti, perpessus, to bear steadfastly; per + pati to bear.] Suffering; endurance. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Per´pe•tra´ble , a. Capable of being perpetrated. R. North.

Per´pe•trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perpetrated p. pr. & vb. n. Perpetrating.] [L. perpetratus, p. p. of perpetrare to effect, perpetrare; per + patrare to perform.] To do or perform; to carry through; to execute, commonly in a bad sense; to commit (as a crime, an offense); to be guilty of; as to perpetrate a foul deed. “What the worst perpetrate, or best endure.” Young.

Per•pe•tra´tion , n. [L. perpetratio: cf. F. perpetration.] 1. The act of perpetrating; a doing; — commonly used of doing something wrong, as a crime. 2. The thing perpetrated; an evil action.

Per´pe•tra•tor , n. [L.] One who perpetrates; esp., one who commits an offense or crime.

Per•pet´u•a•ble , a. Capable of being perpetuated or continued. “Varieties are perpetuable, like species.” Gray.

Per•pet´u•al , a. [OE. perpetuel, F. perpetuel, fr. L. perpetualis, fr. perpetuus continuing throughout, continuous, fr. perpes, -etis, lasting throughout.] Neverceasing; continuing forever or for an unlimited time; unfailing; everlasting; continuous. “Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.” Shak. “Perpetual feast of nectared sweets.” Milton. Circle of perpetual apparition, or occultation. See under Circle. — Perpetual calendar, a calendar so devised that it may be adjusted for any month or year. — Perpetual curacy (Ch. of Eng.), a curacy in which all the tithes are appropriated, and no vicarage is endowed. Blackstone. — Perpetual motion. See under Motion. — Perpetual screw. See Endless screw, under Screw. Syn. — Continual; unceasing; endless; everlasting; incessant; constant; eternal. See Constant.

Per•pet´u•al•ly, adv. In a perpetual manner; constantly; continually. “The Bible and Common Prayer Book in the vulgar tongue, being perpetually read in churches, have proved a kind of standard for language.” Swift.

Per•pet´u•al•ty , n. The state or condition of being perpetual. [Obs.] Testament of Love. Per•pet´u•ance , n. Perpetuity. [Obs.]

Per•pet´u•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perpetuated p. pr. & vb. n. Perpetuating.] [L. perpetuatus, p. p. of perpetuare to perpetuate. See Perpetual.] To make perpetual; to cause to endure, or to be continued, indefinitely; to preserve from extinction or oblivion; to eternize. Addison. Burke.

Per•pet´u•ate , a. [L. perpetuatus, p. p.] Made perpetual; perpetuated. [R.] Southey.

Per•pet•u•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. perpetuation.] The act of making perpetual, or of preserving from extinction through an endless existence, or for an indefinite period of time; continuance. Sir T. Browne.

Per•pe•tu´i•ty , n. [L. perpetuitas: cf. F. perpetuite.] 1. The quality or state of being perpetual; as the perpetuity of laws. Bacon. “A path to perpetuity of fame.” Byron. “The perpetuity of single emotion is insanity.” I. Taylor. 2. Something that is perpetual. South. 3. Endless time. ´And yet we should, for perpetuity, go hence in debt.´ Shak. 4. (Annuities) (a) The number of years in which the simple interest of any sum becomes equal to the principal. (b) The number of years’ purchase to be given for an annuity to continue forever. (c) A perpetual annuity. 5. (Law) (a) Duration without limitations as to time. (b) The quality or condition of an estate by which it becomes inalienable, either perpetually or for a very long period; also the estate itself so modified or perpetuated.

Per•plex´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perplexed p. pr. & vb. n. Perplexing.] [L. perplexari. See Perplex, a.] 1. To involve; to entangle; to make intricate or complicated, and difficult to be unraveled or understood; as to perplex one with doubts. “No artful wildness to perplex the scene.” Pope. “What was thought obscure, perplexed, and too hard for our weak parts, will lie open to the understanding in a fair view.” Locke. 2. To embarrass; to puzzle; to distract; to bewilder; to confuse; to trouble with ambiguity, suspense, or anxiety. ´Perplexd beyond self-explication.´ Shak. “We are perplexed, but not in despair.” 2 Cor. iv. 8. “We can distinguish no general truths, or at least shall be apt to perplex the mind.” Locke. 3. To plague; to vex; to tormen. Glanvill. Syn. — To entangle; involve; complicate; embarrass; puzzle; bewilder; confuse; distract. See Embarrass.

Per•plex´, a. [L. perplexus entangled, intricate; per + plectere, plexum, to plait, braid: cf. F. perplexe. See Per-, and Plait.] Intricate; difficult. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Per•plexed´ , a. Entangled, involved, or confused; hence, embarrassd; puzzled; doubtful; anxious. — Per•plex´ed•ly (#), adv. — Per•plex´ed•ness, n.

Per•plex´ing , a. Embarrassing; puzzling; troublesome. ´Perplexing thoughts.´ Milton.

Per•plex´i•ty , n.; pl. Perplexities (#). [L. perplexitas: cf. F. perplexite.] The quality or state of being perplexed or puzzled; complication; intricacy; entanglement; distraction of mind through doubt or difficulty; embarrassment; bewilderment; doubt. “By their own perplexities involved,
They ravel more.” Milton.

Per•plex´ive•ness , n. The quality of being perplexing; tendency to perplex. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Per•plex´ly, adv. Perplexedly. [Obs.] Milton.

Per•po•ta´tion , n. [L. perpotatio, fr. perpotate. See Per-, and Potation.] The act of drinking excessively; a drinking bout. [Obs.]

Per´qui•site , n. [L. perquisitum, fr. perquisitus, p. p. of perquirere to ask for diligently; per + quaerere to seek. See Per-, and Quest.] 1. Something gained from a place or employment over and above the ordinary salary or fixed wages for services rendered; especially, a fee allowed by law to an officer for a specific service. “The pillage of a place taken by storm was regarded as the perquisite of the soldiers.” Prescott. “The best perquisites of a place are the advantages it gaves a man of doing good.” Addison. 2. pl. (Law) Things gotten by a man’s own industry, or purchased with his own money, as opposed to things which come to him by descent. Mozley & W.

Per´qui•sit•ed, a. Supplied with perquisites. [Obs.] ´Perquisited varlets frequent stand.´ Savage.

Per•qui•si´tion , n. [Cf. F. perquisition.] A thorough inquiry of search. [R.] Berkeley.

Per•ra´di•al , a. (Zoöl.) Situated around the radii, or radial tubes, of a radiate.

Per´rie , n. [F. pierreries, pl., fr. pierre stone, L. petra.] Precious stones; jewels. [Obs.] [Written also perre, perrye, etc.] Chaucer.

Per´ri•er , n. [OF. perriere, perrier, F. perrier. Cf. Pederero.] (Mil.) A short mortar used formerly for throwing stone shot. Hakluyt.

Per•ro•quet´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) See Paroquet, Parakeet.

Per•ruque´ , n. [F.] See Peruke.

Per•ru´qui•er , n. [F.] A marker of perukes or wigs.

Per´ry , n. [OF. pere, F. poire, fr. poire a pear, L. pirum. See Pear the fruit.] A fermented liquor made from pears; pear cider. Mortimer.

Per´ry, n. A suddent squall. See Pirry. [Obs.]

Pers , a. [F. pers.] Light blue; grayish blue; — a term applied to different shades at different periods. — n. A cloth of sky-blue color. [Obs.] ´A long surcoat of pers.´ Chaucer.

Per´salt , n. (Chem.) A term formerly given to the salts supposed to be formed respectively by neutralizing acids with certain peroxides. [Obsoles.]

Per´sant , a. [F. perçant, p. pr. of percer to pierce.] Piercing. [Obs.] Spenser.

Per•scru•ta´tion , n. [L. perscrutatio, fr. perscrutari to search through.] A thorough searching; a minute inquiry or scrutiny. Carlyle

Per´se•cot , n. See Persicot.

Per´se•cute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Persecuted p. pr. & vb. n. Persecuting.] [F. persecueter, L. persequi, persecutus, to pursue, prosecute; per + sequi to follow, pursue. See Per-, and Second.] 1. To pursue in a manner to injure, grieve, or afflict; to beset with cruelty or malignity; to harass; especially, to afflict, harass, punish, or put to death, for adherence to a particular religious creed or mode of worship. “Do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.” Matt. v. 44. 2. To harass with importunity; to pursue with persistent solicitations; to annoy. Johnson. Syn. — To oppress; harass; distress; worry; annoy.

Per•se•cu´tion , n. [F. persecution, L. persecutio.] 1. The act or practice of persecuting; especially, the infliction of loss, pain, or death for adherence to a particular creed or mode of worship. “Persecution produces no sincere conviction.” Paley. 2. The state or condition of being persecuted. Locke. 3. A carrying on; prosecution. [Obs.]

Per´se•cu•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. persecuteur.] One who persecutes, or harasses. Shak.

Per´se•cu•trix , n. [L.] A woman who persecutes.

Per´se•id , n. (Astron.) One of a group of shooting stars which appear yearly about the 10th of August, and cross the heavens in paths apparently radiating from the constellation Perseus. They are beleived to be fragments once connected with a comet visible in 1862.

Per´se•us , n. [L., from Gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) A Grecian legendary hero, son of Jupiter and Danaë, who slew the Gorgon Medusa. 2. (Astron.) A consellation of the northern hemisphere, near Taurus and Cassiopea. It contains a star cluster visible to the naked eye as a nebula.

Per•sev´er , v. i. To persevere. [Obs.]

Per•se•ver´ance , n. [F. perseverance, L. perseverantia.] 1. The act of persevering; persistence in anything undertaken; continued pursuit or prosecution of any business, or enterprise begun. ´The king-becoming graces … perseverance, mercy, lowliness.´ Shak. “Whose constant perseverance overcame
Whate’er his cruel malice could invent.” Milton. 2. Discrimination. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. 3. (Theol.) Continuance in a state of grace until it is succeeded by a state of glory; sometimes called final perseverance, and the perseverance of the saints. See Calvinism. Syn. — Persistence; steadfastness; constancy; steadiness; pertinacity.

Per•se•ver´ant , a. [L. perseverans, -antis, p. pr.: cf. F. perseverant.] Persevering. [R.] ´Perseverant faith.´ Whitby. — Per•se•ver´ant•ly, adv. [R.]

Per•se•vere´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persevered p. pr. & vb. n. Persevering.] [F. perseverer, L. perseverare, fr. perseverus very strict; per + severus strict, severe. See Per-, and Severe.] To persist in any business or enterprise undertaken; to pursue steadily any project or course begun; to maintain a purpose in spite of counter influences, opposition, or discouragement; not to give or abandon what is undertaken. “Thrice happy, if they know
Their happiness, and persevere upright.” Milton. Syn. — To Persevere, Continue, Persist. The idea of not laying aside is common to these words. Continue is the generic term, denoting simply to do as one has done hitherto. To persevere is to continue in a given course in spite of discouragements, etc., from a desire to obtain our end. To persist is to continue from a determination of will not to give up. Persist is frequently used in a bad sense, implying obstinacy in pursuing an unworthy aim.

Per•se•ver´ing , a. Characterized by perseverance; persistent. — Per•se•ver´ing•ly, adv.

Per´sian , a. [From Persia: cf. It. Persiano. Cf. Parsee, Peach, Persic.] Of or pertaining to Persia, to the Persians, or to their language. Persian berry, the fruit of Rhamnus infectorius, a kind of buckthorn, used for dyeing yellow, and imported chiefly from Trebizond. — Persian cat. (Zoöl.) Same as Angora cat, under Angora. — Persian columns (Arch.), columns of which the shaft represents a Persian slave; — called also Persians. See Atlantes. — Persian drill (Mech.), a drill which is turned by pushing a nut back and forth along a spirally grooved drill holder. — Persian fire (Med.), malignant pustule. — Persian powder. See Insect powder, under Insect. — Persian red. See Indian red (a), under Indian. — Persian wheel, a noria; a tympanum. See Noria.

Per´sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Persia. 2. The language spoken in Persia. 3. A thin silk fabric, used formerly for linings. Beck. 4. pl. (Arch.) See Persian columns, under Persian, a.

Per´sic , a. [L. Persicus. Cf. Persian.] Of or relating to Persia. — n. The Persian language.

Per•si•ca´ri•a , n. [NL., from LL. persicarius a peach tree. See Peach.] (Bot.) See Lady’s thumb.

Per´si•cot , n. [F. See Peach.] A cordial made of the kernels of apricots, nectarines, etc., with refined spirit.

Per•si•flage´ , n. [F., fr. persifler to quiz, fr. L. per + siffler to whistle, hiss, L. sibilare, sifilare.] Frivolous or bantering talk; a frivolous manner of treating any subject, whether serious or otherwise; light raillery. Hannah More.

Per•si•fleur , n. [F.] One who indulges in persiflage; a banterer; a quiz. Carlyle.

Per•sim´mon , n. [Virginia Indian.] (Bot.) An American tree (Diospyros Virginiana) and its fruit, found from New York southward. The fruit is like a plum in appearance, but is very harsh and astringent until it has been exposed to frost, when it becomes palatable and nutritious. Japanese persimmon, Diospyros Kaki and its red or yellow edible fruit, which outwardly resembles a tomato, but contains a few large seeds.

Per´sis , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of coloring matter obtained from lichens.

Per´sism , n. A Persian idiom.

Per•sist´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Persisting.] [L. persistere; per + sistere to stand or be fixed, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. persister. See Per-, and Stand.] To stand firm; to be fixed and unmoved; to stay; to continue steadfastly; especially, to continue fixed in a course of conduct against opposing motives; to persevere; - - sometimes conveying an unfavorable notion, as of doggedness or obstinacy. “If they persist in pointing their batteries against particular persons, no laws of war forbid the making reprisals.” Addison. “Some positive, persisting fops we know,
Who, if once wrong, will needs be always so.” Pope. “That face persists.
It floats up; it turns over in my mind.” Mrs. Browning. Syn. — See Persevere, and Insist. { Per•sist´ence , Per•sist´en•cy } n. [See Persistent.] 1. The quality or state of being persistent; staying or continuing quality; hence, in an unfavorable sense, doggedness; obstinacy. 2. The continuance of an effect after the cause which first gave rise to it is removed; as: (a) (Physics) The persistence of motion. (b) (Physiol.) Visual persistence, or persistence of the visual impression; auditory persistence, etc.

Per•sist´ent , a. [L. persistens, -entis, p. pr. of persistere. See Persist.] 1. Inclined to persist; having staying qualities; tenacious of position or purpose. 2. (Biol.) Remaining beyond the period when parts of the same kind sometimes fall off or are absorbed; permanent; as persistent teeth or gills; a persistent calyx; — opposed to deciduous, and caducous.

Per•sist´ent•ly, adv. In a persistent manner.

Per•sist´ing, a. Inclined to persist; tenacious of purpose; persistent. — Per•sist´ing•ly, adv.

Per•sist´ive , a. See Persistent. Shak.

Per•solve´ , v. t. [L. persolvere.] To pay wholly, or fully. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Per´son , n. [OE. persone, persoun, person, parson, OF. persone, F. personne, L. persona a mask (used by actors), a personage, part, a person, fr. personare to sound through; per + sonare to sound. See Per-, and cf. Parson.] 1. A character or part, as in a play; a specific kind or manifestation of individual character, whether in real life, or in literary or dramatic representation; an assumed character. [Archaic] “His first appearance upon the stage in his new person of a sycophant or juggler.” Bacon. “No man can long put on a person and act a part.” Jer. Taylor. “To bear rule, which was thy part
And person, hadst thou known thyself aright.” Milton. “How different is the same man from himself, as he sustains the person of a magistrate and that of a friend!” South. 2. The bodily form of a human being; body; outward appearance; as of comely person. “A fair persone, and strong, and young of age.” Chaucer. “If it assume my noble father’s person.” Shak. “Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shined.” Milton. 3. A living, self-conscious being, as distinct from an animal or a thing; a moral agent; a human being; a man, woman, or child. “Consider what person stands for; which, I think, is a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection.” Locke. 4. A human being spoken of indefinitely; one; a man; as any person present. 5. A parson; the parish priest. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. (Theol.) Among Trinitarians, one of the three subdivisions of the Godhead (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost); an hypostasis. ´Three persons and one God.´ Bk. of Com. Prayer. 7. (Gram.) One of three relations or conditions (that of speaking, that of being spoken to, and that of being spoken of) pertaining to a noun or a pronoun, and thence also to the verb of which it may be the subject. A noun or pronoun, when representing the speaker, is said to be in the first person; when representing what is spoken to, in the second person; when representing what is spoken of, in the third person. 8. (Biol.) A shoot or bud of a plant; a polyp or zooid of the compound Hydrozoa Anthozoa, etc.; also an individual, in the narrowest sense, among the higher animals. Haeckel. “True corms, composed of united personae … usually arise by gemmation, … yet in sponges and corals occasionally by fusion of several originally distinct persons.” Encyc. Brit. Artificial, or Fictitious, person (Law), a corporation or body politic. blackstone. — Natural person (Law), a man, woman, or child, in distinction from a corporation. — In person, by one’s self; with bodily presence; not by representative. ´The king himself in person is set forth.´ Shak. — In the person of, in the place of; acting for. Shak.

Per´son , v. t. To represent as a person; to personify; to impersonate. [Obs.] Milton.

Per•so´na , n.; pl. Personae (#). [L.] (Biol.) Same as Person, n., 8.

Per´son•a•ble , a. 1. Having a well-formed body, or person; graceful; comely; of good appearance; presentable; as a personable man or woman. “Wise, warlike, personable, courteous, and kind.” Spenser. “The king, … so visited with sickness, was not personable.” E. Hall. 2. (Law) (a) Enabled to maintain pleas in court. Cowell. (b) Having capacity to take anything granted.

Per´son•age , n. [F. personnage.] 1. Form, appearance, or belongings of a person; the external appearance, stature, figure, air, and the like, of a person. ´In personage stately.´ Hayward. “The damsel well did view his personage.” Spenser. 2. Character assumed or represented. ´The actors and personages of this fable.´ Broome. ´Disguised in a false personage.´ Addison. 3. A notable or distinguished person; a conspicious or peculiar character; as an illustrious personage; a comely personage of stature tall. Spenser.

Per´son•al , a. [L. personalis: cf. F. personnel.] 1. Pertaining to human beings as distinct from things. “Every man so termed by way of personal difference.” Hooker. 2. Of or pertaining to a particular person; relating to, or affecting, an individual, or each of many individuals; peculiar or proper to private concerns; not public or general; as personal comfort; personal desire. “The words are conditional, — If thou doest well, — and so personal to Cain.” Locke. 3. Pertaining to the external or bodily appearance; corporeal; as personal charms. Addison. 4. Done in person; without the intervention of another. ´Personal communication.´ Fabyan. “The immediate and personal speaking of God.” White. 5. Relating to an individual, his character, conduct, motives, or private affairs, in an invidious and offensive manner; as personal reflections or remarks. 6. (Gram.) Denoting person; as a personal pronoun. Personal action (Law), a suit or action by which a man claims a debt or personal duty, or damages in lieu of it; or wherein he claims satisfaction in damages for an injury to his person or property, or the specific recovery of goods or chattels; — opposed to real action. — Personal equation. (Astron.) See under Equation. — Personal estate or property (Law), movables; chattels; — opposed to real estate or property. It usually consists of things temporary and movable, including all subjects of property not of a freehold nature. — Personal identity (Metaph.), the persistent and continuous unity of the individual person, which is attested by consciousness. — Personal pronoun (Gram.), one of the pronouns I, thou, he, she, it, and their plurals. — Personal representatives (Law), the executors or administrators of a person deceased. — Personal rights, rights appertaining to the person; as the rights of a personal security, personal liberty, and private property. — Personal tithes. See under Tithe. — Personal verb (Gram.), a verb which is modified or inflected to correspond with the three persons.

Per´son•al, n. (Law) A movable; a chattel.

Per´son•al•ism , n. The quality or state of being personal; personality. [R.]

Per•son•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Personalities (#). [Cf. F. personnalite. Cf. Personality.] 1. That which constitutes distinction of person; individuality. “Personality is individuality existing in itself, but with a nature as a ground.” Coleridge. 2. Something said or written which refers to the person, conduct, etc., of some individual, especially something of a disparaging or offensive nature; personal remarks; as indulgence in personalities. “Sharp personalities were exchanged.” Macaulay. 3. (Law) That quality of a law which concerns the condition, state, and capacity of persons. Burrill.

Per´son•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personalized p. pr. & vb. n. Personalizing ] To make personal. ´They personalize death.´ H. Spencer.

Per´son•al•ly, adv. 1. In a personal manner; by bodily presence; in person; not by representative or substitute; as to deliver a letter personally. “He, being cited, personally came not.” Grafton. 2. With respect to an individual; as regards the person; individually; particularly. “She bore a mortal hatred to the house of Lancaster, and personally to the king.” Bacon. 3. With respect to one’s individuality; as regards one’s self; as personally I have no feeling in the matter.

Per´son•al•ty , n. 1. The state of being a person; personality. [R.] 2. (Law) Personal property, as distinguished from realty or real property.

Per´son•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personated p. pr. & vb. n. Personating ] [L. personare to cry out, LL., to extol. See Person.] To celebrate loudly; to extol; to praise. [Obs.] “In fable, hymn, or song so personating
Their gods ridiculous.” Milton.

Per´son•ate, v. t. [L. personatus masked, assumed, fictitious, fr. persona a mask. See Person.] 1. To assume the character of; to represent by a fictitious appearance; to act the part of; hence, to counterfeit; to feign; as he tried to personate his brother; a personated devotion. Hammond. 2. To set forth in an unreal character; to disguise; to mask. [R.] ´A personated mate.´ Milton. 3. To personify; to typify; to describe. Shak.

Per´son•ate, v. i. To play or assume a character.

Per´son•ate , a. [L. personatus masked.] (Bot.) Having the throat of a bilabiate corolla nearly closed by a projection of the base of the lower lip; masked, as in the flower of the snapdragon.

Per•son•a´tion , n. The act of personating, or conterfeiting the person or character of another.

Per´son•a•tor , n. One who personates. ´The personators of these actions.´ B. Jonson.

Per•son•e´i•ty , n. Personality. [R.] Coleridge.

Per•son•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. personnification.] 1. The act of personifying; impersonation; embodiment. C. Knight. 2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstract idea is represented as animated, or endowed with personality; prosopopia; as the floods clap their hands. ´Confusion heards his voice.´ Milton.

Per•son´i•fi•er , n. One who personifies.

Per•son´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personified p. pr. & vb. n. Personifying ] [Person + -fy: cf. F. personnifier.] 1. To regard, treat, or represent as a person; to represent as a rational being. “The poets take the liberty of personifying inanimate things.” Chesterfield. 2. To be the embodiment or personification of; to impersonate; as he personifies the law.

Per´son•ize , v. t. To personify. [R.] “Milton has personized them.” J. Richardson.

Per•son•nel´ , n. [F. See Personal.] The body of persons employed in some public service, as the army, navy, etc.; — distinguished from materiel.

Per•spec´tive , a. [L. perspicere, perspectum, to look through; per + spicere, specere, to look: cf. F. perspectif; or from E. perspective, n. See Spy, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the science of vision; optical. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Pertaining to the art, or in accordance with the laws, of perspective. Perspective plane, the plane or surface on which the objects are delineated, or the picture drawn; the plane of projection; — distinguished from the ground plane, which is that on which the objects are represented as standing. When this plane is oblique to the principal face of the object, the perspective is called oblique perspective; when parallel to that face, parallel perspective. — Perspective shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Solarium and allied genera. See Solarium.

Per•spec´tive, n. [F. perspective, fr. perspectif: cf. It. perspettiva. See Perspective, a.] 1. A glass through which objects are viewed. [Obs.] ´Not a perspective, but a mirror.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. That which is seen through an opening; a view; a vista. ´The perspective of life.´ Goldsmith. 3. The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye recognized them as being at a more or less measurable distance. Hence, aërial perspective, the assumed greater vagueness or uncertainty of outline in distant objects. “Aërial perspective is the expression of space by any means whatsoever, sharpness of edge, vividness of color, etc.” Ruskin. 4. The art and the science of so delineating objects that they shall seem to grow smaller as they recede from the eye; — called also linear perspective. 5. A drawing in linear perspective. Isometrical perspective, an inaccurate term for a mechanical way of representing objects in the direction of the diagonal of a cube. — Perspective glass, a telescope which shows objects in the right position.

Per•spec´tive•ly , adv. 1. Optically; as through a glass. [R.] “You see them perspectively.” Shak. 2. According to the rules of perspective.

Per•spec´to•graph , n. [L. perspectus (p. p. of perspicere to look through) + - graph.] An instrument for obtaining, and transferring to a picture, the points and outlines of objects, so as to represent them in their proper geometrical relations as viewed from some one point.

Per•spec•tog´ra•phy , n. The science or art of delineating objects according to the laws of perspective; the theory of perspective.

Per´spi•ca•ble , a. [L. perspicabilis, fr. perspicere.] Discernible. [Obs.] Herbert.

Per•spi•ca´cious , a. [L. perspicax, -acis, fr. perspicere to look through: cf. F. perspicace. See Perspective.] 1. Having the power of seeing clearly; quick-sighted; sharp of sight. 2. Fig.: Of acute discernment; keen. — Per•spi•ca´cious•ly, adv. — Per•spi•ca´cious•ness, n.

Per•spi•cac´i•ty , n. [L. perspicacitas: cf. F. perspicacite. See Perspicacious.] The state of being perspicacious; acuteness of sight or of intelligence; acute discernment. Sir T. Browne.

Per´spi•ca•cy , n. Perspicacity. [Obs.]

Per•spi´cience , n. [L. perspicientia, fr. perspiciens, p. p. of perspicere. See Perspective.] The act of looking sharply. [Obs.] Bailey.

Per´spi•cil , n. [LL. perspicilla, fr. L. perspicere to look through.] An optical glass; a telescope. [Obs.] Crashaw.

Per•spi•cu´i•ty , n. [L. perspicuitas: cf. F. perspicuite.] 1. The quality or state of being transparent or translucent. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The quality of being perspicuous to the understanding; clearness of expression or thought. 3. Sagacity; perspicacity. Syn. — Clearness; perspicuousness; plainness; distinctness; lucidity; transparency. See Clearness.

Per•spic´u•ous , a. [L. perspicuus, from perspicere to look through. See Perspective.] 1. Capable of being through; transparent; translucent; not opaque. [Obs.] Peacham. 2. Clear to the understanding; capable of being clearly understood; clear in thought or in expression; not obscure or ambiguous; as a perspicuous writer; perspicuous statements. ´The purpose is perspicuous.´ Shak. — Per•spic´u•ous•ly, adv. — Per•spic´u•ous•ness, n.

Per•spir•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being perspirable.

Per•spir´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. perspirable.] 1. Capable of being perspired. Sir T. Browne. 2. Emitting perspiration; perspiring. [R.] Bacon.

Per•spi•ra´tion , n. [Cf. F. perspiration.] 1. The act or process of perspiring. 2. That which is excreted through the skin; sweat. A man of average weight throws off through the skin during 24 hours about 18 ounces of water, 300 grains of solid matter, and 400 grains of carbonic acid gas. Ordinarily, this constant exhalation is not apparent, and the excretion is then termed insensible perspiration.

Per•spir´a•tive , a. Performing the act of perspiration; perspiratory.

Per•spir´a•to•ry , a. Of, pertaining to, or producing, perspiration; as the perspiratory ducts.

Per•spire´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perspired p. pr. & vb. n. Perspiring.] [L. perspirare to breathe through; per + spirare. See Per-, and Spirit.] 1. (Physiol.) To excrete matter through the skin; esp., to excrete fluids through the pores of the skin; to sweat. 2. To be evacuated or excreted, or to exude, through the pores of the skin; as a fluid perspires.

Per•spire´, v. t. To emit or evacuate through the pores of the skin; to sweat; to excrete through pores. “Firs … perspire a fine balsam of turpentine.” Smollett.

Per•strep´er•ous , a. [L. perstrepere to make a great noise.] Noisy; obstreperous. [Obs.] Ford.

Per•stringe´ , v. t. [L. perstringere; per + stringere to bind up, to touch upon.] 1. To touch; to graze; to glance on. [Obs.] 2. To criticise; to touch upon. [R.] Evelyn.

Per•suad´a•ble , a. That may be persuaded. — Per•suad´a•ble•ness, n. — Per•suad´a•bly, adv.

Per•suade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Persuaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Persuading.] [L. persuadere, persuasum; per + suadere to advise, persuade: cf. F. persuader. See Per- , and Suasion.] 1. To influence or gain over by argument, advice, entreaty, expostulation, etc.; to draw or incline to a determination by presenting sufficient motives. “Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.” Acts xxvi. 28. “We will persuade him, be it possible.” Shak. 2. To try to influence. [Obsolescent] “Hearken not unto Hezekiah, when he persuadeth you.” 2 Kings xviii. 32. 3. To convince by argument, or by reasons offered or suggested from reflection, etc.; to cause to believe. “Beloved, we are persuaded better things of you.” Heb. vi. 9. 4. To inculcate by argument or expostulation; to advise; to recommend. Jer. Taylor. Syn. — To convince; induce; prevail on; win over; allure; entice. See Convince.

Per•suade´ , v. i. To use persuasion; to plead; to prevail by persuasion. Shak.

Per•suade´, n. Persuasion. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Per•suad´ed, p. p. & a. Prevailed upon; influenced by argument or entreaty; convinced. — Per•suad´ed•ly, adv. — Per•suad´ed•ness, n.

Per•suad´er , n. One who, or that which, persuades or influences. ´Powerful persuaders.´ Milton.

Per•sua•si•bil´i•ty , n. Capability of being persuaded. Hawthorne.

Per•sua´si•ble , a. [Cf. L. persuasibilis persuasive, F. persuasible persuasible.] 1. Capable of being persuaded; persuadable. 2. Persuasive. [Obs.] Bale. — Per•sua´si•ble•ness, n. — Per•sua´si•bly, adv.

Per•sua´sion , n. [L. persuasio; Cf. F. persuasion.] 1. The act of persuading; the act of influencing the mind by arguments or reasons offered, or by anything that moves the mind or passions, or inclines the will to a determination. “For thou hast all the arts of fine persuasion.” Otway. 2. The state of being persuaded or convinced; settled opinion or conviction, which has been induced. “If the general persuasion of all men does so account it.” Hooker. “My firm persuasion is, at least sometimes,
That Heaven will weigh man’s virtues and his crimes
With nice attention.” Cowper. 3. A creed or belief; a sect or party adhering to a certain creed or system of opinions; as of the same persuasion; all persuasions are agreed. “Of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political.” Jefferson. 4. The power or quality of persuading; persuasiveness. “Is ’t possible that my deserts to you
Can lack persuasion?” Shak. 5. That which persuades; a persuasive. [R.] Syn. — See Conviction.

Per•sua´sive , a. [Cf. F. persuasif.] Tending to persuade; having the power of persuading; as persuasive eloquence. ´Persuasive words.´ Milton.

Per•sua´sive, n. That which persuades; an inducement; an incitement; an exhortation. — Per•sua´sive•ly, adv. — Per•sua´sive•ness, n.

Per•sua´so•ry , a. Persuasive. Sir T. Browne.

Per•sul´phate , n. (Chem.) A sulphate of the peroxide of any base. [R.]

Per•sul´phide , n. (Chem.) A sulphide containing more sulphur than some other compound of the same elements; as iron pyrites is a persulphide; — formerly called persulphuret.

Per•sul•pho•cy´a•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of persulphocyanic acid. [R.]

Per•sul•pho•cy•an´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a yellow crystalline substance (called also perthiocyanic acid), analogous to sulphocyanic acid, but containing more sulphur.

Per•sul•pho•cy•an´o•gen , n. (Chem.) An orange-yellow substance, produced by the action of chlorine or boiling dilute nitric acid and sulphocyanate of potassium; — called also pseudosulphocyanogen, perthiocyanogen, and formerly sulphocyanogen.

Per•sul´phu•ret , n. (Chem.) A persulphide. [Obs.]

Pert , a. [An aphetic form of OE. & OF. apert open, known, true, free, or impudent. See Apert.] 1. Open; evident; apert. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. Lively; brisk; sprightly; smart. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Indecorously free, or presuming; saucy; bold; impertinent. ´A very pert manner.´ Addison. “The squirrel, flippant, pert, and full of play.” Cowper.

Pert, v. i. To behave with pertness. [Obs.] Gauden.

Per•tain´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pertained p. pr. & vb. n. Pertaining.] [OE. partenen, OF. partenir, fr. L. pertinere to stretch out, reach, pertain; per + tenere to hold, keep. See Per-, and Tenable, and cf. Appertain, Pertinent.] 1. To belong; to have connection with, or dependence on, something, as an appurtenance, attribute, etc.; to appertain; as saltness pertains to the ocean; flowers pertain to plant life. “Men hate those who affect that honor by ambition which pertaineth not to them.” Hayward. 2. To have relation or reference to something. “These words pertain unto us at this time as they pertained to them at their time.” Latimer.

Per•ter•e•bra´tion , n. [L. perterebratus, p. p. of perterebrare to bore through.] The act of boring through. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Per•thi•o•cy•an´o•gen , n. (Chem.) Same as Persulphocyanogen.

Perth´ite , n. [So called from Perth, in canada.] (Min.) A kind of feldspar consisting of a laminated intertexture of albite and orthoclase, usually of different colors. — Per•thit´ic (#), a.

Per•ti•na´cious , a.[L. pertinax, -acis; per + tenax tenacious. See Per-, and Tenacious.] 1. Holding or adhering to any opinion, purpose, or design, with obstinacy; perversely persistent; obstinate; as pertinacious plotters; a pertinacious beggar. 2. Resolute; persevering; constant; steady. “Diligence is a steady, constant, and pertinacious study.” South. Syn. — Obstinate; stubborn; inflexible; unyielding; resolute; determined; firm; constant; steady. — Per•ti•na´cious•ly, adv. — Per•ti•na´cious•ness, n.

Per•ti•nac´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. pertinacite.] The quality or state of being pertinacious; obstinacy; perseverance; persistency. Macaulay. Syn. — See Obstinacy.

Per´ti•na•cy , n. [L. pertinere to pertain. See Pertinence.] The quality or state of being pertinent; pertinence. [Obs.]

Per´ti•na•cy, n. [L. pertinacia, fr. pertinax. See Pertinacious.] Pertinacity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per´ti•nate , a. Pertinacious. [Obs.]

Per´ti•nate•ly, adv. Pertinaciously. [Obs.] { Per´ti•nence , Per´ti•nen•cy } n. [Cf. F. pertinence. See Pertinent.] The quality or state of being pertinent; justness of relation to the subject or matter in hand; fitness; appositeness; relevancy; suitableness. “The fitness and pertinency of the apostle’s discourse.” Bentley.

Per´ti•nent , a. [L. pertinens, -entis, p. pr. of pertinere: cf. F. pertinent. See Pertain.] 1. Belonging or related to the subject or matter in hand; fit or appropriate in any way; adapted to the end proposed; apposite; material; relevant; as pertinent illustrations or arguments; pertinent evidence. 2. Regarding; concerning; belonging; pertaining. [R.] ´Pertinent unto faith.´ Hooker. Syn. — Apposite; relevant; suitable; appropriate; fit. — Per´ti•nent•ly, adv. — Per´ti•nent•ness, n.

Pert´ly , adv. In a pert manner.

Pert´ness, n. The quality or state of being pert.

Per•tran´sient , a. [L. pertransiens, p. pr. of pertransire.] Passing through or over. [R.]

Per•turb´ , v. t. [L. perturbare, perturbatum; per + turbare to disturb, fr. turba a disorder: cf. OF. perturber. See Per-, and Turbid.] 1. To disturb; to agitate; to vex; to trouble; to disquiet. “Ye that … perturb so my feast with crying.” Chaucer. 2. To disorder; to confuse. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Per•turb•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being perturbable.

Per•turb´a•ble , a. Liable to be perturbed or agitated; liable to be disturbed or disquieted.

Per•turb´ance , n. Disturbance; perturbation. [R.] ´Perturbance of the mind.´ Sharp.

Per´tur•bate , v. t. [From L. perturbatus, p. p.] To perturb. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Per´tur•bate , a. Perturbed; agitated. [R.]

Per•tur•ba´tion , n. [L. perturbatio: cf. F. perturbation.] 1. The act of perturbing, or the state of being perturbed; esp., agitation of mind. 2. (Astron.) A disturbance in the regular elliptic or other motion of a heavenly body, produced by some force additional to that which causes its regular motion; as the perturbations of the planets are caused by their attraction on each other. Newcomb.

Per•tur•ba´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to perturbation, esp. to the perturbations of the planets. ´The perturbational theory.´ Sir J. Herschel.

Per´tur•ba•tive , a. Tending to cause perturbation; disturbing. Sir J. Herschel.

Per´tur•ba•tor , n. A perturber. [R.]

Per•turbed´ , a. Agitated; disturbed; troubled. Shak. — Per•turb´ed•ly, adv.

Per•turb´er , n. One who, or that which, perturbs, or cause perturbation.

Per•tus´ate , a. [See Pertuse.] (Bot.) Pierced at the apex. { Per•tuse´ , Per•tused´ }, a. [L. pertusus, p. p. of pertundere to beat or thrust through, to bore through; per + tundere to beat: cf. F. pertus. Cf. Pierce.] Punched; pierced with, or having, holes.

Per•tu´sion , n. [L. pertusio.] The act of punching or piercing with a pointed instrument; as pertusion of a vein. [R.] Arbuthnot. 2. A punched hole; a perforation. Bacon.

Per•tus´sis , n. [NL., fr. L. per through, very + tussis cough.] (Med.) The whooping cough.

Per´uke , n. [F. perruque, It. perrucca, parrucca, fr. L. pilus hair. Cf. Periwig, Wig, Peel to strip off, Plush, Pile a hair.] A wig; a periwig.

Per´uke, v. t. To dress with a peruke. [R.]

Per´u•la , n.; pl. Perulae (#). [L., dim. of pera wallet, Gr. : cf. F. perule.] 1. (Bot.) One of the scales of a leaf bud. 2. (Bot.) A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchides.

Per´ule , n. Same as Perula.

Pe•rus´al , n. [From Peruse.] 1. The act of carefully viewing or examining. [R.] Tatler. 2. The act of reading, especially of reading through or with care. Woodward.

Pe•ruse´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perused p. pr. & vb. n. Perusing.] [Pref. per- + use.] 1. To observe; to examine with care. [R.] “Myself I then perused, and limb by limb
Surveyed.” Milton. 2. To read through; to read carefully. Shak.

Pe•rus´er , n. One who peruses.

Pe•ru´vi•an , a. [Cf. F. peruvien, Sp. peruviano.] Of or pertaining to Peru, in South America. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Peru. Peruvian balsam. See Balsam of Peru, under Balsam. — Peruvian bark, the bitter bark of trees of various species of Cinchona. It acts as a powerful tonic, and is a remedy for malarial diseases. This property is due to several alkaloids, as quinine, cinchonine, etc., and their compounds; — called also Jesuit’s bark, and cinchona. See Cinchona.

Per•vade´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pervaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pervading.] [L. pervadere, pervasum; per + vadere to go, to walk. See Per-, and Wade.] 1. To pass or flow through, as an aperture, pore, or interstice; to permeate. “That labyrinth is easily pervaded.” Blackstone. 2. To pass or spread through the whole extent of; to be diffused throughout. “A spirit of cabal, intrigue, and proselytism pervaded all their thoughts, words, and actions.” Burke.

Per•va´sion , n. [L. pervasio. See Pervade.] The act of pervading, passing, or spreading through the whole extent of a thing. Boyle.

Per•va´sive , a. Tending to pervade, or having power to spread throughout; of a pervading quality. ´Civilization pervasive and general.´ M. Arnold.

Per•verse´ , a. [L. perversus turned the wrong way, not right, p. p. of pervertereto turn around, to overturn: cf. F. pervers. See Pervert.] 1. Turned aside; hence, specifically, turned away from the right; willfully erring; wicked; perverted. “The only righteous in a word perverse.” Milton. 2. Obstinate in the wrong; stubborn; intractable; hence, wayward; vexing; contrary. “To so perverse a sex all grace is vain.” Dryden. Syn. — Froward; untoward; wayward; stubborn; ungovernable; intractable; cross; petulant; vexatious. — Perverse, Froward. One who is froward is capricious, and reluctant to obey. One who is perverse has a settled obstinacy of will, and likes or dislikes by the rule of contradiction to the will of others.

Per•versed´ , a. Turned aside. [Obs.]

Per•vers´ed•ly , adv. Perversely. [Obs.]

Per•verse´ly, adv. In a perverse manner.

Per•verse´ness, n. The quality or state of being perverse. ´Virtue hath some perverseness.´ Donne.

Per•ver´sion , n. [L. perversio: cf. F. perversion. See Pervert.] The act of perverting, or the state of being perverted; a turning from truth or right; a diverting from the true intent or object; a change to something worse; a turning or applying to a wrong end or use. ´Violations and perversions of the laws.´ Bacon.

Per•ver´si•ty , n. [L. perversitas: cf. F. perversite.] The quality or state of being perverse; perverseness.

Per•ver´sive , a.Tending to pervert.

Per•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Perverting.] [F. pervertir, L. pervertere, perversum; per + vertere to turn. See Per-, and Verse.] 1. To turnanother way; to divert. [Obs.] “Let’s follow him, and pervert the present wrath.” Shak. 2. To turn from truth, rectitude, or propriety; to divert from a right use, end, or way; to lead astray; to corrupt; also to misapply; to misinterpret designedly; as to pervert one’s words. Dryden. “He, in the serpent, had perverted Eve.” Milton.

Per•vert´, v. i. To become perverted; to take the wrong course. [R.] Testament of Love.

Per´vert , n. One who has been perverted; one who has turned to error, especially in religion; — opposed to convert. See the Synonym of Convert. “That notorious pervert, Henry of Navarre.” Thackeray.

Per•vert´er , n. One who perverts (a person or thing). ´His own parents his perverters.´ South. ´A perverter of his law.´ Bp. Stillingfleet.

Per•vert´i•ble , a. Capable of being perverted.

Per•ves´ti•gate , v. t. [L. pervestigatus, p. p. of pervestigare.] To investigate thoroughly. [Obs.]

Per•ves•ti•ga´tion , n. [L. pervestigatio.] Thorough investigation. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Per´vi•al , a. [See Pervious.] Pervious. [Obs.] — Per´vi•al•ly, adv. [Obs.] Chapman.

Per•vi•ca´cious , a. [L. pervicax, -acis.] Obstinate; willful; refractory. [Obs.] — Per•vi•ca´cious•ly, adv. — Per•vi•ca´cious•ness, n. [Obs.]

Per•vi•cac´i•ty , n. Obstinacy; pervicaciousness. [Obs.] Bentley.

Per´vi•ca•cy , n. [L. pervicacia.] Pervicacity. [Obs.]

Per•vig•i•la´tion , n. [L. pervigilatio, fr. pervigilare.] Careful watching. [Obs.]

Per´vi•ous , a. [L. pervis; per + via a way. See Per-, and Voyage.] 1. Admitting passage; capable of being penetrated by another body or substance; permeable; as a pervious soil. “[Doors] … pervious to winds, and open every way.” Pope. 2. Capable of being penetrated, or seen through, by physical or mental vision. [R.] “God, whose secrets are pervious to no eye.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Capable of penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] Prior. 4. (Zoöl.) Open; — used synonymously with perforate, as applied to the nostrils or birds.

Per´vi•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being pervious; as the perviousness of glass. Boyle.

Per´vis , n. See Parvis.

Per´y , n. A pear tree. See Pirie. [Obs.]

Pes , n.; pl. Pedes . [L., the foot.] (Anat.) The distal segment of the hind limb of vertebrates, including the tarsus and foot.

Pe•sade´ , n. [F.] (Man.) The motion of a horse when, raising his fore quarters, he keeps his hind feet on the ground without advancing; rearing.

Pes´age , n. [F., fr. peser to weigh.] A fee, or toll, paid for the weighing of merchandise.

Pes´ane , n. (Anc. Armor.) See Pusane.

Pes´ant•ed , a. [F. pesant heavy.] Made heavy or dull; debased. [Obs.] ´Pesanted to each lewd thought’s control.´ Marston.

Pe•schit´o , n. See Peshito.

Pese , n. [See Pea.] A pea. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pe•se´ta , n. [Sp.] A Spanish silver coin, and money of account, equal to about nineteen cents, and divided into 100 centesimos. { Pe•shit´o , Pe•shit´to } n. [Syriac peshîtâ simple.] The earliest Syriac version of the Old Testament, translated from Hebrew; also the incomplete Syriac version of the New Testament. [Written also peschito.]

Pes´ky , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Pestering; vexatious; troublesome. Used also as an intensive. [Colloq. & Low, U.S.] Judd.

Pe´so , n. [Sp.] A Spanish dollar; also an Argentine, Chilian, Colombian, etc., coin, equal to from 75 cents to a dollar; also a pound weight.

Pes´sa•ry , n.; pl. Pessaries (#). [L. pessarium, pessum, pessus, Gr. : cf. F. pessaire.] (Med.) (a) An instrument or device to be introduced into and worn in the vagina, to support the uterus, or remedy a malposition. (b) A medicinal substance in the form of a bolus or mass, designed for introduction into the vagina; a vaginal suppository.

Pes´si•mism , n. [L. pessimus worst, superl. of pejor worse: cf. F. pessimisme. Cf. Impair.] 1. (Metaph.) The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature is ordered for or tends to the worst, or that the world is wholly evil; — opposed to optimism. 2. A disposition to take the least hopeful view of things.

Pes´si•mist , n. [L. pessimus worst: cf. F. pessimiste.] 1. (Metaph.) One who advocates the doctrine of pessimism; — opposed to optimist. 2. One who looks on the dark side of things. { Pes´si•mist , Pes•si•mis´tic } a. (Metaph.) Of or pertaining to pessimism; characterized by pessimism; gloomy; foreboding. ´Giving utterance to pessimistic doubt.´ Encyc. Brit.

Pes•si•mis´tic•al , a. Pessimistic.

Pes´si•mize , v. i. To hold or advocate the doctrine of pessimism. London Sat. Rev.

Pes´su•lus , n.; pl. Pessuli (#). [L., a bolt.] (Anat.) A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds.

Pest , n. [L. pestis: cf. F. peste.] 1. A fatal epidemic disease; a pestilence; specif., the plague. “England’s sufferings by that scourge, the pest.” Cowper. 2. Anything which resembles a pest; one who, or that which, is troublesome, noxious, mischievous, or destructive; a nuisance. ´A pest and public enemy.´ South.

Pes•ta•loz´zi•an , a. Belonging to, or characteristic of, a system of elementary education which combined manual training with other instruction, advocated and practiced by Jean Henri Pestalozzi (1746-1827), a Swiss teacher. — n. An advocate or follower of the system of Pestalozzi.

Pes•ta•loz´zi•an•ism , n. The system of education introduced by Pestalozzi.

Pes´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pestered p. pr. & vb. n. Pestering.] [Abbrev. fr. impester, fr. OF. empaistrier, empestrer, to entangle the feet or legs, to embarrass, F. empêtrer; pref. em-, en- (L. in in) + LL. pastorium, pastoria, a fetter by which horses are prevented from wandering in the pastures, fr. L. pastorius belonging to a herdsman or shepherd, pastor a herdsman. See In, and Pasture, Pastor.] 1. To trouble; to disturb; to annoy; to harass with petty vexations. “We are pestered with mice and rats.” Dr. H. More. “A multitude of scribblers daily pester the world.” Dryden. 2. To crowd together in an annoying way; to overcrowd; to infest. [Obs.] Milton. “All rivers and pools … pestered full with fishes.” Holland.

Pes´ter•er , n. One who pesters or harasses.

Pes´ter•ment , n. The act of pestering, or the state of being pestered; vexation; worry. ´The trouble and pesterment of children.´ B. Franklin.

Pes´ter•ous , a.Inclined to pester. also vexatious; encumbering; burdensome. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pest´ful , a. Pestiferous. ´After long and pestful calms.´ Coleridge.

Pest•house´ , n. A house or hospital for persons who are infected with any pestilential disease.

Pes´ti•duct , n. [L. pestis pest + ductus a leading, fr. ducere to lead.] That which conveys contagion or infection. [Obs.] Donne.

Pes•tif´er•ous , a. [L. pestiferus, pestifer; pestis pest + ferre to bear: cf. F. pestifère.] 1. Pest-bearing; pestilential; noxious to health; malignant; infectious; contagious; as pestiferous bodies. ´Poor, pestiferous creatures begging alms.´ Evelyn. ´Unwholesome and pestiferous occupations.´ Burke. 2. Noxious to peace, to morals, or to society; vicious; hurtful; destructive; as a pestiferous demagogue. “Pestiferous reports of men very nobly held.” Shak.

Pes•tif´er•ous•ly, adv. In a pestiferuos manner.

Pes´ti•lence , n. [F. pestilence, L. pestilentia. See Pestilent.] 1. Specifically, the disease known as the plague; hence, any contagious or infectious epidemic disease that is virulent and devastating. “The pestilence That walketh in darkness.” Ps. xci. 6. 2. Fig.: That which is pestilent, noxious, or pernicious to the moral character of great numbers. “I’ll pour this pestilence into his ear.” Shak. Pestilence weed (Bot.), the butterbur coltsfoot (Petasites vulgaris), so called because formerly considered a remedy for the plague. Dr. Prior.

Pes´ti•lent , a. [L. pestilens, -entis, fr. pestis pest: cf. F. pestilent.] Pestilential; noxious; pernicious; mischievous. ´Corrupt and pestilent.´ Milton. ´What a pestilent knave is this same!´ Shak.

Pes•ti•len´tial , a. [Cf. F. pestilentiel.] 1. Having the nature or qualities of a pestilence. ´Sends the pestilential vapors.´ Longfellow. 2. Hence: Mischievous; noxious; pernicious; morally destructive. “So pestilential, so infectious a thing is sin.” Jer. Taylor.

Pes•ti•len´tial•ly, adv. Pestilently.

Pes•ti•len´tious , a. Pestilential. [Obs.]

Pes´ti•lent•ly , adv. In a pestilent manner; mischievously; destructively. ´Above all measure pestilently noisome.´ Dr. H. More.

Pes´ti•lent•ness, n. The quality of being pestilent.

Pes•til•la´tion , n. [LL. pestillum, L. pistillum. See Pestle.] The act of pounding and bruising with a pestle in a mortar. Sir T. Browne.

Pes´tle (pes´’l; 277), n. [OE. pestel, OF. pestel, LL. pestellum, L. pistillum, pistillus, a pounder, pestle, fr. pisere, pinsere, to pound, crush, akin to Gr. , Skr. pish. Cf. Pistil.] 1. An implement for pounding and breaking or braying substances in a mortar. 2. A constable’s or bailiff’s staff; — so called from its shape. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. The leg and leg bone of an animal, especially of a pig; as a pestle of pork.

Pes´tle , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pestled p. pr. & vb. n. Pestling ] To pound, pulverize, bray, or mix with a pestle, or as with a pestle; to use a pestle.

Pet , n. [Formerly peat, perhaps from Ir. peat, akin to Gael. peata.] 1. A cade lamb; a lamb brought up by hand. 2. Any person or animal especially cherished and indulged; a fondling; a darling; often, a favorite child. “The love of cronies, pets, and favorites.” Tatler. 3. [Prob. fr. Pet a fondling, hence, the behavior or humor of a spoiled child.] A slight fit of peevishness or fretfulness. ´In a pet she started up.´ Tennyson.

Pet, a. Petted; indulged; admired; cherished; as a pet child; a pet lamb; a pet theory. “Some young lady’s pet curate.” F. Harrison. Pet cock. [Perh. for petty cock.] (Mach.) A little faucet in a water pipe or pump, to let air out, or at the end of a steam cylinder, to drain it.

Pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petted; p. pr. & vb. n. Petting.] To treat as a pet; to fondle; to indulge; as she was petted and spoiled.

Pet, v. i. To be a pet. Feltham.

Pet´al , n. [Gr. a leaf, a leaf or plate of metal, fr. outspread, broad, flat: cf. F. petale. See Fathom.] 1. (Bot.) One of the leaves of the corolla, or the colored leaves of a flower. See Corolla, and Illust. of Flower. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the expanded ambulacra which form a rosette on the black of certain Echini.

Pet´aled , a. (Bot.) Having petals; as a petaled flower; — opposed to apetalous, and much used in compounds; as one-petaled, three-petaled, etc.

Pet•al•if´er•ous , a. [Petal + -ferous.] Bearing petals.

Pe•tal´i•form , a. (Bot.) Having the form of a petal; petaloid; petal-shaped.

Pet´al•ine , a. [Cf. F. petalin.] (Bot.) Pertaining to a petal; attached to, or resembling, a petal.

Pet´al•ism , n. [Gr. , fr. a leaf: cf. F. petalisme.] (Gr. Antiq.) A form of sentence among the ancient Syracusans by which they banished for five years a citizen suspected of having dangerous influence or ambition. It was similar to the ostracism in Athens; but olive leaves were used instead of shells for ballots.

Pet´al•ite , n. [Cf. F. petalite.] (Min.) A rare mineral, occurring crystallized and in cleavable masses, usually white, or nearly so, in color. It is a silicate of aluminia and lithia.

Pe•tal´o•dy , n. [Petal + Gr. form.] (Bot.) The metamorphosis of various floral organs, usually stamens, into petals.

Pet´al•oid , a. [Petal + - oid: cf. F. petaloïde.] (Bot.) Petaline.

Pet•al•oid´e•ous , a. (Bot.) Having the whole or part of the perianth petaline. Petaloideous division, that division of endogenous plants in which the perianth is wholly or partly petaline, embracing the Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, Amaryllideae, etc.

Pet•a•los´ti•cha , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a leaf + a row.] (Zoöl.) An order of Echini, including the irregular sea urchins, as the spatangoids. See Spatangoid.

Pet´al•ous , a. Having petals; petaled; — opposed to apetalous.

Pet´a•lum , n.; pl. Petala (#). [NL.] A petal.

Pe•tar´ , n. See Petard. [Obs.] ´Hoist with his own petar.´ Shak.

Pe•tard´ , n. [F. petard, fr. peter to break wind, to crack, to explode, L. pedere, peditum.] (Mil.) A case containing powder to be exploded, esp. a conical or cylindrical case of metal filled with powder and attached to a plank, to be exploded against and break down gates, barricades, drawbridges, etc. It has been superseded. { Pet•ar•deer´ , Pet•ar•dier´ } , n. [F. petardier.] (Mil.) One who managed a petard.

Pet´a•sus , n. [L., from Gr. .] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) The winged cap of Mercury; also a broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat worn by Greeks and Romans.

Pe•tau´rist , n. [L. petaurista a ropedancer, Gr. , fr. to dance on a rope, fr. a pole, a stage for ropedancers: cf. F. petauriste.] (Zoöl.) Any flying marsupial of the genera Petaurus, Phalangista, Acrobata, and allied genera. See Flying mouse, under Flying, and Phalangister.

Pe•tech´i•ae , n. pl.; sing. Petechia . [NL., fr. LL. peteccia; cf. F. petechie, It. petecchia, Sp. petequia, Gr. a label, plaster.] (Med.) Small crimson, purple, or livid spots, like flea-bites, due to extravasation of blood, which appear on the skin in malignant fevers, etc.

Pe•tech´i•al , a. [Cf. F. petechial, LL. petecchialis.] (Med.) Characterized by, or pertaining to, petechiae; spotted. Petechial fever, a malignant fever, accompanied with livid spots on the skin.

Pe´ter , n. A common baptismal name for a man. The name of one of the apostles, Peter boat, a fishing boat, sharp at both ends, originally of the Baltic Sea, but now common in certain English rivers. — Peter Funk, the auctioneer in a mock auction. [Cant, U.S.] — Peter pence, or Peter’s pence. (a) An annual tax or tribute, formerly paid by the English people to the pope, being a penny for every house, payable on Lammas or St.Peter’s day; — called also Rome scot, and hearth money. (b) In modern times, a voluntary contribution made by Roman Catholics to the private purse of the pope. — Peter’s fish (Zoöl.), a haddock; — so called because the black spots, one on each side, behind the gills, are traditionally said to have been caused by the fingers of St. Peter, when he caught the fish to pay the tribute. The name is applied, also to other fishes having similar spots.

Pet´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Petered p. pr. & vb. n. Petering.] [Etymol. uncertain.] To become exhausted; to run out; to fail; — used generally with out; as that mine has petered out. [Slang, U.S.]

Pet´er•el , n. (Zoöl.) See Petrel.

Pet•e•re´ro , n. (Mil.) See Pederero.

Pe´ter•man , n.; pl. Petermen . A fisherman; — so called after the apostle Peter. [An obs. local term in Eng.] Chapman.

Pe´ter•sham , n. [Named after Lord Petersham.] A rough, knotted woolen cloth, used chiefly for men’s overcoats; also a coat of that material.

Pe´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) See Saint Peter’s-wort, under Saint. { Pet´i•o•lar , Pet´i•o•la•ry } a. [Cf. F. petiolarie.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to petiole, or proceeding from it; as a petiolar tendril; growing or supported upon a petiole; as a petiolar gland; a petiolar bud. { Pet´i•o•late , Pet´i•o•la•ted } a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having a stalk or petiole; as a petioleate leaf; the petiolated abdomen of certain Hymenoptera.

Pet´i•ole , n. [F. petiole, fr. L. petiolus a little foot, a fruit stalk; cf. pes, pedis, a foot.] 1. (Bot.) A leafstalk; the footstalk of a leaf, connecting the blade with the stem. See Illust. of Leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) A stalk or peduncle.

Pet´i•oled , a. Petiolate.

Pet•i•ol´u•late , a. (Bot.) Supported by its own petiolule. Gray.

Pet´i•o•lule , n. [Cf. F. petiolule.] (Bot.) A small petiole, or the petiole of a leaflet.

Pet´it , a. [F. See Petty.] Small; little; insignificant; mean; — Same as Petty. [Obs., except in legal language.] “By what small, petit hints does the mind catch hold of and recover a vanishing notion.” South. Petit constable, an inferior civil officer, subordinate to the high constable. — Petit jury, a jury of twelve men, impaneled to try causes at the bar of a court; — so called in distinction from the grand jury. — Petit larceny, the stealing of goods of, or under, a certain specified small value; — opposed to grand larceny. The distinction is abolished in England. — Petit maître . [F., lit., little master.] A fop; a coxcomb; a ladies’ man. Goldsmith. — Petit serjeanty (Eng. Law), the tenure of lands of the crown, by the service of rendering annually some implement of war, as a bow, an arrow, a sword, a flag, etc. — Petit treason, formerly, in England, the crime of killing a person to whom the offender owed duty or subjection, as one’s husband, master, mistress, etc. The crime is now not distinguished from murder.

Pe•ti´tion , n. [F. petition, L. petitio, fr. petere, petitum, to beg, ask, seek; perh. akin to E. feather, or find.] 1. A prayer; a supplication; an imploration; an entreaty; especially, a request of a solemn or formal kind; a prayer to the Supreme Being, or to a person of superior power, rank, or authority; also a single clause in such a prayer. “A house of prayer and petition for thy people.” 1 Macc. vii. 37. “This last petition heard of all her prayer.” Dryden. 2. A formal written request addressed to an official person, or to an organized body, having power to grant it; specifically (Law), a supplication to government, in either of its branches, for the granting of a particular grace or right; — in distinction from a memorial, which calls certain facts to mind; also the written document. Petition of right (Law), a petition to obtain possession or restitution of property, either real or personal, from the Crown, which suggests such a title as controverts the title of the Crown, grounded on facts disclosed in the petition itself. Mozley & W. — The Petition of Right (Eng. Hist.), the parliamentary declaration of the rights of the people, assented to by Charles I.

Pe•ti´tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petitioned p. pr. & vb. n. Petitioning.] To make a prayer or request to; to ask from; to solicit; to entreat; especially, to make a formal written supplication, or application to, as to any branch of the government; as to petition the court; to petition the governor. “You have … petitioned all the gods for my prosperity.” Shak.

Pe•ti´tion, v. i. To make a petition or solicitation.

Pe•ti´tion•a•ri•ly , adv. By way of begging the question; by an assumption. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pe•ti´tion•a•ry , a. 1. Supplicatory; making a petition. “Pardon Rome, and any petitionary countrymen.” Shak. 2. Containing a petition; of the nature of a petition; as a petitionary epistle. Swift.

Pe•ti•tion•ee´ , n. A person cited to answer, or defend against, a petition.

Pe•ti´tion•er , n. One who presents a petition.

Pe•ti´tion•ing, n. The act of presenting apetition; a supplication.

Pet´i•tor , n. [L., fr. petere to seek.] One who seeks or asks; a seeker; an applicant. [R.] Fuller.

Pet´i•to•ry , a. [L. petitorius, fr. petere, petitum, to beg, ask: cf. F. petitore.] Petitioning; soliciting; supplicating. Sir W. Hamilton. Petitory suit or action (Admiralty Law), a suit in which the mere title to property is litigated and sought to be enforced, as distinguished from a possessory suit; also (Scots Law), a suit wherein the plaintiff claims something as due him by the defendant. Burrill.

Pe•tong´ , n. (Metal.) See Packfong.

Pe•tral´o•gy , n. See Petrology.

Pet´ra•ry , n. [L. petra stone. Cf. Sp. petraria, and E. Pederero.] An ancient war engine for hurling stones.

Pe´tre (pe´ter), n. See Saltpeter.

Pe•tre´an (pe•tre´an), a. [L. petraeus, Gr. petrai^os, fr. pe•tra a rock.] Of or pertaining to rock. G. S. Faber.

Pe´trel , n. [F. petrel; a dim. of the name Peter, L. Petrus, Gr. a stone (John i. 42); — probably so called in allusion to St. Peter’s walking on the sea. See Petrify.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of longwinged sea birds belonging to the family Procellaridae. The small petrels, or Mother Carey’s chickens, belong to Oceanites, Oceanodroma, Procellaria, and several allied genera. Diving petrel, any bird of the genus Pelecanoides. They chiefly inhabit the southern hemisphere. — Fulmar petrel, Giant petrel. See Fulmar. — Pintado petrel, the Cape pigeon. See under Cape. — Pintado petrel, any one of several small petrels, especially Procellaria pelagica, or Mother Carey’s chicken, common on both sides of the Atlantic.

Pe•tres´cence , n. The process of changing into stone; petrification.

Pe•tres´cent , a. [L. petra rock, stone, Gr. .] Petrifying; converting into stone; as petrescent water. Boyle.

Pet•ri•fac´tion , n. [See Petrify.] 1. The process of petrifying, or changing into stone; conversion of any organic matter (animal or vegetable) into stone, or a substance of stony hardness. 2. The state or condition of being petrified. 3. That which is petrified; popularly, a body incrusted with stony matter; an incrustation. 4. Fig.: Hardness; callousness; obduracy. ´Petrifaction of the soul.´ Cudworth.

Pet•ri•fac´tive , a. 1. Having the quality of converting organic matter into stone; petrifying. 2. Pertaining to, or characterized by, petrifaction. “The … petrifactive mutations of hard bodies.” Sir T. Browne.

Pe•trif´ic , a. [Cf. F. petrifique.] Petrifying; petrifactive. “Death with his mace petrific, cold and dry.” Milton.

Pet´ri•fi•cate , v. t. To petrify. [Obs.] “Our hearts petrificated were.” J. Hall (1646).

Pet•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. petrification. See Petrify.] 1. See Petrifaction. 2. Fig.: Obduracy; callousness. Hallywell.

Pet´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petrified p. pr. & vb. n. Petrifying ] [L. petra rock, Gr. (akin to a stone) + -fy: cf. F. petrifier. Cf. Parrot, Petrel, Pier.] 1. To convert, as any animal or vegetable matter, into stone or stony substance. “A river that petrifies any sort of wood or leaves.” Kirwan. 2. To make callous or obdurate; to stupefy; to paralyze; to transform; as by petrifaction; as to petrify the heart. Young. ´Petrifying accuracy.´ Sir W. Scott. “And petrify a genius to a dunce.” Pope. “The poor, petrified journeyman, quite unconscious of what he was doing.” De Quincey. “A hideous fatalism, which ought, logically, to petrify your volition.” G. Eliot.

Pet´ri•fy, v. i. 1. To become stone, or of a stony hardness, as organic matter by calcareous deposits. 2. Fig.: To become stony, callous, or obdurate. “Like Niobe we marble grow,
And petrify with grief.” Dryden.

Pe´trine , a. Of or pertaining to St.Peter; as the Petrine Epistles.

Pet´ro- A combining form from Gr. a rock, a stone; as petrology, petroglyphic.

Pe•trog´a•le , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a rock + a weasel.] (Zoöl.) Any Australian kangaroo of the genus Petrogale, as the rock wallaby (P. penicillata).

Pet•ro•glyph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to petroglyphy.

Pe•trog´ly•phy , n. [Petro + Gr. to carve.] The art or operation of carving figures or inscriptions on rock or stone. { Pet•ro•graph´ic , Pet•ro•graph´ic•al } a. Pertaining to petrography.

Pe•trog´ra•phy , n. [Petro + -graphy.] 1. The art of writing on stone. 2. The scientific description of rocks; that department of science which investigates the constitution of rocks; petrology.

Pet•ro•hy´oid , a. [Petro + hyoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to petrous, oe periotic, portion of the skull and the hyoid arch; as the petrohyoid muscles of the frog.

Pe•trol´ , n. Petroleum. [R.]

Pet•ro•la´tum , n. (Chem. & Pharm.) A semisolid unctuous substance, neutral, and without taste or odor, derived from petroleum by distilling off the lighter portions and purifying the residue. It is a yellowish, fatlike mass, transparent in thin layers, and somewhat fluorescent. It is used as a bland protective dressing, and as a substitute for fatty materials in ointments. U. S. Pharm. Petrolatum is the official name for the purified product. Cosmoline and vaseline are commercial names for substances essentially the same, but differing slightly in appearance and consistency or fusibility.

Pe•tro´le•um , n. [NL., fr. L. petra a rock + oleum oil: cf. F. petrole. Cf. Petrify, and Oil.] Rock oil, mineral oil, or natural oil, a dark brown or greenish inflammable liquid, which, at certain points, exists in the upper strata of the earth, from whence it is pumped, or forced by pressure of the gas attending it. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the methane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and properties. It is refined by distillation, and the products include kerosene, benzine, gasoline, paraffin, etc. Petroleum spirit, a volatile liquid obtained in the distillation of crude petroleum at a temperature of 170° Fahr., or below. The term is rather loosely applied to a considerable range of products, including benzine and ligroin. The terms petroleum ether, and naphtha, are sometimes applied to the still more volatile products, including rhigolene, gasoline, cymogene, etc. { Pe•tro•leur´ , n. m. Pe•tro•leuse´ , n. f. }[F.] One who makes use of petroleum for incendiary purposes.

Pet´ro•line , n. (Chem.) A paraffin obtained from petroleum from Rangoon in India, and practically identical with ordinary paraffin. { Pet•ro•log´ic , Pet•ro•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to petrology.

Pet•ro•log´ic•al•ly, adv. According to petrology.

Pe•trol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in petrology.

Pe•trol´o•gy , n. [Petro + -logy.] 1. The department of science which is concerned with the mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks, and with their classification: lithology. 2. A treatise on petrology.

Pet•ro•mas´toid , a. [Petro + mastoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone, periotic.

Pet•ro•my´zont , n. [Petro + Gr. to suck in.] (Zoöl.) A lamprey.

Pet•ro•nel , n. [OF. petrinal, fr. peitrine, petrine, the breast, F. poitrine; so called because it was placed against the breast in order to fire. See Poitrel.] A sort of hand cannon, or portable firearm, used in France in the 15th century.

Pe•tro´sal , a. [See Petrous.] (Anat.) (a) Hard; stony; petrous; as the petrosal bone; petrosal part of the temporal bone. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the petrous, or petrosal, bone, or the corresponding part of the temporal bone. Petrosal bone (Anat.), a bone corresponding to the petrous portion of the temporal bone of man; or one forming more or less of the periotic capsule.

Pe•tro´sal, n. (Anat.) (a) A petrosal bone. (b) The auditory capsule. Owen.

Pet•ro•si´lex , n. [Petro + silex.] (Min.) Felsite.

Pet•ro•si•li´cious , a. Containing, or consisting of, petrosilex.

Pet•ro•ste´a•rine , n. [Petro + stearine.] A solid unctuous material, of which candles are made.

Pe´trous , a. [L. petrosus, fr. petra a stone.] 1. Like stone; hard; stony; rocky; as the petrous part of the temporal bone. Hooper. 2. (Anat.) Same as Petrosal.

Pet´ti•chaps , n. (Zoöl.) See Pettychaps.

Pet´ti•coat , n. (Zoöl.) [Petty + coat.] A loose under-garment worn by women, and covering the body below the waist. Petticoat government, government by women, whether in politics or domestic affairs. [Colloq.] — Petticoat pipe (Locomotives), a short, flaring pipe surrounding the blast nozzle in the smoke box, to equalize the draft.

Pet´ti•fog , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pettifogged p. pr. & vb. n. Pettifogging ] [Petty + fog to pettifog.] To do a petty business as a lawyer; also to do law business in a petty or tricky way. ´He takes no money, but pettifogs gratis.´ S. Butler.

Pet´ti•fog, v. t. To advocate like a pettifogger; to argue trickily; as to pettifog a claim. [Colloq.]

Pet´ti•fog•ger , n. A lawyer who deals in petty cases; an attorney whose methods are mean and tricky; an inferior lawyer. “A pettifogger was lord chancellor.” Macaulay.

Pet´ti•fog•ger•y , n.; pl. - ies. The practice or arts of a pettifogger; disreputable tricks; quibbles. “Quirks of law, and pettifoggeries.” Barrow.

Pet´ti•fog•ging , a. Paltry; quibbling; mean.

Pet´ti•fog•ging, n. Pettifoggery.

Pet•ti•fog´u•lize , v. i. To act as a pettifogger; to use contemptible tricks. De Quincey.

Pet´ti•ly, adv. In a petty manner; frivolously.

Pet´ti•ness, n. The quality or state of being petty or paltry; littleness; meanness.

Pet´tish , a. [From Pet.] Fretful; peevish; moody; capricious; inclined to ill temper. ´A pettish kind of humor.´ Sterne. — Pet´tish•ly, adv. — Pet´tish•ness, n.

Pet´ti•toes , n. pl. [Petty + toes.] The toes or feet of a pig, — often used as food; sometimes, in contempt, the human feet. Shak.

Pet´to , n. [It., fr. L. pectus.] The breast. In petto, in the breast; hence, in secrecy; in reserve.

Pet´ty , a. [Compar. Pettier superl. Pettiest.] [OE. petit, F. petit; probably of Celtic origin, and akin to E. piece. Cf. Petit.] Little; trifling; inconsiderable; also inferior; subordinate; as a petty fault; a petty prince. Denham. “Like a petty god
I walked about, admired of all.” Milton. Petty averages. See under Average. — Petty cash, money expended or received in small items or amounts. — Petty officer, a subofficer in the navy, as a gunner, etc., corresponding to a noncommissionned officer in the army. For petty constable, petty jury, petty larceny, petty treason, See Petit. Syn. — Little; diminutive; inconsiderable; inferior; trifling; trivial; unimportant; frivolous.

Pet´ty•chaps , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small European singing birds of the subfamily Sylviinae, as the willow warbler, the chiff- chaff, and the golden warbler (Sylvia hortensis).

Pet´ty•whin , n. [Petty + whin.] (Bot.) The needle furze. See under Needle. { Pet´u•lance , Pet´u•lan•cy } n. [L. petulania: cf. F. petulance. See Petulant.] The quality or state of being petulant; temporary peevishness; pettishness; capricious ill humor. ´The petulancy of our words.´ B. Jonson. “Like pride in some, and like petulance in others.” Clarendon. “The lowering eye, the petulance, the frown.” Cowper. Syn. — Petulance, Peevishness. — Peevishness implies the permanence of a sour, fretful temper; petulance implies temporary or capricious irritation.

Pet´u•lant , a. [L. petulans, -antis, prop., making slight attacks upon, from a lost dim. of petere to fall upon, to attack: cf. F. petulant. See Petition.] 1. Forward; pert; insolent; wanton. [Obs.] Burton. 2. Capriciously fretful; characterized by ill- natured freakishness; irritable. ´Petulant moods.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Irritable; ill-humored; peevish; cross; fretful; querulous.

Pet´u•lant•ly, adv. In a petulant manner.

Pe•tul´ci•ty , n. [See Petulcous.] Wantonness; friskiness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pe•tul´cous , a. [L. petulcus. Cf. Petulant.] Wanton; frisky; lustful. [Obs.] J. V. Cane.

Pe•tu´ni•a , n. [NL., fr. Braz. petun tobacco.] (Bot.) A genus of solanaceous herbs with funnelform or salver-shaped corollas. Two species are common in cultivation, Petunia violacera, with reddish purple flowers, and P. nyctaginiflora, with white flowers. There are also many hybrid forms with variegated corollas. { Pe•tunse´ , Pe•tuntse´ , Pe•tuntze´ } , n. [From Chinese.] Powdered fledspar, kaolin, or quartz, used in the manufacture of porcelain.

Pet´worth mar´ble A kind of shell marble occurring in the Wealden clay at Petworth, in Sussex, England; — called also Sussex marble.

Petz´ite , n. [From Petz, who analyzed it.] (Min.) A telluride of silver and gold, related to hessite.

Peu•ced´a•nin , n. (Chem.) A tasteless white crystalline substance, extracted from the roots of the sulphurwort (Peucedanum), masterwort (Imperatoria), and other related plants; — called also imperatorin.

Peu´cil , n. [Gr. pine tree.] (Chem.) A liquid resembling camphene, obtained by treating turpentine hydrochloride with lime. [Written also peucyl.]

Pew , n. [OE. pewe, OF. puie parapet, balustrade, balcony, fr. L. podium an elevated place, a jutty, balcony, a parapet or balcony in the circus, where the emperor and other distinguished persons sat, Gr. , dim. of , , foot; — hence the Latin sense of a raised place (orig. as a rest or support for the foot). See Foot, and cf. Podium, Poy.] 1. One of the compartments in a church which are separated by low partitions, and have long seats upon which several persons may sit; — sometimes called slip. Pews were originally made square, but are now usually long and narrow. 2. Any structure shaped like a church pew, as a stall, formerly used by money lenders, etc.; a box in theater; a pen; a sheepfold. [Obs.] Pepys. Milton. Pew opener, an usher in a church. [Eng.] Dickens.

Pew, v. t. To furnish with pews. [R.] Ash.

Pe´wee , n. [So called from its note.] 1. (Zoöl.) A common American tyrant flycatcher (Sayornis phœbe, or S. fuscus). Called also pewit, and phœbe. 2. The woodcock. [Local, U.S.] Wood pewee (Zoöl.), a bird (Contopus virens) similar to the pewee (See Pewee, 1), but of smaller size.

Pe´wet , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Pewit.

Pew´fel•low , n. 1. One who occupies the same pew with another. 2. An intimate associate; a companion. Shak.

Pe´wit , n. [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. OD. piewit, D. kievit, G. kibitz.] (Zoöl.) (a) The lapwing. (b) The European black-headed, or laughing, gull (Xema ridibundus). See under Laughing. (c) The pewee. [Written also peevit, peewit, pewet.]

Pew´ter , n. [OE. pewtyr, OF. peutre, peautre, piautre: cf. D. peauter, piauter, It. peltro, Sp. & Pg. peltre, LL. peutreum, pestrum. Cf. Spelter.] 1. A hard, tough, but easily fusible, alloy, originally consisting of tin with a little lead, but afterwards modified by the addition of copper, antimony, or bismuth. 2. Utensils or vessels made of pewter, as dishes, porringers, drinking vessels, tankards, pots. Pewter was formerly much used for domestic utensils. Inferior sorts contain a large proportion of lead.

Pew´ter•er , n. One whose occupation is to make utensils of pewter; a pewtersmith. Shak.

Pew´ter•y , a. Belonging to, or resembling, pewter; as a pewtery taste.

Pex´i•ty , n. [L. pexitas, fr. pexus woolly, nappy, p. p. of pectere to comb.] Nap of cloth. [Obs.]

Pey´er’s glands [So called from J. K. Peyer, who described them in 1677.] (Anat.) Patches of lymphoid nodules, in the walls of the small intestiness; agminated glands; — called also Peyer’s patches. In typhoid fever they become the seat of ulcers which are regarded as the characteristic organic lesion of that disease.

Pey´trel , n. [OF. peitral. See Poitrel.] (Anc. Armor) The breastplate of a horse’s armor or harness. [Spelt also peitrel.] See Poitrel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pe•zi´za , n. [NL., corrupt. from L. pezica a sessile mushroom, fr. Gr. , fr. , , a foot.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi embracing a great number of species, some of which are remarkable for their regular cuplike form and deep colors.

Pez´i•zoid , a. [Peziza + - oid.] (Bot.) Resembling a fungus of the genus Peziza; having a cuplike form.

Pfen´nig , n.; pl. Pfennigs (#), G. Pfennige (#). [G. See Penny.] A small copper coin of Germany. It is the hundredth part of a mark, or about a quarter of a cent in United States currency.

Pha•cel´lus , n.; pl. Phacelli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a bundle of fagots.] (Zoöl.) One of the filaments on the inner surface of the gastric cavity of certain jellyfishes.

Phac´o•chere , n. [Gr. a lentil seed, a wart + a pig.] (Zoöl.) The wart hog.

Pha´coid , a. [Gr. a lentil + -oid.] Resembling a lentil; lenticular.

Phac´o•lite , n. [Gr. lentil + -lite.] (Min.) A colorless variety of chabazite; the original was from Leipa, in Bohemia.

Pha´cops , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a lentil + , , the eye.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Silurian and Devonian formations. Phacops bufo is one of the most common species.

Phae•a´cian , a. Of or pertaining to the Phaeacians, a fabulous seafaring people fond of the feast, the lyre, and the dance, mentioned by Homer.

Phae´no•gam , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the class Phaenogamia.

Phae•no•ga´mi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. to show + marriage.] (Bot.) The class of flowering plants including all which have true flowers with distinct floral organs; phanerogamia. { Phae•no•ga´mi•an , Phae•no•gam´ic } a. Same as Phaenogamous.

Phae•nog´a•mous , a. (Bot.) Having true flowers with with distinct floral organs; flowering.

Phae•nom´e•non , n. [L.] See Phenomenon.

Phae´o•spore , n. [Gr. dusky + E. spore.] (Bot.) A brownish zoöspore, characteristic of an order (Phaeosporeae) of dark green or olive-colored algae. — Phae•o•spor´ic (#), a.

Pha´ë•thon , n. [L., Phaëthon (in sense 1), fr. Gr. , fr. , , to shine. See Phantom.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The son of Helios (Phœbus), that is, the son of light, or of the sun. He is fabled to have obtained permission to drive the chariot of the sun, in doing which his want of skill would have set the world on fire, had he not been struck with a thunderbolt by Jupiter, and hurled headlong into the river Po. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic birds including the tropic birds.

Pha´ë•ton , n. [F. phaeton a kind of carriage, fr. Phaethon Phaëthon, the son of Helios. See Phaëthon.] 1. A four-wheeled carriage (with or without a top), open, or having no side pieces, in front of the seat. It is drawn by one or two horses. 2. See Phaëthon. 3. (Zoöl.) A handsome American butterfly (Euphydryas or Melitaea, Phaëton). The upper side of the wings is black, with orange-red spots and marginal crescents, and several rows of cream-colored spots; — called also Baltimore.

Phag•e•de´na , n. [L. phagedaena, Gr. , fr. to eat.] (Med.) (a) A canine appetite; bulimia. [Obs.] (b) Spreading, obstinate ulceration. { Phag•e•den´ic , Phag•e•den´ic•AL } a. [L. phagedaenicus, Gr. : cf. F. phagedenique.] (Med.) Of, like, or pertaining to, phagedena; used in the treatment of phagedena; as a phagedenic ulcer or medicine. — n. A phagedenic medicine.

Phag•e•de´nous , a. (Med.) Phagedenic.

Phag´o•cyte , n. [Gr. to eat + a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A leucocyte which plays a part in retrogressive processes by taking up (eating), in the form of fine granules, the parts to be removed.

Pha•i•no•pep´la , n. [NL., fr. Gr. shining + robe.] (Zoöl.) A small crested passerine bird (Phaïnopepla nitens), native of Mexico and the Southern United States. The adult male is of a uniform glossy blue-black; the female is brownish. Called also black flycatcher.

Phak´o•scope , n. [Gr. a lentil, or lenticular body + -scope.] (Physiol.) An instrument for studying the mechanism of accommodation.

Pha•lae´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a kind od moth.] (Zoöl.) A linnaean genus which included the moths in general.

Pha•lae´nid , n. [Gr. , , a kind od moth.] (Zoöl.) Any moth of the family Phalaenidae, of which the cankerworms are examples; a geometrid. { Pha•lan´ge•al , Pha•lan´gal } a. Of or pertaining to the phalanges. See Phalanx, 2.

Pha•lan´ger , n. [Cf. F. phalanger. See Phalanx.] (Zoöl.) Any marsupial belonging to Phalangista, Cuscus, Petaurus, and other genera of the family Phalangistidae. They are arboreal, and the species of Petaurus are furnished with lateral parachutes. See Flying phalanger, under Flying.

Pha•lan´ges , n., pl. of Phalanx. { Pha•lan´gi•al , Pha•lan´gi•an } a. (Anat.) Phalangeal.

Pha•lan´gid , n.; pl. Phalangides . (Zoöl.) One of the Phalangoidea.

Pha•lan´gi•ous , a. [L. phalangium a kind of venomous spider, Gr. , fr. a spider. Cf. Phalanx.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Phalangoidea.

Pha•lan´gist , n. (Zoöl.) Any arboreal marsupial of the genus Phalangista. The vulpine phalangist (P. vulpina) is the largest species, the full grown male being about two and a half feet long. It has a large bushy tail. { Phal•an•gis´ter , Phal•an•gis´tine } n. (Zoöl.) Same as Phalangist.

Phal´an•gite , n. [Gr. : cf. F. phalangite.] A soldier belonging to a phalanx. [Obs.]

Phal•an•goi´de•a , n. pl. [NL., from Phalangium the daddy longlegs (see Phalangious) + Gr. form.] (Zoöl.) A division of Arachnoidea, including the daddy longlegs or harvestman (Phalangium) and many similar kinds. They have long, slender, many-jointed legs; usually a rounded, segmented abdomen; and chelate jaws. They breathe by tracheae. Called also Phalangides, Phalangidea, Phalangiida, and Opilionea.

Pha•lan•stere´ , n. [F.] A phalanstery.

Phal•an•ste´ri•an , a. [F. phalansterien, a. & n.] Of or pertaining to phalansterianism.

Phal•an•ste´ri•an, n. One who favors the system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier. { Pha•lan´ster•ism , Phal•an•ste´ri•an•ism } n. A system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier; Fourierism.

Phal´an•ster•y , n.; pl. -ies (#). [F. phalanstère, fr. Gr. a phalanx + firm, solid.] 1. An association or community organized on the plan of Fourier. See Fourierism. 2. The dwelling house of a Fourierite community.

Pha´lanx , n.; pl. Phalanxes (#), L. Phalanges (#). [L., from Gr. .] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A body of heavy-armed infantry formed in ranks and files close and deep. There were several different arrangements, the phalanx varying in depth from four to twenty-five or more ranks of men. ´In cubic phalanx firm advanced.´ Milton. “The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tower.” Pope. 2. Any body of troops or men formed in close array, or any combination of people distinguished for firmness and solidity of a union. “At present they formed a united phalanx.” Macaulay. “The sheep recumbent, and the sheep that grazed,
All huddling into phalanx, stood and gazed.” Cowper. 3. A Fourierite community; a phalanstery. 4. (Anat.) One of the digital bones of the hand or foot, beyond the metacarpus or metatarsus; an internode. 5. [pl. Phalanges.] (Bot.) A group or bundle of stamens, as in polyadelphous flowers.

Phal´a•rope , n. [Gr. having a patch of white + , , a foot: cf. F. phalarope.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Phalaropus and allied genera of small wading birds (Grallae), having lobate toes. They are often seen far from land, swimming in large flocks. Called also sea goose.

Phal´lic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to the phallus, or to phallism.

Phal´li•cism , n. See Phallism.

Phal´lism , n. The worship of the generative principle in nature, symbolized by the phallus.

Phal´lus , n.; pl. Phalli . [L., a phallus (in sense 1), Gr. .] 1. The emblem of the generative power in nature, carried in procession in the Bacchic orgies, or worshiped in various ways. 2. (Anat.) The penis or clitoris, or the embryonic or primitive organ from which either may be derived. 3. (Bot.) A genus of fungi which have a fetid and disgusting odor; the stinkhorn.

Phane , n. See Fane. [Obs.] Joye.

Phan´er•ite , a. [Gr. visible, from to bring to light.] Evident; visible. Phanerite series (Geol.), the uppermost part of the earth’s crust, consisting of deposits produced by causes in obvious operation.

Phan•er•o•car´pae , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. evident + fruit (but taken to mean, ovary).] (Zoöl.) Same as Acraspeda.

Phan•er•o•co•don´ic , a. [Gr. evident + a bell.] (Zoöl.) Having an umbrella- shaped or bell-shaped body, with a wide, open cavity beneath; — said of certain jellyfishes.

Phan•er•o•crys´tal•line , a. [Gr. visible + E. crystalline.] (Geol.) Distinctly crystalline; — used of rocks. Opposed to cryptocrystalline.

Phan•er•o•dac´ty•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. evident + finger.] (Zoöl.) Same as Saururae.

Phan•er•o•ga´mi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. visible (fr. to bring to light) + marriage.] (Bot.) That one of the two primary divisions of the vegetable kingdom which contains the phanerogamic, or flowering, plants.

Phan•er•o•ga´mi•an , a. (Bot.) Phanerogamous. { Phan•er•o•gam´ic , Phan•er•og´a•mous } a. Having visible flowers containing distinct stamens and pistils; — said of plants.

Phan•er•o•glos´sal , a. [Gr. evident + tongue.] (Zoöl.)Having a conspicious tongue; — said of certain reptiles and insects.

Phan´ta•scope , n. [Gr. image + -scope.] An optical instrument or toy, resembling the phenakistoscope, and illustrating the same principle; — called also phantasmascope.

Phan´tasm , n. [L. phantasma. See Phantom, and cf. Fantasm.] [Spelt also fantasm.] 1. An image formed by the mind, and supposed to be real or material; a shadowy or airy appearance; sometimes, an optical illusion; a phantom; a dream. “They be but phantasms or apparitions.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A mental image or representation of a real object; a fancy; a notion. Cudworth. “Figures or little features, of which the description had produced in you no phantasm or expectation.” Jer. Taylor.

Phan´tas´ma , n. [L.] A phantasm.

Phan•tas•ma•go´ri•a , n. [NL., from Gr. a phantasm + an assembly, fr. to gather: cf. F. phantasmagorie.] 1. An optical effect produced by a magic lantern. The figures are painted in transparent colors, and all the rest of the glass is opaque black. The screen is between the spectators and the instrument, and the figures are often made to appear as in motion, or to merge into one another. 2. The apparatus by which such an effect is produced. 3. Fig.: A medley of figures; illusive images. ´This mental phantasmagoria.´ Sir W. Scott.

Phan•tas•ma•go´ri•al , a. Of, relating to, or resembling phantasmagoria; phantasmagoric.

Phan•tas•ma•gor´ic , a. Of or pertaining to phantasmagoria; phantasmagorial. Hawthorne.

Phan•tas´ma•go•ry , n. See Phantasmagoria.

Phan•tas´mal , a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a phantasm; spectral; illusive.

Phan•tas´ma•scope , n. See Phantascope.

Phan•tas•mat´ic•al , a. [L. phantasmaticus.] Phantasmal. Dr. H. More.

Phan•tas•ma•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. , , phantasm + -graphy.] A description of celestial phenomena, as rainbows, etc. { Phan•tas´tic , Phan•tas´tic•al } a. See Fantastic.

Phan´ta•sy , n. See Fantasy, and Fancy.

Phan´tom , n. [OE. fantome, fantosme, fantesme, OF. fantôme, fr. L. phantasma, Gr. , fr. to show. See Fancy, and cf. Phaëton, Phantasm, Phase.] That which has only an apparent existence; an apparition; a specter; a phantasm; a sprite; an airy spirit; an ideal image. “Strange phantoms rising as the mists arise.” Pope. “She was a phantom of delight.” Wordsworth. Phantom ship. See Flying Dutchman, under Flying. — Phantom tumor (Med.), a swelling, especially of the abdomen, due to muscular spasm, accumulation of flatus, etc., simulating an actual tumor in appearance, but disappearing upon the administration of an anaesthetic.

Phan•tom•at´ic, a. Phantasmal. [R.] Coleridge.

Pha´raoh , n. [Heb. paroh; of Egyptian origin: cf. L. pharao, Gr. . Cf. Faro.] 1. A title by which the sovereigns of ancient Egypt were designated. 2. See Faro. Pharaoh’s chicken (Zoöl.), the gier-eagle, or Egyptian vulture; — so called because often sculpured on Egyptian monuments. It is nearly white in color. — Pharaoh’s rat (Zoöl.), the common ichneumon.

Pha´ra•on , n. See Pharaoh, 2.

Phar•a•on´ic , a. [Cf. F. pharaonique.] Of or pertaining to the Pharaohs, or kings of ancient Egypt.

Phare , n. [See Pharos.] 1. A beacon tower; a lighthouse. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a harbor. Howell. { Phar•i•sa´ic (far•i•sa´ik), Phar•i•sa´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [L. Pharisaicus, Gr. Farisai:ko•s: cf. F. pharisaïque. See Pharisee.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Pharisees; resembling the Pharisees. ´The Pharisaic sect among the Jews.´ Cudworth. 2. Hence: Addicted to external forms and ceremonies; making a show of religion without the spirit of it; ceremonial; formal; hypocritical; self-righteous. ´Excess of outward and pharisaical holiness.´ Bacon. ´Pharisaical ostentation.´ Macaulay. — Phar•i•sa´ic•al•ly, adv. — Phar•i•sa´ic•al•ness, n.

Phar•i•sa´ism , n. [Cf. F. pharisaisme.] 1. The notions, doctrines, and conduct of the Pharisees, as a sect. Sharp. 2. Rigid observance of external forms of religion, without genuine piety; hypocrisy in religion; a censorious, self-righteous spirit in matters of morals or manners. ´A piece of pharisaism.´ Hammond.

Phar•i•se´an , a. [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. Farisai^os.] Following the practice of Pharisees; Pharisaic. [Obs.] ´Pharisean disciples.´ Milton.

Phar´i•see (far´i•se), n. [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. Farisai^os, from Heb. parash to separate.] One of a sect or party among the Jews, noted for a strict and formal observance of rites and ceremonies and of the traditions of the elders, and whose pretensions to superior sanctity led them to separate themselves from the other Jews.

Phar´i•see•ism , n. See Pharisaism. { Phar•ma•ceu´tic (fär•ma•su´tik), Phar•ma•ceu´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. [L. pharmaceuticus, Gr. farmakeytiko•s, fr. farmakey•ein: cf. F. pharmaceutique. See Pharmacy.] Of or pertaining to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or to the art of preparing medicines according to the rules or formulas of pharmacy; as pharmaceutical preparations. — Phar•ma•ceu´tic•al•ly, adv. Pharmaceutical chemistry, that department of chemistry which ascertains or regulates the composition of medicinal substances.

Phar•ma•ceu´tics , n. The science of preparing medicines.

Phar•ma•ceu´tist , n. One skilled in pharmacy; a druggist. See the Note under Apothecary.

Phar´ma•cist , n. One skilled in pharmacy; a pharmaceutist; a druggist.

Phar•ma•co•dy•nam´ics , n. [Gr. fa•rmakon medicine + E. dynamics.] That branch of pharmacology which considers the mode of action, and the effects, of medicines. Dunglison.

Phar•ma•cog•no´sis , n. [Gr. fa•rmakon a drug + gnw^sis a knowing.] That branch of pharmacology which treats of unprepared medicines or simples; — called also pharmacography, and pharmacomathy.

Phar•ma•cog´no•sy , n. Pharmacognosis.

Phar•ma•cog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. fa•rmakon a drug + -graphy.] See Pharmacognosis.

Phar•mac´o•lite , n. [Gr. fa•rmakon drug, poisonous drug + -lite: cf. F. pharmacolithe.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenate of lime, usually occurring in silky fibers of a white or grayish color.

Phar•ma•col´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. pharmacologiste.] One skilled in pharmacology.

Phar•ma•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. fa•rmakon drug + -logy: cf. F. pharmacologie.] 1. Knowledge of drugs or medicines; the art of preparing medicines. 2. A treatise on the art of preparing medicines.

Phar•ma•com´a•thy , n. [Gr. fa•rmakon a drug + manqa•nein to learn.] See Pharmacognosis.

Phar´ma•con , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fa•rmakon.] A medicine or drug; also a poison. Dunglison.

Phar•ma•co•pœ´ia , n. [NL., from Gr. farmakopoii:•a the preparation of medicines; fa•rmakon medicine + poiei^n to make.] 1. A book or treatise describing the drugs, preparations, etc., used in medicine; especially, one that is issued by official authority and considered as an authoritative standard. 2. A chemical laboratory. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Phar•ma•cop´o•list , n. [L. pharmacopola, Gr. farmakopw•lhs; fa•rmakon medicine + pwlei^n to sell.] One who sells medicines; an apothecary.

Phar•ma•co•sid´er•ite , n. [Gr. drug, poison + E. siderite.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenate of iron occurring in green or yellowish green cubic crystals; cube ore.

Phar´ma•cy , n. [OE. fermacie, OF. farmacie, pharmacie, F. pharmacie, Gr. , fr. to administer or use medicines, fr. medicine.] 1. The art or practice of preparing and preserving drugs, and of compounding and dispensing medicines according to prescriptions of physicians; the occupation of an apothecary or a pharmaceutical chemist. 2. A place where medicines are compounded; a drug store; an apothecary’s shop.

Pha´ro , n. 1. A pharos; a lighthouse. [Obs.] 2. See Faro.

Pha•rol´o•gy , n. [Gr. a lighthouse + -logy.] The art or science which treats of lighthouses and signal lights.

Pha´ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. an island in the Bay of Alexandria, where king Ptolemy Philadelphus built a famous lighthouse.] A lighthouse or beacon for the guidance of seamen. “He … built a pharos, or lighthouse.” Arbuthnot.

Pha•ryn´gal , a. Pharyngeal. H. Sweet.

Phar•yn•ge´al , a. [See Pharynx.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pharynx; in the region of the pharynx.

Phar•yn•ge´al, n. (Anat.) A pharyngeal bone or cartilage; especially, one of the lower pharyngeals, which belong to the rudimentary fifth branchial arch in many fishes, or one of the upper pharyngeals, or pharyngobranchials, which are the dorsal elements in the complete branchial arches.

Phar•yn•gi´tis , n. [NL. See Pharynx, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the pharynx.

Pha•ryn•go•bran´chi•al , a. [Pharynx + branchial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pharynx and the branchiae; — applied especially to the dorsal elements in the branchial arches of fishes. See Pharyngeal. — n. A pharyngobranchial, or upper pharyngeal, bone or cartilage.

Pha•ryn•go•bran´chi•i , n. pl. [NL. See Pharynx, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Same as Leptocardia.

Phar•yn•gog´na•thi , n. pl. [NL. See Pharynx, and Gnathic.] (Zoöl.) A division of fishes in which the lower pharyngeal bones are united. It includes the scaroid, labroid, and embioticoid fishes.

Pha•ryn•go•lar•yn•ge´al , a. [Pharynx + laryngeal.] Of or pertaining both to pharynx and the larynx.

Pha•ryn•gop•neus´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. the pharynx + to breathe.] (Zoöl.) A group of invertebrates including the Tunicata and Enteropneusta. — Pha•ryn•gop•neus´tal (#), a.

Pha•ryn´go•tome , n. (Surg.) An instrument for incising or scarifying the tonsils, etc.

Phar•yn•got´o•my , n. [Pharynx + Gr. to cut: cf. F. pharyngotomie.] (Surg.) (a) The operation of making an incision into the pharynx, to remove a tumor or anything that obstructs the passage. (b) Scarification or incision of the tonsils.

Phar´ynx , n.; pl. pharynges (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , : cf. F. pharynx.] (Anat.) The part of the alimentary canal between the cavity of the mouth and the esophagus. It has one or two external openings through the nose in the higher vertebrates, and lateral branchial openings in fishes and some amphibias.

Phas´co•lome , n. [Gr. pouch + mouse.] (Zoöl.) A marsupial of the genus Phascolomys; a wombat.

Phase , n.; pl. Phases (#). [NL. phasis, Gr. , fr. to make to appear: cf. F. phase. See Phenomenon, Phantom, and Emphasis.] 1. That which is exhibited to the eye; the appearance which anything manifests, especially any one among different and varying appearances of the same object. 2. Any appearance or aspect of an object of mental apprehension or view; as the problem has many phases. 3. (Astron.) A particular appearance or state in a regularly recurring cycle of changes with respect to quantity of illumination or form of enlightened disk; as the phases of the moon or planets. See Illust. under Moon. 4. (Physics) Any one point or portion in a recurring series of changes, as in the changes of motion of one of the particles constituting a wave or vibration; one portion of a series of such changes, in distinction from a contrasted portion, as the portion on one side of a position of equilibrium, in contrast with that on the opposite side.

Pha´sel , n. [L. phaselus, phaseolus, Gr. , : cf. F. phaseole, faseole. Cf. Fesels.] The French bean, or kidney bean.

Phase´less , a. Without a phase, or visible form. [R.] ´A phaseless and increasing gloom.´ Poe.

Pha•se´o•lus , n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, including the Lima bean, the kidney bean, the scarlet runner, etc. See Bean.

Pha•se•o•man´nite , n. [So called because found in the unripe fruit of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).] (Chem.) Same as Inosite.

Pha´sis , n.; pl. Phases (#). [NL.] See Phase. Creech. { Phasm , Phas´ma } n. [L. phasma, Gr. . See Phase.] An apparition; a phantom; an appearance. [R.] Hammond. Sir T. Herbert.

Phas´mid , n. [See Phasm. Probably so called from its mimicking, or appearing like, inanimate objects.] (Zoöl.) Any orthopterous insect of the family Phasmidae, as a leaf insect or a stick insect.

Phas´sa•chate , n. [Gr. the wood pigeon + the agate.] (Min.) The lead-colored agate; — so called in reference to its color.

Phat´a•gin , n. [Cf. Gr. ; perhaps from native name.] (Zoöl.) The long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla); — called also ipi.

Pheas´ant , n. [OE. fesant, fesaunt, OF. faisant, faisan, F. faisan, L. phasianus, Gr. (sc. ) the Phasian bird, pheasant, fr. a river in Colchis or Pontus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large gallinaceous birds of the genus Phasianus, and many other genera of the family Phasianidae, found chiefly in Asia. The common, or English, pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus) is now found over most of temperate Europe, but was introduced from Asia. The ring-necked pheasant (P. torquatus) and the green pheasant (P. versicolor) have been introduced into Oregon. The golden pheasant (Thaumalea picta) is one of the most beautiful species. The silver pheasant (Euplocamus nychthemerus) of China, and several related species from Southern Asia, are very beautiful. 2. (Zoöl.) The ruffed grouse. [Southern U.S.] Various other birds are locally called pheasants, as the lyre bird, the leipoa, etc. Fireback pheasant. See Fireback. — Gold, or Golden, pheasant (Zoöl.), a Chinese pheasant (Thaumalea picta), having rich, varied colors. The crest is amber-colored, the rump is golden yellow, and the under parts are scarlet. — Mountain pheasant (Zoöl.), the ruffed grouse. [Local, U.S.] — Pheasant coucal (Zoöl.), a large Australian cuckoo (Centropus phasianus). The general color is black, with chestnut wings and brown tail. Called also pheasant cuckoo. The name is also applied to other allied species. — Pheasant duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail. (b) The hooded merganser. — Pheasant parrot (Zoöl.), a large and beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus Adelaidensis). The male has the back black, the feathers margined with yellowish blue and scarlet, the quills deep blue, the wing coverts and cheeks light blue, the crown, sides of the neck, breast, and middle of the belly scarlet. — Pheasant’s eye. (Bot.) (a) A red-flowered herb (Adonis autumnalis) of the Crowfoot family; — called also pheasant’s-eye Adonis. (b) The garden pink (Dianthus plumarius); - - called also Pheasant’s-eye pink. — Pheasant shell (Zoöl.), any marine univalve shell of the genus Phasianella, of which numerous species are found in tropical seas. The shell is smooth and usually richly colored, the colors often forming blotches like those of a pheasant. — Pheasant wood. (Bot.) Same as Partridge wood (a), under Partridge. — Sea pheasant (Zoöl.), the pintail. — Water pheasant. (Zoöl.) (a) The sheldrake. (b) The hooded merganser.

Pheas´ant•ry , n. [Cf. F. faisanderie.] A place for keeping and rearing pheasants. Gwilt.

Phe´be , n. (Zoöl.) See Phœbe.

Pheer, n. See 1st Fere. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pheese , v. t. To comb; also to beat; to worry. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, v.

Pheese, n. Fretful excitement. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, n.

Phel´lo•derm , n. [Gr. cork + -derm.] (Bot.) A layer of green parenchimatous cells formed on the inner side of the phellogen.

Phel´lo•gen , n. [Gr. cork + - gen.] (Bot.) The tissue of young cells which produces cork cells.

Phel•lo•plas´tics , n. [Gr. cork + to mold.] Art of modeling in cork.

Phen´a•cite , n. [Gr. , , impostor, deceiver.] (Min.) A glassy colorless mineral occurring in rhombohedral crystals, sometimes used as a gem. It is a silicate of glucina, and receives its name from its deceptive similarity to quartz.

Phen•a•kis´to•scope , n. [Gr. a deceiver + -scope.] A revolving disk on which figures drawn in different relative attitudes are seen successively, so as to produce the appearance of an object in actual motion, as an animal leaping, etc., in consequence of the persistence of the successive visual impressions of the retina. It is often arranged so that the figures may be projected upon a screen.

Phe•nan´threne , n. [Phenyl + antracene.] (Chem.) A complex hydrocarbon, C14H10, found in coal tar, and obtained as a white crystalline substance with a bluish fluorescence.

Phe•nan´thri•dine , n. [Phenanthrene + pyridine.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous hydrocarbon base, C13H9N, analogous to phenanthrene and quinoline.

Phe•nan´thro•line , n. [Phenanthrene + quinoline.] (Chem.) Either of two metameric nitrogenous hydrocarbon bases, C12H8N2, analogous to phenanthridine, but more highly nitrogenized.

Phene , n. (Chem.) Benzene. [Obs.]

Phe´ne•tol , n. [Phenyl + ethyl + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) The ethyl ether of phenol, obtained as an aromatic liquid, C6H5.O.C2H5.

Phe´nic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, phenyl or phenol. Phenic acid (Chem.), a phenol. [Obsoles.]

Phe•ni´cian , a. & n. See Phœnician.

Phen´i•cine , n. [Gr. foi^nix purple red: cf. F. phenicine.] (Chem.) (a) A purple powder precipitated when a sulphuric solution of indigo is diluted with water. (b) A coloring matter produced by the action of a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acids on phenylic alcohol. Watts.

Phe•ni´cious , a. [L. phoeniceus, Gr. foini•keos, from purple red.] Of a red color with a slight mixture of gray. Dana.

Phen•i•cop´ter , n. [L. phoenicopterus, Gr. foiniko•pteros, i. e., red- feathered; foi^nix, foi•nikos, purple red + ptero•n feather: cf. F. phenicoptère.] (Zoöl.) A flamingo.

Phe´nix , n.; pl. Phenixes (#). [L. phoenix, Gr. foi^nix.] [Written also phœnix.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A bird fabled to exist single, to be consumed by fire by its own act, and to rise again from its ashes. Hence, an emblem of immortality. 2. (Astron.) A southern constellation. 3. A marvelous person or thing. [R.] Latimer.

Phen•o•ga´mi•a , n. pl. (Bot.) Same as Phaenogamia. { Phen•o•ga´mi•an , Phen•o•gam´ic , Phe•nog´a•mous }, a. Same as Phaenogamian, Phaenogamic, etc.

Phe´nol , n. [Gr. to show + - ol: cf. F. phenol.] (Chem.) 1. A white or pinkish crystalline substance, C6H5OH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar. It has a peculiar odor, somewhat resembling creosote, which is a complex mixture of phenol derivatives. It is of the type of alcohols, and is called also phenyl alcohol, but has acid properties, and hence is popularly called carbolic acid, and was formerly called phenic acid. It is a powerful caustic poison, and in dilute solution has been used as an antiseptic. 2. Any one of the series of hydroxyl derivatives of which phenol proper is the type. Glacial phenol (Chem.), pure crystallized phenol or carbolic acid. — Phenol acid (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds which are at once derivatives of both phenol and some member of the fatty acid series; thus, salicylic acid is a phenol acid. — Phenol alcohol (Chem.), any one of series of derivatives of phenol and carbinol which have the properties of both combined; thus, saligenin is a phenol alcohol. — Phenol aldehyde (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds having both phenol and aldehyde properties. - - Phenol phthalein. See under Phthalein.

Phe´no•late , n. [Phenol + -ate.] (Chem.) A compound of phenol analogous to a salt.

Phe•nom´e•nal , a. [Cf. F. phenomenal.] Relating to, or of the nature of, a phenomenon; hence, extraordinary; wonderful; as a phenomenal memory. — Phe•nom´e•nal•ly, adv.

Phe•nom´e•nal•ism , n. (Metaph.) That theory which limits positive or scientific knowledge to phenomena only, whether material or spiritual.

Phe•nom´e•nist , n. One who believes in the theory of phenomenalism.

Phe•nom•e•nol´o•gy , n. [Phenomenon + -logy: cf. F. phenomenologie.] A description, history, or explanation of phenomena. ´The phenomenology of the mind.´ Sir W. Hamilton.

Phe•nom´e•non , n.; pl. Phenomena (#). [L. phaenomenon, Gr. faino•menon, fr. fai•nesqai to appear, fai•nein to show. See Phantom.] 1. An appearance; anything visible; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent to, or is apprehended by, observation; as the phenomena of heat, light, or electricity; phenomena of imagination or memory. “In the phenomena of the material world, and in many of the phenomena of mind.” Stewart. 2. That which strikes one as strange, unusual, or unaccountable; an extraordinary or very remarkable person, thing, or occurrence; as a musical phenomenon.

Phe´nose , n. [Phenyl + dextrose.] (Chem.) A sweet amorphous deliquescent substance obtained indirectly from benzene, and isometric with, and resembling, dextrose.

Phe´nyl , n. [Gr. to bring to light + -yl: cf. F. phenyle. So called because it is a by-product of illuminating gas.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical (C6H5) regarded as the essential residue of benzene, and the basis of an immense number of aromatic derivatives. Phenyl hydrate (Chem.), phenol or carbolic acid. — Phenyl hydrazine (Chem.), a nitrogenous base (C6H5.N2H3) produced artificially as a colorless oil which unites with acids, ketones, etc., to form well-crystallized compounds.

Phe•nyl•am´ine , n. [Phenyl + amine.] (Chem.) Any one of certain class of organic bases regarded as formed from ammonia by the substitution of phenyl for hydrogen.

Phe´nyl•ene , n. (Chem.) A hypothetic radical (C6H4) occurring in certain derivatives of benzene; as phenylene diamine.

Phe•nyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, phenyl. Phenylic alcohol (Chem.), phenol.

Phe´on , n. [Prob. from Old French.] (Her.) A bearing representing the head of a dart or javelin, with long barbs which are engrailed on the inner edge.

Phi´al , n. [F. fiole, L. phiala a broad, flat, shallow cup or bowl, Gr. . cf. Vial.] A glass vessel or bottle, especially a small bottle for medicines; a vial.

Phi´al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phialed p. pr. & vb. n. Phialing.] To put or keep in, or as in, a phial. “Its phial’d wrath may fate exhaust.” Shenstone.

Phil´a•beg , n. See Filibeg.

Phil•a•del´phi•an , a. [Gr. filadelfia brotherly love, from fila•delfos brotherly; fi•los loved, loving, friendly + ’adelfo•s brother.] Of or pertaining to Ptolemy Philadelphus, or to one of the cities named Philadelphia, esp. the modern city in Pennsylvania.

Phil•a•del´phi•an, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Philadelphia. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a society of mystics of the seventeenth century, — called also the Family of Love. Tatler.

Phil•a•le´thist , n. [Philo- + Gr. truth.] A lover of the truth. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Phi•lan´der , v. i. [Gr. fond of men; loving + man.] To make love to women; to play the male flirt. “You can’t go philandering after her again.” G. Eliot.

Phi•lan´der, n. A lover. [R.] Congreve.

Phi•lan´der, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A South American opossum (Didelphys philander). (b) An Australian bandicoot (Perameles lagotis).

Phi•lan´der•er , n. One who hangs about women; a male flirt. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Phil´an•thrope , n. [F.] A philanthropist. [Obs.] R. North. { Phil•an•throp´ic , Phil•an•throp´ic•al , } a. [Cf. F. philanthropique.] Of or pertaining to philanthropy; characterized by philanthropy; loving or helping mankind; as a philanthropic enterprise. — Phil•an•throp´ic•al•ly, adv.

Phil•an•throp´i•nism , n. A system of education on so-called natural principles, attempted in Germany in the last century by Basedow, of Dessau.

Phil•an•throp´i•nist , n. An advocate of, or believer in, philanthropinism.

Phi•lan´thro•pist , n. [Gr. ; loving + man: cf. F. philanthrope.] One who practices philanthropy; one who loves mankind, and seeks to promote the good of others.

Phi•lan•thro•pis´tic , a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a philanthropist. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi•lan´thro•py , n. [L. philanthropia, Gr. : cf. F. philanthropie.] Love to mankind; benevolence toward the whole human family; universal good will; desire and readiness to do good to all men; — opposed to misanthropy. Jer. Taylor.

Phil•a•tel´ic , a. Of or pertaining to philately.

Phi•lat´e•list , n. One versed in philately; one who collects postage stamps.

Phi•lat´e•ly , n. [Philo- + Gr. exemption from tax; cf. frank to send free.] The collection of postage stamps of various issues.

Phil´a•to•ry , n. [OF. filatiere, philatiere. See Phylactery.] (Eccl.) A kind of transparent reliquary with an ornamental top.

Phil´au•ty , n. [Gr. ; loving + self.] Self-love; selfishness. [Obs.] Beaumont.

Phil•har•mon´ic , a. [Philo- + Gr. harmony: cf. F. philharmonique.] Loving harmony or music.

Phil•hel´lene , n. A friend of Greece, or of the Greeks; a philhellenist. Emerson.

Phil•hel•len´ic , a. Of or pertaining to philhellenism.

Phil•hel´len•ism , n. Love of Greece.

Phil•hel´len•ist, n. [Philo- + Gr. a Greek: cf. F. philhellène.] A friend of Greece; one who supports the cause of the Greeks; particularly, one who supported them in their struggle for independence against the Turks; a philhellene.

Phil´i•beg , n. See Filibeg. [Scot.]

Phil´ip , n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European hedge sparrow. (b) The house sparrow. Called also phip. [Prov. Eng.]

Phi•lip´pi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Philippi, a city of ancient Macedonia. — n. A native or an inhabitant of Philippi.

Phi•lip´pic , n. [L. Philippicus belonging to Philip, Philippic, Gr. , fr. Philip, fond of horses: cf. F. philippique.] 1. Any one of the series of famous orations of Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, denouncing Philip, king of Macedon. 2. Hence: Any discourse or declamation abounding in acrimonious invective.

Phi•lip´pi•um , n. [NL. So named from Philippe Plantamour, of Geneva, Switzerland.] (Chem.) A rare and doubtful metallic element said to have been discovered in the mineral samarskite.

Phil´ip•pize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philippized p. pr. & vb. n. Philippizing.] [Gr. to be on Philip’s side.] 1. To support or advocate the cause of Philip of Macedon. 2. [See Philippic.] To write or speak in the style of a philippic.

Phi•lis´ter , n. [G.] A Philistine; — a cant name given to townsmen by students in German universities.

Phi•lis´tine , n. [L. Philistinus, Heb. Phlishthi, pl. Phlishthim.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of ancient Philistia, a coast region of southern Palestine. 2. A bailiff. [Cant, Eng.] [Obs.] Swift. 3. A person deficient in liberal culture and refinement; one without appreciation of the nobler aspirations and sentiments of humanity; one whose scope is limited to selfish and material interests. [Recent] M. Arnold.

Phi•lis´tine, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Philistines. 2. Uncultured; commonplace.

Phi•lis´tin•ism , n. The condition, character, aims, and habits of the class called Philistines. See Philistine, 3. [Recent] Carlyle. “On the side of beauty and taste, vulgarity; on the side of morals and feeling, coarseness; on the side of mind and spirit, unintelligence, — this is Philistinism.” M. Arnold.

Phil´lips•ite , n. [So named after John Phillips, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) (a) A hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda, a zeolitic mineral commonly occurring in complex twin crystals, often cruciform in shape; — called also christianite.

Phil•lyg´e•nin , n. [Phillyrin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) A pearly crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phillyrin.

Phil•lyr´e•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , .] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen plants growing along the shores of the Mediterranean, and breading a fruit resembling that of the olive.

Phil´ly•rin , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from Phillyrea as a bitter white crystalline substance. It is sometimes used as a febrifuge.

Philo-. A combining form from Gr. fi•los loving, fond of, attached to; as philosophy, philotechnic.

Phi•log´y•nist , n. [See Philogyny.] A lover or friend of women; one who esteems woman as the higher type of humanity; — opposed to misogynist.

Phi•log´y•ny , n. [Gr. ; loving + woman.] Fondness for women; uxoriousness; — opposed to misogyny. [R.] Byron.

Phil•o•hel•le´ni•an , n. A philhellenist.

Phi•lol´o•ger , n. [Cf. L. philologus a man of letters, Gr. , originally, fond of talking; hence, fond of learning and literature; loving + speech, discourse.] A philologist. Burton.

Phil•o•lo´gi•an , n. A philologist. [R.] { Phil•o•log´ic•al , Phil•o•log´ic } a. [Cf. F. philologique.] Of or pertaining to philology. — Phil•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Phi•lol´o•gist , n. One versed in philology.

Phi•lol´o•gize , v. i. To study, or make critical comments on, language. Evelyn.

Phil´o•logue , n. [Cf. F. philologue.] A philologist. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi•lol´o•gy , n. [L. philologia love of learning, interpretation, philology, Gr. : cf. F. philologie. See Philologer.] 1. Criticism; grammatical learning. [R.] Johnson. 2. The study of language, especially in a philosophical manner and as a science; the investigation of the laws of human speech, the relation of different tongues to one another, and historical development of languages; linguistic science. Philology comprehends a knowledge of the etymology, or origin and combination of words; grammar, the construction of sentences, or use of words in language; criticism, the interpretation of authors, the affinities of different languages, and whatever relates to the history or present state of languages. It sometimes includes rhetoric, poetry, history, and antiquities. 3. A treatise on the science of language.

Phil´o•math , n. [Gr. ; fi•los loving, a friend + ma•qh learning, fr. , , to learn.] A lover of learning; a scholar. Chesterfield.

Phil•o•math•e•mat´ic , n. A philomath.

Phil•o•math´ic , a. [Cf. F. philomathique.] 1. Of or pertaining to philomathy. 2. Having love of learning or letters.

Phi•lom´a•thy , n. [Gr. , .] The love of learning or letters.

Phil´o•mel , n. Same as Philomela, the nightingale. [Poetic] Milton. Cowper.

Phil•o•me´la , n. [L. philomela, Gr. , according to the legend, from Philomela (daughter of Pandion, king of Athens), who was changed into a nightingale.] 1. The nightingale; philomel. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the nightingales.

Phil´o•mene , n. The nightingale. [Obs.]

Phil´o•mot , a. [See Filemot.] Of the color of a dead leaf. [Obs.] Addison.

Phil•o•mu´sic•al , a. [Philo- + musical.] Loving music. [R.]Busby.

Phil•o•pe´na , n. [Probably a corruption fr. G. vielliebchen, LG. vielliebken, or D. veelliebken, a philopena, literally, much loved; but influenced by Gr. a friend, and L. poena penalty, from an idea that the gift was a penalty of friendship or love.] A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also the game itself. [Written also fillipeen and phillippine.] One of the ways may be stated as follows: A person finding a nut with two kernels eats one, and gives the other to a person of the opposite sex, and then whichever says philopena first at the next meeting wins the present. The name is also applied to the kernels eaten. { Phil•o•po•lem´ic , Phil•o•po•lem´ic•al , } a. [Gr. fond of war, warlike; loving + war.] Fond of polemics or controversy. [R.]

Phil•o•pro•gen´i•tive , a. Having the love of offspring; fond of children.

Phil•o•pro•gen´i•tive•ness, n. [Philo- + L. progenies offspring.] (Phren.) The love of offspring; fondness for children.

Phi•los´o•phas•ter , n. [L., a bad philosopher, fr. philosophus: cf. OF. philosophastre.] A pretender to philosophy. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Phi•los´o•phate , v. i. [L. philosophatus, p. p. of philosophari to philosophize.] To play the philosopher; to moralize. [Obs.] Barrow.

Phi•los•o•pha´tion , n. Philosophical speculation and discussion. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty.

Phil´o•sophe , n. [F., a philosopher.] A philosophaster; a philosopher. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi•los´o•pheme , n. [Gr. , from to love knowledge.] A philosophical proposition, doctrine, or principle of reasoning. [R.] “This, the most venerable, and perhaps the most ancient, of Grecian myths, is a philosopheme.” Coleridge.

Phi•los´o•pher , n. [OE. philosophre, F. philosophe, L. philosophus, Gr. ; loving + wise. Cf. Philosophy.] 1. One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy. “Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him.” Acts xvii. 18. 2. One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness. 3. An alchemist. [Obs.] Chaucer. Philosopher’s stone, an imaginary stone which the alchemists formerly sought as instrument of converting the baser metals into gold. { Phil•o•soph´ic , Phil•o•soph´ic•al } a. [L. philosophicus: cf. F. philosophique.] Of or pertaining to philosophy; versed in, or imbued with, the principles of philosophy; hence, characterizing a philosopher; rational; wise; temperate; calm; cool. — Phil•o•soph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Phi•los´o•phism , n. [Cf. F. philosophisme.] Spurious philosophy; the love or practice of sophistry. Carlyle.

Phi•los´o•phist , n. [Cf. F. philosophiste.] A pretender in philosophy. { Phi•los•o•phis´tic , Phi•los•o•phis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the love or practice of sophistry. [R.]

Phi•los´o•phize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philosophized p. pr. & vb. n. Philosophizing ] To reason like a philosopher; to search into the reason and nature of things; to investigate phenomena, and assign rational causes for their existence. “Man philosophizes as he lives. He may philosophize well or ill, but philosophize he must.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Phi•los´o•phi•zer , n. One who philosophizes.

Phi•los´o•phy , n.; pl. Philosophies (#). [OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. . See Philosopher.] 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws. When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology; when applied to material objects, it is called physics; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics. ´Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; — the science of effects by their causes; — the science of sufficient reasons; — the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; — the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; — the science of truths sensible and abstract; — the application of reason to its legitimate objects; — the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; — the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; — the science of science; — the science of the absolute; — the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real.´ Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained. “[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie.” Chaucer. “We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school.” Locke. 3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as to meet misfortune with philosophy. “Then had he spent all his philosophy.” Chaucer. 4. Reasoning; argumentation. “Of good and evil much they argued then, …
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy.” Milton. 5. The course of sciences read in the schools. Johnson. 6. A treatise on philosophy. Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy. — Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a garden in Athens. — Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the Lyceum at Athens. — Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; — so called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.

Phil•o•stor´gy , n. [Gr. ; loving + affection.] Natural affection, as of parents for their children. [R.] { Phil•o•tech´nic , Phil•o•tech´nic•al } a. [Philo- + Gr. an art: cf. F. philotechnique.] Fond of the arts. [R.]

Phil´ter , n. [F. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr. , fr. to love, dear, loving.] A potion or charm intended to excite the passion of love. [Written also philtre.] Addison.

Phil´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Philtered p. pr. & vb. n. Philtering.] 1. To impregnate or mix with a love potion; as to philter a draught. 2. To charm to love; to excite to love or sexual desire by a potion. Gov. of Tongue.

Phi•mo´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a muzzling, fr. muzzle.] (Med.) A condition of the penis in which the prepuce can not be drawn back so as to uncover the glans penis.

Phi´ton•ess , n. Pythoness; witch. [Obs.]

Phiz , n.; pl. Phizes (#). [Contr. fr. physiognomy.] The face or visage. [Colloq.] Cowper.

Phle•bi´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a vein + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a vein.

Phleb´o•gram , n. [Gr. , + -gram.] (Physiol.) A tracing (with the sphygmograph) of the movements of a vein, or of the venous pulse. { Phleb´o•lite , Phleb´o•lith } n. [Gr. , , a vein + -lite, - lith.] (Med.) A small calcareous concretion formed in a vein; a vein stone.

Phle•bol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , a vein + -logy.] A branch of anatomy which treats of the veins.

Phle•bot´o•mist , n. [Cf. F. phlebotomiste.] (Med.) One who practiced phlebotomy.

Phle•bot´o•mize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlebotomized p. pr. & vb. n. Phlebotomizing ] [Cf. F. phlebotomiser.] To let blood from by opening a vein; to bleed. [R.] Howell.

Phle•bot´o•my , n. [L. phlebotomia, Gr. ; , , a vein + to cut: cf. F. phlebotomie. Cf. Fleam.] (Med.) The act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood, in the treatment of disease; venesection; bloodletting.

Phlegm , n. [F. phlegme, flegme, L. phlegma, fr. Gr. a flame, inflammation, phlegm, a morbid, clammy humor in the body, fr. to burn. Cf. Phlox, Flagrant, Flame, Bleak, a., and Fluminate.] 1. One of the four humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed. See Humor. Arbuthnot. 2. (Physiol.) Viscid mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory and digestive passages. 3. (Old Chem.) A watery distilled liquor, in distinction from a spirituous liquor. Crabb. 4. Sluggishness of temperament; dullness; want of interest; indifference; coldness. “They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm.” Pope.

Phleg´ma•gogue , n. [Gr. carrying of phlegm; phlegm + to lead.] (Old Med.) A medicine supposed to expel phlegm.

Phleg•ma´si•a , n. [NL., from Gr. . See Phlegm.] (Med.) An inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal organs. Phlegmasia dolens (do´lenz) [NL.], milk leg.

Phleg•mat´ic , a. [L. phlegmaticus, Gr. : cf. F. phlegmatique.] 1. Watery. [Obs.] ´Aqueous and phlegmatic.´ Sir I. Newton. 2. Abounding in phlegm; as phlegmatic humors; a phlegmatic constitution. Harvey. 3. Generating or causing phlegm. ´Cold and phlegmatic habitations.´ Sir T. Browne. 4. Not easily excited to action or passion; cold; dull; sluggish; heavy; as a phlegmatic person. Addison. Phlegmatic temperament (Old Physiol.), lymphatic temperament. See under Lymphatic.

Phleg•mat´ic•al , a. Phlegmatic. Ash.

Phleg•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a phlegmatic manner.

Phleg•mat´ic•ly , a. Phlegmatically. [Obs.]

Phleg´mon , n. [L. phlegmone, phlegmon, inflammation beneath the skin, Gr. , fr. to burn: cf. F. phlegmon.] (Med.) Purulent inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue.

Phleg´mon•ous , a. [Cf. F. phlegmoneux.] Having the nature or properties of phlegmon; as phlegmonous pneumonia. Harvey.

Phleme , n. (Surg. & Far.) See Fleam.

Phle´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a kind of marsh plant.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including the timothy (Phleum pratense), which is highly valued for hay; cat’s-tail grass. Gray.

Phlo´ëm , n. [Gr. bark.] (Bot.) That portion of fibrovascular bundles which corresponds to the inner bark; the liber tissue; — distinguished from xylem.

Phlo•gis´tian , n. A believer in the existence of phlogiston.

Phlo•gis´tic , a. 1. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to phlogiston, or to belief in its existence. 2. (Med.) Inflammatory; belonging to inflammations and fevers.

Phlo•gis´tic•al , a. (Old Chem.) Phlogistic.

Phlo•gis´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlogisticated p. pr. & vb. n. Phlogisticating.] (Old Chem.) To combine phlogiston with; — usually in the form and sense of the p. p. or the adj.; as highly phlogisticated substances.

Phlo•gis•ti•ca´tion , n. (Old Chem.) The act or process of combining with phlogiston.

Phlo•gis´ton , n. [NL., fr. Gr. burnt, set on fire, fr. to set on fire, to burn, fr. , , a flame, blaze. See Phlox.] (Old Chem.) The hypothetical principle of fire, or inflammability, regarded by Stahl as a chemical element. This was supposed to be united with combustible (phlogisticated) bodies and to be separated from incombustible (dephlogisticated) bodies, the phenomena of flame and burning being the escape of phlogiston. Soot and sulphur were regarded as nearly pure phlogiston. The essential principle of this theory was that combustion was a decomposition rather than the union and combination which it has since been shown to be.

Phlo•gog´e•nous , a. [Gr. , fire + -genous.] (Med.) Causing inflammation.

Phlog´o•pite , n. [Gr. firelike.] (Min.) A kind of mica having generally a peculiar bronze- red or copperlike color and a pearly luster. It is a silicate of aluminia, with magnesia, potash, and some fluorine. It is characteristic of crystalline limestone or dolomite and serpentine. See Mica.

Phlo•go´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. burning heat.] (Med.) Inflammation of external parts of the body; erysipelatous inflammation.

Phlo•got´ic , n. (Med.) Of or pertaining to phlogisis.

Phlo•ram´ine , n. [Phlorlucin + amine.] (Chem.) A basic amido derivative of phloroglucin, having an astringent taste.

Phlo•ret´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the decomposition of phloretin.

Phlor´e•tin , n. [From Phlorizin.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phlorizin, and formerly used to some extent as a substitute for quinine.

Phlor´i•zin , n. [Gr. , , bark + root.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline glucoside extracted from the root bark of the apple, pear, cherry, plum, etc. [Formerly also written phloridzin.]

Phlor•o•glu´cin , n. [Phloretin + Gr. sweet.] (Chem.) A sweet white crystalline substance, metameric with pyrogallol, and obtained by the decomposition of phloretin, and from certain gums, as catechu, kino, etc. It belongs to the class of phenols. [Called also phloroglucinol.]

Phlo´rol , n. [Phloretic + -ol.] (Chem.) A liquid metameric with xylenol, belonging to the class of phenols, and obtained by distilling certain salts of phloretic acid.

Phlo´rone , n. [Phlorol + quinone.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance having a peculiar unpleasant odor, resembling the quinones, and obtained from beechwood tar and coal tar, as also by the oxidation of xylidine; — called also xyloquinone.

Phlox , n. [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. flame, fr. to burn.] (Bot.) A genus of American herbs, having showy red, white, or purple flowers. Phlox worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American moth (Heliothis phloxiphaga). It is destructive to phloxes. — Phlox subulata, the moss pink. See under Moss.

Phlyc•ten´u•lar , a. [Gr. a blister or pustule.] (Med.) Characterized by the presence of small pustules, or whitish elevations resembling pustules; as phlyctenular ophthalmia.

Pho´ca , n. [L., a seal, fr. Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of seals. It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal.

Pho•ca´cean , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Phoca; a seal.

Pho´cal , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to seals.

Pho•cen´ic , a. [Gr. a porpoise.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to dolphin oil or porpoise oil; - - said of an acid (called also delphinic acid) subsequently found to be identical with valeric acid. Watts.

Pho•ce´nin , n. [Cf. F. phocenine.] (Chem.) See Delphin.

Pho´cine , a. [L. phoca a seal.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the seal tribe; phocal.

Pho´co•dont , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Phocodontia.

Pho•co•don´ti•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a seal + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied genera.

Phœ´be , n. (Zoöl.) The pewee, or pewit.

Phœ´bus , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. pure, bright.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Apollo; the sun god. 2. The sun. ´Phœbus ’gins arise.´ Shak.

Phœ•ni´cian , a. Of or pertaining to Phœnica. — n. A native or inhabitant of Phœnica.

Phœ•ni´cious , a. See Phenicious.

Phœ•ni•cop´te•rus , n. [NL. See Phenicopter.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds which includes the flamingoes.

Phœ´nix , n. [L., a fabulous bird. See Phenix.] 1. Same as Phenix. Shak. 2. (Bot.) A genus of palms including the date tree.

Pho´lad , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Pholas.

Pho•la´de•an , n. (Zoöl.) Pholad.

Pho´las , n.; pl. Pholades (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , a kind of mollusk.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pholas, or family Pholadidae. They bore holes for themselves in clay, peat, and soft rocks.

Pho´nal , a.[Gr. the voice.] Of or relating to the voice; as phonal structure. Max Müller.

Pho•nas•cet´ics , n. [Gr. to practice the voice; voice + to practice.] Treatment for restoring or improving the voice.

Pho•na´tion , n. [Gr. the voice.] The act or process by which articulate sounds are uttered; the utterance of articulate sounds; articulate speech.

Pho•nau´to•graph , n. [Phono- + Gr. self + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument by means of which a sound can be made to produce a visible trace or record of itself. It consists essentially of a resonant vessel, usually of paraboloidal form, closed at one end by a flexible membrane. A stylus attached to some point of the membrane records the movements of the latter, as it vibrates, upon a moving cylinder or plate.

Pho•nei´do•scope , n. [Phono- + Gr. form + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument for studying the motions of sounding bodies by optical means. It consists of a tube across the end of which is stretched a film of soap solution thin enough to give colored bands, the form and position of which are affected by sonorous vibrations.

Pho•net´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. a sound, tone; akin to Gr. to speak: cf. F. phonetique. See Ban a proclamation.] 1. Of or pertaining to the voice, or its use. 2. Representing sounds; as phonetic characters; — opposed to ideographic; as a phonetic notation. Phonetic spelling, spelling in phonetic characters, each representing one sound only; — contrasted with Romanic spelling, or that by the use of the Roman alphabet.

Pho•net´ic•al•ly, adv. In a phonetic manner.

Pho•ne•ti´cian , n. One versed in phonetics; a phonetist.

Pho•net´ics , n. 1. The doctrine or science of sounds; especially those of the human voice; phonology. 2. The art of representing vocal sounds by signs and written characters.

Pho´ne•tism , n. The science which treats of vocal sounds. J. Peile.

Pho´ne•tist , n. 1. One versed in phonetics; a phonologist. 2. One who advocates a phonetic spelling.

Pho•ne•ti•za´tion , n. The act, art, or process of representing sounds by phonetic signs.

Pho´ne•tize , v. t. To represent by phonetic signs. Lowell.

Phon´ic , a. [Gr. sound: cf. F. phonique.] Of or pertaining to sound; of the nature of sound; acoustic. Tyndall.

Phon´ics , n. See Phonetics.

Pho´no- A combining form from Gr. sound, tone; as phonograph, phonology.

Phono , n. (Zoöl.) A South American butterfly (Ithonia phono) having nearly transparent wings.

Pho•no•camp´tic , a. [Phono- + Gr. to bend: cf. F. phonocamptique.] Reflecting sound. [R.] ´Phonocamptic objects.´ Derham.

Pho´no•gram , n. [Phono- + -gram.] 1. A letter, character, or mark used to represent a particular sound. “Phonograms are of three kinds: (1) Verbal signs, which stand for entire words; (2) Syllabic signs, which stand for the articulations of which words are composed; (3) Alphabetic signs, or letters, which represent the elementary sounds into which the syllable can be resolved.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 2. A record of sounds made by a phonograph.

Pho´no•graph , n. [Phono- + -graph.] 1. A character or symbol used to represent a sound, esp. one used in phonography. 2. (Physics) An instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds, as articulate speech, etc. It consists of a rotating cylinder or disk covered with some material easily indented, as tinfoil, wax, paraffin, etc., above which is a thin plate carrying a stylus. As the plate vibrates under the influence of a sound, the stylus makes minute indentations or undulations in the soft material, and these, when the cylinder or disk is again turned, set the plate in vibration, and reproduce the sound.

Pho•nog´ra•pher , n. 1. One versed or skilled in phonography. 2. One who uses, or is skilled in the use of, the phonograph. See Phonograph, 2. { Pho•no•graph´ic , Pho•no•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. phonographique.] 1. Of or pertaining to phonography; based upon phonography. 2. Of or pertaining to phonograph; done by the phonograph.

Pho•no•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. In a phonographic manner; by means of phonograph.

Pho•nog´ra•phist , n. Phonographer.

Pho•nog´ra•phy , n. [Phono- + -graphy.] 1. A description of the laws of the human voice, or sounds uttered by the organs of speech. 2. A representation of sounds by distinctive characters; commonly, a system of shorthand writing invented by Isaac Pitman, or a modification of his system, much used by reporters. The consonants are represented by straight lines and curves; the vowels by dots and short dashes; but by skilled phonographers, in rapid work, most vowel marks are omitted, and brief symbols for common words and combinations of words are extensively employed. The following line is an example of phonography, in which all the sounds are indicated: — “They also serve who only stand and wait.” Milton. 3. The art of constructing, or using, the phonograph.

Pho´no•lite , n. [Phono- + -lite: cf. F. phonolithe.] (Min.) A compact, feldspathic, igneous rock containing nephelite, haüynite, etc. Thin slabs give a ringing sound when struck; — called also clinkstone.

Pho•nol´o•ger , n. A phonologist. { Pho•no•log´ic , Pho•no•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to phonology.

Pho•nol´o•gist , n. One versed in phonology.

Pho•nol´o•gy , n. [Phono- + -logy.] The science or doctrine of the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in speech, including the various distinctions, modifications, and combinations of tones; phonetics. also a treatise on sounds.

Pho•nom´e•ter , n. [Phono- + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring sounds, as to their intensity, or the frequency of the vibrations.

Pho•no•mo´tor , n. [Phono- + -motor.] (Physics) An instrument in which motion is produced by the vibrations of a sounding body.

Pho•nor´ga•non , n. [NL. See Phono-, and Organon.] A speaking machine.

Pho´no•scope , n. [Phono- + -scope.] (Physics) (a) An instrument for observing or exhibiting the motions or properties of sounding bodies; especially, an apparatus invented by König for testing the quality of musical strings. (b) An instrument for producing luminous figures by the vibrations of sounding bodies.

Pho´no•type (-tip), n. [Phono- + -type.] A type or character used in phonotypy. { Pho•no•typ´ic , Pho•no•typ´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to phonotypy; as a phonotypic alphabet.

Pho•not´y•pist , n. One versed in phonotypy.

Pho•not´y•py , n. A method of phonetic printing of the English language, as devised by Mr. Pitman, in which nearly all the ordinary letters and many new forms are employed in order to indicate each elementary sound by a separate character.

Phor´minx , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] A kind of lyre used by the Greeks. Mrs. Browning.

Phor´mi•um , n. [NL. fr. Gr. a plaited mat, a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants, consisting of one species (Phormium tenax). See Flax-plant.

Phor´one , n. [Camphor + acetone.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, having a geraniumlike odor, regarded as a complex derivative of acetone, and obtained from certain camphor compounds.

Pho•ro´nis , n. [NL., fr. L. Phoronis, a surname of Io, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A remarkable genus of marine worms having tentacles around the mouth. It is usually classed with the gephyreans. Its larva (Actinotrocha) undergoes a peculiar metamorphosis.

Phor•o•no´mi•a , n. [NL.] See Phoronomics.

Phor•o•nom´ics , n. [Gr. a carrying, motion + a law.] The science of motion; kinematics. [R.] Weisbach.

Phos´gene , a. [Gr. light + the root of to be born: cf. F. phosgène.] (Old Chem.) Producing, or produced by, the action of light; — formerly used specifically to designate a gas now called carbonyl chloride. See Carbonyl.

Phos´gen•ite , n. (Min.) A rare mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of a white, yellow, or grayish color and adamantine luster. It is a chlorocarbonate of lead.

Phos´pham , n. [Phosphorus + ammonia.] (Chem.) An inert amorphous white powder, PN2H, obtained by passing ammonia over heated phosphorus. [Spelt also phosphame.] — Phos´pham´ic (#), a.

Phos´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of phosphoric acid.

Phos•phat´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus, phosphoric acid, or phosphates; as phosphatic nodules. Phosphatic diathesis (Med.), a habit of body which leads to the undue excretion of phosphates with the urine.

Phos•pha•tu´ri•a , n. [NL. See Phosphate, and Urine.] (Med.) The excessive discharge of phosphates in the urine.

Phos´phene , n. [Gr. light + to show.] (Physiol.) A luminous impression produced through excitation of the retina by some cause other than the impingement upon it of rays of light, as by pressure upon the eyeball when the lids are closed. Cf. After-image.

Phos´phide , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of phosphorus.

Phos´phine , n. (Chem.) A colorless gas PH3, analogous to ammonia, and having a disagreeable odor resembling that of garlic. Called also hydrogen phosphide, and formerly, phosphureted hydrogen. It is the most important compound of phosphorus and hydrogen, and is produced by the action of caustic potash on phosphorus. It is spontaneously inflammable, owing to impurities, and in burning produces peculiar vortical rings of smoke.

Phos•phin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain acids analogous to the phosphonic acids, but containing two hydrocarbon radicals, and derived from the secondary phosphines by oxidation.

Phos´phite , n. (Chem.) A salt of phosphorous acid.

Phos•phon´ic , a. [Phosphoric + sulphonic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain derivatives of phosphorous acid containing a hydrocarbon radical, and analogous to the sulphonic acid.

Phos•pho´ni•um , n. [Phosphorus + ammonium.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical PH4, analogous to ammonium, and regarded as the nucleus of certain derivatives of phosphine.

Phos´phor , n. [Cf. G. phosphor. See Phosphorus.] 1. Phosphorus. [Obs.] Addison. 2. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; Lucifer. [Poetic] Pope. Tennyson.

Phos´phor•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phosphorated p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorating.] (Chem.) To impregnate, or combine, with phosphorus or its compounds; as phosphorated oil.

Phos´phor-bronze , n. [Phosphor + bronze.] (Metal.) A variety of bronze possessing great hardness, elasticity, and toughness, obtained by melting copper with tin phosphide. It contains one or two per cent of phosphorus and from five to fifteen per cent of tin.

Phos•pho´re•ous , a. Phosphorescent. [Obs.]

Phos•phor•esce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Phosphoresced p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorescing ] To shine as phosphorus; to be phosphorescent; to emit a phosphoric light.

Phos•phor•es´cence , n. [Cf. F. phosphorescence.] 1. The quality or state of being phosphorescent; or the act of phosphorescing. 2. A phosphoric light.

Phos•phor•es´cent , a. [Cf. F. phosphorescent.] Shining with a phosphoric light; luminous without sensible heat. — n. A phosphorescent substance.

Phos•phor´ic , a. [Cf. F. phosphorique.] 1. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling, or containing, from us; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a higher valence as contrasted with the phosphorous compounds. 2. Phosphorescent. ´A phosphoric sea.´ Byron. Glacial phosphoric acid. (Chem.) (a) Metaphosphoric acid in the form of glassy semitransparent masses or sticks. (b) Pure normal phosphoric acid. — Phosphoric acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H3PO4, which is the most highly oxidized acid of phosphorus, and forms an important and extensive series of compounds, viz., the phosphates. — Soluble phosphoric acid, Insoluble phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid combined in acid salts, or in neutral or basic salts, which are respectively soluble and insoluble in water or in plant juices. — Reverted phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid changed from acid (soluble) salts back to neutral or basic (insoluble) salts.

Phos•phor´ic•al , a. (Old Chem.) Phosphoric.

Phos´phor•ite , n. (Min.) A massive variety of apatite.

Phos•phor•it´ic , a. (Min.) Pertaining to phosphorite; resembling, or of the nature of, phosphorite.

Phos´phor•ize , v. t. To phosphorate.

Phos´phor•ized , a. Containing, or impregnated with, phosphorus.

Phos•phor•o•gen´ic , a. [Phosphorus + -gen + -ic.] Generating phosphorescence; as phosphorogenic rays.

Phos•phor´o•scope , n. [Phosphorus + -scope.] (Physics) An apparatus for observing the phosphorescence produced in different bodies by the action of light, and for measuring its duration.

Phos´phor•ous , a. [Cf. F. phosphoreux.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling or containing phosphorus; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a lower valence as contrasted with phosphoric compounds; as phosphorous acid, H3PO3.

Phos´phor•us , n.; pl. Phosphori (#). [L., the morning star, Gr. , lit., light bringer; light + to bring.] 1. The morning star; Phosphor. 2. (Chem.) A poisonous nonmetallic element of the nitrogen group, obtained as a white, or yellowish, translucent waxy substance, having a characteristic disagreeable smell. It is very active chemically, must be preserved under water, and unites with oxygen even at ordinary temperatures, giving a faint glow, — whence its name. It always occurs compined, usually in phosphates, as in the mineral apatite, in bones, etc. It is used in the composition on the tips of friction matches, and for many other purposes. The molecule contains four atoms. Symbol P. Atomic weight 31.0. 3. (Chem.) Hence, any substance which shines in the dark like phosphorus, as certain phosphorescent bodies. Bologna phosphorus (Chem.), sulphide of barium, which shines in the dark after exposure to light; — so called because this property was discovered by a resident of Bologna. The term is sometimes applied to other compounds having similar properties. — Metallic phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a gray metallic crystalline substance, having very inert chemical properties. It is obtained by heating ordinary phosphorus in a closed vessel at a high temperature. — Phosphorus disease (Med.), a disease common among workers in phosphorus, giving rise to necrosis of the jawbone, and other symptoms. — Red, or Amorphous, phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a dark red powder by heating ordinary phosphorus in closed vessels. It is not poisonous, is not phosphorescent, and is only moderately active chemically. It is valuable as a chemical reagent, and is used in the composition of the friction surface on which safety matches are ignited. — Solar phosphori (Chem.), phosphorescent substances which shine in the dark after exposure to the sunlight or other intense light.

Phos´phor•yl , n. [Phosphorus + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical PO, regarded as the typical nucleus of certain compounds.

Phos´phu•ret , n. (Chem.) A phosphide. [Obsoles.]

Phos´phu•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Impregnated, or combined, with phosphorus. [Obsoles.] [Written also phosphuretted.] Phosphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Phosphine.

Pho´tic , a. [Gr. fw^s, fwto•s, light.] (Physiol.) Relating to the production of light by the lower animals.

Pho´tics , n. (Physics) The science of light; — a general term sometimes employed when optics is restricted to light as a producing vision. Knight.

Pho´to , n.; pl. Photos . A contraction of Photograph. [Colloq.]

Pho´to- A combining form from Gr. fw^s, fwto•s, light; as photography, phototype, photometer.

Pho•to•bi•ot´ic , a. [Photo- + biotic.] (Biol.) Requiring light to live; incapable of living without light; as photobiotic plant cells.

Pho•to•chem´ic•al , a. [Photo- + chemical.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to chemical action of light, or produced by it; as the photochemical changes of the visual purple of the retina.

Pho•to•chem´is•try , n. [Photo- + chemistry.] (Chem.) The branch of chemistry which relates to the effect of light in producing chemical changes, as in photography. { Pho•to•chro´mic , Pho•to•chro•mat´ic } a. Of or pertaining to photochromy; produced by photochromy.

Pho•toch´ro•my , n. [Photo- + Gr. color.] The art or process of reproducing colors by photography.

Pho´to•drome , n. [Photo- + Gr. to run.] (Physics) An apparatus consisting of a large wheel with spokes, which when turning very rapidly is illuminated by momentary flashes of light passing through slits in a rotating disk. By properly timing the succession of flashes the wheel is made to appear to be motionless, or to rotate more or less slowly in either direction.

Pho•to-e•lec´tric , a. [Photo- + electric.] Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; — said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light.

Pho•to-e•lec´tro•type , n. (Print.) An electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photographing on prepared gelatine, etc.

Pho•to-en•grav´ing , n. [Photo- + engraving.] The process of obtaining an etched or engraved plate from the photographic image, to be used in printing; also a picture produced by such a process.

Pho•to-ep´i•nas•ty , n. [See Photo-, and Epinastic.] (Bot.) A disproportionately rapid growth of the upper surface of dorsiventral organs, such as leaves, through the stimulus of exposure to light. Encyc. Brit.

Pho•to•gal•va•nog´ra•phy , n. [Photo- + galvanography.] The art or process of making photo-electrotypes. Sir D. Brewster.

Pho´to•gen , n. [Photo- + - gen.] (Chem.) A light hydrocarbon oil resembling kerosene. It is obtained by distilling coal, paraffin, etc., and is used as a lubricant, illuminant, etc. [Written also photogene.]

Pho´to•gene , n. [See Photogen.] 1. A photograph. [Obsoles.] 2. A more or less continued impression or image on the retina. H. Spencer.

Pho•to•gen´ic , a. Of or pertaining to photogeny; producing or generating light.

Pho•tog´e•ny , n. [See Photogen.] See Photography. [Obsoles.]

Pho•to•glyph´ic , a. [Photo- + Gr. to engrave.] Pertaining to the art of engraving by the action of light. [Written also photoglyptic.] Photoglyphic engraving, a process of etching on copper, steel, or zinc, by means of the action of light and certain chemicals, so that from the plate impressions may be taken. Sir D. Brewster.

Pho•tog´ly•phy , n. Photoglyphic engraving. See under Photoglyphic.

Pho•to•glyp´tic , a. Same as Photoglyphic.

Pho´to•gram , n. [Photo- + -gram.] A photograph. [R.]

Pho´to•graph , n. [Photo- + -graph.] A picture or likeness obtained by photography.

Pho´to•graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photographed p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing ] To take a picture or likeness of by means of photography; as to photograph a view; to photograph a group. “He makes his pen drawing on white paper, and they are afterwards photographed on wood.” Hamerton. Also used figuratively. “He is photographed on my mind.” Lady D. Hardy.

Pho´to•graph, v. i. To practice photography; to take photographs.

Pho•tog´ra•pher , n. One who practices, or is skilled in, photography. { Pho•to•graph´ic , Pho•to•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. photographique.] Of or pertaining to photography; obtained by photography; used ib photography; as a photographic picture; a photographic camera. — Pho•to•graph´ic•al•ly, adv. Photographic printing, the process of obtaining pictures, as on chemically prepared paper, from photographic negatives, by exposure to light.

Pho•tog´ra•phist , n. A photographer.

Pho•tog´ra•phom´e•ter , n. [Photograph + -meter.] (Photog.) An instrument for determining the sensibility of the plates employed in photographic processes to luminous rays.

Pho•tog´ra•phy , n. [Photo- + -graphy: cf. F. photographie.] 1. The science which relates to the action of light on sensitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of images, and the like. 2. The art or process of producing pictures by this action of light. The well-focused optical image is thrown on a surface of metal, glass, paper, or other suitable substance, coated with collodion or gelatin, and sensitized with the chlorides, bromides, or iodides of silver, or other salts sensitive to light. The exposed plate is then treated with reducing agents, as pyrogallic acid, ferrous sulphate, etc., to develop the latent image. The image is then fixed by washing off the excess of unchanged sensitive salt with sodium hyposulphite (thiosulphate) or other suitable reagents.

Pho•to•grav´ure , n. [F.] A photoengraving; also the process by which such a picture is produced.

Pho•to•he´li•o•graph , n. [Photo- + heliograph.] (Physics) A modified kind of telescope adapted to taking photographs of the sun.

Pho•to•lith´o•graph , n. [Photo- + lithograph.] A lithographic picture or copy from a stone prepared by the aid of photography.

Pho•to•lith´o•graph, v. t. To produce (a picture, a copy) by the process of photolithography.

Pho•to•li•thog´ra•pher , n. One who practices, or one who employs, photolithography.

Pho•to•lith•o•graph´ic , n. Of or pertaining to photolithography; produced by photolithography.

Pho•to•li•thog´ra•phy , n. The art or process of producing photolithographs. { Pho•to•log´ic , Pho•to•log´ic•al } a. Pertaining to photology, or the doctrine of light.

Pho•tol´o•gist , n. One who studies or expounds the laws of light.

Pho•tol´o•gy , n. [Photo- + -logy: cf. F. photologie.] The doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phenomena; optics.

Pho•to•mag•net´ic , a. Of or pertaining to photomagnetism.

Pho•to•mag´net•ism , n. The branch of science which treats of the relation of magnetism to light.

Pho•to•me•chan´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or designating, any photographic process in which a printing surface is obtained without the intervention of hand engraving.

Pho•tom´e•ter , n. [Photo- + -meter: cf. F. photomètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of light, or, more especially, for comparing the relative intensities of different lights, or their relative illuminating power. { Pho•to•met´ric , Pho•to•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. photometrique.] Of or pertaining to photometry, or to a photometer.

Pho•tom•e•tri´cian , n. One engaged in the scientific measurement of light.

Pho•tom´e•try , n. [Cf. F. photometrie.] That branch of science which treats of the measurement of the intensity of light.

Pho•to•mi´cro•graph (fo•to•mi´kro•graf), n. [Photo- + micro + -graph.] 1. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a microscopic object. See Microphotograph. 2. A microscopically small photograph of an object.

Pho•to•mi•crog´ra•phy , n. The art of producing photomicrographs.

Pho•to•pho´bi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fw^s, fwto•s, light + fear.] (Med.) A dread or intolerance of light. Sir T. Watson.

Pho´to•phone , n. [Photo- + Gr. sound.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of rays of light. A. G. Bell.

Pho•to•phon´ic , a. Of or pertaining to photophone.

Pho•toph´o•ny , n. The art or practice of using the photophone.

Pho•top´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. fw^s, fwto•s, light + sight.] (Med.) An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene.

Pho•top´sy , n. Same as Photopsia.

Pho•to•re•lief´ , n. A printing surface in relief, obtained by photographic means and subsequent manipulations. Knight.

Pho´to•scope , n. [Photo- + -scope.] (Physics) Anything employed for the observation of light or luminous effects.

Pho•to•scop´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the photoscope or its uses.

Pho•to•sculp´ture , n. [Photo- + sculpture.] A process in which, by means of a number of photographs simultaneously taken from different points of view on the same level, rough models of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made with great expedition.

Pho´to•sphere , n. [Photo- + sphere.] A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun.

Pho•to•spher´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the photosphere.

Pho•tot´o•nus , n. [NL. See Photo- , and Tone.] (Bot.) A motile condition in plants resulting from exposure to light. — Pho•to•ton´ic (#), a.

Pho•to•trop´ic , a. [Photo- + Gr. to turn.] (Bot.) Same as Heliotropic.

Pho´to•type , n. [Photo- + -type.] A plate or block with a printing surface (usually in relief) obtained from a photograph; also any one of the many methods of processes by which such a printing surface is obtained.

Pho•to•typ´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a phototype or phototypy.

Pho•to•ty•pog´ra•phy , n. [Photo- + typography.] Same as Phototypy.

Pho•tot´y•py , n. The art or process of producing phototypes.

Pho•to•xy•log´ra•phy , n. [Photo- + xylography.] The process of producing a representation of an object on wood, by photography, for the use of the wood engraver.

Pho•to•zin´co•graph , n. A print made by photozincography. — Pho•to•zin•co•graph´ic, a.

Pho•to•zin•cog´ra•phy , n. [Photo- + zincography.] A process, analogous to photolithography, for reproducing photographed impressions transferred to zinc plate.

Phrag´mo•cone , n. [Gr. , , a fence, an inclosure + a cone.] (Zoöl.) The thin chambered shell attached to the anterior end of a belemnite. [Written also phragmacone.]

Phrag•mo•si´phon , n. (Zoöl.) The siphon of a phragmocone.

Phras´al , a. Of the nature of a phrase; consisting of a phrase; as a phrasal adverb. Earlc.

Phrase , n. [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phraseology, Gr. , fr. to speak.] 1. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as an adverbial phrase. “´Convey´ the wise it call. ´Steal!´ foh! a fico for the phrase.” Shak. 2. A short, pithy expression; especially, one which is often employed; a peculiar or idiomatic turn of speech; as to err is human. 3. A mode or form of speech; the manner or style in which any one expreses himself; diction; expression. ´Phrases of the hearth.´ Tennyson. “Thou speak’st
In better phrase and matter than thou didst.” Shak. 4. (Mus.) A short clause or portion of a period. A composition consists first of sentences, or periods; these are subdivided into sections, and these into phrases. Phrase book, a book of idiomatic phrases. J. S. Blackie.

Phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phrased p. pr. & vb. n. Phrasing.] [Cf. F. phraser.] To express in words, or in peculiar words; to call; to style. ´These suns — for so they phrase ’em.´ Shak.

Phrase, v. i. 1. To use proper or fine phrases. [R.] 2. (Mus.) To group notes into phrases; as he phrases well. See Phrase, n., 4.

Phrase´less, a. Indescribable. Shak.

Phra´se•o•gram , n. [Gr. a phrase + -gram.] (Phonography) A symbol for a phrase. { Phra•se•o•log´ic , Phra•se•o•log´ic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to phraseology; consisting of a peculiar form of words. ´This verbal or phraseological answer.´ Bp. Pearson.

Phra•se•ol´o•gist , n. A collector or coiner of phrases.

Phra•se•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , phrase + -logy: cf. F. phraseologie.] 1. Manner of expression; peculiarity of diction; style. “Most completely national in his … phraseology.” I. Taylor. 2. A collection of phrases; a phrase book. [R.] Syn. — Diction; style. See Diction.

Phras´ing , n. 1. Method of expression; association of words. 2. (Mus.) The act or method of grouping the notes so as to form distinct musical phrases.

Phra´try , n.; pl. Phratries (#). [Gr. , .] (Gr. Antiq.) A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens.

Phre•at´ic , a. [F. phreatique, from Gr. , , a well.] (Geol.) Subterranean; — applied to sources supplying wells. { Phre•net´ic , Phre•net´ic•al } a. [L. phreneticus, Gr. , : cf. F. phrenetique. See Frantic, and cf. Frenetic.] Relating to phrenitis; suffering from frenzy; delirious; mad; frantic; frenetic. — Phre•net´ic•al•ly, adv.

Phre•net´ic, n. One who is phrenetic. Harvey.

Phren´ic , a.[Gr. , , the midriff, or diaphragm, the heart, the mind: cf. F. phrenique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diaphragm; diaphragmatic; as the phrenic nerve.

Phren´ics , n. That branch of science which relates to the mind; mental philosophy. [R.]

Phre´nism , n. [See Phrenic.] (Biol.) See Vital force, under Vital.

Phre•ni´tis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. , .] 1. (Med.) Inflammation of the brain, or of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute fever and delirium; — called also cephalitis. 2. See Frenzy.

Phre´no•graph , n. [Gr. , , the migriff + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for registering the movements of the diaphragm, or midriff, in respiration.

Phre•nol´o•ger , n. A phrenologist.

Phren•o•log´ic , a. [Cf. F. phrenologique.] Phrenological.

Phren•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to phrenology. — Phren•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Phre•nol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. phrenologiste.] One versed in phrenology; a craniologist.

Phre•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , the mind + -logy: cf. F. phrenologie.] 1. The science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the various faculties of the mind and particular organs in the brain. 2. In popular usage, the physiological hypothesis of Gall, that the mental faculties, and traits of character, are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology. Gall marked out on his model of the head the places of twenty-six organs, as round inclosures with vacant interspaces. Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole scalp into oblong and conterminous patches. Encyc. Brit.

Phre•no•mag´net•ism , n. [Gr. , , the mind + E. magnetism.] The power of exciting the organs of the brain by magnetic or mesmeric influence.

Phre´no•sin , n. [See Phrenic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous body, related to cerebrin, supposed to exist in the brain.

Phren´sied , p. p. & a. See Frenzied.

Phren´sy , n. Violent and irrational excitement; delirium. See Frenzy.

Phren´sy, v. t. To render frantic.

Phren´tic , n. & a. See Phrenetic. [Obs.]

Phry•ga´ne•id , n. (Zoöl.) Any insect belonging to the Phryganeides.

Phryg•a•ne´i•des , n. pl. [NL., fr. Phryganea, the typical genus, fr. Gr. a dry stick.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of neuropterous insects which includes the caddice flies; — called also Trichoptera. See Trichoptera. [Written also Phryganides.]

Phryg´i•an , a. [L. Phrygius, Gr. , fr. Phrygia, a country of Asia Minor.] Of or pertaining to Phrygia, or to its inhabitants. Phrygian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek modes, very bold and vehement in style; — so called because fabled to have been invented by the Phrygian Marsyas. Moore (Encyc. of Music). — Phrygian stone, a light, spongy stone, resembling a pumice, — used by the ancients in dyeing, and said to be drying and astringent.

Phryg´i•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Phrygia. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) A Montanist.

Phthal´ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of phthalic acid.

Phthal´e•in , n. [See Phthalic.] (Chem.) One of a series of artificial organic dyes made as condensation products of the phenols with phthalic acid, and well represented by phenol phthaleïn. Their alkaline solutions are fluorescent. Phenol phthalein, a white or yellowish white crystalline substance made from phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids, and as this reaction is exceedingly delicate it is used as an indicator.

Phthal´ic , a. [Naphthalene + -ic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid obtained by the oxidation of naphthalene and allied substances. Phthalic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO2H)2, analogous to benzoic acid, and employed in the brilliant dyestuffs called the phthaleins.

Phthal´ide , n. [Phthalyl + anhydride.] (Chem.) A lactone obtained by reduction of phthalyl chloride, as a white crystalline substance; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which phthalide proper is the type. [Written also phthalid.]

Phthal´i•mide , n. [Phthalic + imide.] (Chem.) An imido derivative of phthalic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO)2NH, which has itself (like succinimide) acid properties, and forms a series of salts. Cf. Imido acid, under Imido.

Phthal´in , n. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance obtained by reduction from phthaleïn, into which it is easily converted by oxidation; hence, any one of the series of which phthalin proper is the type.

Phthal´yl , n. [Phthalic + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of phthalic acid.

Phthi•ri´a•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. louse.] (Med.) A disease (morbus pediculous) consisting in the excessive multiplication of lice on the human body.

Phthis´ic , n. Same as Phthisis.

Phthis´ic•al , a. [L. phthisicus, Gr. : cf. F. phthisique. See Phthisis.] Of or pertaining to phthisis; affected with phthisis; wasting; consumptive.

Phthis´ick•y , a. Having phthisis, or some symptom of it, as difficulty in breathing.

Phthis•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Phthisis + -logy.] (Med.) A treatise on phthisis. Dunglison. { Phthis•ip•neu•mo´ni•a , Phthis•ip•neu´mo•ny } n. [NL. See Phthisis, Pneumonia.] (Med.) Pulmonary consumption.

Phthi´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to pass or waste away: cf. F. phthisie.] (Med.) A wasting or consumption of the tissues. The term was formerly applied to many wasting diseases, but is now usually restricted to pulmonary phthisis, or consumption. See Consumption. Fibroid phthisis. See under Fibroid.

Phthon´gal , a. [Gr. voice.] Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized; — said of all the vowels and the semivowels, also of the vocal or sonant consonants g, d, b, l, r, v, z, etc.

Phthon´gal, n. A vocalized element or letter.

Phthon•gom´e•ter , n. [Gr. voice + -meter.] An instrument for measuring vocal sounds. Whewell.

Phthor , n. [F. phthore, Gr. to destroy.] (Old Chem.) Fluorine. [Written also phthor.]

Phy´cite , n. [Gr. seaweed.] (Chem.) See Erythrite, 1.

Phy´co•chrome , n. [Gr. seaweed + color.] (Bot.) A bluish green coloring matter of certain algae. { Phy•co•cy´a•nin , Phy•co•cy´a•nine } n. [Gr. seaweed + E. cyanin.] A blue coloring matter found in certain algae. { Phy•co•e•ryth´rin , Phy•co•e•ryth´rine , } n. [Gr. seaweed + E. erythrin, - ine.] A red coloring matter found in algae of the subclass Florideae.

Phy•cog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. seaweed + -graphy.] A description of seaweeds.

Phy•col´o•gy , n. [Gr. seaweed + -logy.] The science of algae, or seaweeds; algology.

Phy•co•ma´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. seaweed + L. mater mother.] (Bot.) A gelatin in which the algae spores have been supposed to vegetate.

Phy•co•phae´ine , n. [Gr. seaweed + dusky.] A brown coloring matter found in certain algae. { Phy•co•xan´thin , Phy•co•xan´thine } n. [Gr. seaweed + yellow.] A yellowish coloring matter found in certain algae.

Phy•lac´ter , n. A phylactery. Sandys.

Phy•lac´tered , a. Wearing a phylactery. { Phyl•ac•ter´ic , Phyl•ac•ter´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to phylacteries.

Phy•lac´ter•y , n.; pl. Phylacteries (#). [OE. filateri, OF. filatire, filatiere, F. phylactère, L. phylacterium, Gr. , fr. a watcher, guard, to watch, guard. Cf. Philatory.] 1. Any charm or amulet worn as a preservative from danger or disease. 2. A small square box, made either of parchment or of black calfskin, containing slips of parchment or vellum on which are written the scriptural passages Exodus xiii. 2-10, and 11-17, Deut. vi. 4-9, 13-22. They are worn by Jews on the head and left arm, on week-day mornings, during the time of prayer. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. 3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which the relics of the dead were inclosed.

Phy•lac´to•carp , n. [Gr. to guard + fruit.] (Zoöl.) A branch of a plumularian hydroid specially modified in structure for the protection of the gonothecae. { Phy•lac•to•lae´ma , Phy•lac•to•lae´ma•ta } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to guard + the gullet.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water Bryozoa in which the tentacles are arranged on a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and the mouth is covered by an epistome. Called also Lophopoda, and hippocrepians.

Phy•lac•to•lae´ma•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Phylactolaema. { Phy•lac•to•le´ma , Phy•lac•to•le´ma•ta } n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Phylactolaema.

Phy´larch , n. [L. phylarchus, Gr. . See Phyle, and -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.) The chief of a phyle, or tribe.

Phy´larch•y , n. [Gr. .] The office of a phylarch; government of a class or tribe.

Phy´le , n.; pl. Phylae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a body of men united by ties of blood or habitation.] A local division of the people in ancient Athens; a clan; a tribe.

Phyl´lite , n. [See Phylo-.] (Min.) (a) A mineral related to ottrelite. (b) Clay slate; argillaceous schist.

Phyl´lo- A combining form from Gr. a leaf; as phyllopod, phyllotaxy.

Phyl•lo•bran´chi•a , n.; pl. Phyllobranciae (#). [NL. See Phyllo-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) A crustacean gill composed of lamellae.

Phyl•lo•cla´di•um , n.; pl. Phyllocladia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a leaf + a sprout.] (Bot.) A flattened stem or branch which more or less resembles a leaf, and performs the function of a leaf as regards respiration and assimilation.

Phyl•lo•cy´a•nin , n. [Phyllo- + cyanin.] (Chem.) A blue coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll. [Written also phyllocyanine.]

Phyl´lo•cyst , n. [Phyllo- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) The cavity of a hydrophyllium.

Phyl´lode , n. (Bot.) Same as Phyllodium.

Phyl•lo•din´eous , a. (Bot.) Having phyllodia; relating to phyllodia.

Phyl•lo´di•um , n.; pl. Phyllodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. leaflike; leaf + form.] (Bot.) A petiole dilated into the form of a blade, and usually with vertical edges, as in the Australian acacias.

Phyl´lo•dy , n. [See Phyllodium.] (Bot.) A retrograde metamorphosis of the floral organs to the condition of leaves.

Phyl´loid , a. [Phyllo- + - oid.] Resembling a leaf.

Phyl•lo•ma´ni•a , n. [Phyllo- + mania.] (Bot.) An abnormal or excessive production of leaves.

Phyl´lome , n. [Gr. foliage, fr. a leaf.] (Bot.) A foliar part of a plant; any organ homologous with a leaf, or produced by metamorphosis of a leaf.

Phyl•lo•mor•pho´sis , n. [NL. See Phyllo-, Morphosis.] (Bot.) The succession and variation of leaves during different seasons. R. Brown.

Phyl•loph´a•gan , n. [Phyllo- + Gr. to eat.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of a group of marsupials including the phalangists. (b) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon the leaves of plants, as the chafers.

Phyl•loph´a•gous , a. (Zoöl.) Substituting on leaves; leaf- eating.

Phyl•loph´o•rous , a. [Phyllo- + Gr. to bear.] (Bot.) Leaf-bearing; producing leaves.

Phyl´lo•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Phyllopoda. [Also used adjectively.]

Phyl•lop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a leaf + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca including a large number of species, most of which live in fresh water. They have flattened or leaflike legs, often very numerous, which they use in swimming. Called also Branchiopoda. In some, the body is covered with a bivalve shell (Holostraca); in others, as Apus, by a shield-shaped carapace (Monostraca); in others, like Artemia, there is no carapace, and the body is regularly segmented. Sometimes the group is made to include also the Cladocera.

Phyl•lop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Phyllopoda.

Phyl´lo•rhine , a. [Phyllo- + Gr. , , the nose.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Phyllorhina and other related genera of bats that have a leaflike membrane around the nostrils.

Phyl•lo•so´ma , n. [NL. See Phyllo-, and -some body.] (Zoöl.) The larva of the spiny lobsters (Palinurus and allied genera). Its body is remarkably thin, flat, and transparent; the legs are very long. Called also glass-crab, and glass- shrimp.

Phyl´lo•stome (fil´lo•stom), n. [Phyllo- + Gr. sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Any bat of the genus Phyllostoma, or allied genera, having large membranes around the mouth and nose; a nose-leaf bat.

Phyl•los´to•mid , n. A phyllostome.

Phyl•lo•tac´tic , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to phyllotaxy. { Phyl´lo•tax•y , Phyl´lo•tax•is } n. [Phyllo- + Gr. ta•xis order.] (Bot.) The order or arrangement of leaves on the stem; the science of the relative position of leaves.

Phyl´lous , a. (Bot.) Homologous with a leaf; as the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are phyllous organs.

Phyl•lo•xan´thin , n. [Phyllo- + Gr. yellow.] (Bot.) A yellow coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll.

Phyl•lox•e´ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. leaf + dry.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small hemipterous insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) allied to the aphids. It attacks the roots and leaves of the grapevine, doing great damage, especially in Europe. It exists in several forms, some of which are winged, other wingless. One form produces galls on the leaves and twigs, another affects the roots, causing galls or swellings, and often killing the vine. 2. The diseased condition of a vine caused by the insect just described. { Phy•lo•gen´e•sis , Phy•log´e•ny } n. [Gr. tribe + E. genesis, or root of Gr. to be born.] The history of genealogical development; the race history of an animal or vegetable type; the historic exolution of the phylon or tribe, in distinction from ontogeny, or the development of the individual organism, and from biogenesis, or life development generally.

Phy•lo•ge•net´ic , a. Relating to phylogenesis, or the race history of a type of organism. — Phy•lo•ge•net´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Phy´lon , n.; pl. Phyla (#). [NL., fr. Gr. race, tribe.] (Biol.) A tribe.

Phy´lum , n.; pl. Phyla (#). [NL. See Phylon.] (Zoöl.) One of the larger divisions of the animal kingdom; a branch; a grand division.

Phy´ma , n.; pl. Phymata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to produce.] (Med.) A tubercle on any external part of the body.

Phy´sa , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a bellows.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water Pulmonifera, having reversed spiral shells. See Pond snail, under Pond.

Phy•sa´li•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a bladder, fr. a bellows.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large oceanic Siphonophora which includes the Portuguese man-of- war. It has a large air sac, or float, with a sail-like crest on its upper side. Numerous zooids of different kinds are attached to the under side of the float. Some of the zooids have very long tentacles; some have a mouth and digest food; others produce gonophores. The American species (Physalia arethusa) is brilliantly colored, the float being pink or purple, and bright blue; the zooids blue. It is noted for its virulent stinging powers, as well as for its beautiful colors, graceful motions, and its ability to sail to windward.

Phy•sa´li•ae , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of Siphonophora which includes Physalia.

Phys•e•ma´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a blowing.] (Zoöl.) A group of simple marine organisms, usually classed as the lowest of the sponges. They have inflated hollow bodies.

Phy•se´ter , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to blow: cf. F. physetère.] 1. (Zoöl.) The genus that includes the sperm whale. 2. A filtering machine operated by air pressure.

Phys•i•an´thro•py , n. [Gr. fy•sis nature + man.] The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of the constitution and diseases of man, and their remedies.

Phys´ic , n. [OE. phisike, fisike, OF. phisique, F. physique knowledge of nature, physics, L. physica, physice, fr. Gr. , fr. fysiko•s natural, from fy•sis nature, fr. to produce, grow, akin to E. be. See Be, and cf. Physics, Physique.] 1. The art of healing diseases; the science of medicine; the theory or practice of medicine. ´A doctor of physik.´ Chaucer. 2. A specific internal application for the cure or relief of sickness; a remedy for disease; a medicine. 3. Specifically, a medicine that purges; a cathartic. 4. A physician. [R.] Shak. Physic nut (Bot.), a small tropical American euphorbiaceous tree (Jatropha Curcas), and its seeds, which are well flavored, but contain a drastic oil which renders them dangerous if eaten in large quantities.

Phys´ic , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Physiced p. pr. & vb. n. Physicking ] 1. To treat with physic or medicine; to administer medicine to, esp. a cathartic; to operate on as a cathartic; to purge. 2. To work on as a remedy; to heal; to cure. “The labor we delight in physics pain.” Shak. “A mind diseased no remedy can physic.” Byron.

Phys´ic•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to nature (as including all created existences); in accordance with the laws of nature; also of or relating to natural or material things, or to the bodily structure, as opposed to things mental, moral, spiritual, or imaginary; material; natural; as armies and navies are the physical force of a nation; the body is the physical part of man. “Labor, in the physical world, is … employed in putting objects in motion.” J. S. Mill. “A society sunk in ignorance, and ruled by mere physical force.” Macaulay. 2. Of or pertaining to physics, or natural philosophy; treating of, or relating to, the causes and connections of natural phenomena; as physical science; physical laws. ´Physical philosophy.´ Pope. 3. Perceptible through a bodily or material organization; cognizable by the senses; external; as the physical, opposed to chemical, characters of a mineral. 4. Of or pertaining to physic, or the art of medicine; medicinal; curative; healing; also cathartic; purgative. [Obs.] ´Physical herbs.´ Sir T. North. “Is Brutus sick? and is it physical
To walk unbraced, and suck up the humors
Of the dank morning?” Shak. Physical astronomy, that part of astronomy which treats of the causes of the celestial motions; specifically, that which treats of the motions resulting from universal gravitation. — Physical education, training of the bodily organs and powers with a view to the promotion of health and vigor. — Physical examination (Med.), an examination of the bodily condition of a person. — Physical geography. See under Geography. — Physical point, an indefinitely small portion of matter; a point conceived as being without extension, yet having physical properties, as weight, inertia, momentum, etc.; a material point. — Physical signs (Med.), the objective signs of the bodily state afforded by a physical examination.

Phys´ic•al•ly, adv. In a physical manner; according to the laws of nature or physics; by physical force; not morally. “I am not now treating physically of light or colors.” Locke. 2. According to the rules of medicine. [Obs.] “He that lives physically must live miserably.” Cheyne.

Phy•si´cian , n. [OE. fisician, fisicien, OF. physucien, a physician, in F., a natural philosopher, an experimentalist in physics. See Physic.] 1. A person skilled in physic, or the art of healing; one duty authorized to prescribe remedies for, and treat, diseases; a doctor of medicine. 2. Hence, figuratively, one who ministers to moral diseases; as a physician of the soul.

Phy•si´cianed , a. Licensed as a physician. [Obs.] ´A physicianed apothecary.´ Walpole.

Phys´i•cism , n. The tendency of the mind toward, or its preoccupation with, physical phenomena; materialism in philosophy and religion. “Anthropomorphism grows into theology, while physicism (if I may so call it) develops into science.” Huxley.

Phys´i•cist , n. One versed in physics. 2. (Biol.) A believer in the theory that the fundamental phenomena of life are to be explained upon purely chemical and physical principles; — opposed to vitalist.

Phys´ick•ing , p. pr. & vb. n. fr. Physic, v. t.

Phys´i•co- [Fr. Gr. natural, physical.] A combining form, denoting relation to, or dependence upon, natural causes, or the science of physics.

Phys•i•co•chem´ic•al , a. [Physico- + chemical.] Involving the principles of both physics and chemistry; dependent on, or produced by, the joint action of physical and chemical agencies. Huxley.

Phys•i•co•log´ic , n. [Physico- + logic.] Logic illustrated by physics.

Phys•i•co•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to physicologic. Swift.

Phys•i•col´o•gy , n. [Physico- + -logy.] Physics. [R.] — Phys•i•col´o•gist (#), n. [R.]

Phys•i•co-math•e•mat´ics , n. [Physico- + mathematics.] Mixed mathematics.

Phys•i•co-phi•los´o•phy , n. [Physico- + philosophy.] The philosophy of nature.

Phys•i•co-the•ol´o•gy , n. [Physico- + theology.] Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by physics or natural philosophy.

Phys´ics , n. [See Physic.] The science of nature, or of natural objects; that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially, that department of natural science which treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties of bodies; natural philosophy. Chemistry, though a branch of general physics, is commonly treated as a science by itself, and the application of physical principles which it involves constitute a branch called chemical physics, which treats more especially of those physical properties of matter which are used by chemists in defining and distinguishing substances.

Phys´i•o•crat , n. [Gr. fy•sis nature + to rule.] One of the followers of Quesnay of France, who, in the 18th century, founded a system of political economy based upon the supremacy of natural order. F. A. Walker. — Phys•i•o•crat´ic (#), a.

Phys•i•og´e•ny , n. [Gr. fy•sis nature + root of to be born.] (Biol.) The germ history of the functions, or the history of the development of vital activities, in the individual, being one of the branches of ontogeny. See Morphogeny. Haeckel.

Phys•i•og´no•mer , n. Physiognomist. { Phys•i•og•nom´ic , Phys•i•og•nom´ic•al , } a. [Gr. : cf. F. physiognomonique.] Of or pertaining to physiognomy; according with the principles of physiognomy. — Phys•i•og•nom´ic•al•ly, adv.

Phys•i•og•nom´ist , n. Same as Physiognomy, 1.

Phys•i•og´no•mist , n. [Cf. F. physiognomiste.] 1. One skilled in physiognomy. Dryden. 2. One who tells fortunes by physiognomy. Holland.

Phys•i•og´no•mize , v. t. To observe and study the physiognomy of. [R.] Southey.

Phys•i•og•no•mmon´ic , a. Physiognomic.

Phys•i•og´no•my , n.; pl. Physiognomies (#). [OE. fisonomie, phisonomie, fisnamie, OF. phisonomie, F. physiognomie, physiognomonie, from Gr. ; fy•sis nature + one who knows or examines, a judge, fr. , , to know. See Physic, and Know, and cf. Phiz.] 1. The art and science of discovering the predominant temper, and other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the outward appearance, especially by the features of the face. 2. The face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind; particular configuration, cast, or expression of countenance, as denoting character. 3. The art telling fortunes by inspection of the features. [Obs.] Bale. 4. The general appearance or aspect of a thing, without reference to its scientific characteristics; as the physiognomy of a plant, or of a meteor.

Phys•i•og´o•ny , n. [Gr. fy•sis nature + go•nos birth.] The birth of nature. [R.] Coleridge. { Phys•i•o•graph´ic , Phys•i•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. physiographique.] Of or pertaining to physiography.

Phys•i•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. fy•sis nature + -graphy: cf. F. physiographie.] The science which treats of the earth’s exterior physical features, climate, life, etc., and of the physical movements or changes on the earth’s surface, as the currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture, magnetism, etc.; physical geography.

Phys•i•ol´a•try , n. [Gr. fy•sis nature + service.] The worship of the powers or agencies of nature; materialism in religion; nature worship. ´The physiolatry of the Vedas.´ M. Williams.

Phys•i•ol´o•ger , n. A physiologist.

Phys•i•o•log´ic , a. [L. physiologicus, Gr. : cf. F. physiologique.] Physiological.

Phys•i•o•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to physiology; relating to the science of the functions of living organism; as physiological botany or chemistry.

Phys•i•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv. In a physiological manner.

Phys•i•ol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. physiologiste.] One who is versed in the science of physiology; a student of the properties and functions of animal and vegetable organs and tissues.

Phys•i•ol´o•gize , v. i. To speculate in physiology; to make physiological investigations. Cudworth.

Phys•i•ol´o•gy , n.; pl. Physiologies (#). [L. physiologia, Gr. ; fy•sis nature + discourse: cf. F. physiologie.] 1. The science which treats of the phenomena of living organisms; the study of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life. It is divided into animal and vegetable physiology, dealing with animal and vegetable life respectively. When applied especially to a study of the functions of the organs and tissues in man, it is called human physiology. 2. A treatise on physiology. Mental physiology, the science of the functions and phenomena of the mind, as distinguished from a philosophical explanation of the same.

Phys•i•oph´y•ly , n. [Gr. fy•sis nature + a clan.] (Biol.) The tribal history of the functions, or the history of the paleontological development of vital activities, — being a branch of phylogeny. See Morphophyly. Haeckel.

Phy•sique´ , n. [F. See Physic.] The natural constitution, or physical structure, of a person. “With his white hair and splendid physique.” Mrs. Stowe.

Phys´no•my , n. Physiogmony. [Obs.]

Phys´o•clist, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Physoclisti.

Phys•o•clis´ti , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a bellows + to close.] (Zoöl.) An order of teleost in which the air bladder has no opening.

Phys´o•grade , n. [Gr. a bellows + L. gradi to walk, go.] (Zoöl.) Any siphonophore which has an air sac for a float, as the Physalia.

Phy•soph´o•rae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a bellows + to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of Siphonophora, furnished with an air sac, or float, and a series of nectocalyces. See Illust. under Nectocalyx.

Phy´so•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Physopoda; a thrips.

Phy•sop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a bellows + -poda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Thysanoptera.

Phy•so•stig´mine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean (the seed of Physostigma venenosum), and extracted as a white, tasteless, substance, amorphous or crystalline; — formerly called eserine, with which it was regarded as identical.

Phy•sos´to•mi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a bellows + mouth.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes in which the air bladder is provided with a duct, and the ventral fins, when present, are abdominal. It includes the salmons, herrings, carps, catfishes, and others.

Phy•sos´to•mous , a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a duct to the air bladder. (b) Pertaining to the Physostomi.

Phy•tel´e•phas , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a plant + the elephant; also ivory.] (Bot.) A genus of South American palm trees, the seeds of which furnish the substance called vegetable ivory.

Phy•tiv´o•rous , a. [Phyto- + L. vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding on plants or herbage; phytophagous; as phytivorous animals. Ray.

Phy´to- [See Physic.] A combining form from Gr. fyto•n a plant; as phytochemistry, phytography.

Phy•to•chem´ic•al , a. Relating to phytochemistry. R. Hunt.

Phy´to•chem´is•try , n. [Phyto- + chemistry.] Chemistry in its relation to vegetable bodies; vegetable chemistry. R. Hunt.

Phy•toch´i•my , n. [F. phytochimie; Gr. a plant + F. chimie chemistry.] Phytochemistry. [Obsoles.] { Phy•to•gen´e•sis , Phy•tog´e•ny } n. [Phyto- + genesis, or root of Gr. to be born.] The doctrine of the generation of plants.

Phy•to•ge´o•graph´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to phytogeography.

Phy•to•ge•og´ra•phy , n. [Phyto- + geography.] The geographical distribution of plants.

Phy•to•glyph´ic , a. Relating to phytoglyphy.

Phy•tog´ly•phy , n. [Phyto- + Gr. to engrave.] See Nature printing, under Nature.

Phy•to•graph´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. phytographique.] Of or pertaining to phytography.

Phy•tog´ra•phy , n. [Phyto- + -graphy: cf. F. phytographie.] The science of describing plants in a systematic manner; also a description of plants.

Phy´toid , a. [Phyto- + - oid.] Resembling a plant; plantlike.

Phy•to•lac´ca , n. [NL., fr. Gr. plant + It. lacca lac.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants, some of them having berries which abound in intensely red juice; poke, or pokeweed.

Phy´to•lite , n. [Phyto- + -lite: cf. F. phytolithe.] An old name for a fossil plant.

Phy•to•li•thol´o•gist , n. One versed in phytolithology; a paleobotanist.

Phy•to•li•thol´o•gy , n. [Phyto- + lithology.] The branch of science which treats of fossil plants; — usually called paleobotany, sometimes paleophytology.

Phy•to•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. phytologique.] Of or pertaining to phytology; botanical.

Phy•tol´o•gist , n. One skilled in phytology; a writer on plants; a botanist. Evelyn.

Phy•tol´o•gy , n. [Phyto- + -logy: cf. F. phytologie.] The science of plants; a description of the kinds and properties of plants; botany. Sir T. Browne. { Phy´to•mer , Phy•tom´e•ron } n. [NL. phytomeron, fr. Gr. plant + share.] (Bot.) An organic element of a flowering plant; a phyton.

Phy´ton , n.; pl. Phytons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. plant.] (Bot.) One of the parts which by their repetition make up a flowering plant, each being a single joint of a stem with its leaf or leaves; a phytomer.

Phy•ton´o•my , n. [Phyto- + Gr. law: cf. F. phytonomie.] The science of the origin and growth of plants.

Phy•to•pa•thol´o•gist , n. One skilled in diseases of plants.

Phy•to•pa•thol´o•gy , n. [Phyto- + pathology.] The science of diseases to which plants are liable.

Phy•toph´a•ga , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a plant + to eat.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hymenoptera; the sawflies.

Phy•to•phag´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Phytophagous.

Phy•toph´a•gous , a. [Phyto- + Gr. to eat.] (Zoöl.) Feeding on plants; herbivorous; as a phytophagous animal.

Phy•toph´a•gy , n. The eating of plants.

Phy•to•phys•i•ol´o•gy , n. [Phyto- + physiology.] Vegetable physiology.

Phy•tot´o•mist , n. One versed in phytotomy.

Phy•tot´o•my , n. [Phyto- + Gr. to cut.] The dissection of plants; vegetable anatomy.

Phy•to•zo•a´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Phytozoön.] (Zoöl.) Same as Infusoria.

Phy•to•zo´ön , n.; pl. Phytozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. + an animal.] (Zoöl.) A plantlike animal. The term is sometimes applied to zoöphytes.

Phyz , n. See Phiz.

Pi , n. [See Pica, Pie magpie, service-book.] (Print.) A mass of type confusedly mixed or unsorted. [Written also pie.]

Pi, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pied p. pr. & vb. n. Pieing ] (Print.) To put into a mixed and disordered condition, as type; to mix and disarrange the type of; as to pi a form. [Written also pie.]

Pi•aç´a•ba , n. See Piassava.

Pi´a•cle , n. [L. piaculum a propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a wicked action, fr. piare to appease, to expiate, pius pious.] A heinous offense which requires expiation. [R.] Howell.

Pi•ac´u•lar , a. [L. piacularis: cf. F. piaculaire.] 1. Expiatory; atoning. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Requiring expiation; criminal; atrociously bad. ´Piacular pollution.´ De Quincey.

Pi•ac•u•lar´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being piacular; criminality; wickedness. De Quincey.

Pi•ac´u•lous , a. Same as Piacular.

Pi´al , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the pia mater.

Pi´a ma´ter [NL., fr. L. pia (fem. of pius tender, kind) + mater mother.] (Anat.) The delicate and highly vascular membrane immediately investing the brain and spinal cord.

Pian , n. [Pg. pian, epian, or. Sp. pian; from the native name in South America: cf. F. pian.] (Med.) The yaws. See Yaws.

Pi´a•net , n. [Cf. Pie magpie.] (Zoöl.) (a) The magpie. [Written also pianate, and pyenate.] (b) The lesser woodpecker. [Obs.] Bailey.

Pi•a•nette´ , n. [Dim. of piano.] (Mus.) A small piano; a pianino.

Pi•a•ni´no , n. [It., dim. of piano, adj. See Piano.] (Mus.) A pianette, or small piano.

Pi•a•nis´si•mo , a.[It., superl. of piano.] (Mus.) Very soft; — a direction to execute a passage as softly as possible. (Abbrev. pp.)

Pi•an´ist , n. [Cf. F. pianiste, It. pianista.] A performer, esp. a skilled performer, on the piano.

Pi•a´no , a. & adv. [It., even, smooth, soft, fr. L. planus even, level.] (Mus.) Soft; — a direction to the performer to execute a certain passage softly, and with diminished volume of tone. (Abbrev. p.) { Pi•an´o , Pi•an´o•for•te } n. [It. piano soft (fr. L. planus even, smooth; see Plain, a.) + It. forte strong, fr. L. fortis (see Fort).] (Mus.) A well-known musical instrument somewhat resembling the harpsichord, and consisting of a series of wires of graduated length, thickness, and tension, struck by hammers moved by keys. Dumb piano. See Digitorium. — Grand piano. See under Grand. — Square piano, one with a horizontal frame and an oblong case. — Upright piano, one with an upright frame and vertical wires.

Pi•an´o•graph , n. [Piano + -graph.] (Mus.) A form of melodiograph applied to a piano.

Pi´a•pec , n. [Cf. Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.) A West African pie (Ptilostomus Senegalensis).

Pi´a•rist , n. [L. pius pious.] (R. C. Ch.) One of a religious order who are the regular clerks of the Scuole Pie (religious schools), an institute of secondary education, founded at Rome in the last years of the 16th century. Addis & Arnold.

Pi•as´sa•va , n. [Pg. piasaba.] A fibrous product of two Brazilian palm trees (Attalea funifera and Leopoldinia Piassaba), — used in making brooms, and for other purposes. Called also piaçaba and piasaba.

Pi•as´ter , n. [F. piastre, It. piastra a thin plate of metal, a dollar, LL. piastra, fr. L. emplastrum. See Plaster.] A silver coin of Spain and various other countries. See Peso. The Spanish piaster (commonly called peso, or peso duro) is of about the value of the American dollar. The Italian piaster, or scudo, was worth from 80 to 100 cents. The Turkish and Egyptian piasters are now worth about four and a half cents.

Pi•as´tre , n. See Piaster.

Pi•a´tion , n. [L. piatio. See Piacle.] The act of making atonement; expiation. [Obs.]

Pi•at´ti , n. pl. [It., prop., plates.] (Mus.) Cymbals. [Written also pyatti.]

Pi•az´za , n.; pl. Piazzas (#). [It., place, square, market place, L. platea street, courtyard. See Place.] An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico. In the United States the word is popularly applied to a veranda. “We walk by the obelisk, and meditate in piazzas.” Jer. Taylor.

Pib´corn , n. [W. pib pipe + corn horn.] (Mus.) A wind instrument or pipe, with a horn at each end, — used in Wales.

Pi´broch , n. [Gael. piobaireachd pipe music, fr. piobair a piper, fr. pioba pipe, bagpipe, from English. See Pipe, n.] A Highland air, suited to the particular passion which the musician would either excite or assuage; generally applied to those airs that are played on the bagpipe before the Highlanders when they go out to battle. Jamieson.

Pic , n. [Cf. F. pic.] A Turkish cloth measure, varying from 18 to 28 inches.

Pi´ca , n. [L. pica a pie, magpie; in sense 3 prob. named from some resemblance to the colors of the magpie. Cf. Pie magpie.] 1. (Zoöl.) The genus that includes the magpies. 2. (Med.) A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A service-book. See Pie. [Obs.] 4. (Print.) A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English. This line is printed in pica Pica is twice the size of nonpareil, and is used as a standard of measurement in casting leads, cutting rules, etc., and also as a standard by which to designate several larger kinds of type, as double pica, two-line pica, four-line pica, and the like. Small pica (Print.), a size of type next larger than long primer, and smaller than pica. This line is printed in small pica

Pic•a•dor´ , n. [Sp.] A horseman armed with a lance, who in a bullfight receives the first attack of the bull, and excites him by picking him without attempting to kill him.

Pic´a•mar , n. [L. pix, picis, pitch + amarus bitter.] (Chem.) An oily liquid hydrocarbon extracted from the creosote of beechwood tar. It consists essentially of certain derivatives of pyrogallol.

Pic´a•pare , n. (Zoöl.) The finfoot.

Pic´ard , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Adamites in the fifteenth century; — so called from one Picard of Flanders. See Adamite.

Pic•a•resque´ , a. [F., fr. Sp. picaro rogue.] Applied to that class of literature in which the principal personage is the Spanish picaro, meaning a rascal, a knave, a rogue, an adventurer.

Pi•ca´ri•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of birds which includes the woodpeckers, toucans, trogons, hornbills, kingfishers, motmots, rollers, and goatsuckers. By some writers it is made to include also the cuckoos, swifts, and humming birds.

Pi•ca´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Picariae. — n. One of the Picariae.

Pic•a•roon´ , n. [Sp. picaron, aug. of picaro roguish, n., a rogue.] One who plunders; especially, a plunderer of wrecks; a pirate; a corsair; a marauder; a sharper. Sir W. Temple.

Pic•a•yune´ , n. [From the language of the Caribs.] A small coin of the value of six and a quarter cents. See Fippenny bit. [Local, U.S.]

Pic•a•yun´ish , a. Petty; paltry; mean; as a picayunish business. [Colloq. U.S.] { Pic´ca•dil , Pic•ca•dil´ly } n. [OF. piccagilles the several divisions of pieces fastened together about the brim of the collar of a doublet, a dim. fr. Sp. picado, p. p. of picar to prick. See Pike.] A high, stiff collar for the neck; also a hem or band about the skirt of a garment, — worn by men in the 17th century.

Pic´cage , n. [LL. piccadium, fr. F. piquer to prick.] (O. Eng. Law) Money paid at fairs for leave to break ground for booths. Ainsworth.

Pic´ca•lil•li , n. A pickle of various vegetables with pungent species, — originally made in the East Indies.

Pic´co•lo , n. [It., small.] 1. (Mus.) A small, shrill flute, the pitch of which is an octave higher than the ordinary flute; an octave flute. 2. (Mus.) A small upright piano. 3. (Mus.) An organ stop, with a high, piercing tone.

Pice , n. [Hind. paisa] A small copper coin of the East Indies, worth less than a cent. Malcom.

Pic´e•a , n. [L., the pitch pine, from pix, picis, pitch.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees of the northen hemisphere, including the Norway spruce and the American black and white spruces. These trees have pendent cones, which do not readily fall to pieces, in this and other respects differing from the firs.

Pi´cene , n. [See Piceous.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon (CH) extracted from the pitchy residue of coal tar and petroleum as a bluish fluorescent crystalline substance.

Pic´e•ous , a. [L. piceus, fr. pix, picis, pitch.] Of or pertaining to pitch; resembling pitch in color or quality; pitchy.

Pi´chey , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A Brazilian armadillo (Dasypus minutus); the little armadillo. [Written also pichiy.]

Pi•chi•ci•a´go , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small, burrowing, South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus), allied to the armadillos. The shell is attached only along the back. [Written also pichyciego.]

Pich´u•rim bean (Bot.) The seed of a Brazilian lauraceous tree (Nectandra Puchury) of a taste and smell between those of nutmeg and of sassafras — sometimes used medicinally. Called also sassafras nut.

Pi´ci , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the woodpeckers and wrynecks.

Pi´ci•form , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Piciformes.

Pic•i•for´mes , n. pl. [NL. See Picus, and -Form.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds including the woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, colies, kingfishes, hornbills, and some other related groups.

Pi´cine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the woodpeckers (Pici), or to the Piciformes.

Pick , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picked p. pr. & vb. n. Picking.] [OE. picken, pikken, to prick, peck; akin to Icel. pikka, Sw. picka, Dan. pikke, D. pikken, G. picken, F. piquer, W. pigo. Cf. Peck, v., Pike, Pitch to throw.] 1. To throw; to pitch. [Obs.] “As high as I could pick my lance.” Shak. 2. To peck at, as a bird with its beak; to strike at with anything pointed; to act upon with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to prick, as with a pin. 3. To separate or open by means of a sharp point or points; as to pick matted wool, cotton, oakum, etc. 4. To open (a lock) as by a wire. 5. To pull apart or away, especially with the fingers; to pluck; to gather, as fruit from a tree, flowers from the stalk, feathers from a fowl, etc. 6. To remove something from with a pointed instrument, with the fingers, or with the teeth; as to pick the teeth; to pick a bone; to pick a goose; to pick a pocket. “Did you pick Master Slender’s purse?” Shak. “He picks clean teeth, and, busy as he seems
With an old tavern quill, is hungry yet.” Cowper. 7. To choose; to select; to separate as choice or desirable; to cull; as to pick one’s company; to pick one’s way; — often with out. ´One man picked out of ten thousand.´ Shak. 8. To take up; esp., to gather from here and there; to collect; to bring together; as to pick rags; — often with up; as to pick up a ball or stones; to pick up information. 9. To trim. [Obs.] Chaucer. To pick at, to tease or vex by pertinacious annoyance. — To pick a bone with. See under Bone. — To pick a thank, to curry favor. [Obs.] Robynson (More’s Utopia). — To pick off. (a) To pluck; to remove by picking. (b) To shoot or bring down, one by one; as sharpshooters pick off the enemy. — To pick out. (a) To mark out; to variegate; as to pick out any dark stuff with lines or spots of bright colors. (b) To select from a number or quantity. — To pick to pieces, to pull apart piece by piece; hence [Colloq.], to analyze; esp., to criticize in detail. — To pick a quarrel, to give occasion of quarrel intentionally. — To pick up. (a) To take up, as with the fingers. (b) To get by repeated efforts; to gather here and there; as to pick up a livelihood; to pick up news.

Pick , v. i. 1. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels; to nibble. “Why stand’st thou picking? Is thy palate sore?” Dryden. 2. To do anything nicely or carefully, or by attending to small things; to select something with care. 3. To steal; to pilfer. ´To keep my hands from picking and stealing.´ Book of Com. Prayer. To pick up, to improve by degrees; as he is picking up in health or business. [Colloq. U.S.]

Pick, n. [F. pic a pickax, a pick. See Pick, and cf. Pike.] 1. A sharp-pointed tool for picking; — often used in composition; as a toothpick; a picklock. 2. (Mining & Mech.) A heavy iron tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in the middle, — used by quarrymen, roadmakers, etc.; also a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones. 3. A pike or spike; the sharp point fixed in the center of a buckler. [Obs.] ´Take down my buckler … and grind the pick on ’t.´ Beau. & Fl. 4. Choice; right of selection; as to have one’s pick. “France and Russia have the pick of our stables.” Ld. Lytton. 5. That which would be picked or chosen first; the best; as the pick of the flock. 6. (Print.) A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face, and occasioning a spot on a printed sheet. MacKellar. 7. (Painting) That which is picked in, as with a pointed pencil, to correct an unevenness in a picture. 8. (Weawing) The blow which drives the shuttle, — the rate of speed of a loom being reckoned as so many picks per minute; hence, in describing the fineness of a fabric, a weft thread; as so many picks to an inch. Pick dressing (Arch.), in cut stonework, a facing made by a pointed tool, leaving the surface in little pits or depressions. — Pick hammer, a pick with one end sharp and the other blunt, used by miners.

Pick´a•back , adv. On the back or shoulders; as to ride pickback. [Written also pickapack, pickback, and pickpack.] “A woman stooping to take a child pickaback.” R,Jefferies.

Pick´a•nin•ny , n.; pl. Pickaninnies (#). [Cf. Sp. pequeño little, young.] A small child; especially, a negro or mulatto infant. [U.S. & West Indies]

Pick´a•pack , adv. Pickaback. { Pick´ax• , Pick´axe• } , n. [A corruption of OE. pikois, pikeis, F. picois, fr. pic. See Pick, n.] A pick with a point at one end, a transverse edge or blade at the other, and a handle inserted at the middle; a hammer with a flattened end for driving wedges and a pointed end for piercing as it strikes. Shak.

Pick´back , adv. On the back.

Pick´ed , a. 1. Pointed; sharp. ´Picked and polished.´ Chapman. “Let the stake be made picked at the top.” Mortimer. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a pike or spine on the back; — said of certain fishes. 3. Carefully selected; chosen; as picked men. 4. Fine; spruce; smart; precise; dianty. [Obs.] Shak. Picked dogfish. (Zoöl.) See under Dogfish. — Picked out, ornamented or relieved with lines, or the like, of a different, usually a lighter, color; as a carriage body dark green, picked out with red.

Pick´ed•ness , n. 1. The state of being sharpened; pointedness. 2. Fineness; spruceness; smartness. [Obs.] “Too much pickedness is not manly.” B. Jonson.

Pick•eer´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pickeered p. pr. & vb. n. Pickeering.] [F. picorer to go marauding, orig., to go to steal cattle, ultimately fr. L. pecus, pecoris, cattle; cf. F. picoree, Sp. pecorea robbery committed by straggling soldiers.] To make a raid for booty; to maraud; also to skirmish in advance of an army. See Picaroon. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Pick•eer´er , n. One who pickeers. [Obs.]

Pick´er , n. [From Pick.] 1. One who, or that which, picks, in any sense, - - as one who uses a pick; one who gathers; a thief; a pick; a pickax; as a cotton picker. ´Pickers and stealers.´ Shak. 2. (Mach.) A machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces so as to loosen and separate the fiber. 3. (Weaving) The piece in a loom which strikes the end of the shuttle, and impels it through the warp. 4. (Ordnance) A priming wire for cleaning the vent.

Pick´er•el , n. [Dim. of Pike.] [Written also pickerell.] 1. A young or small pike. [Obs.] “Bet [better] is, quoth he, a pike than a pickerel.” Chaucer. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of freshwater fishes of the genus Esox, esp. the smaller species. (b) The glasseye, or wall-eyed pike. See Wall-eye. The federation, or chain, pickerel (Esox reticulatus) and the brook pickerel (E. Americanus) are the most common American species. They are used for food, and are noted for their voracity. About the Great Lakes the pike is called pickerel. Pickerel weed (Bot.), a blue-flowered aquatic plant (Pontederia cordata) having large arrow-shaped leaves. So called because common in slow-moving waters where pickerel are often found.

Pick´er•ing , n. [Probably a corruption of Pickerel.] (Zoöl.) The sauger of the St.Lawrence River.

Pick´er•y , n. [From Pick to steal; or perhaps from Pickeer.] Petty theft. [Scot.] Holinshed.

Pick´et , n. [F. piquet, properly dim. of pique spear, pike. See Pike, and cf. Piquet.] 1. A stake sharpened or pointed, especially one used in fortification and encampments, to mark bounds and angles; or one used for tethering horses. 2. A pointed pale, used in marking fences. 3. [Probably so called from the picketing of the horses.] (Mil.) A detached body of troops serving to guard an army from surprise, and to oppose reconnoitering parties of the enemy; — called also outlying picket. 4. By extension, men appointed by a trades union, or other labor organization, to intercept outsiders, and prevent them from working for employers with whom the organization is at variance. [Cant] 5. A military punishment, formerly resorted to, in which the offender was forced to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. 6. A game at cards. See Piquet. Inlying picket (Mil.), a detachment of troops held in camp or quarters, detailed to march if called upon. — Picket fence, a fence made of pickets. See def. 2, above. — Picket guard (Mil.), a guard of horse and foot, always in readiness in case of alarm. — Picket line. (Mil.) (a) A position held and guarded by small bodies of men placed at intervals. (b) A rope to which horses are secured when groomed. — Picketpin, an iron pin for picketing horses.

Pick´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Picketing.] 1. To fortify with pointed stakes. 2. To inclose or fence with pickets or pales. 3. To tether to, or as to, a picket; as to picket a horse. 4. To guard, as a camp or road, by an outlying picket. 5. To torture by compelling to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. [Obs.]

Pick•e•tee´ , n. (Bot.) See Picotee.

Pick´-fault , n. One who seeks out faults.

Pick´ing, n. 1. The act of digging or breaking up, as with a pick. 2. The act of choosing, plucking, or gathering. 3. That which is, or may be, picked or gleaned. 4. Pilfering; also that which is pilfered. 5. pl. The pulverized shells of oysters used in making walks. [Eng.] Simmonds. 6. (Mining) Rough sorting of ore. 7. Overburned bricks. Simmonds.

Pick´ing, a. 1. Done or made as with a pointed tool; as a picking sound. 2. Nice; careful. [Obs.] “ was too warm on picking work to dwell.” Dryden. Picking peg. (Weaving) See Picker, n., 3.

Pic´kle , n. [Obs.] See Picle.

Pic´kle, n. [Cf. D. pekel. Probably a dim. fr. Pick, v. t., alluding to the cleaning of the fish.] 1. (a) A solution of salt and water, in which fish, meat, etc., may be preserved or corned; brine. (b) Vinegar, plain or spiced, used for preserving vegetables, fish, eggs, oysters, etc. 2. Any article of food which has been preserved in brine or in vinegar. 3. (Founding) A bath of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, etc., to remove burnt sand, scale rust, etc., from the surface of castings, or other articles of metal, or to brighten them or improve their color. 4. A troublesome child; as a little pickle. [Colloq.] To be in a pickle, to be in disagreeable position; to be in a condition of embarrassment, difficulty, or disorder. ´How cam’st thou in this pickle?´ Shak. - - To put a rod in pickle, to prepare a particular reproof, punishment, or penalty for future application.

Pic´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pickled p. pr. & vb. n. Pickling ] 1. To preserve or season in pickle; to treat with some kind of pickle; as to pickle herrings or cucumbers. 2. To give an antique appearance to; — said of copies or imitations of paintings by the old masters.

Pic´kled , a. Preserved in a pickle.

Pic´kle-her´ring , n. 1. A herring preserved in brine; a pickled herring. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A merry-andrew; a buffoon. [Obs.] Addison.

Pic´kler , n. One who makes pickles.

Pick´lock , n. 1. An instrument for picking locks. Shak. 2. One who picks locks; a thief. ´A picklock of secrets.´ Jer. Taylor.

Pick´mire , n. [So called from its picking its food from the mire.] (Zoöl.) The pewit, or black-headed gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Pick´nick , n. See Picnic.

Pick´pack , adv. Pickaback.

Pick´pen•ny , n.; pl. Pickpennies . A miser; also a sharper. Dr. H. More.

Pick´pock•et , n. One who steals purses or other articles from pockets. Bentley.

Pick´purse , n. One who steals purses, or money from purses. Latimer. Shak.

Pick´sy , n. See Pixy.

Pick´thank , n. One who strives to put another under obligation; an officious person; hence, a flatterer. Used also adjectively. “Smiling pickthanks, and base newsmongers.” Shak.

Pick´tooth , n. A toothpick. [Obs.] Swift.

Pi´cle (pik´’l), n. [Prob. fr. pightel or pingle.] A small piece of land inclosed with a hedge; a close. [Obs.] [Written also pickle.]

Pic´nic , n. [Cf. F. piquenique. See Pick, v., and cf. Knickknack.] Formerly, an entertainment at which each person contributed some dish to a common table; now, an excursion or pleasure party in which the members partake of a collation or repast (usually in the open air, and from food carried by themselves).

Pic´nic , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Picnicked p. pr. & vb. n. Picnicking ] To go on a picnic, or pleasure excursion; to eat in public fashion.

Pic´nick•er , n. One who takes part in a picnic.

Pi´coid , a. [Picus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Pici.

Pic´o•line , n. [L. pix, picis, pitch + oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) Any one of three isometric bases (C6H7N) related to pyridine, and obtained from bone oil, acrolein ammonia, and coal-tar naphtha, as colorless mobile liquids of strong odor; — called also methyl pyridine. { Pic•o•tee´ , Pic•o•tine´ } n. [F. picote dotted, picked.] (Bot.) A variety of carnation having petals of a light color variously dotted and spotted at the edges.

Pic´quet , n. See Piquet.

Pi´cra , n. [L., fr. Gr. sharp, bitter.] (Med.) The powder of aloes with canella, formerly officinal, employed as a cathartic.

Pi´crate , n. (Chem.) A salt of picric acid.

Pi´cric , a. [Gr. bitter.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a strong organic acid (called picric acid), intensely bitter. Picric acid is obtained by treating phenol with strong nitric acid, as a brilliant yellow crystalline substance, C6H2(NO2)3.OH. It is used in dyeing silk and wool, and also in the manufacture of explosives, as it is very unstable when heated. Called also trinitrophenol, and formerly carbazotic acid.

Pic´rite , n. [From Gr. bitter.] (Min.) A dark green igneous rock, consisting largely of chrysolite, with hornblende, augite, biotite, etc.

Pic´ro•lite , n. [Gr. bitter + -lite.: cf. F. picrolithe.] (Min.) A fibrous variety of serpentine.

Pic´ro•mel , n. [Gr. bitter + honey: cf. F. picromel.] (Old Chem.) A colorless viscous substance having a bitter-sweet taste. It was formerly supposed to be the essential principle of the bile, but is now known to be a mixture, principally of salts of glycocholic and taurocholic acids.

Pic•ro•tox´in , n. [Gr. bitter + toxic + -in.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mixture of several neutral substances.

Pi´cryl , n. [Picric + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of picric acid, analogous to phenyl.

Pict´ish , a. Of or pertaining to Picts; resembling the Picts. ´The Pictish peer.´ Byron.

Pic´to•graph , n. [See Picture, and -graph.] A picture or hieroglyph representing and expressing an idea. — Pic•to•graph´ic (#), a.

Pic•to´ri•al , a. [L. pictorius, fr. pictor a painter, fr. pingere to paint. See Paint.] Of or pertaining to pictures; illustrated by pictures; forming pictures; representing with the clearness of a picture; as a pictorial dictionary; a pictorial imagination. ´Pictorial rhetoric.´ Ruskin. — Pic•to´ri•al•ly, adv. { Pic•tor´ic , Pic•tor´ic•al } a. Pictorial. [Obs.]

Picts , n. pl.; sing. Pict . [L. Picti; cf. AS. Peohtas.] (Ethnol.) A race of people of uncertain origin, who inhabited Scotland in early times.

Pic•tu´ra , n. [L., a painting.] (Zoöl.) Pattern of coloration.

Pic´tur•a•ble , a. Capable of being pictured, or represented by a picture.

Pic´tur•al , a. Pictorial. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Pic´tur•al, n. A picture. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pic´ture , n. [L. pictura, fr. pingere, pictum, to paint: cf. F. peinture. See Paint.] 1. The art of painting; representation by painting. [Obs.] “Any well-expressed image … either in picture or sculpture.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. A representation of anything (as a person, a landscape, a building) upon canvas paper, or other surface, produced by means of painting, drawing, engraving, photography, etc.; a representation in colors. By extension, a figure; a model. “Pictures and shapes are but secondary objects.” Bacon. “The young king’s picture … in virgin wax.” Howell. 3. An image or resemblance; a representation, either to the eye or to the mind; that which, by its likeness, brings vividly to mind some other thing; as a child is the picture of his father; the man is the picture of grief. “My eyes make pictures when they are shut.” Coleridge. Picture is often used adjectively, or in forming self-explaining compounds; as picture book or picture- book, picture frame or picture-frame, picture seller or picture-seller, etc. Picture gallery, a gallery, or large apartment, devoted to the exhibition of pictures. — Picture red, a rod of metal tube fixed to the walls of a room, from which pictures are hung. — Picture writing. (a) The art of recording events, or of expressing messages, by means of pictures representing the actions or circumstances in question. Tylor. (b) The record or message so represented; as the picture writing of the American Indians. Syn. — Picture, Painting. Every kind of representation by drawing or painting is a picture, whether made with oil colors, water colors, pencil, crayons, or India ink; strictly, a painting is a picture made by means of colored paints, usually applied moist with a brush.

Pic´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pictured p. pr. & vb. n. Picturing.] To draw or paint a resemblance of; to delineate; to represent; to form or present an ideal likeness of; to bring before the mind. ´I … do picture it in my mind.´ Spenser. “I have not seen him so pictured.” Shak.

Pic´tured , a. Furnished with pictures; represented by a picture or pictures; as a pictured scene.

Pic´tur•er , n. One who makes pictures; a painter. [R.] Fuller.

Pic•tur•esque´ , a. [It. pittoresco: cf. F. pittoresque. See Pictorial.] Forming, or fitted to form, a good or pleasing picture; representing with the clearness or ideal beauty appropriate to a picture; expressing that peculiar kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial; graphic; vivid; as a picturesque scene or attitude; picturesque language. “What is picturesque as placed in relation to the beautiful and the sublime? It is … the characteristic pushed into a sensible excess.” De Quincey. — Pic•tur•esque´ly, adv. — Pic•tur•esque´ness, n.

Pic•tur•esqu´ish, a. Somewhat picturesque. [R.]

Pic´tur•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picturized p. pr. & vb. n. Picturizing.] [R.] 1. To picture. 2. To adorn with pictures.

Pic´ul , n. [Jav. & Malay pikul, fr. pikul to carry on the back, to carry a burden; n., a man’s burden.] A commercial weight varying in different countries and for different commodities. In Borneo it is 135&frac58; lbs.; in China and Sumatra, 133½ lbs.; in Japan, 133&frac13; lbs.; but sometimes 130 lbs., etc. Called also by the Chinese, tan. [Written also pecul, and pecal.]

Pic´u•let , n. [Dim. of Picus.] (Zoöl.) Any species of very small woodpeckers of the genus Picumnus and allied genera. Their tail feathers are not stiff and sharp at the tips, as in ordinary woodpeckers.

Pi´cus , n.; pl. Pici (#). [L., a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) A genus of woodpeckers, including some of the common American and European species.

Pid´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Piddled p. pr. & vb. n. Piddling ] [Cf. dial. Sw. pittla to keep picking at, Sw. peta to pick.] 1. To deal in trifles; to concern one’s self with trivial matters rather than with those that are important. Ascham. 2. To be squeamishly nice about one’s food. Swift. 3. To urinate; — child’s word.

Pid´dler , n. One who piddles.

Pid´dling , a.Trifling; trivial; frivolous; paltry; — applied to persons and things. “The ignoble hucksterage of piddling tithes.” Milton.

Pid´dock , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Pholas; a pholad. See Pholas.

Pie , n. [OE. pie, pye; cf. Ir. & Gael. pighe pie, also Gael. pige an earthen jar or pot. Cf. Piggin.] 1. An article of food consisting of paste baked with something in it or under it; as chicken pie; venison pie; mince pie; apple pie; pumpkin pie. 2. See Camp, n., 5. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Pie crust, the paste of a pie.

Pie, n. [F. pie, L. pica; cf. picus woodpecker, pingere to paint; the bird being perhaps named from its colors. Cf. Pi, Paint, Speight.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A magpie. (b) Any other species of the genus Pica, and of several allied genera. [Written also pye.] 2. (R. C. Ch.) The service book. 3. (Pritn.) Type confusedly mixed. See Pi. By cock and pie, an adjuration equivalent to ´by God and the service book.´ Shak. — Tree pie (Zoöl.), any Asiatic bird of the genus Dendrocitta, allied to the magpie. — Wood pie. (Zoöl.) See French pie, under French.

Pie, v. t. See Pi.

Pie´bald , a. [Pie the party- colored bird + bald.] 1. Having spots and patches of black and white, or other colors; mottled; pied. ´A piebald steed of Thracian strain.´ Dryden. 2. Fig.: Mixed. ´Piebald languages.´ Hudibras.

Piece , n. [OE. pece, F. pièce, LL. pecia, petia, petium, probably of Celtic origin; cf. W. peth a thing, a part, portion, a little, Armor. pez, Gael. & Ir. cuid part, share. Cf. Petty.] 1. A fragment or part of anything separated from the whole, in any manner, as by cutting, splitting, breaking, or tearing; a part; a portion; as a piece of sugar; to break in pieces. “Bring it out piece by piece.” Ezek. xxiv. 6. 2. A definite portion or quantity, as of goods or work; as a piece of broadcloth; a piece of wall paper. 3. Any one thing conceived of as apart from other things of the same kind; an individual article; a distinct single effort of a series; a definite performance; especially: (a) A literary or artistic composition; as a piece of poetry, music, or statuary. (b) A musket, gun, or cannon; as a battery of six pieces; a following piece. (c) A coin; as a sixpenny piece; — formerly applied specifically to an English gold coin worth 22 shillings. (d) A fact; an item; as a piece of news; a piece of knowledge. 4. An individual; — applied to a person as being of a certain nature or quality; often, but not always, used slightingly or in contempt. ´If I had not been a piece of a logician before I came to him.´ Sir P. Sidney. “Thy mother was a piece of virtue.” Shak. “His own spirit is as unsettled a piece as there is in all the world.” Coleridge. 5. (Chess) One of the superior men, distinguished from a pawn. 6. A castle; a fortified building. [Obs.] Spenser. Of a piece, of the same sort, as if taken from the same whole; like; — sometimes followed by with. Dryden. — Piece of eight, the Spanish piaster, formerly divided into eight reals. — To give a piece of one’s mind to, to speak plainly, bluntly, or severely to (another). Thackeray. — Piece broker, one who buys shreds and remnants of cloth to sell again. — Piece goods, goods usually sold by pieces or fixed portions, as shirtings, calicoes, sheetings, and the like.

Piece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pieced p. pr. & vb. n. Piecing ] 1. To make, enlarge, or repair, by the addition of a piece or pieces; to patch; as to piece a garment; — often with out. Shak. 2. To unite; to join; to combine. Fuller. “His adversaries … pieced themselves together in a joint opposition against him.” Fuller.

Piece , v. i. To unite by a coalescence of parts; to fit together; to join. ´It pieced better.´ Bacon.

Piece´less, a. Not made of pieces; whole; entire.

Piece´ly, adv. In pieces; piecemeal. [Obs.]

Piece´meal , adv. [OE. pecemele; pece a piece + AS. mlum, dat. pl. of ml part. See Meal a portion.] 1. In pieces; in parts or fragments. ´On which it piecemeal brake.´ Chapman. “The beasts will tear thee piecemeal.” Tennyson. 2. Piece by piece; by little and little in succession. “Piecemeal they win, this acre first, than that.” Pope.

Piece´meal, a. Made up of parts or pieces; single; separate. ´These piecemeal guilts.´ Gov. of Tongue.

Piece´meal, n. A fragment; a scrap. R. Vaughan.

Piece´mealed , a. Divided into pieces.

Piece´ner , n. 1. One who supplies rolls of wool to the slubbing machine in woolen mills. 2. Same as Piecer, 2.

Pie´cer , n. 1. One who pieces; a patcher. 2. A child employed in spinning mill to tie together broken threads.

Piece´work , n. Work done by the piece or job; work paid for at a rate based on the amount of work done, rather than on the time employed. “The reaping was piecework, at so much per acre.” R. Jefferies.

Pied , imp. & p. p. of Pi, or Pie, v.

Pied , a. [From Pie the party- colored bird.] Variegated with spots of different colors; party- colored; spotted; piebald. ´Pied coats.´ Burton. ´Meadows trim with daisies pied.´ Milton. Pied antelope (Zoöl.), the bontebok. — Pied-billed grebe (Zoöl.), the dabchick. — Pied blackbird (Zoöl.), any Asiatic thrush of the genus Turdulus. — Pied finch (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch. (b) The snow bunting. [Prov. Eng.] — Pied flycatcher (Zoöl.), a common European flycatcher (Ficedula atricapilla). The male is black and white.

Pied´mont , a. [F. pied foot + mont mountain.] (Geol.) Noting the region of foothills near the base of a mountain chain.

Pied´mont•ite , n. (Min.) A manganesian kind of epidote, from Piedmont. See Epidote.

Pied´ness , n. The state of being pied. Shak.

Pie•douche´ , n. [F., fr. It. peduccio console, corbel.] A pedestal of small size, used to support small objects, as busts, vases, and the like.

Pied´stall , n. See Pedestal. [Obs.]

Pie´man , n.; pl. Piemen . A man who makes or sells pies.

Piend , n. [Cf. Dan. pind a peg.] See Peen.

Pi•e´no , a. [It., fr. L. plenus full.] (Mus.) Full; having all the instruments.

Pie´plant , n. (Bot.) A plant (Rheum Rhaponticum) the leafstalks of which are acid, and are used in making pies; the garden rhubarb. { Pie´pou•dre , Pie´pow•der } , n. [Lit., dustyfoot, i. e., dusty-footed dealers, fr. F. pied foot + poudreux dusty.] (O. Eng. Law) An ancient court of record in England, formerly incident to every fair and market, of which the steward of him who owned or had the toll was the judge. Blackstone.

Pier , n. [OE. pere, OF. piere a stone, F. pierre, fr. L. petra, Gr. . Cf. Petrify.] 1. (Arch.) (a) Any detached mass of masonry, whether insulated or supporting one side of an arch or lintel, as of a bridge; the piece of wall between two openings. (b) Any additional or auxiliary mass of masonry used to stiffen a wall. See Buttress. 2. A projecting wharf or landing place. Abutment pier, the pier of a bridge next the shore; a pier which by its strength and stability resists the thrust of an arch. — Pier glass, a mirror, of high and narrow shape, to be put up between windows. — Pier table, a table made to stand between windows.

Pier´age , n. Same as Wharfage. Smart.

Pierce , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pierced p. pr. & vb. n. Piercing ] [OE. percen, F. percer, OF. percier, perchier, parchier; perh. fr. (assumed) LL. pertusiare for pertusare, fr. L. pertundere, pertusum, to beat, push, bore through; per through + tundere to beat: cf. OF. pertuisier to pierce, F. pertuis a hole. Cf. Contuse, Parch, Pertuse.] 1. To thrust into, penetrate, or transfix, with a pointed instrument. ´I pierce … her tender side.´ Dryden. 2. To penetrate; to enter; to force a way into or through; to pass into or through; as to pierce the enemy’s line; a shot pierced the ship. 3. Fig.: To penetrate; to affect deeply; as to pierce a mystery. ´Pierced with grief.´ Pope. “Can no prayers pierce thee?” Shak.

Pierce, v. i. To enter; to penetrate; to make a way into or through something, as a pointed instrument does; — used literally and figuratively. “And pierced to the skin, but bit no more.” Spenser. “She would not pierce further into his meaning.” Sir P. Sidney.

Pierce´a•ble , a. That may be pierced.

Pierced , a. Penetrated; entered; perforated.

Pier´cel , n. [Cf. F. perce.] A kind of gimlet for making vents in casks; — called also piercer.

Pier´cer , n. 1. One who, or that which, pierces or perforates; specifically: (a) An instrument used in forming eyelets; a stiletto. (b) A piercel. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The ovipositor, or sting, of an insect. (b) An insect provided with an ovipositor.

Pier´cing , a. Forcibly entering, or adapted to enter, at or by a point; perforating; penetrating; keen; — used also figuratively; as a piercing instrument, or thrust. ´Piercing eloquence.´ Shak. — Pier´cing•ly, adv. — Pier´cing•ness, n.

Pi•e´ri•an , a. [L. Pierius, from Mount Pierus, in Thessaly, sacred to the Muses.] Of or pertaining to Pierides or Muses. “Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.” Pope.

Pi´er•id , n. [See Peirides.] (Zoöl.) Any butterfly of the genus Pieris and related genera. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage.

Pi•er´i•des , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. . See Pierian.] (Class. Myth.) The Muses.

Pi´et (pi´et), n. [Dim. of Pie a magpie: cf. F. piette a smew.] (Zoöl.) (a) The dipper, or water ouzel. [Scot.] (b) The magpie. [Prov.Eng.] Jay piet (Zoöl.), the European jay. [Prov.Eng.] — Sea piet (Zoöl.), the oyster catcher. [Prov.Eng.]

Pi•e•tà´ (pe•a•tä´), n. [It.] (Fine Arts) A representation of the dead Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary or by holy women and angels. Mollett.

Pi´e•tism (pi´e•tiz’m), n. [Cf. G. pietismus, F. pietisme.] 1. The principle or practice of the Pietists. 2. Strict devotion; also affectation of devotion. “The Schöne Seele, that ideal of gentle pietism, in ´Wilhelm Meister.´” W. Pater.

Pi´e•tist , n. [Cf. G. pietist, F. pietiste. See Piety.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a class of religious reformers in Germany in the 17th century who sought to revive declining piety in the Protestant churches; — often applied as a term of reproach to those who make a display of religious feeling. Also used adjectively. { Pi•e•tis´tic , Pi•e•tis´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to the Pietists; hence, in contempt, affectedly or demonstratively religious. Addison.

Pi•e´tra du´ra [It., hard stone.] (Fine Arts) Hard and fine stones in general, such as are used for inlay and the like, as distinguished from the softer stones used in building; thus, a Florentine mosaic is a familiar instance of work in pietra dura, though the ground may be soft marble.

Pi´e•ty , n. [F. piete; cf. It. pietà ; both fr. L. pietas piety, fr. pius pious. See Pious, and cf. Pity.] 1. Veneration or reverence of the Supreme Being, and love of his character; loving obedience to the will of God, and earnest devotion to his service. “Piety is the only proper and adequate relief of decaying man.” Rambler. 2. Duty; dutifulness; filial reverence and devotion; affectionate reverence and service shown toward parents, relatives, benefactors, country, etc. “Conferred upon me for the piety
Which to my country I was judged to have shown.” Milton. Syn. — Religion; sanctity; devotion; godliness; holiness. See Religion.

Pie´wipe , n. [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) The lapwing, or pewit. [Prov. Eng.]

Pi•e•zom´e•ter , n. [Gr. to press + -meter: cf. F. piezomètre.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for measuring the compressibility of liquids. 2. (Physics) A gauge connected with a water main to show the pressure at that point. { Pif´fe•ro , Pif´fa•ra } n. [It. piffero.] (Mus.) A fife; also a rude kind of oboe or a bagpipe with an inflated skin for reservoir.

Pig , n. A piggin. [Written also pigg.]

Pig, n. [Cf. D. big, bigge, LG. bigge, also Dan. pige girl, Sw. piga, Icel. pika.] 1. The young of swine, male or female; also any swine; a hog. ´Two pigges in a poke.´ Chaucer. 2. (Zoöl.) Any wild species of the genus Sus and related genera. 3. [Cf. Sow a channel for melted iron.] An oblong mass of cast iron, lead, or other metal. See Mine pig, under Mine. 4. One who is hoggish; a greedy person. [Low] Masked pig. (Zoöl.) See under Masked. — Pig bed (Founding), the bed of sand in which the iron from a smelting furnace is cast into pigs. — Pig iron, cast iron in pigs, or oblong blocks or bars, as it comes from the smelting furnace. See Pig, 4. — Pig yoke (Naut.), a nickname for a quadrant or sextant. — A pig in a poke (that is, bag), a blind bargain; something bought or bargained for, without the quality or the value being known. [Colloq.]

Pig, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pigged p. pr. & vb. n. Pigging ] 1. To bring forth (pigs); to bring forth in the manner of pigs; to farrow. 2. To huddle or lie together like pigs, in one bed.

Pi´geon , n. [F., fr. L. pipio a young pipping or chirping bird, fr. pipire to peep, chirp. Cf. Peep to chirp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the order Columbae, of which numerous species occur in nearly all parts of the world. The common domestic pigeon, or dove, was derived from the Old World rock pigeon (Columba livia). It has given rise to numerous very remarkable varieties, such as the carrier, fantail, nun, pouter, tumbler, etc. The common wild pigeons of the Eastern United States are the passenger pigeon, and the Carolina dove. See under Passenger, and Dove. See, also Fruit pigeon, Ground pigeon, Queen pigeon, Stock pigeon, under Fruit, Ground, etc. 2. An unsuspected victim of sharpers; a gull. [Slang] Blue pigeon (Zoöl.), an Australian passerine bird (Graucalus melanops); — called also black-faced crow. — Green pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Old World pigeons belonging to the family Treronidae. — Imperial pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of the large Asiatic fruit pigeons of the genus Carpophada. - - Pigeon berry (Bot.), the purplish black fruit of the pokeweed; also the plant itself. See Pokeweed. — Pigeon English [perhaps a corruption of business English], an extraordinary and grotesque dialect, employed in the commercial cities of China, as the medium of communication between foreign merchants and the Chinese. Its base is English, with a mixture of Portuguese and Hindoostanee. Johnson’s Cyc. — Pigeon grass (Bot.), a kind of foxtail grass (Setaria glauca), of some value as fodder. The seeds are eagerly eaten by pigeons and other birds. - - Pigeon hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American falcon (Falco columbarius). The adult male is dark slate-blue above, streaked with black on the back; beneath, whitish or buff, streaked with brown. The tail is banded. (b) The American sharp- shinned hawk (Accipiter velox, or fuscus). — Pigeon hole. (a) A hole for pigeons to enter a pigeon house. (b) See Pigeonhole. (c) pl. An old English game, in which balls were rolled through little arches. Halliwell. — Pigeon house, a dovecote. — Pigeon pea (Bot.), the seed of Cajanus Indicus; a kind of pulse used for food in the East and West Indies; also the plant itself. — Pigeon plum (Bot.), the edible drupes of two West African species of Chrysobalanus (C. ellipticus and C. luteus). — Pigeon tremex. (Zoöl.) See under Tremex. — Pigeon wood (Bot.), a name in the West Indies for the wood of several very different kinds of trees, species of Dipholis, Diospyros, and Coccoloba. — Pigeon woodpecker (Zoöl.), the flicker. — Prairie pigeon. (Zoöl.) (a) The upland plover. (b) The golden plover. [Local, U.S.]

Pi´geon , v. t. To pluck; to fleece; to swindle by tricks in gambling. [Slang] Smart. “He’s pigeoned and undone.” Observer.

Pi´geon-breast•ed , a. Having a breast like a pigeon, — the sternum being so prominent as to constitute a deformity; chicken-breasted.

Pi´geon•foot , n. (Bot.) The dove’s-foot geranium (Geranium molle).

Pi´geon-heart•ed , a. Timid; easily frightened; chicken-hearted. Beau. & Fl.

Pi´geon•hole , n. A small compartment in a desk or case for the keeping of letters, documents, etc.; — so called from the resemblance of a row of them to the compartments in a dovecote. Burke.

Pi´geon•hole, v. t. To place in the pigeonhole of a case or cabinet; hence, to put away; to lay aside indefinitely; as to pigeonhole a letter or a report.

Pi´geon-liv•ered , a. Pigeon- hearted.

Pi´geon•ry , n. A place for pigeons; a dovecote.

Pi´geon•toed , a. Having the toes turned in.

Pig´-eyed , a. Having small, deep-set eyes.

Pig´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of salt-water grunts; — called also hogfish. (b) A sculpin. The name is also applied locally to several other fishes.

Pig´foot , n. (Zoöl.) A marine fish (Scorpaena porcus), native of Europe. It is reddish brown, mottled with dark brown and black.

Pigg , n. A piggin. See 1st Pig. Sir W. Scott.

Pig´ger•y , n.; pl. Piggeries . A place where swine are kept.

Pig´gin , n. [Scot.; cf. Gael. pigean, dim. of pigeadh, pige, an earthen jar, pitcher, or pot, Ir. pigin, pighead, W. piccyn.] A small wooden pail or tub with an upright stave for a handle, — often used as a dipper.

Pig´gish , a. Relating to, or like, a pig; greedy.

Pig´-head•ed , a. Having a head like a pig; hence, figuratively: stupidity obstinate; perverse; stubborn. B. Jonson. — Pig´-head•ed•ness, n.

Pight , imp. & p. p. of Pitch, to throw; — used also adjectively. Pitched; fixed; determined. [Obs.] “[His horse] pight him on the pommel of his head.” Chaucer. “I found him pight to do it.” Shak.

Pigh´tel , n. [Cf. Pight, Picle.] A small inclosure. [Written also pightle.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Pig´-jawed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, with the upper incisors in advance of the lower; — said of dogs.

Pig•me´an , a. See Pygmean.

Pig´ment , n. [L. pigmentum, fr. the root of pingere to paint: cf. F. pigment. See Paint, and cf. Pimento, Orpiment.] 1. Any material from which a dye, a paint, or the like, may be prepared; particularly, the refined and purified coloring matter ready for mixing with an appropriate vehicle. 2. (Physiol.) Any one of the colored substances found in animal and vegetable tissues and fluids, as bilirubin, urobilin, chlorophyll, etc. 3. Wine flavored with species and honey. Sir W. Scott. Pigment cell (Physiol.), a small cell containing coloring matter, as the pigmented epithelial cells of the choroid and iris, or the pigmented connective tissue cells in the skin of fishes, reptiles, etc. { Pig•men´tal , Pig´men•ta•ry } a. Of or pertaining to pigments; furnished with pigments. Dunglison. Pigmentary degeneration (Med.), a morbid condition in which an undue amount of pigment is deposited in the tissues.

Pig•men•ta´tion , n. (Physiol.) A deposition, esp. an excessive deposition, of coloring matter; as pigmentation of the liver.

Pig´ment•ed , a. Colored; specifically (Biol.), filled or imbued with pigment; as pigmented epithelial cells; pigmented granules.

Pig•men´tous , a. Pigmental.

Pig´my , n. See Pygmy. Pigmy falcon. (Zoöl.) Same as Falconet, 2 (a).

Pig´ner•ate , v. t. [L. pigneratus, p. p. of pignerate to pledge.] 1. To pledge or pawn. [Obs.] 2. to receive in pawn, as a pawnbroker does. [Obs.]

Pig•no•ra´tion , n. [LL. pignoratio, L. pigneratio, fr. pignerate to pledge, fr. pignus, gen. -ous and -eris, a pledge, a pawn: cf. F. pignoration.] 1. The act of pledging or pawning. 2. (Civil Law) The taking of cattle doing damage, by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. Burrill.

Pig´no•ra•tive , a. [Cf. F. pignoratif.] Pledging, pawning. [R.]

Pig´nus , n.; pl. Pignora (#). [L.] (Rom. Law) A pledge or pawn.

Pig´nut , n. (Bot.) (a) See Groundnut (d). (b) The bitter- flavored nut of a species of hickory (Carya glabra, or porcina); also the tree itself.

Pig´pen , n. A pen, or sty, for pigs.

Pig´skin , n. The skin of a pig, — used chiefly for making saddles; hence, a colloquial or slang term for a saddle.

Pigs´ney , n. [Perh. a dim. of Dan. pige a girl, or Sw. piga; or from E. pig’s eye.] A word of endearment for a girl or woman. [Obs.] [Written also pigsnie, pigsny, etc.] Chaucer.

Pig´-stick•ing , n. Boar hunting; — so called by Anglo-Indians. [Colloq.] Tackeray.

Pig´sty , n.; pl. Pigsties . A pigpen.

Pig´tail , n. 1. The tail of a pig. 2. (Hair Dressing) A cue, or queue. J. & H. Smith. 3. A kind of twisted chewing tobacco. “The tobacco he usually cheweth, called pigtail.” Swift.

Pig´tailed , a. Having a tail like a pig’s; as the pigtailed baboon.

Pig´weed , n. (Bot.) A name of several annual weeds. See Goosefoot, and Lamb’s- quarters.

Pig´wid•geon , n. [Written also pigwidgin and pigwiggen.] A cant word for anything petty or small. It is used by Drayton as the name of a fairy.

Pi´ka , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of rodents of the genus Lagomys, resembling small tailless rabbits. They inhabit the high mountains of Asia and America. Called also calling hare, and crying hare. See Chief hare.

Pike , n. [F. pique; perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. W. pig a prick, a point, beak, Arm. pik pick. But cf. also L. picus woodpecker (see Pie magpie), and E. spike. Cf. Pick, n. & v., Peak, Pique.] 1. (Mil.) A foot soldier’s weapon, consisting of a long wooden shaft or staff, with a pointed steel head. It is now superseded by the bayonet. 2. A pointed head or spike; esp., one in the center of a shield or target. Beau. & Fl. 3. A hayfork. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. 4. A pick. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Raymond. 5. A pointed or peaked hill. [R.] 6. A large haycock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 7. A turnpike; a toll bar. Dickens. 8. (Zoöl.) sing. & pl. A large fresh-water fish (Esox lucius), found in Europe and America, highly valued as a food fish; — called also pickerel, gedd, luce, and jack. Blue pike, grass pike, green pike, wall-eyed pike, and yellow pike, are names, not of true pike, but of the wall-eye. See Wall-eye. Gar pike. See under Gar. — Pike perch (Zoöl.), any fresh-water fish of the genus Stizostedion (formerly Lucioperca). See Wall-eye, and Sauger. — Pike pole, a long pole with a pike in one end, used in directing floating logs. — Pike whale (Zoöl.), a finback whale of the North Atlantic (Balaenoptera rostrata), having an elongated snout; — called also piked whale. — Sand pike (Zoöl.), the lizard fish. — Sea pike (Zoöl.), the garfish (a).

Piked , a. Furnished with a pike; ending in a point; peaked; pointed. ´With their piked targets bearing them down.´ Milton.

Pike•-de•vant´ , n. [Pike point (fr. F. pique) + F. devant before.] A pointed beard. [Obs.] { Pike´let , Pike´lin } n. A light, thin cake or muffin. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Pike´man , n.; pl. Pikeman . 1. A soldier armed with a pike. Knolles. 2. A miner who works with a pick. Beaconsfield. 3. A keeper of a turnpike gate. T. Hughes.

Pike´staff , n. 1. The staff, or shaft, of a pike. 2. A staff with a spike in the lower end, to guard against slipping. Sir W. Scott.

Pike´tail , n. (Zoöl.) See Pintail, 1.

Pik´ro•lite , n. (Min.) See Picrolite.

Pi´lage , n. See Pelage.

Pi•las´ter , n. [F. pilastre, It. pilastro, LL. pilastrum, fr. L. pila a pillar. See Pillar.] (Arch.) An upright architectural member right-angled in plan, constructionally a pier (See Pier, 1 (b)), but architecturally corresponding to a column, having capital, shaft, and base to agree with those of the columns of the same order. In most cases the projection from the wall is one third of its width, or less.

Pi•las´tered , a. Furnished with pilasters.

Pi•lau´ , n. See Pillau.

Pilch , n. [AS. pylce, pylece, LL. pellicia. See Pelisse, and Pelt skin.] A gown or case of skin, or one trimmed or lined with fur. [Obs.]

Pil´chard , n. [Cf. It. pilseir, W. pilcod minnows.] (Zoöl.) A small European food fish (Clupea pilchardus) resembling the herring, but thicker and rounder. It is sometimes taken in great numbers on the coast of England. “Fools are as like husbands as pilchards are to herrings.” Shak.

Pilch´er , n. [From Pilch.] A scabbard, as of a sword. [Obs.] Shak.

Pilch´er, n. (Zoöl.) The pilchard.

Pil´crow , n. [A corruption of Paragraph.] (Print.) a paragraph mark, ¶. [Obs.] Tusser.

Pile , n. [L. pilus hair. Cf. Peruke.] 1. A hair; hence, the fiber of wool, cotton, and the like; also the nap when thick or heavy, as of carpeting and velvet. “Velvet soft, or plush with shaggy pile.” Cowper. 2. (Zoöl.) A covering of hair or fur.

Pile, n. [L. pilum javelin. See Pile a stake.] The head of an arrow or spear. [Obs.] Chapman.

Pile, n. [AS. pil arrow, stake, L. pilum javelin; but cf. also L. pila pillar.] 1. A large stake, or piece of timber, pointed and driven into the earth, as at the bottom of a river, or in a harbor where the ground is soft, for the support of a building, a pier, or other superstructure, or to form a cofferdam, etc. Tubular iron piles are now much used. 2. [Cf. F. pile.] (Her.) One of the ordinaries or subordinaries having the form of a wedge, usually placed palewise, with the broadest end uppermost. Pile bridge, a bridge of which the roadway is supported on piles. — Pile cap, a beam resting upon and connecting the heads of piles. — Pile driver, or Pile engine, an apparatus for driving down piles, consisting usually of a high frame, with suitable appliances for raising to a height (by animal or steam power, the explosion of gunpowder, etc.) a heavy mass of iron, which falls upon the pile. — Pile dwelling. See Lake dwelling, under Lake. — Pile plank (Hydraul. Eng.), a thick plank used as a pile in sheet piling. See Sheet piling, under Piling. — Pneumatic pile. See under Pneumatic. — Screw pile, one with a screw at the lower end, and sunk by rotation aided by pressure.

Pile, v. t. To drive piles into; to fill with piles; to strengthen with piles. To sheet-pile, to make sheet piling in or around. See Sheet piling, under 2nd Piling.

Pile, n. [F. pile, L. pila a pillar, a pier or mole of stone. Cf. Pillar.] 1. A mass of things heaped together; a heap; as a pile of stones; a pile of wood. 2. A mass formed in layers; as a pile of shot. 3. A funeral pile; a pyre. Dryden. 4. A large building, or mass of buildings. “The pile o’erlooked the town and drew the fight.” Dryden. 5. (Iron Manuf.) Same as Fagot, n., 2. 6. (Elec.) A vertical series of alternate disks of two dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, laid up with disks of cloth or paper moistened with acid water between them, for producing a current of electricity; — commonly called Volta’s pile, voltaic pile, or galvanic pile. The term is sometimes applied to other forms of apparatus designed to produce a current of electricity, or as synonymous with battery; as for instance, to an apparatus for generating a current of electricity by the action of heat, usually called a thermopile. 7. [F. pile pile, an engraved die, L. pila a pillar.] The reverse of a coin. See Reverse. Cross and pile. See under Cross. — Dry pile. See under Dry.

Pile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piled p. pr. & vb. n. Piling.] 1. To lay or throw into a pile or heap; to heap up; to collect into a mass; to accumulate; to amass; — often with up; as to pile up wood. ´Hills piled on hills.´ Dryden. ´Life piled on life.´ Tennyson. “The labor of an age in piled stones.” Milton. 2. To cover with heaps; or in great abundance; to fill or overfill; to load. To pile arms or muskets (Mil.), to place three guns together so that they may stand upright, supporting each other; to stack arms. { Pi´le•ate , Pi´le•a•ted } a. [L. pileatus, fr. pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. Having the form of a cap for the head. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a crest covering the pileus, or whole top of the head. Pileated woodpecker (Zoöl.), a large American woodpecker (Ceophloeus pileatus). It is black, with a bright red pointed crest. Called also logcock, and woodcock.

Piled , a. [From 2d Pile.] Having a pile or point; pointed. [Obs.] ´Magus threw a spear well piled.´ Chapman.

Piled, a. [From 1d Pile.] Having a pile or nap. ´Three-piled velvet.´ L. Barry (1611).

Piled, a. [From 6d Pile.] (Iron Manuf.) Formed from a pile or fagot; as piled iron.

Pi•le´i•form , a. [Pileus + -form.] Having the form of a pileus or cap; pileate.

Pile´ment , n. [From Pile to lay into a heap.] An accumulation; a heap. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pi•len´tum , n.; pl. Pilenta (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) An easy chariot or carriage, used by Roman ladies, and in which the vessels, etc., for sacred rites were carried.

Pi•le•o•rhi´za , n.; pl. Pilorhizae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a cap + root.] (Bot.) A cap of cells which covers the growing extremity of a root; a rootcap.

Pi´le•ous , a. [See Pilous.] Consisting of, or covered with, hair; hairy; pilose.

Pil´er , n. One who places things in a pile.

Piles , n. pl. [L. pila a ball. Cf. Pill a medicine.] (Med.) The small, troublesome tumors or swellings about the anus and lower part of the rectum which are technically called hemorrhoids. See Hemorrhoids. [The singular pile is sometimes used.] Blind piles, hemorrhoids which do not bleed.

Pi´le•us , n.; pl. Pilei (#). [L., a felt cap.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A kind of skull cap of felt. 2. (Bot.) The expanded upper portion of many of the fungi. See Mushroom. 3. (Zoöl.) The top of the head of a bird, from the bill to the nape.

Pile´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The teredo.

Pile´-worn , a. Having the pile worn off; threadbare.

Pile´wort , n. (Bot.) A plant (Ranunculus Ficaria of Linnaeus) whose tuberous roots have been used in poultices as a specific for the piles. Forsyth.

Pil´fer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pilfered p. pr. & vb. n. Pilfering.] [OF. pelfrer. See Pelf.] To steal in small quantities, or articles of small value; to practice petty theft.

Pil´fer, v. t. To take by petty theft; to filch; to steal little by little. “And not a year but pilfers as he goes
Some youthful grace that age would gladly keep.” Cowper.

Pil´fer•er , n. One who pilfers; a petty thief.

Pil´fer•ing, a. Thieving in a small way. Shak. — n. Petty theft. — Pil´fer•ing•ly, adv.

Pil´fer•y , n. Petty theft. [R.] Sir T. North.

Pil•gar´lic , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] One who has lost his hair by disease; a sneaking fellow, or one who is hardly used.

Pil´grim , n. [OE. pilgrim, pelgrim, pilegrim, pelegrim; cf. D. pelgrim, OHG. piligrim, G. pilger, F. pèlerin, It. pellegrino; all fr. L. peregrinus a foreigner, fr. pereger abroad; per through + ager land, field. See Per-, and Acre, and cf. Pelerine, Peregrine.] 1. A wayfarer; a wanderer; a traveler; a stranger. “Strangers and pilgrims on the earth.” Heb. xi. 13. 2. One who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee; as a pilgrim to Loretto; Canterbury pilgrims. See Palmer. P. Plowman.

Pil´grim, a. Of or pertaining to a pilgrim, or pilgrims; making pilgrimages. ´With pilgrim steps.´ Milton. Pilgrim fathers, a name popularly given to the one hundred and two English colonists who landed from the Mayflower and made the first settlement in New England at Plymouth in 1620. They were separatists from the Church of England, and most of them had sojourned in Holland.

Pil´grim, v. i. To journey; to wander; to ramble. [R.] Grew. Carlyle.

Pil´grim•age , n. [OE. pilgrimage, pelgrinage; cf. F. pèlerinage.] 1. The journey of a pilgrim; a long journey; especially, a journey to a shrine or other sacred place. Fig., the journey of human life. Shak. “The days of the years of my pilgrimage.” Gen. xlvii. 9. 2. A tedious and wearisome time. “In prison hast thou spent a pilgrimage.” Shak. Syn. — Journey; tour; excursion. See Journey.

Pil´grim•ize , v. i. To wander as a pilgrim; to go on a pilgrimage. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Pi•lid´i•um , n.; pl. Pildia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , dim. of a cap.] (Zoöl.) The free-swimming, hat-shaped larva of certain nemertean worms. It has no resemblance to its parent, and the young worm develops in its interior.

Pi•lif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Piliferous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Mammalia.

Pi•lif´er•ous , a. [L. pilus hair + -ferous: cf. F. pilifère.] 1. Bearing a single slender bristle, or hair. 2. Beset with hairs.

Pil´i•form , a. [L. pilus hair + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling hairs or down.

Pi•lig´er•ous , a. [L. pilus hair + -gerous: cf. F. piligère.] Bearing hair; covered with hair or down; piliferous.

Pil´ing , n. [See Pile a heap.] 1. The act of heaping up. 2. (Iron Manuf.) The process of building up, heating, and working, fagots, or piles, to form bars, etc.

Pil´ing, n. [See Pile a stake.] A series of piles; piles considered collectively; as the piling of a bridge. Pug piling, sheet piles connected together at the edges by dovetailed tongues and grooves. — Sheet piling, a series of piles made of planks or half logs driven edge to edge, — used to form the walls of cofferdams, etc.

Pill , n. [Cf. Peel skin, or Pillion.] The peel or skin. [Obs.] ´Some be covered over with crusts, or hard pills, as the locusts.´ Holland.

Pill, v. i. To be peeled; to peel off in flakes.

Pill, v. t. [Cf. L. pilare to deprive of hair, and E. pill, n. (above).] 1. To deprive of hair; to make bald. [Obs.] 2. To peel; to make by removing the skin. “[Jacob] pilled white streaks … in the rods.” Gen. xxx. 37.

Pill , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pilled p. pr. & vb. n. Pilling.] [F. piller, L. pilare; cf. It. pigliare to take. Cf. Peel to plunder.] To rob; to plunder; to pillage; to peel. See Peel, to plunder. [Obs.] Spenser. “Pillers and robbers were come in to the field to pill and to rob.” Sir T. Malroy.

Pill , n. [F. pilute, L. pilula a pill, little ball, dim. of L. pila a ball. Cf. Piles.] 1. A medicine in the form of a little ball, or small round mass, to be swallowed whole. 2. Figuratively, something offensive or nauseous which must be accepted or endured. Udall. Pill beetle (Zoöl.), any small beetle of the genus Byrrhus, having a rounded body, with the head concealed beneath the thorax. — Pill bug (Zoöl.), any terrestrial isopod of the genus Armadillo, having the habit of rolling itself into a ball when disturbed. Called also pill wood louse.

Pil´lage , n. [F., fr. piller to plunder. See Pill to plunder.] 1. The act of pillaging; robbery. Shak. 2. That which is taken from another or others by open force, particularly and chiefly from enemies in war; plunder; spoil; booty. “Which pillage they with merry march bring home.” Shak. Syn. — Plunder; rapine; spoil; depredation. — Pillage, Plunder. Pillage refers particularly to the act of stripping the sufferers of their goods, while plunder refers to the removal of the things thus taken; but the words are freely interchanged.

Pil´lage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pillaged p. pr. & vb. n. Pillaging ] To strip of money or goods by open violence; to plunder; to spoil; to lay waste; as to pillage the camp of an enemy. “Mummius … took, pillaged, and burnt their city.” Arbuthnot.

Pil´lage, v. i. To take spoil; to plunder; to ravage. “They were suffered to pillage wherever they went.” Macaulay.

Pil´la•ger , n. One who pillages. Pope.

Pil´lar , n. [OE. pilerF. pilier, LL. pilare, pilarium, pilarius, fr. L. pila a pillar. See Pile a heap.] 1. The general and popular term for a firm, upright, insulated support for a superstructure; a pier, column, or post; also a column or shaft not supporting a superstructure, as one erected for a monument or an ornament. “Jacob set a pillar upon her grave.” Gen. xxxv. 20. “The place … vast and proud,
Supported by a hundred pillars stood.” Dryden. 2. Figuratively, that which resembles such a pillar in appearance, character, or office; a supporter or mainstay; as the Pillars of Hercules; a pillar of the state. ´You are a well-deserving pillar.´ Shak. “By day a cloud, by night a pillar of fire.” Milton. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A portable ornamental column, formerly carried before a cardinal, as emblematic of his support to the church. [Obs.] Skelton. 4. (Man.) The center of the volta, ring, or manege ground, around which a horse turns. From pillar to post, hither and thither; to and fro; from one place or predicament to another; backward and forward. [Colloq.] — Pillar saint. See Stylite. — Pillars of the fauces. See Fauces, 1.

Pil´lar, a. (Mach.) Having a support in the form of a pillar, instead of legs; as a pillar drill.

Pil´lar-block , n. See under Pillow.

Pil´lared , a. Supported or ornamented by pillars; resembling a pillar, or pillars. ´The pillared arches.´ Sir W. Scott. ´Pillared flame.´ Thomson.

Pil´lar•et , n. A little pillar. [R.] Fuller.

Pil´lar•ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) See Stylite.

Pil•lau´ , n. [Per. & Turk. pilau.] An Oriental dish consisting of rice boiled with mutton, fat, or butter. [Written also pilau.]

Pilled , a. [See 3rd Pill.] Stripped of hair; scant of hair; bald. [Obs.] ´Pilled beard.´ Chaucer.

Pilled´-gar´lic , n. See Pilgarlic.

Pill´er , n. One who pills or plunders. [Obs.]

Pill´er•y , n.; pl. Pilleries . Plunder; pillage. [Obs.] Daniel.

Pil´lion , n. [Ir. pillin, pilliun (akin to Gael. pillean, pillin), fr. Ir. & Gael. pill, peall, a skin or hide, prob. fr. L. pellis. See Pell, n., Fell skin.] A panel or cushion saddle; the under pad or cushion of saddle; esp., a pad or cushion put on behind a man’s saddle, on which a woman may ride. “His [a soldier’s] shank pillion without stirrups.” Spenser.

Pil´lo•rize , v. t. To set in, or punish with, the pillory; to pillory. [R.]

Pil´lo•ry , n.; pl. Pillories (#). [F. pilori; cf. Pr. espitlori, LL. piloricum, pilloricum, pellericum, pellorium, pilorium, spilorium; perhaps from a derivative of L. speculari to look around, observe. Cf. Speculate.] A frame of adjustable boards erected on a post, and having holes through which the head and hands of an offender were thrust so as to be exposed in front of it. Shak.

Pil´lo•ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pilloried p. pr. & vb. n. Pillorying.] [Cf. F. pilorier.] 1. To set in, or punish with, the pillory. ´Hungering for Puritans to pillory.´ Macaulay. 2. Figuratively, to expose to public scorn. Gladstone.

Pil´low , n. [OE. pilwe, AS. pyle, fr. L. pilvinus.] 1. Anything used to support the head of a person when reposing; especially, a sack or case filled with feathers, down, hair, or other soft material. “[Resty sloth] finds the down pillow hard.” Shak. 2. (Mach.) A piece of metal or wood, forming a support to equalize pressure; a brass; a pillow block. [R.] 3. (Naut.) A block under the inner end of a bowsprit. 4. A kind of plain, coarse fustian. Lace pillow, a cushion used in making hand- wrought lace. — Pillow bier [OE. pilwebere; cf. LG. büre a pillowcase], a pillowcase; pillow slip. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Pillow block (Mach.), a block, or standard, for supporting a journal, as of a shaft. It is usually bolted to the frame or foundation of a machine, and is often furnished with journal boxes, and a movable cover, or cap, for tightening the bearings by means of bolts; — called also pillar block, or plumber block. — Pillow lace, handmade lace wrought with bobbins upon a lace pillow. — Pillow of a plow, a crosspiece of wood which serves to raise or lower the beam. — Pillow sham, an ornamental covering laid over a pillow when not in use. — Pillow slip, a pillowcase.

Pil´low , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pillowed p. pr. & vb. n. Pillowing.] To rest or lay upon, or as upon, a pillow; to support; as to pillow the head. “Pillows his chin upon an orient wave.” Milton.

Pil´low•case , n. A removable case or covering for a pillow, usually of white linen or cotton cloth.

Pil´lowed , a. Provided with a pillow or pillows; having the head resting on, or as on, a pillow. “Pillowedon buckler cold and hard.” Sir W. Scott.

Pil´low•y , a. Like a pillow. Keats.

Pill´-wil•let , n. [So named from its note.] (Zoöl.) The willet.

Pill´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Any myriapod of the genus Iulus and allied genera which rolls up spirally; a galleyworm. See Illust. under Myriapod.

Pill´wort , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Pilularia; minute aquatic cryptograms, with small pill-shaped fruit; — sometimes called peppergrass.

Pi•lo•car´pine , n. [From NL. Pilocarpus pennatifolius jaborandi; L. pilus hair + Gr. karpo•s fruit: cf. F. pilocarpine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from jaborandi (Pilocarpus pennatifolius) as a white amorphous or crystalline substance which has a peculiar effect on the vasomotor system.

Pi•lose´ , a. [L. pilosus, fr. pilus hair. See Pile.] 1. Hairy; full of, or made of, hair. “The heat-retaining property of the pilose covering.” Owen. 2. (Zoöl.) Clothed thickly with pile or soft down. 3. (Bot.) Covered with long, slender hairs; resembling long hairs; hairy; as pilose pubescence.

Pi•los´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. pilosite.] The quality or state of being pilose; hairiness. Bacon.

Pi´lot , n. [F. pilote, prob. from D. peillood plummet, sounding lead; peilen, pegelen, to sound, measure (fr. D. & G. peil, pegel, a sort of measure, water mark) + lood lead, akin to E. lead. The pilot, then, is the lead man, i. e., he who throws the lead. See Pail, and Lead a metal.] 1. (Naut.) One employed to steer a vessel; a helmsman; a steersman. Dryden. 2. Specifically, a person duly qualified, and licensed by authority, to conduct vessels into and out of a port, or in certain waters, for a fixed rate of fees. 3. Figuratively: A guide; a director of another through a difficult or unknown course. 4. An instrument for detecting the compass error. 5. The cowcatcher of a locomotive. [U.S.] Pilot balloon, a small balloon sent up in advance of a large one, to show the direction and force of the wind. — Pilot bird. (Zoöl.) (a) A bird found near the Caribbee Islands; — so called because its presence indicates to mariners their approach to these islands. Crabb. (b) The black- bellied plover. [Local, U.S.] — Pilot boat, a strong, fast-sailing boat used to carry and receive pilots as they board and leave vessels. — Pilot bread, ship biscuit. — Pilot cloth, a coarse, stout kind of cloth for overcoats. — Pilot engine, a locomotive going in advance of a train to make sure that the way is clear. — Pilot fish. (Zoöl) (a) A pelagic carangoid fish (Naucrates ductor); — so named because it is often seen in company with a shark, swimming near a ship, on account of which sailors imagine that it acts as a pilot to the shark. (b) The rudder fish (Seriola zonata). — Pilot jack, a flag or signal hoisted by a vessel for a pilot. — Pilot jacket, a pea jacket. — Pilot nut (Bridge Building), a conical nut applied temporarily to the threaded end of a pin, to protect the thread and guide the pin when it is driven into a hole. Waddell. — Pilot snake (Zoöl.) (a) A large North American snake (Coluber obsoleus). It is lustrous black, with white edges to some of the scales. Called also mountain black snake. (b) The pine snake. — Pilot whale. (Zoöl.) Same as Blackfish, 1.

Pi´lot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Piloting.] [Cf. F. piloter.] 1. To direct the course of, as of a ship, where navigation is dangerous. 2. Figuratively: To guide, as through dangers or difficulties. ´The art of piloting a state.´ Berkeley.

Pi´lot•age , n. [Cf. F. pilotage.] 1. The pilot’s skill or knowledge, as of coasts, rocks, bars, and channels. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. The compensation made or allowed to a pilot. 3. Guidance, as by a pilot. Sir W. Scott. { Pi´lot•ism , Pi´lot•ry } n. Pilotage; skill in the duties of a pilot. [R.]

Pil´our , n. A piller; a plunderer. [Obs.]

Pil´ous , a. See Pilose.

Pil´ser , n. An insect that flies into a flame.

Pil´u•lar , a. Of or pertaining to pills; resembling a pill or pills; as a pilular mass.

Pil´u•lous , a. [L. pilula a pill. See Pill.] Like a pill; small; insignificant. [R.] G. Eliot.

Pil´we , n. A pillow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pi´ly , a. (Zoöl.) Like pile or wool.

Pi•mar´ic , a. [NL. pinum maritima, an old name for P. Pinaster, a pine which yields galipot.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in galipot, and isomeric with abietic acid.

Pi•mel´ic , a. [Gr. fat.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance obtained from certain fatty substances, and subsequently shown to be a mixture of suberic and adipic acids. (b) Designating the acid proper (C5H10(CO2/H)2) which is obtained from camphoric acid.

Pim´e•lite , n. [Gr. fat.] (Min.) An apple-green mineral having a greasy feel. It is a hydrous silicate of nickel, magnesia, aluminia, and iron.

Pi´ment , n. [F. See Pimento.] Wine flavored with spice or honey. See Pigment, 3. [Obs.]

Pi•men´ta , n. (Bot.) Same as Pimento.

Pi•men´to , n. [Sp. pimiento, pimienta; cf. Pg. pimenta, F. piment; all fr. L. pigmentum a paint, pigment, the juice of plants; hence, something spicy and aromatic. See Pigment.] (Bot.) Allspice; — applied both to the tree and its fruit. See Allspice.

Pim´li•co , n. (Zoöl.) The friar bird.

Pimp (pimp), n. [Cf. F. pimpant smart, sparkish; perh. akin to piper to pipe, formerly also to excel. Cf. Pipe.] One who provides gratification for the lust of others; a procurer; a pander. Swift.

Pimp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pimped (pimt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Pimping.] To procure women for the gratification of others’ lusts; to pander. Dryden.

Pim´per•nel , n. [F. pimprenelle; cf. Sp. pimpinela, It. pimpinella; perh. from LL. bipinnella, for bipinnula two-winged, equiv. to L. bipennis; bis twice + penna feather, wing. Cf. Pen a feather.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Anagallis, of which one species (A. arvensis) has small flowers, usually scarlet, but sometimes purple, blue, or white, which speedily close at the approach of bad weather. Water pimpernel. (Bot.) See Brookweed.

Pim´pil•lo , n. (Bot.) A West Indian name for the prickly pear (Opuntia); — called also pimploes.

Pim´pi•nel , n. [See Pimpernel.] (Bot.) The burnet saxifrage. See under Saxifrage.

Pimp´ing , a. [Cf. G. pimpelig, pimpelnd, sickly, weak.] 1. Little; petty; pitiful. [Obs.] Crabbe. 2. Puny; sickly. [Local, U.S.]

Pim´ple , n. [AS. pipelian to blister; cf. L. papula pimple.] 1. (Med.) Any small acuminated elevation of the cuticle, whether going on to suppuration or not. ´All eyes can see a pimple on her nose.´ Pope. 2. Fig.: A swelling or protuberance like a pimple. ´A pimple that portends a future sprout.´ Cowper.

Pim´pled , a. Having pimples. Johnson.

Pim´ply , a. Pimpled.

Pimp´ship , n. The office, occupation, or persom of a pimp. [R.]

Pin , v. t. (Metal Working) To peen.

Pin , v. t. [Cf. Pen to confine, or Pinfold.] To inclose; to confine; to pen; to pound.

Pin, n. [OE. pinne, AS. pinn a pin, peg; cf. D. pin, G. pinne, Icel. pinni, W. pin, Gael. & Ir. pinne; all fr. L. pinna a pinnacle, pin, feather, perhaps orig. a different word from pinna feather. Cf. Fin of a fish, Pen a feather.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, etc., generally cylindrical, used for fastening separate articles together, or as a support by which one article may be suspended from another; a peg; a bolt. “With pins of adamant
And chains they made all fast.” Milton. 2. Especially, a small, pointed and headed piece of brass or other wire (commonly tinned), largely used for fastening clothes, attaching papers, etc. 3. Hence, a thing of small value; a trifle. “He … did not care a pin for her.” Spectator. 4. That which resembles a pin in its form or use; as: (a) A peg in musical instruments, for increasing or relaxing the tension of the strings. (b) A linchpin. (c) A rolling-pin. (d) A clothespin. (e) (Mach.) A short shaft, sometimes forming a bolt, a part of which serves as a journal. See Illust. of Knuckle joint, under Knuckle. (f) (Joinery) The tenon of a dovetail joint. 5. One of a row of pegs in the side of an ancient drinking cup to mark how much each man should drink. 6. The bull’s eye, or center, of a target; hence, the center. [Obs.] ´The very pin of his heart cleft.´ Shak. 7. Mood; humor. [Obs.] ´In merry pin.´ Cowper. 8. (Med.) Caligo. See Caligo. Shak. 9. An ornament, as a brooch or badge, fastened to the clothing by a pin; as a Masonic pin. 10. The leg; as to knock one off his pins. [Slang] Banking pin (Horol.), a pin against which a lever strikes, to limit its motion. — Pin drill (Mech.), a drill with a central pin or projection to enter a hole, for enlarging the hole, or for sinking a recess for the head of a bolt, etc.; a counterbore. — Pin grass. (Bot.) See Alfilaria. — Pin hole, a small hole made by a pin; hence, any very small aperture or perforation. — Pin lock, a lock having a cylindrical bolt; a lock in which pins, arranged by the key, are used instead of tumblers. — Pin money, an allowance of money, as that made by a husband to his wife, for private and personal expenditure. — Pin rail (Naut.), a rail, usually within the bulwarks, to hold belaying pins. Sometimes applied to the fife rail. Called also pin rack. — Pin wheel. (a) A contrate wheel in which the cogs are cylindrical pins. (b) (Fireworks) A small coil which revolves on a common pin and makes a wheel of yellow or colored fire.

Pin , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinned p. pr. & vb. n. Pinning.] [See Pin, n.] To fasten with, or as with, a pin; to join; as to pin a garment; to pin boards together. ´As if she would pin her to her heart.´ Shak. To pin one’s faith upon, to depend upon; to trust to.

Pi´ña cloth A fine material for ladies’ shawls, scarfs, handkerchiefs, etc., made from the fiber of the pineapple leaf, and perhaps from other fibrous tropical leaves. It is delicate, soft, and transparent, with a slight tinge of pale yellow.

Pin´a•coid , n. [Gr. , , a tablet + -oid.] (Crystallog.) A plane parallel to two of the crystalline axes.

Pi•nac´o•lin , n. [Pinacone + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid related to the ketones, and obtained by the decomposition of pinacone; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which pinacolin proper is the type. [Written also pinacoline.]

Pin´a•cone , n. [From Gr. , , a tablet. So called because it unites with water so as to form tablet- shaped crystals.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance related to the glycols, and made from acetone; hence, by extension, any one of a series of substances of which pinacone proper is the type. [Written also pinakone.]

Pin•a•co•the´ca , n. [L. pinacotheca, fr. Gr. ; , , a picture + repisitory.] A picture gallery.

Pin´a•fore , n. [Pin + afore.] An apron for a child to protect the front part of dress; a tier.

Pin´a•ko•thek , n. [G.] Pinacotheca.

Pi•nas´ter , n. [L., fr. pinus a pine.] (Bot.) A species of pine (Pinus Pinaster) growing in Southern Europe.

Pi´nax , n.; pl. Pinaces (#). [L., fr. Gr. tablet.] A tablet; a register; hence, a list or scheme inscribed on a tablet. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pince•-nez´ , n. [F. pincer to pinch + nez nose.] Eyeglasses kept on the nose by a spring.

Pin´cers , n. pl. [Cf. F. pince pinchers, fr. pincer to pinch. See Pinch, Pinchers.] See Pinchers.

Pinch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinched p. pr. & vb. n. Pinching.] [F. pincer, probably fr. OD. pitsen to pinch; akin to G. pfetzen to cut, pinch; perhaps of Celtic origin. Cf. Piece.] 1. To press hard or squeeze between the ends of the fingers, between teeth or claws, or between the jaws of an instrument; to squeeze or compress, as between any two hard bodies. 2. o seize; to grip; to bite; — said of animals. [Obs.] “He [the hound] pinched and pulled her down.” Chapman. 3. To plait. [Obs.] “Full seemly her wimple ipinched was.” Chaucer. 4. Figuratively: To cramp; to straiten; to oppress; to starve; to distress; as to be pinched for money. “Want of room … pinching a whole nation.” Sir W. Raleigh. 5. To move, as a railroad car, by prying the wheels with a pinch. See Pinch, n., 4.

Pinch, v. i. 1. To act with pressing force; to compress; to squeeze; as the shoe pinches. 2. (Hunt.) To take hold; to grip, as a dog does. [Obs.] 3. To spare; to be niggardly; to be covetous. Gower. “The wretch whom avarice bids to pinch and spare.” Franklin. To pinch at, to find fault with; to take exception to. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pinch, n. 1. A close compression, as with the ends of the fingers, or with an instrument; a nip. 2. As much as may be taken between the finger and thumb; any very small quantity; as a pinch of snuff. 3. Pian; pang. ´Necessary’s sharp pinch.´ Shak. 4. A lever having a projection at one end, acting as a fulcrum, — used chiefly to roll heavy wheels, etc. Called also pinch bar. At a pinch, On a pinch, in an emergency; as he could on a pinch read a little Latin.

Pinch´beck , n. [Said to be from the name of the inventor; cf. It. prencisbecco.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold; a yellow metal, composed of about three ounces of zinc to a pound of copper. It is much used as an imitation of gold in the manufacture of cheap jewelry.

Pinch´beck, a. Made of pinchbeck; sham; cheap; spurious; unreal. ´A pinchbeck throne.´ J. A. Symonds.

Pinch´cock , n. A clamp on a flexible pipe to regulate the flow of a fluid through the pipe.

Pin´chem , n. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Pinch´er , n. One who, or that which, pinches.

Pinch´ers , n. pl. [From Pinch.] An instrument having two handles and two grasping jaws working on a pivot; — used for griping things to be held fast, drawing nails, etc. This spelling is preferable to pincers, both on account of its derivation from the English pinch, and because it represents the common pronunciation.

Pinch´fist , n. A closefisted person; a miser.

Pinch´ing, a. Compressing; nipping; griping; niggardly; as pinching cold; a pinching parsimony. Pinching bar, a pinch bar. See Pinch, n., 4. — Pinching nut, a check nut. See under Check, n.

Pinch´ing•ly, adv. In a pinching way.

Pinch´pen•ny , n. A miserly person.

Pin´coff•in , n. [From Pincoff, an English manufacturer.] A commercial preparation of garancin, yielding fine violet tints.

Pinc´pinc , n. [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) An African wren warbler. (Drymoica textrix).

Pin´cush•ion , n. A small cushion, in which pins may be stuck for use. { Pin´dal , Pin´dar } n. [D. piendel.] (Bot.) The peanut (Arachis hypogaea); — so called in the West Indies.

Pin•dar´ic , a. [L. Pindaricus, Gr. , fr. (L. Pindarus) Pindar: cf. F. pindarique.] Of or pertaining to Pindar, the Greek lyric poet; after the style and manner of Pindar; as Pindaric odes. — n. A Pindaric ode.

Pin•dar´ic•al , a. Pindaric. “Too extravagant and Pindarical for prose.” Cowley.

Pin´dar•ism , n. Imitation of Pindar.

Pin´dar•ist, n. One who imitates Pindar.

Pin´der , n. [AS. pyndan to pen up, fr. pund a pound.] One who impounds; a poundkeeper. [Obs.]

Pine , n. [AS. pin, L. poena penalty. See Pain.] Woe; torment; pain. [Obs.] ´Pyne of hell.´ Chaucer.

Pine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pined p. pr. & vb. n. Pining.] [AS. pinan to torment, fr. pin torment. See 1st Pine, Pain, n. & v.] 1. To inflict pain upon; to torment; to torture; to afflict. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. “That people that pyned him to death.” Piers Plowman. “One is pined in prison, another tortured on the rack.” Bp. Hall. 2. To grieve or mourn for. [R.] Milton.

Pine, v. i. 1. To suffer; to be afflicted. [Obs.] 2. To languish; to lose flesh or wear away, under any distress or anexiety of mind; to droop; — often used with away. ´The roses wither and the lilies pine.´ Tickell. 3. To languish with desire; to waste away with longing for something; — usually followed by for. “For whom, and not for Tybalt, Juliet pined.” Shak. Syn. — To languish; droop; flag; wither; decay.

Pine, n. [AS. pin, L. pinus.] 1. (Bot.) Any tree of the coniferous genus Pinus. See Pinus. There are about twenty-eight species in the United States, of which the white pine (P. Strobus), the Georgia pine (P. australis), the red pine (P. resinosa), and the great West Coast sugar pine (P. Lambertiana) are among the most valuable. The Scotch pine or fir, also called Norway or Riga pine (Pinus sylvestris), is the only British species. The nut pine is any pine tree, or species of pine, which bears large edible seeds. See Pinon. The spruces, firs, larches, and true cedars, though formerly considered pines, are now commonly assigned to other genera. 2. The wood of the pine tree. 3. A pineapple. Ground pine. (Bot.) See under Ground. — Norfolk Island pine (Bot.), a beautiful coniferous tree, the Araucaria excelsa. — Pine barren, a tract of infertile land which is covered with pines. [Southern U.S.] — Pine borer (Zoöl.), any beetle whose larvae bore into pine trees. — Pine finch. (Zoöl.) See Pinefinch, in the Vocabulary. — Pine grosbeak (Zoöl.), a large grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), which inhabits the northern parts of both hemispheres. The adult male is more or less tinged with red. — Pine lizard (Zoöl.), a small, very active, mottled gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), native of the Middle States; — called also swift, brown scorpion, and alligator. — Pine marten. (Zoöl.) (a) A European weasel (Mustela martes), called also sweet marten, and yellow-breasted marten. (b) The American sable. See Sable. — Pine moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small tortricid moths of the genus Retinia, whose larvae burrow in the ends of the branchlets of pine trees, often doing great damage. - - Pine mouse (Zoöl.), an American wild mouse (Arvicola pinetorum), native of the Middle States. It lives in pine forests. — Pine needle (Bot.), one of the slender needle-shaped leaves of a pine tree. See Pinus. — Pine-needle wool. See Pine wool (below). — Pine oil, an oil resembling turpentine, obtained from fir and pine trees, and used in making varnishes and colors. — Pine snake (Zoöl.), a large harmless North American snake (Pituophis melanoleucus). It is whitish, covered with brown blotches having black margins. Called also bull snake. The Western pine snake (P. Sayi) is chestnut-brown, mottled with black and orange. — Pine tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Pinus; pine. — Pine-tree money, money coined in Massachusetts in the seventeenth century, and so called from its bearing a figure of a pine tree. — Pine weevil (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of weevils whose larvae bore in the wood of pine trees. Several species are known in both Europe and America, belonging to the genera Pissodes, Hylobius, etc. — Pine wool, a fiber obtained from pine needles by steaming them. It is prepared on a large scale in some of the Southern United States, and has many uses in the economic arts; — called also pine-needle wool, and pine- wood wool.

Pi´ne•al , a. [L. pinea the cone of a pine, from pineus of the pine, from pinus a pine: cf. F. pineale.] Of or pertaining to a pine cone; resembling a pine cone. Pineal gland (Anat.), a glandlike body in the roof of the third ventricle of the vertebrate brain; — called also pineal body, epiphysis, conarium. In some animals it is connected with a rudimentary eye, the so-called pineal eye, and in other animals it is supposed to be the remnant of a dorsal median eye.

Pine´ap•ple , n. (Bot.) A tropical plant (Ananassa sativa); also its fruit; — so called from the resemblance of the latter, in shape and external appearance, to the cone of the pine tree. Its origin is unknown, though conjectured to be American.

Pine•as´ter , n. See Pinaster. { Pine´-clad• , Pine´-crowned• } a. Clad or crowned with pine trees; as pine-clad hills.

Pine´drops , n. (Bot.) A reddish herb (Pterospora andromedea) of the United States, found parasitic on the roots of pine trees.

Pine´finch , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American bird (Spinus, or Chrysomitris, spinus); — called also pine siskin, and American siskin. (b) The pine grosbeak.

Pi•nen´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a tablet + -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Tabular parenchyma, a form of cellular tissue in which the cells are broad and flat, as in some kinds of epidermis.

Pin´er•y , n.; pl. Pineries . 1. A pine forest; a grove of pines. 2. A hothouse in which pineapples are grown.

Pine´sap , n. (Bot.) A reddish fleshy herb of the genus Monotropa (M. hypopitys), formerly thought to be parasitic on the roots of pine trees, but more probably saprophytic.

Pi•ne´tum , n. [L., a pine grove.] A plantation of pine trees; esp., a collection of living pine trees made for ornamental or scientific purposes.

Pine´weed , n. (Bot.) A low, bushy, nearly leafless herb (Hypericum Sarothra), common in sandy soil in the Eastern United States.

Pin´ey , a. See Piny.

Pin´ey, a. [Of East Indian origin.] A term used in designating an East Indian tree (the Vateria Indica or piney tree, of the order Dipterocarpeae, which grows in Malabar, etc.) or its products. Piney dammar, Piney resin, Piney varnish, a pellucid, fragrant, acrid, bitter resin, which exudes from the piney tree (Vateria Indica) when wounded. It is used as a varnish, in making candles, and as a substitute for incense and for amber. Called also liquid copal, and white dammar. — Piney tallow, a solid fatty substance, resembling tallow, obtained from the roasted seeds of the Vateria Indica; called also dupada oil. — Piney thistle (Bot.), a plant (Atractylis gummifera), from the bark of which, when wounded, a gummy substance exudes.

Pin´-eyed , a. (Bot.) Having the stigma visible at the throad of a gamopetalous corolla, while the stamens are concealed in the tube; — said of dimorphous flowers. The opposite of thrum-eyed.

Pin´feath•er , n. A feather not fully developed; esp., a rudimentary feather just emerging through the skin.

Pin´feath•ered , a. Having part, or all, of the feathers imperfectly developed.

Pin´fish , n. [So called from their sharp dorsal spines.] (Zoöl.) (a) The sailor’s choice (Diplodus, or Lagodon, rhomboides). (b) The salt-water bream (Diplodus Holbrooki). Both are excellent food fishes, common on the coast of the United States south of Cape Hatteras. The name is also applied to other allied species.

Pin´fold , n. [For pindfold. See Pinder, Pound an inclosure, and Fold an inclosure.] A place in which stray cattle or domestic animals are confined; a pound; a penfold. Shak. “A parish pinfold begirt by its high hedge.” Sir W. Scott.

Ping , n. [Probably of imitative origin.] The sound made by a bullet in striking a solid object or in passing through the air.

Ping, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pinged p. pr. & vb. n. Pinging.] To make the sound called ping.

Pin´gle , n. [Perhaps fr. pin to impound.] A small piece of inclosed ground. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ping´ster , n. See Pinkster.

Pin•guic´u•la , n. [NL., fr. L. pinguiculus somewhat fat, fattish.] (Bot.) See Butterwort.

Pin´guid , a. [L. pinguis fat.] Fat; unctuous; greasy. [Obs.] ´Some clays are more pinguid.´ Mortimer.

Pin•guid´i•nous , a. [L. pinguedo fatness, fr. pinguis fat.] Containing fat; fatty. [Obs.]

Pin´gui•tude , n. [L. pinguitudo, from pinguis fat.] Fatness; a growing fat; obesity. [R.]

Pin´hold , n. A place where a pin is fixed.

Pi´nic , a. [L. pinus pine.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to the pine; obtained from the pine; formerly, designating an acid which is the chief constituent of common resin, — now called abietic, or sylvic, acid.

Pin´ing , a. 1. Languishing; drooping; wasting away, as with longing. 2. Wasting; consuming. ´The pining malady of France.´ Shak.

Pin´ing•ly, adv. In a pining manner; droopingly. Poe.

Pin´ion , n. (Zoöl.) A moth of the genus Lithophane, as L. antennata, whose larva bores large holes in young peaches and apples.

Pin´ion, n. [OF. pignon a pen, F., gable, pinion (in sense 5); cf. Sp. piñon pinion; fr. L. pinna pinnacle, feather, wing. See Pin a peg, and cf. Pen a feather, Pennat, Pennon.] 1. A feather; a quill. Shak. 2. A wing, literal or figurative. “Swift on his sooty pinions flits the gnome.” Pope. 3. The joint of bird’s wing most remote from the body. Johnson. 4. A fetter for the arm. Ainsworth. 5. (Mech.) A cogwheel with a small number of teeth, or leaves, adapted to engage with a larger wheel, or rack (see Rack); esp., such a wheel having its leaves formed of the substance of the arbor or spindle which is its axis. Lantern pinion. See under Lantern. — Pinion wire, wire fluted longitudinally, for making the pinions of clocks and watches. It is formed by being drawn through holes of the shape required for the leaves or teeth of the pinions.

Pin´ion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinioned p. pr. & vb. n. Pinioning.] 1. To bind or confine the wings of; to confine by binding the wings. Bacon. 2. To disable by cutting off the pinion joint. Johnson. 3. To disable or restrain, as a person, by binding the arms, esp. by binding the arms to the body. Shak. “Her elbows pinioned close upon her hips.” Cowper. 4. Hence, generally, to confine; to bind; to tie up. ´Pinioned up by formal rules of state.´ Norris.

Pin´ioned , a. Having wings or pinions.

Pin´ion•ist, n. (Zoöl.) Any winged creature.

Pin´ite , n. [So called from Pini, a mine in Saxony.] (Min.) A compact granular cryptocrystalline mineral of a dull grayish or greenish white color. It is a hydrous alkaline silicate, and is derived from the alteration of other minerals, as iolite.

Pi´nite , n. [L. pinus the pine tree.] 1. (Paleon.) Any fossil wood which exhibits traces of having belonged to the Pine family. 2. (Chem.) A sweet white crystalline substance extracted from the gum of a species of pine (Pinus Lambertina). It is isomeric with, and resembles, quercite.

Pink , n. [D. pink.] (Naut.) A vessel with a very narrow stern; — called also pinky. Sir W. Scott. Pink stern (Naut.), a narrow stern.

Pink, v. i. [D. pinken, pinkoogen, to blink, twinkle with the eyes.] To wink; to blink. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Pink, a. Half-shut; winking. [Obs.] Shak.

Pink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinked p. pr. & vb. n. Pinking.] [OE. pinken to prick, probably a nasalized form of pick.] 1. To pierce with small holes; to cut the edge of, as cloth or paper, in small scallops or angles. 2. To stab; to pierce as with a sword. Addison. 3. To choose; to cull; to pick out. [Obs.] Herbert.

Pink, n. A stab. Grose.

Pink, n. [Perh. akin to pick; as if the edges of the petals were picked out. Cf. Pink, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of the caryophyllaceous genus Dianthus, and to their flowers, which are sometimes very fragrant and often double in cultivated varieties. The species are mostly perennial herbs, with opposite linear leaves, and handsome five-petaled flowers with a tubular calyx. 2. A color resulting from the combination of a pure vivid red with more or less white; — so called from the common color of the flower. Dryden. 3. Anything supremely excellent; the embodiment or perfection of something. ´The very pink of courtesy.´ Shak. 4. (Zoöl.) The European minnow; — so called from the color of its abdomen in summer. [Prov. Eng.] Bunch pink is Dianthus barbatus. — China, or Indian, pink. See under China. — Clove pink is Dianthus Caryophyllus, the stock from which carnations are derived. — Garden pink. See Pheasant’s eye. — Meadow pink is applied to Dianthus deltoides; also to the ragged robin. — Maiden pink, Dianthus deltoides. — Moss pink. See under Moss. — Pink needle, the pin grass; — so called from the long, tapering points of the carpels. See Alfilaria. — Sea pink. See Thrift.

Pink, a. Resembling the garden pink in color; of the color called pink (see 6th Pink, 2); as a pink dress; pink ribbons. Pink eye (Med.), a popular name for an epidemic variety of ophthalmia, associated with early and marked redness of the eyeball. — Pink salt (Chem. & Dyeing), the double chlorides of (stannic) tin and ammonium, formerly much used as a mordant for madder and cochineal. — Pink saucer, a small saucer, the inner surface of which is covered with a pink pigment.

Pinked , a. Pierced with small holes; worked in eyelets; scalloped on the edge. Shak.

Pink´-eyed , a. [Pink half- shut + eye.] Having small eyes. Holland.

Pink´ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or stabbing. 2. The act or method of decorating fabrics or garments with a pinking iron; also the style of decoration; scallops made with a pinking iron. Pinking iron. (a) An instrument for scalloping the edges of ribbons, flounces, etc. (b) A sword. [Colloq.]

Pink´ish, a. Somewhat pink.

Pink´ness , n. Quality or state of being pink.

Pink´root , n. 1. (Med.) The root of Spigelia Marilandica, used as a powerful vermifuge; also that of S. Anthelmia. See definition 2 (below). 2. (Bot.) (a) A perennial North American herb (Spigelia Marilandica), sometimes cultivated for its showy red blossoms. Called also Carolina pink, Maryland pinkroot, and worm grass. (b) An annual South American and West Indian plant (Spigelia Anthelmia).

Pink´ster , n. [D. pinkster, pinksteren, fr. Gr. . See Pentecost.] Whitsuntide. [Written also pingster and pinxter.] Pinkster flower (Bot.), the rosy flower of the Azalea nudiflora; also the shrub itself; — called also Pinxter blomachee by the New York descendants of the Dutch settlers.

Pink´ stern [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) See Chebacco, and 1st Pink.

Pink´-sterned , a. [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) Having a very narrow stern; — said of a vessel.

Pink´y , n. (Naut.) See 1st Pink.

Pin´na , n.; pl. Pinnae (#), E. Pinnas (#). [L., a feather.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A leaflet of a pinnate leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate. (b) One of the primary divisions of a decompound leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of a pinnate part or organ. 3. [L. pinna, akin to Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Any species of Pinna, a genus of large bivalve mollusks found in all warm seas. The byssus consists of a large number of long, silky fibers, which have been used in manufacturing woven fabrics, as a curiosity. 4. (Anat.) The auricle of the ear. See Ear.

Pin´nace , n. [F. pinasse; cf. It. pinassa, pinazza, Sp. pinaza; all from L. pinus a pine tree, anything made of pine, e.g., a ship. Cf. Pine a tree.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A small vessel propelled by sails or oars, formerly employed as a tender, or for coast defence; — called originally, spynace or spyne. (b) A man-of-war’s boat. “Whilst our pinnace anchors in the Downs.” Shak. 2. A procuress; a pimp. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Pin´na•cle , n. [OE. pinacle, F. pinacle, L. pinnaculum, fr. pinna pinnacle, feather. See Pin a peg.] 1. (Arch.) An architectural member, upright, and generally ending in a small spire, — used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as where pinnacles flank a gable or spire, and the like. Pinnacles may be considered primarily as added weight, where it is necessary to resist the thrust of an arch, etc. “Some renowned metropolis
With glistering spires and pinnacles around.” Milton. 2. Anything resembling a pinnacle; a lofty peak; a pointed summit. “Three silent pinnacles of aged snow.” Tennyson. “The slippery tops of human state,
The gilded pinnacles of fate.” Cowley.

Pin´na•cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinnacled p. pr. & vb. n. Pinnacling ] To build or furnish with a pinnacle or pinnacles. T. Warton.

Pin´nage , n. [Cf. Pinfold.] Poundage of cattle. See Pound. [Obs.] { Pin´nate , Pin´na•ted } a. [L. pinnatus feathered, fr. pinna a feather. See Pin a peg, Pen feather.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of several leaflets, or separate portions, arranged on each side of a common petiole, as the leaves of a rosebush, a hickory, or an ash. See Abruptly pinnate, and Illust., under Abruptly. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a winglike tuft of long feathers on each side of the neck. Pinnated grouse (Zoöl.), the prairie chicken.

Pin´nate•ly , adv. In a pinnate manner.

Pin•nat´i•fid , a. [L. pinnatus feathered + root of findere to split: cf. F. pinnatifide.] (Bot.) Divided in a pinnate manner, with the divisions not reaching to the midrib.

Pin•nat•i•lo´bate , a. [See Pinnate, and Lobate.] (Bot.) Having lobes arranged in a pinnate manner.

Pin•nat´i•ped , a. [L. pinnatus feathered + pes, pedis foot: cf. F. pinnatipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the toes bordered by membranes; fin-footed, as certain birds.

Pin•nat´i•ped, n. (Zoöl.) Any bird which has the toes bordered by membranes.

Pin´ner , n. 1. One who, or that which, pins or fastens, as with pins. 2. (Costume) (a) A headdress like a cap, with long lappets. (b) An apron with a bib; a pinafore. (c) A cloth band for a gown. [Obs.] “With kerchief starched, and pinners clean.” Gay. 3. A pin maker.

Pin´ner, n. [See Pin to pound.] One who pins or impounds cattle. See Pin, v. t. [Obs.]

Pin´net , n. A pinnacle. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Pin´ni•form , a. [L. pinna feather, fin + -form.] Shaped like a fin or feather. Sir J. Hill.

Pin•ni•gra´da , n. pl. [NL., fr. pinna a feather + gradi to walk, move.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pinnipedia.

Pin´ni•grade , n. (Zoöl.) An animal of the seal tribe, moving by short feet that serve as paddles.

Pin´ni•ped , n. [L. pinna feather, fin + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. pinnipède.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the Pinnipedia; a seal. (b) One of the Pinnipedes.

Pin•nip´e•des , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Steganopodes.

Pin•ni•pe´di•a , n. pl. [NL. So called because their webbed feet are used as paddles or fins.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of aquatic carnivorous mammals including the seals and walruses; — opposed to Fissipedia.

Pin´nock , n. [Of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) (a) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The tomtit.

Pin´no•there , n. [Gr. a pinna + an animal.] (Zoöl.) A crab of the genus pinnotheres. See Oyster crab, under Oyster.

Pin´nu•la , n.; pl. Pinnulae (#). [L.] Same as Pinnule.

Pin´nu•late , a. [See Pinnule.] (Bot.) Having each pinna subdivided; — said of a leaf, or of its pinnae.

Pin´nu•la•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Having pinnules.

Pin´nule , n. [L. pinnula, dim. of pinna feather: cf. F. pinnule.] 1. (Bot.) One of the small divisions of a decompound frond or leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of a series of small, slender organs, or parts, when arranged in rows so as to have a plumelike appearance; as a pinnule of a gorgonia; the pinnules of a crinoid.

Pin´ny•win•kles , n. pl. An instrument of torture, consisting of a board with holes into which the fingers were pressed, and fastened with pegs. [Written also pilliewinkles.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Pin´o•cle , n. See Penuchle.

Pi•nole´ , n. 1. An aromatic powder used in Italy in the manufacture of chocolate. 2. Parched maize, ground, and mixed with sugar, etc. Mixed with water, it makes a nutritious beverage.

Piñ´on , n. [Sp. piñon.] (Bot.) (a) The edible seed of several species of pine; also the tree producing such seeds, as Pinus Pinea of Southern Europe, and P. Parryana, cembroides, edulis, and monophylla, the nut pines of Western North America. (b) See Monkey’s puzzle. [Written also pignon.]

Pin´patch , n. (Zoöl.) The common English periwinkle. [Prov. Eng.]

Pint , n. [OE. pinte, F. pinte, fr. Sp. pinta spot, mark, pint, fr. pintar to paint; a mark for a pint prob. having been made on or in a larger measure. See Paint.] A measure of capacity, equal to half a quart, or four gills, — used in liquid and dry measures. See Quart.

Pint, n. (Zoöl.) The laughing gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Pin•ta´do , n.; pl. Pintados (#). [Sp., painted, fr. pintar to paint.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Numida. Several species are found in Africa. The common pintado, or Guinea fowl, the helmeted, and the crested pintados, are the best known. See Guinea fowl, under Guinea.

Pin´tail , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A northern duck (Dafila acuta), native of both continents. The adult male has a long, tapering tail. Called also gray duck, piketail, piket-tail, spike- tail, split-tail, springtail, sea pheasant, and gray widgeon. 2. (Zoöl.) The sharp-tailed grouse of the great plains and Rocky Mountains (Pediocaetes phasianellus); — called also pintailed grouse, pintailed chicken, springtail, and sharptail.

Pin´-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having a tapered tail, with the middle feathers longest; — said of birds.

Pin´tle , n. [A diminutive of Pin.] 1. A little pin. 2. (Mech.) An upright pivot pin; as: (a) The pivot pin of a hinge. (b) A hook or pin on which a rudder hangs and turns. (c) A pivot about which the chassis swings, in some kinds of gun carriages. (d) A kingbolt of a wagon.

Pin´tos , n. pl.; sing. Pinto . [Sp., painted, mottled.] (Eyhnol.) A mountain tribe of Mexican Indians living near Acapulco. They are remarkable for having the dark skin of the face irregularly spotted with white. Called also speckled Indians.

Pin´ule , n. [Cf. Pinnule.] (Astron.) One of the sights of an astrolabe. [Obs.]

Pi´nus , n. [L., a pine tree.] (Bot.) A large genus of evergreen coniferous trees, mostly found in the northern hemisphere. The genus formerly included the firs, spruces, larches, and hemlocks, but is now limited to those trees which have the primary leaves of the branchlets reduced to mere scales, and the secondary ones (pine needles) acicular, and usually in fascicles of two to seven. See Pine.

Pin´weed , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Lechea, low North American herbs with branching stems, and very small and abundant leaves and flowers.

Pin´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A small nematoid worm (Oxyurus vermicularis), which is parasitic chiefly in the rectum of man. It is most common in children and aged persons.

Pinx´it [L., perfect indicative 3d sing. of pingere to paint.] A word appended to the artist’s name or initials on a painting, or engraved copy of a painting; as Rubens pinxit, Rubens painted (this).

Pinx´ter , n. See Pinkster.

Pin´y , a. Abounding with pines. [Written also piney.] ´The piny wood.´ Longfellow.

Pi´o•ned , a. A Shakespearean word of disputed meaning; perh., ´abounding in marsh marigolds.´ “Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims.” Shak.

Pi•o•neer´ , n. [F. pionier, orig., a foot soldier, OF. peonier, fr. OF. peon a foot soldier, F. pion. See Pawn in chess.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier detailed or employed to form roads, dig trenches, and make bridges, as an army advances. 2. One who goes before, as into the wilderness, preparing the way for others to follow; as pioneers of civilization; pioneers of reform.

Pi•o•neer´, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pioneered p. pr. & vb. n. Pioneering.] To go before, and prepare or open a way for; to act as pioneer.

Pi•o•ner´ , n. A pioneer. [Obs.] Shak.

Pi´o•ny , n. (Bot.) See Peony.

Pi´ot , n. [See Piet.] (Zoöl.) The magpie. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Holland.

Pi´ous , a. [L. pius: cf. F. pieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to piety; exhibiting piety; reverential; dutiful; religious; devout; godly. ´Pious hearts.´ Milton. ´Pious poetry.´ Johnson. “Where was the martial brother’s pious care?” Pope. 2. Practiced under the pretext of religion; prompted by mistaken piety; as pious errors; pious frauds. Syn. — Godly; devout; religious; righteous.

Pi´ous•ly, adv. In a pious manner.

Pip , n. [OE. pippe, D. pip, or F. pepie; from LL. pipita, fr. L. pituita slime, phlegm, rheum, in fowls, the pip. Cf. Pituite.] A contagious disease of fowls, characterized by hoarseness, discharge from the nostrils and eyes, and an accumulation of mucus in the mouth, forming a ´scale´ on the tongue. By some the term pip is restricted to this last symptom, the disease being called roup by them.

Pip, n. [Formerly pippin, pepin. Cf. Pippin.] (Bot.) A seed, as of an apple or orange.

Pip, n. [Perh. for pick, F. pique a spade at cards, a pike. Cf. Pique.] One of the conventional figures or ´spots´ on playing cards, dominoes, etc. Addison.

Pip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pipped p. pr. & vb. n. Pipping.] [See Peep.] To cry or chirp, as a chicken; to peep. “To hear the chick pip and cry in the egg.” Boyle.

Pi•pa , n.; pl. Pipas . (Zoöl.) The Surinam toad (Pipa Americana), noted for its peculiar breeding habits. The male places the eggs on the back of the female, where they soon become inclosed in capsules formed by the thickening of the skin. The incubation of the eggs takes place in the capsules, and the young, when hatched, come forth with well developed legs.

Pip´age , n. Transportation, as of petroleum oil, by means of a pipe conduit; also the charge for such transportation.

Pi´pal tree Same as Peepul tree.

Pipe , n. [AS. pipe, probably fr. L. pipare, pipire, to chirp; of imitative origin. Cf. Peep, Pibroch, Fife.] 1. A wind instrument of music, consisting of a tube or tubes of straw, reed, wood, or metal; any tube which produces musical sounds; as a shepherd’s pipe; the pipe of an organ. ´Tunable as sylvan pipe.´ Milton. “Now had he rather hear the tabor and the pipe.” Shak. 2. Any long tube or hollow body of wood, metal, earthenware, or the like: especially, one used as a conductor of water, steam, gas etc. 3. A small bowl with a hollow steam, — used in smoking tobacco, and, sometimes, other substances. 4. A passageway for the air in speaking and breathing; the windpipe, or one of its divisions. 5. The key or sound of the voice. [R.] Shak. 6. The peeping whistle, call, or note of a bird. “The earliest pipe of half-awakened birds.” Tennyson. 7. pl. The bagpipe; as the pipes of Lucknow. 8. (Mining) An elongated body or vein of ore. 9. A roll formerly used in the English exchequer, otherwise called the Great Roll, on which were taken down the accounts of debts to the king; — so called because put together like a pipe. Mozley & W. 10. (Naut.) A boatswain’s whistle, used to call the crew to their duties; also the sound of it. 11. [Cf. F. pipe, fr. pipe a wind instrument, a tube, fr. L. pipare to chirp. See Etymol. above.] A cask usually containing two hogsheads, or 126 wine gallons; also the quantity which it contains. Pipe fitter, one who fits pipes together, or applies pipes, as to an engine or a building. — Pipe fitting, a piece, as a coupling, an elbow, a valve, etc., used for connecting lengths of pipe or as accessory to a pipe. — Pipe office, an ancient office in the Court of Exchequer, in which the clerk of the pipe made out leases of crown lands, accounts of cheriffs, etc. [Eng.] — Pipe tree (Bot.), the lilac and the mock orange; — so called because their were formerly used to make pipe stems; — called also pipe privet. — Pipe wrench, or Pipetongs, a jawed tool for gripping a pipe, in turning or holding it. — To smoke the pipe of peace, to smoke from the same pipe in token of amity or preparatory to making a treaty of peace, — a custom of the American Indians.

Pipe, v. i. 1. To play on a pipe, fife, flute, or other tubular wind instrument of music. “We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced.” Matt. xi. 17. 2. (Naut.) To call, convey orders, etc., by means of signals on a pipe or whistle carried by a boatswain. 3. To emit or have a shrill sound like that of a pipe; to whistle. ´Oft in the piping shrouds.´ Wordsworth. 4. (Metal.) To become hollow in the process of solodifying; — said of an ingot, as of steel.

Pipe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piped p. pr. & vb. n. Piping.] 1. To perform, as a tune, by playing on a pipe, flute, fife, etc.; to utter in the shrill tone of a pipe. “A robin … was piping a few querulous notes.” W. Irving. 2. (Naut.) To call or direct, as a crew, by the boatswain’s whistle. “As fine a ship’s company as was ever piped aloft.” Marryat. 3. To furnish or equip with pipes; as to pipe an engine, or a building.

Pipe´ clay (kla•). A plastic, unctuous clay of a grayish white color, — used in making tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthenware, in scouring cloth, and in cleansing soldiers’ equipments.

Pipe´clay, v. t. 1. To whiten or clean with pipe clay, as a soldier’s accouterments. 2. To clear off; as to pipeclay accounts. [Slang, Eng.]

Piped , a. Formed with a pipe; having pipe or pipes; tubular.

Pipe´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any lophobranch fish of the genus Siphostoma, or Syngnathus, and allied genera, having a long and very slender angular body, covered with bony plates. The mouth is small, at the end of a long, tubular snout. The male has a pouch on his belly, in which the incubation of the eggs takes place.

Pipe´lay•er n. or Pipe´ lay•er. 1. One who lays conducting pipes in the ground as for water gas etc. 2. (Polit. Cant) A politician who works in secret — in this sense usually written as one word. [U.S.]

Pipe´lay•ing, n., or Pipe´ lay•ing. 1. The laying of conducting pipes underground, as for water, gas etc. 2. (Polit. Cant) The act or method of making combinations for personal advantage secretly or slyly — in this sense usually written as one word. [U.S.]

Pipe´mouth , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Fistularia; — called also tobacco pipefish. See Fistularia.

Pi´per , n. [L.] See Pepper.

Pip´er , n. 1. (Mus.) One who plays on a pipe, or the like, esp. on a bagpipe. ´The hereditary piper and his sons.´ Macaulay. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gurnard (Trigla lyra), having a large head, with prominent nasal projection, and with large, sharp, opercular spines. (b) A sea urchin (Goniocidaris hystrix) having very long spines, native of both the American and European coasts. To pay the piper, to bear the cost, expense, or trouble.

Pip•er•a´ceous , a. [L. piper pepper.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the order of plants (Piperaceae) of which the pepper (Piper nigrum) is the type. There are about a dozen genera and a thousand species, mostly tropical plants with pungent and aromatic qualities.

Pi•per´ic (pi•per´ik), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, a complex organic acid found in the products of different members of the Pepper family, and extracted as a yellowish crystalline substance.

Pip´er•idge , n. (Bot.) Same as Pepperidge.

Pi•per´i•dine , n. (Chem.) An oily liquid alkaloid, C5H11N, having a hot, peppery, ammoniacal odor. It is related to pyridine, and is obtained by the decomposition of piperine.

Pip´er•ine , n. [L. piper pepper: cf. F. piperin, piperine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline compound of piperidine and piperic acid. It is obtained from the black pepper (Piper nigrum) and other species.

Pip•er•o´nal , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by oxidation of piperic acid, and regarded as a complex aldehyde.

Pi•per´y•lene , n. [Piperidine + acetylene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon obtained by decomposition of certain piperidine derivatives.

Pipe´stem , n. The hollow stem or tube of a pipe used for smoking tobacco, etc. “Took a long reed for a pipestem.” Longfellow.

Pipe´stone , n. A kind of clay slate, carved by the Indians into tobacco pipes. Cf. Catlinite.

Pi•pette´ , n. [F., dim. of pipe.] A small glass tube, often with an enlargement or bulb in the middle, and usually graduated, — used for transferring or delivering measured quantities.

Pipe´vine , n. (Bot.) The Dutchman’s pipe. See under Dutchman.

Pipe´wort , n. (Bot.) Any plant of a genus (Eriocaulon) of aquatic or marsh herbs with soft grass-like leaves.

Pip´ing (pip´ing), a. [From Pipe, v.] 1. Playing on a musical pipe. ´Lowing herds and piping swains.´ Swift. 2. Peaceful; favorable to, or characterized by, the music of the pipe rather than of the drum and fife. Shak. 3. Emitting a high, shrill sound. 4. Simmering; boiling; sizzling; hissing; — from the sound of boiling fluids. Piping crow, Piping crow shrike, Piping roller (Zoöl.), any Australian bird of the genus Gymnorhina, esp. G. tibicen, which is black and white, and the size of a small crow. Called also caruck. — Piping frog (Zoöl.), a small American tree frog (Hyla Pickeringii) which utters a high, shrill note in early spring. — Piping hot, boiling hot; hissing hot; very hot. [Colloq.] Milton.

Pip´ing, n. 1. A small cord covered with cloth, — used as trimming for women’s dresses. 2. Pipes, collectively; as the piping of a house. 3. The act of playing on a pipe; the shrill noted of birds, etc. 4. A piece cut off to be set or planted; a cutting; also propagation by cuttings. { Pi•pis´trel , Pip•i•strelle´ } n. [F. pipistrelle, It. pipistrello.] (Zoöl.) A small European bat (Vesperugo pipistrellus); — called also flittermouse.

Pip´it , n. [So named from its call note.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small singing birds belonging to Anthus and allied genera, of the family Motacillidae. They strongly resemble the true larks in habits, colors, and the great length of the hind claw. They are, therefore, often called titlarks, and pipit larks. The meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis); the tree pipit, or tree lark (A. trivialis); and the rock pipit, or sea lark (A. obscurus) are well-known European species. The common American pipit, or brown lark, is Anthus Pensilvanicus. The Western species (A. Spraguei) is called the American skylark, on account of its musical powers.

Pip´kin, n.[Dim. of Pipe.] A small earthen boiler.

Pip´pin , n. [Probably fr. OE. pippin a seed, as being raised from the seed. See Pip a seed.] (Bot.) (a) An apple from a tree raised from the seed and not grafted; a seedling apple. (b) A name given to apples of several different kinds, as Newtown pippin, summer pippin, fall pippin, golden pippin. “We will eat a last year’s pippin.” Shak. Normandy pippins, sun-dried apples for winter use.

Pip´pul tree Same as Peepul tree.

Pi´pra , n.; pl. Pipras (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small clamatorial birds belonging to Pipra and allied genera, of the family Pipridae. The male is usually glossy black, varied with scarlet, yellow, or sky blue. They chiefly inhabit South America.

Pi´prine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the pipras or the family Pipridae.

Pip•sis´se•wa , n. [From American Indian.] (Bot.) A low evergreen plant (Chimaphila umbellata), with narrow, wedge-lanceolate leaves, and an umbel of pretty nodding fragrant blossoms. It has been used in nephritic diseases. Called also prince’s pine.

Pip´y , a. Like a pipe; hollow- stemmed. Keats.

Pi´quan•cy , n. [See Piquant.] The quality or state of being piquant.

Pi´quant , a. [F., p. pr. of piquer to prick or sting. See Pike.] Stimulating to the taste; giving zest; tart; sharp; pungent; as a piquant anecdote. ´As piquant to the tongue as salt.´ Addison. ´Piquant railleries.´ Gov. of Tongue.

Pi´quant•ly, adv. In a piquant manner.

Pi•que´ , n. [F., p. p. of piquer to prick.] A cotton fabric, figured in the loom, — used as a dress goods for women and children, and for vestings, etc.

Pique , n. (Zoöl.) The jigger. See Jigger.

Pique , n. [F., fr. piquer. See Pike.] 1. A feeling of hurt, vexation, or resentment, awakened by a social slight or injury; irritation of the feelings, as through wounded pride; stinging vexation. “Men take up piques and displeasures.” Dr. H. More. “Wars had arisen … upon a personal pique.” De Quincey. 2. Keenly felt desire; a longing. “Though it have the pique, and long,
’Tis still for something in the wrong.” Hudibras. 3. (Card Playing) In piquet, the right of the elder hand to count thirty in hand, or to play before the adversary counts one. Syn. — Displeasure; irritation; grudge; spite. Pique, Spite, Grudge. Pique denotes a quick and often transient sense of resentment for some supposed neglect or injury, but it is not marked by malevolence. Spite is a stronger term, denoting settled ill will or malice, with a desire to injure, as the result of extreme irritation. Grudge goes still further, denoting cherished and secret enmity, with an unforgiving spirit. A pique is usually of recent date; a grudge is that which has long subsisted; spite implies a disposition to cross or vex others.

Pique, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piqued p. pr. & vb. n. Piquing ] [F. piquer. See Pike.] 1. To wound the pride of; to sting; to nettle; to irritate; to fret; to offend; to excite to anger. “Pique her, and soothe in turn.” Byron. 2. To excite to action by causing resentment or jealousy; to stimulate; to prick; as to pique ambition, or curiosity. Prior. 3. To pride or value; — used reflexively. “Men … pique themselves upon their skill.” Locke. Syn. — To offend; displease; irritate; provoke; fret; nettle; sting; goad; stimulate.

Pique, v. i. To cause annoyance or irritation. ´Every erse hath something in it that piques.´ Tatler.

Pi•queer´ , v. i. See Pickeer. [R.]

Pi•queer´er , n. See Pickeerer. [R.]

Piqu´et , n. See Picket. [R.]

Pi•quet´ , n. [F., prob. fr. pique. See Pique, Pike, and Picket.] A game at cards played between two persons, with thirty-two cards, all the deuces, threes, fours, fives, and sixes, being set aside. [Written also picket and picquet.]

Pi´ra•cy , n.; pl. Piracies (#). [Cf. LL. piratia, Gr. . See Pirate.] 1. The act or crime of a pirate. 2. (Common Law) Robbery on the high seas; the taking of property from others on the open sea by open violence; without lawful authority, and with intent to steal; — a crime answering to robbery on land. By statute law several other offenses committed on the seas (as trading with known pirates, or engaging in the slave trade) have been made piracy. 3. ´Sometimes used, in a quasi- figurative sense, of violation of copyright; but for this, infringement is the correct and preferable term.´ Abbott.

Pi•ra´gua , n. See Pirogue.

Pi•rai´ , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Piraya.

Pi•ram´e•ter , n. [Gr. trial + -meter.] A dynamometer for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads.

Pi•ra•ru´cu , n. [From the native South American name.] (Zoöl.) Same as Arapaima.

Pi´rate , n. [L. pirata, Gr. , fr. to attempt, undertake, from making attempts or attacks on ships, an attempt, trial; akin to E. peril: cf. F. pirate. See Peril.] 1. A robber on the high seas; one who by open violence takes the property of another on the high seas; especially, one who makes it his business to cruise for robbery or plunder; a freebooter on the seas; also one who steals in a harbor. 2. An armed ship or vessel which sails without a legal commission, for the purpose of plundering other vessels on the high seas. 3. One who infringes the law of copyright, or publishes the work of an author without permission. Pirate perch (Zoöl.), a fresh- water percoid fish of the United States (Aphredoderus Sayanus). It is of a dark olive color, speckled with blackish spots.

Pi´rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirated p. pr. & vb. n. Pirating.] [Cf. F. pirater.] To play the pirate; to practice robbery on the high seas.

Pi´rate, v. t. To publish, as books or writings, without the permission of the author. “They advertised they would pirate his edition.” Pope.

Pi•rat´ic , a. Piratical.

Pi•rat´ic•al , a. [L. piraticus, Gr. : cf. F. piratique.] Of or pertaining to a pirate; acquired by, or practicing, piracy; as a piratical undertaking. ´Piratical printers.´ Pope. — Pi•rat´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pi•ra´ya , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A large voracious fresh-water fish (Serrasalmo piraya) of South America, having lancet-shaped teeth.

Pir´ie , n. (Naut.) See Pirry.

Pir´ie, n. [See Pear.] (Bot.) A pear tree. [Written also pery, pyrie.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pi•ri•ri´gua , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American bird (Guira guira) allied to the cuckoos.

Pirl , v. t. [Cf. Purl.] 1. To spin, as a top. 2. To twist or twine, as hair in making fishing lines.

Pirn , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A quill or reed on which thread or yarn is wound; a bobbin; also the wound yarn on a weaver’s shuttle; also the reel of a fishing rod. [Scot.]

Pi•rogue´ , n. [Originally an American Indian word: cf. F. pirogue, Sp. piroga, piragua.] A dugout canoe; by extension, any small boat. [Written variously periauger, perogue, piragua, periagua, etc.]

Pir•ou•ette´ , n. [F.; of uncertain origin.] 1. A whirling or turning on the toes in dancing. 2. (Man.) The whirling about of a horse.

Pir•ou•ette´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirouetted p. pr. & vb. n. Pirouetting.] [F. pirouetter.] To perform a pirouette; to whirl, like a dancer. { Pir´ry , Pir´rie } , n. [Cf. Scot. pirr a gentle breeze, Icel. byrr a prosperous wind, bylr a blast of wind.] A rough gale of wind. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Pis•as•phal´tum , n. See Pissasphalt.

Pi´say , n. (Arch.) See Pise.

Pis´ca•ry , n. [L. piscarius relating to fishes or to fishing, fr. piscis a fish.] (Law) The right or privilege of fishing in another man’s waters. Blackstone.

Pis•ca´tion , n. [L. piscatio, fr. piscari to fish.] Fishing; fishery. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pis•ca´tor , n. [L.] A fisherman; an angler. { Pis•ca•to´ri•al , Pis´ca•to•ry } a. [L. piscatorius, fr. piscator a fisherman, fr. piscari to fish, fr. piscis a fish. See Fish the animal.] Of or pertaining to fishes or fishing. Addison.

Pis´ces , n. pl. [L. piscis a fish.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The twelfth sign of the zodiac, marked &pisces; in almanacs. (b) A zodiacal constellation, including the first point of Aries, which is the vernal equinoctial point; the Fish. 2. (Zoöl.) The class of Vertebrata that includes the fishes. The principal divisions are Elasmobranchii, Ganoidei, and Teleostei.

Pis´ci•cap•ture , n. Capture of fishes, as by angling. [R.] W. H. Russell.

Pis•ci•cul´tur•al , a. Relating to pisciculture.

Pis•ci•cul´ture , n. [L. piscis a fish + E. culture.] Fish culture. See under Fish.

Pis•ci•cul´tur•ist, n. One who breeds fish.

Pis´ci•form , a. [L. piscis fish + -form.] Having the form of a fish; resembling a fish.

Pis•ci´na , n. [L., a certain, fishpond, fr. piscis a fish.] (Arch.) A niche near the altar in a church, containing a small basin for rinsing altar vessels.

Pis´ci•nal , a. [L. piscinalis: cf. F. piscinal.] Belonging to a fishpond or a piscina.

Pis´cine , a. [L. piscis a fish.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a fish or fishes; as piscine remains.

Pis•civ´o•rous , a. [L. piscis a fish + vorare to devour: cf. F. piscivore.] (Zoöl.) Feeding or subsisting on fish.

Pi•se´ , n. [F. pise, from piser to stamp, pound, L. pisare.] (Arch.) A species of wall made of stiff earth or clay rammed in between molds which are carried up as the wall rises; — called also pise work. Gwilt.

Pish , interj. An exclamation of contempt.

Pish , v. i. To express contempt. Pope.

Pi´shu , n. (Zoöl.) The Canada lynx. [Written also peeshoo.]

Pi´si•form , a. [L. pisum a pea + -form: cf. F. pisiforme.] Resembling a pea or peas in size and shape; as a pisiform iron ore.

Pi´si•form, n. (Anat.) A small bone on the ulnar side of the carpus in man and many mammals. See Illust. of Artiodactyla.

Pis´mire , n. [Piss + mire; so called because it discharges a moisture vulgarly considered urine. See Mire an ant.] (Zoöl.) An ant, or emmet.

Pi´so•lite , n. [Gr. a pea + - lite: cf. F. pisolithe.] (Min.) A variety of calcite, or calcium carbonate, consisting of aggregated globular concretions about the size of a pea; — called also peastone, peagrit. Oölite is similar in structure, but the concretions are as small as the roe of a fish.

Pi•so•lit´ic , a. [Cf. F. pisolithique.] (Min.) Composed of, containing, or resembling, pisolite.

Pis´o•phalt , n. [For pissasphalt.] (Min.) Pissasphalt. [Obs.]

Piss , v. t. & i. [OE. pissen, F. pisser; akin to It. pisciare, D. & G. pissen, Dan. pisse, Icel. pissa.] To discharge urine, to urinate. Shak.

Piss, n. Urine.

Piss´a•bed , n. (Bot.) A name locally applied to various wild plants, as dandelion, bluet, oxeye daisy, etc.

Pis´sas•phalt , n. [L. pissasphaltus, Gr. ; pitch + asphalt: cf. F. pissasphalte.] (Min.) Earth pitch; a soft, black bitumen of the consistence of tar, and of a strong smell. It is inflammable, and intermediate between petroleum and asphalt. [Written also pisasphaltum, pisasphalt, etc.]

Pist , n. (Man.) See Piste.

Pis•ta´chio , n. [It. pistacchio (cf. Sp. pistacho, F. pistache), fr. L. pistacium, Gr. , , fr. Per. pistah. Cf. Fistinut.] (Bot.) The nut of the Pistacia vera, a tree of the order Anacardiaceae, containing a kernel of a pale greenish color, which has a pleasant taste, resembling that of the almond, and yields an oil of agreeable taste and odor; — called also pistachio nut. It is wholesome and nutritive. The tree grows in Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Sicily. [Written also pistachia.]

Pis•ta´ci•a , n. [NL. See Pistachio.] (Bot.) The name of a genus of trees, including the tree which bears the pistachio, the Mediterranean mastic tree (Pistacia Lentiscus), and the species (P. Terebinthus) which yields Chian or Cyprus turpentine.

Pis´ta•cite , n. [Cf. F. pistacite. So called from its green color. See Pistachio.] (Min.) Epidote.

Pis•ta•reen´ , n. An old Spanish silver coin of the value of about twenty cents.

Pis´ta•zite , n. (Min.) Same as Pistacite.

Piste , n. [F., fr. L. pisere, pinsere, pistum, to pound.] (Min.) The track or tread a horseman makes upon the ground he goes over. Johnson. { Pis´tel , Pis´til }, n. An epistle. [Obs.]

Pis´tic , a. [L. pisticus, Gr. .] Pure; genuine. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Pis´til , n. [L. pistillum, pistillus, a pestle: cf. F. pistil. See Pestle.] (Bot.) The seed-bearing organ of a flower. It consists of an ovary, containing the ovules or rudimentary seeds, and a stigma, which is commonly raised on an elongated portion called a style. When composed of one carpel a pistil is simple; when composed of several, it is compound. See Illust. of Flower, and Ovary.

Pis•til•la´ceous , a. (Bot.) Growing on, or having nature of, the pistil; of or pertaining to a pistil. Barton.

Pis´til•late , a. (Bot.) Having a pistil or pistils; — usually said of flowers having pistils but no stamens.

Pis•til•la´tion , n. [L. pistillum a pestle.] The act of pounding or breaking in a mortar; pestillation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pis•til•lid´i•um , n.; pl. Pistillida (#). [NL., fr. E. pistil.] (Bot.) Same as Archegonium.

Pis•til•lif´er•ous , a. [Pistil + -ferous: cf. F. pistillifère.] (Bot.) Pistillate.

Pis´til•lo•dy , n. [Pistil + Gr. form.] (Bot.) The metamorphosis of other organs into pistils.

Pis´tol , n. [F. pistole, pistolet, It. pistola; prob. from a form Pistola, for Pistoja, a town in Italy where pistols were first made. Cf. Pistole.] The smallest firearm used, intended to be fired from one hand, — now of many patterns, and bearing a great variety of names. See Illust. of Revolver. Pistol carbine, a firearm with a removable but-piece, and thus capable of being used either as a pistol or a carbine. — Pistol pipe (Metal.), a pipe in which the blast for a furnace is heated, resembling a pistol in form. — Pistol shot. (a) The discharge of a pistol. (b) The distance to which a pistol can propel a ball.

Pis´tol, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pistoled p. pr. & vb. n. Pistoling.] [Cf. F. pistoler.] To shoot with a pistol. ´To pistol a poacher.´ Sydney Smith.

Pis´to•lade , n. [F.] A pistol shot.

Pis•tole´ , n. [F., probably a name given in jest in France to a Spanish coin. Cf. Pistol.] The name of certain gold coins of various values formerly coined in some countries of Europe. In Spain it was equivalent to a quarter doubloon, or about $3.90, and in Germany and Italy nearly the same. There was an old Italian pistole worth about $5.40.

Pis•to•leer´ , n. [Cf. F. pistolier.] One who uses a pistol. [R.] Carlyle.

Pis´to•let , n. [F., a dim. of pistole.] A small pistol. Donne. Beau. & Fl.

Pis´ton , n. [F. piston; cf. It. pistone piston, also pestone a large pestle; all fr. L. pinsere, pistum, to pound, to stamp. See Pestle, Pistil.] (Mach.) A sliding piece which either is moved by, or moves against, fluid pressure. It usually consists of a short cylinder fitting within a cylindrical vessel along which it moves, back and forth. It is used in steam engines to receive motion from the steam, and in pumps to transmit motion to a fluid; also for other purposes. Piston head (Steam Eng.), that part of a piston which is made fast to the piston rod. — Piston rod, a rod by which a piston is moved, or by which it communicates motion. — Piston valve (Steam Eng.), a slide valve, consisting of a piston, or connected pistons, working in a cylindrical case which is provided with ports that are traversed by the valve.

Pit , n. [OE. pit, put, AS. pytt a pit, hole, L. puteus a well, pit.] 1. A large cavity or hole in the ground, either natural or artificial; a cavity in the surface of a body; an indentation; specifically: (a) The shaft of a coal mine; a coal pit. (b) A large hole in the ground from which material is dug or quarried; as a stone pit; a gravel pit; or in which material is made by burning; as a lime pit; a charcoal pit. (c) A vat sunk in the ground; as a tan pit. “Tumble me into some loathsome pit.” Shak. 2. Any abyss; especially, the grave, or hades. “Back to the infernal pit I drag thee chained.” Milton. “He keepth back his soul from the pit.” Job xxxiii. 18. 3. A covered deep hole for entrapping wild beasts; a pitfall; hence, a trap; a snare. Also used figuratively. “The anointed of the Lord was taken in their pits.” Lam. iv. 20. 4. A depression or hollow in the surface of the human body; as: (a) The hollow place under the shoulder or arm; the axilla, or armpit. (b) See Pit of the stomach (below). (c) The indentation or mark left by a pustule, as in smallpox. 5. Formerly, that part of a theater, on the floor of the house, below the level of the stage and behind the orchestra; now, in England, commonly the part behind the stalls; in the United States, the parquet; also the occupants of such a part of a theater. 6. An inclosed area into which gamecocks, dogs, and other animals are brought to fight, or where dogs are trained to kill rats. ´As fiercely as two gamecocks in the pit.´ Locke. 7. [Cf. D. pit, akin to E. pith.] (Bot.) (a) The endocarp of a drupe, and its contained seed or seeds; a stone; as a peach pit; a cherry pit, etc. (b) A depression or thin spot in the wall of a duct. Cold pit (Hort.), an excavation in the earth, lined with masonry or boards, and covered with glass, but not artificially heated, — used in winter for the storing and protection of half-hardly plants, and sometimes in the spring as a forcing bed. — Pit coal, coal dug from the earth; mineral coal. — Pit frame, the framework over the shaft of a coal mine. — Pit head, the surface of the ground at the mouth of a pit or mine. — Pit kiln, an oven for coking coal. — Pit martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. [Prov. Eng.] — Pit of the stomach (Anat.), the depression on the middle line of the epigastric region of the abdomen at the lower end of the sternum; the infrasternal depression. — Pit saw (Mech.), a saw worked by two men, one of whom stands on the log and the other beneath it. The place of the latter is often in a pit, whence the name. — Pit viper (Zoöl.), any viperine snake having a deep pit on each side of the snout. The rattlesnake and copperhead are examples. - - Working pit (Min.), a shaft in which the ore is hoisted and the workmen carried; — in distinction from a shaft used for the pumps.

Pit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitted p. pr. & vb. n. Pitting.] 1. To place or put into a pit or hole. “They lived like beasts, and were pitted like beasts, tumbled into the grave.” T. Grander. 2. To mark with little hollows, as by various pustules; as a face pitted by smallpox. 3. To introduce as an antagonist; to set forward for or in a contest; as to pit one dog against another.

Pi´ta , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A fiber obtained from the Agave Americana and other related species, — used for making cordage and paper. Called also pita fiber, and pita thread. (b) The plant which yields the fiber.

Pit•a•ha´ya , n. [Sp., prob. from the native name.] (Bot.) A cactaceous shrub (Cereus Pitajaya) of tropical America, which yields a delicious fruit.

Pit´a•pat , adv. [An onomatopoetic reduplication of pat a light, quick blow.] In a flutter; with palpitation or quick succession of beats. Lowell. ´The fox’s heart went pitapat.´ L’Estrange.

Pit´a•pat, n. A light, repeated sound; a pattering, as of the rain. ´The pitapat of a pretty foot.´ Dryden.

Pitch , n. [OE. pich, AS. pic, L. pix; akin to Gr. .] 1. A thick, black, lustrous, and sticky substance obtained by boiling down tar. It is used in calking the seams of ships; also in coating rope, canvas wood, ironwork, etc., to preserve them. “He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith.” Ecclus. xiii. 1. 2. (Geol.) See Pitchstone. Amboyna pitch, the resin of Dammara australis. See Kauri. — Burgundy pitch. See under Burgundy. — Canada pitch, the resinous exudation of the hemlock tree (Abies Canadensis); hemlock gum. — Jew’s pitch, bitumen. — Mineral pitch. See Bitumen and Asphalt. — Pitch coal (Min.), bituminous coal. — Pitch peat (Min.), a black homogeneous peat, with a waxy luster. — Pitch pine (Bot.), any one of several species of pine, yielding pitch, esp. the Pinus rigida of North America.

Pitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitched p. pr. & vb. n. Pitching.] [See Pitch, n.] 1. To cover over or smear with pitch. Gen. vi. 14. 2. Fig.: To darken; to blacken; to obscure. “The welkin pitched with sullen could.” Addison.

Pitch , v. t. [OE. picchen; akin to E. pick, pike.] 1. To throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose; to cast; to hurl; to toss; as to pitch quoits; to pitch hay; to pitch a ball. 2. To thrust or plant in the ground, as stakes or poles; hence, to fix firmly, as by means of poles; to establish; to arrange; as to pitch a tent; to pitch a camp. 3. To set, face, or pave with rubble or undressed stones, as an embankment or a roadway. Knight. 4. To fix or set the tone of; as to pitch a tune. 5. To set or fix, as a price or value. [Obs.] Shak. Pitched battle, a general battle; a battle in which the hostile forces have fixed positions; — in distinction from a skirmish. — To pitch into, to attack; to assault; to abuse. [Slang]

Pitch, v. i. 1. To fix or place a tent or temporary habitation; to encamp. ´Laban with his brethren pitched in the Mount of Gilead.´ Gen. xxxi. 25. 2. To light; to settle; to come to rest from flight. “The tree whereon they [the bees] pitch.” Mortimer. 3. To fix one’s choise; — with on or upon. “Pitch upon the best course of life, and custom will render it the more easy.” Tillotson. 4. To plunge or fall; esp., to fall forward; to decline or slope; as to pitch from a precipice; the vessel pitches in a heavy sea; the field pitches toward the east. Pitch and pay, an old aphorism which inculcates ready-money payment, or payment on delivery of goods. Shak.

Pitch, n. 1. A throw; a toss; a cast, as of something from the hand; as a good pitch in quoits. Pitch and toss, a game played by tossing up a coin, and calling ´Heads or tails;´ hence: To play pitch and toss with (anything), to be careless or trust to luck about it. ´To play pitch and toss with the property of the country.´ G. Eliot. — Pitch farthing. See Chuck farthing, under 5th Chuck. 2. (Cricket) That point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled. 3. A point or peak; the extreme point or degree of elevation or depression; hence, a limit or bound. “Driven headlong from the pitch of heaven, down
Into this deep.” Milton. “Enterprises of great pitch and moment.” Shak. “To lowest pitch of abject fortune.” Milton. “He lived when learning was at its highest pitch.” Addison. “The exact pitch, or limits, where temperance ends.” Sharp. 4. Height; stature. [Obs.] Hudibras. 5. A descent; a fall; a thrusting down. 6. The point where a declivity begins; hence, the declivity itself; a descending slope; the degree or rate of descent or slope; slant; as a steep pitch in the road; the pitch of a roof. 7. (Mus.) The relative acuteness or gravity of a tone, determined by the number of vibrations which produce it; the place of any tone upon a scale of high and low. Musical tones with reference to absolute pitch, are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet; with reference to relative pitch, in a series of tones called the scale, they are called one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Eight is also one of a new scale an octave higher, as one is eight of a scale an octave lower. 8. (Mining) The limit of ground set to a miner who receives a share of the ore taken out. 9. (Mech.) (a) The distance from center to center of any two adjacent teeth of gearing, measured on the pitch line; — called also circular pitch. (b) The length, measured along the axis, of a complete turn of the thread of a screw, or of the helical lines of the blades of a screw propeller. (c) The distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet holes in boiler plates. Concert pitch (Mus.), the standard of pitch used by orchestras as in concerts, etc. — Diametral pitch (Gearing), the distance which bears the same relation to the pitch proper, or circular pitch, that the diameter of a circle bears to its circumference; it is sometimes described by the number expressing the quotient obtained by dividing the number of teeth in a wheel by the diameter of its pitch circle in inches; as 4 pitch, 8 pitch, etc. — Pitch chain, a chain, as one made of metallic plates, adapted for working with a sprocket wheel. — Pitch line, or Pitch circle (Gearing), an ideal line, in a toothed gear or rack, bearing such a relation to a corresponding line in another gear, with which the former works, that the two lines will have a common velocity as in rolling contact; it usually cuts the teeth at about the middle of their height, and, in a circular gear, is a circle concentric with the axis of the gear; the line, or circle, on which the pitch of teeth is measured. — Pitch of a roof (Arch.), the inclination or slope of the sides expressed by the height in parts of the span; as one half pitch; whole pitch; or by the height in parts of the half span, especially among engineers; or by degrees, as a pitch of 30°, of 45°, etc.; or by the rise and run, that is, the ratio of the height to the half span; as a pitch of six rise to ten run. Equilateral pitch is where the two sloping sides with the span form an equilateral triangle. — Pitch of a plane (Carp.), the slant of the cutting iron. — Pitch pipe, a wind instrument used by choristers in regulating the pitch of a tune. — Pitch point (Gearing), the point of contact of the pitch lines of two gears, or of a rack and pinion, which work together.

Pitch´-black , a. Black as pitch or tar.

Pitch´blende , n. [1st pitch + blende.] (Min.) A pitch-black mineral consisting chiefly of the oxide of uranium; uraninite. See Uraninite.

Pitch´-dark, a. Dark as a pitch; pitch-black.

Pitch´er , n. 1. One who pitches anything, as hay, quoits, a ball, etc.; specifically (Baseball), the player who delivers the ball to the batsman. 2. A sort of crowbar for digging. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Pitch´er , n. [OE. picher, OF. pichier, OHG. pehhar, pehhari; prob. of the same origin as E. beaker. Cf. Beaker.] 1. A wide-mouthed, deep vessel for holding liquids, with a spout or protruding lip and a handle; a water jug or jar with a large ear or handle. 2. (Bot.) A tubular or cuplike appendage or expansion of the leaves of certain plants. American pitcher plants, the species of Sarracenia. See Sarracenia. — Australian pitcher plant, the Cephalotus follicularis, a low saxifragaceous herb having two kinds of radical leaves, some oblanceolate and entire, others transformed into little ovoid pitchers, longitudinally triple-winged and ciliated, the mouth covered with a lid shaped like a cockleshell. — California pitcher plant, the Darlingtonia California. See Darlingtonia. — Pitcher plant, any plant with the whole or a part of the leaves transformed into pitchers or cuplike organs, especially the species of Nepenthes. See Nepenthes.

Pitch´er•ful , n.; pl. Pitcherfuls . The quantity a pitcher will hold.

Pitch´-faced , a. (Stone Cutting) Having the arris defined by a line beyond which the rock is cut away, so as to give nearly true edges; — said of squared stones that are otherwise quarry-faced.

Pitch´fork , n. A fork, or farming utensil, used in pitching hay, sheaves of grain, or the like.

Pitch´fork, v. t. To pitch or throw with, or as with, a pitchfork. “He has been pitchforked into the footguards.” G. A. Sala.

Pitch´i•ness , n. [From Pitchy.] Blackness, as of pitch; darkness.

Pitch´ing, n. 1. The act of throwing or casting; a cast; a pitch; as wild pitching in baseball. 2. The rough paving of a street to a grade with blocks of stone. Mayhew. 3. (Hydraul. Eng.) A facing of stone laid upon a bank to prevent wear by tides or currents. Pitching piece (Carp.), the horizontal timber supporting the floor of a platform of a stairway, and against which the stringpieces of the sloping parts are supported.

Pitch´-ore , n. (Min.) Pitchblende.

Pitch´stone , n. (Geol.) An igneous rock of semiglassy nature, having a luster like pitch.

Pitch´work , n. The work of a coal miner who is paid by a share of his product.

Pitch´y , a. [From 1st Pitch.] 1. Partaking of the qualities of pitch; resembling pitch. 2. Smeared with pitch. 3. Black; pitch-dark; dismal. ´Pitchy night.´ Shak.

Pit´e•ous , a. [OE. pitous, OF. pitos, F. piteux. See Pity.] 1. Pious; devout. [Obs.] “The Lord can deliver piteous men from temptation.” Wyclif. 2. Evincing pity, compassion, or sympathy; compassionate; tender. ´[She] piteous of his case.´ Pope. “She was so charitable and so pitous.” Chaucer. 3. Fitted to excite pity or sympathy; wretched; miserable; lamentable; sad; as a piteous case. Spenser. “The most piteous tale of Lear.” Shak. 4. Paltry; mean; pitiful. ´Piteous amends.´ Milton. Syn. — Sorrowful; mournful; affecting; doleful; woeful; rueful; sad; wretched; miserable; pitiable; pitiful; compassionate. — Pit´e•ous•ly, adv. — Pit´e•ous•ness, n.

Pit´fall , n. A pit deceitfully covered to entrap wild beasts or men; a trap of any kind. Sir T. North.

Pit´fall•ing, a. Entrapping; insnaring. [R.] ´Full of … contradiction and pitfalling dispenses.´ Milton.

Pith , n. [AS. pia; akin to D. pit pith, kernel, LG. peddik. Cf. Pit a kernel.] 1. (Bot.) The soft spongy substance in the center of the stems of many plants and trees, especially those of the dicotyledonous or exogenous classes. It consists of cellular tissue. 2. (a) (Zoöl.) The spongy interior substance of a feather. (b) (Anat.) The spinal cord; the marrow. 3. Hence: The which contains the strength of life; the vital or essential part; concentrated force; vigor; strength; importance; as the speech lacked pith. “Enterprises of great pith and moment.” Shak. Pith paper. Same as Rice paper, under Rice.

Pith, v. t. (Physiol.) To destroy the central nervous system of (an animal, as a frog), as by passing a stout wire or needle up and down the vertebral canal.

Pi•the´ci , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. an ape.] (Zoöl.) A division of mammals including the apes and monkeys. Sometimes used in the sense of Primates.

Pith´e•coid , a. [Gr. an ape + -oid.] (Zoöl.) 1. Of or pertaining to the genus Pithecia, or subfamily Pithecinae, which includes the saki, ouakari, and other allied South American monkeys. 2. Of or pertaining to the anthropoid apes in particular, or to the higher apes of the Old World, collectively.

Pith´ful , a. Full of pith. [R.] W. Browne.

Pith´i•ly , adv. In a pithy manner.

Pith´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being pithy.

Pith´less, a. Destitute of pith, or of strength; feeble. Dryden. ´Pithless argumentation.´ Glandstone.

Pit´-hole , n. A pit; a pockmark.

Pith´some , a. Pithy; robust. [R.] ´Pithsome health and vigor.´ R. D. Blackmore.

Pith´y , a. [Compar. Pithier superl. Pithiest.] 1. Consisting wholly, or in part, of pith; abounding in pith; as a pithy stem; a pithy fruit. 2. Having nervous energy; forceful; cogent. “This pithy speech prevailed, and all agreed.” Dryden. “In all these Goodman Fact was very short, but pithy.” Addison. Pithy gall (Zoöl.), a large, rough, furrowed, oblong gall, formed on blackberry canes by a small gallfly (Diastrophus nebulosus).

Pit´i•a•ble , a. [Cf. OF. pitiable, F. pitoyable.] Deserving pity; wworthy of, or exciting, compassion; miserable; lamentable; piteous; as pitiable persons; a pitiable condition; pitiable wretchedness. Syn. — Sorrowful; woeful; sad. See Piteous. — Pit´i•a•ble•ness, n. — Pit´i•a•bly, adv.

Pit´i•er , n. One who pities. Gauden.

Pit´i•ful , a. 1. Full of pity; tender-hearted; compassionate; kind; merciful; sympathetic. “The Lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy.” James v. 11. 2. Piteous; lamentable; eliciting compassion. “A thing, indeed, very pitiful and horrible.” Spenser. 3. To be pitied for littleness or meanness; miserable; paltry; contemptible; despicable. “That’s villainous, and shows a most pitiful ambition in the fool that uses it.” Shak. Syn. — Despicable; mean; paltry. See Contemptible. — Pit´i•ful•ly, adv. — Pit´i•ful•ness, n.

Pit´i•less, a. 1. Destitute of pity; hard-hearted; merciless; as a pitilessmaster; pitiless elements. 2. Exciting no pity; as a pitiless condition. — Pit´i•less•ly, adv. — Pit´i•less•ness, n.

Pit´man , n.; pl. Pitmen . 1. One who works in a pit, as in mining, in sawing timber, etc. 2. (Mach.) The connecting rod in a sawmill; also sometimes, a connecting rod in other machinery.

Pi•tot’s´ tube (Hydraul.) A bent tube used to determine the velocity of running water, by placing the curved end under water, and observing the height to which the fluid rises in the tube; a kind of current meter.

Pit´pan , n. A long, flat- bottomed canoe, used for the navigation of rivers and lagoons in Central America. Squier.

Pit´pat , n. & adv. See Pitapat.

Pit´ta (pit´ta), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of a large group of bright-colored clamatorial birds belonging to Pitta, and allied genera of the family Pittidae. Most of the species are varied with three or more colors, such as blue, green, crimson, yellow, purple, and black. They are called also ground thrushes, and Old World ant thrushes; but they are not related to the true thrushes. The pittas are most abundant in the East Indies, but some inhabit Southern Asia, Africa, and Australia. They live mostly upon the ground, and feed upon insects of various kinds.

Pit´ta•cal (pit´ta•kal), n. [Gr. pi•tta, pi•ssa, pitch + kalo•s beautiful: cf. F. pittacale.] (Chem.) A dark blue substance obtained from wood tar. It consists of hydrocarbons which when oxidized form the orange-yellow eupittonic compounds, the salts of which are dark blue.

Pit´tance (pit´tans), n. [OE. pitance, pitaunce, F. pitance; cf. It. pietanza, LL. pitancia, pittantia, pictantia; perh. fr. L. pietas pity, piety, or perhaps akin to E. petty. Cf. Petty, and Pity.] 1. An allowance of food bestowed in charity; a mess of victuals; hence, a small charity gift; a dole. ´A good pitaunce.´ Chaucer. “One half only of this pittance was ever given him in money.” Macaulay. 2. A meager portion, quantity, or allowance; an inconsiderable salary or compensation. ´The small pittance of learning they received.´ Swift. “The inconsiderable pittance of faithful professors.” Fuller.

Pit´ted (-ted), a. 1. Marked with little pits, as in smallpox. See Pit, v. t., 2. 2. (Bot.) Having minute thin spots; as pitted ducts in the vascular parts of vegetable tissue.

Pit´ter , n. A contrivance for removing the pits from peaches, plums, and other stone fruit.

Pit´ter, v. i. To make a pattering sound; to murmur; as pittering streams. [Obs.] R. Greene.

Pit´tle-pat•tle , v. i. To talk unmeaningly; to chatter or prattle. [R.] Latimer.

Pi•tu´i•ta•ry , a. [L. pituita phlegm, pituite: cf. F. pituitarie.] (Anat.) (a) Secreting mucus or phlegm; as the pituitary membrane, or the mucous membrane which lines the nasal cavities. (b) Of or pertaining to the pituitary body; as the pituitary fossa. Pituitary body or gland (Anat.), a glandlike body of unknown function, situated in the pituitary fossa, and connected with the infundibulum of the brain; the hypophysis. — Pituitary fossa (Anat.), the ephippium.

Pit´u•ite , n. [L. pituita: cf. F. pituite. Cf. Pip a disease of fowls.] Mucus, phlegm.

Pi•tu´i•tous , a. [L. pituitosus: cf. F. pituiteux.] Consisting of, or resembling, pituite or mucus; full of mucus; discharging mucus. Pituitous fever (Med.), typhoid fever; enteric fever.

Pit´y , n.; pl. Pities (#). [OE. pite, OF. pite, pitie, F. pitie, L. pietas piety, kindness, pity. See Pious, and cf. Piety.] 1. Piety. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A feeling for the sufferings or distresses of another or others; sympathy with the grief or misery of another; compassion; fellow-feeling; commiseration. “He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the Lord.” Prov. xix. 17. “He … has no more pity in him than a dog.” Shak. 3. A reason or cause of pity, grief, or regret; a thing to be regretted. ´The more the pity.´ Shak. “What pity is it
That we can die but once to serve our country!” Addison. In this sense, sometimes used in the plural, especially in the colloquialism: ´It is a thousand pities.´ Syn. — Compassion; mercy; commiseration; condolence; sympathy, fellow-suffering; fellow-feeling. — Pity, Sympathy, Compassion. Sympathy is literally fellow-feeling, and therefore requiers a certain degree of equality in situation, circumstances, etc., to its fullest exercise. Compassion is deep tenderness for another under severe or inevitable misfortune. Pity regards its object not only as suffering, but weak, and hence as inferior.

Pit´y , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitied p. pr. & vb. n. Pitying.] 1. To feel pity or compassion for; to have sympathy with; to compassionate; to commiserate; to have tender feelings toward (any one), awakened by a knowledge of suffering. “Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him.” Ps. ciii. 13. 2. To move to pity; — used impersonally. [Obs.] “It pitieth them to see her in the dust.” Bk. of Com. Prayer.

Pit´y, v. i. To be compassionate; to show pity. “I will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy.” Jer. xiii. 14.

Pit´y•ing, a. Expressing pity; as a pitying eye, glance, or word. — Pit´y•ing•ly, adv.

Pit•y•ri´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , lit., bran.] (Med.) A superficial affection of the skin, characterized by irregular patches of thin scales which are shed in branlike particles. Pityriasis versicolor [NL.] (Med.), a parasitic disease of the skin, characterized by the development of reddish or brownish patches.

Pit´y•roid , a. [Gr. bran + - oid.] Having the form of, or resembling, bran. Smart.

Pi´ù , adv. [It., fr. L. plus. See Plus.] (Mus.) A little more; as più allegro, a little more briskly.

Piv´ot , n. [F.; prob. akin to It. piva pipe, F. pipe. See Pipe.] 1. A fixed pin or short axis, on the end of which a wheel or other body turns. 2. The end of a shaft or arbor which rests and turns in a support; as the pivot of an arbor in a watch. 3. Hence, figuratively: A turning point or condition; that on which important results depend; as the pivot of an enterprise. 4. (Mil.) The officer or soldier who simply turns in his place whike the company or line moves around him in wheeling; — called also pivot man. Pivot bridge, a form of drawbridge in which one span, called the pivot span, turns about a central vertical axis. — Pivot gun, a gun mounted on a pivot or revolving carriage, so as to turn in any direction. — Pivot tooth (Dentistry), an artificial crown attached to the root of a natural tooth by a pin or peg.

Piv´ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pivoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pivoting.] To place on a pivot. Clarke.

Piv´ot•al , a. Of or pertaining to a pivot or turning point; belonging to, or constituting, a pivot; of the nature of a pivot; as the pivotalopportunity of a career; the pivotal position in a battle.

Pix , n. & v. See Pyx. { Pix´y , Pix´ie } , n.; pl. Pixies (#). [For Pucksy, from Puck.] 1. An old English name for a fairy; an elf. [Written also picksy.] 2. (Bot.) A low creeping evergreen plant (Pyxidanthera barbulata), with mosslike leaves and little white blossoms, found in New Jersey and southward, where it flowers in earliest spring. Pixy ring, a fairy ring or circle. [Prov. Eng.] — Pixy stool (Bot.), a toadstool or mushroom. [Prov. Eng.]

Pix´y-led , a. Led by pixies; bewildered.

Piz•zi•ca´to [It., pinched.] (Mus.) A direction to violinists to pluck the string with the finger, instead of using the bow. (Abrev. pizz.)

Piz´zle , n. [Cf. Prov. G. pissel, pesel, peisel, peserich, D. pees a tendon or spring.] The penis; — so called in some animals, as the bull. Shak.

Pla•ca•bil´i•ty , n. [L. placabilitas: cf. F. placabilite.] The quality or state of being placable or appeasable; placable disposition.

Pla´ca•ble , a. [L. placabilis, fr. placare to quiet, pacify: cf. F. placable. See Placate.] Capable of being appeased or pacified; ready or willing to be pacified; willing to forgive or condone. “Methought I saw him placable and mild.” Milton.

Pla´ca•ble•ness, n. The quality of being placable.

Pla•card´ , n. [F., fr. plaquer to lay or clap on, plaque plate, tablet; probably from Dutch, cf. D. plakken to paste, post up, plak a flat piece of wood.] 1. A public proclamation; a manifesto or edict issued by authority. [Obs.] “All placards or edicts are published in his name.” Howell. 2. Permission given by authority; a license; as to give a placard to do something. [Obs.] ller. 3. A written or printed paper, as an advertisement or a declaration, posted, or to be posted, in a public place; a poster. 4. (Anc. Armor) An extra plate on the lower part of the breastplate or backplate. Planche. 5. [Cf. Placket.] A kind of stomacher, often adorned with jewels, worn in the fifteenth century and later.

Pla•card´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Placarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Placarding.] 1. To post placards upon or within; as to placard a wall, to placard the city. 2. To announce by placards; as to placard a sale.

Plac´ate , n. Same as Placard, 4 & 5.

Pla´cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Placated p. pr. & vb. n. Placating.] [L. placatus, p. p. of placare to placate, akin to placere to please. See Please.] To appease; to pacify; to concilate. ´Therefore is he always propitiated and placated.´ Cudworth.

Pla•ca´tion , n. [L. placatio.] The act of placating. [R.] Puttenham (1589).

Place , n. [F., fr. L. platea a street, an area, a courtyard, from Gr. platei^a a street, properly fem. of platy•s, flat, broad; akin to Skr. prthu, Lith. platus. Cf. Flawn, Piazza, Plate, Plaza.] 1. Any portion of space regarded as measured off or distinct from all other space, or appropriated to some definite object or use; position; ground; site; spot; rarely, unbounded space. “Here is the place appointed.” Shak. “What place can be for us
Within heaven’s bound?” Milton. “The word place has sometimes a more confused sense, and stands for that space which any body takes up; and so the universe is a place.” Locke. 2. A broad way in a city; an open space; an area; a court or short part of a street open only at one end. ´Hangman boys in the market place.´ Shak. 3. A position which is occupied and held; a dwelling; a mansion; a village, town, or city; a fortified town or post; a stronghold; a region or country. “Are you native of this place?” Shak. 4. Rank; degree; grade; order of priority, advancement, dignity, or importance; especially, social rank or position; condition; also official station; occupation; calling. ´The enervating magic of place.´ Hawthorne. “Men in great place are thrice servants.” Bacon. “I know my place as I would they should do theirs.” Shak. 5. Vacated or relinquished space; room; stead (the departure or removal of another being or thing being implied). ´In place of Lord Bassanio.´ Shak. 6. A definite position or passage of a document. “The place of the scripture which he read was this.” Acts viii. 32. 7. Ordinal relation; position in the order of proceeding; as he said in the first place. 8. Reception; effect; — implying the making room for. “My word hath no place in you.” John viii. 37. 9. (Astron.) Position in the heavens, as of a heavenly body; — usually defined by its right ascension and declination, or by its latitude and longitude. Place of arms (Mil.), a place calculated for the rendezvous of men in arms, etc., as a fort which affords a safe retreat for hospitals, magazines, etc. Wilhelm. — High place (Script.), a mount on which sacrifices were offered. ´Him that offereth in the high place.´ Jer. xlviii. 35. — In place, in proper position; timely. — Out of place, inappropriate; ill-timed; as his remarks were out of place. — Place kick (Football), the act of kicking the ball after it has been placed on the ground. — Place name, the name of a place or locality. London Academy. — To give place, to make room; to yield; to give way; to give advantage. ´Neither give place to the devil.´ Eph. iv. 27. ´Let all the rest give place.´ Shak. — To have place, to have a station, room, or seat; as such desires can have no place in a good heart. — To take place. (a) To come to pass; to occur; as the ceremony will not take place. (b) To take precedence or priority. Addison. (c) To take effect; to prevail. ´If your doctrine takes place.´ Berkeley. ´But none of these excuses would take place.´ Spenser. - - To take the place of, to be substituted for. Syn. — Situation; seat; abode; position; locality; location; site; spot; office; employment; charge; function; trust; ground; room; stead.

Place , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Placed p. pr. & vb. n. Placing ] [Cf. F. placer. See Place, n.] 1. To assign a place to; to put in a particular spot or place, or in a certain relative position; to direct to a particular place; to fix; to settle; to locate; as to place a book on a shelf; to place balls in tennis. “Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown.” Shak. 2. To put or set in a particular rank, office, or position; to surround with particular circumstances or relations in life; to appoint to certain station or condition of life; as in whatever sphere one is placed. “Place such over them to be rulers.” Ex. xviii. 21. 3. To put out at interest; to invest; to loan; as to place money in a bank. 4. To set; to fix; to repose; as to place confidence in a friend. ´My resolution ’s placed.´ Shak. 5. To attribute; to ascribe; to set down. “Place it for her chief virtue.” Shak. To place (a person), to identify him. [Colloq. U.S.] Syn. — See Put.

Pla•ce´bo , n. [L., I shall please, fut. of placere to please.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The first antiphon of the vespers for the dead. 2. (Med.) A prescription intended to humor or satisfy. To sing placebo, to agree with one in his opinion; to be complaisant to. Chaucer.

Place´ful , a. In the appointed place. [Obs.]

Place´less, a. Having no place or office.

Place´man , n.; pl. Placemen . One who holds or occupies a place; one who has office under government. Sir W. Scott. Place´ment , n. [Cf. F. placement.] 1. The act of placing, or the state of being placed. 2. Position; place.

Pla•cen´ta , n.; pl. L. Placentae (#), E. Placentas (#). [L., a cake, Gr. a flat cake, from flat, fr. , , anything flat and broad.] 1. (Anat.) The vascular appendage which connects the fetus with the parent, and is cast off in parturition with the afterbirth. In most mammals the placenta is principally developed from the allantois and chorion, and tufts of vascular villi on its surface penetrate the blood vessels of the parental uterus, and thus establish a nutritive and excretory connection between the blood of the fetus and that of the parent, though the blood itself does not flow from one to the other. 2. (Bot.) The part of a pistil or fruit to which the ovules or seeds are attached.

Pla•cen´tal , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the placenta; having, or characterized by having, a placenta; as a placental mammal. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Placentalia.

Pla•cen´tal, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Placentalia.

Plac•en•ta´li•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mammalia including those that have a placenta, or all the orders above the marsupials.

Pla•cen´ta•ry , a. Having reference to the placenta; as the placentary system of classification.

Plac•en•ta´tion , n. 1. (Anat.) The mode of formation of the placenta in different animals; as the placentation of mammals. 2. (Bot.) The mode in which the placenta is arranged or composed; as axile placentation; parietal placentation.

Plac•en•tif´er•ous , a. [Placenta + -ferous.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having or producing a placenta.

Pla•cen´ti•form , a. [Placenta + -form.] (Bot.) Having the shape of a placenta, or circular thickened disk somewhat thinner about the middle.

Pla•cen´tious , a. [See Please.] Pleasing; amiable. [Obs.] ´A placentious person.´ Fuller.

Place´-proud , a. Proud of rank or office. Beau. & Fl.

Pla´cer , n. One who places or sets. Spenser.

Plac´er , n. [Sp.] A deposit of earth, sand, or gravel, containing valuable mineral in particles, especially by the side of a river, or in the bed of a mountain torrent. [U.S.]

Pla´cet , n. [L. placet it pleases.] 1. A vote of assent, as of the governing body of a university, of an ecclesiastical council, etc. 2. The assent of the civil power to the promulgation of an ecclesiastical ordinance. Shipley. “The king … annulled the royal placet.” J. P. Peters.

Plac´id , a. [L. placidus, originally, pleasing, mild, from placere to please: cf. F. placide. See Please.] Pleased; contented; unruffied; undisturbed; serene; peaceful; tranquil; quiet; gentle. ´That placid aspect and meek regard.´ Milton. ´Sleeping … the placid sleep of infancy.´ Macaulay.

Pla•cid´i•ty , n. [L. placiditas: cf. F. placidite.] The quality or state of being placid; calmness; serenity. Hawthorne.

Plac´id•ly , adv. In a placid manner.

Plac´id•ness, n. The quality or state of being placid.

Plac´it , n. [L. placitum. See Plea.] A decree or determination; a dictum. [Obs.] ´The placits and opinions of other philosophers.´ Evelyn.

Plac´i•to•ry , a. [See Placit.] Of or pertaining to pleas or pleading, in courts of law. [Obs.] Clayton.

Plac´i•tum , n.; pl. Placita (#). [LL. See Placit.] 1. A public court or assembly in the Middle Ages, over which the sovereign president when a consultation was held upon affairs of state. Brande & C. 2. (Old Eng. Law) A court, or cause in court. 3. (Law) A plea; a pleading; a judicial proceeding; a suit. Burrill.

Plack , n. [F. plaque a plate of metal. Cf. Plaque.] A small copper coin formerly current in Scotland, worth less than a cent. “With not a plack in the pocket of the poet.” Prof. Wilson.

Plack´et , n. [F. plaquer to lay or clap on. See Placard.] 1. A petticoat, esp. an under petticoat; hence, a cant term for a woman. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. The opening or slit left in a petticoat or skirt for convenience in putting it on; — called also placket hole. 3. A woman’s pocket.

Plac´o•derm , n. [Gr. , , tablet + skin.] (Paleon.) One of the Placodermi.

Plac•o•der´mal , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the placoderms; like the placoderms.

Plac•o•der´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) Same as Placodermi.

Plac•o•der´mi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a tablet + skin.] (Paleon.) An extinct group of fishes, supposed to be ganoids. The body and head were covered with large bony plates. See Illust. under Pterichthys, and Coccosteus.

Plac•o•ga´noid , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Placoganoidei.

Plac•o•ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a tablet + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoidei.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes including those that have large external bony plates and a cartilaginous skeleton.

Plac´oid , a. [Gr. , , a tablet + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Platelike; having irregular, platelike, bony scales, often bearing spines; pertaining to the placoids.

Plac´oid, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any fish having placoid scales, as the sharks. (b) One of the Placoides.

Pla•coi´des , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes including the sharks and rays; the Elasmobranchii; — called also Placoidei.

Pla•coid´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the placoids.

Pla•coph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , , tablet + to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropod Mollusca, including the chitons. The back is covered by eight shelly plates. Called also Polyplacophora. See Illust. under Chiton, and Isopleura.

Pla´ga , n.; pl. Plagae (#). [L. plaga a blow, a welt, a stripe.] (Zoöl.) A stripe of color.

Pla´gal , a. [F., from Gr. sidewise, slanting.] (Mus.) Having a scale running from the dominant to its octave; — said of certain old church modes or tunes, as opposed to those called authentic, which ran from the tonic to its octave. Plagal cadence, a cadence in which the final chord on the tonic is preceded by the chord on the subdominant.

Pla´gate , a. (Zoöl.) Having plagae, or irregular enlongated color spots.

Plage , n. [F., fr. L. plaga.] A region; country. [Obs.] ´The plages of the north.´ Chaucer.

Pla´gia•rism , n. [Cf. F. plagiarisme.] 1. The act or practice of plagiarizing. 2. That which plagiarized.

Pla´gia•rist , n. One who plagiarizes; or purloins the words, writings, or ideas of another, and passes them off as his own; a literary thief; a plagiary.

Pla´gia•rize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plagiarized p. pr. & vb. n. Plagiarizing.] To steal or purloin from the writings of another; to appropriate without due acknowledgement (the ideas or expressions of another).

Pla´gia•ry, v. i. To commit plagiarism.

Pla´gia•ry , n.; pl. Plagiaries (#). [L. plagiarius a kidnaper, a literary thief, fr. plagium kidnaping; cf. plaga a net, perh. akin to E. plait: cf. F. plagiaire.] 1. A manstealer; a kidnaper. [Obs.] 2. One who purloins another’s expressions or ideas and offers them as his own; a plagiarist. Dryden. 3. Plagiarism; literary thief. Milton.

Pla´gia•ry, a. 1. Kidnaping. [Obs.] E. Browne. 2. Practicing plagiarism. Bp. Hall.

Pla•gi•he´dral , a. [Gr. oblique + base, seat.] (Crystallog.) Having an oblique spiral arrangement of planes, as levogyrate and dextrogyrate crystals.

Pla•gi•o•ce•phal´ic , a. [Gr. oblique + the head.] (Anat.) Having an oblique lateral deformity of the skull.

Pla•gi•o•ceph´a•ly , n. (Anat.) Oblique lateral deformity of the skull.

Pla´gi•o•clase , n. [Gr. oblique + to break.] (Min.) A general term used of any triclinic feldspar. See the Note under Feldspar.

Pla´gi•o•nite , n. [Gr. oblique. So called in allusion to its usually oblique crystallization.] (Min.) A sulphide of lead and antimony, of a blackish lead-gray color and metallic luster.

Pla•gi•o•stom´a•tous , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Plagiostomous.

Pla´gi•o•stome , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Plagiostomi.

Pla•gi•os´to•mi , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. slanting + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the sharks and rays; — called also Plagiostomata.

Pla•gi•os´to•mous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Plagiostomi.

Pla•gi•o•trem´a•ta , n. pl.; [NL., fr. Gr. slanting + , , a hole.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lepidosauria.

Pla•gi•o•trop´ic , a. [Gr. aslant + to turn.] (Bot.) Having the longer axis inclined away from the vertical line.

Pla´gi•um , n. [L.] (Civil Law) Manstealing; kidnaping.

Pla•gose´ , a. [L. plagosus. See Plague.] Fond of flogging; as a plagose master. [R.]

Plague , n. [L. plaga a blow, stroke, plague; akin to Gr. , fr. to strike; cf. L. plangere to strike, beat. Cf. Plaint.] 1. That which smites, wounds, or troubles; a blow; a calamity; any afflictive evil or torment; a great trail or vexation. Shak. “And men blasphemed God for the plague of hail.” Wyclif. “The different plague of each calamity.” Shak. 2. (Med.) An acute malignant contagious fever, that often prevails in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey, and has at times visited the large cities of Europe with frightful mortality; hence, any pestilence; as the great London plague. ´A plague upon the people fell.´ Tennyson. Cattle plague. See Rinderpest. — Plague mark, Plague spot, a spot or mark of the plague; hence, a token of something incurable.

Plague, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plagued p. pr. & vb. n. Plaguing.] 1. To infest or afflict with disease, calamity, or natural evil of any kind. “Thus were they plagued
And worn with famine.” Milton. 2. Fig.: To vex; to tease; to harass. “She will plague the man that loves her most.” Spenser. Syn. — To vex; torment; distress; afflict; harass; annoy; tease; tantalize; trouble; molest; embarrass; perplex.

Plague´ful , a. Abounding, or infecting, with plagues; pestilential; as plagueful exhalations.

Plague´less, a. Free from plagues or the plague.

Pla´guer , n. One who plagues or annoys.

Pla´gui•ly , adv. In a plaguing manner; vexatiously; extremely. [Colloq.] ´Ronsard is so plaguily stiff and stately.´ Landor.

Pla´guy , a. Vexatious; troublesome; tormenting; as a plaguy horse. [Colloq.] Also used adverbially; as ´He is so plaguy proud.´ Shak.

Plaice , n. [F. plaise, plais, prob. fr. L. platessa flatish, plaice. See Place.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European food fish (Pleuronectes platessa), allied to the flounder, and growing to the weight of eight or ten pounds or more. (b) A large American flounder (Paralichthys dentatus; called also brail, puckermouth, and summer flounder. The name is sometimes applied to other allied species. [Written also plaise.] Plaice mouth, a mouth like that of a plaice; a small or wry mouth. [R.] B. Jonson.

Plaid , n. [Gael. plaide a blanket or plaid, contr. fr. peallaid a sheepskin, fr. peall a skin or hide. CF. Pillion.] 1. A rectangular garment or piece of cloth, usually made of the checkered material called tartan, but sometimes of plain gray, or gray with black stripes. It is worn by both sexes in Scotland. 2. Goods of any quality or material of the pattern of a plaid or tartan; a checkered cloth or pattern.

Plaid, a. Having a pattern or colors which resemble a Scotch plaid; checkered or marked with bars or stripes at right angles to one another; as plaid muslin.

Plaid´ed, a. 1. Of the material of which plaids are made; tartan. ´In plaided vest.´ Wordsworth. 2. Wearing a plaid. Campbell.

Plaid´ing , n. Plaid cloth.

Plain , v. i. [OE. playne, pleyne, fr. F. plaindre. See Plaint.] To lament; to bewail; to complain. [Archaic & Poetic] Milton. “We with piteous heart unto you pleyne.” Chaucer.

Plain, v. t. To lament; to mourn over; as to plain a loss. [Archaic & Poetic] Sir J. Harrington.

Plain, a. [Compar. Plainer superl. Plainest.] [F., level, flat, fr. L. planus, perhaps akin to E. floor. Cf. Llano, Piano, Plan, Plane level, a level surface.] 1. Without elevations or depressions; flat; level; smooth; even. See Plane. “The crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain.” Isa. xl. 4. 2. Open; clear; unencumbered; equal; fair. “Our troops beat an army in plain fight.” Felton. 3. Not intricate or difficult; evident; manifest; obvious; clear; unmistakable. ´’T is a plain case.´ Shak. 4. (a) Void of extraneous beauty or ornament; without conspicious embellishment; not rich; simple. (b) Not highly cultivated; unsophisticated; free from show or pretension; simple; natural; homely; common. ´Plain yet pious Christians.´ Hammond. ´The plain people.´ A. Lincoln. (c) Free from affectation or disguise; candid; sincere; artless; honest; frank. ´An honest mind, and plain.´ Shak. (d) Not luxurious; not highly seasoned; simple; as plain food. (e) Without beauty; not handsome; homely; as a plain woman. (f) Not variegated, dyed, or figured; as plain muslin. (g) Not much varied by modulations; as a plain tune. Plain battle, open battle; pitched battle. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Plain chant (Mus.) Same as Plain song, below. — Plain chart (Naut.), a chart laid down on Mercator’s projection. — Plain dealer. (a) One who practices plain dealing. (b) A simpleton. [Obs.] Shak. — Plain dealing. See under Dealing. — Plain molding (Join.), molding of which the surfaces are plain figures. — Plain sewing, sewing of seams by simple and common stitches, in distinct from fancy work, embroidery, etc.; — distinguished also from designing and fitting garments. — Plain song. (a) The Gregorian chant, or canto fermo; the prescribed melody of the Roman Catholic service, sung in unison, in tones of equal length, and rarely extending beyond the compass of an octave. (b) A simple melody. — Plain speaking, plainness or bluntness of speech. Syn. — Level; flat; smooth; open; artless; unaffected; undisguised; frank; sincere; honest; candid; ingenuous; unembellished; downright; blunt; clear; simple; distinct; manifest; obvious; apparent. See Manifest.

Plain, adv. In a plain manner; plainly. ´To speak short and pleyn.´ Chaucer. ´To tell you plain.´ Shak.

Plain, n. [Cf. OF. plaigne, F. plaine. See Plain, a.] 1. Level land; usually, an open field or a broad stretch of land with an even surface, or a surface little varied by inequalities; as the plain of Jordan; the American plains, or prairies. “Descending fro the mountain into playn.” Chaucer. “Him the Ammonite
Worshiped in Rabba and her watery plain.” Milton. 2. A field of battle. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. “Lead forth my soldiers to the plain.” Shak.

Plain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plained ; p. pr. & vb. n. Plaining.] [Cf. Plane, v.] 1. To plane or level; to make plain or even on the surface. [R.] “We would rake Europe rather, plain the East.” Wither. 2. To make plain or manifest; to explain. “What’s dumb in show, I’ll plain in speech.” Shak.

Plain´ant , n. [See 1st Plain.] (Law) One who makes complaint; the plaintiff. [Obs.]

Plain´-deal•ing , a. Practicing plain dealing; artless. See Plain dealing, under Dealing. Shak.

Plain´-heart•ed , a. Frank; sincere; artless. Milton. — Plain´- heart•ed•ness, n.

Plain´ing, n. Complaint. [Poetic] Shak.

Plain´ing, a. Complaining. [Poetic] Bryant.

Plain´-laid , a. (Naut.) Consisting of strands twisted together in the ordinary way; as a plain-laid rope. See Illust. of Cordage.

Plain´ly, adv. In a plain manner; clearly.

Plain´ness, n. The quality or state of being plain.

Plains´man , n.; pl. - men . One who lives in the plains.

Plain´-spo•ken , a. Speaking with plain, unreserved sincerity; also spoken sincerely; as plain-spoken words. Dryden.

Plaint , n. [OE. plainte, pleynte, F. plainte, fr. L. plangere, planctum (plancta, fem. p. p.), to beat, beat the breast, lament. Cf. Complain, Plague, Plangent.] 1. Audible expression of sorrow; lamentation; complaint; hence, a mournful song; a lament. Chaucer.´The Psalmist’s mournful plaint.´ Wordsworth. 2. An accusation or protest on account of an injury. “There are three just grounds of war with Spain: one of plaint, two upon defense.” Bacon. 3. (Law) A private memorial tendered to a court, in which a person sets forth his cause of action; the exhibiting of an action in writing. Blackstone.

Plaint´ful , a. Containing a plaint; complaining; expressing sorrow with an audible voice. ´My plaintful tongue.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Plain´tiff , n. [F. plaintif making complaint, plaintive; in Old French equiv. to plaignant complainant, prosecutor, fr. plaindre. See Plaint, and cf. Plaintive.] (Law) One who commences a personal action or suit to obtain a remedy for an injury to his rights; — opposed to defendant.

Plain´tiff, a. See Plaintive. [Obs.] Prior.

Plain´tive , a. [F. plaintif. See Plaintiff, n.] 1. Repining; complaining; lamenting. Dryden. 2. Expressive of sorrow or melancholy; mournful; sad. ´The most plaintive ditty.´ Landor. — Plain´tive•ly, adv. — Plain´tive•ness, n.

Plaint´less , a. Without complaint; unrepining. ´Plaintless patience.´ Savage.

Plai•sance´ , n. [F.] See Pleasance.

Plaise , n. (Zoöl.) See Plaice. [Obs.]

Plais´ter , n. [Obs.] See Plaster.

Plait , n. [OE. playte, OF. pleit, L. plicatum, plicitum, p. p. of plicare to fold, akin to plectere to plait. See Ply, and cf. Plat to weave, Pleat, Plight fold.] 1. A flat fold; a doubling, as of cloth; a pleat; as a box plait. “The plaits and foldings of the drapery.” Addison. 2. A braid, as of hair or straw; a plat. Polish plait. (Med.) Same as Plica.

Plait, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plaited; p. pr. & vb. n. Plaiting.] 1. To fold; to double in narrow folds; to pleat; as to plait a ruffle. 2. To interweave the strands or locks of; to braid; to plat; as to plait hair; to plait rope.

Plait´ed, a. Folded; doubled over; braided; figuratively, involved; intricate; artful. “Time shall unfold what plaited cunning hides.” Shak.

Plait´er , n. One who, or that which, plaits.

Plan , n. [F., fr. L. planus flat, level. See Plain, a.] 1. A draught or form; properly, a representation drawn on a plane, as a map or a chart; especially, a top view, as of a machine, or the representation or delineation of a horizontal section of anything, as of a building; a graphic representation; a diagram. 2. A scheme devised; a method of action or procedure expressed or described in language; a project; as the plan of a constitution; the plan of an expedition. “God’s plans like lines pure and white unfold.” M. R. Smith. 3. A method; a way of procedure; a custom. “The simple plan,
That they should take who have the power,
And they should keep who can.” Wordsworth. Body plan, Floor plan, etc. See under Body, Floor, etc. Syn. — Scheme; draught; delineation; plot; sketch; project; design; contrivance; device. See Scheme.

Plan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planned p. pr. & vb. n. Planning.] 1. To form a delineation of; to draught; to represent, as by a diagram. 2. To scheme; to devise; to contrive; to form in design; as to plan the conquest of a country. “Even in penance, planning sins anew.” Goldsmith.

Pla•na´ri•a , n.; pl. L. Planariae (#), E. -rias (#). [NL. See Planary.] (Zoöl.) Any species of turbellarian worms belonging to Planaria, and many allied genera. The body is usually flat, thin, and smooth. Some species, in warm countries, are terrestrial.

Pla•na´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Planarida, or Dendrocœla; any turbellarian worm. — Pla•na´ri•an, a.

Pla•nar´i•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Turbellaria; the Dendrocœla.

Pla•na´ri•oid , a. [Planaria + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like the planarians.

Pla´na•ry , a. [L. planarius level. See Plane, a.] Of or pertaining to a plane. [R.]

Planch , n. [F. planche.] A plank. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Planch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planched p. pr. & vb. n. Planching.] [F. planche a board, plank. See Plank.] To make or cover with planks or boards; to plank. [Obs.] ´To that vineyard is a planched gate.´ Shak.

Planch´er , n. [F., planche. See Planch.] 1. A floor of wood; also a plank. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Arch.) The under side of a cornice; a soffit.

Planch´er, v. t. To form of planks. [Obs.] Golding.

Planch´et , n. [F. planchette a small board, dim. of planche. See Planch.] A flat piece of metal; especially, a disk of metal ready to be stamped as a coin.

Plan•chette´ , n. [F. See Planchet.] 1. A circumferentor. See Circumferentor. 2. A small tablet of wood supported on casters and having a pencil attached. The characters produced by the pencil on paper, while the hand rests on the instrument and it is allowed to move, are sometimes translated as of oracular or supernatural import.

Planch´ing , n. The laying of floors in a building; also a floor of boards or planks.

Plane , n. [F., fr. L. platanus, Gr. , fr. broad; — so called on account of its broad leaves and spreading form. See Place, and cf. Platane, Plantain the tree.] (Bot.) Any tree of the genus Platanus. The Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis) is a native of Asia. It rises with a straight, smooth, branching stem to a great height, with palmated leaves, and long pendulous peduncles, sustaining several heads of small close-sitting flowers. The seeds are downy, and collected into round, rough, hard balls. The Occidental plane (Platanus occidentalis), which grows to a great height, is a native of North America, where it is popularly called sycamore, buttonwood, and buttonball, names also applied to the California species (Platanus racemosa).

Plane , a. [L. planus: cf. F. plan. See Plan, a.] Without elevations or depressions; even; level; flat; lying in, or constituting, a plane; as a plane surface. In science, this word (instead of plain) is almost exclusively used to designate a flat or level surface. Plane angle, the angle included between two straight lines in a plane. — Plane chart, Plane curve. See under Chart and Curve. — Plane figure, a figure all points of which lie in the same plane. If bounded by straight lines it is a rectilinear plane figure, if by curved lines it is a curvilinear plane figure. — Plane geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the relations and properties of plane figures. — Plane problem, a problem which can be solved geometrically by the aid of the right line and circle only. — Plane sailing (Naut.), the method of computing a ship’s place and course on the supposition that the earth’s surface is a plane. — Plane scale (Naut.), a scale for the use of navigators, on which are graduated chords, sines, tangents, secants, rhumbs, geographical miles, etc. — Plane surveying, surveying in which the curvature of the earth is disregarded; ordinary field and topographical surveying of tracts of moderate extent. — Plane table, an instrument used for plotting the lines of a survey on paper in the field. — Plane trigonometry, the branch of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to plane triangles.

Plane, n. [F. plane, L. plana. See Plane, v. & a.] 1. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, in which, if any two points are taken, the straight line which joins them lies wholly in that surface; or a surface, any section of which by a like surface is a straight line; a surface without curvature. 2. (Astron.) An ideal surface, conceived as coinciding with, or containing, some designated astronomical line, circle, or other curve; as the plane of an orbit; the plane of the ecliptic, or of the equator. 3. (Mech.) A block or plate having a perfectly flat surface, used as a standard of flatness; a surface plate. 4. (Joinery) A tool for smoothing boards or other surfaces of wood, for forming moldings, etc. It consists of a smooth-soled stock, usually of wood, from the under side or face of which projects slightly the steel cutting edge of a chisel, called the iron, which inclines backward, with an apperture in front for the escape of shavings; as the jack plane; the smoothing plane; the molding plane, etc. Objective plane (Surv.), the horizontal plane upon which the object which is to be delineated, or whose place is to be determined, is supposed to stand. — Perspective plane. See Perspective. — Plane at infinity (Geom.), a plane in which points infinitely distant are conceived as situated. — Plane iron, the cutting chisel of a joiner’s plane. — Plane of polarization. (Opt.) See Polarization. — Plane of projection. (a) The plane on which the projection is made, corresponding to the perspective plane in perspective; — called also principal plane. (b) (Descriptive Geom.) One of the planes to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position in space. — Plane of refraction or reflection (Opt.), the plane in which lie both the incident ray and the refracted or reflected ray.

Plane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planed p. pr. & vb. n. Planing.] [Cf. F. planer, L. planare, fr. planus. See Plane, a., Plain, a., and cf. Planish.] 1. To make smooth; to level; to pare off the inequalities of the surface of, as of a board or other piece of wood, by the use of a plane; as to plane a plank. 2. To efface or remove. “He planed away the names … written on his tables.” Chaucer. 3. Figuratively, to make plain or smooth. [R.] “What student came but that you planed her path.” Tennyson.

Plane•-par´al•lel , a. (Optics) Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass.

Plan´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, planes; a planing machine; esp., a machine for planing wood or metals. 2. (Print.) A wooden block used for forcing down the type in a form, and making the surface even. Hansard. Planer centers. See under Center.

Plan´er tree [From J. S. Planer, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A small-leaved North American tree (Planera aquatica) related to the elm, but having a wingless, nutlike fruit.

Plan´et , n. [OE. planete, F. planète, L. planeta, fr. Gr. , and a planet; prop. wandering, fr. to wander, fr. a wandering.] 1. (Astron.) A celestial body which revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccentricity. It is distinguished from a comet by the absence of a coma, and by having a less eccentric orbit. See Solar system. The term planet was first used to distinguish those stars which have an apparent motion through the constellations from the fixed stars, which retain their relative places unchanged. The inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, which are nearer to the sun than is the earth; the superior planets are Mars, the asteroids, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which are farther from the sun than is the earth. Primary planets are those which revolve about the sun; secondary planets, or moons, are those which revolve around the primary planets as satellites, and at the same time revolve with them about the sun. 2. A star, as influencing the fate of a men. “There’s some ill planet reigns.” Shak. Planet gear. (Mach.) See Epicyclic train, under Epicyclic. — Planet wheel, a gear wheel which revolves around the wheel with which it meshes, in an epicyclic train.

Plane´ ta•ble See under Plane, a.

Plan•e•ta´ri•um , n. [NL.: cf. F. planetaire. See Planetary.] An orrery. See Orrery.

Plan´et•a•ry , a. [Cf. L. planetarius an astrologer, F. planetaire planetary. See Planet.] 1. Of or pertaining to the planets; as planetary inhabitants; planetary motions; planetary year. 2. Consisting of planets; as a planetary system. 3. (Astrol.) Under the dominion or influence of a planet. ´Skilled in the planetary hours.´ Drayton. 4. Caused by planets. ´A planetary plague.´ Shak. 5. Having the nature of a planet; erratic; revolving; wandering. ´Erratical and planetary life.´ Fuller. Planetary days, the days of the week as shared among the planets known to the ancients, each having its day. Hutton. — Planetary nebula, a nebula exhibiting a uniform disk, like that of a planet.

Plan´et•ed, a. Belonging to planets. [R.] Young. { Pla•net´ic , Pla•net´ic•al } a. [L. planeticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to planets. Sir T. Browne.

Plan´et•oid , n. [Planet + -oid.] (Astron.) A body resembling a planet; an asteroid.

Plan´et•oid•al , a. Pertaining to a planetoid.

Plane´ tree (Bot.) Same as 1st Plane. { Plan´et-strick•en , Plan´et-struck• } a. Affected by the influence of planets; blasted. Milton. “Like planet-stricken men of yore
He trembles, smitten to the core
By strong compunction and remorse.” Wordsworth.

Plan´et•ule , n. A little planet. [R.] Conybeare.

Plan´gen•cy , n. The quality or state of being plangent; a beating sound. [R.]

Plan´gent , a. [L. plangens, -entis, fr. plangere to beat. See Plaint.] Beating; dashing, as a wave. [R.] ´The plangent wave.´ H. Taylor. { Plan´i- , Plan´o- }. [L. planus. See Plane, a.] Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, plano- concave.

Plan•i•fo´li•ous , a. [Plani- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Flat-leaved.

Plan´i•form , a. (Anat.) Having a plane surface; as a planiform, gliding, or arthrodial articulation.

Pla•nim´e•ter , n. [Plani- + -meter. Cf. Planometer.] An instrument for measuring the area of any plane figure, however irregular, by passing a tracer around the bounding line; a platometer. { Plan•i•met´ric ( 277), Plan•i•met´ric•al , } a. [Cf. F. planimetrique.] Of or pertaining to planimetry.

Pla•nim´e•try , n. [Cf. F. planimetrie.] The mensuration of plane surfaces; — distinguished from stereometry, or the mensuration of volumes.

Plan´ing , a. & vb. n. fr. Plane, v. t. Planing machine. (a) See Planer. (b) A complex machine for planing wood, especially boards, containing usually a rapidly revolving cutter, which chips off the surface in small shavings as the piece to be planed is passed under it by feeding apparatus.

Pla•ni•pen´nate , a. Of or pertaining to Planipennia.

Pla•ni•pen´ni•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. planus plane + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Neuroptera, including those that have broad, flat wings, as the ant-lion, lacewing, etc. Called also Planipennes.

Plan•i•pet´al•ous , a. [Plani- + petal.] (Bot.) Having flat petals.

Plan´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planished p. pr. & vb. n. Planishing.] [OF. planir, F. planer. See Plane, v., and -ish.] To make smooth or plane, as a metallic surface; to condense, toughen, and polish by light blows with a hammer.

Plan´ish•er , n. One who, or that which, planishes. Weale.

Plan´ish•ing, a. & vb. n. from Planish, v. t. Planishing rolls (Coining), rolls between which metal strips are passed while cold, to bring them to exactly the required thickness.

Plan´i•sphere , n. [Plani- + sphere: cf. F. planisphère. See Plain, and Sphere.] The representation of the circles of the sphere upon a plane; especially, a representation of the celestial sphere upon a plane with adjustable circles, or other appendages, for showing the position of the heavens, the time of rising and setting of stars, etc., for any given date or hour.

Plan•i•spher´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a planisphere.

Plank , n. [OE. planke, OF. planque, planche, F. planche, fr. L. planca; cf. Gr. , , anything flat and broad. Cf. Planch.] 1. A broad piece of sawed timber, differing from a board only in being thicker. See Board. 2. Fig.: That which supports or upholds, as a board does a swimmer. “His charity is a better plank than the faith of an intolerant and bitter-minded bigot.” Southey. 3. One of the separate articles in a declaration of the principles of a party or cause; as a plank in the national platform. [Cant] Plank road, or Plank way, a road surface formed of planks. [U.S.] — To walk the plank, to walk along a plank laid across the bulwark of a ship, until one overbalances it and falls into the sea; — a method of disposing of captives practiced by pirates.

Plank , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planked p. pr. & vb. n. Planking.] 1. To cover or lay with planks; as to plank a floor or a ship. ´Planked with pine.´ Dryden. 2. To lay down, as on a plank or table; to stake or pay cash; as to plank money in a wager. [Colloq. U.S.] 3. To harden, as hat bodies, by felting. 4. (Wooden Manuf.) To splice together the ends of slivers of wool, for subsequent drawing. Planked shad, shad split open, fastened to a plank, and roasted before a wood fire.

Plank´ing, n. 1. The act of laying planks; also planks, collectively; a series of planks in place, as the wooden covering of the frame of a vessel. 2. The act of splicing slivers. See Plank, v. t., 4.

Plank´-sheer , n. (Shipbuilding) The course of plank laid horizontally over the timberheads of a vessel’s frame.

Plan´less , a. Having no plan.

Plan´ner , n. One who plans; a projector.

Pla´no- See Plani-.

Plan´o•blast , n. [Gr. to wander + -blast.] (Zoöl.) Any free-swimming gonophore of a hydroid; a hydroid medusa.

Pla´no-con´cave , a. [Plano- + concave.] Plane or flat on one side, and concave on the other; as a plano-concave lens. See Lens.

Pla´no-con´ic•al , a. [Plano- + conical.] Plane or flat on one side, and conical on the other. Grew.

Pla´no-con´vex , a. [Plano- + convex.] Plane or flat on one side, and convex on the other; as a plano-convex lens. See Convex, and Lens.

Pla´no-hor•i•zon´tal , a. [Plano- + horizontal.] Having a level horizontal surface or position. Lee.

Pla•nom´e•ter , n. [Plano- + -meter. Cf. Planimeter.] An instrument for gauging or testing a plane surface. See Surface gauge, under Surface.

Pla•nom´e•try , n. (Mech.) The art or process of producing or gauging a plane surface.

Pla´no-or•bic´u•lar , a. [Plano- + orbicular.] Plane or flat on one side, and spherical on the other.

Pla•nor´bis , n. [NL., fr. L. planus flat + orbis a circle.] (Zoöl.) Any fresh-water air-breathing mollusk belonging to Planorbis and other allied genera, having shells of a discoidal form.

Pla´no-su´bu•late , a. [Plano- + subulate.] Smooth and awl-shaped. See Subulate.

Plant , n. [AS. plante, L. planta.] 1. A vegetable; an organized living being, generally without feeling and voluntary motion, and having, when complete, a root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion, or a series of cellules, or even a single cellule. Plants are divided by their structure and methods of reproduction into two series, phaenogamous or flowering plants, which have true flowers and seeds, and cryptogamous or flowerless plants, which have no flowers, and reproduce by minute one-celled spores. In both series are minute and simple forms and others of great size and complexity. As to their mode of nutrition, plants may be considered as self-supporting and dependent. Self-supporting plants always contain chlorophyll, and subsist on air and moisture and the matter dissolved in moisture, and as a general rule they excrete oxygen, and use the carbonic acid to combine with water and form the material for their tissues. Dependent plants comprise all fungi and many flowering plants of a parasitic or saprophytic nature. As a rule, they have no chlorophyll, and subsist mainly or wholly on matter already organized, thus utilizing carbon compounds already existing, and not excreting oxygen. But there are plants which are partly dependent and partly self-supporting. The movements of climbing plants, of some insectivorous plants, of leaves, stamens, or pistils in certain plants, and the ciliary motion of zoöspores, etc., may be considered a kind of voluntary motion. 2. A bush, or young tree; a sapling; hence, a stick or staff. ´A plant of stubborn oak.´ Dryden. 3. The sole of the foot. [R.] ´Knotty legs and plants of clay.´ B. Jonson. 4. (Com.) The whole machinery and apparatus employed in carrying on a trade or mechanical business; also sometimes including real estate, and whatever represents investment of capital in the means of carrying on a business, but not including material worked upon or finished products; as the plant of a foundry, a mill, or a railroad. 5. A plan; an artifice; a swindle; a trick. [Slang] “It was n’t a bad plant, that of mine, on Fikey.” Dickens. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) An oyster which has been bedded, in distinction from one of natural growth. (b) A young oyster suitable for transplanting. [Local, U.S.] Plant bug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous hemipterous insects which injure the foliage of plants, as Lygus lineolaris, which damages wheat and trees. — Plant cutter (Zoöl.), a South American passerine bird of the genus Phytotoma, family Phytotomidae. It has a serrated bill with which it cuts off the young shoots and buds of plants, often doing much injury. — Plant louse (Zoöl.), any small hemipterous insect which infests plants, especially those of the families Aphidae and Psyllidae; an aphid.

Plant , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planted; p. pr. & vb. n. Planting.] [AS. plantian, L. plantare. See Plant, n.] 1. To put in the ground and cover, as seed for growth; as to plant maize. 2. To set in the ground for growth, as a young tree, or a vegetable with roots. “Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees.” Deut. xvi. 21. 3. To furnish, or fit out, with plants; as to plant a garden, an orchard, or a forest. 4. To engender; to generate; to set the germ of. “It engenders choler, planteth anger.” Shak. 5. To furnish with a fixed and organized population; to settle; to establish; as to plant a colony. “Planting of countries like planting of woods.” Bacon. 6. To introduce and establish the principles or seeds of; as to plant Christianity among the heathen. 7. To set firmly; to fix; to set and direct, or point; as to plant cannon against a fort; to plant a standard in any place; to plant one’s feet on solid ground; to plant one’s fist in another’s face. 8. To set up; to install; to instate. “We will plant some other in the throne.” Shak.

Plant, v. i. To perform the act of planting. “I have planted; Apollos watered.” 1 Cor. iii. 6.

Plant´a•ble , a. Capable of being planted; fit to be planted. B. Edwards.

Plant´age , n. A word used once by Shakespeare to designate plants in general, or anything that is planted. “As true as steel, as plantage to the moon.” Shak. (Troil. iii. sc. 2).

Plan´tain , n. [Cf. F. plantain- arbre, plantanier, Sp. plántano, plátano; prob. same word as plane tree.] 1. (Bot.) A treelike perennial herb (Musa paradisiaca) of tropical regions, bearing immense leaves and large clusters of the fruits called plantains. See Musa. 2. The fruit of this plant. It is long and somewhat cylindrical, slightly curved, and, when ripe, soft, fleshy, and covered with a thick but tender yellowish skin. The plantain is a staple article of food in most tropical countries, especially when cooked. Plantain cutter, or Plantain eater (Zoöl.), any one of several large African birds of the genus Musophaga, or family Musophagidae, especially Musophaga violacea. See Turaco. They are allied to the cuckoos. — Plantain squirrel (Zoöl.), a Java squirrel (Sciurus plantani) which feeds upon plantains. — Plantain tree (Bot.), the treelike herb Musa paradisiaca. See def. 1 (above).

Plan´tain, n. [F., fr. L. plantago. Cf. Plant.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Plantago, but especially the P. major, a low herb with broad spreading radical leaves, and slender spikes of minute flowers. It is a native of Europe, but now found near the abode of civilized man in nearly all parts of the world. Indian plantain. (Bot.) See under Indian. — Mud plantain, a homely North American aquatic plant (Heteranthera reniformis), having broad, reniform leaves. — Rattlesnake plantain, an orchidaceous plant (Goodyera pubescens), with the leaves blotched and spotted with white. — Ribwort plantain. See Ribwort. — Robin’s plantain, the Erigeron bellidifolium, a common daisylike plant of North America. — Water plantain, a plant of the genus Alisma, having acrid leaves, and formerly regarded as a specific against hydrophobia. Loudon.

Plant´al , a. [L. planta a plant.] Belonging to plants; as plantal life. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Plan´tar , a. [L. plantaris, fr. planta the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sole of the foot; as the plantar arteries.

Plan•ta´tion , n. [L. plantatio: cf. F. plantation.] 1. The act or practice of planting, or setting in the earth for growth. [R.] 2. The place planted; land brought under cultivation; a piece of ground planted with trees or useful plants; esp., in the United States and West Indies, a large estate appropriated to the production of the more important crops, and cultivated by laborers who live on the estate; as a cotton plantation; a coffee plantation. 3. An original settlement in a new country; a colony. “While these plantations were forming in Connecticut.” B. Trumbull.

Plant´-cane , n. A stalk or shoot of sugar cane of the first growth from the cutting. The growth of the second and following years is of inferior quality, and is called rattoon.

Plant´-eat•ing , a. Eating, or subsisting on, plants; as a plant-eating beetle.

Plant´ed , a. (Joinery) Fixed in place, as a projecting member wrought on a separate piece of stuff; as a planted molding.

Plant´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, plants or sows; as a planterof corn; a machine planter. 2. One who owns or cultivates a plantation; as a sugar planter; a coffee planter. 3. A colonist in a new or uncultivated territory; as the first planters in Virginia.

Plant´er•ship, n. The occupation or position of a planter, or the management of a plantation, as in the United States or the West Indies.

Plant´i•cle , n. [Dim. of Plant.] A young plant, or plant in embryo. E. Darwin.

Plan•ti•gra´da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A subdivision of Carnivora having plantigrade feet. It includes the bears, raccoons, and allied species.

Plan´ti•grade , a. [L. planta sole of the foot + gradi to walk: cf. F. plantigrade.] (Zoöl.) (a) Walking on the sole of the foot; pertaining to the plantigrades. (b) Having the foot so formed that the heel touches the ground when the leg is upright.

Plan´ti•grade, n. (Zoöl.) A plantigrade animal, or one that walks or steps on the sole of the foot, as man, and the bears.

Plant´ing , n. 1. The act or operation of setting in the ground for propagation, as seeds, trees, shrubs, etc.; the forming of plantations, as of trees; the carrying on of plantations, as of sugar, coffee, etc. 2. That which is planted; a plantation. “Trees of righteousness, the planting of the Lord.” Isa. lxi. 3. 3. (Arch.) The laying of the first courses of stone in a foundation. [Eng.]

Plant´less, a. Without plants; barren of vegetation.

Plant´let, n. A little plant.

Plan•toc´ra•cy , n. [Planter + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government by planters; planters, collectively. [R.]

Plant´ule , n. [F., dim. of plante a plant, L. planta.] (Bot.) The embryo which has begun its development in the act of germination.

Plan´u•la , n.; pl. Planulae (#). [L., a little plane.] 1. (Biol.) In embryonic development, a vesicle filled with fluid, formed from the morula by the divergence of its cells in such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which the cells arrange themselves as an envelope; an embryonic form intermediate between the morula and gastrula. Sometimes used as synonymous with gastrula. 2. (Zoöl.) The very young, free- swimming larva of the cœlenterates. It usually has a flattened oval or oblong form, and is entirely covered with cilia.

Planx´ty , n. [Cf. L. plangere to mourn aloud.] (Mus.) An Irish or Welsh melody for the harp, sometimes of a mournful character.

Plaque , n. [F. Cf. Plack, and see Placard.] Any flat, thin piece of metal, clay, ivory, or the like, used for ornament, or for painting pictures upon, as a slab, plate, dish, or the like, hung upon a wall; also a smaller decoration worn on the person, as a brooch.

Plash , n. [OD. plasch. See Plash, v.] 1. A small pool of standing water; a puddle. Bacon. ´These shallow plashes.´ Barrow. 2. A dash of water; a splash.

Plash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Plashed p. pr. & vb. n. Plashing.] [Cf. D. plassen, G. platschen. Cf. Splash.] To dabble in water; to splash. ´Plashing among bedded pebbles.´ Keats. “Far below him plashed the waters.” Longfellow.

Plash, v. t. 1. To splash, as water. 2. To splash or sprinkle with coloring matter; as to plash a wall in imitation of granite.

Plash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plashed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Plashing.] [OF. plaissier, plessier, to bend. Cf. Pleach.] To cut partly, or to bend and intertwine the branches of; as to plash a hedge. Evelyn.

Plash, n. The branch of a tree partly cut or bent, and bound to, or intertwined with, other branches.

Plash´et , n. [Plash + - et.] A small pond or pool; a puddle.

Plash´ing, n. 1. The cutting or bending and intertwining the branches of small trees, as in hedges. 2. The dashing or sprinkling of coloring matter on the walls of buildings, to imitate granite, etc.

Plash´oot , n. A hedge or fence formed of branches of trees interlaced, or plashed. [Obs.] Carew.

Plash´y , a. [From 1st Plash.] 1. Watery; abounding with puddles; splashy. ´Plashy fens.´ Milton. ´The plashy earth.´ Wordsworth. 2. Specked, as if plashed with color. Keats.

Plasm , n. [L. plasma anything formed or molded, that which is molded, Gr. , , from to form, mold: cf. F. plasme. Cf. Plasma.] 1. A mold or matrix in which anything is cast or formed to a particular shape. [R.] Woodward. 2. (Biol.) Same as Plasma.

Plas´ma , n. [See Plasm.] 1. (Min.) A variety of quartz, of a color between grass green and leek green, which is found associated with common chalcedony. It was much esteemed by the ancients for making engraved ornaments. 2. (Biol.) The viscous material of an animal or vegetable cell, out of which the various tissues are formed by a process of differentiation; protoplasm. 3. Unorganized material; elementary matter. 4. (Med.) A mixture of starch and glycerin, used as a substitute for ointments. U. S. Disp. Blood plasma (Physiol.), the colorless fluid of the blood, in which the red and white blood corpuscles are suspended. — Muscle plasma (Physiol.), the fundamental part of muscle fibers, a thick, viscid, albuminous fluid contained within the sarcolemma, which on the death of the muscle coagulates to a semisolid mass. { Plas•mat´ic , Plas•mat´ic•al } a. [Gr. .] 1. Forming; shaping; molding. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to plasma; having the character of plasma; containing, or conveying, plasma.

Plas•ma´tion , n. [L. plasmatio.] The act of forming or molding. [R.] Grafton.

Plas•ma´tor , n. [L.] A former; a fashioner. [R.] ´The sovereign plasmator, God Almighty.´ Urquhart.

Plas´ma•ture , n. Form; mold. [R.]

Plas´mic , a. Of, pertaining to, or connected with, plasma; plasmatic.

Plas´min , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid body, separated by some physiologists from blood plasma. It is probably identical with fibrinogen.

Plas•mo´di•al , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to, or like, a plasmodium; as the plasmodial form of a life cycle.

Plas•mo´di•um , n.; pl. Plasmodia (#). [NL. See Plasma.] 1. (Biol.) A jellylike mass of free protoplasm, without any union of amœboid cells, and endowed with life and power of motion. 2. (Zoöl.) A naked mobile mass of protoplasm, formed by the union of several amœbalike young, and constituting one of the stages in the life cycle of Mycetozoa and other low organisms.

Plas´mo•gen , n. [Plasma + -gen.] (Biol.) The important living portion of protoplasm, considered a chemical substance of the highest elaboration. Germ plasm and idioplasm are forms of plasmogen.

Plas´son , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to form.] (Biol.) The albuminous material composing the body of a cytode. It is considered simpler than protoplasm of an ordinary cell in that it has not undergone differentiation into the inner cell nucleus and the outer cell substance. Haeckel.

Plas´ter , n. [AS., a plaster (in sense 1), fr. L. emplastrum, Gr. , , fr. to daub on, stuff in; in + to mold: cf. OF. plastre a plaster (in sense 2), F. plâtre. Cf. Plastic, Emplaster, Piaster.] [Formerly written also plaister.] 1. (Med.) An external application of a consistency harder than ointment, prepared for use by spreading it on linen, leather, silk, or other material. It is adhesive at the ordinary temperature of the body, and is used, according to its composition, to produce a medicinal effect, to bind parts together, etc.; as a porous plaster; sticking plaster. 2. A composition of lime, water, and sand, with or without hair as a bond, for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions of houses. See Mortar. 3. Calcined gypsum, or plaster of Paris, especially when ground, as used for making ornaments, figures, moldings, etc.; or calcined gypsum used as a fertilizer. Plaster cast, a copy of an object obtained by pouring plaster of Paris mixed with water into a mold. — Plaster of Paris. [So called because originally brought from a suburb of Paris.] (Chem.) Anhydrous calcium sulphate, or calcined gypsum, which forms with water a paste which soon sets or hardens, and is used for casts, moldings, etc. The term is loosely applied to any plaster stone or species of gypsum. — Plaster of Paris bandage (Surg.), a bandage saturated with a paste of plaster of Paris, which on drying forms a perfectly fitting splint. — Plaster stone, any species of gypsum. See Gypsum.

Plas´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plastered p. pr. & vb. n. Plastering.] [Cf. OF. plastrer to plaster (in sense 2), F. plâtrer.] 1. To cover with a plaster, as a wound or sore. 2. To overlay or cover with plaster, as the ceilings and walls of a house. 3. Fig.: To smooth over; to cover or conceal the defects of; to hide, as with a covering of plaster. Bale.

Plas´ter•er , n. 1. One who applies plaster or mortar. ´Thy father was a plasterer.´ Shak. 2. One who makes plaster casts. ´The plasterer doth make his figures by addition.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Plas´ter•ing, n. 1. Same as Plaster, n., 2. 2. The act or process of overlaying with plaster. 3. A covering of plaster; plasterwork.

Plas´ter•ly, a. Resembling plaster of Paris. [R.] ´Out of gypseous or plasterly ground.´ Fuller.

Plas´ter•work , n. Plastering used to finish architectural constructions, exterior or interior, especially that used for the lining of rooms. Ordinarly, mortar is used for the greater part of the work, and pure plaster of Paris for the moldings and ornaments.

Plas´ter•y, a. Of the nature of plaster. “The stone … is a poor plastery material.” Clough.

-plas´tic (-plas´tik). [Gr. fit for molding, plastic, fr. to mold, to form.] A combining form signifying developing, forming, growing; as heteroplastic, monoplastic, polyplastic.

Plas´tic (plas´tik), a. [L. plasticus, Gr. , fr. to form, mold: cf. F. plastique.] 1. Having the power to give form or fashion to a mass of matter; as the plastic hand of the Creator. Prior. “See plastic Nature working to his end.” Pope. 2. Capable of being molded, formed, or modeled, as clay or plaster; — used also figuratively; as the plastic mind of a child. 3. Pertaining or appropriate to, or characteristic of, molding or modeling; produced by, or appearing as if produced by, molding or modeling; — said of sculpture and the kindred arts, in distinction from painting and the graphic arts. “Medallions … fraught with the plastic beauty and grace of the palmy days of Italian art.” J. S. Harford. Plastic clay (Geol.), one of the beds of the Eocene period; — so called because used in making pottery. Lyell. — Plastic element (Physiol.), one that bears within the germs of a higher form. — Plastic exudation (Med.), an exudation thrown out upon a wounded surface and constituting the material of repair by which the process of healing is effected. — Plastic foods. (Physiol.) See the second Note under Food. — Plastic force. (Physiol.) See under Force. — Plastic operation, an operation in plastic surgery. — Plastic surgery, that branch of surgery which is concerned with the repair or restoration of lost, injured, or deformed parts of the body.

Plas´tic•al , a. See Plastic. [R.]

Plas´tic•al•ly, adv. In a plastic manner.

Plas•tic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. plasticite.] 1. The quality or state of being plastic. 2. (Physiol.) Plastic force. Dunglison. { Plas´tid , Plas´tide } n. [Gr. , , a creator.] 1. (Biol.) A formative particle of albuminous matter; a monad; a cytode. See the Note under Morphon. Haeckel. 2. (Bot.) One of the many minute granules found in the protoplasm of vegetable cells. They are divided by their colors into three classes, chloroplastids, chromoplastids, and leucoplastids.

Plas•ti•do•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , creator + animal.] (Zoöl.) Same as Protoza.

Plas´ti•dule , n. [Dim. fr. Plastid.] (Biol.) One of the small particles or organic molecules of protoplasm. Haeckel.

Plas´tin , n. [Gr. to form, mold.] (Biol.) A substance associated with nuclein in cell nuclei, and by some considered as the fundamental substance of the nucleus.

Plas•tog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; fored, molded + to write.] 1. The art of forming figures in any plastic material. 2. Imitation of handwriting; forgery.

Plas´tron , n. [F. plastron breastplate, plastron, LL. plastra a thin plate of metal. See Plaster.] 1. A piece of leather stuffed or padded, worn by fencers to protect the breast. Dryden. 3. (Anc. Armor) An iron breastplate, worn under the hauberk. 3. (Anat.) The ventral shield or shell of tortoises and turtles. See Testudinata. 4. A trimming for the front of a woman’s dress, made of a different material, and narrowing from the shoulders to the waist.

-plas´ty [Gr. to mold, form.] A combining form denoting the act or process of forming, development, growth; as autoplasty, perineoplasty.

Plat , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Platted; p. pr. & vb. n. Platting.] [See Plait.] To form by interlaying interweaving; to braid; to plait. ´They had platted a crown of thorns.´ Matt. xxvii. 29.

Plat, n. Work done by platting or braiding; a plait. “Her hair, nor loose, nor tied in formal plat.” Shak.

Plat, n. [Cf. Plat flat, which perh. caused this spelling, and Plot a piece of ground.] A small piece or plot of ground laid out with some design, or for a special use; usually, a portion of flat, even ground. “This flowery plat, the sweet recess of Eve.” Milton. “I keep smooth plat of fruitful ground.” Tennyson.

Plat, v. t. To lay out in plats or plots, as ground.

Plat, a. [F. plat. See Plate, n.] Plain; flat; level. [Obs.] Gower.

Plat, adv. 1. Plainly; flatly; downright. [Obs.] “But, sir, ye lie, I tell you plat.” Rom. of R. 2. Flatly; smoothly; evenly. [Obs.] Drant.

Plat, n. 1. The flat or broad side of a sword. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. 2. A plot; a plan; a design; a diagram; a map; a chart. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] ´To note all the islands, and to set them down in plat.´ Hakluyt.

Plat´an , n. [L. platanus. See Plane the tree.] [Written also platane.] The plane tree. Tennyson.

Plat´a•nist , n. [L. platanista a sort of fish, Gr. : cf. F. plataniste.] (Zoöl.) The soosoo.

Plat´a•nus , n. [See Plane the tree.] (Bot.) A genus of trees; the plane tree.

Plat´band , n. [F. plate- bande; plat, plate, flat, level + bande a band.] 1. A border of flowers in a garden, along a wall or a parterre; hence, a border. 2. (Arch.) (a) A flat molding, or group of moldings, the width of which much exceeds its projection, as the face of an architrave. (b) A list or fillet between the flutings of a column.

Plate , n. [OF. plate a plate of metal, a cuirsas F. plat a plate, a shallow vessel of silver, other metal, or earth, fr. plat flat, Gr. . See Place, n.] 1. A flat, or nearly flat, piece of metal, the thickness of which is small in comparison with the other dimensions; a thick sheet of metal; as a steel plate. 2. Metallic armor composed of broad pieces. “Mangled … through plate and mail.” Milton. 3. Domestic vessels and utensils, as flagons, dishes, cups, etc., wrought in gold or silver. 4. Metallic ware which is plated, in distinction from that which is genuine silver or gold. 5. A small, shallow, and usually circular, vessel of metal or wood, or of earth glazed and baked, from which food is eaten at table. 6. [Cf. Sp. plata silver.] A piece of money, usually silver money. [Obs.] ´Realms and islands were as plates dropp’d from his pocket.´ Shak. 7. A piece of metal on which anything is engraved for the purpose of being printed; hence, an impression from the engraved metal; as a book illustrated with plates; a fashion plate. 8. A page of stereotype, electrotype, or the like, for printing from; as publisher’s plates. 9. That part of an artificial set of teeth which fits to the mouth, and holds the teeth in place. It may be of gold, platinum, silver, rubber, celluloid, etc. 10. (Arch.) A horizontal timber laid upon a wall, or upon corbels projecting from a wall, and supporting the ends of other timbers; also used specifically of the roof plate which supports the ends of the roof trusses or, in simple work, the feet of the rafters. 11. (Her.) A roundel of silver or tinctured argent. 12. (Photog.) A sheet of glass, porcelain, metal, etc., with a coating that is sensitive to light. 13. A prize giving to the winner in a contest. Plate is sometimes used in an adjectival sense or in combination, the phrase or compound being in most cases of obvious signification; as plate basket or plate-basket, plate rack or plate-rack. Home plate. (Baseball) See Home base, under Home. — Plate armor. (a) See Plate, n., 2. (b) Strong metal plates for protecting war vessels, fortifications, and the like. — Plate bone, the shoulder blade, or scapula. — Plate girder, a girder, the web of which is formed of a single vertical plate, or of a series of such plates riveted together. — Plate glass. See under Glass. — Plate iron, wrought iron plates. — Plate layer, a workman who lays down the rails of a railway and fixes them to the sleepers or ties. — Plate mark, a special mark or emblematic figure stamped upon gold or silver plate, to indicate the place of manufacture, the degree of purity, and the like; thus, the local mark for London is a lion. — Plate paper, a heavy spongy paper, for printing from engraved plates. Fairholt. — Plate press, a press with a flat carriage and a roller, — used for printing from engraved steel or copper plates. — Plate printer, one who prints from engraved plates. — Plate printing, the act or process of printing from an engraved plate or plates. — Plate tracery. (Arch.) See under Tracery. - - Plate wheel (Mech.), a wheel, the rim and hub of which are connected by a continuous plate of metal, instead of by arms or spokes.

Plate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plated; p. pr. & vb. n. Plating.] 1. To cover or overlay with gold, silver, or other metals, either by a mechanical process, as hammering, or by a chemical process, as electrotyping. 2. To cover or overlay with plates of metal; to arm with metal for defense. “Thus plated in habiliments of war.” Shak. 3. To adorn with plated metal; as a plated harness. 4. To beat into thin, flat pieces, or laminae. 5. To calender; as to plate paper.

Pla•teau´ , n.; pl. F. Plateaux (F. ; E. ), E. Plateaus (#). [F., fr. OF. platel, properly a little plate. See Plate.] 1. A flat surface; especially, a broad, level, elevated area of land; a table- land. 2. An ornamental dish for the table; a tray or salver.

Plate´ful , n.; pl. Platefuls . Enough to fill a plate; as much as a plate will hold.

Plate´-gilled , a. (Zoöl.) Having flat, or leaflike, gills, as the bivalve mollusks.

Pla´tel , n. [OF. See Plateau.] A small dish.

Plat´en , n. [F. platine, fr. plat flat. See Plate, and cf. Platin.] (Mach.) (a) The part of a printing press which presses the paper against the type and by which the impression is made. (b) Hence, an analogous part of a typewriter, on which the paper rests to receive an impression. (c) The movable table of a machine tool, as a planer, on which the work is fastened, and presented to the action of the tool; — also called table.

Plat´er , n. One who plates or coats articles with gold or silver; as a silver plater. 2. A machine for calendering paper.

Plat•er•esque´ , a. [Sp. resco, from plata silver.] (Arch.) Resembling silver plate; — said of certain architectural ornaments.

Plat´e•trope , n. [Gr. breadth + to turn.] (Anat.) One of a pair of a paired organs.

Plat´form , n. [Plat, a. + -form: cf. F. plateforme.] 1. A plat; a plan; a sketch; a model; a pattern. Used also figuratively. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A place laid out after a model. [Obs.] “lf the platform just reflects the order.” Pope. 3. Any flat or horizontal surface; especially, one that is raised above some particular level, as a framework of timber or boards horizontally joined so as to form a roof, or a raised floor, or portion of a floor; a landing; a dais; a stage, for speakers, performers, or workmen; a standing place. 4. A declaration of the principles upon which a person, a sect, or a party proposes to stand; a declared policy or system; as the Saybrook platform; a political platform. ´The platform of Geneva.´ Hooker. 5. (Naut.) A light deck, usually placed in a section of the hold or over the floor of the magazine. See Orlop. Platform car, a railway car without permanent raised sides or covering; a fat. — Platform scale, a weighing machine, with a flat platform on which objects are weighed.

Plat´form, v. t. 1. To place on a platform. [R.] 2. To form a plan of; to model; to lay out. [Obs.] “Church discipline is platformed in the Bible.” Milton.

Plat•hel´minth , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Platyelminthes.

Plat•hel•min´thes , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Platyelminthes.

Plat´in , n. (Mach.) See Platen.

Plat´i•na , n. [Sp. or NL. See Platinum.] (Chem.) Platinum. Platina mohr, platinum black. — Platina yellow, a pigment prepared from platinum.

Plat´ing , n. 1. The art or process of covering anything with a plate or plates, or with metal, particularly of overlaying a base or dull metal with a thin plate of precious or bright metal, as by mechanical means or by electro-magnetic deposition. 2. A thin coating of metal laid upon another metal. 3. A coating or defensive armor of metal (usually steel) plates.

Pla•tin´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, platinum; — used specifically to designate those compounds in which the element has a higher valence, as contrasted with the platinous compounds; as platinic chloride (PtCl4).

Plat•i•ni•chlo´ric , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid consisting of platinic chloride and hydrochloric acid, and obtained as a brownish red crystalline substance, called platinichloric, or chloroplatinic, acid.

Plat•i•nif´er•ous , a. [Platinum + -ferous.] Yielding platinum; as platiniferous sand.

Plat•i•ni•rid´i•um , n. (Chem. & Min.) A natural alloy of platinum and iridium occurring in grayish metallic rounded or cubical grains with platinum.

Plat´i•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Platinized p. pr. & vb. n. Platinizing ] To cover or combine with platinum.

Plat•i•no•chlo´ric , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid consisting of platinous chloride and hydrochloric acid, called platinochloric, or chloroplatinous, acid.

Plat•i•no•chlo´ride , n. (Chem.) A double chloride of platinum and some other metal or radical; a salt of platinochloric acid.

Plat•i•no•cy•an´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid compound of platinous cyanide and hydrocyanic acid. It is obtained as a cinnaber-red crystalline substance.

Plat•i•no•cy´a•nide , n. (Chem.) A double cyanide of platinum and some other metal or radical; a salt of platinocyanic acid.

Plat´i•node , n. [Platinum + Gr. a way.] (Physics) A cathode. [R.]

Plat´i•noid , a. [Platinum + -oid.] Resembling platinum.

Plat´i•noid, n. (Chem.) An alloy of German silver containing tungsten; — used for forming electrical resistance coils and standards.

Plat´i•no•type , n. [Platinum + -type.] (Photog.) 1. A permanent photographic picture or print in platinum black. 2. The process by which such pictures are produced.

Plat´i•nous , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, platinum; — used specifically to designate those compounds in which the element has a lower valence, as contrasted with the platinic compounds; as platinous chloride (PtCl2).

Plat´i•num , n. [NL., fr. Sp. platina, from plata silver, LL. plata a thin plate of metal. See Plate, and cf. Platina.] (Chem.) A metallic element, intermediate in value between silver and gold, occurring native or alloyed with other metals, also as the platinum arsenide (sperrylite). It is heavy tin-white metal which is ductile and malleable, but very infusible, and characterized by its resistance to strong chemical reagents. It is used for crucibles, for stills for sulphuric acid, rarely for coin, and in the form of foil and wire for many purposes. Specific gravity 21.5. Atomic weight 194.3. Symbol Pt. Formerly called platina. Platinum black (Chem.), a soft, dull black powder, consisting of finely divided metallic platinum obtained by reduction and precipitation from its solutions. It absorbs oxygen to a high degree, and is employed as an oxidizer. — Platinum lamp (Elec.), a kind of incandescent lamp of which the luminous medium is platinum. See under Incandescent. — Platinum metals (Chem.), the group of metallic elements which in their chemical and physical properties resemble platinum. These consist of the light platinum group, viz., rhodium, ruthenium, and palladium, whose specific gravities are about 12; and the heavy platinum group, viz., osmium, iridium, and platinum, whose specific gravities are over 21. — Platinum sponge (Chem.), metallic platinum in a gray, porous, spongy form, obtained by reducing the double chloride of platinum and ammonium. It absorbs oxygen, hydrogen, and certain other gases, to a high degree, and is employed as an agent in oxidizing.

Plat´i•tude , n. [F., from plat flat. See Plate.] 1. The quality or state of being flat, thin, or insipid; flat commonness; triteness; staleness of ideas of language. “To hammer one golden grain of wit into a sheet of infinite platitude.” Motley. 2. A thought or remark which is flat, dull, trite, or weak; a truism; a commonplace.

Plat•i•tu•di•na´ri•an , n. One addicted to uttering platitudes, or stale and insipid truisms. ´A political platitudinarian.´ G. Eliot.

Plat•i•tu´di•nize , v. i. To utter platitudes or truisms.

Plat•i•tu´di•nous , a. Abounding in platitudes; of the nature of platitudes; uttering platitudes. — Plat•i•tu´di•nous•ness, n.

Plat´ly , a. Flatly. See Plat, a. [Obs.]

Plat´ness, n. Flatness. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

Pla•tom´e•ter , n. [Gr. flat + -meter.] See Planimeter. { Pla•ton´ic , Pla•ton´ic•al } a. [L. Platonicus, Gr. : cf. F. platonique.] 1. Of or pertaining to Plato, or his philosophy, school, or opinions. 2. Pure, passionless; nonsexual; philosophical. Platonic bodies, the five regular geometrical solids; namely, the tetrahedron, hexahedron or cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. — Platonic love, a pure, spiritual affection, subsisting between persons of opposite sex, unmixed with carnal desires, and regarding the mind only and its excellences; — a species of love for which Plato was a warm advocate. — Platonic year (Astron.), a period of time determined by the revolution of the equinoxes, or the space of time in which the stars and constellations return to their former places in respect to the equinoxes; — called also great year. This revolution, which is caused by the precession of the equinoxes, is accomplished in about 26,000 years. Barlow.

Pla•ton´ic, n. A follower of Plato; a Platonist.

Pla•ton´ic•al•ly, adv. In a Platonic manner.

Pla´to•nism , n. [Cf. F. Platonisme.] 1. The doctrines or philosophy by Plato or of his followers. Plato believed God to be an infinitely wise, just, and powerful Spirit; and also that he formed the visible universe out of preëxistent amorphous matter, according to perfect patterns of ideas eternally existent in his own mind. Philosophy he considered as being a knowledge of the true nature of things, as discoverable in those eternal ideas after which all things were fashioned. In other words, it is the knowledge of what is eternal, exists necessarily, and is unchangeable; not of the temporary, the dependent, and changeable; and of course it is not obtained through the senses; neither is it the product of the understanding, which concerns itself only with the variable and transitory; nor is it the result of experience and observation; but it is the product of our reason, which, as partaking of the divine nature, has innate ideas resembling the eternal ideas of God. By contemplating these innate ideas reasoning about them, and comparing them with their copies in the visible universe, reason can attain that true knowledge of things which is called philosophy. Plato’s professed followers, the Academics, and the New Platonists, differed considerably from him, yet are called Platonists. Murdock. 2. An elevated rational and ethical conception of the laws and forces of the universe; sometimes, imaginative or fantastic philosophical notions.

Pla´to•nist , n. One who adheres to the philosophy of Plato; a follower of Plato. Hammond.

Pla´to•nize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Platonized p. pr. & vb. n. Platonizing.] To adopt the opinion of Plato or his followers. Milner.

Pla´to•nize, v. t. To explain by, or accomodate to, the Platonic philosophy. Enfield.

Pla´to•ni•zer , n. One who Platonizes.

Pla•toon´ , n. [F. peloton a ball of thread, a knot or group of men, a platoon, from pelote a ball formed of things wound round. See Pellet.] (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a body of men who fired together; also a small square body of soldiers to strengthen the angles of a hollow square. (b) Now, in the United States service, half of a company.

Platt , n. (Mining) See Lodge, n. Raymond.

Platt´deutsch , n. The modern dialects spoken in the north of Germany, taken collectively; modern Low German. See Low German, under German.

Plat´ten , v. t. [See Plat, a.] (Glass Making) To flatten and make into sheets or plates; as to platten cylinder glass.

Plat´ter , n. [From Plat to braid.] One who plats or braids.

Plat´ter, n. [Probably fr. OF. platel, F. plateau. See Plateau.] A large plate or shallow dish on which meat or other food is brought to the table. “The attendants … speedly brought in several large, smoking platters, filled with huge pieces of beef.” Sir W. Scott.

Plat´ter-faced , a. Having a broad, flat face.

Plat´ting , n. Plaited strips or bark, cane, straw, etc., used for making hats or the like.

Plat´y , a. Like a plate; consisting of plates.

Plat´y- A combining form from Gr. platy•s broad, wide, flat; as platypus, platycephalous. { Plat•y•ce•phal´ic , Plat•y•ceph´a•lous , } a. [Platy + Gr. head.] (Anat.) Broad-headed.

Plat•yc•ne´mic , a. [Platy + Gr. leg: cf. F. platycnemique.] (Anat.) Of, relating to, or characterized by, platycnemism.

Pla•tyc´ne•mism , n. (Anat.) Lateral flattening of the tibia.

Plat•y•cœ´li•an , a. [Platy + Gr. hollow.] (Anat.) Flat at the anterior and concave at the posterior end; — said of the centra of the vertebrae of some extinct dinouaurs.

Plat•y•el•min´thes , n. pl. [NL. See Platy-, and Helminthes.] (Zoöl.) A class of helminthes including the cestodes, or tapeworms, the trematodes, and the turbellarians. Called also flatworms.

Plat•y•hel´mi•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Platyelminthes. [Written also Platyelmia.]

Pla•tym´e•ter , n. [Platy + -meter.] (Elec.) An apparatus for measuring the capacity of condensers, or the inductive capacity of dielectrics.

Plat´y•pod , n. [Platy + - pod.] (Zoöl.) An animal having broad feet, or a broad foot.

Pla•typ´o•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Prosobranchiata.

Pla•typ´te•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. broad + a wing.] (Zoöl.) A division of Pseudoneuroptera including the species which have four broad, flat wings, as the termites, or white-ants, and the stone flies (Perla).

Plat´y•pus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. + foot.] (Zoöl.) The duck mole. See under Duck.

Plat´y•rhine , a. [Platy + Gr. , , nose.] (Anat.) Having the nose broad; — opposed to leptorhine. — n. (Zoöl.) One of the Platyrhini.

Plat•y•rhi´ni , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. broad + , , nose.] (Zoöl.) A division of monkeys, including the American species, which have a broad nasal septum, thirty-six teeth, and usually a prehensile tail. See Monkey. [Written also Platyrrhini.]

Plaud , v. t. To applaud. [Obs.] Chapman.

Plau´dit , n. [From L. plaudite do ye praise (which was said by players at the end of a performance), 2d pers. pl. imperative of plaudere. Cf. Plausible.] A mark or expression of applause; praise bestowed. “Not in the shouts and plaudits of the throng.” Longfellow. Syn. — Acclamation; applause; encomium; commendation; approbation; approval.

Plau´di•to•ry , a. Applauding; commending.

Plau•si•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. plausibilite.] 1. Something worthy of praise. [Obs.] “Integrity, fidelity, and other gracious plausibilities.” E. Vaughan. 2. The quality of being plausible; speciousness. “To give any plausibility to a scheme.” De Quincey. 3. Anything plausible or specious. R. Browning.

Plau´si•ble , a. [L. plausibilis praiseworthy, from plaudere, plausum, to applaud, clap the hands, strike, beat.] 1. Worthy of being applauded; praiseworthy; commendable; ready. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. 2. Obtaining approbation; specifically pleasing; apparently right; specious; as a plausible pretext; plausible manners; a plausible delusion. ´Plausible and popular arguments.´ Clarendon. 3. Using specious arguments or discourse; as a plausible speaker. Syn. — Plausible, Specious. Plausible denotes that which seems reasonable, yet leaves distrust in the judgment. Specious describes that which presents a fair appearance to the view and yet covers something false. Specious refers more definitely to the act or purpose of false representation; plausible has more reference to the effect on the beholder or hearer. An argument may by specious when it is not plausible because its sophistry is so easily discovered.

Plau´si•ble•ize , v. t. To render plausible. [R.]

Plau´si•ble•ness, n. Quality of being plausible.

Plau´si•bly, adv. 1. In a plausible manner. 2. Contentedly, readily. [Obs.] “The Romans plausibly did give consent.” Shak.

Plau´sive , a. [L. plaudere, plausum, to applaud.] 1. Applauding; manifesting praise. Young. 2. Plausible, specious. [Obs.] Shak.

Play , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Played p. pr. & vb. n. Playing.] [OE. pleien, AS. plegian, plegan, to play, akin to plega play, game, quick motion, and probably to OS. plegan to promise, pledge, D. plegen to care for, attend to, be wont, G. pflegen; of unknown origin. rad.28. Cf. Plight, n.] 1. To engage in sport or lively recreation; to exercise for the sake of amusement; to frolic; to spot. “As Cannace was playing in her walk.” Chaucer. “The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day,
Had he thy reason, would he skip and play!” Pope. “And some, the darlings of their Lord,
Play smiling with the flame and sword.” Keble. 2. To act with levity or thoughtlessness; to trifle; to be careless. “´Nay,´ quod this monk, ´I have no lust to pleye.´” Chaucer. “Men are apt to play with their healths.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To contend, or take part, in a game; as to play ball; hence, to gamble; as he played for heavy stakes. 4. To perform on an instrument of music; as to play on a flute. “One that … can play well on an instrument.” Ezek. xxxiii. 32. “Play, my friend, and charm the charmer.” Granville. 5. To act; to behave; to practice deception. “His mother played false with a smith.” Shak. 6. To move in any manner; especially, to move regularly with alternate or reciprocating motion; to operate; to act; as the fountain plays. “The heart beats, the blood circulates, the lungs play.” Cheyne. 7. To move gayly; to wanton; to disport. “Even as the waving sedges play with wind.” Shak. “The setting sun
Plays on their shining arms and burnished helmets.” Addison. “All fame is foreign but of true desert,
Plays round the head, but comes not to the heart.” Pope. 8. To act on the stage; to personate a character. “A lord will hear your play to- night.” Shak. “Courts are theaters where some men play.” Donne. To play into a person’s hands, to act, or to manage matters, to his advantage or benefit. — To play off, to affect; to feign; to practice artifice. — To play upon. (a) To make sport of; to deceive. “Art thou alive?
Or is it fantasy that plays upon our eyesight.” Shak. (b) To use in a droll manner; to give a droll expression or application to; as to play upon words.

Play, v. t. 1. To put in action or motion; as to play cannon upon a fortification; to play a trump. “First Peace and Silence all disputes control,
Then Order plays the soul.” Herbert. 2. To perform music upon; as to play the flute or the organ. 3. To perform, as a piece of music, on an instrument; as to play a waltz on the violin. 4. To bring into sportive or wanton action; to exhibit in action; to execute; as to play tricks. “Nature here
Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will
Her virgin fancies.” Milton. 5. To act or perform (a play); to represent in music action; as to play a comedy; also to act in the character of; to represent by acting; to simulate; to behave like; as to play King Lear; to play the woman. “Thou canst play the rational if thou wilt.” Sir W. Scott. 6. To engage in, or go together with, as a contest for amusement or for a wager or prize; as to play a game at baseball. 7. To keep in play, as a hooked fish, in order to land it. To play off, to display; to show; to put in exercise; as to play off tricks. — To play one’s cards, to manage one’s means or opportunities; to contrive. — Played out, tired out; exhausted; at the end of one’s resources. [Colloq.]

Play, n. 1. Amusement; sport; frolic; gambols. 2. Any exercise, or series of actions, intended for amusement or diversion; a game. “John naturally loved rough play.” Arbuthnot. 3. The act or practice of contending for victory, amusement, or a prize, as at dice, cards, or billiards; gaming; as to lose a fortune in play. 4. Action; use; employment; exercise; practice; as fair play; sword play; a play of wit. ´The next who comes in play.´ Dryden. 5. A dramatic composition; a comedy or tragedy; a composition in which characters are represented by dialogue and action. “A play ought to be a just image of human nature.” Dryden. 6. The representation or exhibition of a comedy or tragedy; as he attends ever play. 7. Performance on an instrument of music. 8. Motion; movement, regular or irregular; as the play of a wheel or piston; hence, also room for motion; free and easy action. ´To give them play, front and rear.´ Milton. “The joints are let exactly into one another, that they have no play between them.” Moxon. 9. Hence, liberty of acting; room for enlargement or display; scope; as to give full play to mirth. Play actor, an actor of dramas. Prynne. — Play debt, a gambling debt. Arbuthnot. — Play pleasure, idle amusement. [Obs.] Bacon. — A play upon words, the use of a word in such a way as to be capable of double meaning; punning. — Play of colors, prismatic variation of colors. — To bring into play, To come into play, to bring or come into use or exercise. — To hold in play, to keep occupied or employed. “I, with two more to help me,
Will hold the foe in play.” Macaulay.

Pla´ya , n. [Sp.] A beach; a strand; in the plains and deserts of Texas New Mexico, and Arizona, a broad, level spot, on which subsequently becomes dry by evaporation. Bartlett.

Play´bill , n. A printed programme of a play, with the parts assigned to the actors.

Play´book , n. A book of dramatic compositions; a book of the play. Swift.

Play´day , n. A day given to play or diversion; a holiday. Swift.

Play´er , n. 1. One who plays, or amuses himself; one without serious aims; an idler; a trifler. Shak. 2. One who plays any game. 3. A dramatic actor. Shak. 4. One who plays on an instrument of music. ´A cunning player on a harp.´ 1 Sam. xvi. 16. 5. A gamester; a gambler.

Play´fel•low , n. A companion in amusements or sports; a playmate. Shak.

Play´fere , n. [Play + 1st fere.] A playfellow. [Obs.] [also playfeer, playphere.] Holinsheld.

Play´ful , a. Sportive; gamboling; frolicsome; indulging a sportive fancy; humorous; merry; as a playful child; a playful writer. — Play´ful•ly, adv. — Play´ful•ness, n.

Play´game , n. Play of children. Locke.

Play´go•er , n. One who frequents playhouses, or attends dramatic performances.

Play´go•ing, a. Frequenting playhouses; as the playgoing public. — n. The practice of going to plays.

Play´ground , n. A piece of ground used for recreation; as the playground of a school.

Play´house , n. [AS. pleghus.] 1. A building used for dramatic exhibitions; a theater. Shak. 2. A house for children to play in; a toyhouse.

Play´ing, a. & vb. n. of Play. Playing cards. See under Card.

Play´mak•er , n. A playwright. [R.]

Play´mate , n. A companion in diversions; a playfellow.

Play´some , a. Playful; wanton; sportive. [R.] R. Browning. — Play´some•ness, n. [R.]

Playte , n. (Naut.) See Pleyt.

Play´thing , n. A thing to play with; a toy; anything that serves to amuse. “A child knows his nurse, and by degrees the playthings of a little more advanced age.” Locke.

Play´time , n. Time for play or diversion.

Play´wright , n. A maker or adapter of plays.

Play´writ•er , n. A writer of plays; a dramatist; a playwright. Lecky.

Pla´za , n. [Sp. See Place.] A public square in a city or town.

Plea , n. [OE. plee, plai, plait, fr. OF. plait, plaid, plet, LL. placitum judgment, decision, assembly, court, fr. L. placitum that which is pleasing, an opinion, sentiment, from placere to please. See Please, and cf. Placit, Plead.] 1. (Law) That which is alleged by a party in support of his cause; in a stricter sense, an allegation of fact in a cause, as distinguished from a demurrer; in a still more limited sense, and in modern practice, the defendant’s answer to the plaintiff’s declaration and demand. That which the plaintiff alleges in his declaration is answered and repelled or justified by the defendant’s plea. In chancery practice, a plea is a special answer showing or relying upon one or more things as a cause why the suit should be either dismissed, delayed, or barred. In criminal practice, the plea is the defendant’s formal answer to the indictment or information presented against him. 2. (Law) A cause in court; a lawsuit; as the Court of Common Pleas. See under Common. “The Supreme Judicial Court shall have cognizance of pleas real, personal, and mixed.” Laws of Massachusetts. 3. That which is alleged or pleaded, in defense or in justification; an excuse; an apology. ´Necessity, the tyrant’s plea.´ Milton. “No plea must serve; ’t is cruelty to spare.” Denham. 4. An urgent prayer or entreaty. Pleas of the crown (Eng. Law), criminal actions.

Pleach , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pleaching.] [Cf. OF. plaissier to bend, and also F. plisser to plait, L. plicare, plicitum, to fold, lay, or wind together. Cf. Plash to pleach.] To unite by interweaving, as branches of trees; to plash; to interlock. ´The pleached bower.´ Shak.

Plead , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleaded (colloq. Plead or Pled); p. pr. & vb. n. Pleading.] [OE. pleden, plaiden, OF. plaidier, F. plaider, fr. LL. placitare, fr. placitum. See Plea.] 1. To argue in support of a claim, or in defense against the claim of another; to urge reasons for or against a thing; to attempt to persuade one by argument or supplication; to speak by way of persuasion; as to plead for the life of a criminal; to plead with a judge or with a father. “O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for his neighbor!” Job xvi. 21. 2. (Law) To present an answer, by allegation of fact, to the declaration of a plaintiff; to deny the plaintiff’s declaration and demand, or to allege facts which show that ought not to recover in the suit; in a less strict sense, to make an allegation of fact in a cause; to carry on the allegations of the respective parties in a cause; to carry on a suit or plea. Blackstone. Burrill. Stephen. 3. To contend; to struggle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Plead , v. t. 1. To discuss, defend, and attempt to maintain by arguments or reasons presented to a tribunal or person having uthority to determine; to argue at the bar; as to plead a cause before a court or jury. “Every man should plead his own matter.” Sir T. More. In this sense, argue is more generally used by lawyers. 2. To allege or cite in a legal plea or defense, or for repelling a demand in law; to answer to an indictment; as to plead usury; to plead statute of limitations; to plead not guilty. Kent. 3. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or vendication; to offer in excuse; as the law of nations may be pleaded in favor of the rights of ambassadors. Spenser. “I will neither plead my age nor sickness, in excuse of faults.” Dryden.

Plead´a•ble , a. Capable of being pleaded; capable of being alleged in proof, defense, or vindication; as a right or privilege pleadable at law. Dryden.

Plead´er , n. [F. plaideur.] 1. One who pleads; one who argues for or against; an advotate. “So fair a pleader any cause may gain.” Dryden. 2. (Law) One who draws up or forms pleas; the draughtsman of pleas or pleadings in the widest sense; as a special pleader.

Plead´ing, n. The act of advocating, defending, or supporting, a cause by arguments.

Plead´ing•ly, adv. In a pleading manner.

Plead´ings , n. pl. (Law) The mutual pleas and replies of the plaintiff and defendant, or written statements of the parties in support of their claims, proceeding from the declaration of the plaintiff, until issue is joined, and the question made to rest on some single point. Blackstone.

Pleas´ance , n. [F. plaisance. See Please.] 1. Pleasure; merriment; gayety; delight; kindness. [Archaic] Shak. ´Full great pleasance.´ Chaucer. ´A realm of pleasance.´ Tennyson. 2. A secluded part of a garden. [Archaic] “The pleasances of old Elizabethan houses.” Ruskin.

Pleas´ant , a. [F. plaisant. See Please.] 1. Pleasing; grateful to the mind or to the senses; agreeable; as a pleasant journey; pleasant weather. “Behold, how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity!” Ps. cxxxiii. 1. 2. Cheerful; enlivening; gay; sprightly; humorous; sportive; as pleasant company; a pleasant fellow. “From grave to light, from pleasant to serve.” Dryden. Syn. — Pleasing; gratifying; agreeable; cheerful; good- humored; enlivening; gay; lively; merry; sportive; humorous; jocose; amusing; witty. — Pleasant, Pleasing, Agreeable. Agreeable is applied to that which agrees with, or is in harmony with, one’s tastes, character, etc. Pleasant and pleasing denote a stronger degree of the agreeable. Pleasant refers rather to the state or condition; pleasing, to the act or effect. Where they are applied to the same object, pleasing is more energetic than pleasant; as she is always pleasant and always pleasing. The distinction, however, is not radical and not rightly observed.

Pleas´ant, n. A wit; a humorist; a buffoon. [Obs.]

Pleas´ant•ly, adv. In a pleasant manner.

Pleas´ant•ness, n. The state or quality of being pleasant.

Pleas´ant•ry , n.; pl. Pleasantries (#). [F. plaisanterie. See Pleasant.] That which denotes or promotes pleasure or good humor; cheerfulness; gayety; merriment; especially, an agreeable playfulness in conversation; a jocose or humorous remark; badinage. “The grave abound in pleasantries, the dull in repartees and points of wit.” Addison. “The keen observation and ironical pleasantry of a finished man of the world.” Macaulay.

Pleas´ant-tongued , a. Of pleasing speech.

Please , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleased; p. pr. & vb. n. Pleasing.] [OE. plesen, OF. plaisir, fr. L. placere, akin to placare to reconcile. Cf. Complacent, Placable, Placid, Plea, Plead, Pleasure.] 1. To give pleasure to; to excite agreeable sensations or emotions in; to make glad; to gratify; to content; to satisfy. “I pray to God that it may plesen you.” Chaucer. “What next I bring shall please thee, be assured.” Milton. 2. To have or take pleasure in; hence, to choose; to wish; to desire; to will. “Whatsoever the Lord pleased, that did he.” Ps. cxxxv. 6. “A man doing as he wills, and doing as he pleases, are the same things in common speech.” J. Edwards. 3. To be the will or pleasure of; to seem good to; — used impersonally. ´It pleased the Father that in him should all fullness dwell.´ Col. i. 19. “To-morrow, may it please you.” Shak. To be pleased in or with, to have complacency in; to take pleasure in. — To be pleased to do a thing, to take pleasure in doing it; to have the will to do it; to think proper to do it. Dryden.

Please , v. i. 1. To afford or impart pleasure; to excite agreeable emotions. “What pleasing scemed, for her now pleases more.” Milton. “For we that live to please, must please to live.” Johnson. 2. To have pleasure; to be willing, as a matter of affording pleasure or showing favor; to vouchsafe; to consent. “Heavenly stranger, please to taste
These bounties.” Milton. “That he would please 8give me my liberty.” Swift.

Pleased , a. Experiencing pleasure. — Pleas´ed•ly (#), adv. — Pleas´ed•ness, n.

Please´man , n. An officious person who courts favor servilely; a pickthank. [Obs.] Shak.

Pleas´er , n. One who pleases or gratifies.

Pleas´ing, a. Giving pleasure or satisfaction; causing agreeable emotion; agreeable; delightful; as a pleasing prospect; pleasing manners. ´Pleasing harmony.´ Shak. ´Pleasing features.´ Macaulay. — Pleas´ing•ly, adv. — Pleas´ing•ness, n. Syn. — Gratifying; delightful; agreeable. See Pleasant.

Pleas´ing, n. An object of pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pleas´ur•a•ble , a. Capable of affording pleasure or satisfaction; gratifying; abounding in pleasantness or pleasantry. “Planting of orchards is very … pleasurable.” Bacon. “O, sir, you are very pleasurable.” B. Jonson. — Pleas´ur•a•ble•ness, n. — Pleas´ur•a•bly, adv.

Pleas´ure , n. [F. plaisir, originally an infinitive. See Please.] 1. The gratification of the senses or of the mind; agreeable sensations or emotions; the excitement, relish, or happiness produced by the expectation or the enjoyment of something good, delightful, or satisfying; — opposed to pain, sorrow, etc. “At thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore.” Ps. xvi. 11. 2. Amusement; sport; diversion; self- indulgence; frivolous or dissipating enjoyment; hence, sensual gratification; — opposed to labor, service, duty, self-denial, etc. ´Not sunk in carnal pleasure.´ Milton. “He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man.” Prov. xxi. 17. “Lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God.” 2 Tim. iii. 4. 3. What the will dictates or prefers as gratifying or satisfying; hence, will; choice; wish; purpose. ´He will do his pleasure on Babylon.´ Isa. xlviii. 14. “Use your pleasure; if your love do not presuade you to come, let not my letter.” Shak. 4. That which pleases; a favor; a gratification. Shak. “Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure” Acts xxv. 9. At pleasure, by arbitrary will or choice. Dryden. — To take pleasure in, to have enjoyment in. Ps. cxlvii. 11. Pleasure is used adjectively, or in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as pleasure boat, pleasure ground; pleasure house, etc. Syn. — Enjoyment; gratification; satisfaction; comfort; solace; joy; gladness; delight; will; choice; preference; purpose; command; favor; kindness.

Pleas´ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleasured p. pr. & vb. n. Pleasuring.] To give or afford pleasure to; to please; to gratify. Shak. “[Rolled] his hoop to pleasure Edith.” Tennyson.

Pleas´ure, v. i. To take pleasure; to seek pursue pleasure; as to go pleasuring.

Pleas´ure•ful , a. Affording pleasure. [R.]

Pleas´ure•less, a. Devoid of pleasure. G. Eliot.

Pleas´ur•er , n. A pleasure seeker. Dickens.

Pleas´ur•ist, n. A person devoted to worldly pleasure. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pleat (plet), n. & v. t. See Plait.

Plebe (pleb), n. [F. plèbe, fr. L. plebs.] 1. The common people; the mob. [Obs.] “The plebe with thirst and fury prest.” Sylvester. 2. [Cf. Plebeian.] A member of the lowest class in the military academy at West Point. [Cant, U.S.]

Ple•be´ian (ple•be´yan), a. [L. plebeius, from plebs, plebis, the common people: cf. F. plebeien.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Roman plebs, or common people. 2. Of or pertaining to the common people; vulgar; common; as plebeian sports; a plebeian throng.

Ple•be´ian, n. 1. One of the plebs, or common people of ancient Rome, in distinction from patrician. 2. One of the common people, or lower rank of men.

Ple•be´iance , n. 1. Plebeianism. [Obs.] 2. Plebeians, collectively. [Obs.]

Ple•be´ian•ism , n. [Cf. F. plebeianisme.] 1. The quality or state of being plebeian. 2. The conduct or manners of plebeians; vulgarity.

Ple•be´ian•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plebeianized p. pr. & vb. n. Plebeianizing.] To render plebeian, common, or vulgar.

Ple•bic´o•list , n. [L. plebs the common people + colere to cultivate.] One who flatters, or courts the favor of, the common people; a demagogue. [R.]

Pleb•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. plebs the common people + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] A rendering plebeian; the act of vulgarizing. [R.] “You begin with the attempt to popularize learning … but you will end in the plebification of knowledge.” Coleridge.

Ple•bis´ci•ta•ry , a. Of or pertaining to plebiscite. The Century.

Pleb´i•scite , n. [F. plebiscite, fr. L. plebiscitum.] A vote by universal male suffrage; especially, in France, a popular vote, as first sanctioned by the National Constitution of 1791. [Written also plebiscit.] “Plebiscite we have lately taken, in popular use, from the French.” Fitzed. Hall.

Ple•bis•ci´tum , n. [L., fr. plebs, plebis, common people + scitum decree.] (Rom. Antiq.) A law enacted by the common people, under the superintendence of a tribune or some subordinate plebeian magistrate, without the intervention of the senate.

Plec´tile , a. [L. plectilis.] Woven; plaited. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Plec´tog•nath , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Plectognathi. - - n. One of the Plectognathi.

Plec•to´gna•thi , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. twisted (fr. to plait, twist) + jaw.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes generally having the maxillary bone united with the premaxillary, and the articular united with the dentary. The upper jaw is immovably joined to the skull; the ventral fins are rudimentary or wanting; and the body is covered with bony plates, spines, or small rough ossicles, like shagreen. The order includes the diodons, filefishes, globefishes, and trunkfishes. { Plec•tog•nath´ic , Plec-tog´na•thous } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Plectognathi.

Plec•to•spon´dy•li , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. plaited + , , a vertebra.] (Zoöl.) An extensive suborder of fresh-water physostomous fishes having the anterior vertebrae united and much modified; the Eventognathi.

Plec•to•spon´dy•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Plectospondyli.

Plec´trum , n.; pl. L. Plectra (#), E. Plectrums (#). [L., fr. Gr. anything to strike with, fr. to strike.] A small instrument of ivory, wood, metal, or quill, used in playing upon the lyre and other stringed instruments.

Pled , imp. & p. p. of Plead [Colloq.] Spenser.

Pledge , n. [OF. plege, pleige, pledge, guaranty, LL. plegium, plivium; akin to OF. plevir to bail, guaranty, perhaps fr. L. praebere to proffer, offer (sc. fidem a trust, a promise of security), but cf. also E. play. rad.28. Cf. Prebend, Replevin.] 1. (Law) The transfer of possession of personal property from a debtor to a creditor as security for a debt or engagement; also the contract created between the debtor and creditor by a thing being so delivered or deposited, forming a species of bailment; also that which is so delivered or deposited; something put in pawn. Pledge is ordinarily confined to personal property; the title or ownership does not pass by it; possession is essential to it. In all these points it differs from a mortgage [see Mortgage]; and in the last, from the hypotheca of the Roman law. See Hypotheca. Story. Kent. 2. (Old Eng. Law) A person who undertook, or became responsible, for another; a bail; a surety; a hostage. ´I am Grumio’s pledge.´ Shak. 3. A hypothecation without transfer of possession. 4. Anything given or considered as a security for the performance of an act; a guarantee; as mutual interest is the best pledge for the performance of treaties. ´That voice, their liveliest pledge of hope.´ Milton. 5. A promise or agreement by which one binds one’s self to do, or to refrain from doing, something; especially, a solemn promise in writing to refrain from using intoxicating liquors or the like; as to sign the pledge; the mayor had made no pledges. 6. A sentiment to which assent is given by drinking one’s health; a toast; a health. Dead pledge. [A translation of LL. mortuum vadium.] (Law) A mortgage. See Mortgage. — Living pledge. [A translation of LL. vivum vadium.] (Law) The conveyance of an estate to another for money borrowed, to be held by him until the debt is paid out of the rents and profits. — To hold in pledge, to keep as security. — To put in pledge, to pawn; to give as security. Syn. — See Earnest.

Pledge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pledged p. pr. & vb. n. Pledging.] [Cf. OF. pleiger to give security. See Pledge, n.] 1. To deposit, as a chattel, in pledge or pawn; to leave in possession of another as security; as to pledge one’s watch. 2. To give or pass as a security; to guarantee; to engage; to plight; as to pledge one’s word and honor. “We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.” The Declaration of Independence. 3. To secure performance of, as by a pledge. [Obs.] “To pledge my vow, I give my hand.” Shak. 4. To bind or engage by promise or declaration; to engage solemnly; as to pledge one’s self. 5. To invite another to drink, by drinking of the cup first, and then handing it to him, as a pledge of good will; hence, to drink the health of; to toast. “Pledge me, my friend, and drink till thou be’st wise.” Cowley.

Pledg•ee´ , n. The one to whom a pledge is given, or to whom property pledged is delivered.

Pledge´less , a. Having no pledge. { Pledge•or´ , Pledg•or´ } , n. (Law) One who pledges, or delivers anything in pledge; a pledger; — opposed to pledgee. This word analogically requires the e after g, but the spelling pledgor is perhaps commoner.

Pledg´er , n. One who pledges.

Pledg´er•y , n. [Cf. OF. pleigerie.] A pledging; suretyship. [Obs.]

Pledg´et , n. [Prov. E., a small plug.] 1. A small plug. [Prov. End.] 2. (Naut.) A string of oakum used in calking. 3. (Med.) A compress, or small flat tent of lint, laid over a wound, ulcer, or the like, to exclude air, retain dressings, or absorb the matter discharged.

Ple•gep´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a stroke + -poda. In allusion to the rapid strokes of the vibrating cilia.] (Zoöl.) Same as Infusoria.

Ple´iad , n. One of the Pleiades.

Ple´ia•des ( 277), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ] 1. (Myth.) The seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph Pleione, fabled to have been made by Jupiter a constellation in the sky. 2. (Astron.) A group of small stars in the neck of the constellation Taurus. Job xxxviii. 31. Alcyone, the brightest of these, a star of the third magnitude, was considered by Mädler the central point around which our universe is revolving, but there is no sufficient evidence of such motion. Only six pleiads are distinctly visible to the naked eye, whence the ancients supposed that a sister had concealed herself out of shame for having loved a mortal, Sisyphus.

Plein , a. Plan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Plein, v. i. & t. To complain. See Plain. [Obs.]

Plein, a. [OF. & F., fr. L. plenus.] Full; complete. [Obs.] ´Plein remission.´ Chaucer. — Plein´ly, adv.

Plei´o•cene , a. (Geol.) See Pliocene.

Plei•oph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. more + leaf.] (Bot.) Having several leaves; — used especially when several leaves or leaflets appear where normally there should be only one.

Plei•o•sau´rus , n. [NL.] (Paleon.) Same as Pliosaurus.

Pleis´to•cene , a. [Gr. most + new.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the epoch, or the deposits, following the Tertiary, and immediately preceding man. — n. The Pleistocene epoch, or deposits.

Ple´nal , a. [L. plenus full. Cf. Plenary.] Full; complete; as a plenal view or act. [Obs.]

Ple´na•ri•ly , adv. In a plenary manner.

Ple´na•ri•ness, n. Quality or state of being plenary.

Plen´ar•ty , n. The state of a benefice when occupied. Blackstone.

Ple´na•ry , a. [LL. plenarius, fr. L. plenus full. See Plenty.] Full; entire; complete; absolute; as a plenary license; plenary authority. “A treatise on a subject should be plenary or full.” I. Watts. Plenary indulgence (R. C. Ch.), an entire remission of temporal punishment due to, or canonical penance for, all sins. — Plenary inspiration. (Theol.) See under Inspiration.

Ple´na•ry, n. (Law) Decisive procedure. [Obs.]

Plene , ae. [L. plenus full.] Full; complete; plenary. [Obs.]

Ple´ni•corn , n. [L. plenus full + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A ruminant having solid horns or antlers, as the deer. Brande & C.

Plen•i•lu´na•ry , a. Of or pertaining to the full moon. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Plen´i•lune , n. [L. plenilunium; plenus full + luna the moon.] The full moon. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Ple•nip´o•tence , Ple•nip´o•ten•cy } n. The quality or state of being plenipotent. [R.]

Ple•nip´o•tent , a. [L. plenus full + potens, -entis, potent.] Possessing full power. [R.] Milton.

Plen•i•po•ten´ti•a•ry , n.; pl. Plenipotentiaries (#). [LL. plenipotentiarius: cf. F. plenipotentiaire.] A person invested with full power to transact any business; especially, an ambassador or envoy to a foreign court, with full power to negotiate a treaty, or to transact other business.

Plen•i•po•ten´ti•a•ry, a. Containing or conferring full power; invested with full power; as plenipotentiary license; plenipotentiary ministers. Howell.

Plen´ish , v. t. [See Replenish.] 1. To replenish. [Obs.] T. Reeve. 2. To furnish; to stock, as a house or farm. [Scot.]

Plen´ish•ing, n. Household furniture; stock. [Scot.]

Ple´nist , n. [L. plenus full; cf. F. pleniste.] One who holds that all space is full of matter.

Plen´i•tude , n. [L. plenitudo, fr. plenus full; cf. F. plenitude.] 1. The quality or state of being full or complete; fullness; completeness; abundance; as the plenitude of space or power. 2. Animal fullness; repletion; plethora. [Obs.]

Plen•i•tu•di•na´ri•an , n. A plenist.

Plen•i•tu´di•na•ry , a. Having plenitude; full; complete; thorough. [Obs.]

Plen´te•ous , a. [From Plenty.] 1. Containing plenty; abundant; copious; plentiful; sufficient for every purpose; as a plenteous supply. ´Reaping plenteous crop.´ Milton. 2. Yielding abundance; productive; fruitful. ´The seven plenteous years.´ Gen. xli. 34. 3. Having plenty; abounding; rich. “The Lord shall make thee plenteous in goods.” Deut. xxviii. 11. Syn. — Plentiful; copious; full. See Ample. — Plen´te•ous•ly, adv. — Plen´te•ous•ness, n.

Plen´te•vous , a. Plenteous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Plen´ti•ful , a. 1. Containing plenty; copious; abundant; ample; as a plentiful harvest; a plentiful supply of water. 2. Yielding abundance; prolific; fruitful. “If it be a long winter, it is commonly a more plentiful year.” Bacon. 3. Lavish; profuse; prodigal. [Obs.] “He that is plentiful in expenses will hardly be preserved from” Bacon. — Plen´ti•ful•ly, adv. — Plen´ti•ful•ness, n.

Plen´ty , n.; pl. Plenties (#), in Shak. [OE. plentee, plente, OF. plente, fr. L. plenitas, fr. plenus full. See Full, a., and cf. Complete.] Full or adequate supply; enough and to spare; sufficiency; specifically, abundant productiveness of the earth; ample supply for human wants; abundance; copiousness. ´Plenty of corn and wine.´ Gen. xxvii. 28. ´Promises Britain peace and plenty.´ Shak. “Houses of office stuffed with plentee.” Chaucer. “The teeming clouds Descend in gladsome plenty o’er the world.” Thomson. Syn. — Abundance; exuberance. See Abundance.

Plen´ty, a. Plentiful; abundant. [Obs. or Colloq.] “If reasons were as plenty as blackberries.” Shak. (Folio ed.) “Those countries where shrubs are plenty.” Goldsmith.

Ple´num , n. [L., fr. plenus full.] That state in which every part of space is supposed to be full of matter; — opposed to vacuum. G. Francis.

Ple•o•chro´ic , a. Having the property of pleochroism.

Ple•och´ro•ism , n. [Gr. mor + color.] (Crystallog.) The property possessed by some crystals, of showing different colors when viewed in the direction of different axes.

Ple•och•ro•mat´ic , a. Pleochroic.

Ple•o•chro´ma•tism , n. Pleochroism.

Ple•och´ro•ous , a. Pleochroic.

Ple•o•mor´phic , a. Pertaining to pleomorphism; as the pleomorphic character of bacteria.

Ple•o•mor´phism , n. [Gr. more + form.] 1. (Crystallog.) The property of crystallizing under two or more distinct fundamental forms, including dimorphism and trimorphism. 2. (Biol.) The theory that the various genera of bacteria are phases or variations of growth of a number of Protean species, each of which may exhibit, according to undetermined conditions, all or some of the forms characteristic of the different genera and species.

Ple•o•mor´phous , a. Having the property of pleomorphism.

Ple´o•nasm, , n. [L. pleonasmus, Gr. , fr. to be more than enough, to abound, fr., neut. of , more, compar. of much. See Full, a., and cf. Poly-, Plus.] (Rhet.) Redundancy of language in speaking or writing; the use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; as I saw it with my own eyes.

Ple´o•nast , n. One who is addicted to pleonasm. [R.] C. Reade.

Ple´o•naste, n. [Gr. abundant, rich; cf. F. pleonaste.] (Min.) A black variety of spinel. { Ple•o•nas´tic , Ple•o•nas´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. pleonastique.] Of or pertaining to pleonasm; of the nature of pleonasm; redundant.

Ple•o•nas´tic•al•ly, adv. In a pleonastic manner.

Ple´o•pod , n.; pl. E. Pleopods (#), L. Pleopoda (#). [Gr. to swim + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the abdominal legs of a crustacean. See Illust. under Crustacea.

Ple´rome , n. [Gr. that which fills up, fr. to fill.] (Bot.) The central column of parenchyma in a growing stem or root.

Ple•roph´o•ry , n. [Gr. ; full + to bear.] Fullness; full persuasion. ´A plerophory of assurance.´ Bp. Hall.

Ples´ance , n. Pleasance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Plesh , n. A pool; a plash. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ple•si•mor´phism , n. [Gr. near + form.] (Crystallog.) The property possessed by some substances of crystallizing in closely similar forms while unlike in chemical composition.

Ple•si•o•mor´phous , a. Nearly alike in form.

Ple´si•o•saur , n. (Paleon.) One of the Plesiosauria.

Ple•si•o•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Plesiosaurus.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of Mesozoic marine reptiles including the genera Plesiosaurus, and allied forms; — called also Sauropterygia.

Ple•si•o•sau´ri•an , n. (Paleon.) A plesiosaur.

Ple•si•o•sau´rus , n.; pl. Plesiosauri (#). [NL., fr. Gr near + a lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct marine reptiles, having a very long neck, a small head, and paddles for swimming. It lived in the Mesozoic age.

Ples•sim´e•ter , n. See Pleximeter.

Plete , v. t. & i. To plead. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Pleth´o•ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to be or become full. Cf. Pleonasm.] 1. Overfullness; especially, excessive fullness of the blood vessels; repletion; that state of the blood vessels or of the system when the blood exceeds a healthy standard in quantity; hyperaemia; — opposed to anaemia. 2. State of being overfull; excess; superabundance. “He labors under a plethora of wit and imagination.” Jeffrey.

Pleth•o•ret´ic , a. Plethoric. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ple•thor´ic , a. [Gr. ; cf. F. plethorique.] Haeving a full habit of body; characterized by plethora or excess of blood; as a plethoric constitution; — used also metaphorically. ´Plethoric phrases.´ Sydney Smith. ´Plethoric fullness of thought.´ De Quincey.

Ple•thor´ic•al , a. Plethoric. [R.] — Ple•thor´ic•al•ly, adv. Burke.

Pleth´o•ry , n. Plethora. Jer. Taylor. { Pleth´ron , Pleth´rum } n.; pl. Plethra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) A long measure of 100 Greek, or 101 English, feet; also a square measure of 10,000 Greek feet.

Pleth´ys•mo•graph , n. [Gr. an enlargement + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for determining and registering the variations in the size or volume of a limb, as the arm or leg, and hence the variations in the amount of blood in the limb. — Pleth•ys•mo•graph´ic (#), a.

Pleth•ys•mog´ra•phy , n. (Physiol.) The study, by means of the plethysmograph, of the variations in size of a limb, and hence of its blood supply.

Pleu´ra , n., pl. of Pleuron.

Pleu´ra, n.; pl. L. Pleurae (#), E. Pleuras (#). [NL., n. fem., fr. Gr. a rib, the side.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The smooth serous membrane which closely covers the lungs and the adjacent surfaces of the thorax; the pleural membrane. (b) The closed sac formed by the pleural membrane about each lung, or the fold of membrane connecting each lung with the body wall. 2. (Zoöl.) Same as Pleuron.

Pleu´ral , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pleura or pleurae, or to the sides of the thorax.

Pleu•ral´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. rib + pain.] (Med.) Pain in the side or region of the ribs.

Pleu•ra•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Pleurapophyses (#). [NL. See Pleura, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) One of the ventral processes of a vertebra, or the dorsal element in each half of a hemal arch, forming, or corresponding to, a vertebral rib. — Pleu•rap•o•phys´i•al (#), a. Owen.

Pleu•ren´chy•ma , n. [Gr. side + , as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) A tissue consisting of long and slender tubular cells, of which wood is mainly composed.

Pleu´ric , a. (Anat.) Pleural.

Pleu´ri•sy , n. [F. pleuresie, L. pleurisis, pleuritis, Gr pleyri^tis (sc. no•sos), fr. pleyra• rib, side.] (Med.) An inflammation of the pleura, usually accompanied with fever, pain, difficult respiration, and cough, and with exudation into the pleural cavity. Pleurisy root. (Bot.) (a) The large tuberous root of a kind of milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) which is used as a remedy for pleuritic and other diseases. (b) The plant itself, which has deep orange-colored flowers; — called also butterfly weed.

Pleu´rite , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Pleuron. { Pleu•rit´ic , Pleu•rit´ic•al } a. [L. pleuriticus, Gr. : cf. F. pleuretique.] (Med.) (a) Of or pertaining to pleurisy; as pleuritic symptoms. (b) Suffering from pleurisy.

Pleu•ri´tis , n. [L.] (Med.) Pleurisy.

Pleu´ro- [See Pleura.] A combining form denoting relation to a side; specif., connection with, or situation in or near, the pleura; as pleuroperitoneum.

Pleu•ro•brach´i•a , n. [NL. See Pleuro-, and Brachium.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ctenophores having an ovate body and two long plumose tentacles.

Pleu´ro•branch , n. [See Pleuro- , and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the gills of a crustacean that is attached to the side of the thorax.

Pleu•ro•bran´chi•a , n.; pl. Pleuroeranchiae (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pleurobranch.

Pleu´ro•carp , n. [Pleuro- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) Any pleurocarpic moss. { Pleu•ro•car´pic , Pleu•ro•car´pous } a. (Bot.) Side-fruited; — said of those true mosses in which the pedicels or the capsules are from lateral archegonia; — opposed to acrocarpous.

Pleu•ro•cen´trum , n. [NL. see Pleuro-, and Centrum.] (Anat.) One of the lateral elements in the centra of the vertebrae in some fossil batrachians.

Pleu•rod´e•res , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. the side + the neck.] (Zoöl.) A group of fresh-water turtles in which the neck can not be retracted, but is bent to one side, for protection. The matamata is an example.

Pleu´ro•dont , a. [Pleuro- + Gr. , , a tooth.] (Anat.) Having the teeth consolidated with the inner edge of the jaw, as in some lizards.

Pleu´ro•dont, n. (Zoöl.) Any lizard having pleurodont teeth.

Pleu•ro•dyn´i•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. side + pain.] (Med.) A painful affection of the side, simulating pleurisy, usually due to rheumatism.

Pleu´ron , n.; pl. Pleura (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a rib.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the sides of an animal. (b) One of the lateral pieces of a somite of an insect. (c) One of lateral processes of a somite of a crustacean.

Pleu•ro•nec´toid , a. [NL. Pleuronectes, name of a genus (fr. Gr. rib + a swimmer) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Pleuronectidae, or Flounder family.

Pleu•ro•per•i•car´di•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pleura and pericardium.

Pleu•ro•per•ip•neu´mo•ny , n. [Pleuro- + peripneumony.] (Med.) Pleuropneumonia.

Pleu•ro•per•i•to•ne´al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pleural and peritoneal membranes or cavities, or to the pleuroperitoneum.

Pleu•ro•per•i•to•ne´um , n. [Pleuro- + peritoneum.] (Anat.) The pleural and peritoneal membranes, or the membrane lining the body cavity and covering the surface of the inclosed viscera; the peritoneum; — used especially in the case of those animals in which the body cavity is not divided. Peritoneum is now often used in the sense of pleuroperitoneum, the pleurae being regarded as a part of the peritoneum, when the body cavity is undivided.

Pleu•ro•pneu•mo´ni•a , n. [Pleuro- + pneumonia.] (Med.) Inflammation of the pleura and lungs; a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia, esp. a kind of contagions and fatal lung plague of cattle.

Pleu•rop´te•ra , n. pl [NL., fr. Gr. side + wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of Isectivora, including the colugo.

Pleu•ro•sig´ma , n. [NL. See Pleuro-, and Sigma.] (Bot.) A genus of diatoms of elongated elliptical shape, but having the sides slightly curved in the form of a letter S. Pleurosigma angulatum has very fine striations, and is a favorite object for testing the high powers of microscopes.

Pleu•ros´te•on , n.; pl. L. Pleurostea (#), E. -ons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a rib + a bone.] (Anat.) The antero- lateral piece which articulates the sternum of birds.

Pleu•ro•thot´o•nus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pleyro•qen from the side + to•nos a stretching.] (Med.) A species of tetanus, in which the body is curved laterally. Quain. Dunglison.

Pleu•rot´o•ma , n.; pl. L. Pleurotomae (#), E. Pleurotomas (#). [NL., fr. Gr. the side + tomh• a cut.] (Zoöl.) Any marine gastropod belonging to Pleurotoma, and ether allied genera of the family Pleurotmidae. The species are very numerous, especially in tropical seas. The outer lip has usually a posterior notch or slit.

Plev´in , n. [OF. plevine. See Replevin.] A warrant or assurance. [Obs.]

Plex´i•form , a. [Plexus + -form: cf. F. Plexiforme.] Like network; complicated. Quincy.

Plex•im´e•ter , n. [Gr. stroke, percussion (from to strike) + -meter.] (Med.) A small, hard, elastic plate, as of ivory, bone, or rubber, placed in contact with body to receive the blow, in examination by mediate percussion. [Written also plexometer.]

Plex´ure , n. [See Plexus.] The act or process of weaving together, or interweaving; that which is woven together. H. Brooke.

Plex´us , n.; pl. L. Plexus, E. Plexuses (#). [L., a twining, braid, fr. plectere, plexum, to twine, braid.] 1. (Anat.) A network of vessels, nerves, or fibers. 2. (Math.) The system of equations required for the complete expression of the relations which exist between a set of quantities. Brande & C.

Pley , v. & n. See Play. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pley , a. Full See Plein. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pleyt , n. (Naut.) An old term for a river boat.

Pli•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being pliable; flexibility; as pliability of disposition. ´Pliability of movement.´ Sir W. Scott.

Pli´a•ble , a. [F., fr. plier to bend, to fold. See Ply, v.] 1. Capable of being plied, turned, or bent; easy to be bent; flexible; pliant; supple; limber; yielding; as willow is a pliable plant. 2. Flexible in disposition; readily yielding to influence, arguments, persuasion, or discipline; easy to be persuaded; — sometimes in a bad sense; as a pliable youth. ´Pliable she promised to be.´ Dr. H. More. — Pli´a•ble•ness, n. — Pli´a•bly, adv.

Pli´an•cy , n. The quality or state of being pliant in sense; as the pliancy of a rod. ´Avaunt all specious pliancy of mind.´ Wordsworth.

Pli´ant , a. [F. pliant, p. pr. of plier to bend. See Ply, v.] 1. Capable of plying or bending; readily yielding to force or pressure without breaking; flexible; pliable; lithe; limber; plastic; as a pliant thread; pliant wax. Also used figuratively: Easily influenced for good or evil; tractable; as a pliant heart. “The will was then ductile and pliant to right reason.” South. 2. Favorable to pliancy. [R.] ´A pliant hour.´ Shak. — Pli´ant•ly, adv. — Pli´ant•ness, n.

Pli´ca , n. [LL., a fold, fr. L. plicare to fold. See Ply, v.] 1. (Med.) A disease of the hair (Plica polonica), in which it becomes twisted and matted together. The disease is of Polish origin, and is hence called also Polish plait. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) A diseased state in plants in which there is an excessive development of small entangled twigs, instead of ordinary branches. 3. (Zoöl.) The bend of the wing of a bird. { Pli´cate , Pli´ca•ted } a. [L. plicatus, p. p. of plicare to fold.] Plaited; folded like a fan; as a plicate leaf. — Pli´cate•ly (#), adv.

Pli•ca´tion , n. A folding or fold; a plait. Richardson.

Plic´a•ture , n. [L. plicatura, fr. plicare to fold.] A fold; a doubling; a plication. Dr. H. More.

Plic•i•den´tine , n. [LL. plica fold + E. dentine.] (Anat.) A form of dentine which shows sinuous lines of structure in a transverse section of the tooth.

Plied , imp. & p. p. of Ply.

Pli´ers , n. pl. [From Ply to bend, fold.] A kind of small pinchers with long jaws, — used for bending or cutting metal rods or wire, for handling small objects such as the parts of a watch, etc.

Pli´form , a. [Ply a fold + -form.] In the form of a ply, fold, or doubling. [Obs.] Pennant.

Plight , obs. imp. & p. p. of Plight, to pledge. Chaucer.

Plight, obs. imp. & p. p. of Pluck. Chaucer.

Plight, v. t. [OE. pliten; probably through Old French, fr. LL. plectare, L. plectere. See Plait, Ply.] To weave; to braid; to fold; to plait.[Obs.] ´To sew and plight.´ Chaucer. “A plighted garment of divers colors.” Milton.

Plight , n. A network; a plait; a fold; rarely a garment. [Obs.] ´Many a folded plight.´ Spenser.

Plight, n. [OE. pliht danger, engagement, AS. pliht danger, fr. pleón to risk; akin to D. plicht duty, G. pflicht, Dan. pligt. rad.28. Cf. Play.] 1. That which is exposed to risk; that which is plighted or pledged; security; a gage; a pledge. ´That lord whose hand must take my plight.´ Shak. 2. [Perh. the same word as plight a pledge, but at least influenced by OF. plite, pliste, ploit, ploi, a condition, state; cf. E. plight to fold, and F. pli a fold, habit, plier to fold, E. ply.] Condition; state; — risk, or exposure to danger, often being implied; as a luckless plight. ´Your plight is pitied.´ Shak. “To bring our craft all in another plight” Chaucer.

Plight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Plighting.] [AS. plihtan to expose to danger, pliht danger;cf. D. verplichten to oblige, engage, impose a duty, G. verpflichten, Sw. förplikta, Dan. forpligte. See Plight, n.] 1. To pledge; to give as a pledge for the performance of some act; as to plight faith, honor, word; — never applied to property or goods. ´ To do them plighte their troth.´ Piers Plowman. “He plighted his right hand
Unto another love, and to another land.” Spenser. “Here my inviolable faith I plight.” Dryden. 2. To promise; to engage; to betroth. “Before its setting hour, divide
The bridegroom from the plighted bride.” Sir W. Scott.

Plight´er , n. One who, or that which, plights.

Plim , v. i. [Cf. Plump.] To swell, as grain or wood with water. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Plim´soll’s mark (Naut.) A mark conspicuously painted on the port side of all British sea-going merchant vessels, to indicate the limit of submergence allowed by law; — so called from Samuel Plimsoll, by whose efforts the act of Parliament to prevent overloading was procured.

Plinth , n. [L. plinthus, Gr. a brick or tile, a plinth, perh. akin to E. flint: cf. F. plinthe.] (Arch.) In classical architecture, a vertically faced member immediately below the circular base of a column; also the lowest member of a pedestal; hence, in general, the lowest member of a base; a sub-base; a block upon which the moldings of an architrave or trim are stopped at the bottom. See Illust. of Column.

Pli´o•cene , a. [Written also pleiocene.] [Gr. more + new, recent.] (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or characterizing, the most recent division of the Tertiary age.

Pli´o•cene, n. (Geol.) The Pliocene period or deposits.

Pli•o•hip´pus , n. [NL., fr. E. pliocene + Gr. horse.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of horses from the Pliocene deposits. Each foot had a single toe (or hoof), as in the common horse.

Pli•o•sau´rus , n. [NL., from Gr. greater + lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of marine reptiles allied to Plesiosaurus, but having a much shorter neck.

Plitt , n. [Russ. plete.] An instrument of punishment or torture resembling the knout, used in Russia.

Ploc , n. [F.] (Naut.) A mixture of hair and tar for covering the bottom of a ship.

Plo´ce , n. [L., fr. Gr. complication, fr. to entwine.] (Rhet.) A figure in which a word is separated or repeated by way of emphasis, so as not only to signify the individual thing denoted by it, but also its peculiar attribute or quality; as ´His wife’s a wife indeed.´ Bailey.

Plod , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Plodded p. pr. & vb. n. Plodding.] [Gf. Gael. plod a clod, a pool; also to strike or pelt with a clod or clods.] 1. To travel slowly but steadily; to trudge. Shak. 2. To toil; to drudge; especially, to study laboriously and patiently. ´Plodding schoolmen.´ Drayton.

Plod, v. t. To walk on slowly or heavily. “The ploughman homeward plods his weary way.” Gray.

Plod´der , n. One who plods; a drudge.

Plod´ding , a. Progressing in a slow, toilsome manner; characterized by laborious diligence; as a plodding peddler; a plodding student; a man of plodding habits. —Plod´ding•ly, adv.

Plonge , v. t. [See Plunge.] To cleanse, as open drains which are entered by the tide, by stirring up the sediment when the tide ebbs.

Plon•gee´ , n. [F. See Plunge.] (Mil.) A slope or sloping toward the front; as the plongee of a parapet; the plongee of a shell in its course. [Sometimes written plonge.]

Plot , n. [AS. plot; cf. Goth. plats a patch. Cf. Plat a piece of ground.] 1. A small extent of ground; a plat; as a garden plot. Shak. 2. A plantation laid out. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 3. (Surv.) A plan or draught of a field, farm, estate, etc., drawn to a scale.

Plot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plotted p. pr. & vb. n. Plotting.] To make a plot, map, pr plan, of; to mark the position of on a plan; to delineate. “ This treatise plotteth down Cornwall as it now standeth.” Carew.

Plot, n. [Abbrev. from complot.] 1. Any scheme, stratagem, secret design, or plan, of a complicated nature, adapted to the accomplishment of some purpose, usually a treacherous and mischievous one; a conspiracy; an intrigue; as the Rye-house Plot. “I have overheard a plot of death.” Shak. “O, think what anxious moments pass between
The birth of plots and their last fatal periods!” Addison. 2. A share in such a plot or scheme; a participation in any stratagem or conspiracy. [Obs.] “And when Christ saith, Who marries the divorced commits adultery, it is to be understood, if he had any plot in the divorce.” Milton. 3. Contrivance; deep reach of thought; ability to plot or intrigue. [Obs.] ´A man of much plot.´ Denham. 4. A plan; a purpose. ´No other plot in their religion but serve God and save their souls.´ Jer. Taylor. 5. In fiction, the story of a play, novel, romance, or poem, comprising a complication of incidents which are gradually unfolded, sometimes by unexpected means. “If the plot or intrigue must be natural, and such as springs from the subject, then the winding up of the plot must be a probable consequence of all that went before.” Pope. Syn. — Intrigue; stratagem; conspiracy; cabal; combination; contrivance.

Plot (plot), v. i. 1. To form a scheme of mischief against another, especially against a government or those who administer it; to conspire. Shak. “The wicked plotteth against the just.” Ps. xxxvii. 12. 2. To contrive a plan or stratagem; to scheme. “The prince did plot to be secretly gone.” Sir H. Wotton.

Plot, v. t. To plan; to scheme; to devise; to contrive secretly. ´Plotting an unprofitable crime.´ Dryden. ´Plotting now the fall of others.´ Milton

Plot´ful , a. Abounding with plots.

Plo•tin´i•an , a.Of pertaining to the Plotinists or their doctrines.

Plo•ti´nist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A disciple of Plotinus, a celebrated Platonic philosopher of the third century, who taught that the human soul emanates from the divine Being, to whom it reunited at death.

Plot´-proof , a. Secure against harm by plots. Shak.

Plot´ter , n. One who plots or schemes; a contriver; a conspirator; a schemer. Dryden.

Plough , n. & v. See Plow.

Plov´er , n. [OF. plovier, F. pluvier, prop., the rain bird, fr. LL. (assumed) pluviarius, fr. L. pluvia rain, from pluere to rain; akin to E. float, G. fliessen to flow. See Float.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of limicoline birds belonging to the family Charadridae, and especially those belonging to the subfamily Charadrinsae. They are prized as game birds. 2. (Zoöl.) Any grallatorial bird allied to, or resembling, the true plovers, as the crab plover (Dromas ardeola); the American upland, plover (Bartramia longicauda); and other species of sandpipers. Among the more important species are the blackbellied, or blackbreasted, plover (Charadrius squatarola) of America and Europe; — called also gray plover, bull-head plover, Swiss plover, sea plover, and oxeye; the golden plover (see under Golden); the ring or ringed plover (AEgialitis hiaticula). See Ringneck. The piping plover (AEgialitis meloda); Wilson’s plover (AE. Wilsonia); the mountain plover (AE. montana); and the semipalmated plover (AE. semipalmata), are all small American species. Bastard plover (Zoöl.), the lapwing. — Long-legged, or yellow- legged, plover. See Tattler. — Plover’s page, the dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] — Rock plover, or Stone plover, the black-bellied plover. [Prov. Eng.] — Whistling plover. (a) The golden plover. (b) The black-bellied plover. { Plow , Plough } (plou), n. [OE. plouh, plou, AS. ploh; akin to D. ploeg, G. pflug, OHG. pfluog, pfluoh, Icel. plogr, Sw. plog, Dan. ploug, plov, Russ. plug’, Lith. plugas.] 1. A well-known implement, drawn by horses, mules, oxen, or other power, for turning up the soil to prepare it for bearing crops; also used to furrow or break up the soil for other purposes; as the subsoil plow; the draining plow. “Where fern succeeds ungrateful to the plow.” Dryden. 2. Fig.: Agriculture; husbandry. Johnson. 3. A carucate of land; a plowland. [Obs.] [Eng.] “Johan, mine eldest son, shall have plowes five.” Tale of Gamelyn. 4. A joiner’s plane for making grooves; a grooving plane. 5. (Bookbinding) An implement for trimming or shaving off the edges of books. 6. (Astron.) Same as Charles’s Wain. Ice plow, a plow used for cutting ice on rivers, ponds, etc., into cakes suitable for storing. [U. S.] — Mackerel plow. See under Mackerel. - - Plow alms, a penny formerly paid by every plowland to the church. Cowell. — Plow beam, that part of the frame of a plow to which the draught is applied. See Beam, n., 9. — Plow Monday, the Monday after Twelth Day, or the end of Christmas holidays. — Plow staff. (a) A kind of long-handled spade or paddle for cleaning the plowshare; a paddle staff. (b) A plow handle. — Snow plow, a structure, usually &LAMBDA;-shaped, for removing snow from sidewalks, railroads, etc., — drawn or driven by a horse or a locomotive. { Plow , Plough } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plowed (ploud) or Ploughed; p. pr. & vb. n. Plowing or Ploughing.] 1. To turn up, break up, or trench, with a plow; to till with, or as with, a plow; as to plow the ground; to plow a field. 2. To furrow; to make furrows, grooves, or ridges in; to run through, as in sailing. “Let patient Octavia plow thy visage up
With her prepared nails.” Shak. “With speed we plow the watery way.” Pope. 3. (Bookbinding) To trim, or shave off the edges of, as a book or paper, with a plow. See Plow, n., 5. 4. (Joinery) To cut a groove in, as in a plank, or the edge of a board; especially, a rectangular groove to receive the end of a shelf or tread, the edge of a panel, a tongue, etc. To plow in, to cover by plowing; as to plow in wheat. — To plow up, to turn out of the ground by plowing. { Plow , Plough } (plou), v. i. To labor with, or as with, a plow; to till or turn up the soil with a plow; to prepare the soil or bed for anything. Shak. “Doth the plowman plow all day to sow ?” Isa. xxviii. 24. { Plow´a•ble , Plough´a•ble } , a. Capable of being plowed; arable. { Plow´bote• , Plough´bote• } , n. (Eng. Law) Wood or timber allowed to a tenant for the repair of instruments of husbandry. See Bote. { Plow´boy• , Plough´boy• }, n. A boy that drives or guides a team in plowing; a young rustic. { Plow´er , Plough´er } , n. One who plows; a plowman; a cultivator. { Plow´foot• , Plough´foot• } , n. An adjustable staff formerly attached to the plow beam to determine the depth of the furrow. Piers Plowman. { Plow´gang• , Plough´gang• } , n. Same as Plowgate. { Plow´gate• , Plough´gate• } , n. The Scotch equivalent of the English word plowland. “Not having one plowgate of land.” Sir W. Scott. { Plow´head• , Plough´head• } , n. The clevis or draught iron of a plow. { Plow´land• , Ploug´land• } , n. 1. Land that is plowed, or suitable for tillage. 2. (O. Eng. Law) the quantity of land allotted for the work of one plow; a hide. { Plow´man , Plough´man } , n.; pl. -men. 1. One who plows, or who holds and guides a plow; hence, a husbandman. Chaucer. Macaulay. 2. A rustic; a countryman; a field laborer. Plowman’s spikenard (Bot.), a European composite weed (Conyza squarrosa), having fragrant roots. Dr. Prior. { Plow´point• , Plough´point• } , n. A detachable share at the extreme front end of the plow body. { Plow´share• , Plough´share´ } , n. The share of a plow, or that part which cuts the slice of earth or sod at the bottom of the furrow. Plowshare bone (Anat.), the pygostyle. { Plow´tail• , Plough´tail• } , n. The hind part or handle of a plow. { Plow´wright• , Plough´wright• } , n. One who makes or repairs plows.

Ploy , n. Sport; frolic. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Ploy, v. i. [Prob. abbrev. fr. deploy.] (Mil.) To form a column from a line of troops on some designated subdivision; — the opposite of deploy. Wilhelm.

Ploy´ment , n. (Mil.) The act or movement of forming a column from a line of troops on some designated subdivision; — the opposite of deployment.

Pluck , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plucked p. pr. & vb. n. Plucking.] [AS. pluccian; akin to LG. & D. plukken, G. pflücken, Icel. plokka, plukka, Dan. plukke, Sw. plocka. 27.] 1. To pull; to draw. “Its own nature … plucks on its own dissolution.” Je. Taylor. 2. Especially, to pull with sudden force or effort, or to pull off or out from something, with a twitch; to twitch; also to gather, to pick; as to pluck feathers from a fowl; to pluck hair or wool from a skin; to pluck grapes. “I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude.” Milton. “E’en children followed, with endearing wile,
And plucked his gown to share the good man’s smile.” Goldsmith. 3. To strip of, or as of, feathers; as to pluck a fowl. “They which pass by the way do pluck her.” Ps. lxxx.2. 4. (Eng. Universities) To reject at an examination for degrees. C. Bronte. To pluck away, to pull away, or to separate by pulling; to tear away. — To pluck down, to pull down; to demolish; to reduce to a lower state. — to pluck off, to pull or tear off; as to pluck off the skin. — to pluck up. (a) To tear up by the roots or from the foundation; to eradicate; to exterminate; to destroy; as to pluck up a plant; to pluck up a nation. Jer. xii. 17. (b) To gather up; to summon; as to pluck up courage.

Pluck, v. i. To make a motion of pulling or twitching; — usually with at; as to pluck at one’s gown.

Pluck, n. 1. The act of plucking; a pull; a twitch. 2. [Prob. so called as being plucked out after the animal is killed; or cf. Gael. & Ir. pluc a lump, a knot, a bunch.] The heart, liver, and lights of an animal. 3. Spirit; courage; indomitable resolution; fortitude. “Decay of English spirit, decay of manly pluck.” Thackeray. 4. The act of plucking, or the state of being plucked, at college. See Pluck, v. t., 4. 5. (Zoöl.) The lyrie. [Prov. Eng.]

Plucked , a. Having courage and spirit. [R.]

Pluck´er, n. 1. One who, or that which, plucks. “Thou setter up and plucker down of kings.” Shak. 2. A machine for straightening and cleaning wool.

Pluck´i•ly , adv. In a plucky manner.

Pluck´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being plucky.

Pluck´less, a. Without pluck; timid; faint-hearted.

Pluck´y , a. [Compar. Pluckier superl. Pluckiest.] Having pluck or courage; characterized by pluck; displaying pluck; courageous; spirited; as a plucky race. “If you’re plucky, and not over subject to fright.” Barham.

Pluff , v. t. [Prob. of imitative origin.] To throw out, as smoke, dust, etc., in puffs. [Scot.]

Pluff, n. 1. A puff, as of smoke from a pipe, or of dust from a puffball; a slight explosion, as of a small quantity of gunpowder. [Scot.] 2. A hairdresser’s powder puff; also the act of using it. [Scot.]

Plug , n. [Akin to D. plug, G. pflock, Dan. plök, plug, Sw. plugg; cf. W. ploc.] 1. Any piece of wood, metal, or other substance used to stop or fill a hole; a stopple. 2. A flat oblong cake of pressed tobacco. [U. S.] 3. A high, tapering silk hat. [Slang, U.S.] 4. A worthless horse. [Slang, U.S.] 5. (Building) A block of wood let into a wall, to afford a hold for nails. Fire plug, a street hydrant to which hose may be attached. [U. S.] — Hawse plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a hawse hole. — Plug and feather. (Stone Working) See Feather, n., 7. — Plug centerbit, a centerbit ending in a small cylinder instead of a point, so as to follow and enlarge a hole previously made, or to form a counterbore around it. — Plug rod (Steam Eng.) , a rod attached to the beam for working the valves, as in the Cornish engine. — Plug valve (Mech.), a tapering valve, which turns in a case like the plug of a faucet.

Plug , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plugged p. pr. & vb. n. Plugging ] To stop with a plug; to make tight by stopping a hole.

Plug´ger , n. One who, or that which, plugs.

Plug´ging, n. 1. The act of stopping with a plug. 2. The material of which a plug or stopple is made.

Plum , n. [AS. plume, fr. L. prunum; akin to Gr. , . Cf. Prune a dried plum.] 1. (Bot.) The edible drupaceous fruit of the Prunus domestica, and of several other species of Prunus; also the tree itself, usually called plum tree. “The bullace, the damson, and the numerous varieties of plum, of our gardens, although growing into thornless trees, are believed to be varieties of the blackthorn, produced by long cultivation.” G. Bentham. Two or three hundred varieties of plums derived from the Prunus domestica are described; among them the greengage, the Orleans, the purple gage, or Reine Claude Violette, and the German prune, are some of the best known. Among the true plums are; Beach plum, the Prunus maritima, and its crimson or purple globular drupes, — Bullace plum. See Bullace. — Chickasaw plum, the American Prunus Chicasa, and its round red drupes. — Orleans plum, a dark reddish purple plum of medium size, much grown in England for sale in the markets. — Wild plum of America, Prunus Americana, with red or yellow fruit, the original of the Iowa plum and several other varieties. Among plants called plum, but of other genera than Prunus, are; Australian plum, Cargillia arborea and C. australis, of the same family with the persimmon. — Blood plum, the West African Haematostaphes Barteri. — Cocoa plum, the Spanish nectarine. See under Nectarine. — Date plum. See under Date. — Gingerbread plum, the West African Parinarium macrophyllum. — Gopher plum, the Ogeechee lime. — Gray plum, Guinea plum. See under Guinea. — Indian plum, several species of Flacourtia. 2. A grape dried in the sun; a raisin. 3. A handsome fortune or property; formerly, in cant language, the sum of £100,000 sterling; also the person possessing it. Plum bird, Plum budder (Zoöl.), the European bullfinch. — Plum gouger (Zoöl.), a weevil, or curculio (Coccotorus scutellaris), which destroys plums. It makes round holes in the pulp, for the reception of its eggs. The larva bores into the stone and eats the kernel. — Plum weevil (Zoöl.), an American weevil which is very destructive to plums, nectarines, cherries, and many other stone fruits. It lays its eggs in crescent-shaped incisions made with its jaws. The larva lives upon the pulp around the stone. Called also turk, and plum curculio. See Illust. under Curculio.

Plu´ma (plu´ma), n.; pl. Plumae (-me). [L.] (Zoöl.) A feather.

Plum´age (plum´aj), n. [F., from plume a feather.] (Zoöl.) The entire clothing of a bird. It consist of the contour feathers, or the ordinary feathers covering the head, neck, and body; the tail feathers, with their upper and lower coverts; the wing feathers, including primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, with their coverts; and the down which lies beneath the contour feathers. See Illust. under Bird.

Plu•mas´sa•ry , n. [Cf. F. plumasseau.] A plume or collection of ornamental feathers.

Plu•mas•sier´ , n. [F.] One who prepares or deals in ornamental plumes or feathers.

Plumb (plum), n. [F. plomb, L. plumbum lead, a leaden ball or bullet; cf. Gr. mo•lybos, mo•libos, mo•lybdos. Cf. Plummet, Plunge.] A little mass or weight of lead, or the like, attached to a line, and used by builders, etc., to indicate a vertical direction; a plummet; a plumb bob. See Plumb line, below. Plumb bob. See Bob, 4. — Plumb joint, in sheet-metal work, a lap joint, fastened by solder. — Plumb level. See under Level. — Plumb line. (a) The cord by which a plumb bob is suspended; a plummet. (b) A line directed to the center of gravity of the earth. — Plumb rule, a narrow board with a plumb line, used by builders and carpenters.

Plumb, a. Perpendicular; vertical; conforming the direction of a line attached to a plumb; as the wall is plumb.

Plumb, adv. In a plumb direction; perpendicularly. ´Plumb down he falls.´ Milton.

Plumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumbed (plumd); p. pr. & vb. n. Plumbing (plum´ing).] 1. To adjust by a plumb line; to cause to be perpendicular; as to plumb a building or a wall. 2. To sound with a plumb or plummet, as the depth of water; hence, to examine by test; to ascertain the depth, quality, dimension, etc.; to sound; to fathom; to test. “He did not attempt to plumb his intellect.” Ld. Lytton. 3. To seal with lead; as to plumb a drainpipe. 4. To supply, as a building, with a system of plumbing.

Plumb´age (plum´aj; 48), n. Leadwork [R.]

Plum•ba´gin (plum•ba´jin), n. [L. plumbago leadwort, fr. plumbum lead; cf. F. plombagin.] (Chem.) A crystalline substance said to be found in the root of a certain plant of the Leadwort (Plumbago) family.

Plum•ba•gin´e•ous (plum•ba•jin´e•us), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to natural order (Plumbagineae) of gamopetalous herbs, of which Plumbago is the type. The order includes also the marsh rosemary, the thrift, and a few other genera.

Plum•bag´i•nous , a. Resembling plumbago; consisting of, or containing, plumbago; as a plumbaginous slate.

Plum•ba´go, n. [L., from plumbum lead.] 1. (Min.) Same as Graphite. 2. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants with pretty salver-shaped corollas usually blue or violet; leadwort. { Plum´be•an , Plum´be•ous } a. [L. plumbeus, from plumbum the metal lead.] 1. Consisting of, or resembling, lead. J. Ellis. 2. Dull; heavy; stupid. [R.] J. P. Smith.

Plumb´er , n. [F. plombier. See Plumb.] One who works in lead; esp., one who furnishes, fits, and repairs lead, iron, or glass pipes, and other apparatus for the conveyance of water, gas or drainage in buildings.

Plumb´er block A pillow block.

Plumb´er•y , n. [F. plomberie.] 1. The business of a plumber. [Obs.] 2. A place where plumbing is carried on; lead works.

Plum´bic , a. [From Plumbum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, resembling, or containing, lead; — used specifically to designate those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with plumbous compounds; as plumbic oxide.

Plum•bif´er•ous , a. [Plumbum + -ferous.] Producing or containing lead. Kirwan.

Plumb´ing , n. 1. The art of casting and working in lead, and applying it to building purposes; especially, the business of furnishing, fitting, and repairing pipes for conducting water, sewage, etc. Gwilt. 2. The lead or iron pipes, and other apparatus, used in conveying water, sewage, etc., in a building.

Plum´bism , n. [From Plumbum.] (Med.) A diseased condition, produced by the absorption of lead, common among workers in this metal or in its compounds, as among painters, typesetters, etc. It is characterized by various symptoms, as lead colic, lead line, and wrist drop. See under Colic, Lead, and Wrist.

Plum´bous , a. [From Plumbum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, lead; — used specifically to designate those compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with plumbic compounds.

Plum´bum , n. [L.] (Chem.) The technical name of lead. See Lead.

Plume , n. [F., fr. L. pluma. Cf. Fly, v.] 1. A feather; esp., a soft, downy feather, or a long, conspicuous, or handsome feather. “Wings … of many a colored plume.” Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) An ornamental tuft of feathers. 3. A feather, or group of feathers, worn as an ornament; a waving ornament of hair, or other material resembling feathers. “His high plume, that nodded o’er his head.” Dryden. 4. A token of honor or prowess; that on which one prides himself; a prize or reward. ´Ambitious to win from me some plume.´ Milton. 5. (Bot.) A large and flexible panicle of inflorescence resembling a feather, such as is seen in certain large ornamental grasses. Plume bird (Zoöl.), any bird that yields ornamental plumes, especially the species of Epimarchus from New Guinea, and some of the herons and egrets, as the white heron of Florida (Ardea candidissima). — Plume grass. (Bot) (a) A kind of grass (Erianthus saccharoides) with the spikelets arranged in great silky plumes, growing in swamps in the Southern United States. (b) The still finer E. Ravennae from the Mediterranean region. The name is sometimes extended to the whole genus. — Plume moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small, slender moths, belonging to the family Pterophoridae. Most of them have the wings deeply divided into two or more plumelike lobes. Some species are injurious to the grapevine. — Plume nutmeg (Bot.), an aromatic Australian tree (Atherosperma moschata), whose numerous carpels are tipped with long plumose persistent styles.

Plume, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumed p. pr. & vb. n. Pluming.] [Cf. F. plumer to pluck, to strip, L. plumare to cover with feathers.] 1. To pick and adjust the plumes or feathers of; to dress or prink. “Pluming her wings among the breezy bowers.” W. Irving. 2. To strip of feathers; to pluck; to strip; to pillage; also to peel. [Obs.] Bacon. Dryden. 3. To adorn with feathers or plumes. ´Farewell the plumed troop.´ Shak. 4. To pride; to vaunt; to boast; — used reflexively; as he plumes himself on his skill. South. Plumed adder (Zoöl.), an African viper (Vipera, or Clotho cornuta), having a plumelike structure over each eye. It is venomous, and is related to the African puff adder. Called also horned viper and hornsman. — Plumed partridge (Zoöl.), the California mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus). See Mountain quail, under Mountain.

Plume´less , a. Without plumes.

Plume´let , n. [Plume + - let.] A small plume. “When rosy plumelets tuft the larch.” Tennyson.

Plum´er•y , n. Plumes, collectively or in general; plumage. [R.] Southey.

Plu´mi•corn , n. [L. pluma feather + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) An ear tuft of feathers, as in the horned owls.

Plu•mig´er•ous , a. [L. plumiger; pluma a feather + gerere to bear.] Feathered; having feathers. Bailey

Plu•mil´i•form , a. [L. plumula, or plumella a little feather (dim. of pluma feather) + -form.] Having the of a plume or feather. [R.]

Plu´mi•ped , a. [L. plumipes, -edis; pluma a feather + pes: cf. F. plumipède.] (Zoöl.) Having feet covered with feathers. — n. A plumiped bird.

Plum´met , n. [OE. plommet, OF. plommet, fr. plom, plum, lead, F. plomb. See Plumb.] 1. A piece of lead attached to a line, used in sounding the depth of water. “I’ll sink him deeper than e’er plummet sounded.” Shak. 2. A plumb bob or a plumb line. See under Plumb, n. 3. Hence, any weight. 4. A piece of lead formerly used by school children to rule paper for writing. Plummet line, a line with a plummet; a sounding line.

Plum´ming , n. [See Plumb.] (Min.) The operation of finding, by means of a mine dial, the place where to sink an air shaft, or to bring an adit to the work, or to find which way the lode inclines.

Plum´my , a. [From Plum.] Of the nature of a plum; desirable; profitable; advantageous. [Colloq.] ´For the sake of getting something plummy.´ G. Eliot. { Plu•mose´ , Plu´mous } a. [L. plumosus, fr. pluma feather: cf. F. plumeux.] 1. Having feathers or plumes. 2. Having hairs, or other párts, arranged along an axis like a feather; feathery; plumelike; as a plumose leaf; plumose tentacles.

Plu´mo•site , n. (Min.) Same as Jamesonite.

Plu•mos´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being plumose.

Plump (plump), a. [Compar. Plumper (-er); superl. Plumpest.] [OE. plomp rude, clumsy; akin to D. plomp, G., Dan., & Sw. plump; probably of imitative origin. Cf. Plump, adv.] Well rounded or filled out; full; fleshy; fat; as a plump baby; plump cheeks. Shak. “The god of wine did his plump clusters bring.” T. Carew.

Plump, n. A knot; a cluster; a group; a crowd; a flock; as a plump of trees, fowls, or spears. [Obs.] “To visit islands and the plumps of men.” Chapman.

Plump, v. i. [Cf. D. plompen, G. plumpen, Sw. plumpa, Dan. plumpe. See Plump, a.] 1. To grow plump; to swell out; as her cheeks have plumped. 2. To drop or fall suddenly or heavily, all at once.´Dulcissa plumps into a chair.´ Spectator. 3. To give a plumper. See Plumper, 2.

Plump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumped p. pr. & vb. n. Plumping.] 1. To make plump; to fill (out) or support; — often with up. “To plump up the hollowness of their history with improbable miracles.” Fuller. 2. To cast or let drop all at once, suddenly and heavily; as to plump a stone into water. 3. To give (a vote), as a plumper. See Plumper, 2.

Plump, adv. [Cf. D. plomp, interj., G. plump, plumps. Cf. Plump, a. & v.] Directly; suddenly; perpendicularly. ´Fall plump.´ Beau. & Fl.

Plump´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, plumps or swells out something else; hence, something carried in the mouth to distend the cheeks. 2. (English Elections) A vote given to one candidate only, when two or more are to be elected, thus giving him the advantage over the others. A person who gives his vote thus is said to plump, or to plump his vote. 3. A voter who plumps his vote. [Eng.] 4. A downright, unqualified lie. [Colloq. or Low]

Plump´ly, adv. Fully; roundly; plainly; without reserve. [Colloq.]

Plump´ness, n. The quality or state of being plump.

Plump´y , a. Plump; fat; sleek. ´Plumpy Bacchus.´ Shak.

Plu´mu•la , n.; pl. L. Plumule (#), E.-las (#). [L. See Plumule.] 1. (Bot.) A plumule. 2. (Zoöl.) A down feather.

Plu•mu•la´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Downy; bearing down.

Plu´mu•lar , a. (Bot.) Relating to a plumule.

Plu•mu•la´ri•a , n.; pl. L. Plumularlae (#), E. Plumularias (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Any hydroid belonging to Plumularia and other genera of the family Plumularidae. They generally grow in plumelike forms.

Plu•mu•la´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any Plumularia. Also used adjectively.

Plu´mule , n. [L. plumula, dim. of pluma a feather; cf. F. plumule.] 1. (Bot.) The first bud, or gemmule, of a young plant; the bud, or growing point, of the embryo, above the cotyledons. See Illust. of Radicle. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A down feather. (b) The aftershaft of a feather. See Illust. under Feather. (c) One of the featherlike scales of certain male butterflies.

Plu´mu•lose´ , a. Having hairs branching out laterally, like the parts of a feather.

Plum´y , a. Covered or adorned with plumes, or as with plumes; feathery. ´His plumy crest.´ Addison. ´The plumy trees.´ J. S. Blackie.

Plun´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plundered p. pr. & vb. n. Plundering.] [G. plündern to plunder, plunder frippery, baggage.] 1. To take the goods of by force, or without right; to pillage; to spoil; to sack; to strip; to rob; as to plunder travelers. “Nebuchadnezzar plunders the temple of God.” South. 2. To take by pillage; to appropriate forcibly; as the enemy plundered all the goods they found. Syn. — To pillage; despoil; sack; rifle; strip; rob.

Plun´der , n. 1. The act of plundering or pillaging; robbery. See Syn. of Pillage. “Inroads and plunders of the Saracens.” Sir T. North. 2. That which is taken by open force from an enemy; pillage; spoil; booty; also that which is taken by theft or fraud. ´He shared in the plunder.´ Cowper. 3. Personal property and effects; baggage or luggage. [Slang, Southwestern U.S.]

Plun´der•age , n. (Mar. Law) The embezzlement of goods on shipboard. Wharton.

Plun´der•er , n. One who plunders or pillages.

Plunge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plunged p. pr. & vb. n. Plunging ] [OE. ploungen, OF. plongier, F. plonger, fr. (assumed) LL. plumbicare, fr. L. plumbum lead. See Plumb.] 1. To thrust into water, or into any substance that is penetrable; to immerse; to cause to penetrate or enter quickly and forcibly; to thrust; as to plunge the body into water; to plunge a dagger into the breast. Also used figuratively; as to plunge a nation into war. ´To plunge the boy in pleasing sleep.´ Dryden. “Bound and plunged him into a cell.” Tennyson. “We shall be plunged into perpetual errors.” I. Watts. 2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To entangle; to embarrass; to overcome. [Obs.] “Plunged and graveled with three lines of Seneca.” Sir T. Browne.

Plunge, v. i. 1. To thrust or cast one’s self into water or other fluid; to submerge one’s self; to dive, or to rush in; as he plunged into the river. Also used figuratively; as to plunge into debt. “Forced to plunge naked in the raging sea.” Dryden. “To plunge into guilt of a murther.” Tillotson. 2. To pitch or throw one’s self headlong or violently forward, as a horse does. “Some wild colt, which … flings and plunges.” Bp. Hall. 3. To bet heavily and with seeming recklessness on a race, or other contest; in an extended sense, to risk large sums in hazardous speculations. [Cant] Plunging fire (Gun.), firing directed upon an enemy from an elevated position.

Plunge, n. 1. The act of thrusting into or submerging; a dive, leap, rush, or pitch into, or as into, water; as to take the water with a plunge. 2. Hence, a desperate hazard or act; a state of being submerged or overwhelmed with difficulties. [R.] “She was brought to that plunge, to conceal her husband’s murder or accuse her son.” Sir P. Sidney. “And with thou not reach out a friendly arm,
To raise me from amidst this plunge of sorrows?” Addison. 3. The act of pitching or throwing one’s self headlong or violently forward, like an unruly horse. 4. Heavy and reckless betting in horse racing; hazardous speculation. [Cant] Plunge bath, an immersion by plunging; also a large bath in which the bather can wholly immerse himself. — Plunge, or plunging, battery (Elec.), a voltaic battery so arranged that the plates can be plunged into, or withdrawn from, the exciting liquid at pleasure.

Plun´ger , n. 1. One who, or that which, plunges; a diver. 2. A long solid cylinder, used, instead of a piston or bucket, as a forcer in pumps. 3. One who bets heavily and recklessly on a race; a reckless speculator. [Cant] 4. (Pottery) A boiler in which clay is beaten by a wheel to a creamy consistence. Knight. 5. (Gun.) The firing pin of a breechloader. Plunger bucket, a piston, without a valve, in a pump. — Plunger pole, the pump rod of a pumping engine. — Plunger pump, a pump, as for water, having a plunger, instead of a piston, to act upon the water. It may be single-acting or double-acting

Plun´ket , n. A kind of blue color; also anciently, a kind of cloth, generally blue.

Plu´per•fect , a. [L. plus more + perfectus perfect; cf. F. plus-que-parfait, L. plusquamperfectum.] More than perfect; past perfect; — said of the tense which denotes that an action or event was completed at or before the time of another past action or event. — n. The pluperfect tense; also a verb in the pluperfect tense.

Plu´ral , a. [L. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more; cf. F. pluriel, OF. plurel. See Plus.] Relating to, or containing, more than one; designating two or more; as a plural word. “Plural faith, which is too much by one.” Shak. Plural number (Gram.), the number which designates more than one. See Number, n., 8.

Plu´ral, n. (Gram.) The plural number; that form of a word which expresses or denotes more than one; a word in the plural form.

Plu´ral•ism , n. 1. The quality or state of being plural, or in the plural number. 2. (Eccl.) The state of a pluralist; the holding of more than one ecclesiastical living at a time. [Eng.]

Plu´ral•ist, n. (Eccl.) A clerk or clergyman who holds more than one ecclesiastical benefice. [Eng.] “Of the parochial clergy, a large proportion were pluralists.” Macaulay.

Plu•ral´i•ty , n.; pl. pluralities (#). [L. pluralitas: cf. F. pluralite.] 1. The state of being plural, or consisting of more than one; a number consisting of two or more of the same kind; as a plurality of worlds; the plurality of a verb. 2. The greater number; a majority; also the greatest of several numbers; in elections, the excess of the votes given for one candidate over those given for another, or for any other, candidate. When there are more than two candidates, the one who receives the plurality of votes may have less than a majority. See Majority. “Take the plurality of the world, and they are neither wise nor good.” L’Estrange. 3. (Eccl.) See Plurality of benefices, below. Plurality of benefices (Eccl.), the possession by one clergyman of more than one benefice or living. Each benefice thus held is called a plurality. [Eng.]

Plu•ral•i•za´tion , n. The act of pluralizing. H. Spencer.

Plu´ral•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pluralized p. pr. & vb. n. Pluralizing ] 1. To make plural by using the plural termination; to attribute plurality to; to express in the plural form. 2. To multiply; to make manifold. [R.]

Plu´ral•ize, v. i. 1. To take a plural; to assume a plural form; as a noun pluralizes. Earle. 2. (Eccl.) To hold more than one benefice at the same time. [Eng.]

Plu´ral•i•zer , n. (Eccl.) A pluralist. [R.]

Plu´ral•ly, adv. In a plural manner or sense.

Plu´ri- [See Plus.] A combining form from L. plus, pluris, more, many; as pluriliteral.

Plu´ri•es , n. [So called from L. pluries many times, often, which occurs in the first clause.] (Law) A writ issued in the third place, after two former writs have been disregarded. Mozley & W.

Plu•ri•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. plurifarius, fr. L. plus, pluris, many. Cf. Bifarious.] Of many kinds or fashions; multifarious.

Plu•ri•fo´li•o•late , a. [Pluri- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Having several or many leaflets.

Plu•ri•lit´er•al , a. [Pluri- + literal.] Consisting of more letters than three. - - n. A pluriliteral word.

Plu•ri•loc´u•lar , a. [Pluri- + locular.] Having several cells or loculi; specifically (Bot.), having several divisions containing seeds; as the lemon and the orange are plurilocular fruits. Plurilocular sporangia (Bot.), many- celled sporangia, each cell containing a single spore, as in many algae.

Plu•rip´a•rous , a. [Pluri- + L. parere to bring forth.] Producing several young at a birth; as a pluriparous animal.

Plu•ri•par´tite , a. [Pluri- + partite.] (Bot.) Deeply divided into several portions.

Plu•ri•pres´ence , n. [Pluri- + presence.] Presence in more places than one. [R.] Johnson.

Plu´ri•sy , n. [L. plus, pluris, more.] Superabundance; excess; plethora. [Obs.] Shak.

Plus , a. [L., more; akin to Gr. , , and E. full. See Full, a., and cf. Più, Pleonasm.] 1. (Math.) More, required to be added; positive, as distinguished from negative; — opposed to minus. 2. Hence, in a literary sense, additional; real; actual. “Success goes invariably with a certain plus or positive power.” Emerson. Plus sign (Math.), the sign (+) which denotes addition, or a positive quantity.

Plush , n. [F. pluche, peluche (cf. It. peluzzo), fr. L. pilus hair. See pile hair, and cf. Peruke.] A textile fabric with a nap or shag on one side, longer and softer than the nap of velvet. Cowper.

Plush´y , a. Like plush; soft and shaggy. H. Kingsley.

Plu´tar•chy , n. [Gr. wealth + -archy.] Plutocracy; the rule of wealth. [R.]

Plu´te•al , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a pluteus.

Plu´te•us , n.; pl. L. Plutei (#), E. Pluteuses (#). [L., a shed.] (Zoöl.) The free-swimming larva of sea urchins and ophiurans, having several long stiff processes inclosing calcareous rods.

Plu´to , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) The son of Saturn and Rhea, brother of Jupiter and Neptune; the dark and gloomy god of the Lower World. Pluto monkey (Zoöl.), a long- tailed African monkey (Cercopithecus pluto), having side whiskers. The general color is black, more or less grizzled; the frontal band is white.

Plu•toc´ra•cy , n. [Gr. ; wealth + to be strong, to rule, fr. strength: cf. F. plutocratie.] A form of government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of the wealthy classes; government by the rich; also a controlling or influential class of rich men.

Plu´to•crat , n. One whose wealth gives him power or influence; one of the plutocracy.

Plu•to•crat´ic , a. Of or pertaining to plutocracy; as plutocratic ideas. Bagehot.

Plu•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. wealth + -logy.] The science which treats of wealth.

Plu•to´ni•an , a. [L. Plutonius, Gr. : cf. F. plutonien.] Plutonic. Poe.

Plu•to´ni•an , n. (Geol.) A Plutonist.

Plu•ton´ic , a. [Cf. F. plutonique. See Pluto.] 1. Of or pertaining to Pluto; Plutonian; hence, pertaining to the interior of the earth; subterranean. 2. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the system of the Plutonists; igneous; as the Plutonic theory. Plutonic action (Geol.), the influence of volcanic heat and other subterranean forces under pressure. — Plutonic rocks (Geol.), granite, porphyry, and some other igneous rocks, supposed to have consolidated from a melted state at a great depth from the surface. Cf. Intrusive rocks, under Intrusive. — Plutonic theory. (Geol.) See Plutonism.

Plu´to•nism , n. [Cf. F. plutonisme.] The theory, early advanced in geology, that the successive rocks of the earth\’b6s crust were formed by igneous fusion; — opposed to the Neptunian theory.

Plu´to•nist , n. [Cf. F. plutoniste.] One who adopts the geological theory of igneous fusion; a Plutonian. See Plutonism.

Plu´tus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) The son of Jason and Ceres, and the god of wealth. He was represented as bearing a cornucopia, and as blind, because his gifts were bestowed without discrimination of merit.

Plu´vi•al, a. [L. pluvialis, fr. pluvia rain: cf. F. pluvial. See Plover.] 1. Of or pertaining to rain; rainy. [R.] 2. (Geol.) Produced by the action of rain.

Plu´vi•al, n. [LL. pluviale a garment which keeps off the rain: cf. F. pluvial.] A priest’s cope.

Plu•vi•am´e•ter , n. See Pluviometer.

Plu•vi•a•met´ric•al , a. See Pluviometrical.

Plu´vi•an , n. (Zoöl.) The crocodile bird.

Plu•vi•om´e•ter , n. [L. pluvia rain + -meter: cf. F. pluviomètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the amount of rainfall at any place in a given time; a rain gauge.

Plu•vi•o•met´ric•al , a. [Cf. F. pluviometrique.] Of or pertaining to a pluviometer; determined by a pluviometer.

Plu•vi•ôse´ , n. [F. See Pluvious.] The fifth month of the French republican calendar adopted in 1793. It began January 20, and ended February 18. See Vendemiaire.

Plu´vi•ous , a. [L. pluviosus, pluvius, fr. pluvia rain: cf. F. pluvieux. See Pluvial, a.] Abounding in rain; rainy; pluvial. Sir T. Browne.

Ply , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plied p. pr. & vb. n. Plying ] [OE. plien, F. plier to fold, to bend, fr. L. plicare; akin to Gr. , G. flechten. Cf. Apply, Complex, Display, Duplicity, Employ, Exploit, Implicate, Plait, Pliant, Flax.] 1. To bend. [Obs.] “As men may warm wax with handes plie.” Chaucer. 2. To lay on closely, or in folds; to work upon steadily, or with repeated acts; to press upon; to urge importunately; as to ply one with questions, with solicitations, or with drink. “And plies him with redoubled strokes” Dryden. “He plies the duke at morning and at night.” Shak. 3. To employ diligently; to use steadily. “Go ply thy needle; meddle not.” Shak. 4. To practice or perform with diligence; to work at. “Their bloody task, unwearied, still they ply.” Waller.

Ply, v. i. 1. To bend; to yield. [Obs.] “It would rather burst atwo than plye.” Chaucer. “The willow plied, and gave way to the gust.” L’Estrange. 2. To act, go, or work diligently and steadily; especially, to do something by repeated actions; to go back and forth; as a steamer plies between certain ports. “Ere half these authors be read (which will soon be with plying hard and daily).” Milton. “He was forced to ply in the streets as a porter.” Addison. “The heavy hammers and mallets plied.” Longfellow. 3. (Naut.) To work to windward; to beat.

Ply, n. [Cf. F. pli, fr. plier. See Ply, v.] 1. A fold; a plait; a turn or twist, as of a cord. Arbuthnot. 2. Bent; turn; direction; bias. “The late learners can not so well take the ply.” Bacon. “Boswell, and others of Goldsmith’s contemporaries, … did not understand the secret plies of his character.” W. Irving. “The czar’s mind had taken a strange ply, which it retained to the last.” Macaulay. Ply is used in composition to designate folds, or the number of webs interwoven; as a three-ply carpet.

Ply´er , n. One who, or that which, plies; specifically: (a) pl. A kind of balance used in raising and letting down a drawbridge. It consists of timbers joined in the form of a St. Andrew’s cross. (b) pl. See Pliers.

Plyght , v. & n. See Plight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Plym´outh Breth´ren The members of a religious sect which first appeared at Plymouth, England, about 1830. They protest against sectarianism, and reject all official ministry or clergy. Also called Brethren, Christian Brethren, Plymouthists, etc. The Darbyites are a division of the Brethren.

Pne•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. to breathe + -meter.] (Physiol.) A spirometer. { Pneu•mat´ic , Pneu•mat´ic•al } a. [L. pneumaticus, Gr. , fr. , , wind, air, to blow, breathe; cf. OHG. fnehan: cf. F. pneumatique. Cf. Pneumonia.] 1. Consisting of, or resembling, air; having the properties of an elastic fluid; gaseous; opposed to dense or solid. “The pneumatical substance being, in some bodies, the native spirit of the body.” Bacon. 2. Of or pertaining to air, or to elastic fluids or their properties; pertaining to pneumatics; as pneumatic experiments. ´Pneumatical discoveries.´ Stewart. 3. Moved or worked by pressure or flow of air; as a pneumatic instrument; a pneumatic engine. 4. (Biol.) Fitted to contain air; Having cavities filled with air; as pneumatic cells; pneumatic bones. Pneumatic action, or Pneumatic lever (Mus.), a contrivance for overcoming the resistance of the keys and other movable parts in an organ, by causing compressed air from the wind chest to move them. — Pneumatic dispatch, a system of tubes, leading to various points, through which letters, packages, etc., are sent, by the flow and pressure of air. — Pneumatic elevator, a hoisting machine worked by compressed air. — Pneumatic pile, a tubular pile or cylinder of large diameter sunk by atmospheric pressure. — Pneumatic pump, an air-exhausting or forcing pump. — Pneumatic railway. See Atmospheric railway, under Atmospheric. — Pneumatic syringe, a stout tube closed at one end, and provided with a piston, for showing that the heat produced by compressing a gas will ignite substances. — Pneumatic trough, a trough, generally made of wood or sheet metal, having a perforated shelf, and used, when filled with water or mercury, for collecting gases in chemical operations. — Pneumatic tube. See Pneumatic dispatch, above.

Pneu•ma•tic´i•ty , n. (Biol.) The state of being pneumatic, or of having a cavity or cavities filled with air; as the pneumaticity of the bones of birds.

Pneu•mat´ics , n. [Cf. F. pneumatique.] 1. That branch of science which treats of the mechanical properties of air and other elastic fluids, as of their weight, pressure, elasticity, etc. See Mechanics. 2. (Philos. & Theol.) The scientific study or knowledge of spiritual beings and their relations to God, angels, and men.

Pneu´ma•to- (nu´ma•to- or nu•mat´o-). A combining form from Gr. pney^ma, pney•matos, wind, air, breath, respiration; as pneumatograph, pneumatology.
[1913 Webster]

Pneu•mat´o•cele , n. [Pneumato- + Gr. a tumor; cf. F. pneumatocèle.] (Med.) A distention of the scrotum by air; also hernia of the lungs.

Pneu•mat´o•cyst , n. [Pneumato- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) A cyst or sac of a siphonophore, containing air, and serving as a float, as in Physalia.

Pneu•mat´o•garm , n. [Pneumato- + -gram.] (Physiol.) A tracing of the respiratory movements, obtained by a pneumatograph or stethograph.

Pneu•mat´o•graph , n. [Pneumato- + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for recording the movements of the thorax or chest wall during respiration; — also called stethograph.

Pneu•ma•to•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. pneumatologique.] Of or pertaining to pneumatology.

Pneu•ma•tol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. pneumatologiste.] One versed in pneumatology.

Pneu•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Pneumato- + -logy: cf. F. pneumatologie.] 1. The doctrine of, or a treatise on, air and other elastic fluids. See Pneumatics, 1. 2. (Philos. & Theol.) The science of spiritual being or phenomena of any description.

Pneu•ma•tom´e•ter , n. [Pneumato- + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the amount of force exerted by the lungs in respiration.

Pneu•ma•tom´e•try , n. See Spirometry.

Pneu•mat´o•phore , n. [Pneumato- + Gr. to bear.] (Zoöl.) One of the Pneumonophora.

Pneu•ma•to•tho´rax , n. [Pneumato- + thorax.] (Med.) See Pneumothorax.

Pneu´mo- A combining form from Gr. pney•mwn, pney•monos, a lung; as pneumogastric, pneumology.

Pneu•mo•coc´cus , n. [See Pneumo- , and Coccus.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus found in the sputum (and elsewhere) of persons suffering with pneumonia, and thought to be the cause of this disease.

Pneu•mo•gas´tric , a. [Pneumo- + gastric.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the lungs and the stomach. — n. The pneumogastric nerve. Pneumogastric nerve (Anat.), one of the tenth pair of cranial nerves which are distributed to the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, lungs, heart, stomach, liver, and spleen, and, in fishes and many amphibia, to the branchial apparatus and also to the sides of the body.

Pneu´mo•graph , n. Same as Pneumatograph.

Pneu•mog´ra•phy , n. [Pneumo- + -graphy.] A description of the lungs. Dunglison.

Pneu•mol´o•gy , n. [Pneumo- + -logy.] (Anat.) The science which treats of the lungs.

Pneu•mom´e•ter , n. [Pneumo- + -meter.] (Physiol.) A spirometer.

Pneu•mom´e•try , n. Measurement of the capacity of the lungs for air. Dunglison.

Pneu•mo´ni•a (nu•mo´ni•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pneymoni•a, fr. pney•mwn, pl. pney•mones the lungs, also pley•mwn, which is perh. the original form. Cf. Pneumatio, Pulmonary.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lungs. Catarrhal pneumonia, or Broncho- pneumonia, is inflammation of the lung tissue, associated with catarrh and with marked evidences of inflammation of bronchial membranes, often chronic; — also called lobular pneumonia, from its affecting single lobules at a time. — Croupous pneumonia, or ordinary pneumonia, is an acute affection characterized by sudden onset with a chill, high fever, rapid course, and sudden decline; — also called lobar pneumonia, from its affecting a whole lobe of the lung at once. See under Croupous. — Fibroid pneumonia is an inflammation of the interstitial connective tissue lying between the lobules of the lungs, and is very slow in its course, producing shrinking and atrophy of the lungs.

Pneu•mon´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. pneumonique.] (a) Of or pertaining to the lungs; pulmonic. (b) Of or pertaining to pneumonia; as pneumonic symptoms.

Pneu•mon´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine for affections of the lungs.

Pneu•mo•nit´ic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to pneumonitis.

Pneu•mo•ni´tis , n. [NL. See Pneumo-, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lungs; pneumonia.

Pneu•mo•nom´e•ter , n. [See Pneumo-, and -meter.] (Physiol.) A spirometer; a pneumometer.

Pneu•mo•noph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a lung + to bear.] (Zoöl.) The division of Siphonophora which includes the Physalia and allied genera; — called also Pneumatophorae.

Pneu´mo•ny , n. [Cf. F. pneumonie.] See Pneumonia.

Pneu•mo•öt´o•ka , n. pl. [NL. See Pneumo-, and Oöticoid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Sauropsida.

Pneu•moph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Pneumonophora.] (Zoöl.) (Zoöl.) A division of holothurians having an internal gill, or respiratory tree.

Pneu•mo•skel´e•ton , n. [Pneumo- + skeleton.] (Zoöl.) A chitinous structure which supports the gill in some invertebrates.

Pneu•mo•ther´a•py , n. [Gr. air + therapy.] (Med.) The treatment of disease by inhalations of compressed or rarefied air.

Pneu•mo•tho´rax , n. [Gr. air + E. thorax.] (Med.) A condition in which air or other gas is present in the cavity of the chest; — called also pneumatothorax.

Pni•ga´li•on , n. [NL., fr. Gr. nightmare, fr. to throttle.] (Med.) Nightmare.

Pnyx , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) The place at Athens where the meetings of the people were held for making decrees, etc.

Po´a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. grass.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including a great number of species, as the kinds called meadow grass, Kentucky blue grass, June grass, and spear grass (which see).

Poach , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poached p. pr. & vb. n. Poaching.] [F. pocher to place in a pocket, to poach eggs (the yolk of the egg being as it were pouched in the white), from poche pocket, pouch. See Pouch, v. & n.] 1. To cook, as eggs, by breaking them into boiling water; also to cook with butter after breaking in a vessel. Bacon. 2. To rob of game; to pocket and convey away by stealth, as game; hence, to plunder. Garth.

Poach, v. i. To steal or pocket game, or to carry it away privately, as in a bag; to kill or destroy game contrary to law, especially by night; to hunt or fish unlawfully; as to poach for rabbits or for salmon.

Poach, v. t. [Cf. OF. pocher to thrust or dig out with the fingers, to bruise (the eyes), F. pouce thumb, L. pollex, and also E. poach to cook eggs, to plunder, and poke to thrust against.] 1. To stab; to pierce; to spear, \as fish. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To force, drive, or plunge into anything. [Obs.] “His horse poching one of his legs into some hollow ground.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To make soft or muddy by trampling Tennyson. 4. To begin and not complete. [Obs.] Bacon.

Poach, v. i. To become soft or muddy. “Chalky and clay lands … chap in summer, and poach in winter.” Mortimer.

Poach´ard , n. [From Poach to stab.] [Written also pocard, pochard.] (Zoöl.) (a) A common European duck (Aythya ferina); — called also goldhead, poker, and fresh-water, or red-headed, widgeon. (b) The American redhead, which is closely allied to the European poachard. Red-crested poachard (Zoöl.), an Old World duck (Branta rufina). — Scaup poachard, the scaup duck. — Tufted poachard, a scaup duck (Aythya, or Fuligula cristata), native of Europe and Asia.

Poach´er , n. 1. One who poaches; one who kills or catches game or fish contrary to law. 2. (Zoöl.) The American widgeon. [Local, U.S.] Sea poacher (Zoöl.), the lyrie.

Poach´i•ness , n. The state of being poachy; marshiness.

Poach´y , a. [See Poach to stab.] Wet and soft; easily penetrated by the feet of cattle; — said of land { Poak , Poake } , n. Waste matter from the preparation of skins, consisting of hair, lime, oil, etc.

Po´can , n. (Bot.) The poke (Phytolacca decandra); — called also pocan bush.

Po´chard , n. (Zoöl.) See Poachard.

Pock , n. [OE. pokke, AS. pocc, poc; akin to D. pok, G. pocke, and perh. to E. poke a pocket. Cf. Pox.] (Med.) A pustule raised on the surface of the body in variolous and vaccine diseases. “Of pokkes and of scab every sore.” Chaucer.

Pock´arred , a. See Pockmarked. [Obs.]

Pock´-bro•ken , a. Broken out, or marked, with smallpox; pock-fretten.

Pock´et , n. [OE. poket, Prov. F. & OF. poquette, F. pochette, dim. fr. poque, pouque, F. poche; probably of Teutonic origin. See Poke a pocket, and cf. Poach to cook eggs, to plunder, and Pouch.] 1. A bag or pouch; especially; a small bag inserted in a garment for carrying small articles, particularly money; hence, figuratively, money; wealth. 2. One of several bags attached to a billiard table, into which the balls are driven. 3. A large bag or sack used in packing various articles, as ginger, hops, cowries, etc. In the wool or hop trade, the pocket contains half a sack, or about 168 Ibs.; but it is a variable quantity, the articles being sold by actual weight. 4. (Arch.) A hole or space covered by a movable piece of board, as in a floor, boxing, partitions, or the like. 5. (Mining.) (a) A cavity in a rock containing a nugget of gold, or other mineral; a small body of ore contained in such a cavity. (b) A hole containing water. 6. (Nat.) A strip of canvas sewn upon a sail so that a batten or a light spar can placed in the interspace. 7. (Zoöl.) Same as Pouch. Pocket is often used adjectively, or in the formation of compound words usually of obvious signification; as pocket comb, pocket compass, pocket edition, pocket handkerchief, pocket money, pocket picking, or pocket-picking, etc. Out of pocket. See under Out, prep. — Pocket borough, a borough ´owned´ by some person. See under Borough. [Eng.] — Pocket gopher (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American rodents of the genera Geomys, and Thomomys, family Geomydae. They have large external cheek pouches, and are fossorial in their habits. they inhabit North America, from the Mississippi Valley west to the Pacific. Called also pouched gopher. — Pocket mouse (Zoöl.), any species of American mice of the family Saccomyidae. They have external cheek pouches. Some of them are adapted for leaping (genus Dipadomys), and are called kangaroo mice. They are native of the Southwestern United States, Mexico, etc. — Pocket piece, a piece of money kept in the pocket and not spent. — Pocket pistol, a pistol to be carried in the pocket. — Pocket sheriff (Eng. Law), a sheriff appointed by the sole authority of the crown, without a nomination by the judges in the exchequer. Burrill.

Pock´et , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pocketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pocketing.] 1. To put, or conceal, in the pocket; as to pocket the change. “He would pocket the expense of the license.” Sterne. 2. To take clandestinely or fraudulently. “He pocketed pay in the names of men who had long been dead.” Macaulay. To pocket a ball (Billiards), to drive a ball into a pocket of the table. — To pocket an insult, affront, etc., to receive an affront without open resentment, or without seeking redress. ´I must pocket up these wrongs.´ Shak.

Pock´et•book , n. A small book or case for carrying papers, money, etc., in the pocket; also a notebook for the pocket.

Pock´et•ful , n.; pl. Pocketfuls . As much as a pocket will hold; enough to fill a pocket; as pocketfuls of chestnuts.

Pock´et•knife , n.; pl. -knives. A knife with one or more blades, which fold into the handle so as to admit of being carried in the pocket.

Pock´-fret•ten , a. See Pockmarked.

Pock´i•ness , n. The state of being pocky.

Pock´mark , n. A mark or pit made by smallpox.

Pock´marked , a. Marked by smallpox; pitted.

Pock´-pit•ted , a. Pockmarked; pitted.

Pock´-pud•ding , n. A bag pudding; a name of reproach or ridicule formerly applied by the Scotch to the English.

Pock´wood , n. [So called because formerly used as a specific for the pock.] (Bot.) Lignum- vitae.

Pock´y , a. [Compar. Pockier superl. Pockiest.] Full of pocks; affected with smallpox or other eruptive disease. Bp. Hall.

Po´co , adv. [It.] (Mus.) A little; — used chiefly in phrases indicating the time or movement; as poco più allegro, a little faster; poco largo, rather slow. Poco a poco [It.] (Mus.) Little by little; as poco a poco crescendo, gradually increasing in loudness.

Po´cock , n. Peacock. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Po•co•cu•ran´te , n. [It. poco curante caring little.] A careless person; a trifler. [R.]

Po•co•cu•ran´tism n. Carelessness; apathy; indifference. [R.] Carlyle.

Po•co´son , n. Low, wooded grounds or swamps in Eastern Maryland and Virginia. [Written also poquoson.] Washington.

Poc´u•lent , a. [L. poculentus, fr. poculum a cup.] Fit for drink. [Obs.] ´Some those herbs which are not esculent, are … poculent.´ Bacon.

Poc´u•li•form , a. [L. poculum a cup + -form: cf. F. poculiforme.] Having the shape of a goblet or drinking cup.

-pod [See Foot.] A combining form or suffix from Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot; as decapod, an animal having ten feet; phyllopod, an animal having leaflike feet; myriapod, hexapod.

Pod , n. [Probably akin to pudding, and perhaps the same word as pad a cushion; cf. also Dan. pude pillow, cushion, and also E. cod a husk, pod.] 1. A bag; a pouch. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. 2. (Bot.) A capsule of plant, especially a legume; a dry dehiscent fruit. See Illust. of Angiospermous. 3. (Zoöl.) A considerable number of animals closely clustered together; — said of seals. Pod auger, or pod bit, an auger or bit the channel of which is straight instead of twisted.

Pod, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Podded; p. pr. & vb. n. Podding.] To swell; to fill; also to produce pods.

-po•da A New Latin plural combining form or suffix from Gr. , , foot; as hexapoda, myriapoda. See -pod.

Pod´a•gra , n. [L. See Podagric.] (Med.) Gout in the joints of the foot; - - applied also to gout in other parts of body. { Po•dag´ric , Po•dag´ric•al } a. [L. podagricus, Gr. , fr. gout in the feet; , , Foot + a catching.] 1. Pertaining to the gout; gouty; caused by gout. 2. Afflicted with gout. Sir T. Browne.

Pod´a•grous , a. Gouty; podagric.

Po•dal´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , foot + pain.] (Med.) pain in the foot, due to gout, rheumatism, etc.

Po•dar´thrum , n.; pl. Podarthra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , foot + joint.] (Anat.) The foot joint; in birds, the joint between the metatarsus and the toes.

Pod´ded , a. Having pods.

Pod´der , n. One who collects pods or pulse.

Po•des´ta , n. [It. podestà , fr. L. potestas power, magistracy. See Potent.] 1. One of the chief magistrates of the Italian republics in the Middle Ages. Brande & C. 2. A mayor, alderman, or other magistrate, in some towns of Italy.

Po•de´ti•um , n.; pl. Podetia (#), E. Podetiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , foot.] (Bot.) A stalk which bears the fructification in some lichens, as in the so-called reindeer moss.

Podge , n. [Cf. G. patsche puddle, mire.] 1. A puddle; a plash. Skinner. 2. Porridge. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Podg´y , a. Fat and short; pudgy.

Pod´i•cal , a. [L. podex, podicis, the anus.] (Zoöl.) Anal; — applied to certain organs of insects.

Pod´i•ceps , n. [NL., fr. L. podex, podicis, anus + pes foot.] (Zoöl.) See Grebe.

Po´di•um , n.; pl. Podia (#). [L., fr. Gr. , dim. of , , foot. See Pew.] 1. (Arch.) A low wall, serving as a foundation, a substructure, or a terrace wall. It is especially employed by archaeologists in two senses: (a) The dwarf wall surrounding the arena of an amphitheater, from the top of which the seats began. (b) The masonry under the stylobate of a temple, sometimes a mere foundation, sometimes containing chambers. See Illust. of Column. 2. (Zoöl.) The foot.

Pod´ley , n. (Zoöl.) A young coalfish.

Pod´o- [See Foot.] A combining form or prefix from Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot; as podocarp, podocephalous, podology.

Pod´o•branch , n. [See Podo-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) One of the branchiae attached to the bases of the legs in Crustacea.

Pod•o•bran´chi•a , n., pl. Podobranchiae (-e). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Podobranch.

Pod´o•carp , n. [Podo- + Gr. karpo•s fruit.] (Bot.) A stem, or footstalk, supporting the fruit.

Pod•o•ceph´a•lous , a. [Podo- + Gr. head.] (Bot.) Having a head of flowers on a long peduncle, or footstalk.

Pod•o•gyn´i•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot + gynh• woman.] (Bot.) Same as Basigynium

Pod•oph•thal´mi•a , n. pl. [NL. See Podophthalmic.] (Zoöl.) The stalk-eyed Crustacea, — an order of Crustacea having the eyes supported on movable stalks. It includes the crabs, lobsters, and prawns. Called also Podophthalmata, and Decapoda. { Pod•oph•thal´mic , Pod•oph•thal´mous } a. [Podo- + Gr. an eye.] (Zoöl.) (a) Having the eyes on movable footstalks, or pedicels. (b) Of or pertaining to the Podophthalmia.

Pod•oph•thal´mite , n. (Zoöl.) The eyestalk of a crustacean.

Pod•o•phyl´lin , n. [From Podophyllum.] (Chem.) A brown bitter gum extracted from the rootstalk of the May apple (Podophyllum peltatum). It is a complex mixture of several substances.

Pod•o•phyl´lous , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having thin, flat, leaflike locomotive organs. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or composing, the layer of tissue, made up of laminae, beneath a horse’s hoof.

Pod•o•phyl´lum , n. [NL., fr. Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot + leaf.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbs of the Barberry family, having large palmately lobed peltate leaves and solitary flower. There are two species, the American Podohyllum peltatum, or May apple, the Himalayan P. Emodi. 2. (Med.) The rhizome and rootlet of the May apple (Podophyllum peltatum), — used as a cathartic drug.

Pod´o•scaph , n. [Podo- + Gr. boat.] A canoe-shaped float attached to the foot, for walking on water.

Pod´o•sperm , n. [Podo- + Gr. seed: cf. F. podosperme.] (Bot.) The stalk of a seed or ovule.

Pod•o•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) An order of Bryozoa of which Rhabdopleura is the type. See Rhabdopleura.

Pod•o•the´ca , n.; pl. Podothecae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot + case.] (Zoöl.) The scaly covering of the foot of a bird or reptile.

Po•dri´da , n. [Sp., rotten.] A miscellaneous dish of meats. See Olla-podrida.

Po•du´ra , n.; pl. L. Podurae (#), E. Poduras (#). [NL.; Gr. poy•s, podo•s, foot + tail.] Any small leaping thysanurous insect of the genus Podura and related genera; a springtail. Podura scale (Zoöl.), one of the minute scales with which the body of a podura is covered. They are used as test objects for the microscope.

Po•du´rid , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Podura or allied genera. — a. Pertaining to the poduras.

Po´e , n. Same as Poi.

Po´e•bird , n. (Zoöl.) The parson bird.

Pœ´ci•le , n. Same as Poicile.

Pœ•ci•lit´ic , a. [Gr. poiki•los many-colored, variegated.] (Geol.) (a) Mottled with various colors; variegated; spotted; — said of certain rocks. (b) Specifically: Of or pertaining to, or characterizing, Triassic and Permian sandstones of red and other colors. [Also written poikilitic.]

Pœ•cil´o•pod , n. [Cf. F. pœcilopode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Pœcilopoda. Also used adjectively.

Pœ•ci•lop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. variegated, manifold + -poda.] (Zoöl.) (a) Originally, an artificial group including many parasitic Entomostraca, together with the horseshoe crabs (Limuloidea). (b) By some recent writers applied to the Merostomata.

Po´em , n. [L. poëma, Gr. , fr. to make, to compose, to write, especially in verse: cf. F. poëme.] 1. A metrical composition; a composition in verse written in certain measures, whether in blank verse or in rhyme, and characterized by imagination and poetic diction; — contradistinguished from prose; as the poems of Homer or of Milton. 2. A composition, not in verse, of which the language is highly imaginative or impassioned; as a prose poem; the poems of Ossian.

Po•em•at´ic , a. [Gr. .] Pertaining to a poem, or to poetry; poetical. [R.] Coleridge.

Po•e´na•mu , n. (Min.) A variety of jade or nephrite, — used in New Zealand for the manufacture of axes and weapons.

Pœ•nol´o•gy (pe•nol´o•jy), n. See Penology.

Po•eph´a•ga , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pohfa•gos grass eating; po•a grass + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) A group of herbivorous marsupials including the kangaroos and their allies. — Po•eph´a•gous (#), a.

Po´e•sy , n. [F. poesie (cf. It. poesia), L. poesis, from Gr. . from to make. Cf. Posy.] 1. The art of composing poems; poetical skill or faculty; as the heavenly gift of poesy. Shak. 2. Poetry; metrical composition; poems. “Music and poesy used to quicken you.” Shak. 3. A short conceit or motto engraved on a ring or other thing; a posy. Bacon.

Po´et , n. [F. poëte, L. poëta, fr. Gr. , fr. to make. Cf. Poem.] One skilled in making poetry; one who has a particular genius for metrical composition; the author of a poem; an imaginative thinker or writer. “The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven.” Shak. “A poet is a maker, as the word signifies.” Dryden. Poet laureate. See under Laureate.

Po´et•as•ter , n. An inferior rhymer, or writer of verses; a dabbler in poetic art. “The talk of forgotten poetasters.” Macaulay.

Po´et•as•try , n. The works of a poetaster. [R.]

Po´et•ess, n. [Cf. F. poetesse.] A female poet. { Po•et´ic , Po•et´ic•al } a. [L. poëticus, Gr. : cf. F. poetiquee.] 1. Of or pertaining to poetry; suitable for poetry, or for writing poetry; as poetic talent, theme, work, sentiments. Shak. 2. Expressed in metrical form; exhibiting the imaginative or the rhythmical quality of poetry; as a poetical composition; poetical prose. Poetic license. See License, n., 4.

Po•et´ic•al•ly, adv. In a poetic manner.

Po•et´ics , n. [Cf. F. poetique, L. poëtica, poëtice, Gr. (sc. .] The principles and rules of the art of poetry. J. Warton.

Po•et´i•cule , n. A poetaster. Swinburne.

Po´et•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Poetized p. pr. & vb. n. Poetizing.] [Cf. F. poetiser.] To write as a poet; to compose verse; to idealize. “I versify the truth, not poetize.” Donne.

Po´et•ry , n. [OF. poeterie. See Poet.] 1. The art of apprehending and interpreting ideas by the faculty of imagination; the art of idealizing in thought and in expression. “For poetry is the blossom and the fragrance of all human knowledge, human thoughts, human passions, emotions, language.” Coleridge. 2. Imaginative language or composition, whether expressed rhythmically or in prose. Specifically: Metrical composition; verse; rhyme; poems collectively; as heroic poetry; dramatic poetry; lyric or Pindaric poetry. ´The planetlike music of poetry.´ Sir P. Sidney. “She taketh most delight
In music, instruments, and poetry.” Shak.

Po´et•ship, n. The state or personality of a poet. [R.]

Pog´gy , n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Porgy. (b) A small whale.

Po´gy , n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden. Pogy is often confounded with porgy, and therefore incorrectly applied to various fishes.

Poh , interj. An exclamation expressing contempt or disgust; bah !

Po•ha´gen, n. (Zoöl.) See Pauhaugen.

Po´i , n. A national food of the Hawaiians, made by baking and pounding the kalo (or taro) root, and reducing it to a thin paste, which is allowed to ferment. { Poi´ci•le , or Pœ´ci•le }, n. [NL., fr. Gr. (sc. ); cf. L. poecile.] The frescoed porch or gallery in Athens where Zeno taught. R. Browning.

Poign´an•cy , n. The quality or state of being poignant; as the poignancy of satire; the poignancy of grief. Swift.

Poign´ant , a. [F., p. pr. of poindre to sting, fr. L. pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. Pricking; piercing; sharp; pungent. ´His poignant spear.´ Spenser. ´Poynaunt sauce.´ Chaucer. 2. Fig.: Pointed; keen; satirical. “His wit … became more lively and poignant.” Sir W. Scott.

Poign´ant•ly, adv. In a poignant manner.

Poi•ki•lit´ic , a. (Geol.) See Pœcilitic.

Poi´ki•lo•cyte (poi´ki•lo•sit), n. [Gr. poiki•los diversified, changeable + ky•tos hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) An irregular form of corpuscle found in the blood in cases of profound anaemia, probably a degenerated red blood corpuscle. { Poi•ki•lo•ther´mal (-ther´mal), Poi•ki•lo•ther´mic (-ther´mik), } a. [Gr. poiki•los changeable + E. thermal, thermic.] (Physiol.) Having a varying body temperature. See Homoiothermal.

Poi•ki•lo•ther´mous (-mus), a. (Physiol.) Poikilothermal.

Poin•ci•a´na , n. [NL. Named after M. de Poinci, a governor of the French West Indies.] (Bot.) A prickly tropical shrub (Caesalpinia, formerly Poinciana, pulcherrima), with bipinnate leaves, and racemes of showy orange-red flowers with long crimson filaments. The genus Poinciana is kept up for three trees of Eastern Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and India.

Poind (poind), v. t. [See Pound to confine.] 1. To impound, as cattle. [Obs. or Scot.] Flavel. 2. To distrain. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Poind´er (-er), n. 1. The keeper of a cattle pound; a pinder. [Obs. or Scot.] T. Adams. 2. One who distrains property. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Poin•set´ti•a (poin•set´ti•a), n. [NL. Named after Joel R. Poinsett of South Carolina.] (Bot.) A Mexican shrub (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with very large and conspicuous vermilion bracts below the yellowish flowers.

Point (point), v. t. & i. To appoint. [Obs.] Spenser.

Point, n. [F. point, and probably also pointe, L. punctum, puncta, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick. See Pungent, and cf. Puncto, Puncture.] 1. That which pricks or pierces; the sharp end of anything, esp. the sharp end of a piercing instrument, as a needle or a pin. 2. An instrument which pricks or pierces, as a sort of needle used by engravers, etchers, lace workers, and others; also a pointed cutting tool, as a stone cutter’s point; — called also pointer. 3. Anything which tapers to a sharp, well- defined termination. Specifically: A small promontory or cape; a tract of land extending into the water beyond the common shore line. 4. The mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instrument, as a needle; a prick. 5. An indefinitely small space; a mere spot indicated or supposed. Specifically: (Geom.) That which has neither parts nor magnitude; that which has position, but has neither length, breadth, nor thickness, — sometimes conceived of as the limit of a line; that by the motion of which a line is conceived to be produced. 6. An indivisible portion of time; a moment; an instant; hence, the verge. “When time’s first point begun
Made he all souls.” Sir J. Davies. 7. A mark of punctuation; a character used to mark the divisions of a composition, or the pauses to be observed in reading, or to point off groups of figures, etc.; a stop, as a comma, a semicolon, and esp. a period; hence, figuratively, an end, or conclusion. “And there a point, for ended is my tale.” Chaucer. “Commas and points they set exactly right.” Pope. 8. Whatever serves to mark progress, rank, or relative position, or to indicate a transition from one state or position to another, degree; step; stage; hence, position or condition attained; as a point of elevation, or of depression; the stock fell off five points; he won by tenpoints. ´A point of precedence.´ Selden. ´Creeping on from point to point.´ Tennyson. “A lord full fat and in good point.” Chaucer. 9. That which arrests attention, or indicates qualities or character; a salient feature; a characteristic; a peculiarity; hence, a particular; an item; a detail; as the good or bad points of a man, a horse, a book, a story, etc. “He told him, point for point, in short and plain.” Chaucer. “In point of religion and in point of honor.” Bacon. “Shalt thou dispute
With Him the points of liberty ?” Milton. 10. Hence, the most prominent or important feature, as of an argument, discourse, etc.; the essential matter; esp., the proposition to be established; as the point of an anecdote. ´Here lies the point.´ Shak. “They will hardly prove his point.” Arbuthnot. 11. A small matter; a trifle; a least consideration; a punctilio. “This fellow doth not stand upon points.” Shak. “[He] cared not for God or man a point.” Spenser. 12. (Mus.) A dot or mark used to designate certain tones or time; as: (a) (Anc. Mus.) A dot or mark distinguishing or characterizing certain tones or styles; as points of perfection, of augmentation, etc.; hence, a note; a tune. ´Sound the trumpet - - not a levant, or a flourish, but a point of war.´ Sir W. Scott. (b) (Mod. Mus.) A dot placed at the right hand of a note, to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half, as to make a whole note equal to three half notes, a half note equal to three quarter notes. 13. (Astron.) A fixed conventional place for reference, or zero of reckoning, in the heavens, usually the intersection of two or more great circles of the sphere, and named specifically in each case according to the position intended; as the equinoctial points; the solstitial points; the nodal points; vertical points, etc. See Equinoctial Nodal. 14. (Her.) One of the several different parts of the escutcheon. See Escutcheon. 15. (Naut.) (a) One of the points of the compass (see Points of the compass, below); also the difference between two points of the compass; as to fall off a point. (b) A short piece of cordage used in reefing sails. See Reef point, under Reef. 16. (Anc. Costume) A a string or lace used to tie together certain parts of the dress. Sir W. Scott. 17. Lace wrought the needle; as point de Venise; Brussels point. See Point lace, below. 18. pl. (Railways) A switch. [Eng.] 19. An item of private information; a hint; a tip; a pointer. [Cant, U. S.] 20. (Cricket) A fielder who is stationed on the off side, about twelve or fifteen yards from, and a little in advance of, the batsman. 21. The attitude assumed by a pointer dog when he finds game; as the dog came to a point. See Pointer. 22. (Type Making) A standard unit of measure for the size of type bodies, being one twelfth of the thickness of pica type. See Point system of type, under Type. 23. A tyne or snag of an antler. 24. One of the spaces on a backgammon board. 25. (Fencing) A movement executed with the saber or foil; as tierce point. The word point is a general term, much used in the sciences, particularly in mathematics, mechanics, perspective, and physics, but generally either in the geometrical sense, or in that of degree, or condition of change, and with some accompanying descriptive or qualifying term, under which, in the vocabulary, the specific uses are explained; as boiling point, carbon point, dry point, freezing point, melting point, vanishing point, etc. At all points, in every particular, completely; perfectly. Shak. — At point, In point, At, In, or On, the point, as near as can be; on the verge; about (see About, prep., 6); as at the point of death; he was on the point of speaking. ´In point to fall down.´ Chaucer. ´Caius Sidius Geta, at point to have been taken, recovered himself so valiantly as brought day on his side.´ Milton. — Dead point. (Mach.) Same as Dead center, under Dead. — Far point (Med.), in ophthalmology, the farthest point at which objects are seen distinctly. In normal eyes the nearest point at which objects are seen distinctly; either with the two eyes together (binocular near point), or with each eye separately (monocular near point). — Nine points of the law, all but the tenth point; the greater weight of authority. — On the point. See At point, above. — Point lace, lace wrought with the needle, as distinguished from that made on the pillow. — Point net, a machine-made lace imitating a kind of Brussels lace (Brussels ground). — Point of concurrence (Geom.), a point common to two lines, but not a point of tangency or of intersection, as for instance, that in which a cycloid meets its base. — Point of contrary flexure, a point at which a curve changes its direction of curvature, or at which its convexity and concavity change sides. — Point of order, in parliamentary practice, a question of order or propriety under the rules. — Point of sight (Persp.), in a perspective drawing, the point assumed as that occupied by the eye of the spectator. — Point of view, the relative position from which anything is seen or any subject is considered. — Points of the compass (Naut.), the thirty-two points of division of the compass card in the mariner’s compass; the corresponding points by which the circle of the horizon is supposed to be divided, of which the four marking the directions of east, west, north, and south, are called cardinal points, and the rest are named from their respective directions, as N. by E., N. N. E., N. E. by N., N. E., etc. See Illust. under Compass. — Point paper, paper pricked through so as to form a stencil for transferring a design. — Point system of type. See under Type. — Singular point (Geom.), a point of a curve which possesses some property not possessed by points in general on the curve, as a cusp, a point of inflection, a node, etc. — To carry one’s point, to accomplish one’s object, as in a controversy. — To make a point of, to attach special importance to. — To make, or gain, a point, accomplish that which was proposed; also to make advance by a step, grade, or position. — To mark, or score, a point, as in billiards, cricket, etc., to note down, or to make, a successful hit, run, etc. — To strain a point, to go beyond the proper limit or rule; to stretch one’s authority or conscience. — Vowel point, in Hebrew, and certain other Eastern and ancient languages, a mark placed above or below the consonant, or attached to it, representing the vowel, or vocal sound, which precedes or follows the consonant.

Point , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pointing.] [Cf. F. pointer. See Point, n.] 1. To give a point to; to sharpen; to cut, forge, grind, or file to an acute end; as to point a dart, or a pencil. Used also figuratively; as to point a moral. 2. To direct toward an abject; to aim; as to point a gun at a wolf, or a cannon at a fort. 3. Hence, to direct the attention or notice of. “Whosoever should be guided through his battles by Minerva, and pointed to every scene of them.” Pope. 4. To supply with punctuation marks; to punctuate; as to point a composition. 5. To mark (as Hebrew) with vowel points. 6. To give particular prominence to; to designate in a special manner; to indicate, as if by pointing; as the error was pointed out. Pope. “He points it, however, by no deviation from his straightforward manner of speech.” Dickens. 7. To indicate or discover by a fixed look, as game. 8. (Masonry) To fill up and finish the joints of (a wall), by introducing additional cement or mortar, and bringing it to a smooth surface. 9. (Stone Cutting) To cut, as a surface, with a pointed tool. To point a rope (Naut.), to taper and neatly finish off the end by interweaving the nettles. — To point a sail (Naut.), to affix points through the eyelet holes of the reefs. — To point off, to divide into periods or groups, or to separate, by pointing, as figures. — To point the yards (of a vessel) (Naut.), to brace them so that the wind shall strike the sails obliquely. Totten.

Point (point), v. i. 1. To direct the point of something, as of a finger, for the purpose of designating an object, and attracting attention to it; — with at. “Now must the world point at poor Katharine.” Shak. “Point at the tattered coat and ragged shoe.” Dryden. 2. To indicate the presence of game by fixed and steady look, as certain hunting dogs do. “He treads with caution, and he points with fear.” Gay. 3. (Med.) To approximate to the surface; to head; — said of an abscess. To point at, to treat with scorn or contempt by pointing or directing attention to. — To point well (Naut.), to sail close to the wind; — said of a vessel.

Point´al , n. [From Point: cf. F. pointal an upright wooden prop, OF. pointille a prick or prickle.] 1. (Bot.) The pistil of a plant. 2. A kind of pencil or style used with the tablets of the Middle Ages. ´A pair of tablets [i. e., tablets] … and a pointel.´ Chaucer. 3. (Arch.) See Poyntel. [Obs. or R.]

Point•-blank´ , n. [F. point point + blanc white.] 1. The white spot on a target, at which an arrow or other missile is aimed. [Obs.] Jonson. 2. (Mil.) (a) With all small arms, the second point in which the natural line of sight, when horizontal, cuts the trajectory. (b) With artillery, the point where the projectile first strikes the horizontal plane on which the gun stands, the axis of the piece being horizontal.

Point•-blank´, a. 1. Directed in a line toward the object aimed at; aimed directly toward the mark. 2. Hence, direct; plain; unqualified; — said of language; as a point-blank assertion. Point-blank range, the extent of the apparent right line of a ball discharged. — Point-blank shot, the shot of a gun pointed directly toward the object to be hit.

Point•-blank´, adv. In a point- blank manner. “To sin point-blank against God’s word.” Fuller. Point• d’ap•pui´ [F.] (Mil.) See under Appui. { Point•-de•vice´ , Point•-de•vise´ } , a. [OE. at point devis; at at + point point, condition + devis exact, careful, OF. devis fixed, set. See Device.] Uncommonly nice and exact; precise; particular. “You are rather point-devise in your accouterments.” Shak. “Thus he grew up, in logic point-devise,
Perfect in grammar, and in rhetoric nice.” Longfellow. { Point•-de•vice´ , Point•-de•vise´ } adv. Exactly. [Obs.] Shak.

Point´ed , a. 1. Sharp; having a sharp point; as a pointed rock. 2. Characterized by sharpness, directness, or pithiness of expression; terse; epigrammatic; especially, directed to a particular person or thing. “His moral pleases, not his pointed wit.” Pope. Pointed arch (Arch.), an arch with a pointed crown. — Pointed style (Arch.), a name given to that style of architecture in which the pointed arch is the predominant feature; — more commonly called Gothic. — Point´ed•ly, adv. — Point´ed•ness, n.

Point´el , n. [From Point. Cf. Pointal.] See Pointal.

Point´er , n. One who, or that which, points. Specifically: (a) The hand of a timepiece. (b) (Zoöl.) One of a breed of dogs trained to stop at scent of game, and with the nose point it out to sportsmen. (c) pl. (Astron.) The two stars (Merak and Dubhe) in the Great Bear, the line between which points nearly in the direction of the north star. See Illust. of Ursa Major. (b) pl. (Naut.) Diagonal braces sometimes fixed across the hold.

Point´ing, n. 1. The act of sharpening. 2. The act of designating, as a position or direction, by means of something pointed, as a finger or a rod. 3. The act or art of punctuating; punctuation. 4. The act of filling and finishing the joints in masonry with mortar, cement, etc.; also the material so used. 5. The rubbing off of the point of the wheat grain in the first process of high milling. 6. (Sculpt.) The act or process of measuring, at the various distances from the surface of a block of marble, the surface of a future piece of statuary; also a process used in cutting the statue from the artist’s model.

Point•ing•stock , n. An object of ridicule or scorn; a laughingstock. Shak.

Point´less, a. Having no point; blunt; wanting keenness; obtuse; as a pointless sword; a pointless remark. Syn. — Blunt; obtuse, dull; stupid.

Point´less•ly, adv. Without point.

Point´let•ed , a. (Bot.) Having a small, distinct point; apiculate. Henslow.

Poin´trel , n. A graving tool. Knight.

Points´man , n.; pl. - men (-men). A man who has charge of railroad points or switches. [Eng.]

Poise , n. [OE. pois, peis, OF. pois, peis, F. poids, fr. L. pensum a portion weighed out, pendere to weigh, weigh out. Cf. Avoirdupois, Pendant, Poise, v.] [Formerly written also peise.] 1. Weight; gravity; that which causes a body to descend; heaviness. ´Weights of an extraordinary poise.´ Evelyn. 2. The weight, or mass of metal, used in weighing, to balance the substance weighed. 3. The state of being balanced by equal weight or power; equipoise; balance; equilibrium; rest. Bentley. 4. That which causes a balance; a counterweight. “Men of unbounded imagination often want the poise of judgment.” Dryden.

Poise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poised, ; p. pr. & vb. n. Poising.] [OE. poisen, peisen, OF. & F. peser, to weigh, balance, OF. il peise, il poise, he weighs, F. il pèse, fr. L. pensare, v. intens. fr. pendere to weigh. See Poise, n., and cf. Pensive.] [Formerly written also peise.] 1. To balance; to make of equal weight; as to poise the scales of a balance. 2. To hold or place in equilibrium or equiponderance. “Nor yet was earth suspended in the sky;
Nor poised, did on her own foundation lie.” Dryden. 3. To counterpoise; to counterbalance. “One scale of reason to poise another of sensuality.” Shak. “To poise with solid sense a sprightly wit.” Dryden. 4. To ascertain, as by the balance; to weigh. “He can not sincerely consider the strength, poise the weight, and discern the evidence.” South. 5. To weigh (down); to oppress. [Obs.] “Lest leaden slumber peise me down to- morrow.” Shak.

Poise, v. i. To hang in equilibrium; to be balanced or suspended; hence, to be in suspense or doubt. “The slender, graceful spars
Poise aloft in air.” Longfellow.

Pois´er , n. (Zoöl.) The balancer of dipterous insects.

Poi´son , n. [F. poison, in Old French also a potion, fr. L. potio a drink, draught, potion, a poisonous draught, fr. potare to drink. See Potable, and cf. Potion.] 1. Any agent which, when introduced into the animal organism, is capable of producing a morbid, noxious, or deadly effect upon it; as morphine is a deadly poison; the poison of pestilential diseases. 2. That which taints or destroys moral purity or health; as the poison of evil example; the poison of sin. Poison ash. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the genus Amyris (A. balsamifera) found in the West Indies, from the trunk of which a black liquor distills, supposed to have poisonous qualities. (b) The poison sumac (Rhus venenata). [U. S.] — Poison dogwood (Bot.), poison sumac. — Poison fang (Zoöl.), one of the superior maxillary teeth of some species of serpents, which, besides having the cavity for the pulp, is either perforated or grooved by a longitudinal canal, at the lower end of which the duct of the poison gland terminates. See Illust. under Fang. — Poison gland (Biol.), a gland, in animals or plants, which secretes an acrid or venomous matter, that is conveyed along an organ capable of inflicting a wound. — Poison hemlock (Bot.), a poisonous umbelliferous plant (Conium maculatum). See Hemlock. — Poison ivy (Bot.), a poisonous climbing plant (Rhus Toxicodendron) of North America. It is common on stone walls and on the trunks of trees, and has trifoliate, rhombic-ovate, variously notched leaves. Many people are poisoned by it, if they touch the leaves. See Poison sumac. Called also poison oak, and mercury. — Poison nut. (Bot.) (a) Nux vomica. (b) The tree which yields this seed (Strychnos Nuxvomica). It is found on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts. — Poison oak (Bot.), the poison ivy; also the more shrubby Rhus diversiloba of California and Oregon. — Poison sac. (Zoöl.) Same as Poison gland, above. See Illust. under Fang. — Poison sumac (Bot.), a poisonous shrub of the genus Rhus (R. venenata); — also called poison ash, poison dogwood, and poison elder. It has pinnate leaves on graceful and slender common petioles, and usually grows in swampy places. Both this plant and the poison ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron) have clusters of smooth greenish white berries, while the red-fruited species of this genus are harmless. The tree (Rhus vernicifera) which yields the celebrated Japan lacquer is almost identical with the poison sumac, and is also very poisonous. The juice of the poison sumac also forms a lacquer similar to that of Japan. Syn. — Venom; virus; bane; pest; malignity. — Poison, Venom. Poison usually denotes something received into the system by the mouth, breath, etc. Venom is something discharged from animals and received by means of a wound, as by the bite or sting of serpents, scorpions, etc. Hence, venom specifically implies some malignity of nature or purpose.

Poi´son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Poisoning.] [Cf. OF. poisonner, F. empoissoner, L. potionare to give to drink. See Poison, n.] 1. To put poison upon or into; to infect with poison; as to poison an arrow; to poison food or drink. ´The ingredients of our poisoned chalice.´ Shak. 2. To injure or kill by poison; to administer poison to. “If you poison us, do we not die ?” Shak. 3. To taint; to corrupt; to vitiate; as vice poisons happiness; slander poisoned his mind. “Whispering tongues can poison truth.” Coleridge.

Poi´son, v. i. To act as or convey, a poison. “Tooth that poisons if it bite.” Shak.

Poi´son•a•ble , a. 1. Capable of poisoning; poisonous. [Obs.] ´Poisonable heresies.´ Tooker. 2. Capable of being poisoned.

Poi´son•er , n. One who poisons. Shak.

Poi´son•ous , a. Having the qualities or effects of poison; venomous; baneful; corrupting; noxious. Shak. — Poi´son•ous•ly, adv. — Poi´son•ous•ness, n.

Poi´son•some , a. Poisonous.[Obs.] Holland.

Poi´sure , n. [See Poise.] Weight. [Obs.]

Poi´trel , n. [OE. poitrel, F. poitrail, fr. L. pectorale a breastplate, fr. pectoralis, a. See Pectoral, a.] (Anc. Armor) The breastplate of the armor of a horse. See Peytrel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Poize , n. See Poise. [Obs.]

Po•kal´ , n. [G.] A tall drinking cup.

Poke , n. (Bot.) A large North American herb of the genus Phytolacca (P. decandra), bearing dark purple juicy berries; — called also garget, pigeon berry, pocan, and pokeweed. The root and berries have emetic and purgative properties, and are used in medicine. The young shoots are sometimes eaten as a substitute for asparagus, and the berries are said to be used in Europe to color wine.

Poke, n. [AS. poca, poha, pohha; akin to Icel. poki, OD. poke, and perh. to E. pock; cf. also Gael. poca, and OF. poque. Cf. Pock, Pocket, Pouch.] 1. A bag; a sack; a pocket. ´He drew a dial from his poke.´ Shak. “They wallowed as pigs in a poke.” Chaucer. 2. A long, wide sleeve; — called also poke sleeve. To boy a pig a poke (that is, in a bag), to buy a thing without knowledge or examination of it. Camden.

Poke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poked p. pr. & vb. n. Poking.] [Cf. LG. poken to prick, pierce, thrust, pok a dagger, knife, D. pook, G. pocken to beat, also Ir. poc a blow, Gael. puc to push.] 1. To thrust or push against or into with anything pointed; hence, to stir up; to excite; as to poke a fire. “He poked John, and said ´Sleepest thou ?´” Chaucer. 2. To thrust with the horns; to gore. 3. [From 5th Poke, 3.] To put a poke on; as to poke an ox. [Colloq. U. S.] To poke fun, to excite fun; to joke; to jest. [Colloq.] — To poke fun at, to make a butt of; to ridicule. [Colloq.]

Poke, v. i. To search; to feel one’s way, as in the dark; to grope; as to poke about. “A man must have poked into Latin and Greek.” Prior.

Poke, n. 1. The act of poking; a thrust; a jog; as a poke in the ribs. Ld. Lytton. 2. A lazy person; a dawdler; also a stupid or uninteresting person. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. 3. A contrivance to prevent an animal from leaping or breaking through fences. It consists of a yoke with a pole inserted, pointed forward. [U.S.] Poke bonnet, a bonnet with a straight, projecting front.

Poke´bag , n. [So called in allusion to its baglike nest.] (Zoöl.) The European long- tailed titmouse; — called also poke-pudding. [Prov. Eng.]

Pok´er , n. [From Poke to push.] 1. One who pokes. 2. That which pokes or is used in poking, especially a metal bar or rod used in stirring a fire of coals. 3. A poking-stick. Decker. 4. (Zoöl.) The poachard. [Prov. Eng.] Poker picture, a picture formed in imitation of bisterwashed drawings, by singeing the surface of wood with a heated poker or other iron. Fairholt.

Pok´er, n. [Of uncertain etymol.] A game at cards derived from brag, and first played about 1835 in the Southwestern United States. Johnson’s Cyc.

Pok´er, n. [Cf. Dan. pokker the deuce, devil, also W. pwci, a hobgoblin, bugbear, and E. puck.] Any imagined frightful object, especially one supposed to haunt the darkness; a bugbear. [Colloq. U. S.]

Pok´er•ish, a. Infested by pokers; adapted to excite fear; as a pokerish place. [Colloq. U. S.] “There is something pokerish about a deserted dwelling.” Lowell.

Pok´er•ish, a. Stiff like a poker. [Colloq.]

Pok´et , n. A pocket. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Poke´weed , n. (Bot.) See Poke, the plant.

Pok´ey , a. See Poky.

Pok´ing , a. Drudging; servile. [Colloq.] “Bred to some poking profession.” Gray.

Pok´ing-stick , n. A small stick or rod of steel, formerly used in adjusting the plaits of ruffs. Shak.

Pok´y , a. [Written also pokey.] 1. Confined; cramped. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Dull; tedious; uninteresting. [Colloq.]

Po•lac´ca , n. [It. polacca, polaccra, polacra; cf. F. polaque, polacre, Sp. polacre,] [Written also polacre.] 1. (Naut.) A vessel with two or three masts, used in the Mediterranean. The masts are usually of one piece, and without tops, caps, or crosstrees. 2. (Mus.) See Polonaise.

Po´lack , n. A Polander. Shak.

Po•la´cre , n. Same as Polacca, 1.

Po´land•er , n. A native or inhabitant of Poland; a Pole.

Po´lar , a. [Cf. F. polaire. See Pole of the earth.] 1. Of or pertaining to one of the poles of the earth, or of a sphere; situated near, or proceeding from, one of the poles; as polar regions; polar seas; polar winds. 2. Of or pertaining to the magnetic pole, or to the point to which the magnetic needle is directed. 3. (Geom.) Pertaining to, reckoned from, or having a common radiating point; as polar coördinates. Polar axis, that axis of an astronomical instrument, as an equatorial, which is parallel to the earths axis. — Polar bear (Zoöl.), a large bear (Ursus, or Thalarctos, maritimus) inhabiting the arctic regions. It sometimes measures nearly nine feet in length and weighs 1,600 pounds. It is partially amphibious, very powerful, and the most carnivorous of all the bears. The fur is white, tinged with yellow. Called also White bear. See Bear. — Polar body, cell, or globule (Biol.), a minute cell which separates by karyokinesis from the ovum during its maturation. In the maturation of ordinary ova two polar bodies are formed, but in parthogenetic ova only one. The first polar body formed is usually larger than the second one, and often divides into two after its separation from the ovum. Each of the polar bodies removes maternal chromatin from the ovum to make room for the chromatin of the fertilizing spermatozoön; but their functions are not fully understood. — Polar circles (Astron. & Geog.), two circles, each at a distance from a pole of the earth equal to the obliquity of the ecliptic, or about 23° 28′, the northern called the arctic circle, and the southern the antarctic circle. — Polar clock, a tube, containing a polarizing apparatus, turning on an axis parallel to that of the earth, and indicating the hour of the day on an hour circle, by being turned toward the plane of maximum polarization of the light of the sky, which is always 90° from the sun. — Polar coördinates. See under 3d Coördinate. — Polar dial, a dial whose plane is parallel to a great circle passing through the poles of the earth. Math. Dict. — Polar distance, the angular distance of any point on a sphere from one of its poles, particularly of a heavenly body from the north pole of the heavens. — Polar equation of a line or surface, an equation which expresses the relation between the polar coördinates of every point of the line or surface. — Polar forces (Physics), forces that are developed and act in pairs, with opposite tendencies or properties in the two elements, as magnetism, electricity, etc. — Polar hare (Zoöl.), a large hare of Arctic America (Lepus arcticus), which turns pure white in winter. It is probably a variety of the common European hare (L. timidus). — Polar lights, the aurora borealis or australis. — Polar, or Polaric, opposition or contrast (Logic), an opposition or contrast made by the existence of two opposite conceptions which are the extremes in a species, as white and black in colors; hence, as great an opposition or contrast as possible. — Polar projection. See under Projection. — Polar spherical triangle (Spherics), a spherical triangle whose three angular points are poles of the sides of a given triangle. See 4th Pole, 2. — Polar whale (Zoöl.), the right whale, or bowhead. See Whale.

Po´lar , n. (Conic Sections) The right line drawn through the two points of contact of the two tangents drawn from a given point to a given conic section. The given point is called the pole of the line. If the given point lies within the curve so that the two tangents become imaginary, there is still a real polar line which does not meet the curve, but which possesses other properties of the polar. Thus the focus and directrix are pole and polar. There are also poles and polar curves to curves of higher degree than the second, and poles and polar planes to surfaces of the second degree.

Pol´ar•chy , n. See Polyarchy.

Po•lar´ic , a. See Polar. [R.]

Po´lar•i•ly , adv. In a polary manner; with polarity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Po•lar•im´e•ter , n. [Polar + -meter.] (Opt.) An instrument for determining the amount of polarization of light, or the proportion of polarized light, in a partially polarized ray.

Po•lar•im´e•try , n. (Opt.) The art or process of measuring the polarization of light.

Po•la´ris , n. [NL. See Polar.] (Astron.) The polestar. See North star, under North.

Po•lar´i•scope , n. [Polar + -scope.] (Opt.) An instrument consisting essentially of a polarizer and an analyzer, used for polarizing light, and analyzing its properties.

Po•lar•i•scop´ic , a. (Opt.) Of or pertaining to the polariscope; obtained by the use of a polariscope; as polariscopic observations.

Po•lar•is´co•py , n. (Opt.) The art or rocess of making observations with the polariscope.

Po•lar•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, poles; having a polar arrangement or disposition; arising from, or dependent upon, the possession of poles or polar characteristics; as polaristic antagonism.

Po•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. polarite.] 1. (Physics) That quality or condition of a body in virtue of which it exhibits opposite, or contrasted, properties or powers, in opposite, or contrasted, parts or directions; or a condition giving rise to a contrast of properties corresponding to a contrast of positions, as for example, attraction and repulsion in the opposite parts of a magnet, the dissimilar phenomena corresponding to the different sides of a polarized ray of light, etc. 2. (Geom.) A property of the conic sections by virtue of which a given point determines a corresponding right line and a given right line determines a corresponding point. See Polar, n.

Po´lar•i•za•ble , a. Susceptible of polarization.

Po•lar•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. polarisation.] 1. The act of polarizing; the state of being polarized, or of having polarity. 2. (Opt.) A peculiar affection or condition of the rays of light or heat, in consequence of which they exhibit different properties in different directions. If a beam of light, which has been reflected from a plate of unsilvered glass at an angle of about 56°, be received upon a second plate of glass similar to the former, and at the same angle of incidence, the light will be readily reflected when the two planes of incidence are parallel to each other, but will not be reflected when the two planes of incidence are perpendicular to each other. The light has therefore, acquired new properties by reflection from the first plate of glass, and is called polarized light, while the modification which the light has experienced by this reflection is called polarization. The plane in which the beam of light is reflected from the first mirror is called the plane of polarization. The angle of polarization is the angle at which a beam of light must be reflected, in order that the polarization may be the most complete. The term polarization was derived from the theory of emission, and it was conceived that each luminous molecule has two poles analogous to the poles of a magnet; but this view is not now held. According to the undulatory theory, ordinary light is produced by vibrations transverse or perpendicular to the direction of the ray, and distributed as to show no distinction as to any particular direction. But when, by any means, these, vibrations are made to take place in one plane, the light is said to be plane polarized. If only a portion of the vibrations lie in one plane the ray is said to be partially polarized. Light may be polarized by several methods other than by reflection, as by refraction through most crystalline media, or by being transmitted obliquely through several plates of glass with parallel faces. If a beam of polarized light be transmitted through a crystal of quartz in the direction of its axis, the plane of polarization will be changed by an angle proportional to the thickness of the crystal. This phenomenon is called rotatory polarization. A beam of light reflected from a metallic surface, or from glass surfaces under certain peculiar conditions, acquires properties still more complex, its vibrations being no longer rectilinear, but circular, or elliptical. This phenomenon is called circular or elliptical polarization. 3. (Elec.) An effect produced upon the plates of a voltaic battery, or the electrodes in an electrolytic cell, by the deposition upon them of the gases liberated by the action of the current. It is chiefly due to the hydrogen, and results in an increase of the resistance, and the setting up of an opposing electro- motive force, both of which tend materially to weaken the current of the battery, or that passing through the cell.

Po´lar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polarized p. pr. & vb. n. Polarizing ] [Cf. F. polariser.] To communicate polarity to.

Po´lar•i•zer , n. (Physics) That which polarizes; especially, the part of a polariscope which receives and polarizes the light. It is usually a reflecting plate, or a plate of some crystal, as tourmaline, or a doubly refracting crystal.

Po´lar•y , a. Tending to a pole; having a direction toward a pole. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Po•la•touche´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A flying squirrel (Sciuropterus volans) native of Northern Europe and Siberia; — called also minene.

Pol´der , n. [D.] A tract of low land reclaimed from the sea by of high embankments. [Holland & Belgium]

Pold´way , n. [Cf. Poledavy.] A kind of coarse bagging, — used for coal sacks. Weale.

Pole , n. [Cf. G. Pole a Pole, Polen Poland.] A native or inhabitant of Poland; a Polander.

Pole, n. [As. pal, L. palus, akin to pangere to make fast. Cf. Pale a stake, Pact.] 1. A long, slender piece of wood; a tall, slender piece of timber; the stem of a small tree whose branches have been removed; as specifically: (a) A carriage pole, a wooden bar extending from the front axle of a carriage between the wheel horses, by which the carriage is guided and held back. (b) A flag pole, a pole on which a flag is supported. (c) A Maypole. See Maypole. (d) A barber’s pole, a pole painted in stripes, used as a sign by barbers and hairdressers. (e) A pole on which climbing beans, hops, or other vines, are trained. 2. A measuring stick; also a measure of length equal to 5 yards, or a square measure equal to 30 square yards; a rod; a perch. Bacon. Pole bean (Bot.), any kind of bean which is customarily trained on poles, as the scarlet runner or the Lima bean. — Pole flounder (Zoöl.), a large deep-water flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), native of the northern coasts of Europe and America, and much esteemed as a food fish; — called also craig flounder, and pole fluke. — Pole lathe, a simple form of lathe, or a substitute for a lathe, in which the work is turned by means of a cord passing around it, one end being fastened to the treadle, and the other to an elastic pole above. — Pole mast (Naut.), a mast formed from a single piece or from a single tree. — Pole of a lens (Opt.), the point where the principal axis meets the surface. — Pole plate (Arch.), a horizontal timber resting on the tiebeams of a roof and receiving the ends of the rafters. It differs from the plate in not resting on the wall.

Pole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poled p. pr. & vb. n. Poling.] 1. To furnish with poles for support; as to pole beans or hops. 2. To convey on poles; as to pole hay into a barn. 3. To impel by a pole or poles, as a boat. 4. To stir, as molten glass, with a pole.

Pole, n. [L. polus, Gr. a pivot or hinge on which anything turns, an axis, a pole; akin to to move: cf. F. pôle.] 1. Either extremity of an axis of a sphere; especially, one of the extremities of the earth’s axis; as the north pole. 2. (Spherics) A point upon the surface of a sphere equally distant from every part of the circumference of a great circle; or the point in which a diameter of the sphere perpendicular to the plane of such circle meets the surface. Such a point is called the pole of that circle; as the pole of the horizon; the pole of the ecliptic; the pole of a given meridian. 3. (Physics) One of the opposite or contrasted parts or directions in which a polar force is manifested; a point of maximum intensity of a force which has two such points, or which has polarity; as the poles of a magnet; the north pole of a needle. 4. The firmament; the sky. [Poetic] “Shoots against the dusky pole.” Milton. 5. (Geom.) See Polarity, and Polar, n. Magnetic pole. See under Magnetic. — Poles of the earth, or Terrestrial poles (Geog.), the two opposite points on the earth’s surface through which its axis passes. — Poles of the heavens, or Celestial poles, the two opposite points in the celestial sphere which coincide with the earth’s axis produced, and about which the heavens appear to revolve. { Pole´ax• , Pole´axe• } , n. [OE. pollax; cf. OD. pollexe. See Poll head, and Ax.] Anciently, a kind of battle-ax with a long handle; later, an ax or hatchet with a short handle, and a head variously patterned; — used by soldiers, and also by sailors in boarding a vessel.

Pole´cat , n. [Probably fr. F. poule hen, and originally, a poultry cat, because it feeds on poultry. See Poultry.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European carnivore of the Weasel family (Putorius fœtidus). Its scent glands secrete a substance of an exceedingly disagreeable odor. Called also fitchet, foulmart, and European ferret. (b) The zorilla. The name is also applied to other allied species.

Pole´da•vy , n. [Etymology uncertain.] A sort of coarse canvas; poldway. [Obs.] Howell.

Pole´less, a. Without a pole; as a poleless chariot.

Pol´e•march , n. [Gr. ; war + leader, from to be first.] (Gr. Antiq.) In Athens, originally, the military commanderin-chief; but, afterward, a civil magistrate who had jurisdiction in respect of strangers and sojourners. In other Grecian cities, a high military and civil officer.

Po•lem´ic , a. [Gr. warlike, fr. war: cf. F. polemique.] 1. Of or pertaining to controversy; maintaining, or involving, controversy; controversial; disputative; as a polemic discourse or essay; polemic theology. 2. Engaged in, or addicted to, polemics, or to controversy; disputations; as a polemic writer. South.

Po•lem´ic, n. 1. One who writes in support of one opinion, doctrine, or system, in opposition to another; one skilled in polemics; a controversialist; a disputant. “The sarcasms and invectives of the young polemic.” Macaulay. 2. A polemic argument or controversy.

Po•lem´ic•al , a. Polemic; controversial; disputatious. — Po•lem´ic•al•ly, adv. “Polemical and impertinent disputations.” Jer. Taylor.

Po•lem´i•cist , n. A polemic. [R.]

Po•lem´ics , n. [Cf. F. polemique.] The art or practice of disputation or controversy, especially on religious subjects; that branch of theological science which pertains to the history or conduct of ecclesiastical controversy.

Pol´e•mist , n. A polemic. [R.]

Pol•e•mo•ni•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Polemoniaceae), which includes Polemonium, Phlox, Gilia, and a few other genera.

Pol•e•mo´ni•um n. [NL., fr. Gr. a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of gamopetalous perennial herbs, including the Jacob’s ladder and the Greek valerian.

Po•lem´o•scope , n. [Gr. war + -scope: cf. F. polemoscope.] An opera glass or field glass with an oblique mirror arranged for seeing objects do not lie directly before the eye; — called also diagonal, or side, opera glass.

Pol´e•my , n. [See Polemic.] Warfare; war; hence, contention; opposition. [Obs.]

Po•len´ta , n. [It., fr. L. polenta peeled barley.] Pudding made of Indian meal; also porridge made of chestnut meal. [Italy]

Pol´er , n. One who poles.

Pol´er, n. An extortioner. See Poller. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pole´star , n. 1. Polaris, or the north star. See North star, under North. 2. A guide or director.

Pole´wards , adv. Toward a pole of the earth. ´The regions further polewards.´ Whewell.

Pole´wig , n. [Cf. Polliwig.] (Zoöl.) The European spotted goby (Gobius minutus); — called also pollybait. [Prov. Eng.]

Po´ley , n. (Bot.) See Poly.

Po´ley, a. Without horns; polled. [Prov. Eng.] ´That poley heifer.´ H. Kingsley.

Po´li•a•nite , n. [Gr. to become gray.] (Min.) Manganese dioxide, occurring in tetragonal crystals nearly as hard as quartz.

Pol´i•cate , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Pollicate.

Po•lice´ , n. [F., fr. L. politia the condition of a state, government, administration, Gr. , fr. to be a citizen, to govern or administer a state, fr. citizen, fr. city; akin to Skr. pur, puri. Cf. Policy polity, Polity.] 1. A judicial and executive system, for the government of a city, town, or district, for the preservation of rights, order, cleanliness, health, etc., and for the enforcement of the laws and prevention of crime; the administration of the laws and regulations of a city, incorporated town, or borough. 2. That which concerns the order of the community; the internal regulation of a state. 3. The organized body of civil officers in a city, town, or district, whose particular duties are the preservation of good order, the prevention and detection of crime, and the enforcement of the laws. 4. (Mil.) Military police, the body of soldiers detailed to preserve civil order and attend to sanitary arrangements in a camp or garrison. 5. The cleaning of a camp or garrison, or the state a camp as to cleanliness. Police commissioner, a civil officer, usually one of a board, commissioned to regulate and control the appointment, duties, and discipline of the police. — Police constable, or Police officer, a policeman. — Police court, a minor court to try persons brought before it by the police. — Police inspector, an officer of police ranking next below a superintendent. — Police jury, a body of officers who collectively exercise jurisdiction in certain cases of police, as levying taxes, etc.; — so called in Louisiana. Bouvier. — Police justice, or Police magistrate, a judge of a police court. — Police offenses (Law), minor offenses against the order of the community, of which a police court may have final jurisdiction. — Police station, the headquarters of the police, or of a section of them; the place where the police assemble for orders, and to which they take arrested persons.

Po•lice´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Policed p. pr. & vb. n. Policing.] 1. To keep in order by police. 2. (Mil.) To make clean; as to police a camp.

Po•liced´ , a. Regulated by laws for the maintenance of peace and order, enforced by organized administration. ´A policed kingdom.´ Howell.

Po•lice´man , n.; pl. Policemen . A member of a body of police; a constable.

Po•li´cial , a. Relating to the police. [R.]

Pol´i•cied , a. Policed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pol´i•cy , n.; pl. Policies (#). [L. politia, Gr. ; cf. F. police, Of. police. See Police, n.] 1. Civil polity. [Obs.] 2. The settled method by which the government and affairs of a nation are, or may be, administered; a system of public or official administration, as designed to promote the external or internal prosperity of a state. 3. The method by which any institution is administered; system of management; course. 4. Management or administration based on temporal or material interest, rather than on principles of equity or honor; hence, worldly wisdom; dexterity of management; cunning; stratagem. 5. Prudence or wisdom in the management of public and private affairs; wisdom; sagacity; wit. “The very policy of a hostess, finding his purse so far above his clothes, did detect him.” Fuller. 6. Motive; object; inducement. [Obs.] “What policy have you to bestow a benefit where it is counted an injury?” Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — See Polity.

Pol´i•cy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Policied p. pr. & vb. n. Policying.] To regulate by laws; to reduce to order. [Obs.] ´Policying of cities.´ Bacon.

Pol´i•cy, n. [F. police; cf. Pr. polissia, Sp. pólizia, It. pólizza; of uncertain origin; cf. L. pollex thumb (as being used in pressing the seal), in LL. also seal; or cf. LL. politicum, poleticum, polecticum, L. polyptychum, account book, register, fr. Gr. having many folds or leaves; many + fold, leaf, from to fold; or cf. LL. apodixa a receipt.] 1. A ticket or warrant for money in the public funds. 2. The writing or instrument in which a contract of insurance is embodied; an instrument in writing containing the terms and conditions on which one party engages to indemnify another against loss arising from certain hazards, perils, or risks to which his person or property may be exposed. See Insurance. 3. A method of gambling by betting as to what numbers will be drawn in a lottery; as to play policy. Interest policy, a policy that shows by its form that the assured has a real, substantial interest in the matter insured. — Open policy, one in which the value of the goods or property insured is not mentioned. — Policy book, a book to contain a record of insurance policies. — Policy holder, one to whom an insurance policy has been granted. — Policy shop, a gambling place where one may bet on the numbers which will be drawn in lotteries. — Valued policy, one in which the value of the goods, property, or interest insured is specified. — Wager policy, a policy that shows on the face of it that the contract it embodies is a pretended insurance, founded on an ideal risk, where the insured has no interest in anything insured.

Pol´ing , n. [From Pole a stick.] 1. The act of supporting or of propelling by means of a pole or poles; as the poling of beans; the poling of a boat. 2. (Gardening) The operation of dispersing worm casts over the walks with poles. 3. One of the poles or planks used in upholding the side earth in excavating a tunnel, ditch, etc.

Pol´ish , a. [From Pole a Polander.] Of or pertaining to Poland or its inhabitants. - - n. The language of the Poles.

Pol´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polished p. pr. & vb. n. Polishing.] [F. polir, L. polire. Cf. Polite, -ish] 1. To make smooth and glossy, usually by friction; to burnish; to overspread with luster; as to polish glass, marble, metals, etc. 2. Hence, to refine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite; as to polish life or manners. Milton. To polish off, to finish completely, as an adversary. [Slang] W. H. Russell.

Pol´ish, v. i. To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface; as steel polishes well. Bacon.

Pol´ish, n. 1. A smooth, glossy surface, usually produced by friction; a gloss or luster. “Another prism of clearer glass and better polish.” Sir I. Newton. 2. Anything used to produce a gloss. 3. Fig.: Refinement; elegance of manners. “This Roman polish and this smooth behavior.” Addison.

Pol´ish•a•ble , a. Capable of being polished.

Pol´ished , a. Made smooth and glossy, as by friction; hence, highly finished; refined; polite; as polished plate; polished manners; polished verse.

Pol´ished•ness, n. The quality of being polished.

Pol´ish•er , n. One who, or that which, polishes; also that which is used in polishing. Addison.

Pol´ish•ing, a. & n. from Polish. Polishing iron, an iron burnisher; esp., a small smoothing iron used in laundries. — Polishing slate. (a) A gray or yellow slate, found in Bohemia and Auvergne, and used for polishing glass, marble, and metals. (b) A kind of hone or whetstone; hone slate. — Polishing snake, a tool used in cleaning lithographic stones. — Polishing wheel, a wheel or disk coated with, or composed of, abrading material, for polishing a surface.

Pol´ish•ment , n. The act of polishing, or the state of being polished. [R.]

Po•lite´ , a. [Compar. Politer superl. Politest.] [L. politus, p. p. of polire to polish: cf. F. poli. See Polish, v.] 1. Smooth; polished. [Obs.] “Rays of light falling on a polite surface.” Sir I. Newton. 2. Smooth and refined in behavior or manners; well bred; courteous; complaisant; obliging; civil. “He marries, bows at court, and grows polite.” Pope. 3. Characterized by refinement, or a high degree of finish; as polite literature. Macaulay. Syn. — Polished; refined; well bred; courteous; affable; urbane; civil; courtly; elegant; genteel.

Po•lite´, v. t. To polish; to refine; to render polite. [Obs.] Ray.

Po•lite´ly , adv. 1. In a polished manner; so as to be smooth or glossy. [Obs.] Milton. 2. In a polite manner; with politeness.

Po•lite´ness, n. 1. High finish; smoothness; burnished elegance. [R.] Evelyn. 2. The quality or state of being polite; refinement of manners; urbanity; courteous behavior; complaisance; obliging attentions. Syn. — Courtesy; good breeding; refinement; urbanity; courteousness; affability; complaisance; civility; gentility; courtliness. — Politeness, Courtesy. Politeness denotes that ease and gracefulness of manners which first sprung up in cities, connected with a desire to please others by anticipating their wants and wishes, and studiously avoiding whatever might give them pain. Courtesy is, etymologically, the politeness of courts. It displays itself in the address and manners; it is shown more especially in receiving and entertaining others, and is a union of dignified complaisance and kindness.

Pol•i•tesse´ , n. [F.] Politeness.

Pol´i•tic , a. [L. politicus political, Gr. belonging to the citizens or to the state, fr. citizen: cf. F. politique. See Police, and cf. ePolitical.] 1. Of or pertaining to polity, or civil government; political; as the body politic. See under Body. “He with his people made all but one politic body.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. Pertaining to, or promoting, a policy, especially a national policy; well-devised; adapted to its end, whether right or wrong; — said of things; as a politic treaty. ´Enrich’d with politic grave counsel.´ Shak. 3. Sagacious in promoting a policy; ingenious in devising and advancing a system of management; devoted to a scheme or system rather than to a principle; hence, in a good sense, wise; prudent; sagacious; and in a bad sense, artful; unscrupulous; cunning; — said of persons. “Politic with my friend, smooth with mine enemy.” Shak. Syn. — Wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet; provident; wary; artful; cunning.

Pol•i•tic, n. A politician. [Archaic] Bacon. “Swiftly the politic goes; is it dark? he borrows a lantern;
Slowly the statesman and sure, guiding his feet by the stars.” Lowell.

Po•lit´i•cal , a. 1. Having, or conforming to, a settled system of administration. [R.] ´A political government.´ Evelyn. 2. Of or pertaining to public policy, or to politics; relating to affairs of state or administration; as a political writer. ´The political state of Europe.´ Paley. 3. Of or pertaining to a party, or to parties, in the state; as his political relations were with the Whigs. 4. Politic; wise; also artful. [Obs.] Sterne. Political economy, that branch of political science or philosophy which treats of the sources, and methods of production and preservation, of the material wealth and prosperity of nations.

Po•lit´i•cal•ism , n. Zeal or party spirit in politics.

Po•lit´i•cal•ly, adv. 1. In a political manner. 2. Politicly; artfully. [Obs.] Knolles.

Po•lit´i•cas•ter , n. [Cf. It. politicastro.] A petty politician; a pretender in politics. Milton.

Pol•i•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. politicien.] 1. One versed or experienced in the science of government; one devoted to politics; a statesman. “While empiric politicians use deceit.” Dryden. 2. One primarily devoted to his own advancement in public office, or to the success of a political party; — used in a depreciatory sense; one addicted or attached to politics as managed by parties (see Politics, 2); a schemer; an intriguer; as a mere politician. “Like a scurvy politician, seem
To see the things thou dost not.” Shak. “The politician … ready to do anything that he apprehends for his advantage.” South.

Pol•i•ti´cian, a. Cunning; using artifice; politic; artful. ´Ill-meaning politician lords.´ Milton.

Po•lit´i•cist , n. A political writer. [R.]

Pol´i•tic•ly , adv. In a politic manner; sagaciously; shrewdly; artfully. Pope.

Pol´i•tics , n. [Cf. F. politique, Gr. (sc.). See Politic.] 1. The science of government; that part of ethics which has to do with the regulation and government of a nation or state, the preservation of its safety, peace, and prosperity, the defense of its existence and rights against foreign control or conquest, the augmentation of its strength and resources, and the protection of its citizens in their rights, with the preservation and improvement of their morals. 2. The management of a political party; the conduct and contests of parties with reference to political measures or the administration of public affairs; the advancement of candidates to office; in a bad sense, artful or dishonest management to secure the success of political candidates or parties; political trickery. “When we say that two men are talking politics, we often mean that they are wrangling about some mere party question.” F. W. Robertson.

Pol´i•tize , v. i. To play the politician; to dispute as politicians do. [Obs.] Milton.

Pol´i•ture , n. [L. politura, fr. polire to polish. See Polish, v.] Polish; gloss. [Obs.] Donne.

Pol´i•ty , n.; pl. Polities (#). [L. politia, Gr. : cf. F. politie. See 1st Policy, Police.] 1. The form or constitution of the civil government of a nation or state; the framework or organization by which the various departments of government are combined into a systematic whole. Blackstone. Hooker. 2. Hence: The form or constitution by which any institution is organized; the recognized principles which lie at the foundation of any human institution. “Nor is possible that any form of polity, much less polity ecclesiastical, should be good, unless God himself be author of it.” Hooker. 3. Policy; art; management. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Syn. — Policy. — Polity, Policy. These two words were originally the same. Polity is now confined to the structure of a government; as civil or ecclesiastical polity; while policy is applied to the scheme of management of public affairs with reference to some aim or result; as foreign or domestic policy. Policy has the further sense of skillful or cunning management.

Po•litz•er•i•za´tion , n. (Med.) The act of inflating the middle ear by blowing air up the nose during the act of swallowing; — so called from Prof. Politzer of Vienna, who first practiced it.

Pol´ive , n. A pulley. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pol´ka , n. [Pol. Polka a Polish woman: cf. F. & G. polka.] 1. A dance of Polish origin, but now common everywhere. It is performed by two persons in common time. 2. (Mus.) A lively Bohemian or Polish dance tune in 2-4 measure, with the third quaver accented. Polka jacket, a kind of knit jacket worn by women.

Poll , n. [From Polly, The proper name.] A parrot; — familiarly so called.

Poll, n. [Gr. the many, the rabble.] One who does not try for honors, but is content to take a degree merely; a passman. [Cambridge Univ., Eng.]

Poll , n. [Akin to LG. polle the head, the crest of a bird, the top of a tree, OD. pol, polle, Dan. puld the crown of a hat.] 1. The head; the back part of the head. ´All flaxen was his poll.´ Shak. 2. A number or aggregate of heads; a list or register of heads or individuals. “We are the greater poll, and in true fear
They gave us our demands.” Shak. “The muster file, rotten and sound, upon my life, amounts not to fifteen thousand poll.” Shak. 3. Specifically, the register of the names of electors who may vote in an election. 4. The casting or recording of the votes of registered electors; as the close of the poll. “All soldiers quartered in place are to remove … and not to return till one day after the poll is ended.” Blackstone. 5. pl. The place where the votes are cast or recorded; as to go to the polls. 6. The broad end of a hammer; the but of an ax. 7. (Zoöl.) The European chub. See Pollard, 3 (a). Poll book, a register of persons entitled to vote at an election. — Poll evil (Far.), an inflammatory swelling or abscess on a horse’s head, confined beneath the great ligament of the neck. — Poll pick (Mining), a pole having a heavy spike on the end, forming a kind of crowbar. — Poll tax, a tax levied by the head, or poll; a capitation tax.

Poll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polled p. pr. & vb. n. Polling.] 1. To remove the poll or head of; hence, to remove the top or end of; to clip; to lop; to shear; as to poll the head; to poll a tree. “When he [Absalom] pollled his head.” 2 Sam. xiv. 26. “His death did so grieve them that they polled themselves; they clipped off their horse and mule’s hairs.” Sir T. North. 2. To cut off; to remove by clipping, shearing, etc.; to mow or crop; — sometimes with off; as to poll the hair; to poll wool; to poll grass. “Who, as he polled off his dart’s head, so sure he had decreed
That all the counsels of their war he would poll off like it.” Chapman. 3. To extort from; to plunder; to strip. [Obs.] “Which polls and pills the poor in piteous wise.” Spenser. 4. To impose a tax upon. [Obs.] 5. To pay as one’s personal tax. “The man that polled but twelve pence for his head.” Dryden. 6. To enter, as polls or persons, in a list or register; to enroll, esp. for purposes of taxation; to enumerate one by one. “Polling the reformed churches whether they equalize in number those of his three kingdoms.” Milton. 7. To register or deposit, as a vote; to elicit or call forth, as votes or voters; as he polled a hundred votes more than his opponent. “And poll for points of faith his trusty vote.” Tickell. 8. (Law) To cut or shave smooth or even; to cut in a straight line without indentation; as a polled deed. See Dee poll. Burrill. To poll a jury, to call upon each member of the jury to answer individually as to his concurrence in a verdict which has been rendered.

Poll, v. i. To vote at an election. Beaconsfield.

Pol´lack , n. [Cf. G. & D. pollack, and Gael. pollag a little pool, a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gadoid food fish of Europe (Pollachius virens). Called also greenfish, greenling, lait, leet, lob, lythe, and whiting pollack. (b) The American pollock; the coalfish.

Poll´age , n. A head or poll tax; hence, extortion. [Obs.] Foxe.

Pol´lan , n. [Cf. Gael. pollag a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A lake whitefish (Coregonus pollan), native of Ireland. In appearance it resembles a herring.

Pol´lard , n. [From Poll the head.] 1. A tree having its top cut off at some height above the ground, that may throw out branches. Pennant. 2. A clipped coin; also a counterfeit. [Obs.] Camden. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A fish, the chub. (b) A stag that has cast its antlers. (c) A hornless animal (cow or sheep).

Pol´lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pollarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pollarding.] To lop the tops of, as trees; to poll; as to pollard willows. Evelyn.

Poll´ax , n. A poleax. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Polled , a. Deprived of a poll, or of something belonging to the poll. Specifically: (a) Lopped; — said of trees having their tops cut off. (b) Cropped; hence, bald; — said of a person. ´The polled bachelor.´ Beau. & Fl. (c) Having cast the antlers; — said of a stag. (d) Without horns; as polled cattle; polled sheep.

Pol´len , n. [L. pollen fine flour, fine dust; cf. Gr. ] 1. Fine bran or flour. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. (Bot.) The fecundating dustlike cells of the anthers of flowers. See Flower, and Illust. of Filament. Pollen grain (Bot.), a particle or call of pollen. — Pollen mass, a pollinium. Gray. — Pollen sac, a compartment of an anther containing pollen, — usually there are four in each anther. — Pollen tube, a slender tube which issues from the pollen grain on its contact with the stigma, which it penetrates, thus conveying, it is supposed, the fecundating matter of the grain to the ovule.

Pol•len•a´ri•ous , a. Consisting of meal or pollen.

Pol´lened , a. Covered with pollen. Tennyson.

Pol•len•if´er•ous , a. [Pollen + -ferous.] (Bot.) Producing pollen; polliniferous.

Pol´len•in , n. [Cf. F. pollenine.] (Chem.) A substance found in the pollen of certain plants. [R.]

Pol´len•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pollenized p. pr. & vb. n. Pollenizing ] To supply with pollen; to impregnate with pollen.

Poll´er , n. [From Poll] One who polls; specifically: (a) One who polls or lops trees. (b) One who polls or cuts hair; a barber. [R.] (c) One who extorts or plunders. [Obs.] Baex>. (d) One who registplws votplws, or one who enters his name as a voter.

Pol´lex , n.; pl. Pollices (#). [the thumb.] (Anat.) The first, or preaxial, digit of the fore limb, corresponding to the hallux in the hind limb; the thumb. In birds, the pollex is the joint which bears the bastard wing.

Pol´li•cate , a. [L. pollex, pollicis, a thumb.] (Zoöl.) Having a curved projection or spine on the inner side of a leg joint; — said of insects.

Pol•lic•i•ta´tion , n. [L. pollicitatio, fr. pollicitari to promise, v. intens. fr. polliceri to promise: cf. F. pollicitation.] 1. A voluntary engagement, or a paper containing it; a promise. Bp. Burnet. 2. (Roman Law) A promise without mutuality; a promise which has not been accepted by the person to whom it is made. Bouvier.

Pol´li•nate , a. (Zoöl.) Pollinose.

Pol´li•nate , v. t. (Bot.) To apply pollen to (a stigma). — Pol•li•na´tion (#), n. (Bot.)

Pol•linc´tor , n. [L., fr. pollingere.] (Rom. Antiq.) One who prepared corpses for the funeral.

Poll´ing , n. [See Poll the head.] 1. The act of topping, lopping, or cropping, as trees or hedges. 2. Plunder, or extortion. [Obs.] E. Hall. 3. The act of voting, or of registering a vote. Polling booth, a temporary structure where the voting at an election is done; a polling place.

Pol•li•nif´er•ous , a. [L. pollen, -inis, pollen + -ferous: cf. F. pollinifère.] (Bot.) Producing pollen; polleniferous.

Pol•lin´i•um , n.; pl. Pollinia (#). [NL. See Pollen.] (Bot.) A coherent mass of pollen, as in the milkweed and most orchids.

Pol´li•nose , a. [L. pollen, -inis, dust.] (Zoöl.) Having the surface covered with a fine yellow dust, like pollen. { Pol´li•wig , Pol´li•wog }, n. [OE. polwigle. Cf. Poll head, and Wiggle.] (Zoöl.) A tadpole; — called also purwiggy and porwigle.

Pol´lock , n. [See Pollack.] (Zoöl.) A marine gadoid fish (Pollachius carbonarius), native both of the European and American coasts. It is allied to the cod, and like it is salted and dried. In England it is called coalfish, lob, podley, podling, pollack, etc.

Pol´lu•cite , n. [See Pollux, and 4th Castor.] (Min.) A colorless transparent mineral, resembling quartz, occurring with castor or castorite on the island of Elba. It is a silicate of alumina and caesia. Called also pollux.

Pol•lute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Polluting.] [L. pollutus, p. p. of polluere to defile, to pollute, from a prep. appearing only in comp. + luere to wash. See Position, Lave.] 1. To make foul, impure, or unclean; to defile; to taint; to soil; to desecrate; — used of physical or moral defilement. “The land was polluted with blood.” Ps. cvi. 38 “Wickedness … hath polluted the whole earth.” 2 Esd. xv. 6. 2. To violate sexually; to debauch; to dishonor. 3. (Jewish Law) To render ceremonially unclean; to disqualify or unfit for sacred use or service, or for social intercourse. “Neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die.” Num. xviii. 32. “They have polluted themselves with blood.” Lam. iv. 14. Syn. — To defile; soil; contaminate; corrupt; taint; vitiate; debauch; dishonor; ravish.

Pol•lute´, a. [L. pollutus.] Polluted. [R.] Milton.

Pol•lut´ed, a. Defiled; made unclean or impure; debauched. — Pol•lut´ed•ly, adv. — Pol•lut´ed•ness, n.

Pol•lut´er , n. One who pollutes. Dryden.

Pol•lut´ing, a. Adapted or tending to pollute; causing defilement or pollution. — Pol•lut´ing•ly, adv.

Pol•lu´tion , n. [L. pollutio: cf. F. pollution.] 1. The act of polluting, or the state of being polluted (in any sense of the verb); defilement; uncleanness; impurity. 2. (Med.) The emission of semen, or sperm, at other times than in sexual intercourse. Dunglison.

Pol´lux , n. [L., the twin brother of castor; also the constellation.] 1. (Astron.) A fixed star of the second magnitude, in the constellation Gemini. Cf. 3d Castor. 2. (Min.) Same as Pollucite.

Pol´ly , n. A woman’s name; also a popular name for a parrot.

Pol´ly•wog , n. (Zoöl.) A polliwig.

Po´lo , n. [Of Eastern origin; — properly, the ball used in the game.] 1. A game of ball of Eastern origin, resembling hockey, with the players on horseback. 2. A similar game played on the ice, or on a prepared floor, by players wearing skates.

Po•lo•naise´ , a. [F. polonais, polonaise, Polish.] Of or pertaining to the Poles, or to Poland. [Written also Polonese.]

Po•lo•naise´ , n. [Written also Polonese and Polonoise.] 1. The Polish language. 2. An article of dress for women, consisting of a body and an outer skirt in one piece. 3. (Mus.) A stately Polish dance tune, in 3-4 measure, beginning always on the beat with a quaver followed by a crotchet, and closing on the beat after a strong accent on the second beat; also a dance adapted to such music; a polacca.

Po•lo•nese´ , a. & n. See Polonaise.

Po•lo´ny , n. [Prob. corrupt. fr. Bologna.] A kind of sausage made of meat partly cooked.

Pol´ron , n. See Pauldron.

Polt , n. [Cf. E. pelt, L. pultare to beat, strike.] A blow or thump. Halliwell. — a. Distorted. Pot foot, a distorted foot. Sir T. Herbert. { Polt´-foot• , Polt´-foot•ed } a. Having a distorted foot, or a clubfoot or clubfeet. B. Jonson.

Pol•troon´ , n. [F. poltron, from It. poltrone an idle fellow, sluggard, coward, poltro idle, lazy, also bed, fr. OHG. polstar, bolstar, cushion, G. polster, akin to E. bolster. See Bolster.] An arrant coward; a dastard; a craven; a mean-spirited wretch. Shak.

Pol•troon´, a. Base; vile; contemptible; cowardly.

Pol•troon´er•y , n. [F. poltronnerie; cf. It. poltroneria.] Cowardice; want of spirit; pusillanimity.

Pol•troon´ish, a. Resembling a poltroon; cowardly.

Pol´ve•rine , n. [It. polverino, fr. polvere ust, L. pulvis, - veris. See Powder.] Glassmaker’s ashes; a kind of potash or pearlash, brought from the Levant and Syria, — used in the manufacture of fine glass.

Pol´wig , n. (Zoöl.) A polliwig. Holland.

Pol´y- [See Full, a.] A combining form or prefix from Gr. poly•s, many; as polygon, a figure of many angles; polyatomic, having many atoms; polychord, polyconic.

Po´ly , n. [L. polium, the name of a plant, perhaps Teucrium polium, Gr. .] (Bot.) A whitish woolly plant (Teucrium Polium) of the order Labiatae, found throughout the Mediterranean region. The name, with sundry prefixes, is sometimes given to other related species of the same genus. [Spelt also poley.] Poly mountain. See Poly-mountain, in Vocabulary.

Pol•y•ac´id , a. [Poly- + acid.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing, or of combining with, several molecules of a monobasic acid; having more than one hydrogen atom capable of being replaced by acid radicals; — said of certain bases; as calcium hydrate and glycerin are polyacid bases.

Pol•y•a•cous´tic , a. [Poly- + acoustic: cf. F. polyacoustique.] Multiplying or magnifying sound. — n. A polyacoustic instrument.

Pol•y•a•cous´tics , n. The art of multiplying or magnifying sounds.

Pol•y•a´cron , n.; pl. Polyacra (#), E. Polyacrons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s many + ’a•kron summit.] (Geom.) A solid having many summits or angular points; a polyhedron.

Pol•y•ac•tin´i•a , n. pl. [NL. See Poly-, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) An old name for those Anthozoa which, like the actinias have numerous simple tentacles.

Pol•y•a•del´phi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s many + brother.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of plants having stamens united in three or more bodies or bundles by the filaments. { Pol•y•a•del´phi•an , Pol•y•a•del´phous , } a. (Bot.) Belonging to the class Polyadelphia; having stamens united in three or more bundles.

Pol•y•an´dri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Polyandry.] (Bot.) A Linnaean class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants, having many stamens, or any number above twenty, inserted in the receptacle.

Pol•y•an´dri•an , a. (Bot.) Polyandrous.

Pol•y•an´dric , a. [Cf. polyandrique.] Pertaining to, or characterized by, polyandry; mating with several males. ´Polyandric societies.´ H. Spencer.

Pol•y•an´drous , a. (Bot.) Belonging to the class Polyandria; having many stamens, or any number above twenty, inserted in the receptacle.

Pol•y•an´dry , n. [Poly- + Gr. , , man, male: cf. F. polyandrie.] The possession by a woman of more than one husband at the same time; — contrasted with monandry. In law, this falls under the head of polygamy.

Pol•y•an´thus , n.; pl. Polyanthuses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. rich in flowers; poly•s many + flower.] [Written also polyanthos.] (Bot.) (a) The oxlip. So called because the peduncle bears a many-flowered umbel. See Oxlip. (b) A bulbous flowering plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Tazetta, or N. polyanthus of some authors). See Illust. of Narcissus.

Pol´y•ar•chist , n. One who advocates polyarchy; — opposed to monarchist. Cudworth.

Pol´y•ar•chy , n. [Poly- + -archy: cf. F. polyarchie. Cf. Polarchy.] A government by many persons, of whatever order or class. Cudworth.

Pol•y•a•tom´ic , a. [Poly- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having more than one atom in the molecule; consisting of several atoms. (b) Having a valence greater than one. [Obs.]

Pol•y•au•tog´ra•phy , n. [Poly- + autography.] The act or practice of multiplying copies of one’s own handwriting, or of manuscripts, by printing from stone, — a species of lithography.

Pol•y•ba´sic , a. [Poly- + basic.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing, or of combining with, several molecules of a monacid base; having several hydrogen atoms capable of being replaced by basic radicals; — said of certain acids; as sulphuric acid is polybasic.

Pol•y•ba´site , n. [See Polybasic.] (Min.) An iron-black ore of silver, consisting of silver, sulphur, and antimony, with some copper and arsenic.

Pol•y•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL. See Poly-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) A division of Nudibranchiata including those which have numerous branchiae on the back.

Pol•y•bro´mide , n. [Poly- + bromide.] (Chem.) A bromide containing more than one atom of bromine in the molecule.

Pol•y•car´pel•la•ry , a. (Bot.) Composed of several or numerous carpels; — said of such fruits as the orange. { Pol•y•car´pic , Pol•y•car´pous } a. [Poly- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing fruit repeatedly, or year after year. (b) Having several pistils in one flower.

Pol•y•chae´ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. poly•s many + hair.] (Zoöl.) One of the two principal groups of Chaetopoda. It includes those that have prominent parapodia and fascicles of setae. See Illust. under Parapodia.

Pol•y•chlo´ride , n. [Poly- + chloride.] (Chem.) A chloride containing more than one atom of chlorine in the molecule.

Pol•y•chœr´a•ny , n. [Gr. , fr. wide-ruling.] A government by many chiefs, princes, or rules. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Pol´y•chord , a. [Gr. ; poly•s many + string, cord.] Having many strings.

Pol´y•chord, n. (Mus.) (a) A musical instrument of ten strings. (b) An apparatus for coupling two octave notes, capable of being attached to a keyed instrument.

Pol´y•chrest , n. [Gr. useful for many purposes; poly•s many + useful, fr. to use: cf. F. polychreste.] (Med.) A medicine that serves for many uses, or that cures many diseases. [Obs.] Polychrest salt (Old Med. Chem.), potassium sulphate, specifically obtained by fusing niter with sulphur.

Pol´y•chro•ism , n. [Poly- + Gr. color.] Same as Pleochroism.

Pol´y•chro•ite , n. [Poly- + Gr. color: cf. F. polychroïte.] (Chem.) The coloring matter of saffron; — formerly so called because of the change of color on treatment with certain acids; — called also crocin, and safranin.

Pol•y•chro´mate , n. [See Polychromic.] (Chem.) A salt of a polychromic acid.

Pol•y•chro´mate, n. [See Polychromatic.] (Chem.) A compound which exhibits, or from which may be prepared, a variety of colors, as certain solutions derived from vegetables, which display colors by fluorescence.

Pol•y•chro•mat´ic , a. [Poly- + chromatic.] Showing a variety, or a change, of colors. Polychromatic acid (Old Chem.), a substance obtained by the action of nitric acid on aloes.

Pol´y•chrome , n. [Poly- + Gr. color.] (Chem.) Esculin; — so called in allusion to its fluorescent solutions. [R.]

Pol´y•chrome, a. [Cf. F. polychrome.] Executed in the manner of polychromy; as polychrome printing.

Pol•y•chro´mic , a. [Poly- + (sense 1) Gr. , or (sense 2) chromic.] 1. Polychromatic. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, any one of several acids (known only in their salts) which contain more than one atom of chromium.

Pol•y•chro´mous , a. Of or pertaining to polychromy; many-colored; polychromatic.

Pol´y•chro•my , n. [Poly- + Gr. color.] (Anc. Art) The art or practice of combining different colors, especially brilliant ones, in an artistic way.

Pol•y•chro´ni•ous , a. [Poly- + Gr. for a long time, time.] Enduring through a long time; chronic.

Pol•y•clin´ic , n. [Poly- + clinic.] (Med.) A clinic in which diseases of many sorts are treated; especially, an institution in which clinical instruction is given in all kinds of disease.

Pol•y•con´ic , a. [Poly- + conic.] Pertaining to, or based upon, many cones. Polyconic projection (Map Making), a projection of the earth’s surface, or any portion thereof, by which each narrow zone is projected upon a conical surface that touches the sphere along this zone, the conical surface being then unrolled. This projection differs from conic projection in that latter assumes but one cone for the whole map. Polyconic projection is that in use in the United States coast and geodetic survey.

Pol•y•cot•y•le´don , n. [Poly- + cotyledon: cf. F. polycotyledone.] (Bot.) A plant that has many, or more than two, cotyledons in the seed. — Pol•y•cot•y•led´on•ous (#), a.

Pol•y•cot•y•led´on•a•ry , a. [Poly- + cotyledonary.] (Anat.) Having the villi of the placenta collected into definite patches, or cotyledons.

Po•lyc´ra•cy , n. [Poly- + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government by many rulers; polyarchy.

Pol•y•crot´ic (pol•i•krot´ik), a. [Poly- + Gr. krotei^n to beat.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to polycrotism; manifesting polycrotism; as a polycrotic pulse; a polycrotic pulse curve.

Po•lyc´ro•tism , n. (Physiol.) That state or condition of the pulse in which the pulse curve, or sphygmogram, shows several secondary crests or elevations; — contrasted with monocrotism and dicrotism.

Pol•y•cys´tid , n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the Polycystidea. (b) One of the Polycystina. — a. Pertaining to the Polycystidea, or the Polycystina.

Pol•y•cys•tid´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Poly-, and Cystidea.] (Zoöl.) A division of Gregarinae including those that have two or more internal divisions of the body.

Pol•y•cys•ti´na , n. pl. [NL. See Poly-, and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) A division of Radiolaria including numerous minute marine species. The skeleton is composed of silica, and is often very elegant in form and sculpture. Many have been found in the fossil state.

Pol•y•cys´tine , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Polycystina. — n. One of the Polycystina.

Pol•y•cyt•ta´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s many + , dim. fr. a hollow vessel.] (Zoöl.) A division of Radiolaria. It includes those having one more central capsules.

Pol•y•dac´tyl•ism , n. [Poly- + Gr. finger: cf. F. polydactylisme.] (Anat.) The possession of more that the normal number of digits.

Pol•y•dip´si•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s much + thirst.] (Med.) Excessive and constant thirst occasioned by disease.

Pol•y•e´dron , n. See Polyhedron.

Pol•y•e´drous , a. See Polyhedral.

Pol•y•ei´dic , a. [Poly- + Gr. form.] (Zoöl.) Passing through several distinct larval forms; — having several distinct kinds of young.

Pol•y•ei´dism , n. (Zoöl.) The quality or state of being polyeidic.

Pol•y•em´bry•o•nate , a. [Poly- + embryonate.] (Bot.) Consisting of, or having, several embryos; polyembryonic.

Pol•y•em•bry•on´ic , a. [Poly- + embryonic.] (Bot.) Polyembryonate.

Pol•y•em´bry•o•ny , n. [See Poly- , and Embryo.] (Bot.) The production of two or more embryos in one seed, due either to the existence and fertilization of more than one embryonic sac or to the origination of embryos outside of the embryonic sac.

Pol´y•foil , n. [Poly- + foil, n.] (Arch.) Same as Multifoil.

Po•lyg´a•la , n. [L., milkwort, fr. Gr. ; poly•s much + milk.] A genus of bitter herbs or shrubs having eight stamens and a two-celled ovary (as the Seneca snakeroot, the flowering wintergreen, etc.); milkwort.

Pol•y•ga•la´ceous , a. Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Polygalaceae) of which Polygala is the type.

Po•lyg´a•lic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, Polygala; specifically, designating an acrid glucoside (called polygalic acid, senegin, etc.), resembling, or possibly identical with, saponin.

Pol•y•ga´mi•a , n. pl. [NL. See Polygamous.] (Bot.) (a) A Linnaean class of plants, characterized by having both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant. (b) A name given by Linnaeus to file orders of plants having syngenesious flowers.

Pol•y•ga´mi•an , a. (Bot.) Polygamous.

Po•lyg´a•mist , n. [Cf. F. polygamiste, polygame, Gr. , a.] One who practices polygamy, or maintains its lawfulness.

Po•lyg´a•mize , v. i. To practice polygamy; to marry several wives. Sylvester. Coleridge.

Po•lyg´a•mous , a. [Gr. living polygamy; poly•s many + marriage. Cf. Bigamy.] 1. Of or pertaining to polygamy; characterized by, or involving, polygamy; having a plurality of wives; as polygamous marriages; — opposed to monogamous. 2. (Zoöl.) Pairing with more than one female. “Most deer, cattle, and sheep are polygamous.” Darwin. 3. (Bot.) Belonging to the Polygamia; bearing both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant.

Po•lyg´a•my , n. [Gr. ; cf. F. polygamie.] 1. The having of a plurality of wives or husbands at the same time; usually, the marriage of a man to more than one woman, or the practice of having several wives, at the same time; — opposed to monogamy; as the nations of the East practiced polygamy. See the Note under Bigamy, and cf. Polyandry. 2. (Zoöl.) The state or habit of having more than one mate. 3. (Bot.) The condition or state of a plant which bears both perfect and unisexual flowers.

Pol•y•gas´tri•an (pol•i•gas´tri•an), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Polygastrica. [Obs.]

Pol•y•gas´tric (-trik), a. [Poly- + gastric: cf. F. polygastrique.] 1. (Anat.) Having several bellies; — applied to muscles which are made up of several bellies separated by short tendons. 2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Polygastrica. [Obs.]

Pol•y•gas´tric (pol•i•gas´trik), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Polygastrica.

Pol•y•gas´tri•ca (-tri•ka), n. pl. [NL. So called because they were supposed to have several stomachs, or digestive cavities.] (Zoöl.) The Infusoria. [Obs.] { Pol•y•gen´e•sis (-jen´e•sis), Po•lyg´e•ny (po•lij´e•ny), } n. [Poly- + genesis, or root of Gr. gi•gnesqai to be born.] (Biol.) The theory that living organisms originate in cells or embryos of different kinds, instead of coming from a single cell; — opposed to monogenesis.

Pol•y•ge•net´ic , a. 1. Having many distinct sources; originating at various places or times. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to polygenesis; polyphyletic. Polygenetic mountain range (Geol.), one which is composite, or consists of two or more monogenetic ranges, each having had its own history of development. Dana.

Pol•y•gen´ic (-jen´ik), a. (Biol.) Of or relating to polygeny; polygenetic.

Po•lyg´e•nism (po•lij´e•niz’m), n. [Cf. F. polygenisme.] (Biol.) The doctrine that animals of the same species have sprung from more than one original pair.

Po•lyg´e•nist (-nist), n. (Biol.) One who maintains that animals of the same species have sprung from more than one original pair; — opposed to monogenist.

Po•lyg´e•nous , a. [Poly- + -genous: cf. Gr. of many families.] Consisting of, or containing, many kinds; as a polygenous mountain. Kirwan.

Pol´y•glot , a. [Gr. poly•glwttos many-tongued; poly•s many + glw^tta, glw^ssa, tongue, language: cf. F. polyglotte.] 1. Containing, or made up, of, several languages; as a polyglot lexicon, Bible. 2. Versed in, or speaking, many languages.

Pol´y•glot, n. 1. One who speaks several languages. [R.] ´A polyglot, or good linguist.´ Howell. 2. A book containing several versions of the same text, or containing the same subject matter in several languages; esp., the Scriptures in several languages. “Enriched by the publication of polyglots.” Abp. Newcome.

Pol•y•glot´tous , a. [See Polyglot.] Speaking many languages; polyglot. [R.] ´The polyglottous tribes of America.´ Max Müller.

Pol´y•gon , n. [Gr. poly•gwnos polygonal; poly•s many + gwni•a angle: cf. F. polygone.] (Geom.) A plane figure having many angles, and consequently many sides; esp., one whose perimeter consists of more than four sides; any figure having many angles. Polygon of forces (Mech.), a polygonal figure, the sides of which, taken successively, represent, in length and direction, several forces acting simultaneously upon one point, so that the side necessary to complete the figure represents the resultant of those forces. Cf. Parallelogram of forces, under Parallelogram.

Pol•y•go•na´ceous , a. [See Polygonum.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of apetalous plants (Polygonaceae), of which the knotweeds (species of Polygonum) are the type, and which includes also the docks (Rumex), the buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape (Coccoloba), and several other genera.

Po•lyg´o•nal , a. Having many angles. Polygonal numbers, certain figurate numbers. See under Figurate.

Pol•y•go•neu´tic , a. [Poly- + Gr. offspring.] (Zoöl.) Having two or more broods in a season.

Pol•y•go•nom´e•try , n. [Polygon + -metry.] The doctrine of polygons; an extension of some of the principles of trigonometry to the case of polygons.

Po•lyg´o•nous , a. Polygonal.

Po•lyg´o•num , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a kind of plant; poly•s many + go•ny the knee, a joint of a plant. So called in allusion to the numerous joints.] (Bot.) A genus of plants embracing a large number of species, including bistort, knotweed, smartweed, etc.

Po•lyg´o•ny , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Polygonum.

Pol•y•gor´di•us , n. [NL. See Poly-, and Gordius.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine annelids, believed to be an ancient or ancestral type. It is remarkable for its simplicity of structure and want of parapodia. It is the type of the order Archiannelida, or Gymnotoma. See Loeven’s larva.

Pol´y•gram , n. [Gr. marked with many stripes; poly•s many + a line.] A figure consisting of many lines. [R.] Barlow.

Pol´y•graph , n. [Gr. writing much; poly•s much, many + to write: cf. F. polygraphe.] 1. An instrument for multiplying copies of a writing; a manifold writer; a copying machine. 2. In bibliography, a collection of different works, either by one or several authors. Brande & C. { Pol•y•graph´ic , Pol•y•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. polygraphique.] Pertaining to, or employed in, polygraphy; as a polygraphic instrument. 2. Done with a polygraph; as a polygraphic copy.

Po•lyg´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; poly•s much + gra•fein to write: cf. F. polygraphie.] 1. Much writing; writing of many books. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. The art of writing in various ciphers, and of deciphering the same. [R.] 3. The art or practice of using a polygraph.

Pol´y•grooved , a. [Poly- + groove.] Having many grooves; as a polygrooved rifle or gun (referring to the rifling).

Pol´y•gyn , n. [Cf. F. polygyne. See Polygyny.] (Bot.) A plant of the order Polygynia.

Pol•y•gyn´i•a , n. pl. [NL. See Polygyny.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants having many styles. { Pol•y•gyn´i•an , Po•lyg´y•nous } a. (Bot.) Having many styles; belonging to the order Polygynia.

Po•lyg´y•nist , n. One who practices or advocates polygyny. H. Spenser.

Po•lyg´y•ny , n. [Poly- + Gr. woman, wife.] The state or practice of having several wives at the same time; marriage to several wives. H. Spenser.

Pol•y•ha´lite , n. [Poly- + Gr. salt.] (Min.) A mineral usually occurring in fibrous masses, of a brick-red color, being tinged with iron, and consisting chiefly of the sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda. { Pol•y•he´dral , Pol•y•hed´ric•al } a. [See Polyhedron.] (Geom.) Having many sides, as a solid body. Polyhedral angle, an angle bounded by three or more plane angles having a common vertex.

Pol•y•he´dron , n.; pl. E. Polyhedrons. (#), L. Polyhedra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. with many seats or sides; poly•s many + a seat or side: cf. F. polyèdre.] 1. (Geom.) A body or solid contained by many sides or planes. 2. (Opt.) A polyscope, or multiplying glass.

Pol•y•he´drous , a. Polyhedral.

Pol•y•his´tor , n. [Gr. very learned.] One versed in various learning. [R.]

Pol•y•hym´ni•a , n. [L., from Gr. ; poly•s many + hymn.] (Anc. Myth.) The Muse of lyric poetry.

Pol•y•i´o•dide , n. (Chem.) A iodide having more than one atom of iodine in the molecule.

Po•lyl´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; poly•s much + discourse.] Talkativeness. [R.]

Po•lyl´o•quent , a. [Poly- + L. loquens, p. pr. of logui to speak.] Garrulous; loquacious. [R.]

Pol•y•mas´tism , n. [Poly- + Gr. a breast.] (Anat.) The condition of having more than two mammae, or breasts.

Pol•y•math´ic , a. [Cf. F. polymathique. See Polymathy.] Pertaining to polymathy; acquainted with many branches of learning.

Po•lym´a•thist , n. One versed in many sciences; a person of various learning.

Po•lym´a•thy , n. [Gr. ; poly•s much + , , to learn.] The knowledge of many arts and sciences; variety of learning. Johnson.

Pol•y•me•nis´cous , a. [See Poly- , and Meniscus.] (Zoöl.) Having numerous facets; — said of the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans.

Pol´y•mer , n. [See Polymeric.] (Chem.) Any one of two or more substances related to each other by polymerism; specifically, a substance produced from another substance by chemical polymerization. [Formerly also written polymere.]

Pol•y•mer´ic , a. [Poly- + Gr. part.] (Chem.) Having the same percentage composition (that is, having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight), but different molecular weights; — often used with with; thus, cyanic acid (CNOH), fulminic acid (C2N2O2H2), and cyanuric acid (C3N3O3H3), are polymeric with each other. The figures expressing the number of atoms of each element in a number of polymeric substances are respectively multiples and factors of each other, or have some simple common divisor. The relation may be merely a numerical one, as in the example given above, or a chemical one, as in the case of aldehyde, paraldehyde, and metaldehyde.

Po•lym´er•ism , n. (Chem.) (a) The state, quality, or relation of two or more polymeric substances. (b) The act or process of forming polymers.

Pol•y•mer•i•za´tion , n. (Chem.) The act or process of changing to a polymeric form; the condition resulting from such change.

Pol´y•mer•ize , v. t. (Chem.) To cause polymerization of; to produce polymers from; to increase the molecular weight of, without changing the atomic proportions; thus, certain acids polymerize aldehyde.

Pol´y•mer•ize, v. i. (Chem.) To change into another substance having the same atomic proportions, but a higher molecular weight; to undergo polymerization; thus, aldehyde polymerizes in forming paraldehyde.

Po•lym´er•ous , a. 1. (Bot.) Having many parts or members in each set. Gray. 2. (Chem.) Polymeric. [Obs.]

Po•lym´ni•a , n. See Polyhymnia.

Pol´ym•nite , n. [Gr. full of moss; poly•s much + moss.] (Min.) A stone marked with dendrites and black lines, and so disposed as to represent rivers, marshes, etc.

Pol´y•morph , n. [Gr. multiform; poly•s many + form: cf. F. polymorphe.] (Crystallog.) A substance capable of crystallizing in several distinct forms; also any one of these forms. Cf. Allomorph.

Pol•y•mor´phic , a. Polymorphous.

Pol•y•mor´phism , n. 1. (Crystallog.) Same as Pleomorphism. 2. (Biol.) (a) The capability of assuming different forms; the capability of widely varying in form. (b) Existence in many forms; the coexistence, in the same locality, of two or more distinct forms independent of sex, not connected by intermediate gradations, but produced from common parents.

Pol•y•mor•pho´sis , n. [NL. See Poly-, and Morphosis.] (Zoöl.) The assumption of several structural forms without a corresponding difference in function; — said of sponges, etc.

Pol•y•mor´phous , a. 1. Having, or assuming, a variety of forms, characters, or styles; as a polymorphous author. De Quincey. 2. (Biol.) Having, or occurring in, several distinct forms; — opposed to monomorphic.

Pol´y•mor•phy , n. Existence in many forms; polymorphism.

Po•ly-moun´tain , n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Poly, n. (b) The closely related Teucrium montanum, formerly called Polium montanum, a plant of Southern Europe. (c) The Bartsia alpina, a low purple-flowered herb of Europe.

Pol•y•my´o•dae , n. pl. [NL. See Polymyoid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Oscines.

Pol•y•my´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Polymyoid.

Po•lym´y•oid , a. [Poly- + Gr. , , muscle + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Having numerous vocal muscles; of or pertaining to the Polymyodae.

Pol´y•neme , n. [Poly- + Gr. thread.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tropical food fishes of the family Polynemidae. They have several slender filaments, often very long, below the pectoral fin. Some of them yield isinglass of good quality. Called also threadfish.

Pol•y•ne´moid , a. [Polyneme + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the polynemes, or the family Polynemidae.

Pol•y•ne´sian , a. Of or pertaining to Polynesia (the islands of the eastern and central Pacific), or to the Polynesians.

Pol•y•ne´sians , n. pl.; sing. Polynesian. (Ethnol.) The race of men native in Polynesia.

Po•lyn´i•a , n. [Russ. poluineia a warm place in water, i. e., a place which does not freeze.] The open sea supposed to surround the north pole. Kane.

Pol•y•no´mi•al , n. [Poly- + -nomial, as in monomial, binomial: cf. F. polynôme.] (Alg.) An expression composed of two or more terms, connected by the signs plus or minus; as a2 - 2ab + b2.

Pol•y•no´mi•al, a. 1. Containing many names or terms; multinominal; as the polynomial theorem. 2. Consisting of two or more words; having names consisting of two or more words; as a polynomial name; polynomial nomenclature.

Pol•y•nu´cle•ar , a. [Poly- + nuclear.] (Biol.) Containing many nuclei.

Pol•y•nu•cle´o•lar , a. [Poly- + nucleolar.] (Biol.) Having more than one nucleolus.

Pol•y•om´ma•tous , a. [Poly- + Gr. , , the eye.] Having many eyes.

Pol•y•on´o•mous , a. [Poly- + Gr. , , name: cf. Gr. .] Having many names or titles; polyonymous. Sir W. Jones.

Pol•y•on´o•my , n. [Cf. Gr. a multitude of names.] The use of a variety of names for the same object. G. S. Faber.

Pol´y•o•nym , n. 1. An object which has a variety of names. 2. A polynomial name or term.

Pol•y•on´y•mous, a. Polyonomous. { Pol•y•op´tron , Pol•y•op´trum } n. [NL., from Gr. poly•s many + seen.] (Opt.) A glass through which objects appear multiplied, but diminished in size. [R.]

Pol•y•o•ra´ma , n. [Poly- + Gr. a sight, view.] A view of many objects; also a sort of panorama with dissolving views.

Pol´yp , n. [L. polypus, Gr. , , literally, many-footed; poly•s many + , , foot: cf. F. polype. See Poly- and Foot, and cf. Polypode, Polypody, Poulp.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the feeding or nutritive zooids of a hydroid or coral. (b) One of the Anthozoa. (c) pl. Same as Anthozoa. See Anthozoa, Madreporaria, Hydroid. [Written also polype.] Fresh-water polyp, the hydra. — Polyp stem (Zoöl.), that portion of the stem of a siphonophore which bears the polypites, or feeding zooids.

Po•lyp´a•rous , a. [Poly- + L. parere to produce.] Producing or bearing a great number; bringing forth many.

Pol´y•pa•ry , n.; pl. Polyparies (#). [See Polyp.] (Zoöl.) Same as Polypidom.

Pol´ype , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) See Polyp.

Pol•y•pe´an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a polyp, or polyps.

Pol•y•pe•ryth´rin , n. [Polyp + Gr. red.] (Physiol. Chem.) A coloring matter found in many simple Anthozoa and some hydroids.

Pol•y•pet´al•ous , a. [Poly- + petal.] (Bot.) Consisting of, or having, several or many separate petals; as a polypetalous corolla, flower, or plant. Martyn.

Po•lyph´a•gous , a. [L. polyphagus, Gr. ; poly•s much, many + to eat: cf. F. polyphage.] Eating, or subsisting on, many kinds of food; as polyphagous animals.

Po•lyph´´a•gy , n. The practice or faculty of subsisting on many kinds of food.

Pol•y•phar´ma•cy , n. [Poly- + Gr. the using of medicine, fr. medicine: cf. F. polypharmacie.] (Med.) (a) The act or practice of prescribing too many medicines. (b) A prescription made up of many medicines or ingredients. Dunglison.

Pol•y•phe´mus , n. [L. Polyphemus the one-eyed Cyclops who was blinded by Ulysses.] (Zoöl.) A very large American moth (Telea polyphemus) belonging to the Silkworm family (Bombycidae). Its larva, which is very large, bright green, with silvery tubercles, and with oblique white stripes on the sides, feeds on the oak, chestnut, willow, cherry, apple, and other trees. It produces a large amount of strong silk. Called also American silkworm.

Pol´y•phone , n. A character or vocal sign representing more than one sound, as read, which is pronounced red or red.

Pol•y•phon´ic , a. [Gr. ; poly•s many + sound: cf. F. polyphone.] 1. Having a multiplicity of sounds. 2. Characterized by polyphony; as Assyrian polyphonic characters. 3. (Mus.) Consisting of several tone series, or melodic parts, progressing simultaneously according to the laws of counterpoint; contrapuntal; as a polyphonic composition; — opposed to homophonic, or monodic.

Po•lyph´o•nism , n. Polyphony.

Po•lyph´o•nist , n. 1. A proficient in the art of multiplying sounds; a ventriloquist. 2. (Mus.) A master of polyphony; a contrapuntist.

Po•lyph´o•nous , a. Same as Polyphonic.

Po•lyph´o•ny , n. [Gr. .] 1. Multiplicity of sounds, as in the reverberations of an echo. 2. Plurality of sounds and articulations expressed by the same vocal sign. 3. (Mus.) Composition in mutually related, equally important parts which share the melody among them; contrapuntal composition; — opposed to homophony, in which the melody is given to one part only, the others filling out the harmony. See Counterpoint.

Pol´y•phore , n. [Poly- + Gr. to bear.] (Bot.) A receptacle which bears many ovaries.

Pol•y•phy•let´ic , a. [Poly- + Gr. clan.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, descent from more than one root form, or from many different root forms; polygenetic; — opposed to monophyletic.

Po•lyph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. ; poly•s many + leaf.] (Bot.) Many-leaved; as a polyphyllous calyx or perianth.

Pol´y•pi , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The Anthozoa.

Pol´y•pide , n. (Zoöl.) One of the ordinary zooids of the Bryozoa. [Spellt also polypid.]

Po•lyp´i•dom , n. [Polypus + L. domus house.] (Zoöl.) A coral, or corallum; also one of the coral-like structure made by bryozoans and hydroids.

Po•ly•pier´ , n. [F.] A polypidom.

Pol•y•pif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The Anthozoa.

Pol•y•pif´er•ous , a. [Polypus + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing polyps, or polypites.

Pol•y•pip´a•rous , a. [Polypus + L. parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Producing polyps.

Pol´y•pite , n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the feeding zooids, or polyps, of a coral, hydroid, or siphonophore; a hydranth. See Illust. of Campanularian. (b) Sometimes, the manubrium of a hydroid medusa. 2. (Paleon.) A fossil coral.

Pol•y•pla•coph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Poly-, and Placophora.] (Zoöl.) See Placophora.

Pol•y•plas´tic , a. [Poly- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Assuming, or having the power of assuming, many forms; as a polyplastic element which does not preserve its original shape.

Pol•y•pode , n. [Cf. F. polypode. See Polypody.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Polypodium; polypody. [Written also polypod.]

Pol´y•pode, n. [Gr. , , the wood louse, milleped: cf. F. polypode. See Polyp.] (Zoöl.) An animal having many feet; a myriapod.

Pol´y•po•di•um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , dim. of . See Polyp, and cf. 2d Polypode.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Filices or ferns. The fructifications are in uncovered roundish points, called sori, scattered over the inferior surface of the frond or leaf. There are numerous species.

Pol´y•po•dy , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Polypodium.

Pol´y•poid , a. [Polyp + - oid.] 1. (Zoöl.) Like a polyp; having the nature of a polyp, but lacking the tentacles or other parts. 2. (Med.) Resembling a polypus in appearance; having a character like that of a polypus.

Pol•y•po•me•du´sae , n. pl. [NL. See Polyp, and Medusa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hydrozoa.

Po•lyp´o•rous ( 277), a. [Poly- + porous.] Having many pores. Wright.

Po•lyp´o•rus , n.; pl. Polypori (#). [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s many + a pore.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi having the under surface full of minute pores; also any fungus of this genus. Polyporus fomentarius was formerly dried and cut in slices for tinder, called amadou. P. betulinus is common in America, and forms very large thick white semicircular excrescences on birch trees. Several species of Polyporous are considered edible.

Pol´y•pous , a. [Cf. F. polypeux. See Polyp.] Of the nature of a polypus; having many feet or roots, like the polypus; affected with polypus. { Pol•y•prag•mat´ic , Pol•y•prag•mat´ic•al } a. [Poly- + pragmatic, - ical.] Overbusy; officious. [R.] Heywood.

Pol•y•prag´ma•ty , n. [Poly- + Gr. business.] The state of being overbusy. [R.]

Pol•y•pro•to•don´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s many + first + , , tooth.] (Zoöl.) A division of marsupials in which there are more fore incisor teeth in each jaw.

Po•lyp•te•roi´de•i , n. pl. [NL. See Polypterus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of existing ganoid fishes having numerous fins along the back. The bichir, or Polypterus, is the type. See Illust. under Crossopterygian.

Po•lyp•te•rus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s many + feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) An African genus of ganoid fishes including the bichir.

Pol•yp•to´ton , n. [L., fr. Gr. having, or being in, many cases; poly•s many + case.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a word is repeated in different forms, cases, numbers, genders, etc., as in Tennyson’s line, — ´My own heart’s heart, and ownest own, farewell.´

Pol´y•pus , n.; pl. E. Polypuses (#), L. Polypi (#). [L. See Polyp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Same as Polyp. 2. (Med.) A tumor, usually with a narrow base, somewhat resembling a pear, — found in the nose, uterus, etc., and produced by hypertrophy of some portion of the mucous membrane.

Pol•y•rhi´zous , a. [Gr. ; poly•s many + root.] (Bot.) Having numerous roots, or rootlets.

Pol•y•sche´ma•tist , a. [Poly- + Gr. form, manner.] Having, or existing in, many different forms or fashions; multiform.

Pol´y•scope , n. [Gr. farseeing; poly•s much, many + to view: cf. F. polyscope.] 1. (Opt.) A glass which makes a single object appear as many; a multiplying glass. Hutton. 2. (Med.) An apparatus for affording a view of the different cavities of the body.

Pol•y•sep´al•ous , a. [Poly- + sepal.] (Bot.) Having the sepals separate from each other.

Pol•y•si•lic´ic , a. [Poly- + silicic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to compounds formed by the condensation of two or more molecules of silicic acid. Polysilicic acid (Chem.), any one of a series of acids formed by the condensation of two or more molecules of silicic acid, with elimination of water.

Pol´y•spast , n. [L. polyspaston, fr. Gr. , fr. drawn by several cords; poly•s many + to draw: cf. F. polyspaste.] (Surg.) A machine consisting of many pulleys; specifically, an apparatus formerly used for reducing luxations.

Pol•y•sper´mous , a. [Gr. ; poly•s many + seed.] (Bot.) Containing many seeds; as a polyspermous capsule or berry. Martyn.

Pol´y•sper•my , n. (Biol.) Fullness of sperm, or seed; the passage of more than one spermatozoön into the vitellus in the impregnation of the ovum.

Pol•y•spor´ous , a. [Poly- + spore.] (Bot.) Containing many spores.

Pol•y•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. poly•s many + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of trematode worms having more two suckers. Called also Polystomea and Polystoma.

Pol´y•stome , a. [Gr. many- mouthed; poly•s + sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having many mouths.

Pol´y•stome, n. (Zoöl.) An animal having many mouths; — applied to Protozoa.

Pol´y•style , a. [Gr. with many columns; poly•s many + column: cf. F. polystyle.] (Arch.) Having many columns; — said of a building, especially of an interior part or court; as a polystyle hall. — n. A polystyle hall or edifice.

Pol•y•sul´phide , n. [Poly- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide having more than one atom of sulphur in the molecule; — contrasted with monosulphide.

Pol•y•sul´phu•ret , n. (Chem.) A polysulphide. [Obsoles.] { Pol•y•syl•lab´ic , Pol•y•syl•lab´ic•al , } a. [Gr. ; poly•s many + syllable: cf. F. polysyllabique.] Pertaining to a polysyllable; containing, or characterized by, polysyllables; consisting of more than three syllables.

Pol•y•syl•lab´i•cism , n. Polysyllabism.

Pol•y•syl•la•bic´i•ty , n. Polysyllabism.

Pol•y•syl´la•bism , n. The quality or state of being polysyllabic.

Pol´y•syl•la•ble , n. [Poly- + syllable.] A word of many syllables, or consisting of more syllables than three; — words of less than four syllables being called monosyllables, dissyllables, and trisyllables.

Pol•y•syn•det´ic , a. Characterized by polysyndeton, or the multiplication of conjunctions. — Pol•y•syn•det´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Pol•y•syn´de•ton , n. [NL., from Gr. poly•s many + bound together, fr. to bind together; with + to bind.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the conjunction is often repeated, as in the sentence, ´We have ships and men and money and stores.´ Opposed to asyndeton.

Pol•y•syn´the•sis , n. [Poly- + synthesis.] 1. The act or process of combining many separate elements into a whole. 2. (Philol.) The formation of a word by the combination of several simple words, as in the aboriginal languages of America; agglutination. Latham.

Pol•y•syn•thet´ic (-sin•thet´ik), a. [Poly- + synthetic.] Characterized by polysynthesis; agglutinative. Polysynthetic twinning (Min.), repeated twinning, like that of the triclinic feldspar, producing fine parallel bands in alternately reversed positions.

Pol•y•syn•thet´i•cism (-i•siz’m), n. Polysynthesis.

Pol•y•tech´nic (pol•i•tek´nik), a. [Gr. poly•technos; poly•s many + te•chnh an art: cf. F. polytechnique.] Comprehending, or relating to, many arts and sciences; — applied particularly to schools in which many branches of art and science are taught with especial reference to their practical application; also to exhibitions of machinery and industrial products.

Pol•y•tech´nic•al , a. Polytechnic.

Pol•y•tech´nics , n. The science of the mechanic arts.

Pol•y•tha•la´mi•a , n. pl. [NL. See Polythalamous.] (Zoöl.) A division of Foraminifera including those having a manychambered shell.

Pol•y•thal´a•mous , a. [Poly- + Gr. a chamber.] (Zoöl.) Many-chambered; — applied to shells of Foraminifera and cephalopods. See Illust. of Nautilus.

Pol´y•the•ism , n. [Poly- + Gr. cf. F. polytheisme.] The doctrine of, or belief in, a plurality of gods. “In the Old Testament, the gradual development of polytheism from the primitive monotheism may be learned.” Shaff-Herzog.

Pol´y•the•ist, n. [Cf. F. polytheiste.] One who believes in, or maintains the doctrine of, a plurality of gods. { Pol•y•the•is´tic , Pol•y•the•is´tic•al , } a. Of or pertaining to polytheism; characterized by polytheism; professing or advocating polytheism; as polytheistic worship; a polytheistic author, or nation. — Pol•y•the•is´tic•al•ly, adv.

Pol´y•the•ize , v. i. To adhere to, advocate, or inculcate, the doctrine of polytheism. Milman.

Pol•y•the´lism , n. [Poly- + Gr. qhlh• a nipple.] (Anat.) The condition of having more than two teats, or nipples.

Po•lyt´o•cous , a. [Gr. ; poly•s many + offspring.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing fruit repeatedly, as most perennial plants; polycarpic. 2. (Zoöl.) Producing many or young.

Po•lyt´o•mous , a. [Poly- + Gr. a cutting, fr. to cut.] (Bot.) Subdivided into many distinct subordinate parts, which, however, not being jointed to the petiole, are not true leaflets; — said of leaves. Henslow.

Po•lyt´o•my , n. (Logic) A division into many members. F. Bowen.

Pol•y•tung´state , n. A salt of polytungstic acid.

Pol•y•tung´stic , a. (Chem.) Containing several tungsten atoms or radicals; as polytungstic acid. Polytungstic acid (Chem.), any one of several complex acids of tungsten containing more than one atom of tungsten.

Pol´y•type , n. [Poly- + - type.] (Print.) A cast, or facsimile copy, of an engraved block, matter in type, etc. (see citation); as a polytype in relief. “By pressing the wood cut into semifluid metal, an intaglio matrix is produced: and from this matrix, in a similar way, a polytype in relief is obtained.” Hansard.

Pol´y•type, a. (Print.) Of or pertaining to polytypes; obtained by polytyping; as a polytype plate.

Pol´y•type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polytyped p. pr. & vb. n. Polytyping ] (Print.) To produce a polytype of; as to polytype an engraving.

Pol•y•u´ri•a , n. [NL. See Poly- , and Urine.] (Med.) A persistently excessive flow of watery urine, with low specific gravity and without the presence of either albumin or sugar. It is generally accompanied with more or less thirst.

Po•lyv´a•lent , a. [Poly- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valent.] (Chem.) Multivalent.

Pol´yve , n. [See Polive.] A pulley. [Obs.]

Pol•y•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. poly•s many + an animal.] (Zoöl.) Same as Bryozoa. See Illust. under Bryozoa, and Phylactolaemata.

Pol•y•zo´an , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Polyzoa; one of the Polyzoa. (b) A polyzoön.

Pol•y•zo•a´ri•um , n.; pl. Polyzoaria (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Polyzoary.

Pol•y•zo´a•ry , n. (Zoöl.) The compound organism of a polyzoan.

Pol•y•zon´al , a. [Poly- + zonal.] Consisting of many zones or rings. Polyzonal lens (Opt.), a lens made up of pieces arranged zones or rings, — used in the lanterns of lighthouses.

Pol•y•zo´ön , n.; pl. Polyzoa (#). [NL. See Polyzoan.] (Zoöl.) One of the individual zooids forming the compound organism of a polyzoan.

Pom´ace ( 277), n. [L. ponum a fruit, LL., an apple: cf. LL. pomagium, pomacium.] The substance of apples, or of similar fruit, crushed by grinding.

Po•ma•cen´troid , a. [Gr. a cover + a prickle + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Pomacentridae, a family of bright-colored tropical fishes having spiny opercula; — often called coral fishes.

Po•ma´ceous , a. [LL. ponum an apple.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Like an apple or pear; producing pomes. (b) Of or pertaining to a suborder (Pomeae) of rosaceous plants, which includes the true thorn trees, the quinces, service berries, medlars, and loquats, as well as the apples, pears, crabs, etc. 2. Like pomace.

Po•made´ ( 277), n. [F. pommade pomatum, OF. pomade cider (cf. Sp. pomada, It. pomata, LL. pomata a drink made of apples), from L. pomum fruit, LL., an apple. Cf. Pomatum.] 1. Cider. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. Perfumed ointment; esp., a fragrant unguent for the hair; pomatum; — originally made from apples.

Po•man´der , n. [Sp. poma.] (a) A perfume to be carried with one, often in the form of a ball. (b) A box to contain such perfume, formerly carried by ladies, as at the end of a chain; — more properly pomander box. [Obs.] Bacon.

Po´ma•rine , a. [Gr. a lid + , , nose.] (Zoöl.) Having the nostril covered with a scale. Pomarine jager (Zoöl.), a North Atlantic jager (Stercorarius pomarinus) having the elongated middle tail feathers obtuse. The adult is black.

Po•ma´tum , n. [See Pomade.] A perfumed unguent or composition, chiefly used in dressing the hair; pomade. Wiseman.

Po•ma´tum, v. t. To dress with pomatum.

Pome , n. [L. pomum a fruit: cf. F. pomme apple. Cf. Pomade.] 1. (Bot.) A fruit composed of several cartilaginous or bony carpels inclosed in an adherent fleshy mass, which is partly receptacle and partly calyx, as an apple, quince, or pear. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A ball of silver or other metal, which is filled with hot water, and used by the priest in cold weather to warm his hands during the service.

Pome, v. i. [Cf. F. pommer. See Pome, n.] To grow to a head, or form a head in growing. [Obs.]

Pome´gran•ate ( 277), n. [OE. pomgarnet, OF. pome de grenate, F. grenade, L. pomum a fruit + granatus grained, having many grains or seeds. See Pome, and Garnet, Grain.] 1. (Bot.) The fruit of the tree Punica Granatum; also the tree itself (see Balaustine), which is native in the Orient, but is successfully cultivated in many warm countries, and as a house plant in colder climates. The fruit is as large as an orange, and has a hard rind containing many rather large seeds, each one separately covered with crimson, acid pulp. 2. A carved or embroidered ornament resembling a pomegranate. Ex. xxviii. 33.

Pom´el , n. A pommel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pom´e•lo , n. [Cf. Pompelmous.] A variety of shaddock, called also grape fruit.

Pome´ly , a. [OF. pomele, F. pommele. See Pome.] Dappled. [Obs.] ´Pomely gray.´ Chaucer.

Pom•e•ra´ni•an , a. Of or pertaining to Pomerania, a province of Prussia on the Baltic Sea. — n. A native or inhabitant of Pomerania. Pomeranian dog (Zoöl.), the loup- loup, or Spitz dog.

Pome´wa•ter , n. A kind of sweet, juicy apple. [Written also pomwater.] Shak.

Pom´ey , n.; pl. Pomeys (#). [F. pomme grown round, or like an apple, p. p. of pommer to pome.] (Her.) A figure supposed to resemble an apple; a roundel, — always of a green color.

Pom´fret , n. [Perhaps corrupt. fr. Pg. pampano a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of two or more species of marine food fishes of the genus Stromateus (S. niger, S. argenteus) native of Southern Europe and Asia. (b) A marine food fish of Bermuda (Brama Raji).

Po•mif´er•ous , a. [L. pomifer; pomum fruit + ferre to bear: cf. F. pomifère.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing pomes, or applelike fruits. (b) Bearing fruits, or excrescences, more or less resembling an apple.

Pom´mage ( 48), n. See Pomage.

Pom•me´ , a. [F. See Pomey.] (Her.) Having the ends terminating in rounded protuberances or single balls; — said of a cross.

Pomme• blanche´ [F., literally, white apple.] The prairie turnip. See under Prairie.

Pom´mel , n. [OE. pomel, OF. pomel, F. pommeau, LL. pomellus, fr. L. pomum fruit, LL. also an apple. See Pome.] A knob or ball; an object resembling a ball in form; as: (a) The knob on the hilt of a sword. Macaulay. (b) The knob or protuberant part of a saddlebow. (c) The top (of the head). Chaucer. (d) A knob forming the finial of a turret or pavilion.

Pom´mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pommeled or Pommelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pommeling or Pommelling.] To beat soundly, as with the pommel of a sword, or with something knoblike; hence, to beat with the fists. [Written also pummel.]

Pom•mel´ion , n. [See Pommel: cf. LL. pomilio pygmy.] (Mil.) The cascabel, or hindmost knob, of a cannon. [R.]

Pom•met•te´ , a. [F.] Having two balls or protuberances at each end; — said of a cross.

Po•mo•log´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. pomologique.] Of or pertaining to pomology.

Po•mol´o•gist , n. One versed in pomology; one who culticvates fruit trees.

Po•mol´o•gy , n. [L. pomum fruit + -logy: cf. F. pomologie.] The science of fruits; a treatise on fruits; the cultivation of fruits and fruit trees.

Po•mo´na , n. [L., from pomum fruit.] (Class. Myth.) The goddess of fruits and fruit trees.

Pomp , n. [OE. pompe, F. pompe, L. pompa, fr. Gr. a sending, a solemn procession, pomp, fr. to send. Cf. Pump a shoe.] 1. A procession distinguished by ostentation and splendor; a pageant. ´All the pomps of a Roman triumph.´ Addison. 2. Show of magnificence; parade; display; power. Syn. — Display; parade; pageant; pageantry; splendor; state; magnificence; ostentation; grandeur; pride.

Pomp , v. i. To make a pompons display; to conduct. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Pom´pa•dour , n. A crimson or pink color; also a style of dress cut low and square in the neck; also a mode of dressing the hair by drawing it straight back from the forehead over a roll; — so called after the Marchioness de Pompadour of France. Also much used adjectively.

Pom´pa•no , n. [Sp. pámpano.] [Written also pampano.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of several species of marine fishes of the genus Trachynotus, of which four species are found on the Atlantic coast of the United States; — called also palometa. They have a brilliant silvery or golden luster, and are highly esteemed as food fishes. The round pompano (T. thomboides) and the Carolina pompano (T. Carolinus) are the most common. Other species occur on the Pacific coast. 2. A California harvest fish (Stromateus simillimus), highly valued as a food fish. Pompano shell (Zoöl.), a small bivalve shell of the genus Donax; — so called because eaten by the pompano. [Florida]

Pom•pat´ic , a. [L. pompaticus.] Pompous. [Obs.] Barrow.

Pom´pel•mous , n.; pl. Pompelmouses (#). [D. pompelmoes; cf. G. pompelmuse, F. pamplemousse, and F. pompoleon.] (Bot.) A shaddock, esp. one of large size.

Pom´pet , n. [OF. pompette.] (Print.) The ball formerly used to ink the type.

Pom´pho•lyx , n. [L., fr. Gr. a bubble, the slag on the surface of smelted ore, from a blister.] 1. (Old Chem.) Impure zinc oxide. 2. (Med.) A skin disease in which there is an eruption of bullae, without inflammation or fever.

Pom•pil´lion , n. An ointment or pomatum made of black poplar buds. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Pom´pi•on , n. [OF. pompon. See Pumpkin.] See Pumpion.

Pom´pire , n. [L. pomum a fruit, LL. also an apple + pirum a pear.] A pearmain. [Obs.]

Pom•po´le•on , n. (Bot.) See Pompelmous.

Pom´pon , n. [F.] 1. Any trifling ornament for a woman’s dress or bonnet. 2. (Mil.) A tuft or ball of wool, or the like, sometimes worn by soldiers on the front of the hat, instead of a feather.

Pom•pos´i•ty , n.; pl. Pomposities . The quality or state of being pompous; pompousness. Thackeray.

Pom•po´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Grand and dignified; in grand style.

Pomp´ous , a. [F. pompeux, L. pomposus. See Pomp.] 1. Displaying pomp; stately; showy with grandeur; magnificent; as a pompous procession. 2. Ostentatious; pretentious; boastful; vainlorious; as pompous manners; a pompous style. ´Pompous in high presumption.´ Chaucer. “he pompous vanity of the old schoolmistress.” Thackeray. — Pom´ous•ly, adv. — Pomp´ous•ness, n.

Pomp´tine , a. See Pontine.

Pom´wa•ter , n. Same as Pomewater.

Pon´cho , n.; pl. Ponchos . [Sp.] 1. A kind of cloak worn by the Spanish Americans, having the form of a blanket, with a slit in the middle for the head to pass through. A kind of poncho made of rubber or painted cloth is used by the mounted troops in the United States service. 2. A trade name for camlets, or stout worsteds.

Pond , n. [Probably originally, an inclosed body of water, and the same word as pound. See Pound an inclosure.] A body of water, naturally or artificially confined, and usually of less extent than a lake. ´Through pond or pool.´ Milton. Pond hen (Zoöl.), the American coot. See Coot (a). — Pond lily (Bot.), the water lily. See under Water, and Illust. under Nymphaea. — Pond snail (Zoöl.), any gastropod living in fresh-water ponds or lakes. The most common kinds are air- breathing snails (Pulmonifera) belonging to Limnaea, Physa, Planorbis, and allied genera. The operculated species are pectinibranchs, belonging to Melantho, Valvata, and various other genera. — Pond spice (Bot.), an American shrub (Tetranthera geniculata) of the Laurel family, with small oval leaves, and axillary clusters of little yellow flowers. The whole plant is spicy. It grows in ponds and swamps from Virginia to Florida. — Pond tortoise, Pond turtle (Zoöl.), any freshwater tortoise of the family Emydidae. Numerous species are found in North America.

Pond , v. t. To make into a pond; to collect, as water, in a pond by damming.

Pond, v. t. [See Ponder.] To ponder. [Obs.] “Pleaseth you, pond your suppliant’s plaint.” Spenser.

Pon´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pondered p. pr. & vb. n. Pondering.] [L. ponderare, fr. pondus, ponderis, a weight, fr. pendere to weigh: cf. F. ponderer. See Pendant, and cf. Pound a weight.] 1. To weigh. [Obs.] 2. To weigh in the mind; to view with deliberation; to examine carefully; to consider attentively. “Ponder the path of thy feet.” Prov. iv. 26. Syn. — To Ponder, Consider, Muse. To consider means to view or contemplate with fixed thought. To ponder is to dwell upon with long and anxious attention, with a view to some practical result or decision. To muse is simply to think upon continuously with no definite object, or for the pleasure it gives. We consider any subject which is fairly brought before us; we ponder a concern involving great interests; we muse on the events of childhood.

Pon´der, v. i. To think; to deliberate; to muse; — usually followed by on or over. Longfellow.

Pon•der•a•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ponderabilite.] The quality or state of being ponderable.

Pon´der•a•ble , a. [L. ponderabilis: cf. F. ponderable.] Capable of being weighed; having appreciable weight. — Pon´der•a•ble•ness, n.

Pon´der•al , a. [Cf. F. ponderal.] Estimated or ascertained by weight; — distinguished from numeral; as a ponderal drachma. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Pon´der•ance , n. [L. ponderans, p. pr. of ponderare to weigh: cf. OF. ponderant of weight.] Weight; gravity. [R.] Gregory.

Pon´der•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to weight; as a ponderary system. [R.] M’Culloch.

Pon´der•ate , v. t. [L. ponderatus, p. p. of ponderare. See Ponder.] To consider; to ponder. [R.]

Pon´der•ate, v. i. To have weight or influence. [R.]

Pon•der•a´tion , n. [L. ponderatio: cf. F. ponderation.] The act of weighing. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Pon´der•er , n. One who ponders.

Pon´der•ing, a. Deliberating. — Pon´der•ing•ly, adv.

Pon•der•os´i•ty , n.; pl. Ponderosities (#). [OF. ponderosite.] The quality or state of being ponderous; weight; gravity; heaviness, ponderousness; as the ponderosity of gold. Ray.

Pon´der•ous , a. [L. ponderosus, from pondus, -eris, a weight: cf. F. pondereux. See Ponder.] 1. Very heavy; weighty; as a ponderous shield; a ponderous load; the ponderous elephant. “The sepulcher …
Hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws.” Shak. 2. Important; momentous; forcible. ´Your more ponderous and settled project.´ Shak. 3. Heavy; dull; wanting; lightless or spirit; as a ponderous style; a ponderous joke. Ponderous spar (Min.), heavy spar, or barytes. See Barite.

Pon´der•ous•ly, adv. In a ponderous manner.

Pon´der•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being ponderous; ponderosity.

Pond´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of American fresh-water fishes belonging to the family Centrarchidae; — called also pond perch, and sunfish. The common pondfish of New England (Lepomis gibbosus) is called also bream, pumpkin seed, and sunny. See Sunfish. The long-eared pondfish (Lepomis auritus) of the Eastern United States is distinguished by its very long opercular flap.

Pond´weed , n. (Bot.) Any aquatic plant of the genus Potamogeton, of which many species are found in ponds or slow-moving rivers. Choke pondweed, an American water weed (Anarcharis, or Elodea, Canadensis.) See Anacharis. — Horned pondweed, the Zannichellia palustris, a slender, branching aquatic plant, having pointed nutlets.

Pone (pon), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] A kind of johnnycake. [Written also paune.] [Southern U. S.]

Po´nent , a. [OF., fr. It. ponente, properly, setting (applied to the setting sun), fr. L. ponens, p. pr. of ponere to set, put.] Western; occidental. [R.] “Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds.” Milton.

Pon•gee´ , n. [Of East Indian origin.] A fabric of undyed silk from India and China.

Pon•ghee´ , n. [From the native name.] A Buddhist priest of the higher orders in Burmah. Malcom.

Pon´go , n. (Zoöl.) Any large ape; especially, the chimpanzee and the orang- outang.

Pon´iard , n. [F. poignard (cf. It. pugnale, Sp. puñal), fr. L. pugio, -onis; probably akin to pugnus fist, or fr. pugnus fist, as held in the fist. See Pugnacious.] A kind of dagger, — usually a slender one with a triangular or square blade. “She speaks poniards, and every word stabs.” Shak.

Pon´iard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poniarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Poniarding.] To pierce with a poniard; to stab. Cowper.

Po•ni•bil´i•ty , n. [L. ponere to place.] The capability of being placed or located. [Obs.] Barrow.

Pons , n.; pl. Pontes (#). [L., a bridge.] (Anat.) A bridge; — applied to several parts which connect others, but especially to the pons Varolii, a prominent band of nervous tissue situated on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata and connected at each side with the hemispheres of the cerebellum; the mesocephalon. See Brain. Pons asinorum. [L., literally, bridge of asses.] See Asses’ bridge, under Ass.

Pon´tage ( 48), n. [LL. pontagium, from L. pons, pontis, a bridge: cf. F. pontage.] (O. Eng. Law) A duty or tax paid for repairing bridges. Ayliffe.

Pon•tee´ , n. [F. pontil, pontis.] (Glass Making) An iron rod used by glass makers for manipulating the hot glass; — called also puntil, puntel, punty, and ponty. See Fascet.

Pon´tic , a. [L. Ponticus, Gr. , fr. the sea, especially, the Black Sea.] Of or pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea.

Pon´ti•fex , n.; pl. Pontifices (#). [L.] A high priest; a pontiff.

Pon´tiff , n. [F. pontife, L. pontifex, -ficis; pons, pontis, a bridge (perhaps originally, a way, path) + facere to make. Cf. Pontoon.] A high priest. Especially: (a) One of the sacred college, in ancient Rome, which had the supreme jurisdiction over all matters of religion, at the head of which was the Pontifex Maximus. Dr. W. Smith. (b) (Jewish Antiq.) The chief priest. (c) (R. C. Ch.) The pope.

Pon•tif´ic , a. [Cf. L. pontificius.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, pontiffs or priests. ´The pontific college with their augurs and flamens.´ Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to the pope; papal. Shenstone.

Pon•tif´ic•al , a. [L. pontificalis: cf. F. pontifical. See Pontiff.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pontiff, or high priest; as pontifical authority; hence, belonging to the pope; papal. 2. Of or pertaining to the building of bridges. [R.] “Now had they brought the work by wondrous art
Pontifical, a ridge of pendent rock
Over the vexed abyss.” Milton.

Pon•tif´ic•al, n. [F.] 1. A book containing the offices, or formulas used by a pontiff. South. 2. pl. The dress and ornaments of a pontiff. ´Dressed in full pontificals.´ Sir W. Scott.

Pon•tif•i•cal´i•ty , n. The state and government of the pope; the papacy. [R.] Bacon.

Pon•tif´ic•al•ly, adv. In a pontifical manner.

Pon•tif´i•cate , n. [L. pontificatus: cf. F. pontificat. See Pontiff.] 1. The state or dignity of a high priest; specifically, the office of the pope. Addison. 2. The term of office of a pontiff. Milman.

Pon•tif´i•cate , v. i. (R. C. Ch.) To perform the duty of a pontiff.

Pon´ti•fice , n. [L. pons, pontis, a bridge + facere to make. Cf. Pontiff.] Bridgework; structure or edifice of a bridge. [R.] Milton.

Pon•ti•fi´cial , a. [L. pontificius.] Papal; pontifical. [Obs.] ´Pontificial writers.´ Burton.

Pon•ti•fi´cian , a. Of or pertaining to the pontiff or pope. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pon•ti•fi´cian, n. One who adheres to the pope or papacy; a papist. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Pon´til , n. Same as Pontee.

Pon´tile , a. [L. pontilis pertaining to a bridge.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pons Varolii. See Pons.

Pon´tine , a. [L. Pontinus or Pomptinus, an appellation given to a district in Latium, near Pometia.] Of or pertaining to an extensive marshy district between Rome and Naples. [Written also Pomptine.]

Pont´le•vis , n. [F., properly, a drawbridge.] (Man.) The action of a horse in rearing repeatedly and dangerously.

Pon•ton´ , n. [F.] See Pontoon.

Pon•toon´ , n. [F. ponton (cf. It. pontone), from L. ponto, -onis, fr. pons, pontis, a bridge, perhaps originally, a way, path: cf. Gr. path, Skr. path, pathi, panthan. Cf. Punt a boat.] 1. (Mil.) A wooden flat-bottomed boat, a metallic cylinder, or a frame covered with canvas India rubber, etc., forming a portable float, used in building bridges quickly for the passage of troops. 2. (Naut.) A low, flat vessel, resembling a barge, furnished with cranes, capstans, and other machinery, used in careening ships, raising weights, drawing piles, etc., chiefly in the Mediterranean; a lighter. Pontoon bridge, a bridge formed with pontoons. — Pontoon train, the carriages of the pontoons, and the materials they carry for making a pontoon bridge. The French spelling ponton often appears in scientific works, but pontoon is more common form.

Pon•toon´ing, n. The act, art, or process of constructing pontoon bridges. ´Army instruction in pontooning.´ Gen. W. T. Shermah.

Pont•vo•lant´ ( F. ?), n. [F. pont bridge + volant flying.] (Mil.) A kind of light bridge, used in sieges, for surprising a post or outwork which has but a narrow moat; a flying bridge.

Pon´ty , n. (Class Making) See Pontee.

Po´ny , n.; pl. Ponies . [Written also poney.] [Gael. ponaidh.] 1. A small horse. 2. Twenty-five pounds sterling. [Slang, Eng.] 3. A translation or a key used to avoid study in getting lessons; a crib. [College Cant] 4. A small glass of beer. [Slang] Pony chaise, a light, low chaise, drawn by a pony or a pair of ponies. — Pony engine, a small locomotive for switching cars from one track to another. [U.S.] — Pony truck (Locomotive Engine), a truck which has only two wheels. — Pony truss (Bridge Building), a truss which has so little height that overhead bracing can not be used.

Pood , n. [Russ. pud’.] A Russian weight, equal to forty Russian pounds or about thirty-six English pounds avoirdupois.

Poo´dle , n. [G. pudel.] (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs having curly hair, and often showing remarkable intelligence in the performance of tricks.

Pooh , interj. [Of. imitative origin; cf. Icel. pu.] Pshaw! pish! nonsense! — an expression of scorn, dislike, or contempt.

Pooh•-pooh´ , v. t. To make light of; to treat with derision or contempt, as if by saying pooh! pooh! [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Poo´koo , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A red African antelope (Kobus Vardoni) allied to the water buck.

Pool , n. [AS. pol; akin to LG. pool, pohl, D. poel, G. pfuhl; cf. Icel. pollr, also W. pwll, Gael. poll.] 1. A small and rather deep collection of (usually) fresh water, as one supplied by a spring, or occurring in the course of a stream; a reservoir for water; as the pools of Solomon. Wyclif. “Charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool.” Bacon. “The sleepy pool above the dam.” Tennyson. 2. A small body of standing or stagnant water; a puddle. ´The filthy mantled pool beyond your cell.´ Shak.

Pool, n. [F. poule, properly, a hen. See Pullet.] [Written also poule.] 1. The stake played for in certain games of cards, billiards, etc.; an aggregated stake to which each player has contributed a snare; also the receptacle for the stakes. 2. A game at billiards, in which each of the players stakes a certain sum, the winner taking the whole; also in public billiard rooms, a game in which the loser pays the entrance fee for all who engage in the game; a game of skill in pocketing the balls on a pool table. This game is played variously, but commonly with fifteen balls, besides one cue ball, the contest being to drive the most balls into the pockets. “He plays pool at the billiard houses.” Thackeray. 3. In rifle shooting, a contest in which each competitor pays a certain sum for every shot he makes, the net proceeds being divided among the winners. 4. Any gambling or commercial venture in which several persons join. 5. A combination of persons contributing money to be used for the purpose of increasing or depressing the market price of stocks, grain, or other commodities; also the aggregate of the sums so contributed; as the pool took all the wheat offered below the limit; he put $10,000 into the pool. 6. (Railroads) A mutual arrangement between competing lines, by which the receipts of all are aggregated, and then distributed pro rata according to agreement. 7. (Law) An aggregation of properties or rights, belonging to different people in a community, in a common fund, to be charged with common liabilities. Pin pool, a variety of the game of billiards in which small wooden pins are set up to be knocked down by the balls. — Pool ball, one of the colored ivory balls used in playing the game at billiards called pool. — Pool snipe (Zoöl.), the European redshank. [Prov. Eng.] — Pool table, a billiard table with pockets.

Pool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pooled p. pr. & vb. n. Pooling.] To put together; to contribute to a common fund, on the basis of a mutual division of profits or losses; to make a common interest of; as the companies pooled their traffic. “Finally, it favors the poolingof all issues.” U. S. Grant.

Pool, v. i. To combine or contribute with others, as for a commercial, speculative, or gambling transaction.

Pool´er , n. A stick for stirring a tan vat.

Pool´ing, n. (Law) The act of uniting, or an agreement to unite, an aggregation of properties belonging to different persons, with a view to common liabilities or profits.

Poon , n. [Canarese ponne.] A name for several East Indian, or their wood, used for the masts and spars of vessels, as Calophyllum angustifolium, C. inophullum, and Sterculia fœtida; — called also peon.

Poo´nac , n. A kind of oil cake prepared from the cocoanut. See Oil cake, under Cake.

Poon´ga oil A kind of oil used in India for lamps, and for boiling with dammar for pitching vessels. It is pressed from the seeds of a leguminous tree (Pongamia glabra).

Poop , n. (Arch.) See 2d Poppy.

Poop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pooped p. pr. & vb. n. Pooping.] [Cf. D. poepen. See Pop.] To make a noise; to pop; also to break wind.

Poop, n. [F. poupe; cf. Sp. & Pg. popa, It. poppa; all fr. L. puppis.] (Naut.) A deck raised above the after part of a vessel; the hindmost or after part of a vessel’s hull; also a cabin covered by such a deck. See Poop deck, under Deck. See also Roundhouse. “With wind in poop, the vessel plows the sea.” Dryden. “The poop was beaten gold.” Shak.

Poop, v. t. (Naut.) (a) To break over the poop or stern, as a wave. ´A sea which he thought was going to poop her.´ Lord Dufferin. (b) To strike in the stern, as by collision.

Pooped , p. p. & a. (Naut.) (a) Having a poop; furnished with a poop. (b) Struck on the poop.

Poop´ing , n. (Naut.) The act or shock of striking a vessel’s stern by a following wave or vessel.

Poor , a. [Compar. Poorer ( 254); superl. Poorest.] [OE. poure or povre, OF. povre, F. pauvre, L. pauper; the first syllable of which is probably akin to paucus few (see Paucity, Few), and the second to parare to prepare, procure. See Few, and cf. Parade, Pauper, Poverty.] 1. Destitute of property; wanting in material riches or goods; needy; indigent. It is often synonymous with indigent and with necessitous denoting extreme want. It is also applied to persons who are not entirely destitute of property, but who are not rich; as a poor man or woman; poor people. 2. (Law) So completely destitute of property as to be entitled to maintenance from the public. 3. Hence, in very various applications: Destitute of such qualities as are desirable, or might naturally be expected; as: (a) Wanting in fat, plumpness, or fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; as a poor horse, ox, dog, etc. ´Seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill-favored and lean-fleshed.´ Gen. xli. 19. (b) Wanting in strength or vigor; feeble; dejected; as poor health; poor spirits. ´His genius … poor and cowardly.´ Bacon. (c) Of little value or worth; not good; inferior; shabby; mean; as poor clothes; poor lodgings. ´A poor vessel.´ Clarendon. (d) Destitute of fertility; exhausted; barren; sterile; — said of land; as poor soil. (e) Destitute of beauty, fitness, or merit; as a poor discourse; a poor picture. (f) Without prosperous conditions or good results; unfavorable; unfortunate; unconformable; as a poor business; the sick man had a poor night. (g) Inadequate; insufficient; insignificant; as a poor excuse. “That I have wronged no man will be a poor plea or apology at the last day.” Calamy. 4. Worthy of pity or sympathy; — used also sometimes as a term of endearment, or as an expression of modesty, and sometimes as a word of contempt. “And for mine own poor part,
Look you, I’ll go pray.” Shak. “Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing.” Prior. 5. Free from self-assertion; not proud or arrogant; meek. ´Blessed are the poor in spirit.´ Matt. v. 3. Poor law, a law providing for, or regulating, the relief or support of the poor. — Poor man’s treacle (Bot.), garlic; — so called because it was thought to be an antidote to animal poison. [Eng] Dr. Prior. — Poor man’s weatherglass (Bot.), the red-flowered pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), which opens its blossoms only in fair weather. — Poor rate, an assessment or tax, as in an English parish, for the relief or support of the poor. — Poor soldier (Zoöl.), the friar bird. — The poor, those who are destitute of property; the indigent; the needy. In a legal sense, those who depend on charity or maintenance by the public. ´I have observed the more public provisions are made for the poor, the less they provide for themselves.´ Franklin.

Poor , n. (Zoöl.) A small European codfish (Gadus minutus); — called also power cod.

Poor´box , n. A receptacle in which money given for the poor is placed.

Poor´house , n. A dwelling for a number of paupers maintained at public expense; an almshouse; a workhouse.

Poor´-john , n. (Zoöl.) A small European fish, similar to the cod, but of inferior quality. “Poor-john and apple pies are all our fare.” Sir J. Harrington.

Poor´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being poorly; ill health.

Poor´ly, adv. 1. In a poor manner or condition; without plenty, or sufficiency, or suitable provision for comfort; as to live poorly. 2. With little or no success; indifferently; with little profit or advantage; as to do poorly in business. 3. Meanly; without spirit. “Nor is their courage or their wealth so low,
That from his wars they poorly would retire.” Dryden. 4. Without skill or merit; as he performs poorly. Poorly off, not well off; not rich.

Poor´ly, a. Somewhat ill; indisposed; not in health. ´Having been poorly in health.´ T. Scott.

Poor´ness, n. The quality or state of being poor (in any of the senses of the adjective). Bacon.

Poor´-spir•it•ed , a. Of a mean spirit; cowardly; base. — Poor´-spir•it•ed•ness, n.

Poor´-will , n. [So called in imitation of its note.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Western United States (Phalaenoptilus Nutalli) allied to the whip- poor-will.

Poor´-wil•lie , n. [So called in imitation of its note.] (Zoöl.) The bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.]

Pop , n. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Poop.] 1. A small, sharp, quick explosive sound or report; as to go off with a pop. Addison. 2. An unintoxicating beverage which expels the cork with a pop from the bottle containing it; as ginger pop; lemon pop, etc. Hood. 3. (Zoöl.) The European redwing. [Prov. Eng.] Pop corn. (a) Corn, or maize, of peculiar excellence for popping; especially, a kind the grains of which are small and compact. (b) Popped corn; which has been popped.

Pop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Popped p. pr. & vb. n. Popping.] 1. To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound; as the muskets popped away on all sides. 2. To enter, or issue forth, with a quick, sudden movement; to move from place to place suddenly; to dart; — with in, out, upon, off, etc. “He that killed my king …
Popp’d in between the election and my hopes.” Shak. “A trick of popping up and down every moment.” Swift. 3. To burst open with a pop, when heated over a fire; as this corn pops well.

Pop, v. t. 1. To thrust or push suddenly; to offer suddenly; to bring suddenly and unexpectedly to notice; as to pop one’s head in at the door. “He popped a paper into his hand.” Milton. 2. To cause to pop; to cause to burst open by heat, as grains of Indian corn; as to pop corn or chestnuts. To pop off, to thrust away, or put off promptly; as to pop one off with a denial. Locke. — To pop the question, to make an offer of marriage to a lady. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Pop , adv. Like a pop; suddenly; unexpectedly. ´Pop goes his plate.´ Beau. & Fl.

Pope , n. [AS. papa, L. papa father, bishop. Cf. Papa, Papal.] 1. Any ecclesiastic, esp. a bishop. [Obs.] Foxe. 2. The bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. See Note under Cardinal. 3. A parish priest, or a chaplain, of the Greek Church. 4. (Zoöl.) A fish; the ruff. Pope Joan, a game at cards played on a round board with compartments. — Pope’s eye, the gland surrounded with fat in the middle of the thigh of an ox or sheep. R. D. Blackmore. — Pope’s nose, the rump, or uropygium, of a bird. See Uropygium.

Pope´dom , n. [AS. papedom.] 1. The place, office, or dignity of the pope; papal dignity. Shak. 2. The jurisdiction of the pope.

Pope´ling , n. 1. A petty or deputy pope. 2. An adherent of the pope. [R.] Marlowe.

Pop´e•lote , n. A word variously explained as ´a little puppet,´ ´a little doll,´ or ´a young butterfly.´ Cf. Popet. [Obs.] “So gay a popelote, so sweet a wench.” Chaucer.

Pop´er•y , n. The religion of the Roman Catholic Church, comprehending doctrines and practices; — generally used in an opprobrious sense.

Pop´et , n. A puppet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pop´gun , n. A child’s gun; a tube and rammer for shooting pellets, with a popping noise, by compression of air.

Pop´in•jay , n. [OE. popingay, papejay, OF. papegai, papegaut; cf. Pr. papagai, Sp. & Pg. papagayo, It. pappagallo, LGr. , NGr. ; in which the first syllables are perhaps imitative of the bird’s chatter, and the last either fr. L. gallus cock, or the same word as E. jay, F. geai. Cf. Papagay.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The green woodpecker. (b) A parrot. “The pye and popyngay speak they know not what.” Tyndale. 2. A target in the form of a parrot. [Scot.] 3. A trifling, chattering, fop or coxcomb. ´To be so pestered with a popinjay.´ Shak.

Pop´ish , a. Of or pertaining to the pope; taught or ordained by the pope; hence, of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church; — often used opprobriously. — Pop´ish•ly, adv. — Pop´ish•ness, n.

Pop´lar , n. [OE. popler, OF. poplier, F. peuplier, fr. L. populus poplar.] (Bot.) 1. Any tree of the genus Populus; also the timber, which is soft, and capable of many uses. The aspen poplar is Populus tremula and P. tremuloides; Balsam poplar is P. balsamifera; Lombardy poplar (P. dilatata) is a tall, spiry tree; white poplar is Populus alba. 2. The timber of the tulip tree; — called also white poplar. [U.S.]

Po•plex´y , n. Apoplexy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pop´lin , n. [F. popeline, papeline.] A fabric of many varieties, usually made of silk and worsted, — used especially for women’s dresses. Irish poplin, a fabric with silk warp and worsted weft, made in Ireland.

Pop•lit´e•al ( 277), a. [From L. poples, -itis, the ham.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ham; in the region of the ham, or behind the knee joint; as the popliteal space.

Pop•lit´ic , a. (Anat.) Popliteal.

Pop´per , n. A utensil for popping corn, usually a wire basket with a long handle.

Pop´per, n. A dagger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pop´pet , n. 1. See Puppet. 2. (Naut.) One of certain upright timbers on the bilge ways, used to support a vessel in launching. Totten. 3. (Mach.) An upright support or guide fastened at the bottom only. Poppet head, Puppet head. See Headstock (a).

Pop´pied , a. [See 1st Poppy.] 1. Mingled or interspersed with poppies. ´Poppied corn.´ Keats. 2. Affected with poppy juice; hence, figuratively, drugged; drowsy; listless; inactive. [R.] “The poppied sails doze on the yard.” Lowell.

Pop´ping , a. & n. from Pop. Popping crease. (Cricket) See under Crease.

Pop´ple , v. i. [Cf. Pop.] To move quickly up and down; to bob up and down, as a cork on rough water; also to bubble. Cotton.

Pop´ple, n. 1. The poplar. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.] 2. Tares. [Obs.] ´To sow popple among wheat.´ Bale.

Pop´py , n.; pl. Poppies (#). [OE. popy, AS. popig, L. papaver.] (Bot.) Any plant or species of the genus Papaver, herbs with showy polypetalous flowers and a milky juice. From one species (Papaver somniferum) opium is obtained, though all the species contain it to some extent; also a flower of the plant. See Illust. of Capsule. California poppy (Bot.), any yellow- flowered plant of the genus Eschscholtzia. — Corn poppy. See under Corn. — Horn, or Horned, poppy. See under Horn. — Poppy bee (Zoöl.), a leaf-cutting bee (Anthocopa papaveris) which uses pieces cut from poppy petals for the lining of its cells; — called also upholsterer bee. — Prickly poppy (Bot.), Argemone Mexicana, a yellow-flowered plant of the Poppy family, but as prickly as a thistle. — Poppy seed, the seed the opium poppy (P. somniferum). — Spatling poppy (Bot.), a species of Silene (S. inflata). See Catchfly. { Pop´py , Pop´py•head• } n. [F. poupee doll, puppet. See Puppet.] (Arch.) A raised ornament frequently having the form of a final. It is generally used on the tops of the upright ends or elbows which terminate seats, etc., in Gothic churches.

Pop´u•lace , n. [F. populace, fr. It. popolaccio, popolazzo, fr. popolo people, L. populus. See People.] The common people; the vulgar; the multitude, — comprehending all persons not distinguished by rank, office, education, or profession. Pope. “To … calm the peers and please the populace.” Daniel. “They … call us Britain’s barbarous populaces.” Tennyson. Syn. — Mob; people; commonalty.

Pop´u•la•cy , n. Populace. [Obs.] Feltham.

Pop´u•lar , a. [L. popularis, fr. populus people: cf. F. populaire. See People.] 1. Of or pertaining to the common people, or to the whole body of the people, as distinguished from a select portion; as the popular voice; popular elections. ´Popular states.´ Bacon. ´So the popular vote inclines.´ Milton. “The men commonly held in popular estimation are greatest at a distance.” J. H. Newman. 2. Suitable to common people; easy to be comprehended; not abstruse; familiar; plain. “Homilies are plain popular instructions.” Hooker. 3. Adapted to the means of the common people; possessed or obtainable by the many; hence, cheap; common; ordinary; inferior; as popular prices; popular amusements. “The smallest figs, called popular figs, … are, of all others, the basest and of least account.” Holland. 4. Beloved or approved by the people; pleasing to people in general, or to many people; as a popular preacher; a popular law; a popular administration. 5. Devoted to the common people; studious of the favor of the populace. [R.] “Such popular humanity is treason.” Addison. 6. Prevailing among the people; epidemic; as a popular disease. [Obs.] Johnson. Popular action (Law), an action in which any person may sue for penalty imposed by statute. Blackstone.

Pop•u•la´res , n. pl. [L.] The people or the people’s party, in ancient Rome, as opposed to the optimates.

Pop•u•lar´i•ty , n.; pl. Popularities (#). [L. popularitas an effort to please the people: cf. F. popularite.] 1. The quality or state of being popular; especially, the state of being esteemed by, or of being in favor with, the people at large; good will or favor proceeding from the people; as the popularity of a law, statesman, or a book. “A popularity which has lasted down to our time.” Macaulay. 2. The quality or state of being adapted or pleasing to common, poor, or vulgar people; hence, cheapness; inferiority; vulgarity. “This gallant laboring to avoid popularity falls into a habit of affectation.” B. Jonson. 3. Something which obtains, or is intended to obtain, the favor of the vulgar; claptrap. “Popularities, and circumstances which … sway the ordinary judgment.” Bacon. 4. The act of courting the favor of the people. [Obs.] ´Indicted … for popularity and ambition.´ Holland. 5. Public sentiment; general passion. [R.] “A little time be allowed for the madness of popularity to cease.” Bancroft.

Pop•u•lar•i•za´tion , n. The act of making popular, or of introducing among the people.

Pop´u•lar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Popularized p. pr. & vb. n. Popularizing ] [Cf. F. populariser.] To make popular; to make suitable or acceptable to the common people; to make generally known; as to popularize philosophy. ´The popularizing of religious teaching.´ Milman.

Pop´u•lar•i•zer , n. One who popularizes.

Pop´u•lar•ly, adv. In a popular manner; so as to be generally favored or accepted by the people; commonly; currently; as the story was popularity reported. “The victor knight,
Bareheaded, popularly low had bowed.” Dryden.

Pop´u•lar•ness, n. The quality or state of being popular; popularity. Coleridge.

Pop´u•late , a. [L. populus people. See People.] Populous. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pop´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Populated p. pr. & vb. n. Populating.] To furnish with inhabitants, either by natural increase or by immigration or colonization; to cause to be inhabited; to people.

Pop´u•late, v. i. To propagate. [Obs.] “Great shoals of people which go on to populate.” Bacon.

Pop•u•la´tion , n. [L. populatio: cf. F. population.] 1. The act or process of populating; multiplication of inhabitants. 2. The whole number of people, or inhabitants, in a country, or portion of a country; as a population of ten millions.

Pop´u•la•tor , n. One who populates.

Pop´u•li•cide , n. [L. populus people + caedere to kill.] Slaughter of the people. [R.]

Pop´u•lin , n. [L. populus poplar: cf. F. populine.] (Chem.) A glycoside, related to salicin, found in the bark of certain species of the poplar (Populus), and extracted as a sweet white crystalline substance.

Pop•u•los´i•ty , n. [L. populositas: cf. F. populosite.] Populousness.[Obs.]

Pop´u•lous , a. [L. populosus, fr. populus people: cf. F. populeux.] 1. Abounding in people; full of inhabitants; containing many inhabitants in proportion to the extent of the country. “Heaven, yet populous, retains
Number sufficient to possess her realms.” Milton. 2. Popular; famous. [Obs.] J. Webster. 3. Common; vulgar. [Obs.] Arden of Feversham. 4. Numerous; in large number. [Obs.] ´The dust … raised by your populous troops.´ Shak. — Pop´u•lous•ly, adv. — Pop´u•lous•ness, n.

Po•raille´ , n. [OF. pouraille. See Poor.] Poor people; the poor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Por´bea•gle , n. (Zoöl.) A species of shark (Lamna cornubica), about eight feet long, having a pointed nose and a crescent-shaped tail; — called also mackerel shark. [Written also probeagle.]

Por´cate , a. [L. porca a ridge between two furrows.] (Zoöl.) Having grooves or furrows broader than the intervening ridges; furrowed.

Por´ce•lain , n. (Bot.) Purslain. [Obs.]

Por´ce•lain (277), n. [F. porcelaine, It. porcellana, orig., the porcelain shell, or Venus shell (Cypraea porcellana), from a dim. fr. L. porcus pig, probably from the resemblance of the shell in shape to a pig’s back. Porcelain was called after this shell, either on account of its smoothness and whiteness, or because it was believed to be made from it. See Pork.] A fine translucent or semitransculent kind of earthenware, made first in China and Japan, but now also in Europe and America; — called also China, or China ware. “Porcelain, by being pure, is apt to break.” Dryden. Ivory porcelain, porcelain with a surface like ivory, produced by depolishing. See Depolishing. — Porcelain clay. See under Clay. — Porcelain crab (Zoöl.), any crab of the genus Porcellana and allied genera (family Porcellanidae). They have a smooth, polished carapace. — Porcelain jasper. (Min.) See Porcelanite. — Porcelain printing, the transferring of an impression of an engraving to porcelain. — Porcelain shell (Zoöl.), a cowry.

Por´ce•lain•ized , a. (Geol.) Baked like potter’s lay; — applied to clay shales that have been converted by heat into a substance resembling porcelain. { Por•ce•la´ne•ous , Por•cel•la´ne•ous } a. 1. Of or pertaining to porcelain; resembling porcelain; as porcelaneous shells. 2. (Zoöl.) Having a smooth, compact shell without pores; — said of certain Foraminifera.

Por´ce•la•nite , n. [Cf. F. porcelanite.] (Min.) A semivitrified clay or shale, somewhat resembling jasper; — called also porcelain jasper. { Por´ce•la•nous , Por´cel•la•nous } a. Porcelaneous. Ure.

Porch , n. [F. porche, L. porticus, fr. porta a gate, entrance, or passage. See Port a gate, and cf. Portico.] 1. (Arch.) A covered and inclosed entrance to a building, whether taken from the interior, and forming a sort of vestibule within the main wall, or projecting without and with a separate roof. Sometimes the porch is large enough to serve as a covered walk. See also Carriage porch, under Carriage, and Loggia. “The graceless Helen in the porch I spied
Of Vesta’s temple.” Dryden. 2. A portico; a covered walk. [Obs.] “Repair to Pompey’s porch, where you shall find find us.” Shak. The Porch, a public portico, or great hall, in Athens, where Zeno, the philosopher, taught his disciples; hence, sometimes used as equivalent to the school of the Stoics. It was called ´h poiki•lh stoa•. [See Poicile.]

Por´cine , a. [L. porcinus, from porcus a swine. See Pork.] Of or pertaining to swine; characteristic of the hog. ´Porcine cheeks.´ G. Eliot.

Por´cu•pine , n. [OE. porkepyn, porpentine, OF. porc-espi, F. porc- epic (cf. It. porco spino, porco spinoso, Sp. puerco espino, puerco espin, fr. L. porcus swine + spina thorn, spine). The last part of the French word is perhaps a corruption from the It. or Sp.; cf. F. epi ear, a spike of grain, L. spica. See Pork, Spike a large nail, Spine.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any Old Word rodent of the genus Hystrix, having the back covered with long, sharp, erectile spines or quills, sometimes a foot long. The common species of Europe and Asia (Hystrix cristata) is the best known. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of Erethizon and related genera, native of America. They are related to the true porcupines, but have shorter spines, and are arboreal in their habits. The Canada porcupine (Erethizon dorsatus) is a well known species. Porcupine ant-eater (Zoöl.), the echidna. — Porcupine crab (Zoöl.), a large spiny Japanese crab (Acantholithodes hystrix). — Porcupine disease (Med.). See Ichthyosis. — Porcupine fish (Zoöl.), any plectognath fish having the body covered with spines which become erect when the body is inflated. See Diodon, and Globefish. — Porcupine grass (Bot.), a grass (Stipa spartea) with grains bearing a stout twisted awn, which, by coiling and uncoiling through changes in moisture, propels the sharp-pointed and barbellate grain into the wool and flesh of sheep. It is found from Illinois westward. See Illustration in Appendix. — Porcupine wood (Bot.), the hard outer wood of the cocoa palm; — so called because, when cut horizontally, the markings of the wood resemble the quills of a porcupine.

Pore , n. [F., fr. L. porus, Gr. a passage, a pore. See Fare, v.] 1. One of the minute orifices in an animal or vegetable membrane, for transpiration, absorption, etc. 2. A minute opening or passageway; an interstice between the constituent particles or molecules of a body; as the pores of stones.

Pore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pored p. pr. & vb. n. Poring.] [OE. poren, of uncertain origin; cf. D. porren to poke, thrust, Gael. purr.] To look or gaze steadily in reading or studying; to fix the attention; to be absorbed; — often with on or upon, and now usually with over.´Painfully to pore upon a book.´ Shak. “The eye grows weary with poring perpetually on the same thing.” Dryden.

Pore´blind , a. [Probably influenced by pore, v. See Purblind.] Nearsighted; shortsighted; purblind. [Obs.] Bacon.

Por´er , n. One who pores.

Por´gy , n.; pl. Porgies (#). [See Paugie.] (Zoöl.) (a) The scup. (b) The sailor’s choice, or pinfish. (c) The margate fish. (d) The spadefish. (e) Any one of several species of embiotocoids, or surf fishes, of the Pacific coast. The name is also given locally to several other fishes, as the bur fish. [Written also porgee, porgie, and paugy.]

Po•rif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. porus pore + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) A grand division of the Invertebrata, including the sponges; — called also Spongiae, Spongida, and Spongiozoa. The principal divisions are Calcispongiae, Keratosa or Fibrospongiae, and Silicea.

Po•rif´er•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Polifera.

Po•rif•e•ra´ta , n. pl. [NL.] The Polifera.

Po´ri•form , a. [L. porus pore + -form: cf. F. poriforme.] Resembling a pore, or small puncture.

Po´rime , n. [Gr. practicable.] (Math.) A theorem or proposition so easy of demonstration as to be almost self-evident. [R.] Crabb.

Por´i•ness , n. Porosity. Wiseman.

Po´rism , n. [Gr. a thing procured, a deduction from a demonstration, fr. to bring, provide: cf. F. porisme.] 1. (Geom.) A proposition affirming the possibility of finding such conditions as will render a certain determinate problem indeterminate or capable of innumerable solutions. Playfair. 2. (Gr. Geom.) A corollary. Brande & C. Three books of porisms of Euclid have been lost, but several attempts to determine the nature of these propositions and to restore them have been made by modern geometers. { Po•ris•mat´ic , Po•ris•mat´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a porism; poristic. { Po•ris´tic , Po•ris´tic•al } a.[Gr. for providing, provided.] Of or pertaining to a porism; of the nature of a porism.

Po´rite , n. [Cf. F. porite. See Pore, n.] (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Porites, or family Poritidae.

Po•ri´tes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. po•ros a pore.] (Zoöl.) An important genus of reef-building corals having small twelve-rayed calicles, and a very porous coral. Some species are branched, others grow in large massive or globular forms.

Pork , n. [F. porc, L. porcus hog, pig. See Farrow a litter of pigs, and cf. Porcelain, Porpoise.] The flesh of swine, fresh or salted, used for food.

Pork´er , n. A hog. Pope.

Pork´et , n. [Dim. of F. porc. See Pork.] A young hog; a pig. [R.] Dryden. W. Howitt.

Pork´ling , n. A pig; a porket. Tusser.

Pork´wood , n. (Bot.) The coarse-grained brownish yellow wood of a small tree (Pisonia obtusata) of Florida and the West Indies. Also called pigeon wood, beefwood, and corkwood.

Por•ne•ras´tic , a. [Gr. harlot + to love.] Lascivious; licentious. [R.] F. Harrison.

Por•no•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to pornography; lascivious; licentious; as pornographic writing.

Por•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. a harlot + -graphy.] 1. Licentious painting or literature; especially, the painting anciently employed to decorate the walls of rooms devoted to bacchanalian orgies. 2. (Med.) A treatise on prostitutes, or prostitution.

Po•ros´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. porosite.] The quality or state of being porous; — opposed to density.

Po•rot´ic , n. [Gr. callus.] (Med.) A medicine supposed to promote the formation of callus.

Por´ous , a. [Cf. F. poreux. See Pore, n.] Full of pores; having interstices in the skin or in the substance of the body; having spiracles or passages for fluids; permeable by liquids; as a porous skin; porous wood. ´The veins of porous earth.´ Milton.

Por´ous•ly, adv. In a porous manner.

Por´ous•ness, n. 1. The quality of being porous. 2. The open parts; the interstices of anything. [R.] “They will forcibly get into the porousness of it.” Sir K. Digby.

Por´pen•tine , n. Porcupine. [Obs.] Shak.

Por´pesse , n. A porpoise. [Obs.]

Por•phy•ra´ceous , a. Porphyritic.

Por´phyre , n. Porphyry. [Obs.] Locke.

Por´phy•rite , n. (Min.) A rock with a porphyritic structure; as augite porphyrite.

Por•phy•rit´ic , a. [Cf. F. porphyritique.] (Min.) Relating to, or resembling, porphyry, that is, characterized by the presence of distinct crystals, as of feldspar, quartz, or augite, in a relatively fine-grained base, often aphanitic or cryptocrystalline.

Por•phy•ri•za´tion , n. The act of porphyrizing, or the state of being porphyrized.

Por•phy•rize , v. t. [Cf. F. porphyriser, Gr. to purplish.] To cause to resemble porphyry; to make spotted in composition, like porphyry.

Por•phy•ro•gen´i•tism , n. [LL. porphyro genitus, fr. Gr. ; purple + root of to be born.] The principle of succession in royal families, especially among the Eastern Roman emperors, by which a younger son, if born after the accession of his father to the throne, was preferred to an elder son who was not so born. Sir T. Palgrave.

Por´phy•ry , n.; pl. Porphyries (#). [F. porphyre, L. porphyrites, fr. Gr. like purple, fr. purple. See Purple.] (Geol.) A term used somewhat loosely to designate a rock consisting of a fine-grained base (usually feldspathic) through which crystals, as of feldspar or quartz, are disseminated. There are red, purple, and green varieties, which are highly esteemed as marbles. Porphyry shell (Zoöl.), a handsome marine gastropod shell (Oliva porphyria), having a dark red or brown polished surface, marked with light spots, like porphyry.

Por´pi•ta , n. [NL., from Gr. brooch.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bright-colored Siphonophora found floating in the warmer parts of the ocean. The individuals are round and disk-shaped, with a large zooid in the center of the under side, surrounded by smaller nutritive and reproductive zooids, and by slender dactylozooids near the margin. The disk contains a central float, or pneumatocyst.

Por´poise , n. [OE. porpeys, OF. porpeis, literally, hog fish, from L. porcus swine + piscis fish. See Pork, and Fish.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any small cetacean of the genus Phocaena, especially P. communis, or P. phocaena, of Europe, and the closely allied American species (P. Americana). The color is dusky or blackish above, paler beneath. They are closely allied to the dolphins, but have a shorter snout. Called also harbor porpoise, herring hag, puffing pig, and snuffer. 2. (Zoöl.) A true dolphin (Delphinus); — often so called by sailors. Skunk porpoise, or Bay porpoise (Zoöl.), a North American porpoise (Lagenorhynchus acutus), larger than the common species, and with broad stripes of white and yellow on the sides. See Illustration in Appendix.

Por•po•ri´no , n. [It.] A composition of quicksilver, tin, and sulphur, forming a yellow powder, sometimes used by mediaeval artists, for the sake of economy, instead of gold. Fairholt.

Por´pus , n. A porpoise. [Obs.] Swift.

Por•ra´ceous , a. [L. porraceus, from porrum, porrus, a leek.] Resembling the leek in color; greenish. [R.] ´Porraceous vomiting.´ Wiseman.

Por•rect´ , a. [L. porrectus, p. p. of porrigere to stretch out before one’s self, to but forth.] Extended horizontally; stretched out.

Por•rec´tion , n. [L. porrectio: cf. F. porrection.] The act of stretching forth.

Por´ret , n. [F. porrette, fr. L. porrum, porrus, leek. See Porraceous.] A scallion; a leek or small onion. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Por´ridge , n. [Probably corrupted fr. pottage; perh. influenced by OE. porree a kind of pottage, OF. porree, fr. L. porrum, porrus, leek. See Pottage, and cf. Porringer.] A food made by boiling some leguminous or farinaceous substance, or the meal of it, in water or in milk, making of broth or thin pudding; as barley porridge, milk porridge, bean porridge, etc.

Por´rin•ger , n. [OE. pottanger, for pottager; cf. F. potager a soup basin. See Porridge.] A porridge dish; esp., a bowl or cup from which children eat or are fed; as a silver porringer. Wordsworth.

Port , n. [From Oporto, in Portugal, i. e., porto the port, L. portus. See Port harbor.] A dark red or purple astringent wine made in Portugal. It contains a large percentage of alcohol.

Port, n. [AS. port, L. portus: cf. F. port. See Farm, v., Ford, and 1st, 3d, & 4h Port.] 1. A place where ships may ride secure from storms; a sheltered inlet, bay, or cove; a harbor; a haven. Used also figuratively. “Peering in maps for ports and piers and roads.” Shak. “We are in port if we have Thee.” Keble. 2. In law and commercial usage, a harbor where vessels are admitted to discharge and receive cargoes, from whence they depart and where they finish their voyages. Free port. See under Free. — Port bar. (Naut,) (a) A boom. See Boom, 4, also Bar, 3. (b) A bar, as of sand, at the mouth of, or in, a port. — Port charges (Com.), charges, as wharfage, etc., to which a ship or its cargo is subjected in a harbor. — Port of entry, a harbor where a customhouse is established for the legal entry of merchandise. — Port toll (Law), a payment made for the privilege of bringing goods into port. — Port warden, the officer in charge of a port; a harbor master.

Port , n. [F. porte, L. porta, akin to portus; cf. AS. porte, fr. L. porta. See Port a harbor, and cf. Porte.] 1. A passageway; an opening or entrance to an inclosed place; a gate; a door; a portal. [Archaic] “Him I accuse
The city ports by this hath entered.” Shak. “Form their ivory port the cherubim
Forth issuing.” Milton. 2. (Naut.) An opening in the side of a vessel; an embrasure through which cannon may be discharged; a porthole; also the shutters which close such an opening. “Her ports being within sixteen inches of the water.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. (Mach.) A passageway in a machine, through which a fluid, as steam, water, etc., may pass, as from a valve to the interior of the cylinder of a steam engine; an opening in a valve seat, or valve face. Air port, Bridle port, etc. See under Air, Bridle, etc. — Port bar (Naut.), a bar to secure the ports of a ship in a gale. — Port lid (Naut.), a lid or hanging for closing the portholes of a vessel. — Steam port, ∧ Exhaust port (Steam Engine), the ports of the cylinder communicating with the valve or valves, for the entrance or exit of the steam, respectively.

Port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ported; p. pr. & vb. n. Porting.] [F. porter, L. portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To carry; to bear; to transport. [Obs.] “They are easily ported by boat into other shires.” Fuller. 2. (Mil.) To throw, as a musket, diagonally across the body, with the lock in front, the right hand grasping the small of the stock, and the barrel sloping upward and crossing the point of the left shoulder; as to port arms. “Began to hem him round with ported spears.” Milton. Port arms, a position in the manual of arms, executed as above.

Port, n. [F. port, fr. porter to carry, L. portare, prob. akin to E. fare, v. See Port harbor, and cf. Comport, Export, Sport.] The manner in which a person bears himself; deportment; carriage; bearing; demeanor; hence, manner or style of living; as a proud port. Spenser. “And of his port as meek as is a maid.” Chaucer. “The necessities of pomp, grandeur, and a suitable port in the world.” South.

Port, n. [Etymology uncertain.] (Naut.) The larboard or left side of a ship (looking from the stern toward the bow); as a vessel heels to port. See Note under Larboard. Also used adjectively.

Port, v. t. (Naut.) To turn or put to the left or larboard side of a ship; — said of the helm, and used chiefly in the imperative, as a command; as port your helm.

Por´ta , n.; pl. Portae (#). [L., a gate. See Port a hole.] (Anat.) (a) The part of the liver or other organ where its vessels and nerves enter; the hilus. (b) The foramen of Monro. B. G. Wilder.

Port•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being portable; fitness to be carried.

Port´a•ble , a. [L. portabilis, fr. portare to carry: cf. F. portable. See Port demeanor.] 1. Capable of being borne or carried; easily transported; conveyed without difficulty; as a portable bed, desk, engine. South. 2. Possible to be endured; supportable. [Obs.] “How light and portable my pain seems now!” Shak. Portable forge. See under Forge. — Portable steam engine. See under Steam engine.

Port´a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being portable; portability.

Por´tace ( 48), n. See Portass. [Obs.]

Port´age ( 48), n. [From 2d Port.] (Naut.) (a) A sailor’s wages when in port. (b) The amount of a sailor’s wages for a voyage.

Port´age, n. [3d Port.] A porthole. [Obs.] Shak.

Por´tage , n. [F., from porter to carry. See Port to carry.] 1. The act of carrying or transporting. 2. The price of carriage; porterage. Bp. Fell. 3. Capacity for carrying; tonnage. [Obs.] Hakluyt. 4. A carry between navigable waters. See 3d Carry.

Por´tage , v. t. & i. To carry (goods, boats, etc.) overland between navigable waters.

Por´tage group [So called from the township of Portage in New York.] (Geol.) A subdivision of the Chemung period in American geology. See Chart of Geology.

Por´ta•gue , n. [See Portuguese.] A Portuguese gold coin formerly current, and variously estimated to be worth from three and one half to four and one half pounds sterling. [Obs.] [Written also portegue and portigue.] “Ten thousand portagues, besides great pearls.” Marlowe.

Por´tal , n. [OF. portal, F. portail, LL. portale, fr. L. porta a gate. See Port a gate.] 1. A door or gate; hence, a way of entrance or exit, especially one that is grand and imposing. “Thick with sparkling orient gems
The portal shone.” Milton. “From out the fiery portal of the east.” Shak. 2. (Arch.) (a) The lesser gate, where there are two of different dimensions. (b) Formerly, a small square corner in a room separated from the rest of the apartment by wainscoting, forming a short passage to another apartment. (c) By analogy with the French portail, used by recent writers for the whole architectural composition which surrounds and includes the doorways and porches of a church. 3. (Bridge Building) The space, at one end, between opposite trusses when these are terminated by inclined braces. 4. A prayer book or breviary; a portass. [Obs.] Portal bracing (Bridge Building), a combination of struts and ties which lie in the plane of the inclined braces at a portal, serving to transfer wind pressure from the upper parts of the trusses to an abutment or pier of the bridge.

Por´tal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a porta, especially the porta of the liver; as the portal vein, which enters the liver at the porta, and divides into capillaries after the manner of an artery. Portal is applied to other veins which break up into capillaries; as the renal portal veins in the frog.

Por•ta•men´to , n. [It., fr. portare to carry.] (Mus.) In singing, or in the use of the bow, a gradual carrying or lifting of the voice or sound very smoothly from one note to another; a gliding from tone to tone.

Por´tance , n. See Port, carriage, demeanor. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

Por´tass , n. [OF. porte-hors a kind of prayer book, so called from being portable; cf. LL. portiforium.] A breviary; a prayer book. [Written variously portace, portasse, portesse, portise, porthose, portos, portus, portuse, etc.] [Obs.] Spenser. Camden. “By God and by this porthors I you swear.” Chaucer.

Por´tate , a. [L. portatus, p. p. of portare to carry.] (Her.) Borne not erect, but diagonally athwart an escutcheon; as a cross portate.

Por´ta•tive , a. [Cf. F. portatif.] 1. Portable. [Obs.] 2. (Physics) Capable of holding up or carrying; as the portative force of a magnet, of atmospheric pressure, or of capillarity.

Port´cluse , n. A portcullis. [Obs.]

Port•cray´on , n. [F. porte- crayon; porter to carry + crayon a crayon.] A metallic handle with a clasp for holding a crayon.

Port•cul´lis , n. [OF. porte coulisse, coleïce, a sliding door, fr. L. colare, colatum, to filter, to strain: cf. F. couler to glide. See Port a gate, and cf. Cullis, Colander.] 1. (Fort.) A grating of iron or of timbers pointed with iron, hung over the gateway of a fortress, to be let down to prevent the entrance of an enemy. ´Let the portcullis fall.´ Sir W. Scott. “She … the huge portcullis high updrew.” Milton. 2. An English coin of the reign of Elizabeth, struck for the use of the East India Company; — so called from its bearing the figure of a portcullis on the reverse.

Port•cul´lis, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Portcullised p. pr. & vb. n. Portcullising.] To obstruct with, or as with, a portcullis; to shut; to bar. [R.] Shak.

Porte , n. [F. porte a gate, L. porta. See Port a gate.] The Ottoman court; the government of the Turkish empire, officially called the Sublime Porte, from the gate (port) of the sultan’s palace at which justice was administered.

Porte´-co•chère´ , n. [F. See Port a gate, and Coach.] (Arch.) A large doorway allowing vehicles to drive into or through a building. It is common to have the entrance door open upon the passage of the porte-cochère. also a porch over a driveway before an entrance door.

Port´ed , a. Having gates. [Obs.] “We took the sevenfold-ported Thebes.” Chapman.

Por´te•gue , n. See Portague. [Obs.]

Porte´mon•naie , n. [F., fr. porter to carry + monnaie money.] A small pocketbook or wallet for carrying money.

Por•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Portended; p. pr. & vb. n. Portending.] [L. portendre, portentum, to foretell, to predict, to impend, from an old preposition used in comp. + tendere to stretch. See Position, Tend.] 1. To indicate (events, misfortunes, etc.) as in future; to foreshow; to foretoken; to bode; — now used esp. of unpropitious signs. Bacon. “Many signs portended a dark and stormy day.” Macaulay. 2. To stretch out before. [R.] ´Doomed to feel the great Idomeneus’ portended steel.´ Pope. Syn. — To foreshow; foretoken; betoken; forebode; augur; presage; foreshadow; threaten.

Por•ten´sion , n. The act of foreshowing; foreboding. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Por•tent´ ( 277), n. [L. portentum. See Portend.] That which portends, or foretoken; esp., that which portends evil; a sign of coming calamity; an omen; a sign. Shak. “My loss by dire portents the god foretold.” Dryden.

Por•tent´ive , a. Presaging; foreshadowing.

Por•tent´ous , a. [L. portentosus.] 1. Of the nature of a portent; containing portents; foreshadowing, esp. foreshadowing ill; ominous. “For, I believe, they are portentous things.” Shak. “Victories of strange and almost portentous splendor.” Macaulay. 2. Hence: Monstrous; prodigious; wonderful; dreadful; as a beast of portentous size. Roscommon. — Por•tent´ous•ly, adv. — Por•tent´ous•ness, n.

Por´ter , n. [F. portier, L. portarius, from porta a gate, door. See Port a gate.] A man who has charge of a door or gate; a doorkeeper; one who waits at the door to receive messages. Shak. “To him the porter openeth.” John x. 3.

Por´ter, n. [F. porteur, fr. porter to carry, L. portare. See Port to carry.] 1. A carrier; one who carries or conveys burdens, luggage, etc.; for hire. 2. (Forging) A bar of iron or steel at the end of which a forging is made; esp., a long, large bar, to the end of which a heavy forging is attached, and by means of which the forging is lifted and handled in hammering and heating; — called also porter bar. 3. A malt liquor, of a dark color and moderately bitter taste, possessing tonic and intoxicating qualities. Porter is said to be so called as having been first used chiefly by the London porters, and this application of the word is supposed to be not older than 1750.

Por´ter•age , n. 1. The work of a porter; the occupation of a carrier or of a doorkeeper. 2. Money charged or paid for the carriage of burdens or parcels by a porter.

Por´ter•ess, n. See Portress.

Por´ter•house, n. A house where porter is sold. Porterhouse steak, a steak cut from a sirloin of beet, including the upper and under part.

Por´tesse , n. See Porteass. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Port´fire , n. A case of strong paper filled with a composition of niter, sulphur, and mealed powder, — used principally to ignite the priming in proving guns, and as an incendiary material in shells.

Port•fol´io , n. [F. portefeuille; porter to carry + feuille a leaf. See Port to carry, and Folio.] 1. A portable case for holding loose papers, prints, drawings, etc. 2. Hence: The office and functions of a minister of state or member of the cabinet; as to receive the portfolio of war; to resign the portfolio.

Port´glave , n. [F. porte- glaive; porter to carry + glaive a sword.] A sword bearer. [Obs.] { Port´greve• , Port´grave• }[AS. portgerefa; port a harbor + gerefa a reeve or sheriff. See Reeve a steward, and cf. Portreeve.] In old English law, the chief magistrate of a port or maritime town.; a portreeve. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Port´hole , n. (Naut.) An embrasure in a ship’s side. See 3d Port.

Port´hook , n. (Naut.) One of the iron hooks to which the port hinges are attached. J. Knowles.

Port´hors , n. See Portass. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Por´ti•co, n.; pl. Porticoes (#) or Porticos. [It., L. porticus. See Porch.] (Arch.) A colonnade or covered ambulatory, especially in classical styles of architecture; usually, a colonnade at the entrance of a building.

Por´ti•coed , a. Furnished with a portico.

Por•tière´´ , n. [F., fr. porte gate, door. See Port a gate.] A curtain hanging across a doorway.

Por´ti•gue , n. See Portague. Beau. & Fl.

Por´tin•gal , a. Of or pertaining to Portugal; Portuguese. [Obs.] — n. A Portuguese. [Obs.]

Por´tion , n. [F., from L. portio, akin to pars, partis, a part. See Part, n.] 1. That which is divided off or separated, as a part from a whole; a separated part of anything. 2. A part considered by itself, though not actually cut off or separated from the whole. “These are parts of his ways; but how little a portion is heard of him!” Job xxvi. 14. “Portions and parcels of the dreadful past.” Tennyson. 3. A part assigned; allotment; share; fate. “The lord of that servant … will appoint him his portion with the unbelievers.” Luke xii. 46. “Man’s portion is to die and rise again.” Keble. 4. The part of an estate given to a child or heir, or descending to him by law, and distributed to him in the settlement of the estate; an inheritance. “Give me the portion of goods that falleth to me.” Luke xv. 12. 5. A wife’s fortune; a dowry. Shak. Syn. — Division; share; parcel; quantity; allotment; dividend. — Portion, Part. Part is generic, having a simple reference to some whole. Portion has the additional idea of such a division as bears reference to an individual, or is allotted to some object; as a portion of one’s time; a portion of Scripture.

Por´tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Portioned p. pr. & vb. n. Portioning.] 1. To separate or divide into portions or shares; to parcel; to distribute. “And portion to his tribes the wide domain.” Pope. 2. To endow with a portion or inheritance. “Him portioned maids, apprenticed orphans, blest.” Pope.

Por´tion•er , n. 1. One who portions. 2. (Eccl.) See Portionist, 2.

Por´tion•ist , n. 1. A scholar at Merton College, Oxford, who has a certain academical allowance or portion; — corrupted into postmaster. Shipley. 2. (Eccl.) One of the incumbents of a benefice which has two or more rectors or vicars.

Por´tion•less, a. Having no portion.

Por´tise , n. See Portass. [Obs.]

Port´land ce•ment´ A cement having the color of the Portland stone of England, made by calcining an artificial mixture of carbonate of lime and clay, or sometimes certain natural limestones or chalky clays. It contains a large proportion of clay, and hardens under water.

Port´land stone´ A yellowish-white calcareous freestone from the Isle of Portland in England, much used in building.

Port´land vase A celebrated cinerary urn or vase found in the tomb of the Emperor Alexander Severus. It is owned by the Duke of Portland, and kept in the British Museum.

Port´last , n. (Naut.) The portoise. See Portoise.

Port´li•ness , n. 1. The quality or state of being portly; dignity of mien or of personal appearance; stateliness. “Such pride is praise; such portliness is honor.” Spenser. 2. Bulkiness; corpulence.

Port´ly, a. [From Port demeanor.] 1. Having a dignified port or mien; of a noble appearance; imposing. 2. Bulky; corpulent. ´A portly personage.´ Dickens.

Port´man , n.; pl. Portmen . An inhabitant or burgess of a port, esp. of one of the Cinque Ports.

Port•man´teau , n.; pl. Portmanteaus (#). [F. porte-manteau; porter to carry + manteau a cloak, mantle. See Port to carry, and Mantle.] A bag or case, usually of leather, for carrying wearing apparel, etc., on journeys. Thackeray.

Port•man´tle , n. A portmanteau. [Obs.]

Port´mote , n. In old English law, a court, or mote, held in a port town. [Obs.] Blackstone.

Por´toir , n. [OF., fr. porter to bear.] One who, or that which, bears; hence, one who, or that which, produces. [Obs.] “Branches … which were portoirs, and bare grapes.” Holland.

Por´toise , n. [Perhaps fr. OF. porteis portative, portable.] (Naut.) The gunwale of a ship. To lower the yards a-portoise, to lower them to the gunwale. — To ride a portoise, to ride an anchor with the lower yards and topmasts struck or lowered, as in a gale of wind.

Por´tos , n. See Portass. [Obs.]

Port´pane , n. [From L. portare to carry + panis bread; prob. through French.] A cloth for carrying bread, so as not to touch it with the hands. [Obs.]

Por´trait , n. [F., originally p. p. of portraire to portray. See Portray.] 1. The likeness of a person, painted, drawn, or engraved; commonly, a representation of the human face painted from real life. “In portraits, the grace, and, we may add, the likeness, consists more in the general air than in the exact similitude of every feature.” Sir J. Reynolds. The meaning of the word is sometimes extended so as to include a photographic likeness. 2. Hence, any graphic or vivid delineation or description of a person; as a portrait in words. Portrait bust, or Portrait statue, a bust or statue representing the actual features or person of an individual; — in distinction from an ideal bust or statue.

Por´trait, v. t. To portray; to draw. [Obs.] Spenser.

Por´trait•ist, n. A portrait painter. [R.] Hamerton.

Por´trai•ture ( 135), n. [F. portraiture.] 1. A portrait; a likeness; a painted resemblance; hence, that which is copied from some example or model. “For, by the image of my cause, I see
The portraiture of his.” Shak. “Divinity maketh the love of ourselves the pattern; the love of our neighbors but the portraiture.” Bacon. 2. Pictures, collectively; painting. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. The art or practice of making portraits. Walpole.

Por´trai•ture, v. t. To represent by a portrait, or as by a portrait; to portray. [R.] Shaftesbury.

Por•tray´ , v. t. [Written also pourtray.] [imp. & p. p. portrayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Portraying.] [OE. pourtraien, OF. portraire, pourtraire, F. portraire, fr. L. protrahere, protractum, to draw or drag forth; pro forward, forth + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Protract.] 1. To paint or draw the likeness of; as to portray a king on horseback. “Take a tile, and lay it before thee, and portray upon it the city, even Jerusalem.” Ezek. iv. 1. 2. Hence, figuratively, to describe in words. 3. To adorn with pictures. [R.] “Spear and helmets thronged, and shields
Various with boastful arguments potrayed.” Milton.

Por•tray´al , n. The act or process of portraying; description; delineation.

Por•tray´er , n. One who portrays. Chaucer.

Port´reeve , n. A port warden.

Por´tress , n. A female porter. Milton.

Port-roy´al•ist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the dwellers in the Cistercian convent of Port Royal des Champs, near Paris, when it was the home of the Jansenists in the 17th century, among them being Arnauld, Pascal, and other famous scholars. Cf. Jansenist.

Port´sale , n. [Port gate + sale.] Public or open sale; auction. [Obs.] Holland.

Por´tu•a•ry ( 135), n. [Cf. Portass.] (R. C. Ch.) A breviary. [Eng.]

Por´tu•guese , a. [Cf. F. portugais, Sp. portugues, Pg. portuguez.] Of or pertaining to Portugal, or its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Portugal; people of Portugal. Portuguese man-of-war. (Zoöl.) See Physalia.

Por•tu•la´ca , n. [L., purslane.] (Bot.) A genus of polypetalous plants; also any plant of the genus. Portulaca oleracea is the common purslane. P. grandiflora is a South American herb, widely cultivated for its showy crimson, scarlet, yellow, or white, ephemeral blossoms.

Por•tu•la•ca´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Portulacaceae), of which Portulaca is the type, and which includes also the spring beauty (Claytonia) and other genera.

Por´wi•gle , n. See Polliwig.

Por´y , a. Porous; as pory stone. [R.] Dryden.

Po•se´ , a. [F., placed, posed.] (Her.) Standing still, with all the feet on the ground; — said of the attitude of a lion, horse, or other beast.

Pose , n. [AS. gepose; of uncertain origin; cf. W. pas a cough, Skr. kas to cough, and E. wheeze.] A cold in the head; catarrh. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pose , n. [F. pose, fr. poser. See Pose, v. t.] The attitude or position of a person; the position of the body or of any member of the body; especially, a position formally assumed for the sake of effect; an artificial position; as the pose of an actor; the pose of an artist’s model or of a statue.

Pose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posed p. pr. & vb. n. Posing.] [F. poser to place, to put, L. pausare to pause, in LL. also to place, put, fr. L. pausa a pause, Gr. , fr. to make to cease, prob. akin to E. few. In compounds, this word appears corresponding to L. ponere to put, place, the substitution in French having been probably due to confusion of this word with L. positio position, fr. ponere. See Few, and cf. Appose, Dispose, Oppose, Pause, Repose, Position.] To place in an attitude or fixed position, for the sake of effect; to arrange the posture and drapery of (a person) in a studied manner; as to pose a model for a picture; to pose a sitter for a portrait.

Pose, v. i. To assume and maintain a studied attitude, with studied arrangement of drapery; to strike an attitude; to attitudinize; figuratively, to assume or affect a certain character; as she poses as a prude. “He … posed before her as a hero.” Thackeray.

Pose, v. t. [Shortened from appose, for oppose. See 2d Appose, Oppose.] 1. To interrogate; to question. [Obs.] ´She … posed him and sifted him.´ Bacon. 2. To question with a view to puzzling; to embarrass by questioning or scrutiny; to bring to a stand. “A question wherewith a learned Pharisee thought to pose and puzzle him.” Barrow.

Posed , a. Firm; determined; fixed. ´A most posed … and grave behavior.´ [Obs.] Urquhart.

Pos´er , n. One who, or that which, puzzles; a difficult or inexplicable question or fact. Bacon.

Po´sied , a. Inscribed with a posy. “In poised lockets bribe the fair.” Gay.

Pos´ing•ly , adv. So as to pose or puzzle.

Pos´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posited; p. pr. & vb. n. Positing.] [L. ponere, positum, to place. See Position.] 1. To dispose or set firmly or fixedly; to place or dispose in relation to other objects. Sir M. Hale. 2. (Logic) To assume as real or conceded; as to posit a principle. Sir W. Hamilton.

Po•si´tion , n. [F. position, L. positio, fr. ponere, positum, to put, place; prob. for posino, fr. an old preposition used only in comp. (akin to Gr. ) + sinere to leave, let, permit, place. See Site, and cf. Composite, Compound, v., Depone, Deposit, Expound, Impostor, Opposite, Propound, Pose, v., Posit, Post, n.] 1. The state of being posited, or placed; the manner in which anything is placed; attitude; condition; as a firm, an inclined, or an upright position. “We have different prospects of the same thing, according to our different positions to it.” Locke. 2. The spot where a person or thing is placed or takes a place; site; place; station; situation; as the position of man in creation; the fleet changed its position. 3. Hence: The ground which any one takes in an argument or controversy; the point of view from which any one proceeds to a discussion; also a principle laid down as the basis of reasoning; a proposition; a thesis; as to define one’s position; to appear in a false position. “Let not the proof of any position depend on the positions that follow, but always on those which go before.” I. Watts. 4. Relative place or standing; social or official rank; as a person of position; hence, office; post; as to lose one’s position. 5. (Arith.) A method of solving a problem by one or two suppositions; — called also the rule of trial and error. Angle of position (Astron.), the angle which any line (as that joining two stars) makes with another fixed line, specifically with a circle of declination. — Double position (Arith.), the method of solving problems by proceeding with each of two assumed numbers, according to the conditions of the problem, and by comparing the difference of the results with those of the numbers, deducing the correction to be applied to one of them to obtain the true result. — Guns of position (Mil.), heavy fieldpieces, not designed for quick movements. — Position finder (Mil.), a range finder. See under Range. — Position micrometer, a micrometer applied to the tube of an astronomical telescope for measuring angles of position in the field of view. — Single position (Arith.), the method of solving problems, in which the result obtained by operating with an assumed number is to the true result as the number assumed is to the number required. — Strategic position (Mil.), a position taken up by an army or a large detachment of troops for the purpose of checking or observing an opposing force. Syn. — Situation; station; place; condition; attitude; posture; proposition; assertion; thesis.

Po•si´tion , v. t. To indicate the position of; to place. [R.] Encyc. Brit. Po•si´tion•al a. Of or pertaining to position. “Ascribing unto plants positional operations.” Sir T. Browne.

Pos´i•tive , a. [OE. positif, F. positif, L. positivus. See Position.] 1. Having a real position, existence, or energy; existing in fact; real; actual; — opposed to negative. ´Positive good.´ Bacon. 2. Derived from an object by itself; not dependent on changing circumstances or relations; absolute; — opposed to relative; as the idea of beauty is not positive, but depends on the different tastes individuals. 3. Definitely laid down; explicitly stated; clearly expressed; — opposed to implied; as a positive declaration or promise. “Positive words, that he would not bear arms against King Edward’s son.” Bacon. 4. Hence: Not admitting of any doubt, condition, qualification, or discretion; not dependent on circumstances or probabilities; not speculative; compelling assent or obedience; peremptory; indisputable; decisive; as positive instructions; positive truth; positive proof. ´’T is positive ’gainst all exceptions.´ Shak. 5. Prescribed by express enactment or institution; settled by arbitrary appointment; said of laws. “In laws, that which is natural bindeth universally; that which is positive, not so.” Hooker. 6. Fully assured; confident; certain; sometimes, overconfident; dogmatic; overbearing; — said of persons. “Some positive, persisting fops we know,
That, if once wrong, will needs be always.” Pope. 7. Having the power of direct action or influence; as a positive voice in legislation. Swift. 8. (Photog.) Corresponding with the original in respect to the position of lights and shades, instead of having the lights and shades reversed; as a positive picture. 9. (Chem.) (a) Electro- positive. (b) Hence, basic; metallic; not acid; — opposed to negative, and said of metals, bases, and basic radicals. Positive crystals (Opt.), a doubly refracting crystal in which the index of refraction for the extraordinary ray is greater than for the ordinary ray, and the former is refracted nearer to the axis than the latter, as quartz and ice; — opposed to negative crystal, or one in which this characteristic is reversed, as Iceland spar, tourmaline, etc. — Positive degree (Gram.), that state of an adjective or adverb which denotes simple quality, without comparison or relation to increase or diminution; as wise, noble. — Positive electricity (Elec), the kind of electricity which is developed when glass is rubbed with silk, or which appears at that pole of a voltaic battery attached to the plate that is not attacked by the exciting liquid; — formerly called vitreous electricity; — opposed to negative electricity. — Positive eyepiece. See under Eyepiece. — Positive law. See Municipal law, under Law. — Positive motion (Mach.), motion which is derived from a driver through unyielding intermediate pieces, or by direct contact, and not through elastic connections, nor by means of friction, gravity, etc.; definite motion. — Positive philosophy. See Positivism. — Positive pole. (a) (Elec.) The pole of a battery or pile which yields positive or vitreous electricity; — opposed to negative pole. (b) (Magnetism) The north pole. [R.] — Positive quantity (Alg.), an affirmative quantity, or one affected by the sign plus [+]. — Positive rotation (Mech.), left-handed rotation. — Positive sign (Math.), the sign [+] denoting plus, or more, or addition.

Pos´i•tive, n. 1. That which is capable of being affirmed; reality. South. 2. That which settles by absolute appointment. 3. (Gram.) The positive degree or form. 4. (Photog.) A picture in which the lights and shades correspond in position with those of the original, instead of being reversed, as in a negative. R. Hunt. 5. (Elec.) The positive plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell.

Pos´i•tive•ly, adv. In a positive manner; absolutely; really; expressly; with certainty; indubitably; peremptorily; dogmatically; — opposed to negatively. “Good and evil which is removed may be esteemed good or evil comparatively, and positively simply.” Bacon. “Give me some breath, some little pause, my lord,
Before I positively speak herein.” Shak. “I would ask … whether … the divine law does not positively require humility and meekness.” Sprat. Positively charged or electrified (Elec.), having a charge of positive electricity; — opposed to negatively electrified.

Pos´i•tive•ness, n. The quality or state of being positive; reality; actualness; certainty; confidence; peremptoriness; dogmatism. See Positive, a. “Positiveness, pedantry, and ill manners.” Swift. “The positiveness of sins of commission lies both in the habitude of the will and in the executed act too; the positiveness of sins of omission is in the habitude of the will only.” Norris.

Pos´i•tiv•ism , n. A system of philosophy originated by M. Auguste Comte, which deals only with positives. It excludes from philosophy everything but the natural phenomena or properties of knowable things, together with their invariable relations of coexistence and succession, as occurring in time and space. Such relations are denominated laws, which are to be discovered by observation, experiment, and comparison. This philosophy holds all inquiry into causes, both efficient and final, to be useless and unprofitable.

Pos´i•tiv•ist, n. A believer in positivism. — a. Relating to positivism.

Pos•i•tiv´i•ty , n. Positiveness. J. Morley.

Pos´i•ture ( 135), n. See Posture. [Obs.]

Pos´net , n. [OF. poçonet, dim. of poçon a pot, a vessel.] A little basin; a porringer; a skillet. { Pos•o•log´ic , Pos•o•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. posologique.] Pertaining to posology.

Po•sol´o•gy , n. [Gr. how much + -logy: cf. F. posologie.] (Med.) The science or doctrine of doses; dosology.

Pos´po•lite , n. [Pol. pospolite ruszenie a general summons to arms, an arriere-ban; pospolity general + ruszenie a stirring.] A kind of militia in Poland, consisting of the gentry, which, in case of invasion, was summoned to the defense of the country.

Poss , v. t. [See Push.] To push; to dash; to throw. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] “A cat … possed them [the rats] about.” Piers Plowman.

Pos´se , n. See Posse comitatus. In posse. See In posse in the Vocabulary.

Pos´se com•i•ta´tus [L. posse to be able, to have power + LL. comitatus a county, from comes, comitis, a count. See County, and Power.] 1. (Law) The power of the county, or the citizens who may be summoned by the sheriff to assist the authorities in suppressing a riot, or executing any legal precept which is forcibly opposed. Blackstone. 2. A collection of people; a throng; a rabble. [Colloq.] The word comitatus is often omitted, and posse alone used. ´A whole posse of enthusiasts.´ Carlyle. “As if the passion that rules were the sheriff of the place, and came off with all the posse.” Locke.

Pos•sess´ ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Possessed p. pr. & vb. n. Possessing.] [L. possessus, p. p. of possidere to have, possess, from an inseparable prep. (cf. Position) + sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. To occupy in person; to hold or actually have in one’s own keeping; to have and to hold. “Houses and fields and vineyards shall be possessed again in this land.” Jer. xxxii. 15. “Yet beauty, though injurious, hath strange power,
After offense returning, to regain
Love once possessed.” Milton. 2. To have the legal title to; to have a just right to; to be master of; to own; to have; as to possess property, an estate, a book. “I am yours, and all that I possess.” Shak. 3. To obtain occupation or possession of; to accomplish; to gain; to seize. “How … to possess the purpose they desired.” Spenser. 4. To enter into and influence; to control the will of; to fill; to affect; — said especially of evil spirits, passions, etc. ´Weakness possesseth me.´ Shak. “Those which were possessed with devils.” Matt. iv. 24. “For ten inspired, ten thousand are possessed.” Roscommon. 5. To put in possession; to make the owner or holder of property, power, knowledge, etc.; to acquaint; to inform; — followed by of or with before the thing possessed, and now commonly used reflexively. “I have possessed your grace of what I purpose.” Shak. “Record a gift … of all he dies possessed
Unto his son.” Shak. “We possessed our selves of the kingdom of Naples.” Addison. “To possess our minds with an habitual good intention.” Addison. Syn. — To have; hold; occupy; control; own. — Possess, Have. Have is the more general word. To possess denotes to have as a property. It usually implies more permanence or definiteness of control or ownership than is involved in having. A man does not possess his wife and children: they are (so to speak) part of himself. For the same reason, we have the faculties of reason, understanding, will, sound judgment, etc.: they are exercises of the mind, not possessions.

Pos•ses´sion , n. [F. possession, L. possessio.] 1. The act or state of possessing, or holding as one’s own. 2. (Law) The having, holding, or detention of property in one’s power or command; actual seizin or occupancy; ownership, whether rightful or wrongful. Possession may be either actual or constructive; actual, when a party has the immediate occupancy; constructive, when he has only the right to such occupancy. 3. The thing possessed; that which any one occupies, owns, or controls; in the plural, property in the aggregate; wealth; dominion; as foreign possessions. “When the young man heard that saying, he went away sorrowful, for he had great possessions.” Matt. xix. 22. “Ananias with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession.” Acts v. 1. “The house of Jacob shall possess their possessions.” Ob. 17. 4. The state of being possessed or controlled, as by an evil spirit, or violent passions; madness; frenzy; as demoniacal possession. “How long hath this possession held the man?” Shak. To give possession, to put in another’s power or occupancy. — To put in possession. (a) To invest with ownership or occupancy; to provide or furnish with; as to put one in possession of facts or information. (b) (Law) To place one in charge of property recovered in ejectment or writ of entry. — To take possession, to enter upon, or to bring within one’s power or occupancy. — Writ of possession (Law), a precept directing a sheriff to put a person in peaceable possession of property recovered in ejectment or writ of entry.

Pos•ses´sion, v. t. To invest with property. [Obs.]

Pos•ses´sion•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to possession; arising from possession.

Pos•ses´sion•er , n. 1. A possessor; a property holder. [Obs.] ´Possessioners of riches.´ E. Hall. “Having been of old freemen and possessioners.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. An invidious name for a member of any religious community endowed with property in lands, buildings, etc., as contrasted with mendicant friars. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Pos•ses•si´val , a. Of or pertaining to the possessive case; as a possessival termination. Earle.

Pos•sess´ive , a. [L. possessivus: cf. F. possessif.] Of or pertaining to possession; having or indicating possession. Possessive case (Eng. Gram.), the genitive case; the case of nouns and pronouns which expresses ownership, origin, or some possessive relation of one thing to another; as Homer’s admirers; the pear’s flavor; the dog’s faithfulness. — Possessive pronoun, a pronoun denoting ownership; as his name; her home; my book.

Pos•sess´ive , n. 1. (Gram.) The possessive case. 2. (Gram.) A possessive pronoun, or a word in the possessive case.

Pos•sess´ive•ly, adv. In a possessive manner.

Pos•sess´or , n. [L.: cf. F. possesseur.] One who possesses; one who occupies, holds, owns, or controls; one who has actual participation or enjoyment, generally of that which is desirable; a proprietor. ´Possessors of eternal glory.´ Law. “As if he had been possessor of the whole world.” Sharp. Syn. — Owner; proprietor; master; holder; occupant.

Pos•sess´o•ry , a. [L. possessorius: cf. F. possessoire.] Of or pertaining to possession, either as a fact or a right; of the nature of possession; as a possessory interest; a possessory lord. Possessory action or suit (Law), an action to regain or obtain possession of something. See under Petitory.

Pos´set , n. [W. posel curdled milk, posset.] A beverage composed of hot milk curdled by some strong infusion, as by wine, etc., — much in favor formerly. ´I have drugged their posset.´ Shak.

Pos´set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Posseting.] 1. To curdle; to turn, as milk; to coagulate; as to posset the blood. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To treat with possets; to pamper. [R.] ´She was cosseted and posseted.´ O. W. Holmes.

Pos•si•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Possibilities (#). [F. possibilite, L. possibilitas.] 1. The quality or state of being possible; the power of happening, being, or existing. ´All possibility of error.´ Hooker. ´Latent possibilities of excellence.´ Johnson. 2. That which is possible; a contingency; a thing or event that may not happen; a contingent interest, as in real or personal estate. South. Burrill.

Pos´si•ble , a. [F., fr. L. possibilis, fr. posse to be able, to have power; potis able, capable + esse to be. See Potent, Am, and cf. Host a landlord.] Capable of existing or occurring, or of being conceived or thought of; able to happen; capable of being done; not contrary to the nature of things; — sometimes used to express extreme improbability; barely able to be, or to come to pass; as possibly he is honest, as it is possible that Judas meant no wrong. “With God all things are possible.” Matt. xix. 26. Syn. — Practicable; likely. See Practicable.

Pos´si•bly, adv. In a possible manner; by possible means; especially, by extreme, remote, or improbable intervention, change, or exercise of power; by a chance; perhaps; as possibly he may recover. “Can we … possibly his love desert?” Milton. “When possibly I can, I will return.” Shak.

Pos´sum , n. [Shortened from opossum.] (Zoöl.) An opossum. [Colloq. U. S.] To play possum, To act possum, to feign ignorance, indifference or inattention, with the intent to deceive; to dissemble; — in allusion to the habit of the opossum, which feigns death when attacked or alarmed.

Post- (post). [L. post behind, after; cf. Skr. paçcabehind, afterwards.] A prefix signifying behind, back, after; as postcommissure, postdot, postscript.

Post, a. [F. aposter to place in a post or position, generally for a bad purpose.] Hired to do what is wrong; suborned. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Post, n. [AS., fr. L. postis, akin to ponere, positum, to place. See Position, and cf. 4th Post.] 1. A piece of timber, metal, or other solid substance, fixed, or to be fixed, firmly in an upright position, especially when intended as a stay or support to something else; a pillar; as a hitching post; a fence post; the posts of a house. “They shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper doorpost of the houses.” Ex. xii. 7. “Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore,
The gates of Azza, post and massy bar.” Milton. “Unto his order he was a noble post.” Chaucer. Post, in the sense of an upright timber or strut, is used in composition, in such words as king-post, queen- post, crown-post, gatepost, etc. 2. The doorpost of a victualer’s shop or inn, on which were chalked the scores of customers; hence, a score; a debt. [Obs.] “When God sends coin
I will discharge your post.” S. Rowlands. From pillar to post. See under Pillar. — Knight of the post. See under Knight. — Post hanger (Mach.), a bearing for a revolving shaft, adapted to be fastened to a post. — Post hole, a hole in the ground to set the foot of a post in. — Post mill, a form of windmill so constructed that the whole fabric rests on a vertical axis firmly fastened to the ground, and capable of being turned as the direction of the wind varies. — Post and stall (Coal Mining), a mode of working in which pillars of coal are left to support the roof of the mine.

Post, n. [F. poste, LL. posta station, post (where horses were kept), properly, a fixed or set place, fem. fr. L. positus placed, p. p. of ponere. See Position, and cf. Post a pillar.] 1. The place at which anything is stopped, placed, or fixed; a station. Specifically: (a) A station, or one of a series of stations, established for the refreshment and accommodation of travelers on some recognized route; as a stage or railway post. (b) A military station; the place at which a soldier or a body of troops is stationed; also the troops at such a station. (c) The piece of ground to which a sentinel’s walk is limited. 2. A messenger who goes from station; an express; especially, one who is employed by the government to carry letters and parcels regularly from one place to another; a letter carrier; a postman. “In certain places there be always fresh posts, to carry that further which is brought unto them by the other.” Abp. Abbot. “I fear my Julia would not deign my lines,
Receiving them from such a worthless post.” Shak. 3. An established conveyance for letters from one place or station to another; especially, the governmental system in any country for carrying and distributing letters and parcels; the post office; the mail; hence, the carriage by which the mail is transported. “I send you the fair copy of the poem on dullness, which I should not care to hazard by the common post.” Pope. 4. Haste or speed, like that of a messenger or mail carrier. [Obs.] ´In post he came.´ Shak. 5. One who has charge of a station, especially of a postal station. [Obs.] “He held office of postmaster, or, as it was then called, post, for several years.” Palfrey. 6. A station, office, or position of service, trust, or emolument; as the post of duty; the post of danger. “The post of honor is a private station.” Addison. 7. A size of printing and writing paper. See the Table under Paper. Post and pair, an old game at cards, in which each player a hand of three cards. B. Jonson. — Post bag, a mail bag. — Post bill, a bill of letters mailed by a postmaster. — Post chaise, or Post coach, a carriage usually with four wheels, for the conveyance of travelers who travel post. — Post day, a day on which the mall arrives or departs. — Post hackney, a hired post horse. Sir H. Wotton. — Post horn, a horn, or trumpet, carried and blown by a carrier of the public mail, or by a coachman. — Post horse, a horse stationed, intended, or used for the post. — Post hour, hour for posting letters. Dickens. — Post office. (a) An office under governmental superintendence, where letters, papers, and other mailable matter, are received and distributed; a place appointed for attending to all business connected with the mail. (b) The governmental system for forwarding mail matter. — Postoffice order. See Money order, under Money. — Post road, or Post route, a road or way over which the mail is carried. — Post town. (a) A town in which post horses are kept. (b) A town in which a post office is established by law. — To ride post, to ride, as a carrier of dispatches, from place to place; hence, to ride rapidly, with as little delay as possible. — To travel post, to travel, as a post does, by relays of horses, or by keeping one carriage to which fresh horses are attached at each stopping place.

Post , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posted; p. pr. & vb. n. Posting.] 1. To attach to a post, a wall, or other usual place of affixing public notices; to placard; as to post a notice; to post playbills. Formerly, a large post was erected before the sheriff’s office, or in some public place, upon which legal notices were displayed. This way of advertisement has not entirely gone of use. 2. To hold up to public blame or reproach; to advertise opprobriously; to denounce by public proclamation; as to post one for cowardice. “On pain of being posted to your sorrow
Fail not, at four, to meet me.” Granville. 3. To enter (a name) on a list, as for service, promotion, or the like. 4. To assign to a station; to set; to place; as to post a sentinel. ´It might be to obtain a ship for a lieutenant, … or to get him posted.´ De Quincey. 5. (Bookkeeping) To carry, as an account, from the journal to the ledger; as to post an account; to transfer, as accounts, to the ledger. “You have not posted your books these ten years.” Arbuthnot. 6. To place in the care of the post; to mail; as to post a letter. 7. To inform; to give the news to; to make (one) acquainted with the details of a subject; — often with up. “Thoroughly posted up in the politics and literature of the day.” Lond. Sat. Rev. To post off, to put off; to delay. [Obs.] ´Why did I, venturously, post off so great a business?´ Baxter. — To post over, to hurry over. [Obs.] Fuller.

Post, v. i. [Cf. OF. poster. See 4th Post.] 1. To travel with post horses; figuratively, to travel in haste. ´Post seedily to my lord your husband.´ Shak. “And post o’er land and ocean without rest.” Milton. 2. (Man.) To rise and sink in the saddle, in accordance with the motion of the horse, esp. in trotting. [Eng.]

Post, adv. With post horses; hence, in haste; as to travel post.

Post•-ab•do´men , n. [Pref. post- + abdomen.] (Zoöl.) That part of a crustacean behind the cephalothorax; — more commonly called abdomen.

Post´a•ble , a. Capable of being carried by, or as by, post. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Post´act , n. An act done afterward.

Post´age , n. The price established by law to be paid for the conveyance of a letter or other mailable matter by a public post. Postage stamp, a government stamp required to be put upon articles sent by mail in payment of the postage, esp. an adhesive stamp issued and sold for that purpose.

Post´al , a. [Cf. F. postal.] Belonging to the post office or mail service; as postal arrangements; postal authorities. Postal card, or Post card, a card sold by the government for transmission through the mails, at a lower rate of postage than a sealed letter. The message is written on one side of the card, and the direction on the other. — Postal money order. See Money order, under Money. — Postal note, an order payable to bearer, for a sum of money (in the United States less than five dollars under existing law), issued from one post office and payable at another specified office. — Postal Union, a union for postal purposes entered into by the most important powers, or governments, which have agreed to transport mail matter through their several territories at a stipulated rate.

Post•a´nal , a. [Pref. post- + anal.] (Anat.) Situated behind, or posterior to, the anus.

Post•ax´i•al , a. [Pref. post- + axial.] (Anat.) Situated behind any transverse axis in the body of an animal; caudal; posterior; especially, behind, or on the caudal or posterior (that is, ulnar or fibular) side of, the axis of a vertebrate limb.

Post´boy , n. 1. One who rides post horses; a position; a courier. 2. A boy who carries letters from the post.

Post´-cap•tain , n. A captain of a war vessel whose name appeared, or was ´posted,´ in the seniority list of the British navy, as distinguished from a commander whose name was not so posted. The term was also used in the United States navy; but no such commission as post-captain was ever recognized in either service, and the term has fallen into disuse.

Post´ca•va , n.; pl. Postcavae . [NL. See Post-, and Cave, n.] (Anat.) The inferior vena cava. — Post´ca•val (#), a. B. G. Wilder.

Post•clav´i•cle , n. [Pref. post- + clavicle.] (Anat.) A bone in the pectoral girdle of many fishes projecting backward from the clavicle. — Post••cla•vic´u•lar (#), a.

Post•com´mis•sure , n. [Pref. post- + commisure.] (Anat.) A transverse commisure in the posterior part of the roof of the third ventricle of the brain; the posterior cerebral commisure. B. G. Wilder.

Post•com•mun´ion , n. [Pref. post- + communion.] 1. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) The concluding portion of the communion service. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A prayer or prayers which the priest says at Mass, after the ablutions.

Post•cor´nu , n.; pl. Postcornua (#). [NL. See Post-, and Cornu.] (Anat.) The posterior horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder.

Post´date , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postdated; p. pr. & vb. n. Postdating.] [Pref. post- + date.] 1. To date after the real time; as to postdate a contract, that is, to date it later than the time when it was in fact made. 2. To affix a date to after the event.

Post´date, a. Made or done after the date assigned. “Of these [predictions] some were postdate; cunningly made after the thing came to pass.” Fuller.

Post´date, n. A date put to a bill of exchange or other paper, later than that when it was actually made. { Post•di•lu´vi•al , Post•di•lu´vi•an } a. [Pref. post- + diluvial, diluvian.] Being or happening after the flood in Noah’s days.

Post•di•lu´vi•an, n. One who lived after the flood.

Post´-dis•sei´zin , n. [Pref. post- + disseizin.] (O. Eng. Law) A subsequent disseizin committed by one of lands which the disseizee had before recovered of the same disseizor; a writ founded on such subsequent disseizin, now abolished. Burrill. Tomlins.

Post•-dis•sei´zor , n. [Pref. post- + disseizor.] (O. Eng. Law) A person who disseizes another of lands which the disseizee had before recovered of the same disseizor. Blackstone.

Post´e•a , n. [L., after these or those (things), afterward.] (Law) The return of the judge before whom a cause was tried, after a verdict, of what was done in the cause, which is indorsed on the nisi prius record. Wharton.

Pos´tel , n. Apostle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Post•en•ceph´a•lon , n. (Anat.) The metencephalon.

Post´en•try , n. [Pref. post- + entry.] 1. A second or subsequent, at the customhouse, of goods which had been omitted by mistake. 2. (Bookkeeping) An additional or subsequent entry.

Post´er , n. 1. A large bill or placard intended to be posted in public places. 2. One who posts bills; a billposter.

Post´er, n. 1. One who posts, or travels expeditiously; a courier. ´Posters of the sea and land.´ Shak. 2. A post horse. ´Posters at full gallop.´ C. Lever.

Pos•te´ri•or (pos•te´ri•er), a. [L. posterior, compar. of posterus coming after, from post after. See Post-.] 1. Later in time; hence, later in the order of proceeding or moving; coming after; — opposed to prior. “Hesiod was posterior to Homer.” Broome. 2. Situated behind; hinder; — opposed to anterior. 3. (Anat.) At or toward the caudal extremity; caudal; — in human anatomy often used for dorsal. 4. (Bot.) On the side next the axis of inflorescence; — said of an axillary flower. Gray.

Pos•te•ri•or´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. posteriorite.] The state of being later or subsequent; as posteriority of time, or of an event; — opposed to priority.

Pos•te´ri•or•ly , adv. Subsequently in time; also behind in position.

Pos•te´ri•ors , n. pl. The hinder parts, as of an animal’s body. Swift.

Pos•ter´i•ty , n. [L. posteritas: cf. F. posterite. See Posterior.] 1. The race that proceeds from a progenitor; offspring to the furthest generation; the aggregate number of persons who are descended from an ancestor of a generation; descendants; — contrasted with ancestry; as the posterity of Abraham. “If [the crown] should not stand in thy posterity.” Shak. 2. Succeeding generations; future times. Shak. “Their names shall be transmitted to posterity.” Shak. “Their names shall be transmitted to posterity.” Smalridge.

Pos´tern , n. [OF. posterne, posterle, F. poterne, fr. L. posterula, fr. posterus coming after. See Posterior.] 1. Originally, a back door or gate; a private entrance; hence, any small door or gate. “He by a privy postern took his flight.” Spenser. “Out at the postern, by the abbey wall.” Shak. 2. (Fort.) A subterraneous passage communicating between the parade and the main ditch, or between the ditches and the interior of the outworks. Mahan.

Pos´tern, a. Back; being behind; private. ´The postern door.´ Dryden.

Pos´te•ro- . A combining form meaning posterior, back; as postero-inferior, situated back and below; postero-lateral, situated back and at the side.

Post•ex•ist´ , v. i. [Pref. post- + exist.] To exist after; to live subsequently. [Obs. or R.]

Post•ex•ist´ence , n. Subsequent existence.

Post•ex•ist´ent , a. Existing or living after. [R.] ´Postexistent atoms.´ Cudworth.

Post´fact , a. [See Post-, and Fact.] Relating to a fact that occurs after another.

Post´fact, n. A fact that occurs after another. ´Confirmed upon the postfact.´ Fuller.

Post•fac´tum , n. [LL.] (Rom. & Eng. Law) Same as Postfact.

Post´-fine , n. [Pref. post- + fine.] (O. Eng. Law) A duty paid to the king by the cognizee in a fine of lands, when the same was fully passed; — called also the king’s silver.

Post´fix , n.; pl. Postfixes (#). [Pref. post- + -fix, as in prefix: cf. F. postfixe.] (Gram.) A letter, syllable, or word, added to the end of another word; a suffix. Parkhurst.

Post•fix´ , v. t. To annex; specifically (Gram.), to add or annex, as a letter, syllable, or word, to the end of another or principal word; to suffix. Parkhurst.

Post•fron´tal , a. [Pref. post- + frontal.] (Anat.) Situated behind the frontal bone or the frontal region of the skull; — applied especially to a bone back of and below the frontal in many animals. — n. A postfrontal bone.

Post•fur´ca , n.; pl. Postfurcae (#). [NL., fr. post behind + furca a fork.] (Zoöl.) One of the internal thoracic processes of the sternum of an insect.

Post•gen´i•ture ( 135), n. [Pref. post- + L. genitura birth, geniture.] The condition of being born after another in the same family; — distinguished from primogeniture. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Post•gle´noid , a. [Pref. post- + glenoid.] (Anat.) Situated behind the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.

Post•haste´ , n. Haste or speed in traveling, like that of a post or courier. Shak.

Post•haste, adv. With speed or expedition; as he traveled posthaste; to send posthaste. Shak.

Pos•thet´o•my , n. [Gr. po•sqh prepuce + te•mnein to cut.] (Med.) Circumcision. Dunglison.

Post´house , n. 1. A house established for the convenience of the post, where relays of horses can be obtained. 2. A house for distributing the malls; a post office. { Post´hume , Post´humed } a. Posthumous. [Obs.] I. Watts. Fuller.

Post´hu•mous ( 277), a. [L. posthumus, postumus, properly, last; hence, late born (applied to children born after the father’s death, or after he had made his will), superl. of posterus, posterior. See Posterior.] 1. Born after the death of the father, or taken from the dead body of the mother; as a posthumous son or daughter. 2. Published after the death of the author; as posthumous works; a posthumous edition. 3. Being or continuing after one’s death; as a posthumous reputation. Addison. Sir T. Browne.

Post´hu•mous•ly, adv. In a posthumous manner; after one’s decease.

Pos´tic , a. [L. posticus, fr. post after, behind.] Backward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pos´ti•cous , a. [L. posticus.] (Bot.) (a) Posterior. (b) Situated on the outer side of a filament; — said of an extrorse anther.

Pos´til , n. [F. postille, apostille, LL. postilla, probably from L. post illa (sc. verba) after those (words). Cf. Apostil.] 1. Originally, an explanatory note in the margin of the Bible, so called because written after the text; hence, a marginal note; a comment. “Langton also made postils upon the whole Bible.” Foxe. 2. (R. C. Ch. & Luth. Ch.) A short homily or commentary on a passage of Scripture; as the first postils were composed by order of Charlemagne.

Pos´til, v. t. [Cf. LL. postillare.] To write marginal or explanatory notes on; to gloss. Bacon.

Pos´til, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Postiled or Postilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Postiling or Postilling.] To write postils, or marginal notes; to comment; to postillate. “Postiling and allegorizing on Scripture.” J. H. Newman.

Pos´til•er , n. [Written also postiller.] One who writers marginal notes; one who illustrates the text of a book by notes in the margin. Sir T. Browne.

Pos•til´ion , n. [F. postillon, It. postiglione, fr. posta post. See Post a postman.] One who rides and guides the first pair of horses of a coach or post chaise; also one who rides one of the horses when one pair only is used. [Written also postillion.]

Pos´til•late , v. t. [LL. postillatus, p. p. of postillare.] To explain by marginal notes; to postil. “Tracts … postillated by his own hand.” C. Knight.

Pos´til•late, v. i. 1. To write postils; to comment. 2. To preach by expounding Scripture verse by verse, in regular order.

Pos•til•la´tion , n. [LL. postillatio.] The act of postillating; exposition of Scripture in preaching.

Pos´til•la•tor , n. [LL.] One who postillates; one who expounds the Scriptures verse by verse.

Pos´til•ler , n. See Postiler.

Post´ing , n. 1. The act of traveling post. 2. (Bookkeeping) The act of transferring an account, as from the journal to the ledger. Posting house, a post house.

Post•li•min´i•ar , a. [See Postliminium.] Contrived, done, or existing subsequently. ´Postliminious after applications of them to their purposes.´ South.

Post•li•min´i•a•ry , a. Pertaining to, or involving, the right of postliminium. { Post•li•min´i•um , Post•lim´i•ny } n. [L. postliminium, post after + limen, liminis, a threshold.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The return to his own country, and his former privileges, of a person who had gone to sojourn in a foreign country, or had been banished, or taken by an enemy. Burrill. 2. (Internat. Law) The right by virtue of which persons and things taken by an enemy in war are restored to their former state when coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged. Kent.

Post´lude , n. [Pref. post- + -lude, as in prelude.] (Med.) A voluntary at the end of a service.

Post´man , n.; pl. Postmen . 1. A post or courier; a letter carrier. 2. (Eng. Law) One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer, who have precedence in motions; — so called from the place where he sits. The other of the two is called the tubman. Whishaw.

Post´mark , n. The mark, or stamp, of a post office on a letter, giving the place and date of mailing or of arrival.

Post´mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postmarked p. pr. & vb. n. Postmarking.] To mark with a post-office stamp; as to postmark a letter or parcel.

Post´mas•ter , n. 1. One who has charge of a station for the accommodation of travelers; one who supplies post horses. 2. One who has charge of a post office, and the distribution and forwarding of mails.

Post´mas•ter-gen´er•al , n.; pl. Postmasters-general. The chief officer of the post-office department of a government. In the United States the postmaster-general is a member of the cabinet.

Post´mas•ter•ship, n. The office of postmaster.

Post•me•rid´i•an , a. [L. postmeridianus; post after + meridianus. See Meridian.] 1. Coming after the sun has passed the meridian; being in, or belonging to, the afternoon. (Abbrev. P. M.) 2. Fig., belonging to the after portion of life; late. [R.]

Post-mor´tem , a. [L., after death.] After death; as post-mortem rigidity. Post-mortem examination (Med.), an examination of the body made after the death of the patient; an autopsy.

Post•na´res , n. pl. [NL. See Post-, and Nares.] (Anat.) The posterior nares. See Nares.

Post•na´tal , a. [Pref. post- + natal.] After birth; subsequent to birth; as postnatal infanticide; postnatal diseases.

Post´nate , a. [LL. postnatus second or subsequently born; L. post after + natus born.] Subsequent. ´The graces and gifts of the spirit are postnate.´ [Archaic] Jer. Taylor.

Post´ note (Com.) A note issued by a bank, payable at some future specified time, as distinguished from a note payable on demand. Burrill.

Post•nup´tial , a. [Pref. post- + nuptial.] Being or happening after marriage; as a postnuptial settlement on a wife. Kent. { Post-o´bit , n., or Post-o´bit bond• }. [Pref. post- + obit.] (Law) A bond in which the obligor, in consideration of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified individual from whom he has expectations. Bouvier.

Post•ob•lon•ga´ta , n. [NL. See Post-, and Oblongata.] (Anat.) The posterior part of the medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder.

Post•oc´u•lar , a. & n. [Pref. post- + ocular.] (Zoöl.) Same as Postorbital.

Post´ of•fice , n. See under 4th Post.

Post•o´ral , a. [Pref. post- + oral.] (Anat.) Situated behind, or posterior to, the mouth.

Post•or´bit•al , a. [Pref. post- + orbital.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Situated behind the orbit; as the postorbital scales of some fishes and reptiles. — n. A postorbital bone or scale.

Post´paid , a. Having the postage prepaid, as a letter.

Post•pal´a•tine , a. [Pref. post- + palatine.] (Anat.) Situated behind the palate, or behind the palatine bones.

Post•pli´o•cene , a. (Geol.) [Pref. post- + pliocene.] Of or pertaining to the period immediately following the Pliocene; Pleistocene. Also used as a noun. See Quaternary.

Post•pone´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postponed p. pr. & vb. n. Postponing.] [L. postponere, postpositum; post after + ponere to place, put. See Post-, and Position.] 1. To defer to a future or later time; to put off; also to cause to be deferred or put off; to delay; to adjourn; as to postpone the consideration of a bill to the following day, or indefinitely. “His praise postponed, and never to be paid.” Cowper. 2. To place after, behind, or below something, in respect to precedence, preference, value, or importance. “All other considerations should give way and be postponed to this.” Locke. Syn. — To adjourn; defer; delay; procrastinate.

Post•pone´ment , n. The act of postponing; a deferring, or putting off, to a future time; a temporary delay. Macaulay.

Post•pon´ence , n. [From L. postponens, p. pr.] The act of postponing, in sense 2. [Obs.] Johnson.

Post•pon´er , n. One who postpones.

Post•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postposed p. pr. & vb. n. Postposing.] [F. postposer. See Post-, and Pose, v. t.] To postpone. [Obs.] Fuller.

Post•pos´it , v. t. [L. postpositus, p. p. See Postpone.] To postpone. [Obs.] Feltham.

Post•po•si´tion , n. [Cf. F. postposition. See Postpone.] 1. The act of placing after, or the state of being placed after. ´The postposition of the nominative case to the verb.´ Mede. 2. A word or particle placed after, or at the end of, another word; — distinguished from preposition.

Post•po•si´tion•al , a. Of or pertaining to postposition.

Post•pos´i•tive , a. [See Postpone.] Placed after another word; as a postpositive conjunction; a postpositive letter. - - Post•pos´i•tive•ly, adv.

Post•pran´di•al , a. [Pref. post- + prandial.] Happening, or done, after dinner; after- dinner; as postprandial speeches.

Pos•tre•mo•gen´i•ture ( 135), n. [L. postremus last + genitura birth, geniture.] The right of the youngest born. Mozley & W.

Post•re•mote´ , a. [Pref. post- + remote.] More remote in subsequent time or order.

Post´rid•er , n. One who rides over a post road to carry the mails. Bancroft.

Post•scap´u•la , n. [NL. See Post-, and Scapula.] (Anat.) The part of the scapula behind or below the spine, or mesoscapula.

Post•scap´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the postscapula; infraspinous.

Post•sce´ni•um , n. [L., fr. post + scena a scene.] The part of a theater behind the scenes; the back part of the stage of a theater.

Post•scribe´ , v. t. [L. postscribere. See Postscript.] To make a postscript. [R.] T. Adams.

Post´script , n. [L. postscriptus, (assumed) p. p. of postscribere to write after; post after + scribere to write: cf. F. postscriptum. See Post-, and Scribe.] A paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; an addition made to a book or composition after the main body of the work has been finished, containing something omitted, or something new occurring to the writer. [Abbrev. P. S.]

Post´script•ed, a. Having a postscript; added in a postscript. [R.] J. Q. Adams.

Post•scu•tel´lum , n. [NL. See Post-, and Scutellum.] (Zoöl.) The hindermost dorsal piece of a thoracic somite of an insect; the plate behind the scutellum.

Post•sphe´noid , a. [Pref. post- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the posterior part of the sphenoid bone.

Post-tem´po•ral , a. [Pref. post- + temporal.] (Anat.) Situated back of the temporal bone or the temporal region of the skull; — applied especially to a bone which usually connects the supraclavicle with the skull in the pectoral arch of fishes. — n. A post-temporal bone.

Post•ter´ti•a•ry , a. [Pref. post- + tertiary.] (Geol.) Following, or more recent than, the Tertiary; Quaternary.

Post´-tra•gus , n. [NL. See Post-, and Tragus.] (Anat.) A ridge within and behind the tragus in the ear of some animals.

Post•-tym•pan´ic , a. [Pref. post- + tympanic.] (Anat.) Situated behind the tympanum, or in the skull, behind the auditory meatus.

Pos´tu•lant ( 135), n. [F., fr. L. postulans, p. pr. of postulare. See Postulate.] One who makes a request or demand; hence, a candidate.

Pos´tu•late , n. [L. postulatum a demand, request, prop. p. p. of postulare to demand, prob. a dim. of poscere to demand, prob. for porcscere; akin to G. forschen to search, investigate, Skr. prach to ask, and L. precari to pray: cf. F. postulat. See Pray.] 1. Something demanded or asserted; especially, a position or supposition assumed without proof, or one which is considered as self-evident; a truth to which assent may be demanded or challenged, without argument or evidence. 2. (Geom.) The enunciation of a self- evident problem, in distinction from an axiom, which is the enunciation of a self-evident theorem. “The distinction between a postulate and an axiom lies in this, — that the latter is admitted to be self-evident, while the former may be agreed upon between two reasoners, and admitted by both, but not as proposition which it would be impossible to deny.” Eng. Cyc.

Pos´tu•late, a. Postulated. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Pos´tu•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postulated p. pr. & vb. n. Postulating.] 1. To beg, or assume without proof; as to postulate conclusions. 2. To take without express consent; to assume. “The Byzantine emperors appear to have … postulated a sort of paramount supremacy over this nation.” W. Tooke. 3. To invite earnestly; to solicit. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Pos´tu•la•ted , a. Assumed without proof; as a postulated inference. Sir T. Browne.

Pos•tu•la´tion , n. [L. postulatio: cf. F. postulation.] The act of postulating, or that which is postulated; assumption; solicitation; suit; cause.

Pos´tu•la•to•ry , a. [L. postulatorius.] Of the nature of a postulate. Sir T. Browne.

Pos•tu•la´tum , n.; pl. Postulata (#). [L. See Postulate, n.] A postulate. Addison.

Pos´tu•mous , a. See Posthumous. [R.]

Pos´tur•al ( 135), a. Of or pertaining to posture.

Pos´ture ( 135), n. [F., fr. L. positura, fr. ponere, positum, to place. See Position.] 1. The position of the body; the situation or disposition of the several parts of the body with respect to each other, or for a particular purpose; especially (Fine Arts), the position of a figure with regard to the several principal members by which action is expressed; attitude. “Atalanta, the posture of whose limbs was so lively expressed … one would have sworn the very picture had run.” Sir P. Sidney. “In most strange postures
We have seen him set himself.” Shak. “The posture of a poetic figure is a description of his heroes in the performance of such or such an action.” Dryden. 2. Place; position; situation. [Obs.] Milton. “His [man’s] noblest posture and station in this world.” Sir M. Hale. 3. State or condition, whether of external circumstances, or of internal feeling and will; disposition; mood; as a posture of defense; the posture of affairs. “The several postures of his devout soul.” Atterbury. Syn. — Attitude; position. See Attitude.

Pos´ture ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postured p. pr. & vb. n. Posturing.] To place in a particular position or attitude; to dispose the parts of, with reference to a particular purpose; as to posture one’s self; to posture a model. Howell.

Pos´ture, v. i. 1. To assume a particular posture or attitude; to contort the body into artificial attitudes, as an acrobat or contortionist; also to pose. 2. Fig.: To assume a character; as to posture as a saint.

Pos•tur•er , n. One who postures.

Post•zyg•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Postzygapophyses (#). [NL. See Post- , and Zygapophysis.] (Anat.) A posterior zygapophysis.

Po´sy , n.; pl. Posies (#). [Contr. fr. poesy.] 1. A brief poetical sentiment; hence, any brief sentiment, motto, or legend; especially, one inscribed on a ring. ´The posy of a ring.´ Shak. 2. [Probably so called from the use of flowers as having an enigmatical significance. Wedgwood.] A flower; a bouquet; a nosegay. ´Bridegroom’s posies.´ Spenser. “We make a difference between suffering thistles to grow among us, and wearing them for posies.” Swift.

Pot , n. [Akin to LG. pott, D. pot, Dan. potte, Sw. potta, Icel. pottr, F. pot; of unknown origin.] 1. A metallic or earthen vessel, appropriated to any of a great variety of uses, as for boiling meat or vegetables, for holding liquids, for plants, etc.; as a quart pot; a flower pot; a bean pot. 2. An earthen or pewter cup for liquors; a mug. 3. The quantity contained in a pot; a potful; as a pot of ale. ´Give her a pot and a cake.´ De Foe. 4. A metal or earthenware extension of a flue above the top of a chimney; a chimney pot. 5. A crucible; as a graphite pot; a melting pot. 6. A wicker vessel for catching fish, eels, etc. 7. A perforated cask for draining sugar. Knight. 8. A size of paper. See Pott. Jack pot. See under 2d Jack. — Pot cheese, cottage cheese. See under Cottage. — Pot companion, a companion in drinking. — Pot hanger, a pothook. — Pot herb, any plant, the leaves or stems of which are boiled for food, as spinach, lamb’s-quarters, purslane, and many others. — Pot hunter, one who kills anything and everything that will help to fill has bag; also a hunter who shoots game for the table or for the market. — Pot metal. (a) The metal from which iron pots are made, different from common pig iron. (b) An alloy of copper with lead used for making large vessels for various purposes in the arts. Ure. (c) A kind of stained glass, the colors of which are incorporated with the melted glass in the pot. Knight. — Pot plant (Bot.), either of the trees which bear the monkey-pot. — Pot wheel (Hydraul.), a noria. — To go to pot, to go to destruction; to come to an end of usefulness; to become refuse. [Colloq.] Dryden. J. G. Saxe.

Pot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Potted; p. pr. & vb. n. Potting.] To place or inclose in pots; as: (a) To preserve seasoned in pots. ´Potted fowl and fish.´ Dryden. (b) To set out or cover in pots; as potted plants or bulbs. (c) To drain; as to pot sugar, by taking it from the cooler, and placing it in hogsheads, etc., having perforated heads, through which the molasses drains off. B. Edwards. (d) (Billiards) To pocket.

Pot, v. i. To tipple; to drink. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] “It is less labor to plow than to pot it.” Feltham.

Po´ta•ble , a. [F., fr. L. potabilis, fr. potare to drink; akin to Gr. po•tos a drinking, po•sis a drink, Skr. pa to drink, OIr. ibim I drink. Cf. Poison, Bib, Imbibe.] Fit to be drunk; drinkable. ´Water fresh and potable.´ Bacon. — n. A potable liquid; a beverage. ´Useful in potables.´ J. Philips.

Po´ta•ble•ness, n. The quality of being drinkable.

Pot´age ( 48), n. See Pottage.

Pot´a•ger , n. [F. fr. potage soup, porridge. See Pottage.] A porringer. [Obs.] Grew.

Po•tag´ro , n. See Potargo.

Pot´ale , n. The refuse from a grain distillery, used to fatten swine.

Po•ta´mi•an , n. [Gr. river.] (Zoöl.) A river tortoise; one of a group of tortoises (Potamites, or Trionychoidea) having a soft shell, webbed feet, and a sharp beak. See Trionyx.

Pot•a•mog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. river + -graphy.] An account or description of rivers; potamology.

Pot•a•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. river + -logy.] A scientific account or discussion of rivers; a treatise on rivers; potamography.

Pot•a•mo•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. river + a sponge.] (Zoöl.) The fresh-water sponges. See Spongilla.

Po´tance , n. [F. potence. See Potence, Potency.] (Watch Making) The stud in which the bearing for the lower pivot of the verge is made.

Po•tar´go , n. [Cf. Botargo.] A kind of sauce or pickle. King.

Pot´ash , n. [Pot + ash.] (Chem.) (a) The hydroxide of potassium hydrate, a hard white brittle substance, KOH, having strong caustic and alkaline properties; — hence called also caustic potash. (b) The impure potassium carbonate obtained by leaching wood ashes, either as a strong solution (lye), or as a white crystalline (pearlash).

Pot´ash•es , n. pl. (Chem.) Potash. [Obs.]

Po•tas´sa , n. [NL., fr. E. potash.] (Chem.) (a) Potassium oxide. [Obs.] (b) Potassium hydroxide, commonly called caustic potash.

Pot•ass•am´ide , n. [Potassium + amide.] (Chem.) A yellowish brown substance obtained by heating potassium in ammonia.

Po•tas´sic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, potassium.

Po•tas´si•um , n. [NL. See Potassa, Potash.] (Chem.) An Alkali element having atomic number 19, occurring abundantly but always combined, as in the chloride, sulphate, carbonate, or silicate, in the minerals sylvite, kainite, orthoclase, muscovite, etc. Atomic weight 39.1. Symbol K (Kalium). It is reduced from the carbonate as a soft white metal, lighter than water, which oxidizes with the greatest readiness, and, to be preserved, must be kept under liquid hydrocarbons, as naphtha or kerosene. Its compounds are very important, being used in glass making, soap making, in fertilizers, and in many drugs and chemicals. Potassium permanganate, the salt KMnO4, crystallizing in dark red prisms having a greenish surface color, and dissolving in water with a beautiful purple red color; — used as an oxidizer and disinfectant. The name chameleon mineral is applied to this salt and also to potassium manganate. — Potassium bitartrate. See Cream of tartar, under Cream.

Pot•ass•ox´yl , n. [Potassium + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical KO, derived from, and supposed to exist in, potassium hydroxide and other compounds.

Po•ta´tion , n. [L. potatio, fr. potare. See Potable.] 1. The act of drinking. Jer. Taylor. 2. A draught. ´Potations pottle deep.´ Shak. 3. Drink; beverage. ´Thin potations.´ Shak.

Po•ta´to , n.; pl. Potatoes (#). [Sp. patata potato, batata sweet potato, from the native American name (probably batata) in Hayti.] (Bot.) (a) A plant (Solanum tuberosum) of the Nightshade family, and its esculent farinaceous tuber, of which there are numerous varieties used for food. It is native of South America, but a form of the species is found native as far north as New Mexico. (b) The sweet potato (see below). Potato beetle, Potato bug. (Zoöl.) (a) A beetle (Doryphora decemlineata) which feeds, both in the larval and adult stages, upon the leaves of the potato, often doing great damage. Called also Colorado potato beetle, and Doryphora. See Colorado beetle. (b) The Lema trilineata, a smaller and more slender striped beetle which feeds upon the potato plant, bur does less injury than the preceding species. — Potato fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of blister beetles infesting the potato vine. The black species (Lytta atrata), the striped (L. vittata), and the gray (L. cinerea, or Fabricii) are the most common. See Blister beetle, under Blister. — Potato rot, a disease of the tubers of the potato, supposed to be caused by a kind of mold (Peronospora infestans), which is first seen upon the leaves and stems. — Potato weevil (Zoöl.), an American weevil (Baridius trinotatus) whose larva lives in and kills the stalks of potato vines, often causing serious damage to the crop. — Potato whisky, a strong, fiery liquor, having a hot, smoky taste, and rich in amyl alcohol (fusel oil); it is made from potatoes or potato starch. — Potato worm (Zoöl.), the large green larva of a sphinx, or hawk moth (Macrosila quinquemaculata); — called also tomato worm. See Illust. under Tomato. — Seaside potato (Bot.), Ipomœa Pes-Caprae, a kind of morning-glory with rounded and emarginate or bilobed leaves. [West Indies] — Sweet potato (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ipomœa Balatas) allied to the morning-glory. Its farinaceous tubers have a sweetish taste, and are used, when cooked, for food. It is probably a native of Brazil, but is cultivated extensively in the warmer parts of every continent, and even as far north as New Jersey. The name potato was applied to this plant before it was to the Solanum tuberosum, and this is the ´potato´ of the Southern United States. — Wild potato. (Bot.) (a) A vine (Ipomœa pandurata) having a pale purplish flower and an enormous root. It is common in sandy places in the United States. (b) A similar tropical American plant (I. fastigiata) which it is thought may have been the original stock of the sweet potato.

Po•ta´tor , n. [L.] A drinker. [R.] Southey.

Po´ta•to•ry , a. [L. potatorius, from potare to drink.] Of or pertaining to drinking. Ld. Lytton.

Pot´-bel•lied , a. Having a protuberant belly, like the bottom of a pot.

Pot´-bel•ly , n. A protuberant belly.

Pot´boil•er , n. A term applied derisively to any literary or artistic work, and esp. a painting, done simply for money and the means of living. [Cant]

Pot´boy , n. A boy who carries pots of ale, beer, etc.; a menial in a public house.

Potch , v. i. [Cf. Poach to stab.] To thrust; to push. [Obs.] ´I ’ll potch at him some way.´ Shak.

Potch, v. t. See Poach, to cook. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Potch´er , n. One who, or that which, potches. Potcher engine (Paper Making), a machine in which washed rags are stirred in a bleaching solution.

Pot´e•ca•ry , n. An apothecary. [Obs.]

Po•teen´ , n. [Cf. Ir. potaim, poitim, I drink, poitin a small pot.] Whisky; especially, whisky illicitly distilled by the Irish peasantry. [Written also potheen, and potteen.]

Po´te•lot , n. [F.,; cf. G. pottloth black lead.] (Old Chem. & Min.) Molybdenum sulphide.

Po´tence , n. [F., fr. LL. potentia staff, crutch, L., might, power. See Potency.] Potency; capacity. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

Po´ten•cy , n. [L. potentia, from potens, -entis, potent. See Potent, and cf. Potance, Potence, Puissance.] The quality or state of being potent; physical or moral power; inherent strength; energy; ability to effect a purpose; capability; efficacy; influence. ´Drugs of potency.´ Hawthorne. “A place of potency and away o’ the state.” Shak.

Po´tent , a. [L. potens, - entis, p. pr. of posse to be able, to have power, fr. potis able, capable (akin to Skr. pati master, lord) + esse to be. See Host a landlord, Am, and cf. Despot, Podesta, Possible, Power, Puissant.] 1. Producing great physical effects; forcible; powerful’ efficacious; as a potent medicine. ´Harsh and potent injuries.´ Shak. “Moses once more his potent rod extends.” Milton. 2. Having great authority, control, or dominion; puissant; mighty; influential; as a potent prince. ´A potent dukedom.´ Shak. “Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors.” Shak. 3. Powerful, in an intellectual or moral sense; having great influence; as potent interest; a potent argument. Cross potent. (Her.) See Illust. (7) of Cross. Syn. — Powerful; mighty; puissant; strong; able; efficient; forcible; efficacious; cogent; influential.

Po´tent, n. 1. A prince; a potentate. [Obs.] Shak. 2. [See Potence.] A staff or crutch. [Obs.] 3. (Her.) One of the furs; a surface composed of patches which are supposed to represent crutch heads; they are always alternately argent and azure, unless otherwise specially mentioned. Counter potent (Her.), a fur differing from potent in the arrangement of the patches.

Po´ten•ta•cy , n. [See Potentate.] Sovereignty. [Obs.]

Po´ten•tate , n. [LL. potentatus, fr. potentare to exercise power: cf. F. potentat. See Potent, a.] One who is potent; one who possesses great power or sway; a prince, sovereign, or monarch. “The blessed and only potentate.” 1 Tim. vi. 15. “Cherub and seraph, potentates and thrones.” Milton.

Po•ten´tial , a. [Cf. F. potentiel. See Potency.] 1. Being potent; endowed with energy adequate to a result; efficacious; influential. [Obs.] ´And hath in his effect a voice potential.´ Shak. 2. Existing in possibility, not in actuality. ´A potential hero.´ Carlyle. “Potential existence means merely that the thing may be at ome time; actual existence, that it now is.” Sir W. Hamilton. Potential cautery. See under Cautery. — Potential energy. (Mech.) See the Note under Energy. — Potential mood, or mode (Gram.), that form of the verb which is used to express possibility, liberty, power, will, obligation, or necessity, by the use of may, can, must, might, could, would, or should; as I may go; he can write.

Po•ten´tial, n. 1. Anything that may be possible; a possibility; potentially. Bacon. 2. (Math.) In the theory of gravitation, or of other forces acting in space, a function of the rectangular coordinates which determine the position of a point, such that its differential coefficients with respect to the coördinates are equal to the components of the force at the point considered; — also called potential function, or force function. It is called also Newtonian potential when the force is directed to a fixed center and is inversely as the square of the distance from the center. 3. (Elec.) The energy of an electrical charge measured by its power to do work; hence, the degree of electrification as referred to some standard, as that of the earth; electro-motive force.

Po•ten•ti•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being potential; possibility, not actuality; inherent capability or disposition, not actually exhibited.

Po•ten´tial•ly , adv. 1. With power; potently. [Obs.] 2. In a potential manner; possibly, not positively. “The duration of human souls is only potentially infinite.” Bentley.

Po•ten´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Potentiated p. pr. & vb. n. Potentiating.] To render active or potent. Coleridge.

Po•ten•ti•om´e•ter , n. [Potential + -meter.] (Elec.) An instrument for measuring or comparing electrial potentials or electro-motive forces.

Po´ten•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Potentized; p. pr. & vb. n. Potentizing.] To render the latent power of (anything) available. Dunglison.

Po´tent•ly , adv. With great force or energy; powerfully; efficaciously. ´You are potently opposed.´ Shak.

Po´tent•ness, n. The quality or state of being potent; powerfulness; potency; efficacy.

Po´tes•tate , n. A chief ruler; a potentate. [Obs.] Wyclif. ´An irous potestate.´ Chaucer.

Po•tes´ta•tive , a. [L. potestativus, fr. potestas power: cf. F. potestatif. See Potent.] Authoritative. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Pot´gun , n. 1. A pot-shaped cannon; a mortar. [Obs.] ´Twelve potguns of brass.´ Hakluyt. 2. A popgun. [Obs.] Swift.

Poth´e•ca•ry , n. An apothecary. [Obs.]

Po•theen´ , n. See Poteen.

Poth´er , n. [Cf. D. peuteren to rummage, poke. Cf. Potter, Pudder.] Bustle; confusion; tumult; flutter; bother. [Written also potter, and pudder.] ´What a pother and stir!´ Oldham. ´Coming on with a terrible pother.´ Wordsworth.

Poth´er, v. i. To make a bustle or stir; to be fussy.

Poth´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pothered p. pr. & vb. n. Pothering.] To harass and perplex; to worry. ´Pothers and wearies himself.´ Locke.

Pot´hole , n. A circular hole formed in the rocky beds of rivers by the grinding action of stones or gravel whirled round by the water in what was at first a natural depression of the rock.

Pot´hook , n. 1. An S-shaped hook on which pots and kettles are hung over an open fire. 2. A written character curved like a pothook; (pl.) a scrawled writing. ´I long to be spelling her Arabic scrawls and pothooks.´ Dryden.

Pot´house , n. An alehouse. T. Warton. { Po•ti•cho•ma´ni•a , Po•ti•cho•ma´nie } n. [F. potichomanie; potiche a porcelain vase + manie mania.] The art or process of coating the inside of glass vessels with engravings or paintings, so as to give them the appearance of painted ware.

Po´tion , n. [L. potio, from potare to drink: cf. F. potion. See Poison.] A draught; a dose; usually, a draught or dose of a liquid medicine. Shak.

Po´tion , v. t. To drug. [Obs.] Speed.

Pot´lid , n. The lid or cover of a pot. Potlid valve, a valve covering a round hole or the end of a pipe or pump barrel, resembling a potlid in form.

Pot´luck , n. Whatever may chance to be in the pot, or may be provided for a meal. “A woman whose potluck was always to be relied on.” G. Eliot. To take potluck, to take what food may chance to be provided.

Pot´man , n.; pl. Potmen . 1. A pot companion. [Obs.] Life of A. Wood (1663). 2. A servant in a public house; a potboy.

Po•too´ , n. (Zoöl.) A large South American goatsucker (Nyctibius grandis).

Po•to•roo´ , n. (Zoöl.) Any small kangaroo belonging to Hypsiprymnus, Bettongia, and allied genera, native of Australia and Tasmania. Called also kangaroo rat.

Pot´pie , n. A meat pie which is boiled instead of being baked.

Pot•pour•ri´ , n. [F., fr. pot pot + pourri, p. p. of pourrir to rot, L. putrere. Cf. Olla-podrida.] A medley or mixture. Specifically: (a) A ragout composed of different sorts of meats, vegetables, etc., cooked together. (b) A jar or packet of flower leaves, perfumes, and spices, used to scent a room. (c) A piece of music made up of different airs strung together; a medley. (d) A literary production composed of parts brought together without order or bond of connection.

Pots´dam group . (Geol.) A subdivision of the Primordial or Cambrian period in American geology; — so named from the sandstone of Potsdam, New York. See Chart of Geology. { Pot´shard• , Pot´share• } n. A potsherd. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pot´sherd , n. [Pot + sherd or shard.] A piece or fragment of a broken pot. Job ii. 8.

Pot´stone , n. (Min.) A variety of steatite sometimes manufactured into culinary vessels.

Pot´-sure (-shur), a. Made confident by drink. [Obs.]

Pott , n. A size of paper. See under Paper.

Pot´tage ( 48), n. [F. potage, fr. pot pot. See Pot, and cf. Porridge, Porringer.] A kind of food made by boiling vegetables or meat, or both together, in water, until soft; a thick soup or porridge. [Written also potage.] Chaucer. “Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentils.” Gen. xxv. 34.

Pot´tain , n. Old pot metal. [Obs.] Holland.

Pot•teen´ , n. See Poteen.

Pot´ter , n. [Cf. F. potier.] 1. One whose occupation is to make earthen vessels. Ps. ii. 9. “The potter heard, and stopped his wheel.” Longfellow. 2. One who hawks crockery or earthenware. [Prov. Eng.] De Quincey. 3. One who pots meats or other eatables. 4. (Zoöl.) The red-bellied terrapin. See Terrapin. Potter’s asthma (Med.), emphysema of the lungs; — so called because very prevalent among potters. Parkers. — Potter’s clay. See under Clay. — Potter’s field, a public burial place, especially in a city, for paupers, unknown persons, and criminals; — so named from the field south of Jerusalem, mentioned in Matt. xxvii. 7. — Potter’s ore. See Alquifou. — Potter’s wheel, a horizontal revolving disk on which the clay is molded into form with the hands or tools. ´My thoughts are whirled like a potter’s wheel.´ Shak. — Potter wasp (Zoöl.), a small solitary wasp (Eumenes fraternal) which constructs a globular nest of mud and sand in which it deposits insect larvae, such as cankerworms, as food for its young.

Pot´ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pottered p. pr. & vb. n. Pottering.] [Cf. W. pwtio to poke, or OD. poteren to search one thoroughly, Sw. påta, peta, to pick, E. pother, put.] 1. To busy one’s self with trifles; to labor with little purpose, energy, of effect; to trifle; to pother. “Pottering about the Mile End cottages.” Mrs. Humphry Ward. 2. To walk lazily or idly; to saunter.

Pot´ter, v. t. To poke; to push; also to disturb; to confuse; to bother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pot´tern , a. Of or pertaining to potters. Pottern ore, a species of ore which, from its aptness to vitrify like the glazing of potter’s wares, the miners call by this name. Boyle.

Pot´ter•y , n.; pl. Potteries (#). [F. poterie, fr. pot. See Pot.] 1. The vessels or ware made by potters; earthenware, glazed and baked. 2. The place where earthen vessels are made.

Pot´ting , n. 1. Tippling. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The act of placing in a pot; as the potting of plants; the potting of meats for preservation. 3. The process of putting sugar in casks for cleansing and draining. [West Indies] B. Edwards.

Pot´tle , n. [OE. potel, OF. potel, dim. of pot. See Pot.] 1. A liquid measure of four pints. 2. A pot or tankard. Shak. “A dry pottle of sack before him.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A vessel or small basket for holding fruit. “He had a … pottle of strawberries in one hand.” Dickens. Pottle draught, taking a pottle of liquor at one draught. [ Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pot´to , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A nocturnal mammal (Perodictius potto) of the Lemur family, found in West Africa. It has rudimentary forefingers. Called also aposoro, and bush dog. (b) The kinkajou.

Pott’s´ dis•ease´ (Med.) Caries of the vertebrae, frequently resulting in curvature of the spine and paralysis of the lower extremities; — so named from Percival Pott, an English surgeon. Pott’s fracture, a fracture of the lower end of the fibula, with displacement of the tibia. Dunglison.

Pot´u•lent , a. [L. potulentus, fr. potus a drinking, drink, fr. potare to drink.] 1. Fit to drink; potable. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Nearly drunk; tipsy. [Obs.]

Pot´-val•iant , a. Having the courage given by drink. Smollett.

Pot´-wal•lop•er , n. 1. A voter in certain boroughs of England, where, before the passage of the reform bill of 1832, the qualification for suffrage was to have boiled (walloped) his own pot in the parish for six months. 2. One who cleans pots; a scullion. [Slang, U. S.]

Pouch , n. [F. poche a pocket, pouch, bag; probably of Teutonic origin. See Poke a bag, and cf. Poach to cook eggs, to plunder.] 1. A small bag; usually, a leathern bag; as a pouch for money; a shot pouch; a mail pouch, etc. 2. That which is shaped like, or used as a pouch; as: (a) A protuberant belly; a paunch; — so called in ridicule. (b) (Zoöl.) A sac or bag for carrying food or young; as the cheek pouches of certain rodents, and the pouch of marsupials. (c) (Med.) A cyst or sac containing fluid. S. Sharp. (d) (Bot.) A silicle, or short pod, as of the shepherd’s purse. (e) A bulkhead in the hold of a vessel, to prevent grain, etc., from shifting. Pouch mouth, a mouth with blubbered or swollen lips.

Pouch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pouched p. pr. & vb. n. Pouching.] 1. To put or take into a pouch. 2. To swallow; — said of fowls. Derham. 3. To pout. [Obs.] Ainsworth. 4. To pocket; to put up with. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Pouched , a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a marsupial pouch; as the pouched badger, or the wombat. (b) Having external cheek pouches; as the pouched gopher. (c) Having internal cheek pouches; as the pouched squirrels. Pouched dog. (Zoöl.) See Zebra wolf, under Zebra. — Pouched frog (Zoöl.), the nototrema, the female of which has a dorsal pouch in which the eggs are hatched, and in which the young pass through their brief tadpole stage. — Pouched gopher, or Pouched rat. (Zoöl.) See Pocket gopher, under Pocket. — Pouched mouse. (Zoöl.) See Pocket mouse, under Pocket.

Pou´chet box See Pouncet box.

Pouch´-mouthed , a. Having a pouch mouth; blobber-lipped.

Pou•chong´ , n. A superior kind of souchong tea. De Colange.

Pouch´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) A small British and American pond snail (Bulinus hypnorum).

Pou´dre , n. [See Powder.] Dust; powder. [Obs.] Chaucer. Poudre marchant [see Merchant], a kind of flavoring powder used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pou•drette´ , n. [F., dim. of poudre dust, powder. See Powder.] A manure made from night soil, dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, etc.

Pou•laine´ , n. [F. soulier à la poulaine.] A long pointed shoe. See Cracowes.

Poul´da•vis , n. Same as Poledavy. [Obs.]

Poul´der , n. & v. Powder. [Obs.]

Poul´dron , n. See Pauldron. { Poulp , Poulpe }, n. [F. poulpe, fr. L. polypus. See Polyp.] (Zoöl.) Same as Octopus. Musk poulp (Zoöl.), a Mediterranean octopod (Eledone moschata) which emits a strong odor of musk.

Poult , n. [OF. pulte, F. poulet, dim. of poule fowl. See Pullet.] A young chicken, partridge, grouse, or the like. King. Chapman. “Starling the heath poults or black game.” R. Jefferise.

Poul´ter , n. [OE. pulter. See Poult.] A poulterer. [Obs.] Shak.

Poul´ter•er , n. One who deals in poultry.

Poul´tice , n. [L. puls, pl. pultes, a thick pap; akin to Gr. po•ltos. Cf. Pulse seeds.] A soft composition, as of bread, bran, or a mucilaginous substance, to be applied to sores, inflamed parts of the body, etc.; a cataplasm. ´Poultice relaxeth the pores.´ Bacon.

Poul´tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poulticed p. pr. & vb. n. Poulticing ] To apply a poultice to; to dress with a poultice.

Poul´tive , n. A poultice. [Obs.] W. Temple.

Poul´try , n. [From Poult.] Domestic fowls reared for the table, or for their eggs or feathers, such as cocks and hens, capons, turkeys, ducks, and geese.

Pounce , n. [F. ponce pumice, pounce, fr. L. pumex, -icis, pumice. See Pumice.] 1. A fine powder, as of sandarac, or cuttlefish bone, — formerly used to prevent ink from spreading on manuscript. 2. Charcoal dust, or some other colored powder for making patterns through perforated designs, — used by embroiderers, lace makers, etc. Pounce box, a box for sprinkling pounce. — Pounce paper, a transparent paper for tracing.

Pounce , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pounded p. pr. & vb. n. Pouncing ] To sprinkle or rub with pounce; as to pounce paper, or a pattern.

Pounce, n. [Prob. through French, from an assumed LL. punctiare to prick, L. pungere, punctum. See Puncheon, Punch, v. t.] 1. The claw or talon of a bird of prey. Spenser. Burke. 2. A punch or stamp. [Obs.] ´A pounce to print money with.´ Withals. 3. Cloth worked in eyelet holes. [Obs.] Homilies.

Pounce, v. t. 1. To strike or seize with the talons; to pierce, as with the talons. [Archaic] “Stooped from his highest pitch to pounce a wren.” Cowper. “Now pounce him lightly,
And as he roars and rages, let’s go deeper.” J. Fletcher. 2. To punch; to perforate; to stamp holes in, or dots on, by way of ornament. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Pounce, v. i. To fall suddenly and seize with the claws; — with on or upon; as a hawk pounces upon a chicken. Also used figuratively. “Derision is never so agonizing as when it pounces on the wanderings of misguided sensibility.” Jeffrey.

Pounced , a. 1. Furnished with claws or talons; as the pounced young of the eagle. Thomson. 2. Ornamented with perforations or dots. [Obs.] ´Gilt bowls pounced and pierced.´ Holinshed.

Poun´cet box [Cf. F. poncette, fr. ponce pounce. See Pounce a powder.] A box with a perforated lid, for sprinkling pounce, or for holding perfumes. Shak.

Poun´cing , n. 1. The art or practice of transferring a design by means of pounce. 2. Decorative perforation of cloth. [Obs.]

Pound , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pounding.] [OE. pounen, AS. punian to bruise. Cf. Pun a play on words.] 1. To strike repeatedly with some heavy instrument; to beat. “With cruel blows she pounds her blubbered cheeks.” Dryden. 2. To comminute and pulverize by beating; to bruise or break into fine particles with a pestle or other heavy instrument; as to pound spice or salt.

Pound, v. i. 1. To strike heavy blows; to beat. 2. (Mach.) To make a jarring noise, as in running; as the engine pounds.

Pound, n. [AS. pund an inclosure: cf. forpyndan to turn away, or to repress, also Icel. pynda to extort, torment, Ir. pont, pond, pound. Cf. Pinder, Pinfold, Pin to inclose, Pond.] 1. An inclosure, maintained by public authority, in which cattle or other animals are confined when taken in trespassing, or when going at large in violation of law; a pinfold. Shak. 2. A level stretch in a canal between locks. 3. (Fishing) A kind of net, having a large inclosure with a narrow entrance into which fish are directed by wings spreading outward. Pound covert, a pound that is close or covered over, as a shed. — Pound overt, a pound that is open overhead.

Pound, v. t. To confine in, or as in, a pound; to impound. Milton.

Pound, n.; pl. Pounds (#), collectively Pound or Pounds. [AS. pund, fr. L. pondo, akin to pondus a weight, pendere to weigh. See Pendant.] 1. A certain specified weight; especially, a legal standard consisting of an established number of ounces. The pound in general use in the United States and in England is the pound avoirdupois, which is divided into sixteen ounces, and contains 7,000 grains. The pound troy is divided into twelve ounces, and contains 5,760 grains. 144 pounds avoirdupois are equal to 175 pounds troy weight. See Avoirdupois, and Troy. 2. A British denomination of money of account, equivalent to twenty shillings sterling, and equal in value to about $4.86. There is no coin known by this name, but the gold sovereign is of the same value. The pound sterling was in Saxon times, about a. d. 671, a pound troy of silver, and a shilling was its twentieth part; consequently the latter was three times as large as it is at present. Peacham.

Pound´age , n. 1. A sum deducted from a pound, or a certain sum paid for each pound; a commission. 2. A subsidy of twelve pence in the pound, formerly granted to the crown on all goods exported or imported, and if by aliens, more. [Eng.] Blackstone. 3. (Law) The sum allowed to a sheriff or other officer upon the amount realized by an execution; — estimated in England, and formerly in the United States, at so much of the pound. Burrill. Bouvier.

Pound´age, v. t. To collect, as poundage; to assess, or rate, by poundage. [R.]

Pound´age, n. [See 3d Pound.] 1. Confinement of cattle, or other animals, in a public pound. 2. A charge paid for the release of impounded cattle.

Pound´al , n. [From 5th Pound.] (Physics & Mech.) A unit of force based upon the pound, foot, and second, being the force which, acting on a pound avoirdupois for one second, causes it to acquire by the of that time a velocity of one foot per second. It is about equal to the weight of half an ounce, and is 13,825 dynes.

Pound´-breach , n. The breaking of a public pound for releasing impounded animals. Blackstone.

Pound´cake , n. A kind of rich, sweet cake; — so called from the ingredients being used by pounds, or in equal quantities.

Pound´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, pounds, as a stamp in an ore mill. 2. An instrument used for pounding; a pestle. 3. A person or thing, so called with reference to a certain number of pounds in value, weight, capacity, etc.; as a cannon carrying a twelve-pound ball is called a twelve pounder. Before the English reform act of 1867, one who was an elector by virtue of paying ten pounds rent was called a ten pounder.

Pound´ing , n. 1. The act of beating, bruising, or breaking up; a beating. 2. A pounded or pulverized substance. [R.] ´Covered with the poundings of these rocks.´ J. S. Blackie.

Pound´keep•er , n. The keeper of a pound.

Pound´•rate , n. A rate or proportion estimated at a certain amount for each pound; poundage.

Poup , v. i. See Powp. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pou•part’s´ lig´a•ment (Anat.) A ligament, of fascia, extending, in most mammals, from the ventral side of the ilium to near the symphysis of the pubic bones.

Pou´pe•ton , n. [See Puppet.] A puppet, or little baby. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

Pour , a. Poor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pour , v. i. To pore. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pour , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poured p. pr. & vb. n. Pouring.] [OE. pouren, of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwrw to cast, throw, shed, bwrw gwlaw to rain.] 1. To cause to flow in a stream, as a liquid or anything flowing like a liquid, either out of a vessel or into it; as to pour water from a pail; to pour wine into a decanter; to pour oil upon the waters; to pour out sand or dust. 2. To send forth as in a stream or a flood; to emit; to let escape freely or wholly. “I … have poured out my soul before the Lord.” 1 Sam. i. 15. “Now will I shortly pour out my fury upon thee.” Ezek. vii. 8. “London doth pour out her citizens !” Shak. “Wherefore did Nature pour her bounties forth
With such a full and unwithdrawing hand ?” Milton. 3. To send forth from, as in a stream; to discharge uninterruptedly. “Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat ?” Pope.

Pour, v. i. To flow, pass, or issue in a stream, or as a stream; to fall continuously and abundantly; as the rain pours; the people poured out of the theater. “In the rude throng pour on with furious pace.” Gay.

Pour, n. A stream, or something like a stream; a flood. [Colloq.] ´A pour of rain.´ Miss Ferrier.

Poure´liche , adv. Poorly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pour´er , n. One who pours.

Pour´lieu , n. See Purlieu.

Pour•par•ler´ , n. [F.] (Diplomacy) A consultation preliminary to a treaty.

Pour•par´ty , n.; pl. Pourparties (#). [See Purparty.] (Law) A division; a divided share. To make pourparty, to divide and apportion lands previously held in common.

Pour´point , n. [F.] A quilted military doublet or gambeson worn in the 14th and 15th centuries; also a name for the doublet of the 16th and 17th centuries worn by civilians.

Pour•pres´ture ( 135), n. (Law) See Purpresture.

Pour´sui•vant , n. See Pursuivant.

Pour•tray´ , v. t. See Portray.

Pour•vey´ance , n. See Purveyance.

Pousse (poos), n. Pulse; pease. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pous•sette´ (poo•set´), n. [F., pushpin, fr. pousser to push. See Push.] A movement, or part of a figure, in the contradance. Dickens.

Pous•sette´, v. i. To perform a certain movement in a dance. [R.] Tennyson. “Down the middle, up again, poussette, and cross.” J. & H. Smith.

Pout (poot), n. [F. poulet. See Poult.] The young of some birds, as grouse; a young fowl. Carew.

Pout (poot), v. i. To shoot pouts. [Scot.]

Pout (pout), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pouting.] [OE. pouten, of uncertain origin; cf. Prov. pot lip, Prov. F. potte, faire la potte to pout, W. pwdu to pout, be sullen, poten, potten, a paunch, belly.] 1. To thrust out the lips, as in sullenness or displeasure; hence, to look sullen. “Thou poutest upon thy fortune and thy love.” Shak. 2. To protrude. ´Pouting lips.´ Dryden.

Pout, n. A sullen protrusion of the lips; a fit of sullenness. ´Jack’s in the pouts.´ J. & H. Smith.

Pout, n. [Cf. Eelpout.] (Zoöl.) The European whiting pout or bib. Eel pout. (Zoöl.) See Eelpout. — Horn pout, or Horned pout. (Zoöl.) See Bullhead (b).

Pout´er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, pouts. 2. [Cf. E. pout, and G. puter turkey.] (Zoöl.) A variety of the domestic pigeon remarkable for the extent to which it is able to dilate its throat and breast.

Pout´ing, n. Childish sullenness.

Pout´ing•ly, adv. In a pouting, or a sullen, manner.

Pov´ert (pov´ert), n. Poverty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pov´er•ty (pov´er•ty), n. [OE. poverte, OF. poverte, F. pauvrete, fr. L. paupertas, fr. pauper poor. See Poor.] 1. The quality or state of being poor or indigent; want or scarcity of means of subsistence; indigence; need. ´Swathed in numblest poverty.´ Keble. “The drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty.” Prov. xxiii. 21. 2. Any deficiency of elements or resources that are needed or desired, or that constitute richness; as poverty of soil; poverty of the blood; poverty of ideas. Poverty grass (Bot.), a name given to several slender grasses (as Aristida dichotoma, and Danthonia spicata) which often spring up on old and worn-out fields. Syn. — Indigence; penury; beggary; need; lack; want; scantiness; sparingness; meagerness; jejuneness. Poverty, Indigence, Pauperism. Poverty is a relative term; what is poverty to a monarch, would be competence for a day laborer. Indigence implies extreme distress, and almost absolute destitution. Pauperism denotes entire dependence upon public charity, and, therefore, often a hopeless and degraded state. { Pow´an , Pow´en }, n. (Zoöl.) A small British lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeoides, or C. ferus); — called also gwyniad and lake herring.

Pow´der , n. [OE. poudre, pouldre, F. poudre, OF. also poldre, puldre, L. pulvis, pulveris: cf. pollen fine flour, mill dust, E. pollen. Cf. Polverine, Pulverize.] 1. The fine particles to which any dry substance is reduced by pounding, grinding, or triturating, or into which it falls by decay; dust. “Grind their bones to powder small.” Shak. 2. An explosive mixture used in gunnery, blasting, etc.; gunpowder. See Gunpowder. Atlas powder, Baking powder, etc. See under Atlas, Baking, etc. — Powder down (Zoöl.), the peculiar dust, or exfoliation, of powder-down feathers. — Powder- down feather (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar kind of modified feathers which sometimes form patches on certain parts of some birds. They have a greasy texture and a scaly exfoliation. - - Powder-down patch (Zoöl.), a tuft or patch of powder-down feathers. — Powder hose, a tube of strong linen, about an inch in diameter, filled with powder and used in firing mines. Farrow. — Powder hoy (Naut.), a vessel specially fitted to carry powder for the supply of war ships. They are usually painted red and carry a red flag. — Powder magazine, or Powder room. See Magazine, 2. — Powder mine, a mine exploded by gunpowder. See Mine. — Powder monkey (Naut.), a boy formerly employed on war vessels to carry powder; a powder boy. — Powder post. See Dry rot, under Dry. — Powder puff. See Puff, n.

Pow´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Powdered p. pr. & vb. n. Powdering.] [F. poudrer.] 1. To reduce to fine particles; to pound, grind, or rub into a powder; to comminute; to pulverize; to triturate. 2. To sprinkle with powder, or as with powder; to be sprinkle; as to powder the hair. “A circling zone thou seest
Powdered with stars.” Milton. 3. To sprinkle with salt; to corn, as meat. [Obs.]

Pow´der, v. i. 1. To be reduced to powder; to become like powder; as some salts powder easily. 2. To use powder on the hair or skin; as she paints and powders.

Pow´dered , a. 1. Reduced to a powder; sprinkled with, or as with, powder. 2. Sprinkled with salt; salted; corned. [Obs.] “Powdered beef, pickled meats.” Harvey. 3. (Her.) Same as Seme. Walpole.

Pow´der•flask , n. A flask in which gunpowder is carried, having a charging tube at the end.

Pow´der•horn , n. A horn in which gunpowder is carried.

Pow´der•ing, a. & n. from Powder, v. t. Powdering tub. (a) A tub or vessel in which meat is corned or salted. (b) A heated tub in which an infected lecher was placed for cure. [Obs.] Shak.

Pow´der•mill , n. A mill in which gunpowder is made.

Pow´der-post•ed , a. Affected with dry rot; reduced to dust by rot. See Dry rot, under Dry. [U.S.]

Pow´der•y , a. 1. Easily crumbling to pieces; friable; loose; as a powdery spar. 2. Sprinkled or covered with powder; dusty; as the powdery bloom on plums. 3. Resembling powder; consisting of powder. ´The powdery snow.´ Wordsworth.

Pow´dike , n. [Scot. pow, pou, a pool, a watery or marshy place, fr. E. pool.] A dike a marsh or fen. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pow´dry , a. See Powdery.

Pow´er , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Poor, the fish.

Pow´er, n. [OE. pouer, poer, OF. poeir, pooir, F. pouvoir, n. & v., fr. LL. potere, for L. posse, potesse, to be able, to have power. See Possible, Potent, and cf. Posse comitatus.] 1. Ability to act, regarded as latent or inherent; the faculty of doing or performing something; capacity for action or performance; capability of producing an effect, whether physical or moral: potency; might; as a man of great power; the power of capillary attraction; money gives power. ´One next himself in power, and next in crime.´ Milton. 2. Ability, regarded as put forth or exerted; strength, force, or energy in action; as the power of steam in moving an engine; the power of truth, or of argument, in producing conviction; the power of enthusiasm. ´The power of fancy.´ Shak. 3. Capacity of undergoing or suffering; fitness to be acted upon; susceptibility; — called also passive power; as great power of endurance. “Power, then, is active and passive; faculty is active power or capacity; capacity is passive power.” Sir W. Hamilton. 4. The exercise of a faculty; the employment of strength; the exercise of any kind of control; influence; dominion; sway; command; government. “Power is no blessing in itself but when it is employed to protect the innocent.” Swift. 5. The agent exercising an ability to act; an individual invested with authority; an institution, or government, which exercises control; as the great powers of Europe; hence, often, a superhuman agent; a spirit; a divinity. ´The powers of darkness.´ Milton. “And the powers of the heavens shall be shaken.” Matt. xxiv. 29. 6. A military or naval force; an army or navy; a great host. Spenser. “Never such a power …
Was levied in the body of a land.” Shak. 7. A large quantity; a great number; as a power o good things. [Colloq.] Richardson. 8. (Mech.) (a) The rate at which mechanical energy is exerted or mechanical work performed, as by an engine or other machine, or an animal, working continuously; as an engine of twenty horse power. The English unit of power used most commonly is the horse power. See Horse power. (b) A mechanical agent; that from which useful mechanical energy is derived; as water power; steam power; hand power, etc. (c) Applied force; force producing motion or pressure; as the power applied at one and of a lever to lift a weight at the other end. This use in mechanics, of power as a synonym for force, is improper and is becoming obsolete. (d) A machine acted upon by an animal, and serving as a motor to drive other machinery; as a dog power. Power is used adjectively, denoting, driven, or adapted to be driven, by machinery, and not actuated directly by the hand or foot; as a power lathe; a power loom; a power press. 9. (Math.) The product arising from the multiplication of a number into itself; as a square is the second power, and a cube is third power, of a number. 10. (Metaph.) Mental or moral ability to act; one of the faculties which are possessed by the mind or soul; as the power of thinking, reasoning, judging, willing, fearing, hoping, etc. I. Watts. “The guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprise of my powers, drove the grossness … into a received belief.” Shak. 11. (Optics) The degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instrument, magnifies; in the telescope, and usually in the microscope, the number of times it multiplies, or augments, the apparent diameter of an object; sometimes, in microscopes, the number of times it multiplies the apparent surface. 12. (Law) An authority enabling a person to dispose of an interest vested either in himself or in another person; ownership by appointment. Wharton. 13. Hence, vested authority to act in a given case; as the business was referred to a committee with power. Power may be predicated of inanimate agents, like the winds and waves, electricity and magnetism, gravitation, etc., or of animal and intelligent beings; and when predicated of these beings, it may indicate physical, mental, or moral ability or capacity. Mechanical powers. See under Mechanical. — Power loom, or Power press. See Def. 8 (d), note. — Power of attorney. See under Attorney. — Power of a point (relative to a given curve) (Geom.), the result of substituting the coördinates of any point in that expression which being put equal to zero forms the equation of the curve; as x2 + y2 - 100 is the power of the point x, y, relative to the circle x2 + y2 - 100 = 0.

Pow´er•a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being effected or accomplished by the application of power; possible. [R.] J. Young. 2. Capable of exerting power; powerful. Camden.

Pow´er•ful , a. 1. Full of power; capable of producing great effects of any kind; potent; mighty; efficacious; intense; as a powerful man or beast; a powerful engine; a powerful argument; a powerful light; a powerful vessel. “The powerful grace that lies
In herbs, plants, stones, and their true qualities.” Shak. 2. (Mining) Large; capacious; — said of veins of ore. Syn. — Mighty; strong; potent; forcible; efficacious; energetic; intense. — Pow´er•ful•ly, adv. — Pow´er•ful•ness, n.

Pow´er•less, a. Destitute of power, force, or energy; weak; impotent; not able to produce any effect. — Pow´er•less•ly, adv. — Pow´er•less•ness, n.

Powl´dron , n. [OF. espauleron, from espaule shoulder, F. epaule.] Same as Pauldron.

Powp , v. i. See Poop, v. i. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pow´ter (pou´ter), n. (Zoöl.) See Pouter.

Pow´wow , n. 1. A priest, or conjurer, among the North American Indians. “Be it sagamore, sachem, or powwow.” Longfellow. 2. Conjuration attended with great noise and confusion, and often with feasting, dancing, etc., performed by Indians for the cure of diseases, to procure success in hunting or in war, and for other purposes. 3. Hence: Any assembly characterized by noise and confusion; a noisy frolic or gathering. [Colloq. U. S.]

Pow´wow, v. i. 1. To use conjuration, with noise and confusion, for the cure of disease, etc., as among the North American Indians. 2. Hence: To hold a noisy, disorderly meeting. [Colloq. U. S.]

Pox , n. [For pocks, OE. pokkes. See Pock. It is plural in form but is used as a singular.] (Med.) Strictly, a disease by pustules or eruptions of any kind, but chiefly or wholly restricted to three or four diseases, — the smallpox, the chicken pox, and the vaccine and the venereal diseases. Pox, when used without an epithet, as in imprecations, formerly signified smallpox; but it now signifies syphilis.

Pox, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poxed p. pr. & vb. n. Poxing.] To infect with the pox, or syphilis.

Poy , n. [OF. apui, apoi, a support, prop., staff, F. appui, fr. OF. apuier, apoier, to support, F. appuyer, fr. à to (L. ad) + OF. pui, poi, a rising ground, hill, L. podium. See Podium, Pew.] 1. A support; — used in composition; as teapoy. 2. A ropedancer’s balancing pole. Johnson. 3. A long boat hook by which barges are propelled against the stream. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Poy•na´do , n. A poniard. [Obs.] Lyly.

Poynd , v., Poynd´er , n. See Poind, Poinder.

Poy nette´ , n. [Cf. Point.] A bodkin. [Obs.]

Poyn´tel , n. [See Pointal.] (Arch.) Paving or flooring made of small squares or lozenges set diagonally. [Formerly written pointal.]

Poy´ou , n. (Zoöl.) A South American armadillo (Dasypus sexcinctus). Called also sixbanded armadillo.

Poze , v. t. See 5th Pose. { Poz•zu•o•la´na , Poz•zo•la´•na }, n. [It.] Volcanic ashes from Pozzuoli, in Italy, used in the manufacture of a kind of mortar which hardens under water.

Praam , n. [D. praam; cf. G. prahm, F. prame; all of Slavonic origin, from a word akin to E. fare. See Fare.] (Naut.) A flat- bottomed boat or lighter, — used in Holland and the Baltic, and sometimes armed in case of war. [Written also pram, and prame.]

Prac´tic , a. [See Practical.] 1. Practical. 2. Artful; deceitful; skillful. [Obs.] ´Cunning sleights and practick knavery.´ Spenser.

Prac´ti•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being practicable; practicableness; feasibility. ´The practicability of such a project.´ Stewart.

Prac´ti•ca•ble , a. [LL. practicare to act, transact, fr. L. practicus active, Gr. : cf. F. practicable, pratiquer to practice. See Practical.] 1. That may be practiced or performed; capable of being done or accomplished with available means or resources; feasible; as a practicable method; a practicable aim; a practicable good. 2. Capable of being used; passable; as a practicable weapon; a practicable road. Practicable breach (Mil.), a breach which admits of approach and entrance by an assailing party. Syn. — Possible; feasible. — Practicable, Possible. A thing may be possible, i. e., not forbidden by any law of nature, and yet may not now be practicable for want of the means requisite to its performance. — Prac´ti•ca•ble•ness, n. — Prac´ti•ca•bly, adv.

Prac´ti•cal , a. [L. practicus active, Gr. fit for doing or performing, practical, active, fr. to do, work, effect: cf. F. pratique, formerly also practique. Cf. Pragmatic, Practice.] 1. Of or pertaining to practice or action. 2. Capable of being turned to use or account; useful, in distinction from ideal or theoretical; as practical chemistry. ´Man’s practical understanding.´ South. ´For all practical purposes.´ Macaulay. 3. Evincing practice or skill; capable of applying knowledge to some useful end; as a practical man; a practical mind. 4. Derived from practice; as practical skill. Practical joke, a joke put in practice; a joke the fun of which consists in something done, in distinction from something said; esp., a trick played upon a person.

Prac•ti•cal´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being practical; practicalness.

Prac´ti•cal•ly , adv. 1. In a practical way; not theoretically; really; as to look at things practically; practically worthless. 2. By means of practice or use; by experience or experiment; as practically wise or skillful; practically acquainted with a subject. 3. In practice or use; as a medicine practically safe; theoretically wrong, but practically right.

Prac´ti•cal•ness, n. Same as Practicality.

Prac´ti•cal•ize , v. t. To render practical. [R.] ´Practicalizing influences.´ J. S. Mill.

Prac´tice , n. [OE. praktike, practique, F. pratique, formerly also practique, LL. practica, fr. Gr. , fr. practical. See Practical, and cf. Pratique, Pretty.] 1. Frequently repeated or customary action; habitual performance; a succession of acts of a similar kind; usage; habit; custom; as the practice of rising early; the practice of making regular entries of accounts; the practice of daily exercise. “A heart … exercised with covetous practices.” 2 Pet. ii. 14. 2. Customary or constant use; state of being used. “Obsolete words may be revived when they are more sounding or more significant than those in practice.” Dryden. 3. Skill or dexterity acquired by use; expertness. [R.] ´His nice fence and his active practice.´ Shak. 4. Actual performance; application of knowledge; — opposed to theory. “There are two functions of the soul, — contemplation and practice.” South. “There is a distinction, but no opposition, between theory and practice; each, to a certain extent, supposes the other; theory is dependent on practice; practice must have preceded theory.” Sir W. Hamilton. 5. Systematic exercise for instruction or discipline; as the troops are called out for practice; she neglected practice in music. 6. Application of science to the wants of men; the exercise of any profession; professional business; as the practice of medicine or law; a large or lucrative practice. “Practice is exercise of an art, or the application of a science in life, which application is itself an art.” Sir W. Hamilton. 7. Skillful or artful management; dexterity in contrivance or the use of means; art; stratagem; artifice; plot; — usually in a bad sense. [Obs.] Bacon. “He sought to have that by practice which he could not by prayer.” Sir P. Sidney. 8. (Math.) A easy and concise method of applying the rules of arithmetic to questions which occur in trade and business. 9. (Law) The form, manner, and order of conducting and carrying on suits and prosecutions through their various stages, according to the principles of law and the rules laid down by the courts. Bouvier. Syn. — Custom; usage; habit; manner.

Prac´tice , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Practiced p. pr. & vb. n. Practicing ] [Often written practise, practised, practising.] 1. To do or perform frequently, customarily, or habitually; to make a practice of; as to practice gaming. ´Incline not my heart … practice wicked works.´ Ps. cxli. 4. 2. To exercise, or follow, as a profession, trade, art, etc., as to practice law or medicine. 2. To exercise one’s self in, for instruction or improvement, or to acquire discipline or dexterity; as to practice gunnery; to practice music. 4. To put into practice; to carry out; to act upon; to commit; to execute; to do. ´Aught but Talbot’s shadow whereon to practice your severity.´ Shak. “As this advice ye practice or neglect.” Pope. 5. To make use of; to employ. [Obs.] “In malice to this good knight’s wife, I practiced Ubaldo and Ricardo to corrupt her.” Massinger. 6. To teach or accustom by practice; to train. “In church they are taught to love God; after church they are practiced to love their neighbor.” Landor.

Prac´tice, v. i. [Often written practise.] 1. To perform certain acts frequently or customarily, either for instruction, profit, or amusement; as to practice with the broadsword or with the rifle; to practice on the piano. 2. To learn by practice; to form a habit. “They shall practice how to live secure.” Milton. “Practice first over yourself to reign.” Waller. 3. To try artifices or stratagems. “He will practice against thee by poison.” Shak. 4. To apply theoretical science or knowledge, esp. by way of experiment; to exercise or pursue an employment or profession, esp. that of medicine or of law. “[I am] little inclined to practice on others, and as little that others should practice on me.” Sir W. Temple.

Prac´ticed , a. [Often written practised.] 1. Experienced; expert; skilled; as a practiced marksman. ´A practiced picklock.´ Ld. Lytton. 2. Used habitually; learned by practice.

Prac´ti•cer , n. [Often written practiser.] 1. One who practices, or puts in practice; one who customarily performs certain acts. South. 2. One who exercises a profession; a practitioner. 3. One who uses art or stratagem. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Prac•ti´cian , n. [F. praticien, OF. also practicien.] One who is acquainted with, or skilled in, anything by practice; a practitioner.

Prac´tick , n. Practice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Prac´ti•sant , n. An agent or confederate in treachery. [Obs.] Shak.

Prac´tise , v. t. & i. See Practice. The analogy of the English language requires that the noun and verb which are pronounced alike should agree in spelling. Thus we have notice (n. & v.), noticed, noticing, noticer; poultice (n. & v.); apprentice (n. & v.); office (n. & v.), officer (n.); lattice (n.), latticed (a.); benefice (n.), beneficed (a.), etc. Cf. sacrifice (; n. & v.), surmise (; n. & v.), promise (; n. & v.); compromise (; n. & v.), etc. Contrast advice (; n.), and advise ; device , and devise , etc.

Prac´ti•sour , n. A practitioner. [Obs.]

Prac•ti´tion•er , n. [From Practician.] 1. One who is engaged in the actual use or exercise of any art or profession, particularly that of law or medicine. Crabbe. 2. One who does anything customarily or habitually. 3. A sly or artful person. Whitgift. General practitioner. See under General, 2.

Prac´tive , a. Doing; active. [Obs.] Sylvester. — Prac´tive•ly, adv. [Obs.] “The preacher and the people both,
Then practively did thrive.” Warner.

Prad , n. [Cf. D. paard.] A horse. [Colloq. Eng.]

Prae- A prefix. See Pre-.

Prae´ca•va , n. [NL. See Pre-, and 1st Cave.] (Anat.) The superior vena cava. — Prae´ca•val (#), a. B. G. Wilder.

Praec´i•pe , n. [L., imperative of praecipere to give rules or precepts. See Precept.] (Law) (a) A writ commanding something to be done, or requiring a reason for neglecting it. (b) A paper containing the particulars of a writ, lodged in the office out of which the writ is to be issued. Wharton.

Prae´co•ces , n. pl. [NL. See Precocious.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including those whose young are able to run about when first hatched.

Prae•co´cial , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Praecoces.

Prae•cog´ni•ta , n. pl. [L. praecognitus, p. p. of praecognoscere to foreknow. See Pre-, and Cognition.] This previously known, or which should be known in order to understand something else.

Prae•com´mis•sure , n. [Pref. prae + commissure.] (Anat.) A transverse commissure in the anterior part of the third ventricle of the brain; the anterior cerebral commissure.

Prae•cor´a•coid , n. (Anat.) See Precoracoid.

Prae•cor´di•a , n. [L., fr. prae before + cor, cordis, the heart.] (Anat.) The front part of the thoracic region; the epigastrium.

Prae•cor´di•al , a. (Anat.) Same as Precordial.

Prae•cor´nu , n.; pl. Praecornua (#). [NL. See Pre-, and Cornu.] (Anat.) The anterior horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder.

Prae´di•al , a. See Predial.

Prae•flo•ra´tion , n. Same as Prefloration. Gray.

Prae•fo•li•a´tion , n. Same as Prefoliation. Gray.

Prae•max•il´la , n. See Premaxilla.

Prae•mo´lar , a. See Premolar.

Prae•morse´ , a. Same as Premorse.

Praem•u•ni´re , n. [Corrupted from L. praemonere to forewarn, cite. See Admonish.] (Eng. Law) (a) The offense of introducing foreign authority into England, the penalties for which were originally intended to depress the civil power of the pope in the kingdom. (b) The writ grounded on that offense. Wharton. (c) The penalty ascribed for the offense of praemunire. “Wolsey incurred a praemunire, and forfeited his honor, estate, and life.” South. The penalties of praemunire were subsequently applied to many other offenses; but prosecutions upon a praemunire are at this day unheard of in the English courts. Blackstone.

Praem•u•ni´re, v. t. 1. To subject to the penalties of praemunire. [Obs.] T. Ward.

Prae•mu´ni•to•ry , a. See Premunitory.

Prae•na´res , n. pl. [NL. See Pre-, Nares.] (Anat.) The anterior nares. See Nares. B. G. Wilder.

Prae•na´sal , a. (Anat.) Same as Prenasal.

Prae•no´men , n.; pl. Praenomina (#). [L., fr. prae before + nomen name.] (Rom. Antiq.) The first name of a person, by which individuals of the same family were distinguished, answering to our Christian name, as Caius, Lucius, Marcus, etc.

Prae•no•min´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to a praenomen. [Obs.] M. A. Lower.

Prae•o•per´cu•lum, n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Preoperculum. — Prae•o•per´cu•lar, a.

Prae•o´ral, n., Prae•pu´bis, n., Prae•scap´u•la, n., Prae•scu´tum, n., Prae•ster´num, n. Same as Preoral, Prepubis, Prescapula, etc.

Prae´ter- A prefix. See Preter- .

Praet´er•ist , n. (Theol.) See Preterist.

Prae•ter•mit´ , v. t. See Pretermit.

Prae•tex´ta , n.; pl. Praetextae (#), E. Praetextas (#). [L. (sc. toga), fr. praetextus, p. p. of praetexere to weave before, to fringe, border; prae before + texere to weave.] (Rom. Antiq.) A white robe with a purple border, worn by a Roman boy before he was entitled to wear the toga virilis, or until about the completion of his fourteenth year, and by girls until their marriage. It was also worn by magistrates and priests.

Prae´tor , n. See Pretor.

Prae•to´res , n. pl. [NL. See Pretor.] (Zoöl.) A division of butterflies including the satyrs.

Prae•to´ri•an , a. See Pretorian.

Prae•to´ri•um , n. See Pretorium.

Prae•zyg•a•poph´y•sis , n. (Anat.) Same as Prezygapophysis. { Prag•mat´ic , Prag•mat´ic•al } a. [L. pragmaticus busy, active, skilled in business, especially in law and state affairs, systematic, Gr. , fr. a thing done, business, fr. to do: cf. F. pragmatique. See Practical.] 1. Of or pertaining to business or to affairs; of the nature of business; practical; material; businesslike in habit or manner. “The next day … I began to be very pragmatical.” Evelyn. “We can not always be contemplative, diligent, or pragmatical, abroad; but have need of some delightful intermissions.” Milton. “Low, pragmatical, earthly views of the gospel.” Hare. 2. Busy; specifically, busy in an objectionable way; officious; fussy and positive; meddlesome. ´Pragmatical officers of justice.´ Sir W. Scott. “The fellow grew so pragmatical that he took upon him the government of my whole family.” Arbuthnot. 3. Philosophical; dealing with causes, reasons, and effects, rather than with details and circumstances; — said of literature. ´Pragmatic history.´ Sir W. Hamilton. ´Pragmatic poetry.´ M. Arnold. Pragmatic sanction, a solemn ordinance or decree issued by the head or legislature of a state upon weighty matters; — a term derived from the Byzantine empire. In European history, two decrees under this name are particularly celebrated. One of these, issued by Charles VII. of France, A. D. 1438, was the foundation of the liberties of the Gallican church; the other, issued by Charles VI. of Germany, A. D. 1724, settled his hereditary dominions on his eldest daughter, the Archduchess Maria Theresa.

Prag•mat´ic, n. 1. One skilled in affairs. “My attorney and solicitor too; a fine pragmatic.” B. Jonson. 2. A solemn public ordinance or decree. “A royal pragmatic was accordingly passed.” Prescott.

Prag•mat´ic•al•ly , adv. In a pragmatical manner.

Prag•mat´ic•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being pragmatical.

Prag´ma•tism , n. The quality or state of being pragmatic; in literature, the pragmatic, or philosophical, method. “The narration of this apparently trifling circumstance belongs to the pragmatism of the history.” A. Murphy.

Prag´ma•tist , n. One who is pragmatic.

Prag´ma•tize , v. t. To consider, represent, or embody (something unreal) as fact; to materialize. [R.] ´A pragmatized metaphor.´ Tylor.

Prai•ri•al´ , n. [F., fr. prairie meadow.] The ninth month of the French Republican calendar, which dated from September 22, 1792. It began May, 20, and ended June 18. See Vendemiaire.

Prai´rie , n. [F., an extensive meadow, OF. praerie, LL. prataria, fr. L. pratum a meadow.] 1. An extensive tract of level or rolling land, destitute of trees, covered with coarse grass, and usually characterized by a deep, fertile soil. They abound throughout the Mississippi valley, between the Alleghanies and the Rocky mountains. “From the forests and the prairies,
From the great lakes of the northland.” Longfellow. 2. A meadow or tract of grass; especially, a so called natural meadow. Prairie chicken (Zoöl.), any American grouse of the genus Tympanuchus, especially T. Americanus (formerly T. cupido), which inhabits the prairies of the central United States. Applied also to the sharp- tailed grouse. — Prairie clover (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Petalostemon, having small rosy or white flowers in dense terminal heads or spikes. Several species occur in the prairies of the United States. — Prairie dock (Bot.), a coarse composite plant (Silphium terebinthaceum) with large rough leaves and yellow flowers, found in the Western prairies. — Prairie dog (Zoöl.), a small American rodent (Cynomys Ludovicianus) allied to the marmots. It inhabits the plains west of the Mississippi. The prairie dogs burrow in the ground in large warrens, and have a sharp bark like that of a dog. Called also prairie marmot. — Prairie grouse. Same as Prairie chicken, above. — Prairie hare (Zoöl.), a large long-eared Western hare (Lepus campestris). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack. — Prairie hawk, Prairie falcon (Zoöl.), a falcon of Western North America (Falco Mexicanus). The upper parts are brown. The tail has transverse bands of white; the under parts, longitudinal streaks and spots of brown. — Prairie hen. (Zoöl.) Same as Prairie chicken, above. — Prairie itch (Med.), an affection of the skin attended with intense itching, which is observed in the Northern and Western United States; — also called swamp itch, winter itch. — Prairie marmot. (Zoöl.) Same as Prairie dog, above. — Prairie mole (Zoöl.), a large American mole (Scalops argentatus), native of the Western prairies. — Prairie pigeon, plover, or snipe (Zoöl.), the upland plover. See Plover, n., 2. — Prairie rattlesnake (Zoöl.), the massasauga. — Prairie snake (Zoöl.), a large harmless American snake (Masticophis flavigularis). It is pale yellow, tinged with brown above. — Prairie squirrel (Zoöl.), any American ground squirrel of the genus Spermophilus, inhabiting prairies; — called also gopher. — Prairie turnip (Bot.), the edible turnip-shaped farinaceous root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta) of the Upper Missouri region; also the plant itself. Called also pomme blanche, and pomme de prairie. — Prairie warbler (Zoöl.), a bright-colored American warbler (Dendroica discolor). The back is olive yellow, with a group of reddish spots in the middle; the under parts and the parts around the eyes are bright yellow; the sides of the throat and spots along the sides, black; three outer tail feathers partly white. — Prairie wolf. (Zoöl.) See Coyote.

Prais´a•ble , a. Fit to be praised; praise-worthy; laudable; commendable. Wyclif (2 Tim. ii. 15).

Prais´a•bly, adv. In a praisable manner.

Praise , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Praised p. pr. & vb. n. Praising.] [OE. preisen, OF. preisier, prisier, F. priser, L. pretiare to prize, fr. pretium price. See Price, n., and cf. Appreciate, Praise, n., Prize, v.] 1. To commend; to applaud; to express approbation of; to laud; — applied to a person or his acts. ´I praise well thy wit.´ Chaucer. “Let her own works praise her in the gates.” Prov. xxxi. 31. “We praise not Hector, though his name, we know,
Is great in arms; ’t is hard to praise a foe.” Dryden. 2. To extol in words or song; to magnify; to glorify on account of perfections or excellent works; to do honor to; to display the excellence of; — applied especially to the Divine Being. “Praise ye him, all his angels; praise ye him, all his hosts!” Ps. cxlviii. 2. 3. To value; to appraise. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Syn. — To commend; laud; eulogize; celebrate; glorify; magnify. — To Praise, Applaud, Extol. To praise is to set at high price; to applaud is to greet with clapping; to extol is to bear aloft, to exalt. We may praise in the exercise of calm judgment; we usually applaud from impulse, and on account of some specific act; we extol under the influence of high admiration, and usually in strong, if not extravagant, language.

Praise, n. [OE. preis, OF. preis price, worth, value, estimation. See Praise, v., Price.] 1. Commendation for worth; approval expressed; honor rendered because of excellence or worth; laudation; approbation. “There are men who always confound the praise of goodness with the practice.” Rambler. Praise may be expressed by an individual, and thus differs from fame, renown, and celebrity, which are always the expression of the approbation of numbers, or public commendation. 2. Especially, the joyful tribute of gratitude or homage rendered to the Divine Being; the act of glorifying or extolling the Creator; worship, particularly worship by song, distinction from prayer and other acts of worship; as a service of praise. 3. The object, ground, or reason of praise. “He is thy praise, and he is thy God.” Deut. x.. Syn. — Encomium; honor; eulogy; panegyric; plaudit; applause; acclaim; eclat; commendation; laudation.

Praise´ful , a. Praiseworthy. [Obs.]

Praise´ful , a. Praiseworthy. [Obs.]

Praise´less, a. Without praise or approbation.

Praise´-meet••ing , n. A religious service mainly in song. [Local, U. S.]

Praise´ment , n. Appraisement. [Obs.]

Prais´er , n. 1. One who praises. ´Praisers of men.´ Sir P. Sidney. 2. An appraiser; a valuator. [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Praise´wor•thi•ly , adv. In a praiseworthy manner. Spenser.

Praise´wor•thi•ness, n. The quality or state of being praiseworthy.

Praise´wor•thy , a. Worthy of praise or applause; commendable; as praiseworthy action; he was praiseworthy. Arbuthnot.

Pra´krit , n. [Skr. prakrta original, natural, usual, common, vulgar.] Any one of the popular dialects descended from, or akin to, Sanskrit; — in distinction from the Sanskrit, which was used as a literary and learned language when no longer spoken by the people. Pali is one of the Prakrit dialects.

Pra•krit´ic , a. Pertaining to Prakrit. { Pram , Prame }, n. (Naut.) See Praam.

Prance , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pranced p. pr. & vb. n. Prancing ] [OE. prauncen; probably akin to prank, v. t. See Prank.] 1. To spring or bound, as a horse in high mettle. “Now rule thy prancing steed.” Gay. 2. To ride on a prancing horse; to ride in an ostentatious manner. “The insulting tyrant prancing o’er the field.” Addison. 3. To walk or strut about in a pompous, showy manner, or with warlike parade. Swift.

Pran´cer , n. A horse which prances. “Then came the captain … upon a brave prancer.” Evelyn.

Pran´di•al , a. [L. prandium a repast.] Of or pertaining to a repast, especially to dinner.

Pran´gos , n. [From the native name in Afghanistan.] (Bot.) A genus of umbelliferous plants, one species of which (P. pabularia), found in Thibet, Cashmere, Afghanistan, etc., has been used as fodder for cattle. It has decompound leaves with very long narrow divisions, and a highly fragrant smell resembling that of new clover hay.

Prank , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pranked p. pr. & vb. n. Pranking.] [Cf. E. prink, also G. prangen, prunken, to shine, to make a show, Dan. prange, prunke, Sw. prunka, D. pronken.] To adorn in a showy manner; to dress or equip ostentatiously; — often followed by up; as to prank up the body. See Prink. “In sumptuous tire she joyed herself to prank.” Spenser.

Prank, v. i. To make ostentatious show. “White houses prank where once were huts.” M. Arnold.

Prank, n. A gay or sportive action; a ludicrous, merry, or mischievous trick; a caper; a frolic. Spenser. “The harpies … played their accustomed pranks.” Sir W. Raleigh. “His pranks have been too broad to bear with.” Shak.

Prank, a. Full of gambols or tricks. [Obs.]

Prank´er , n. One who dresses showily; a prinker. ´A pranker or a dancer.´ Burton.

Prank´ish, a. Full of pranks; frolicsome.

Prase , n. [L. prasius, fr. Gr. of a leek-green, fr. Gr. a leek: cf. F. prase.] (Min.) A variety of cryptocrystalline of a leek-green color.

Pra´se•o- [Gr. leek-green, green, fr. a leek.] A combining form signifying green; as praseocobalt, a green variety of cobalt.

Pra•se•o•dym´i•um , n. [Praseo- + didymium.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, one of the constituents of didymium; — so called from the green color of its salts. Symbol Ps. Atomic weight 143.6.

Pra´se•o•lite , n. [Praseo- + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of altered iolite of a green color and greasy luster.

Pras´i•nous , a. [L. prasinus, Gr. , fr. a leek.] Grass-green; clear, lively green, without any mixture. Lindley.

Pra´soid , a. [Gr. leek + - oid.] (Min.) Resembling prase.

Prate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prating.] [Akin to LG. & D. praten, Dan. prate, Sw. & Icel. prata.] To talk much and to little purpose; to be loquacious; to speak foolishly; to babble. “To prate and talk for life and honor.” Shak. “And make a fool presume to prate of love.” Dryden.

Prate, v. t. To utter foolishly; to speak without reason or purpose; to chatter, or babble. “What nonsense would the fool, thy master, prate,
When thou, his knave, canst talk at such a rate !” Dryden.

Prate, n. [Akin to LG. & D. praat, Sw. prat.] Talk to little purpose; trifling talk; unmeaning loquacity. “Sick of tops, and poetry, and prate.” Pope.

Prate´ful , a. Talkative. [R.] W. Taylor.

Prat´er , n. One who prates. Shak.

Prat´ic , n. See Pratique.

Pra´tin•cole , n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the Old World genus Glareola, or family Glareolidae, allied to the plovers. They have long, pointed wings and a forked tail.

Prat´ing•ly , adv. With idle talk; with loquacity.

Prat´ique , n. [F.; cf. It. pratica, Sp. practica. See Practice.] 1. (Com.) Primarily, liberty of converse; intercourse; hence, a certificate, given after compliance with quarantine regulations, permitting a ship to land passengers and crew; — a term used particularly in the south of Europe. 2. Practice; habits. [Obs.] ´One of English education and pratique.´ R. North.

Prat´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prattled p. pr. & vb. n. Prattling ] [Freq. of prate.] To talk much and idly; to prate; hence, to talk lightly and artlessly, like a child; to utter child’s talk.

Prat´tle, v. t. To utter as prattle; to babble; as to prattle treason. Addison.

Prat´tle, n. Trifling or childish tattle; empty talk; loquacity on trivial subjects; prate; babble. “Mere prattle, without practice.” Shak.

Prat´tle•ment , n. Prattle. [R.] Jeffrey.

Prat´tler , n. One who prattles. Herbert.

Prav´i•ty , n. [L. pravitas, from pravus crooked, perverse.] Deterioration; degeneracy; corruption; especially, moral crookedness; moral perversion; perverseness; depravity; as the pravity of human nature. ´The pravity of the will.´ South.

Prawn , n. [OE. prane, of unknown origin; cf. L. perna a sea mussel.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large shrimplike Crustacea having slender legs and long antennae. They mostly belong to the genera Pandalus, Palaemon, Palaemonetes, and Peneus, and are much used as food. The common English prawn is Palaemon serratus. The name is often applied to any large shrimp.

Prax•in´o•scope , n. [Gr. action + -scope.] (Opt.) An instrument, similar to the phenakistoscope, for presenting to view, or projecting upon a screen, images the natural motions of real objects.

Prax´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to do. See Practice.] 1. Use; practice; especially, exercise or discipline for a specific purpose or object. ´The praxis and theory of music.´ Wood. 2. An example or form of exercise, or a collection of such examples, for practice.

Pray , n. & v. See Pry. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pray , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prayed p. pr. & vb. n. Praying.] [OE. preien, OF. preier, F. prier, L. precari, fr. prex, precis, a prayer, a request; akin to Skr. prach to ask, AS. frignan, frinan, fricgan, G. fragen, Goth. fraíhnan. Cf. Deprecate, Imprecate, Precarious.] To make request with earnestness or zeal, as for something desired; to make entreaty or supplication; to offer prayer to a deity or divine being as a religious act; specifically, to address the Supreme Being with adoration, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving. “ And to his goddess pitously he preyde.” Chaucer. “When thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly.” Matt. vi. 6. I pray, or (by ellipsis) Pray, I beg; I request; I entreat you; — used in asking a question, making a request, introducing a petition, etc.; as Pray, allow me to go. “I pray, sir. why am I beaten?” Shak. Syn. — To entreat; supplicate; beg; implore; invoke; beseech; petition.

Pray, v. t. 1. To address earnest request to; to supplicate; to entreat; to implore; to beseech. “And as this earl was preyed, so did he.” Chaucer. “We pray you … by ye reconciled to God.” 2 Cor. v. 20. 2. To ask earnestly for; to seek to obtain by supplication; to entreat for. “I know not how to pray your patience.” Shak. 3. To effect or accomplish by praying; as to pray a soul out of purgatory. Milman. To pray in aid. (Law) (a) To call in as a helper one who has an interest in the cause. Bacon. (b) A phrase often used to signify claiming the benefit of an argument. See under Aid. Mozley & W.

Pray´er , n. One who prays; a supplicant.

Prayer (; 277), n. [OE. preiere, OF. preiere, F. prière, fr. L. precarius obtained by prayer, fr. precari to pray. See Pray, v. i.] 1. The act of praying, or of asking a favor; earnest request or entreaty; hence, a petition or memorial addressed to a court or a legislative body. ´Their meek preyere.´ Chaucer 2. The act of addressing supplication to a divinity, especially to the true God; the offering of adoration, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving to the Supreme Being; as public prayer; secret prayer. “As he is famed for mildness, peace, and prayer.” Shak. 3. The form of words used in praying; a formula of supplication; an expressed petition; especially, a supplication addressed to God; as a written or extemporaneous prayer; to repeat one’s prayers. “He made those excellent prayers which were published immediately after his death.” Bp. Fell. Prayer book, a book containing devotional prayers. — Prayer meeting, a meeting or gathering for prayer to God. Syn. — Petition; orison; supplication; entreaty; suit.

Prayer´ful , a. Given to prayer; praying much or often; devotional. ´The prayerful man.´ J. S. Blackie. — Prayer´ful•ly, adv. — Prayer´ful•ness, n.

Prayer´less ( 277), a. Not using prayer; habitually neglecting prayer to God; without prayer. ´The next time you go prayerless to bed.´ Baxter. — Prayer´less•ly, adv. — Prayer´less•ness, n.

Pray´ing , a. & n. from Pray, v. Praying insect, locust, or mantis (Zoöl.), a mantis, especially Mantis religiosa. See Mantis. — Praying machine, or Praying wheel, a wheel on which prayers are pasted by Buddhist priests, who then put the wheel in rapid revolution. Each turn in supposed to have the efficacy of an oral repetition of all the prayers on the wheel. Sometimes it is moved by a stream.

Pray´ing•ly, adv. With supplication to God.

Pre- [L. prae, adv. & prep., before, akin to pro, and to E. for, prep.: cf. F. pre-. See Pro-, and cf. Prior.] A prefix denoting priority (of time, place, or rank); as precede, to go before; precursor, a forerunner; prefix, to fix or place before; preëminent eminent before or above others. Pre- is sometimes used intensively, as in prepotent, very potent. [Written also prae-.]

Pre•ac•cu•sa´tion , n. Previous accusation.

Preace , v. & n. Press. [Obs.] Spenser.

Preach , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preached p. pr. & vb. n. Preaching.] [OE. prechen, OF. preechier, F. prêcher, fr. L. praedicare to cry in public, to proclaim; prae before + dicare to make known, dicere to say; or perhaps from (assumed) LL. praedictare. See Diction, and cf. Predicate, Predict.] 1. To proclaim or publish tidings; specifically, to proclaim the gospel; to discourse publicly on a religious subject, or from a text of Scripture; to deliver a sermon. “How shall they preach, except they be sent?” Rom. x. 15. “From that time Jesus began to preach.” Matt. iv. 17. 2. To give serious advice on morals or religion; to discourse in the manner of a preacher.

Preach, v. t. 1. To proclaim by public discourse; to utter in a sermon or a formal religious harangue. “That Cristes gospel truly wolde preche.” Chaucer. “The Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek.” Isa. lxi. 1. 2. To inculcate in public discourse; to urge with earnestness by public teaching. ´I have preached righteousness in the great congregation.´ Ps. xl. 9. 3. To deliver or pronounce; as to preach a sermon. 4. To teach or instruct by preaching; to inform by preaching. [R.] ´As ye are preached.´ Southey. 5. To advise or recommend earnestly. “My master preaches patience to him.” Shak. To preach down, to oppress, or humiliate by preaching. Tennyson. — To preach up, to exalt by preaching; to preach in support of; as to preach up equality.

Preach, n. [Cf. F. prêche, fr. prêcher. See Preach, v.] A religious discourse. [Obs.] Hooker.

Preach´er , n. [Cf. OF. preeschierre, prescheur, F. prêcheur, L. praedicator.] 1. One who preaches; one who discourses publicly on religious subjects. “How shall they hear without a preacher?” Rom. x. 14. 2. One who inculcates anything with earnestness. “No preacher is listened to but Time.” Swift. Preacher bird (Zoöl.), a toucan.

Preach´er•ship, n. The office of a preacher. ´The preachership of the Rolls.´ Macaulay.

Preach´i•fy , v. i. [Preach + -fy.] To discourse in the manner of a preacher. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Preach´ing, n. The act of delivering a religious discourse; the art of sermonizing; also a sermon; a public religious discourse; serious, earnest advice. Milner. Preaching cross, a cross, sometimes surmounting a pulpit, erected out of doors to designate a preaching place. — Preaching friars. See Dominican.

Preach´man , n.; pl. Preachmen . A preacher; — so called in contempt. [Obs.] Howell.

Preach´ment , n. A religious harangue; a sermon; — used derogatively. Shak.

Pre•ac•quaint´ , v. t. To acquaint previously or beforehand. Fielding.

Pre•ac•quaint´ance , n. Previous acquaintance or knowledge. Harris.

Pre•act´ , v. t. To act beforehand; to perform previously.

Pre•ac´tion , n. Previous action.

Pre•a•dam´ic , a. Prior to Adam.

Pre•ad´am•ite , n. [Cf. F. preadamite.] 1. An inhabitant of the earth before Adam. 2. One who holds that men existed before Adam.

Pre•ad•am•it´ic , a. Existing or occurring before Adam; preadamic; as preadamitic periods.

Pre•ad•just´ment , n. Previous adjustment.

Pre•ad•min•is•tra´tion , n. Previous administration. Bp. Pearson.

Pre•ad•mon´ish, v. t. To admonish previously.

Pre•ad•mo•ni´tion , n. Previous warning or admonition; forewarning.

Pre•ad•ver•tise´ , v. t. To advertise beforehand; to preannounce publicly.

Pre´am•ble , n. [LL. praeambulum, from L. praeambulus walking before, fr. praeambulare to walk before; prae before + ambulare to walk: cf. F. preambule. See Amble.] A introductory portion; an introduction or preface, as to a book, document, etc.; specifically, the introductory part of a statute, which states the reasons and intent of the law.

Pre´am•ble, v. t. & i. To make a preamble to; to preface; to serve as a preamble. [R.] Feltham. Milton.

Pre•am´bu•la•ry , a. [Cf. OF. preambulaire.] Of or pertaining to a preamble; introductory; contained or provided for in a preamble. ´A preambulary tax.´ [R.] Burke.

Pre•am´bu•late , v. i. [L. praeambulare. See Preamble.] To walk before. [R.] Jordan.

Pre•am•bu•la´tion , n. 1. A walking or going before; precedence. [R.] 2. A preamble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pre•am´bu•la•to•ry , a. Preceding; going before; introductory. [R.] “Simon Magus had preambulatory impieties.” Jer. Taylor.

Pre•am´bu•lous , a. [See Preamble, n.] See Perambulatory. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pre•an•nounce´ , v. t. To announce beforehand. Coleridge.

Pre•an•te•nul´ti•mate , a. Being or indicating the fourth syllable from the end of a word, or that before the antepenult.

Pre•a•or´tic , a. (Anat.) In front, or on the ventral side, of the aorta.

Pre•ap•point´ , v. t. To appoint previously, or beforehand. Carlyle.

Pre•ap•point´ment , n. Previous appointment.

Pre•ap•pre•hen´sion , n. An apprehension or opinion formed before examination or knowledge. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pre•arm´ , v. t. To forearm. [R.]

Pre•ar•range´ , v. t. To arrange beforehand.

Prease , v. t. & i. To press; to crowd. [Obs.] — n. A press; a crowd. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pre•as•sur´ance , n. Previous assurance. Coleridge.

Pre•a•tax´ic , a. (Med.) Occurring before the symptom ataxia has developed; — applied to the early symptoms of locomotor ataxia.

Pre•au´di•ence , n. (Eng. Law) Precedence of rank at the bar among lawyers. Blackstone.

Pre•ax´i•al , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of any transverse axis in the body of an animal; anterior; cephalic; esp., in front, or on the anterior, or cephalic (that is, radial or tibial) side of the axis of a limb.

Preb´end (preb´end), n. [F. prebende (cf. It. & Sp. prebenda), from L. praebenda, from L. praebere to hold forth, afford, contr. fr. praehibere; prae before + habere to have, hold. See Habit, and cf. Provender.] 1. A payment or stipend; esp., the stipend or maintenance granted to a prebendary out of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate church with which he is connected. See Note under Benefice. 2. A prebendary. [Obs.] Bacon. Dignitary prebend, one having jurisdiction annexed to it. — Simple prebend, one without jurisdiction.

Pre•ben´dal (pre•ben´dal), a. Of or pertaining to a prebend; holding a prebend; as a prebendal priest or stall. Chesterfield.

Preb´en•da•ry (preb´en•da•ry), n. [LL. praebendarius: cf. F. prebendaire. See Prebend.] 1. A clergyman attached to a collegiate or cathedral church who enjoys a prebend in consideration of his officiating at stated times in the church. See Note under Benefice, n., 3. Hook. 2. A prebendaryship. [Obs.] Bailey.

Preb´en•da•ry•ship, n. The office of a prebendary.

Preb´en•date , v. t. [LL. praebendatus, p. p. of praebendari.] To invest with the office of prebendary; to present to a prebend. [Obs.] Grafton.

Preb´end•ship , n. A prebendaryship. [Obs.] Foxe.

Pre•bron´chi•al , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the bronchus; — applied especially to an air sac on either side of the esophagus of birds.

Pre•cal´cu•late , v. t. To calculate or determine beforehand; to prearrange. Masson.

Pre´cant , n. [L. precans, -antis, p. pr. of precari to pray.] One who prays. [R.] Coleridge.

Pre•ca´ri•ous , a. [L. precarius obtained by begging or prayer, depending on request or on the will of another, fr. precari to pray, beg. See Pray.] 1. Depending on the will or pleasure of another; held by courtesy; liable to be changed or lost at the pleasure of another; as precarious privileges. Addison. 2. Held by a doubtful tenure; depending on unknown causes or events; exposed to constant risk; not to be depended on for certainty or stability; uncertain; as a precarious state of health; precarious fortunes. ´Intervals of partial and precarious liberty.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Uncertain; unsettled; unsteady; doubtful; dubious; equivocal. — Precarious, Uncertain. Precarious in stronger than uncertain. Derived originally from the Latin precari, it first signified ´granted to entreaty,´ and, hence, ´wholly dependent on the will of another.´ Thus it came to express the highest species of uncertainty, and is applied to such things as depend wholly on future casualties. — Pre•ca´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Pre•ca´ri•ous•ness, n.

Pre•ca´tion , n. [L. precatio.] The act of praying; supplication; entreaty. Cotton. { Prec´a•tive , Prec´a•to•ry } a. [L. precativus, precatorius, fr. precari to pray. See Precarious.] Suppliant; beseeching. Bp. Hopkins. Precatory words (Law), words of recommendation, request, entreaty, wish, or expectation, employed in wills, as distinguished from express directions; — in some cases creating a trust. Jarman.

Pre•cau´tion , n. [F. precation, L. praecautio, fr. praecavere, praecautum, to guard against beforehand; prae before + cavere be on one’s guard. See Pre-, and Caution.] 1. Previous caution or care; caution previously employed to prevent mischief or secure good; as his life was saved by precaution. “They [ancient philosophers] treasured up their supposed discoveries with miserable precaution.” J. H. Newman. 2. A measure taken beforehand to ward off evil or secure good or success; a precautionary act; as to take precautions against accident.

Pre•cau´tion, v. t. [Cf. F. precautionner.] 1. To warn or caution beforehand. Locke. 2. To take precaution against. [R.] Dryden.

Pre•cau´tion•al , a. Precautionary.

Pre•cau´tion•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to precaution, or precautions; as precautionary signals.

Pre•cau´tious , a. Taking or using precaution; precautionary. — Pre•cau´tious•ly, adv. — Pre•cau´•tious•ness, n.

Pre•ce•da´ne•ous , a. Preceding; antecedent; previous. [Obs.] Hammond.

Pre•cede´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Preceding.] [L. praecedere, praecessum; prae before + cedere to go, to be in motion: cf. F. preceder. See Pre-, and Cede.] 1. To go before in order of time; to occur first with relation to anything. ´Harm precedes not sin.´ Milton. 2. To go before in place, rank, or importance. 3. To cause to be preceded; to preface; to introduce; — used with by or with before the instrumental object. [R.] “It is usual to precede hostilities by a public declaration.” Kent. { Pre•ced´ence , Pre•ced´en•cy } n. [Cf. F. precedence. See Precede.] 1. The act or state of preceding or going before in order of time; priority; as one event has precedence of another. 2. The act or state of going or being before in rank or dignity, or the place of honor; right to a more honorable place; superior rank; as barons have precedence of commoners. “Which of them [the different desires] has the precedency in determining the will to the next action?” Locke. Syn. — Antecedence; priority; preëminence; preference; superiority.

Pre•ced´ent , a. [L. praecedens, -entis, p. pr. of praecedere: cf. F. precedent. See Precede.] Going before; anterior; preceding; antecedent; as precedent services. Shak. ´A precedent injury.´ Bacon. Condition precedent (Law), a condition which precede the vesting of an estate, or the accruing of a right.

Prec´e•dent , n. 1. Something done or said that may serve as an example to authorize a subsequent act of the same kind; an authoritative example. “Examples for cases can but direct as precedents only.” Hooker. 2. A preceding circumstance or condition; an antecedent; hence, a prognostic; a token; a sign. [Obs.] 3. A rough draught of a writing which precedes a finished copy. [Obs.] Shak. 4. (Law) A judicial decision which serves as a rule for future determinations in similar or analogous cases; an authority to be followed in courts of justice; forms of proceeding to be followed in similar cases. Wharton. Syn. — Example; antecedent. — Precedent, Example. An example in a similar case which may serve as a rule or guide, but has no authority out of itself. A precedent is something which comes down to us from the past with the sanction of usage and of common consent. We quote examples in literature, and precedents in law.

Prec´e•dent•ed, a. Having a precedent; authorized or sanctioned by an example of a like kind. Walpole.

Prec•e•den´tial , a. Of the nature of a precedent; having force as an example for imitation; as precedential transactions. “All their actions in that time are not precedential to warrant posterity.” Fuller.

Pre•ced´ent•ly , adv. Beforehand; antecedently.

Pre•ced´ing, a. 1. Going before; — opposed to following. 2. (Astron.) In the direction toward which stars appear to move. See Following, 2.

Pre•cel´ , v. t. & i. [See Precellence.] To surpass; to excel; to exceed. [Obs.] Howell. { Pre•cel´lence , Pre•cel´len•cy } n. [L. praecellentia, from praecellens, p. pr. of praecellere to excel, surpass: cf. OF. precellence.] Excellence; superiority. [Obs.] Sheldon.

Pre•cel´lent , a. [L. praecellens, p. pr.] Excellent; surpassing. [Obs.] Holland.

Pre•cen´tor , n. [L. praecentor, fr. praecinere to sing before; prae before + canere to sing. See Chant.] A leader of a choir; a directing singer. Specifically: (a) The leader of the choir in a cathedral; — called also the chanter or master of the choir. Hook. (b) The leader of the congregational singing in Scottish and other churches.

Pre•cen´tor•ship, n. The office of a precentor.

Pre´cept , n. [L. praeceptum, from praecipere to take beforehand, to instruct, teach; prae before + capere to take: cf. F. precepte. See Pre-, and Capacious.] 1. Any commandment, instruction, or order intended as an authoritative rule of action; esp., a command respecting moral conduct; an injunction; a rule. “For precept must be upon precept.” Isa. xxviii. 10. “No arts are without their precepts.” Dryden. 2. (Law) A command in writing; a species of writ or process. Burrill. Syn. — Commandment; injunction; mandate; law; rule; direction; principle; maxim. See Doctrine.

Pre´cept, v. t. To teach by precepts. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pre•cep´tial , a. Preceptive. [Obs.] “[Passion] would give preceptial medicine to rage.” Shak.

Pre•cep´tion , n. [L. praeceptio.] A precept. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Pre•cep´tive , a. [L. praeceptivus.] Containing or giving precepts; of the nature of precepts; didactic; as the preceptive parts of the Scriptures. “The lesson given us here is preceptive to us.” L’Estrange.

Pre•cep´tor , n. [L. praeceptor, fr. praecipere to teach: cf. F. precepteur. See Precept.] 1. One who gives commands, or makes rules; specifically, the master or principal of a school; a teacher; an instructor. 2. The head of a preceptory among the Knights Templars. Sir W. Scott.

Pre•cep•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a preceptor.

Pre•cep´to•ry ( 277), a. Preceptive. ´A law preceptory.´ Anderson (1573).

Pre•cep´to•ry, n.; pl. Preceptories (#). [LL. praeceptoria an estate assigned to a preceptor, from L. praeceptor a commander, ruler, teacher, in LL., procurator, administrator among the Knights Templars. See Preceptor.] A religious house of the Knights Templars, subordinate to the temple or principal house of the order in London. See Commandery, n., 2.

Pre•cep´tress , n. A woman who is the principal of a school; a female teacher.

Pre•ces´sion , n. [L. praecedere, praecessum, to go before: cf. F. precession. See Precede.] The act of going before, or forward. Lunisolar precession. (Astron.) See under Lunisolar. — Planetary precession, that part of the precession of the equinoxes which depends on the action of the planets alone. — Precession of the equinoxes (Astron.), the slow backward motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic, at the rate of 50.2″ annually, caused by the action of the sun, moon, and planets, upon the protuberant matter about the earth’s equator, in connection with its diurnal rotation; — so called because either equinox, owing to its westerly motion, comes to the meridian sooner each day than the point it would have occupied without the motion of precession, and thus precedes that point continually with reference to the time of transit and motion.

Pre•ces´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to pression; as the precessional movement of the equinoxes.

Pre•ces´sor , n. [L. praecessor.] A predecessor. [Obs.] Fuller.

Pre´cinct ( 277), n. [LL. praecinctum, fr. L. praecingere, praecinctum, to gird about, to encompass; prae before + cingere to gird, surround. See Pre-, and Cincture.] 1. The limit or exterior line encompassing a place; a boundary; a confine; limit of jurisdiction or authority; — often in the plural; as the precincts of a state. ´The precincts of light.´ Milton. 2. A district within certain boundaries; a minor territorial or jurisdictional division; as an election precinct; a school precinct. 3. A parish or prescribed territory attached to a church, and taxed for its support. [U.S.] “The parish, or precinct, shall proceed to a new choice.” Laws of Massachusetts.

Pre•ci•os´i•ty , n. Preciousness; something precious. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pre´cious , a. [OF. precious, precius, precios, F. precieux, L. pretiosus, fr. pretium price, worth, value. See Price.] 1. Of great price; costly; as a precious stone. ´The precious bane.´ Milton. 2. Of great value or worth; very valuable; highly esteemed; dear; beloved; as precious recollections. “She is more precious than rules.” Prov. iii. 15. “Many things which are most precious are neglected only because the value of them lieth hid.” Hooker. Also used ironically; as a precious rascal. 3. Particular; fastidious; overnice. [Obs.] “Lest that precious folk be with me wroth.” Chaucer. Precious metals, the uncommon and highly valuable metals, esp. gold and silver. — Precious stones, gems; jewels.

Pre´cious•ly, adv. In a precious manner; expensively; extremely; dearly. Also used ironically.

Pre´cious•ness, n. The quality or state of being precious; costliness; dearness.

Prec´i•pe , n. (Law) See Praecipe, and Precept.

Prec´i•pice , n. [F. precipice, L. praecipitium, fr. praeceps, -cipitis, headlong; prae before + caput, capitis, the head. See Pre-, and Chief.] 1. A sudden or headlong fall. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A headlong steep; a very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging place; an abrupt declivity; a cliff. “Where wealth like fruit on precipices grew.” Dryden.

Pre•cip´i•ent , a. [L. praecipiens, p. pr. See Precept.] Commanding; directing.

Pre•cip•i•ta•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being precipitable.

Pre•cip´i•ta•ble , a. Capable of being precipitated, or cast to the bottom, as a substance in solution. See Precipitate, n. (Chem.) { Pre•cip´i•tance , Pre•cip´i•tan•cy } n. [From Precipitant.] The quality or state of being precipitant, or precipitate; headlong hurry; excessive or rash haste in resolving, forming an opinion, or executing a purpose; precipitation; as the precipitancy of youth. ´Precipitance of judgment.´ I. Watts.

Pre•cip´i•tant , a. [L. praecipitans, -antis, p. pr. of praecipitare: cf. F. precipitant. See Precipitate.] 1. Falling or rushing headlong; rushing swiftly, violently, or recklessly; moving precipitately. “They leave their little lives
Above the clouds, precipitant to earth.” J. Philips. “Should he return, that troop so blithe and bold,
Precipitant in fear would wing their flight.” Pope. 2. Unexpectedly or foolishly brought on or hastened; rashly hurried; hasty; sudden; reckless. Jer. Taylor. ´Precipitant rebellion.´ Eikon Basilike.

Pre•cip´i•tant, n. (Chem.) Any force or reagent which causes the formation of a precipitate.

Pre•cip´i•tant•ly, adv. With rash or foolish haste; in headlong manner. Milton.

Pre•cip´i•tant•ness, n. The quality or state of being precipitant; precipitation.

Pre•cip´i•tate , a. [L. praecipitatus, p. p. of praecipitare to precipitate, fr. praeceps headlong. See Precipice.] 1. Overhasty; rash; as the king was too precipitate in declaring war. Clarendon. 2. Lacking due deliberation or care; hurried; said or done before the time; as a precipitate measure. ´The rapidity of our too precipitate course.´ Landor. 3. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with steep descent; headlong. “Precipitate the furious torrent flows.” Prior. 4. Ending quickly in death; brief and fatal; as a precipitate case of disease. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Pre•cip´i•tate , n. [NL. praecipitatum: cf. F. precipite.] 1. (Chem.) An insoluble substance separated from a solution in a concrete state by the action of some reagent added to the solution, or of some force, such as heat or cold. The precipitate may fall to the bottom (whence the name), may be diffused through the solution, or may float at or near the surface. Red precipitate (Old. Chem), mercuric oxide (HgO) a heavy red crystalline powder obtained by heating mercuric nitrate, or by heating mercury in the air. Prepared in the latter manner, it was the precipitate per se of the alchemists. — White precipitate (Old Chem.) (a) A heavy white amorphous powder (NH2.HgCl) obtained by adding ammonia to a solution of mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate; — formerly called also infusible white precipitate, and now amido-mercuric chloride. (b) A white crystalline substance obtained by adding a solution of corrosive sublimate to a solution of sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride); — formerly called also fusible white precipitate.

Pre•cip´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precipitated p. pr. & vb. n. Precipitating.] 1. To throw headlong; to cast down from a precipice or height. “She and her horse had been precipitated to the pebbled region of the river.” W. Irving. 2. To urge or press on with eager haste or violence; to cause to happen, or come to a crisis, suddenly or too soon; as precipitate a journey, or a conflict. “Back to his sight precipitates her steps.” Glover. “If they be daring, it may precipitate their designs, and prove dangerous.” Bacon. 3. (Chem.) To separate from a solution, or other medium, in the form of a precipitate; as water precipitates camphor when in solution with alcohol. “The light vapor of the preceding evening had been precipitated by the cold.” W. Irving.

Pre•cip´i•tate, v. i. 1. To dash or fall headlong. [R.] “So many fathom down precipitating.” Shak. 2. To hasten without preparation. [R.] 3. (Chem.) To separate from a solution as a precipitate. See Precipitate, n.

Pre•cip´i•tate•ly , adv. In a precipitate manner; headlong; hastily; rashly. Swift.

Pre•cip•i•ta´tion , n. [L. praecipitatio: cf. F. precipitation.] 1. The act of precipitating, or the state of being precipitated, or thrown headlong. “In peril of precipitation
From off rock Tarpeian.” Shak. 2. A falling, flowing, or rushing downward with violence and rapidity. “The hurry, precipitation, and rapid motion of the water, returning … towards the sea.” Woodward. 3. Great hurry; rash, tumultuous haste; impetuosity. ´The precipitation of inexperience.´ Rambler. 4. (Chem.) The act or process of precipitating from a solution.

Pre•cip´i•ta•tor , n. [L. praecipitator an overthrower.] One who precipitates, or urges on with vehemence or rashness. Hammond.

Prec•i•pi´tious , a. Precipitous. [Obs.] — Prec•i•pi´tious•ly, adv. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Pre•cip´i•tous , a. [L. praeceps, -cipitis: cf. OF. precipiteux. See Precipice.] 1. Steep, like a precipice; as a precipitous cliff or mountain. 2. Headlong; as precipitous fall. 3. Hasty; rash; quick; sudden; precipitate; as precipitous attempts. Sir T. Browne. ´Marian’s low, precipitous •Hush!’´ Mrs. Browning. — Pre•cip´i•tous•ly, adv. — Pre•cip´i•tous•ness, n.

Pre•cis´ (pra•se´), n. [F. See Precise.] A concise or abridged statement or view; an abstract; a summary.

Pre•cise´ , a. [L. praecisus cut off, brief, concise, p. p. of praecidere to cut off in front, to cut off; prae before + caedere to cut: cf. F. precis. Cf. Concise.] 1. Having determinate limitations; exactly or sharply defined or stated; definite; exact; nice; not vague or equivocal; as precise rules of morality. “The law in this point is not precise.” Bacon. “For the hour precise
Exacts our parting hence.” Milton. 2. Strictly adhering or conforming to rule; very nice or exact; punctilious in conduct or ceremony; formal; ceremonious. Addison. “He was ever precise in promise- keeping.” Shak. Syn. — Accurate; exact; definite; correct; scrupulous; punctilious; particular; nice; formal. See Accurate. — Pre•cise´ly, adv. — Pre•cise´ness, n.

Pre•ci´sian , n. 1. One who limits, or restrains. [Obs.] 2. An overprecise person; one rigidly or ceremoniously exact in the observance of rules; a formalist; — formerly applied to the English Puritans. “The most dissolute cavaliers stood aghast at the dissoluteness of the emancipated precisian.” Macaulay.

Pre•ci´sian•ism , n. The quality or state of being a precisian; the practice of a precisian. Milton.

Pre•ci´sian•ist, n. A precisian.

Pre•ci´sion , n. [Cf. F. precision, L. praecisio a cutting off. See Precise.] The quality or state of being precise; exact limitation; exactness; accuracy; strict conformity to a rule or a standard; definiteness. “I have left out the utmost precisions of fractions.” Locke. Syn. — Preciseness; exactness; accuracy; nicety. — Precision, Preciseness. Precision is always used in a good sense; as precision of thought or language; precision in military evolutions. Preciseness is sometimes applied to persons or their conduct in a disparaging sense, and precise is often used in the same way.

Pre•ci´sive , a. Cutting off; (Logic) exactly limiting by cutting off all that is not absolutely relative to the purpose; as precisive censure; precisive abstraction. I. Watts.

Pre•clude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Precluding.] [L. praecludere, praeclusum; prae before + claudere to shut. See Close, v.] 1. To put a barrier before; hence, to shut out; to hinder; to stop; to impede. “The valves preclude the blood from entering the veins.” E. Darwin. 2. To shut out by anticipative action; to prevent or hinder by necessary consequence or implication; to deter action of, access to, employment of, etc.; to render ineffectual; to obviate by anticipation. “This much will obviate and preclude the objections.” Bentley.

Pre•clu´sion , n. [L. praeclusio. See Preclude.] The act of precluding, or the state of being precluded; a shutting out.

Pre•clu´sive , a. Shutting out; precluding, or tending to preclude; hindering. — Pre•clu´sive•ly, adv.

Pre•coce´ , a. [F. precoce.] Precocious. [Obs.]

Pre´co•ces, n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Praecoces.

Pre•co´cious , a. [L. praecox, -ocis, and praecoquus, fr. praecoquere to cook or ripen beforehand; prae before + coquere to cook. See 3d Cook, and cf. Apricot.] 1. Ripe or mature before the proper or natural time; early or prematurely ripe or developed; as precocious trees. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Developed more than is natural or usual at a given age; exceeding what is to be expected of one’s years; too forward; — used especially of mental forwardness; as a precocious child; precocious talents.

Pre•co´cious•ly, adv. In a precocious manner. { Pre•co´cious•ness , Pre•coc´i•ty } n. [Cf. F. precocite.] The quality or state of being precocious; untimely ripeness; premature development, especially of the mental powers; forwardness. “Saucy precociousness in learning.” Bp. Mannyngham. “That precocity which sometimes distinguishes uncommon genius.” Wirt.

Pre•co•e•ta´ne•an , n. One contemporary with, but older than, another. [Obs.] Fuller.

Pre•cog´i•tate , v. t. [L. praecogitatus, p. p. of praecogitare. See Pre-, and Cogitate.] To cogitate beforehand. [R.] Sherwood.

Pre•cog•i•ta´tion , n. [L. praecogitatio.] Previous cogitation. [R.] Bailey.

Pre•cog•ni´tion , n. [L. praecognitio, fr. praecognoscere to foreknow. See Pre-, and Cognition.] 1. Previous cognition. Fotherby. 2. (Scots Law) A preliminary examination of a criminal case with reference to a prosecution. Erskine.

Pre•cog´ni•za•ble , a. Cognizable beforehand.

Pre•cog´nosce , v. t. [L. praecognoscere to foreknow.] (Scots Law) To examine beforehand, as witnesses or evidence. “A committee of nine precognoscing the chances.” Masson.

Pre•col•lec´tion , n. A collection previously made. [R.]

Pre•com•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precomposed p. pr. & vb. n. Precomposing.] To compose beforehand. Johnson.

Pre•con•ceit´ , n. An opinion or notion formed beforehand; a preconception. Hooker.

Pre•con•ceive´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preconceived p. pr. & vb. n. Preconceiving.] To conceive, or form an opinion of, beforehand; to form a previous notion or idea of. “In a dead plain the way seemeth the longer, because the eye hath preconceived it shorter than the truth.” Bacon.

Pre•con•cep´tion , n. The act of preconceiving; conception or opinion previously formed.

Pre•con•cert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preconcerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Preconcerting.] To concert or arrange beforehand; to settle by previous agreement.

Pre•con´cert , n. Something concerted or arranged beforehand; a previous agreement.

Pre•con•cert´ed , a. Previously arranged; agreed upon beforehand. — Pre•con•cert´ed•ly, adv. — Pre•con•cert´ed•ness, n.

Pre•con•cer´tion , n. The act of preconcerting; preconcert. Dr. T. Dwight.

Pre•con•demn , v. t. To condemn beforehand. — Pre•con•dem•na´tion (#), n.

Pre•con•di´tion , n. A previous or antecedent condition; a preliminary condition.

Pre•con•form´ , v. t. & i. To conform by way anticipation. De Quincey.

Pre•con•form´i•ty , n. Anticipative or antecedent conformity. Coleridge.

Pre•con´i•zate , v. t. [Cf. F. preconiser.] To proclaim; to publish; also to summon; to call. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Pre•con•i•za´tion , n. [L. praeconium a crying out in public, fr. praeco, - onis, a crier, a herald: cf. F. preconisation.] 1. A publishing by proclamation; a public proclamation. Bp. Hall. 2. (Eccl.) A formal approbation by the pope of a person nominated to an ecclesiastical dignity. Addis & Arnold.

Pre´con•ize , v. t. (Eccl.) To approve by preconization.

Pre•con´quer , v. t. To conquer in anticipation. [R.] Fuller.

Pre•con´´scious , a. Of or pertaining to a state before consciousness.

Pre•con•sent´ , n. A previous consent.

Pre•con•sign´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preconsigned p. pr. & vb. n. Preconsigning.] To consign beforehand; to make a previous consignment of.

Pre•con•sol´i•da•ted , a. Consolidated beforehand.

Pre•con´sti•tute , v. t. To constitute or establish beforehand.

Pre•con•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precontracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Precontracting.] To contract, engage, or stipulate previously.

Pre•con•tract´ , v. i. To make a previous contract or agreement. Ayliffe.

Pre•con´tract , n. A contract preceding another; especially (Law), a contract of marriage which, according to the ancient law, rendered void a subsequent marriage solemnized in violation of it. Abbott.

Pre•con•trive´ , v. t. & i. To contrive or plan beforehand.

Pre•cor´a•coid , n. (Anat.) The anterior part of the coracoid (often closely united with the clavicle) in the shoulder girdle of many reptiles and amphibians.

Pre•cor´di•al , a. [Pref. pre- + L. cor, cordis, heart: cf. F. precordial.] (Anat.) Situated in front of the heart; of or pertaining to the praecordia.

Pre•cru´ral , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the leg or thigh; as the precrural glands of the horse.

Pre•cur´rer , n. A precursor. [Obs.] Shak.

Pre•curse´ , n. [L. praecursus.] A forerunning. [Obs.] Shak.

Pre•cur´sive , a. Preceding; introductory; precursory. ´A deep precursive sound.´ Coleridge.

Pre•cur´sor , n. [L. praecursor, fr. praecurrere to run before; prae before + currere to run. See Course.] One who, or that which, precedes an event, and indicates its approach; a forerunner; a harbinger. “Evil thoughts are the invisible, airy precursors of all the storms and tempests of the soul.” Buckminster. Syn. — Predecessor; forerunner; harbinger; messenger; omen; sign.

Pre•cur´sor•ship, n. The position or condition of a precursor. Ruskin.

Pre•cur´so•ry , a. [L. praecursorius.] Preceding as a precursor or harbinger; indicating something to follow; as precursory symptoms of a fever.

Pre•cur´so•ry, n. An introduction. [Obs.]

Pre•da´cean , n. [L. praeda prey.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal. Kirby.

Pre•da´ceous , a. [L. praeda prey. See Prey.] Living by prey; predatory. Derham.

Pre´dal , a. [L. praeda prey.] Of or pertaining to prey; plundering; predatory. [R.] Boyse.

Pre•date´ , v. t. To date anticipation; to affix to (a document) an earlier than the actual date; to antedate; as a predated deed or letter.

Pre•da´tion , n. [L. praedatio, fr. praedari to plunder.] The act of pillaging. E. Hall.

Pred´a•to•ri•ly , adv. In a predatory manner.

Pred´a•to•ry , a. [L. praedatorius, fr. praedari to plunder, fr. praeda prey. See Prey.] 1. Characterized by plundering; practicing rapine; plundering; pillaging; as a predatory excursion; a predatory party. ´A predatory war.´ Macaulay. 2. Hungry; ravenous; as predatory spirits. [Obs.] “Exercise … maketh the spirits more hot and predatory.” Bacon. 3. (Zoöl.) Living by preying upon other animals; carnivorous.

Prede , v. i. [L. praedari. See Prey.] To prey; to plunder. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Prede, n. Prey; plunder; booty. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Pre´de•cay , n. Premature decay.

Pre•de•cease , v. t. To die sooner than. ´If children predecease progenitors.´ Shak.

Pre´de•cease , n. The death of one person or thing before another. [R.] Brougham.

Pred•e•ces´sive , a. Going before; preceding. ´Our predecessive students.´ Massinger.

Pred•e•ces´sor ( 277), n. [L. praedecessor; prae before + decessor one who withdraws from the province he has governed, a retiring officer (with reference to his successor), a predecessor, fr. decedere: cf. F. predecesseur. See Decease.] One who precedes; one who has preceded another in any state, position, office, etc.; one whom another follows or comes after, in any office or position. “A prince who was as watchful as his predecessor had been over the interests of the state.” Prescott.

Pre•de•clare´ , v. t. To declare or announce beforehand; to preannounce. Milman.

Pre•ded•i•ca´tion , n. A dedication made previously or beforehand.

Pre•de•fine , v. t. To define beforehand.

Pre•de•lib•er•a´tion, n. Previous deliberation.

Pre•de•lin•e•a´tion, n. Previous delineation.

Pre•del´la , n. [It.] The step, or raised secondary part, of an altar; a superaltar; hence, in Italian painting, a band or frieze of several pictures running along the front of a superaltar, or forming a border or frame at the foot of an altarpiece.

Pre•de•sign´ , v. t. To design or purpose beforehand; to predetermine. Mitford.

Pre•des´ig•nate , a. (Logic) A term used by Sir William Hamilton to define propositions having their quantity indicated by a verbal sign; as all, none, etc.; — contrasted with preindesignate, defining propositions of which the quantity is not so indicated.

Pre•des•ti•na´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to predestination; as the predestinarian controversy. Waterland.

Pre•des•ti•na´ri•an, n. One who believes in or supports the doctrine of predestination. Dr. H. More.

Pre•des•ti•na´ri•an•ism , n. The system or doctrine of the predestinarians.

Pre•des´ti•na•ry , a. Predestinarian. [Obs.] Heylin.

Pre•des´ti•nate , a. [L. praedestinatus, p. p. of praedestinare to predestine; prae before + destinare to determine. See Destine.] Predestinated; foreordained; fated. ´A predestinate scratched face.´ Shak.

Pre•des´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predestinated p. pr. & vb. n. Predestinating.] [Cf. Predestine.] To predetermine or foreordain; to appoint or ordain beforehand by an unchangeable purpose or decree; to preëlect. “Whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son.” Rom. viii. 29. Syn. — To predetermine; foreordain; preordain; decree; predestine; foredoom.

Pre•des•ti•na´tion , n. [L. praedestinatio: cf. F. predestination.] 1. The act of predestinating. “Predestination had overruled their will.” Milton. 2. (Theol.) The purpose of Good from eternity respecting all events; especially, the preordination of men to everlasting happiness or misery. See Calvinism.

Pre•des´ti•na•tive , a. Determining beforehand; predestinating. [R.] Coleridge.

Pre•des´ti•na•tor , n. [Cf. F. predestinateur.] 1. One who predestinates, or foreordains. 2. One who holds to the doctrine of predestination; a predestinarian. Cowley.

Pre•des´tine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predestined p. pr. & vb. n. Predestining.] [Cf. F. predestiner. See Predestinate.] To decree beforehand; to foreordain; to predestinate. Young.

Pre•des´ti•ny , n. Predestination. [Obs.]

Pre•de•ter´mi•na•ble , a. Capable of being determined beforehand. Coleridge.

Pre•de•ter´mi•nate , a. Determined beforehand; as the predeterminate counsel of God.

Pre•de•ter•mi•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. predetermination.] The act of previous determination; a purpose formed beforehand; as the predetermination of God’s will. Hammond.

Pre•de•ter´mine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predetermined p. pr. & vb. n. Predermining.] [Pref. pre- + determine: cf. F. predeterminer.] 1. To determine (something) beforehand. Sir M. Hale. 2. To doom by previous decree; to foredoom.

Pre•de•ter´mine, v. i. To determine beforehand.

Pre´di•al , a. [L. praedium a farm, estate: cf. F. predial.] 1. Consisting of land or farms; landed; as predial estate; that is, real estate. Ayliffe. 2. Attached to land or farms; as predial slaves. 3. Issuing or derived from land; as predial tithes.

Pre•di•as•tol´ic , a. (Physiol.) Preceding the diastole of the heart; as a prediastolic friction sound.

Pred•i•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being predicable, or affirmable of something, or attributed to something. Reid.

Pred´i•ca•ble , a. [Cf. F. predicable, L. praedicabilis praiseworthy. See Predicate.] Capable of being predicated or affirmed of something; affirmable; attributable.

Pred´i•ca•ble, n. 1. Anything affirmable of another; especially, a general attribute or notion as affirmable of, or applicable to, many individuals. 2. (Logic) One of the five most general relations of attributes involved in logical arrangements, namely, genus, species, difference, property, and accident.

Pre•dic´a•ment , n. [Cf. F. predicament, L. praedicamentum. See Predicate.] 1. A class or kind described by any definite marks; hence, condition; particular situation or state; especially, an unfortunate or trying position or condition. ´O woeful sympathy; piteous predicament!´ Shak. 2. (Logic) See Category. Syn. — Category; condition; state; plight.

Pre•dic•a•men´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a predicament. John Hall (1646).

Pred´i•cant , a. [L. praedicans, -antis, p. pr. of praedicare. See Predicate.] Predicating; affirming; declaring; proclaiming; hence; preaching. ´The Roman predicant orders.´ N. Brit. Rev.

Pred´i•cant, n. One who predicates, affirms, or proclaims; specifically, a preaching friar; a Dominican.

Pred´i•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predicated p. pr. & vb. n. Predicating.] [L. praedicatus, p. p. of praedicare to cry in public, to proclaim. See Preach.] 1. To assert to belong to something; to affirm (one thing of another); as to predicate whiteness of snow. 2. To found; to base. [U.S.] Predicate is sometimes used in the United States for found or base; as to predicate an argument on certain principles; to predicate a statement on information received. Predicate is a term in logic, and used only in a single case, namely, when we affirm one thing of another. ´Similitude is not predicated of essences or substances, but of figures and qualities only.´ Cudworth.

Pred´i•cate, v. i. To affirm something of another thing; to make an affirmation. Sir M. Hale.

Pred´i•cate , n. [L. praedicatum, neut. of praedicatus, p. p. praedicare: cf. F. predicat. See Predicate, v. t.] 1. (Logic) That which is affirmed or denied of the subject. In these propositions, ´Paper is white,´ ´Ink is not white,´ whiteness is the predicate affirmed of paper and denied of ink. 2. (Gram.) The word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject. Syn. — Affirmation; declaration.

Pred´i•cate, a. [L. praedicatus, p. p.] Predicated.

Pred•i•ca´tion , n. [L. praedicatio: cf. F. predication.] 1. The act of predicating, or of affirming one thing of another; affirmation; assertion. Locke. 2. Preaching. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

Pred´i•ca•tive , a. [L. praedicativus.] Expressing affirmation or predication; affirming; predicating, as a predicative term. — Pred´i•ca•tive•ly, adv.

Pred´i•ca•to•ry , a. [Cf. L. praedicatorius praising.] Affirmative; positive. Bp. Hall.

Pre•di•crot´ic , a. (Physiol.) A term applied to the pulse wave sometimes seen in a pulse curve or sphygmogram, between the apex of the curve and the dicrotic wave. “The predicrotic or tidal wave is best marked in a hard pulse, i. e., where the blood pressure is high.” Landois & Stirling.

Pre•dict´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Predicting.] [L. praedictus, p. p. of praedicere to predict; prae before + dicere to say, tell. See Diction, and cf. Preach.] To tell or declare beforehand; to foretell; to prophesy; to presage; as to predict misfortune; to predict the return of a comet. Syn. — To foretell; prophesy; prognosticate; presage; forebode; foreshow; bode.

Pre•dict´, n. A prediction. [Obs.] Shak.

Pre•dict´a•ble , a. That may be predicted.

Pre•dic´tion , n. [L. praedictio: cf. F. prediction.] The act of foretelling; also that which is foretold; prophecy. “The predictions of cold and long winters.” Bacon. Syn. — Prophecy; prognostication; foreboding; augury; divination; soothsaying; vaticination.

Pre•dic´tion•al , a. Prophetic; prognostic. [R.]

Pre•dict´ive , a. [L. praedictivus.] Foretelling; prophetic; foreboding. - - Pre•dict´ive•ly, adv.

Pre•dict´or , n. One who predicts; a foreteller.

Pre•dict´o•ry , a. Predictive. [R.] Fuller.

Pre•di•gest´ , v. t. (Med.) To subject (food) to predigestion or artificial digestion.

Pre•di•ges´tion , n. 1. Digestion too soon performed; hasty digestion. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Med.) Artificial digestion of food for use in illness or impaired digestion.

Pre•di•lect´ , v. t. To elect or choose beforehand. [R.] Walter Harte.

Pre•di•lec´tion , n. [Pref. pre- + L. dilectus, p. p. diligere to prefer: cf. F. predilection. See Diligent.] A previous liking; a prepossession of mind in favor of something; predisposition to choose or like; partiality. Burke.

Pre•dis•cov´er , v. t. To discover beforehand.

Pre•dis•cov´er•y , n. A previous discovery.

Pre•dis•po´nen•cy , n. The state of being predisposed; predisposition. [R.]

Pre•dis•po´nent , a. Disposing beforehand; predisposing. — n. That which predisposes. Predisponent causes. (Med.) See Predisposing causes, under Predispose. Dunglison.

Pre•dis•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predisposed p. pr. & vb. n. Predisposing.] [Pref. pre- + dispose: cf. F. predisposer.] 1. To dispose or incline beforehand; to give a predisposition or bias to; as to predispose the mind to friendship. 2. To make fit or susceptible beforehand; to give a tendency to; as debility predisposes the body to disease. Predisposing causes (Med.), causes which render the body liable to disease; predisponent causes.

Pre•dis•po•si´tion , n.[Pref. pre- + disposition: cf. F. predisposition.] 1. The act of predisposing, or the state of being predisposed; previous inclination, tendency, or propensity; predilection; — applied to the mind; as a predisposition to anger. 2. Previous fitness or adaptation to any change, impression, or purpose; susceptibility; — applied to material things; as the predisposition of the body to disease.

Pre•dom´i•nance , n. [Cf. F. predominance.] 1. The quality or state of being predominant; superiority; ascendency; prevalence; predomination. “The predominance of conscience over interest.” South. 2. (Astrol.) The superior influence of a planet. Shak.

Pre•dom´i•nan•cy , n. Predominance. Bacon.

Pre•dom´i•nant , a. [Cf. F. predominant. See Predominante.] Having the ascendency over others; superior in strength, influence, or authority; prevailing; as a predominant color; predominant excellence. “Those help … were predominant in the king’s mind.” Bacon. “Foul subordination is predominant.” Shak. Syn. — Prevalent; superior; prevailing; ascendant; ruling; reigning; controlling; overruling.

Pre•dom´i•nant•ly, adv. In a predominant manner.

Pre•dom´i•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Predominated p. pr. & vb. n. Predominating.] [Pref. pre- + dominate: cf. F. predominer.] To be superior in number, strength, influence, or authority; to have controlling power or influence; to prevail; to rule; to have the mastery; as love predominated in her heart. “[Certain] rays may predominate over the rest.” Sir. I. Newton.

Pre•dom´i•nate, v. t. To rule over; to overpower. [R.]

Pre•dom•i•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. predomination.] The act or state of predominating; ascendency; predominance. W. Browne.

Pre•doom´ , v. t. To foredoom.

Pre•dor´sal , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the back; immediately in front, or on the ventral side the dorsal part of the vertebral column.

Pre´dy , a. [Cf. F. prêt ready.] Cleared and ready for engagement, as a ship. Smart.

Preed´y , adv. With ease. [Prov. Eng.]

Preef , n. Proof. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pre•ë•lect´ , v. t. To elect beforehand.

Pre•ë•lec´tion , n. Election beforehand.

Pre•ëm´i•nence , n. [F. preeminence, L. praeeminentia. See Preëminent.] The quality or state of being preëminent; superiority in prominence or in excellence; distinction above others in quality, rank, etc.; rarely, in a bad sense, superiority or notoriety in evil; as preëminence in honor. “The preëminence of Christianity to any other religious scheme.” Addison. “Painful preëminence! yourself to view
Above life’s weakness, and its comforts too.” Pope. “Beneath the forehead’s walled preëminence.” Lowell.

Pre•ëm´i•nent , a. [L. praeminens, -entis, p. pr. praeminere to be prominent, to surpass: cf. F. preeminent. See Pre-, and Eminent.] Eminent above others; prominent among those who are eminent; superior in excellence; surpassing, or taking precedence of, others; rarely, surpassing others in evil, or in bad qualities; as preëminent in guilt. “In goodness and in power preëminent.” Milton.

Pre•ëm´i•nent•ly, adv. In a preëminent degree.

Pre•ëm•ploy , v. t. To employ beforehand. ´Preëmployed by him.´ Shak.

Pre•ëmpt´ ( 215), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Preëmpted; p. pr. & vb. n. Preëmpting.] [See Preëmption.] To settle upon (public land) with a right of preemption, as under the laws of the United States; to take by preëmption.

Pre•ëmp´tion ( 215), n. [Pref. pre- + emption: cf. F. preemption. See Redeem.] The act or right of purchasing before others. Specifically: (a) The privilege or prerogative formerly enjoyed by the king of buying provisions for his household in preference to others. [Eng.] (b) The right of an actual settler upon public lands (particularly those of the United States) to purchase a certain portion at a fixed price in preference to all other applicants. Abbott.

Pre•ëmp´tion•er , n. One who holds a prior right to purchase certain public land. Abbott.

Pre•ëmp´tive , a. Of or pertaining to preëmption; having power to preëmpt; preëmpting.

Pre•ëmpt´or ( 215), n. [Cf. L. praeemptor.] One who preëmpts; esp., one who preëmpts public land.

Pre•ëmpt´o•ry , a. Pertaining to preëmption.

Preen , n. [AS. preón a clasp, bodkin; akin to D. priem punch, bodkin, awl, G. pfriem, Icel. prjonn a knitting needle, pin, Dan. preen a bodkin, punch.] A forked tool used by clothiers in dressing cloth.

Preen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preened p. pr. & vb. n. Preening.] [See Preen, n.; or cf. Prune.] 1. To dress with, or as with, a preen; to trim or dress with the beak, as the feathers; — said of birds. Derham. 2. To trim up, as trees. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pre•ën•gage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preëngaged p. pr. & vb. n. Preëngaging ] To engage by previous contract; to bind or attach previously; to preoccupy. “But he was preëngaged by former ties.” Dryden.

Pre•ën•gage´ment , n. Prior engagement, obligation, or attachment, as by contract, promise, or affection. “My preëngagements to other themes were not unknown to those for whom I was to write.” Boyle.

Pre•ë•rect´ , v. t. To erect beforehand.

Prees , n. Press; throng. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pre•ës•tab´lish, v. t. To establish beforehand.

Pre•ës•tab´lish•ment, n. Settlement beforehand.

Pre•ë•ter´ni•ty , n. Infinite previous duration. [R.] ´The world’s preëternity.´ Cudworth.

Pre•ëx•am•i•na´tion , n. Previous examination.

Pre•ëx•am´ine , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preëxamined p. pr. & vb. n. Preëxamining.] To examine beforehand.

Pre•ëx•ist´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preëxisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Preëxisting.] To exist previously; to exist before something else.

Pre•ëx•ist´ence , n. 1. Existence in a former state, or previous to something else. “Wisdom declares her antiquity and preëxistence to all the works of this earth.” T. Burnet. 2. Existence of the soul before its union with the body; — a doctrine held by certain philosophers. Addison.

Pre•ëx•ist´en•cy , n. Preëxistence. [Obs.]

Pre•ëx•ist´ent , a. Existing previously; preceding existence; as a preëxistent state. Pope.

Pre•ëx•ist´ent•ism , n. (Philos.) The theory of a preëxistence of souls before their association with human bodies. Emerson.

Pre•ëx•is•ti•ma´tion , n. Previous esteem or estimation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pre•ëx•pec•ta´tion , n. Previous expectation.

Pref´ace ( 48), n. [F. preface; cf. Sp. prefacio, prefacion, It. prefazio, prefazione; all fr. L. praefatio, fr. praefari to speak or say beforehand; prae before + fari, fatus, to speak. See Fate.] 1. Something spoken as introductory to a discourse, or written as introductory to a book or essay; a proem; an introduction, or series of preliminary remarks. “This superficial tale
Is but a preface of her worthy praise.” Shak. “Heaven’s high behest no preface needs.” Milton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The prelude or introduction to the canon of the Mass. Addis & Arnold. Proper preface (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.), a portion of the communion service, preceding the prayer of consecration, appointed for certain seasons. Syn. — Introduction; preliminary; preamble; proem; prelude; prologue.

Pref´ace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefaced p. pr. & vb. n. Prefacing.] To introduce by a preface; to give a preface to; as to preface a book discourse.

Pref´ace, v. i. To make a preface. Jer. Taylor.

Pref´a•cer , n. The writer of a preface.

Pref•a•to´ri•al , a. Prefatory.

Pref´a•to•ri•ly , adv. In a prefatory manner; by way of preface.

Pref´a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a preface; introductory to a book, essay, or discourse; as prefatory remarks. “That prefatory addition to the Creed.” Dryden.

Pre´fect , n. [L. praefectus, fr. praefectus, p. p. of praeficere to set over; prae before + facere to make: cf. F. prefet.] 1. A Roman officer who controlled or superintended a particular command, charge, department, etc.; as the prefect of the aqueducts; the prefect of a camp, of a fleet, of the city guard, of provisions; the pretorian prefect, who was commander of the troops guarding the emperor’s person. 2. A superintendent of a department who has control of its police establishment, together with extensive powers of municipal regulation. [France] Brande & C. 3. In the Greek and Roman Catholic churches, a title of certain dignitaries below the rank of bishop. Apostolic prefect (R. C. Ch.), the head of a mission, not of episcopal rank. Shipley.

Pre•fec•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a prefect.

Pre´fect•ship , n. The office or jurisdiction of a prefect.

Pre´fec•ture ( 277), n. [L. praefectura: cf. F. prefecture.] The office, position, or jurisdiction of a prefect; also his official residence.

Pre•fec•un•da´tion , n. (Physiol.) A term collectively applied to the changes or conditions preceding fecundation, especially to the changes which the ovum undergoes before fecundation.

Pre•fe•cun´da•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to prefecundation.

Pre•fer´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preferred p. pr. & vb. n. Preferring.] [F. preferer, L. praeferre; prae before + ferre to bear or carry. See 1st Bear.] 1. To carry or bring (something) forward, or before one; hence, to bring for consideration, acceptance, judgment, etc.; to offer; to present; to proffer; to address; — said especially of a request, prayer, petition, claim, charge, etc. “He spake, and to her hand preferred the bowl.” Pope. “Presently prefer his suit to Caesar.” Shak. “Three tongues prefer strange orisons on high.” Byron. 2. To go before, or be before, in estimation; to outrank; to surpass. [Obs.] ´Though maidenhood prefer bigamy.´ Chaucer. 3. To cause to go before; hence, to advance before others, as to an office or dignity; to raise; to exalt; to promote; as to prefer an officer to the rank of general. “I would prefer him to a better place.” Shak. 4. To set above or before something else in estimation, favor, or liking; to regard or honor before another; to hold in greater favor; to choose rather; — often followed by to, before, or above. “If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy.” Ps. cxxxvii. 6. “Preferred an infamous peace before a most just war.” Knolles. Preferred stock, stock which takes a dividend before other capital stock; — called also preference stock and preferential stock. Syn. — To choose; elect. See Choose.

Pref•er•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being preferable; preferableness. J. S. Mill.

Pref´er•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. preferable.] Worthy to be preferred or chosen before something else; more desirable; as a preferable scheme. Addison.

Pref´er•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being preferable.

Pref´er•a•bly, adv. In preference; by choice. “To choose Plautus preferably to Terence.” Dennis.

Pref´er•ence , n. [Cf. F. preference.] 1. The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also the power or opportunity of choosing; as to give him his preference. “Leave the critics on either side to contend about the preference due to this or that sort of poetry.” Dryden. “Knowledge of things alone gives a value to our reasonings, and preference of one man’s knowledge over another’s.” Locke. 2. That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as which is your preference?

Pref•er•en´tial , a. Giving, indicating, or having a preference or precedence; as a preferential claim; preferential shares.

Pre•fer´ment , n. 1. The act of choosing, or the state of being chosen; preference. [R.] “Natural preferment of the one … before the other.” Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of preferring, or advancing in dignity or office; the state of being advanced; promotion. “Neither royal blandishments nor promises of valuable preferment had been spared.” Macaulay. 3. A position or office of honor or profit; as the preferments of the church.

Pre•fer´rer , n. One who prefers.

Pref´i•dence , n. The quality or state of being prefident. [Obs.] Baxter.

Pref´i•dent , a. [Cf. L. praefidens overconfident. See Pre-, and Confident.] Trusting beforehand; hence, overconfident. [Obs.] Baxter.

Pre•fig´u•rate , v. t. [L. praefiguratus, p. p. See Prefigure.] To prefigure. [R.] Grafton.

Pre•fig•u•ra´tion , n. [L. praefiguratio.] The act of prefiguring, or the state of being prefigured. “A variety of prophecies and prefigurations.” Norris.

Pre•fig´ur•a•tive , a. Showing by prefiguration. ´The prefigurative atonement.´ Bp. Horne.

Pre•fig´ure ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefigured p. pr. & vb. n. Prefiguring.] [F. prefigurer, or L. praefigurare, praefiguratum; prae before + figurare to figure. See Figure, and cf. Prefigurate.] To show, suggest, or announce, by antecedent types and similitudes; to foreshadow. ´Whom all the various types prefigured.´ South.

Pre•fig´ure•ment , n. The act of prefiguring; prefiguration; also that which is prefigured. Carlyle.

Pre•fine´ , v. t. [L. praefinire; prae before + finire to limit, determine: cf. F. prefiner.] To limit beforehand. [Obs.] Knolles.

Pre•fi´nite , a. [L. praefinitus, p. p.] Prearranged. [Obs.] ´ Set and prefinite time.´ Holland.

Pref•i•ni´tion , n. [L. praefinitio.] Previous limitation. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Pre•fix´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefixed p. pr. & vb. n. Prefixing.] [L. praefixus, p. p. of praefigere to fix or fasten before; prae before + figere to fix: cf. F. prefix fixed beforehand, determined, prefixer to prefix. See Fix.] 1. To put or fix before, or at the beginning of, another thing; as to prefix a syllable to a word, or a condition to an agreement. 2. To set or appoint beforehand; to settle or establish antecedently. [Obs.] ´ Prefixed bounds. ´ Locke. “And now he hath to her prefixt a day.” Spenser.

Pre´fix , n. [Cf. F. prefixe.] That which is prefixed; esp., one or more letters or syllables combined or united with the beginning of a word to modify its signification; as pre- in prefix, con- in conjure.

Pre•fix´ion , n. [Cf. OF. prefixion.] The act of prefixing. [R.] Bailey.

Pre•flo•ra´tion , n. [Pref. pre- + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) AEstivation.

Pre•fo•li•a´tion , n. [Pref. pre- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Vernation.

Pre•form´ , v. t. [L. praeformare. See Pre-, and Form.] To form beforehand, or for special ends. ´Their natures and preformed faculties. ´ Shak.

Pre•for•ma´tion , n. (Biol.) An old theory of the preëxistence of germs. Cf. Emboîtement.

Pre•form´a•tive , n. A formative letter at the beginning of a word. M. Stuart.

Pre•fron´tal , a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Situated in front of the frontal bone, or the frontal region of the skull; ectethmoid, as a certain bone in the nasal capsule of many animals, and certain scales of reptiles and fishes. — n. A prefrontal bone or scale.

Pre•ful´gen•cy , n. [L. praefulgens, p. pr. of praefulgere to shine forth. See Pre-, and Fulgent.] Superior brightness or effulgency. [R.] Barrow.

Pre•gage´ , v. t. To preëngage. [Obs.] Fuller.

Pre•gla´cial , a. (Geol.) Prior to the glacial or drift period.

Preg´na•ble , a., [F. prenable. See Impregnable.] Capable of being entered, taken, or captured; expugnable; as a pregnable fort. [R.] Cotgrave.

Preg´nance , n. Pregnancy. [Obs.] Milton.

Preg´nan•cy , n. 1. The condition of being pregnant; the state of being with young. 2. Figuratively: The quality of being heavy with important contents, issue, significance, etc.; unusual consequence or capacity; fertility. Fuller.

Preg´nant , a. [L. praegnans, -antis; prae before + genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. pregnant. See Gender, 2d Kin.] 1. Being with young, as a female; having conceived; great with young; breeding; teeming; gravid; preparing to bring forth. 2. Heavy with important contents, significance, or issue; full of consequence or results; weighty; as pregnant replies. ´ A pregnant argument.´ Prynne. ´ A pregnant brevity.´ E. Everett. 3. Full of promise; abounding in ability, resources, etc.; as a pregnant youth. [Obs.] Evelyn. “Wherein the pregnant enemy does much.” Shak. Pregnant construction (Rhet.), one in which more is implied than is said; as the beasts trembled forth from their dens, that is, came forth trembling with fright.

Preg´nant, n. A pregnant woman. [R.] Dunglison.

Preg´nant, a. [F. prenant taking. Cf. Pregnable.] Affording entrance; receptive; yielding; willing; open; prompt. [Obs.] ´ Pregnant to good pity.´ Shak.

Preg´nant•ly, adv. In a pregnant manner; fruitfully; significantly.

Preg´nant•ly, adv. Unresistingly; openly; hence, clearly; evidently. [Obs.] Shak.

Pre´gra•vate , v. t. [L. praegravatus, p. p. of praegravare to be heavy upon, fr. praegravis very heavy.] To bear down; to depress. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pre•grav´i•tate , v. i. To descend by gravity; to sink. [R.] Boyle.

Pre•gus´tant , a. [L. praegustans, p. pr. of praegustare to taste beforehand; prae before + gustare to taste.] Tasting beforehand; having a foretaste. [R.] Ed. Rev.

Pre•gus•ta´tion , n. The act of tasting beforehand; foretaste. [R.] Dr. Walker (1678).

Pre•hal´lux , n. [NL. See Pre- , and Hallux.] (Anat.) An extra first toe, or rudiment of a toe, on the preaxial side of the hallux.

Pre•hend´ , v. t. [L. prehendere. See Prehensile.] To lay hold of; to seize. [Obs.] Middleton.

Pre•hen´si-ble , a. [Cf. F. prehensible.] Capable of being seized.

Pre•hen´sile , a. [L. prehensus, p. p. of prehendere to lay hold of, seize; pre- (equiv. to prae before) + hendere (in comp.), akin to E. get: cf. F. prehensile. See Get, and cf. Prison, Prize, n.] Adapted to seize or grasp; seizing; grasping; as the prehensile tail of a monkey.

Pre•hen´sion , n. [L. prehensio; cf. F. prehension. See Prehensile.] The act of taking hold, seizing, or grasping, as with the hand or other member.

Pre•hen´so•ry , a. Adapted to seize or grasp; prehensile.

Pre•his•tor´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a period before written history begins; as the prehistoric ages; prehistoric man.

Prehn´ite , n. [So called from the German Colonel Prehn, who first found it.] (Min.) A pale green mineral occurring in crystalline aggregates having a botryoidal or mammillary structure, and rarely in distinct crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime.

Prehn•it´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a tetrabasic acid of benzene obtained as a white crystalline substance; — probably so called from the resemblance of the wartlike crystals to the mammillae on the surface of prehnite.

Pre•in•des´ig•nate , a. (Logic.) Having no sign expressive of quantity; indefinite. See Predesignate.

Pre•in•dis•pose´ , v. t. To render indisposed beforehand. Milman.

Pre•in•struct´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preinstructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Preinstructing.] To instruct previously or beforehand. Dr. H. More.

Pre•in•ti•ma´tion , n. Previous intimation; a suggestion beforehand. T. Scott.

Pre•judge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prejudged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prejudging.] [Pref. pre + judge: cf. F. prejuger. Cf. Prejudicate, Prejudice.] To judge before hearing, or before full and sufficient examination; to decide or sentence by anticipation; to condemn beforehand. “The committee of council hath prejudged the whole case, by calling the united sense of both houses of Parliament´ a universal clamor.´” Swift.

Pre•judg´ment , n. The act of prejudging; decision before sufficient examination.

Pre•ju´di•ca•cy , n. Prejudice; prepossession. [Obs.] Sir. H. Blount.

Pre•ju´di•cal , a. Of or pertaining to the determination of some matter not previously decided; as a prejudical inquiry or action at law.

Pre•ju´di•cant , a. [L. praejudicans, p. pr.] Influenced by prejudice; biased. [R.] ´ With not too hasty and prejudicant ears.´ Milton.

Pre•ju´di•cate , a. [L. praejudicatus, p. p. of praejudicare to prejudge; prae before + judicare to judge. See Judge.] 1. Formed before due examination. ´Ignorance and prejudicate opinions.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. Biased by opinions formed prematurely; prejudiced. ´Prejudicate readers.´ Sir T. Browne.

Pre•ju´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prejudicated p. pr. & vb. n. Prejudicating.] [Cf. Prejudge.] To determine beforehand, especially to disadvantage; to prejudge. “Our dearest friend
Prejudicates the business.” Shak.

Pre•ju´di•cate, v. i. To prejudge. Sir P. Sidney.

Pre•ju´di•cate•ly , adv. With prejudice.

Pre•ju•di•ca´tion , n. 1. The act of prejudicating, or of judging without due examination of facts and evidence; prejudgment. 2. (Rom. Law) (a) A preliminary inquiry and determination about something which belongs to a matter in dispute. (b) A previous treatment and decision of a point; a precedent.

Pre•ju´di•ca•tive , a. Forming a judgment without due examination; prejudging. Dr. H. More.

Prej´u•dice , n. [F. prejudice, L. praejudicium; prae before + judicium judgment. See Prejudicate, Judicial.] 1. Foresight. [Obs.] “Naught might hinder his quick prejudize.” Spenser. 2. An opinion or judgment formed without due examination; prejudgment; a leaning toward one side of a question from other considerations than those belonging to it; an unreasonable predilection for, or objection against, anything; especially, an opinion or leaning adverse to anything, without just grounds, or before sufficient knowledge. “Though often misled by prejudice and passion, he was emphatically an honest man.” Macaulay. 3. (Law) A bias on the part of judge, juror, or witness which interferes with fairness of judgment. 4. Mischief; hurt; damage; injury; detriment. Locke. “England and France might, through their amity,
Breed him some prejudice.” Shak. Syn. — Prejudgment; prepossession; bias; harm; hurt; damage; detriment; mischief; disadvantage.

Prej´u•dice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prejudiced p. pr. & vb. n. Prejudicing ] [Cf. F. prejudicier. See Prejudice, n.] 1. To cause to have prejudice; to prepossess with opinions formed without due knowledge or examination; to bias the mind of, by hasty and incorrect notions; to give an unreasonable bent to, as to one side or the other of a cause; as to prejudice a critic or a juryman. “Suffer not any beloved study to prejudice your mind so far as to despise all other learning.” I. Watts 2. To obstruct or injure by prejudices, or by previous bias of the mind; hence, generally, to hurt; to damage; to injure; to impair; as to prejudice a good cause. “Seek how may prejudice the foe.” Shak

Prej•u•di´cial , a. [L. praejudicialis belonging to a preceding judgment: cf. F. prejudiciel.] 1. Biased, possessed, or blinded by prejudices; as to look with a prejudicial eye. [Obs.] Holyday. 2. Tending to obstruct or impair; hurtful; injurious; disadvantageous; detrimental. Hooker. “His going away … was most prejudicial and most ruinous to the king’s affairs.” Clarendon. — Prej•u•di´cial•ly, adv. — Prej•u•di´cial•ness, n.

Pre•knowl´edge , n. Prior knowledge.

Prel´a•cy , n.; pl. Prelacies (#). [LL. praelatia. See Prelate; cf. Prelaty.] 1. The office or dignity of a prelate; church government by prelates. “Prelacies may be termed the greater benefices.” Ayliffe. 2. The order of prelates, taken collectively; the body of ecclesiastical dignitaries. ´Divers of the reverend prelacy, and other most judicious men.´ Hooker.

Pre´lal , a. [L. prelum a press.] Of or pertaining to printing; typographical. [Obs.] Fuller.

Prel´ate ( 48), n. [F. prelat, LL. praelatus, fr. L. praelatus, used as p. p. of praeferre to prefer, but from a different root. See Elate.] A clergyman of a superior order, as an archbishop or a bishop, having authority over the lower clergy; a dignitary of the church. This word and the words derived from it are often used invidiously, in English ecclesiastical history, by dissenters, respecting the Established Church system. “Hear him but reason in divinity, …
You would desire the king were made a prelate.” Shak.

Prel´ate , v. i. To act as a prelate. [Obs.] “Right prelating is busy laboring, and not lording.” Latimer.

Prel•a•te´i•ty , n. Prelacy. [Obs.] Milton.

Prel´ate•ship, n. The office of a prelate. Harmar.

Prel´a•tess , n. A woman who is a prelate; the wife of a prelate. Milton.

Pre•la´tial , a. Prelatical. Beaconsfield. { Pre•lat´ic , Pre•lat´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to prelates or prelacy; as prelatical authority. Macaulay.

Pre•lat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a prelatical manner; with reference to prelates. Milton. “The last Georgic was a good prelude to the AEneis.”

Pre•la´tion , n. [L. praelatio: cf. F. prelation. See Prelate, and cf. Prefer.] The setting of one above another; preference. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Prel´a•tism , n. Prelacy; episcopacy.

Prel´a•tist , n. One who supports of advocates prelacy, or the government of the church by prelates; hence, a high-churchman. Hume. “I am an Episcopalian, but not a prelatist.” T. Scott.

Prel´a•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prelatized p. pr. & vb. n. Prelatizing ] To bring under the influence of prelacy. Palfrey.

Prel´a•tize, v. i. To uphold or encourage prelacy; to exercise prelatical functions. “An episcopacy that began then to prelatize.” Milton.

Prel´a•try , n. Prelaty; prelacy. [Obs.] { Prel´a•ture ( 135), Prel´a•ture•ship }, n. [F. prelature, or LL. praelatura.] The state or dignity of a prelate; prelacy. Milman.

Prel´a•ty , n. Prelacy. [Obs.] Milton.

Pre•lect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prelected; p. pr. & vb. n. Prelecting.] [L. praelectus, p. p. of praelegere to read before. See Pre-, and Lection.] To read publicly, as a lecture or discourse.

Pre•lect´, v. i. To discourse publicly; to lecture. “Spitting … was publicly prelected upon.” De. Quincey. “To prelect upon the military art.” Bp. Horsley.

Pre•lec´tion , n. [L. praelectio.] A lecture or discourse read in public or to a select company. ´The prelections of Faber.´ Sir M. Hale.

Pre•lec´tor , n. [L. praelector.] A reader of lectures or discourses; a lecturer. Sheldon.

Pre•li•ba´tion , n. [L. praelibatio, fr. praelibare to taste beforehand: cf. F. prelibation.] 1. A tasting beforehand, or by anticipation; a foretaste; as a prelibation of heavenly bliss. 2. A pouring out, or libation, before tasting.

Pre•lim´i•na•ri•ly , adv. In a preliminary manner.

Pre•lim´i•na•ry , a. [Pref. pre + L. liminaris belonging to a threshold, fr. limen, liminis, threshold, entrance: cf. F. preliminaire. Cf. Limit.] Introductory; previous; preceding the main discourse or business; prefatory; as preliminary observations to a discourse or book; preliminary articles to a treaty; preliminary measures; preliminary examinations. Syn. — Introductory; preparatory; prefatory; proemial; previous; prior; precedent; antecedent.

Pre•lim´i•na•ry, n.; pl. Preliminaries . That which precedes the main discourse, work, design, or business; something introductory or preparatory; as the preliminaries to a negotiation or duel; to take one’s preliminaries the year before entering college. Syn. — Introduction; preface; prelude.

Pre•lim´it , v. t. To limit previously. [R.]

Pre•look´, v. i. To look forward. [Obs.] Surrey.

Pre´lude , n. [F. prelude (cf. It. preludio, LL. praeludium), fr. L. prae before + ludus play. See Prelude, v. t.] An introductory performance, preceding and preparing for the principal matter; a preliminary part, movement, strain, etc.; especially (Mus.), a strain introducing the theme or chief subject; a movement introductory to a fugue, yet independent; — with recent composers often synonymous with overture. “The last Georgic was a good prelude to the AEnis” Addison. “The cause is more than the prelude, the effect is more than the sequel, of the fact.” Whewell. Syn. — Preface; introduction; preliminary; preamble; forerunner; harbinger; precursor.

Pre•lude´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Preluding.] [L. praeludere, praelusum; prae before + ludere to play: cf. F. preluder. See Ludicrous.] To play an introduction or prelude; to give a prefatory performance; to serve as prelude. “The musicians preluded on their instruments.” Sir. W. Scott. “We are preluding too largely, and must come at once to the point.” Jeffrey.

Pre•lude´, v. t. 1. To introduce with a previous performance; to play or perform a prelude to; as to prelude a concert with a lively air. 2. To serve as prelude to; to precede as introductory. “[Music] preluding some great tragedy.” Longfellow

Pre•lud´er , n. One who, or that which, preludes; one who plays a prelude. Mason.

Pre•lud´i•al , a. Of or pertaining to a prelude; of the nature of a prelude; introductory. [R.]

Pre•lud´i•ous , a. Preludial. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Pre•lum´bar , a. (Anat.) Situated immediately in front of the loins; — applied to the dorsal part of the abdomen.

Pre•lu´sive , a. [See Prelude.] Of the nature of a prelude; introductory; indicating that something of a like kind is to follow. ´Prelusive drops.´ Thomson. —Pre•lu´sive•ly, adv.

Pre•lu´so•ri•ly , adv. In a prelusory way.

Pre•lu´so•ry , a. Introductory; prelusive. Bacon.

Pre•ma•ture´ , a. [L. praematurus; prae before + maturus ripe. See Mature.] 1. Mature or ripe before the proper time; as the premature fruits of a hotbed. 2. Happening, arriving, existing, or performed before the proper or usual time; adopted too soon; too early; untimely; as a premature fall of snow; a premature birth; a premature opinion; premature decay. 3. Arriving or received without due authentication or evidence; as a premature report. — Pre•ma•ture´ly, adv. — Pre•ma•ture´ness, n.

Pre•ma•tu´ri•ty , n. [Cf. F. prematurite.] The quality or state of being premature; early, or untimely, ripeness; as the prematurity of genius.

Pre´max•il´la , n.; pl. Premaxillae (#). [NL. See Pre-, and Maxilla.] (Anat.) A bone on either side of the middle line between the nose and mouth, forming the anterior part of each half of the upper jawbone; the intermaxilla. In man the premaxillae become united and form the incisor part of the maxillary bone.

Pre•max´il•la•ry , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the maxillary bones; pertaining to the premaxillae; intermaxillary. — n. A premaxilla.

Pre•me´di•ate , v. t. To advocate. [R.]

Pre•med´i•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Premeditated (-ta•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Premeditating.] [L. praemeditatus, p. p. of praemeditari; prae before + meditari to meditate. See Meditate.] To think on, and revolve in the mind, beforehand; to contrive and design previously; as to premeditate robbery. “With words premeditated thus he said.” Dryden.

Pre•med´i•tate, v. i. To think, consider, deliberate, or revolve in the mind, beforehand.

Pre•med´i•tate , a. [L. praemeditatus, p. p.] Premeditated; deliberate. [Archaic] Bp. Burnet.

Pre•med´i•tate•ly, adv. With premeditation. Burke.

Pre•med•i•ta´tion , n. [L. praemeditatio: cf. F. premeditation.] The act of meditating or contriving beforehand; previous deliberation; forethought.

Pre•mer´it , v. t. To merit or deserve beforehand. [Obs.] Eikon Basike. { Pre´mi•al , Pre´mi•ant } a. [L. praemialis. See Premium.] Serving to reward; rewarding. [R.] Baxter.

Prem´i•ces , n. pl. [F. premices, L. primitiae. See Primitia.] First fruits. [Obs.] Dryden.

Pre´mi•er , a. [F. premier, fr. L. primarius of the first rank, principal, fr. primus the first. See Primary, Prime, a.] 1. First; chief; principal; as the premier place; premier minister. Camden. Swift. 2. Most ancient; — said of the peer bearing the oldest title of his degree.

Pre´mi•er , n. The first minister of state; the prime minister.

Pre´mi•er•ship, n. The office of the premier.

Pre•mil•len´ni•al , a. Previous to the millennium.

Pre´mi•ous , a. [L. praemiosus, fr. praemium a premium.] Rich in gifts. [R.] Clarke.

Prem´ise , n.; pl. Premises . [Written also less properly, premiss.] [F. premisse, fr. L. praemissus, p. p. of praemittere to send before; prae before + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. A proposition antecedently supposed or proved; something previously stated or assumed as the basis of further argument; a condition; a supposition. “The premises observed,
Thy will by my performance shall be served.” Shak. 2. (Logic) Either of the first two propositions of a syllogism, from which the conclusion is drawn. ´All sinners deserve punishment: A B is a sinner.´ These propositions, which are the premises, being true or admitted, the conclusion follows, that A B deserves punishment. “While the premises stand firm, it is impossible to shake the conclusion.” Dr. H. More. 3. pl. (Law) Matters previously stated or set forth; esp., that part in the beginning of a deed, the office of which is to express the grantor and grantee, and the land or thing granted or conveyed, and all that precedes the habendum; the thing demised or granted. 4. pl. A piece of real estate; a building and its adjuncts; as to lease premises; to trespass on another’s premises.

Pre•mise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Premised p. pr. & vb. n. Premising.] [From L. praemissus, p. p., or E. premise, n. See Premise, n.] 1. To send before the time, or beforehand; hence, to cause to be before something else; to employ previously. [Obs.] “The premised flames of the last day.” Shak. “If venesection and a cathartic be premised.” E. Darwin. 2. To set forth beforehand, or as introductory to the main subject; to offer previously, as something to explain or aid in understanding what follows; especially, to lay down premises or first propositions, on which rest the subsequent reasonings. “I premise these particulars that the reader may know that I enter upon it as a very ungrateful task.” Addison.

Pre•mise´ , v. i. To make a premise; to set forth something as a premise. Swift.

Prem´iss , n. Premise. Whately. I. Watts

Pre•mit´ , v. t. To premise. [Obs.] Donne.

Pre´mi•um , n.; pl. Premiums (#). [L. praemium, originally, what one has got before or better than others; prae before + emere to take, buy. See Redeem.] 1. A reward or recompense; a prize to be won by being before another, or others, in a competition; reward or prize to be adjudged; a bounty; as a premium for good behavior or scholarship, for discoveries, etc. “ To think it not the necessity, but the premium and privilege of life, to eat and sleep without any regard to glory.” Burke. “The law that obliges parishes to support the poor offers a premium for the encouragement of idleness.” Franklin. 2. Something offered or given for the loan of money; bonus; — sometimes synonymous with interest, but generally signifying a sum in addition to the capital. “People were tempted to lend, by great premiums and large interest.” Swift. 3. A sum of money paid to underwriters for insurance, or for undertaking to indemnify for losses of any kind. 4. A sum in advance of, or in addition to, the nominal or par value of anything; as gold was at a premium; he sold his stock at a premium.

Pre•mo´lar , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the molar teeth. — n. An anterior molar tooth which has replaced a deciduous molar. See Tooth.

Pre•mon´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Premonished p. pr. & vb. n. Premonishing.] [Pref. pre- + monish: cf. L. praemonere.] To forewarn; to admonish beforehand. [R.] Herrick. “To teach, and to premonish.” Bk. of Com. Prayer.

Pre•mon´ish•ment , n. Previous warning or admonition; forewarning. Sir H. Wotton.

Pre•mo•ni´tion , n. [L. praemonitio. See Premonish.] Previous warning, notice, or information; forewarning; as a premonition of danger.

Pre•mon´i•tor , n. [L. praemonitor.] One who, or that which, gives premonition.

Pre•mon´i•to•ry , a. [L. praemonitorius.] Giving previous warning or notice; as premonitory symptoms of disease. — Pre•mon´i•to•ri•ly (#), adv.

Pre•mon´strant , n. A Premonstratensian.

Pre•mon´strate , v. t. [L. praemonstratus, p. p. of praemonstrare; prae before + monstrate to show.] To show beforehand; to foreshow. [R.] Herbert.

Pre•mon•stra•ten´sian , n. [F. premontre, fr. Premontre, fr. L. pratum monstratum.] (R. C. Ch.) One of a religious order of regular canons founded by St. Norbert at Premontre, in France, in 1119. The members of the order are called also White Canons, Norbertines, and Premonstrants.

Pre•mon•stra´tion , n. [L. praemonstratio.] A showing beforehand; foreshowing.

Pre•mon´stra•tor , n. [L. praemonstrator.] One who, or that which, premonstrates. [R.]

Pre•morse´ , a. [L. praemorsus, p. p. of praemordere to bite off; prae before + mordere to bite.] Terminated abruptly, or as it bitten off. Premorse root or leaves (Bot.), such as have an abrupt, ragged, and irregular termination, as if bitten off short.

Pre•mo•sa´ic , a. Relating to the time before Moses; as premosaic history.

Pre•mo´tion , n. [Pref. pre- + motion.] Previous motion or excitement to action.

Prem•u•ni´re , n. (Law) See Praemunire.

Prem•u•nite´ , v. t. [L. praemunitus, p. p. of praemunire to fortify in front; prae before + munire to fortify.] To fortify beforehand; to guard against objection. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Pre•mu•ni´tion , n. [L. praemunitio: cf. F. premunition.] The act of fortifying or guarding against objections. [Obs.]

Pre•mu´ni•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to a premunire; as a premunitory process.

Pre•na´sal , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the nose, or in front of the nasal chambers.

Pre•na´tal , a. Being or happening before birth.

Pren´der , n. [F. prendre to take, fr. L. prehendere to take.] (Law) The power or right of taking a thing before it is offered. Burrill.

Pre•no´men , n. See Praenomen.

Pre•nom´i•nal , a. Serving as a prefix in a compound name. Sir T. Browne.

Pre•nom´i•nate , a. [L. praenominatus, p. p. of praenominare to give the prenomen to, to prenominate, fr. praenomen prenomen.] Forenamed; named beforehand. [R.] ´Prenominate crimes.´ Shak.

Pre•nom´i•nate , v. t. To forename; to name beforehand; to tell by name beforehand. Shak.

Pre•nom•i•na•tion , n. The act of prenominating; privilege of being named first. Sir T. Browne.

Pre•nos´tic , n. [L. praenoscere to foreknow; prae before + noscere, notum, to know.] A prognostic; an omen. [Obs.] Gower.

Pre•note´ , v. t. [L. praenotare; prae before + notare to note.] To note or designate beforehand. Foxe.

Pre•no´tion , n. [L. praenotio: cf. F. prenotion. See Prenostic.] A notice or notion which precedes something else in time; previous notion or thought; foreknowledge. Bacon.

Pren•sa´tion , n. [L. prensatio, from prensare, prehensare, v. freq. from prehendere to seize.] The act of seizing with violence. [Obs.] Barrow .

Pren´tice , n. [Aphetic form of apprentice.] An apprentice. [Obs. or Colloq.] Piers Plowman. ´My accuser is my prentice.´ Shak.

Pren´tice•hood , n. Apprenticehood. [Obs.] “This jolly prentice with his master bode
Till he was out nigh of his prenticehood.” Chaucer.

Pren´tice•ship, n. Apprenticeship. [Obs. or Colloq.] “He served a prenticeship who sets up shop.” Pope.

Pre•nun•ci•a´tion , n. [L. praenunciatio, fr. praenunciare to announce beforehand. See Pre-, and Announce.] The act of announcing or proclaiming beforehand. [Obs.]

Pre•nun´cious , a. [L. praenuncius.] Announcing beforehand; presaging. [Obs.] Blount.

Pre•ob•lon•ga´ta , n. [NL. See Pre-, and Oblongata.] (Anat.) The anterior part of the medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder.

Pre•ob•tain´ , v. t. To obtain beforehand.

Pre•oc´cu•pan•cy , n. [See Preoccupate.] The act or right of taking possession before another; as the preoccupancy of wild land.

Pre•oc´cu•pate , v. t. [L. praeoccupatus, p. p. of praeoccupare to preoccupy. See Preoccupy.] 1. To anticipate; to take before. [Obs.] ´Fear preoccupateth it [death].´ Bacon. 2. To prepossess; to prejudice. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Pre•oc•cu•pa´tion , n. [L. praeoccupatio: cf. F. preoccupation.] 1. The act of preoccupying, or taking possession of beforehand; the state of being preoccupied; prepossession. 2. Anticipation of objections. [R.] South.

Pre•oc´cu•py , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preoccupied (-pid); p. pr. & vb. n. Preoccupying ] [Cf. F. preoccuper. See Preoccupate, Occupy.] 1. To take possession of before another; as to preoccupy a country not before held. 2. To prepossess; to engage, occupy, or engross the attention of, beforehand; hence, to prejudice. “I Think it more respectful to the reader to leave something to reflections than to preoccupy his judgment.” Arbuthnot.

Pre•oc´u•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Placed just in front of the eyes, as the antennae of certain insects. — n. One of the scales just in front of the eye of a reptile or fish.

Pre•om´i•nate , v. t. To ominate beforehand; to portend. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pre•o•per´cu•lar , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the operculum; pertaining to the preoperculum. — n. The preoperculum.

Pre•o•per´cu•lum , n. [NL.] (Anat.) The anterior opercular bone in fishes.

Pre•o•pin´ion , n. Opinion previously formed; prepossession; prejudice. Sir T. Browne.

Pre•op´tion , n. Right of first choice.

Pre•o´ral , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of, or anterior to, the mouth; as preoral bands.

Pre•or´bit•al , a. (Anat.) Situated in front or the orbit.

Pre•or•dain´ , v. t. [Pref. pre + ordain: cf. L. praeordinare.] To ordain or appoint beforehand: to predetermine: to foreordain. Milton.

Pre•or´der , v. t. To order to arrange beforehand; to foreordain. Sir W. Hamilton.

Pre•or´di•nance , n. Antecedent decree or determination. Shak.

Pre•or´di•nate , a. [L. praeordinatus, p. p. See Preordain.] Preordained. [R.] Sir T. Elyot.

Pre•or•di•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. preordination.] The act of foreordaining: previous determination. ´The preordination of God.´ Bale.

Pre•par´a•ble , a. Capable of being prepared. ´Medicine preparable by art.´ Boyle.

Prep•a•ra´tion , n. [F. preparation, L. praeparatio. See Prepare.] 1. The act of preparing or fitting beforehand for a particular purpose, use, service, or condition; previous arrangement or adaptation; a making ready; as the preparation of land for a crop of wheat; the preparation of troops for a campaign. 2. The state of being prepared or made ready; preparedness; readiness; fitness; as a nation in good preparation for war. 3. That which makes ready, prepares the way, or introduces; a preparatory act or measure. “I will show what preparations there were in nature for this dissolution.” T. Burnet. 4. That which is prepared, made, or compounded by a certain process or for a particular purpose; a combination. Specifically: (a) Any medicinal substance fitted for use. (b) Anything treated for preservation or examination as a specimen. (c) Something prepared for use in cookery. “I wish the chemists had been more sparing who magnify their preparations.” Sir T. Browne. “In the preparations of cookery, the most volatile parts of vegetables are destroyed.” Arbuthnot. 5. An army or fleet. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Mus.) The holding over of a note from one chord into the next chord, where it forms a temporary discord, until resolved in the chord that follows; the anticipation of a discordant note in the preceding concord, so that the ear is prepared for the shock. See Suspension. 7. Accomplishment; qualification. [Obs.] Shak.

Pre•par´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. preparatif.] Tending to prepare or make ready; having the power of preparing, qualifying, or fitting; preparatory. “Laborious quest of knowledge preparative to this work.” South.

Pre•par´a•tive, n. 1. That which has the power of preparing, or previously fitting for a purpose; that which prepares. ´A preparative unto sermons.´ Hooker. 2. That which is done in the way of preparation. ´Necessary preparatives for our voyage.´ Dryden.

Pre•par´a•tive•ly, adv. By way of preparation.

Pre•par´a•tor , n. [L. praeparator.] One who prepares beforehand, as subjects for dissection, specimens for preservation in collections, etc. Agassiz.

Pre•par´a•to•ry , a. [L. praeparatorius: cf. F. preparatoire.] Preparing the way for anything by previous measures of adaptation; antecedent and adapted to what follows; introductory; preparative; as a preparatory school; a preparatory condition.

Pre•pare´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prepare p. pr. & vb. n. Preparing.] [F. preparer, L. praeparare; prae before + parare to make ready. See Pare.] 1. To fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular purpose or condition; to make ready; to put into a state for use or application; as to prepare ground for seed; to prepare a lesson. “Our souls, not yet prepared for upper light.” Dryden. 2. To procure as suitable or necessary; to get ready; to provide; as to prepare ammunition and provisions for troops; to prepare ships for defence; to prepare an entertainment. Milton. “That they may prepare a city for habitation.” Ps. cvii. 36 Syn. — To fit; adjust; adapt; qualify; equip; provide; form; make; make; ready.

Pre•pare´ , v. i. 1. To make all things ready; to put things in order; as to prepare for a hostile invasion. ´Bid them prepare for dinner.´ Shak. 2. To make one’s self ready; to get ready; to take the necessary previous measures; as to prepare for death.

Pre•pare´, n. Preparation. [Obs.] Shak.

Pre•pared´ , a. Made fit or suitable; adapted; ready; as prepared food; prepared questions. — Pre•par´ed•ly (#), adv. Shak. — Pre•par´ed•ness, n.

Pre•par´er , n. One who, or that which, prepares, fits, or makes ready. Wood.

Pre•pay´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prepaid p. pr. & vb. n. Prepaying.] To pay in advance, or beforehand; as to prepay postage.

Pre•pay´ment , n. Payment in advance.

Pre•pe´ni•al , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of, or anterior to, the penis.

Pre•pense´ , v. t. [Pref. pre + F. penser to think. See Pansy.] To weigh or consider beforehand; to premeditate. [Obs.] Spenser. Sir T. Elyot.

Pre•pense´, v. i. To deliberate beforehand. [Obs.]

Pre•pense´, a. [See Pansy, and cf. Prepense, v. t.] Devised, contrived, or planned beforehand; preconceived; premeditated; aforethought; — usually placed after the word it qualifies; as malice prepense. “This has not arisen from any misrepresentation or error prepense.” Southey.

Pre•pense´ly, adv. In a premeditated manner. { Pre•pol´lence , Pre•pol´len•cy } n. [L. praepollentia.] The quality or state of being prepollent; superiority of power; predominance; prevalence. [R.] Coventry.

Pre•pol´lent , a. [L. praepollens, p. p. of praepollere to surpass in power; prae before + pollere to be powerful.] Having superior influence or power; prevailing; predominant. [R.] Boyle.

Pre•pol´lent , n.; pl. Prepollices (#). [NL. See Pre-, Pollex.] (Anat.) An extra first digit, or rudiment of a digit, on the preaxial side of the pollex.

Pre•pon´der v. t. To preponderate. [Obs.] { Pre•pon´der•ance , Pre•pon´der•an•cy } n. [Cf. F. preponderance.] 1. The quality or state of being preponderant; superiority or excess of weight, influence, or power, etc.; an outweighing. “The mind should … reject or receive proportionably to the preponderancy of the greater grounds of probability.” Locke. “In a few weeks he had changed the relative position of all the states in Europe, and had restored the equilibrium which the preponderance of one power had destroyed.” Macaulay. 2. (Gun.) The excess of weight of that part of a canon behind the trunnions over that in front of them.

Pre•pon´der•ant , a. [L. praeponderans, -antis: cf. F. preponderant. See Preponderate.] Preponderating; outweighing; overbalancing; — used literally and figuratively; as a preponderant weight; of preponderant importance. — Pre•pon´der•ant•ly, adv.

Pre•pon´der•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preponderated p. pr. & vb. n. Preponderating.] [L. praeponderatus, p. p. of praeponderare; prae before + ponderare to weigh, fr., pondus, ponderis, a weight. See Ponder.] 1. To outweigh; to overpower by weight; to exceed in weight; to overbalance. “An inconsiderable weight, by distance from the center of the balance, will preponderate greater magnitudes.” Glanvill. 2. To overpower by stronger or moral power. 3. To cause to prefer; to incline; to decide. [Obs.] “The desire to spare Christian blood preponderates him for peace.” Fuller.

Pre•pon´der•ate, v. i. To exceed in weight; hence, to incline or descend, as the scale of a balance; figuratively, to exceed in influence, power, etc.; hence; to incline to one side; as the affirmative side preponderated. “That is no just balance in which the heaviest side will not preponderate.” Bp. Wilkins.

Pre•pon´der•a•ting•ly , adv. In a preponderating manner; preponderantly.

Pre•pon•der•a´tion , n. [L. praeponderatio.] The act or state of preponderating; preponderance; as a preponderation of reasons. I. Watts.

Pre•pose´ , v. t. [F. preposer; pref. pre- (L. prae before) + poser. See Pose.] To place or set before; to prefix. [Obs.] Fuller.

Prep•o•si´tion , n. [L. praepositio, fr. praeponere to place before; prae before + ponere to put, place: cf. F. preposition. See Position, and cf. Provost.] 1. (Gram.) A word employed to connect a noun or a pronoun, in an adjectival or adverbial sense, with some other word; a particle used with a noun or pronoun (in English always in the objective case) to make a phrase limiting some other word; — so called because usually placed before the word with which it is phrased; as a bridge of iron; he comes from town; it is good for food; he escaped by running. 2. A proposition; an exposition; a discourse. [Obs.] “He made a long preposition and oration.” Fabyan.

Prep•o•si´tion•al , a. [Cf. F. prepositionnel.] Of or pertaining to a preposition; of the nature of a preposition. Early. — Prep•o•si´tion•al•ly, adv.

Pre•pos´i•tive , a. [L. praepositivus: cf. F. prepositif.] (Gram.) Put before; prefixed; as a prepositive particle. — n. A prepositive word. Tooke.

Pre•pos´i•tor , n. [NL.] A scholar appointed to inspect other scholars; a monitor. Todd.

Pre•pos´i•ture , n. [L. praepositura. See Preposition, and cf. Provost.] The office or dignity of a provost; a provostship. Lowth.

Pre•pos•sess´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prepossessed p. pr. & vb. n. Prepossessing.] 1. To preoccupy, as ground or land; to take previous possession of. Dryden. 2. To preoccupy, as the mind or heart, so as to preclude other things; hence, to bias or prejudice; to give a previous inclination to, for or against anything; esp., to induce a favorable opinion beforehand, or at the outset. “It created him enemies, and prepossessed the lord general.” Evelyn.

Pre•pos•sess´ing , a. Tending to invite favor; attracting confidence, favor, esteem, or love; attractive; as a prepossessing manner. — Pre•pos•sess´ing•ly, adv.

Pre•pos•ses´sion , n. 1. Preoccupation; prior possession. Hammond. 2. Preoccupation of the mind by an opinion, or impression, already formed; preconceived opinion; previous impression; bias; — generally, but not always, used in a favorable sense; as the prepossessions of childhood. ´The prejudices and prepossessions of the country.´ Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Bent; bias; inclination; preoccupancy; prejudgment. See Bent.

Pre••pos•sess´or , n. One who possesses, or occupies, previously. R. Brady.

Pre•pos´ter•ous , a.[L. praeposterus; prae before + posterus coming after, latter. See Posterior.] 1. Having that first which ought to be last; inverted in order. [Obs.] “The method I take may be censured as preposterous, because I thus treat last of the antediluvian earth, which was first in the order of nature.” Woodward. 2. Contrary to nature or reason; not adapted to the end; utterly and glaringly foolish; unreasonably absurd; perverted. ´Most preposterous conclusions.´ Shak. “Preposterous ass, that never read so far!” Shak. Syn. — Absurd; perverted; wrong; irrational; foolish; monstrous. See Absurd. — Pre•pos´ter•ous•ly, adv. - Pre•pos´ter•ous•ness, n.

Pre•pos´tor , n. See Prepositor.

Pre•po´ten•cy , n. [L. praepotentia: cf. F. prepotence.] 1. The quality or condition of being prepotent; predominance. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Biol.) The capacity, on the part of one of the parents, as compared with the other, to transmit more than his or her own share of characteristics to their offspring.

Pre•po´tent , a. [L. praepotens. See Pre-, and Potent.] 1. Very powerful; superior in force, influence, or authority; predominant. Plaifere. 2. (Biol.) Characterized by prepotency. Darwin.

Pre•pro•vide´ , v. t. To provide beforehand. ´The materials preprovided.´ Fuller.

Pre•pu´bic , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of, or anterior to, the pubis; pertaining to the prepubis.

Pre•pu´bis , n. [NL. See Pre- , and Pubis.] (Anat.)A bone or cartilage, of some animals, situated in the middle line in front of the pubic bones.

Pre´puce , n. [F. prepuce, L. praeputium.] (Anat.) The foreskin.

Pre•pu´tial , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prepuce. { Pre•raph´a•el•ism , Pre•raph´a•el•i•tism } n. (Fine Arts) The doctrine or practice of a school of modern painters who profess to be followers of the painters before Raphael. Its adherents advocate careful study from nature, delicacy and minuteness of workmanship, and an exalted and delicate conception of the subject.

Pre•raph´a•el•ite , a. Of or pertaining to the style called preraphaelitism; as a preraphaelite figure; a preraphaelite landscape. Ruskin.

Pre•raph´a•el•ite, n. One who favors or practices art as it was before Raphael; one who favors or advocates preraphaelitism.

Pre•reg´nant , n. One who reigns before another; a sovereign predecessor. [R.] Warner.

Pre•re•mote , a. More remote in previous time or prior order. “In some cases two more links of causation may be introduced; one of them may be termed the preremote cause, the other the postremote effect.” E. Darwin.

Pre•re•quire´ , v. t. To require beforehand. “Some things are prerequired of us.” Bp. Hall.

Pre•req´ui•site , a. Previously required; necessary as a preliminary to any proposed effect or end; as prerequisite conditions of success.

Pre•req´ui•site, n. Something previously required, or necessary to an end or effect proposed. “The necessary prerequisites of freedom.” Goldsmith.

Pre•re•solve´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Preresolved p. pr. & vb. n. Preresolving.] To resolve beforehand; to predetermine. Sir E. Dering.

Pre•rog´a•tive , n. [F. prerogative, from L. praerogativa precedence in voting, preference, privilege, fr. praerogativus that is asked before others for his opinion, that votes before or first, fr. praerogare to ask before another; prae before + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] 1. An exclusive or peculiar privilege; prior and indefeasible right; fundamental and essential possession; — used generally of an official and hereditary right which may be asserted without question, and for the exercise of which there is no responsibility or accountability as to the fact and the manner of its exercise. “The two faculties that are the prerogative of man — the powers of abstraction and imagination.” I. Taylor. “An unconstitutional exercise of his prerogative.” Macaulay. 2. Precedence; preëminence; first rank. [Obs.] “Then give me leave to have prerogative.” Shak. The term came into general use in the conflicts between the Crown and Parliaments of Great Britain, especially in the time of the Stuarts. Prerogative Court (Eng. Law), a court which formerly had authority in the matter of wills and administrations, where the deceased left bona notabilia, or effects of the value of five pounds, in two or more different dioceses. Blackstone. — Prerogative office, the office in which wills proved in the Prerogative Court were registered. Syn. — Privilege; right. See Privilege.

Pre•rog´a•tived , a. Endowed with a prerogative, or exclusive privilege. [R.] Shak.

Pre•rog´a•tive•ly , adv. By prerogative.

Pre´sage , n. [F. presage, L. praesagium, from praesagire. See Presage, v. t. ] 1. Something which foreshows or portends a future event; a prognostic; an omen; an augury. ´Joy and shout - - presage of victory.´ Milton. 2. Power to look the future, or the exercise of that power; foreknowledge; presentiment. “If there be aught of presage in the mind.” Milton. Syn. — Prognostic; omen; token; sign; presentiment.

Pre•sage´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presaged (-sajd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Presaging. ] [F. presager, L. praesagire: prae before + sagire to perceive acutely or sharply. See Sagacious.] 1. To have a presentiment of; to feel beforehand; to foreknow. 2. To foretell; to predict; to foreshow; to indicate. “My dreams presage some joyful news at hand.” Shak.

Pre•sage´, v. i. To form or utter a prediction; — sometimes used with of. Dryden.

Pre•sage´ful , a. Full of presages; ominous. “Dark in the glass of some presageful mood.” Tennyson.

Pre•sage´ment , n. 1. The act or art of presaging; a foreboding. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. That which is presaged, or foretold. [R.] ´Ominous presagement before his end. ´ Sir H. Wotton.

Pre•sa´ger , n. One who, or that which, presages; a foreteller; a foreboder. Shak.

Pre•sa´gious , a. Foreboding; ominous. [Obs.]

Pres´by•ope , n. (Med.) One who has presbyopia; a farsighted person.

Pres•by•o´pi•a [NL., from Gr. old, n., an old man + , , the eye.] (Med.) A defect of vision consequent upon advancing age. It is due to rigidity of the crystalline lens, which produces difficulty of accommodation and recession of the near point of vision, so that objects very near the eyes can not be seen distinctly without the use of convex glasses. Called also presbytia.

Pres•by•op´ic , a. Affected by presbyopia; also remedying presbyopia; farsighted.

Pres´by•o•py , n. [Cf. F. presbyopie.] See Presbyopia.

Pres´byte , n. [Gr. an old man.] Same as Presbyope.

Pres´by•ter , n. [L. an elder, fr. Gr. . See Priest.] 1. An elder in the early Christian church. See 2d Citation under Bishop, n., 1. 2. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) One ordained to the second order in the ministry; — called also priest. “I rather term the one sort presbyter than priest.” Hooker. “New presbyter is but old priest writ large.” Milton. 3. (Presbyterian Ch.) A member of a presbytery whether lay or clerical. 4. A Presbyterian. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Pres•byt´er•al , a. Of or pertaining to a presbyter or presbytery; presbyterial.

Pres•byt´er•ate , n. [L. presbyteratus: cf. F. presbyterat.] A presbytery; also presbytership. Heber.

Pres´by•ter•ess, n. A female presbyter. Bale.

Pres•by•te´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. presbyteral.] Presbyterian. ´Presbyterial government.´ Milton.

Pres•by•te´ri•an , a. [Cf. F. presbyterien.] Of or pertaining to a presbyter, or to ecclesiastical government by presbyters; relating to those who uphold church government by presbyters; also to the doctrine, discipline, and worship of a communion so governed.

Pres•by•te´ri•an, n. [Cf. F. presbyterien.] One who maintains the validity of ordination and government by presbyters; a member of the Presbyterian church. Reformed Presbyterians. See Cameronian.

Pres•by•te´ri•an•ism , n. [Cf. F. presbyterianisme.] That form of church government which invests presbyters with all spiritual power, and admits no prelates over them; also the faith and polity of the Presbyterian churches, taken collectively.

Pres•by•te´ri•um , n. [L.] (Arch.) Same as Presbytery, 4.

Pres´by•ter•ship , n. The office or station of a presbyter; presbyterate.

Pres´by•ter•y , n.; pl. Presbyteries (#). [L. presbyterium, Gr. . See Presbyter, and cf. Presbyterium.] 1. A body of elders in the early Christian church. 2. (Presbyterian Ch.) A judicatory consisting of all the ministers within a certain district, and one layman, who is a ruling elder, from each parish or church, commissioned to represent the church in conjunction with the pastor. This body has a general jurisdiction over the churches under its care, and next below the provincial synod in authority. 3. The Presbyterian religion of polity. [R.] Tatler. 4. (a) (Arch.) That part of the church reserved for the officiating priest. (b) The residence of a priest or clergyman. Gwilt.

Pres•byt´i•a , n. [NL. See Presbyte.] (Med.) Presbyopia.

Pres•byt´ic , a. (Med.) Same as Presbyopic.

Pres´byt•ism , n. Presbyopia.

Pre•scap´u•la , n. [NL.] (Anat.) The part of the scapula in front of, or above, the spine, or mesoscapula.

Pre•scap´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prescapula; supraspinous.

Pre´sci•ence (pre´shi•ens or - shens; 277), n. [F. prescience, L. praescientia. See Prescient.] Knowledge of events before they take place; foresight. “God’s certain prescience of the volitions of moral agents.” J. Edwards.

Pre´sci•ent (pre´shi•ent or - shent), a. [L. praesciens, - entis, p. pr. of praescire to foreknow; prae before + scire to know: cf. F. prescient. See Science.] Having knowledge of coming events; foreseeing; conscious beforehand. Pope. “Henry … had shown himself sensible, and almost prescient, of this event.” Bacon.

Pre´sci•ent•ly, adv. With prescience or foresight.

Pre•scind´ (pre•sind´), v. t. [L. praescindere to cut off in front; prae before + scindere to cut asunder: cf. F. prescinder.] 1. To cut off; to abstract. [Obs.] Norris. 2. (Metaph.) To consider by a separate act of attention or analysis. Sir W. Hamilton.

Pre•scind´ent , a. [L. praescius; prae before + scius knowing, fr. scire to know.] Cutting off; abstracting. [R.] Cheyne.

Pre´scious (pre´shus), a. [L. praescius; prae before + scius knowing, fr. scire to know.] Foreknowing; having foreknowledge; as prescious of ills. [R.] Dryden.

Pre•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prescribed p. pr & vb. n. Prescribing.] [L. praescribere, praescriptum; prae before + scriebe to write. See Scribe.] 1. To lay down authoritatively as a guide, direction, or rule of action; to impose as a peremptory order; to dictate; to appoint; to direct. “Prescribe not us our duties.” Shak. “Let streams prescribe their fountains where to run.” Dryden. 2. (Med.) To direct, as a remedy to be used by a patient; as the doctor prescribed quinine. Syn. — To appoint; order; command; dictate; ordain; institute; establish.

Pre•scribe´, v. i. 1. To give directions; to dictate. “A forwardness to prescribe to their opinions.” Locke. 2. To influence by long use [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. (Med.) To write or to give medical directions; to indicate remedies; as to prescribe for a patient in a fever. 4. (Law) To claim by prescription; to claim a title to a thing on the ground of immemorial use and enjoyment, that is, by a custom having the force of law.

Pre•scrib´er , n. One who prescribes.

Pre´script , a. [L. praescriptus, p. p. of praescribere: cf. F. prescrit. See Prescribe.] Directed; prescribed. ´ A prescript from of words.´ Jer. Taylor.

Pre´script, n. [L. praescriptum: cf. OF. prescript.] 1. Direction; precept; model prescribed. Milton. 2. A medical prescription. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Pre•scrip•ti•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being prescriptible. Story.

Pre•scrip´ti•ble (pre•skrip´ti•b’l), a. [Cf. F. prescriptible.] Depending on, or derived from, prescription; proper to be prescribed. Grafton.

Pre•scrip´tion (-shun), n. [F. prescription, L. praescriptio, an inscription, preface, precept, demurrer, prescription (in sense 3), fr. praescribere. See Prescribe.] 1. The act of prescribing, directing, or dictating; direction; precept; also that which is prescribed. 2. (Med.) A direction of a remedy or of remedies for a disease, and the manner of using them; a medical recipe; also a prescribed remedy. 3. (Law) A prescribing for title; the claim of title to a thing by virtue of immemorial use and enjoyment; the right or title acquired by possession had during the time and in the manner fixed by law. Bacon. “That profound reverence for law and prescription which has long been characteristic of Englishmen.” Macaulay. Prescription differs from custom, which is a local usage, while prescription is personal, annexed to the person only. Prescription only extends to incorporeal rights, such as aright of way, or of common. What the law gives of common rights is not the subject of prescription. Blackstone. Cruise. Kent. In Scotch law, prescription is employed in the sense in which limitation is used in England and America, namely, to express that operation of the lapse of time by which obligations are extinguished or title protected. Sir T. Craig. Erskine.

Pre•scrip´tive , a. [L. praescriptivus of a demurrer or legal exception.] (Law) Consisting in, or acquired by, immemorial or long-continued use and enjoyment; as a prescriptive right of title; pleading the continuance and authority of long custom. “The right to be drowsy in protracted toil has become prescriptive.” J. M. Mason.

Pre•scrip´tive•ly, adv. By prescription.

Pre•scu´tum , n.; pl. Prescuta . [NL. See Prae-, and Scutum.] (Zoöl.) The first of the four pieces composing the dorsal part, or tergum, of a thoracic segment of an insect. It is usually small and inconspicuous.

Pre´se•ance , n. [F. preseance. See Preside.] Priority of place in sitting.[Obs.] Carew.

Pre•se•lect´ , v. t. To select beforehand.

Pres´ence , n. [F. presence, L. praesentia. See Present.] 1. The state of being present, or of being within sight or call, or at hand; — opposed to absence. 2. The place in which one is present; the part of space within one’s ken, call, influence, etc.; neighborhood without the intervention of anything that forbids intercourse. “Wrath shell be no more
Thenceforth, but in thy presence joy entire.” Milton. 3. Specifically, neighborhood to the person of one of superior of exalted rank; also presence chamber. “In such a presence here to plead my thoughts.” Shak. “An’t please your grace, the two great cardinals.
Wait in the presence.” Shak. 4. The whole of the personal qualities of an individual; person; personality; especially, the person of a superior, as a sovereign. “The Sovran Presence thus replied.” Milton. 5. An assembly, especially of person of rank or nobility; noble company. “Odmar, of all this presence does contain,
Give her your wreath whom you esteem most fair.” Dryden. 6. Port, mien; air; personal appearence. ´Rather dignity of presence than beauty of aspect.´ Bacon. “A graceful presence bespeaks acceptance.” Collier. Presence chamber, or Presence room, the room in which a great personage receives company. Addison. ´ Chambers of presence.´ Bacon. — Presence of mind, that state of the mind in which all its faculties are alert, prompt, and acting harmoniously in obedience to the will, enabling one to reach, as it were spontaneously or by intuition, just conclusions in sudden emergencies.

Pre•sen•sa´tion , n. Previous sensation, notion, or idea. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Pre•sen´sion , n. [L. praesensio, fr. praesentire to perceive beforehand. See Presentient.] Previous perception. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pres´ent , a. [F. present, L. praesens,-entis, that is before one, in sight or at hand, p. p. of praeesse to be before; prae before + esse to be. See Essence.] 1. Being at hand, within reach or call, within certain contemplated limits; — opposed to absent. “These things have I spoken unto you, being yet present with you.” John xiv. 25. 2. Now existing, or in process; begun but not ended; now in view, or under consideration; being at this time; not past or future; as the present session of Congress; the present state of affairs; the present instance. “I’ll bring thee to the present business” Shak. 3. Not delayed; immediate; instant; coincident. ´A present recompense.´ ´A present pardon.´ Shak. “An ambassador … desires a present audience.” Massinger. 4. Ready; quick in emergency; as a present wit. [R.] 5. Favorably attentive; propitious. [Archaic] “To find a god so present to my prayer.” Dryden. Present tense (Gram.), the tense or form of a verb which expresses action or being in the present time; as I am writing, I write, or I do write.

Pres´ent, n. [Cf. F. present. See Present, a.] 1. Present time; the time being; time in progress now, or at the moment contemplated; as at this present. “Past and present, wound in one.” Tennyson. 2. pl. (Law) Present letters or instrument, as a deed of conveyance, a lease, letter of attorney, or other writing; as in the phrase, ´ Know all men by these presents,´ that is, by the writing itself, ´ per has literas praesentes; ´ — in this sense, rarely used in the singular. 3. (Gram.) A present tense, or the form of the verb denoting the present tense. At present, at the present time; now. — For the present, for the tine being; temporarily. — In present, at once, without delay. [Obs.] ´With them, in present, half his kingdom; the rest to follow at his death.´ Milton.

Pre•sent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presented; p. pr. & vb. n. Presenting.] [F. presenter, L. praesentare, fr. praesens, a. See Present, a.] 1. To bring or introduce into the presence of some one, especially of a superior; to introduce formally; to offer for acquaintance; as to present an envoy to the king; (with the reciprocal pronoun) to come into the presence of a superior. “Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the lord.” Job i. 6 2. To exhibit or offer to view or notice; to lay before one’s perception or cognizance; to set forth; to present a fine appearance. “Lectorides’s memory is ever … presenting him with the thoughts of other persons.” I. Watts. 3. To pass over, esp. in a ceremonious manner; to give in charge or possession; to deliver; to make over. “So ladies in romance assist their knight,
Present the spear, and arm him for the fight.” Pope. 4. To make a gift of; to bestow; to give, generally in a formal or ceremonious manner; to grant; to confer. “My last, least offering, I present thee now.” Cowper. 5. Hence: To endow; to bestow a gift upon; to favor, as with a donation; also to court by gifts. “Octavia presented the poet for him admirable elegy on her son Marcellus.” Dryden. 6. To present; to personate. [Obs.] Shak. 7. In specific uses; (a) To nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice; to offer to the bishop or ordinary as a candidate for institution. “The patron of a church may present his clerk to a parsonage or vicarage; that is, may offer him to the bishop of the diocese to be instituted.” Blackstone. (b) To nominate for support at a public school or other institution . Lamb. (c) To lay before a public body, or an official, for consideration, as before a legislature, a court of judicature, a corporation, etc.; as to present a memorial, petition, remonstrance, or indictment. (d) To lay before a court as an object of inquiry; to give notice officially of, as a crime of offence; to find or represent judicially; as a grand jury present certain offenses or nuisances, or whatever they think to be public injuries. (e) To bring an indictment against . [U.S] (f) To aim, point, or direct, as a weapon; as to present a pistol or the point of a sword to the breast of another. Pesent arms (Mil.), the command in response to which the gun is carried perpendicularly in front of the center of the body, and held there with the left hand grasping it at the lower band, and the right hand grasping the small of the stock, in token of respect, as in saluting a superior officer; also the position taken at such a command.

Pre•sent´, v. i. (Med.) To appear at the mouth of the uterus so as to be perceptible to the finger in vaginal examination; — said of a part of an infant during labor.

Pres´ent , n. [F. present .] Anything presented or given; a gift; a donative; as a Christmas present. Syn. — Gift; donation; donative; benefaction. See Gift.

Pre•sent´ , n. (Mil.) The position of a soldier in presenting arms; as to stand at present.

Pre•sent´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. presentable.] 1. Capable or admitting of being presented; suitable to be exhibited, represented, or offered; fit to be brought forward or set forth; hence, fitted to be introduced to another, or to go into society; as ideas that are presentable in simple language; she is not presentable in such a gown. 2. Admitting of the presentation of a clergiman; as a church presentable. [R.] Ayliffe.

Pres•en•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. praesentaneus. See Present, a.] Ready; quick; immediate in effect; as presentaneous poison. [Obs.] Harvey.

Pres•en•ta´tion , n. [L. praesentatio a showing, representation: cf. F. presentation.] 1. The act of presenting, or the state of being presented; a setting forth; an offering; bestowal. “Prayers are sometimes a presentation of mere desires.” Hooker. 2. Hence, exhibition; representation; display; appearance; semblance; show. “Under the presentation of the shoots his wit.” Shak. 3. That which is presented or given; a present; a gift, as the picture was a presentation. [R.] 4. (Eccl.) The act of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice; the right of presenting a clergyman. “If the bishop admits the patron’s presentation, the clerk so admitted is next to be instituted by him.” Blackstone. 5. (Med.) The particular position of the child during labor relatively to the passage though which it is to be brought forth; — specifically designated by the part which first appears at the mouth of the uterus; as a breech presentation. Presentation copy, a copy of a book, engraving, etc., presented to some one by the author or artist, as a token of regard.

Pre•sent´a•tive , a. 1. (Eccl.) Having the right of presentation, or offering a clergyman to the bishop for institution; as advowsons are presentative, collative, or donative. Blackstone. 2. Admitting the presentation of a clergyman; as a presentative parsonage. Spelman. 3. (Metaph.) Capable of being directly known by, or presented to, the mind; intuitive; directly apprehensible, as objects; capable of apprehending, as faculties. “The latter term, presentative faculty, I use … in contrast and correlation to a ´representative faculty.´” Sir W. Hamilton.

Pres•en•tee´ , n. [F. presente, p. p. See Present, v. t. ] One to whom something is presented; also one who is presented; specifically (Eccl.), one presented to benefice. Ayliffe.

Pre•sent´er , n. One who presents.

Pre•sen´tial , a. [LL. praesentialis.] Implying actual presence; present, immediate. [Obs.] “God’s mercy is made presential to us.” Jer. Taylor. — Pre•sen´tial•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Pre•sen•ti•al´i•ty , n. State of being actually present. [Obs.] South.

Pre•sen´ti•ate , v. t. To make present. [Obs.]

Pre•sen´tient , a. [L. praesentiens, p. pr. of praesentire to perceive beforehand; prae before + sentire to feel.] Feeling or perceiving beforehand.

Pres•en•tif´ic , a. [L. praesens, -entis, present + facere to make.] Making present. [Obs.] — Pres•en•tif´ic•ly, adv. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Pres•en•tif´ic•al , a. Presentific. [Obs.]

Pre•sen´ti•ment , n. [Pref. pre- + sentiment: cf. F. pressentiment. See Presentient.] Previous sentiment, conception, or opinion; previous apprehension; especially, an antecedent impression or conviction of something unpleasant, distressing, or calamitous, about to happen; anticipation of evil; foreboding.

Pre•sen•ti•men´tal , a. Of nature of a presentiment; foreboding. [R.] Coleridge.

Pre•sen´tion , n. See Presension. [Obs.]

Pre•sent´ive , a. (Philol.) Bringing a conception or notion directly before the mind; presenting an object to the memory of imagination; — distinguished from symbolic. “How greatly the word ´will´ is felt to have lost presentive power in the last three centuries.” Earle. — Pre•sent´ive•ly, adv. — Pre•sent´ive•ness, n.

Pres´ent•ly , adv. 1. At present; at this time; now. [Obs.] “The towns and forts you presently have.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. At once; without delay; forthwith; also less definitely, soon; shortly; before long; after a little while; by and by. Shak. “And presently the fig tree withered away.” Matt. xxi. 19. 3. With actual presence; actually . [Obs.] “His precious body and blood presently three.” Bp. Gardiner.

Pre•sent´ment , n. 1. The act of presenting, or the state of being presented; presentation. ´ Upon the heels of my presentment.´ Shak. 2. Setting forth to view; delineation; appearance; representation; exhibition. “Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion,
And give it false presentment.” Milton. 3. (Law) (a) The notice taken by a grand jury of any offence from their own knowledge or observation, without any bill of indictment laid before them, as the presentment of a nuisance, a libel, or the like; also an inquisition of office and indictment by a grand jury; an official accusation presented to a tribunal by the grand jury in an indictment, or the act of offering an indictment; also the indictment itself. (b) The official notice (formerly required to be given in court) of the surrender of a copyhold estate. Blackstone. Presentment of a bill of exchange, the offering of a bill to the drawee for acceptance, or to the acceptor for payment. See Bill of exchange, under Bill. Mozley & W.

Pres´ent•ness , n. The quality or state of being present; presence. [Obs.] ´Presentness of mind in danger.´ Clarendon.

Pres•en•toir´ , n. [Formed after analogy of French.] An ornamental tray, dish, or the like, used as a salver.

Pre•serv´a•ble , a. Capable of being preserved; admitting of preservation.

Pres•er•va´tion , n. [Cf. F. preservation.] The act or process of preserving, or keeping safe; the state of being preserved, or kept from injury, destruction, or decay; security; safety; as preservation of life, fruit, game, etc.; a picture in good preservation. “Give us particulars of thy preservation.” Shak.

Pre•serv´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. preservatif.] Having the power or quality of preserving; tending to preserve, or to keep from injury, decay, etc.

Pre•serv´a•tive, n. That which preserves, or has the power of preserving; a presevative agent. “To wear tablets as preservatives against the plague.” Bacon.

Pre•serv´a•to•ry , a. Preservative. Bp. Hall.

Pre•serv´a•to•ry, n.; pl. Preservatories . 1. A preservative. [Obs.] Whitlock. 2. A room, or apparatus, in which perishable things, as fruit, vegetables, etc., can be preserved without decay.

Pre•serve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preserved p. pr. & vb. n. Preserving.] [F. preserver, from L. prae before + servare to save, preserve; cf. L. praeservare to observe beforehand. See Serve.] 1. To keep or save from injury or destruction; to guard or defend from evil, harm, danger, etc.; to protect. “O Lord, thou preserved man and beast.” Ps. xxxvi. 6. “Now, good angels preserve the king.” Shak. 2. To save from decay by the use of some preservative substance, as sugar, salt, etc.; to season and prepare for remaining in a good state, as fruits, meat, etc.; as to preserve peaches or grapes. “You can not preserve it from tainting.” Shak. 3. To maintain throughout; to keep intact; as to preserve appearances; to preserve silence. To preserve game, to protect it from extermination. Syn. — To keep; save; secure; uphold; sustain; defend; spare; protect; guard; shield. See Keep.

Pre•serve´, v. i. 1. To make preserves. Shak. 2. To protect game for purposes of sport.

Pre•serve´, n. 1. That which is preserved; fruit, etc., seasoned and kept by suitable preparation; esp., fruit cooked with sugar; — commonly in the plural. 2. A place in which game, fish, etc., are preserved for purposes of sport, or for food.

Pre•serv´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, preserves, saves, or defends, from destruction, injury, or decay; esp., one who saves the life or character of another. Shak. 2. One who makes preserves of fruit. Game preserver. See under Game.

Pre•show´ , v. t. To foreshow.

Pre•side´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Presided; p. pr. & vb. n. Presiding.] [L. praesidere; prae before + sedere to sit: cf. F. presider. See Sit.] 1. To be set, or to sit, in the place of authority; to occupy the place of president, chairman, moderator, director, etc.; to direct, control, and regulate, as chief officer; as to preside at a public meeting; to preside over the senate. 2. To exercise superintendence; to watch over. “Some o’er the public magazines preside.” Dryden.

Pres´i•dence , n. See Presidency. [Obs.]

Pres´i•den•cy , n.; pl. Presidencies (#). [Cf. F. presidence.] 1. The function or condition of one who presides; superintendence; control and care. 2. The office of president; as Washington was elected to the presidency. 3. The term during which a president holds his office; as during the presidency of Madison. 4. One of the three great divisions of British India, the Bengal, Madras and Bombay Presidencies, each of which had a council of which its governor was president.

Pres´i•dent , n. Precedent. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pres´i•dent, a. Occupying the first rank or chief place; having the highest authority; presiding. [R.] “His angels president
In every province.” Milton.

Pres´i•dent, n. [F. president, L. praesidens, -entis, p. pr. of praesidere. See Preside.] 1. One who is elected or appointed to preside; a presiding officer, as of a legislative body. Specifically: (a) The chief officer of a corporation, company, institution, society, or the like. (b) The chief executive officer of the government in certain republics; as the president of the United States. 2. A protector; a guardian; a presiding genius. [Obs.] “Just Apollo, president of verse.” Waller.

Pres•i•den´tial , a. 1. Presiding or watching over. ´Presidential angels.´ Glanvill. 2. Of or pertaining to a president; as the presidential chair; a presidential election.

Pres´i•dent•ship , n. The office and dignity of president; presidency. Hooker.

Pre•sid´er , n. One who presides. { Pre•sid´i•al , Pre•sid´i•a•ry } a. [L. praesidialis and praesidiarius, fr. praesidium a presiding over, defense, guard. See Preside.] Of or pertaining to a garrison; having a garrison. “There are three presidial castles in this city.” Howell.

Pre•sid´i•a•ry, n. [L. praesidiarium.] A guard. [Obs.] ´Heavenly presidiaries.´ Bp. Hall.

Pre•sid´ing , a. & n. from Preside. Presiding elder. See under 2d Elder.

Pre•si´di•o , n. [Sp.] A place of defense; a fortress; a garrison; a fortress; a garrison or guardhouse.

Pre•sig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [. praesignificatio. See Presignify.] The act of signifying or showing beforehand.

Pre•sig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presignified imp. & p. p. Presignifying.] [L. praesignificare; prae before + significare to signify.] To intimate or signify beforehand; to presage.

Pre•sphe´noid , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the sphenoid bone; of or pertaining to the anterior part of the sphenoid bone (i. e., the presphenoid bone). Presphenoid bone (Anat.), the anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

Pre•sphe´noid, n. (Anat.) The presphenoid bone.

Pre•sphe•noid´al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the presphenoid bone; presphenoid.

Pre•spi´nal , a. (Anat.) Prevertebral.

Press , n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivore (Tupaia ferruginea). It is arboreal in its habits, and has a bushy tail. The fur is soft, and varies from rusty red to maroon and to brownish black.

Press, v. t. [Corrupt. fr. prest ready money advanced, a loan; hence, earnest money given soldiers on entering service. See Prest, n.] To force into service, particularly into naval service; to impress. “To peaceful peasant to the wars is pressed.” Dryden.

Press, n. [For prest, confused with press.] A commission to force men into public service, particularly into the navy. “I have misused the king’s press.” Shak. Press gang, or Pressgang, a detachment of seamen under the command of an officer empowered to force men into the naval service. See Impress gang, under Impress. — Press money, money paid to a man enlisted into public service. See Prest money, under Prest, a.

Press, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pressed p. pr. & vb. n. Pressing.] [F. presser, fr. L. pressare to press, fr. premere, pressum, to press. Cf. Print, v.] 1. To urge, or act upon, with force, as weight; to act upon by pushing or thrusting, in distinction from pulling; to crowd or compel by a gradual and continued exertion; to bear upon; to squeeze; to compress; as we press the ground with the feet when we walk; we press the couch on which we repose; we press substances with the hands, fingers, or arms; we are pressed in a crowd. “Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together.” Luke vi. 38. 2. To squeeze, in order to extract the juice or contents of; to squeeze out, or express, from something. “From sweet kernels pressed,
She tempers dulcet creams.” Milton. “And I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh’s cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh’s hand.” Gen. xl. 11. 3. To squeeze in or with suitable instruments or apparatus, in order to compact, make dense, or smooth; as to press cotton bales, paper, etc.; to smooth by ironing; as to press clothes. 4. To embrace closely; to hug. “Leucothoe shook at these alarms,
And pressed Palemon closer in her arms.” Pope. 5. To oppress; to bear hard upon. “Press not a falling man too far.” Shak. 6. To straiten; to distress; as to be pressed with want or hunger. 7. To exercise very powerful or irresistible influence upon or over; to constrain; to force; to compel. “Paul was pressed in the spirit, and testified to the Jews that Jesus was Christ.” Acts xviii. 5. 8. To try to force (something upon some one); to urge or inculcate with earnestness or importunity; to enforce; as to press divine truth on an audience. “He pressed a letter upon me within this hour.” Dryden. “Be sure to press upon him every motive.” Addison. 9. To drive with violence; to hurry; to urge on; to ply hard; as to press a horse in a race. “The posts … went cut, being hastened and pressed on, by the king’s commandment.” Esther viii. 14. Press differs from drive and strike in usually denoting a slow or continued application of force; whereas drive and strike denote a sudden impulse of force. Pressed brick. See under Brick.

Press, v. i. 1. To exert pressure; to bear heavily; to push, crowd, or urge with steady force. 2. To move on with urging and crowding; to make one’s way with violence or effort; to bear onward forcibly; to crowd; to throng; to encroach. “They pressed upon him for to touch him.” Mark iii. 10. 3. To urge with vehemence or importunity; to exert a strong or compelling influence; as an argument presses upon the judgment.

Press, n. [F. presse. See 4th Press.] 1. An apparatus or machine by which any substance or body is pressed, squeezed, stamped, or shaped, or by which an impression of a body is taken; sometimes, the place or building containing a press or presses. Presses are differently constructed for various purposes in the arts, their specific uses being commonly designated; as a cotton press, a wine press, a cider press, a copying press, etc. See Drill press. 2. Specifically, a printing press. 3. The art or business of printing and publishing; hence, printed publications, taken collectively, more especially newspapers or the persons employed in writing for them; as a free press is a blessing, a licentious press is a curse. 4. An upright case or closet for the safe keeping of articles; as a clothes press. Shak. 5. The act of pressing or thronging forward. “In their throng and press to that last hold.” Shak. 6. Urgent demands of business or affairs; urgency; as a press of engagements. 7. A multitude of individuals crowded together; crowd of single things; a throng. “They could not come nigh unto him for the press.” Mark ii. 4. Cylinder press, a printing press in which the impression is produced by a revolving cylinder under which the form passes; also one in which the form of type or plates is curved around a cylinder, instead of resting on a flat bed. — Hydrostatic press. See under Hydrostatic. — Liberty of the press, the free right of publishing books, pamphlets, or papers, without previous restraint or censorship, subject only to punishment for libelous, seditious, or morally pernicious matters. — Press bed, a bed that may be folded, and inclosed, in a press or closet. Boswell. — Press of sail, (Naut.), as much sail as the state of the wind will permit.

Press´er , n. One who, or that which, presses. Presser bar, or Presser wheel (Knitting machine), a bar or wheel which closes the barbs of the needles to enable the loops of the yarn to pass over them. — Presser foot, the part of a sewing machine which rests on the cloth and presses it down upon the table of the machine.

Press´gang , n. See Press gang, under Press.

Press´ing, a. Urgent; exacting; importunate; as a pressing necessity. — Press´ing•ly, adv.

Pres´sion , n. [L. pressio: cf. F. pression. See 4th Press.] 1. The act of pressing; pressure. Sir I. Newton. 2. (Cartesian Philos.) An endeavor to move.

Pres•si•ros´ter , n. [L. presssus pressed (p. p. of premere) + rostrum beak: cf. F. pressirostre. See 4th Press.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of wading birds (Pressirostres) including those which have a compressed beak, as the plovers.

Pres•si•ros´tral , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the pressirosters.

Pres´si•tant , a. [See 4th Press.] Gravitating; heavy. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Pres´sive , a. Pressing; urgent; also oppressive; as pressive taxation. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Press´ly , adv. Closely; concisely. [Obs.]

Press´man , n.; pl. Pressmen . 1. One who manages, or attends to, a press, esp. a printing press. 2. One who presses clothes; as a tailor’s pressman.

Press´man, n. [See 2d Press.] One of a press gang, who aids in forcing men into the naval service; also one forced into the service.

Press´or , a. (Physiol.) Causing, or giving rise to, pressure or to an increase of pressure; as pressor nerve fibers, stimulation of which excites the vasomotor center, thus causing a stronger contraction of the arteries and consequently an increase of the arterial blood pressure; — opposed to depressor. Landois & Stirling.

Press´pack , v. t. To pack, or prepare for packing, by means of a press.

Pres´sur•age , n. [F.] 1. Pressure. 2. The juice of the grape extracted by the press; also a fee paid for the use of a wine press.

Pres´sure ( 138), n. [OF., fr. L. pressura, fr. premere. See 4th Press.] 1. The act of pressing, or the condition of being pressed; compression; a squeezing; a crushing; as a pressure of the hand. 2. A contrasting force or impulse of any kind; as the pressure of poverty; the pressure of taxes; the pressure of motives on the mind; the pressure of civilization. “Where the pressure of danger was not felt.” Macaulay. 3. Affliction; distress; grievance. “My people’s pressures are grievous.” Eikon Basilike. “In the midst of his great troubles and pressures.” Atterbury. 4. Urgency; as the pressure of business. 5. Impression; stamp; character impressed. “All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past.” Shak. 6. (Mech.) The action of a force against some obstacle or opposing force; a force in the nature of a thrust, distributed over a surface, often estimated with reference to the amount upon a unit’s area. Atmospheric pressure, Center of pressure, etc. See under Atmospheric, Center, etc. — Back pressure (Steam engine), pressure which resists the motion of the piston, as the pressure of exhaust steam which does not find free outlet. — Fluid pressure, pressure like that exerted by a fluid. It is a thrust which is normal and equally intense in all directions around a point. Rankine. — Pressure gauge, a gauge for indicating fluid pressure; a manometer.

Press´work , n. The art of printing from the surface of type, plates, or engravings in relief, by means of a press; the work so done. MacKellar.

Prest (prest), imp. & p. p. of Press.

Prest, a. [OF. prest, F. prêt, fr. L. praestus ready. Cf. Presto.] 1. Ready; prompt; prepared. [Obs.] “All prest to such battle he was.” R. of Gloucester. 2. Neat; tidy; proper. [Obs.] Tusser. Prest money, money formerly paid to men when they enlisted into the British service; — so called because it bound those that received it to be ready for service when called upon.

Prest, n. [OF. prest, F. prêt, fr. OF. prester to lend, F. prêter, fr. L. praestare to stand before, to become surety for, to fulfill, offer, supply; prae before + stare to stand. See Pre-, and Stand, and cf. Press to force into service.] 1. Ready money; a loan of money. [Obs.] “Requiring of the city a prest of six thousand marks.” Bacon. 2. (Law) A duty in money formerly paid by the sheriff on his account in the exchequer, or for money left or remaining in his hands. Cowell.

Prest, v. t. To give as a loan; to lend. [Obs.] “Sums of money … prested out in loan.” E. Hall.

Prest´a•ble , a. Payable. [Scot.]

Pres•ta´tion , n. [L. praestatio a performing, paying, fr. praestare: cf. F. prestation.] (O. Eng. Law) A payment of money; a toll or duty; also the rendering of a service. Burrill. Prestation money, a sum of money paid yearly by archdeacons and other dignitaries to their bishop.

Pres´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , from to kindle or burn, and to blow up, swell out by blowing.] 1. A meteor or exhalation formerly supposed to be thrown from the clouds with such violence that by collision it is set on fire. [Obs.] 2. pl. One of the veins of the neck when swollen with anger or other excitement. [Obs.]

Pres´ter, n. [OF. prestre. See Priest.] A priest or presbyter; as Prester John. [Obs.]

Pre•ster´num , n. [NL.] (Anat.) The anterior segment of the sternum; the manubrium. — Pre•ster´nal (#), a.

Pres•ti•dig´i•tal , a. Nimble- fingered; having fingers fit for prestidigitation, or juggling. [R.] ´His prestidigital hand.´ Charles Reade.

Pres•ti•dig•i•ta´tion , n. Legerdemain; sleight of hand; juggling.

Pres•ti•dig´i•ta•tor , n. [L. praesto ready + digitus finger: cf. F. prestidigitateur.] One skilled in legerdemain or sleight of hand; a juggler.

Pres´tige ( 277), n. [F., fr. L. praestigum delusion, illusion, praestigae deceptions, jugglers’ tricks, prob. fr. prae before + the root of stinguere to extinguish, originally, to prick. See Stick, v.] 1. Delusion; illusion; trick. [Obs.] “The sophisms of infidelity, and the prestiges of imposture.” Bp. Warburton. 2. Weight or influence derived from past success; expectation of future achievements founded on those already accomplished; force or charm derived from acknowledged character or reputation. ´The prestige of his name must go for something.´ Sir G. C. Lewis.

Pres•tig•i•a´tion , n. [L. praestigiare to deceive by juggling tricks, fr. praestigae. See Prestige.] Legerdemain; prestidigitation. [Obs.]

Pres•tig´i•a•tor , n. [L. praestigiator.] A juggler; prestidigitator. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Pres•tig´i•a•to•ry , a. Consisting of impostures; juggling. [Obs.] Barrow.

Pres•tig´i•ous , a. [L. praestigiosus.] Practicing tricks; juggling. [Obs.] Cotton Mather.

Pres´ti•mo•ny , n. [LL. praestimonium, fr. L. praestare to furnish, supply: cf. F. prestimonie. See Prest, n.] (Canon Law) A fund for the support of a priest, without the title of a benefice. The patron in the collator.

Pres•tis´si•mo , adv. [It., superl. of presto.] (Mus.) Very quickly; with great rapidity.

Pres´to , adv. [It. or Sp. presto quick, quickly. See Prest, a.] 1. Quickly; immediately; in haste; suddenly. “Presto! begone! ’tis here again.” Swift. 2. (Mus.) Quickly; rapidly; — a direction for a quick, lively movement or performance; quicker than allegro, or any rate of time except prestissimo.

Pre•stric´tion , n. [L. praestrictio a binding fast, fr. praestringere. See Pre-, and Stringent.] Obstruction, dimness, or defect of sight. [Obs.] Milton.

Pre•sul´tor , n. [L. praesultor; prae before + salire to dance.] A leader in the dance. [R.]

Pre•sum´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. presumable.] Such as may be presumed or supposed to be true; that seems entitled to belief without direct evidence.

Pre•sum´a•bly, adv. In a presumable manner; by, or according to, presumption.

Pre•sume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presumed p. pr. & vb. n. Presuming.] [F. presumer, L. praesumere, praesumptum; prae before + sumere to take. See Assume, Redeem.] 1. To assume or take beforehand; esp., to do or undertake without leave or authority previously obtained. “Dare he presume to scorn us in this manner?” Shak. “Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve.” Milton. 2. To take or suppose to be true, or entitled to belief, without examination or proof, or on the strength of probability; to take for granted; to infer; to suppose. “Every man is to be presumed innocent till he is proved to be guilty.” Blackstone. “What rests but that the mortal sentence pass, …
Which he presumes already vain and void,
Because not yet inflicted?” Milton.

Pre•sume´, v. i. 1. To suppose or assume something to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though not amounting to proof; to believe by anticipation; to infer; as we may presume too far. 2. To venture, go, or act, by an assumption of leave or authority not granted; to go beyond what is warranted by the circumstances of the case; to venture beyond license; to take liberties; — often with on or upon before the ground of confidence. “Do not presume too much upon my love.” Shak. “This man presumes upon his parts.” Locke.

Pre•sum´ed•ly, adv. By presumption.

Pre•sum´er , n. One who presumes; also an arrogant person. Sir H. Wotton.

Pre•sum´ing•ly, adv. Confidently; arrogantly.

Pre•sump´tion ( 215), n. [L. praesumptio: cf. F. presomption, OF. also presumpcion. See Presume.] 1. The act of presuming, or believing upon probable evidence; the act of assuming or taking for granted; belief upon incomplete proof. 2. Ground for presuming; evidence probable, but not conclusive; strong probability; reasonable supposition; as the presumption is that an event has taken place. 3. That which is presumed or assumed; that which is supposed or believed to be real or true, on evidence that is probable but not conclusive. ´In contradiction to these very plausible presumptions.´ De Quincey. 4. The act of venturing beyond due beyond due bounds; an overstepping of the bounds of reverence, respect, or courtesy; forward, overconfident, or arrogant opinion or conduct; presumptuousness; arrogance; effrontery. “Thy son I killed for his presumption.” Shak. “I had the presumption to dedicate to you a very unfinished piece.” Dryden. Conclusive presumption. See under Conclusive. — Presumption of fact (Law), an argument of a fact from a fact; an inference as to the existence of one fact not certainly known, from the existence of some other fact known or proved, founded on a previous experience of their connection; supposition of the truth or real existence of something, without direct or positive proof of the fact, but grounded on circumstantial or probable evidence which entitles it to belief. Burrill. Best. Wharton. — Presumption of law (Law), a postulate applied in advance to all cases of a particular class; e. g., the presumption of innocence and of regularity of records. Such a presumption is rebuttable or irrebuttable.

Pre•sump´tive , a. [Cf. F. presomptif.] 1. Based on presumption or probability; grounded on probable evidence; probable; as presumptive proof. 2. Presumptuous; arrogant. [R.] Sir T. Browne. Presumptive evidence (Law), that which is derived from circumstances which necessarily or usually attend a fact, as distinct from direct evidence or positive proof; indirect or circumstantial evidence. ´Presumptive evidence of felony should be cautiously admitted.´ Blackstone. The distinction, however, between direct and presumptive (or circumstantial) evidence is now generally abandoned; all evidence being now more or less direct and more or less presumptive. — Presumptive heir. See Heir presumptive, under Heir.

Pre•sump´tive•ly, adv. By presumption, or supposition grounded or probability; presumably.

Pre•sump´tu•ous ( 135), a. [L. praesumptuosus: cf. F. presomptueux, OF. also presumptuous. See Presumption.] 1. Full of presumption; presuming; overconfident or venturesome; audacious; rash; taking liberties unduly; arrogant; insolent; as a presumptuous commander; presumptuous conduct. “A class of presumptuous men, whom age has not made cautious, nor adversity wise.” Buckminster. 2. Founded on presumption; as a presumptuous idea. ´False, presumptuous hope.´ Milton. 3. Done with hold design, rash confidence, or in violation of known duty; willful. ´Keep back the servant also from presumptuous sins.´ Ps. xix. 13. Syn. — Overconfident; foolhardy; rash; presuming; forward; arrogant; insolent.

Pre•sump´tu•ous•ly, adv. In a presumptuous manner; arrogantly.

Pre•sump´tu•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being presumptuous.

Pre•sup•pos´al , n. Presupposition. [R.] ´Presupposal of knowledge.´ Hooker.

Pre•sup•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presupposed p. pr. & vb. n. Presupposing.] [Pref. pre- + suppose: cf. F. presupposer.] To suppose beforehand; to imply as antecedent; to take for granted; to assume; as creation presupposes a creator. “Each [kind of knowledge] presupposes many necessary things learned in other sciences, and known beforehand.” Hooker.

Pre•sup•po•si´tion , n. [Pref. pre- + supposition: cf. F. presupposition.] 1. The act of presupposing; an antecedent implication; presumption. 2. That which is presupposed; a previous supposition or surmise.

Pre•sur•mise´ , n. A surmise previously formed. Shak.

Pre•sys•tol´ic , a. (Physiol.) Preceding the systole or contraction of the heart; as the presystolic friction sound.

Pre•tem´po•ral , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the temporal bone.

Pre•tence´ , n., Pre•tence´ful, a., Pre•tence´•less, a. See Pretense, Pretenseful, Pretenseless.

Pre•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretended; p. pr. & vb. n. Pretending.] [OE. pretenden to lay claim to, F. pretendre, L. praetendere, praetentum, to stretch forward, pretend, simulate, assert; prae before + tendere to stretch. See Tend, v. t. ] 1. To lay a claim to; to allege a title to; to claim. “Chiefs shall be grudged the part which they pretend.” Dryden. 2. To hold before, or put forward, as a cloak or disguise for something else; to exhibit as a veil for something hidden. [R.] “Lest that too heavenly form, pretended
To hellish falsehood, snare them.” Milton. 3. To hold out, or represent, falsely; to put forward, or offer, as true or real (something untrue or unreal); to show hypocritically, or for the purpose of deceiving; to simulate; to feign; as to pretend friendship. “This let him know,
Lest, willfully transgressing, he pretend
Surprisal.” Milton. 4. To intend; to design; to plot; to attempt. [Obs.] “Such as shall pretend
Malicious practices against his state.” Shak. 5. To hold before one; to extend. [Obs.] ´His target always over her pretended.´ Spenser.

Pre•tend´, v. i. 1. To put in, or make, a claim, truly or falsely; to allege a title; to lay claim to, or strive after, something; — usually with to. ´Countries that pretend to freedom.´ Swift. “For to what fine he would anon pretend,
That know I well.” Chaucer. 2. To hold out the appearance of being, possessing, or performing; to profess; to make believe; to feign; to sham; as to pretend to be asleep. ´[He] pretended to drink the waters.´ Macaulay.

Pre•tend´ant , n. A pretender; a claimant.

Pre•tend´ed, a. Making a false appearance; unreal; false; as pretended friend. — Pre•tend´ed•ly, adv.

Pre•tend´ence , n. The act of pretending; pretense. [Obs.] Daniel.

Pre•tend´er , n. 1. One who lays claim, or asserts a title (to something); a claimant. Specifically, The pretender (Eng. Hist.), the son or the grandson of James II., the heir of the royal family of Stuart, who laid claim to the throne of Great Britain, from which the house was excluded by law. “It is the shallow, unimproved intellects that are the confident pretenders to certainty.” Glanvill. 2. One who pretends, simulates, or feigns.

Pre•tend´er•ship, n. The character, right, or claim of a pretender. Swift.

Pre•tend´ing•ly, adv. As by right or title; arrogantly; presumptuously. Collier. { Pre•tense´ , Pre•tence } , n. [LL. praetensus, for L. praetentus, p. p. of praetendere. See Pretend, and cf. Tension.] 1. The act of laying claim; the claim laid; assumption; pretension. Spenser. “Primogeniture can not have any pretense to a right of solely inheriting property or power.” Locke. “I went to Lambeth with Sir R. Brown’s pretense to the wardenship of Merton College, Oxford.” Evelyn. 2. The act of holding out, or offering, to others something false or feigned; presentation of what is deceptive or hypocritical; deception by showing what is unreal and concealing what is real; false show; simulation; as pretense of illness; under pretense of patriotism; on pretense of revenging Caesar’s death. 3. That which is pretended; false, deceptive, or hypocritical show, argument, or reason; pretext; feint. “Let not the Trojans, with a feigned pretense
Of proffered peace, delude the Latian prince.” Dryden. 4. Intention; design. [Obs.] “A very pretense and purpose of unkindness.” Shak. See the Note under Offense. Syn. — Mask; appearance; color; show; pretext; excuse. — Pretense, Pretext. A pretense is something held out as real when it is not so, thus falsifying the truth. A pretext is something woven up in order to cover or conceal one’s true motives, feelings, or reasons. Pretext is often, but not always, used in a bad sense.

Pre•tensed´ , a. Pretended; feigned. [Obs.] — Pre•tens´ed•ly (#), adv. [Obs.]

Pre•tense´ful , a. Abounding in pretenses.

Pre•tense´less, a. Not having or making pretenses.

Pre•ten´sion , n. [Cf. F. pretention. See Pretend, Tension.] 1. The act of pretending, or laying claim; the act of asserting right or title. “The arrogant pretensions of Glengarry contributed to protract the discussion.” Macaulay. 2. A claim made, whether true or false; a right alleged or assumed; a holding out the appearance of possessing a certain character; as pretensions to scholarship. “This was but an invention and pretension given out by the Spaniards.” Bacon. “Men indulge those opinions and practices that favor their pretensions.” L’Estrange.

Pre•ten´ta•tive , a. [Pref. pre- + tentative: cf. L. praetentare to try beforehand.] Fitted for trial beforehand; experimental. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Pre•ten´tious , a. [Cf. F. pretentieux. See Pretend.] Full of pretension; disposed to lay claim to more than is one’s; presuming; assuming. — Pre•ten´tious•ly, adv. - - Pre•ten´tious•ness, n.

Pre´ter- [L. praeter past, beyond, originally a compar. of prae before. See For, prep.] A prefix signifying past, by, beyond, more than; as preter- mission, a permitting to go by; preternatural, beyond or more than is natural. [Written also praeter.]

Pre•ter•hu´man , a. [Pref. preter- + human.] More than human.

Pre•te´ri•ent , a. [L. praeteriens, p. pr. See Preterit.] Passed through; antecedent; previous; as preterient states. [R.]

Pre•ter•im•per´fect , a. & n. [Pref. preter- + imperfect.] (Gram.) Old name of the tense also called imperfect.

Pret´er•ist , n. [Pref. preter- + -ist.] 1. One whose chief interest is in the past; one who regards the past with most pleasure or favor. 2. (Theol.) One who believes the prophecies of the Apocalypse to have been already fulfilled. Farrar.

Pret´er•it ( 277), a. [L. praeteritus, p. p. of praeterire to go or pass by; praeter beyond, by + ire to go: cf. F. preterit. See Issue.] [Written also preterite and praeterite.] 1. (Gram.) Past; — applied to a tense which expresses an action or state as past. 2. Belonging wholly to the past; passed by. [R.] “Things and persons as thoroughly preterite as Romulus or Numa.” Lowell.

Pret´er•it, n. (Gram.) The preterit; also a word in the preterit tense.

Pret´er•ite , a. & n. Same as Preterit.

Pret´er•ite•ness, n. Same as Preteritness.

Pre•ter•i´tion ( 277), n. [L. praeteritio: cf. F. preterition.] 1. The act of passing, or going past; the state of being past. Bp. Hall. 2. (Rhet.) A figure by which, in pretending to pass over anything, a summary mention of it is made; as ´I will not say, he is valiant, he is learned, he is just.´ Called also paraleipsis. 3. (Law) The omission by a testator of some one of his heirs who is entitled to a portion. Bouvier.

Pre•ter´i•tive , a. (Gram.) Used only or chiefly in the preterit or past tenses, as certain verbs.

Pret´er•it•ness , n. The quality or state of being past. Bentley. Lowell.

Pre•ter•lapsed´ , a. [L. praeterlapsus, p. p. of praeterlabi to glide by. See Preter-, Lapse.] Past; as preterlapsed ages. [R.] Glanvill.

Pre•ter•le´gal , a. [Pref. preter- + legal.] Exceeding the limits of law. [R.]

Pre•ter•mis´sion , n. [L. praetermissio. See Pretermit.] 1. The act of passing by or omitting; omission. Milton. 2. (Rhet.) See Preterition.

Pre•ter•mit´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretermitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pretermitting.] [L. praetermittere, praetermissum; praeter beyond + mittere to send. See Mission.] To pass by; to omit; to disregard. Bacon.

Pre•ter•nat´u•ral ( 135), a. [Pref. preter + natural.] Beyond of different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal; as a preternatural appearance; a preternatural stillness; a preternatural presentation (in childbirth) or labor. “This vile and preternatural temper of mind.” South. Syn. — See Supernatural.

Pre•ter•nat´u•ral•ism , n. The state of being preternatural; a preternatural condition.

Pre•ter•nat•u•ral´i•ty , n. Preternaturalness. [R.] Dr. John Smith.

Pre•ter•nat´u•ral•ly ( 135), adv. In a preternatural manner or degree. Bacon.

Pre•ter•nat´u•ral•ness, n. The quality or state of being preternatural.

Pre•ter•per´fect , a. & n. [Pref. preter- + perfect.] (Gram.) Old name of the tense also called preterit.

Pre•ter•plu´per•fect , a. & n. [Pref. preter- + pluperfect.] (Gram.) Old name of the tense also called pluperfect.

Pre•ter´ti•a•ry , a. (Geol.) Earlier than Tertiary.

Pre•ter•vec´tion , n. [L. praetervectio, fr. praetervehere to carry beyond. See Invection.] The act of carrying past or beyond. [R.] Abp. Potter.

Pre•tex´ , v. t. [L. praetexere. See Pretext.] To frame; to devise; to disguise or excuse; hence, to pretend; to declare falsely. [Obs.]

Pre´text ( 277), n. [F. pretexte, L. praetextum, fr. praetextus, p. p. of praetexere to weave before, allege as an excuse; prae before + texere to weave. See Text.] Ostensible reason or motive assigned or assumed as a color or cover for the real reason or motive; pretense; disguise. “They suck the blood of those they depend on, under a pretext of service and kindness.” L’Estrange. “With how much or how little pretext of reason.” Dr. H. More. Syn. — Pretense; excuse; semblance; disguise; appearance. See Pretense.

Pre•tex´ture ( 135), n. A pretext. [Obs.]

Pre•tib´i•al , a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the tibia.

Pre´tor , n. [L. praetor, for praeitor, fr. praeire to go before; prae before + ire to go. See Issue.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A civil officer or magistrate among the ancient Romans. Originally the pretor was a kind of third consul; but at an early period two pretors were appointed, the first of whom (praetor urbanus) was a kind of mayor or city judge; the other (praetor peregrinus) was a judge of cases in which one or both of the parties were foreigners. Still later, the number of pretors, or judges, was further increased. 2. Hence, a mayor or magistrate. [R.] Dryden.

Pre•to´ri•al , a. Pretorian. Burke.

Pre•to´ri•an , a. [L. praetorians: cf. F. pretorien.] Of or pertaining to a pretor or magistrate; judicial; exercised by, or belonging to, a pretor; as pretorian power or authority. Pretorian bands or guards, or Pretorians (Rom. Hist.), the emperor’s bodyguards, instituted by the Emperor Augustus in nine cohorts of 1,000 men each. — Pretorian gate (Rom. Antiq.), that one of the four gates in a camp which lay next the enemy. Brande & C.

Pre•to´ri•an, n. A soldier of the pretorian guard.

Pre•to´ri•um , n. [L. praetorium, fr. praetor.] 1. The general’s tent in a Roman camp; hence, a council of war, because held in the general’s tent. 2. The official residence of a governor of a province; hence, a place; a splendid country seat.

Pre´tor•ship , n. The office or dignity of a pretor. J. Warton

Pre•tor´ture ( 135), v. t. To torture beforehand. Fuller.

Pret´ti•ly , adv. In a pretty manner.

Pret´ti•ness, n. The quality or state of being pretty; — used sometimes in a disparaging sense. “A style … without sententious pretension or antithetical prettiness.” Jeffrey.

Pret´ty , a. [Compar. Prettier superl. Prettiest.] [OE. prati, AS. praettig, praetig, crafty, sly, akin to praet, praett, deceit, trickery, Icel. prettugr tricky, prettr a trick; probably fr. Latin, perhaps through Celtic; cf. W. praith act, deed, practice, LL. practica execution, practice, plot. See Practice.] 1. Pleasing by delicacy or grace; attracting, but not striking or impressing; of a pleasing and attractive form a color; having slight or diminutive beauty; neat or elegant without elevation or grandeur; pleasingly, but not grandly, conceived or expressed; as a pretty face; a pretty flower; a pretty poem. “This is the prettiest lowborn lass that ever
Ran on the greensward.” Shak. 2. Moderately large; considerable; as he had saved a pretty fortune. ´Wavering a pretty while.´ Evelyn. 3. Affectedly nice; foppish; — used in an ill sense. “The pretty gentleman is the most complaisant in the world.” Spectator. 4. Mean; despicable; contemptible; — used ironically; as a pretty trick; a pretty fellow. 5. Stout; strong and brave; intrepid; valiant. [Scot.] “[He] observed they were pretty men, meaning not handsome.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Elegant; neat; fine. See Handsome.

Pret´ty , adv. In some degree; moderately; considerably; rather; almost; — less emphatic than very; as I am pretty sure of the fact; pretty cold weather. “Pretty plainly professes himself a sincere Christian.” Atterbury.

Pret´ty•ish, a. Somewhat pretty. Walpole.

Pret´ty•ism , n. Affectation of a pretty style, manner, etc. [R.] Ed. Rev.

Pret´ty-spo•ken , a. Spoken or speaking prettily. [Colloq.]

Pre•typ´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretypified p. pr. & vb. n. Pretypifying.] To prefigure; to exhibit previously in a type. Bp. Pearson.

Pret´zel , n. [G. pretzel, bretzel. Cf. Bretzel.] A kind of German biscuit or cake in the form of a twisted ring, salted on the outside.

Pre•vail´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prevailed p. pr. & vb. n. Prevailing.] [F. prevaloir, OF. prevaleir, L. praevalere; prae before + valere to be strong, able, or worth. See Valiant.] 1. To overcome; to gain the victory or superiority; to gain the advantage; to have the upper hand, or the mastery; to succeed; — sometimes with over or against. “When Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed, and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.” Ex. xvii. 11. “So David prevailed over the Philistine.” 1 Sam. xvii. 50. “This kingdom could never prevail against the united power of England.” Swift. 2. To be in force; to have effect, power, or influence; to be predominant; to have currency or prevalence; to obtain; as the practice prevails this day. “This custom makes the short-sighted bigots, and the warier skeptics, as far as it prevails.” Locke. 3. To persuade or induce; — with on, upon, or with; as I prevailedon him to wait. “He was prevailed with to restrain the Earl.” Clarendon. “Prevail upon some judicious friend to be your constant hearer, and allow him the utmost freedom.” Swift.

Pre•vail´ing, a. 1. Having superior force or influence; efficacious; persuasive. Shak. “Saints shall assist thee with prevailing prayers.” Rowe. 2. Predominant; prevalent; most general; as the prevailing disease of a climate; a prevailing opinion. Syn. See Prevalent.

Pre•vail´ing•ly, adv. So as to prevail.

Pre•vail´ment , n. Prevalence; superior influence; efficacy. [Obs.] Shak.

Prev´a•lence , n. [L. praevalentia: cf. F. prevalence. See Prevail.] The quality or condition of being prevalent; superior strength, force, or influence; general existence, reception, or practice; wide extension; as the prevalence of virtue, of a fashion, or of a disease; the prevalence of a rumor. “The duke better knew what kind of argument were of prevalence with him.” Clarendon.

Prev´a•len•cy , n. See Prevalence.

Prev´a•lent , a. [L. praevalens, -entis, p. pr. of praevalere. See Prevail.] 1. Gaining advantage or superiority; having superior force, influence, or efficacy; prevailing; predominant; successful; victorious. “Brennus told the Roman embassadors, that prevalent arms were as good as any title.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Most generally received or current; most widely adopted or practiced; also generally or extensively existing; widespread; prevailing; as a prevalent observance; prevalent disease. “This was the most received and prevalent opinion.” Woodward. Syn. — Prevailing; predominant; successful; efficacious; powerful. — Prevalent, Prevailing. What customarily prevails is prevalent; as a prevalent fashion. What actually prevails is prevailing; as the prevailing winds are west. Hence, prevailing is the livelier and more pointed word, since it represents a thing in action. It is sometimes the stronger word, since a thing may prevail sufficiently to be called prevalent, and yet require greater strength to make it actually prevailing.

Prev´a•lent´ly, adv. In a prevalent manner. Prior.

Pre•var´i•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prevaricated p. pr. & vb. n. Prevaricating.] [L. praevaricatus, p. p. of praevaricari to walk crookedly, to collude; prae before + varicare to straddle, fr. varicus straddling, varus bent. See Varicose.] 1. To shift or turn from one side to the other, from the direct course, or from truth; to speak with equivocation; to shuffle; to quibble; as he prevaricates in his statement. “He prevaricates with his own understanding.” South. 2. (Civil Law) To collude, as where an informer colludes with the defendant, and makes a sham prosecution. 3. (Eng. Law) To undertake a thing falsely and deceitfully, with the purpose of defeating or destroying it. Syn. — To evade; equivocate; quibble; shuffle. — Prevaricate, Evade, Equivocate. One who evades a question ostensibly answers it, but really turns aside to some other point. He who equivocate uses words which have a double meaning, so that in one sense he can claim to have said the truth, though he does in fact deceive, and intends to do it. He who prevaricates talks all round the question, hoping to ´dodge´ it, and disclose nothing.

Pre•var´i•cate, v. t. To evade by a quibble; to transgress; to pervert. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Pre•var•i•ca´tion , n. [L. praevaricatio: cf. F. prevarication.] 1. The act of prevaricating, shuffling, or quibbling, to evade the truth or the disclosure of truth; a deviation from the truth and fair dealing. “The august tribunal of the skies, where no prevarication shall avail.” Cowper. 2. A secret abuse in the exercise of a public office. 3. (Law) (a) (Roman Law) The collusion of an informer with the defendant, for the purpose of making a sham prosecution. (b) (Common Law) A false or deceitful seeming to undertake a thing for the purpose of defeating or destroying it. Cowell.

Pre•var´i•ca•tor , n. [L. praevaricator: cf. F. prevaricateur.] 1. One who prevaricates. 2. (Roman Law) A sham dealer; one who colludes with a defendant in a sham prosecution. 3. One who betrays or abuses a trust. Prynne.

Preve , v. i. & i. To prove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Preve, n. Proof. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Prev´e•nance , n. [F. prevenance.] (Metaph.) A going before; anticipation in sequence or order. ´The law of prevenance is simply the well-known law of phenomenal sequence.´ Ward.

Prev´e•nan•cy , n. The act of anticipating another’s wishes, desires, etc., in the way of favor or courtesy; hence, civility; obligingness. [Obs.] Sterne.

Pre•vene´ , v. t. & i. [F. prevenir, L. praevenire. See Prevent.] To come before; to anticipate; hence, to hinder; to prevent. [Obs.] Philips.

Pre•ven´i•ence ( 106), n. The act of going before; anticipation. [R.]

Pre•ven´i•ent , a. [L. praeveniens, p. pr.] Going before; preceding; hence, preventive. ´Prevenient grace descending.´ Milton.

Pre•vent´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prevented; p. pr. & vb. n. Preventing.] [L. praevenire, praeventum; prae before + venire to come. See Come.] 1. To go before; to precede; hence, to go before as a guide; to direct. [Obs.] “We which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep.” 1 Thess. iv. 15. “We pray thee that thy grace may always prevent and follow us.” Bk. of Common Prayer. “Then had I come, preventing Sheba’s queen.” Prior. 2. To be beforehand with; to anticipate. [Obs.] “Their ready guilt preventing thy commands.” Pope. 3. To intercept; to hinder; to frustrate; to stop; to thwart. ´This vile purpose to prevent.´ Shak. “Perhaps forestalling night prevented them.” Milton.

Pre•vent´, v. i. To come before the usual time. [Obs.] “Strawberries … will prevent and come early.” Bacon.

Pre•vent•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being preventable.

Pre•vent´a•ble , a. Capable of being prevented or hindered; as preventable diseases.

Pre•vent´a•tive , n. That which prevents; — incorrectly used instead of preventive.

Pre•vent´er , n. 1. One who goes before; one who forestalls or anticipates another. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. One who prevents or obstructs; a hinderer; that which hinders; as a preventer of evils or of disease. 3. (Naut.) An auxiliary rope to strengthen a mast. Preventer bolts, or Preventer plates (Naut.), fixtures connected with preventers to reënforce other rigging. — Preventer stay. (Naut.) Same as Preventer, 3.

Pre•vent´ing•ly, adv. So as to prevent or hinder.

Pre•ven´tion , n. [Cf. F. prevention.] 1. The act of going, or state of being, before. [Obs.] “The greater the distance, the greater the prevention.” Bacon. 2. Anticipation; esp., anticipation of needs or wishes; hence, precaution; forethought. [Obs.] Hammond. Shak. 3. The act of preventing or hindering; obstruction of action, access, or approach; thwarting. South. “Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention.” Shak. 4. Prejudice; prepossession. [A Gallicism] Dryden.

Pre•ven´tion•al , a. Tending to prevent. [Obs.]

Pre•vent´ive , a. [Cf. F. preventif.] 1. Going before; preceding. [Obs.] “Any previous counsel or preventive understanding.” Cudworth. 2. Tending to defeat or hinder; obviating; preventing the access of; as a medicine preventive of disease. “Physic is either curative or preventive.” Sir T. Browne. Preventive service, the duty performed by the armed police in guarding the coast against smuggling. [Eng]

Pre•vent´ive, n. That which prevents, hinders, or obstructs; that which intercepts access; in medicine, something to prevent disease; a prophylactic.

Pre•vent´ive•ly, adv. In a preventive manner.

Pre•ver´te•bral , a. (Anat.) Situated immediately in front, or on the ventral side, of the vertebral column; prespinal.

Pre´vi•ous , a. [L. praevius going before, leading the way; prae before + via the way. See Voyage.] Going before in time; being or happening before something else; antecedent; prior; as previous arrangements; a previous illness. “The dull sound … previous to the storm,
Rolls o’er the muttering earth.” Thomson. Previous question. (Parliamentary Practice) See under Question, and compare Closure. — Previous to, before; — often used adverbially for previously. ´Previous to publication.´ M. Arnold. ´A policy … his friends had advised previous to 1710.´ J. H. Newman. Syn. — Antecedent; preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; former.

Pre´vi•ous•ly, adv. Beforehand; antecedently; as a plan previously formed.

Pre´vi•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being previous; priority or antecedence in time.

Pre•vise´ , v. t. [L. praevisus, p. p. of praevidere to foresee; prae before + videre to see. See Vision.] 1. To foresee. [R.] 2. To inform beforehand; to warn. Ld. Lytton.

Pre•vi´sion , n. [Cf. F. prevision.] Foresight; foreknowledge; prescience. H. Spencer.

Pre•voy´ant , a. [F. prevoyant.] Foreseeing; prescient. [R.] Mrs. Oliphant.

Pre•warn´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Prewarned p. pr. & vb. n. Prewarning.] To warn beforehand; to forewarn. [R.]

Prey , n. [OF. preie, F. proie, L. praeda, probably for praeheda. See Prehensile, and cf. Depredate, Predatory.] Anything, as goods, etc., taken or got by violence; anything taken by force from an enemy in war; spoil; booty; plunder. “And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto Moses, and Eleazar the priest.” Num. xxxi. 12. 2. That which is or may be seized by animals or birds to be devoured; hence, a person given up as a victim. “The old lion perisheth for lack of prey.” Job iv. ii. “Already sees herself the monster’s prey.” Dryden. 3. The act of devouring other creatures; ravage. “Hog in sloth, fox in stealth, … lion in prey.” Shak. Beast of prey, a carnivorous animal; one that feeds on the flesh of other animals.

Prey , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preyed p. pr. & vb. n. Preying.] [OF. preier, preer, L. praedari, fr. praeda. See Prey, n.] To take booty; to gather spoil; to ravage; to take food by violence. “More pity that the eagle should be mewed,
While kites and buzzards prey at liberty.” Shak. To prey on or upon. (a) To take prey from; to despoil; to pillage; to rob. Shak. (b) To seize as prey; to take for food by violence; to seize and devour. Shak. (c) To wear away gradually; to cause to waste or pine away; as the trouble preyed upon his mind. Addison.

Prey´er , n. One who, or that which, preys; a plunderer; a waster; a devourer. Hooker.

Prey´ful , a. 1. Disposed to take prey. [Obs.] “The preyful brood of savage beasts.” Chapman. 2. Rich in prey. [Obs.] Shak.

Pre•zyg•a•poph´y•sis , n.; pl. Prezygapophyses (#). [NL. See Pre- , and Zygapophysis.] (Anat.) An anterior zygapophysis.

Pri´al , n. A corruption of pair royal. See under Pair, n.

Pri´an , n. [Cornish, clayey ground, from pri clay.] (Mining) A fine, white, somewhat friable clay; also the ore contained in a mixture of clay and pebbles. [Written also pryan.]

Pri•a•pe´an , n. [Cf. L. Priapeius pertaining to Priapus.] (Lat. Pros.) A species of hexameter verse so constructed as to be divisible into two portions of three feet each, having generally a trochee in the first and the fourth foot, and an amphimacer in the third; — applied also to a regular hexameter verse when so constructed as to be divisible into two portions of three feet each. Andrews.

Pri´a•pism, n. [L. priapismus, Gr. , from Priapus the god of procreation, the penis, Gr. : cf. F. priapisme.] (Med.) More or less permanent erection and rigidity of the penis, with or without sexual desire.

Pri•ap•u•la´ce•a , n. pl. [NL. See Priapism.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Gephyraea, having a cylindrical body with a terminal anal opening, and usually with one or two caudal gills.

Pric´a•sour , n. A hard rider. [Obs.]

Price , n. [OE. pris, OF. pris, F. prix, L. pretium; cf. Gr. I sell to buy, Skr. pa to buy, OI. renim I sell. Cf. Appreciate, Depreciate, Interpret, Praise, n. & v., Precious, Prize.] 1. The sum or amount of money at which a thing is valued, or the value which a seller sets on his goods in market; that for which something is bought or sold, or offered for sale; equivalent in money or other means of exchange; current value or rate paid or demanded in market or in barter; cost. ´Buy wine and milk without money and without price.´ Isa. lv. 1. “We can afford no more at such a price.” Shak. 2. Value; estimation; excellence; worth. “Her price is far above rubies.” Prov. xxxi. 10. “New treasures still, of countless price.” Keble. 3. Reward; recompense; as the price of industry. “’T is the price of toil,
The knave deserves it when he tills the soil.” Pope. Price current, or Price list, a statement or list of the prevailing prices of merchandise, stocks, specie, bills of exchange, etc., published statedly or occasionally.

Price, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Priced p. pr. & vb. n. Pricing.] 1. To pay the price of. [Obs.] “With thine own blood to price his blood.” Spenser. 2. To set a price on; to value. See Prize. 3. To ask the price of; as to price eggs. [Colloq.]

Priced , a. Rated in price; valued; as high-priced goods; low-priced labor.

Price´ite , n. [From Thomas Price of San Francisco.] (Min.) A hydrous borate of lime, from Oregon.

Price´less, a. 1. Too valuable to admit of being appraised; of inestimable worth; invaluable. 2. Of no value; worthless. [R.] J. Barlow.

Prick , n. [AS. prica, pricca, pricu; akin to LG. prick, pricke, D. prik, Dan. prik, prikke, Sw. prick. Cf. Prick, v.] 1. That which pricks, penetrates, or punctures; a sharp and slender thing; a pointed instrument; a goad; a spur, etc.; a point; a skewer. “Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary.” Shak. “It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks.” Acts ix. 5. 2. The act of pricking, or the sensation of being pricked; a sharp, stinging pain; figuratively, remorse. ´The pricks of conscience.´ A. Tucker. 3. A mark made by a pointed instrument; a puncture; a point. Hence: (a) A point or mark on the dial, noting the hour. [Obs.] ´The prick of noon.´ Shak. (b) The point on a target at which an archer aims; the mark; the pin. ´They that shooten nearest the prick.´ Spenser. (c) A mark denoting degree; degree; pitch. [Obs.] ´To prick of highest praise forth to advance.´ Spenser. (d) A mathematical point; — regularly used in old English translations of Euclid. (e) The footprint of a hare. [Obs.] 4. (Naut.) A small roll; as a prick of spun yarn; a prick of tobacco.

Prick , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pricked p. pr. & vb. n. Pricking.] [AS. prician; akin to LG. pricken, D. prikken, Dan. prikke, Sw. pricka. See Prick, n., and cf. Prink, Prig.] 1. To pierce slightly with a sharp- pointed instrument or substance; to make a puncture in, or to make by puncturing; to drive a fine point into; as to prick one with a pin, needle, etc.; to prick a card; to prick holes in paper. 2. To fix by the point; to attach or hang by puncturing; as to prick a knife into a board. Sir I. Newton. “The cooks prick it [a slice] on a prong of iron.” Sandys. 3. To mark or denote by a puncture; to designate by pricking; to choose; to mark; — sometimes with off. “Some who are pricked for sheriffs.” Bacon. “Let the soldiers for duty be carefully pricked off.” Sir W. Scott. “Those many, then, shall die: their names are pricked.” Shak. 4. To mark the outline of by puncturing; to trace or form by pricking; to mark by punctured dots; as to prick a pattern for embroidery; to prick the notes of a musical composition. Cowper. 5. To ride or guide with spurs; to spur; to goad; to incite; to urge on; — sometimes with on, or off. “Who pricketh his blind horse over the fallows.” Chaucer. “The season pricketh every gentle heart.” Chaucer. “My duty pricks me on to utter that.” Shak. 6. To affect with sharp pain; to sting, as with remorse. ´I was pricked with some reproof.´ Tennyson. “Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart.” Acts ii. 37. 7. To make sharp; to erect into a point; to raise, as something pointed; — said especially of the ears of an animal, as a horse or dog; and usually followed by up; — hence, to prick up the ears, to listen sharply; to have the attention and interest strongly engaged. ´The courser … pricks up his ears.´ Dryden. 8. To render acid or pungent. [Obs.] Hudibras. 9. To dress; to prink; — usually with up. [Obs.] 10. (Naut) (a) To run a middle seam through, as the cloth of a sail. (b) To trace on a chart, as a ship’s course. 11. (Far.) (a) To drive a nail into (a horse’s foot), so as to cause lameness. (b) To nick.

Prick, v. i. 1. To be punctured; to suffer or feel a sharp pain, as by puncture; as a sore finger pricks. 2. To spur onward; to ride on horseback. Milton. “A gentle knight was pricking on the plain.” Spenser. 3. To become sharp or acid; to turn sour, as wine. 4. To aim at a point or mark. Hawkins.

Prick´-eared , a. (Zoöl.) Having erect, pointed ears; — said of certain dogs. “Thou prick-eared cur of Iceland.” Shak.

Prick´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, pricks; a pointed instrument; a sharp point; a prickle. 2. One who spurs forward; a light horseman. “The prickers, who rode foremost, … halted.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A priming wire; a priming needle, — used in blasting and gunnery. Knight. 4. (Naut.) A small marline spike having generally a wooden handle, — used in sailmaking. R. H. Dana, Ir.

Prick´et , n. [Perhaps so called from the state of his horns. See Prick, and cf. Brocket.] (Zoöl.) A buck in his second year. See Note under 3d Buck. Shak.

Prick´ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or puncturing with a sharp point. ´There is that speaketh like the prickings of a sword.´ Prov. xii. 18 [1583]. 2. (Far.) (a) The driving of a nail into a horse’s foot so as to produce lameness. (b) Same as Nicking. 3. A sensation of being pricked. Shak. 4. The mark or trace left by a hare’s foot; a prick; also the act of tracing a hare by its footmarks. [Obs.] 5. Dressing one’s self for show; prinking. [Obs.]

Prick´ing-up , n. (Arch.) The first coating of plaster in work of three coats upon laths. Its surface is scratched once to form a better key for the next coat. In the United States called scratch coat. Brande & C.

Pric´kle , n. [AS. pricele, pricle; akin to LG. prickel, D. prikkel. See Prick, n.] 1. A little prick; a small, sharp point; a fine, sharp process or projection, as from the skin of an animal, the bark of a plant, etc.; a spine. Bacon. 2. A kind of willow basket; — a term still used in some branches of trade. B. Jonson. 3. A sieve of filberts, — about fifty pounds. [Eng.]

Pric´kle, v. t. To prick slightly, as with prickles, or fine, sharp points. “Felt a horror over me creep,
Prickle skin, and catch my breath.” Tennyson. { Pric´kle•back• , Pric´kle•fish• } n. (Zoöl.) The stickleback.

Prick´li•ness , n. [From Prickly.] The quality of being prickly, or of having many prickles.

Prick´ling , a. Prickly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Prick´louse , n. A tailor; — so called in contempt. [Old slang] L’Estrange.

Prick´ly, a. Full of sharp points or prickles; armed or covered with prickles; as a prickly shrub. Prickly ash (Bot.), a prickly shrub (Xanthoxylum Americanum) with yellowish flowers appearing with the leaves. All parts of the plant are pungent and aromatic. The southern species is X. Carolinianum. Gray. — Prickly heat (Med.), a noncontagious cutaneous eruption of red pimples, attended with intense itching and tingling of the parts affected. It is due to inflammation of the sweat glands, and is often brought on by overheating the skin in hot weather. — Prickly pear (Bot.), a name given to several plants of the cactaceous genus Opuntia, American plants consisting of fleshy, leafless, usually flattened, and often prickly joints inserted upon each other. The sessile flowers have many petals and numerous stamens. The edible fruit is a large pear-shaped berry containing many flattish seeds. The common species of the Northern Atlantic States is Opuntia vulgaris. In the South and West are many others, and in tropical America more than a hundred more. O. vulgaris, O. Ficus-Indica, and O. Tuna are abundantly introduced in the Mediterranean region, and O. Dillenii has become common in India. — Prickly pole (Bot.), a West Indian palm (Bactris Plumierana), the slender trunk of which bears many rings of long black prickles. — Prickly withe (Bot.), a West Indian cactaceous plant (Cereus triangularis) having prickly, slender, climbing, triangular stems. — Prickly rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of South American burrowing rodents belonging to Ctenomys and allied genera. The hair is usually intermingled with sharp spines.

Prick´mad•am , n. [F. trique- madame. Cf. Tripmadam.] (Bot.) A name given to several species of stonecrop, used as ingredients of vermifuge medicines. See Stonecrop.

Prick´punch , n. A pointed steel punch, to prick a mark on metal.

Prick´shaft , n. An arrow. [Obs.]

Prick´song ( 115), n. [See Prick, v. t., 4.] Music written, or noted, with dots or points; — so called from the points or dots with which it is noted down. [Obs.] “He fights as you sing pricksong.” Shak.

Prick´wood , n. (Bot.) A shrub (Euonymus Europaeus); — so named from the use of its wood for goads, skewers, and shoe pegs. Called also spindle tree.

Prick´y , a. Stiff and sharp; prickly. Holland.

Pride , n. [Cf. AS. lamprede, LL. lampreda, E. lamprey.] (Zoöl.) A small European lamprey (Petromyzon branchialis); — called also prid, and sandpiper.

Pride, n. [AS. pryte; akin to Icel. pryði honor, ornament, pra to adorn, Dan. pryde, Sw. pryda; cf. W. prydus comely. See Proud.] 1. The quality or state of being proud; inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one’s own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, rank, etc., which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, reserve, and often in contempt of others. “Those that walk in pride he is able to abase.” Dan. iv. 37. “Pride that dines on vanity sups on contempt.” Franklin. 2. A sense of one’s own worth, and abhorrence of what is beneath or unworthy of one; lofty self-respect; noble self- esteem; elevation of character; dignified bearing; proud delight; — in a good sense. “Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride.” Goldsmith. “A people which takes no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by remote descendants.” Macaulay. 3. Proud or disdainful behavior or treatment; insolence or arrogance of demeanor; haughty bearing and conduct; insolent exultation; disdain. “Let not the foot of pride come against me.” Ps. xxxvi. 11. “That hardly we escaped the pride of France.” Shak. 4. That of which one is proud; that which excites boasting or self-gratulation; the occasion or ground of self- esteem, or of arrogant and presumptuous confidence, as beauty, ornament, noble character, children, etc. “Lofty trees yclad with summer’s pride.” Spenser. “I will cut off the pride of the Philistines.” Zech. ix. 6. “A bold peasantry, their country’s pride.” Goldsmith. 5. Show; ostentation; glory. “Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war.” Shak. 6. Highest pitch; elevation reached; loftiness; prime; glory; as to be in the pride of one’s life. “A falcon, towering in her pride of place.” Shak. 7. Consciousness of power; fullness of animal spirits; mettle; wantonness; hence, lust; sexual desire; esp., an excitement of sexual appetite in a female beast. [Obs.] Pride of India, or Pride of China. (Bot.) See Margosa. — Pride of the desert (Zoöl.), the camel. Syn. — Self-exaltation; conceit; hauteur; haughtiness; lordliness; loftiness. — Pride, Vanity. Pride is a high or an excessive esteem of one’s self for some real or imagined superiority, as rank, wealth, talents, character, etc. Vanity is the love of being admired, praised, exalted, etc., by others. Vanity is an ostentation of pride; but one may have great pride without displaying it. Vanity, which is etymologically ´emptiness,´ is applied especially to the exhibition of pride in superficialities, as beauty, dress, wealth, etc.

Pride, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prided; p. pr. & vb. n. Priding.] To indulge in pride, or self-esteem; to rate highly; to plume; — used reflexively. Bp. Hall. “Pluming and priding himself in all his services.” South.

Pride, v. i. To be proud; to glory. [R.]

Pride´ful , a. Full of pride; haughty. Tennyson. — Pride´ful•ly, adv. — Pride´ful- ness, n.

Pride´less, a. Without pride. Chaucer.

Prid´i•an , a. [L. pridianus.] Of or pertaining to the day before, or yesterday. [R.] Thackeray.

Prid´ing•ly , adv. Proudly. [Obs.]

Prie , n. (Bot.) The plant privet. [Obs.] Tusser.

Prie, v. i. To pry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pried , imp. & p. p. of Pry.

Prie•dieu´ , n. [F., literally, pray God.] A kneeling desk for prayers.

Prief , n. Proof. [Obs.] Spenser. Lydgate.

Pri´er , n. [From Pry.] One who pries; one who inquires narrowly and searches, or is inquisitive. “So pragmatical a prier he is into divine secrets.” Fuller.

Priest , n. [OE. prest, preost, AS. preóst, fr. L. presbyter, Gr. elder, older, n., an elder, compar. of an old man, the first syllable of which is probably akin to L. pristinus. Cf. Pristine, Presbyter.] 1. (Christian Church) A presbyter elder; a minister; specifically: (a) (R. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.) One who is authorized to consecrate the host and to say Mass; but especially, one of the lowest order possessing this power. Murdock. (b) (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) A presbyter; one who belongs to the intermediate order between bishop and deacon. He is authorized to perform all ministerial services except those of ordination and confirmation. 2. One who officiates at the altar, or performs the rites of sacrifice; one who acts as a mediator between men and the divinity or the gods in any form of religion; as Buddhist priests. ´The priests of Dagon.´ 1 Sam. v. 5. “Then the priest of Jupiter … brought oxen and garlands … and would have done sacrifice with the people.” Acts xiv. 13. “Every priest taken from among men is ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins.” Heb. v. 1. In the New Testament presbyters are not called priests; but Christ is designated as a priest, and as a high priest, and all Christians are designated priests.

Priest , v. t. To ordain as priest.

Priest´cap , n. (Fort.) A form of redan, so named from its shape; — called also swallowtail.

Priest´craft , n. Priestly policy; the policy of a priesthood; esp., in an ill sense, fraud or imposition in religious concerns; management by priests to gain wealth and power by working upon the religious motives or credulity of others. “It is better that men should be governed by priestcraft than by violence.” Macaulay.

Priest´er•y , n. Priests, collectively; the priesthood; — so called in contempt. [R.] Milton.

Priest´ess, n. A woman who officiated in sacred rites among pagans. Abp. Potter.

Priest´hood , n. 1. The office or character of a priest; the priestly function. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. Priests, taken collectively; the order of men set apart for sacred offices; the order of priests.

Priest´ing, n. The office of a priest. [Obs.] Milton.

Priest´ism , n. The influence, doctrines, principles, etc., of priests or the priesthood. [R.]

Priest´less, a. Without a priest. Pope.

Priest´like , a. Priestly. B. Jonson.

Priest´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being priestly. R. Browning.

Priest´ly, a. Of or pertaining to a priest or the priesthood; sacerdotal; befitting or becoming a priest; as the priestly office; a priestly farewell. Shak.

Priest´-rid•den , a. Controlled or oppressed by priests; as a priest-ridden people. Swift.

Prieve , v. t. To prove. [Obs. or Scot.]

Prig , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prigged p. pr. & vb. n. Prigging ] [A modification of prick.] To haggle about the price of a commodity; to bargain hard. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Prig, v. t. 1. To cheapen. [Scot.] 2. [Perhaps orig., to ride off with. See Prick, v. t.] To filch or steal; as to prig a handkerchief. [Cant]

Prig, n. 1. A pert, conceited, pragmatical fellow. “The queer prig of a doctor.” Macaulay. 2. A thief; a filcher. [Cant] Shak.

Prig´ger•y , n. Priggism.

Prig´gish , a. Like a prig; conceited; pragmatical. — Prig´gish•ly, adv. — Prig´gish-ness, n.

Prig´gism , n. 1. The quality or state of being priggish; the manners of a prig. Ed. Rev. 2. Roguery; thievery. [Obs.] Fielding.

Prigh´te , obs. imp. of Prick. Chaucer.

Prill , n. [Cf. Brill.] (Zoöl.) The brill.

Prill, v. i. To flow. [Obs.] Stow.

Prill, n. A stream. [Obs.] Davies (Microcosmos).

Prill, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. (Mining) (a) A nugget of virgin metal. (b) Ore selected for excellence. 2. The button of metal from an assay.

Pril´lion , n. Tin extracted from the slag.

Prim , n. [See Privet.] (Bot) The privet.

Prim, a. [OF. prim, prin, prime, first, principal. sharp, thin, piercing, fr. L. primus first. See Prime, a.] Formal; precise; affectedly neat or nice; as prim regularity; a prim person. Swift.

Prim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Primmed p. pr. & vb. n. Primming.] To deck with great nicety; to arrange with affected preciseness; to prink.

Prim, v. i. To dress or act smartly. [R.]

Pri´ma•cy , n. [LL. primatia, fr. L. primas, -atis, one of the first or principal, chief, fr. primus first: cf. F. primatie. See Prime, a.] 1. The state or condition of being prime or first, as in time, place, rank, etc., hence, excellency; supremacy. [R.] De Quincey. 2. The office, rank, or character of a primate; the chief ecclesiastical station or dignity in a national church; the office or dignity of an archbishop; as the primacy of England.

Pri´ma don´na pl. E. Prima donnas (#), It. Prime (#) Donne (#). [It., fr. primo, prima, the first + donna lady, mistress. See Prime, a., and Donna.] The first or chief female singer in an opera.

Pri´ma fa´ci•e [L., from abl. of primus first + abl. of facies appearance.] At first view; on the first appearance. Prima facie evidence (of a fact) (Law), evidence which is sufficient to establish the fact unless rebutted. Bouvier.

Pri´mage ( 48), n. [F.] (Com.) A charge in addition to the freight; originally, a gratuity to the captain for his particular care of the goods (sometimes called hat money), but now belonging to the owners or freighters of the vessel, unless by special agreement the whole or part is assigned to the captain. Homans.

Pri´mal , a. [LL. primalis, fr. L. primus the first. See Prime, a.] First; primary; original; chief. “It hath the primal eldest curse upon it.” Shak. “The primal duties shine aloft like stars.” Wordsworth.

Pri•mal´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being primal. [Obs.]

Pri´ma•ri•ly , adv. In a primary manner; in the first place; in the first place; in the first intention; originally.

Pri´ma•ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being primary, or first in time, in act, or in intention. Norris.

Pri´ma•ry , a. [L. primarius, fr. primus first: cf. F. primaire. See Prime, a., and cf. Premier, Primero.] 1. First in order of time or development or in intention; primitive; fundamental; original. “The church of Christ, in its primary institution.” Bp. Pearson. “These I call original, or primary, qualities of body.” Locke. 2. First in order, as being preparatory to something higher; as primary assemblies; primary schools. 3. First in dignity or importance; chief; principal; as primary planets; a matter of primary importance. 4. (Geol.) Earliest formed; fundamental. 5. (Chem.) Illustrating, possessing, or characterized by, some quality or property in the first degree; having undergone the first stage of substitution or replacement. Primary alcohol (Organic Chem.), any alcohol which possess the group CH2.OH, and can be oxidized so as to form a corresponding aldehyde and acid having the same number of carbon atoms; — distinguished from secondary ∧ tertiary alcohols. — Primary amine (Chem.), an amine containing the amido group, or a derivative of ammonia in which only one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by a basic radical; — distinguished from secondary ∧ tertiary amines. — Primary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury performed as soon as the shock due to the injury has passed away, and before symptoms of inflammation supervene. — Primary axis (Bot.), the main stalk which bears a whole cluster of flowers. — Primary colors. See under Color. — Primary meeting, a meeting of citizens at which the first steps are taken towards the nomination of candidates, etc. See Caucus. — Primary pinna (Bot.), one of those portions of a compound leaf or frond which branch off directly from the main rhachis or stem, whether simple or compounded. — Primary planets. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. — Primary qualities of bodies, such are essential to and inseparable from them. — Primary quills (Zoöl.), the largest feathers of the wing of a bird; primaries. — Primary rocks (Geol.), a term early used for rocks supposed to have been first formed, being crystalline and containing no organic remains, as granite, gneiss, etc.; — called also primitive rocks. The terms Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary rocks have also been used in like manner, but of these the last two only are now in use. — Primary salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a polybasic acid in which only one acid hydrogen atom has been replaced by a base or basic radical. — Primary syphilis (Med.), the initial stage of syphilis, including the period from the development of the original lesion or chancre to the first manifestation of symptoms indicative of general constitutional infection. — Primary union (Surg.), union without suppuration; union by the first intention.

Pri´ma•ry, n.; pl. Primaries . 1. That which stands first in order, rank, or importance; a chief matter. 2. A primary meeting; a caucus. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the large feathers on the distal joint of a bird’s wing. See Plumage, and Illust. of Bird. 4. (Astron.) A primary planet; the brighter component of a double star. See under Planet.

Pri´mate , n. [OE. primat, F. primat, L. primas, -atis one of the first, chief, fr. primus the first. See Prime, a.] 1. The chief ecclesiastic in a national church; one who presides over other bishops in a province; an archbishop. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the Primates.

Pri•ma´tes , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The highest order of mammals. It includes man, together with the apes and monkeys. Cf. Pitheci.

Pri´mate•ship , n. The office, dignity, or position of a primate; primacy.

Pri•ma´tial , a. [Cf. F. primatial.] Primatical. [R.] D’Anville (Trans. ).

Pri•mat´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to a primate. Barrow.

Prime , a. [F., fr. L. primus first, a superl. corresponding to the compar. prior former. See Prior, a., Foremost, Former, and cf. Prim, a., Primary, Prince.] 1. First in order of time; original; primeval; primitive; primary. ´Prime forests.´ Tennyson. “She was not the prime cause, but I myself.” Milton. In this sense the word is nearly superseded by primitive, except in the phrase prime cost. 2. First in rank, degree, dignity, authority, or importance; as prime minister. ´Prime virtues.´ Dryden. 3. First in excellence; of highest quality; as prime wheat; a prime quality of cloth. 4. Early; blooming; being in the first stage. [Poetic] “His starry helm, unbuckled, showed him prime
In manhood where youth ended.” Milton. 5. Lecherous; lustful; lewd. [Obs.] Shak. 6. Marked or distinguished by a mark (′) called a prime mark. Prime and ultimate ratio. (Math.). See Ultimate. — Prime conductor. (Elec.) See under Conductor. — Prime factor (Arith.), a factor which is a prime number. — Prime figure (Geom.), a figure which can not be divided into any other figure more simple than itself, as a triangle, a pyramid, etc. — Prime meridian (Astron.), the meridian from which longitude is reckoned, as the meridian of Greenwich or Washington. — Prime minister, the responsible head of a ministry or executive government; applied particularly to that of England. — Prime mover. (Mech.) (a) A natural agency applied by man to the production of power. Especially: Muscular force; the weight and motion of fluids, as water and air; heat obtained by chemical combination, and applied to produce changes in the volume and pressure of steam, air, or other fluids; and electricity, obtained by chemical action, and applied to produce alternation of magnetic force. (b) An engine, or machine, the object of which is to receive and modify force and motion as supplied by some natural source, and apply them to drive other machines; as a water wheel, a water-pressure engine, a steam engine, a hot-air engine, etc. (c) Fig.: The original or the most effective force in any undertaking or work; as Clarkson was the prime mover in English antislavery agitation. — Prime number (Arith.), a number which is exactly divisible by no number except itself or unity, as 5, 7, 11. — Prime vertical (Astron.), the vertical circle which passes through the east and west points of the horizon. — Prime-vertical dial, a dial in which the shadow is projected on the plane of the prime vertical. — Prime-vertical transit instrument, a transit instrument the telescope of which revolves in the plane of the prime vertical, — used for observing the transit of stars over this circle.

Prime , n. 1. The first part; the earliest stage; the beginning or opening, as of the day, the year, etc.; hence, the dawn; the spring. Chaucer. “In the very prime of the world.” Hooker. “Hope waits upon the flowery prime.” Waller. 2. The spring of life; youth; hence, full health, strength, or beauty; perfection. ´Cut off in their prime.´ Eustace. ´The prime of youth.´ Dryden. 3. That which is first in quantity; the most excellent portion; the best part. “Give him always of the prime.” Swift. 4. [F. prime, LL. prima (sc. hora). See Prime, a.] The morning; specifically (R. C. Ch.), the first canonical hour, succeeding to lauds. “Early and late it rung, at evening and at prime.” Spenser. Originally, prime denoted the first quarter of the artificial day, reckoned from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m. Afterwards, it denoted the end of the first quarter, that is, 9 a. m. Specifically, it denoted the first canonical hour, as now. Chaucer uses it in all these senses, and also in the sense of def. 1, above. “They sleep till that it was pryme large.” Chaucer. 5. (Fencing) The first of the chief guards. 6. (Chem.) Any number expressing the combining weight or equivalent of any particular element; — so called because these numbers were respectively reduced to their lowest relative terms on the fixed standard of hydrogen as 1. [Obs. or Archaic] 7. (Arith.) A prime number. See under Prime, a. 8. An inch, as composed of twelve seconds in the duodecimal system; — denoted by [′]. See 2d Inch, n., 1. Prime of the moon, the new moon at its first appearance.

Prime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Primed p. pr. & vb. n. Priming.] [From Prime, a.] 1. To apply priming to, as a musket or a cannon; to apply a primer to, as a metallic cartridge. 2. To lay the first color, coating, or preparation upon (a surface), as in painting; as to prime a canvas a wall. 3. To prepare; to make ready; to instruct beforehand; to post; to coach; as to prime a witness; the boys are primed for mischief. [Colloq.] Thackeray. 4. To trim or prune, as trees. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 5. (Math.) To mark with a prime mark. To prime a pump, to charge a pump with water, in order to put it in working condition.

Prime, v. i. 1. To be renewed, or as at first. [Obs.] “Night’s bashful empress, though she often wane,
As oft repeats her darkness, primes again.” Quarles. 2. To serve as priming for the charge of a gun. 3. To work so that foaming occurs from too violent ebullition, which causes water to become mixed with, and be carried along with, the steam that is formed; — said of a steam boiler.

Prime´ly, adv. 1. At first; primarily. [Obs.] South. 2. In a prime manner; excellently.

Prime´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being first. 2. The quality or state of being prime, or excellent.

Prim´er , n. One who, or that which, primes; specifically, an instrument or device for priming; esp., a cap, tube, or water containing percussion powder or other compound for igniting a charge of gunpowder.

Prim´er, a. [OF. primer, primier, premier, F. premier. See Premier.] First; original; primary. [Obs.] ´The primer English kings.´ Drayton. Primer fine (O. Eng. Law), a fine due to the king on the writ or commencement of a suit by fine. Blackstone. — Primer seizin (Feudal Law), the right of the king, when a tenant in capite died seized of a knight’s fee, to receive of the heir, if of full age, one year’s profits of the land if in possession, and half a year’s profits if the land was in reversion expectant on an estate for life; — now abolished. Blackstone.

Prim´er , n. [Originally, the book read at prime, the first canonical hour. LL. primae liber. See Prime, n., 4.] 1. Originally, a small prayer book for church service, containing the little office of the Virgin Mary; also a work of elementary religious instruction. “The primer, or office of the Blessed Virgin.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. A small elementary book for teaching children to read; a reading or spelling book for a beginner. “As he sat in the school at his prymer.” Chaucer. 3. (Print.) A kind of type, of which there are two species; one, called long primer, intermediate in size between bourgeois and small pica [see Long primer]; the other, called great primer, larger than pica. Great primer type.

Pri•me´ro , n. [Sp. primera, fr. primero first, from L. primarius. See Premier.] A game at cards, now unknown. Shak.

Prim´er•ole , n. (Bot.) See Primrose. [Obs.] ´She was a primerole.´ Chaucer.

Pri•me´val , a. [L. primaevus; primus first + aevum age. See Prime, a., and Age.] Belonging to the first ages; pristine; original; primitive; primary; as the primeval innocence of man. ´This is the forest primeval.´ Longfellow. “From chaos, and primeval darkness, came Light.” Keats.

Pri•me´val•ly, adv. In a primeval manner; in or from the earliest times; originally. Darwin.

Pri•me´vous, a. Primeval. [Obs.]

Pri•mi•ge´ni•al , a. First born, or first of all; original; primary. See Primogenial. { Pri•mi•ge´ni•ous , Pri•mig´e•nous } a. [L. primigenus, primigenius. See Primogeniture.] First formed or generated; original; primigenial. Bp. Hall.

Pri´mine , n. [L. primus first: cf. F. primine.] (Bot.) The outermost of the two integuments of an ovule. This word has been used by some writers to denote the inner integument, which is formed earlier than the outer. Cf. Secundine.

Prim´ing , n. 1. The powder or other combustible used to communicate fire to a charge of gunpowder, as in a firearm. 2. (Paint.) The first coating of color, size, or the like, laid on canvas or on a building, or other surface. 3. (Steam Eng.) The carrying over of water, with the steam, from the boiler, as into the cylinder. Priming of the tide. See Lag of the tide, under 2d Lag. — Priming tube, a small pipe, filled with a combustible composition for firing cannon. — Priming valve (Steam Eng.), a spring safety valve applied to the cylinder of a steam engine for discharging water carried into the cylinder by priming. — Priming wire, a pointed wire used to penetrate the vent of a piece, for piercing the cartridge before priming.

Pri•mip´a•ra , n. [L., fr. primus first + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) A woman who bears a child for the first time.

Pri•mip´a•rous , a. [See Primipara.] Belonging to a first birth; bearing young for the first time.

Pri•mip´i•lar , a. [L. primipilaris, fr. primipilus the centurion of the first cohort of a Roman legion, fr. primus pilus the division made up of the triarii in the Roman army.] Of or pertaining to the captain of the vanguard of a Roman army. Barrow.

Pri•mi´ti•a , n.; pl. Primitiae (#) (Primitias (#), obs.). [L. primitiae, pl., fr. primus first. Cf. Premices.] (Eng. Law) The first fruit; the first year’s whole profit of an ecclesiastical preferment. “The primitias of your parsonage.” Spenser.

Pri•mi´tial , a. Being of the first production; primitive; original. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Prim´i•tive , a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See Prime, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as primitive innocence; the primitive church. ´Our primitive great sire.´ Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to a former time; old- fashioned; characterized by simplicity; as a primitive style of dress. 3. Original; primary; radical; not derived; as primitive verb in grammar. Primitive axes of coördinate (Geom.), that system of axes to which the points of a magnitude are first referred, with reference to a second set or system, to which they are afterward referred. — Primitive chord (Mus.), that chord, the lowest note of which is of the same literal denomination as the fundamental base of the harmony; — opposed to derivative. Moore (Encyc. of Music). — Primitive circle (Spherical Projection), the circle cut from the sphere to be projected, by the primitive plane. — Primitive colors (Paint.), primary colors. See under Color. — Primitive Fathers (Eccl.), the acknowledged Christian writers who flourished before the Council of Nice, A. D. 325. Shipley. — Primitive groove (Anat.), a depression or groove in the epiblast of the primitive streak. It is not connected with the medullary groove, which appears later and in front of it. — Primitive plane (Spherical Projection), the plane upon which the projections are made, generally coinciding with some principal circle of the sphere, as the equator or a meridian. — Primitive rocks (Geol.), primary rocks. See under Primary. — Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. — Primitive streak or trace (Anat.), an opaque and thickened band where the mesoblast first appears in the vertebrate blastoderm. Syn. — First; original; radical; pristine; ancient; primeval; antiquated; old-fashioned.

Prim´i•tive, n. An original or primary word; a word not derived from another; — opposed to derivative.

Prim´i•tive•ly, adv. 1. Originally; at first. 2. Primarily; not derivatively. 3. According to the original rule or ancient practice; in the ancient style. South.

Prim´i•tive•ness, n. The quality or state of being primitive; conformity to primitive style or practice.

Prim´i•ty , n. Quality of being first; primitiveness. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Prim´ly, adv. In a prim or precise manner.

Prim´ness, n. The quality or state of being prim; affected formality or niceness; preciseness; stiffness.

Pri´mo , a. [It.] (Mus.) First; chief.

Pri•mo•ge´ni•al , a. [See Primigenial.] First born, made, or generated; original; primary; elemental; as primogenial light. Glanvill.

Pri•mo•gen´i•tive , a. [See Primogeniture.] Of or pertaining to primogeniture. [R.]

Pri•mo•gen´i•tive, n. Primogeniture. [Obs.] “The primogenitive and due of birth.” Shak.

Pri•mo•gen´i•tor , n. [LL., fr. L. primus first + genitor a begetter.] The first ancestor; a forefather.

Pri•mo•gen´i•ture ( 135), n. [LL., fr. L. primus first + genitura a begetting, birth, generation, fr. genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. primogeniture, L. primogenitus firstborn. See Prime, a., and Genus, Kin.] 1. The state of being the firstborn of the same parents; seniority by birth among children of the same family. 2. (Eng. Law) The exclusive right of inheritance which belongs to the eldest son. Thus in England the right of inheriting the estate of the father belongs to the eldest son, and in the royal family the eldest son of the sovereign is entitled to the throne by primogeniture. In exceptional cases, among the female children, the crown descends by right of primogeniture to the eldest daughter only and her issue. Blackstone.

Pri•mo•gen´i•ture•ship , n. The state or privileges of the firstborn. Burke.

Pri•mor´di•al , a. [L. primordialis, from primordium the first beginning; primus first + ordiri to begin a web, to begin: cf. F. primordial.] 1. First in order; primary; original; of earliest origin; as primordial condition. ´The primordial facts of our intelligent nature.´ Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest beds of the Silurian age, corresponding to the Acadian and Potsdam periods in American geology. It is called also Cambrian, and by many geologists is separated from the Silurian. 3. (Biol.) Originally or earliest formed in the growth of an individual or organ; as a primordial leaf; a primordial cell. Primordial utricle (Bot.), the interior lining of a young vegetable cell.

Pri•mor´di•al, n. A first principle or element.

Pri•mor´di•al•ism , n. Devotion to, or persistence in, conditions of the primordial state. H. Spencer.

Pri•mor´di•al•ly, adv. At the beginning; under the first order of things; originally.

Pri•mor´di•an , n. [L. primordius first of all, fr. primordium.] (Bot.) A name given to several kinds of plums; as red primordian, amber primordian, etc.

Pri•mor´di•ate , a. Primordial. [R.] Boyle.

Primp , v. i. & t. [Cf. Prim, a.] To be formal or affected in dress or manners; — often with up. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Prim´rose , n. [OE. primerole, F. primerole, a derivative fr. LL. primula, from L. primus first. See Prime, a.] (Bot.) (a) An early flowering plant of the genus Primula (P. vulgaris) closely allied to the cowslip. There are several varieties, as the white-, the red-, the yellow-flowered, etc. Formerly called also primerole, primerolles. (b) Any plant of the genus Primula. Evening primrose, an erect biennial herb (Enothera biennis), with yellow vespertine flowers, common in the United States. The name is sometimes extended to other species of the same genus. — Primrose peerless, the two-flowered Narcissus (N. biflorus). [Obs.]

Prim´rose, a. Of or pertaining to the primrose; of the color of a primrose; — hence, flowery; gay. ´The primrose path of dalliance.´ Shak.

Prim´u•la , n. [LL. See Primrose.] (Bot.) The genus of plants including the primrose (Primula vera).

Prim•u•la´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of herbaceous plants (Primulaceae), of which the primrose is the type, and the pimpernel, the cyclamen, and the water violet are other examples.

Pri´mum mob´i•le [L., first cause of motion.] (Astron.) In the Ptolemaic system, the outermost of the revolving concentric spheres constituting the universe, the motion of which was supposed to carry with it all the inclosed spheres with their planets in a daily revolution from east to west. See Crystalline heavens, under Crystalline. “The motions of the greatest persons in a government ought to be, as the motions of the planets, under primum mobile.” Bacon.

Pri´mus , n. [L., the first.] One of the bishops of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, who presides at the meetings of the bishops, and has certain privileges but no metropolitan authority. Internat. Cyc.

Prim´y , a. [From Prime, a.] Being in its prime. [Obs.] ´The youth of primy nature.´ Shak.

Prince , n. [F., from L. princeps, -cipis, the first, chief; primus first + capere to take. See Prime, a., and Capacious.] 1. The one of highest rank; one holding the highest place and authority; a sovereign; a monarch; - - originally applied to either sex, but now rarely applied to a female. Wyclif (Rev. i. 5). “Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince.” Milton. “Queen Elizabeth, a prince admirable above her sex.” Camden. 2. The son of a king or emperor, or the issue of a royal family; as princes of the blood. Shak. 3. A title belonging to persons of high rank, differing in different countries. In England it belongs to dukes, marquises, and earls, but is given to members of the royal family only. In Italy a prince is inferior to a duke as a member of a particular order of nobility; in Spain he is always one of the royal family. 4. The chief of any body of men; one at the head of a class or profession; one who is preëminent; as a merchant prince; a prince of players. ´The prince of learning.´ Peacham. Prince-Albert coat, a long double-breasted frock coat for men. — Prince of the blood, Prince consort, Prince of darkness. See under Blood, Consort, and Darkness. — Prince of Wales, the oldest son of the English sovereign. — Prince’s feather (Bot.), a name given to two annual herbs (Amarantus caudatus and Polygonum orientale), with apetalous reddish flowers arranged in long recurved panicled spikes. — Prince’s metal, Prince Rupert’s metal. See under Metal. Prince’s pine. (Bot.) See Pipsissewa.

Prince, v. i. To play the prince. [R.] Shak.

Prince´dom , n. The jurisdiction, sovereignty, rank, or estate of a prince. “Thrones, princedoms, powers, dominions, I reduce.” Milton.

Prince´hood , n. Princeliness. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Prince´kin , n. A petty prince; a princeling. “The princekins of private life.” Thackeray.

Prince´less, a. Without a prince. Fuller.

Prince´let , n. A petty prince. [R.]

Prince´like , a. Princely. Shak.

Prince´li•ness , n. The quality of being princely; the state, manner, or dignity of a prince.

Prince´ling , n. A petty prince; a young prince.

Prince´ly, a. 1. Of or relating to a prince; regal; royal; of highest rank or authority; as princely birth, character, fortune, etc. 2. Suitable for, or becoming to, a prince; grand; august; munificent; magnificent; as princely virtues; a princely fortune. ´Most princely gifts.´ Shak.

Prince´ly , adv. In a princely manner. “My appetite was not princely got.” Shak.

Prin´cess , n. [F. princesse. See Prince, and cf. Princesse.] 1. A female prince; a woman having sovereign power, or the rank of a prince. Dryden. “So excellent a princess as the present queen.” Swift. 2. The daughter of a sovereign; a female member of a royal family. Shak. 3. The consort of a prince; as the princess of Wales. Princess royal, the eldest daughter of a sovereign.

Prin•cesse´ , a. [F., a princess.] A term applied to a lady’s long, close-fitting dress made with waist and skirt in one.

Prin´cess•like , a. Like a princess.

Prince´wood , n. (Bot.) The wood of two small tropical American trees (Hamelia ventricosa, and Cordia gerascanthoides). It is brownish, veined with lighter color.

Prin´ci•fied , a. [Prince + L. -ficare (in comp.).] Imitative of a prince. [R. & Colloq.] Thackeray.

Prin´ci•pal , a. [F., from L. principalis. See Prince.] 1. Highest in rank, authority, character, importance, or degree; most considerable or important; chief; main; as the principal officers of a Government; the principal men of a state; the principal productions of a country; the principal arguments in a case. “Wisdom is the principal thing.” Prov. iv. 7. 2. Of or pertaining to a prince; princely. [A Latinism] [Obs.] Spenser. Principal axis. See Axis of a curve, under Axis. — Principal axes of a quadric (Geom.), three lines in which the principal planes of the solid intersect two and two, as in an ellipsoid. — Principal challenge. (Law) See under Challenge. — Principal plane. See Plane of projection (a), under Plane. — Principal of a quadric (Geom.), three planes each of which is at right angles to the other two, and bisects all chords of the quadric perpendicular to the plane, as in an ellipsoid. — Principal point (Persp.), the projection of the point of sight upon the plane of projection. — Principal ray (Persp.), the line drawn through the point of sight perpendicular to the perspective plane. — Principal section (Crystallog.), a plane passing through the optical axis of a crystal.

Prin´ci•pal, n. 1. A leader, chief, or head; one who takes the lead; one who acts independently, or who has controlling authority or influence; as the principal of a faction, a school, a firm, etc.; — distinguished from a subordinate, abettor, auxiliary, or assistant. 2. Hence: (Law) (a) The chief actor in a crime, or an abettor who is present at it, — as distinguished from an accessory. (b) A chief obligor, promisor, or debtor, — as distinguished from a surety. (c) One who employs another to act for him, — as distinguished from an agent. Wharton. Bouvier. Burrill. 3. A thing of chief or prime importance; something fundamental or especially conspicuous. Specifically: (a) (Com.) A capital sum of money, placed out at interest, due as a debt or used as a fund; — so called in distinction from interest or profit. (b) (Arch. & Engin.) The construction which gives shape and strength to a roof, — generally a truss of timber or iron, but there are roofs with stone principals. also loosely, the most important member of a piece of framing. (c) (Mus.) In English organs the chief open metallic stop, an octave above the open diapason. On the manual it is four feet long, on the pedal eight feet. In Germany this term corresponds to the English open diapason. (d) (O. Eng. Law) A heirloom; a mortuary. Cowell. (e) pl. The first two long feathers of a hawk’s wing. Spenser. J. H. Walsh. (f) One of turrets or pinnacles of waxwork and tapers with which the posts and center of a funeral hearse were formerly crowned. Oxf. Gloss. (g) A principal or essential point or rule; a principle. [Obs.]

Prin•ci•pal´i•ty , n.; pl. Principalities (#). [L. principalitas preëminence, excellence: cf. F. principalite, principaute. See Principal.] 1. Sovereignty; supreme power; hence, superiority; predominance; high, or the highest, station. Sir P. Sidney. “Your principalities shall come down, even the crown of your glory.” Jer. xiii. 18. “The prerogative and principality above everything else.” Jer. Taylor. 2. A prince; one invested with sovereignty. ´Next upstood Nisroch, of principalities the prime.´ Milton. 3. The territory or jurisdiction of a prince; or the country which gives title to a prince; as the principality of Wales.

Prin´ci•pal•ly , adv. In a principal manner; primarily; above all; chiefly; mainly.

Prin´ci•pal•ness, n. The quality of being principal.

Prin´ci•pate , n. [L. principatus: cf. F. principat.] Principality; supreme rule. [Obs.] Barrow.

Prin•cip´i•a , n. pl. [L. principium. See Principle.] First principles; fundamental beginnings; elements; as. Newton’s Principia.

Prin•cip´i•al , a. Elementary. [Obs.] Bacon.

Prin•cip´i•ant , a. [L. principians, p. pr. of principiare to begin, fr. principium. See Principle.] Relating to principles or beginnings. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Prin•cip´i•ate , v. t. [See Principiant.] To begin; to initiate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Prin•cip•i•a´tion , n. Analysis into primary or elemental parts. [Archaic] Bacon.

Prin´ci•ple , n. [F. principe, L. principium beginning, foundation, fr. princeps, - cipis. See Prince.] 1. Beginning; commencement. [Obs.] “Doubting sad end of principle unsound.” Spenser. 2. A source, or origin; that from which anything proceeds; fundamental substance or energy; primordial substance; ultimate element, or cause. “The soul of man is an active principle.” Tillotson. 3. An original faculty or endowment. “Nature in your principles hath set [benignity].” Chaucer. “Those active principles whose direct and ultimate object is the communication either of enjoyment or suffering.” Stewart. 4. A fundamental truth; a comprehensive law or doctrine, from which others are derived, or on which others are founded; a general truth; an elementary proposition; a maxim; an axiom; a postulate. “Therefore, leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection.” Heb. vi. 1. “A good principle, not rightly understood, may prove as hurtful as a bad.” Milton. 5. A settled rule of action; a governing law of conduct; an opinion or belief which exercises a directing influence on the life and behavior; a rule (usually, a right rule) of conduct consistently directing one’s actions; as a person of no principle. “All kinds of dishonesty destroy our pretenses to an honest principle of mind.” Law. 6. (Chem.) Any original inherent constituent which characterizes a substance, or gives it its essential properties, and which can usually be separated by analysis; — applied especially to drugs, plant extracts, etc. “Cathartine is the bitter, purgative principle of senna.” Gregory. Bitter principle, Principle of contradiction, etc. See under Bitter, Contradiction, etc.

Prin´ci•ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Principled p. pr. & vb. n. Principling ] To equip with principles; to establish, or fix, in certain principles; to impress with any tenet, or rule of conduct, good or ill. “Governors should be well principled.” L’Estrange. “Let an enthusiast be principled that he or his teacher is inspired.” Locke. { Prin´cock , Prin´cox } n. [Prim + cock.] A coxcomb; a pert boy. [Obs.]

Prink , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prinked p. pr. & vb. n. Prinking.] [Probably a nasalized form of prick. See Prick, v. t., and cf. Prig, Prank.] To dress or adjust one’s self for show; to prank.

Prink, v. t. To prank or dress up; to deck fantastically. ´And prink their hair with daisies.´ Cowper.

Prink´er , n. One who prinks.

Prin´prid•dle , n. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Print , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Printed; p. pr. & vb. n. Printing.] [Abbrev. fr. imprint. See Imprint, and Press to squeeze.] 1. To fix or impress, as a stamp, mark, character, idea, etc., into or upon something. “A look will print a thought that never may remove.” Surrey. “Upon his breastplate he beholds a dint,
Which in that field young Edward’s sword did print.” Sir John Beaumont. “Perhaps some footsteps printed in the clay.” Roscommon. 2. To stamp something in or upon; to make an impression or mark upon by pressure, or as by pressure. “Forth on his fiery steed betimes he rode,
That scarcely prints the turf on which he trod.” Dryden. 3. Specifically: To strike off an impression or impressions of, from type, or from stereotype, electrotype, or engraved plates, or the like; in a wider sense, to do the typesetting, presswork, etc., of (a book or other publication); as to print books, newspapers, pictures; to print an edition of a book. 4. To stamp or impress with colored figures or patterns; as to print calico. 5. (Photog.) To take (a copy, a positive picture, etc.), from a negative, a transparent drawing, or the like, by the action of light upon a sensitized surface. Printed goods, textile fabrics printed in patterns, especially cotton cloths, or calicoes.

Print, v. i. 1. To use or practice the art of typography; to take impressions of letters, figures, or electrotypes, engraved plates, or the like. 2. To publish a book or an article. “From the moment he prints, he must except to hear no more truth.” Pope.

Print, n. [See Print, v., Imprint, n.] 1. A mark made by impression; a line, character, figure, or indentation, made by the pressure of one thing on another; as the print of teeth or nails in flesh; the print of the foot in sand or snow. “Where print of human feet was never seen.” Dryden. 2. A stamp or die for molding or impressing an ornamental design upon an object; as a butter print. 3. That which receives an impression, as from a stamp or mold; as a print of butter. 4. Printed letters; the impression taken from type, as to excellence, form, size, etc.; as small print; large print; this line is in print. 5. That which is produced by printing. Specifically: (a) An impression taken from anything, as from an engraved plate. ´The prints which we see of antiquities.´ Dryden. (b) A printed publication, more especially a newspaper or other periodical. Addison. (c) A printed cloth; a fabric figured by stamping, especially calico or cotton cloth. (d) A photographic copy, or positive picture, on prepared paper, as from a negative, or from a drawing on transparent paper. 6. (Founding) A core print. See under Core. Blue print, a copy in white lines on a blue ground, of a drawing, plan, tracing, etc., or a positive picture in blue and white, from a negative, produced by photographic printing on peculiarly prepared paper. — In print. (a) In a printed form; issued from the press; published. Shak. (b) To the letter; with accurateness. ´All this I speak in print.´ Shak. — Out of print. See under Out. — Print works, a factory where cloth, as calico, is printed.

Print´a-ble , a. Worthy to be published. [R.]

Print´er , n. One who prints; especially, one who prints books, newspapers, engravings, etc., a compositor; a typesetter; a pressman. Printer’s devil, Printer’s gauge. See under Devil, and Gauge. — Printer’s ink. See Printing ink, below.

Print´er•y , n. A place where cloth is printed; print works; also a printing office. [R.]

Print´ing, n. The act, art, or practice of impressing letters, characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other material; the business of a printer, including typesetting and presswork, with their adjuncts; typography; also the act of producing photographic prints. Block printing. See under Block. — Printing frame (Photog.), a shallow box, usually having a glass front, in which prints are made by exposure to light. — Printing house, a printing office. — Printing ink, ink used in printing books, newspapers, etc. It is composed of lampblack or ivory black mingled with linseed or nut oil, made thick by boiling and burning. Other ingredients are employed for the finer qualities. Ure. — Printing office, a place where books, pamphlets, or newspapers, etc., are printed. — Printing paper, paper used in the printing of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and the like, as distinguished from writing paper, wrapping paper, etc. — Printing press, a press for printing, books, newspaper, handbills, etc. — Printing wheel, a wheel with letters or figures on its periphery, used in machines for paging or numbering, or in ticket-printing machines, typewriters, etc.; a type wheel.

Print´less, a. Making no imprint. Milton.

Print´less, a. Making no imprint. Milton.

Print´shop, n. A shop where prints are sold.

Pri´or , a. [L. prior former, previous, better, superior; compar. corresponding to primus first, and pro for. See Former, and cf. Prime, a., and Pre-, Pro-.] Preceding in the order of time; former; antecedent; anterior; previous; as a prior discovery; prior obligation; — used elliptically in cases like the following: he lived alone [in the time] prior to his marriage.

Pri´or, n. [OE. priour, OF. priour, prior, priur, F. prieur, from L. prior former, superior. See Prior, a.] (Eccl.) The superior of a priory, and next below an abbot in dignity. Conventical, or Conventual, prior, a prior who is at the head of his own house. See the Note under Priory. — Claustral prior, an official next in rank to the abbot in a monastery; prior of the cloisters.

Pri´or•ate , n. [LL. prioratus: cf. F. priorat.] The dignity, office, or government, of a prior. T. Warton.

Pri´or•ess, n. [OF. prioresse.] A lady superior of a priory of nuns, and next in dignity to an abbess.

Pri•or´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. priorite. See Prior, a.] 1. The quality or state of being prior or antecedent in time, or of preceding something else; as priority of application. 2. Precedence; superior rank. Shak. Priority of debts, a superior claim to payment, or a claim to payment before others. Syn. — Antecedence; precedence; preëminence.

Pri´or•ly , adv. Previously. [R.] Geddes.

Pri´or•ship, n. The state or office of prior; priorate.

Pri´o•ry , n.; pl. Priories (#). [Cf. LL. prioria. See Prior, n.] A religious house presided over by a prior or prioress; — sometimes an offshoot of, an subordinate to, an abbey, and called also cell, and obedience. See Cell, 2. Of such houses there were two sorts: one where the prior was chosen by the inmates, and governed as independently as an abbot in an abbey; the other where the priory was subordinate to an abbey, and the prior was placed or displaced at the will of the abbot. Alien priory, a small religious house dependent on a large monastery in some other country. Syn. — See Cloister.

Pris , n. See Price, and 1st Prize. [Obs.]

Pris´age ( 48), n. [OF. prisage a praising, valuing, taxing; cf. LL. prisagium prisage; or from F. prise a taking, capture, prize. See Prize.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A right belonging to the crown of England, of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more, — one before and one behind the mast. By charter of Edward I. butlerage was substituted for this. Blackstone. (b) The share of merchandise taken as lawful prize at sea which belongs to the king or admiral.

Pris•cil´lian•ist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, in the fourth century, who mixed various elements of Gnosticism and Manicheism with Christianity.

Prise , n. An enterprise. [Obs.] Spenser.

Prise, n. & v. See Prize, n., 5. Also Prize, v. t.

Pris´er , n. See 1st Prizer. [Obs.]

Prism (priz’m), n. [L. prisma, Gr. pri•sma, fr. pri•zein, pri•ein, to saw: cf. F. prisme.] 1. (Geom.) A solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane figures, and whose sides are parallelograms. Prisms of different forms are often named from the figure of their bases; as a triangular prism, a quadrangular prism, a rhombic prism, etc. 2. (Opt.) A transparent body, with usually three rectangular plane faces or sides, and two equal and parallel triangular ends or bases; — used in experiments on refraction, dispersion, etc. 3. (Crystallog.) A form the planes of which are parallel to the vertical axis. See Form, n., 13. Achromatic prism (Opt.), a prism composed usually of two prisms of different transparent substances which have unequal dispersive powers, as two different kinds of glass, especially flint glass and crown glass, the difference of dispersive power being compensated by giving them different refracting angles, so that, when placed together so as to have opposite relative positions, a ray of light passed through them is refracted or bent into a new position, but is free from color. — Nicol’s prism, Nicol prism. [So called from Wm. Nicol, of Edinburgh, who first proposed it.] (Opt.) An instrument for experiments in polarization, consisting of a rhomb of Iceland spar, which has been bisected obliquely at a certain angle, and the two parts again joined with transparent cement, so that the ordinary image produced by double refraction is thrown out of the field by total reflection from the internal cemented surface, and the extraordinary, or polarized, image alone is transmitted. { Pris•mat´ic , Pris•mat´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. prismatique.] 1. Resembling, or pertaining to, a prism; as a prismatic form or cleavage. 2. Separated or distributed by a prism; formed by a prism; as prismatic colors. 3. (Crystallog.) Same as Orthorhombic. Prismatic borax (Chem.), borax crystallized in the form of oblique prisms, with ten molecules of water; — distinguished from octahedral borax. — Prismatic colors (Opt.), the seven colors into which light is resolved when passed through a prism; primary colors. See Primary colors, under Color. — Prismatic compass (Surv.), a compass having a prism for viewing a distant object and the compass card at the same time. — Prismatic spectrum (Opt.), the spectrum produced by the passage of light through a prism.

Pris•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. In the form or manner of a prism; by means of a prism.

Pris•ma•toid´al , a. [Gr. , , prism + -oid: F. prismatoïde.] Having a prismlike form. Ure.

Pris´moid (priz´moid), n. [Cf. F. prismtoïde.] A body that approaches to the form of a prism.

Pris•moid´al , a. Having the form of a prismoid; as prismoidal solids.

Pris´my , a. Pertaining to a prism. [R.]

Pris´on ( 277), n. [F., fr. L. prehensio, prensio, a seizing, arresting, fr. prehendre, prendere, to lay hold of, to seize. See Prehensile, and cf. Prize, n., Misprision.] 1. A place where persons are confined, or restrained of personal liberty; hence, a place or state o confinement, restraint, or safe custody. “Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise thy name.” Ps. cxlii. 7. “The tyrant AEolus, …
With power imperial, curbs the struggling winds,
And sounding tempests in dark prisons binds.” Dryden. 2. Specifically, a building for the safe custody or confinement of criminals and others committed by lawful authority. Prison bars, or Prison base. See Base, n., 24. — Prison breach. (Law) See Note under 3d Escape, n., 4. — Prison house, a prison. Shak. — Prison ship (Naut.), a ship fitted up for the confinement of prisoners. — Prison van, a carriage in which prisoners are conveyed to and from prison.

Pris´on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Prisoning.] 1. To imprison; to shut up in, or as in, a prison; to confine; to restrain from liberty. “The prisoned eagle dies for rage.” Sir W. Scott. “His true respect will prison false desire.” Shak. 2. To bind (together); to enchain. [Obs.] “Sir William Crispyn with the duke was led
Together prisoned.” Robert of Brunne.

Pris´on•er , n. [F. prisonnier.] 1. One who is confined in a prison. Piers Plowman. 2. A person under arrest, or in custody, whether in prison or not; a person held in involuntary restraint; a captive; as a prisoner at the bar of a court. Bouvier. “Prisoner of Hope thou art, — look up and sing.” Keble. Prisoner’s base. See Base, n., 24.

Pris´on•ment , n. Imprisonment. [Obs.] Shak.

Pris´tin•ate , a. Pristine; primitive. [Obs.] ´Pristinate idolatry.´ Holinshed.

Pris´tine , a. [L. pristinus, akin to prior: cf. F. pristin. See Prior, a.] Belonging to the earliest period or state; original; primitive; primeval; as the pristine state of innocence; the pristine manners of a people; pristine vigor.

Pritch , n. [See Prick.] 1. A sharp-pointed instrument; also an eelspear. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Pique; offense. [Obs.] D. Rogers.

Pritch´el , n. A tool employed by blacksmiths for punching or enlarging the nail holes in a horseshoe.

Prith´ee , interj. A corruption of pray thee; as I prithee; generally used without I. Shak. “What was that scream for, I prithee?” L’Estrange. “Prithee, tell me, Dimple-chin.” E. C. Stedman.

Prit´tle-prat•tle , n. [See Prattle.] Empty talk; trifling loquacity; prattle; — used in contempt or ridicule. [Colloq.] Abp. Bramhall.

Pri´va•cy , n.; pl. Privacies (#). [See Private.] 1. The state of being in retirement from the company or observation of others; seclusion. 2. A place of seclusion from company or observation; retreat; solitude; retirement. “Her sacred privacies all open lie.” Rowe. 3. Concealment of what is said or done. Shak. 4. A private matter; a secret. Fuller. 5. See Privity, 2. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Pri•va´do , n. [Sp., fr. L. privatus. See Private.] A private friend; a confidential friend; a confidant. [Obs.] Fuller.

Pri´vate ( 48), a. [L. privatus apart from the state, peculiar to an individual, private, properly p. p. of privare to bereave, deprive, originally, to separate, fr. privus single, private, perhaps originally, put forward (hence, alone, single) and akin to prae before. See Prior, a., and cf. Deprive, Privy, a.] 1. Belonging to, or concerning, an individual person, company, or interest; peculiar to one’s self; unconnected with others; personal; one’s own; not public; not general; separate; as a man’s private opinion; private property; a private purse; private expenses or interests; a private secretary. 2. Sequestered from company or observation; appropriated to an individual; secret; secluded; lonely; solitary; as a private room or apartment; private prayer. “Reason … then retires
Into her private cell when nature rests.” Milton. 3. Not invested with, or engaged in, public office or employment; as a private citizen; private life. Shak. “A private person may arrest a felon.” Blackstone. 4. Not publicly known; not open; secret; as a private negotiation; a private understanding. 5. Having secret or private knowledge; privy. [Obs.] Private act or statute, a statute exclusively for the settlement of private and personal interests, of which courts do not take judicial notice; — opposed to a general law, which operates on the whole community. — Private nuisance or wrong. See Nuisance. — Private soldier. See Private, n., 5. — Private way, a right of private passage over another man’s ground. Kent.

Pri´vate (pri´vat), n. 1. A secret message; a personal unofficial communication. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Personal interest; particular business.[Obs.] “Nor must I be unmindful of my private.” B. Jonson. 3. Privacy; retirement. [Archaic] ´Go off; I discard you; let me enjoy my private.´ Shak. 4. One not invested with a public office. [Archaic] “What have kings, that privates have not too?” Shak. 5. (Mil.) A common soldier; a soldier below the grade of a noncommissioned officer. Macaulay. 6. pl. The private parts; the genitals. In private, secretly; not openly or publicly.

Pri•va•teer´ (pri•va•ter´), n. [From Private.] 1. An armed private vessel which bears the commission of the sovereign power to cruise against the enemy. See Letters of marque, under Marque. 2. The commander of a privateer. “Kidd soon threw off the character of a privateer and became a pirate.” Macaulay.

Pri•va•teer´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Privateered p. pr. & vb. n. Privateering.] To cruise in a privateer.

Pri•va•teer´ing, n. Cruising in a privateer.

Pri•va•teers´man , n.; pl. Privateersmen . An officer or seaman of a privateer.

Pri´vate•ly (pri´vat•ly), adv. 1. In a private manner; not openly; without the presence of others. 2. In a manner affecting an individual; personally; not officially; as he is not privately benefited.

Pri´vate•ness, n. 1. Seclusion from company or society; retirement; privacy; secrecy. Bacon. 2. The state of one not invested with public office.

Pri•va´tion (pri•va´shun), n. [L. privatio: cf. F. privation. See Private.] 1. The act of depriving, or taking away; hence, the depriving of rank or office; degradation in rank; deprivation. Bacon. 2. The state of being deprived or destitute of something, especially of something required or desired; destitution; need; as to undergo severe privations. 3. The condition of being absent; absence; negation. “Evil will be known by consequence, as being only a privation, or absence, of good.” South. “Privation mere of light and absent day.” Milton.

Priv´a•tive , a. [L. privativus: cf. F. privatif. See Private.] 1. Causing privation; depriving. 2. Consisting in the absence of something; not positive; negative. “Privative blessings, blessings of immunity, safeguard, liberty, and integrity.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Gram.) Implying privation or negation; giving a negative force to a word; as alpha privative; privative particles; — applied to such prefixes and suffixes as a- (Gr. ), un-, non-, -less.

Priv´a•tive, n. 1. That of which the essence is the absence of something. “Blackness and darkness are indeed but privatives.” Bacon. 2. (Logic) A term indicating the absence of any quality which might be naturally or rationally expected; — called also privative term. 3. (Gram.) A privative prefix or suffix. See Privative, a., 3.

Priv´a•tive•ly, adv. In a privative manner; by the absence of something; negatively. [R.] Hammond.

Priv´a•tive•ness, n. The state of being privative.

Priv´et , n. [Cf. Scot. privie, Prov. E. prim-print, primwort. Prob. for primet, and perh. named from being cut and trimmed. See, Prim, a., and cf. Prime to prune, Prim, n., Prie, n.] (Bot.) An ornamental European shrub (Ligustrum vulgare), much used in hedges; — called also prim. Egyptian privet. See Lawsonia. — Evergreen privet, a plant of the genus Rhamnus. See Alatern. — Mock privet, any one of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Phillyrea. They are from the Mediterranean region, and have been much cultivated for hedges and for fancifully clipped shrubberies.

Priv´i•lege , n. [F. privilège, L. privilegium an ordinance or law against or in favor of an individual; privus private + lex, legis, law. See Private, and Legal.] 1. A peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor; a right or immunity not enjoyed by others or by all; special enjoyment of a good, or exemption from an evil or burden; a prerogative; advantage; franchise. “He pleads the legal privilege of a Roman.” Kettlewell. “The privilege birthright was a double portion.” Locke. “A people inheriting privileges, franchises, and liberties.” Burke. 2. (Stockbroker’s Cant) See Call, Put, Spread, etc. Breach of privilege. See under Breach. — Question of privilege (Parliamentary practice), a question which concerns the security of a member of a legislative body in his special privileges as such. — Water privilege, the advantage of having machinery driven by a stream, or a place affording such advantage. [ U. S.] — Writ of privilege (Law), a writ to deliver a privileged person from custody when arrested in a civil suit. Blackstone. Syn. — Prerogative; immunity; franchise; right; claim; liberty. — Privilege, Prerogative. Privilege, among the Romans, was something conferred upon an individual by a private law; and hence, it denotes some peculiar benefit or advantage, some right or immunity, not enjoyed by the world at large. Prerogative, among the Romans, was the right of voting first; and, hence, it denotes a right of precedence, or of doing certain acts, or enjoying certain privileges, to the exclusion of others. It is the privilege of a member of Congress not to be called in question elsewhere for words uttered in debate. It is the prerogative of the president to nominate judges and executive officers. It is the privilege of a Christian child to be instructed in the true religion. It is the prerogative of a parent to govern and direct his children.

Priv´i•lege , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Privileged p. pr. & vb. n. Privileging.] [Cf. F. privilegier.] 1. To grant some particular right or exemption to; to invest with a peculiar right or immunity; to authorize; as to privilege representatives from arrest. “To privilege dishonor in thy name.” Shak. 2. To bring or put into a condition of privilege or exemption from evil or danger; to exempt; to deliver. “He took this place for sanctuary, And it shall privilege him from your hands.” Shak.

Priv´i•leged , a. Invested with a privilege; enjoying a peculiar right, advantage, or immunity. Privileged communication. (Law) (a) A communication which can not be disclosed without the consent of the party making it, — such as those made by a client to his legal adviser, or by persons to their religious or medical advisers. (b) A communication which does not expose the party making it to indictment for libel, — such as those made by persons communicating confidentially with a government, persons consulted confidentially as to the character of servants, etc. — Privileged debts (Law), those to which a preference in payment is given out of the estate of a deceased person, or out of the estate of an insolvent. Wharton. Burrill. — Privileged witnesses (Law) witnesses who are not obliged to testify as to certain things, as lawyers in relation to their dealings with their clients, and officers of state as to state secrets; also by statute, clergymen and physicans are placed in the same category, so far as concerns information received by them professionally.

Priv´i•ly, adv. In a privy manner; privately; secretly. Chaucer. 2 Pet. ii. 1.

Priv´i•ty , n.; pl. Privities (-tiz). [From Privy, a.: cf. F. privaute extreme familiarity.] 1. Privacy; secrecy; confidence. Chaucer. “I will unto you, in privity, discover … my purpose.” Spenser. 2. Private knowledge; joint knowledge with another of a private concern; cognizance implying consent or concurrence. “All the doors were laid open for his departure, not without the privity of the Prince of Orange.” Swift. 3. A private matter or business; a secret. Chaucer. 4. pl. The genitals; the privates. 5. (Law) A connection, or bond of union, between parties, as to some particular transaction; mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property.

Priv´y , a. [F. prive, fr. L. privatus. See Private.] 1. Of or pertaining to some person exclusively; assigned to private uses; not public; private; as the privy purse. ´ Privee knights and squires.´ Chaucer. 2. Secret; clandestine. ´ A privee thief.´ Chaucer. 3. Appropriated to retirement; private; not open to the public. ´ Privy chambers.´ Ezek. xxi. 14. 4. Admitted to knowledge of a secret transaction; secretly cognizant; privately knowing. “His wife also being privy to it.” Acts v. 2. “Myself am one made privy to the plot.” Shak. Privy chamber, a private apartment in a royal residence. [Eng.] — Privy council (Eng. Law), the principal council of the sovereign, composed of the cabinet ministers and other persons chosen by the king or queen. Burrill. — Privy councilor, a member of the privy council. — Privy purse, moneys set apart for the personal use of the monarch; also the title of the person having charge of these moneys. [Eng.] Macaulay. — Privy seal or signet, the seal which the king uses in grants, etc., which are to pass the great seal, or which he uses in matters of subordinate consequence which do not require the great seal; also elliptically, the principal secretary of state, or person intrusted with the privy seal. [Eng.] — Privy verdict, a verdict given privily to the judge out of court; — now disused. Burrill.

Priv´y, n.; pl. Privies . 1. (Law) A partaker; a person having an interest in any action or thing; one who has an interest in an estate created by another; a person having an interest derived from a contract or conveyance to which he is not himself a party. The term, in its proper sense, is distinguished from party. Burrill. Wharton. 2. A necessary house or place; a backhouse.

Priz´a•ble , a. Valuable. H. Taylor.

Prize (priz), n. [F. prise a seizing, hold, grasp, fr. pris, p. p. of prendre to take, L. prendere, prehendere; in some senses, as 2 (b), either from, or influenced by, F. prix price. See Prison, Prehensile, and cf. Pry, and also Price.] 1. That which is taken from another; something captured; a thing seized by force, stratagem, or superior power. “I will depart my pris, or my prey, by deliberation.” Chaucer. “His own prize,
Whom formerly he had in battle won.” Spenser. 2. Hence, specifically; (a) (Law) Anything captured by a belligerent using the rights of war; esp., property captured at sea in virtue of the rights of war, as a vessel. Kent. Brande & C. (b) An honor or reward striven for in a competitive contest; anything offered to be competed for, or as an inducement to, or reward of, effort. “I’ll never wrestle for prize more.” Shak. “I fought and conquered, yet have lost the prize.” Dryden. (c) That which may be won by chance, as in a lottery. 3. Anything worth striving for; a valuable possession held or in prospect. “I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.” Phil. iii. 14. 4. A contest for a reward; competition. [Obs.] Shak. 5. A lever; a pry; also the hold of a lever. [Written also prise.] Prize court, a court having jurisdiction of all captures made in war on the high seas. Bouvier. — Prize fight, an exhibition contest, esp. one of pugilists, for a stake or wager. — Prize fighter, one who fights publicly for a reward; — applied esp. to a professional boxer or pugilist. Pope. — Prize fighting, fighting, especially boxing, in public for a reward or wager. — Prize master, an officer put in charge or command of a captured vessel. — Prize medal, a medal given as a prize. — Prize money, a dividend from the proceeds of a captured vessel, etc., paid to the captors. — Prize ring, the ring or inclosure for a prize fight; the system and practice of prize fighting. — To make prize of, to capture. Hawthorne.

Prize , v. t. To move with a lever; to force up or open; to pry. [Written also prise.]

Prize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prized p. pr. & vb. n. Prizing.] [F. priser, OF. prisier, preisier, fr. L. pretiare, fr. pretium worth, value, price. See Price, and cf. Praise.] [Formerly written also prise. ] 1. To set or estimate the value of; to appraise; to price; to rate. “A goodly price that I was prized at.” Zech. xi. 13. “I prize it [life] not a straw, but for mine honor.” Shak. 2. To value highly; to estimate to be of great worth; to esteem. ´[I] do love, prize, honor you. ´ Shak. “I prized your person, but your crown disdain.” Dryden.

Prize, n. [F. prix price. See 3d Prize. ] Estimation; valuation. [Obs.] Shak.

Prize´man , n.; pl. Prizemen . The winner of a prize.

Priz´er , n. [See 3d Prize.] One who estimates or sets the value of a thing; an appraiser. Shak.

Priz´er, n. [See 1st Prize.] One who contends for a prize; a prize fighter; a challenger. [Obs.] Shak. “Appeareth no man yet to answer the prizer.” B. Jonson.

Priz´ing, n. [See 2d Prize.] The application of a lever to move any weighty body, as a cask, anchor, cannon, car, etc. See Prize, n., 5.

Pro- [L. pro, or Gr. . See Pro.] A prefix signifying before, in front, forth, for, in behalf of, in place of, according to; as propose, to place before; proceed, to go before or forward; project, to throw forward; prologue, part spoken before (the main piece); propel, prognathous; provide, to look out for; pronoun, a word instead of a noun; proconsul, a person acting in place of a consul; proportion, arrangement according to parts.

Pro, prep. [L.; akin to prae before, Gr. , and E. for. See For, prep., and cf. Prior, a.] A Latin preposition signifying for, before, forth. Pro confesso [L.] (Law), taken as confessed. The action of a court of equity on that portion of the pleading in a particular case which the pleading on the other side does not deny. — Pro rata. [L. See Prorate.] In proportion; proportion. — Pro re nata [L.] (Law), for the existing occasion; as matters are.

Pro, adv. For, on, or in behalf of, the affirmative side; — in contrast with con. Pro and con, for and against, on the affirmative and on the negative side; as they debated the question pro and con; — formerly used also as a verb. — Pros and cons, the arguments or reasons on either side.

Pro´a , n. [Malay pra, prah.] (Naut.) A sailing canoe of the Ladrone Islands and Malay Archipelago, having its lee side flat and its weather side like that of an ordinary boat. The ends are alike. The canoe is long and narrow, and is kept from overturning by a cigar-shaped log attached to a frame extending several feet to windward. It has been called the flying proa, and is the swiftest sailing craft known.

Proach , v. i. See Approach. [Obs.]

Pro•at´las , n. [Pref. pro- + atlas.] (Anat.) A vertebral rudiment in front of the atlas in some reptiles.

Prob•a•bil´i•o•rism , n. The doctrine of the probabiliorists.

Prob•a•bil´i•o•rist , n. [From L. probabilior, compar. of probabilis probable.] (Casuistry) One who holds, in opposition to the probabilists, that a man is bound to do that which is most probably right.

Prob´a•bil•ism , n. [Cf. F. probabilisme.] The doctrine of the probabilists.

Prob´a•bil•ist, n. [Cf. F. probabiliste.] 1. One who maintains that certainty is impossible, and that probability alone is to govern our faith and actions. 2. (Casuistry) One who maintains that a man may do that which has a probability of being right, or which is inculcated by teachers of authority, although other opinions may seem to him still more probable.

Prob•a•bil´i•ty, n.; pl. Probabilities (#). [L. probabilitas: cf. F. probabilite.] 1. The quality or state of being probable; appearance of reality or truth; reasonable ground of presumption; likelihood. “Probability is the appearance of the agreement or disagreement of two ideas by the intervention of proofs whose connection is not constant, but appears for the most part to be so.” Locke. 2. That which is or appears probable; anything that has the appearance of reality or truth. “The whole life of man is a perpetual comparison of evidence and balancing of probabilities.” Buckminster. “We do not call for evidence till antecedent probabilities fail.” J. H. Newman. 3. (Math.) Likelihood of the occurrence of any event in the doctrine of chances, or the ratio of the number of favorable chances to the whole number of chances, favorable and unfavorable. See 1st Chance, n., 5. Syn. — Likeliness; credibleness; likelihood; chance.

Prob´a•ble , a. [L. probabilis, fr. probare to try, approve, prove: cf. F. probable. See Prove, and cf. Provable.] 1. Capable of being proved. [Obs.] 2. Having more evidence for than against; supported by evidence which inclines the mind to believe, but leaves some room for doubt; likely. “That is accounted probable which has better arguments producible for it than can be brought against it.” South. “I do not say that the principles of religion are merely probable; I have before asserted them to be morally certain.” Bp. Wilkins. 3. Rendering probable; supporting, or giving ground for, belief, but not demonstrating; as probable evidence; probable presumption. Blackstone. Probable cause (Law), a reasonable ground of presumption that a charge is, or my be, well founded. - - Probable error (of an observation, or of the mean of a number), that within which, taken positively and negatively, there is an even chance that the real error shall lie. Thus, if 3″ is the probable error in a given case, the chances that the real error is greater than 3″ are equal to the chances that it is less. The probable error is computed from the observations made, and is used to express their degree of accuracy. — The probable, that which is within the bounds of probability; that which is not unnatural or preternatural; — opposed to the marvelous.

Prob´a•bly , adv. In a probable manner; in likelihood. “Distinguish between what may possibly and what will probably be done.” L’Estrange.

Pro´ba•cy , n. [See Probate.] Proof; trial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pro´bal , a. Approved; probable. [Obs.] Shak.

Pro•bal´i•ty , n. Probability. [Obs.] ´With as great probality.´ Holland.

Pro´bang , n. [See Probe.] A slender elastic rod, as of whalebone, with a sponge on the end, for removing obstructions from the esophagus, etc.

Pro´bate , n. [From L. probatus, p. p. of probare to prove. See Prove.] 1. Proof. [Obs.] Skelton. 2. (Law) (a) Official proof; especially, the proof before a competent officer or tribunal that an instrument offered, purporting to be the last will and testament of a person deceased, is indeed his lawful act; the copy of a will proved, under the seal of the Court of Probate, delivered to the executors with a certificate of its having been proved. Bouvier. Burrill. (b) The right or jurisdiction of proving wills.

Pro´bate, a. Of or belonging to a probate, or court of probate; as a probate record. Probate Court, or Court of Probate, a court for the probate of wills. — Probate duty, a government tax on property passing by will. [Eng.]

Pro´bate , v. t. To obtain the official approval of, as of an instrument purporting to be the last will and testament; as the executor has probated the will.

Pro•ba´tion , n. [L. probatio, fr. probare to try, examine, prove: cf. F. probation. See Prove.] 1. The act of proving; also that which proves anything; proof. [Obs.] “When by miracle God dispensed great gifts to the laity, … he gave probation that he intended that all should prophesy and preach.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Any proceeding designed to ascertain truth, to determine character, qualification, etc.; examination; trial; as to engage a person on probation. Hence, specifically: (a) The novitiate which a person must pass in a convent, to probe his or her virtue and ability to bear the severities of the rule. (b) The trial of a ministerial candidate’s qualifications prior to his ordination, or to his settlement as a pastor. (c) Moral trial; the state of man in the present life, in which he has the opportunity of proving his character, and becoming qualified for a happier state. “No [view of human life] seems so reasonable as that which regards it as a state of probation.” Paley.

Pro•ba´tion•al , a. Probationary.

Pro•ba´tion•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to probation; serving for trial. “To consider this life … as a probationary state.” Paley.

Pro•ba´tion•er , n. 1. One who is undergoing probation; one who is on trial; a novice. “While yet a young probationer,
And candidate of heaven.” Dryden. 2. A student in divinity, who, having received certificates of good morals and qualifications from his university, is admitted to several trials by a presbytery, and, on acquitting himself well, is licensed to preach. [Scot.]

Pro•ba´tion•er•ship, n. The state of being a probationer; novitiate. Locke.

Pro•ba´tion•ship, n. A state of probation.

Pro´ba•tive , a. [L. probativus: cf. F. probatif.] Serving for trial or proof; probationary; as probative judgments; probative evidence. South.

Pro•ba´tor , n. [L.] 1. An examiner; an approver. Maydman. 2. (O. Eng. Law) One who, when indicted for crime, confessed it, and accused others, his accomplices, in order to obtain pardon; a state’s evidence.

Pro´ba•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. probatoire.] 1. Serving for trial; probationary. Abp. Bramhall. 2. Pertaining to, or serving for, proof. Jer. Taylor. Probatory term (Law), a time for taking testimony.

Probe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Probed p. pr. & vb. n. Probing.] [L. probare to try, examine. See Prove.] 1. To examine, as a wound, an ulcer, or some cavity of the body, with a probe. 2. Fig.: to search to the bottom; to scrutinize or examine thoroughly. Dryden. “The growing disposition to probe the legality of all acts, of the crown.” Hallam.

Probe, n. (Surg.) An instrument for examining the depth or other circumstances of a wound, ulcer, or cavity, or the direction of a sinus, of for exploring for bullets, for stones in the bladder, etc. Parr. Probe, or Probe-pointed, scissors (Surg.), scissors used to open wounds, the blade of which, to be thrust into the orifice, has a button at the end. Wiseman.

Pro´bea•gle , n. (Zoöl.) See Porbeagle.

Probe´-point•ed , a. (Surg.) Having a blunt or button-shaped extremity; — said of cutting instruments.

Prob´i•ty , n. [F. probite, fr. L. probitas, fr. probus good, proper, honest. Cf. Prove.] Tried virtue or integrity; approved moral excellence; honesty; rectitude; uprightness. ´Probity of mind.´ Pope. Syn. — Probity, Integrity. Probity denotes unimpeachable honesty and virtue, shown especially by the performance of those obligations, called imperfect, which the laws of the state do not reach, and can not enforce. Integrity denotes a whole-hearted honesty, and especially that which excludes all injustice that might favor one’s self. It has a peculiar reference to uprightness in mutual dealings, transfer of property, and the execution of trusts for others.

Prob´lem , n. [F. problème, L. problema, fr. Gr. anything thrown forward, a question proposed for solution, fr. to throw or lay before; before, forward + to throw. Cf. Parable. ] 1. A question proposed for solution; a matter stated for examination or proof; hence, a matter difficult of solution or settlement; a doubtful case; a question involving doubt. Bacon. 2. (Math.) Anything which is required to be done; as in geometry, to bisect a line, to draw a perpendicular; or, in algebra, to find an unknown quantity. Problem differs from theorem in this, that a problem is something to be done, as to bisect a triangle, to describe a circle, etc.; a theorem is something to be proved, as that all the angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles. Plane problem (Geom.), a problem that can be solved by the use of the rule and compass. — Solid problem (Geom.), a problem requiring in its geometric solution the use of a conic section or higher curve. { Prob•lem•at´ic , Prob•lem•at´ic•al } a. [L. problematicus, Gr. : cf. F. problematique.] Having the nature of a problem; not shown in fact; questionable; uncertain; unsettled; doubtful. — Prob•lem•at´ic•al•ly, adv. “Diligent inquiries into remote and problematical guilt leave a gate wide open to … informers.” Swift.

Prob´lem•a•tist , n. One who proposes problems. [R.] Evelyn.

Prob´lem•a•tize , v. t. To propose problems. [R.] ´Hear him problematize.´ B. Jonson.

Pro•bos´ci•date , a. [See Proboscis.] (Zoöl.) Having a proboscis; proboscidial.

Pro•bos•cid´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Proboscis.] (Zoöl.) An order of large mammals including the elephants and mastodons.

Pro•bos•cid´e•an , a. (Zoöl.) Proboscidian.

Pro•bos•cid´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) Proboscidate.

Pro•bos•cid´i•an , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Proboscidea. — n. One of the Proboscidea.

Pro•bos•ci•dif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Proboscis, and -ferous.] 1. (Zoöl.) An extensive division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, including those that have a long retractile proboscis, with the mouth at the end, as the cones, whelks, tritons, and cowries. See Illust. of Gastropoda, and of Winkle. 2. (Zoöl.) A subdivision of the taenioglossate gastropods, including the fig-shells (Pyrula), the helmet shells (Cassis), the tritons, and allied genera.

Pro•bos•cid´i•form , a. Having the form or uses of a proboscis; as a proboscidiform mouth.

Pro•bos´cis , n.; pl. Proboscides (#). [L. fr. Gr. ; before + to feed, graze.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hollow organ or tube attached to the head, or connected with the mouth, of various animals, and generally used in taking food or drink; a snout; a trunk. The proboscis of an elephant is a flexible muscular elongation of the nose. The proboscis of insects is usually a chitinous tube formed by the modified maxillae, or by the labium. See Illusts. of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. 2. (Zoöl.) By extension, applied to various tubelike mouth organs of the lower animals that can be everted or protruded. The proboscis of annelids and of mollusks is usually a portion of the pharynx that can be everted or protruded. That of nemerteans is a special long internal organ, not connected with the mouth, and not used in feeding, but capable of being protruded from a pore in the head. See Illust. in Appendix. 3. The nose. [Jocose] Proboscis monkey. (Zoöl.) See Kahau.

Pro•ca´cious , a. [L. procax, -acis, fr. procare to ask, demand.] Pert; petulant; forward; saucy. [R.] Barrow.

Pro•cac´i•ty , n. [L. procacitas.] Forwardness; pertness; petulance. [R.] Burton.

Pro•cam´bi•um , n. [NL. See Pro- , and Cambium.] (Bot.) The young tissue of a fibrovascular bundle before its component cells have begun to be differentiated. Sachs.

Pro•cat•arc´tic , a. [Gr. beginning beforehand. fr. to begin first; before + to begin; intens. + to begin: cf. F. procatarctique. ] (Med.) Beginning; predisposing; exciting; initial. [Obs.] The words procatarctic causes have been used with different significations. Thus they have been employed synonymously with prime causes, exciting causes, and predisposing or remote causes. “The physician inquires into the procatarctic causes.” Harvey.

Pro•cat•arx´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. first beginning.] (Med.) The kindling of a disease into action; also the procatarctic cause. Quincy.

Pro•ce•den´do , n. [Abl. of the gerundive of L. procedere. see Proceed.] (Law) (a) A writ by which a cause which has been removed on insufficient grounds from an inferior to a superior court by certiorari, or otherwise, is sent down again to the same court, to be proceeded in there. (b) In English practice, a writ issuing out of chancery in cases where the judges of subordinate courts delay giving judgment, commanding them to proceed to judgment. (c) A writ by which the commission of the justice of the peace is revived, after having been suspended. Tomlins. Burrill.

Pro•ce´dure , n. [F. procedure. See Proceed.] 1. The act or manner of proceeding or moving forward; progress; process; operation; conduct. ´The true procedure of conscience.´ South. 2. A step taken; an act performed; a proceeding; the steps taken in an action or other legal proceeding. ´Gracious procedures.´ I. Taylor. 3. That which results; issue; product. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pro•ceed´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Proceeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Proceeding.] [F. proceder. fr. L. procedere, processum, to go before, to proceed; pro forward + cedere to move. See Cede.] 1. To move, pass, or go forward or onward; to advance; to continue or renew motion begun; as to proceed on a journey. “If thou proceed in this thy insolence.” Shak. 2. To pass from one point, topic, or stage, to another; as to proceed with a story or argument. 3. To issue or come forth as from a source or origin; to come from; as light proceeds from the sun. “I proceeded forth and came from God.” John viii. 42. “It proceeds from policy, not love.” Shak. 4. To go on in an orderly or regulated manner; to begin and carry on a series of acts or measures; to act by method; to prosecute a design. “He that proceeds upon other principles in his inquiry.” Locke. 5. To be transacted; to take place; to occur. [Obs.] “He will, after his sour fashion, tell you
What hath proceeded worthy note to-day.” Shak. 6. To have application or effect; to operate. “This rule only proceeds and takes place when a person can not of common law condemn another by his sentence.” Ayliffe. 7. (Law) To begin and carry on a legal process. Syn. — To advance; go on; continue; progress; issue; arise; emanate.

Pro´ceed , n. See Proceeds. [Obs.] Howell.

Pro•ceed´er , n. One who proceeds.

Pro•ceed´ing, n. 1. The act of one who proceeds, or who prosecutes a design or transaction; progress or movement from one thing to another; a measure or step taken in a course of business; a transaction; as an illegal proceeding; a cautious or a violent proceeding. “The proceedings of the high commission.” Macaulay. 2. pl. (Law) The course of procedure in the prosecution of an action at law. Blackstone. Proceedings of a society, the published record of its action, or of things done at its meetings. Syn. — Procedure; measure; step, See Transaction.

Pro´ceeds , n. pl. That which comes forth or results; effect; yield; issue; product; sum accruing from a sale, etc.

Proc•e•leus•mat´ic , a. [L. proceleusmaticus, Gr. , fr. to rouse to action beforehand; + to incite; cf. F. proceleusmatique.] 1. Inciting; animating; encouraging. [R.] Johnson. 2. (Pros.) Consisting of four short syllables; composed of feet of four short syllables each.

Proc•e•leus•mat´ic , n. (Pros.) A foot consisting of four short syllables.

Pro•cel•la´ri•an , n. [L. procella a storm.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of oceanic birds (Procellaridae) including the petrels, fulmars, and shearwaters. They are often seen in great abundance in stormy weather.

Pro•cel´lous , a. [L. procellosus, fr. procella a storm.] Stormy. [Obs.] Bailey.

Pro•ce•phal´ic , a. [Pref. pro- + cephalic.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or forming, the front of the head. Procephalic lobe (Zoöl.), that part of the head of an invertebrate animal which is in front of the mouth.

Pro•cep´tion , n. [Pref. pro- + L. capere to take.] Preoccupation. [Obs.] Eikon Basilik.

Pro•cere´ , a. [L. procerus tall.] Of high stature; tall. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Pro•cer´e•brum , n. [Pref. pro- + cerebrum.] (Anat.) The prosencephalon.

Proc´e•res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. procer chief.] (Zoöl.) An order of large birds; the Ratitae; — called also Proceri.

Proc´er•ite , n. [Pref. pro- + Gr. horn.] (Zoöl.) The segment next to the flagellum of the antennae of Crustacea.

Pro•cer´i•ty , n. [L. proceritas.] Height of stature; tallness. [R.] Johnson.

Proc´ess, n. [F. procès, L. processus. See Proceed.] 1. The act of proceeding; continued forward movement; procedure; progress; advance. ´Long process of time.´ Milton. “The thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns.” Tennyson. 2. A series of actions, motions, or occurrences; progressive act or transaction; continuous operation; normal or actual course or procedure; regular proceeding; as the process of vegetation or decomposition; a chemical process; processes of nature. “Tell her the process of Antonio’s end.” Shak. 3. A statement of events; a narrative. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Any marked prominence or projecting part, especially of a bone; anapophysis. 5. (Law) The whole course of proceedings in a cause real or personal, civil or criminal, from the beginning to the end of the suit; strictly, the means used for bringing the defendant into court to answer to the action; — a generic term for writs of the class called judicial. Deacon’s process [from H. Deacon, who introduced it] (Chem.), a method of obtaining chlorine gas by passing hydrochloric acid gas over heated slag which has been previously saturated with a solution of some metallic salt, as sulphate of copper. — Final process (Practice), a writ of execution in an action at law. Burrill. — In process, in the condition of advance, accomplishment, transaction, or the like; begun, and not completed. — Jury process (Law), the process by which a jury is summoned in a cause, and by which their attendance is enforced. Burrill. — Leblanc’s process (Chem.), the process of manufacturing soda by treating salt with sulphuric acid, reducing the sodium sulphate so formed to sodium sulphide by roasting with charcoal, and converting the sodium sulphide to sodium carbonate by roasting with lime. — Mesne process. See under Mesne. — Process milling, the process of high milling for grinding flour. See under Milling. — Reversible process (Thermodynamics), any process consisting of a cycle of operations such that the different operations of the cycle can be performed in reverse order with a reversal of their effects.

Pro•ces´sion , n. [F., fr. L. processio. See Proceed.] 1. The act of proceeding, moving on, advancing, or issuing; regular, orderly, or ceremonious progress; continuous course. Bp. Pearson. “That the procession of their life might be” “More equable, majestic, pure, and free.” Trench. 2. That which is moving onward in an orderly, stately, or solemn manner; a train of persons advancing in order; a ceremonious train; a retinue; as a procession of mourners; the Lord Mayor’s procession. “Here comes the townsmen on procession.” Shak. 3. (Eccl.) An orderly and ceremonial progress of persons, either from the sacristy to the choir, or from the choir around the church, within or without. Shipley. 4. pl. (Eccl.) An old term for litanies which were said in procession and not kneeling. Shipley. Procession of the Holy Ghost, a theological term applied to the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Father and the Son, the Eastern Church affirming that the Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and the Western Church that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. Shipley. — Procession week, a name for Rogation week, when processions were made; Cross-week. Shipley.

Pro•ces´sion, v. t. (Law) To ascertain, mark, and establish the boundary lines of, as lands. [Local, U. S. (North Carolina and Tennessee).] ´To procession the lands of such persons as desire it.´ Burrill.

Pro•ces´sion, v. i. To march in procession. [R.]

Pro•ces´sion, v. i. To honor with a procession. [R.]

Pro•ces´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a procession; consisting in a procession. “The processional services became more frequent.” Milman.

Pro•ces´sion•al, n. [F. processionnal, LL. processionale.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A service book relating to ecclesiastical processions. J. Gregory. 2. A hymn, or other selection, sung during a church procession; as the processional was the 202d hymn.

Pro•ces´sion•al•ist, n. One who goes or marches in a procession. [R.]

Pro•ces´sion•a•ry , a. [Cf. LL. processionarius, F. processionnaire.] Pertaining to a procession; consisting in processions; as processionary service. Processionary moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cnethocampa, especially C. processionea of Europe, whose larvae make large webs on oak trees, and go out to feed in regular order. They are covered with stinging hairs.

Pro•ces´sion•er , n. 1. One who takes part in a procession. 2. A manual of processions; a processional. Fuller. 3. An officer appointed to procession lands. [Local, U. S. (North Carolina and Tennessee).] Burrill.

Pro•ces´sion•ing, n. A proceeding prescribed by statute for ascertaining and fixing the boundaries of land. See 2d Procession. [ Local, U. S.] Bouvier.

Pro•ces´sive , a. Proceeding; advancing. “Because it is language, — ergo, processive.” Coleridge.

Pro•cès´ ver•bal´ [ F.] (French Law) An authentic minute of an official act, or statement of facts.

Pro´chein , a. [F. prochain, fr. L. (assumed) proximanus, fr. proximus.] Next; nearest. Prochein ami or amy (Law), the next friend. See under Next.

Pro•chor´dal , a. [Pref. pro + chordal.] (Anat.) Situated in front of the notochord; — applied especially to parts of the cartilaginous rudiments in the base of the skull.

Pro´chro•nism , n. [Gr. preceding in time; before + time: cf. F. prochronisme.] The dating of an event before the time it happened; an antedating; — opposed to metachronism.

Pro´chro•nize , v. t. To antedate. Fitzed. Hall. { Proc´i•dence , Proc•i•den´ti•a }, n. [L. procidentia, fr. procidens, p. pr. of procidere to fall down forward.] (Med.) A falling down; a prolapsus. [R.] Parr.

Pro•cid´u•ous , a. [ L. prociduus.] Falling from its proper place.

Pro•cinct´ , n. [L. procinctus, fr. procingere, procinctum, to gird up.] A state of complete readiness for action. [Obs.] ´War in procinct.´ Milton.

Pro•claim´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proclaimed p. pr. & vb. n. Proclaiming.] [OE. proclamen, L. proclamare; pro before, forward + clamare to call or cry out: cf. F. proclamer. See Claim.] 1. To make known by public announcement; to give wide publicity to; to publish abroad; to promulgate; to declare; as to proclaim war or peace. “To proclaim liberty to the captives.” Isa. lxi. 1. “For the apparel oft proclaims the man.” Shak. “Throughout the host proclaim
A solemn council forthwith to be held.” Milton. 2. To outlaw by public proclamation. “I heard myself proclaimed.” Shak. Syn. — To publish; promulgate; declare; announce. See Announce.

Pro•claim´er , n. One who proclaims.

Proc•la•ma´tion , n. [F. proclamation, L. proclamatio. See Proclaim.] 1. The act of proclaiming; official or general notice; publication. “King Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah; none was exempted.” 1 Kings xv. 22. 2. That which is proclaimed, publicly announced, or officially declared; a published ordinance; as the proclamation of a king; a Thanksgiving proclamation.

Pro•clit´ic , a. [Gr. to lean forward; forward + to lean or incline. Cf. Enclitic.] (Gr. Gram.) Leaning forward; — said of certain monosyllabic words which are so closely attached to the following word as not to have a separate accent.

Pro•clive´ , a. [L. proclivis sloping, inclined; pro forward + clivus hill: cf. F. proclive. See Declivity, and cf. Proclivous.] Having a tendency by nature; prone; proclivous. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Pro•cliv´i•ty , n. [L. proclivitas: cf. F. proclivite.] 1. Inclination; propensity; proneness; tendency. ´A proclivity to steal.´ Abp. Bramhall. 2. Readiness; facility; aptitude. “He had such a dexterous proclivity as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness.” Sir H. Wotton.

Pro•cli´vous , a. [L. proclivus. See Proclive.] 1. Inclined; tending by nature. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Having the incisor teeth directed forward.

Pro•cœle´ , n. [Pref. pro + Gr. hollow.] (Anat.) A lateral cavity of the prosencephalon; a lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder.

Pro•cœ´li•a , n.; pl. Procœliae . [ NL.] (Anat.) Same as Procœle.

Pro•cœ´li•a, n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Crocodilia, including the true crocodiles and alligators, in which the dorsal vertebrae are concave in front.

Pro•cœ´li•an , a. [See Procœle.] (Anat & Zoöl.) Concave in front; as procœlian vertebrae, which have the anterior end of the centra concave and the posterior convex.

Pro•cœ´li•an, n. (Zoöl.) A reptile having procœlian vertebrae; one of the Procœlia.

Pro•cœ´lous , a.Same as Procœlian.

Pro•con´sul , n. [L., fr. pro for + consul consul.] (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who discharged the duties of a consul without being himself consul; a governor of, or a military commander in, a province. He was usually one who had previously been consul. { Pro•con´su•lar , Pro•con´su•la•ry } a. [L. proconsularis: cf. F. proconsulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining of a proconsul; as proconsular powers. 2. Under the government of a proconsul; as a proconsular province.

Pro•con´su•late , n. [L. proconsulatus: cf. F. proconsulat.] The office jurisdiction of a proconsul, or the term of his office.

Pro•con´sul•ship , n. Proconsulate.

Pro•cras´ti•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procrastinated p. pr. & vb. n. Procrastinating.] [L. procrastinatus, p. p. of procrastinare to procrastinate; pro forward + crastinus of to-morrow, fr. cras to-morrow.] To put off till to-morrow, or from day to day; to defer; to postpone; to delay; as to procrastinate repentance. Dr. H. More. “Hopeless and helpless AEgeon wend,
But to procrastinate his lifeless end.” Shak. Syn. — To postpone; adjourn; defer; delay; retard; protract; prolong.

Pro•cras´ti•nate, v. i. To delay; to be dilatory. “I procrastinate more than I did twenty years ago.” Swift.

Pro•cras•ti•na´tion , n. [L. procrastinatio: cf. F. procrastination.] The act or habit of procrastinating, or putting off to a future time; delay; dilatoriness. “Procrastination is the thief of time.” Young.

Pro•cras´ti•na•tor , n. One who procrastinates, or defers the performance of anything.

Pro•cras´ti•na•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to procrastination; dilatory.

Pro•cras´tine , v. t. To procrastinate. [Obs.]

Pro´cre•ant , a. [L. procreans, p. pr. of procreare. See Procreate.] Generating; producing; productive; fruitful; assisting in procreation. [R.] ´His pendent bed and procreant cradle.´ Shak.

Pro´cre•ant, n. One who, or that which, procreates.

Pro´cre•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procreated p. pr. & vb. n. Procreating.] [L. procreatus, p. p. of procreare; pro forward, forth + create to create.] To generate and produce; to beget; to engender.

Pro•cre•a´tion , n. [F. procreation, L, procreatio.] The act of begetting; generation and production of young. South.

Pro´cre•a•tive , a. Having the power to beget; generative. Sir M. Hale.

Pro´cre•a•tive•ness, n. The power of generating.

Pro´cre•a•tor , n. [L.] One who begets; a father or sire; a generator.

Pro´cris , n. [L., the wife of Cephalus, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Any species of small moths of the genus Procris. The larvae of some species injure the grapevine by feeding in groups upon the leaves.

Pro•crus´te•an , a. Of or pertaining to Procrustes, or the mode of torture practiced by him; producing conformity by violent means; as the Procrustean treatment; a Procrustean limit. See Procrustes.

Pro•crus´te•an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procrusteanized p. pr. & vb. n. Procrusteanizing ] To stretch or contract according to some rule or standard.

Pro•crus´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to beat out, to stretch; forward + to strike.] (Gr. Antiq.) A celebrated legendary highwayman of Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched or cut of their legs to adapt them to its length; — whence the metaphorical phrase, the bed of Procrustes.

Pro•crus•te´si•an , a. See Procrustean.

Proc•ti´tis , n. [NL., from Gr. anus + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the rectum.

Proc´to•cele , n. [Gr. anus + tumor.] (Med.) Inversion and prolapse of the mucous coat of the rectum, from relaxation of the sphincter, with more or less swelling; prolapsus ani. Dunglison.

Proc•to•dae´um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. the anus + to divide.] (Anat.) See Mesenteron.

Proc´tor , n. [OE. proketour, contr. fr. procurator. See Procurator.] One who is employed to manage to affairs of another. Specifically: (a) A person appointed to collect alms for those who could not go out to beg for themselves, as lepers, the bedridden, etc.; hence a beggar. [Obs.] Nares. (b) (Eng. Law) An officer employed in admiralty and ecclesiastical causes. He answers to an attorney at common law, or to a solicitor in equity. Wharton. (c) (Ch. of Eng.) A representative of the clergy in convocation. (d) An officer in a university or college whose duty it is to enforce obedience to the laws of the institution.

Proc´tor, v. t. To act as a proctor toward; to manage as an attorney or agent. Bp. Warburton.

Proc´tor•age , n. Management by a proctor, or as by a proctor; hence, control; superintendence; — in contempt. ´The fogging proctorage of money.´ Milton.

Proc•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a proctor, esp. an academic proctor; magisterial.

Proc•tor´ic•al , a. Proctorial. [R.]

Proc´tor•ship , n. The office or dignity of a proctor; also the term of his office. Clarendon.

Proc•tot´o•my , n. [Gr. anus + to cut.] (Surg.) An incision into the rectum, as for the division of a stricture.

Proc´tu•cha , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. anus + to have.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of Turbellaria including those that have an intestine terminating posteriorly. (b) The Nemertina.

Pro•cum´bent , a. [L. procumbens, -entis, p. pr. of procumbere to fall, bend, or lean forward; pro forward + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down: cf. F. procombant. Cf. Incumbent.] 1. Lying down, or on the face; prone. ´ Procumbent each obeyed.´ Cowper. 2. (Bot.) Lying on the ground, but without putting forth roots; trailing; prostrate; as a procumbent stem.

Pro•cur´a•ble , a. Capable of being procured; obtainable. Boyle.

Proc´u•ra•cy , n.; pl. Procuracies (#). [LL. procuratia: cf. F. procuratie. See Procuration, and cf,. Proxy.] 1. The office or act of a proctor or procurator; management for another. 2. Authority to act for another; a proxy. [Obs.]

Proc•u•ra´tion , n. [L. procuratio: cf. F. procuration. See Procure.] 1. The act of procuring; procurement. 2. The management of another’s affairs. 3. The instrument by which a person is empowered to transact the affairs of another; a proxy. 4. (Ch. of Eng.) A sum of money paid formerly to the bishop or archdeacon, now to the ecclesiastical commissioners, by an incumbent, as a commutation for entertainment at the time of visitation; — called also proxy. Procuration money (Law), money paid for procuring a loan. Blackstone.

Proc´u•ra•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. procurateur. See Procure, and cf. Proctor. ] 1. (Law) One who manages another’s affairs, either generally or in a special matter; an agent; a proctor. Chaucer. Shak. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A governor of a province under the emperors; also one who had charge of the imperial revenues in a province; as the procurator of Judea. Procurator fiscal (Scots Law), public prosecutor, or district attorney.

Proc•u•ra•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a procurator, or proctor; made by a proctor. Ayliffe.

Proc´u•ra•tor•ship , n. The office or term of a procurator. Bp. Pearson.

Pro•cu´ra•to•ry , a. [L. procuratorius.] Tending to, or authorizing, procuration.

Pro•cure´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procured p. pr. & vb. n. Procuring.] [F. procurer, L. procurare, procuratum, to take care of; pro for + curare to take care, fr. cura care. See Cure, and cf. Proctor, Proxy.] 1. To bring into possession; to cause to accrue to, or to come into possession of; to acquire or provide for one’s self or for another; to gain; to get; to obtain by any means, as by purchase or loan. “If we procure not to ourselves more woe.” Milton. 2. To contrive; to bring about; to effect; to cause. “By all means possible they procure to have gold and silver among them in reproach.” Robynson (More’s Utopia) . “Proceed, Solinus, to procure my fall.” Shak. 3. To solicit; to entreat. [Obs.] “The famous Briton prince and faery knight, …
Of the fair Alma greatly were procured
To make there longer sojourn and abode.” Spenser. 4. To cause to come; to bring; to attract. [Obs.] “What unaccustomed cause procures her hither?” Shak. 5. To obtain for illicit intercourse or prostitution. Syn. — See Attain.

Pro•cure´ , v. i. 1. To pimp. Shak. 2. To manage business for another in court. [Scot.]

Pro•cure´ment , n. 1. The act of procuring or obtaining; obtainment; attainment. 2. Efficient contrivance; management; agency. “They think it done
By her procurement.” Dryden.

Pro•cur´er , n. [Cf. F. procureur.] 1. One who procures, or obtains; one who, or that which, brings on, or causes to be done, esp. by corrupt means. 2. One who procures the gratification of lust for another; a pimp; a pander. South.

Pro•cur´ess, n. A female procurer, or pander.

Pro´cy•on , n. [L., a constellation which rises before the Dog Star, Gr. ; before + a dog. ] 1. (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Canis Minor, or the Little Dog. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of mammals including the raccoon.

Prod , n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. brod goad, prickle, sting, and E. brad, also W. procio to poke, thrust.] 1. A pointed instrument for pricking or puncturing, as a goad, an awl, a skewer, etc. 2. A prick or stab which a pointed instrument. 3. A light kind of crossbow; — in the sense, often spelled prodd. Fairholt.

Prod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prodded p. pr. & vb. n. Prodding.] To thrust some pointed instrument into; to prick with something sharp; as to prod a soldier with a bayonet; to prod oxen; hence, to goad, to incite, to worry; as to prod a student. H. Taylor.

Prodd , n. A crossbow. See Prod, 3.

Prod´i•gal , a. [L. prodigus, from prodigere to drive forth, to squander away; pro forward, forth + agere to drive; cf. F. prodigue. See Agent. ] Given to extravagant expenditure; expending money or other things without necessity; recklessly or viciously profuse; lavish; wasteful; not frugal or economical; as a prodigal man; the prodigal son; prodigal giving; prodigal expenses. “In fighting fields [patriots] were prodigal of blood.” Dryden. Syn. — Profuse; lavish; extravagant; squandering; wasteful. See Profuse.

Prod´i•gal, n. One who expends money extravagantly, viciously, or without necessity; one that is profuse or lavish in any expenditure; a waster; a spendthrift. ´Noble prodigals of life.´ Trench.

Prod•i•gal´i•ty , n. [F. prodigalite, L. prodigalitas. See Prodigal.] Extravagance in expenditure, particularly of money; excessive liberality; profusion; waste; — opposed to frugality, economy, and parsimony.´The prodigality of his wit.´ Dryden.

Prod´i•gal•ize , v. i. To act as a prodigal; to spend liberally. Sherwood.

Prod´i•gal•ize, v. t. To expend lavishly. Ld. Lytton.

Prod´i•gal•ly, adv. In a prodigal manner; with profusion of expense; extravagantly; wasteful; profusely; lavishly; as an estate prodigally dissipated. “Nature not bounteous now, but lavish grows;
Our paths with flowers she prodigally strows.” Dryden.

Prod´i•gate , v. t. To squander. Thackeray.

Prod´i•gence , n. [L. prodigentia, fr. prodigens, p. pr. of prodigere. See Prodigal. ] Waste; profusion; prodigality. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Pro•di´gious , a. [L. prodigiosus, fr. prodigium a prodigy; cf. F. prodigieux. See Prodigy.] 1. Of the nature of a prodigy; marvelous; wonderful; portentous. [Obs. or R.] Spenser. “It is prodigious to have thunder in a clear sky.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Extraordinary in bulk, extent, quantity, or degree; very great; vast; huge; immense; as a prodigious mountain; a prodigious creature; a prodigious blunder. ´Prodigious might.´ Milton. Syn. — Huge; enormous; monstrous; portentous; marvelous; amazing; astonishing; extraordinary.

Pro•di´gious•ly, adv. 1. Enormously; wonderfully; astonishingly; as prodigiously great. 2. Very much; extremely; as he was prodigiously pleased. [Colloq.] Pope.

Pro•di´gious•ness, n. The quality or state of being prodigious; the state of having qualities that excite wonder or astonishment; enormousness; vastness.

Prod´i•gy , n.; pl. Prodigies (#). [ L. prodigium; pro before + (perh.) a word appearing in adagium adage: cf. F. prodige. Cf. Adage. ] 1. Something extraordinary, or out of the usual course of nature, from which omens are drawn; a portent; as eclipses and meteors were anciently deemed prodigies. “So many terrors, voices, prodigies,
May warn thee, as a sure foregoing sign.” Milton. 2. Anything so extraordinary as to excite wonder or astonishment; a marvel; as a prodigy of learning. 3. A production out of ordinary course of nature; an abnormal development; a monster. B. Jonson. Syn. — Wonder; miracle; portent; marvel; monster.

Pro•di´tion , n. [L. proditio, from prodere to give forth, betray: cf. OF. prodition.] Disclosure; treachery; treason. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Prod´i•tor , n. [L.] A traitor. [Obs.]

Prod•i•to´ri•ous , a. [Cf. OF. proditoire.] 1. Treacherous; perfidious; traitorous. [Obs.] Daniel. 2. Apt to make unexpected revelations. [Obs.] ´Nature is proditorious.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Prod´i•to•ry , a. Treacherous. [Obs.]

Prod´ro•mal , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to prodromes; as the prodromal stage of a disease.

Pro´drome , n. [Gr. running before; before + to run: cf. F. prodrome.] A forerunner; a precursor.

Prod´ro•mous , a. Precursory. [R.]

Prod´ro•mus , n. [NL.] 1. A prodrome. 2. A preliminary course or publication; — used esp. in the titles of elementary works.

Pro•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Produced p. pr. & vb. n. Producing ] [L. producere, productum, to bring forward, beget, produce; pro forward, forth + ducere to lead. See Duke.] 1. To bring forward; to lead forth; to offer to view or notice; to exhibit; to show; as to produce a witness or evidence in court. “Produce your cause, saith the Lord.” Isa. xli. 21. “Your parents did not produce you much into the world.” Swift. 2. To bring forth, as young, or as a natural product or growth; to give birth to; to bear; to generate; to propagate; to yield; to furnish; as the earth produces grass; trees produce fruit; the clouds produce rain. “This soil produces all sorts of palm trees.” Sandys. “[They] produce prodigious births of body or mind.” Milton. “The greatest jurist his country had produced.” Macaulay. 3. To cause to be or to happen; to originate, as an effect or result; to bring about; as disease produces pain; vice produces misery. 4. To give being or form to; to manufacture; to make; as a manufacturer produces excellent wares. 5. To yield or furnish; to gain; as money at interest produces an income; capital produces profit. 6. To draw out; to extend; to lengthen; to prolong; as to produce a man’s life to threescore. Sir T. Browne. 7. (Geom.) To extend; — applied to a line, surface, or solid; as to produce a side of a triangle.

Pro•duce´, v. i. To yield or furnish appropriate offspring, crops, effects, consequences, or results.

Prod´uce ( 277), n. That which is produced, brought forth, or yielded; product; yield; proceeds; result of labor, especially of agricultural labors; hence, specifically, agricultural products.

Pro•duce´ment , n. Production. [Obs.]

Pro•du´cent , n. [L. producens, p. pr.] One who produces, or offers to notice. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Pro•du´cer , n. 1. One who produces, brings forth, or generates. 2. One who grows agricultural products, or manufactures crude materials into articles of use. 3. (Iron & Steel Manuf.) A furnace for producing combustible gas which is used for fuel.

Pro•du•ci•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being producible. Barrow.

Pro•du´ci•ble , a. Capable of being produced, brought forward, brought forth, generated, made, or extended. — Pro•du´ci•ble•ness, n.

Prod´uct , n. [L. productus, p. pr. of producere. See Produce.] 1. Anything that is produced, whether as the result of generation, growth, labor, or thought, or by the operation of involuntary causes; as the products of the season, or of the farm; the products of manufactures; the products of the brain. “There are the product
Of those ill-mated marriages.” Milton. “These institutions are the products of enthusiasm.” Burke. 2. (Math.) The number or sum obtained by adding one number or quantity to itself as many times as there are units in another number; the number resulting from the multiplication of two or more numbers; as the product of the multiplication of 7 by 5 is 35. In general, the result of any kind of multiplication. See the Note under Multiplication. Syn. — Produce; production; fruit; result; effect; consequence; outcome; work; performance.

Pro•duct´ , v. t. 1. To produce; to bring forward. ´Producted to … examination.´ [Obs.] Foxe. 2. To lengthen out; to extend. [Obs.] “He that doth much … products his mortality.” Hackett. 3. To produce; to make. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Pro•duct•i•bil´i•ty , n. The state of being productible; producibility. Ruskin.

Pro•duct´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. productible.] Capable of being produced; producible.

Pro•duc´tile , a. [L. productilis, fr. producere to stretch out.] Capable of being extended or prolonged; extensible; ductile.

Pro•duc´tion , n. [L. productio a lengthening, prolonging: cf. F. production. See Produce. ] 1. The act or process or producing, bringing forth, or exhibiting to view; as the production of commodities, of a witness. 2. That which is produced, yielded, or made, whether naturally, or by the application of intelligence and labor; as the productions of the earth; the productions of handicraft; the productions of intellect or genius. 3. The act of lengthening out or prolonging. Syn. — Product; produce; fruit; work; performance; composition.

Pro•duc´tive , a. [F. productif, L. productivus fit for prolongation.] 1. Having the quality or power of producing; yielding or furnishing results; as productive soil; productive enterprises; productive labor, that which increases the number or amount of products. 2. Bringing into being; causing to exist; producing; originative; as an age productive of great men; a spirit productive of heroic achievements. “And kindle with thy own productive fire.” Dryden. “This is turning nobility into a principle of virtue, and making it productive of merit.” Spectator. 3. Producing, or able to produce, in large measure; fertile; profitable. — Pro•duc´tive•ly, adv. — Pro•duc´tive•ness, n.

Pro•duc•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being productive; productiveness. Emerson. “Not indeed as the product, but as the producing power, the productivity.” Coleridge.

Pro•duc´tress , n. A female producer.

Pro•duc´tus , n. [NL. See Product.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of brachiopods, very characteristic of the Carboniferous rocks.

Pro•e•gu´mi•nal , a. [Gr. , p. pr. of to lead the way: cf. F. proegumène.] (Med.) Serving to predispose; predisposing; as a proeguminal cause of disease.

Pro´em , n. [L. prooemium, Gr. ; before + way, course or strain of a song: cf. F. proème.] Preface; introduction; preliminary observations; prelude. “Thus much may serve by way of proem.” Swift.

Pro´em, v. t. To preface. [Obs.] South.

Pro•em´bry•o , n. [Pref. pro- + embryo. ] (Bot.) (a) The series of cells formed in the ovule of a flowering plant after fertilization, but before the formation of the embryo. (b) The primary growth from the spore in certain cryptogamous plants; as the proembryo, or protonema, of mosses.

Pro•e´mi•al , a. Introductory; prefatory; preliminary. [R.] Hammond.

Pro•emp•to´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. to fall in before; before + in + to fall.] (Chron.) The addition of a day to the lunar calendar. [R.] See Metemptosis.

Pro´face , interj. [OF. prou face, prou fasse; prou profit + faire to make, do.] Much good may it do you! — a familiar salutation or welcome. [Obs.] “Master page, good master page, sit. Proface!” Shak.

Prof´a•nate , v. t. To profane. [Obs.]

Prof•a•na´tion , n. [L. profanatio: cf. F. profanation. See Profane, v. t.] 1. The act of violating sacred things, or of treating them with contempt or irreverence; irreverent or too familiar treatment or use of what is sacred; desecration; as the profanation of the Sabbath; the profanation of a sanctuary; the profanation of the name of God. 2. The act of treating with abuse or disrespect, or with undue publicity, or lack of delicacy. “’T were profanation of our joys
To tell the laity our love.” Donne.

Pro•fane´ , a. [F., fr. L. profanus, properly, before the temple, i. e., without the temple, unholy; pro before + fanum temple. See 1st Fane.] 1. Not sacred or holy; not possessing peculiar sanctity; unconsecrated; hence, relating to matters other than sacred; secular; — opposed to sacred, religious, or inspired; as a profane place. ´Profane authors.´ I. Disraeli. “The profane wreath was suspended before the shrine.” Gibbon. 2. Unclean; impure; polluted; unholy. “Nothing is profane that serveth to holy things.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Treating sacred things with contempt, disrespect, irreverence, or undue familiarity; irreverent; impious. Hence, specifically; Irreverent in language; taking the name of God in vain; given to swearing; blasphemous; as a profane person, word, oath, or tongue. 1 Tim. i. 9. Syn. — Secular; temporal; worldly; unsanctified; unhallowed; unholy; irreligious; irreverent; ungodly; wicked; godless; impious. See Impious.

Pro•fane´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Profaned p. pr. & vb. n. Profaning.] [L. profanare: cf. F. profaner. See Profane, a.] 1. To violate, as anything sacred; to treat with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or contempt; to desecrate; to pollute; as to profane the name of God; to profane the Scriptures, or the ordinance of God. “The priests in the temple profane the sabbath.” Matt. xii. 5. 2. To put to a wrong or unworthy use; to make a base employment of; to debase; to abuse; to defile. “So idly to profane the precious time.” Shak.

Pro•fane´ly, adv. In a profane manner. “The character of God profanely impeached.” Dr. T. Dwight.

Pro•fane´ness, n. The quality or state of being profane; especially, the use of profane language.

Pro•fan´er , n. One who treats sacred things with irreverence, or defiles what is holy; one who uses profane language. Hooker.

Pro•fan´i•ty , n. [L. profanitas.] 1. The quality or state of being profane; profaneness; irreverence; esp., the use of profane language; blasphemy. 2. That which is profane; profane language or acts. “The brisk interchange of profanity and folly.” Buckminster.

Pro•fec´tion , n. [See Proficient.] A setting out; a going forward; advance; progression. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pro•fec•ti´tious , a. [L. profectitius, fr. proficisci to set out, proceed.] Proceeding from, as from a parent; derived, as from an ancestor. [R.] “The threefold distinction of profectitious, adventitious, and professional was ascertained.” Gibbon.

Pro´fert , n. [L., he brings forward, 3d pers. pr. of proferre. See Proffer. ] (Law) The exhibition or production of a record or paper in open court, or an allegation that it is in court.

Pro•fess´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Professed p. pr. & vb. n. Professing.] [F. profès, masc., professe, fem., professed (monk or nun), L. professus, p. p. of profiteri to profess; pro before, forward + fateri to confess, own. See Confess.] 1. To make open declaration of, as of one’s knowledge, belief, action, etc.; to avow or acknowledge; to confess publicly; to own or admit freely. ´Hear me profess sincerely.´ Shak. “The best and wisest of them all professed
To know this only, that he nothing knew.” Milton. 2. To set up a claim to; to make presence to; hence, to put on or present an appearance of. “I do profess to be no less than I seem.” Shak. 3. To present to knowledge of, to proclaim one’s self versed in; to make one’s self a teacher or practitioner of, to set up as an authority respecting; to declare (one’s self to be such); as he professes surgery; to profess one’s self a physician.

Pro•fess´ , v. i. 1. To take a profession upon one’s self by a public declaration; to confess. Drayton. 2. To declare friendship. [Obs.] Shak.

Pro•fessed´ , a. Openly declared, avowed, acknowledged, or claimed; as a professed foe; a professed tyrant; a professed Christian. The professed (R. C. Ch.) , a certain class among the Jesuits bound by a special vow. See the note under Jesuit.

Pro•fess´ed•ly , adv. By profession.

Pro•fes´sion , n. [F., fr. L. professio. See Profess, v.] 1. The act of professing or claiming; open declaration; public avowal or acknowledgment; as professions of friendship; a profession of faith. “A solemn vow, promise, and profession.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. That which one professed; a declaration; an avowal; a claim; as his professions are insincere. “The Indians quickly perceive the coincidence or the contradiction between professions and conduct.” J. Morse. 3. That of which one professed knowledge; the occupation, if not mechanical, agricultural, or the like, to which one devotes one’s self; the business which one professes to understand, and to follow for subsistence; calling; vocation; employment; as the profession of arms; the profession of a clergyman, lawyer, or physician; the profession of lecturer on chemistry. “Hi tried five or six professions in turn.” Macaulay. The three professions, or learned professions, are, especially, theology, law, and medicine. 4. The collective body of persons engaged in a calling; as the profession distrust him. 5. (Eccl. Law.) The act of entering, or becoming a member of, a religious order.

Pro•fes´sion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a profession, or calling; conforming to the rules or standards of a profession; following a profession; as professional knowledge; professional conduct. ´Pride, not personal, but professional.´ Macaulay. ´A professional sneerer.´ De Quincey. 2. Engaged in by professionals; as a professional race; — opposed to amateur.

Pro•fes´sion•al, n. A person who prosecutes anything professionally, or for a livelihood, and not in the character of an amateur; a professional worker.

Pro•fes´sion•al•ism , n. The following of a profession, sport, etc., as an occupation; — opposed to amateurism.

Pro•fes´sion•al•ist, n. professional person. [R.]

Pro•fes´sion•al•ly, adv. In a professional manner or capacity; by profession or calling; in the exercise of one’s profession; one employed professionally.

Pro•fess´or , n. [L., a teacher, a public teacher: cf. F. professeur. See Profess.] 1. One who professed, or makes open declaration of, his sentiments or opinions; especially, one who makes a public avowal of his belief in the Scriptures and his faith in Christ, and thus unites himself to the visible church. ´Professors of religion.´ Bacon. 2. One who professed, or publicly teaches, any science or branch of learning; especially, an officer in a university, college, or other seminary, whose business it is to read lectures, or instruct students, in a particular branch of learning; as a professor of theology, of botany, of mathematics, or of political economy.

Pro•fes•so´ri•al , a. [L. professorius: cf. F. professorial.] Of or pertaining to a professor; as the professional chair; professional interest.

Pro•fes•so´ri•al•ism , n. The character, manners, or habits of a professor. [R.]

Pro•fes•so´ri•at , n. See Professoriate.

Pro•fes•so´ri•ate , n. 1. The body of professors, or the professorial staff, in a university or college. 2. A professorship.

Pro•fess´or•ship , n. The office or position of a professor, or public teacher. Walton.

Pro•fes´so•ry , a. [L. professorius.] Of or pertaining to a professor; professorial. [R.] Bacon.

Prof´fer , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proffered p. pr. & vb. n. Proffering.] [OE. profren, proferen, F. proferer, fr. L. proferre to bring forth or forward, to offer; pro forward + ferre to bring. See Bear to produce.] 1. To offer for acceptance; to propose to give; to make a tender of; as to proffer a gift; to proffer services; to proffer friendship. Shak. “I reck not what wrong that thou me profre.” Chaucer. 2. To essay or attempt of one’s own accord; to undertake, or propose to undertake. [R.] Milton.

Prof´fer, n. 1. An offer made; something proposed for acceptance by another; a tender; as proffers of peace or friendship. “He made a proffer to lay down his commission.” Clarendon. 2. Essay; attempt. [R.] Bacon.

Prof´fer•er , n. One who proffers something. { Pro•fi´cience , Pro•fi´cien•cy }, n. The quality of state of being proficient; advance in the acquisition of any art, science, or knowledge; progression in knowledge; improvement; adeptness; as to acquire proficiency in music.

Pro•fi´cient , n. [L. proficiens, -entis, p. pr. of proficere to go forward, make progress; pro forward + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Profit, ] One who has made considerable advances in any business, art, science, or branch of learning; an expert; an adept; as proficient in a trade; a proficient in mathematics, music, etc.

Pro•fi´cient , a. Well advanced in any branch of knowledge or skill; possessed of considerable acquirements; well-skilled; versed; adept,

Pro•fi´cient•ly, adv. In a proficient manner.

Pro•fic´u•ous , a. [L. proficuus.] Profitable; advantageous; useful. [Obs.] Harvey.

Pro´file , n. [It. profilo, fr. L. pro before + filum a thread, an outline, shape: cf. F. profil. See File arow, and cf. Purfle, Purl, a fringe.] 1. An outline, or contour; as the profile of an apple. 2. (Paint & Sculp.) A human head represented sidewise, or in a side view; the side face or half face. 3. (a) (Arch.) A section of any member, made at right angles with its main lines, showing the exact shape of moldings and the like. (b) (Civil Engin.) A drawing exhibiting a vertical section of the ground along a surveyed line, or graded work, as of a railway, showing elevations, depressions, grades, etc. Profile paper (Civil Engin.), paper ruled with vertical and horizontal lines forming small oblong rectangles, adapted for drawing profiles.

Pro´file, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Profiled p. pr. & vb. n. Profiling] [Cf. F. profiler, It. profilare. See Profile, n.] 1. to draw the outline of; to draw in profile, as an architectural member. 2. (Mech.) To shape the outline of an object by passing a cutter around it. Profiling machine, a jigging machine.

Pro´fil•ing, n. (Fort.) In the construction of fieldworks, the erection at proper intervals of wooden profiles, to show to the workmen the sectional form of the parapets at those points.

Pro´fil•ist, n. One who takes profiles.

Pro´fit , n. [F., fr. L. profectus advance, progress, profit, fr. profectum. See Proficient.] 1. Acquisition beyond expenditure; excess of value received for producing, keeping, or selling, over cost; hence, pecuniary gain in any transaction or occupation; emolument; as a profit on the sale of goods. “Let no man anticipate uncertain profits.” Rambler. 2. Accession of good; valuable results; useful consequences; benefit; avail; gain; as an office of profit, “This I speak for your own profit.” 1 Cor. vii. 35. “If you dare do yourself a profit and a right.” Shak. Syn. — Benefit; avail; service; improvement; advancement; gain; emolument.

Prof´it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Profited; p. pr. & vb. n. Profiting.] [F. profiter. See Profit, n.] To be of service to; to be good to; to help on; to benefit; to advantage; to avail; to aid; as truth profits all men. “The word preached did not profit them.” Heb. iv. 2. “It is a great means of profiting yourself, to copy diligently excellent pieces and beautiful designs.” Dryden.

Prof´it, v. i. 1. To gain advantage; to make improvement; to improve; to gain; to advance. “I profit not by thy talk.” Shak. 2. To be of use or advantage; to do or bring good. “Riches profit not in the day of wrath.” Prov. xi. 4.

Prof´it•a•ble , a. [F. profitable.] Yielding or bringing profit or gain; gainful; lucrative; useful; helpful; advantageous; beneficial; as a profitable trade; profitable business; a profitable study or profession. “What was so profitable to the empire became fatal to the
emperor.” Arbuthnot. — Prof´it•a•ble•ness, n. — Prof´it•a•bly, adv.

Prof´it•ing, n. Gain; advantage; profit. “That thy profiting may appear to all.” 1 Tim. iv. 15.

Prof´it•less, a. Without profit; unprofitable. Shak.

Prof´li•ga•cy , n. [See Profligate, a.] The quality of state of being profligate; a profligate or very vicious course of life; a state of being abandoned in moral principle and in vice; dissoluteness.

Prof´li•gate , a. [L. profligatus, p. p. of profligare to strike or dash to the ground, to destroy; pro before + a word akin to fligere to strike. See Afflict.] 1. Overthrown; beaten; conquered. [Obs.] “The foe is profligate, and run.” Hudibras. 2. Broken down in respect of rectitude, principle, virtue, or decency; openly and shamelessly immoral or vicious; dissolute; as profligate man or wretch. “A race more profligate than we.” Roscommon. “Made prostitute and profligate muse.” Dryden. Syn. — Abandoned; corrupt; dissolute; vitiated; depraved; vicious; wicked. See Abandoned.

Prof´li•gate, n. An abandoned person; one openly and shamelessly vicious; a dissolute person. ´Such a profligate as Antony.´ Swift.

Prof´li•gate , v. t. To drive away; to overcome. [A Latinism] [Obs.] Harvey.

Prof´li•gate•ly , adv. In a profligate manner.

Prof´li•gate•ness, n. The quality of being profligate; an abandoned course of life; profligacy.

Prof•li•ga´tion , n. [L. profligatio.] Defeat; rout; overthrow. [Obs.] Bacon.

Prof´lu•ence , n. [L. profluentia.] Quality of being profluent; course. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Prof´lu•ent , a. [L. profluens, p. pr. of profluere; pro forward + fluere to flow.] Flowing forward, [R.] ´In the profluent stream.´ Milton.

Pro•found´, a. [F. profond, L. profundus; pro before, forward + fundus the bottom. See Found to establish, Bottom lowest part.] 1. Descending far below the surface; opening or reaching to a great depth; deep. ´A gulf profound.´ Milton. 2. Intellectually deep; entering far into subjects; reaching to the bottom of a matter, or of a branch of learning; thorough; as a profound investigation or treatise; a profound scholar; profound wisdom. 3. Characterized by intensity; deeply felt; pervading; overmastering; far-reaching; strongly impressed; as a profound sleep. ´Profound sciatica.´ Shak. “Of the profound corruption of this class there can be no doubt.” Milman. 4. Bending low, exhibiting or expressing deep humility; lowly; submissive; as a profound bow. “What humble gestures! What profound reverence!” Duppa.

Pro•found´ , n. 1. The deep; the sea; the ocean. “God in the fathomless profound
Hath all this choice commanders drowned.” Sandys. 2. An abyss. Milton.

Pro•found´, v. t. To cause to sink deeply; to cause to dive or penetrate far down. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Pro•found´, v. i. To dive deeply; to penetrate. [Obs.]

Pro•found´ly, adv. In a profound manner. “Why sigh you so profoundly?” Shak.

Pro•found´ness, n. The quality or state of being profound; profundity; depth. Hooker.

Pro•ful´gent , a. [Pref. pro- + L. fulgere to shine.] Shining forth; brilliant; effulgent. [Obs.] ´Profulgent in preciousness.´ Chaucer.

Pro•fun´di•ty , n.; pl. -ties (#). [L. profunditas: cf. F. profondite. See Profound.] The quality or state of being profound; depth of place, knowledge, feeling, etc. ´The vast profundity obscure.´ Milton.

Pro•fuse´ , a. [L. profusus, p. p. of profundere to pour forth or out; pro forward, forth + fundere to pour: cf. F. profus. See Fuse to melt.] 1. Pouring forth with fullness or exuberance; bountiful; exceedingly liberal; giving without stint; as a profuse government; profuse hospitality. “A green, shady bank, profuse of flowers.” Milton. 2. Superabundant; excessive; prodigal; lavish; as profuse expenditure. ´Profuse ornament.´ Kames. Syn. — Lavish; exuberant; bountiful; prodigal; extravagant. — Profuse, Lavish, Prodigal. Profuse denotes pouring out (as money, etc.) with great fullness or freeness; as profuse in his expenditures, thanks, promises, etc. Lavish is stronger, implying unnecessary or wasteful excess; as lavish of his bounties, favors, praises, etc. Prodigal is stronger still, denoting unmeasured or reckless profusion; as prodigal of one’s strength, life, or blood, to secure some object. Dryden.

Pro•fuse´ , v. t. To pour out; to give or spend liberally; to lavish; to squander. [Obs.] Chapman.

Pro•fuse´ly , adv. In a profuse manner.

Pro•fuse´ness, n. Extravagance; profusion. “Hospitality sometimes degenerates into profuseness.” Atterbury.

Pro•fu´sion , n. [L. profusio: cf. F. profusion.] 1. The act of one who is profuse; a lavishing or pouring out without sting. “Thy vast profusion to the factious nobles?” Rowe. 2. Abundance; exuberant plenty; lavish supply; as a profusion of commodities. Addison.

Pro•fu´sive , a. Profuse; lavish; prodigal.[Obs.]

Prog , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Progged . p. pr. & vb. n. Progging.] [Cf. D. prachen, G. prachern, Dan. prakke, Sw. pracka, to beg, L. procare, procari, to ask, demand, and E. prowl.] 1. To wander about and beg; to seek food or other supplies by low arts; to seek for advantage by mean shift or tricks. [Low] “A perfect artist in progging for money.” Fuller. “I have been endeavoring to prog for you.” Burke. 2. To steal; to rob; to filch. [Low] Johnson. 3. To prick; to goad; to progue. [Scot.]

Prog, n. 1. Victuals got by begging, or vagrancy; victuals of any kind; food; supplies. [Slang] Swift. “So long as he picked from the filth his prog.” R. Browning. 2. A vagrant beggar; a tramp. [Slang] 3. A goal; progue. [Scot.]

Pro•gen´er•ate , v. t. [L. progeneratus, p. p. of progenerare to beget; pro forth, forward + generare to generate.] To beget; to generate; to produce; to procreate; as to progenerate a race. [R.] Landor.

Pro•gen•er•a´tion , n. [L. progeneratio.] The act of begetting; propagation. [R.]

Pro•gen´i•tor , n. [OF. progeniteur, L. progenitor, fr. progignere, progenitum, to bring forth, to beget; pro forth + gignere to beget. See Gender kind.] An ancestor in the direct line; a forefather. “And reverence thee their great progenitor.” Milton.

Pro•gen´i•tor•ship, n. The state of being a progenitor.

Pro•gen´i•tress , n. A female progenitor.

Pro•gen´i•ture , n. [F. progeniture.] A begetting, or birth. [R.]

Prog´e•ny , n. [OE. progenie, F. progenie, fr. L. progenies, fr. progignere. See Progenitor.] Descendants of the human kind, or offspring of other animals; children; offspring; race, lineage. ´ Issued from the progeny of kings.´ Shak.

Pro•glot´tid , n. (Zoöl) Proglottis.

Pro•glot´tis , n.; pl. Proglottides (#). [NL. fr. Gr. the tip of the tongue; forward + the tongue.] (Zoöl) One of the free, or nearly free, segments of a tapeworm. It contains both male and female reproductive organs, and is capable of a brief independent existence.

Prog´na•thi , n. pl. [NL. See Prognathous.] (Zoöl) A comprehensive group of mankind, including those that have prognathous jaws.

Prog•nath´ic, a. (Anat.) Prognathous.

Prog´na•thism , n. (Anat.) Projection of the jaws. — Prog´na•thy (#), n.

Prog´na•thous , a. [Gr. before + the jaw] (Anat.) Having the jaws projecting beyond the upper part of the face; — opposed to orthognathous. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic. “Their countenances had the true prognathous character.” Kane.

Prog´ne , n. [L., a swallow, traditionally said to be fr. Progne (The sister of Philomela), who was changed into a swallow, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) (a) A swallow. (b) A genus of swallows including the purple martin. See Martin. (c) An American butterfly (Polygonia, or Vanessa, Progne). It is orange and black above, grayish beneath, with an L-shaped silver mark on the hind wings. Called also gray comma.

Prog•no´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to know beforehand; before + to know. See Know.] (Med.) The act or art of foretelling the course and termination of a disease; also the outlook afforded by this act of judgment; as the prognosis of hydrophobia is bad.

Prog•nos´tic , a. [Gr. . See Prognosis.] Indicating something future by signs or symptoms; foreshowing; aiding in prognosis; as the prognostic symptoms of a disease; prognostic signs.

Prog•nos´tic, n. [L. prognosticum, Gr. : cf. F. pronostic, prognostic. See Prognostic, a.] 1. That which prognosticates; a sign by which a future event may be known or foretold; an indication; a sign or omen; hence, a foretelling; a prediction. “That choice would inevitably be considered by the country
as a prognostic of the highest import.” Macaulay. 2. (Med.) A sign or symptom indicating the course and termination of a disease. Parr. Syn. — Sign; omen; presage; token; indication.

Prog•nos´tic, v. t. To prognosticate. [Obs.]

Prog•nos´tic•a•ble , a. Capable of being prognosticated or foretold. Sir T. Browne.

Prog•nos´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prognosticated p. pr. & vb. n. Prognosticating.] [See Prognostic.] To indicate as future; to foretell from signs or symptoms; to prophesy; to foreshow; to predict; as to prognosticate evil. Burke. “I neither will nor can prognosticate
To the young gaping heir his father’s fate.” Dryden. Syn. — To foreshow; foretoken; betoken; forebode; presage; predict; prophesy.

Prog•nos•ti•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. prognostication.] 1. The act of foreshowing or foretelling something future by present signs; prediction. 2. That which foreshows; a foretoken. Shak.

Prog•nos´ti•ca•tor , n. One who prognosticates; a foreknower or foreteller of a future course or event by present signs. Isa. xlvii. 13.

Pro´gram , n. Same as Programme.

Pro•gram´ma , n.; pl. Programmata (#). [ L. See Programme.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Any law, which, after it had passed the Athenian senate, was fixed on a tablet for public inspection previously to its being proposed to the general assembly of the people. 2. An edict published for public information; an official bulletin; a public proclamation. 3. See Programme. 4. A preface. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Pro´gramme , n. [L. programma a public proclamation, manifesto, Gr. , fr. to write before or in public; before, forth + to write; cf. F. programme. See Graphic.] That which is written or printed as a public notice or advertisement; a scheme; a prospectus; especially, a brief outline or explanation of the order to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in any public exercise, performance, or entertainment; a preliminary sketch. Programme music (Mus.), descriptive instrumental music which requires an argument or programme to explain the meaning of its several movements.

Prog´ress ( 277), n. [L. progressus, from progredi, p. p. progressus, to go forth or forward; pro forward + gradi to step, go: cf. F. progrès. See Grade.] 1. A moving or going forward; a proceeding onward; an advance; specifically: (a) In actual space, as the progress of a ship, carriage, etc. (b) In the growth of an animal or plant; increase. (c) In business of any kind; as the progress of a negotiation; the progress of art. (d) In knowledge; in proficiency; as the progress of a child at school. (e) Toward ideal completeness or perfection in respect of quality or condition; — applied to individuals, communities, or the race; as social, moral, religious, or political progress. 2. A journey of state; a circuit; especially, one made by a sovereign through parts of his own dominions. “The king being returned from his progresse.” Evelyn.

Pro•gress´ ( formerly pronounced like Progress, n.), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Progressed p. pr. & vb. n. Progressing.] 1. To make progress; to move forward in space; to continue onward in course; to proceed; to advance; to go on; as railroads are progressing. ´As his recovery progressed.´ Thackeray. “Let me wipe off this honorable dew,
That silverly doth progress on thy checks.” Shak. “They progress in that style in proportion as their pieces are treated with contempt.” Washington. “The war had progressed for some time.” Marshall. 2. To make improvement; to advance. Bayard. “If man progresses, art must progress too.” Caird.

Prog´ress ( see Progress, v. i.), v. t. To make progress in; to pass through. [Obs.] Milton.

Pro•gres´sion , n. [L. progressio: cf. F. progression.] 1. The act of moving forward; a proceeding in a course; motion onward. 2. Course; passage; lapse or process of time. “I hope, in a short progression, you will be wholly immerged in the delices and joys of religion.” Evelyn. 3. (Math.) Regular or proportional advance in increase or decrease of numbers; continued proportion, arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonic. 4. (Mus.) A regular succession of tones or chords; the movement of the parts in harmony; the order of the modulations in a piece from key to key. Arithmetical progression, a progression in which the terms increase or decrease by equal differences, as the numbers &lbrace2;2, 4, 6, 8, 1010, 8, 6, 4, 2&rbrace2; by the difference 2. — Geometrical progression, a progression in which the terms increase or decrease by equal ratios, as the numbers &lbrace2;2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 6464, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2&rbrace2; by a continual multiplication or division by 2. — Harmonic progression, a progression in which the terms are the reciprocals of quantities in arithmetical progression, as ½, ¼, &frac16;, &frac18;, &frac1x10;.

Pro•gres´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to progression; tending to, or capable of, progress.

Pro•gres´sion•ist, n. 1. One who holds to a belief in the progression of society toward perfection. 2. One who maintains the doctrine of progression in organic forms; — opposed to uniformitarian. H. Spencer.

Prog´ress•ist , n. One who makes, or holds to, progress; a progressionist.

Pro•gress´ive , a. [Cf. F. progressif.] 1. Moving forward; proceeding onward; advancing; evincing progress; increasing; as progressive motion or course; — opposed to retrograde. 2. Improving; as art is in a progressive state. Progressive euchre or whist, a way of playing at card parties, by which after every game, the losers at the first table go to the last table, and the winners at all the tables, except the first, move up to the next table. — Progressive muscular atrophy (Med.), a nervous disorder characterized by continuous atrophy of the muscles. — Pro•gress´ive•ly, adv. — Pro•gress´ive•ness, n.

Progue , v. i. To prog. [Obs.] P. Fletcher.

Progue, n. A sharp point; a goad. [Scot. & Local, U. S.] — v. t. To prick; to goad. [ Scot. & Local, U. S.].

Pro´heme , n. Proem. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pro•hib´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prohibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Prohibiting.] [L. prohibitus, p. p. of prohibere to prohibit; pro before, forth + habere to have, hold. See Habit.] 1. To forbid by authority; to interdict; as God prohibited Adam from eating of the fruit of a certain tree; we prohibit a person from doing a thing, and also the doing of the thing; as the law prohibits men from stealing, or it prohibits stealing. Prohibit was formerly followed by to with the infinitive, but is now commonly followed by from with the verbal noun in -ing. 2. To hinder; to debar; to prevent; to preclude. “Gates of burning adamant,
Barred over us, prohibit all egress.” Milton. Syn. — To forbid; interdict; debar; prevent; hinder. — Prohibit, Forbid. To forbid is Anglo-Saxon, and is more familiar; to prohibit is Latin, and is more formal or official. A parent forbids his child to be out late at night; he prohibits his intercourse with the profane and vicious.

Pro•hib´it•er , n. One who prohibits or forbids; a forbidder; an interdicter.

Pro•hi•bi´tion , n. [L. prohibitio: cf. F. prohibition.] 1. The act of prohibiting; a declaration or injunction forbidding some action; interdict. “The law of God, in the ten commandments, consists mostly of prohibitions.” Tillotson. 2. Specifically, the forbidding by law of the sale of alcoholic liquors as beverages. Writ of prohibition (Law), a writ issued by a superior tribunal, directed to an inferior court, commanding the latter to cease from the prosecution of a suit depending before it. Blackstone. By ellipsis, prohibition is used for the writ itself.

Pro•hi•bi´tion•ist, n. 1. One who favors prohibitory duties on foreign goods in commerce; a protectionist. 2. One who favors the prohibition of the sale (or of the sale and manufacture) of alcoholic liquors as beverages.

Pro•hib´it•ive, a. [Cf. F. prohibitif.] That prohibits; prohibitory; as a tax whose effect is prohibitive.

Pro•hib´it•o•ry , a. [L. prohibitorius.] Tending to prohibit, forbid, or exclude; implying prohibition; forbidding; as a prohibitory law; a prohibitory price. Prohibitory index. (R. C. Ch.) See under Index.

Proin (proin), v. t. [See Prune to trim.] To lop; to trim; to prune; to adorn. [Obs.] Chaucer. “The sprigs that did about it grow
He proined from the leafy arms.” Chapman.

Proin, v. i. To employed in pruning. [Obs.]

Proj´ect ( 277), n. [OF. project, F. projet, fr. L. projectus, p. p. of projicere to project; pro forward + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Projet.] 1. The place from which a thing projects, or starts forth. [Obs.] Holland. 2. That which is projected or designed; something intended or devised; a scheme; a design; a plan. “Vented much policy, and projects deep.” Milton. “Projects of happiness devised by human reason.” Rogers. “He entered into the project with his customary ardor.” Prescott. 3. An idle scheme; an impracticable design; as a man given to projects. Syn. — Design; scheme; plan; purpose. — Project, Design. A project is something of a practical nature thrown out for consideration as to its being done. A design is a project when matured and settled, as a thing to be accomplished. An ingenious man has many projects, but, if governed by sound sense, will be slow in forming them into designs. See also Scheme.

Pro•ject´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Projected; p. pr. & vb. n. Projecting.] [Cf. OF. projecter, F. projeter.] 1. To throw or cast forward; to shoot forth. “Before his feet herself she did project.” Spenser. “Behold! th’ ascending villas on my side
Project long shadows o’er the crystal tide.” Pope. 2. To cast forward or revolve in the mind; to contrive; to devise; to scheme; as to project a plan. “What sit then projecting peace and war?” Milton. 3. (Persp.) To draw or exhibit, as the form of anything; to delineate; as to project a sphere, a map, an ellipse, and the like; — sometimes with on, upon, into, etc.; as to project a line or point upon a plane. See Projection, 4.

Pro•ject´ , v. i. 1. To shoot forward; to extend beyond something else; to be prominent; to jut; as the cornice projects; branches project from the tree. 2. To form a project; to scheme. [R.] Fuller.

Pro•ject´ile , a. [Cf. F. projectile.] 1. Projecting or impelling forward; as a projectile force. 2. Caused or imparted by impulse or projection; impelled forward; as projectile motion. Arbuthnot.

Pro•ject´ile, n. [Cf. F. projectile.] 1. A body projected, or impelled forward, by force; especially, a missile adapted to be shot from a firearm. 2. pl. (Mech.) A part of mechanics which treats of the motion, range, time of flight, etc., of bodies thrown or driven through the air by an impelling force.

Pro•jec´tion , n. [L. projectio: cf. F. projection.] 1. The act of throwing or shooting forward. 2. A jutting out; also a part jutting out, as of a building; an extension beyond something else. 3. The act of scheming or planning; also that which is planned; contrivance; design; plan. Davenant. 4. (Persp.) The representation of something; delineation; plan; especially, the representation of any object on a perspective plane, or such a delineation as would result were the chief points of the object thrown forward upon the plane, each in the direction of a line drawn through it from a given point of sight, or central point; as the projection of a sphere. The several kinds of projection differ according to the assumed point of sight and plane of projection in each. 5. (Geog.) Any method of representing the surface of the earth upon a plane. Conical projection, a mode of representing the sphere, the spherical surface being projected upon the surface of a cone tangent to the sphere, the point of sight being at the center of the sphere. — Cylindric projection, a mode of representing the sphere, the spherical surface being projected upon the surface of a cylinder touching the sphere, the point of sight being at the center of the sphere. — Globular, Gnomonic, Orthographic, projection,etc. See under Globular, Gnomonic, etc. — Mercator’s projection, a mode of representing the sphere in which the meridians are drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude are straight lines whose distance from each other increases with their distance from the equator, so that at all places the degrees of latitude and longitude have to each other the same ratio as on the sphere itself. — Oblique projection, a projection made by parallel lines drawn from every point of a figure and meeting the plane of projection obliquely. — Polar projection, a projection of the sphere in which the point of sight is at the center, and the plane of projection passes through one of the polar circles. — Powder of projection (Alchemy.), a certain powder cast into a crucible or other vessel containing prepared metal or other matter which is to be thereby transmuted into gold. — Projection of a point on a plane (Descriptive Geom.), the foot of a perpendicular to the plane drawn through the point. — Projection of a straight line of a plane, the straight line of the plane connecting the feet of the perpendiculars let fall from the extremities of the given line. Syn. — See Protuberance.

Pro•ject´ment , n. Design; contrivance; projection. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Pro•ject´or , n. [Cf. F. projeteur.] One who projects a scheme or design; hence, one who forms fanciful or chimerical schemes. L’Estrange.

Pro•jec´ture , n. [L. projectura: cf. F. projecture.] A jutting out beyond a surface.

Pro•jet´ , n. [F. See Project, n.] A plan proposed; a draft of a proposed measure; a project.

Proke , v. i. To poke; to thrust. [Obs.] Holland.

Pro•lapse´ , n. [L. prolapsus, fr. prolapsus, p. p. of prolabi to fall forward; pro forward + labi to glide, fall.] (Med.) The falling down of a part through the orifice with which it is naturally connected, especially of the uterus or the rectum. Dunglison.

Pro•lapse´, v. i. To fall down or out; to protrude.

Pro•lap´sion , n. [L. prolapsio.] (Med.) Prolapse. [ Written also prolaption.] [Obs.]

Pro•lap´sus , n. [L.] (Med.) Prolapse.

Pro´late , a. [L. prolatus, used as p. p. of proferre to bring forth, to extend; pro + latus, p. p. See Pro-, and Tolerate. ] Stretched out; extended; especially, elongated in the direction of a line joining the poles; as a prolate spheroid; — opposed to oblate. Prolate cycloid. See the Note under Cycloid. — Prolate ellipsoid or spheroid (Geom.), a figure generated by the revolution of an ellipse about its major axis. See Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid.

Pro•late´ , v. t. To utter; to pronounce. [Obs.] ´Foun-der-ed; prolate it right.´ B. Jonson.

Pro•la´tion , n. [L. prolatio: cf. F. prolation.] 1. The act of prolating or pronouncing; utterance; pronunciation. [Obs.] Ray. 2. The act of deferring; delay. [Obs.] Ainsworth. 3. (Mus.) A mediaeval method of determining of the proportionate duration of semibreves and minims. Busby.

Pro•la´tum , n.; pl. Prolata (#). [ NL. See Prolate.] (Geom.) A prolate spheroid. See Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid.

Pro´leg , n. [Pref. pro- for, in place of + leg.] (Zoöl.) One of the fleshy legs found on the abdominal segments of the larvae of Lepidoptera, sawflies, and some other insects. Those of Lepidoptera have a circle of hooks. Called also proped, propleg, and falseleg.

Pro´leg•ate ( 48), n. [L. prolegatus; pro for + legatus legate.] (Rom. Hist.) The deputy or substitute for a legate.

Prol•e•gom´e•na•ry , a. Of the nature of a prolegomenon; preliminary; introductory; prefatory.

Prol•e•gom´e•non , n.; pl. Prolegomena (#). [ NL., fr. Gr. , properly neut. pass. p. pr. of to say beforehand; before + to say.] A preliminary remark or observation; an introductory discourse prefixed to a book or treatise. D. Stokes (1659). Sir W. Scott.

Pro•lep´sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from to take beforehand; before + to take.] 1. (Rhet.) (a) A figure by which objections are anticipated or prevented. Abp. Bramhall. (b) A necessary truth or assumption; a first or assumed principle. 2. (Chron.) An error in chronology, consisting in an event being dated before the actual time. 3. (Gram.) The application of an adjective to a noun in anticipation, or to denote the result, of the action of the verb; as to strike one dumb. { Pro•lep´tic , Pro•lep´tic•al } a. [Gr. : cf. F. proleptique.] 1. Of or pertaining to prolepsis; anticipative. ´A far-seeing or proleptic wisdom.´ De Quincey. 2. Previous; antecedent. Glanvill. 3. (Med.) Anticipating the usual time; — applied to a periodical disease whose paroxysms return at an earlier hour at every repetition.

Pro•lep´tic•al•ly, adv. In a proleptical manner.

Pro•lep´tics , n. (Med.) The art and science of predicting in medicine. Laycock.

Pro•le•taire´ , n. [F. See Proletary.] One of the common people; a low person; also the common people as a class or estate in a country.

Prol•e•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. proletaneus.] Having a numerous offspring. [R.]

Prol•e•ta´ri•an , a. [L. proletarius. See Proletary.] Of or pertaining to the proletaries; belonging to the commonalty; hence, mean; vile; vulgar. ´Every citizen, if he were not a proletarian animal kept at the public cost.´ De Quincey. — n. A proletary.

Prol•e•ta´ri•at , n. [F.] The indigent class in the State; the body of proletarians.

Prol•e•ta´ri•ate , n. The lower classes; beggars. ´The Italian proletariate.´ J. A. Symonds.

Prol´e•ta•ry , n.; pl. Proletaries (#). [ L. proletarius, fr. proles offspring. Cf. Proletaire.] (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen of the lowest class, who served the state, not with property, but only by having children; hence, a common person.

Prol´i•cide , n. [L. proles offspring + caedere to kill.] The crime of destroying one’s offspring, either in the womb or after birth. Bouvier.

Pro•lif´er•ate , v. t. [L. proles offspring + ferre to bear.] 1. (Biol.) To produce or form cells; especially, to produce cells rapidly. 2. (Zoöl.) To produce zooids by budding.

Pro•lif•er•a´tion , n. 1. (Biol.) The continuous development of cells in tissue formation; cell formation. Virchow. 2. (Zoöl.) The production of numerous zooids by budding, especially when buds arise from other buds in succession.

Pro•lif´er•ous , a. [L. proles offspring + -ferous.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing offspring; — applied to a flower from within which another is produced, or to a branch or frond from which another rises, or to a plant which is reproduced by buds or gemmae. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Producing young by budding. (b) Producing sexual zooids by budding; — said of the blastostyle of a hydroid. (c) Producing a cluster of branchlets from a larger branch; — said of corals. Proliferous cyst (Med.), a cyst that produces highly-organized or even vascular structures. Paget. — Pro•lif´er•ous•ly, adv.

Pro•lif´ic , a. [F. prolifique, fr. L. proles offspring (from pro for, forward + the root of alere to nourish) + facere to make. See Adult, Old, and Fact.] 1. Having the quality of generating; producing young or fruit; generative; fruitful; productive; — applied to plants producing fruit, animals producing young, etc.; — usually with the implied idea of frequent or numerous production; as a prolific tree, female, and the like. 2. Serving to produce; fruitful of results; active; as a prolific brain; a controversy prolific of evil. 3. (Bot.) Proliferous.

Pro•lif´ic•a•cy , n. Prolificness. [R.]

Pro•lif´ic•al , a. Producing young or fruit abundantly; fruitful; prolific. — Pro•lif´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pro•lif´ic•ate , v. t. [See Prolific.] To make prolific; to fertilize; to impregnate. Sir T. Browne.

Pro•lif•i•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. prolification, LL. prolificatio.] 1. The generation of young. 2. (Bot.) Reproduction by the growth of a plant, or part of a plant, directly from an older one, or by gemmae.

Pro•lif´ic•ness , n. The quality or state of being prolific; fruitfulness; prolificacy.

Pro•lix´ ( 277), a. [L. prolixus extended, long, prolix, probably fr. pro before, forward + liqui to flow, akin to liquidus liquid; cf. OL. lixa water: cf. F. prolixe. See Liquid.] 1. Extending to a great length; unnecessarily long; minute in narration or argument; excessively particular in detail; — rarely used except with reference to discourse written or spoken; as a prolix oration; a prolix poem; a prolix sermon. “With wig prolix, down flowing to his waist.” Cowper. 2. Indulging in protracted discourse; tedious; wearisome; — applied to a speaker or writer. Syn. — Long; diffuse; prolonged; protracted; tedious; tiresome; wearisome. — Prolix, Diffuse. A prolix writer delights in circumlocution, extended detail, and trifling particulars. A diffuse writer is fond of amplifying, and abounds in epithets, figures, and illustrations. Diffuseness often arises from an exuberance of imagination; prolixity is generally connected with a want of it.

Pro•lix´ious , a. Dilatory; tedious; superfluous. [Obs.] ´Lay by all nicety, and prolixious blushes.´ Shak.

Pro•lix´i•ty , n. [L. prolixitas: cf. F. prolixite.] The quality or state of being prolix; great length; minute detail; as prolixity in discourses and writings. ´For fulsomeness of his prolixitee.´ Chaucer. “Idly running on with vain prolixity.” Drayton.

Pro•lix´ly, adv. In a prolix manner. Dryden.

Pro•lix´ness, n. Prolixity. Adam Smith.

Proll , v. t. [See Prowl.] [imp. & p. p. Prolled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Prolling.] To search or prowl after; to rob; to plunder. [Obs.] Barrow.

Proll, v. i. To prowl about; to rob. [Obs.] South. “Though ye prolle aye, ye shall it never find.” Chaucer.

Proll´er , n. Prowler; thief. [Obs.] Chapman.

Prol•o•cu´tor , n. [L., from proloqui, p. p. prolocutus, to speak out; pro for + loqui to speak.] 1. One who speaks for another. Jeffrey. 2. The presiding officer of a convocation. Macaulay.

Prol•o•cu´tor•ship, n. The office of a prolocutor.

Pro´log , n. & v. Prologue.

Pro´lo•gize , v. i. [Gr. . See Prologue.] To deliver a Prologue. [R.] Whewell.

Pro´lo•gi•zer , n. One who prologizes. [R.]

Pro´logue , n. [F., fr. L. prologus, fr. Gr. , fr. to say beforehand; before + to say. See Logic.] 1. The preface or introduction to a discourse, poem, or performance; as the prologue of Chaucer’s ´Canterbury Tales;´ esp., a discourse or poem spoken before a dramatic performance 2. One who delivers a prologue. [R.] Shak.

Pro´logue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prologued p. pr. & vb. n. Prologuing.] To introduce with a formal preface, or prologue. [R.] Shak.

Pro•long´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prolonged p. pr. & vb. n. Prolonging.] [F. prolonger, L. prolongare; pro before, forth + longus long. See Long, a., and cf. Prolongate, Purloin. ] 1. To extend in space or length; as to prolong a line. 2. To lengthen in time; to extend the duration of; to draw out; to continue; as to prolong one’s days. “Prolong awhile the traitor’s life.” Shak. “The unhappy queen with talk prolonged the night.” Dryden. 3. To put off to a distant time; to postpone. Shak.

Pro•long´a•ble , a. Capable of being prolonged; as life is prolongable by care. “Each syllable being a prolongable quantity.” Rush.

Pro•lon´gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prolongated p. pr. & vb. n. Prolongating.] [L. prolongatus, p. p. of prolongare. See Prolong.] To prolong; to extend in space or in time. [R.]

Pro•lon•ga´tion , n. [F. prolongation.] 1. The act of lengthening in space or in time; extension; protraction. Bacon. 2. That which forms an additional length.

Pro•longe´ , n. [F. See Prolong.] (Field Artillery) A rope with a hook and a toggle, sometimes used to drag a gun carriage or to lash it to the limber, and for various other purposes.

Pro•long´er , n. One who, or that which, causes an extension in time or space.

Pro•long´ment , n. Prolongation.

Pro•lu´sion , n. [L. prolusio, fr. proludere to prelude; pro before + ludere to play: cf. F. prolusion, It. prolusione.] A trial before the principal performance; a prelude; hence, an introductory essay or exercise. ´Domestic prolusions.´ Thackeray. “Her presence was in some measure a restraint on the worthy divine, whose prolusion lasted.” Sir W. Scott.

Prom•a•na´tion , n. [Pref. pro- + L. manatio a flowing, fr. manare to flow.] The act of flowing forth; emanation; efflux. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Prom•e•nade´ , n. [F. (with a foreign suffix), from promener to lead, take for a walk, se promener to walk, from L. prominare to drive forward or along; pro forward + minare to drive animals. See Amenable, Menace.] 1. A walk for pleasure, display, or exercise. Burke. 2. A place for walking; a public walk. Bp. Montagu.

Prom•e•nade´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Promenaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Promenading.] To walk for pleasure, display, or exercise.

Prom•e•nad´er , n. One who promenades.

Pro•mer´it , v. t. [L. promeritus, p. p. of promerere to deserve; pro before + merere to merit.] 1. To oblige; to confer a favor on. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. To deserve; to procure by merit. [Obs.] Davenant.

Prom´e•rops , n. [NL., fr. Gr. before + bee-eater.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of very brilliant birds belonging to Promerops, Epimarchus, and allied genera, closely related to the paradise birds, and mostly native of New Guinea. They have a long curved beak and a long graduated tail.

Pro•me´the•a , n. [NL. See Prometheus.] (Zoöl.) A large American bombycid moth (Callosamia promethea). Its larva feeds on the sassafras wild cherry, and other trees, and suspends its cocoon from a branch by a silken band.

Pro•me´the•an , a. [L. Prometh us: cf. F. prometheen.] 1. Of or pertaining to Prometheus. See Prometheus. ´Promethean fire.´ Shak. 2. Having a life-giving quality; inspiring.

Pro•me´the•an , n. (Old Chem.) (a) An apparatus for automatic ignition. (b) A kind of lucifer match.

Pro•me´the•us , n. [L., fr. Gr. , from to have forethought for.] (Class. Myth.) The son of Iapetus (one of the Titans) and Clymene, fabled by the poets to have surpassed all mankind in knowledge, and to have formed men of clay to whom he gave life by means of fire stolen from heaven. Jupiter, being angry at this, sent Mercury to bind Prometheus to Mount Caucasus, where a vulture preyed upon his liver. { Prom´i•nence , Prom´i•nen•cy } n. [L. prominentia: cf. F. prominence. See Prominent. ] 1. The quality or state of being prominent; a standing out from something; conspicuousness. 2. That which is prominent; a protuberance. Solar prominences. (Astron.) See Solar Protuberances, under Protuberance.

Prom´i•nent , a. [L. prominens, -entis, p. pr. of prominere to jut out, to project; pro before, forward + minere (in comp.) to jut, project: cf. F. prominent. See Imminent, Eminent.] 1. Standing out, or projecting, beyond the line surface of something; jutting; protuberant; in high relief; as a prominent figure on a vase. 2. Hence; Distinctly manifest; likely to attract attention from its size or position; conspicuous; as a prominent feature of the face; a prominent building. 3. Eminent; distinguished above others; as a prominent character. Prominent’ moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the family Notodontidae; a notodontian; — so called because the larva has a hump or prominence on its back. Several of the species are injurious to fruit trees.

Prom´i•nent•ly, adv. In a prominent manner.

Pro•mis•cu´i•ty , n. Promiscuousness; confusion. H. Spencer.

Pro•mis´cu•ous , a. [L. promiscuus; pro before, in place of, for + miscere to mix. See Mix. ] 1. Consisting of individuals united in a body or mass without order; mingled; confused; undistinguished; as a promiscuous crowd or mass. “A wild, where weeds and flowers promiscuous shoot.” Pope. 2. Distributed or applied without order or discrimination; not restricted to an individual; common; indiscriminate; as promiscuous love or intercourse.

Pro•mis´cu•ous•ly, adv. In a promiscuous manner.

Pro•mis´cu•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being promiscuous.

Prom´ise , a. [F. promesse, L. promissum, fr. promittere, promissum, to put forth, foretell, promise; pro forward, for + mittere to send. See Mission. ] 1. In general, a declaration, written or verbal, made by one person to another, which binds the person who makes it to do, or to forbear to do, a specified act; a declaration which gives to the person to whom it is made a right to expect or to claim the performance or forbearance of a specified act. “For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave it to Abraham by promise.” Gal. iii. 18. 2. (Law) An engagement by one person to another, either in words or in writing, but properly not under seal, for the performance or nonperformance of some particular thing. The word promise is used to denote the mere engagement of a person, without regard to the consideration for it, or the corresponding duty of the party to whom it is made. Chitty. Parsons. Burrill. 3. That which causes hope, expectation, or assurance; especially, that which affords expectation of future distinction; as a youth of great promise. Shak. “My native country was full of youthful promise.” W. Irving. 4. Bestowal, fulfillment, or grant of what is promised. “He … commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father.” Acts i. 4.

Prom´ise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promised p. pr. & vb. n. Promising.] 1. To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving, or making, or the like; to covenant; to engage; as to promise a visit; to promise a cessation of hostilities; to promise the payment of money. ´To promise aid.´ Shak. 2. To afford reason to expect; to cause hope or assurance of; as the clouds promise rain. Milton. 3. To make declaration of or give assurance of, as some benefit to be conferred; to pledge or engage to bestow; as the proprietors promised large tracts of land; the city promised a reward. Promised land. See Land of promise, under Land. — To promise one’s self. (a) To resolve; to determine; to vow. (b) To be assured; to have strong confidence. “I dare promise myself you will attest the truth of all I have advanced.” Rambler.

Prom´ise, v. i. 1. To give assurance by a promise, or binding declaration. 2. To afford hopes or expectation; to give ground to expect good; rarely, to give reason to expect evil. “Will not the ladies be afeard of the lion?
I fear it, I promise you.” Shak.

Prom•is•ee´ , n. (Law) The person to whom a promise is made.

Prom´is•er , n. One who promises.

Prom´is•ing, a. Making a promise or promises; affording hope or assurance; as promising person; a promising day. — Prom´is•ing•ly, adv.

Prom´is•or , n. (Law) One who engages or undertakes; a promiser. Burrill.

Pro•mis´sive , a. Making a promise; implying a promise; promising. [R.]

Prom´is•so•ri•ly , adv. In a promissory manner. Sir T. Browne.

Prom´is•so•ry , a. Containing a promise or binding declaration of something to be done or forborne. Promissory note (Law), a written promise to pay to some person named, and at a time specified therein, or on demand, or at sight, a certain sum of money, absolutely and at all events; — frequently called a note of hand. Kent. Byles. Story.

Prom´ont , n. Promontory. [R.] Drayton.

Prom´on•to•ry , n.; pl. Promontories (#). [ L. promonturium, promunturium; pro before + mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. promontoire. See Mount, n.] 1. (Phys. Geog.) A high point of land or rock projecting into the sea beyond the line of coast; a headland; a high cape. “Like one that stands upon a promontory.” Shak. 2. (Anat.) A projecting part. Especially: (a) The projecting angle of the ventral side of the sacrum where it joins the last lumbar vertebra. (b) A prominence on the inner wall of the tympanum of the ear.

Pro•mor•pho•log´ic•al , a. (Biol.) Relating to promorphology; as a promorphological conception.

Pro•mor•phol´o•gist , n. (Biol.) One versed in the science of promorphology.

Pro•mor•phol´o•gy , n. [Pref. pro- + morphology.] (Biol.) Crystallography of organic forms; — a division of morphology created by Haeckel. It is essentially stereometric, and relates to a mathematical conception of organic forms. See Tectology.

Pro•mote´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Promoting.] [L. promotus, p. p. of promovere to move forward, to promote; pro forward + movere to move. See Move.] 1. To contribute to the growth, enlargement, or prosperity of (any process or thing that is in course); to forward; to further; to encourage; to advance; to excite; as to promote learning; to promote disorder; to promote a business venture. ´Born to promote all truth.´ Milton. 2. To exalt in station, rank, or honor; to elevate; to raise; to prefer; to advance; as to promote an officer. “I will promote thee unto very great honor.” Num. xxii. 17. “Exalt her, and she shall promote thee.” Prov. iv. 18. Syn. — To forward; advance; further; patronize; help; exalt; prefer; elevate; dignify.

Pro•mote´, v. i. To urge on or incite another, as to strife; also to inform against a person. [Obs.]

Pro•mot´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, forwards, advances, or promotes; an encourager; as a promoter of charity or philosophy. Boyle. 2. Specifically, one who sets on foot, and takes the preliminary steps in, a scheme for the organization of a corporation, a joint-stock company, or the like. 3. One who excites; as a promoter of sedition. 4. An informer; a makebate. [Obs.] Tusser.

Pro•mo´tion (-mo´shun), n. [L. promotio: cf. F. promotion.] The act of promoting, advancing, or encouraging; the act of exalting in rank or honor; also the condition of being advanced, encouraged, or exalted in honor; preferment. Milton. “Promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the south.” Ps. lxxv. 6.

Pro•mo´tive , a. Tending to advance, promote, or encourage. Hume.

Pro•move´ , v. t. [See Promote.] To move forward; to advance; to promote. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.

Pro•mov´er , n. A promoter. [Obs.]

Prompt (promt; 215), a. [Compar. Prompter superl. Promptest.] [F. prompt, L. promptus, properly, brought forth (to light or view), hence, visible, evident, at hand, ready, quick, — p. p. of promere to take or bring forth; pro forth + emere to take. See Redeem. ] 1. Ready and quick to act as occasion demands; meeting requirements readily; not slow, dilatory, or hesitating in decision or action; responding on the instant; immediate; as prompt in obedience or compliance; — said of persons. “Very discerning and prompt in giving orders.” Clarendon. “Tell him I am prompt
To lay my crown at’s feet.” Shak. “And you, perhaps, too prompt in your replies.” Dryden. 2. Done or rendered quickly, readily, or immediately; given without delay or hesitation; — said of conduct; as prompt assistance. “When Washington heard the voice of his country in distress,
his obedience was prompt.” Ames. 3. Easy; unobstructed. [Obs.] “The reception of the light into the body of the building was very prompt.” Sir H. Wotton. Syn. — Ready; expeditious; quick; agile; alert; brisk; nimble. — Prompt, Ready, Expeditious. One who is ready is prepared to act at the moment. One who is prompt acts at the moment. One who is expeditious carries through an undertaking with constant promptness.

Prompt, n. (Com.) A limit of time given for payment of an account for produce purchased, this limit varying with different goods. See Prompt-note. “To cover any probable difference of price which might arise before the expiration of the prompt, which for this article [tea] is three months.” J. S. Mill.

Prompt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prompted; p. pr. & vb. n. Prompting.] 1. To assist or induce the action of; to move to action; to instigate; to incite. “God first … prompted on the infirmities of the infant world by temporal prosperity.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To suggest; to dictate. “And whispering angles prompt her golden dreams.” Pope. 3. To remind, as an actor or an orator, of words or topics forgotten.

Prompt´-book , n. The book used by a prompter of a theater.

Prompt´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, prompts; one who admonishes or incites to action. 2. One who reminds another, as an actor or an orator, of the words to be spoken next; specifically, one employed for this purpose in a theater.

Prompt´i•tude , n. [F., fr. L. promptitudo. See Prompt, a.] The quality of being prompt; quickness of decision and action when occasion demands; alacrity; as promptitude in obedience. “Men of action, of promptitude, and of courage.” I. Taylor.

Prompt´ly, adv. In a prompt manner.

Prompt´ness, n. 1. Promptitude; readiness; quickness of decision or action. 2. Cheerful willingness; alacrity.

Prompt´-note , n. (Com.) A memorandum of a sale, and time when payment is due, given to the purchaser at a sale of goods.

Promp´tu•a•ry , a. Of or pertaining to preparation. [R.] Bacon.

Promp´tu•a•ry, n. [L. promptuarium, fr. promptuarius belonging to distribution, distributing: cf, F. promptuaire. See Prompt, a.] That from which supplies are drawn; a storehouse; a magazine; a repository. Woodward.

Promp´ture ( 135), n. [See Prompt, a.] Suggestion; incitement; prompting. [R.] Shak. Coleridge.

Pro•mul´gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promulgated p. pr. & vb. n. Promulgating.] [L. promulgatus, p. p. of promulgare to promulgate; of unknown origin. Cf. Promulge.] To make known by open declaration, as laws, decrees, or tidings; to publish; as to promulgate the secrets of a council. Syn. — To publish; declare; proclaim. See Announce.

Pro•mul•ga´tion , n. [L. promulgatio: cf. F. promulgation.] The act of promulgating; publication; open declaration; as the promulgation of the gospel. South.

Pro´mul•ga•tor , n. [L.] One who promulgates or publishes. Dr. H. More.

Pro•mulge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promulged p. pr. & vb. n. Promulging ] [Cf. F. promulguer. See Promulgate.] To promulgate; to publish or teach. Blackstone. “Extraordinary doctrines these for the age in which they were promulged.” Prescott.

Pro•mul´ger , n. One who promulges or publishes what was before unknown. Atterbury.

Pro•mus´cis , n. [L., corruption of proboscis.] (Zoöl.) The proboscis of hemipterous insects. See Illust. under Hemiptera.

Pro•na´os , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; before + temple.] (Arch.) The porch or vestibule of a temple.

Pro´nate , a. [L. pronatus, p. p. of pronare to bend forward. See Prone.] Somewhat prone; inclined; as pronate trees. Kane.

Pro•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. pronation.] (Physiol.) (a) The act of turning the palm or palmar surface of the forefoot downward. (b) That motion of the forearm whereby the palm or palmar, surface is turned downward. (c) The position of the limb resulting from the act of pronation. Opposed to supination.

Pro•na´tor , n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle which produces pronation.

Prone , a. [L. pronus, akin to Gr. , , Skr. pravana sloping, inclined, and also to L. pro forward, for. See Pro-.] 1. Bending forward; inclined; not erect. “Towards him they bend
With awful reverence prone.” Milton. 2. Prostrate; flat; esp., lying with the face down; — opposed to supine. “Which, as the wind,
Blew where it listed, laying all things prone.” Byron. 3. Headlong; running downward or headlong. ´Down thither prone in flight.´ Milton. 4. Sloping, with reference to a line or surface; declivous; inclined; not level. “Since the floods demand,
For their descent, a prone and sinking land.” Blackmore. 5. Inclined; propense; disposed; — applied to the mind or affections, usually in an ill sense. Followed by to. ´Prone to mischief.´ Shak. “Poets are nearly all prone to melancholy.” Landor.

Prone´ly, adv. In a prone manner or position.

Prone´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being prone, or of bending downward; as the proneness of beasts is opposed to the erectness of man. 2. The state of lying with the face down; — opposed to supineness. 3. Descent; declivity; as the proneness of a hill. 4. Inclination of mind, heart, or temper; propension; disposition; as proneness to self- gratification.

Pro•neph´ric , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pronephros.

Pro•neph´ros , Pro•neph´ron , n. [ NL., fr. Gr. before + a kidney.] (Anat.) The head kidney. See under Head.

Prong , n. [Cf. D. prangen to pinch, press, LG. prange a stick, or W. procio to thrust, E. prowl, pang.] 1. A sharp-pointed instrument. “Prick it on a prong of iron.” Sandys. 2. The tine of a fork, or of a similar instrument; as a fork of two or three prongs. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A sharp projection, as of an antler. (b) The fang of a tooth.

Prong´buck , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The springbuck. (b) The pronghorn.

Pronged , a. Having prongs or projections like the tines of a fork; as a three-pronged fork.

Prong´-hoe , n. A hoe with prongs to break the earth.

Prong´horn , n. (Zoöl.) An American antelope (Antilocapra Americana), native of the plain near the Rocky Mountains. The upper parts are mostly yellowish brown; the under parts, the sides of the head and throat, and the buttocks, are white. The horny sheath of the horns is shed annually. Called also cabree, cabut, prongbuck, and pronghorned antelope.

Pro´ni•ty , n. [L. pronitas.] Proneness; propensity. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Pro•nom´i•nal , a. [L. pronominalis: cf. F. pronominal. See Pronoun.] Belonging to, or partaking of the nature of, a pronoun.

Pro•nom´i•nal•ize , v. t. To give the effect of a pronoun to; as to pronominalize the substantives person, people, etc. Early.

Pro•nom´i•nal•ly, adv. In a pronominal manner with the nature or office of a pronoun; as a pronoun.

Pro•non•ce´ , a. [F. See Pronounce.] Strongly marked; decided, as in manners, etc.

Pro•no´ta•ry , n. See Prothonotary.

Pro•no´tum , n.; pl. Pronota (#). [NL. See Pro-, and Notum.] (Zoöl.) The dorsal plate of the prothorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera.

Pro´noun , n. [Pref. pro- + noun: cf. F. pronom, L. pronomen. See Noun.] (Gram.) A word used instead of a noun or name, to avoid the repetition of it. The personal pronouns in English are I, thou or you, he, she, it, we, ye, and they.

Pro•nounce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pronounced p. pr. & vb. n. Pronounging ] [F. prononcer, L. pronunciare; pro before, forth + nunciare, nuntiare, to announce. See Announce.] 1. To utter articulately; to speak out or distinctly; to utter, as words or syllables; to speak with the proper sound and accent as adults rarely learn to pronounce a foreign language correctly. 2. To utter officially or solemnly; to deliver, as a decree or sentence; as to pronounce sentence of death. “Sternly he pronounced
The rigid interdiction.” Milton. 3. To speak or utter rhetorically; to deliver; to recite; as to pronounce an oration. “Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you.” Shak. 4. To declare or affirm; as he pronounced the book to be a libel; he pronounced the act to be a fraud. “The God who hallowed thee and blessed,
Pronouncing thee all good.” Keble. Syn. — To deliver; utter; speak. See Deliver.

Pro•nounce´, v. i. 1. To give a pronunciation; to articulate; as to pronounce faultlessly. Earle. 2. To make declaration; to utter on opinion; to speak with confidence. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Pro•nounce´, n. Pronouncement; declaration; pronunciation. [Obs.] Milton.

Pro•nounce´a•ble , a. [Cf. L. pronunciabilis declarative.] Capable of being pronounced.

Pro•nounced´ , a. [F. prononce.] Strongly marked; unequivocal; decided. [A Gallicism] “[His] views became every day more pronounced.” Thackeray.

Pro•nounce´ment , n. The act of pronouncing; a declaration; a formal announcement.

Pro•noun´cer , n. One who pronounces, utters, or declares; also a pronouncing book.

Pro•noun´cing , a. Pertaining to, or indicating, pronunciation; as a pronouncing dictionary.

Pro•nu´bi•al , a. [L. pronuba bridesmaid; pro before + nubere to marry.] Presiding over marriage. [R.]

Pro•nu´cle•us , n.; pl. Pronuclei (-i). [NL. See Pro-, and Nucleus.] (Biol.) One of the two bodies or nuclei (called male and female pronuclei) which unite to form the first segmentation nucleus of an impregnated ovum. In the maturing of the ovum preparatory to impregnation, a part of the germinal vesicle (see Polar body, under Polar) becomes converted into a number of small vesicles, which aggregate themselves into a single clear nucleus. which travels towards the center of the egg and is called the female pronucleus. In impregnation, the spermatozoön which enters the egg soon loses its tail, while the head forms a nucleus, called the male pronucleus, which gradually travels towards the female pronucleus and eventually fuses with it, forming the first segmentation nucleus.

Pro•nun´cial , a. Of or pertaining to pronunciation; pronunciative.

Pro•nun•ci•a•men´to , n. A proclamation or manifesto; a formal announcement or declaration.

Pro•nun•ci•a•mi´en´to , n. [Sp. See Pronounce.] See Pronunciamento.

Pro•nun•ci•a´tion ( 277), n. [F. pronunciation, L. pronunciatio. See Pronounce.] 1. The act of uttering with articulation; the act of giving the proper sound and accent; utterance; as the pronunciation of syllables of words; distinct or indistinct pronunciation. 2. The mode of uttering words or sentences. 3. (Rhet.) The art of manner of uttering a discourse publicly with propriety and gracefulness; — now called delivery. J. Q. Adams.

Pro•nun´ci•a•tive , a. [L. pronunciativus.] 1. Of or pertaining to pronunciation. 2. Uttering confidently; dogmatical. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pro•nun´ci•a•tor , n. [L., a reciter.] One who pronounces; a pronouncer.

Pro•nun´ci•a•to•ry , a. Of or pertaining to pronunciation; that pronounces.

Proof , n. [OF. prove, proeve, F. preuve, fr. L. proba, fr. probare to prove. See Prove.] 1. Any effort, process, or operation designed to establish or discover a fact or truth; an act of testing; a test; a trial. “For whatsoever mother wit or art
Could work, he put in proof.” Spenser. “You shall have many proofs to show your skill.” Ford. “Formerly, a very rude mode of ascertaining the strength of spirits was practiced, called the proof.” Ure. 2. That degree of evidence which convinces the mind of any truth or fact, and produces belief; a test by facts or arguments that induce, or tend to induce, certainty of the judgment; conclusive evidence; demonstration. “I’ll have some proof.” Shak. “It is no proof of a man’s understanding to be able to confirm whatever he pleases.” Emerson. Properly speaking, proof is the effect or result of evidence, evidence is the medium of proof. Cf. Demonstration, 1. 3. The quality or state of having been proved or tried; firmness or hardness that resists impression, or does not yield to force; impenetrability of physical bodies. 4. Firmness of mind; stability not to be shaken. 5. (Print.) A trial impression, as from type, taken for correction or examination; — called also proof sheet. 6. (Math.) A process for testing the accuracy of an operation performed. Cf. Prove, v. t., 5. 7. Armor of excellent or tried quality, and deemed impenetrable; properly, armor of proof. [Obs.] Shak. Artist’s proof, a very early proof impression of an engraving, or the like; — often distinguished by the artist’s signature. — Proof reader, one who reads, and marks correction in, proofs. See def. 5, above. Syn. — Testimony; evidence; reason; argument; trial; demonstration. See Testimony.

Proof, a. 1. Used in proving or testing; as a proof load, or proof charge. 2. Firm or successful in resisting; as proof against harm; waterproof; bombproof. “I … have found thee
Proof against all temptation.” Milton. “This was a good, stout proof article of faith.” Burke. 3. Being of a certain standard as to strength; — said of alcoholic liquors. Proof charge (Firearms), a charge of powder and ball, greater than the service charge, fired in an arm, as a gun or cannon, to test its strength. — Proof impression. See under Impression. — Proof load (Engin.), the greatest load than can be applied to a piece, as a beam, column, etc., without straining the piece beyond the elastic limit. — Proof sheet. See Proof, n., 5. - - Proof spirit (Chem.), a strong distilled liquor, or mixture of alcohol and water, containing not less than a standard amount of alcohol. In the United States ´proof spirit is defined by law to be that mixture of alcohol and water which contains one half of its volume of alcohol, the alcohol when at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit being of specific gravity 0.7939 referred to water at its maximum density as unity. Proof spirit has at 60° Fahrenheit a specific gravity of 0.93353, 100 parts by volume of the same consisting of 50 parts of absolute alcohol and 53.71 parts of water,´ the apparent excess of water being due to contraction of the liquids on mixture. In England proof spirit is defined by Act 58, George III., to be such as shall at a temperature of 51° Fahrenheit weigh exactly the &frac12x13; part of an equal measure of distilled water. This contains 49.3 per cent by weight, or 57.09 by volume, of alcohol. Stronger spirits, as those of about 60, 70, and 80 per cent of alcohol, are sometimes called second, third, and fourth proof spirits respectively. — Proof staff, a straight-edge used by millers to test the flatness of a stone. — Proof stick (Sugar Manuf.), a rod in the side of a vacuum pan, for testing the consistency of the sirup. — Proof text, a passage of Scripture used to prove a doctrine.

Proof•-arm´ , v. t. To arm with proof armor; to arm securely; as to proof-arm herself. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Proof´less, a. Wanting sufficient evidence to induce belief; not proved. Boyle. — Proof´less•ly, adv.

Proof´-proof, a. Proof against proofs; obstinate in the wrong. ´That might have shown to any one who was not proof-proof.´ Whateley.

Pro•ös´tra•cum , n.; pl. Proöstraca (#). [NL., fr. Gr. before + shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) The anterior prolongation of the guard of the phragmocone of belemnites and allied fossil cephalopods, whether horny or calcareous. See Illust. of Phragmocone.

Pro•ö´tic , a. [Pref. pro- + Gr. , , an ear.] (Anat.) In front of the auditory capsule; — applied especially to a bone, or center of ossification, in the periotic capsule. — n. A proötic bone.

Prop , n. A shell, used as a die. See Props.

Prop , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propped p. pr. & vb. n. Propping.] [Akin to LG. & D. proppen to cram, stuff, thrust into, stop, G. pfropfen, Dan. proppe, Sw. proppa; of uncertain origin, cf. G. pfropfen to graft, fr. L. propago set, layer of a plant, slip, shoot. Cf. 3d. Prop, Propagate.] To support, or prevent from falling, by placing something under or against; as to prop up a fence or an old building; (Fig.) to sustain; to maintain; as to prop a declining state. Shak. “Till the bright mountains prop the incumbent sky.” Pope. “For being not propp’d by ancestry.” Shak. “I prop myself upon those few supports that are left me.” Pope.

Prop, n. [Akin to LG., D., & Dan. prop stopple, stopper, cork, Sw. propp, G. pfropf. See Prop, v.] That which sustains an incumbent weight; that on which anything rests or leans for support; a support; a stay; as a prop for a building. ´Two props of virtue.´ Shak. { Pro•pae•deu´tic , Pro•pae•deu´tic•al }, a. [Gr. to teach beforehand; before + to bring up a child, to educate, teach, fr. , , a child.] Of, pertaining to, or conveying, preliminary instruction; introductory to any art or science; instructing beforehand.

Pro•pae•deu´tics , n. The preliminary learning connected with any art or science; preparatory instruction.

Prop´a•ga•ble , a. [See Propagate.] 1. Capable of being propagated, or of being continued or multiplied by natural generation or production. 2. Capable of being spread or extended by any means; — said of tenets, doctrines, or principles.

Prop•a•gan´da , n. [Abbrev. fr. L. de propaganda fide: cf. F. propagande. See Propagate.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A congregation of cardinals, established in 1622, charged with the management of missions. (b) The college of the Propaganda, instituted by Urban VIII. (1623-1644) to educate priests for missions in all parts of the world. 2. Hence, any organization or plan for spreading a particular doctrine or a system of principles.

Prop•a•gan´dism , n. [Cf. F. propagandisme.] The art or practice of propagating tenets or principles; zeal in propagating one’s opinions.

Prop•a•gan´dist , n. [Cf. F. propagandiste.] A person who devotes himself to the spread of any system of principles. ´Political propagandists.´ Walsh.

Prop´a•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propagated p. pr. & vb. n. Propagating.] [L. propagatus, p. p. of propagare to propagate, akin to propages, propago, a layer of a plant, slip, shoot. See Pro-, and cf. Pact, Prop, Prune, v. t.] 1. To cause to continue or multiply by generation, or successive production; — applied to animals and plants; as to propagate a breed of horses or sheep; to propagate a species of fruit tree. 2. To cause to spread to extend; to impel or continue forward in space; as to propagate sound or light. 3. To spread from person to person; to extend the knowledge of; to originate and spread; to carry from place to place; to disseminate; as to propagate a story or report; to propagate the Christian religion. “The infection was propagated insensibly.” De Foe. 4. To multiply; to increase. [Obs.] “Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast,
Which thou wilt propagate.” Shak. 5. To generate; to produce. “Motion propagated motion, and life threw off life.” De Quincey. Syn. — To multiply; continue; increase; spread; diffuse; disseminate; promote.

Prop´a•gate, v. i. To have young or issue; to be produced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots or plants; as rabbits propagate rapidly. “No need that thou
Should’st propagate, already infinite.” Milton.

Prop•a•ga´tion , n. [L. propagatio: cf. F. propagation.] 1. The act of propagating; continuance or multiplication of the kind by generation or successive production; as the propagation of animals or plants. “There is not in nature any spontaneous generation, but all come by propagation.” Ray. 2. The spreading abroad, or extension, of anything; diffusion; dissemination; as the propagation of sound; the propagation of the gospel. Bacon.

Prop´a•ga•tive , a. Producing by propagation, or by a process of growth.

Prop´a•ga•tor , n. [L.: cf. F. propagateur.] One who propagates; one who continues or multiplies.

Pro•pag´u•lum , n.; pl. Propagula (#). [NL. See Propagate.] (Bot.) A runner terminated by a germinating bud.

Pro´pane , n. [Propyl + methane.] (Chem.) A heavy gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H8, of the paraffin series, occurring naturally dissolved in crude petroleum, and also made artificially; — called also propyl hydride.

Pro•par´gyl , n. [Propinyl + Gr. silver + -yl. So called because one hydrogen atom may be replaced by silver.] (Chem.) Same as Propinyl.

Pro•par•ox´y•tone , n. [Gr. . See Pro-, and Paroxytone.] (Gr. Gram.) A word which has the acute accent on the antepenult.

Pro´ped , n. [Pref. pro- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Proleg.

Pro•pel´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propelled p. pr. & vb. n. Propelling.] [L. propellere, propulsum; pro forward + pellere to drive. See Pulse a beating.] To drive forward; to urge or press onward by force; to move, or cause to move; as the wind or steam propels ships; balls are propelled by gunpowder.

Pro•pel´ler , n. 1. One who, or that which, propels. 2. A contrivance for propelling a steam vessel, usually consisting of a screw placed in the stern under water, and made to revolve by an engine; a propeller wheel. 3. A steamboat thus propelled; a screw steamer. Propeller wheel,the screw, usually having two or more blades, used in propelling a vessel.

Pro•pend´ , v. i. [L. propendere, propensum; pro forward, forth + pendere to hang. See Pendent.] To lean toward a thing; to be favorably inclined or disposed; to incline; to tend. [R.] Shak. “We shall propend to it, as a stone falleth down.” Barrow.

Pro•pend´en•cy , n. 1. Propensity. [R.] 2. Attentive deliberation. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Pro•pend´ent , a. [L. propendens, p. pr.] Inclining forward or toward. South.

Pro´pene , n. [Propyl + ethylene.] (Chem.) Same as Propylene.

Pro•pense´ , a. [L. propensus, p. p. See Propend.] Leaning toward, in a moral sense; inclined; disposed; prone; as women propense to holiness. Hooker. — Pro•pense´ly, adv. — Pro•pense´ness, n.

Pro•pen´sion , n. [L. propensio: cf. F. propension. See Propend, Propense.] The quality or state of being propense; propensity. M. Arnold. “Your full consent
Gave wings to my propension.” Shak.

Pro•pen´si•ty , n.; pl. Propensities . The quality or state of being propense; natural inclination; disposition to do good or evil; bias; bent; tendency. ´A propensity to utter blasphemy.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Disposition; bias; inclination; proclivity; proneness; bent; tendency.

Pro´pe•nyl , n. [Propene + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical hydrocarbon radical, C3H5, isomeric with allyl and glyceryl, and regarded as the essential residue of glycerin. Cf. Allyl, and Glyceryl.

Pro•pep´sin , n. [Pref. pro- + pepsin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Persinogen.

Pro•pep´tone , n. [Pref. pro- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) A product of gastric digestion intermediate between albumin and peptone, identical with hemialbumose.

Prop´er , a. [OE. propre, F. propre, fr. L. proprius. Cf. Appropriate.] 1. Belonging to one; one’s own; individual. ´His proper good´ [i. e., his own possessions]. Chaucer. ´My proper son.´ Shak. “Now learn the difference, at your proper cost,
Betwixt true valor and an empty boast.” Dryden. 2. Belonging to the natural or essential constitution; peculiar; not common; particular; as every animal has his proper instincts and appetites. “Those high and peculiar attributes … which constitute our proper humanity.” Coleridge. 3. Befitting one’s nature, qualities, etc.; suitable in all respect; appropriate; right; fit; decent; as water is the proper element for fish; a proper dress. “The proper study of mankind is man.” Pope. “In Athens all was pleasure, mirth, and play,
All proper to the spring, and sprightly May.” Dryden. 4. Becoming in appearance; well formed; handsome. [Archaic] ´Thou art a proper man.´ Chaucer. “Moses … was hid three months of his parents, because they saw he was a proper child.” Heb. xi. 23. 5. Pertaining to one of a species, but not common to the whole; not appellative; — opposed to common; as a proper name; Dublin is the proper name of a city. 6. Rightly so called; strictly considered; as Greece proper; the garden proper. 7. (Her.) Represented in its natural color; — said of any object used as a charge. In proper, individually; privately. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Proper flower or corolla (Bot.), one of the single florets, or corollets, in an aggregate or compound flower. — Proper fraction (Arith.) a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator. — Proper nectary (Bot.), a nectary separate from the petals and other parts of the flower. — Proper noun (Gram.), a name belonging to an individual, by which it is distinguished from others of the same class; — opposed to common noun; as John, Boston, America. — Proper perianth or involucre (Bot.), that which incloses only a single flower. — Proper receptacle (Bot.), a receptacle which supports only a single flower or fructification.

Prop´er, adv. Properly; hence, to a great degree; very; as proper good. [Colloq & Vulgar]

Prop´er•ate , v. t. & i. [L. properatus, p. p. of properare to hasten.] To hasten, or press forward. [Obs.]

Prop•er•a´tion , n. [L. properatio.] The act of hastening; haste. [Obs.] T. Adams.

Pro•per´i•spome , n. (Gr. Gram.) Properispomenon.

Pro•per•i•spom´e•non , n.; pl. Properispomena (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. to circumflex on the penult; before + to circumflex. See Perispomenon.] (Gr. Gram.) A word which has the circumflex accent on the penult.

Prop´er•ly , adv. 1. In a proper manner; suitably; fitly; strictly; rightly; as a word properly applied; a dress properly adjusted. Milton. 2. Individually; after one’s own manner. [Obs.] “Now, harkeneth, how I bare me properly.” Chaucer.

Prop´er•ness, n. 1. The quality of being proper. 2. Tallness; comeliness. [Obs.] Udall.

Prop´er•tied , a. Possessing property; holding real estate, or other investments of money. ´The propertied and satisfied classes.´ M. Arnold.

Prop´er•ty , n.; pl. Properties (#). [OE. proprete, OF. proprete property, F. proprete neatness, cleanliness, propriete property, fr. L. proprietas. See Proper, a., and cf. Propriety.] 1. That which is proper to anything; a peculiar quality of a thing; that which is inherent in a subject, or naturally essential to it; an attribute; as sweetness is a property of sugar. “Property is correctly a synonym for peculiar quality; but it is frequently used as coextensive with quality in general.” Sir W. Hamilton. In physical science, the properties of matter are distinguished to the three following classes: 1. Physical properties, or those which result from the relations of bodies to the physical agents, light, heat, electricity, gravitation, cohesion, adhesion, etc., and which are exhibited without a change in the composition or kind of matter acted on. They are color, luster, opacity, transparency, hardness, sonorousness, density, crystalline form, solubility, capability of osmotic diffusion, vaporization, boiling, fusion, etc. 2. Chemical properties, or those which are conditioned by affinity and composition; thus, combustion, explosion, and certain solutions are reactions occasioned by chemical properties. Chemical properties are identical when there is identity of composition and structure, and change according as the composition changes. 3. Organoleptic properties, or those forming a class which can not be included in either of the other two divisions. They manifest themselves in the contact of substances with the organs of taste, touch, and smell, or otherwise affect the living organism, as in the manner of medicines and poisons. 2. An acquired or artificial quality; that which is given by art, or bestowed by man; as the poem has the properties which constitute excellence. 3. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing; ownership; title. “Here I disclaim all my paternal care,
Propinquity and property of blood.” Shak. “Shall man assume a property in man?” Wordsworth. 4. That to which a person has a legal title, whether in his possession or not; thing owned; an estate, whether in lands, goods, or money; as a man of large property, or small property. 5. pl. All the adjuncts of a play except the scenery and the dresses of the actors; stage requisites. “I will draw a bill of properties.” Shak. 6. Propriety; correctness. [Obs.] Camden. Literary property. (Law) See under Literary. — Property man, one who has charge of the ´properties´ of a theater.

Prop´er•ty , v. t. 1. To invest which properties, or qualities. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make a property of; to appropriate. [Obs.] “They have here propertied me.” Shak.

Pro•phane´ , a. & v. t. See Profane. [Obs.]

Proph´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to show beforehand. See Pro-, and Phasis.] (Med.) Foreknowledge of a disease; prognosis.

Proph´e•cy , n.; pl. Prophecies (#), [OE. prophecie, OF. profecie, F. prophetie, L. prophetia, fr. Gr. , fr. to be an interpreter of the gods, to prophesy, fr. prophet. See Prophet.] 1. A declaration of something to come; a foretelling; a prediction; esp., an inspired foretelling. “He hearkens after prophecies and dreams.” Shak. “Prophecy came not in old time by the will of man.” 2. Pet. i. 21. 2. (Script.) A book of prophecies; a history; as the prophecy of Ahijah. 2 Chron. ix. 29. 3. Public interpretation of Scripture; preaching; exhortation or instruction.

Proph´e•si•er , n. A prophet. Shak.

Proph´e•sy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prophesied p. pr. & vb. n. Prophesying ] [See Prophecy.] 1. To foretell; to predict; to prognosticate. “He doth not prophesy good concerning me.” 1 Kings xxii. 8. “Then I perceive that will be verified
Henry the Fifth did sometime prophesy.” Shak. 2. To foreshow; to herald; to prefigure. “Methought thy very gait did prophesy
A royal nobleness; I must embrace thee.” Shak.

Proph´e•sy, v. i. 1. To utter predictions; to make declaration of events to come. Matt. xv. 7. 2. To give instruction in religious matters; to interpret or explain Scripture or religious subjects; to preach; to exhort; to expound. Ezek. xxxvii. 7.

Proph´et , n. [F. prophète, L. propheta, fr. Gr. , literally, one who speaks for another, especially, one who speaks for a god an interprets his will to man, fr. to say beforehand; for, before + to say or speak. See Fame. ] 1. One who prophesies, or foretells events; a predicter; a foreteller. 2. One inspired or instructed by God to speak in his name, or announce future events, as Moses, Elijah, etc. 3. An interpreter; a spokesman. [R.] Ex. vii. 1. 4. (Zoöl.) A mantis. School of the prophets (Anc. Jewish Hist.), a school or college in which young men were educated and trained for public teachers or members of the prophetic order. These students were called sons of the prophets.

Proph´et•ess, n. [Cf. F. prophetesse, L. prophetissa.] A female prophet. { Pro•phet´ic , Pro•phet´ic•al }, a. [L. propheticus, Gr. : cf. F. prophetique.] Containing, or pertaining to, prophecy; foretelling events; as prophetic writings; prophetic dreams; — used with of before the thing foretold. “And fears are oft prophetic of the event.” Dryden.

Pro•phet•ic•al´i•ty , n. Propheticalness.

Pro•phet´ic•al•ly , adv. In a prophetical manner; by way of prediction.

Pro•phet´ic•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being prophetical; power or capacity to foretell.

Proph´et•ize , v. i. [L. prophetizare, Gr. : cf. F. prophetiser. Cf. Prophesy.] To give predictions; to foreshow events; to prophesy. [R.] ´Prophetizing dreams.´ Daniel.

Pro•phor´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. utterance.] Enunciative. [R.]

Pro•phrag´ma , n.; pl. Prophragmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. before + , , fence, screen. ] (Zoöl.) An internal dorsal chitinous process between the first two divisions of the thorax of insects.

Proph•y•lac´tic , n. [Cf. F. prophylactique.] (Med.) A medicine which preserves or defends against disease; a preventive. { Proph•y•lac´tic , Proph•y•lac´tic•al }, a. [Gr. , fr. to guard against; before + to guard: cf. F. prophylactique.] (Med.) Defending or preserving from disease; preventive. Coxe.

Proph•y•lax´is , n. [NL. See Prophylactic.] (Med.) The art of preserving from, or of preventing, disease; the observance of the rules necessary for the preservation of health; preservative or preventive treatment.

Pro•pice´ , a. [OE., fr. F. propice, See Propitious.] Fit; propitious. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Pro´pi•dene , n. [Propyl + ethylidene.] (Chem.) The unsymmetrical hypothetical hydrocarbon radical, CH3.CH2.CH, analogous to ethylidene, and regarded as the type of certain derivatives of propane; — called also propylidene.

Prop•i•na´tion , n. [L. propinatio. See Propine.] The act of pledging, or drinking first, and then offering the cup to another. [Obs.] Abp. Potter.

Pro•pine´ , v. t. [L. propinare, Gr. ; before + to drink.] 1. To pledge; to offer as a toast or a health in the manner of drinking, that is, by drinking first and passing the cup. [Obs.] “The lovely sorceress mixed, and to the prince
Health, peace, and joy propined.” C. Smart. 2. Hence, to give in token of friendship. [Obs.] 3. To give, or deliver; to subject. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Pro•pine´ , n. 1. A pledge. [Obs. or Scot.] 2. A gift; esp., drink money. [Obs or Scot.]

Pro´pine , n. [Propyl + ethine.] (Chem.) Same as Allylene.

Pro•pin´qui•ty , n. [L. propinquitas, from propinquus near, neighboring, from prope near.] 1. Nearness in place; neighborhood; proximity. 2. Nearness in time. Sir T. Browne. 3. Nearness of blood; kindred; affinity. Shak.

Pro´pi•nyl , n. [Propine + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical regarded as an essential residue of propine and allied compounds.

Pro´pi•o•late , n. A salt of propiolic acid.

Pro•pi•ol´ic , a. [Propionic + tetrolic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid (called also propargylic acid) of the acetylene or tetrolic series, analogous to propionic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Pro´pi•o•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of propionic acid.

Pro´pi•one , n. (Chem.) The ketone of propionic acid, obtained as a colorless fragrant liquid.

Pro•pi•on´ic , a. [Proto- + Gr. pi•wn fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an organic acid which is produced in the distillation of wood, in the fermentation of various organic substances, as glycerin, calcium lactate, etc., and is obtained as a colorless liquid having a sharp, pungent odor. Propionic acid is so called because it is the first or lowest member of the fatty acid series whose salts have a fatty feel.

Pro´pi•o•nyl , n. (Chem.) The hypothetical radical C3H5O, regarded as the essential residue of propionic acid and certain related compounds.

Prop•i•the´cus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. before, for + ape.] (Zoöl.) A genus including the long-tailed, or diadem, indris. See Indris.

Pro•pi´ti•a•ble , a. [L. propitiabilis.] Capable of being propitiated.

Pro•pi´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propitiated p. pr. & vb. n. Propitiating.] [L. propitiatus, p. p. of propitiare to propitiate, fr. propitius favorable. See Propitious.] To appease to render favorable; to make propitious; to conciliate. “Let fierce Achilles, dreadful in his rage,
The god propitiate, and the pest assuage.” Pope.

Pro•pi´ti•ate, v. i. To make propitiation; to atone.

Pro•pi•ti•a´tion , n. [L. propitiatio: cf. F. propitiation.] 1. The act of appeasing the wrath and conciliating the favor of an offended person; the act of making propitious. 2. (Theol.) That which propitiates; atonement or atoning sacrifice; specifically, the influence or effects of the death of Christ in appeasing the divine justice, and conciliating the divine favor. “He [Jesus Christ] is the propitiation for our sins.” 1 John ii. 2.

Pro•pi´ti•a•tor , n. [L.] One who propitiates or appeases.

Pro•pi´ti•a•to•ri•ly , adv. By way of propitiation.

Pro•pi´ti•a•to•ry , a. [L. propitiatorius: cf. F. propitiatoire.] Having the power to make propitious; pertaining to, or employed in, propitiation; expiatory; as a propitiatory sacrifice. Sharp.

Pro•pi´ti•a•to•ry, n. [L. propitiatorium.] (Jewish Antiq.) The mercy seat; — so called because a symbol of the propitiated Jehovah. Bp. Pearson.

Pro•pi´tious , a. [L. propitius, perhaps originally a term of augury meaning, flying forward (pro) or well; cf. Skr. pat to fly, E. petition, feather.] 1. Convenient; auspicious; favorable; kind; as a propitious season; a propitious breeze. 2. Hence, kind; gracious; merciful; helpful; - - said of a person or a divinity. Milton. “And now t’ assuage the force of this new flame,
And make thee [Love] more propitious in my need.” Spenser. Syn. — Auspicious; favorable; kind. — Propitious, Auspicious. Auspicious (from the ancient idea of auspices, or omens) denotes ´indicative of success,´ or ´favored by incidental occurrences;´ as an auspicious opening; an auspicious event. Propitious denotes that which efficaciously protect us in some undertaking, speeds our exertions, and decides our success; as propitious gales; propitious influences. — Pro•pi´tious•ly, adv. — Pro•pi´tious•ness, n.

Pro´plasm , n. [L. proplasma, Gr. ; before + a thing formed, fr. to mold.] A mold; a matrix. [R.] Woodward.

Pro•plas´tic , a. Forming a mold.

Pro•plas´tics , n. The art of making molds for castings. [R.]

Prop´leg , n. [So called because it props up or supports the body.] (Zoöl.) Same as Proleg.

Pro•po´di•al , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the propodialia, or the parts of the limbs to which they belong.

Pro•po•di•a´le , n.; pl. Propodialia. (#). [NL., fr. Gr. before + , dim. of , , foot.] (Anat.) The bone of either the upper arm or the thing, the propodialia being the humerus and femur.

Prop´o•dite , n. [Pref. pro- + Gr. , , foot.] (Zoöl.) The sixth joint of a typical leg of a crustacean; usually, the penultimate joint.

Pro•po´di•um , n.; pl. Propodia (#). [NL. See Propodiale.] (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior portion of the foot of a mollusk. (b) The segment which forms the posterior part of the thorax of a hymenopterous insect. [Written also propodeum.]

Pro´po•lis , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; before + city.] Same as Bee glue, under Bee.

Pro•pone´ , v. t. [L. proponere to propose. See Propound.] To propose; to bring forward.

Pro•po´nent , a. [L. proponens, p. pr.] Making proposals; proposing.

Pro•po´nent, n. 1. One who makes a proposal, or lays down a proposition. Dryden. 2. (Law) The propounder of a thing.

Pro•por´tion , n. [F., fr. L. proportio; pro before + portio part or share. See Portion.] 1. The relation or adaptation of one portion to another, or to the whole, as respect magnitude, quantity, or degree; comparative relation; ratio; as the proportion of the parts of a building, or of the body. “The image of Christ, made after his own proportion.” Ridley. “Formed in the best proportions of her sex.” Sir W. Scott. “Documents are authentic and facts are true precisely in proportion to the support which they afford to his theory.” Macaulay. 2. Harmonic relation between parts, or between different things of the same kind; symmetrical arrangement or adjustment; symmetry; as to be out of proportion. ´Let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith.´ Rom. xii. 6. 3. The portion one receives when a whole is distributed by a rule or principle; equal or proper share; lot. “Let the women … do the same things in their proportions and capacities.” Jer. Taylor. 4. A part considered comparatively; a share. 5. (Math.) (a) The equality or similarity of ratios, especially of geometrical ratios; or a relation among quantities such that the quotient of the first divided by the second is equal to that of the third divided by the fourth; — called also geometrical proportion, in distinction from arithmetical proportion, or that in which the difference of the first and second is equal to the difference of the third and fourth. Proportion in the mathematical sense differs from ratio. Ratio is the relation of two quantities of the same kind, as the ratio of 5 to 10, or the ratio of 8 to 16. Proportion is the sameness or likeness of two such relations. Thus, 5 to 10 as 8 to 16; that is, 5 bears the same relation to 10 as 8 does to 16. Hence, such numbers are said to be in proportion. Proportion is expressed by symbols thus: a:b::c:d, or a:b = c:d, or a/b = c/d. (b) The rule of three, in arithmetic, in which the three given terms, together with the one sought, are proportional. Continued proportion, Inverse proportion, etc. See under Continued, Inverse, etc. — Harmonical, or Musical, proportion, a relation of three or four quantities, such that the first is to the last as the difference between the first two is to the difference between the last two; thus, 2, 3, 6, are in harmonical proportion; for 2 is to 6 as 1 to 3. Thus, 24, 16, 12, 9, are harmonical, for 24:9::8:3. — In proportion, according as; to the degree that. ´In proportion as they are metaphysically true, they are morally and politically false.´ Burke.

Pro•por´tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proportioned p. pr. & vb. n. Proportioning.] [Cf. F. proportionner. Cf. Proportionate, v.] 1. To adjust in a suitable proportion, as one thing or one part to another; as to proportion the size of a building to its height; to proportion our expenditures to our income. “In the loss of an object we do not proportion our grief to the real value … but to the value our fancies set upon it.” Addison. 2. To form with symmetry or suitableness, as the parts of the body. “Nature had proportioned her without any fault.” Sir P. Sidney. 3. To divide into equal or just shares; to apportion.

Pro•por´tion•a•ble , a. Capable of being proportioned, or made proportional; also proportional; proportionate. — Pro•por´tion•a•ble•ness, n. “But eloquence may exist without a proportionable degree of wisdom.” Burke. “ Proportionable, which is no longer much favored, was of our [i. e., English writers’] own coining.” Fitzed. Hall.

Pro•por´tion•a•bly, adv. Proportionally. Locke.

Pro•por´tion•al , a. [L. proportionalis: cf. F. proportionnel.] 1. Having a due proportion, or comparative relation; being in suitable proportion or degree; as the parts of an edifice are proportional. Milton. 2. Relating to, or securing, proportion. Hutton. 3. (Math.) Constituting a proportion; having the same, or a constant, ratio; as proportional quantities; momentum is proportional to quantity of matter. Proportional logarithms, logistic logarithms. See under Logistic. — Proportional scale, a scale on which are marked parts proportional to the logarithms of the natural numbers; a logarithmic scale. — Proportional scales, compasses, dividers, etc. (Draughting), instruments used in making copies of drawings, or drawings of objects, on an enlarged or reduced scale.

Pro•por´tion•al, n. 1. (Math.) Any number or quantity in a proportion; as a mean proportional. 2. (Chem.) The combining weight or equivalent of an element. [Obs.]

Pro•por•tion•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. proportionnalite.] The state of being in proportion. Coleridge.

Pro•por´tion•al•ly , adv. In proportion; in due degree; adapted relatively; as all parts of the building are proportionally large. Sir I. Newton.

Pro•por´tion•ate , a. [L. proportionatus. See Proportion.] Adjusted to something else according to a proportion; proportional. Longfellow. “What is proportionate to his transgression.” Locke.

Pro•por´tion•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proportionated p. pr. & vb. n. Proportionating.] [Cf. Proportion, v.] To make proportional; to adjust according to a settled rate, or to due comparative relation; to proportion; as to proportionate punishment to crimes.

Pro•por´tion•ate•ly , adv. In a proportionate manner; with due proportion; proportionally.

Pro•por´tion•ate•ness, n. The quality or state of being proportionate. Sir M. Hale.

Pro•por´tion•less , a. Without proportion; unsymmetrical.

Pro•por´tion•ment , n. The act or process of dividing out proportionally.

Pro•pos´al , n. [From Propose.] 1. That which is proposed, or propounded for consideration or acceptance; a scheme or design; terms or conditions proposed; offer; as to make proposals for a treaty of peace; to offer proposals for erecting a building; to make proposals of marriage. ´To put forth proposals for a book.´ Macaulay. 2. (Law) The offer by a party of what he has in view as to an intended business transaction, which, with acceptance, constitutes a contract. Syn. — Proffer; tender; overture. See Proposition.

Pro•pose´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proposed p. pr. & vb. n. Proposing.] [F. proposer; pref. pro- (L. pro for, forward) + poser to place. See Pose, v.] 1. To set forth. [Obs.] “That being proposed brimfull of wine, one scarce could lift it up.” Chapman. 2. To offer for consideration, discussion, acceptance, or adoption; as to propose terms of peace; to propose a question for discussion; to propose an alliance; to propose a person for office. 3. To set before one’s self or others as a purpose formed; hence, to purpose; to intend. “I propose to relate, in several volumes, the history of the people of New England.” Palfrey. To propose to one’s self, to intend; to design.

Pro•pose´, v. i. 1. To speak; to converse. [Obs.] “There shalt thou find my cousin Beatrice,
Proposing with the prince and Claudio.” Shak. 2. To form or declare a purpose or intention; to lay a scheme; to design; as man proposes, but God disposes. 3. To offer one’s self in marriage.

Pro•pose´, n. [F. propos, L. propositum. See Propound, Purpose, n.] Talk; discourse. [Obs.] Shak.

Pro•pos´er , n. 1. One who proposes or offers anything for consideration or adoption. 2. A speaker; an orator. [Obs.] Shak.

Prop•o•si´tion , n. [L. propositio: cf. F. proposition. See Propound.] 1. The act of setting or placing before; the act of offering. ´Oblations for the altar of proposition.´ Jer. Taylor. 2. That which is proposed; that which is offered, as for consideration, acceptance, or adoption; a proposal; as the enemy made propositions of peace; his proposition was not accepted. 3. A statement of religious doctrine; an article of faith; creed; as the propositions of Wyclif and Huss. “Some persons … change their propositions according as their temporal necessities or advantages do turn.” Jer. Taylor. 4. (Gram. & Logic) A complete sentence, or part of a sentence consisting of a subject and predicate united by a copula; a thought expressed or propounded in language; a from of speech in which a predicate is affirmed or denied of a subject; as snow is white. 5. (Math.) A statement in terms of a truth to be demonstrated, or of an operation to be performed. It is called a theorem when it is something to be proved, and a problem when it is something to be done. 6. (Rhet.) That which is offered or affirmed as the subject of the discourse; anything stated or affirmed for discussion or illustration. 7. (Poetry) The part of a poem in which the author states the subject or matter of it. Leaves of proposition (Jewish Antiq.), the showbread. Wyclif (Luke vi. 4). Syn. — Proposal; offer; statement; declaration. — Proposition, Proposal. These words are both from the Latin verb proponere, to set forth, and as here compared they mark different forms or stages of a negotiation. A proposition is something presented for discussion or consideration; as propositions of peace. A proposal is some definite thing offered by one party to be accepted or rejected by the other. If the proposition is favorably received, it is usually followed by proposals which complete the arrangement.

Prop•o•si´tion•al , a. Pertaining to, or in the nature of, a proposition; considered as a proposition; as a propositional sense. I. Watts.

Pro•pound´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Propounding.] [From earlier propone, L. proponere, propositum, to set forth, propose, propound; pro for, before + ponere to put. See Position, and cf. Provost.] 1. To offer for consideration; to exhibit; to propose; as to propound a question; to propound an argument. Shak. “And darest thou to the Son of God propound
To worship thee, accursed?” Milton. “It is strange folly to set ourselves no mark, to propound no end, in the hearing of the gospel.” Coleridge. 2. (Eccl.) To propose or name as a candidate for admission to communion with a church.

Pro•pound´er , n. One who propounds, proposes, or offers for consideration. Chillingworth.

Pro•pre´tor , n. [L. propraetor; pro for, before + praetor a pretor.] (Rom. Antiq.) A magistrate who, having been pretor at home, was appointed to the government of a province. [Written also propraetor.]

Pro•pri´e•ta•ry , n.; pl. Proprietaries (#). [L. proprietarius: cf. F. proprietaire. See Propriety, and cf. Proprietor.] 1. A proprietor or owner; one who has exclusive title to a thing; one who possesses, or holds the title to, a thing in his own right. Fuller. 2. A body proprietors, taken collectively. 3. (Eccl.) A monk who had reserved goods and effects to himself, notwithstanding his renunciation of all at the time of profession.

Pro•pri´e•ta•ry, a. [L. proprietarius.] Belonging, or pertaining, to a proprietor; considered as property; owned; as proprietary medicine. Proprietary articles, manufactured articles which some person or persons have exclusive right to make and sell. U. S. Statutes.

Pro•pri´e•tor , n. [For older proprietary: cf. F. proprietarie.] One who has the legal right or exclusive title to anything, whether in possession or not; an owner; as the proprietor of farm or of a mill.

Pro•pri•e•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to ownership; proprietary; as proprietorial rights.

Pro•pri´e•tor•ship , n. The state of being proprietor; ownership.

Pro•pri´e•tress , n. A female proprietor.

Pro•pri´e•ty , n.; pl. Proprieties (#). [F. propriete, L. proprietas, fr. proprius one’s own, proper. See Property, Proper.] 1. Individual right to hold property; ownership by personal title; property. [Obs.] ´Onles this propriety be exiled.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). “So are the proprieties of a wife to be disposed of by her lord, and yet all are for her provisions, it being a part of his need to refresh and supply hers.” Jer. Taylor. 2. That which is proper or peculiar; an inherent property or quality; peculiarity. [Obs.] Bacon. “We find no mention hereof in ancient zoögraphers, … who seldom forget proprieties of such a nature.” Sir T. Browne. 3. The quality or state of being proper; suitableness to an acknowledged or correct standard or rule; consonance with established principles, rules, or customs; fitness; appropriateness; as propriety of behavior, language, manners, etc. ´The rule of propriety,´ Locke.

Pro•proc´tor , n. [Pref. pro- + proctor.] [Eng. Univ.] A assistant proctor. Hook.

Props , n. pl. A game of chance, in which four sea shells, each called a prop, are used instead of dice.

Prop•te•ryg´i•um , n.; pl. Propterygia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. before + a fin.] (Anat.) The anterior of three principal cartilages in the fins of some fishes. — Prop•ter•yg´i•al (#), a.

Pro•pugn´ , v. t. [L. propugnare; pro for + pugnare to fight.] To contend for; to defend; to vindicate. [Obs.] Hammond.

Pro•pug´na•cle , n. [L. propugnaculum.] A fortress. [Obs.] Howell.

Pro•pug•na´tion , n. [L. propugnatio.] Means of defense; defense. [Obs.] Shak.

Pro•pugn´er , n. A defender; a vindicator. ´Zealous propugners.´ Gov. of Tongue.

Pro•pul•sa´tion , n. [L. propulsatio. See Propulse.] The act of driving away or repelling; a keeping at a distance. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pro•pulse´ , v. t. [L. propulsare, v. intens. from propellere to propel. See Propel.] To repel; to drive off or away. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Pro•pul´sion , n. [Cf. F. propulsion. See Propel.] 1. The act driving forward or away; the act or process of propelling; as steam propulsion. 2. An impelling act or movement. “God works in all things; all obey
His first propulsion.” Whittier.

Pro•pul´sive , a. Tending, or having power, to propel; driving on; urging. ´[The] propulsive movement of the verse.´ Coleridge.

Pro•pul´so•ry , a. Propulsive.

Pro´pyl , n. [Propionic + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical C3H7, regarded as the essential residue of propane and related compounds.

Prop•y•lae´um , n.; pl. Propylaea (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; before + a gate.] (Anc. Classical Arch.) Any court or vestibule before a building or leading into any inclosure.

Pro´pyl•ene , n. [Cf. F. propylène.] (Chem.) A colorless gaseous hydrocarbon (C3H6) of the ethylene series, having a garlic odor. It occurs in coal gas and is produced artificially in various ways. Called also propene.

Pro•pyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, propyl; as propylic alcohol.

Pro•pyl´i•dene , n. (Chem.) See Propidene.

Prop´y•lon, n.; pl. Propyla (#). [NL., from Gr. ; before + a gate.] (Anc. Arch.) The porch, vestibule, or entrance of an edifice.

Pro• ra´ta [L.] In proportion; proportionately; according to the share, interest, or liability of each.

Pro•rat´a•ble , a. Capable of being prorated, or divided proportionately. [U.S.]

Pro•rate´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prorating.] [From L. pro rata (sc. parte) according to a certain part, in proportion.] To divide or distribute proportionally; to assess pro rata. [U.S.]

Prore , n. [L. prora, Gr. : cf. It. & Sp. prora. See Prow, n.] The prow or fore part of a ship. [Poetic] ´Galleys with vermilion prores.´ Pope.

Pro•rec´tor , n. [NL. See Pro- , and Rector.] An officer who presides over the academic senate of a German university. Heyse.

Pro•rec´tor•ate , n. The office of prorector.

Pro•re´nal , a. [Pref. pro- + renal.] (Anat.) Pronephric.

Pro•rep´tion , n. [L. prorepere, proreptum, to creep forth; pro + repere.] A creeping on.

Pro•rhi´nal , a. [Pref. pro- + rhinal.] (Anat.) Situated in front of the nasal chambers.

Pro´ro•gate , v. t. To prorogue. [R.]

Pro•ro•ga´tion , n. [L. prorogatio: cf. F. prorogation.] 1. The act of counting in duration; prolongation. [Obs.] South. 2. The act of proroguing; the ending of the session of Parliament, and postponing of its business, by the command of the sovereign. [Eng.] After an adjournment all things continue as they were at the adjournment; whereas after a prorogation, bill introduced and nut passed are as if they had never been begun at all. Mozley & W.

Pro•rogue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prorogued p. pr. & vb. n. Proroguing ] [F. proroger, L. prorogare, prorogatum; pro forward + rogare to ask, to ask one for his opinion or vote, or about a law. See Rogation.] 1. To protract; to prolong; to extend. [Obs.] “He prorogued his government.” Dryden. 2. To defer; to delay; to postpone; as to proroguedeath; to prorogue a marriage. Shak. 3. To end the session of a parliament by an order of the sovereign, thus deferring its business. “Parliament was prorogued to [meet at] Westminster.” Bp. Hall. “The Parliament was again prorogued to a distant day.” Macaulay. Syn. — To adjourn; postpone; defer. See Adjourn.

Pro•rup´tion , n. [L. proruptio, fr. prorumpere, proruptum, to break forth; pro forth + rumpere to break.] The act or state of bursting forth; a bursting out. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { Pro•sa´ic , Pro•sa´ic•al } a. [L. prosaius, from prosa prose: cf. F,. prosaïque. See Prose.] 1. Of or pertaining to prose; resembling prose; in the form of prose; unpoetical; writing or using prose; as a prosaic composition. Cudworth. 2. Dull; uninteresting; commonplace; unimaginative; prosy; as a prosaic person. Ed. Rev. — Pro•sa´ic•al•ly, adv. — Pro•sa´ic•al•ness, n.

Pro•sa´i•cism , n. The quality or state of being prosaic; a prosaic manner or style. [R.] Poe.

Pro´sa•ism , n. That which is in the form of prose writing; a prosaic manner. Coleridge.

Pro´sa•ist ( 277), n. A writer of prose; an unpoetical writer. ´An estimable prosaist.´ I. Taylor.

Pro´sal , a. Of or pertaining to prose; prosaic. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pro•sce´ni•um , n.; pl. Proscenia (#). [L., fr. Gr. ; before + a tent, a wooden stage, the stage. See Scene.] 1. (Anc. Theater) The part where the actors performed; the stage. 2. (Modern Theater) The part of the stage in front of the curtain; sometimes, the curtain and its framework.

Pro•sco´lex , n.; pl. Proscolices (#). [NL., fr. Gr. before + , , a worm.] (Zoöl.) An early larval form of a trematode worm; a redia. See Redia.

Pro•scribe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proscribed p. pr. & vb. n. Proscribing.] [L. proscribere, proscriptum, to write before, to publish, proscribe; pro before + scribere to write. See Scribe. The sense of this word originated in the Roman practice of writing the names of persons doomed to death, and posting the list in public.] 1. To doom to destruction; to put out of the protection of law; to outlaw; to exile; as Sylla and Marius proscribed each other’s adherents. “Robert Vere, Earl of Oxford, … was banished the realm, and proscribed.” Spenser. 2. To denounce and condemn; to interdict; to prohibit; as the Puritans proscribed theaters. “The Arian doctrines were proscribed and anathematized in the famous Council of Nice.” Waterland.

Pro•scrib´er , n. One who, or that which, proscribes, denounces, or prohibits.

Pro´script , n. [See Proscribe.] 1. A proscription; a prohibition; an interdict. [R.] 2. One who is proscribed. [R.]

Pro•scrip´tion , n. [L. proscriptio: cf. F. proscription.] 1. The act of proscribing; a dooming to death or exile; outlawry; specifically, among the ancient Romans, the public offer of a reward for the head of a political enemy; as under the triumvirate, many of the best Roman citizens fell by proscription. “Every victory by either party had been followed by a sanguinary proscription.” Macaulay. 2. The state of being proscribed; denunciation; interdiction; prohibition. Macaulay.

Pro•scrip´tion•al , a. Proscriptive.

Pro•scrip´tion•ist, n. One who proscribes.

Pro•scrip´tive , a. Of or pertaining to proscription; consisting in, or of the nature of, proscription; proscribing. Burke. — Pro•scrip´tive•ly, adv.

Prose , n. [F. prose, L. prosa, fr. prorsus, prosus, straight forward, straight on, for proversus; pro forward + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. The ordinary language of men in speaking or writing; language not cast in poetical measure or rhythm; — contradistinguished from verse, or metrical composition. “I speak in prose, and let him rymes make.” Chaucer. “Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.” Milton. “I wish our clever young poets would remember my homely definitions of prose and poetry, that is; prose — words in their best order; poetry — the best order.” Coleridge. 2. Hence, language which evinces little imagination or animation; dull and commonplace discourse. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A hymn with no regular meter, sometimes introduced into the Mass. See Sequence.

Prose, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, prose; not in verse; as prose composition. 2. Possessing or exhibiting unpoetical characteristics; plain; dull; prosaic; as the prose duties of life.

Prose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosed p. pr. & vb. n. Prosing.] 1. To write in prose. 2. To write or repeat in a dull, tedious, or prosy way.

Prose, v. i. 1. To write prose. “Prosing or versing, but chiefly this latter.” Milton.

Pro•sec´tor , n. [L., an anatomist, from prosecare to cut up; pro before + secare to cut.] One who makes dissections for anatomical illustration; usually, the assistant of a professional anatomist.

Pros´e•cu•ta•ble , a. Capable of being prosecuted; liable to prosecution.

Pros´e•cute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosecuted p. pr. & vb. n. Prosecuting.] [L. prosecutus, p. p. of prosequi to follow, pursue. See Pursue.] 1. To follow or pursue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish; to endeavor to obtain or complete; to carry on; to continue; as to prosecute a scheme, hope, or claim. “I am beloved Hermia;
Why should not I, then, prosecute my right ?” Shak. 2. To seek to obtain by legal process; as to prosecute a right or a claim in a court of law. 3. (Law) To pursue with the intention of punishing; to accuse of some crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress or punishment, before a legal tribunal; to proceed against judicially; as to prosecute a man for trespass, or for a riot. “To acquit themselves and prosecute their foes.” Milton.

Pros´e•cute, v. i. 1. To follow after. [Obs.] Latimer. 2. (Law) To institute and carry on a legal prosecution; as to prosecute for public offenses. Blackstone.

Pros•e•cu´tion , n. [L. prosecutio a following.] 1. The act or process of prosecuting, or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something; pursuit by efforts of body or mind; as the prosecution of a scheme, plan, design, or undertaking; the prosecution of war. “Keeping a sharp eye on her domestics … in prosecution of their various duties.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Law) (a) The institution and carrying on of a suit in a court of law or equity, to obtain some right, or to redress and punish some wrong; the carrying on of a judicial proceeding in behalf of a complaining party, as distinguished from defense. (b) The institution, or commencement, and continuance of a criminal suit; the process of exhibiting formal charges against an offender before a legal tribunal, and pursuing them to final judgment on behalf of the state or government, as by indictment or information. (c) The party by whom criminal proceedings are instituted. Blackstone. Burrill. Mozley & W.

Pros´e•cu•tor , n. [Cf. L. prosecutor an attendant.] 1. One who prosecutes or carries on any purpose, plan, or business. 2. (Law) The person who institutes and carries on a criminal suit against another in the name of the government. Blackstone.

Pros´e•cu•trix , n. [NL.] A female prosecutor.

Pros´e•lyte , n. [OE. proselite, OF. proselite, F. proselytus, Gr. , adj., that has come, n., a new comer, especially, one who has come over from heathenism to the Jewish religion; toward, to + (prob.) the root of to come.] A new convert especially a convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, or party; thus, a Gentile converted to Judaism, or a pagan converted to Christianity, is a proselyte. “Ye [Scribes and Pharisees] compass sea and land to make one proselyte.” Matt. xxiii. 15. “Fresh confidence the speculatist takes
From every harebrained proselyte he makes.” Cowper. Syn. — See Convert.

Pros´e•lyte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proselyted p. pr. & vb. n. Proselyting.] To convert to some religion, opinion, or system; to bring over. Dr. H. More.

Pros´e•ly•tism , n. [Cf. F. proselytisme.] 1. The act or practice of proselyting; the making of converts to a religion or a religious sect, or to any opinion, system, or party. “They were possessed of a spirit of proselytism in the most fanatical degree.” Burke. 2. Conversion to a religion, system, or party.

Pros´e•ly•tize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. proselytized p. pr. & vb. n. Proselytizing ] To convert to some religion, system, opinion, or the like; to bring, or cause to come, over; to proselyte. “One of those whom they endeavor to proselytize.” Burke.

Pros´e•ly•tize, v. i. To make converts or proselytes.

Pros´e•ly•ti•zer, n. One who proselytes.

Prose´man , n. A writer of prose. [R.]

Pro•sem´i•na•ry , n. A seminary which prepares pupils for a higher institution. T. Warton.

Pro•sem•i•na´tion , n. [L. proseminare, proseminatum, to disseminate.] Propagation by seed. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Pros•en•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prosencephalon.

Pros•en•ceph´a•lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. toward, near to + E. encephalon.] [Sometimes abbreviated to proen.] (Anat.) (a) The anterior segment of the brain, including the cerebrum and olfactory lobes; the forebrain. (b) The cerebrum. Huxley.

Pros•en´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. near + -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) A general term applied to the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, as the principal cells of ordinary wood.

Pros´er , n. 1. A writer of prose. [Obs.] 2. One who talks or writes tediously. Sir W. Scott.

Pro•sil´i•en•cy , n. [L. prosilere to leap forth.] The act of leaping forth or forward; projection. ´Such prosiliency of relief.´ Coleridge.

Pros´i•ly , adv. In a prosy manner.

Pros•i•met´ric•al , a. [Prose + metrical.] Consisting both of prose and verse. Clarke.

Pro•sim´i•ae , n. pl. [NL. See Pro-. and Simia.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lemuroidea.

Pros´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being prosy; tediousness; tiresomeness.

Pros´ing, n. Writing prose; speaking or writing in a tedious or prosy manner. Sir W. Scott.

Pros´ing•ly, adv. Prosily.

Pro•si´phon , n. [Pref. pro- for + siphon.] (Zoöl.) A minute tube found in the protoconch of ammonites, and not connected with the true siphon.

Pro•slav´er•y , a. [Pref. pro- + slavery.] Favoring slavery. — n. Advocacy of slavery.

Pros´o•branch , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Prosobranchiata.

Pros•o•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. forward, further + a gill.] (Zoöl.) The highest division, or subclass, of gastropod mollusks, including those that have the gills situated anteriorly, or forward of the heart, and the sexes separate.

Pros´o•cœle , n. [Gr. forward + hollow.] (Anat.) The entire cavity of the prosencephalon. B. G. Wilder.

Pros•o•cœ´li•a , n.; pl. Prosocœlle (#), [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Prosocœle.

Pros•o•di´a•cal , a. Prosodical.

Pros•o•di´a•cal•ly, adv. Prosodically.

Pro•so´di•al , a. Prosodical.

Pro•so´di•an , n. A prosodist. Rush.

Pro•sod´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. prosodique, L. prosodiacus.] Of or pertaining to prosody; according to the rules of prosody. — Pro•sod´ic•al•ly, adv.

Pros´o•dist , n. One skilled in prosody.

Pros´o•dy , n. [L. prosodia the tone or accent of a syllable, Gr. a song sung to, or with, an accompanying song, the accent accompanying the pronunciation; to + song, ode: cf. F. prosodie. See Ode.] That part of grammar which treats of the quantity of syllables, of accent, and of the laws of versification or metrical composition.

Pro•so´ma , n.; pl. Prosomata. [NL., fr. Gr. before + , , body.] (Zoöl.) The anterior of the body of an animal, as of a cephalopod; the thorax of an arthropod.

Pros•o•pal´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. face + pain.] (Med.) Facial neuralgia.

Pros•o•po•ceph•a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pro•swpon face, appearance + head.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scaphopoda.

Pros•o•po•lep´sy , n. [Gr. ; pro•swpon a face, a person + a taking, receiving, to take.] Respect of persons; especially, a premature opinion or prejudice against a person, formed from his external appearance. [R.] Addison.

Pros•o•po•pœ´ia , n. [L., fr. Gr. ; pro•swpon a face, a person + to make.] (Rhet.) A figure by which things are represented as persons, or by which things inanimate are spoken of as animated beings; also a figure by which an absent person is introduced as speaking, or a deceased person is represented as alive and present. It includes personification, but is more extensive in its signification.

Pros•o•pul•mo•na´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. forward + L. pulmo a lung.] (Zoöl.) A division of pulmonate mollusks having the breathing organ situated on the neck, as in the common snail.

Pros´pect , n. [L. prospectus, fr. prospicere, prospectum, to look forward; pro before, forward + specere, spicere, look, to see: cf. OF. prospect. See Spy, v., and cf. Prospectus.] 1. That which is embraced by eye in vision; the region which the eye overlooks at one time; view; scene; outlook. “His eye discovers unaware
The goodly prospect of some foreign land.” Milton. 2. Especially, a picturesque or widely extended view; a landscape; hence, a sketch of a landscape. “I went to Putney … to take prospects in crayon.” Evelyn. 3. A position affording a fine view; a lookout. [R.] “Him God beholding from his prospect high.” Milton. 4. Relative position of the front of a building or other structure; face; relative aspect. “And their prospect was toward the south.” Ezek. xl. 44. 5. The act of looking forward; foresight; anticipation; as a prospect of the future state. Locke. “Is he a prudent man as to his temporal estate, that lays designs only for a day, without any prospect to, or provision for, the remaining part of life ?” Tillotson. 6. That which is hoped for; ground for hope or expectation; expectation; probable result; as the prospect of success. ´To brighter prospects born.´ Cowper. “These swell their prospectsd exalt their pride,
When offers are disdain’d, and love deny’d.” Pope.

Pros´pect, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prospected; p. pr. & vb. n. Prospecting.] To look over; to explore or examine for something; as to prospect a district for gold.

Pros´pect, v. i. To make a search; to seek; to explore, as for mines or the like; as to prospect for gold.

Pro•spec´tion , n. The act of looking forward, or of providing for future wants; foresight.

Pro•spec´tive , a. [L. prospectivus: cf. F. prospectif. See Prospect, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to a prospect; furnishing a prospect; perspective. [Obs.] “Time’s long and dark prospective glass.” Milton. 2. Looking forward in time; acting with foresight; — opposed to retrospective. “The French king of Sweden are circumspect, industrious, and prospective, too, in this affair.” Sir J. Child. 3. Being within view or consideration, as a future event or contingency; relating to the future: expected; as a prospective benefit. “Points on which the promises, at the time of ordination, had no prospective bearing.” W. Jay.

Pro•spec´tive , n. 1. The scene before or around, in time or in space; view; prospect. Sir H. Wotton. 2. A perspective glass. [Obs.] Chaucer. Beau. & Fl.

Pro•spec´tive•ly, adv. In a prospective manner.

Pro•spec´tive•ness, n. Quality of being prospective.

Pros´pect•less , a. Having no prospect.

Pros´pect•or , n. [L., one who looks out.] One who prospects; especially, one who explores a region for minerals and precious metals.

Pro•spec´tus , n. [L., a prospect, sight, view: cf. F. prospectus. See Prospect.] A summary, plan, or scheme of something proposed, affording a prospect of its nature; especially, an exposition of the scheme of an unpublished literary work.

Pros´per , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prospered p. pr. & vb. n. Prospering.] [F. prosperer v. i., or L. prosperare, v. i., or L. prosperare, v. t., fr. prosper or prosperus. See Prosperous.] To favor; to render successful. ´Prosper thou our handiwork.´ Bk. of Common Prayer. “All things concur toprosper our design.” Dryden.

Pros´per, v. i. 1. To be successful; to succeed; to be fortunate or prosperous; to thrive; to make gain. “They, in their earthly Canaan placed,
Long time shall dwell and prosper.” Milton. 2. To grow; to increase. [Obs.] “Black cherry trees prosper even to considerable timber.” Evelyn.

Pros•per´i•ty , n. [F. prosperite, L. prosperitas. See Prosperous.] The state of being prosperous; advance or gain in anything good or desirable; successful progress in any business or enterprise; attainment of the object desired; good fortune; success; as commercial prosperity; national prosperity. “Now prosperity begins to mellow.” Shak. “Prosperities can only be enjoyed by them who fear not at all to lose them.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Prosperousness; thrift; weal; welfare; well being; happiness.

Pros´per•ous , a. [L. prosperus or prosper, originally, answering to hope; pro according to + the root of sperare to hope. See Despair.] 1. Tending to prosperity; favoring; favorable; helpful. “A happy passage and a prosperous wind.” Denham. 2. Being prospered; advancing in the pursuit of anything desirable; making gain, or increase; thriving; successful; as a prosperous voyage; a prosperous undertaking; a prosperous man or nation. “By moderation either state to bear
Prosperous or adverse.” Milton. Syn. — Fortunate; successful; flourishing; thriving; favorable; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate. — Pros´per•ous•ly, adv. — Pros´per•ous•ness, n.

Pros´phy•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ; to + to grow.] (Med.) A growing together of parts; specifically, a morbid adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball. Dunglison.

Pro•spi´cience , n. [L. prospicientia, fr. prospiciens, p. pr. of prospicere. See Prospect.] The act of looking forward.

Pros´tate , a.[Gr. standing before, fr. to set before; before + to set: cf. F. prostate.] (Anat.) Standing before; — applied to a gland which is found in the males of most mammals, and is situated at the neck of the bladder where this joins the urethra. — n. The prostate gland.

Pro•stat´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prostate gland. Prostatic catheter. (Med.) See under Catheter.

Pros•ta•ti´tis , n. [NL. See Prostate, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the prostate.

Pros•ter•na´tion , n. [F. See Prostration.] Dejection; depression. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Pro•ster´num , n. [NL. See Pro- and Sternum.] (Zoöl.) The ventral plate of the prothorax of an insect.

Pros´the•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. an addition, fr. to put to, to add; to + to put, place.] 1. (Surg.) The addition to the human body of some artificial part, to replace one that is wanting, as a log or an eye; — called also prothesis. 2. (Gram.) The prefixing of one or more letters to the beginning of a word, as in beloved.

Pros•thet´ic , a. [Cf. Gr. disposed to add, put on.] Of or pertaining to prosthesis; prefixed, as a letter or letters to a word.

Pros•tib´u•lous , a. [L. prostibulum prostitute.] Of or pertaining to prostitutes or prostitution; meretricious. [Obs.] Bale.

Pros´ti•tute , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prostituted p. pr. & vb. n. Prostituting.] [L. prostitutus, p. p. of prostituere to prostitute; pro before, forth + statuere to put, place. See Statute.] 1. To offer, as a woman, to a lewd use; to give up to lewdness for hire. ´Do not prostitute thy daughter.´ Lev. xix. 29. 2. To devote to base or unworthy purposes; to give up to low or indiscriminate use; as to prostitute talents; to prostitute official powers. Milton.

Pros´ti•tute, a. [L. prostitutus, p. p.] Openly given up to lewdness; devoted to base or infamous purposes. “Made bold by want, and prostitute for bread.” Prior

Pros´ti•tute, n. [L. prostituta.] 1. A woman giver to indiscriminate lewdness; a strumpet; a harlot. 2. A base hireling; a mercenary; one who offers himself to infamous employments for hire. “No hireling she, no prostitute to praise.” Pope.

Pros•ti•tu´tion , n. [L. prostitutio: cf. F. prostitution.] 1. The act or practice of prostituting or offering the body to an indiscriminate intercourse with men; common lewdness of a woman. 2. The act of setting one’s self to sale, or of devoting to infamous purposes what is in one’s power; as the prostitution of abilities; the prostitution of the press. ´Mental prostitution.´ Byron.

Pros´ti•tu•tor , n. [L.] One who prostitutes; one who submits himself, of or offers another, to vile purposes. Bp. Hurd.

Pro•sto´mi•um , n.; pl. Prostomia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. before + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) That portion of the head of an annelid situated in front of the mouth. — Pro•sto´mi•al (#), a.

Pros´trate , a. [L. prostratus, p. p. of prosternere to prostrate; pro before, forward + sternere to spread out, throw down. See Stratum.] 1. Lying at length, or with the body extended on the ground or other surface; stretched out; as to sleep prostrate. Elyot. “Groveling and prostrate on yon lake of fire.” Milton. 2. Lying at mercy, as a supplicant. Dryden. 3. Lying in a humble, lowly, or suppliant posture. “Prostrate fall
Before him reverent, and there confess
Humbly our faults.” Milton. 4. (Bot.) Trailing on the ground; procumbent.

Pros´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prostrated p. pr. & vb. n. Prostrating.] 1. To lay fiat; to throw down; to level; to fell; as to prostrate the body; to prostrate trees or plants. Evelyn. 2. to overthrow; to demolish; to destroy; to deprive of efficiency; to ruin; as to prostrate a village; to prostrate a government; to prostrate law or justice. 3. To throw down, or cause to fall in humility or adoration; to cause to bow in humble reverence; used reflexively; as he prostrated himself. Milman. 4. To cause to sink totally; to deprive of strength; to reduce; as a person prostrated by fever.

Pros•tra´tion , n. [L. prostratio: cf. F. prostration.] 1. The act of prostrating, throwing down, or laying fiat; as the prostration of the body. 2. The act of falling down, or of bowing in humility or adoration; primarily, the act of falling on the face, but usually applied to kneeling or bowing in reverence and worship. “A greater prostration of reason than of body.” Shak. 3. The condition of being prostrate; great depression; lowness; dejection; as a postration of spirits. ´A sudden prostration of strength.´ Arbuthnot. 4. (Med.) A latent, not an exhausted, state of the vital energies; great oppression of natural strength and vigor. Prostration, in its medical use, is analogous to the state of a spring lying under such a weight that it is incapable of action; while exhaustion is analogous to the state of a spring deprived of its elastic powers. The word, however, is often used to denote any great depression of the vital powers.

Pro´style , a. [L. prostylus, Gr. ; before + pillar, column: cf. F. prostyle.] (Arch.) Having columns in front. — n. A prostyle portico or building.

Pros´y , a. [Compar. Prosier superl. Prosiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to prose; like prose. 2. Dull and tedious in discourse or writing; prosaic.

Pro•sy´lo•gism , n. [Pref. pro- + syllogism.] (Logic) A syllogism preliminary or logically essential to another syllogism; the conclusion of such a syllogism, which becomes a premise of the following syllogism.

Pro•tac´tic , a. [Gr. placing or placed before, fr. to place in front; before + to arrange.] Giving a previous narrative or explanation, as of the plot or personages of a play; introductory.

Pro´ta•gon , n. [Proto- + Gr. a contest. See. Protagonist. So called because it was the first definitely ascertained principle of the brain.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous phosphorized principle found in brain tissue. By decomposition it yields neurine, fatty acids, and other bodies.

Pro•tag´o•nist , n. [Gr. ; prw^tos first + an actor, combatant, fr. a contest.] One who takes the leading part in a drama; hence, one who takes lead in some great scene, enterprise, conflict, or the like. “Shakespeare, the protagonist on the great of modern poetry.” De Quincey.

Pro´ta•min , n. [Gr. prw^tos first.] (Physiol. Chem.) An amorphous nitrogenous substance found in the spermatic fluid of salmon. It is soluble in water, which an alkaline reaction, and unites with acids and metallic bases.

Pro•tan´dric , a. [Proto- + Gr. , , a man.] (Zoöl.) Having male sexual organs while young, and female organs later in life. — Pro•tan´trism (#), n.

Pro•tan´drous , a. (Bot.) Proterandrous.

Prot´a•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to stretch before, forward; before + to stretch.] 1. A proposition; a maxim. Johnson. 2. (Gram.) The introductory or subordinate member of a sentence, generally of a conditional sentence; — opposed to apodosis. See Apodosis. 3. The first part of a drama, of a poem, or the like; the introduction; opposed to epitasis. B. Jonson.

Pro•tat´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. L. protaticus, F. protatique.] Of or pertaining to the protasis of an ancient play; introductory.

Pro•te•a´ceous , a. [From Proteus.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Proteaceae, an order of apetalous evergreen shrubs, mostly natives of the Cape of Good Hope or of Australia.

Pro´te•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to Proteus; characteristic of Proteus. ´ Protean transformations.´ Cudworth. 2. Exceedingly variable; readily assuming different shapes or forms; as an amœba is a protean animalcule.

Pro´te•an•ly, adv. In a protean manner. Cudworth.

Pro•tect´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protected; p. pr. & vb. n. Protecting.] [L. protectus, p. p. of protegere, literally, to cover in front; pro before + tegere to cover. See Tegument.] To cover or shield from danger or injury; to defend; to guard; to preserve in safety; as a father protects his children. “The gods of Greece protect you!” Shak. Syn. — To guard; shield; preserve. See Defend.

Pro•tect´ing•ly , adv. By way of protection; in a protective manner.

Pro•tec´tion , n. [L. protectio: cf. F. protection.] 1. The act of protecting, or the state of being protected; preservation from loss, injury, or annoyance; defense; shelter; as the weak need protection. “To your protection I commend me, gods.” Shak. 2. That which protects or preserves from injury; a defense; a shield; a refuge. “Let them rise up … and be your protection.” Deut. xxxii. 38. 3. A writing that protects or secures from molestation or arrest; a pass; a safe-conduct; a passport. “He … gave them protections under his hand.” Macaulay. 4. (Polit. Econ.) A theory, or a policy, of protecting the producers in a country from foreign competition in the home market by the imposition of such discriminating duties on goods of foreign production as will restrict or prevent their importation; — opposed to free trade. Writ of protection. (Law) (a) A writ by which the king formerly exempted a person from arrest; — now disused. [Eng.] Blackstone. (b) A judicial writ issued to a person required to attend court, as party, juror, etc., intended to secure him from arrest in coming, staying, and returning. Syn. — Preservation; defense; guard; shelter; refuge; security; safety.

Pro•tec´tion•ism , n. (Polit. Econ.) The doctrine or policy of protectionists. See Protection, 4.

Pro•tec´tion•ist, n. (Polit. Econ.) One who favors protection. See Protection, 4.

Pro•tect´ive , a. [Cf. F. protectif.] Affording protection; sheltering; defensive. ´ The favor of a protective Providence.´ Feltham. Protective coloring (Zoöl.), coloring which serves for the concealment and preservation of a living organism. Cf. Mimicry. Wallace. — Protective tariff (Polit. Econ.), a tariff designed to secure protection (see Protection, 4.), as distinguished from a tariff designed to raise revenue. See Tariff, and Protection, 4.

Pro•tect´ive•ness, n. The quality or state of being protective. W. Pater.

Pro•tect´or , n. [L.: cf. F. protecteur.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or shields from injury, evil, oppression, etc.; a defender; a guardian; a patron. “For the world’s protector shall be known.” Waller. 2. (Eng. Hist.) One having the care of the kingdom during the king’s minority; a regent. “Is it concluded he shall be protector !” Shak. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A cardinal, from one of the more considerable Roman Catholic nations, who looks after the interests of his people at Rome; also a cardinal who has the same relation to a college, religious order, etc. Lord Protector (Eng. Hist.), the title of Oliver Cromwell as supreme governor of the British Commonwealth (1653-1658).

Pro•tect´or•al , a. Of or pertaining to a protector; protectorial; as protectoral power.

Pro•tect´or•ate , n. [Cf. F. protectorat.] 1. Government by a protector; — applied especially to the government of England by Oliver Cromwell. 2. The authority assumed by a superior power over an inferior or a dependent one, whereby the former protects the latter from invasion and shares in the management of its affairs.

Pro•tec•to´ri•al , a. [Cf. L. protectorius.] Same as Protectoral.

Pro•tect´or•less , a. Having no protector; unprotected.

Pro•tect´or•ship, n. The office of a protector or regent; protectorate. { Pro•tect´ress , Pro•tect´rix } n. [NL. protectrix.] A woman who protects. { Pro•te•ge´ , n. m. Pro•te•gee´ , n. f.} [F., p. p. of proteger. See Protect.] One under the care and protection of another.

Pro´te•id , n. [Gr. prw^tos first.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a class of amorphous nitrogenous principles, containing, as a rule, a small amount of sulphur; an albuminoid, as blood fibrin, casein of milk, etc. Proteids are present in nearly all animal fluids and make up the greater part of animal tissues and organs. They are also important constituents of vegetable tissues. See 2d Note under Food. — Pro´te•id, a.

Pro•te•id´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Proteus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of aquatic amphibians having prominent external gills and four legs. It includes Proteus and Menobranchus (Necturus). Called also Proteoidea, and Proteida.

Pro•te´i•form , a. (Zoöl.) Changeable in form; resembling a Proteus, or an amœba.

Pro´te•in , n. [Gr. prw^tos first: cf. prwtei^on the first place.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body now known as alkali albumin, but originally considered to be the basis of all albuminous substances, whence its name. Protein crystal. (Bot.) See Crystalloid, n., 2.

Pro•te•i•na´•ceous , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Of or related to protein; albuminous; proteid.

Pro•te´i•nous , a. Proteinaceuos.

Pro´te•les , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A South Africa genus of Carnivora, allied to the hyenas but smaller and having weaker jaws and teeth. It includes the aard-wolf.

Pro•tend´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protended; p. pr. & vb. n. Protending.] [L. protendere, protensum; pro before, forth + tendere to stretch.] To hold out; to stretch forth. [Obs.] “With his protended lance he makes defence.” Dryden.

Pro•tense´ , n. [See Protend.] Extension.[Obs.] ´ By due degrees and long protense.´ Spenser.

Pro•ten´sion , n. [L. protensio.] A drawing out; extension. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

Pro•ten´sive , a. Drawn out; extended. [R.] “Time is a protensive quantity.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Pro•te•ol´y•sis , n. [NL. See Proteolytic.] (Physiol. Chem.) The digestion or dissolving of proteid matter by proteolytic ferments.

Pro•te•o•lyt´ic , a. [Proteid + Gr. to loose.] (Physiol.) Converting proteid or albuminous matter into soluble and diffusible products, as peptones. ´ The proteolytic ferment of the pancreas.´ Foster.

Pro•ter•an´drous , a. [Gr. earlier (fr. before) + , , man, male.] (Bot.) Having the stamens come to maturity before the pistil; — opposed to proterogynous.

Pro•ter•an´dry , n. (Bot.) The condition of being proterandrous.

Pro•ter•an´thous , a. [Gr. earlier (fr. before) + flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers appearing before the leaves; — said of certain plants. Gray.

Pro•te•rog´ly•pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. before + to carve.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of serpents including those that have permanently erect grooved poison fangs, with ordinary teeth behind them in the jaws. It includes the cobras the asps, and the sea snakes. Called also Proteroglyphia.

Pro•ter•og´y•nous , a. [Gr. earlier (fr. before) + woman, female.] (Bot.) Having the pistil come to maturity before the stamens; protogynous; — opposed to proterandrous.

Pro•te•ro•sau´rus , n. [NL., from Gr. earlier (fr. before) + a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of reptiles of the Permian period. Called also Protosaurus.

Pro•ter´vi•ty , n. [L. protervitas, from protervus violent.] Peevishness; petulance. [Obs.] Fuller.

Pro•test´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Protested; p. pr. & vb. n. Protesting.] [F. protester, L. protestari, pro before + testari to be a witness, testis a witness. See Testify.] 1. To affirm in a public or formal manner; to bear witness; to declare solemnly; to avow. “He protest that his measures are pacific.” Landor. “The lady doth protest too much, methinks.” Shak. 2. To make a solemn declaration (often a written one) expressive of opposition; — with against; as he protest against your votes. Denham. “The conscience has power … to protest againts the exorbitancies of the passions.” Shak. Syn. — To affirm; asseverate; assert; aver; attest; testify; declare; profess. See Affirm.

Pro•test´, v. t. 1. To make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to proclaim; to display; as to protest one’s loyalty. “I will protest your cowardice.” Shak. 2. To call as a witness in affirming or denying, or to prove an affirmation; to appeal to. “Fiercely [they] opposed
My journey strange, with clamorous uproar
Protesting fate supreme.” Milton. To protest a bill or note (Law), to make a solemn written declaration, in due form, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable for any loss or damage to be sustained by the nonacceptance or the nonpayment of the bill or note, as the case may be. This should be made by a notary public, whose seal it is the usual practice to affix. Kent. Story.

Pro´test , n. [Cf. F. protêt, It. protesto. See Protest, v.] 1. A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly a formal objection against some act; especially, a formal and solemn declaration, in writing, of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative body; as the protest of lords in Parliament. 2. (Law) (a) A solemn declaration in writing, in due form, made by a notary public, usually under his notarial seal, on behalf of the holder of a bill or note, protesting against all parties liable for any loss or damage by the nonacceptance or nonpayment of the bill, or by the nonpayment of the note, as the case may be. (b) A declaration made by the master of a vessel before a notary, consul, or other authorized officer, upon his arrival in port after a disaster, stating the particulars of it, and showing that any damage or loss sustained was not owing to the fault of the vessel, her officers or crew, but to the perils of the sea, etc., ads the case may be, and protesting against them. (c) A declaration made by a party, before or while paying a tax, duty, or the like, demanded of him, which he deems illegal, denying the justice of the demand, and asserting his rights and claims, in order to show that the payment was not voluntary. Story. Kent.

Prot´es•tan•cy , n. Protestantism. [R.]

Prot´es•tant , n. [F. protestant, fr. L. protestans, -antis, p. pr. of protestare. See Protest, v.] One who protests; — originally applied to those who adhered to Luther, and protested against, or made a solemn declaration of dissent from, a decree of the Emperor Charles V. and the Diet of Spires, in 1529, against the Reformers, and appealed to a general council; — now used in a popular sense to designate any Christian who does not belong to the Roman Catholic or the Greek Church.

Prot´es•tant , a. [Cf. F. protestant.] 1. Making a protest; protesting. 2. Of or pertaining to the faith and practice of those Christians who reject the authority of the Roman Catholic Church; as Protestant writers.

Prot•es•tant´ic•al , a. Protestant. [Obs.]

Prot´es•tant•ism , n. [Cf. F. protestantisme.] The quality or state of being protestant, especially against the Roman Catholic Church; the principles or religion of the Protestants.

Prot´es•tant•ly, adv. Like a Protestant; in conformity with Protestantism. [R.] Milton.

Prot•es•ta´tion , n. [L. protestatio: cf. F. protestation. See Protest.] 1. The act of making a protest; a public avowal; a solemn declaration, especially of dissent. ´ The protestation of our faith.´ Latimer. 2. (Law) Formerly, a declaration in common-law pleading, by which the party interposes an oblique allegation or denial of some fact, protesting that it does or does not exist, and at the same time avoiding a direct affirmation or denial.

Prot´es•ta•tor , n. [Cf. F. protestateur.] One who makes protestation; a protester.

Pro•test´er , n. 1. One who protests; one who utters a solemn declaration. Shak. 2. (Law) One who protests a bill of exchange, or note.

Pro•test´ing•ly, adv. By way of protesting.

Pro´te•us , n. [L., Gr. .] 1. (Class. Myth.) A sea god in the service of Neptune who assumed different shapes at will. Hence, one who easily changes his appearance or principles. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of aquatic eel-shaped amphibians found in caves in Austria. They have permanent external gills as well as lungs. The eyes are small and the legs are weak. (b) A changeable protozoan; an amœba. { Pro•tha•la´mi•on , Pro•tha•la´mi•um } n. [NL., fr. Gr. before + chamber, especially, the bridal chamber.] A song in celebration of a marriage. Drayton.

Pro•thal´li•um , n.; pl. Prothallia (#). [NL.] (Bot.) Same as Prothallus.

Pro•thal´lus , n.; pl. Prothalli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. before + a young shoot.] (Bot.) The minute primary growth from the spore of ferns and other Pteridophyta, which bears the true sexual organs; the oöphoric generation of ferns, etc.

Proth´e•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a placing in public, fr. to set before; before + to set, put.] 1. (Eccl.) A credence table; — so called by the Eastern or Greek Church. 2. (Med.) See Prosthesis. Dunglison.

Pro•thet´ic , a. [Gr. .] Of or pertaining to prothesis; as a prothetic apparatus. { Pro•thon´o•ta•ry , or Pro•ton´o•ta•ry }, n.; pl> -ries (#). [LL. protonotarius, fr. Gr. prw^tos first + L. notarius a shorthand writer, a scribe: cf. F. protonotaire.] 1. A chief notary or clerk. ´ My private prothonotary.´ Herrick. 2. Formerly, a chief clerk in the Court of King’s Bench and in the Court of Common Pleas now superseded by the master. [Eng.] Wharton. Burrill. 3. A register or chief clerk of a court in certain States of the United States. 4. (R. C. Ch.) Formerly, one who had the charge of writing the acts of the martyrs, and the circumstances of their death; now, one of twelve persons, constituting a college in the Roman Curia, whose office is to register pontifical acts and to make and preserve the official record of beatifications. 5. (Gr. Ch.) The chief secretary of the patriarch of Constantinople. Prothonotary warbler (Zoöl.), a small American warbler (Protonotaria citrea). The general color is golden yellow, the back is olivaceous, the rump and tail are ash- color, several outer tail feathers are partly white.

Pro•thon´o•ta•ry•ship, n. Office of a prothonotary.

Pro•tho•rac´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the prothorax.

Pro•tho´rax , n. [Pref. pro- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) The first or anterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Illusts. of Butterfly and Coleoptera.

Pro• thy•a•lo•so´ma , n.; pl. Prothyalosomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. prw^tos first + ´y•alos glass + , , body.] (Biol.) The investing portion, or spherical envelope, surrounding the eccentric germinal spot of the germinal vesicle.

Pro•thy´a•lo•some , n. (Biol.) Same as Prothyalosoma.

Pro´tist , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Protista.

Pro•tis´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. prw•tistos first.] (Zoöl.) A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals.

Pro•tis´ton , n.; pl. Protista (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Protista.

Pro´to- [Gr. prw^tos first, a superl. fr. pro• before. See Pro-.] 1. A combining form prefix signifying first, primary, primordial; as protomartyr, the first martyr; protomorphic, primitive in form; protoplast, a primordial organism; prototype, protozoan. 2. (Chem.) (a) Denoting the first or lowest of a series, or the one having the smallest amount of the element to the name of which it is prefixed; as protoxide, protochloride, etc. (b) Sometimes used as equivalent to mono-, as indicating that the compound has but one atom of the element to the name of which it is prefixed. Also used adjectively.

Pro•to•ca•non´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to the first canon, or that which contains the authorized collection of the books of Scripture; — opposed to deutero- canonical.

Pro•to•cat•e•chu´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an organic acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance from catechin, asafetida, oil of cloves, etc., and by distillation itself yields pyrocatechin.

Pro•to•cer´cal , a. [Proto- + Gr. the tail.] (Zoöl.) Having a caudal fin extending around the end of the vertebral column, like that which is first formed in the embryo of fishes; diphycercal.

Pro•to•coc´cus , n. [NL. See Proto-, and Coccus.] (Bot.) A genus of minute unicellular algae including the red snow plant (Protococcus nivalis).

Pro´to•col , n. [F. protocole, LL. protocollum, fr. Gr. the first leaf glued to the rolls of papyrus and the notarial documents, on which the date was written; prw^tos the first (see Proto-) + glue.] 1. The original copy of any writing, as of a deed, treaty, dispatch, or other instrument. Burrill. 2. The minutes, or rough draught, of an instrument or transaction. 3. (Diplomacy) (a) A preliminary document upon the basis of which negotiations are carried on. (b) A convention not formally ratified. (c) An agreement of diplomatists indicating the results reached by them at a particular stage of a negotiation.

Pro´to•col, v. t. To make a protocol of.

Pro´to•col, v. i. To make or write protocols, or first draughts; to issue protocols. Carlyle.

Pro´to•col•ist, n. One who draughts protocols.

Pro´to•conch , n. [Proto- + conch.] (Zoöl.) The embryonic shell, or first chamber, of ammonites and other cephalopods.

Pro•to-Dor•ic , a. [Proto- + Doric.] (Arch.) Pertaining to, or designating, architecture, in which the beginnings of the Doric style are supposed to be found.

Pro´to•gine , n. [Proto- + root of Gr. to be born: cf. F. protogyne.] (Min.) A kind of granite or gneiss containing a silvery talcose mineral.

Pro•tog´y•nous , a. [Proto + Gr. gynh• a woman.] (Bot.) Same as Proterogynous.

Pro•to•hip´pus , n. [NL., from Gr. first + horse.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil horses from the Lower Pliocene. They had three toes on each foot, the lateral ones being small.

Pro´to•mar•tyr , n. [LL., fr. Gr. ; first + martyr: cf. F. protomartyr. See Proto- , and Martyr.] The first martyr; the first who suffers, or is sacrificed, in any cause; — applied esp. to Stephen, the first Christian martyr.

Pro•to•mer´ite , n. [Proto- + -mere + -ite.] (Zoöl.) The second segment of one of the Gregarinae.

Pro•to•mor´phic , a. [Proto- + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Having the most primitive character; in the earliest form; as a protomorphic layer of tissue. H. Spencer.

Pro•to•ne´ma , n.; pl. Protonemata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. first + , , a thread.] (Bot.) The primary growth from the spore of a moss, usually consisting of branching confervoid filaments, on any part of which stem and leaf buds may be developed.

Pro•ton´o•ta•ry , n. Same as Prothonotary.

Pro•to•ör´gan•ism , n. [Proto- + organism.] (Biol.) An organism whose nature is so difficult to determine that it might be referred to either the animal or the vegetable kingdom.

Pro•to•pap´as , n. [NL., from Gr. a chief priest.] (Gr. Ch.) A protopope.

Pro´to•phyte , n. [Proto- + Gr. a plant.] (Bot.) Any unicellular plant, or plant forming only a plasmodium, having reproduction only by fission, gemmation, or cell division. The protophytes (Protophyta) are by some botanists considered an independent branch or class of the vegetable kingdom, and made to include the lowest forms of both fungi and algae, as slime molds, Bacteria, the nostocs, etc. Cf. Carpophyte, and Oöphyte.

Pro•to•phy•tol´o•gy , n. [Proto- + phytology.] Paleobotany.

Pro´to•pine , n. [Proto- + opium.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in opium in small quantities, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Pro´to•plasm , n. [Proto- + Gr. form, fr. to mold.] (Biol.) The viscid and more or less granular material of vegetable and animal cells, possessed of vital properties by which the processes of nutrition, secretion, and growth go forward; the so-called ´ physical basis of life;´ the original cell substance, cytoplasm, cytoblastema, bioplasm sarcode, etc. The lowest forms of animal and vegetable life (unicellular organisms) consist of simple or unaltered protoplasm; the tissues of the higher organisms, of differentiated protoplasm.

Pro•to•plas•mat´ic , a. Protoplasmic.

Pro•to•plas´mic , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the first formation of living bodies. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to protoplasm; consisting of, or resembling, protoplasm.

Pro´to•plast , n. [L. protoplastus the first man, Gr. formed or created first; first + formed, fr. to form.] 1. The thing first formed; that of which there are subsequent copies or reproductions; the original. 2. (Biol.) A first-formed organized body; the first individual, or pair of individuals, of a species. “A species is a class of individuals, each of which is hypothetically considered to be the descendant of the same protoplast, or of the same pair of protoplasts.” Latham.

Pro•to•plas´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of fresh-water rhizopods including those that have a soft body and delicate branched pseudopodia. The genus Gromia is one of the best-known.

Pro•to•plas´tic , a. First- formed. Howell.

Pro•top´o•dite , n. [Proto- + Gr. , , foot.] (Zoöl.) The basal portion, or two proximal and more or less consolidated segments, of an appendage of a crustacean.

Pro´to•pope , n. [Proto- + pope: cf. F. protopope, Russ. protopop’.] (Gr. Ch.) One of the clergy of first rank in the lower order of secular clergy; an archpriest; — called also protopapas.

Pro•top´te•rus , n. [NL., from Gr. first + a feather (taken to mean, fin).] (Zoöl.) See Komtok.

Pro´to•salt , n. [Proto- + salt.] (Chem.) A salt derived from a protoxide base. [Obs.]

Pro•to•sil´i•cate , n. [Proto- + silicate.] (Chem.) A silicate formed with the lowest proportion of silicic acid, or having but one atom of silicon in the molecule.

Pro•to•so´mite , n. [Proto- + somite.] (Zoöl.) One of the primitive segments, or metameres, of an animal.

Pro•to•sul´phide , n. [Proto- + sulphide.] (Chem.) That one of a series of sulphides of any element which has the lowest proportion of sulphur; a sulphide with but one atom of sulphur in the molecule.

Pro•to•sul´phu•ret , n. [Proto- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) A protosulphide. [Obs.]

Pro•to•the´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. prw^tos first + qhri•on, dim. of qh•r beast.] (Zoöl.) Same as Monotremata.

Pro•to•tra•che•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Proto-, and Trachea.] (Zoöl.) Same as Malacopoda.

Pro´to•type , n. [F., from L. prototypus original, primitive, Gr. , ; first + type, model. See Proto-, and Type] An original or model after which anything is copied; the pattern of anything to be engraved, or otherwise copied, cast, or the like; a primary form; exemplar; archetype. “They will turn their backs on it, like their great precursor and prototype.” Burke.

Pro•to•ver´te•bra , n.; pl. Protovertebrae . [Proto- + vertebra.] (Anat.) One of the primitive masses, or segments, into which the mesoblast of the vertebrate embryo breaks up on either side of the anterior part of the notochord; a mesoblastic, or protovertebral, somite. See Illust. of Ectoderm. The protovertebrae were long regarded as rudiments of the permanent vertebrae, but they are now known to give rise to the dorsal muscles and other structures as well as the vertebral column. See Myotome.

Pro•to•ver´te•bral , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the protovertebrae.

Pro•tox´ide , n. [Proto- + oxide: cf. F. protoxide.] (Chem.) That one of a series of oxides having the lowest proportion of oxygen. See Proto-, 2 (b). protoxide of nitrogen, laughing gas now called hyponitrous oxide. See under Laughing.

Pro•tox´i•dize , v. t. (Chem.) To combine with oxygen, as any elementary substance, in such proportion as to form a protoxide.

Pro•to•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. first + an animal.] (Zoöl.) The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. The entire animal consists of a single cell which is variously modified; but in many species a number of these simple zooids are united together so as to form a compound body or organism, as in the Foraminifera and Vorticellae. The reproduction takes place by fission, or by the breaking up of the contents of the body after encystment, each portion becoming a distinct animal, or in other ways, but never by true eggs. The principal divisions are Rhizopoda, Gregarinae, and Infusoria. See also Foraminifera, Heliozoa, Protoplasta, Radiolaria, Flagellata, Ciliata.

Pro•to•zo´an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Protozoa. — n. One of the Protozoa.

Pro•to•zo´ic , a. 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Protozoa. 2. (Geol.) Containing remains of the earliest discovered life of the globe, which included mollusks, radiates and protozoans.

Pro•to•zo´ön (-on), n.; pl. Protozoa (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the Protozoa. (b) A single zooid of a compound protozoan.

Pro•to•zo´ö•nite , n. (Zoöl.) One of the primary, or first-formed, segments of an embryonic arthropod.

Pro•tra•che•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Pro-, and Trachea.] (Zoöl.) Same as Malacopoda.

Pro•tract´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protracted; p. pr. vb. n. Protracting.] [L. protractus, p. p. of protrahere to forth, protract; pro forward + trahere to draw. See Portrait, Portray.] 1. To draw out or lengthen in time or (rarely) in space; to continue; to prolong; as to protract an argument; to protract a war. 2. To put off to a distant time; to delay; to defer; as to protract a decision or duty. Shak. 3. (Surv.) To draw to a scale; to lay down the lines and angles of, with scale and protractor; to plot. 4. (Zoöl.) To extend; to protrude; as the cat can protract its claws; — opposed to retract.

Pro•tract´, n. [L. protractus.] Tedious continuance or delay. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pro•tract•ed , a. Prolonged; continued. Protracted meeting,a religious meeting continued for many successive days. [U. S.] — Pro•tract´ed•ly, adv. — Pro•tract´ed•ness, n.

Pro•tract´er , n. A protractor.

Pro•tract´ile , a. Capable of being protracted, or protruded; protrusile.

Pro•trac´tion , n. [L. protractio.] 1. A drawing out, or continuing; the act of delaying the termination of a thing; prolongation; continuance; delay; as the protraction of a debate. “A protraction only of what is worst in life.” Mallock. 2. (Surv.) (a) The act or process of making a plot on paper. (b) A plot on paper.

Pro•tract´ive , a. Drawing out or lengthening in time; prolonging; continuing; delaying. “He suffered their protractive arts.” Dryden.

Pro•tract´or , n. 1. One who, or that which, protracts, or causes protraction. 2. A mathematical instrument for laying down and measuring angles on paper, used in drawing or in plotting. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangular, or circular. 3. (Surg.) An instrument formerly used in extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound. 4. (Anat.) A muscle which extends an organ or part; — opposed to retractor. 5. An adjustable pattern used by tailors. Knight.

Pro•trep´tic•al , a. [Gr. , fr. to turn forward, to urge on.] Adapted to persuade; hortatory; persuasive. [Obs.] Bp. Ward.

Pro•trud´a•ble , a. That may be protruded; protrusile. Darwin.

Pro•trude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Protruding.] [L. protrudere, protrusum; pro forward + trudere to thrust. See Threat.] 1. To thrust forward; to drive or force along. Locke. 2. To thrust out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement; to cause to come forth. “When … Spring protrudes the bursting gems.” Thomson.

Pro•trude´, v. i. To shoot out or forth; to be thrust forward; to extend beyond a limit; to project. “The parts protrude beyond the skin.” Bacon.

Pro•tru´sile , a. Capable of being protruded or thrust out; protractile; protrusive.

Pro•tru´sion , n. 1. The act of protruding or thrusting forward, or beyond the usual limit. 2. The state of being protruded, or thrust forward.

Pro•tru´sive , a. 1. Thrusting or impelling forward; as protrusive motion. E. Darwin. 2. Capable of being protruded; protrusile.

Pro•tru´sive•ly, adv. In a protrusive manner.

Pro•tu´ber•ance , n. [Cf. F. protuberance. See Protuberant.] That which is protuberant swelled or pushed beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; a swelling or tumor on the body; a prominence; a bunch or knob; an elevation. Solar protuberances (Astron.), certain rose-colored masses on the limb of the sun which are seen to extend beyond the edge of the moon at the time of a solar eclipse. They may be discovered with the spectroscope on any clear day. Called also solar prominences. See Illust. in Append. Syn. — Projection, Protuberance. protuberance differs from projection, being applied to parts that rise from the surface with a gradual ascent or small angle; whereas a projection may be at a right angle with the surface.

Pro•tu´ber•an•cy , n. The quality or state of being protuberant; protuberance; prominence.

Pro•tu´ber•ant , a. [L. protuberans, -antis, p. pr. of protuberare. See Protuberate.] Prominent, or excessively prominent; bulging beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; swelling; as a protuberant joint; a protuberant eye. — Pro•tu´ber•ant•ly, adv.

Pro•tu´ber•ate , v. i. [L. protuberare; pro forward + tuber a hump, protuberance. See Tuber.] To swell, or be prominent, beyond the adjacent surface; to bulge out. S. Sharp.

Pro•tu•ber•a´tion , n. The act of swelling beyond the surrounding surface. Cooke (1615).

Pro•tu´ber•ous , a. Protuberant. [R.]

Pro•tu•re´ter , n. [NL. See Proto-, Ureter.] (Anat.) The duct of a pronephros. Haeckel.

Pro´tyle , n. [Proto- + Gr. stuff, material.] (Chem. & Astron.) The hypothetical homogeneous cosmic material of the original universe, supposed to have been differentiated into what are recognized as distinct chemical elements.

Proud , a. [Compar. Prouder superl. Proudest.] [OE. proud, prout, prud, prut, AS. prut; akin to Icel. pruðr stately, handsome, Dan. prud handsome. Cf. Pride.] 1. Feeling or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense; as: (a) Possessing or showing too great self-esteem; overrating one’s excellences; hence, arrogant; haughty; lordly; presumptuous. “Nor much expect
A foe so proud will first the weaker seek.” Milton. “O death, made proud with pure and princely beauty !” Shak. “And shades impervious to the proud world’s glare.” Keble. (b) Having a feeling of high self-respect or self-esteem; exulting (in); elated; — often with of; as proud of one’s country. ´Proud to be checked and soothed.´ Keble. “Are we proud men proud of being proud ?” Thackeray. 2. Giving reason or occasion for pride or self-gratulation; worthy of admiration; grand; splendid; magnificent; admirable; ostentatious. ´Of shadow proud.´ Chapman. ´Proud titles.´ Shak. ´ The proud temple’s height.´ Dryden. “Till tower, and dome, and bridge-way proud
Are mantled with a golden cloud.” Keble. 3. Excited by sexual desire; — applied particularly to the females of some animals. Sir T. Browne. Proud is often used with participles in the formation of compounds which, for the most part, are self-explaining; as proud-crested, proud-minded, proud-swelling. Proud flesh (Med.), a fungous growth or excrescence of granulations resembling flesh, in a wound or ulcer.

Proud´ish , a. Somewhat proud. Ash.

Proud´ling, n. A proud or haughty person. Sylvester.

Proud´ly, adv. In a proud manner; with lofty airs or mien; haughtily; arrogantly; boastfully. “Proudly he marches on, and void of fear.” Addison.

Proud´ness, n. The quality of being proud; pride. “Set aside all arrogancy and proudness.” Latimer.

Proust´ite , n. [From the French chemist, J. L. Proust.] (Min.) A sulphide of arsenic and silver of a beautiful cochineal-red color, occurring in rhombohedral crystals, and also massive; ruby silver.

Prov´a•ble , a. [See Prove, and cf. Probable.] Capable of being proved; demonstrable. — Prov´a•ble•ness, n. — Prov´a•bly, adv. { Prov´and , Pro´ant } n. [See Provender.] Provender or food. [Obs.] “One pease was a soldier’s provant a whole day.” Beau. & Fl.

Pro•vant´ , v. t. To supply with provender or provisions; to provide for. [Obs.] Nash.

Prov´ant , a. Provided for common or general use, as in an army; hence, common in quality; inferior. ´A poor provant rapier.´ B. Jonson.

Prove , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proved p. pr. & vb. n. Proving.] [OE. prover, F. prouver, fr. L. probare to try, approve, prove, fr. probus good, proper. Cf. Probable, Proof, Probe.] 1. To try or to ascertain by an experiment, or by a test or standard; to test; as to prove the strength of gunpowder or of ordnance; to prove the contents of a vessel by a standard measure. “Thou hast proved mine heart.” Ps. xvii. 3. 2. To evince, establish, or ascertain, as truth, reality, or fact, by argument, testimony, or other evidence. “They have inferred much from slender premises, and conjectured when they could not prove.” J. H. Newman. 3. To ascertain or establish the genuineness or validity of; to verify; as to prove a will. 4. To gain experience of the good or evil of; to know by trial; to experience; to suffer. “Where she, captived long, great woes did prove.” Spenser. 5. (Arith.) To test, evince, ascertain, or verify, as the correctness of any operation or result; thus, in subtraction, if the difference between two numbers, added to the lesser number, makes a sum equal to the greater, the correctness of the subtraction is proved. 6. (Printing) To take a trial impression of; to take a proof of; as to prove a page. Syn. — To try; verify; justify; confirm; establish; evince; manifest; show; demonstrate.

Prove, v. i. 1. To make trial; to essay. 2. To be found by experience, trial, or result; to turn out to be; as a medicine proves salutary; the report proves false. ´The case proves mortal.´ Arbuthnot. “So life a winter’s morn may prove.” Keble. 3. To succeed; to turn out as expected. [Obs.] ´The experiment proved not.´ Bacon.

Pro•vect´ , a. [L. provectus, p. p. of provehere to carry forward.] Carried forward; advanced. [Obs.] ´Provect in years.´ Sir T. Flyot.

Pro•vec´tion , n. [L. provectio an advancement.] (Philol.) A carrying forward, as of a final letter, to a following word; as for example, a nickname for an ekename.

Pro•ved´i•tor , n. [It. proveditore, provveditore, fr. provedere, L. providere. See Provide, and cf. Purveyor, Provedore.] One employed to procure supplies, as for an army, a steamer, etc.; a purveyor; one who provides for another. Jer. Taylor.

Prov´e•dore , n. [Cf. Sp. proveedor. See Proveditor.] A proveditor; a purveyor. “Busied with the duties of a provedore.” W. Irving.

Prov´en , p. p. or a. Proved. ´Accusations firmly proven in his mind.´ Thackeray. “Of this which was the principal charge, and was generally believed to beproven, he was acquitted.” Jowett (Thucyd. ). Not proven (Scots Law), a verdict of a jury that the guilt of the accused is not made out, though not disproved. Mozley & W.

Pro•ven•çal´ , a. [F., fr. Provence, fr. L. provincia province. See Provincial.] Of or pertaining to Provence or its inhabitants.

Pro•ven•çal´, n. [F.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Provence in France. 2. The Provencal language. See Langue d’oc.

Prov´ence rose [Provence the place + rose.] (a) The cabbage rose (Rosa centifolia). (b) A name of many kinds of roses which are hybrids of Rosa centifolia and R. Gallica.

Pro•ven´cial , a. [See Provençal.] Of or pertaining to Provence in France.

Prov´end , n. See Provand. [Obs.]

Prov´en•der , n. [OE. provende, F. provende, provisions, provender, fr. LL. praebenda (prae and pro being confused), a daily allowance of provisions, a prebend. See Prebend.] 1. Dry food for domestic animals, as hay, straw, corn, oats, or a mixture of ground grain; feed. ´Hay or other provender.´ Mortimer. “Good provender laboring horses would have.” Tusser. 2. Food or provisions. [R or Obs.]

Prov´ent , n. See Provand. [Obs.]

Pro•ven´tri•cle , n. (Anat.) Proventriculus.

Pro•ven•tri´u•lus , n. [NL. See Pro-, and Ventricle.] (Anat.) The glandular stomach of birds, situated just above the crop.

Prov´er , n. One who, or that which, proves.

Prov´erb , n. [OE. proverbe, F. proverbe, from L. proverbium; pro before, for + verbum a word. See Verb.] 1. An old and common saying; a phrase which is often repeated; especially, a sentence which briefly and forcibly expresses some practical truth, or the result of experience and observation; a maxim; a saw; an adage. Chaucer. Bacon. 2. A striking or paradoxical assertion; an obscure saying; an enigma; a parable. “His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb.” John xvi. 29. 3. A familiar illustration; a subject of contemptuous reference. “Thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a by word, among all nations.” Deut. xxviii. 37. 4. A drama exemplifying a proverb. Book of Proverbs, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a great variety of wise maxims. Syn. — Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage; saw.

Prov´erb, v. t. 1. To name in, or as a proverb. [R.] “Am I not sung and proverbed for a fool ?” Milton. 2. To provide with a proverb. [R.] “I am proverbed with a grandsire phrase.” Shak.

Prov´erb, v. i. To write or utter proverbs. [R.]

Pro•ver´bi•al , a. [L. proverbialis: cf. F. proverbial.] 1. Mentioned or comprised in a proverb; used as a proverb; hence, commonly known; as a proverbial expression; his meanness was proverbial. “In case of excesses, I take the German proverbial cure, by a hair of the same beast, to be the worst.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Of or pertaining to proverbs; resembling a proverb. ´A proverbial obscurity.´ Sir T. Browne.

Pro•ver´bi•al•ism , n. A proverbial phrase.

Pro•ver´bi•al•ist, n. One who makes much use of proverbs in speech or writing; one who composes, collects, or studies proverbs.

Pro•ver´bi•al•ize , v. t. & i. [Cf. F. proverbialiser.] To turn into a proverb; to speak in proverbs.

Pro•ver´bi•al•ly, adv. In a proverbial manner; by way of proverb; hence, commonly; universally; as it is proverbially said; the bee is proverbially busy.

Pro•vex´i•ty , n. [L. provehere to advance. Cf. Provect.] Great advance in age. [Obs.]

Pro•vide´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provided; p. pr. & vb. n. Providing.] [L. providere, provisum; pro before + videre to see. See Vision, and cf. Prudent, Purvey.] 1. To look out for in advance; to procure beforehand; to get, collect, or make ready for future use; to prepare. ´Provide us all things necessary.´ Shak. 2. To supply; to afford; to contribute. “Bring me berries, or such cooling fruit
As the kind, hospitable woods provide.” Milton. 3. To furnish; to supply; — formerly followed by of, now by with. ´And yet provided him of but one.´ Jer. Taylor. ´Rome … was well provided with corn.´ Arbuthnot. 4. To establish as a previous condition; to stipulate; as the contract provides that the work be well done. 5. To foresee. [A Latinism] [Obs.] B. Jonson. 6. To appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice before it is vacant. See Provisor. Prescott.

Pro•vide´, v. i. 1. To procure supplies or means in advance; to take measures beforehand in view of an expected or a possible future need, especially a danger or an evil; — followed by against or for; as to provide against the inclemency of the weather; to provide for the education of a child. “Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants.” Burke. 2. To stipulate previously; to condition; as the agreement provides for an early completion of the work.

Pro•vid´ed , conj. On condition; by stipulation; with the understanding; if; — usually followed by that; as provided that nothing in this act shall prejudice the rights of any person whatever. “Provided the deductions are logical, they seem almost indifferent to their truth.” G. H. Lewes. This word is strictly a participle, and the word being is understood, the participle provided agreeing with the whole sentence absolute, and being equivalent to this condition being previously stipulated or established.

Prov´i•dence , n. [L. providentia: cf. F. providence. See Provident, and cf. Prudence.] 1. The act of providing or preparing for future use or application; a making ready; preparation. “Providence for war is the best prevention of it.” Bacon. 2. Foresight; care; especially, the foresight and care which God manifests for his creatures; hence, God himself, regarded as exercising a constant wise prescience. “The world was all before them, where to choose
Their place of rest, and Providence their guide.” Milton. 3. (Theol.) A manifestation of the care and superintendence which God exercises over his creatures; an event ordained by divine direction. “He that hath a numerous family, and many to provide for, needs a greater providence of God.” Jer. Taylor. 4. Prudence in the management of one’s concerns; economy; frugality. “It is a high point of providence in a prince to cast an eye rather upon actions than persons.” Quarles.

Prov´i•dent , a. [L. providens, -entis, p. pr. of providere: cf. F. provident. See Provide, and cf. Prudent.] Foreseeing wants and making provision to supply them; prudent in preparing for future exigencies; cautious; economical; — sometimes followed by of; as aprovident man; an animal provident of the future. “And of our good and of our dignity,
How provident he is.” Milton. Syn. — Forecasting; cautious; careful; prudent; frugal; economical.

Prov•i•den´tial , a. [Cf. F. providentiel.] Effected by, or referable to, divine direction or superintendence; as the providential contrivance of thing; a providential escape. — Prov´i•den´tial•ly, adv.

Prov´i•dent•ly , adv. In a provident manner.

Prov´i•dent•ness, n. The quality or state of being provident; carefulness; prudence; economy.

Pro•vid´er , n. One who provides, furnishes, or supplies; one who procures what is wanted.

Prov´i•dore , n. [See Provedore.] One who makes provision; a purveyor. [R.] De Foe.

Prov´ince , n. [F., fr. L. provincia; prob. fr. pro before, for + the root of vincere to conquer. See Victor.] 1. (Roman Hist.) A country or region, more or less remote from the city of Rome, brought under the Roman government; a conquered country beyond the limits of Italy. Wyclif (Acts xiii. 34). Milton. 2. A country or region dependent on a distant authority; a portion of an empire or state, esp. one remote from the capital. ´Kingdoms and provinces.´ Shak. 3. A region of country; a tract; a district. “Over many a tract
of heaven they marched, and many a province wide.” Milton. “Other provinces of the intellectual world.” I. Watts. 4. A region under the supervision or direction of any special person; the district or division of a country, especially an ecclesiastical division, over which one has jurisdiction; as the province of Canterbury, or that in which the archbishop of Canterbury exercises ecclesiastical authority. 5. The proper or appropriate business or duty of a person or body; office; charge; jurisdiction; sphere. “The woman’sprovince is to be careful in her economy, and chaste in her affection.” Tattler. 6. Specif.: Any political division of the Dominion of Canada, having a governor, a local legislature, and representation in the Dominion parliament. Hence, colloquially, The Provinces, the Dominion of Canada.

Pro•vin´cial , a. [L. provincialis: cf. F. provincial. See Province, and cf. Provencal.] 1. Of or pertaining to province; constituting a province; as a provincial government; a provincial dialect. 2. Exhibiting the ways or manners of a province; characteristic of the inhabitants of a province; not cosmopolitan; countrified; not polished; rude; hence, narrow; illiberal. ´Provincial airs and graces.´ Macaulay. 3. Of or pertaining to an ecclesiastical province, or to the jurisdiction of an archbishop; not ecumenical; as a provincial synod. Ayliffe. 4. Of or pertaining to Provence; Provencal. [Obs.] “With two Provincial roses on my razed shoes.” Shak.

Pro•vin´cial, n. 1. A person belonging to a province; one who is provincial. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A monastic superior, who, under the general of his order, has the direction of all the religious houses of the same fraternity in a given district, called a province of the order.

Pro•vin´cial•ism , n. [Cf. F. provincialisme.] A word, or a manner of speaking, peculiar to a province or a district remote from the mother country or from the metropolis; a provincial characteristic; hence, narrowness; illiberality. M. Arnold.

Pro•vin´cial•ist, n. One who lives in a province; a provincial.

Pro•vin•ci•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being provincial; peculiarity of language characteristic of a province. T. Warton.

Pro•vin´cial•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provincialized p. pr. & vb. n. Provincializing ] To render provincial. M. Arnold.

Pro•vin´cial•ly, adv. In a provincial manner.

Pro•vin´ci•ate , v. t. To convert into a province or provinces. [Obs.] Howell.

Pro•vine´ , v. i. [F. provingner, fr. provin a set, layer of a plant, OF. provain, from L. propago, -aginis, akin to propagare to propagate. See Propagate, Prune, v. t.] To lay a stock or branch of a vine in the ground for propagation. [Obs.] Johnson.

Pro•vi´sion , n. [L. provisio: cf. F. provision. See Provide.] 1. The act of providing, or making previous preparation. Shak. 2. That which is provided or prepared; that which is brought together or arranged in advance; measures taken beforehand; preparation. “Making provision for the relief of strangers.” Bacon. 3. Especially, a stock of food; any kind of eatables collected or stored; — often in the plural. “And of provisions laid in large,
For man and beast.” Milton. 4. That which is stipulated in advance; a condition; a previous agreement; a proviso; as the provisions of a contract; the statute has many provisions. 5. (R. C. Ch.) A canonical term for regular induction into a benefice, comprehending nomination, collation, and installation. 6. (Eng. Hist.) A nomination by the pope to a benefice before it became vacant, depriving the patron of his right of presentation. Blackstone.

Pro•vi´sion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provisioned p. pr. & vb. n. Provisioning.] To supply with food; to victual; as to provision a garrison. “They were provisioned for a journey.” Palfrey.

Pro•vi´sion•al , a. [Cf. F. provisionnel.] Of the nature of a provision; serving as a provision for the time being; — used of partial or temporary arrangements; as a provisional government; a provisional treaty.

Pro•vi´sion•al•ly, adv. By way of provision for the time being; temporarily. Locke.

Pro•vi´sion•a•ry , a. Provisional. Burke.

Pro•vi´so , n.; pl. Provisos (#). [L., (it) being provided, abl. of provisus, p. p. of providere. See Provide, and cf. Purview.] An article or clause in any statute, agreement, contract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition is introduced, usually beginning with the word provided; a conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, grant, or the like; as the contract was impaired by its proviso. “He doth deny his prisoners,
But with proviso and exception.” Shak.

Pro•vi´sor , n. [L., fr. providere: cf. F. proviseur. See Provide.] 1. One who provides; a purveyor. [Obs.] ´The chief provisor of our horse.´ Ford. 2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) The purveyor, steward, or treasurer of a religious house. Cowell. (b) One who is regularly inducted into a benefice. See Provision, 5. P. Plowman. 3. (Eng. Hist.) One who procures or receives a papal provision. See Provision, 6.

Pro•vi´so•ri•ly , adv. In a provisory manner; conditionally; subject to a proviso; as to admit a doctrine provisorily. Sir W. Hamilton.

Pro•vi´sor•ship , n. The office or position of a provisor. [R.] J. Webster.

Pro•vi´so•ry , a. [Cf. F. provisoire.] 1. Of the nature of a proviso; containing a proviso or condition; conditional; as a provisory clause. 2. Making temporary provision; provisional.

Prov•o•ca´tion , n. [F. provocation, L. provocatio. See Provoke.] 1. The act of provoking, or causing vexation or, anger. Fabyan. 2. That which provokes, or excites anger; the cause of resentment; as to give provocation. Paley. 3. Incitement; stimulus; as provocation to mirth. 4. (Law) Such prior insult or injury as may be supposed, under the circumstances, to create hot blood, and to excuse an assault made in retort or redress. 5. An appeal to a court. [A Latinism] [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Pro•vo´ca•tive , a. [L. provocativus: cf. OF. provocatif.] Serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate; exciting.

Pro•vo´ca•tive, n. Anything that is provocative; a stimulant; as a provocative of appetite.

Pro•vo´ca•tive•ness, n. Quality of being provocative.

Pro•vo´ca•to•ry , a. Provocative.

Pro•vok´a•ble , a. That may be provoked.

Pro•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provoked p. pr. & vb. n. Provoking.] [F. provoquer, L. provocare to call forth; pro forth + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice, cry, call. See Voice.] To call forth; to call into being or action; esp., to incense to action, a faculty or passion, as love, hate, or ambition; hence, commonly, to incite, as a person, to action by a challenge, by taunts, or by defiance; to exasperate; to irritate; to offend intolerably; to cause to retaliate. “Obey his voice, provoke him not.” Ex. xxiii. 21. “Ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath.” Eph. vi. 4. “Such acts
Of contumacy will provoke the Highest
To make death in us live.” Milton. “Can honor’s voice provoke the silent dust?” Gray. “To the poet the meaning is what he pleases to make it, what it provokes in his own soul.” J. Burroughs. Syn. — To irritate; arouse; stir up; awake; excite; incite; anger. See Irritate.

Pro•voke´, v. i. 1. To cause provocation or anger. 2. To appeal. [A Latinism] [Obs.] Dryden.

Pro•voke´ment , n. The act that which, provokes; one who excites anger or other passion, or incites to action; as a provoker of sedition. “Drink, sir, is a great provoker of three things.” Shak.

Pro•vok´ing, a. Having the power or quality of exciting resentment; tending to awaken passion or vexation; as provoking words or treatment. — Pro•vok´ing•ly, adv.

Prov´ost , n. [OF. provost (L. prae and pro being confused), F. prevôt, fr. L. praepositus placed before, a chief, fr. praeponere to place before: cf. AS. prafost, profast. See Preposition, and cf. Propound.] 1. A person who is appointed to superintend, or preside over, something; the chief magistrate in some cities and towns; as the provost of Edinburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of other cities; the provost of a college, answering to president; the provost or head of certain collegiate churches. 2. The keeper of a prison. [Obs.] Shak. In France, formerly, a provost was an inferior judge who had cognizance of civil causes. The grand provost of France, or of the household, had jurisdiction in the king’s house, and over its officers. Provost marshal (often pronounced ). (a) (Mil.) An officer appointed in every army, in the field, to secure the prisoners confined on charges of a general nature. He also performs such other duties pertaining to police and discipline as the regulations of the service or the commander’s orders impose upon him. (b) (Nav.) An officer who has charge of prisoners on trial by court-martial, serves notices to witnesses, etc.

Prov´ost•ship, n. The office of a provost.

Prow , n. [F. proue (cf. Sp. & Pg. proa, It. prua), L. prora, Gr. , akin to before. See Pro-, and cf. Prore.] The fore part of a vessel; the bow; the stem; hence, the vessel itself. Wordsworth. “The floating vessel swum
Uplifted, and secure with beaked prow
rode tilting o’er the waves.” Milton.

Prow , n. See Proa.

Prow, a. [Compar. Prower superl. Prowest.] [OF. prou, preu, F. preux, fr. L. pro, prod, in prodesse to be useful. See Pro-, and cf. Prude.] Valiant; brave; gallant; courageous. [Archaic] Tennyson. “The prowest knight that ever field did fight.” Spenser.

Prow, n. [OE. & OF. prou. See Prow, a.] Benefit; profit; good; advantage. [Obs.] “That shall be for your hele and for your prow.” Chaucer.

Prow´ess , n. [OF. proece, proesce, F. prouesse. See Prow, a.] Distinguished bravery; valor; especially, military bravery and skill; gallantry; intrepidity; fearlessness. Chaucer. Sir P. Sidney. “He by his prowess conquered all France.” Shak.

Prowl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prowled p. pr. & vb. n. Prowling.] [OE. prollen to search about; of uncertain origin, perh. for proglen, a dim. of prog to beg, or proke to poke. Cf. Proke.] 1. To rove over, through, or about in a stealthy manner; esp., to search in, as for prey or booty. “He prowls each place, still in new colors decked.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To collect by plunder; as to prowl money. [Obs.]

Prowl, v. i. To rove or wander stealthily, esp. for prey, as a wild beast; hence, to prey; to plunder.

Prowl, n. The act of prowling. [Colloq.] Smart.

Prowl´er , n. One that prowls. Thomson.

Prowl´ing, a. Accustomed to prowl, or engaged in roving stealthily, as for prey. ´A prowling wolf.´ Milton. — Prowl´ing•ly, adv.

Prox , n. [Cf. Proxy.] ´The ticket or list of candidates at elections, presented to the people for their votes.´ [Rhode Island] Bartlett.

Prox´ene , n. [Cf. ; before + a guest, stranger: cf. F. proxène.] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer who had the charge of showing hospitality to those who came from a friendly city or state.

Prox´e•net , n. [L. proxeneta, Gr. .] A negotiator; a factor. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Prox´i•mad , adv. [Proximal + L. ad to.] (Anat.) Toward a proximal part; on the proximal side of; proximally.

Prox´i•mal , a. 1. Toward or nearest, as to a body, or center of motion of dependence; proximate. 2. (Biol.) (a) Situated near the point of attachment or origin; as the proximal part of a limb. (b) Of or pertaining to that which is proximal; as the proximal bones of a limb. Opposed to distal.

Prox´i•mal•ly, adv. (Anat.) On or toward a proximal part; proximad.

Prox´i•mate , a. [L. proximatus, p. p. of proximare to come near, to approach, fr. proximus the nearest, nest, superl. of propior nearer, and prope, adv., near.] Nearest; next immediately preceding or following. ´Proximate ancestors.´ J. S. Harford. “The proximate natural causes of it [the deluge].” T. Burnet. Proximate analysis (Chem.), an analysis which determines the proximate principles of any substance, as contrasted with an ultimate analysis. — Proximate cause. (a) A cause which immediately precedes and produces the effect, as distinguished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing cause. I. Watts. (b) That which in ordinary natural sequence produces a specific result, no independent disturbing agencies intervening. — Proximate principle (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies existing ready formed in animal and vegetable tissues, and separable by chemical analysis, as albumin, sugar, collagen, fat, etc. Syn. — Nearest; next; closest; immediate; direct.

Prox´i•mate•ly, adv. In a proximate manner, position, or degree; immediately.

Prox´ime , a. [L. proximus. See Proximate.] Next; immediately preceding or following. [Obs.]

Prox•im´i•ous , a. Proximate. [Obs.]

Prox•im´i•ty , n. [L. proximitas: cf. F. proximite See Proximate, and cf. Propinquity, Approach.] The quality or state of being next in time, place, causation, influence, etc.; immediate nearness, either in place, blood, or alliance. “If he plead proximity of blood
That empty title is with ease withstood.” Dryden.

Prox´i•mo [L., on the next, abl. of proximus next.] In the next month after the present; — often contracted to prox.; as on the 3d proximo.

Prox´y , n.; pl. Proxies (#). [Contr. from procuracy. Cf. Proctor.] 1. The agency for another who acts through the agent; authority to act for another, esp. to vote in a legislative or corporate capacity. “I have no man’s proxy: I speak only for myself.” Burke. 2. The person who is substituted or deputed to act or vote for another. “Every peer … may make another lord of parliament his proxy, to vote for him in his absence.” Blackstone. 3. A writing by which one person authorizes another to vote in his stead, as in a corporation meeting. 4. (Eng. Law) The written appointment of a proctor in suits in the ecclesiastical courts. Burrill. 5. (Eccl.) See Procuration. [Obs.]

Prox´y, v. i. To act or vote by proxy; to do anything by the agency of another. [R.]

Prox´y•ship, n. The office or agency of a proxy.

Pruce , n. [OE. for Prussia: cf. F. Prusse.] Prussian leather. [Obs.] Dryden.

Prude , n. [F., prudish, originally, discreet, modest; shortened from OF. prudefeme, preudefeme, a discreet or excellent woman; OF. preu, prou, excellent, brave + de of + fete woman. See Prow, a., Prowess.] A woman of affected modesty, reserve, or coyness; one who is overscrupulous or sensitive; one who affects extraordinary prudence in conduct and speech. “Less modest than the speech of prudes.” Swift.

Pru´dence , n. [F., fr. L. prudentia, contr. from providentia. See Prudent, and cf. Providence.] The quality or state of being prudent; wisdom in the way of caution and provision; discretion; carefulness; hence, also economy; frugality. “Prudence is principally in reference to actions to be done, and due means, order, seasons, and method of doing or not doing.” Sir M. Hale. “Prudence supposes the value of the end to be assumed, and refers only to the adaptation of the means. It is the relation of right means for given ends.” Whewell. Syn. — Wisdom; forecast; providence; considerateness; judiciousness; discretion; caution; circumspection; judgment. See Wisdom.

Pru´den•cy , n. Prudence. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Pru´dent , a. [L. prudens, -entis, contr. from providens: cf. F. prudent. See Provident.] 1. Sagacious in adapting means to ends; circumspect in action, or in determining any line of conduct; practically wise; judicious; careful; discreet; sensible; — opposed to rash; as a prudent man; dictated or directed by prudence or wise forethought; evincing prudence; as prudent behavior. “Moses established a grave and prudent law.” Milton. 2. Frugal; economical; not extravagant; as a prudent woman; prudent expenditure of money. Syn. — Cautious; wary; circumspect; considerate; discreet; judicious; provident; economical; frugal.

Pru•den´tial , a. 1. Proceeding from, or dictated or characterized by, prudence; prudent; discreet; sometimes, selfish or pecuniary as distinguished from higher motives or influences; as prudential motives. ´ A prudential line of conduct.´ Sir W. Scott. 2. Exercising prudence; discretionary; advisory; superintending or executive; as a prudential committee.

Pru•den´tial, n. That which relates to or demands the exercise of, discretion or prudence; — usually in the pl. “Many stanzas in poetic measures, contain rules relating to common prudentials as well as to religion.” I. Watts.

Pru•den´tial•ist, n. One who is governed by, or acts from, prudential motives. [R.] Coleridge.

Pru•den•ti•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being prudential. Sir T. Browne.

Pru•den´tial•ly , adv. In a prudential manner; prudently. South.

Pru´dent•ly , adv. In a prudent manner.

Prud´er•y , n.; pl. Pruderies (#). [F. pruderie. See Prude.] The quality or state of being prudish; excessive or affected scrupulousness in speech or conduct; stiffness; coyness. Cowper.

Prud•homme´ , n. [F. prud’homme. cf. Prude.] A trustworthy citizen; a skilled workman. See Citation under 3d Commune, 1.

Prud´ish , a. Like a prude; very formal, precise, or reserved; affectedly severe in virtue; as a prudish woman; prudish manners. “A formal lecture, spoke with prudish face.” Garrick.

Prud´ish•ly, adv. In a prudish manner.

Pru´i•nate , a. Same as Pruinose.

Pru´i•nose , a. [L. pruinosus, fr. pruina hoarfrost.] Frosty; covered with fine scales, hairs, dust, bloom, or the like, so as to give the appearance of frost.

Pru´i•nous , a. Frosty; pruinose.

Prune , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pruned p. pr. & vb. n. Pruning.] [OE. proine, probably fr. F. provigner to lay down vine stocks for propagation; hence, probably, the meaning, to cut away superfluous shoots. See Provine.] 1. To lop or cut off the superfluous parts, branches, or shoots of; to clear of useless material; to shape or smooth by trimming; to trim: as to prune trees; to prune an essay. Thackeray. “Taking into consideration how they [laws] are to be pruned and reformed.” Bacon. “Our delightful task
To prune these growing plants, and tend these flowers.” Milton. 2. To cut off or cut out, as useless parts. “Horace will our superfluous branches prune.” Waller. 3. To preen; to prepare; to dress. Spenser. “His royal bird
Prunes the immortal wing and cloys his beak.” Shak.

Prune, v. i. To dress; to prink; - used humorously or in contempt. Dryden.

Prune, n. [F. prune, from L. prunum a plum. See Plum.] A plum; esp., a dried plum, used in cookery; as French or Turkish prunes; California prunes. German prune (Bot.), a large dark purple plum, of oval shape, often one-sided. It is much used for preserving, either dried or in sirup. — Prune tree. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the genus Prunus (P. domestica), which produces prunes. (b) The West Indian tree, Prunus occidentalis. — South African prune (Bot.), the edible fruit of a sapindaceous tree (Pappea Capensis).

Pru•nel´la , n. [NL., perhaps from G. braeune quinsy, croup.] (Med.) (a) Angina, or angina pectoris. (b) Thrush. Prunella salt (Old Chem.), niter fused and cast into little balls. { Pru•nel´la , Pru•nel´lo } n. [F. prunelle, probably so called from its color resembling that of prunes. See Prune, n.] A smooth woolen stuff, generally black, used for making shoes; a kind of lasting; — formerly used also for clergymen’s gowns.

Pru•nelle´ , n. [F., dim. of prune. See Prune, n.] A kind of small and very acid French plum; — applied especially to the stoned and dried fruit.

Pru•nel´lo , n. [F. prunelle, dim. of prune. See Prune a plum.] A species of dried plum; prunelle.

Prun´er , n. 1. One who prunes, or removes, what is superfluous. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of beetles whose larvae gnaw the branches of trees so as to cause them to fall, especially the American oak pruner (Asemum mœstum), whose larva eats the pith of oak branches, and when mature gnaws a circular furrow on the inside nearly to the bark. When the branches fall each contains a pupa.

Pru•nif´er•ous , a. [L. prunum a plum + -ferous.] Bearing plums.

Prun´ing , n. 1. The act of trimming, or removing what is superfluous. 2. (Falconry) That which is cast off by bird in pruning her feathers; leavings. Beau. & Fl. Pruning hook, or Pruning knife, cutting instrument used in pruning trees, etc. — Pruning shears, shears for pruning trees, vines, etc.

Pru´nus , n. [L., a plum tree.] (Bot.) A genus of trees with perigynous rosaceous flowers, and a single two-ovuled carpel which usually becomes a drupe in ripening. Originally, this genus was limited to the plums, then, by Linnaeus, was made to include the cherries and the apricot. Later botanists separated these into several genera, as Prunus, Cerasus, and Armeniaca, but now, by Bentham and Hooker, the plums, cherries, cherry laurels, peach, almond, and nectarine are all placed in Prunus. { Pru´ri•ence , Pru´ri•en•cy } n. The quality or state of being prurient. “The pruriency of curious ears.” Burke. “There is a prurience in the speech of some.” Cowper.

Pru´ri•ent , a. [L. pruries, - entis, p. pr. of prurire to itch. Cf. Freeze.] Uneasy with desire; itching; especially, having a lascivious curiosity or propensity; lustful. — Pru´ri•ent•ly, adv. “The eye of the vain and prurient is darting from object to object of illicit attraction.” I. Taylor.

Pru•rig´i•nous , a. [L. pruriginosus: cf. F. prurigineux.] (Med.) Tending to, or caused by, prurigo; affected by, or of the nature of, prurigo.

Pru•ri´go , n. [L., an itching, the itch, fr. prurire to itch.] (Med.) A papular disease of the skin, of which intense itching is the chief symptom, the eruption scarcely differing from the healthy cuticle in color.

Pru•ri´tus , n. [L.] (Med.) Itching.

Prus´sian , a. [From Prussia, the country: cf. F. prussien.] Of or pertaining to Prussia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Prussia. Prussian blue (Chem.), any one of several complex double cyanides of ferrous and ferric iron; specifically, a dark blue amorphous substance having a coppery luster, obtained by adding a solution of potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate of potash) to a ferric salt. It is used in dyeing, in ink, etc. Called also Williamson’s blue, insoluble Prussian blue, Berlin blue, etc. — Prussian carp (Zoöl.) See Gibel. — Prussian green. (Chem.) Same as Berlin green, under Berlin.

Prus´si•ate , n. [Cf. F. prussiate.] (Chem.) A salt of prussic acid; a cyanide. Red prussiate of potash. See Potassium ferricyanide, under Ferricyanide. — Yellow prussiate of potash. See Potassium ferrocyanide, under Ferrocyanide.

Prus´sic , a. [Cf. F. prussique.] (Old Chem.) designating the acid now called hydrocyanic acid, but formerly called prussic acid, because Prussian blue is derived from it or its compounds. See Hydrocyanic.

Pru•ten´ic , a. (Astron.) Prussian; — applied to certain astronomical tables published in the sixteenth century, founded on the principles of Copernicus, a Prussian.

Pry , n. [Corrupted fr. prize a lever. See Prize, n.] A lever; also leverage. [Local, U. S. & Eng.] Pry pole, the pole which forms the prop of a hoisting gin, and stands facing the windlass.

Pry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pried p. pr. & vb. n. Prying.] To raise or move, or attempt to raise or move, with a pry or lever; to prize. [Local, U. S. & Eng.]

Pry, v. i. [OE. prien. Cf. Peer to peep.] To peep narrowly; to gaze; to inspect closely; to attempt to discover something by a scrutinizing curiosity; — often implying reproach. ´ To pry upon the stars.´ Chaucer. “Watch thou and wake when others be asleep,
To pry into the secrets of the state.” Shak.

Pry, n. Curious inspection; impertinent peeping.

Pry´an , n. (Mining) See Prian.

Pry´ing, a. Inspecting closely or impertinently. Syn. — Inquisitive; curious. See Inquisitive.

Pry´ing•ly, adv. In a prying manner.

Pryt•a•ne´um , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. prytanis.] (Gr. Antiq.) A public building in certain Greek cities; especially, a public hall in Athens regarded as the home of the community, in which official hospitality was extended to distinguished citizens and strangers.

Pryt´a•nis , n.; pl. Prytanes (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) A member of one of the ten sections into which the Athenian senate of five hundred was divided, and to each of which belonged the presidency of the senate for about one tenth of the year.

Pryt´a•ny , n. [Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) The period during which the presidency of the senate belonged to the prytanes of the section.

Pryth´ee , interj. See Prithee.

Psalm , n. [OE. psalm, salm, AS. sealm, L. psalmus, psalma, fr. Gr. , , fr. to pull, twitch, to play upon a stringed instrument, to sing to the harp: cf. OF. psalme, salme, F. psaume.] 1. A sacred song; a poetical composition for use in the praise or worship of God. “Humus devout and holy psalms
Singing everlastingly.” Milton. 2. Especially, one of the hymns by David and others, collected into one book of the Old Testament, or a modern metrical version of such a hymn for public worship.

Psalm, v. t. To extol in psalms; to sing; as psalming his praises. Sylvester.

Psalm´ist , n. [L. psalmista, Gr. : cf. F. psalmiste. See Psalm.] 1. A writer or composer of sacred songs; — a title particularly applied to David and the other authors of the Scriptural psalms. 2. (R. C. Ch.) A clerk, precentor, singer, or leader of music, in the church.

Psalm´ist•ry , n. The use of psalms in devotion; psalmody. { Psal•mod´ic , Psal•mod´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. psalmodique.] Relating to psalmody.

Psal´mo•dist , n. One who sings sacred songs; a psalmist.

Psal´mo•dize , v. i. To practice psalmody. ´ The psalmodizing art.´ J. G. Cooper.

Psal´mo•dy , n. [Gr. ; psalm + a song, an ode: cf. F. psalmodie, LL. psalmodia. See Psalm, and Ode.] The act, practice, or art of singing psalms or sacred songs; also psalms collectively, or a collection of psalms.

Psal´mo•graph , n. [See Psalmographer.] A writer of psalms; a psalmographer. { Psal•mog´ra•pher , Psal•mog´ra•phist } n. [L. psalmographus, Gr. ; a psalm + to write.] A writer of psalms, or sacred songs and hymns.

Psal•mog´ra•phy , n. [Cf. F. psalmographie.] The act or practice of writing psalms, or sacred songs.

Psal´ter , n. [OE. psauter, sauter, OF. sautier, psaltier, F. psautier, from L. psalterium. See Psaltery.] 1. The Book of Psalms; — often applied to a book containing the Psalms separately printed. 2. Specifically, the Book of Psalms as printed in the Book of Common Prayer; among the Roman Catholics, the part of the Breviary which contains the Psalms arranged for each day of the week. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A rosary, consisting of a hundred and fifty beads, corresponding to the number of the psalms.

Psal•te´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to the psalterium.

Psal•te´ri•um , n.; pl. Psalteria (#). [L., a psaltery.] (Anat.) (a) The third stomach of ruminants. See Manyplies. (b) The lyra of the brain.

Psal´ter•y , n.; pl. Psalteries (#). [OE. sautrie, OF. psalterie, F. psalterion, L. psalterium psaltery, psalter, from Gr. , fr. . See Psalm, Psalter.] A stringed instrument of music used by the Hebrews, the form of which is not known. “Praise the Lord with harp; sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings.” Ps. xxxiii. 2.

Psam´mite , n. [Gr. sandy, from sand: cf. F. psammite.] (Min.) A species of micaceous sandstone. — Psam•mit´ic (#), a.

Psar´o•lite , n. [Gr. speckled + -lite.] (Paleon.) A silicified stem of tree fern, found in abundance in the Triassic sandstone.

Psel´lism , n. [Gr. , fr. to stammer.] Indistinct pronunciation; stammering.

Pse´phism , n. [Gr. a decree, fr. to vote with a pebble, fr. pebble.] (Gr. Antiq.) A proposition adopted by a majority of votes; especially, one adopted by vote of the Athenian people; a statute. J. P. Mahaffy.

Pseu•daes•the´si•a , n. [NL. See Pseudo-, and AEsthesia.] (Physiol.) False or imaginary feeling or sense perception such as occurs in hypochondriasis, or such as is referred to an organ that has been removed, as an amputated foot.

Pseu•dem´bry•o , n. [Pseudo- + embryo.] (Zoöl.) (a) A false embryo. (b) An asexual form from which the true embryo is produced by budding. { Pseu•dep•i•graph´ic , Pseu•dep•i•graph´ic } a. Of or pertaining to pseudepigraphy.

Pseu•de•pig´ra•phous , a. [Gr. falsely inscribed. See Pseudo-, and Epigraphy.] Inscribed with a false name. Cudworth.

Pseu•de•pig´ra•phy , n. The ascription of false names of authors to works.

Pseud•hae´mal , a. [Pseudo- + haemal.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the vascular system of annelids. Pseudhaemal fluid, the circulatory fluid, or blood, of annelids, analogous to the blood of vertebrates. It is often red, but is sometimes green or colorless. — Pseudhaemal vessels, the blood vessels of annelids.

Pseu´do- [Gr. pseydh•s lying, false, akin to psey•dein to belie; cf. psydro•s lying, psy•qos a lie.] A combining form or prefix signifying false, counterfeit, pretended, spurious; as pseudo-apostle, a false apostle; pseudo-clergy, false or spurious clergy; pseudo-episcopacy, pseudo- form, pseudo-martyr, pseudo-philosopher. Also used adjectively.

Pseu•do•bac•te´ri•a , n. pl. [Pseudo- + bacteria.] (Biol.) Microscopic organic particles, molecular granules, powdered inorganic substances, etc., which in form, size, and grouping resemble bacteria. The globules which divide and develop in form of chains are organized beings; when this does not occur, we are dealing with pseudobacteria. Sternberg.

Pseu•do•blep´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pseydh•s false + ble•psis sight.] (Med.) False or depraved sight; imaginary vision of objects. Forsyth.

Pseu´do•branch , n. (Anat.) Same as Pseudobranchia.

Pseu•do•bran´chi•a , n.; pl. Pseudobranchiae (#). [NL. See Pseudo-, and Branchia.] (Anat.) A rudimentary branchia, or gill. — Pseu•do•bran´chi•al (#), a.

Pseu´do-bulb , n. [Pseudo- + bulb.] (Bot.) An aërial corm, or thickened stem, as of some epiphytic orchidaceous plants.

Pseu´do•carp , n. [Pseudo- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) That portion of an anthocarpous fruit which is not derived from the ovary, as the soft part of a strawberry or of a fig.

Pseu•do-chi´na , n. [Pseudo- + china.] (Bot.) The false china root, a plant of the genus Smilax (S. Pseudo-china), found in America.

Pseu´do•cœle , n. Same as Pseudocœlia.

Pseu•do•cœ´li•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pseydh•s false + hollow.] (Anat.) The fifth ventricle in the mammalian brain. See Ventricle. B. G. Wilder.

Pseu´do-cone , n. [Pseudo- + cone.] (Zoöl.) One of the soft gelatinous cones found in the compound eyes of certain insects, taking the place of the crystalline cones of others.

Pseu•do-cu´mene , n. [Pseudo- + cumene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series, metameric with mesitylene and cumene, found in coal tar, and obtained as a colorless liquid.

Pseu•do-dip´ter•al , a. [Pseudo- + dipteral: cf. F. pseudodiptère.] (Arch.) Falsely or imperfectly dipteral, as a temple with the inner range of columns surrounding the cella omitted, so that the space between the cella wall and the columns is very great, being equal to two intercolumns and one column. — n. A pseudo-dipteral temple.

Pseu´do•dox , a. [Gr. pseydo•doxos; pseydh•s false + do•xa an opinion.] Not true in opinion or doctrine; false. — n. A false opinion or doctrine. ´To maintain the atheistical pseudodox which judgeth evil good, and darkness light.´ T. Adams.

Pseu•do•fi•la´ri•a , n.; pl. Pseudofilari (#). [NL. See Pseudo-, and Filaria.] (Zoöl.) One of the two elongated vibratile young formed by fission of the embryo during the development of certain Gregarinae.

Pseu•do-ga•le´na , n. [Pseudo- + galena.] (Min.) False galena, or blende. See Blende (a).

Pseu´do•graph , n. [See Pseudography.] A false writing; a spurious document; a forgery.

Pseu•dog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. ; pseydh•s false + to write.] False writing; forgery.

Pseu•do•hal´ter , n.; pl. Pseudohalteres (#). [NL. See Pseudo-, and Halteres.] (Zoöl.) One of the rudimentary front wings of certain insects (Stylops). They resemble the halteres, or rudimentary hind wings, of Diptera.

Pseu´do-heart , n. [Pseudo- + heart.] (Zoöl.) Any contractile vessel of invertebrates which is not of the nature of a real heart, especially one of those pertaining to the excretory system.

Pseu•do-hy•per•thoph´ic , a. [Pseudo- + hypertrophic.] (Med.) Falsely hypertrophic; as pseudo-hypertrophic paralysis, a variety of paralysis in which the muscles are apparently enlarged, but are really degenerated and replaced by fat.

Pseu•dol´o•gist , n. [Gr. .] One who utters falsehoods; a liar.

Pseu•dol´o•gy , n. [Gr. ; pseydh•s false + speech: cf. F. pseudologie.] Falsehood of speech. Arbuthnot.

Pseu•do-me•tal´lic , a. [Pseudo- + metallic.] Falsely or imperfectly metallic; — said of a kind of luster, as in minerals.

Pseu•do-mon•o•cot•y•led´on•ous , a. [Pseudo- + monocotyledonous.] (Bot.) Having two coalescent cotyledons, as the live oak and the horse- chestnut.

Pseu´do•morph , n. [See Pseudomorphous.] 1. An irregular or deceptive form. 2. (Crystallog.) A pseudomorphous crystal, as a crystal consisting of quartz, but having the cubic form of fluor spar, the fluor crystal having been changed to quartz by a process of substitution.

Pseu•do•mor´phism , n. (Crystallog.) The state of having, or the property of taking, a crystalline form unlike that which belongs to the species.

Pseu•do•mor´phous , a. [Gr. ; pseydh•s false + form: cf. F. pseudomorphe.] Not having the true form. Pseudomorphous crystal, one which has a form that does not result from its own powers of crystallization.

Pseu•do•nav•i•cel´la , n.; pl. Pseudonavicullae (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pseudonavicula.

Pseu•do•na•vic´u•la , n.; pl. Pseudonaviculae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. pseydh•s false + NL. navicula, a genus of diatoms. See Navicular.] (Zoöl.) One of the minute spindle-shaped embryos of Gregarinae and some other Protozoa.

Pseu•do•neu•rop´te•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Pseudo-, and Neuroptera.] (Zoöl.) division of insects (Zoöl.) reticulated wings, as in the Neuroptera, but having an active pupa state. It includes the dragon flies, May flies, white ants, etc. By some zoölogists they are classed with the Orthoptera; by others, with the Neuroptera.

Pseu•do•neu•rop´ter•ous , a. (Zool.) Of or pertaining to the Pseudoneuroptera.

Pseu´do•nym , n. [Cf. F. pseudonyme. See Pseudonymous.] A fictitious name assumed for the time, as by an author; a pen name. [Written also pseudonyme.]

Pseu•do•nym´i•ty , n. The using of fictitious names, as by authors.

Pseu•don´y•mous , a. [Gr. ; pseydh•s false + , , a name: cf. F. pseudonyme. See Pseudo-, and Name.] Bearing a false or fictitious name; as a pseudonymous work. — Pseu•don´y•mous•ly, adv. — Pseu•don´y•mous•ness, n.

Pseu•do-pe•rip´ter•al , a. [Pseudo- + peripteral: cf. F. pseudoperiptère.] (Arch.) Falsely or imperfectly peripteral, as a temple having the columns at the sides attached to the walls, and an ambulatory only at the ends or only at one end. — n. A pseudo-peripteral temple. Oxf. Gloss.

Pseu´do•pod , n. [Pseudo- + -pod.] 1. (Biol.) Any protoplasmic filament or irregular process projecting from any unicellular organism, or from any animal or plant call. 2. (Zoöl.) A rhizopod.

Pseu•do•po´di•al , a. Of or pertaining to a pseudopod, or to pseudopodia. See Illust. of Heliozoa.

Pseu•do•po´di•um , n.; pl. Pseudopodia . [NL.] Same as Pseudopod.

Pseu•do•pu´pa , n.; pl. L. Pseudopupae (#), E. Pseudopupas (#). [NL. See Pseudo-, and Pupa.] (Zoöl.) A stage intermediate between the larva and pupa of bees and certain other hymenopterous insects.

Pseu•do•rhab´dite , n. [Pseudo- + Gr. a rod.] (Zoöl.) One of the peculiar rodlike corpuscles found in the integument of certain Turbellaria. They are filled with a soft granular substance.

Pseu•do-ro•man´tic , a. Pseudo- + romantic.] Falsely romantic. “The false taste, the pseudo-romantic rage.” De Quincey.

Pseu´do•scope , n. [Pseudo- + -scope.] (Opt.) An instrument which exhibits objects with their proper relief reversed; — an effect opposite to that produced by the stereoscope. Wheatstone.

Pseu•do•scop´ic , a. (Opt.) Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a pseudoscope; having its parts appearing with the relief reversed; as a pseudoscopic image.

Pseu•do•scor•pi•o´nes , n. pl. [NL. See Pseudo-, and Scorpion.] (Zoöl.) An order of Arachnoidea having the palpi terminated by large claws, as in the scorpions, but destitute of a caudal sting; the false scorpions. Called also Pseudoscorpii, and Pseudoscorpionina. See Illust. of Book scorpion, under Book.

Pseu´do•sphere , n. [Pseudo- + sphere.] (Geom.) The surface of constant negative curvature generated by the revolution of a tractrix. This surface corresponds in non-Euclidian space to the sphere in ordinary space. An important property of the surface is that any figure drawn upon it can be displaced in any way without tearing it or altering in size any of its elements.

Pseu´do•spore , n. [Pseudo- + spore.] (Bot.)A peculiar reproductive cell found in some fungi.

Pseu•do•stel´la , n.; pl. -lae. [NL., fr. Gr. pseydh•s false + L. stella star.] (Astron.) Any starlike meteor or phenomenon. [R.]

Pseu•dos´to•ma , n.; pl. Pseudostomata (#). [NL. See Pseudo-, and Stoma.] (Anat.) A group of cells resembling a stoma, but without any true aperture among them.

Pseu•do-sym•met´ric , a. (Crystallog.) Exhibiting pseudo-symmetry.

Pseu•do-sym´me•try , n. [Pseudo- + symmetry.] (Crystallog.) A kind of symmetry characteristic of certain crystals which from twinning, or other causes, come to resemble forms of a system other than that to which they belong, as the apparently hexagonal prisms of aragonite.

Pseu•do•te•tram´e•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Pseudo-, and Tetramerous.] (Zoöl.) A division of beetles having the fifth tarsal joint minute and obscure, so that there appear to be but four joints. — Pseu•do•te•tram´er•al (#), a.

Pseu•do•tin´e•a , n.; pl. Pseudotineae (#). [NL. See Pseudo-, and Tinea.] (Zoöl.) The bee moth, or wax moth (Galleria).

Pseu•do•tur´bi•nal , a. [Pseudo- + turbinal.] (Anat.) See under Turbinal.

Pseu•do´va•ry , n.; pl. Pseudovaries (#). [Pseudo- + ovary.] (Zoöl.) The organ in which pseudova are produced; — called also pseudovarium.

Pseu•do´vum , n.; pl. Pseudova (#). [NL. See Pseudo-, and Ovum.] (Zoöl.) An egglike germ produced by the agamic females of some insects and other animals, and by the larvae of certain insects. It is capable of development without fertilization. See Illust. of Paedogenesis.

Pshaw , interj. [Of imitative origin.] Pish! pooch! — an exclamation used as an expression of contempt, disdain, dislike, etc. [Written also psha.]

Pshaw , v. i. To express disgust or contemptuous disapprobation, as by the exclamation ´ Pshaw!´ “The goodman used regularly to frown and pshaw wherever this topic was touched upon.” Sir W. Scott.

Psi•lan•throp´ic , a. [see Psilanthropist.] Pertaining to, or embodying, psilanthropy. ´A psilanthropic explanation.´ Coleridge.

Psi•lan´thro•pism , n. Psilanthropy.

Psi•lan´thro•pist , n. [Gr. bare, mere + a man.] One who believes that Christ was a mere man. Smart.

Psi•lan´thro•py , n. The doctrine of the merely human existence of Christ.

Psi•lol´o•gy , n. [Gr mere + - logy.] Love of empty of empty talk or noise. Coleridge.

Psi•lom´e•lane , n. [Gr. bare + , , black.] (Min.) A hydrous oxide of manganese, occurring in smooth, botryoidal forms, and massive, and having an iron-black or steel-gray color.

Psi•lo•pae´des , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. bare + , , offspring.] (Zoöl.) birds whose young at first have down on the pterylae only; - - called also Gymnopaedes.

Psi•lo•paed´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having down upon the pterylae only; — said of the young of certain birds.

Psi•los´o•pher, n. [Gr. bare, mere + wise.] A superficial or narrow pretender to philosophy; a sham philosopher. { Psit•ta´ceous , Psit´ta•cid } a. [L. psittacus a parrot, Gr. : cf. F. psittacide.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the parrots, or the Psittaci. — n. One of the Psittaci.

Psit´ta•ci , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The order of birds which comprises the parrots.

Psit•ta-co-ful´•vine , n. [Gr. a parrot + L. fulvus yellow.] A yellow pigment found in the feathers of certain parrots.

Pso´as , n. [Gr. a muscle of the loin: cf. f. psoas.] (Anat.) An internal muscle arising from the lumbar vertebrae and inserted into the femur. In man there are usually two on each side, and the larger one, or great psoas forms a part of the iliopsoas.

Pso´ra , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Med.) A cutaneous disease; especially, the itch.

Pso•ri´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. psora.] (Med.) (a) The state of being affected with psora. [Obs.] (b) A cutaneous disease, characterized by imbricated silvery scales, affecting only the superficial layers of the skin.

Pso´ric , a. [L. psoricus, Gr. : cf. F. psorique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to psora.

Pso´ro•sperm , n. [Gr. itching + seed.] (Zoöl.) A minute parasite, usually the young of Gregarinae, in the pseudonavicula stage.

Psy•cha•gog´ic , a. [Gr. . See Psychagogue.] Attractive; persuasive. J. Morley.

Psy´cha•gogue , n. [Gr.; the soul + to lead.] A necromancer. [R.]

Psy´chal , a. [See Psychical.] Of or pertaining to the soul; psychical. Bayne.

Psy´che , n. [L., fr. Gr. PSychh• Psyche, fr. psychh• the soul.] 1. (Class Myth.) A lovely maiden, daughter of a king and mistress of Eros, or Cupid. She is regarded as the personification of the soul. 2. The soul; the vital principle; the mind. 3. [F. psyche.] A cheval glass.

Psy´chi•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any small moth of the genus Psyche and allied genera (family Psychidae). The larvae are called basket worms. See Basket worm, under Basket. { Psy•chi•a•tri´a , Psy•chi´a•try } n. [NL. psychiatria, fr. Gr. the mind + healing.] (Med.) The application of the healing art to mental diseases. Dunglison.

Psy•chi•at´ric , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to psychiatria. { Psy´chic , Psy´chic•al } a. [L. psychicus, Gr. , fr. psychh• the soul, mind; cf. to blow: cf. F. psychique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the human soul, or to the living principle in man. This term was formerly used to express the same idea as psychological. Recent metaphysicians, however, have employed it to mark the difference between psychh• the living principle in man, and pney^ma the rational or spiritual part of his nature. In this use, the word describes the human soul in its relation to sense, appetite, and the outer visible world, as distinguished from spiritual or rational faculties, which have to do with the supersensible world. Heyse. 2. Of or pertaining to the mind, or its functions and diseases; mental; — contrasted with physical. Psychical blindness, Psychical deafness (Med.), forms of nervous disease in which, while the senses of sight and hearing remain unimpaired, the mind fails to appreciate the significance of the sounds heard or the images seen. — Psychical contagion, the transference of disease, especially of a functional nervous disease, by mere force of example. — Psychical medicine, that department of medicine which treats of mental diseases.

Psy´chics , n. Psychology.

Psy´chism , n. [Cf. F. psychisme.] (Philos.) The doctrine of Quesne, that there is a fluid universally diffused, end equally animating all living beings, the difference in their actions being due to the difference of the individual organizations. Fleming.

Psy´cho- A combining form from Gr. psychh• the soul, the mind, the understanding; as psychology.

Psy•cho•gen´e•sis , n. Genesis through an internal force, as opposed to natural selection.

Psy•chog´ra•phy , n. [Psycho- + -graphy.] 1. A description of the phenomena of mind. 2. (Spiritualism) Spirit writing. { Psy•cho•log´ic , Psy•cho•log´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. psychologique.] Of or pertaining to psychology. See Note under Psychic. — Psy•cho•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Psy•chol´o•gist , n. [Cf. F. psychologiste.] One who is versed in, devoted to, psychology.

Psy´cho•logue , n. A psychologist.

Psy•chol´o•gy , n. pl. Psychologies . [Psycho- + -logy: cf. F. psychologie. See Psychical.] The science of the human soul; specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul, so far as they are known by consciousness; a treatise on the human soul. “Psychology, the science conversant about the phenomena of the mind, or conscious subject, or self.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Psy•chom´a•chy , n. [L. psychomachia, fr. Gr. psychh• the soul + fight: cf. desperate fighting.] A conflict of the soul with the body.

Psy´cho•man•cy , n. [Psycho- + -mancy: cf. F. psychomancie.] Necromancy.

Psy•chom´e•try , n. [Psycho- + -metry.] (Physiol.) The art of measuring the duration of mental processes, or of determining the time relations of mental phenomena. — Psy•cho•met´ric (#), a.

Psy•cho-mo´tor , a. [Psycho- + motor.] Of or pertaining to movement produced by action of the mind or will.

Psy´cho•pan´ny•chism , n. [Psycho- + Gr. to spend all night long; , , all + night.] (Theol.) The doctrine that the soul falls asleep at death, and does not wake until the resurrection of the body. — Psy•cho•pan´ny•chism (#), n.

Psy•chop´a•thy , n. [Psycho- + Gr. , .] (Med.) Mental disease. See Psychosis, 2. — Psy•cho•path´ic, a. — Psy•chop´a•thist, n.

Psy•cho•phys´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to psychophysics; involving the action or mutual relations of the psychical and physical in man. Psychophysical time (Physiol.), the time required for the mind to transform a sensory impression into a motor impulse. It is an important part of physiological or reaction time. See under Reaction.

Psy•cho•phys´ics , n. [Psycho- + physics.] The science of the connection between nerve action and consciousness; the science which treats of the relations of the psychical and physical in their conjoint operation in man; the doctrine of the relation of function or dependence between body and soul.

Psy´cho•pomp , n. [Gr. ; psychh• the soul + to send: cf. F. psychopompe.] (Myth.) A leader or guide of souls . J. Fiske.

Psy•cho´sis , n. [NL. See Psycho- .] 1. Any vital action or activity. Mivart. 2. (Med.) A disease of the mind; especially, a functional mental disorder, that is, one unattended with evident organic changes.

Psy•cho•zo´ic , a. [Psycho- + Gr. life.] (Geol.)Designating, or applied to the Era of man; as the psychozoic era.

Psy•chrom´e•ter , n. [Gr. psychro•s cold + -meter: cf. F. psychromètre.] An instrument for measuring the tension of the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere, being essentially a wet and dry bulb hygrometer.

Psy•chro•met´ric•al , a. Of or pertaining to the psychrometer or psychrometry.

Psy•chrom´e•try , n. Hygrometry.

Psyl´la , n.; pl. Psyllae (#). [NL., from Gr. a flea.] (Zoöl.) Any leaping plant louse of the genus Psylla, or family Psyllidae.

Ptar´mi•gan , n. [Gael. tarmachan; cf. Ir. tarmochan, tarmonach.] (Zoöl.) Any grouse of the genus Lagopus, of which numerous species are known. The feet are completely feathered. Most of the species are brown in summer, but turn white, or nearly white, in winter. They chiefly inhabit the northern countries and high mountains of Europe, Asia, and America. The common European species is Lagopus mutus. The Scotch grouse, red grouse, or moor fowl (L. Scoticus), is reddish brown, and does not turn white in winter. The white, or willow, ptarmigan (L. albus) is found in both Europe and America.

Pte•no•glos´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. feathered + tongue.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropod mollusks having the teeth of the radula arranged in long transverse rows, somewhat like the barbs of a feather.

Pte•no•glos´sate , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ptenoglossa.

Pte•ran´o•don , n. [Gr. wing + priv. + , , a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of American Cretaceous pterodactyls destitute of teeth. Several species are known, some of which had an expanse of wings of twenty feet or more.

Pte•ran•o•don´ti•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) A group of pterodactyls destitute of teeth, as in the genus Pteranodon.

Pte•rich´thys , n. [NL., fr. Gr. wing + fish.] (Paleon.) A genus of Devonian fossil fishes with winglike appendages. The head and most of the body were covered with large bony plates. See Placodermi.

Pter•i•dol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in pteridology.

Pter•i•dol´o•gy , n. [Gr. , , a fern + -logy.] That department of botany which treats of ferns.

Pter•i•do•ma´ni•a , n. [Gr. , , a fern + E. mania.] A madness, craze, or strong fancy, for ferns. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Pter•i•doph´y•ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. , , a fern + a plant.] (Bot.) A class of flowerless plants, embracing ferns, horsetails, club mosses, quillworts, and other like plants. See the Note under Cryptogamia. — Pter´i•do•phyte• (#), n. This is a modern term, devised to replace the older ones acrogens and vascular Cryptogamia.

Pter•o•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a wing + .] (Zoöl.) An order of marine Bryozoa, having a bilobed lophophore and an axial cord. The genus Rhabdopleura is the type. Called also Podostomata. See Rhabdopleura.

Pte•roc´e•ras , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a wing + a horn.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large marine gastropods having the outer border of the lip divided into lobes; — called also scorpion shell.

Pter•o•cle´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr Pterocles, the typical genus, fr. Gr. feather + , , a key, tongue of a clasp.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the sand grouse. They are in some respects intermediate between the pigeons and true grouse. Called also Pteroclomorphae.

Pter•o•dac´tyl , n. [Gr. a wing + finger, toe: cf. F. pterodactyle.] (Paleon.) An extinct flying reptile; one of the Pterosauria. See Illustration in Appendix.

Pter•o•dac´ty•li , n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) Same as Pterosauria.

Pter•o•glos´sal , a. [Gr. a feather + tongue.] (Zoöl.) Having the tongue finely notched along the sides, so as to have a featherlike appearance, as the toucans.

Pte´ron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a wing.] (Anat.) The region of the skull, in the temporal fossa back of the orbit, where the great wing of the sphenoid, the temporal, the parietal, and the frontal hones approach each other.

Pter•o•pap´pi , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a feather, a bird + a grandfather.] (Zool.) Same as Odontotormae.

Pter´o•phore , n. [Gr. a feather + to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any moth of the genus Pterophorus and allied genera; a plume moth. See Plume moth, under Plume.

Pter´o•pod , n. [Gr. wing-footed; a feather, wing + , , foot: cf. F. pteropode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Pteropoda.

Pte•rop´o•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A class of Mollusca in which the anterior lobes of the foot are developed in the form of broad, thin, winglike organs, with which they swim at near the surface of the sea. The Pteropoda are divided into two orders: Cymnosomata, which have the body entirely naked and the head distinct from the wings; and Thecosomata, which have a delicate transparent shell of various forms, and the head not distinct from the wings.

Pte•rop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Pteropoda.

Pter´o•saur , n. [Gr. wind + a lizard.] (Paleon.) A pterodactyl.

Pter•o•sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of flying reptiles of the Mesozoic age; the pterodactyls; — called also Pterodactyli, and Ornithosauria. The wings were formed, like those of bats, by a leathery expansion of the skin, principally supported by the greatly enlarged outer or ´ little´ fingers of the hands. The American Cretaceous pterodactyls had no teeth. See Pteranodontia, and Pterodactyl.

Pter•o•sau´ri•an , a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Pterosauria.

Pter•o•stig´ma , n.; pl. Pterostigmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. wing + , , a mark.] (Zoöl.) A thickened opaque spot on the wings of certain insects.

Pte•ro´tic , a. [Gr. wing + , , ear.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, a bone between the proötic and epiotic in the dorsal and outer part of the periotic capsule of many fishes. — n. The pterotic bone. The pterotic bone is so called because fancied in some cases to resemble in form a bird’s wing

Pte•ryg´i•um , n.; pl. E. Pterygiums (#), L. Pterygia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , properly a dim, akin to a feather.] (Med.) A superficial growth of vascular tissue radiating in a fanlike manner from the cornea over the surface of the eye.

Pter´y•goid , a. [Gr. , , a wing + -oid.] (Anat.) (a) Like a bird’s wing in form; as a pterygoid bone. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pterygoid bones, pterygoid processes, or the whole sphenoid bone. — n. A pterygoid bone. Pterygoid bone (Anat.), a bone which corresponds to the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the human skull, but which, in all vertebrates below mammals, is not connected with the posterior nares, but serves to connect the palatine bones with the point of suspension of the lower jaw. — Pterygoid process (Anat.), a process projecting downward from either side of the sphenoid bone, in man divided into two plates, an inner and an outer. The posterior nares pass through the space, called the pterygoid fossa, between the processes.

Pter•y•go•max´il•la•ry , a. [Pterygoid + maxillary.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the inner pterygoid plate, or pterygoid bone, and the lower jaw.

Pter•y•go•pal´a•tine , a. [Pterygoid + palatine.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pterygoid processes and the palatine bones.

Pter•y•go•po´di•um , n.; pl. Pterygopodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , a fin + , dim. of , , a foot.] (Anat.) A specially modified part of the ventral fin in male elasmobranchs, which serves as a copulatory organ, or clasper.

Pter•y•go•quad´rate , a. [Pterygoid + quadrate.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or representing the pterygoid and quadrate bones or cartilages.

Pte•ry´la , n.; pl. Pterylae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. feather + wood, forest.] (Zoöl.) One of the definite areas of the skin of a bird on which feathers grow; — contrasted with apteria.

Pter•y•log´ra•phy , n. [Pteryla + -graphy.] (Zoöl.) The study or description of the arrangement of feathers, or of the pterylae, of birds.

Pter•y•lo´sis , n. [NL., fr. NL. & E. pteryla.] (Zoöl.) The arrangement of feathers in definite areas.

Ptil´o•cerque , n. [Gr. a feather + tail.] (Zool.) The pentail.

Ptil•o•pae´des , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a feather + , , offspring.] (Zoöl.) Same as Dasypaedes.

Ptil•o•paed´ic , a. (Zoöl.) Having nearly the whole surface of the skin covered with down; dasypaedic; — said of the young of certain birds.

Pti•lop´te•ri , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a downy feather + wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds including only the penguins.

Pti•lo´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr a feather.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pterylosis.

Ptis´an , n. [L. ptisana peeled barley, barley water, Gr. , from to peel, husk; cf. F. ptisane, tisane.] 1. A decoction of barley with other ingredients; a farinaceous drink. 2. (Med.) An aqueous medicine, containing little, if any, medicinal agent; a tea or tisane.

Ptol•e•ma´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Ptolemy, the geographer and astronomer. Ptolemaic system (Astron.), the system maintained by Ptolemy, who supposed the earth to be fixed in the center of the universe, with the sun and stars revolving around it. This theory was received for ages, until superseded by the Copernican system.

Ptol´e•ma•ist , n. One who accepts the astronomical system of Ptolemy.

Pto´ma•ine , n. [From Gr. a dead body.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a class of animal bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of various kinds of albuminous matter, and closely related to the vegetable alkaloids; a cadaveric poison. The ptomaines, as a class, have their origin in dead matter, by which they are to be distinguished from the leucomaines.

Pto´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a falling.] (Med.) Drooping of the upper eyelid, produced by paralysis of its levator muscle.

Pty´a•lin , n. [Gr. spittle. See Ptyalism.] (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized amylolytic ferment, on enzyme, present in human mixed saliva and in the saliva of some animals.

Pty´a•lism , n. [Gr. , fr. to spit much, fr. spittle, fr. to spit: cf. F. ptyalisme.] Salivation, or an excessive flow of saliva. Quain.

Pty•al´o•gogue , n. [Gr. spittle + driving.] (Med.) A ptysmagogue.

Ptys´ma•gogue , n. [Gr. spittle + driving: cf. F. ptysmagogue.] (Med.) A medicine that promotes the discharge of saliva.

Ptyx´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a folding.] (Bot.) The way in which a leaf is sometimes folded in the bud.

Pub´ble , a. [Perhaps fr. bubble.] Puffed out, pursy; pudgy; fat. [Obs.] Drant.

Pu´ber•al , a. [From L. puber, pubes, grown up, adult.] Of or pertaining to puberty.

Pu´ber•ty , n. [L. pubertas, fr. puber, pubes, adult: cf. F. puberte.] 1. The earliest age at which persons are capable of begetting or bearing children, usually considered, in temperate climates, to be about fourteen years in males and twelve in females. 2. (Bot.) The period when a plant first bears flowers.

Pu•ber´u•lent , a. [See Pubis.] (Bot.) Very minutely downy.

Pu´bes , n. [L., the hair which appears on the body at puberty, from pubes adult.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The hair which appears upon the lower part of the hypogastric region at the age of puberty. (b) Hence (as more commonly used), the lower part of the hypogastric region; the pubic region. 2. (Bot.) The down of plants; a downy or villous substance which grows on plants; pubescence.

Pu•bes´cence , n. [Cf. F. pubescence.] 1. The quality or state of being pubescent, or of having arrived at puberty. Sir T. Browne. 2. A covering of soft short hairs, or down, as one some plants and insects; also the state of being so covered.

Pu•bes´cen•cy , n. Pubescence.

Pu•bes´cent , a. [L. pubescens, -entis, p. pr. of pubescere to reach puberty, to grow hairy or mossy, fr. pubes pubes: cf. F. pubescent.] 1. Arrived at puberty. “That … the men (are) pubescent at the age of twice seven, is accounted a punctual truth.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Covered with pubescence, or fine short hairs, as certain insects, and the leaves of some plants.

Pu´bic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pubes; in the region of the pubes; as the pubic bone; the pubic region, or the lower part of the hypogastric region. See Pubes. (b) Of or pertaining to the pubis.

Pu´bis , n. [NL. See Pubes.] (Anat.) The ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; sharebone; pubic bone.

Pub´lic , a. [L. publicus, poblicus, fr. populus people: cf. F. public. See People.] 1. Of or pertaining to the people; belonging to the people; relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or community; — opposed to private; as the public treasury. “To the public good
Private respects must yield.” Milton. “He [Alexander Hamilton] touched the dead corpse of the public credit, and it sprung upon its feet.” D. Webster. 2. Open to the knowledge or view of all; general; common; notorious; as public report; public scandal. “Joseph, … not willing to make her a public example, was minded to put her away privily.” Matt. i. 19. 3. Open to common or general use; as a public road; a public house. ´The public street.´ Shak. Public act or statute (Law), an act or statute affecting matters of public concern. Of such statutes the courts take judicial notice. — Public credit. See under Credit. — Public funds. See Fund, 3. — Public house, an inn, or house of entertainment. — Public law. (a) See International law, under International. (b) A public act or statute. — Public nuisance. (Law) See under Nuisance. — Public orator. (Eng. Universities) See Orator, 3. — Public stores, military and naval stores, equipments, etc. — Public works, all fixed works built by civil engineers for public use, as railways, docks, canals, etc.; but strictly, military and civil engineering works constructed at the public cost.

Pub´lic, n. 1. The general body of mankind, or of a nation, state, or community; the people, indefinitely; as the American public; also a particular body or aggregation of people; as an author’s public. “The public is more disposed to censure than to praise.” Addison. 2. A public house; an inn. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. In public, openly; before an audience or the people at large; not in private or secrecy. ´We are to speak in public.´ Shak.

Pub´li•can , n. [L. publicanus: cf. F. publicain. See Public.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A farmer of the taxes and public revenues; hence, a collector of toll or tribute. The inferior officers of this class were often oppressive in their exactions, and were regarded with great detestation. “As Jesus at meat … many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples.” Matt. 1x. 10. “How like a fawning publican he looks!” Shak. 2. The keeper of an inn or public house; one licensed to retail beer, spirits, or wine.

Pub•li•ca´tion , n. [L. publicatio confiscation: cf. F. publication. See Publish.] 1. The act of publishing or making known; notification to the people at large, either by words, writing, or printing; proclamation; divulgation; promulgation; as the publication of the law at Mount Sinai; the publication of the gospel; the publication of statutes or edicts. 2. The act of offering a book, pamphlet, engraving, etc., to the public by sale or by gratuitous distribution. “The publication of these papers was not owing to our folly, but that of others.” Swift. 3. That which is published or made known; especially, any book, pamphlet, etc., offered for sale or to public notice; as a daily or monthly publication. 4. An act done in public. [R. & Obs.] “His jealousy … attends the business, the recreations, the publications, and retirements of every man.” Jer. Taylor. Publication of a libel (Law), such an exhibition of a libel as brings it to the notice of at least one person other than the person libeled. — Publication of a will (Law), the delivery of a will, as his own, by a testator to witnesses who attest it.

Pub´lic-heart•ed , a. Public- spirited. [R.]

Pub´li•cist , n. [Cf. F. publiciste.] A writer on the laws of nature and nations; one who is versed in the science of public right, the principles of government, etc. “The Whig leaders, however, were much more desirous to get rid of Episcopacy than to prove themselves consummate publicists and logicians.” Macaulay.

Pub•lic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. publicite.] The quality or state of being public, or open to the knowledge of a community; notoriety; publicness.

Pub´lic•ly , adv. 1. With exposure to popular view or notice; without concealment; openly; as property publicly offered for sale; an opinion publicly avowed; a declaration publicly made. 2. In the name of the community. Addison.

Pub´lic-mind•ed , a. Public- spirited. — Pub´lic-mind•ed•ness, n.

Pub´lic•ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being public, or open to the view or notice of people at large; publicity; notoriety; as the publicness of a sale. 2. The quality or state of belonging to the community; as the publicness of property. Boyle.

Pub´lic-spir•it•ed , a. 1. Having, or exercising, a disposition to advance the interest of the community or public; as public- spirited men. 2. Dictated by a regard to public good; as a public-spirited project or measure. Addison. — Pub´lic-spir•it•ed•ly, adv. — Pub´lic-spir•it•ed•ness, n.

Pub´lish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Published p. pr. & vb. n. Publishing.] [F. publier, L. publicare, publicatum. See Public, and -ish.] 1. To make public; to make known to mankind, or to people in general; to divulge, as a private transaction; to promulgate or proclaim, as a law or an edict. “Published was the bounty of her name.” Chaucer. “The unwearied sun, from day to day,
Does his Creator’s power display,
And publishes to every land
The work of an almighty hand.” Addison. 2. To make known by posting, or by reading in a church; as to publish banns of marriage. 3. To send forth, as a book, newspaper, musical piece, or other printed work, either for sale or for general distribution; to print, and issue from the press. 4. To utter, or put into circulation; as to publish counterfeit paper. [U.S.] To publish a will (Law), to acknowledge it before the witnesses as the testator’s last will and testament. Syn. — To announce; proclaim; advertise; declare; promulgate; disclose; divulge; reveal. See Announce.

Pub´lish•a•ble , a. Capable of being published; suitable for publication.

Pub´lish•er , n. One who publishes; as a publisher of a book or magazine. “For love of you, not hate unto my friend,
Hath made me publisher of this pretense.” Shak.

Pub´lish•ment , n. 1. The act or process of making publicly known; publication. 2. A public notice of intended marriage, required by the laws of some States. [U.S.]

Puc•coon´ , n. [From the American Indian name.] (Bot.) Any one of several plants yielding a red pigment which is used by the North American Indians, as the bloodroot and two species of Lithospermum (L. hirtum, and L. canescens); also the pigment itself.

Puce , a. [F., fr. puce a flea, L. pulex, pulicis.] Of a dark brown or brownish purple color.

Pu´cel , n. See Pucelle. [Obs.]

Pu´cel•age ( 48), n. [F.] Virginity. [R.]

Pu•celle´ , n. [F., fr. LL. pulicella, fr. L. pullus a young animal. See Pullet.] A maid; a virgin. [Written also pucel.] [Obs.] “Lady or pucelle, that wears mask or fan.” B. Jonson. La Pucelle, the Maid of Orleans, Joan of Arc.

Pu´ce•ron , n. [F., from puce a flea. See Puce.] (Zoöl.) Any plant louse, or aphis.

Pu´cher•ite , n. [So named from the Pucher Mine, in Saxony.] (Min.) Vanadate of bismuth, occurring in minute reddish brown crystals.

Puck , n. [OE. pouke; cf. OSw. puke, Icel. puki an evil demon, W. pwca a hobgoblin. Cf. Poker a bugbear, Pug.] 1. (Mediaeval Myth.) A celebrated fairy, ´the merry wanderer of the night;´ — called also Robin Goodfellow, Friar Rush, Pug, etc. Shak. “He meeteth Puck, whom most men call
Hobgoblin, and on him doth fall.” Drayton. 2. (Zoöl.) The goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.]

Puck´ball , n. [Puck + ball.] A puffball.

Puck´er , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Puckered p. pr. & vb. n. Puckering.] [From Poke a pocket, small bag.] To gather into small folds or wrinkles; to contract into ridges and furrows; to corrugate; — often with up; as to pucker up the mouth. ´His skin [was] puckered up in wrinkles.´ Spectator.

Puck´er, n. 1. A fold; a wrinkle; a collection of folds. 2. A state of perplexity or anxiety; confusion; bother; agitation. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Puck´er•er, n. One who, or that which, puckers.

Puck´er•y , a. 1. Producing, or tending to produce, a pucker; as a puckery taste. Lowell. 2. Inclined to become puckered or wrinkled; full of puckers or wrinkles.

Puck´fist , n. A puffball.

Puck´ish, a. [From Puck.] Resembling Puck; merry; mischievous. ´Puckish freaks.´ J. R. Green.

Pu´cras , n. [From a native name in India.] (Zoöl.) See Koklass.

Pud , n. Same as Pood.

Pud , n. The hand; the first. [Colloq.] Lamb.

Pud´den•ing , n. [Probably fr. pudden, for pudding, in allusion to its softness.] (Naut.) (a) A quantity of rope-yarn, or the like, placed, as a fender, on the bow of a boat. (b) A bunch of soft material to prevent chafing between spars, or the like.

Pud´der , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puddered p. pr. & vb. n. Puddering.] [Cf. Pother.] To make a tumult or bustle; to splash; to make a pother or fuss; to potter; to meddle. “Puddering in the designs or doings of others.” Barrow. “Others pudder into their food with their broad nebs.” Holland.

Pud´der, v. t. To perplex; to embarrass; to confuse; to bother; as to pudder a man. Locke.

Pud´der, n. A pother; a tumult; a confused noise; turmoil; bustle. ´All in a pudder.´ Milton.

Pud´ding , n. [Cf. F. boudin black pudding, sausage, L. botulus, botellus, a sausage, G. & Sw. pudding pudding, Dan. podding, pudding, LG. puddig thick, stumpy, W. poten, potten, also E. pod, pout, v.] 1. A species of food of a soft or moderately hard consistence, variously made, but often a compound of flour or meal, with milk and eggs, etc. “And solid pudding against empty praise.” Pope. 2. Anything resembling, or of the softness and consistency of, pudding. 3. An intestine; especially, an intestine stuffed with meat, etc.; a sausage. Shak. 4. Any food or victuals. “Eat your pudding, slave, and hold your tongue.” Prior. 5. (Naut.) Same as Puddening. Pudding grass (Bot.), the true pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium), formerly used to flavor stuffing for roast meat. Dr. Prior. — Pudding pie, a pudding with meat baked in it. Taylor (1630). — Pudding pipe (Bot.), the long, cylindrical pod of the leguminous tree Cassia Fistula. The seeds are separately imbedded in a sweetish pulp. See Cassia. — Pudding sleeve, a full sleeve like that of the English clerical gown. Swift. — Pudding stone. (Min.) See Conglomerate, n., 2. — Pudding time. (a) The time of dinner, pudding being formerly the dish first eaten. [Obs.] Johnson. (b) The nick of time; critical time. [Obs.] “Mars, that still protects the stout,
In pudding time came to his aid.” Hudibras.

Pud´ding-head•ed , a. Stupid. [Colloq.]

Pud´dle , n. [OE. podel; cf. LG. pudel, Ir. & Gael. plod pool.] 1. A small quantity of dirty standing water; a muddy plash; a small pool. Spenser. 2. Clay, or a mixture of clay and sand, kneaded or worked, when wet, to render it impervious to water. Puddle poet, a low or worthless poet. [R.] Fuller.

Pud´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puddled p. pr. & vb. n. Puddling ] 1. To make foul or muddy; to pollute with dirt; to mix dirt with (water). “Some unhatched practice …
Hath puddled his clear spirit.” Shak. 2. (a) To make dense or close, as clay or loam, by working when wet, so as to render impervious to water. (b) To make impervious to liquids by means of puddle; to apply puddle to. 3. To subject to the process of puddling, as iron, so as to convert it from the condition of cast iron to that of wrought iron. Ure. Puddled steel, steel made directly from cast iron by a modification of the puddling process.

Pud´dle, v. i. To make a dirty stir. [Obs.] R. Junius.

Pud´dle-ball , n. The lump of pasty wrought iron as taken from the puddling furnace to be hammered or rolled.

Pud´dle-bar´ , n. An iron bar made at a single heat from a puddle-ball hammering and rolling.

Pud´dler , n. One who converts cast iron into wrought iron by the process of puddling.

Pud´dling , n. 1. (Hydraul. Engin.) (a) The process of working clay, loam, pulverized ore, etc., with water, to render it compact, or impervious to liquids; also the process of rendering anything impervious to liquids by means of puddled material. (b) Puddle. See Puddle, n., 2. 2. (Metal.) The art or process of converting cast iron into wrought iron or steel by subjecting it to intense heat and frequent stirring in a reverberatory furnace in the presence of oxidizing substances, by which it is freed from a portion of its carbon and other impurities. Puddling furnace, a reverberatory furnace in which cast iron is converted into wrought iron or into steel by puddling.

Pud´dly , a. Consisting of, or resembling, puddles; muddy; foul. ´Thick puddly water.´ Carew.

Pud´dock , n. [For paddock, or parrock, a park.] A small inclosure. [Written also purrock.] [Prov. Eng.]

Pu´den•cy , n. [L. pudens, p. pr. of pudere to be ashamed.] Modesty; shamefacedness. ´A pudency so rosy.´ Shak.

Pu•den´da , n. pl. [L., from pudendus that of which one ought to be ashamed, fr. pudere to be ashamed.] (Anat.) The external organs of generation.

Pu•den´dal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pudenda, or pudendum.

Pu•den´dum , n. [NL. See Pudenda.] (Anat.) The external organs of generation, especially of the female; the vulva.

Pudg´y , a. Short and fat or sturdy; dumpy; podgy; as a short, pudgy little man; a pudgy little hand. Thackeray.

Pu´dic , a. [L. pudicus modest, fr. pudere to be ashamed: cf. F. pudique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the external organs of generation.

Pu´dic•al , a. (Anat.) Pudic.

Pu•dic´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. pudicite, L. pudicitia.] Modesty; chastity. Howell.

Pu´du , n. (Zoöl.) A very small deer (Pudua humilis), native of the Chilian Andes. It has simple spikelike antlers, only two or three inches long.

Pue , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pued p. pr. & vb. n. Puing.] To make a low whistling sound; to chirp, as birds. Halliwell.

Pueb´lo , n. [Sp., a village, L. populus people. See People.] A communistic building erected by certain Indian tribes of Arizona and New Mexico. It is often of large size and several stories high, and is usually built either of stone or adobe. The term is also applied to any Indian village in the same region. Pueblo Indians (Ethnol.), any tribe or community of Indians living in pueblos. The principal Pueblo tribes are the Moqui, the Zuñi, the Keran, and the Tewan.

Pue´fel•low , n. A pewfellow. [Obs.]

Pu´er , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] The dung of dogs, used as an alkaline steep in tanning. Simmonds.

Pu•er´co , n. [Sp.] A hog. Puerco beds (Geol.), a name given to certain strata belonging to the earliest Eocene. They are developed in Northwestern New Mexico, along the Rio Puerco, and are characterized by their mammalian remains.

Pu´er•ile , a. [L. puerilis, fr. puer a child, a boy: cf. F. pueril.] Boyish; childish; trifling; silly. “The French have been notorious through generations for their puerile affectation of Roman forms, models, and historic precedents.” De Quincey. Syn. — Youthful; boyish; juvenile; childish; trifling; weak. See Youthful.

Pu´er•ile•ly, adv. In a puerile manner; childishly.

Pu´er•ile•ness, n. The quality of being puerile; puerility.

Pu•er•il´i•ty , n.; pl. Puerilities (#). [L. puerilitas: cf. F. puerilite.] 1. The quality of being puerile; childishness; puerileness. Sir T. Browne. 2. That which is puerile or childish; especially, an expression which is flat, insipid, or silly.

Pu•er´per•al , a. [L. puerpera a lying-in woman; puer child + parere to bear: cf. F. puerperal.] Of or pertaining to childbirth; as a puerperal fever.

Pu•er´per•ous , a. Bearing children. [R.]

Pu´et , n. (Zoöl.) The pewit.

Puff (puf), n. [Akin to G. & Sw. puff a blow, Dan. puf, D. pof; of imitative origin. Cf. Buffet.] 1. A sudden and single emission of breath from the mouth; hence, any sudden or short blast of wind; a slight gust; a whiff. ´ To every puff of wind a slave.´ Flatman. 2. Anything light and filled with air. Specifically: (a) A puffball. (b) a kind of light pastry. (c) A utensil of the toilet for dusting the skin or hair with powder. 3. An exaggerated or empty expression of praise, especially one in a public journal. Puff adder. (Zoöl.) (a) Any South African viper belonging to Clotho and allied genera. They are exceedingly venomous, and have the power of greatly distending their bodies when irritated. The common puff adder (Vipera, or Clotho arietans) is the largest species, becoming over four feet long. The plumed puff adder (C. cornuta) has a plumelike appendage over each eye. (b) A North American harmless snake (Heterodon platyrrhinos) which has the power of puffing up its body. Called also hog-nose snake, flathead, spreading adder, and blowing adder. — Puff bird (Zoöl.), any bird of the genus Bucco, or family Bucconidae. They are small birds, usually with dull- colored and loose plumage, and have twelve tail feathers. See Barbet (b).

Puff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puffed (puft); p. pr. & vb. n. Puffing.] [Akin to G. puffen to pop, buffet, puff, D. poffen to pop, puffen to blow, Sw. puffa to push, to cuff, Dan. puffe to pop, thump. See Puff, n.] 1. To blow in puffs, or with short and sudden whiffs. 2. To blow, as an expression of scorn; — with at. “It is really to defy Heaven to puff at damnation.” South. 3. To breathe quick and hard, or with puffs, as after violent exertion. “The ass comes back again, puffing and blowing, from the chase.” L’ Estrange. 4. To swell with air; to be dilated or inflated. Boyle. 5. To breathe in a swelling, inflated, or pompous manner; hence, to assume importance. “Then came brave Glory puffing by.” Herbert.

Puff, v. t. 1. To drive with a puff, or with puffs. “The clearing north will puff the clouds away.” Dryden. 2. To repel with words; to blow at contemptuously. “I puff the prostitute away.” Dryden. 3. To cause to swell or dilate; to inflate; to ruffle with puffs; — often with up; as a bladder puffed with air. “The sea puffed up with winds.” Shak. 4. To inflate with pride, flattery, self- esteem, or the like; — often with up. “Puffed up with military success.” Jowett (Thucyd. ) 5. To praise with exaggeration; to flatter; to call public attention to by praises; to praise unduly. ´ Puffed with wonderful skill.´ Macaulay.

Puff, a. Puffed up; vain. [R.] Fanshawe.

Puff´ball , n. (Bot.) A kind of ball-shaped fungus (Lycoperdon giganteum, and other species of the same genus) full of dustlike spores when ripe; — called also bullfist, bullfice, puckfist, puff, and puffin.

Puff´er , n. 1. One who puffs; one who praises with noisy or extravagant commendation. 2. One who is employed by the owner or seller of goods sold at suction to bid up the price; a by-bidder. Bouvier. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any plectognath fish which inflates its body, as the species of Tetrodon and Diodon; — called also blower, puff-fish, swellfish, and globefish. (b) The common, or harbor, porpoise. 4. (Dyeing) A kier.

Puff´er•y , n. The act of puffing; bestowment of extravagant commendation.

Puf´fin (puf´fin), n. [Akin to puff.] 1. (Zoöl.) An arctic sea bird Fratercula arctica) allied to the auks, and having a short, thick, swollen beak, whence the name; — called also bottle nose, cockandy, coulterneb, marrot, mormon, pope, and sea parrot. The name is also applied to other related species, as the horned puffin (F. corniculata), the tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata), and the razorbill. Manx puffin, the Manx shearwater. See under Manx. 2. (Bot.) The puffball. 3. A sort of apple. [Obs.] Rider’s Dict. (1640).

Puff´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being puffy.

Puff´ing, a. & n. from Puff, v. i. & t. Puffing adder. (Zoöl.) Same as Puff adder (b), under Puff. — Puffing pig (Zoöl.), the common porpoise.

Puff´ing•ly, adv. In a puffing manner; with vehement breathing or shortness of breath; with exaggerated praise.

Puff´-leg , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of beautiful humming birds of the genus Eriocnemis having large tufts of downy feathers on the legs.

Puff´-legged , a. (Zoöl.) Having a conspicuous tuft of feathers on the legs.

Puff´y , a. 1. Swelled with air, or any soft matter; tumid with a soft substance; bloated; fleshy; as a puffy tumor. ´ A very stout, puffy man.´ Thackeray. 2. Hence, inflated; bombastic; as a puffy style.

Pug , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pugged p. pr. & vb. n. Pugging.] [Cf. G. pucken to thump. beat.] 1. To mix and stir when wet, as clay for bricks, pottery, etc. 2. To fill or stop with clay by tamping; to fill in or spread with mortar, as a floor or partition, for the purpose of deadening sound. See Pugging, 2.

Pug, n. 1. Tempered clay; clay moistened and worked so as to be plastic. 2. A pug mill. Pug mill, a kind of mill for grinding and mixing clay, either for brickmaking or the fine arts; a clay mill. It consists essentially of an upright shaft armed with projecting knives, which is caused to revolve in a hollow cylinder, tub, or vat, in which the clay is placed.

Pug, n. [Corrupted fr. puck. See Puck.] 1. An elf, or a hobgoblin; also same as Puck. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A name for a monkey. [Colloq.] Addison. 3. A name for a fox. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. 4. An intimate; a crony; a dear one. [Obs.] Lyly. 5. pl. Chaff; the refuse of grain. [Obs.] Holland. 6. A prostitute. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 7. (Zoöl.) One of a small breed of pet dogs having a short nose and head; a pug dog. 8. (Zoöl.) Any geometrid moth of the genus Eupithecia.

Pug´-faced , a. Having a face like a monkey or a pug; monkey-faced.

Pug´ger , v. t. To pucker. [Obs.]

Pug´gered , a. Puckered. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Pug´ging , n. [See Pug, v. t.] 1. The act or process of working and tempering clay to make it plastic and of uniform consistency, as for bricks, for pottery, etc. 2. (Arch.) Mortar or the like, laid between the joists under the boards of a floor, or within a partition, to deaden sound; — in the United States usually called deafening.

Pug´ging, a. Thieving. [Obs.] Shak.

Pugh , interj. Pshaw! pish! — a word used in contempt or disdain.

Pu´gil , n. [L. pugillus, pugillum, a handful, akin to pugnus the fist.] As much as is taken up between the thumb and two first fingers. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pu´gil•ism , n. [L. pugil a pugilist, boxer, akin to pugnus the fist. Cf. Pugnacious, Fist.] The practice of boxing, or fighting with the fist.

Pu´gil•ist, n. [L. pugil.] One who fights with his fists; esp., a professional prize fighter; a boxer.

Pu•gil•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to pugillism.

Pug•na´cious , a. [L. pugnax, -acis, fr. pugnare to fight. Cf. Pugilism, Fist.] Disposed to fight; inclined to fighting; quarrelsome; fighting. —Pug•na´cious•ly, adv. — Pug•na´cious•ness, n.

Pug•nac´i•ty , n. [L. pugnacitas: cf. F. pugnacite.] Inclination or readiness to fight; quarrelsomeness. ´ A national pugnacity of character.´ Motley.

Pug´ nose A short, thick nose; a snubnose. — Pug´-nosed• (#), a. Pug-nose eel (Zoöl.), a deep- water marine eel (Simenchelys parasiticus) which sometimes burrows into the flesh of the halibut.

Puh , interj. The same as Pugh.

Puis´ne (pu´ny), a. [See Puny.] 1. Later in age, time, etc.; subsequent. [Obs.] ´ A puisne date to eternity.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. Puny; petty; unskilled. [Obs.] 3. (Law) Younger or inferior in rank; junior; associate; as a chief justice and three puisne justices of the Court of Common Pleas; the puisne barons of the Court of Exchequer. Blackstone.

Puis´ne, n. One who is younger, or of inferior rank; a junior; esp., a judge of inferior rank. “It were not a work for puisnes and novices.” Bp. Hall.

Puis´ny , a. Puisne; younger; inferior; petty; unskilled. [R.] “A puisny tilter, that spurs his horse but on one side.” Shak.

Pu´is•sance, n. [F., fr. puissant. See Puissant, and cf. Potency, Potance, Potence.] Power; strength; might; force; potency. ´ Youths of puissance.´ Tennyson. “The power and puissance of the king.” Shak. In Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton, puissance and puissant are usually dissyllables.

Pu´is•sant , a. [F., originally, a p. pr. formed fr. L. posse to be able: cf. L. potens powerful. See Potent.] Powerful; strong; mighty; forcible; as a puissant prince or empire. ´ Puissant deeds.´ Milton. “Of puissant nations which the world possessed.” Spenser. “And worldlings in it are less merciful,
And more puissant.” Mrs. Browning.

Pu´is•sant•ly, adv. In a puissant manner; powerfully; with great strength.

Pu´is•sant•ness, n. The state or quality of being puissant; puissance; power.

Puit , n. [F. puits, from L. puteus well.] A well; a small stream; a fountain; a spring. [Obs.] “The puits flowing from the fountain of life.” Jer. Taylor.

Puke , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puked p. pr. & vb. n. Puking.] [Cf. G. spucken to spit, and E. spew.] To eject the contests of the stomach; to vomit; to spew. “The infant
Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms.” Shak.

Puke, v. t. To eject from the stomach; to vomit up.

Puke, n. A medicine that causes vomiting; an emetic; a vomit.

Puke, a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Of a color supposed to be between black and russet. Shak. This color has by some been regarded as the same with puce; but Nares questions the identity.

Puk´er , n. 1. One who pukes, vomits. 2. That which causes vomiting. Garth .

Pu´las , n. [Skr. palaça.] (Bot.) The East Indian leguminous tree Butea frondosa. See Gum Butea, under Gum. [Written also pales and palasa.]

Pul´chri•tude , n. [L. pulchritudo, fr. pulcher beautiful.] 1. That quality of appearance which pleases the eye; beauty; comeliness; grace; loveliness. “Piercing our heartes with thy pulchritude.” Court of Love. 2. Attractive moral excellence; moral beauty. “By the pulchritude of their souls make up what is wanting in the beauty of their bodies.” Ray.

Pule , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puled p. pr. & vb. n. Puling.] [F. piauler; cf. L. pipilare, pipire, to peep, pip, chirp, and E. peep to chirp.] 1. To cry like a chicken. Bacon. 2. To whimper; to whine, as a complaining child. “It becometh not such a gallant to whine and pule.” Barrow.

Pul´er , n. One who pules; one who whines or complains; a weak person.

Pu´lex , n. [L., a flea.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic insects including the fleas. See Flea.

Pu´li•cene , a. [From L. pulex, pulicis, a flea.] Pertaining to, or abounding in, fleas; pulicose. { Pu´li•cose• , Pu´li•cous } a. [L. pulicosus, from pulex, a flea.] Abounding with fleas.

Pul´ing , n. A cry, as of a chicken,; a whining or whimpering. “Leave this faint puling and lament as I do.” Shak.

Pul´ing, a. Whimpering; whining; childish.

Pul´ing•ly, adv. With whining or complaint.

Pulk´ha , n. A Laplander’s traveling sledge. See Sledge.

Pull , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pulled p. pr. & vb. n. Pulling.] [AS. pullian; cf. LG. pulen, and Gael. peall, piol, spiol.] 1. To draw, or attempt to draw, toward one; to draw forcibly. “Ne’er pull your hat upon your brows.” Shak. “He put forth his hand … and pulled her in.” Gen. viii. 9. 2. To draw apart; to tear; to rend. “He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces; he hath made me desolate.” Lam. iii. 11. 3. To gather with the hand, or by drawing toward one; to pluck; as to pull fruit; to pull flax; to pull a finch. 4. To move or operate by the motion of drawing towards one; as to pull a bell; to pull an oar. 5. (Horse Racing) To hold back, and so prevent from winning; as the favorite was pulled. 6. (Print.) To take or make, as a proof or impression; — hand presses being worked by pulling a lever. 7. (Cricket) To strike the ball in a particular manner. See Pull, n., 8. “Never pull a straight fast ball to leg.” R. H. Lyttelton. To pull and haul, to draw hither and thither. ´ Both are equally pulled and hauled to do that which they are unable to do. ´ South. — To pull down, to demolish; to destroy; to degrade; as to pull down a house. ´ In political affairs, as well as mechanical, it is easier to pull down than build up.´ Howell. ´ To raise the wretched, and pull down the proud.´ Roscommon. — To pull a finch. See under Finch. — To pull off, take or draw off.

Pull , v. i. To exert one’s self in an act or motion of drawing or hauling; to tug; as to pull at a rope. To pull apart, to become separated by pulling; as a rope will pull apart. — To pull up, to draw the reins; to stop; to halt. — To pull through, to come successfully to the end of a difficult undertaking, a dangerous sickness, or the like.

Pull, n. 1. The act of pulling or drawing with force; an effort to move something by drawing toward one. “I awakened with a violent pull upon the ring which was fastened at the top of my box.” Swift. 2. A contest; a struggle; as a wrestling pull. Carew. 3. A pluck; loss or violence suffered. [Poetic] “Two pulls at once;
His lady banished, and a limb lopped off.” Shak. 4. A knob, handle, or lever, etc., by which anything is pulled; as a drawer pull; a bell pull. 5. The act of rowing; as a pull on the river. [Colloq.] 6. The act of drinking; as to take a pull at the beer, or the mug. [Slang] Dickens. 7. Something in one’s favor in a comparison or a contest; an advantage; means of influencing; as in weights the favorite had the pull. [Slang] 8. (Cricket) A kind of stroke by which a leg ball is sent to the off side, or an off ball to the side. “The pull is not a legitimate stroke, but bad cricket.” R. A. Proctor.

Pul´lail , n. [F. poulaille.] Poultry. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Pull´back , n. 1. That which holds back, or causes to recede; a drawback; a hindrance. 2. (Arch) The iron hook fixed to a casement to pull it shut, or to hold it party open at a fixed point.

Pulled , a. Plucked; pilled; moulting. ´ A pulled hen.´ Chaucer.

Pul´len , n. [Cf. L. pullinus belonging to young animals. See Pullet.] Poultry. [Obs.]

Pull´er , n. One who, or that which, pulls. “Proud setter up and puller down of kings.” Shak.

Pul´let , n. [OE. polete, OF. polete, F. poulette, dim. of poule a hen, fr. L. pullus a young animal, a young fowl. See Foal, and cf. Poult, Poultry, Pool stake.] A young hen, or female of the domestic fowl. Pullet sperm, the treadle of an egg. [Obs.] Shak.

Pul´ley , n.; pl. Pulleys (#). [F. poulie, perhaps of Teutonic origin (cf. Poll, v. t.); but cf. OE. poleine, polive, pulley, LL. polanus, and F. poulain, properly, a colt, fr. L. pullus young animal, foal (cf. Pullet, Foal). For the change of sense, cf. F. poutre beam, originally, a filly, and E. easel.] (Mach.) A wheel with a broad rim, or grooved rim, for transmitting power from, or imparting power to, the different parts of machinery, or for changing the direction of motion, by means of a belt, cord, rope, or chain. The pulley, as one of the mechanical powers, consists, in its simplest form, of a grooved wheel, called a sheave, turning within a movable frame or block, by means of a cord or rope attached at one end to a fixed point. The force, acting on the free end of the rope, is thus doubled, but can move the load through only half the space traversed by itself. The rope may also pass over a sheave in another block that is fixed. The end of the rope may be fastened to the movable block, instead of a fixed point, with an additional gain of power, and using either one or two sheaves in the fixed block. Other sheaves may be added, and the power multiplied accordingly. Such an apparatus is called by workmen a block and tackle, or a fall and tackle. See Block. A single fixed pulley gives no increase of power, but serves simply for changing the direction of motion. Band pulley, or Belt pulley, a pulley with a broad face for transmitting power between revolving shafts by means of a belt, or for guiding a belt. — Cone pulley. See Cone pulley. — Conical pulley, one of a pair of belt pulleys, each in the shape of a truncated cone, for varying velocities. — Fast pulley, a pulley firmly attached upon a shaft. — Loose pulley, a pulley loose on a shaft, to interrupt the transmission of motion in machinery. See Fast and loose pulleys, under Fast. — Parting pulley, a belt pulley made in semicircular halves, which can be bolted together, to facilitate application to, or removal from, a shaft. — Pulley block. Same as Block, n. 6. — Pulley stile (Arch.), the upright of the window frame into which a pulley is fixed and along which the sash slides. — Split pulley, a parting pulley.

Pul´ley, v. t. To raise or lift by means of a pulley. [R.] Howell.

Pul´li•cate , n. A kind of checked cotton or silk handkerchief.

Pull´man car [Named after Mr. Pullman, who introduced them.] A kind of sleeping car; also a palace car; — often shortened to Pullman.

Pul´lu•late , v. i. [L. pullulatus, p. p. of pullulare to sprout, from pullulus a young animal, a sprout, dim. of pullus. See pullet.] To germinate; to bud; to multiply abundantly. Warburton.

Pul•lu•la´tion , n. [Cf. F. pullulation.] A germinating, or budding. Dr. H. More.

Pul´lus , n.; pl. Pulli (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) A chick; a young bird in the downy stage.

Pul•mo•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL.], Pul•mo•bran´chi•ate. a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonibranchiata - ate.

Pul•mo•cu•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. pulmo a lung + E. cutaneous.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the lungs and the akin; as the pulmocutaneous arteries of the frog.

Pul•mo•gas•te•rop´o•da , n. pl. [NL. & E. Gasteropoda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonata.

Pul´mo•grade , a. [L. pulmo a lung + gradi to walk.] (Zoöl.) Swimming by the expansion and contraction, or lunglike movement, of the body, or of the disk, as do the medusae.

Pul•mom´e•ter , n. [L. pulmo a lung + -meter.] (Physiol.) A spirometer.

Pul´mo•na´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any arachnid that breathes by lunglike organs, as the spiders and scorpions. Also used adjectively.

Pul´mo•na•ry , a. [L. pulmonarius, from pulmo, -onis, a lung; of uncertain origin, perh. named from its lightness, and akin to E. float: cf. F. pulmonaire. Cf. Pneumonia.] Of or pertaining to the lungs; affecting the lungs; pulmonic. Pulmonary artery. See the Note under Artery.

Pul´mo•na•ry, n. [Cf. F. pulmonaire. See Pulmonary, a. ] (Bot.) Lungwort. Ainsworth.

Pul•mo•na´ta , n. pl. [NL., from L. pulmo, -onis, a lung.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division, or sub-class, of hermaphrodite gastropods, in which the mantle cavity is modified into an air-breathing organ, as in Helix, or land snails, Limax, or garden slugs, and many pond snails, as Limnaea and Planorbis.

Pul´mo•nate , a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having breathing organs that act as lungs. (b) Pertaining to the Pulmonata. — n. One of the Pulmonata.

Pul´mo•na•ted , a. same as Pulmonate (a).

Pul•mo•ni•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pulmo, -onis, a lung + Gr. a gill.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonata.

Pul•mo•ni•bran´chi•ate , a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonate.

Pul•mon´ic , a. [L. pulmo, -onis, a lung: cf. F. pulmonique.] Relating to, or affecting the lungs; pulmonary. — n. A pulmonic medicine.

Pul•mo•nif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Pulmoniferous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonata.

Pul•mo•nif´er•ous , a. [L. pulmo, -onis, a lung + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having lungs; pulmonate.

Pulp , n. [L. pulpa flesh, pith, pulp of fruit: cf. F. pulpe.] A moist, slightly cohering mass, consisting of soft, undissolved animal or vegetable matter. Specifically: (a) (Anat.) A tissue or part resembling pulp; especially, the soft, highly vascular and sensitive tissue which fills the central cavity, called the pulp cavity, of teeth. (b) (Bot.) The soft, succulent part of fruit; as the pulp of a grape. (c) The exterior part of a coffee berry. B. Edwards. (d) The material of which paper is made when ground up and suspended in water.

Pulp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pulped p. pr. & vb. n. Pulping.] 1. To reduce to pulp. 2. To deprive of the pulp, or integument. “The other mode is to pulp the coffee immediately as it comes from the tree. By a simple machine a man will pulp a bushel in a minute.” B. Edwards.

Pul•pa•toon´ , n. [F. poulpeton, poupeton, a sort of ragout.] A kind of delicate confectionery or cake, perhaps made from the pulp of fruit. [Obs.] Nares.

Pulp´i•ness , n. the quality or state of being pulpy.

Pul´pit , n. [L. pulpitum: cf. OF. pulpite, F. pulpitre.] 1. An elevated place, or inclosed stage, in a church, in which the clergyman stands while preaching. “I stand like a clerk in my pulpit.” Chaucer. 2. The whole body of the clergy; preachers as a class; also preaching. “I say the pulpit (in the sober use
Of its legitimate, peculiar powers)
Must stand acknowledged, while the world shall stand,
The most important and effectual guard,
Support, and ornament of virtue’s cause.” Cowper. 3. A desk, or platform, for an orator or public speaker.

Pul´pit, a. Of or pertaining to the pulpit, or preaching; as a pulpit orator; pulpit eloquence.

Pul´pit•ed , a. Placed in a pulpit. [R.] “Sit … at the feet of a pulpited divine.” Milton.

Pul•pit•eer´ , n. One who speaks in a pulpit; a preacher; — so called in contempt. Howell. “We never can think it sinful that Burns should have been humorous on such a pulpiteer.” Prof. Wilson.

Pul´pit•er , n. A preacher. [Obs.]

Pul•pit´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to the pulpit; suited to the pulpit. [R.] — Pul•pit´ic•al•ly, adv. [R.] Chesterfield.

Pul´pit•ish , a. Of or pertaining to the pulpit; like preaching. Chalmers.

Pul´pit•ry , n. The teaching of the pulpit; preaching. [R. & Obs.] ´ Mere pulpitry.´ Milton.

Pulp´ous , a. [L. pulposus: cf. F. pulpeux. See Pulp.] Containing pulp; pulpy. ´ Pulpous fruit.´ J. Philips. — Pulp´ous•ness, n.

Pulp´y , n. Like pulp; consisting of pulp; soft; fleshy; succulent; as the pulpy covering of a nut; the pulpy substance of a peach or a cherry.

Pul´que , n. [Sp.] An intoxicating Mexican drink. See Agave.

Pul´sate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pulsated p. pr. & vb. n. Pulsating.] [L. pulsatus, p. p. of pulsare to beat, strike, v. intens. fr. pellere to beat, strike, drive. See Pulse a beating, and cf. Pulse, v.] To throb, as a pulse; to beat, as the heart. “The heart of a viper or frog will continue to pulsate long after it is taken from the body.” E. Darwin.

Pul´sa•tile , a. [Cf. It. pulsatile, Sp. pulsatil.] 1. Capable of being struck or beaten; played by beating or by percussion; as a tambourine is a pulsatile musical instrument. 2. Pulsating; throbbing, as a tumor.

Pul•sa•til´la , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of ranunculaceous herbs including the pasque flower. This genus is now merged in Anemone. Some species, as Anemone Pulsatilla, Anemone pratensis, and Anemone patens, are used medicinally.

Pul•sa´tion , n. [L. pulsatio a beating or striking: cf. F. pulsation.] 1. (Physiol.) A beating or throbbing, especially of the heart or of an artery, or in an inflamed part; a beat of the pulse. 2. A single beat or throb of a series. 3. A stroke or impulse by which some medium is affected, as in the propagation of sounds. 4. (Law) Any touching of another’s body willfully or in anger. This constitutes battery. “By the Cornelian law, pulsation as well as verberation is prohibited.” Blackstone.

Pul´sa•tive , a. [Cf. F. pulsatif.] Beating; throbbing.

Pul•sa´tor , n. [L.] 1. A beater; a striker. 2. (Mech.) That which beats or throbs in working.

Pul´sa•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. pulsatoire.] Capable of pulsating; throbbing. Sir H. Wotton. .

Pulse , n. [OE. puls, L. puls, pultis, a thick pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, etc. See Poultice, and cf. Pousse.] Leguminous plants, or their seeds, as beans, pease, etc. “If all the world
Should, in a pet of temperance, feed on pulse.” Milton.

Pulse, n. [OE. pous, OF. pous, F. pouls, fr. L. pulsus (sc. venarum), the beating of the pulse, the pulse, from pellere, pulsum, to beat, strike; cf. Gr. to swing, shake, to shake. Cf. Appeal, Compel, Impel, Push.] 1. (Physiol.) The beating or throbbing of the heart or blood vessels, especially of the arteries. In an artery the pulse is due to the expansion and contraction of the elastic walls of the artery by the action of the heart upon the column of blood in the arterial system. On the commencement of the diastole of the ventricle, the semilunar valves are closed, and the aorta recoils by its elasticity so as to force part of its contents into the vessels farther onwards. These, in turn, as they already contain a certain quantity of blood, expand, recover by an elastic recoil, and transmit the movement with diminished intensity. Thus a series of movements, gradually diminishing in intensity, pass along the arterial system (see the Note under Heart). For the sake of convenience, the radial artery at the wrist is generally chosen to detect the precise character of the pulse. The pulse rate varies with age, position, sex, stature, physical and psychical influences, etc. 2. Any measured or regular beat; any short, quick motion, regularly repeated, as of a medium in the transmission of light, sound, etc.; oscillation; vibration; pulsation; impulse; beat; movement. “The measured pulse of racing oars.” Tennyson. “When the ear receives any simple sound, it is struck by a single pulse of the air, which makes the eardrum and the other membranous parts vibrate according to the nature and species of the stroke.” Burke. Pulse glass, an instrument consisting to a glass tube with terminal bulbs, and containing ether or alcohol, which the heat of the hand causes to boil; — so called from the pulsating motion of the liquid when thus warmed. — Pulse wave (Physiol.), the wave of increased pressure started by the ventricular systole, radiating from the semilunar valves over the arterial system, and gradually disappearing in the smaller branches. “the pulse wave travels over the arterial system at the rate of about 29.5 feet in a second.” H. N. Martin. — To feel one’s pulse. (a) To ascertain, by the sense of feeling, the condition of the arterial pulse. (b) Hence, to sound one’s opinion; to try to discover one’s mind.

Pulse, v. i. To beat, as the arteries; to move in pulses or beats; to pulsate; to throb. Ray.

Pulse, v. t. [See Pulsate, Pulse a beating.] To drive by a pulsation; to cause to pulsate. [R.]

Pulse´less, a. Having no pulsation; lifeless.

Pulse´less•ness, n. The state of being pulseless.

Pul•sif´ic , a. [Pulse + L. facere to make.] Exciting the pulse; causing pulsation.

Pul•sim´e•ter , n. [Pulse + -meter.] (Physiol.) A sphygmograph.

Pul´sion , n. [L. pulsio, fr. pellere, pulsum, to drive: cf. F. pulsion.] The act of driving forward; propulsion; — opposed to suction or traction. [R.]

Pul´sive , a. Tending to compel; compulsory. [R.] ´The pulsive strain of conscience.´ Marston.

Pul•som´e•ter , n. [Pulse + -meter.] 1. A device, with valves, for raising water by steam, partly by atmospheric pressure, and partly by the direct action of the steam on the water, without the intervention of a piston; — also called vacuum pump. 2. A pulsimeter.

Pult , v. t. To put. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Pul•ta´ceous , a. [Cf. F. pultace. See 1st Pulse.] Macerated; softened; nearly fluid. { Pul´tesse , Pul´tise } n. Poultry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pu´lu , n. A vegetable substance consisting of soft, elastic, yellowish brown chaff, gathered in the Hawaiian Islands from the young fronds of free ferns of the genus Cibotium, chiefly C. Menziesii; — used for stuffing mattresses, cushions, etc., and as an absorbent.

Pul´ver•a•ble , a. Capable of being reduced to fine powder. Boyle.

Pul•ver•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Having a finely powdered surface; pulverulent.

Pul´ver•ate , v. t. [L. pulveratus, p. p. of pulverare to pulverize. See Pulverize.] To beat or reduce to powder or dust; to pulverize. [R.]

Pul´ver•ine , n. [L. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder; cf. F. pulverin.] Ashes of barilla. Ure.

Pul´ver•i•za•ble , a. Admitting of being pulverized; pulverable. Barton.

Pul•ver•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. pulverisation.] The action of reducing to dust or powder.

Pul´ver•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pulverized p. pr. & vb. n. Pulverizing ] [F. pulveriser, L. pulverizare, fr. pulvis dust, powder. See Powder.] To reduce of fine powder or dust, as by beating, grinding, or the like; as friable substances may be pulverized by grinding or beating, but to pulverize malleable bodies other methods must be pursued.

Pul´ver•ize, v. i. To become reduced to powder; to fall to dust; as the stone pulverizes easily.

Pul´ver•i•zer , n. One who, or that which, pulverizes.

Pul´ver•ous , a. [Cf. L. pulvereus, from pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder.] Consisting of dust or powder; like powder.

Pul•ver´u•lence , n. The state of being pulverulent; abundance of dust or powder; dustiness.

Pul•ver´u•lent , a. [L. pulverulentus, fr. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder: cf. F. pulverulent.] Consisting of, or reducible to, fine powder; covered with dust or powder; powdery; dusty.

Pul´vil , n. [It. polviglio, fr. L. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder: cf. Sp. polvillo.] A sweet-scented powder; pulvillio. [Written also pulville.] [Obs.] Gay.

Pul´vil, v. t. To apply pulvil to. [Obs.] Congreve. { Pul•vil´li•o , Pul•vil´lo } n. [See Pulvil.] A kind of perfume in the form of a powder, formerly much used, — often in little bags. “Smells of incense, ambergris, and pulvillios.” Addison.

Pul•vil´lus , n.; pl. Pulvilli (#). [L., a little cushion.] (Zoöl.) One of the minute cushions on the feet of certain insects.

Pul•vi´nar , n. [L., a cushion.] (Anat.) A prominence on the posterior part of the thalamus of the human brain. { Pul´vi•nate , Pul´vi•na•ted } a. [L. pulvinatus, fr. pulvinus a cushion, an elevation.] 1. (Arch.) Curved convexly or swelled; as a pulvinated frieze. Brande & C. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the form of a cushion.

Pul•vin´ic , a. [From Vulpinic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the decomposition of vulpinic acid, as a white crystalline substance.

Pul•vin´u•lus , n.; pl. Pulvinuli (#). [L., a little mound.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pulvillus.

Pu´ma (pu´ma), n. [Peruv. puma.] (Zoöl.) A large American carnivore (Felis concolor), found from Canada to Patagonia, especially among the mountains. Its color is tawny, or brownish yellow, without spots or stripes. Called also catamount, cougar, American lion, mountain lion, and panther or painter.

Pume , n. (Zoöl.) A stint.

Pu´mi•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pumicated p. pr. & vb. n. Pumicating.] [L. pumicatus, p. p. of pumicare to pumicate, fr. pumex. See Pumice.] To make smooth with pumice. [R.]

Pum´ice , n. [L. pumex, pumicis, prob. akin to spuma foam: cf. AS. pumic- stan. Cf. Pounce a powder, Spume.] (Min.) A very light porous volcanic scoria, usually of a gray color, the pores of which are capillary and parallel, giving it a fibrous structure. It is supposed to be produced by the disengagement of watery vapor without liquid or plastic lava. It is much used, esp. in the form of powder, for smoothing and polishing. Called also pumice stone.

Pum´iced , a. (Far.) Affected with a kind of chronic laminitis in which there is a growth of soft spongy horn between the coffin bone and the hoof wall. The disease is called pumiced foot, or pumice foot.

Pu•mi•ceous , a. [L. pumiceus.] Of or pertaining to pumice; resembling pumice.

Pum´ice stone Same as Pumice.

Pu•mic´i•form , a. [Pumice + -form.] Resembling, or having the structure of, pumice.

Pum´mace , n. Same as Pomace.

Pum´mel , n. & v. t. Same as Pommel.

Pump (pump), n. [Probably so called as being worn for pomp or ornament. See Pomp.] A low shoe with a thin sole. Swift.

Pump, n. [Akin to D. pomp, G. pumpe, F. pompe; of unknown origin.] An hydraulic machine, variously constructed, for raising or transferring fluids, consisting essentially of a moving piece or piston working in a hollow cylinder or other cavity, with valves properly placed for admitting or retaining the fluid as it is drawn or driven through them by the action of the piston. for various kinds of pumps, see Air pump, Chain pump, and Force pump; also under Lifting, Plunger, Rotary, etc. Circulating pump (Steam Engine), a pump for driving the condensing water through the casing, or tubes, of a surface condenser. — Pump brake. See Pump handle, below. — Pump dale. See Dale. — Pump gear, the apparatus belonging to a pump. Totten. — Pump handle, the lever, worked by hand, by which motion is given to the bucket of a pump. — Pump hood, a semicylindrical appendage covering the upper wheel of a chain pump. — Pump rod, the rod to which the bucket of a pump is fastened, and which is attached to the brake or handle; the piston rod. — Pump room, a place or room at a mineral spring where the waters are drawn and drunk. [Eng.] — Pump spear. Same as Pump rod, above. — Pump stock, the stationary part, body, or barrel of a pump. — Pump well. (Naut.) See Well.

Pump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pumped (pumt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. pumping.] 1. To raise with a pump, as water or other liquid. 2. To draw water, or the like, from; to from water by means of a pump; as they pumped the well dry; to pump a ship. 3. Figuratively, to draw out or obtain, as secrets or money, by persistent questioning or plying; to question or ply persistently in order to elicit something, as information, money, etc. “But pump not me for politics.” Otway.

Pump, v. i. To work, or raise water, a pump.

Pump´age , n. That which is raised by pumps, or the work done by pumps. “The pumpage last year amounted to … gallons.” Sci. Amer.

Pump´er , n. One who pumps; the instrument or machine used in pumping. Boyle.

Pump´er•nick•el , n. [G.] A sort of bread, made of unbolted rye, which forms the chief food of the Westphalian peasants. It is acid but nourishing.

Pum´pet , n. A pompet. Pumpet ball (Print.), a ball for inking types; a pompet.

Pump´ing, a. & n. from pump. Pumping engine, a steam engine and pump combined for raising water. See Steam engine.

Pump´ion , n. (Bot.) See Pumpkin.

Pump´kin , n. [For older pompion, pompon, OF. pompon, L. pepo, peponis, Gr. , properly, cooked by the sun, ripe, mellow; — so called because not eaten till ripe. Cf. Cook, n.] (Bot.) A well-known trailing plant (Cucurbita pepo) and its fruit, — used for cooking and for feeding stock; a pompion. Pumpkin seed. (a) The flattish oval seed of the pumpkin. (b) (Zoöl.) The common pondfish.

Pu´my , a. [Cf. Prov. E. pummer big, large, and E. pomey pommel.] Large and rounded. [Obs.] “A gentle stream, whose murmuring wave did play
Amongst the pumy stones.” Spenser.

Pun , v. t. [See Pound to beat.] To pound. [Obs.] “He would pun thee into shivers with his fist.” Shak.

Pun, n. [Cf. Pun to pound, Pound to beat.] A play on words which have the same sound but different meanings; an expression in which two different applications of a word present an odd or ludicrous idea; a kind of quibble or equivocation. Addison. “A better put on this word was made on the Beggar’s Opera, which, it was said, made Gay rich, and Rich gay.” Walpole.

Pun, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Punned p. pr. & vb. n. Punning.] To make puns, or a pun; to use a word in a double sense, especially when the contrast of ideas is ludicrous; to play upon words; to quibble. Dryden.

Pun, v. t. To persuade or affect by a pun. Addison.

Punch , n. [Hind. panch five, Skr. pa can. So called because composed of five ingredients, viz., sugar, arrack, spice, water, and lemon juice. See Five.] A beverage composed of wine or distilled liquor, water (or milk), sugar, and the juice of lemon, with spice or mint; — specifically named from the kind of spirit used; as rum punch, claret punch, champagne punch, etc. Milk punch, a sort of punch made with spirit, milk, sugar, spice, etc. — Punch bowl, a large bowl in which punch is made, or from which it is served. — Roman punch, a punch frozen and served as an ice.

Punch, n. [Abbrev, fr. punchinello.] The buffoon or harlequin of a puppet show. Punch and Judy, a puppet show in which a comical little hunchbacked Punch, with a large nose, engages in altercation with his wife Judy.

Punch , n. [Prov. E. Cf. Punchy.] 1. A short, fat fellow; anything short and thick. “I … did hear them call their fat child punch, which pleased me mightily, that word being become a word of common use for all that is thick and short.” Pepys. 2. One of a breed of large, heavy draught horses; as the Suffolk punch.

Punch, v. t. [OE. punchen, perhaps the same word as E. punish: or cf. E. bunch.] To thrust against; to poke; as to punch one with the end of a stick or the elbow.

Punch, n. A thrust or blow. [Colloq.]

Punch, n. [Abbrev. fr. puncheon.] 1. A tool, usually of steel, variously shaped at one end for different uses, and either solid, for stamping or for perforating holes in metallic plates and other substances, or hollow and sharpedged, for cutting out blanks, as for buttons, steel pens, jewelry, and the like; a die. 2. (Pile Driving) An extension piece applied to the top of a pile; a dolly. 3. A prop, as for the roof of a mine. Bell punch. See under Bell. — Belt punch (Mach.), a punch, or punch pliers, for making holes for lacings in the ends of driving belts. — Punch press. See Punching machine, under Punch, v. i. — Punch pliers, pliers having a tubular, sharp- edged steel punch attached to one of the jaws, for perforating leather, paper, and the like.

Punch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punched p. pr. & vb. n. Punching.] [From Punch, n., a tool; cf. F. poinçonner.] To perforate or stamp with an instrument by pressure, or a blow; as to punch a hole; to punch ticket. Punching machine, or Punching press, a machine tool for punching holes in metal or other material; — called also punch press.

Punch´eon , n. [F. poinçon awl, bodkin, crown, king-post, fr. L. punctio a pricking, fr. pungere to prick. See Pungent, and cf. Punch a tool, Punction.] 1. A figured stamp, die, or punch, used by goldsmiths, cutlers, etc. 2. (Carp.) A short, upright piece of timber in framing; a short post; an intermediate stud. Oxf. Gloss. 3. A split log or heavy slab with the face smoothed; as a floor made of puncheons. [U.S.] Bartlett. 4. [F. poinçon, perh. the same as poinçon an awl.] A cask containing, sometimes 84, sometimes 120, gallons.

Punch´er , n. One who, or that which, punches.

Pun´chin , n. See Puncheon.

Pun•chi•nel´lo , n. [It. pulcinella, probably originally a word of endearment, dim. of pulcina, pulcino, a chicken, from L. pullicenus, pullus. See Pullet.] A punch; a buffoon; originally, in a puppet show, a character represented as fat, short, and humpbacked. Spectator.

Punch´y , a. [Perhaps for paunchy, from paunch. See 3d Punch.] Short and thick, or fat. { Punc´ta•ted , Punc´ta•ted } a. [From L. punctum point. See Point .] 1. Pointed; ending in a point or points. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Dotted with small spots of color, or with minute depressions or pits.

Punc•ta´tor , n. One who marks with points. specifically, one who writes Hebrew with points; — applied to a Masorite. E. Robinson.

Punc•tic´u•lar , a. Comprised in, or like, a point; exact. [Obs. & R.] Sir T. Browne.

Punc´ti•form , a. [L. punctum point + -form.] Having the form of a point.

Punc•til´io (punk•til´yo), n.; pl. Punctilios (- yoz). [It. puntiglio, or Sp. puntillo, dim. fr. L. punctum point. See Point, n.] A nice point of exactness in conduct, ceremony, or proceeding; particularity or exactness in forms; as the punctilios of a public ceremony. “They will not part with the least punctilio in their opinions and practices.” Fuller.

Punc•til´ious (-yus), a. [Cf. It. puntiglioso, Sp. puntilloso.] Attentive to punctilio; very nice or exact in the forms of behavior, etiquette, or mutual intercourse; precise; exact in the smallest particulars. ´A punctilious observance of divine laws.´ Rogers. ´Very punctilious copies of any letters.´ The Nation. “Punctilious in the simple and intelligible instances of common life.” I. Taylor. — Punc•til´ious•ly, adv. — Punc•til´ious•ness, n.

Punc´tion , n. [L. punctio, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick: cf. F. ponction. Cf. Puncheon.] A puncturing, or pricking; a puncture.

Punc´tist , n. A punctator. E. Henderson.

Punc´to , n. [See Punto.] 1. A nice point of form or ceremony. Bacon. 2. A term applied to the point in fencing. Farrow.

Punc´tu•al , a. [F. ponctuel (cf. Sp. puntual, It. puntuale), from L. punctum point. See Point.] 1. Consisting in a point; limited to a point; unextended. [R.] ´This punctual spot.´ Milton. “The theory of the punctual existence of the soul.” Krauth. 2. Observant of nice points; punctilious; precise. “Punctual to tediousness in all that he relates.” Bp. Burnet. “So much on punctual niceties they stand.” C. Pitt. 3. Appearing or done at, or adhering exactly to, a regular or an appointed time; precise; prompt; as a punctual man; a punctual payment. ´The race of the undeviating and punctual sun.´ Cowper. “These sharp strokes [of a pendulum], with their inexorably steady intersections, so agree with our successive thoughts that they seem like the punctual stops counting off our very souls into the past.” J. Martineau.

Punc´tu•al•ist , n. One who is very exact in observing forms and ceremonies. Milton.

Punc•tu•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. ponctualite.] The quality or state of being punctual; especially, adherence to the exact time of an engagement; exactness.

Punc´tu•al•ly , adv. In a punctual manner; promptly; exactly.

Punc´tu•al•ness, n. Punctuality; exactness.

Punc´tu•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punctuated p. pr. & vb. n. Punctuating.] [Cf. F. ponctuer. See Punctual.] To mark with points; to separate into sentences, clauses, etc., by points or stops which mark the proper pauses in expressing the meaning.

Punc•tu•a´tion , n. [Cf. F. ponctuation.] (Gram.) The act or art of punctuating or pointing a writing or discourse; the art or mode of dividing literary composition into sentences, and members of a sentence, by means of points, so as to elucidate the author’s meaning. Punctuation, as the term is usually understood, is chiefly performed with four points: the period [.], the colon [:], the semicolon [;], and the comma [,]. Other points used in writing and printing, partly rhetorical and partly grammatical, are the note of interrogation [?], the note of exclamation [!], the parentheses [()], the dash [—], and brackets []. It was not until the 16th century that an approach was made to the present system of punctuation by the Manutii of Venice. With Caxton, oblique strokes took the place of commas and periods.

Punc´tu•a•tive , a. Of or belonging to points of division; relating to punctuation. “The punctuative intonation of feeble cadence.” Rush.

Punc´tu•a•tor , n. One who punctuates, as in writing; specifically, a punctator.

Punc´tu•ist, n. A punctator. { Punc´tu•late , Punc´tu•la•ted } a. [L. punctulum, dim. of punctum point.] Marked with small spots. “The studs have their surface punctulated, as if set all over with other studs infinitely lesser.” Woodward.

Punc´tum , n. [L., a point.] A point. Punctum caecum. [L., blind point.] (Anat.) Same as Blind spot, under Blind. — Punctum proximum, near point. See under Point. — Punctum remotum, far point. See under Point. — Punctum vegetationis [L., point of vegetation] (Bot.), the terminal cell of a stem, or of a leaf bud, from which new growth originates.

Punc•tu•ra´tion , n. The act or process of puncturing. See Acupuncture.

Punc´ture , n. [L. punctura, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick. See Pungent.] 1. The act of puncturing; perforating with something pointed. 2. A small hole made by a point; a slight wound, bite, or sting; as the puncture of a nail, needle, or pin. “A lion may perish by the puncture of an asp.” Rambler.

Punc´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punctured p. pr. & vb. n. Puncturing.] To pierce with a small, pointed instrument, or the like; to prick; to make a puncture in; as to puncture the skin.

Punc´tured , a. 1. Having the surface covered with minute indentations or dots. 2. (Med.) Produced by puncture; having the characteristics of a puncture; as a punctured wound.

Pun´dit , n. [Hind. pandit, Skr. pandita a learned man.] A learned man; a teacher; esp., a Brahman versed in the Sanskrit language, and in the science, laws, and religion of the Hindoos; in Cashmere, any clerk or native official. [Written also pandit.] [India]

Pun´dle , n. [Cf. Bundle.] A short and fat woman; a squab. [Obs.]

Pu´nese , n. [F. punaise, fr. punais stinking, fr. L. putere.] (Zoöl.) A bedbug. [R or Obs.]

Pung , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of plain sleigh drawn by one horse; originally, a rude oblong box on runners. [U.S.] “Sledges or pungs, coarsely framed of split saplings, and surmounted with a large crockery crate.” Judd. “They did not take out the pungs to- day.” E. E. Hale.

Pun´gence , n. [See Pungent.] Pungency.

Pun´gen•cy , n. The quality or state of being pungent or piercing; keenness; sharpness; piquancy; as the pungency of ammonia. ´The pungency of menaces.´ Hammond.

Pun´gent , a. [L. pungens, -entis, p. pr. of pungere, punctum, to prick. Cf. Compunction, Expunge, Poignant, Point, n., Puncheon, Punctilio, Punt, v. t.] 1. Causing a sharp sensation, as of the taste, smell, or feelings; pricking; biting; acrid; as a pungent spice. “Pungent radish biting infant’s tongue.” Shenstone. “The pungent grains of titillating dust.” Pope. 2. Sharply painful; penetrating; poignant; severe; caustic; stinging. “With pungent pains on every side.” Swift. “His pungent pen played its part in rousing the nation.” J. R. Green. 3. (Bot.) Prickly-pointed; hard and sharp. Syn. — Acrid; piercing; sharp; penetrating; acute; keen; acrimonious; biting; stinging.

Pun´gent•ly, adv. In a pungent manner; sharply.

Pun´gled , a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Shriveled or shrunken; — said especially of grain which has lost its juices from the ravages of insects, such as the wheat midge, or Trips (Thrips cerealium).

Pung´y , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A small sloop or shallop, or a large boat with sails.

Pu´nic , a. [L. Punicus pertaining to Carthage, or its inhabitants, fr. Poeni the Carthaginians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ancient Carthaginians. 2. Characteristic of the ancient Carthaginians; faithless; treacherous; as Punic faith. “Yes, yes, his faith attesting nations own;
’T is Punic all, and to a proverb known.” H. Brooke.

Pu´nice , n. (Zoöl.) See Punese. [Obs. or R.]

Pu´nice, v. t. To punish. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Pu•ni´ceous , Pu•ni´cial } a. [L. puniceus, fr. Punicus Punic.] Of a bright red or purple color. [R.]

Pu´ni•ness , n. The quality or state of being puny; littleness; pettiness; feebleness.

Pun´ish , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punished p. pr. & vb. n. Punishing.] [OE. punischen, F. punir, from L. punire, punitum, akin to poena punishment, penalty. See Pain, and -ish.] 1. To impose a penalty upon; to afflict with pain, loss, or suffering for a crime or fault, either with or without a view to the offender’s amendment; to cause to suffer in retribution; to chasten; as to punish traitors with death; a father punishes his child for willful disobedience. “A greater power
Now ruled him, punished in the shape he sinned.” Milton. 2. To inflict a penalty for (an offense) upon the offender; to repay, as a fault, crime, etc., with pain or loss; as to punish murder or treason with death. 3. To injure, as by beating; to pommel. [Low] Syn. — To chastise; castigate; scourge; whip; lash; correct; discipline. See Chasten.

Pun´ish•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. punissable.] Deserving of, or liable to, punishment; capable of being punished by law or right; — said of person or offenses. “That time was when to be a Protestant, to be a Christian, was by law as punishable as to be a traitor.” Milton. — Pun´ish•a•ble•ness, n.

Pun´ish•er , n. One who inflicts punishment.

Pun´ish•ment , n. 1. The act of punishing. 2. Any pain, suffering, or loss inflicted on a person because of a crime or offense. “I never gave them condign punishment.” Shak. “The rewards and punishments of another life.” Locke. 3. (Law) A penalty inflicted by a court of justice on a convicted offender as a just retribution, and incidentally for the purposes of reformation and prevention.

Pu•ni´tion , n. [L. punitio: cf. F. punition. See Punish.] Punishment. [R.] Mir. for Mag.

Pu´ni•tive , a. Of or pertaining to punishment; involving, awarding, or inflicting punishment; as punitive law or justice. “If death be punitive, so, likewise, is the necessity imposed upon man of toiling for his subsistence.” I. Taylor. “We shall dread a blow from the punitive hand.” Bagehot.

Pu´ni•to•ry , a. Punishing; tending to punishment; punitive. “God … may make moral evil, as well as natural, at the same time both prudential and punitory.” A. Tucker.

Punk , n. [Cf. Spunk.] 1. Wood so decayed as to be dry, crumbly, and useful for tinder; touchwood. 2. A fungus (Polyporus fomentarius, etc.) sometimes dried for tinder; agaric. 3. An artificial tinder. See Amadou, and Spunk. 4. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obsoles.] Shak.

Pun´ka , n. [Hind. pankha fan.] A machine for fanning a room, usually a movable fanlike frame covered with canvas and suspended from the ceiling. It is kept in motion by pulling a cord. [Hindostan] [Written also punkah.] Malcom.

Pun´kin , n. A pumpkin. [Colloq. U. S.]

Punk´ling , n. A young strumpet. [Obs.]

Pun´ner , n. A punster. Beau. & Fl.

Pun´net , n. [Cf. Ir. buinne a shoot, branch.] A broad, shallow basket, for displaying fruit or flowers.

Pun•nol´o•gy , n. [Pun + - logy.] The art or practice of punning; paronomasia. [R.] Pope.

Pun´ster , n. One who puns, or is skilled in, or given to, punning; a quibbler; a low wit.

Punt , v. i. [F. ponter, or It. puntare, fr. L. punctum point. See Point.] To play at basset, baccara, faro. or omber; to gamble. “She heard … of his punting at gaming tables.” Thackeray.

Punt, n. Act of playing at basset, baccara, faro, etc.

Punt, n. [AS., fr. L. ponto punt, pontoon. See Pontoon.] (Naut.) A flat-bottomed boat with square ends. It is adapted for use in shallow waters.

Punt, v. t. 1. To propel, as a boat in shallow water, by pushing with a pole against the bottom; to push or propel (anything) with exertion. Livingstone. 2. (Football) To kick (the ball) before it touches the ground, when let fall from the hands.

Punt, n. (Football) The act of punting the ball.

Punt´er , n.[Cf. F. ponte. See Punt, v. t.] One who punts; specifically, one who plays against the banker or dealer, as in baccara and faro. Hoyle.

Punt´er, n. One who punts a football; also one who propels a punt. { Pun´til , Pun´tel }, n. (Glass Making) See Pontee.

Pun´to , n. [It. punto, L. punctum point. See Point.] (Fencing) A point or hit. Punto diritto [It.], a direct stroke or hit. — Punto reverso [It. riverso reverse], a backhanded stroke. Halliwell. ´Ah, the immortal passado! the punto reverso!´ Shak.

Pun´ty , n. (Glass Making) See Pontee.

Pu´ny , a. [Compar. Punier superl. Puniest.] [F. puîte younger, later born, OF. puisne; puis afterwards (L. post; see Post-) + ne born, L. natus. See Natal, and cf. Puisne.] Imperfectly developed in size or vigor; small and feeble; inferior; petty. “A puny subject strikes at thy great glory.” Shak. “Breezes laugh to scorn our puny speed.” Keble.

Pu´ny , n. A youth; a novice. [R.] Fuller.

Puoy , n. Same as Poy, n., 3.

Pup , n. [See Puppy.] (Zoöl.) (a) A young dog; a puppy. (b) a young seal.

Pup, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pupped p. pr. & vb. n. Pupping.] To bring forth whelps or young, as the female of the canine species.

Pu´pa , n.; pl. L. Pup (#), E. Pupas (#). [L. pupa girl. doll, puppet, fem. of pupus. Cf. Puppet.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any insect in that stage of its metamorphosis which usually immediately precedes the adult, or imago, stage. Among insects belonging to the higher orders, as the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, the pupa is inactive and takes no food; in the lower orders it is active and takes food, and differs little from the imago except in the rudimentary state of the sexual organs, and of the wings in those that have wings when adult. The term pupa is sometimes applied to other invertebrates in analogous stages of development. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of air- breathing land snails having an elongated spiral shell. Coarctate, or Obtected, pupa, a pupa which is incased in the dried-up skin of the larva, as in many Diptera. — Masked pupa, a pupa whose limbs are bound down and partly concealed by a chitinous covering, as in Lepidoptera.

Pu´pal , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a pupa, or the condition of a pupa.

Pu´pate , v. i. (Zoöl.) To become a pupa.

Pu•pa´tion , n. (Zoöl.) the act of becoming a pupa.

Pupe , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A pupa.

Pu•pe´lo , n. Cider brandy. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Pu•pig´er•ous, a. [Pupa + - gerous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing or containing a pupa; — said of dipterous larvae which do not molt when the pupa is formed within them.

Pu´pil , n. [F. pupille, n. fem., L. pupilla the pupil of the eye, originally dim. of pupa a girl. See Puppet, and cf. Pupil a scholar.] (Anat.) The aperture in the iris; the sight, apple, or black of the eye. See the Note under Eye, and Iris. Pin-hole pupil (Med.), the pupil of the eye when so contracted (as it sometimes is in typhus, or opium poisoning) as to resemble a pin hole. Dunglison.

Pu´pil, n. [F. pupille, n. masc. & fem., L. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus boy, pupa girl. See Puppet, and cf. Pupil of the eye.] 1. A youth or scholar of either sex under the care of an instructor or tutor. “Too far in years to be a pupil now.” Shak. “Tutors should behave reverently before their pupils.” L’Estrange. 2. A person under a guardian; a ward. Dryden. 3. (Civil Law) A boy or a girl under the age of puberty, that is, under fourteen if a male, and under twelve if a female. Syn. — Learner; disciple; tyro. — See Scholar.

Pu´pil•age , n. The state of being a pupil. “As sons of kings, loving in pupilage,
Have turned to tyrants when they came to power.” Tennyson.

Pu•pil•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. pupillarite. See Pupillary.] (Scots Law) The period before puberty, or from birth to fourteen in males, and twelve in females.

Pu´pil•la•ry , a. [L. pupillaris: cf. F. pupillaire. See Pupil.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pupil or ward. Johnson. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pupil of the eye.

Pu•pil•lom´e•ter , n. [L. pupilla pupil of the eye + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of the pupil of the eye.

Pu•pip´a•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Pupiparous.] (Zoöl.) A division of Diptera in which the young are born in a stage like the pupa. It includes the sheep tick, horse tick, and other parasites. Called also Homaloptera.

Pu•pip´a•rous , a. [Pupa + L. parere to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) (a) Bearing, or containing, a pupa; — said of the matured larvae, or larval skins, of certain Diptera. (b) Of or pertaining to the Pupipara.

Pu•piv´o•ra , n. pl. [NL. See Pupivorous.] (Zoöl.) A group of parasitic Hymenoptera, including the ichneumon flies, which destroy the larvae and pupae of insects.

Pu•piv´o•rous , a. [Pupa + L. vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Feeding on the pupae of insects.

Pup´li•can , n. Publican. [Obs.]

Pup´pet , n. [OE. popet, OF. poupette; akin to F. poupee a doll, probably from L. puppa, pupa, a girl, doll, puppet. Cf. Poupeton, Pupa, Pupil, Puppy.] [Written also poppet.] 1. A small image in the human form; a doll. 2. A similar figure moved by the hand or by a wire in a mock drama; a marionette; a wooden actor in a play. “At the pipes of some carved organ move,
The gilded puppets dance.” Pope. 3. One controlled in his action by the will of another; a tool; — so used in contempt. Sir W. Scott. 4. (Mach.) The upright support for the bearing of the spindle in a lathe. Puppet master. Same as Puppetman. — Puppet play, a puppet show. — Puppet player, one who manages the motions of puppets. — Puppet show, a mock drama performed by puppets moved by wires. — Puppet valve, a valve in the form of a circular disk, which covers a hole in its seat, and opens by moving bodily away from the seat while remaining parallel with it, — used in steam engines, pumps, safety valves, etc. Its edge is often beveled, and fits in a conical recess in the seat when the valve is closed. See the valves shown in Illusts. of Plunger pump, and Safety valve, under Plunger, and Safety.

Pup´pet•ish , a. Resembling a puppet in appearance or action; of the nature of a puppet.

Pup´pet•man , n. A master of a puppet show.

Pup´pet•ry , n. Action or appearance resembling that of a puppet, or puppet show; hence, mere form or show; affectation. “Puppetry of the English laws of divorce.” Chambers.

Pup´py , n.; pl. Puppies (#). [F. poupee doll, puppet. See Puppet, and cf. Pup, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) The young of a canine animal, esp. of the common dog; a whelp. 2. A name of contemptuous reproach for a conceited and impertinent person. “I found my place taken by an ill-bred, awkward puppy with a money bag under each arm.” Addison.

Pup´py, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puppied p. pr. & vb. n. Puppying.] To bring forth whelps; to pup.

Pup´py•hood , n. The time or state of being a puppy; the time of being young and undisciplined.

Pup´py•ish, a. Like a puppy.

Pup´py•ism , n. Extreme meanness, affectation, conceit, or impudence. A. Chalmers.

Pur , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Purred p. pr. & vb. n. Purring.] [Of imitative origin; cf. Prov. G. purren.] To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, as a cat does when pleased. [Written also purr.]

Pur, v. t. To signify or express by purring. Gray.

Pur, n. The low, murmuring sound made by a cat to express contentment or pleasure. [Written also purr.]

Pu•ra´na , n. [Skr. pura, properly. old, ancient, fr. pura formerly.] One of a class of sacred Hindoo poetical works in the Sanskrit language which treat of the creation, destruction, and renovation of worlds, the genealogy and achievements of gods and heroes, the reigns of the Manus, and the transactions of their descendants. The principal Puranas are eighteen in number, and there are the same number of supplementary books called Upa Puranas.

Pu•ran´ic , a. Pertaining to the Puranas.

Pur´beck beds [So called from the Isle of Purbeck in England.] (Geol.) The strata of the Purbeck stone, or Purbeck limestone, belonging to the Oölitic group. See the Chart of Geology.

Pur´beck stone (Geol.) A limestone from the Isle of Purbeck in England.

Pur´blind , a. [For pure- blind, i. e., wholly blind. See Pure, and cf. Poreblind.] 1. Wholly blind. ´Purblind Argus, all eyes and no sight.´ Shak. 2. Nearsighted, or dim-sighted; seeing obscurely; as a purblind eye; a purblind mole. “The saints have not so sharp eyes to see down from heaven; they be purblindand sand-blind.” Latimer. “O purblind race of miserable men.” Tennyson. — Pur´blind•ly, adv. — Pur´blind•ness, n.

Purce´lane , n. (Bot.) Purslane. [Obs.]

Pur´chas•a•ble , a. Capable of being bought, purchased, or obtained for a consideration; hence, venal; corrupt. “Money being the counterbalance to all things purchasable by it, as much as you take off from the value of money, so much you add to the price of things exchanged.” Locke.

Pur´chase ( 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purchased p. pr. & vb. n. Purchasing.] [OE. purchasen, porchacen, OF. porchacier, purchacier, to pursue, to seek eagerly, F. pourchasser; OF. pour, por, pur, for (L. pro) + chacier to pursue, to chase. See Chase.] 1. To pursue and obtain; to acquire by seeking; to gain, obtain, or acquire. Chaucer. “That loves the thing he can not purchase.” Spenser. “Your accent is Something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling.” Shak. “His faults … hereditary
Rather than purchased.” Shak. 2. To obtain by paying money or its equivalent; to buy for a price; as to purchase land, or a house. “The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth.” Gen. xxv. 10. 3. To obtain by any outlay, as of labor, danger, or sacrifice, etc.; as to purchase favor with flattery. “One poor retiring minute …
Would purchase thee a thousand thousand friends.” Shak. “A world who would not purchase with a bruise?” Milton. 4. To expiate by a fine or forfeit. [Obs.] “Not tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses.” Shak. 5. (Law) (a) To acquire by any means except descent or inheritance. Blackstone. (b) To buy for a price. 6. To apply to (anything) a device for obtaining a mechanical advantage; to get a purchase upon, or apply a purchase to; as to purchase a cannon.

Pur´chase, v. i. 1. To put forth effort to obtain anything; to strive; to exert one’s self. [Obs.] “Duke John of Brabant purchased greatly that the Earl of Flanders should have his daughter in marriage.” Ld. Berners. 2. To acquire wealth or property. [Obs.] “Sure our lawyers
Would not purchase half so fast.” J. Webster.

Pur´chase ( 48), n. [OE. purchds, F. pourchas eager pursuit. See Purchase, v. t.] 1. The act of seeking, getting, or obtaining anything. [Obs.] “I’ll … get meat to have thee,
Or lose my life in the purchase.” Beau. & Fl. 2. The act of seeking and acquiring property. 3. The acquisition of title to, or properly in, anything for a price; buying for money or its equivalent. “It is foolish to lay out money in the purchase of repentance.” Franklin. 4. That which is obtained, got, or acquired, in any manner, honestly or dishonestly; property; possession; acquisition. Chaucer. B. Jonson. “We met with little purchase upon this coast, except two small vessels of Golconda.” De Foe. “A beauty-waning and distressed widow …
Made prize and purchase of his lustful eye.” Shak. 5. That which is obtained for a price in money or its equivalent. ´The scrip was complete evidence of his right in the purchase.´ Wheaton. 6. Any mechanical hold, or advantage, applied to the raising or removing of heavy bodies, as by a lever, a tackle, capstan, and the like; also the apparatus, tackle, or device by which the advantage is gained. “A politician, to do great things, looks for a power — what our workmen call a purchase.” Burke. 7. (Law) Acquisition of lands or tenements by other means than descent or inheritance, namely, by one’s own act or agreement. Blackstone. Purchase criminal, robbery. [Obs.] Spenser. — Purchase money, the money paid, or contracted to be paid, for anything bought. Berkeley. — Worth, or At, [so many] years’ purchase, a phrase by which the value or cost of a thing is expressed in the length of time required for the income to amount to the purchasing price; as he bought the estate at a twenty years’ purchase. To say one’s life is not worth a day’s purchase in the same as saying one will not live a day, or is in imminent peril.

Pur´chas•er , n. 1. One who purchases; one who acquires property for a consideration, generally of money; a buyer; a vendee. 2. (Law) One who acquires an estate in lands by his own act or agreement, or who takes or obtains an estate by any means other than by descent or inheritance.

Pur´dah , n. [Per. parda a curtain.] A curtain or screen; also a cotton fabric in blue and white stripes, used for curtains. McElrath.

Pure , a. [Compar. Purer superl. Purest.] [OE. pur, F. pur, fr. L. purus; akin to putus pure, clear, putare to clean, trim, prune, set in order, settle, reckon, consider, think, Skr. p to clean, and perh. E. fire. Cf. Putative.] 1. Separate from all heterogeneous or extraneous matter; free from mixture or combination; clean; mere; simple; unmixed; as pure water; pure clay; pure air; pure compassion. “The pure fetters on his shins great.” Chaucer. “A guinea is pure gold if it has in it no alloy.” I. Watts. 2. Free from moral defilement or quilt; hence, innocent; guileless; chaste; — applied to persons. ´Keep thyself pure.´ 1 Tim. v. 22. “Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of a good conscience.” 1 Tim. i. 5. 3. Free from that which harms, vitiates, weakens, or pollutes; genuine; real; perfect; — applied to things and actions. ´Pure religion and impartial laws.´ Tickell. ´The pure, fine talk of Rome.´ Ascham. “Such was the origin of a friendship as warm and pure as any that ancient or modern history records.” Macaulay. 4. (Script.) Ritually clean; fitted for holy services. “Thou shalt set them in two rows, six on a row, upon the pure table before the Lord.” Lev. xxiv. 6. 5. (Phonetics) Of a single, simple sound or tone; — said of some vowels and the unaspirated consonants. Pure-impure, completely or totally impure. ´The inhabitants were pure-impure pagans.´ Fuller. — Pure blue. (Chem.) See Methylene blue, under Methylene. — Pure chemistry. See under Chemistry. — Pure mathematics, that portion of mathematics which treats of the principles of the science, or contradistinction to applied mathematics, which treats of the application of the principles to the investigation of other branches of knowledge, or to the practical wants of life. See Mathematics. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) — Pure villenage (Feudal Law), a tenure of lands by uncertain services at the will of the lord. Blackstone. Syn. — Unmixed; clear; simple; real; true; genuine; unadulterated; uncorrupted; unsullied; untarnished; unstained; stainless; clean; fair; unspotted; spotless; incorrupt; chaste; unpolluted; undefiled; immaculate; innocent; guiltless; guileless; holy.

Pured , a. Purified; refined. [Obs.] ´Bread of pured wheat.´ ´Pured gold.´ Chaucer.

Pu•ree´ , n. [F.] A dish made by boiling any article of food to a pulp and rubbing it through a sieve; as a puree of fish, or of potatoes; especially, a soup the thickening of which is so treated.

Pure´ly , adv. 1. In a pure manner (in any sense of the adjective). 2. Nicely; prettily. [Archaic] Halliwell.

Pure´ness, n. The state of being pure (in any sense of the adjective).

Pur´file , n. [See Purfle.] A sort of ancient trimming of tinsel and thread for women’s gowns; — called also bobbinwork. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Pur´fle , v. t. [OF. pourfiler; pour for + fil a thread, L. filum. See Profile, and cf. Purl a border.] 1. To decorate with a wrought or flowered border; to embroider; to ornament with metallic threads; as to purfle with blue and white. P. Plowman. “A goodly lady clad in scarlet red,
Purfled with gold and pearl of rich assay.” Spenser. 2. (Her.) To ornament with a bordure of emines, furs, and the like; also with gold studs or mountings. { Pur´fle , Pur´flew } n. 1. A hem, border., or trimming, as of embroidered work. 2. (Her.) A border of any heraldic fur.

Pur´fled , a. Ornamented; decorated; esp., embroidered on the edges. Purfled work (Arch.), delicate tracery, especially in Gothic architecture.

Pur´fling , n. Ornamentation on the border of a thing; specifically, the inlaid border of a musical instrument, as a violin.

Pur´ga•ment , n. [L. purgamentum offscourings, washings, expiatory sacrifice. See Purge.] 1. That which is excreted; excretion. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) A cathartic; a purgative. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pur•ga´tion , n. [L. purgatio: cf. F. purgation. See Purge.] 1. The act of purging; the act of clearing, cleansing, or putifying, by separating and carrying off impurities, or whatever is superfluous; the evacuation of the bowels. 2. (Law) The clearing of one’s self from a crime of which one was publicly suspected and accused. It was either canonical, which was prescribed by the canon law, the form whereof used in the spiritual court was that the person suspected take his oath that he was clear of the matter objected against him, and bring his honest neighbors with him to make oath that they believes he swore truly; or vulgar, which was by fire or water ordeal, or by combat. See Ordeal. Wharton. “Let him put me to my purgation.” Shak.

Pur´ga•tive , a. [L. purgativus: cf. F. purgatif.] Having the power or quality of purging; cathartic. — n. (Med.) A purging medicine; a cathartic.

Pur´ga•tive•ly, adv. In a purgative manner. { Pur•ga•to´ri•al , Pur•ga•to´ri•an } a. Of or pertaining to purgatory; expiatory.

Pur•ga•to´ri•an, n. One who holds to the doctrine of purgatory. Boswell.

Pur´ga•to•ry , a. [L. purgatorius.] Tending to cleanse; cleansing; expiatory. Burke.

Pur´ga•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. purgatoire.] A state or place of purification after death; according to the Roman Catholic creed, a place, or a state believed to exist after death, in which the souls of persons are purified by expiating such offenses committed in this life as do not merit eternal damnation, or in which they fully satisfy the justice of God for sins that have been forgiven. After this purgation from the impurities of sin, the souls are believed to be received into heaven.

Purge , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purged p. pr. & vb. n. Purging ] [F. purger, L. purgare; purus pure + agere to make, to do. See Pure, and Agent.] 1. To cleanse, clear, or purify by separating and carrying off whatever is impure, heterogeneous, foreign, or superfluous. ´Till fire purge all things new.´ Milton. 2. (Med.) To operate on as or by means of, a cathartic medicine, or in a similar manner. 3. To clarify; to defecate, as liquors. 4. To clear of sediment, as a boiler, or of air, as a steam pipe, by driving off or permitting escape. 5. To clear from guilt, or from moral or ceremonial defilement; as to purge one of guilt or crime. “When that he hath purged you from sin.” Chaucer. “Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean.” Ps. li. 7. 6. (Law) To clear from accusation, or the charge of a crime or misdemeanor, as by oath or in ordeal. 7. To remove in cleansing; to deterge; to wash away; — often followed by away. “Purge away our sins, for thy name’s sake.” Ps. lxxix. 9. “We ’ll join our cares to purge away
Our country’s crimes.” Addison.

Purge, v. i. 1. To become pure, as by clarification. 2. To have or produce frequent evacuations from the intestines, as by means of a cathartic.

Purge, n. [Cf. F. purge. See Purge, v. t.] 1. The act of purging. “The preparative for the purge of paganism of the kingdom of Northumberland.” Fuller. 2. That which purges; especially, a medicine that evacuates the intestines; a cathartic. Arbuthnot.

Pur´ger , n. One who, or that which, purges or cleanses; especially, a cathartic medicine.

Pur´ger•y , n. The part of a sugarhouse where the molasses is drained off from the sugar.

Pur´ging , a. That purges; cleansing. Purging flax (Bot.), an annual European plant of the genus Linum (L. catharticum); dwarf wild flax; — so called from its use as a cathartic medicine.

Pur´ging, n. (Med.) The act of cleansing; excessive evacuations; especially, diarrhea.

Pur´i , n. (Chem.) See Euxanthin.

Pu•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [F. purification, L. purificatio. See Purify.] 1. The act of purifying; the act or operation of separating and removing from anything that which is impure or noxious, or heterogeneous or foreign to it; as the purification of liquors, or of metals. 2. The act or operation of cleansing ceremonially, by removing any pollution or defilement. “When the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished.” Luke ii. 22. 3. A cleansing from guilt or the pollution of sin; the extinction of sinful desires, appetites, and inclinations.

Pu´ri•fi•ca•tive , a. [Cf. F. purificatif.] Having power to purify; tending to cleanse. [R.]

Pu´ri•fi•ca•tor , n. One who, or that which, purifies; a purifier.

Pu•rif´i•ca•to•ry , a. [L. purificatorius.] Serving or tending to purify; purificative.

Pu´ri•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, purifies or cleanses; a cleanser; a refiner.

Pu´ri•form (pu´ri•fôrm), a. [L. pus, puris, pus + -form: cf. F. puriforme.] (Med.) In the form of pus.

Pu´ri•fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purified p. pr. & vb. n. Purifying ] [F. purifier, L. purificare; purus pure + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Pure, and -fy.] 1. To make pure or clear from material defilement, admixture, or imperfection; to free from extraneous or noxious matter; as to purify liquors or metals; to purify the blood; to purify the air. 2. Hence, in figurative uses: (a) To free from guilt or moral defilement; as to purify the heart. “And fit them so
Purified to receive him pure.” Milton. (b) To free from ceremonial or legal defilement. “And Moses took the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, … and purified the altar.” Lev. viii. 15. “Purify both yourselves and your captives.” Num. xxxi. 19. (c) To free from improprieties or barbarisms; as to purify a language. Sprat.

Pu´ri•fy, v. i. To grow or become pure or clear.

Pu´rim , n. [Heb. pur, pl. purim, a lot.] A Jewish festival, called also the Feast of Lots, instituted to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews from the machinations of Haman. Esther ix. 26.

Pur´ism , n. [Cf. F. purisme.] Rigid purity; the quality of being affectedly pure or nice, especially in the choice of language; over-solicitude as to purity. ´His political purism.´ De Quincey. “The English language, however, … had even already become too thoroughly and essentially a mixed tongue for his doctrine of purism to be admitted to the letter.” Craik.

Pur´ist, n. [Cf. F. puriste.] 1. One who aims at excessive purity or nicety, esp. in the choice of language. “He [Fox] … purified vocabulary with a scrupulosity unknown to any purist.” Macaulay. 2. One who maintains that the New Testament was written in pure Greek. M. Stuart. { Pu•ris´tic , Pu•ris´tic•al } a. Of or pertaining to purists or purism.

Pu´ri•tan , n. [From Purity.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) One who, in the time of Queen Elizabeth and the first two Stuarts, opposed traditional and formal usages, and advocated simpler forms of faith and worship than those established by law; — originally, a term of reproach. The Puritans formed the bulk of the early population of New England. The Puritans were afterward distinguished as Political Puritans, Doctrinal Puritans, and Puritans in Discipline. Hume. 2. One who is scrupulous and strict in his religious life; — often used reproachfully or in contempt; one who has overstrict notions. “She would make a puritan of the devil.” Shak.

Pu´ri•tan, a. Of or pertaining to the Puritans; resembling, or characteristic of, the Puritans. { Pu•ri•tan´ic , Pu•ri•tan´ic•al } a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Puritans, or to their doctrines and practice. 2. Precise in observance of legal or religious requirements; strict; overscrupulous; rigid; — often used by way of reproach or contempt. “Paritanical circles, from which plays and novels were strictly excluded.” Macaulay. “He had all the puritanic traits, both good and evil.” Hawthorne.

Pu•ri•tan´ic•al•ly, adv. In a puritanical manner.

Pu´ri•tan•ism , n. The doctrines, notions, or practice of Puritans.

Pu´ri•tan•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puritanized p. pr. & vb. n. Puritanizing ] To agree with, or teach, the doctrines of Puritans; to conform to the practice of Puritans. Bp. Montagu.

Pu´ri•ty , n. [OE. purete, purte, OF. purte, F. purete, from L. puritas, fr. purus pure. See Pure.] The condition of being pure. Specifically: (a) freedom from foreign admixture or deleterious matter; as the purity of water, of wine, of drugs, of metals. (b) Cleanness; freedom from foulness or dirt. ´The purity of a linen vesture.´ Holyday. (c) Freedom from guilt or the defilement of sin; innocence; chastity; as purity of heart or of life. (d) Freedom from any sinister or improper motives or views. (e) Freedom from foreign idioms, or from barbarous or improper words or phrases; as purity of style.

Pur´kin•je’s cells [From J. E. Purkinje, their discoverer.] (Anat.) Large ganglion cells forming a layer near the surface of the cerebellum.

Purl , v. t. [Contr. fr. purfile, purfle. See Purfle.] To decorate with fringe or embroidery. ´Nature’s cradle more enchased and purled.´ B. Jonson.

Purl, n. 1. An embroidered and puckered border; a hem or fringe, often of gold or silver twist; also a pleat or fold, as of a band. “A triumphant chariot made of carnation velvet, enriched withpurl and pearl.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. An inversion of stitches in knitting, which gives to the work a ribbed or waved appearance. Purl stitch. Same as Purl, n., 2.

Purl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Purled p. pr. & vb. n. Purling.] [Cf. Sw. porla, and E. pur to murmur as a cat.] 1. To run swiftly round, as a small stream flowing among stones or other obstructions; to eddy; also to make a murmuring sound, as water does in running over or through obstructions. “Swift o’er the rolling pebbles, down the hills,
Louder and louder purl the falling rills.” Pope. 2. [Perh. fr. F. perler to pearl, to bead. See Pearl, v. & n.] To rise in circles, ripples, or undulations; to curl; to mantle. “thin winding breath which purled up to the sky.” Shak.

Purl, n. [See 3d Purl.] 1. A circle made by the notion of a fluid; an eddy; a ripple. “Whose stream an easy breath doth seem to blow,
Which on the sparkling gravel runs in purles,
As though the waves had been of silver curls.” Drayton. 2. A gentle murmur, as that produced by the running of a liquid among obstructions; as the purl of a brook. 3. [Perh. from F. perler, v. See Purl to mantle.] Malt liquor, medicated or spiced; formerly, ale or beer in which wormwood or other bitter herbs had been infused, and which was regarded as tonic; at present, hot beer mixed with gin, sugar, and spices. ´Drank a glass of purl to recover appetite.´ Addison. ´Drinking hot purl, and smoking pipes.´ Dickens. 4. (Zoöl.) A tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Pur´lieu , n. [Corrupted (by influence of lieu place) fr. OF. puralee, poralee (equiv. to LL. perambulatio a survey of boundaries, originally, a going through); por (L. pro, confused, however, with L. per through) + alee. See Pro-, and Alley.] [Written also pourlieu.] 1. Originally, the ground near a royal forest, which, having been unlawfully added to the forest, was afterwards severed from it, and disafforested so as to remit to the former owners their rights. “Then as a tiger, who by chance hath spied
In some purlieu two gentle fawns at play.” Milton. 2. Hence, the outer portion of any place; an adjacent district; environs; neighborhood. ´The purlieus of St. James.´ “brokers had been incessantly plying for custom in the purlieus of the court.” Macaulay. { Pur´lin , Pur´line } , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Arch.) In root construction, a horizontal member supported on the principals and supporting the common rafters.

Purl´ing , n. [See 3d Purl.] The motion of a small stream running among obstructions; also the murmur it makes in so doing.

Pur•loin´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purloined p. pr. & vb. n. Purloining.] [OF. purloignier, porloignier, to retard, delay; pur, por, pour, for (L. pro) + loin far, far off (L. longe). See Prolong, and cf. Eloign.] To take or carry away for one’s self; hence, to steal; to take by theft; to filch. “Had from his wakeful custody purloined
The guarded gold.” Milton. “when did the muse from Fletcher scenes purloin ?” Dryden.

Pur•loin´, v. i. To practice theft; to steal. Titus ii. 10.

Pur•loin´er , n. One who purloins. Swift.

Pur´par•ty , n. [OF. pourpartie; pour for + partie a part; cf. OF. purpart a respective part.] (Law) A share, part, or portion of an estate allotted to a coparcener. [Written also purpart, and pourparty.] “I am forced to eat all the game of your purparties, as well as my own thirds.” Walpole.

Pur´ple , n.; pl. Purples (#). [OE. purpre, pourpre, OF. purpre, porpre, pourpre, F. pourpre, L. purpura purple fish, purple dye, fr. Gr. the purple fish, a shell from the purple dye was obtained, purple dye; cf. dark (said of the sea), purple, to grow dark (said of the sea), to be troubled; perh. akin to L. furere to rage, E. fury: cf. AS. purpure. Cf. Porphyry, Purpure.] 1. A color formed by, or resembling that formed by, a combination of the primary colors red and blue. “Arraying with reflected purple and gold
The clouds that on his western throne attend.” Milton. The ancient words which are translated purple are supposed to have been used for the color we call crimson. In the gradations of color as defined in art, purple is a mixture of red and blue. When red predominates it is called violet, and when blue predominates, hyacinth. 2. Cloth dyed a purple color, or a garment of such color; especially, a purple robe, worn as an emblem of rank or authority; specifically, the purple rode or mantle worn by Roman emperors as the emblem of imperial dignity; as to put on the imperial purple. “Thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and purple, and scarlet.” Ex. xxvi. 1. 3. Hence: Imperial sovereignty; royal rank, dignity, or favor; loosely and colloquially, any exalted station; great wealth. ´He was born in the purple.´ Gibbon. 4. A cardinalate. See Cardinal. 5. (Zoöl.) Any species of large butterflies, usually marked with purple or blue, of the genus Basilarchia (formerly Limenitis) as the banded purple (B. arthemis). See Illust. under Ursula. 6. (Zoöl.) Any shell of the genus Purpura. 7. pl.(Med.) See Purpura. 8. pl. A disease of wheat. Same as Earcockle. Purple is sometimes used in composition, esp. with participles forming words of obvious signification; as purple- colored, purple-hued, purple-stained, purple- tinged, purple-tinted, and the like. French purple. (Chem.) Same as Cudbear. — Purple of Cassius. See Cassius. — Purple of mollusca (Zoöl.), a coloring matter derived from certain mollusks, which dyes wool, etc., of a purple or crimson color, and is supposed to be the substance of the famous Tyrian dye. It is obtained from Ianthina, and from several species of Purpura, and Murex. — To be born in the purple, to be of princely birth; to be highborn.

Pur´ple, a. 1. Exhibiting or possessing the color called purple, much esteemed for its richness and beauty; of a deep red, or red and blue color; as a purple robe. 2. Imperial; regal; — so called from the color having been an emblem of imperial authority. “Hide in the dust thy purple pride.” Shelley. 3. Blood-red; bloody. “May such purple tears be alway shed.” Shak. “I view a field of blood,
And Tiber rolling with a purple blood.” Dryden. Purple bird (Zoöl.), the European purple gallinule. See under Gallinule. — Purple copper ore. (Min.) See Bornite. — Purple grackle (Zoöl.), the crow blackbird. See under Crow. — Purple martin. See under Martin. — Purple sandpiper. See under Sandpiper. — Purple shell. See Ianthina.

Pur´ple , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purpled p. pr. & vb. n. Purpling.] To make purple; to dye of purple or deep red color; as hands purpled with blood. “When morn
Purples the east.” Milton. “Reclining soft in blissful bowers,
Purpled sweet with springing flowers.” Fenton.

Pur´ple•heart , n. (Bot.) A strong, durable, and elastic wood of a purplish color, obtained from several tropical American leguminous trees of the genus Copaifera (Copaifera pubiflora, Copaifera bracteata, and Copaifera officinalis). Used for decorative veneering. See Copaiba.

Pur´ple•wood , n. Same as Purpleheart.

Pur´plish , a. Somewhat purple. Boyle.

Pur´port , n. [OF. purport; pur, pour, for (L. pro) + porter to bear, carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. Design or tendency; meaning; import; tenor. “The whole scope and purport of that dialogue. Norris.
With a look so piteous in purport
As if he had been loosed out of hell.” Shak. 2. Disguise; covering. [Obs.] “For she her sex under that strange purport
Did use to hide.” Spenser.

Pur´port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purported; p. pr. & vb. n. Purporting.] [OF. purporter, pourporter. See Purport, n.] To intend to show; to intend; to mean; to signify; to import; — often with an object clause or infinitive. “They in most grave and solemn wise unfolded
Matter which little purported.” Rowe.

Pur´port•less, a. Without purport or meaning.

Pur´pose , n. [OF. purpos, pourpos, propos, L. propositum. See Propound.] 1. That which a person sets before himself as an object to be reached or accomplished; the end or aim to which the view is directed in any plan, measure, or exertion; view; aim; design; intention; plan. “He will his firste purpos modify.” Chaucer. “As my eternal purpose hath decreed.” Milton. “The flighty purpose never is o’ertook
Unless the deed go with it.” Shak. 2. Proposal to another; discourse. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Instance; example. [Obs.] L’Estrange. In purpose, Of purpose, On purpose, with previous design; with the mind directed to that object; intentionally. On purpose is the form now generally used. Syn. — design; end; intention; aim. See Design.

Pur´pose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purposed p. pr. & vb. n. Purposing.] [OF. purposer, proposer. See Propose.] 1. To set forth; to bring forward. [Obs.] 2. To propose, as an aim, to one’s self; to determine upon, as some end or object to be accomplished; to intend; to design; to resolve; — often followed by an infinitive or dependent clause. Chaucer. “Did nothing purpose against the state.” Shak. “I purpose to write the history of England from the accession of King James the Second down to a time which is within the memory of men still living.” Macaulay.

Pur´pose, v. i. To have a purpose or intention; to discourse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pur´posed•ly , adv. In a purposed manner; according to purpose or design; purposely. “A poem composed purposedly of the Trojan war. Holland.”

Pur´pose•ful , a. Important; material. ´Purposeful accounts.´ Tylor. — Pur´pose•ful•ly, adv.

Pur´pose•less, a. Having no purpose or result; objectless. Bp. Hall. — Pur´pose•less•ness, n.

Pur´pose•ly, adv. With purpose or design; intentionally; with predetermination; designedly. “In composing this discourse, I purposely declined all offensive and displeasing truths.” Atterbury. “So much they scorn the crowd, that if the throng
By chance go right, they purposely go wrong.” Pope.

Pur´pos•er , n. 1. One who brings forward or proposes anything; a proposer. [Obs.] 2. One who forms a purpose; one who intends.

Pur´po•sive , a. Having or indicating purpose or design. ´Purposive characters.´ Bastian. “Purposive modification of structure in a bone.” Owen. “It is impossible that the frog should perform actions morepurposive than these.” Huxley.

Pur´pre , n. & a. Purple. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pur•pres´ture , n. [Probably corrupted (see Prest) fr. OF. pourprisure, fr. pourprendre: cf. LL. purprestura. Cf. Purprise.] (Law) Wrongful encroachment upon another’s property; esp., any encroachment upon, or inclosure of, that which should be common or public, as highways, rivers, harbors, forts, etc. [Written also pourpresture.]

Pur´prise , n. [OF. pourpris,fr. pourprendre to take away entirely; pour for + prendre to take.] A close or inclosure; the compass of a manor. Bacon.

Pur´pu•ra , n. [L., purple, purple fish: cf. F. purpura. See Purple.] 1. (Med.) A disease characterized by livid spots on the skin from extravasated blood, with loss of muscular strength, pain in the limbs, and mental dejection; the purples. Dunglison. 2. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropods, usually having a rough and thick shell. Some species yield a purple dye.

Pur´pu•rate , a. Of or pertaining to purpura.

Pur´pu•rate, n. (Chem.) A salt of purpuric acid.

Pur´pure , n. [L. purpura purple. See Purple.] (Her.) Purple, — represented in engraving by diagonal lines declining from the right top to the left base of the escutcheon (or from sinister chief to dexter base).

Pur•pu´re•al , a. Of a purple color; purple.

Pur•pu´re•o- A combining form signifying of a purple or purple-red color. Specif. (Chem.), used in designating certain brilliant purple-red compounds of cobaltic chloride and ammonia, similar to the roseocobaltic compounds. See Cobaltic.

Pur•pu´ric , a. [Cf. F. purpurique.] 1. (Med.) Of or pertaining to purpura. Dunglison. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to or designating, a nitrogenous acid contained in uric acid. It is not known in the pure state, but forms well-known purple-red compounds (as murexide), whence its name. Purpuric acid was formerly used to designate murexan. See Murexan.

Pur´pu•rin , n. (Chem.) A dyestuff resembling alizarin, found in madder root, and extracted as an orange or red crystalline substance.

Pur•pu•rip´a•rous , a. [L. purpura purple + parere to produce.] (Biol.) Producing, or connected with, a purple-colored secretion; as the purpuriparous gland of certain gastropods.

Pur•pu•rog´e•nous , a. [L. purpura purple + -genous.] (Biol.) Having the power to produce a purple color; as the purpurogenous membrane, or choroidal epithelium, of the eye. See Visual purple, under Visual.

Purr , v. i. & t. To murmur as a cat. See Pur.

Purr, n. The low murmuring sound made by a cat; pur. See Pur.

Purre , n. (Zoöl.) The dunlin. [Prov. Eng.]

Pur´ree , n. [Hind. peori yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow coloring matter. See Euxanthin.

Pur´rock , n. See Puddock, and Parrock.

Purse , n. [OE. purs, pors, OF. burse, borse, bourse, F. bourse, LL. bursa, fr. Gr. hide, skin, leather. Cf. Bourse, Bursch, Bursar, Buskin.] 1. A small bag or pouch, the opening of which is made to draw together closely, used to carry money in; by extension, any receptacle for money carried on the person; a wallet; a pocketbook; a portemonnaie. Chaucer. “ Who steals my purse steals trash.” Shak. 2. Hence, a treasury; finances; as the public purse. 3. A sum of money offered as a prize, or collected as a present; as to win the purse; to make up a purse. 4. A specific sum of money; as: (a) In Turkey, the sum of 500 piasters. (b) In Persia, the sum of 50 tomans. Light purse, or Empty purse, poverty or want of resources. — Long purse, or Heavy purse, wealth; riches. — Purse crab (Zoöl.), any land crab of the genus Birgus, allied to the hermit crabs. They sometimes weigh twenty pounds or more, and are very strong, being able to crack cocoanuts with the large claw. They chiefly inhabit the tropical islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, living in holes and feeding upon fruit. Called also palm crab. — Purse net, a fishing net, the mouth of which may be closed or drawn together like a purse. Mortimer. — Purse pride, pride of money; insolence proceeding from the possession of wealth. Bp. Hall. — Purse rat. (Zoöl.) See Pocket gopher, under Pocket. — Sword and purse, the military power and financial resources of a nation.

Purse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pursed p. pr. & vb. n. Pursing.] 1. To put into a purse. “I will go and purse the ducats straight.” Shak. 2. To draw up or contract into folds or wrinkles, like the mouth of a purse; to pucker; to knit. “Thou … didst contract and purse thy brow.” Shak.

Purse, v. i. To steal purses; to rob. [Obs. & R.] “I’ll purse: … I’ll bet at bowling alleys.” Beau. & Fl.

Purse´ful , n.; pl. Pursefuls . All that is, or can be, contained in a purse; enough to fill a purse.

Purse´-proud , a. Affected with purse pride; puffed up with the possession of riches.

Purs´er , n. [See Purse, and cf. Bursar.] 1. (Naut.) A commissioned officer in the navy who had charge of the provisions, clothing, and public moneys on shipboard; — now called paymaster. 2. A clerk on steam passenger vessels whose duty it is to keep the accounts of the vessels, such as the receipt of freight, tickets, etc. 3. Colloquially, any paymaster or cashier. Purser’s name (Naut.), a false name. [Slang]

Purs´er•ship, n. The office of purser. Totten.

Purs´et , n. A purse or purse net. B. Jonson.

Pur´si•ness , n. State of being pursy.

Pur´sive , a. Pursy. [Obs.] Holland.

Pur´sive•ness, n. Pursiness. [Obs. & R.]

Purs´lain , n. Same as Purslane.

Purs´lane , n. [OF. porcelaine, pourcelaine (cf. It. porcellana), corrupted fr. L. porcilaca for portulaca.] (Bot.) An annual plant (Portulaca oleracea), with fleshy, succulent, obovate leaves, sometimes used as a pot herb and for salads, garnishing, and pickling. Flowering purslane, or Great flowered purslane, the Portulaca grandiflora. See Portulaca. — Purslane tree, a South African shrub (Portulacaria Afra) with many small opposite fleshy obovate leaves. — Sea purslane, a seashore plant (Arenaria peploides) with crowded opposite fleshy leaves. — Water purslane, an aquatic plant (Ludwiqia palustris) but slightly resembling purslane.

Pur•su´a•ble , a. Capable of being, or fit to be, pursued, followed, or prosecuted. Sherwood.

Pur•su´al , n. The act of pursuit. [R.]

Pur•su´ance , n. [See Pursuant.] 1. The act of pursuing or prosecuting; a following out or after. “Sermons are not like curious inquiries after new nothings, but pursuances of old truths.” Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being pursuant; consequence. In pursuance of, in accordance with; in prosecution or fulfillment of.

Pur•su´ant , a. [From Pursue: cf. OE. poursuiant. Cf. Pursuivant.] Acting in consequence or in prosecution (of anything); hence, agreeable; conformable; following; according; — with to or of. “The conclusion which I draw from these premises, pursuant to the query laid down, is, etc.” Waterland. { Pur•su´ant , Pur•su´ant•ly } adv. Agreeably; conformably.

Pur•sue´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pursued p. pr. & vb. n. Pursuing.] [OE. pursuen, porsuen, OF. porsivre, poursuivre, poursuir, F. poursuivre, fr. L. prosequi; pro forward + sequi to follow. See Sue, and cf. Prosecute, Pursuivant.] 1. To follow with a view to overtake; to follow eagerly, or with haste; to chase; as to pursue a hare. “We happiness pursue; we fly from pain.” Prior. “The happiness of men lies in purswing,
Not in possessing.” Longfellow. 2. To seek; to use or adopt measures to obtain; as to pursue a remedy at law. “The fame of ancient matrons you pursue.” Dryden. 3. To proceed along, with a view to some and or object; to follow; to go in; as Captain Cook pursued a new route; the administration pursued a wise course. 4. To prosecute; to be engaged in; to continue. ´ Insatiate to pursue vain war.´ Milton. 5. To follow as an example; to imitate. 6. To follow with enmity; to persecute; to call to account. “The servant is not greater than his lord. If they have pursued me, they shall pursue you also.” Wyclif (John xv. 20). Syn. — To follow; chase; seek; persist. See Follow.

Pur•sue´, v. i. 1. To go in pursuit; to follow. “The wicked flee when no man pursueth.” Prov. xxviii. 1. “Men hotly pursued after the objects of their ambition.” Earle. 2. To go on; to proceed, especially in argument or discourse; to continue. [A Gallicism] “I have, pursues Carneades, wondered chemists should not consider.” Boyle. 3. (Law) To follow a matter judicially, as a complaining party; to act as a prosecutor. Burrill.

Pur•su´er , n. 1. One who pursues or chases; one who follows in haste, with a view to overtake. 2. (Eccl. & Scots Law) A plaintiff; a prosecutor.

Pur•suit´ , n. [F. poursuite, fr. poursuivre. See Pursue, v. t.] 1. The act of following or going after; esp., a following with haste, either for sport or in hostility; chase; prosecution; as the pursuit of game; the pursuit of an enemy. Clarendon. “Weak we are, and can not shun pursuit.” Shak. 2. A following with a view to reach, accomplish, or obtain; endeavor to attain to or gain; as the pursuit of knowledge; the pursuit of happiness or pleasure. 3. Course of business or occupation; continued employment with a view to same end; as mercantile pursuits; a literary pursuit. 4. (Law) Prosecution. [Obs.] “That pursuit for tithes ought, and of ancient time did pertain to the spiritual court.” Fuller. Curve of pursuit (Geom.), a curve described by a point which is at each instant moving towards a second point, which is itself moving according to some specified law.

Pur´sui•vant , n. [F. poursuivant, fr. poursuivre. See Pursue, and cf. Pursuant.] [Written also poursuivant.] 1. (Heralds’ College) A functionary of lower rank than a herald, but discharging similar duties; — called also pursuivant at arms; an attendant of the heralds. Also used figuratively. “The herald Hope, forerunning Fear,
And Fear, the pursuivant of Hope.” Longfellow. 2. The king’s messenger; a state messenger. “One pursuivant who attempted to execute a warrant there was murdered.” Macaulay.

Pur´sui•vant, v. t. To pursue. [Obs. & R.] “Their navy was pursuivanted after with a horrible tempest.” Fuller.

Pur´sy , a. [OF. pourcif, poulsif, poussif, fr. pousser to push, thrust, heave, OF. also poulser: cf. F. pousse the heaves, asthma. See Push.] Fat and short-breathed; fat, short, and thick; swelled with pampering; as pursy insolence. Shak. “Pursy important he sat him down.” Sir W. Scot.

Pur´te•nance , n. [Abbrev. fr. appurtenance.] That which pertains or belongs to something; esp., the heard, liver, and lungs of an animal. [Obs.] ´ The purtenaunces of purgatory.´ Piers Plowman. “Roast [it] with fire, his head with his legs, and with the purtenance [Rev. Ver., inwards] thereof.” Ex. xii. 9. { Pu´ru•lence , Pu´ru•len•cy } n. [L. purulentia: cf. F. purulence.] (Med.) The quality or state of being purulent; the generation of pus; also the pus itself. Arbuthnot.

Pu´ru•lent , a. [L. purulentus, fr. pus, puris, pus, matter: cf. F. purulent. See Pus.] (Med.) Consisting of pus, or matter; partaking of the nature of pus; attended with suppuration; as purulent inflammation.

Pu´ru•lent•ly, v. In a purulent manner. { Pur´ve•ance , Pur´vei•aunce• }, n. Purveyance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pur•vey´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purveyed p. pr. & vb. n. Purveying.] [OE. purveien, porveien, OF. porveeir, porveoir, F. pourvoir, fr. L. providere. See Provide, and cf. Purview.] 1. To furnish or provide, as with a convenience, provisions, or the like. “Give no odds to your foes, but do purvey
Yourself of sword before that bloody day.” Spenser. 2. To procure; to get. “I mean to purvey me a wife after the fashion of the children of Benjamin.” Sir W. Scot.

Pur•vey´, v. i. 1. To purchase provisions; to provide; to make provision. Chaucer. Milton. 2. To pander; — with to. ´ Their turpitude purveys to their malice.´ [R.] Burke.

Pur•vey´ance , n. [Cf. F. pourvoyance.] 1. The act or process of providing or procuring; providence; foresight; preparation; management. Chaucer. “The ill purveyance of his page.” Spenser. 2. That which is provided; provisions; food. 3. (Eng. Law) A providing necessaries for the sovereign by buying them at an appraised value in preference to all others, and oven without the owner’s consent. This was formerly a royal prerogative, but has long been abolished. Wharton.

Pur•vey´or , n. [OE. porveour, OF. pourveor, F. pourvoyeur. See Purvey, and cf. Proveditor.] 1. One who provides victuals, or whose business is to make provision for the table; a victualer; a caterer. 2. An officer who formerly provided, or exacted provision, for the king’s household. [Eng.] 3. a procurer; a pimp; a bawd. Addison.

Pur´view , n. [OF. purveu, pourveu, F. pourvu, provided, p. p. of OF. porveoir, F. pourvoir. See Purvey, View, and cf. Proviso.] 1. (a) (Law) The body of a statute, or that part which begins with ´ Be it enacted, ´ as distinguished from the preamble. Cowell. (b) Hence: The limit or scope of a statute; the whole extent of its intention or provisions. Marshall. “Profanations within the purview of several statutes.” Bacon. 2. Limit or sphere of authority; scope; extent. “In determining the extent of information required in the exercise of a particular authority, recourse must be had to the objects within the purview of that authority.” Madison.

Pus , n. [L., akin to Gr. , , and to E. foul: cf. F. pus. See Foul, a.] (Med.) The yellowish white opaque creamy matter produced by the process of suppuration. It consists of innumerable white nucleated cells floating in a clear liquid.

Pu´sane , n. (Anc. Armor) A piece of armor for the breast; often, an addition to, or reënforcement of. the breastplate; — called also pesane.

Pu´sey•ism , n. (Ch. of Eng.) The principles of Dr. Pusey and others at Oxford, England, as exhibited in various publications, esp. in a series which appeared from 1833 to 1841, designated ´ Tracts for the Times;´ tractarianism. See Tractarianism. { Pu´sey•is´tic , Pu´sey•ite } a. Of or pertaining to Puseyism.

Pu´sey•ite, n. One who holds the principles of Puseyism; — often used opprobriously.

Push , n. [Probably F. poche. See Pouch.] A pustule; a pimple. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bacon.

Push, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pushed p. pr. & vb. n. Pushing.] [OE. possen, pussen, F. pousser, fr. L. pulsare, v. intens. fr. pellere, pulsum, to beat, knock, push. See Pulse a beating, and cf. Pursy.] 1. To press against with force; to drive or impel by pressure; to endeavor to drive by steady pressure, without striking; — opposed to draw. “Sidelong had pushed a mountain from his seat.” Milton. 2. To thrust the points of the horns against; to gore. “If the ox shall push a manservant or maidservant, … the ox shall be stoned.” Ex. xxi. 32. 3. To press or urge forward; to drive; to push an objection too far. ´ To push his fortune.´ Dryden. “Ambition pushes the soul to such actions as are apt to procure honor to the actor.” Spectator. “We are pushed for an answer.” Swift. 4. To bear hard upon; to perplex; to embarrass. 5. To importune; to press with solicitation; to tease. To push down, to overthrow by pushing or impulse.

Push, v. i. 1. To make a thrust; to shove; as to push with the horns or with a sword. Shak. 2. To make an advance, attack, or effort; to be energetic; as a man must push in order to succeed. “At the time of the end shall the kind of the south push at him and the king of the north shall come against him.” Dan. xi. 40. “War seemed asleep for nine long years; at length
Both sides resolved to push, we tried our strength.” Dryden. 3. To burst pot, as a bud or shoot. To push on, to drive or urge forward; to hasten. “The rider pushed on at a rapid pace.” Sir W. Scott.

Push, n. 1. A thrust with a pointed instrument, or with the end of a thing. 2. Any thrust. pressure, impulse, or force, or force applied; a shove; as to give the ball the first push. 3. An assault or attack; an effort; an attempt; hence, the time or occasion for action. “Exact reformation is not perfected at the first push.” Milton. “When it comes to the push, ’tis no more than talk.” L’ Estrange. 4. The faculty of overcoming obstacles; aggressive energy; as he has push, or he has no push. [Colloq.] Syn. — See Thrust.

Push´er , n. One who, or that which, pushes.

Push´ing, a. Pressing forward in business; enterprising; driving; energetic; also forward; officious, intrusive. — Push´ing•ly, adv.

Push´pin , n. A child’s game played with pins. L. Estrange.

Pu´sil , a. [L. pusillus very little.] Very small; little; petty. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pu•sil•la•nim´i•ty , n. [L. pusillanimitas: cf. F. pusillanimite.] The quality of being pusillanimous; weakness of spirit; cowardliness. “The badge of pusillanimity and cowardice.” Shak. “It is obvious to distinguished between an act of … pusillanimity and an act of great modesty or humility.” South. Syn. — Cowardliness; cowardice; fear; timidity.

Pu•sil•lan´i•mous , a. [L. pusillanimis; pusillus very little (dim. of pusus a little boy; cf. puer a boy, E. puerile) + animus the mind: cf. F. pusillanime. See Animosity.] 1. Destitute of a manly or courageous strength and firmness of mind; of weak spirit; mean- spirited; spiritless; cowardly; — said of persons, as a pusillanimous prince. 2. Evincing, or characterized by, weakness of mind, and want of courage; feeble; as pusillanimous counsels. ´A low and pusillanimous spirit.´ Burke. Syn. — Cowardly; dastardly; mean-spirited; fainthearted; timid; weak; feeble.

Pu•sil•lan´i•mous•ly (pu•sil•lan´i•mus•ly), adv. With pusillanimity.

Pus´ley , n. (Bot.) Purslane. [Colloq. U. S]

Puss (pus), n. [Cf. D. poes, Ir. & Gael. pus.] 1. A cat; - - a fondling appellation. 2. A hare; — so called by sportsmen. Puss in the corner, a game in which all the players but one occupy corners of a room, or certain goals in the open air, and exchange places, the one without a corner endeavoring to get a corner while it is vacant, leaving some other without one. — Puss moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of stout bombycid moths belonging to Cerura, Harpyia, and allied genera, esp. Harpyia vinuli, of Europe. The larvae are humpbacked, and have two caudal appendages.

Pussy , n. [Dim. of puss.] 1. A pet name for a cat; also an endearing name for a girl. 2. A catkin of the pussy willow. 3. The game of tipcat; — also called pussy cat. Pussy willow (Bot.), any kind of willow having large cylindrical catkins clothed with long glossy hairs, especially the American Salix discolor; — called also glaucous willow, and swamp willow.

Pus´sy , a. See Pursy. [Colloq. or Low]

Pus´tu•lant ( 135), a. [L. pustulans, p. pr. See Pustulate, v. t.] (Med.) Producing pustules. — n. A medicine that produces pustules, as croton oil.

Pus´tu•lar , a. 1. Of or pertaining to pustules; as pustular prominences; pustular eruptions. 2. Covered with pustulelike prominences; pustulate.

Pus´tu•late , v. t. [L. pustulatus, p. p. of pustulare to blister, fr. pustula. See Pustule.] To form into pustules, or blisters. { Pus´tu•late , Pus´tu•la•ted } a. Covered with pustulelike prominences; pustular; pustulous; as a pustulate leaf; a pustulate shell or coral.

Pus•tu•la´tion , n. [L. pustulatio.] The act of producing pustules; the state of being pustulated.

Pus´tule ( 135), n. [L. pustula, and pusula: cf. F. pustule.] (Med.) A vesicle or an elevation of the cuticle with an inflamed base, containing pus. Malignant pustule. See under Malignant.

Pus´tu•lous , a. [L. pustulosus, fr. pustula a pustule: cf. F. pustuleux.] Resembling, or covered with, pustules; pustulate; pustular.

Put , n. [See Pit.] A pit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Put, obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Put, contracted from putteth. Chaucer.

Put , n. [Cf. W. pwt any short thing, pwt o ddyn a squab of a person, pwtog a short, thick woman.] A rustic; a clown; an awkward or uncouth person. “Queer country puts extol Queen Bess’s reign.” Bramston. “What droll puts the citizens seem in it all.” F. Harrison.

Put , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Put; p. pr. & vb. n. Putting.] [AS. potian to thrust: cf. Dan. putte to put, to put into, Fries. putje; perh. akin to W. pwtio to butt, poke, thrust; cf. also Gael. put to push, thrust, and E. potter, v. i.] 1. To move in any direction; to impel; to thrust; to push; — nearly obsolete, except with adverbs, as with by (to put by = to thrust aside; to divert); or with forth (to put forth = to thrust out). “His chief designs are … to put thee by from thy spiritual employment.” Jer. Taylor. 2. To bring to a position or place; to place; to lay; to set; figuratively, to cause to be or exist in a specified relation, condition, or the like; to bring to a stated mental or moral condition; as to put one in fear; to put a theory in practice; to put an enemy to fight. “This present dignity,
In which that I have put you.” Chaucer. “I will put enmity between thee and the woman.” Gen. iii. 15. “He put no trust in his servants.” Job iv. 18. “When God into the hands of their deliverer
Puts invincible might.” Milton. “In the mean time other measures were put in operation.” Sparks. 3. To attach or attribute; to assign; as to put a wrong construction on an act or expression. 4. To lay down; to give up; to surrender. [Obs.] “No man hath more love than this, that a man put his life for his friends.” Wyclif (John xv. 13). 5. To set before one for judgment, acceptance, or rejection; to bring to the attention; to offer; to state; to express; figuratively, to assume; to suppose; — formerly sometimes followed by that introducing a proposition; as to put a question; to put a case. “Let us now put that ye have leave.” Chaucer. “Put the perception and you put the mind.” Berkeley. “These verses, originally Greek, were put in Latin.” Milton. “All this is ingeniously and ably put.” Hare. 6. To incite; to entice; to urge; to constrain; to oblige. “These wretches put us upon all mischief.” Swift. “Put me not use the carnal weapon in my own defense.” Sir W. Scott. “Thank him who puts me, loath, to this revenge.” Milton. 7. To throw or cast with a pushing motion ´overhand,´ the hand being raised from the shoulder; a practice in athletics; as to put the shot or weight. 8. (Mining) To convey coal in the mine, as from the working to the tramway. Raymond. Put case, formerly, an elliptical expression for, put or suppose the case to be. “Put case that the soul after departure from the body may live.” Bp. Hall. — To put about (Naut.), to turn, or change the course of, as a ship. — To put away. (a) To renounce; to discard; to expel. (b) To divorce. — To put back. (a) To push or thrust backwards; hence, to hinder; to delay. (b) To refuse; to deny. “Coming from thee, I could not put him back.” Shak. (c) To set, as the hands of a clock, to an earlier hour. (d) To restore to the original place; to replace. — To put by. (a) To turn, set, or thrust, aside. ´Smiling put the question by.´ Tennyson. (b) To lay aside; to keep; to sore up; as to put by money. — To put down. (a) To lay down; to deposit; to set down. (b) To lower; to diminish; as to put down prices. (c) To deprive of position or power; to put a stop to; to suppress; to abolish; to confute; as to put down rebellion or traitors. “Mark, how a plain tale shall put you down.” Shak. “Sugar hath put down the use of honey.” Bacon. (d) To subscribe; as to put down one’s name. — To put forth. (a) To thrust out; to extend, as the hand; to cause to come or push out; as a tree puts forth leaves. (b) To make manifest; to develop; also to bring into action; to exert; as to put forth strength. (c) To propose, as a question, a riddle, and the like. (d) To publish, as a book. — To put forward. (a) To advance to a position of prominence or responsibility; to promote. (b) To cause to make progress; to aid. (c) To set, as the hands of a clock, to a later hour. — To put in. (a) To introduce among others; to insert; sometimes, to introduce with difficulty; as to put in a word while others are discoursing. (b) (Naut.) To conduct into a harbor, as a ship. (c) (Law) To place in due form before a court; to place among the records of a court. Burrill. (d) (Med.) To restore, as a dislocated part, to its place. — To put off. (a) To lay aside; to discard; as to put off a robe; to put off mortality. ´Put off thy shoes from off thy feet.´ Ex. iii. 5. (b) To turn aside; to elude; to disappoint; to frustrate; to baffle. “I hoped for a demonstration, but Themistius hoped to put me off with an harangue.” Boyle. “We might put him off with this answer.” Bentley. (c) To delay; to defer; to postpone; as to put off repentance. (d) To get rid of; to dispose of; especially, to pass fraudulently; as to put off a counterfeit note, or an ingenious theory. (e) To push from land; as to put off a boat. — To put on or upon. (a) To invest one’s self with, as clothes; to assume. ´Mercury … put on the shape of a man.´ L’Estrange. (b) To impute (something) to; to charge upon; as to put blame on or upon another. (c) To advance; to promote. [Obs.] ´This came handsomely to put on the peace.´ Bacon. (d) To impose; to inflict. ´That which thou puttest on me, will I bear.´ 2 Kings xviii. 14. (e) To apply; as to put on workmen; to put on steam. (f) To deceive; to trick. ´The stork found he was put upon.´ L’Estrange. (g) To place upon, as a means or condition; as he put him upon bread and water. ´This caution will put them upon considering.´ Locke. (h) (Law) To rest upon; to submit to; as a defendant puts himself on or upon the country. Burrill. — To put out. (a) To eject; as to put out and intruder. (b) To put forth; to shoot, as a bud, or sprout. (c) To extinguish; as to put out a candle, light, or fire. (d) To place at interest; to loan; as to put out funds. (e) To provoke, as by insult; to displease; to vex; as he was put out by my reply. [Colloq.] (f) To protrude; to stretch forth; as to put out the hand. (g) To publish; to make public; as to put out a pamphlet. (h) To confuse; to disconcert; to interrupt; as to put one out in reading or speaking. (i) (Law) To open; as to put out lights, that is, to open or cut windows. Burrill. (j) (Med.) To place out of joint; to dislocate; as to put out the ankle. (k) To cause to cease playing, or to prevent from playing longer in a certain inning, as in base ball. — To put over. (a) To place (some one) in authority over; as to put a general over a division of an army. (b) To refer. “For the certain knowledge of that truth
I put you o’er to heaven and to my mother.” Shak. (c) To defer; to postpone; as the court put over the cause to the next term. (d) To transfer (a person or thing) across; as to put one over the river. — To put the hand to or unto. (a) To take hold of, as of an instrument of labor; as to put the hand to the plow; hence, to engage in (any task or affair); as to put one’s hand to the work. (b) To take or seize, as in theft. ´He hath not put his hand unto his neighbor’s goods.´ Ex. xxii. 11. — To put through, to cause to go through all conditions or stages of a progress; hence, to push to completion; to accomplish; as he put through a measure of legislation; he put through a railroad enterprise. [U.S.] — To put to. (a) To add; to unite; as to put one sum to another. (b) To refer to; to expose; as to put the safety of the state to hazard. ´That dares not put it to the touch.´ Montrose. (c) To attach (something) to; to harness beasts to. Dickens. — To put to a stand, to stop; to arrest by obstacles or difficulties. — To put to bed. (a) To undress and place in bed, as a child. (b) To deliver in, or to make ready for, childbirth. — To put to death, to kill. — To put together, to attach; to aggregate; to unite in one. — To put this and that (or two and two together, to draw an inference; to form a correct conclusion. — To put to it, to distress; to press hard; to perplex; to give difficulty to. ´O gentle lady, do not put me to ’t.´ Shak. — To put to rights, to arrange in proper order; to settle or compose rightly. — To put to the sword, to kill with the sword; to slay. — To put to trial, or on trial, to bring to a test; to try. — To put trust in, to confide in; to repose confidence in. — To put up. (a) To pass unavenged; to overlook; not to punish or resent; to put up with; as to put up indignities. [Obs.] ´Such national injuries are not to be put up.´ Addison. (b) To send forth or upward; as to put up goods for sale. (d) To start from a cover, as game. ´She has been frightened; she has been put up.´ C. Kingsley. (e) To hoard. ´Himself never put up any of the rent.´ Spelman. (f) To lay side or preserve; to pack away; to store; to pickle; as to put up pork, beef, or fish. (g) To place out of sight, or away; to put in its proper place; as put up that letter. Shak. (h) To incite; to instigate; — followed by to; as he put the lad up to mischief. (i) To raise; to erect; to build; as to put up a tent, or a house. (j) To lodge; to entertain; as to put up travelers. — To put up a job, to arrange a plot. [Slang] Syn. — To place; set; lay; cause; produce; propose; state. — Put, Lay, Place, Set. These words agree in the idea of fixing the position of some object, and are often used interchangeably. To put is the least definite, denoting merely to move to a place. To place has more particular reference to the precise location, as to put with care in a certain or proper place. To set or to lay may be used when there is special reference to the position of the object.

Put (put; often put in def. 3), v. i. 1. To go or move; as when the air first puts up. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To steer; to direct one’s course; to go. “His fury thus appeased, he puts to land.” Dryden. 3. To play a card or a hand in the game called put. To put about (Naut.), to change direction; to tack. — To put back (Naut.), to turn back; to return. ´The French … had put back to Toulon.´ Southey. — To put forth. (a) To shoot, bud, or germinate. ´Take earth from under walls where nettles put forth.´ Bacon. (b) To leave a port or haven, as a ship. Shak. — To put in (Naut.), to enter a harbor; to sail into port. — To put in for. (a) To make a request or claim; as to put in for a share of profits. (b) To go into covert; — said of a bird escaping from a hawk. (c) To offer one’s self; to stand as a candidate for. Locke. — To put off, to go away; to depart; esp., to leave land, as a ship; to move from the shore. — To put on, to hasten motion; to drive vehemently. — To put over (Naut.), to sail over or across. — To put to sea (Naut.), to set sail; to begin a voyage; to advance into the ocean. — To put up. (a) To take lodgings; to lodge. (b) To offer one’s self as a candidate. L’Estrange. — To put up to, to advance to. [Obs.] ´With this he put up to my lord.´ Swift. — To put up with. (a) To overlook, or suffer without recompense, punishment, or resentment; as to put up with an injury or affront. (b) To take without opposition or expressed dissatisfaction; to endure; as to put up with bad fare.

Put , n. 1. The act of putting; an action; a movement; a thrust; a push; as the put of a ball. ´A forced put.´ L’Estrange. 2. A certain game at cards. Young. 3. A privilege which one party buys of another to ´put´ (deliver) to him a certain amount of stock, grain, etc., at a certain price and date. [Brokers’ Cant] “A put and a call may be combined in one instrument, the holder of which may either buy or sell as he chooses at the fixed price.” Johnson’s Cyc.

Put , n. [OF. pute.] A prostitute. [Obs.]

Pu´tage ( 48), n. [OF. putage.] Prostitution or fornication on the part of a woman.

Pu•ta´men , n. [L.] (Bot.) The shell of a nut; the stone of a drupe fruit. See Endocarp.

Pu´tan•ism , n. [F. putanisme, fr. putain harlot.] Habitual lewdness or prostitution of a woman; harlotry.

Pu´ta•tive , a. [L. putativus, fr. putare, putatum, to reckon, suppose, adjust, prune, cleanse. See Pure, and cf. Amputate, Compute, Dispute, Impute.] Commonly thought or deemed; supposed; reputed; as the putative father of a child. ´His other putative (I dare not say feigned) friends.´ E. Hall. “Thus things indifferent, being esteemed useful or pious, became customary, and then came for reverence into a putative and usurped authority.” Jer. Taylor.

Put•chuck´ , n. (Bot.) Same as Pachak.

Pu´te•al , n. [L., fr. puteus well.] (Arch.) An inclosure surrounding a well to prevent persons from falling into it; a well curb. Weale.

Put´e•li , n. Same as Patela.

Pu´ter•y, n. [OF. puterie.] Putage. [Obs.]

Pu´tid , a. [L. putidus: cf. F. putide. Cf. Putrid.] Rotten; fetid; stinking; base; worthless. Jer. Taylor. ´Thy putid muse.´ Dr. H. More. { Pu•tid´i•ty , Pu´tid•ness } n. The quality or state of being putrid.

Put´log ( 277), n. (Arch.) One of the short pieces of timber on which the planks forming the floor of a scaffold are laid, — one end resting on the ledger of the scaffold, and the other in a hole left in the wall temporarily for the purpose. Oxf. Gloss.

Put´-off ( 115), n. A shift for evasion or delay; an evasion; an excuse. L’Estrange.

Pu´tour , n. [See Put a prostitute.] A keeper of a brothel; a procurer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pu•tred´i•nous , a. [L. putredo rottenness, fr. putrere to be rotten. See Putrid.] Proceeding from putrefaction, or partaking of the putrefactive process; having an offensive smell; stinking; rotten.

Pu•tre•fac´tion , n. [L. putrefactio: cf. F. putrefaction. See Putrefy.] 1. The act or the process of putrefying; the offensive decay of albuminous or other matter. Putrefaction is a complex phenomenon involving a multiplicity of chemical reactions, always accompanied by, and without doubt caused by, bacteria and vibriones; hence, putrefaction is a form of fermentation, and is sometimes called putrefaction fermentative. Putrefaction is not possible under conditions that preclude the development of living organisms. Many of the products of putrefaction are powerful poisons, and are called cadaveric poisons, or ptomaïnes. 2. The condition of being putrefied; also that which putrefied. ´Putrefaction’s breath.´ Shelley.

Pu•tre•fac´tive , a. [Cf. putrefactif. See Putrefy.] 1. Of or pertaining to putrefaction; as the putrefactive smell or process. Wiseman. 2. Causing, or tending to promote, putrefaction. — Pu••tre•fac´tive•ness, n.

Pu´tre•fy , v. t. [Written also putrify.] [imp. & p. p. Putrefied ; p. pr. & vb. n. Putrefying .] [F. putrefier; L. putrere to be rotten + - ficare (in. comp.) to make; cf. L. putrefacere. See Putrid, and -fy.] 1. To render putrid; to cause to decay offensively; to cause to be decomposed; to cause to rot. 2. To corrupt; to make foul. “Private suits do putrefy the public good.” Bacon. “They would but stink, and putrefy the air.” Shak. 3. To make morbid, carious, or gangrenous; as to putrefy an ulcer or wound.

Pu´tre•fy, v. i. To become putrid; to decay offensively; to rot. Isa. 1. 6.

Pu•tres´cence , n. The state of being putrescent; putrescent matter.

Pu•tres´cent , a. [L. putrescens, p. pr.of putrescere to grow rotten, v. incho. fr. putrere to be rotten. See Putrid.] 1. Becoming putrid or rotten. “Externally powerful, although putrescent at the core.” Motley. 2. Of or pertaining to the process of putrefaction; as a putrescent smell.

Pu•tres´ci•ble , a. Capable of putrefaction; liable to become putrid; as putrescible substances.

Pu•tres´ci•ble, n. A substance, usually nitrogenous, which is liable to undergo decomposition when in contact with air and moisture at ordinary temperatures.

Pu•tres´cin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A nontoxic diamine, C4H12N2, formed in the putrefaction of the flesh of mammals and some other animals.

Pu´trid , a. [L. putridus, fr. putrere to be rotten, fr. puter, or putris, rotten, fr. putere to stink, to be rotten: cf. F. putride. See Pus, Foul, a.] 1. Tending to decomposition or decay; decomposed; rotten; — said of animal or vegetable matter; as putrid flesh. See Putrefaction. 2. Indicating or proceeding from a decayed state of animal or vegetable matter; as a putrid smell. Putrid fever (Med.), typhus fever; — so called from the decomposing and offensive state of the discharges and diseased textures of the body. — Putrid sore throat (Med.), a gangrenous inflammation of the fauces and pharynx.

Pu•trid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. putridite.] The quality of being putrid; putrefaction; rottenness.

Pu´trid•ness , n. Putridity. Floyer.

Pu´tri•fac•ted , a. [See Putrefy.] Putrefied. [Obs.] “What vermin bred of putrifacted slime.” Marston.

Pu•tri•fi•ca´tion , n. Putrefaction.

Pu´tri•fy , v. t. & i. To putrefy.

Pu´tri•lage , n. [F. putrilage, L. putrilago putrefaction.] That which is undergoing putrefaction; the products of putrefaction.

Pu´try , a. Putrid. [Obs.] Marston.

Pu´try, n. Putage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Put´ter , n. 1. One who puts or plates. 2. Specifically, one who pushes the small wagons in a coal mine, and the like. [Prov. Eng.]

Put´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puttered p. pr. & vb. n. Puttering.] [See Potter.] To act inefficiently or idly; to trifle; to potter.

Put´ter-on , n. An instigator. Shak.

Put´ti•er , n. One who putties; a glazier.

Put´ting , n. The throwing of a heavy stone, shot, etc., with the hand raised or extended from the shoulder; — originally, a Scottish game. Putting stone, a heavy stone used in the game of putting.

Put´tock , n. [Cf. Pout a young bird, Poult.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European kite. (b) The buzzard. (c) The marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.]

Put´tock, n. (Naut.) See Futtock. [Obs.]

Put´ty , n. [F. potee, fr. pot pot; what was formerly called putty being a substance resembling what is now called putty powder, and in part made of the metal of old pots. See Pot.] A kind of thick paste or cement compounded of whiting, or soft carbonate of lime, and linseed oil, when applied beaten or kneaded to the consistence of dough, — used in fastening glass in sashes, stopping crevices, and for similar purposes. Putty powder, an oxide of tin, or of tin and lead in various proportions, much used in polishing glass, metal, precious stones, etc.

Put´ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puttied p. pr. & vb. n. Puttying.] To cement, or stop, with putty.

Put´ty-faced , a. White-faced; — used contemptuously. Clarke.

Put´ty•root , n. (Bot.) An American orchidaceous plant (Aplectrum hyemale) which flowers in early summer. Its slender naked rootstock produces each year a solid corm, filled with exceedingly glutinous matter, which sends up later a single large oval evergreen plaited leaf. Called also Adam-and-Eve.

Put´-up , a. Arranged; plotted; — in a bad sense; as a put-up job. [Colloq.]

Pu´y , n. See Poy.

Puz´zel , n. [Cf. F. pucelle a virgin.] A harlot; a drab; a hussy. [Obs.] Shak.

Puz´zle , n. [For opposal, in the sense of problem. See Oppose, Pose, v.] 1. Something which perplexes or embarrasses; especially, a toy or a problem contrived for testing ingenuity; also something exhibiting marvelous skill in making. 2. The state of being puzzled; perplexity; as to be in a puzzle.

Puz´zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puzzled p. pr. & vb. n. Puzzling ] 1. To perplex; to confuse; to embarrass; to put to a stand; to nonplus. “A very shrewd disputant in those points is dexterous in puzzling others.” Dr. H. More. “He is perpetually puzzled and perplexed amidst his own blunders.” Addison. 2. To make intricate; to entangle. “They disentangle from the puzzled skein.” Cowper. “The ways of Heaven are dark and intricate,
Puzzled in mazes, and perplexed with error.” Addison. 3. To solve by ingenuity, as a puzzle; — followed by out; as to puzzle out a mystery. Syn. — To embarrass; perplex; confuse; bewilder; confound. See Embarrass.

Puz´zle, v. i. 1. To be bewildered, or perplexed. “A puzzling fool, that heeds nothing.” L’Estrange. 2. To work, as at a puzzle; as to puzzle over a problem.

Puz´zle•dom , n. The domain of puzzles; puzzles, collectively. C. Kingsley.

Puz´zle-head•ed , a. Having the head full of confused notions. Johnson.

Puz´zle•ment , n. The state of being puzzled; perplexity. Miss Mitford.

Puz´zler , n. One who, or that which, puzzles or perplexes. “Hebrew, the general puzzler of old heads.” Brome.

Puz´zling•ly , adv. In a puzzling manner. { Puz´zo•lan , Puz•zo•la´na } n. See Pozzuolana.

Py•ae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pus + blood.] (Med.) A form of blood poisoning produced by the absorption into the blood of morbid matters usually originating in a wound or local inflammation. It is characterized by the development of multiple abscesses throughout the body, and is attended with irregularly recurring chills, fever, profuse sweating, and exhaustion.

Py•ae´mic , a. Of or pertaining to pyaemia; of the nature of pyaemia.

Pyc•nas•pid´e•an , a. [Gr. thick, crowded + , , a shield.] (Zoöl.) Having the posterior side of the tarsus covered with small irregular scales; — said of certain birds.

Pyc•nid´i•um , n.; pl. Pycnidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. crowded.] (Bot.) In certain fungi, a flask-shaped cavity from the surface of the inner walls of which spores are produced.

Pyc´nite , n. [Gr. thick.] (Min.) A massive subcolumnar variety of topaz.

Pyc´no•dont , n. [Gr. thick, crowded + , , a tooth.] (Paleon.) Any fossil fish belonging to the Pycnodontini. They have numerous round, flat teeth, adapted for crushing.

Pyc•no•don´ti•ni , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extinct order of ganoid fishes. They had a compressed body, covered with dermal ribs (pleurolepida) and with enameled rhomboidal scales.

Pyc•nog´o•nid , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Pycnogonida.

Pyc•no•gon´i•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. thick crowded + knee.] (Zoöl.) A class of marine arthropods in which the body is small and thin, and the eight legs usually very long; — called also Pantopoda. The abdomen is rudimentary, and the triangular mouth is at the end of a tubular proboscis. Many of them live at great depths in the sea, and the largest of them measure two feet across the extended legs.

Pyc•nom´e•ter , n. [Gr. dense, compact + -meter.] (Physics) A specific gravity bottle; a standard flask for measuring and comparing the densities of liquids. [Also written pyknometer.]

Pyc´no•style , a. [Gr. with the pillars close together; close + a column, pillar: cf. F. pycnostyle.] (Anc. Arch.) See under Intercolumniation. -n. A pycnostyle colonnade.

Pye , n. See 2d Pie (b).

Pye´bald , a. See Piebald.

Py•e•li´tis n. [Gr. basin + - itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney.

Py•e´mi•a , n. (Med.) See PyAEmia.

Py´et , n. A magpie; a piet. [Prov. Eng.] “Here cometh the worthy prelate as pert as a pyet.” Sir W. Scott.

Py´gal , a. [Gr. the rump.] (Anat.) Situated in the region of the rump, or posterior end of the backbone; — applied especially to the posterior median plates in the carapace of chelonians. { Py´garg , Py•gar´gus }[L. pygargus, Gr. , literally, white rump; the rump + white: cf. F. pygargue.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped, probably the addax, an antelope having a white rump. Deut. xiv. 5. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The female of the hen harrier. (b) The sea eagle.

Py•gid´i•um , n.; pl. Pygidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , dim. of the rump.] (Zoöl.) The caudal plate of trilobites, crustacean, and certain insects. See Illust. of Limulus and Trilobite. { Pyg´my , Pyg•me´an } a. [L. pygmaeus. See Pygmy.] Of or pertaining to a pygmy; resembling a pygmy or dwarf; dwarfish; very small. ´ Like that Pygmean race.´ Milton. Pygmy antelope (Zoöl.), the kleeneboc. — Pygmy goose (Zoöl.), any species of very small geese of the genus Nettapus, native of Africa, India, and Australia. — Pygmy owl (Zoöl.), the gnome. — Pygmy parrot (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very small green parrots (Nasiternae), native of New Guinea and adjacent islands. They are not larger than sparrows.

Pyg´my, n.; pl. Pygmies (#). [L. pygmaeus, Gr. , fr. the fist, a measure of length, the distance from the elbow to the knuckles, about 131 inches. Cf. Pugnacious, Fist.] [Written also pigmy.] 1. (Class. Myth.) One of a fabulous race of dwarfs who waged war with the cranes, and were destroyed. 2. Hence, a short, insignificant person; a dwarf. “Pygmies are pygmies still, though perched on Alps.
And pyramids are pyramids in vales.” Young.

Py•go•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pugh• the rump + a gill.] (Zoöl.) A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks having the branchiae in a wreath or group around the anal opening, as in the genus Doris.

Py´go•pod , n. [Gr. pygh• rump + -pod.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the Pygopodes. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of serpentiform lizards of the family Pygopodidae, which have rudimentary hind legs near the anal cleft, but lack fore legs.

Py•gop´o•des , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of swimming birds which includes the grebes, divers, auks, etc., in which the legs are placed far back.

Py•gop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Pygopodes.

Py´go•style , n. [Gr. pygh• the rump + a pillar.] (Anat.) The plate of bone which forms the posterior end of the vertebral column in most birds; the plowshare bone; the vomer. It is formed by the union of a number of the last caudal vertebrae, and supports the uropigium.

Py´in , n. [Gr. pus.] (Physiol. (Chem.) An albuminoid constituent of pus, related to mucin, possibly a mixture of substances rather than a single body.

Py•ja´ma , n. [Hind. pae- jama, literally, leg clothing.] In India and Persia, thin loose trowsers or drawers; in Europe and America, drawers worn at night, or a kind of nightdress with legs. [Written also paijama.]

Pyk´ar , n. An ancient English fishing boat.

Py´la n.; pl. L. Pylae (#), E. Pylas (#). [NL., fr. Gr. an entrance.] (Anat.) The passage between the iter and optocœle in the brain. B. G. Wilder.

Pyl´a•gore , n. [Gr. ; Pylae, or Thermopylae, where the Amphictyonic council met + to assemble: cf. F. pylagore.] (Gr. Antiq.) a deputy of a State at the Amphictyonic council.

Py•lan´gi•um , n.; pl. Pylangia . [NL., from Gr. an entrance + a vessel.] (Anat.) The first and undivided part of the aortic trunk in the amphibian heart. — Py•lan´gi•al (#), a.

Py´lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a gateway.] (a) A low tower, having a truncated pyramidal form, and flanking an ancient Egyptian gateway. “Massive pylons adorned with obelisks in front.” J. W. Draper. (b) An Egyptian gateway to a large building (with or without flanking towers).

Py•lor´ic , a. [Cf. F. pylorique.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pylorus; as the pyloric end of the stomach.

Py•lo´rus , n.; pl. Pylori (#). [L., fr. Gr. pylorus, gate keeper; a gate + watcher, guardian.] (Anat.) (a) The opening from the stomach into the intestine. (b) A posterior division of the stomach in some invertebrates.

Pyne , n. & v. See Pine. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Py•noun´ , n. A pennant. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Py•o•cy´a•nin , n. [Gr. pus + dark blue.] (Physiol. (Chem.) A blue coloring matter found in the pus from old sores, supposed to be formed through the agency of a species of bacterium (Bacillus pyocyaneus).

Py•o•gen´ic , a. [Gr. pus + root of to be born.] (Med.) Producing or generating pus.

Py´oid , a. [Gr. pus + -- oid.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to pus; of the nature of, or like, pus. Pyoid corpuscles (Med.), cells of a size larger than pus corpuscles, containing two or more of the latter.

Py•op•neu•mo•tho´rax , n. [Gr. pus + E. pneumothorax.] (Med.) Accumulation of air, or other gas and of pus, in the pleural cavity.

Py´ot , n. (Zoöl.) The magpie. See Piet.

Py•o•xan´those , n. [Gr. pus + yellow.] (Physiol. (Chem.) A greenish yellow crystalline coloring matter found with pyocyanin in pus.

Pyr´a•canth , n. [Gr. fire + a thorn, prickly plant.] (Bot.) The evergreen thorn (Crataegus Pyracantha), a shrub native of Europe.

Py´ral , a. Of or pertaining to a pyre. [R.]

Pyr´a•lid , n. [L. pyralis, -idis, a kind of winged insect.] (Zoöl.) Any moth of the family Pyralidae. The species are numerous and mostly small, but some of them are very injurious, as the bee moth, meal moth, hop moth, and clover moth.

Pyr´a•mid , n. [L. pyramis, -idis, fr. Gr. , , of Egyptian origin: cf. F. pyramide.] 1. A solid body standing on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, and terminating in a point at the top; especially, a structure or edifice of this shape. 2. (Geom.) A solid figure contained by a plane rectilineal figure as base and several triangles which have a common vertex and whose bases are sides of the base. 3. pl. (Billiards) The game of pool in which the balls are placed in the form of a triangle at spot. [Eng.] Altitude of a pyramid (Geom.), the perpendicular distance from the vertex to the plane of the base. — Axis of a pyramid (Geom.), a straight line drawn from the vertex to the center of the base. — Earth pyramid. (Geol.) See Earth pillars, under Earth. — Right pyramid (Geom.) a pyramid whose axis is perpendicular to the base.

Py•ram•i•dal , a. [Cf. F. pyramidal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pyramid; in the form of a a pyramid; pyramidical; as pyramidal cleavage. “The mystic obelisks stand up
Triangular, pyramidal.” Mrs. Browning. 2. (Crystallog.) Same as Tetragonal. Pyramidal numbers (Math.), certain series of figurate numbers expressing the number of balls or points that may be arranged in the form of pyramids. Thus 1, 4, 10, 20, 35, etc., are triangular pyramidal numbers; and 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, etc., are square pyramidal numbers.

Py•ram´i•dal , n. (Anat.) One of the carpal bones. See Cuneiform, n., 2 (b).

Py•ram´i•dal•ly, adv. Like a pyramid. { Pyr•a•mid´ic , Pyr•a•mid´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to a pyramid; having the form of a pyramid; pyramidal. ´ A pyramidical rock.´ Goldsmith. ´Gold in pyramidic plenty piled.´ Shenstone. — Pyr•a•mid´ic•al•ly, adv. Pyr•a•mild´ic•al•ness, n.

Pyr•a•mid´i•on , n.; pl. Pyramidia (#). [NL., from L. pyramis. See Pyramid.] The small pyramid which crowns or completes an obelisk.

Py•ram´i•doid , n. [Gr. , , pyramid + -id: cf. F. pyramidoïde.] A solid resembling a pyramid; — called also pyramoid. Barlow.

Pyr´a•mis , n.; pl. Pyramides (#). [L.] A pyramid.

Pyr´a•moid , n. See Pyramidoid.

Py•rar´gy•rite , n. [Gr. fire + silver.] (Min.) Ruby silver; dark red silver ore. It is a sulphide of antimony and silver, occurring in rhombohedral crystals or massive, and is of a dark red or black color with a metallic adamantine luster.

Pyre , n. [L. pure, Gr. , fr. fire. See Fire.] A funeral pile; a combustible heap on which the dead are burned; hence, any pile to be burnt. “For nine long nights, through all the dusky air,
The pyres thick flaming shot a dismal glare.” Pope.

Py•re´na , n.; pl. Pyrenae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , the stone of fruit.] (Bot.) A nutlet resembling a seed, or the kernel of a drupe. Gray.

Py´rene , n. [Gr. fire.] (Chem.) One of the less volatile hydrocarbons of coal tar, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C16H10.

Py´rene, n. (Bot.) Same as Pyrena.

Pyr•e•ne´an , a. [L. Pyrenaei (sc. montes) the Pyrenees, fr. Pyrene, Gr. a daughter of Bebryx, beloved by Hercules, and buried upon these mountains.] Of or pertaining to the Pyrenees, a range of mountains separating France and Spain. — n. The Pyrenees. Shak.

Py•re´noid , n. [Gr. like a kernel. See Pyrena, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A transparent body found in the chromatophores of certain Infusoria.

Pyr´eth•rin , n. [NL. Pyrethrum, generic name of feverfew, Gr. feverfew.] (Chem.) A substance resembling, and isomeric with, ordinary camphor, and extracted from the essential oil of feverfew; — called also Pyrethrum camphor.

Pyr´eth•rine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from the root of the pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum).

Py•ret´ic , a. [Gr. burning heat, fever, from fire: cf. F. pyretique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to fever; febrile.

Pyr•e•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. fever + -logy: cf. F. pyretologie.] (Med.) A discourse or treatise on fevers; the doctrine of fevers. Hooper.

Py•rex´i•a , n.; pl. Pyrexiae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. to be feverish, akin to fever.] (Med.) The febrile condition. { Py•rex´i•al , Py•rex´ic•al } a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to fever; feverish.

Pyr´gom , n. [Gr. a place furnished with towers, fr. a tower.] (Min.) A variety of pyroxene; — called also fassaite.

Pyr•he•li•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. fire + sun + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the direct heating effect of the sun’s rays.

Py•rid´ic , a. (Physiol. Chem.) Related to, or formed from, pyridin or its homologues; as the pyridic bases.

Pyr´i•dine , n. [From Gr. fire.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous base, C5H5N, obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor. It is the nucleus of a large number of organic substances, among which several vegetable alkaloids, as nicotine and certain of the ptomaïnes, may be mentioned. See Lutidine.

Pyr´i•dyl , n. [Pyridine + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, C5H4N, regarded as the essential residue of pyridine, and analogous to phenyl.

Pyr´i•form , a. [L. pyrum, pirum, a pear + -form: cf. F. pyriforme, piriforme.] Having the form of a pear; pear- shaped.

Pyr•i•ta´ceous , a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to pyrites. See Pyritic.

Pyr´ite , n.; pl. Pyrites (#). [Cf. F. pyrite. See Pyrites.] (Min.) A common mineral of a pale brass- yellow color and brilliant metallic luster, crystallizing in the isometric system; iron pyrites; iron disulphide. “Hence sable coal his massy couch extends,
And stars of gold the sparkling pyrite blends.” E. Darwin.

Py•ri´tes , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. fire. See Pyre.] (Min.) A name given to a number of metallic minerals, sulphides of iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and tin, of a white or yellowish color. The term was originally applied to the mineral pyrite, or iron pyrites, in allusion to its giving sparks when struck with steel. Arsenical pyrites, arsenopyrite. — Auriferous pyrites. See under Auriferous. — Capillary pyrites, millerite. — Common pyrites, isometric iron disulphide; pyrite. — Hair pyrites, millerite. — Iron pyrites. See Pyrite. — Magnetic pyrites, pyrrhotite. — Tin pyrites, stannite. — White iron pyrites, orthorhombic iron disulphide; marcasite. This includes cockscomb pyrites (a variety of marcasite, named in allusion to its form), spear pyrites, etc. — Yellow, or Copper, pyrites, the sulphide of copper and iron; chalcopyrite. { Py•rit´ic , Py•rit´ic•al } a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to pyrites; consisting of, or resembling, pyrites.

Pyr•i•tif´er•ous , a. [Pyrites + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing or producing pyrites.

Pyr´i•tize , v. t. [Cf. F. pyritiser.] To convert into pyrites.

Pyr•i•to•he´dral , a. [See Pyritohedron.] (Crystallog.) Like pyrites in hemihedral form.

Pyr•i•to•he´dron , n. [Pyrite + Gr. base.] (Crystallog.) The pentagonal dodecahedron, a common form of pyrite.

Pyr´i•toid , n. [Pyrite + - oid.] (Crystallog.) Pyritohedron. [R.]

Pyr•i•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. of fire + -logy.] The science of blowpipe analysis.

Pyr´i•tous , a. Pyritic. { Pyro- , Pyr- }. [Gr. , , fire.] Combining forms designating fire or heat; specifically (Chem.), used to imply an actual or theoretical derivative by the action of heat; as in pyrophosphoric, pyrosulphuric, pyrotartaric, pyrotungstic, etc.

Py´ro , n. (Photog.) Abbreviation of pyrogallic acid. [Colloq.]

Pyr•o•a•ce´tic , a. [Pyro- + acetic: cf. F. pyroacetique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, and designating, a substance (acetone) obtained by the distillation of the acetates. It is now called also pyroacetic ether, and formerly was called pyroacetic spirit.

Pyr•o•ac´id , n. [Pyro- + acid.] (Chem.) An acid obtained by sybjecting another acid to the action of heat. Cf. Pyro-.

Pyr•o•an•ti•mo´nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyroantimonic acid.

Pyr•o•an•ti•mon´ic , a. [Pyro- + antimonic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of antimony analogous to pyrophosphoric acid.

Pyr•o•ar´se•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyroarsenic acid.

Pyr•o•ar•sen´ic , a. [Pyro- + arsenic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to or designating, an acid of arsenic analogous to pyrophosphoric acid.

Pyr•o•bo´rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyroboric acid.

Pyr•o•bo´ric , a. [Pyro- + boric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to derived from, or designating, an acid, H2B4O7 (called also tetraboric acid), which is the acid ingredient of ordinary borax, and is obtained by heating boric acid.

Pyr•o•cat´e•chin , n. [Pyro- + catechu.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C6H4(OH)2, of the phenol series, found in various plants; — so called because first obtained by distillation of gum catechu. Called also catechol, oxyphenol. etc.

Pyr´o•chlore , n. [Pyro- + Gr. pale green.] (Min.) A niobate of calcium, cerium, and other bases, occurring usually in octahedrons of a yellowish or brownish color and resinous luster; — so called from its becoming grass-green on being subjected to heat under the blowpipe.

Pyr•o•cit´ric , a. [Pyro- + citric: cf. F. pyrocitrique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, any one of three acids obtained by the distillation of citric acid, and called respectively citraconic, itaconic, and mesaconic acid.

Pyr´o•coll (pir´o•kol), n. [Puro- + Gr. ko•lla glue.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance allied to pyrrol, obtained by the distillation of gelatin.

Pyr•o•e•lec´tric , a. [Pyro- + electric.] (Physics) Pertaining to, or dependent on, pyroelectricity; receiving electric polarity when heated.

Pyr•o•e•lec´tric, n. (Physics) A substance which becomes electrically polar when heated, exhibiting opposite charges of statical electricity at two separate parts, especially the two extremities.

Pyr•o•e•lec•tric´i•ty , n. (Physics) Electricity developed by means of heat; the science which treats of electricity thus developed.

Pyr•o•gal´late , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyrogallic acid; an ether of pyrogallol.

Pyr•o•gal´lic , a. [Pyro- + gallic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid called pyrogallol. See Pyrogallol.

Pyr•o•gal´lol , n. [Pyrogallic + -ol.] (Chem.) A phenol metameric with phloroglucin, obtained by the distillation of gallic acid as a poisonous white crystalline substance having acid properties, and hence called also pyrogallic acid. It is a strong reducer, and is used as a developer in photography and in the production of certain dyes.

Pyr´o•gen , n. [See Pyrogenous.] 1. Electricity. [R.] 2. (Physiol. Chem.) A poison separable from decomposed meat infusions, and supposed to be formed from albuminous matter through the agency of bacteria.

Pyr•o•gen´ic , a. [Pyro- + -gen + -ic.] (Physiol.) Producing heat; — said of substances, as septic poisons, which elevate the temperature of the body and cause fever.

Py•rog´e•nous , a. [Gr. fire + genous: cf. F. purogène, Gr. .] Produced by fire; igneous. Mantell. .

Pyr•og•nos´tic , a. [Pyro- + Gr. to know.] (Min.) Of or pertaining to characters developed by the use of heat; pertaining to the characters of minerals when examined before the blowpipe; as the pyrognostic characters of galena.

Pyr•og•nos´tics , n. pl. (Min.) The characters of a mineral observed by the use of the blowpipe, as the degree of fusibility, flame coloration, etc.

Py•rog´ra•phy , n. [Pyro- + -graphy.] A process of printing, ornamenting, or carving, by burning with heated instruments.

Py•rol´a•tor , n. [See Pyrolatry.] A fire worshiper. [R.] Southey.

Py•rol´a•try , n. [Pyro- + Gr. worship: cf. F. pyrolâtrie.] The worship of fire. Young. { Pyr•o•lig´ne•ous , Pyr•o•lig´nic } a. [Pyro-+ L. lignum wood: cf. F. pyroligneux.] (Old Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, the acid liquid obtained in the distillation of wood, consisting essentially of impure acetic acid.

Pyr•o•lig´nous , a. Same as Pyroligneous.

Pyr•o•lith´ic , a. [Pyro- + lithic.] (Old Chem.) Same as Pyrouric, or Cyanuric.

Py•rol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in, or makes a study of, pyrology.

Py•rol´o•gy , n. [Pyro- + - logy: cf. F. pyrologie.] That branch of physical science which treats of the properties, phenomena, or effects of heat; also a treatise on heat.

Pyr•o•lu´site , n. [Pyro- + Gr. to loose, or a loosing.] (Min.) Manganese dioxide, a mineral of an iron-black or dark steel-gray color and metallic luster, usually soft. Pyrolusite parts with its oxygen at a red heat, and is extensively used in discharging the brown and green tints of glass (whence its name).

Pyr•o•mag•net´ic , a. [Pyro- + magnetic.] (Physics) Acting by the agency of heat and magnetism; as a pyromagnetic machine for producing electric currents.

Pyr•o•ma´late , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyromalic acid. [Obs.]

Pyr•o•ma´lic , a. [Pyro- + malic.] (Old Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called maleic acid.

Pyr´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. ; fire + divination: cf. F. pyromancie.] Divination by means of fire.

Pyr´o•ma´ni•a , n. [Pyro- + mania.] An insane disposition to incendiarism.

Pyr´o•man´tic , a. Of or pertaining to pyromancy.

Pyr•o•man´tic, n. [Cf. Gr. .] One who pretends to divine by fire. Sir T. Herbert.

Py•rom´e•ter , n. [Pyro- + -meter: cf. F. pyromètre.] 1. (Physics) An instrument used for measuring the expansion of solid bodies by heat. 2. (Physics) An instrument for measuring degrees of heat above those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. It is usually constructed so as to register the change which the heat to be measured produces in the length of some expansible substance, as a metallic rod, or in the intensity of a thermo-electric current. { Pyr•o•met´ric , Pyr•o•met´ric•al } a. [Cf. F. pyrometrique.] (Physics) Pertaining to, or obtained by, the pyrometer; as pyrometrical instruments; pyrometrical measurements.

Py•rom´e•try , n. The art of measuring degrees of heat, or the expansion of bodies by heat.

Pyr•o•mor´phite , n. [G. pyromorphit, from Gr. fire + form.] (Min.) Native lead phosphate with lead chloride, occurring in bright green and brown hexagonal crystals and also massive; — so called because a fused globule crystallizes in cooling.

Pyr•o•mor´phous , a. [Pyro- + -morphous.] (Min.) Having the property of crystallizing by the agency of fire.

Pyr•o•mu´cate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyromucic acid.

Pyr•o•mu´cic , a. [Pyro- + mucic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid obtained as a white crystalline substance by the distillation of mucic acid, or by the oxidation of furfurol.

Pyr•o•nom´ics , n. [Pyro- + Gr. law.] The science of heat.

Pyr´ope , n. [L. pyropus a kind of red bronze, fr. Gr. ; fire + the eye, face: cf. F. pyrope.] (Min.) A variety of garnet, of a poppy or blood-red color, frequently with a tinge of orange. It is used as a gem. See the Note under Garnet.

Pyr´o•phane , n. [See Pyrophanous.] (Min.) A mineral which is opaque in its natural state, but is said to change its color and become transparent by heat.

Py•roph´a•nous , a. [Pyro- + Gr. to show, pass, to shine.] Rendered transparent by heat.

Pyr´o•phone , n. [Pyro- + Gr. sound.] A musical instrument in which the tones are produced by flames of hydrogen, or illuminating gas burning in tubes of different sizes and lengths. { Pyr•o•phor´ic , Py•roph´o•rous } a. [Pyro- + Gr. to bear.] Light- producing; of or pertaining to pyrophorus. Pyrophoric iron (Chem.), finely reduced iron, which ignites spontaneously on contact with air.

Py•roph´o•rus , n. [NL. See Pyrophorous.] (Old Chem.) Any one of several substances or mixtures which phosphoresce or ignite spontaneously on exposure to air, as a heated mixture of alum, potash, and charcoal, or a mixture of charcoal and finely divided lead.

Pyr´o•phos´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyrophosphoric acid.

Pyr•o•phos•phor´ic , a. [Pyro- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, H4P2O7, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance. Its salts are obtained by heating the phosphates.

Py•roph´yl•lite , n. [Pyro- + Gr. leaf.] (Min.) A mineral, usually of a white or greenish color and pearly luster, consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of alumina.

Pyr´o•scope , n. [Pyro- + - scope: cf. F. pyroscope.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of heat radiating from a fire, or the cooling influence of bodies. It is a differential thermometer, having one bulb coated with gold or silver leaf. [R.]

Py•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr Gr. a burning, an inflammation, fr. to burn, fr. fire.] (Med.) See Water brash, under Brash.

Py•ros´ma•lite , n. [Pyro- + Gr. odor + -like. ] (Min.) A mineral, usually of a pale brown or of a gray or grayish green color, consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of iron and manganese; — so called from the odor given off before the blowpipe.

Pyr´o•some , n. [Pyro- + - some body.] (Zoöl.) Any compound ascidian of the genus Pyrosoma. The pyrosomes form large hollow cylinders, sometimes two or three feet long, which swim at the surface of the sea and are very phosphorescent.

Pyr•o•sul´phate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyrosulphuric acid.

Pyr•o•sul•phu´ric , a. [Pyro- + -sulphuric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid called also disulphuric acid) obtained by distillation of certain sulphates, as a colorless, thick, oily liquid, H2S2O7 resembling sulphuric acid. It is used in the solution of indigo, in the manufacture of alizarin, and in dehydration.

Pyr•o•tar•tar´ic , a. [Pyro- + tartaric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a white crystalline substance by the distillation of tartaric acid.

Pyr•o•tar´trate , n. (Chem.) A salt of pyrotartaric acid.

Pyr•o•tech´ni•an , n. A pyrotechnist. { Pyr•o•tech´nic , Pyr•o•tech´nic•al } a. [Pyro- + technic, technical: cf. F. pyrotechnique. See Fire, Technical.] Of or pertaining to fireworks, or the art of forming them. Pyrotechnical sponge. See under Sponge.

Pyr•o•tech•ni´cian , n. A pyrotechnist.

Pyr•o•tech´nics , n. The art of making fireworks; the manufacture and use of fireworks; pyrotechny.

Pyr•o•tech´nist , n. One skilled in pyrotechny; one who manufactures fireworks. Steevens.

Pyr•o•tech•ny , n. [Cf. F. pyrotechnie.] 1. The use and application of fire in science and the arts. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. Same as Pyrotechnics.

Py•roth´o•nide , n. [Pyro- + Gr. linen.] (Med.) A kind of empyreumatic oil produced by the combustion of textures of hemp, linen, or cotton in a copper vessel, — formerly used as a remedial agent. Dunglison.

Py•rot´ic , a. [Gr. , fr. to burn, fr. , , fire: cf. F. pyrotique.] Caustic. See Caustic. — n. (Med.) A caustic medicine.

Pyr•o•tri•tar•tar´ic , a. [Pyro- + tri- + tartaric.] (Chem.) Designating an acid which is more commonly called uric acid.

Pyr•o•tung´stic , a. (Chem.) Polytungstic. See Metatungstic.

Pyr•o•ü´ric , a. [Pyro- + uric.] (Old Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called cyanuric acid. See Cyanuric.

Pyr•o•va•nad´ic , a. [Pyro- + vanadic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of vanadium, analogous to pyrophosphoric acid.

Pyr•o•xan´thin , n. [Pyro- + Gr. yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline hydrocardon extracted from crude wood spirit; — called also eblanin.

Pyr´ox•ene , n. [F. pyroxène, from Gr. fire + a stranger; — so called because it was supposed to the be a stranger, or of rare occurrence, in igneous rocks,] (Min.) A common mineral occurring in monoclinic crystals, with a prismatic angle of nearly 90°, and also in massive forms which are often laminated. It varies in color from white to dark green and black, and includes many varieties differing in color and composition, as diopside, malacolite, salite, coccolite, augite, etc. They are all silicates of lime and magnesia with sometimes alumina and iron. Pyroxene is an essential constituent of many rocks, especially basic igneous rocks, as basalt, gabbro, etc. The pyroxene group contains pyroxene proper, also the related orthorhombic species, enstatite, bronzite, hypersthene, and various monoclinic and triclinic species, as rhodonite, etc.

Pyr•ox•en´ic , a. [Cf. F. pyroxenique.] Containing pyroxene; composed chiefly of pyroxene.

Py•rox´e•nite , n. (Min.) A rock consisting essentially of pyroxene.

Py•rox´yle , n. [Cf. F. pyroxyle. See Pyroxylic, -yl.]

Pyr•ox•yl´ic , a. [Pyro- + Gr. wood.] (Old Chem.) Derived from wood by distillation; — formerly used in designating crude wood spirit.

Py•rox´y•lin , n. (Chem.) A substance resembling gun cotton in composition and properties, but distinct in that it is more highly nitrified and is soluble in alcohol, ether, etc.; — called also pyroxyle.

Pyr´rhic , a. [L. pyrrhichius, Gr. belonging to the (sc. ) a kind of war dance.] 1. Of or pertaining to an ancient Greek martial dance. ´ ye have the pyrrhic dance as yet.´ Byron. 2. (Pros.) Of or pertaining to a pyrrhic, or to pyrrhics; containing pyrrhic; as a pyrrhic verse.

Pyr´rhic, n. 1. [Gr. : cf. F. pyrrhique, fem.] An ancient Greek martial dance, to the accompaniment of the flute, its time being very quick. 2. [L. pyrrhichius (sc. pes), Gr. (sc. ): cf. F. pyrrhique, masc.] (Pros.) A foot consisting of two short syllables.

Pyr´rhi•cist , n. (Gr. Antiq.) One two danced the pyrrhic. { Pyr•rho´ne•an , Pyr•rhon´ic } a. [L. Pyrrhonêus: cf. F. pyrrhonien.] Of or pertaining to pyrrhonism.

Pyr´rho•nism , n. [From Pyrrho, the founder of a school of skeptics in Greece (about 300 b. c.): cf. F. pyrrhonisme.] Skepticism; universal doubt.

Pyr´rho•nist , n. A follower of Pyrrho; a skeptic. { Pyr´rho•tine , Pyr´rho•tite } n. [Gr. flame-colored, fr. fire.] (Min.) A bronze-colored mineral, of metallic luster. It is a sulphide of iron, and is remarkable for being attracted by the magnet. Called also magnetic pyrites.

Pyr´rol , n. [Gr. flame-colored (from fire) + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base found in coal tar, bone oil, and other distillates of organic substances, and also produced synthetically as a colorless liquid, C4H5N, having on odor like that of chloroform. It is the nucleus and origin of a large number of derivatives. So called because it colors a splinter of wood moistened with hydrochloric acid a deep red.

Pyr´ro•line , n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, C4H7N, obtained as a colorless liquid by the reduction of pyrrol.

Pyr´u•la , n. [NL., fr. L. pyrus a pear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large marine gastropods. having a pear-shaped shell. It includes the fig-shells. See Illust. in Appendix.

Py•ru´ric , a. Same as Pyroüric.

Py´rus , n. [L. pyrus, or better pirus, pear tree.] (Bot.) A genus of rosaceous trees and shrubs having pomes for fruit. It includes the apple, crab apple, pear, chokeberry, sorb, and mountain ash.

Py•ru´vic , a. [Pyro- + L. uva a grape.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also pyroracemic acid) obtained, as a liquid having a pungent odor, by the distillation of racemic acid.

Py•ru´vil , n. (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous compound obtained by heating together pyruvic acid and urea.

Pyth•a•go´re•an , a. [L. Pythagoreus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Pythagoras (a Greek philosopher, born about 582 b. c.), or his philosophy. “The central thought of the Pythagorean philosophy is the idea of number, the recognition of the numerical and mathematical relations of things.” Encyc. Brit. Pythagorean proposition (Geom.), the theorem that the square described upon the hypothenuse of a plane right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares described upon the other two sides. — Pythagorean system (Astron.), the commonly received system of astronomy, first taught by Pythagoras and afterward revived by Copernicus, whence it is also called the Copernican system. — Pythagorean letter. See Y.

Pyth•a•go´re•an , n. A follower of Pythagoras; one of the school of philosophers founded by Pythagoras.

Pyth•a•go´re•an•ism , n. The doctrines of Pythagoras or the Pythagoreans. “As a philosophic school Pythagoreanism became extinct in Greece about the middle of the 4th century [B. C.].” Encyc. Brit. { Pyth•a•gor´ic , Pyth•a•gor´ic•al } a.[L. Pythagoricus, Gr. : cf. F. pythagorique.] See Pythagorean, a.

Py•thag´o•rism , n. [Gr. .] The doctrines taught by Pythagoras. Pythagoras made numbers the basis of his philosophical system, as well physical as metaphysical. The doctrine of the transmigration of souls (metempsychosis) is associated closely with name of Pythagoras.

Py•thag´o•rize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pythagorized p. pr. & vb. n. Pythagorizing ] [Gr. .] To speculate after the manner of Pythagoras.

Pyth´i•ad , n. [See Pythian.] (Gr. Antiq.) The period intervening between one celebration of the Pythian games and the next.

Pyth´i•an , a. [L. Pythius, Gr. belonging to Pytho, the older name of Delphi and its environs: cf. F. pythien.] Of or pertaining to Delphi, to the temple of Apollo, or to the priestess of Apollo, who delivered oracles at Delphi. Pythian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national festivals of ancient Greece, celebrated near Delphi, in honor of Apollo, the conqueror of the dragon Python, at first once in eight years, afterward once in four.

Pyth•o•cen´ic , a. [Gr. to rot + origin.] Producing decomposition, as diseases which are supposed to be accompanied or caused by decomposition.

Py´thon , n. [NL., fr. L. Python the serpent slain near Delphi by Apollo, Gr. .] 1. (Zoöl.) Any species of very large snakes of the genus Python, and allied genera, of the family Pythonidae. They are nearly allied to the boas. Called also rock snake. The pythons have small pelvic bones, or anal spurs, two rows of subcaudal scales, and pitted labials. They are found in Africa, Asia, and the East Indies. 2. A diviner by spirits. ´[Manasses] observed omens, and appointed pythons.´ 4 Kings xxi. 6 (Douay version).

Pyth´o•ness , n. [L. pythonissa: cf. F. pythonisse. See Pythian.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The priestess who gave oracular answers at Delphi in Greece. 2. Any woman supposed to have a spirit of divination; a sort of witch. Bp. Hall.

Py•thon´ic , a. [L. pythonicus, Gr. . See Pythian.] Prophetic; oracular; pretending to foretell events.

Pyth´o•nism , n. The art of predicting events after the manner of the priestess of Apollo at Delphi; equivocal prophesying.

Pyth´o•nist , n. A conjurer; a diviner.

Pyth•o•no•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL. See Python, and -morphous.] (Paleon.) Same as Mosasauria.

Py•u´ri•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. pus + urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which pus is discharged in the urine.

Pyx , n. [L. pyxis a box, Gr. pyxi•s a box, especially of boxwood, fr. py•xos the box tree or boxwood. See Box a receptacle.] [Written also pix.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The box, case, vase, or tabernacle, in which the host is reserved. 2. A box used in the British mint as a place of deposit for certain sample coins taken for a trial of the weight and fineness of metal before it is sent from the mint. Mushet. 3. (Naut.) The box in which the compass is suspended; the binnacle. Weale. 4. (Anat.) Same as Pyxis. Pyx cloth (R. C. Ch.), a veil of silk or lace covering the pyx. — Trial of the pyx, the annual testing, in the English mint, of the standard of gold and silver coins. Encyc. Brit.

Pyx, v. t. To test as to weight and fineness, as the coins deposited in the pyx. [Eng.] Mushet.

Pyx´i•date , a. Having a pyxidium.

Pyx•id´i•um , n.; pl. Pyxidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , dim. a a box. See Pyx.] (Bot.) (a) A pod which divides circularly into an upper and lower half, of which the former acts as a kind of lid, as in the pimpernel and purslane. (b) The theca of mosses.

Pyx´ie (piks´i), n. (Bot.) Same as Pixy.

Pyx•is , n. [L.] 1. A box; a pyx. 2. (Bot.) A pyxidium. 3. (Anat.) The acetabulum. See Acetabulum, 2. Q.

Q (ku), the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet, has but one sound (that of k), and is always followed by u, the two letters together being sounded like kw, except in some words in which the u is silent. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 249. Q is not found in Anglo-Saxon, cw being used instead of qu; as in cwic, quick; cwen, queen. The name (ku) is from the French ku, which is from the Latin name of the same letter; its form is from the Latin, which derived it, through a Greek alphabet, from the Phœnician, the ultimate origin being Egyptian. Etymologically, q or qu is most nearly related to a (ch, tch), p, q, and wh; as in cud, quid, L. equus, ecus, horse, Gr. , whence E. equine, hippic; L. quod which, E. what; L. aquila, E. eaqle; E. kitchen, OE. kichene, AS. cycene, L. coquina.

Qua , conj. [L., abl. of qui who.] In so far as; in the capacity or character of; as. “It is with Shelley’s biographers qua biographers that we have to deal.” London Spectator.

Quab , n. [Cf. D. kwab eelpout, Dan. quabbe, G. quabbe, quappe, LG. quabbe a fat lump of flesh, and L. capito a kind of fish with a large head, fr. caput the head, also E. squab.] An unfledged bird; hence, something immature or unfinished. Ford.

Quab, v. i. See Quob, v. i.

Qua´-bird , n. (Zoöl.) The American night heron. See under Night.

Qua´cha , n. (Zoöl.) The quagga.

Quack , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Qvacked p. pr. & vb. n. Quacking.] [Of imitative origin; cf. D. kwaken, G. quacken, quaken, Icel. kvaka to twitter.] 1. To utter a sound like the cry of a duck. 2. To make vain and loud pretensions; to boast. ´ To quack of universal cures.´ Hudibras. 3. To act the part of a quack, or pretender.

Quack, n. 1. The cry of the duck, or a sound in imitation of it; a hoarse, quacking noise. Chaucer. 2. [Cf. Quacksalver.] A boastful pretender to medical skill; an empiric; an ignorant practitioner. 3. Hence, one who boastfully pretends to skill or knowledge of any kind not possessed; a charlatan. “Quacks political; quacks scientific, academical.” Carlyle.

Quack, a. Pertaining to or characterized by, boasting and pretension; used by quacks; pretending to cure diseases; as a quack medicine; a quack doctor.

Quack´er•y , n.; pl. Quackeries . The acts, arts, or boastful pretensions of a quack; false pretensions to any art; empiricism. Carlyle.

Quack´ grass (Bot.) See Quitch grass.

Quack´ish, a. Like a quack; boasting; characterized by quackery. Burke.

Quack´ism , n. Quackery. Carlyle.

Quac´kle , v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Quackled p. pr. & vb. n. Quackling ] [Cf.Querken.] To suffocate; to choke. [Prov. Eng.]

Quack´sal•ver , n. [D. kwakzalver; cf. kwakzalven to quack or boast of one’s salves. See Quack, Salve, n.] One who boasts of his skill in medicines and salves, or of the efficacy of his prescriptions; a charlatan; a quack; a mountebank. [Obs.] Burton. { Quad , Quade }, a. [Akin to AS. cwaed, cwead, dung, evil, G. kot, dung, OHG. quat.] Evil; bad; baffling; as a quade wind. [Obs.] “Sooth play, quad play, as the Fleming saith.” Chaucer.

Quad, n. (Print.) A quadrat.

Quad, n. (Arch.) A quadrangle; hence, a prison. [Cant or Slang]

Quad´ra , n.; pl. Quadrae (#). [L., a square, the socle, a platband, a fillet.] (Arch.) (a) The plinth, or lowest member, of any pedestal, podium, water table, or the like. (b) A fillet, or listel.

Quad´ra•ble , a.[See Quadrate.] (Math.) That may be sqyared, or reduced to an equivalent square; — said of a surface when the area limited by a curve can be exactly found, and expressed in a finite number of algebraic terms.

Quad•ra•ge•na´ri•ous , a. [L. quadragenarius, fr. qyadrageni forty each.] Consisting of forty; forty years old.

Quad´ra•gene , n. [LL. quadragena, fr. L. quadrageni forty each, akin to quadraginta forty.] (R. C. Ch.) An indulgence of forty days, corresponding to the forty days of ancient canonical penance.

Quad•ra•ges´i•ma , n. [L., fr. quadragesimus the fortieth, fr. quadraginta forty; akin to quattuor four. See Four.] (Eccl.) The forty days of fast preceding Easter; Lent. Quadragesima Sunday, the first Sunday in Lent, about forty days before Easter.

Quad•ra•ges´i•mal , a. [Cf. F. quadragesimal.] Belonging to Lent; used in Lent; Lenten.

Quad•ra•ges´i•mals , n. pl. Offerings formerly made to the mother church of a diocese on Mid- Lent Sunday.

Quad´ran•gle , n. [F., fr. L. quadrangulum; quattuor four + angulus an angle. See Four, and Angle a corner.] 1. (Geom.) A plane figure having four angles, and consequently four sides; any figure having four angles. 2. A square or quadrangular space or inclosure, such a space or court surrounded by buildings, esp. such a court in a college or public school in England.

Quad•ran´gu•lar , a. [Cf. F. quadrangulaire.] Having four angles, and consequently four sides; tetragonal. — Quad•ran´gu•lar•ly, adv.

Quad´rans , n.; pl. Quadrantes (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A fourth part of the coin called an as. See 3d as 2. 2. The fourth of a penny; a farthing. See Cur.

Quad´rant , n. [L. quadrans, -antis, a fourth part, a fourth of a whole, fr. quattuor four: cf. F. quadrant, cadran. See Four, and cf. Cadrans.] 1. The fourth part; the quarter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Geom.) The quarter of a circle, or of the circumference of a circle, an arc of 90°, or one subtending a right angle at the center. 3. (Anal. (Geom.) One of the four parts into which a plane is divided by the coördinate axes. The upper right-hand part is the first quadrant; the upper left-hand part the second; the lower left-hand part the third; and the lower right-hand part the fourth quadrant. 4. An instrument for measuring altitudes, variously constructed and mounted for different specific uses in astronomy, surveying, gunnery, etc., consisting commonly of a graduated arc of 90°, with an index or vernier, and either plain or telescopic sights, and usually having a plumb line or spirit level for fixing the vertical or horizontal direction. Gunner’s quadrant, an instrument consisting of a graduated limb, with a plumb line or spirit level, and an arm by which it is applied to a cannon or mortar in adjusting it to the elevation required for attaining the desired range. — Gunter’s quadrant. See Gunter’s quadrant, in the Vocabulary. — Hadley’s quadrant, a hand instrument used chiefly at sea to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial body in ascertaining the vessel’s position. It consists of a frame in the form of an octant having a graduated scale upon its arc, and an index arm, or alidade pivoted at its apex. Mirrors, called the index glass and the horizon glass, are fixed one upon the index arm and the other upon one side of the frame, respectively. When the instrument is held upright, the index arm may be swung so that the index glass will reflect an image of the sun upon the horizon glass, and when the reflected image of the sun coincides, to the observer’s eye, with the horizon as seen directly through an opening at the side of the horizon glass, the index shows the sun’s altitude upon the scale; — more properly, but less commonly, called an octant. — Quadrant of altitude, an appendage of the artificial globe, consisting of a slip of brass of the length of a quadrant of one of the great circles of the globe, and graduated. It may be fitted to the meridian, and being movable round to all points of the horizon, serves as a scale in measuring altitudes, azimuths, etc.

Quad•ran´tal , a. [L. quadrantalis containing the fourth fourth part of a measure.] (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a quadrant; also included in the fourth part of a circle; as quadrantal space. Quadrantal triangle, a spherical triangle having one side equal to a quadrant or arc of 90°. — Quadrantal versor, a versor that expresses rotation through one right angle.

Quad•ran´tal, n. [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A cubical vessel containing a Roman cubic foot, each side being a Roman square foot; — used as a measure. 2. A cube. [R.]

Quad´rat , n. [F. quadrat, cadrat. See Quadrate.] 1. (Print.) A block of type metal lower than the letters, — used in spacing and in blank lines. [Abbrev. quad.] 2. An old instrument used for taking altitudes; — called also geometrical square, and line of shadows.

Quad´rate , a. [L. quadratus squared, p. p. of quadrare to make four-cornered, to make square, to square, to fit, suit, from quadrus square, quattuor four. See Quadrant, and cf. Quadrat, Quarry an arrow, Square.] 1. Having four equal sides, the opposite sides parallel, and four right angles; square. “Figures, some round, some triangle, some quadrate.” Foxe. 2. Produced by multiplying a number by itself; square. ´ Quadrate and cubical numbers.´ Sir T. Browne. 3. Square; even; balanced; equal; exact. [Archaic] ´ A quadrate, solid, wise man.´ Howell. 4. Squared; suited; correspondent. [Archaic] ´ A generical description quadrate to both.´ Harvey. Quadrate bone (Anat.), a bone between the base of the lower jaw and the skull in most vertebrates below the mammals. In reptiles and birds it articulates the lower jaw with the skull; in mammals it is represented by the malleus or incus.

Quad´rate , n. [L. quadratum. See Quadrate, a.] 1. (Geom.) A plane surface with four equal sides and four right angles; a square; hence, figuratively, anything having the outline of a square. “At which command, the powers militant
That stood for heaven, in mighty quadrate joined.” Milton. 2. (Astrol.) An aspect of the heavenly bodies in which they are distant from each other 90°, or the quarter of a circle; quartile. See the Note under Aspect, 6. 3. (Anat.) The quadrate bone.

Quad´rate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quadrated p. pr. & vb. n. Quadrating.] [See Quadrate, a.] To square; to agree; to suit; to correspond; — followed by with. [Archaic] “The objections of these speculatists of its forms do not quadrate with their theories.” Burke.

Quad´rate, v. t. To adjust (a gun) on its carriage; also to train (a gun) for horizontal firing.

Quad•rat´ic , a. [Cf. F. quadratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a square, or to squares; resembling a quadrate, or square; square. 2. (Crystallog.) Tetragonal. 3. (Alg.) Pertaining to terms of the second degree; as a quadratic equation, in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a square.

Quad•rat´ics , n. (Alg.) That branch of algebra which treats of quadratic equations.

Quad•ra•to•ju´gal , a. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the quadrate and jugal bones. (b) Of or pertaining to the quadratojugal bone. — n. The quadratojugal bone. Quadratojugal bone (Anat.), a bone at the base of the lower jaw in many animals.

Quad•ra´trix , n.; pl. -trixes (#), or -trices (#). [NL.] (Geom.) A curve made use of in the quadrature of other curves; as the quadratrix, of Dinostratus, or of Tschirnhausen.

Quad´ra•ture , n. [L. quadratura: cf. F. quadrature. See Quadrate, a.] 1. (Math.) The act of squaring; the finding of a square having the same area as some given curvilinear figure; as the quadrature of a circle; the operation of finding an expression for the area of a figure bounded wholly or in part by a curved line, as by a curve, two ordinates, and the axis of abscissas. 2. A quadrate; a square. Milton. 3. (Integral Calculus) The integral used in obtaining the area bounded by a curve; hence, the definite integral of the product of any function of one variable into the differential of that variable. 4. (Astron.) The position of one heavenly body in respect to another when distant from it 90°, or a quarter of a circle, as the moon when at an equal distance from the points of conjunction and opposition. Quadrature of the moon (Astron.), the position of the moon when one half of the disk is illuminated. — Quadrature of an orbit (Astron.), a point in an orbit which is at either extremity of the latus rectum drawn through the empty focus of the orbit.

Quad´rel , n. [It. quadrello, LL. quadrellus, fr. L. quadrus square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quarrel an arrow.] 1. A square piece of turf or peat. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A square brick, tile, or the like.

Quad•ren´ni•al , a. [L. quadriennium a space of four years; quattuor four + annus year; cf. L. quadriennis. See Quadrate, and Annual.] 1. Comprising four years; as a quadrennial period. 2. Occurring once in four years, or at the end of every four years; as quadrennial games.

Quad•ren´ni•al•ly, adv. Once in four years.

Quad•ren´ni•um , n. [NL. See Quadrennial.] A space or period of four years.

Quad´ri- [L., from quattuor four. See Four.] A combining form meaning four, four times, fourfold; as quadricapsular, having four capsules.

Quad•ri•ba´sic , a. [Quadri- + basic.] (Chem.) Same as Tetrabasic.

Quad´ri•ble , a. Quadrable. [R.]

Quad´ric , a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to the second degree.

Quad´ric, n. (a) (Alg.) A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic. (b) (Geom.) A surface whose equation in three variables is of the second degree. Spheres, spheroids, ellipsoids, paraboloids, hyperboloids, also cones and cylinders with circular bases, are quadrics.

Quad•ri•cap´su•lar , a. [Quadri- + capsular.] (Bot.) Having four capsules.

Quad´ri•ceps , n. [NL., fr. L. qyattuor four + caput head.] (Anat.) The great extensor muscle of the knee, divided above into four parts which unite in a single tendon at the knee.

Quad•ri•cip´i•tal , n. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the quadriceps.

Quad´ri•corn , n. [See Quadricornous.] (Zoöl.) Any quadricornous animal.

Quad•ri•cor´nous , a. [Quadri- + L. cornu horn: cf. F. quadricorne.] (Zoöl.) Having four horns, or hornlike organs; as a quadricornous beetle.

Quad•ri•cos´tate , a. [Quadri- + costate.] Having four ribs.

Quad•ri•den´tate , a. [Quadri- + dentate.] Having four teeth; as a quadridentate leaf.

Quad•ri•en´ni•al , a. Same as Quadrennial.

Quad•ri•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. quadrifarius fourfold, fr. quattuor four: cf. F. quadrifarie. Cf. Multifarious.] Arranged in four rows or ranks; as quadrifarious leaves. Loudon.

Quad´ri•fid , a. [L. quadrifidus; quattuor four + findere to cleave: cf. F. quadrifide.] Divided, or deeply cleft, into four parts; as a quadrifid perianth; a quadrifid leaf. { Quad´ri•foil , Quad•ri•fo´li•ate } a. [Quadri- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Four-leaved; having the leaves in whorls of four.

Quad•ri•fur´ca•ted , a. [Quadri- + furcated.] Having four forks, or branches.

Quad•ri´ga , n.; pl. Quadrigae (#). [L. See Quadrijugous.] (Rom. Antiq.) A car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast. { Quad•ri•gem´i•nal , Quad•ri•gem´i•nous , } a. [Quadri- + L. gemini twins.] Fourfold; having four similar parts, or two pairs of similar parts. Quadrigeminal bodies (Anat.), two pairs of lobes, or elevations, on the dorsal side of the midbrain of most mammals; the optic lobes. The anterior pair are called the nates, and the posterior the testes.

Quad•ri•ge•na´ri•ous , a. [L. quadrigeni, quadringeni, four hundred each.] Consisting of four hundred.

Quad•rij´u•gate , a. Same as Quadrijugous.

Quad•rij´u•gous , a. [L. quadrijugus of a team of four; quattuor four + jugum yoke.] (Bot.) Pinnate, with four pairs of leaflets; as a quadrijugous leaf.

Quad•ri•lat´er•al , a. [L. quadrilaterus: cf. F. quadrilatère, quadrilateral. See Quadri- and Lateral.] Having four sides, and consequently four angles; quadrangular.

Quad•ri•lat´er•al, n. 1. (Geom.) A plane figure having four sides, and consequently four angles; a quadrangular figure; any figure formed by four lines. 2. An area defended by four fortresses supporting each other; as the Venetian quadrilateral, comprising Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Legnano. Complete quadrilateral (Geom.), the figure made up of the six straight lines that can be drawn through four points, A, B, C, I, the lines being supposed to be produced indefinitely.

Quad•ri•lat´er•al•ness, n. The property of being quadrilateral.

Quad•ri•lit´er•al , a. [Quadri- + literal.] Consisting of four letters.

Qua•drille´ , n. [F. quadrille, n. fem., fr. Sp. cuadrilla meeting of four or more persons or It. quadriglia a band of soldiers, a sort of dance; dim. fr. L. quadra a square, fr. quattuor four. See Quadrate.] 1. A dance having five figures, in common time, four couples of dancers being in each set. 2. The appropriate music for a quadrille.

Qua•drille´, n. [F. quadrille, n. masc., cf. It. quadriglio; or perhaps from the Spanish. See Quadrille a dance.] A game played by four persons with forty cards, being the remainder of an ordinary pack after the tens, nines, and eights are discarded. Hoyle.

Quad•ril´lion , n. [F., fr. L. quater four times, akin to quattuor four, E. four; — formed like million. See Four, Million.] According to the French notation, which is followed also upon the Continent and in the United States, a unit with fifteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration. { Quad•ri•lo´bate , Quad•ri•lobed } a. [Quadri- + lobe: cf. F. quadrilobe.] Having four lobes; as a quadrilobate leaf.

Quad•ri•loc´u•lar , a. [Quadri- + locular: cf. F. quadriloculaire.] Having four cells, or cavities; as a quadrilocular heart.

Quad´rin , n. [OF., fr. L. quadrini four each, fr. quattuor four.] A small piece of money, in value about a farthing, or a half cent. [Obs.]

Quad•ri•nod´al , a. [Quadri- + nodal.] (Math.) Possessing four nodes; as quadrinodal curves.

Quad•ri•no´mi•al , n. [Quadri- + nomial, as in binomial: cf. F. quadrinôme.] (Alg.) A polynomial of four terms connected by the signs plus or minus.

Quad•ri•nom´ic•al , a. Quadrinomial.

Quad•ri•nom´i•nal , a. [Quadri- + nominal.] (Alg.) Quadrinomial. Sir W. R. Hamilton.

Quad•rip´ar•tite , a. [L. quadripartitus, p. p. of quadripartire to divide into four parts; quattuor four + partire to divide: cf. F. quadripartite.] Divided into four parts.

Quad•rip´ar•tite•ly, adv. In four parts.

Quad•ri•par•ti´tion , n. [L. quadripartitio: cf. F. quadripartition.] A division or distribution by four, or into four parts; also a taking the fourth part of any quantity or number.

Quad•ri•pen´nate , a. [Quadri- + pennate.] (Zoöl.) Having four wings; — said of insects.

Quad•riph´yl•lous , a. [Quadri + Gr. leaf.] (Bot.) Having four leaves; quadrifoliate.

Quad´ri•reme , n. [L. quadriremis; quattuor four + remus an oar: cf. F. quadrirème.] (Antiq.) A galley with four banks of oars or rowers.

Quad•ri•sec´tion , n. [Quadri- + section.] A subdivision into four parts.

Quad•ri•sul´cate , a. [Quadri + sulcate.] (Zoöl.) Having four hoofs; as a quadrisulcate foot; a quadrisulcate animal. { Quad•ri•syl•lab´ic , Quad•ri-syl•lab´ic•al }Having four syllables; of or pertaining to quadrisyllables; as a quadrisyllabic word.

Quad•ri•syl´la•ble , n. [Quadri- + syllable: cf. F. quadrisyllabe.] A word consisting of four syllables. De Quincey.

Quad•riv´a•lence , n. (Chem.) The quality or state of being quadrivalent; tetravalence.

Quad•riv´a•lent , a. [Quadri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of four; capable of combining with, being replaced by, or compared with, four monad atoms; tetravalent; — said of certain atoms and radicals; thus, carbon and silicon are quadrivalent elements.

Quad´ri•valve , a. [Quadri- + valve: cf. F. quadrivalve.] (Bot.) Dehiscent into four similar parts; four-valved; as a quadrivalve pericarp.

Quad´ri•valve, n. (Arch.) A door, shutter, or the like, having four folds.

Quad•ri•val´vu•lar , a. Having four valves; quadrivalve.

Quad•riv´i•al , a. [L. quadrivium a place where four ways meet; quattuor four + via way.] Having four ways meeting in a point. B. Jonson.

Quad•riv´i•al, n. One of the four ´liberal arts´ making up the quadrivium.

Quad•riv´i•um , n. [L.] The four ´liberal arts,´ arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; — so called by the schoolmen. See Trivium.

Quad•roon´ , n. [F. quarteron, or Sp. cuarteron. See Quarter a fourth part, and cf. Quarteron.] The offspring of a mulatto and a white person; a person quarter-blooded. [Written also quarteron, quarteroon, and quateron.]

Quad•rox´ide , n. [Quadri- + oxide.] (Chem.) A tetroxide. [R.]

Quad•ru´ma•na , n. pl. [NL. See Quadrumane.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Primates comprising the apes and monkeys; — so called because the hind foot is usually prehensile, and the great toe opposable somewhat like a thumb. Formerly the Quadrumana were considered an order distinct from the Bimana, which last included man alone.

Quad´ru•mane , n. [L. quattuor four + manus a hand: cf. F. quadrumane.] (Zoöl.) One of the Quadrumana.

Quad•ru´ma•nous , a. (Zoöl.) Having four hands; of or pertaining to the Quadrumana.

Quad´ru•ped , a. [L. quadrupes, -pedis; quattuor four + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. quadrupède. See Quadrate, and Foot.] Having four feet.

Quad´ru•ped, n. (Zoöl.) An animal having four feet, as most mammals and reptiles; — often restricted to the mammals.

Quad•ru´pe•dal , a. (Zoöl.) Having four feet; of or pertaining to a quadruped.

Quad´ru•ple , a. [L. quadruplus, from quattuor four: cf. F. quadruple. See Quadrate, and cf. Double.] Fourfold; as to make quadruple restitution; a quadruple alliance. Quadruple time (Mus.), that in which each measure is divided into four equal parts.

Quad´ru•ple, n. [Cf. F. quadruple, L. quadruplum.] four times the sum or number; a fourfold amount; as to receive to quadruple of the amount in damages.

Quad´ru•ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quadrupled p. pr. & vb. n. Quadrupling ] [L. quadruplare: cf. F. quadrupler.] To multiply by four; to increase fourfold; to double; to double twice. A. Smith.

Quad´ru•ple, v. i. To be multiplied by four; to increase fourfold; to become four times as much.

Quad´ru•plex , a. [L., from quattuor four + plicare to fold.] Fourfold; folded or doubled twice. Quadruplex system (Electric Telegraph), a system by which four messages, two in each direction, may be sent simultaneously over the wire.

Quad•ru´pli•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quadruplicated p. pr. & vb. n. Quadruplicating.] [L. quadruplicatus, p. p. of quadruplicare, fr. quadruple fourfold. See Quadruplex.] To make fourfold; to double twice; to quadruple.

Quad•ru´pli•cate , a. [L. quadruplicatus, p. p.] 1. Fourfold; doubled twice; four times repeated; as a quadruplicate ratio, or a quadruplicate proportion. 2. (Math.) Raised to the fourth power. [R.]

Quad•ru•pli•ca´tion , n. [L. quadruplicatio: cf. F. quadruplication.] The act of making fourfold; a taking four times the simple sum or amount.

Quad´ru•ply , adv. To a fourfold quantity; so as to be, or cause to be, quadruple; as to be quadruply recompensed.

Quae´re , v. imperative. [L., imperative of quaerere to seek.] Inquire; question; see; - - used to signify doubt or to suggest investigation.

Quaes´tor , n. [L.] Same as Questor.

Quaff , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quaffed p. pr. & vb. n. Quaffing.] [For quach, fr. Gael. & Ir. cuach a drinking cup; cf. L. caucus a drinking vessel. Cf. Quaigh.] To drink with relish; to drink copiously of; to swallow in large draughts. ´Quaffed off the muscadel.´ Shak. “They eat, they drink, and in communion sweet
Quaff immortality and joy.” Milton.

Quaff , v. i. To drink largely or luxuriously. “Twelve days the gods their solemn revels keep,
And quaff with blameless Ethiops in the deep.” Dryden.

Quaff´er , n. One who quaffs, or drinks largely.

Quag , n. A quagmire. [R.] ´Crooked or straight, through quags or thorny dells.´ Cowper.

Quag´ga , n. [Hottentot.] (Zoöl.) A South African wild ass (Equus, or Hippotigris, quagga). The upper parts are reddish brown, becoming paler behind and behind and beneath, with dark stripes on the face, neck, and fore part of the body.

Quag´gy , a.[See Quag, Quagmire.] Of the nature of a quagmire; yielding or trembling under the foot, as soft, wet earth; spongy; boggy. ´O’er the watery strath, or quaggy moss.´ Collins.

Quag´mire , n. [Quake + mire.] Soft, wet, miry land, which shakes or yields under the feet. ´A spot surrounded by quagmires, which rendered it difficult of access.´ Palfrey. Syn. — Morass; marsh; bog; swamp; fen; slough. { Qua´hog , Qua´haug } , n. [Abbrev. fr. Narragansett Indian poquaûhock.] (Zoöl.) An American market clam (Venus mercenaria). It is sold in large quantities, and is highly valued as food. Called also round clam, and hard clam. The name is also applied to other allied species, as Venus Mortoni of the Gulf of Mexico. { Quaigh , Quaich } , n. [Gael. cuach. Cf. Quaff.] A small shallow cup or drinking vessel. [Scot.] [Written also quegh.]

Quail , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Qualled p. pr. & vb. n. Qualling.] [AS. cwelan to die, perish; akin to cwalu violent death, D. kwaal pain, G. qual torment, OHG. quelan to suffer torment, Lith. gelti to hurt, gela pain. Cf. Quell.] 1. To die; to perish; hence, to wither; to fade. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To become quelled; to become cast down; to sink under trial or apprehension of danger; to lose the spirit and power of resistance; to lose heart; to give way; to shrink; to cower. “The atheist power shall quail, and confess his fears. I. Taylor.
Stouter hearts than a woman’s have quailed in this terrible winter.” Longfellow. Syn. — to cower; flinch; shrink; quake; tremble; blench; succumb; yield.

Quail, v. t. [Cf. Quell.] To cause to fail in spirit or power; to quell; to crush; to subdue. [Obs.] Spenser.

Quail, v. i. [OF. coaillier, F. cailler, from L. coagulare. See Coagulate.] To curdle; to coagulate, as milk. [Obs.] Holland.

Quail, n. [OF. quaille, F. caille, LL. quaquila, qualia, qualea, of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. kwakkel, kwartel, OHG. wahtala, G. wachtel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any gallinaceous bird belonging to Coturnix and several allied genera of the Old World, especially the common European quail (C. communis), the rain quail (C. Coromandelica) of India, the stubble quail (C. pectoralis), and the Australian swamp quail (Synoicus australis). 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several American partridges belonging to Colinus, Callipepla, and allied genera, especially the bobwhite (called Virginia quail, and Maryland quail), and the California quail (Calipepla Californica). 3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Turnix and allied genera, native of the Old World, as the Australian painted quail (Turnix varius). See Turnix. 4. A prostitute; — so called because the quail was thought to be a very amorous bird.[Obs.] Shak. Bustard quail (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic quail-like bird of the genus Turnix, as T. taigoor, a black-breasted species, and the hill bustard quail (T. ocellatus). See Turnix. — Button quail (Zoöl.), one of several small Asiatic species of Turnix, as T. Sykesii, which is said to be the smallest game bird of India. — Mountain quail. See under Mountain. — Quail call, a call or pipe for alluring quails into a net or within range. — Quail dove (Zoöl.), any one of several American ground pigeons belonging to Geotrygon and allied genera. — Quail hawk (Zoöl.), the New Zealand sparrow hawk (Hieracidea Novae-Hollandiae). — Quail pipe. See Quail call, above. — Quail snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher, or red-breasted snipe; — called also robin snipe, and brown snipe. — Sea quail (Zoöl.), the turnstone. [Local, U. S.]

Quail´y , n. [Cf. Quail the bird.] (Zoöl.) The upland plover. [Canadian]

Quaint , a. [OE. queint, queynte, coint, prudent, wise, cunning, pretty, odd, OF. cointe cultivated, amiable, agreeable, neat, fr. L. cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con + noscere (for gnoscere) to know. See Know, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition.] 1. Prudent; wise; hence, crafty; artful; wily. [Obs.] “Clerks be full subtle and full quaint.” Chaucer. 2. Characterized by ingenuity or art; finely fashioned; skillfully wrought; elegant; graceful; nice; neat. [Archaic] ´ The queynte ring.´ ´ His queynte spear.´ Chaucer. ´ A shepherd young quaint.´ Chapman. “Every look was coy and wondrous quaint.” Spenser. “To show bow quaint an orator you are.” Shak. 3. Curious and fanciful; affected; odd; whimsical; antique; archaic; singular; unusual; as quaint architecture; a quaint expression. “Some stroke of quaint yet simple pleasantry.” Macaulay. “An old, long-faced, long-bodied servant in quaint livery.” W. Irving. Syn. — Quaint, Odd, Antique. Antique is applied to that which has come down from the ancients, or which is made to imitate some ancient work of art. Odd implies disharmony, incongruity, or unevenness. An odd thing or person is an exception to general rules of calculation and procedure, or expectation and common experience. In the current use of quaint, the two ideas of odd and antique are combined, and the word is commonly applied to that which is pleasing by reason of both these qualities. Thus, we speak of the quaint architecture of many old buildings in London; or a quaint expression, uniting at once the antique and the fanciful.

Quain´tise , n. [OF. cointise.] 1. Craft; subtlety; cunning. [Obs.] Chaucer. R. of Glouces. 2. Elegance; beauty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Quaint´ly , adv. In a quaint manner. Shak.

Quaint´ness, n. The quality of being quaint. Pope.

Quair , n. [See 3d Quire.] A quire; a book. [Obs.] ´The king’s quhair.´ James I. (of Scotland).

Quake , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quaked p. pr. & vb. n. Quaking.] [AS. cwacian; cf. G. quackeln. Cf. Quagmire.] 1. To be agitated with quick, short motions continually repeated; to shake with fear, cold, etc.; to shudder; to tremble. ´Quaking for dread.´ Chaucer. “She stood quaking like the partridge on which the hawk is ready to seize.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. To shake, vibrate, or quiver, either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind; as the earth quakes; the mountains quake. ´ Over quaking bogs.´ Macaulay.

Quake, v. t. [Cf. AS. cweccan to move, shake. See Quake, v. t.] To cause to quake. [Obs.] Shak.

Quake, n. A tremulous agitation; a quick vibratory movement; a shudder; a quivering.

Quak´er , n. 1. One who quakes. 2. One of a religious sect founded by George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, about 1650, — the members of which call themselves Friends. They were called Quakers, originally, in derision. See Friend, n., 4. “Fox’s teaching was primarily a preaching of repentance … The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body; men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life.” Encyc. Brit. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The nankeen bird. (b) The sooty albatross. (c) Any grasshopper or locust of the genus (Edipoda; — so called from the quaking noise made during flight. Quaker buttons. (Bot.) See Nux vomica. — Quaker gun, a dummy cannon made of wood or other material; — so called because the sect of Friends, or Quakers, hold to the doctrine, of nonresistance. — Quaker ladies (Bot.), a low American biennial plant (Houstonia caerulea), with pretty four- lobed corollas which are pale blue with a yellowish center; — also called bluets, and little innocents.

Quak´er•ess, n. A woman who is a member of the Society of Friends.

Quak´er•ish, a. Like or pertaining to a Quaker; Quakerlike.

Quak´er•ism , n. The peculiar character, manners, tenets, etc., of the Quakers.

Quak´er•like , a. Like a Quaker.

Quak´er•ly, a. Resembling Quakers; Quakerlike; Quakerish. Macaulay.

Quak´er•y , n. Quakerism. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Quake´tail , n. (Zoöl.) A wagtail.

Quak´i•ness , n. The state of being quaky; liability to quake.

Quak´ing, a. & n. from Quake, v. Quaking aspen (Bot.), an American species of poplar (Populus tremuloides), the leaves of which tremble in the lightest breeze. It much resembles the European aspen. See Aspen. — Quaking bog, a bog of forming peat so saturated with water that it shakes when trodden upon. — Quaking grass. (Bot.) (a) One of several grasses of the genus Briza, having slender-stalked and pendulous ovate spikelets, which quake and rattle in the wind. Briza maxima is the large quaking grass; B. media and B. minor are the smaller kinds. (b) Rattlesnake grass (Glyceria Canadensis).

Quak´ing•ly , adv. In a quaking manner; fearfully. Sir P. Sidney.

Quak´y , a. Shaky, or tremulous; quaking.

Qual´i•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being qualified; abatable; modifiable. Barrow.

Qual•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. qualification. See Qualify.] 1. The act of qualifying, or the condition of being qualified. 2. That which qualifies; any natural endowment, or any acquirement, which fits a person for a place, office, or employment, or which enables him to sustian any character with success; an enabling quality or circumstance; requisite capacity or possession. “There is no qualification for government but virtue and wisdom, actual or presumptive.” Burke. 3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited; that which qualifies by limiting; modification; restriction; hence, abatement; diminution; as to use words without any qualification.

Qual´i•fi•ca•tive , n. That which qualifies, modifies, or restricts; a qualifying term or statement. “How many qualificatives, correctives, and restrictives he inserteth in this relation.” Fuller.

Qual´i•fi•ca•tor , n. [LL.] (R. C. Ch.) An officer whose business it is to examine and prepare causes for trial in the ecclesiastical courts.

Qual´i•fied , a. 1. Fitted by accomplishments or endowments. 2. Modified; limited; as a qualified statement. Qualified fee (Law), a base fee, or an estate which has a qualification annexed to it, the fee ceasing with the qualification, as a grant to A and his heirs, tenants of the manor of Dale. — Qualified indorsement (Law), an indorsement which modifies the liability of the indorser that would result from the general principles of law, but does not affect the negotiability of the instrument. Story. — Qualified negative (Legislation), a limited veto power, by which the chief executive in a constitutional government may refuse assent to bills passed by the legislative body, which bills therefore fail to become laws unless upon a reconsideration the legislature again passes them by a certain majority specified in the constitution, when they become laws without the approval of the executive. — Qualified property (Law), that which depends on temporary possession, as that in wild animals reclaimed, or as in the case of a bailment. Syn. — Competent; fit; adapted. — Qualified, Competent. Competent is most commonly used with respect to native endowments and general ability suited to the performance of a task or duty; qualified with respect to specific acquirements and training.

Qual´i•fied•ly, adv. In the way of qualification; with modification or qualification.

Qual´i•fied•ness, n. The state of being qualified.

Qual´i•fi•er , n. One who, or that which, qualifies; that which modifies, reduces, tempers or restrains.

Qual´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Qualified p. pr. & vb. n. Qualifying ] [F. qualifier, LL. qualificare, fr. L. qualis how constituted, as + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Quality, and -Fy.] 1. To make such as is required; to give added or requisite qualities to; to fit, as for a place, office, occupation, or character; to furnish with the knowledge, skill, or other accomplishment necessary for a purpose; to make capable, as of an employment or privilege; to supply with legal power or capacity. “He had qualified himself for municipal office by taking the oaths to the sovereigns in possession.” Macaulay. 2. To give individual quality to; to modulate; to vary; to regulate. “It hath no larynx … to qualify the sound. ” Sir T. Browne. 3. To reduce from a general, undefined, or comprehensive form, to particular or restricted form; to modify; to limit; to restrict; to restrain; as to qualify a statement, claim, or proposition. 4. Hence, to soften; to abate; to diminish; to assuage; to reduce the strength of, as liquors. “I do not seek to quench your love’s hot fire,
But qualify the fire’s extreme rage.” Shak. 5. To soothe; to cure; — said of persons. [Obs.] “In short space he has them qualified.” Spenser. Syn. — To fit; equip; prepare; adapt; capacitate; enable; modify; soften; restrict; restrain; temper.

Qual´i•fy, v. i. 1. To be or become qualified; to be fit, as for an office or employment. 2. To obtain legal power or capacity by taking the oath, or complying with the forms required, on assuming an office.

Qual´i•ta•tive , a. [Cf. LL. gualitativus, F. qualitatif.] Relating to quality; having the character of quality. — Qual´i•ta•tive•ly, adv. Qualitative analysis (Chem.), analysis which merely determines the constituents of a substance without any regard to the quantity of each ingredient; — contrasted with quantitative analysis.

Qual´i•tied , a. Furnished with qualities; endowed. [Obs.] ´He was well qualitied.´ Chapman.

Qual´i•ty , n.; pl. Qualities (#). [F. qualite, L. qualitas, fr. qualis how constituted, as; akin to E. which. See Which.] 1. The condition of being of such and such a sort as distinguished from others; nature or character relatively considered, as of goods; character; sort; rank. “We lived most joyful, obtaining acquaintance with many of the city not of the meanest quality.” Bacon 2. Special or temporary character; profession; occupation; assumed or asserted rank, part, or position. “I made that inquiry in quality of an antiquary.” Gray. 3. That which makes, or helps to make, anything such as it is; anything belonging to a subject, or predicable of it; distinguishing property, characteristic, or attribute; peculiar power, capacity, or virtue; distinctive trait; as the tones of a flute differ from those of a violin in quality; the great quality of a statesman. Qualities, in metaphysics, are primary or secondary. Primary are those essential to the existence, and even the conception, of the thing, as of matter or spirit Secondary are those not essential to such a conception. 4. An acquired trait; accomplishment; acquisition. “He had those qualities of horsemanship, dancing, and fencing which accompany a good breeding.” Clarendon. 5. Superior birth or station; high rank; elevated character. ´Persons of quality.´ Bacon. Quality binding, a kind of worsted tape used in Scotland for binding carpets, and the like. — The quality, those of high rank or station, as distinguished from the masses, or common people; the nobility; the gentry. “I shall appear at the masquerade dressed up in my feathers, that the quality may see how pretty they will look in their traveling habits.” Addison. Syn. — Property; attribute; nature; peculiarity; character; sort; rank; disposition; temper.

Qualm , n. [AS. cwealm death, slaughter, pestilence, akin to OS. & OHG. qualm. See Quail to cower.] 1. Sickness; disease; pestilence; death. [Obs.] “ thousand slain and not of qualm ystorve [dead].” Chaucer. 2. A sudden attack of illness, faintness, or pain; an agony. ´ Qualms of heartsick agony.´ Milton. 3. Especially, a sudden sensation of nausea. “For who, without a qualm, hath ever looked
On holy garbage, though by Homer cooked?” Roscommon. 4. A prick or scruple of conscience; uneasiness of conscience; compunction. Dryden.

Qualm´ish, a. Sick at the stomach; affected with nausea or sickly languor; inclined to vomit. Shak. — Qualm´ish•ly, adv. — Qualm´ish•ness, n.

Quam´ash , n. (Bot.) See Camass.

Quam´o•clit , n. [Gr. a bean + to bend, to slope.] (Bot.) Formerly, a genus of plants including the cypress vine (Quamoclit vulgaris, now called Ipomœa Quamoclit). The genus is now merged in Ipomœa.

Quan´da•ry , n.; pl. Quandaries (#). [Prob. fr. OE. wandreth adversity, perplexity, Icel. wandraeði difficulty, trouble, fr. vandr difficult.] A state of difficulty or perplexity; doubt; uncertainty.

Quan´da•ry, v. t. To bring into a state of uncertainty, perplexity, or difficulty. [Obs.] Otway.

Quan´dong , n. (Bot.) The edible drupaceous fruit of an Australian tree (Fusanus acuminatus) of the Sandalwood family; — called also quandang.

Quan´dy , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The old squaw. [Local, U. S.]

Quan´net , n. A flat file having the handle at one side, so as to be used like a plane.

Quant , n. A punting pole with a broad flange near the end to prevent it from sinking into the mud; a setting pole.

Quan´tic , n. [L. quantus how much. See Quantity.] (Math.) A homogeneous algebraic function of two or more variables, in general containing only positive integral powers of the variables, and called quadric, cubic, quartic, etc., according as it is of the second, third, fourth, fifth, or a higher degree. These are further called binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., according as they contain two, three, four, or more variables; thus, the quantic is a binary cubic.

Quan•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Quantity.] Modification by a reference to quantity; the introduction of the element of quantity. “The quantification of the predicate belongs in part to Sir William Hamilton; viz., in its extension to negative propositions.” De Quincey.

Quan´ti•fy , v. t. [L. quantus now much + -fy.] To modify or qualify with respect to quantity; to fix or express the quantity of; to rate.

Quan´ti•ta•tive , a. [Cf. F. quantitatif.] Relating to quantity. — Quan´ti•ta•tive•ly, adv. Quantitative analysis (Chem.), analysis which determines the amount or quantity of each ingredient of a substance, by weight or by volume; — contrasted with qualitative analysis.

Quan´ti•tive , a. [See Quantity.] Estimable according to quantity; quantitative. Sir K. Digby.

Quan´ti•tive•ly, adv. So as to be measurable by quantity; quantitatively.

Quan´ti•ty , n.; pl. Quantities (#). [F. quantite, L. quantitas, fr. quantus bow great, how much, akin to quam bow, E. how, who. See Who.] 1. The attribute of being so much, and not more or less; the property of being measurable, or capable of increase and decrease, multiplication and division; greatness; and more concretely, that which answers the question ´How much?´; measure in regard to bulk or amount; determinate or comparative dimensions; measure; amount; bulk; extent; size. Hence, in specific uses: (a) (Logic) The extent or extension of a general conception, that is, the number of species or individuals to which it may be applied; also its content or comprehension, that is, the number of its constituent qualities, attributes, or relations. (b) (Gram.) The measure of a syllable; that which determines the time in which it is pronounced; as the long or short quantity of a vowel or syllable. (c) (Mus.) The relative duration of a tone. 2. That which can be increased, diminished, or measured; especially (Math.), anything to which mathematical processes are applicable. Quantity is discrete when it is applied to separate objects, as in number; continuous, when the parts are connected, either in succession, as in time, motion, etc., or in extension, as by the dimensions of space, viz., length, breadth, and thickness. 3. A determinate or estimated amount; a sum or bulk; a certain portion or part; sometimes, a considerable amount; a large portion, bulk, or sum; as a medicine taken in quantities, that is, in large quantities. “The quantity of extensive and curious information which he had picked up during many months of desultory, but not unprofitable, study.” Macaulay. Quantity of estate (Law), its time of continuance, or degree of interest, as in fee, for life, or for years. Wharton (Law Dict. ) — Quantity of matter, in a body, its mass, as determined by its weight, or by its momentum under a given velocity. — Quantity of motion (Mech.), in a body, the relative amount of its motion, as measured by its momentum, varying as the product of mass and velocity. — Known quantities (Math.), quantities whose values are given. — Unknown quantities (Math.), quantities whose values are sought.

Quan•tiv´a•lence , n. [L. quantus how much + E. valence.] (Chem.) Valence. [Archaic]

Quan•tiv´a•lent , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to quantivalence. [Archaic]

Quan´tum , n.; pl. Quanta (#). [L., neuter of quantus how great, how much. See Quantity,] 1. Quantity; amount. ´Without authenticating … the quantum of the charges.´ Burke. 2. (Math.) A definite portion of a manifoldness, limited by a mark or by a boundary. W. K. Clifford. Quantum meruit [L., as much as he merited] (Law), a count in an action grounded on a promise that the defendant would pay to the plaintiff for his service as much as he should deserve. — Quantum sufficit , or Quantum suff. [L., as much suffices] (Med.), a sufficient quantity. — Quantum valebat [L., as much at it was worth] (Law), a count in an action to recover of the defendant, for goods sold, as much as they were worth. Blackstone.

Quap , v. i. To quaver. [Obs.] See Quob.

Qua•qua•ver´sal , a. [L. quaqua wheresoever, whithersoever + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn.] 1. Turning or dipping in any or every direction. 2. (Geol.) Dipping toward all points of the compass round a center, as beds of lava round a crater.

Quar , n. A quarry. [Prov. Eng.] B. Jonson.

Quar´an•tine , n. [F. quarantaine, OF. quaranteine, fr. F. quarante forty, L. quadraginta, akin to quattuor four, and E. four: cf. It. quarantina, quarentine. See Four, and cf. Quadragesima.] 1. A space of forty days; — used of Lent. 2. Specifically, the term, originally of forty days, during which a ship arriving in port, and suspected of being infected a malignant contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse with the shore; hence, such restraint or inhibition of intercourse; also the place where infected or prohibited vessels are stationed. Quarantine is now applied also to any forced stoppage of travel or communication on account of malignant contagious disease, on land as well as by sea. 3. (Eng. Law) The period of forty days during which the widow had the privilege of remaining in the mansion house of which her husband died seized. Quarantine flag, a yellow flag hoisted at the fore of a vessel or hung from a building, to give warning of an infectious disease; — called also the yellow jack, and yellow flag.

Quar•an•tine´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarantined p. pr. & vb. n. Quarantining.] To compel to remain at a distance, or in a given place, without intercourse, when suspected of having contagious disease; to put under, or in, quarantine.

Quarl , n. [Cf. G. qualle.] (Zoöl.) A medusa, or jellyfish. [R.] “The jellied quarl that flings
At once a thousand streaming stings.” J. R. Drake.

Quar´rel , n. [OE. quarel, OF. quarrel, F. carreau, LL. quadrellus, from L. quadrus square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quadrel, Quarry an arrow, Carrel.] 1. An arrow for a crossbow; — so named because it commonly had a square head. [Obs.] “To shoot with arrows and quarrel.” Sir J. Mandeville. “Two arblasts, … with windlaces and quarrels.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Arch.) Any small square or quadrangular member; as: (a) A square of glass, esp. when set diagonally. (b) A small opening in window tracery, of which the cusps, etc., make the form nearly square. (c) A square or lozenge-shaped paving tile. 3. A glazier’s diamond. Simmonds. 4. A four-sided cutting tool or chisel having a diamond-shaped end.

Quar´rel, n. [OE. querele, OF. querele, F. querelle, fr. L. querela, querella, a complaint, fr. queri to complain. See Querulous.] 1. A breach of concord, amity, or obligation; a falling out; a difference; a disagreement; an antagonism in opinion, feeling, or conduct; esp., an angry dispute, contest, or strife; a brawl; an altercation; as he had a quarrel with his father about expenses. “I will bring a sword upon you that shall avenge the quarrel of my covenant.” Lev. xxvi. 25. “On open seas their quarrels they debate.” Dryden. 2. Ground of objection, dislike, difference, or hostility; cause of dispute or contest; occasion of altercation. “Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have killed him.” Mark vi. 19. “No man hath any quarrel to me.” Shak. “He thought he had a good quarrel to attack him.” Holinshed. 3. Earnest desire or longing. [Obs.] Holland. To pick a quarrel. See under Pick, v. t. Syn. — Brawl; broil; squabble; affray; feud; tumult; contest; dispute; altercation; contention; wrangle.

Quar´rel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quarreled or Quarrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarreling or Quarrelling.] 1. To violate concord or agreement; to have a difference; to fall out; to be or become antagonistic. “Our people quarrel with obedience.” Shak. “But some defect in her
Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed.” Shak. 2. To dispute angrily, or violently; to wrangle; to scold; to altercate; to contend; to fight. “Beasts called sociable quarrel in hunger and lust.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To find fault; to cavil; as to quarrel with one’s lot. “I will not quarrel with a slight mistake.” Roscommon.

Quar´rel , v. t. 1. To quarrel with. [R.] ´I had quarelled my brother purposely.´ B. Jonson. 2. To compel by a quarrel; as to quarrel a man out of his estate or rights.

Quar´rel , n. [Written also quarreller.] One who quarrels or wrangles; one who is quarrelsome. Shak.

Quar´rel•et , n. A little quarrel. See 1st Quarrel, 2. [Obs.] ´Quarrelets of pearl [teeth].´ Herrick.

Quar´rel•ing, a. Engaged in a quarrel; apt or disposed to quarrel; as quarreling factions; a quarreling mood. — Quar´rel•ing•ly, adv.

Quar´rel•lous , a. [OF. querelous, F. querelleux, L. querulosus and querulus, fr. queri to complain. See 2d Quarrel.] Quarrelsome. [Obs.] [Written also quarrellous.] Shak.

Quar´rel•some , a. Apt or disposed to quarrel; given to brawls and contention; easily irritated or provoked to contest; irascible; choleric. Syn. — Pugnacious; irritable; irascible; brawling; choleric; fiery; petulant. — Quar´rel•some•ly, adv. — Quar´rel•some•ness, n.

Quar´ried , a. Provided with prey. “Now I am bravely quarried.” Beau. & Fl.

Quar´ri•er , n. A worker in a stone quarry.

Quar´ry , n. [OE. quarre, OF. quarre square, F. carre, from L. quadratus square, quadrate, quadratum a square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quarrel an arrow.] Same as 1st Quarrel. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Quar´ry, a. [OF. quarre.] Quadrate; square. [Obs.]

Quar´ry, n.; pl. Quarries (#). [OE. querre, OF. cuiriee, F. curee, fr. cuir hide, leather, fr. L. corium; the quarry given to the dogs being wrapped in the akin of the beast. See Cuirass.] 1. (a) A part of the entrails of the beast taken, given to the hounds. (b) A heap of game killed. 2. The object of the chase; the animal hunted for; game; especially, the game hunted with hawks. ´The stone- dead quarry.´ Spenser. “The wily quarry shunned the shock.” Sir W. Scott.

Quar´ry, v. i. To secure prey; to prey, as a vulture or harpy. L’Estrange.

Quar´ry, n. [OE. quarrere, OF. quariere, F. carrière, LL. quadraria a quarry, whence squared (quadrati) stones are dug, fr. quadratus square. See Quadrate.] A place, cavern, or pit where stone is taken from the rock or ledge, or dug from the earth, for building or other purposes; a stone pit. See 5th Mine (a).

Quar´ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarried p. pr. & vb. n. Quarrying.] To dig or take from a quarry; as to quarry marble.

Quar´ry-faced , a. (Stone Masonry) Having a face left as it comes from the quarry and not smoothed with the chisel or point; — said of stones.

Quar´ry-man , n.; pl. Quarrymen . A man who is engaged in quarrying stones; a quarrier.

Quart , n. [F. quart, n. masc., fr. L. quartus the fourth, akin to quattuor four. See Four, and cf. 2d Carte, Quarto.] The fourth part; a quarter; hence, a region of the earth. [Obs.] “Camber did possess the western quart.” Spenser.

Quart, n. [F. quarte, n. fem., fr. quart fourth. See Quart a quarter.] 1. A measure of capacity, both in dry and in liquid measure; the fourth part of a gallon; the eighth part of a peck; two pints. In imperial measure, a quart is forty English fluid ounces; in wine measure, it is thirty-two American fluid ounces. The United States dry quart contains 67.20 cubic inches, the fluid quart 57.75. The English quart contains 69.32 cubic inches. 2. A vessel or measure containing a quart.

Quart , n. [See Quart a quarter.] In cards, four successive cards of the same suit. Cf. Tierce, 4. Hoyle.

Quar´tan , a. [F. quartain, in fièvre quartaine, L. quartanus, fr. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] Of or pertaining to the fourth; occurring every fourth day, reckoning inclusively; as a quartan ague, or fever.

Quar´tan, n. 1. (Med.) An intermittent fever which returns every fourth day, reckoning inclusively, that is, one in which the interval between paroxysms is two days. 2. A measure, the fourth part of some other measure.

Quar´tane , n. [L. quartus the fourth.] (Chem.) Butane, each molecule of which has four carbon atoms.

Quar•ta´tion , n. [L. quartus the fourth: cf. F. quartation. So called because usually enough silver is added to make the amount of gold in the alloyed button about one fourth.] (Chem. & Assaying) The act, process, or result (in the process of parting) of alloying a button of nearly pure gold with enough silver to reduce the fineness so as to allow acids to attack and remove all metals except the gold; — called also inquartation. Compare Parting.

Quarte , n. [F.] Same as 2d Carte.

Quar´tene , n. [Ouartane + ethylene.] (Chem.) Same as Butylene.

Quar´ten•yl´ic , a. [Quartene + -yl + -ic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acrylic acid series, metameric with crotonic acid, and obtained as a colorless liquid; — so called from having four carbon atoms in the molecule. Called also isocrotonic acid.

Quar´ter , n. [F. quartier, L. quartarius a fourth part, fr. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] 1. One of four equal parts into which anything is divided, or is regarded as divided; a fourth part or portion; as a quarter of a dollar, of a pound, of a yard, of an hour, etc. Hence, specifically: (a) The fourth of a hundred-weight, being 25 or 28 pounds, according as the hundredweight is reckoned at 100 or 112 pounds. (b) The fourth of a ton in weight, or eight bushels of grain; as a quarter of wheat; also the fourth part of a chaldron of coal. Hutton. (c) (Astron.) The fourth part of the moon’s period, or monthly revolution; as the first quarter after the change or full. (d) One limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts; one fourth part of the carcass of a slaughtered animal, including a leg; as the fore quarters; the hind quarters. (e) That part of a boot or shoe which forms the side, from the heel to the vamp. (f) (Far.) That part on either side of a horse’s hoof between the toe and heel, being the side of the coffin. (g) A term of study in a seminary, college, etc, etc.; properly, a fourth part of the year, but often longer or shorter. (h) pl. (Mil.) The encampment on one of the principal passages round a place besieged, to prevent relief and intercept convoys. (i) (Naut.) The after-part of a vessel’s side, generally corresponding in extent with the quarter-deck; also the part of the yardarm outside of the slings. (j) (Her.) One of the divisions of an escutcheon when it is divided into four portions by a horizontal and a perpendicular line meeting in the fess point. When two coats of arms are united upon one escutcheon, as in case of marriage, the first and fourth quarters display one shield, the second and third the other. See Quarter, v. t., 5. (k) One of the four parts into which the horizon is regarded as divided; a cardinal point; a direction’ principal division; a region; a territory. “Scouts each coast light-armed scour,
Each quarter, to descry the distant foe.” Milton. (l) A division of a town, city, or county; a particular district; a locality; as the Latin quarter in Paris. (m) (Arch.) A small upright timber post, used in partitions; — in the United States more commonly called stud. (n) (Naut.) The fourth part of the distance from one point of the compass to another, being the fourth part of 11° 15′, that is, about 2° 49′; — called also quarter point. 2. Proper station; specific place; assigned position; special location. “Swift to their several quarters hasted then
The cumbrous elements.” Milton. Hence, specifically: (a) (Naut.) A station at which officers and men are posted in battle; — usually in the plural. (b) Place of lodging or temporary residence; shelter; entertainment; — usually in the plural. “The banter turned as to what quarters each would find.” W. Irving. (c) pl. (Mil.) A station or encampment occupied by troops; a place of lodging for soldiers or officers; as winter quarters. (d) Treatment shown by an enemy; mercy; especially, the act of sparing the life a conquered enemy; a refraining from pushing one’s advantage to extremes. “He magnified his own clemency, now they were at his mercy, to offer them quarter for their lives.” Clarendon. “Cocks and lambs … at the mercy of cats and wolves … must never expect better quarter.” L’Estrange. 3. Friendship; amity; concord. [Obs.] To keep quarter, to keep one’s proper place, and so be on good terms with another. [Obs.] “In quarter, and in terms like bride and groom.” Shak. “I knew two that were competitors for the secretary’s place, … and yet kept good quarter between themselves.” Bacon. False quarter, a cleft in the quarter of a horse’s foot. — Fifth quarter, the hide and fat; — a butcher’s term. — On the quarter (Naut.), in a direction between abeam and astern; opposite, or nearly opposite, a vessel’s quarter. — Quarter aspect. (Astrol.) Same as Quadrate. - - Quarter back (Football), the player who has position next behind center rush, and receives the ball on the snap back. — Quarter badge (Naut.), an ornament on the side of a vessel near, the stern. Mar. Dict. — Quarter bill (Naut.), a list specifying the different stations to be taken by the officers and crew in time of action, and the names of the men assigned to each. — Quarter block (Naut.), a block fitted under the quarters of a yard on each side of the slings, through which the clew lines and sheets are reeved. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Quarter boat (Naut.), a boat hung at a vessel’s quarter. — Quarter cloths (Naut.), long pieces of painted canvas used to cover the quarter netting. — Quarter day, a day regarded as terminating a quarter of the year; hence, one on which any payment, especially rent, becomes due. In matters influenced by United States statutes, quarter days are the first days of January, April, July, and October. In New York and many other places, as between landlord and tenant, they are the first days of May, August, November, and February. The quarter days usually recognized in England are 25th of March (Lady Day), the 24th of June (Midsummer Day), the 29th of September (Michaelmas Day), and the 25th of December (Christmas Day). — Quarter face, in fine arts, portrait painting, etc., a face turned away so that but one quarter is visible. — Quarter gallery (Naut.), a balcony on the quarter of a ship. See Gallery, 4. — Quarter gunner (Naut.), a petty officer who assists the gunner. — Quarter look, a side glance. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — Quarter nettings (Naut.), hammock nettings along the quarter rails. — Quarter note (Mus.), a note equal in duration to half a minim or a fourth of semibreve; a crochet. — Quarter pieces (Naut.), several pieces of timber at the after-part of the quarter gallery, near the taffrail. Totten. — Quarter point. (Naut.) See Quarter, n., 1 (n). — Quarter railing, or Quarter rails (Naut.), narrow molded planks reaching from the top of the stern to the gangway, serving as a fence to the quarter-deck. — Quarter sessions (Eng. Law), a general court of criminal jurisdiction held quarterly by the justices of peace in counties and by the recorders in boroughs. — Quarter square (Math.), the fourth part of the square of a number. Tables of quarter squares have been devised to save labor in multiplying numbers. — Quarter turn, Quarter turn belt (Mach.), an arrangement in which a belt transmits motion between two shafts which are at right angles with each other. — Quarter watch (Naut.), a subdivision of the full watch (one fourth of the crew) on a man-of- war. — To give, or show, quarter (Mil.), to accept as prisoner, on submission in battle; to forbear to kill, as a vanquished enemy. — To keep quarter. See Quarter, n., 3.

Quar´ter (kwär´ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quartered p. pr. & vb. n. Quartering.] 1. To divide into four equal parts. 2. To divide; to separate into parts or regions. “Then sailors quartered heaven.” Dryden. 3. To furnish with shelter or entertainment; to supply with the means of living for a time; especially, to furnish shelter to; as to quarter soldiers. “They mean this night in Sardis to be quartered.” Shak. 4. To furnish as a portion; to allot. [R.] “This isle …
He quarters to his blue-haired deities.” Milton. 5. (Her.) To arrange (different coats of arms) upon one escutcheon, as when a man inherits from both father and mother the right to bear arms. When only two coats of arms are so combined they are arranged in four compartments. See Quarter, n., 1 (f).

Quar´ter (kwär´ter), v. i. To lodge; to have a temporary residence.

Quar´ter, v. i. [F. cartayer.] To drive a carriage so as to prevent the wheels from going into the ruts, or so that a rut shall be between the wheels. “Every creature that met us would rely on us for quartering.” De Quincey.

Quar´ter•age , n. A quarterly allowance.

Quar´ter-deck , n. (Naut.) That part of the upper deck abaft the mainmast, including the poop deck when there is one. The quarter-deck is reserved as a promenade for the officers and (in passenger vessels) for the cabin passengers.

Quar´ter•foil , n. [Quarier + foil: cf. F. quatre.] (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having four lobes, or foils.

Quar´ter•hung , a. (Ordnance) Having trunnions the axes of which lie below the bore; — said of a cannon.

Quar´ter•ing, a. 1. (Naut.) Coming from a point well abaft the beam, but not directly astern; — said of waves or any moving object. 2. (Mach.) At right angles, as the cranks of a locomotive, which are in planes forming a right angle with each other.

Quar´ter•ing, n. 1. A station. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. 2. Assignment of quarters for soldiers; quarters. 3. (Her.) (a) The division of a shield containing different coats of arms into four or more compartments. (b) One of the different coats of arms arranged upon an escutcheon, denoting the descent of the bearer. 4. (Arch.) A series of quarters, or small upright posts. See Quarter, n., 1 (m) (Arch.) Gwilt. Quartering block, a block on which the body of a condemned criminal was quartered. Macaulay.

Quar´ter•ly, a. 1. Containing, or consisting of, a fourth part; as quarterly seasons. 2. Recurring during, or at the end of, each quarter; as quarterly payments of rent; a quarterly meeting.

Quar´ter•ly, n.; pl. Quarterlies . A periodical work published once a quarter, or four times in a year.

Quar´ter•ly, adv. 1. By quarters; once in a quarter of a year; as the returns are made quarterly. 2. (Her.) In quarters, or quarterings; as to bear arms quarterly; in four or more parts; — said of a shield thus divided by lines drawn through it at right angles.

Quar´ter•mas•ter , n. [Quarter + master: cf. F. quartier-maître.] 1. (Mil.) An officer whose duty is to provide quarters, provisions, storage, clothing, fuel, stationery, and transportation for a regiment or other body of troops, and superintend the supplies. 2. (Naut.) A petty officer who attends to the helm, binnacle, signals, and the like, under the direction of the master. Totten. Quartermaster general (Mil.), in the United States a staff officer, who has the rank of brigadier general and is the chief officer in the quartermaster’s department; in England, an officer of high rank stationed at the War Office having similar duties; also a staff officer, usually a general officer, accompanying each complete army in the field. — Quartermaster sergeant. See Sergeant.

Quar´tern , n.[OE. quarteroun, quartron, F. quarteron, the fourth part of a pound, or of a hundred; cf. L. quartarius a fourth part, quarter of any measure, quartern, gill. See Quarter, and cf. Quarteron, Quadroon.] 1. A quarter. Specifically: (a) The fourth part of a pint; a gill. (b) The fourth part of a peck, or of a stone (14 ibs.). 2. A loaf of bread weighing about four pounds; — called also quartern loaf. Simmonds.

Quar´ter•on , n. [F. See Quartern.] A quarter; esp., a quarter of a pound, or a quarter of a hundred. Piers Plowman. { Quar´ter•on , Quar´ter•oon }, n. A quadroon.

Quar´ter•pace , n. (Arch.) A platform of a staircase where the stair turns at a right angle only. See Halfpace.

Quar´ter round (Arch.) An ovolo.

Quar´ter•staff , n.; pl. Quarterstaves . A long and stout staff formerly used as a weapon of defense and offense; — so called because in holding it one hand was placed in the middle, and the other between the middle and the end. { Quar•tet´ , Quar•tette´ } , n. [It. quartetto, dim. of quarto the fourth, a fourth part, fr. L. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A composition in four parts, each performed by a single voice or instrument. (b) The set of four person who perform a piece of music in four parts. 2. (Poet.) A stanza of four lines.

Quar´tic , a. [L. quartus fourth.] (Mach.) Of the fourth degree.

Quar´tic , n. (a) (Alg.) A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic. (b) (Geom.) A curve or surface whose equation is of the fourth degree in the variables.

Quar´tile , n. [F. quartile aspect, fr. L. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] (Astrol.) Same as Quadrate.

Quar´tine , n. [F., fr. L. quartus the fourth.] (Bot.) A supposed fourth integument of an ovule, counting from the outside.

Quar´to , a. [L. in quarto in fourth, from quartus the fourth: cf. F. (in) quarto. See Quart.] Having four leaves to the sheet; of the form or size of a quarto.

Quar´to, n.; pl. Quartos . Originally, a book of the size of the fourth of sheet of printing paper; a size leaves; in present usage, a book of a square or nearly square form, and usually of large size.

Quar´tridge , n. Quarterage. [Obs.]

Quartz , n. [G. quarz.] (Min.) A form of silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2), occurring in hexagonal crystals, which are commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow, brown, purple, green, and of other colors; also in cryptocrystalline massive forms varying in color and degree of transparency, being sometimes opaque. The crystalline varieties include: amethyst, violet; citrine and false topaz, pale yellow; rock crystal, transparent and colorless or nearly so; rose quartz, rosecolored; smoky quartz, smoky brown. The chief crypto-crystalline varieties are: agate, a chalcedony in layers or clouded with different colors, including the onyx and sardonyx; carnelian and sard, red or flesh- colored chalcedony; chalcedony, nearly white, and waxy in luster; chrysoprase, an apple-green chalcedony; flint, hornstone, basanite, or touchstone, brown to black in color and compact in texture; heliotrope, green dotted with red; jasper, opaque, red yellow, or brown, colored by iron or ferruginous clay; prase, translucent and dull leek-green. Quartz is an essential constituent of granite, and abounds in rocks of all ages. It forms the rocks quartzite (quartz rock) and sandstone, and makes most of the sand of the seashore.

Quartz•if´er•ous , a. [Quartz + -ferous.] (Min.) Consisting chiefly of quartz; containing quartz.

Quartz´ite , n. [Cf. F. quartzite.] (Min.) Massive quartz occurring as a rock; a metamorphosed sandstone; — called also quartz rock.

Quartz´oid , n. [Quartz + - oid.] (Crystallog.) A form of crystal common with quartz, consisting of two six-sided pyramids, base to base.

Quartz´ose , a. [Cf. F. quartzeux, G. quarzig.] (Min.) Containing, or resembling, quartz; partaking of the nature or qualities of quartz.

quartz´ous , a. (Min.) Quarzose.

Quartz´y , a. (Min.) Quartzose.

Quas , n. A kind of beer. Same as Quass. { Quas´chi , Quas´je }, n. (Zoöl.) The brown coati. See Coati.

Quash , n. Same as Squash.

Quash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quashed p. pr. & vb. n. Quashing.] [OF. quasser, F. casser, fr. L. cassare to annihilate, annul, fr. cassus empty, vain, of uncertain origin. The word has been confused with L. quassare to shake, F. casser to break, which is probably of different origin. Cf. Cashier, v. t.] (Law) To abate, annul, overthrow, or make void; as to quash an indictment. Blackstone.

Quash, v. t. [OF. quasser, F. casser, fr. L. quassare to shake, shatter, shiver, v. intens. fr. quatere, quassum, to shake, shatter. Cf. Concussion, Discuss, Rescue, and also Quash to annul.] 1. To beat down, or beat in pieces; to dash forcibly; to crush. “The whales
Against sharp rocks, like reeling vessels, quashed,
Though huge as mountains, are in pieces dashed.” Waller. 2. To crush; to subdue; to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely; as to quash a rebellion. “Contrition is apt to quash or allay all worldly grief.” Barrow.

Quash, v. i. To be shaken, or dashed about, with noise.

Quash´ee , n. A negro of the West Indies.

Qua´si [L.] As if; as though; as it were; in a manner sense or degree; having some resemblance to; qualified; — used as an adjective, or a prefix with a noun or an adjective; as a quasi contract, an implied contract, an obligation which has arisen from some act, as if from a contract; a quasi corporation, a body that has some, but not all, of the peculiar attributes of a corporation; a quasi argument, that which resembles, or is used as an argument; quasi historical, apparently historical, seeming to be historical.

Quas•i•mo´do , n. [So called from the first words of the Latin introit, quasi modo geniti infantes as newborn babes, 1 Pet. ii. 2.] (R. C. Ch.) The first Sunday after Easter; Low Sunday.

Quass , n. [Russ. kvas’.] A thin, sour beer, made by pouring warm water on rye or barley meal and letting it ferment, — much used by the Russians. [written also quas.]

Quas•sa´tion , n. [L. quassatio, from quassare to shake. See Quash to crush.] The act of shaking, or the state of being shaken. Gayton.

Quas´si•a , n. [NL. From the name of a negro, Quassy, or Quash, who prescribed this article as a specific.] The wood of several tropical American trees of the order Simarubeae, as Quassia amara, Picraena excelsa, and Simaruba amara. It is intensely bitter, and is used in medicine and sometimes as a substitute for hops in making beer.

Quas´sin , n. [Cf. F. quassine. See Quassia.] (Chem.) The bitter principle of quassia, extracted as a white crystalline substance; — formerly called quassite. [Written also quassiin, and quassine.]

Quat , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (a) A pustule. [Obs.] (b) An annoying, worthless person. Shak.

Quat, v. t. To satiate; to satisfy. [Prov. Eng.]

Qua´ta , n. (Zoöl.) The coaita.

Quatch , a. Squat; flat. [Obs.] Shak.

Qua´ter-cous•in , n. [F. quatre four + cousin, E. cousin.] A cousin within the first four degrees of kindred.

Qua•ter´na•ry , a. [L. quaternarius consisting of four each, containing four, fr. quaterni four each, fr. quattuor four: cf. F. quaternaire. See Four.] 1. Consisting of four; by fours, or in sets of four. 2. (Geol.) Later than, or subsequent to, the Tertiary; Post-tertiary; as the Quaternary age, or Age of man.

Qua•ter´na•ry, n. [L. numerus quaternarius: cf. F. quaternaire.] 1. The number four. Boyle. 2. (Geol.) The Quaternary age, era, or formation. See the Chart of Geology.

Qua•ter´nate , a. Composed of, or arranged in, sets of four; quaternary; as quaternate leaves.

Qua•ter´ni•on , n. [L. quaternio, fr. quaterni four each. See Quaternary.] 1. The number four. [Poetic] 2. A set of four parts, things, or person; four things taken collectively; a group of four words, phrases, circumstances, facts, or the like. “Delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers.” Acts xii. 4. “Ye elements, the eldest birth
Of Nature’s womb, that in quaternion run.” Milton. “The triads and quaternions with which he loaded his sentences.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A word of four syllables; a quadrisyllable. 4. (Math.) The quotient of two vectors, or of two directed right lines in space, considered as depending on four geometrical elements, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol of quadrinomial form. The science or calculus of quaternions is a new mathematical method in which the conception of a quaternion is unfolded and symbolically expressed, and is applied to various classes of algebraical, geometrical, and physical questions, so as to discover theorems, and to arrive at the solution of problems. Sir W. R. Hamilton.

Qua•ter´ni•on, v. t. To divide into quaternions, files, or companies. Milton.

Qua•ter´ni•ty , n. [LL. quaternitas, fr. L. quaterni four each: cf. F. quaternite.] 1. The number four. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The union of four in one, as of four persons; — analogous to the theological term trinity.

Qua´ter•on , n. See 2d Quarteron.

Qua•torz´ain , n. [See Quatorze.] A poem of fourteen lines; a sonnet. R. H. Stoddard.

Qua•torze´ , n. [F. quatorze fourteen, L. quattuordecim. See Fourteen.] The four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens, in the game of piquet; — so called because quatorze counts as fourteen points.

Quat´rain , n. [F., fr. quatre four, L. quattuor, quatuor. See Four.] (Pros.) A stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. Dryden.

Qua´tre , n. [F.] A card, die. or domino, having four spots, or pips { Qua´tre•feuille , Qua´tre•foil } n. [F. quatre feuilles.] Same as Quarterfoil.

Quat´u•or , n. [F., fr. L. quattuor, quatuor, four. See Quartet.] (Mus.) A quartet; — applied chiefly to instrumental compositions.

Quave , n. See Quaver. [Obs.]

Quave, v. i. To quaver. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Quave´mire , n. See Quagmire. [Obs.]

Qua´ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quavered p. pr. & vb. n. Quavering.] [OE. quaven to shake, to tremble; cf. LG. quabbeln to shake, to be soft, of fat substances, quabbe a fat lump of flesh, a dewlap, D. kwabbe, and E. quiver, v.] 1. To tremble; to vibrate; to shake. Sir I. Newton. 2. Especially, to shake the voice; to utter or form sound with rapid or tremulous vibrations, as in singing; also to trill on a musical instrument

Qua´ver, v. t. To utter with quavers. “We shall hear her quavering them … to some sprightly airs of the opera.” Addison.

Qua´ver, n. 1. A shake, or rapid and tremulous vibration, of the voice, or of an instrument of music. 2. (Mus.) An eighth note. See Eighth.

Qua´ver•er , n. One who quavers; a warbler.

Quay , n. [F. quai. See Key quay.] A mole, bank, or wharf, formed toward the sea, or at the side of a harbor, river, or other navigable water, for convenience in loading and unloading vessels. [Written also key.]

Quay , v. t. To furnish with quays.

Quay´age , n. [F.] Wharfage. [Also keyage.]

Quayd , p. p. of Quail. [Obs.] Spenser.

Que , n. [Cf. 3d Cue.] A half farthing. [Obs.]

Queach , n. [Cf. Quick.] A thick, bushy plot; a thicket. [Obs.] Chapman.

Queach, v. i. [Cf. E. quich, v. i., quick, v. i.; or AS. cweccan to shake.] To stir; to move. See Quick, v. i. [Obs.]

Queach´y , a. 1. Yielding or trembling under the feet, as moist or boggy ground; shaking; moving. ´The queachy fens.´ ´Godwin’s queachy sands.´ Drayton. 2. Like a queach; thick; bushy. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Quean , n. [Originally, a woman, AS. cwene; akin to OS. quena, OHG. quena, Icel. kona, Goth qin, and AS. cwen, also to Gr. woman, wife, Skr. gna goddess. Cf. Queen.] 1. A woman; a young or unmarried woman; a girl. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. 2. A low woman; a wench; a slut. ´The dread of every scolding quean.´ Gay.

Quea´si•ly , adv. In a queasy manner.

Quea´si•ness, n. The state of being queasy; nausea; qualmishness; squeamishness. Shak.

Quea´sy , a. [Icel. kweisa pain; cf. Norw. kveis sickness after a debauch.] 1. Sick at the stomach; affected with nausea; inclined to vomit; qualmish. 2. Fastidious; squeamish; delicate; easily disturbed; unsettled; ticklish. ´ A queasy question.´ Shak. “Some seek, when queasy conscience has its qualms.” Cowper.

Que•bec´ group (Geol.) The middle of the three groups into which the rocks of the Canadian period have been divided in the American Lower Silurian system. See the Chart of Geology.

Que•bra´cho , n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A Chilian apocynaceous tree (Aspidosperma Quebracho); also its bark, which is used as a febrifuge, and for dyspnœa of the lung, or bronchial diseases; — called also white quebracho, to distinguish it from the red quebracho, a Mexican anacardiaceous tree (Loxopterygium Lorentzii) whose bark is said to have similar properties. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Queb´rith , n. [OE. quebrit, quibrith, Ar. kibrit.] (Alchemy) Sulphur. [Obs.] { Quech , Queck } v. i. [Cf. Quick, Queach.] A word occurring in a corrupt passage of Bacon’s Essays, and probably meaning, to stir, to move.

Queen , n. [OE. quen, quene, queen, quean, AS. cwen wife, queen, woman; akin to OS. quan wife, woman, Icel. kvan wife, queen, Goth. qens. rad.221. See Quean.] 1. The wife of a king. 2. A woman who is the sovereign of a kingdom; a female monarch; as Elizabeth, queen of England; Mary, queen of Scots. “In faith, and by the heaven’s quene.” Chaucer. 3. A woman eminent in power or attractions; the highest of her kind; as a queen in society; — also used figuratively of cities, countries, etc. ´ This queen of cities.´ ´ Albion, queen of isles.´ Cowper. 4. The fertile, or fully developed, female of social bees, ants, and termites. 5. (Chess) The most powerful, and except the king the most important, piece in a set of chessmen. 6. A playing card bearing the picture of a queen; as the queen of spades. Queen apple. [Cf. OE. quyne aple quince apple.] A kind of apple; a queening. ´Queen apples and red cherries.´ Spenser. — Queen bee (Zoöl.), a female bee, especially the female of the honeybee. See Honeybee. — Queen conch (Zoöl.), a very large West Indian cameo conch (Cassis cameo). It is much used for making cameos. — Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king. Blackstone. — Queen dowager, the widow of a king. — Queen gold, formerly a revenue of the queen consort of England, arising from gifts, fines, etc. — Queen mother, a queen dowager who is also mother of the reigning king or queen. — Queen of May. See May queen, under May. — Queen of the meadow (Bot.), a European herbaceous plant (Spiraea Ulmaria). See Meadowsweet. — Queen of the prairie (Bot.), an American herb (Spiraea lobata) with ample clusters of pale pink flowers. — Queen pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very large and handsome crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, native of New Guinea and the adjacent islands. They are mostly pale blue, or ash-blue, marked with white, and have a large occipital crest of spatulate feathers. Called also crowned pigeon, goura, and Victoria pigeon. — Queen regent, or Queen regnant, a queen reigning in her own right. — Queen’s Bench. See King’s Bench. — Queen’s counsel, Queen’s evidence. See King’s counsel, King’s evidence, under King. — Queen’s delight (Bot.), an American plant (Stillinqia sylvatica) of the Spurge family, having an herbaceous stem and a perennial woody root. — Queen’s metal (Metal.), an alloy somewhat resembling pewter or britannia, and consisting essentially of tin with a slight admixture of antimony, bismuth, and lead or copper. — Queen’s pigeon. (Zoöl.) Same as Queen pigeon, above. — Queen’s ware, glazed English earthenware of a cream color. — Queen’s yellow (Old Chem.), a heavy yellow powder consisting of a basic mercuric sulphate; — formerly called turpetum minerale, or Turbith’s mineral.

Queen, v. i. To act the part of a queen. Shak.

Queen, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Queened p. pr. & vb. n. Queening.] (Chess.) To make a queen (or other piece, at the player’s discretion) of by moving it to the eighth row; as to queen a pawn.

Queen´craft , n. Craft or skill in policy on the part of a queen. “Elizabeth showed much queencraft in procuring the votes of the nobility.” Fuller.

Queen´dom , n. The dominion, condition, or character of a queen. Mrs. Browning.

Queen´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A California sciaenoid food fish (Seriphys politus). The back is bluish, and the sides and belly bright silvery. Called also kingfish.

Queen´hood , n. The state, personality, or character of a queen; queenliness. Tennyson.

Queen´ing , n. [See Queen apple.] (Bot.) Any one of several kinds of apples, as summer queening, scarlet queening, and early queening. An apple called the queening was cultivated in England two hundred years ago.

Queen´li•ness , n. The quality of being queenly; the; characteristic of a queen; stateliness; eminence among women in attractions or power.

Queen´ly, a. [AS. cwenlic feminine.] Like, becoming, or suitable to, a queen.

Queen´-post , n. [Arch.] One of two suspending posts in a roof truss, or other framed truss of similar form. See King-post.

Queen´ship, n. The state, rank, or dignity of a queen.

Queens´land nut (Bot.) The nut of an Australian tree (Macadamia ternifolia). It is about an inch in diameter, and contains a single round edible seed, or sometimes two hemispherical seeds. So called from Queensland in Australia.

Queen´ truss (Arch.) A truss framed with queen-posts; a queen-post truss.

Queer , a. [Compar. Queerer superl. Queerest.] [G. quer cross, oblique, athwart (cf. querkopf a queer fellow), OHG. twer, twerh, dwerah; akin to D. dvars, as þweorh thwart, bent, twisted, Icel. þverr thwart, transverse, Goth. þwaìrhs angry, and perh. to L. torqyere to twist, and E. through. Cf. Torture, Through, Thwart, a.] 1. At variance with what is usual or normal; differing in some odd way from what is ordinary; odd; singular; strange; whimsical; as a queer story or act. ´ A queer look.´ W. Irving. 2. Mysterious; suspicious; questionable; as a queer transaction. [Colloq.]

Queer, n. Counterfeit money. [Slang] To shove the queer, to put counterfeit money in circulation. [Slang]

Queer´ish, a. Rather queer; somewhat singular.

Queer´ly, adv. In a queer or odd manner.

Queer´ness, n. The quality or state of being queer.

Queest , n. [Cf. Icel. kvisa a kind of bird, kvistr a branch of a tree, and E. cushat.] (Zoöl.) The European ringdove (Columba palumbus); the cushat. [Written also quist, queeze, quice, queece.] See Ringdove.

Quegh , n. A drinking vessel. See Quaich.

Queint , a. See Quaint. [Obs.]

Queint, obs. imp. & p. p. of Quench. Chaucer.

Queint´ise , n. See Quaintise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Quell , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quelled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Quelling.] [See Quail to cower.] 1. To die. [Obs.] “Yet he did quake and quaver, like to quell.” Spenser. 2. To be subdued or abated; to yield; to abate. [R.] “Winter’s wrath begins to quell.” Spenser.

Quell, v. t. [OE. quellen to kill, AS. cwellan, causative of cwelan to die; akin to OHG. quellen to torment, Icel. kvelja. See Quail to cower.] 1. To take the life of; to kill. [Obs.] Spenser. “The ducks cried as [if] men would them quelle.” Chaucer. 2. To overpower; to subdue; to put down. “The nation obeyed the call, rallied round the sovereign, and enabled him to quell the disaffected minority.” Macaulay. “Northward marching to quell the sudden revolt.” Longfellow. 3. To quiet; to allay; to pacify; to cause to yield or cease; as to quell grief; to quell the tumult of the soul. “Much did his words the gentle lady quell.” Spenser. Syn. — to subdue; crush; overpower; reduce; put down; repress; suppress; quiet; allay; calm; pacify.

Quell, n. Murder. [Obs.] Shak.

Quell´er , n. 1. A killer; as Jack the Giant Queller. [Obs.] Wyclif (Mark vi. 27). 2. One who quells; one who overpowers or subdues.

Quel´li•o , n. [Sp. cuello, L. collum neck.] A ruff for the neck. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Quelque´chose , n. [F. quelque chose something.] A trifle; a kickshaw. Donne.

Queme , v. t. & i. [AS. cweman, akin to cuman to come. rad.23.] To please. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Queme´ful , a. Kindly; merciful. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Quench , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quenched p. pr. & vb. n. Quenching.] [OE. quenchen, AS. cwencan in acwencan, to extinguish utterly, causative of cwincan, acwincan, to decrease, disappear; cf. AS. cwinan, acwinan, to waste or dwindle away.] 1. To extinguish; to overwhelm; to make an end of; — said of flame and fire, of things burning, and figuratively of sensations and emotions; as to quench flame; to quench a candle; to quench thirst, love, hate, etc. “Ere our blood shall quench that fire.” Shak. “The supposition of the lady’s death
Will quench the wonder of her infamy.” Shak. 2. To cool suddenly, as heated steel, in tempering. Syn. — To extinguish; still; stifle; allay; cool; check.

Quench, v. i. To become extinguished; to go out; to become calm or cool. [R.] “Dost thou think in time
She will not quench!” Shak.

Quench´a•ble , a. Capable of being quenched.

Quench´er , n. One who, or that which, quenches. Hammond.

Quench´less, a. Incapable of being quenched; inextinguishable; as quenchless fire or fury. ´Once kindled, quenchless evermore.´ Byron. Syn. — Inextinguishable; unquenchable. — Quench´less•ly, adv. — Quench´less•ness, n.

Que•nelle´ , n. [F.] (Cookery) A kind of delicate forcemeat, commonly poached and used as a dish by itself or for garnishing.

Que•nouille train´ing [F. quenouille distaff.] (Hort.) A method of training trees or shrubs in the shape of a cone or distaff by tying down the branches and pruning.

Quer•ci•tan´nic , a. [L. quercus an oak + E. tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a tannic acid found in oak bark and extracted as a yellowish brown amorphous substance.

Quer´cite , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C6H7(OH)5, found in acorns, the fruit of the oak (Quercus). It has a sweet taste, and is regarded as a pentacid alcohol.

Quer´ci•tin , n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, occurring quite widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, as is apple-tree bark, horse- chestnut leaves, etc., but originally obtained by the decomposition of quercitrin. Called also meletin.

Quer´cit•rin , n. [Cf. F. quercitrin. See Quercitron.] (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the bark of the oak (Quercus) as a bitter citron-yellow crystalline substance, used as a pigment and called quercitron.

Quer´cit•ron , n. [F. quercitron, the name of the name of tree; L. quercus an oak + citrus the citron tree.] 1. The yellow inner bark of the Quercus tinctoria, the American black oak, yellow oak, dyer’s oak, or quercitron oak, a large forest tree growing from Maine to eastern Texas. 2. Quercitrin, used as a pigment. See Quercitrin.

Quer´cus , n. [L., an oak.] (Bot.) A genus of trees constituted by the oak. See Oak.

Quer´ele , n. [See 2d Quarrel.] (O. Eng. Law) A complaint to a court. See Audita Querela. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Que´rent , n. [L. querens, p. pr. of queri to complain.] (O. Eng. Law) A complainant; a plaintiff.

Que´rent, n. [L. quaerens, p. pr. of quaerere to search for, to inquire.] An inquirer. [Obs.] Aubrey.

Quer•i•mo´ni•ous , a. [L. querimonia a complaint, fr. queri to complain. See Querulous.] Complaining; querulous; apt to complain. — Quer•i•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Quer•i•mo´ni•ous•ness, n.

Quer´i•mo•ny , n. [L. querimonia.] A complaint or complaining. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Que´rist , n. [See Query.] One who inquires, or asks questions. Swift.

Querk´en , v. t. [Icel. kverk throat. .] To stifle or choke. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Querl , v. t. [G. querlen, quirlen, to twirl, to turn round, fr. querl, querl, a twirling stick. Cf. Twirl.] To twirl; to turn or wind round; to coil; as to querl a cord, thread, or rope. [Local, U.S.]

Querl, n. A coil; a twirl; as the qwerl of hair on the fore leg of a blooded horse. [Local, U. S.]

Quern , n. [AS. cweorn, cwyrn; akin to D. kweern, OHG. quirn, Icel. kvern, Sw. qvarn, Dan. quaern, Goth. qairnus (in asiluqaírnus), Lith. qìrnos, and perh. E. corn.] A mill for grinding grain, the upper stone of which was turned by hand; — used before the invention of windmills and watermills. Shak. “They made him at the querne grind.” Chaucer.

Quer´po , n. The inner or body garments taken together. See Cuerpo. Dryden.

Quer´que•dule , n. [L. querquedula.] (Zool.) (a) A teal. (b) The pintail duck.

Quer´ry , n. A groom; an equerry. [Obs.]

Quer•u•len´tial , a. Querulous. [R.]

Quer´u•lous , a. [L. querulus and querulosus, fr. queri to complain. Cf. Cry, v., Quarrel a brawl, Quarrelous.] 1. Given to quarreling; quarrelsome. [Obs.] land. 2. Apt to find fault; habitually complaining; disposed to murmur; as a querulous man or people. “Enmity can hardly be more annoying that querulous, jealous, exacting fondness.” Macaulay. 3. Expressing complaint; fretful; whining; as a querulous tone of voice. Syn. — Complaining; bewailing; lamenting; whining; mourning; murmuring; discontented; dissatisfied. — Quer´u•lous•ly, adv. — Quer´u•lous•ness, n.

Que´ry , n.; pl. Queries (#). [L. quaere, imperative sing. of quaerere, quaesitum to seek or search for, to ask, inquire. Cf. Acquire, Conquer, Exquisite, Quest, Require.] 1. A question; an inquiry to be answered or solved. “I shall conclude with proposing only some queries, in order to a … search to be made by others.” Sir I. Newton. 2. A question in the mind; a doubt; as I have a query about his sincerity. 3. An interrogation point [?] as the sign of a question or a doubt.

Que´ry, v. i. 1. To ask questions; to make inquiry. “Each prompt to query, answer, and debate.” Pope. 2. To have a doubt; as I query if he is right.

Que´ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Queried p. pr. & vb. n. Querying.] 1. To put questions about; to elicit by questioning; to inquire into; as to query the items or the amount; to query the motive or the fact. 2. To address questions to; to examine by questions. 3. To doubt of; to regard with incredulity. 4. To write ´ query´ (qu., qy., or ?) against, as a doubtful spelling, or sense, in a proof. See Quaere.

Que•sal´ , n. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed, or resplendent, trogon (Pharomachus mocinno, formerly Trogon resplendens), native of Southern Mexico and Central America. Called also quetzal, and golden trogon. The male is remarkable for the brilliant metallic green and gold colors of his plumage, and for his extremely long plumes, which often exceed three feet in length.

Quest , n. [OF. queste, F. quête, fr. L. quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, to ask. Cf. Query, Question.] 1. The act of seeking, or looking after anything; attempt to find or obtain; search; pursuit; as to rove in quest of game, of a lost child, of property, etc. “Upon an hard adventure yet in quest.” Spenser. “Cease your quest of love.” Shak. “There ended was his quest, there ceased his care.” Milton. 2. Request; desire; solicitation. “Gad not abroad at every quest and call
Of an untrained hope or passion.” Herbert. 3. Those who make search or inquiry, taken collectively. “The senate hath sent about three several quests to search you out.” Shak. 4. Inquest; jury of inquest. “What lawful quest have given their verdict ?” Shak.

Quest, v. t. [Cf. OF. quester, F. quêter. See Quest, n.] To search for; to examine. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

Quest, v. i. To go on a quest; to make a search; to go in pursuit; to beg. [R.] “If his questing had been unsuccessful, he appeased the rage of hunger with some scraps of broken meat.” Macaulay.

Quest´ant , n. [OF. questant, F. quêtant, p. pr.] One who undertakes a quest; a seeker. [Obs.] Shak.

Quest´er , n. One who seeks; a seeker. [Obs.]

Ques´tion , n. [F., fr. L. quaestio, fr. quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask, inquire. See Quest, n.] 1. The act of asking; interrogation; inquiry; as to examine by question and answer. 2. Discussion; debate; hence, objection; dispute; doubt; as the story is true beyond question; he obeyed without question. “There arose a question between some of John’s disciples and the Jews about purifying.” John iii. 25. “It is to be to question, whether it be lawful for Christian princes to make an invasive war simply for the propagation of the faith.” Bacon. 3. Examination with reference to a decisive result; investigation; specifically, a judicial or official investigation; also examination under torture. Blackstone. “He that was in question for the robbery. Shak.
The Scottish privy council had power to put state prisoners to the question.” Macaulay. 4. That which is asked; inquiry; interrogatory; query. “But this question asked
Puts me in doubt. Lives there who loves his pain ?” Milton. 5. Hence, a subject of investigation, examination, or debate; theme of inquiry; matter to be inquired into; as a delicate or doubtful question. 6. Talk; conversation; speech; speech. [Obs.] Shak. In question, in debate; in the course of examination or discussion; as the matter or point in question. — Leading question. See under Leading. — Out of question, unquestionably. ´Out of question, ’t is Maria’s hand.´ Shak. — Out of the question. See under Out. — Past question, beyond question; certainly; undoubtedly; unquestionably. — Previous question, a question put to a parliamentary assembly upon the motion of a member, in order to ascertain whether it is the will of the body to vote at once, without further debate, on the subject under consideration. The form of the question is: ´Shall the main question be now put?´ If the vote is in the affirmative, the matter before the body must be voted upon as it then stands, without further general debate or the submission of new amendments. In the House of Representatives of the United States, and generally in America, a negative decision operates to keep the business before the body as if the motion had not been made; but in the English Parliament, it operates to postpone consideration for the day, and until the subject may be again introduced. In American practice, the object of the motion is to hasten action, and it is made by a friend of the measure. In English practice, the object is to get rid of the subject for the time being, and the motion is made with a purpose of voting against it. Cushing. — To beg the question. See under Beg. — To the question, to the point in dispute; to the real matter under debate. Syn. — Point; topic; subject.

Ques´tion, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Questioned p. pr. & vb. n. Questioning.] [Cf. F. questionner. See Question, n.] 1. To ask questions; to inquire. “He that questioneth much shall learn much.” Bacon. 2. To argue; to converse; to dispute. [Obs.] “I pray you, think you question with the Jew.” Shak.

Ques´tion, v. t. 1. To inquire of by asking questions; to examine by interrogatories; as to question a witness. 2. To doubt of; to be uncertain of; to query. “And most we question what we most desire.” Prior. 3. To raise a question about; to call in question; to make objection to. ´But have power and right to question thy bold entrance on this place.´ Milton. 4. To talk to; to converse with. “With many holiday and lady terms he questioned me.” Shak. Syn. — To ask; interrogate; catechise; doubt; controvert; dispute. — Question, Inquire, Interrogate. To inquire is merely to ask for information, and implies no authority in the one who asks. To interrogate is to put repeated questions in a formal or systematic fashion to elicit some particular fact or facts. To question has a wider sense than to interrogate, and often implies an attitude of distrust or opposition on the part of the questioner.

Ques•tion•a•bil´i•ty , n. The state or condition of being questionable. Stallo.

Ques´tion•a•ble , a. 1. Admitting of being questioned; inviting, or seeming to invite, inquiry. [R.] “Thou com’st in such a questionable shape
That I will speak to thee.” Shak. 2. Liable to question; subject to be doubted or called in question; problematical; doubtful; suspicious. “It is questionable whether Galen ever saw the dissection of a human body.T.” Baker. Syn. — Disputable; debatable; uncertain; doubtful; problematical; suspicious.

Ques´tion•a•ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being questionable, doubtful, or suspicious.

Ques´tion•a•bly, adv. In a questionable manner.

Ques´tion•a•ry , a. Inquiring; asking questions; testing. ´Questionary epistles.´ Pope.

Ques´tion•a•ry, n. One who makes it his business to seek after relics and carry them about for sale.

Ques´tion•er , n. One who asks questions; an inquirer. ´Little time for idle questioners.´ Tennyson.

Ques´tion•ist, n. 1. A questioner; an inquirer. [Obs.] 2. (Eng. Univ.) A candidate for honors or degrees who is near the time of his examination.

Ques´tion•less, a. Unquestioning; incurious. [R.]

Ques´tion•less, adv. Beyond a question or doubt; doubtless; certainly.[R.] South. “What it was in the apostles’ time, that, questionless, it must be still.” Milton.

Quest´man , n.; pl. Questmen . One legally empowered to make quest of certain matters, esp. of abuses of weights and measures. Specifically: (a) A churchwarden’s assistant; a sidesman. Blount. [Obs.] (b) A collector of parish rents. Blount. [Obs.]

Quest´mon•ger , n. One who lays informations, and encourages petty lawsuits. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ques´tor , n. [L. quaestor, contr. fr. quaesitor, fr. quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask: cf. F. questeur.] (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who had the management of the public treasure; a receiver of taxes, tribute, etc.; treasurer of state. [Written also quaestor.] At an early period there were also public accusers styled questors, but the office was soon abolished.

Ques´tor•ship, n. The office, or the term of office, of a questor.

Quest´rist , n. [See Quest.] A seeker; a pursuer. [Obs.] ´Hot questrists after him.´ Shak.

Ques´tu•a•ry , a. [L. quaestuarius, from quaestus gain, profit, quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, earn.] Studious of profit. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ques´tu•a•ry, n. One employed to collect profits. [R.] ´The pope’s questuaries.´ Jer. Taylor.

Quet , n. (Zoöl.) The common guillemot. [Prov. Eng.]

Queue , n. [F. See Cue.] (a) A tail-like appendage of hair; a pigtail. (b) A line of persons waiting anywhere.

Queue, v. t. To fasten, as hair, in a queue.

Quey , n. [Cf. Dan. qvie.] A heifer. [Scot.]

Quib , n. [Cf. Quip.] A quip; a gibe.

Quib´ble , n. [Probably fr. quib, quip, but influenced by quillet, or quiddity.] 1. A shift or turn from the point in question; a trifling or evasive distinction; an evasion; a cavil. “Quibbles have no place in the search after truth.” I. Watts. 2. A pun; a low conceit.

Quib´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quibbled p. pr. & vb. n. Quibbling ] 1. To evade the point in question by artifice, play upon words, caviling, or by raising any insignificant or impertinent question or point; to trifle in argument or discourse; to equivocate. 2. To pun; to practice punning. Cudworth. Syn. — To cavil; shuffle; equivocate; trifle.

Quib´bler , n. One who quibbles; a caviler; also a punster.

Quib´bling•ly , adv. Triflingly; evasively.

Qui´ca , n. [From the native Brazilian name.] (Zoöl.) A small South American opossum (Didelphys quica), native of Guiana and Brazil. It feeds upon insects, small birds, and fruit.

Quice , n. (Zoöl.) See Queest.

Quich , v. i. [Cf. Quinch.] To stir. [Obs.] “He could not move nor quich at all.” Spenser.

Quick , a. [Compar. Quicker superl. Quickest.] [As. cwic, cwicu, cwucu, cucu, living; akin to OS. quik, D. kwik, OHG. quec, chec, G. keck bold, lively, Icel. kvikr living, Goth. qius, Lith. qyvas, Russ. zhivoi, L. vivus living, vivere to live, Gr. bi•os life, Skr. jiva living, jiv to live. Cf. Biography, Vivid, Quitch grass, Whitlow.] 1. Alive; living; animate; — opposed to dead or inanimate. “Not fully quyke, ne fully dead they were.” Chaucer. “The Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom.” 2 Tim. iv. 1. “Man is no star, but a quick coal
Of mortal fire.” Herbert. In this sense the word is nearly obsolete, except in some compounds, or in particular phrases. 2. Characterized by life or liveliness; animated; sprightly; agile; brisk; ready. ´ A quick wit.´ Shak. 3. Speedy; hasty; swift; not slow; as be quick. “Oft he her his charge of quick return
Repeated.” Milton. 4. Impatient; passionate; hasty; eager; eager; sharp; unceremonious; as a quick temper. “The bishop was somewhat quick with them, and signified that he was much offended.” Latimer. 5. Fresh; bracing; sharp; keen. “The air is quick there,
And it pierces and sharpens the stomach.” Shak. 6. Sensitive; perceptive in a high degree; ready; as a quick ear. ´To have an open ear, a quick eye.´ Shak. “They say that women are so quick.” Tennyson. 7. Pregnant; with child. Shak. Quick grass. (Bot.) See Quitch grass. — Quick match. See under Match. — Quick vein (Mining), a vein of ore which is productive, not barren. — Quick vinegar, vinegar made by allowing a weak solution of alcohol to trickle slowly over shavings or other porous material. — Quick water, quicksilver water. — Quick with child, pregnant with a living child. Syn. — Speedy; expeditious; swift; rapid; hasty; prompt; ready; active; brisk; nimble; fleet; alert; agile; lively; sprightly.

Quick , adv. In a quick manner; quickly; promptly; rapidly; with haste; speedily; without delay; as run quick; get back quick. “If we consider how very quick the actions of the mind are performed.” Locke.

Quick, n. 1. That which is quick, or alive; a living animal or plant; especially, the hawthorn, or other plants used in making a living hedge. “The works … are curiously hedged with quick.” Evelyn. 2. The life; the mortal point; a vital part; a part susceptible of serious injury or keen feeling; the sensitive living flesh; the part of a finger or toe to which the nail is attached; the tender emotions; as to cut a finger nail to the quick; to thrust a sword to the quick, to taunt one to the quick; — used figuratively. “This test nippeth, … this toucheth the quick.” Latimer. “How feebly and unlike themselves they reason when they come to the quick of the difference !” Fuller. 3. (Bot.) Quitch grass. Tennyson.

Quick, v. t. & i. [See Quicken.] To revive; to quicken; to be or become alive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Quick´beam , n. [A. S. cwicbeám.] See Quicken tree.

Quick´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. quickened p. pr. & vb. n. Quickening.] [AS. cwician. See Quick, a.] 1. To make alive; to vivify; to revive or resuscitate, as from death or an inanimate state; hence, to excite; to, stimulate; to incite. “The mistress which I serve quickens what’s dead.” Shak. “Like a fruitful garden without an hedge, that quickens the appetite to enjoy so tempting a prize.” South. 2. To make lively, active, or sprightly; to impart additional energy to; to stimulate; to make quick or rapid; to hasten; to accelerate; as to quicken one’s steps or thoughts; to quicken one’s departure or speed. 3. (Shipbuilding) To shorten the radius of (a curve); to make (a curve) sharper; as to quicken the sheer, that is, to make its curve more pronounced. Syn. — To revive; resuscitate; animate; reinvigorate; vivify; refresh; stimulate; sharpen; incite; hasten; accelerate; expedite; dispatch; speed.

Quick´en, v. i. 1. To come to life; to become alive; to become vivified or enlivened; hence, to exhibit signs of life; to move, as the fetus in the womb. “The heart is the first part that quickens, and the last that dies.” Ray. “And keener lightnings quicken in her eye.” Pope. “When the pale and bloodless east began
To quicken to the sun.” Tennyson. 2. To move with rapidity or activity; to become accelerated; as his pulse quickened.

Quick´en•er, n. One who, or that which, quickens.

Quick´en•ing, n. 1. The act or process of making or of becoming quick. 2. (Physiol.) The first motion of the fetus in the womb felt by the mother, occurring usually about the middle of the term of pregnancy. It has been popularly supposed to be due to the fetus becoming possessed of independent life.

Quick´ens , n. (Bot.) Quitch grass.

Quick´en tree [Probably from quick, and first applied to the aspen or some tree with quivering leaves; cf. G. quickenbaum, quizenbaum, quitschenbaum. Cf. Quitch grass.] (Bot.) The European rowan tree; — called also quickbeam, and quickenbeam. See Rowan tree.

Quick´hatch , n. [From the American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The wolverine.

Quick´lime , n. [See Quick, a.] (Chem.) Calcium oxide; unslacked lime; — so called because when wet it develops great heat. See 4th Lime, 2.

Quick´ly, adv. Speedily; with haste or celerity; soon; without delay; quick.

Quick´ness, n. 1. The condition or quality of being quick or living; life. [Obs.] “Touch it with thy celestial quickness.” Herbert. 2. Activity; briskness; especially, rapidity of motion; speed; celerity; as quickness of wit. “This deed … must send thee hence
With fiery quickness.” Shak. “His mind had, indeed, great quickness and vigor.” Macaulay. 3. Acuteness of perception; keen sensibility. “Would not quickness of sensation be an inconvenience to an animal that must lie still ?” Locke 4. Sharpness; pungency of taste. Mortimer. Syn. — Velocity; celerity; rapidity; speed; haste; expedition; promptness; dispatch; swiftness; nimbleness; fleetness; agility; briskness; liveliness; readiness; sagacity; shrewdness; shrewdness; sharpness; keenness.

Quick´sand , n. Sand easily moved or readily yielding to pressure; especially, a deep mass of loose or moving sand mixed with water, sometimes found at the mouth of a river or along some coasts, and very dangerous, from the difficulty of extricating a person who begins sinking into it. “Life hath quicksands, — Life hath snares!” Longfellow.

Quick´-scent•ed , a. Acute of smell.

Quick´set , n. A living plant set to grow, esp. when set for a hedge; specifically, the hawthorn.

Quick´set, a. Made of quickset. “Dates and pomegranates on the quickset hedges.” Walpole.

Quick´set, v. t. To plant with living shrubs or trees for a hedge; as to quickset a ditch. Mortimer.

Quick´-sight•ed , a. Having quick sight or acute discernment; quick to see or to discern. Locke. —Quick´-sight•ed•ness, n.

Quick´sil•ver , n. [Quick living + silver; — so called from its fluidity; cf. G. quecksilber, L. argentum vivum. See Quick, a.] (Chem.) The metal mercury; — so called from its resemblance to liquid silver. Quicksilver horizon, a mercurial artificial horizon. See under Horizon. — Quicksilver water, a solution of mercury nitrate used in artificial silvering; quick water.

Quick´sil•vered , a. Overlaid with quicksilver, or with an amalgam of quicksilver and tinfoil.

Quick´sil•ver•ing , n. The mercury and foil on the back of a looking-glass.

Quick´step , n. (Mus.) A lively, spirited march; also a lively style of dancing.

Quick´-wit•ted , a. Having ready wit Shak.

Quick´-wit•ted•ness, n. Readiness of wit. ´Celtic quick-wittedness.´ M. Arnold.

Quick´work , n. (Naut.) A term somewhat loosely used to denote: (a) All the submerged section of a vessel’s planking. (b) The planking between the spirketing and the clamps. (c) The short planks between the portholes.

Quid , n. [See Cud.] A portion suitable to be chewed; a cud; as a quid of tobacco.

Quid, v. t. (Man.) To drop from the mouth, as food when partially chewed; — said of horses. Youatt.

Qui´dam , n. [L.] Somebody; one unknown. Spenser.

Quid´da•ny , n. [L. cydoneum quince juice, quince wine. See Quince.] A confection of quinces, in consistency between a sirup and marmalade.

Quid´da•tive , a. [See Quiddity.] Constituting, or containing, the essence of a thing; quidditative.

Quid´dit , n. [Cf. Quiddity, Quillet, and Quibble.] A subtilty; an equivocation. [Obs.] Shak. “By some strange quiddit or some wrested clause.” Drayton.

Quid´di•ta•tive , a. Quiddative.

Quid´di•ty , n.; pl. Quiddities (#). [LL. quidditas, fr. L. quid what, neut. of quis who, akin to E. who: cf. F. quiddite.] 1. The essence, nature, or distinctive peculiarity, of a thing; that which answers the question, Quid est? or, What is it? ´ The degree of nullity and quiddity.´ Bacon. “The quiddity or characteristic difference of poetry as distinguished from prose.” De Quincey. 2. A trifling nicety; a cavil; a quibble. “We laugh at the quiddities of those writers now.” Coleridge.

Quid´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quiddled p. pr. & vb. n. Quiddling ] [L. quid what.] To spend time in trifling employments, or to attend to useful subjects in an indifferent or superficial manner; to dawdle. { Quid´dle , Quid´dler } n. One who wastes his energy about trifles. Emerson.

Quid´nunc , n. [L., what now?] One who is curious to know everything that passes; one who knows, or pretends to know, all that is going on. ´The idle stories of quidnuncs.´ Motley.

Qui•esce´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quiesced p. pr. & vb. n. Quiescing ] [L. quiescere, akin to quies rest, quiet. See Quiet, a. & n.] To be silent, as a letter; to have no sound. M. Stuart. { Qui•es´cence , Qui•es´cen•cy } n. [L. quiescentia, fr. quiescens, p. pr.; cf. F. quiestence. See Quiesce.] The state or quality of being quiescent. ´Quiescence, bodily and mental.´ H. Spencer. “Deeds will be done; — while be boasts his quiescence.” R. Browning.

Qui•es´cent , a. [L. quiescens, -entis, p. pr. of quiescere: cf. F. quiescent. See Quiesce.] 1. Being in a state of repose; at rest; still; not moving; as a quiescent body or fluid. 2. Not ruffed with passion; unagitated; not in action; not excited; quiet; dormant; resting. “In times of national security, the feeling of patriotism … is so quiescent that it seems hardly to exist.” Prof. Wilson. 3. (Gram.) Not sounded; silent; as y is quiescent in ´day´ and ´say.´

Qui•es´cent, n. (Gram.) A silent letter. M. Stuart.

Qui•es´cent•ly, adv. In a quiescent manner.

Qui´et , a. [Compar. Quieter superl. Quietest.] [L. quietus, p. p. pf quiescere to rest, keep quiet; akin to quies rest, and prob. to E. while, n. See While, and cf. Coy, a., Quiesce, Quietus, Quit, a., Quite, Requiem.] 1. In a state of rest or calm; without stir, motion, or agitation; still; as a quiet sea; quiet air. “They … were quiet all the night, saying, In the morning, when it is day, we shall kill him.” Judg. xvi. 2. 2. Free from noise or disturbance; hushed; still. 3. Not excited or anxious; calm; peaceful; placid; settled; as a quiet life; a quiet conscience. ´ So quiet and so sweet a style.´ Shak. “That son, who on the quiet state of man
Such trouble brought.” Milton. 4. Not giving offense; not exciting disorder or trouble; not turbulent; gentle; mild; meek; contented. “The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.” 1 Pet. iii. 4. “I will sit as quiet as a lamb.” Shak. 5. Not showy; not such as to attract attention; undemonstrative; as a quiet dress; quiet colors; a quiet movement. Syn. — Still; tranquil; calm; unruffled; smooth; unmolested; undisturbed; placid; peaceful; mild; peaceable; meek; contented.

Qui´et , n. [L. quies, - etis. See Quiet, a.] 1. The quality or state of being quiet, or in repose; as an hour or a time of quiet. 2. Freedom from disturbance, noise, or alarm; stillness; tranquillity; peace; security. “And join with thee, calm Peace and Quiet.” Milton. At quiet, still; peaceful. — In quiet, quietly. ´ I will depart in quiet.´ Shak. — Out of quiet, disturbed; restless. [Obs.] ´She is much out of quiet.´ Shak.

Qui´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quieting.] 1. To stop motion in; to still; to reduce to a state of rest, or of silence. 2. To calm; to appease; to pacify; to lull; to allay; to tranquillize; as to quiet the passions; to quiet clamors or disorders; to quiet pain or grief. “Quiet yourselves, I pray, and be at peace.” Shak.

Qui´et, v. i. To become still, silent, or calm; — often with down; as be soon quieted down.

Qui´et•age , n. Quietness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Qui´et•er , n. One who, or that which, quiets.

Qui´et•ism , n. [Cf. F. quietisme.] 1. Peace or tranquillity of mind; calmness; indifference; apathy; dispassion; indisturbance; inaction. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) The system of the Quietists, who maintained that religion consists in the withdrawal of the mind from worldly interests and anxieties and its constant employment in the passive contemplation of God and his attributes.

Qui´et•ist, n. [Cf. F. quietiste.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of mystics originated in the seventeenth century by Molinos, a Spanish priest living in Rome. See Quietism.

Qui•et•is´tic , a. Of or pertaining to the Quietists, or to Quietism.

Qui´et•ly, adv. 1. In a quiet state or manner; without motion; in a state of rest; as to lie or sit quietly. 2. Without tumult, alarm, dispute, or disturbance; peaceably; as to live quietly; to sleep quietly. 3. Calmly, without agitation or violent emotion; patiently; as to submit quietly to unavoidable evils. 4. Noiselessly; silently; without remark or violent movement; in a manner to attract little or no observation; as he quietly left the room.

Qui´et•ness, n. The quality or state of being quiet; freedom from noise, agitation, disturbance, or excitement; stillness; tranquillity; calmness. “I would have peace and quietness.” Shak.

Qui´et•some , a. Calm; still. [Obs.] Spenser.

Qui´e•tude, n. [L. quietudo: cf. F. quietude.] Rest; repose; quiet; tranquillity. Shelley.

Qui•e´tus , n. [LL. quietus quit, discharged, L., at rest, quiet, dead. See Quiet, a., and cf. Quit, a.] Final discharge or acquittance, as from debt or obligation; that which silences claims; (Fig.) rest; death. “When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin.” Shak.

Quill , n. [Perhaps fr. F. quille ninepin (see Kayless); but cf. also G. kiel a quill. MHG. kil, and Ir. cuille a quill.] 1. One of the large feathers of a bird’s wing, or one of the rectrices of the tail; also the stock of such a feather. 2. A pen for writing made by sharpening and splitting the point or nib of the stock of a feather; as history is the proper subject of his quill. Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A spine of the hedgehog or porcupine. (b) The pen of a squid. See Pen. 4. (Mus.) (a) The plectrum with which musicians strike the strings of certain instruments. (b) The tube of a musical instrument. “He touched the tender stops of various quills.” Milton. 5. Something having the form of a quill; as: (a) The fold or plain of a ruff. (b) (Weaving) A spindle, or spool, as of reed or wood, upon which the thread for the woof is wound in a shuttle. (c) (Mach.) A hollow spindle. Quill bit, a bit for boring resembling the half of a reed split lengthways and having its end sharpened like a gouge. — Quill driver, one who works with a pen; a writer; a clerk. [Jocose] — Quill nib, a small quill pen made to be used with a holder. Simmonds.

Quill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quilled p. pr. & vb. n. Quilling.] 1. To plaint in small cylindrical ridges, called quillings; as to quill a ruffle. “His cravat seemed quilled into a ruff.” Goldsmith. 2. To wind on a quill, as thread or yarn. Judd.

Quil•la´ia bark (Bot.) The bark of a rosaceous tree (Quillaja Saponaria), native of Chili. The bark is finely laminated, and very heavy with alkaline substances, and is used commonly by the Chilians instead of soap. Also called soap bark.

Quill´back , n. (Zoöl.) An American fresh-water fish (Ictiobus, or Carpiodes, cyprinus); — called also carp sucker, sailfish, spearfish, and skimback.

Quilled , a. Furnished with quills; also shaped like quills. ´A sharp-quilled porcupine.´ Shak. Quilled suture (Surg.), a variety of stitch in which the threads after being passed deeply through the edges of a wound are secured about two quills or bodies of similar shape, in order to produce a suitable degree of pressure.

Quil´let , n. [L. quidlibet what you please. Cf. Quiddit, and Quibble.] Subtilty; nicety; quibble. ´Nice, sharp quillets of the law.´ Shak.

Quill´ing , n. (a) A band of linen, muslin, or the like, fluted, folded, or plaited so as somewhat to resemble a row of quills. (b) One of the rounded plaits or flutings of such a band.

Quill´wort , n. (Bot.) Any plant or species of the genus Isoetes, cryptogamous plants with a cluster of elongated four-tubed rushlike leaves, rising from a corm, and containing spores in their enlarged and excavated bases. There are about seventeen American species, usually growing in the mud under still, shallow water. So called from the shape of the shape of the leaves.

Quilt , n. [OE. quilte, OF. cuilte, L. culcita bed, cushion, mattress. Cf. 2d Counterpoint, Cushion.] Anything that is quilted; esp., a quilted bed cover, or a skirt worn by women; any cover or garment made by putting wool, cotton, etc., between two cloths and stitching them together; also any outer bed cover. “The beds were covered with magnificent quilts.” Arbuthnot.

Quilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quilting.] 1. To stitch or sew together at frequent intervals, in order to confine in place the several layers of cloth and wadding of which a garment, comforter, etc., may be made; as to quilt a coat. Dryden. 2. To wad, as a garment, with warm soft material. 3. To stitch or sew in lines or patterns.

Quilt´er , n. One who, or that which, quilts.

Quilt´ing, n. 1. The act of stitching or running in patterns, as in making a quilt. 2. A quilting bee. See Bee, 2. 3. The material used for making quilts. 4. (Naut.) A coating of strands of rope for a water vessel.

Quin , n. (Zoöl.) A European scallop (Pecten opercularis), used as food. [Prov. Eng.]

Quin•al´dine , n. [Quinoline + aldehyde + aniline.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid of a slightly pungent odor, C9H6N.CH3, first obtained as a condensation product of aldehyde and aniline, and regarded as a derivative of quinoline; — called also methyl quinoline. [Written also chinaldine.]

Qui´na•ry , a. [L. quinarius, from quini five each, akin to quinque five: cf. F. quinaire. See Five.] Consisting of five; arranged by fives. Boyle. Quinary system (Zoöl.), a fanciful classification based on the hypothesis that each group contains five types.

Qui´nate , a. [L. quini five each.] (Bot.) Growing in sets of five; — said especially of leaves composed of five leaflets set at the end of a common petiole.

Qui´nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of quinic acid. [Written also kinate.]

Quin´a•zol , n. [Quinoline + azote.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous base related to cinnoline. [Written also chinazol.]

Quince (kwins), n. [Prob. a pl. from OE. quyne, coin, OF. coin, cooin, F. coing, from L. Cydonius a quince tree, as adj., Cydonian, Gr. Cydonian, a quince, fr. Cydonia, a city in Crete, the Cydonians. Cf. Quiddany.] 1. The fruit of a shrub (Cydonia vulgaris) belonging to the same tribe as the apple. It somewhat resembles an apple, but differs in having many seeds in each carpel. It has hard flesh of high flavor, but very acid, and is largely used for marmalade, jelly, and preserves. 2. (Bot.) a quince tree or shrub. Japan quince (Bot.), an Eastern Asiatic shrub (Cydonia, formerly Pyrus, Japonica) and its very fragrant but inedible fruit. The shrub has very showy flowers, usually red, but sometimes pink or white, and is much grown for ornament. — Quince curculio (Zoöl.), a small gray and yellow curculio (Conotrachelus crataegi) whose larva lives in quinces. — Quince tree (Bot.), the small tree (Cydonia vulgaris) which produces the quince.

Quince´wort , n. (Bot.) The squinancy. Called also quinsywort.

Quinch , v. i. [Cf. OD. quincken to quiver, shake, Fries. quink hovering. Cf. Quich.] To stir; to wince. [Obs.] Spenser.

Quin•cun´cial , [L. quincuncialis, from quincunx. See Quincunx.] 1. Having the form of a quincunx. 2. (Bot.) Having the leaves of a pentamerous calyx or corolla so imbricated that two are exterior, two are interior, and the other has one edge exterior and one interior; as quincuncial aestivation. Quincuncial phyllotaxy (Bot.), an arrangement of five leaves in a spiral, each leaf two fifths of a circle from the next.

Quin•cun´cial•ly, adv. In the manner or order of a quincunx.

Quin´cunx , n. [L., fr. quinque five + uncia an ounce. The quincunx was marked by five small spots or balls. See Five, and Ounce the weight.] 1. An arrangement of things by fives in a square or a rectangle, one being placed at each corner and one in the middle; especially, such an arrangement of trees repeated indefinitely, so as to form a regular group with rows running in various directions. 2. (Astrol.) The position of planets when distant from each other five signs, or 150°. Hutton. 3. (Bot.) A quincuncial arrangement, as of the parts of a flower in aestivation. See Quincuncial, 2.

Quin•dec´a•gon , n. [L. quindecim fifteen + Gr. angle.] (Geom.) A plane figure with fifteen angles, and consequently fifteen sides.

Quin•de•cem´vir , n.; pl. E. Quindecemvirs (#), L. Quindecemviri (#). [L., from quindecim fifteen + vir a man.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of a sacerdotal college of fifteen men whose chief duty was to take care of the Sibylline books.

Quin•de•cem´vi•rate , n. [L. quindecimviratus.] The body or office of the quindecemviri.

Quin•dec´one , n. [L. quindecim fifteen.] (Chem.) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C15H26, of the valylene series, produced artificially as an oily liquid. [Written also quindekone.]

Quin•de•cyl´ic , n. [L. quindecim fifteen + -yl.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the fatty acid series, containing fifteen atoms of carbon; called also pentadecylic acid.

Quin´dem , n. A fifteenth part. [Obs.]

Quin´dism , n. A fifteenth. [Obs.] Prynne.

Quin•hy´drone , n. [Quinone + hydroquinone.] (Chem.) A green crystalline substance formed by the union of quinone with hydroquinone, or as an intermediate product in the oxidation of hydroquinone or the reduction of quinone. [Written also chinhydrone.]

Quin´i•a , n. [NL.] (Chem.) Quinine.

Quin´i•ble , n. [L. quini five each.] (Mus.) An interval of a fifth; also a part sung with such intervals. [Obs.] ´He sang … a loud quynyble.´ Chaucer.

Quin´ic , a. [See Quinine, and cf. Kinic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or connected with, quinine and related compounds; specifically, designating a nonnitrogenous acid obtained from cinchona bark, coffee, beans, etc., as a white crystalline substance. [Written also chinic, kinic.]

Quin´i•cine , n. (Chem.) An uncrystallizable alkaloid obtained by the action of heat from quinine, with which it is isomeric.

Quin´i•dine , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid isomeric with, and resembling, quinine, found in certain species of cinchona, from which it is extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance; conchinine. It is used somewhat as a febrifuge. [Written also chinidine.]

Qui´nine , n. [F. (cf. Sp. quinina), fr. Sp. quina, or quinaquina, Peruvian bark, fr. Peruv. kina, quina, bark. Cf. Kinic.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from the bark of several species of cinchona (esp. Cinchona Calisaya) as a bitter white crystalline substance, C20H24N2O2. Hence, by extension (Med.), any of the salts of this alkaloid, as the acetate, chloride, sulphate, etc., employed as a febrifuge or antiperiodic. Called also quinia, quinina, etc. [Written also chinine.]

Qui•nin´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous acid obtained as a yellow crystalline substance by the oxidation of quinine. { Qui´nin•ism , Qui´nism } n. (Med.) See Cinchonism.

Qui•niz´a•rin , [Hydroquinone + alizarin.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance produced artificially. It is isomeric with alizarin.

Quin´i•zine , n. [Quinoline + hydrazine.] (Chem.) any one of a series of nitrogenous bases, certain of which are used as antipyretics.

Quin´nat , n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The California salmon (Oncorhynchus choicha); — called also chouicha, king salmon, chinnook salmon, and Sacramento salmon. It is of great commercial importance. [Written also quinnet.]

Qui•no´a , n. The seeds of a kind of goosewort (Chenopodium Quinoa), used in Chili and Peru for making porridge or cakes; also food thus made.

Quin´o•gen , n. [Quinine + -gen.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of quinine and related alkaloids.

Qui•noid´ine , n. [Quinine + -oid.] (Med. (Chem.) A brownish resinous substance obtained as a by-product in the treatment of cinchona bark. It consists of a mixture of several alkaloids. [Written also chinoidine.]

Quin´o•line , n. [Quinine + L. oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, C9H7N obtained as a pungent colorless liquid by the distillation of alkaloids, bones, coal tar, etc. It the nucleus of many organic bodies, especially of certain alkaloids and related substances; hence, by extension, any one of the series of alkaloidal bases of which quinoline proper is the type. [Written also chinoline.]

Qui•nol´o•gist , n. One who is versed in quinology.

Qui•nol´o•gy , n. [Quinine + -logy.] The science which treats of the cultivation of the cinchona, and of its use in medicine.

Qui´none , n. [Quinine + ketone.] (Chem.) A crystalline substance, C6H4O2 (called also benzoketone), first obtained by the oxidation of quinic acid and regarded as a double ketone; also by extension, any one of the series of which quinone proper is the type. [Written also chinone, kinone.]

Qui•no´vic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a crystalline acid obtained from some varieties of cinchona bark. [Written also chinovic, and kinovic.]

Qui•no´vin , n. [NL. quina nova the tree Cosmibuena magnifolia, whose bark yields quinovin.] (Chem.) An amorphous bitter glucoside derived from cinchona and other barks. Called also quinova bitter, and quinova. [Written also chinovin, and kinovin.]

Quin•ox´a•line , n. [Quinoline + glyoxal.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of complex nitrogenous bases obtained by the union of certain aniline derivatives with glyoxal or with certain ketones. [Written also chinoxaline.]

Quin•ox´yl , n. [Quinone + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of certain quinone derivatives related to rhodizonic acid.

Qui´noyl , n. [Quinone + - yl.] (Chem.) A radical of which quinone is the hydride, analogous to phenyl. [Written also kinoyl.]

Quin•qua•ges´i•ma , a. [L., fr. quinquagesimus the fiftieth, akin to quinquaginta fifty, quinque five. See Five.] Fiftieth. Quinquagesima Sunday, the Sunday which is the fiftieth day before Easter, both days being included in the reckoning; — called also Shrove Sunday.

Quin•quan´gu•lar , a. [L. quinquanqulus; quinque five + angulus ad angle: cf. F. quinquangulaire.] Having five angles or corners.

Quin•quar•tic´u•lar , a. [Quinque- + article.] (Theol.) Relating to the five articles or points; as the quinquarticular controversy between Arminians and Calvinists. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Quin´que- [L. quinque five. See Five.] A combining form meaning five, five times, fivefold; as quinquefid, five-cleft; quinquedentate, five-toothed.

Quin´que•an•gled , a. [Quinque- + angle.] Having five angles; quinquangular. { Quin•que•den´tate , Quin•que•den´ta•ted , } a. [Quinque- + dentate, - tated: cf. F. quinquedente.] Five- toothed; as a quinquedentate leaf.

Quin•que•fa´ri•ous , a. [From L. quinque five: cf. F. quinquefarie. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Arranged in five vertical rows; pentastichous. Gray.

Quin´que•fid , a. [Quique- + the root of L. findere to cleave: cf. F. quinquefide.] (Bot.) Sharply cut about halfway to the middle or base into five segments; as a quinquefid leaf or corolla. { Quin•que•fo´li•ate , Quin•que•fo´li•a•ted } a. [Quinque- + foliate, - ated: cf. F. quinquefolie, L. quinquefolius.] (Bot.) Having five leaves or leaflets. Gray.

Quin•que fo´li•o•late , a. (Bot.) Having five leaflets. Gray.

Quin•que•lit´er•al , a. [Quinque- + literal.] Consisting of five letters. { Quin•que•lo´bate , Quin•que•lo´ba•red } a. [Quinque- + lobate, -ated: cf. F. quinquelobe.] Cut less than halfway into portions, usually somewhat rounded; five-lobed; as a quinquelobate leaf or corolla.

Quin´que•lobed , a. [Quinque- + lobe.] Same as Quinquelobate.

Quin•que•loc´u•lar , a. [Quinque- + locular: cf. F. quinqueloculaire.] Having five cells or loculi; five-celled; as a quinquelocular pericarp.

Quin´que•nerved , a. [Quinque- + nerve.] (Bot.) Having five nerves; — said of a leaf with five nearly equal nerves or ribs rising from the end of the petiole.

Quin•quen•na´li•a , n. pl. [L., fr. quinquennalis. See Ouinquennial.] (Rom. Antiq.) Public games celebrated every five years.

Quin•quen´ni•al , a. [L. quinquennalis and quinquennis; quinque five + annus year. See Five, and cf. Biennial.] Occurring once in five years, or at the end of every five years; also lasting five years. A quinquennial event.

Quin•quen´ni•um , n. [L.] Space of five years.

Quin•quep´ar•tite , a. [L. quinquepartitus; quinque five + partitus, p. p. of partire to divide: cf. F. quinquepartite.] 1. Consisting of five parts. 2. (Bot.) Divided into five parts almost to the base.

Quin´que•reme , n. [L. quinqueremis; quinque five + remus an oar: cf. F. quinquerème] A galley having five benches or banks of oars; as an Athenian quinquereme.

Quin´que•syl•la•ble , n. [Quinque- + syllable.] A word of five syllables. { Quin´que•valve , Quin•que•val´vu•lar } a. [Quinque- + valve, valvular: cf. F. quinquevalve.] (Bot.) Having five valves, as a pericarp.

Quin´que•vir , n.; pl; E. Quinquevirs (#), L. Quinqueviri (#). [L., fr. quinque Five + vir man.] (Bot. Antiq.) One of five commissioners appointed for some special object.

Quin•qui´na , n. [NL. & F. See Quinine.] Peruvian bark.

Quin•quiv´a•lent , a. [Quinque- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Same as Pentavalent.

Quin´sy , n. [Contr. fr. squinancy, F. esquinancie, L. cynanche a sort of sore throat, Gr. sore throat, dog quinsy, fr. dog + to choke; cf. also L. synanche sore throat, Gr. . Cf. Hound, Anger, and Cynanche.] (Med.) An inflammation of the throat, or parts adjacent, especially of the fauces or tonsils, attended by considerable swelling, painful and impeded deglutition, and accompanied by inflammatory fever. It sometimes creates danger of suffocation; — called also squinancy, and squinzey.

Quint , n. [F. quinte, fr. L. quintus, quinta, the fifth, quinque five. See Five.] 1. A set or sequence of five, as in piquet. 2. (Mus.) The interval of a fifth.

Quin´tain , n. [F. quintaine, LL. quintana; cf. W. chwintan a kind of hymeneal game.] An object to be tilted at; — called also quintel. [Written also quintin.] A common form in the Middle Ages was an upright post, on the top of which turned a crosspiece, having on one end a broad board, and on the other a sand bag. The endeavor was to strike the board with the lance while riding under, and get away without being hit by the sand bag. ´But a quintain, a mere lifeless block.´ Shak.

Quin´tal , n. [F., fr. Sp. quintal, fr. Ar. qintar a weight of 100 lbs., prob. fr. L. centenarius consisting of a hundred, fr. centeni a hundred each, fr. centum a hundred. See Hundred, and cf. Kentle.] 1. A hundredweight, either 112 or 100 pounds, according to the scale used. Cf. Cental. [Sometimes written and pronounced kentle.] 2. A metric measure of weight, being 100,000 grams, or 100 kilograms, equal to 220.46 pounds avoirdupois.

Quin´tan , a. [L. quintanus, fr. quintus fifth, quinque five. See Five.] Occurring as the fifth, after four others also occurring every fifth day, reckoning inclusively; as a quintan fever. — n. (Med.) An intermittent fever which returns every fifth day, reckoning inclusively, or in which the intermission lasts three days.

Quin´tel , n. See Quintain.

Quin•tes´sence , n. [F., fr. L. quinta essentia fifth essence. See Quint, and Essence.] 1. The fifth or last and highest essence or power in a natural body. See Ferment oils, under Ferment. [Obs.] The ancient Greeks recognized four elements, fire, air, water, and earth. The Pythagoreans added a fifth and called it nether, the fifth essence, which they said flew upward at creation and out of it the stars were made. The alchemists sometimes considered alcohol, or the ferment oils, as the fifth essence. 2. Hence: An extract from anything, containing its rarest virtue, or most subtle and essential constituent in a small quantity; pure or concentrated essence. “Let there be light, said God; and forthwith light
Ethereal, first of things, quintessence pure,
Sprung from the deep.” Milton.

Quin•tes´sence, v. t. To distil or extract as a quintessence; to reduce to a quintessence. [R.] Stirling. ´Truth quintessenced and raised to the highest power.´ J. A. Symonds.

Quin•tes•sen´tial , a. Of the nature of a quintessence; purest. ´Quintessential extract of mediocrity.´ G. Eliot. { Quin•tet´ , Quin•tette´ } , n. [It. quintetto, dim. of quinto the fifth, a fifth part, from L. quintus the fifth: cf. F. quintette. See Quint.] (Mus.) A composition for five voices or instruments; also the set of five persons who sing or play five-part music.

Quin´tic , a. [L. quintus fifth, fr. quinque five.] (Alg.) Of the fifth degree or order. — n. (Alg.) A quantic of the fifth degree. See Quantic.

Quin´tile , n. [F. quintil aspect, fr. L. quintus the fifth.] (Astron.) The aspect of planets when separated the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°. Hutton.

Quin•till´lion , n. [Formed fr. L. quintus the fifth, after the analogy of million: cf. F. quintillion. See Quint.] According to the French notation, which is used on the Continent and in America, the cube of a million, or a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a number produced by involving a million to the fifth power, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.

Quin´tin , n. See Quintain.

Quin´tine , n. [L. quintus the fifth: cf. F. quintine.] (Bot.) The embryonic sac of an ovule, sometimes regarded as an innermost fifth integument. Cf. Quartine, and Tercine.

Quin´tole , n. [It. quinto fifth.] (Mus.) A group of five notes to be played or sung in the time of four of the same species.

Quin´tu•ple , a. [L. quintus fifth: cf. F. quintuple, L. quintuplex. Cf. Quadruple.] Multiplied by five; increased to five times the amount; fivefold. Quintuple time (Mus.), a time having five beats in a measure. It is seldom used.

Quin´tu•ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quintupled p. pr. & vb. n. Quintupling.] [Cf. F. quintupler.] To make fivefold, or five times as much or many. { Quit´tu•ple-nerved• , Quin´tu•ple-ribbed• } a. (Bot.) The same as Quinquenerved.

Quin´zaine , n. [F., from quinze fifteen, L. quindecim. See Fifteen.] The fifteenth day after a feast day, including both in the reckoning. [Written also quinzain.]

Quinze , n. [F.] A game at cards in which the object is to make fifteen points.

Quip , n. [Cf. W. chwip a quick flirt or turn, chwipio to whip, to move briskly, and E. whip. Cf. Quib, Quibble.] A smart, sarcastic turn or jest; a taunt; a severe retort; a gibe. “Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles.” Milton. “He was full of joke and jest,
But all his merry quips are o’er.” Tennyson.

Quip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quipped p. pr. & vb. n. Quipping ] To taunt; to treat with quips. “The more he laughs, and does her closely quip.” Spenser.

Quip, v. i. To scoff; to use taunts. Sir H. Sidney.

Qui´po , n. Same as Quipu.

Qui´pu , n.; pl. Quipus (#). [Peruv. quipu a knot.] A contrivance employed by the ancient Peruvians, Mexicans, etc., as a substitute for writing and figures, consisting of a main cord, from which hung at certain distances smaller cords of various colors, each having a special meaning, as silver, gold, corn, soldiers. etc. Single, double, and triple knots were tied in the smaller cords, representing definite numbers. It was chiefly used for arithmetical purposes, and to register important facts and events. [Written also quipo.] Tylor. “The mysterious science of the quipus … supplied the Peruvians with the means of communicating their ideas to one another, and of transmitting them to future generations.” Prescott.

Quir´boil•ly (kwir´boi•le•), n. [OE. cuir bouilli.] Leather softened by boiling so as to take any required shape. Upon drying, it becomes exceedingly hard, and hence was formerly used for armor. [Obs.] ´His jambeux were of quyrboilly.´ Chaucer.

Quire (kwir), n. See Choir. [Obs.] Spenser. “A quire of such enticing birds.” Shak.

Quire, v. i. To sing in concert. [R.] Shak.

Quire (kwir), n. [OE. quaer, quair, OF. quayer, cayer, caïer, F. cahier, a book of loose sheets, a quarter of a quire, LL. quaternus, quaternum, sheets of paper packed together, properly, four together, fr. L. quaterni four each, by fours, quattuor four. See Four, and cf. Cahier.] A collection of twenty-four sheets of paper of the same size and quality, unfolded or having a single fold; one twentieth of a ream.

Quir´is•ter (kwir´is•ter), n. [See Quire, Chorister.] A chorister. See Chorister. [R.] Thomson.

Quir•i•ta´tion (kwir•i•ta´shun), n. [L. quiritatio, fr. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, v. freq. fr. queri to complain.] A crying for help. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Qui´rite (kwi´rit), n. One of the Quirites.

Qui•ri´tes (kwi•ri´tez), n. pl. [L., fr. Cures, a Sabine town.] (Rom. Antiq.) Roman citizens. After the Sabines and Romans had united themselves into one community, under Romulus, the name of Quirites was taken in addition to that of Romani, the Romans calling themselves in a civil capacity Quirites, while in a political and military capacity they retained the name of Romani. Andrews.

Quirk (kwerk), n. [Written also querk.] [Cf. W. chwiori to turn briskly, or E. queer.] 1. A sudden turn; a starting from the point or line; hence, an artful evasion or subterfuge; a shift; a quibble; as the quirks of a pettifogger. ´Some quirk or … evasion.´ Spenser. “We ground the justification of our nonconformity on dark subtilties and intricate quirks.” Barrow. 2. A fit or turn; a short paroxysm; a caprice. [Obs.] ´Quirks of joy and grief.´ Shak. 3. A smart retort; a quibble; a shallow conceit. “Some odd quirks and remnants of wit.” Shak. 4. An irregular air; as light quirks of music. Pope. 5. (Building) A piece of ground taken out of any regular ground plot or floor, so as to make a court, yard, etc.; — sometimes written quink. Gwilt. 6. (Arch.) A small channel, deeply recessed in proportion to its width, used to insulate and give relief to a convex rounded molding. Quirk molding, a bead between two quirks.

Quirked (kwerkt), a. Having, or formed with, a quirk or quirks.

Quirk´ish (kwerk´ish), a. Consisting of quirks; resembling a quirk. Barrow.

Quirk´y (-y), a. Full of quirks; tricky; as a quirky lawyer.

Quirl (kwerl), n. & v. See Querl.

Quir´pele (kwer´pel), n. [Tamil kirippillai.] (Zoöl.) The Indian ferret.

Quirt (kwert), n. A rawhide whip plaited with two thongs of buffalo hide. T. Roosevelt.

Quish (kwish), n. See Cuish.

Quit (kwit), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small passerine birds native of tropical America. See Banana quit, under Banana, and Guitguit.

Quit (kwit), a. [OE. quite, OF. quite, F. quitte. See Quit, v., Quiet.] Released from obligation, charge, penalty, etc.; free; clear; absolved; acquitted. Chaucer. “The owner of the ox shall be quit.” Ex. xxi. 28. This word is sometimes used in the form quits, colloquially; as to be quits with one, that is, to have made mutual satisfaction of demands with him; to be even with him; hence, as an exclamation: Quits! we are even, or on equal terms. ´To cry quits with the commons in their complaints.´ Fuller.

Quit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quit or Quitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quitting.] [OE. quiten, OF. quiter, quitier, cuitier, F. quitter, to acquit, quit, LL. quietare, fr. L. quietare to calm, to quiet, fr. quietus quiet. See Quiet, a., and cf. Quit, a., Quite, Acquit, Requite.] 1. To set at rest; to free, as from anything harmful or oppressive; to relieve; to clear; to liberate. [R.] “To quit you of this fear, you have already looked Death in the face; what have you found so terrible in it?” Wake. 2. To release from obligation, accusation, penalty, or the like; to absolve; to acquit. “There may no gold them quyte.” Chaucer. “God will relent, and quit thee all his debt.” Milton. 3. To discharge, as an obligation or duty; to meet and satisfy, as a claim or debt; to make payment for or of; to requite; to repay. “The blissful martyr quyte you your meed.” Chaucer. “Enkindle all the sparks of nature
To quit this horrid act.” Shak. “Before that judge that quits each soul his hire.” Fairfax. 4. To meet the claims upon, or expectations entertained of; to conduct; to acquit; — used reflexively. “Be strong, and quit yourselves like men.” 1 Sam. iv. 9. “Samson hath quit himself
Like Samson.” Milton. 5. To carry through; to go through to the end. [Obs.] “Never worthy prince a day did quit
With greater hazard and with more renown.” Daniel. 6. To have done with; to cease from; to stop; hence, to depart from; to leave; to forsake; as to quit work; to quit the place; to quit jesting. “Such a superficial way of examining is to quit truth for appearance.” Locke. To quit cost, to pay; to reimburse. — To quit scores, to make even; to clear mutually from demands. “Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it?” South. Syn. — To leave; relinquish; resign; abandon; forsake; surrender; discharge; requite. — Quit, Leave. Leave is a general term, signifying merely an act of departure; quit implies a going without intention of return, a final and absolute abandonment.

Quit, v. i. To go away; to depart; to stop doing a thing; to cease.

Quitch (kwich), n. 1. (Bot.) Same as Quitch grass. 2. Figuratively: A vice; a taint; an evil. “To pick the vicious quitch
Of blood and custom wholly out of him.” Tennyson.

Quitch´ grass (kwich´ gras•). [Properly quick grass, being probably so called from its vigorous growth, or from its tenacity of life. See Quick, and cf. Couch grass.] (Bot.) A perennial grass (Agropyrum repens) having long running rootstalks, by which it spreads rapidly and pertinaciously, and so becomes a troublesome weed. Also called couch grass, quack grass, quick grass, twitch grass. See Illustration in Appendix.

Quit´claim (kwit´klam•), n. [Quit, a. + claim.] (Law) A release or relinquishment of a claim; a deed of release; an instrument by which some right, title, interest, or claim, which one person has or is supposed to have, in or to an estate held by himself or another, is released or relinquished, the grantor generally covenanting only against persons who claim under himself.

Quit´claim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quitclaimed (-klamd•); p. pr. & vb. n. Quitclaiming.] (Law) To release or relinquish a claim to; to release a claim to by deed, without covenants of warranty against adverse and paramount titles.

Quite (kwit), v. t. & i. See Quit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Quite (kwit), adv. [F. quitte discharged, free, clear; cf. OF. quitement freely, frankly, entirely. See Quit, a.] 1. Completely; wholly; entirely; totally; perfectly; as the work is not quite done; the object is quite accomplished; to be quite mistaken. “Man shall not quite be lost, but saved who will.” Milton. “The same actions may be aimed at different ends, and arise from quite contrary principles.” Spectator. 2. To a great extent or degree; very; very much; considerably. ´Quite amusing.´ Macaulay. “He really looks quite concerned.” Landor. “The island stretches along the land and is quite close to it.” Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Quit´ly (kwit´ly), adv. Quite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Quit´rent (kwit´rent•), n. [Quit, a. + rent.] (Law) A rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quit from other service. Blackstone. In some of the United States a fee-farm rent is so termed. Burrill.

Quits (kwits), interj. See the Note under Quit, a.

Quit´ta•ble (kwit´ta•b’l), a. Capable of being quitted.

Quit´tal (-tal), n. Return; requital; quittance. [Obs.]

Quit´tance (-tans), n. [OE. quitaunce, OF. quitance, F. quittance. See Quit, v. t.] 1. Discharge from a debt or an obligation; acquittance. “Omittance is no quittance.” Shak. 2. Recompense; return; repayment. [Obs.] Shak.

Quit´tance, v. t. To repay; to requite. [Obs.] Shak.

Quit´ter (-ter), n. 1. One who quits. 2. A deliverer. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Quit´tor (-ter), n. [Perhaps for quitture.] (Far.) A chronic abscess, or fistula of the coronet, in a horse’s foot, resulting from inflammation of the tissues investing the coffin bone.

Quit´ture (-tur; 135), n. A discharge; an issue. [Obs.] “To cleanse the quitture from thy wound.” Chapman.

Quiv´er (kwiv´er), a. [Akin to AS. cwiferlice anxiously; cf. OD. kuiven, kuiveren. Cf. Quaver.] Nimble; active. [Obs.] ´ A little quiver fellow.´ Shak.

Quiv´er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quivered (-erd); p. pr. & vb. n. Quivering.] [Cf. Quaver.] To shake or move with slight and tremulous motion; to tremble; to quake; to shudder; to shiver. “The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind.” Shak. “And left the limbs still quivering on the ground.” Addison.

Quiv´er, n. The act or state of quivering; a tremor.

Quiv´er, n. [OF. cuivre, cuevre, coivre, LL. cucurum, fr. OHG. chohhari quiver, receptacle, G. köcher quiver; akin to AS. cocor, cocur, cocer, D. koker. Cf. Cocker a high shoe.] A case or sheath for arrows to be carried on the person. “Beside him hung his bow
And quiver, with three-bolted thunder stored.” Milton.

Quiv´ered (-erd), a. 1. Furnished with, or carrying, a quiver. ´Like a quivered nymph with arrows keen.´ Milton. 2. Sheathed, as in a quiver. ´Whose quills stand quivered at his ear.´ Pope.

Quiv´er•ing•ly (-er•ing•ly), adv. With quivering motion.

Qui• vive´ (ke• vev´). [F., fr. qui who + vive, pres. subj. of vivre to live.] The challenge of a French sentinel, or patrol; — used like the English challenge: ´Who comes there?´ To be on the qui vive, to be on guard; to be watchful and alert, like a sentinel.

Quix•ot´ic (kwiks•ot´ik), a. Like Don Quixote; romantic to extravagance; absurdly chivalric; apt to be deluded. ´Feats of quixotic gallantry.´ Prescott.

Quix•ot´ic•al•ly (-i•kal•ly), adv. In a quixotic way.

Quix´ot•ism (kwiks´ot•iz’m), n. That form of delusion which leads to extravagant and absurd undertakings or sacrifices in obedience to a morbidly romantic ideal of duty or honor, as illustrated by the exploits of Don Quixote in knight-errantry.

Quix´ot•ry (-ry), n. Quixotism; visionary schemes.

Quiz (kwiz), n. [It is said that Daly, the manager of a Dublin playhouse, laid a wager that a new word of no meaning should be the common talk and puzzle of the city in twenty-four hours. In consequence of this the letters q u i z were chalked by him on all the walls of Dublin, with an effect that won the wager. Perhaps, however, originally a variant of whiz, and formerly the name of a popular game.] 1. A riddle or obscure question; an enigma; a ridiculous hoax. 2. One who quizzes others; as he is a great quiz. 3. An odd or absurd fellow. Smart. Thackeray. 4. An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination. [Cant, U.S.]

Quiz (kwiz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quizzed (kwizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Quizzing (-zing).] 1. To puzzle; to banter; to chaff or mock with pretended seriousness of discourse; to make sport of, as by obscure questions. “He quizzed unmercifully all the men in the room.” Thackeray. 2. To peer at; to eye suspiciously or mockingly. 3. To instruct in or by a quiz. See Quiz, n., 4. [U.S.] Quizzing glass, a small eyeglass.

Quiz, v. i. To conduct a quiz. See Quiz, n., 4. [U.S.]

Quiz´zer (-zer), n. One who quizzes; a quiz.

Quiz´zic•al (-zi•kal), a. Relating to quizzing; given to quizzing; of the nature of a quiz; farcical; sportive. — Quiz´zic•al•ly, adv.

Quiz´zism (-ziz’m), n. The act or habit of quizzing.

Quob (kwob), v. i. [Cf. Quaver.] [Written also quop and quab.] To throb; to quiver. [Local & Vulgar]

Quod (kwod), n. [For quad, abbrev. of quadrangle.] A quadrangle or court, as of a prison; hence, a prison. [Slang] ´Flogged or whipped in quod.´ T. Hughes.

Quod, v. Quoth; said. See Quoth. [Obs.] “´Let be,´ quod he, ´it shall not be.´” Chaucer.

Quod´dies (kwod´diz), n. pl. Herring taken and cured or smoked near Quoddy Head, Maine, or near the entrance of Passamaquoddy Bay.

Quod´li•bet (-li•bet), n. [L., what you please.] 1. A nice point; a subtilty; a debatable point. “These are your quodlibets, but no learning.” P. Fletcher. 2. (Mus.) A medley improvised by several performers.

Quod•lib•e•ta´ri•an (- lib•e•ta´ri•an), n. One who discusses any subject at pleasure.

Quod•li•bet´ic•al (- li•bet´i•kal), a. Not restricted to a particular subject; discussed for curiosity or entertainment. — Quod•li•bet´ic•al•ly, adv.

Quoif (kwoif or koif), n. & v. t. See Coif. Shak.

Quoif´fure (kwoif´fur or koif´-), n. See Coiffure.

Quoil (kwoil or koil), n. See Coil. [Obs.]

Quoin (kwoin or koin; 277), n. [See Coin, and cf. Coigne.] 1. (Arch.) Originally, a solid exterior angle, as of a building; now, commonly, one of the selected pieces of material by which the corner is marked. In stone, the quoins consist of blocks larger than those used in the rest of the building, and cut to dimension. In brickwork, quoins consist of groups or masses of brick laid together, and in a certain imitation of quoins of stone. 2. A wedgelike piece of stone, wood, metal, or other material, used for various purposes; as: (a) (Masonry) To support and steady a stone. (b) (Gun.) To support the breech of a cannon. (c) (Print.) To wedge or lock up a form within a chase. (d) (Naut.) To prevent casks from rolling. Hollow quoin. See under Hollow. - - Quoin post (Canals), the post of a lock gate which abuts against the wall.

Quoit (kwoit or koit), n. [OE. coite; cf. OF. coitier to spur, press, (assumed) LL. coctare, fr. L. coquere, coctum, to cook, burn, vex, harass, E. cook, also W. coeten a quoit.] 1. (a) A flattened ring-shaped piece of iron, to be pitched at a fixed object in play; hence, any heavy flat missile used for the same purpose, as a stone, piece of iron, etc. (b) pl. A game played with quoits. Shak. 2. The discus of the ancients. See Discus. 3. A cromlech. [Prov. Eng.] J. Morley.

Quoit, v. i. To throw quoits; to play at quoits. “To quoit, to run, and steeds and chariots drive.” Dryden.

Quoit, v. t. To throw; to pitch. [Obs. or R.] Shak.

Quoke (kwok), obs. imp. of Quake. Chaucer.

Quoll (kwol), n. (Zoöl.) A marsupial of Australia (Dasyurus macrurus), about the size of a cat.

Quon´dam (kwon´dam), a. [L., formerly.] Having been formerly; former; sometime. ´This is the quondam king.´ Shak.

Quon´dam, n. A person dismissed or ejected from a position. [R.] ´Make them quondams; … cast them out of their office.´ Latimer.

Quook (kwook), imp. of Quake. [Obs.] Spenser.

Quop (kwop), v. i. See Quob.

Quo´rum (kwo´rum), n. [L., of whom, gen. pl. of qui who, akin to E. who. See the Note below.] Such a number of the officers or members of any body as is competent by law or constitution to transact business; as a quorum of the House of Representatives; a constitutional quorum was not present. The term arose from the Latin words, Quorum aliquem vestrum … unum esse volumus (of whom we wish some one of you to be one), which were used in the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace in England, by which commission it was directed that no business of certain kinds should be done without the presence of one or more of certain justices specially designated. Justice of the peace and of the quorum designates a class of justices of the peace in some of the United States.

Quo´ta (kwo´ta), n. [LL., fr. L. quota (sc. pars), fr. quotus which or what in number, of what number, how many, fr. quot how many, akin to quis, qui, who: cf. It. quota a share. See Who.] A proportional part or share; the share or proportion assigned to each in a division. ´Quota of troops and money.´ Motley.

Quot´a•ble (kwot´a•b’l), a. Capable or worthy of being quoted; as a quotable writer; a quotable sentence. — Quot•a•bil´i•ty (-bil´i•ty), n. Poe.

Quo•ta´tion (kwo•ta´shun), n. [From Quote.] 1. The act of quoting or citing. 2. That which is quoted or cited; a part of a book or writing named, repeated, or adduced as evidence or illustration. Locke. 3. (Com.) The naming or publishing of the current price of stocks, bonds, or any commodity; also the price named. 4. Quota; share. [Obs.] 5. (Print.) A piece of hollow type metal, lower than type, and measuring two or more pica ems in length and breadth, used in the blank spaces at the beginning and end of chapters, etc. Quotation marks (Print.), two inverted commas placed at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end, of a passage quoted from an author in his own words.

Quo•ta´tion•ist (kwo•ta´shun•ist), n. One who makes, or is given to making, quotations. “The narrow intellectuals of quotationists.” Milton.

Quote (kwot), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quoting.] [OF. quoter, F. coter to letter, number, to quote, LL. quotare to divide into chapters and verses, fr. L. quotus. See Quota.] [Formerly written also cote.] 1. To cite, as a passage from some author; to name, repeat, or adduce, as a passage from an author or speaker, by way of authority or illustration; as to quote a passage from Homer. 2. To cite a passage from; to name as the authority for a statement or an opinion; as to quote Shakespeare. 3. (Com.) To name the current price of. 4. To notice; to observe; to examine. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To set down, as in writing. [Obs.] ´He’s quoted for a most perfidious slave.´ Shak. Syn. — To cite; name; adduce; repeat. — Quote, Cite. To cite was originally to call into court as a witness, etc., and hence denotes bringing forward any thing or person as evidence. Quote usually signifies to reproduce another’s words; it is also used to indicate an appeal to some one as an authority, without adducing his exact words.

Quote (kwot), n. A note upon an author. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Quot´er (-er), n. One who quotes the words of another.

Quoth (kwoth or kwuth), v. t. [AS. cweðan, imp. cwaeð, pl. cwaedon; akin to OS. queðan, OHG. quethan, quedan, Icel. kveða, Goth. qiþan. rad.22. Cf. Bequeath.] Said; spoke; uttered; — used only in the first and third persons in the past tenses, and always followed by its nominative, the word or words said being the object: as quoth I, quoth he. ´Let me not live, quoth he.´ Shak.

Quoth´a (-a), interj. [For quoth ’a said he, ’a being corrupted from he.] Indeed; forsooth. “To affront the blessed hillside drabs and thieves
With mended morals, quotha, — fine new lives !” Mrs. Browning.

Quo•tid´i•an (kwo•tid´i•an), a. [OE. cotidian, L. quotidianus, fr. quotidie daily; quotus how many + dies day: cf. OF. cotidien, F. quotidien. See Quota, Deity.] Occurring or returning daily; as a quotidian fever.

Quo•tid´i•an (kwo•tid´i•an), n. Anything returning daily; especially (Med.), an intermittent fever or ague which returns every day. Milton.

Quo´tient (kwo´shent), n. [F., fr. L. quoties how often, how many times, fr. quot how many. See Quota.] 1. (Arith.) The number resulting from the division of one number by another, and showing how often a less number is contained in a greater; thus, the quotient of twelve divided by four is three. 2. (Higher Alg.) The result of any process inverse to multiplication. See the Note under Multiplication.

Quo•ti´e•ty (kwo•ti´e•ty), n. [L. quotus of what number, quot how many.] (Scholastic Philos.) The relation of an object to number. Krauth-Fleming.

Quo´tum (kwo´tum), n. [NL., fr. L. quotus of what number. See Quota.] Part or proportion; quota. [R.] ´A very small quotum.´ Max Müller.

Quo• war•ran´to (kwo• wor•ran´to). [So called from the Law L. words quo warranto (by what authority), in the original Latin form of the writ. See Which, and Warrant.] (Law) A writ brought before a proper tribunal, to inquire by what warrant a person or a corporation acts, or exercises certain powers. Blackstone. An information in the nature of a quo warranto is now common as a substitute for the writ. Wharton.

Qu•ran´ (ku•rän´), n. See Koran.

R (är). R, the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. It is sometimes called a semivowel, and a liquid. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178, 179, and 250-254. ´R is the dog’s letter and hurreth in the sound.´ B. Jonson. In words derived from the Greek language the letter h is generally written after r to represent the aspirated sound of the Greek ´r, but does not affect the pronunciation of the English word, as rhapsody, rhetoric. The English letter derives its form from the Greek through the Latin, the Greek letter being derived from the Phœnician, which, it is believed, is ultimately of Egyptian origin. Etymologically, R is most closely related to l, s, and n; as in bandore, mandole; purple, L. purpura; E. chapter, F. chapitre, L. capitulum; E. was, were; hare, G. hase; E. order, F. ordre, L. ordo, ordinis; E. coffer, coffin. The three Rs, a jocose expression for reading, (w)riting, and (a)rithmetic, — the fundamentals of an education.

Ra (rä), n. A roe; a deer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ra-. A prefix, from the Latin re and ad combined, coming to us through the French and Italian. See Re-, and Ad-.

Raash (räsh), n. [Cf. Ar. ra’ash trembling, tremor.] (Zoöl.) The electric catfish. [Written also raasch.]

Rab (rab), n. A rod or stick used by masons in mixing hair with mortar.

Rab´at (rab´at), n. [See Rabot.] A polishing material made of potter’s clay that has failed in baking.

Ra•bate´ (ra•bat´), v. t. [F. rabattre to beat down; pref. re- + abattre. See Abate, and cf. Rebate, v.] (Falconry) To recover to the fist, as a hawk. [Obs.]

Rab´a•tine (rab´a•tin), n. [See Rabato.] A collar or cape. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott.

Ra•ba´to (ra•ba´to), n. [F. rabat, fr. rabattre. See Rabate.] A kind of ruff for the neck; a turned-down collar; a rebato. [Obs.] Shak.

Rab•bate´ (rab•bat´), v. t. [See Rabate.] To abate or diminish. [Obs.] — n. Abatement. [Obs.]

Rab´bet (rab´bet), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rabbeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rabbeting.] [F. raboter to plane, plane down,rabot a plane; pref. re- re- + OF. abouter, aboter. See Abut, and cf. Rebut.] 1. To cut a rabbet in; to furnish with a rabbet. 2. To unite the edges of, as boards, etc., in a rabbet joint.

Rab´bet, n. [See Rabbet, v., and cf. Rebate, n.] 1. (Carp.) A longitudinal channel, groove, or recess cut out of the edge or face of any body; especially, one intended to receive another member, so as to break or cover the joint, or more easily to hold the members in place; thus, the groove cut for a panel, for a pane of glass, or for a door, is a rabbet, or rebate. 2. Same as Rabbet joint, below. Rabbet joint (Carp.), a joint formed by fitting together rabbeted boards or timbers; — called also rabbet. — Rabbet plane, a joiner’s plane for cutting a rabbet. Moxon.

Rab´bi (rab´bi or -bi; 277), n.; pl. Rabbis (-biz or -biz) or Rabbies. [L., fr. Gr. ´rabbi•, Heb. rabi my master, from rab master, lord, teacher, akin to Ar. rabb.] Master; lord; teacher; — a Jewish title of respect or honor for a teacher or doctor of the law. ´The gravest rabbies.´ Milton. “Be not ye called Rabbi, for one is your Master, even Christ, and all ye are brethren.” Matt. xxiii. 8.

Rab´bin (rab´bin), n. [F.] Same as Rabbi. { Rab•bin´ic (rab•bin´ik), Rab•bin´ic•al (-i•kal), } a. [Cf. F. rabbinique.] Of or pertaining to the rabbins or rabbis, or pertaining to the opinions, learning, or language of the rabbins. ´Comments staler than rabbinic.´ Lowell. “We will not buy your rabbinical fumes.” Milton.

Rab•bin´ic (rab•bin´ik), n. The language or dialect of the rabbins; the later Hebrew.

Rab•bin´ic•al•ly, adv. In a rabbinical manner; after the manner of the rabbins.

Rab´bin•ism (rab´bin•iz’m), n. [Cf. F. rabbinisme.] 1. A rabbinic expression or phraseology; a peculiarity of the language of the rabbins. 2. The teachings and traditions of the rabbins.

Rab´bin•ist, n. [Cf. F. rabbiniste.] One among the Jews who adhered to the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbins, in opposition to the Karaites, who rejected the traditions.

Rab´bin•ite (-it), n. Same as Rabbinist.

Rab´bit (rab´bit), n. [OE. rabet, akin to OD. robbe, robbeken.] (Zoöl.) Any of the smaller species of the genus Lepus, especially the common European species (Lepus cuniculus), which is often kept as a pet, and has been introduced into many countries. It is remarkably prolific, and has become a pest in some parts of Australia and New Zealand. The common American rabbit (L. sylvatica) is similar but smaller. See Cottontail, and Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack. The larger species of Lepus are commonly called hares. See Hare. Angora rabbit (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic rabbit having long, soft fur. — Rabbit burrow, a hole in the earth made by rabbits for shelter and habitation. — Rabbit fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The northern chimaera (Chimaera monstrosa). (b) Any one of several species of plectognath fishes, as the bur fish, and puffer. The term is also locally applied to other fishes. — Rabbits’ ears. (Bot.) See Cyclamen. — Rabbit warren, a piece of ground appropriated to the breeding and preservation of rabbits. Wright. — Rock rabbit. (Zoöl.) See Daman, and Klipdas. — Welsh rabbit, a dish of which the chief constituents are toasted bread and toasted cheese, prepared in various ways. The name is said to be a corruption of Welsh rare bit, but perhaps it is merely a humorous designation.

Rab´bit•ing, n. The hunting of rabbits. T. Hughes.

Rab´bit•ry (-ry), n. A place where rabbits are kept; especially, a collection of hutches for tame rabbits.

Rab´ble (rab´b’l), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Iron Manuf.) An iron bar, with the end bent, used in stirring or skimming molten iron in the process of puddling.

Rab´ble, v. t. To stir or skim with a rabble, as molten iron.

Rab´ble, v. i. [Akin to D. rabbelen, Prov. G. rabbeln, to prattle, to chatter: cf. L. rabula a brawling advocate, a pettifogger, fr. rabere to rave. Cf. Rage.] To speak in a confused manner. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Rab´ble, n. [Probably named from the noise made by it (see Rabble, v. i.); cf. D. rapalje rabble, OF. & Prov. F. rapaille.] 1. A tumultuous crowd of vulgar, noisy people; a mob; a confused, disorderly throng. “I saw, I say, come out of London, even unto the presence of the prince, a great rabble of mean and light persons.” Ascham. “Jupiter, Mercury, Bacchus, Venus, Mars, and the whole rabble of licentious deities.” Bp. Warburton. 2. A confused, incoherent discourse; a medley of voices; a chatter. The rabble, the lowest class of people, without reference to an assembly; the dregs of the people. ´The rabble call him •lord.’´ Shak.

Rab´ble, a. Of or pertaining to a rabble; like, or suited to, a rabble; disorderly; vulgar. [R.] Dryden.

Rab´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rabbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rabbling (-bling).] 1. To insult, or assault, by a mob; to mob; as to rabble a curate. Macaulay. “The bishops’ carriages were stopped and the prelates themselves rabbled on their way to the house.” J. R. Green. 2. To utter glibly and incoherently; to mouth without intelligence. [Obs. or Scot.] Foxe. 3. To rumple; to crumple. [Scot.]

Rab´ble•ment (rab´b’l•ment), n. A tumultuous crowd of low people; a rabble. ´Rude rablement.´ Spenser. “And still, as he refused it, the rabblement hooted.” Shak.

Rab´bler (-bler), n. [See 2d Rabble.] (Mech.) A scraping tool for smoothing metal.

Rab´ble-rout (-b’l-rout•), n. A tumultuous crowd; a rabble; a noisy throng.

Rab•doid´al (rab•doid´al), a. [Gr. ´ra•bdos a rod + -oid + - al.] (Anat.) See Sagittal. [Written also rhabdoidal.]

Rab•dol´o•gy (-dol´o•jy), n. [Gr. ´ra•bdos rod, stick + - logy: cf. F. rabdologie.] The method or art of performing arithmetical operations by means of Napier’s bones. See Napier’s bones. [Written also rhabdology.]

Rab´do•man•cy (rab´do•man•sy), n. [Gr. ´ra•bdos rod + -mancy.] Divination by means of rods or wands. [Written also rhabdomancy.] Sir T. Browne.

Rab´id (rab´id), a. [L. rabidus, from rabere to rave. See Rage, n.] 1. Furious; raging; extremely violent. “The rabid flight
Of winds that ruin ships.” Chapman. 2. Extreme, unreasonable, or fanatical in opinion; excessively zealous; as a rabid socialist. 3. Affected with the distemper called rabies; mad; as a rabid dog or fox. 4. (Med.) Of or pertaining to rabies, or hydrophobia; as rabid virus.

Ra•bid´i•ty (ra•bid´i•ty), n. Rabidness; furiousness.

Rab´id•ly (rab´id•ly), adv. In a rabid manner; with extreme violence.

Rab´id•ness, n. The quality or state of being rabid.

Ra´bi•es (ra´bi•ez), n. [L. See Rage, n.] Same as Hydrophobia (b); canine madness.

Rab´i•net (rab´i•net), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mil.) A kind of small ordnance formerly in use. [Written also rabanet.] Ainsworth.

Ra´bi•ous (ra´bi•us), a. Fierce. [Obs.] Daniel.

Ra´bot (ra´bot), n. [F.] A rubber of hard wood used in smoothing marble to be polished. Knight.

Ra´ca (ra´ka), a. [Gr. ´raka•, from Chaldee reka.] A term of reproach used by the Jews of our Savior’s time, meaning ´worthless.´ “Whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council.” Matt. v. 22.

Ra•ca•hout´ (ra•ka•oo´), n. [F. racahout, probably fr. Ar. raqaut.] A preparation from acorns used by the Arabs as a substitute for chocolate, and also as a beverage for invalids.

Rac•coon´ (rak•koon´), n. [F. raton, prop., a little rat, fr. rat rat, perhaps of German origin. See Rat.] (Zoöl.) A North American nocturnal carnivore (Procyon lotor) allied to the bears, but much smaller, and having a long, full tail, banded with black and gray. Its body is gray, varied with black and white. Called also coon, and mapach. Raccoon dog (Zoöl.), the tanate. — Raccoon fox (Zoöl.), the cacomixle.

Race (ras), v. t. To raze. [Obs.] Spenser.

Race (ras), n. [OF. raïz, L. radix, -icis. See Radix.] A root. ´A race or two of ginger.´ Shak. Race ginger, ginger in the root, or not pulverized.

Race, n. [F. race; cf. Pr. & Sp. raza, It. razza; all from OHG. reiza line, akin to E. write. See Write.] 1. The descendants of a common ancestor; a family, tribe, people, or nation, believed or presumed to belong to the same stock; a lineage; a breed. “The whole race of mankind.” Shak. “Whence the long race of Alban fathers come.” Dryden. Naturalists and ethnographers divide mankind into several distinct varieties, or races. Cuvier refers them all to three, Pritchard enumerates seven, Agassiz eight, Pickering describes eleven. One of the common classifications is that of Blumenbach, who makes five races: the Caucasian, or white race, to which belong the greater part of the European nations and those of Western Asia; the Mongolian, or yellow race, occupying Tartary, China, Japan, etc.; the Ethiopian, or negro race, occupying most of Africa (except the north), Australia, Papua, and other Pacific Islands; the American, or red race, comprising the Indians of North and South America; and the Malayan, or brown race, which occupies the islands of the Indian Archipelago, etc. Many recent writers classify the Malay and American races as branches of the Mongolian. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Company; herd; breed. “For do but note a wild and wanton herd,
Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds.” Shak. 3. (Bot.) A variety of such fixed character that it may be propagated by seed. 4. Peculiar flavor, taste, or strength, as of wine; that quality, or assemblage of qualities, which indicates origin or kind, as in wine; hence, characteristic flavor; smack. ´A race of heaven.´ Shak. “Is it [the wine] of the right race ?” Massinger. 5. Hence, characteristic quality or disposition. [Obs.] “And now I give my sensual race the rein.” Shak. “Some … great race of fancy or judgment.” Sir W. Temple. Syn. — Lineage; line; family; house; breed; offspring; progeny; issue.

Race, n. [OE. ras, res, rees, AS. raes a rush, running; akin to Icel. ras course, race. rad.118.] 1. A progress; a course; a movement or progression. 2. Esp., swift progress; rapid course; a running. “The flight of many birds is swifter than the race of any beasts.” Bacon. 3. Hence: The act or process of running in competition; a contest of speed in any way, as in running, riding, driving, skating, rowing, sailing; in the plural, usually, a meeting for contests in the running of horses; as he attended the races. “The race is not to the swift.” Eccl. ix. 11. “I wield the gauntlet, and I run the race.” Pope. 4. Competitive action of any kind, especially when prolonged; hence, career; course of life. “My race of glory run, and race of shame.” Milton. 5. A strong or rapid current of water, or the channel or passage for such a current; a powerful current or heavy sea, sometimes produced by the meeting of two tides; as the Portland Race; the Race of Alderney. 6. The current of water that turns a water wheel, or the channel in which it flows; a mill race. The part of the channel above the wheel is sometimes called the headrace, the part below, the tailrace. 7. (Mach.) A channel or guide along which a shuttle is driven back and forth, as in a loom, sewing machine, etc. Race cloth, a cloth worn by horses in racing, having pockets to hold the weights prescribed. — Race course. (a) The path, generally circular or elliptical, over which a race is run. (b) Same as Race way, below. — Race cup, a cup given as a prize to the victor in a race. — Race glass, a kind of field glass. — Race horse. (a) A horse that runs in competition; specifically, a horse bred or kept for running races. (b) A breed of horses remarkable for swiftness in running. (c) (Zoöl.) The steamer duck. (d) (Zoöl.) A mantis. — Race knife, a cutting tool with a blade that is hooked at the point, for marking outlines, on boards or metals, as by a pattern, — used in shipbuilding. — Race saddle, a light saddle used in racing. — Race track. Same as Race course (a), above. — Race way, the canal for the current that drives a water wheel.

Race, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raced (rast); p. pr. & vb. n. Racing (ra´sing).] 1. To run swiftly; to contend in a race; as the animals raced over the ground; the ships raced from port to port. 2. (Steam Mach.) To run too fast at times, as a marine engine or screw, when the screw is lifted out of water by the action of a heavy sea.

Race, v. t. 1. To cause to contend in a race; to drive at high speed; as to race horses. 2. To run a race with.

Ra•ce´mate (ra•se´mat), n. (Chem.) A salt of racemic acid.

Rac•e•ma´tion (ras•e•ma´shun), n. [L. racematio a gleaning, fr. racemari to glean, racemus a cluster of grapes. See Raceme.] 1. A cluster or bunch, as of grapes. Sir T. Browne. 2. Cultivation or gathering of clusters of grapes. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

Ra•ceme´ (ra•sem´; 277), n. [L. racemus a bunch of berries, a cluster of grapes. See Raisin.] (Bot.) A flower cluster with an elongated axis and many one-flowered lateral pedicels, as in the currant and chokecherry. Compound raceme, one having the lower pedicels developed into secondary racemes.

Ra•cemed´ (ra•semd´), a. (Bot.) Arranged in a raceme, or in racemes.

Ra•ce´mic (ra•se´mik), a. [Cf. F. racemique. See Raceme.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in many kinds of grapes. It is also obtained from tartaric acid, with which it is isomeric, and from sugar, gum, etc., by oxidation. It is a sour white crystalline substance, consisting of a combination of dextrorotatory and levorotatory tartaric acids. Gregory.

Rac•e•mif´er•ous (ras•e•mif´er•us), a. [L. racemifer bearing clusters; racemus cluster + ferre to bear: cf. F. racemifère.] (Bot.) Bearing racemes, as the currant.

Ra•cem´i•form (ra•sem´i•fôrm), a. Having the form of a raceme. Gray.

Rac´e•mose (ras´e•mos•), a. [L. racemosus full of clusters.] Resembling a raceme; growing in the form of a raceme; as (Bot.) racemose berries or flowers; (Anat.) the racemose glands, in which the ducts are branched and clustered like a raceme. Gray.

Rac´e•mous (ras´e•mus or ra•se´-; 277), a. [Cf. F. racemeux.] See Racemose.

Rac´e•mule (ras´e•mul), n. (Bot.) A little raceme.

Ra•cem´u•lose (ra•sem´u•los•), a. (Bot.) Growing in very small racemes.

Ra´cer (ra´ser), n. 1. One who, or that which, races, or contends in a race; esp., a race horse. “And bade the nimblest racer seize the prize.” Pope. 2. (Zoöl.) The common American black snake. 3. (Mil.) One of the circular iron or steel rails on which the chassis of a heavy gun is turned. { Rach , Rache (rach) }, n. [AS. raecc; akin to Icel. rakki.] (Zoöl.) A dog that pursued his prey by scent, as distinguished from the greyhound. [Obs.]

Ra•chi•al´gi•a (ra•ki•al´ji•a), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ra•chis backbone + ’a•lgos pain.] (Med.) A painful affection of the spine; especially, Pott’s disease; also formerly, lead colic.

Ra•chid´i•an (ra•kid´i•an), a. [See Rachis.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the rachis; spinal; vertebral. Same as Rhachidian.

Ra•chil´la (ra•kil´la), n. [NL.] (Bot.) Same as Rhachilla.

Ra´chi•o•dont (ra´ki•o•dont), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Rhachiodont.

Ra´chis (ra´kis), n.; pl. E. Rachises (-ez), L. Rachides (rak´i•dez). [NL., fr. Gr. ´ra•chis, -ios.] [Written also rhachis.] 1. (Anat.) The spine; the vertebral column. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Same as Rhachis.

Ra•chit´ic (ra•kit´ik), a. [Cf. F. rachitique. See Rachitis.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to rachitis; affected by rachitis; rickety.

Ra•chi´tis (ra•ki´tis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´rachi^tis (sc. nosos), fr. ´ra•chis, -ios, the spine.] [Written also rhachitis.] 1. (Med.) Literally, inflammation of the spine, but commonly applied to the rickets. See Rickets. 2. (Bot.) A disease which produces abortion in the fruit or seeds. Henslow.

Ra´chi•tome (ra´ki•tom), n. [F., fr. Gr. ´ra•chis, - ios, the spine + te•mnein to cut.] A dissecting instrument for opening the spinal canal. [Written also rachiotome.]

Ra´cial (ra´shal), a. Of or pertaining to a race or family of men; as the racial complexion.

Ra´ci•ly (ra´si•ly), adv. In a racy manner.

Ra´ci•ness (ra´si•nes), n. The quality of being racy; peculiar and piquant flavor. “The general characteristics of his [Cobbett’s] style were perspicuity, unequaled and inimitable; … a purity always simple, and raciness often elegant.” London Times.

Ra´cing (ra´sing), a. & n. from Race, v. t. & i. Racing crab (Zoöl.), an ocypodian.

Rack (rak), n. Same as Arrack.

Rack, n. [AS. hracca neck, hinder part of the head; cf. AS. hraca throat, G. rachen throat, E. retch.] The neck and spine of a fore quarter of veal or mutton.

Rack, n. [See Wreck.] A wreck; destruction. [Obs., except in a few phrases.] Rack and ruin, destruction; utter ruin. [Colloq.] — To go to rack, to perish; to be destroyed. [Colloq.] ´All goes to rack.´ Pepys.

Rack, n. [Prob. fr. Icel. rek drift, motion, and akin to reka to drive, and E. wrack, wreck. rad.282.] Thin, flying, broken clouds, or any portion of floating vapor in the sky. Shak. “The winds in the upper region, which move the clouds above, which we call the rack, … pass without noise.” Bacon. “And the night rack came rolling up.” C. Kingsley.

Rack, v. i. To fly, as vapor or broken clouds.

Rack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Racked (rakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Racking.] [See Rack that which stretches, or Rock, v.] To amble fast, causing a rocking or swaying motion of the body; to pace; — said of a horse. Fuller.

Rack, n. A fast amble.

Rack, v. t. [Cf. OF. vin raque wine squeezed from the dregs of the grapes.] To draw off from the lees or sediment, as wine. “It is in common practice to draw wine or beer from the lees (which we call racking), whereby it will clarify much the sooner.” Bacon. Rack vintage, wine cleansed and drawn from the lees. Cowell.

Rack, n. [Probably fr. D. rek, rekbank, a rack, rekken to stretch; akin to G. reck, reckbank, a rack, recken to stretch, Dan. raekke, Sw. räcka, Icel. rekja to spread out, Goth. refrakjan to stretch out; cf. L. porrigere, Gr. ’ore•gein. rad.115. Cf. Right, a., Ratch.] 1. An instrument or frame used for stretching, extending, retaining, or displaying, something. Specifically: (a) An engine of torture, consisting of a large frame, upon which the body was gradually stretched until, sometimes, the joints were dislocated; — formerly used judicially for extorting confessions from criminals or suspected persons. “During the troubles of the fifteenth century, a rack was introduced into the Tower, and was occasionally used under the plea of political necessity.” Macaulay. (b) An instrument for bending a bow. (c) A grate on which bacon is laid. (d) A frame or device of various construction for holding, and preventing the waste of, hay, grain, etc., supplied to beasts. (e) A frame on which articles are deposited for keeping or arranged for display; as a clothes rack; a bottle rack, etc. (f) (Naut.) A piece or frame of wood, having several sheaves, through which the running rigging passes; — called also rack block. also a frame to hold shot. (g) (Mining) A frame or table on which ores are separated or washed. (h) A frame fitted to a wagon for carrying hay, straw, or grain on the stalk, or other bulky loads. (i) A distaff. 2. (Mech.) A bar with teeth on its face, or edge, to work with those of a wheel, pinion, or worm, which is to drive it or be driven by it. 3. That which is extorted; exaction. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. Mangle rack. (Mach.) See under Mangle, n. — Rack block. (Naut.) See def. 1 (f), above. — Rack lashing, a lashing or binding where the rope is tightened, and held tight by the use of a small stick of wood twisted around. — Rack rail (Railroads), a toothed rack, laid as a rail, to afford a hold for teeth on the driving wheel of a locomotive for climbing steep gradients, as in ascending a mountain. — Rack saw, a saw having wide teeth. — Rack stick, the stick used in a rack lashing. — To be on the rack, to suffer torture, physical or mental. — To live at rack and manger, to live on the best at another’s expense. [Colloq.] — To put to the rack, to subject to torture; to torment. “A fit of the stone puts a king to the rack, and makes him as miserable as it does the meanest subject.” Sir W. Temple.

Rack (rak), v. t. 1. To extend by the application of force; to stretch or strain; specifically, to stretch on the rack or wheel; to torture by an engine which strains the limbs and pulls the joints. “He was racked and miserably tormented.” Foxe. 2. To torment; to torture; to affect with extreme pain or anguish. “Vaunting aloud but racked with deep despair.” Milton. 3. To stretch or strain, in a figurative sense; hence, to harass, or oppress by extortion. “The landlords there shamefully rack their tenants.” Spenser. “They [landlords] rack their rents an ace too high.” Gascoigne. “Grant that I may never rack a Scripture simile beyond the true intent thereof.” Fuller. “Try what my credit can in Venice do;
That shall be racked even to the uttermost.” Shak. 4. (Mining) To wash on a rack, as metals or ore. 5. (Naut.) To bind together, as two ropes, with cross turns of yarn, marline, etc. To rack one’s brains or wits, to exert them to the utmost for the purpose of accomplishing something. Syn. — To torture; torment; rend; tear.

Rack´a•bones (rak´a•bonz•), n. A very lean animal, esp. a horse. [Colloq. U. S.]

Rack´er (rak´er), n. 1. One who racks. 2. A horse that has a racking gait.

Rack´et (rak´et), n. [F. raquette; cf. Sp. raqueta, It. racchetta, which is perhaps for retichetta, and fr. L. rete a net (cf. Reticule); or perh. from the Arabic; cf. Ar. raha the palm of the hand (used at first to strike the ball), and OF. rachette, rasquette, carpus, tarsus.] [Written also racquet.] 1. A thin strip of wood, having the ends brought together, forming a somewhat elliptical hoop, across which a network of catgut or cord is stretched. It is furnished with a handle, and is used for catching or striking a ball in tennis and similar games. “Each one [of the Indians] has a bat curved like a crosier, and ending in a racket.” Bancroft. 2. A variety of the game of tennis played with peculiar long-handled rackets; — chiefly in the plural. Chaucer. 3. A snowshoe formed of cords stretched across a long and narrow frame of light wood. [Canada] 4. A broad wooden shoe or patten for a man or horse, to enable him to step on marshy or soft ground. Racket court, a court for playing the game of rackets.

Rack´et, v. t. To strike with, or as with, a racket. “Poor man [is] racketed from one temptation to another.” Hewyt.

Rack´et, n. [Gael. racaid a noise, disturbance.] 1. Confused, clattering noise; din; noisy talk or sport. 2. A carouse; any reckless dissipation. [Slang]

Rack´et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Racketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Racketing.] 1. To make a confused noise or racket. 2. To engage in noisy sport; to frolic. Sterne. 3. To carouse or engage in dissipation. [Slang]

Rack´et•er (-er), n. One who makes, or engages in, a racket.

Rack´ett (-et), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mus.) An old wind instrument of the double bassoon kind, having ventages but not keys.

Rack´et-tail (-tal•), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Steganura, having two of the tail feathers very long and racket-shaped.

Rack´et-tailed (-tald•), a. (Zoöl.) Having long and spatulate, or racket-shaped, tail feathers.

Rack´et•y (-y), a. Making a tumultuous noise.

Rack´ing, n. (Naut.) Spun yarn used in racking ropes.

Rack´-rent (-rent•), n. A rent of the full annual value of the tenement, or near it; an excessive or unreasonably high rent. Blackstone.

Rack´-rent, v. t. To subject to rack-rent, as a farm or tenant.

Rack´-rent•er (-er), n. 1. One who is subjected to paying rack- rent. 2. One who exacts rack-rent.

Rack´tail (rak´tal•), n. (Horol.) An arm attached to a swinging notched arc or rack, to let off the striking mechanism of a repeating clock.

Rack´work (-wûrk•), n. Any mechanism having a rack, as a rack and pinion.

Ra´cle (rä´k’l), a. See Rakel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ra´cle•ness, n. See Rakelness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ra•con•teur´ (ra•kôN•ter´), n. [F.] A relater; a storyteller.

Ra•coon´da (ra•koon´da), n. [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) The coypu.

Ra•co´vi•an (ra•ko´vi•an), n. [From Racow.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Socinians or Unitarians in Poland.

Rac´quet (rak´ket), n. See Racket.

Ra´cy (ra´sy), a. [Compar. Racier (-si•er); superl. Raciest.] [From Race a tribe, family.] 1. Having a strong flavor indicating origin; of distinct characteristic taste; tasting of the soil; hence, fresh; rich. “The racy wine,
Late from the mellowing cask restored to light.” Pope. 2. Hence: Exciting to the mental taste by a strong or distinctive character of thought or language; peculiar and piquant; fresh and lively. “Our raciest, most idiomatic popular words.” M. Arnold. “Burns’s English, though not so racy as his Scotch, is generally correct.” H. Coleridge. “The rich and racy humor of a natural converser fresh from the plow.” Prof. Wilson. Syn. — Spicy; spirited; lively; smart; piquant. — Racy, Spicy. Racy refers primarily to that peculiar flavor which certain wines are supposed to derive from the soil in which the grapes were grown; and hence we call a style or production racy when it ´smacks of the soil,´ or has an uncommon degree of natural freshness and distinctiveness of thought and language. Spicy, when applied to style, has reference to a spirit and pungency added by art, seasoning the matter like a condiment. It does not, like racy, suggest native peculiarity. A spicy article in a magazine; a spicy retort. Racy in conversation; a racy remark. “Rich, racy verses, in which we
The soil from which they come, taste, smell, and see.” Cowley.

Rad (rad), obs. imp. & p. p. of Read, Rede. Spenser.

Rad´de (rad´de), obs. imp. of Read, Rede. Chaucer.

Rad´dle (rad´d’l), n. [Cf. G. räder, rädel, sieve, or perhaps E. reed.] 1. A long, flexible stick, rod, or branch, which is interwoven with others, between upright posts or stakes, in making a kind of hedge or fence. 2. A hedge or fence made with raddles; — called also raddle hedge. Todd. 3. An instrument consisting of a wooden bar, with a row of upright pegs set in it, used by domestic weavers to keep the warp of a proper width, and prevent tangling when it is wound upon the beam of the loom.

Rad´dle, v. t. To interweave or twist together. “Raddling or working it up like basket work.” De Foe.

Rad´dle, n. [Cf. Ruddle.] A red pigment used in marking sheep, and in some mechanical processes; ruddle. ´A raddle of rouge.´ Thackeray.

Rad´dle, v. t. To mark or paint with, or as with, raddle. ´Whitened and raddled old women.´ Thackeray.

Rad´dock (-duk), n. (Zoöl.) The ruddock. [Prov. Eng.]

Rade (rad), n. A raid. [Scot.]

Ra•deau´ (ra•do´), n. [F.] A float; a raft. “Three vessels under sail, and one at anchor, above Split Rock, and behind it the radeau Thunderer.” W. Irving.

Ra´di•al (ra´di•al), a. [Cf. F. radial. See Radius.] Of or pertaining to a radius or ray; consisting of, or like, radii or rays; radiated; as (Bot.) radial projections; (Zoöl.) radial vessels or canals; (Anat.) the radial artery. Radial symmetry. (Biol.) See under Symmetry.

Ra•di•a´le (ra•di•a´le), n.; pl. Radialia (- li•a) [NL. See Radial.] 1. (Anat.) The bone or cartilage of the carpus which articulates with the radius and corresponds to the scaphoid bone in man. 2. pl. (Zoöl.) Radial plates in the calyx of a crinoid.

Ra´di•al•ly (ra´di•al•ly), adv. In a radial manner.

Ra´di•an (-an), n. [From Radius.] (Math.) An arc of a circle which is equal to the radius, or the angle measured by such an arc. { Ra´di•ance (-ans), Ra´di•an•cy (- an•sy), } n. The quality of being radiant; brilliancy; effulgence; vivid brightness; as the radiance of the sun. “Girt with omnipotence, with radiance crowned.” Milton. “What radiancy of glory,
What light beyond compare !” Neale. Syn. — Luster; brilliancy; splendor; glare; glitter.

Ra´di•ant (-ant), a. [L. radians, -antis, p. pr. of radiare to emit rays or beams, fr. radius ray: cf. F. radiant. See Radius, Ray a divergent line.] 1. Emitting or proceeding as from a center; resembling rays; radiating; radiate. 2. Especially, emitting or darting rays of light or heat; issuing in beams or rays; beaming with brightness; emitting a vivid light or splendor; as the radiant sun. “Mark what radiant state she spreads.” Milton. 3. Beaming with vivacity and happiness; as a radiant face. 4. (Her.) Giving off rays; — said of a bearing; as the sun radiant; a crown radiant. 5. (Bot.) Having a raylike appearance, as the large marginal flowers of certain umbelliferous plants; — said also of the cluster which has such marginal flowers. Radiant energy (Physics), energy given out or transmitted by radiation, as in the case of light and radiant heat. — Radiant heat, heat proceeding in right lines, or directly from the heated body, after the manner of light, in distinction from heat conducted or carried by intervening media. — Radiant point. (Astron.) See Radiant, n., 3.

Ra´di•ant, n. 1. (Opt.) The luminous point or object from which light emanates; also a body radiating light brightly. 2. (Geom.) A straight line proceeding from a given point, or fixed pole, about which it is conceived to revolve. 3. (Astron.) The point in the heavens at which the apparent paths of shooting stars meet, when traced backward, or whence they appear to radiate.

Ra´di•ant•ly (ra´di•ant•ly), adv. In a radiant manner; with glittering splendor.

Ra´di•a•ry (-a•ry), n. [Cf. F. radiaire.] (Zoöl.) A radiate. [Obs.]

Ra•di•a´ta (-a´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. radiatus, p. p. See Radiate.] (Zoöl.) An extensive artificial group of invertebrates, having all the parts arranged radially around the vertical axis of the body, and the various organs repeated symmetrically in each ray or spheromere. It includes the cœlenterates and the echinoderms. Formerly, the group was supposed to be a natural one, and was considered one of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom.

Ra´di•ate (ra´di•at), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Radiated (- a•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Radiating.] [L. radiatus, p. p. of radiare to furnish with spokes or rays, to radiate, fr. radius ray. See Radius, Ray a divergent line.] 1. To emit rays; to be radiant; to shine. “Virtues shine more clear
In them [kings], and radiate like the sun at noon.” Howell. 2. To proceed in direct lines from a point or surface; to issue in rays, as light or heat. “Light radiates from luminous bodies directly to our eyes.” Locke.

Ra´di•ate, v. t. 1. To emit or send out in direct lines from a point or points; as to radiate heat. 2. To enlighten; to illuminate; to shed light or brightness on; to irradiate. [R.]

Ra´di•ate (-at), a. [L. radiatus, p. p.] 1. Having rays or parts diverging from a center; radiated; as a radiate crystal. 2. (Bot.) Having in a capitulum large ray florets which are unlike the disk florets, as in the aster, daisy, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Radiata.

Ra´di•ate, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Radiata.

Ra´di•a•ted (-a•ted), a. 1. Emitted, or sent forth, in rays or direct lines; as radiated heat. 2. Formed of, or arranged like, rays or radii; having parts or markings diverging, like radii, from a common center or axis; as a radiated structure; a radiated group of crystals. 3. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Radiata.

Ra´di•ate•ly (-at•ly), adv. In a radiate manner; with radiation or divergence from a center.

Ra´di•ate-veined (-vand•), a. (Bot.) Having the principal veins radiating, or diverging, from the apex of the petiole; — said of such leaves as those of the grapevine, most maples, and the castor-oil plant.

Ra•di•at´i•form (-at´i•fôrm), a. (Bot.) Having the marginal florets enlarged and radiating but not ligulate, as in the capitula or heads of the cornflower. Gray.

Ra•di•a´tion (-a´shun), n. [L. radiatio: cf. F. radiation.] 1. The act of radiating, or the state of being radiated; emission and diffusion of rays of light; beamy brightness. 2. The shooting forth of anything from a point or surface, like the diverging rays of light; as the radiation of heat.

Ra´di•a•tive (ra´di•a•tiv), a. Capable of radiating; acting by radiation. Tyndall.

Ra´di•a•tor (-a•ter), n. That which radiates or emits rays, whether of light or heat; especially, that part of a heating apparatus from which the heat is radiated or diffused; as a steam radiator.

Rad´i•cal (rad´i•kal), a. [F., fr. L. radicalis having roots, fr. radix, -icis, a root. See Radix.] 1. Of or pertaining to the root; proceeding directly from the root. 2. Hence: Of or pertaining to the root or origin; reaching to the center, to the foundation, to the ultimate sources, to the principles, or the like; original; fundamental; thorough-going; unsparing; extreme; as radical evils; radical reform; a radical party. “The most determined exertions of that authority, against them, only showed their radical independence.” Burke. 3. (Bot.) (a) Belonging to, or proceeding from, the root of a plant; as radical tubers or hairs. (b) Proceeding from a rootlike stem, or one which does not rise above the ground; as the radical leaves of the dandelion and the sidesaddle flower. 4. (Philol.) Relating, or belonging, to the root, or ultimate source of derivation; as a radical verbal form. 5. (Math.) Of or pertaining to a radix or root; as a radical quantity; a radical sign. See below. Radical axis of two circles. (Geom.) See under Axis. — Radical pitch, the pitch or tone with which the utterance of a syllable begins. Rush. — Radical quantity (Alg.), a quantity to which the radical sign is prefixed; specifically, a quantity which is not a perfect power of the degree indicated by the radical sign; a surd. — Radical sign (Math.), the sign rad. (originally the letter r, the initial of radix, root), placed before any quantity, denoting that its root is to be extracted; thus, rad.a, or rad.(a + b). To indicate any other than the square root, a corresponding figure is placed over the sign; thus, &cuberoot;a, indicates the third or cube root of a. — Radical stress (Elocution), force of utterance falling on the initial part of a syllable or sound. — Radical vessels (Anat.), minute vessels which originate in the substance of the tissues. Syn. — Primitive; original; natural; underived; fundamental; entire. — Radical, Entire. These words are frequently employed as interchangeable in describing some marked alteration in the condition of things. There is, however, an obvious difference between them. A radical cure, reform, etc., is one which goes to the root of the thing in question; and it is entire, in the sense that, by affecting the root, it affects in an appropriate degree the entire body nourished by the root; but it may not be entire in the sense of making a change complete in its nature, as well as in its extent. Hence, we speak of a radical change; a radical improvement; radical differences of opinion; while an entire change, an entire improvement, an entire difference of opinion, might indicate more than was actually intended. A certain change may be both radical and entire, in every sense.

Rad´i•cal (rad´i•kal), n. 1. (Philol.) (a) A primitive word; a radix, root, or simple, underived, uncompounded word; an etymon. (b) A primitive letter; a letter that belongs to the radix. “The words we at present make use of, and understand only by common agreement, assume a new air and life in the understanding, when you trace them to their radicals, where you find every word strongly stamped with nature; full of energy, meaning, character, painting, and poetry.” Cleland. 2. (Politics) One who advocates radical changes in government or social institutions, especially such changes as are intended to level class inequalities; — opposed to conservative. “In politics they [the Independents] were, to use the phrase of their own time, ´Root-and-Branch men,´ or, to use the kindred phrase of our own, Radicals.” Macaulay. 3. (Chem.) (a) A characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of any compound; hence, sometimes, an atom. “As a general rule, the metallic atoms are basic radicals, while the nonmetallic atoms are acid radicals.” J. P. Cooke. (b) Specifically, a group of two or more atoms, not completely saturated, which are so linked that their union implies certain properties, and are conveniently regarded as playing the part of a single atom; a residue; — called also a compound radical. Cf. Residue. 4. (Alg.) A radical quantity. See under Radical, a. “An indicated root of a perfect power of the degree indicated is not a radical but a rational quantity under a radical form.” Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.) 5. (Anat.) A radical vessel. See under Radical, a.

Rad´i•cal•ism (-iz’m), n. [Cf. F. radicalisme.] The quality or state of being radical; specifically, the doctrines or principles of radicals in politics or social reform. “Radicalism means root work; the uprooting of all falsehoods and abuses.” F. W. Robertson.

Rad•i•cal´i•ty (-kal´i•ty), n. 1. Germinal principle; source; origination. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Radicalness; relation to a root in essential nature or principle.

Rad´i•cal•ly (rad´i•kal•ly), adv. 1. In a radical manner; at, or from, the origin or root; fundamentally; as a scheme or system radically wrong or defective. 2. Without derivation; primitively; essentially. [R.] “These great orbs thus radically bright.” Prior.

Rad´i•cal•ness, n. Quality or state of being radical.

Rad´i•cant (-kant), a. [L. radicans, p. pr.: cf. F. radicant. See Radicate, a.] (Bot.) Taking root on, or above, the ground; rooting from the stem, as the trumpet creeper and the ivy.

Rad´i•cate (-kat), a. [L. radicatus, p. p. of radicari to take root, fr. radix. See Radix.] Radicated.

Rad´i•cate (-kat), v. i. To take root; to become rooted. Evelyn.

Rad´i•cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Radicated (-ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Radicating.] To cause to take root; to plant deeply and firmly; to root. “Time should … rather confirm and radicate in us the remembrance of God’s goodness.” Barrow.

Rad´i•ca•ted (-ka•ted), a. Rooted; specifically: (a) (Bot.) Having roots, or possessing a well-developed root. (b) (Zoöl.) Having rootlike organs for attachment.

Rad•i•ca´tion (-ka´shun), n. [Cf. F. radication.] 1. The process of taking root, or state of being rooted; as the radication of habits. 2. (Bot.) The disposition of the roots of a plant.

Rad´i•cel (rad´i•sel), n. [Dim. of radix.] (Bot.) A small branch of a root; a rootlet.

Ra•dic•i•flo´rous (ra•dis•i•flo´rus), a. [L. radix, -icis, root + flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) Rhizanthous.

Ra•dic´i•form (ra•dis´i•fôm), a. (Bot.) Having the nature or appearance of a radix or root.

Rad´i•cle (rad´i•k’l), n. [L. radicula, dim. of radix, -icis, root: cf. F. radicule. See Radix.] (Bot.) (a) The rudimentary stem of a plant which supports the cotyledons in the seed, and from which the root is developed downward; the stem of the embryo; the caulicle. (b) A rootlet; a radicel.

Ra•dic´u•lar (ra•dik´u•ler), a. Of or pertaining to roots, or the root of a plant.

Rad´i•cule (rad´i•kul), n. (Bot.) A radicle.

Ra•dic´u•lose (ra•dik´u•los•), a. (Bot.) Producing numerous radicles, or rootlets.

Ra´di•i (ra´di•i), n., pl. of Radius.

Ra´di•o- (ra´di•o-). A combining form indicating connection with, or relation to, a radius or ray; specifically (Anat.), with the radius of the forearm; as radio-ulnar, radio- muscular, radio-carpal.

Ra•di•o-flag•el•la´ta (- flaj•el•la´ta), n. pl. [NL. See Radiate, and Flagellata.] (Zoöl.) A group of Protozoa having both flagella and pseudopodia.

Ra´di•o•graph (ra´di•o•graf), n. [Radio- + -graph.] (Phys.) A picture produced by the Röntgen rays upon a sensitive surface, photographic or fluorescent, especially a picture of opaque objects traversed by the rays.

Ra•di•o•la´ri•a (ra•di•o•la´ri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Radioli.] (Zoöl.) Order of rhizopods, usually having a siliceous skeleton, or shell, and sometimes radiating spicules. The pseudopodia project from the body like rays. It includes the polycystines. See Polycystina.

Ra•di•o•la´ri•an (ra•di•o•la´ri•an), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Radiolaria. — n. One of the Radiolaria.

Ra•di´o•li (ra•di´o•li), n. pl.; sing. Radiolus (-lus). [NL., dim. of L. radius radius: cf. L. radiolus a feeble sunbeam.] (Zoöl.) The barbs of the radii of a feather; barbules.

Ra´di•o•lite (ra´di•o•lit), n. [L. radius ray + -lite: cf. F. radiolithe.] (Paleon.) A hippurite.

Ra•di•om´e•ter (-om´e•ter), n. [L. radius radius + -meter: cf. F. radiomètre.] 1. (Naut.) A forestaff. 2. (Physics) An instrument designed for measuring the mechanical effect of radiant energy. It consists of a number of light disks, blackened on one side, placed at the ends of extended arms, supported on a pivot in an exhausted glass vessel. When exposed to rays of light or heat, the arms rotate.

Ra•di•o•mi•crom´e•ter (- o•mi•krom´e•ter), n. [Radio- + micrometer.] (Physics) A very sensitive modification or application of the thermopile, used for indicating minute changes of radiant heat, or temperature.

Ra´di•o•phone (ra´di•o•fon), n. [Radio- + Gr. fwnh• sound.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of luminous or thermal rays. It is essentially the same as the photophone.

Ra•di•oph´o•ny (-of´o•ny), n. (Physics) The art or practice of using the radiophone.

Ra´di•ous (ra´di•us), a. [L. radiosus.] 1. Consisting of rays, as light. [R.] Berkeley. 2. Radiating; radiant. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Rad´ish (rad´ish), n. [F. radis; cf. It. radice, Pr. raditz; all fr. L. radix, -icis, a root, an edible root, especially a radish, akin to E. wort. See Wort, and cf. Eradicate, Race a root, Radix.] (Bot.) The pungent fleshy root of a well-known cruciferous plant (Raphanus sativus); also the whole plant. Radish fly (Zoöl.), a small two- winged fly (Anthomyia raphani) whose larvae burrow in radishes. It resembles the onion fly. — Rat-tailed radish (Bot.), an herb (Raphanus caudatus) having a long, slender pod, which is sometimes eaten. — Wild radish (Bot.), the jointed charlock.

Ra´di•us (ra´di•us), n.; pl. L. Radii (- i); E. Radiuses (-us•ez). [L., a staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, radius, ray. See Ray a divergent line.] 1. (Geom.) A right line drawn or extending from the center of a circle to the periphery; the semidiameter of a circle or sphere. 2. (Anat.) The preaxial bone of the forearm, or brachium, corresponding to the tibia of the hind limb. See Illust. of Artiodactyla. The radius is on the same side of the limb as the thumb, or pollex, and in man it is so articulated that its lower end is capable of partial rotation about the ulna. 3. (Bot.) A ray, or outer floret, of the capitulum of such plants as the sunflower and the daisy. See Ray, 2. 4. pl. (Zoöl.) (a) The barbs of a perfect feather. (b) Radiating organs, or color-markings, of the radiates. 5. The movable limb of a sextant or other angular instrument. Knight. Radius bar (Mach.), a bar pivoted at one end, about which it swings, and having its other end attached to a piece which it causes to move in a circular arc. — Radius of curvature. See under Curvature.

Ra´di•us vec´tor (vek´tor). 1. (Math.) A straight line (or the length of such line) connecting any point, as of a curve, with a fixed point, or pole, round which the straight line turns, and to which it serves to refer the successive points of a curve, in a system of polar coördinates. See Coördinate, n. 2. (Astron.) An ideal straight line joining the center of an attracting body with that of a body describing an orbit around it, as a line joining the sun and a planet or comet, or a planet and its satellite.

Ra´dix (ra´diks), n.; pl. L. Radices (rad´i•sez), E. Radixes (ra´diks•ez). [L. radix, -icis, root. See Radish.] 1. (Philol.) A primitive word, from which spring other words; a radical; a root; an etymon. 2. (Math.) (a) A number or quantity which is arbitrarily made the fundamental number of any system; a base. Thus, 10 is the radix, or base, of the common system of logarithms, and also of the decimal system of numeration. (b) (Alg.) A finite expression, from which a series is derived. [R.] Hutton. 3. (Bot.) The root of a plant.

Rad´u•la (rad´u•la), n.; pl. Radulae (- le). [L., a scraper, fr. radere to scrape.] (Zoöl.) The chitinous ribbon bearing the teeth of mollusks; — called also lingual ribbon, and tongue. See Odontophore.

Ra•du´li•form (ra•du´li•fôrm), a. [L. radula a scraper + -form.] Rasplike; as raduliform teeth.

Raff (raf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raffed (raft); p. pr. & vb. n. Raffing.] [OF. raffer, of German origin; cf. G. raffen; akin to E. rap to snatch. See Rap, and cf. Riffraff, Rip to tear.] To sweep, snatch, draw, or huddle together; to take by a promiscuous sweep. [Obs.] “Causes and effects which I thus raff up together.” Carew.

Raff, n. 1. A promiscuous heap; a jumble; a large quantity; lumber; refuse. ´A raff of errors.´ Barrow. 2. The sweepings of society; the rabble; the mob; — chiefly used in the compound or duplicate, riffraff. 3. A low fellow; a churl. Raff merchant, a dealer in lumber and odd refuse. [Prov. Eng.]

Raf•fa•el•esque´ (raf•fa•el•esk´), a. Raphaelesque.

Raf´fi•a (raf´fi•a), n. (Bot.) A fibrous material used for tying plants, said to come from the leaves of a palm tree of the genus Raphia. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Raf´fi•nose (raf´fi•nos•), n. [F. raffiner to refine.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline slightly sweet substance obtained from the molasses of the sugar beet.

Raff´ish (raf´ish), a. Resembling, or having the character of, raff, or a raff; worthless; low. “A sad, raffish, disreputable character.” Thackeray.

Raf´fle (raf´f’l), n. [F. rafle; faire rafle to sweep stakes, fr. rafler to carry or sweep away, rafler tout to sweep stakes; of German origin; cf. G. raffeln to snatch up, to rake. See Raff, v.] 1. A kind of lottery, in which several persons pay, in shares, the value of something put up as a stake, and then determine by chance (as by casting dice) which one of them shall become the sole possessor. 2. A game of dice in which he who threw three alike won all the stakes. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Raf´fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raffled (-f’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Raffling (-fling).] To engage in a raffle; as to raffle for a watch.

Raf´fle, v. t. To dispose of by means of a raffle; — often followed by off; as to raffle off a horse.

Raf´fler (raf´fler), n. One who raffles.

Raf•fle´si•a (raf•fle´zhi•a), n. [NL. Named from its discoverer, Sir S. Raffles.] (Bot.) A genus of stemless, leafless plants, living parasitically upon the roots and stems of grapevines in Malaysia. The flowers have a carrionlike odor, and are very large, in one species (Rafflesia Arnoldi) having a diameter of two or three feet.

Raft (raft), obs. imp. & p. p. of Reave. Spenser.

Raft, n. [Originally, a rafter, spar, and fr. Icel. raptr a rafter; akin to Dan. raft, Prov. G. raff a rafter, spar; cf. OHG. rafo, ravo, a beam, rafter, Icel. raf roof. Cf. Rafter, n.] 1. A collection of logs, boards, pieces of timber, or the like, fastened together, either for their own collective conveyance on the water, or to serve as a support in conveying other things; a float. 2. A collection of logs, fallen trees, etc. (such as is formed in some Western rivers of the United States), which obstructs navigation. [U.S.] 3. [Perhaps akin to raff a heap.] A large collection of people or things taken indiscriminately. [Slang, U. S.] ´A whole raft of folks.´ W. D. Howells. Raft bridge. (a) A bridge whose points of support are rafts. (b) A bridge that consists of floating timbers fastened together. — Raft duck. [The name alludes to its swimming in dense flocks.] (Zoöl.) (a) The bluebill, or greater scaup duck; — called also flock duck. See Scaup. (b) The redhead. — Raft port (Naut.), a large, square port in a vessel’s side for loading or unloading timber or other bulky articles; a timber or lumber port.

Raft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rafting.] To transport on a raft, or in the form of a raft; to make into a raft; as to raft timber.

Raf´te (raf´te), obs. imp. of Reave. Chaucer.

Raft´er (raft´er), n. A raftsman.

Raft´er, n. [AS. raefter; akin to E. raft, n. See Raft.] (Arch.) Originally, any rough and somewhat heavy piece of timber. Now, commonly, one of the timbers of a roof which are put on sloping, according to the inclination of the roof. See Illust. of Queen-post. “[Courtesy] oft is sooner found in lowly sheds,
With smoky rafters, than in tapestry halls.” Milton.

Raft´er, v. t. 1. To make into rafters, as timber. 2. To furnish with rafters, as a house. 3. (Agric.) To plow so as to turn the grass side of each furrow upon an unplowed ridge; to ridge. [Eng.]

Raft´ing, n. The business of making or managing rafts.

Rafts´man (rafts´man), n.; pl. Raftsmen (-men). A man engaged in rafting.

Raf´ty (raf´ty), a. [Perhaps akin to G. reif hoarfrost.] Damp; musty. [Prov. Eng.]

Rag (rag), v. t. [Cf. Icel. raegja to calumniate, OHG. ruogen to accuse, G. rügen to censure, AS. wregan, Goth. wrohjan to accuse.] To scold or rail at; to rate; to tease; to torment; to banter. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Rag, n. [OE. ragge, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. rögg a tuft, shagginess, Sw. ragg rough hair. Cf. Rug, n.] 1. A piece of cloth torn off; a tattered piece of cloth; a shred; a tatter; a fragment. “Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tossed.
And fluttered into rags.” Milton. “Not having otherwise any rag of legality to cover the shame of their cruelty.” Fuller. 2. pl. Hence, mean or tattered attire; worn-out dress. “And virtue, though in rags, will keep me warm.” Dryden. 3. A shabby, beggarly fellow; a ragamuffin. “The other zealous rag is the compositor.” B. Jonson. “Upon the proclamation, they all came in, both tag and rag.” Spenser. 4. (Geol.) A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cellular in texture. 5. (Metal Working) A ragged edge. 6. A sail, or any piece of canvas. [Nautical Slang] “Our ship was a clipper with every rag set.” Lowell. Rag bolt, an iron pin with barbs on its shank to retain it in place. — Rag carpet, a carpet of which the weft consists of narrow strips of cloth sewed together, end to end. — Rag dust, fine particles of ground-up rags, used in making papier-mache and wall papers. — Rag wheel. (a) A chain wheel; a sprocket wheel. (b) A polishing wheel made of disks of cloth clamped together on a mandrel. — Rag wool, wool obtained by tearing woolen rags into fine bits; shoddy.

Rag (rag), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ragged (ragd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ragging (-ging).] To become tattered. [Obs.]

Rag, v. t. 1. To break (ore) into lumps for sorting. 2. To cut or dress roughly, as a grindstone. { Rag´a•bash• (-a•bash•), Rag´a•brash• (-brash•), } n. An idle, ragged person. Nares. Grose.

Rag•a•muf´fin (-muf´fin), n. [Cf. Ragamofin, the name of a demon in some of the old mysteries.] 1. A paltry or disreputable fellow; a mean wretch. Dryden. 2. A person who wears ragged clothing. [Colloq.] 3. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Rage (raj), n. [F., fr. L. rabies, fr. rabere to rave; cf. Skr. rabh to seize, rabhas violence. Cf. Rabid, Rabies, Rave.] 1. Violent excitement; eager passion; extreme vehemence of desire, emotion, or suffering, mastering the will. ´In great rage of pain.´ Bacon. “He appeased the rage of hunger with some scraps of broken meat.” Macaulay. “Convulsed with a rage of grief.” Hawthorne. 2. Especially, anger accompanied with raving; overmastering wrath; violent anger; fury. “Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage.” Milton. 3. A violent or raging wind. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. The subject of eager desire; that which is sought after, or prosecuted, with unreasonable or excessive passion; as to be all the rage. Syn. — Anger; vehemence; excitement; passion; fury. See Anger.

Rage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raged (rajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Raging (ra´jing).] [OF. ragier. See Rage, n.] 1. To be furious with anger; to be exasperated to fury; to be violently agitated with passion. ´Whereat he inly raged.´ Milton. “When one so great begins to rage, he is hunted
Even to falling.” Shak. 2. To be violent and tumultuous; to be violently driven or agitated; to act or move furiously; as the raging sea or winds. “Why do the heathen rage?” Ps. ii. 1. “The madding wheels
Of brazen chariots raged; dire was the noise.” Milton. 3. To ravage; to prevail without restraint, or with destruction or fatal effect; as the plague raged in Cairo. 4. To toy or act wantonly; to sport. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — To storm; fret; chafe; fume.

Rage, v. t. To enrage. [Obs.] Shak.

Rage´ful (-ful), a. Full of rage; expressing rage. [Obs.] ´Rageful eyes.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Ra´ger•y (ra´jer•y), n. Wantonness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rag´ged (rag´ged), a. [From Rag, n.] 1. Rent or worn into tatters, or till the texture is broken; as a ragged coat; a ragged sail. 2. Broken with rough edges; having jags; uneven; rough; jagged; as ragged rocks. 3. Hence, harsh and disagreeable to the ear; dissonant. [R.] ´A ragged noise of mirth.´ Herbert. 4. Wearing tattered clothes; as a ragged fellow. 5. Rough; shaggy; rugged. “What shepherd owns those ragged sheep?” Dryden. Ragged lady (Bot.), the fennel flower (Nigella Damascena). — Ragged robin (Bot.), a plant of the genus Lychnis (L. Flos- cuculi), cultivated for its handsome flowers, which have the petals cut into narrow lobes. — Ragged sailor (Bot.), prince’s feather (Polygonum orientale). — Ragged school, a free school for poor children, where they are taught and in part fed; — a name given at first because they came in their common clothing. [Eng.] — Rag´ged•ly, adv. — Rag´ged•ness, n. { Rag´gie (rag´gi), or Rag´gy }, a. Ragged; rough. [Obs.] ´A stony and raggie hill.´ Holland.

Ragh•u•van´sa (rug•u•vun´sa), n. [Skr. Raguvamça.] A celebrated Sanskrit poem having for its subject the Raghu dynasty.

Ra´ging (ra´jing), a. & n. from Rage, v. i. — Ra´ging•ly, adv.

Ra´gious (ra´jus), a. Raging; furious; rageful. [Obs.] — Ra´gious•ness, n. [Obs.]

Rag´lan (rag´lan), n. A loose overcoat with large sleeves; — named from Lord Raglan, an English general.

Rag´man (-man), n.; pl. Ragmen (-men). A man who collects, or deals in, rags.

Rag´man, n. [See Ragman’s roll.] A document having many names or numerous seals, as a papal bull. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Rag´man’s roll (-manz rol•). [For ragman roll a long list of names, the devil’s roll or list; where ragman is of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. ragmenni a craven person, Sw. raggen the devil. Icel. ragmenni is fr. ragr cowardly (another form of argr, akin to AS. earg cowardly, vile, G. arg bad) + menni (in comp.) man, akin to E. man. See Roll, and cf. Rigmarole.] The rolls of deeds on parchment in which the Scottish nobility and gentry subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, A. D. 1296. [Also written ragman- roll.]

Ra•gout´ (ra•goo´), n. [F. ragoût, fr. ragoûter to restore one’s appetite, fr. L. pref. re- re- + ad to + gustare to taste, gustus taste. See Gust relish.] A dish made of pieces of meat, stewed, and highly seasoned; as a ragout of mutton.

Rag´pick•er (rag´pik•er), n. One who gets a living by picking up rags and refuse things in the streets. { Ra•guled´ (ra•guld´), Rag•guled´ (rag-), } a. [Cf. F. raguer to chafe, fret, rub, or E. rag.] (Her.) Notched in regular diagonal breaks; — said of a line, or a bearing having such an edge.

Rag´weed (rag´wed•), n. (Bot.) A common American composite weed (Ambrosia artemisiaefolia) with finely divided leaves; hogweed. Great ragweed, a coarse American herb (Ambrosia trifida), with rough three-lobed opposite leaves.

Rag´work (-wûrk•), n. (Masonry) A kind of rubblework. In the United States, any rubblework of thin and small stones.

Rag´wort (-wûrt•), n. (Bot.) A name given to several species of the composite genus Senecio. Senecio aureus is the golden ragwort of the United States; S. elegans is the purple ragwort of South Africa.

Ra´ia (ra´ya), n. [L., a ray. Cf. Ray the fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of rays which includes the skates. See Skate.

Ra´iae (ra´ye), n. pl. [NL. See Raia.] (Zoöl.) The order of elasmobranch fishes which includes the sawfishes, skates, and rays; — called also Rajae, and Rajii.

Raid (rad), n. [Icel. reið a riding, raid; akin to E. road. See Road a way.] 1. A hostile or predatory incursion; an inroad or incursion of mounted men; a sudden and rapid invasion by a cavalry force; a foray. “Marauding chief! his sole delight
The moonlight raid, the morning fight.” Sir W. Scott. “There are permanent conquests, temporary occupations, and occasional raids.” H. Spenser. A Scottish word which came into common use in the United States during the Civil War, and was soon extended in its application. 2. An attack or invasion for the purpose of making arrests, seizing property, or plundering; as a raid of the police upon a gambling house; a raid of contractors on the public treasury. [Colloq. U. S.]

Raid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raided; p. pr. & vb. n. Raiding.] To make a raid upon or into; as two regiments raided the border counties.

Raid´er (-er), n. One who engages in a raid. [U.S.]

Rail (ral), n. [OE. reil, re&yogh;el, AS. hraegel, hraegl, a garment; akin to OHG. hregil, OFries. hreil.] An outer cloak or covering; a neckerchief for women. Fairholt.

Rail, v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To flow forth; to roll out; to course. [Obs.] “Streams of tears from her fair eyes forth railing.” Spenser.

Rail, n. [Akin to LG. & Sw. regel bar, bolt, G. riegel a rail, bar, or bolt, OHG. rigil, rigel, bar, bolt, and possibly to E. row a line.] 1. A bar of timber or metal, usually horizontal or nearly so, extending from one post or support to another, as in fences, balustrades, staircases, etc. 2. (Arch.) A horizontal piece in a frame or paneling. See Illust. of Style. 3. (Railroad) A bar of steel or iron, forming part of the track on which the wheels roll. It is usually shaped with reference to vertical strength, and is held in place by chairs, splices, etc. 4. (Naut.) (a) The stout, narrow plank that forms the top of the bulwarks. (b) The light, fencelike structures of wood or metal at the break of the deck, and elsewhere where such protection is needed. Rail fence. See under Fence. — Rail guard. (a) A device attached to the front of a locomotive on each side for clearing the rail of obstructions. (b) A guard rail. See under Guard. — Rail joint (Railroad), a splice connecting the adjacent ends of rails, in distinction from a chair, which is merely a seat. The two devices are sometimes united. Among several hundred varieties, the fish joint is standard. See Fish joint, under Fish. — Rail train (Iron & Steel Manuf.), a train of rolls in a rolling mill, for making rails for railroads from blooms or billets.

Rail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Railed (rald); p. pr. & vb. n. Railing.] 1. To inclose with rails or a railing. “It ought to be fenced in and railed.” Ayliffe. 2. To range in a line. [Obs.] “They were brought to London all railed in ropes, like a team of horses in a cart.” Bacon.

Rail, n. [F. râle, fr. râler to have a rattling in the throat; of German origin, and akin to E. rattle. See Rattle, v.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of limicoline birds of the family Rallidae, especially those of the genus Rallus, and of closely allied genera. They are prized as game birds. The common European water rail (Rallus aquaticus) is called also bilcock, skitty coot, and brook runner. The best known American species are the clapper rail, or salt-marsh hen (Rallus longirostris, var. crepitans); the king, or red-breasted, rail (R. elegans) (called also fresh-water marsh-hen); the lesser clapper, or Virginia, rail (R. Virginianus); and the Carolina, or sora, rail (Porzana Carolina). See Sora. Land rail (Zoöl.), the corncrake.

Rail, v. i. [F. railler; cf. Sp. rallar to grate, scrape, molest; perhaps fr. (assumed) LL. radiculare, fr. L. radere to scrape, grate. Cf. Rally to banter, Rase.] To use insolent and reproachful language; to utter reproaches; to scoff; — followed by at or against, formerly by on. Shak. “And rail at arts he did not understand.” Dryden. “Lesbia forever on me rails.” Swift.

Rail (ral), v. t. 1. To rail at. [Obs.] Feltham. 2. To move or influence by railing. [R.] “Rail the seal from off my bond.” Shak.

Rail´er (-er), n. One who rails; one who scoffs, insults, censures, or reproaches with opprobrious language.

Rail´ing, a. Expressing reproach; insulting. “Angels, which are greater in power and might, bring not railing accusation against them.” 2 Pet. ii. 11.

Rail´ing, n. 1. A barrier made of a rail or of rails. 2. Rails in general; also material for making rails.

Rail´ing•ly, adv. With scoffing or insulting language.

Rail´ler•y (ral´ler•y or ral´-; 277), n. [F. raillerie, fr. railler. See Rail to scoff.] Pleasantry or slight satire; banter; jesting language; satirical merriment. “Let raillery be without malice or heat.” B. Jonson. “Studies employed on low objects; the very naming of them is sufficient to turn them into raillery.” Addison.

Rail•leur´ (ra•lyer´ or ra•yer´), n. [F.] A banterer; a jester; a mocker. [R.] Wycherley. { Rail´road• (ral´rod•), Rail´way• (- wa•), } n. 1. A road or way consisting of one or more parallel series of iron or steel rails, patterned and adjusted to be tracks for the wheels of vehicles, and suitably supported on a bed or substructure. The modern railroad is a development and adaptation of the older tramway. 2. The road, track, etc., with all the lands, buildings, rolling stock, franchises, etc., pertaining to them and constituting one property; as a certain railroad has been put into the hands of a receiver. Railway is the commoner word in England; railroad the commoner word in the United States. In the following and similar phrases railroad and railway are used interchangeably: — Atmospheric railway, Elevated railway, etc. See under Atmospheric, Elevated, etc. — Cable railway. See Cable road, under Cable. — Ferry railway, a submerged track on which an elevated platform runs, for carrying a train of cars across a water course. — Gravity railway, a railway, in a hilly country, on which the cars run by gravity down gentle slopes for long distances after having been hauled up steep inclines to an elevated point by stationary engines. — Railway brake, a brake used in stopping railway cars or locomotives. — Railway car, a large, heavy vehicle with flanged wheels fitted for running on a railway. [U.S.] — Railway carriage, a railway passenger car. [Eng.] — Railway scale, a platform scale bearing a track which forms part of the line of a railway, for weighing loaded cars. — Railway slide. See Transfer table, under Transfer. — Railway spine (Med.), an abnormal condition due to severe concussion of the spinal cord, such as occurs in railroad accidents. It is characterized by ataxia and other disturbances of muscular function, sensory disorders, pain in the back, impairment of general health, and cerebral disturbance, — the symptoms often not developing till some months after the injury. — Underground railroad or railway. (a) A railroad or railway running through a tunnel, as beneath the streets of a city. (b) Formerly, a system of coöperation among certain active antislavery people in the United States, by which fugitive slaves were secretly helped to reach Canada. [In the latter sense railroad, and not railway, was used.] ´Their house was a principal entrepôt of the underground railroad.´ W. D. Howells.

Rail´road•ing, n. The construction of a railroad; the business of managing or operating a railroad. [Colloq. U. S.]

Rai´ment (ra´ment), n. [Abbrev. fr. arraiment. See Array.] 1. Clothing in general; vesture; garments; — usually singular in form, with a collective sense. “Living, both food and raiment she supplies.” Dryden. 2. An article of dress. [R. or Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Rain (ran), n. & v. Reign. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rain (ran), n. [OE. rein, AS. regen; akin to OFries. rein, D. & G. regen, OS. & OHG. regan, Icel., Dan., & Sw. regn, Goth. rign, and prob. to L. rigare to water, to wet; cf. Gr. bre•chein to wet, to rain.] Water falling in drops from the clouds; the descent of water from the clouds in drops. “Rain is water by the heat of the sun divided into very small parts ascending in the air, till, encountering the cold, it be condensed into clouds, and descends in drops.” Ray. “Fair days have oft contracted wind and rain.” Milton. Rain is distinguished from mist by the size of the drops, which are distinctly visible. When water falls in very small drops or particles, it is called mist; and fog is composed of particles so fine as to be not only individually indistinguishable, but to float or be suspended in the air. See Fog, and Mist. Rain band (Meteorol.), a dark band in the yellow portion of the solar spectrum near the sodium line, caused by the presence of watery vapor in the atmosphere, and hence sometimes used in weather predictions. — Rain bird (Zoöl.), the yaffle, or green woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.] The name is also applied to various other birds, as to Saurothera vetula of the West Indies. — Rain fowl (Zoöl.), the channel-bill cuckoo (Scythrops Novae-Hollandiae) of Australia. — Rain gauge, an instrument of various forms for measuring the quantity of rain that falls at any given place in a given time; a pluviometer; an ombrometer. — Rain goose (Zoöl.), the red-throated diver, or loon. [Prov. Eng.] — Rain prints (Geol.), markings on the surfaces of stratified rocks, presenting an appearance similar to those made by rain on mud and sand, and believed to have been so produced. — Rain quail. (Zoöl.) See Quail, n., 1. — Rain water, water that has fallen from the clouds in rain.

Rain, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rained (rand); p. pr. & vb. n. Raining.] [AS. regnian, akin to G. regnen, Goth. rignjan. See Rain, n.] 1. To fall in drops from the clouds, as water; — used mostly with it for a nominative; as it rains. “The rain it raineth every day.” Shak. 2. To fall or drop like water from the clouds; as tears rained from their eyes.

Rain (ran), v. t. 1. To pour or shower down from above, like rain from the clouds. “Then said the Lord unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you.” Ex. xvi. 4. 2. To bestow in a profuse or abundant manner; as to rain favors upon a person.

Rain´bow (-bo•), n. [AS. regenboga, akin to G. regenbogen. See Rain, and Bow anything bent.] A bow or arch exhibiting, in concentric bands, the several colors of the spectrum, and formed in the part of the hemisphere opposite to the sun by the refraction and reflection of the sun’s rays in drops of falling rain. Besides the ordinary bow, called also primary rainbow, which is formed by two refractions and one reflection, there is also another often seen exterior to it, called the secondary rainbow, concentric with the first, and separated from it by a small interval. It is formed by two refractions and two reflections, is much fainter than the primary bow, and has its colors arranged in the reverse order from those of the latter. Lunar rainbow, a fainter arch or rainbow, formed by the moon. — Marine rainbow, or Sea bow, a similar bow seen in the spray of waves at sea. — Rainbow trout (Zoöl.), a bright-colored trout (Salmo irideus), native of the mountains of California, but now extensively introduced into the Eastern States, Japan, and other countries; — called also brook trout, mountain trout, and golden trout. — Rainbow wrasse. (Zoöl.) See under Wrasse. — Supernumerary rainbow, a smaller bow, usually of red and green colors only, sometimes seen within the primary or without the secondary rainbow, and in contact with them.

Rain´bowed (-bod•), a. Formed with or like a rainbow.

Rain´deer (-der•), n. (Zoöl.) See Reindeer. [Obs.]

Rain´drop (-drop•), n. A drop of rain.

Rain´fall (ran´fal•), n. A fall or descent of rain; the water, or amount of water, that falls in rain; as the average annual rainfall of a region. “Supplied by the rainfall of the outer ranges of Sinchul and Singaleleh.” Hooker.

Rain´i•ness (-i•nes), n. The state of being rainy.

Rain´less, a. Destitute of rain; as a rainless region.

Rain´-tight (-tit•), a. So tight as to exclude rain; as a rain-tight roof.

Rain´y (-y), a. [AS. regenig.] Abounding with rain; wet; showery; as rainy weather; a rainy day or season.

Raip (rap), n. [Cf. Icel. reip rope. Cf. Rope.] A rope; also a measure equal to a rod. [Scot.]

Rais (ris), n. Same as 2d Reis.

Rais´a•ble (raz´a•b’l), a. Capable of being raised.

Raise (raz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raised (razd); p. pr. & vb. n. Raising.] [OE. reisen, Icel. reisa, causative of risa to rise. See Rise, and cf. Rear to raise.] 1. To cause to rise; to bring from a lower to a higher place; to lift upward; to elevate; to heave; as to raise a stone or weight. Hence, figuratively: — (a) To bring to a higher condition or situation; to elevate in rank, dignity, and the like; to increase the value or estimation of; to promote; to exalt; to advance; to enhance; as to raise from a low estate; to raise to office; to raise the price, and the like. “This gentleman came to be raised to great titles.” Clarendon. “The plate pieces of eight were raised three pence in the piece.” Sir W. Temple. (b) To increase the strength, vigor, or vehemence of; to excite; to intensify; to invigorate; to heighten; as to raise the pulse; to raise the voice; to raise the spirits or the courage; to raise the heat of a furnace. (c) To elevate in degree according to some scale; as to raise the pitch of the voice; to raise the temperature of a room. 2. To cause to rise up, or assume an erect position or posture; to set up; to make upright; as to raise a mast or flagstaff. Hence: — (a) To cause to spring up from a recumbent position, from a state of quiet, or the like; to awaken; to arouse. “They shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep.” Job xiv. 12. (b) To rouse to action; to stir up; to incite to tumult, struggle, or war; to excite. “He commandeth, and raiseth the stormy wind.” Ps. cvii. 25. “AEneas … employs his pains,
In parts remote, to raise the Tuscan swains.” Dryden. (c) To bring up from the lower world; to call up, as a spirit from the world of spirits; to recall from death; to give life to. “Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead ?” Acts xxvi. 8. 3. To cause to arise, grow up, or come into being or to appear; to give rise to; to originate, produce, cause, effect, or the like. Hence, specifically: — (a) To form by the accumulation of materials or constituent parts; to build up; to erect; as to raise a lofty structure, a wall, a heap of stones. “I will raise forts against thee.” Isa. xxix. 3. (b) To bring together; to collect; to levy; to get together or obtain for use or service; as to raise money, troops, and the like. ´To raise up a rent.´ Chaucer. (c) To cause to grow; to procure to be produced, bred, or propagated; to grow; as to raise corn, barley, hops, etc.; toraise cattle. ´He raised sheep.´ ´He raised wheat where none grew before.´ Johnson’s Dict. In some parts of the United States, notably in the Southern States, raise is also commonly applied to the rearing or bringing up of children. “I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among the mountains of the North.” Paulding. (d) To bring into being; to produce; to cause to arise, come forth, or appear; — often with up. “I will raise them up a prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee.” Deut. xviii. 18. “God vouchsafes to raise another world
From him [Noah], and all his anger to forget.” Milton. (e) To give rise to; to set agoing; to occasion; to start; to originate; as to raise a smile or a blush. “Thou shalt not raise a false report.” Ex. xxiii. 1. (f) To give vent or utterance to; to utter; to strike up. “Soon as the prince appears, they raise a cry.” Dryden. (g) To bring to notice; to submit for consideration; as to raise a point of order; to raise an objection. 4. To cause to rise, as by the effect of leaven; to make light and spongy, as bread. “Miss Liddy can dance a jig, and raise paste.” Spectator. 5. (Naut.) (a) To cause (the land or any other object) to seem higher by drawing nearer to it; as to raise Sandy Hook light. (b) To let go; as in the command, Raise tacks and sheets, i. e., Let go tacks and sheets. 6. (Law) To create or constitute; as to raise a use, that is, to create it. Burrill. To raise a blockade (Mil.), to remove or break up a blockade, either by withdrawing the ships or forces employed in enforcing it, or by driving them away or dispersing them. — To raise a check, note, bill of exchange, etc., to increase fraudulently its nominal value by changing the writing, figures, or printing in which the sum payable is specified. — To raise a siege, to relinquish an attempt to take a place by besieging it, or to cause the attempt to be relinquished. — To raise steam, to produce steam of a required pressure. — To raise the wind, to procure ready money by some temporary expedient. [Colloq.] — To raise Cain, or To raise the devil, to cause a great disturbance; to make great trouble. [Slang] Syn. — To lift; exalt; elevate; erect; originate; cause; produce; grow; heighten; aggravate; excite.

Raised (razd), a. 1. Lifted up; showing above the surroundings; as raised or embossed metal work. 2. Leavened; made with leaven, or yeast; — used of bread, cake, etc., as distinguished from that made with cream of tartar, soda, etc. See Raise, v. t., 4. Raised beach. See under Beach, n.

Rais´er (raz´er), n. One who, or that which, raises (in various senses of the verb).

Rai´sin (ra´z’n), n. [F. raisin grape, raisin, L. racemus cluster of grapes or berries; cf. Gr. ´ra•x, ´rago•s, berry, grape. Cf. Raceme.] 1. A grape, or a bunch of grapes. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. A grape dried in the sun or by artificial heat. Raisin tree (Bot.), the common red currant bush, whose fruit resembles the small raisins of Corinth called currants. [Eng.] Dr. Prior.

Rais´ing (raz´ing), n. 1. The act of lifting, setting up, elevating, exalting, producing, or restoring to life. 2. Specifically, the operation or work of setting up the frame of a building; as to help at a raising. [U.S.] 3. The operation of embossing sheet metal, or of forming it into cup-shaped or hollow articles, by hammering, stamping, or spinning. Raising bee, a bee for raising the frame of a building. See Bee, n., 2. [U.S.] W. Irving. — Raising hammer, a hammer with a rounded face, used in raising sheet metal. — Raising plate (Carp.), the plate, or longitudinal timber, on which a roof is raised and rests.

Rai•son•ne´ (ra•zo•na´), a. [F. raisonne, p. p. of raisonner to reason.] Arranged systematically, or according to classes or subjects; as a catalogue raisonne. See under Catalogue.

Rai´vel (ra´vel), n. (Weaving) A separator. [Scot.]

Raj (räj), n. [See Rajah.] Reign; rule. [India]

Ra´ja (rä´jä or ra´ja), n. Same as Rajah.

Ra´jah (rä´jä or ra´ja), n. [Hind. raja, Skr. rajan, akin to L. rex, regis. See Regal, a.] A native prince or king; also a landholder or person of importance in the agricultural districts. [India]

Ra´jah•ship, n. The office or dignity of a rajah. { Raj•poot´ , Raj•put´ } (räj•poot´), n. [Hind. raj- put, Skr. raja-putra king’s son.] A Hindoo of the second, or royal and military, caste; a Kshatriya; especially, an inhabitant of the country of Rajpootana, in northern central India.

Rake (rak), n. [AS. race; akin to OD. rake, D. reek, OHG. rehho, G. rechen, Icel. reka a shovel, and to Goth. rikan to heap up, collect, and perhaps to Gr. ’ore•gein to stretch out, and E. rack to stretch. Cf. Reckon.] 1. An implement consisting of a headpiece having teeth, and a long handle at right angles to it, — used for collecting hay, or other light things which are spread over a large surface, or for breaking and smoothing the earth. 2. A toothed machine drawn by a horse, — used for collecting hay or grain; a horserake. 3. [Perhaps a different word.] (Mining) A fissure or mineral vein traversing the strata vertically, or nearly so; — called also rake-vein. Gill rakes. (Anat.) See under 1st Gill.

Rake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raked (rakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Raking.] [AS. racian. See 1st Rake.] 1. To collect with a rake; as to rake hay; — often with up; as he raked up the fallen leaves. 2. Hence: To collect or draw together with laborious industry; to gather from a wide space; to scrape together; as to rake together wealth; to rake together slanderous tales; to rake together the rabble of a town. 3. To pass a rake over; to scrape or scratch with a rake for the purpose of collecting and clearing off something, or for stirring up the soil; as to rake a lawn; to rake a flower bed. 4. To search through; to scour; to ransack. “The statesman rakes the town to find a plot.” Swift. 5. To scrape or scratch across; to pass over quickly and lightly, as a rake does. “Like clouds that rake the mountain summits.” Wordsworth. 6. (Mil.) To enfilade; to fire in a direction with the length of; in naval engagements, to cannonade, as a ship, on the stern or head so that the balls range the whole length of the deck. To rake up. (a) To collect together, as the fire (live coals), and cover with ashes. (b) To bring up; to search out and bring to notice again; as to rake up old scandals.

Rake (rak), v. i. 1. To use a rake, as for searching or for collecting; to scrape; to search minutely. “One is for raking in Chaucer for antiquated words.” Dryden. 2. To pass with violence or rapidity; to scrape along. “Pas could not stay, but over him did rake.” Sir P. Sidney.

Rake, n. [Cf. dial. Sw. raka to reach, and E. reach.] The inclination of anything from a perpendicular direction; as the rake of a roof, a staircase, etc.; especially (Naut.), the inclination of a mast or funnel, or, in general, of any part of a vessel not perpendicular to the keel.

Rake, v. i. To incline from a perpendicular direction; as a mast rakes aft. Raking course (Bricklaying), a course of bricks laid diagonally between the face courses in a thick wall, to strengthen it.

Rake, n. [OE. rakel rash; cf. Icel. reikall wandering, unsettled, reika to wander.] A loose, disorderly, vicious man; a person addicted to lewdness and other scandalous vices; a debauchee; a roue. “An illiterate and frivolous old rake.” Macaulay.

Rake, v. i. 1. [Icel. reika. Cf. Rake a debauchee.] To walk about; to gad or ramble idly. [Prov. Eng.] 2. [See Rake a debauchee.] To act the rake; to lead a dissolute, debauched life. Shenstone. To rake out (Falconry), to fly too far and wide from its master while hovering above waiting till the game is sprung; — said of the hawk. Encyc. Brit.

Rake´hell (rak´hel•), n. [See Rakel.] A lewd, dissolute fellow; a debauchee; a rake. “It seldom doth happen, in any way of life, that a sluggard and a rakehell do not go together.” Barrow. { Rake´hell• , Rake´hell•y (-y), } a. Dissolute; wild; lewd; rakish. [Obs.] Spenser. B. Jonson.

Ra´kel (rä´kel), a. [OE. See Rake a debauchee.] Hasty; reckless; rash. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Ra´kel•ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rak´er (rak´er), n. [See 1st Rake.] 1. One who, or that which, rakes; as: (a) A person who uses a rake. (b) A machine for raking grain or hay by horse or other power. (c) A gun so placed as to rake an enemy’s ship. 2. (Zoöl.) See Gill rakers, under 1st Gill.

Rak´er•y (-y), n. Debauchery; lewdness. “The rakery and intrigues of the lewd town.” R. North.

Rake´shame (rak´sham•), n. [Cf. Rakehell, Ragabash.] A vile, dissolute wretch. [Obs.] Milton.

Rake´stale (-stal•), n. [Rake the instrument + stale a handle.] The handle of a rake. “That tale is not worth a rakestele.” Chaucer.

Rake´-vein (-van•), n. See Rake, a mineral vein.

Rak´ing (rak´ing), n. 1. The act or process of using a rake; the going over a space with a rake. 2. A space gone over with a rake; also the work done, or the quantity of hay, grain, etc., collected, by going once over a space with a rake.

Rak´ish, a. Dissolute; lewd; debauched. “The arduous task of converting a rakish lover.” Macaulay.

Rak´ish, a. (Naut.) Having a saucy appearance indicative of speed and dash. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Rak´ish•ly, adv. In a rakish manner.

Rak´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being rakish.

Ra´ku ware (rä´koo wâr•). A kind of earthenware made in Japan, resembling Satsuma ware, but having a paler color.

Râle (räl), n. [F. râle. Cf. Rail the bird.] (Med.) An adventitious sound, usually of morbid origin, accompanying the normal respiratory sounds. See Rhonchus. Various kinds are distinguished by pathologists; differing in intensity, as loud and small; in quality, as moist, dry, clicking, whistling, and sonorous; and in origin, as tracheal, pulmonary, and pleural.

Ral•len•tan´do (räl•len•tän´do), a. [It.] (Mus.) Slackening; — a direction to perform a passage with a gradual decrease in time and force; ritardando.

Ral´li•ance (ral´li•ans), n. [Cf. OF. raliance. See Rally to reunite.] The act of rallying.

Ral´li•er (-er), n. One who rallies.

Ral´line (-lin), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the rails.

Ral´ly (ral´ly), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rallied (-lid); p. pr. & vb. n. Rallying.] [OF. ralier, F. rallier, fr. L. pref. re- + ad + ligare to bind. See Ra-, and 1st Ally.] To collect, and reduce to order, as troops dispersed or thrown into confusion; to gather again; to reunite.

Ral´ly, v. i. 1. To come into orderly arrangement; to renew order, or united effort, as troops scattered or put to flight; to assemble; to unite. “The Grecians rally, and their powers unite.” Dryden. “Innumerable parts of matter chanced just then to rally together, and to form themselves into this new world.” Tillotson. 2. To collect one’s vital powers or forces; to regain health or consciousness; to recuperate. 3. To recover strength after a decline in prices; — said of the market, stocks, etc.

Ral´ly, n.; pl. Rallies (-liz). 1. The act or process of rallying (in any of the senses of that word). 2. A political mass meeting. [Colloq. U. S.]

Ral´ly, v. t. [F. railler. See Rail to scoff.] To attack with raillery, either in good humor and pleasantry, or with slight contempt or satire. “Honeycomb … rallies me upon a country life.” Addison. “Strephon had long confessed his amorous pain,
Which gay Corinna rallied with disdain.” Gay. Syn. — To banter; ridicule; satirize; deride; mock.

Ral´ly (ral´ly), v. i. To use pleasantry, or satirical merriment.

Ral´ly, n. Good-humored raillery.

Ralph (ralf), n. A name sometimes given to the raven.

Ral´ston•ite (ral´stun•it), n. [So named after J. G. Ralston of Norristown, Penn.] (Min.) A fluoride of alumina and soda occurring with the Greenland cryolite in octahedral crystals.

Ram (ram), n. [AS. ramm, ram; akin to OHG. & D. ram, Prov. G. ramm, and perh. to Icel. ramr strong.] 1. The male of the sheep and allied animals. In some parts of England a ram is called a tup. 2. (Astron.) (a) Aries, the sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of March. (b) The constellation Aries, which does not now, as formerly, occupy the sign of the same name. 3. An engine of war used for butting or battering. Specifically: (a) In ancient warfare, a long beam suspended by slings in a framework, and used for battering the walls of cities; a battering-ram. (b) A heavy steel or iron beak attached to the prow of a steam war vessel for piercing or cutting down the vessel of an enemy; also a vessel carrying such a beak. 4. A hydraulic ram. See under Hydraulic. 5. The weight which strikes the blow, in a pile driver, steam hammer, stamp mill, or the like. 6. The plunger of a hydraulic press. Ram’s horn. (a) (Fort.) A low semicircular work situated in and commanding a ditch. [Written also ramshorn.] Farrow. (b) (Paleon.) An ammonite.

Ram, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rammed (ramd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ramming.] 1. To butt or strike against; to drive a ram against or through; to thrust or drive with violence; to force in; to drive together; to cram; as to ram an enemy’s vessel; to ram piles, cartridges, etc. “[They] rammed me in with foul shirts, and smocks, socks, foul stockings, greasy napkins.” Shak. 2. To fill or compact by pounding or driving. “A ditch … was filled with some sound materials, and rammed to make the foundation solid.” Arbuthnot.

Ram•a•dan´ (ram•a•dan´), n. [Ar. ramadan, or ramazan, properly, the hot month.] [Written also Ramadhan, Ramadzan, and Rhamadan.] 1. The ninth Mohammedan month. 2. The great annual fast of the Mohammedans, kept during daylight through the ninth month.

Ram´age (ram´aj; 48), n. [F., fr. L. ramus a branch.] 1. Boughs or branches. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. Warbling of birds in trees. [Obs.] Drummond.

Ra•mage´ (ra•maj´), a. Wild; untamed. [Obs.]

Ra•ma´gi•ous (-ma´ji•us), a. Wild; not tame. [Obs.] “Now is he tame that was so ramagious.” Remedy of Love.

Ra´mal (ra´mal), a. [L. ramus branch.] Of or pertaining to a ramus, or branch; rameal.

Ra•ma´ya•na (rä•mä´ya•na), n. [Skr. Ramayana.] The more ancient of the two great epic poems in Sanskrit. The hero and heroine are Rama and his wife Sita.

Ram´berge (ram´berj), n. [F., fr. rame oar + barge barge.] Formerly, a kind of large war galley.

Ram´ble (ram´b’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rambled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rambling (-bling).] [For rammle, fr. Prov. E. rame to roam. Cf. Roam.] 1. To walk, ride, or sail, from place to place, without any determinate object in view; to roam carelessly or irregularly; to rove; to wander; as to ramble about the city; to ramble over the world. “He that is at liberty to ramble in perfect darkness, what is his liberty better than if driven up and down as a bubble by the wind?” Locke. 2. To talk or write in a discursive, aimless way. 3. To extend or grow at random. Thomson. Syn. — To rove; roam; wander; range; stroll.

Ram´ble, n. 1. A going or moving from place to place without any determinate business or object; an excursion or stroll merely for recreation. “Coming home, after a short Christmas ramble.” Swift. 2. [Cf. Rammel.] (Coal Mining) A bed of shale over the seam. Raymond.

Ram´bler (-bler), n. One who rambles; a rover; a wanderer.

Ram´bling (-bling), a. Roving; wandering; discursive; as a rambling fellow, talk, or building.

Ram´bling•ly, adv. In a rambling manner.

Ram´booze (-booz), n. A beverage made of wine, ale (or milk), sugar, etc. [Obs.] Blount.

Ram•bu´tan (ram•boo´tan), n. [Malay rambutan, fr. rambut hair of the head.] (Bot.) A Malayan fruit produced by the tree Nephelium lappaceum, and closely related to the litchi nut. It is bright red, oval in shape, covered with coarse hairs (whence the name), and contains a pleasant acid pulp. Called also ramboostan.

Ra´me•al (ra´me•al), a. Same as Ramal. Gray.

Ra´me•an (-an), n. A Ramist. Shipley.

Ramed (ramd), a. Having the frames, stem, and sternpost adjusted; — said of a ship on the stocks.

Ram´ee (ram´e), n. (Bot.) See Ramie.

Ram´e•kin (ram´e•kin), n. See Ramequin. [Obs.]

Ram´ent (ram´ent), n. [L. ramenta, pl.] 1. A scraping; a shaving. [Obs.] 2. pl. (Bot.) Ramenta.

Ra•men´ta (ra•men´ta), n. pl. [L., scrapings.] (Bot.) Thin brownish chaffy scales upon the leaves or young shoots of some plants, especially upon the petioles and leaves of ferns. Gray.

Ram•en•ta´ceous (ram•en•ta´shus), a. (Bot.) Covered with ramenta.

Ra´me•ous (ra´me•us), a. [L. rameus, from ramus branch, bough.] (Bot.) Ramal.

Ram´e•quin (ram´e•kin), n. [F.] (Cookery) A mixture of cheese, eggs, etc., formed in a mold, or served on bread. [Written also ramekin.]

Ram´ie (ram´e), n. [From Malay.] (Bot.) The grass-cloth plant (Bœhmeria nivea); also its fiber, which is very fine and exceedingly strong; — called also China grass, and rhea. See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass.

Ram•i•fi•ca´tion (ram•i•fi•ka´shun), n. [Cf. F. ramification. See Ramify.] 1. The process of branching, or the development of branches or offshoots from a stem; also the mode of their arrangement. 2. A small branch or offshoot proceeding from a main stock or channel; as the ramifications of an artery, vein, or nerve. 3. A division into principal and subordinate classes, heads, or departments; also one of the subordinate parts; as the ramifications of a subject or scheme. 4. The production of branchlike figures. Crabb.

Ram•i•flo´rous (-flo´rus), a. [L. ramus branch + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Flowering on the branches.

Ram´i•form (ram´i•fôrm), a. [L. ramus branch + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a branch.

Ram´i•fy (ram´i•fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ramified (ram´i•fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Ramifying (ram´i•fi•ing).] [F. ramifier, LL. ramificare, fr. L. ramus a branch + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] To divide into branches or subdivisions; as to ramify an art, subject, scheme.

Ram´i•fy, v. i. 1. To shoot, or divide, into branches or subdivisions, as the stem of a plant. “When they [asparagus plants] … begin to ramify.” Arbuthnot. 2. To be divided or subdivided, as a main subject.

Ra•mig´er•ous (ra•mij´er•us), a. [L. ramus a branch + -gerous.] (Bot.) Bearing branches; branched.

Ra•mip´a•rous (ra•mip´a•rus), a. [L. ramus + parere to bear.] (Bot.) Producing branches; ramigerous.

Ra´mist (ra´mist), n. A follower of Pierre Rame, better known as Ramus, a celebrated French scholar, who was professor of rhetoric and philosophy at Paris in the reign of Henry II., and opposed the Aristotelians.

Ram´line (ram´lin), n. A line used to get a straight middle line, as on a spar, or from stem to stern in building a vessel.

Ram´mel (ram´mel), n. Refuse matter. [Obs.] “Filled with any rubbish, rammel and broken stones.” Holland.

Ram´mer (-mer), n. One who, or that which, rams or drives. Specifically: (a) An instrument for driving anything with force; as a rammer for driving stones or piles, or for beating the earth to more solidity. (b) A rod for forcing down the charge of a gun; a ramrod. (c) (Founding) An implement for pounding the sand of a mold to render it compact.

Ram´mish (-mish), a. Like a ram; hence, rank; lascivious. ´Their savor is so rammish.´ Chaucer.

Ram´mish•ness, n. The quality of being rammish.

Ram´my (-my), a. Like a ram; rammish. Burton.

Ram•ol•les´cence (ram•ol•les´sens), n. [F. ramollir to make soft, to soften; pref. re- re- + amollir to soften; a (L. ad) + mollir to soften, L. mollire, fr. mollis soft.] A softening or mollifying. [R.]

Ra•moon´ (ra•moon´), n. (Bot.) A small West Indian tree (Trophis Americana) of the Mulberry family, whose leaves and twigs are used as fodder for cattle.

Ra•mose´ (ra•mos´), a. [L. ramosus, from ramus a branch.] Branched, as the stem or root of a plant; having lateral divisions; consisting of, or having, branches; full of branches; ramifying; branching; branchy.

Ra´mous (ra´mus), a. Ramose.

Ramp (ramp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ramped (ramt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Ramping.] [F. ramper to creep, OF., to climb; of German origin; cf. G. raffen to snatch, LG. & D. rapen. See Rap to snatch, and cf. Romp.] 1. To spring; to leap; to bound; to rear; to prance; to become rampant; hence, to frolic; to romp. 2. To move by leaps, or as by leaps; hence, to move swiftly or with violence. “Their bridles they would champ,
And trampling the fine element would fiercely ramp.” Spenser. 3. To climb, as a plant; to creep up. “With claspers and tendrils, they [plants] catch hold, … and so ramping upon trees, they mount up to a great height.” Ray.

Ramp, n. 1. A leap; a spring; a hostile advance. “The bold Ascalonite
Fled from his lion ramp.” Milton. 2. A highwayman; a robber. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A romping woman; a prostitute. [Obs.] Lyly. 4. [F. rampe.] (Arch.) (a) Any sloping member, other than a purely constructional one, such as a continuous parapet to a staircase. (b) A short bend, slope, or curve, where a hand rail or cap changes its direction. 5. [F. rampe.] (Fort.) An inclined plane serving as a communication between different interior levels.

Ram•pa´cious (ram•pa´shus), a. High-spirited; rampageous. [Slang] Dickens.

Ramp´age (ramp´aj; 48), n. [See Ramp, v.] Violent or riotous behavior; a state of excitement, passion, or debauchery; as to be on the rampage. [Prov. or Low] Dickens.

Ramp´age, v. i. To leap or prance about, as an animal; to be violent; to rage. [Prov. or Low]

Ram•pa´geous (ram•pa´jus), a. Characterized by violence and passion; unruly; rampant. [Prov. or Low] “In the primitive ages of a rampageous antiquity.” Galt.

Ram•pal´lian (-pal´yan), n. [Cf. ramp a prostitute, or rabble.] A mean wretch. [Obs.] Shak.

Ramp´an•cy (ramp´an•sy), n. The quality or state of being rampant; excessive action or development; exuberance; extravagance. ´They are come to this height and rampancy of vice.´ South.

Ramp´ant (ramp´ant), a. [F., p. pr. of ramper to creep. See Ramp, v.] 1. Ramping; leaping; springing; rearing upon the hind legs; hence, raging; furious. “The fierce lion in his kind
Which goeth rampant after his prey.” Gower. “[The] lion … rampant shakes his brinded mane.” Milton. 2. Ascending; climbing; rank in growth; exuberant. “The rampant stalk is of unusual altitude.” I. Taylor. 3. (Her.) Rising with fore paws in the air as if attacking; — said of a beast of prey, especially a lion. The right fore leg and right hind leg should be raised higher than the left. Rampant arch. (a) An arch which has one abutment higher than the other. (b) Same as Rampant vault, below. — Rampant gardant (Her.), rampant, but with the face turned to the front. — Rampant regardant, rampant, but looking backward. — Rampant vault (Arch.), a continuous wagon vault, or cradle vault, whose two abutments are located on an inclined plane, such as the vault supporting a stairway, or forming the ceiling of a stairway.

Ramp´ant•ly, adv. In a rampant manner.

Ram´part (ram´pärt), n. [F. rempart, OF. rempar, fr. remparer to fortify, se remparer to fence or intrench one’s self; pref. re- re- + pref. en- (L. in) + parer to defend, parry, prepare, L. parare to prepare. See Pare.] 1. That which fortifies and defends from assault; that which secures safety; a defense or bulwark. 2. (Fort.) A broad embankment of earth round a place, upon which the parapet is raised. It forms the substratum of every permanent fortification. Mahan. Syn. — Bulwark; fence; security; guard. — Rampart, Bulwark. These words were formerly interchanged; but in modern usage a distinction has sprung up between them. The rampart of a fortified place is the enceinte or entire main embankment or wall which surrounds it. The term bulwark is now applied to peculiarly strong outworks which project for the defense of the rampart, or main work. A single bastion is a bulwark. In using these words figuratively, rampart is properly applied to that which protects by walling out; bulwark to that which stands in the forefront of danger, to meet and repel it. Hence, we speak of a distinguished individual as the bulwark, not the rampart, of the state. This distinction, however, is often disregarded.

Ram´part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ramparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ramparting.] To surround or protect with, or as with, a rampart or ramparts. “Those grassy hills, those glittering dells,
Proudly ramparted with rocks.” Coleridge. Rampart gun (Fort.), a cannon or large gun for use on a rampart and not as a fieldpiece.

Rampe (ramp), n. [In allusion to its supposed aphrodisiac qualities. See Ramp.] (Bot.) The cuckoopint.

Ram´pier (ram´per), n. See Rampart. [Obs.]

Ram´pi•on (ram´pi•un), n. [Cf. F. raiponce, Sp. ruiponce, reponche, L. raperonzo, NL. rapuntium, fr. L. rapum, rapa, a turnip, rape. Cf. Rape a plant.] (Bot.) A plant (Campanula Rapunculus) of the Bellflower family, with a tuberous esculent root; — also called ramps. The name is sometimes given to plants of the genus Phyteuma, herbs of the Bellflower family, and to the American evening primrose (Œnothera biennis), which has run wild in some parts of Europe.

Ram´pire (-pir), n. A rampart. [Archaic] “The Trojans round the place a rampire cast.” Dryden.

Ram´pire, v. t. To fortify with a rampire; to form into a rampire. [Archaic] Chapman. ´Rampired walls of gold.´ R. Browning.

Ram´pler (ram´pler), n. A rambler.

Ram´pler, a. Roving; rambling. [Scot.]

Ram´rod (-rod•), n. The rod used in ramming home the charge in a muzzle-loading firearm.

Ram´shac•kle (-shak•k’l), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Loose; disjointed; falling to pieces; out of repair. “There came … my lord the cardinal, in his ramshackle coach.” Thackeray.

Ram´shac•kle, v. t. To search or ransack; to rummage. [Prov. Eng.]

Ram´son (-z’n), n. [AS. hramsan, pl., akin to G. rams, Sw. rams, ramslök; cf. Gr. kro•myon onion.] (Bot.) A broad-leaved species of garlic (Allium ursinum), common in European gardens; — called also buckram.

Ram´sted (-sted), n. (Bot.) A yellow-flowered weed; — so named from a Mr. Ramsted who introduced it into Pennsylvania. See Toad flax. Called also Ramsted weed.

Ram´u•lose (-u•los•), a. [L. ramulosus, fr. ramulus, dim. of ramus a branch.] (Nat. Hist.) Having many small branches, or ramuli.

Ram´u•lous (-lus), a. (Nat. Hist.) Ramulose.

Ram´u•lus (-lus), n.; pl. Ramuli (-li). (Zoöl.) A small branch, or branchlet, of corals, hydroids, and similar organisms.

Ra´mus (ra´mus), n.; pl. Rami (-mi). (Nat. Hist.) A branch; a projecting part or prominent process; a ramification.

Ra•mus´cule (ra•mus´kul), n. [L. ramusculus.] (Nat. Hist.) A small ramus, or branch.

Ran (ran), imp. of Run.

Ran, n. [AS. ran.] Open robbery. [Obs.] Lambarde.

Ran, n. (Naut.) Yarns coiled on a spun-yarn winch.

Ra´na (ra´na), n. [L., a frog.] (Zoöl.) A genus of anurous batrachians, including the common frogs.

Ra´nal (ra´nal), a. (Bot.) Having a general affinity to ranunculaceous plants. Ranal alliance (Bot.), a name proposed by Lindley for a group of natural orders, including Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Papaveraceae, and others related to them.

Rance (rans), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A prop or shore. [Scot.] 2. A round between the legs of a chair.

Ran•ces´cent (ran•ses´sent), a. [L. rancescens, p. pr. of rancescere, v. incho. from rancere to be rancid.] Becoming rancid or sour.

Ranch (ranch), v. t. [Written also raunch.] [Cf. Wrench.] To wrench; to tear; to sprain; to injure by violent straining or contortion. [R.] Dryden. ´Hasting to raunch the arrow out.´ Spenser.

Ranch, n. [See Rancho.] A tract of land used for grazing and the rearing of horses, cattle, or sheep. See Rancho, 2. [Western U. S.]

Ran•che´ro (ran•cha´ro), n.; pl. Rancheros (- roz). [Sp.] [Mexico & Western U. S.] 1. A herdsman; a peasant employed on a ranch or rancho. 2. The owner and occupant of a ranch or rancho.

Ranch´man (ranch´man), n.; pl. Ranchmen (-men). An owner or occupant of, or laborer on, a ranch; a herdsman. [Western U. S.]

Ran´cho (ran´cho), n.; pl. Ranchos (-choz). [Sp., properly, a mess, mess room. Cf. 2d Ranch.] 1. A rude hut, as of posts, covered with branches or thatch, where herdsmen or farm laborers may live or lodge at night. 2. A large grazing farm where horses and cattle are raised; — distinguished from hacienda, a cultivated farm or plantation. [Mexico & California] Bartlett.

Ran´cid (ran´sid), a. [L. rancidus, fr. rancere to be rancid or rank.] Having a rank smell or taste, from chemical change or decomposition; musty; as rancid oil or butter.

Ran•cid´i•ty (ran•sid´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. rancidite.] The quality or state of being rancid; a rancid scent or flavor, as of old oil. Ure.

Ran´cid•ly (ran´sid•ly), adv. In a rancid manner.

Ran´cid•ness, n. The quality of being rancid.

Ran´cor (ran´ker), n. [Written also rancour.] [OE. rancour, OF. rancor, rancur, F. rancune, fr. L. rancor rancidity, rankness; tropically, an old grudge, rancor, fr. rancere to be rank or rancid.] The deepest malignity or spite; deep-seated enmity or malice; inveterate hatred. ´To stint rancour and dissencioun.´ Chaucer. “It would not be easy to conceive the passion, rancor, and malice of their tongues and hearts.” Burke. Syn. — Enmity; hatred; ill will; malice; spite; grudge; animosity; malignity. — Rancor, Enmity. Enmity and rancor both describe hostile feelings; but enmity may be generous and open, while rancor implies personal malice of the worst and most enduring nature, and is the strongest word in our language to express hostile feelings. “Rancor will out; proud prelate, in thy face
I see thy fury.” Shak. “Rancor is that degree of malice which preys upon the possessor.” Cogan.

Ran´cor•ous (-us), a. [OF. rancuros.] Full of rancor; evincing, or caused by, rancor; deeply malignant; implacably spiteful or malicious; intensely virulent. “So flamed his eyes with rage and rancorous ire.” Spenser.

Ran´cor•ous•ly, adv. In a rancorous manner.

Rand (rand), n. [AS. rand, rond; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. rand, Icel. rönd, and probably to E. rind.] 1. A border; edge; margin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. A long, fleshy piece, as of beef, cut from the flank or leg; a sort of steak. Beau. & Fl. 3. A thin inner sole for a shoe; also a leveling slip of leather applied to the sole before attaching the heel.

Rand, v. i. [See Rant.] To rant; to storm. [Obs.] “I wept, … and raved, and randed, and railed.” J. Webster.

Ran´dall grass (ran´dal gras•). (Bot.) The meadow fescue (Festuca elatior). See under Grass.

Ran´dan (-dan), n. The product of a second sifting of meal; the finest part of the bran. [Prov. Eng.]

Ran´dan, n. A boat propelled by three rowers with four oars, the middle rower pulling two.

Rand´ing (rand´ing), n. 1. (Shoemaking) The act or process of making and applying rands for shoes. 2. (Mil.) A kind of basket work used in gabions.

Ran´dom (ran´dum), n. [OE. randon, OF. randon force, violence, rapidity, à randon, de randon, violently, suddenly, rapidly, prob. of German origin; cf. G. rand edge, border, OHG. rant shield, edge of a shield, akin to E. rand, n. See Rand, n.] 1. Force; violence. [Obs.] “For courageously the two kings newly fought with great random and force.” E. Hall. 2. A roving motion; course without definite direction; want of direction, rule, or method; hazard; chance; — commonly used in the phrase at random, that is, without a settled point of direction; at hazard. “Counsels, when they fly
At random, sometimes hit most happily.” Herrick. “O, many a shaft, at random sent,
Finds mark the archer little meant!” Sir W. Scott. 3. Distance to which a missile is cast; range; reach; as the random of a rifle ball. Sir K. Digby. 4. (Mining) The direction of a rake- vein. Raymond.

Ran´dom, a. Going at random or by chance; done or made at hazard, or without settled direction, aim, or purpose; hazarded without previous calculation; left to chance; haphazard; as a random guess. “Some random truths he can impart.” Wordsworth. “So sharp a spur to the lazy, and so strong a bridle to the random.” H. Spencer. Random courses (Masonry), courses of stone of unequal thickness. — Random shot, a shot not directed or aimed toward any particular object, or a shot with the muzzle of the gun much elevated. — Random work (Masonry), stonework consisting of stones of unequal sizes fitted together, but not in courses nor always with flat beds.

Ran´dom•ly (ran´dum•ly), adv. In a random manner.

Ran´don (-dun), n. Random. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ran´don, v. i. To go or stray at random. [Obs.]

Rane´deer (ran´der•), n. See Reindeer. [Obs.]

Ra´nee (rä´ne), n. Same as Rani.

Ran´force (ran´fors•), n. [Cf. F. renforcer.] See Reënforce. [Obs.] Bailey.

Rang (rang), imp. of Ring, v. t. & i.

Range (ranj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ranged (ranjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ranging (ran´jing).] [OE. rengen, OF. rengier, F. ranger, OF. renc row, rank, F. rang; of German origin. See Rank, n.] 1. To set in a row, or in rows; to place in a regular line or lines, or in ranks; to dispose in the proper order; to rank; as to range soldiers in line. “Maccabeus ranged his army by bands.” 2 Macc. xii. 20. 2. To place (as a single individual) among others in a line, row, or order, as in the ranks of an army; — usually, reflexively and figuratively, (in the sense) to espouse a cause, to join a party, etc. “It would be absurd in me to range myself on the side of the Duke of Bedford and the corresponding society.” Burke. 3. To separate into parts; to sift. [Obs.] Holland. 4. To dispose in a classified or in systematic order; to arrange regularly; as to range plants and animals in genera and species. 5. To rove over or through; as to range the fields. “Teach him to range the ditch, and force the brake.” Gay. 6. To sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near; as to range the coast. Compare the last two senses (5 and 6) with the French ranger une côte. 7. (Biol.) To be native to, or to live in; to frequent.

Range, v. i. 1. To rove at large; to wander without restraint or direction; to roam. “Like a ranging spaniel that barks at every bird he sees.” Burton. 2. To have range; to change or differ within limits; to be capable of projecting, or to admit of being projected, especially as to horizontal distance; as the temperature ranged through seventy degrees Fahrenheit; the gun ranges three miles; the shot ranged four miles. 3. To be placed in order; to be ranked; to admit of arrangement or classification; to rank. “And range with humble livers in content.” Shak. 4. To have a certain direction; to correspond in direction; to be or keep in a corresponding line; to trend or run; — often followed by with; as the front of a house ranges with the street; to range along the coast. “Which way the forests range.” Dryden. 5. (Biol.) To be native to, or live in, a certain district or region; as the peba ranges from Texas to Paraguay. Syn. — To rove; roam; ramble; wander; stroll.

Range, n. [From Range, v.: cf. F. rangee.] 1. A series of things in a line; a row; a rank; as a range of buildings; a range of mountains. 2. An aggregate of individuals in one rank or degree; an order; a class. “The next range of beings above him are the immaterial intelligences.” Sir M. Hale. 3. The step of a ladder; a rung. Clarendon. 4. A kitchen grate. [Obs.] “He was bid at his first coming to take off the range, and let down the cinders.” L’Estrange. 5. An extended cooking apparatus of cast iron, set in brickwork, and affording conveniences for various ways of cooking; also a kind of cooking stove. 6. A bolting sieve to sift meal. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 7. A wandering or roving; a going to and fro; an excursion; a ramble; an expedition. “He may take a range all the world over.” South. 8. That which may be ranged over; place or room for excursion; especially, a region of country in which cattle or sheep may wander and pasture. 9. Extent or space taken in by anything excursive; compass or extent of excursion; reach; scope; discursive power; as the range of one’s voice, or authority. “Far as creation’s ample range extends.” Pope. “The range and compass of Hammond’s knowledge filled the whole circle of the arts.” Bp. Fell. “A man has not enough range of thought.” Addison. 10. (Biol.) The region within which a plant or animal naturally lives. 11. (Gun.) (a) The horizontal distance to which a shot or other projectile is carried. (b) Sometimes, less properly, the trajectory of a shot or projectile. (c) A place where shooting, as with cannons or rifles, is practiced. 12. In the public land system of the United States, a row or line of townships lying between two successive meridian lines six miles apart. The meridians included in each great survey are numbered in order east and west from the ´principal meridian´ of that survey, and the townships in the range are numbered north and south from the ´base line,´ which runs east and west; as township No. 6, N., range 7, W., from the fifth principal meridian. 13. (Naut.) See Range of cable, below. Range of accommodation (Optics), the distance between the near point and the far point of distinct vision, — usually measured and designated by the strength of the lens which if added to the refracting media of the eye would cause the rays from the near point to appear as if they came from the far point. — Range finder (Gunnery), an instrument, or apparatus, variously constructed, for ascertaining the distance of an inaccessible object, — used to determine what elevation must be given to a gun in order to hit the object; a position finder. — Range of cable (Naut.), a certain length of slack cable ranged along the deck preparatory to letting go the anchor. — Range work (Masonry), masonry of squared stones laid in courses each of which is of even height throughout the length of the wall; — distinguished from broken range work, which consists of squared stones laid in courses not continuously of even height. — To get the range of (an object) (Gun.), to find the angle at which the piece must be raised to reach (the object) without carrying beyond.

Range´ment (ranj´ment), n. [Cf. F. rangement.] Arrangement. [Obs.] Waterland.

Ran´ger (ran´jer), n. 1. One who ranges; a rover; sometimes, one who ranges for plunder; a roving robber. 2. That which separates or arranges; specifically, a sieve. [Obs.] ´The tamis ranger.´ Holland. 3. A dog that beats the ground in search of game. 4. One of a body of mounted troops, formerly armed with short muskets, who range over the country, and often fight on foot. 5. The keeper of a public park or forest; formerly, a sworn officer of a forest, appointed by the king’s letters patent, whose business was to walk through the forest, recover beasts that had strayed beyond its limits, watch the deer, present trespasses to the next court held for the forest, etc. [Eng.]

Ran´ger•ship, n. The office of the keeper of a forest or park. [Eng.]

Ran´gle (ran´g’l), v. i. To range about in an irregular manner. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ra´ni (rä´ne), n. [Hind. rani, Skr. rajni. See Rajah.] A queen or princess; the wife of a rajah. [Written also ranee.] [India]

Ra´nine (ra´nin), a. [L. rana a frog.] 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the frogs and toads. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or designating, a swelling under the tongue; also pertaining to the region where the swelling occurs; — applied especially to branches of the lingual artery and lingual vein.

Rank (rank), a. [Compar. Ranker (-er); superl. Rankest.] [AS. ranc strong, proud; cf. D. rank slender, Dan. rank upright, erect, Prov. G. rank slender, Icel. rakkr slender, bold. The meaning seems to have been influenced by L. rancidus, E. rancid.] 1. Luxuriant in growth; of vigorous growth; exuberant; grown to immoderate height; as rank grass; rank weeds. “And, behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk, rank and good.” Gen. xli. 5. 2. Raised to a high degree; violent; extreme; gross; utter; as rank heresy. ´Rank nonsense.´ Hare. ´I do forgive thy rankest fault.´ Shak. 3. Causing vigorous growth; producing luxuriantly; very rich and fertile; as rank land. Mortimer. 4. Strong-scented; rancid; musty; as oil of a rank smell; rank-smelling rue. Spenser. 5. Strong to the taste. ´Divers sea fowls taste rank of the fish on which they feed.´ Boyle. 6. Inflamed with venereal appetite. [Obs.] Shak. Rank modus (Law), an excessive and unreasonable modus. See Modus, 3. — To set (the iron of a plane, etc.) rank, to set so as to take off a thick shaving. Moxon.

Rank, adv. Rankly; stoutly; violently. [Obs.] “That rides so rank and bends his lance so fell.” Fairfax.

Rank, n. [OE. renk, reng, OF. renc, F. rang, fr. OHG. hring a circle, a circular row, G. ring. See Ring, and cf. Range, n. & v.] 1. A row or line; a range; an order; a tier; as a rank of osiers. “Many a mountain nigh
Rising in lofty ranks, and loftier still.” Byron. 2. (Mil.) A line of soldiers ranged side by side; — opposed to file. See 1st File, 1 (a). “Fierce, fiery warriors fought upon the clouds,
In ranks and squadrons and right form of war.” Shak. 3. Grade of official standing, as in the army, navy, or nobility; as the rank of general; the rank of admiral. 4. An aggregate of individuals classed together; a permanent social class; an order; a division; as ranks and orders of men; the highest and the lowest ranks of men, or of other intelligent beings. 5. Degree of dignity, eminence, or excellence; position in civil or social life; station; degree; grade; as a writer of the first rank; a lawyer of high rank. “These all are virtues of a meaner rank.” Addison. 6. Elevated grade or standing; high degree; high social position; distinction; eminence; as a man of rank. Rank and file. (a) (Mil.) The whole body of common soldiers, including also corporals. In a more extended sense, it includes sergeants also excepting the noncommissioned staff. (b) See under 1st File. — The ranks, the order or grade of common soldiers; as to reduce a noncommissioned officer to the ranks. — To fill the ranks, to supply the whole number, or a competent number. — To take rank of, to have precedence over, or to have the right of taking a higher place than.

Rank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ranked (rankt); p. pr. & vb. n. Ranking.] 1. To place abreast, or in a line. 2. To range in a particular class, order, or division; to class; also to dispose methodically; to place in suitable classes or order; to classify. “Ranking all things under general and special heads.” I. Watts. “Poets were ranked in the class of philosophers.” Broome. “Heresy is ranked with idolatry and witchcraft.” Dr. H. More. 3. To take rank of; to outrank. [U.S.]

Rank, v. i. 1. To be ranged; to be set or disposed, as in a particular degree, class, order, or division. “Let that one article rank with the rest.” Shak. 2. To have a certain grade or degree of elevation in the orders of civil or military life; to have a certain degree of esteem or consideration; as he ranks with the first class of poets; he ranks high in public estimation.

Rank´er (-er), n. One who ranks, or disposes in ranks; one who arranges.

Ran´kle (ran´k’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rankled (-k’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rankling (-kling).] [From Rank, a.] 1. To become, or be, rank; to grow rank or strong; to be inflamed; to fester; — used literally and figuratively. “A malady that burns and rankles inward.” Rowe. “This would have left a rankling wound in the hearts of the people.” Burke. 2. To produce a festering or inflamed effect; to cause a sore; — used literally and figuratively; as a splinter rankles in the flesh; the words rankled in his bosom.

Ran´kle (ran´k’l), v. t. To cause to fester; to make sore; to inflame. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Rank´ly (rank´ly), adv. With rank or vigorous growth; luxuriantly; hence, coarsely; grossly; as weeds grow rankly.

Rank´ness, n. [AS. rancness pride.] The condition or quality of being rank.

Ran´nel (ran´nel), n. A prostitute. [Obs.]

Ran´ny (-ny), n. [L. araneus mus, a kind of small mouse.] (Zoöl.) The erd shrew. [Scot.]

Ran´sack (-sak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ransacked (-sakt); p. pr. & vb. n. Ransacking.] [OE. ransaken, Icel. rannsaka to explore, examine; rann a house (akin to Goth. razn house, AS. raesn plank, beam) + the root of saekja to seek, akin to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Rest repose.] 1. To search thoroughly; to search every place or part of; as to ransack a house. “To ransack every corner of their … hearts.” South. 2. To plunder; to pillage completely. “Their vow is made
To ransack Troy.” Shak. 3. To violate; to ravish; to defiour. [Obs.] “Rich spoil of ransacked chastity.” Spenser.

Ran´sack, v. i. To make a thorough search. “To ransack in the tas [heap] of bodies dead.” Chaucer.

Ran´sack, n. The act of ransacking, or state of being ransacked; pillage. [R.] “Even your father’s house
Shall not be free from ransack.” J. Webster.

Ran´som (ran´sum), n. [OE. raunson, raunsoun, OF. rançon, raençon, raançon, F. rançon, fr. L. redemptio, fr. redimere to redeem. See Redeem, and cf. Redemption.] 1. The release of a captive, or of captured property, by payment of a consideration; redemption; as prisoners hopeless of ransom. Dryden. 2. The money or price paid for the redemption of a prisoner, or for goods captured by an enemy; payment for freedom from restraint, penalty, or forfeit. “Thy ransom paid, which man from death redeems.” Milton. “His captivity in Austria, and the heavy ransom he paid for his liberty.” Sir J. Davies. 3. (O. Eng. Law) A sum paid for the pardon of some great offense and the discharge of the offender; also a fine paid in lieu of corporal punishment. Blackstone. Ransom bill (Law), a war contract, valid by the law of nations, for the ransom of property captured at sea and its safe conduct into port. Kent.

Ran´som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ransomed (-sumd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ransoming.] [Cf. F. rançonner. See Ransom, n.] 1. To redeem from captivity, servitude, punishment, or forfeit, by paying a price; to buy out of servitude or penalty; to rescue; to deliver; as to ransom prisoners from an enemy. 2. To exact a ransom for, or a payment on. [R.] “Such lands as he had rule of he ransomed them so grievously, and would tax the men two or three times in a year.” Berners.

Ran´som•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Such as can be ransomed.

Ran´som•er (-er), n. One who ransoms or redeems.

Ran´som•less, a. Incapable of being ransomed; without ransom. Shak.

Rant (rant), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ranted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ranting.] [OD. ranten, randen, to dote, to be enraged.] To rave in violent, high-sounding, or extravagant language, without dignity of thought; to be noisy, boisterous, and bombastic in talk or declamation; as a ranting preacher. “Look where my ranting host of the Garter comes!” Shak.

Rant, n. High-sounding language, without importance or dignity of thought; boisterous, empty declamation; bombast; as the rant of fanatics. “This is a stoical rant, without any foundation in the nature of man or reason of things.” Atterbury.

Rant´er (-er), n. 1. A noisy talker; a raving declaimer. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a religious sect which sprung up in 1645; — called also Seekers. See Seeker. (b) One of the Primitive Methodists, who seceded from the Wesleyan Methodists on the ground of their deficiency in fervor and zeal; — so called in contempt.

Rant´er•ism (-iz’m), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The practice or tenets of the Ranters.

Rant´ing•ly, adv. In a ranting manner.

Rant´i•pole (-i•pol), n. [Ranty + pole, poll, head.] A wild, romping young person. [Low] Marryat.

Rant´i•pole, a. Wild; roving; rakish. [Low]

Rant´i•pole, v. i. To act like a rantipole. [Low] “She used to rantipole about the house.” Arbuthnot.

Rant´ism (-iz’m), n. (Eccl. Hist.) Ranterism.

Rant´y (-y), a. Wild; noisy; boisterous.

Ran´u•la (ran´u•la), n. [L., a little frog, a little swelling on the tongue of cattle, dim. of rana a frog.] (Med.) A cyst formed under the tongue by obstruction of the duct of the submaxillary gland.

Ra•nun•cu•la´ceous (ra•nun•ku•la´shus), a. [See Ranunculus.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Ranunculaceae), of which the buttercup is the type, and which includes also the virgin’s bower, the monkshood, larkspur, anemone, meadow rue, and peony.

Ra•nun´cu•lus (ra•nun´ku•lus), n.; pl. E. Ranunculuses (- ez), L. Ranunculi (-li). [L., a little frog, a medicinal plant, perhaps crowfoot, dim. of rana a frog; cf. raccare to roar.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs, mostly with yellow flowers, including crowfoot, buttercups, and the cultivated ranunculi (R. Asiaticus, R. aconitifolius, etc.) in which the flowers are double and of various colors.

Ranz´ des• vaches´ (räNs´ da• vash´). [F., the ranks or rows of cows, the name being given from the fact that the cattle, when answering the musical call of their keeper, move towards him in a row, preceded by those wearing bells.] The name for numerous simple, but very irregular, melodies of the Swiss mountaineers, blown on a long tube called the Alpine horn, and sometimes sung.

Rap (rap), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A lay or skein containing 120 yards of yarn. Knight.

Rap, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rapped (rapt); p. pr. & vb. n. Rapping.] [Akin to Sw. rappa to strike, rapp stroke, Dan. rap, perhaps of imitative origin.] To strike with a quick, sharp blow; to knock; as to rap on the door.

Rap, v. t. 1. To strike with a quick blow; to knock on. “With one great peal they rap the door.” Prior. 2. (Founding) To free (a pattern) in a mold by light blows on the pattern, so as to facilitate its removal.

Rap, n. A quick, smart blow; a knock.

Rap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rapped (rapt), usually written Rapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Rapping.] [OE. rapen; akin to LG. & D. rapen to snatch, G. raffen, Sw. rappa; cf. Dan. rappe sig to make haste, and Icel. hrapa to fall, to rush, hurry. The word has been confused with L. rapere to seize. Cf. Rape robbery, Rapture, Raff, v., Ramp, v.] 1. To snatch away; to seize and hurry off. “And through the Greeks and Ilians they rapt
The whirring chariot.” Chapman. “From Oxford I was rapt by my nephew, Sir Edmund Bacon, to Redgrove.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. To hasten. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. To seize and bear away, as the mind or thoughts; to transport out of one’s self; to affect with ecstasy or rapture; as rapt into admiration. “I ’m rapt with joy to see my Marcia’s tears.” Addison. “Rapt into future times, the bard begun.” Pope. 4. To exchange; to truck. [Obs. & Low] To rap and ren, To rap and rend. [Perhaps fr. Icel. hrapa to hurry and raena plunder, fr. ran plunder, E. ran.] To seize and plunder; to snatch by violence. Dryden. ´[Ye] waste all that ye may rape and renne.´ Chaucer. “All they could rap and rend and pilfer.” Hudibras. — To rap out, to utter with sudden violence, as an oath. “A judge who rapped out a great oath.” Addison.

Rap, n. [Perhaps contr. fr. raparee.] A popular name for any of the tokens that passed current for a half-penny in Ireland in the early part of the eighteenth century; any coin of trifling value. “Many counterfeits passed about under the name of raps.” Swift. “Tie it [her money] up so tight that you can’t touch a rap, save with her consent.” Mrs. Alexander. Not to care a rap, to care nothing. — Not worth a rap, worth nothing.

Ra•pa´ces (ra•pa´sez), n. pl. [NL. See Rapacious.] (Zoöl.) Same as Accipitres.

Ra•pa´cious (-shus), a. [L. rapax, -acis, from rapere to seize and carry off, to snatch away. See Rapid.] 1. Given to plunder; disposed or accustomed to seize by violence; seizing by force. ´ The downfall of the rapacious and licentious Knights Templar.´ Motley. 2. Accustomed to seize food; subsisting on prey, or animals seized by violence; as a tiger is a rapacious animal; a rapacious bird. 3. Avaricious; grasping; extortionate; also greedy; ravenous; voracious; as rapacious usurers; a rapacious appetite. “[Thy Lord] redeem thee quite from Death’s rapacious claim” Milton. Syn. — Greedy; grasping; ravenous; voracious. — Ra•pa´cious•ly, adv. — Ra•pa´cious•ness, n.

Ra•pac´i•ty (ra•pas´i•ty), n. [L. rapacitas: cf. F. rapacite. See Rapacious.] 1. The quality of being rapacious; rapaciousness; ravenousness; as the rapacity of pirates; the rapacity of wolves. 2. The act or practice of extorting or exacting by oppressive injustice; exorbitant greediness of gain. ´The rapacity of some ages.´ Sprat.

Rap•a•ree´ (rap•a•re´), n. See Rapparee.

Rape (rap), n. [F. râpe a grape stalk.] 1. Fruit, as grapes, plucked from the cluster. Ray. 2. The refuse stems and skins of grapes or raisins from which the must has been expressed in wine making. 3. A filter containing the above refuse, used in clarifying and perfecting malt, vinegar, etc. Rape wine, a poor, thin wine made from the last dregs of pressed grapes.

Rape, n. [Akin to rap to snatch, but confused with L. rapere. See Rap to snatch.] 1. The act of seizing and carrying away by force; violent seizure; robbery. “And ruined orphans of thy rapes complain.” Sandys. 2. (Law) Sexual connection with a woman without her consent. See Age of consent, under Consent, n. 3. That which is snatched away. [Obs.] “Where now are all my hopes? O, never more
Shall they revive! nor death her rapes restore.” Sandys. 4. Movement, as in snatching; haste; hurry. [Obs.]

Rape, v. t. To commit rape upon; to ravish. To rape and ren. See under Rap, v. t., to snatch.

Rape, v. i. To rob; to pillage. [Obs.] Heywood.

Rape, n. [Icel. hreppr village, district; cf. Icel. hreppa to catch, obtain, AS. hrepian, hreppan, to touch.] One of six divisions of the county of Sussex, England, intermediate between a hundred and a shire.

Rape, n. [L. rapa, rapum, akin to Gr. ´ra•pys, ´ra•fys, G. rübe.] (Bot.) A name given to a variety or to varieties of a plant of the turnip kind, grown for seeds and herbage. The seeds are used for the production of rape oil, and to a limited extent for the food of cage birds. These plants, with the edible turnip, have been variously named, but are all now believed to be derived from the Brassica campestris of Europe, which by some is not considered distinct from the wild stock (B. oleracea) of the cabbage. See Cole. Broom rape. (Bot.) See Broom rape, in the Vocabulary. — Rape cake, the refuse remaining after the oil has been expressed from the rape seed. — Rape root. Same as Rape. — Summer rape. (Bot.) See Colza.

Rape´ful (rap´ful), a. 1. Violent. [Obs.] 2. Given to the commission of rape. Byron.

Rap´ful•ly (rap´ful•ly), adv. Violently. [Obs.]

Raph•a•el•esque´ (raf•a•el•esk´), a. Like Raphael’s works; in Raphael’s manner of painting.

Raph´a•el•ism (raf´a•el•iz’m), n. The principles of painting introduced by Raphael, the Italian painter.

Raph´a•el•ite (-it), n. One who advocates or adopts the principles of Raphaelism.

Raph´a•ny (raf´a•ny), n. [Cf. F. raphanie.] (Med.) A convulsive disease, attended with ravenous hunger, not uncommon in Sweden and Germany. It was so called because supposed to be caused by eating corn with which seeds of jointed charlock (Raphanus raphanistrum) had been mixed, but the condition is now known to be a form of ergotism.

Ra´phe (ra´fe), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´rafh• a seam or suture, fr. ´ra•ptein to sew or stitch together.] 1. (Anat.) A line, ridge, furrow, or band of fibers, especially in the median line; as the raphe of the tongue. 2. (Bot.) Same as Rhaphe.

Raph´i•des (raf´i•dez), n. pl. [F. raphide.] (Bot.) See Rhaphides.

Rap´id (rap´id), a. [L. rapidus, fr. rapere to seize and carry off, to snatch or hurry away; perhaps akin to Gr. ’arpa•zein: cf. F. rapide. Cf. Harpy, Ravish.] 1. Very swift or quick; moving with celerity; fast; as a rapid stream; a rapid flight; a rapid motion. “Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels.” Milton. 2. Advancing with haste or speed; speedy in progression; in quick sequence; as rapid growth; rapid improvement; rapid recurrence; rapid succession. 3. Quick in execution; as a rapid penman.

Rap´id, n. [Cf. F. rapide. See Rapid, a.] The part of a river where the current moves with great swiftness, but without actual waterfall or cascade; — usually in the plural; as the Lachine rapids in the St. Lawrence. “Row, brothers, row, the stream runs fast,
The rapids are near, and the daylight’s past.” Moore.

Ra•pid´i•ty (ra•pid´i•ty), n. [L. rapiditas: cf. F. rapidite.] The quality or state of being rapid; swiftness; celerity; velocity; as the rapidity of a current; rapidity of speech; rapidity of growth or improvement. Syn. — Rapidness; haste; speed; celerity; velocity; swiftness; fleetness; quickness; agility.

Rap´id•ly (rap´id•ly), adv. In a rapid manner.

Rap´id•ness, n. Quality of being rapid; rapidity.

Ra´pi•er (ra´pi•er), n. [F. rapière, perhaps for raspière, and ultimately of German origin, akin to E. rasp, v.] A straight sword, with a narrow and finely pointed blade, used only for thrusting. Rapier fish (Zoöl.), the swordfish. [Obs.] Grew.

Ra´pi•ered (-erd), a. Wearing a rapier. ´Scarletcoated, rapiered figures.´ Lowell.

Ra•pil´li (ra•pil´le), n. pl. [It.] (Min.) Lapilli.

Rap´ine (rap´in), n. [F. rapine; cf. Pr. & It. rapina; all fr. L. rapina, fr. rapere to seize and carry off by force. See Rapid, and cf. Raven rapine.] 1. The act of plundering; the seizing and carrying away of things by force; spoliation; pillage; plunder. “Men who were impelled to war quite as much by the desire of rapine as by the desire of glory.” Macaulay. 2. Ravishment; rape. [Obs.] Shak.

Rap´ine, v. t. To plunder. Sir G. Buck.

Rap´i•nous (rap´i•nus), a. Given to rapine. [Obs.]

Rap´page (-paj; 48), n. (Founding) The enlargement of a mold caused by rapping the pattern.

Rap•pa•ree´ (-pa•re´), n. A wild Irish plunderer, esp. one of the 17th century; — so called from his carrying a half-pike, called a rapary. [Written also raparee.]

Rapped (rapt), imp. & p. p. of Rap, to strike.

Rapped, imp. & p. p. of Rap, to snatch away.

Rap•pee´ (rap•pe´), n. [F. râpe, fr. râper to grate, to rasp. See Rasp, v.] A pungent kind of snuff made from the darker and ranker kinds of tobacco leaves.

Rap´pel (rap´pel or rap•pel´), n. [F. Cf. Repeal.] (Mil.) The beat of the drum to call soldiers to arms.

Rap´per (rap´per), n. [From Rap.] 1. One who, or that which, raps or knocks; specifically, the knocker of a door. Sterne. 2. A forcible oath or lie. [Slang] Bp. Parker.

Rap•port´ (rap•port´; F. ra•pôr´), n. [F., fr. rapporter to bring again or back, to refer; pref. re- re- + apporter to bring, L. apportare. Cf. Report.] Relation; proportion; conformity; correspondence; accord. “’T is obvious what rapport there is between the conceptions and languages in every country.” Sir W. Temple. En• rap•port´ (äN• ra•pôr´) [F.], in accord, harmony, or sympathy; having a mutual, especially a private, understanding; in mesmerism, in that relation of sympathy which permits influence or communication.

Rap•scal´lion (rap•skal´yun), n. [See Rascallion.] A rascal; a good- for-nothing fellow. [Colloq.] Howitt.

Rapt (rapt), imp. & p. p. of Rap, to snatch away.

Rapt, a. 1. Snatched away; hurried away or along. “Waters rapt with whirling away.” Spenser. 2. Transported with love, admiration, delight, etc.; enraptured. ´The rapt musician.´ Longfellow. 3. Wholly absorbed or engrossed, as in work or meditation. ´Rapt in secret studies.´ Shak.

Rapt, n. [From F. rapt abduction, rape, L. raptus, fr. rapere to seize and carry off, to transport; or fr. E. rapt, a. See Rapt, a., and Rapid.] 1. An ecstasy; a trance. [Obs.] Bp. Morton. 2. Rapidity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Rapt, v. t. 1. To transport or ravish. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. To carry away by force. [Obs.] Daniel.

Rap´ter (rap´ter), n. A raptor. [Obs.] Drayton.

Rap´tor (rap´ter), n. [L. raptor, from rapere to ravish. See Rapid.] A ravisher; a plunderer. [Obs.]

Rap•to´res (rap•to´rez), n. pl. [NL. See Raptor.] (Zoöl.) Same as Accipitres. Called also Raptatores.

Rap•to´ri•al (-ri•al), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Rapacious; living upon prey; — said especially of certain birds. (b) Adapted for seizing prey; — said of the legs, claws, etc., of insects, birds, and other animals. (c) Of or pertaining to the Raptores. See Illust. (f) of Aves.

Rap•to´ri•ous (-us), a. [L. raptorius.] (Zoöl.) Raptorial.

Rap´ture (rap´tur; 135), n. [L. rapere, raptum, to carry off by force. See Rapid.] 1. A seizing by violence; a hurrying along; rapidity with violence. [Obs.] “That ’gainst a rock, or flat, her keel did dash
With headlong rapture.” Chapman. 2. The state or condition of being rapt, or carried away from one’s self by agreeable excitement; violence of a pleasing passion; extreme joy or pleasure; ecstasy. “Music, when thus applied, raises in the mind of the hearer great conceptions; it strengthens devotion, and advances praise into rapture.” Addison. “You grow correct that once with rapture writ.” Pope. 3. A spasm; a fit; a syncope; delirium. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Bliss; ecstasy; transport; delight; exultation.

Rap´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raptured (-turd; 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Rapturing.] To transport with excitement; to enrapture. [Poetic] Thomson.

Rap´tur•ist, n. An enthusiast. [Obs.] J. Spencer.

Rap´tur•ize (-iz), v. t. & i. To put, or be put, in a state of rapture. [R.]

Rap´tur•ous (-us), a. Ecstatic; transporting; ravishing; feeling, expressing, or manifesting rapture; as rapturous joy, pleasure, or delight; rapturous applause.

Rap´tur•ous•ly, adv. In a rapturous manner.

Rare (râr), a. [Cf. Rather, Rath.] Early. [Obs.] “Rude mechanicals that rare and late
Work in the market place.” Chapman.

Rare, a. [Compar. Rarer (râr´er); superl. Rarest.] [Cf. AS. hrer, or E. rare early. rad.18.] Nearly raw; partially cooked; not thoroughly cooked; underdone; as rare beef or mutton. “New-laid eggs, which Baucis’ busy care
Turned by a gentle fire, and roasted rare.” Dryden. This word is in common use in the United States, but in England its synonym underdone is preferred.

Rare, a. [Compar. Rarer (râr´er); superl. Rarest.] [F., fr. L. rarus thin, rare.] 1. Not frequent; seldom met with or occurring; unusual; as a rare event. 2. Of an uncommon nature; unusually excellent; valuable to a degree seldom found. “Rare work, all filled with terror and delight.” Cowley. “Above the rest I judge one beauty rare.” Dryden. 3. Thinly scattered; dispersed. “Those rare and solitary, these in flocks.” Milton. 4. Characterized by wide separation of parts; of loose texture; not thick or dense; thin; as a rare atmosphere at high elevations. “Water is nineteen times lighter, and by consequence nineteen times rarer, than gold.” Sir I. Newton. Syn. — Scarce; infrequent; unusual; uncommon; singular; extraordinary; incomparable. — Rare, Scarce. We call a thing rare when but few examples, specimens, or instances of it are ever to be met with; as a rare plant. We speak of a thing as scarce, which, though usually abundant, is for the time being to be had only in diminished quantities; as a bad harvest makes corn scarce. “A perfect union of wit and judgment is one of the rarest things in the world.” Burke. “When any particular piece of money grew very scarce, it was often recoined by a succeeding emperor.” Addison.

Rare´bit (râr´bit), n. A dainty morsel; a Welsh rabbit. See Welsh rabbit, under Rabbit.

Rar´ee-show (râr´e-sho•), n. [Contr. fr. rarity-show.] A show carried about in a box; a peep show. Pope.

Rar•e•fac´tion (rar•e•fak´shun), n. [Cf. F. rarefaction. See Rarefy.] The act or process of rarefying; the state of being rarefied; — opposed to condensation; as the rarefaction of air.

Rar´e•fi•a•ble (rar´e•fi•a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. rarefiable.] Capable of being rarefied. Boyle.

Rar´e•fy (rar´e•fi; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rarefied (- fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Rarefying (- fi•ing).] [F. rarefier; L. rarus rare + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. L. rarefacere. See -fy.] To make rare, thin, porous, or less dense; to expand or enlarge without adding any new portion of matter to; — opposed to condense.

Rar´e•fy, v. i. To become less dense; to become thin and porous. ´Earth rarefies to dew.´ Dryden.

Rare´ly (râr´ly), adv. 1. In a rare manner or degree; seldom; not often; as things rarely seen. 2. Finely; excellently; with rare skill. See 3d Rare, 2. “The person who played so rarely on the flageolet.” Sir W. Scott. “The rest of the apartments are rarely gilded.” Evelyn.

Rare´ness, n. The state or quality of being rare. “And let the rareness the small gift commend.” Dryden.

Rare´ripe (-rip•), a. [Rare early + ripe. Cf. Rathripe.] Early ripe; ripe before others, or before the usual season.

Rare´ripe, n. An early ripening fruit, especially a kind of freestone peach.

Rar•i•fi•ca´tion (rar•i•fi•ka´shun), n. See Rarefaction. [R.] Am. Chem. Journal.

Rar´i•ty (rar´i•ty; 277), n.; pl. Rarities (- tiz). [L. raritas: cf. F. rarete. See Rare.] 1. The quality or state of being rare; rareness; thinness; as the rarity (contrasted with the density) of gases. 2. That which is rare; an uncommon thing; a thing valued for its scarcity. “I saw three rarities of different kinds, which pleased me more than any other shows in the place.” Addison.

Ras (räs), n. See 2d Reis.

Ra•sante´ (ra•zäNt´), a. [F., p. pr. of raser to graze.] (Fort.) Sweeping; grazing; — applied to a style of fortification in which the command of the works over each other, and over the country, is kept very low, in order that the shot may more effectually sweep or graze the ground before them. H. L. Scott.

Ras´cal (ras´kal), n. [OE. rascaille rabble, probably from an OF. racaille, F. racaille the rabble, rubbish, probably akin to F. racler to scrape, (assumed) LL. rasiculare, rasicare, fr. L. radere, rasum. See Rase, v.] 1. One of the rabble; a low, common sort of person or creature; collectively, the rabble; the common herd; also a lean, ill-conditioned beast, esp. a deer. [Obs.] “He smote of the people seventy men, and fifty thousand of the rascal.” Wyclif (1 Kings [1 Samuel] vi. 19). “Poor men alone? No, no; the noblest deer hath them [horns] as huge as the rascal.” Shak. 2. A mean, trickish fellow; a base, dishonest person; a rogue; a scoundrel; a trickster. “For I have sense to serve my turn in store,
And he’s a rascal who pretends to more.” Dryden.

Ras´cal, a. Of or pertaining to the common herd or common people; low; mean; base. ´The rascal many.´ Spenser. ´The rascal people.´ Shak. “While she called me rascal fiddler.” Shak.

Ras´cal•dom (-dum), n. State of being a rascal; rascality; domain of rascals; rascals, collectively. Emerson.

Ras´cal•ess, n. A female rascal. [Humorous]

Ras•cal´i•ty (ras•kal´i•ty), n.; pl. Rascalities (- tiz). 1. The quality or state of being rascally, or a rascal; mean trickishness or dishonesty; base fraud. 2. The poorer and lower classes of people. [Obs.] “The chief heads of their clans with their several rascalities.” T. Jackson.

Ras•cal´lion (ras•kal´yun), n. [From Rascal.] A low, mean wretch. [Written also rascalion.]

Ras´cal•ly (ras´kal•ly), a. Like a rascal; trickish or dishonest; base; worthless; — often in humorous disparagement, without implication of dishonesty. “Our rascally porter is fallen fast asleep.” Swift.

Rase (raz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rased (razd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rasing.] [F. raser, LL. rasare to scrape often, v. freq. fr. L. radere, rasum, to scrape, shave; cf. Skr. rad to scratch, gnaw, L. rodere to gnaw. Cf. Raze, Razee, Razor, Rodent.] 1. To rub along the surface of; to graze. [Obsoles.] “Was he not in the … neighborhood to death? and might not the bullet which rased his cheek have gone into his head?” South. “Sometimes his feet rased the surface of the water, and at others the skylight almost flattened his nose.” Beckford. 2. To rub or scratch out; to erase. [Obsoles.] “Except we rase the faculty of memory, root and branch, out of our mind.” Fuller. 3. To level with the ground; to overthrow; to destroy; to raze. [In this sense raze is generally used.] “Till Troy were by their brave hands rased,
They would not turn home.” Chapman. This word, rase, may be considered as nearly obsolete; graze, erase, and raze, having superseded it. Rasing iron, a tool for removing old oakum and pitch from the seams of a vessel. Syn. — To erase; efface; obliterate; expunge; cancel; level; prostrate; overthrow; subvert; destroy; demolish; ruin.

Rase, v. i. To be leveled with the ground; to fall; to suffer overthrow. [Obs.]

Rase, n. 1. A scratching out, or erasure. [Obs.] 2. A slight wound; a scratch. [Obs.] Hooker. 3. (O. Eng. Law) A way of measuring in which the commodity measured was made even with the top of the measuring vessel by rasing, or striking off, all that was above it. Burrill.

Rash (rash), v. t. [For arace.] 1. To pull off or pluck violently. [Obs.] 2. To slash; to hack; to cut; to slice. [Obs.] “Rashing off helms and riving plates asunder.” Spenser.

Rash, n. [OF. rasche an eruption, scurf, F. rache; fr. (assumed) LL. rasicare to scratch, fr. L. radere, rasum, to scrape, scratch, shave. See Rase, and cf. Rascal.] (Med.) A fine eruption or efflorescence on the body, with little or no elevation. Canker rash. See in the Vocabulary. — Nettle rash. See Urticaria. — Rose rash. See Roseola. — Tooth rash. See Red-gum.

Rash, n. [Cf. F. ras short-nap cloth, It. & Sp. raso satin (cf. Rase); or cf. It. rascia serge, G. rasch, probably fr. Arras in France (cf. Arras).] An inferior kind of silk, or mixture of silk and worsted. [Obs.] Donne.

Rash, a. [Compar. Rasher (-er); superl. Rashest.] [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. rask quick, brisk, rash, Icel. röskr vigorous, brave, akin to D. & G. rasch quick, of uncertain origin.] 1. Sudden in action; quick; hasty. [Obs.] ´Strong as aconitum or rash gunpowder.´ Shak. 2. Requiring sudden action; pressing; urgent. [Obs.] “I scarce have leisure to salute you,
My matter is so rash.” Shak. 3. Esp., overhasty in counsel or action; precipitate; resolving or entering on a project or measure without due deliberation and caution; opposed to prudent; said of persons; as a rash statesman or commander. 4. Uttered or undertaken with too much haste or too little reflection; as rash words; rash measures. 5. So dry as to fall out of the ear with handling, as corn. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. Syn. — Precipitate; headlong; headstrong; foolhardy; hasty; indiscreet; heedless; thoughtless; incautious; careless; inconsiderate; unwary. — Rash, Adventurous, Foolhardy. A man is adventurous who incurs risk or hazard from a love of the arduous and the bold. A man is rash who does it from the mere impulse of his feelings, without counting the cost. A man is foolhardy who throws himself into danger in disregard or defiance of the consequences. “Was never known a more adventurous knight.” Dryden. “Her rash hand in evil hour
Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she eat.” Milton. “If any yet be so foolhardy
To expose themselves to vain jeopardy;
If they come wounded off, and lame,
No honor ’s got by such a maim.” Hudibras.

Rash (rash), v. t. To prepare with haste. [Obs.] Foxe.

Rash´er (-er), n. [In sense 1, probably fr. rash, a., as being hastily cooked.] 1. A thin slice of bacon. 2. (Zoöl.) A California rockfish (Sebastichthys miniatus).

Rash´ful (-ful), a. Rash; hasty; precipitate. [Obs.]

Rash´ling (-ling), n. A rash person. [Obs.]

Rash´ly, adv. In a rash manner; with precipitation. “He that doth anything rashly, must do it willingly; for he was free to deliberate or not.” L’Estrange.

Rash´ness, n. The quality or state of being rash. “We offend … by rashness, which is an affirming or denying, before we have sufficiently informed ourselves.” South. Syn. — Temerity; foolhardiness; precipitancy; precipitation; hastiness; indiscretion; heedlessness; inconsideration; carelessness. See Temerity.

Ras•kol´nik (ras•kol´nik), n. [Russ. raskolenik’ schismatic, heretic.] (Eccl.) One of the separatists or dissenters from the established or Greek church in Russia. [Written also rascolnik.]

Ra•so´res (ra•zo´rez), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. radere, rasum, to scratch. See Rase, v. t.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds; the Gallinae. Formerly, the word Rasores was used in a wider sense, so as to include other birds now widely separated in classification.

Ra•so´ri•al (-ri•al; 277), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Rasores, or gallinaceous birds, as the peacock, domestic fowl, partridge, quail, and the like.

Ra´sour (rä´soor), n. Razor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rasp (rasp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rasped (raspt); p. pr. & vb. n. Rasping.] [OF. rasper, F. râper, to scrape, grate, rasp, fr. OHG. raspon to scrape together, to collect, probably akin to E. rap. Cf. Rap to snatch.] 1. To rub or file with a rasp; to rub or grate with a rough file; as to rasp wood to make it smooth; to rasp bones to powder. 2. Hence, figuratively: To grate harshly upon; to offend by coarse or rough treatment or language; as some sounds rasp the ear; his insults rasped my temper.

Rasp, n. [OE. raspe, OF. raspe, F. râpe. See Rasp, v.] 1. A coarse file, on which the cutting prominences are distinct points raised by the oblique stroke of a sharp punch, instead of lines raised by a chisel, as on the true file. 2. The raspberry. [Obs.] ´Set sorrel amongst rasps, and the rasps will be the smaller.´ Bacon. Rasp palm (Bot.), a Brazilian palm tree (Iriartea exorhiza) which has strong aërial roots like a screw pine. The roots have a hard, rough surface, and are used by the natives for graters and rasps, whence the common name.

Ras•pa•to´ri•um (ras•pa•to´ri•um), n. [LL.] See Raspatory.

Rasp´a•to•ry (rasp´a•to•ry), n. [LL. raspatorium: cf. F. raspatoir. See Rasp, v.] A surgeon’s rasp. Wiseman.

Rasp´ber•ry (raz´ber•ry; 277), n. [From E. rasp, in allusion to the apparent roughness of the fruit.] (Bot.) (a) The thimble-shaped fruit of the Rubus Idaeus and other similar brambles; as the black, the red, and the white raspberry. (b) The shrub bearing this fruit. Technically, raspberries are those brambles in which the fruit separates readily from the core or receptacle, in this differing from the blackberries, in which the fruit is firmly attached to the receptacle.

Rasp´er (rasp´er), n. One who, or that which, rasps; a scraper.

Ras´pis (ras´pis), n. The raspberry. [Obs.] Langham.

Rasp´y (rasp´y), a. Like a rasp, or the sound made by a rasp; grating. R. D. Blackmore.

Rasse (ras), n. [Cf. Malay rasa taste, sensation.] (Zoöl.) A carnivore (Viverricula Mallaccensis) allied to the civet but smaller, native of China and the East Indies. It furnishes a perfume resembling that of the civet, which is highly prized by the Javanese. Called also Malacca weasel, and lesser civet.

Ra´sure (ra´zhur; 135), n. [L. rasura, fr. radere, rasum, to scrape, to shave. See Rase, v.] 1. The act of rasing, scraping, or erasing; erasure; obliteration. 2. A mark by which a letter, word, or any part of a writing or print, is erased, effaced, or obliterated; an erasure. Ayliffe.

Rat (rat), n. [AS. raet; akin to D. rat, OHG. rato, ratta, G. ratte, ratze, OLG. ratta, LG. & Dan. rotte, Sw. råtta, F. rat, Ir. & Gael. radan, Armor. raz, of unknown origin. Cf. Raccoon.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of several species of small rodents of the genus Mus and allied genera, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, and ships, especially the Norway, or brown, rat (M. decumanus), the black rat (M. rattus), and the roof rat (M. Alexandrinus). These were introduced into America from the Old World. 2. A round and tapering mass of hair, or similar material, used by women to support the puffs and rolls of their natural hair. [Local, U.S.] 3. One who deserts his party or associates; hence, in the trades, one who works for lower wages than those prescribed by a trades union. [Cant] ´It so chanced that, not long after the accession of the house of Hanover, some of the brown, that is, the German or Norway, rats, were first brought over to this country (in some timber as is said); and being much stronger than the black, or, till then, the common, rats, they in many places quite extirpated the latter. The word (both the noun and the verb to rat) was first, as we have seen, leveled at the converts to the government of George the First, but has by degrees obtained a wider meaning, and come to be applied to any sudden and mercenary change in politics.´ Lord Mahon. Bamboo rat (Zoöl.), any Indian rodent of the genus Rhizomys. — Beaver rat, Coast rat. (Zoöl.) See under Beaver, and Coast. — Blind rat (Zoöl.), the mole rat. — Cotton rat (Zoöl.), a long-haired rat (Sigmodon hispidus), native of the Southern United States and Mexico. It makes its nest of cotton and is often injurious to the crop. — Ground rat. See Ground Pig, under Ground. — Hedgehog rat. See under Hedgehog. — Kangaroo rat (Zoöl.), the potoroo. — Norway rat (Zoöl.), the common brown rat. See Rat. — Pouched rat. (Zoöl.) (a) See Pocket Gopher, under Pocket. (b) Any African rodent of the genus Cricetomys. — Rat Indians (Ethnol.), a tribe of Indians dwelling near Fort Ukon, Alaska. They belong to the Athabascan stock. — Rat mole. (Zoöl.) See Mole rat, under Mole. — Rat pit, an inclosed space into which rats are put to be killed by a dog for sport. — Rat snake (Zoöl.), a large colubrine snake (Ptyas mucosus) very common in India and Ceylon. It enters dwellings, and destroys rats, chickens, etc. — Spiny rat (Zoöl.), any South American rodent of the genus Echinomys. — To smell a rat. See under Smell. — Wood rat (Zoöl.), any American rat of the genus Neotoma, especially N. Floridana, common in the Southern United States. Its feet and belly are white.

Rat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ratted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ratting.] 1. In English politics, to desert one’s party from interested motives; to forsake one’s associates for one’s own advantage; in the trades, to work for less wages, or on other conditions, than those established by a trades union. “Coleridge … incurred the reproach of having ratted, solely by his inability to follow the friends of his early days.” De Quincey. 2. To catch or kill rats.

Ra´ta (rä´ta), n. [Maori.] (Bot.) A New Zealand forest tree (Metrosideros robusta), also its hard dark red wood, used by the Maoris for paddles and war clubs.

Rat•a•bil´i•ty (rat•a•bil´i•ty), n. The quality or state of being ratable.

Rat´a•ble (rat´a•b’l), a. 1. Capable of being rated, or set at a certain value. “Twenty orae were ratable to [at] two marks of silver.” Camden. 2. Liable to, or subjected by law to, taxation; as ratable estate. 3. Made at a proportionate rate; as ratable payments. — Rat´a•ble•ness, n. — Rat´a•bly, adv.

Rat•a•fi´a (rat•a•fe´a), n. [F., fr. Malay arak arrack + tafia a spirit distilled from molasses.] A spirituous liquor flavored with the kernels of cherries, apricots, peaches, or other fruit, spiced, and sweetened with sugar; — a term applied to the liqueurs called noyau, curaçao, etc. [Written also ratifia and ratafee.]

Ra•tan´ (ra•tan´), n. See Rattan.

Rat´a•ny (rat´a•ny), n. (Bot.) Same as Rhatany.

Ra•ta•plan´ (ra•ta•pläN´), n. [F.] The iterative sound of beating a drum, or of a galloping horse.

Ratch (rach), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Rotche.

Ratch (rach), n. [See Rack the instrument, Ratchet.] A ratchet wheel, or notched bar, with which a pawl or click works.

Ratch´el (-el), n. Gravelly stone. [Prov. Eng.]

Ratch´et (-et), n. [Properly a diminutive from the same word as rack: cf. F. rochet. See 2d Ratch, Rack the instrument.] 1. A pawl, click, or detent, for holding or propelling a ratchet wheel, or ratch, etc. 2. A mechanism composed of a ratchet wheel, or ratch, and pawl. See Ratchet wheel, below, and 2d Ratch. Ratchet brace (Mech.), a boring brace, having a ratchet wheel and pawl for rotating the tool by back and forth movements of the brace handle. — Ratchet drill, a portable machine for working a drill by hand, consisting of a hand lever carrying at one end a drill holder which is revolved by means of a ratchet wheel and pawl, by swinging the lever back and forth. — Ratchet wheel (Mach.), a circular wheel having teeth, usually angular, with which a reciprocating pawl engages to turn the wheel forward, or a stationary pawl to hold it from turning backward. In the cut, the moving pawl c slides over the teeth in one direction, but in returning, draws the wheel with it, while the pawl d prevents it from turning in the contrary direction.

Rate (rat), v. t. & i. [Perh. fr. E. rate, v. t., to value at a certain rate, to estimate, but more prob. fr. Sw. rata to find fault, to blame, to despise, to hold cheap; cf. Icel. hrat refuse, hrati rubbish.] To chide with vehemence; to scold; to censure violently. Spenser. “Go, rate thy minions, proud, insulting boy!” Shak. “Conscience is a check to beginners in sin, reclaiming them from it, and rating them for it.” Barrow.

Rate, n. [OF., fr. L. rata (sc. pars), fr. ratus reckoned, fixed by calculation, p. p. of reri to reckon, to calculate. Cf. Reason.] 1. Established portion or measure; fixed allowance. “The one right feeble through the evil rate
Of food which in her duress she had found.” Spenser. 2. That which is established as a measure or criterion; degree; standard; rank; proportion; ratio; as a slow rate of movement; rate of interest is the ratio of the interest to the principal, per annum. “Heretofore the rate and standard of wit was different from what it is nowadays.” South. “In this did his holiness and godliness appear above the rate and pitch of other men’s, in that he was so … merciful.” Calamy. “Many of the horse could not march at that rate, nor come up soon enough.” Clarendon. 3. Valuation; price fixed with relation to a standard; cost; charge; as high or low rates of transportation. “They come at dear rates from Japan.” Locke. 4. A tax or sum assessed by authority on property for public use, according to its income or value; esp., in England, a local tax; as parish rates; town rates. 5. Order; arrangement. [Obs.] “Thus sat they all around in seemly rate.” Spenser. 6. Ratification; approval. [R.] Chapman. 7. (Horol.) The gain or loss of a timepiece in a unit of time; as daily rate; hourly rate; etc. 8. (Naut.) (a) The order or class to which a war vessel belongs, determined according to its size, armament, etc.; as first rate, second rate, etc. (b) The class of a merchant vessel for marine insurance, determined by its relative safety as a risk, as A1, A2, etc.

Rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rated; p. pr. & vb. n. Rating.] 1. To set a certain estimate on; to value at a certain price or degree. “To rate a man by the nature of his companions is a rule frequent indeed, but not infallible.” South. “You seem not high enough your joys to rate.” Dryden. 2. To assess for the payment of a rate or tax. 3. To settle the relative scale, rank, position, amount, value, or quality of; as to rate a ship; to rate a seaman; to rate a pension. 4. To ratify. [Obs.] ´To rate the truce.´ Chapman. To rate a chronometer, to ascertain the exact rate of its gain or loss as compared with true time, so as to make an allowance or computation dependent thereon. Syn. — To value; appraise; estimate; reckon.

Rate, v. i. 1. To be set or considered in a class; to have rank; as the ship rates as a ship of the line. 2. To make an estimate.

Rate´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. See Ratable.

Ra´tel (ra´tel), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) Any carnivore of the genus Mellivora, allied to the weasels and the skunks; — called also honey badger. Several species are known in Africa and India. The Cape ratel (M. Capensis) and the Indian ratel (M. Indica) are the best known. The back is gray; the lower parts, face, and tail are black. They are fond of honey, and rob the nests of wild bees.

Rate´pay•er (-pa•er), n. One who pays rates or taxes.

Rat´er (rat´er), n. One who rates or estimates.

Rat´er, n. One who rates or scolds.

Rat´fish (rat´fish•), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Rat-tail.

Rath (rath), n. [Ir. rath.] 1. A hill or mound. [Ireland] Spenser. 2. A kind of ancient fortification found in Ireland. { Rath , Rathe } (rath), a. [AS. hraeð, hraed, quick, akin to OHG. hrad, Icel. hraðr.] Coming before others, or before the usual time; early. [Obs. or Poetic] “Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies.” Milton. { Rath , Rathe } adv. Early; soon; betimes. [Obs. or Poetic] “Why rise ye up so rathe?” Chaucer. “Too rathe cut off by practice criminal.” Spenser.

Rath´er (rath´er), a. [Compar. of Rath, a.] Prior; earlier; former. [Obs.] “Now no man dwelleth at the rather town.” Sir J. Mandeville.

Rath´er (rath´er; 277), adv. [AS. hraðor, compar. of hraðe, hraeðe, quickly, immediately. See Rath, a.] 1. Earlier; sooner; before. [Obs.] “Thou shalt, quod he, be rather false than I.” Chaucer. “A good mean to come the rather to grace.” Foxe. 2. More readily or willingly; preferably. “My soul chooseth … death rather than my life.” Job vii. 15. 3. On the other hand; to the contrary of what was said or suggested; instead. “Was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse.” Mark v. 26. 4. Of two alternatives conceived of, this by preference to, or as more likely than, the other; somewhat. “He sought throughout the world, but sought in vain,
And nowhere finding, rather feared her slain.” Dryden. 5. More properly; more correctly speaking. “This is an art
Which does mend nature, change it rather, but
The art itself is nature.” Shak. 6. In some degree; somewhat; as the day is rather warm; the house is rather damp. The rather, the more so; especially; for better reason; for particular cause. “You are come to me in happy time,
The rather for I have some sport in hand.” Shak. — Had rather, or Would rather, prefer to; prefers to; as he had, or would, rather go than stay. ´I had rather speak five words with my understanding than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue.´ 1 Cor. xiv. 19. See Had rather, under Had.

Rath´ripe (rath´rip•), a. Rareripe, or early ripe. — n. A rareripe. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] “Such who delight in rathripe fruits.” Fuller.

Rat•i•fi•ca´tion (rat•i•fi•ka´shun), n. [Cf. F. ratification.] The act of ratifying; the state of being ratified; confirmation; sanction; as the ratification of a treaty.

Rat´i•fi•er (rat´i•fi•er), n. One who, or that which, ratifies; a confirmer. Shak.

Rat´i•fy (-fi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ratified (-fid); p. pr. & vb. n. Ratifying (- fi•ing).] [F. ratifier, fr. L. ratus fixed by calculation, firm, valid + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Rate, n., and -fy.] To approve and sanction; to make valid; to confirm; to establish; to settle; especially, to give sanction to, as something done by an agent or servant; as to ratify an agreement, treaty, or contract; to ratify a nomination. “It is impossible for the divine power to set a seal to a lie by ratifying an imposture with such a miracle.” South.

Rat•i•ha•bi´tion (-ha•bish´un), n. [L. ratihabitio; ratus fixed, valid + habere to hold.] Confirmation or approbation, as of an act or contract. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Ra´ti•o (ra´shi•o or ra´sho), n. [L., fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, believe, think, judge. See Reason.] 1. (Math.) The relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind. It is expressed by the quotient of the division of the first by the second; thus, the ratio of 3 to 6 is expressed by &frac36; or ½; of a to b by a/b; or (less commonly) the second term is made the dividend; as a:b = b/a. Some writers consider ratio as the quotient itself, making ratio equivalent to a number. The term ratio is also sometimes applied to the difference of two quantities as well as to their quotient, in which case the former is called arithmetical ratio, the latter, geometrical ratio. The name ratio is sometimes given to the rule of three in arithmetic. See under Rule. 2. Hence, fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree; rate; proportion; as the ratio of representation in Congress. Compound ratio, Duplicate ratio, Inverse ratio, etc. See under Compound, Duplicate, etc. — Ratio of a geometrical progression, the constant quantity by which each term is multiplied to produce the succeeding one.

Ra•ti•oc´i•nate (rash•i•os´i•nat), v. i. [L. ratiocinatus, p. p. of ratiocinari, fr. ratio reason. See Ratio.] To reason, esp. deductively; to offer reason or argument.

Ra•ti•oc•i•na´tion (-na´shun), n. [L. ratiocinatio: cf. F. ratiocination.] The process of reasoning, or deducing conclusions from premises; deductive reasoning.

Ra•ti•oc´i•na•tive (- os´i•na•tiv), a. [L. ratiocinativus.] Characterized by, or addicted to, ratiocination; consisting in the comparison of propositions or facts, and the deduction of inferences from the comparison; argumentative; as a ratiocinative process. “The ratiocinative meditativeness of his character.” Coleridge.

Ra•ti•oc´i•na•to•ry (-na•to•ry), a. Ratiocinative. [R.]

Ra´tion (ra´shun or rash´un), n. [F., fr. L. ratio a reckoning, calculation, relation, reference, LL. ratio ration. See Ratio.] 1. A fixed daily allowance of provisions assigned to a soldier in the army, or a sailor in the navy, for his subsistence. Officers have several rations, the number varying according to their rank or the number of their attendants. 2. Hence, a certain portion or fixed amount dealt out; an allowance; an allotment.

Ra´tion, v. t. To supply with rations, as a regiment.

Ra´tion•al (rash´un•al), a. [L. rationalis: cf. F. rationnel. See Ratio, Reason, and cf. Rationale.] 1. Relating to the reason; not physical; mental. “Moral philosophy was his chiefest end; for the rational, the natural, and mathematics … were but simple pastimes in comparison of the other.” Sir T. North. 2. Having reason, or the faculty of reasoning; endowed with reason or understanding; reasoning. “It is our glory and happiness to have a rational nature.” Law. 3. Agreeable to reason; not absurd, preposterous, extravagant, foolish, fanciful, or the like; wise; judicious; as rational conduct; a rational man. 4. (Chem.) Expressing the type, structure, relations, and reactions of a compound; graphic; — said of formulae. See under Formula. Rational horizon. (Astron.) See Horizon, 2 (b). — Rational quantity (Alg.), one that can be expressed without the use of a radical sign, or in exact parts of unity; — opposed to irrational or radical quantity. — Rational symptom (Med.), one elicited by the statements of the patient himself and not as the result of a physical examination. Syn. — Sane; sound; intelligent; reasonable; sensible; wise; discreet; judicious. — Rational, Reasonable. Rational has reference to reason as a faculty of the mind, and is opposed to irrational; as a rational being, a rational state of mind, rational views, etc. In these cases the speculative reason is more particularly referred to. Reasonable has reference to the exercise of this faculty for practical purposes, and means, governed or directed by reason; as reasonable desires or plans; a reasonable charge; a reasonable prospect of success. “What higher in her society thou find’st
Attractive, human, rational, love still.” Milton. “A law may be reasonable in itself, although a man does not allow it, or does not know the reason of the lawgivers.” Swift.

Ra´tion•al, n. A rational being. Young.

Ra•tion•a´le (rash•un•a´le), n. [L. rationalis, neut. rationale. See Rational, a.] An explanation or exposition of the principles of some opinion, action, hypothesis, phenomenon, or the like; also the principles themselves.

Ra´tion•al•ism (rash´un•al•iz’m), n. [Cf. F. rationalisme.] 1. (Theol.) The doctrine or system of those who deduce their religious opinions from reason or the understanding, as distinct from, or opposed to, revelation. 2. (Philos.) The system that makes rational power the ultimate test of truth; — opposed to sensualism, or sensationalism, and empiricism. Fleming.

Ra´tion•al•ist, n. [Cf. F. rationaliste.] One who accepts rationalism as a theory or system; also disparagingly, a false reasoner. See Citation under Reasonist. { Ra•tion•al•is´tic (-is´tik), Ra•tion•al•is´tic•al (-ti•kal), } a. Belonging to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism. — Ra•tion•al•is´tic•al•ly, adv.

Ra•tion•al´i•ty (-al´i•ty; 277), n.; pl. -ties (- tiz). [F. rationalite, or L. rationalitas.] The quality or state of being rational; agreement with reason; possession of reason; due exercise of reason; reasonableness. “When God has made rationality the common portion of mankind, how came it to be thy inclosure?” Gov. of Tongue. “Well-directed intentions, whose rationalities will never bear a rigid examination.” Sir T. Browne.

Ra•tion•al•i•za´tion (rash•un•al•i•za´shun), n. The act or process of rationalizing.

Ra´tion•al•ize (rash´un•al•iz), v. t. 1. To make rational; also to convert to rationalism. 2. To interpret in the manner of a rationalist. 3. To form a rational conception of. 4. (Alg.) To render rational; to free from radical signs or quantities.

Ra´tion•al•ize, v. i. To use, and rely on, reason in forming a theory, belief, etc., especially in matters of religion: to accord with the principles of rationalism. “Theodore … is justly considered the chief rationalizing doctor of antiquity.” J. H. Newman.

Ra´tion•al•ly, adv. In a rational manner.

Ra´tion•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being rational; rationality.

Ra•ti´tae (ra•ti´te), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. ratis a raft; cf. L. ratitus marked with the figure of a raft.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds in which the wings are small, rudimentary, or absent, and the breastbone is destitute of a keel. The ostrich, emu, moa, and apteryx are examples.

Rat´i•tate (rat´i•tat), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ratitae.

Rat´ite (rat´it), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ratitae. - - n. One of the Ratitae. { Rat´lines , Rat´lins } (rat´linz), n. pl. [Of uncertain origin.] (Naut.) The small transverse ropes attached to the shrouds and forming the steps of a rope ladder. [Written also ratlings, and rattlings.] Totten.

Rat´on (rat´on), n. [Cf. Raccoon.] A small rat. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Ra•toon´ (ra•toon´), n. 1. Same as Rattoon, n. 2. A rattan cane. [Obs.] Pepys.

Ra•toon´, v. i. Same as Rattoon, v. i.

Rats´bane (rats´ban•), n. [Rat + bane.] Rat poison; white arsenic.

Rats´baned (-band•), a. Poisoned by ratsbane.

Rat´-tail (rat´tal•), a. Like a rat’s tail in form; as a rat-tail file, which is round, slender, and tapering. See Illust. of File.

Rat´-tail, n. 1. (Far.) pl. An excrescence growing from the pastern to the middle of the shank of a horse. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The California chimaera. See Chimaera. (b) Any fish of the genus Macrurus. See Grenadier, 2.

Rat´-tailed (-tald•), a. (Zoöl.) Having a long, tapering tail like that of a rat. Rat-tailed larva (Zoöl.), the larva of a fly of the genus Eristalis. See Eristalis. — Rat-tailed serpent (Zoöl.), the fer- de-lance. — Rat-tailed shrew (Zoöl.), the musk shrew.

Rat•tan´ (rat•tan´), n. [Malay rotan.] [Written also ratan.] (Bot.) One of the long slender flexible stems of several species of palms of the genus Calamus, mostly East Indian, though some are African and Australian. They are exceedingly tough, and are used for walking sticks, wickerwork, chairs and seats of chairs, cords and cordage, and many other purposes.

Rat•teen´ (-ten´), n. [F. ratine.] A thick woolen stuff quilled or twilled.

Rat´ten (rat´t’n), v. t. [Prov. E. ratten a rat, hence the verb literally means, to do mischief like a rat.] To deprive feloniously of the tools used in one’s employment (as by breaking or stealing them), for the purpose of annoying; as to ratten a mechanic who works during a strike. [Trades-union Cant] J. McCarthy.

Rat´ter (-ter), n. 1. One who, or that which, rats, as one who deserts his party. 2. Anything which catches rats; esp., a dog trained to catch rats; a rat terrier. See Terrier.

Rat•ti•net´ (-ti•net´), n. A woolen stuff thinner than ratteen.

Rat´ting (rat´ting), n. 1. The conduct or practices of one who rats. See Rat, v. i., 1. Sydney Smith. 2. The low sport of setting a dog upon rats confined in a pit to see how many he will kill in a given time.

Rat´tle (-t’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rattled (-t’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rattling (-tling).] [Akin to D. ratelen, G. rasseln, AS. hraetele a rattle, in hraetelwyrt rattlewort; cf. Gr. kradai•nein to swing, wave. Cf. Rail a bird.] 1. To make a quick succession of sharp, inharmonious noises, as by the collision of hard and not very sonorous bodies shaken together; to clatter. “And the rude hail in rattling tempest forms.” Addison. “’T was but the wind,
Or the car rattling o’er the stony street.” Byron. 2. To drive or ride briskly, so as to make a clattering; as we rattled along for a couple of miles. [Colloq.] 3. To make a clatter with the voice; to talk rapidly and idly; to clatter; — with on or away; as she rattled on for an hour. [Colloq.]

Rat´tle (rat´t’l), v. t. 1. To cause to make a rattling or clattering sound; as to rattle a chain. 2. To assail, annoy, or stun with a rattling noise. “Sound but another [drum], and another shall
As loud as thine rattle the welkin’s ear.” Shak. 3. Hence, to disconcert; to confuse; as to rattle one’s judgment; to rattle a player in a game. [Colloq.] 4. To scold; to rail at. L’Estrange. To rattle off. (a) To tell glibly or noisily; as to rattle off a story. (b) To rail at; to scold. ´She would sometimes rattle off her servants sharply.´ Arbuthnot.

Rat´tle, n. 1. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering sounds; as the rattle of a drum. Prior. 2. Noisy, rapid talk. “All this ado about the golden age is but an empty rattle and frivolous conceit.” Hakewill. 3. An instrument with which a rattling sound is made; especially, a child’s toy that rattles when shaken. “The rattles of Isis and the cymbals of Brasilea nearly enough resemble each other.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw.” Pope. 4. A noisy, senseless talker; a jabberer. “It may seem strange that a man who wrote with so much perspicuity, vivacity, and grace, should have been, whenever he took a part in conversation, an empty, noisy, blundering rattle.” Macaulay. 5. A scolding; a sharp rebuke. [Obs.] Heylin. 6. (Zoöl.) Any organ of an animal having a structure adapted to produce a rattling sound. The rattle of a rattlesnake is composed of the hardened terminal scales, loosened in succession, but not cast off, and so modified in form as to make a series of loose, hollow joints. 7. The noise in the throat produced by the air in passing through mucus which the lungs are unable to expel; — chiefly observable at the approach of death, when it is called the death rattle. See Râle. To spring a rattle, to cause it to sound. — Yellow rattle (Bot.), a yellow-flowered herb (Rhinanthus Crista-galli), the ripe seeds of which rattle in the inflated calyx.

Rat´tle•box (-boks•), n. 1. A toy that makes a rattling sound; a rattle. 2. (Bot.) (a) An American herb (Crotalaria sagittalis), the seeds of which, when ripe, rattle in the inflated pod. (b) Any species of Crotalaria, a genus of yellow-flowered herbs, with inflated, many-seeded pods.

Rat´tle-brained (-brand•), a. Giddy; rattle-headed.

Rat´tle•head (-hed•), n. An empty, noisy talker.

Rat´tle-head•ed, a. Noisy; giddy; unsteady.

Rat´tle•mouse (-mous•), n. A bat. [Obs.] Puttenham.

Rat´tle•pate (-pat•), n. A rattlehead. C. Kingsley.

Rat´tle-pat•ed, a. Rattle- headed. ´A noisy, rattle-pated fellow.´ W. Irving.

Rat´tler (-tler), n. One who, or that which, rattles.

Rat´tle•snake (rat´t’l•snak•), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of venomous American snakes belonging to the genera Crotalus and Caudisona, or Sistrurus. They have a series of horny interlocking joints at the end of the tail which make a sharp rattling sound when shaken. The common rattlesnake of the Northern United States (Crotalus horridus), and the diamond rattlesnake of the South (C. adamanteus), are the best known. See Illust. of Fang. Ground rattlesnake (Zoöl.), a small rattlesnake (Caudisona, or Sistrurus, miliaria) of the Southern United States, having a small rattle. It has nine large scales on its head. — Rattlesnake fern (Bot.), a common American fern (Botrychium Virginianum) having a triangular decompound frond and a long- stalked panicle of spore cases rising from the middle of the frond. — Rattlesnake grass (Bot.), a handsome American grass (Glyceria Canadensis) with an ample panicle of rather large ovate spikelets, each one composed of imbricated parts and slightly resembling the rattle of the rattlesnake. Sometimes called quaking grass. — Rattlesnake plantain. (Bot.) See under Plantain. — Rattlesnake root (Bot.), a name given to certain American species of the composite genus Prenanthes (P. alba and P. serpentaria), formerly asserted to cure the bite of the rattlesnake. Called also lion’s foot, gall of the earth, and white lettuce. — Rattlesnake’s master. (Bot.) (a) A species of Agave (Agave Virginica) growing in the Southern United States. (b) An umbelliferous plant (Eryngium yuccaefolium) with large bristly-fringed linear leaves. (c) A composite plant, the blazing star (Liatris squarrosa). — Rattlesnake weed (Bot.), a plant of the composite genus Hieracium (H. venosum); — probably so named from its spotted leaves. See also Snakeroot.

Rat´tle•trap (-trap•), n. Any machine or vehicle that does not run smoothly. [Colloq.] A. Trollope.

Rat´tle•weed (-wed•), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Astragalus. See Milk vetch.

Rat´tle•wings (-wingz•), n. (Zoöl.) The golden-eye.

Rat´tle•wort (-wûrt•), n. [AS. hraetelwyrt.] (Bot.) Same as Rattlebox.

Rat´tlings (rat´tlingz), n. pl. (Naut.) Ratlines.

Rat•toon´ (rat•toon´), n. [Sp. retoño.] One of the stems or shoots of sugar cane of the second year’s growth from the root, or later. See Plant-cane.

Rat•toon´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rattooned (-toond´); p. pr. & vb. n. Rattooning.] [Cf. Sp. retoñar.] To sprout or spring up from the root, as sugar cane from the root of the previous year’s planting.

Rau´cid (ra´sid), a. [L. raucus hoarse; cf. LL. raucidus.] Hoarse; raucous. [R.] Lamb.

Rau´ci•ty (ra´si•ty), n. [L. raucitas, from raucus hoarse: cf. F. raucite.] Harshness of sound; rough utterance; hoarseness; as the raucity of a trumpet, or of the human voice.

Rau´cous (ra´kus), a. [L. raucus.] Hoarse; harsh; rough; as a raucous, thick tone. ´His voice slightly raucous.´ Aytoun. — Rau´cous•ly, adv.

Raught (rat), obs. imp. & p. p. of Reach. Shak.

Raught, obs. imp. & p. p. of Reck. Chaucer.

Raunch (ranch), v. t. See Ranch. Spenser.

Raun•soun´ (ran•soon´), n. Ransom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rav´age (rav´aj; 48), n. [F., fr. (assumed) L. rapagium, rapaticum, fr. rapere to carry off by force, to ravish. See Rapacious, Ravish.] Desolation by violence; violent ruin or destruction; devastation; havoc; waste; as the ravage of a lion; the ravages of fire or tempest; the ravages of an army, or of time. “Would one think ’t were possible for love
To make such ravage in a noble soul?” Addison. Syn. — Despoilment; devastation; desolation; pillage; plunder; spoil; waste; ruin.

Rav´age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ravaged (-ajd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ravaging (-a•jing).] [F. ravager. See Ravage, n.] To lay waste by force; to desolate by violence; to commit havoc or devastation upon; to spoil; to plunder; to consume. “Already Caesar
Has ravaged more than half the globe.” Addison. “His lands were daily ravaged, his cattle driven away.” Macaulay. Syn. — To despoil; pillage; plunder; sack; spoil; devastate; desolate; destroy; waste; ruin.

Rav´a•ger (-a•jer), n. One who, or that which, ravages or lays waste; spoiler.

Rave (rav), obs. imp. of Rive.

Rave, n. [Prov. E. raves, or rathes, a frame laid on a wagon, for carrying hay, etc.] One of the upper side pieces of the frame of a wagon body or a sleigh.

Rave (rav), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raved (ravd); p. pr. & vb. n. Raving.] [F. rêver to rave, to be delirious, to dream; perhaps fr. L. rabere to rave, rage, be mad or furious. Cf. Rage, Reverie.] 1. To wander in mind or intellect; to be delirious; to talk or act irrationally; to be wild, furious, or raging, as a madman. “In our madness evermore we rave.” Chaucer. “Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast?” Addison. “The mingled torrent of redcoats and tartans went raving down the valley to the gorge of Killiecrankie.” Macaulay. 2. To rush wildly or furiously. Spenser. 3. To talk with unreasonable enthusiasm or excessive passion or excitement; — followed by about, of, or on; as he raved about her beauty. “The hallowed scene
Which others rave of, though they know it not.” Byron.

Rave, v. t. To utter in madness or frenzy; to say wildly; as to rave nonsense. Young.

Rave´hook (rav´hook), n. (Shipbuilding) A tool, hooked at the end, for enlarging or clearing seams for the reception of oakum.

Rav´el (rav´’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raveled (-’ld) or Ravelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Raveling or Ravelling.] [OD. ravelen, D. rafelen, akin to LG. rebeln, rebbeln, reffeln.] 1. To separate or undo the texture of; to take apart; to untwist; to unweave or unknit; — often followed by out; as to ravel a twist; to ravel out a stocking. “Sleep, that knits up the raveled sleave of care.” Shak. 2. To undo the intricacies of; to disentangle. 3. To pull apart, as the threads of a texture, and let them fall into a tangled mass; hence, to entangle; to make intricate; to involve. “What glory ’s due to him that could divide
Such raveled interests? has the knot untied?” Waller. “The faith of very many men seems a duty so weak and indifferent, is so often untwisted by violence, or raveled and entangled in weak discourses!” Jer. Taylor.

Rav´el, v. i. 1. To become untwisted or unwoven; to be disentangled; to be relieved of intricacy. 2. To fall into perplexity and confusion. [Obs.] “Till, by their own perplexities involved,
They ravel more, still less resolved.” Milton. 3. To make investigation or search, as by picking out the threads of a woven pattern. [Obs.] “The humor of raveling into all these mystical or entangled matters.” Sir W. Temple.

Rav´el•er (-er), n. [Also raveller.] One who ravels.

Rave´lin (rav´lin; 277), n. [F.; cf. Sp. rebellin, It. revellino, rivellino; perhaps fr. L. re- again + vallum wall.] (Fort.) A detached work with two embankments which make a salient angle. It is raised before the curtain on the counterscarp of the place. Formerly called demilune, and half-moon.

Rav´el•ing (rav´’l•ing), n. [Also ravelling.] 1. The act of untwisting or of disentangling. 2. That which is raveled out; esp., a thread detached from a texture.

Ra´ven (ra´v’n), n. [AS. hraefn; akin to D. raaf, G. rabe, OHG. hraban, Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, and perhaps to L. corvus, Gr. ko•rax. rad.19.] (Zoöl.) A large black passerine bird (Corvus corax), similar to the crow, but larger. It is native of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, and is noted for its sagacity. Sea raven (Zoöl.), the cormorant.

Ra´ven, a. Of the color of the raven; jet black; as raven curls; raven darkness.

Rav´en (rav´’n), n. [OF. ravine impetuosity, violence, F. ravine ravine. See Ravine, Rapine.] [Written also ravin, and ravine.] 1. Rapine; rapacity. Ray. 2. Prey; plunder; food obtained by violence.

Rav´en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ravened (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ravening.] [Written also ravin, and ravine.] 1. To obtain or seize by violence. Hakewill. 2. To devour with great eagerness. “Like rats that ravin down their proper bane.” Shak.

Rav´en, v. i. To prey with rapacity; to be greedy; to show rapacity. [Written also ravin, and ravine.] “Benjamin shall raven as a wolf.” Gen. xlix. 27.

Rav•e•na´la (rav•e•nä´la), n. [Malagasy.] (Bot.) A genus of plants related to the banana. Ravenala Madagascariensis, the principal species, is an unbranched tree with immense oarlike leaves growing alternately from two sides of the stem. The sheathing bases of the leafstalks collect and retain rain water, which flows freely when they are pierced with a knife, whence the plant is called traveler’s tree.

Rav´en•er (rav´’n•er), n. 1. One who, or that which, ravens or plunders. Gower. 2. A bird of prey, as the owl or vulture. [Obs.] Holland.

Rav´en•ing, n. Eagerness for plunder; rapacity; extortion. Luke xi. 39.

Rav´en•ing, a. Greedily devouring; rapacious; as ravening wolves. — Rav´en•ing•ly, adv.

Rav´en•ous (rav´’n•us), a. [From 2d Raven.] 1. Devouring with rapacious eagerness; furiously voracious; hungry even to rage; as a ravenous wolf or vulture. 2. Eager for prey or gratification; as a ravenous appetite or desire. — Rav´en•ous•ly, adv. — Rav´en•ous•ness, n.

Ra´ven’s-duck (ra´v’nz-duk•), n. [Cf. G. ravenstuch.] A fine quality of sailcloth. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Rav´er (rav´er), n. One who raves.

Rav´in (rav´’n), a. Ravenous. [Obs.] Shak. { Rav´in , Rav´ine } (rav´’n), n. [See 2d Raven.] Food obtained by violence; plunder; prey; raven. ´Fowls of ravyne.´ Chaucer. “Though Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shrieked against his creed.” Tennyson. { Rav´in , Rav´ine } v. t. & i. See Raven, v. t. & i.

Ra•vine´ (ra•ven´), n. [F., a place excavated by a torrent, a ravine, fr. ravir to snatch or tear away, L. rapere; cf. L. rapina rapine. See Ravish, and cf. Rapine, Raven prey.] 1. A torrent of water. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. A deep and narrow hollow, usually worn by a stream or torrent of water; a gorge; a mountain cleft.

Rav´ing (rav´ing), a. Talking irrationally and wildly; as a raving lunatic. — Rav´ing•ly, adv.

Rav´ish (rav´ish), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ravished (-isht); p. pr. & vb. n. Ravishing.] [OE. ravissen, F. ravir, fr. L. rapere to snatch or tear away, to ravish. See Rapacious, Rapid, and - ish.] 1. To seize and carry away by violence; to snatch by force. “These hairs which thou dost ravish from my chin
Will quicken, and accuse thee.” Shak. “This hand shall ravish thy pretended right.” Dryden. 2. To transport with joy or delight; to delight to ecstasy. ´Ravished … for the joy.´ Chaucer. “Thou hast ravished my heart.” Cant. iv. 9. 3. To have carnal knowledge of (a woman) by force, and against her consent; to rape. Shak. Syn. — To transport; entrance; enrapture; delight; violate; deflour; force.

Rav´ish•er (-er), n. One who ravishes (in any sense).

Rav´ish•ing, a. Rapturous; transporting.

Rav´ish•ing•ly, adv. In a ravishing manner.

Rav´ish•ment (-ment), n. [F. ravissement. See Ravish.] 1. The act of carrying away by force or against consent; abduction; as the ravishment of children from their parents, of a ward from his guardian, or of a wife from her husband. Blackstone. 2. The state of being ravished; rapture; transport of delight; ecstasy. Spenser. “In whose sight all things joy, with ravishment
Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze.” Milton. 3. The act of ravishing a woman; rape.

Rav´is•sant (rav´is•sant), a. [F.] (Her.) In a half-raised position, as if about to spring on prey.

Raw (ra), a. [Compar. Rawer (-er); superl. Rawest.] [AS. hreáw; akin to D. raauw, LG. rau, G. roh, OHG. ro, Icel. hrar, Dan. raa, Sw. rå, L. crudus, Gr. kre•as flesh, Skr. kravis raw flesh. rad.18. Cf. Crude, Cruel.] 1. Not altered from its natural state; not prepared by the action of heat; as raw sienna; specifically, not cooked; not changed by heat to a state suitable for eating; not done; as raw meat. 2. Hence: Unprepared for use or enjoyment; immature; unripe; unseasoned; inexperienced; unpracticed; untried; as raw soldiers; a raw recruit. “Approved himself to the raw judgment of the multitude.” De Quincey. 3. Not worked in due form; in the natural state; untouched by art; unwrought. Specifically: (a) Not distilled; as raw water. [Obs.] Bacon. (b) Not spun or twisted; as raw silk or cotton. (c) Not mixed or diluted; as raw spirits. (d) Not tried; not melted and strained; as raw tallow. (e) Not tanned; as raw hides. (f) Not trimmed, covered, or folded under; as the raw edge of a piece of metal or of cloth. 4. Not covered; bare. Specifically: (a) Bald. [Obs.] ´With skull all raw.´ Spenser (b) Deprived of skin; galled; as a raw sore. (c) Sore, as if by being galled. “And all his sinews waxen weak and raw
Through long imprisonment.” Spenser. 5. Disagreeably damp or cold; chilly; bleak; as a raw wind. ´A raw and gusty day.´ Shak. Raw material, material that has not been subjected to a (specified) process of manufacture; as ore is the raw material used in smelting; leather is the raw material of the shoe industry. — Raw pig, cast iron as it comes from the smelting furnace.

Raw, n. A raw, sore, or galled place; a sensitive spot; as to touch one on the raw. “Like savage hackney coachmen, they know where there is a raw.” De Quincey.

Raw´bone (ra´bon•), a. Rawboned. [Obs.] Spenser.

Raw´boned (-bond•), a. Having little flesh on the bones; gaunt. Shak.

Raw´head (ra´hed•), n. A specter mentioned to frighten children; as rawhead and bloodybones.

Raw´hide (ra´hid•), n. A cowhide, or coarse riding whip, made of untanned (or raw) hide twisted.

Raw´ish, a. Somewhat raw. [R.] Marston.

Raw´ly, adv. 1. In a raw manner; unskillfully; without experience. 2. Without proper preparation or provision. Shak.

Raw´ness, n. The quality or state of being raw.

Ray (ra), v. t. [An aphetic form of array; cf. Beray.] 1. To array. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 2. To mark, stain, or soil; to streak; to defile. [Obs.] ´The filth that did it ray.´ Spenser.

Ray, n. Array; order; arrangement; dress. [Obs.] “And spoiling all her gears and goodly ray.” Spenser.

Ray, n. [OF. rai, F. rais, fr. L. radius a beam or ray, staff, rod, spoke of a wheel. Cf. Radius.] 1. One of a number of lines or parts diverging from a common point or center, like the radii of a circle; as a star of six rays. 2. (Bot.) A radiating part of a flower or plant; the marginal florets of a compound flower, as an aster or a sunflower; one of the pedicels of an umbel or other circular flower cluster; radius. See Radius. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radiating spines, or cartilages, supporting the fins of fishes. (b) One of the spheromeres of a radiate, especially one of the arms of a starfish or an ophiuran. 4. (Physics) (a) A line of light or heat proceeding from a radiant or reflecting point; a single element of light or heat propagated continuously; as a solar ray; a polarized ray. (b) One of the component elements of the total radiation from a body; any definite or limited portion of the spectrum; as the red ray; the violet ray. See Illust. under Light. 5. Sight; perception; vision; — from an old theory of vision, that sight was something which proceeded from the eye to the object seen. “All eyes direct their rays
On him, and crowds turn coxcombs as they gaze.” Pope. 6. (Geom.) One of a system of diverging lines passing through a point, and regarded as extending indefinitely in both directions. See Half-ray. Bundle of rays. (Geom.) See Pencil of rays, below. — Extraordinary ray (Opt.), that one of two parts of a ray divided by double refraction which does not follow the ordinary law of refraction. — Ordinary ray (Opt.), that one of the two parts of a ray divided by double refraction which follows the usual or ordinary law of refraction. — Pencil of rays (Geom.), a definite system of rays. — Ray flower, or Ray floret (Bot.), one of the marginal flowers of the capitulum in such composite plants as the aster, goldenrod, daisy, and sunflower. They have an elongated, strap-shaped corolla, while the corollas of the disk flowers are tubular and five-lobed. — Ray point (Geom.), the common point of a pencil of rays. — Röntgen ray (rent´gen) (Phys.), a kind of ray generated in a very highly exhausted vacuum tube by the electrical discharge. It is capable of passing through many bodies opaque to light, and producing photographic and fluorescent effects by which means pictures showing the internal structure of opaque objects are made, called radiographs, or sciagraphs.. So called from the discoverer, W. C. Röntgen. — X ray, the Röntgen ray; — so called by its discoverer because of its enigmatical character, x being an algebraic symbol for an unknown quantity.

Ray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rayed (rad); p. pr. & vb. n. Raying.] [Cf. OF. raier, raiier, rayer, L. radiare to irradiate. See Ray, n., and cf. Radiate.] 1. To mark with long lines; to streak. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. [From Ray, n.] To send forth or shoot out; to cause to shine out; as to ray smiles. [R.] Thomson.

Ray, v. i. To shine, as with rays. Mrs. Browning.

Ray, n. [F. raie, L. raia. Cf. Roach.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous elasmobranch fishes of the order Raiae, including the skates, torpedoes, sawfishes, etc. (b) In a restricted sense, any of the broad, flat, narrow-tailed species, as the skates and sting rays. See Skate. Bishop ray, a yellow-spotted, long-tailed eagle ray (Stoasodon nàrinari) of the Southern United States and the West Indies. — Butterfly ray, a short-tailed American sting ray (Pteroplatea Maclura), having very broad pectoral fins. — Devil ray. See Sea devil. — Eagle ray, any large ray of the family Myliobatidae, or AEtobatidae. The common European species (Myliobatis aquila) is called also whip ray, and miller. — Electric ray, or Cramp ray, a torpedo. — Starry ray, a common European skate (Raia radiata). — Sting ray, any one of numerous species of rays of the family Trygonidae having one or more large, sharp, barbed dorsal spines on the whiplike tail. Called also stingaree.

Ra´yah (ra´ya or rä´ya), n. [Ar. ra’iyah a herd, a subject, fr. ra’a to pasture, guard.] A person not a Mohammedan, who pays the capitation tax. [Turkey]

Ray´ grass (ra´ gras•). [Etymol. of ray is uncertain.] (Bot.) A perennial European grass (Lolium perenne); — called also rye grass, and red darnel. See Darnel, and Grass. Italian ray, or rye, grass. See Darnel, and Grass.

Ray´less (ra´les), a. Destitute of rays; hence, dark; not illuminated; blind; as a rayless sky; rayless eyes.

Ray´on (ra´on), n. [F.] Ray; beam. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ray´on•nant (ra´on•nant), a. [F.] (Her.) Darting forth rays, as the sun when it shines out.

Raze (raz), n. [See Race.] A Shakespearean word (used once) supposed to mean the same as race, a root.

Raze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Razed (razd); p. pr. & vb. n. Razing.] [F. raser. See Rase, v. t.] [Written also rase.] 1. To erase; to efface; to obliterate. “Razing the characters of your renown.” Shak. 2. To subvert from the foundation; to lay level with the ground; to overthrow; to destroy; to demolish. “The royal hand that razed unhappy Troy.” Dryden. Syn. — To demolish; level; prostrate; overthrow; subvert; destroy; ruin. See Demolish.

Razed (razd), a. Slashed or striped in patterns. [Obs.] ´Two Provincial roses on my razed shoes.´ Shak.

Ra•zee´ (ra•ze´), n. [F. vaisseau rase, fr. raser to raze, to cut down ships. See Raze, v. t., Rase, v. t.] (Naut.) An armed ship having her upper deck cut away, and thus reduced to the next inferior rate, as a seventy-four cut down to a frigate. Totten.

Ra•zee´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Razeed (ra•zed´); p. pr. & vb. n. Razeeing.] To cut down to a less number of decks, and thus to an inferior rate or class, as a ship; hence, to prune or abridge by cutting off or retrenching parts; as to razee a book, or an article.

Ra´zor (ra´zer), n. [OE. rasour, OF. rasur, LL. rasor: cf. F. rasoir, LL. rasorium. See Raze, v. t., Rase, v. t.] 1. A keen-edged knife of peculiar shape, used in shaving the hair from the face or the head. ´Take thee a barber’s razor.´ Ezek. v. 1. —> 2. (Zoöl.) A tusk of a wild boar. Razor fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A small Mediterranean fish (Coryphaena novacula), prized for the table. (b) The razor shell. — Razor grass (Bot.), a West Indian plant (Scleria scindens), the triangular stem and the leaves of which are edged with minute sharp teeth. — Razor grinder (Zoöl.), the European goat-sucker. — Razor shell (Zoöl.), any marine bivalve shell belonging to Solen and allied genera, especially Solen, or Ensatella, ensis, ∧ Americana, which have a long, narrow, somewhat curved shell, resembling a razor handle in shape. Called also razor clam, razor fish, knife handle. — Razor stone. Same as Novaculite. — Razor strap, or Razor strop, a strap or strop used in sharpening razors.

Ra´zor•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Ready for the razor; fit to be shaved. [R.] Shak.

Ra´zor•back (-bak•), n. (Zoöl.) The rorqual.

Ra´zor-backed (-bakt•), a. (Zoöl.) Having a sharp, lean, or thin back; as a razor-backed hog, perch, etc.

Ra´zor•bill (-bil•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of auk (Alca torda) common in the Arctic seas. See Auk, and Illust. in Appendix. (b) See Cutwater, 3.

Ra´zure (ra´zhur; 135), n. [See Rasure.] 1. The act of erasing or effacing, or the state of being effaced; obliteration. See Rasure. Shak. 2. An erasure; a change made by erasing.

Raz´zi•a (rä´ze•ä), n. [F., fr. Ar. ghazia (pron. razia in Algeria).] A plundering and destructive incursion; a foray; a raid.

Re- (re-). [L. re-, older form (retained before vowels) red-: cf. F. re-, re-.] A prefix signifying back, against, again, anew; as recline, to lean back; recall, to call back; recede; remove; reclaim, to call out against; repugn, to fight against; recognition, a knowing again; rejoin, to join again; reiterate; reassure. Combinations containing the prefix re- are readily formed, and are for the most part of obvious signification.

Re (ra). [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied in solmization to the second tone of the diatonic scale of C; in the American system, to the second tone of any diatonic scale.

Re•ab•sorb´ (re•ab•sôrb´), v. t. To absorb again; to draw in, or imbibe, again what has been effused, extravasated, or thrown off; to swallow up again; as to reabsorb chyle, lymph, etc.; — used esp. of fluids.

Re•ab•sorp´tion (-sôrp´shun), n. The act or process of reabsorbing.

Re•ac•cess´ (re•ak•ses´ or re•ak´ses), n. A second access or approach; a return. Hakewill.

Re•ac•cuse´ (re•ak•kuz´), v. t. To accuse again.

Reach (rech), v. i. To retch. Cheyne.

Reach, n. An effort to vomit. [R.]

Reach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reached (recht) (Raught, the old preterit, is obsolete); p. pr. & vb. n. Reaching.] [OE. rechen, AS. raecan, raecean, to extend, stretch out; akin to D. reiken, G. reichen, and possibly to AS. rice powerful, rich, E. rich. rad.115.] 1. To extend; to stretch; to thrust out; to put forth, as a limb, a member, something held, or the like. “Her tresses yellow, and long straughten,
Unto her heeles down they raughten.” Rom. of R. “Reach hither thy hand and thrust it into my side.” John xx. 27. “Fruit trees, over woody, reached too far
Their pampered boughs.” Milton. 2. Hence, to deliver by stretching out a member, especially the hand; to give with the hand; to pass to another; to hand over; as to reach one a book. “He reached me a full cup.” 2 Esd. xiv. 39. 3. To attain or obtain by stretching forth the hand; to extend some part of the body, or something held by one, so as to touch, strike, grasp, or the like; as to reach an object with the hand, or with a spear. “O patron power, … thy present aid afford,
Than I may reach the beast.” Dryden. 4. To strike, hit, or touch with a missile; as to reach an object with an arrow, a bullet, or a shell. 5. Hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to; to penetrate to; to pierce, or cut, as far as. “If these examples of grown men reach not the case of children, let them examine.” Locke. 6. To extend to; to stretch out as far as; to touch by virtue of extent; as his land reaches the river. “Thy desire … leads to no excess
That reaches blame.” Milton. 7. To arrive at; to come to; to get as far as. “Before this letter reaches your hands.” Pope. 8. To arrive at by effort of any kind; to attain to; to gain; to be advanced to. “The best account of the appearances of nature which human penetration can reach, comes short of its reality.” Cheyne. 9. To understand; to comprehend. [Obs.] “Do what, sir? I reach you not.” Beau. & Fl. 10. To overreach; to deceive. [Obs.] South.

Reach, v. i. 1. To stretch out the hand. “Goddess humane, reach, then, and freely taste!” Milton. 2. To strain after something; to make efforts. “Reaching above our nature does no good.” Dryden. 3. To extend in dimension, time, amount, action, influence, etc., so as to touch, attain to, or be equal to, something. “And behold, a ladder set upon the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven.” Gen. xxviii. 12. “The new world reaches quite across the torrid zone.” Boyle. 4. (Naut.) To sail on the wind, as from one point of tacking to another, or with the wind nearly abeam. To reach after or at, to make efforts to attain to or obtain. “He would be in the posture of the mind reaching after a positive idea of infinity.” Locke.

Reach, n. 1. The act of stretching or extending; extension; power of reaching or touching with the person, or a limb, or something held or thrown; as the fruit is beyond my reach; to be within reach of cannon shot. 2. The power of stretching out or extending action, influence, or the like; power of attainment or management; extent of force or capacity. “Drawn by others who had deeper reaches than themselves to matters which they least intended.” Hayward. “Be sure yourself and your own reach to know.” Pope. 3. Extent; stretch; expanse; hence, application; influence; result; scope. “And on the left hand, hell,
With long reach, interposed.” Milton. “I am to pray you not to strain my speech
To grosser issues, nor to larger reach
Than to suspicion.” Shak. 4. An extended portion of land or water; a stretch; a straight portion of a stream or river, as from one turn to another; a level stretch, as between locks in a canal; an arm of the sea extending up into the land. ´The river’s wooded reach.´ Tennyson. “The coast … is very full of creeks and reaches.” Holland. 5. An artifice to obtain an advantage. “The Duke of Parma had particular reaches and ends of his own underhand to cross the design.” Bacon. 6. The pole or rod which connects the hind axle with the forward bolster of a wagon.

Reach´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Being within reach.

Reach´er (-er), n. 1. One who reaches. 2. An exaggeration. [Obs.] Fuller.

Reach´less, a. Being beyond reach; lofty. “Unto a reachless pitch of praises hight.” Bp. Hall.

Re•act´ (re•akt´), v. t. To act or perform a second time; to do over again; as to react a play; the same scenes were reacted at Rome.

Re•act´ (re•akt´), v. i. 1. To return an impulse or impression; to resist the action of another body by an opposite force; as every body reacts on the body that impels it from its natural state. 2. To act upon each other; to exercise a reciprocal or a reverse effect, as two or more chemical agents; to act in opposition.

Re•ac´tion (re•ak´shun), n. [Cf. F. reaction.] 1. Any action in resisting other action or force; counter tendency; movement in a contrary direction; reverse action. 2. (Chem.) The mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each other, or the action upon such chemical agents of some form of energy, as heat, light, or electricity, resulting in a chemical change in one or more of these agents, with the production of new compounds or the manifestation of distinctive characters. See Blowpipe reaction, Flame reaction, under Blowpipe, and Flame. 3. (Med.) An action induced by vital resistance to some other action; depression or exhaustion of vital force consequent on overexertion or overstimulation; heightened activity and overaction succeeding depression or shock. 4. (Mech.) The force which a body subjected to the action of a force from another body exerts upon the latter body in the opposite direction. “Reaction is always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions.” Sir I. Newton (3d Law of Motion). 5. (Politics) Backward tendency or movement after revolution, reform, or great progress in any direction. “The new king had, at the very moment at which his fame and fortune reached the highest point, predicted the coming reaction.” Macaulay. Reaction time (Physiol.), in nerve physiology, the interval between the application of a stimulus to an end organ of sense and the reaction or resulting movement; — called also physiological time. — Reaction wheel (Mech.), a water wheel driven by the reaction of water, usually one in which the water, entering it centrally, escapes at its periphery in a direction opposed to that of its motion by orifices at right angles, or inclined, to its radii.

Re•ac´tion•a•ry (-a•ry), a. Being, causing, or favoring reaction; as reactionary movements.

Re•ac´tion•a•ry, n.; pl. Reactionaries (-riz). One who favors reaction, or seeks to undo political progress or revolution.

Re•ac´tion•ist, n. A reactionary. C. Kingsley.

Re•act´ive (re•akt´iv), a. [Cf. F. reactif.] Having power to react; tending to reaction; of the nature of reaction. — Re•act´ive•ly, adv. — Re•act´ive•ness, n.

Read (red), n. Rennet. See 3d Reed. [Prov. Eng.]

Read (red), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Read (red); p. pr. & vb. n. Reading.] [OE. reden, raeden, AS. raedan to read, advise, counsel, fr. raed advice, counsel, raedan (imperf. reord) to advise, counsel, guess; akin to D. raden to advise, G. raten, rathen, Icel. raða, Goth. redan (in comp.), and perh. also to Skr. radh to succeed. rad.116. Cf. Riddle.] 1. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] See Rede. “Therefore, I read thee, get thee to God’s word, and thereby try all doctrine.” Tyndale. 2. To interpret; to explain; as to read a riddle. 3. To tell; to declare; to recite. [Obs.] “But read how art thou named, and of what kin.” Spenser. 4. To go over, as characters or words, and utter aloud, or recite to one’s self inaudibly; to take in the sense of, as of language, by interpreting the characters with which it is expressed; to peruse; as to read a discourse; to read the letters of an alphabet; to read figures; to read the notes of music, or to read music; to read a book. “Redeth [read ye] the great poet of Itaille.” Chaucer. “Well could he rede a lesson or a story.” Chaucer. 5. Hence, to know fully; to comprehend. “Who is’t can read a woman?” Shak. 6. To discover or understand by characters, marks, features, etc.; to learn by observation. “An armed corse did lie,
In whose dead face he read great magnanimity.” Spenser. “Those about her
From her shall read the perfect ways of honor.” Shak. 7. To make a special study of, as by perusing textbooks; as to read theology or law. To read one’s self in, to read aloud the Thirty-nine Articles and the Declaration of Assent, — required of a clergyman of the Church of England when he first officiates in a new benefice.

Read, v. i. 1. To give advice or counsel. [Obs.] 2. To tell; to declare. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To perform the act of reading; to peruse, or to go over and utter aloud, the words of a book or other like document. “So they read in the book of the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense.” Neh. viii. 8. 4. To study by reading; as he read for the bar. 5. To learn by reading. “I have read of an Eastern king who put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence.” Swift. 6. To appear in writing or print; to be expressed by, or consist of, certain words or characters; as the passage reads thus in the early manuscripts. 7. To produce a certain effect when read; as that sentence reads queerly. To read between the lines, to infer something different from what is plainly indicated; to detect the real meaning as distinguished from the apparent meaning.

Read, n. [AS. raed counsel, fr. raedan to counsel. See Read, v. t.] 1. Saying; sentence; maxim; hence, word; advice; counsel. See Rede. [Obs.] 2. [Read, v.] Reading. [Colloq.] Hume. “One newswoman here lets magazines for a penny a read.” Furnivall.

Read (red), imp. & p. p. of Read, v. t. & i.

Read (red), a. Instructed or knowing by reading; versed in books; learned. “A poet … well read in Longinus.” Addison.

Read•a•bil´i•ty (red•a•bil´i•ty), n. The state of being readable; readableness.

Read´a•ble (red´a•b’l), a. Such as can be read; legible; fit or suitable to be read; worth reading; interesting. — Read´a•ble•ness, n. — Read´a•bly, adv.

Re•ad•dress´ (re•ad•dres´), v. t. To address a second time; — often used reflexively. “He readdressed himself to her.” Boyle.

Re•a•dept´ (-a•dept´), v. t. [Pref. re- + L. adeptus, p. p. of adipisci to obtain.] To regain; to recover. [Obs.]

Re•a•dep´tion (-dep´shun), n. A regaining; recovery of something lost. [Obs.] Bacon.

Read´er (red´er), n. [AS. raedere.] 1. One who reads. Specifically: (a) One whose distinctive office is to read prayers in a church. (b) (University of Oxford, Eng.) One who reads lectures on scientific subjects. Lyell. (c) A proof reader. (d) One who reads manuscripts offered for publication and advises regarding their merit. 2. One who reads much; one who is studious. 3. A book containing a selection of extracts for exercises in reading; an elementary book for practice in a language; a reading book.

Read´er•ship, n. The office of reader. Lyell.

Read´i•ly (red´i•ly), adv. 1. In a ready manner; quickly; promptly. Chaucer. 2. Without delay or objection; without reluctance; willingly; cheerfully. “How readily we wish time spent revoked!” Cowper.

Read´i•ness, n. The state or quality of being ready; preparation; promptness; aptitude; willingness. “They received the word with all readiness of mind.” Acts xvii. 11. Syn. — Facility; quickness; expedition; promptitude; promptness; aptitude; aptness; knack; skill; expertness; dexterity; ease; cheerfulness. See Facility.

Read´ing (red´ing), n. 1. The act of one who reads; perusal; also printed or written matter to be read. 2. Study of books; literary scholarship; as a man of extensive reading. 3. A lecture or prelection; public recital. “The Jews had their weekly readings of the law.” Hooker. 4. The way in which anything reads; force of a word or passage presented by a documentary authority; lection; version. 5. Manner of reciting, or acting a part, on the stage; way of rendering. [Cant] 6. An observation read from the scale of a graduated instrument; as the reading of a barometer. Reading of a bill (Legislation), its formal recital, by the proper officer, before the House which is to consider it.

Read´ing, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the act of reading; used in reading. 2. Addicted to reading; as a reading community. Reading book, a book for teaching reading; a reader. — Reading desk, a desk to support a book while reading; esp., a desk used while reading the service in a church. — Reading glass, a large lens with more or less magnifying power, attached to a handle, and used in reading, etc. — Reading man, one who reads much; hence, in the English universities, a close, industrious student. — Reading room, a room appropriated to reading; a room provided with papers, periodicals, and the like, to which persons resort.

Re•ad•journ´ (re•ad•jûrn´), v. t. To adjourn a second time; to adjourn again.

Re•ad•journ´ment (-ment), n. The act of readjourning; a second or repeated adjournment.

Re•ad•just´ (-just´), v. t. To adjust or settle again; to put in a different order or relation; to rearrange.

Re•ad•just´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, readjusts; in some of the States of the United States, one who advocates a refunding, and sometimes a partial repudiation, of the State debt without the consent of the State’s creditors.

Re•ad•just´ment (-ment), n. A second adjustment; a new or different adjustment.

Re•ad•mis´sion (-mish´un), n. The act of admitting again, or the state of being readmitted; as the readmission of fresh air into an exhausted receiver; the readmission of a student into a seminary.

Re•ad•mit´ (-mit´), v. t. To admit again; to give entrance or access to again. “Whose ear is ever open, and his eye
Gracious to readmit the suppliant.” Milton.

Re•ad•mit´tance (-tans), n. Allowance to enter again; a second admission.

Re•a•dopt´ (re•a•dopt´), v. t. To adopt again. Young.

Re•a•dorn´ (-dôrn´), v. t. To adorn again or anew.

Re•ad•vance´ (re•ad•vans´), v. i. To advance again.

Re•ad•vert´en•cy (-vert´en•sy), n. The act of adverting to again, or of reviewing. [R.] Norris.

Read´y (red´y), a. [Compar. Readier (-i•er); superl. Readiest.] [AS. raede; akin to D. gereed, bereid, G. bereit, Goth. garáids fixed, arranged, and possibly to E. ride, as meaning originally, prepared for riding. Cf. Array, 1st Curry.] 1. Prepared for what one is about to do or experience; equipped or supplied with what is needed for some act or event; prepared for immediate movement or action; as the troops are ready to march; ready for the journey. ´When she redy was.´ Chaucer. 2. Fitted or arranged for immediate use; causing no delay for lack of being prepared or furnished. ´Dinner was ready.´ Fielding. “My oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage.” Matt. xxii. 4. 3. Prepared in mind or disposition; not reluctant; willing; free; inclined; disposed. “I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem, for the name of the Lord Jesus.” Acts xxi. 13. “If need be, I am ready to forego
And quit.” Milton. 4. Not slow or hesitating; quick in action or perception of any kind; dexterous; prompt; easy; expert; as a ready apprehension; ready wit; a ready writer or workman. ´Ready in devising expedients.´ Macaulay. “Gurth, whose temper was ready, though surly.” Sir W. Scott. 5. Offering itself at once; at hand; opportune; convenient; near; easy. ´The readiest way.´ Milton. “A sapling pine he wrenched from out the ground,
The readiest weapon that his fury found.” Dryden. 6. On the point; about; on the brink; near; — with a following infinitive. “My heart is ready to crack.” Shak. 7. (Mil.) A word of command, or a position, in the manual of arms, at which the piece is cocked and held in position to execute promptly the next command, which is, aim. All ready, ready in every particular; wholly equipped or prepared. ´[I] am all redy at your hest.´ Chaucer. — Ready money, means of immediate payment; cash. ´’T is all the ready money fate can give.´ Cowley. — Ready reckoner, a book of tables for facilitating computations, as of interest, prices, etc. — To make ready, to make preparation; to get in readiness. Syn. — Prompt; expeditious; speedy; unhesitating; dexterous; apt; skillful; handy; expert; facile; easy; opportune; fitted; prepared; disposed; willing; free; cheerful. See Prompt.

Read´y (red´y), adv. In a state of preparation for immediate action; so as to need no delay. “We ourselves will go ready armed.” Num. xxxii. 17.

Read´y, n. Ready money; cash; — commonly with the; as he was well supplied with the ready. [Slang] “Lord Strut was not flush in ready, either to go to law, or to clear old debts.” Arbuthnot.

Read´y, v. t. To dispose in order. [Obs.] Heywood.

Read´y-made (-mad•), a. Made already, or beforehand, in anticipation of need; not made to order; as ready-made clothing; ready-made jokes.

Read´y-wit•ted (-wit•ted), a. Having ready wit.

Re•af•firm´ (re•af•ferm´), v. t. To affirm again. { Re•af•firm´ance (re•af•ferm´ans), Re•af•fir•ma´tion (re•af•fer•ma´shun), } n. A second affirmation.

Re•af•for´est (re•af•for´est), v. t. To convert again into a forest, as a region of country.

Re•af•for•es•ta´tion (-es•ta´shun), n. The act or process of converting again into a forest.

Re•a´gent (re•a´jent), n. (Chem.) A substance capable of producing with another a reaction, especially when employed to detect the presence of other bodies; a test.

Re•ag•gra•va´tion (- ag•gra•va´shun), n. (R. C. Ch.) The last monitory, published after three admonitions and before the last excommunication.

Re•a•gree´ (re•a•gre´), v. i. To agree again.

Reak (rek), n. [rad.115. Cf. Wrack seaweed.] A rush. [Obs.] ´Feeds on reaks and reeds.´ Drant.

Reak, n. [Cf. Icel. hrekkr, or E. wreak vengeance.] A prank. [Obs.] ´They play such reaks.´ Beau. & Fl.

Re´al (re´al), n. [Sp., fr. real royal, L. regalis. See Regal, and cf. Ree a coin.] A small Spanish silver coin; also a denomination of money of account, formerly the unit of the Spanish monetary system. A real of plate (coin) varied in value according to the time of its coinage, from 12½ down to 10 cents, or from 6½ to 5 pence sterling. The real vellon, or money of account, was nearly equal to five cents, or 2½ pence sterling. In 1871 the coinage of Spain was assimilated to that of the Latin Union, of which the franc is the unit.

Re•al´ (ra•äl´), a. Royal; regal; kingly. [Obs.] ´The blood real of Thebes.´ Chaucer.

Re´al (re´al), a. [LL. realis, fr. L. res, rei, a thing: cf. F. reel. Cf. Rebus.] 1. Actually being or existing; not fictitious or imaginary; as a description of real life. “Whereat I waked, and found
Before mine eyes all real, as the dream
Had lively shadowed.” Milton. 2. True; genuine; not artificial, counterfeit, or factitious; often opposed to ostensible; as the real reason; real Madeira wine; real ginger. “Whose perfection far excelled
Hers in all real dignity.” Milton. 3. Relating to things, not to persons. [Obs.] “Many are perfect in men’s humors that are not greatly capable of the real part of business.” Bacon. 4. (Alg.) Having an assignable arithmetical or numerical value or meaning; not imaginary. 5. (Law) Pertaining to things fixed, permanent, or immovable, as to lands and tenements; as real property, in distinction from personal or movable property. Chattels real (Law), such chattels as are annexed to, or savor of, the realty, as terms for years of land. See Chattel. — Real action (Law), an action for the recovery of real property. — Real assets (Law), lands or real estate in the hands of the heir, chargeable with the debts of the ancestor. — Real composition (Eccl. Law), an agreement made between the owner of lands and the parson or vicar, with consent of the ordinary, that such lands shall be discharged from payment of tithes, in consequence of other land or recompense given to the parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Blackstone. — Real estate or property, lands, tenements, and hereditaments; freehold interests in landed property; property in houses and land. Kent. Burrill. — Real presence (R. C. Ch.), the actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist, or the conversion of the substance of the bread and wine into the real body and blood of Christ; transubstantiation. In other churches there is a belief in a form of real presence, not however in the sense of transubstantiation. — Real servitude, called also Predial servitude (Civil Law), a burden imposed upon one estate in favor of another estate of another proprietor. Erskine. Bouvier. Syn. — Actual; true; genuine; authentic. — Real, Actual. Real represents a thing to be a substantive existence; as a real, not imaginary, occurrence. Actual refers to it as acted or performed; and, hence, when we wish to prove a thing real, we often say, ´It actually exists,´ ´It has actually been done.´ Thus its reality is shown by its actuality. Actual, from this reference to being acted, has recently received a new signification, namely, present; as the actual posture of affairs; since what is now in action, or going on, has of course, a present existence. An actual fact; a real sentiment. “For he that but conceives a crime in thought,
Contracts the danger of an actual fault.” Dryden. “Our simple ideas are all real; all agree to the reality of things.” Locke.

Re´al (re´al), n. A realist. [Obs.] Burton.

Re•al´gar (re•al´ger), n. [F. realgar, Sp. rejalgar, Ar. rahj al ghar powder of the mine.] (Min.) Arsenic sulphide, a mineral of a brilliant red color; red orpiment. It is also an artificial product.

Re´al•ism (re´al•iz’m), n. [Cf. F. realisme.] 1. (Philos.) (a) As opposed to nominalism, the doctrine that genera and species are real things or entities, existing independently of our conceptions. According to realism the Universal exists ante rem (Plato), or in re (Aristotle). (b) As opposed to idealism, the doctrine that in sense perception there is an immediate cognition of the external object, and our knowledge of it is not mediate and representative. 2. (Art & Lit.) Fidelity to nature or to real life; representation without idealization, and making no appeal to the imagination; adherence to the actual fact.

Re´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. realiste.] 1. (Philos.) One who believes in realism; esp., one who maintains that generals, or the terms used to denote the genera and species of things, represent real existences, and are not mere names, as maintained by the nominalists. 2. (Art. & Lit.) An artist or writer who aims at realism in his work. See Realism, 2.

Re•al•is´tic (-is´tik), a. Of or pertaining to the realists; in the manner of the realists; characterized by realism rather than by imagination.

Re•al•is´tic•al•ly, adv. In a realistic manner.

Re•al´i•ty (re•al´i•ty), n.; pl. Realities (- tiz). [Cf. F. realite, LL. realitas. See 3d Real, and cf. 2d Realty.] 1. The state or quality of being real; actual being or existence of anything, in distinction from mere appearance; fact. “A man fancies that he understands a critic, when in reality he does not comprehend his meaning.” Addison. 2. That which is real; an actual existence; that which is not imagination, fiction, or pretense; that which has objective existence, and is not merely an idea. “And to realities yield all her shows.” Milton. “My neck may be an idea to you, but it is a reality to me.” Beattie. 3. [See 1st Realty, 2.] Loyalty; devotion. [Obs.] “To express our reality to the emperor.” Fuller. 4. (Law) See 2d Realty, 2.

Re´al•i•za•ble (re´al•i•za•b’l), a. Capable of being realized.

Re•al•i•za´tion (-i•za´shun), n. [Cf. F. realisation.] The act of realizing, or the state of being realized.

Re´al•ize (re´al•iz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Realized (- izd); p. pr. & vb. n. Realizing (- i•zing).] [Cf. F. realiser.] 1. To make real; to convert from the imaginary or fictitious into the actual; to bring into concrete existence; to effectuate; to accomplish; as to realize a scheme or project. “We realize what Archimedes had only in hypothesis, weighing a single grain against the globe of earth.” Glanvill. 2. To cause to seem real; to impress upon the mind as actual; to feel vividly or strongly; to make one’s own in apprehension or experience. “Many coincidences … soon begin to appear in them [Greek inscriptions] which realize ancient history to us.” Jowett. “We can not realize it in thought, that the object … had really no being at any past moment.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To convert into real property; to make real estate of; as to realize his fortune. 4. To acquire as an actual possession; to obtain as the result of plans and efforts; to gain; to get; as to realize large profits from a speculation. “Knighthood was not beyond the reach of any man who could by diligent thrift realize a good estate.” Macaulay. 5. To convert into actual money; as to realize assets.

Re´al•ize, v. i. To convert any kind of property into money, especially property representing investments, as shares in stock companies, bonds, etc. “Wary men took the alarm, and began to realize, a word now first brought into use to express the conversion of ideal property into something real.” W. Irving.

Re´al•i•zer (-i•zer), n. One who realizes. Coleridge.

Re´al•i•zing (-zing), a. Serving to make real, or to impress on the mind as a reality; as a realizing view of the danger incurred. — Re´al•i•zing•ly, adv.

Re•al•lege´ (-al•lej´), v. t. To allege again. Cotgrave.

Re•al•li´ance (-li´ans), n. A renewed alliance.

Re´-al•ly´ (-li´), v. t. [Pref. re- + ally, v. t.] To bring together again; to compose or form anew. Spenser.

Re´al•ly (ra´äl•le•), adv. Royally. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re´al•ly (re´al•ly), adv. In a real manner; with or in reality; actually; in truth. “Whose anger is really but a short fit of madness.” Swift. Really is often used familiarly as a slight corroboration of an opinion or a declaration. “Why, really, sixty-five is somewhat old.” Young.

Realm (relm), n. [OE. realme, ream, reaume, OF. reialme, roialme, F. royaume, fr. (assumed) LL. regalimen, from L. regalis royal. See Regal.] 1. A royal jurisdiction or domain; a region which is under the dominion of a king; a kingdom. “The absolute master of realms on which the sun perpetually shone.” Motley. 2. Hence, in general, province; region; country; domain; department; division; as the realm of fancy.

Realm´less, a. Destitute of a realm. Keats.

Re´al•ness (re´al•nes), n. The quality or condition of being real; reality.

Re´al•ty (-ty), n. [OF. realte, LL. regalitas, fr. L. regalis. See Regal.] 1. Royalty. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Loyalty; faithfulness. [R.] Milton.

Re´al•ty, n. [Contr. from 1st Reality.] 1. Reality. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Law) (a) Immobility, or the fixed, permanent nature of real property; as chattels which savor of the realty; — so written in legal language for reality. (b) Real estate; a piece of real property. Blackstone.

Ream (rem), n. [AS. reám, akin to G. rahm.] Cream; also the cream or froth on ale. [Scot.]

Ream, v. i. To cream; to mantle. [Scot.] “A huge pewter measuring pot which, in the language of the hostess, reamed with excellent claret.” Sir W. Scott.

Ream, v. t. [Cf. Reim.] To stretch out; to draw out into thongs, threads, or filaments.

Ream, n. [OE. reme, OF. rayme, F. rame (cf. Sp. resma), fr. Ar. rizma a bundle, especially of paper.] A bundle, package, or quantity of paper, usually consisting of twenty quires or 480 sheets. Printer’s ream, twenty-one and a half quires. [Eng.] A common practice is now to count five hundred sheets to the ream. Knight.

Ream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reamed (remd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reaming.] [Cf. G. räumen to remove, to clear away, fr. raum room. See Room.] To bevel out, as the mouth of a hole in wood or metal; in modern usage, to enlarge or dress out, as a hole, with a reamer.

Reame (rem), n. Realm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ream´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, reams; specifically, an instrument with cutting or scraping edges, used, with a twisting motion, for enlarging a round hole, as the bore of a cannon, etc.

Re•am•pu•ta´tion (re•am•pu•ta´shun), n. (Surg.) The second of two amputations performed upon the same member.

Re•an´i•mate (re•an´i•mat), v. t. To animate anew; to restore to animation or life; to infuse new life, vigor, spirit, or courage into; to revive; to reinvigorate; as to reanimate a drowned person; to reanimate disheartened troops; to reanimate languid spirits. Glanvill.

Re•an•i•ma´tion (-ma´shun), n. The act or operation of reanimating, or the state of being reanimated; reinvigoration; revival.

Re•an•nex´ (re•an•neks´), v. t. To annex again or anew; to reunite. ´To reannex that duchy.´ Bacon.

Re•an•nex•a´tion (-a´shun), n. Act of reannexing.

Re•an´swer (re•an´ser), v. t. & i. To answer in return; to repay; to compensate; to make amends for. “Which in weight to reanswer, his pettiness would bow under.” Shak.

Reap (rep), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reaped (rept); p. pr. & vb. n. Reaping.] [OE. repen, AS. ripan to seize, reap; cf. D. rapen to glean, reap, G. raufen to pluck, Goth. raupjan, or E. ripe.] 1. To cut with a sickle, scythe, or reaping machine, as grain; to gather, as a harvest, by cutting. “When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field.” Lev. xix. 9. 2. To gather; to obtain; to receive as a reward or harvest, or as the fruit of labor or of works; — in a good or a bad sense; as to reap a benefit from exertions. “Why do I humble thus myself, and, suing
For peace, reap nothing but repulse and hate?” Milton. 3. To clear of a crop by reaping; as to reap a field. 4. To deprive of the beard; to shave. [R.] Shak. Reaping hook, an implement having a hook- shaped blade, used in reaping; a sickle; — in a specific sense, distinguished from a sickle by a blade keen instead of serrated.

Reap, v. i. To perform the act or operation of reaping; to gather a harvest. “They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.” Ps. cxxvi. 5.

Reap, n. [Cf. AS. rip harvest. See Reap, v.] A bundle of grain; a handful of grain laid down by the reaper as it is cut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Reap´er (rep´er), n. 1. One who reaps. “The sun-burned reapers wiping their foreheads.” Macaulay. 2. A reaping machine.

Re•ap•par´el (re•ap•par´el), v. t. To clothe again.

Re•ap•pear´ (re•ap•per´), v. i. To appear again.

Re•ap•pear´ance (-ans), n. A second or new appearance; the act or state of appearing again.

Re•ap•pli•ca´tion (re•ap•pli•ka´shun), n. The act of reapplying, or the state of being reapplied.

Re•ap•ply´ (re•ap•pli´), v. t. & i. To apply again.

Re•ap•point´ (-point´), v. t. To appoint again.

Re•ap•point´ment (-ment), n. The act of reappointing, or the state of being reappointed.

Re•ap•por´tion (-por´shun), v. t. To apportion again.

Re•ap•por´tion•ment (-ment), n. A second or a new apportionment.

Re•ap•proach´ (re•ap•proch´), v. i. & t. To approach again or anew.

Rear (rer), adv. Early; soon. [Prov. Eng.] “Then why does Cuddy leave his cot so rear?” Gay.

Rear, n. [OF. riere behind, backward, fr. L. retro. Cf. Arrear.] 1. The back or hindmost part; that which is behind, or last in order; — opposed to front. “Nipped with the lagging rear of winter’s frost.” Milton. 2. Specifically, the part of an army or fleet which comes last, or is stationed behind the rest. “When the fierce foe hung on our broken rear.” Milton.

Rear, a. Being behind, or in the hindmost part; hindmost; as the rear rank of a company. Rear admiral, an officer in the navy, next in rank below a vice admiral and above a commodore. See Admiral. — Rear front (Mil.), the rear rank of a body of troops when faced about and standing in that position. — Rear guard (Mil.), the division of an army that marches in the rear of the main body to protect it; — used also figuratively. — Rear line (Mil.), the line in the rear of an army. — Rear rank (Mil.), the rank or line of a body of troops which is in the rear, or last in order. — Rear sight (Firearms), the sight nearest the breech. — To bring up the rear, to come last or behind.

Rear (rer), v. t. To place in the rear; to secure the rear of. [R.]

Rear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reared (rerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rearing.] [AS. raeran to raise, rear, elevate, for raesan, causative of risan to rise. See Rise, and cf. Raise.] 1. To raise; to lift up; to cause to rise, become erect, etc.; to elevate; as to rear a monolith. “In adoration at his feet I fell
Submiss; he reared me.” Milton. “It reareth our hearts from vain thoughts.” Barrow. “Mine [shall be] the first hand to rear her banner.” Ld. Lytton. 2. To erect by building; to set up; to construct; as to rear defenses or houses; to rear one government on the ruins of another. “One reared a font of stone.” Tennyson. 3. To lift and take up. [Obs. or R.] “And having her from Trompart lightly reared,
Upon his courser set the lovely load.” Spenser. 4. To bring up to maturity, as young; to educate; to instruct; to foster; as to rear offspring. “He wants a father to protect his youth,
And rear him up to virtue.” Southern. 5. To breed and raise; as to rear cattle. 6. To rouse; to stir up. [Obs.] “And seeks the tusky boar to rear.” Dryden. Syn. — To lift; elevate; erect; raise; build; establish. See the Note under Raise, 3 (c).

Rear, v. i. To rise up on the hind legs, as a horse; to become erect. Rearing bit, a bit designed to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing. Knight. { Rear´dorse (-dôrs), Rear´doss (- dos) }, n. A reredos.

Rear´er (rer´er), n. One who, or that which, rears.

Re•ar´gue (re•är´gu), v. t. To argue anew or again.

Re•ar´gu•ment (-gu•ment), n. An arguing over again, as of a motion made in court.

Rear´-horse (rer´hôrs•), n. [So called because it rears up when disturbed.] (Zoöl.) A mantis.

Rear´ly, adv. Early. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Rear´most (-most•), a. Farthest in the rear; last. { Rear´mouse• , Rere´mouse• (-mous•) }, n. [AS. hreremus; probably fr. hreran to agitate, stir (akin to G. rühren, Icel. hraera) + mus mouse.] (Zoöl.) The leather-winged bat (Vespertilio murinus). [Written also reermouse.]

Re•ar•range´ (re•ar•ranj´), v. t. To arrange again; to arrange in a different way.

Re•ar•range´ment (-ment), n. The act of rearranging, or the state of being rearranged.

Rear´ward (rer´ward•), n. [Rear + ward.] The last troop; the rear of an army; a rear guard. Also used figuratively. Shak.

Rear´ward (-werd), a. & adv. At or toward the rear.

Re•as•cend´ (re•as•send´), v. i. To rise, mount, or climb again.

Re•as•cend´, v. t. To ascend or mount again; to reach by ascending again. “He mounts aloft, and reascends the skies.” Addison.

Re•as•cen´sion (-sen´shun), n. The act of reascending; a remounting.

Re•as•cent´ (-sent´), n. A returning ascent or ascension; acclivity. Cowper.

Rea´son (re´z’n), n. [OE. resoun, F. raison, fr. L. ratio (akin to Goth. raþjo number, account, garaþjan to count, G. rede speech, reden to speak), fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, believe, think. Cf. Arraign, Rate, Ratio, Ration.] 1. A thought or a consideration offered in support of a determination or an opinion; a just ground for a conclusion or an action; that which is offered or accepted as an explanation; the efficient cause of an occurrence or a phenomenon; a motive for an action or a determination; proof, more or less decisive, for an opinion or a conclusion; principle; efficient cause; final cause; ground of argument. “I ’ll give him reasons for it.” Shak. “The reason of the motion of the balance in a wheel watch is by the motion of the next wheel.” Sir M. Hale. “This reason did the ancient fathers render, why the church was called ´catholic.´” Bp. Pearson. “Virtue and vice are not arbitrary things; but there is a natural and eternal reason for that goodness and virtue, and against vice and wickedness.” Tillotson. 2. The faculty or capacity of the human mind by which it is distinguished from the intelligence of the inferior animals; the higher as distinguished from the lower cognitive faculties, sense, imagination, and memory, and in contrast to the feelings and desires. Reason comprises conception, judgment, reasoning, and the intuitional faculty. Specifically, it is the intuitional faculty, or the faculty of first truths, as distinguished from the understanding, which is called the discursive or ratiocinative faculty. “We have no other faculties of perceiving or knowing anything divine or human, but by our five senses and our reason.” P. Browne. “In common and popular discourse, reason denotes that power by which we distinguish truth from falsehood, and right from wrong, and by which we are enabled to combine means for the attainment of particular ends.” Stewart. “Reason is used sometimes to express the whole of those powers which elevate man above the brutes, and constitute his rational nature, more especially, perhaps, his intellectual powers; sometimes to express the power of deduction or argumentation.” Stewart. “By the pure reason I mean the power by which we become possessed of principles.” Coleridge. “The sense perceives; the understanding, in its own peculiar operation, conceives; the reason, or rationalized understanding, comprehends.” Coleridge. 3. Due exercise of the reasoning faculty; accordance with, or that which is accordant with and ratified by, the mind rightly exercised; right intellectual judgment; clear and fair deductions from true principles; that which is dictated or supported by the common sense of mankind; right conduct; right; propriety; justice. “I was promised, on a time,
To have reason for my rhyme.” Spenser. “But law in a free nation hath been ever public reason; the enacted reason of a parliament, which he denying to enact, denies to govern us by that which ought to be our law; interposing his own private reason, which to us is no law.” Milton. “The most probable way of bringing France to reason would be by the making an attempt on the Spanish West Indies.” Addison. 4. (Math.) Ratio; proportion. [Obs.] Barrow. By reason of, by means of; on account of; because of. ´Spain is thin sown of people, partly by reason of the sterility of the soil.´ Bacon. — In reason, In all reason, in justice; with rational ground; in a right view. “When anything is proved by as good arguments as a thing of that kind is capable of, we ought not, in reason, to doubt of its existence.” Tillotson. — It is reason, it is reasonable; it is right. [Obs.] “Yet it were great reason, that those that have children should have greatest care of future times.” Bacon. Syn. — Motive; argument; ground; consideration; principle; sake; account; object; purpose; design. See Motive, Sense.

Rea´son (re´z’n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reasoned (-z’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reasoning.] [Cf. F. raisonner. See Reason, n.] 1. To exercise the rational faculty; to deduce inferences from premises; to perform the process of deduction or of induction; to ratiocinate; to reach conclusions by a systematic comparison of facts. 2. Hence: To carry on a process of deduction or of induction, in order to convince or to confute; to formulate and set forth propositions and the inferences from them; to argue. “Stand still, that I may reason with you, before the Lord, of all the righteous acts of the Lord.” 1 Sam. xii. 7. 3. To converse; to compare opinions. Shak.

Rea´son, v. t. 1. To arrange and present the reasons for or against; to examine or discuss by arguments; to debate or discuss; as I reasoned the matter with my friend. “When they are clearly discovered, well digested, and well reasoned in every part, there is beauty in such a theory.” T. Burnet. 2. To support with reasons, as a request. [R.] Shak. 3. To persuade by reasoning or argument; as to reason one into a belief; to reason one out of his plan. “Men that will not be reasoned into their senses.” L’Estrange. 4. To overcome or conquer by adducing reasons; — with down; as to reason down a passion. 5. To find by logical processes; to explain or justify by reason or argument; — usually with out; as to reason out the causes of the librations of the moon.

Rea´son•a•ble (-a•b’l), a. [OE. resonable, F. raisonnable, fr. L. rationabilis. See Reason, n.] 1. Having the faculty of reason; endued with reason; rational; as a reasonable being. 2. Governed by reason; being under the influence of reason; thinking, speaking, or acting rationally, or according to the dictates of reason; agreeable to reason; just; rational; as the measure must satisfy all reasonable men. “By indubitable certainty, I mean that which doth not admit of any reasonable cause of doubting.” Bp. Wilkins. “Men have no right to what is not reasonable.” Burke. 3. Not excessive or immoderate; within due limits; proper; as a reasonable demand, amount, price. “Let … all things be thought upon
That may, with reasonable swiftness, add
More feathers to our wings.” Shak. Syn. — Rational; just; honest; equitable; fair; suitable; moderate; tolerable. See Rational.

Rea´son•a•ble, adv. Reasonably; tolerably. [Obs.] “I have a reasonable good ear in music.” Shak.

Rea´son•a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being reasonable.

Rea´son•a•bly, adv. 1. In a reasonable manner. 2. Moderately; tolerably. ´Reasonably perfect in the language.´ Holder.

Rea´son•er (-er), n. One who reasons or argues; as a fair reasoner; a close reasoner; a logical reasoner.

Rea´son•ing, n. 1. The act or process of adducing a reason or reasons; manner of presenting one’s reasons. 2. That which is offered in argument; proofs or reasons when arranged and developed; course of argument. “His reasoning was sufficiently profound.” Macaulay. Syn. — Argumentation; argument. — Reasoning, Argumentation. Few words are more interchanged than these; and yet, technically, there is a difference between them. Reasoning is the broader term, including both deduction and induction. Argumentation denotes simply the former, and descends from the whole to some included part; while reasoning embraces also the latter, and ascends from the parts to a whole. See Induction. Reasoning is occupied with ideas and their relations; argumentation has to do with the forms of logic. A thesis is set down: you attack, I defend it; you insist, I reply; you deny, I prove; you distinguish, I destroy your distinctions; my replies balance or overturn your objections. Such is argumentation. It supposes that there are two sides, and that both agree to the same rules. Reasoning, on the other hand, is often a natural process, by which we form, from the general analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the case, conclusions which have greater or less degrees of force, and which may be strengthened or weakened by subsequent experience.

Rea´son•ist, n. A rationalist. [Obs.] “Such persons are now commonly called ´reasonists´ and ´rationalists,´ to distinguish them from true reasoners and rational inquirers.” Waterland.

Rea´son•less, a. 1. Destitute of reason; as a reasonless man or mind. Shak. 2. Void of reason; not warranted or supported by reason; unreasonable. “This proffer is absurd and reasonless.” Shak.

Re•as•sem´blage (re•as•sem´blaj), n. Assemblage a second time or again.

Re•as•sem´ble (-b’l), v. t. & i. To assemble again.

Re•as•sert´ (-sert´), v. t. To assert again or anew; to maintain after an omission to do so. “Let us hope … we may have a body of authors who will reassert our claim to respectability in literature.” Walsh.

Re•as•ser´tion (-ser´shun), n. A second or renewed assertion of the same thing.

Re•as•sess´ment (-ses´ment), n. A renewed or second assessment.

Re•as•sign´ (-sin´), v. t. To assign back or again; to transfer back what has been assigned.

Re•as•sign´ment (-ment), n. The act of reassigning.

Re•as•sim´i•late (-sim´i•lat), v. t. & i. To assimilate again. — Re•as•sim•i•la´tion (-la´shun), n.

Re•as•so´ci•ate (-so´shi•at), v. t. & i. To associate again; to bring again into close relations.

Re•as•sume´ (-sum´), v. t. To assume again or anew; to resume. — Re•as•sump´tion (- sump´shun), n.

Re•as•sur´ance (re•a•shur´ans), n. 1. Assurance or confirmation renewed or repeated. Prynne. 2. (Law) Same as Reinsurance.

Re•as•sure´ (re•a•shur´), v. t. 1. To assure anew; to restore confidence to; to free from fear or terror. “They rose with fear, …
Till dauntless Pallas reassured the rest.” Dryden. 2. To reinsure.

Re•as•sur´er (-er), n. One who reassures.

Reas´ty (res´ty), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Rusty and rancid; — applied to salt meat. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. — Reas´ti•ness (-ti•nes), n. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Re•a´ta (ra•ä´ta), n. [Sp.] A lariat.

Re•at•tach´ (re•at•tach´), v. t. To attach again.

Re•at•tach´ment (-ment), n. The act of reattaching; a second attachment.

Re•at•tain´ (-tan´), v. t. To attain again.

Re•at•tain´ment (-ment), n. The act of reattaining.

Re•at•tempt´ (-temt´; 215), v. t. To attempt again.

Re´aume (re´am), n. Realm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•au•mur´ (ra•o•mur´), a. Of or pertaining to Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur; conformed to the scale adopted by Reaumur in graduating the thermometer he invented. — n. A Reaumur thermometer or scale. The Reaumur thermometer is so graduated that 0° marks the freezing point and 80° the boiling point of water. Frequently indicated by R. Cf. Centigrade, and Fahrenheit. See Illust. of Thermometer.

Reave (rev), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reaved (revd), Reft (reft), or Raft (raft) (obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Reaving.] [AS. reáfian, from reáf spoil, plunder, clothing, reófan to break (cf. bireófan to deprive of); akin to G. rauben to rob, Icel. raufa to rob, rjufa to break, violate, Goth. biráubon to despoil, L. rumpere to break; cf. Skr. lup to break. rad.114. Cf. Bereave, Rob, v. t., Robe, Rove, v. i., Rupture.] To take away by violence or by stealth; to snatch away; to rob; to despoil; to bereave. [Archaic] ´To reave his life.´ Spenser. “He golden apples raft of the dragon.” Chaucer. “If the wooers reave
By privy stratagem my life at home.” Chapman. “To reave the orphan of his patrimony.” Shak. “The heathen caught and reft him of his tongue.” Tennyson.

Reav´er (rev´er), n. One who reaves. [Archaic]

Re•a•wake´ (re•a•wak´), v. i. To awake again.

Re•ban´ish (re•ban´ish), v. t. To banish again.

Re•bap´tism (re•bap´tiz’m), n. A second baptism.

Re•bap•ti•za´tion (-ti•za´shun), n. [Cf. F. rebaptisation.] A second baptism. [Obs.] Hooker.

Re•bap•tize´ (re•bap•tiz´), v. t. [Pref. re- + baptize: cf. F. rebaptiser, L. rebaptizare.] To baptize again or a second time.

Re•bap•tiz´er (-tiz´er), n. One who rebaptizes.

Re•bar´ba•rize (re•bär´ba•riz), v. t. To reduce again to barbarism. — Re•bar•ba•ri•za´tion (-ri•za´shun), n. “Germany … rebarbarized by polemical theology and religious wars.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Re•bate´ (re•bat´), v. t. [F. rebattre to beat again; pref. re- re- + battre to beat, L. batuere to beat, strike. See Abate.] 1. To beat to obtuseness; to deprive of keenness; to blunt; to turn back the point of, as a lance used for exercise. “But doth rebate and blunt his natural edge.” Shak. 2. To deduct from; to make a discount from, as interest due, or customs duties. Blount. Rebated cross, a cross which has the extremities of the arms bent back at right angles, as in the fylfot.

Re•bate´, v. i. To abate; to withdraw. [Obs.] Foxe.

Re•bate´, n. 1. Diminution. 2. (Com.) Deduction; abatement; as a rebate of interest for immediate payment; a rebate of importation duties. Bouvier.

Re•bate´, n. [See Rabbet.] 1. (Arch.) A rectangular longitudinal recess or groove, cut in the corner or edge of any body; a rabbet. See Rabbet. 2. A piece of wood hafted into a long stick, and serving to beat out mortar. Elmes. 3. An iron tool sharpened something like a chisel, and used for dressing and polishing wood. Elmes. 4. [Perhaps a different word.] A kind of hard freestone used in making pavements. [R.] Elmes.

Re•bate´, v. t. To cut a rebate in. See Rabbet, v.

Re•bate´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. rabatement, fr. rabatre to diminish, F. rabattre.] Same as 3d Rebate.

Re•ba´to (re•ba´to), n. Same as Rabato. Burton.

Re´bec (re´bek), n. [F., fr. It. ribeca, ribeba, fr. Ar. rabab a musical instrument of a round form.] 1. (Mus.) An instrument formerly used which somewhat resembled the violin, having three strings, and being played with a bow. [Written also rebeck.] Milton. “He turn’d his rebec to a mournful note.” Drayton. 2. A contemptuous term applied to an old woman. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Reb´el (reb´el), a. [F. rebelle, fr. L. rebellis. See Rebel, v. i.] Pertaining to rebels or rebellion; acting in revolt; rebellious; as rebel troops. “Whoso be rebel to my judgment.” Chaucer. “Convict by flight, and rebel to all law.” Milton.

Reb´el, n. [F. rebelle.] One who rebels. Syn. — Revolter; insurgent. — Rebel, Insurgent. Insurgent marks an early, and rebel a more advanced, stage of opposition to government. The former rises up against his rulers, the latter makes war upon them.

Re•bel´ (re•bel´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rebelled (-beld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rebelling.] [F. rebeller, fr. L. rebellare to make war again; pref. re- again + bellare to make war, fr. bellum war. See Bellicose, and cf. Revel to carouse.] 1. To renounce, and resist by force, the authority of the ruler or government to which one owes obedience. See Rebellion. “The murmur and the churls’ rebelling.” Chaucer. “Ye have builded you an altar, that ye might rebel this day against the Lord.” Josh. xxii. 16. 2. To be disobedient to authority; to assume a hostile or insubordinate attitude; to revolt. “How could my hand rebel against my heart?
How could your heart rebel against your reason?” Dryden.

Reb´el•dom (reb´el•dum), n. A region infested by rebels; rebels, considered collectively; also conduct or quality characteristic of rebels. Thackeray.

Re•bel´ler (re•bel´ler), n. One who rebels; a rebel.

Re•bel´lion (re•bel´yun), n. [F. rebellion, L. rebellio. See Rebel, v. i. Among the Romans rebellion was originally a revolt or open resistance to their government by nations that had been subdued in war. It was a renewed war.] 1. The act of rebelling; open and avowed renunciation of the authority of the government to which one owes obedience, and resistance to its officers and laws, either by levying war, or by aiding others to do so; an organized uprising of subjects for the purpose of coercing or overthrowing their lawful ruler or government by force; revolt; insurrection. “No sooner is the standard of rebellion displayed than men of desperate principles resort to it.” Ames. 2. Open resistance to, or defiance of, lawful authority. Commission of rebellion (Eng. Law), a process of contempt issued on the nonappearance of a defendant, — now abolished. Wharton. Burrill. Syn. — Insurrection; sedition; revolt; mutiny; resistance; contumacy. See Insurrection.

Re•bel´lious (re•bel´yus), a. Engaged in rebellion; disposed to rebel; of the nature of rebels or of rebellion; resisting government or lawful authority by force. ´Thy rebellious crew.´ ´Proud rebellious arms.´ Milton. — Re•bel´lious•ly, adv. — Re•bel´lious•ness, n.

Re•bel´low (re•bel´lo), v. i. To bellow again; to repeat or echo a bellow. “The cave rebellowed, and the temple shook.” Dryden.

Re•bit´ing (re•bit´ing), n. (Etching) The act or process of deepening worn lines in an etched plate by submitting it again to the action of acid. Fairholt.

Re•bloom´ (re•bloom´), v. i. To bloom again. Crabbe.

Re•blos´som (re•blos´sum), v. i. To blossom again.

Re•bo´ant (re•bo´ant), a. [L. reboans, p. pr. of reboare; pref. re- re- + boare to cry aloud.] Rebellowing; resounding loudly. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Re•bo•a´tion (re•bo•a´shun), n. Repetition of a bellow. [R.] Bp. Patrick.

Re•boil´ (re•boil´), v. t. & i. [Pref. re- + boil: cf. F. rebouillir.] 1. To boil, or to cause to boil, again. 2. Fig.: To make or to become hot. [Obs.] “Some of his companions thereat reboyleth.” Sir T. Elyot.

Re•born´ (re•bôrn´), p. p. Born again.

Re•bound´ (re•bound´), v. i. [Pref. re- + bound: cf. F. rebondir.] 1. To spring back; to start back; to be sent back or reverberated by elastic force on collision with another body; as a rebounding echo. “Bodies which are absolutely hard, or so soft as to be void of elasticity, will not rebound from one another.” Sir I. Newton. 2. To give back an echo. [R.] T. Warton. 3. To bound again or repeatedly, as a horse. Pope. Rebounding lock (Firearms), one in which the hammer rebounds to half cock after striking the cap or primer.

Re•bound´, v. t. To send back; to reverberate. “Silenus sung; the vales his voice rebound.” Dryden.

Re•bound´, n. The act of rebounding; resilience. “Flew … back, as from a rock, with swift rebound.” Dryden.

Re•brace´ (re•bras´), v. t. To brace again. Gray.

Re•breathe´ (re•breth´), v. t. To breathe again.

Re•bu´cous (re•bu´kus), a. Rebuking. [Obs.] “She gave unto him many rebucous words.” Fabyan.

Re•buff´ (re•buf´), n. [It. ribuffo, akin to ribuffare to repulse; pref. ri- (L. re-) + buffo puff. Cf. Buff to strike, Buffet a blow.] 1. Repercussion, or beating back; a quick and sudden resistance. “The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud.” Milton. 2. Sudden check; unexpected repulse; defeat; refusal; repellence; rejection of solicitation.

Re•buff´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebuffed (re•buft´); p. pr. & vb. n. Rebuffing.] To beat back; to offer sudden resistance to; to check; to repel or repulse violently, harshly, or uncourteously.

Re•build´ (re•bild´), v. t. To build again, as something which has been demolished; to construct anew; as to rebuild a house, a wall, a wharf, or a city.

Re•build´er (-er), n. One who rebuilds. Bp. Bull.

Re•buk´a•ble (re•buk´a•b’l), a. Worthy of rebuke or reprehension; reprehensible. Shak.

Re•buke´ (re•buk´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebuked (-bukt´); p. pr. & vb. n. Rebuking.] [OF. rebouquier to dull, blunt, F. reboucher; perhaps fr. pref. re- re- + bouche mouth, OF. also bouque, L. bucca cheek; if so, the original sense was to stop the mouth of; hence, to stop, obstruct.] To check, silence, or put down, with reproof; to restrain by expression of disapprobation; to reprehend sharply and summarily; to chide; to reprove; to admonish. “The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered,
Nor to rebuke the rich offender feared.” Dryden. Syn. — To reprove; chide; check; chasten; restrain; silence. See Reprove.

Re•buke´ (re•buk´), n. 1. A direct and pointed reproof; a reprimand; also chastisement; punishment. “For thy sake I have suffered rebuke.” Jer. xv. 15. “Why bear you these rebukes and answer not?” Shak. 2. Check; rebuff. [Obs.] L’Estrange. To be without rebuke, to live without giving cause of reproof or censure; to be blameless.

Re•buke´ful (-ful), a. Containing rebuke; of the nature of rebuke. [Obs.] — Re•buke´ful•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Re•buk´er (-buk´er), n. One who rebukes.

Re•buk´ing•ly, adv. By way of rebuke.

Re•bul•li´tion (re•bul•lish´un), n. The act of boiling up or effervescing. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Re•bur´y (re•ber´ry), v. t. To bury again. Ashmole.

Re´bus (re´bus), n.; pl. Rebuses (-ez). [L. rebus by things, abl. pl. of res a thing: cf. F. rebus. Cf. 3d Real.] 1. A mode of expressing words and phrases by pictures of objects whose names resemble those words, or the syllables of which they are composed; enigmatical representation of words by figures; hence, a peculiar form of riddle made up of such representations. A gallant, in love with a woman named Rose Hill, had, embroidered on his gown, a rose, a hill, an eye, a loaf, and a well, signifying, Rose Hill I love well. 2. (Her.) A pictorial suggestion on a coat of arms of the name of the person to whom it belongs. See Canting arms, under Canting.

Re´bus, v. t. To mark or indicate by a rebus. “He [John Morton] had a fair library rebused with More in text and Tun under it.” Fuller.

Re•but´ (re•but´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rebutting.] [OF. rebouter to repulse, drive back; pref. re- + bouter to push, thrust. See 1st Butt, Boutade.] 1. To drive or beat back; to repulse. “Who him, rencount’ring fierce, as hawk in flight,
Perforce rebutted back.” Spenser. 2. (Law) To contradict, meet, or oppose by argument, plea, or countervailing proof. Abbott.

Re•but´, v. i. 1. To retire; to recoil. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Law) To make, or put in, an answer, as to a plaintiff’s surrejoinder. “The plaintiff may answer the rejoinder by a surrejoinder; on which the defendant may rebut.” Blackstone.

Re•but´ta•ble (-ta•b’l), a. Capable of being rebutted.

Re•but´tal (-but´tal), n. (Law) The giving of evidence on the part of a plaintiff to destroy the effect of evidence introduced by the defendant in the same suit.

Re•but´ter (-ter), n. (Law) The answer of a defendant in matter of fact to a plaintiff’s surrejoinder.

Re•ca´den•cy (re•ka´den•sy), n. A falling back or descending a second time; a relapse. W. Montagu.

Re•cal´ci•trant (re•kal´si•trant), a. [L. recalcitrans, p. pr. of recalcitrare to kick back; pref. re- re- + calcitrare to kick, fr. calx heel. Cf. Inculcate.] Kicking back; recalcitrating; hence, showing repugnance or opposition; refractory.

Re•cal´ci•trate (-trat), v. t. To kick against; to show repugnance to; to rebuff. “The more heartily did one disdain his disdain, and recalcitrate his tricks.” De Quincey.

Re•cal´ci•trate, v. i. To kick back; to kick against anything; hence, to express repugnance or opposition.

Re•cal•ci•tra´tion (-tra´shun), n. A kicking back again; opposition; repugnance; refractoriness.

Re•call´ (re•kal´), v. t. 1. To call back; to summon to return; as to recall troops; to recall an ambassador. “If Henry were recalled to life again.” Shak. 2. To revoke; to annul by a subsequent act; to take back; to withdraw; as to recall words, or a decree. “Passed sentence may not be recall’d.” Shak. 3. To call back to mind; to revive in memory; to recollect; to remember; as to recall bygone days.

Re•call´, n. 1. A calling back; a revocation. “’T is done, and since ’t is done, ’t is past recall.” Dryden. 2. (Mil.) A call on the trumpet, bugle, or drum, by which soldiers are recalled from duty, labor, etc. Wilhelm.

Re•call´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable of being recalled.

Re•call´ment (-ment), n. Recall. [R.] R. Browning.

Re•cant´ (re•kant´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Recanting.] [L. recantare, recantatum, to recall, recant; pref. re- re- + cantare to sing, to sound. See 3d Cant, Chant.] To withdraw or repudiate formally and publicly (opinions formerly expressed); to contradict, as a former declaration; to take back openly; to retract; to recall. “How soon … ease would recant
Vows made in pain, as violent and void!” Milton. Syn. — To retract; recall; revoke; abjure; disown; disavow. See Renounce.

Re•cant´, v. i. To revoke a declaration or proposition; to unsay what has been said; to retract; as convince me that I am wrong, and I will recant. Dryden.

Re•can•ta´tion (re•kan•ta´shun), n. The act of recanting; a declaration that contradicts a former one; that which is thus asserted in contradiction; retraction. “The poor man was imprisoned for this discovery, and forced to make a public recantation.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

Re•cant´er (re•kant´er), n. One who recants.

Re•ca•pac´i•tate (re•ka•pas´i•tat), v. t. To qualify again; to confer capacity on again. Atterbury.

Re•ca•pit´u•late (-pit´u•lat), v. t. [L. recapitulare, recapitulatum; pref. re- re- + capitulum a small head, chapter, section. See Capitulate.] To repeat, as the principal points in a discourse, argument, or essay; to give a summary of the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to relate in brief; to summarize.

Re•ca•pit´u•late (re•ka•pit´u•lat), v. i. To sum up, or enumerate by heads or topics, what has been previously said; to repeat briefly the substance.

Re•ca•pit•u•la´tion (-la´shun), n. [LL. recapitulatio: cf. F. recapitulation.] The act of recapitulating; a summary, or concise statement or enumeration, of the principal points, facts, or statements, in a preceding discourse, argument, or essay.

Re•ca•pit´u•la•tor (- pit´u•la•ter), n. One who recapitulates.

Re•ca•pit´u•la•to•ry (-la•to•ry), a. Of the nature of a recapitulation; containing recapitulation.

Re•cap´per (re•kap´per), n. (Firearms) A tool used for applying a fresh percussion cap or primer to a cartridge shell in reloading it.

Re•cap´tion (re•kap´shun), n. (Law) The act of retaking, as of one who has escaped after arrest; reprisal; the retaking of one’s own goods, chattels, wife, or children, without force or violence, from one who has taken them and who wrongfully detains them. Blackstone. Writ of recaption (Law), a writ to recover damages for him whose goods, being distrained for rent or service, are distrained again for the same cause. Wharton.

Re•cap´tor (-ter), n. One who recaptures; one who takes a prize which had been previously taken.

Re•cap´ture (-tur; 135), n. 1. The act of retaking or recovering by capture; especially, the retaking of a prize or goods from a captor. 2. That which is captured back; a prize retaken.

Re•cap´ture, v. t. To capture again; to retake.

Re•car´bon•ize (re•kär´bon•iz), v. t. (Metal.) To restore carbon to; as to recarbonize iron in converting it into steel.

Re•car´ni•fy (-ni•fi), v. t. To convert again into flesh. [Obs.] Howell.

Re•car´riage (re•kar´rij), n. Act of carrying back.

Re•car´ry (-ry), v. t. To carry back. Walton.

Re•cast´ (re•kast´), v. t. 1. To throw again. Florio. 2. To mold anew; to cast anew; to throw into a new form or shape; to reconstruct; as to recast cannon; to recast an argument or a play. 3. To compute, or cast up, a second time.

Rec´che (rek´ke), v. i. To reck. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rec´che•les (-les), a. Reckless. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•cede´ (re•sed´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Receded; p. pr. & vb. n. Receding.] [L. recedere, recessum; pref. re- re- + cedere to go, to go along: cf. F. receder. See Cede.] 1. To move back; to retreat; to withdraw. “Like the hollow roar
Of tides receding from the insulted shore.” Dryden. “All bodies moved circularly endeavor to recede from the center.” Bentley. 2. To withdraw a claim or pretension; to desist; to relinquish what had been proposed or asserted; as to recede from a demand or proposition. Syn. — To retire; retreat; return; retrograde; withdraw; desist.

Re•cede´ (re•sed´), v. t. [Pref. re- + cede. Cf. Recede, v. i.] To cede back; to grant or yield again to a former possessor; as to recede conquered territory.

Re•ceipt´ (re•set´), n. [OE. receite, OF. recete, recepte, F. recette, fr. L. recipere, receptum, to receive. See Receive.] 1. The act of receiving; reception. ´At the receipt of your letter.´ Shak. 2. Reception, as an act of hospitality. [Obs.] “Thy kind receipt of me.” Chapman. 3. Capability of receiving; capacity. [Obs.] “It has become a place of great receipt.” Evelyn. 4. Place of receiving. [Obs.] “He saw a man, named Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom.” Matt. ix. 9. 5. Hence, a recess; a retired place. [Obs.] ´In a retired receipt together lay.´ Chapman. 6. A formulary according to the directions of which things are to be taken or combined; a recipe; as a receipt for making sponge cake. “She had a receipt to make white hair black.” Sir T. Browne. 7. A writing acknowledging the taking or receiving of goods delivered; an acknowledgment of money paid. 8. That which is received; that which comes in, in distinction from what is expended, paid out, sent away, and the like; — usually in the plural; as the receipts amounted to a thousand dollars. Gross receipts. See under Gross, a.

Re•ceipt´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Receipted; p. pr. & vb. n. Receipting.] 1. To give a receipt for; as to receipt goods delivered by a sheriff. 2. To put a receipt on, as by writing or stamping; as to receipt a bill.

Re•ceipt´, v. i. To give a receipt, as for money paid.

Re•ceipt´ment (-ment), n. (O. Eng. Law) The receiving or harboring a felon knowingly, after the commission of a felony. Burrill.

Re•ceipt´or (-er), n. One who receipts; specifically (Law), one who receipts for property which has been taken by the sheriff.

Re•ceit´ (re•set´), n. Receipt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•ceiv•a•bil´i•ty (re•sev•a•bil´i•ty), n. The quality of being receivable; receivableness.

Re•ceiv´a•ble (re•sev´a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. recevable.] Capable of being received. — Re•ceiv´a•ble•ness, n. Bills receivable. See under 6th Bill.

Re•ceive´ (re•sev´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Received (-sevd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Receiving.] [OF. receveir, recevoir, F. recevoir, fr. L. recipere; pref. re- re- + capere to take, seize. See Capable, Heave, and cf. Receipt, Reception, Recipe.] 1. To take, as something that is offered, given, committed, sent, paid, or the like; to accept; as to receive money offered in payment of a debt; to receive a gift, a message, or a letter. “Receyven all in gree that God us sent.” Chaucer. 2. Hence: To gain the knowledge of; to take into the mind by assent to; to give admission to; to accept, as an opinion, notion, etc.; to embrace. “Our hearts receive your warnings.” Shak. “The idea of solidity we receive by our touch.” Locke. 3. To allow, as a custom, tradition, or the like; to give credence or acceptance to. “Many other things there be which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots.” Mark vii. 4. 4. To give admittance to; to permit to enter, as into one’s house, presence, company, and the like; as to receive a lodger, visitor, ambassador, messenger, etc. “They kindled a fire, and received us every one.” Acts xxviii. 2. 5. To admit; to take in; to hold; to contain; to have capacity for; to be able to take in. “The brazen altar that was before the Lord was too little to receive the burnt offerings.” 1 Kings viii. 64. 6. To be affected by something; to suffer; to be subjected to; as to receive pleasure or pain; to receive a wound or a blow; to receive damage. “Against his will he can receive no harm.” Milton. 7. To take from a thief, as goods known to be stolen. 8. (Lawn Tennis) To bat back (the ball) when served. Receiving ship, one on board of which newly recruited sailors are received, and kept till drafted for service. Syn. — To accept; take; allow; hold; retain; admit. — Receive, Accept. To receive describes simply the act of taking. To accept denotes the taking with approval, or for the purposes for which a thing is offered. Thus, we receive a letter when it comes to hand; we receive news when it reaches us; we accept a present when it is offered; we accept an invitation to dine with a friend. “Who, if we knew
What we receive, would either not accept
Life offered, or soon beg to lay it down.” Milton.

Re•ceive´ (re•sev´), v. i. 1. To receive visitors; to be at home to receive calls; as she receives on Tuesdays. 2. (Lawn Tennis) To return, or bat back, the ball when served; as it is your turn to receive.

Re•ceiv´ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being received, accepted, or current; as the receivedness of an opinion. Boyle.

Re•ceiv´er (-er), n. [Cf. F. receveur.] 1. One who takes or receives in any manner. 2. (Law) A person appointed, ordinarily by a court, to receive, and hold in trust, money or other property which is the subject of litigation, pending the suit; a person appointed to take charge of the estate and effects of a corporation, and to do other acts necessary to winding up its affairs, in certain cases. Bouvier. 3. One who takes or buys stolen goods from a thief, knowing them to be stolen. Blackstone. 4. (Chem.) (a) A vessel connected with an alembic, a retort, or the like, for receiving and condensing the product of distillation. (b) A vessel for receiving and containing gases. 5. (Pneumatics) The glass vessel in which the vacuum is produced, and the objects of experiment are put, in experiments with an air pump. Cf. Bell jar, and see Illust. of Air pump. 6. (Steam Engine) (a) A vessel for receiving the exhaust steam from the high-pressure cylinder before it enters the low-pressure cylinder, in a compound engine. (b) A capacious vessel for receiving steam from a distant boiler, and supplying it dry to an engine. 7. That portion of a telephonic apparatus, or similar system, at which the message is received and made audible; — opposed to transmitter. Exhausted receiver (Physics), a receiver, as that used with the air pump, from which the air has been withdrawn; a vessel the interior of which is a more or less complete vacuum.

Re•ceiv´er•ship, n. The state or office of a receiver.

Re•cel´e•brate (re•sel´e•brat), v. t. To celebrate again, or anew. — Re•cel•e•bra´tion (-bra´shun), n.

Re´cen•cy (re´sen•sy), n. [LL. recentia, fr. L. recens. See Recent.] The state or quality of being recent; newness; new state; late origin; lateness in time; freshness; as the recency of a transaction, of a wound, etc.

Re•cense´ (re•sens´), v. t. [L. recensere; pref. re- again + censere to value, estimate: cf. F. recenser.] To review; to revise. [R.] Bentley.

Re•cen´sion (re•sen´shun), n. [L. recensio: cf. F. recension.] 1. The act of reviewing or revising; review; examination; enumeration. Barrow. 2. Specifically, the review of a text (as of an ancient author) by an editor; critical revisal and establishment. 3. The result of such a work; a text established by critical revision; an edited version.

Re•cen´sion•ist, n. One who makes recensions; specifically, a critical editor.

Re´cent (re´sent), a. [L. recens, -entis: cf. F. recent.] 1. Of late origin, existence, or occurrence; lately come; not of remote date, antiquated style, or the like; not already known, familiar, worn out, trite, etc.; fresh; novel; new; modern; as recent news. “The ancients were of opinion, that a considerable portion of that country [Egypt] was recent, and formed out of the mud discharged into the neighboring sea by the Nile.” Woodward. 2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the present or existing epoch; as recent shells.

Re•cen´ter (re•sen´ter), v. t. [Pref. re- + center.] To center again; to restore to the center. Coleridge.

Re´cent•ly (re´sent•ly), adv. Newly; lately; freshly; not long since; as advices recently received.

Re´cent•ness, n. Quality or state of being recent.

Re•cep´ta•cle (re•sep´ta•k’l), n. [F. receptacle, L. receptaculum, fr. receptare, v. intens. fr. recipere to receive. See Receive.] 1. That which serves, or is used, for receiving and containing something, as a basket, a vase, a bag, a reservoir; a repository. “O sacred receptacle of my joys!” Shak. 2. (Bot.) (a) The apex of the flower stalk, from which the organs of the flower grow, or into which they are inserted. See Illust. of Flower, and Ovary. (b) The dilated apex of a pedicel which serves as a common support to a head of flowers. (c) An intercellular cavity containing oil or resin or other matters. (d) A special branch which bears the fructification in many cryptogamous plants.

Rec•ep•tac´u•lar (res•ep•tak´u•ler), a. [Cf. F. receptaculaire.] (Bot.) Pertaining to the receptacle, or growing on it; as the receptacular chaff or scales in the sunflower.

Rec•ep•tac´u•lum (-lum), n.; pl. Receptacula (-la). [L.] (Anat.) A receptacle; as the receptaculum of the chyle.

Rec´ep•ta•ry (res´ep•ta•ry), a. Generally or popularly admitted or received. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Rec´ep•ta•ry, n. That which is received. [Obs.] ´Receptaries of philosophy.´ Sir T. Browne.

Re•cep•ti•bil´i•ty (re•sep•ti•bil´i•ty), n. 1. The quality or state of being receptible; receivableness. 2. A receptible thing. [R.] Glanvill.

Re•cep´ti•ble (re•sep´ti•b’l), a. [L. receptibilis.] Such as may be received; receivable.

Re•cep´tion (-shun), n. [F. reception, L. receptio, fr. recipere, receptum. See Receive.] 1. The act of receiving; receipt; admission; as the reception of food into the stomach; the reception of a letter; the reception of sensation or ideas; reception of evidence. 2. The state of being received. 3. The act or manner of receiving, esp. of receiving visitors; entertainment; hence, an occasion or ceremony of receiving guests; as a hearty reception; an elaborate reception. “What reception a poem may find.” Goldsmith. 4. Acceptance, as of an opinion or doctrine. “Philosophers who have quitted the popular doctrines of their countries have fallen into as extravagant opinions as even common reception countenanced.” Locke. 5. A retaking; a recovery. [Obs.] Bacon.

Re•cep´tive (re•sep´tiv), a. [Cf. F. receptif. See Receive.] Having the quality of receiving; able or inclined to take in, absorb, hold, or contain; receiving or containing; as a receptive mind. “Imaginary space is receptive of all bodies.” Glanvill.

Re•cep´tive•ness, n. The quality of being receptive.

Rec•ep•tiv´i•ty (res•ep•tiv´i•ty or re•sep- ), n. [Cf. F. receptivite.] 1. The state or quality of being receptive. 2. (Kantian Philos.) The power or capacity of receiving impressions, as those of the external senses.

Re•cep´to•ry (re•sep´to•ry; 277), n. [Cf. L. receptorium a place of shelter.] Receptacle. [Obs.] Holland.

Re•cess´ (re•ses´), n. [L. recessus, fr. recedere, recessum. See Recede.] 1. A withdrawing or retiring; a moving back; retreat; as the recess of the tides. “Every degree of ignorance being so far a recess and degradation from rationality.” South. “My recess hath given them confidence that I may be conquered.” Eikon Basilike. 2. The state of being withdrawn; seclusion; privacy. “In the recess of the jury they are to consider the evidence.” Sir M. Hale. “Good verse recess and solitude requires.” Dryden. 3. Remission or suspension of business or procedure; intermission, as of a legislative body, court, or school. “The recess of … Parliament lasted six weeks.” Macaulay. 4. Part of a room formed by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, niche, etc. “A bed which stood in a deep recess.” W. Irving. 5. A place of retirement, retreat, secrecy, or seclusion. “Departure from this happy place, our sweet
Recess, and only consolation left.” Milton. 6. Secret or abstruse part; as the difficulties and recesses of science. I. Watts. 7. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A sinus.

Re•cess´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Recessing.] To make a recess in; as to recess a wall.

Re•cess´, n. [G.] A decree of the imperial diet of the old German empire. Brande & C.

Re•cessed´ (re•sest´), a. 1. Having a recess or recesses; as a recessed arch or wall. 2. Withdrawn; secluded. [R.] ´Comfortably recessed from curious impertinents.´ Miss Edgeworth. Recessed arch (Arch.), one of a series of arches constructed one within another so as to correspond with splayed jambs of a doorway, or the like.

Re•ces´sion (re•sesh´un), n. [L. recessio, fr. recedere, recessum. See Recede.] The act of receding or withdrawing, as from a place, a claim, or a demand. South. “Mercy may rejoice upon the recessions of justice.” Jer. Taylor.

Re•ces´sion, n. [Pref. re- + cession.] The act of ceding back; restoration; repeated cession; as the recession of conquered territory to its former sovereign.

Re•ces´sion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to recession or withdrawal. Recessional hymn, a hymn sung in a procession returning from the choir to the robing room.

Re•ces´sive (re•ses´siv), a. Going back; receding.

Re´chab•ite (re´kab•it), n. (Jewish Hist.) One of the descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, all of whom by his injunction abstained from the use of intoxicating drinks and even from planting the vine. Jer. xxxv. 2-19. also in modern times, a member of a certain society of abstainers from alcoholic liquors.

Re•change´ (re•chanj´), v. t. & i. To change again, or change back.

Re•charge´ (re•chärj´), v. t. & i. [Pref. re- + charge: cf. F. recharger.] 1. To charge or accuse in return. 2. To attack again; to attack anew. Dryden.

Re•char´ter (re•chär´ter), n. A second charter; a renewal of a charter. D. Webster.

Re•char´ter, v. t. To charter again or anew; to grant a second or another charter to.

Re•chase´ (re•chas´), v. t. [Pref. re- + chase: cf. F. rechasser.] To chase again; to chase or drive back.

Re•cheat´ (re•chet´), n. [F. requête, fr. requêter to hunt anew. See Request.] (Sporting) A strain given on the horn to call back the hounds when they have lost track of the game.

Re•cheat´, v. i. To blow the recheat. Drayton.

Re•cher•che´ (re•shâr•sha´), a. [F.] Sought out with care; choice. Hence: of rare quality, elegance, or attractiveness; peculiar and refined in kind.

Rech´less (rek´les), a. Reckless. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Re•choose´ (re•chooz´), v. t. To choose again.

Re•cid´i•vate (re•sid´i•vat), v. i. [LL. recidivare. See Recidivous.] To backslide; to fall again. [Obs.]

Re•cid•i•va´tion (-va´shun), n. [LL. recidivatio.] A falling back; a backsliding. Hammond.

Re•cid´i•vous (re•sid´i•vus), a. [L. recidivus, fr. recidere to fall back.] Tending or liable to backslide or relapse to a former condition or habit.

Rec´i•pe (res´i•pe), n.; pl. Recipes (- pez). [L., imperative of recipere to take back, take in, receive. See Receive.] A formulary or prescription for making some combination, mixture, or preparation of materials; a receipt; especially, a prescription for medicine.

Re•cip´i•an•gle (re•sip´i•an•g’l), n. [L. recipere to take + angulus angle.] An instrument with two arms that are pivoted together at one end, and a graduated arc, — used by military engineers for measuring and laying off angles of fortifications. { Re•cip´i•ence (re•sip´i•ens), Re•cip´i•en•cy (-en•sy), } n. The quality or state of being recipient; a receiving; reception; receptiveness.

Re•cip´i•ent (-ent), n. [L. recipiens, -entis, receiving, p. pr. of recipere to receive: cf. F. recipient. See Receive.] A receiver; the person or thing that receives; one to whom, or that to which, anything is given or communicated; specifically, the receiver of a still.

Re•cip´i•ent, a. Receiving; receptive.

Re•cip´ro•cal (-ro•kal), a. [L. reciprocus; of unknown origin.] 1. Recurring in vicissitude; alternate. 2. Done by each to the other; interchanging or interchanged; given and received; due from each to each; mutual; as reciprocal love; reciprocal duties. “Let our reciprocal vows be remembered.” Shak. 3. Mutually interchangeable. “These two rules will render a definition reciprocal with the thing defined.” I. Watts. 4. (Gram.) Reflexive; — applied to pronouns and verbs, but sometimes limited to such pronouns as express mutual action. 5. (Math.) Used to denote different kinds of mutual relation; often with reference to the substitution of reciprocals for given quantities. See the Phrases below. Reciprocal equation (Math.), one which remains unchanged in form when the reciprocal of the unknown quantity is substituted for that quantity. — Reciprocal figures (Geom.), two figures of the same kind (as triangles, parallelograms, prisms, etc.), so related that two sides of the one form the extremes of a proportion of which the means are the two corresponding sides of the other; in general, two figures so related that the first corresponds in some special way to the second, and the second corresponds in the same way to the first. — Reciprocal proportion (Math.), a proportion such that, of four terms taken in order, the first has to the second the same ratio which the fourth has to the third, or the first has to the second the same ratio which the reciprocal of the third has to the reciprocal of the fourth. Thus, 2:5: :20:8 form a reciprocal proportion, because 2:5: :1/20:1/8. — Reciprocal quantities (Math.), any two quantities which produce unity when multiplied together. — Reciprocal ratio (Math.), the ratio between the reciprocals of two quantities; as the reciprocal ratio of 4 to 9 is that of ¼ to &frac19;. — Reciprocal terms (Logic), those terms which have the same signification, and, consequently, are convertible, and may be used for each other. Syn. — Mutual; alternate. — Reciprocal, Mutual. The distinctive idea of mutual is, that the parties unite by interchange in the same act; as a mutual covenant; mutual affection, etc. The distinctive idea of reciprocal is, that one party acts by way of return or response to something previously done by the other party; as a reciprocal kindness; reciprocal reproaches, etc. Love is reciprocal when the previous affection of one party has drawn forth the attachment of the other. To make it mutual in the strictest sense, the two parties should have fallen in love at the same time; but as the result is the same, the two words are here used interchangeably. The ebbing and flowing of the tide is a case where the action is reciprocal, but not mutual.

Re•cip´ro•cal, n. 1. That which is reciprocal to another thing. “Corruption is a reciprocal to generation.” Bacon. 2. (Arith. & Alg.) The quotient arising from dividing unity by any quantity; thus, ¼ is the reciprocal of 4; 1/(a +b) is the reciprocal of a + b. The reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction inverted, or the denominator divided by the numerator.

Re•cip•ro•cal´i•ty (-kal´i•ty), n. The quality or condition of being reciprocal; reciprocalness. [R.]

Re•cip´ro•cal•ly (re•sip´ro•kal•ly), adv. 1. In a reciprocal manner; so that each affects the other, and is equally affected by it; interchangeably; mutually. “These two particles do reciprocally affect each other with the same force.” Bentley. 2. (Math.) In the manner of reciprocals. Reciprocally proportional (Arith. & Alg.), proportional, as two variable quantities, so that the one shall have a constant ratio to the reciprocal of the other.

Re•cip´ro•cal•ness (re•sip´ro•kal•nes), n. The quality or condition of being reciprocal; mutual return; alternateness.

Re•cip´ro•cate (-kat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reciprocated (- ka•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Reciprocating.] [L. reciprocatus, p. p. of reciprocare. See Reciprocal.] To move forward and backward alternately; to recur in vicissitude; to act interchangeably; to alternate. “One brawny smith the puffing bellows plies,
And draws and blows reciprocating air.” Dryden. Reciprocating engine, a steam, air, or gas engine, etc., in which the piston moves back and forth; — in distinction from a rotary engine, in which the piston travels continuously in one direction in a circular path. — Reciprocating motion (Mech.), motion alternately backward and forward, or up and down, as of a piston rod.

Re•cip´ro•cate, v. t. To give and return mutually; to make return for; to give in return; to interchange; to alternate; as to reciprocate favors. Cowper.

Re•cip•ro•ca´tion (-ka´shun), n. [L. reciprocatio: cf. F. reciprocation.] 1. The act of reciprocating; interchange of acts; a mutual giving and returning; as the reciprocation of kindnesses. 2. Alternate recurrence or action; as the reciprocation of the sea in the flow and ebb of tides. Sir T. Browne.

Rec•i•proc´i•ty (res•i•pros´i•ty), n. [Cf. F. reciprocite. See Reciprocal.] 1. Mutual action and reaction. 2. Reciprocal advantages, obligations, or rights; reciprocation. Reciprocity treaty, or Treaty of reciprocity, a treaty concluded between two countries, conferring equal privileges as regards customs or charges on imports, or in other respects. Syn. — Reciprocation; interchange; mutuality.

Re•cip•ro•cor´nous (re•sip•ro•kôr´nus), a. [L. reciprocus returning, reciprocal + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Having horns turning backward and then forward, like those of a ram. [R.] Ash.

Re•cip´ro•cous (re•sip´ro•kus), a. Reciprocal. [Obs.]

Rec´i•prok (res´i•prok), a. [F. reciproque, L. reciprocus.] Reciprocal. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Rec´i•proque (res´i•prok), a. & n. [F. reciproque.] Reciprocal. Bacon.

Re•ci´sion (re•sizh´un), n. [L. recisio, fr. recidere, recisum, to cut off; pref. re- re- + caedere to cut.] The act of cutting off. Sherwood.

Re•cit´al (re•sit´al), n. [From Recite.] 1. The act of reciting; the repetition of the words of another, or of a document; rehearsal; as the recital of testimony. 2. A telling in detail and due order of the particulars of anything, as of a law, an adventure, or a series of events; narration. Addison. 3. That which is recited; a story; a narration. 4. (Mus.) A vocal or instrumental performance by one person; — distinguished from concert; as a song recital; an organ, piano, or violin recital. 5. (Law) The formal statement, or setting forth, of some matter of fact in any deed or writing in order to explain the reasons on which the transaction is founded; the statement of matter in pleading introductory to some positive allegation. Burn. Syn. — Account; rehearsal; recitation; narration; description; explanation; enumeration; detail; narrative. See Account.

Rec•i•ta´tion (res•i•ta´shun), n. [L. recitatio: cf. F. recitation. See Recite.] 1. The act of reciting; rehearsal; repetition of words or sentences. Hammond. 2. The delivery before an audience of something committed to memory, especially as an elocutionary exhibition; also that which is so delivered. 3. (Colleges and Schools) The rehearsal of a lesson by pupils before their instructor.

Rec•i•ta•tive´ (res•i•ta•tev´), n. [It. recitativo, or F. recitatif. See Recite.] (Mus.) A species of musical recitation in which the words are delivered in a manner resembling that of ordinary declamation; also a piece of music intended for such recitation; — opposed to melisma.

Rec•i•ta•tive´, a. Of or pertaining to recitation; intended for musical recitation or declamation; in the style or manner of recitative. — Rec•i•ta•tive´ly, adv.

Rec•i•ta•ti´vo (-te´vo), n. [It.] (Mus.) Recitative.

Re•cite´ (re•sit´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recited; p. pr. & vb. n. Reciting.] [F. reciter, fr. L. recitare, recitatum; pref. re- re- + citare to call or name, to cite. See Cite.] 1. To repeat, as something already prepared, written down, committed to memory, or the like; to deliver from a written or printed document, or from recollection; to rehearse; as to recite the words of an author, or of a deed or covenant. 2. To tell over; to go over in particulars; to relate; to narrate; as to recite past events; to recite the particulars of a voyage. 3. To rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor. 4. (Law) To state in or as a recital. See Recital, 5. Syn. — To rehearse; narrate; relate; recount; describe; recapitulate; detail; number; count.

Re•cite´, v. i. To repeat, pronounce, or rehearse, as before an audience, something prepared or committed to memory; to rehearse a lesson learned.

Re•cite´, n. A recital. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Re•cit´er (-sit´er), n. One who recites; also a book of extracts for recitation.

Reck (rek), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recked (rekt) (obs. imp. Roughte); p. pr. & vb. n. Recking.] [AS. reccan, recan, to care for; akin to OS. rokian, OHG. ruochan, G. geruhen, Icel. raekja, also to E. reckon, rake an implement. See Rake, and cf. Reckon.] 1. To make account of; to care for; to heed; to regard. [Archaic] “This son of mine not recking danger.” Sir P. Sidney. “And may you better reck the rede
Than ever did the adviser.” Burns. 2. To concern; — used impersonally. [Poetic] “What recks it them?” Milton.

Reck (rek), v. i. To make account; to take heed; to care; to mind; — often followed by of. [Archaic] “Then reck I not, when I have lost my life.” Chaucer. “I reck not though I end my life to- day.” Shak. “Of me she recks not, nor my vain desire.” M. Arnold.

Reck´less, a. [AS. recceleás, receleás.] 1. Inattentive to duty; careless; neglectful; indifferent. Chaucer. 2. Rashly negligent; utterly careless or heedless. “It made the king as reckless as them diligent.” Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — Heedless; careless; mindless; thoughtless; negligent; indifferent; regardless; unconcerned; inattentive; remiss; rash. — Reck´less•ly, adv. — Reck´less•ness, n.

Reck´ling (-ling), a. Needing care; weak; feeble; as a reckling child. H. Taylor. — n. A weak child or animal. Tennyson.

Reck´on (rek´’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reckoned (-’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reckoning.] [OE. rekenen, AS. gerecenian to explain; akin to D. rekenen to reckon, G. rechnen, OHG. rehhanon (cf. Goth. rahnjan), and to E. reck, rake an implement; the original sense probably being, to bring together, count together. See Reck, v. t.] 1. To count; to enumerate; to number; also to compute; to calculate. “The priest shall reckon to him the money according to the years that remain.” Lev. xxvii. 18. “I reckoned above two hundred and fifty on the outside of the church.” Addison. 2. To count as in a number, rank, or series; to estimate by rank or quality; to place by estimation; to account; to esteem; to repute. “He was reckoned among the transgressors.” Luke xxii. 37. “For him I reckon not in high estate.” Milton. 3. To charge, attribute, or adjudge to one, as having a certain quality or value. “Faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.” Rom. iv. 9. “Without her eccentricities being reckoned to her for a crime.” Hawthorne. 4. To conclude, as by an enumeration and balancing of chances; hence, to think; to suppose; — followed by an objective clause; as I reckon he won’t try that again. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Syn. — To number; enumerate; compute; calculate; estimate; value; esteem; account; repute. See Calculate, Guess.

Reck´on, v. i. 1. To make an enumeration or computation; to engage in numbering or computing. Shak. 2. To come to an accounting; to make up accounts; to settle; to examine and strike the balance of debt and credit; to adjust relations of desert or penalty. “´Parfay,´ sayst thou, ´sometime he reckon shall.´” Chaucer. To reckon for, to answer for; to pay the account for. ´If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for it one day.´ Bp. Sanderson. — To reckon on or upon, to count or depend on. — To reckon with, to settle accounts or claims with; — used literally or figuratively. “After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckoneth with them.” Matt. xxv. 19. — To reckon without one’s host, to ignore in a calculation or arrangement the person whose assent is essential; hence, to reckon erroneously.

Reck´on•er (-er), n. One who reckons or computes; also a book of calculations, tables, etc., to assist in reckoning. “Reckoners without their host must reckon twice.” Camden.

Reck´on•ing, n. 1. The act of one who reckons, counts, or computes; the result of reckoning or counting; calculation. Specifically: (a) An account of time. Sandys. (b) Adjustment of claims and accounts; settlement of obligations, liabilities, etc. “Even reckoning makes lasting friends, and the way to make reckonings even is to make them often.” South. “He quitted London, never to return till the day of a terrible and memorable reckoning had arrived.” Macaulay. 2. The charge or account made by a host at an inn. “A coin would have a nobler use than to pay a reckoning.” Addison. 3. Esteem; account; estimation. “You make no further reckoning of it [beauty] than of an outward fading benefit nature bestowed.” Sir P. Sidney. 4. (Navigation) (a) The calculation of a ship’s position, either from astronomical observations, or from the record of the courses steered and distances sailed as shown by compass and log, — in the latter case called dead reckoning (see under Dead); — also used for dead reckoning in contradistinction to observation. (b) The position of a ship as determined by calculation. To be out of her reckoning, to be at a distance from the place indicated by the reckoning; — said of a ship.

Re•claim´ (re•klam´), v. t. To claim back; to demand the return of as a right; to attempt to recover possession of. “A tract of land [Holland] snatched from an element perpetually reclaiming its prior occupancy.” W. Coxe.

Re•claim´ (re•klam´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reclaimed (-klamd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reclaiming.] [F. reclamer, L. reclamare, reclamatum, to cry out against; pref. re- re- + clamare to call or cry aloud. See Claim.] 1. To call back, as a hawk to the wrist in falconry, by a certain customary call. Chaucer. 2. To call back from flight or disorderly action; to call to, for the purpose of subduing or quieting. “The headstrong horses hurried Octavius … along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them.” Dryden. 3. To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to bring under discipline; — said especially of birds trained for the chase, but also of other animals. ´An eagle well reclaimed.´ Dryden. 4. Hence: To reduce to a desired state by discipline, labor, cultivation, or the like; to rescue from being wild, desert, waste, submerged, or the like; as to reclaim wild land, overflowed land, etc. 5. To call back to rectitude from moral wandering or transgression; to draw back to correct deportment or course of life; to reform. “It is the intention of Providence, in all the various expressions of his goodness, to reclaim mankind.” Rogers. 6. To correct; to reform; — said of things. [Obs.] “Your error, in time reclaimed, will be venial.” Sir E. Hoby. 7. To exclaim against; to gainsay. [Obs.] Fuller. Syn. — To reform; recover; restore; amend; correct.

Re•claim´ (re•klam´), v. i. 1. To cry out in opposition or contradiction; to exclaim against anything; to contradict; to take exceptions. “Scripture reclaims, and the whole Catholic church reclaims, and Christian ears would not hear it.” Waterland. “At a later period Grote reclaimed strongly against Mill’s setting Whately above Hamilton.” Bain. 2. To bring anyone back from evil courses; to reform. “They, hardened more by what might most reclaim,
Grieving to see his glory, … took envy.” Milton. 3. To draw back; to give way. [R. & Obs.] Spenser.

Re•claim´, n. The act of reclaiming, or the state of being reclaimed; reclamation; recovery. [Obs.]

Re•claim´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. That may be reclaimed.

Re•claim´ant (-ant), n. [Cf. F. reclamant, p. pr.] One who reclaims; one who cries out against or contradicts. Waterland.

Re•claim´er (-er), n. One who reclaims.

Re•claim´less, a. That can not be reclaimed.

Rec•la•ma´tion (rek•la•ma´shun), n. [F. reclamation, L. reclamatio. See Reclaim.] 1. The act or process of reclaiming. 2. Representation made in opposition; remonstrance. “I would now, on the reclamation both of generosity and of justice, try clemency.” Landor.

Re•clasp´ (re•klasp´), v. i. To clasp or unite again.

Re•clin´ant (re•klin´ant), a. [L. reclinans, p. pr. See Recline.] Bending or leaning backward.

Rec´li•nate (rek´li•nat), a. [L. reclinatus, p. p.] (Bot.) Reclined, as a leaf; bent downward, so that the point, as of a stem or leaf, is lower than the base.

Rec•li•na´tion (rek•li•na´shun), n. [Cf. F. reclinaison.] 1. The act of leaning or reclining, or the state of being reclined. 2. (Dialing) The angle which the plane of the dial makes with a vertical plane which it intersects in a horizontal line. Brande & C. 3. (Surg.) The act or process of removing a cataract, by applying the needle to its anterior surface, and depressing it into the vitreous humor in such a way that the front surface of the cataract becomes the upper one and its back surface the lower one. Dunglison.

Re•cline´ (re•klin´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reclined (-klind´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reclining.] [L. reclinare; pref. re- re- + clinare to lean, incline. See Incline, Lean to incline.] To cause or permit to lean, incline, rest, etc.; to place in a recumbent position; as to recline the head on the hand. “The mother
Reclined her dying head upon his breast.” Dryden.

Re•cline´, v. i. 1. To lean or incline; as to recline against a wall. 2. To assume, or to be in, a recumbent position; as to recline on a couch.

Re•cline´, a. [L. reclinis. See Recline, v. t.] Having a reclining posture; leaning; reclining. [R.] “They sat, recline
On the soft downy bank, damasked with flowers.” Milton.

Re•clined´ (re•klind´), a. (Bot.) Falling or turned downward; reclinate.

Re•clin´er (re•klin´er), n. One who, or that which, reclines.

Re•clin´ing, a. (Bot.) (a) Bending or curving gradually back from the perpendicular. (b) Recumbent. Reclining dial, a dial whose plane is inclined to the vertical line through its center. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.).

Re•close´ (re•kloz´), v. t. To close again. Pope.

Re•clothe´ (re•kloth´), v. t. To clothe again.

Re•clude´ (re•klud´), v. t. [L. recludere to unclose, open; pref. re- again, back, un- + claudere to shut.] To open; to unclose. [R.] Harvey.

Re•cluse´ (re•klus´), a. [F. reclus, L. reclusus, from recludere, reclusum, to unclose, open, in LL., to shut up. See Close.] Shut up; sequestered; retired from the world or from public notice; solitary; living apart; as a recluse monk or hermit; a recluse life. “In meditation deep, recluse
From human converse.” J. Philips.

Re•cluse´, n. [F. reclus, LL. reclusus. See Recluse, a.] 1. A person who lives in seclusion from intercourse with the world, as a hermit or monk; specifically, one of a class of secluded devotees who live in single cells, usually attached to monasteries. 2. The place where a recluse dwells. [Obs.] Foxe.

Re•cluse´, v. t. To shut up; to seclude. [Obs.]

Re•cluse´ly, adv. In a recluse or solitary manner.

Re•cluse´ness, n. Quality or state of being recluse.

Re•clu´sion (-klu´zhun), n. [LL. reclusio: cf. F. reclusion.] A state of retirement from the world; seclusion.

Re•clu´sive (-siv), a. Affording retirement from society. ´Some reclusive and religious life.´ Shak.

Re•clu´so•ry (-so•ry), n. [LL. reclusorium.] The habitation of a recluse; a hermitage.

Re•coct´ (re•kokt´), v. t. [L. recoctus, p. p. of recoquere to cook or boil over again. See Re-, and 4th Cook.] To boil or cook again; hence, to make over; to vamp up; to reconstruct. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Re•coc´tion (re•kok´shun), n. A second coction or preparation; a vamping up.

Rec•og•ni´tion (rek•og•nish´un), n. [L. recognitio: cf. F. recognition. See Recognizance.] The act of recognizing, or the state of being recognized; acknowledgment; formal avowal; knowledge confessed or avowed; notice. “The lives of such saints had, at the time of their yearly memorials, solemn recognition in the church of God.” Hooker.

Re•cog´ni•tor (re•kog´ni•ter), n. [LL.] (Law) One of a jury impaneled on an assize. Blackstone.

Re•cog´ni•to•ry (-to•ry), a. Pertaining to, or connected with, recognition. Lamb.

Rec•og•ni•za•bil´i•ty (rek•og•ni•za•bil´i•ty), n. The quality or condition of being recognizable.

Rec´og•ni•za•ble (rek´og•ni•za•b’l or re•kog´ni-; 277), a. Capable of being recognized. [Written also recognisable.] — Rec´og•ni•za•bly, adv.

Re•cog´ni•zance (re•kog´ni•zans or re•kon´i-), n. [F. reconnaissance, OF. recognoissance, fr. recognoissant, p. pr. of recognoistre to recognize, F. reconnaître, fr. L. recognoscere; pref. re- re- + cognoscere to know. See Cognizance, Know, and cf. Recognize, Reconnoissance.] [Written also recognisance.] 1. (Law) (a) An obligation of record entered into before some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, with condition to do some particular act, as to appear at the same or some other court, to keep the peace, or pay a debt. A recognizance differs from a bond, being witnessed by the record only, and not by the party’s seal. (b) The verdict of a jury impaneled upon assize. Cowell. Among lawyers the g in this and the related words (except recognize) is usually silent. 2. A token; a symbol; a pledge; a badge. “That recognizance and pledge of love
Which I first gave her.” Shak. 3. Acknowledgment of a person or thing; avowal; profession; recognition.

Re•cog•ni•za´tion (-za´shun), n. Recognition. [R.]

Rec´og•nize (rek´og•niz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recognized (- nizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Recognizing (- ni•zing).] [From Recognizance; see Cognition, and cf. Reconnoiter.] [Written also recognise.] 1. To know again; to perceive the identity of, with a person or thing previously known; to recover or recall knowledge of. “Speak, vassal; recognize thy sovereign queen.” Harte. 2. To avow knowledge of; to allow that one knows; to consent to admit, hold, or the like; to admit with a formal acknowledgment; as to recognize an obligation; to recognize a consul. 3. To acknowledge acquaintance with, as by salutation, bowing, or the like. 4. To show appreciation of; as to recognize services by a testimonial. 5. To review; to reëxamine. [Obs.] South. 6. To reconnoiter. [Obs.] R. Monro. Syn. — To acknowledge; avow; confess; own; allow; concede. See Acknowledge.

Rec´og•nize, v. i. (Law) To enter an obligation of record before a proper tribunal; as A B recognized in the sum of twenty dollars. [Written also recognise.] In legal usage in the United States the second syllable is often accented.

Re•cog•ni•zee´ (re•kog•ni•ze´ or re•kon•i•ze´), n. (Law) The person in whose favor a recognizance is made. [Written also recognisee.] Blackstone.

Rec´og•ni•zer (rek´og•ni•zer), n. One who recognizes; a recognizor. [Written also recogniser.]

Re•cog•ni•zor´ (re•kog•ni•zôr´ or re•kon•i•zôr´), n. (Law) One who enters into a recognizance. [Written also recognisor.] Blackstone.

Rec´og•nosce (rek´og•nos), v. t. [L. recognoscere. See Recognizance.] To recognize. [R. & Obs.] Boyle.

Re•coil´ (re•koil´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Recoiled (-koild´); p. pr. & vb. n. Recoiling.] [OE. recoilen, F. reculer, fr. L. pref. re- re- + culus the fundament. The English word was perhaps influenced in form by accoil.] 1. To start, roll, bound, spring, or fall back; to take a reverse motion; to be driven or forced backward; to return. “Evil on itself shall back recoil.” Milton. “The solemnity of her demeanor made it impossible … that we should recoil into our ordinary spirits.” De Quincey. 2. To draw back, as from anything repugnant, distressing, alarming, or the like; to shrink. Shak. 3. To turn or go back; to withdraw one’s self; to retire. [Obs.] ´To your bowers recoil.´ Spenser.

Re•coil´, v. t. To draw or go back. [Obs.] Spenser.

Re•coil´, n. 1. A starting or falling back; a rebound; a shrinking; as the recoil of nature, or of the blood. 2. The state or condition of having recoiled. “The recoil from formalism is skepticism.” F. W. Robertson. 3. Specifically, the reaction or rebounding of a firearm when discharged. Recoil dynamometer (Gunnery), an instrument for measuring the force of the recoil of a firearm. — Recoil escapement. See the Note under Escapement.

Re•coil´er (-er), n. One who, or that which, recoils.

Re•coil´ing•ly, adv. In the manner of a recoil.

Re•coil´ment, n. [Cf. F. reculement.] Recoil. [R.]

Re•coin´ (re•koin´), v. t. To coin anew or again.

Re•coin´age (-aj), n. 1. The act of coining anew. 2. That which is coined anew.

Re•-col•lect´ (re•kol•lekt´), v. t. [Pref. re- + collect.] To collect again; to gather what has been scattered; as to re- collect routed troops. “God will one day raise the dead, re-collecting our scattered dust.” Barrow.

Rec•ol•lect´ (rek•ol•lekt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recollected; p. pr. & vb. n. Recollecting.] [Pref. re- + collect: cf. L. recolligere, recollectum, to collect. Cf. Recollet.] 1. To recover or recall the knowledge of; to bring back to the mind or memory; to remember. 2. Reflexively, to compose one’s self; to recover self-command; as to recollect one’s self after a burst of anger; — sometimes, formerly, in the perfect participle. “The Tyrian queen …
Admired his fortunes, more admired the man;
Then recollected stood.” Dryden.

Rec´ol•lect (rek´ol•lekt), n. [See Recollet.] (Eccl.) A friar of the Strict Observance, — an order of Franciscans. [Written also Recollet.] Addis & Arnold.

Rec•ol•lec´tion (r?k•?l•l?k´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. recollection.] 1. The act of recollecting, or recalling to the memory; the operation by which objects are recalled to the memory, or ideas revived in the mind; reminiscence; remembrance. 2. The power of recalling ideas to the mind, or the period within which things can be recollected; remembrance; memory; as an event within my recollection. 3. That which is recollected; something called to mind; reminiscence. ´One of his earliest recollections.´ Macaulay. 4. The act or practice of collecting or concentrating the mind; concentration; self-control. [Archaic] “From such an education Charles contracted habits of gravity and recollection.” Robertson. Syn. — Reminiscence; remembrance. See Memory.

Rec•ol•lect´ive (-l?k´t?v), a. Having the power of recollecting. J. Foster.

Rec´ol•let (r?k´?l•l?t; F. r?•k?•l?´), n. [F. recollet, fr. L. recollectus, p. p. of recolligere to gather again, to gather up; NL., to collect one’s self, esp. for religious contemplation.] (Eccl.) Same as Recollect, n.

Re•col•o•ni•za´tion (r?•k?l•?•n?•z?´sh?n), n. A second or renewed colonization.

Re•col´o•nize (r?•k?l´?•n?z), v. t. To colonize again.

Re•com•bi•na´tion (r?•k?m•b?•n?´sh?n), n. Combination a second or additional time.

Re•com•bine´ (r?•k?m•b?n´), v. t. To combine again.

Re•com´fort (r?•k?m´f?rt), v. t. [Pref. re- + comfort: cf. F. reconforter.] To comfort again; to console anew; to give new strength to. Bacon. “Gan her recomfort from so sad affright.” Spenser.

Re•com´fort•less, a. Without comfort. [Obs.]

Re•com´for•ture (-f?r•t?r;135), n. The act of recomforting; restoration of comfort. [Obs.] Shak.

Re•com•mence´ (r?•k?m•m?ns´), v. i. 1. To commence or begin again. Howell. 2. To begin anew to be; to act again as. [Archaic.] “He seems desirous enough of recommencing courtier.” Johnson.

Re•com•mence´, v. t. [Pref. re- + commence: cf. F. recommencer.] To commence again or anew.

Re•com•mence´ment (-ment), n. A commencement made anew.

Rec•om•mend´ (r?k•?m•m?nd´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recommended; p. pr. & vb. n. Recommending.] [Pref. re- + commend: cf. F. recommander.] 1. To commend to the favorable notice of another; to commit to another’s care, confidence, or acceptance, with favoring representations; to put in a favorable light before any one; to bestow commendation on; as he recommended resting the mind and exercising the body. “Maecenas recommended Virgil and Horace to Augustus, whose praises … have made him precious to posterity.” Dryden. 2. To make acceptable; to attract favor to. “A decent boldness ever meets with friends,
Succeeds, and e’en a stranger recommends.” Pope. 3. To commit; to give in charge; to commend. “Paul chose Silas and departed, being recommended by the brethren unto the grace of God.” Acts xv. 40.

Rec•om•mend´a•ble (-?•b’l), a. [Cf. F. recommandable.] Suitable to be recommended; worthy of praise; commendable. Glanvill. — Rec•om•mend´a•ble•ness, n. — Rec•om•mend´a•bly, adv.

Rec•om•men•da´tion (r?k•?m•m?n•d?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. recommandation.] 1. The act of recommending. 2. That which recommends, or commends to favor; anything procuring, or tending to procure, a favorable reception, or to secure acceptance and adoption; as he brought excellent recommendations. 3. The state of being recommended; esteem. [R.] “The burying of the dead … hath always been had in an extraordinary recommendation amongst the ancient.” Sir T. North.

Rec•om•mend´a•tive (-m?nd´?•t?v), n. That which recommends; a recommendation. [Obs.]

Rec•om•mend´a•to•ry (-?•t?•r?), a. Serving to recommend; recommending; commendatory. Swift.

Rec•om•mend´er (-?r), n. One who recommends.

Re•com•mis´sion (r?•k?m•m?sh?n), v. t. To commission again; to give a new commission to. “Officers whose time of service had expired were to be recommissioned.” Marshall.

Re•com•mit´ (-m?t´), v. t. To commit again; to give back into keeping; specifically, to refer again to a committee; as to recommit a bill to the same committee. { Re•com•mit´ment (-ment), Re•com•mit´tal (-?l), } n. A second or renewed commitment; a renewed reference to a committee.

Re•com•pact´ (-p?kt´), v. t. To compact or join anew. ´Recompact my scattered body.´ Donne.

Re•com•pen•sa´tion (r?•k?m•p?n•s?´sh?n), n. [Cf. LL. recompensatio.] 1. Recompense. [Obs.] 2. (Scots Law) Used to denote a case where a set-off pleaded by the defendant is met by a set-off pleaded by the plaintiff.

Rec´om•pense (rek´om•pens), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recompensed (-p?nst); p. pr. & vb. n. Recompensing (-p?n•s?ng).] [F. recompenser, LL. recompensare, fr.L. pref. re- re- + compensare to compensate. See Compensate.] 1. To render an equivalent to, for service, loss, etc.; to requite; to remunerate; to compensate. “He can not recompense me better.” Shak. 2. To return an equivalent for; to give compensation for; to atone for; to pay for. “God recompenseth the gift.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “To recompense
My rash, but more unfortunate, misdeed.” Milton. 3. To give in return; to pay back; to pay, as something earned or deserved. [R.] “Recompense to no man evil for evil.” Rom. xii. 17. Syn. — To repay; requite; compensate; reward; remunerate.

Rec´om•pense (r?k´?m•p?ns), v. i. To give recompense; to make amends or requital. [Obs.]

Rec´om•pense, n. [Cf. F. recompense.] An equivalent returned for anything done, suffered, or given; compensation; requital; suitable return. “To me belongeth vengeance, and recompense.” Deut. xxii. 35. “And every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense of reward.” Heb. ii. 2. Syn. — Repayment; compensation; remuneration; amends; satisfaction; reward; requital.

Rec´om•pense•ment (-p?ns•m?nt), n. Recompense; requital. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Rec´om•pen•ser (-p?n•s?r), n. One who recompenses. “A thankful recompenser of the benefits received.” Foxe.

Rec´om•pen•sive (-s?v), a. Of the nature of recompense; serving to recompense. Sir T. Browne.

Re•com•pi•la´tion (r?•k?m•p?•l?´tion), n. A new compilation.

Re•com•pile´ (re•kom•pil´), v. t. To compile anew.

Re•com•pile´ment (-ment), n. The act of recompiling; new compilation or digest; as a recompilement of the laws. Bacon.

Re•com•pose´ (-p?z´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recomposed (-p?zd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Recomposing.] [Pref. re- + compose: cf. F. recomposer.] 1. To compose again; to form anew; to put together again or repeatedly. “The far greater number of the objects presented to our observation can only be decomposed, but not actually recomposed.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. To restore to composure; to quiet anew; to tranquilize; as to recompose the mind. Jer. Taylor.

Re•com•pos´er (-p?z´?r), n. One who recomposes.

Re•com•po•si´tion (r?•k?m•p?z?sh?n), n. [Cf. F. recomposition.] The act of recomposing.

Rec´on•ci•la•ble (r?k´?n•s?•l?•b’l), a. [Cf. F. reconciliable.] Capable of being reconciled; as reconcilable adversaries; an act reconciable with previous acts. “The different accounts of the numbers of ships are reconcilable.” Arbuthnot. — Rec´on•ci•la•ble•ness, n. — Rec´on•ci•la•bly, adv.

Rec´on•cile (-s?l•), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reconciled (-s?ld•); p. pr. & vb. n. Reconciling.] [F. reconcilier, L. reconciliare; pref. re- re- + conciliare to bring together, to unite. See Conciliate.] 1. To cause to be friendly again; to conciliate anew; to restore to friendship; to bring back to harmony; to cause to be no longer at variance; as to reconcile persons who have quarreled. “Propitious now and reconciled by prayer.” Dryden. “The church [if defiled] is interdicted till it be reconciled [i.e., restored to sanctity] by the bishop.” Chaucer. “We pray you … be ye reconciled to God.” 2 Cor. v. 20. 2. To bring to acquiescence, content, or quiet submission; as to reconcile one’s self to affictions. 3. To make consistent or congruous; to bring to agreement or suitableness; — followed by with or to. “The great men among the ancients understood how to reconcile manual labor with affairs of state.” Locke. “Some figures monstrous and misshaped appear,
Considered singly, or beheld too near;
Which, but proportioned to their light or place,
Due distance reconciles to form and grace.” Pope. 4. To adjust; to settle; as to reconcile differences. Syn. — To reunite; conciliate; placate; propitiate; pacify; appease.

Rec´on•cile, v. i. To become reconciled. [Obs.]

Rec´on•cile•ment (-ment), n. Reconciliation. Milton.

Rec´on•ci•ler (-s?•l?r), n. One who reconciles.

Rec•on•cil•i•a´tion (-s?l•?•?´sh?n), n. [F. reconciliation, L. reconciliatio.] 1. The act of reconciling, or the state of being reconciled; reconcilenment; restoration to harmony; renewal of friendship. “Reconciliation and friendship with God really form the basis of all rational and true enjoyment.” S. Miller. 2. Reduction to congruence or consistency; removal of inconsistency; harmony. “A clear and easy reconciliation of those seeming inconsistencies of Scripture.” D. Rogers. Syn. — Reconcilement; reunion; pacification; appeasement; propitiation; atonement; expiation.

Rec•on•cil´i•a•to•ry (-s?l´?•?•t?•r?), a. Serving or tending to reconcile. Bp. Hall.

Re•con•den•sa´tion (r?•k?n•d?n•s?´sh?n), n. The act or process of recondensing.

Re•con•dense´ (re•kon•dens´), v. t. To condense again.

Rec´on•dite (r?k´?n•d?t or r?•k?n´d?t; 277), a. [L. reconditus, p. p. of recondere to put up again, to lay up, to conceal; pref. re- re- + condere to bring or lay together. See Abscond.] 1. Hidden from the mental or intellectual view; secret; abstruse; as recondite causes of things. 2. Dealing in things abstruse; profound; searching; as recondite studies. ´Recondite learning.´ Bp. Horsley.

Re•con´di•to•ry (r?k?n´d?•t?•r?), n. [LL. reconditorium.] A repository; a storehouse. [Obs.] Ash.

Re•con•duct´ (re•kon•dukt´), v. t. To conduct back or again. ´A guide to reconduct thy steps.´ Dryden.

Re•con•firm´ (-f?rm´), v. t. [Pref. re- + confirm: cf. F. reconfirmer.] To confirm anew. Clarendon.

Re•con•fort´ (-f?rt´), v. t. [F. reconforter.] To recomfort; to comfort. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•con•join´ (r?•k?n•join´), v. t. To join or conjoin anew. Boyle. { Re•con´nois•sance , Re•con´nais•sance } (r?- k?n´n?s-s?ns), n. [F. See Recognizance.] The act of reconnoitering; preliminary examination or survey. Specifically: (a) (Geol.) An examination or survey of a region in reference to its general geological character. (b) (Engin.) An examination of a region as to its general natural features, preparatory to a more particular survey for the purposes of triangulation, or of determining the location of a public work. (c) (Mil.) An examination of a territory, or of an enemy’s position, for the purpose of obtaining information necessary for directing military operations; a preparatory expedition. Reconnoissance in force (Mil.), a demonstration or attack by a large force of troops for the purpose of discovering the position and strength of an enemy. { Rec•on•noi´ter , Rec•on•noi´tre } (r?k•?n•noi´t?r), v. t. [F. reconnoitre, a former spelling of reconnaître. See Recognize.] 1. To examine with the eye to make a preliminary examination or survey of; esp., to survey with a view to military or engineering operations. 2. To recognize. [Obs.] Sir H. Walpole.

Re•con´quer (r?•k?n´k?r), v. t. [Pref. re- + conquer: cf. F. reconquerir.] To conquer again; to recover by conquest; as to reconquer a revolted province.

Re•con´quest (-kw?st), n. A second conquest.

Re•con´se•crate (-k?n´s?•kr?t), v. t. To consecrate anew or again.

Re•con•se•cra´tion, n. Renewed consecration.

Re•con•sid´er (r?•k?n•s?d´?r), v. t. 1. To consider again; as to reconsider a subject. 2. (Parliamentary Practice) To take up for renewed consideration, as a motion or a vote which has been previously acted upon.

Re•con•sid•er•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. The act of reconsidering, or the state of being reconsidered; as the reconsideration of a vote in a legislative body.

Re•con´so•late (r?•k?n´s?•l?t), v. t. To console or comfort again. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Re•con•sol´i•date (r?•k?n•s?l´?•d?t), v. t. To consolidate anew or again.

Re•con•sol•i•da´tion (-d?´sh?n), n. The act or process of reconsolidating; the state of being reconsolidated.

Re•con•struct´ (-str?kt´), v. t. To construct again; to rebuild; to remodel; to form again or anew. “Regiments had been dissolved and reconstructed.” Macaulay.

Re•con•struc´tion (-str?k´sh?n), n. 1. The act of constructing again; the state of being reconstructed. 2. (U.S. Politics) The act or process of reorganizing the governments of the States which had passed ordinances of secession, and of reëstablishing their constitutional relations to the national government, after the close of the Civil War.

Re•con•struct´ive (-str?k´t?v), a. Reconstructing; tending to reconstruct; as a reconstructive policy.

Re•con•tin´u•ance (-t?n´?•?ns), n. The act or state of recontinuing.

Re•con•tin´ue (-?), v. t. & i. To continue anew.

Re•con•vene´ (r?•k?n•v?n´), v. t. & i. To convene or assemble again; to call or come together again.

Re•con•ven´tion (-v?n´sh?n), n. (Civil Law) A cross demand; an action brought by the defendant against the plaintiff before the same judge. Burrill. Bouvier.

Re•con•ver´sion (-v?r´sh?n), n. A second conversion.

Re•con•vert´ (-v?rt´), v. t. To convert again. Milton.

Re•con´vert (r?•k?n´v?rt), n. A person who has been reconverted. Gladstone.

Re•con•vert´i•ble (r?•k?n•v?rt´?•b’l), a. (Chem.) Capable of being reconverted; convertible again to the original form or condition.

Re•con•vey´ (-v?´), v. t. 1. To convey back or to the former place; as to reconvey goods. 2. To transfer back to a former owner; as to reconvey an estate.

Re•con•vey´ance (-v?´?ns), n. Act of reconveying.

Re•cop´y (r?•k?p´?), v. t. To copy again.

Re•cord´ (r?•k?rd´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Recording.] [OE. recorden to repeat, remind, F. recorder, fr. L. recordari to remember; pref. re- re- + cor, cordis, the heart or mind. See Cordial, Heart.] 1. To recall to mind; to recollect; to remember; to meditate. [Obs.] ´I it you record.´ Chaucer. 2. To repeat; to recite; to sing or play. [Obs.] “They longed to see the day, to hear the lark
Record her hymns, and chant her carols blest.” Fairfax. 3. To preserve the memory of, by committing to writing, to printing, to inscription, or the like; to make note of; to write or enter in a book or on parchment, for the purpose of preserving authentic evidence of; to register; to enroll; as to record the proceedings of a court; to record historical events. “Those things that are recorded of him … are written in the chronicles of the kings.” 1 Esd. i. 42. To record a deed, mortgage, lease, etc., to have a copy of the same entered in the records of the office designated by law, for the information of the public.

Re•cord´, v. i. 1. To reflect; to ponder. [Obs.] “Praying all the way, and recording upon the words which he before had read.” Fuller. 2. To sing or repeat a tune. [Obs.] Shak. “Whether the birds or she recorded best.” W. Browne.

Rec´ord (rek´erd), n. [OF. recort, record, remembrance, attestation, record. See Record, v. t.] 1. A writing by which some act or event, or a number of acts or events, is recorded; a register; as a record of the acts of the Hebrew kings; a record of the variations of temperature during a certain time; a family record. 2. Especially: (a) An official contemporaneous writing by which the acts of some public body, or public officer, are recorded; as a record of city ordinances; the records of the receiver of taxes. (b) An authentic official copy of a document which has been entered in a book, or deposited in the keeping of some officer designated by law. (c) An official contemporaneous memorandum stating the proceedings of a court of justice; a judicial record. (d) The various legal papers used in a case, together with memoranda of the proceedings of the court; as it is not permissible to allege facts not in the record. 3. Testimony; witness; attestation. “John bare record, saying.” John i. 32. 4. That which serves to perpetuate a knowledge of acts or events; a monument; a memorial. 5. That which has been, or might be, recorded; the known facts in the course, progress, or duration of anything, as in the life of a public man; as a politician with a good or a bad record. 6. That which has been publicly achieved in any kind of competitive sport as recorded in some authoritative manner, as the time made by a winning horse in a race. Court of record (pron. r•krd´ in Eng.), a court whose acts and judicial proceedings are written on parchment or in books for a perpetual memorial. — Debt of record, a debt which appears to be due by the evidence of a court of record, as upon a judgment or a cognizance. — Trial by record, a trial which is had when a matter of record is pleaded, and the opposite party pleads that there is no such record. In this case the trial is by inspection of the record itself, no other evidence being admissible. Blackstone. — To beat, or break, the record (Sporting), to surpass any performance of like kind as authoritatively recorded; as to break the record in a walking match.

Re•cord´ance (r?•k?rd´?ns), n. Remembrance. [Obs.]

Rec•or•da´tion (r?k•?r•d?´sh?n), n. [L. recordatio: cf. F. recordation. See Record, v. t.] Remembrance; recollection; also a record. [Obs.] Shak.

Re•cord´er (r?•k?rd´?r), n. 1. One who records; specifically, a person whose official duty it is to make a record of writings or transactions. 2. The title of the chief judical officer of some cities and boroughs; also of the chief justice of an East Indian settlement. The Recorder of London is judge of the Lord Mayor’s Court, and one of the commissioners of the Central Criminal Court. 3. (Mus.) A kind of wind instrument resembling the flageolet. [Obs.] ´Flutes and soft recorders.´ Milton.

Re•cord´er•ship, n. The office of a recorder.

Re•cord´ing, a. Keeping a record or a register; as a recording secretary; — applied to numerous instruments with an automatic appliance which makes a record of their action; as a recording gauge or telegraph.

Re•cor•por•i•fi•ca´tion (r?•k?r•p?r•?•f?•k?´sh?n), n. The act of investing again with a body; the state of being furnished anew with a body. [R.] Boyle.

Re•couch´ (r?•kouch´), v. i. [Pref. re- + couch: cf. F. recoucher.] To retire again to a couch; to lie down again. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Re•count´ (re•kount´), v. t. [Pref. re- + count.] To count or reckon again.

Re•count´, n. A counting again, as of votes.

Re•count´ (re•kount´), v. t. [F. raconter to relate, to recount; pref. re- again + (L. ad.) + conter to relate. See Count, v.] To tell over; to relate in detail; to recite; to tell or narrate the particulars of; to rehearse; to enumerate; as to recount one’s blessings. Dryden. “To all his angels, who, with true applause,
Recount his praises.” Milton.

Re•count•ment (-ment), n. Recital. [Obs.] Shak. { Re•coup´ , Re•coupe´ } (-k??p´), v. t. [F. recouper; pref. re- re- + couper to cut.] 1. (Law) To keep back rightfully (a part), as if by cutting off, so as to diminish a sum due; to take off (a part) from damages; to deduct; as where a landlord recouped the rent of premises from damages awarded to the plaintiff for eviction. 2. To get an equivalent or compensation for; as to recoup money lost at the gaming table; to recoup one’s losses in the share market. 3. To reimburse; to indemnify; — often used reflexively and in the passive. “Elizabeth had lost her venture; but if she was bold, she might recoup herself at Philip’s cost.” Froude. “Industry is sometimes recouped for a small price by extensive custom.” Duke of Argyll.

Re•coup´er (r?•k??p´?r), n. One who recoups. Story.

Re•coup´ment (-ment), n. The act of recouping. Recoupment applies to equities growing out of the very affair from which thw principal demand arises, set-off to cross-demands which may be independent in origin. Abbott.

Re•course´ (r?•k?rs´), n. [F. recours, L. recursus a running back, return, fr. recurrere, recursum, to run back. See Recur.] 1. A coursing back, or coursing again, along the line of a previous coursing; renewed course; return; retreat; recurence. [Obs.] ´Swift recourse of flushing blood.´ Spenser. “Unto my first I will have my recourse.” Chaucer. “Preventive physic … preventeth sickness in the healthy, or the recourse thereof in the valetudinary.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Recurrence in difficulty, perplexity, need, or the like; access or application for aid; resort. “Thus died this great peer, in a time of great recourse unto him and dependence upon him.” Sir H. Wotton. “Our last recourse is therefore to our art.” Dryden. 3. Access; admittance. [Obs.] “Give me recourse to him.” Shak. Without recourse (Commerce), words sometimes added to the indorsement of a negotiable instrument to protect the indorser from liability to the indorsee and subsequent holders. It is a restricted indorsement.

Re•course´, v. i. 1. To return; to recur. [Obs.] “The flame departing and recoursing.” Foxe. 2. To have recourse; to resort. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Re•course´ful (-f?l), a. Having recurring flow and ebb; moving alternately. [Obs.] Drayton.

Re•cov´er (r?•k?v´?r), v. t. [Pref. re- + cover: cf. F. recouvrir.] To cover again. Sir W. Scott.

Re•cov´er (r?•k?v´?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recovered (-?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Recovering. ] [OE. recoveren, OF. recovrer, F. recouvrer, from L. recuperare; pref. re- re + a word of unknown origin. Cf.Recuperate.] 1. To get or obtain again; to get renewed possession of; to win back; to regain. “David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away.” 1. Sam. xxx. 18. 2. To make good by reparation; to make up for; to retrieve; to repair the loss or injury of; as to recover lost time. ´Loss of catel may recovered be.´ Chaucer. “Even good men have many failings and lapses to lament and recover.” Rogers. 3. To restore from sickness, faintness, or the like; to bring back to life or health; to cure; to heal. “The wine in my bottle will recover him.” Shak. 4. To overcome; to get the better of, — as a state of mind or body. “I do hope to recover my late hurt.” Cowley. “When I had recovered a little my first surprise.” De Foe. 5. To rescue; to deliver. “That they may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him.” 2. Tim. ii. 26. 6. To gain by motion or effort; to obtain; to reach; to come to. [Archaic] “The forest is not three leagues off;
If we recover that, we’re sure enough.” Shak. “Except he could recover one of the Cities of Refuge he was to die.” Hales. 7. (Law) To gain as a compensation; to obtain in return for injury or debt; as to recover damages in trespass; to recover debt and costs in a suit at law; to obtain title to by judgement in a court of law; as to recover lands in ejectment or common recovery; to gain by legal process; as to recover judgement against a defendant. Recover arms (Mil. Drill), a command whereby the piece is brought from the position of ´aim´ to that of ´ready.´ Syn. — To regain; repossess; resume; retrieve; recruit; heal; cure.

Re•cov´er (r?•k?v´?r), v. i. 1. To regain health after sickness; to grow well; to be restored or cured; hence, to regain a former state or condition after misfortune, alarm, etc.; — often followed by of or from; as to recover from a state of poverty; to recover from fright. “Go, inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I shall recover of this disease.” 2 Kings i. 2. 2. To make one’s way; to come; to arrive. [Obs.] “With much ado the Christians recovered to Antioch.” Fuller. 3. (Law) To obtain a judgement; to succeed in a lawsuit; as the plaintiff has recovered in his suit.

Re•cov´er, n. Recovery. Sir T. Malory.

Re•cov´er•a•ble (-?•b’l), a. [Cf. F. recouvrable.] Capable of being recovered or regained; capable of being brought back to a former condition, as from sickness, misfortune, etc.; obtainable from a debtor or possessor; as the debt is recoverable; goods lost or sunk in the ocean are not recoverable. “A prodigal course
Is like the sun’s; but not, like his, recoverable.” Shak. “If I am recoverable, why am I thus?” Cowper. — Re•cov´er•a•ble•ness, n.

Re cov´er•ance (-ans), n. Recovery. [Obs.]

Re•cov•er•ee´ (-e´), n. (Law) The person against whom a judgment is obtained in common recovery.

Re•cov´er•er (r?•k?v´?r•?r), n. One who recovers.

Re•cov•er•or´ (-?r), n. (Law) The demandant in a common recovery after judgment. Wharton.

Re•cov´er•y (r?•k?v´?r•?), n. 1. The act of recovering, regaining, or retaking possession. 2. Restoration from sickness, weakness, faintness, or the like; restoration from a condition of mistortune, of fright, etc. 3. (Law) The obtaining in a suit at law of a right to something by a verdict and judgment of court. 4. The getting, or gaining, of something not previously had. [Obs.] ´Help be past recovery.´ Tusser. 5. In rowing, the act of regaining the proper position for making a new stroke. Common recovery (Law), a species of common assurance or mode of conveying lands by matter of record, through the forms of an action at law, formerly in frequent use, but now abolished or obsolete, both in England and America. Burrill. Warren.

Rec´re•ance (r?k´r?•?ns), n. Recreancy.

Rec´re•an•cy (-an•s?), n. The quality or state of being recreant.

Rec´re•ant (-ant), a. [OF., cowardly, fr. recroire, recreire, to forsake, leave, tire, discourage, regard as conquered, LL. recredere se to declare one’s self conquered in combat; hence, those are called recrediti or recreanti who are considered infamous; L. pref. re- again, back + credere to believe, to be of opinion; hence, originally, to disavow one’s opinion. See Creed.] 1. Crying for mercy, as a combatant in the trial by battle; yielding; cowardly; mean-spirited; craven. ´This recreant knight.´ Spenser. 2. Apostate; false; unfaithful. “Who, for so many benefits received,
Turned recreant to God, ingrate and false.” Milton.

Rec´re•ant, n. One who yields in combat, and begs for mercy; a mean-spirited, cowardly wretch. Blackstone. “You are all recreants and dastards!” Shak.

Re•-cre•ate´ (r?•kr?•?t´), v. t. [Pref. re- + create.] To create or form anew. “On opening the campaign of 1776, instead of reënforcing, it was necessary to re-create, the army.” Marshall.

Rec´re•ate (rk´r•t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recreated (-•td); p. pr. & vb. n. Recreating.] [L. recreatus, p. p. of recreate to create anew, to refresh; pref. re- re- + creare to create. See Create.] To give fresh life to; to reanimate; to revive; especially, to refresh after wearying toil or anxiety; to relieve; to cheer; to divert; to amuse; to gratify. “Painters, when they work on white grounds, place before them colors mixed with blue and green, to recreate their eyes, white wearying … the sight more than any.” Dryden. “St. John, who recreated himself with sporting with a tame partridge.” Jer. Taylor. “These ripe fruits recreate the nostrils with their aromatic scent.” Dr. H. More.

Rec´re•ate, v. i. To take recreation. L. Addison.

Rec´re•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. [F. recreation, L. recreatio.] The act of recreating, or the state of being recreated; refreshment of the strength and spirits after toil; amusement; diversion; sport; pastime.

Re•-cre•a´tion (r?•kr?•?sh?n), n. [See Re-create.] A forming anew; a new creation or formation.

Re•-cre•a´tive (-?•t?v), a. Creating anew; as re-creative power.

Rec´re•a•tive (r?k´r?•?•t?v), a. [Cf. F. recreatif. See Recreate.] Tending to recreate or refresh; recreating; giving new vigor or animation; reinvigorating; giving relief after labor or pain; amusing; diverting. “Let the music of them be recreative.” Bacon. —- Rec´re•a•tive•ly, adv. — Rec´re•a•tive•ness, n.

Rec´re•ment (r?k´r?•ment), n. [L. recrementum; pref. re- re- + cernere, cretum, to separate, sift: cf. F. recrement.] 1. Superfluous matter separated from that which is useful; dross; scoria; as the recrement of ore. 2. (Med.) (a) Excrement. [Obs.] (a) A substance secreted from the blood and again absorbed by it.

Rec•re•men´tal (-m?n´tal), a. Recrementitious.

Rec•re•men•ti´tial (-m?n•t?sh´al), a. [Cf. F. recrementitiel.] (Med.) Of the nature of a recrement. See Recrement, 2 (b). ´Recrementitial fluids.´ Dunglison.

Rec•re•men•ti´tious (-t?sh´?s), a. Of or pertaining to recrement; consisting of recrement or dross. Boyle.

Re•crim´i•nate (r?•kr?m´?•n?t), v. i. [Pref. re- + criminate: cf. F. recriminer, LL. recriminare.] To return one charge or accusation with another; to charge back fault or crime upon an accuser. “It is not my business to recriminate, hoping sufficiently to clear myself in this matter.” Bp. Stillingfleet.

Re•crim´i•nate, v. t. To accuse in return. South.

Re•crim•i•na´tion (-n?´sh?n), n. [F. recrimination, LL. recriminatio.] The act of recriminating; an accusation brought by the accused against the accuser; a counter accusation. “Accusations and recriminations passed backward and forward between the contending parties.” Macaulay.

Re•crim´i•na•tive (-n?•t?v), a. Recriminatory.

Re•crim´i•na•tor (-n?•t?r), n. One who recriminates.

Re•crim´i•na•to•ry (-n?•t?•r?), a. [Cf. F. recriminatoire.] Having the quality of recrimination; retorting accusation; recriminating.

Re•cross´ (r?•kr?s´;115), v. t. To cross a second time.

Re•cru´den•cy (re•kru´den•sy), n. Recrudescence. { Re•cru•des´cence (r?•kr?•d?s´sens), Re•cru•des•cen•cy (-d?s´sen•s?), } n. [Cf. F. recrudescence.] 1. The state or condition of being recrudescent. “A recrudescence of barbarism may condemn it [land] to chronic poverty and waste.” Duke of Argyll. 2. (Med.) Increased severity of a disease after temporary remission. Dunglison.

Re•cru•des´cent (-sent), a. [L. recrudescens, -entis, p. pr. of recrudescere to become raw again; pref. re- re- + crudescere to become hard or raw: cf. F. recrudescent.] 1. Growing raw, sore, or painful again. 2. Breaking out again after temporary abatement or supression; as a recrudescent epidemic.

Re•cruit´ (r?•kr?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recruited; p. pr. & vb. n. Recruiting.] [F. recruter, corrupted (under influence of recrue recruiting, recruit, from recroî/tre, p. p. recrû, to grow again) from an older recluter, properly, to patch, to mend (a garment); pref. re- + OF. clut piece, piece of cloth; cf. Icel. klutr kerchief, E. clout.] 1. To repair by fresh supplies, as anything wasted; to remedy lack or deficiency in; as food recruits the flesh; fresh air and exercise recruit the spirits. “Her cheeks glow the brighter, recruiting their color.” Glanvill. 2. Hence, to restore the wasted vigor of; to renew in strength or health; to reinvigorate. 3. To supply with new men, as an army; to fill up or make up by enlistment; as he recruited two regiments; the army was recruited for a campaign; also to muster; to enlist; as he recruited fifty men. M. Arnold.

Re•cruit´, v. i. 1. To gain new supplies of anything wasted; to gain health, flesh, spirits, or the like; to recuperate; as lean cattle recruit in fresh pastures. 2. To gain new supplies of men for military or other service; to raise or enlist new soldiers; to enlist troops.

Re•cruit´, n. 1. A supply of anything wasted or exhausted; a reënforcement. “The state is to have recruits to its strength, and remedies to its distempers.” Burke. 2. Specifically, a man enlisted for service in the army; a newly enlisted soldier.

Re•cruit´er, n. One who, or that which, recruits.

Re•cruit´ment (-ment), n. The act or process of recruiting; especially, the enlistment of men for an army.

Re•crys•tal•li•za´tion (re•kris•tal•li•za´shun), n. (Chem. & Min.) The process or recrystallizing.

Re•crys´tal•lize (re•kris´tal•liz), v. i. & t. (Chem. & Min.) To crystallize again. Henry.

Rec´tal (r?k´tal), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rectum; in the region of the rectum.

Rec´tan•gle (r?k´t??•g’l), n. [F., fr. L. rectus right + angulus angle. See Right, and Angle.] (Geom.) A four-sided figure having only right angles; a right-angled parallelogram. As the area of a rectangle is expressed by the product of its two dimensions, the term rectangle is sometimes used for product; as the rectangle of a and b, that is, ab.

Rec´tan•gle, a. Rectangular. [R.]

Rec´tan•gled (-g’ld), a. Rectangular. Hutton.

Rec•tan´gu•lar (r?k•t?n´g?•l?r), a. [CF. F. rectangulaire.] Right-angled; having one or more angles of ninety degrees. — Rec•tan´gu•lar•ly (rk•tn´g•lr•l), adv. — Rec•tan´gu•lar•ness, n.

Rec•tan•gu•lar´i•ty (-l?r´?•t?), n. The quality or condition of being rectangular, or right- angled.

Rec´ti- (r?k´t?•). [L. rectus straight.] A combining form signifying straight; as rectilineal, having straight lines; rectinerved.

Rec´ti•fi•a•ble (r?k´t?•f?•?•b’l), a. 1. Capable of being rectified; as a rectifiable mistake. 2. (Math.) Admitting, as a curve, of the construction of a straight le equal in length to any definite portion of the curve.

Rec•ti•fi•ca´tion (r?k•t?•f?•k?1sh?n), n. [Cf. F. rectification.] 1. The act or operation of rectifying; as the rectification of an error; the rectification of spirits. “After the rectification of his views, he was incapable of compromise with profounder shapes of error.” De Quincey. 2. (Geom.) The determination of a straight line whose length is equal a portion of a curve. Rectification of a globe (Astron.), its adjustment preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem.

Rec´ti•fi•ca•tor (r?k´t?•f?•k?•t?r), n. (Chem.) That which rectifies or refines; esp., a part of a distilling apparatus in which the more volatile portions are separated from the less volatile by the process of evaporation and condensation; a rectifier.

Rec´ti•fi•er (r?k´t?•f?•?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, rectifies. 2. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) An instrument used for determining and rectifying the variations of the compass on board ship. (b) (Chem.) A rectificator.

Rec´ti•fy (-f?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rectified (-f?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Rectifying (-f?•?ng).] [F. rectifier, LL. rectificare; L. rectus right + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Right, and -fy.] 1. To make or set right; to correct from a wrong, erroneous, or false state; to amend; as to rectify errors, mistakes, or abuses; to rectify the will, the judgment, opinions; to rectify disorders. “I meant to rectify my conscience.” Shak. “This was an error of opinion which a conflicting opinion would have rectified.” Burke. 2. (Chem.) To refine or purify by repeated distillation or sublimation, by which the fine parts of a substance are separated from the grosser; as to rectify spirit of wine. 3. (Com.) To produce ( as factitious gin or brandy) by redistilling low wines or ardent spirits (whisky, rum, etc.), flavoring substances, etc., being added. To rectify a globe, to adjust it in order to prepare for the solution of a proposed problem. Syn. — To amend; emend; correct; better; mend; reform; redress; adjust; regulate; improve. See Amend. { Rec•ti•lin´e•al (-l?n´?•al), Rec•ti•lin´e•ar (-l?n´?•?r), } a. [Recti- + lineal, linear.] Straight; consisting of a straight line or lines; bounded by straight lines; as a rectineal angle; a rectilinear figure or course. — Rec•ti•lin´e•al•ly, adv. — Rec•ti•lin´e•ar•ly, adv.

Rec•ti•lin•e•ar´i•ty (-?r´?•t?), n. The quality or state of being rectilinear. Coleridge.

Rec•ti•lin´e•ous (-?s), a. Rectilinear. [Obs.] Ray.

Rec´ti•nerved (r?k´t?•n?rrvd•), a. [Recti- + nerve.] (Bot.) Having the veins or nerves straight; — said of leaves.

Rec´tion (r?k´sh?n), n. [L. rectio, fr. regere to rule or govern.] (Gram.) See Government, n., 7. Gibbs.

Rec•ti•ros´tral (r?k•t?•r?s´tral), a. [Recti- + rostral.] (Zoöl.) Having a straight beak.

Rec•ti•se´ri•al (-s?´r?•al), a. [Recti- + serial.] (Bot.) Arranged in exactly vertical ranks, as the leaves on stems of many kinds; — opposed to curviserial.

Rec•ti´tis (r?k•t?´t?s), n. [NL. See Rectum, and -itis.] (Med.) Proctitis. Dunglison.

Rec´ti•tude (r?k´t?•t?d), n. [L. rectitudo, fr. rectus right, straight: cf. F. rectitude. See Right.] 1. Straightness. [R.] Johnson. 2. Rightness of principle or practice; exact conformity to truth, or to the rules prescribed for moral conduct, either by divine or human laws; uprightness of mind; uprightness; integrity; honesty; justice. 3. Right judgment. [R.] Sir G. C. Lewis. Syn. — See Justice.

Rec´to- (r?k´t?•). A combining form indicating connection with, or relation to, the rectum; as recto-vesical.

Rec´to, n. [Abbrev. fr. LL. breve de recto. See Right.] (Law) A writ of right.

Rec´to, n. [Cf. F. recto.] (Print.) The right-hand page; — opposed to verso.

Rec´tor (r?k´t?r), n. [L., fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to rule: cf. F. recteur. See Regiment, Right.] 1. A ruler or governor. [R.] “God is the supreme rector of the world.” Sir M. Hale. 2. (a) (Ch. of Eng.) A clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish, and has the tithes, etc.; the clergyman of a parish where the tithes are not impropriate. See the Note under Vicar. Blackstone. (b) (Prot. Epis. Ch.) A clergyman in charge of a parish. 3. The head master of a public school. [Scot.] 4. The chief elective officer of some universities, as in France and Scotland; sometimes, the head of a college; as the Rector of Exeter College, or of Lincoln College, at Oxford. 5. (R.C.CH.) The superior officer or chief of a convent or religious house; and among the Jesuits the superior of a house that is a seminary or college.

Rec´tor•al (-al), a. [CF. F. rectoral.] Pertaining to a rector or governor.

Rec´tor•ate (-?t), n. [LL. rectoratus: cf. F. rectorat.] The office, rank, or station of a rector; rectorship.

Rec´tor•ess, n. 1. A governess; a rectrix. Drayton. 2. The wife of a rector. Thackeray.

Rec•to´ri•al (r?k•t?´r?•al), a. Pertaining to a rector or a rectory; rectoral. Shipley.

Rec´tor•ship (r?k´t?r•sh?p), n. 1. Government; guidance. [Obs.] ´The rectorship of judgment.´ Shak. 2. The office or rank of a rector; rectorate.

Rec´to•ry (-t?•r?), n.; pl. Rectories (-rz). [Cf. OF. rectorie or rectorerie, LL. rectoria.] 1. The province of a rector; a parish church, parsonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes. 2. A rector’s mansion; a parsonage house.

Rec•to-u´ter•ine (-?´t?r•?n or •?n), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the rectum and the uterus.

Rec•to•vag´i•nal (r?k•t?•v?j´?•nal), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the rectum and the vagina.

Rec•to-ves´i•cal (-v?s´?•kal), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the rectum and the bladder.

Rec´tress (r?k´tr?s), n. A rectoress. B. Jonson.

Rec´trix (-tr?ks), n.; pl. Rectrices (-tr´sz). [L., fem. of rector.] 1. A governess; a rectoress. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the quill feathers of the tail of a bird.

Rec´tum (-t?m), n. [NL. (sc. intestinum), fr. L. rectus straight. See Right.] (Anat.) The terminal part of the large intestine; — so named because supposed by the old anatomists to be straight. See Illust. under Digestive.

Rec´tus (-t?s), n.; pl. Recti (-t). [NL., fr. L. regere to keep straight.] (Anat.) A straight muscle; as the recti of the eye.

Rec•u•ba´tion (r?k•?•b?´sh?n), n. [L. recubare to lie upon the back.] Recumbence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Re•cule´ (r?•k?l´), v. i. To recoil. [Obs.] Spenser. { Re•cule´ (r?•k?l´), Re•cule´ment (- ment), } n. [F. reculement.] Recoil. [Obs.]

Re•cumb´ (-k?m´), v. i. [L. recumbere; pref. re- back + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down.] To lean; to recline; to repose. [Obs.] J. Allen (1761).

Re•cum´bence (r?•k?m´bens), n. The act of leaning, resting, or reclining; the state of being recumbent.

Re•cum´ben•cy (-ben•s?), n. Recumbence.

Re•cum´bent (-bet), a. [L. recumbens, -entis, p. pr. of recumbere. See Recumb, Incumbent.] Leaning; reclining; lying; as the recumbent posture of the Romans at their meals. Hence, figuratively; Resting; inactive; idle. — Re•cum´bent•ly, adv.

Re•cu´per•a•ble (r?•k?´p?r•?•b’l), a. [Cf.F. recuprable. See Recover.] Recoverable. Sir T. Elyot.

Re•cu´per•ate (-?t), v. i. [imp. &. p. p. Recuperated (-?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Recuperating.] [L. recuperatus, p. p. of recuperare. See Recover to get again.] To recover health; to regain strength; to convalesce.

Re•cu´per•ate, v. t. To recover; to regain; as to recuperate the health or strength.

Re•cu•per•a´tion (-?•sh?n), n.. [L. recuperatio: cf. F. recupration.] Recovery, as of anything lost, especially of the health or strength. { Re•cu´per•a•tive (-?•t?v), Re•cu´per•a•to•ry (- ?•t?•r?), } a. [L. recuperativus, recuperatorius.] Of or pertaining to recuperation; tending to recovery.

Re•cu´per•a•tor (r?•k?´pp?r•?•t?r), n. [Cf. L. recuperator a recoverer.] (Steel Manuf.) Same as Regenerator.

Re•cur´ (r?•k?r´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Recurred (-k?rd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Recurring.] [L. recurrere; pref. re- re- + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To come back; to return again or repeatedly; to come again to mind. “When any word has been used to signify an idea, the old idea will recur in the mind when the word is heard.” I. Watts. 2. To occur at a stated interval, or according to some regular rule; as the fever will recur to- night. 3. To resort; to have recourse; to go for help. “If, to avoid succession in eternal existence, they recur to the ´punctum stans´ of the schools, they will thereby very little help us to a more positive idea of infinite duration.” Locke. Recurring decimal (Math.), a circulating decimal. See under Decimal. — Recurring series (Math.), an algebraic series in which the coefficients of the several terms can be expressed by means of certain preceding coefficients and constants in one uniform manner.

Re•cure´ (r?•k?r´), v. t. [Cf. Recover.] 1. To arrive at; to reach; to attain. [Obs.] Lydgate. 2. To recover; to regain; to repossess. [Obs.] “When their powers, impaired through labor long,
With due repast, they had recured well.” Spenser. 3. To restore, as from weariness, sickness; or the like; to repair. “In western waves his weary wagon did recure.” Spenser. 4. To be a cure for; to remedy. [Obs.] “No medicine
Might avail his sickness to recure.” Lydgate.

Re•cure´, n. Cure; remedy; recovery. [Obs.] “But whom he hite, without recure he dies.” Fairfax.

Re•cure´less, a. Incapable of cure. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. { Re•cur´rence (r?•k?r´rens), Re•cur´ren•cy (-ren•s?), } n. [Cf. F. recurrence.] The act of recurring, or state of being recurrent; return; resort; recourse. “I shall insensibly go on from a rare to a frequent recurrence to the dangerous preparations.” I. Taylor.

Re•cur´rent (-rent), a. [L. recurrens, -entis, p. pr. of recurrere: cf.F. recurrent. See Recur.] 1. Returning from time to time; recurring; as recurrent pains. 2. (Anat.) Running back toward its origin; as a recurrent nerve or artery. Recurrent fever. (Med.) See Relapsing fever, under Relapsing. — Recurrent pulse (Physiol.), the pulse beat which appears (when the radial artery is compressed at the wrist) on the distal side of the point of pressure through the arteries of the palm of the hand. — Recurrent sensibility (Physiol.), the sensibility manifested by the anterior, or motor, roots of the spinal cord (their stimulation causing pain) owing to the presence of sensory fibers from the corresponding sensory or posterior roots.

Re•cur´sant (r?•k?r´sant), a. [L. recursans, -antis, p. pr. of recursare to run back, v. freq. of recurrere. See Recure.] (Her.) Displayed with the back toward the spectator; — said especially of an eagle.

Re•cur´sion (-sh?n), n. [L. recursio. See Recur.] The act of recurring; return. [Obs.] Boyle.

Re•cur´vate (r?•k?r´v?t), a. [L. recurvatus, p. p. of recurvare. See Re-, and Curvate.] (Bot.) Recurved.

Re•cur´vate (-v?t), v. t. To bend or curve back; to recurve. Pennant.

Re•cur•va´tion (r?•k?r•v?´sh?n), n. The act of recurving, or the state of being recurved; a bending or flexure backward.

Re•curve´ (r?•k?rv´), v. t. To curve in an opposite or unusual direction; to bend back or down.

Re•curved´ (r?•k?rvd´), a. Curved in an opposite or uncommon direction; bent back; as a bird with a recurved bill; flowers with recurved petals.

Re•cur•vi•ros´ter (r?•k?r•v?•r?s´t?r), n. [L. recurvus bent back + rostrum beack; cf. F. recurvirostre.] (Zool.) A bird whose beak bends upward, as the avocet.

Re•cur•vi•ros´tral (-tral), a. [See Recurviroster.] (Zoöl.) Having the beak bent upwards.

Re•cur´vi•ty (r?•k?r´v?•t?), n. Recurvation.

Re•cur´vous (-v?s), a. [L. recurvus; pref. re- re + curvus curved.] Recurved. Derham.

Re•cu´san•cy (r?•k?´zan•s? or r?k´?-), n. The state of being recusant; nonconformity. Coke.

Re•cu´sant (-zat; 277), a.[L. recusans, -antis, p. pr. of recure to refuse, to oject to; pref. re- re + causa a cause, pretext: cf. F. recusant. See Cause, and cf. Ruse.] Obstinate in refusal; specifically, in English history, refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in the churc, or to conform to the established rites of the church; as a recusant lord. “It stated him to have placed his son in the household of the Countess of Derby, a recusant papist.” Sir W. Scott.

Re•cu´sant, n. 1. One who is obstinate in refusal; one standing out stubbornly against general practice or opinion. “The last rebellious recusants among the European family of nations.” De Quincey. 2. (Eng. Hist.) A person who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in matters of religion; as a Roman Catholic recusant, who acknowledges the supremacy of the pope. Brande & C. 3. One who refuses communion with the Church of England; a nonconformist. “All that are recusants of holy rites.” Holyday.

Rec•u•sa´tion (r?k•?•z?´sh?n), n. [L. recusatio: cf. F. recusation.] 1. Refusal. [Obs.] 2. (Old Law) The act of refusing a judge or challenging that he shall not try the cause, on account of his supposed partiality. Blackstone.

Re•cu´sa•tive (r?•k?´z?•t?v), a. Refusing; denying; negative. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Re•cuse´ (r?•k?z´), v. t. [F. recuser, or L. recusare. See Recusant.] (Law) To refuse or reject, as a judge; to challenge that the judge shall not try the cause. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

Re•cus´sion (r?•k?sh´?n), n. [L. recutire, recussum, to beat back; pref. re- re- + quatere to shake.] The act of beating or striking back.

Red (red), obs. . imp. & p. p. of Read. Spenser.

Red, v. t. To put on order; to make tidy; also to free from entanglement or embarrassement; — generally with up; as to red up a house. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Red, a. [Compar. Redder (-d?r); superl. Reddest.] [OE. red, reed, AS. reád, reód; akin to OS. rod, OFries. rad, D. rood, G. roht, rot, OHG. rot, Dan. & Sw. röd, Icel. rauðr, rjoðr, Goth. ráuds, W. rhudd, Armor. ruz, Ir. & Gael. ruadh, L. ruber, rufus, Gr. ’eryqro•s, Skr. rudhira, rohita; cf. L. rutilus. rad.113. Cf. Erysipelas, Rouge, Rubric, Ruby, Ruddy, Russet, Rust.] Of the color of blood, or of a tint resembling that color; of the hue of that part of the rainbow, or of the solar spectrum, which is furthest from the violet part. ´Fresh flowers, white and reede.´ Chaucer. “Your color, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.” Shak. Red is a general term, including many different shades or hues, as scarlet, crimson, vermilion, orange red, and the like. Red is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as red-breasted, red-cheeked, red- faced, red-haired, red-headed, red-skinned, red-tailed, red-topped, red-whiskered, red-coasted. Red admiral (Zoöl.), a beautiful butterfly (Vanessa Atalanta) common in both Europe and America. The front wings are crossed by a broad orange red band. The larva feeds on nettles. Called also Atalanta butterfly, and nettle butterfly. — Red ant. (Zoöl.) (a) A very small ant (Myrmica molesta) which often infests houses. (b) A larger reddish ant (Formica sanguinea), native of Europe and America. It is one of the slave-making species. — Red antimony (Min.), kermesite. See Kermes mineral (b), under Kermes. — Red ash (Bot.), an American tree (Fraxinus pubescens), smaller than the white ash, and less valuable for timber. Cray. — Red bass. (Zoöl.) See Redfish (d). - - Red bay (Bot.), a tree (Persea Caroliniensis) having the heartwood red, found in swamps in the Southern United States. — Red beard (Zoöl.), a bright red sponge (Microciona prolifera), common on oyster shells and stones. [Local, U.S.] — Red birch (Bot.), a species of birch (Betula nigra) having reddish brown bark, and compact, light- colored wood. Gray. — Red blindness. (Med.) See Daltonism. — Red book, a book containing the names of all the persons in the service of the state. [Eng.] — Red book of the Exchequer, an ancient record in which are registered the names of all that held lands per baroniam in the time of Henry II. Brande & C. — Red brass, an alloy containing eight parts of copper and three of zinc. — Red bug. (Zoöl.) (a) A very small mite which in Florida attacks man, and produces great irritation by its bites. (b) A red hemipterous insect of the genus Pyrrhocoris, especially the European species (P. apterus), which is bright scarlet and lives in clusters on tree trunks. (c) See Cotton stainder, under Cotton. — Red cedar. (Bot.) An evergreen North American tree (Juniperus Virginiana) having a fragrant red-colored heartwood. (b) A tree of India and Australia (Cedrela Toona) having fragrant reddish wood; — called also toon tree in India. — Red chalk. See under Chalk. — Red copper (Min.), red oxide of copper; cuprite. — Red coral (Zoöl.), the precious coral (Corallium rubrum). See Illusts. of Coral and Gorgonlacea. — Red cross. The cross of St. George, the national emblem of the English. (b) The Geneva cross. See Geneva convention, and Geneva cross, under Geneva. — Red currant. (Bot.) See Currant. — Red deer. (Zoöl.) (a) The common stag (Cervus elaphus), native of the forests of the temperate parts of Europe and Asia. It is very similar to the American elk, or wapiti. (b) The Virginia deer. See Deer. — Red duck (Zoöl.), a European reddish brown duck (Fuligula nyroca); — called also ferruginous duck. — Red ebony. (Bot.) See Grenadillo. — Red empress (Zoöl.), a butterfly. See Tortoise shell. — Red fir (Bot.), a coniferous tree (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) found from British Columbia to Texas and highly valued for its durable timber. The name is sometimes given to other coniferous trees, as the Norway spruce and the American Abies magnifica and A. nobilis. — Red fire. (Pyrotech.) See Blue fire, under Fire. — Red flag. See under Flag. — Red fox (Zoöl.), the common American fox (Vulpes fulvus), which is usually reddish in color. — Red grouse (Zoöl.), the Scotch grouse, or ptarmigan. See under Ptarmigan. — Red gum, or Red gum-tree (Bot.), a name given to eight Australian species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus amygdalina, resinifera, etc.) which yield a reddish gum resin. See Eucalyptus. — Red hand (Her.), a left hand appaume, fingers erect, borne on an escutcheon, being the mark of a baronet of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; — called also Badge of Ulster. — Red herring, the common herring dried and smoked. — Red horse. (Zoöl.) (a) Any large American red fresh-water sucker, especially Moxostoma macrolepidotum and allied species. (b) See the Note under Drumfish. — Red lead. (Chem) See under Lead, and Minium. — Red-lead ore. (Min.) Same as Crocoite. — Red liquor (Dyeing), a solution consisting essentially of aluminium acetate, used as a mordant in the fixation of dyestuffs on vegetable fiber; — so called because used originally for red dyestuffs. Called also red mordant. — Red maggot (Zoöl.), the larva of the wheat midge. — Red manganese. (Min.) Same as Rhodochrosite. — Red man, one of the American Indians; — so called from his color. — Red maple (Bot.), a species of maple (Acer rubrum). See Maple. — Red mite. (Zoöl.) See Red spider, below. — Red mulberry (Bot.), an American mulberry of a dark purple color (Morus rubra). — Red mullet (Zoöl.), the surmullet. See Mullet. — Red ocher (Min.), a soft earthy variety of hematite, of a reddish color. — Red perch (Zoöl.), the rosefish. — Red phosphorus. (Chem.) See under Phosphorus. — Red pine (Bot.), an American species of pine (Pinus resinosa); — so named from its reddish bark. — Red precipitate. See under Precipitate. — Red Republican (European Politics), originally, one who maintained extreme republican doctrines in France, — because a red liberty cap was the badge of the party; an extreme radical in social reform. [Cant] — Red ribbon, the ribbon of the Order of the Bath in England. — Red sanders. (Bot.) See Sanders. — Red sandstone. (Geol.) See under Sandstone. — Red scale (Zoöl.), a scale insect (Aspidiotus aurantii) very injurious to the orange tree in California and Australia. — Red silver (Min.), an ore of silver, of a ruby-red or reddish black color. It includes proustite, or light red silver, and pyrargyrite, or dark red silver. — Red snapper (Zoöl.), a large fish (Lutlanus aya or Blackfordii) abundant in the Gulf of Mexico and about the Florida reefs. — Red snow, snow colored by a mocroscopic unicellular alga (Protococcus nivalis) which produces large patches of scarlet on the snows of arctic or mountainous regions. — Red softening (Med.) a form of cerebral softening in which the affected parts are red, — a condition due either to infarction or inflammation. — Red spider (Zoöl.), a very small web-spinning mite (Tetranychus telarius) which infests, and often destroys, plants of various kinds, especially those cultivated in houses and conservatories. It feeds mostly on the under side of the leaves, and causes them to turn yellow and die. The adult insects are usually pale red. Called also red mite. — Red squirrel (Zoöl.), the chickaree. — Red tape, the tape used in public offices for tying up documents, etc.; hence, official formality and delay. — Red underwing (Zoöl.), any species of noctuid moths belonging to Catacola and allied genera. The numerous species are mostly large and handsomely colored. The under wings are commonly banded with bright red or orange. — Red water, a disease in cattle, so called from an appearance like blood in the urine.

Red (r?d), n. 1. The color of blood, or of that part of the spectrum farthest from violet, or a tint resembling these. ´Celestial rosy red, love’s proper hue.´ Milton. 2. A red pigment. 3. (European Politics) An abbreviation for Red Republican. See under Red, a. [Cant] 4. pl. (Med.) The menses. Dunglison. English red, a pigment prepared by the Dutch, similar to Indian red. — Hypericum red, a red resinous dyestuff extracted from Hypericum. — Indian red. See under Indian, and Almagra.

Re•dact´ (r?•d?kt´), v. t. [L. redactus, p. p. of redigere; pref. red-, re- , again, back + agere to put in motion, to drive.] To reduce to form, as literary matter; to digest and put in shape (matter for publication); to edit.

Re•dac•teur´ (ra•dak•ter´), n. [F.] See Redactor.

Re•dac´tion (r?•d?k´sh?n), n. [F. redaction.] The act of redacting; work produced by redacting; a digest.

Re•dac´tor (-t?r), n. One who redacts; one who prepares matter for publication; an editor. Carlyle.

Re•dan´ (r?•d?n´), n. [F., for OF. redent a double notching or jagging, as in the teeth of a saw, fr. L. pref. re- re- + dens, dentis, a tooth. Cf. Redented.] [Written sometimes redent and redens.] 1. (Fort.) A work having two parapets whose faces unite so as to form a salient angle toward the enemy. 2. A step or vertical offset in a wall on uneven ground, to keep the parts level.

Red•ar´gue (r?d•?r´g?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Redargued (-g?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Redarguing.] [L. redarguere; pref. red-, re- re- + arguere to accuse, charge with: cf. F. redarguer.] To disprove; to refute; toconfute; to reprove; to convict. [Archaic] “How shall I … suffer that God should redargue me at doomsday, and the angels reproach my lukewarmness?” Jer. Taylor. “Now this objection to the immediate cognition of external objects has as far as I know, been redargued in three different ways.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Red•ar•gu´tion (r?d•?r•g?´sh?n), n. [L. redargutio.] The act of redarguing; refutation. [Obs. or R.] Bacon.

Red•ar•gu´to•ry (-t?•r?), a. Pertaining to, or containing, redargution; refutatory. [R.]

Red´back (r?d´b?k•), n. (Zoöl.) The dunlin. [U. S.]

Red´bel•ly (-b?l•l?), n. (Zoöl.) The char.

Red´bird (-b?rd•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cardinal bird. (b) The summer redbird (Piranga rubra). (c) The scarlet tanager. See Tanager.

Red´breast (-br?st•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The European robin. (b) The American robin. See Robin. (c) The knot, or red-breasted snipe; — called also robin breast, and robin snipe. See Knot. 2. (Zoöl.) The long-eared pondfish. See Pondfish.

Red´bud (-b?d•), n. (Bot.) A small ornamental leguminous tree of the American species of the genus Cercis. See Judas tree, under Judas.

Red´cap, n. 1. (Zoöl) The European goldfinch. 2. A specter having long teeth, popularly supposed to haunt old castles in Scotland. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Red´coat (-kot•), n. One who wears a red coat; specifically, a red-coated British soldier.

Red´de (-de), obs. imp. of Read, or Rede. Chaucer.

Red´den (r?d´d’n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reddened (-d’nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reddening.] [From Red, a.] To make red or somewhat red; to give a red color to.

Red´den, v. i. To grow or become red; to blush. “Appius reddens at each word you speak.” Pope. “He no sooner saw that her eye glistened and her cheek reddened than his obstinacy was at once subbued.” Sir W. SCott.

Red•den´dum (r?d•d?n´d?m), n. [Neut. of L. reddendus that must be given back or yielded, gerundive of reddere. See Reddition.] (Law) A clause in a deed by which some new thing is reserved out of what had been granted before; the clause by which rent is reserved in a lease. Cruise.

Red´dish (r?d´d?sh), a. Somewhat red; moderately red. — Red´dish•ness, n.

Red•di´tion (r?d•d?sh´?n), n.[L. redditio, fr. reddere to give back, to return: cf. F. reddition. See Render.] 1. Restoration: restitution: surrender. Howell. 2. Explanation; representation. [R.] “The reddition or application of the comparison.” Chapman.

Red´di••tive (r?d´d?•t?v), a. [L. redditivus.] (Gram.) Answering to an interrogative or inquiry; conveying a reply; as redditive words.

Red´dle (r?d´d’l), n. [From Red; cf. G. rthel. Cf. Ruddle.] (Min.) Red chalk. See under Chalk.

Red´dour (r?d´d?r), n. [F. raideur, fr. raide stiff.] Rigor; violence. [Obs.] Gower.

Rede (r?d), v. t. [See Read, v. t.] 1. To advise or counsel. [Obs. or Scot.] “I rede that our host here shall begin.” Chaucer. 2. To interpret; to explain. [Obs.] “My sweven [dream] rede aright.” Chaucer.

Rede, n. [See Read, n.] 1. Advice; counsel; suggestion. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns. “There was none other remedy ne reed.” Chaucer. 2. A word or phrase; a motto; a proverb; a wise saw. [Obs.] ´This rede is rife.´ Spenser.

Re•deem´ (r?•d?m´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Redeemed. (-dmd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Redeeming.] [F. redimer, L. redimere; pref. red-, re- re- + emere, emptum, to buy, originally, to take, cf. OIr. em (in comp.), Lith. imti. Cf. Assume, Consume, Exempt, Premium, Prompt, Ransom.] 1. To purchase back; to regain possession of by payment of a stipulated price; to repurchase. “If a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold.” Lev. xxv. 29. 2. Hence, specifically: (a) (Law) To recall, as an estate, or to regain, as mortgaged property, by paying what may be due by force of the mortgage. (b) (Com.) To regain by performing the obligation or condition stated; to discharge the obligation mentioned in, as a promissory note, bond, or other evidence of debt; as to redeem bank notes with coin. 3. To ransom, liberate, or rescue from captivity or bondage, or from any obligation or liability to suffer or to be forfeited, by paying a price or ransom; to ransom; to rescue; to recover; as to redeem a captive, a pledge, and the like. “Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles.” Ps. xxv. 22. “The Almighty from the grave
Hath me redeemed.” Sandys. 4. (Theol.) Hence, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God’s violated law. “Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us.” Gal. iii. 13. 5. To make good by performing fully; to fulfill; as to redeem one’s promises. “I will redeem all this on Percy’s head.” Shak. 6. To pay the penalty of; to make amends for; to serve as an equivalent or offset for; to atone for; to compensate; as to redeem an error. “Which of ye will be mortal, to redeem
Man’s mortal crime?” Milton. “It is a chance which does redeem all sorrows.” Shak. To redeem the time, to make the best use of it.

Re•deem•a•bil´i•ty (-?•b?l´?•t?), n. Redeemableness.

Re•deem´a•ble (-?•b;l), a. 1. Capable of being redeemed; subject to repurchase; held under conditions permitting redemption; as a pledge securing the payment of money is redeemable. 2. Subject to an obligation of redemtion; conditioned upon a promise of redemtion; payable; due; as bonds, promissory notes, etc. , redeemabble in gold, or in current money, or four months after date.

Re•deem´a•ble•ness (r?•d?m´?•b’l•n?s), n. The quality or state of being redeemable; redeemability.

Re•deem´er (r?•d?m´?r), n. 1. One who redeems. 2. Specifically, the Savior of the world, Jesus Christ.

Rede´less (r?d´l?s), a. Without rede or counsel. [Obs.]

Re•de•lib´er•ate (r?•d?•l?b´?r•?t), v. t. & i. To deliberate again; to reconsider.

Re•de•liv´er (r?•d?•l?v´?r), v. t. 1. To deliver or give back; to return. Ayiffe. 2. To deliver or liberate a second time or again. 3. To report; to deliver the answer of. [R.] ´Shall I redeliver you e’en so?´ Shak.

Re•de•liv´er•ance (-ans), n. A second deliverance.

Re•de•liv´er•y (-?), n. 1. Act of delivering back. 2. A second or new delivery or liberation.

Re•de•mand´ (r?•d-m?nd´), v. t. [Pref. re- back, again + demand: cf. F. redemander.] To demand back; to demand again.

Re•de•mand´, n. A demanding back; a second or renewed demand.

Re•de•mise´ (-m?z´), v. t. To demise back; to convey or transfer back, as an estate.

Re•de•mise´, n. (Law) The transfer of an estate back to the person who demised it; reconveyance; as the demise and redemise of an estate. See under Demise.

Re•dem´on•strate (r?•d?m´?n•str?t or r?•d?•m?n´-str?t), v. t. To demonstrate again, or anew. “Every truth of morals must be redemonstrated in the experience of the individual man before he is capable of utilizing it as a constituent of character or a guide in action.” Lowell.

Re•demp´ti•ble (r?•d?mp´t?•b’l), a. Redeemable.

Re-demp´tion (-sh?n), n. [F. redemption, L. redemptio. See Redeem, and cf. Ransom.] The act of redeeming, or the state of being redeemed; repurchase; ransom; release; rescue; deliverance; as the redemption of prisoners taken in war; the redemption of a ship and cargo. Specifically: (a) (Law) The liberation of an estate from a mortgage, or the taking back of property mortgaged, upon performance of the terms or conditions on which it was conveyed; also the right of redeeming and reëntering upon an estate mortgaged. See Equity of redemption, under Equity. (b) (Com.) Performance of the obligation stated in a note, bill, bond, or other evidence of debt, by making payment to the holder. (c) (Theol.) The procuring of God’s favor by the sufferings and death of Christ; the ransom or deliverance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God’s violated law. “In whom we have redemption through his blood.” Eph. i. 7.

Re•demp´tion•a•ry (-?•r?), n. One who is, or may be, redeemed. [R.] Hakluyt.

Re•demp´tion•er (-?r), n. 1. One who redeems himself, as from debt or servitude. 2. Formerly, one who, wishing to emigrate from Europe to America, sold his services for a stipulated time to pay the expenses of his passage.

Re•demp´tion•ist, n. (R.C.Ch.) A monk of an order founded in 1197; — so called because the order was especially devoted to the redemption of Christians held in captivity by the Mohammedans. Called also Trinitarian.

Re•demp´tive (-t?v), a. Serving or tending to redeem; redeeming; as the redemptive work of Christ.

Re•demp´tor•ist (-t?r•?st), n. [F. redemptoriste, fr. L. redemptor redeemer, from redinere. See Redeem.] (R.C.Ch.) One of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, founded in Naples in 1732 by St. Alphonsus Maria de Liquori. It was introduced onto the United States in 1832 at Detroit. The Fathers of the Congregation devote themselves to preaching to the neglected, esp. in missions and retreats, and are forbidden by their rule to engage in the instruction of youth.

Re•demp´to•ry (-t?•r?), a. Paid for ransom; serving to redeem. ´Hector’s redemptory price.´ Chapman.

Re•demp´ture (-t?r; 135), n. Redemption. [Obs.]

Re•dent´ed (r?•d?nt´?d), a. [From OF. redent. See Redan.] Formed like the teeth of a saw; indented.

Re•de•pos´it (r?•d?•p?z´?t), v. t. To deposit again.

Re•de•scend´ (-s?nd´), v. i. [Pref. re- + descend: cf. F. redescendre.] To descend again. Howell.

Red´eye (r?d´?•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The rudd. (b) Same as Redfish (d). (c) The goggle-eye, or fresh-water rock bass. [Local, U.S.]

Red´fin (-f?n•), n. (Zoöl.) A small North American dace (Minnilus cornutus, or Notropis megalops). The male, in the breeding season, has bright red fins. Called also red dace, and shiner. Applied also to Notropis ardens, of the Mississippi valley.

Red´finch (-finch•), n. (Zoöl.) The European linnet.

Red´fish (red´fish•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The blueback salmon of the North Pacific; — called also nerka. See Blueback (b). (b) The rosefish. (c) A large California labroid food fish (Trochocopus pulcher); — called also fathead. (d) The red bass, red drum, or drumfish. See the Note under Drumfish.

Red´-gum (-g?m•), n. [OE. reed gounde; AS. reád red + gund matter, pus.] 1. (Med.) An eruption of red pimples upon the face, neck, and arms, in early infancy; tooth rash; strophulus. Good. 2. A name of rust on grain. See Rust. { Red´-hand• (r?d´h?nd•), Red´-hand•ed (- h?nd•?d), } a. or adv. Having hands red with blood; in the very act, as if with red or bloody hands; — said of a person taken in the act of homicide; hence, fresh from the commission of crime; as he was taken red-hand or red-handed.

Red´head (-h?d•), n. 1. A person having red hair. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An American duck (Aythya Americana) highly esteemed as a game bird. It is closely allied to the canvasback, but is smaller and its head brighter red. Called also red-headed duck. American poachard, grayback, and fall duck. See Illust. under Poachard. (b) The red-headed woodpecker. See Woodpecker. 3. (Bot.) A kind of milkweed (Asclepias Curassavica) with red flowers. It is used in medicine.

Red•hi•bi´tion (r?d•h?•b?sh´?n), n. [L. redhibitio a taking back.] (Civil Law) The annulling of a sale, and the return by the buyer of the article sold, on account of some defect.

Red•hib´i•to•ry (r?d•h?b´?•t?•r?), a. [L. redhibitorius.] (Civil Law) Of or pertaining to redhibition; as a redhibitory action or fault.

Red´hoop (r?d´h??p•), n. (Zoöl.) The male of the European bullfinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Red´horn (-h?rn•), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a tribe of butterflies (Fugacia) including the common yellow species and the cabbage butterflies. The antennae are usually red.

Red´-hot (-h?t•), a. Red with heat; heated to redness; as red-hot iron; red-hot balls. Hence, figuratively, excited; violent; as a red-hot radical. Shak.

Re´di•a (r?´d?•?), n.; pl. L. Rediae (-e), E. Redias (-z). [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) A kind of larva, or nurse, which is prroduced within the sporocyst of certain trematodes by asexual generation. It in turn produces, in the same way, either another generation of rediae, or else cercariae within its own body. Called also proscolex, and nurse. See Illustration in Appendix.

Re´di•ent (r?´d?-ent), a. [L. rediens, p. pr. of redire to return; pref. red- + ire to go.] Returning. [R.]

Re•di•gest´ (r?•d?•j?st´), v. t. To digest, or reduce to form, a second time. Kent.

Re•di•min´ish (-m?n´?sh), v. t. To diminish again.

Red´in•gote (red´in•got), n. [F., corrupted from E. riding coat.] A long plain double-breasted outside coat for women.

Re•din´te•grate (r?•d?n´t?•gr?t), a. [L. redintegratus, p. p. of redintegrare to restore; pref. red-, re-, re- + integrare to make whole, to renew, fr. integer whole. See Integer.] Restored to wholeness or a perfect state; renewed. Bacon.

Re•din´te•grate (-gr?t), v. t. To make whole again; a renew; to restore to integrity or soundness. “The English nation seems obliterated. What could redintegrate us again?” Coleridge.

Re•din•te•gra´tion (-gr?´sh?n), n. [L. redintegratio.] 1. Restoration to a whole or sound state; renewal; renovation. Dr. H. More. 2. (Chem.) Restoration of a mixed body or matter to its former nature and state. [Achaic.] Coxe. 3. (Psychology) The law that objects which have been previously combined as part of a single mental state tend to recall or suggest one another; — adopted by many philosophers to explain the phenomena of the association of ideas.

Re•di•rect´ (r?•d?•r?kt´), a. (Law) Applied to the examination of a witness, by the party calling him, after the cross-examination.

Re•dis•burse´ (r?•d?s•b?rs´), v. t. To disburse anew; to give, or pay, back. Spenser.

Re•dis•cov´er (-k?v´?r), v. t. To discover again.

Re•dis•pose´ (-p?z´), v. t. To dispose anew or again; to readjust; to rearrange. A. Baxter.

Re•dis•seize´ (-s?z´), v. t. (Law) To disseize anew, or a second time. [Written also redisseise.]

Re•dis•sei´zin (-s?´z?n), n. (Law) A disseizin by one who once before was adjudged to have dassezed the same person of the same lands, etc.; also a writ which lay in such a case. Blackstone.

Re•dis•sei´zor (-z?r), n. (Law) One who redisseizes.

Re•dis•solve´ (r?•d?z•z?lv´), v. t. To dissolve again.

Re•dis•till´ (r?•d?s•t?l´), v. t. To distill again.

Re•dis•train´er (-tr?n´?r), n. One who distrains again.

Re•dis•trib´ute (-tr?b´?t), v. t. To distribute again. — Re•dis•tri•bu´tion (-tr•b´shn), n.

Re•dis´trict (-tr?kt), v. t. To divide into new districts.

Re•di´tion (r?•d?sh´?n), n. [L. reditio, fr. redire. See Redient.] Act of returning; return. [Obs.] Chapman.

Re•di•vide´ (r?•d?•v?d´), v. t. To divide anew. { Red´leg• (r?d´l?g•), Red•legs• (-l?gz•), } n. (Zoöl.) (a) The redshank. (b) The turnstone.

Red´-let•ter (-l?t•t?r), a. Of or pertaining to a red letter; marked by red letters. Red-letter day, a day that is fortunate or auspicious; — so called in allusion to the custom of marking holy days, or saints’ days, in the old calendars with red letters.

Red´ly, adv. In a red manner; with redness.

Red´mouth (-mouth•), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Diabasis, or Haemulon, of the Southern United States, having the inside of the mouth bright red. Called also flannelmouth, and grunt.

Red´ness, n. [AS. reádness. See Red.] The quality or state of being red; red color. { Red´o•lence (r?d´?•lens), Red´o•len•cy (-len•s?), } n. The quality of being redolent; sweetness of scent; pleasant odor; fragrance.

Red´o•lent (-lent), a. [L. redolens, -entis, p. pr. of redolere to emit a scent, diffuse an odor; pref. red-, re-, re- + olere to emit a smell. See Odor.] Diffusing odor or fragrance; spreading sweet scent; scented; odorous; smelling; — usually followed by of. ´Honey redolent of spring.´ Dryden. — Red´o•lent•ly, adv. “Gales … redolent of joy and youth.” Gray.

Re•dou´ble (r?•d?b´’l), v. t. [Pref. re- + double: cf. F. redoubler. Cf. Reduplicate.] To double again or repeatedly; to increase by continued or repeated additions; to augment greatly; to multiply. “So they
Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe.” Shak.

Re•dou´ble, v. i. To become greatly or repeatedly increased; to be multiplied; to be greatly augmented; as the noise redoubles.

Re•doubt´ (r?•dout´), n. [F. redoute, fem., It. ridotto, LL. reductus, literally, a retreat, from L. reductus drawn back, retired, p. p. of reducere to lead or draw back; cf. F. reduit, also fr. LL. reductus. See Reduce, and cf. Reduct, Reduit, Ridotto.] (Fort.) (a) A small, and usually a roughly constructed, fort or outwork of varying shape, commonly erected for a temporary purpose, and without flanking defenses, — used esp. in fortifying tops of hills and passes, and positions in hostile territory. (b) In permanent works, an outwork placed within another outwork. See F and i in Illust. of Ravelin. [Written also redout.]

Re•doubt´, v. t. [F. redouter, formerly also spelt redoubter; fr. L. pref. re- re- + dubitare to doubt, in LL., to fear. See Doubt.] To stand in dread of; to regard with fear; to dread. [R.]

Re•doubt´a•ble (-?•b’l), a. [F. redoutable, formerly also spelt redoubtable.] Formidable; dread; terrible to foes; as a redoubtable hero; hence, valiant; — often in contempt or burlesque. [Written also redoutable.]

Re•doubt´ed, a. Formidable; dread. ´Some redoubted knight.´ Spenser. “Lord regent, and redoubted Burgandy.” Shak.

Re•doubt´ing, n. Reverence; honor. [Obs.] “In redoutyng of Mars and of his glory.” Chaucer.

Re•dound´ (r?•dound´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Redounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Redounding.] [F. redonder, L. redundare; pref. red-, re-, re- + undare to rise in waves or surges, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate, and cf. Redundant.] 1. To roll back, as a wave or flood; to be sent or driven back; to flow back, as a consequence or effect; to conduce; to contribute; to result. “The evil, soon
Driven back, redounded as a flood on those
From whom it sprung.” Milton. “The honor done to our religion ultimately redounds to God, the author of it.” Rogers. “ both … will devour great quantities of paper, there will no small use redound from them to that manufacture.” Addison. 2. To be in excess; to remain over and above; to be redundant; to overflow. “For every dram of honey therein found,
A pound of gall doth over it redound.” Spenser.

Re•dound´, n. 1. The coming back, as of consequence or effect; result; return; requital. “We give you welcome; not without redound
Of use and glory to yourselves ye come.” Tennyson. 2. Rebound; reverberation. [R.] Codrington.

Red´ow•a (r?d´?•?), n. [F., fr. Bohemian.] A Bohemian dance of two kinds, one in triple time, like a waltz, the other in two-four time, like a polka. The former is most in use.

Red´pole (r?d´p?l•), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Redpoll.

Red´poll (-p?l•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of small northern finches of the genus Acanthis (formerly AEgiothus), native of Europe and America. The adults have the crown red or rosy. The male of the most common species (A. linarius) has also the breast and rump rosy. Called also redpoll linnet. See Illust. under Linnet. (b) The common European linnet. (c) The American redpoll warbler (Dendroica palmarum).

Re•draft´ (re•draft´), v. t. To draft or draw anew.

Re•draft´, n. 1. A second draft or copy. 2. (Com.) A new bill of exchange which the holder of a protected bill draws on the drawer or indorsers, in order to recover the amount of the protested bill with costs and charges.

Re•draw´ (r?•dr?´), v. t. [imp. Redrew (-dr?´);p. p. Redrawn (-drn´); p. pr. & vb. n. Redrawing.] To draw again; to make a second draft or copy of; to redraft.

Re•draw´, v. i. (Com.) To draw a new bill of exchange, as the holder of a protested bill, on the drawer or indorsers.

Re•dress´ (r?•dr?s´), v. t. [Pref. re- + dress.] To dress again.

Re•dress´ (r?•dr?s´), v. t. [F. redresser to straighten; pref. re- re- + dresser to raise, arrange. See Dress.] 1. To put in order again; to set right; to emend; to revise. [R.] “The common profit could she redress.” Chaucer. “In yonder spring of roses intermixed
With myrtle, find what to redress till noon.” Milton. “Your wish that I should redress a certain paper which you had prepared.” A. Hamilton. 2. To set right, as a wrong; to repair, as an injury; to make amends for; to remedy; to relieve from. “Those wrongs, those bitter injuries, …
I doubt not but with honor to redress.” Shak. 3. To make amends or compensation to; to relieve of anything unjust or oppressive; to bestow relief upon. ´’T is thine, O king! the afflicted to redress.´ Dryden. “Will Gaul or Muscovite redress ye?” Byron.

Re•dress´, n. 1. The act of redressing; a making right; reformation; correction; amendment. [R.] “Reformation of evil laws is commendable, but for us the more necessary is a speedy redress of ourselves.” Hooker. 2. A setting right, as of wrong, injury, or opression; as the redress of grievances; hence, relief; remedy; reparation; indemnification. Shak. “A few may complain without reason; but there is occasion for redress when the cry is universal.” Davenant. 3. One who, or that which, gives relief; a redresser. “Fair majesty, the refuge and redress
Of those whom fate pursues and wants oppress.” Dryden.

Re•dress´al (r?•dr?s´al), n. Redress.

Re•dress´er (-?r), n. One who redresses.

Re•dress´i•ble (-?•b’l), a. Such as may be redressed.

Re•dress´ive (-?v), a. Tending to redress. Thomson.

Re•dress´less, a. Not having redress; such as can not be redressed; irremediable. Sherwood.

Re•dress´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. redressement.] The act of redressing; redress. Jefferson.

Red´-rib•and (r?d´r?b•and), n. (Zoöl.) The European red band fish, or fireflame. See Rend fish.

Red´root (r?d´r?t•), n. (Bot.) A name of several plants having red roots, as the New Jersey tea (see under Tea), the gromwell, the bloodroot, and the Lachnanthes tinctoria, an endogenous plant found in sandy swamps from Rhode Island to Florida.

Red•sear´ (r?d•s?r´), v. i. To be brittle when red-hot; to be red-short. Moxon.

Red´shank (r?d´sh?nk•), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A common Old World limicoline bird (Totanus calidris), having the legs and feet pale red. The spotted redshank (T. fuscus) is larger, and has orange-red legs. Called also redshanks, redleg, and clee. (b) The fieldfare. 2. A bare-legged person; — a contemptuous appellation formerly given to the Scotch Highlanders, in allusion to their bare legs. Spenser.

Red´-short (-sh?rt•), a. (Metal.) Hot-short; brittle when red-hot; — said of certain kinds of iron. — Red´-short•ness, n.

Red´skin (-sk?n•), n. A common appellation for a North American Indian; — so called from the color of the skin. Cooper.

Red´start (-st?rt•), n. [Red + start tail.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small, handsome European singing bird (Ruticilla phœnicurus), allied to the nightingale; — called also redtail, brantail, fireflirt, firetail. The black redstart is P.tithys. The name is also applied to several other species of Ruticilla amnd allied genera, native of India. (b) An American fly-catching warbler (Setophaga ruticilla). The male is black, with large patches of orange-red on the sides, wings, and tail. The female is olive, with yellow patches.

Red´streak (-str?k•), n. 1. A kind of apple having the skin streaked with red and yellow, — a favorite English cider apple. Mortimer. 2. Cider pressed from redstreak apples.

Red´tail (-t?l•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The red-tailed hawk. (b) The European redstart.

Red´-tailed (-t?ld•), a. Having a red tail. Red-tailed hawk (Zoöl.), a large North American hawk (Buteo borealis). When adult its tail is chestnut red. Called also hen hawck, and red-tailed buzzard.

Red´-tape (-t?p•), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, official formality. See Red tape, under Red, a.

Red•-tap´ism (r?d•t?p´?z’m), n. Strict adherence to official formalities. J. C. Shairp.

Red•-tap´ist, n. One who is tenacious of a strict adherence to official formalities. Ld. Lytton.

Red´throat (r?d´thr?t•), n. (Zoöl.) A small Australian singing bird (Phyrrholaemus brunneus). The upper parts are brown, the center of the throat red.

Red´top (-t?p•), n. (Bot.) A kind of grass (Agrostis vulgaris) highly valued in the United States for pasturage and hay for cattle; — called also English grass, and in some localities herd’s grass. See Illustration in Appendix. The tall redtop is Triodia seslerioides.

Re•dub´ (r?•d?b´), v. t. [F. radouber to refit or repair.] To refit; to repair, or make reparation for; hence, to repay or requite. [Obs.] “It shall be good that you redub that negligence.” Wyatt. “God shall give power to redub it with some like requital to the French.” Grafton.

Re•duce´ (re•dus´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reduced (-dust´),; p. pr. & vb. n. Reducing (- du´sing).] [L. reducere, reductum; pref. red-. re-, re- + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Redoubt, n.] 1. To bring or lead back to any former place or condition. [Obs.] “And to his brother’s house reduced his wife.” Chapman. “The sheep must of necessity be scattered, unless the great Shephered of souls oppose, or some of his delegates reduce and direct us.” Evelyn. 2. To bring to any inferior state, with respect to rank, size, quantity, quality, value, etc.; to diminish; to lower; to degrade; to impair; as to reduce a sergeant to the ranks; to reduce a drawing; to reduce expenses; to reduce the intensity of heat. ´An ancient but reduced family.´ Sir W. Scott. “Nothing so excellent but a man may fasten upon something belonging to it, to reduce it.” Tillotson. “Having reduced
Their foe to misery beneath their fears.” Milton. “Hester Prynne was shocked at the condition to which she found the clergyman reduced.” Hawthorne. 3. To bring to terms; to humble; to conquer; to subdue; to capture; as to reduce a province or a fort. 4. To bring to a certain state or condition by grinding, pounding, kneading, rubbing, etc.; as to reduce a substance to powder, or to a pasty mass; to reduce fruit, wood, or paper rags, to pulp. “It were but right
And equal to reduce me to my dust.” Milton. 5. To bring into a certain order, arrangement, classification, etc.; to bring under rules or within certain limits of descriptions and terms adapted to use in computation; as to reduce animals or vegetables to a class or classes; to reduce a series of observations in astronomy; to reduce language to rules. 6. (Arith.) (a) To change, as numbers, from one denomination into another without altering their value, or from one denomination into others of the same value; as to reduce pounds, shillings, and pence to pence, or to reduce pence to pounds; to reduce days and hours to minutes, or minutes to days and hours. (b) To change the form of a quantity or expression without altering its value; as to reduce fractions to their lowest terms, to a common denominator, etc. 7. (Chem.) To bring to the metallic state by separating from impurities; hence, in general, to remove oxygen from; to deoxidize; to combine with, or to subject to the action of, hydrogen; as ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron; or metals are reduced from their ores; — opposed to oxidize. 8. (Med.) To restore to its proper place or condition, as a displaced organ or part; as to reduce a dislocation, a fracture, or a hernia. Reduced iron (Chem.), metallic iron obtained through deoxidation of an oxide of iron by exposure to a current of hydrogen or other reducing agent. When hydrogen is used the product is called also iron by hydrogen. — To reduce an equation (Alg.), to bring the unknown quantity by itself on one side, and all the known quantities on the other side, without destroying the equation. — To reduce an expression (Alg.), to obtain an equivalent expression of simpler form. — To reduce a square (Mil.), to reform the line or column from the square. Syn. — To diminish; lessen; decrease; abate; shorten; curtail; impair; lower; subject; subdue; subjugate; conquer.

Re•duce´ment (r?•d?s´ment), n. Reduction. Milton.

Re•du´cent (r?•d?´sent), a. [L. reducens, p. pr. of reducere.] Tending to reduce. — n. A reducent agent.

Re•du´cer (-s?r), n. One who, or that which, reduces.

Re•du´ci•ble (-s?•b’ll), a. Capable of being reduced.

Re•du´ci•ble•ness, n. Quality of being reducible.

Re•du´cing (r?•d?´s?ng), a & n. from Reduce. Reducing furnace (Metal.), a furnace for reducing ores. — Reducing pipe fitting, a pipe fitting, as a coupling, an elbow, a tee, etc., for connecting a large pipe with a smaller one. — Reducing valve, a device for automatically maintaining a diminished pressure of steam, air, gas etc., in a pipe, or other receiver, which is fed from a boiler or pipe in which the pressure is higher than is desired in the receiver.

Re•duct´ (r?•d?kt´), v. t.. [L. reductus, p. p. of reducere. See Reduce.] To reduce. [Obs.] W. Warde.

Re•duc•ti•bil´i•ty (r?•d?k•t?•b?l´?•t?), n. The quality of being reducible; reducibleness.

Re•duc´tion (r?•d?k´sh?n), n. [F. reduction, L. reductio. See Reduce.] 1. The act of reducing, or state of being reduced; conversion to a given state or condition; diminution; conquest; as the reduction of a body to powder; the reduction of things to order; the reduction of the expenses of government; the reduction of a rebellious province. 2. (Arith. & Alq.) The act or process of reducing. See Reduce, v. t., 6. and To reduce an equation, To reduce an expression, under Reduce, v. t. 3. (Astron.) (a) The correction of observations for known errors of instruments, etc. (b) The preparation of the facts and measurements of observations in order to deduce a general result. 4. The process of making a copy of something, as a figure, design, or draught, on a smaller scale, preserving the proper proportions. Fairholt. 5. (Logic) The bringing of a syllogism in one of the so-called imperfect modes into a mode in the first figure. 6. (Chem. & Metal.) The act, process, or result of reducing; as the reduction of iron from its ores; the reduction of aldehyde from alcohol. 7. (Med.) The operation of restoring a dislocated or fractured part to its former place. Reduction ascending (Arith.), the operation of changing numbers of a lower into others of a higher denomination, as cents to dollars. — Reduction descending (Arith.), the operation of changing numbers of a higher into others of a lower denomination, as dollars to cents. Syn. — Diminution; decrease; abatement; curtailment; subjugation; conquest; subjection.

Re•duc´tive (-t?v), a. [Cf. F. reductif.] Tending to reduce; having the power or effect of reducing. — n. A reductive agent. Sir M. Hale.

Re•duc´tive•ly, adv. By reduction; by consequence.

Re•duit´ (r?•dw?´), n. [F. See Redoubt, n. ] (Fort.) A central or retired work within any other work. { Re•dun´dance (r?•d?n´dans), Re•dun´dan•cy (-dan•s?), } n. [L. redundantia: cf. F. redondance.] 1. The quality or state of being redundant; superfluity; superabundance; excess. 2. That which is redundant or in excess; anything superfluous or superabundant. “Labor … throws off redundacies.” Addison. 3. (Law) Surplusage inserted in a pleading which may be rejected by the court without impairing the validity of what remains.

Re•dun´dant (-dant), a. [L. redundans, -antis, p. pr. of redundare: cf. F. redondant. See Redound.] 1. Exceeding what is natural or necessary; superabundant; exuberant; as a redundant quantity of bile or food. “Notwithstanding the redundant oil in fishes, they do not increase fat so much as flesh.” Arbuthnot. 2. Using more worrds or images than are necessary or useful; pleonastic. “Where an suthor is redundant, mark those paragraphs to be retrenched.” I. Watts. Syn. — Superfluous; superabundant; excessive; exuberant; overflowing; plentiful; copious.

Re•dun´dant•ly (r?•d?n´dant•l?), adv. In a refundant manner.

Re•du´pli•cate (r?•d?´pl?•k?t), a. [Pref. re- + duplicate: cf. L. reduplicatus. Cf. Redouble.] 1. Double; doubled; reduplicative; repeated. 2. (Bot.) Valvate with the margins curved outwardly; — said of the stivation of certain flowers.

Re•du´pli•cate (-k?t), v. t. [Cf. LL. reduplicare.] 1. To redouble; to multiply; to repeat. 2. (Gram.) To repeat the first letter or letters of (a word). See Reduplication, 3.

Re•du•pli•ca´tion (-k?sh?n), n. [Cf. F. reduplication, L. reduplicatio repetition.] 1. The act of doubling, or the state of being doubled. 2. (Pros.) A figure in which the first word of a verse is the same as the last word of the preceding verse. 3. (Philol.) The doubling of a stem or syllable (more or less modified), with the effect of changing the time expressed, intensifying the meaning, or making the word more imitative; also the syllable thus added; as L. tetuli; poposci.

Re•du´pli•ca•tive (-k?•t?v), a. [Cf. F. reduplicatif.] Double; formed by reduplication; reduplicate. I. Watts.

Red´u•vid (r?d´?•v?d), n. [L. reduvia a hangnail.] (Zoöl.) Any hemipterous insect of the genus Redivius, or family Reduvidae. They live by sucking the blood of other insects, and some species also attack man.

Red´weed (red´wed•), n. (Bot.) The red poppy (Papaver Rhœas). Dr. Prior.

Red´wing (-w?ng•), n. (Zoöl.) A European thrush (Turdus iliacus). Its under wing coverts are orange red. Called also redwinged thrush. (b) A North American passerine bird (Agelarius phœniceus) of the family Icteridae. The male is black, with a conspicuous patch of bright red, bordered with orange, on each wing. Called also redwinged blackbird, red-winged troupial, marsh blackbird, and swamp blackbird.

Red´withe (r?d´w?th•), n. (Bot.) A west Indian climbing shrub (Combretum Jacquini) with slender reddish branchlets.

Red´wood (-wood•), n. (Bot.) (a) A gigantic coniferous tree (Sequoia sempervirens) of California, and its light and durable reddish timber. See Sequoia. (b) An East Indian dyewood, obtained from Pterocarpus santalinus, Caesalpinia Sappan, and several other trees. The redwood of Andaman is Pterocarpus dalbergioides; that of some parts of tropical America, several species of Erythoxylum; that of Brazil, the species of Humirium.

Ree (re), n. [Pg. real, pl. reis. See Real the money.] See Rei.

Ree, v. t. [Cf. Prov. G. räden, raden, raiten. Cf. Riddle a sieve.] To riddle; to sift; to separate or throw off. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

Ree´bok (r?´b?k•), n. [D., literally, roebuck.] (Zoöl.) The peele. [Written also rehboc and rheeboc.]

Re•ëch´o (re•ek´o), v. t. To echo back; to reverberate again; as the hills reëcho the roar of cannon.

Re•ëch´o, v. i. To give echoes; to return back, or be reverberated, as an echo; to resound; to be resonant. “And a loud groan reëchoes from the main.” Pope.

Re•ëch´o, n. The echo of an echo; a repeated or second echo.

Reech´y (rech´y), a. [See Reeky.] Smoky; reeky; hence, begrimed with dirt. [Obs.]

Reed (red), a. Red. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Reed, v. & n. Same as Rede. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Reed, n. The fourth stomach of a ruminant; rennet. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

Reed, n. [AS. hreód; akin to D. riet, G. riet, ried, OHG. kriot, riot.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to many tall and coarse grasses or grasslike plants, and their slender, often jointed, stems, such as the various kinds of bamboo, and especially the common reed of Europe and North America (Phragmites communis). 2. A musical instrument made of the hollow joint of some plant; a rustic or pastoral pipe. “Arcadian pipe, the pastoral reed
Of Hermes.” Milton. 3. An arrow, as made of a reed. Prior. 4. Straw prepared for thatching a roof. [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Mus.) (a) A small piece of cane or wood attached to the mouthpiece of certain instruments, and set in vibration by the breath. In the clarinet it is a single fiat reed; in the oboe and bassoon it is double, forming a compressed tube. (b) One of the thin pieces of metal, the vibration of which produce the tones of a melodeon, accordeon, harmonium, or seraphine; also attached to certain sets or registers of pipes in an organ. 6. (Weaving) A frame having parallel flat stripe of metal or reed, between which the warp threads pass, set in the swinging lathe or batten of a loom for beating up the weft; a sley. See Batten. 7. (Mining) A tube containing the train of powder for igniting the charge in blasting. 8. (Arch.) Same as Reeding. Egyptian reed (Bot.), the papyrus. — Free reed (Mus.), a reed whose edges do not overlap the wind passage, — used in the harmonium, concertina, etc. It is distinguished from the beating or striking reed of the organ and clarinet. — Meadow reed grass (Bot.), the Glyceria aquatica, a tall grass found in wet places. — Reed babbler. See Reedbird. — Reed bunting (Zoöl.) A European sparrow (Emberiza schœniclus) which frequents marshy places; — called also reed sparrow, ring bunting. (b) Reedling. — Reed canary grass (Bot.), a tall wild grass (Phalaris arundinacea). — Reed grass. (Bot.) (a) The common reed. See Reed, 1. (b) A plant of the genus Sparganium; bur reed. See under Bur. — Reed organ (Mus.), an organ in which the wind acts on a set of free reeds, as the harmonium, melodeon, concertina, etc. — Reed pipe (Mus.), a pipe of an organ furnished with a reed. — Reed sparrow. (Zoöl.) See Reed bunting, above. — Reed stop (Mus.), a set of pipes in an organ furnished with reeds. — Reed warbler. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European warbler (Acrocephalus streperus); — called also reed wren. (b) Any one of several species of Indian and Australian warblers of the genera Acrocephalus, Calamoherpe, and Arundinax. They are excellent singers. — Sea-sand reed (Bot.), a kind of coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea). See Beach grass, under Beach. — Wood reed grass (Bot.), a tall, elegant grass (Cinna arundinacea), common in moist woods.

Reed´bird (r?d´b?rd•), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The bobolink. (b) One of several small Asiatic singing birds of the genera Schœnicola and Eurycercus; — called also reed babbler. Reed´buck´ (-b?k•), n. (Zoöl.) See Rietboc.

Reed´ed, a. 1. Civered with reeds; reedy. Tusser. 2. Formed with channels and ridges like reeds.

Reed´en (r?d´’n), a. Consisting of a reed or reeds. “Through reeden pipes convey the golden flood.” Dryden.

Re•ëd•i•fi•ca´tion (r?•?d•?•f?•k?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. reedification. See Reëdify.] The act reëdifying; the state of being reëdified.

Re•ëd´i•fy (r?•?d´?•ff?), v. t. [Pref. re- + edify: cf. F. reedifier, L. reaedificare.] To edify anew; to build again after destruction. [R.] Milton.

Reed´ing (r?d´?ng), n. [From 4th Reed.] 1. (Arch.) A small convex molding; a reed (see Illust. (i) of Molding); one of several set close together to decorate a surface; also decoration by means of reedings; — the reverse of fluting. Several reedings are often placed together, parallel to each other, either projecting from, or inserted into, the adjining surface. The decoration so produced is then called, in general, reeding. 2. The nurling on the edge of a coin; — commonly called milling.

Reed´less, a. Destitute of reeds; as reedless banks.

Reed´ling (-l?ng), n. (Zoöl.) The European bearded titmouse (Panurus biarmicus); — called also reed bunting, bearded pinnock, and lesser butcher bird. It is orange brown, marked with black, white, and yellow on the wings. The male has a tuft of black feathers on each side of the face.

Reed´-mace (-m?s•), n. (Bot.) The cat-tail.

Reed´work (-w?rk•), n. (Mus.) A collective name for the reed stops of an organ.

Reed´y (-?), a. 1. Abounding with reeds; covered with reeds. ´A reedy pool.´ Thomson . 2. Having the quality of reed in tone, that is, and thin^ as some voices.

Reef (r?f), n. [Akin to D. rif, G. riff, Icel. rif, Dan. rev; cf. Icel. rifa rift, rent, fissure, rifa to rive, bear. Cf. Rift, Rive.] 1. A chain or range of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water. See Coral reefs, under Coral. 2. (Mining.) A large vein of auriferous quartz; — so called in Australia. Hence, any body of rock yielding valuable ore. Reef builder (Zoöl.), any stony coral which contributes material to the formation of coral reefs. — Reef heron (Zoöl.), any heron of the genus Demigretta; as the blue reef heron (D. jugularis) of Australia.

Reef, n. [Akin to D. reef, G. reff, Sw. ref; cf. Icel. rif reef, rifa to basten together. Cf. Reeve, v. t., River.] (Naut.) That part of a sail which is taken in or let out by means of the reef points, in order to adapt the size of the sail to the force of the wind. From the head to the first reef-band, in square sails, is termed the first reef; from this to the next is the second reef; and so on. In fore-and-aft sails, which reef on the foot, the first reef is the lowest part. Totten. Close reef, the last reef that can be put in. — Reef band. See Reef-band in the Vocabulary. — Reef knot, the knot which is used in tying reef pointss. See Illust. under Knot. — Reef line, a small rope formerly used to reef the courses by being passed spirally round the yard and through the holes of the reef. Totten. — Reef points, pieces of small rope passing through the eyelet holes of a reef-band, and used reefing the sail. — Reef tackle, a tackle by which the reef cringles, or rings, of a sail are hauled up to the yard for reefing. Totten. — To take a reef in, to reduce the size of (a sail) by folding or rolling up a reef, and lashing it to the spar.

Reef, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reefed (reft); p. pr. & vb. n. Reefing.] (Naut.) To reduce the extent of (as a sail) by roiling or folding a certain portion of it and making it fast to the yard or spar. Totten. To reef the paddles, to move the floats of a paddle wheel toward its center so that they will not dip so deeply.

Reef´-band (r?f´b?nd•), n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas sewed across a sail to strengthen it in the part where the eyelet holes for reefing are made. Totten.

Reef´er (-?r), n. 1. (Naut.) One who reefs; — a name often given to midshipmen. Marryat. 2. A close-fitting lacket or short coat of thick cloth.

Reef´ing, n. (Naut.) The process of taking in a reef. Reefing bowsprit, a bowsprit so rigged that it can easily be run in or shortened by sliding inboard, as in cutters.

Reef´y (-?), a. Full of reefs or rocks.

Reek (rek), n. A rick. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Reek, n. [AS. r&emc;c; akin to OFries. rek, LG. & D. rook, G. rauch, OHG. rouh, Dan. rög, Sw. rök, Icel. reykr, and to AS. reócan to reek, smoke, Icel. rjuka, G. riechen to smell.] Vapor; steam; smoke; fume. “As hateful to me as the reek of a limekiln.” Shak.

Reek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reeked (rekt); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeking.] [As. recan. See Reek vapor.] To emit vapor, usually that which is warm and moist; to be full of fumes; to steam; to smoke; to exhale. “Few chimneys reeking you shall espy.” Spenser. “I found me laid
In balmy sweat, which with his beams the sun
Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed.” Milton. “The coffee rooms reeked with tobacco.” Macaulay.

Reek´y (-?), a. [From 2d Reek; cf. Reechy.] 1. Soiled with smoke or steam; smoky; foul. Shak. 2. Emitting reek. ´Reeky fen.´ Sir W. Scott.

Reel (r?l), n. [Gael. righil.] A lively dance of the Highlanders of Scotland; also the music to the dance; — often called Scotch reel. Virginia reel, the common name throughout the United States for the old English ´country dance,´ or contradance (contredanse). Bartlett.

Reel, n. [AS. krel: cf. Icel. krll a weaver’s reed or sley.] 1. A frame with radial arms, or a kind of spool, turning on an axis, on which yarn, threads, lines, or the like, are wound; as a log reel, used by seamen; an angler’s reel; a garden reel. 2. A machine on which yarn is wound and measured into lays and hanks, — for cotton or linen it is fifty-four inches in circuit; for worsted, thirty inches. McElrath. 3. (Agric.) A device consisting of radial arms with horizontal stats, connected with a harvesting machine, for holding the stalks of grain in position to be cut by the knives. Reel oven, a baker’s oven in which bread pans hang suspended from the arms of a kind of reel revolving on a horizontal axis. Knight.

Reel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reeled (r?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeling. ] 1. To roll. [Obs.] “And Sisyphus an huge round stone did reel.” Spenser. 2. To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread.

Reel, v. i. [Cf. Sw. ragla. See 2d Reel.] 1. To incline, in walking, from one side to the other; to stagger. “They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man.” Ps. cvii. 27. “He, with heavy fumes oppressed,
Reeled from the palace, and retired to rest.” Pope. “The wagons reeling under the yellow sheaves.” Macaulay. 2. To have a whirling sensation; to be giddy. “In these lengthened vigils his brain often reeled.” Hawthorne.

Reel, n. The act or motion of reeling or staggering; as a drunken reel. Shak.

Re•ë•lect´ (r?•?•l?kt´), v. t. To elect again; as to reëlect the former governor.

Re•ë•lec´tion (-l?k´sh?n), n. Election a second time, or anew; as the reëlection of a former chief.

Reel´er (r?l´?r), n. 1. One who reels. 2. (Zoöl.) The grasshopper warbler; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

Re•ël´i•gi•ble (r&emc;•el´i•ji•b’l), a. Eligible again; capable of reëlection; as reëligible to the same office. — Re•ël•i•gi•bil´i•ty (r&emc;•el•i•ji•bil´i•ty), n.

Reem (r?m), n. [Heb.] (Zoöl.) The Hebrew name of a horned wild animal, probably the Urus. In King James’s Version it is called unicorn; in the Revised Version, wild ox. Job xxxix. 9.

Reem, v. t. [Cf. Ream to make a hole in.] (Naut.) To open (the seams of a vessel’s planking) for the purpose of calking them. Reeming iron (Naut.), an iron chisel for reeming the seams of planks in calking ships.

Re•ëm•bark´ (r?•?m•b?rk´), v. t. & i. To put, or go, on board a vessel again; to embark again.

Re•ëm•bar•ka´tion (r?•?m•b?r•k?´sh?n), n. A putting, or going, on board a vessel again.

Re•ëm•bod´y (r?•?m•b?d´?), v. t. To embody again.

Re•ëm•brace´ (-br?s´), v. i. To embrace again.

Re•ë•merge´ (r?•?•m?rj´), v. i. To emerge again.

Re•ë•mer´gence (-m?r´jens), n. Act of reëmerging.

Re•ën•act´ (r?•?n•?kt´), v. t. To enact again.

Re•ën•ac´tion (-?k´sh?n), n. The act of reënacting; the state of being reënacted.

Re•ën•act´ment (-?kt´ment), n. The enacting or passing of a law a second time; the renewal of a law.

Re•ën•cour´age (-k?r´?j;), v. t. To encourage again.

Re•ën•dow´ (-dou´), v. t. To endow again.

Re•ën•force´ (-f?rs´), v. t. [Pref. re- + enforce: cf. F. renforcer.] To strengthen with new force, assistance, material, or support; as to reënforce an argument; to reënforce a garment; especially, to strengthen with additional troops, as an army or a fort, or with additional ships, as a fleet. [Written also reinforce.]

Re•ën•force´, n. [See Reënforce, v., and cf. Ranforce, Reinforce.] Something which reënforces or strengthens. Specifically: (a) That part of a cannon near the breech which is thicker than the rest of the piece, so as better to resist the force of the exploding powder. See Illust. of Cannon. (b) An additional thickness of canvas cloth, or the like, around an eyelet, buttonhole, etc.

Re•ën•force´ment (r?•?n•f?rs´ment), n. 1. The act of reënforcing, or the state of being reënforced. 2. That which reënforces; additional force; especially, additional troops or force to augment the strength of any army, or ships to strengthen a navy or fleet.

Re•ën•gage´ (-g?j), v. t. & i. To engage a second time or again.

Re•ën•gage´ment (-ment), n. A renewed or repeated engagement.

Re•ën•grave´ (-gr?v´), v. t. To engrave anew.

Re•ën•joy´ (-joi´), v. i. To enjoy anew. Pope.

Re•ën•joy´ment (-ment), n. Renewed enjoyment.

Re•ën•kin´dle (-k?n´d’l), v. t. To enkindle again.

Re•ën•list´ (-l?st´), v. t. & i. To enlist again.

Re•ën•list´ment (-ment), n. A renewed enlistment.

Re•ën•slave´ (-sl?v´), v. t. To enslave again.

Re•ën´ter (r?•?n´t?r), v. t. 1. To enter again. 2. (Engraving) To cut deeper, as engraved lines on a plate of metal, when the engraving has not been deep enough, or the plate has become worn in printing.

Re•ën´ter, v. i. To enter anew or again. Reëntering angle, an angle of a polygon pointing inward, as a, in the cut. — Reëntering polygon, a polygon having one or more reëntering angles.

Re•ën´ter•ing, n. (Calico Printing.) The process of applying additional colors, by applications of printing blocks, to patterns already partly colored.

Re•ën•throne´ (-thr?n´), v. t. To enthrone again; to replace on a throne.

Re•ën•throne´ment (-ment), n. A second enthroning.

Re•ën´trance (r?•?n´trans), n. The act entereing again; rentry. Hooker.

Re•ën´trant (-trant), a. Reëntering; pointing or directed inwardds; as a rentrant angle.

Re•ën´try (-tr?), n. 1. A second or new entry; as a reëntry into public life. 2. (Law) A resuming or retaking possession of what one has lately foregone; — applied especially to land; the entry by a lessor upon the premises leased, on failure of the tenant to pay rent or perform the covenants in the lease. Burrill. Card of reëtry, (Whist), a card that by winning a trick will bring one the lead at an advanced period of the hand.

Re•ë•rect´ (r?•?•r?kt´), v. t. To erect again.

Reer´mouse (r?r´mous•), n. (Zoöl.) See Rearmouse.

Re•ës•tab´lish (r?•?s•t?b´l?sh), v. t. To establish anew; to fix or confirm again; to restore; as to reëstablish a covenant; to reëstablish health.

Re•ës•tab´lish•er (-?r), n. One who establishes again.

Re•ës•tab´lish•ment (-mnt), n. The act reëstablishing; the state of being reëstablished. Addison.

Re•ës•tate´ (-t?t), v. t. To reëstablish. [Obs.] Walis.

Reeve (r?v), n. (Zoöl.) The female of the ruff.

Reeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rove (r?v); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeving.] [Cf. D. reven. See Reef, n. & v. t.] (Naut.) To pass, as the end of a pope, through any hole in a block, thimble, cleat, ringbolt, cringle, or the like.

Reeve, n. [OE. reve, AS. gerfa. Cf. Sheriff.] an officer, steward, bailiff, or governor; — used chiefly in compounds; as shirereeve, now written sheriff; portreeve, etc. Chaucer. Piers Plowman.

Re•ëx•am´i•na•ble (r?•?gz•?m´?•n?•b’l), a. Admitting of being reëxamined or reconsidered. Story.

Re•ëx•am•i•na´tion (-?•n?´sh?n), n. A repeated examination. See under Examination.

Re•ëx•am´ine (—?n), v. t. To examine anew. Hooker.

Re•ëx•change´ (r?•?ks•ch?nj´), v. t. To exchange anew; to reverse (a previous exchange).

Re•ëx•change´ n. 1. A renewed exchange; a reversal of an exchange. 2. (Com.) The expense chargeable on a bill of exchange or draft which has been dishonored in a foreign country, and returned to the country in which it was made or indorsed, and then taken up. Bouvier. “The rate of reëxchange is regulated with respect to the drawer, at the course of exchange between the place where the bill of exchange was payable, and the place where it was drawn. Reëxchange can not be cumulated.” Walsh.

Re•ëx•hib´it (r?•?gz•?b´?t or -?ks•h?b´?t), v. t. To exhibit again.

Re•ëx•pel´ (r?•?ks•p?l´), v. t. To expel again.

Re•ëx•pe´ri•ence (-p?•r?-ens), n. A renewed or repeated experience.

Re•ëx•port´ (-p?rt´), v. t. To export again, as what has been imported.

Re•ëx´port (r?•?ks´p?rt), n. Any commodity reëxported; — chiefly in the plural.

Re•ëx•por•ta´tion (-p?r•t?´sh?n), n. The act of reëxporting, or of exporting an import. A. Smith.

Re•ëx•pul´sion (r?•?ks•p?l´sh?n), n. Renewed or repeated expulsion. Fuller.

Reezed (rezd), a. Grown rank; rancid; rusty. [Obs.] ´Reezed bacon.´ Marston.

Re•fac´tion (r?•f?k´sh?n), n. [See Refection.] Recompense; atonement; retribution. [Obs.] Howell.

Re•far´ (r?•f?r´), v. t. [Cf. F. refaire to do over again.] To go over again; to repeat. [Obs.] “To him therefore this wonder done refar.” Fairfax.

Re•fash´ion (r?•f?sh´?n), v. t. To fashion anew; to form or mold into shape a second time. MacKnight.

Re•fash´ion•ment (-ment), n. The act of refashioning, or the state of being refashioned. [R.] Leigh Hunt.

Re•fas´ten (r?•f?s´’n), v. t. To fasten again.

Re•fect´ (r?•f?kt), v. t. [L. refectus, p. p. of reficere; pref. re- re- + facere to make.] To restore after hunger or fatigue; to refresh. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne.

Re•fec´tion (r?•f?k´sh?n), n. [L. refectio: cf. F. refection. See Refect, Fact.] Refreshment after hunger or fatigue; a repast; a lunch. “[His] feeble spirit inly felt refection.” Spenser. “Those Attic nights, and those refections of the gods.” Curran.

Re•fec´tive (r?•f?k´t?v), a. Refreshing; restoring.

Re•fec´tive, n. That which refreshes.

Re•fec´to•ry (-to•ry), n.; pl.; Refectories (-rz). [LL. refectorium: cf. F. refectoire. See Refection.] A room for refreshment; originally, a dining hall in monasteries or convents. Sometimes pronounced ref´ek•to•ry, especially when signifying the eating room in monasteries.

Re•fel´ (r?•f?l´), v. t. [L. refellere; pref. re- re- + fallere to deceive.] To refute; to disprove; as to refel the tricks of a sophister. [Obs.] “How he refelled me, and how I replied.” Shak.

Re•fer´ (re•fer´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Referred (-ferd); p. pr. & vb. n. Referring.] [F. referer, L. referre; pref. re- re- + ferre to bear. See Bear to carry.] 1. To carry or send back. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Hence: To send or direct away; to send or direct elsewhere, as for treatment, aid, information, decision, etc.; to make over, or pass over, to another; as to refer a student to an author; to refer a beggar to an officer; to refer a bill to a committee; a court refers a matter of fact to a commissioner for investigation, or refers a question of law to a superior tribunal. 3. To place in or under by a mental or rational process; to assign to, as a class, a cause, source, a motive, reason, or ground of explanation; as he referred the phenomena to electrical disturbances. To refer one’s self, to have recourse; to betake one’s self; to make application; to appeal. [Obs.] “I’ll refer me to all things sense.” Shak.

Re•fer´, v. i. 1. To have recourse; to apply; to appeal; to betake one’s self; as to refer to a dictionary. “In suits … it is to refer to some friend of trust.” Bacon. 2. To have relation or reference; to relate; to point; as the figure refers to a footnote. “Of those places that refer to the shutting and opening the abyss, I take notice of that in Job.” Bp. Burnet. 3. To carry the mind or thought; to direct attention; as the preacher referred to the late election. 4. To direct inquiry for information or a guarantee of any kind, as in respect to one’s integrity, capacity, pecuniary ability, and the like; as I referred to his employer for the truth of his story. Syn. — To allude; advert; suggest; appeal. Refer, Allude, Advert. We refer to a thing by specifically and distinctly introducing it into our discourse. We allude to it by introducing it indirectly or indefinitely, as by something collaterally allied to it. We advert to it by turning off somewhat abruptly to consider it more at large. Thus, Macaulay refers to the early condition of England at the opening of his history; he alludes to these statements from time to time; and adverts, in the progress of his work, to various circumstances of peculiar interest, on which for a time he dwells. ´But to do good is … that that Solomon chiefly refers to in the text.´ Sharp. ´This, I doubt not, was that artificial structure here alluded to.´ T. Burnet. “Now to the universal whole advert:
The earth regard as of that whole a part.” Blackmore.

Ref´er•a•ble (r?f´?r•?•b’l), a. Capable of being referred, or considered in relation to something else; assignable; ascribable. [Written also referrible.] “It is a question among philosophers, whether all the attractions which obtain between bodies are referable to one general cause.” W. Nicholson.

Ref•er•ee´ (-), n. One to whom a thing is referred; a person to whom a matter in dispute has been referred, in order that he may settle it. Syn. — Judge; arbitrator; umpire. See Judge.

Ref´er•ence (r?f´?r-ens), n. [See Refer.] 1. The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as reference to a chart for guidance. 2. That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as a reference in a text- book. 3. Relation; regard; respect. “Something that hath a reference to my state.” Shak. 4. One who, or that which, is referred to. Specifically; (a) One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another. (b) A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred. 5. (Law) (a) The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision. (b) (Equity) The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court. 6. Appeal. [R.] ´Make your full reference.´ Shak. Reference Bible, a Bible in which brief explanations, and references to parallel passages, are printed in the margin of the text.

Ref•er•en´da•ry (r?f•?r•?n´d?•r?), n. [LL. referendarius, fr. L. referendus to be referred, gerundive of referre: cf. F. referendaire. See Refer.] 1. One to whose decision a cause is referred; a referee. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. An officer who delivered the royal answer to petitions. ´Referendaries, or masters of request.´ Harmar. 3. Formerly, an officer of state charged with the duty of procuring and dispatching diplomas and decrees.

Ref•er•en´dum (r?f•?r•?n´d?m), n. [Gerundive fr. L. referre. See Refer.] 1. A diplomatic agent’s note asking for instructions from his government concerning a particular matter or point. 2. The right to approve or reject by popular vote a meassure passed upon by a legislature.

Ref•er•en´tial (-shal), a. Containing a reference; pointing to something out of itself; as notes for referential use. — Ref•er•en´tial•ly, adv.

Re•fer´ment (r?•f?r´ment), n. The act of referring; reference. Laud.

Re•-fer•ment´ (r•fr•mnt´), v. t. & i. To ferment, or cause to ferment, again. Blackmore.

Re•fer´rer (r?•f?r´r?r), n. One who refers.

Re•fer´ri•ble (-r?•b’l), a. Referable. Hallam.

Re•fig´ure (r?•f?g´?r), v. t. To figure again. Shak.

Re•fill´ (r?•f?l´), v. t. & i. To fill, or become full, again.

Re•find´ (r?•f?nd), v. t. To find again; to get or experience again. Sandys.

Re•fine´ (r?•f?n´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refined (-find´); p. pr. & vb. n. Refining.] [Pref. re- + fine to make fine: cf. F. raffiner.] 1. To reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy; to separate from extraneous matter; to purify; to defecate; as to refine gold or silver; to refine iron; to refine wine or sugar. “I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined.” Zech. xiii. 9. 2. To purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or exellent; to polish; as to refine the manners, the language, the style, the taste, the intellect, or the moral feelings. “Love refines
The thoughts, and heart enlarges.” Milton. Syn. — To purify; clarify; polish; ennoble.

Re•fine´, v. i. 1. To become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter. “So the pure, limpid stream, when foul with stains,
Works itself clear, and, as it runs, refines.” Addison. 2. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence. “Chaucer refined on Boccace, and mended his stories.” Dryden. “But let a lord once own the happy lines,
How the wit brightens! How the style refines!” Pope. 3. To affect nicety or subtilty in thought or language. ´He makes another paragraph about our refining in controversy.´ Atterbury.

Re•fined´ (-f?nd´), a. Freed from impurities or alloy; purifed; polished; cultured; delicate; as; refined gold; refined language; refined sentiments. “Refined wits who honored poesy with their pens.” Peacham. — Re•fin´ed•ly (r•fn´d•l), adv. — Re•fin´ed•ness, n.

Re•fine´ment (r?•f?n´ment), n. [Cf. F. raffinement.] 1. The act of refining, or the state of being refined; as the refinement or metals; refinement of ideas. “The more bodies are of kin to spirit in subtilty and refinement, the more diffusive are they.” Norris. “From the civil war to this time, I doubt whether the corruptions in our language have not equaled its refinements.” Swift. 2. That which is refined, elaborated, or polished to excess; an affected subtilty; as refinements of logic. ´The refinements of irregular cunning.´ Rogers. Syn. — Purification; polish; politeness; gentility; elegance; cultivation; civilization.

Re•fin´er (-f?n´?r), n. One who, or that which, refines.

Re•fin´er•y (-?), n.; pl. Refineries (-z). [Cf. F. raffinerie.] 1. The building and apparatus for refining or purifying, esp. metals and sugar. 2. A furnace in which cast iron is refined by the action of a blast on the molten metal.

Re•fit´ (r?•f?t´), v. t. 1. To fit or prepare for use again; to repair; to restore after damage or decay; as to refit a garment; to refit ships of war. Macaulay. 2. To fit out or supply a second time.

Re•fit´, v. i. To obtain repairs or supplies; as the fleet returned to refit.

Re•fit´ment (-ment), n. The act of refitting, or the state of being refitted.

Re•fix´ (r?•f?ks´), v. t. To fix again or anew; to establish anew. Fuller.

Re•flame´ (r?•fl?m´), v. i. To kindle again into flame.

Re•flect´ (r?•fl?kt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Reflecting.] [L. reflectere, reflexum; pref. re- re- + flectere to bend or turn. See Flexible, and cf. Reflex, v.] 1. To bend back; to give a backwad turn to; to throw back; especially, to cause to return after striking upon any surface; as a mirror reflects rays of light; polished metals reflect heat. “Let me mind the reader to reflect his eye on our quotations.” Fuller. “Bodies close together reflect their own color.” Dryden. 2. To give back an image or likeness of; to mirror. “Nature is the glass reflecting God,
As by the sea reflected is the sun.” Young.

Re•flect´ v. i. 1. To throw back light, heat, or the like; to return rays or beams. 2. To be sent back; to rebound as from a surface; to revert; to return. “Whose virtues will, I hope,
Reflect on Rome, as Titan’s rays on earth.” Shak. 3. To throw or turn back the thoughts upon anything; to contemplate. Specifically: To attend earnestly to what passes within the mind; to attend to the facts or phenomena of consciousness; to use attention or earnest thought; to meditate; especially, to think in relation to moral truth or rules. “We can not be said to reflect upon any external object, except so far as that object has been previously perceived, and its image become part and parcel of our intellectual furniture.” Sir W. Hamilton. “All men are concious of the operations of their own minds, at all times, while they are awake, but there few who reflect upon them, or make them objects of thought.” Reid. “As I much reflected, much I mourned.” Prior. 4. To cast reproach; to cause censure or dishonor. “Errors of wives reflect on husbands still.” Dryden. “Neither do I reflect in the least upon the memory of his late majesty.” Swift. Syn. — To consider; think; cogitate; mediate; contemplate; ponder; muse; ruminate.

Re•flect´ed, a. 1. Thrown back after striking a surface; as reflected light, heat, sound, etc. 2. Hence: Not one’s own; received from another; as his glory was reflected glory. 3. Bent backward or outward; reflexed.

Re•flect´ent (r?•fl?kt´ent), a. [L. reflectens, p. pr. of reflectere. See Reflect.] 1. Bending or flying back; reflected. ´The ray descendent, and the ray reflectent flying with so great a speed.´ Sir K. Digby. 2. Reflecting; as a reflectent body. Sir K. Digby.

Re•flect´i•ble (-?•b’l), a. Capable of being reflected, or thrown back; reflexible.

Re•flect´ing, a. 1. Throwing back light, heat, etc., as a mirror or other surface. 2. Given to reflection or serious consideration; reflective; contemplative; as a reflecting mind. Reflecting circle, an astronomical instrument for measuring angless, like the sextant or Hadley’s quadrant, by the reflection of light from two plane mirrors which it carries, and differing from the sextant chiefly in having an entire circle. — Reflecting galvanometer, a galvanometer in which the deflections of the needle are read by means of a mirror attached to it, which reflects a ray of light or the image of a scale; — called also mirror galvanometer. — Reflecting goniometer. See under Goniometer. — Reflecting telescope. See under Telescope.

Re•flect´ing•ly, adv. With reflection; also with censure; reproachfully. Swift.

Re•flec´tion (r?•fl?k´sh?n), n. [L. reflexio: cf. F. reflexion. See Riflect.] [Written also reflexion.] 1. The act of reflecting, or turning or sending back, or the state of being reflected. Specifically: (a) The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below. “The eye sees not itself,
But by reflection, by some other things.” Shak. (b) The reverting of the mind to that which has already occupied it; continued consideration; meditation; contemplation; hence, also that operation or power of the mind by which it is conscious of its own acts or states; the capacity for judging rationally, especially in view of a moral rule or standard. “By reflection, … I would be understood to mean, that notice which the mind takes of its own operations, and the manner of them, by reason whereof there come to be ideas of these operations in the understanding.” Locke. “This delight grows and improves under thought and reflection.” South. 2. Shining; brightness, as of the sun. [Obs.] Shak. 3. That which is produced by reflection. Specifically: (a) An image given back from a reflecting surface; a reflected counterpart. “As the sun water we can bear,
Yet not the sun, but his reflection, there.” Dryden. (b) A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as the reflection of a membrane. (c) Result of meditation; thought or opinion after attentive consideration or contemplation; especially, thoughts suggested by truth. “Job’s reflections on his once flourishing estate did at the same time afflict and encourage him.” Atterbury. 4. Censure; reproach cast. “He died; and oh! may no reflection shed
Its poisonous venom on the royal dead.” Prior. 5. (Physiol.) The transference of an excitement from one nerve fiber to another by means of the nerve cells, as in reflex action. See Reflex action, under Reflex. Angle of reflection, the angle which anything, as a ray of light, on leaving a reflecting surface, makes with the perpendicular to the surface. — Angle of total reflection. (Opt.) Same as Critical angle, under Critical. Syn. — Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogitation; consideration; musing; thinking.

Re•flect´ive (r?•fl?kt´?v), a. [Cf. F. reflectif. Cf. Reflexive.] 1. Throwing back images; as a reflective mirror. “In the reflective stream the sighing bride, viewing her charms.” Prior. 2. Capable of exercising thought or judgment; as reflective reason. Prior. “His perceptive and reflective faculties … thus acquired a precocious and extraordinary development.” Motley. 3. Addicted to introspective or meditative habits; as a reflective person. 4. (Gram.) Reflexive; reciprocal. — Re•flect´ive•ly, adv. — Re•flect´ive•ness, n. ´Reflectiveness of manner.´ J. C. Shairp.

Re•flect´or (-er), n. [Cf. F. reflecteur.] 1. One who, or that which, reflects. Boyle. 2. (Physics) (a) Something having a polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a mirror, a speculum, etc. (b) A reflecting telescope. (c) A device for reflecting sound.

Re´flex (r?´fl?ks), a. [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere: cf. F. reflexe. See Reflect.] 1. Directed back; attended by reflection; retroactive; introspective. “The reflex act of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions.” Sir M. Hale. 2. Produced in reaction, in resistance, or in return. 3. (Physiol.) Of, pertaining to, or produced by, stimulus or excitation without the necessary intervention of consciousness. Reflex action (Physiol.), any action performed involuntarily in consequence of an impulse or impression transmitted along afferent nerves to a nerve center, from which it is reflected to an efferent nerve, and so calls into action certain muscles, organs, or cells. — Reflex nerve (Physiol.), an excito-motory nerve. See Exito- motory.

Re´flex (r?´fl?ks; formerly r?•fl?ks´), n. [L. reflexus a bending back. See Reflect.] 1. Reflection; the light reflected from an illuminated surface to one in shade. “Yon gray is not the morning’s eye,
’Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia’s brow.” Shak. “On the depths of death there swims
The reflex of a human face.” Tennyson. 2. (Physiol.) An involuntary movement produced by reflex action. Patellar reflex. See Knee jerk, under Knee.

Re•flex´ (r?•fl?ks´), v. t. [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere. See Reflect.] 1. To reflect. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To bend back; to turn back. J. Gregory.

Re•flexed´ (r?•fl?kst´), a. Bent backward or outward.

Re•flex•i•bil´i•ty (r?•fl?ks•?•b?l´?•t?), n. [Cf. F. reflexibilite.] The quality or capability of being reflexible; as the reflexibility of the rays of light. Sir I. Newton.

Re•flex´i•ble (r?•fl?ks´?•b’l), a. [CF. F. reflexible.] Capable of being reflected, or thrown back. “The light of the sun consists of rays differently refrangible and reflexible.” Cheyne.

Re•flex´ion (-fl?k´sh?n), n. See Reflection. Chaucer.

Re•flex´i•ty (r?•fl?ks´?•t?), n. The state or condition of being reflected. [R.]

Re•flex´ive (-?v), a. 1. [Cf. F. reflexif.] Bending or turned backward; reflective; having respect to something past. “Assurance reflexive can not be a divine faith.” Hammond. 2. Implying censure. [Obs.] ´What man does not resent an ugly reflexive word?´ South. 3. (Gram.) Having for its direct object a pronoun which refers to the agent or subject as its antecedent; — said of certain verbs; as the witness perjured himself; I bethought myself. Applied also to pronouns of this class; reciprocal; reflective. — Re•flex´ive•ly, adv. — Re•flex´ive•ness, n.

Re•flex´ly, adv. In a reflex manner; reflectively.

Re´float (r?´fl?t), n. Reflux; ebb. [Obs.] Bacon.

Re•flo•res´cence (r?•fl?•r?s´sens), n. (Bot.) A blossoming anew of a plant after it has apparently ceased blossoming for the season.

Re•flour´ish (r?•fl?r´?sh), v. t. & i. To flourish again.

Re•flow´ (r?•fl?´), v. i. To flow back; to ebb.

Re•flow´er (re•flou´er), v. i. & t. To flower, or cause to flower, again. Sylvester.

Re•fluc•tu•a´tion (r?•fl?k•t?•?´sh?n; 135), n. A flowing back; refluence. { Ref´lu•ence (r?f´l?-ens), Ref´lu•en•cy (-en•s?), } n. The quality of being refluent; a flowing back.

Ref´lu•ent (-ent), a. [L. refluens, p. pr. of refluere to flow back; pref. re- re- + fluere to flow. See Flurent.] Flowing back; returning; ebbing. Cowper. “And refluent through the pass of fear
The battle’s tide was poured.” Sir W. Scott.

Ref´lu•eus (-?s), a. [L. refluus.] Refluent. [Obs.]

Re´flux (r?´fl?ks•), a. Returning, or flowing back; reflex; as reflux action.

Re´flux, n. [F. reflux. See Refluent, Flux.] A flowing back, as the return of a fluid; ebb; reaction; as the flux and reflux of the tides. “All from me
Shall with a fierce reflux on me redound.” Milton.

Re•foc´il•late (r?•f?s´?l•l?t), v. t. [L. refocillatus, p. p. of refocillare; pref. re- re- + focillare to revive by warmth.] To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] Aubrey.

Re•foc•il•la´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. Restoration of strength by refreshment. [Obs.] Middleton.

Re•fold´ (r?•f?ld´), v. t. To fold again.

Re•fo•ment´ (r?•f?•m?nt´), v. t. To foment anew.

Re•for•est•i•za•tion (r?•f?r•?st•?•z?´sh?n), n. The act or process of reforestizing.

Re•for´est•ize (r?•f?r´?st•?z), v. t. To convert again into a forest; to plant again with trees.

Re•forge´ (r?•f?rj´), v. t. [Pref. re- + forge: cf. F. reforger.] To forge again or anew; hence, to fashion or fabricate anew; to make over. Udall.

Re•for´ger (r?•f?r´j?r), n. One who reforges.

Re•form´ (r?•f?rm´), v. t. [F. reformer, L. reformare; pref. re- re- + formare to form, from forma form. See Form.] To put into a new and improved form or condition; to restore to a former good state, or bring from bad to good; to change from worse to better; to amend; to correct; as to reform a profligate man; to reform corrupt manners or morals. “The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age; but that of a good one will not reform it.” Swift. Syn. — To amend; correct; emend; rectify; mend; repair; better; improve; restore; reclaim.

Re•form´, v. i. To return to a good state; to amend or correct one’s own character or habits; as a man of settled habits of vice will seldom reform.

Re•form´, n. [F. reforme.] Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as reform of elections; reform of government. Civil service reform. See under Civil. — Reform acts (Eng. Politics), acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament. — Reform school, a school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.] Syn. — Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See Reformation.

Re-form´ (r?•f?rm´), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Re-formed (-f?rmd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Re-forming.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as to re- form the line after a charge.

Re•form´a•ble (r?•f?rm´?•b’l), a. Capable of being reformed. Foxe.

Ref•or•made´ (r?f•?r•m?d´), n. A reformado. [Obs.]

Ref•or•ma´do (-m?´d?), n. [Sp., fr. reformar, L. reformare. SEe Reform, v. t.] 1. A monk of a reformed order. [Obs.] Weever. 2. An officer who, in disgrace, is deprived of his command, but retains his rank, and sometimes his pay. [Obs.]

Re•form´al•ize (r?•f?rm´al•?z), v. i. To affect reformation; to pretend to correctness. [R.]

Ref•or•ma´tion (r?f•?r•m?´sh?n), n. [F. reformation, L. reformatio.] 1. The act of reforming, or the state of being reformed; change from worse to better; correction or amendment of life, manners, or of anything vicious or corrupt; as the reformation of manners; reformation of the age; reformation of abuses. “Satire lashes vice into reformation.” Dryden. 2. Specifically (Eccl. Hist.), the important religious movement commenced by Luther early in the sixteenth century, which resulted in the formation of the various Protestant churches. Syn. — Reform; amendment; correction; rectification. — Reformation, Reform. Reformation is a more thorough and comprehensive change than reform. It is applied to subjects that are more important, and results in changes which are more lasting. A reformation involves, and is followed by, many particular reforms. ´The pagan converts mention this great reformation of those who had been the greatest sinners, with that sudden and surprising change which the Christian religion made in the lives of the most profligate.´ Addison. ´A variety of schemes, founded in visionary and impracticable ideas of reform, were suddenly produced.´ Pitt.

Re•-for•ma´tion (r?•f?r•m?´sh?n), n. The act of forming anew; a second forming in order; as the reformation of a column of troops into a hollow square.

Re•form´a•tive (r?•f?rm´?•t?v), a. Forming again; having the quality of renewing form; reformatory. Good.

Re•form´a•to•ry (-t?•r?), a. Tending to produce reformation; reformative.

Re•form´a•to•ry, n.; pl. -ries (-rz). An institution for promoting the reformation of offenders. “Magistrates may send juvenile offenders to reformatories instead of to prisons.” Eng. Cyc.

Re•formed´ (r?•f?rmd´), a. 1. Corrected; amended; restored to purity or excellence; said, specifically, of the whole body of Protestant churches originating in the Reformation. also in a more restricted sense, of those who separated from Luther on the doctrine of consubstantiation, etc., and carried the Reformation, as they claimed, to a higher point. The Protestant churches founded by them in Switzerland, France, Holland, and part of Germany, were called the Reformed churches. “The town was one of the strongholds of the Reformed faith.” Macaulay. 2. Amended in character and life; as a reformed gambler or drunkard. 3. (Mil.) Retained in service on half or full pay after the disbandment of the company or troop; — said of an officer. [Eng.]

Re•form´er (r?•f?rm´?r), n. 1. One who effects a reformation or amendment; one who labors for, or urges, reform; as a reformer of manners, or of abuses. 2. (Eccl.Hist.) One of those who commenced the reformation of religion in the sixteenth century, as Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Calvin.

Re•form´ist, n. [Cf. F. reformiste.] A reformer.

Re•form´ly, adv. In the manner of a reform; for the purpose of reform. [Obs.] Milton.

Re•for•ti•fi•ca´tion (r?•f?r•t?•f?•k?´sh?n), n. A fortifying anew, or a second time. Mitford.

Re•for´ti•fy (r?•f?r´t?•f?), v. t. To fortify anew.

Re•fos´sion (r?•f?sh´?n), n. [L. refodere, refossum, to dig up again. See Fosse.] The act of digging up again. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Re•found´ (r?•found´), v. t. [Pref. re- + found to cast; cf. F. refondare. Cf. Refund.] 1. To found or cast anew. ´Ancient bells refounded.´ T. Warton. 2. To found or establish again; to restablish.

Re•found´, imp. & p. p. of Refind, v. t.

Re•found´er (-?r), n. One who refounds.

Re•fract´ (r?•fr$kt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refracting.] [L. refractus, p. p. of refringere; pref. re- re- + frangere to break: cf. F. refracter. SEe FRacture, and cf. Refrain, n.] 1. To bend sharply and abruptly back; to break off. 2. To break the natural course of, as rays of light orr heat, when passing from one transparent medium to another of different density; to cause to deviate from a direct course by an action distinct from reflection; as a dense medium refrcts the rays of light as they pass into it from a rare medium.

Re•fract´a•ble (-?•b’l), a. Capable of being refracted.

Re•fract´ed, a. 1. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Bent backward angularly, as if half- broken; as a refracted stem or leaf. 2. Turned from a direct course by refraction; as refracted rays of light.

Re•fract´ing, a. Serving or tending to refract; as a refracting medium. Refracting angle of a prism (Opt.), the angle of a triangular prism included between the two sides through which the refracted beam passes in the decomposition of light. — Refracting telescope. (Opt.) See under Telescope.

Re•frac´tion (r?•fr?k´sh?n), n. [F. refraction.] 1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted. 2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different density from that through which it has previously moved. “Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser, is made towards the perpendicular.” Sir I. Newton. 3. (Astron.) (a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and, consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly body from which it emanates, arising from its passage through the earth’s atmosphere; — hence distinguished as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction. (b) The correction which is to be deducted from the apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true altitude. Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the two media traversed by the ray. — Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone. This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction, in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence; and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal, from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder. This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R. Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by experiment. — Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the apparent place of one object relative to a second object near it, due to refraction; also the correction required to be made to the observed relative places of the two bodies. — Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two directions, which produces two distinct images. The power of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative, double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial crystal is similarly designated when the same relation holds for the acute bisectrix. — Index of refraction. See under Index. — Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a graduated circle for the measurement of refraction. — Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, right ascension, etc., the change in the apparent latitude, longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of atmospheric refraction. — Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude of a distant point on or near the earth’s surface, as the top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying density.

Re•fract´ive (r?•fr?kt´?v), a. [Cf. F. refractif. See Refract.] Serving or having power to refract, or turn from a direct course; pertaining to refraction; as refractive surfaces; refractive powers. Refractive index. (Opt.) See Index of refraction, under Index. — Absolute refractive index (Opt.), the index of refraction of a substances when the ray passes into it from a vacuum. — Relative refractive index (of two media) (Opt.), the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a ray passing out of one of the media into the other.

Re•fract´ive•ness, n. The quality or condition of being refractive.

Re•frac•tom´e•ter (r?•fr?k•t?m´?•t?r), n. [Refraction + -meter.] (Opt.) A contrivance for exhibiting and measuring the refraction of light.

Re•fract´or (r-frkt´r), n. Anything that refracts; specifically: (Opt.) A refracting telescope, in which the image to be viewed is formed by the refraction of light in passing through a convex lens.

Re•frac´to•ri•ly (r?•fr?k´t?•r?•l?), adv. In a refractory manner; perversely; obstinately.

Re•frac´to•ri•ness, n. The quality or condition of being refractory.

Re•frac´to•ry (-r?), a. [L. refractorius, fr. refringere: cf. F. refractaire. See Refract.] 1. Obstinate in disobedience; contumacious; stubborn; unmanageable; as a refractory child; a refractory beast. “Raging appetites that are
Most disobedient and refractory.” Shak. 2. Resisting ordinary treatment; difficult of fusion, reduction, or the like; — said especially of metals and the like, which do not readily yield to heat, or to the hammer; as a refractory ore. Syn. — Perverse; contumacious; unruly; stubborn; obstinate; unyielding; ungovernable; unmanageable.

Re•frac´to•ry, n. 1. A refractory person. Bp. Hall. 2. Refractoriness. [Obs.] Jer. TAylor. 3. OPottery) A piece of ware covered with a vaporable flux and placed in a kiln, to communicate a glaze to the other articles. Knight.

Re•frac´ture (r?•fr?k´t?r;135), n. (Surg.) A second breaking (as of a badly set bone) by the surgeon.

Re•frac´ture, v. t. (Surg.) To break again, as a bone.

Ref´ra•ga•ble (r?f´r?•g?•b’l), a. [LL. refragabilis, fr. L. refragari to oppose.] Capable of being refuted; refutable. [R.] — Ref´ra•ga•ble•ness, n. [R.] — Ref•ra•ga•bil´i•ty (-bl••t), n. [R.]

Ref´ra•gate (-g?t), v. i. [L. refragatus, p. p. of refragor.] To oppose. [R.] Glanvill.

Re•frain´ (r?•fr?n´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refrained (-fr?nd´); p. pr. & vb/ n. Refraining.] [OE. refreinen, OF. refrener, F. refrner, fr. L. refrenare; influenced by OF. refraindre to restrain, moderate, fr. LL. refrangere, for L. refringere to break up, break (see Refract). L. refrenare is fr. pref. re- back + frenum bridle; cf. Skr. dh to hold.] 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep within prescribed bounds; to curb; to govern. “His reson refraineth not his foul delight or talent.” Chaucer. “Refrain thy foot from their path.” Prov. i. 15. 2. To abstain from [Obs.] “Who, requiring a remedy for his gout, received no other counsel than to refrain cold drink.” Sir T. Browne.

Re•frain´, v. i. To keep one’s self from action or interference; to hold aloof; to forbear; to abstain. “Refrain from these men, and let them alone.” Acts v. 38. “They refrained therefrom [eating flesh] some time after.” Sir T. Browne. Syn. — To hold back; forbear; abstain; withhold.

Re•frain´, n. [F. refrain, fr. OF. refraindre; cf. Pr. refranhs a refrain, refranher to repeat. See Refract,Refrain, v.] The burden of a song; a phrase or verse which recurs at the end of each of the separate stanzas or divisions of a poetic composition. “We hear the wild refrain.” Whittier.

Re•frain´er (r?•fr?n´?r), n. One who refrains.

Re•frain´ment (-ment), n. Act of refraining. [R.]

Re•frame´ (r?•fr?m), v. t. To frame again or anew.

Re•fran•gi•bil´i•ty (r?•fr?n•j?•b?l´?•t?), n. [Cf. F. refrangibilite.] The quality of being refrangible.

Re•fran´gi•ble (-fr?n´j?•b’l), a. [Cf. F. refrangible. See Refract.] Capable of being refracted, or turned out of a direct course, in passing from one medium to another, as rays of light. — Re•fran´gi•ble•ness, n.

Ref•re•na´tion (r?f•r?•n?´sh?n), n. [L. refrenatio. See Refrain, v. t.] The act of refraining. [Obs.]

Re•fresh´ (r?•fr?sh´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refreshed (-fr?sht´); p. pr. & vb. n. Refreshing.] [OE. refreshen, refreschen, OF. refreschir (cf. OF. rafraischir, rafreschir, F. rafrachir); pref. re- re- + fres fresh. F. frais. See Fresh, a.] 1. To make fresh again; to restore strength, spirit, animation, or the like, to; to relieve from fatigue or depression; to reinvigorate; to enliven anew; to reanimate; as sleep refreshes the body and the mind. Chaucer. “Foer they have refreshed my spirit and yours.” 1 Cor. xvi. 18. “And labor shall refresh itself with hope.” Shak. 2. To make as if new; to repair; to restore. “The rest refresh the scaly snakes that fol
The shield of Pallas and renew their gold.” Dryden. To refresh the memory, to quicken or strengthen it, as by a reference, review, memorandum, or suggestion. Syn. — To cool; refrigerate; invigorate; revive; reanimate; renovate; renew; restore; recreate; enliven; cheer.

Re•fresh´, n. The act of refreshing. [Obs.] Daniel.

Re•fresh´er (-?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, refreshes. 2. (Law) An extra fee paid to counsel in a case that has been adjourned from one term to another, or that is unusually protracted. “Ten guineas a day is the highest refresher which a counsel can charge.” London Truth.

Re•fresh´ful (-f?l), a. Full of power to refresh; refreshing. — Re•fresh´ful•ly, adv.

Re•fresh´ing, a. Reviving; reanimating. — Re•fresh´ing•ly, adv. — Re•fresh´ing•ness, n.

Re•fresh´ment (-ment), n. [CF. OF. refreschissement, F. rafraîchissement.] 1. The act of refreshing, or the state of being refreshed; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, or liveliness; relief after suffering; new life or animation after depression. 2. That which refreshes; means of restoration or reanimation; especially, an article of food or drink.

Re•fret´ (r?•fr?t´), n. [OF. refret, L. refractus, p. p. See Refrain, n., Refract.] Refrain. [Obs.] Bailey.

Re•freyd´ (r?•fr?d´), v. t. [OF. refreidier.] To chill; to cool. [Obs.] “Refreyded by sickness … or by cold drinks.” Chaucer.

Ref•ri•ca´tion (r?f•r?•k?´sh?n), n. [L. refricare to rub again.] A rubbing up afresh; a brightening. [Obs.] “A continual refrication of the memory.” Bp. Hall.

Re•frig´er•ant (r?•fr?j´?r-ant), a. [L. refrigerans, p. pr. of refrigerare: cf. F. refrigerant. See Refrigerate.] Cooling; allaying heat or fever. Bacon.

Re•frig´er•ant, n. That which makes to be cool or cold; specifically, a medicine or an application for allaying fever, or the symptoms of fever; — used also figuratively. Holland. ´A refrigerant to passion.´ Blair.

Re•frig´er•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refrigerated (- a•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Refrigerating.] [L. refrigeratus, p. p. of refrigerare; pref. re- re- + frigerare to make cool, fr. frigus, frigoris, coolness. See Frigid.] To cause to become cool; to make or keep cold or cool.

Re•frig•er•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. refrigeration, L. refrigeratio.] The act or process of refrigerating or cooling, or the state of being cooled.

Re•frig´er•a•tive (r?•fr?j´?r•?•t?v), a. [Cf. F. refrigeratif.] Cooling; allaying heat. — n. A refrigerant. “Crazed brains should come under a refrigerative treatment.” I. Taylor.

Re•frig´er•a•tor (-?•t?r), n. That which refrigerates or makes cold; that which keeps cool. Specifically: (a) A box or room for keeping food or other articles cool, usually by means of ice. (b) An apparatus for rapidly cooling heated liquids or vapors, connected with a still, etc. Refrigerator car (Railroad), a freight car constructed as a refrigerator, for the transportation of fresh meats, fish, etc., in a temperature kept cool by ice.

Re•frig´er•a•to•ry (-?•t?•r?), a. [L. refrigeratorius.] Mitigating heat; cooling.

Re•frig´er•a•to•ry, n.; pl. -ries (-frz). [CF. F. refrigeratoire.] That which refrigerates or cools. Specifically: (a) In distillation, a vessel filled with cold water, surrounding the worm, the vapor in which is thereby condensed. (b) The chamber, or tank, in which ice is formed, in an ice machine.

Ref•ri•ge´ri•um (r?f•r?•j?´r?•?m), n. [L.] Cooling refreshment; refrigeration. [Obs.] South.

Re•frin´gen•cy (r?•fr?n´jen•s?), n. The power possessed by a substance to refract a ray; as different substances have different refringencies. Nichol.

Re•frin´gent (-jent), a. [L. refringens, p. pr. of refringere. See Refract.] Pertaining to, or possessing, refringency; refractive; refracting; as a refringent prism of spar. Nichol.

Reft (r?ft), imp. & p. p. of Reave. Bereft. “Reft of thy sons, amid thy foes forlorn.” Heber.

Reft, n. A chink; a rift. See Rift. Rom. of R.

Ref´uge (r?f´?j), n. [F. refuge, L. refugium, fr. refugere to flee back; pref. re- + figere. SEe Fugitive.] 1. Shelter or protection from danger or distress. “Rocks, dens, and caves! But I in none of these
Find place or refuge.” Milton. “We might have a strong consolation, who have fled for refuge to lay hold upon the hope set before us.” Heb. vi. 18. 2. That which shelters or protects from danger, or from distress or calamity; a stronghold which protects by its strength, or a sanctuary which secures safety by its sacredness; a place inaccessible to an enemy. “The high hills are a refuger the wild goats.” Ps. civ. 18. “The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed.” Ps. ix. 9. 3. An expedient to secure protection or defense; a device or contrivance. “Their latest refuge
Was to send him.” Shak. “Light must be supplied, among gracefulrefuges, by terracing story in danger of darkness.” Sir H. Wotton. Cities of refuge (Jewish Antiq.), certain cities appointed as places of safe refuge for persons who had committed homicide without design. Of these there were three on each side of Jordan. Josh. xx. — House of refuge, a charitable institution for giving shelter and protection to the homeless, destitute, or tempted. Syn. — Shelter; asylum; retreat; covert.

Ref´uge (r?f´?j), v. t. To shelter; to protect. [Obs.]

Ref•u•gee´ (r?f•?•j?´), n. [F. refugie, fr. se refugier to take refuge. See Refuge, n.] 1. One who flees to a shelter, or place of safety. 2. Especially, one who, in times of persecution or political commotion, flees to a foreign power or country for safety; as the French refugees who left France after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. { Re•ful´gence (r?•f?l´jens), Re•ful´gen•cy (-jen•s?), } n. [L. refulgentia. See Refulgent.] The quality of being refulgent; brilliancy; splender; radiance.

Re•ful´gent (r?•f?l´jent), a. [L. refulgens, p. pr. of refulgere to flash back, to shine bright; pref. re- re- + fulgere to shine. See Fulgent.] Casting a bright light; radiant; brilliant; resplendent; shining; splendid; as refulgent beams. — Re•ful´gent•ly, adv. “So conspicuous and refulgent a truth.” Boyle.

Re•fund´ (r?•f?nd´), v. t. [Pref. re- + fund.] To fund again or anew; to replace (a fund or loan) by a new fund; as to refund a railroad loan.

Re•fund´ (r?•f?nd´), v. t. [L. refundere; pref. re- re- + fundere to pour: cf. F. refondre, refonder. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Refound to cast again, 1st Refuse.] 1. To pour back. [R. & Obs.] “Were the humors of the eye tinctured with any color, they would refund that color upon the object.” Ray. 2. To give back; to repay; to restore. “A governor, that had pillaged the people, was … sentenced to refund what he had wrongfully taken.” L’Estrange. 3. To supply again with funds; to reimburse. [Obs.]

Re•fund´er (-?r), n. One who refunds.

Re•fund´ment (-ment), n. The act of refunding; also that which is refunded. [R.] Lamb.

Re•fur´bish (r?•f?r´b?sh), v. t. To furbish anew.

Re•fur´nish (-n?sh), v. t. To furnish again.

Re•fur´nish•ment (-ment), n. The act of refurnishing, or state of being refurnished. “The refurnishment was in a style richer than before.” L. Wallace.

Re•fus´a•ble (r?•f?z´?•b’l), a. [Cf. F. refusable. See Refuse.] Capable of being refused; admitting of refusal.

Re•fus´al (-al), n. 1. The act of refusing; denial of anything demanded, solicited, or offered for acceptance. “Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels,
On my refusal, to distress me more?” Milton. 2. The right of taking in preference to others; the choice of taking or refusing; option; as to give one the refusal of a farm; to have the refusal of an employment.

Re•fuse´ (r?•f?z´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refused (-f?zd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Refusing.] [F. refuser, either from (assumed) LL. refusare to refuse, v. freq. of L. refundere to pour back, give back, restore (see Refund to repay), or. fr. L. recusare to decline, refuse cf. Accuse, Ruse), influenced by L. refutare to drive back, repel, refute. Cf. Refute.] 1. To deny, as a request, demand, invitation, or command; to decline to do or grant. “That never yet refused your hest.” Chaucer. 2. (Mil.) To throw back, or cause to keep back (as the center, a wing, or a flank), out of the regular aligment when troops ar about to engage the enemy; as to refuse the right wing while the left wing attacks. 3. To decline to accept; to reject; to deny the request or petition of; as to refuse a suitor. “The cunning workman never doth refuse
The meanest tool that he may chance to use.” Herbert. 4. To disown. [Obs.] ´Refuse thy name.´ Shak.

Re•fuse´, v. i. To deny compliance; not to comply. “Too proud to ask, too humble to refuse.” Garth. “If ye refuse … ye shall be devoured with the sword.” Isa. i. 20.

Re•fuse´, n. Refusal. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Ref•use (r?f´?s;277), n. [F. refus refusal, also that which is refused. See Refuse to deny.] That which is refused or rejected as useless; waste or worthless matter. Syn. — Dregs; sediment; scum; recrement; dross.

Ref´use, a. Refused; rejected; hence; left as unworthy of acceptance; of no value; worthless. “Everything that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly.” 1. Sam. xv. 9.

Re•fus´er (r?•f?z´?r), n. One who refuses or rejects.

Re•fu´sion (r?•f?´zh?n), n. [Pref. re-+ fusion.] 1. New or repeated melting, as of metals. 2. Restoration. ´This doctrine of the refusion of the soul.´ Bp. Warbuton.

Ref´ut (ref´ut), n. [OF. refuite.] Refuge. ´Thou haven of refut.´ [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•fut•a•bil´i•ty (r?•f?t•?•b?l´?•t?), n. The quality of being refutable.

Re•fut´a•ble (r?•f?t´?•b’l;277), a. [Cf. F. refutable.] Admitting of being refuted or disproved; capable of being proved false or erroneous.

Re•fut´al (r?•f?t´al), n. Act of refuting; refutation.

Ref•u•ta´tion (r?f•?•t?´sh?n), n. [L. refutatio: cf. F. refutation.] The act or process of refuting or disproving, or the state of being refuted; proof of falsehood or error; the overthrowing of an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, by argument or countervailing proof. “Same of his blunders seem rather to deserve a flogging than a refutation.” Macaulay.

Re•fut´a•to•ry (r?•f?t´?•t?•r?), a. [L. refutatorius: cf. F. refutatoire.] Tending tu refute; refuting.

Re•fute´ (r?•F3t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refuting.] [F. refuter, L. refuteare to repel, refute. Cf. Confute, Refuse to deny.] To disprove and overthrow by argument, evidence, or countervailing proof; to prove to be false or erroneous; to confute; as to refute arguments; to refute testimony; to refute opinions or theories; to refute a disputant. “There were so many witnesses in these two miracles that it is impossible to refute such multitudes.” Addison. Syn. — To confute; disprove. See Confute.

Re•fut´er (-f?t´?r), n. One who, or that which, refutes.

Re•gain´ (r?•g?n´), v. t. [Pref. re- + gain: cf. F. regagner.] To gain anew; to get again; to recover, as what has escaped or been lost; to reach again. Syn. — To recover; reobtain; repossess; retrieve.

Re´gal (r?´gal), a. [L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, a king. See Royal, and cf. Rajah, Realm, Regalia.] Of or pertaining to a king; kingly; royal; as regal authority, pomp, or sway. ´The regal title.´ Shak. “He made a scorn of his regal oath.” Milton. Syn. — Kingly; royal. See Kingly.

Re´gal, n. [F. regale, It. regale. CF. Rigoll.] (Mus.) A small portable organ, played with one hand, the bellows being worked with the other, — used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Re•ga´le (r?•g?´l?), n. [LL. regale, pl. regalia, fr. L. regalis: cf. F. regale. See Regal.] A prerogative of royalty. [R.] Johnson.

Re•gale´ (r?•g?l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regaled (-g?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Regaling.] [F. regaler, Sp. regalar to regale, to caress, to melt, perhaps fr. L. regalare to thaw (cff. Gelatin), or cf. Sp. gala graceful, pleasing address, choicest part of a thing (cf. Gala), or most likely from OF. galer to rejoice, gale pleasure.] To enertan in a regal or sumptuous manner; to enrtertain with something that delights; to gratify; to refresh; as to regale the taste, the eye, or the ear.

Re•gale´, v. i. To feast; t fare sumtuously.

Re•gale´, n. [F. regal. See Regale, v. t.] A sumptuous repast; a banquet. Johnson. Cowper. “Two baked custards were produced as additions to the regale.” E. E. Hale.

Re•gale´ment (-ment), n. The act of regaling; anything which regales; refreshment; entertainment.

Re•gal´er (-g?l´?r), n. One who regales.

Re•ga´li•a (r?•g?´l?•?), n. pl. [LL., from L. regalisregal. See Regal.] 1. That which belongs to royalty. Specifically: (a) The rights and prerogatives of a king. (b) Royal estates and revenues. (c) Ensings, symbols, or paraphernalia of royalty. 2. Hence, decorations or insignia of an office or order, as of Freemasons, Odd Fellows,etc. 3. Sumptuous food; delicacies. [Obs.] Cotton. Regalia of a church, the privileges granted to it by kings; sometimes, its patrimony. Brande & C.

Re•ga´li•a, n. A kind of cigar of large size and superior quality; also the size in which such cigars are classed.

Re•ga´li•an (-an), a. Pertaining to regalia; pertaining to the royal insignia or prerogatives. Hallam.

Re´gal•ism (r?´gal•?z’m), n. The doctrine of royal prerogative or supremacy. [R.] Cardinal Manning.

Re•gal´i•ty (r?•g?l´?•t?), n. [LL. regalitas, from L. regalis regal, royal. See Regal, and cf. Royality.] 1. Royalty; sovereignty; sovereign jurisdiction. “[Passion] robs reason of her due regalitie.” Spenser. “He came partly in by the sword, and had high courage in all points of regality.” Bacon. 2. An ensign or badge of royalty. [Obs.]

Re´gal•ly (r?´gal•l?), adv. In a regal or royal manner.

Re•gard´ (r?•g?rd´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Regarding.] [F. regarder; pref. re- re + garder to guard, heed, keep. See Guard, and cf. Reward.] 1. To keep in view; to behold; to look at; to view; to gaze upon. “Your niece regards me with an eye of favor.” Shak. 2. Hence, to look or front toward; to face. [Obs.] “It is peninsula which regardeth the mainland.” Sandys. “That exceedingly beatiful seat, on the assent of a hill, flanked with wood and regarding the river.” Evelyn. 3. To look closely at; to observe attentively; to pay attention to; to notice or remark particularly. “If much you note him,
You offened him; … feed, and regard him not.” Shak. 4. To look upon, as in a certain relation; to hold as an popinion; to consider; as to regard abstinence from wine as a duty; to regard another as a friend or enemy. 5. To consider and treat; to have a certain feeling toward; as to regard one with favor or dislike. “His associates seem to have regarded him with kindness.” Macaulay. 6. To pay respect to; to treat as something of peculiar value, sanctity, or the like; to care for; to esteem. “He that regardeth thae day, regardeth it into the LOrd.” Rom. xiv. 6. “Here’s Beaufort, that regards nor God nor king.” Shak. 7. To take into consideration; to take account of, as a fact or condition. ´Nether regarding that she is my child, nor fearing me as if II were her father.´ Shak. 8. To have relation to, as bearing upon; to respect; to relate to; to touch; as an argument does not regard the question; — often used impersonally; as I agree with you as regards this or that. Syn. — To consider; observe; remark; heed; mind; respect; esteem; estimate; value. See Attend.

Re•gard´ (r?•g?rd´), v. i. To look attentively; to consider; to notice. [Obs.] Shak.

Re•gard´, n. [F. regard See Regard, v. t.] 1. A look; aspect directed to another; view; gaze. “But her, with stern regard, he thus repelled.” Milton. 2. Attention of the mind with a feeling of interest; observation; heed; notice. “Full many a lady
I have eyed with best regard.” Shak. 3. That view of the mind which springs from perception of value, estimable qualities, or anything that excites admiration; respect; esteem; reverence; affection; as to have a high regard for a person; — often in the plural. “He has rendered himself worthy of their most favorable regards.” A. Smith. “Save the long-sought regards of woman, nothing is sweeter than those marks of childish preference.” Hawthorne. 4. State of being regarded, whether favorably or otherwise; estimation; repute; note; account. “A man of meanest regard amongst them, neither having wealth or power.” Spenser. 5. Consideration; thought; reflection; heed. “Sad pause and deep regard become the sage.” Shak. 6. Matter for consideration; account; condition. [Obs.] ´Reason full of good regard.´ Shak. 7. Respect; relation; reference. “Persuade them to pursue and persevere in virtue, with regard to themselves; in justice and goodness with regard to their neighbors; and piefy toward God.” I. Watts. The phrase in regard of was formerly used as equivalent in meaning to on account of, but in modern usage is often improperly substituted for in respect to, or in regard to. G. P. Marsh. “Change was thought necessary in regard of the injury the church did receive by a number of things then in use.” Hooker. “In regard of its security, it had a great advantage over the bandboxes.” Dickens. 8. Object of sight; scene; view; aspect. [R.] “Throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Even till we make the main and the aërial blue
An indistinct regard.” Shak. 9. (O.Eng.Law) Supervision; inspection. At regard of, in consideration of; in comparison with. [Obs.] ´Bodily penance is but short and little at regard of the pains of hell.´ Chaucer. — Court of regard, a forest court formerly held in England every third year for the lawing, or expeditation, of dogs, to prevent them from running after deer; — called also survey of dogs. Blackstone. Syn. — Respect; consideration; notice; observance; heed; care; concern; estimation; esteem; attachment; reverence.

Re•gard´a•ble (-?•b’l), a. Worthy of regard or notice; to be regarded; observable. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Re•gard´ant (-ant), a. [F. regardant, fr. regarder. See Regard, v. t.] [Written also regardant.] 1. Looking behind; looking backward watchfully. “[He] turns thither his regardant eye.” Southey. 2. (Her.) Looking behind or backward; as a lion regardant. 3. (O.Eng.Law) Annexed to the land or manor; as a villain regardant.

Re•gard´er (r?•g?rd´?r), n. 1. One who regards. 2. (Eng. Forest law) An officer appointed to supervise the forest. Cowell.

Re•gard´ful (-f?l), a. Heedful; attentive; observant. — Re•gard´ful•ly, adv. “Let a man be very tender and regardful of every pious motion made by the Spirit of God to his heart.” South. Syn. — Mindful; heedful; attentive; observant.

Re•gard´ing, prep. Concerning; respecting.

Re•gard´less, a. 1. Having no regard; heedless; careless; as regardless of life, consequences, dignity. “Regardless of the bliss wherein he sat.” Milton. 2. Not regarded; slighted. [R.] Spectator. Syn. — Heedless; negligent; careless; indifferent; unconcerned; inattentive; unobservant; neglectful. — Re•gard´less•ly, adv. — Re•gard´less•ness, n.

Re•gath´er (r?•g?th´?r), v. t. To gather again.

Re•gat´ta (r?•g?t´t?), n.; pl. Regattas (-tz). [It. regatta, regata.] Originally, a gondola race in Venice; now, a rowing or sailing race, or a series of such races.

Re´gel (r?´g?l), n. (Astron.) See Rigel.

Re´ge•late (r?´j?•l?t or r?j´?-), v. i. (Physics) To freeze together again; to undergo regelation, as ice.

Re•ge•la´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. [Pref. re- + L. gelatio a freezing.] (Physics) The act or process of freezing anew, or together,as two pieces of ice. Two pieces of ice at (or even) 32 Fahrenheit, with moist surfaces, placed in contact, freeze together to a rigid mass. This is called regelation. Faraday.

Re´gence (r?´jens), n. Rule. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Re´gen•cy (r?•jen•s?), n.; pl. Regencies (-sz). [CF. F. regence, LL. regentia. See Regent, a.] 1. The office of ruler; rule; authority; government. 2. Especially, the office, jurisdiction, or dominion of a regent or vicarious ruler, or of a body of regents; deputed or vicarious government. Sir W. Temple. 3. A body of men intrusted with vicarious government; as a regency constituted during a king’s minority, absence from the kingdom, or other disability. “A council or regency consisting of twelve persons.” Lowth.

Re•gen´er•a•cy (r?•j?n´?r•?•s?), n. [See Regenerate.] The state of being regenerated. Hammond.

Re•gen´er•ate (-?t), a. [L. regeneratus, p. p. of regenerare to regenerate; pref. re- re- + generare to beget. See Generate.] 1. Reproduced. “The earthly author of my blood,
Whose youthful spirit, in me regenerate,
Doth with a twofold vigor lift me up.” Shak. 2. (Theol.) Born anew; become Christian; renovated in heart; changed from a natural to a spiritual state.

Re•gen´er•ate (r?•j?n´?r•?t), v. t. 1. To generate or produce anew; to reproduce; to give new life, strength, or vigor to. “Through all the soil a genial fferment spreads.
Regenerates the plauts, and new adorns the meads.” Blackmore. 2. (Theol.) To cause to be spiritually born anew; to cause to become a Christian; to convert from sin to holiness; to implant holy affections in the heart of. 3. Hence, to make a radical change for the better in the character or condition of; as to regenerate society.

Re•gen´er•ate•ness (-?t•n?s), n. The quality or state of being rgenerate.

Re•gen•er•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. [L. regeneratio: cf. F. regeneration.] 1. The act of regenerating, or the state of being regenerated. 2. (Theol.) The entering into a new spiritual life; the act of becoming, or of being made, Christian; that change by which holy affectations and purposes are substituted for the opposite motives in the heart. “He saved us by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Chost.” Tit. iii. 5. 3. (Biol.) The reproduction of a part which has been removed or destroyed; re-formation; — a process especially characteristic of a many of the lower animals; as the regeneration of lost feelers, limbs, and claws by spiders and crabs. 4. (Physiol.) (a) The reproduction or renewal of tissues, cells, etc., which have been used up and destroyed by the ordinary processes of life; as the continual regeneration of the epithelial cells of the body, or the regeneration of the contractile substance of muscle. (b) The union of parts which have been severed, so that they become anatomically perfect; as the regeneration of a nerve.

Re•gen´er•a•tive (r?•j?n´?r•?•t?v), a. Of or pertaining to regeneration; tending to regenerate; as regenerative influences. H. Bushnell. Regenerative furnace (Metal.), a furnace having a regenerator in which gas used for fuel, and air for supporting combustion, are heated; a Siemens furnace.

Re•gen´er•a•tive•ly, adv. So as to regenerate.

Re•gen´er•a•tor (-?•t?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, regenerates. 2. (Mech.) A device used in connection with hot-air engines, gas-burning furnaces, etc., in which the incoming air or gas is heated by being brought into contact with masses of iron, brick, etc., which have been previously heated by the outgoing, or escaping, hot air or gas.

Re•gen´er•a•to•ry (-?•t?•r?), a. Having power to renew; tending to reproduce; regenerating. G. S. Faber.

Re•gen´e•sis (-?•s?s), n. New birth; renewal. “A continued regenesis of dissenting sects.” H. Spenser.

Re´gent (r?´jent), a. [L. regens, -entis, p. pr. of regere to rule: cf. F. regent. See Regiment.] 1. Ruling; governing; regnant. ´Some other active regent principle … which we call the soul.´ Sir M. Hale. 2. Exercising vicarious authority. Milton. Queen regent. See under Queen, n.

Re´gent, n. [F. regent. See Regent, a.] 1. One who rules or reigns; a governor; a ruler. Milton. 2. Especially, one invested with vicarious authority; one who governs a kingdom in the minority, absence, or disability of the sovereign. 3. One of a governing board; a trustee or overseer; a superintendent; a curator; as the regents of the Smithsonian Institution. 4. (Eng.Univ.) A resident master of arts of less than five years’ standing, or a doctor of less than twwo. They were formerly privileged to lecture in the schools. Regent bird (Zoöl.), a beautiful Australian bower bird (Sericulus melinus). The male has the head, neck, and large patches on the wings, bright golden yellow, and the rest of the plumage deep velvety black; — so called in honor of the Prince of Wales (afterward George IV.), who was Prince Regent in the reign of George III. — The Regents of the University of the State of New York, the members of a corporate body called the University of New York. They have a certain supervisory power over the incorporated institution for Academic and higher education in the State.

Re´gent•ess, n. A female regent. [R.] Cotgrave.

Re´gent•ship, n. The office of a regent; regency.

Re•ger´mi•nate (r?•j?r´m?•n?t), v. i. [Pref. re- + germinate: cf. L. regerminare.] To germinate again. “Perennial plants regerminate several years successively.” J. Lee.

Re•ger•mi•na´tion (-n?´sh?n), n. [L. regerminatio.] A germinating again or anew.

Re•gest´ (r?•j?st´), n. [L. regesta, pl.: cf. OF. regestes, pl. See Register.] A register. [Obs.] Milton.

Re•get´ (r?•g?t´), v. t. To get again.

Re´gi•an (r?´j?-an), n. [L. regius regal.] An upholder of kingly authority; a royalist. [Obs.] Fuller.

Reg´i•ble (r?j´?•b’l), a. [L. regibilis, from regere to rule.] Governable; tractable. [Obs.]

Reg´i•ci•dal (r?j´?•s?•dal), a. Pertaining to regicide, or to one committing it; having the nature of, or resembling, regicide. Bp. Warburton.

Reg´i•cide (r?j´?•s?d), n. [F. regicide; L. rex, regis, a king + caedere to kill. Cf. Homicide.] 1. One who kills or who murders a king; specifically (Eng.Hist.), one of the judges who condemned Charles I. to death. 2. The killing or the murder of a king.

Re•gild´ (r?•g?ld´), v. t. To gild anew.

Re•gime´ (r?•zh?m´), n. [F. See Regimen.] 1. Mode or system of rule or management; character of government, or of the prevailing social system. “I dream … of the new regime which is to come.” H. Kingsley. 2. (Hydraul.) The condition of a river with respect to the rate of its flow, as measured by the volume of water passing different cross sections in a given time, uniform regime being the condition when the flow is equal and uniform at all the cross sections. The ancient regime, or Ancien regime [F.], the former political and social system, as distinguished from the modern; especially, the political and social system existing in France before the Revolution of 1789.

Reg´i•men (r?j´?•m?n), n. [L. regimen, -inis, fr. regere to guide, to rule. See Right, and cf. Regal, Regime, Regiment.] 1. Orderly government; system of order; adminisration. Hallam. 2. Any regulation or remedy which is intended to produce beneficial effects by gradual operation; esp. (Med.), a systematic course of diet, etc., pursed with a view to improving or preserving the health, or for the purpose of attaining some particular effect, as a reduction of flesh; — sometimes used synonymously with hygiene. 3. (Gram.) (a) A syntactical relation between words, as when one depends on another and is regulated by it in respect to case or mood; government. (b) The word or words governed.

Reg´i•ment (-ment), n. [F. regiment a regiment of men, OF. also government, L. regimentum government, fr. regere to guide, rule. See Regimen.] 1. Government; mode of ruling; rule; authority; regimen. [Obs.] Spenser. ´Regiment of health.´ Bacon. “But what are kings, when regiment is gone,
But perfect shadows in a sunshine day?” Marlowe. “The law of nature doth now require of necessity some kind of regiment.” Hocker. 2. A region or district governed. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. (Mil.) A body of men, either horse, foot, or artillery, commanded by a colonel, and consisting of a number of companies, usually ten. In the British army all the artillery are included in one regiment, which (reversing the usual practice) is divided into brigades. Regiment of the line (Mil.), a regiment organized for general service; — in distinction from those (as the Life Guards) whose duties are usually special. [Eng.]

Reg´i•ment (-m?nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regimented; p. pr. & vb. n. Regimenting.] To form into a regiment or into regiments. Washington.

Reg•i•men´tal (-m?n´tal), a. Belonging to, or concerning, a regiment; as regimental officers, clothing. Regimental school, in the British army, a school for the instruction of the private soldiers of a regiment, and their children, in the rudimentary branches of education.

Reg•i•men´tal•ly, adv. In or by a regiment or regiments; as troops classified regimentally.

Reg•i•men´tals (-talz), n. pl. (Mil.) The uniform worn by the officers and soldiers of a regiment; military dress; — formerly used in the singular in the same sense. Colman.

Re•gim´i•nal (r?•j?m´?•nal), a. Of or relating to regimen; as regiminal rules.

Re´gion (r?´j?n), n. [F. region, from L. regio a direction, a boundary line, region, fr. regere to guide, direct. See Regimen.] 1. One of the grand districts or quarters into which any space or surface, as of the earth or the heavens, is conceived of as divided; hence, in general, a portion of space or territory of indefinite extent; country; province; district; tract. “If thence he ’scappe, into whatever world,
Or unknown region.” Milton. 2. Tract, part, or space, lying about and including anything; neighborhood; vicinity; sphere. ´Though the fork invade the region of my heart.´ Shak. “Philip, tetrarch of .. the region of Trachonitis.” Luke iii. 1. 3. The upper air; the sky; the heavens. [Obs.] “Anon the dreadful thunder
Doth rend the region.” Shak. 4. The inhabitants of a district. Matt. iii. 5. 5. Place; rank; station. [Obs. or R.] “He is of too high a region.” Shak.

Re´gion•al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to a particular region; sectional.

Re´gi•ous (-j?•?s), a. [L. regius royal, fr. rex, regis, king.] Regal; royal. [Obs.] Harrington.

Reg´is•ter (rej´is•ter), n. [OE. registre, F. registre, LL. registrum,regestum, L. regesta, pl., fr. regerere, regestum, to carry back, to register; pref. re- re- + gerere to carry. See Jest, and cf. Regest.] 1. A written account or entry; an official or formal enumeration, description, or record; a memorial record; a list or roll; a schedule. “As you have one eye upon my follies, … turn another into the register of your own.” Shak. 2. (Com.) (a) A record containing a list and description of the merchant vessels belonging to a port or customs district. (b) A certificate issued by the collector of customs of a port or district to the owner of a vessel, containing the description of a vessel, its name, ownership, and other material facts. It is kept on board the vessel, to be used as an evidence of nationality or as a muniment of title. 3. [Cf. LL. registrarius. Cf. Regisrar.] One who registers or records; a registrar; a recorder; especially, a public officer charged with the duty of recording certain transactions or events; as a register of deeds. 4. That which registers or records. Specifically: (a) (Mech.) A contrivance for automatically noting the performance of a machine or the rapidity of a process. (b) (Teleg.) The part of a telegraphic apparatus which records automatically the message received. (c) A machine for registering automatically the number of persons passing through a gateway, fares taken, etc.; a telltale. 5. A lid, stopper, or sliding plate, in a furnace, stove, etc., for regulating the admission of air to the fuel; also an arrangement containing dampers or shutters, as in the floor or wall of a room or passage, or in a chimney, for admitting or excluding heated air, or for regulating ventilation. 6. (Print.) (a) The inner part of the mold in which types are cast. (b) The correspondence of pages, columns, or lines on the opposite or reverse sides of the sheet. (c) The correspondence or adjustment of the several impressions in a design which is printed in parts, as in chromolithographic printing, or in the manufacture of paper hangings. See Register, v. i. 2. 7. (Mus.) (a) The compass of a voice or instrument; a specified portion of the compass of a voice, or a series of vocal tones of a given compass; as the upper, middle, or lower register; the soprano register; the tenor register. In respect to the vocal tones, the thick register properly extends below from the F on the lower space of the treble staff. The thin register extends an octave above this. The small register is above the thin. The voice in the thick register is called the chest voice; in the thin, the head voice. Falsetto is a kind off voice, of a thin, shrull quality, made by using the mechanism of the upper thin register for tones below the proper limit on the scale. E. Behnke. (b) A stop or set of pipes in an organ. Parish register, A book in which are recorded the births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, and burials in a parish. Syn. — List; catalogue; roll; record; archives; chronicle; annals. See List.

Reg´is•ter (rej´is•ter), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Registered (- terd); p. pr. & vb. n. Registering.] [Cf. F. regisrer, exregistrer, LL. registrare. See Register, n.] 1. To enter in a register; to record formally and distinctly, as for future use or service. 2. To enroll; to enter in a list. “Such follow him as shall be registered.” Milton. Registered letter, a letter, the address of which is, on payment of a special fee, registered in the post office and the transmission and delivery of which are attended to with particular care.

Reg´is•ter, v. i. 1. To enroll one’s name in a register. 2. (Print.) To correspond in relative position; as two pages, columns, etc. , register when the corresponding parts fall in the same line, or when line falls exactly upon line in reverse pages, or (as in chromatic printing) where the various colors of the design are printed consecutively, and perfect adjustment of parts is necessary.

Reg´is•ter•ing, a. Recording; — applied to instruments; having an apparatus which registers; as a registering thermometer. See Recording.

Reg´is•ter•ship, n. The office of a register.

Reg´is•trant (-trant), n. [L. registrans, p. pr.] One who registers; esp., one who , by virtue of securing an official registration, obtains a certain right or title of possession, as to a trade-mark.

Reg´is•trar (-tr?r), n. [LL. registrarius, or F. registraire. See Register.] One who registers; a recorder; a keeper of records; as a registrar of births, deaths, and marriages. See Register, n., 3.

Reg´is•trar•ship, n. The office of a registrar.

Reg´is•tra•ry (- tr?•r?), n. A registrar. [Obs.]

Reg´is•trate (-tr?t), v. t. To register. [R.]

Reg•is•tra´tion (-tr?´sh?n), n. [LL. registratio, or F. registration. See Register, v.] 1. The act of registering; registry; enrollment. 2. (Mus.) The art of selecting and combining the stops or registers of an organ.

Reg´is•try (r?j´?s•tr?), n. 1. The act of recording or writing in a register; enrollment; registration. 2. The place where a register is kept. 3. A record; an account; a register. Sir W. Temple.

Re´gi•us (r?l´?•?s), a. [L. regius, from rex, regis, a king.] Of or pertaining to a king; royal. Regius professor, an incumbent of a professorship founded by royal bounty, as in an English university.

Re•give´ (r?•g?v´), v. t. To give again; to give back.

Re´gle (r?g´’l), v. t. [See Reglement.] To rule; to govern. [Obs.] ´To regle their lives.´ Fuller.

Re´gle•ment (r?g´’l•ment), n. [F. reglement, fr. regler, L. regulare. See Regulate.] Regulation. [Obs.] “The reformation and reglement of usury.” Bacon.

Reg•le•men´ta•ry (-l?•m?n´t?•r?), a. [F. reglementaire, fr. reglement.] Regulative. [R.]

Reg´let (r?g´l?t), n. [F. reglet, dim. of règle a rule, L. regula. See Rule.] 1. (Arch.) A flat, narrow molding, used chiefly to separate the parts or members of compartments or panels from one another, or doubled, turned, and interlaced so as to form knots, frets, or other ornaments. See Illust. (12) of Column. 2. (Print.) A strip of wood or metal of the height of a quadrat, used for regulating the space between pages in a chase, and also for spacing out title-pages and other open matter. It is graded to different sizes, and designated by the name of the type that it matches; as nonpareil reglet, pica reglet, and the like.

Reg´ma (r?g´m?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. , -, fracture, fr. to break.] (Bot.) A kind of dry fruit, consisting of three or more cells, each which at length breaks open at the inner angle.

Reg´ma•carp (-k?rp), n. [Regma + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) Any dry dehiscent fruit.

Reg´nal (r?g´nal), a. [L. regnum reign.] Of or pertaining to the reign of a monarch; as regnal years.

Reg´nan•cy (-nan•s?), n. The condition or quality of being regnant; sovereignty; rule. Coleridge.

Reg´nant (-nant), a. [L. regnans, -antis, p. pr. of regnare to reign: cf. F regnant. See Reign.] 1. Exercising regal authority; reigning; as a queen regnant. 2. Having the chief power; ruling; predominant; prevalent. ´A traitor to the vices regnant.´ Swift.

Reg´na•tive (-n?•t?v), a. Ruling; governing. [Obs.]

Regne (r?n), n. & v. See Reign. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•gorge´ (r?•g?rj´), v. t. [F. regorder; re- + gorger to gorge. Cf. Regurgitate.] 1. To vomit up; to eject from the stomach; to throw back. Hayward. 2. To swallow again; to swallow back. “Tides at highest mark regorge the flood.” Dryden.

Re•grade´ (r?•gr?d´), v. i. [L. re- re- + gradi to go. Cf. Regrede. ] To retire; to go back. [Obs.] W. Hales.

Re•graft´ (r?•gr?ft´), v. t. To graft again.

Re•grant´ (r?•gr?nt´), v. t. To grant back; to grant again or anew. Ayliffe.

Re•grant´, n. 1. The act of granting back to a former proprietor. 2. A renewed of a grant; as the regrant of a monopoly.

Re•grate´ (r?•gr?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Regrating.] [F. regratter, literally, to scrape again. See Re-, and Grate, v. t.] 1. (Masonry) To remove the outer surface of, as of an old hewn stone, so as to give it a fresh appearance. 2. To offend; to shock. [Obs.] Derham.

Re•grate´, v. t. [F. regratter to regrate provisions; of uncertain origin.] (Eng.Law) To buy in large quantities, as corn, provisions, etc., at a market or fair, with the intention of selling the same again, in or near the same place, at a higher price, — a practice which was formerly treated as a public offense.

Re•grat´er (-?r), n. [F. regrattier.] One who regrates.

Re•grat´er•y, n. The act or practice of regrating.

Re•gra´ti•a•to•ry (r?•gr?´sh?•?•t?•r?), n. A returning or giving of thanks. [Obs.] Skelton.

Re•grat´or (r?•gr?t´?r), n. One guilty of regrating.

Re•grede´ (r?•gr?d´), v. i. [L. regredi to go back. Cf. Regrade, Regress.] To go back; to retrograde, as the apsis of a planet’s orbit. [R.] Todhunter.

Re•gre´di•ence (r?•gr?´d?-ens), n. A going back; a retrogression; a return. [R.] Herrick.

Re•greet´ (r?•gr?t´), v. t. To greet again; to resalute; to return a salutation to; to greet. Shak.

Re•greet´, n. A return or exchange of salutation.

Re´gress (r?´gr?s), n. [L. regressus, fr. regredi, regressus. See Regrede.] 1. The act of passing back; passage back; return; retrogression. ´The progress or regress of man´. F. Harrison. 2. The power or liberty of passing back. Shak.

Re•gress´ (r?•gr?s´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Regressed (-gr?st´); p. pr. & vb. n. Regressing.] To go back; to return to a former place or state. Sir T. Browne.

Re•gres´sion (r?•gr?sh´?n), n. [L. regressio: cf. F. regression.] The act of passing back or returning; retrogression; retrogradation. Sir T. Browne. Edge of regression (of a surface) (Geom.), the line along which a surface turns back upon itself; — called also a cuspidal edge. — Regression point (Geom.), a cusp.

Re•gress´ive (r?•gr?s´?v), a. [Cf. F. regressif.] 1. Passing back; returning. 2. Characterized by retrogression; retrogressive. Regressive metamorphism. (a) (Biol.) See Retrogression. (b) (Physiol.) See Katabolism.

Re•gress´ive•ly, adv. In a regressive manner.

Re•gret´ (r?•gr?t´), n. [F., fr. regretter. See Regret, v.] 1. Pain of mind on account of something done or experienced in the past, with a wish that it had been different; a looking back with dissatisfaction or with longing; grief; sorrow; especially, a mourning on account of the loss of some joy, advantage, or satisfaction. ´A passionate regret at sin.´ Dr. H. More. “What man does not remember with regret the first time he read Robinson Crusoe?” Macaulay. “Never any prince expressed a more lively regret for the loss of a servant.” Clarendon. “From its peaceful bosom [the grave] spring none but fond regrets and tender recollections.” W. Irving. 2. Dislike; aversion. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Syn. — Grief; concern; sorrow; lamentation; repentance; penitence; self-condemnation. — Regret, Remorse, Compunction, Contrition, Repentance. Regret does not carry with it the energy of remorse, the sting of compunction, the sacredness of contrition, or the practical character of repentance. We even apply the term regret to circumstance over which we have had no control, as the absence of friends or their loss. When connected with ourselves, it relates rather to unwise acts than to wrong or sinful ones. C. J. Smith.

Re•gret´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regretted (-ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Regretting.] [F. regretter, OF. regreter; L. pref. re- re- + a word of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. gretan to weep, Icel. grata. See Greet to lament.] To experience regret on account of; to lose or miss with a sense of regret; to feel sorrow or dissatisfaction on account of (the happening or the loss of something); as to regret an error; to regret lost opportunities or friends. “Calmly he looked on either life, and here
Saw nothing to regret, or there to fear.” Pope. “In a few hours they [the Israelites] began to regret their slavery, and to murmur against their leader.” Macaulay. “Recruits who regretted the plow from which they had been violently taken.” Macaulay.

Re•gret´ful (-f?l), a. Full of regret; indulging in regrets; repining. — Re•gret´ful•ly, adv.

Re•grow´ (r?•gr?´), v. i. & t. To grow again. “The snail had power to regrow them all [horns, tongue, etc.]” A. B. Buckley.

Re•growth´ (r?•gr?th´), n. The act of regrowing; a second or new growth. Darwin. “The regrowth of limbs which had been cut off.” A. B. Buckley.

Re•guard´ant (r?•g?rd´ant), a. (Her.) Same as Regardant.

Re•guer´don (r?•g?r´d?n), v. t. [Pref. re- re- + guerdon: cf. OF. reguerdonner.] To reward. [Obs.] Shak.

Reg´u•la•ble (r?g´?•l?•b’l), a. Capable of being regulated. [R.]

Reg´u•lar (-l?r), a. [L. regularis, fr. regula a rule, fr. regere to guide, to rule: cf. F. regulier. See Rule.] 1. Conformed to a rule; agreeable to an established rule, law, principle, or type, or to established customary forms; normal; symmetrical; as a regular verse in poetry; a regular piece of music; a regular verb; regular practice of law or medicine; a regular building. 2. Governed by rule or rules; steady or uniform in course, practice, or occurence; not subject to unexplained or irrational variation; returning at stated intervals; steadily pursued; orderlly; methodical; as the regular succession of day and night; regular habits. 3. Constituted, selected, or conducted in conformity with established usages, rules, or discipline; duly authorized; permanently organized; as a regular meeting; a regular physican; a regular nomination; regular troops. 4. Belonging to a monastic order or community; as regular clergy, in distinction dfrom the secular clergy. 5. Thorough; complete; unmitigated; as a regular humbug. [Colloq.] 6. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having all the parts of the same kind alike in size and shape; as a regular flower; a regular sea urchin. 7. (Crystallog.) Same as Isometric. Regular polygon (Geom.), a plane polygon which is both equilateral and equiangular. — Regular polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron whose faces are equal regular polygons. There are five regular polyhedrons, — the tetrahedron, the hexahedron, or cube, the octahedron, the dodecahedron, and the icosahedron. — Regular sales (Stock Exchange), sales of stock deliverable on the day after the transaction. — Regular troops, troops of a standing or permanent army; — opposed to militia. Syn. — Normal; orderly; methodical. See Normal.

Reg´u•lar (reg´u•ler), n. [LL. regularis: cf. F. regulier. See Regular, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A member of any religious order or community who has taken the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and who has been solemnly recognized by the church. Bp. Fitzpatrick. 2. (Mil.) A soldier belonging to a permanent or standing army; — chiefly used in the plural.

Reg•u•la´ri•a (reg•u•la´ri•a), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Echini which includes the circular, or regular, sea urchins.

Reg•u•lar´i•ty (-l?r´?•t?), n. [Cf. F. regularite.] The condition or quality of being regular; as regularity of outline; the regularity of motion.

Reg´u•lar•ize (reg´u•ler•iz), v. t. To cause to become regular; to regulate. [R.]

Reg´u•lar•ly, adv. In a regular manner; in uniform order; methodically; in due order or time.

Reg´u•lar•ness, n. Regularity. Boyle.

Reg´u•late (-lat), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regulated (- la•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Regulating.] [L. regulatus, p. p. of regulare, fr. regula. See Regular.] 1. To adjust by rule, method, or established mode; to direct by rule or restriction; to subject to governing principles or laws. “The laws which regulate the successions of the seasons.” Macaulay. “The herdsmen near the frontier adjudicated their own disputes, and regulated their own police.” Bancroft. 2. To put in good order; as to regulate the disordered state of a nation or its finances. 3. To adjust, or maintain, with respect to a desired rate, degree, or condition; as to regulate the temperature of a room, the pressure of steam, the speed of a machine, etc. To regulate a watch or clock, to adjust its rate of running so that it will keep approximately standard time. Syn. — To adjust; dispose; methodize; arrange; direct; order; rule; govern.

Reg•u•la´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. 1. The act of regulating, or the state of being regulated. “The temper and regulation of our own minds.” Macaulay. 2. A rule or order prescribed for management or government; prescription; a regulating principle; a governing direction; precept; law; as the regulations of a society or a school. Regulation sword, cap, uniform, etc. (Mil.), a sword, cap, uniform, etc., of the kind or quality prescribed by the official regulations. Syn. — Law; rule; method; principle; order; precept. See Law.

Reg´u•la•tive (r?g´?•l?•t?v), a. 1. Tending to regulate; regulating. Whewell. 2. (Metaph.) Necessarily assumed by the mind as fundamental to all other knowledge; furnishing fundamental principles; as the regulative principles, or principles a priori; the regulative faculty. Sir W. Hamilton. These terms are borrowed from Kant, and suggest the thought, allowed by Kant, that possibly these principles are only true for the human mind, the operations and belief of which they regulate.

Reg´u•la•tor (-l?•t?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, regulates. 2. (Mach.) A contrivance for regulating and controlling motion, as: (a) The lever or index in a watch, which controls the effective length of the hairspring, and thus regulates the vibrations of the balance. (b) The governor of a steam engine. (c) A valve for controlling the admission of steam to the steam chest, in a locomotive. 3. A clock, or other timepiece, used as a standard of correct time. See Astronomical clock (a), under Clock. 4. A member of a volunteer committee which, in default of the lawful authority, undertakes to preserve order and prevent crimes; also sometimes, one of a band organized for the comission of violent crimes. [U.S.] “A few stood neutral, or declared in favor of the Regulators.” Bancroft.

Reg´u•line (r?g´?•l?n), a. [Cf. F. regulin. See Regulus.] (Chem. & Metal.) Of or pertaining to regulus.

Reg´u•lize (-l?z), v. t. (Old Chem.) To reduce to regulus; to separate, as a metal from extraneous matter; as to regulize antimony. [Archaic]

Reg´u•lus (-l?s), n.; pl. E. Reguluses (-z), L. Reguli (- l). [L., a petty king, prince, dim. of rex, regis, a king: cf. F. regule. See Regal.] 1. A petty king; a ruler of little power or consequence. 2. (Chem. & Metal.) The button, globule, or mass of metal, in a more or less impure state, which forms in the bottom of the crucible in smelting and reduction of ores. The name was introduced by the alchemists, and applied by them in the first instance to antimony. It signifies little king; and from the facility with which antimony alloyed with gold, these empirical philosophers had great hopes that this metal, antimony, would lead them to the discovery of the philosopher’s stone. Ure. 3. (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Leo; — called also the Lion’s Heart.

Re•gur´gi•tate (r?•g?r´j?•t?t), v. t. [LL. regurgitare, regurgitatum; L. pref. re- re- + gurges, -itis, a gulf. Cf. Regorge.] To throw or pour back, as from a deep or hollow place; to pour or throw back in great quantity.

Re•gur´gi•tate, v. i. To be thrown or poured back; to rush or surge back. “The food may regurgitatem the stomach into the esophagus and mouth.” Quain.

Re•gur•gi•ta´tion (-t?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. regurgitation.] 1. The act of flowing or pouring back by the orifice of entrance; specifically (Med.), the reversal of the natural direction in which the current or contents flow through a tube or cavity of the body. Quain. 2. The act of swallowing again; reabsorption.

Re•ha•bil´i•tate (r?•h?•b?l´?•t?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rehabilitated (- t?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Rehabilitating.] [Pref. re- re- + habilitate: cf. LL. rehabilitare, F. rehabiliter.] To invest or clothe again with some right, authority, or dignity; to restore to a former capacity; to reinstate; to qualify again; to restore, as a delinquent, to a former right, rank, or privilege lost or forfeited; - - a term of civil and canon law. “Restoring and rehabilitating the party.” Burke.

Re•ha•bil•i•ta´tion (-t?´sh?n), n. [Cf. LL. rehabilitatio, F. Rehabilitation.] The act of rehabilitating, or the state of being rehabilitated. Bouvier. Walsh.

Re•hash´ (r?•h?sh´), v. t. To hash over again; to prepare or use again; as to rehash old arguments.

Re•hash´, n. Something hashed over, or made up from old materials.

Re•hear´ (r?•h?r´), v. t. To hear again; to try a second time; as to rehear a cause in Chancery.

Re•hears´al (r?•h?rs´a), n. The act of rehearsing; recital; narration; repetition; specifically, a private recital, performance, or season of practice, in preparation for a public exhibition or exercise. Chaucer. “In rehearsal of our Lord’s Prayer.” Hooker. “Here’s marvelous convenient place for our rehearsal.” Shak. Dress rehearsal (Theater), a private preparatory performance of a drama, opera, etc., in costume.

Re•hearse´ (r?•h?rs´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rehearsed (-h?rst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Rehearsing.] [OE. rehercen, rehersen, OF. reherser, rehercier, to harrow over again; pref. re- re- + hercier to harrow, fr. herce a harrow, F. herse. See Hearse.] 1. To repeat, as what has been already said; to tell over again; to recite. Chaucer. “When the words were heard which David spake, they rehearsed them before Saul.” 1 Sam. xvii. 31. 2. To narrate; to relate; to tell. “Rehearse the righteous acts of the Lord.” Judg. . v. 11. 3. To recite or repeat in private for experiment and improvement, before a public representation; as to rehearse a tragedy. 4. To cause to rehearse; to instruct by rehearsal. [R.] “He has been rehearsed by Madame Defarge as to his having seen her.” Dickens. Syn. — To recite; recapitulate; recount; detail; describe; tell; relate; narrate.

Re•hearse´, v. i. To recite or repeat something for practice. ´There will we rehearse.´ Shak.

Re•hears´er (-?r), n. One who rehearses.

Re•heat´ (r?•h?t´), v. t. 1. To heat again. 2. To revive; to cheer; to cherish. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Re•hi•bi´tion (r?•h?•b?sh´?n), n. [Pref. re- + L. habere to have.] (Law) The returning of a thing purchased to the seller, on the ground of defect or frand.

Re•hib´i•to•ry (r?•h?b´?•t?•r?), a. (Law) Of or relating to rehibition; as a rehibitory action.

Re•hire´ (r?•h?r´), v. t. To hire again.

Re•hy•poth´e•cate (r?•h?•p?th´?•k?t), v. t. (Law) To hypothecate again. — Re•hy•poth•e•ca´tion, n.

Rei (r?), n.;pl. Reis (r´s or rz). [Pg. real, pl. reis. See Real a coin.] A portuguese money of account, in value about one tenth of a cent. [Spelt also ree.]

Reichs´rath (r?ks´r?t), n. [G] The parliament of Austria (exclusive of Hungary, which has its own diet, or parliament). It consists of an Upper and a Lower House, or a House of Lords and a House of Representatives.

Reichs´stand (r?ks´st?t•), n. [G.] A free city of the former German empire.

Reichs´tag (r?ks´t?g•), n. [G.] The Diet, or House of Representatives, of the German empire, which is composed of members elected for a term of three years by the direct vote of the people. See Bundesrath.

Reif (r?f), n. [AS. ref.] Robbery; spoil. [Obs.]

Rei´gle (r?´g’l), n. [F. règle a rule, fr. L. regula. See Rule.] A hollow cut or channel for quiding anything; as the reigle of a side post for a flood gate. Carew.

Rei´gle, v. t. To regulate; to govern. [Obs.]

Rei´gle•ment (-ment), n. [See Reglement.] Rule; regulation. [Obs.] Bacon. Jer. Taylor.

Reign (ran), n. [OE. regne, OF. reigne, regne, F. règne, fr. L. regnum, fr. rex, regis, a king, fr. regere to guide, rule. See Regal, Regimen.] 1. Royal authority; supreme power; sovereignty; rule; dominion. “He who like a father held his reign.” Pope. “Saturn’s sons received the threefold reign
Of heaven, of ocean, and deep hell beneath.” Prior. 2. The territory or sphere which is reigned over; kingdom; empire; realm; dominion. [Obs.] Spenser. “[God] him bereft the regne that he had.” Chaucer. 3. The time during which a king, queen, or emperor possesses the supreme authority; as it happened in the reign of Elizabeth.

Reign (r?n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reigned (r?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reigning.] [OE. regnen, reinen, OF. regner, F. regner, fr. L. regnare, fr. regnum. See Reign, n.] 1. To possess or exercise sovereign power or authority; to exercise government, as a king or emperor;; to hold supreme power; to rule. Chaucer. “We will not have this man to reign over us.” Luke xix. 14. “Shall Banquo’s issue ever
Reign in this kingdom?” Shak. 2. Hence, to be predominant; to prevail. ´Pestilent diseases which commonly reign in summer.´ Bacon. 3. To have superior or uncontrolled dominion; to rule. “Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body.” Rom. vi. 12. Syn. — To rule; govern; direct; control; prevail.

Reign´er (r?n´?r), n. One who reigns. [R.]

Re•il•lume´ (r?•?l•l?m´), v. t. To light again; to cause to shine anew; to relume; to reillumine. ´Thou must reillume its spark.´ J. R. Drake.

Re•il•lu´mi•nate (-l?´m?•n?t), v. t. To enlighten again; to reillumine.

Re•il•lu•mi•na´tion (-n?´sh?n), n. The act or process of enlightening again.

Re•il•lu´mine (-l?´m?n), v. t. To illumine again or anew; to reillume.

Reim (r?m), n. [D. riem, akin to G riemen; CF. Gr. a towing line.] A strip of oxhide, deprived of hair, and rendered pliable, — used for twisting into ropes, etc. [South Africa] Simmonds.

Re•im•bark´ (r?•?m•b?rk´), v. t. & i. See Reëmbark.

Re•im•bod´y (-b?d´?), v. t. & i. [See Reëmbody.] To imbody again. Boyle.

Re•im•burs´a•ble (r?•?m•b?rs´?•b’l), a. [CF. F. remboursable.] Capable of being repaid; repayable. “A loan has been made of two millions of dollars, reimbursable in ten years.” A. Hamilton.

Re•im•burse´ (-b?rs´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reimbursed (-b?rst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reimbursing.] [Pref. re- + imburse: cf. F. rembourser.] 1. To replace in a treasury or purse, as an equivalent for what has been taken, lost, or expended; to refund; to pay back; to restore; as to reimburse the expenses of a war. 2. To make restoration or payment of an equivalent to (a person); to pay back to; to indemnify; — often reflexive; as to reimburse one’s self by successful speculation. Paley.

Re•im•burse´ment (-b?rs´ment), n. [Cf. F. rembursement.] The act reimbursing. A. Hamilton.

Re•im•burs´er (-b?rs´?r), n. One who reimburses.

Re•im•plant´ (-pl?nt´), v. t. To implant again.

Re•im•port´ (-p?rt´), v. t. [Pref. re- + import: cf. F. remporter.] To import again; to import what has been exported; to bring back. Young.

Re•im•por•ta´tion (r?•?m•p?r•t?´sh?n), n. The act of reimporting; also that which is reimported.

Re•im•por•tune´ (-p?r•t?n´), v. t. To importune again.

Re•im•pose´ (r?•?m•p?z), v. t. To impose anew.

Re•im•preg´nate (-pr?g´n?t), v. t. To impregnate again or anew. Sir T. Browne.

Re•im•press´ (-pr?s´), v. t. To impress anew.

Re•im•pres´sion (-pr?sh´?n), n. A second or repeated impression; a reprint.

Re•im•print´ (-pr?nt´), v. t. To imprint again.

Re•im•pris´on (-pr?z’n), v. t. To imprison again.

Re•im•pris´on•ment (-ment), n. The act of reimprisoning, or the state of being reimprisoned.

Rein (r?n), n. [F. rêne, fr. (assumed) LL. retina, fr. L. retinere to hold back. See Retain.] 1. The strap of a bridle, fastened to the curb or snaffle on each side, by which the rider or driver governs the horse. “This knight laid hold upon his reyne.” Chaucer. 2. Hence, an instrument or means of curbing, restraining, or governing; government; restraint. ´Let their eyes rove without rein.´ Milton. To give rein, To give the rein to, to give license to; to leave withouut restrain. — To take the reins, to take the guidance or government; to assume control.

Rein, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reined (r?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reining.] 1. To govern or direct with the reins; as to rein a horse one way or another. “He mounts and reins his horse.” Chapman. 2. To restrain; to control; to check. “Being once chafed, he can not
Be reined again to temperance.” Shak. To rein in or rein up, to check the speed of, or cause to stop, by drawing the reins.

Rein, v. i. To be guided by reins. [R.] Shak.

Re•in•au´gu•rate, v. t. To inaugurate anew.

Re´in•cit´ (-s?t´), v. t. To incite again.

Re•in•cor´po•rate, v. t. To incorporate again.

Re•in•crease´ (-kr?s´), v. t. To increase again.

Re•in•cur´ (-k?r´), v. t. To incur again.

Rein´deer (r?n´d?r), n. [Icel. hreinn reindeer + E. deer. Icel. hreinn is of Lapp or Finnish origin; cf. Lappish reino pasturage.] [Formerly written also raindeer, and ranedeer.] (Zool.) Any ruminant of the genus Rangifer, of the Deer family, found in the colder parts of both the Eastern and Western hemispheres, and having long irregularly branched antlers, with the brow tines palmate. The common European species (R. tarandus) is domesticated in Lapland. The woodland reindeer or caribou (R. caribou) is found in Canada and Maine (see Caribou.) The Barren Ground reindeer or caribou (R. Grœnlandicus), of smaller size, is found on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in both hemispheries. Reindeer moss (Bot.), a gray branching lichen (Cladonia rangiferina) which forms extensive patches on the ground in arctic and even in north temperature regions. It is the principal food of the Lapland reindeer in winter. — Reindeer period (Geol.), a name sometimes given to a part of the Paleolithic era when the reindeer was common over Central Europe.

Re•in•duce´ (r?•?n•d?s´), v. t. To induce again.

Rei•nette´ (r?•n?t´), n. [F. See 1st Rennet.] (Bot.) A name given to many different kinds of apples, mostly of French origin.

Re•in•fect´ (r?•?n•f?kt), v. t. [Pref. re- + infect: cf. F. reinfecter.] To infect again.

Re•in•fec´tious (-f?k´sh?s), a. Capable of reinfecting.

Re•in•force´ (-f?rs´), v. t. See Reënforce, v. t.

Re•in•force´, n. See Reënforce, n.

Re•in•force´ment (-ment), n. See Reënforcement.

Re•in•fund´ (-f?nd´), v. i. [Pref. re- + L. infundere to pour in.] To flow in anew. [Obs.] Swift.

Re•in•gra´ti•ate (-gr?´sh?•?t), v. t. To ingratiate again or anew. Sir. T. Herbert.

Re•in•hab´it (-h?b´?t), v. t. To inhabit again. Mede.

Rein´less (r?n´l?s), a. Not having, or not governed by, reins; hence, not checked or restrained.

Reins (ranz), n. pl. [F. rein, pl. reins, fr. L. ren, pl. renes.] 1. The kidneys; also the region of the kidneys; the loins. 2. The inward impulses; the affections and passions; — so called because formerly supposed to have their seat in the part of the body where the kidneys are. “My reins rejoice, when thy lips speak right things.” Prov. xxiii. 16. “I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts.” Rev. ii. 23. Reins of a vault (Arch.), the parts between the crown and the spring or abutment, including, and having especial reference to, the loading or filling behind the shell of the vault. The reins are to a vault nearly what the haunches are to an arch, and when a vault gives way by thrusting outward, it is because its reins are not sufficiently filled up.

Re•in•sert´ (r?•?n•s?rt´), v. t. To insert again.

Re•in•ser´tion (-s?r´sh?n), n. The act of reinserting.

Re•in•spect´ (-sp?kt´), v. t. To inspect again.

Re•in•spec´tion (-sp?k´sh?n), n. The act of reinspecting.

Re•in•spire´ (-sp?r´), v. t. To inspire anew. Milton.

Re•in•spir´it (-sp•r´?t), v. t. To give fresh spirit to.

Re•in•stall´ (-st?l´), v. t. [Pref. re- + install: cf. F. reinstaller.] To install again. Milton.

Re•in•stall´ment (-ment), n. A renewed installment.

Re•in•state´ (-st?t´), v. t. To place again in possession, or in a former state; to restore to a state from which one had been removed; to instate again; as to reinstate a king in the possession of the kingdom. “For the just we have said already thet some of them were reinstated in their pristine happiness and felicity.” Glanvill.

Re•in•state´ment (-ment), n. The act of reinstating; the state of being reinstated; restablishment.

Re•in•sta´tion (-st?´sh?n), n. Reinstatement. [R.]

Re•in•struct´ (-str?kt´), v. t. To instruct anew.

Re•in•sur´ance (-sh?r´ans), n. 1. Insurance a second time or again; renewed insurance. 2. A contract by which an insurer is insured wholly or in part against the risk he has incurred in insuring somebody else. See Reassurance.

Re•in•sure´ (-sh?r´), v. t. 1. To insure again after a former insuranse has ceased; to renew insurance on. 2. To insure, as life or property, in favor of one who has taken an insurance risk upon it. “The innsurer may cause the property insured to be reinsured by other persons.” Walsh.

Re•in•sur´er (-sh?r´?r), n. One who gives reinsurance.

Re•in´te•grate (r?•?n´t?•gr?t), v. t. [Pref. re- + integrate. Cf. Redintegrate.] To renew with regard to any state or quality; to restore; to bring again together into a whole, as the parts off anything; to reëstablish; as to reintegrate a nation. Bacon.

Re•in•te•gra´tion (-gr?´sh?n), n. A renewing, or making whole again. See Redintegration.

Re•in•ter´ (r?•?n•t?r´), v. t. To inter again.

Re•in•ter´ro•gate (-t?r´r?•g?t), v. t. To interrogate again; to question repeatedly. Cotgrave.

Re•in•throne´ (-thr?n´), v. t. See Reënthrone.

Re•in•thron´ize (-?z), v. t. To enthrone again. [Obs.]

Re•in•tro•duce´ (r?•?n•tr?•d?s´), v. t. To introduce again. — Re•in•tro•duc´tion (- dk´shn), n.

Re•in•vest´ (r?•?n•v?st´), v. t. To invest again or anew.

Re•in•ves´ti•gate (-v?s´t?•g?t), v. t. To investigate again. — Re•in•ves•ti•ga´tion (- g´shn), n.

Re•in•vest´ment (-v?st´ment), n. The act of investing anew; a second or repeated investment.

Re•in•vig´or•ate (-v?g´?r•?t), v. t. To invigorate anew.

Re•in•volve´ (-v?lv´), v. t. To involve anew.

Re•is (r?´?s or r?z), n. [Pg., pl. of real, an ancient Portuguese coin.] The word is used as a Portuguese designation of money of account, one hundred reis being about equal in value to eleven cents.

Reis (ris), n. [Ar. raïs head, chief, prince.] A common title in the East for a person in authority, especially the captain of a ship. [Written also rais and ras.]

Reis• Ef•fen´di (r?s• ?f•f?n´d?). [See 2d Reis, and Effendi.] A title formerly given to one of the chief Turkish officers of state. He was chancellor of the empire, etc.

Reiss´ner’s mem´brane (r?s´n?rz m?m´br?n). [Named from E. Reissner, A German anatomist.] (Anat.) The thin membrane which separates the canal of the cochlea from the vestibular scala in the internal ear.

Re•is´su•a•ble (r?•?sh´?•?•b’l), a. Capable of being reissued.

Re•is´sue (r?•?sh´?), v. t. & i. To issue a second time.

Re•is´sue, n. A second or repeated issue.

Reit (r?t), n. Sedge; seaweed. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Rei´ter (r?´t?r), n. [G., rider.] A German cavalry soldier of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Re•it´er•ant (r?-?t´?r-ant), a. [See Reiterate.] Reiterating. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Re•it´er•ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reiterated (- a•ted); p. pr. & vb. n. Reiterating.] [Pref. re- + iterate: cf. F. reiterer, LL. reiterare to question again.] To repeat again and again; to say or do repeatedly; sometimes, to repeat. “That with reiterated crimes he might
Heap on himself damnation.” Milton. “You never spoke what did become you less
Than this; which to reiterate were sin.” Shak. Syn. — To repeat; recapitulate; rehearse.

Re•it´er•ate (-?t), a. Reiterated; repeated. [R.]

Re•it´er•a•ted•ly (-?•t?d-l?), adv. Repeatedly.

Re•it•er•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. reiteration.] The act of reiterating; that which is reiterated.

Re•it´er•a•tive (r?-?t´?r-?-t?v), n. 1. (Gram.) A word expressing repeated or reiterated action. 2. A word formed from another, or used to form another, by repetition; as dillydally.

Reiv´er (r?v´?r), n. See Reaver. Ruskin.

Re•ject´ (r?-j?kt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Rejecting.] [L. rejectus, p. p. of reicere, rejicere; pref. re- re- + jacere to throw: cf. F. rejeter, formerly also spelt rejecter. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To cast from one; to throw away; to discard. “Therefore all this exercise of hunting … the Utopians have rejected to their butchers.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “Reject me not from among thy children.” Wisdom ix. 4. 2. To refuse to receive or to acknowledge; to decline haughtily or harshly; to repudiate. “That golden scepter which thou didst reject.” Milton. “Because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no priest to me.” Hos. iv. 6. 3. To refuse to grant; as to reject a prayer or request. Syn. — To repel; renounce; discard; rebuff; refuse; decline.

Re•ject´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being, or that ought to be, rejected.

Re•jec•ta•men´ta (r?-j?k•t?-m?n´ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. rejectare, v. intens. fr. rejicere. See Reject.] Things thrown out or away; especially, things excreted by a living organism. J. Fleming.

Re•jec•ta´ne•ous (r?•j?k-t?´n?-?s), a. [L. rejectaneus.] Not chosen or received; rejected. [Obs.] ´Profane, rejectaneous, and reprobate people.´ Barrow.

Re•ject´er (r?-j?kt´?r), n. One who rejects.

Re•jec´tion (r?-j?k´sh?n), n. [L. rejectio: cf. F. rejection.] Act of rejecting, or state of being rejected.

Re•jec•ti´tious (r?•j?k-t?sh´?s), a. Implying or requiring rejection; rejectable. Cudworth.

Re•ject´ive (r?-j?kt´?v), a. Rejecting, or tending to reject.

Re•ject´ment (-ment), n. Act of rejecting; matter rejected, or thrown away. Eaton.

Re•joice´ (re•jois´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rejoiced (-joist´); p. pr. & vb. n. Rejoicing (-joi´s?ng).] [OE. rejoissen, OF. resjouir, resjoir, F. rejouir; pref. re- re- + OF, esjouir, esjoir, F. ejouir, to rejoice; pref. es- (L. ex-) + OF. jouir, joir, F. jouir, from L. gaudere to rejoice. See Joy.] To feel joy; to experience gladness in a high degree; to have pleasurable satisfaction; to be delighted. ´O, rejoice beyond a common joy.´ Shak. “I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy.” Ps. xxxi. 7. Syn. — To delight; joy; exult; triumph.

Re•joice´, v. t. 1. To enjoy. [Obs.] Bp. Peacock. 2. To give joy to; to make joyful; to gladden. “I me rejoysed of my liberty.” Chaucer. “While she, great saint, rejoices heaven.” Prior. “Were he [Cain] alive, it would rejoice his soul to see what mischief it had made.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — To please; cheer; exhilarate; delight.

Re•joice´, n. The act of rejoicing. Sir T. Browne.

Re•joice´ment (-ment), n. Rejoicing. [Obs.]

Re•joi´cer (r?-joi´s?r), n. One who rejoices.

Re•joi´cing (-s?ng), n. 1. Joy; gladness; delight. “We should particularly express our rejoicing by love and charity to our neighbors.” R. Nelson. 2. The expression of joy or gladness. “The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous.” Ps. cxviii. 15. 3. That which causes to rejoice; occasion of joy. “Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage forever, for they are the rejoicing of my heart.” Ps. cxix. 111.

Re•joi´cing•ly, adv. With joi or exultation.

Re•join´ (r?-join´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rejoined (-joind´); p. pr. & vb. n. Rejoining.] [F. rejoindre; pref. re- re- + joindre to join. See Join, and cf. Rejoinder.] 1. To join again; to unite after separation. 2. To come, or go, again into the presence of; to join the company of again. “Meet and rejoin me, in the pensive grot.” Pope. 3. To state in reply; — followed by an object clause.

Re•join´, v. i. 1. To answer to a reply. 2. (Law) To answer, as the defendant to the plaintiff’s replication.

Re•join´der (-d?r), n. [From F. rejoindre, inf., to join again. See Rejoin.] 1. An answer to a reply; or, in general, an answer or reply. 2. (Law) The defendant’s answer to the plaintiff’s replication. Syn. — Reply; answer; replication. See Reply.

Re•join´der, v. i. To make a rejoinder. [Archaic]

Re•join´dure (-dur), n. Act of joining again. [Obs.] ´Beguiles our lips of all rejoindure´ (i.e., kisses). Shak.

Re•joint´ (re-joint´), v. t. 1. To reunite the joints of; to joint anew. Barrow. 2. Specifically (Arch.), to fill up the joints of, as stones in buildings when the mortar has been dislodged by age and the action of the weather. Gwilt.

Re•jolt´ (r?-j?lt´), n. A reacting jolt or shock; a rebound or recoil. [R.] “These inward rejolts and recoilings of the mind.” South.

Re•jolt´, v. t. To jolt or shake again. Locke.

Re•journ´ (r?-j?rn´), v. t. [Cf. F. reajourner. See Adjourn.] To adjourn; to put off. [Obs.] Shak.

Re•journ´ment (-ment), n. Adjournment. [Obs.]

Re•judge´ (r?-j?j´), v. t. To judge again; to reëxamine; to review; to call to a new trial and decision. “Rejudge his acts, and dignify disgrace.” Pope.

Re•ju´ve•nate (r?-j?´v?-n?t), v. t. [Pref. re- re- + L. juventis young, youthful.] To render young again.

Re•ju•ve•na´tion (-n?´sh?n), n. Rejuvenescence.

Re•ju•ve•nes´cence (-n?s´sens), n. 1. A renewing of youth; the state of being or growing young again. 2. (Bot.) A method of cell formation in which the entire protoplasm of an old cell escapes by rupture of the cell wall, and then develops a new cell wall. It is seen sometimes in the formation of zoöspores, etc.

Re•ju•ve•nes´cen•cy (-sen-s?), n. Rejuvenescence.

Re•ju•ve•nes´cent (-sent), a. Becoming, or causing to become, rejuvenated; rejuvenating.

Re•ju•ve•nize (r?-j?´v?-n?z), v. t. To rejuvenate.

Re•kin´dle (r?-k?n´d’l), v. t. & i. To kindle again.

Rek´ne (r?k´ne), v. t. To reckon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•lade´ (re•lad´), v. t. To lade or load again.

Re•laid´ (re•lad´), imp. & p. p. of Relay.

Re•lais´ (re•la´), n. [F. See Relay, n.] (Fort.) A narrow space between the foot of the rampart and the scarp of the ditch, serving to receive the earth that may crumble off or be washed down, and prevent its falling into the ditch. Wilhelm.

Re•land´ (r?-l?nd´), v. t. To land again; to put on land, as that which had been shipped or embarked.

Re•land´, v. i. To go on shore after having embarked; to land again.

Re•lapse´ (r?-l?ps´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relapsed (-l?pst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Relapsing.] [L. relapsus, p. p. of relabi to slip back, to relapse; pref. re- re- + labi to fall, slip, slide. See Lapse.] 1. To slip or slide back, in a literal sense; to turn back. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. To slide or turn back into a former state or practice; to fall back from some condition attained; — generally in a bad sense, as from a state of convalescence or amended condition; as to relapse into a stupor, into vice, or into barbarism; — sometimes in a good sense; as to relapse into slumber after being disturbed. “That task performed, [preachers] relapse into themselves.” Cowper. 3. (Theol.) To fall from Christian faith into paganism, heresy, or unbelief; to backslide. “They enter into the justified state, and so continue all along, unless they relapse.” Waterland.

Re•lapse´, n. [For sense 2 cf. F. relaps. See Relapse, v.] 1. A sliding or falling back, especially into a former bad state, either of body or morals; backsliding; the state of having fallen back. “Alas! from what high hope to what relapse
Unlooked for are we fallen!” Milton. 2. One who has relapsed, or fallen back, into error; a backslider; specifically, one who, after recanting error, returns to it again. [Obs.]

Re•laps´er (-l?ps´?r), n. One who relapses. Bp. Hall.

Re•laps´ing, a. Marked by a relapse; falling back; tending to return to a former worse state. Relapsing fever (Med.), an acute, epidemic, contagious fever, which prevails also endemically in Ireland, Russia, and some other regions. It is marked by one or two remissions of the fever, by articular and muscular pains, and by the presence, during the paroxism of spiral bacterium (Spirochaete) in the blood. It is not usually fatal. Called also famine fever, and recurring fever.

Re•late´ (r?-l?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Related; p. pr. & vb. n. Relating.] [F. relater to recount, LL. relatare, fr. L. relatus, used as p. p. of referre. See Elate, and cf. Refer.] 1. To bring back; to restore. [Obs.] “ Abate your zealous haste, till morrow next again
Both light of heaven and strength of men relate.” Spenser. 2. To refer; to ascribe, as to a source. [Obs. or R.] 3. To recount; to narrate; to tell over. “This heavy act with heavy heart relate.” Shak. 4. To ally by connection or kindred. To relate one’s self, to vent thoughts in words. [R.] Syn. — To tell; recite; narrate; recount; rehearse; report; detail; describe.

Re•late´, v. i. 1. To stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; to refer; — with to. “All negative or privative words relate positive ideas.” Locke. 2. To make reference; to take account. [R.& Obs.] “Reckoning by the years of their own consecration without relating to any imperial account.” Fuller.

Re•lat´ed (-l?t´?d), p. p. & a. 1. Allied by kindred; connected by blood or alliance, particularly by consanguinity; as persons related in the first or second degree. 2. Standing in relation or connection; as the electric and magnetic forcec are closely related. 3. Narrated; told. 4. (Mus.) Same as Relative, 4.

Re•lat´ed•ness, n. The state or condition of being related; relationship; affinity. [R.] Emerson.

Re•lat´er (-?r), n. One who relates or narrates.

Re•la´tion (r?-l?´sh?n), n. [F. relation, L. relatio. See Relate.] 1. The act of relating or telling; also that which is related; recital; account; narration; narrative; as the relation of historical events. “oet’s relation doth well figure them.” Bacon. 2. The state of being related or of referring; what is apprehended as appertaining to a being or quality, by considering it in its bearing upon something else; relative quality or condition; the being such and such with regard or respect to some other thing; connection; as the relation of experience to knowledge; the relation of master to servant. “Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things, or any comparison which is made by the mind, is a relation.” I. Taylor. 3. Reference; respect; regard. “I have been importuned to make some observations on this art in relation to its agreement with poetry.” Dryden. 4. Connection by consanguinity or affinity; kinship; relationship; as the relation of parents and children. “Relations dear, and all the charities
Of father, son, and brother, first were known.” Milton. 5. A person connected by cosanguinity or affinity; a relative; a kinsman or kinswoman. “For me … my relation does not care a rush.” Ld. Lytton. 6. (Law) (a) The carrying back, and giving effect or operation to, an act or proceeding frrom some previous date or time, by a sort of fiction, as if it had happened or begun at that time. In such case the act is said to take effect by relation. (b) The act of a relator at whose instance a suit is begun. Wharton. Burrill. Syn. — Recital; rehearsal; narration; account; narrative; tale; detail; description; kindred; kinship; consanguinity; affinity; kinsman; kinswoman.

Re•la´tion•al (r?-l?´sh?n-al), a. 1. Having relation or kindred; related. “We might be tempted to take these two nations for relational stems.” Tooke. 2. Indicating or specifying some relation. “Relational words, as prepositions, auxiliaries, etc.” R. Morris.

Re•la´tion•ist, n. A relative; a relation. [Obs.]

Re•la´tion•ship, n. The state of being related by kindred, affinity, or other alliance. Mason.

Rel´a•tive (r?l´?-t?v), a. [F. relatif, L. relativus. See Relate.] 1. Having relation or reference; referring; respecting; standing in connection; pertaining; as arguments not relative to the subject. “I’ll have grounds
More relative than this.” Shak. 2. Arising from relation; resulting from connection with, or reference to, something else; not absolute. “Every thing sustains both an absolute and a relative capacity: an absolute, as it is such a thing, endued with such a nature; and a relative, as it is a part of the universe, and so stands in such a relations to the whole.” South. 3. (Gram.) Indicating or expressing relation; refering to an antecedent; as a relative pronoun. 4. (Mus.) Characterizing or pertaining to chords and keys, which, by reason of the identify of some of their tones, admit of a natural transition from one to the other. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Relative clause (Gram.), a clause introduced by a relative pronoun. — Relative term, a term which implies relation to, as guardian to ward, matter to servant, husband to wife. Cf. Correlative.

Rel´a•tive, n. One who, or that which, relates to, or is considered in its relation to, something else; a relative object or term; one of two object or term; one of two objects directly connected by any relation. Specifically: (a) A person connected by blood or affinity; strictly, one allied by blood; a relation; a kinsman or kinswoman. ´Confining our care … to ourselves and relatives.´ Bp. Fell. (b) (Gram.) A relative pronoun; a word which relates to, or represents, another word or phrase, called its antecedent; as the relatives ´who´, ´which´, ´that´.

Rel´a•tive•ly, adv. In a relative manner; in relation or respect to something else; not absolutely. “Consider the absolute affections of any being as it is in itself, before you consider it relatively.” I. Watts.

Rel´a•tive•ness, n. The state of being relative, or having relation; relativity.

Rel•a•tiv´i•ty (-t?v´?-t?), n. The state of being relative; as the relativity of a subject. Coleridge.

Re•lat´or (r?-l?t´?r), n. [ L.: cf. F. relateur. See Relate.] 1. One who relates; a relater. ´The several relators of this history.´ Fuller. 2. (Law) A private person at whose relation, or in whose behalf, the attorney-general allows an information in the nature of a quo warranto to be filed.

Re•lat´rix (-r?ks), n. [L.] (Law) A female relator.

Re•lax´ (r?-l?ks´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relaxed (-l?kst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Relaxing.] [L. relaxare; pref. re- re- + laxare to loose, to slacken, from laxus loose. See Lax, and cf. Relay, n., Release.] 1. To make lax or loose; to make less close, firm, rigid, tense, or the like; to slacken; to loosen; to open; as to relax a rope or cord; to relax the muscles or sinews. “Horror … all his joints relaxed.” Milton. “Nor served it to relax their serried files.” Milton. 2. To make less severe or rigorous; to abate the stringency of; to remit in respect to strenuousness, earnestness, or effort; as to relax discipline; to relax one’s attention or endeavors. “The statute of mortmain was at several times relaxed by the legislature.” Swift. 3. Hence, to relieve from attention or effort; to ease; to recreate; to divert; as amusement relaxes the mind. 4. To relieve from constipation; to loosen; to open; as an aperient relaxes the bowels. Syn. — To slacken; loosen; loose; remit; abate; mitigate; ease; unbend; divert.

Re•lax´, v. i. 1. To become lax, weak, or loose; as to let one’s grasp relax. “His knees relax with toil.” Pope. 2. To abate in severity; to become less rigorous. “In others she relaxed again,
And governed with a looser rein.” Prior. 3. To remit attention or effort; to become less diligent; to unbend; as to relax in study.

Re•lax´, n. Relaxation. [Obs.] Feltham.

Re••lax´, a. Relaxed; lax; hence, remiss; careless.

Re•lax´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being relaxed.

Re•lax´ant (r?-l?ks´ant), n. [L. relaxans, p. pr. of relaxare.] (Med.) A medicine that relaxes; a laxative.

Re•lax•a´tion (r?•l?ks-?´sh?n;277), n. [L. relaxatio; cf. F. relaxation.] 1. The act or process of relaxing, or the state of being relaxed; as relaxation of the muscles; relaxation of a law. 2. Remission from attention and effort; indulgence in recreation, diversion, or amusement. ´Hours of careless relaxation.´ Macaulay.

Re•lax´a•tive (r?-l?ks´?-t?v), a. Having the quality of relaxing; laxative. — n. A relaxant. B. Jonson.

Re•lay´ (r?-l?´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relaid (-l?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Relaying.] [Pref. re- + lay, v.] To lay again; to lay a second time; as to relay a pavement.

Re•lay´ (r?-l?´), n. [F. relais (cf. OF. relais relaxation, discontinuance, It. rilascio release, relief, rilasso relay), fr. OF. relaissier to abandon, release, fr. L. relaxare. See Relax.] 1. A supply of anything arranged beforehand for affording relief from time to time, or at successive stages; provision for successive relief. Specifically: (a) A supply of horses placced at stations to be in readiness to relieve others, so that a trveler may proceed without delay. (b) A supply of hunting dogs or horses kept in readiness at certain places to relive the tired dogs or horses, and to continue the pursuit of the game if it comes that way. (c) A number of men who relieve others in carrying on some work. 2. (Elec.) In various forms of telegraphic apparatus, a magnet which receives the circuit current, and is caused by it to bring into into action the power of a local battery for performing the work of making the record; also a similar device by which the current in one circuit is made to open or close another circuit in which a current is passing. Relay battery (Elec.), the local battery which is brought into use by the action of the relay magnet, or relay.

Rel´bun (r?l´b?n), n. The roots of the Chilian plant Calceolaria arachnoidea, — used for dyeing crimson.

Re•leas´a•ble (r?-l?s´?-b’l), a. That may be released.

Re•lease´ (r?-l?s´), v. t. [Pref. re + lease to let.] To lease again; to grant a new lease of; to let back.

Re•lease´ (r?-l?s´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Released (r?•l?st´); p. pr. & vb. n. Releasing.] [OE. relessen, OF. relassier, to release, to let free. See Relay, n., Relax, and cf. Release to lease again.] 1. To let loose again; to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude; to give liberty to, or to set at liberty; to let go. “Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever they desired.” Mark xv. 6. 2. To relieve from something that confines, burdens, or oppresses, as from pain, trouble, obligation, penalty. 3. (Law) To let go, as a legal claim; to discharge or relinquish a right to, as lands or tenements, by conveying to another who has some right or estate in possession, as when the person in remainder releases his right to the tenant in possession; to quit. 4. To loosen; to relax; to remove the obligation of; as to release an ordinance. [Obs.] Hooker. “A sacred vow that none should aye release.” Spenser. Syn. — To free; liberate; loose; discharge; disengage; extricate; let go; quit; acquit.

Re•lease´, n. 1. The act of letting loose or freeing, or the state of being let loose or freed; liberation or discharge from restraint of any kind, as from confinement or bondage. ´Who boast’st release from hell.´ Milton. 2. Relief from care, pain, or any burden. 3. Discharge from obligation or responsibility, as from debt, penalty, or claim of any kind; acquittance. 4. (Law) A giving up or relinquishment of some right or claim; a conveyance of a man’s right in lands or tenements to another who has some estate in possession; a quitclaim. Blackstone. 5. (Steam Engine) The act of opening the exhaust port to allow the steam to escape. Lease and release. (Law) See under Lease. — Out of release, without cessation. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. — Liberation; freedom; discharge. See Death.

Re•leas•ee´ (-?´), n. One to whom a release is given.

Re•lease´ment (r?-l?s´ment), n. The act of releasing, as from confinement or obligation. Milton.

Re•leas´er (-?r), n. One who releases, or sets free.

Re•leas´or (-?r), n. One by whom a release is given.

Rel´e•gate (r?l´?-g?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relegated (-g?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Relegating.] [L. relegatus, p. p. of relegare; pref. re- re- + legare to send with a commission or charge. See Legate.] To remove, usually to an inferior position; to consign; to transfer; specifically, to send into exile; to banish. “It [the Latin language] was relegated into the study of the scholar.” Milman.

Rel•e•ga´tion (-g?´sh?n), n. [L. relegatio: cf. F. relegation.] The act of relegating, or the state of being relegated; removal; banishment; exile.

Re•lent´ (r?-l?nt´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relented; p. pr. & vb. n. Relenting.] [F. ralentir, fr. L. pref. re- re- + ad to + lentus pliant, flexible, slow. See Lithe.] 1. To become less rigid or hard; to yield; to dissolve; to melt; to deliquesce. [Obs.] “He stirred the coals till relente gan
The wax again the fire.” Chaucer. “[Salt of tartar] placed in a cellar will … begin to relent.” Boyle. “When opening buds salute the welcome day,
And earth, relenting, feels the genial ray.” Pope. 2. To become less severe or intense; to become less hard, harsh, cruel, or the like; to soften in temper; to become more mild and tender; to feel compassion. “Can you … behold
My sighs and tears, and will not once relent?” Shak.

Re•lent´, v. t. 1. To slacken; to abate. [Obs.] “And oftentimes he would relent his pace.” Spenser. 2. To soften; to dissolve. [Obs.] 3. To mollify ; to cause to be less harsh or severe. [Obs.]

Re•lent´ (r?-l?nt´), n. Stay; stop; delay. [Obs.] “Nor rested till she came without relent
Unto the land of Amazons.” Spenser.

Re•lent´less, a. Unmoved by appeals for sympathy or forgiveness; insensible to the distresses of others; destitute of tenderness; unrelenting; unyielding; unpitying; as a prey to relentless despotism. “For this the avenging power employs his darts, …
Thus will persist, relentless in his ire.” Dryden. — Re•lent´less•ly, adv. — Re•lent´less•ness, n.

Re•lent´ment (-ment), n. The act or process of relenting; the state of having relented. Sir T. Browne.

Re•lesse´ (r?-l?s´), v. t. To release. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•les•see´ (r?•l?s-s?´), n. See Releasee.

Re•les•sor´ (-s?r´), n. See Releasor.

Re-let´ (r?-l?t´), v. t. To let anew, as a house. { Rel´e•vance (r?l´?•vans), Rel´e•van•cy (-van•s?), } n. 1. The quality or state of being relevant; pertinency; applicability. “Its answer little meaning, little relevancy bore.” Poe. 2. (Scots Law) Sufficiency to infer the conclusion.

Rel´e•vant (-vant), a. [F. relevant, p. pr. of relever to raise again, to relieve. See Relieve.] 1. Relieving; lending aid or support. [R.] Pownall. 2. Bearing upon, or properly applying to, the case in hand; pertinent; applicable. “Close and relevant arguments have very little hold on the passions.” Sydney Smith. 3. (Scots Law) Sufficient to support the cause.

Rel´e•vant•ly, adv. In a relevant manner.

Rel•e•va´tion (-v?´sh?n), n. [L. relevatio, fr. relevare. See Relieve.] A raising or lifting up. [Obs.]

Re•li•a•bil´i•ty (r?-l?•?-b?l´?-t?), n. The state or quality of being reliable; reliableness.

Re•li´a•ble (r?-l?´?-b’l), a. Suitable or fit to be relied on; worthy of dependance or reliance; trustworthy. ´A reliable witness to the truth of the miracles.´ A. Norton. “The best means, and most reliable pledge, of a higher object.” Coleridge. “According to General Livingston’s humorous account, his own village of Elizabethtown was not much more reliable, being peopled in those agitated times by ´unknown, unrecommended strangers, guilty-looking Tories, and very knavish Whigs.´” W. Irving. Some authors take exception to this word, maintaining that it is unnecessary, and irregular in formation. It is, however, sanctioned by the practice of many careful writers as a most convenient substitute for the phrase to be relied upon, and a useful synonym for trustworthy, which is by preference applied to persons, as reliable is to things, such as an account, statement, or the like. The objection that adjectives derived from neuter verbs do not admit of a passive sense is met by the citation of laughable, worthy of being laughed at, from the neuter verb to laugh; available, fit or able to be availed of, from the neuter verb to avail; dispensable, capable of being dispensed with, from the neuter verb to dispense. Other examples might be added. — Re•li´a•ble•ness, n. — Re•li´a•bly, adv.

Re•li´ance (-ans), n. [From Rely.] 1. The act of relying, or the condition or quality of being reliant; dependence; confidence; trust; repose of mind upon what is deemed sufficient support or authority. “In reliance on promises which proved to be of very little value.” Macaulay. 2. Anything on which to rely; dependence; ground of trust; as the boat was a poor reliance. Richardson.

Re•li´ant (-ant), a. Having, or characterized by, reliance; confident; trusting.

Rel´ic (r?l´?k), n. [F. relique, from L. reliquiae, pl., akin to relinquere to leave behind. See Relinquish.] [Formerly written also relique.] 1. That which remains; that which is left after loss or decay; a remaining portion; a remnant. Chaucer. Wyclif. “The relics of lost innocence.” Kebe. “The fragments, scraps, the bits and greasy relics.” Shak. 2. The body from which the soul has departed; a corpse; especially, the body, or some part of the body, of a deceased saint or martyr; — usually in the plural when referring to the whole body. “There are very few treasuries of relics in Italy that have not a tooth or a bone of this saint.” Addison. “Thy relics, Rowe, to this fair urn we trust,
And sacred place by Dryden’s awful dust.” Pope. 3. Hence, a memorial; anything preserved in remembrance; as relics of youthful days or friendships. “The pearls were spilt;
Some lost, some stolen, some as relics kept.” Tennyson.

Rel´ic•ly, adv. In the manner of relics. [Obs.]

Rel´ict (-?kt), n. [L. relicta, fr. of relictus, p. p. of relinquere to leave behind. See Relinquish.] A woman whose husband is dead; a widow. “Eli dying without issue, Jacob was obliged by law to marry his relict, and so to raise up seed to his brother Eli.” South.

Re•lict´ed (r?-l?kt´?d), a. [L. relictus, p. p.] (Law) Left uncovered, as land by recession of water. Bouvier.

Re•lic´tion (r?-l?k´sh?n), n. [L. relictio a leaving behind.] (Law) A leaving dry; a recession of the sea or other water, leaving dry land; land left uncovered by such recession. Burrill.

Re•lief´ (r?-l?f´), n. [OE. relef, F. relief, properly, a lifting up, a standing out. See Relieve, and cf. Basrelief, Rilievi.] 1. The act of relieving, or the state of being relieved; the removal, or partial removal, of any evil, or of anything oppressive or burdensome, by which some ease is obtained; succor; alleviation; comfort; ease; redress. “He sees the dire contagion spread so fast,
That, where it seizes, all relief is vain.” Dryden. 2. Release from a post, or from the performance of duty, by the intervention of others, by discharge, or by relay; as a relief of a sentry. “For this relief much thanks; ’tis bitter cold.” Shak. 3. That which removes or lessens evil, pain, discomfort, uneasiness, etc.; that which gives succor, aid, or comfort; also the person who relieves from performance of duty by taking the place of another; a relay. 4. (Feudal Law) A fine or composition which the heir of a deceased tenant paid to the lord for the privilege of taking up the estate, which, on strict feudal principles, had lapsed or fallen to the lord on the death of the tenant. 5. (Sculp. & Arch.) The projection of a figure above the ground or plane on which it is formed. Relief is of three kinds, namely, high relief (altorilievo), low relief, (basso-rilievo), and demirelief (mezzo-rilievo). See these terms in the Vocabulary. 6. (Paint.) The appearance of projection given by shading, shadow, etc., to any figure. 7. (Fort.) The height to which works are raised above the bottom of the ditch. Wilhelm. 8. (Physical Geog.) The elevations and surface undulations of a country. Guyot. Relief valve, a valve arranged for relieving pressure of steam, gas or liquid; an escape valve. Syn. — Alleviation; mitigation; aid; help; succor; assistance; remedy; redress; indemnification.

Re•lief´ful (r?-l?f´f?l), a. Giving relief. [Obs.]

Re•lief´less, a. Destitute of relief; also remediless.

Re•li´er (r?-l?´?r), n. [From Rely.] One who relies.

Re•liev´a•ble (r?-l?v´?-b’l), a. Capable of being relieved; fitted to recieve relief. Sir M. Hale.

Re•lieve´ (r?-l?v´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relieved (-l?vd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Relieving.] [OE. releven, F. relever to raise again, discharge, relieve, fr. L. relevare to lift up, raise, make light, relieve; pref. re- re- + levare to raise, fr. levis light. See Levity, and cf. Relevant, Relief.] 1. To lift up; to raise again, as one who has fallen; to cause to rise. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. To cause to seem to rise; to put in relief; to give prominence or conspicuousness to; to set off by contrast. “Her tall figure relieved against the blue sky; seemed almost of supernatural height.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To raise up something in; to introduce a contrast or variety into; to remove the monotony or sameness of. “The poet must … sometimes relieve the subject with a moral reflection.” Addison. 4. To raise or remove, as anything which depresses, weighs down, or crushes; to render less burdensome or afflicting; to alleviate; to abate; to mitigate; to lessen; as to relieve pain; to relieve the wants of the poor. 5. To free, wholly or partly, from any burden, trial, evil, distress, or the like; to give ease, comfort, or consolation to; to give aid, help, or succor to; to support, strengthen, or deliver; as to relieve a besieged town. “Now lend assistance and relieve the poor.” Dryden. 6. To release from a post, station, or duty; to put another in place of, or to take the place of, in the bearing of any burden, or discharge of any duty. “Who hath relieved you?” Shak. 7. To ease of any imposition, burden, wrong, or oppression, by judicial or legislative interposition, as by the removal of a grievance, by indemnification for losses, or the like; to right. Syn. — To alleviate; assuage; succor; assist; aid; help; support; substain; ease; mitigate; lighten; diminish; remove; free; remedy; redress; indemnify.

Re•lieve´ment (-ment), n. The act of relieving, or the state of being relieved; relief; release. [Archaic.]

Re•liev´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, relieves.

Re•liev´ing, a. Serving or tending to relieve. Relieving arch (Arch.), a discharging arch. See under Discharge, v. t. — Relieving tackle. (Naut.) (a) A temporary tackle attached to the tiller of a vessel during gales or an action, in case of accident to the tiller ropes. (b) A strong tackle from a wharf to a careened vessel, to prevent her from going over entirely, and to assist in righting her. Totten. Craig.

Re•lie´vo (r?-l?´v?), n. [It. rilievo.] See Relief, n., 5.

Re•light´ (r?-l?t´), v. t. To light or kindle anew. { Re•li•gi•euse´ (re-l?•zh?•?z´), n. f. Re•li•gi•eux´ (re-l?•zh?•?´), n. m. } [F.] A person bound by monastic vows; a nun; a monk.

Re•li´gion (re•lij´un), n. [F., from L. religio; cf. religens pious, revering the gods, Gr. ’ale•gein to heed, have a care. Cf. Neglect.] 1. The outward act or form by which men indicate their recognition of the existence of a god or of gods having power over their destiny, to whom obedience, service, and honor are due; the feeling or expression of human love, fear, or awe of some superhuman and overruling power, whether by profession of belief, by observance of rites and ceremonies, or by the conduct of life; a system of faith and worship; a manifestation of piety; as ethical religions; monotheistic religions; natural religion; revealed religion; the religion of the Jews; the religion of idol worshipers. “An orderly life so far as others are able to observe us is now and then produced by prudential motives or by dint of habit; but without seriousness there can be no religious principle at the bottom, no course of conduct from religious motives; in a word, there can be no religion.” Paley. “Religion [was] not, as too often now, used as equivalent for godliness; but … it expressed the outer form and embodiment which the inward spirit of a true or a false devotion assumed.” Trench. “Religions, by which are meant the modes of divine worship proper to different tribes, nations, or communities, and based on the belief held in common by the members of them severally… . There is no living religion without something like a doctrine. On the other hand, a doctrine, however elaborate, does not constitute a religion.” C. P. Tiele (Encyc. Brit.). “Religion … means the conscious relation between man and God, and the expression of that relation in human conduct.” J. Köstlin (Schaff-Herzog Encyc.) “After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee.” Acts xxvi. 5. “The image of a brute, adorned
With gay religions full of pomp and gold.” Milton. 2. Specifically, conformity in faith and life to the precepts inculcated in the Bible, respecting the conduct of life and duty toward God and man; the Christian faith and practice. “Let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion.” Washington. “Religion will attend you … as a pleasant and useful companion in every proper place, and every temperate occupation of life.” Buckminster. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A monastic or religious order subject to a regulated mode of life; the religious state; as to enter religion. Trench. “A good man was there of religion.” Chaucer. 4. Strictness of fidelity in conforming to any practice, as if it were an enjoined rule of conduct. [R.] “Those parts of pleading which in ancient times might perhaps be material, but at this time are become only mere styles and forms, are still continued with much religion.” Sir M. Hale. Religion, as distinguished from theology, is subjective, designating the feelings and acts of men which relate to God; while theology is objective, and denotes those ideas which man entertains respecting the God whom he worships, especially his systematized views of God. As distinguished from morality, religion denotes the influences and motives to human duty which are found in the character and will of God, while morality describes the duties to man, to which true religion always influences. As distinguished from piety, religion is a high sense of moral obligation and spirit of reverence or worship which affect the heart of man with respect to the Deity, while piety, which first expressed the feelings of a child toward a parent, is used for that filial sentiment of veneration and love which we owe to the Father of all. As distinguished from sanctity, religion is the means by which sanctity is achieved, sanctity denoting primarily that purity of heart and life which results from habitual communion with God, and a sense of his continual presence. Natural religion, a religion based upon the evidences of a God and his qualities, which is supplied by natural phenomena. See Natural theology, under Natural. — Religion of humanity, a name sometimes given to a religion founded upon positivism as a philosophical basis. — Revealed religion, that which is based upon direct communication of God’s will to mankind; especially, the Christian religion, based on the revelations recorded in the Old and New Testaments.

Re•li´gion•a•ry (r?-l?j´?n-?-r?), a. Relating to religion; pious; as religionary professions. [Obs.] { Re•li´gion•a•ry , Re•li´gion•er (-?r), } n. A religionist. [R.]

Re•li´gion•ism (-?z’m), n. 1. The practice of, or devotion to, religion. 2. Affectation or pretense of religion.

Re•li´gion•ist, n. One earnestly devoted or attached to a religion; a religious zealot. “The chief actors on one side were, and were to be, the Puritan religionists.” Palfrey. “It might be that an Antinomian, a Quaker, or other heterodo religionists, was to be scourged out of the town.” Hawthorne.

Re•li´gion•ize (-?z), v. t. To bring under the influence of religion. [R.] Mallock.

Re•li´gion•less, a. Destitute of religion.

Re•lig•i•os´i•ty (-l?j•?-?s´?-t?), n. [L. religiositas: cf. F. religiosit.] The quality of being religious; religious feeling or sentiment; religiousness. [R.] M. Arnold.

Re•li´gious (r?-l?j´?s), a. [OF. religius, religious, F. religieux, from L. religiosus. See Religion.] 1. Of or pertaining to religion; concerned with religion; teaching, or setting forth, religion; set apart to religion; as a religious society; a religious sect; a religious place; religious subjects, books, teachers, houses, wars. “Our law forbids at their religious rites
My presence.” Milton. 2. Possessing, or conforming to, religion; pious; godly; as a religious man, life, behavior, etc. “Men whose lives
Religious titled them the sons of God.” Mlton 3. Scrupulously faithful or exact; strict. “Thus, Indianlike,
Religious in my error, I adore
The sun, that looks upon his worshiper.” Shak. 4. Belonging to a religious order; bound by vows. “One of them is religious.” Chaucer. Syn. — Pious; godly; holy; devout; devotional; conscientious; strict; rogod; exact.

Re•li´gious, n. A person bound by monastic vows, or sequestered from secular concern, and devoted to a life of piety and religion; a monk or friar; a nun. Addison.

Re•li´gious•ly, adv. In a religious manner. Drayton.

Re•li´gious•ness, n. The quality of being religious.

Rel´ik (r?l´?k), n. Relic. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•lin´quent (r?-l?n´kwent), a. [L. relinquens, p. pr. of relinqquere. See Relinquish.] Relinquishing. [R.]

Re•lin´quent, n. One who relinquishes. [R.]

Re•lin´quish (-kw?sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relinquished (-kw?sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Relinquishing.] [OF. relinquir, L. relinquere to leave behind; pref. re- re + linquere to leave. See Loan, and cf. Relic, Relict.] 1. To withdraw from; to leave behind; to desist from; to abandon; to quit; as to relinquish a pursuit. “We ought to relinquish such rites.” Hooker. “They placed Irish tenants upon the lands relinquished by the English.” Sir J. Davies. 2. To give up; to renounce a claim to; resign; as to relinquish a debt. Syn. — To resign; leave; quit; forsake; abandon; desert; renounce; forbar; forego. See Resign.

Re•lin´quish•er (-r?r), n. One who relinquishes.

Re•lin´quish•ment (-ment), n. The act of relinquishing.

Rel´i•qua•ry (r?l´?-kw?-r?), n.; pl. -ries (-riz). [LL. reliquiarium, reliquiare: cf. F. reliquaire. See Relic.] A depositary, often a small box or casket, in which relics are kept.

Re•lique´ (r?-l?k´), n. [F.] See Relic. Chaucer.

Re•liq´ui•ae (r?-l?k´w?-?), n. pl. [L. See Relic.] 1. Remains of the dead; organic remains; relics. 2. (Bot.) Same as Induviae.

Re•liq´ui•an (r?-l?k´w?-an), a. Of or pertaining to a relic or relics; of the nature of a relic. [R.]

Re•liq´ui•date (r?-l?k´w?-d?t), v. t. To liquidate anew; to adjust a second time.

Re•liq•ui•da´tion (-d´sh?n), n. A second or renewed liquidation; a renewed adjustment. A. Hamilton.

Rel´ish (r?l´?sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relished (-sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Relishing.] [Of. relechier to lick or taste anew; pref. re- re-+ lechier to lick, F. lcher. See Lecher, Lick.] 1. To taste or eat with pleasure; to like the flavor of; to partake of with gratification; hence, to enjoy; to be pleased with or gratified by; to experience pleasure from; as to relish food. “Now I begin to relish thy advice.” Shak. “He knows how to prize his advantages, and to relish the honors which he enjoys.” Atterbury. 2. To give a relish to; to cause to taste agreeably. “A savory bit that served to relish wine.” Dryden.

Rel´ish, v. i. To have a pleasing or appetizing taste; to give gratification; to have a flavor. “Had I been the finder-out of this secret, it would not have relished among my other discredits.” Shak. “A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature.” Woodward.

Rel´ish, n. 1. A pleasing taste; flavor that gratifies the palate; hence, enjoyable quality; power of pleasing. “Much pleasure we have lost while we abstained
From this delightful fruit, nor known till now
True relish, tasting.” Milton. “When liberty is gone,
Life grows insipid, and has lost its relish.” Addison. 2. Savor; quality; characteristic tinge. “It preserve some relish of old writing.” Pope. 3. A taste for; liking; appetite; fondness. “A relish for whatever was excelent in arts.” Macaulay. “I have a relish for moderate praise, because it bids fair to be jdicious.” Cowper. 4. That which is used to impart a flavor; specifically, something taken with food to render it more palatable or to stimulate the appetite; a condiment. Syn. — Taste; savor; flavor; appetite; zest; gusto; liking; delight.

Rel´ish, n. (Carp.) The projection or shoulder at the side of, or around, a tenon, on a tenoned piece. Knight.

Rel´ish•a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being relished; agreeable to the taste; gratifying.

Re•live´ (r?-l?v´), v. i. To live again; to revive.

Re•live´, v. t. To recall to life; to revive. [Obs.]

Re•load´ (r?-l?d´), v. t. To load again, as a gun.

Re•loan´ (r?-l?n´), n. A second lending of the same thing; a renewal of a loan.

Re•lo´cate (r?-l?´k?t), v. t. To locate again.

Re•lo•ca´tion (r?•l-k?´sh?n), n. 1. A second location. 2. (Roman & Scots Law) Renewal of a lease.

Re•lodge´ (r?-l?j´), v. t. To lodge again.

Re•love´ (-l?v´), v. t. To love in return. [Obs.] Boyle.

Re•lu´cent (r?-l?´sent), a. [L. relucens, p. pr. relucere. See Lucent.] Reflecting light; shining; glittering; glistening; bright; luminous; splendid. “Gorgeous banners to the sun expand
Their streaming volumes of relucent gold.” Glover.

Re•luct´ (r?-l?kt´), v. i. [L. reluctari, p. p. reluctatus, to struggle; pref. re- re- + luctari to struggle, fr. lucia a wresting.] To strive or struggle against anything; to make resistance; to draw back; to feel or show repugnance or reluctance. “Apt to reluct at the excesses of it [passion].” Walton. { Re•luc´tance (r?-l?k´tans), Re•luc´tan•cy (-tan-s?), } n. [See Reluctant.] The state or quality of being reluctant; repugnance; aversion of mind; unwillingness; — often followed by an infinitive, or by to and a noun, formerly sometimes by against. ´Tempering the severity of his looks with a reluctance to the action.´ Dryden. “He had some reluctance to obey the summons.” Sir W. Scott. “Bear witness, Heaven, with what reluctancy
Her helpless innocence I doom to die.” Dryden. Syn. See Dislike.

Re•luc´tant (-tant), a. [L. reluctans, -antis, p. pr. of reluctari. See Reluct.] 1. Striving against; opposed in desire; unwilling; disinclined; loth. “Reluctant, but in vain.” Milton. “Reluctant now I touched the trembling string.” Tickell. 2. Proceeding from an unwilling mind; granted with reluctance; as reluctant obedience. Mitford. Syn. — Averse; unwilling; loth; disinclined; repugnant; backward; coy. See Averse.

Re•luc´tant•ly, adv. In a reluctant manner.

Re•luc´tate (-t?t), v. i. [See Reluct.] To struggle against anything; to resist; to oppose. [Obs.] ´To delude their reluctating consciences.´ Dr. H. More.

Rel•uc•ta´tion (r?l•?k-t?´sh?n), n. Repugnance; resistance; reluctance. [Obs.] Bacon.

Re•lume´ (r?-l?m´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relumed (-l?md´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reluming.] [OF. relumer (cf. F. rallumer), L. reluminare; pref. re- re- + luminare to light. Cf. Reillume.] To rekindle; to light again. “Relumed her ancient light, not kindled new.” Pope. “I know not where is that Promethean heat
That can thy light relume.” Shak.

Re•lu´mine (r?-l?´m?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relumined (-m?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Relumining.] [See Relume.] 1. To light anew; to rekindle. Shak. 2. To illuminate again.

Re•ly´ (r?-l?´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relied (-l?d´); p. pr. & vb. n. Relying.] [Pref. re- + lie to rest.] To rest with confidence, as when fully satisfied of the veracity, integrity, or ability of persons, or of the certainty of facts or of evidence; to have confidence; to trust; to depend; — with on, formerly also with in. “Go in thy native innocence; rely
On what thou hast of virtue.” Milton. “On some fond breast the parting soul relies.” Gray. Syn. — To trust; depend; confide; repose.

Re•made´ (r?-m?d´), imp. & p. p. of Remake.

Re•main´ (r?-m?n´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Remained (-m?nd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Remaining.] [OF. remaindre, remanoir, L. remanere; pref. re- re- + manere to stay, remain. See Mansion, and cf. Remainder, Remnant.] 1. To stay behind while others withdraw; to be left after others have been removed or destroyed; to be left after a number or quantity has been subtracted or cut off; to be left as not included or comprised. “Gather up the fragments that remain.” John vi. 12. “Of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep.” 1 Cor. xv. 6. “That … remains to be proved.” Locke. 2. To continue unchanged in place, form, or condition, or undiminished in quantity; to abide; to stay; to endure; to last. “Remain a widow at thy father’s house.” Gen. xxxviii. 11. “Childless thou art; childless remain.” Milton. Syn. — To continue; stay; wait; tarry; rest; sojourn; dwell; abide; last; endure.

Re•main´, v. t. To await; to be left to. [Archaic] “The easier conquest now remains thee.” Milton.

Re•main´ n. 1. State of remaining; stay. [Obs.] “Which often, since my here remain in England,
I ’ve seen him do.” Shak. 2. That which is left; relic; remainder; — chiefly in the plural. ´The remains of old Rome.´ Addison. “When this remain of horror has entirely subsided.” Burke. 3. Specif., in the plural: (a) That which is left of a human being after the life is gone; relics; a dead body. “Old warriors whose adored remains
In weeping vaults her hallowed earth contains!” Pope. (b) The posthumous works or productions, esp. literary works, of one who is dead; as Cecil’s Remains.

Re•main´der (r?-m?n´d?r), n. [OF. remaindre, inf. See Remain.] 1. Anything that remains, or is left, after the separation and removal of a part; residue; remnant. ´The last remainders of unhappy Troy.´ Dryden. “If these decoctions be repeated till the water comes off clear, the remainder yields no salt.” Arbuthnot. 2. (Math.) The quantity or sum that is left after subtraction, or after any deduction. 3. (Law) An estate in expectancy, generally in land, which becomes an estate in possession upon the determination of a particular prior estate, created at the same time, and by the same instrument; for example, if land be conveyed to A for life, and on his death to B, A’s life interest is a particuar estate, and B’s interest is a remainder, or estate in remainder. Syn. — Balance; rest; residue; remnant; leavings.

Re•main´der, a. Remaining; left; left over; refuse. “Which is as dry as the remainder biscuit
After a voyage.” Shak.

Re•main´der-man (- man), n.; pl. Remainder-men (-men). (Law) One who has an estate after a particular estate is determined. See Remainder, n., 3. Blackstone.

Re•make´ (r?-m?k´), v. t. To make anew.

Re•mand´ (r?-m?nd´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Remanding.] [F. remander to send word again, L. remandare; pref. re- re- + mandare to commit, order, send word. See Mandate.] To recommit; to send back. “Remand it to its former place.” South. “Then were they remanded to the cage again.” Bunyan.

Re•mand´, n. The act of remanding; the order for recommitment.

Re•mand´ment (-ment), n. A remand. { Rem´a•nence (r?m´?•nens), Rem´a•nen•cy (-nen•s?), } n. [Cf. OF. remanence, LL. remanentia, fr. L. remanens. See Remanent, a.] The state of being remanent; continuance; permanence. [R.] Jer. Taylor. “The remanence of the will in the fallen spirit.” Coleridge.

Rem´a•nent (-nent), n. [See Remanent, a.] That which remains; a remnant; a residue.

Rem´a•nent, a. [L. remanens, p. pr. of remanere. See Remain, and cf. Remnant.] Remaining; residual. “That little hope that is remanent hath its degree according to the infancy or growth of the habit.” Jer. Taylor. Remanent magnetism (Physics), magnetism which remains in a body that has little coercive force after the magnetizing force is withdrawn, as soft iron; — called also residual magnetism.

Rem´a•net (-n?t), n. [L., it remains.] (Legal Practice) A case for trial which can not be tried during the term; a postponed case. [Eng.]

Re-mark´ (r?-m?rk´), v. t. [Pref. re- + mark.] To mark again, or a second time; to mark anew.

Re•mark´ (r?-m?rk´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remarked (-m?rkt´); p. pr. & vb. n. Remarking.] [F. remarquer; pref. re- re- + marquer to mark, marque a mark, of German origin, akin to E. mark. See Mark, v.& n.] 1. To mark in a notable manner; to distinquish clearly; to make noticeable or conspicuous; to piont out. [Obs.] “Thou art a man remarked to taste a mischief.” Ford. “His manacles remark him; there he sits.” Milton. 2. To take notice of, or to observe, mentally; as to remark the manner of a speaker. 3. To express in words or writing, as observed or noticed; to state; to say; — often with a substantive clause; as he remarked that it was time to go. Syn. — To observe; notice; heed; regard; note; say. — Remark, Observe, Notice. To observe is to keep or hold a thing distinctly before the mind. To remark is simply to mark or take note of whatever may come up. To notice implies still less continuity of attention. When we turn from these mental states to the expression of them in language, we find the same distinction. An observation is properly the result of somewhat prolonged thought; a remark is usually suggested by some passing occurence; a notice is in most cases something cursory and short. This distinction is not always maintained as to remark and observe, which are often used interchangeably. ´Observing men may form many judgments by the rules of similitude and proportion.´ I. Watts. ´He can not distinguish difficult and noble speculations from trifling and vulgar remarks.´ Collier. ´The thing to be regarded, in taking notice of a child’s miscarriage, is what root it springs from.´ Locke.

Re•mark´ (r?-m?rk´), v. i. To make a remark or remarks; to comment.

Re•mark´, n. [Cf. F. remarque.] 1. Act of remarking or attentively noticing; notice or observation. “The cause, though worth the search, may yet elude
Conjecture and remark, however shrewd.” Cowper. 2. The expression, in speech or writing, of something remarked or noticed; the mention of that which is worthy of attention or notice; hence, also a casual observation, comment, or statement; as a pertinent remark. Syn. — Observation; note; comment; annotation.

Re•mark´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. [F. remarquable.] Worthy of being remarked or noticed; noticeable; conspicuous; hence, uncommon; extraordinary. “’T is remarkable, that they
Talk most who have the least to say.” Prior. “There is nothing left remarlable
Beneath the visiting moon.” Shak. Syn. — Observable; noticeable; extraordinary; unusual; rare; strange; wonderful; notable; eminent. — Re•mark´a•ble•ness, n. — Re•mark´a•bly, adv.

Re•mark´er (-?r), n. One who remarks.

Re•mar´riage (r?-m?r´r?j), n. A second or repeated marriage.

Re•mar´ry (r?-m?r´rr?), v. t. & i. To marry again.

Re•mast´ (r?-m?st´), v. t. To furnish with a new mast or set of masts.

Re•mas´ti•cate (r?-m?s´t?-k?t), v. t. To chew or masticate again; to chew over and over, as the cud.

Re•mas•ti•ca´tion (-k?´sh?n), n. The act of masticating or chewing again or repeatedly.

Rem´berge (r?m´b?rj), n. See Ramberge.

Rem•blai´ (r?n•bl?´), n. [F., fr. remblayer to fill up an excavation, to embank.] (Fort. & Engin.) Earth or materials made into a bank after having been excavated.

Rem´ble (rm´b’l), v. t. [Cf. OF. embler to steal, fr. L. involare to fly into or at, to carry off.] To remove. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. Tennyson.

Reme (rm), n. Realm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•mean´ (r-mn´), v. t. To give meaning to; to explain the meaning of; to interpret. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Re´me•ant (r´m•ant), a. [L. remeans, -antis, p. pr. of remeare to go or come back.] Coming back; returning. [R.] ´Like the remeant sun.´ C. Kingsley.

Re•meas´ure (r?-m?zh´?r; 135), v. t. To measure again; to retrace. “They followed him …
The way they came, their steps remeasured right.” Fairfax.

Re•mede´ (r?-m?d´), n. Remedy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•me´di•a•ble (r?-m?´d?-?-b’l), a. [L. remediabilis: cf. F. remediable.] Capable of being remedied or cured. — Re•me´di•a•ble•ness, n. - Re•me´di•a•bly, adv.

Re•me´di•al (-al), a. [L. remedialis.] Affording a remedy; intended for a remedy, or for the removal or abatement of an evil; as remedial treatment. “Statutes are declaratory or remedial.” Blackstone. “It is an evil not compensated by any beneficial result; it is not remedial, not conservative.” I. Taylor.

Re•me´di•al•ly, adv. In a remedial manner.

Re•me´di•ate (-?t), a. Remedial. [R.] Shak.

Re•med´i•less (r?-m?d´?-l?s or r?m´?-d?-l?s; 277), a. 1. Not admitting of a remedy; incapable of being restored or corrected; incurable; irreparable; as a remediless mistake or loss. ´Chains remedilesse.´ Spenser. “Hopeless are all my evils, all remediless.” Milton. 2. Not answering as a remedy; ineffectual. [Obs.] “Forced to forego the attempt remediless.” Spenser. Syn. — Incurable; cureless; irremediable; irrecoverable; irretrievable; irreparable; desperate. — Re•med´i•less, adv. [Obs.] Udall. — Re•med´i•less•ly, adv. — Re•med´i•less•ness, n.

Rem´e•dy (r?m´?-d?), n.; pl. Remedies (-dz). [L. remedium; pref. re- re- + mederi to heal, to cure: cf. F. remède remedy, remedier to remedy. See Medical.] 1. That which relieves or cures a disease; any medicine or application which puts an end to disease and restores health; — with for; as a remedy for the gout. 2. That which corrects or counteracts an evil of any kind; a corrective; a counteractive; reparation; cure; — followed by for or against, formerly by to. “What may else be remedy or cure
To evils which our own misdeeds have wrought,
He will instruct us.” Milton. 3. (Law) The legal means to recover a right, or to obtain redress for a wrong. Civil remedy. See under Civil. — Remedy of the mint (Coinage), a small allowed deviation from the legal standard of weight and fineness; — called also tolerance. Syn. — Cure; restorative; counteraction; reparation; redress; relief; aid; help; assistance.

Rem´e•dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remedied (-d?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Remedying.] [L. remediare, remediari: cf. F. remdier. See Remedy, n.] To apply a remedy to; to relieve; to cure; to heal; to repair; to redress; to correct; to counteract. “I will remedy this gear ere long.” Shak.

Re•melt´ (r?-m?lt´), v. t. To melt again.

Re•mem´ber (r?-m?m´b?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remembered (-b?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Remembering.] [OF. remebrer, L. rememorari; pref. re- re- + memorare to bring to remembrance, from memor mindful. See Memory, and cf. Rememorate.] 1. To have ( a notion or idea) come into the mind again, as previously perceived, known, or felt; to have a renewed apprehension of; to bring to mind again; to think of again; to recollect; as I remember the fact; he remembers the events of his childhood; I cannot remember dates. “We are said to remember anything, when the idea of it arises in the mind with the consciousness that we have had this idea before.” I. Watts. 2. To be capable of recalling when required; to keep in mind; to be continually aware or thoughtful of; to preserve fresh in the memory; to attend to; to think of with gratitude, affection, respect, or any other emotion. “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.” Ex. xx. 8. “That they may have their wages duly paid ’em,
And something over to remember me by.” Shak. “Remember what I warn thee; shun to taste.” Milton. 3. To put in mind; to remind; — also used reflexively and impersonally. [Obs.] ´Remembering them the trith of what they themselves known.´ Milton. “My friends remembered me of home.” Chapman. “Remember you of passed heaviness.” Chaucer. “And well thou wost [knowest] if it remember thee.” Chaucer. 4. To mention. [Obs.] ´As in many cases hereafter to be remembered.´ Ayliffe. 5. To recall to the mind of another, as in the friendly messages, remember me to him, he wishes to be remembered to you, etc.

Re•mem´ber (r?-m?m´b?r), v. i. To execise or have the power of memory; as some remember better than others. Shak.

Re•mem´ber•a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable or worthy of being remembered. — Re•mem´ber•a•bly, adv. “The whole vale of Keswick is so rememberable.” Coleridge.

Re•mem´ber•er (-?r), n. One who remembers.

Re•mem´brance (-brans), n. [OF. remembrance.] 1. The act of remembering; a holding in mind, or bringing to mind; recollection. “Lest fierce remembrance wake my sudden rage.” Milton. “Lest the remembrance of his grief should fail.” Addison. 2. The state of being remembered, or held in mind; memory; recollection. “This, ever grateful, in remembrance bear.” Pope. 3. Something remembered; a person or thing kept in memory. Shak. 4. That which serves to keep in or bring to mind; a memorial; a token; a memento; a souvenir; a memorandum or note of something to be remembered. “And on his breast a bloody cross he bore,
The dear remembrance of his dying Lord.” Spenser. “Keep this remembrance for thy Julia’s sake.” Shak. 5. Something to be remembered; counsel; admonion; instruction. [Obs.] Shak. 6. Power of remembering; reach of personal knowledge; period over which one’s memory extends. “Thee I have heard relating what was done
Ere my remembrance.” Milton. Syn. — Recollection; reminiscence. See Memory.

Re•mem´bran•cer (-bran-s?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, serves to bring to, or keep in, mind; a memento; a memorial; a reminder. “Premature consiolation is but the remembrancer of sorrow.” Goldsmith. “Ye that are the lord’s remembrancers.” Isa. lxii. 6. (Rev. Ver.). 2. A term applied in England to several officers, having various functions, their duty originally being to bring certain matters to the attention of the proper persons at the proper time. ´The remembrancer of the lord treasurer in the exchequer.´ Bacon.

Re•mem´o•rate (-?-r?t), v. i. [L. rememoratus, p. p. of rememorari. See Remember.] To recall something by means of memory; to remember. [Obs.] Bryskett.

Re•mem•o•ra´tion (-r?´sh?n), n. [F. rememoration, or L. rememoratio.] A recalling by the faculty of memory; remembrance. [Obs. & R.] Bp. Montagu.

Re•mem´o•ra•tive (r?-mEm´?-r?-t?v), a. Tending or serving to remind. [R.]

Rem´e•nant (r?m´?-nant), n. A remnant. [Obs.] { Re•mer´cie , Re•mer´cy } (re- mer´sy), v. t. [F. remercier; pref. re- re- + OF. mercier to thank, from OF. & F. merci. See Mercy.] To thank. [Obs.] “She him remercied as the patron of her life.” Spenser.

Re•merge´ (r?-m?rj´), v. i. To merge again. ´Remerging in the general Soul.´ Tennyson. { Re•meve´ (r?-mEv´), Re•mewe´ (r?-m?´) }, v. t. & i. To remove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rem´i•form (r?m´?•f?rm), a. [L. remus oar + -form.] Shaped like an oar.

Rem´i•ges (r?m´?•j?z), n. pl.; sing. Remex. (r´mks). [L. remex, - igis, an oarsman.] (Zoöl.) The quill feathers of the wings of a bird.

Rem´i•grate (r?m´?-gr?t or r?-m?´gr?t; 277), v. i. [L. remigrare. See Re-, and Migrate.] To migrate again; to go back; to return. Boyle.

Rem•i•gra´tion (r?m•?-gr?´sh?n), n. Migration back to the place from which one came. Sir M. Hale.

Re•mind´ (r?-m?nd´), v. t. To put (one) in mind of something; to bring to the remembrance of; to bring to the notice or consideration of (a person). “When age itself, which will not be defied, shall begin to arrest, seize, and remind us of our mortality.” South.

Re•mind´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, reminds; that which serves to awaken remembrance.

Re••mind´ful (f?l), a. Tending or adapted to remind; careful to remind. Southey.

Rem•i•nis´cence (r?m•?-n?s´sens), n. [F. reminiscence, L. reminiscentia.] 1. The act or power of recalling past experience; the state of being reminiscent; remembrance; memory. “The other part of memory, called reminiscence, which is the retrieving of a thing at present forgot, or but confusedly remembered.” South. “I forgive your want of reminiscence, since it is long since I saw you.” Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is remembered, or recalled to mind; a statement or narration of remembered experience; a recollection; as pleasing or painful reminiscences. Syn. — Remembrance; recollection. See Memory.

Rem•i•nis´cen•cy (-sen-s?), n. Reminiscence. [Obs.]

Rem•i•nis´cent (-sent), a. [L. reminiscens, -entis, p. pr. of reminisci to recall to mind, to recollect; pref. re- re + a word akin to mens mind, memini I remember. See Mind.] Recalling to mind, or capable of recalling to mind; having remembrance; reminding one of something. “Some other of existence of which we have been previously conscious, and are now reminiscent.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Rem•i•nis´cent (r?m•?-n?s´sent), n. One who is addicted to indulging, narrating, or recording reminiscences.

Rem•i•nis•cen´tial (-n?s-s?n´shal), a. Of or pertaining to reminiscence, or remembrance. Sir T. Browne.

Rem´i•ped (r?m´?-p?d), a. [L. remus oar + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. remipède.] (Zoöl.) Having feet or legs that are used as oars; — said of certain crustaceans and insects.

Rem´i•ped, n. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal having limbs like oars, especially one of certain crustaceans. (b) One of a group of aquatic beetles having tarsi adapted for swimming. See Water beetle.

Re•mise´ (r?-m?z´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remised (-m?zd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Remising.] [F. remise delivery, surrender, fr. remettre to put back, deliver, L. remittere. See Remit.] To send, give, or grant back; to release a claim to; to resign or surrender by deed; to return. Blackstone.

Re•mise´, n. (Law) A giving or granting back; surrender; return; release, as of a claim.

Re•miss´ (r?-m?s´), a. [L. remissus, p. p. of remittere to send back, relax. See Remit.] Not energetic or exact in duty or business; not careful or prompt in fulfilling engagements; negligent; careless; tardy; behindhand; lagging; slack; hence, lacking earnestness or activity; languid; slow. “Thou never wast remiss, I bear thee witness.” Milton. “These nervous, bold; those languid and remiss.” Roscommon. “Its motion becomes more languid and remiss.” Woodward. Syn. — Slack; dilatory; slothful; negligent; careless; neglectful; inattentive; heedles; thoughtless.

Re•miss´, n. The act of being remiss; inefficiency; failure. [Obs.] ´Remisses of laws.´ Puttenham.

Re•miss´ful (-f?l), a. Inclined to remit punishment; lenient; clement. Drayton.

Re•mis•si•bil´i•ty (r?-m?s•s?-b?l´?-t?), n. The state or quality of being remissible. Jer. Taylor.

Re•mis´si•ble (r?-m?s´s?-b’l), a. [L. remissibilis: cf. F. remissible. See Remit.] Capable of being remitted or forgiven. Feltham.

Re•mis´sion (r?-m?sh´?n), n. [F. remission, L. remissio. See Remit.] 1. The act of remitting, surrendering, resigning, or giving up. 2. Discharge from that which is due; relinquishment of a claim, right, or obligation; pardon of transgression; release from forfeiture, penalty, debt, etc. “This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.” Matt. xxvi. 28. “That ples, therefore, …
Will gain thee no remission.” Milton. 3. Diminution of intensity; abatement; relaxation. 4. (Med.) A temporary and incomplete subsidence of the force or violence of a disease or of pain, as destinguished from intermission, in which the disease completely leaves the patient for a time; abatement. 5. The act of sending back. [R.] Stackhouse. 6. Act of sending in payment, as money; remittance.

Re•mis´sive (r?-m?s´s?v), a. [L. remissivus. See Remit.] Remitting; forgiving; abating. Bp. Hacket.

Re•miss´ly (r?-m?s´l?), adv. In a remiss or negligent manner; carelessly.

Re•miss´ness, n. Quality or state of being remiss.

Re•mis´so•ry (r?-m?s´s?-r?), a. Serving or tending to remit, or to secure remission; remissive. ´A sacrifice expiatory or remissory.´ Latimer.

Re•mit´ (r?-m?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Remitting.] [L. remittere, remissum, to send back, to slacken, relax; pref. re- re- + mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Remise, Remiss.] 1. To send back; to give up; to surrender; to resign. “In the case the law remits him to his ancient and more certain right.” Blackstone. “In grevious and inhuman crimes, offenders should be remitted to their prince.” Hayward. “The prisoner was remitted to the guard.” Dryden. 2. To restore. [Obs.] “The archbishop was … remitted to his liberty.” Hayward. 3. (Com.) To transmit or send, esp. to a distance, as money in payment of a demand, account, draft, etc.; as he remitted the amount by mail. 4. To send off or away; hence: (a) To refer or direct (one) for information, guidance, help, etc. ´Remitting them … to the works of Galen.´ Sir T. Elyot. (b) To submit, refer, or leave (something) for judgment or decision. ´Whether the counsel be good I remit it to the wise readers.´ Sir T. Elyot. 5. To relax in intensity; to make less violent; to abate. “So willingly doth God remit his ire.” Milton. 6. To forgive; to pardon; to remove. “Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them.” John xx. 23. 7. To refrain from exacting or enforcing; as to remit the performance of an obligation. ´The sovereign was undoubtedly competent to remit penalties.´ Macaulay. Syn. — To relax; release; abate; relinguish; forgive; pardon; absolve.

Re•mit´, v. i. 1. To abate in force or in violence; to grow less intense; to become moderated; to abate; to relax; as a fever remits; the severity of the weather remits. 2. To send money, as in payment. Addison.

Re•mit´ment (-ment), n. The act of remitting, or the state of being remitted; remission. “Disavowing the remitment of Claudius.” Milton.

Re•mit´tal (-tal), n. A remitting; a giving up; surrender; as the remittal of the first fruits. Swift.

Re•mit´tance (r?-m?t´tans), n. 1. The act of transmitting money, bills, or the like, esp. to a distant place, as in satisfaction of a demand, or in discharge of an obligation. 2. The sum or thing remitted. Addison.

Re•mit•tee´ (r?-m?t•t?´), n. (Com.) One to whom a remittance is sent.

Re•mit´tent (r?-m?t´tent), a. [L. remittens, p. pr. : cf. F. remittent.] Remitting; characterized by remission; having remissions. Remittent fever (Med.), a fever in which the symptoms temporarily abate at regular intervals, but do not wholly cease. See Malarial fever, under Malarial.

Re•mit´ter (-t?r), n. 1. One who remits. Specifically: (a) One who pardons. (b) One who makes remittance. 2. (Law) The sending or placing back of a person to a title or right he had before; the restitution of one who obtains possession of property under a defective title, to his rights under some valid title by virtue of which he might legally have entered into possession only by suit. Bouvier.

Re•mit´ti•tur (-t?-t?r), n. [L., (it) is remitted.] (Law) (a) A remission or surrender, — remittitur damnut being a remission of excess of damages. (b) A sending back, as when a record is remitted by a superior to an inferior court. Wharton.

Re•mit´tor (-t?r), n. (Law) One who makes a remittance; a remitter.

Re•mix´ (r?-m?ks´), v. t. To mix again or repeatedly.

Rem´nant (r?m´nant), a. [OF. remanant, p. pr. of remanoir, remaindre. See Remanent, Remain.] Remaining; yet left. [R.] ´Because of the remnant dregs of his disease.´ Fuller. “And quiet dedicate her remnant life
To the just duties of an humble wife.” Prior.

Rem´nant, n. [OF. remanant. See Remnant, a.] 1. That which remains after a part is removed, destroyed, used up, performed, etc.; residue. Chaucer. “The remnant that are left of the captivity.” Neh. i. 3. “The remnant of my tale is of a length
To tire your patience.” Dryden. 2. A small portion; a slight trace; a fragment; a little bit; a scrap. “Some odd quirks and remnants of wit.” Shak. 3. (Com.) An unsold end of piece goods, as cloth, ribbons, carpets, etc. Syn. — Residue; rest; remains; remainder.

Re•mod´el (r?-m?d´?l), v. t. To model or fashion anew; to change the form of. “The corporation had been remodeled.” Macaulay.

Re•mod•i•fi•ca´tion (-?-f?-k?´sh?n), n. The act of remodifying; the state of being remodified.

Re•mod´i•fy (r?-m?d´?-f?), v. t. To modify again or anew; to reshape. { Re•mo•lade´ (r?•m?•l?d´), Re•mou•lad´ (r?•m??•l?d´), } n. [F.] A kind of piquant sauce or salad dressing resembling mayonnaise. { Re•mold´ , Re•mould´ } (re•mold´), v. t. To mold or shape anew or again; to reshape.

Re•mol´lient (r?-m?l´yent or -l?-ent), a. [L. remolliens, p. pr. of remollire to mollify: cf. F. remollient. See Mollient.] Mollifying; softening. [R.]

Re•mon•e•ti•za´tion (r?-m?n•?-t?-z?´sh?n or -m?n•-), n. The act of remonetizing.

Re•mon´e•tize (-t?z), v. t. To restore to use as money; as to remonetize silver.

Re•mon´strance (-m?n´strans), n. [Cf. OF. remonstrance, F. remonstrance. See Remonstrate.] 1. The act of remonstrating; as: (a) A pointing out; manifestation; proof; demonstration. [Obs.] “You may marvel why I … would not rather
Make rash remonstrance of my hidden power
Than let him be so lost.” Shak. (b) Earnest presentation of reason in opposition to something; protest; expostulation. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Same as Monstrance.

Re•mon´strant (-strant), a. [LL. remonstranc, -antis, p. pr. of remonstrare: cf. OF. remonstrant, F. remontrant.] Inclined or tending to remonstrate; expostulatory; urging reasons in opposition to something.

Re•mon´strant, n. One who remonstrates; specifically (Eccl. Hist.), one of the Arminians who remonstrated against the attacks of the Calvinists in 1610, but were subsequently condemned by the decisions of the Synod of Dort in 1618. See Arminian.

Re•mon´strant•ly, adv. In a remonstrant manner.

Re•mon´strate (-str?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remonstrated (-str•td); p. pr. & vb. n. Remonstrating.] [LL. remonstratus, p. p. of remonstrare to remonstrate; L. pref. re- + monstrare to show. See Monster.] To point out; to show clearly; to make plain or manifest; hence, to prove; to demonstrate. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. “I will remonstrate to you the third door.” B. Jonson.

Re•mon´strate, v. i. To present and urge reasons in opposition to an act, measure, or any course of proceedings; to expostulate; as to remonstrate with a person regarding his habits; to remonstrate against proposed taxation. “It is proper business of a divine to state cases of conscience, and to remonstrate against any growing corruptions in practice, and especially in principles.” Waterland. Syn. — Expostulate, Remonstrate. These words are commonly interchangeable, the principal difference being that expostulate is now used especially to signify remonstrance by a superior or by one in authority. A son remonstrates against the harshness of a father; a father expostulates with his son on his waywardness. Subjects remonstrate with their rulers; sovereigns expostulate with the parliament or the people.

Re•mon•stra´tion (r?•m?n•str?´sh?n), n. [Cf. OF. remonstration, LL. remonstratio.] The act of remonstrating; remonstrance. [R.] Todd.

Re•mon´stra•tive (r?•m?n´str?•t?v), a. Having the character of a remonstrance; expressing remonstrance.

Re•mon´stra•tor (r?•m?n´str?•t?r), n. One who remonstrates; a remonsrant. Bp. Burnet.

Re•mon´tant (-tant), a.[F.] (Hort.) Rising again; — applied to a class of roses which bloom more than once in a season; the hybrid perpetual roses, of which the Jacqueminot is a well-known example.

Re•mon•toir´ (re-m?n´tw?r´; E. r?- m?n´tw?r), n. [F.] (Horology) See under Escapement.

Rem´o•ra (r?m´?•r?), n. [L.: cf. F. remora.] 1. Delay; obstacle; hindrance. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fishes belonging to Echeneis, Remora, and allied genera. Called also sucking fish. The anterior dorsal fin is converted into a large sucking disk, having two transverse rows of lamellae, situated on the top of the head. They adhere firmly to sharks and other large fishes and to vessels by this curious sucker, letting go at will. The pegador, or remora of sharks (Echeneis naucrates), and the swordfish remora (Remora brachyptera), are common American species. 3. (Surg.) An instrument formerly in use, intended to retain parts in their places. Dunglison.

Rem´o•rate (-r?t), v. t. [L. remoratus, p. p. of remorari; pref. re- re- + morari to delay.] To hinder; to delay. [Obs.] Johnson.

Re•mord´ (r?-m?rd´), v. t. [L. remordere to bite again, to torment: cf. F. remordre. See Remorse.] To excite to remorse; to rebuke. [Obs.] Skelton.

Re•mord´, v. i. To feel remorse. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Re•mord´en•cy (-en•s?), n. Remorse; compunction; compassion. [Obs.] Killingbeck.

Re•morse´ (r?•m?rs´), n. [OE. remors, OF. remors,F. remords, LL. remorsus, fr. L. remordere, remorsum, to bite again or back, to torment; pref. re- re- + mordere to bite. See Morsel.] 1. The anguish, like gnawing pain, excited by a sense of guilt; compunction of conscience for a crime committed, or for the sins of one’s past life. ´Nero will be tainted with remorse.´ Shak. 2. Sympathetic sorrow; pity; compassion. “Curse on the unpardoning prince, whom tears can draw
To no remorse.” Dryden. “But evermore it seem’d an easier thing
At once without remorse to strike her dead.” Tennyson. Syn. — Compunction; regret; anguish; grief; compassion. See Compunction.

Re•morsed´ (r?-m?rst´), a. Feeling remorse. [Obs.]

Re•morse´ful (-m?rs´f?l), a. 1. Full of remorse. “The full tide of remorseful passion had abated.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Compassionate; feeling tenderly. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Exciting pity; pitiable. [Obs.] Chapman. — Re•morse´ful•ly, adv. — Re•morse´ful•ness, n.

Re•morse´less, a. Being without remorse; having no pity; hence, destitute of sensibility; cruel; insensible to distress; merciless. ´Remorseless adversaries.´ South. ´With remorseless cruelty.´ Milton. Syn. — Unpitying; pitiless; relentless; unrelenting; implacable; merciless; unmerciful; savage; cruel. — Re•morse´less•ly, adv. — Re•morse´less•ness, n.

Re•mote´ (r?-m?t´), a. [Compar. Remoter (-?r); superl. Remotest.] [L. remotus, p. p. of removere to remove. See Remove.] 1. Removed to a distance; not near; far away; distant; — said in respect to time or to place; as remote ages; remote lands. “Places remote enough are in Bohemia.” Shak. “Remote from men, with God he passed his days.” Parnell. 2. Hence, removed; not agreeing, according, or being related; — in various figurative uses. Specifically: (a) Not agreeing; alien; foreign. ´All these propositions, how remote soever from reason.´ Locke. (b) Not nearly related; not close; as a remote connection or consanguinity. (c) Separate; abstracted. ´Wherever the mind places itself by any thought, either amongst, or remote from, all bodies.´ Locke. (d) Not proximate or acting directly; primary; distant. ´From the effect to the remotest cause.´ Granville. (e) Not obvious or sriking; as a remote resemblance. 3. (Bot.) Separated by intervals greater than usual. — Re•mote´ly, adv. — Re•mote´ness, n.

Re•mo´tion (r?-m?´sh?n), n. [L. remotio. See Remove.] 1. The act of removing; removal. [Obs.] “This remotion of the duke and her
Is practice only.” Shak. 2. The state of being remote; remoteness. [R.] “The whitish gleam [of the stars] was the mask conferred by the enormity of their remotion.” De Quincey.

Re•mould´ (r?-m?ld´), v. t. See Remold.

Re•mount´ (r?-mount´), v. t. & i. To mount again.

Re•mount´, n. The opportunity of, or things necessary for, remounting; specifically, a fresh horse, with his equipments; as to give one a remount.

Re•mov´a•ble (r?-m??v´?-b’l), a. Admitting of being removed. Ayliffe. — Re•mov•a•bil´i•ty (—bl´-t), n.

Re•mov´al (-al), n. The act of removing, or the state of being removed.

Re•move´ (r?-m??v´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Removed (-m??vd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Removing.] [OF. removoir, remouvoir, L. removere, remotum; pref. re- re- + movere to move. See Move.] 1. To move away from the position occupied; to cause to change place; to displace; as to remove a building. “Thou shalt not remove thy neighbor’s landmark.” Deut. xix. 14. “When we had dined, to prevent the ladies’ leaving us, I generally ordered the table to be removed.” Goldsmith. 2. To cause to leave a person or thing; to cause to cease to be; to take away; hence, to banish; to destroy; to put an end to; to kill; as to remove a disease. ´King Richard thus removed.´ Shak. 3. To dismiss or discharge from office; as the President removed many postmasters. See the Note under Remove, v. i.

Re•move´ (r?-m??v´), v. i. To change place in any manner, or to make a change in place; to move or go from one residence, position, or place to another. “Till Birnam wood remove to Dunsinane,
I can not taint with fear.” Shak. The verb remove, in some of its application, is synonymous with move, but not in all. Thus we do not apply remove to a mere change of posture, without a change of place or the seat of a thing. A man moves his head when he turns it, or his finger when he bends it, but he does not remove it. Remove usually or always denotes a change of place in a body, but we never apply it to a regular, continued course or motion. We never say the wind or water, or a ship, removes at a certain rate by the hour; but we say a ship was removed from one place in a harbor to another. Move is a generic term, including the sense of remove, which is more generally applied to a change from one station or permanent position, stand, or seat, to another station.

Re•move´, n. 1. The act of removing; a removal. “This place should be at once both school and university, not needing a remove to any other house of scholarship.” Milton. “And drags at each remove a lengthening chain.” Goldsmith. 2. The transfer of one’s business, or of one’s domestic belongings, from one location or dwelling house to another; - - in the United States usually called a move. “It is an English proverb that three removes are as bad as a fire.” J. H. Newman. 3. The state of being removed. Locke. 4. That which is removed, as a dish removed from table to make room for something else. 5. The distance or space through which anything is removed; interval; distance; stage; hence, a step or degree in any scale of gradation; specifically, a division in an English public school; as the boy went up two removes last year. “A freeholder is but one remove from a legislator.” Addison. 6. (Far.) The act of resetting a horse’s shoe. Swift.

Re•moved´ (r?-m??vd´), a. 1. Changed in place. 2. Dismissed from office. 3. Distant in location; remote. ´Something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling.´ Shak. 4. Distant by degrees in relationship; as a cousin once removed. — Re•mov´ed•ness (r-mv´d-ns), n. Shak.

Re•mov´er (-?r), n. One who removes; as a remover of landmarks. Bacon.

Re•mu´a•ble (r?-m?´?-b’l), a. [F.] That may be removed; removable. [Obs.] Gower.

Re•mue´ (r?-m?´), v. t. [F. remuer. See Mew to molt.] To remove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•mu´gi•ent (r?-m?´j?-ent), a. [L. remugiens, p. pr. of remugire. See Mugient.] Rebellowing. Dr. H. More.

Re••mu´ner•a•ble (r?-m?´n?r-?-b’l), a. [See Remunerate.] Admitting, or worthy, of remuneration. — Re•mu•ner•a•bil´i•ty (r-m´nr- -bl´i-t), n.

Re•mu´ner•ate (-?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remunerated (-?´t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Remunerating.] [L. remuneratus, p. p. of remunerare, remunerari; pref. re- re- + munerare, munerari, to give, present, from munus, muneris, a gift, present. Cf. Munificent.] To pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or other sacrifice; to recompense; to requite; as to remunerate men for labor. Syn. — To reward; recompense; compensate; satisfy; requite; repay; pay; reimburse.

Re•mu•ner•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. [L. remuneratio: cf. F. remuneration.] 1. The act of remunerating. 2. That which is given to remunerate; an equivalent given, as for services, loss, or sufferings. Shak. Syn. — Reward; recompense; compensation; pay; payment; repayment; satisfaction; requital.

Re•mu´ner•a•tive (r?-m?´n?r-?-t?v), a. [Cf.F. remunratif.] Affording remuneration; as a remunerative payment for services; a remunerative business. -Re•mu´ner•a•tive•ly, adv. — Re•mu´ner•a•tive•ness, n.

Re•mu´ner•a•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. [Cf. F. remunratoire.] Remunerative. Johnson.

Re•mur´mur (r?-m?r´m?r), v. t. & i. [Pref. re- + murmur: cf. F. remurmurare.] To murmur again; to utter back, or reply, in murmurs. “The trembling trees, in every plain and wood,
Her fate remurmur to the silver flood.” Pope.

Ren (r?n), v. t. & i. See Renne. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ren, n. A run. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ren´a•ble (r?n´?-b’l), a. [OF. resnable.] Reasonable; also loquacious. [Obs.] ´Most renable of tongue.´ Piers Plowman. — Ren´a•bly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•nais•sance´ (F. re-na•säNs´; E. re-nas´sans), n. [F., fr. renaître to be born again. Cf. Renascence.] A new birth, or revival. Specifically: (a) The transitional movement in Europe, marked by the revival of classical learning and art in Italy in the 15th century, and the similar revival following in other countries. (b) The style of art which prevailed at this epoch. “The Renaissance was rather the last stage of the Middle Ages, emerging from ecclesiastical and feudal despotism, developing what was original in mediaeval ideas by the light of classic arts and letters.” J. A. Symonds (Encyc. Brit.).

Re•nais´sant (r?-n?s´sant), a. Of or pertaining to the Renaissance.

Re´nal (r?´nal), a. [L. renalis, fr. renes the kidneys or reins: cf. F. renal. See Reins.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the kidneys; in the region of the kidneys. Renal calculus (Med.), a concretion formed in the excretory passages of the kidney. — Renal capsules or glands, the suprarenal capsules. See under Capsule. — Renal casts, Renal colic. (Med.) See under Cast, and Colic.

Re´nal-por•tal (r?´nal-p?r´tal), a. (Anat.) Both renal and portal. See Portal.

Re•name´ (r?•n?m´), v. t. To give a new name to.

Ren´ard (r?n´?rd), n. [F. renard the fox, the name of the fox in a celebrated epic poem, and of German origin, G. Reinhard, OHG. Reginhard, properly, strong in counsel; regin counsel (akin to Goth. ragin) + hart hard. See Hard.] A fox; — so called in fables or familiar tales, and in poetry. [Written also reynard.]

Ren´ard•ine (-?n), a. Of or pertaining to Renard, the fox, or the tales in which Renard is mentioned.

Re•nas´cence (r?-n?s´sens), n. [See Renascent, and cf. Renaissance.] 1. The state of being renascent. “Read the Phnix, and see how the single image of renascence is varied.” Coleridge. 2. Same as Renaissance. “The Renascence … which in art, in literature, and in physics, produced such splendid fruits.” M. Arnold.

Re•nas´cen•cy (-sen-s?), n. State of being renascent.

Re•nas´cent (-sent), a. [L. renascens, p. pr. of renasci to be born again; pref. re- re- + nasci to be born. See Nascent.] 1. Springing or rising again into being; being born again, or reproduced. 2. See Renaissant.

Re•nas´ci•ble (-s?-b’l), a. [LL. renascibilis, from L. renasci to be born again.] Capable of being reproduced; ablle to spring again into being.

Re•nate´ (r?-n?t´), a. [L. renatus, p. p. of renasci.] Born again; regenerate; renewed. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Re•nav´i•gate (r?-n?v´?-g?t), v. t. To navigate again.

Re•nay´ (r?-n?´), v. t. [OF. reneier, F. renier, F. renier; L. pref. re- re- + negare to deny. See Renegade.] To deny; to disown. [Obs.]

Ren•con´tre (r?n-k?n´t?r; F. r?N•k?n´tr’), n. [F.] Same as Rencounter, n.

Ren•coun´ter (r?n-koun´t?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rencountered (-t?rd); p. pr. & vb/ n. Rencountering.] [F. rencontrer; pref. re- + OF. encontrer to encounter. See Encounter.] 1. To meet unexpectedly; to encounter. 2. To attack hand to hand. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ren•coun´ter, v. i. To meet unexpectedly; to encounter in a hostile manner; to come in collision; to skirmish.

Ren•coun´ter, n. [F. rencontre, from renconter to meet.] 1. A meeting of two persons or bodies; a collision; especially, a meeting in opposition or contest; a combat, action, or engagement. “The justling chiefs in rude rencounter join.” Granville. 2. A causal combat or action; a sudden contest or fight without premeditation, as between individuals or small parties. “The confederates should … outnumber the enemy in all rencounters and engagements.” Addison. Syn. — Combat; fight; conflict; collision; clash.

Rend (rend), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rent (r?nt); p. pr. & vb. n. Rending.] [AS. rendan, hrendan; cf. OFries. renda, randa, Fries. renne to cut, rend, Icel. hrinda to push, thrust, AS. hrindan; or cf. Icel. rna to rob, plunder, Ir. rannaim to divide, share, part, W. rhanu, Armor. ranna.] 1. To separate into parts with force or sudden violence; to tear asunder; to split; to burst; as powder rends a rock in blasting; lightning rends an oak. “The dreadful thunder
Doth rend the region.” Shak. 2. To part or tear off forcibly; to take away by force. “An empire from its old foundations rent.” Dryden. “I will surely rend the kingdom from thee.” 1 Kings xi. 11. To rap and rend. See under Rap, v. t., to snatch. Syn. — To tear; burst; break; rupture; lacerate; fracture; crack; split.

Rend, v. i. To be rent or torn; to become parted; to separate; to split. Jer. Taylor.

Rend´er (-?r), n. [From Rend.] One who rends.

Ren´der (r?n´d?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rendered (-d?rd);p. pr. & vb. n. Rendering.] [F. rendre, LL. rendre, fr. L. reddere; pref. red-, re-, re- + dare to give. See Datetime, and cf. Reddition, Rent.] 1. To return; to pay back; to restore. “Whose smallest minute lost, no riches render may.” Spenser. 2. To inflict, as a retribution; to requite. “I will render vengeance to mine enemies.” Deut. xxxii. 41. 3. To give up; to yield; to surrender. “I ’ll make her render up her page to me.” Shak. 4. Hence, to furnish; to contribute. “Logic renders its daily service to wisdom and virtue.” I. Watts. 5. To furnish; to state; to deliver; as to render an account; to render judgment. 6. To cause to be, or to become; as to render a person more safe or more unsafe; to render a fortress secure. 7. To translate from one language into another; as to render Latin into English. 8. To interpret; to set forth, represent, or exhibit; as an actor renders his part poorly; a singer renders a passage of music with great effect; a painter renders a scene in a felicitous manner. “He did render him the most unnatural
That lived amongst men.” Shak. 9. To try out or extract (oil, lard, tallow, etc.) from fatty animal substances; as to render tallow. 10. To plaster, as a wall of masonry, without the use of lath.

Ren´der, v. i. 1. To give an account; to make explanation or confession. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) To pass; to run; — said of the passage of a rope through a block, eyelet, etc.; as a rope renders well, that is, passes freely; also to yield or give way. Totten.

Ren´der, n. 1. A surrender. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A return; a payment of rent. “In those early times the king’s household was supported by specific renders of corn and other victuals from the tenants of the demains.” Blackstone. 3. An account given; a statement. [Obs.] Shak.

Ren´der•a•ble (r?n´d?r-?-b’l), a. Capable of being rendered.

Ren´der•er (-?r), n. 1. One who renders. 2. A vessel in which lard or tallow, etc., is rendered.

Ren´der•ing, n. The act of one who renders, or that which is rendered. Specifically: (a) A version; translation; as the rendering of the Hebrew text. Lowth. (b) In art, the presentation, expression, or interpretation of an idea, theme, or part. (c) The act of laying the first coat of plaster on brickwork or stonework. (d) The coat of plaster thus laid on. Gwilt. (e) The process of trying out or extracting lard, tallow, etc., from animal fat.

Ren´dez•vous (r?n´d?•voo or r?n´-; 277), n.; pl. Rendezvouses (rn´d-voo•zz). [Rare in the plural.] [F. rendez- vous, properly, render yourselves, repair to a place. See Render.] 1. A place appointed for a meeting, or at which persons customarily meet. “An inn, the free rendezvous of all travelers.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Especially, the appointed place for troops, or for the ships of a fleet, to assemble; also a place for enlistment. “The king appointed his whole army to be drawn together to a rendezvous at Marlborough.” Clarendon. 3. A meeting by appointment. Sprat. 4. Retreat; refuge. [Obs.] Shak.

Ren´dez•vous (ren´de•voo or räN´-; 277), v. i. [imp. &. p. p. Rendezvoused (-vood); p. pr. & vb. n. Rendezvousing (-voo•ing).] To assemble or meet at a particular place.

Ren´dez•vous, v. t. To bring together at a certain place; to cause to be assembled. Echard.

Rend´i•ble (r?nd´?-b’l), a. [From Rend.] Capable of being rent or torn.

Ren´di•ble (r?n´d?-b’l), a. [See Render.] Capable, or admitting, of being rendered.

Ren•di´tion (r?n-d?sh´?n), n. [LL. rendere to render: cf. L. redditio. See Render, and cf. Reddition.] 1. The act of rendering; especially, the act of surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at the claim of a foreign government; also surrender in war. “The rest of these brave men that suffered in cold blood after articles of rendition.” Evelyn. 2. Translation; rendering; version. “This rendition of the word seems also most naturally to agree with the genuine meaning of some other words in the same verse.” South.

Rend´rock (r?nd´r?k•), n. A kind of dynamite used in blasting. [U.S.]

Ren´e•gade (r?n´?-g?d), n. [Sp. renegado, LL. renegatus, fr. renegare to deny; L. pref. re- re- + negare to deny. See Negation, and cf. Runagate.] One faithless to principle or party. Specifically: (a) An apostate from Christianity or from any form of religious faith. “James justly regarded these renegades as the most serviceable tools that he could employ.” Macaulay. (b) One who deserts from a military or naval post; a deserter. Arbuthnot. (c) A common vagabond; a worthless or wicked fellow.

Ren•e•ga´do (r?n•?-g?´d?), n. [Sp.] See Renegade.

Ren´e•gat (r?n´?-g?t), n. [See Runegate.] A renegade. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ren•e•ga´tion (r?n•?-ga´sh?n), n. A denial. [R.] ´Absolute renegation of Christ.´ Milman.

Re•nege´ (r?-n?j´ or r?-n?g´), v. t. [LL. renegare. See Renegade.] To deny; to disown. [Obs.] Shak. “All Europe high (all sorts of rights reneged)
Against the truth and thee unholy leagued.” Sylvester.

Re•nege´, v. i. 1. To deny. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Card Playing) To revoke. [R.]

Re•nerve´ (r?-n?rv´), v. t. To nerve again; to give new vigor to; to reinvigorate.

Re•new´ (r?-n?´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reneved (-n?d´); p. pr. & vb. n. Renewing.] [Pref. re- + new. Cf. Renovate.] 1. To make new again; to restore to freshness, perfection, or vigor; to give new life to; to rejuvenate; to restablish; to recreate; to rebuild. “In such a night
Medea gathered the enchanted herbs
That did renew old son.” Shak. 2. Specifically, to substitute for (an old obligation or right) a new one of the same nature; to continue in force; to make again; as to renew a lease, note, or patent. 3. To begin again; to recommence. “The last great age … renews its finished course.” Dryden. 4. To repeat; to go over again. “The birds-their notes renew.” Milton. 5. (Theol.) To make new spiritually; to regenerate. “Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind.” Rom. xii. 2.

Re•new´, v. i. To become new, or as new; to grow or begin again.

Re•new•a•bil´i•ty (-?-b?l´?-t?), n. The quality or state of being renewable. [R.]

Re•new´a•ble (r?-n?´?-b’l), a. Capable of being renewed; as a lease renewable at pleasure. Swift.

Re•new´al (-al), n. The act of renewing, or the state of being renewed; as the renewal of a treaty.

Re•new´ed•ly, adv. Again; once more. [U.S.]

Re•new´ed•ness, n. The state of being renewed.

Re•new´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, renews.

Re•neye´ (r?-n?´), v. t. [See Renay.] To deny; to reject; to renounce. [Obs.] “For he made every man reneye his law.” Chaucer.

Reng (r?ng), n. [See Rank, n.] 1. A rank; a row. [Obs.] ´In two renges fair.´ Chaucer. 2. A rung or round of a ladder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•nid•i•fi•ca´tion (r?-n?d•?-f?-k?´sh?n), n. (Zoöl.) The act of rebuilding a nest.

Ren´i•form (r?n´?-f?rm; 277), a. [L. renes kidneys + -form: cf. F. reniforme.] Having the form or shape of a kidney; as a reniform mineral; a reniform leaf. { Re•ni´tence (r?-n?´tens), Re•ni´ten•cy (-te-s?), } n. [Cf. F. renitence.] The state or quality of being renitent; resistance; reluctance. Sterne. “We find a renitency in ourselves to ascribe life and irritability to the cold and motionless fibers of plants.” E. Darwin.

Re•ni´tent (-tent), a. [L. renitens, -entis, p. pr. of renit to strive or struggle against, resist; pref. re- re- + niti to struggle or strive: cf. F. renitent.] 1. Resisting pressure or the effect of it; acting against impulse by elastic force. ´[Muscles] soft and yet renitent.´ Ray. 2. Persistently opposed.

Ren´ne (r?n´ne), v. t. To plunder; — only in the phrase ´to rape and renne.´ See under Rap, v. t., to snatch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ren´ne, v. i. To run. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ren´ner (-n?r), n. A runner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ren´net (r?n´n?t), n. [F. rainette, reinette, perhaps fr. raine a tree frog, L. rana, because it is spotted like this kind of frog. Cf. Ranunculus.] (Bot.) A name of many different kinds of apples. Cf. Reinette. Mortimer.

Ren´net, n. [AS. rinnan, rennan, to run, cf. gerinnan to curdle, coagulate. rad.11. See Run, v.] The inner, or mucous, membrane of the fourth stomach of the calf, or other young ruminant; also an infusion or preparation of it, used for coagulating milk. [Written also runnet.] Cheese rennet. (Bot.) See under Cheese. — Rennet ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment, present in rennet and in variable quantity in the gastric juice of most animals, which has the power of curdling milk. The ferment presumably acts by changing the casein of milk from a soluble to an insoluble form. — Rennet stomach (Anat.), the fourth stomach, or abomasum, of ruminants.

Ren´net•ed, a. Provided or treated with rennet. [R.] ´Pressed milk renneted.´ Chapman.

Ren´net•ing, n. (Bot.) Same as 1st Rennet.

Ren´ning (r?n´n?ng), n. See 2d Rennet. [Obs.] “Asses’ milk is holden for to be thickest, and therefore they use it instead of renning, to turn milk.” Holland.

Re•no•mee´ (ra•no•ma´), n. [F. renommee.] Renown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•nounce´ (re•nouns´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Renounced (-nounst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Renouncing (-noun´s?ng).] [F. renoncer, L. renuntiare to bring back word, announce, revoke, retract, renounce; pref. re- re- + nuntiare to announce, fr. nuncius, a messenger. See Nuncio, and cf. Renunciation.] 1. To declare against; to reject or decline formally; to refuse to own or acknowledge as belonging to one; to disclaim; as to renounce a title to land or to a throne. 2. To cast off or reject deliberately; to disown; to dismiss; to forswear. “This world I do renounce, and in your sights
Shake patiently my great affliction off.” Shak. 3. (Card Playing) To disclaim having a card of (the suit led) by playing a card of another suit. To renounce probate (Law), to decline to act as the executor of a will. Mozley & W. Syn. — To cast off; disavow; disown; disclaim; deny; abjure; recant; abandon; forsake; quit; forego; resign; relinquish; give up; abdicate. — Renounce, Abjure, Recant. — To renounce is to make an affirmative declaration of abandonment. To abjure is to renounce with, or as with, the solemnity of an oath. To recant is to renounce or abjure some proposition previously affirmed and maintained. “From Thebes my birth I own; … since no disgrace
Can force me to renounce the honor of my race.” Dryden. “Either to die the death, or to abjure
Forever the society of man.” Shak. “Ease would recant
Vows made in pain, as violent and void.” Milton.

Re•nounce´, v. i. 1. To make renunciation. [Obs.] “He of my sons who fails to make it good,
By one rebellious act renounces to my blood.” Dryden. 2. (Law) To decline formally, as an executor or a person entitled to letters of administration, to take out probate or letters. “Dryden died without a will, and his widow having renounced, his son Charles administered on June 10.” W. D. Christie.

Re•nounce´, n. (Card Playing) Act of renouncing.

Re•nounce´ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. renoncement.] The act of disclaiming or rejecting; renunciation. Shak.

Re•noun´cer (r?-noun´s?r), n. One who renounces.

Ren´o•vate (r?n´?-v?t), v. t. [L. renovatus, p. p. of renovare;pref. re- re- + novare to make new, fr. novus new. See New, and Renew.] To make over again; to restore to freshness or vigor; to renew. “All nature feels the reniovating force
Of winter.” Thomson.

Ren•o••va´tion (-v?´sh?n), n. [L. renovatio: cf. F. renovation.] The act or process of renovating; the state of being renovated or renewed. Thomson. “There is something inexpressibly pleasing in the annual renovation of the world.” Rabbler.

Ren´o•va•tor (r?n´?-v?•t?r), n. [L.: cf. F. renovateur.] One who, or that which, renovates. Foster.

Re•nov´el (r?-n?v´el), v. t. [F. renouveler to renew.] To renew; to renovate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•nov´el•ance (-ans), n. Renewal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•nowme´ (r?-noum´), n. Renown. [Obs.] “The glory and renowme of the ancectors.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Re•nowmed´ (r?-noumd´), a. Renowned. [Obs.]

Re•nown´ (r?-noun´), n. [F. renom. See Noun, and cf. Renown, v.] 1. The state of being much known and talked of; exalted reputation derived from the extensive praise of great achievements or accomplishments; fame; celebrity; — always in a good sense. “Nor envy we
Thy great renown, nor grudge thy victory.” Dryden. 2. Report of nobleness or exploits; praise. “This famous duke of Milan,
Of whom so often I have heard renown.” Shak.

Re•nown´ (r?-noun´), v. t. [F. renommer to name again, celebrate, make famous; pref. re- re- + nommer to name, L. nominare , fr. nomen a name. See Noun.] To make famous; to give renown to. [Obs.] “For joi to hear me so renown his son.” Chapman. “The bard whom pilfered pastorals renown.” Pope.

Re•nowned´ (r?-nound´), a. Famous; celebrated for great achievements, for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur; eminent; as a renowned king. ´Some renowned metropolis with glistering spires.´ Milton. “These were the renowned of the congregation.” Num. i. 61. Syn. — Famous; famed; distinguished; noted; eminent; celebrated; remarkable; wonderful. See Famous.

Re•nown´ed•ly (r?-noun´?d-l?), adv. With renown.

Re•nown´er (-?r), n. One who gives renown. [R.]

Re•nown´ful (-f?l), a. Having great renown; famous. ´Renownful Scipio.´ Marston.

Re•nown´less, a. Without renown; inglorius.

Rens´se•laer•ite (r?ns´se-l?r-?t), n. (Min.) A soft, compact variety of talc,, being an altered pyroxene. It is often worked in a lathe into inkstands and other articles.

Rent (r?nt), v. i. To rant. [R. & Obs.] Hudibras.

Rent, imp. & p. p. of Rend.

Rent, n. [From Rend.] 1. An opening made by rending; a break or breach made by force; a tear. “See what a rent the envious Casca made.” Shak. 2. Figuratively, a schism; a rupture of harmony; a separation; as a rent in the church. Syn. — Fissure; breach; disrupture; rupture; tear; dilaceration; break; fracture.

Rent, v. t. To tear. See Rend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rent, n. [F. rente, LL. renta, fr. L. reddita, fem. sing. or neut. pl. of redditus, p. p. of reddere to give back, pay. See Render.] 1. Income; revenue. See Catel. [Obs.] ´Catel had they enough and rent.´ Chaucer. “[Bacchus] a waster was and all his rent
In wine and bordel he dispent.” Gower. “So bought an annual rent or two,
And liv’d, just as you see I do.” Pope. 2. Pay; reward; share; toll. [Obs.] “Death, that taketh of high and low his rent.” Chaucer. 3. (Law) A certain periodical profit, whether in money, provisions, chattels, or labor, issuing out of lands and tenements in payment for the use; commonly, a certain pecuniary sum agreed upon between a tenant and his landlord, paid at fixed intervals by the lessee to the lessor, for the use of land or its appendages; as rent for a farm, a house, a park, etc. The term rent is also popularly applied to compensation for the use of certain personal chattels, as a piano, a sewing machine, etc. Black rent. See Blackmail, 3. — Forehand rent, rent which is paid in advance; foregift. — Rent arrear, rent in arrears; unpaid rent. Blackstone. — Rent charge (Law), a rent reserved on a conveyance of land in fee simple, or granted out of lands by deed; — so called because, by a covenant or clause in the deed of conveyance, the land is charged with a distress for the payment of it. Bouvier. — Rent roll, a list or account of rents or income; a rental. — Rent seck (Law), a rent reserved by deed, but without any clause of distress; barren rent. A power of distress was made incident to rent seck by Statute 4 George II. c. 28. — Rent service (Eng. Law), rent reserved out of land held by fealty or other corporeal service; — so called from such service being incident to it. — White rent, a quitrent when paid in silver; — opposed to black rent.

Rent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rented; p. pr. & vb. n. Renting.] [F. renter. See Rent, n.] 1. To grant the possession and enjoyment of, for a rent; to lease; as the owwner of an estate or house rents it. 2. To take and hold under an agreement to pay rent; as the tennant rents an estate of the owner.

Rent, v. i. To be leased, or let for rent; as an estate rents for five hundred dollars a year.

Rent´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being rented, or suitable for renting.

Rent´age (-?j), n. [Cf. OF. rentage.] Rent. [Obs.]

Rent´al (-al), n. [LL. rentale, fr. renta. See Rent income.] 1. A schedule, account, or list of rents, with the names of the tenants, etc.; a rent roll. 2. A sum total of rents; as an estate that yields a rental of ten thousand dollars a year.

Rente (räNt), n. [F. See Rent income.] In France, interest payable by government on indebtedness; the bonds, shares, stocks, etc., which represent government indebtedness.

Rent´er (r?nt´?r), n. One who rents or leases an estate; — usually said of a lessee or tenant.

Ren´ter (r?n´t?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rentered (-t?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rentering.] [F. rentraire; L. pref. re- re- + in into, in + trahere to draw.] 1. To sew together so that the seam is scarcely visible; to sew up with skill and nicety; to finedraw. 2. To restore the original design of, by working in new warp; — said with reference to tapestry.

Ren´ter•er (-?r), n. One who renters.

Ren•tier´ (r?N•ty?´), n. [F. See 5th Rent.] One who has a fixed income, as from lands, stocks, or the like.

Re•nu´mer•ate (r?-n?´m?r-?t), v. t. [L. renumeratus, p. p. of renumerare to count over, count up; pref. re- re- + numerare to count. See Numerate.] To recount.

Re•nun•ci•a´tion (r?-n?n•s?-?´sh?n or -sh?-?´sh?n; 277), n. [Cf. F. renonciation, L. renuntiatio ann announcement. See Renounce.] 1. The act of renouncing. 2. (Law) Formal declination to take out letters of administration, or to assume an office, privilege, or right. Syn. — Renouncement; disownment; disavowal; disavowment; disclaimer; rejection; abjuration; recantation; denial; abandonment; relinquishment.

Re•nun´ci•a•to•ry (r?-n?n´sh?-?-t?-r?), a. [Cf. LL. renuntiatorius.] Pertaining to renunciation; containing or declaring a renunciation; as renunciatory vows.

Ren•verse´ (r?n-vErs´), v. t. [F. renverser; L. pref. re- re- + in in, into + versare, v. intens. fr. vertere to turn.] To reverse. [Obs.] “Whose shield he bears renverst.” Spenser. { Ren•verse´ (r?n•v?rs´), or Ren•ver•se´ (r?n•v?r•s?´) }, a. [F. renverse, p. p. ] (Her.) Reversed; set with the head downward; turned contrary to the natural position.

Ren•verse´ment (-ment), n. [F.] A reversing. [Obs.]

Ren•voy´ (-voi´), v. t. [F. renvoyer.] To send back. [Obs.] ´Not dismissing or renvoying her.´ Bacon.

Ren•voy´, n. [F. renvoi.] A sending back. [Obs.]

Re•ob•tain´ (r?•?b-t?n´), v. t. To obtain again.

Re•ob•tain´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. That may be reobtained.

Re•oc´cu•py (r?-?k´k?-p?), v. t. To occupy again.

Re•om´e•ter (r?-?m´?-t$r), n. Same as Rheometer.

Re•o´pen (r?-?´p’n), v. t. & i. To open again.

Re•op•pose´ (r?•?p-p?z´), v. t. To oppose again.

Re•or•dain´ (r?•?r-d?n´), v. t. [Pref. re- re- + ordain: cf. F. reordonner.] To ordain again, as when the first ordination is considered defective. Bp. Burnet.

Re•or´der (r?-?r´d?r), v. t. To order a second time.

Re•or•di•na´tion, n. A second ordination.

Re•or•gan•i•za´tion (-gan-?-z?´sh?n), n. The act of reorganizing; a reorganized existence; as reorganization of the troops.

Re•or´gan•ize (r?-?r´gan-?z), v. t. & i. To organize again or anew; as to reorganize a society or an army.

Re•o´ri•ent (r?-?´r?-ent), a. Rising again. [R.] “The life reorient out of dust.” Tennyson.

Re´o•stat (r?´?-st?t), n. (Physics) See Rheostat.

Re´o•trope (-tr?p), n. (Physics) See Rheotrope.

Rep (r?p), n. [Prob. a corruption of rib: cf. F. reps.] A fabric made of silk or wool, or of silk and wool, and having a transversely corded or ribbed surface.

Rep, a. Formed with a surface closely corded, or ribbed transversely; — applied to textile fabrics of silk or wool; as rep silk.

Re•pace´ (r?-p?s´), v. t. To pace again; to walk over again in a contrary direction.

Re•pac´i•fy (r?-p?s´?-f?), v. t. To pacify again.

Re•pack´ (r?-p?k´), v. t. To pack a second time or anew; as to repack beef; to repack a trunk.

Re•pack´er (-?r), n. One who repacks.

Re•pa´gan•ize (r?-p?´gan-?z), v. t. To paganize anew; to bring back to paganism.

Re•paid´ (r?-p?d´), imp. & p. p. of Repay.

Re•paint´ (r?-p?nt´), v. t. To paint anew or again; as to repaint a house; to repaint the ground of a picture.

Re•pair´ (r?-p?r´), v. i. [OE. repairen, OF. repairier to return, fr. L. repatriare to return to one’s contry, to go home again; pref. re- re- + patria native country, fr. pater father. See Father, and cf. Repatriate.] 1. To return. [Obs.] “I thought … that he repaire should again.” Chaucer. 2. To go; to betake one’s self; to resort; ass, to repair to sanctuary for safety. Chaucer. “Go, mount the winds, and to the shades repair.” Pope.

Re•pair´, n. [OF. repaire retreat, asylum, abode. See Repair to go.] 1. The act of repairing or resorting to a place. [R.] Chaucer. “The king sent a proclamation for their repair to their houses.” Clarendon. 2. Place to which one repairs; a haunt; a resort. [R.] “There the fierce winds his tender force assail
And beat him downward to his first repair.” Dryden.

Re•pair´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repaired (-p?rd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Repairing.] [F. reparer, L. reparare; pref. re- re- + parare to prepare. See Pare, and cf. Reparation.] 1. To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction; to renew; to restore; to mend; as to repair a house, a road, a shoe, or a ship; to repair a shattered fortune. “Secret refreshings that repair his strength.” Milton. “Do thou, as thou art wont, repair
My heart with gladness.” Wordsworth. 2. To make amends for, as for an injury, by an equivalent; to indemnify for; as to repair a loss or damage. “I ’ll repair the misery thou dost bear.” Shak. Syn. — To restore, recover; renew; amend; mend; retrieve; recruit.

Re•pair´, n. 1. Restoration to a sound or good state after decay, waste, injury, or partial restruction; supply of loss; reparation; as materials are collected for the repair of a church or of a city. “Sunk down and sought repair
Of sleep, which instantly fell on me.” Milton. 2. Condition with respect to soundness, perfectness, etc.; as a house in good, or bad, repair; the book is out of repair.

Re•pair´a•ble (-?•b’l), a. Reparable. Gauden.

Re•pair´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, repairs, restores, or makes amends.

Re•pair´ment, n. Act of repairing.

Re•pand´ (r?•p?nd), a. [L. repandus bent backward, turned up; pref. re- re- + pandus bent, crooked.] (Bot. & Zool.) Having a slightly undulating margin; — said of leaves.

Rep•a•ra•bil´i•ty (r?p•?-r?-b?l´?-t?), n. The quality or state of being reparable.

Rep´a•ra•ble (r?p´?-r?-b’l), a. [L. reparabilis: cf. F. reparable.] Capable of being repaired, restored to a sound or good state, or made good; restorable; as a reparable injury.

Rep´a•ra•bly, adv. In a reparable manner.

Rep•a•ra´tion (-r?´sh?n), n. [F. reparation, L. reparatio. See Repair to mend.] 1. The act of renewing, restoring, etc., or the state of being renewed or repaired; as the reparation of a bridge or of a highway; — in this sense, repair is oftener used. Arbuthnot. 2. The act of making amends or giving satisfaction or compensation for a wrong, injury, etc.; also the thing done or given; amends; satisfaction; indemnity. “I am sensible of the scandal I have given by my loose writings, and make what reparation I am able.” Dryden. Syn. — Restoration; repair; restitution; compensation; amends; satisfaction.

Re•par´a•tive (r?-p?r´?-t?v), a. Repairing, or tending to repair. Jer. Taylor.

Re•par´a•tive, n. That which repairs. Sir H. Wotton.

Re•par´el (-?l), n. [Cf. Reapparel.] A change of apparel; a second or different suit. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Rep•ar•tee´ (r?p•3r-t?´), n. [F. repartie, fr. repartir to reply, depart again; pref. re- re- partir to part, depart. See Part.] A smart, ready, and witty reply. “Cupid was as bad as he;
Hear but the youngster’s repartee.” Prior. Syn. — Retort; reply. See Retort.

Rep•ar•tee´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reparteed (-t?d´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reparteeing.] To make smart and witty replies. [R.] Prior.

Re•par•ti•mi•en´to (r?•p?r-t?•m?-?n´t?), n. [Sp., fr. repartir to divide.] A partition or distribution, especially of slaves; also an assessment of taxes. W. Irving.

Re•par•to´tion (r?-p?r-t?sh´?n), n. Another, or an additional, separation into parts.

Re•pass´ (r?-p?s´), v. t. [Pref. re- + pass: cf. F. repasser. Cf. Repace.] To pass again; to pass or travel over in the opposite direction; to pass a second time; as to repass a bridge or a river; to repass the sea.

Re•pass´, v. i. To pass or go back; to move back; as troops passing and repassing before our eyes.

Re•pas´sage (r?-p?s´s?j;48), n. The act of repassing; passage back. Hakluyt.

Re•pas´sant (r?-p?s´sant), a. [Cf. F. repassant, p. pr.] (Her.) Counterpassant.

Re•past´ (r?-p?st´), n. [OF. repast, F. repas, LL. repastus, fr. L. repascere to feed again; pref. re- re- + pascere, pastum, to pasture, feed. See Pasture.] 1. The act of taking food. “From dance to sweet repast they turn.” Milton. 2. That which is taken as food; a meal; figuratively, any refreshment. ´Sleep … thy best repast.´ Denham. “Go and get me some repast.” Shak.

Re•past´, v. t. & i. To supply food to; to feast; to take food. [Obs.] ´Repast them with my blood.´ Shak. “He then, also as before, left arbitrary the dieting and repasting of our minds.” Milton.

Re•past´er (-?r), n. One who takes a repast. [Obs.]

Re•pas´ture (-p?s´t?r;135), n. [See Repast.] Food; entertainment. [Obs.] “Food for his rage, repasture for his den.” Shak.

Re•pa´tri•ate (r?-p?´tr?-?t), v. t. [L. repatriare. See 1st Repair.] To restore to one’s own country.

Re•pa•tri•a´tion (-?´sh?n), n. [Cf. LL. repatriatio return to one’s country.] Restoration to one’s country.

Re•pay´ (r?-p?´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repaid (-p?d´); p. pr. & vb. n. Repaying.] [Pref. re- + pay: cf. F. repayer.] 1. To pay back; to refund; as to repay money borrowed or advanced. “If you repay me not on such a day,
In such a place, such sum or sums.” Shak. 2. To make return or requital for; to recompense; — in a good or bad sense; as to repay kindness; to repay an injury. “Benefits which can not be repaid … are not commonly found to increase affection.” Rambler. 3. To pay anew, or a second time, as a debt. Syn. — To refund; restore; return; recompense; compensate; remunerate; satisfy; reimburse; requite.

Re•pay´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being, or proper to be , repaid; due; as a loan repayable in ten days; services repayable in kind.

Re•pay´ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of repaying; reimbursement. Jer. Taylor. 2. The money or other thing repaid.

Re•peal´ (r?-p?l´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repealed (-p?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Repealing.] [OF. repeler to call back, F. rappeler; pref. re- re- + OF. apeler, F. appeler, to call, L. appellare. See Appeal, and. cf. Repel.] 1. To recall; to summon again, as persons. [Obs.] “The banished Bolingbroke repeals himself,
And with uplifted arms is safe arrived.” Shak. 2. To recall, as a deed, will, law, or statute; to revoke; to rescind or abrogate by authority, as by act of the legislature; as to repeal a law. 3. To suppress; to repel. [Obs.] “Whence Adam soon repealed
The doubts that in his heart arose.” Milton. Syn. — To abolish; revoke; rescind; recall; annul; abrogate; cancel; reverse. See Abolish.

Re•peal´, n. 1. Recall, as from exile. [Obs.] “The tribunes are no soldiers; and their people
Will be as rash in the repeal, as hasty
To expel him thence.” Shak. 2. Revocation; abrogation; as the repeal of a statute; the repeal of a law or a usage.

Re•peal•a•bil´i•ty (-?-b?l´?-t?), n. The quality or state of being repealable.

Re•peal´a•ble (r?-p?l´?-b’l), a. Capable of being repealed. — Re•peal´a•ble•ness, n. Syn. — Revocable; abrogable; voidable; reversible.

Re•peal´er (-?r), n. One who repeals; one who seeks a repeal; specifically, an advocate for the repeal of the Articles of Union between Great Britain and Ireland.

Re•peal´ment (-ment), n. Recall, as from banishment. [Obs.]

Re•peat´ (-p?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repeated; p. pr. & vb. n. Repeating.] [F. repeter, L. repetere; pref. re- re- + petere to fall upon, attack. See Petition.] 1. To go over again; to attempt, do, make, or utter again; to iterate; to recite; as to repeat an effort, an order, or a poem. ´I will repeat our former communication.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). “Not well conceived of God; who, though his power
Creation could repeat, yet would be loth
Us to abolish.” Milton. 2. To make trial of again; to undergo or encounter again. [Obs.] Waller. 3. (Scots Law) To repay or refund (an excess received). To repeat one’s self, to do or say what one has already done or said. — To repeat signals, to make the same signals again; specifically, to communicate, by repeating them, the signals shown at headquarters. Syn. — To reiterate; iterate; renew; recite; relate; rehearse; recapitulate. See Reiterate.

Re•peat´ (r?-p?t´), n. 1. The act of repeating; repetition. 2. That which is repeated; as the repeat of a pattern; that is, the repetition of the engraved figure on a roller by which an impression is produced (as in calico printing, etc.). 3. (Mus.) A mark, or series of dots, placed before and after, or often only at the end of, a passage to be repeated in performance.

Re•peat´ed•ly, adv. More than once; again and again; indefinitely.

Re•peat´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, repeats. Specifically: (a) A watch with a striking apparatus which, upon pressure of a spring, will indicate the time, usually in hours and quarters. (b) A repeating firearm. (c) (Teleg.) An instrument for resending a telegraphic message automatically at an intermediate point. (d) A person who votes more than once at an election. [U.S.] (e) See Circulating decimal, under Decimal. (f) (Naut.) A pennant used to indicate that a certain flag in a hoist of signal is duplicated. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Re•peat´ing, a. Doing the same thing over again; accomplishing a given result many times in succession; as a repeating firearm; a repeating watch. Repeating circle. See the Note under Circle, n., 3. — Repeating decimal (Arith.), a circulating decimal. See under Decimal. — Repeating firearm, a firearm that may be discharged many times in quick succession; especially: (a) A form of firearm so constructed that by the action of the mechanism the charges are successively introduced from a chamber containing them into the breech of the barrel, and fired. (b) A form in which the charges are held in, and discharged from, a revolving chamber at the breech of the barrel. See Revolver, and Magazine gun, under Magazine. — Repeating instruments (Astron. & Surv.), instruments for observing angles, as a circle, theodolite, etc., so constructed that the angle may be measured several times in succession, and different, but successive and contiguous, portions of the graduated limb, before reading off the aggregate result, which aggregate, divided by the number of measurements, gives the angle, freed in a measure from errors of eccentricity and graduation. — Repeating watch. See Repeater (a)

Rep´e•da´tion (r?p•?-da´sh?n), n. [L. repedare to step back; pref. re- re- + pes, pedis, foot.] A stepping or going back. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Re••pel´ (r?-p?l´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repelled (-p?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Repelling.] [L. repellere, repulsum; pref. re- re- + pellere to drive. See Pulse a beating, and cf. Repulse, Repeal.] 1. To drive back; to force to return; to check the advance of; to repulse as to repel an enemy or an assailant. “Hippomedon repelled the hostile tide.” Pope. “They repelled each other strongly, and yet attracted each other strongly.” Macaulay. 2. To resist or oppose effectually; as to repel an assault, an encroachment, or an argument. “[He] gently repelled their entreaties.” Hawthorne. Syn. — Tu repulse; resist; oppose; reject; refuse.

Re•pel´, v. i. To act with force in opposition to force impressed; to exercise repulsion. { Re•pel´lence (-lens), Re•pel´len•cy (- len-s?), } n. The principle of repulsion; the quality or capacity of repelling; repulsion.

Re•pel´lent (-lent), a. [L. repellens, -entis, p. pr. ] Driving back; able or tending to repel.

Re•pel´lent, n. 1. That which repels. 2. (Med.) A remedy to repel from a tumefied part the fluids which render it tumid. Dunglison. 3. A kind of waterproof cloth. Knight.

Re•pel´ler (-l?r), n. One who, or that which, repels.

Re´pent (r?´p?nt), a. [L. repens, -entis, creeping, p. pr. of repere to creep.] 1. (Bot.) Prostrate and rooting; — said of stems. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Same as Reptant.

Re•pent´ (r?-p?nt´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Repented; p. pr. & vb. n. Repenting.] [F. se repentir; L. pref. re- re- + poenitere to make repent, poenitet me it repents me, I repent. See Penitent.] 1. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for what one has done or omitted to do. “First she relents
With pity; of that pity then repents.” Dryden. 2. To change the mind, or the course of conduct, on account of regret or dissatisfaction. “Lest, peradventure, the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt.” Ex. xiii. 17. 3. (Theol.) To be sorry for sin as morally evil, and to seek forgiveness; to cease to love and practice sin. “Except ye repent, ye shall likewise perish.” Luke xii. 3.

Re•pent´, v. t. 1. To feel pain on account of; to remember with sorrow. “I do repent it from my very soul.” Shak. 2. To feel regret or sorrow; — used reflexively. “My father has repented him ere now.” Dryden. 3. To cause to have sorrow or regret; — used impersonally. [Archaic] ´And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth.´ Gen. vi. 6.

Re•pent´ance (re•pent´ans), n. [F. repentance.] The act of repenting, or the state of being penitent; sorrow for what one has done or omitted to do; especially, contrition for sin. Chaucer. “Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation.” 2. Cor. vii. 20. “Repentance is a change of mind, or a conversion from sin to God.” Hammond. “Repentance is the relinquishment of any practice from the conviction that it has offended God. Sorrow, fear, and anxiety are properly not parts, but adjuncts, of repentance; yet they are too closely connected with it to be easily separated.” Rambler. Syn. — Contrition; regret; penitence; contriteness; compunction. See Contrition.

Re•pent´ant (-ant), a. [F. repentant.] 1. Penitent; sorry for sin. Chaucer. “Thus they, in lowliest plight, repentant stood.” Millton. 2. Expressing or showing sorrow for sin; as repentant tears; repentant ashes. ´Repentant sighs and voluntary pains.´ Pope.

Re•pent´ant, n. One who repents, especially one who repents of sin; a penitent.

Re•pent´ant•ly, adv. In a repentant manner.

Re•pent´er (-er), n. One who repents.

Re•pent´ing•ly, adv. With repentance; penitently.

Re•pent´less, a. Unrepentant. [R.]

Re•peo´ple (re•pe´p’l), v. t. [Pref. re- + people: cf. F. repeupler.] To people anew.

Re•per•cep´tion (r?•p?r-s?p´sh?n), n. The act of perceiving again; a repeated perception of the same object. “No external praise can give me such a glow as my own solitary reperception and ratification of what is fine.” Keats.

Re•per•cuss´ (-kus´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repercussed (-k?st´);p. pr. & vb. n. Repercussing.] [L. repercusus, p. p. of repercutere to drive back; pref. re- re- + percutere. See Percussion.] To drive or beat back; hence, to reflect; to reverberate. “Perceiving all the subjacent country, … to repercuss such a light as I could hardly look against.” Evelyn.

Re•per•cus´sion (-k?sh´?n), n. [L. repercussio: cf. F. repercussion.] 1. The act of driving back, or the state of being driven back; reflection; reverberation; as the repercussion of sound. “Ever echoing back in endless repercussion.” Hare. 2. (Mus.) Rapid reiteration of the same sound. 3. (Med.) The subsidence of a tumor or eruption by the action of a repellent. Dunglison. 4. (Obstetrics) In a vaginal examination, the act of imparting through the uterine wall with the finger a shock to the fetus, so that it bounds upward, and falls back again against the examining finger.

Re•per•cuss´ive (-k?s´?v), a. [Cf. F. repercussif.] 1. Tending or able to repercuss; having the power of sending back; causing to reverberate. “Ye repercussive rocks! repeat the sound.” W. Pattison. 2. Repellent. [Obs.] ´Blood is stanched by astringent and repercussive medicines.´ Bacon. 3. Driven back; rebounding; reverberated. ´Rages loud the repercussive roar.´ Thomson.

Re•per•cuss´ive, n. A repellent. [Obs.] Bacon.

Rep•er•ti´tious (r?p•?r-t?sh´?s), a. [L. reperticius. See Repertory.] Found; gained by finding. [Obs.]

Re•per•toire´ (F. ra•pâr•twär´; E. rep´er•twär), n. [F. See Repertory.] A list of dramas operas pieces, parts, etc., which a company or a person has rehearsed and is prepared to perform.

Rep´er•to•ry (r?p´?r-t?-r?), n. [L. repertorium, fr. reperire to find again; pref. re- re + parire, parere, to bring forth, procure: cf. F. repertoire. Cf. Parent.] 1. A place in which things are disposed in an orderly manner, so that they can be easily found, as the index of a book, a commonplace book, or the like. 2. A treasury; a magazine; a storehouse. 3. Same as Repertoire.

Re•pe•rus´al (r?•p?-r?z´al), n. A second or repeated perusal.

Re•pe•ruse´ (-r?z´), v. t. To peruse again. Ld. Lytton.

Rep•e•tend (r?p•?-t?nd´), n. [L. repetendus to be repeated, fr. repetere to repeat.] (Math.) That part of a circulating decimal which recurs continually, ad infinitum: — sometimes indicated by a dot over the first and last figures; thus, in the circulating decimal .728328328 + (otherwise .7&2dot;8&3dot;), the repetend is 283.

Rep•e•ti´tion (rep•e-tish´un), n. [L. repetitio: cf. F. repetition. See Repeat.] 1. The act of repeating; a doing or saying again; iteration. “I need not be barren of accusations; he hath faults, with surplus to tire in repetition.” Shak. 2. Recital from memory; rehearsal. 3. (Mus.) The act of repeating, singing, or playing, the same piece or part a second time; reiteration of a note. 4. (Rhet.) Reiteration, or repeating the same word, or the same sense in different words, for the purpose of making a deeper impression on the audience. 5. (Astron. & Surv.) The measurement of an angle by successive observations with a repeating instrument. Syn. — Iteration; rehearsal. See Tautology. { Rep•e•ti´tion•al (-al). Rep•e•ti´tion•a•ry (-?-r?) }, a. Of the nature of, or containing, repetition. [R.]

Rep•e•ti´tion•er (-?r), n. One who repeats. [Obs.]

Rep•e•ti´tious (-t?sh´?s), a. Repeating; containing repetition. [U.S.] Dr. T. Dwight.

Re•pet´i•tive (r?-p?t´?-t?v), a. Containing repetition; repeating. [R.]

Rep´e•ti•tor (r?p´?-t?•t?r), n. [Cf. L. repetitor a reclaimer.] (Ger.Univ.) A private instructor.

Re•pine´ (r?-p?n´), v. i. [Pref. re- + pine to languish.] 1. To fail; to wane. [Obs.] ´Reppening courage yields no foot to foe.´ Spenser. 2. To continue pining; to feel inward discontent which preys on the spirits; to indulge in envy or complaint; to murmur. “But Lachesis thereat gan to repine.” Spenser. “What if the head, the eye, or ear repined
To serve mere engines to the ruling mind?” Pope.

Re•pine´, n. Vexation; mortification. [Obs.] Shak.

Re•pin´er (r?-p?n´?r), n. One who repines.

Re•pin´ing•ly, adv. With repening or murmuring.

Rep´kie (r?p´k?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any edible sea urchin. [Alaska]

Re•place´ (r?-pl?s´), v. t. [Pref. re- + place: cf. F. replacer.] 1. To place again; to restore to a former place, position, condition, or the like. “The earl … was replaced in his government.” Bacon. 2. To refund; to repay; to restore; as to replace a sum of money borrowed. 3. To supply or substitute an equivalent for; as to replace a lost document. “With Israel, religion replaced morality.” M. Arnold. 4. To take the place of; to supply the want of; to fulfull the end or office of. “This duty of right intention does not replace or supersede the duty of consideration.” Whewell. 5. To put in a new or different place. The propriety of the use of replace instead of displace, supersede, take the place of, as in the third and fourth definitions, is often disputed on account of etymological discrepancy; but the use has been sanctioned by the practice of careful writers. Replaced crystal (Crystallog.), a crystal having one or more planes in the place of its edges or angles.

Re•place•a•bil´i•ty (-?-b?l´?-t?), n. The quality, state, or degree of being replaceable.

Re•place´a•ble (r?-pl?s´?-b’l), a. 1. Capable or admitting of being put back into a place. 2. Admitting of having its place supplied by a like thing or an equivalent; as the lost book is replaceable. 3. (Chem.) Capable of being replaced (by), or of being exchanged (for); as the hydrogen of acids is replaceable by metals or by basic radicals.

Re•place´ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of replacing. 2. (Crystallog.) The removal of an edge or an angle by one or more planes.

Re•plait´ (r?-pl?t´), v. t. To plait or fold again; to fold, as one part over another, again and again.

Re•plant´ (rE-pl?nt´), v. t. To plant again.

Re•plant´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. That may be planted again.

Re•plan•ta´tion (r?•pl?n-t?´sh?n), n. The act of planting again; a replanting. [R.] Hallywell.

Re•plead´ (r?-pl?d´), v. t. & i. To plead again.

Re•plead´er (-?r), n. (Law) A second pleading, or course of pleadings; also the right of pleading again. “Whenever a repleader is granted, the pleadings must begin de novo.” Blackstone.

Re•plen´ish (r?-pl?n´?sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Replenished (-?sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Replenishing.] [OE. replenissen, OF. replenir; L. pref. re- re- + plenus full. See Full, -ish, and cf. Replete.] 1. To fill again after having been diminished or emptied; to stock anew; hence, to fill completely; to cause to abound. “Multiply and replenish the earth.” Gen. i. 28. “The waters thus
With fish replenished, and the air with fowl.” Milton. 2. To finish; to complete; to perfect. [Obs.] “We smothered
The most replenished sweet work of nature.” Shak.

Re•plen´ish, v. i. To recover former fullness. [Obs.] “The humors will not replenish so soon.” Bacon.

Re•plen´ish•er (-?r), n. One who replenishes.

Re•plen´ish•ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of replenishing, or the state of being replenished. 2. That which replenishes; supply. Cowper.

Re•plete´ (r?-pl?t´), a. [L. repletus, p. p. of replere to fill again, fill up; pref. re- re- + plere to fill, akin to plenus full: cf. F. replet corpulent. See Plenty, Replenish.] Filled again; completely filled; full; charged; abounding. ´His words replete with guile.´ Milton. “When he of wine was replet at his feast.” Chaucer. “In heads replete with thoughts of other men.” Cowper.

Re•plete´, v. t. To fill completely, or to satiety. [R.]

Re•plete´ness, n. The state of being replete.

Re•ple´tion (r?-pl?´sh?n), n. [L. repletio a filling up: cf. F. repletion. See Replete.] 1. The state of being replete; superabundant fullness. “The tree had too much repletion, and was oppressed with its own sap.” Bacon. “Repleccioun [overeating] ne made her never sick.” Chaucer. 2. (Med.) Fullness of blood; plethora.

Re•ple´tive (-t?v), a. [Cf. F. repletif.] Tending to make replete; filling. — Re•ple´tive•ly, adv.

Re•ple´to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Repletive. [R.]

Re•plev´i•a•ble (r?-pl?v´?-?-b’l), a. [See Replevy.] (Law) Capable of being replevied.

Re•plev´in (-?n), n. [LL. replevina. See Replevy, and cf. Plevin.] 1. (Law) A personal action which lies to recover possession of goods and chattle wrongfully taken or detained. Originally, it was a remedy peculiar to cases for wrongful distress, but it may generally now be brought in all cases of wrongful taking or detention. Bouvier. 2. The writ by which goods and chattels are replevied.

Re•plev´in, v. t. (Law) To replevy.

Re•plev´i•sa•ble (-?-s?-b’l), a. [OF. replevisable.] Repleviable. Sir M. Hale.

Re•plev´y (-?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Replevied (-?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Replevying.] [OF. replevir, LL. replevire. See Pledge, Replevin.] 1. (Law) To take or get back, by a writ for that purpose (goods and chattels wrongfully taken or detained), upon giving security to try the right to them in a suit at law, and, if that should be determined against the plaintiff, to return the property replevied. 2. (Old Eng. Law) To bail. Spenser.

Re•plev´y (r?-pl?v´?), n. Replevin. Mozley & W.

Rep´li•ca (r?p´l?-k?), n. [It. See Reply, v. & n.] 1. (Fine Arts) A copy of a work of art, as of a picture or statue, made by the maker of the original. 2. (Mus.) Repetition.

Rep´li•cant (r?p´l?-kant), n. One who replies.

Rep´li•cate (-?-k?t), v. t. To reply. [Obs.] { Rep´li•cate (l?-k?t), Rep´li•ca•ted (-k?•t?d), } a. [L. replicatus, p. p. of replicare. See Reply.] Folded over or backward; folded back upon itself; as a replicate leaf or petal; a replicate margin of a shell.

Rep•li•ca´tion (-k?´sh?n), n. [L. replicatio. See Reply.] 1. An answer; a reply. Shak. “Withouten any repplicacioun.” Chaucer. 2. (Law Pleadings) The reply of the plaintiff, in matters of fact, to the defendant’s plea. 3. Return or repercussion, as of sound; echo. “To hear the replication of your sounds.” Shak. 4. A repetition; a copy. Farrar. Syn. — Answer; response; reply; rejoinder.

Re•pli´er (r?-pl?´?r), n. One who replies. Bacon.

Re´plum (r?´pl?m), n. [L., doorcase.] (Bot.) The framework of some pods, as the cress, which remains after the valves drop off. Gray.

Re•ply´ (r?-pl?´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Replied (-pl?d´); p. pr. & vb. n. Replying.] [OE. replien, OF. replier, F. repliquer, fr. L. replicare to fold back, make a reply; pref. re- re- + plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Replica.] 1. To make a return in words or writing; to respond; to answer. “O man, who art thou that repliest against God?” Rom. ix. 20. 2. (Law) To answer a defendant’s plea. 3. Figuratively, to do something in return for something done; as to reply to a signal; to reply to the fire of a battery. Syn. — To answer; respond; rejoin.

Re•ply´, v. t. To return for an answer. Milton. “Lords, vouchsafe
To give me hearing what I shall reply.” Shak.

Re•ply´, n.; pl. Replies (-plz´). [See Reply, v. i., and cf. Replica.] That which is said, written, or done in answer to what is said, written, or done by another; an answer; a response. Syn. — Answer; rejoinder; response. — Reply, Rejoinder, Answer. A reply is a distinct response to a formal question or attack in speech or writing. A rejoinder is a second reply (a reply to a reply) in a protracted discussion or controversy. The word answer is used in two senses, namely (1), in the most general sense of a mere response; as the answer to a question; or (2), in the sense of a decisive and satisfactory confutation of an adversary’s argument, as when we speak of a triumphant answer to the speech or accusations of an opponent. Here the noun corresponds to a frequent use of the verb, as when we say. ´This will answer (i.e., fully meet) the end in view;´ ´It answers the purpose.´

Re•ply´er (-?r), n. See Replier. Bacon.

Re•pol´ish (r?-p?l´?sh), v. t. To polish again.

Re•pone´ (r?-p?n´), v. t. [L. reponere; pref. re- re- + ponere to place.] To replace. R. Baillie.

Re•pop•u•la´tion (r?•p?p•?•l?´sh?n), n. The act of repeopling; act of furnishing with a population anew.

Re•port´ (r?-p?rt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reported; p. pr. & vb. n. Reporting.] [F. reporter to carry back, carry (cf. rapporter; see Rapport), L. reportare to bear or bring back; pref. re- re- + portare to bear or bring. See Port bearing, demeanor.] 1. To refer. [Obs.] “Baldwin, his son, … succeeded his father; so like unto him that we report the reader to the character of King Almeric, and will spare the repeating his description.” Fuller. 2. To bring back, as an answer; to announce in return; to relate, as what has been discovered by a person sent to examine, explore, or investigate; as a messenger reports to his employer what he has seen or ascertained; the committee reported progress. “There is no man that may reporten all.” Chaucer. 3. To give an account of; to relate; to tell; to circulate publicly, as a story; as in the common phrase, it is reported. Shak. “It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the Jews think to rebel.” Neh. vi. 6. 4. To give an official account or statement of; as a treasurer reports the receipts and expenditures. 5. To return or repeat, as sound; to echo. [Obs. or R.] ´A church with windows only from above, that reporteth the voice thirteen times.´ Bacon. 6. (Parliamentary Practice) To return or present as the result of an examination or consideration of any matter officially referred; as the committee reported the bill witth amendments, or reported a new bill, or reported the results of an inquiry. 7. To make minutes of, as a speech, or the doings of a public body; to write down from the lips of a speaker. 8. To write an account of for publication, as in a newspaper; as to report a public celebration or a horse race. 9. To make a statement of the conduct of, especially in an unfavorable sense; as to report a servant to his employer. To be reported, or To be reported of, to be spoken of; to be mentioned, whether favorably or unfavorably. Acts xvi. 2. — To report one’s self, to betake one’s self, as to a superior or one to whom service is due, and be in readiness to receive orders or do service. Syn. — To relate; narrate; tell; recite; describe.

Re•port´ (r?-p?rt´), v. i. 1. To make a report, or response, in respect of a matter inquired of, a duty enjoined, or information expected; as the committee will report at twelve o’clock. 2. To furnish in writing an account of a speech, the proceedings at a meeting, the particulars of an occurrence, etc., for publication. 3. To present one’s self, as to a superior officer, or to one to whom service is due, and to be in readiness for orders or to do service; also to give information, as of one’s address, condition, etc.; as the officer reported to the general for duty; to report weekly by letter.

Re•port´ (re•port´), n. [Cf. F. rapport. See Report.v. t.] 1. That which is reported. Specifically: (a) An account or statement of the results of examination or inquiry made by request or direction; relation. ´From Thetis sent as spies to make report.´ Waller. (b) A story or statement circulating by common talk; a rumor; hence, fame; repute; reputation. “It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom.” 1 Kings x. 6. “Cornelius the centurion, a just man, and … of good report among all the nation of the Jews.” Acts x. 22. (c) Sound; noise; as the report of a pistol or cannon. (d) An official statement of facts, verbal or written; especially, a statement in writing of proceedings and facts exhibited by an officer to his superiors; as the reports of the heads af departments to Congress, of a master in chancery to the court, of committees to a legislative body, and the like. (e) An account or statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of case argued and determined in a court of law, chancery, etc.; also in the plural, the volumes containing such reports; as Coke’s Reports. (f) A sketch, or a fully written account, of a speech, debate, or the proceedings of a public meeting, legislative body, etc. 2. Rapport; relation; connection; reference. [Obs.] “The corridors worse, having no report to the wings they join to.” Evelyn. Syn. — Account; relation; narration; detail; description; recital; narrative; story; rumor; hearsay.

Re•port´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. Capable or admitting of being reported.

Re•port´age (-aj), n. SAme as Report. [Obs.]

Re•port´er (-er), n. One who reports. Specifically: (a) An officer or person who makes authorized statements of law proceedings and decisions, or of legislative debates. (b) One who reports speeches, the proceedings of public meetings, news, etc., for the newspapers. “Of our tales judge and reportour.” Chaucer.

Re•port´ing•ly, adv. By report or common fame.

Re•por•to´ri•al (re•por•to´ri•al), a. Of or pertaining to a reporter or reporters; as the reportorial staff of a newspaper.

Re•pos´al (re•poz´al), n. [From Repose.] 1. The act or state of reposing; as the reposal of a trust. Shak. 2. That on which one reposes. [Obs.] Burton.

Re•pos´ance (-ans), n. Reliance. [Obs.] John Hall.

Re•pose´ (re•poz´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reposed (-p?zd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reposing.] [F. reposer; L. pref. re- re- + pausare to pause. See Pause, Pose, v.] 1. To cause to stop or to rest after motion; hence, to deposit; to lay down; to lodge; to reposit. [Obs.] “But these thy fortunes let us straight repose
In this divine cave’s bosom.” Chapman. “Pebbles reposed in those cliffs amongst the earth … are left behind.” Woodward. 2. To lay at rest; to cause to be calm or quiet; to compose; to rest, — often reflexive; as to repose one’s self on a couch. “All being settled and reposed, the lord archbishop did present his majesty to the lords and commons.” Fuller. “After the toil of battle to repose
Your wearied virtue.” Milton. 3. To place, have, or rest; to set; to intrust. “The king reposeth all his confidence in thee.” Shak.

Re•pose´, v. i. 1. To lie at rest; to rest. “Within a thicket I reposed.” Chapman. 2. Figuratively, to remain or abide restfully without anxiety or alarms. “It is upon these that the soul may repose.” I. Taylor. 3. To lie; to be supported; as trap reposing on sand. Syn. — To lie; recline; couch; rest; sleep; settle; lodge; abide.

Re•pose´, n. [F. repos. See Repose, v.] 1. A lying at rest; sleep; rest; quiet. “Shake off the golden slumber of repose.” Shak. 2. Rest of mind; tranquillity; freedom from uneasiness; also a composed manner or deportment. 3. (Poetic) A rest; a pause. 4. (Fine Arts) That harmony or moderation which affords rest for the eye; — opposed to the scattering and division of a subject into too many unconnected parts, and also to anything which is overstrained; as a painting may want repose. Angle of repose (Physics), the inclination of a plane at which a body placed on the plane would remain at rest, or if in motion would roll or slide down with uniform velocity; the angle at which the various kinds of earth will stand when abandoned to themselves. Syn. — Rest; recumbency; reclination; ease; quiet; quietness; tranquillity; peace.

Re•posed´ (re•pozd´), a. Composed; calm; tranquil; at rest. Bacon. — Re•pos´ed•ly (re•poz´ed•ly), adv. — Re•pos´ed•ness, n.

Re•pose´ful (re•poz´ful), a. Full of repose; quiet.

Re•pos´er (re•poz´er), n. One who reposes.

Re•pos´it (re•poz´it), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Repositing.] [L. repositus, p. p. of reponere to put back; pref. re- re- + ponere to put. See Position.] To cause to rest or stay; to lay away; to lodge, as for safety or preservation; to place; to store. “Others reposit their young in holes.” Derham.

Re•po•si´tion (re•po•zish´un), n. [L. repositio.] The act of repositing; a laying up.

Re•pos´i•tor (re•poz´i•ter), n. (Surg.) An instrument employed for replacing a displaced organ or part.

Re•pos´i•to•ry (re•poz´i•to•ry), n. [L. repositorium, repostorium: cf. OF. repositoire.] A place where things are or may be reposited, or laid up, for safety or preservation; a depository. Locke.

Re•pos•sess´ (r?´p?z•z?s´ or -p?s•s?s´), v. t. To possess again; as to repossess the land. Pope. To repossess one’s self of (something), to acquire again (something lost).

Re•pos•ses´sion (r?•p?z-z?sh´?n or -p?s s?sh´?n), n. The act or the state of possessing again.

Re•po´sure (r?-p?´sh?r; 135), n. Rest; quiet. “In the reposure of most soft content.” Marston.

Re•pour´ (r?-p?r´), v. t. To pour again.

Re•pous•se´ (re -p??•s?´), a. [F., p. p. of repousser to thrust back; pref re- + pousser to push. See Push.] (a) Formed in relief, as a pattern on metal. (b) Ornamented with patterns in relief made by pressing or hammering on the reverse side; — said of thin metal, or of a vessel made of thin metal. — n. Repousse work. Repousse work, ornamentation of metal in relief by pressing or hammering on the reverse side.

Re•prefe´ (r?-pr?f´), n. Reproof. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rep•re•hend´ (r?p•r?-h?nd´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Reprehending.] [L. reprehendere, reprehensum, to hold back, seize, check, blame; pref. re- re- + prehendere to lay hold of. See Prehensile, and cf. Reprisal. ] To reprove or reprimand with a view of restraining, checking, or preventing; to make charge of fault against; to disapprove of; to chide; to blame; to censure. Chaucer. “Aristippus being reprehended of luxury by one that was not rich, for that he gave six crowns for a small fish.” Bacon. “Pardon me for reprehending thee.” Shak. “In which satire human vices, ignorance, and errors … are severely reprehended.” Dryden. “I nor advise nor reprehend the choice.” J. Philips.

Rep•re•hend´er (-?r), n. One who reprehends.

Rep•re•hen´si•ble (-h?n´s?-b’l), a. [L. reprehensibilis: cf. F. reprehensible.] Worthy of reprehension; culpable; censurable; blamable. — Rep•re•hen´si•ble•ness, n. — Rep•re•hen´si•bly, adv.

Rep•re•hen´sion (-sh?n), n. [L. reprehensio: cf. F. reprehension.] Reproof; censure; blame; disapproval. “This Basilius took as though his mistress had given him a secret reprehension that he had not showed more gratefulness to Dorus.” Sir P. Sidney. Syn. — Censure; reproof; reprimand. See Admonition.

Rep•re•hen´sive (-h?n´s?v), a. [Cf. F. reprehensif.] Containing reprehension; conveying reproof. South. — Rep•re•hen´sive•ly, adv.

Rep•re•hen´so•ry (-s?-r?), a. Containing reproof; reprehensive; as reprehensory complaint. Johnson.

Re•-pre•sent´ (r?•pr?-z?nt´), v. t. To present again; as to re-present the points of an argument.

Rep•re•sent´ (r?p•r?-z?nt´), v. t. [F. reprsenter, L. repraesentare, repraesentatum; pref. re- re- + preesentare to place before, present. See Present, v. t.] 1. To present again or anew; to present by means of something standing in the place of; to exhibit the counterpart or image of; to typify. “Before him burn
Seven lamps, as in a zodiac representing
The heavenly fires.” Milton. 2. To portray by pictoral or plastic art; to delineate; as to represent a landscape in a picture, a horse in bronze, and the like. 3. To portray by mimicry or action of any kind; to act the part or character of; to personate; as to represent Hamlet. 4. To stand in the place of; to supply the place, perform the duties, exercise the rights, or receive the share, of; to speak and act with authority in behalf of; to act the part of (another); as an heir represents his ancestor; an attorney represents his client in court; a member of Congress represents his district in Congress. 5. To exhibit to another mind in language; to show; to give one’s own impressions and judgement of; to bring before the mind; to set forth; sometimes, to give an account of; to describe. “He represented Rizzio’s credit with the queen to be the chief and only obstacle to his success in that demand.” Robertson. “This bank is thought the greatest load on the Genoese, and the managers of it have been represented as a second kind of senate.” Addison. 6. To serve as a sign or symbol of; as mathematical symbols represent quantities or relations; words represent ideas or things. 7. To bring a sensation of into the mind or sensorium; to cause to be known, felt, or apprehended; to present. “Among these. Fancy next
Her office holds; of all external things
Which he five watchful senses represent,
She forms imaginations, aery shapes.” Milton. 8. (Metaph.) To form or image again in consciousness, as an object of cognition or apprehension (something which was originally apprehended by direct presentation). See Presentative, 3. “The general capability of knowledge necessarily requires that, besides the power of evoking out of unconsciousness one portion of our retained knowledge in preference to another, we posses the faculty of representing in consciousness what is thus evoked … This representative Faculty is Imagination or Phantasy.” Sir. W. Hamilton.

Rep•re•sent´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being represented.

Rep•re•sent´ance (-ans), n. Representation; likeness. [Obs.] Donne.

Rep•re•sent´ant (-ant), a. [Cf. F. reprsentant.] Appearing or acting for another; representing.

Rep•re•sent´ant, n. [F. representant.] A representative. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Rep•re•sen•ta´tion (-z?n-t?´sh?n), n. [F. reprsentation, L. representatio.] 1. The act of representing, in any sense of the verb. 2. That which represents. Specifically: (a) A likeness, a picture, or a model; as a representation of the human face, or figure, and the like. (b) A dramatic performance; as a theatrical representation; a representation of Hamlet. (c) A description or statement; as the representation of an historian, of a witness, or an advocate. (d) The body of those who act as representatives of a community or society; as the representation of a State in Congress. (e) (Insurance Law) Any collateral statement of fact, made orally or in writing, by which an estimate of the risk is affected, or either party is influenced. 3. The state of being represented. Syn. — Description; show; delineaton; portraiture; likeness; resemblance; exhibition; sight.

Re-pres•en•ta´tion (r?-prez•?n-t?´sh?n), n. [See Re-present.] The act of re- presenting, or the state of being presented again; a new presentation; as re-presentation of facts previously stated.

Rep•re•sen•ta´tion•a•ry (r?p•r?—z?n-t?´sh?n-?-r?), a. Implying representation; representative. [R.]

Rep•re•sent´a•tive (-z?nt•?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. reprsentatif.] 1. Fitted to represent; exhibiting a similitude. 2. Bearing the character or power of another; acting for another or others; as a council representative of the people. Swift. 3. Conducted by persons chosen to represent, or act as deputies for, the people; as a representative government. 4. (Nat.Hist.) (a) Serving or fitted to present the full characters of the type of a group; typical; as a representative genus in a family. (b) Similar in general appearance, structure, and habits, but living in different regions; — said of certain species and varieties. 5. (Metaph.) Giving, or existing as a transcript of what was originally presentative knowledge; as representative faculties; representative knowledge. See Presentative, 3 and Represent, 8.

Rep•re•sent´a•tive, n. [Cf. LL. repraesentativus.] 1. One who, or that which, represents (anything); that which exhibits a likeness or similitude. “A statute of Rumor, whispering an idiot in the ear, who was the representative of Credulity.” Addison. “Difficulty must cumber this doctrine which supposes that the perfections of God are the representatives to us of whatever we perceive in the creatures.” Locke. 2. An agent, deputy, or substitute, who supplies the place of another, or others, being invested with his or their authority. 3. (Law) One who represents, or stands in the place of, another. The executor or administrator is ordinarily held to be the representative of a deceased person, and is sometimes called the legal representative, or the personal representative. The heir is sometimes called the real representative of his deceased ancestor. The heirs and executors or administrators of a deceased person are sometimes compendiously described as his real and personal representatives. Wharton. Burrill. 4. A member of the lower or popular house in a State legislature, or in the national Congress. [U.S.] 5. (Nat.Hist.) (a) That which presents the full character of the type of a group. (b) A species or variety which, in any region, takes the place of a similar one in another region.

Rep•re•sent´a•tive•ly, adv. In a representative manner; vicariously.

Rep•re•sent´a•tive•ness, n. The quality or state of being representative. “Dr. Burnet observes, that every thought is attended with consciousness and representativeness.” Spectator.

Rep•re•sent´er (-?r), n. 1. One who shows, exhibits, or describes. Sir T. Browne. 2. A representative. [Obs.] Swift.

Rep•re•sent´ment (-ment), n. Representation. [Obs.]

Re•press´ (r?-pr?s´), v. t. [Pref. re- + press.] To press again.

Re•press´ (r?-pr?s´), v. t. [Pref. re- + press: cf. L. reprimere, repressum. Cf. Reprimand.] 1. To press back or down effectually; to crush down or out; to quell; to subdue; to supress; as to repress sedition or rebellion; to repress the first risings of discontent. 2. Hence, to check; to restrain; to keep back. “Desire of wine and all delicious drinks, …
Thou couldst repress.” Milton. Syn. — To crush; overpower; subdue; suppress; restrain; quell; curb; check.

Re•press´, n. The act of repressing. [Obs.]

Re•press´er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, represses.

Re•press´i•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being repressed.

Re•pres´sion (r?-pr?sh´?n), n. [Cf. F. repression.] 1. The act of repressing, or state of being repressed; as the repression of evil and evil doers. 2. That which represses; check; restraint.

Re•press´ive (r?-pr?s´?v), a. [Cf. F. repressif. LL. repressivus.] Having power, or tending, to repress; as repressive acts or measures. — Re•press´ive•ly, adv.

Re•prev´a•ble (r?-pr?v´?-b’l), a. Reprovable. [Obs.]

Re•preve´ (r?-pr?v´), v. t. [See Reprieve, v. t.] To reprove. [Obs.] ´Repreve him of his vice.´ Chaucer.

Re•preve´, n. Reproof. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•priefe´ (r?-pr?f´), n. Repreve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•priev´al (r?-pr?v´al), n. Reprieve. Overbury.

Re•prieve (r?-pr?v´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprieved (-pr?vd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reprieving.] [OE. repreven to reject, disallow, OF. reprover to blame, reproach, condemn (pres. il reprueve), F. reprouver to disapprove, fr. L. reprobare to reject, condemn; pref. re- re- + probare to try, prove. See Prove, and cf. Reprove, Reprobate.] 1. To delay the punishment of; to suspend the execution of sentence on; to give a respite to; to respite; as to reprieve a criminal for thirty days. “He reprieves the sinnner from time to time.” Rogers. 2. To relieve for a time, or temporarily. “Company, thought it may reprieve a man from his melaneholy yet can not secure him from his conscience.” South.

Re•prieve´ (r?-pr?v´), n. 1. A temporary suspension of the execution of a sentence, especially of a sentence of death. “The morning Sir John Hotham was to die, a reprieve was sent to suspend the execution for three days.” Clarendon. 2. Interval of ease or relief; respite. “All that I ask is but a short reprieve,
ll I forget to love, and learn to grieve.” Denham.

Rep´ri•mand (r?p´r?-m?nd), n. [F. reprimande, fr. L. reprimendus, reprimenda, that is to be checked or suppressed, fr. reprimere to check, repress; pref. re- re + premere to press. See Press, and cf. Repress.] Severe or formal reproof; reprehension, private or public. “Goldsmith gave his landlady a sharp reprimand for her treatment of him.” Macaulay.

Rep´ri•mand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprimanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Reprimanding.] [Cf. F. reprimander. See Reprimand, n.] 1. To reprove severely; to reprehend; to chide for a fault; to consure formally. “Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius for traveling into Egypt without his permission.” Arbuthnot. 2. To reprove publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence; as the court ordered him to be reprimanded. Syn. — To reprove; reprehend; chide; rebuke; censure; blame. See Reprove.

Rep´ri•mand•er (-m?nd•?r), n. One who reprimands.

Re•prim´er (r?-pr?m´?r), n. (Firearms) A machine or implement for applying fresh primers to spent cartridge shells, so that the shells be used again.

Re•print´ (r?-pr?nt´), v. t. 1. To print again; to print a second or a new edition of. 2. To renew the impression of. “The whole business of our redemption is … to reprint God’s image upon the soul.” South.

Re´print (r?´pr?nt•), n. A second or a new impression or edition of any printed work; specifically, the publication in one country of a work previously published in another.

Re•print´er (r?-pr?nt´?r), n. One who reprints.

Re•pris´al (r?-priz´al), n. [F. reprsaille, It. ripresaglia, rappresaglia, LL. reprensaliae, fr. L. reprehendere, reprehensum. See Reprehend, Reprise.] 1. The act of taking from an enemy by way of reteliation or indemnity. “Debatable ground, on which incursions and reprisals continued to take place.” Macaulay. 2. Anything taken from an enemy in retaliation. 3. The act of retorting on an enemy by inflicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken from him, in retaliation for an act of inhumanity. Vattel (Trans.) 4. Any act of retaliation. Waterland. Letters of marque and reprisal. See under Marque.

Re•prise´ (r?-pr?z´), n. [F. reprise, fr. reprendre, repris, to take back, L. reprehendere. See Reprehend.] 1. A taking by way of retaliation. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. pl. (Law) Deductions and duties paid yearly out of a manor and lands, as rent charge, rent seck, pensions, annuities, and the like. [Written also reprizes.] Burrill. 3. A ship recaptured from an enemy or from a pirate.

Re•prise´, v. t. [Written also reprize.] 1. To take again; to retake. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To recompense; to pay. [Obs.]

Re•pris´tin•ate (r?-pr?s´t?n-?t), v. t. [Pref. re- + pristine.] To restore to an original state. [R.] Shedd.

Re•pris•ti•na´tion (-t?-n?´sh?n), n. Restoration to an original state; renewal of purity. [R.] R. Browning.

Re•prive´ (r?-pr?v´), v. t. [Pref. re- + L. privare to deprive.] To take back or away. [Obs.] Spenser.

Re•prive´, v. t. To reprieve. [Obs.] Howell.

Re•prize´ (-pr?z´), v. t. See Reprise. [Obs.] Spenser.

Re•priz´es (-pr?z´?z), n. pl. (Law) See Reprise, n., 2.

Re•proach´ (r?-pr?ch´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reproached (-pr?cht´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reproaching.] [F. reprocher, OF. reprochier, (assumed) LL. reproriare; L. pref. re- again, against, back + prope near; hence, originally, to bring near to, throw in one’s teeth. Cf. Approach.] 1. To come back to, or come home to, as a matter of blame; to bring shame or disgrace upon; to disgrace. [Obs.] “I thought your marriage fit; else imputation,
For that he knew you, might reproach your life.” Shak. 2. To attribute blame to; to allege something disgraceful against; to charge with a fault; to censure severely or contemptuously; to upbraid. “If ye be reproached for the name of Christ.” 1 Peter iv. 14. “That this newcomer, Shame,
There sit not, and reproach us as unclean.” Milton. “Mezentius … with his ardor warmed
His fainting friends, reproached their shameful flight.
Repelled the victors.” Dryden. Syn. — To upbraid; censure; blame; chide; rebuke; condemn; revile; vilify.

Re•proach´, n. [F. reproche. See Reproach, v.] 1. The act of reproaching; censure mingled with contempt; contumelious or opprobrious language toward any person; abusive reflections; as severe reproach. “No reproaches even, even when pointed and barbed with the sharpest wit, appeared to give him pain.” Macaulay. “Give not thine heritage to reproach.” Joel ii. 17. 2. A cause of blame or censure; shame; disgrace. 3. An object of blame, censure, scorn, or derision. “Come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we be no more a reproach.” Neh. ii. 17. Syn. — Disrepute; discredit; dishonor; opprobrium; invective; contumely; reviling; abuse; vilification; scurrility; insolence; insult; scorn; contempt; ignominy; shame; scandal;; disgrace; infamy.

Re•proach´a•blr (-?-b’l), a. [Cf. F. reprochable.] 1. Deserving reproach; censurable. 2. Opprobrius; scurrilous. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. — Re•proach´a•ble•ness, n. — Re•proach´a•bly, adv.

Re•proach´er (-?r), n. One who reproaches.

Re•proach´ful (-f?l), a. 1. Expressing or containing reproach; upbraiding; opprobrious; abusive. “The reproachful speeches …
That he hath breathed in my dishonor here.” Shak. 2. Occasioning or deserving reproach; shameful; base; as a reproachful life. Syn. — Opprobrious; contumelious; abusive; offensive; insulting; contemptuous; scornful; insolent; scurrilous; disreputable; discreditable; dishonorable; shameful; disgraceful; scandalous; base; vile; infamous. — Re•proach´ful•ly (r-prch´fl-l), adv. — Re•proach´ful•ness, n.

Re•proach´less, a. Being without reproach.

Rep´ro•ba•cy (r?p´r?-b?-c?), n. Reprobation. [R.]

Rep´ro•bance (-bans), n. Reprobation. [Obs.] Shak.

Rep´ro•bate (-b?t), a. [L. reprobatus, p. p. of reprobare to disapprove, condemn. See Reprieve, Reprove.] 1. Not enduring proof or trial; not of standard purity or fineness; disallowed; rejected. [Obs.] “Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the Lord hath rejected them.” Jer. vi. 30. 2. Abandoned to punishment; hence, morally abandoned and lost; given up to vice; depraved. “And strength, and art, are easily outdone
By spirits reprobate.” Milton. 3. Of or pertaining to one who is given up to wickedness; as reprobate conduct. ´Reprobate desire.´ Shak. Syn. — Abandoned; vitiated; depraved; corrupt; wicked; profligate; base; vile. See Abandoned.

Rep´ro•bate, n. One morally abandoned and lost. “I acknowledge myself for a reprobate, a villain, a traitor to the king.” Sir W. Raleigh.

Rep´ro•bate (-b?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprobated (-b?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Reprobating.] 1. To disapprove with detestation or marks of extreme dislike; to condemn as unworthy; to disallow; to reject. “Such an answer as this is reprobated and disallowed of in law; I do not believe it, unless the deed appears.” Ayliffe. “Every scheme, every person, recommended by one of them, was reprobated by the other.” Macaulay. 2. To abandon to punishment without hope of pardon. Syn. — To condemn; reprehend; censure; disown; abandon; reject.

Rep´ro•bate•ness, n. The state of being reprobate.

Rep´ro•ba•ter (-b?•t?r), n. One who reprobates.

Rep•ro•ba´tion (-b?•sh?n), n. [F. reprobation, or L. reprobatio.] 1. The act of reprobating; the state of being reprobated; strong disapproval or censure. “The profligate pretenses upon which he was perpetually soliciting an increase of his disgraceful stipend are mentioned with becoming reprobation.” Jeffrey. “Set a brand of reprobation on clipped poetry and false coin.” Dryden. 2. (Theol.) The predestination of a certain number of the human race as reprobates, or objects of condemnation and punishment.

Rep•ro•ba´tion•er (-?r), n. (Theol.) One who believes in reprobation. See Reprobation, 2. South.

Rep´ro•ba•tive (-b?-t?v), a. Of or pertaining to reprobation; expressing reprobation.

Rep´ro•ba•to•ry (-b?•t?-r?), a. Reprobative.

Re•pro•duce´ (r?•pr?-d?s´), v. t. To produce again. Especially: (a) To bring forward again; as to reproduce a witness; to reproduce charges; to reproduce a play. (b) To cause to exist again. “Those colors are unchangeable, and whenever all those rays with those their colors are mixed again they reproduce the same white light as before.” Sir I. Newton. (c) To produce again, by generation or the like; to cause the existence of (something of the same class, kind, or nature as another thing); to generate or beget, as offspring; as to reproduce a rose; some animals are reproduced by gemmation. (d) To make an image or other representation of; to portray; to cause to exist in the memory or imagination; to make a copy of; as to reproduce a person’s features in marble, or on canvas; to reproduce a design.

Re•pro•du´cer (-d?´s?r), n. One who, or that which, reproduces. Burke.

Re•pro•duc´tion (-d?k´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. reproduction.] 1. The act or process of reproducing; the state of being reproduced; specifically (Biol.), the process by which plants and animals give rise to offspring. There are two distinct methods of reproduction; viz.: asexual reproduction (agamogenesis) and sexual reproduction (gamogenesis). In both cases the new individual is developed from detached portions of the parent organism. In asexual reproduction (gemmation, fission, etc.), the detached portions of the organism develop into new individuals without the intervention of other living matter. In sexual reproduction, the detached portion, which is always a single cell, called the female germ cell, is acted upon by another portion of living matter, the male germ cell, usually from another organism, and in the fusion of the two (impregnation) a new cell is formed, from the development of which arises a new individual. 2. That which is reproduced.

Re•pro•duc´tive (-t?v), a. [Cf. F. reproductif.] Tending, or pertaining, to reproduction; employed in reproduction. Lyell.

Re•pro•duc´to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Reproductive.

Re•proof´ (r?-pr??f´), n. [OE. reproef. See Proof, Reprove.] 1. Refutation; confutation; contradiction. [Obs.] 2. An expression of blame or censure; especially, blame expressed to the face; censure for a fault; chiding; reproach. “Those best can bear reproof who merit praise.” Pope. Syn. — Admonition; reprehension; chiding; reprimand; rebuke; censure; blame. See Admonition.

Re•prov´a•ble (r?-pr??v´?-b’l), a. [Cf. F. reprouvable.] Worthy of reproof or censure. Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Blamable; blameworthy; censurable; reprehensible; culpable; rebukable. —Re•prov´a•ble•ness, n. — Re•prov´a•bly, adv.

Re prov´al (-al), n. Reproof. Sir P. Sidney.

Re•prove´ (r?-pr??v´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reproved (-pr??vd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Reproving.] [F. reprouver, OF. reprover, fr. L. reprobare. See Reprieve, Reprobate, and cf. Reproof.] 1. To convince. [Obs.] “When he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment.” John xvi. 9. 2. To disprove; to refute. [Obs.] “Reprove my allegation, if you can.” Shak. 3. To chide to the face as blameworthy; to accuse as guilty; to censure. “What if thy son” “Prove disobedient, and, reproved, retort,
´Wherefore didst thou beget me?´” Milton. 4. To express disapprobation of; as to reprove faults. “He neither reproved the ordinance of John, neither plainly condemned the fastings of the other men.” Udall. Syn. — To reprehend; chide; rebuke; scold; blame censure. — Reprove, Rebuke, Reprimand. These words all signufy the expression of disapprobation. To reprove implies greater calmness and self-possession. To rebuke implies a more excited and personal feeling. A reproof may be administered long after the offience is committed, and is usually intended for the reformation of the offender; a rebuke is commonly given at the moment of the wrong, and is administered by way of punishment and condemnation. A reprimand proceeds from a person invested with authority, and is a formal and offiscial act. A child is reproved for his faults, and rebuked for his impudence. A military officer is reprimanded for neglect or violation of duty.

Re•prov´er (r?-pr??v´?r), n. One who, or that which, reproves.

Re•prov´ing•ly, adv. In a reproving manner.

Re•prune´ (re•prun´), v. t. To prune again or anew. “Yet soon reprunes her wing to soar anew.” Young.

Rep´-sil•ver (r?p´s?l•v?r), n. [See Reap.] Money anciently paid by servile tenants to their lord, in lieu of the customary service of reaping his corn or grain.

Rep´tant (r?p´tant), a. [L. reptans, -antis, p. pr. of reptare, v. intens. from repere to creep. See Reptile.] 1. (Bot.) Same as Repent. 2. (Zoöl.) Creeping; crawling; — said of reptiles, worms, etc.

Rep•tan´ti•a (r?p-t?n´sh?-?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropods; the Pectinibranchiata.

Rep•ta´tion (r?p-t?´sh?n), n. [L. reptatio, from reptare: cf. F. reptation.] (Zoöl.) The act of creeping.

Rep´ta•to•ry (r?p´t?-t?-r?), a. (Zoöl.) Creeping.

Rep´tile (r?p´t?l;277), a. [F. reptile, L. reptilis, fr. repere, reptum, to creep; cf. Lith. reploti; perh. akin to L. serpere. Cf. Serpent.] 1. Creeping; moving on the belly, or by means of small and short legs. 2. Hence: Groveling; low; vulgar; as a reptile race or crew; reptile vices. “There is also a false, reptile prudence, the result not of caution, but of fear.” Burke. “And dislodge their reptile souls
From the bodies and forms of men.” Coleridge.

Rep´tile, n. 1. (Zoöl.) An animal that crawls, or moves on its belly, as snakes,, or by means of small, short legs, as lizards, and the like. “An inadvertent step may crush the snail
That crawls at evening in the public path;
But he that has humanity, forewarned,
Will tread aside, and let the reptile live.” Cowper. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the Reptilia, or one of the Amphibia. The amphibians were formerly classed with Reptilia, and are still popularly called reptiles, though much more closely allied to the fishes. 3. A groveling or very mean person.

Rep•til´i•a (r?p-t?l´?-?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A class of air-breathing oviparous vertebrates, usually covered with scales or bony plates. The heart generally has two auricles and one ventricle. The development of the young is the same as that of birds. It is nearly related in many respects to Aves, or birds. The principal existing orders are Testidunata or Chelonia (turtles), Crocodilia, Lacertilla (lizards), Ophidia (serpents), and Rhynchocephala; the chief extinct orders are Dinosauria, Theremorpha, Mosasauria, Pterosauria, Plesiosauria, Ichtyosauria.

Rep•til´i•an (-an), a. Belonging to the reptiles. Reptilian age (Geol.), that part of geological time comprising the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods, and distinguished as that era in which the class of reptiles attained its highest expansion; — called also the Secondary or Mezozoic age.

Rep•til´i•an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Reptilia; a reptile.

Re•pub´lic (r?-p?b´l?k), n. [F. republique, L. respublica commonwealth; res a thing, an affair + publicus, publica, public. See Real, a., and Public.] 1. Common weal. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A state in which the sovereign power resides in the whole body of the people, and is exercised by representatives elected by them; a commonwealth. Cf. Democracy, 2. In some ancient states called republics the sovereign power was exercised by an hereditary aristocracy or a privileged few, constituting a government now distinctively called an aristocracy. In some there was a division of authority between an aristocracy and the whole body of the people except slaves. No existing republic recognizes an exclusive privilege of any class to govern, or tolerates the institution of slavery. Republic of letters, The collective body of literary or learned men.

Re•pub´lic•an (-l?-kan), a. [F. republicain.] 1. Of or pertaining to a republic. “The Roman emperors were republican magistrates named by the senate.” Macaulay. 2. Consonant with the principles of a republic; as republican sentiments or opinions; republican manners. Republican party. (U.S. Politics) (a) An earlier name of the Democratic party when it was opposed to the Federal party. Thomas Jefferson was its great leader. (b) One of the existing great parties. It was organized in 1856 by a combination of voters from other parties for the purpose of opposing the extension of slavery, and in 1860 it elected Abraham Lincoln president.

Re•pub´lic•an (r?-p?b´l?-kan), n. 1. One who favors or prefers a republican form of government. 2. (U.S.Politics) A member of the Republican party. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The American cliff swallow. The cliff swallows build their nests side by side, many together. (b) A South African weaver bird (Philetaerus socius). These weaver birds build many nests together, under a large rooflike shelter, which they make of straw. Red republican. See under Red.

Re•pub´lic•an•ism (-?z’m), n. [Cf. F. republicanisme.] 1. A republican form or system of government; the principles or theory of republican government. 2. Attachment to, or political sympathy for, a republican form of government. Burke. 3. The principles and policy of the Republican party, so called [U.S.]

Re•pub´lic•an•ize (-?z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Republicanized (-?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Republicanizing (-?•z?ng).] [Cf. F. republicaniser.] To change, as a state, into a republic; to republican principles; as France was republicanized; to republicanize the rising generation. D. Ramsay.

Re•pub´li•cate (r?•p?b´l?•k?t), v. t. [Cf. LL. republicare.] To make public again; to republish. [Obs.]

Re•pub•li•ca´tion (r?-p?b•l?-k?´sh?n), n. A second publication, or a new publication of something before published, as of a former will, of a volume already published, or the like; specifically, the publication in one country of a work first issued in another; a reprint. “If there be many testaments, the last overthrows all the former; but the republication of a former will revokes one of a later date, and establishes the first.” Blackstone.

Re•pub´lish (r?-p?b´l?sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Republished (-l?sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Republishing.] To publish anew; specifically, to publish in one country (a work first published in another); also to revive (a will) by rexecution or codicil. “Subsecquent to the purchase or contract, the devisor republished his will.” Blackstone.

Re•pub´lish•er (-?r), n. One who republishes.

Re•pu´di•a•ble (r?-p?´d?-?-b’l), a. [See Repudilate.] Admitting of repudiation; fit or proper to be put away.

Re•pu´di•ate (-?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repudiated (-?•t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Repudiating.] [L. repudiatus, p. p. of repudiare to repudiate, reject, fr. repudium separation, divorce; pref. re- re- + pudere to be ashamed.] 1. To cast off; to disavow; to have nothing to do with; to renounce; to reject. “Servitude is to be repudiated with greater care.” Prynne. 2. To divorce, put away, or discard, as a wife, or a woman one has promised to marry. “His separation from Terentis, whom he repudiated not long afterward.” Bolingbroke. 3. To refuse to acknowledge or to pay; to disclaim; as the State has repudiated its debts.

Re•pu•di•a´tion (-´sh?n), n. [Cf.F. repudiation, L. repudiatio.] The act of repudiating, or the state of being repuddiated; as the repudiation of a doctrine, a wife, a debt, etc.

Re•pu•di•a´tion, n. One who favors repudiation, especially of a public debt.

Re•pu´di•a•tor (r?-p?´d?-?•t?r), n. [L., a rejecter, contemner.] One who repudiates.

Re•pugn´ (r?-p?n´), v. t. [F. repugner, L. repugnare, repugnatum; pref. re- + pugnare to fight. See Pugnacious.] To fight against; to oppose; to resist. [R.] “Stubbornly he did repugn the truth.” Shak.

Re•pug´na•ble (r?-p?g´n?-b’l), a. Capable of being repugned or resisted. [R.] Sir T. North. { Re•pug´nance (-nans), Re•pug´nan•cy (- nan-s?), } n. [F. repugnance, L. repugnantia.] The state or condition of being repugnant; opposition; contrariety; especially, a strong instinctive antagonism; aversion; reluctance; unwillingness, as of mind, passions, principles, qualities, and the like. “That which causes us to lose most of our time is the repugnance which we naturally have to labor.” Dryden. “Let the foes quietly cut their throats,
Without repugnancy.” Shak. Syn. — Aversion; reluctance; unwillingness; dislike; antipathy; hatred; hostility; irreconcilableness; contrariety; inconsistency. See Dislike.

Re•pug´nant (-nant), a. [F. repugnant, or L. repugnans, -antis, p. pr. of repugnare. See Repugn.] Disposed to fight against; hostile; at war with; being at variance; contrary; inconsistent; refractory; disobedient; also distasteful in a high degree; offensive; — usually followed by to, rarely and less properly by with; as all rudeness was repugnant to her nature. “[His sword] repugnant to command.” Shak. “There is no breach of a divine law but is more or less repugnant unto the will of the Lawgiver, God himself.” Perkins. Syn. — Opposite; opposed; adverse; contrary; inconsistent; irreconcilable; hostile; inimical.

Re•pug´nant•ly, adv. In a repugnant manner.

Re•pug´nate (-n?t), v. t. [From L. repugnare. See Repugn.] To oppose; to fight against. [Obs.]

Re•pugn´er (r?-p?n´?r), n. One who repugns.

Re•pul´lu•late (r?-p?l´l?-l?t), v. i. [L. repullulare, repullulatum. See Pullulate.] To bud again. “Though tares repullulate, there is wheat still left in the field.” Howell.

Re•pul•lu•la´tion (r?-p?l•l?-l?´sh?n), n. The act of budding again; the state of having budded again.

Re•pulse´ (r?-p?ls´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repulsed (-p?lst´); p. pr. & vb. n. Repulsing.] [L. repulsus, p. p. of repellere. See Repel.] 1. To repel; to beat or drive back; as to repulse an assault; to repulse the enemy. “Complete to have discovered and repulsed
Whatever wiles of foe or seeming friend.” Milton. 2. To repel by discourtesy, coldness, or denial; to reject; to send away; as to repulse a suitor or a proffer.

Re•pulse´, n. [L. repulsa, fr. repellere, repulsum.] 1. The act of repelling or driving back; also the state of being repelled or driven back. “By fate repelled, and with repulses tired.” Denham. “He received in the repulse of Tarquin seven hurts in the body.” Shak. 2. Figuratively: Refusal; denial; rejection; failure.

Re•pulse´less, a. Not capable of being repulsed.

Re•puls´er (-?r), n. One who repulses, or drives back.

Re•pul´sion (r?-p?l´sh?n), n. [L. repulsio: cf. F. repulsion.] 1. The act of repulsing or repelling, or the state of being repulsed or repelled. 2. A feeling of violent offence or disgust; repugnance. 3. (Physics) The power, either inherent or due to some physical action, by which bodies, or the particles of bodies, are made to recede from each other, or to resist each other’s nearer approach; as molecular repulsion; electrical repulsion.

Re•pul´sive (-s?v), a. [Cf. F. repulsif.] 1. Serving, or able, to repulse; repellent; as a repulsive force. “Repulsive of his might the weapon stood.” Pope. 2. Cold; forbidding; offensive; as repulsive manners. — Re•pul´sive•ly, adv. — Re•pul´sive•ness, n.

Re•pul´so•ry (-s?-r?), a. [L. repulsorius.] Repulsive; driving back.

Re•pur´chase (r?•p?r´ch?s; 48), v. t. To buy back or again; to regain by purchase. Sir M. Hale.

Re•pur´chase, n. The act of repurchasing.

Re•pu´ri•fy (r?-p?´r?-f?), v. t. To purify again.

Rep´u•ta•ble (r?p´?-t?-b’l), a. [From Repute.] Having, or worthy of, good repute; held in esteem; honorable; praiseworthy; as a reputable man or character; reputable conduct. “In the article of danger, it is as reputable to elude an enemy as defeat one.” Broome. Syn. — Respectable; creditable; estimable. — Rep´u ta•ble•ness, n. — Rep´u•ta•bly, adv.

Rep•u•ta´tion (-t?´sh?n), n. [F. reputation, L. reputatio a reckoning, consideration. See Repute, v. t.] 1. The estimation in which one is held; character in public opinion; the character attributed to a person, thing, or action; repute. “The best evidence of reputation is a man’s whole life.” Ames. 2. (Law) The character imputed to a person in the community in which he lives. It is admissible in evidence when he puts his character in issue, or when such reputation is otherwise part of the issue of a case. 3. Specifically: Good reputation; favorable regard; public esteem; general credit; good name. “I see my reputation is at stake.” Shak. “The security of his reputation or good name.” Blackstone. 4. Account; value. [Obs.] Chaucer. “[/Christ] made himself of no reputation.” Phil. ii. 7. Syn. — Credit; repute; regard; estimation; esteem; honor; fame. See the Note under Character.

Re•put´a•tive•ly (r?-p?t´?-t?v-l?), adv. By repute.

Re•pute´ (r?-p?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Reputing.] [F. reputer, L. reputare to count over, think over; pref. re- re- + putare to count, think. See Putative.] To hold in thought; to account; to estimate; to hold; to think; to reckon. “Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight?” Job xviii. 3. “The king your father was reputed for
A prince most prudent.” Shak.

Re•pute´, n. 1. Character reputed or attributed; reputation, whether good or bad; established opinion; public estimate. “He who regns
Monarch in heaven, till then as one secure
Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute.” Milton. 2. Specifically: Good character or reputation; credit or honor derived from common or public opinion; — opposed to disrepute. ´Dead stocks, which have been of repute.´ F. Beaumont.

Re•put´ed•ly (r?-p?t´?d-l?), adv. In common opinion or estimation; by repute.

Re•pute´less, a. Not having good repute; disreputable; disgraceful; inglorius. [R.] Shak.

Re•quere´ (r?—kw?r´), v. t. To require. [Obs.]

Re•quest´ (re•kwst´), n. [OE. requeste, OF. requeste, F. requête, LL. requesta, for requisita, fr. L. requirere, requisitum, to seek again, ask for. See Require, and cf. Quest.] 1. The act of asking for anything desired; expression of desire or demand; solicitation; prayer; petition; entreaty. “I will marry her, sir, at your request.” Shak. 2. That which is asked for or requested. ´He gave them their request.´ Ps. cvi. 15. “I will both hear and grant you your requests.” Shak. 3. A state of being desired or held in such estimation as to be sought after or asked for; demand. “Knowledge and fame were in as great request as wealth among us now.” Sir W. Temple. Court of Requests. (a) A local tribunal, sometimes called Court of Consience, founded by act of Parliament to facilitate the recovery of small debts from any inhabitant or trader in the district defined by the act; — now mostly abolished. (b) A court of equity for the relief of such persons as addressed the sovereign by supplication; — now abolished. It was inferior to the Court of Chancery. [Eng.] Brande & C. Syn. — Asking; solicitation; petition; prayer; supplication; entreaty; suit.

Re•quest´ (r?-kw?st´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Requested; p. pr. & vb. n. Requesting.] [Cf. OF. requester, F. requêter.] 1. To ask for (something); to express desire ffor; to solicit; as to request his presence, or a favor. 2. To address with a request; to ask. “I request you
To give my poor host freedom.” Shak. Syn. — To ask; solicit; entreat; beseech. See Beg.

Re•quest´er (-?r), n. One who requests; a petitioner.

Re•quick´en (r?-kw?k´’n), v. t. To quicken anew; to reanimate; to give new life to. Shak.

Re´qui•em (r?´kw?-?m;277), n. [Acc. of L. requies rest, the first words of the Mass being ´Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine,´ give eternal rest to them, O lord; pref. re- re + quies quiet. See Quiet, n., and cf. Requin.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A mass said or sung for the repose of a departed soul. “We should profane the service of the dead
To sing a requiem and such rest to her
As to peace-parted souls.” Shak. 2. Any grand musical composition, performed in honor of a deceased person. 3. Rest; quiet; peace. [Obs.] “Else had I an eternal requiem kept,
And in the arms of peace forever slept.” Sandys.

Re•qui´e•to•ry (r?-kw?´?-t?-r?), n. [L. requietorium, fr. requiescere, requietum, to rest. See Re-, and Quiesce.] A sepulcher. [Obs.] Weever.

Re´quin (r?´kw?n), n. [F., fr. reqiem a Mass sung for the dead. See Requiem.] (Zoöl.) The man-eater, or white shark (Carcharodon carcharias); — so called on account of its causing requiems to be sung.

Re•quir´a•ble (r?-kw?r´?-b’l), a. Capable of being required; proper to be required. Sir M. Hale.

Re•quire´ (r?-kw?r´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Required (-kw?rd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Requiring.] [OE. requeren, requiren, OF. requerre, F. requrir; L. pref. re- re- + quaerere to ask; cf. L. requirere. See Query, and cf. Request, Requisite.] 1. To demand; to insist upon having; to claim as by right and authority; to exact; as to require the surrender of property. “Shall I say to Caesar
What you require of him?” Shak. “By nature did what was by law required.” Dryden. 2. To demand or exact as indispensable; to need. “Just gave what life required, and gave no more.” Goldsmith. “The two last [biographies] require to be particularly noticed.” J. A. Symonds. 3. To ask as a favor; to request. “I was ashamed to require of the king a band of soldiers and horsemen to help us against the enemy in the way.” Ezra viii. 22. Syn. — To claim; exact; enjoin; prescribe; direct; order; demand; need.

Re•quire´ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of requiring; demand; requisition. 2. That which is required; an imperative or authoritative command; an essential condition; something needed or necessary; a need. “One of those who believe that they can fill up every requirement contained in the rule of righteousness.” J. M. Mason. “God gave her the child, and gave her too an instinctive knowledge of its nature and requirements.” Hawthorne.

Re•quir´er (-kw?r´?r), n. One who requires.

Req´ui•site (r?k´w?-z?t), n. That which is required, or is necessary; something indispensable. “God, on his part, has declared the requisites on ours; what we must do to obtain blessings, is the great business of us all to know.” Wake.

Req´ui•site, a. [L. requisitus, p. p. requirere; pref. re- re- + quaerere to ask. See Require.] Required by the nature of things, or by circumstances; so needful that it can not be dispensed with; necessary; indispensable. “All truth requisite for men to know.” Milton. Syn. — Necessary; needful; indispensable; essential. — Req´ui•site•ly, adv. — Req´ui•site•ness, n.

Req•ui•si´tion (r?k•w?-z?sh´?n), n.[Cf. F. requisition, L. requisitio a searching.] 1. The act of requiring, as of right; a demand or application made as by authority. Specifically: (a) (International Law) A formal demand made by one state or government upon another for the surrender or extradition of a fugitive from justice. Kent. (b) (Law) A notarial demand of a debt. Wharton. (c) (Mil.) A demand by the invader upon the people of an invaded country for supplies, as of provision, forage, transportation, etc. Farrow. (d) A formal application by one officer to another for things needed in the public service; as a requisition for clothing, troops, or money. 2. That which is required by authority; especially, a quota of supplies or necessaries. 3. A written or normal call; an invitation; a summons; as a reqisition for a public meeting. [Eng.]

Req•ui•si´tion, v. t. 1. To make a reqisition on or for; as to requisition a district for forage; to requisition troops. 2. To present a requisition to; to summon request; as to requisition a person to be a candidate. [Eng.]

Req•ui•si´tion•ist, n. One who makes or signs a requisition.

Re•quis´i•tive (r?-kw?z´?-t?v), a. Expressing or implying demand. [R.] Harris.

Re•quis´i•tive, n. One who, or that which, makes requisition; a requisitionist. [R.]

Re•quis´i•tor (-t?r), n. One who makes reqisition; esp., one authorized by a requisition to investigate facts.

Re•quis´i•to•ry (-t?-r?), a. Sought for; demanded. [R.] Summary on Du Bartas (1621).

Re•quit´a•ble (-kw?t´?-b’l), a. That may be requited.

Re•quit´al (-al), n. [From Requite.] The act of requiting; also that which requites; return, good or bad, for anything done; in a good sense, compensation; recompense; as the requital of services; in a bad sense, retaliation, or punishment; as the requital of evil deeds. “No merit their aversion can remove,
Nor ill requital can efface their love.” Waller. Syn. — Compensation; recompense; remuneration; reward; satisfaction; payment; retribution; retaliation; reprisal; punishment.

Re´quite´ (r?-kw?t´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Requited; p. pr. & vb. n. Requiting.] [Pref. re- + quit.] To repay; in a good sense, to recompense; to return (an equivalent) in good; to reward; in a bad sense, to retaliate; to return (evil) for evil; to punish. “He can requite thee; for he knows the charma
That call fame on such gentle acts as these.” Milton. “Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to requite it with thy hand.” Ps. x. 14. Syn. — To repay; reward; pay; compensate; remunerate; satisfy; recompense; punish; revenge.

Re•quite´ment (-ment), n. Requital [Obs.] E. Hall.

Re•quit´er (-kw?t´?r), n. One who requites.

Rere´brace (r?r´br?s´), n. [F. arrière-bras.] (Anc. Armor) Armor for the upper part of the arm. Fairholt.

Rere•de•main´ (-d?-m?n´), n. [F. arrière back + de of + main hand.] A backward stroke. [Obs.]

Rere´dos (r?r´d?s), n. [From rear + F. dos back, L. dorsum. Cf. Dorsal.] (Arch.) (a) A screen or partition wall behind an altar. (b) The back of a fireplace. (c) The open hearth, upon which fires were lighted, immediately under the louver, in the center of ancient halls. [Also spelt reredosse.] Fairholt.

Rere´fief (r?r´f?f•), n. [F. arrière-fief. See Rear hinder, and Fief.] (Scots Law) A fief held of a superior feudatory; a fief held by an under tenant. Blackstone.

Re•reign´ (r?-r?n´), v. i. To reign again.

Re•-re•it´er•ate (r?•r?-?t´?r-?t), v. t. To reiterate many times. [R.] ´My re-reiterated wish.´ Tennyson.

Rere´mouse (r?r´mous•), n. (Zoöl.) A rearmouse.

Re•-re•solve´ (r?•r?-z?lv´), v. t. & i. To resolve again. “Resolves, and re-resolves, then dies the same.” Young.

Rere´ward (r?r´w?rd•), n. [See Rearward.] The rear guard of an army. [Obs.]

Res (r?z), n.; pl. Res. [L.] A thing; the particular thing; a matter; a point. Res gestae [L., things done] (Law), the facts which form the environment of a litigated issue. Wharton. — Res judicata [L.] (Law), a thing adjudicated; a matter no longer open to controversy.

Re•sail´ (r?-s?l´), v. t. & i. To sail again; also to sail back, as to a former port.

Re•sale´ (r?-s?l´ or r?´s?l), n. A sale at second hand, or at retail; also a second sale. Bacon.

Re•sal´gar (r?-s?l´g?r), n. Realgar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•sa•lute´ (r?•s?-l?t´), v. t. To salute again.

Re•saw´ (r-s´), v. t. To saw again; specifically, to saw a balk, or a timber, which has already been squared, into dimension lumber, as joists, boards, etc.

Res´cat (r?s´k?t), v. t. [Sp. rescattar.] To ransom; to release; to rescue. [Obs.] Howell.

Res´cat, n. [Sp. rescate.] Ransom; release. [Obs.]

Re•scind´ (r?-s?nd´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rescinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rescinding.] [L. rescindere, rescissum; pref re- re- + scindere to cut, split: cf. F. rescinder. See Shism.] 1. To cut off; to abrogate; to annul. “The blessed Jesus … did sacramentally rescind the impure relics of Adam and the contraction of evil customs.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Specifically, to vacate or make void, as an act, by the enacting authority or by superior authority; to repeal; as to rescind a law, a resolution, or a vote; to rescind a decree or a judgment. Syn. — To revoke; repeal; abrogate; annul; recall; reverse; vacate; void.

Re•scind´a•ble (-?-b’l), a. Capable of being rescinded.

Re•scind´ment (-ment), n. The act of rescinding; rescission.

Re•scis´sion (r?-s?zh´?n), n. [L. rescissio: cf. F. rescission. See Rescind.] The act of rescinding, abrogating, annulling, or vacating; as the rescission of a law, decree, or judgment.

Re•scis´so•ry (r?-s?z´?-r? or r?-s?s´-), a. [L. rescissorius: cf. F. rescisoire.] Tending to rescind; rescinding. “To pass a general act rescissory (as it was called), annulling all the Parliaments that had been held since the year 1633.” Bp. Burnet.

Res´cous (r?s´k?s), n. [OE., fr. OF. rescousse, fr. rescourre, p. p. rescous, to rescue. See Rescue.] 1. Rescue; deliverance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) See Rescue, 2. [Obs.]

Res´cowe (r?s´kou), v. t. To rescue. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•scribe´ (r?-skr?b´), v. t. [L. rescribere; pref. re- re- + scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. To write back; to write in reply. Ayliffe. 2. To write over again. Howell.

Re´script (r?´skr?pt), n. [L. rescriptum: cf. F. rescrit, formerly also spelt rescript. See Rescribe,v. t.] 1. (Rom.Antiq.) The answer of an emperor when formallyconsulted by particular persons on some difficult question; hence, an edict or decree. “In their rescripts and other ordinances, the Roman emperors spoke in the plural number.” Hare. 2. (R.C.Ch.) The official written answer of the pope upon a question of canon law, or morals. 3. A counterpart. Bouvier.

Re•scrip´tion (r?-skr?p´sh?n), n. [L. rescriptio: cf. F. rescription. See Rescribe.] A writing back; the answering of a letter. Loveday.

Re•scrip´tive (-t?v), a. Pertaining to, or answering the purpose of, a rescript; hence, deciding; settling; determining.

Re•scrip´tive•ly, adv. By rescript. Burke.

Res´cu•a•ble (r?s´k?-?-b’l), a. That may be rescued.

Res´cue (r?s´k?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rescued (-k?d);p. pr. & vb. n. Rescuing.] [OE. rescopuen, OF. rescourre, rescurre, rescorre; L. pref. re- re- + excutere to shake or drive out; ex out + quatere to shake. See Qtash to crush, Rercussion.] To free or deliver from any confinement, violence, danger, or evil; to liberate from actual restraint; to remove or withdraw from a state of exposure to evil; as to rescue a prisoner from the enemy; to rescue seamen from destruction. “Had I been seized by a hungry lion,
I would have been a breakfast to the best,
Rather than have false Proteus rescue me.” Shak. Syn. — To retake; recapture; free; deliver; liberate; release; save.

Res´cue (r?s´k?), n. [From Rescue, v.; cf. Rescous.] 1. The act of rescuing; deliverance from restraint, violence, or danger; liberation. “Spur to the rescue of the noble Talbot.” Shak. 2. (Law) (a) The forcible retaking, or taking away, against law, of things lawfully distrained. (b) The forcible liberation of a person from an arrest or imprisonment. (c) The retaking by a party captured of a prize made by the enemy. Bouvier. “The rescue of a prisoner from the court is punished with perpetual imprisonment and forfeiture of goods.” Blackstone. Rescue grass. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A tall grass (Ceratochloa unioloides) somewhat resembling chess, cultivated for hay and forage in the Southern States.

Res´cue•less, a. Without rescue or release.

Res´cu•er (-k?-?r), n. One who rescues.

Res•cus•see´ (r?s•k?s-s?´), n. (O.Eng. Law) The party in whose favor a rescue is made. Crabb.

Res•cus´sor (r?s-k?s´s?r), n. [LL.] (O.Eng.Law) One who makes an unlawful rescue; a rescuer. Burril.

Rese (r?z), v. i. To shake; to quake; to tremble. [Obs.] ´It made all the gates for to rese.´ Chaucer.

Re-search´ (r?-s?rch´), v. t. [Pref. re- + search.] To search again; to examine anew.

Re•search´ (r?-s?rch´), n. [Pref. re- + search: cf OF. recerche, F. recherche.] Diligent inquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles; laborious or continued search after truth; as researches of human wisdom. “The dearest interests of parties have frequently been staked on the results of the researches of antiquaries.” Macaulay. Syn. — Investigation; examination; inquiry; scrutiny.

Re•search´, v. t. [Pref. re- + search: cf. OF. recerchier, F. rechercher.] To search or examine with continued care; to seek diligently.

Re•search´er (-?r), n. One who researches.

Re•search´ful (-f?l), a. Making researches; inquisitive. [R.] Coleridge.

Re•seat´ (r?-s?t´), v. t. 1. To seat or set again, as on a chair, throne, etc. Dryden. 2. To put a new seat, or new seats, in; as to reseat a theater; to reseat a chair or trousers.

Re•sect´ (r?-s?kt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resected;p. pr. & vb. n. Resecting.] [L. resectus, p. p. of resecare to cut off; pref. re- re- + secare to cut.] To cut or pare off; to remove by cutting.

Re•sec´tion (r?-s?k´sh?n), n. [L. resectio: cf. F. resection.] 1. The act of cutting or paring off. Cotgrave. 2. (Surg.) The removal of the articular extremity of a bone, or of the ends of the bones in a false articulation.

Re•se´da (r?-s?´d?), n. [L. , a kind of plant.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants, the type of which is mignonette. 2. A grayish green color, like that of the flowers of mignonette.

Re•seek´ (r?-s?k´), v. t. To seek again. J. Barlow.

Re•seize´ (r?-s?z´), v. t. [Pref. re- + seize: cf. F. ressaisir.] 1. To seize again, or a second time. 2. To put in possession again; to reinstate. “And then therein [in his kingdom] reseized was again.” Spenser. 3. (Law) To take possession of, as lands and tenements which have been disseized. “The sheriff is commanded to reseize the land and all the chattels thereon, and keep the same in his custody till the arrival of the justices of assize.” Blackstone.

Re•seiz´er (-s?z´?r), n. 1. One who seizes again. 2. (Eng. Law) The taking of lands into the hands of the king where a general livery, or oustre le main, was formerly mis-sued, contrary to the form and order of law.

Re•sei´zure (r-s´zhr; 135), n. A second seizure; the act of seizing again. Bacon.

Re•sell´ (r?-s?l´), v. t. To sell again; to sell what has been bought or sold; to retail.

Re•sem´bla•ble (r?-z?m´bl?-b’l), a. [See Resemble.] Admitting of being compared; like. [Obs.] Gower.

Re•sem´blance (-blans), n. [Cf. F. ressemblance. See Resemble.] 1. The quality or state of resembling; likeness; similitude; similarity. “One main end of poetry and painting is to please; they bear a great resemblance to each other.” Dryden. 2. That which resembles, or is similar; a representation; a likeness. “These sensible things, which religion hath allowed, are resemblances formed according to things spiritual.” Hooker. 3. A comparison; a simile. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. Probability; verisimilitude. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — Likeness; similarity; similitude; semblance; representation; image.

Re•sem´blant (-blant), a. [F., a . and p. pr. fr. ressembler to resemble. See Resemble.] Having or exhibiting resemblance; resembling. [R.] Gower.

Re•sem´ble (r?-z?m´b’l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resembled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Resembling (-bl?ng).] [F. ressembler; pref. re- re- + sembler to seem, resemble, fr. L. similare, simulare, to imitate, fr. similis like, similar. See Similar.] 1. To be like or similar to; to bear the similitude of, either in appearance or qualities; as these brothers resemble each other. “We will resemble you in that.” Shak. 2. To liken; to compare; to represent as like. [Obs.] “The other …
He did resemble to his lady bright.” Spenser. 3. To counterfeit; to imitate. [Obs.] ´They can so well resemble man’s speech.´ Holland. 4. To cause to imitate or be like. [R.] H. Bushnell.

Re•sem´bler (r?-z?m´bl?r), n. One who resembles.

Re•sem´bling•ly (-bl?ng-l?), adv. So as to resemble; with resemblance or likeness.

Re•sem´i•nate (-s?m´?-n?t), v. t. [L. pref. re- again + seminatus, p. p. of seminare to sow.] To produce again by means of seed. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.

Re•send´ (r?-s?nd´), v. t. 1. To send again; as to resend a message. 2. To send back; as to resend a gift. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Telegraphy) To send on from an intermediate station by means of a repeater.

Re•sent´ (r?-z?nt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resented; p. pr. & vb. n. Resenting.] [F. ressentir; L. pref. re- re- + sentire to feel. See Sense.] 1. To be sensible of; to feel; as: (a) In a good sense, to take well; to receive with satisfaction. [Obs.] “Which makes the tragical ends of noble persons more favorably resented by compassionate readers.” Sir T. Browne. (b) In a bad sense, to take ill; to consider as an injury or affront; to be indignant at. 2. To express or exhibit displeasure or indignation at, as by words or acts. “The good prince King James … bore dishonorably what he might have resented safely.” Bolingbroke. 3. To recognize; to perceive, especially as if by smelling; — associated in meaning with sent, the older spelling of scent to smell. See Resent, v. i. [Obs.] “This bird of prey resented a worse than earthly savor in the soul of Saul.” Fuller. “Our King Henry the Seventh quickly resented his drift.” Fuller.

Re•sent´, v. i. 1. To feel resentment. Swift. 2. To give forth an odor; to smell; to savor. [Obs.] “The judicious prelate will prefer a drop of the sincere milk of the word before vessels full of traditionary pottage resenting of the wild gourd of human invention.” Fuller.

Re•sent´er (-?r), n. One who resents. Sir H. Wotton.

Re•sent´ful (-f?l), a. Inclined to resent; easily provoked to anger; irritable. — Re•sent´ful•ly, adv.

Re•sent´i•ment (-?-ment), n. Resentment. [Obs.]

Re•sent´ing•ly, adv. 1. With deep sense or strong perception. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. With a sense of wrong or affront; with resentment.

Re•sent´ive (-?v), a. Resentful. [R.] Thomson.

Re•sent´ment (-ment), n. [F. ressentiment.] 1. The act of resenting. 2. The state of holding something in the mind as a subject of contemplation, or of being inclined to reflect upon something; a state of consciousness; conviction; feeling; impression. [Obs.] “He retains vivid resentments of the more solid morality.” Dr. H. More. “It is a greater wonder that so many of them die, with so little resentment of their danger.” Jer. Taylor. 3. In a good sense, satisfaction; gratitude. [Obs.] “The Council taking notice of the many good services performed by Mr. John Milton, … have thought fit to declare their resentment and good acceptance of the same.” The Council Book (1651). 4. In a bad sense, strong displeasure; anger; hostility provoked by a wrong or injury experienced. “Resentment … is a deep, reflective displeasure against the conduct of the offender.” Cogan. Syn. — Anger; irritation; vexation; displeasure; grudge; indignation; choler; gall; ire; wrath; rage; fury. — Resentment, Anger. Anger is the broader term, denoting a keen sense of disapprobation (usually with a desire to punish) for whatever we feel to be wrong, whether directed toward ourselves or others. Resentment is anger exicted by a sense of personal injury. It is, etymologically, that reaction of the mind which we instinctively feel when we think ourselves wronged. Pride and selfishness are apt to aggravate this feeling until it changes into a criminal animosity; and this is now the more common signification of the term. Being founded in a sense of injury, this feeling is hard to be removed; and hence the expressions bitter or implacable resentment. See Anger. “Anger is like
A full-hot horse, who being allowed his way,
Self-mettle tires him.” Shak. “Can heavently minds such high resentment show,
Or exercise their spite in human woe?” Dryden.

Res´er•ate (r?s´?r-?t), v. t. [L. reseratus, p. p. of reserare to unlock.] To unlock; to open. [Obs.] Boyle.

Re•serv´ance (r?-z?rv´ans), n. Reservation. [R.]

Res•er•va´tion (r?z•?r-v?´sh?n), n. [Cf. F. reservation, LL. reservatio. See Reserve.] 1. The act of reserving, or keeping back; concealment, or withholding from disclosure; reserve. A. Smith. “With reservation of an hundred knights.” Shak. “Make some reservation of your wrongs.” Shak. 2. Something withheld, either not expressed or disclosed, or not given up or brought forward. Dryden. 3. A tract of the public land reserved for some special use, as for schools, for the use of Indians, etc. [U.S.] 4. The state of being reserved, or kept in store. Shak. 5. (Law) (a) A clause in an instrument by which some new thing is reserved out of the thing granted, and not in esse before. (b) A proviso. Kent. This term is often used in the same sense with exception, the technical distinction being disregarded. 6. (Eccl.) (a) The portion of the sacramental elements reserved for purposes of devotion and for the communion of the absent and sick. (b) A term of canon law, which signifies that the pope reserves to himself appointment to certain benefices. Mental reservation, the withholding, or failing to disclose, something that affects a statement, promise, etc., and which, if disclosed, would materially change its import.

Re•serv´a•tive (r?-z?rv´?-t?v), a. Tending to reserve or keep; keeping; reserving.

Re•serv´a•to•ry (-t?-r?), n. [LL. reservatorium,fr. L. resservare. See Reserve, v. t., and cf. Reservior.] A place in which things are reserved or kept. Woodward.

Re•serve´ (r?-z?rv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reserved. (zrvd´);p. pr. & vb. n. Reserving.] [F. reserver, L. reservare, reservatum; pref. re- re- + servare to keep. See Serve.] 1. To keep back; to retain; not to deliver, make over, or disclose. ´I have reserved to myself nothing.´ Shak. 2. Hence, to keep in store for future or special use; to withhold from present use for another purpose or time; to keep; to retain. Gen. xxvii. 35. “Hast thou seen the treasures of the hail, which I have reserved against the time of trouble?” Job xxxviii. 22,23. “Reserve your kind looks and language for private hours.” Swift. 3. To make an exception of; to except. [R.]

Re•serve´, n. [F. reserve.] 1. The act of reserving, or keeping back; reservation. “However any one may concur in the general scheme, it is still with certain reserves and deviations.” Addison. 2. That which is reserved, or kept back, as for future use. “The virgins, besides the oil in their lamps, carried likewise a reserve in some other vessel for a continual supply.” Tillotson. 3. That which is excepted; exception. “Each has some darling lust, which pleads for a reserve.” Rogers. 4. Restraint of freedom in words or actions; backwardness; caution in personal behavior. “My soul, surprised, and from her sex disjoined,
Left all reserve, and all the sex, behind.” Prior. “The clergyman’s shy and sensitive reserve had balked this scheme.” Hawthorne. 5. A tract of land reserved, or set apart, for a particular purpose; as the Connecticut Reserve in Ohio, originally set apart for the school fund of Connecticut; the Clergy Reserves in Canada, for the support of the clergy. 6. (Mil.) A body of troops in the rear of an army drawn up for battle, reserved to support the other lines as occasion may require; a force or body of troops kept for an exigency. 7. (Banking) Funds kept on hand to meet liabilities. In reserve, in keeping for other or future use; in store; as he has large quantities of wheat in reserve; he has evidence or arguments in reserve. — Reserve air. (Physiol.) Same as Supplemental air, under Supplemental. Syn. — Reservation; retention; limitation; backwardness; reservedness; coldness; restraint; shyness; coyness; modesty.

Re•served´ (-z?rvd´), a. 1. Kept for future or special use, or for an exigency; as reserved troops; a reserved seat in a theater. 2. Restrained from freedom in words or actions; backward, or cautious, in communicating one’s thoughts and feelings; not free or frank. “To all obliging, yet reserved to all.” Walsh. “Nothing reserved or sullen was to see.” Dryden. — Re•serv´ed•ly (r-zrv´d-l), adv. — Re•serv´ed•ness, n.

Res•er•vee´ (rez•er•ve´), n. One to, or for, whom anything is reserved; - - contrasted with reservor.

Re•serv´er (re•zerv´er), n. One who reserves.

Re•serv´ist, n. A member of a reserve force of soldiers or militia. [Eng.]

Res´er•voir (rez´er•vwôr•; 277), n. [F. reservoir, fr. LL. reservatorium. See Reservatory.] 1. A place where anything is kept in store; especially, a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted, as to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city by means of aqueducts, or to drive a mill wheel, or the like. 2. (Bot.) A small intercellular space, often containing resin, essential oil, or some other secreted matter. Receiving reservoir (Water Works), a principal reservoir into which an aqueduct or rising main delivers water, and from which a distributing reservoir draws its supply.

Re•serv´or (r?-z?rv´?r or r?z•?r-v?r), n. One who reserves; a reserver.

Re•set´ (r?-s?t´), v. t. To set again; as to reset type; to reset copy; to reset a diamond.

Re´set (r?´s?t), n. 1. The act of resetting. 2. (Print.) That which is reset; matter set up again.

Re•set´ (r?-s?t´), n. [OF. recete, recepte, a receiving. Cf. Receipt.] (Scots Law) The receiving of stolen goods, or harboring an outlaw. Jamieson.

Re•set´, v. t. (Scots Law) To harbor or secrete; to hide, as stolen goods or a criminal. “We shall see if an English hound is to harbor and reset the Southrons here.” Sir. W. Scott.

Re•set´ter (-t?r), n. (Scots Law) One who receives or conceals, as stolen goods or criminal.

Re•set´ter (r?-S?t´t?r), n. One who resets, or sets again.

Re•set´tle (r?-s?t´t’l), v. t. To settle again. Swift.

Re•set´tle, v. i. To settle again, or a second time.

Re•set´tle•ment (-ment), n. Act of settling again, or state of being settled again; as the resettlement of lees. “The resettlement of my discomposed soul.” Norris.

Re•shape´ (r?-sh?p´), v. t. To shape again.

Re•ship´ (r?-sh?p´), v. t. To ship again; to put on board of a vessel a second time; to send on a second voyage; as to reship bonded merchandise.

Re•ship´, v. i. To engage one’s self again for service on board of a vessel after having been discharged.

Re•ship´ment (-ment), n. The act of reshipping; also that which is reshippped.

Re•ship´per (-p?r), n. One who reships.

Res•i•ance (r?z´?-ans), n. [LL. reseantia, OF. reseance.] Residence; abode. [Obs.] Bacon.

Res´i•ant (-ant), a. [OF. reseant, resseant, L. residens. See Resident.] Resident; present in a place. [Obs.] “In which her kingdom’s throne is chiefly resiant.” Spenser.

Res´i•ant, n. A resident. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Re•side´ (r?-z?d´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resided; p. pr. & vb. n. Residing.] [F. resider, L. residere; pref. re- re- + sedere to sit. See Sit. ] 1. To dwell permanently or for a considerable time; to have a settled abode for a time; to abide continuosly; to have one’s domicile of home; to remain for a long time. “At the moated grange, resides this dejected Mariana.” Shak. “In no fixed place the happy souls reside.” Dryden. 2. To have a seat or fixed position; to inhere; to lie or be as in attribute or element. “In such like acts, the duty and virtue of contentedness doth especially reside.” Barrow. 3. To sink; to settle, as sediment. [Obs.] Boyle. Syn. — To dwell; inhabit; sojourn; abide; remain; live; domiciliate; domicile.

Res´i•dence (r?z´?-dens), n. [F. residence. See Resident.] 1. The act or fact of residing, abiding, or dwelling in a place for some continuance of time; as the residence of an American in France or Italy for a year. “The confessor had often made considerable residences in Normandy.” Sir M. Hale. 2. The place where one resides; an abode; a dwelling or habitation; esp., a settled or permanent home or domicile. ´Near the residence of Posthumus.´ Shak. “Johnson took up his residence in London.” Macaulay. 3. (Eng.Eccl.Law) The residing of an incumbent on his benefice; — opposed to nonresidence. 4. The place where anything rests permanently. “But when a king sets himself to bandy against the highest court and residence of all his regal power, he then, … fights against his own majesty and kingship.” Milton. 5. Subsidence, as of a sediment. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. That which falls to the bottom of liquors; sediment; also refuse; residuum. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Domiciliation; sojourn; stay; abode; home; dwelling; habitation; domicile; mansion.

Res´i•den•cy (-den-s?), n. 1. Residence. [Obsoles.] 2. A political agency at a native court in British India, held by an officer styled the Resident; also a Dutch commercial colony or province in the East Indies.

Res´i•dent (-dent), a. [F. resident, L. residens, -entis, p. pr. of residere. See Reside.] 1. Dwelling, or having an abode, in a place for a continued length of time; residing on one’s own estate; — opposed to nonresident; as resident in the city or in the country. 2. Fixed; stable; certain. [Obs.] ´Stable and resident like a rock.´ Jer. TAylor. “One there still resident as day and night.” Davenant.

Res´i•dent, n. 1. One who resides or dwells in a place for some time. 2. A diplomatic representative who resides at a foreign court; — a term usualy applied to ministers of a rank inferior to that of ambassadors. See the Note under Minister, 4.

Res´i•dent•er (-er), n. A resident. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Res•i•den´´tial (-d?n´shal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a residence or residents; as residential trade. 2. Residing; residentiary. [R.]

Res•i•den´tia•ry (-d?n´sh?-r 277), a. [LL. residentiaris.] Having residence; as a canon residentary; a residentiary guardian. Dr. H. More.

Res•i•den´tia•ry, n. 1. One who is resident. “The residentiary, or the frequent visitor of the favored spot, … will discover that both have been there.” Coleridge. 2. An ecclesiastic who keeps a certain residence. Syn. — Inhabitant; inhabiter; dweller; sojourner.

Res•i•den´tia•ry•ship, n. The office or condition of a residentiary.

Res´i•dent•ship (r?z´?-dent-sh?p), n. The office or condition of a resident.

Re•sid´er (r?-z?d´?r), n. One who resides in a place.

Re•sid´u•al (r?-z?d´?-al), a. [See Residue.] Pertaining to a residue; remaining after a part is taken. Residual air (Physiol.), that portion of air contained in the lungs which can not be expelled even by the most violent expiratory effort. It amounts to from 75 to 100 cubic inches. Cf. Supplemental air, under Supplemental. — Residual error. (Mensuration) See Error, 6 (b). — Residual figure (Geom.), the figure which remains after a less figure has been taken from a greater one. — Residual magnetism (Physics), remanent magnetism. See under Remanent. — Residual product, a by product, as cotton waste from a cotton mill, coke and coal tar from gas works, etc. — Residual quantity (Alg.), a binomial quantity the two parts of which are connected by the negative sign, as a-b. — Residual root (Alg.), the root of a residual quantity, as rad.(a-b).

Re•sid´u•al, n. (Math.) (a) The difference of the results obtained by observation, and by computation from a formula. (b) The difference between the mean of several observations and any one of them.

Re•sid´u•a•ry (-?-r?), a. [See Residue.] Consisting of residue; as residuary matter; pertaining to the residue, or part remaining; as the residuary advantage of an estate. Ayliffe. Residuary clause (Law), that part of the testator’s will in which the residue of his estate is disposed of. — Residuary devise (Law), the person to whom the residue of real estate is devised by a will. - - Residuary legatee (Law), the person to whom the residue of personal estate is bequeathed.

Res´i•due (r?z´?-d?), n. [F. residu, L. residuum, fr. residuus that is left behind, remaining, fr. residere to remain behind. See Reside, and cf. Residuum.] 1. That which remains after a part is taken, separated, removed, or designated; remnant; remainder. “The residue of them will I deliver to the sword.” Jer. xv. 9. “If church power had then prevailed over its victims, not a residue of English liberty would have been saved.” I. Taylor. 2. (Law) That part of a testeator’s estate wwhich is not disposed of in his will by particular and special legacies and devises, and which remains after payment of debts and legacies. 3. (Chem.) That which remains of a molecule after the removal of a portion of its constituents; hence, an atom or group regarded as a portion of a molecule; — used as nearly equivalent to radical, but in a more general sense. The term radical is sometimes restricted to groups containing carbon, the term residue being applied to the others. 4. (Theory of Numbers) Any positive or negative number that differs from a given number by a multiple of a given modulus; thus, if 7 is the modulus, and 9 the given number, the numbers -5, 2, 16, 23, etc., are residues. Syn. — Rest; remainder; remnant; balance; residuum; remains; leavings; relics.

Re•sid´u•ous (r?-z?d´?-?s), a. [L. residuus.] Remaining; residual. Landor.

Re•sid´u•um (-?m), n. [L. See Residue.] That which is left after any process of separation or purification; that which remains after certain specified deductions are made; residue. “´I think so,´ is the whole residuum … after evaporating the prodigious pretensions of the zealot demagogue.” L. Taylor.

Re•siege´ (r?-s?j´), v. t. [Pref. re- + siege a seat.] To seat again; to reinstate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Re-sign´ (r?-s?n´), v. t. [Pref. re- + sign.] To affix one’s signature to, a second time; to sign again.

Re•sign´ (r?-z?n´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resigned (-z?nd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Resigning.] [F. resigner, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. re- re- + signare to seal, stamp. See Sign, and cf. Resignation.] 1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; — said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; — said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; — also often used reflexively. “I here resign my government to thee.” Shak. “Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign
What justly thou hast lost.” Milton. “What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God?” Tiilotson. 2. To relinquish; to abandon. “He soon resigned his former suit.” Spenser. 3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.] “Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors.” Evelyn. Syn. — To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. — Resign, Relinquish. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. ´Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it.´ Steele. See Abdicate.

Re sign´, n. Resignation. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Res•ig•na´tion (r?z•?g-n?´sh?n), n. [F. resignation. See Resign.] 1. The act of resigning or giving up, as a claim, possession, office, or the like; surrender; as the resignation of a crown or comission. 2. The state of being resigned or submissive; quiet or patient submission; unresisting acquiescence; as resignation to the will and providence of God. Syn. — Patience; surrender; relinquisment; forsaking; abandonment; abdication; renunciation; submission; acquiescence; endurance. See Patience.

Re•signed´ (r?-z?nd´), a. Submissive; yielding; not disposed to resist or murmur. “A firm, yet cautious mind;
Sincere, thought prudent; constant, yet resigned.” Pope.

Re•sign´ed•ly (r?-z?n´?d-l?), adv. With submission.

Res•ign•ee´ (r?z•?-n?´), n. One to whom anything is resigned, or in whose favor a resignation is made.

Re•sign´er (r?-z?n´?r), n. One who resigns.

Re•sign´ment (-ment), n. The act of resigning.

Re•sile´ (r?-z?l´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resiled (-z?ld´); p. pr. & vb. n. Resiling.] [L. resilire to leap or spring back; pref. re- re- + salire to leap, spring. See Salient.] To start back; to recoil; to recede from a purpose. J. Ellis. { Re•sil´i•ence (r?-z?l´?-ens), Re•sil´i•en•cy (-en-s?), } n. 1. The act of resiling, springing back, or rebounding; as the resilience of a ball or of sound. 2. (Mech. & Engyn.) The mechanical work required to strain an elastic body, as a deflected beam, stretched spring, etc., to the elastic limit; also the work performed by the body in recovering from such strain.

Re•sil´i•ent (-ent), a. [L. resiliens, p. pr.] Leaping back; rebounding; recoiling.

Res•i•li´tion (r?z•?-l?sh´?n), n. Resilience. [R.]

Res´in (r?z´?n), n. [F. resine, L. resina; cf. Gr. ´rhti•nh Cf. Rosin.] Any one of a class of yellowish brown solid inflammable substances, of vegetable origin, which are nonconductors of electricity, have a vitreous fracture, and are soluble in ether, alcohol, and essential oils, but not in water; specif., pine resin (see Rosin). Resins exude from trees in combination with essential oils, gums, etc., and in a liquid or semiliquid state. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are supposed to be formed by the oxidation of the essential oils. Copal, mastic, guaiacum, and colophony or pine resin, are some of them. When mixed with gum, they form the gum resins, like asafetida and gamboge; mixed with essential oils, they form balsams, or oleoresins. Highgate resin (Min.), a fossil resin resembling copal, occuring in blue clay at Highgate, near London. — Resin bush (Bot.), a low composite shrub (Euryops speciosissimus) of South Africa, having smooth pinnately parted leaves and abounding in resin.

Res•in•a´ceous (-?´sh?s), a. Having the quality of resin; resinous.

Res´in•ate (r?z´?n-?t), n. (Chem.) Any one of the salts the resinic acids.

Re•sin´ic (r?-z?n´?k), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, resin; as the resinic acids.

Res•in•if´er•ous (r?z•?n-?f´?r-?s), a. [Resin + -ferous: cf. F. resinifère.] Yielding resin; as a resiniferous tree or vessel.

Res´in•i•form (r?z´?n-?-f?rm), a. [Resin + -form: cf. F. resiniforme.] Having the form of resin.

Res•in•o-e•lec´tric (-?-?-l?k´tr?k), a. (Elec.) Containing or exhibiting resinous electricity.

Res´in•oid (r?z´?n-oid), a. Somewhat like resin.

Res´in•ous (-?s), a. [L. resinous: cf. F. resineux. See Resin.] Of or pertaining to resin; of the nature of resin; resembling or obtained from resin. Resinous electricity (Elec.), electricity which is exited by rubbing bodies of the resinous kind. See Negative electricity, under Negative.

Res´in•ous•ly, adv. By means, or in the manner, of resin.

Res´in•ous•ness, n. The quality of being resinous.

Res´in•y (-?), a. Like resin; resinous.

Res•i•pis´cence (r?s•?-p?s´sens), n. [L. resipiscentia, from resipiscere to recover one’s senses: cf. F. resipiscence.] Wisdom derived from severe experience; hence, repentance. [R.] Bp. Montagu.

Re•sist´ (r?-z?st´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Resisting.] [F. resister, L. resistere, pref. re- re- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, v. causative of stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. To stand against; to withstand; to obstruct. “That mortal dint,
Save He who reigns above, none can resist.” Milton. 2. To strive against; to endeavor to counteract, defeat, or frustrate; to act in opposition to; to oppose. “God resisteth the proud.” James iv. 6. “Contrary to his high will
Whom we resist.” Milton. 3. To counteract, as a force, by inertia or reaction. 4. To be distasteful to. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. — To withstand; oppose; hinder; obstruct; counteract; check; thwart; baffle; disappoint.

Re•sist´, v. i. To make opposition. Shak.

Re•sist´, n. (Calico Printing) A substance used to prevent a color or mordant from fixing on those parts to which it has been applied, either by acting machanically in preventing the color, etc., from reaching the cloth, or chemically in changing the color so as to render it incapable of fixing itself in the fibers.. The pastes prepared for this purpose are called resist pastes. F. C. Calvert.

Re•sist´ance (-ans), n. [F. resistance, LL. resistentia, fr. resistens, - entis, p. pr. See Resist.] 1. The act of resisting; opposition, passive or active. “When King Demetrius saw that … no resistance was made against him, he sent away all his forces.” 1. Macc. xi. 38. 2. (Physics) The quality of not yielding to force or external pressure; that power of a body which acts in opposition to the impulse or pressure of another, or which prevents the effect of another power; as the resistance of the air to a body passing through it; the resistance of a target to projectiles. 3. A means or method of resisting; that which resists. “Unfold to us some warlike resistance.” Shak. 4. (Elec.) A certain hindrance or opposition to the passage of an electrical current or discharge offered by conducting bodies. It bears an inverse relation to the conductivity, — good conductors having a small resistance, while poor conductors or insulators have a very high resistance. The unit of resistance is the ohm. Resistance box (Elec.), a rheostat consisting of a box or case containing a number of resistance coils of standard values so arranged that they can be combined in various ways to afford more or less resistance. — Resistance coil (Elec.), a coil of wire introduced into an electric circuit to increase the resistance. — Solid of least resistance (Mech.), a solid of such a form as to experience, in moving in a fluid, less resistance than any other solid having the same base, height, and volume.

Re•sist´ant (-ant), a. [F. resistant: cf. L. resistens. See Resist.] Making resistance; resisting. — n. One who, or that which, resists. Bp. Pearson.

Re•sist´er (-?r), n. One who resists.

Re•sist´ful (-f?l), a. Making much resistance.

Re•sist•i•bil´i•ty (-?-b?l´?-t?), n.. 1. The quality of being resistible; resistibleness. 2. The quality of being resistant; resitstance. “The name ´body´ being the complex idea of extension and resistibility together in the same subject.” Locke.

Re•sist´i•ble (r?-z?st´?-b’l), a. [Cf. F. resistible.] Capable of being resisted; as a resistible force. Sir M. Hale. — Re•sist´i•ble•ness, n. — Re•sist´i•bly, adv.

Re•sist´ing, a. Making resistance; opposing; as a resisting medium. — Re•sist´ing ly, adv.

Re•sist´ive (-?v), a. Serving to resist. B. Jonsosn.

Re•sist´less, a. 1. Having no power to resist; making no opposition. [Obs. or R.] Spenser. 2. Incapable of being resisted; irresistible. “Masters’ commands come with a power resistless
To such as owe them absolute subjection.” Milton. — Re•sist´less•ly, adv. — Re•sist´less•ness, n.

Res´o•lu•ble (r?z´?-l?-b’l), a.[L. resolubolis: cf. F. resoluble. See Resolve, and cf. Resolvable.] Admitting of being resolved; resolvable; as bodies resoluble by fire. Boyle. — Res´o•lu•ble•ness, n.

Res´o•lute (r?z´?-l?t), a. [Cf. F. resolu. The L. resolutus (p. p. of resolvere) means, relaxed, enervated, effeminate. See Resolve, v. t. & i.] 1. Having a decided purpose; determined; resolved; fixed in a determination; hence, bold; firm; steady. “Edward is at hand,
Ready to fight; therefore be resolute.” Shak. 2. Convinced; satisfied; sure. [Obs.] 3. Resolving, or explaining; as the Resolute Doctor Durand. [Obs.] Syn. — Determined; decided; fixed; steadfast; steady; constant; persevering; firm; bold; unshaken.

Res´o•lute (r?z´?-l?t), n. 1. One who is resolute; hence, a desperado. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Redelivery; repayment. [Obs.] ´Yearly resolutes, deductions, and payments.´ Bp. Burnet.

Res´o•lute•ly, adv. In a resolute manner; with fixed purpose; boldly; firmly; steadily; with perseverance. “Some … facts he examines, some he resolutely denies.” Swift.

Res´o•lute•ness, n. The quality of being resolute.

Res•o•lu´tion (-l?´sh?n), n. [F. resolution. L. resolutio a loosening, solution. See Resolve.] 1. The act, operation, or process of resolving. Specifically: (a) The act of separating a compound into its elements or component parts. (b) The act of analyzing a complex notion, or solving a vexed question or difficult problem. “The unraveling and resolution of the difficulties that are met with in the execution of the design are the end of an action.” Dryden. 2. The state of being relaxed; relaxation. [Obs.] 3. The state of being resolved, settled, or determined; firmness; steadiness; constancy; determination. “Be it with resolution then to fight.” Shak. 4. That which is resolved or determined; a settled purpose; determination. Specifically: A formal expression of the opinion or will of an official body or a public assembly, adopted by vote; as a legislative resolution; the resolutions of a public meeting. 5. The state of being resolved or firm in opinion or thought; conviction; assurance. [Obs.] “Little resolution and certainty there is as touching the islands of Mauritania.” Holland. 6. (Math.) The act or process of solving; solution; as the resolution of an equation or problem. 7. (Med.) A breaking up, disappearance; or termination, as of a fever, a tumor, or the like. 8. (Mus.) The passing of a dissonant into a consonant chord by the rising or falling of the note which makes the discord. Joint resolution. See under Joint, a. — Resolution of a force or motion (Mech.), the separation of a single force or motion into two or more which have different directions, and, taken together, are an equivalent for the single one; — the opposite of composition of a force. — Resolution of a nebula (Astron.), the exhibition of it to the eye by a telescope of such power as to show it to be composed of small stars. Syn. — Decision; analysis; separation; disentanglement; dissolution; resolvedness; resoluteness; firmness; constancy; perseverance; steadfastness; fortitude; boldness; purpose; resolve. See Decision.

Res•o•lu´tion•er (-?r), n. One who makes a resolution; one who joins with others in a declaration or resolution; specifically, one of a party in the Scottish Church in the 17th century. “He was sequestrated afterwards as a Resolutioner.” Sir W. Scott.

Res•o•lu´tion•ist, n. One who makes a resolution.

Res´o•lu•tive (r?z´?-lu•t?v), a. [Cf.F. resolutif.] Serving to dissolve or relax. [R.] Johnson.

Res´o•lu•to•ry (r?z´?-l?-t?-r?), a. Resolutive. [R.]

Re•solv•a•bil´i•ty (r?-z?lv•?-b?l´?-t?), n. The quality or condition of being resolvable; resolvableness.

Re•solv´a•ble (r?-z?lv´?-b’l), a. [See Resolve, and cf. Resoluble.] Admitting of being resolved; admitting separation into constituent parts, or reduction to first principles; admitting solution or explanation; as resolvable compounds; resolvable ideas or difficulties.

Re•solv´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being resolvable; resolvability.

Re•solve´ (r?•z?lv´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resolved (-z?lvd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Resolving.] [L. resolvere, resolutum, to untie, loosen, relax, enfeeble; pref. re- re- + solvere to loosen, dissolve: cf. F. resoudare to resolve. See Solve, and cf. Resolve, v. i., Resolute, Resolution.] 1. To separate the component parts of; to reduce to the constituent elements; — said of compound substances; hence, sometimes, to melt, or dissolve. “O, that this too too solid flesh would melt,
Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew!” Shak. “Ye immortal souls, who once were men,
And now resolved to elements again.” Dryden. 2. To reduce to simple or intelligible notions; — said of complex ideas or obscure questions; to make clear or certain; to free from doubt; to disentangle; to unravel; to explain; hence, to clear up, or dispel, as doubt; as to resolve a riddle. ´Resolve my doubt.´ Shak. “To the resolving whereof we must first know that the Jews were commanded to divorce an unbelieving Gentile.” Milton. 3. To cause to perceive or understand; to acquaint; to inform; to convince; to assure; to make certain. “Sir, be resolved. I must and will come.” Beau. & Fl. “Resolve me, Reason, which of these is worse,
Want with a full, or with an empty purse?” Pope. “In health, good air, pleasure, riches, I am resolved it can not be equaled by any region.” Sir W. Raleigh. “We must be resolved how the law can be pure and perspicuous, and yet throw a polluted skirt over these Eleusinian mysteries.” Milton. 4. To determine or decide in purpose; to make ready in mind; to fix; to settle; as he was resolved by an unexpected event. 5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; — followed by a clause; as the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money). 6. To change or convert by resolution or formal vote; — used only reflexively; as the house resolved itself into a committee of the whole. 7. (Math.) To solve, as a problem, by enumerating the several things to be done, in order to obtain what is required; to find the answer to, or the result of. Hutton. 8. (Med.) To dispere or scatter; to discuss, as an inflammation or a tumor. 9. (Mus.) To let the tones (as of a discord) follow their several tendencies, resulting in a concord. 10. To relax; to lay at ease. [Obs.] B. Jonson. To resolve a nebula.(Astron.) See Resolution of a nebula, under Resolution. Syn. — To solve; analyze; unravel; disentangle.

Re•solve´ (r?-z?lv´), v. i. [The sense ´to be convinced, to determine´ comes from the idea of loosening, breaking up into parts, analyzing, hence, determining.] 1. To be separated into its component parts or distinct principles; to undergo resolution. 2. To melt; to dissolve; to become fluid. “When the blood stagnates in any part, it first coagulates, then resolves, and turns alkaline.” Arbuthhnot. 3. To be settled in opinion; to be convinced. [R.] “Let men resolve of that as they plaease.” Locke. 4. To form a purpose; to make a decision; especially, to determine after reflection; as to resolve on a better course of life. Syn. — To determine; decide; conclude; purpose.

Re•solve´, n. 1. The act of resolving or making clear; resolution; solution. ´To give a full resolve of that which is so much controverted.´ Milton. 2. That which has been resolved on or determined; decisive conclusion; fixed purpose; determination; also legal or official determination; a legislative declaration; a resolution. “Nor is your firm resolve unknown.” Shak. “Caesar’s approach has summoned us together,
And Rome attends her fate from our resolves.” Addison.

Re•solved´ (r?-z?lvd´), p. p. & a. Having a fixed purpose; determined; resolute; — usually placed after its noun; as a man resolved to be rich. “That makes him a resolved enemy.” Jer. Taylor. “I am resolved she shall not settle here.” Fielding.

Re•solv´ed•ly (r?z?lv´?d-l?), adv. 1. So as to resolve or clear up difficulties; clearly. [Obs.] “Of that, and all the progress, more or less,
Resolvedly more leisure shall express.” Shak. 2. Resolutely; decidedly; firmly. Grew.

Re•solv´ed•ness, n. Fixedness of purpose; firmness; resolution. Dr. H. More.

Re•solv´ent (-ent), a. Having power to resolve; causing solution; solvent.

Re•solv´ent, n. [L. resolvens, p. pr. of resolvere: cf. F. resolvant. See Resolve.] 1. That which has the power of resolving, or causing solution; a solvent. 2. (Med.) That which has power to disperse inflammatory or other tumors; a discutient; anything which aids the absorption of effused products. Coxe. 3. (Math.) An equation upon whose solution the solution of a given pproblem depends.

Re•solv´er (r?-z?lv´?r), n. 1. That which decomposes, or dissolves. Boyle. 2. That which clears up and removes difficulties, and makes the mind certain or determined. Bp. Burnet. 3. One who resolves, or formal a firm purpose.

Res´o•nance (r?z´?-nans), n. [Cf. F. resonance, L. resonantia an echo.] 1. The act of resounding; the quality or state of being resonant. 2. (Acoustics) A prolongation or increase of any sound, either by reflection, as in a cavern or apartment the walls of which are not distant enough to return a distinct echo, or by the production of vibrations in other bodies, as a sounding-board, or the bodies of musical instruments. Pulmonary resonance (Med.), the sound heard on percussing over the lungs. — Vocal resonance (Med.), the sound transmitted to the ear when auscultation is made while the patient is speaking.

Res´o•nan•cy (-nan-s?), n. Resonance.

Res´o•nant (-nant), a. [L. resonans, p. pr. of resonare to resound: cf. F. resonnant. See Resound.] Returning, or capable of returning, sound; fitted to resound; resounding; echoing back. “Through every hour of the golden morning, the streets were resonant with female parties of young and old.” De Quincey.

Res´o•nant•ly, adv. In a resonant manner.

Res´o•na•tor (-n?•t?r), n. (Acoustics) Anything which resounds; specifically, a vessel in the form of a cylinder open at one end, or a hollow ball of brass with two apertures, so contrived as to greatly intensify a musical tone by its resonance. It is used for the study and analysis of complex sounds.

Re•sorb´ (r?-s?rb´), v. t. [L. reorbere; pref. re- re- + sorbere to suck or drink in.] To swallow up. “Now lifted by the tide, and now resorbed.” Young.

Re•sorb´ent (-ent), a. [L. resorbens, p. pr. of resorbere.] Swallowing up. Wodhull.

Res•or´cin (r?z-?r´s?n), n. [Resin + orcin. So called because in its higher homologue it resembles orcin.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance of the phenol series, obtained by melting certain resins, as galbanum, asafetida, etc., with caustic potash. It is also produced artificially and used in making certain dyestuffs, as phthaleïn, fluoresceïn, and eosin.

Res•or•cyl´ic (r?z•?r-s?l´?k), a. (Chem.) Of, or pertaining to, or producing, resorcin; as resorcylic acid.

Re•sorp´tion (r?•s?rp´sh?n), n. The act of resorbing; also the act of absorbing again; reabsorption.

Re•sort´ (r?•z?rt´), n. [F. ressort.] Active power or movement; spring. [A Gallicism] [Obs.] “Some … know the resorts and falls of business that can not sink into the main of it.” Bacon.

Re•sort´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Resorting.] [OF. resortir to withdraw, take refuge, F. ressortir to be in the jurisdiction, LL. resortire; pref. re- re- + L. sortiri to draw lots, obtain by lot, from sors lot. See Sort. The meaning is first to reobtain (by lot), then to gain by appeal to a higher court (as a law term), to appeal, go for protection or refuge.] 1. To go; to repair; to betake one’s self. “What men name resort to him?” Shak. 2. To fall back; to revert. [Obs.] “The inheritance of the son never resorted to the mother, or to any of her ancestors.” Sir M. Hale. 3. To have recourse; to apply; to one’s self for help, relief, or advantage. “The king thought it time to resort to other counsels.” Clarendon.

Re•sort´ (r?•z?rt´), n. [Cf. F. ressort jurisdiction. See Resort, v.] 1. The act of going to, or making application; a betaking one’s self; the act of visiting or seeking; recourse; as a place of popular resort; — often figuratively; as to have resort to force. “Join with me to forbid him her resort.” Shak. 2. A place to which one betakes himself habitually; a place of frequent assembly; a haunt. “Far from all resort of mirth.” Milton. 3. That to which one resorts or looks for help; resource; refuge. Last resort, ultimate means of relief; also final tribunal; that from which there is no appeal.

Re•sort´er (-?r), n. One who resorts; a frequenter.

Re•soun´ (r?•z??n´), n. Reason. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•soun´, v. i. & t. To resound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re-sound´ (r?•sound´), v. t. & i. [Pref. re- + sound.] To sound again or anew.

Re•sound´ (r?•zound´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Resounding.] [OE. resounen, OF. resoner, F. resonner, from L. resonare; pref. re- re- + sonare to sound, sonus sound. See Sound to make a noise.] 1. To sound loudly; as his voice resounded far. 2. To be filled with sound; to ring; as the woods resound with song. 3. To be echoed; to be sent back, as sound. ´Common fame … resounds back to them again.´ South. 4. To be mentioned much and loudly. Milton. 5. To echo or reverberate; to be resonant; as the earth resounded with his praise.

Re•sound´, v. t. 1. To throw back, or return, the sound of; to echo; to reverberate. “Albion’s cliffs resound the ruray.” Pope. 2. To praise or celebrate with the voice, or the sound of instruments; to extol with sounds; to spread the fame of. “The man for wisdom’s various arts renowned,
Long exercised in woes, O muse, resound.” Pope. Syn. — To echo; reëcho; reverberate; sound.

Re•sound´, n. Return of sound; echo. Beaumont.

Re•source´ (r?•s?rs´), n. [F. ressource, fr. OF. ressourdre, resourdre, to spring forth or up again; pref. re- re- + sourdre to spring forth. See Source.] 1. That to which one resorts orr on which one depends for supply or support; means of overcoming a difficulty; resort; expedient. “Threat’nings mixed with prayers, his last resource.” Dryden. 2. pl. Pecuniary means; funds; money, or any property that can be converted into supplies; available means or capabilities of any kind. “Scotland by no means escaped the fate ordained for every country which is connected, but not incorporated, with another country of greater resources.” Macaulay. Syn. — Expedient; resort; means; contrivance.

Re•source´ful (-f?l), a. Full of resources.

Re•source´less, a. Destitute of resources. Burke. — Re•source´less•ness, n. R. Browning.

Re•sow´ (r?•s?´), v. t. To sow again. Bacon.

Re•sown´ (r?•zoun´), v. To resound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•speak´ (r?•sp?k´), v. t. 1. To speak or utter again. 2. To answer; to echo. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

Re•spect´ (r?•sp?kt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Respected; p. pr. & vb. n. Respecting.] [L. respectare, v. intens. from respicere, respectum, to look back, respect; pref. re- re- + specere, spicere, to look, to view: cf. F. respecter. See Spy, and cf. Respite.] 1. To take notice of; to regard with special attention; to regard as worthy of special consideration; hence, to care for; to heed. “Thou respectest not spilling Edward’s blood.” Shak. “In orchards and gardens, we do not so much respect beauty as variety of ground for fruits, trees, and herbs.” Bacon. 2. To consider worthy of esteem; to regard with honor. ´I do respect thee as my soul.´ Shak. 3. To look toward; to front upon or toward. [Obs.] “Palladius adviseth the front of his house should so respect the uth.” Sir T. Browne. 4. To regard; to consider; to deem. [Obs.] “To whom my father gave this name of Gaspar,
And as his own respected him to death.” B. Jonson. 5. To have regard to; to have reference to; to relate to; as the treaty particularly respects our commerce. As respects, as regards; with regard to; as to. Macaulay. — To respect the person or persons, to favor a person, or persons on corrupt grounds; to show partiality. ´Ye shall not respect persons in judgment.´ Deut. i. 17. Syn. — To regard; esteem; honor; revere; venerate.

Re•spect´, n. [L. respectus: cf. F. respect. See Respect, v., and cf. Respite.] 1. The act of noticing with attention; the giving particular consideration to; hence, care; caution. “But he it well did ward with wise respect.” Spenser. 2. Esteem; regard; consideration; honor. “Seen without awe, and served without respect.” Prior. “The same men treat the Lord’s Day with as little respect.” R. Nelson. 3. pl. An expression of respect of deference; regards; as to send one’s respects to another. 4. Reputation; repute. [Obs.] “Many of the best respect in Rome.” Shak. 5. Relation; reference; regard. “They believed but one Supreme Deity, which, with respect to the various benefits men received from him, had several titles.” Tillotson. 4. Particular; point regarded; point of view; as in this respect; in any respect; in all respects. “Everything which is imperfect, as the world must be acknowledged in many respects.” Tillotson. “In one respect I’ll be thy assistant.” Shak. 7. Consideration; motive; interest. [Obs.] ´Whatever secret respects were likely to move them.´ Hooker. “To the publik good
Private respects must yield.” Milton. In respect, in comparison. [Obs.] Shak. — In respect of. (a) In comparison with. [Obs.] Shak. (b) As to; in regard to. [Archaic] ´Monsters in respect of their bodies.´ Bp. Wilkins. ´In respect of these matters.´ Jowett. (Thucyd.) — In, or With, respect to, in relation to; with regard to; as respects. Tillotson. — To have respect of persons, to regard persons with partiality or undue bias especially on account of friendship, power, wealth, etc. ´It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment.´ Prov. xxiv. 23. Syn. — Deference; attention; regard; consideration; estimation. See Deference.

Re•spect•a•bil´i•ty (r?•sp?kt•?•b?l´?•t?), n. The state or quality of being respectable; the state or quality which deserves or commands respect.

Re•spect´a•ble (—b’l), a. [F. respectable, LL. respectabilis.] 1. Worthy of respect; fitted to awaken esteem; deserving regard; hence, of good repute; not mean; as a respectable citizen. ´The respectable quarter of Sicca.´ J. H. Newman. “No government, any more than an individual, will long be respected, without being truly respectable.” Madison. 2. Moderate in degree of excellence or in number; as a respectable performance; a respectable audience. —Re•spect´a•ble•ness,n. — Re•spect´a•bly, adv.

Re•spect´ant (-ant), a. [F., p. pr. of respecter. See Respect.] (Her.) Placed so as to face one another; — said of animals.

Re•spect´er (-?r), n. One who respects. A respecter of persons, one who regards or judges with partiality. “Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons.” Acts x. 34.

Re•spect´ful (-f?l), a. Marked or characterized by respect; as respectful deportment. “With humble joi and with respectful fear.” Prior. — Re•spect´ful•ly, adv. — Re•spect´ful•ness, n.

Re•spect´ing, prep. With regard or relation to; regarding; concerning; as respecting his conduct there is but one opinion.

Re•spec´tion (r?•sp?k´sh?n), n. [Cf.LL. respectio.] The act of respecting; respect; regard. [Obs.] “Without difference or respection of persons.” Tyndale.

Re•spec´tive (r?•sp?k´t?v), a. [Cf. F. respectif, LL. respectivus. See Respect.] 1. Noticing with attention; hence, careful; wary; considerate. [Obs.] “If you look upon the church of England with a respective eye, you can not … refuse this charge.” Ap. Sandys. 2. Looking towardl having reference to; relative, not absolute; as the respective connections of society. 3. Relating to particular persons or things, each to each; particular; own; as they returned to their respective places of abode. 4. Fitted to awaken respect. [Obs.] Shak. 5. Rendering respect; respectful; regardful. [Obs.] “With respective shame, rose, took us by the hands.” Chapman. “With thy equals familiar, yet respective.” Lord Burleigh.

Re•spec´tive•ly, adv. 1. As relating to each; particularly; as each belongs to each; as each refers to each in order; as let each man respectively perform his duty. “The impressions from the objects or the senses do mingle respectively every one with its kind.” Bacon. 2. Relatively; not absolutely. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Partially; with respect to private views. [Obs.] 4. With respect; regardfully. [Obs.] Shak.

Re•spect´less (r?•sp?kt´l?s), a. Having no respect; without regard; regardless. “Rather than again
Endure, respectless, their so moving cies.” Chapman. — Re•spect´less•ness, n. [R.] Shelton.

Re•spec´tu•ous (r?•sp?k´t?•?s;135), a. 1. Respectful; as a respectuous silence. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. Respectable. [Obs.] Knolles.

Re•spell´ (r?•sp?l´), v. t. To spell again.

Re•sperse´ (r?•sp?rs´), v. t. [L. respersus, p. p. of respergere; pref. re- re- + spargere to srew, sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Re•sper´sion (r?•sp?r´sh?n), n. [L. respersio.] The act of sprinkling or scattering. [Obs.]

Re•spir•a•bil´i•ty (r?•sp?r•?•b?l´?•t? or r?s•p?•r?-), n. [Cf. F. respirabilit.] The quality or state of being respirable; respirableness.

Re•spir´a•ble (r?•sp?r´?•b’l or r?s´p?•r?•b’l), a. [Cf. F. respirable.] Suitable for being breathed; adapted for respiration. — Re•spir´a•ble•ness, n.

Res•pi•ra´tion (r?s•p?•r?´sh?n), n. [L. respiratio: cf. F. respiration. See Respire.] 1. The act of respiring or breathing again, or catching one’s breath. 2. Relief from toil or suffering: rest. [Obs.] “Till the day
Appear of respiration to the just
And vengeance to the wicked.” Milton. 3. Interval; intermission. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Physiol.) The act of resping or breathing; the act of taking in and giving out air; the aggregate of those processes bu which oxygen is introduced into the system, and carbon dioxide, or carbonic acid, removed. Respiration in the higher animals is divided into: (a) Internal respiration, or the interchange of oxygen and carbonic acid between the cells of the body and the bathing them, which in one sense is a process of nutrition. (b) External respiration, or the gaseous interchange taking place in the special respiratory organs, the lungs. This constitutes respiration proper. Gamgee. In the respiration of plants oxygen is likewise absorbed and carbonic acid exhaled, but in the light this process is obscured by another process which goes on with more vigor, in which the plant inhales and absorbs carbonic acid and exhales free oxygen.

Res•pi•ra´tion•al (r?s•p?•r?´sh?n-al), a. Of or pertaining to respiration; as respirational difficulties.

Re•spir´a•tive (r?•sp?•r?•t?v), a. Of or pertaining to respiration; as respirative organs.

Res´pi•ra•tor (r?s´p?•r?•t?r), n. [Cf. F. respirateur.] A divice of gauze or wire, covering the mouth or nose, to prevent the inhalation of noxious substances, as dust or smoke. Being warmed by the breath, it tempers cold air passing through it, and may also be used for the inhalation of medicated vapors.

Re•spir´a•to•ry (r?•sp?r´?•t?•r? or r?s´p?•r?-), a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to respiration; serving for respiration; as the respiratory organs; respiratory nerves; the respiratory function; respiratory changes. Respiratory foods. (Physiol.) See 2d Note under Food, n., 1. — Respiratory tree (Zoöl.), the branched internal gill of certain holothurians.

Re•spire´ (r?•sp?r), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Respired (-sp?rd´); p. pr. & vvb. n. Respiring.] [L. respirare, respiratum; pref. re- re- + spirare to breathe: cf. F. respirer. See Spirit.] 1. To take breath again; hence, to take rest or refreshment. Spenser. “Here leave me to respire.” Milton. “From the mountains where I now respire.” Byron. 2. (Physiol.) To breathe; to inhale air into the lungs, and exhale it from them, successively, for the purpose of maintaining the vitality of the blood.

Re•spire´, v. t. 1. To breathe in and out; to inspire and expire,, as air; to breathe. “A native of the land where I respire
The clear air for a while.” Byron. 2. To breathe out; to exhale. [R.] B. Jonson.

Res´pite (r?s´p?t), n. [OF. respit, F. repit, from L. respectus respect, regard, delay, in LL., the deferring of a day. See Respect.] 1. A putting off of that which was appointed; a postponement or delay. “I crave but four day’s respite.” Shak. 2. Temporary intermission of labor, or of any process or operation; interval of rest; pause; delay. ´Without more respite.´ Chaucer. “Some pause and respite only I require.” Denham. 3. (Law) (a) Temporary suspension of the execution of a capital offender; reprieve. (b) The delay of appearance at court granted to a jury beyond the proper term. Syn. — Pause; interval; stop; cessation; delay; postponement; stay; reprieve.

Res´pite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Respited; p. pr. & vb. n. Respiting.] [OF. respiter, LL. respectare. See Respite, n.] To give or grant a respite to. Specifically: (a) To delay or postpone; to put off. (b) To keep back from execution; to reprieve. “Forty days longer we do respite you.” Shak. (c) To relieve by a pause or interval of rest. ´To respite his day labor with repast.´ Milton.

Res´pite•less, a. Without respite. Baxter. { Re•splen´dence (r?•spl?n´dens), Re•splen´den•cy (-den•s?), } n. [L. resplendentia.] The quality or state of being resplendent; brilliant luster; vivid brightness; splendor. “Son! thou in whom my glory I behold
In full resplendence, heir of all my might.” Milton. “The resplendency of his own almighty goodness.” Dr. J. Scott.

Re•splen´dent (-dent), a. [L. resplendens, -entis, p. pr. of resplendere to shine brightly; pref. re- re- + splendere to shine. See Splendid.] Shining with brilliant luster; very bright. — Re•splen´dent•ly, adv. “With royal arras and resplendent gold.” Spenser.

Re•splen´dish•ant (-d?sh•ant), a. Resplendent; brilliant. [R. & Obs.] Fabyan.

Re•splen´dish•ing, a. Resplendent. [Obs.]

Re•split´ (r?•spl?t´), v. t. & i. To split again.

Re•spond´ (r?•sp?nd´), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Responded; p. pr. & vb. n. Responding.] [OF. respondre, F. repondre, fr. L. respondere, responsum; pref. re- re- + spondere to promise. See Sponsor.] 1. To say somethin in return; to answer; to reply; as to respond to a question or an argument. 2. To show some effect in return to a force; to act in response; to accord; to correspond; to suit. “A new affliction strings a new cord in the heart, which responds to some new note of complaint within the wide scale of human woe.” Buckminster. “To every theme responds thy various lay.” Broome. 3. To render satisfaction; to be answerable; as the defendant is held to respond in damages. [U.S.] Syn. — To answer; reply; rejoin. See Reply.

Re•spond´, v. t. 1. To answer; to reply. 2. To suit or accord with; to correspond to. [R.] “For his great deeds respond his speeches great.” Fairfax.

Re•spond´, n. 1. An answer; a response. [R.] 2. (Eccl.) A short anthem sung at intervals during the reading of a chapter. 3. (Arch.) A half pier or pillar attached to a wall to support an arch. Oxf. Gloss. { Re•spond´ence (-?ns), Re•spond´en•cy (- en•s?), } n. The act of responding; the state of being respondent; an answering. A. Chalmers. “The angelical soft trembling voice made
To the instruments divine respondence meet.” Spenser.

Re•spond´ent (-ent), a. [L. respondens, p. pr. of respondere.] Disposed or expected to respond; answering; according; corresponding. “Wealth respondent to payment and contributions.” Bacon.

Re•spond´ent, n. [Cf. F. repondant.] One who responds. It corresponds in general to defendant. Specifically: (a) (Law) One who answers in certain suits or proceedings, generally those which are not according to the course of the common law, as in equity and admiralty causes, in petitions for partition, and the like; — distinquished from appellant. (b) One who maintains a thesis in reply, and whose province it is to refute objections, or overthrow arguments; — distinguished from opponent. I. Watts.

Re•spon•den´ti•a (r?•sp?n•d?n´sh?•?), n. [NL. See Respondence.] (Commercial Law) A loan upon goods laden on board a ship. It differs from bottomry, which is a loan on the ship itself. Bouvier.

Re•spon´sal (r?•sp?n´sal), a. Answerable. [Obs.]

Re•spon´sal, n. [Cf.LL. resposalis.] 1. One who is answerable or responsible. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. Response. [Obs.] Brevint.

Re•sponse´ (r?•sp?ns´), n. [OF. response, respons, F. reponse, from L. responsum, from respondere. See Respond.] 1. The act of responding. 2. An answer or reply. Specifically: (a) Reply to an objection in formal disputation. I. Watts. (b) (Eccl.) The answer of the people or congregation to the priest or clergyman, in the litany and other parts of divine service. (c) (R.C.Ch.) A kind of anthem sung after the lessons of matins and some other parts of the office. (d) (Mus.) A repetition of the given subject in a fugue by another part on the fifth above or fourth below. Busby.

Re•sponse´less, a. Giving no response.

Re•spon•si•bil´i•ty (r?•sp?n•s?•b?l´?•t?), n.; pl. -ties (-tz). [Cf. F. responsabilite.] 1. The state of being responsible, accountable, or answerable, as for a trust, debt, or obligation. 2. That for which anyone is responsible or accountable; as the resonsibilities of power. 3. Ability to answer in payment; means of paying.

Re•spon´si•ble (r?•sp?n´s?•b’l), a. [Cf. F. responsable. See Respond.] 1. Liable to respond; likely to be called upon to answer; accountable; answerable; amenable; as a guardian is responsible to the court for his conduct in the office. 2. Able to respond or answer for one’s conduct and obligations; trustworthy, financially or otherwise; as to have a responsible man for surety. 3. Involving responsibility; involving a degree of accountability on the part of the person concerned; as a responsible office. Syn. — Accountable; answerable; amenable. — Re•spon´si•ble•ness, n. — Re•spon´si•bly, adv.

Re•spon´sion (-sh?n), n. [L. responsio. See Respond.] 1. The act of answering. [Obs.] 2. (University of Oxford) The first university examination; — called also little go. See under Little, a.

Re•spon´sive (-s?v), a. [Cf. F. resposif.] 1. That responds; ready or inclined to respond. 2. Suited to something else; correspondent. “The vocal lay responsive to the strings.” Pope. 3. Responsible. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Re•spon´sive•ly, adv. — Re•spon´sive•ness, n.

Re•spon•so´ri•al (r?•sp?n•s?´r?-al), a. Responsory; antiphonal. J. H. Newman.

Re•spon´so•ry (r?•sp?n´s?•r?), a. Containing or making answer; answering. Johnson.

Re•spon´so•ry, n.; pl. - ries (-rz). [LL. responsorium.] 1. (Eccl.) (a) The answer of the people to the priest in alternate speaking, in church service. (b) A versicle sung in answer to the priest, or as a refrain. “Which, if should repeat again, would turn my answers into responsories, and beget another liturgy.” Milton. 2. (Eccl.) An antiphonary; a response book.

Rest (r?st), v. t. [For arrest.] To arrest. [Obs.]

Rest, n. [AS. rest, raest, rest; akin to D. rust, G. rast. OHG. rasta, Dan. & Sw. rast rest, repose, Icel. röst the distance between two resting places, a mole, Goth. rasta a mile, also to Goth. razn house, Icel. rann, and perhaps to G. ruhe rest, repose, AS. row, Gr. ’erwh•. Cf. Ransack.] 1. A state of quiet or repose; a cessation from motion or labor; tranquillity; as rest from mental exertion; rest of body or mind. Chaucer. “Sleep give thee all his rest!” Shak. 2. Hence, freedom from everything which wearies or disturbs; peace; security. “And the land had rest fourscore years.” Judges iii. 30. 3. Sleep; slumber; hence, poetically, death. “How sleep the brave who sink to rest,
By all their country’s wishes blest.” Collins. 4. That on which anything rests or leans for support; as a rest in a lathe, for supporting the cutting tool or steadying the work. “He made narrowed rests round about, that the beams should not be fastened in the walls of the house.” 1 Kings vi. 6. 5. (Anc. Armor) A projection from the right side of the cuirass, serving to support the lance. “Their visors closed, their lances in the rest.” Dryden. 6. A place where one may rest, either temporarily, as in an inn, or permanently, as in an abode. ´Halfway houses and travelers’ rests.´ J. H. Newman. “In dust our final rest, and native home.” Milton. “Ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance which the Lord your God giveth you.” Deut. xii. 9. 7. (Pros.) A short pause in reading verse; a caesura. 8. The striking of a balance at regular intervals in a running account. ´An account is said to be taken with annual or semiannual rests.´ Abbott. 9. A set or game at tennis. [Obs.] 10. (Mus.) Silence in music or in one of its parts; the name of the character that stands for such silence. They are named as notes are, whole, half, quarter,etc. Rest house, an empty house for the accomodation of travelers; a caravansary. [India] — To set, or To set up, one’s rest, to have a settled determination; — from an old game of cards, when one so expressed his intention to stand or rest upon his hand. [Obs.] Shak. Bacon. Syn. — Cessation; pause; intermission; stop; stay; repose; slumber; quiet; ease; quietness; stillness; tranquillity; peacefulness; peace. — Rest, Repose. Rest is a ceasing from labor or exertion; repose is a mode of resting which gives relief and refreshment after toil and labor. The words are commonly interchangeable.

Rest (rest), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rested; p. pr. & vb. n. Resting.] [AS. restan. See Rest, n.] 1. To cease from action or motion, especially from action which has caused weariness; to desist from labor or exertion. “God … rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.” Gen. ii. 2. “Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou shalt rest.” Ex. xxiii. 12. 2. To be free from whanever wearies or disturbs; to be quiet or still. “There rest, if any rest can harbor there.” Milton. 3. To lie; to repose; to recline; to lan; as to rest on a couch. 4. To stand firm; to be fixed; to be supported; as a column rests on its pedestal. 5. To sleep; to slumber; hence, poetically, to be dead. “Fancy … then retries
Into her private cell when Nature rests.” Milton. 6. To lean in confidence; to trust; to rely; to repose without anxiety; as to rest on a man’s promise. “On him I rested, after long debate,
And not without considering, fixed fate.” Dryden. 7. To be satisfied; to acquiesce. “To rest in Heaven’s determination.” Addison. To rest with, to be in the power of; to depend upon; as it rests with him to decide.

Rest, v. t. 1. To lay or place at rest; to quiet. “Your piety has paid
All needful rites, to rest my wandering shade.” Dryden. 2. To place, as on a support; to cause to lean. “Her weary head upon your bosom rest.” Waller.

Rest, n. [F. reste, fr. rester to remain, L. restare to stay back, remain; pref. re- re- + stare to stand, stay. See Stand, and cf. Arrest, Restive.] (With the definite article.) 1. That which is left, or which remains after the separation of a part, either in fact or in contemplation; remainder; residue. “Religion gives part of its reward in hand, the present comfort of having done our duty, and, for the rest, it offers us the best security that Heaven can give.” Tillotson. 2. Those not included in a proposition or description; the remainder; others. ´Plato and the rest of the philosophers.´ Bp. Stillingfleet. “Armed like the rest, the Trojan prince appears.” DRyden. 3. (Com.) A surplus held as a reserved fund by a bank to equalize its dividends, etc.; in the Bank of England, the balance of assets above liabilities. [Eng.] Syn. — Remainder; overplus; surplus; remnant; residue; reserve; others.

Rest, v. i. [F. rester. See Rest remainder.] To be left; to remain; to continue to be. “The affairs of men rest still uncertain.” Shak.

Re•stag´nant (r?•st?g´nant), a. [L. restagnans, p. pr. ] Stagnant; motionless. [Obs.] Boyle.

Re•stag´nate (-n?t), v. i. [L. restagnare to overflow.] To stagnate; to cease to flow. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Re•stag•na´tion (-n?´sh?n), n. [L. restagnatio aninundation.] Stagnation. [Obs.]

Res´tant (r?s´tant), a. [L. restans, p. pr. of restare: cf. F. restant. See Rest remainder.] (Bot.) Persistent.

Re•state´ (r?•st?t´), v. t. To state anew. Palfrey.

Res´tau•rant (r?s´t?•r?nt;277), n. [F., fr. restaurer. See Restore.] An eating house.

Res´tau•rate (r?s´t?•r?t), v. t. [L. restauratus, p. p. of restaurare. See Restore.] To restore. [Obs.]

Re•stau•ra•teur´ (r?•st?•r?•t?r´), n. [F.] The keeper of an eathing house or a restaurant.

Res•tau•ra´tion (r?s•t?•r?´sh?n), n. [LL. restauratio: cf. F. restauration.] Restoration. [Obs.] Cower.

Re•stem´ (r?•st?m´), v. t. 1. To force back against the current; as to restem their backward course. Shak. 2. To stem, or move against; as to restem a current.

Rest´ful (r?st´f?l), a. 1. Being at rest; quiet. Shak. 2. Giving rest; freeing from toil, trouble, etc. “Tired with all these, for restful death I cry.” Shak. — Rest´ful•ly, adv. — Rest´ful•ness, n.

Rest´-har•row (-h?r•r?), n. (Bot.) A European leguminous plant (Ononis arvensis) with long, tough roots.

Rest´iff, a. Restive. [Obs.]

Rest´iff, n. A restive or stubborn horse. [Obs.]

Rest´iff•ness, n. Restiveness. [Obs.]

Res´ti•form (r?s´t?•f?rm), a.[L. restis rope + -form.] (Anat.) Formed like a rope; — applied especially to several ropelike bundles or masses of fibers on the dorsal side of the medulla oblongata.

Rest´i•ly (r?st´?•l?), adv. In a resty manner. [Obs.]

Re•stinc´tion (r?•st?nk´sh?n), n.[L. restinctio. See Restinguish.] Act of quenching or extingishing. [Obs.]

Rest´i•ness (r?st•i•n?s), n. The quality or state of being resty; sluggishness. [Obs.] “The snake by restiness and lying still all winter.” Holland.

Rest´ing, a. & n. from Rest, v. t. & i. Resting spore (Bot.), a spore in certain orders of algae, which remains quiescent, retaining its vitality, for long periods of time. C. E. Bessey.

Re•stin´guish (r?•st?n´gw?sh), v. t. [L. restinquere, restinctum; pref. re- re- + stinquere to quench.] To quench or extinguish. [Obs.] R. Field.

Res´ti•tute (r?s´t?•t?t), v. t. [L. restitutus, p. p. of restituere; pref. re- re- + statuere to put, place. See Statute.] To restore to a former state. [R.] Dyer.

Res´ti•tute, n. That which is restored or offered in place of something; a substitute. [R.]

Res•ti•tu´tion (r?s•t?•t?´sh?n), n. [F. restitution, L. restitutio. See Restitute, v.] 1. The act of restoring anything to its rightful owner, or of making good, or of giving an equivalent for any loss, damage, or injury; indemnification. “A restitution of ancient rights unto the crown.” Spenser. “He restitution to the value makes.” Sandys. 2. That which is offered or given in return for what has been lost, injured, or destroved; compensation. 3. (Physics) The act of returning to, or recovering, a former state; as the restitution of an elastic body. 4. (Med.) The movement of rotetion which usually occurs in childbirth after the head has been delivered, and which causes the latter to point towards the side to which it was directed at the beginning of labor. Syn. — Restoration; return; indemnification; reparation; compensation; amends; remuneration.

Res´ti•tu•tor (r?s´t?•t?•t?r), n. [L.: cf. F. restituteur.] One who makes restitution. [R].

Rest´ive (r?st´?v), a. [OF. restif, F. retif, fr. L. restare to stay back, withstand, resist. See Rest remainder, and cf. Restiff.] . Unwilling to go on; obstinate in refusing to move forward; stubborn; drawing back. “Restive or resty, drawing back, instead of going forward, as some horses do.” E. Philips (1658). “The people remarked with awe and wonder that the beasts which were to drag him [Abraham Holmes] to the gallows became restive, and went back.” Macaulay. 2. Inactive; sluggish. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. Impatient under coercion, chastisement, or opposition; refractory. 4. Uneasy; restless; averse to standing still; fidgeting about; — applied especially to horses. Trench. — Rest´ive, adv. — Rest´ive•ness, n.

Rest´less, a. [AS. restleás.] 1. Never resting; unquiet; uneasy; continually moving; as a restless child. Chaucer. ´Restless revolution day by day.´ Milton. 2. Not satisfied to be at rest or in peace; averse to repose or quiet; eager for change; discontented; as restless schemers; restless ambition; restless subjects. ´Restless at home , and ever prone to range.´ Dryden. 3. Deprived of rest or sleep. “Restless he passed the remnants of the night.” Dryden. 4. Passed in unquietness; as the patient has had a restless night. 5. Not affording rest; as a restless chair. Cowper. Restless thrush. (Zoöl.) See Grinder, 3. Syn. — Unquiet; uneasy; disturbed; disquieted; sleepless; agitated; unsettled; roving; wandering. — Rest´less•ly, adv.- Rest´less•ness, n.

Re•stor´a•ble (r?•st?r´?•b’l), a. Admitting of being restored; capable of being reclaimed; as restorable land. Swift. — Re•stor´a•ble•ness, n.

Re•stor´al (-al), n. Restoration. [Obs.] Barrow.

Res•to•ra´tion (r?s•t?•r?´sh?n), n. [OE. restauracion, F. restauration, fr. L. restauratio. See Restore.] 1. The act of restoring or bringing back to a former place, station, or condition; the fact of being restored; renewal; reëstablishment; as the restoration of friendship between enemies; the restoration of peace after war. “Behold the different climes agree,
Rejoicing in thy restoration.” Dryden. 2. The state of being restored; recovery of health, strength, etc.; as restoration from sickness. 3. That which is restored or renewed. The restoration (Eng. Hist.), the return of King Charles II. in 1660, and the reëstablishment of monarchy. — Universal restoration (Theol.), the final recovery of all men from sin and alienation from God to a state of happiness; universal salvation. Syn. — Recovery; replacement; renewal; renovation; redintegration; reinstatement; reëstablishment; return; revival; restitution; reparation.

Res•to•ra´tion•er (-?r), n. A Restorationist.

Res•to•ra´tion•ism (-?z’m), n. The belief or doctrines of the Restorationists.

Res•to•ra´tion•ist, n. One who believes in a temporary future punishment and a final restoration of all to the favor and presence of God; a Universalist.

Re•stor´a•tive (r?•st?r´?•t?v), a. [Cf. F. restoratif.] Of or pertaining to restoration; having power to restore. “Destroys life’s enemy,
Hunger, with sweet restorative delight.” Milton.

Re•stor´a•tive, n. Something which serves to restore; especially, a restorative medicine. Arbuthnot.

Re•stor´a•tive•ly, adv. In a restorative manner.

Res´to•ra•tor (r?s´t?•r?•t?r), n. A restaurateur.

Re•stor´a•to•ry (r?•st?r´?•t?•r?), a. Restorative. [R.]

Re-store´ (r?•st?r´), v. t. [Pref. re- + store.] To store again; as the goods taken out were re-stored.

Re•store´ (r?•st?r´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restored (r?-st?rd´); p. pr. & vb. n. Restoring.] [OE. restoren, OF. restorer, F. restaurer, fr. L. restaurare; pref. re- re- + an unused word; cf. Gr. an upright pale or stake, Skr. sthvara fixed, firm. Cf. Restaurant, Store.] To bring back to its former state; to bring back from a state of ruin, decay, disease, or the like; to repair; to renew; to recover. ´To restore and to build Jerusalem.´ Dan. ix. 25. “Our fortune restored after the severest afflictions.” Prior. “And his hand was restored whole as the other.” Mark iii. 5. 2. To give or bring back, as that which has been lost., or taken away; to bring back to the owner; to replace. “Now therefore restore the man his wife.” Gen. xx. 7. “Loss of Eden, till one greater man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat.” Milton. “The father banished virtue shall restore.” Dryden. 3. To renew; to reëstablish; as to restore harmony among those who are variance. 4. To give in place of, or as satisfaction for. “He shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.” Ex. xxii. 1. 5. To make good; to make amends for. “But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,
All losses are restored, and sorrows end.” Shak. 6. (Fine Arts) (a) To bring back from a state of injury or decay, or from a changed condition; as to restore a painting, statue, etc. (b) To form a picture or model of, as of something lost or mutilated; as to restore a ruined building, city, or the like. Syn. — To return; replace; refund; repay; reinstate; rebuild; reëstablish; renew; repair; revive; recover; heal; cure.

Re•store´ , n. Restoration. [Obs.] Spenser.

Re•store´ment , n. Restoration. [Obs.]

Re•stor´er , n. One who, or that which, restores.

Re•strain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restrained p. pr. & vb. n. Restraining.] [OE. restreinen, F. restreindre, fr. L. restringere, restrictum; pref. re- re- + stringere to draw, bind, or press together. See Strain, v. t., and cf. Restrict.] 1. To draw back again; to hold back from acting, proceeding, or advancing, either by physical or moral force, or by any interposing obstacle; to repress or suppress; to keep down; to curb. “Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature
Gives way to in repose!” Shak. 2. To draw back toghtly, as a rein. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To hinder from unlimited enjoiment; to abridge. “Though they two were committed, at least restrained of their liberty.” Clarendon. 4. To limit; to confine; to restrict. Trench. “Not only a metaphysical or natural, but a moral, universality also is to be restrained by a part of the predicate.” I. Watts. 5. To withhold; to forbear. “Thou restrained prayer before God.” Job. xv. 4. Syn. — To check; hinder; stop; withhold; repress; curb; suppress; coerce; restrict; limit; confine.

Re•strain´a•ble , a. Capable of being restrained; controllable. Sir T. Browne.

Re•strain´ed•ly, adv. With restraint. Hammond.

Re•strain´er , n. One who, or that which, restrains.

Re•strain´ment , n. The act of restraining.

Re•straint´ , n. [OF. restraincte, fr. restrainct, F. restreint, p. p. of restraindre, restrendre. See Restrain.] 1. The act or process of restraining, or of holding back or hindering from motion or action, in any manner; hindrance of the will, or of any action, physical or mental. “No man was altogether above the restrains of law, and no man altogether below its protection.” Macaulay. 2. The state of being restrained. 3. That which restrains, as a law, a prohibition, or the like; limitation; restriction. “For one restraint, lords of the world besides.” Milton. Syn. — Repression; hindrance; check; stop; curb;oercion; confinement; limitation; restriction.

Re•strength´en , v. t. To strengthen again; to fortify anew.

Re•strict´ , a. [L. restrictus, p. p. of restringere. See Restrain.] Restricted. [Obs.]

Re•strict´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Restricting.] To restrain within bounds; to limit; to confine; as to restrict worlds to a particular meaning; to restrict a patient to a certain diet. Syn. — To limit; bound; circumscribe; restrain; repress; curb; coerce.

Re•stric´tion , n. [F. restriction, L. restrictio.] 1. The act of restricting, or state of being restricted; confinement within limits or bounds. “This is to have the same restriction with all other recreations,that it be made a divertisement.” Giv. of Tonque. 2. That which restricts; limitation; restraint; as restrictions on trade.

Re•stric´tion•a•ry , a. Restrictive. [R.]

Re•strict´ive , a. [Cf. F. restrictif.] 1. Serving or tending to restrict; limiting; as a restrictive particle; restrictive laws of trade. 2. Astringent or styptic in effect. [Obs.] Wiseman. —Re•strict´ive•ly, adv. — Re•strict´ive•ness, n.

Re•stringe´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restringed p. pr. & vb. n. Restringing ] [L. restringere. See Restrain.] To confine; to contract; to stringe. [Obs.]

Re•strin´gen•cy , n. Quality or state of being restringent; astringency. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty.

Re•strin´gent , a. [L. restringens, p. pr.: cf. F. restringent.] Restringing; astringent; styptic. [Obs.] — n. A restringent medicine. [Obs.] Harvey.

Re•strive´ , v. i. To strive anew.

Rest´y , a. Disposed to rest; indisposed toexercton; sluggish; also restive. [Obs.] Burton. “Where the master is too resty or too rich to say his own prayers.” Milton.

Re•sub•jec´tion, n. A second subjection.

Re•sub•lime´ , v. t. To sublime again. Newton. — Re•sub•li•ma´tion (#), n.

Re•su•da´tion , n. [L. resudare to sweat again. See Sudation.] Act of sweating again.

Re•sult´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Resulting.] [F. resulter, fr. L. resultare, resultarum, to spring or leap back, v. intens. fr. resilire. See Resile.] 1. To leap back; to rebound. [Obs.] “The huge round stone, resulting with a bound.” Pope. 2. To come out, or have an issue; to terminate; to have consequences; — followed by in; as this measure will result in good or in evil. 3. To proceed, spring, or rise, as a consequence, from facts, arguments, premises, combination of circumstances, consultation, thought, or endeavor. “Pleasure and peace do naturally result from a holy and good life.” Tillotson. Resulting trust (Law), a trust raised by implication for the benefit of a party granting an estate. The phrase is also applied to a trust raised by implication for the benefit of a party who advances the purchase money of an estate, etc. Bouvier. — Resulting use (Law), a use which, being limited by the deed, expires or can not vest, and thence returns to him who raised it. Bouvier. Syn. — To proceed; spring; rise; arise; ensue; terminate.

Re•sult´ , n. 1. A flying back; resilience. [Obs.] “Sound is produced between the string and the air by the return or the result of the string.” Bacon. 2. That which results; the conclusion or end to which any course or condition of things leads, or which is obtained by any process or operation; consequence or effect; as the result of a course of action; the result of a mathematical operation. “If our proposals once again were heard,
We should compel them to a quick result.” Milton. 3. The decision or determination of a council or deliberative assembly; a resolve; a decree. “Then of their session ended they bid cry
With trumpet’s regal sound the great result.” Milton. Syn. — Effect; consequence; conclusion; inference; issue; event. See Effect.

Re•sult´ance , n. The act of resulting; that which results; a result. Donne.

Re•sult´ant , a. [L. resultans, p. pr. : cf. F. resultant.] Resulting or issuing from a combination; existing or following as a result or consequence. Resultant force or motion (Mech.), a force which is the result of two or more forces acting conjointly, or a motion which is the result of two or more motions combined. See Composition of forces, under Composition.

Re•sult´ant, n. That which results. Specifically: (a) (Mech.) A reultant force or motion. (b) (Math.) An eliminant. “The resultant of homogeneous general functions of n variables is that function of their coefficients which, equaled to zero, expresses in the simplest terms the condition of the possibility of their existence.” Sylvester.

Re•sult´ate , n. [L. resultatus, p. p. ] A result. [Obs.] ´The resultate of their counsil.´ BAcon.

Re•sult´ful , a. HAving results or effects.

Re•sult´ive , a. Resultant. [Obs.] Fuller.

Re•sult´less, a. Being without result; as resultless investigations.

Re•sum´a•ble , a. Capable of, or admitting of, being resumed. Sir M. HAle.

Re•su´me´ , n. [F. See Resume.] A summing up; a condensed statement; an abridgment or brief recapitulation. “The exellent little resume thereof in Dr. Landsborough’s book.” C. Kingsley.

Re•sume´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resumed p. pr. & vb. n. Resuming.] [L. resumere, resumptum; pref. re- re- + sumere to take: cf. F. resumer. See Assume, Redeem.] 1. To take back. “The sun, like this, from which our sight we have,
Gazed on too long, resumes the light he gave.” Denham. “Perhaps God will resume the blessing he has bestowed ere he attains the age of manhood.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To enter upon, or take up again. “Reason resumed her place, and Passion fled.” Dryden. 3. To begin again; to recommence, as something which has been interrupted; as to resume an argument or discourse.

Re•sum´mon , v. t. To summon again.

Re•sum´mons , n. A second summons.

Re•sump´tion , n. [cf. F. resumption, L. resumptio restoration, recovery, fr. resumere. See Resume.] 1. The act of resuming; as the resumption of a grant, of delegated powers, of an argument, of specie payments, etc. 2. (Eng.Law) The taking again into the king’s hands of such lands or tenements as he had granted to any man on false suggestions or other error.

Re•sump´tive , a. [cf. L. resumptivus restorative.] Taking back; resuming, or tending toward resumption; as resumptive measures.

Re•su´pi•nate , a. [L. resupinatus, p. p. of resupinare to bend back. See Resupine.] Inverted in position; appearing to be upside down or reversed, as the flowers of the orchis and the leaves of some plants.

Re•su´pi•na•ted , a. Resupinate.

Re•su•pi•na´tion , n. The state of luing on the back; the state of being resupinate, or reversed. “Our Vitruvius calleth this affection in the eye a resupination of the figure.” Sir H. Wotton.

Re•su•pine´ , a. [L. resupinus; pref. re- re- + supinus bent backward, supine.] Lying on the back; supine; hence, careless. Sir K. Digby. “He spake, and, downward swayed, fell resupine,
With his huge neck aslant.” Cowper.

Re•sup•ply´ , v. t. To supply again.

Re•sur´gence , n. The act of rising again; resurrection.

Re•sur´gent , a. [L. resurgens, -entis, p. pr. of resurgere. See Resurrection.] Rising again, as from the dead. Coleridge.

Re•sur´gent, n. One who rises again, as from the dead. [R.] Sydney Smith.

Res•ur•rect´ , v. t. [See Resurrection.] 1. To take from the grave; to disinter. [Slang] 2. To reanimate; to restore to life; to bring to view (that which was forgotten or lost). [Slang]

Res•ur•rec´tion , n. [F. resurrection, L. resurrectio, fr. resurgere, resurrectum, to rise again; pref. re- re- + surgere to rise. See Source.] 1. A rising again; the resumption of vigor. 2. Especially, the rising again from the dead; the resumption of life by the dead; as the resurrection of Jesus Christ; the general resurrection of all the dead at the Day of Judgment. “Nor after resurrection shall he stay
Longer on earth.” Milton. 3. State of being risen from the dead; future state. “In the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage.” Matt. xxii. 30. 4. The cause or exemplar of a rising from the dead. “I am the resurrection, and the life.” John xi. 25. Cross of the resurrection, a slender cross with a pennant floating from the junction of the bars. — Resurrection plant (Bot.), a name given to several species of Selaginella (as S. convoluta and S. lepidophylla), flowerless plants which, when dry, close up so as to resemble a bird’s nest, but revive and expand again when moistened. The name is sometimes also given to the rose of Jericho. See under Rose.

Res•ur•rec´tion•ist , n. One who steals bodies from the grave, as for dissection. [Slang]

Res•ur•rec´tion•ize , v. t. To raise from the dead. [R.] Southey.

Re•sur•vey´ , v. t. To survey again or anew; to review. Shak.

Re•sur´vey , n. A second or new survey.

Re•sus´ci•ta•ble , a. Capable of resuscitation; as resuscitable plants. Boyle.

Re•sus´ci•tant , n. One who, or that which resuscitates. Also used adjectively.

Re•sus´ci•tate , a. [L. resuscitatus, p. p. of resuscitare; pref. re- re- + suscitare to raise, rouse. See Suscitate.] Restored to life. [R.] Bp. Gardiner.

Re•sus´ci•tate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resuscitated p. pr. & vb. n. Resuscitating.] To revivify; to revive; especially, to recover or restore from apparent death; as to resuscitate a drowned person; to resuscitate withered plants.

Re•sus´ci•tate, v. i. To come to life again; to revive. “These projects, however often slain, always resuscitate.” J. S. Mill.

Re•sus•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. resuscitatio.] The act of resuscitating, or state of being resuscitated. “The subject of resuscitation by his sorceries.” Sir W. Scott.

Re•sus´ci•ta•tive , a. Tending to resuscitate; reviving; revivifying.

Re•sus´ci•ta•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, resuscitates.

Ret , v. t. See Aret. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ret, v. t. [Akin to rot.] To prepare for use, as flax, by separating the fibers from the woody part by process of soaking, macerating, and other treatment. Ure.

Re•ta´ble , n. (Eccl.) A shelf behind the altar, for display of lights, vases of wlowers, etc.

Re´tail , n. [F. retaille piece cut off, shred, paring, or OF. retail, from retailler. See Retail, v.] The sale of commodities in small quantities or parcels; — opposed to wholesale; sometimes, the sale of commodities at second hand.

Re´tail, a. Done at retail; engaged in retailing commodities; as a retail trade; a retail grocer.

Re•tail´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retailed p. pr. & vb. n. Retailing.] [Cf. F. retailler to cut again; pref. re- re + tailler to cut. See Retail, n., Tailor, and cf. Detail.] 1. To sell in small quantities, as by the single yard, pound, gallon, etc.; to sell directly to the consumer; as to retail cloth or groceries. 2. To sell at second hand. [Obs. or R.] Pope. 3. To distribute in small portions or at second hand; to tell again or to many (what has been told or done); to report; as to retail slander. ´To whom I will retail my conquest won.´ Shak. “He is wit’s peddler, and retails his wares
At wakes and wassails.” Shak.

Re•tail´er , n. One who retails anything; as a retailer of merchandise; a retailer of gossip.

Re•tail´ment , n. The act of retailing.

Re•tain´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retained p. pr. & vb. n. Retaining.] [F. retainir, L. retinere; pref. re- re- + tenere to hold, keep. See Tenable, and cf. Rein of a bridle, Retention, Retinue.] 1. To continue to hold; to keep in possession; not to lose, part with, or dismiss; to retrain from departure, escape, or the like. ´Thy shape invisibleretain.´ Shak. “Be obedient, and retain
Unalterably firm his love entire.” Milton. “An executor may retain a debt due to him from the testator.” Blackstone. 2. To keep in pay; to employ by a preliminary fee paid; to hire; to engage; as to retain a counselor. “A Benedictine convent has now retained the most learned father of their order to write in its defense.” Addison. 3. To restrain; to prevent. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. Retaining wall (Arch. & Engin.), a wall built to keep any movable backing, or a bank of sand or earth, in its place; — called also retain wall. Syn. — To keep; hold; retrain. See Keep.

Re•tain´, v. i. 1. To belong; to pertain. [Obs.] “A somewhat languid relish, retaining to bitterness.” Boyle. 2. To keep; to continue; to remain. [Obs.] Donne.

Re•tain´a•ble , a. Capable of being retained.

Re•tain´al , n. The act of retaining; retention.

Re•tain´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, retains. 2. One who is retained or kept in service; an attendant; an adherent; a hanger-on. 3. Hence, a servant, not a domestic, but occasionally attending and wearing his master’s livery. Cowell. 4. (Law) (a) The act of a client by which he engages a lawyer or counselor to manage his cause. (b) The act of withholding what one has in his hands by virtue of some right. (c) A fee paid to engage a lawyer or counselor to maintain a cause, or to prevent his being employed by the opposing party in the case; — called also retaining fee. Bouvier. Blackstone. 5. The act of keeping dependents, or the state of being in dependence. Bacon.

Re•tain´ment , n. The act of retaining; retention. Dr. H. More.

Re•take´ , v. t. 1. To take or receive again. 2. To take from a captor; to recapture; as to retake a ship or prisoners.

Re•tak´er , n. One who takes again what has been taken; a recaptor. Kent.

Re•tal´i•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retaliated p. pr. & vb. n. Retaliating.] [L. retaliatus, p. p. of retaliare to retaliate; pref. re- re- + a word akin to talio talion, retaliation. Cf. Talion.] To return the like for; to repay or requite by an act of the same kind; to return evil for (evil). [Now seldom used except in a bad sense.] “One ambassador sent word to the duke’s son that his visit should be retaliated.” Sir T. Herbert. “It is unlucky to be obliged to retaliate the injuries of authors, whose works are so soon forgotten that we are in danger of appearing the first aggressors.” Swift.

Re•tal´i•ate, v. i. To return like for like; specifically, to return evil for evil; as to retaliate upon an enemy.

Re•tal•i•a´tion , n. The act of retaliating, or of returning like for like; retribution; now, specifically, the return of evil for evil; e.g., an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. “God … takes what is done to others as done to himself, and by promise obloges himself to full retaliation.” Calamy. Syn. — Requital; reprisal; retribution; punishment.

Re•tal´i•a•tive , a. Same as Retaliatory.

Re•tal´i•a•to•ry , a. Tending to, or involving, retaliation; retaliative; as retaliatory measures.

Re•tard´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Retarding.] [L. retardare, retardatum; pref. re- re- + tardare to make slow, to delay, fr. tardus slow: cf. F. retarder. See Tardy.] 1. To keep delaying; to continue to hinder; to prevent from progress; to render more slow in progress; to impede; to hinder; as to retard the march of an army; to retard the motion of a ship; — opposed to accelerate. 2. To put off; to postpone; as to retard the attacks of old age; to retard a rupture between nations. Syn. — To impede; hinder; obstruct; detain; delay; procrastinate; postpone; defer.

Re•tard´, v. i. To stay back. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.

Re•tard´, n. Retardation; delay. Retard, or Age, of the tide, the interval between the transit of the moon at which a tide originates and the appearance of the tide itself. It is found, in general, that any particular tide is not principally due to the moon’s transit immediately proceeding, but to a transit which has occured some time before, and which is said to correspond to it. The retard of the tide is thus distinguished from the lunitidal interval. See under Retardation. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Re•tar•da´tion , n. [L. retardatio: cf. F. retardation.] 1. The act of retarding; hindrance; the act of delaying; as the retardation of the motion of a ship; — opposed to acceleration. “The retardations of our fluent motion.” De Quinsey. 2. That which retards; an obstacle; an obstruction. “Hills, sloughs, and other terrestrial retardations.” Sir W. Scott. 3. (Mus.) The keeping back of an approaching consonant chord by prolonging one or more tones of a previous chord into the intermediate chord which follows; — differing from suspension by resolving upwards instead of downwards. 4. The extent to which anything is retarded; the amount of retarding or delay. Retardation of the tide. (a) The lunitidal interval, or the hour angle of the moon at the time of high tide any port; the interval between the transit of the moon and the time of high tide next following. (b) The age of the tide; the retard of the tide. See under Retard, n.

Re•tard´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. retardatif.] Tending, or serving, to retard.

Re•tard´er , n. One who, or that which, retards.

Re•tard´ment , n. [Cf. F. retardement.] The act of retarding; retardation. Cowley.

Retch , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retched p. pr. & vb. n. Retching.] [AS. hrcan to clear the throat, hawk, fr. hraca throat; akin to G. rachen, and perhaps to E. rack neck.] To make an effort to vomit; to strain, as in vomiting. [Written also reach.] “Beloved Julia, hear me still beseeching!
(Here he grew inarticulate with retching.)” Byron.

Retch, v. t. & i. [See Reck.] To care for; to heed; to reck. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Retch´less, a. Careless; reckless. [Obs.] Dryden. —- Retch´less•ly, adv. — Retch´less•ness, n. [Obs.]

Re´te , n. [L., a net.] (Anat.) A net or network; a plexus; particularly, a network of blood vessels or nerves, or a part resembling a network.

Re•te´cious , a. [L. rete a net.] Resembling network; retiform.

Re•tec´tion , n. [L. retegere, retectum, to uncover; pref. re- + tegere to cover.] Act of disclosing or uncovering something concealed. [Obs.] Boyle.

Re•tell , v. t. To tell again.

Ret´ene , n. [Gr. pine resin.] (Chem.) A white crystalline hydrocarbon, polymeric with benzene. It is extracted from pine tar, and is also found in certain fossil resins.

Re•tent´ , n. [L. retentum, fr. retentus, p. p. See Retain.] That which is retained. Hickok.

Re•ten´tion , n. [L. retentio: cf. F. retention. See Retain.] 1. The act of retaining, or the state of being ratined. 2. The power of retaining; retentiveness. “No woman’s heart
So big, to hold so much; they lack retention.” Shak. 3. That which contains something, as a tablet; a of preserving impressions. [R.] Shak. 4. The act of withholding; retraint; reserve. Shak. 5. Place of custody or confinement. 6. (Law) The right of withholding a debt, or of retaining property until a debt due to the person claiming the right be duly paid; a lien. Erskine. Craig. Retention cyst (Med.), a cyst produced by obstruction of a duct leading from a secreting organ and the consequent retention of the natural secretions.

Re•ten´tive , a. [Cf. F. retentif.] Having power to retain; as a retentive memory. “Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron,
Can be retentive to the strength of spirit.” Shak.

Re•ten´tive, n. That which retains or confines; a restraint. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Re•ten´tive•ly, adv. In a retentive manner.

Re•ten´tive•ness, n. The quality of being retentive.

Re•ten•tiv´i•ty , n. The power of retaining; retentive force; as the retentivity of a magnet.

Re•ten´tor , n. [L., a retainer.] (Zoöl.) A muscle which serves to retain an organ or part in place, esp. when retracted. See Illust. of Phylactolemata.

Re•te•pore , n. [L. rete a net + porus pore.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of bryozoans of the genus Retepora. They form delicate calcareous corals, usually composed of thin fenestrated fronds.

Re•tex´ , v. t. [L. retexere, lit., to unweave; pref. re- re + texere to weave. ] To annual, as orders. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Re•tex´ture , n. The act of weaving or forming again. Carlyle.

Reth´or , n. [Cf. F. rheteur. See Rhetor.] A rhetorician; a careful writer. [Obs.] “If a rethor couthe fair endite.” Chaucer.

Reth´o•ryke , n. Rhetoric. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•ti•a´ri•us , n. [L., fr. rete a net.] (Rom.Antiq.) A gladiator armed with a net for entangling his adversary and a trident for despatching him.

Re´ti•a•ry , n. [See Retiarius.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any spider which spins webs to catch its prey. 2. A retiarius.

Re•ti•a•ry, a. [Cf. LL. retiarius.] 1. Netlike. “This work is in retiary, or hanging textures.” Sir T. Browne. 2. Constructing or using a web, or net, to catch prey; — said of certain spiders. 3. Armed with a net; hence, skillful to entangle. “Scholastic retiary versatility of logic.” Coleridge.

Ret´i•cence , n. [L. reticentia: cf. F. reticence.] 1. The quality or state of being reticent, or keeping silence; the state of holding one’s tonque; refraining to speak of that which is suggested; uncommunicativeness. “Such fine reserve and noble reticence.” Tennyson. 2. (Rhet.) A figure by which a person really speaks of a thing while he makes a show as if he would say nothingon the subject.

Ret´i•cen•cy , n. Reticence.

Ret´i•cent , a. [L. reticens, p. pr. of reticere to keep silence; re- + tacere to be silent. See Tacit.] Inclined to keep silent; reserved; uncommunicative.

Ret´i•cle , n. [See Reticule.] 1. A small net. 2. A reticule. See Reticule, 2. [R.]

Re•tic´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. reticulaire. See Reticule.] 1. Having the form of a net, or of network; formed with interstices; retiform; as reticular cartilage; a reticular leaf. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a reticulum.

Re•tic•u•la´ri•a , n. pl. [NL. See Reticular.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of rhizopods in which the pseudopodia are more or less slender and coalesce at certain points, forming irregular meshes. It includes the shelled Foraminifera, together with some groups which lack a true shell.

Re•tic•u•la´ri•an , n. (Zoöl). One of the Reticularia.

Re•tic´u•lar•ly, adv. In a reticular manner. { Re•tic´u•late , Re•tic´u•la•ted }, a. [L. reticulatus. See Reticule.] 1. Resembling network; having the form or appearance of a net; netted; as a reticulated structure. 2. Having veins, fibers, or lines crossing like the threads or fibers of a network; as a reticulate leaf; a reticulated surface; a reticulated wing of an insect. Reticulated glass, ornamental ware made from glass in which one set of white or colored lines seems to meet and interlace with another set in a different plane. — Reticulated micrometer, a micrometer for an optical instrument, consisting of a reticule in the focus of an eyepiece. — Reticulated work (Masonry), work constructed with diamond-shaped stones, or square stones placed diagonally.

Re•tic•u•la´tion , n. The quality or state of being reticulated, or netlike; that which is reticulated; network; an organization resembling a net. “The particular net you occupy in the great reticulation.” Carlyle.

Ret´i•cule , n.. [F. reticule, L. reticulum, dim. of rete a net. Cf.Retina, Reticle.] 1. A little bag, originally of network; a woman’s workbag, or a little bag to be carried in the hand. De Quincey. 2. A system of wires or lines in the focus of a telescope or other instrument; a reticle.

Re•tic•u•lo´sa , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Reticularia.

Re•tic´u•lose , a. Forming a network; characterized by a reticulated sructure. Reticulose rhizopod (Zoöl.), a rhizopod in which the pseudopodia blend together and form irregular meshes.

Re•tic´u•lum , n.;pl. Reticula (#). [L. dim. of rete a net.] (Anat.) (a) The second stomach of ruminants, in which folds of the mucous membrane form hexagonal cells; — also called the honeycomb stomach. (b) The neuroglia.

Ret´i•form , a. [L. rete a net + -form. cf. F. retiforme.] Composed of crossing lines and interstices; reticular; netlike; as the retiform coat of the eye.

Ret´i•na , n. [NL., from L. rete a net. Cf. Reticule.] (Anat.) The delicate membrane by which the back part of the globe of the eye is lined, and in which the fibers of the optic nerve terminate. See Eye. The fibers of the optic nerve and the retinal blood vessels spread out upon the front surface of the retina, while the sensory layer (called Jacob’s membrane), containing the rods and cones, is on the back side, next the choroid coat.

Ret•i•nac´u•lum , n.; pl. Retinacula (#). [L., a holdfast, a band. See Retain.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A connecting band; a fraenum; as the retinacula of the ileocaecal and ileocolic valves. (b) One of the annular ligaments which hold the tendons close to the bones at the larger joints, as at the wrist and ankle. 2. (Zoöl) One of the retractor muscles of the proboscis of certain worms. 3. (Bot.) A small gland or process to which bodies are attached; as the glandular retinacula to which the pollinia of orchids are attached, or the hooks which support the seeds in many acanthaceous plants.

Ret´i•nal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the retina. Retinal purple (Physiol. Chem.), the visual purple.

Re•tin´a•lite , n. [Gr. resin + -lite.] (Min.) A translucent variety of serpentine, of a honey yellow or greenish yellow color, having a waxy resinlike luster. { Ret•in•as´phalt , Ret•in•as•phal´tum , } n. [Gr. resin + asphalt.] (Min.) Retinite.

Ret´i•nerved , a. [L. rete a net + E. nerve.] (Bot.) Having reticulated veins.

Ret•i•ne´um , n.; pl. Retinea (#). [NL. See Retina.] (Zoöl.) That part of the eye of an invertebrate which corresponds in function with the retina of a vertebrate.

Re•tin´ic , a. [Gr. resin.] (Min. Chem.) Of or pertaining to resin; derived from resin; specifically, designating an acid found in certain fossil resins and hydrocarbons.

Ret´i•nite , n. [Gr. resin: cf. F. retinite.] (Min.) An inflammable mineral resin, usually of a yellowish brown color, found in roundish masses, sometimes with coal.

Ret•i•ni´tis , n. [NL., fr. NL. & E. retina + -tis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the retina.

Ret´i•noid , a. [Gr. resin + -oid.] Resinlike, or resinform; resembling a resin without being such.

Ret´i•nol , n. [Gr. resin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon oil obtained by the distillation of resin, — used in printer’s ink.

Ret•i•noph´o•ra , n.; pl. Retiniphorae (#). [NL., fr. NL. & E. retina + Gr. to bear.] (Zoöl.) One of group of two to four united cells which occupy the axial part of the ocelli, or ommatidia, of the eyes of invertebrates, and contain the terminal nerve fibrillae. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

Ret•i•noph´o•ral , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to retinophorae.

Ret•i•nos´co•py , n. [Retina + -scopy.] (Physiol.) The study of the retina of the eye by means of the ophthalmoscope.

Ret´i•nue , n. [OE. retinue, OF. retinue, fr. retenir to retain, engage, hire. See Retain.] The body of retainers who follow a prince or other distinguished person; a train of attendants; a suite. “Others of your insolent retinue.” Shak. “What followers, what retinue canst thou gain?” Milton. To have at one’s retinue, to keep or employ as a retainer; to retain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•tin´u•la , n.; pl. Retinulae (#). [NL., dim. of NL. & E. retina.] (Zoöl.) One of the group of pigmented cells which surround the retinophorae of invertebrates. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

Re•tin´u•late , a. (Zoöl.) Having, or characterized by, retinul.

Ret•i•ped , n. [L. rete a net + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. retinopède.] (Zoöl.) A bird having small polygonal scales covering the tarsi.

Re•tir´a•cy , n. Retirement; — mostly used in a jocose or burlesque way. [U.S.] Bartlett. “What one of our great men used to call dignified retiracy.” C. A. Bristed.

Ret•i•rade´ , n. [F.; cf. Sp. retirada retreat. See Retire.] (Fort.) A kind of retrenchment, as in the body of a bastion, which may be disputed inch by inch after the defenses are dismantled. It usually consists of two faces which make a reëntering angle.

Re•tire´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retired p. pr. & vb. n. Retiring.] [F. retirer; pref. re- re- + tirer to draw. See Tirade.] 1. To withdraw; to take away; — sometimes used reflexively. “He … retired himself, his wife, and children into a forest.” Sir P. Sidney. “As when the sun is present all the year,
And never doth retire his golden ray.” Sir J. Davies. 2. To withdraw from circulation, or from the market; to take up and pay; as to retire bonds; to retire a note. 3. To cause to retire; specifically, to designate as no longer qualified for active service; to place on the retired list; as to retire a military or naval officer.

Re•tire´ , v. i. 1. To go back or return; to draw back or away; to keep aloof; to withdraw or retreat, as from observation; to go into privacy; as to retire to his home; to retire from the world, or from notice. “To Una back he cast him to retire.” Spenser. “The mind contracts herself, and shrinketh in,
And to herself she gladly doth retire.” Sir J. Davies. 2. To retreat from action or danger; to withdraw for safety or pleasure; as to retire from battle. “Set Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and die.” 2 Sam. xi. 15. 3. To withdraw from a public station, or from business; as having made a large fortune, he retired. “And from Britannia’s public posts retire.” Addison. 4. To recede; to fall or bend back; as the shore of the sea retires in bays and gulfs. 5. To go to bed; as he usually retires early. Syn. — To withdraw; leave; depart; secede; recede; retreat; retrocede.

Re•tire´, n. 1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; also a place to which one retires. [Obs.] “The battle and the retire of the English succors.” Bacon. “[Eve] discover’d soon the place of her retire.” Milton. 2. (Mil.) A call sounded on a bugle, announcing to skirmishers that they are to retire, or fall back.

Re•tired´ , a. 1. Private; secluded; quiet; as a retired life; a person of retired habits. “A retired part of the peninsula.” Hawthorne. 2. Withdrawn from active duty or business; as a retired officer; a retired physician. Retired flank (Fort.), a flank bent inward toward the rear of the work. — Retired list (Mil. & Naval), a list of officers, who, by reason of advanced age or other disability, are relieved from active service, but still receive a specified amount of pay from the government. — Re•tired´ly, adv. — Re•tired´ness, n.

Re•tire´ment , n. [Cf. F. retirement.] 1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; withdrawal; seclusion; as the retirement of an officer. “O, blest Retirement, friend of life’s decline.” Goldsmith. “Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books.” Thomson. 2. A place of seclusion or privacy; a place to which one withdraws or retreats; a private abode. [Archaic] “This coast full of princely retirements for the sumptousness of their buildings and nobleness of the plantations.” Evelyn. “Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus.” Addison. Syn. — Solitude; withdrawment; departure; retreat; seclusion; privacy. See Solitude.

Re•tir´er , n. One who retires.

Re•tir´ing, a. 1. Reserved; shy; not forward or obtrusive; as retiring modesty; retiring manners. 2. Of or pertaining to retirement; causing retirement; suited to, or belonging to, retirement. Retiring board (Mil.), a board of officers who consider and report upon the alleged incapacity of an officer for active service. — Retiring pension, a pension granted to a public officer on his retirement from office or service.

Ret´i•stene , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline hydrocarbon produced indirectly from retene.

Ret•i•te´lae , n. pl. [NL., fr. rete a net + tela a web.] (Zoöl.) A group of spiders which spin irregular webs; — called also Retitelariae.

Re•told´ , imp. & p. p. of Retell.

Re•tor´sion , n. Same as Retortion.

Re•tort´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retorting.] [L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere; pref. re- re- + torquere to turn twist. See Torsion, and cf. Retort, n., 2.] 1. To bend or curve back; as a retorted line. “With retorted head, pruned themselves as they floated.” Southey. 2. To throw back; to reverberate; to reflect. “As when his virtues, shining upon others,
Heat them and they retort that heat again
To the first giver.” Shak. 3. To return, as an argument, accusation, censure, or incivility; as to retort the charge of vanity. “And with retorted scorn his back he turned.” Milton.

Re•tort´, v. i. To return an argument or a charge; to make a severe reply. Pope.

Re•tort´, n. [See Retort, v. t.] 1. The return of, or reply to, an argument, charge, censure, incivility, taunt, or witticism; a quick and witty or severe response. “This is called the retort courteous.” Shak. 2. [F. retorte (cf. Sp. retorta), fr. L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere. So named from its bent shape. See Retort, v. t.] (Chem. & the Arts) A vessel in which substances are subjected to distillation or decomposition by heat. It is made of different forms and materials for different uses, as a bulb of glass with a curved beak to enter a receiver for general chemical operations, or a cylinder or semicylinder of cast iron for the manufacture of gas in gas works. Tubulated retort (Chem.), a retort having a tubulure for the introduction or removal of the substances which are to be acted upon. Syn. — Repartee; answer. — Retort, Repartee. A retort is a short and pointed reply, turning back on an assailant the arguments, censure, or derision he had thrown out. A repartee is usually a good-natured return to some witty or sportive remark.

Re•tort´er , n. One who retorts.

Re•tor´tion , n. [Cf. F. retorsion. See Retort, v. t.] 1. Act of retorting or throwing back; reflection or turning back. [Written also retorsion.] “It was however, necessary to possess some single term expressive of this intellectual retortion.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Law) Retaliation. Wharton.

Re•tort´ive , a. Containing retort.

Re•toss´ , v. t. To toss back or again.

Re•touch´ , v. t. [Pref. re- + touch: cf. F. retoucher.] 1. To touch again, or rework, in order to improve; to revise; as to retouch a picture or an essay. 2. (Photog.) To correct or change, as a negative, by handwork.

Re•touch´, n. (Fine Arts) A partial reworking,as of a painting, a sculptor’s clay model, or the like.

Re•touch´er , n. One who retouches.

Re•trace´ , v. t. [Pref. re- + trace: cf. F. retracer. Cf. Retract.] 1. To trace back, as a line. “Then if the line of Turnus you retrace,
He springs from Inachus of Argive race.” Driden. 2. To go back, in or over (a previous course); to go over again in a reverse direction; as to retrace one’s steps; to retrace one’s proceedings. 3. To trace over again, or renew the outline of, as a drawing; to draw again.

Re•tract´ (re•trakt´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retracting.] [F. retracter, L. retractare, retractatum, to handle again, reconsider, retract, fr. retrahere, retractum, to draw back. See Retreat.] 1. To draw back; to draw up or shorten; as the cat can retract its claws; to retract a muscle. 2. To withdraw; to recall; to disavow; to recant; to take back; as to retract an accusation or an assertion. “I would as freely have retracted this charge of idolatry as I ever made it.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 3. To take back,, as a grant or favor previously bestowed; to revoke. [Obs.] Woodward. Syn. — To recall; withdraw; rescind; revoke; unsay; disavow; recant; abjure; disown.

Re•tract´, v. i. 1. To draw back; to draw up; as muscles retract after amputation. 2. To take back what has been said; to withdraw a concession or a declaration. “She will, and she will not; she grants, denies,
Consents, retracts, advances, and then files.” Granville.

Re•tract´, n. (Far.) The pricking of a horse’s foot in nailing on a shoe.

Re•tract´a•ble (-a•b’l), a. [Cf. F. retractable.] Capable of being retracted; retractile.

Re•tract´ate , v. t. [L. retractatus, p. p. of retractare. See Retract.] To retract; to recant. [Obs.]

Re•trac•ta´tion , n. [Cf. F. retractation, L. retractatio a revision, reconsideration. ] The act of retracting what has been said; recantation.

Re•tract´i•ble , a. Retractable.

Re•tract´ile , a. [Cf. F. - retractile.] (Physiol.) Capable of retraction; capable of being drawn back or up; as the claws of a cat are retractile.

Re•trac´tion (re•trak´shun), n. [Cf. F. retraction, L. retractio a drawing back, hesitation.] 1. The act of retracting, or drawing back; the state of being retracted; as the retraction of a cat’s claws. 2. The act of withdrawing something advanced, stated, claimed, or done; declaration of change of opinion; recantation. “Other men’s insatiable desire of revenge hath wholly beguiled both church and state of the benefit of all my either retractions or concessions.” Eikon Basilike. 3. (Physiol.) (a) The act of retracting or shortening; as the retraction of a severed muscle; the retraction of a sinew. (b) The state or condition of a part when drawn back, or towards the center of the body.

Re•tract´ive , a. Serving to retract; of the nature of a retraction. — Re•tract´ive•ly, adv.

Re•tract´ive, n. That which retracts, or withdraws.

Re•tract´or (-er), n. One who, or that which, retracts. Specifically: (a) In breech-loading firearms, a device for withdrawing a cartridge shell from the barrel. (b) (Surg.) An instrument for holding apart the edges of a wound during amputation. (c) (Surg.) A bandage to protect the soft parts from injury by the saw during amputation. (d) (Anat. & Zoöl.) A muscle serving to draw in any organ or part. See Illust. under Phylactolaemata.

Re•traict´ (re•trat´), n. Retreat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Re•trait´ (re•trat´), n. [It. ritratto, fr. ritrarre to draw back, draw, fr. L. retrahere. See Retract.] A portrait; a likeness. [Obs.] “Whose fair retrait I in my shield do bear.” Spenser.

Re•trans•form´ , v. t. To transform anew or back. — Re•trans•for•ma´tion (#), n.

Re•trans•late´ , v. t. To translate anew; especially, to translate back into the original language.

Re•trax´it , n. [L., (he) has withdrawn. See Retract.] (O. Eng. Law) The withdrawing, or open renunciation, of a suit in court by the plaintiff, by which he forever lost his right of action. Blackstone.

Re•tread´ , v. t. & i. To tread again.

Re•treat´ , n. [F. retraite, fr. retraire to withdraw, L. retrahere; pref. re- re- + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Retract, Retrace.] 1. The act of retiring or withdrawing one’s self, especially from what is dangerous or disagreeable. “In a retreat he otruns any lackey.” Shak. 2. The place to which anyone retires; a place or privacy or safety; a refuge; an asylum. “He built his son a house of pleasure, and spared no cost to make a delicious retreat.” L’Estrange. “That pleasing shade they sought, a soft retreat
From sudden April showers, a shelter from the heat.” Dryden. 3. (Mil. & Naval.) (a) The retiring of an army or body of men from the face of an enemy, or from any ground occupied to a greater distance from the enemy, or from an advanced position. (b) The withdrawing of a ship or fleet from an enemy for the purpose of avoiding an engagement or escaping after defeat. (c) A signal given in the army or navy, by the beat of a drum or the sounding of trumpet or bugle, at sunset (when the roll is called), or for retiring from action. A retreat is properly an orderly march, in which circumstance it differs from a flight. 4. (Eccl.) (a) A special season of solitude and silence to engage in religious exercises. (b) A period of several days of withdrawal from society to a religious house for exclusive occupation in the duties of devotion; as to appoint or observe a retreat. Syn. — Retirement; departure; withdrawment; seclusion; solitude; privacy; asylum; shelter; refuge.

Re•treat´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Retreating.] To make a retreat; to retire from any position or place; to withdraw; as the defeated army retreated from the field. “The rapid currents drive
Towards the retreating sea their furious tide.” Milton.

Re•treat´ful , a. Furnishing or serving as a retreat. [R.] ´Our retreatful flood.´ Chapman.

Re•treat´ment , n. The act of retreating; specifically, the Hegira. [R.] D’Urfey.

Re•trench´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retrenched p. pr. & vb. n. Retrenching.] [OF. retrenchier, F. retrancher; pref. re- re- + OF. trenchier, F. trancher, to cut. See Trench.] 1. To cut off; to pare away. “Thy exuberant parts retrench.” Denham. 2. To lessen; to abridge; to curtail; as to retrench superfluities or expenses. “But this thy glory shall be soon retrenched.” Milton. 3. To confine; to limit; to restrict. Addison. “These figures, ought they then to receive a retrenched interpretation?” I. Taylor. 4. (Fort.) To furnish with a retrenchment; as to retrench bastions. Syn. — To lesen; diminish; curtail; abridge.

Re•trench´, v. i. To cause or suffer retrenchment; specifically, to cut down living expenses; as it is more reputable to retrench than to live embarrassed.

Re•trench´ment , n. [Cf. F. retrenchment.] 1. The act or process of retrenching; as the retrenchment of words in a writing. “The retrenchment of my expenses will convince you that mean to replace your fortune as far as I can.” Walpole. 2. (Fort.) A work constructed within another, to prolong the defense of the position when the enemy has gained possession of the outer work; or to protect the defenders till they can retreat or obtain terms for a capitulation. Syn. — Lessening; curtailment; diminution; reduction; abridgment.

Re•tri´al , n. A secdond trial, experiment, or test; a second judicial trial, as of an accused person.

Re•trib´ute , v. t. [L. retributus, p. p. ofretribuere to retribute; pref re- + tribuere to bestow, assign, pay. See Tribute.] To pay back; to give in return, as payment, reward, or punishment; to requite; as to retribute one for his kindness; to retribute just punishment to a criminal. [Obs. or R.] Locke.

Re•trib´u•ter , n. One who makes retribution.

Ret•ri•bu´tion , n. [L. retributio: cf. F. retribution.] 1. The act of retributing; repayment. “In good offices and due retributions, we may not be pinching and niggardly.” Bp. Hall. 2. That which is given in repayment or compensation; return suitable to the merits or deserts of, as an action; commonly, condign punishment for evil or wrong. “All who have their reward on earth, …
Naught seeking but the praise of men, here find
Fit retribution, empty as their deeds.” Milton. 3. Specifically, reward and punishment, as distributed at the general judgment. “It is a strong argument for a state of retribution hereafter, that in this world virtuous persons are very often unfortunate, and vicious persons prosperous.” Addison. Syn. — Repayment; requital; recompense; payment; retaliation. { Re•trib´u•tive , Re•trib´u•to•ry }, a. [Cf. LL. retributorius worthy of retribution.] Of or pertaining to retribution; of the nature of retribution; involving retribution or repayment; as retributive justice; retributory comforts.

Re•triev´a•ble , a. [From Retrieve.] That may be retrieved or recovered; admitting of retrieval. — Re•triev´a•ble•ness, n. — Re•triev´a•bly, adv.

Re•triev´al , n. The act retrieving.

Re•trieve´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retrieved p. pr. & vb. n. Retrieving.] [OE. retreven, OF. retrover to find again, recover (il retroevee finds again), F. retrouver; pref. re- re- + OF. trover to find, F. trouver. See Trover.] 1. To find again; to recover; to regain; to restore from loss or injury; as to retrieve one’s character; to retrieve independence. “With late repentance now they would retrieve
The bodies they forsook, and wish to live.” Dryden 2. To recall; to bring back. “To retrieve them from their cold, trivial conceits.” Berkeley. 3. To remedy the evil consequence of, to repair, as a loss or damadge. “Accept my sorrow, and retrieve my fall.” Prior. “There is much to be done … and much to be retrieved.” Burke. Syn. — To recover; regain; recruit; repair; restore.

Re•trieve´ , v. i. (Sport.) To discover and bring in game that has been killed or wounded; as a dog naturally inclined to retrieve. Walsh.

Re•trieve´, n. 1. A seeking again; a discovery. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. The recovery of game once sprung; — an old sporting term. [Obs.] Nares.

Re•trieve´ment , n. Retrieval.

Re•triev´er , n. 1. One who retrieves. 2. (Zoöl.) A dor, or a breed of dogs, chiefly employed to retrieve, or to find and recover game birds that have been killed or wounded.

Re•trim´ , v. t. To trim again.

Ret´ri•ment , n. [L. retrimentum.] Refuse; dregs. [R.]

Retro-. [L. retro, adv., backward, back. Cf. Re-.] A prefix or combining form signifying backward, back; as retroact, to act backward; retrospect, a looking back.

Re•tro•act´ , v. i. [Pref. retro- + act.] To act backward, or in return; to act in opposition; to be retrospective.

Re•tro•ac´tion , n. [Cf. F. retroaction.] 1. Action returned, or action backward. 2. Operation on something past or preceding.

Re•tro•act´ive , a. [Cf. F. retroactif.] Fitted or designed to retroact; operating by returned action; affecting what is past; retrospective. Beddoes. Retroactive law or statute (Law), one which operates to make criminal or punishable, or in any way expressly to affect, acts done prior to the passing of the law.

Re•tro•act´ive•ly, adv. In a retroactive manner.

Re´tro•cede , v. t. [Pref. retro- + cede: cf. F. retroceder.] To cede or grant back; as to retrocede a territory to a former proprietor.

Re´tro•cede, v. i. [L. retrocedere; retro backward, back + cedere to go. See Cede.] To go back.

Re•tro•ced´ent , a. [L. retrocedens, p. pr.] Disposed or likely to retrocede; — said of diseases which go from one part of the body to another, as the gout.

Re•tro•ces´sion , n. [Cf. F. retrocession. See Retrocede.] 1. The act of retroceding. 2. The state of being retroceded, or granted back. 3. (Med.) Metastasis of an eruption or a tumor from the surface to the interior of the body.

Re´tro•choir , n. [Pref. retro- + choir.] (Eccl. Arch.) Any extension of a church behind the high altar, as a chapel; also in an apsidal church, all the space beyond the line of the back or eastern face of the altar.

Re•tro•cop´u•lant , a. [See Retrocopulation.] Copulating backward, or from behind.

Re•tro•cop•u•la´tion , n. [Pref. retro- + copulation.] Copulation from behind. Sir T. Browne.

Re•tro•duc´tion , n. [L. retroducere, retroductum, to lead or bring back; retro backward + ducere to lead.] A leading or bringing back. { Re´tro•flex , Re´tro•flexed } a. [Pref. retro- + L. flectere, flexum, to bend, to turn.] Reflexed; bent or turned abruptly backward.

Re•tro•flex´ion , n. The act of reflexing; the state of being retroflexed. Cf. Retroversion. { Re´tro•fract , Re´tro•fract•ed } a. [Pref. retro- + L. fractus, p. p. of frangere to break.] (Bot.) Refracted; as a retrofract stem.

Re•tro•gen´er•a•tive , a. [Pref. retro- + generative.] Begetting young by retrocopulation.

Re•tro•gra•da´tion , n. [F. retrogradation or L. retrogradatio. See Retrograde.] 1. The act of retrograding, or moving backward. 2. The state of being retrograde; decline.

Re´tro•grade , a. [L. retrogradus, from retrogradi, retrogressus, to retrograde; retro back + gradi to step: cf. F. retrograde. See Grade.] 1. (Astron.) Apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, that is, from east to west, as a planet. Hutton. “And if he be in the west side in that condition, then is he retrograde.” Chaucer. 2. Tending or moving backward; having a backward course; contrary; as a retrograde motion; — opposed to progressive. ´Progressive and not retrograde.´ Bacon. “It is most retrograde to our desire.” Shak. 3. Declining from a better to a worse state; as a retrograde people; retrograde ideas morals, etc. Bacon.

Re´tro•grade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retrograded p. pr. & vb. n. Retrograding.] [L. retrogradare, retrogradi: cf. F. retrograder.] 1. To go in a retrograde direction; to move, or appear to move, backward, as a planet. 2. Hence, to decline from a better to a worse condition, as in morals or intelligence.

Re´tro•gra•ding•ly , adv. By retrograding; so as to retrograde.

Re´tro•gress , n. [Cf. L. retrogressus.] Retrogression. [R.] H. Spenser.

Re•tro•gres´sion , n. [Cf. F. retrogression. See Retrograde, and cf. Digression.] 1. The act of retrograding, or going backward; retrogradation. 2. (Biol.) Backward development; a passing from a higher to a lower state of organization or structure, as when an animal, approaching maturity, becomes less highly organized than would be expected from its earlier stages or known relationship. Called also retrograde development, and regressive metamorphism.

Re•tro•gres´sive, a. [Cf. F. retrogressif.] 1. Tending to retrograde; going or moving backward; declining from a better to a worse state. 2. (Biol.) Passing from a higher to a lower condition; declining from a more perfect state of organization; regressive.

Re•tro•gres´sive•ly, adv. In a retrogressive manner.

Re•tro•min´gen•cy , n. The quality or state of being retromingent. Sir T. Browne.

Re•tro•min´gent , a. [Pref. retro- + L. mingens, p. pr. of mingere to urinate.] Organized so as to discharge the urine backward. — n. (Zoöl.) An animal that discharges its urine backward.

Re•tro•pul´sive , a. [Pref. retro- + L. pellere, pulsum, to impel.] Driving back; repelling.

Re•trorse´ , a. [L. retrorsus, retroversus; retro back + vertere, versum, to turn. Cf. Retrovert.] Bent backward or downward. — Re•trorse´ly, adv.

Re´tro•spect , v. i. [L. retrospicere; retro back + specere, spectum, to look. See Spy, and cf. Expect.] To look backward; hence, to affect or concern what is past. “It may be useful to retrospect to an early period.” A. Hamilton.

Re´tro•spect, n. A looking back on things past; view or contemplation of the past. Cowper. “We may introduce a song without retrospect to the old comedy.” Landor.

Re•tro•spec´tion , n. The act, or the faculty, of looking back on things past.

Re•tro•spec´tive , a. [Cf. F. retrospectif.] 1. Looking backward; contemplating things past; — opposed to prospective; as a retrospective view. “The sage, with retrospective eye.” Pope. 2. Having reference to what is past; affecting things past; retroactive; as a retrospective law. “Inflicting death by a retrospective enactment.” Macaulay.

Re•tro•spec´tive•ly, adv. By way of retrospect.

Re•trous•se´ , a. [F., p.p. of retrousser to turn up.] Turned up; — said of a pug nose.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Re•tro•vac•ci•na´tion , n. (Med.) The inoculation of a cow with human vaccine virus.

Re•tro•ver´sion , n. [Cf. F. retroversion. See Retrovert.] A turning or bending backward; also the state of being turned or bent backward; displacement backwards; as retroversion of the uterus. In retroversion the bending is gradual or curved; in retroflexion it is abrupt or angular.

Re´tro•vert , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retroverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retroverting.] [Pref. retro- + L. vertere, versum, to turn. Cf. Retrorse.] To turn back.

Re´tro•vert•ed, a. In a state of retroversion.

Re•trude´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Retruding.] [L. retrudere; re- + trudere to thrust.] To thrust back. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Re•truse´ , a. [L. retrusus concealed, p. p. of retrudere.] Abstruse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Re•tru´sion , n. The act of retruding, or the state of being retruded. “In virtue of an endless remotion or retrusion of the constituent cause.” Coleridge.

Re•try´ , v. t. To try (esp. judicially) a second time; as to retry a case; to retry an accused person.

Rette , v. t. See Aret. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ret´ter•y , n. A place or establishment where flax is retted. See Ret. Ure.

Ret´ting , n. 1. The act or process of preparing flax for use by soaking, maceration, and kindred processes; — also called rotting. See Ret. Ure. 2. A place where flax is retted; a rettery. Ure.

Re•tund´ , v. t. [L. retundere, retusum; pref. re- re- + tundere to beat.] To blunt; to turn, as an edge; figuratively, to cause to be obtuse or dull; as to retund confidence. Ray. Cudworth.

Re-turn´ , v. t. & i. To turn again.

Re•turn´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Returned p. pr. & vb. n. Returning.] [OE. returnen, retournen, F. retourner; pref. re- re- + tourner to turn. See Turn.] 1. To turn back; to go or come again to the same place or condition. ´Return to your father’s house.´ Chaucer. “On their embattled ranks the waves return.” Milton. “If they returned out of bondage, it must be into a state of freedom.” Locke. “Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.” Gen. iii. 19. 2. To come back, or begin again, after an interval, regular or irregular; to appear again. “With the year
Seasons return; but not me returns
Day or the sweet approach of even or morn.” Milton. 3. To speak in answer; to reply; to respond. “He said, and thus the queen of heaven returned.” Pope. 4. To revert; to pass back into possession. “And Jeroboam said in his heart, Now shall the kingdom return to the house of David.” 1Kings xii. 26. 5. To go back in thought, narration, or argument. ´But to return to my story.´ Fielding.

Re•turn´, v. t. 1. To bring, carry, send, or turn, back; as to return a borrowed book, or a hired horse. “Both fled attonce, ne ever back returned eye.” Spenser. 2. To repay; as to return borrowed money. 3. To give in requital or recompense; to requite. “The Lord shall return thy wickedness upon thine own head.” 1 Kings ii. 44. 4. To give back in reply; as to return an answer; to return thanks. 5. To retort; to throw back; as to return the lie. “If you are a malicious reader, you return upon me, that I affect to be thought more impartial than I am.” Dryden. 6. To report, or bring back and make known. “And all the people answered together, … and Moses returned the words of the people unto the Lord.” Ex. xix. 8. 7. To render, as an account, usually an official account, to a superior; to report officially by a list or statement; as to return a list of stores, of killed or wounded; to return the result of an election. 8. Hence, to elect according to the official report of the election officers. [Eng.] 9. To bring or send back to a tribunal, or to an office, with a certificate of what has been done; as to return a writ. 10. To convey into official custody, or to a general depository. “Instead of a ship, he should levy money, and return the same to the treasurer for his majesty’s use.” Clarendon. 11. (Tennis) To bat (the ball) back over the net. 12. (Card Playing) To lead in response to the lead of one’s partner; as to return a trump; to return a diamond for a club. To return a lead (Card Playing), to lead the same suit led by one’s partner. Syn. — To restore; requite; repay; recompense; render; remit; report.

Re•turn´ , n. 1. The act of returning (intransitive), or coming back to the same place or condition; as the return of one long absent; the return of health; the return of the seasons, or of an anniversary. “At the return of the year the king of Syria will come up against thee.” 1 Kings xx. 22. “His personal return was most required and necessary.” Shak. 2. The act of returning (transitive), or sending back to the same place or condition; restitution; repayment; requital; retribution; as the return of anything borrowed, as a book or money; a good return in tennis. “You made my liberty your late request:
Is no return due from a grateful breast?” Dryden. 3. That which is returned. Specifically: (a) A payment; a remittance; a requital. “I do expect return
Of thrice three times the value of this bond.” Shak. (b) An answer; as a return to one’s question. (c) An account, or formal report, of an action performed, of a duty discharged, of facts or statistics, and the like; as election returns; a return of the amount of goods produced or sold; especially, in the plural, a set of tabulated statistics prepared for general information. (d) The profit on, or advantage received from, labor, or an investment, undertaking, adventure, etc. “The fruit from many days of recreation is very little; but from these few hours we spend in prayer, the return is great.” Jer. Taylor. 4. (Arch.) The continuation in a different direction, most often at a right angle, of a building, face of a building, or any member, as a molding or mold; — applied to the shorter in contradistinction to the longer; thus, a facade of sixty feet east and west has a return of twenty feet north and south. 5. (Law) (a) The rendering back or delivery of writ, precept, or execution, to the proper officer or court. (b) The certificate of an officer stating what he has done in execution of a writ, precept, etc., indorsed on the document. (c) The sending back of a commission with the certificate of the commissioners. (d) A day in bank. See Return day, below. Blackstone. 6. (Mil. & Naval) An official account, report, or statement, rendered to the commander or other superior officer; as the return of men fit for duty; the return of the number of the sick; the return of provisions, etc. 7. pl. (Fort. & Mining) The turnings and windings of a trench or mine. Return ball, a ball held by an elastic string so that it returns to the hand from which it is thrown, — used as a plaything. — Return bend, a pipe fitting for connecting the contiguous ends of two nearly parallel pipes lying alongside or one above another. — Return day (Law), the day when the defendant is to appear in court, and the sheriff is to return the writ and his proceedings. — Return flue, in a steam boiler, a flue which conducts flame or gases of combustion in a direction contrary to their previous movement in another flue. — Return pipe (Steam Heating), a pipe by which water of condensation from a heater or radiator is conveyed back toward the boiler.

Re•turn´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of, or admitting of, being returned. 2. (Law) Legally required to be returned, delivered, given, or rendered; as a writ or precept returnable at a certain day; a verdict returnable to the court.

Re•turn´er , n. One who returns.

Re•turn´less, a. Admitting no return. Chapman.

Re•tuse´ , a. [L. retusus, p. p. : cf. F. retus. See Retund.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having the end rounded and slightly indented; as a retuse leaf.

Reule , n.& v. Rule. [Obs.]

Reume , n. Realm. [Obs.]

Re•un´ion , n. [Pref. re- + union: cf. F. reunion.] 1. A second union; union formed anew after separation, secession, or discord; as a reunion of parts or particles of matter; a reunion of parties or sects. 2. An assembling of persons who have been separated, as of a family, or the members of a disbanded regiment; an assembly so composed.

Re•u•nite´ , v. t. & i. To unite again; to join after separation or variance. Shak.

Re•u•nit´ed•ly , adv. In a reunited manner.

Re•u•ni´tion , n. A second uniting. [R.]

Re•urge´ , v. t. To urge again.

Re•vac´ci•nate , v. t. To vaccinate a second time or again. — Re•vac•ci•na´tion(#), n.

Rev•a•les´cence , n. The act of growing well; the state of being revalescent. “Would this prove that the patient’s revalescence had been independent of the medicines given him?” Coleridge.

Rev•a•les´cent , a. [L. revalescens, -entis, p. pr. of revalescere; pref. re- re- + valescere, v. incho. fr. valere to be well.] Growing well; recovering strength.

Re•val•u•a´tion , n. A second or new valuation.

Re•vamp´ , v. t. To vamp again; hence, to patch up; to reconstruct.

Reve , v. t. To reave. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Reve, n. [See Reeve.] An officer, steward, or governor. [Usually written reeve.] [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Re•veal´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revealed p. pr. & vb. n. Revealing.] [F. reveler, L. revelare, revelatum, to unveil, reveal; pref. re- re- + velare to veil; fr. velum a veil. See Veil.] 1. To make known (that which has been concealed or kept secret); to unveil; to disclose; to show. “Light was the wound, the prince’s care unknown,
She might not, would not, yet reveal her own.” Waller. 2. Specifically, to communicate (that which could not be known or discovered without divine or supernatural instruction or agency). Syn. — To communicate; disclose; divulge; unveil; uncover; open; discover; impart; show. See Communicate. — Reveal, Divulge. To reveal is literally to lift the veil, and thus make known what was previously concealed; to divulge is to scatter abroad among the people, or make publicly known. A mystery or hidden doctrine may be revealed; something long confined to the knowledge of a few is at length divulged. ´Time, which reveals all things, is itself not to be discovered.´ Locke. ´A tragic history of facts divulged.´ Wordsworth.

Re•veal´, n. 1. A revealing; a disclosure. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) The side of an opening for a window, doorway, or the like, between the door frame or window frame and the outer surface of the wall; or, where the opening is not filled with a door, etc., the whole thickness of the wall; the jamb. [Written also revel.]

Re•veal•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being revealable; revealableness.

Re•veal´a•ble , a. Capable of being revealed. — Re•veal´a•ble•ness, n.

Re•veal´er , n. One who, or that which, reveals.

Re•veal´ment , n. Act of revealing. [R.]

Re•veg´e•tate , v. i. To vegetate anew.

Re•veil´le , n. [F. reveil, fr. reveiller to awake; pref. re- re- + pref. es- (L. ex) + veiller to awake, watch, L. vigilare to watch. The English form was prob. taken by mistake from the French imper. reveillez,2d pers. pl. See Vigil.] (Mil.) The beat of drum, or bugle blast, about break of day, to give notice that it is time for the soldiers to rise, and for the sentinels to forbear challenging. ´Sound a reveille.´ Dryden. “For at dawning to assail ye
Here no bugles sound reveille.” Sir W. Scott.

Rev´el , n. (Arch.) See Reveal. [R.]

Rev´el, n. [OF. revel rebellion, disorder, feast, sport. See Revel, v. i.] A feast with loose and noisy jollity; riotous festivity or merrymaking; a carousal. “This day in mirth and revel to dispend.” Chaucer. “Some men ruin … their bodies by incessant revels.” Rambler. Master of the revels, Revel master. Same as Lord of misrule, under Lord.

Rev´el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reveled or Revelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Reveling or Revelling.] [OF. reveler to revolt, rebel, make merry, fr. L. rebellare. See Rebel.] 1. To feast in a riotous manner; to carouse; to act the bacchanalian; to make merry. Shak. 2. To move playfully; to indulge without restraint. ´Where joy most revels.´ Shak.

Re•vel´ , v. t. [L. revellere; re- + vellere to pluck, pull.] To draw back; to retract. [Obs.] Harvey.

Rev´e•late , v. t. [L. revelatus, p. p. of revelare to reveal.] To reveal. [Obs.] Frith. Barnes.

Rev•e•la´tion , n. [F. revelation, L. revelatio. See Reveal.] 1. The act of revealing, disclosing, or discovering to others what was before unknown to them. 2. That which is revealed. 3. (Theol.) (a) The act of revealing divine truth. (b) That which is revealed by God to man; esp., the Bible. “By revelation he made known unto me the mystery, as I wrote afore in few words.” Eph. iii. 3. 4. Specifically, the last book of the sacred canon, containing the prophecies of St. John; the Apocalypse.

Rev´e•la•tor , n. [L.] One who makes a revelation; a revealer. [R.]

Rev´el•er , n. [Written also reveller.] One who revels. ´Moonshine revelers.´ Shak.

Re•vel´lent , a. [L. revellens, p. pr. of revellere. See Revel, v. t.] Causing revulsion; revulsive. — n. (Med.) A revulsive medicine.

Rev´el•ment , n. The act of reveling.

Rev´el•ous , a. [OF. reveleus.] Fond of festivity; given to merrymaking or reveling. [Obs.] “Companionable and revelous was she.” Chaucer.

Rev´el-rout , n. [See Rout.] 1. Tumultuous festivity; revelry. [Obs.] Rowe. 2. A rabble; a riotous assembly; a mob. [Obs.]

Rev´el•ry , n. [See Revel, v. i. & n.] The act of engaging in a revel; noisy festivity; reveling. “And pomp and feast and revelry.” Milton.

Re•ven´di•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revendicated p. pr. & vb. n. Revendicating.][Cf. F. revendiquer. See Revenge.] To reclaim; to demand the restoration of. [R.] Vattel (Trans.).

Re•ven•di•ca´tion , n. [F. revendication.] The act of revendicating. [R.] Vattel (Trans.)

Re•venge´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revenged , p. pr. & vb. n. Revenging .] [OF. revengier, F. revancher; pref. re- re- + OF. vengier to avenge, revenge, F. venger, L. vindicare. See Vindicate, Vengerance, and cf. Revindicate.] 1. To inflict harm in return for, as an injury, insult, etc.; to exact satisfaction for, under a sense of injury; to avenge; — followed either by the wrong received, or by the person or thing wronged, as the object, or by the reciprocal pronoun as direct object, and a preposition before the wrong done or the wrongdoer. “To revenge the death of our fathers.” Ld. Berners. “The gods are just, and will revenge our cause.” Dryden. “Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come,
Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius.” Shak. 2. To inflict injury for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit; to wreak vengeance for maliciously. Syn. — To avenge; vindicate. See Avenge.

Re•venge´, v. i. To take vengeance; — with upon. [Obs.] ´A bird that will revenge upon you all.´ Shak.

Re•venge´, n. 1. The act of revenging; vengeance; retaliation; a returning of evil for evil. “Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is even with his enemy; but in passing it over he is superior.” Bacon. 2. The disposition to revenge; a malignant wishing of evil to one who has done us an injury. “Revenge now goes
To lay a complot to betray thy foes.” Shak. “The indulgence of revenge tends to make men more savage and cruel.” Kames.

Re•venge´a•ble , a. Capable of being revenged; as revengeable wrong. Warner.

Re•venge´ance , n. Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.]

Re•venge´ful , a. Full of, or prone to, revenge; vindictive; malicious; revenging; wreaking revenge. “If thy revengeful heart can not forgive.” Shak. “May my hands …
Never brandish more revengeful steel.” Shak. Syn. — Vindictive; vengeful; resentful; malicious. — Re•venge´ful•ly, adv. — Re•venge´ful•ness, n.

Re•venge´less, a. Unrevenged. [Obs.] Marston.

Re•venge´ment , n. Revenge. [Obs.] “He ’ll breed revengement and a scourge for me.” Shak.

Re•ven´ger , n. One who revenges. Shak.

Re•ven´ging , a. Executing revenge; revengeful. — Re•ven´ging•ly, adv. Shak.

Rev´e•nue , n. [F. revenu, OF. revenue, fr. revenir to return, L. revenire; pref. re- re- + venire to come. See Come.] 1. That which returns, or comes back, from an investment; the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any species of property, real or personal; income. “Do not anticipate your revenues and live upon air till you know what you are worth.” Gray. 2. Hence, return; reward; as a revenue of praise. 3. The annual yield of taxes, excise, customs, duties, rents, etc., which a nation, state, or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use. Revenue cutter, an armed government vessel employed to enforce revenue laws, prevent smuggling, etc.

Re•verb´ , v. t. To echo. [Obs.] Shak.

Re•ver´ber•ant , a. [L. reverberans, p. pr. : cf. F. reverberant. See Reverberate.] Having the quality of reverberation; reverberating.

Re•ver´ber•ate , a. [L. reverberatus, p. p. of reverberare to strike back, repel; pref. re- re- + verberare to lash, whip, beat, fr. verber a lash, whip, rod.] 1. Reverberant. [Obs.] ´The reverberate hills.´ Shak. 2. Driven back, as sound; reflected. [Obs.] Drayton.

Re•ver´ber•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverberated p. pr. & vb. n. Reverberating.] 1. To return or send back; to repel or drive back; to echo, as sound; to reflect, as light, as light or heat. “Who, like an arch, reverberates
The voice again.” Shak. 2. To send or force back; to repel from side to side; as flame is reverberated in a furnace. 3. Hence, to fuse by reverberated heat. [Obs.] ´Reverberated into glass.´ Sir T. Browne.

Re•ver´ber•ate, v. i. 1. To resound; to echo. 2. To be driven back; to be reflected or repelled, as rays of light; to be echoed, as sound.

Re•ver•ber•a´tion , n. [CF. F. reverberation.] The act of reverberating; especially, the act of reflecting light or heat, or reëchoing sound; as the reverberation of rays from a mirror; the reverberation of rays from a mirror; the reverberation of voices; the reverberation of heat or flame in a furnace.

Re•ver´ber•a•tive , a. Of the nature of reverberation; tending to reverberate; reflective. “This reverberative influence is that which we have intended above, as the influence of the mass upon its centers.” I. Taylor.

Re•ver´ber•a•tor , n. One who, or that which, produces reverberation.

Re•ver´ber•a•to•ry , a. Producing reverberation; acting by reverberation; reverberative. Reverberatory furnace. See the Note under Furnace.

Re•ver´ber•a•to•ry, n. A reverberatory furnace.

Re•ver´dure , v. t. To cover again with verdure. Ld. Berners.

Re•vere´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revered p. pr. & vb. n. Revering.] [L. revereri; pref. re- re- + vereri to fear, perh. akin to E. wary: cf. F. reverer.] To regard with reverence, or profound respect and affection, mingled with awe or fear; to venerate; to reverence; to honor in estimation. “Marcus Aurelius, whom he rather revered as his father than treated as his partner in the empire.” Addison. Syn. — To venerate; adore; reverence.

Rev´er•ence , n. [F. reverence, L. reverentia. See Reverent.] 1. Profound respect and esteem mingled with fear and affection, as for a holy being or place; the disposition to revere; veneration. “If thou be poor, farewell thy reverence.” Chaucer. “Reverence, which is the synthesis of love and fear.” Coleridge. “When discords, and quarrels, and factions, are carried openly and audaciously, it is a sign the reverence of government islost.” Bacon. Formerly, as in Chaucer, reverence denoted ´respect´ ´honor´, without awe or fear. 2. The act of revering; a token of respect or veneration; an obeisance. “Make twenty reverences upon receiving … about twopence.” Goldsmith. “And each of them doeth all his diligence
To do unto the feast reverence.” Chaucer. 3. That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state. “I am forced to lay my reverence by.” Shak. 4. A person entitled to be revered; — a title applied to priests or other ministers with the pronouns his or your; sometimes poetically to a father. Shak. Save your reverence, Saving your reverence, an apologetical phrase for an unseemly expression made in the presence of a priest or clergyman. — Sir reverence, a contracted form of Save your reverence. “Such a one as a man may not speak of, without he say. ´Sir reverence.´” Shak. — To do reverence, to show reverence or honor; to perform an act of reverence. “Now lies he there,
And none so poor to do him reverence.” Shak. Syn. — Awe; honor; veneration; adoration; dread. — Awe, Reverence, Dread, Veneration. Reverence is a strong sentiment of respect and esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with fear; as reverence for the divine law. Awe is a mixed feeling of sublimity and dread in view of something great or terrible, sublime or sacred; as awe at the divine presence. It does not necessarily imply love. Dread is an anxious fear in view of an impending evil; as dread of punishment. Veneration is reverence in its strongest manifestations. It is the highest emotion we can exercise toward human beings. Exalted and noble objects produce reverence; terrific and threatening objects awaken dread; a sense of the divine presence fills us with awe; a union of wisdom and virtue in one who is advanced in years inspires us with veneration.

Rev´er•ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverenced p. pr. & vb. n. Reverencing ] To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate. “Let … the wife see that she reverence her husband.” Eph. v. 33. “Those that I reverence those I fear, the wise.” Shak.

Rev´er•en•cer , n. One who regards with reverence. ´Reverencers of crowned heads.´ Swift.

Rev´er•end , a. [F. reverend, L. reverendus, fr. revereri. See Revere.] Worthy of reverence; entitled to respect mingled with fear and affection; venerable. “A reverend sire among them came.” Milton. “They must give good example and reverend deportment in the face of their children.” Jer. Taylor. This word is commonly given as a title of respect to ecclesiastics. A clergyman is styled the reverend; a dean, the very reverend; a bishop, the right reverend; an archbishop, the most reverend.

Rev´er•end•ly, adv. Reverently. [Obs.] Foxe.

Rev´er•ent , a. [L. reverens, -entis, p. pr. of revereri. See Revere.] 1. Disposed to revere; impressed with reverence; submissive; humble; respectful; as reverent disciples. ´They … prostrate fell before him reverent.´ Milton. 2. Expressing reverence, veneration, devotion, or submission; as reverent words; reverent behavior. Joye.

Rev•er•en´tial , a. [Cf. F. reverenciel. See Reverence.] Proceeding from, or expressing, reverence; having a reverent quality; reverent; as reverential fear or awe. ´A reverential esteem of things sacred.´ South.

Rev•er•en´tial•ly, adv. In a reverential manner.

Rev´er•ent•ly, adv. In a reverent manner; in respectful regard.

Re•ver´er , n. One who reveres. { Rev´er•ie , Rev´er•y } n.; pl. Reveries (#). [F. reverie, fr. rêver to dream, rave, be light-headed. Cf. Rave.] 1. A loose or irregular train of thought occurring in musing or mediation; deep musing; daydream. ´Rapt in nameless reveries.´ Tennyson. “When ideas float in our mind without any reflection or regard of the understanding, it is that which the French call revery, our language has scarce a name for it.” Locke. 2. An extravagant conceit of the fancy; a vision. [R.] “There are infinite reveries and numberless extravagancies pass through both [wise and foolish minds].” Addison.

Re•ver´sal , a. [See Reverse.] Intended to reverse; implying reversal. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Re•ver´sal, n. [From Reverse.] 1. The act of reversing; the causing to move or face in an opposite direction, or to stand or lie in an inverted position; as the reversal of a rotating wheel; the reversal of objects by a convex lens. 2. A change or overthrowing; as the reversal of a judgment, which amounts to an official declaration that it is false; the reversal of an attainder, or of an outlawry, by which the sentence is rendered void. Blackstone.

Re•verse´ , a. [OE. revers, OF. revers, L. reversus, p. p. of revertere. See Revert.] 1. Turned backward; having a contrary or opposite direction; hence; opposite or contrary in kind; as the reverse order or method. ´A vice reverse unto this.´ Gower. 2. Turned upside down; greatly disturbed. [Obs.] “He found the sea diverse
With many a windy storm reverse.” Gower. 3. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Reversed; as a reverse shell. Reverse bearing (Surv.), the bearing of a back station as observed from the station next in advance. - - Reverse curve (Railways), a curve like the letter S, formed of two curves bending in opposite directions. — Reverse fire (Mil.), a fire in the rear. — Reverse operation (Math.), an operation the steps of which are taken in a contrary order to that in which the same or similar steps are taken in another operation considered as direct; an operation in which that is sought which in another operation is given, and that given which in the other is sought; as finding the length of a pendulum from its time of vibration is the reverse operation to finding the time of vibration from the length.

Re•verse´ (re•vers´), n. [Cf. F. revers. See Reverse, a.] 1. That which appears or is presented when anything, as a lance, a line, a course of conduct, etc., is reverted or turned contrary to its natural direction. “He did so with the reverse of the lance.” Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is directly opposite or contrary to something else; a contrary; an opposite. Chaucer. “And then mistook reverse of wrong for right.” Pope. “To make everything the reverse of what they have seen, is quite as easy as to destroy.” Burke. 3. The act of reversing; complete change; reversal; hence, total change in circumstances or character; especially, a change from better to worse; misfortune; a check or defeat; as the enemy met with a reverse. “The strange reverse of fate you see;
I pitied you, now you may pity me.” Dryden. “By a reverse of fortune, Stephen becomes rich.” Lamb. 4. The back side; as the reverse of a drum or trench; the reverse of a medal or coin, that is, the side opposite to the obverse. See Obverse. 5. A thrust in fencing made with a backward turn of the hand; a backhanded stroke. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Surg.) A turn or fold made in bandaging, by which the direction of the bandage is changed.

Re•verse´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reversed (-verst´);p. pr. & vb. n. Reversing.] [See Reverse, a., and cf. Revert.] 1. To turn back; to cause to face in a contrary direction; to cause to depart. “And that old dame said many an idle verse,
Out of her daughter’s heart fond fancies to reverse.” Spenser. 2. To cause to return; to recall. [Obs.] “And to his fresh remembrance did reverse
The ugly view of his deformed crimes.” Spenser. 3. To change totally; to alter to the opposite. “Reverse the doom of death.” Shak. “She reversed the conduct of the celebrated vicar of Bray.” Sir W. Scott. 4. To turn upside down; to invert. “A pyramid reversed may stand upon his point if balanced by admirable skill.” Sir W. Temple. 5. Hence, to overthrow; to subvert. “These can divide, and these reverse, the state.” Pope. “Custom … reverses even the distinctions of good and evil.” Rogers. 6. (Law) To overthrow by a contrary decision; to make void; to under or annual for error; as to reverse a judgment, sentence, or decree. Reverse arms (Mil.), a position of a soldier in which the piece passes between the right elbow and the body at an angle of 45°, and is held as in the illustration. — To reverse an engine or a machine, to cause it to perform its revolutions or action in the opposite direction. Syn. — To overturn; overset; invert; overthrow; subvert; repeal; annul; revoke; undo.

Re•verse´, v. i. 1. To return; to revert. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To become or be reversed.

Re•versed´ , a. 1. Turned side for side, or end for end; changed to the contrary; specifically (Bot. & Zoöl.), sinistrorse or sinistral; as a reversed, or sinistral, spiral or shell. 2. (Law) Annulled and the contrary substituted; as a reversed judgment or decree. Reversed positive or negative (Photog.), a picture corresponding with the original in light and shade, but reversed as to right and left. Abney.

Re•vers´ed•ly , adv. In a reversed way.

Re•verse´less, a. Irreversible. [R.] A. Seward.

Re•verse´ly, adv. In a reverse manner; on the other hand; on the opposite. Bp. Pearson.

Re•vers´er , n. One who reverses.

Re•vers•i•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being reversible. Tyndall.

Re•vers´i•ble , a. [Cf. F. reversible revertible, reversionary.] 1. Capable of being reversed; as a chair or seat having a reversible back; a reversible judgment or sentence. 2. Hence, having a pattern or finished surface on both sides, so that either may be used; — said of fabrics. Reversible lock, a lock that may be applied to a door opening in either direction, or hinged to either jamb. — Reversible process. See under Process.

Re•vers´i•bly, adv. In a reversible manner.

Re•vers´ing, a. Serving to effect reversal, as of motion; capable of being reversed. Reversing engine, a steam engine having a reversing gear by means of which it can be made to run in either direction at will. — Reversing gear (Mach.), gear for reversing the direction of rotation at will.

Re•ver´sion (re•ver´shun), n. [F. reversion, L. reversio a turning back. See Revert.] 1. The act of returning, or coming back; return. [Obs.] “After his reversion home, [he] was spoiled, also of all that he brought with him.” Foxe. 2. That which reverts or returns; residue. [Obs.] “The small reversion of this great navy which came home might be looked upon by religious eyes as relics.” Fuller. 3. (Law) The returning of an estate to the grantor or his heirs, by operation of law, after the grant has terminated; hence, the residue of an estate left in the proprietor or owner thereof, to take effect in possession, by operation of law, after the termination of a limited or less estate carved out of it and conveyed by him. Kent. 4. Hence, a right to future possession or enjoyment; succession. “For even reversions are all begged before.” Dryden. 5. (Annuities) A payment which is not to be received, or a benefit which does not begin, until the happening of some event, as the death of a living person. Brande & C. 6. (Biol.) A return towards some ancestral type or character; atavism. Reversion of series (Alg.), the act of reverting a series. See To revert a series, under Revert, v. t.

Re•ver´sion•a•ry , a. (Law) Of or pertaining to a reversion; involving a reversion; to be enjoyed in succession, or after the termination of a particular estate; as a reversionary interest or right.

Re•ver´sion•a•ry, n. (Law) That which is to be received in reversion.

Re•ver´sion•er , n. (Law) One who has a reversion, or who is entitled to lands or tenements, after a particular estate granted is terminated. Blackstone.

Re•ver´sis , n. [F.] A certain game at cards.

Re•vert´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverting.] [L. revertere, reversum; pref. re- re- + vertere to turn: cf. OF. revertir. See Verse, and cf. Reverse.] 1. To turn back, or to the contrary; to reverse. “Till happy chance revert the cruel scence.” Prior. “The tumbling stream …
Reverted, plays in undulating flow.” Thomson. 2. To throw back; to reflect; to reverberate. 3. (Chem.) To change back. See Revert, v. i. To revert a series (Alg.), to treat a series, as y = a + bx + cx2 + etc., where one variable y is expressed in powers of a second variable x, so as to find therefrom the second variable x, expressed in a series arranged in powers of y.

Re•vert´, v. i. 1. To return; to come back. “So that my arrows
Would have reverted to my bow again.” Shak. 2. (Law) To return to the proprietor after the termination of a particular estate granted by him. 3. (Biol.) To return, wholly or in part, towards some preëxistent form; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type. 4. (Chem.) To change back, as from a soluble to an insoluble state or the reverse; thus, phosphoric acid in certain fertilizers reverts.

Re•vert´, n. One who, or that which, reverts. “An active promoter in making the East Saxons converts, or rather reverts, to the faith.” Fuller.

Re•vert´ed, a. Turned back; reversed. Specifically: (Her.) Bent or curved twice, in opposite directions, or in the form of an S.

Re•vert´ent , n. (Med.) A remedy which restores the natural order of the inverted irritative motions in the animal system. [Obs.] E. Darwin.

Re•vert´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, reverts. 2. (Law) Reversion. Burrill.

Re•vert´i•ble , a. Capable of, or admitting of, reverting or being reverted; as a revertible estate.

Re•vert´ive , a. Reverting, or tending to revert; returning. — Re•vert´ive•ly, adv. “The tide revertive, unattracted, leaves
A yellow waste of idle sands behind.” Thomson.

Rev´er•y , n. Same as Reverie.

Re•vest´ (re•vest´), v. t. [OF reverstir, F. revêtir, L. revestire; pref. re- re- + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis a garment. See Vestry, and cf. Revet.] 1. To clothe again; to cover, as with a robe; to robe. “Her, nathless, … the enchanter
Did thus revest and decked with due habiliments.” Spenser. 2. To vest again with possession or office; as to revest a magistrate with authority.

Re•vest´, v. i. To take effect or vest again, as a title; to revert to former owner; as the title or right revests in A after alienation.

Re•ves´ti•a•ry , n. [LL. revestiarium: cf. F. revestiaire. See Revest.] The apartment, in a church or temple, where the vestments, etc., are kept; — now contracted into vestry.

Re•ves´try , n. Same as Revestiary. [Obs.]

Re•vest´ture , n. Vesture. [Obs.] “Richrevesture of cloth of gold.” E. Hall.

Re•vet´ (re•vet´), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revetted;p. pr. & vb. n. Revetting.] [See Revetment.] (Mil. & Civil Engineering) To face, as an embankment, with masonry, wood, or other material.

Re•vet´ment , n. [F. revêtement the lining of a ditch, fr. revêtir to clothe, L. revestire. See Revest, v. t.] (Fort. & Engin.) A facing of wood, stone, or any other material, to sustain an embankment when it receives a slope steeper than the natural slope; also a retaining wall. [Written also revêtement .]

Re•vi´brate , v. i. To vibrate back or in return. — Re•vi•bra´tion (#), n.

Re•vict´ , v. t. [L. revictus, p. p. of revincere to conquer.] To reconquer. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Re•vic´tion , n. [From L. revivere, revictum, to live again; pref. re- re- + vivere to live.] Return to life. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Re•vict´ual , v. t. To victual again.

Re•vie´ , v. t. 1. To vie with, or rival, in return. 2. (Card Playing) To meet a wager on, as on the taking of a trick, with a higher wager. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Re•vie´, v. i. 1. To exceed an adversary’s wager in card playing. [Obs.] 2. To make a retort; to bandy words. [Obs.]

Re•view´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reviewd p. pr. & vb. n. Reveiwing.] [Pref. re- + view. Cf. Review, n. ] 1. To view or see again; to look back on. [R.] ´I shall review Sicilia.´ Shak. 2. To go over and examine critically or deliberately. Specifically: (a) To reconsider; to revise, as a manuscript before printing it, or a book for a new edition. (b) To go over with critical examination, in order to discover exellences or defects; hence, to write a critical notice of; as to review a new novel. (c) To make a formal or official examination of the state of, as troops, and the like; as to review a regiment. (d) (Law) To reëxamine judically; as a higher court may review the proceedings and judgments of a lower one. 3. To retrace; to go over again. “Shall I the long, laborious scene review?” Pope.

Re•view´, v. i. To look back; to make a review.

Re•view´, n. [F. revue, fr. revu, p. p. of revoir to see again, L. revidere; pref. re- re- + videre to see. See View, and cf. Revise.] 1. A second or repeated view; a reëxamination; a retrospective survey; a looking over again; as a review of one’s studies; a review of life. 2. An examination with a view to amendment or improvement; revision; as an author’s review of his works. 3. A critical examination of a publication, with remarks; a criticism; a critique. 4. A periodical containing critical essays upon matters of interest, as new productions in literature, art, etc. 5. An inspection, as of troops under arms or of a naval force, by a high officer, for the purpose of ascertaining the state of discipline, equipments, etc. 6. (Law) The judicial examination of the proceedings of a lower court by a higher. 7. A lesson studied or recited for a second time. Bill of review (Equity), a bill, in the nature of proceedings in error, filed to procure an examination and alteration or reversal of a final decree which has been duly signed and enrolled. Wharton. — Commission of review (Eng. Eccl. Law), a commission formerly granted by the crown to revise the sentence of the court of delegates. Syn. — Reëxamination; resurvey; retrospect; survey; reconsideration; revisal; revise; revision.

Re•view´a•ble , a. Capable of being reviewed.

Re•view´al , n. A review. [R.] Southey.

Re•view´er , n. One who reviews or reëxamines; an inspector; one who examines publications critically, and publishes his opinion upon their merits; a professional critic of books.

Re•vig´or•ate , a. [LL. revigoratus, p. p. of revigorare; L. re- + vigor vigor.] Having new vigor or strength; invigorated anew. [R.] Southey.

Re•vig´or•ate , v. t. To give new vigor to. [Obs.]

Re•vile´ , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Reviled p. pr. & vb. n. Reviling.] [Pref. re- + OF. aviler to make vile, depreciate, F. avilir; à (L. ad.) + vil vile. See Vile.] To address or abuse with opprobrious and contemptuous language; to reproach. ´And did not she herself revile me there?´ Shak. “Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again.” 1 Pet. ii. 23. Syn. — To reproach; vilify; upbraid; calumniate.

Re•vile´, n. Reproach; reviling. [Obs.] “The gracious Judge, without revile, replied.” Milton.

Re•vile´ment , n. The act of reviling; also contemptuous language; reproach; abuse. Spenser.

Re•vil´er , n. One who reviles. 1. Cor. vi. 10.

Re•vil´ing, n. Reproach; abuse; vilification. “Neither be ye afraid of their revilings.” Isa. li. 7.

Re•vil´ing, a. Uttering reproaches; containing reproaches. — Re•vil´ing•ly, adv.

Re•vince´ , v. t. [See Revict.] To overcome; to refute, as error. [Obs.] Foxe.

Re•vin´di•cate , v. t. [Pref. re- + vindicate. Cf. Revindicate, Revenge.] To vindicate again; to reclaim; to demand and take back. Mitford.

Rev•i•res´cence , n. [L. revirescens, p. pr. of revirescere to grow green again.] A growing green or fresh again; renewal of youth or vigor. [Obs.]

Re•vis´a•ble , a. That may be revised.

Re•vis´al , n. [From Revise.] The act of revising, or reviewing and reëxamining for correction and improvement; revision; as the revisal of a manuscript; the revisal of a proof sheet; the revisal of a treaty.

Re•vise´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revised p. pr. & vb. n. Revising.] [F. reviser, fr. L. revidere, revisum, to see again; pref. re- re- + videre, visum, to see. See Review, View.] 1. To look at again for the detection of errors; to reëxamine; to review; to look over with care for correction; as to revise a writing; to revise a translation. 2. (Print.) To compare (a proof) with a previous proof of the same matter, and mark again such errors as have not been corrected in the type. 3. To review, alter, and amend; as to revise statutes; to revise an agreement; to revise a dictionary. The Revised Version of the Bible, a version prepared in accordance with a resolution passed, in 1870, by both houses of the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, England. Both English and American revisers were employed on the work. It was first published in a complete form in 1885, and is a revised form of the Authorized Version. See Authorized Version, under Authorized.

Re•vise´, n. 1. A review; a revision. Boyle. 2. (Print.) A second proof sheet; a proof sheet taken after the first or a subsequent correction.

Re•vis´er , n. One who revises.

Re•vi´sion , n. [F. revision, L. revisio.] 1. The act of revising; reëxamination for correction; review; as the revision of a book or writing, or of a proof sheet; a revision of statutes. 2. That which is made by revising. Syn. — Reëxamination; revisal; revise; review. { Re•vi´sion•al , Re•vi´sion•a•ry } a. Of or pertaining to revision; revisory.

Re•vis´it , v. t. 1. To visit again. Milton. 2. To revise. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Re•vis•it•a´tion , n. The act of revisiting.

Re•vi´so•ry , a. Having the power or purpose to revise; revising. Story.

Re•vi´tal•ize , v. t. To restore vitality to; to bring back to life. L. S. Beale.

Re•viv´a•ble , a. That may be revived.

Re•viv´al , n. [From Revive.] The act of reviving, or the state of being revived. Specifically: (a) Renewed attention to something, as to letters or literature. (b) Renewed performance of, or interest in, something, as the drama and literature. (c) Renewed interest in religion, after indifference and decline; a period of religious awakening; special religious interest. (d) Reanimation from a state of langour or depression; — applied to the health, spirits, and the like. (e) Renewed pursuit, or cultivation, or flourishing state of something, as of commerce, arts, agriculture. (f) Renewed prevalence of something, as a practice or a fashion. (g) (Law) Restoration of force, validity, or effect; renewal; as the revival of a debt barred by limitation; the revival of a revoked will, etc. (h) Revivification, as of a metal. See Revivification, 2.

Re•viv´al•ism , n. The spirit of religious revivals; the methods of revivalists.

Re•viv´al•ist, n. A clergyman or layman who promotes revivals of religion; an advocate for religious revivals; sometimes, specifically, a clergyman, without a particular charge, who goes about to promote revivals. Also used adjectively.

Re•viv•al•is´tic , a. Pertaining to revivals.

Re•vive´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revived p. pr. & vb. n. Reviving.] [F. revivere, L. revivere; pref. re- re- + vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. To return to life; to recover life or strength; to live anew; to become reanimated or reinvigorated. Shak. “The Lord heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the child came into again, and he revived.” 1 Kings xvii. 22. 2. Hence, to recover from a state of oblivion, obscurity, neglect, or depression; as classical learning revived in the fifteenth century. 3. (Old Chem.) To recover its natural or metallic state, as a metal.

Re•vive´, v. t. [Cf. F. reviver. See Revive, v. i.] 1. To restore, or bring again to life; to reanimate. “Those bodies, by reason of whose mortality we died, shall be revived.” Bp. Pearson. 2. To raise from coma, languor, depression, or discouragement; to bring into action after a suspension. “Those gracious words revive my drooping thoughts.” Shak. “Your coming, friends, revives me.” Milton. 3. Hence, to recover from a state of neglect or disuse; as to revive letters or learning. 4. To renew in the mind or memory; to bring to recollection; to recall attention to; to reawaken. ´Revive the libels born to die.´ Swift. “The mind has a power in many cases to revive perceptions which it has once had.” Locke. 5. (Old Chem.) To restore or reduce to its natural or metallic state; as to revive a metal after calcination.

Re•vive´ment , n. Revival. [R.]

Re•viv´er , n. One who, or that which, revives.

Re•vi•vif´i•cate , v. t. [Pref. re- + vivificate: cf. L. revivificare, revivificatum. Cf. Revivify.] To revive; to recall or restore to life. [R.]

Re•viv•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. revivification.] 1. Renewal of life; restoration of life; the act of recalling, or the state of being recalled, to life. 2. (Old Chem.) The reduction of a metal from a state of combination to its metallic state.

Re•viv´i•fy , v. t. [Cf. F. revivifier, L. revivificare. See Vivify.] To cause to revive. “Some association may revivify it enough to make it flash, after a long oblivion, into consciousness.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Re•viv´ing , a. & n. Returning or restoring to life or vigor; reanimating. Milton. — Re•viv´ing•ly, adv. { Rev•i•vis´cence , Rev•i•vis´cen•cy } n. The act of reviving, or the state of being revived; renewal of life. “In this age we have a sort of reviviscence, not, I fear, of the power, but of a taste for the power, of the early times.” Coleridge.

Rev•i•vis´cent , a. [L. reviviscens, p. pr. ofreviviscere to revive; pref. re- re- + viviscere, v. incho. fr. vivere to live.] Able or disposed to revive; reviving. E. Darwin.

Re•viv´or , n. (Eng. Law) Revival of a suit which is abated by the death or marriage of any of the parties, — done by a bill of revivor. Blackstone.

Rev•o•ca•bil´i•ty , n. The quality of being revocable; as the revocability of a law.

Rev´o•ca•ble , a. [L. revocabilis: cf. F. revocable. See Revoke.] Capable of being revoked; as a revocable edict or grant; a revocable covenant. — Rev´o•ca•ble•ness, n. — Rev´o•ca•bly, adv.

Rev´o•cate , v. t. [L. revocatus, p. p. of revocare. See Revoke.] To recall; to call back. [Obs.]

Rev•o•ca´tion , n. [L. revocatio: cf. F. revocation.] 1. The act of calling back, or the state of being recalled; recall. “One that saw the people bent for the revocation of Calvin, gave him notice of their affection.” Hooker. 2. The act by which one, having the right, annuls an act done, a power or authority given, or a license, gift, or benefit conferred; repeal; reversal; as the revocation of an edict, a power, a will, or a license.

Rev´o••ca•to•ry , a. [L. revocatorius: cf. F. revocatoire.] Of or pertaining to revocation; tending to, or involving, a revocation; revoking; recalling.

Re•voice´ , v. t. To refurnish with a voice; to refit, as an organ pipe, so as to restore its tone.

Re•voke´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revoked p. pr. & vb. n. Revoking.] [F. revoquer, L. revocare; pref. re- re- + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice. See Voice, and cf. Revocate.] 1. To call or bring back; to recall. [Obs.] “The faint sprite he did revoke again,
To her frail mansion of morality.” Spenser. 2. Hence, to annul, by recalling or taking back; to repeal; to rescind; to cancel; to reverse, as anything granted by a special act; as , to revoke a will, a license, a grant, a permission, a law, or the like. Shak. 3. To hold back; to repress; to restrain. [Obs.] “[She] still strove their sudden rages to revoke.” Spenser. 4. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.] Spenser. 5. To call back to mind; to recollect. [Obs.] “A man, by revoking and recollecting within himself former passages, will be still apt to inculcate these sad memoris to his conscience.” South. Syn. — To abolish; recall; repeal; rescind; countermand; annul; abrogate; cancel; reverse. See Abolish.

Re•voke´ , v. i. (Card Playing) To fail to follow suit when holding a card of the suit led, in violation of the rule of the game; to renege. Hoyle.

Re•voke´, n. (Card Playing) The act of revoking. “She [Sarah Battle] never made a revoke.” Lamb.

Re•voke´ment , n. Revocation. [R.] Shak.

Re•vok´er , n. One who revokes.

Re•vok´ing•ly, adv. By way of revocation.

Re•volt´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Revolting.] [Cf. F. revoller, It. rivoltare. See Revolt, n.] 1. To turn away; to abandon or reject something; specifically, to turn away, or shrink, with abhorrence. “But this got by casting pearl to hogs,
That bawl for freedom in their senseless mood,
And still revolt when trith would set them free.” Milton. “HIs clear intelligence revolted from the dominant sophisms of that time.” J. Morley. 2. Hence, to be faithless; to desert one party or leader for another; especially, to renounce allegiance or subjection; to rise against a government; to rebel. “Our discontented counties do revolt.” Shak. “Plant those that have revolted in the van.” Shak. 3. To be disgusted, shocked, or grossly offended; hence, to feel nausea; — with at; as the stomach revolts at such food; his nature revolts at cruelty.

Re•volt´, v. t. 1. To cause to turn back; to roll or drive back; to put to flight. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To do violence to; to cause to turn away or shrink with abhorrence; to shock; as to revolt the feelings. “This abominable medley is made rather to revolt young and ingenuous minds.” Burke. “To derive delight from what inflicts pain on any sentient creatuure revolted his conscience and offended his reason.” J. Morley.

Re•volt´, n. [F. revolte, It. rivolta, fr. rivolto, p. p. fr. L. revolvere, revolutum. See Revolve.] 1. The act of revolting; an uprising against legitimate authority; especially, a renunciation of allegiance and subjection to a government; rebellion; as the revolt of a province of the Roman empire. “Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?” Milton. 2. A revolter. [Obs.] ´Ingrate revolts.´ Shak. Syn. — Insurrection; sedition; rebellion; mutiny. See Insurrection.

Re•volt´er , n. One who revolts.

Re•volt´ing, a. Causing abhorrence mixed with disgust; exciting extreme repugnance; loathsome; as revolting cruelty. — Re•volt´ing•ly, adv.

Rev´o•lu•ble , a. [L. revolubilis that may be rolled back. See Revolve.] Capable of revolving; rotatory; revolving. [Obs.] “Us, then, to whom the thrice three year
Hath filled his revoluble orb since our arrival here,
I blame not.” Chapman.

Rev´o•lute , a. [L. revolutus, p. p. of revolvere. See Revolve.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Rolled backward or downward. A revolute leaf is coiled downwards, with the lower surface inside the coil. A leaf with revolute margins has the edges rolled under, as in the Andromeda polifilia.

Rev•o•lu´tion , n. [F. revolution, L. revolutio. See Revolve.] 1. The act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center; the motion of a body round a fixed point or line; rotation; as the revolution of a wheel, of a top, of the earth on its axis, etc. 2. Return to a point before occupied, or to a point relatively the same; a rolling back; return; as revolution in an ellipse or spiral. “That fear
Comes thundering back, with dreadful revolution,
On my defenseless head.” Milton. 3. The space measured by the regular return of a revolving body; the period made by the regular recurrence of a measure of time, or by a succession of similar events. ´The short revolution of a day.´ Dryden. 4. (Astron.) The motion of any body, as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, until it returns to the same point again, or to a point relatively the same; — designated as the annual, anomalistic, nodical, sidereal, or tropical revolution, according as the point of return or completion has a fixed relation to the year, the anomaly, the nodes, the stars, or the tropics; as the revolution of the earth about the sun; the revolution of the moon about the earth. The term is sometimes applied in astronomy to the motion of a single body, as a planet, about its own axis, but this motion is usually called rotation. 5. (Geom.) The motion of a point, line, or surface about a point or line as its center or axis, in such a manner that a moving point generates a curve, a moving line a surface (called a surface of revolution), and a moving surface a solid (called a solid of revolution); as the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of its sides generates a cone; the revolution of a semicircle about the diameter generates a sphere. 6. A total or radical change; as a revolution in one’s circumstances or way of living. “The ability … of the great philosopher speedily produced a complete revolution throughout the department.” Macaulay. 7. (Politics) A fundamental change in political organization, or in a government or constitution; the overthrow or renunciation of one government, and the substitution of another, by the governed. “The violence of revolutions is generally proportioned to the degree of the maladministration which has produced them.” Macaulay. When used without qualifying terms, the word is often applied specifically, by way of eminence, to: (a) The English Revolution in 1689, when William of Orange and Mary became the reigning sovereigns, in place of James II. (b) The American Revolution, beginning in 1775, by which the English colonies, since known as the United States, secured their independence. (c) The revolution in France in 1789, commonly called the French Revolution, the subsequent revolutions in that country being designated by their dates, as the Revolution of 1830, of 1848, etc.

Rev•o•lu´tion•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. revolutionnaire.] Of or pertaining to a revolution in government; tending to, or promoting, revolution; as revolutionary war; revolutionary measures; revolutionary agitators.

Rev•o•lu´tion•a•ry, n. A revolutionist. [R.] “Dumfries was a Tory town, and could not tolerate a revolutionary.” Prof. Wilson.

Rev•o•lu´tion•er , n. One who is engaged in effecting a revolution; a revolutionist. Smollett.

Rev•o•lu´tion•ism , n. The state of being in revolution; revolutionary doctrines or principles.

Rev•o•lu´tion•ist, n. One engaged in effecting a change of government; a favorer of revolution. Burke.

Rev•o•lu´tion•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revolutioniezed p. pr. & vb. n. Revolutionizing] To change completely, as by a revolution; as to revolutionize a government. Ames. “The gospel … has revolutionized his soul.” J. M. Mason.

Re•vol´u•tive , a. Inclined to revolve things in the mind; meditative. [Obs.] Feltham.

Re•volv´a•ble , a. That may be revolved.

Re•volve´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revolved p. pr. & vb. n. Revolving.] [L. revolvere, revolutum; pref. re- re- + volvere to roll, turn round. See Voluble, and cf. Revolt, revolution.] 1. To turn or roll round on, or as on, an axis, like a wheel; to rotate, — which is the more specific word in this sense. “If the earth revolve thus, each house near the equator must move a thousand miles an hour.” I. Watts. 2. To move in a curved path round a center; as the planets revolve round the sun. 3. To pass in cycles; as the centuries revolve. 4. To return; to pass. [R.] Ayliffe.

Re•volve´, v. t. 1. To cause to turn, as on an axis. “Then in the east her turn she shines,
Revolved on heaven’s great axile.” Milton. 2. Hence, to turn over and over in the mind; to reflect repeatedly upon; to consider all aspects of. “This having heard, straight I again revolved
The law and prophets.” Milton.

Re•volve´ment , n. Act of revolving. [R.]

Re•volv´en•cy , n. The act or state of revolving; revolution. [Archaic] “Its own revolvency upholds the world.” Cowper.

Re•volv´er , n. One who, or that which, revolves; specifically, a firearm ( commonly a pistol) with several chambers or barrels so arranged as to revolve on an axis, and be discharged in succession by the same lock; a repeater.

Re•volv´ing, a. Making a revolution or revolutions; rotating; — used also figuratively of time, seasons, etc., depending on the revolution of the earth. “But grief returns with the revolving year.” Shelley. “Revolving seasons, fruitless as they pass.” Cowper. Revolving firearm. See Revolver. — Revolving light, a light or lamp in a lighthouse so arranged as to appear and disappear at fixed intervals, either by being turned about an axis so as to show light only at intervals, or by having its light occasionally intercepted by a revolving screen.

Re•vulse´ , v. t. [L. revulsus, p. p. of revellere.] To pull back with force. [R.] Cowper.

Re•vul´sion , n. [F. revulsion, L. revulsio, fr. revellere, revulsum, to pluck or pull away; pref. re- re- + vellere to pull. Cf. Convulse.] 1. A strong pulling or drawing back; withdrawal. ´Revulsions and pullbacks.´ SSir T. Brovne. 2. A sudden reaction; a sudden and complete change; — applied to the feelings. “A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed.” Macaulay. 3. (Med.) The act of turning or diverting any disease from one part of the body to another. It resembles derivation, but is usually applied to a more active form of counter irritation.

Re•vul´sive , a. [Cf. F. revulsif.] Causing, or tending to, revulsion.

Re•vul´sive, n. That which causes revulsion; specifically (Med.), a revulsive remedy or agent.

Rew , n. [See Row a series.] A row. [Obs.] Chaucer. ´A rew of sundry colored stones.´ Chapman.

Re•wake´´ , v. t. & i. To wake again.

Re•ward´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rewarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rewarding.] [OF. rewarder, another form of regarder, of German origin. The original sense is, to look at, regard, hence, to regard as worthy, give a reward to. See Ward, Regard.] To give in return, whether good or evil; — commonly in a good sense; to requite; to recompense; to repay; to compensate. “After the deed that is done, one doom shall reward,
Mercy or no mercy as truth will accord.” Piers Plowman. “Thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil.” 1 Sam. xxiv. 17. “I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me.” Deut. xxxii. 41. “God rewards those that have made use of the single talent.” Hammond.

Re•ward´ , n. [See Reward, v., and cf. Regard, n.] 1. Regard; respect; consideration. [Obs.] “Take reward of thine own value.” Chaucer. 2. That which is given in return for good or evil done or received; esp., that which is offered or given in return for some service or attainment, as for excellence in studies, for the return of something lost, etc.; recompense; requital. “Thou returnest
From flight, seditious angel, to receive
Thy merited reward.” Milton. “Rewards and punishments do always presuppose something willingly done well or ill.” Hooker. 3. Hence, the fruit of one’s labor or works. “The dead know not anything, neither have they any more a reward.” Eccl. ix. 5. 4. (Law) Compensation or remuneration for services; a sum of money paid or taken for doing, or forbearing to do, some act. Burrill. Syn. — Recompense; compensation; remuneration; pay; requital; retribution; punishment.

Re•ward´a•ble , a. Worthy of reward. — Re•ward´a•ble•ness, n. — Re•ward´a•bly, adv.

Re•ward´er , n. One who rewards.

Re•ward´ful , a. Yielding reward. [R.]

Re•ward´less, a. Having, or affording, no reward.

Rewe (ru), v. t. & i. To rue. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rew´el bone [Perh. from F. rouelle, dim. of roue a wheel, L. rota.] An obsolete phrase of disputed meaning, — perhaps, smooth or polished bone. “His saddle was of rewel boon.” Chaucer.

Rew´et (ru´et), n. [See Rouet.] A gunlock. [R.]

Rew´ful , a. Rueful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Re•win´ , v. t. To win again, or win back. “The Palatinate was not worth the rewinning.” Fuller.

Rewle , n. & v. Rule. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rewme , n. Realm. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Re•word´ , v. t. 1. To repeat in the same words; to reëcho. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To alter the wording of; to restate in other words; as to reword an idea or a passage.

Re•write´ , v. t. To write again. Young.

Rewth , n. Ruth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rex , n.; pl. Reges (#). [L.] A king. To play rex, to play the king; to domineer. [Obs.]

Reyn , n. Rain or rein. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rey´nard , n. An appelation applied after the manner of a proper name to the fox. Same as Renard.

Reyse , v. t. To raise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Reyse, v. i. [Cf. G. reisen to travel.] To go on a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rha•bar´ba•rate , a. [From NL. rhabarbarum, an old name of rhubarb. See Rhubarb.] Impregnated or tinctured with rhubarb. Floyer. { Rha•bar´ba•rin , or Rha•bar´ba•rine }, n. (Chem.) Chrysophanic acid.

Rhab´dite , n. [Gr. ´ra•bdos a rod.] 1. (Zoöl.) A minute smooth rodlike or fusiform structure found in the tissues of many Turbellaria. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the hard parts forming the ovipositor of insects.

Rhab•do•cœ´la (rab•do•se´la), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ra•bdos a rod + koi^los hollow.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Turbellaria including those that have a simple cylindrical, or saclike, stomach, without an intestine.

Rhab•do•cœ´lous (-lus), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Rhabdocœla.

Rhab•doid´al , a. See Sagittal.

Rhab´do•lith , n. [Gr. ´ra•bdos a rod + -lith.] A minute calcareous rodlike structure found both at the surface and the bottom of the ocean; — supposed by some to be a calcareous alga.

Rhab•dol´o•gy , n. Same as Rabdology.

Rhab´dom (rab´dom), n. [Gr. ´ra•bdwma a bundle of rods, fr. ´ra•bdos a rod.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous minute rodlike structures formed of two or more cells situated behind the retinulae in the compound eyes of insects, etc. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

Rhab´do•man•cy , n. Same as Rabdomancy.

Rhab´do•mere , n. [Rhabdom + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the several parts composing a rhabdom.

Rhab•doph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ra•bdos a rod + to bear.] (Zoöl.) An extinct division of Hydrozoa which includes the graptolities.

Rhab•do•pleu´ra , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ra•bdos a rod + the side.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine Bryozoa in which the tubular cells have a centralchitinous axis and the tentacles are borne on a bilobed lophophore. It is the type of the order Pterobranchia, or Podostomata

Rhab´do•sphere , n. [Gr. ´ra•bdos a rod + E. sphere.] A minute sphere composed of rhabdoliths.

Rha•chi•al´gi•a , n. [NL.] See Rachialgia.

Rha•chid´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to the rhachis; as the rhachidian teeth of a mollusk.

Rhach•i•glos´sa , n. pl. [NL. See Rhachis, and Glossa.] (Zoöl.) A division of marine gastropods having a retractile proboscis and three longitudinal rows of teeth on the radula. It includes many of the large ornamental shells, as the miters, murices, olives, purpuras volutes, and whelks. See Illust. in Append.

Rha•chil´la , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ra•chis the spine.] (Bot.) A branch of inflorescence; the zigzag axis on which the florets are arranged in the spikelets of grasses.

Rha´chi•o•dont , a. [Gr. ´ra•chis, -ios, the spine + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Having gular teeth formed by a peculiar modification of the inferior spines of some of the vertebrae, as certain South African snakes (Dasypeltis) which swallow birds’ eggs and use these gular teeth to crush them.

Rha´chis , n.; pl. E. Rhachises (#), L. Rhachides (#). [See Rachis.] [Written also rechis.] 1. (Anat.) The spine. 2. (Bot.) (a) The continued stem or midrib of a pinnately compound leaf, as in a rose leaf or a fern. (b) The principal axis in a raceme, spike, panicle, or corymb. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The shaft of a feather. The rhachis of the after-shaft, or plumule, is called the hyporhachis. (b) The central cord in the stem of a crinoid. (c) The median part of the radula of a mollusk. (d) A central cord of the ovary of nematodes.

Rha•chi´tis , n. [NL.] See Rachitis.

Rhad•a•man´thine , a. Of or pertaining to Rhadamanthus; rigorously just; as a Rhadamanthine judgment.

Rhad•a•man´thus , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Greek Mythol.) One of the three judges of the infernal regions; figuratively, a strictly just judge.

Rhae´ti•an , a & n. Rhetain.

Rhae´tic , a. [L. Rhaeticus Rhetian.] (Geol.) Pertaining to, or of the same horizon as certain Mesozoic strata of the Rhetian Alps. These strata are regarded as closing the Triassic period. See the Chart of Geology.

Rhae´ti•zite , n. [So called from L. Rhaetia, Raetia, the Rhetian Alps, where it is found.] (Min.) A variety of the mineral cyanite.

Rham•a•dan´ , n. See Ramadan.

Rham•na´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of shrubs and trees (Rhamnaceae, or Rhamneae) of which the buckthorn (Rhamnus) is the type. It includes also the New Jersey tea, the supple-jack, and one of the plants called lotus (Zizyphus).

Rham´nus , n. [NL., from Gr. ´ra•mnos a kind of prickly shrub; cf. L. rhamnos.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and small trees; buckthorn. The California Rhamnus Purshianus and the European R. catharticus are used in medicine. The latter is used for hedges.

Rham•pho•rhyn´chus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ra•mfos a beak + snout.] (Paleon.) A genus of pterodactyls in which the elongated tail supported a leathery expansion at the tip.

Rham•pho•the´ca , n.; pl. Rhamphothecae (#). [NL., fr. Gr ´ra•mnos a beak + a case.] (Zoöl.) The horny covering of the bill of birds.

Rha´phe , n. [NL., fr. Gr. seam, fr. to sew. ] (Bot.) The continuation of the seed stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed, forming a ridge or seam. [Written also raphe.] Gray.

Rhaph´i•des , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , a needle, F. raphides.] (Bot.) Minute transparent, often needle-shaped, crystals found in the tissues of plants. [Written also raphides.]

Rha•pon´ti•cine , n. [L. rhaponticum rhubarb. See Rhubarb.] (Chem.) Chrysophanic acid.

Rhap´sode (rap´sod), n. [Gr. ´rapsw,do•s. See Rhapsody.] (Gr. Antiq.) A rhapsodist. [R.] Grote.

Rhap´so•der , n. A rhapsodist. [Obs.] { Rhap•sod´ic , Rhap•sod´ic }, a. [Gr. ´rapsw,diko•s: cf. F. rhapsodique.] Of or pertaining to rhapsody; consisting of rhapsody; hence, confused; unconnected. — Rhap•sod´ic•al•ly, adv.

Rhap´so•dist , n. [From Rhapsody.] 1. Anciently, one who recited or composed a rhapsody; especially, one whose profession was to recite the verses of Hormer and other epic poets. 2. Hence, one who recites or sings poems for a livelihood; one who makes and repeats verses extempore. “The same populace sit for hours listening to rhapsodists who recite Ariosto.” Carlyle. 3. One who writes or speaks disconnectedly and with great excitement or affectation of feeling. I. Watts.

Rhap´so•dize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rhapsodized p. pr. & vb. n. Rhapsodizing.] To utter as a rhapsody, or in the manner of a rhapsody Sterne.

Rhap´so•dize, v. i. To utter rhapsodies. Jefferson.

Rhap´so•do•man•cy , n. [Rhapsody + -mancy.] Divination by means of verses.

Rhap´so•dy , n.; pl. Rhapsodies (#). [F. rhapsodie, L. rhapsodia, Gr. ´rapsw,di•a, fr. ´rapsw,do•s a rhapsodist; ´ra•ptein to sew, stitch together, unite + ’w,dh• a song. See Ode.] 1. A recitation or song of a rhapsodist; a portion of an epic poem adapted for recitation, or usually recited, at one time; hence, a division of the Iliad or the Odyssey; — called also a book. 2. A disconnected series of sentences or statements composed under excitement, and without dependence or natural connection; rambling composition. ´A rhapsody of words.´ Shak. ´A rhapsody of tales.´ Locke. 3. (Mus.) A composition irregular in form, like an improvisation; as Liszt’s ´Hungarian Rhapsodies.´ { Rhat´a•ny , Rhat´an•hy } , n. [Sp. ratania, rataña, Peruv. rataña.] The powerfully astringent root of a half- shrubby Peruvian plant (Krameria triandra). It is used in medicine and to color port wine. [Written also ratany.] Savanilla rhatany, the root of Krameria Ixina, a native of New Granada.

Rhe´a , n. (Bot.) The ramie or grass-cloth plant. See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass.

Rhe´a, n. [L., a proper name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of three species of large South American ostrichlike birds of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. Called also the American ostrich. The common rhea, or nandou (Rhea Americana), ranges from Brazil to Patagonia. Darwin’s rhea (Pterocnemia Darwinii), of Patagonia, is smaller, and has the legs feathered below the knee.

Rhe´ae , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of struthious birds including the rheas.

Rhee´boc , n. [D. reebok roebuck.] (Zoöl.) The peele. [Written also reebok.]

Rhe´ic , a. [NL. Rheum rhubarb, Gr. See Rhubarb.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (commonly called chrysophanic acid) found in rhubarb (Rheum). [Obsoles.]

Rhe´in , n. (Chem.) Chrysophanic acid.

Rhein´ber•ry , n. [G. rheinbeere.] (Bot.) One of the berries or drupes of the European buckthorn; also the buckthorn itself.

Rhe•mat´ic , a. [Gr. of or for a verb, fr. , , a sentence. See Rhetoric.] (Gram.) Having a verb for its base; derived from a verb; as rhematic adjectives. Ftzed. Hall.

Rhe•mat´ic, n. The doctrine of propositions or sentences. Coleridge.

Rhemish , a. Of or pertaining to Rheimis, or Reima, in France. Rhemish Testament, the English version of the New Testament used by Roman Catholics. See Douay Bible.

Rhen´ish , a. [L. Rhenus the Rhine. ] Of or pertaining to the river Rhine; as Rhenish wine. — n. Rhine wine.

Rhe´o•chord , n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + chord.] (Elec.) A metallic wire used for regulating the resistance of a circuit, or varying the strength of an electric current, by inserting a greater or less length of it in the circuit.

Rhe•om´e•ter , n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + -meter.] [Written also reometer.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for measuring currents, especially the force or intensity of electrical currents; a galvanometer. 2. (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the velocity of the blood current in the arteries.

Rhe•o•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to a rheometer or rheometry. Lardner.

Rhe•om´e•try , n. 1. The measurement of the force or intensity of currents. 2. (Math.) The calculus; fluxions. [R.]

Rhe´o•mo•tor , n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + E. motor.] (Elec.) Any apparatus by which an electrical current is originated. [R.]

Rhe´o•phore , n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + to carry.] (Elec.) (a) A connecting wire of an electric or voltaic apparatus, traversed by a current. (b) One of the poles of a voltaic battery; an electrode.

Rhe´o•scope , n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument for detecting the presence or movement of currents, as of electricity.

Rhe´o•stat , n. [Gr. ´rei^n + stato•s standing still.] (Elec.) A contrivance for adjusting or regulating the strength of electrical currents, operating usually by the intercalation of resistance which can be varied at will. Wheatstone. — Rhe•o•stat´ic (#), a.

Rhe´o•tome (-tom), n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + te•mnein to cut.] (Elec.) An instrument which periodically or otherwise interrupts an electric current. Wheatstone.

Rhe´o•trope , n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + to turn.] (Elec.) An instrument for reversing the direction of an electric current. [Written also reotrope.]

Rhe´sus , n. [L. Rhesus, a proper name, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A monkey; the bhunder.

Rhe´ti•an , a. [L. Rhaetius, Raetius: cf. F. rhetien.] Pertaining to the ancient Rhaeti, or Rhaetians, or to Rhaetia, their country; as the Rhetian Alps, now the country of Tyrol and the Grisons.

Rhe´tic , a. (Min.) Same as Rhaetic.

Rhe´ti•zite , n. (Min.) Same as Rhaetizite.

Rhe´tor , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] A rhetorician. [Obs.] Hammond.

Rhet´o•ric , n. [F. rhetorique, L. rhetorica, Gr. (sc. ), fr. rhetorical, oratorical, fr. orator, rhetorician; perhaps akin to E. word; cf. to say.] 1. The art of composition; especially, elegant composition in prose. 2. Oratory; the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force. Locke. 3. Hence, artificial eloquence; fine language or declamation without conviction or earnest feeling. 4. Fig. : The power of persuasion or attraction; that which allures or charms. “Sweet, silent rhetoric of persuading eyes.” Daniel.

Rhe•tor´ic•al , a. [L. rhetoricus, Gr. . See Rhetoric.] Of or pertaining to rhetoric; according to, or exhibiting, rhetoric; oratorical; as the rhetorical art; a rhetorical treatise; a rhetorical flourish. “They permit him to leave their poetical taste ungratified, provided that he gratifies their rhetorical sense.” M. Arnold. — Rhe•tor´ic•al•ly, adv. — Rhe•tor´ic•al•ness, n.

Rhe•tor´i•cate , v. i. [L. rhetoricari. See Rhetoric.] To play the orator. [Obs.] South.

Rhe•tor•i•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. rhetorication.] Rhetorical amplification. [Obs.] Waterland.

Rhet•o•ri´cian , n. [Cf. F. rhetoricien.] 1. One well versed in the rules and principles of rhetoric. “The understanding is that by which a man becomes a mere logician and a mere rhetorician.” F. W. Robertson. 2. A teacher of rhetoric. “The ancient sophists and rhetoricians, which ever had young auditors, lived till they were an hundred years old.” Bacon. 3. An orator; specifically, an artificial orator without genuine eloquence; a declaimer. Macaulay.

Rhet•o•ri´cian, a. Suitable to a master of rhetoric. ´With rhetorician pride.´ Blackmore.

Rhet´o•rize (ret´o•riz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rhetorized (- rizd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rhetorizing (- ri•zing).] To play the orator. Colgrave.

Rhet´o•rize, v. t. To represent by a figure of rhetoric, or by personification. Milton.

Rhe´um (re´um), n. [NL., from L. Rha the river Volga, on the banks of which it grows. See Rhubarb.] (Bot.) A genus of plants. See Rhubarb.

Rheum (rum), n. [OF. reume, rheume, F. rhume a cold,, L. rheuma rheum, from Gr. , fr. ´rei^n to flow, akin to E. stream. See Stream, n., and cf. Hemorrhoids.] (Med.) A serous or mucous discharge, especially one from the eves or nose. “I have a rheum in mine eyes too.” Shak. Salt rheum. (Med.) See Salt rheum, in the Vocab.

Rheu•mat´ic , a. [Gr. subject to a discharge or flux: cf. L. rheumaticus, F. rhumatique. See Rheum, Rheumatism.] 1. Derived from, or having the character of, rheum; rheumic. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to rheumatism; as rheumatic pains or affections; affected with rheumatism; as a rheumatic old man; causing rheumatism; as a rheumatic day. “That rheumatic diseases do abound.” Shak.

Rheu•mat´ic, n. One affected with rheumatism.

Rheu´ma•tism , n. [L. rheumatismus rheum, Gr. , fr. to have or suffer from a flux, fr. rheum: cf. F. rheumatisme. See 2d Rheum.] (Med.) A general disease characterized by painful, often multiple, local inflammations, usually affecting the joints and muscles, but also extending sometimes to the deeper organs, as the heart. Inflammatory rheumatism (Med.), acute rheumatism attended with fever, and attacking usually the larger joints, which become swollen, hot, and very painful. — Rheumatism root. (Bot.) See Twinleaf.

Rheu•ma•tis´mal , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to rheumatism.

Rheu•ma•tis´moid , a. [Rheumatism + -oid.] (Med.) Of or resembling rheum or rheumatism.

Rheum´ic , a. (Med.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, rheum. Rheumic diathesis. See Dartrous diathesis, under Dartrous.

Rheu´mi•des , n. pl. [NL. See Rheum.] (Med.) The class of skin disease developed by the dartrous diathesis. See under Dartrous.

Rheum´y , a. Of or pertaining to rheum; abounding in, or causing, rheum; affected with rheum. “His head and rheumy eyes distill in showers.” Dryden. “And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air
To add unto his sickness.” Shak.

Rhig´o•lene , n. [Gr. cold + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons intermediate between gsolene and cymogene. It is obtained in the purification of crude petroleum, and is used as a refregerant.

Rhime , n. See Rhyme. [Obs.]

Rhi´nal , a. [Gr, , the nose.] (Anat.) Og or pertaining to the nose or olfactory organs.

Rhi•nas´ter , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , nose + star.] (Zoöl.) The borele.

Rhine , n. [AS. ryne. See Run.] A water course; a ditch. [Written also rean.] [Prov. Eng.] Macaulay.

Rhi•nen•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rhinencephalon.

Rhi•nen•ceph´a•lon , n.; pl. Rhinencephala (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , , the nose + the brain.] (Anat.) The division of the brain in front of the prosencephalon, consisting of the two olfactory lobes from which the olfactory nerves arise. The term is sometimes used for one of the olfactory lobes, the plural being used for the two taken together.

Rhine´stone , n. [Cf. G. rheinkiesel Rhine quartz.] A colorless stone of high luster, made of paste. It is much used as an inexpensive ornament.

Rhi•ni´tis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . , the nose + -itis.] (Med.) Infllammation of the nose; esp., inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nostrils.

Rhi•no , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Gold and silver, or money. [Cant] W. Wagstaffe. “As long as the rhino lasted.” Marryat.

Rhi´no-. A combining form from Greek , , the nose, as in rhinolith, rhinology. { Rhi•no•ce´ri•al , Rhi•no•cer´ic•al } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the rhinoceros; resembling the rhinoceros, or his horn. Tatler.

Rhi•noc´e•ros , n. [L., fr. Gr. , ; . , the nose + a horn: cf. F. rhinoceros. See Horn.] (Zoöl.) Any pachyderm belonging to the genera Rhinoceros, Atelodus, and several allied genera of the family Rhinocerotidae, of which several living, and many extinct, species are known. They are large and powerful, and usually have either one or two stout conical median horns on the snout. The Indian, or white, and the Javan rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros Indicus and R. Sondaicus) have incisor and canine teeth, but only one horn, and the very thick skin forms shieldlike folds. The two or three African species belong to Atelodus, and have two horns, but lack the dermal folds, and the incisor and canine teeth. The two Malay, or East Indian, two- horned species belong to Ceratohinus, in which incisor and canine teeth are present. See Borele, and Keitloa. Rhinoceros auk (Zoöl.), an auk of the North Pacific (Cerorhina monocrata) which has a deciduous horn on top of the bill. — Rhinoceros beetle (Zoöl.), a very large beetle of the genus Dynastes, having a horn on the head. — Rhinoceros bird. (Zoöl.) (a) A large hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), native of the East Indies. It has a large hollow hornlike process on the bill. Called also rhinoceros hornbill. See Hornbill. (b) An African beefeater (Buphaga Africana). It alights on the back of the rhinoceros in search of parasitic insects.

Rhi•noc´e•rote , n. A rhinoceros. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Rhi•noc•e•rot´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the rhinoceros. [R.] { Rhi´no•lite , Rhi´no•lith } n. [Rhino- + -lite, -lith.] (Med.) A concretion formed within the cavities of the nose.

Rhi•no•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to rhinology.

Rhi•nol´o•gist , n. One skilled in rhinology.

Rhi•nol´o•gy , n. [Rhino- + -logy.] The science which treats of the nose, and its diseases.

Rhi•nol´o•phid , n. [Rhino- + Gr. crest.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Rhinilophus, or family Rhinolophidae, having a horseshoe-shaped nasal crest; a horseshoe bat.

Rhi•nol´o•phine , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the rhinolophids, or horseshoe bats.

Rhi´no•phore , n. [Rhino- + Gr. to bear.] (Zoöl.) One of the two tentacle-like organs on the back of the head or neck of a nudibranch or tectibranch mollusk. They are usually retractile, and often transversely furrowed or plicate, and are regarded as olfactory organs. Called also dorsal tentacles. See Illust. under Pygobranchia, and Opisthobranchia.

Rhi•no•plas´tic , a. [Rhino- + -plastic: cf. F. rhinoplastique.] (Surg.) Of or pertaining to rhinoplasty; as a rhinoplastic operation.

Rhi´no•plas•ty , n. [Rhino- + -plasty: cf. F. rhinoplastie.] Plastic surgery of the nose to correct deformity or to replace lost tissue. Tissue may be transplanted from the patient’s cheek, forehead, arm, etc., or even from another person.

Rhi´no•pome , n. [Rhino- + Gr. pw^ma a lid. ] (Zoöl.) Any old-world bat of the genus Rhinopoma. The rhinopomes have a long tail extending beyond the web, and inhabit caves and tombs.

Rhi•no•scle•ro´ma , n. [Rhino- + scleroma.] (Med.) A rare disease of the skin, characterized by the development of very hard, more or less flattened, prominences, appearing first upon the nose and subsequently upon the neighboring parts, esp. the lips, palate, and throat. J. V. Shoemaker.

Rhi´no•scope , n. [Rhino- + -scope.] A small mirror for use in rhinoscopy.

Rhi•no•scop´ic , a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to rhinoscopy.

Rhi•nos´co•py , n. [Rhino- + -scopy.] (Physiol.) The examination or study of the soft palate, posterior nares, etc., by means of a laryngoscopic mirror introduced into the pharynx.

Rhi•no•the´ca , n.; pl. Rhinothecae (#). [NL., from gr. , , the nose + case.] (Zoöl.) The sheath of the upper mandible of a bird.

Rhi•pi•do•glos´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a fan + a tongue.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropod mollusks having a large number of long, divergent, hooklike, lingual teeth in each transverse row. It includes the scutibranchs. See Illustration in Appendix.

Rhi•pip´ter , n. [Gr. a fan + wing.] (Zoöl.) One of the Rhipiptera, a group of insects having wings which fold like a fan; a strepsipter.

Rhi•pip´ter•an , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Rhipipter.

Rhi•zan´thous , a. [Gr. root + flower.] (Bot.) Producing flowers from a rootstock, or apparently from a root.

Rhi´zine , n. [Gr. root.] (Bot.) A rootlike filament or hair growing from the stems of mosses or on lichens; a rhizoid.

Rhi•zo•car´pous , a. [Gr. root + fruit.] (Bot.) Having perennial rootstocks or bulbs, but annual flowering stems; — said of all perennial herbs.

Rhi•zo•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. root + head.] (Zoöl.) A division of Pectostraca including saclike parasites of Crustacea. They adhere by rootlike extensions of the head. See Illusration in Appendix.

Rhiz´o•dont , n. [Gr. root + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A reptile whose teeth are rooted in sockets, as the crocodile.

Rhiz´o•gan , a. [Gr. root + -gen: cf. F. rhizogène.] (Bot.) Prodicing roots.

Rhiz´o•gen, n. (Bot.) One of a proposed class of flowering plants growning on the roots of other plants and destitute of green foliage.

Rhi´zoid , n. [Gr. root + -oid.] (Bot.) A rootlike appendage.

Rhi•zo´ma , n.; pl. Rhizomata (#). [NL.] (Bot.) SAme as Rhizome.

Rhi•zo´ma•tous , a. (Bot.) Having the nature or habit of a rhizome or rootstock.

Rhi•zome´ , n. [Gr. the mass of roots (of a tree), a stem, race, fr. to make to root, pass., to take root, fr. a root: cf. F. rhizome.] (Bot.) A rootstock. See Rootstock.

Rhi•zoph´a•ga , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of marsupials. The wombat is the type.

Rhi•zoph´a•gous , a. [Gr. ; a root + to eat.] Feeding on roots; root- eating.

Rhi•zoph´o•ra , n. [NL. See Rhizophorous.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the mangrove. See Mangrove.

Rhi•zoph´o•rous , a. [Gr. a root + to bear.] (Bot.) Bearing roots.

Rhiz´o•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Rhizopoda. The rhizopods belonging to the Radiolaria and Foraminifera have been of great geological importance, especially in the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Chalk is mostly made from the shells of Foraminifera. The nummulites are the principal ingredient of a limestone which is of great extent in Europe and Asia, and is the material of which some of the pyramids of Egypt are made. The shells are abundant in deepsea mud, and are mostly minute, seldom larger than a small grain of sand, except in the case of the nummulities, which are sometimes an inch in diameter.

Rhi•zop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a root + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An extensive class of Protozoa, including those which have pseudopodia, by means of which they move about and take their food. The principal groups are Lobosa (or Amœbea), Helizoa, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera (or Reticularia). See Protozoa.

Rhi•zop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the rhizopods.

Rhi•zo•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a root + , , a mouth.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Medusae which includes very large species without marginal tentacles, but having large mouth lobes closely united at the edges. See Illust. in Appendix.

Rhiz´o•stome , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Rhizostomata.

Rhi•zo•tax´is , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a root + arrangement.] (Bot.) The arrangement of the roots of plants.

Rhob (rob), n. See 1st Rob.

Rho•dam•mo´ni•um , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, rhodium and ammonia; — said of certain complex compounds.

Rho´da•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of rhodanic acid; a sulphocyanate. [Obsoles.]

Rho•dan´ic , a. [Gr. the rose.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (commonly called sulphocyanic acid) which frms a red color with ferric salts. [Obsoles.]

Rho•de•o•re´tin , n. [Gr. the rose + resin.] (Chem.) Same as Convolvuln.

Rho´di•an , a. [L. Rhodius: cf. F. rhodien.] Of or pertaining to Rhodes, an island of the Mediterranean. — n. A native or inhabitant of Rhodes.

Rho´dic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to rhodium; containing rhodium.

Rho´di•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ro•don the rose. So called from the rose-red color of certain of its solutions. See Rhododendron.] (Chem.) A rare element of the light platinum group. It is found in platinum ores, and obtained free as a white inert metal which it is very difficult to fuse. Symbol Rh. Atomic weight 104.1. Specific gravity 12.

Rho•di•zon´ic , a. [Gr. to be rose-red.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a colorless crystalline substance (called rhodizonic acid, and carboxylic acid) obtained from potassium carboxide and from certain quinones. It forms brilliant red, yellow, and purple salts.

Rho•do•chro´site , n. [Gr. ´ro•don the rose + a coloring.] (Min.) Manganese carbonate, a rose-red mineral sometimes occuring crystallized, but generally massive with rhombohedral cleavage like calcite; — called also dialogite.

Rho•doc´ri•nite , n. [Gr. ´ro•don rose + lily.] (Paleon.) A rose encrinite.

Rho•do•den´dron , n. [L., fr. Gr. ´rodo•dendron, literally, rose tree; ´ro•don rose + de•ndron tree. See Rose.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or small trees, often having handsome evergreen leaves, and remarkable for the beauty of their flowers; rosebay.

Rhod•o•mon•tade´ , n. See Rodomontade.

Rhod•o•mon•tad´er , n. See Rodomontador.

Rho´don•ite , n. [Gr. ´ro•don the rose. ] (Min.) Manganese spar, or silicate of manganese, a mineral occuring crystallised and in rose-red masses. It is often used as an ornamental stone.

Rho´do•phane , n. [Gr. ´ro•don the rose + to show.] (Physiol.) The red pigment contained in the inner segments of the cones of the retina in animals. See Chromophane. W. KÜhne.

Rho•dop´sin , n. [Gr. ´ro•don rose + ´w•ps eye.] (Physiol.) The visual purple. See under Visual.

Rho´do•sperm , n. [Gr. ´ro•don the rose + spe•rma a seed.] (Bot.) Any seaweed with red spores. As the name of a subclass, Rhodosperms, or Rhodospermeae, is synonymous with Florideae (which see.)

Rhomb , n. [L. rhombus, Gr. rhomb, a spinning top, magic wheel, fr. to turn or whirl round, perhaps akin to E. wrench: cf. F. rhombe. Cf. Rhombus, Rhumb.] 1. (Geom.) An equilateral parallelogram, or quadrilateral figure whose sides are equal and the opposite sides parallel. The angles may be unequal, two being obtuse and two acute, as in the cut, or the angles may be equal, in which case it is usually called a square. 2. (Geom.) A rhombohedron. Fresnel’s rhomb (Opt.), a rhomb or oblique parallelopiped of crown or St. Gobain glass so cut that a ray of light entering one of its faces at right angles shall emerge at right angles at the opposite face, after undergoing within the rhomb, at other faces, two reflections. It is used to produce a ray circularly polarized from a plane-polarized ray, or the reverse. Nichol.

Rhom´bic , a. 1. Shaped like a rhomb. 2. (Crystallog.) Same as Orthorhombic.

Rhom•bo•ga´noid , n. [Rhomb + ganoid.] (Zoöl.) A ganoid fish having rhombic enameled scales; one of the Rhomboganoidei.

Rhom•bo•ga•noi´de•i , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Ginglymodi.

Rhom´bo•gene , n. [Rhomb + root of Gr. to be born.] (Zoöl.) A dicyemid which produces infusorialike embryos; — opposed to nematogene. See Dicyemata. [Written also rhombogen.]

Rhom•bo•he´dral , a. (Geom. & Crystallog.) Related to the rhombohedron; presenting the form of a rhombohedron, or a form derivable from a rhombohedron; relating to a system of forms including the rhombohedron and scalenohedron. Rhombohedral iron ore (Min.) See Hematite. — Rhombohedral system (Crystallog.), a division of the hexagonal system embracing the rhombohedron, scalenohedron, etc.

Rhom•bo•hed´ric , a. (Geom. & Crystallog.) Rhombohedral.

Rhom•bo•he´dron , n. [NL., fr. Gr. rhomb + seat, base.] (Geom. & Crystallog.) A solid contained by six rhomboids; a parallelopiped.

Rhom´boid (rom´boid), n. [Gr. rhomboidal; rhomb + e’i^dos shape: cf. F. rhomboïde.] (Geom.) An oblique-angled parallelogram like a rhomb, but having only the opposite sides equal, the length and with being different.

Rhom´boid (rom´boid), a. Same as Rhomboidal.

Rhom•boid´al , a. [Cf. F. rhomboïdal.] Having, or approaching, the shape of a rhomboid.

Rhom•boid´es , n. A rhomboid. [R.] Milton.

Rhom•boid-o´vate , a. Between rhomboid and ovate, or oval, in shape.

Rhomb´ spar (Min.) A variety of dolomite.

Rhom´bus , n. [L.] Same as Rhomb, 1.

Rhon•chal , a. (Med.) Rhonchial.

Rhon´chi•al , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a rhonchus; produced by rhonchi. Rhonchial fremitus. [L. fremitus a dull roaring or murmuring.] (Med.) A vibration of the chest wall that may be felt by the hand laid upon its surface. It is caused in the production of rhonchi in the bronchial tubes.

Rhon•chis´o•nant , a. [L. rhonchus a snoring + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Making a snorting noise; snorting. [R.]

Rhon´chus , n.; pl. Rhonchi (#). [L., a snoring, a croaking.] (Med.) An adventitious whistling or snoring sound heard on auscultation of the chest when the air channels are partially obstructed. By some writers the term rhonchus is used as equivalent to râle in its widest sense. See Râle.

Rho•pal´ic , a. [Gr. club-shaped; fr. a club: cf. F. rhopalique.] (Pros.) Applied to a line or verse in which each successive word has one more syllable than the preceding.

Rho•pa´li•um , n.; pl. Rhopalia (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the marginal sensory bodies of medusae belonging to the Discophora.

Rhop•a•loc´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a club + ahorn.] (Zoöl.) A division of Lepidoptera including all the butterflies. They differ from other Lepidoptera in having club-shaped antennae.

Rho´ta•cism , n. [Gr. ´rwtaki•zein to use the letter r (ρ) overmuch: cf. F. rhotacisme.] An oversounding, or a misuse, of the letter r; specifically (Phylol.), the tendency, exhibited in the Indo-European languages, to change s to r, as wese to were.

Rhu´barb , n. [F. rhubarbe, OF. rubarbe, rheubarbe, reubarbare, reobarbe, LL. rheubarbarum for rheum barbarum, Gr. (and ) rhubarb, from the river Rha (the Volga) on whose banks it grew. Originally, therefore, it was the barbarian plant from the Rha. Cf. Barbarous, Rhaponticine.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several large perennial herbs of the genus Rheum and order Polygonaceae. 2. The large and fleshy leafstalks of Rheum Rhaponticum and other species of the same genus. They are pleasantly acid, and are used in cookery. Called also pieplant. 3. (Med.) The root of several species of Rheum, used much as a cathartic medicine. Monk’s rhubarb. (Bot.) See under Monk. — Turkey rhubarb (Med.), the roots of Rheum Emodi.

Rhu´barb•y , a. Like rhubarb.

Rhumb , n. [F. rumb, Sp. rumbo, or Pg. rumbo, rumo, probably fr. Gr. a magic wheel, a whirling motion, hence applied to a point of the compass. See Rhomb.] (Navigation) A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle; — called also rhumb line, and loxodromic curve. See Loxodromic. To sail on a rhumb, to sail continuously on one course, following a rhumb line.

Rhus , n. [L., sumac, fr. Gr. .] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and small treets. See Sumac.

Rhus´ma , n. [See Rusma.] A mixtire of caustic lime and orpiment, or tersulphide of arsenic, — used in the depilation of hides. Knight.

Rhyme , n. [OE. ryme, rime, AS. rim number; akin to OHG. rim number, succession, series, G. reim rhyme. The modern sense is due to the influence of F. rime, which is of German origin, and originally the same word.] [The Old English spelling rime is becoming again common. See Note under Prime.] 1. An expression of thought in numbers, measure, or verse; a composition in verse; a rhymed tale; poetry; harmony of language. ´Railing rhymes.´ Daniel. “A ryme I learned long ago.” Chaucer. “He knew
Himself to sing, and build the lofty rime.” Milton. 2. (Pros.) Correspondence of sound in the terminating words or syllables of two or more verses, one succeeding another immediately or at no great distance. The words or syllables so used must not begin with the same consonant, or if one begins with a vowel the other must begin with a consonant. The vowel sounds and accents must be the same, as also the sounds of the final consonants if there be any. “For rhyme with reason may dispense,
And sound has right to govern sense.” Prior. 3. Verses, usually two, having this correspondence with each other; a couplet; a poem containing rhymes. 4. A word answering in sound to another word. Female rhyme. See under Female. - - Male rhyme. See under Male. — Rhyme or reason, sound or sense. — Rhyme royal (Pros.), a stanza of seven decasyllabic verses, of which the first and third, the second, fourth, and fifth, and the sixth and seventh rhyme.

Rhyme , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rhymed p. pr. & vb. n. Rhyming.] [OE. rimen, rymen, AS. riman to count: cf. F. rimer to rhyme. See Rhyme, n.] 1. To make rhymes, or verses. ´Thou shalt no longer ryme.´ Chaucer. “There marched the bard and blockhead, side by side,
Who rhymed for hire, and patronized for pride.” Pope. 2. To accord in rhyme or sound. “And, if they rhymed and rattled, all was well.” Dryden.

Rhyme, v. t. 1. To put into rhyme. Sir T. Wilson. 2. To influence by rhyme. “Hearken to a verser, who may chance
Rhyme thee to good.” Herbert.

Rhyme´less, a. Destitute of rhyme. Bp. Hall.

Rhym´er , n. One who makes rhymes; a versifier; — generally in contempt; a poor poet; a poetaster. “This would make them soon perceive what despicaple creatures our common rhymers and playwriters be.” Milton.

Rhym´er•y , n. The art or habit of making rhymes; rhyming; — in contempt.

Rhyme´ster , n. A rhymer; a maker of poor poetry. Bp. Hall. Byron.

Rhym´ic , a. Pertaining to rhyme.

Rhym´ist, n. A rhymer; a rhymester. Johnston.

Rhyn•chob•del´le•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ry•gchos snout + a leech.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of leeches including those that have a protractile proboscis, without jaws. Clepsine is the type.

Rhyn•cho•ceph´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ry•gchos snout + kefalh• head.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles having biconcave vertebrae, immovable quadrate bones, and many other peculiar osteological characters. Hatteria is the only living genus, but numerous fossil genera are known, some of which are among the earliest of reptiles. See Hatteria. Called also Rhynchocephalia.

Rhyn•cho•cœ´la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ry•gchos snout + koi•los hollow.] (Zoöl.) Same as Nemertina. — Rhyn•cho•cœ´lous (#), a.

Rhyn´cho•lite , n. [Gr. ´ry•gchos snout, beak + -lie: cf. F. rhyncholithe.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod beak.

Rhyn•cho•nel´la , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ry•gchos snout.] (Zoöl.) A genus of brachiopods of which some species are still living, while many are found fossil.

Rhyn•choph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ry•gchos snout + fe•rein to carry.] (Zoöl.) A group of Coleoptera having a snoutlike head; the snout beetles, curculios, or weevils.

Rhyn´cho•phore , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Rhynchophora.

Rhyn•cho´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ry•gchos snout.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hemiptera. [Written also Rhyncota.]

Rhy´o•lite , n. [Gr. ´rei^n to flow + -lite.] (Min.) A quartzose trachyte, an igneous rock often showing a fluidal structure. — Rhy•o•lit´ic, (#), a.

Rhy•pa•rog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. painting foul or mean objects; ´ryparo•s filthy, dirty + gra•fein to write, paint.] In ancient art, the painting of genre or still-life pictures.

Rhy•sim´e•ter , n. [Gr. flow + -meter.] An instrument, acting on the principle of Pitot’s tube, for measuring the velocity of a fluid current, the speed of a ship, etc.

Rhythm , n. [F. rhythme, rythme, L. rhythmus, fr. Gr. measured motion, measure, proportion, fr. ´rei^n to flow. See Stream.] 1. In the widest sense, a dividing into short portions by a regular succession of motions, impulses, sounds, accents, etc., producing an agreeable effect, as in music poetry, the dance, or the like. 2. (Mus.) Movement in musical time, with periodical recurrence of accent; the measured beat or pulse which marks the character and expression of the music; symmetry of movement and accent. Moore (Encyc.) 3. A division of lines into short portions by a regular succession of arses and theses, or percussions and remissions of voice on words or syllables. 4. The harmonious flow of vocal sounds.

Rhyth´mer (rith´mer or rith´-), n. One who writes in rhythm, esp. in poetic rhythm or meter. [R.] “One now scarce counted a rhythmer, formerly admitted for a poet.” Fuller. { Rhyth´mic (-mik), Rhyth´mic•al (- mi•kal), } a. [Gr. : cf. L. rhythmicus, F. rhythmique.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, rhythm “Day and night
I worked my rhythmic thought.” Mrs. Browning. Rhythmical accent. (Mus.) See Accent, n., 6 (c).

Rhyth´mic•al•ly, adv. In a rhythmical manner.

Rhyth´mics , n. The department of musical science which treats of the length of sounds.

Rhyth´ming , a. Writing rhythm; verse making. ´The rhythming monk.´ Fuller.

Rhythm´less , a. Being without rhythm. Coleridge.

Rhyth•mom´e•ter , n. [Rhythm + -meter.] An instrument for marking time in musical movements. See Metronome.

Rhyth´mus , n. [L.] Rhythm.

Rhyt´i•na , n. (Zoöl.) See Rytina.

Ri´al , n. A Spanish coin. See Real. [Obs.]

Ri•al´, a. Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ri´al , n. [From Royal.] A gold coin formerly current in England, of the value of ten shillings sterling in the reign of Henry VI., and of fifteen shillings in the reign of Elizabeth. [Spelt also ryal.] Brande & C.

Ri•ant´ , a. [F. riant, p. pr. of rire to laugh, L. ridere.] Laughing; laughable; exciting gayety; gay; merry; delightful to the view, as a landscape. “In such cases the sublimity must be drawn from the other sources, with a strict caution, howewer, against anything light and riant.” Burke.

Rib , n. [AS. rib, ribb; akin to D. rib, G. rippe, OHG. rippa, rippi, Dan. ribbe, Icel. rif, Russ. rebro.] 1. (Anat.) One of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax. In man there are twelve ribs on each side, of which the upper seven are directly connected with the sternum by cartilages, and are called sternal, or true, ribs. The remaining five pairs are called asternal, or false, ribs, and of these each of the three upper pairs is attached to the cartilage of the rib above, while the two lower pairs are free at the ventral ends, and are called floating ribs. See Thorax. 2. That which resembles a rib in form or use. Specifically: (a) (Shipbuilding) One of the timbers, or bars of iron or steel, that branch outward and upward from the keel, to support the skin or planking, and give shape and strength to the vessel. (b) (Mach. & Structures) A ridge, fin, or wing, as on a plate, cylinder, beam, etc., to strengthen or stiffen it. (c) One of the rods on which the cover of an umbrella is extended. (d) A prominent line or ridge, as in cloth. (e) A longitudinal strip of metal uniting the barrels of a double-barreled gun. 3. (Bot.) The chief nerve, or one of the chief nerves, of a leaf. (b) Any longitudinal ridge in a plant. 4. (Arch.) (a) In Gothic vaulting, one of the primary members of the vault. These are strong arches, meeting and crossing one another, dividing the whole space into triangles, which are then filled by vaulted construction of lighter material. Hence, an imitation of one of these in wood, plaster, or the like. (b) A projecting mold, or group of moldings, forming with others a pattern, as on a ceiling, ornamental door, or the like. 5. (Mining) (a) Solid coal on the side of a gallery; solid ore in a vein. (b) An elongated pillar of ore or coal left as a support. Raymond. 6. A wife; — in allusion to Eve, as made out of Adam’s rib. [Familiar & Sportive] “How many have we known whose heads have been broken with their own rib.” Bp. Hall. Chuck rib, a cut of beef immediately in front of the middle rib. See Chuck. — Fore ribs, a cut of beef immediately in front of the sirloin. — Middle rib, a cut of beef between the chuck rib and the fore ribs. — Rib grass. (Bot.) Same as Ribwort.

Rib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ribbed p. pr. & vb. n. Ribbing.] 1. To furnish with ribs; to form with rising lines and channels; as to rib cloth. 2. To inclose, as with ribs, and protect; to shut in. “It [lead] were too gross
To rib her cerecloth in the obscure grave.” Shak. To rib land, to leave strips of undisturbed ground between the furrows in plowing.

Rib´ald , n./ [OE. ribald, ribaud, F. ribaud, OF. ribald, ribault, LL. ribaldus, of German origin; cf. OHG hripa prostitute. For the ending -ald cf. E. Herald.] A low, vulgar, brutal, foul-mouthed wretch; a lewd fellow. Spenser. Pope. “Ribald was almost a class name in the feudal system … He was his patron’s parasite, bulldog, and tool … It is not to be wondered at that the word rapidly became a synonym for everything ruffianly and brutal.” Earle.

Rib´ald, a. Low; base; mean; filthy; obscene. “The busy day,
Waked by the lark, hath roused the ribald crows.” Shak.

Rib´ald•ish, a. Like a ribald. Bp. Hall.

Rib´ald•rous , a. Of a ribald quality. [R.]

Rib´ald•ry , n. [OE. ribaldrie, ribaudrie, OF. ribalderie, ribauderie.] The talk of a ribald; low, vulgar language; indecency; obscenity; lewdness; — now chiefly applied to indecent language, but formerly, as by Chaucer, also to indecent acts or conduct. “The ribaldry of his conversation moved stonishment even in that age.” Macaulay.

Rib´an , n. See Ribbon. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Rib´and , n. See Ribbon. Riband jasper (Min.), a variety of jasper having stripes of different colors, as red and green.

Rib´and, n. (Naut.) See Rib-band. Totten.

Rib´and•ed, a. Ribboned. B. Jonson.

Rib´aud , n. A ribald. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Ri•bau´de•quin , n. [F.] 1. An engine of war used in the Middle Ages, consisting of a protected elevated staging on wheels, and armed in front with pikes. It was (after the 14th century) furnished with small cannon. 2. A huge bow fixed on the wall of a fortified town for casting javelins. { Rib´aud•red , Rib´aud•rous } a. Filthy; obscene; ribald. [Obs.]

Rib´aud•ry , n. Ribaldry. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rib´aud•y , n. Ribaldry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rib´auld , n. A ribald. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rib´band , n. A ribbon. Pope.

Rib´band , n. [Rib + band.] [Written also riband, and ribbon.] (Shipbuilding) A long, narrow strip of timber bent and bolted longitudinally to the ribs of a vessel, to hold them in position, and give rigidity to the framework. Rib-band lines, oblique longitudinal sections of the hull of a vessel. Knight.

Ribbed , a. 1. Furnished or formed with ribs; as a ribbed cylinder; ribbed cloth. 2. (Mining) Intercalated with slate; — said of a seam of coal. Raymond.

Rib´bing , n. An assemblage or arrangement of ribs, as the timberwork for the support of an arch or coved ceiling, the veins in the leaves of some plants, ridges in the fabric of cloth, or the like.

Rib´bon , n. [OE. riban, OF. riban, F. ruban, probably of German origin; cf. D. ringband collar, necklace, E. ring circle, and band.] [Written also riband, ribband.] 1. A fillet or narrow woven fabric, commonly of silk, used for trimming some part of a woman’s attire, for badges, and other decorative purposes. 2. A narrow strip or shred; as a steel or magnesium ribbon; sails torn to ribbons. 3. (Shipbuilding) Same as Rib- band. 4. pl. Driving reins. [Cant] London Athenaeum. 5. (Her.) A bearing similar to the bend, but only one eighth as wide. 6. (Spinning) A silver. The blue ribbon, and The red ribbon, are phrases often used to designate the British orders of the Garter and of the Bath, respectively, the badges of which are suspended by ribbons of these colors. See Blue ribbon, under Blue. Ribbon fish. (Zoöl.) (a) Any elongated, compressed, ribbon-shaped marine fish of the family Trachypteridae, especially the species of the genus Trachypterus, and the oarfish (Regelecus Banksii) of the North Atlantic, which is sometimes over twenty feet long. (b) The hairtail, or bladefish. (c) A small compressed marine fish of the genus Cepola, having a long, slender, tapering tail. The European species (C. rubescens) is light red throughout. Called also band fish. — Ribbon grass (Bot.), a variety of reed canary grass having the leaves stripped with green and white; — called also Lady’s garters. See Reed grass, under Reed. — Ribbon seal (Zoöl.), a North Pacific seal (Histriophoca fasciata). The adult male is dark brown, conspicuously banded and striped with yellowish white. — Ribbon snake (Zoöl.), a common North American snake (Eutainia saurita). It is conspicuously striped with bright yellow and dark brown. — Ribbon Society, a society in Ireland, founded in the early part of the 19th century in antagonism to the Orangemen. It afterwards became an organization of tennant farmers banded together to prevent eviction by landlords. It took its name from the green ribbon worn by members as a badge. — Ribborn worm. (Zoöl.) (a) A tapeworm. (b) A nemertean.

Rib´bon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ribboned p. pr. & vb. n. Ribboning.] To adorn with, or as with, ribbons; to mark with stripes resembling ribbons.

Rib´bon•ism , n. The principles and practices of the Ribbonmen. See Ribbon Society, under Ribbon.

Rib´bon•man , n.; pl. -men. A member of the Ribbon Society. See Ribbon Society, under Ribbon.

Rib´bon•wood , n. (Bot.) A malvaceous tree (Hoheria populnea) of New Zealand, the bark of which is used for cordage.

Ri´bes , n.[NL.; cf. Dan. ribs, and Ar. ribas a plant with an acid juice.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs including gooseberries and currants of many kinds.

Rib´ibe , n. [See Rebec.] 1. A sort of stringed instrument; a rebec. [Obs.] Nares. 2. An old woman; — in contempt. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A bawd; a prostitute. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Rib´i•ble , n. [See Ribibe.] A small threestringed viol; a rebec. Moore (Encyc. of Music). “All can be play on gittern or ribible.” Chaucer.

Rib´less, a. Having no ribs.

Rib´roast , v. t. To beat soundly. [Slang]

Rib´wort , n. (Bot.) A species of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) with long, narrow, ribbed leaves; — called also rib grass, ripple grass, ribwort plantain.

-ric [AS rice kingdom, dominion. See Rich.] A suffix signifying dominion, jurisdiction; as bishopric, the district over which a bishop exercises authority.

Rice , n. [F. riz (cf. Pr. ris, It. riso), L. oryza, Gr. , , probably from the Persian; cf. OPers. brizi, akin to Skr. vrihi; or perh. akin to E. rye. Cf. Rye.] (Bot.) A well-known cereal grass (Oryza sativa) and its seed. This plant is extensively cultivated in warm climates, and the grain forms a large portion of the food of the inhabitants. In America it grows chiefly on low, moist land, which can be overflowed. Ant rice. (Bot.) See under Ant. — French rice. (Bot.) See Amelcorn. — Indian rice., a tall reedlike water grass (Zizania aquatica), bearing panicles of a long, slender grain, much used for food by North American Indians. It is common in shallow water in the Northern States. Called also water oat, Canadian wild rice, etc. — Mountain rice, any species of an American genus (Oryzopsis) of grasses, somewhat resembling rice. — Rice bunting. (Zoöl.) Same as Ricebird. — Rice hen (Zoöl.), the Florida gallinule. — Rice mouse (Zoöl.), a large dark-colored field mouse (Calomys palistris) of the Southern United States. - - Rice paper, a kind of thin, delicate paper, brought from China, — used for painting upon, and for the manufacture of fancy articles. It is made by cutting the pith of a large herb (Fatsia papyrifera, related to the ginseng) into one roll or sheet, which is flattened out under pressure. Called also pith paper. — Rice troupial (Zoöl.), the bobolink. — Rice water, a drink for invalids made by boiling a small quantity of rice in water. — Rice-water discharge (Med.), a liquid, resembling rice water in appearance, which is vomited, and discharged from the bowels, in cholera. — Rice weevil (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Calandra, or Sitophilus, oryzae) which destroys rice, wheat, and Indian corn by eating out the interior; — called also black weevil.

Rice´bird , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The Java sparrow. (b) The bobolink.

Rice´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small white polished marine shells of the genus Olivella.

Rich, (rich), a. [Compar. Richer ; superl. Richest.] [OE. riche, AS. rice rich, powerful; akin to OS. riki, D. rijk, G. reich, OHG. rihhi, Icel. rikr, Sw. rik, Dan. rig, Goth. reiks; from a word meaning, ruler, king, probably borrowed from Celtic, and akin to L. rex, regis, king, regere to guide, rule. rad.283. See Right, and cf. Derrick, Enrich, Rajah, Riches, Royal.] 1. Having an abundance of material possessions; possessed of a large amount of property; well supplied with land, goods, or money; wealthy; opulent; affluent; — opposed to poor. ´Rich merchants.´ Chaucer. “The rich [person] hath many friends.” Prov. xiv. 20. “As a thief, bent to unhoard the cash
Of some rich burgher.” Milton. 2. Hence, in general, well supplied; abounding; abundant; copious; bountiful; as a rich treasury; a rich entertainment; a rich crop. “If life be short, it shall be glorious;
Each minute shall be rich in some great action.” Rowe. “The gorgeous East with richest hand
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.” Milton. 3. Yielding large returns; productive or fertile; fruitful; as rich soil or land; a rich mine. 4. Composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients; procured at great outlay; highly valued; precious; sumptuous; costly; as a rich dress; rich silk or fur; rich presents. “Like to rich and various gems.” Milton. 5. Abounding in agreeable or nutritive qualities; — especially applied to articles of food or drink which are high-seasoned or abound in oleaginous ingredients, or are sweet, luscious, and high-flavored; as a rich dish; rich cream or soup; rich pastry; rich wine or fruit. “Sauces and rich spices are fetched from India.” Baker. 6. Not faint or delicate; vivid; as a rich color. 7. Full of sweet and harmonius sounds; as a rich voice; rich music. 8. Abounding in beauty; gorgeous; as a rich landscape; rich scenery. 9. Abounding in humor; exciting amusement; entertaining; as the scene was a rich one; a rich incident or character. [Colloq.] Thackeray. Rich is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as rich-fleeced, rich-jeweled, rich-laden, rich-stained. Syn. — Wealthy; affluent; opulent; ample; copious; abundant; plentiful; fruitful; costly; sumptuous; precious; generous; luscious.

Rich, v. t. To enrich. [Obs.] Gower.

Rich´es , n. pl. [OE. richesse, F. richesse, from riche rich, of German origin. See Rich,a.] 1. That which makes one rich; an abundance of land, goods, money, or other property; wealth; opulence; affluence. “Riches do not consist in having more gold and silver, but in having more in proportion, than our neighbors.” Locke. 2. That which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, or the like. “The riche of heaven’s pavement, trodden gold.” Milton. Richesse, the older form of this word, was in the singular number. The form riches, however, is plural in appearance, and has now come to be used as a plural. “Against the richesses of this world shall they have misease of poverty.” Chaucer. “In one hour so great riches is come to nought.” Rev. xviii. 17. “And for that riches where is my deserving?” Shak. Syn. — Wealth; opulence; affluence; wealthiness; richness; plenty; abundance.

Rich´esse , n. [F. See Riches.] Wealth; riches. See the Note under Riches. [Obs.] “Some man desireth for to have richesse.” Chaucer. “The richesse of all heavenly grace.” Spenser.

Rich´ly , adv. In a rich manner.

Rich´ness, n. The quality or state of being rich (in any sense of the adjective).

Rich´weed , n. (Bot.) An herb (Pilea pumila) of the Nettle family, having a smooth, juicy, pellucid stem; — called also clearweed.

Ric•in•e•la•id´ic , a. [Ricinoleic + elaidic.] Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric modification of ricinoleic acid obtained as a white crystalline solid.

Ric•in•e•la´i•din , n. (Chem.) The glycerin salt of ricinelaidic acid, obtained as a white crystalline waxy substance by treating castor oil with nitrous acid.

Ri•cin´ic , a. [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, castor oil; formerly, designating an acid now called ricinoleic acid.

Ric´i•nine , n. [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline alkaloid extracted from the seeds of the castor-oil plant.

Ric•in•o´le•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of ricinoleic acid; — formerly called palmate.

Ric•in•o´le•ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a fatty acid analogous to oleic acid, obtained from castor oil as an oily substance, CHO with a harsh taste. Formerly written ricinolic.

Ric•in•o´le•in , n. [L. ricinus castor-oil plant + oleum oil.] (Chem.) The glycerin salt of ricinoleic acid, occuring as a characteristic constituent of castor oil; — formerly called palmin.

Ric•i•nol´ic , a. (Chem.) Ricinoleic.

Ric´i•nus , n. [L., the castor- oil plant.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Spurge family, containing but one species (R. communis), the castor-oil plant. The fruit is three-celled, and contains three large seeds from which castor oil iss expressed. See Palma Christi.

Rick , n. [OE. reek, rek, AS. hreác a heap; akin to hryce rick, Icel. hraukr.] A stack or pile, as of grain, straw, or hay, in the open air, usually protected from wet with thatching. “Golden clusters of beehive ricks, rising at intervals beyond the hedgerows.” G. Eliot.

Rick, v. t. To heap up in ricks, as hay, etc.

Rick´er , n. A stout pole for use in making a rick, or for a spar to a boat.

Rick´et•ish , a. Rickety. [Obs.] Fuller.

Rick´ets , n. pl. [Of uncertain origin; but cf. AS. wrigian to bend, D. wrikken to shake, E. wriggle.] (Med.) A disease which affects children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, crooked spine and limbs, depressed ribs, enlarged and spongy articular epiphyses, tumid abdomen, and short stature, together with clear and often premature mental faculties. The essential cause of the disease appears to be the nondeposition of earthy salts in the osteoid tissues. Children afflicted with this malady stand and walk unsteadily. Called also rachitis.

Rick´et•y , a. 1. Affected with rickets. 2. Feeble in the joints; imperfect; weak; shaky.

Rick´rack , n. A kind of openwork edging made of serpentine braid.

Rick´stand , n. A flooring or framework on which a rick is made.

Ric•o•chet´ , n. [F.] A rebound or skipping, as of a ball along the ground when a gun is fired at a low angle of elevation, or of a fiat stone thrown along the surface of water. Ricochet firing (Mil.), the firing of guns or howitzers, usually with small charges, at an elevation of only a few degrees, so as to cause the balls or shells to bound or skip along the ground.

Ric•o•chet´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ricochetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ricochetting.] To operate upon by ricochet firing. See Ricochet, n. [R.]

Ric•o•chet´, v. i. To skip with a rebound or rebounds, as a flat stone on the surface of water, or a cannon ball on the ground. See Ricochet, n.

Ric´tal , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the rictus; as rictal bristles.

Ric´ture , n. [L. ringi, rictus, to open wide the mouth, to gape.] A gaping. [Obs.]

Ric´tus , n. [L., the aperture of the mouth.] The gape of the mouth, as of birds; — often resricted to the corners of the mouth.

Rid , imp. & p. p. of Ride, v. i. [Archaic] “He rid to the end of the village, where he alighted.” Thackeray.

Rid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rid or Ridded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ridding.] [OE. ridden, redden, AS. hreddan to deliver, liberate; akin to D. & LG. redden, G. retten, Dan. redde, Sw. rädda, and perhaps to Skr. rath to loosen.] 1. To save; to rescue; to deliver; — with out of. [Obs.] “Deliver the poor and needy; rid them out of the hand of the wicked.” Ps. lxxxii. 4. 2. To free; to clear; to disencumber; — followed by of. ´Rid all the sea of pirates.´ Shak. “In never ridded myself of an overmastering and brooding sense of some great calamity traveling toward me.” De Quincey. 3. To drive away; to remove by effort or violence; to make away with; to destroy. [Obs.] “I will red evil beasts out of the land.” Lev. xxvi. 6. “Death’s men, you have rid this sweet young prince!” Shak. 4. To get over; to dispose of; to dispatch; to finish. [R.] ´Willingness rids way.´ Shak. “Mirth will make us rid ground faster than if thieves were at our tails.” J. Webster. To be rid of, to be free or delivered from. — To get rid of, to get deliverance from; to free one’s self from.

Rid´a•ble , a. Suitable for riding; as a ridable horse; a ridable road.

Rid´dance , n. 1. The act of ridding or freeing; deliverance; a cleaning up or out. “Thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field.” Lev. xxiii. 22. 2. The state of being rid or free; freedom; escape. ´Riddance from all adversity.´ Hooker.

Rid´den , p. p. of Ride.

Rid´der , n. One who, or that which, rids.

Rid´dle , n. [OE. ridil, AS. hridder; akin to G. reiter, L. cribrum, and to Gr. to distinguish, separate, and G. rein clean. See Crisis, Certain.] 1. A sieve with coarse meshes, usually of wire, for separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from grain, cinders from ashes, or gravel from sand. 2. A board having a row of pins, set zigzag, between which wire is drawn to straighten it.

Rid´dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riddled p. pr. & vb. n. Riddling ] 1. To separate, as grain from the chaff, with a riddle; to pass through a riddle; as riddle wheat; to riddle coal or gravel. 2. To perforate so as to make like a riddle; to make many holes in; as a house riddled with shot.

Rid´dle, n. [For riddels, s being misunderstood as the plural ending; OE. ridels, redels. AS. rdels; akin to D. raadsel, G. räthsel; fr. AS. rdan to counsel or advise, also to guess. rad.116. Cf. Read.] Something proposed to be solved by guessing or conjecture; a puzzling question; an ambiguous proposition; an enigma; hence, anything ambiguous or puzzling. “To wring from me, and tell to them, my secret,
That solved the riddle which I had proposed.” Milton. “’T was a strange riddle of a lady.” Hudibras.

Rid´dle, v. t. To explain; to solve; to unriddle. “Riddle me this, and guess him if you can.” Dryden.

Rid´dle, v. i. To speak ambiguously or enigmatically. ´Lysander riddels very prettily.´ Shak.

Rid´dler , n. One who riddles (grain, sand, etc.).

Rid´dler, n. One who speaks in, or propounds, riddles.

Rid´dling , a. Speaking in a riddle or riddles; containing a riddle. ´Riddling triplets.´ Tennyson. — Rid´dling, adv.

Ride (rid), v. i. [imp. Rode (rod) (Rid [rid], archaic); p. p. Ridden (Rid, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Riding .] [AS. ridan; akin to LG. riden, D. rijden, G. reiten, OHG. ritan, Icel. riða, Sw. rida, Dan. ride; cf. L. raeda a carriage, which is from a Celtic word. Cf. Road.] 1. To be carried on the back of an animal, as a horse. “To-morrow, when ye riden by the way.” Chaucer. “Let your master ride on before, and do you gallop after him.” Swift. 2. To be borne in a carriage; as to ride in a coach, in a car, and the like. See Synonym, below. “The richest inhabitants exhibited their wealth, not by riding in gilden carriages, but by walking the streets with trains of servants.” Macaulay. 3. To be borne or in a fluid; to float; to lie. “Men once walked where ships at anchor ride.” Dryden. 4. To be supported in motion; to rest. “Strong as the exletree
On which heaven rides.” Shak. “On whose foolish honesty
My practices ride easy!” Shak. 5. To manage a horse, as an equestrian. “He rode, he fenced, he moved with graceful ease.” Dryden. 6. To support a rider, as a horse; to move under the saddle; as a horse rides easy or hard, slow or fast. To ride easy (Naut.), to lie at anchor without violent pitching or straining at the cables. — To ride hard (Naut.), to pitch violently. — To ride out. (a) To go upon a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To ride in the open air. [Colloq.] — To ride to hounds, to ride behind, and near to, the hounds in hunting. Syn. — Drive. — Ride, Drive. Ride originally meant (and is so used throughout the English Bible) to be carried on horseback or in a vehicle of any kind. At present in England, drive is the word applied in most cases to progress in a carriage; as a drive around the park, etc.; while ride is appropriated to progress on a horse. Johnson seems to sanction this distinction by giving ´to travel on horseback´ as the leading sense of ride; though he adds ´to travel in a vehicle´ as a secondary sense. This latter use of the word still occurs to some extent; as the queen rides to Parliament in her coach of state; to ride in an omnibus. “´Will you ride over or drive?´ said Lord Willowby to his quest, after breakfast that morning.” W. Black.

Ride, v. t. 1. To sit on, so as to be carried; as to ride a horse; to ride a bicycle. “[They] rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air
In whirlwind.” Milton. 2. To manage insolently at will; to domineer over. “The nobility could no longer endure to be ridden by bakers, cobblers, and brewers.” Swift. 3. To convey, as by riding; to make or do by riding. “Tue only men that safe can ride
Mine errands on the Scottish side.” Sir W. Scott. 4. (Surg.) To overlap (each other); — said of bones or fractured fragments. To ride a hobby, to have some favorite occupation or subject of talk. — To ride and tie, to take turn with another in labor and rest; — from the expedient adopted by two persons with one horse, one of whom rides the animal a certain distance, and then ties him for the use of the other, who is coming up on foot. Fielding. — To ride down. (a) To ride over; to trample down in riding; to overthrow by riding against; as to ride down an enemy. (b) (Naut.) To bear down, as on a halyard when hoisting a sail. — To ride out (Naut.), to keep safe afloat during (a storm) while riding at anchor or when hove to on the open sea; as to ride out the gale.

Ride, n. 1. The act of riding; an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle. 2. A saddle horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 3. A road or avenue cut in a wood, or through grounds, to be used as a place for riding; a riding.

Ri•deau´ (re•do´), n. [F.] A small mound of earth; ground slightly elevated; a small ridge.

Rid´en (rid´’n), obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of Ride. Chaucer.

Ri´dent (ri´dent), a. [L. ridens, p. pr. of ridere to laugh.] Laughing. [R.] Thackeray.

Rid´er (rid´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, rides. 2. Formerly, an agent who went out with samples of goods to obtain orders; a commercial traveler. [Eng.] 3. One who breaks or manages a horse. Shak. 4. An addition or amendment to a manuscript or other document, which is attached on a separate piece of paper; in legislative practice, an additional clause annexed to a bill while in course of passage; something extra or burdensome that is imposed. “After the third reading, a foolish man stood up to propose a rider.” Macaulay. “This [question] was a rider which Mab found difficult to answer.” A. S. Hardy. 5. (Math.) A problem of more than usual difficulty added to another on an examination paper. 6. [D. rijder.] A Dutch gold coin having the figure of a man on horseback stamped upon it. “His moldy money ! half a dozen riders.” J. Fletcher. 7. (Mining) Rock material in a vein of ore, dividing it. 8. (Shipbuilding) An interior rib occasionally fixed in a ship’s hold, reaching from the keelson to the beams of the lower deck, to strengthen her frame. Totten. 9. (Naut.) The second tier of casks in a vessel’s hold. 10. A small forked weight which straddles the beam of a balance, along which it can be moved in the manner of the weight on a steelyard. 11. A robber. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drummond. Rider’s bone (Med.), a bony deposit in the muscles of the upper and inner part of the thigh, due to the pressure and irritation caused by the saddle in riding.

Rid´er•less, a. Having no rider; as a riderless horse. H. Kingsley.

Ridge , n. [OE. rigge the back, AS. hrycg; akin to D. rug, G. rÜcken, OHG. rucki, hrukki, Icel. hryggr, Sw. rugg, Dan. ryg. rad.16.] 1. The back, or top of the back; a crest. Hudibras. 2. A range of hills or mountains, or the upper part of such a range; any extended elevation between valleys. ´The frozen ridges of the Alps.´ Shak. “Part rise crystal wall, or ridge direct.” Milton. 3. A raised line or strip, as of ground thrown up by a plow or left between furrows or ditches, or as on the surface of metal, cloth, or bone, etc. 4. (Arch.) The intersection of two surface forming a salient angle, especially the angle at the top between the opposite slopes or sides of a roof or a vault. 5. (Fort.) The highest portion of the glacis proceeding from the salient angle of the covered way. Stocqueler.

Ridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridged p. pr. & vb. n. Ridging.] 1. To form a ridge of; to furnish with a ridge or ridges; to make into a ridge or ridges. “Bristles ranged like those that ridge the back
Of chafed wild boars.” Milton. 2. To form into ridges with the plow, as land. 3. To wrinkle. ´With a forehead ridged.´ Cowper.

Ridge´band , n. The part of a harness which passes over the saddle, and supports the shafts of a cart; — called also ridgerope, and ridger. Halliwell.

Ridge´bone , n. The backbone. [Obs.] “Blood … lying cluttered about the ridgebone.” Holland.

Ridg´el , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ridgelling.

Ridge´let , n. A little ridge.

Ridge´ling , n. [Prov. E. riggilt, riggot, ananimal half castrated, a sheep having only one testicle; cf. Prov. G. rigel, rig, a barrow hog, rigler a cock half castrated.] (Zoöl.) A half-castrated male animal. { Ridge´piece• , Ridge´plate• } n. See Ridgepole.

Ridge´pole , n. (Arch.) The timber forming the ridge of a roof, into which the rafters are secured.

Ridge´rope , n. (Naut.) See Life line (a), under Life.

Ridg´ing•ly , adv. So as to form ridges.

Ridg´y , a. Having a ridge or ridges; rising in a ridge. ´Lifted on a ridgy wave.´ Pope.

Rid´i•cle , n. Ridicule. [Obs.] Foxe.

Rid´i•cule , n. [F. ridicule, L. ridiculum a jest, fr. ridiculus. See Ridiculous.] 1. An object of sport or laughter; a laughingstock; a laughing matter. “[Marlborough] was so miserably ignorant, that his deficiencies made him the ridicule of his contemporaries.” Buckle. “To the people … but a trifle, to the king but a ridicule.” Foxe. 2. Remarks concerning a subject or a person designed to excite laughter with a degree of contempt; wit of that species which provokes contemptuous laughter; disparagement by making a person an object of laughter; banter; — a term lighter than derision. “We have in great measure restricted the meaning of ridicule, which would properly extend over whole region of the ridiculous, — the laughable, — and we have narrowed it so that in common usage it mostly corresponds to ´derision´, which does indeed involve personal and offensive feelings.” Hare. “Safe from the bar, the pulpit, and the throne,
Yet touched and shamed by ridicule alone.” Pope. 3. Quality of being ridiculous; ridiculousness. [Obs.] “To see the ridicule of this practice.” Addison. Syn. — Derision; banter; raillery; burlesque; mockery; irony; satire; sarcasm; gibe; jeer; sneer. — Ridicule, Derision, Both words imply disapprobation; but ridicule usually signifies good-natured, fun-loving opposition without manifest malice, while derision is commonly bitter and scornful, and sometimes malignant.

Rid´i•cule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridiculed p. pr. & vb. n. Ridiculing.] To laugh at mockingly or disparagingly; to awaken ridicule toward or respecting. “I ’ve known the young, who ridiculed his rage.” Goldsmith. Syn. — To deride; banter; rally; burlesque; mock; satirize; lampoon. See Deride.

Rid´i•cule , a. [F.] Ridiculous. [Obs.] “This action … became so ridicule.” Aubrey.

Rid´i•cu•ler , n. One who ridicules.

Ri•dic´u•lize , v. t. To make ridiculous; to ridicule. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ri•dic•u•los´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being ridiculous; ridiculousness; also something ridiculous. [Archaic] Bailey.

Ri•dic´u•lous , a. [L. ridiculosus, ridiculus, fr. ridere to laigh. Cf. Risible.] 1. Fitted to excite ridicule; absurd and laughable; unworthy of serious consideration; as a ridiculous dress or behavior. “Agricola, discerning that those little targets and unwieldy glaives ill pointed would soon become ridiculous against the thrust and close, commanded three Batavian cohorts … to draw up and come to handy strokes.” Milton. 2. Involving or expressing ridicule. [r.] “[It] provokes me to ridiculous smiling.” Shak. Syn. — Ludicrous; laughable; risible; droll; comical; absurd; preposterous. See Ludicrous. —- Ri•dic´u•lous•ly, adv. — Ri•dic´u•lous•ness, n.

Rid´ing (rid´ing), n. [For thriding, Icel. þriðjungr the third part, fr. þriði third, akin to E. third. See Third.] One of the three jurisdictions into which the county of York, in England, is divided; — formerly under the government of a reeve. They are called the North, the East, and the West, Riding. Blackstone.

Rid´ing, a. 1. Employed to travel; traveling; as a riding clerk. ´One riding apparitor.´ Ayliffe. 2. Used for riding on; as a riding horse. 3. Used for riding, or when riding; devoted to riding; as a riding whip; a riding habit; a riding day. Riding clerk. (a) A clerk who traveled for a commercial house. [Obs. Eng.] (b) One of the ´six clerks´ formerly attached to the English Court of Chancery. — Riding hood. (a) A hood formerly worn by women when riding. (b) A kind of cloak with a hood. — Riding master, an instructor in horsemanship. — Riding rhyme (Pros.), the meter of five accents, with couplet rhyme; — probably so called from the mounted pilgrims described in the Canterbury Tales. Dr. Guest. — Riding school, a school or place where the art of riding is taught.

Rid´ing, n. 1. The act or state of one who rides. 2. A festival procession. [Obs.] “When there any riding was in Cheap.” Chaucer. 3. Same as Ride, n., 3. Sir P. Sidney. 4. A district in charge of an excise officer. [Eng.]

Ri•dot´to , n. [It., fr. LL. reductus a retreat. See Redoubt.] A favorite Italian public entertainment, consisting of music and dancing, — held generally on fast eves. Brande & C. “There are to be ridottos at guinea tickets.” Walpole.

Ri•dot´to, v. i. To hold ridottos. [R.] J. G. Cooper.

Rie , n. See Rye. [Obs.] Holland. Rie grass. (Bot.) (a) A kind of wild barley (Hordeum pratense). Dr. Prior. (b) Ray grass. Dr. Prior.

Rief , n. [See Reave.] Robbery. [Obs. or Scot.]

Riet´boc , n. [D. riet reed + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) The reedbuck, a South African antelope (Cervicapra arundinacea); — so called from its frequenting dry places covered with high grass or reeds. Its color is yellowish brown. Called also inghalla, and rietbok.

Rife , a. [AS. rif abundant, or Icel. rifr munificent; akin to OD. riff, rijve, abundant.] 1. Prevailing; prevalent; abounding. “Before the plague of London, inflammations of the lungs were rife and mortal.” Arbuthnot. “Even now the tumult of loud mirth
Was rife, and perfect in may listening ear.” Milton. 2. Having power; active; nimble. [Obs.] “What! I am rife a little yet.” J. Webster. — Rife´ly, adv. — Rife´ness, n.

Rif´fle , n. [CF. G. riffeln, riefeln, to groove. Cf. Rifle a gun.] (Mining) A trough or sluice having cleats, grooves, or steps across the bottom for holding quicksilver and catching particles of gold when auriferous earth is washed; also one of the cleats, grooves, or steps in such a trough. Also called ripple.

Rif´fler , n. [See Riffle.] A curved file used in carving wool and marble.

Riff´raff , n. [OE. rif and raf every particle, OF. rif et raf. CF. Raff, and 1st Rifle.] Sweepings; refuse; the lowest order of society. Beau. & Fl.

Ri´fle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifled p. pr. & vb. n. Rifling ] [F. rifler to rifle, sweep away; of uncertain origin. CF. Raff.] 1. To seize and bear away by force; to snatch away; to carry off. “Till time shall rifle every youthful grace.” Pope. 2. To strip; to rob; to pillage. Piers Plowman. “Stand, sir, and throw us that you have about ye:
If not, we’ll make you sit and rifle you.” Shak. 3. To raffle. [Obs.] J. Webster.

Ri´fle, v. i. 1. To raffle. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. To commit robbery. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ri´fle, n. [Akin to Dan. rifle, or riffel, the rifle of a gun, a chamfer (cf. riffel, riffelbösse, a rifle gun, rifle to rifle a gun, G. riefeln, riefen, to chamfer, groove), and E. rive. See Rive, and cf. Riffle, Rivel.] 1. A gun, the inside of whose barrel is grooved with spiral channels, thus giving the ball a rotary motion and insuring greater accuracy of fire. As a military firearm it has superseded the musket. 2. pl. (Mil.) A body of soldiers armed with rifles. 3. A strip of wood covered with emery or a similar material, used for sharpening scythes. Rifle pit (Mil.), a trench for sheltering sharpshooters.

Ri´fle , v. t. 1. To grove; to channel; especially, to groove internally with spiral channels; as to rifle a gun barrel or a cannon. 2. To whet with a rifle. See Rifle, n., 3.

Ri´fle•bird , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of beautiful birds of Australia and New Guinea, of the genera Ptiloris and Craspidophora, allied to the paradise birds. The largest and best known species is Ptiloris paradisea of Australia. Its general color is rich velvety brown, glossed with lilac; the under parts are varied with rich olive green, and the head, throat, and two middle tail feathers are brilliant metallic green.

Ri´fle•man , n.; pl. Rifleman . (Mil.) A soldier armed with a rifle.

Ri´fler , n. One who rifles; a robber.

Ri´fling , n. (a) The act or process of making the grooves in a rifled cannon or gun barrel. (b) The system of grooves in a rifled gun barrel or cannon. Shunt rifling, rifling for cannon, in which one side of the groove is made deeper than the other, to facilitate loading with shot having projections which enter by the deeper part of the grooves.

Rift , obs. p. p. of Rive. Spenser.

Rift, n. [Written also reft.] [Dan. rift, fr. rieve to rend. See Rive.] 1. An opening made by riving or splitting; a cleft; a fissure. Spenser. 2. A shallow place in a stream; a ford.

Rift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rifting.] To cleave; to rive; to split; as to rift an oak or a rock; to rift the clouds. Longfellow. “To dwell these rifted rocks between.” Wordsworth.

Rift, v. i. 1. To burst open; to split. Shak. “Timber … not apt to rif with ordnance.” Bacon. 2. To belch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Rift´er , n. A rafter. [Obs.] Holland.

Rig , n. [See Ridge.] A ridge. [Prov. or Scott.]

Rig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rigged p. pr. & vb. n. Rigging ] [Norweg. rigga to bind, particularly, to wrap round, rig; cf. AS. wrihan to cover.] 1. To furnish with apparatus or gear; to fit with tackling. 2. To dress; to equip; to clothe, especially in an odd or fanciful manner; — commonly followed by out. “Jack was rigged out in his gold and silver lace.” L’Estrange. To rig a purchase, to adapt apparatus so as to get a purchase for moving a weight, as with a lever, tackle, capstan, etc. — To rig a ship (Naut.), to fit the shrouds, stays, braces, etc., to their respective masts and yards.

Rig, n. 1. (Naut.) The peculiar fitting in shape, number, and arrangement of sails and masts, by which different types of vessels are distinguished; as schooner rig, ship rig, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Dress; esp., odd or fanciful clothing. [Colloq.]

Rig, n. [Cf. Wriggle.] 1. A romp; a wanton; one given to unbecoming conduct. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A sportive or unbecoming trick; a frolic. 3. A blast of wind. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. “That uncertain season before the rigs of Michaelmas were yet well composed.” Burke. To run a rig, to play a trick; to engage in a frolic; to do something strange and unbecoming. “He little dreamt when he set out
Of running such a rig.” Cowper.

Rig, v. i. To play the wanton; to act in an unbecoming manner; to play tricks. ´Rigging and rifling all ways.´ Chapman.

Rig, v. t. To make free with; hence, to steal; to pilfer. [Obs. or Prov.] Tusser. To rig the market (Stock Exchange), to raise or lower market prices, as by some fraud or trick. [Cant]

Rig•a•doon´ , n. [F. rigadon, rigaudon.] A gay, lively dance for one couple, — said to have been borrowed from Provence in France. W. Irving. “Whose dancing dogs in rigadoons excel.” Wolcott.

Ri´ga fir , [So called from Riga, a city in Russia.] (Bot.) A species of pine (Pinus sylvestris), and its wood, which affords a valuable timber; — called also Scotch pine, and red or yellow deal. It grows in all parts of Europe, in the Caucasus, and in Siberia.

Ri•ga´rion , n. [L. rigatio, fr. rigare to water.] See Irrigation. [Obs.]

Ri´gel , n. [Ar. rijl, properly, foot.] (Astron.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the left foot of the constellation Orion. [Written also Regel.]

Ri•ges´cent , a. [L. rigescens, p. pr. fr. rigescere to grow stiff.] Growing stiff or numb.

Rig´ger , n. 1. One who rigs or dresses; one whose occupation is to fit the rigging of a ship. 2. A cylindrical pulley or drum in machinery. [R.]

Rig´ging , n. DRess; tackle; especially (Naut.), the ropes, chains, etc., that support the masts and spars of a vessel, and serve as purchases for adjusting the sails, etc. See Illustr. of Ship and Sails. Running rigging (Naut.), all those ropes used in bracing the yards, making and shortening sail, etc., such as braces, sheets, halyards, clew lines, and the like. — Standing rigging (Naut.), the shrouds and stays.

Rig´gish , a. Like a rig or wanton. [Obs.] ´Riggish and unmaidenly.´ Bp. Hall.

Rig´gle , v. i. See Wriggle.

Rig´gle, n. The European lance fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Right (rit), a. [OE. right, riht, AS. riht; akin to D. regt, OS. & OHG. reht, G. recht, Dan. ret, Sw. rätt, Icel. rëttr, Goth. raíhts, L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule; cf. Skr. rju straight, right. rad.115. Cf. Adroit,Alert, Correct, Dress, Regular, Rector, Recto, Rectum, Regent, Region, Realm, Rich, Royal, Rule.] 1. Straight; direct; not crooked; as a right line. ´Right as any line.´ Chaucer 2. Upright; erect from a base; having an upright axis; not oblique; as right ascension; a right pyramid or cone. 3. Conformed to the constitution of man and the will of God, or to justice and equity; not deviating from the true and just; according with truth and duty; just; true. “That which is conformable to the Supreme Rule is absolutely right, and is called right simply without relation to a special end.” Whately. 2. Fit; suitable; proper; correct; becoming; as the right man in the right place; the right way from London to Oxford. 5. Characterized by reality or genuineness; real; actual; not spurious. ´His right wife.´ Chaucer. “In this battle, … the Britons never more plainly manifested themselves to be right barbarians.” Milton. 6. According with truth; passing a true judgment; conforming to fact or intent; not mistaken or wrong; not erroneous; correct; as this is the right faith. “You are right, Justice, and you weigh this well.” Shak. “If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference is … right, ´Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die.´” Locke. 7. Most favorable or convenient; fortunate. “The lady has been disappointed on the right side.” Spectator. 8. Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action is usually stronger than on the other side; — opposed to left when used in reference to a part of the body; as the right side, hand, arm. Also applied to the corresponding side of the lower animals. “Became the sovereign’s favorite, his right hand.” Longfellow. In designating the banks of a river, right and left are used always with reference to the position of one who is facing in the direction of the current’s flow. 9. Well placed, disposed, or adjusted; orderly; well regulated; correctly done. 10. Designed to be placed or worn outward; as the right side of a piece of cloth. At right angles, so as to form a right angle or right angles, as when one line crosses another perpendicularly. — Right and left, in both or all directions. [Colloq.] — Right and left coupling (Pipe fitting), a coupling the opposite ends of which are tapped for a right-handed screw and a left-handed screw, respectivelly. — Right angle. (a) The angle formed by one line meeting another perpendicularly, as the angles ABD, DBC. (b) (Spherics) A spherical angle included between the axes of two great circles whose planes are perpendicular to each other. — Right ascension. See under Ascension. — Right Center (Politics), those members belonging to the Center in a legislative assembly who have sympathies with the Right on political questions. See Center, n., 5. — Right cone, Right cylinder, Right prism, Right pyramid (Geom.), a cone, cylinder, prism, or pyramid, the axis of which is perpendicular to the base. — Right line. See under Line. — Right sailing (Naut.), sailing on one of the four cardinal points, so as to alter a ship’s latitude or its longitude, but not both. Ham. Nav. Encyc. — Right sphere (Astron. & Geol.), a sphere in such a position that the equator cuts the horizon at right angles; in spherical projections, that position of the sphere in which the primitive plane coincides with the plane of the equator. Right is used elliptically for it is right, what you say is right, true. “´Right,´ cries his lordship.” Pope. Syn. — Straight; direct; perpendicular; upright; lawful; rightful; true; correct; just; equitable; proper; suitable; becoming.

Right, adv. 1. In a right manner. 2. In a right or straight line; directly; hence; straightway; immediately; next; as he stood right before me; it went right to the mark; he came right out; he followed right after the guide. “Unto Dian’s temple goeth she right.” Chaucer. “Let thine eyes look right on.” Prov. iv. 25. “Right across its track there lay,
Down in the water, a long reef of gold.” Tennyson. 3. Exactly; just. [Obs. or Colloq.] “Came he right now to sing a raven’s note?” Shak. 4. According to the law or will of God; conforming to the standard of truth and justice; righteously; as to live right; to judge right. 5. According to any rule of art; correctly. “You with strict discipline instructed right.” Roscommon. 6. According to fact or truth; actually; truly; really; correctly; exactly; as to tell a story right. ´Right at mine own cost.´ Chaucer. “Right as it were a steed of Lumbardye.” Chaucer. “His wounds so smarted that he slept right naught.” Fairfax. 7. In a great degree; very; wholly; unqualifiedly; extremely; highly; as right humble; right noble; right valiant. ´He was not right fat´. Chaucer. “For which I should be right sorry.” Tyndale. “[I] return those duties back as are right fit.” Shak. In this sense now chiefly prefixed to titles; as right honorable; right reverend. Right honorable, a title given in England to peers and peeresses, to the eldest sons and all daughters of such peers as have rank above viscounts, and to all privy councilors; also to certain civic officers, as the lord mayor of London, of York, and of Dublin. Right is used in composition with other adverbs, as upright, downright, forthright, etc. Right along, without cessation; continuously; as to work right along for several hours. [Colloq. U.S.] — Right away, or Right off, at once; straightway; without delay. [Colloq. U.S.] ´We will … shut ourselves up in the office and do the work right off.´ D. Webster.

Right , n. [AS. right. See Right, a.] 1. That which is right or correct. Specifically: (a) The straight course; adherence to duty; obedience to lawful authority, divine or human; freedom from guilt, — the opposite of moral wrong. (b) A true statement; freedom from error of falsehood; adherence to truth or fact. “Seldom your opinions err;
Your eyes are always in the right.” Prior. (c) A just judgment or action; that which is true or proper; justice; uprightness; integrity. “Long love to her has borne the faithful knight,
And well deserved, had fortune done him right.” Dryden. 2. That to which one has a just claim. Specifically: (a) That which one has a natural claim to exact. “There are no rights whatever, without corresponding duties.” Coleridge. (b) That which one has a legal or social claim to do or to exact; legal power; authority; as a sheriff has a right to arrest a criminal. (c) That which justly belongs to one; that which one has a claim to possess or own; the interest or share which anyone has in a piece of property; title; claim; interest; ownership. “Born free, he sought his right.” Dryden. “Hast thou not right to all created things?” Milton. “Men have no right to what is not reasonable.” Burke. (d) Privilege or immunity granted by authority. 3. The right side; the side opposite to the left. “Led her to the Souldan’s right.” Spenser. 4. In some legislative bodies of Europe (as in France), those members collectively who are conservatives or monarchists. See Center, 5. 5. The outward or most finished surface, as of a piece of cloth, a carpet, etc. At all right, at all points; in all respects. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Bill of rights, a list of rights; a paper containing a declaration of rights, or the declaration itself. See under Bill. — By right, By rights, or By good rights, rightly; properly; correctly. “He should himself use it by right.” Chaucer. “I should have been a woman by right.” Shak. — Divine right, or Divine right of kings, a name given to the patriarchal theory of government, especially to the doctrine that no misconduct and no dispossession can forfeit the right of a monarch or his heirs to the throne, and to the obedience of the people. — To rights. (a) In a direct line; straight. [R.] Woodward. (b) At once; directly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Swift. — To set to rights, To put to rights, to put in good order; to adjust; to regulate, as what is out of order. — Writ of right (Law), a writ which lay to recover lands in fee simple, unjustly withheld from the true owner. Blackstone.

Right, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Righted; p. pr. & vb. n. Righting.] [AS. rihtan. See Right, a.] 1. To bring or restore to the proper or natural position; to set upright; to make right or straight (that which has been wrong or crooked); to correct. 2. To do justice to; to relieve from wrong; to restore rights to; to assert or regain the rights of; as to right the oppressed; to right one’s self; also to vindicate. “So just is God, to right the innocent.” Shak. “All experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.” Jefferson. To right a vessel (Naut.), to restore her to an upright position after careening. — To right the helm (Naut.), to place it in line with the keel.

Right, v. i. 1. To recover the proper or natural condition or position; to become upright. 2. (Naut.) Hence, to regain an upright position, as a ship or boat, after careening.

Right´-a•bout , n. [Right, adv. + about, adv.] A turning directly about by the right, so as to face in the opposite direction; also the quarter directly opposite; as to turn to the right-about. To send to the right-about, to cause to turn toward the opposite point or quarter; — hence, of troops, to cause to turn and retreat. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Right´-an•gled , a. Containing a right angle or right angles; as a right-angled triangle.

Right´en , v. t. To do justice to. [Obs.] “Relieve [marginal reading, righten] the opressed.” Isa. i. 17.

Right´eous , a. [OE. rightways, rightwise, AS. rightwis; riht right + wis wise, having wisdom, prudent. See Right, a., Wise, a.] Doing, or according with, that which is right; yielding to all their due; just; equitable; especially, free from wrong, guilt, or sin; holy; as a righteous man or act; a righteous retribution. “Fearless in his righteous cause.” Milton. Syn. — Upright; just; godly; holy; uncorrupt; virtuous; honest; equitable; rightful.

Right´eoused , a. Made righteous. [Obs.]

Right´eous•ly , adv. [AS. rightwislice.] In a righteous manner; as to judge righteously.

Right´eous•ness, n. [AS. rihtwisnes.] 1. The quality or state of being righteous; holiness; purity; uprightness; rectitude. Righteousness, as used in Scripture and theology, in which it chiefly occurs, is nearly equivalent to holiness, comprehending holy principles and affections of heart, and conformity of life to the divine law. 2. A righteous act, or righteous quality. “All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags.” Isa. lxiv. 6. 3. The act or conduct of one who is righteous. “Blessed are they that keep judgment, and he that doeth righteousness at all times.” Ps. cvi. 3. 4. (Theol.) The state of being right with God; justification; the work of Christ, which is the ground of justification. “There are two kinds of Christian righteousness: the one without us, which we have by imputation; the other in us, which consisteth of faith, hope, and charity, and other Christian virtues.” Hooker. “Only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone.” Westminster Catechism. Syn. — Uprightness; holiness; godliness; equity; justice; rightfulness; integrity; honesty; faithfulness.

Right´er , n. One who sets right; one who does justice or redresses wrong. Shelton.

Right´ful , a. 1. Righteous; upright; just; good; — said of persons. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Consonant to justice; just; as a rightful cause. 3. Having the right or just claim according to established laws; being or holding by right; as the rightful heir to a throne or an estate; a rightful king. 4. Belonging, held, or possessed by right, or by just claim; as a rightful inheritance; rightful authority. Syn. — Just; lawful; true; honest; equitable; proper.

Right´ful•ly, adv. According to right or justice.

Right´ful•ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being rightful; accordance with right and justice. 2. Moral rectitude; righteousness. [Obs.] Wyclif. “We fail of perfect rightfulness.” Sir P. Sidney.

Right´-hand , a. 1. Situated or being on the right; nearer the right hand than the left; as the right-hand side, room, or road. 2. Chiefly relied on; almost indispensable. “Mr. Alexander Truncheon, who is their right-hand man in the troop.” Addison. Right-hand rope, a rope which is laid up and twisted with the sun, that is, in the same direction as plain-laid rope. See Illust. of Cordage.

Right´-hand•ed, a. 1. Using the right hand habitually, or more easily than the left. 2. Having the same direction or course as the movement of the hands of a watch seen in front; — said of the motion of a revolving object looked at from a given direction. 3. (Zoöl.) Having the whorls rising from left to right; dextral; — said of spiral shells. See Illust. of Scalaria. Right-handed screw, a screw, the threads of which, like those of a common wood screw, wind spirally in such a direction that the screw advances away from the observer when turned with a right-handed movement in a fixed nut.

Right´-hand•ed•ness, n. The state or quality of being right-handed; hence, skill; dexterity.

Right´-heart•ed , a. Having a right heart or disposition. — Right´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Right´less, a. Destitute of right. Sylvester.

Right´-lined , a. Formed by right lines; rectilineal; as a right-lined angle.

Right´ly, adv. [AS. richtlice.] 1. Straightly; directly; in front. [Obs.] Shak. 2. According to justice; according to the divine will or moral rectitude; uprightly; as duty rightly performed. 3. Properly; fitly; suitably; appropriately. “Eve rightly called, Mother of all mankind.” Milton. 4. According to truth or fact; correctly; not erroneously; exactly. ´I can not rightly say.´ Shak. “Thou didst not rightly see.” Dryden.

Right´-mind•ed , a. Having a right or honest mind. — Right´-mind•ed•ness, n.

Right´ness, n. [AS. rihtnes.] Straightness; as the rightness of a line. Bacon. 2. The quality or state of being right; right relation. “The craving for rightness with God.” J. C. Shairp.

Right´-run•ning , a. Straight; direct.

Right´ward , adv. Toward the right. “Rightward and leftward rise the rocks.” Southey.

Right´ whale (Zoöl.) (a) The bowhead, Arctic, or Greenland whale (Balaena mysticetus), from whose mouth the best whalebone is obtained. (b) Any other whale that produces valuable whalebone, as the Atlantic, or Biscay, right whale (Balaena cisarctica), and the Pacific right whale (B. Sieboldii); a bone whale. Pygmy right whale (Zoöl.), a small New Zealand whale (Neobalaena marginata) which is only about sixteen feet long. It produces short, but very elastic and tough, whalebone.

Right´wise , a. Righteous. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Right´wise, v. t. To make righteous. [Obs.]

Right´wise•ly, adv. Righteously. [Obs.]

Right´wise•ness, n. Righteousness. [Obs.] “In doom and eke in rightwisnesse.” Chaucer.

Rig´id , a. [L. rigidus, fr. rigere to be stiff or numb: cf. F. rigide. Cf. Rigor. ] 1. Firm; stiff; unyielding; not pliant; not flexible. “Upright beams innumerable
Of rigid spears.” Milton. 2. Hence, not lax or indulgent; severe; inflexible; strict; as a rigid father or master; rigid discipline; rigid criticism; a rigid sentence. “The more rigid order of principles in religion and government.” Hawthorne. Syn. — Stiff; unpliant; inflexible; unyielding; strict; exact; severe; austere; stern; rigorous; unmitigated.

Ri•gid´i•ty , n. [L. rigiditas: cf. F. rigidite. See Rigid.] 1. The quality or state of being rigid; want of pliability; the quality of resisting change of form; the amount of resistance with which a body opposes change of form; — opposed to flexibility, ductility, malleability, and softness. 2. Stiffness of appearance or manner; want of ease or elegance. Sir H. Wotton. 3. Severity; rigor. [Obs. orR.] Bp. Burnet. Syn. — Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility.

Rig´id•ly , v. In a rigid manner; stiffly.

Rig´id•ness, n. The quality or state of being rigid.

Ri•gid´u•lous , a. [Dim. from rigid.] (Bot.) Somewhat rigid or stiff; as a rigidulous bristle.

Rig´let , n. (Print.) See Reglet.

Rig´ma•role , n. [For ragman roll. See Ragman’s roll.] A succession of confused or nonsensical statements; foolish talk; nonsense. [Colloq.] “Often one’s dear friend talks something which one scruples to call rigmarole.” De Quincey.

Rig´ma•role, a. Consisting of rigmarole; frovolous; nonsensical; foolish.

Rig´ol , n. [OE. also ringol. Cf. Ring.] A circle; hence, a diadem. [Obs.] Shak.

Rig´oll , n. [Corrupted fr. regal.] A musical instrument formerly in use, consisting of several sticks bound together, but separated by beads, and played with a stick with a ball at its end. Moore (Encyc. of Music.).

Ri´gor , n. [L. See Rigor., below.] 1. Rigidity; stiffness. 2. (ed.) A sense of chilliness, with contraction of the skin; a convulsive shuddering or tremor, as in the chill preceding a fever. Rigor caloris [L., rigor of heat] (Physiol.), a form of rigor mortis induced by heat, as when the muscle of a mammal is heated to about 50°C. — Rigor mortis [L. , rigor of death], death stiffening; the rigidity of the muscles that occurs at death and lasts till decomposition sets in. It is due to the formation of myosin by the coagulation of the contents of the individual muscle fibers.

Rig´or , n. [OE. rigour, OF. rigour, F. rigueur, from L. rigor, fr. rigere to be stiff. See Rigid.] [Written also rigour.] 1. The becoming stiff or rigid; the state of being rigid; rigidity; stiffness; hardness. “The rest his look
Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move.” Milton. 2. (Med.) See 1st Rigor, 2. 3. Severity of climate or season; inclemency; as the rigor of the storm; the rigors of winter. 4. Stiffness of opinion or temper; rugged sternness; hardness; relentless severity; hard-heartedness; cruelty. “All his rigor is turned to grief and pity.” Denham. “If I shall be condemn’d
Upon surmises, … I tell you
’T is rigor and not law.” Shak. 5. Exactness without allowance, deviation, or indulgence; strictness; as the rigor of criticism; to execute a law with rigor; to enforce moral duties with rigor; — opposed to lenity. 6. Severity of life; austerity; voluntary submission to pain, abstinence, or mortification. “The prince lived in this convent with all the rigor and austerity of a capuchin.” Addison. 7. Violence; force; fury. [Obs.] “Whose raging rigor neither steel nor brass could stay.” Spenser. Syn. — Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility; severity; austerity; sternness; harshness; strictness; exactness.

Rig´or•ism , n. 1. Rigidity in principle or practice; strictness; — opposed to laxity. 2. Severity, as of style, or the like. Jefferson.

Rig´or•ist, n. [Cf. F. rigoriste.] One who is rigorous; — sometimes applied to an extreme Jansenist.

Rig´or•ous , a. [F. rigoureux, LL. rigorosus. See Rigor.] 1. Manifesting, exercising, or favoring rigor; allowing no abatement or mitigation; scrupulously accurate; exact; strict; severe; relentless; as a rigorous officer of justice; a rigorous execution of law; a rigorous definition or demonstration. “He shall be thrown down the Tarpeian Rock
With rigorous hands.” Shak. “We do not connect the scattered phenomena into their rigorous unity.” De Quincey. 2. Severe; intense; inclement; as a rigorous winter. 3. Violent. [Obs.] ´Rigorous uproar.´ Spenser. Syn. — Rigid; inflexible; unyielding; stiff; severe; austere; stern; harsh; strict; exact. — Rig´or•ous•ly, adv. — Rig´or•ous•ness, n.

Rigs´da•ler , n. [Dan. See Rix- dollar.] A Danish coin worth about fifty-four cents. It was the former unit of value in Denmark.

Rig•-Ve´da See Veda.

Riks´da•ler , n. [Sw. See Rix- dollar.] A Swedish coin worth about twenty-seven cents. It was formerly the unit of value in Sweden.

Rile (ril), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riled (rild); p. pr. & vb. n. Riling.] [See Roil.] 1. To render turbid or muddy; to stir up; to roil. 2. To stir up in feelings; to make angry; to vex. In both senses provincial in England and colloquial in the United States.

Ri•lie´vo , n.[It. See Relief.] (Sculp. & Arch.) Same as Relief, n., 5.

Rill (ril), n. [Cf. LG. rille a small channel or brook, a furrow, a chamfer, OE. rigol a small brook, F. rigole a trench or furrow for water, W. rhill a row, rhigol a little ditch. rad.11.] 1. A very small brook; a streamlet. 2. (Astron.) See Rille.

Rill, v. i. To run a small stream. [R.] Prior.

Rille (ril), n. [G. rille a furrow.] (Astron.) One of certain narrow, crooked valleys seen, by aid of the telescope, on the surface of the moon.

Rill´et , n. A little rill. Burton.

Ri´ly , a. Roily. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Rim , n. [As. rima, reoma, edge; cf. W. rhim, rhimp, a rim, edge, boundary, termination, Armor, rim. Cf. Rind.] 1. The border, edge, or margin of a thing, usually of something circular or curving; as the rim of a kettle or basin. 2. The lower part of the abdomen. [Obs.] Shak. Arch rim (Phonetics), the line between the gums and the palate. — Rim-fire cartridge. (Mil.) See under Cartridge. — Rim lock. See under Lock.

Rim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rimmed p. pr. & vb. n. Rimming.] To furnish with a rim; to border.

Ri´ma , n.; pl. Rimae (#). [L.] (Anat.) A narrow and elongated aperture; a cleft; a fissure.

Ri´mau da´han [From the native Oriental name.] (Zoöl.) The clouded tiger cat (Felis marmorata) of Southern Asia and the East Indies.

Rim´base , n. (Mil.) A short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body of a cannon. See Illust. of Cannon.

Rime , n. [L. rima.] A rent or long aperture; a chink; a fissure; a crack. Sir T. Browne.

Rime, n. [AS. hrim; akin to D. rijm, Icel. hrim, Dan. rim, Sw. rim; cf. D. rijp, G. reif, OHG. rifo, hrifo.] White frost; hoarfrost; congealed dew or vapor. “The trees were now covered with rime.” De Quincey.

Rime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rimed p. pr. & vb. n. Riming.] To freeze or congeal into hoarfrost.

Rime, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A step or round of a ladder; a rung.

Rime, n. Rhyme. See Rhyme. Coleridge. Landor. This spelling, which is etymologically preferable, is coming into use again.

Rime, v. i. & t. To rhyme. See Rhyme.

Rim´er , n. A rhymer; a versifier.

Rim´er, n. A tool for shaping the rimes of a ladder.

Rim´ey , v. t. [Cf. OF. rimoier. See Ryime.] To compose in rhyme; to versify. [Obs.] “[Lays] rimeyed in their first Breton tongue.” Chaucer.

Rim´mer , n. An implement for cutting, trimming, or ornamenting the rim of anything, as the edges of pies, etc.; also a reamer. Knight.

Ri•mose´ , a. [L. rimosus, fr. rima a chink: cf. F. rimeux.] 1. Full of rimes, fissures, or chinks. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Having long and nearly parallel clefts or chinks, like those in the bark of trees.

Ri•mose´ly, adv. In a rimose manner.

Ri•mos´i•ty , n. State of being rimose.

Rim´ous , a. Rimose.

Rim´ple , n. [AS. hrimpele, or rimpel. See Rumple.] A fold or wrinkle. See Rumple.

Rim´ple, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rimpled p. pr. & vb. n. Rimpling ] To rumple; to wrinkle.

Rim´y , a. Abounding with rime; frosty.

Rind (rind), n. [AS. rind bark, crust of bread; akin to OHG. rinta, G. rinde, and probably to E. rand, rim; cf. Skr. ram to end, rest.] The external covering or coat, as of flesh, fruit, trees, etc.; skin; hide; bark; peel; shell. “Thou canst not touch the freedom of my mind
With all thy charms, although this corporal rind
Thou hast immanacled.” Milton. “Sweetest nut hath sourest rind.” Shak.

Rind, v. t. To remove the rind of; to bark. [R.]

Rin´der•pest (rin´der•pest), n. [G., fr. rind, pl. rinder, cattle + pest pest, plague.] A highly contagious distemper or murrain, affecting neat cattle, and less commonly sheep and goats; — called also cattle plague, Russian cattle plague, and steppe murrain.

Rin´dle (rin´d’l), n. [AS. rynele. rad.11. See Run.] A small water course or gutter. Ash.

Rind´less (rind´les), a. Destitute of a rind.

Rind´y (-y), a. Having a rind or skin. Ash.

Rine (rin), n. See Rind. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rined , a. Having a rind [Obs.] Milton.

Rin•for•zan´do , a. [It., fr. rinforzare to reënforce, strengthen.] (Mus.) Increasing; strengthening; — a direction indicating a sudden increase of force (abbreviated rf., rfz.) Cf. Forzando, and Sforzando.

Ring (ring), v. t. [imp. Rang (rang) or Rung (rung); p. p. Rung; p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] [AS. hringan; akin to Icel. hringja, Sw. ringa, Dan. ringe, OD. ringhen, ringkelen. rad.19.] 1. To cause to sound, especially by striking, as a metallic body; as to ring a bell. 2. To make (a sound), as by ringing a bell; to sound. “The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums,
Hath rung night’s yawning peal.” Shak. 3. To repeat often, loudly, or earnestly. To ring a peal, to ring a set of changes on a chime of bells. — To ring the changes upon. See under Change. — To ring in or out, to usher, attend on, or celebrate, by the ringing of bells; as to ring out the old year and ring in the new. Tennyson. — To ring the bells backward, to sound the chimes, reversing the common order; — formerly done as a signal of alarm or danger. Sir W. Scott.

Ring, v. i. 1. To sound, as a bell or other sonorous body, particularly a metallic one. “Now ringen trompes loud and clarion.” Chaucer. “Why ring not out the bells?” Shak. 2. To practice making music with bells. Holder. 3. To sound loud; to resound; to be filled with a ringing or reverberating sound. “With sweeter notes each rising temple rung.” Pope. “The hall with harp and carol rang.” Tennyson. “My ears still ring with noise.” Dryden. 4. To continue to sound or vibrate; to resound. “The assertion is still ringing in our ears.” Burke. 5. To be filled with report or talk; as the whole town rings with his fame.

Ring, n. 1. A sound; especially, the sound of vibrating metals; as the ring of a bell. 2. Any loud sound; the sound of numerous voices; a sound continued, repeated, or reverberated. “The ring of acclamations fresh in his ears.” Bacon 3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned. “As great and tunable a ring of bells as any in the world.” Fuller.

Ring , n. [AS. hring, hrinc; akin to Fries. hring, D. & G. ring, OHG. ring, hring, Icel. hringr, DAn. & SW. ring; cf. Russ. krug’. Cf. Harangue, Rank a row,Rink.] A circle, or a circular line, or anything in the form of a circular line or hoop. 2. Specifically, a circular ornament of gold or other precious material worn on the finger, or attached to the ear, the nose, or some other part of the person; as a wedding ring. “Upon his thumb he had of gold a ring.” Chaucer. “The dearest ring in Venice will I give you.” Shak. 3. A circular area in which races are or run or other sports are performed; an arena. “Place me, O, place me in the dusty ring,
Where youthful charioteers contend for glory.” E. Smith. 4. An inclosed space in which pugilists fight; hence, figuratively, prize fighting. ´The road was an institution, the ring was an institution.´ Thackeray. 5. A circular group of persons. “And hears the Muses in a ring
Aye round about Jove’s alter sing.” Milton. 6. (Geom.) (a) The plane figure included between the circumferences of two concentric circles. (b) The solid generated by the revolution of a circle, or other figure, about an exterior straight line (as an axis) lying in the same plane as the circle or other figure. 7. (Astron. & Navigation) An instrument, formerly used for taking the sun’s altitude, consisting of a brass ring suspended by a swivel, with a hole at one side through which a solar ray entering indicated the altitude on the graduated inner surface opposite. 8. (Bot.) An elastic band partly or wholly encircling the spore cases of ferns. See Illust. of Sporangium. 9. A clique; an exclusive combination of persons for a selfish purpose, as to control the market, distribute offices, obtain contracts, etc. “The ruling ring at Constantinople.” E. A. Freeman. Ring armor, armor composed of rings of metal. See Ring mail, below, and Chain mail, under Chain. — Ring blackbird (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. — Ring canal (Zoöl.), the circular water tube which surrounds the esophagus of echinoderms. — Ring dotterel, or Ringed dotterel. (Zoöl.) See Dotterel, and Illust. of Pressiroster. — Ring dropper, a sharper who pretends to have found a ring (dropped by himself), and tries to induce another to buy it as valuable, it being worthless. — Ring fence. See under Fence. — Ring finger, the third finger of the left hand, or the next the little finger, on which the ring is placed in marriage. — Ring formula (Chem.), a graphic formula in the shape of a closed ring, as in the case of benzene, pyridine, etc. See Illust. under Benzene. — Ring mail, a kind of mail made of small steel rings sewed upon a garment of leather or of cloth. — Ring micrometer. (Astron.) See Circular micrometer, under Micrometer. — Saturn’s rings. See Saturn. — Ring ousel. (Zoöl.) See Ousel. — Ring parrot (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World parrakeets having a red ring around the neck, especially Palaeornis torquatus, common in India, and P. Alexandri of Java. — Ring plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The ringed dotterel. (b) Any one of several small American plovers having a dark ring around the neck, as the semipalmated plover (AEgialitis semipalmata). — Ring snake (Zoöl.), a small harmless American snake (Diadophis punctatus) having a white ring around the neck. The back is ash-colored, or sage green, the belly of an orange red. — Ring stopper. (Naut.) See under Stopper. — Ring thrush (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. — The prize ring, the ring in which prize fighters contend; prize fighters, collectively. — The ring. (a) The body of sporting men who bet on horse races. [Eng.] (b) The prize ring.

Ring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ringed p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] 1. To surround with a ring, or as with a ring; to encircle. ´Ring these fingers.´ Shak. 2. (Hort.) To make a ring around by cutting away the bark; to girdle; as to ring branches or roots. 3. To fit with a ring or with rings, as the fingers, or a swine’s snout.

Ring, v. i. (Falconry) To rise in the air spirally.

Ring´bill , n. (Zoöl.) The ring-necked scaup duck; — called also ring-billed blackhead. See Scaup.

Ring´bird , n. (Zoöl.) The reed bunting. It has a collar of white feathers. Called also ring bunting.

Ring´bolt , n. An eyebolt having a ring through the eye.

Ring´bone , n. (Far.) A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter between or on the small pastern and the great pastern bones. J. H. Walsh.

Ring´dove , n. (Zoöl.) A European wild pigeon (Columba palumbus) having a white crescent on each side of the neck, whence the name. Called also wood pigeon, and cushat.

Ringed , a. 1. Encircled or marked with, or as with, a ring or rings. 2. Wearning a wedding ring; hence, lawfully wedded. ´A ringed wife.´ Tennyson. Ringed seal (Zoöl.), a North Pacific seal (Phoca fœtida) having ringlike spots on the body. — Ringed snake (Zoöl.), a harmless European snake (Tropidonotus natrix) common in England. — Ringed worm (Zoöl.), an annelid.

Rin´gent , a. [L. ringens, -entis, p. pr. of ringi to open wide the mouth: cf. F. ringent.] (Bot.) Having the lips widely separated and gaping like an open mouth; as a ringent bilabiate corolla.

Ring´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, rings; especially, one who rings chimes on bells. 2. (Mining) A crowbar. Simmonds.

Ring´er , n. (Horse Racing) A horse that is not entitled to take part in a race, but is fraudulently got into it.

Ring´head , n. (Cloth Manuf.) An instrument used for stretching woolen cloth.

Ring´ing, a & n. from Ring, v. Ringing engine, a simple form of pile driver in which the monkey is lifted by men pulling on ropes.

Ring´ing•ly, adv. In a ringing manner.

Ring´lead•er , n. 1. The leader of a circle of dancers; hence, the leader of a number of persons acting together; the leader of a herd of animals. “A primacy of order, such an one as the ringleader hath in a dance.” Barrow. 2. Opprobriously, a leader of a body of men engaged in the violation of law or in an illegal enterprise, as rioters, mutineers, or the like. “The ringleaders were apprehended, tried, fined, and imprisoned.” Macaulay.

Rin´gle•stone , n. (Zoöl.) The ringed dotterel, or ring plover. [Prov. Eng.]

Ring´let , n. [Ring + - let.] 1. A small ring; a small circle; specifically, a fairy ring. “You demi-puppets, that
By moonshine do the green sour ringlets make,
Whereof the ewe not bites.” Shak. 2. A curl; especially, a curl of hair. “[Her golden tresses] in wanton ringlets waved.” Milton.

Ring´man , n.; pl. Ringmen . The ring finger. [Obs.] Ascham

Ring´mas•ter , n. One in charge of the performances (as of horses) within the ring in a circus.

Ring´neck , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small plovers of the genus AEgialitis, having a ring around the neck. The ring is black in summer, but becomes brown or gray in winter. The semipalmated plover (AE. semipalmata) and the piping plover (AE. meloda) are common North American species. Called also ring plover, and ring-necked plover. 2. (Zoöl.) The ring-necked duck.

Ring´-necked , a. (Zoöl.) Having a well defined ring of color around the neck. Ring-necked duck (Zool.), an American scaup duck (Aythya collaris). The head, neck, and breast of the adult male are black, and a narrow, but conspicuous, red ring encircles the neck. This ring is absent in the female. Called also ring-neck, ring-necked blackhead, ringbill, tufted duck, and black jack.

Ring´sail , n. (Naut.) See Ringtail, 2.

Ring´straked , a. Ring- streaked. “Cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted.” Gen. xxx. 39.

Ring´-streaked , a. Having circular streaks or lines on the body; as ring-streaked goats.

Ring´tail , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A bird having a distinct band of color across the tail, as the hen harrier. 2. (Naut.) A light sail set abaft and beyong the leech of a boom-and-gaff sail; — called also ringsail. Ringtail boom (Naut.), a spar which is rigged on a boom for setting a ringtail.

Ring´-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the tail crossed by conspicuous bands of color. Ring-tailed cat (Zoöl.), the cacomixle. — Ring-tailed eagle (Zoöl.), a young golden eagle.

Ring´toss , n. A game in which the object is to toss a ring so that it will catch upon an upright stick.

Ring´worm´ , n. (Med.) A contagious affection of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable parasite, and forming ring-shaped discolored patches covered with vesicles or powdery scales. It occurs either on the body, the face, or the scalp. Different varieties are distinguished as Tinea circinata, Tinea tonsurans, etc., but all are caused by the same parasite (a species of Trichophyton).

Rink , n. [Scot. renk, rink, rynk, a course, a race; probably fr. AS. hring a ring. See Ring.] 1. The smooth and level extent of ice marked off for the game of curling. 2. An artificial sheet of ice, generally under cover, used for skating; also a floor prepared for skating on with roller skates, or a building with such a floor.

Rink´er, n. One who skates at a rink. [Colloq.]

Rink´ing, n. Skating in a rink. [Colloq.]

Rinse , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rinsed p. pr. & vb. n. Rinsing.] [OE., fr. OF. rincer, rimser, reinser, raïncier, F. rincer; of uncertain origin.] 1. To wash lightly; to cleanse with a second or repeated application of water after washing. 2. To cleancse by the introduction of water; - - applied especially to hollow vessels; as to rinse a bottle. ´Like a glass did break i’ the rinsing.´ Shak.

Rinse, n. The act of rinsing.

Rins´er , n. One who, or that which, rinses.

Ri´ot , n. [OF. riote, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. revot, ravot.] 1. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; uproar; tumult. “His headstrong riot hath no curb.” Shak. 2. Excessive and exxpensive feasting; wild and loose festivity; revelry. “Venus loveth riot and dispense.” Chaucer. “The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to- day.” Pope. 3. (Law) The tumultuous disturbance of the public peace by an unlawful assembly of three or more persons in the execution of some private object. To run riot, to act wantonly or without restraint.

Ri´ot , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rioting.] [OF. rioter; cf. OD. ravotten.] 1. To engage in riot; to act in an unrestrained or wanton manner; to indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, or the like; to revel; to run riot; to go to excess. “Now he exact of all, wastes in delight,
Riots in pleasure, and neglects the law.” Daniel. “No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows.” Pope. 2. (Law) To disturb the peace; to raise an uproar or sedition. See Riot, n., 3. Johnson.

Ri´ot, v. t. To spend or pass in riot. “[He] had rioted his life out.” Tennyson.

Ri´ot•er , n. 1. One who riots; a reveler; a roisterer. Chaucer. 2. (Law) One who engages in a riot. See Riot, n., 3.

Ri´ot•ise , n. Excess; tumult; revelry. [Obs.] “His life he led in lawless riotise.” Spenser.

Ri´ot•our (-oor), n. A rioter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ri´ot•ous , a. [OF. rioteux.] 1. Involving, or engaging in, riot; wanton; unrestrained; luxurious. “The younger son … took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living.” Luke xv. 13. 2. Partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly or its acts; seditious. — Ri´ot•ous•ly, adv. — Ri´ot•ous•ness, n.

Ri´ot•ry , n. The act or practice of rioting; riot. ´Electioneering riotry.´ Walpole.

Rip , n. [Cf. Icel. hrip a box or basket; perhaps akin to E. corb. Cf. Ripier.] A wicker fish basket.

Rip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ripped p. pr. & vb. n. Ripping.] [Cf. AS. rypan, also Sw. repa to ripple flax, D. repelen, G. reffen, riffeln, and E. raff, raffle. Cf. Raff, Ripple of flax.] 1. To divide or separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing; to tear or cut open or off; to tear off or out by violence; as to rip a garment by cutting the stitches; to rip off the skin of a beast; to rip up a floor; — commonly used with up, open, off. 2. To get by, or as by, cutting or tearing. “He ’ll rip the fatal secret from her heart.” Granville. 3. To tear up for search or disclosure, or for alteration; to search to the bottom; to discover; to disclose; — usually with up. “They ripped up all that had been done from the beginning of the rebellion.” Clarendon. “For brethern to debate and rip up their falling out in the ear of a common enemy … is neither wise nor comely.” Milton. 4. To saw (wood) lengthwise of the grain or fiber. Ripping chisel (Carp.), a crooked chisel for cleaning out mortises. Knight. — Ripping iron. (Shipbuilding) Same as Ravehook. — Ripping saw. (Carp.) See Ripsaw. — To rip out, to rap out, to utter hastily and violently; as to rip out an oath. [Colloq.] See To rap out, under Rap, v. t.

Rip, n. 1. A rent made by ripping, esp. by a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration. 2. [Perh. a corruption of the first syllable of reprobate.] A term applied to a mean, worthless thing or person, as to a scamp, a debauchee, or a prostitute, or a worn-out horse. [Slang.] 3. A body of water made rough by the meeting of opposing tides or currents.

Ri•pa´ri•an , a. [L. riparius, fr. ripa a bank. See River, and cf. Arrive.] Of or pertaining to the bank of a river; as riparian rights.

Ri•pa´ri•ous , a. [L. riparius.] Growing along the banks of rivers; riparian.

Ripe (rip), n. [L. ripa.] The bank of a river. [Obs.]

Ripe (rip), a. [Compar. Riper (-er); superl. Ripest.] [AS. ripe; akin to OS. ripi, D. rijp, G. rief, OHG. rift; cf. AS. rip harvest, ripan to reap. Cf. Reap.] 1. Ready for reaping or gathering; having attained perfection; mature; — said of fruits, seeds, etc.; as ripe grain. “So mayst thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop
Into thy mother’s lap.” Milton. 2. Advanced to the state of fitness for use; mellow; as ripe cheese; ripe wine. 3. Having attained its full development; mature; perfected; consummate. ´Ripe courage.´ Chaucer. “He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one.” Shak. 4. Maturated or suppurated; ready to discharge; — said of sores, tumors, etc. 5. Ready for action or effect; prepared. “While things were just ripe for a war.” Addison. “I am not ripe to pass sentence on the gravest public bodies.” Burke. 6. Like ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness. “Those happy smilets,
That played on her ripe lip.” Shak. 7. Intoxicated. [Obs.] ´Reeling ripe.´ Shak. Syn. — Mature; complete; finished. See Mature.

Ripe, v. i. [AS. ripian.] To ripen; to grow ripe. [Obs.]

Ripe, v. t. To mature; to ripen. [Obs.] Shak.

Ripe´ly, adv. Maturely; at the fit time. Shak.

Rip´en , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ripened p. pr. & vb. n. Ripening.] 1. To grow ripe; to become mature, as grain, fruit, flowers, and the like; as grapes ripen in the sun. 2. To approach or come to perfection.

Rip´en, v. t. 1. To cause to mature; to make ripe; as the warm days ripened the corn. 2. To mature; to fit or prepare; to bring to perfection; as to ripen the judgment. “When faith and love, which parted from thee never,
Had ripined thy iust soul to dwell with God.” Milton.

Ripe´ness , n. [AS. ripness.] The state or quality of being ripe; maturity;; completeness; perfection; as the ripeness of grain; ripeness of manhood; ripeness of judgment. “Time, which made them their fame outlive,
To Cowley scarce did ripeness give.” Denham.

Ri•pid´o•lite , n. [Gr… fan + -lite.] (Min.) A translucent mineral of a green color and micaceous structure, belonging to the chlorite group; a hydrous silicate of alumina, magnesia, and iron; — called also clinochlore.

Ri•pi•e´nist , n. (Mus.) A player in the ripieno portion of an orchestra. See Ripieno.

Ri•pi•e´no , a. [It.] (Mus.) Filling up; supplementary; supernumerary; — a term applied to those instruments which only swell the mass or tutti of an orchestra, but are not obbligato. { Rip´ler , Rip´per } n. [Cf. Rip a basket, or Riparian.] (O.E. Law) One who brings fish from the seacoast to markets in inland towns. [Obs.] “But what’s the action we are for now ?
Robbing a ripper of his fish.” Beau. & Fl.

Ri•post´ , n. [F. riposte.] 1. In fencing, a return thrust after a parry. 2. A quick and sharp refort; a repartee. J. Morley.

Rip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, rips; a ripping tool. 2. A tool for trimming the edges of roofing slates. 3. Anything huge, extreme, startling, etc. [Slang.]

Rip´ple , n. [FRom Rip, v.] An implement, with teeth like those of a comb, for removing the seeds and seed vessels from flax, broom corn, etc.

Rip´ple, v. t. 1. To remove the seeds from (the stalks of flax, etc.), by means of a ripple. 2. Hence, to scratch or tear. Holland.

Rip´ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rippled p. pr. & vb. n. Rippling ] [Cf. Rimple, Rumple.] 1. To become fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water when agitated or running over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves or undulations, as a field of grain. 2. To make a sound as of water running gently over a rough bottom, or the breaking of ripples on the shore.

Rip´ple, v. t. To fret or dimple, as the surface of running water; to cover with small waves or undulations; as the breeze rippled the lake.

Rip´ple, n. 1. The fretting or dimpling of the surface, as of running water; little curling waves. 2. A little wave or undulation; a sound such as is made by little waves; as a ripple of laughter. 3. (physics) a small wave on the surface of water or other liquids for which the driving force is not gravity, but surface tension. 4. (Electrical engineering) the residual AC component in the DC current output from a rectifier, expressed as a percentage of the steady component of the current. Ripple grass. (Bot.) See Ribwort. — Ripple marks, a system of parallel ridges on sand, produced by wind, by the current of a steam, or by the agitation of wind waves; also (Geol.), a system of parallel ridges on the surface of a sandstone stratum.

Rip´ple-marked , a. Having ripple marks.

Rip´plet , n. A small ripple.

Rip´pling•ly , adv. In a rippling manner.

Rip´ply , a. Having ripples; as ripply water; hence, resembling the sound of rippling water; as ripply laughter; a ripply cove. Keats.

Rip´rap , n. [Cf. Rap.] (Masonry) A foundation or sustaining wall of stones thrown together without order, as in deep water or on a soft bottom.

Rip´rap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riprapped p. pr. & vb. n. Riprapping.] To form a riprap in or upon.

Rip´saw , [See Rip, v. t., 4.] (Carp.) A handsaw with coarse teeth which have but a slight set, used for cutting wood in the direction of the fiber; — called also ripping saw.

Rip´tow•el , n. [AS. rip. harvest + a word of uncertain etymology.] (Feud. Law) A gratuity given to tenants after they had reaped their lord’s corn. [Obs.]

Ris , n. [AS. hris; akin to D. rils, G. reis, OHG. hris.] A bough or branch; a twig. [Obs.] “As white as is the blossom upon the ris.” Chaucer.

Rise , v. i. [imp. Rose p. p. Risen p. pr. & vb. n. Rising.] [AS. risan; akin to OS. risan, D. rijzen, OHG. risan to rise, fall, Icel. risa, Goth. urreisan, G. reise journey. CF. Arise, Raise, Rear, v.] 1. To move from a lower position to a higher; to ascend; to mount up. Specifically: — (a) To go upward by walking, climbing, flying, or any other voluntary motion; as a bird rises in the air; a fish rises to the bait. (b) To ascend or float in a fluid, as gases or vapors in air, cork in water, and the like. (c) To move upward under the influence of a projecting force; as a bullet rises in the air. (d) To grow upward; to attain a certain height; as this elm rises to the height of seventy feet. (e) To reach a higher level by increase of quantity or bulk; to swell; as a river rises in its bed; the mercury rises in the thermometer. (f) To become erect; to assume an upright position; as to rise from a chair or from a fall. (g) To leave one’s bed; to arise; as to rise early. “He that would thrive, must rise by five.” Old Proverb. (h) To tower up; to be heaved up; as the Alps rise far above the sea. (i) To slope upward; as a path, a line, or surface rises in this direction. ´A rising ground.´ Dryden. (j) To retire; to give up a siege. “He, rising with small honor from Gunza, … was gone.” Knolles. (k) To swell or puff up in the process of fermentation; to become light, as dough, and the like. 2. To have the aspect or the effect of rising. Specifically: — (a) To appear above the horizont, as the sun, moon, stars, and the like. ´He maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good.´ Matt. v. 45. (b) To become apparent; to emerge into sight; to come forth; to appear; as an eruption rises on the skin; the land rises to view to one sailing toward the shore. (c) To become perceptible to other senses than sight; as a noise rose on the air; odor rises from the flower. (d) To have a beginning; to proceed; to originate; as rivers rise in lakes or springs. “A scepter shall rise out of Israel.” Num. xxiv. 17. “Honor and shame from no condition rise.” Pope. 3. To increase in size, force, or value; to proceed toward a climax. Specifically: — (a) To increase in power or fury; — said of wind or a storm, and hence, of passion. ´High winde … began to rise, high passions — anger, hate.´ Milton. (b) To become of higher value; to increase in price. “Bullion is risen to six shillings … the ounce.” Locke. (c) To become larger; to swell; — said of a boil, tumor, and the like. (d) To increase in intensity; — said of heat. (e) To become louder, or higher in pitch, as the voice. (f) To increase in amount; to enlarge; as his expenses rose beyond his expectations. 4. In various figurative senses. Specifically: — (a) To become excited, opposed, or hostile; to go to war; to take up arms; to rebel. “At our heels all hell should rise
With blackest insurrection.” Milton. “No more shall nation against nation rise.” Pope. (b) To attain to a better social position; to be promoted; to excel; to succeed. “Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall.” Shak. (c) To become more and more dignified or forcible; to increase in interest or power; — said of style, thought, or discourse; as to rise in force of expression; to rise in eloquence; a story rises in interest. (d) To come to mind; to be suggested; to occur. “A thought rose in me, which often perplexes men of contemplative natures.” Spectator. (e) To come; to offer itself. “There chanced to the prince’s hand to rise
An ancient book.” Spenser. 5. To ascend from the grave; to come to life. “But now is Christ risen from the dead.” 1. Cor. xv. 20. 6. To terminate an official sitting; to adjourn; as the committee rose after agreeing to the report. “It was near nine … before the House rose.” Macaulay. 7. To ascend on a musical scale; to take a higher pith; as to rise a tone or semitone. 8. (Print.) To be lifted, or to admit of being lifted, from the imposing stone without dropping any of the type; — said of a form. Syn. — To arise; mount; ascend; climb; scale. — Rise, Appreciate. Some in America use the word appreciate for ´rise in value;´ as stocks appreciate, money appreciates, etc. This use is not unknown in England, but it is less common there. It is undesirable, because rise sufficiently expresses the idea, and appreciate has its own distinctive meaning, which ought not to be confused with one so entirely different.

Rise , n. 1. The act of rising, or the state of being risen. 2. The distance through which anything rises; as the rise of the thermometer was ten degrees; the rise of the river was six feet; the rise of an arch or of a step. 3. Land which is somewhat higher than the rest; as the house stood on a rise of land. [Colloq.] 4. Spring; source; origin; as the rise of a stream. “All wickednes taketh its rise from the heart.” R. Nelson. 5. Appearance above the horizon; as the rise of the sun or of a planet. Shak. 6. Increase; advance; augmentation, as of price, value, rank, property, fame, and the like. “The rise or fall that may happen in his constant revenue by a Spanish war.” Sir W. Temple. 7. Increase of sound; a swelling of the voice. “The ordinary rises and falls of the voice.” Bacon. 8. Elevation or ascent of the voice; upward change of key; as a rise of a tone or semitone. 9. The spring of a fish to seize food (as a fly) near the surface of the water.

Ris´en 1. p. p. & a. from Rise. ´Her risen Son and Lord.´ Keble. 2. Obs. imp. pl. of Rise. Chaucer.

Ris´er , n. 1. One who rises; as an early riser. 2. (Arch.) (a) The upright piece of a step, from tread to tread. Hence: (b) Any small upright face, as of a seat, platform, veranda, or the like. 3. (Mining) A shaft excavated from below upward. 4. (Founding) A feed head. See under Feed, n.

Rish , n. A rush (the plant). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ris•i•bil´i•ty , n. [CF. F. risibilite.] The quality of being risible; as risibility is peculiar to the human species. “A strong and obvious disposition to risibility.” Sir W. Scott.

Ris´i•ble , a. [F., fr. L. risibilis, fr. ridere, risum, to laugh. Cf. Ridiculous.] 1. Having the faculty or power of laughing; disposed to laugh. “Laughing is our busines, … it has been made the definition of man that he is risible.” Dr. H. More. 2. Exciting laughter; worthy to be laughed at; amusing. ´Risible absurdities.´ Johnson. “I hope you find nothing risible in my complaisance.” Sir W. Scott. 3. Used in, or expressing, laughter; as risible muscles. Risible is sometimes used as a noun, in the plural, for the feeling of amusement and for the muscles and other organs used in laughing, collectively; as unable to control one’s risibles. Syn. — Ludicrous; laughable; amusing; ridiculous — Risible, Ludicrous, Ridiculous. Risible differs from ludicrous as species from genus; ludicrous expressing that which is playful and sportive; risible, that which may excite laughter. Risible differs from ridiculous, as the latter implies something contemptuous, and risible does not. —Ris´i•ble•ness(#), n. — Ris´i•bly, adv.

Ris´ing , a. 1. Attaining a higher place; taking, or moving in, an upward direction; appearing above the horizon; ascending; as the rising moon. 2. Increasing in wealth, power, or distinction; as a rising state; a rising character. “Among the rising theologians of Germany.” Hare. 3. Growing; advancing to adult years and to the state of active life; as the rising generation.

Ris´ing, prep. More than; exceeding; upwards of; as a horse rising six years of age. [Colloq. & Low, U.S.]

Ris´ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, rises (in any sense). 2. That which rises; a tumor; a boil. Lev. xiii. 10. Rising main (Waterworks), the pipe through which water from an engine is delivered to an elevated reservoir.

Risk , n. [F. risque; cf. It. risco, risico, rischio, Pg. risco, Sp. riesgo, and also Sp. risco a steep rock; all probably fr. L. resceare to cut off; pref. re- re- + secare to cut; — the word having been probably first used among sailors. See Section.] 1. Hazard; danger; peril; exposure to loss, injury, or destruction. “The imminent and constant risk of assassination, a risk which has shaken very strong nerves.” Macaulay. 2. (Com.) Hazard of loss; liabillity to loss in property. To run a risk, to incur hazard; to encounter danger. Syn. — Danger; hazard; peril; jeopardy; exposure. See Danger.

Risk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Risked p. pr. & vb. n. Risking.] [CF. F. risquer. See Risk, n.] 1. To expose to risk, hazard, or peril; to venture; as to risk goods on board of a ship; to risk one’s person in battle; to risk one’s fame by a publication. 2. To incur the risk or danger of; as to risk a battle. Syn. — To hazard; peril; endanger; jeopard.

Risk´er , n. One who risks or hazards. Hudibras.

Risk´ful , a. Risky. [R.] Geddes.

Risk´y , a. Attended with risk or danger; hazardous. ´A risky matter.´ W. Collins. “Generalization are always risky.” Lowell.

Ri•so´ri•al , a.[L. ridere, risum, to laugh.] Pertaining to, or producing, laughter; as the risorial muscles.

Ri•sot´to , n. [It.] A kind of pottage.

Risse , obs. imp. of Rise. B. Jonson.

Ris´soid , n. [NL. Rissoa, the typical genus ( fr. A. Risso, an Italian naturalist) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Any one of very numerous species of small spiral gastropods of the genus Rissoa, or family Rissoidae, found both in fresh and salt water.

Ris•sole´ , n. [F., fr. rissoler to fry meat till it is brown.] (Cookery) A small ball of rich minced meat or fish, covered with pastry and fried.

Rist , obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Rise, contracted from riseth. Chaucer.

Rit , obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Ride, contracted from rideth. Chaucer.

Ri•tar•dan´do , a. [It.] (Mus.) Retarding; — a direction for slower time; rallentado.

Rite , n. [L. ritus; cf. Skr. riti a stream, a running, way, manner, ri to flow: cf. F. rit, rite. CF. Rivulet.] The act of performing divine or solemn service, as established by law, precept, or custom; a formal act of religion or other solemn duty; a solemn observance; a ceremony; as the rites of freemasonry. “He looked with indifference on rites, names, and forms of ecclesiastical polity.” Macaulay. Syn. — Form; ceremony; observance; ordinance.

Ri•te•nu´to , a. [It.] (Mus.) Held back; holding back; ritardando. { Rit•or•nelle´ , Ri•tor•nel´lo } n. [It. ritornello, dim. of ritorno return, fr. ritornare to return: cf. F. ritournelle.] (Mus.) (a) A short return or repetition; a concluding symphony to an air, often consisting of the burden of the song. (a) A short intermediate symphony, or instrumental passage, in the course of a vocal piece; an interlude.

Ri•trat´to , n.[It.] A picture. Sterne.

Rit´u•al , a.[L. ritualis, fr. ritus a rite: cf. F. rituel.] Of or pertaining to rites or ritual; as ritual service or sacrifices; the ritual law.

Rit´u•al, n. [Cf. F. rituel.] 1. A prescribed form of performing divine service in a particular church or communion; as the Jewish ritual. 2. Hence, the code of ceremonies observed by an organization; as the ritual of the freemasons. 3. A book containing the rites to be observed.

Rit´u•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. ritualisme.] 1. A system founded upon a ritual or prescribed form of religious worship; adherence to, or observance of, a ritual. 2. Specifically :(a) The principles and practices of those in the Church of England, who in the development of the Oxford movement, so-called, have insisted upon a return to the use in church services of the symbolic ornaments (altar cloths, encharistic vestments, candles, etc.) that were sanctioned in the second year of Edward VI., and never, as they maintain, forbidden by competennt authority, although generally disused. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. (b) also the principles and practices of those in the Protestant Episcopal Church who sympathize with this party in the Church of England.

Rit´u•al•ist , n. [CF. F. ritualiste.] One skilled un, or attached to, a ritual; one who advocates or practices ritualism.

Rit•u•al•is´tic , a. Pertaining to, or in accordance with, a ritual; adhering to ritualism.

Rit´u•al•ly, adv. By rites, or by a particular rite.

Riv´age , n. [F., fr. L. ripa bank, shore.] 1. A bank, shore, or coast. [Archaic] Spenser. “From the green rivage many a fall
Of diamond rillets musical.” Tennyson. 2. (O.Eng.Law) A duty paid to the crown for the passage of vessels on certain rivers.

Ri´val , n. [F. rival (cf. It. rivale), L. rivales two neigbors having the same brook in common, rivals, fr. rivalis belonging to a brook, fr. rivus a brook. Cf. Rivulet, Rete.] 1. A person having a common right or privilege with another; a partner. [Obs.] “If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus,
The rivals of my watch, bid them make haste.” Shak. 2. One who is in pursuit of the same object as another; one striving to reach or obtain something which another is attempting to obtain, and which one only can posses; a competitor; as rivals in love; rivals for a crown. ´Rivals, in the primary sense of the word, are those who dwell on the banks of the same stream. But since, as all experience shows, there is no such fruitful source of coutention as a water right, it would continually happen that these occupants of the opposite banks would be at strife with one another in regard of the periods during which they severally had a right to the use of the stream … And thus ’rivals’ … came to be used of any who were on any grounds in more or less unfriendly competition with one another.´ Trench. Syn. — Competitor; emulator; antagonist.

Ri´val, a. Having the same pretensions or claims; standing in competition for superiority; as rival lovers; rival claims or pretensions. “The strenuous conflicts and alternate victories of two rival confederacies of statesmen.” Macaulay.

Ri´val, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rivaled or Rivalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rivaling or Rivalling.] 1. To stand in competition with; to strive to gain some object in opposition to; as to rival one in love. 2. To strive to equal or exel; to emulate. “To rival thunder in its rapid course.” Dryden.

Ri´val, v. i. To be in rivalry. [Obs.] Shak.

Ri´val•ess, n. A female rival. [Obs.] Richardson.

Ri•val´i•ty , n. [L. rivalitas: cf. F. rivalite.] 1. Rivalry; competition. [Obs.] 2. Equality, as of right or rank. [Obs.] hak.

Ri´val•ry , n.; pl. Rivalries . The act of rivaling, or the state of being a rival; a competition. ´Keen contention and eager rivalries.´ Jeffrey. Syn. — Emulation; competition. See Emulation.

Ri´val•ship, n. Rivalry. [R.] B. Jonson.

Rive , v. t. [imp. Rived p. p. Rived or Riven ; p. pr. & vb. n. Riving.] [Icel. rifa, akin to Sw. rifva to pull asunder, burst, tear, Dan. rive to rake, pluck, tear. Cf. Reef of land, Rifle a gun, Rift, Rivel.] To rend asunder by force; to split; to cleave; as to rive timber for rails or shingles. “I shall ryve him through the sides twain.” Chaucer. “The scolding winds have rived the knotty oaks.” Shak. “Brutus hath rived my heart.” Shak.

Rive, v. i. To be split or rent asunder. “Freestone rives, splits, and breaks in any direction.” Woodward.

Rive, n. A place torn; a rent; a rift. [Prov. Eng.]

Riv´el , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveled p. pr. & vb. n. Riveling.] [AS. gerifled, geriflod, gerifod, wrinkled, geriflian, gerifian, to wrinkle. See Rifle a gun, Rive.] To contract into wrinkles; to shrivel; to shrink; as riveled fruit; riveled flowers. [Obs.] Pope. ´Riveled parchments.´ Walpole.

Riv´el, n. A wrinkle; a rimple. [Obs.] Holland.

Riv´en , p. p. & a. from Rive.

Riv´er , n. One who rives or splits.

Riv´er , n. [F. rivère a river, LL. riparia river, bank of a river, fr. L. riparius belonging to a bank or shore, fr. ripa a bank or shore; of uncertain origin. Cf. Arrive, Riparian.] 1. A large stream of water flowing in a bed or channel and emptying into the ocean, a sea, a lake, or another stream; a stream larger than a rivulet or brook. “Transparent and sparkling rivers, from which it is delightful to drink as they flow.” Macaulay. 2. Fig.: A large stream; copious flow; abundance; as rivers of blood; rivers of oil. River chub (Zoöl.), the hornyhead and allied species of fresh-water fishes. — River crab (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water crabs of the genus Thelphusa, as T. depressa of Southern Europe. — River dragon, a crocodile; — applied by Milton to the king of Egypt. — River driver, a lumberman who drives or conducts logs down rivers. Bartlett. — River duck (Zoöl.), any species of duck belonging to Anas, Spatula, and allied genera, in which the hind toe is destitute of a membranous lobe, as in the mallard and pintail; — opposed to sea duck. — River god, a deity supposed to preside over a river as its tutelary divinity. — River herring (Zoöl.), an alewife. — River hog. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of African wild hogs of the genus Potamochœrus. They frequent wet places along the rivers. (b) The capybara. — River horse (Zoöl.), the hippopotamus. — River jack (Zoöl.), an African puff adder (Clotho nasicornis) having a spine on the nose. — River limpet (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, air-breathing mollusk of the genus Ancylus, having a limpet-shaped shell. — River pirate (Zoöl.), the pike. — River snail (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water gastropods of Paludina, Melontho, and allied genera. See Pond snail, under Pond. — River tortoise (Zoöl.), any one of numerous fresh-water tortoises inhabiting rivers, especially those of the genus Trionyx and allied genera. See Trionyx.

Riv´er , v. i. To hawk by the side of a river; to fly hawks at river fowl. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Riv´ered , a. Supplied with rivers; as a well rivered country.

Riv´er•et , n. A rivulet. [Obs.] Drayton.

Riv´er•hood , n. The quality or state of being a river. ´Useful riverhood.´ H. Miller.

Riv´er•ling , n. A rivulet. [R.] Sylvester.

Riv´er•side , n. The side or bank of a river.

Riv´er•y , a. Having rivers; as a rivery country. Drayton.

Riv´et , n. [F., fr. river to rivet; perh. fr. Icel. rifa to fasten together. Cf. Reef part of a sail.] A metallic pin with a head, used for uniting two plates or pieces of material together, by passing it through them and then beating or pressing down the point so that it shall spread out and form a second head; a pin or bolt headed or clinched at both ends. “With busy hammers closing rivets up.” Shak. Rivet joint, or Riveted joint, a joint between two or more pieces secured by rivets.

Riv´et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveted; p. pr. & vb. n. Riveting.] 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets; as to rivet two pieces of iron. 2. To spread out the end or point of, as of a metallic pin, rod, or bolt, by beating or pressing, so as to form a sort of head. 3. Hence, to fasten firmly; to make firm, strong, or immovable; as to rivet friendship or affection. “Rivet and nail me where I stand, ye powers!” Congreve. “Thus his confidence was riveted and confirmed.” Sir W. Scott.

Riv´et•er , n. One who rivets.

Riv´et•ing, n. 1. The act of joining with rivets; the act of spreading out and clinching the end, as of a rivet, by beating or pressing. 2. The whole set of rivets, collectively. Tomlinsin. Butt riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates form a butt joint, and are fastened together by being riveted to a narrow strip which covers the joint. — Chain riveting, riveting in which the rivets, in two or more rows along the seam, are set one behind the other. — Crossed riveting, riveting in which the rivets in one row are set opposite the spaces between the rivets in the next row. — Double riveting, in lap riveting, two rows of rivets along the seam; in butt riveting, four rows, two on each side of the joint. — Lap riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates overlap and are riveted together.

Ri•vose´ , a. [From L. rivus a brook, channel.] Marked with sinuate and irregular furrows.

Riv´u•let , n. [Earlier rivolet, It. rivoletto, a dim. fr. rivolo, L. rivulus, dim. of rivus a brook. CF. Rival, Rite.] A small stream or brook; a streamlet. “By fountain or by shady rivulet
He sought them.” Milton.

Rix•a´tion , n. [L. rixari, p. p. rixatus, to brawl, fr. rixa a quarrel.] A brawl or quarrel. [Obs.]

Rix•a´trix , n. [L.] (Old Eng. Law) A scolding or quarrelsome woman; a scold. Burrill.

Rix´da•ler , n. A Dutch silver coin, worth about $1.00.

Rix´-dol•lar , n. [Sw. riksdaler, or Dan. rigsdaler, or D. rijksdaalder, or G. reichsthaler, literally, dollar of the empire or realm, fr. words akin to E. rich, and dollar. See Rich, Dollar.] A name given to several different silver coins of Denmark, Holland, Sweden,, NOrway, etc., varying in value from about 30 cents to $1.10; also a British coin worth about 36 cents, used in Ceylon and at the Cape of Good Hope. See Rigsdaler, Riksdaler, and Rixdaler. Most of these pieces are now no longer coined, but some remain in circulation.

Riz´zar , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To dry in the sun; as rizzared haddock. [Scot.]

Roach , n. (Zoöl.) A cockroach.

Roach, n. [OE. rroche; cf. AS. reohha, D. rog, roch, G. roche, LG. ruche, Dan. rokke ray, Sw. rocka, and E. ray a fish.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fresh-water fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus rutilus). It is silver-white, with a greenish back. (b) An American chub (Semotilus bullaris); the fallfish. (c) The redfin, or shiner. 2. (Naut.) A convex curve or arch cut in the edge of a sail to prevent chafing, or to secure a better fit. As sound as a roach [roach perhaps being a corruption of a F. roche a rock], perfectly sound.

Roach, v. t. 1. To cause to arch. 2. To cut off, as a horse’s mane, so that the part left shall stand upright.

Roach´-backed , a. Having a back like that of roach; — said of a horse whose back a convex instead of a concave curve.

Road , n. [AS. rad a riding, that on which one rides or travels, a road, fr. ridan to ride. See Ride, and cf. Raid.] 1. A journey, or stage of a journey. [Obs.] “With easy roads he came to Leicester.” Shak. 2. An inroad; an invasion; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A place where one may ride; an open way or public passage for vehicles, persons, and animals; a track for travel, forming a means of communication between one city, town, or place, and another. “The most villainous house in all the London road.” Shak. The word is generally applied to highways, and as a generic term it includes highway, street, and lane. 4. [Possibly akin to Icel. reiði the rigging of a ship, E. ready.] A place where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from the shore; a roadstead; — often in the plural; as Hampton Roads. Shak. “Now strike your saile, ye jolly mariners,
For we be come unto a quiet rode [road].” Spenser. On, or Upon, the road, traveling or passing over a road; coming or going; on the way. “My hat and wig will soon be here,
They are upon the road.” Cowper. — Road agent, a highwayman, especially on the stage routes of the unsettled western parts of the United States; — a humorous euphemism. [Western U.S.] “The highway robber — road agent he is quaintly called.” The century. — Road book, a guidebook in respect to roads and distances. — Road metal, the broken, stone used in macadamizing roads. — Road roller, a heavy roller, or combinations of rollers, for making earth, macadam, or concrete roads smooth and compact. — often driven by steam. — Road runner (Zoöl.), the chaparral cock. — Road steamer, a locomotive engine adapted to running on common roads. — To go on the road, to engage in the business of a commercial traveler. [Colloq.] — To take the road, to begin or engage in traveling. — To take to the road, to engage in robbery upon the highways. Syn. — Way; highway; street; lane; pathway; route; passage; course. See Way.

Road´bed , n. In railroads, the bed or foundation on which the superstructure (ties, rails, etc.) rests; in common roads, the whole material laid in place and ready for travel.

Road´less, a. Destitute of roads.

Road´mak•er , n. One who makes roads.

Road´side, n. Land adjoining a road or highway; the part of a road or highway that borders the traveled part. Also used ajectively.

Road´stead , n. [Road, 4 + stead a place.] An anchorage off shore. Same as Road, 4. “Moored in the neighboring roadstead.” Longfellow.

Road´ster , n. 1. (Naut.) A clumsy vessel that works its way from one anchorage to another by means of the tides. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 2. A horse that is accustomed to traveling on the high road, or is suitable for use on ordinary roads. “A sound, swift, well-fed hunter and roadster.” Thackeray. 3. A bicycle or tricycle adapted for common roads rather than for the racing track. 4. One who drives much; a coach driver. [Eng.] 5. A hunter who keeps to the roads instead of following the hounds across country. [Eng. Slang.]

Road´way , n. A road; especially, the part traveled by carriages. Shak.

Roam , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roamed p. pr. & vb. n. Roaming.] [OE. romen, ramen; cf. AS. arman to raise, rise, D. ramen to hit, plan, aim, OS. rmn to strive after, OHG. ramen. But the word was probably influenced by Rome; cf. OF. romier a pilgrim, originally, a pilgrim going to Rome, It. romeo, Sp. romero. Cf. Ramble.] To go from place to place without any certain purpose or direction; to rove; to wander. “He roameth to the carpenter’s house.” Chaucer. “Daphne roaming through a thorny wood.” Shak. Syn. — To wander; rove; range; stroll; ramble.

Roam, v. t. To range or wander over. “And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam.” Milton.

Roam, n. The act of roaming; a wandering; a ramble; as he began his roam o’er hill amd dale. Milton.

Roam´er , n. One who roams; a wanderer.

Roan , a. [F. rouan; cf. Sp. roano, ruano, It. rovano, roano.] 1. Having a bay, chestnut, brown, or black color, with gray or white thickly interspersed; — said of a horse. “Give my roan a drench.” Shak. 2. Made of the leather called roan; as roan binding. Roan antelope (Zoöl.), a very large South African antelope (Hippotragus equinus). It has long sharp horns and a stiff bright brown mane. Called also mahnya, equine antelope, and bastard gemsbok.

Roan, n. 1. The color of a roan horse; a roan color. 2. A roan horse. 3. A kind of leather used for slippers, bookbinding, etc., made from sheepskin, tanned with sumac and colored to imitate ungrained morocco. DeColange. Roan tree. (Bot.) See Rowan tree.

Roar , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roared p. pr. & vvb. n. Roaring.] [OE. roren, raren, AS. rarian; akin to G. röhten, OHG. rrn. rad.112.] 1. To cry with a full, loud, continued sound. Specifically: (a) To bellow, or utter a deep, loud cry, as a lion or other beast. “Roaring bulls he would him make to tame.” Spenser. (b) To cry loudly, as in pain, distress, or anger. “Sole on the barren sands, the suffering chief
Roared out for anguish, and indulged his grief.” Dryden. “He scorned to roar under the impressions of a finite anger.” South. 2. To make a loud, confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, a crowd of persons when shouting together, or the like. “The brazen throat of war had ceased to roar.” Milton. “How oft I crossed where carts and coaches roar.” Gay. 3. To be boisterous; to be disorderly. “It was a mad, roaring time, full of extravagance.” Bp. Burnet. 4. To laugh out loudly and continuously; as the hearers roared at his jokes. 5. To make a loud noise in breathing, as horses having a certain disease. See Roaring, 2. Roaring boy, a roaring, noisy fellow; — name given, at the latter end Queen Elizabeth’s reign, to the riotous fellows who raised disturbances in the street. ´Two roaring boys of Rome, that made all split.´ Beau. & Fl. — Roaring forties (Naut.), a sailor’s name for the stormy tract of ocean between 40° and 50° north latitude.

Roar, v. t. To cry aloud; to proclaim loudly. “This last action will roar thy infamy.” Ford.

Roar , n. The sound of roaring. Specifically: (a) The deep, loud cry of a wild beast; as the roar of a lion. (b) The cry of one in pain, distress, anger, or the like. (c) A loud, continuous, and confused sound; as the roar of a cannon, of the wind, or the waves; the roar of ocean. “Arm! arm! it is, it is the cannon’s opening roar!” Byron. (d) A boisterous outcry or shouting, as in mirth. “Pit, boxes, and galleries were in a constant roar of laughter.” Macaulay.

Roar´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, roars. Specifically: (a) A riotous fellow; a roaring boy. “A lady to turn roarer, and break glasses.” Massinger. (b) (Far.) A horse subject to roaring. See Roaring, 2. 2. (Zoöl.) The barn owl. [Prov. Eng.]

Roar´ing, n. 1. A loud, deep, prolonged sound, as of a large beast, or of a person in distress, anger, mirth, etc., or of a noisy congregation. 2. (Far.) An affection of the windpipe of a horse, causing a loud, peculiar noise in breathing under exertion; the making of the noise so caused. See Roar, v. i., 5.

Roar´ing•ly, adv. In a roaring manner.

Roast , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roasting.] [OE. rosten, OF. rostir, F. rôtir; of German origin; cf. OHG. rosten, G. rösten, fr. OHG. rost, rosta, gridiron, G. rost; cf. AS. hyrstan to roast.] 1. To cook by exposure to radiant heat before a fire; as to roast meat on a spit, or in an oven open toward the fire and having reflecting surfaces within; also to cook in a close oven. 2. To cook by surrounding with hot embers, ashes, sand, etc.; as to roast a potato in ashes. “In eggs boiled and roasted there is scarce difference to be discerned.” BAcon. 3. To dry and parch by exposure to heat; as to roast coffee; to roast chestnuts, or peanuts. 4. Hence, to heat to excess; to heat violently; to burn. ´Roasted in wrath and fire.´ Shak. 5. (Metal.) To dissipate by heat the volatile parts of, as ores. 6. To banter severely. [Colloq.] Atterbury.

Roast, v. i. 1. To cook meat, fish, etc., by heat, as before the fire or in an oven. “He could roast, and seethe, and broil, and fry.” Chaucer. 2. To undergo the process of being roasted.

Roast, n. That which is roasted; a piece of meat which has been roasted, or is suitable for being roasted. “A fat swan loved he best of any roost [roast].” Chaucer. To rule the roast, to be at the head of affairs. ´The new-made duke that rules the roast.´ Shak.

Roast, a. [For roasted.] Roasted; as roast beef.

Roast´er , n. 1. One who roasts meat. 2. A contrivance for roasting. 3. A pig, or other article of food fit for roasting.

Roast´ing, a. & n., from Roast, v. Roasting ear, an ear of Indian corn at that stage of development when it is fit to be eaten roasted. — Roasting jack, a machine for turning a spit on which meat is roasted.

Rob , n. [F.; cf. Sp. rob, It. rob, robbo, Pg. robe, arrobe, Ar. rubb, robb, Per. rub.] The inspissated juice of ripe fruit, obtained by evaporation of the juice over a fire till it acquires the consistence of a sirup. It is sometimes mixed with honey or sugar. [Written also rhob, and rohob.]

Rob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robbed p. pr. & vb. n. Robbing.] [OF. rober, of German origin; cf. OHG. roubn, G. rauben, and OHG. roub robbing, booty, G. raub. rad.114. See Reave,and cf. Robe.] 1. To take (something) away from by force; to strip by stealing; to plunder; to pillage; to steal from. “Who would rob a hermit of his weeds,
His few books, or his beads, or maple dish?” Milton. “He that is robbed, not wanting what is stolen,
Let him not know it, and he’s not robbed at all.” Shak. “To be executed for robbing a church.” Shak. 2. (Law) To take the property of (any one) from his person, or in his presence, feloniously, and against his will, by violence or by putting him in fear. 3. To deprive of, or withhold from, unjustly or injuriously; to defraud; as to rob one of his rest, or of his good name; a tree robs the plants near it of sunlight. “I never robbed the soldiers of their pay.” Shak.

Rob, v. i. To take that which belongs to another, without right or permission, esp. by violence. “I am accursed to rob in that thief’s company.” Shak.

Rob´and , n. (Naut.) See Roperand.

Rob´ber , n. One who robs; in law, one who feloniously takes goods or money from the person of another by violence or by putting him in fear. “Some roving robber calling to his fellows.” Milton. Syn. — Thief; depredator; despoiler; plunderer; pillager; rifler; brigang; freebooter; pirate. See Thief. Robber crab. (Zoöl.) (a) A purse crab. (b) Any hermit crab. — Robber fly. (Zoöl.) Same as Hornet fly, under Hornet. — Robber gull (Zoöl.), a jager gull.

Rob´ber•y , n.; pl. Robberies (#). [OF. roberie.] 1. The act or practice of robbing; theft. “Thieves for their robbery have authority
When judges steal themselves.” Shak. 2. (Law) The crime of robbing. See Rob, v. t., 2. Robbery, in a strict sense, differs from theft, as it is effected by force or intimidation, whereas theft is committed by stealth, or privately. Syn. — Theft; depredation; spoliation; despoliation; despoilment; plunder; pillage; rapine; larceny; freebooting; piracy.

Rob´bin , n. (Com.) A kind of package in which pepper and other dry commodities are sometimes exported from the East Indies. The robbin of rice in Malabar weighs about 84 pounds. Simmonds.

Rob´bin, n. (Naut.) See Ropeband.

Robe , n. [F., fr. LL. rauba a gown, dress, garment; originally, booty, plunder. See Rob, v. t., and cf. Rubbish.] 1. An outer garment; a dress of a rich, flowing, and elegant style or make; hence, a dress of state, rank, office, or the like. “Through tattered clothes small vices do appear;
Robes and furred gowns hide all.” Shak. 2. A skin of an animal, especially, a skin of the bison, dressed with the fur on, and used as a wrap. [U.S.] Master of the robes, an officer of the English royal household (when the sovereign is a king) whose duty is supposed to consist in caring for the royal robes. — Mistress of the robes, a lady who enjoys the highest rank of the ladies in the service of the English sovereign (when a queen), and is supposed to have the care her robes.

Robe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robed p. pr. & vb. n. Robing.] To invest with a robe or robes; to dress; to array; as fields robed with green. “The sage Chaldeans robed in white appeared.” Pope. “Such was his power over the expression of his countenance, that he could in an instant shake off the sternness of winter, and robe it in the brightest smiles of spring.” Wirt.

Robe•-de-cham´bre , n. [F., lit., a chamber gown.] A dressing gown, or morning gown. { Rob´erds•man , Rob´erts•man } n.; pl. -men. (Old Statutes of Eng.) A bold, stout robber, or night thief; — said to be so called from Robin Hood.

Rob´ert , n. (Bot.) See Herb Robert, under Herb.

Rob´in , n. [Properly a pet name for Robert, originally meaning, famebright; F., fron OHG. Roudperht; ruod (in comp.; akin to AS. hr glory, fame, Goth. hrpeigs victorius) + beraht bright. See Bright, Hob a clown.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European singing bird (Erythacus rubecula), having a reddish breast; — called also robin redbreast, robinet, and ruddock. (b) An American singing bird (Merula migratoria), having the breast chestnut, or dull red. The upper parts are olive-gray, the head and tail blackish. Called also robin redbreast, and migratory thrush. (c) Any one of several species of Australian warblers of the genera Petroica, Melanadrays, and allied genera; as the scarlet-breasted robin (Petroica mullticolor). (d) Any one of several Asiatic birds; as the Indian robins. See Indian robin, below. Beach robin (Zoöl.), the robin snipe, or knot. See Knot. — Blue-throated robin. (Zoöl.) See Bluethroat. - - Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird. — Golden robin (Zoöl.), the Baltimore oriole. — Ground robin (Zoöl.), the chewink. — Indian robin (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Asiatic saxoline birds of the genera Thamnobia and Pratincola. They are mostly black, usually with some white on the wings. — Magrie robin (Zoöl.), an Asiatic singing bird (Corsycus saularis), having the back, head, neck, and breast black glossed with blue, the wings black, and the belly white. — Ragged robin. (Bot.) See under Ragged. — Robin accentor (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic singing bird (Accentor rubeculoides), somewhat resembling the European robin. — Robin redbreast. (Zoöl.) (a) The European robin. (b) The American robin. (c) The American bluebird. — Robin snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The red-breasted snipe, or dowitcher. (b) The red-breasted sandpiper, or knot. — Robin’s plantain. (Bot.) See under Plantain. — Sea robin. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of American gurnards of the genus Prionotus. They are excellent food fishes. Called also wingfish. The name is also applied to a European gurnard. (b) The red-breasted merganser, or sheldrake. [Local, U.S.] — Water robin (Zoöl.), a redstart (Ruticulla fuliginosa), native of India.

Rob´i•net , n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch; — called also roberd. (b) The European robin. 2. A military engine formerly used for throwing darts and stones.

Rob´ing , n. The act of putting on a robe. Robing room, a room where official robes are put on, as by judges, etc.

Rob´in Good´fel•low A celebrated fairy; Puck. See Puck. Shak.

Ro•bin´i•a , n. [NL. So called after Jean Robin, a French herbalist.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous trees including the common locust of North America (Robinia Pseudocacia).

Rob´o•rant , a. [L. roborans, p. pr. See Roborate.] Strengthening. — n. (Med.) A strengthening medicine; a tonic.

Rob´o•rate , v. t. [L. roboratus, p. pr. of roborare to strengthen, fr. robur, roboris, strength.] To give strength or support to; to confirm. [Obs.] Fuller.

Rob•o•ra´tion , n. [LL. roboratio.] The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Coles. { Ro•bo´re•an , Ro•bo´re•ous } a. [L. roboreus.] Made of oak. [Obs.]

Ro•bust´ , a. [L. robustus oaken, hard, strong, fr. robur strength, a very hard kind of oak; cf. Skr. rabhas violence: cf. F. robuste.] 1. Evincing strength; indicating vigorous health; strong; sinewy; muscular; vigorous; sound; as a robust body; robust youth; robust health. 2. Violent; rough; rude. “While romp-loving miss
Is hauled about in gallantry robust.” Thomson. 3. Requiring strength or vigor; as robust employment. Locke. Syn. — Strong; lusty; sinewy; sturdy; muscular; hale; hearty; vigorous; forceful; sound. — Robust, Strong. Robust means, literally, made of oak, and hence implies great compactness and toughness of muscle, connected with a thick-set frame and great powers of endurance. Strong denotes the power of exerting great physical force. The robust man can bear heat or cold, excess or privation, and toil on through every kind of hardship; the strong man can lift a great weight, can give a heavy blow, and a hard gripe. ´Robust, tough sinews bred to toil.´ Cowper. “Then ’gan the villain wax so fierce and strong,
That nothing may sustain his furious force.” Spenser.

Ro•bus´tious , a. [Cf. L. robusteus of oak.] Robust. [Obs. or Humorous] W. Irving. “In Scotland they had handled the bishops in a more robustious manner.” Milton. — Ro•bus´tious•ly, adv. — Ro•bus´tious•ness, n.

Ro•bust´ly, adv. In a robust manner.

Ro•bust´ness, n. The quality or state of being robust.

Roc , n. [Ar. & Per. rokh or rukh. Cf. Rook a castle.] A monstrous bird of Arabian mythology. [Written also rock, and rukh.] Brande & C.

Roc´am•bole , n. [F.] [Written also rokambole.] (Bot.) A name of Allium Scorodoprasum and A. Ascalonium, two kinds of garlic, the latter of which is also called shallot.

Roc•cel´lic , a. [F. roccellique, fr. roccelle archil, It. & NL. roccella, fr. It. rocca a rock, because archil grows on rock.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid of the oxalic series found in archil (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), and other lichens, and extracted as a white crystalline substance C17H32O4.

Roc•cel´lin , n. A red dyestuff, used as a substitute for cochineal, archil, etc. It consists of the sodium salt of a complex azo derivative of naphtol.

Roche , n. [See Rock.] Rock. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roche´ al•um (Chem.) A kind of alum occuring in small fragments; — so called from Rocca, in Syria, whence alum is said to have been obtained; — also called rock alum.

Roche´lime , n. [F. roche rock + E. lime.] Lime in the lump after it is burned; quicklime. [Eng.]

Ro•chelle´ , n. A seaport town in France. Rochelle powders. Same as Seidlitz powders. — Rochelle salt (Chem.), the double tartrate of sodium and potassium, a white crystalline substance. It has a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste and is employed as a mild purgative. It was discovered by Seignette, an apothecary of Rochelle, and is called also Seignete’s salt.

Roche´ mou•ton•nee´ [F., sheep-shaped rock.] (Geol.) See Sheepback.

Roch´et , n. [F., dim. fr. OHG. rocch coat, G. rock.] 1. (Eccl.) A linen garment resembling the surplise, but with narrower sleeves, also without sleeves, worn by bishops, and by some other ecclesiastical dignitaries, in certain religious ceremonies. “They see no difference between an idler with a hat and national cockade, and an idler in a cowl or in a rochet.” Burke. 2. A frock or outer garment worn in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Roch´et, n. [Probably corrupted fr. F. rouget the red gurnet, from rouge red. CF. Rouge.] (Zoöl.) The red gurnard, or gurnet. See Gurnard.

Roch´ing cask [Probably from F. roche a rock.] A tank in which alum is crystallized from a solution.

Rock , n. See Roc.

Rock, n. [OE. rocke; akin to D. rok, rokken, G. rocken, OHG. roccho, Dan. rok, Icel. rokkr. Cf. Rocket a firework.] A distaff used in spinning; the staff or frame about which flax is arranged, and from which the thread is drawn in spinning. Chapman. “Sad Clotho held the rocke, the whiles the thread
By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain,
That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid.” Spenser.

Rock, n. [OF. roke, F. roche; cf. Armor. roc’h, and AS. rocc.] 1. A large concreted mass of stony material; a large fixed stone or crag. See Stone. “Come one, come all! this rock shall fly
From its firm base as soon as I.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Geol.) Any natural deposit forming a part of the earth’s crust, whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, etc., when in natural beds. 3. That which resembles a rock in firmness; a defense; a support; a refuge. “The Lord is my rock, and my fortress.” 2 Sam. xxii. 2. 4. Fig.: Anything which causes a disaster or wreck resembling the wreck of a vessel upon a rock. 5. (Zoöl.) The striped bass. See under Bass. This word is frequently used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as rock-bound, rock-built, rock-ribbed, rock-roofed, and the like. Rock alum. [Probably so called by confusion with F. roche a rock.] Same as Roche alum. — Rock barnacle (Zoöl.), a barnacle (Balanus balanoides) very abundant on rocks washed by tides. — Rock bass. (Zoöl.) (a) The stripped bass. See under Bass. (b) The goggle-eye. (c) The cabrilla. Other species are also locally called rock bass. — Rock builder (Zoöl.), any species of animal whose remains contribute to the formation of rocks, especially the corals and Foraminifera. — Rock butter (Min.), native alum mixed with clay and oxide of iron, usually in soft masses of a yellowish white color, occuring in cavities and fissures in argillaceous slate. — Rock candy, a form of candy consisting of crystals of pure sugar which are very hard, whence the name. — Rock cavy. (Zoöl.) See Moco. — Rock cod (Zoöl.) (a) A small, often reddish or brown, variety of the cod found about rocks andledges. (b) A California rockfish. — Rock cook. (Zoöl.) (a) A European wrasse (Centrolabrus exoletus). (b) A rockling. — Rock cork (Min.), a variety of asbestus the fibers of which are loosely interlaced. It resembles cork in its texture. — Rock crab (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large crabs of the genus Cancer, as the two species of the New England coast (C. irroratus and C. borealis). See Illust. under Cancer. — Rock cress (Bot.), a name of several plants of the cress kind found on rocks, as Arabis petraea, A. lyrata, etc. — Rock crystal (Min.), limpid quartz. See Quartz, and under Crystal. — Rock dove (Zoöl.), the rock pigeon; — called also rock doo. — Rock drill, an implement for drilling holes in rock; esp., a machine impelled by steam or compressed air, for drilling holes for blasting, etc. — Rock duck (Zoöl.), the harlequin duck. — Rock eel. (Zoöl.) See Gunnel. — Rock goat (Zoöl.), a wild goat, or ibex. — Rock hopper (Zoöl.), a penguin of the genus Catarractes. See under Penguin. — Rock kangaroo. (Zoöl.) See Kangaroo, and Petrogale. — Rock lobster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large spinose lobsters of the genera Panulirus and Palinurus. They have no large claws. Called also spiny lobster, and sea crayfish. — Rock meal (Min.), a light powdery variety of calcite occuring as an efflorescence. — Rock milk. (Min.) See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. — Rock moss, a kind of lichen; the cudbear. See Cudbear. — Rock oil. See Petroleum. — Rock parrakeet (Zoöl.), a small Australian parrakeet (Euphema petrophila), which nests in holes among the rocks of high cliffs. Its general color is yellowish olive green; a frontal band and the outer edge of the wing quills are deep blue, and the central tail feathers bluish green. — Rock pigeon (Zoöl.), the wild pigeon (Columba livia) Of Europe and Asia, from which the domestic pigeon was derived. See Illust. under Pigeon. — Rock pipit. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Pipit. — Rock plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied, or whistling, plover. (b) The rock snipe. - - Rock ptarmigan (Zoöl.), an arctic American ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris), which in winter is white, with the tail and lores black. In summer the males are grayish brown, coarsely vermiculated with black, and have black patches on the back. — Rock rabbit (Zoöl.), the hyrax. See Cony, and Daman. — Rock ruby (Min.), a fine reddish variety of garnet. — Rock salt (Min.), cloride of sodium (common salt) occuring in rocklike masses in mines; mineral salt; salt dug from the earth. In the United States this name is sometimes given to salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea water in large basins or cavities. — Rock seal (Zoöl.), the harbor seal. See Seal. — Rock shell (Zoöl.), any species of Murex, Purpura, and allied genera. — Rock snake (Zoöl.), any one of several large pythons; as the royal rock snake (Python regia) of Africa, and the rock snake of India (P. molurus). The Australian rock snakes mostly belong to the allied genus Morelia. — Rock snipe (Zoöl.), the purple sandpiper (Tringa maritima); — called also rock bird, rock plover, winter snipe. — Rock soap (Min.), a kind of clay having a smooth, greasy feel, and adhering to the tongue. — Rock sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Old World sparrows of the genus Petronia, as P. stulla, of Europe. (b) A North American sparrow (Pucaea ruficeps). — Rock tar, petroleum. — Rock thrush (Zoöl.), any Old World thrush of the genus Monticola, or Petrocossyphus; as the European rock thrush (M. saxatilis), and the blue rock thrush of India (M. cyaneus), in which the male is blue throughout. — Rock tripe (Bot.), a kind of lichen (Umbilicaria Dillenii) growing on rocks in the northen parts of America, and forming broad, flat, coriaceous, dark fuscous or blackish expansions. It has been used as food in cases of extremity. — Rock trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Hexagrammus, family Chiradae, native of the North Pacific coasts; — called also sea trout, boregat, bodieron, and starling. — Rock warbler (Zoöl.), a small Australian singing bird (Origma rubricata) which frequents rocky ravines and water courses; — called also cataract bird. — Rock wren (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wrens of the genus Salpinctes, native of the arid plains of Lower California and Mexico.

Rock , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rocked p. pr. & vb. n. Rocking.] [AS. roccian; akin to Dan. rokke to move, to snake; cf. Icel. rukkja to pull, move, G. rücken to move, push, pull.] 1. To cause to sway backward and forward, as a body resting on a support beneath; as to rock a cradle or chair; to cause to vibrate; to cause to reel or totter. “A rising earthquake rocked the ground.” Dryden. 2. To move as in a cradle; hence, to put to sleep by rocking; to still; to quiet. ´Sleep rock thy brain.´ Shak. Rock differs from shake, as denoting a slower, less violent, and more uniform motion, or larger movements. It differs from swing, which expresses a vibratory motion of something suspended.

Rock, v. i. 1. To move or be moved backward and forward; to be violently agitated; to reel; to totter. “The rocking town
Supplants their footsteps.” J. Philips . 2. To roll or saway backward and forward upon a support; as to rock in a rocking-chair.

Rock´a•way , [Probably from Rockaway beach, where it was used.] Formerly, a light, low, four-wheeled carriage, with standing top, open at the sides, but having waterproof curtains which could be let down when occasion required; now, a somewhat similar, but heavier, carriage, inclosed, except in front, and having a door at each side. { Rock´e•lay , Rock´lay }, n. See Rokelay. [Scot.]

Rock´er, n. 1. One who rocks; specifically, one who rocks a cradle. “It was I, sir, said the rocker, who had the honor, some thirty years since, to attend on your highness in your infancy.” Fuller. 2. One of the curving pieces of wood or metal on which a cradle, chair, etc., rocks. 3. Any implement or machine working with a rocking motion, as a trough mounted on rockers for separating gold dust from gravel, etc., by agitation in water. 4. A play horse on rockers; a rocking- horse. 5. A chair mounted on rockers; a rocking- chair. 6. A skate with a curved blade, somewhat resembling in shape the rocker of a cradle. 7. (Mach.) Same as Rock shaft. Rocker arm (Mach.), an arm borne by a rock shaft.

Rock´ered , a. (Naut.) Shaped like a rocker; curved; as a rockered keel.

Rock´er•y , n. (Gardening) A mound formed of fragments of rock, earth, etc., and set with plants.

Rock´et , n. [F. roquette (cf. Sp. ruqueta, It ruchetta), fr. L. eruca.] (Bot.) (a) A cruciferous plant (Eruca sativa) sometimes eaten in Europe as a salad. (b) Damewort. (c) Rocket larkspur. See below. Dyer’s Rocket. (Bot.) See Dyer’s broom, under Broom. — Rocket larkspur (Bot.), an annual plant with showy flowers in long racemes (Delphinium Ajacis). — Sea rocket (Bot.), either of two fleshy cruciferous plants (Cakile maritima and C. Americana) found on the seashore of Europe and America. — Yellow rocket (Bot.), a common cruciferous weed with yellow flowers (Barbarea vulgaris).

Rock´et , n. [It. rocchetta, fr. rocca a distaff, of German origin. Named from the resemblance in shape to a distaff. See Rock a distaff.] 1. An artificial firework consisting of a cylindrical case of paper or metal filled with a composition of combustible ingredients, as niter, charcoal, and sulphur, and fastened to a guiding stick. The rocket is projected through the air by the force arising from the expansion of the gases liberated by combustion of the composition. Rockets are used as projectiles for various purposes, for signals, and also for pyrotechnic display. 2. A blunt lance head used in the joust. Congreve rocket, a powerful form of rocket for use in war, invented by Sir William Congreve. It may be used either in the field or for bombardment; in the former case, it is armed with shells or case shot; in the latter, with a combustible material inclosed in a metallic case, which is inextinguishable when kindled, and scatters its fire on every side.

Rock´et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rocketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rocketing.] (Sporting) To rise straight up; said of birds; usually in the present participle or as an adjective. [Eng.] “An old cock pheasant came rocketing over me.” H. R. Haggard.

Rock´et•er , n. (Sporting) A bird, especially a pheasant, which, being flushed, rises straight in the air like a rocket. [Eng.]

Rock´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several California scorpaenoid food fishes of the genus Sebastichthys, as the red rockfish (S. ruber). They are among the most important of California market fishes. Called also rock cod, and garrupa. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. (c) Any one of several species of Florida and Bermuda groupers of the genus Epinephelus. (d) An American fresh- water darter; the log perch. The term is locally applied to various other fishes.

Rock´i•ness , n. [From Rocky.] The state or quality of being rocky.

Rock´ing, a. Having a swaying, rolling, or back-and-forth movement; used for rocking. Rocking shaft. (Mach.) See Rock shaft.

Rock´ing-chair , n. A chair mounted on rockers, in which one may rock.

Rock´ing-horse , n. The figure of a horse, mounted upon rockers, for children to ride.

Rock´ing-stone , n. A stone, often of great size and weight, resting upon another stone, and so exactly poised that it can be rocked, or slightly moved, with but little force.

Rock´less, a. Being without rocks. Dryden.

Rock´ling , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small marine fishes of the genera Onos and Rhinonemus (formerly Motella), allied to the cod. They have three or four barbels.

Rock´rose , n. (Bot.) A name given to any species of the genus Helianthemum, low shrubs or herbs with yellow flowers, especially the European H. vulgare and the American frostweed, H. Canadense. Cretan rockrose, a related shrub (Cistus Creticus), one of the plants yielding the fragrant gum called ladanum.

Rock´ shaft [Cf. Rock, v. i.] (Mach.) A shaft that oscillates on its journals, instead of revolving, — usually carrying levers by means of which it receives and communicates reciprocating motion, as in the valve gear of some steam engines; — called also rocker, rocking shaft, and way shaft.

Rock´ staff [Cf. Rock, v. i.] An oscillating bar in a machine, as the lever of the bellows of a forge.

Rock´suck•er , n. (Zoöl.) A lamprey.

Rock´weed , n. (Bot.) Any coarse seaweed growing on sea-washed rocks, especially Fucus.

Rock´wood , n. (Min.) Ligniform asbestus; also fossil wood.

Rock´work , n. 1. (Arch.) Stonework in which the surface is left broken and rough. 2. (Gardening) A rockery.

Rock´y , a. 1. Full of, or abounding in, rocks; consisting of rocks; as a rocky mountain; a rocky shore. 2. Like a rock; as the rocky orb of a shield. Milton. 3. Fig.: Not easily impressed or affected; hard; unfeeling; obdurate; as a rocky bosom. Shak. Rocky Mountain locust (Zoöl.), the Western locust, or grasshopper. See Grasshopper. - - Rocky Mountain sheep. (Zoöl.) See Bighorn.

Ro´coa , n. [Cf. F. rocou, roicou, Pg. & Braz, urucú.] The orange- colored pulp covering the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa Orellana, from which annotto is prepared. See Annoto.

Ro•co´co , n. [F.; of uncertain etymology.] A florid style of ornamentation which prevailed in Europe in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

Ro•co´co, a. Of or pertaining to the style called rococo; like rococo; florid; fantastic.

Rod , n. [The same word as rood. See Rood.] 1. A straight and slender stick; a wand; hence, any slender bar, as of wood or metal (applied to various purposes). Specifically: (a) An instrument of punishment or correction; figuratively, chastisement. “He that spareth his rod hateth his son.” Prov. xiii. 24. (b) A kind of sceptor, or badge of office; hence, figuratively, power; authority; tyranny; oppression. ´The rod, and bird of peace.´ Shak. (c) A support for a fishing line; a fish pole. Gay. (d) (Mach. & Structure) A member used in tension, as for sustaining a suspended weight, or in tension and compression, as for transmitting reciprocating motion, etc.; a connecting bar. (e) An instrument for measuring. 2. A measure of length containing sixteen and a half feet; — called also perch, and pole. Black rod. See in the Vocabulary. — Rods and cones (Anat.), the elongated cells or elements of the sensory layer of the retina, some of which are cylindrical, others somewhat conical.

Rod´dy , a. Full of rods or twigs.

Rod´dy, a. Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rode , n. [See Rud.] Redness; complexion. [Obs.] ´His rode was red.´ Chaucer.

Rode, imp. of Ride.

Rode, n. See Rood, the cross. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ro´dent , a. [L. rodens, - entis, p. pr. of rodere to gnaw. See Rase, v. t., and cf. Rostrum.] 1. Gnawing; biting; corroding; (Med.) applied to a destructive variety of cancer or ulcer. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Gnawing. (b) Of or pertaining to the Rodentia.

Ro´dent, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Rodentia.

Ro•den´ti•a , n. pl. [NL. See Rodent, a.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammals having two (rarely four) large incisor teeth in each jaw, distant from the molar teeth. The rats, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, and beavers belong to this order. The incisor teeth are long, curved, and strongly enameled on the outside, so as to keep a cutting edge. They have a persistent pulp and grow continuously.

Ro•de´o , n. [SP., a going round.] A round-up. See Round-up. [Western U.S.]

Rodge , n. (Zoöl.) The gadwall. [Prov. Eng.]

Rod´o•mel , n. [Gr. rose + honey.] Juice of roses mixed with honey. Simmonds.

Rod´o•mont , n. [F. rodomont, It. rodomonte, fr. Rodomonte, Rodamonte, a boasting hero in the ´Orlando Furioso´ of Ariosto, and the ´Orlando Innamorato´ of Bojardo; properly, one who rolls away mountains; Prov. It. rodare to roll away (fr. L. rota a wheel) + It. monte a mountain, L. mons. See Rotary, Mount, n.] A vain or blustering boaster; a braggart; a braggadocio. Sir T. Herbert.

Rod´o•mont, a. Bragging; vainly boasting.

Rod•o•mon•tade´ , n. [F., fr. It. rodomontana. See Rodomont, n.] Vain boasting; empty bluster or vaunting; rant. “I could show that the rodomontades of Almanzor are neither so irrational nor impossible.” Dryden.

Rod•o•mon•tade´, v. i. To boast; to brag; to bluster; to rant.

Rod•o•mon•tad´ist , n. One who boasts.

Rod•o•mon•ta´do , n. Rodomontade.

Rod•o•mon•ta´dor , n. A rodomontadist.

Rods´man , n.; pl. Rodsmen . One who carries and holds a leveling staff, or rod, in a surveying party. G. W. Cable.

Ro´dy , a. Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roe , n. [OE. ro, AS. rah; akin to D. ree, G. reh, Icel. ra, SW. rå.] (Zoöl.) (a) A roebuck. See Roebuck. (b) The female of any species of deer.

Roe, n. [For roan, OE. rowne, akin to G. rogen, OHG. rogan, Icel. hrogn, Dan. rogn, ravn, Sw. rom; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. pebble, Skr. arkara gravel.] 1. (Zoöl.) The ova or spawn of fishes and amphibians, especially when still inclosed in the ovarian membranes. Sometimes applied, loosely, to the sperm and the testes of the male. 2. A mottled appearance of light and shade in wood, especially in mahogany.

Roe´buck , n. [1st roe + buck.] (Zoöl.) A small European and Asiatic deer (Capreolus capraea) having erect, cylindrical, branched antlers, forked at the summit. This, the smallest European deer, is very nimble and graceful. It always prefers a mountainous country, or high grounds.

Roed , a. (Zoöl.) Filled with roe.

Roe´deer , n. (Zoöl.) The roebuck.

Roe´stone , n. (Min.) Same as Oölite.

Ro•ga´tion , n. [L. rogatio, fr. rogare, rogatum, to ask, beg, supplicate: cf. F. rogation. Cf. Abrogate, Arrogant, Probogue.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The demand, by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the people; a proposed law or decree. 2. (Eccl.) Litany; supplication. “He perfecteth the rogations or litanies before in use.” Hooker. Rogation days (Eccl.), the three days which immediately precede Ascension Day; — so called as being days on which the people, walking in procession, sang litanies of special supplication. — Rogation flower (Bot.), a European species of milkwort (Polygala vulgaris); — so called from its former use for garlands in Rogation week. Dr. Prior. — Rogation week, the second week before Whitsunday, in which the Rogation days occur.

Rog´a•to•ry , a. [See Rogation.] Seeking information; authorized to examine witnesses or ascertain facts; as a rogatory commission. Woolsey.

Rogue , n. [F. rogue proud, haughty, supercilious; cf. Icel. hrkr a rook, croaker (cf. Rook a bird), or Armor. rok, rog, proud, arogant.] 1. (Eng.Law) A vagrant; an idle, sturdy beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. The phrase rogues and vagabonds is applied to a large class of wandering, disorderly, or dissolute persons. They were formerly punished by being whipped and having the gristle of the right ear bored with a hot iron. 2. A deliberately dishonest person; a knave; a cheat. “The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise.” Pope. 3. One who is pleasantly mischievous or frolicsome; hence, often used as a term of endearment. “Ah, you sweet little rogue, you!” Shak. 4. An elephant that has separated from a herd and roams about alone, in which state it is very savage. 5. (Hort.) A worthless plant occuring among seedlings of some choice variety. Rogues’ gallery, a collection of portraits of rogues or criminals, for the use of the police authorities. — Rogue’s march, derisive music performed in driving away a person under popular indignation or official sentence, as when a soldier is drummed out of a regiment. — Rogue’s yarn, yarn of a different twist and color from the rest, inserted into the cordage of the British navy, to identify it if stolen, or for the purpose of tracing the maker in case of defect. Different makers are required to use yarns of different colors.

Rogue, v. i. To wander; to play the vagabond; to play knavish tricks. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rogue, v. t. 1. To give the name or designation of rogue to; to decry. [Obs.] Cudworth. 2. (Hort.) To destroy (plants that do not come up to a required standard).

Rogu´er•y , n. 1. The life of a vargant. [Obs.] 2. The practices of a rogue; knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest practices. “’Tis no scandal grown,
For debt and roguery to quit the town.” Dryden. 3. Arch tricks; mischievousness.

Rogue´ship , n. The quality or state of being a rogue. [Jocose] ´Your rogueship.´ Dryden.

Rogu´ish, a. 1. Vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser. “His roguish madness
Allows itself to anything.” Shak. 2. Resembling, or characteristic of, a rogue; knavish. 3. Pleasantly mischievous; waggish; arch. “The most bewitching leer with her eyes, the most roguish cast.” Dryden. — Rogu´ish•ly, adv. — Rogu´ish•ness, n.

Rogu´y , a. Roguish. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Ro´hob , n. An inspissated juice. See Rob.

Roi´al , a. Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roil , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roiling.] [Cf. OE. roilen to wander; possibly fr. OF. roeler to roll, equiv. to F. rouler. See Roll, v., and cf. Rile.] 1. To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; as to roil wine, cider, etc. , in casks or bottles; to roil a spring. 2. To disturb, as the temper; to ruffle the temper of; to rouse the passion of resentment in; to perplex. “That his friends should believe it, was what roiled him [Judge Jeffreys] exceedingly.” R. North. Provincial in England and colloquial in the United States. A commoner, but less approved, form is rile.

Roil, v. i. 1. To wander; to roam. [Obs.] 2. To romp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Roil´y , a. Turbid; as roily water.

Roin , v. t. See Royne. [Obs.]

Roin, n. [F. rogne. See Roynish.] A scab; a scurf, or scurfy spot. [Obs.]

Roin´ish, a. See Roynish. [Obs.]

Roint , interj. See Aroint.

Roist , v. i. See Roister.

Roist´er , v. i. [Probably fr. F. rustre boor, a clown, clownish, fr. L. rustucus rustic. See Rustic.] To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be bold, noisy, vaunting, or turbulent. “I have a roisting challenge sent amongst
The dull and factious nobles of the Greeks.” Shak.

Roist´er , n. See Roisterer.

Roist´er•er , n. A blustering, turbulent fellow. “If two roisterers met, they cocked their hats in each other faces.” Macaulay.

Roist´er•ly, a. Blustering; violent. [R.]

Roist´er•ly, adv. In a roistering manner. [R.]

Rok´am•bole , n. See Rocambole.

Roke , n. [See Reek.] 1. Mist; smoke; damp [Prov. Eng.] [Written also roak, rook, and rouk.] 2. A vein of ore. [Pov.Eng.] Halliwell. { Roke´age , Rok´ee } n. [Cf. Nocake.] Parched Indian corn, pounded up and mixed with sugar; — called also yokeage. [Local, U.S.]

Rok´e•lay , n. [Cf. Roquelaure.] A short cloak. [Written also rockelay, rocklay, etc.] [Scot.]

Rok´y , a. [See Roke.] Misty; foggy; cloudy. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Rôle , n. [F. See Roll.] A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence, a part of function taken or assumed by any one; as he has now taken the rôle of philanthropist. Title rôle, the part, or character, which gives the title to a play, as the part of Hamlet in the play of that name.

Roll , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rolled p. pr. & vb. n. Rolling.] [OF. roeler, roler, F. rouler, LL. rotulare, fr. L. royulus, rotula, a little wheel, dim. of rota wheel; akin to G. rad, and to Skr. ratha car, chariot. Cf. Control, Roll, n., Rotary.] 1. To cause to revolve by turning over and over; to move by turning on an axis; to impel forward by causing to turn over and over on a supporting surface; as to roll a wheel, a ball, or a barrel. 2. To wrap round on itself; to form into a spherical or cylindrical body by causing to turn over and over; as to roll a sheet of paper; to roll parchment; to roll clay or putty into a ball. 3. To bind or involve by winding, as in a bandage; to inwrap; — often with up; as to roll up a parcel. 4. To drive or impel forward with an easy motion, as of rolling; as a river rolls its waters to the ocean. “The flood of Catholic reaction was rolled over Europe.” J. A. Symonds. 5. To utter copiously, esp. with sounding words; to utter with a deep sound; — often with forth, or out; as to roll forth some one’s praises; to roll out sentences. “Who roll’d the psalm to wintry skies.” Tennyson. 6. To press or level with a roller; to spread or form with a roll, roller, or rollers; as to roll a field; to roll paste; to roll steel rails, etc. 7. To move, or cause to be moved, upon, or by means of, rollers or small wheels. 8. To beat with rapid, continuous strokes, as a drum; to sound a roll upon. 9. (Geom.) To apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping; to bring all the parts of (one line or surface) into successive contact with another, in suck manner that at every instant the parts that have been in contact are equal. 10. To turn over in one’s mind; to revolve. “Full oft in heart he rolleth up and down
The beauty of these florins new and bright.” Chaucer. To roll one’s self, to wallow. — To roll the eye, to direct its axis hither and thither in quick succession. — To roll one’s r’s, to utter the letter r with a trill. [Colloq.]

Roll, v. i. 1. To move, as a curved object may, along a surface by rotation without sliding; to revolve upon an axis; to turn over and over; as a ball or wheel rolls on the earth; a body rolls on an inclined plane. “And her foot, look you, is fixed upon a spherical stone, which rolls, and rolls, and rolls.” Shak. 2. To move on wheels; as the carriage rolls along the street. ´The rolling chair.´ Dryden. 3. To be wound or formed into a cylinder or ball; as the cloth rolls unevenly; the snow rolls well. 4. To fall or tumble; — with over; as a stream rolls over a precipice. 5. To perform a periodical revolution; to move onward as with a revolution; as the rolling year; ages roll away. 6. To turn; to move circularly. “And his red eyeballs roll with living fire.” Dryden. 7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate swell and depression. “What different sorrows did within thee roll.” Prior. 8. To incline first to one side, then to the other; to rock; as there is a great difference in ships about rolling; in a general semse, to be tossed about. “Twice ten tempestuous nights I rolled.” Pope. 9. To turn over, or from side to side, while lying down; to wallow; as a horse rolls. 10. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin; as the paste rolls well. 11. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear. 12. To make a loud or heavy rumbling noise; as the thunder rolls. To roll about, to gad abroad. [Obs.] “Man shall not suffer his wife go roll about.” Chaucer.

Roll, n. [F. rôle a roll (in sense 3), fr. L. rotulus little wheel, LL., a roll, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. Rôle, Rouleau, Roulette.] 1. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled; as the roll of a ball; the roll of waves. 2. That which rolls; a roller. Specifically: (a) A heavy cylinder used to break clods. Mortimer. (b) One of a set of revolving cylinders, or rollers, between which metal is pressed, formed, or smoothed, as in a rolling mill; as to pass rails through the rolls. 3. That which is rolled up; as a roll of fat, of wool, paper, cloth, etc. Specifically: (a) A document written on a piece of parchment, paper, or other materials which may be rolled up; a scroll. “Busy angels spread
The lasting roll, recording what we say.” Prior. (b) Hence, an official or public document; a register; a record; also a catalogue; a list. “The rolls of Parliament, the entry of the petitions, answers, and transactions in Parliament, are extant.” Sir M. Hale. “The roll and list of that army doth remain.” Sir J. Davies. (c) A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical form; as a roll of carpeting; a roll of ribbon. (d) A cylindrical twist of tobacco. 4. A kind of shortened raised biscuit or bread, often rolled or doubled upon itself. 5. (Naut.) The oscillating movement of a vessel from side to side, in sea way, as distinguished from the alternate rise and fall of bow and stern called pitching. 6. A heavy, reverberatory sound; as the roll of cannon, or of thunder. 7. The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear. 8. Part; office; duty; rôle. [Obs.] L’Estrange. Long roll (Mil.), a prolonged roll of the drums, as the signal of an attack by the enemy, and for the troops to arrange themselves in line. — Master of the rolls. See under Master. — Roll call, the act, or the time, of calling over a list names, as among soldiers. — Rolls of court, of parliament (or of any public body), the parchments or rolls on which the acts and proceedings of that body are engrossed by the proper officer, and which constitute the records of such public body. — To call the roll, to call off or recite a list or roll of names of persons belonging to an organization, in order to ascertain who are present or to obtain responses from those present. Syn. — List; schedule; catalogue; register; inventory. See List.

Roll´a•ble , a. Capable of being rolled.

Roll´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, rolls; especially, a cylinder, sometimes grooved, of wood, stone, metal, etc., used in husbandry and the arts. 2. A bandage; a fillet; properly, a long and broad bandage used in surgery. 3. (Naut.) One of series of long, heavy waves which roll in upon a coast, sometimes in calm weather. 4. A long, belt-formed towel, to be suspended on a rolling cylinder; — called also roller towel. 5. (Print.) A cylinder coated with a composition made principally of glue and molassess, with which forms of type are inked previously to taking an impression from them. W. Savage. 6. A long cylinder on which something is rolled up; as the roller of a man. 7. A small wheel, as of a caster, a roller skate, etc. 8. (Zoöl.) ANy insect whose larva rolls up leaves; a leaf roller. see Tortrix. 9. [CF. F. rollier.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Old World picarian birds of the family Coraciadae. The name alludes to their habit of suddenly turning over or ´tumbling´ in flight. Many of the species are brilliantly colored. The common European species (Coracias garrula) has the head, neck, and under parts light blue varied with green, the scapulars chestnut brown, and the tail blue, green, and black. The broad-billed rollers of India and Africa belong to the genus Eurystomus, as the oriental roller (E. orientalis), and the Australian roller, or dollar bird (E. Pacificus). The latter is dark brown on the head and neck, sea green on the back, and bright blue on the throat, base of the tail, and parts of the wings. It has a silvery-white spot on the middle of each wing. 10. (Zoöl.) Any species of small ground snakes of the family Tortricidae. Ground roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Madagascar rollers belonging to Atelornis and allied genera. They are nocturnal birds, and feed on the ground. — Roller bolt, the bar in a carriage to which the traces are attached; a whiffletree. [Eng.] — Roller gin, a cotton gin inn which rolls are used for separating the seeds from the fiber. — Roller mill. See under Mill. — Roller skate, a skate which has small wheels in the place of the metallic runner; — designed for use in skating upon a smooth, hard surface, other than ice.

Roll´ey (-y), n. [Probably fr. roll.] A small wagon used for the underground work of a mine. Tomlison.

Rol´lic (rol´lik), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rollicked (-likt); p. pr. & vb. n. Rollicking.] [Corrupt. fr. frolic, under the influence of roll.] To move or play in a careless, swaggering manner, with a frolicsome air; to frolic; to sport; commonly in the form rollicking. [Colloq.] “He described his friends as rollicking blades.” T. Hook.

Roll´ing , a. 1. Rotating on an axis, or moving along a surface by rotation; turning over and over as if on an axis or a pivot; as a rolling wheel or ball. 2. Moving on wheels or rollers, or as if on wheels or rollers; as a rolling chair. 3. Having gradual, rounded undulations of surface; as a rolling country; rolling land. [U.S.] Rolling bridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. — Rolling circle of a paddle wheel, the circle described by the point whose velocity equals the velocity of the ship. J. Bourne. — Rolling fire (Mil.), a discharge of firearms by soldiers in line, in quick succession, and in the order in which they stand. — Rolling friction, that resistance to motion experienced by one body rolling upon another which arises from the roughness or other quality of the surfaces in contact. — Rolling mill, a mill furnished with heavy rolls, between which heated metal is passed, to form it into sheets, rails, etc. — Rolling press. (a) A machine for calendering cloth by pressure between revolving rollers. (b) A printing press with a roller, used in copperplate printing. — Rolling stock, or Rolling plant, the locomotives and vehicles of a railway. — Rolling tackle (Naut.), tackle used to steady the yards when the ship rolls heavily. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Roll´ing-pin , n. A cylindrical piece of wood or other material, with which paste or dough may be rolled out and reduced to a proper thickness.

Roll´way , n. A place prepared for rolling logs into a stream.

Roll´y-po•ly , n. A kind of pudding made of paste spread with fruit, rolled into a cylindrical form, and boiled or steamed. — a. Shaped like a rolly-poly; short and stout. [Written also roly- poly.]

Roll´y-pool•y , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A game in which a ball, rolling into a certain place, wins. [Written also rouly-pouly.]

Ro´ly-po•ly , n. & a. Rolly- poly.

Rom´age , n. & v. See Rummage. [Obs.] Shak.

Ro•ma´ic , a. [NGr. : cf. F. romaïque. See Roman.] Of or relating to modern Greece, and especially to its language. — n. The modern Greek language, now usually called by the Greeks Hellenic or Neo-Hellenic. The Greeks at the time of the capture of Constantinople were proud of being ´Romai^oi, or Romans … Hence the term Romaic was the name given to the popular language… . The Greek language is now spoken of as the Hellenic language. Encyc. Brit.

Ro´man , a. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain. Cf. Romaic, Romance, Romantic.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art. 2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion. 3. (Print.) (a) Upright; erect; — said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters. (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; — said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc. Roman alum (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from iron. — Roman balance, a form of balance nearly resembling the modern steelyard. See the Note under Balance, n., 1. — Roman candle, a kind of firework (generally held in the hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they become ignited. — Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as a Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church. — Roman cement, a cement having the property of hardening under water; a species of hydraulic cement. — Roman law. See under Law. — Roman nose, a nose somewhat aquiline. — Roman ocher, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and durable, used by artists. Ure. — Roman order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite, a., 2.

Ro´man, n. 1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred. 2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; — in distinction from Italics.

Ro•mance´ , n. [OE. romance, romant, romaunt, OF. romanz, romans, romant, roman, F. roman, romance, fr. LL. Romanice in the Roman language, in the vulgar tongue, i. e., in the vulgar language which sprang from Latin, the language of the Romans, and hence applied to fictitious compositions written in this vulgar tongue; fr. L. Romanicus Roman, fr. Romanus. See Roman, and cf. Romanic, Romaunt, Romansch, Romanza.] 1. A species of fictitious writing, originally composed in meter in the Romance dialects, and afterward in prose, such as the tales of the court of Arthur, and of Amadis of Gaul; hence, any fictitious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel, especially one which treats of surprising adventures usually befalling a hero or a heroine; a tale of extravagant adventures, of love, and the like. ´Romances that been royal.´ Chaucer. “Upon these three columns — chivalry, gallantry, and religion — repose the fictions of the Middle Ages, especially those known as romances. These, such as we now know them, and such as display the characteristics above mentioned, were originally metrical, and chiefly written by nations of the north of France.” Hallam. 2. An adventure, or series of extraordinary events, resembling those narrated in romances; as his courtship, or his life, was a romance. 3. A dreamy, imaginative habit of mind; a disposition to ignore what is real; as a girl full of romance. 4. The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages). 5. (Mus.) A short lyric tale set to music; a song or short instrumental piece in ballad style; a romanza. Syn. — Fable; novel; fiction; tale.

Ro•mance´, a. Of or pertaining to the language or dialects known as Romance.

Ro•mance´, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romanced p. pr. & vb. n. Romancing ] To write or tell romances; to indulge in extravagant stories. “A very brave officer, but apt to romance.” Walpole.

Ro•man´cer , n. One who romances.

Ro•man´cist , n. A romancer. [R.]

Ro•man´cy , a. Romantic. [R.]

Ro•man•esque´ , a. [F. romanesque; cf. It. romanesco.] 1. (Arch.) Somewhat resembling the Roman; — applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th. 2. Of or pertaining to romance or fable; fanciful. Romanesque style (Arch.), that which grew up from the attempts of barbarous people to copy Roman architecture and apply it to their own purposes. This term is loosely applied to all the styles of Western Europe, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the appearance of Gothic architecture.

Ro•man•esque´, n. Romanesque style.

Ro•man´ic , a. [L. Romanicus. See Romance, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome or its people. 2. Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc. 3. Related to the Roman people by descent; — said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues. Romanic spelling, spelling by means of the letters of the Roman alphabet, as in English; — contrasted with phonetic spelling.

Ro´man•ish , a. Pertaining to Romanism.

Ro´man•ism , n. The tenets of the Church of Rome; the Roman Catholic religion.

Ro´man•ist, n. One who adheres to Romanism.

Ro´man•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Romanized p. pr. & vb. n. Romanizing ] 1. To Latinize; to fill with Latin words or idioms. [R.] Dryden. 2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion.

Ro´man•ize, v. i. 1. To use Latin words and idioms. ´Apishly Romanizing.´ Milton. 2. To conform to Roman Catholic opinions, customs, or modes of speech.

Ro´man•i•zer , n. One who Romanizes.

Ro•mansch´ , n. [Grisons rumansch, rumonsch, romonsch. See Romance.] The language of the Grisons in Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. [Written also Romansch, and Rumonsch.]

Ro•mant´ , n. A romaunt. [Obs.]

Ro•man´tic , a. [F. romantique, fr. OF. romant. See Romance.] 1. Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking. “Can anything in nature be imagined more profane and impious, more absurd, and undeed romantic, than such a persuasion?” South. “Zeal for the good of one’s country a party of men have represented as chimerical and romantic.” Addison. 2. Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as a romantic person; a romantic mind. 3. Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as opposed to the classical antique; of the nature of, or appropriate to, that style; as the romantic school of poets. 4. Characterized by strangeness or variety; suggestive of adventure; suited to romance; wild; picturesque; — applied to scenery; as a romantic landscape. Syn. — Sentimental; fanciful; fantastic; fictitious; extravagant; wild; chimerical. See Sentimental. The romantic drama. See under Drama.

Ro•man´tic•al , a. Romantic.

Ro•man´tic•al•y, adv. In a romantic manner.

Ro•man´ti•cism , n. [CF. It. romanticismo, F. romantisme, romanticisme.] A fondness for romantic characteristics or peculiarities; specifically, in modern literature, an aiming at romantic effects; — applied to the productions of a school of writers who sought to revive certain medival forms and methods in opposition to the so-called classical style. “He [Lessing] may be said to have begun the revolt from pseudo-classicism in poetry, and to have been thus unconsciously the founder of romanticism.” Lowell.

Ro•man´ti•cist , n. One who advocates romanticism in modern literature. J. R. Seeley.

Ro•man´tic•ly , adv. Romantically. [R.] Strype.

Ro•man´tic•ness , n. The state or quality of being romantic; widness; fancifulness. Richardson.

Rom´a•ny , n. [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf. rom husband.] 1. A gypsy. 2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies. [Written also Rommany.]

Ro•man´za , n. [It.] See Romance, 5.

Ro•maunt´ , n. [See Romance.] A romantic story in verse; as the ´Romaunt of the Rose.´ “O, hearken, loving hearts and bold,
Unto my wild romaunt.” Mrs. Browning.

Rom´ble , v.& n. Rumble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rom•bow´line , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) Old, condemned canvas rope, etc., unfit for use except in chafing gear. [Written also rumbowline.] { Ro´me•ine , Ro´me•ite } n. [F. romeine. So calledafter the French mineralogist Rome L’Isle.] (Min.) A mineral of a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, occuring in square octahedrons. It is an antimonate of calcium.

Rome´kin , n. [CF. Rummer.] A drinking cup. [Written also romkin.] [Obs.] Halliwell. { Rome´ pen•ny , or Rome´ scot• }. See Peter pence, under Peter.

Rome´ward , adv. Toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church.

Rome´ward, a. Tending or directed toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church. “To analyze the crisis in its Anglican rather than in its Romeward aspect.” Gladstone.

Rom´ic , n. A method of notation for all spoken sounds, proposed by Mr. Sweet; — so called because it is based on the common Roman-letter alphabet. It is like the palaeotype of Mr. Ellis in the general plan, but simpler.

Rom´ish , a. Belonging or relating to Rome, or to the Roman Catholic Church; — frequently used in a disparaging sense; as the Romish church; the Romish religion, ritual, or ceremonies.

Rom´ist, n. A Roman Catholic. [R.] South.

Romp , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romped p. pr. & vb. n. Romping.] [A variant of ramp. See Ramp to leap, Rampallian.] To play rudely and boisterously; to leap and frisk about in play.

Romp, n. 1. A girl who indulges in boisterous play. 2. Rude, boisterous play or frolic; rough sport. “While romp-loving miss
Is hauled about in gallantry robust.” Thomson.

Romp´ing , a. Inclined to romp; indulging in romps. “A little romping girl from boarding school.” W. Irving.

Romp´ing•ly, adv. In a romping manner.

Romp´ish, a. Given to rude play; inclined to romp. —- Romp´ish, adv. — Romp´ish•ness, n.

Rom´pu , a. [F. rompu, p. p. of rompre to breeak, L. rumpere. See Rupture.] (Her.) Broken, as an ordinary; cut off, or broken at the top, as a chevron, a bend, or the like.

Ron•ca•dor´ , n. [Sp., a snorer, fr. roncar to snore. So called in allusion to the grunting noise made by them on being taken from the water. ] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of California sciaenoid food fishes, especially Roncador Stearnsi, which is an excellent market fish, and the red roncador (Corvina, or Johnius, saturna).

Ron´chil , n. [Cf. Sp. ronquillo slightly hoarse.] (Zoöl.) An American marine food fish (Bathymaster signatus) of the North Pacific coast, allied to the tilefish. [Written also ronquil.]

Ron´co , n. [Sp. ronco hoarse.] (Zoöl.) See Croaker, n., 2. (a). [Texas]

Ron•dache´ , n. [F.] (Anc. Armor.) A circular shield carried by foot soldiers.

Ronde , n. [F.] (Print.) A kind of script in which the heavy strokes are nearly upright, giving the characters when taken together a round look.

Ron•deau´ , n. [F. See Roundel.] [Written also rondo.] 1. A species of lyric poetry so composed as to contain a refrain or repetition which recurs according to a fixed law, and a limited number of rhymes recurring also by rule. When the rondeau was called the rondel it was mostly written in fourteen octosyllabic lines of two rhymes, as in the rondels of Charles d’Orleans… . In the 17th century the approved form of the rondeau was a structure of thirteen verses with a refrain. Encyc. Brit. 2. (Mus.) See Rondo, 1.

Ron´del , n. [Cf. Rondeau, Roundel.] 1. (Fort.) A small round tower erected at the foot of a bastion. [Obs.] 2. [F.] (a) Same as Rondeau. (b) Specifically, a particular form of rondeau containing fourteen lines in two rhymes, the refrain being a repetition of the first and second lines as the seventh and eighth, and again as the thirteenth and fourteenth. E. W. Gosse.

Ron•de•le´ti•a , n. [NL. So named after William Rondelet, a French naturalist.] (Bot.) A tropical genus of rubiaceous shrubs which often have brilliant flowers.

Ron´dle , n. [Cf. Rondel.] 1. A rondeau. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A round mass, plate, or disk; especially (Metal.), the crust or scale which forms upon the surface of molten metal in the crucible.

Ron´do , n. [It. rondò, fr. F. rondeau. See Rondeau.] 1. (Mus.) A composition, vocal or instrumental, commonly of a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs after each of the other strains. ´The Rondo-form was the earliest and most frequent definite mold for musical construction.´ Grove. 2. (Poetry) See Rondeau, 1.

Ron´dure , n. [Cf. F. rondeur roundness.] 1. A round; a circle. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Roundness; plumpness. [R.] “High-kirtled for the chase, and what was shown
Of maiden rondure, like the rose half-blown.” Lowell.

Rong , obs. imp. & p. p. of Ring. Chaucer.

Rong, n. Rung (of a ladder). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ron•geur´ , n. [F., fr. ronger to gnaw.] (Surg.) An instrument for removing small rough portions of bone. { Ron´ion , Ron´yon } , n. [F. rogne scab, mange.] A mangy or scabby creature. “´Aroint thee, with!´ the rump-fed ronyon cries.” Shak.

Ron´ne , obs. imp. pl., and Ron´nen , obs. p. p. of Renne, to run. Chaucer.

Ront , n. [See Runt.] A runt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rood (rood), n. [AS. rod a cross; akin to OS. roda, D. roede rod, G. ruthe, rute, OHG. ruota. Cf. Rod a measure.] 1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the cross with Christ hanging on it. Generally, the Trinity is represented, the Father as an elderly man fully clothed, with a nimbus around his head, and holding the cross on which the Son is represented as crucified, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove near the Son’s head. Figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John are often placed near the principal figures. “Savior, in thine image seen
Bleeding on that precious rood.” Wordsworth. 2. A measure of five and a half yards in length; a rod; a perch; a pole. [Prov. Eng.] 3. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods. By the rood, by the cross; — a phrase formerly used in swearing. ´No, by the rood, not so.´ Shak. — Rood beam (Arch.), a beam across the chancel of a church, supporting the rood. — Rood loft (Arch.), a loft or gallery, in a church, on which the rood and its appendages were set up to view. Gwilt. — Rood screen (Arch.), a screen, between the choir and the body of the church, over which the rood was placed. Fairholt. — Rood tower (Arch.), a tower at the intersection of the nave and transept of a church; — when crowned with a spire it was called also rood steeple. Weale. — Rood tree, the cross. [Obs.] ´Died upon the rood tree.´ Gower.

Roo´de•bok , n. [D. rood red + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) The pallah.

Rood´y , a. Rank in growth. [Prov. Eng.]

Roof , n. [OE. rof, AS. hrf top, roof; akin to D. roef cabin, Icel. hrf a shed under which ships are built or kept; cf. OS. hrst roof, Goth. hrt. Cf. Roost.] 1. (Arch.) The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering. 2. That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth. “The flowery roof
Showered roses, which the morn repaired.” Milton. 3. (Mining.) The surface or bed of rock immediately overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein. Bell roof, French roof, etc. (Arch.) See under Bell, French, etc. — Flat roof. (Arch.) (a) A roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings. (b) A roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as allows the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. — Roof plate. (Arch.) See Plate, n., 10.

Roof , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed p. pr. & vb. n. Roofing.] 1. To cover with a roof. “I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches.” Addison. 2. To inclose in a house; figuratively, to shelter. “Here had we now our country’s honor roofed.” Shak.

Roof´er , n. One who puts on roofs.

Roof´ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a roof. 2. The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof. Gwilt. 3. Hence, the roof itself; figuratively, shelter. ´Fit roofing gave.´ Southey. 4. (Mining) The wedging, as of a horse or car, against the top of an underground passage. Raymond.

Roof´less, a. 1. Having no roof; as a roofless house. 2. Having no house or home; shelterless; homeless.

Roof´let , n. A small roof, covering, or shelter.

Roof´tree , n. The beam in the angle of a roof; hence, the roof itself. “Now for me the woods may wither, now for me the rooftree fall.” Tennyson.

Roof•y , a. Having roofs. [R.] Dryden.

Rook (rook), n. Mist; fog. See Roke. [Obs.]

Rook, v. i. To squat; to ruck. [Obs.] Shak.

Rook, n. [F. roc (cf. Sp. roque), fr. Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, the rook or castle at chess, also the bird roc (in this sense perhaps a different word); cf. Hind. rath a war chariot, the castle at chess, Skr. ratha a car, a war car. Cf. Roll.] (Chess) One of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board; a castle.

Rook, n. [AS. hroc; akin to OHG. hruoh, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hrokr, Sw. roka, Dan. raage; cf. Goth. hrukjan to crow.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic species. “The rook … should be treated as the farmer’s friend.” Pennant. 2. A trickish, rapacious fellow; a cheat; a sharper. Wycherley.

Rook, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rooked p. pr. & vb. n. Rooking.] To cheat; to defraud by cheating. ´A band of rooking officials.´ Milton.

Rook´er•y , n.; pl. Rookeries . 1. The breeding place of a colony of rooks; also the birds themselves. Tennyson. 2. A breeding place of other gregarious birds, as of herons, penguins, etc. 3. The breeding ground of seals, esp. of the fur seals. 4. A dilapidated building with many rooms and occupants; a cluster of dilapidated or mean buildings. 5. A brothel. [Low]

Rook´y (-y), a. [See Roky.] Misty; gloomy. [Obs.] “Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to the rooky wood.” Shak. Some make this Shakespearean word mean ´abounding in rooks.´

Room (room), n. [OE. roum, rum, space, AS. rum; akin to OS., OFries. & Icel. rum, D. ruim, G. raum, OHG. rum, Sw. & Dan. rum, Goth. rums, and to AS. rum, adj., spacious, D. ruim, Icel. rumr, Goth. rums; and prob. to L. rus country (cf. Rural), Zend ravanh wide, free, open, ravan a plain.] 1. Unobstructed spase; space which may be occupied by or devoted to any object; compass; extent of place, great or small; as there is not room for a house; the table takes up too much room. “Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room.” Luke xiv. 22. “There was no room for them in the inn.” Luke ii. 7. 2. A particular portion of space appropriated for occupancy; a place to sit, stand, or lie; a seat. “If he have but twelve pence in his purse, he will give it for the best room in a playhouse.” Overbury. “When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room.” Luke xiv. 8. 3. Especially, space in a building or ship inclosed or set apart by a partition; an apartment or chamber. “I found the prince in the next room.” Shak. 4. Place or position in society; office; rank; post; station; also a place or station once belonging to, or occupied by, another, and vacated. [Obs.] “When he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judea in the room of his father Herod.” Matt. ii. 22. “Neither that I look for a higher room in heaven.” Tyndale. “Let Bianca take her sister’s room.” Shak. 5. Possibility of admission; ability to admit; opportunity to act; fit occasion; as to leave room for hope. “There was no prince in the empire who had room for such an alliance.” Addison. Room and space (Shipbuilding), the distance from one side of a rib to the corresponding side of the next rib; space being the distance between two ribs, in the clear, and room the width of a rib. — To give room, to withdraw; to leave or provide space unoccupied for others to pass or to be seated. — To make room, to open a space, way, or passage; to remove obstructions; to give room. “Make room, and let him stand before our face.” Shak. Syn. — Space; compass; scope; latitude.

Room , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roomed p. pr. & vb. n. Rooming.] To occupy a room or rooms; to lodge; as they arranged to room together.

Room, a. [AS. rum.] Spacious; roomy. [Obs.] “No roomer harbour in the place.” Chaucer.

Room´age , n. [From Room. CF. Rummage.] Space; place; room. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Room´er , n. A lodger. [Colloq.]

Room´er , adv. [See Room, a.] At a greater distance; farther off. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

Room´ful , a. Abounding with room or rooms; roomy. ´A roomful house.´ [R.] Donne.

Room´ful, n.; pl. Roomfuls . As much or many as a room will hold; as a roomful of men. Swift.

Room´i•ly , adv. Spaciously.

Room´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being roomy; spaciousness; as the roominess of a hall.

Room´less, a. Being without room or rooms. Udall.

Room´mate , n. One of twe or more occupying the same room or rooms; one who shares the occupancy of a room or rooms; a chum.

Room´some , a. Roomy. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Roomth , n. Room; space. [Obs.] Drayton.

Roomth´y , a. Roomy; spacious. [Obs.] Fuller.

Room´y , a. Having ample room; spacious; large; as a roomy mansion; a roomy deck. Dryden.

Roon , a. & n. Vermilion red; red. [R.] “Her face was like the lily roon.” J. R. Drake.

Roop , n. See Roup. [Prov. Eng.] { Roor´back , Roor´bach } , n. A defamatory forgery or falsehood published for purposes of political intrigue. [U.S.] The word originated in the election canvass of 1844, when such a forgery was published, to the detriment of James K. Polk, a candidate for President, purporting to be an extract from the ´Travels of Baron Roorbach.´

Roo´sa oil The East Indian name for grass oil. See under Grass.

Roost , n. Roast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Roost , v. t. See Roust, v. t.

Roost, n. [AS. hrost; akin to OD. roest roost, roesten to roost, and probably to E. roof. Cf. Roof.] 1. The pole or other support on which fowls rest at night; a perch. “He clapped his wings upon his roost.” Dryden. 2. A collection of fowls roosting together. At roost, on a perch or roost; hence, retired to rest.

Roost, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roosting.] 1. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a pole, limb of a tree, etc.; to perch. Wordsworth. 2. Fig.; To lodge; to rest; to sleep. “O, let me where thy roof my soul hath hid,
O, let me roost and nestle there.” Herbert.

Roost´cock , n. The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Roost´er , n. The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [U.S.] “Nor, when they [the Skinners and Cow Boys] wrung the neck of a rooster, did they trouble their heads whether he crowed for Congress or King George.” W. Irving.

Root , v. i. [AS. wrotan; akin to wrot a snout, trunk, D. wroeten to root, G. rüssel snout, trunk, proboscis, Icel. rota to root, and perhaps to L. rodere to gnaw (E. rodent) or to E. root, n.] 1. To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine. 2. Hence, to seek for favor or advancement by low arts or groveling servility; to fawn servilely.

Root, v. t. To turn up or to dig out with the snout; as the swine roots the earth.

Root, n. [Icel. rot (for vrot); akin to E. wort, and perhaps to root to turn up the earth. See Wort.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag. (b) The descending, and commonly branching, axis of a plant, increasing in length by growth at its extremity only, not divided into joints, leafless and without buds, and having for its offices to fix the plant in the earth, to supply it with moisture and soluble matters, and sometimes to serve as a reservoir of nutriment for future growth. A true root, however, may never reach the ground, but may be attached to a wall, etc., as in the ivy, or may hang loosely in the air, as in some epiphytic orchids. 2. An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as the root crop. 3. That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like. Specifically: (a) An ancestor or progenitor; and hence, an early race; a stem. “They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people.” Locke. (b) A primitive form of speech; one of the earliest terms employed in language; a word from which other words are formed; a radix, or radical. (c) The cause or occasion by which anything is brought about; the source. ´She herself … is root of bounty.´ Chaucer. “The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.” 1 Tim. vi. 10 (rev. Ver.) (d) (Math.) That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27. (e) (Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed. Busby. (f) The lowest place, position, or part. ´Deep to the roots of hell.´ Milton. ´The roots of the mountains.´ Southey. 4. (Astrol.) The time which to reckon in making calculations. “When a root is of a birth yknowe [known].” Chaucer. Aërial roots. (Bot.) (a) Small roots emitted from the stem of a plant in the open air, which, attaching themselves to the bark of trees, etc., serve to support the plant. (b) Large roots growing from the stem, etc., which descend and establish themselves in the soil. See Illust. of Mangrove. — Multiple primary root (Bot.), a name given to the numerous roots emitted from the radicle in many plants, as the squash. — Primary root (Bot.), the central, first-formed, main root, from which the rootlets are given off. — Root and branch, every part; wholly; completely; as to destroy an error root and branch. — Root-and-branch men, radical reformers; — a designation applied to the English Independents (1641). See Citation under Radical, n., 2. — Root barnacle (Zoöl.), one of the Rhizocephala. — Root hair (Bot.), one of the slender, hairlike fibers found on the surface of fresh roots. They are prolongations of the superficial cells of the root into minute tubes. Gray. — Root leaf (Bot.), a radical leaf. See Radical, a., 3 (b). — Root louse (Zoöl.), any plant louse, or aphid, which lives on the roots of plants, as the Phylloxera of the grapevine. See Phylloxera. — Root of an equation (Alg.), that value which, substituted for the unknown quantity in an equation, satisfies the equation. — Root of a nail (Anat.), the part of a nail which is covered by the skin. — Root of a tooth (Anat.), the part of a tooth contained in the socket and consisting of one or more fangs. — Secondary roots (Bot.), roots emitted from any part of the plant above the radicle. — To strike root, To take root, to send forth roots; to become fixed in the earth, etc., by a root; hence, in general, to become planted, fixed, or established; to increase and spread; as an opinion takes root. ´The bended twigs take root.´ Milton.

Root (root), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooting.] 1. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow. “In deep grounds the weeds root deeper.” Mortimer. 2. To be firmly fixed; to be established. “If any irregularity chanced to intervene and to cause misappehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fasten by concealment.” Bp. Fell.

Root, v. t. 1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; to implant firmly; hence, to make deep or radical; to establish; — used chiefly in the participle; as rooted trees or forests; rooted dislike. 2. To tear up by the root; to eradicate; to extirpate; — with up, out, or away. ´I will go root away the noisome weeds.´ Shak. “The Lord rooted them out of their land … and cast them into another land.” Deut. xxix. 28.

Root´cap (root´kap•), n. (Bot.) A mass of parenchymatous cells which covers and protects the growing cells at the end of a root; a pileorhiza.

Root´ed, a. Having taken root; firmly implanted; fixed in the heart. ´A rooted sorrow.´ Shak. — Root´ed•ly, adv. — Root´ed•ness, n.

Rooter , n. One who, or that which, roots; one that tears up by the roots.

Root´er•y, n. A pile of roots, set with plants, mosses, etc., and used as an ornamental object in gardening.

Root´less, a. Destitute of roots.

Root´let , n. A radicle; a little root.

Root´stock , n. (Bot.) A perennial underground stem, producing leafly sems or flower stems from year to year; a rhizome.

Root´y , a. Full of roots; as rooty ground.

Ro•pal´ic , a. See Rhopalic.

Rope , n. [AS. rap; akin to D. reep, G. reif ring hoop, Icel. reip rope, Sw. rep, Dan. reb, reeb Goth. skaudaraip latchet.] 1. A large, stout cord, usually one not less than an inch in circumference, made of strands twisted or braided together. It differs from cord, line, and string, only in its size. See Cordage. 2. A row or string consisting of a number of things united, as by braiding, twining, etc.; as a rope of onions. 3. pl. The small intestines; as the ropes of birds. Rope ladder, a ladder made of ropes. — Rope mat., a mat made of cordage, or strands of old rope. — Rope of sand, something of no cohession or fiber; a feeble union or tie; something not to be relied upon. — Rope pump, a pump in which a rapidly running endless rope raises water by the momentum communicated to the water by its adhesion to the rope. — Rope transmission (Mach.), a method of transmitting power, as between distant places, by means of endless ropes running over grooved pulleys. — Rope’s end, a piece of rope; especially, one used as a lash in inflicting punishment. — To give one rope, to give one liberty or license; to let one go at will uncheked.

Rope , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roped p. pr. & vb. n. Roping.] To be formed into rope; to draw out or extend into a filament or thread, as by means of any glutinous or adhesive quality. “Let us not hang like ropingicicles
Upon our houses’ thatch.” Shak.

Rope, v. t. 1. To bind, fasten, or tie with a rope or cord; as to rope a bale of goods. Hence: — 2. To connect or fasten together, as a party of mountain climbers, with a rope. 3. To partition, separate, or divide off, by means of a rope, so as to include or exclude something; as to rope in, or rope off, a plot of ground; to rope out a crowd. 4. To lasso (a steer, horse). [Colloq. U.S.] 5. To draw, as with a rope; to entice; to inveigle; to decoy; as to rope in customers or voters. [Slang, U.S.] 6. To prevent from winning (as a horse), by pulling or curbing. [Racing Slang, Eng.]

Rope´band , n. (Naut.) A small piece of spun yarn or marline, used to fasten the head of the sail to the spar. [Written also roband, and robbin.]

Rope´dan•cer , n. One who dances, walks, or performs acrobatic feats, on a rope extended through the air at some height. — Rope´dan•cing, n.

Rop´er , n. 1. A maker of ropes. P. Plowman. 2. One who ropes goods; a packer. 3. One fit to be hanged. [Old Slang] Douce.

Rop´er•y , n. 1. A place where ropes are made. 2. Tricks deserving the halter; roguery. [Obs.] ´Saucy merchant … so full of his ropery.´ Shak.

Rope’s´-end , v. t. To punish with a rope’s end.

Rope´walk , a. A long, covered walk, or a low, level building, where ropes are manufactured.

Rope´walk•er , n. A ropedancer.

Rope´-yarn , n. the yarn or thread of any stuff of which the strands of a rope are made.

Rop´i•ly , adv. In a ropy manner; in a viscous or glutinous manner.

Rop´i•ness, n. Quality of being ropy; viscosity.

Rop´ish, a. Somewhat ropy.

Rop´y , a. capable of being drawn into a thread, as a glutinous substance; stringy; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as ropy sirup; ropy lees.

Roq´ue•laure ( 277), n. [F.; so called after Duc de Roquelaure, in the reign of Louis XIV.] A cloak reaching about to, or just below, the knees, worn in the 18th century. [Written also roquelo.]

Ro•quet´ , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain] (Croquet) To hit, as another’s ball, with one’s own ball.

Ro•quet´, v. i. To hit another’s ball with one’s own.

Ro´ral , a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Of or pertaining to dew; consisting of dew; dewy. [R.] M. Green.

Ro•ra´tion , n. [L. roratio, fr. rorare to drop dew, fr. ros dew.] A falling of dew. [R.]

Ro´ric , a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Of or pertaining to dew; resembling dew; dewy. Roric figures (Physics), figures which appear upon a polished surface, as glass, when objects which have been near to, or in contact with, the surface are removed and the surface breathed upon; — called also Moser’s images.

Ro´rid , a. [L. roridus, fr. ros, roris, dew.] Dewy; bedewed. [R.] T. Granger.

Ro•rif´er•ous , a. [L. rorifer; ros, roris, dew + ferre to bear: cf. F. rorifère.] generating or producing dew. [R.]

Ro•rif´lu•ent , a. [L. ros, roris, dew + fluens, p. pr. of fluere to flow.] Flowing with dew. [R.]

Ror´qual , n. [Norw. rorqualus a whale with folds.] (Zoöl.) A very large North Atlantic whalebone whale (Physalus antiquorum, or Balaenoptera physalus). It has a dorsal fin, and strong longitudinal folds on the throat and belly. Called also razorback. It is one of the largest of the whales, somethimes becoming nearly one hundred feet long, but it is more slender than the right whales, and is noted for its swiftness. The name is sometimes applied to other related species of finback whales.

Ro´ru•lent , a. [L. rorulentus, from ros, roris, dew.] 1. Full of, or abounding in, dew. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface appearing as if dusty, or covered with fine dew.

Ro´ry , a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Dewy. [R.] “And shook his wings with rory May-dew wet.” Fairfax.

Ro•sa´ceous , a. [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa rose.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Rosaceae) of which the rose is the type. It includes also the plums and cherries, meadowsweet, brambles, the strawberry, the hawthorn, applies, pears, service trees, and quinces. (b) Like a rose in shape or appearance; as a rosaceous corolla. 2. Of a pure purpish pink color.

Ro•sac´ic , a. [See Rosaceous.] (Old med. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also lithic acid) found in certain red precipitates of urine. See Uric. [Obs.]

Ro•sal´gar , n. realgar. [Obs.] chaucer.

Ro•sa´li•a , n. [Cf. F. rosalie.] (Mus.) A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or half step higher; a melodic sequence.

Ros•an´i•line , n. [Rose + aniline.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous base, C20H21N3O, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, as a colorless crystalline substance which forms red salts. These salts are essential components of many of the socalled aniline dyes, as fuchsine, aniline red, etc. By extension, any one of the series of substances derived from, or related to, rosaniline proper.

Ro•sa´ri•an , n. A cultivator of roses.

Ro´sa•ry , n.; pl. Rosaries (#). [LL. rosarium a string of beads, L. rosarium a place planted with roses, rosa a rose: cf. F. rosaire. See Rose.] 1. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. ´Thick rosaries of scented thorn.´ Tennyson. 2. (R.C.Ch.) A series of prayers (see Note below) arranged to be recited in order, on beads; also a string of beads by which the prayers are counted. “His idolized book, and the whole rosary of his prayers.” Milton. A rosary consists of fifteen decades. Each decade contains ten Ave Marias marked by small beads, preceded by a Paternoster, marked by a larger bead, and concluded by a Gloria Patri. Five decades make a chaplet, a third part of the rosary. Bp. Fitzpatrick. 3. A chapelet; a garland; a series or collection, as of beautiful thoughts or of literary selections. “Every day propound to yourself a rosary or chaplet of good works to present to God at night.” Jer. Taylor. 4. A coin bearing the figure of a rose, fraudulently circulated in Ireland in the 13th century for a penny. Rosary shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Monodonta. They are top-shaped, bright-colored and pearly.

Ros´cid , a. [L. roscidus, fr. ros, roris, dew.] Containing, or consisting of, dew; dewy. [R.] Bacon.

Ros´coe•lite , n. [From an English chemist, H.E. Roscoe + -lite.] (Min.) A green micaceous mineral occurring in minute scales. It is essentially a silicate of aluminia and potash containing vanadium.

Rose , imp. of Rise.

Rose, n. [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. , Armor. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. Copperas, Rhododendron.] 1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus Rosa, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class. 2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. Sha. 3. (Arch.) A rose window. See Rose window, below. 4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also a strainer at the foot of a pump. 5. (Med.) The erysipelas. Dunglison. 6. The card of the mariner’s compass; also a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments. 7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink. 8. A diamond. See Rose diamond, below. Cabbage rose, China rose, etc. See under Cabbage, China, etc. — Corn rose (Bot.) See Corn poppy, under Corn. — Infantile rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. — Jamaica rose. (Bot.) See under Jamaica. — Rose acacia (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub (Robinia hispida) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms. — Rose aniline. (Chem.) Same as Rosaniline. — Rose apple (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree Eugenia Jambos. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter, and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume. — Rose beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which eats the leaves of various plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees, grapevines, etc. Called also rose bug, and rose chafer. (b) The European chafer. — Rose bug. (Zoöl.) same as Rose beetle, Rose chafer. — Rose burner, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame. — Rose camphor (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates from rose oil. — Rose campion. (Bot.) See under Campion. — Rose catarrh (Med.), rose cold. — Rose chafer. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European beetle (Cetonia aurata) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; — called also rose beetle, and rose fly. (b) The rose beetle (a). — Rose cold (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See Hay fever, under Hay. — Rose color, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise. — Rose de Pompadour, Rose du Barry, names succesively given to a delicate rose color used on Sèvres porcelain. — Rose diamond, a diamond, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into twenty-four triangular facets in two ranges which form a convex face pointed at the top. Cf. Brilliant, n. — Rose ear. See under Ear. — Rose elder (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. — Rose engine, a machine, or an appendage to a turning lathe, by which a surface or wood, metal, etc., is engraved with a variety of curved lines. Craig. — Rose family (Bot.) the Roseceae. See Rosaceous. — Rose fever (Med.), rose cold. — Rose fly (Zoöl.), a rose betle, or rose chafer. — Rose gall (Zoöl.), any gall found on rosebushes. See Bedeguar. — Rose knot, a ribbon, or other pliade band plaited so as to resemble a rose; a rosette. — Rose lake, Rose madder, a rich tint prepared from lac and madder precipitated on an earthy basis. Fairholt. — Rose mallow. (Bot.) (a) A name of several malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, with large rose-colored flowers. (b) the hollyhock. — Rose nail, a nail with a convex, faceted head. — Rose noble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 6s. 8d. Sir W. Scott. — Rose of China. (Bot.) See China rose (b), under China. — Rose of Jericho (Bot.), a Syrian cruciferous plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica) which rolls up when dry, and expands again when moistened; — called also resurrection plant. - - Rose of Sharon (Bot.), an ornamental malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus). In the Bible the name is used for some flower not yet identified, perhaps a Narcissus, or possibly the great lotus flower. — Rose oil (Chem.), the yellow essential oil extracted from various species of rose blossoms, and forming the chief part of attar of roses. — Rose pink, a pigment of a rose color, made by dyeing chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazil wood and alum; also the color of the pigment. — Rose quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz which is rose- red. — Rose rash. (Med.) Same as Roseola. — Rose slug (Zoöl.), the small green larva of a black sawfly (Selandria rosae). These larvae feed in groups on the parenchyma of the leaves of rosebushes, and are often abundant and very destructive. — Rose window (Arch.), a circular window filled with ornamental tracery. Called also Catherine wheel, and marigold window. Cf. wheel window, under Wheel. — Summer rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. See Roseola. — Under the rose [a translation of L. sub rosa], in secret; privately; in a manner that forbids disclosure; — the rose being among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. — Wars of the Roses (Eng. Hist.), feuds between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House of Lancaster.

Rose , v. t. 1. To render rose-colored; to redden; to flush. [Poetic] ´A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty.´ Shak. 2. To perfume, as with roses. [Poetic] Tennyson.

Ro´se•al , a. [L. roseus, fr. rosa a rose.] resembling a rose in smell or color. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Ro´se•ate , a. [Cf. L. roseus, rosatus, prepared from roses. See Roseal, Rose.] 1. Full of roses; rosy; as roseate bowers. 2. resembling a rose in color or fragrance; esp., tinged with rose color; blooming; as roseate beauty; her roseate lips. Roseate tern (Zoöl.), an American and European tern (Sterna Dougalli) whose breast is roseate in the breeding season.

Rose´bay , n. (Bot.) (a) the oleander. [Obs.] (b) Any shrub of the genus Rhododendron. [U.S.] (c) An herb (Epilobium spicatum) with showy purple flowers, common in Europe and North America; — called also great willow herb.

Rose´bud , n. The flower of a rose before it opens, or when but partially open.

Rose´bush , n. The bush or shrub which bears roses.

Rose´-col•ored , a. 1. Having the color of a pink rose; rose-pink; of a delicate pink color. 2. Uncommonly beautiful; hence, extravagantly fine or pleasing; alluring; as rose-colored anticipations.

Rose´-cut , a. Cut flat on the reverse, and with a convex face formed of triangular facets in rows; - - said of diamonds and other precious stones. See Rose diamond, under Rose. Cf. Brilliant, n.

Rose´drop, n. 1. A lozenge having a rose flavor. 2. A kind of earring. Simmonds. 3. (Med.) A ruddy eruption upon the nose caused by drinking ardent spirits; a grog blossom.

Rose´finch , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Asiatic finches of the genera Carpodacus, and Propasser, and allied genera, in which the male is more or less colored with rose red.

Rose´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A large marine scorpaenoid food fish (Sebastes marinus) found on the northern coasts of Europe and America. called also red perch, hemdurgan, Norway haddok, and also erroneously, snapper, bream, and bergylt. When full grown it is usually bright rose-red or orange-red; the young are usually mottled with red and ducky brown.

Rose´head , n. 1. See Rose, n., 4. 2. A many-sided pyramidal head upon a nail; also a nail with such a head.

Ro´se•ine , n. See Magenta.

Ro´se•lite , n. [From the German mineralogist G. Rose + -lite.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenite of cobalt, occuring in small red crystals, allied to erythrite.

Ro´sel´la , n. [NL., dim. of L. rosa rose.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow.

Ro•selle´ , n. (Bot.) a malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) cultivated in the east and West Indies for its fleshy calyxes, which are used for making tarts and jelly and an acid drink.

Rose•mal´oes , n. [From the native name; cf. Malay rasamala the name of the tree.] The liquid storax of the East Indian Liquidambar orientalis.

Rose´ma•ry , n. [OE. rosmarine, L. rosmarinus; ros dew (cf. Russ. rosa, Lith. rasa, Skr. rasa juice) + marinus marine: cf. F. romarin. In English the word has been changed as if it meant the rose of Mary. See Marine.] A labiate shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) with narrow grayish leaves, growing native in the southern part of France, Spain, and Italy, also in Asia Minor and in China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. It is used in cookery, perfumery, etc., and is an emblem of fidelity or constancy. “There’s rosemary, that’s for remembrance.” Shak. Marsh rosemary. (a) A little shrub (Andromeda polifolia) growing in cold swamps and having leaves like those of the rosemary. (b) See under Marsh. — Rosemary pine, the loblolly pine. See under Loblolly.

Ros´en , a. Consisting of roses; rosy. [Obs.]

Ro´sen•mül•ler’s or´gan [So named from its first describer, J. C. Rosenmüller, a German anatomist.] (Anat.) The parovarium.

Ro´se•o- (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) signifying rose-red; specifically used to designate certain rose-red compounds (called roseo-cobaltic compounds) of cobalt with ammonia. Cf. Luteo-.

Ro•se´o•la , n. [NL., dim. of L. rosa a rose.] (med.) A rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and reviving; also an acute specific disease which is characterized by an eruption of this character; — called also rose rash. — Ro•se´o•lous (#), a.

Rose´-pink , a. 1. Having a pink color like that of the rose, or like the pigment called rose pink. See Rose pink, under Rose. 2. Disposed to clothe everything with roseate hues; hence, sentimental. ´Rose-pink piety.´ C. Kingsley.

Ros´er , n. A rosier; a rosebush. [Obs.]

Rose´-red , a. Red as a rose; specifically (Zoöl.), of a pure purplish red color. Chaucer.

Rose´-ri•al , n. [See Rose, and Royal.] A name of several English gold coins struck in different reigns and having having different values; a rose noble.

Rose´root , n. (Bot.) A fleshy-leaved herb (Rhodiola rosea); rosewort; — so called because the roots have the odor of roses.

Ros´er•y , n. A place where roses are cultivated; a nursery of roses. See Rosary, 1.

Ro´set , n. [F. rosette. See Rosette.] A red color used by painters. Peacham.

Ro-set´ta stone A stone found at Rosetta, in Egypt, bearing a trilingual inscription, by aid of which, with other inscriptions, a key was obtained to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. Brande & C.

Ro•set´ta wood An east Indian wood of a reddish orange color, handsomely veined with darker marks. It is occasionally used for cabinetwork. Ure.

Ro•sette , n. [F., dim. of rose a rose. Cf. Roset.] 1. An imitation of a rose by means of ribbon or other material, — used as an ornament or a badge. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in the form of a rose or roundel, -much used in decoration. 3. A red color. See Roset. 4. A rose burner. See under Rose. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins. See Illust. of Spicule, and Sand dollar, under Sand. (b) A flowerlike color marking; as the rosettes on the leopard.

Rose´ wa•ter Water tinctured with roses by distillation.

Rose´-wa•ter, a. Having the odor of rose water; hence, affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. ´Rose-water philanthropy.´ Carlyle.

Rose´wood , n. A valuable cabinet wood of a dark red color, streaked and variegated with black, obtained from several tropical leguminous trees of the genera Dalbergia and Machaerium. The finest kind is from Brazil, and is said to be from the Dalbergia nigra. African rosewood, the wood of the leguminous tree Pterocarpus erinaceus. — Jamaica rosewood, the wood of two West Indian trees (Amyris balsamifera, and Linocieria ligustrina). — New South Wales rosewood, the wood of Trichilia glandulosa, a tree related to the margosa.

Rose´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any one of several species of lepidopterous insects which feed upon the leaves, buds, or blossoms of the rose, especially Cacaecia rosaceana, which rolls up the leaves for a nest, and devours both the leaves and buds.

Rose´wort , n. (Bot.) (a) Roseroot. (b) Any plant nearly related to the rose. Lindley.

Ros•i•cru´cian , n. [The name is probably due to a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andreä, who in anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the Rose Cross (G. Rosenkreuz), using a seal with a St. Andrew’s cross and four roses.)] One who, in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to a secret society of philosophers deeply versed in the secrets of nature, — the alleged society having existed, it was stated, several hundred years. The Rosicrucians also called brothers of the Rosy Cross, Rosy-cross Knights, Rosy-cross philosophers, etc. Among other pretensions, they claimed to be able to transmute metals, to prolong life, to know what is passing in distant places, and to discover the most hidden things by the application of the Cabala and science of numbers.

Ros•i•cru´cian , a. Of or pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or their arts.

Ros´ied , a. Decorated with roses, or with the color of roses.

Ro´sier , n. [F., fr. L. rosarius of roses. Cf. Rosary.] A rosebush; roses, collectively. [Obs.] “Crowned with a garland of sweet rosier.” Spenser.

Ros´i•ly , adv. In a rosy manner. M. Arnold.

Ros´in , n. [A variant of resin.] The hard, amber-colored resin left after distilling off the volatile oil of turpentine; colophony. Rosin oil, an oil obtained from the resin of the pine tree, — used by painters and for lubricating machinery, etc.

Ros´in, v. t. To rub with rosin, as musicians rub the bow of a violin. “Or with the rosined bow torment the string.” Gay.

Ros´i•ness , n. The quality of being rosy.

Ros´in•weed , n. (Bot.) (a) The compass plant. See under Compass. (b) A name given in California to various composite plants which secrete resins or have a resinous smell.

Ros´in•y , a. like rosin, or having its qualities.

Ros´land , n. [W. rhos a meadow, a moor + E. land.] heathy land; land full of heather; moorish or watery land. [prov. Eng.]

Ros´ma•rine , n. [OE. See Rosemary.] 1. Dew from the sea; sea dew. [Obs.] “That purer brine
And wholesome dew called rosmarine.” B. Jonson. 2. Rosemary. [Obs.] Spenser. ´Biting on anise seed and rosmarine.´ Bp. Hall.

Ros´ma•rine, n. [Norw. rosmar a walrus; ros a horse (akin to E. horse) + (probably) mar the sea.] A fabulous sea animal which was reported to climb by means of its teeth to the tops of rocks to feed upon the dew. “And greedly rosmarines with visages deforme.” Spenser.

Ro•sol´ic , a. [Rose + carbolic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex red dyestuff (called rosolic acid) which is analogous to rosaniline and aurin. It is produced by oxidizing a mixture of phenol and cresol, as a dark red amorphous mass, C20H16O3, which forms weak salts with bases, and stable ones with acids. Called also methyl aurin, and, formerly, corallin.

Ross 115), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the bark of trees. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Ross, v. t. To divest of the ross, or rough, scaly surface; as to ross bark. [Local, U.S.]

Ros´sel , n. Light land; rosland. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

Ros´sel cur•rent [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography) A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Ros´sel•ly , a. Loose; light. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Rost , n. See Roust. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Ros´tel , n. [L. rostellum, dim. of rostrum a beak: cf. F. rostelle.] same as Rostellum.

Ros•tel´lar , a. Pertaining to a rostellum.

Ros´tel•late , a. [NL. rostellatus.] Having a rostellum, or small beak; terminating in a beak.

Ros•tel´li•form , a. Having the form of a rostellum, or small beak.

Ros•tel´lum , n.; pl. Rostella (#). [L. See Rostel.] A small beaklike process or extension of some part; a small rostrum; as the rostellum of the stigma of violets, or of the operculum of many mosses; the rostellum on the head of a tapeworm.

Ros´ter , n. [Perhaps a corruption of register; or cf. roll.] (Mil.) A register or roll showing the order in which officers, enlisted men, companies, or regiments are called on to serve.

Ros´tra , n. pl. See Rostrum, 2.

Ros´tral , a. [L. rostralis, fr. rostrum a beak; cf. F. rostral.] Of or pertaining to the beak or snout of an animal, or the beak of a ship; resembling a rostrum, esp., the rostra at Rome, or their decorations. “[Monuments] adorned with rostral crowns and naval ornaments.” Addison. { Ros´trate , Ros´tra•ted }, a. [L. rostratus, fr. rostrum a beak. See Rostrum.] 1. Having a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; rostellate. 2. Furnished or adorned with beaks; as rostrated galleys.

Ros•trif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. rostrum beak + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head prolonged into a snout which is not retractile.

Ros´tri•form , a. [L. rostrum a beak + -form: cf. F. rostrifarme.] Having the form of a beak.

Ros´tru•lum (-tru•lum), n.; pl. Rostrula (#). [NL., dim. of L. rostrum a beak.] A little rostrum, or beak, as of an insect.

Ros´trum (-trum), n.; pl. L. Rostra (#), E. Rostrums (#). [L., beak, ship’s beak, fr. rodere, rosum, to gnaw. See Rodent.] 1. The beak or head of a ship. 2. pl. (Rostra) (Rom. Antiq.) The Beaks; the stage or platform in the forum where orations, pleadings, funeral harangues, etc., were delivered; — so called because after the Latin war, it was adorned with the beaks of captured vessels; later, applied also to other platforms erected in Rome for the use of public orators. 3. Hence, a stage for public speaking; the pulpit or platform occupied by an orator or public speaker. “Myself will mount the rostrum in his favor.” Addison. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any beaklike prolongation, esp. of the head of an animal, as the beak of birds. (b) The beak, or sucking mouth parts, of Hemiptera. (c) The snout of a gastropod mollusk. See Illust. of Littorina. (d) The anterior, often spinelike, prolongation of the carapace of a crustacean, as in the lobster and the prawn. 5. (Bot.) Same as Rostellum. 6. (Old Chem.) The pipe to convey the distilling liquor into its receiver in the common alembic. Quincy. 7. (Surg.) A pair of forceps of various kinds, having a beaklike form. [Obs.] Coxe.

Ro´su•late , a. [NL. rosulatus, fr. L. rosa a rose.] (Bot.) Arranged in little roselike clusters; — said of leaves and bracts.

Ros´y , a. [Compar. Rosier superl. Rosiest.] Resembling a rose in color, form, or qualities; blooming; red; blushing; also adorned with roses. “A smile that glowed
Celestial rosy-red, love’s proper hue.” Milton. “While blooming youth and gay delight
Sit thy rosy cheeks confessed.” Prior. Rosy is sometimes used in the formation of selfxplaining compounde; as rosy-bosomed, rosy- colored, rosy-crowned, rosy-fingered, rosy- tinted. Rosy cross. See the Note under Rosicrucian, n.

Rot , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotting.] [OE. rotien, AS. rotian; akin to D. rotten, Prov. G. rotten, OHG. rozzn, G. rösten to steep flax, Icel. rotna to rot, Sw. ruttna, Dan. raadne, Icel. rottin rotten. rad.117. Cf. Ret, Rotten.] 1. To undergo a process common to organic substances by which they lose the cohesion of their parts and pass through certain chemical changes, giving off usually in some stages of the process more or less offensive odors; to become decomposed by a natural process; to putrefy; to decay. “Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot,
To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot.” Pope. 2. Figuratively: To perish slowly; to decay; to die; to become corrupt. “Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons.” Macaulay. “Rot, poor bachelor, in your club.” Thackeray. Syn. — To putrefy; corrupt; decay; spoil.

Rot, v. t. 1. To make putrid; to cause to be wholly or partially decomposed by natural processes; as to rot vegetable fiber. 2. To expose, as flax, to a process of maceration, etc., for the purpose of separating the fiber; to ret.

Rot, n. 1. Process of rotting; decay; putrefaction. 2. (Bot.) A disease or decay in fruits, leaves, or wood, supposed to be caused by minute fungi. See Bitter rot, Black rot, etc., below. 3. [Cf. G. rotz glanders.] A fatal distemper which attacks sheep and sometimes other animals. It is due to the presence of a parasitic worm in the liver or gall bladder. See 1st Fluke, 2. “His cattle must of rot and murrain die.” Milton. Bitter rot (Bot.), a disease of apples, caused by the fungus Glaeosporium fructigenum. F. L. Scribner. — Black rot (Bot.), a disease of grapevines, attacking the leaves and fruit, caused by the fungus Laestadia Bidwellii. F. L. Scribner. — Dry rot (Bot.) See under Dry. — Grinder’s rot (Med.) See under Grinder. — Potato rot. (Bot.) See under Potato. — White rot (Bot.), a disease of grapes, first appearing in whitish pustules on the fruit, caused by the fungus Coniothyrium diplodiella. F. L. Scribner.

Ro´ta , n. [L. rota wheel. The name is said to allude to the design of the floor of the room in which the court used to sit, which was that of a wheel. See Rotary.] 1. An ecclesiastical court of Rome, called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It consists of twelve members. 2. (Eng. Hist.) A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament.

Ro´ta , n. (Mus.) A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle Ages in church music; — written also rotta.

Ro´ta•cism , n. See Rhotacism.

Ro´tal , a. Relating to wheels or to rotary motion; rotary. [R.]

Ro´ta•lite , n. [L. rota wheel + -lite.] (Paleon.) Any fossil foraminifer of the genus Rotalia, abundant in the chalk formation. See Illust. under Rhizopod.

Ro´ta•ry , a. [L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. barouche, Rodomontade, Roue, Round, a., Rowel.] Turning, as a wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis; rotatory; as rotary motion. Rotary engine, steam engine in which the continuous rotation of the shaft is produced by the direct action of the steam upon rotating devices which serve as pistons, instead of being derived from a reciprocating motion, as in the ordinary engine; a steam turbine; — called also rotatory engine. — Rotary pump, a pump in which the fluid is impelled by rotating devices which take the place of reciprocating buckets or pistons. — Rotary shears, shears, as for cloth, metal, etc., in which revolving sharp-edged or sharp-cornered wheels do the cutting. — Rotary valve, a valve acting by continuous or partial rotation, as in the four-way cock.

Ro´ta•scope , n. [L. rota a wheel + -scope.] Same as Gyroscope, 1.

Ro´tate , a. [L. rotatus, p. p. of rotare to turn round like a wheel, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Roue.] Having the parts spreading out like a wheel; wheel-shaped; as a rotate spicule or scale; a rotate corolla, i.e., a monopetalous corolla with a flattish border, and no tube or a very short one.

Ro´tate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotated p. pr. & vb. n. Rotating.] 1. To turn, as a wheel, round an axis; to revolve. 2. To perform any act, function, or operation in turn, to hold office in turn; as to rotate in office.

Ro´tate, v. i. 1. To cause to turn round or revolve, as a wheel around an axle. 2. To cause to succeed in turn; esp., to cause to succeed some one, or to be succeeded by some one, in office. [Colloq.] ´Both, after a brief service, were rotated out of office.´ Harper’s Mag.

Ro´ta•ted , a. Turned round, as a wheel; also wheel-shaped; rotate.

Ro•ta´tion , n. [L. rotatio: cf. F. rotation.] 1. The act of turning, as a wheel or a solid body on its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion of a revolving round another body or a distant point; thus, the daily turning of the earth on its axis is a rotation; its annual motion round the sun is a revolution. 2. Any return or succesion in a series. Moment of rotation. See Moment of inertia, under Moment. — Rotation in office, the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions. — Rotation of crops, the practices of cultivating an orderly succession of different crops on the same land.

Ro•ta´tion , a. Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as rotational velocity.

Ro´ta•tive , a. [Cf. F. rotatif.] turning, as a wheel; rotary; rotational. “This high rotative velocity of the sun must cause an equatorial rise of the solar atmosphere.” Siemens. Rotative engine, a steam engine in which the reciprocating motion of the piston is transformed into a continuous rotary motion, as by means of a connecting rod, a working beam and crank, or an oscillating cylinder.

Ro•ta´tor , n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) that which gives a rotary or rolling motion, as a muscle which partially rotates or turns some part on its axis. 2. (Metal.) A revolving reverberatory furnace.

Ro•ta•to´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Rotifera.

Ro´ta•to•ry , a. [Cf. F. rotatoire. See Rotate, Rotary.] 1. Turning as on an axis; rotary. 2. Going in a circle; following in rotation or succession; as rotatory assembles. Burke. 3. (Opt.) Producing rotation of the plane of polarization; as the rotatory power of bodies on light. See the Note under polarization. Nichol.

Ro´ta•to•ry, n. (Zoöl.) A rotifer. [R.] Kirby.

Rotche , n. (Zoöl.) A very small arctic sea bird (Mergulus alle, or Alle alle) common on both coasts of the Atlantic in winter; — called also little auk, dovekie, rotch, rotchie, and sea dove.

Rotch´et , n. (Zoöl.) The European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

Rote , n. A root. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rote , n. [OE. rote, probably of German origin; cf. MHG. rotte, OHG. rota, hrota, LL. chrotta. Cf. Crowd a kind of violin.] (Mus.) A kind of guitar, the notes of which were produced by a small wheel or wheel-like arrangement; an instrument similar to the hurdy-gurdy. “Well could he sing and play on a rote.” Chaucer. “extracting mistuned dirges from their harps, crowds, and rotes.” Sir W. Scott.

Rote, n. [Cf. Rut roaring.] The noise produced by the surf of the sea dashing upon the shore. See Rut.

Rote, n. [OF. rote, F. route, road, path. See Route, and cf. Rut a furrow, Routine.] A frequent repetition of forms of speech without attention to the meaning; mere repetition; as to learn rules by rote. Swift. “till he the first verse could [i. e., knew] all by rote.” Chaucer. “Thy love did read by rote, and could not spell.” Shak.

Rote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roting.] To learn or repeat by rote. [Obs.] Shak.

Rote, v. i. To go out by rotation or succession; to rotate. [Obs.] Z. Grey.

Ro•tel´la , n. [NL., dim. of rota wheel; cf. LL. rotella a little whell.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas.

Rot´gut , n. 1. Bad small beer. [Slang] 2. Any bad spirituous liquor, especially when adulterated so as to be very deleterious. [Slang]

Roth´er , a. [AS. hryðer; cf. D. rund.] (Zoöl.) Bovine. — n. A bovine beast. [Obs.] Shak. Rother beasts, cattle of the bovine genus; black cattle. [Obs.] Golding. — Rother soil, the dung of rother beasts.

Roth´er, n. [OE. See Rudder.] A rudder. Rother nail, a nail with a very full head, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships; — so called by shipwrights.

Ro´ti•fer ( 277), n. [NL. see Rotifera.] (Zoöl.) One of the Rotifera. See Illust. in Appendix.

Ro•tif´e•ra , n.; pl. [NL., from L. rota wheel + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits.

Ro´ti•form , a. [L. rota wheel + -form.] 1. Wheel-shaped; as rotiform appendages. 2. (Bot.) Same as Rotate.

Rot´ta , n. (Mus.) See Rota.

Rot´ten , a. [Icel. rotinn; akin to Sw. rutten, Dan. radden. See Rot.] Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as a rotten apple; rotten meat. Hence: (a) Offensive to the smell; fetid; disgusting. “You common cry of curs! whose breath I hate
As reek of the rotten fens.” Shak. (b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as a rotten plank, bone, stone. ´The deepness of the rotten way.´ Knolles. Rotten borough. See under Borough. — Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances. The name is also given to other friable siliceous stones applied to like uses. Syn. — Putrefied; decayed; carious; defective; unsound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous. — Rot´ten•ly, adv. — Rot´ten•ness, n.

Rot´u•la , n. [L., a little wheel; cf. It. rotula.] (Anat.) The patella, or kneepan.

Rot´u•lar , a. [L. rotula, dim. of rota wheel.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rotula, or kneepan.

Ro•tund´ , a. [L. rotundus. See Round, and cf. Rotunda.] 1. Round; circular; spherical. 2. Hence, complete; entire. 3. (Bot.) Orbicular, or nearly so. Gray.

Ro•tund´, n. A rotunda. [Obs.] Burke.

Ro•tun´da , n. [Cf. It. rotonda, F. rotonde; both fr. L. rotundus round. See Rotund, a.] (Arch.) A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington.

Ro•tund´ate , a. Rounded; especially, rounded at the end or ends, or at the corners.

Ro•tund•i•fo´li•ous , a. [L. rotundus round + folium a leaf.] (Bot.) Having round leaves.

Ro•tund´i•ty , n. [L. rotunditas: cf. F. rotondite.] 1. The state or quality of being rotu; roundness; sphericity; circularity. “Smite flat the thick rotundity o’the world!” Shak. 2. Hence, completeness; entirety; roundness. “For the more rotundity of the number and grace of the matter, it passeth for a full thousand.” Fuller. “A boldness and rotundity of speech.” Hawthorne.

Ro•tund´ness, n. Roundness; rotundity.

Ro•tun´do , n. See Rotunda.

Ro•tur´er , n. A roturier. [Obs.] Howell.

Ro•tu•rier´ , n. [F.] A person who is not of noble birth; specif., a freeman who during the prevalence of feudalism held allodial land.

Rot´y , v. t. [See Rot.] To make rotten. [Obs.] “Well bet is rotten apple out of hoard,
Than that it roty all the remenant.” Chaucer.

Rou´ble , n. A coin. See Ruble.

Rouche , n. See Ruche.

Rou•e´ , n. [F., properly p. p. of rouer to break upon the wheel, fr. roue a wheel, L. rota. See Rotate, Rotary.] One devoted to a life of sensual pleasure; a debauchee; a rake.

Rou•et´ , n. [F.] A small wheel formerly fixed to the pan of firelocks for discharging them. Crabb.

Rouge , a. [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to rubere to be red, ruber red. See Red.] red. [R.] Rouge et noir [F., red and black], a game at cards in which persons play against the owner of the bank; — so called because the table around which the players sit has certain compartments colored red and black, upon which the stakes are deposited. Hoyle.

Rouge, n. [F.] 1. (Chem.) A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide. It is used in polishing glass, metal, or gems, and as a cosmetic, etc. Called also crocus, jeweler’s rouge, etc. 2. A cosmetic used for giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. The best is prepared from the dried flowers of the safflower, but it is often made from carmine. Ure.

Rouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rouged p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging .] To paint the face or cheeks with rouge.

Rouge, v. t. To tint with rouge; as to rouge the face or the cheeks.

Rouge•croix´ , n. [F., literally, red cross.] (Her.) One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

Rouge´ drag•on , n. [F., literally, red dragon.] (Her.) One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

Rough , a. [Compar. Rougher superl. Roughest.] [OE. rou, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. rh; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. rh, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. rad. 18. Cf. Rug, n.] 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; — said of a piece of land, or of a road. ´Rough, uneven ways.´ Shak. (b) Not polished; uncut; — said of a gem; as a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; — said of a sea or other piece of water. “More unequal than the roughest sea.” T. Burnet. (d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; — said of dress, appearance, or the like; as a rough coat. ´A visage rough.´ Dryden. ´Roughsatyrs.´ Milton. 2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as a rough temper. “A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough.” Shak. “A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds.” Prior. (b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as rough measures or actions. “On the rough edge of battle.” Milton. “A quicker and rougher remedy.” Clarendon. “Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces.” Locke. (c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; — said of sound, voice, and the like; as a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope. (d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as rough weather; a rough day. “He stayeth his rough wind.” Isa. xxvii. 8. “Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.” Shak. (f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as a rough estimate; a rough draught. Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. — Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. ´The rough and ready understanding.´ Lowell. (b) Produced offhand. ´Some rough and ready theory.´ Tylor.

Rough, n. 1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher. 2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as a diamond or a sketch in the rough. “Contemplating the people in the rough.” Mrs. Browning.

Rough, adv. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly. “Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats.” Sir W. Scott.

Rough, v. t. 1. To render rough; to roughen. 2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb. 3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; — with out; as to rough out a carving, a sketch. Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. — To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.

Rough•cast´ , v. t. 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden. 2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities. 3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as to roughcast a building.

Rough´cast, n. 1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing. 2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak.

Rough´cast•er , n. One who roughcasts.

Rough´draw , v. t. To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch.

Rough´dry , v. t. in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing.

Rough´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roughened p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening.] [From Rough.] To make rough.

Rough´en, v. i. To grow or become rough.

Rough´-foot•ed , a. (Zoöl.) Feather-footed; as a rough-footed dove. [R.] Sherwood.

Rough´-grained , a. Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque.

Rough´head , n. (Zoöl.) The redfin.

Rough´hew , v. t. 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as to roughhew timber. 2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape approximately and rudely; to roughcast. “There’s a divinity that shapes our ends,
Roughhew them how we will.” Shak.

Rough´hew•er , n. One who roughhews.

Rough´hewn , a. 1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished. 2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. ´A roughhewn seaman.´ Bacon.

Rough´ing-in , n. The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also the process of applying it.

Rough´ings , n. pl. Rowen. [Prov. Eng.]

Rough´ish, a. Somewhat rough.

Rough´leg , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough-legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard. The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti- johannis). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg (Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America.

Rough´-legged , a. (Zoöl.) Having the legs covered with feathers; — said of a bird. rough-legged hawk. (Zoöl.) See Roughleg.

Rough´ly, adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely.

Rough´ness, n. The quality or state of being rough.

Rough´rid•er , n. One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master.

Rough´scuff , n. [Rough + scuff.] A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.]

Rough´set•ter , n. A mason who builds rough stonework.

Rough´shod , a. Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as a roughshod horse. To ride roughshod, to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others.

Rough´strings , n. pl. (Capr.) Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support.

Rought , obs. imp. of Reach.

Rought, obs. imp. of Reck, to care. Chaucer.

Rough´tail , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltidae; — so called from their rough tails.

Rough´work , v. t. To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish. Moxon.

Rough´wrought , a. Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely.

Rouk , v. i. See 5th Ruck, and Roke. [Obs.]

Rou•lade´ , n. [F.] (Mus.) A smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable, as in Handel’s oratorios.

Rou•leau´ , n.; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. ; E. ), E. Rouleaus (#). [F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. rôle, formerly also spelt roulle. See Roll.] A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something resembling such a roll.

Rou•lette´ , n. [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See Rouleau, Roll.] 1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint. 3. (Geom.) the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See Cycloid, and Epycycloid.

Rou´ly-pou•ly , n. See Rolly- pooly. { Roun , Rown }, v. i. & t. [AS. rnian, fr. rn a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See Rune.] To whisper. [obs.] Gower. “Another rouned to his fellow low.” Chaucer.

Rounce (rouns), n. [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round.] (Print.) The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; — sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen.

Roun´ce•val , a. [F. Ronceval, Roncevaux, a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles.] Large; strong; — from the gigantic bones shown at Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.]

Roun´ce•val, n. A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat. [Obs.]

Roun´cy , n. A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.] “he rode upon a rouncy as he could.” Chaucer.

Round , v. i. & t. [From Roun.] To whisper. [obs.] Shak. Holland. “The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, ´Ye are not a wise man,´ … he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, ´Wherefore brought ye me here?´” Calderwood.

Round, a. [OF. roond, roont, reond, F. rond, fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Rotund, roundel, Rundlet.] 1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as a round ball. ´The big, round tears.´ Shak. “Upon the firm opacous globe
Of this round world.” Milton. 2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as the barrel of a musket is round. 3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as a round arch; round hills. ´Their round haunches gored.´ Shak. 4. Full; complete; not broken; not fractional; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; — said of numbers. “Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than the fraction.” Arbuthnot. 5. Not inconsiderable; large; hence, generous; free; as a round price. “Three thousand ducats; ’tis a good round sum.” Shak. “Round was their pace at first, but slackened soon.” Tennyson. 6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as a round voice; a round note. 7. (Phonetics) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, making the opening more or less round in shape; rounded; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11. 8. Outspoken; plain and direct; unreserved; unqualified; not mincing; as a round answer; a round oath. ´The round assertion.´ M. Arnold. “Sir Toby, I must be round with you.” Shak. 9. Full and smoothly expanded; not defective or abrupt; finished; polished; — said of style, or of authors with reference to their style. [Obs.] “In his satires Horace is quick, round, and pleasant.” Peacham. 10. Complete and consistent; fair; just; — applied to conduct. “Round dealing is the honor of man’s nature.” Bacon. At a round rate, rapidly. Dryden. — In round numbers, approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, etc.; as a bin holding 99 or 101 bushels may be said to hold in round numbers 100 bushels. — Round bodies (Geom.), the sphere right cone, and right cylinder. — Round clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. — Round dance one which is danced by couples with a whirling or revolving motion, as the waltz, polka, etc. — Round game, a game, as of cards, in which each plays on his own account. — Round hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct; — distinguished from running hand. — Round robin. [Perhaps F. round round + ruban ribbon.] (a) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, protest, etc., the signatures to which are made in a circle so as not to indicate who signed first. ´No round robins signed by the whole main deck of the Academy or the Porch.´ De Quincey. (b) (Zoöl.) The cigar fish. — Round shot, a solid spherical projectile for ordnance. — Round Table, the table about which sat King Arthur and his knights. See Knights of the Round Table, under Knight. — Round tower, one of certain lofty circular stone towers, tapering from the base upward, and usually having a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit, — found chiefly in Ireland. They are of great antiquity, and vary in heigh from thirty-five to one hundred and thiry feet. — Round trot, one in which the horse throws out his feet roundly; a full, brisk, quick trot. Addison. — Round turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope round a timber, a belaying pin, etc. — To bring up with a round turn, to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] Syn. — Circular; spherical; globular; globase; orbicular; orbed; cylindrical; full; plump; rotund.

Round , n. 1. Anything round, as a circle, a globe, a ring. ´The golden round´ [the crown]. Shak. “In labyrinth of many a round self- rolled.” Milton. 2. A series of changes or events ending where it began; a series of like events recurring in continuance; a cycle; a periodical revolution; as the round of the seasons; a round of pleasures. 3. A course of action or conduct performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another, as if seated in a circle. “Women to cards may be compared: we play
A round or two; which used, we throw away.” Granville. “The feast was served; the bowl was crowned;
To the king’s pleasure went the mirthful round.” Prior. 4. A series of duties or tasks which must be performed in turn, and then repeated. “the trivial round, the common task.” Keble. 5. A circular dance. “Come, knit hands, and beat the ground,
In a light fantastic round.” Milton. 6. That which goes round a whole circle or company; as a round of applause. 7. Rotation, as in office; succession. Holyday. 8. The step of a ladder; a rundle or rung; also a crosspiece which joins and braces the legs of a chair. “All the rounds like Jacob’s ladder rise.” Dryden. 9. A course ending where it began; a circuit; a beat; especially, one freguently or regulary traversed; also the act of traversing a circuit; as a watchman’s round; the rounds of the postman. 10. (Mil.) (a) A walk performed by a guard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe; also the guard or officer, with his attendants, who performs this duty; — usually in the plural. (b) A general discharge of firearms by a body of troops in which each soldier fires once. (c) Ammunition for discharging a piece or pieces once; as twenty rounds of ammunition were given out. 11. (Mus.) A short vocal piece, resembling a catch in which three or four voices follow each other round in a species of canon in the unison. 12. The time during which prize fighters or boxers are in actual contest without an intermission, as prescribed by their rules; a bout. 13. A brewer’s vessel in which the fermentation is concluded, the yeast escaping through the bunghole. 14. A vessel filled, as for drinking. [R.] 15. An assembly; a group; a circle; as a round of politicians. Addison. 16. (Naut.) See Roundtop. 17. Same as Round of beef, below. Gentlemen of the round. (a) Gentlemen soldiers of low rank who made the rounds. See 10 (a), above. (b) Disbanded soldiers who lived by begging. [Obs.] “Worm-eaten gentlemen of the round, such as have vowed to sit on the skirts of the city, let your provost and his half dozen of halberdiers do what they can.” B. Jonson. — Round of beef, the part of the thigh below the aitchbone, or between the rump and the leg. See Illust. of beef. — Round steak, a beefsteak cut from the round. — Sculpture in the round, sculpture giving the full form, as of man; statuary, distinguished from relief.

Round, adv. 1. On all sides; around. “Round he throws his baleful eyes.” Milton. 2. Circularly; in a circular form or manner; by revolving or reversing one’s position; as to turn one’s head round; a wheel turns round. 3. In circumference; as a ball is ten inches round. 4. From one side or party to another; as to come or turn round, — that is, to change sides or opinions. 5. By or in a circuit; by a course longer than the direct course; back to the starting point. 6. Through a circle, as of friends or houses. “The invitations were sent round accordingly.” Sir W. Scott. 7. Roundly; fully; vigorously. [Obs.] Chaucer. All round, over the whole place; in every direction. — All-round, of general capacity; as an all-round man. [Colloq.] — To bring one round. (a) To cause one to change his opinions or line of conduct. (b) To restore one to health. [Colloq.]

Round , prep. On every side of, so as to encompass or encircle; around; about; as the people atood round him; to go round the city; to wind a cable round a windlass. “The serpent Error twines round human hearts.” Cowper. Round about, an emphatic form for round or about. ´Moses … set them [The elders] round about the tabernacle.´ Num. xi. 24. — To come round, to gain the consent of, or circumvent, (a person) by flattery or deception. [Colloq.]

Round, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rounding.] 1. To make circular, spherical, or cylindrical; to give a round or convex figure to; as to round a silver coin; to round the edges of anything. “Worms with many feet, which round themselves into balls, are bred chiefly under logs of timber.” Bacon. “The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to a very great perfection.” Addison. 2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass. “The inclusive verge
Of golden metal that must round my brow.” Shak. 3. To bring to fullness or completeness; to complete; hence, to bring to a fit conclusion. “We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep.” Shak. 4. To go round wholly or in part; to go about (a corner or point); as to round a corner; to round Cape Horn. 5. To make full, smooth, and flowing; as to round periods in writing. Swift. To round in (Naut.) To haul up; usually, to haul the slack of (a rope) through its leading block, or to haul up (a tackle which hangs loose) by its fall. Totten. (b) To collect together (cattle) by riding around them, as on cattle ranches. [Western U.S.]

Round, v. i. 1. To grow round or full; hence, to attain to fullness, completeness, or perfection. “The queen your mother rounds apace.” Shak. “So rounds he to a separate mind,
From whence clear memory may begin.” Tennyson. 2. To go round, as a guard. [Poetic] “They … nightly rounding walk.” Milton. 3. To go or turn round; to wheel about. Tennyson. To round to (Naut.), to turn the head of a ship toward the wind.

Round´a•bout , a. 1. Circuitous; going round; indirect; as roundabout speech. “We have taken a terrible roundabout road.” Burke. 2. Encircling; enveloping; comprehensive. ´Large, sound, roundabout sense.´ Locke.

Round´a•bout, n. 1. A horizontal wheel or frame, commonly with wooden horses, etc., on which children ride; a merry-go-round. Smart. 2. A dance performed in a circle. Goldsmith. 3. A short, close jacket worn by boys, sailors, etc. 4. A state or scene of constant change, or of recurring labor and vicissitude. Cowper.

Round´a•bout•ness, n. The quality of being roundabout; circuitousness.

Round´-arm , a. (Cricket) Applied to the method delivering the ball in bowling, by swinging the arm horizontally. R. A. Proctor.

Round´-backed , a. Having a round back or shoulders; round-shouldered.

Round´ed, a. (Phonetics) Modified by contraction of the lip opening; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

Roun´del , n. [OF. rondel a roundelay, F. rondel, rondeau, a dim. fr. rond; for sense 2, cf. F. rondelle a round, a round shield. See Round, a., and cf. Rondel, Rondelay.] 1. (Mus.) A rondelay. ´Sung all the roundel lustily.´ Chaucer. “Come, now a roundel and a fairy song.” Shak. 2. Anything having a round form; a round figure; a circle. “The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, … made a flying march to Calais.” Bacon. Specifically: (a) A small circular shield, sometimes not more than a foot in diameter, used by soldiers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (b) (Her.) A circular spot; a sharge in the form of a small circle. (c) (Fort.) A bastion of a circular form.

Round´e•lay , n. [OF. rondelet, dim. of rondel. See Roundel, Roundeau, and cf. Roundlet, Rundlet.] 1. (Poetry) See Rondeau, and Rondel. 2. (Mus.) (a) A tune in which a simple strain is often repeated; a simple rural strain which is short and lively. Spenser. Tennyson. (b) A dance in a circle. 3. Anything having a round form; a roundel.

Round´er , n. 1. One who rounds; one who comes about frequently or regularly. 2. A tool for making an edge or surface round. 3. pl. An English game somewhat resembling baseball; also another English game resembling the game of fives, but played with a football. “Now we play rounders, and then we played prisoner’s base.” Bagehot.

Round´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any ordinary market fish, exclusive of flounders, sole, halibut, and other flatfishes. (b) A lake whitefish (Coregonus quadrilateralis), less compressed than the common species. It is very abundant in British America and Alaska.

Round´head , n. (Eng. Hist.) A nickname for a Puritan. See Roundheads, the, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. Toone.

Round´head•ed, a. Having a round head or top.

Round´house , n. 1. A constable’s prison; a lockup, watch-house, or station house. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) (a) A cabin or apartament on the after part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof; — sometimes called the coach. (b) A privy near the bow of the vessel. 3. A house for locomotive engines, built circularly around a turntable.

Round´ing, a. Round or nearly round; becoming round; roundish.

Round´ing, n. 1. (Naut.) Small rope, or strands of rope, or spun yarn, wound round a rope to keep it from chafing; — called also service. 2. (Phonetics) Modifying a speech sound by contraction of the lip opening; labializing; labialization. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

Round´ish, a. Somewhat round; as a roundish seed; a roundish figure. — Round´ish•ness, n.

Round´let , n. A little circle. J. Gregory.

Round´ly, adv. 1. In a round form or manner. 2. Openly; boldly; peremptorily; plumply. “He affirms everything roundly.” Addison. 3. Briskly; with speed. locke. “Two of the outlaws walked roundly forward.” Sir W. Scott. 4. Completely; vigorously; in earnest. Shak. 5. Without regard to detail; in gross; comprehensively; generally; as to give numbers roundly. “In speaking roundly of this period.” H. Morley.

Round´ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being round in shape; as the roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a ball, of a bowl, a column, etc. 2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as the roundness of a period; the roundness of a note; roundness of tone. 3. Openess; plainess; boldness; positiveness; as the roundness of an assertion. Syn. — Circularity; sphericity; globosity; globularity; globularness; orbicularness; cylindricity; fullness; plumpness; rotundity.

Round´ridge , v. t. (Agric.) To form into round ridges by plowing. B. Edwards.

Round´-shoul•dered , a. Having the shoulders stooping or projecting; round-backed.

Rounds´man , n.; pl. Roundsmen . A patrolman; also a policeman who acts as an inspector over the rounds of the patrolmen.

Round´top , n. (Naut.) A top; a platform at a masthead; — so called because formerly round in shape.

Round´-up , n. The act of collecting or gathering together scattered cattle by riding around them and driving them in. [Western U.S.]

Roun´dure ( 135), n. [Cf. Rondure.] Roundness; a round or circle. [Obs.] Shak.

Round´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A nematoid worm.

Round´y , a. Round. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Roup , v. i. & t. [Cf. AS. hrpan to cry out, G. rufen, Goth. hrpian. Cf. Roop.] To cry or shout; hence, to sell by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Roup, n. 1. An outcry; hence, a sale of gods by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson. “To roup, that is, the sale of his crops, was over.” J. C. Shairp. 2. A disease in poultry. See Pip.

Rous´ant , a. (her.) Rising; — applied to a bird in the attitude of rising; also sometmes, to a bird in profile with wings addorsed.

Rouse (rouz or rous), v. i. & t. [Perhaps the same word as rouse to start up, ´buckle to.´] (Naut.) To pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical appliances.

Rouse (rouz), n. [Cf. D. roes drunkeness, icel. rss, Sw. rus, G. rauchen, and also E. rouse, v.t., rush, v.i. Cf. Row a disturbance.] 1. A bumper in honor of a toast or health. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A carousal; a festival; a drinking frolic. “Fill the cup, and fill the can,
Have a rouse before the morn.” Tennyson.

Rouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roused (rouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rousing.] [Probably of Scan. origin; cf. Sw. rusa to rush, Dan. ruse, AS. hreósan to fall, rush. Cf. Rush, v.] 1. To cause to start from a covert or lurking place; as to rouse a deer or other animal of the chase. “Like wild boars late roused out of the brakes.” Spenser. “Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the opening hound.” Pope. 2. To wake from sleep or repose; as to rouse one early or suddenly. 3. To excite to lively thought or action from a state of idleness, languor, stupidity, or indifference; as to rouse the faculties, passions, or emotions. “To rouse up a people, the most phlegmatic of any in Christendom.” Atterbury. 4. To put in motion; to stir up; to agitate. “Blustering winds, which all night long
Had roused the sea.” Milton. 5. To raise; to make erect. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

Rouse, v. i. 1. To get or start up; to rise. [Obs.] “Night’s black agents to their preys do rouse.” Shak. 2. To awake from sleep or repose. “Morpheus rouses from his bed.” Pope. 3. To be exited to thought or action from a state of indolence or inattention.

Rous´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, rouses. 2. Something very exciting or great. [Colloq.] 3. (Brewing) A stirrer in a copper for boiling wort.

Rous´ing , a. 1. Having power to awaken or excite; exciting. “I begin to feel
Some rousing motions in me.” Milton. 2. Very great; violent; astounding; as a rousing fire; a rousing lie. [Colloq.]

Rous´ing•ly, adv. In a rousing manner.

Rous•sette´ , n. [F.; — so called in allusion to the color. See Russet.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fruit bat, especially the large species (Pieropus vulgaris) inhabiting the islands of the Indian ocean. It measures about a yard across the expanded wings. 2. (Zoöl.) Any small shark of the genus Scyllium; — called also dogfish. See Dogfish.

Roust (roust), v. t. To rouse; to disturb; as to roust one out. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Roust, n. [Cf. Icel. röst an estuary.] A strong tide or current, especially in a narrow channel. [Written also rost, and roost.] Jamieson.

Roust´a•bout , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A laborer, especially a deck hand, on a river steamboat, who moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, and the like; in an opprobrious sense, a shiftless vagrant who lives by chance jobs. [Western U.S.]

Rout (rout), v. i. [AS. hrutan.] To roar; to bellow; to snort; to snore loudly. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

Rout, n. A bellowing; a shouting; noise; clamor; uproar; disturbance; tumult. Shak. “This new book the whole world makes such a rout about.” Sterne. “´My child, it is not well,´ I said,
´Among the graves to shout;
To laugh and play among the dead,
And make this noisy rout.´” Trench.

Rout, v. t. [A variant of root.] To scoop out with a gouge or other tool; to furrow. To rout out (a) To turn up to view, as if by rooting; to discover; to find. (b) To turn out by force or compulsion; as to rout people out of bed. [Colloq.]

Rout, v. i. To search or root in the ground, as a swine. Edwards.

Rout, n. [OF. route, LL. rupta, properly, a breaking, fr. L. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break. See Rupture, reave, and cf. Rote repetition of forms, Route. In some senses this word has been confused with rout a bellowing, an uproar.] [Formerly spelled also route.] 1. A troop; a throng; a company; an assembly; especially, a traveling company or throng. [Obs.] ´A route of ratones [rats].´ Piers Plowman. ´A great solemn route.´ Chaucer. “And ever he rode the hinderest of the route.” Chaucer. “A rout of people there assembled were.” Spenser. 2. A disorderly and tumultuous crowd; a mob; hence, the rabble; the herd of common people. “the endless routs of wretched thralls.” Spenser. “The ringleader and head of all this rout.” Shak. “Nor do I name of men the common rout.” Milton. 3. The state of being disorganized and thrown into confusion; — said especially of an army defeated, broken in pieces, and put to flight in disorder or panic; also the act of defeating and breaking up an army; as the rout of the enemy was complete. “thy army …
Dispersed in rout, betook them all to fly.” Daniel. “To these giad conquest, murderous rout to those.” pope. 4. (Law) A disturbance of the peace by persons assembled together with intent to do a thing which, if executed, would make them rioters, and actually making a motion toward the executing thereof. Wharton. 5. A fashionable assembly, or large evening party. ´At routs and dances.´ Landor. To put to rout, to defeat and throw into confusion; to overthrow and put to flight.

Rout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Routed; p. pr. & vb. n. Routing.] To break the ranks of, as troops, and put them to flight in disorder; to put to rout. “That party … that charged the Scots, so totally routed and defeated their whole army, that they fied.” Clarendon. Syn. — To defeat; discomfit; overpower; overthrow.

Rout, v. i. To assemble in a crowd, whether orderly or disorderly; to collect in company. [obs.] Bacon. “In all that land no Christian[s] durste route.” Chaucer.

Route (root or rout; 277), n. [OE. & F. route, OF. rote, fr. L. rupta (sc. via), fr. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break; hence, literally, a broken or beaten way or path. See Rout, and cf. Rut a track.] The course or way which is traveled or passed, or is to be passed; a passing; a course; a road or path; a march. “Wide through the furzy field their route they take.” Gay.

Rout´er , n. (Carp.) (a) A plane made like a spokeshave, for working the inside edges of circular sashes. (b) A plane with a hooked tool protruding far below the sole, for smoothing the bottom of a cavity.

Routhe , n. Ruth; sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rou´ti•na•ry , a. Involving, or pertaining to, routine; ordinary; customary. [R.] Emerson.

Rou•tine´ , n. [F., fr. route a path, way, road. See Route, Roterepetition.] 1. A round of business, amusement, or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued; especially, a course of business or offical duties regularly or frequently returning. 2. Any regular course of action or procedure rigidly adhered to by the mere force of habit.

Rou•tin´´ism , n. the practice of doing things with undiscriminating, mechanical regularity.

Rou•tin´ist, n. One who habituated to a routine.

Rout´ish , a. Uproarious; riotous. [Obs.]

Rout´ous•ly , adv. (Law) With that violation of law called a rout. See 5th Rout, 4.

Roux , n. [F. beurre roux brown butter.] (Cookery) A thickening, made of flour, for soups and gravies.

Rove (rov), v. t. [perhaps fr. or akin to reeve.] 1. To draw through an eye or aperture. 2. To draw out into flakes; to card, as wool. Jamieson. 3. To twist slightly; to bring together, as slivers of wool or cotton, and twist slightly before spinning.

Rove (rov), n. 1. A copper washer upon which the end of a nail is clinched in boat building. 2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and slighty twisted, preparatory to further process; a roving.

Rove, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roved p. pr. & vb. n. Roving.] [Cf. D. rooven to rob; akin to E. reave. See Reave, Rob.] 1. To practice robbery on the seas; to wander about on the seas in piracy. [Obs.] Hakluyt. 2. Hence, to wander; to ramble; to rauge; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in any manner, by sailing, walking, riding, flying, or otherwise. “For who has power to walk has power to rove.” Arbuthnot. 3. (Archery) To shoot at rovers; hence, to shoot at an angle of elevation, not at point-blank (rovers usually being beyond the point-blank range). “Fair Venus’ son, that with thy cruel dart
At that good knight so cunningly didst rove.” Spenser. Syn. — To wander; roam; range; ramble stroll.

Rove, v. t. 1. To wander over or through. “Roving the field, I chanced
A goodly tree far distant to behold.” milton. 2. To plow into ridges by turning the earth of two furrows together.

Rove, n. The act of wandering; a ramble. “In thy nocturnal rove one moment halt.” Young. Rove beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles of the family Staphylinidae, having short elytra beneath which the wings are folded transversely. They are rapid runners, and seldom fly.

Rov´er , n. [D. roover a robber. See Rove, v. i.] 1. One who practices robbery on the seas; a pirate. “Yet Pompey the Great deserveth honor more justly for scouring the seas and taking from the rovers 846 sail of ships.” Holland. 2. One who wanders about by sea or land; a wanderer; a rambler. 3. Hence, a fickle, inconstant person. 4. (Croquet) A ball which has passed through all the hoops and would go out if it hit the stake but is continued in play; also the player of such a ball. 5. (Archery) (a) Casual marks at uncertain distances. Encyc. Brit. (b) A sort of arrow. [Obs.] “All sorts, flights, rovers, and butt shafts.” B. Jonson. At rovers, at casual marks; hence, at random; as shooting at rovers. See def. 5 (a) above. Addison. “Bound down on every side with many bands because it shall not run at rovers.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Rov´ing, n. 1. The operatin of forming the rove, or slightly twisted sliver or roll of wool or cotton, by means of a machine for the purpose, called a roving frame, or roving machine. 2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and slightly twisted; a rove. See 2d Rove, 2. Roving frame, Roving machine, a machine for drawing and twisting roves and twisting roves and winding them on bobbin for the spinning machine.

Rov´ing, n. The act of one who roves or wanders.

Rov´ing•ly, adv. In a wandering manner.

Rov´ing•ness, n. The state of roving.

Row , a. & adv. [See Rough.] Rough; stern; angry. [Obs.] ´Lock he never so row.´ Chaucer.

Row, n. [Abbrev. fr. rouse, n.] A noisy, turbulent quarrel or disturbance; a brawl. [Colloq.] Byron.

Row , n. [OE. rowe, rawe, rewe, AS. raw, rw; probably akin to D. rij, G. reihe; cf. Skr. rkha a line, stroke.] A series of persons or things arranged in a continued line; a line; a rank; a file; as a row of trees; a row of houses or columns. “And there were windows in three rows.” 1 Kings vii. 4. “The bright seraphim in burning row.” Milton. Row culture (Agric.), the practice of cultivating crops in drills. — Row of points (Geom.), the points on a line, infinite in number, as the points in which a pencil of rays is intersected by a line.

Row , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rowed p. pr. & vb. n. Rowing.] [AS. rwan; akin to D. roeijen, MHG. rüejen, Dan. roe, Sw. ro, Icel. ra, L. remus oar, Gr. , Skr. aritra. rad.8. Cf. Rudder.] 1. To propel with oars, as a boat or vessel, along the surface of water; as to row a boat. 2. To transport in a boat propelled with oars; as to row the captain ashore in his barge.

Row, v. i. 1. To use the oar; as to row well. 2. To be moved by oars; as the boat rows easily.

Row, n. The act of rowing; excursion in a rowboat.

Row´a•ble , a. That may be rowed, or rowed upon. ´That long barren fen, once rowable.´ B. Jonson.

Row´an , n. Rowan tree. Rowan barry, a barry of the rowan tree.

Row´an tree [Cf. Sw. rönn, Dan. rönne, Icel. reynir, and L. ornus.] (Bot.) A european tree (Pyrus aucuparia) related to the apple, but with pinnate leaves and flat corymbs of small white flowers followed by little bright red berries. Called also roan tree, and mountain ash. The name is also applied to two American trees of similar habit (Pyrus Americana, and P. sambucifolia).

Row´boat , n. A boat designed to be propelled by oars instead of sails.

Row´dy , n.; pl. Rowdies (#). [From Rout, or Row a brawl.] One who engages in rows, or noisy quarrels; a ruffianly fellow. M. Arnold.

Row´dy•dow , n. Hubbub; uproar. [Vulgar]

Row´dy•dow•dy , a. Uproarious. [Vulgar]

Row´dy•ish, a. Resembling a rowdy in temper or conduct; characteristic of a rowdy.

Row´dy•ism , n. the conduct of a rowdy.

Rowed , a. Formed into a row, or rows; having a row, or rows; as a twelve-rowed ear of corn.

Row´el , n. [OF. roele, rouele, properly, a little wheel, F. rouelle collop, slice, LL. rotella a little wheel, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, and cf. Rota.] 1. The little wheel of a spur, with sharp points. “With sounding whip, and rowels dyed in blood.” Cowper. 2. A little flat ring or wheel on horses’ bits. “The iron rowels into frothy foam he bit.” Spenser. 3. (Far.) A roll of hair, silk, etc., passed through the flesh of horses, answering to a seton in human surgery.

Row´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roweled or Rowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roweling or Rowelling.] (Far.) To insert a rowel, or roll of hair or silk, into (as the flesh of a horse). Mortimer.

Row´el bone See rewel bone. [Obs.]

Row´en , n. [Cf. E. rough, OE. row, rowe.] [Called also rowet, rowett, rowings, roughings.] 1. A stubble field left unplowed till late in the autumn, that it may be cropped by cattle. “Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens till snow comes.” Mortimer. 2. The second growth of grass in a season; aftermath. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Row´er , n. One who rows with an oar.

Row´ett , n. See Rowen.

Row´lock (? colloq. ), n. [For oarlock; AS. rloc, where the second part is skin to G. loch a hole, E. lock a fastening. See Oar, and Lock.] (Naut.) A contrivance or arrangement serving as a fulcrum for an oar in rowing. It consists sometimes of a notch in the gunwale of a boat, sometimes of a pair of pins between which the oar rests on the edge of the gunwale, sometimes of a single pin passing through the oar, or of a metal fork or stirrup pivoted in the gunwale and suporting the oar.

Rown , v. i. & t. see Roun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Row´port , n. (Naut.) An opening in the side of small vessels of war, near the surface of the water, to facilitate rowing in calm weather.

Rox´burgh ( Scot. ), n. [From the third duke of Roxburgh (Scotland), a noted book collector who had his books so bound.] A style of bookbinding in which the back is plain leather, the sides paper or cloth, the top gilt-edged, but the front and bottom left uncut.

Roy (roi), n. [F. roi.] A king. [obs.]

Roy, a. Royal. [Obs.] Chapman.

Roy´al , a. [OE. roial, riall, real, OF. roial. reial, F. royal, fr. L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, king. See Rich, and cf. regal, real a coin, Rial.] 1. Kingly; pertaining to the crown or the sovereign; suitable for a king or queen; regal; as royal power or prerogative; royal domains; the royal family; royal state. 2. Noble; generous; magnificent; princely. “How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio?” Shak. 3. Under the patronage of royality; holding a charter granted by the sovereign; as the Royal Academy of Arts; the Royal Society. Battle royal. See under Battle. - - Royal bay (Bot.), the classic laurel (Laurus nobilis.) — Royal eagle. (Zoöl.) See Golden eagle, under Golden. — Royal fern (Bot.), the handsome fern Osmunda regalis. See Osmund. — Royal mast (Naut.), the mast next above the topgallant mast and usually the highest on a square-rigged vessel. The royal yard and royal sail are attached to the royal mast. — Royal metal, an old name for gold. — Royal palm (Bot.), a magnificent West Indian palm tree (Oreodoxa regia), lately discovered also in Florida. — Royal pheasant. See Curassow. — Royal purple, an intense violet color, verging toward blue. — Royal tern (Zoöl.), a large, crested American tern (Sterna maxima). — Royal tiger. (Zoöl.) See Tiger. — Royal touch, the touching of a diseased person by the hand of a king, with the view of restoring to health; — formerly extensively practiced, particularly for the scrofula, or king’s evil. Syn. — Kingly; regal; monarchical; imperial; kinglike; princely; august; majestic; superb; splendid; illustrious; noble; magnanimous.

Roy´al, n. 1. Printing and writing papers of particular sizes. See under paper, n. 2. (Naut.) A small sail immediately above the topgallant sail. Totten. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the upper or distal branches of an antler, as the third and fourth tynes of the antlers of a stag. 4. (Gun.) A small mortar. 5. (Mil.) One of the soldiers of the first regiment of foot of the British army, formerly called the Royals, and supposed to be the oldest regular corps in Europe; — now called the Royal Scots. 6. An old English coin. See Rial.

Roy´al•et , n. A petty or powerless king. [R.] “there were at this time two other royalets, as only kings by his leave.” Fuller.

Roy´al•ism , n. [Cf. F. royalisme.] the principles or conduct of royalists.

Roy´al•ist, n. [Cf. F. royaliste.] An adherent of a king (as of Charles I. in England, or of the Bourbons in france); one attached to monarchical government. “Where Ca’ndish fought, the Royalists prevailed.” Waller.

Roy•al•i•za´tion , n. The act of making loyal to a king. [R.] Saintsbury.

Roy´al•ize , v. t. to make royal. Shak.

Roy´al•ly , adv. In a royal or kingly manner; like a king; as becomes a king. “His body shall be royally interred.” Dryden.

Roy´al•ty , n.; pl. Royalties (#). [OF. roialte, royaulte, F. royaute. See Royal, and cf. Regality.] 1. The state of being royal; the condition or quality of a royal person; kingship; kingly office; sovereignty. “Royalty by birth was the sweetest way of majesty.” Holyday. 2. The person of a king or sovereign; majesty; as in the presence of royalty. “For thus his royalty doth speak.” Shak. 3. An emblem of royalty; — usually in the plural, meaning regalia. [Obs.] “Wherefore do I assume
These royalties, and not refuse to reign?” Milton. 4. Kingliness; spirit of regal authority. “In his royalty of nature
Reigns that which would be fear’d.” Shak. 5. Domain; province; sphere. Sir W. Scott. 6. That which is due to a sovereign, as a seigniorage on gold and silver coined at the mint, metals taken from mines, etc.; the tax exacted in lieu of such share; imperiality. 7. A share of the product or profit (as of a mine, forest, etc.), reserved by the owner for permitting another to use the property. 8. Hence (Com.), a duty paid by a manufacturer to the owner of a patent or a copyright at a certain rate for each article manufactured; or, a percentage paid to the owner of an article by one who hires the use of it.

Royne (roin), v. t. [F. rogner, OF. rooignier, to clip, pare, scare, fr. L. rotundus round See Rotund.] To bite; to gnaw. [Written also roin.] [Obs.] Spenser.

Royn´ish, a. [F. rogneux, from rogne scab, mange, itch.] Mangy; scabby; hence, mean; paltry; troublesome. [Written also roinish.] [Obs.] ´The roynish clown.´ Shak. { Roys´ter , Roys´ter•er }, n. same as Roister, Roisterer.

Roys´ton crow [So called from Royston, a town in England.] (Zoöl.) See Hooded crow, under Hooded.

Roy´te•let , n. [F. roitelet, dim. of roi king.] A little king. [Archaic] Heylin. Bancroft.

Roy´tish , a. [Prob. for riotish, from riot, like Scot. roytous for riotous.] Wild; irregular. [Obs.]

Rub , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubbed p. pr. & vb. n. Rubbing.] [Probably of Celtic origin; cf. W. rhwbiaw, gael. rub.] 1. To subject (a body) to the action of something moving over its surface with pressure and friction, especially to the action of something moving back and forth; as to rub the flesh with the hand; to rub wood with sandpaper. “It shall be expedient, after that body is cleaned, to rub the body with a coarse linen cloth.” Sir T. Elyot. 2. To move over the surface of (a body) with pressure and friction; to graze; to chafe; as the boat rubs the ground. 3. To cause (a body) to move with pressure and friction along a surface; as to rub the hand over the body. “Two bones rubbed hard against one another.” Arbuthnot. 4. To spread a substance thinly over; to smear. “The smoothed plank, …
New rubbed with balm.” Milton. 5. To scour; to burnish; to polish; to brighten; to cleanse; — often with up or over; as to rub up silver. “The whole business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced copy of the creation.” South. 6. To hinder; to cross; to thwart. [R.] “’T is the duke’s pleasure,
Whose disposition, all the world well knows,
Will not be rubbed nor stopped.” Shak. To rub down. (a) To clean by rubbing; to comb or curry; as to down a horse. (b) To reduce or remove by rubbing; as to rub down the rough points. — To rub off, to clean anything by rubbing; to separate by friction; as to rub off rust. — To rub out, to remove or separate by friction; to erase; to obliterate; as to rub out a mark or letter; to rub out a stain. — To rub up. (a) To burnish; to polish; to clean. (b) To excite; to awaken; to rouse to action; as to rub up the memory.

Rub, v. i. 1. To move along the surface of a body with pressure; to grate; as a wheel rubs against the gatepost. 2. To fret; to chafe; as to rub upon a sore. 3. To move or pass with difficulty; as to rub through woods, as huntsmen; to rub through the world. To rub along or on, to go on with difficulty; as they manage, with strict economy, to rub along. [Colloq.]

Rub, n. [Cf. W. rhwb. See Rub, v,t,] 1. The act of rubbing; friction. 2. That which rubs; that which tends to hinder or obstruct motion or progress; hindrance; obstruction, an impediment; especially, a difficulty or obstruction hard to overcome; a pinch. “Every rub is smoothed on our way.” Shak. “To sleep, perchance to dream; ay, there’s the rub.” Shak. “Upon this rub, the English ambassadors thought fit to demur.” Hayward. “One knows not, certainly, what other rubs might have been ordained for us by a wise Providence.” W. Besant. 3. Inequality of surface, as of the ground in the game of bowls; unevenness. Shak. 4. Something grating to the feelings; sarcasm; joke; as a hard rub. 5. Imperfection; failing; fault. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 6. A chance. [Obs.] “Flight shall leave no Greek a rub.” Chapman. 7. A stone, commonly flat, used to sharpen cutting tools; a whetstone; — called also rubstone. Rub iron, an iron guard on a wagon body, against which a wheel rubs when cramped too much.

Rub´a-dub , n. The sound of a drum when continuously beaten; hence, a clamorous, repeated sound; a clatter. “The rubadub of the abolition presses.” D. Webster.

Ru•ba´to , a. [It.] Robbed; borrowed. Temple rubato. [It.] (Mus.) Borrowed time; — a term applied to a style of performance in which some tones are held longer than their legitimate time, while others are proportionally curtailed.

Rub´bage ( 48), n. Rubbish. [Obs.]

Rub´ber , n. 1. One who, or that which, rubs. Specifically: (a) An instrument or thing used in rubbing, polishing, or cleaning. (b) A coarse file, or the rough part of a file. (c) A whetstone; a rubstone. (d) An eraser, usually made of caoutchouc. (e) The cushion of an electrical machine. (f) One who performs massage, especially in a Turkish bath. (g) Something that chafes or annoys; hence, something that grates on the feelings; a sarcasm; a rub. Thackeray. 2. In some games, as whist, the odd game, as the third or the fifth, when there is a tie between the players; as to play the rubber; also a contest determined by the winning of two out of three games; as to play a rubber of whist. Beaconsfield. ´A rubber of cribbage.´ Dickens. 3. India rubber; caoutchouc. 4. An overshoe made of India rubber. [Colloq.] Antimony rubber, an elastic durable variety of vulcanized caoutchouc of a red color. It contains antimony sulphide as an important constituent. — Hard rubber, a kind of vulcanized caoutchouc which nearly resembles horn in texture, rigidity, etc. — India rubber, caoutchouc. See Caoutchouc. — Rubber cloth, cloth covered with caoutchouc for excluding water or moisture. — Rubber dam (Dentistry), a shield of thin sheet rubber clasped around a tooth to exclude saliva from the tooth.

Rub´bidge , n. Rubbish. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Rub´bing, a. & n. from Rub, v.

Rub´bish , n. [OE. robows, robeux, rubble, originally an Old French plural from an assumed dim. of robe, probably in the sense of trash; cf. It. robaccia trash, roba stuff, goods, wares, robe. Thus, etymologically rubbish is the pl. of rubble. See Robe, and cf. Rubble.] Waste or rejected matter; anything worthless; valueless stuff; trash; especially, fragments of building materials or fallen buildings; ruins; debris. “What rubbish and what offal!” Shak. “he saw the town’s one half in rubbish lie.” Dryden. Rubbish pulley. See Gin block, under Gin.

Rub´bish , a. Of or pertaining to rubbish; of the quality of rubbish; trashy. De Quincey.

Rub´ble , n. [From an assumed Old French dim. of robe See Rubbish.] 1. Water-worn or rough broken stones; broken bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or to fill up between the facing courses of walls. “Inside [the wall] there was rubble or mortar.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 2. Rough stone as it comes from the quarry; also a quarryman’s term for the upper fragmentary and decomposed portion of a mass of stone; brash. Brande & C. 3. (Geol.) A mass or stratum of fragments or rock lying under the alluvium, and derived from the neighboring rock. Lyell. 4. pl. The whole of the bran of wheat before it is sorted into pollard, bran, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Simmonds. Coursed rubble, rubble masonry in which courses are formed by leveling off the work at certain heights.

Rub´ble•stone , n. See Rubble, 1 and 2.

Rub´ble•work , n. Masonry constructed of unsquared stones that are irregular in size and shape.

Rub´bly , a. Relating to, or containing, rubble.

Ru•bed´i•nous , a. [L. rubedo redness, fr. rubere to be red.] Reddish. [R.] M. Stuart.

Ru•be•fa´cient , a. [L. rubefaciens, p. pr. of rubefacere to make red; rubere to be red + facere to make.] Making red. — n. (Med.) An external application which produces redness of the skin.

Ru•be•fac´tion , n. The act or process of making red.

Ru´be•let (ru´be•let), n. A little ruby. Herrick.

Ru•bel´la , n. [NL., fr. L. rubellus reddish.] (Med.) An acute specific disease with a dusky red cutaneous eruption resembling that of measles, but unattended by catarrhal symptoms; — called also German measles.

Ru•belle´ , n. [L. rubellus reddish.] A red color used in enameling. Weale.

Ru´bel•lite , n. [L. rubellus reddish, dim. of ruber red.] (Min.) A variety of tourmaline varying in color from a pale rose to a deep ruby, and containing lithium.

Ru•be´o•la , n. [NL., fr. L. ruber red.] (Med.) (a) the measles. (b) Rubella.

Ru•ber•y•thrin´ic , a. [L. ruber red + erythrin.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid extracted from madder root. It is a yellow crystalline substance from which alizarin is obtained.

Ru•bes´cence , n. The quality or state of being rubescent; a reddening; a flush.

Ru•bes´cent , a. [L. rubescens, -entis, p. pr. of rubescere to grow red, v. incho from rubere to be red: cf. F. rubescent. See Ruby.] Growing or becoming red; tending to redness.

Ru•bi•a´ceous , a. [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of plants (Rubiaceae) named after the madder (Rubia tinctoria), and including about three hundred and seventy genera and over four thousand species. Among them are the coffee tree, the trees yielding peruvian bark and quinine, the madder, the quaker ladies, and the trees bearing the edible fruits called genipap and Sierre Leone peach, besides many plants noted for the beauty or the fragrance of their blossoms.

Ru´bi•a•cin , n. [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem) A substance found in madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid.

Ru´bi•an , n. [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem.) One of several color-producing glycosides found in madder root.

Ru•bi•an´ic , a. (Chem.) pertaining to, or derived from, rubian; specifically, designating an acid called also ruberythrinic acid. [Obs.]

Ru´ bi•ble , n. A ribble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ru´bi•can , a. [F.] Colored a prevailing red, bay, or black, with flecks of white or gray especially on the flanks; — said of horses. Smart.

Ru´bi•celle , n. [Cf. F. rubacelle, rubicelle, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish.] (Min.) A variety of ruby of a yellowish red color, from Brazil.

Ru´bi•con , n. (Anc. geog.) A small river which separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, the province alloted to Julius Caesar. By leading an army across this river, contrary to the prohibition of the civil government at Rome, Caesar precipitated the civil war which resulted in the death of Pompey and the overthrow of the senate; hence, the phrase to pass or cross the Rubicon signifies to take the decisive step by which one is committed to a hazardous enterprise from which there is no retreat.

Ru´bi•cund , a. [L. rubicundus, fr. rubere to be red, akin to ruber red. See Red.] Inclining to redness; ruddy; red. ´His rubicund face.´ Longfellow.

Ru•bi•cun´di•ty , n. [LL. rubicunditas.] The quality or state of being rubicund; ruddiness. “To parade your rubicundity and gray hairs.” Walpole.

Ru•bid´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to rubidium; containing rubidium.

Ru´bi•dine , n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous base homologous with pyridine, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H17N; also any one of the group od metameric compounds of which rubidine is the type.

Ru•bid´i•um , n. [NL., fr. L. rubidus red, fr. rubere to be red. So called from two dark red spectroscopic lines by means of which it was discovered in the lepidolite from Rozena, Moravia. See Rubicund.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element. It occurs quite widely, but in small quantities, and always combined. It is isolated as a soft yellowish white metal, analogous to potassium in most of its properties. Symbol Rb. Atomic weight, 85.2.

Ru•bif´ic , a. [L. ruber red + facere to make.] Making red; as rubific rays. Grew.

Ru•bi•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. rubification.] The act of making red. Howell.

Ru´bi•form , a. [L. ruber red + -form.] Having the nature or quality of red; as the rubiform rays of the sun. [R.] Sir I. newton.

Ru´bi•fy , v. t. [Cf. F. rubefier. See Rubific.] To redden. [R.] ´Waters rubifying.´ Chaucer. { Ru•big´i•nose• , Ru•big´i•nous }, a. [L. rubiginosus, fr. rubigo, robigo, rust: cf. F. rubigineux.] (Bot.) Having the appearance or color of iron rust; rusty- looking.

Ru•bi´go , n. [L. rubigo, robigo, rust of metals, rust, blight.] (bot.) same as Rust, n., 2.

Ru´bin , n. [Cf. LL. rubinus, It. rubino. See Ruby.] A ruby. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ru´bi•ous , a. [L. rubeus, fr. rubere to be red. See Rouge.] Red; ruddy. [Obs.] Shak.

Ru•bi•re´tin , n. [Rubian + Gr. resin.] (Chem.) One of the red dye products extracted from madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid.

Ru´ble , n. [Russ. ruble.] The unit of monetary value in Russia. It is divided into 100 copecks, and in the gold coin of the realm (as in the five and ten ruble pieces) is worth about 77 cents. The silver ruble is a coin worth about 60 cents. [Written also rouble.]

Ru´bric , n. [OE. rubriche, OF. rubriche, F. rubrique ( cf. it. rubrica), fr. L. rubrica red earth for coloring, red chalk, the title of a law (because written in red), fr. ruber red. See red.] That part of any work in the early manuscripts and typography which was colored red, to distinguish it from other portions. Hence, specifically: (a) A titlepage, or part of it, especially that giving the date and place of printing; also the initial letters, etc., when printed in red. (b) (Law books) The title of a statute; — so called as being anciently written in red letters. Bell. (c) (Liturgies) The directions and rules for the conduct of service, formerly written or printed in red; hence, also an ecclesiastical or episcopal injunction; — usually in the plural. “All the clergy in England solemnly pledge themselves to observe the rubrics.” Hook. (d) Hence, that which is established or settled, as by authority; a thing definitely settled or fixed. Cowper. “Nay, as a duty, it had no place or rubric in human conceptions before Christianity.” De Quincey.

Ru´bric, v. t. To adorn ith red; to redden; to rubricate. [R.] Johnson. { Ru´bric , Ru´bric•al }, a. 1. Colored in, or marked with, red; placed in rubrics. “What though my name stood rubric on the walls
Or plaistered posts, with claps, in capitals?” Pope. 2. Of or pertaining to the rubric or rubrics. ´Rubrical eccentricities.´ C. Kingsley.

Ru´bri•cate , a. [L. rubricatus p. p. of rubricare to color red. See Rubric, n.] Marked with red. Splmman.

Ru´bri•cate , v. t. To mark or distinguished with red; to arrange as in a rubric; to establish in a settled and unchangeable form. Foxe. “A system … according to which the thoughts of men were to be classed and rubricated forever after.” Hare. { Ru•bri´cian , Ru´bri•cist }, n. One skilled in, or tenaciously adhering to, the rubric or rubrics.

Ru•bric´i•ty , n. Redness. [R.]

Rub´stone , n. A stone for scouring or rubbing; a whetstone; a rub.

Ru´bus , n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of rosaceous plants, including the raspberry and blackberry.

Ru´by , n.; pl. Rubies (#). [F. rubis (cf. Pr. robi), LL. rubinus, robinus, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish, akin to ruber. See Rouge, red.] 1. (Min.) A precious stone of a carmine red color, sometimes verging to violet, or intermediate between carmine and hyacinth red. It is a red crystallized variety of corundum. Besides the true or Oriental ruby above defined, there are the balas ruby, or ruby spinel, a red variety of spinel, and the rock ruby, a red variety of garnet. “Of rubies, sapphires, and pearles white.” Chaucer. 2. The color of a ruby; carmine red; a red tint. “The natural ruby of your cheeks.” Shak. 3. That which has the color of the ruby, as red wine. Hence, a red blain or carbuncle. 4. (Print.) See Agate, n., 2. [Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) Any species of South American humming birds of the genus Clytolaema. The males have a ruby-colored throat or breast. Ruby of arsenic, Ruby of sulphur (Chem.), a glassy substance of a red color and a variable composition, but always consisting chiefly of the disulphide of arsenic; — called also ruby sulphur. — Ruby of zinc (Min.), zinc sulphide; the mineral zinc blende or sphalerite. — Ruby silver (Min.), red silver. See under Red.

Ru´by, a. Ruby-colored; red; as ruby lips.

Ru´by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubied p. pr. & vb. n. Rubying.] To make red; to redden. [R.] Pope.

Ru´by•tail , n. (Zoöl.) A European gold wasp (Chrysis ignita) which has the under side of the abdomen bright red, and the other parts deep bluish green with a metallic luster. The larva is parasitic in the nests of other wasps and of bees.

Ru´by-tailed , a. Having the tail, or lower part of the body, bright red.

Ru´by•throat , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of humming birds belonging to Trochilus, Calypte, Stellula, and allies, in which the male has on the throat a brilliant patch of red feathers having metallic reflections; esp., the common humming bird of the Eastern United States (Trochilus colubris).

Ru´by•wood , n. red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood.

Ru•cer´vine , a. [NL. Rucervus, the genus, fr. NL. Rusa a certain genus of deer (Malay rsa deer) + Cervus.] (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rucervus, which includes the swamp deer of India.

Ruche , n. [F. ruche ruche, beehive, OF. rusche a beehive, which was formerly made of the bark of trees; cf. W. rhisg, rhisgl, bark, gael. rusg bark, rind.] 1. A plaited, quilled, or goffered strip of lace, net, ribbon, or other material, — used in place of collars or cuffs, and as a trimming for women’s dresses and bonnets. [Written also rouche.] 2. A pile of arched tiles, used to catch and retain oyster spawn.

Ruch´ing, n. A ruche, or ruches collectively.

Ruck , n. A roc. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Drayton.

Ruck, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rucked p. pr. & vb. n. Rucking.] [Icel hrukkast to wrinkle, hrukka wrinkle, fold.] To draw into wrinkles or unsightly folds; to crease; as to ruck up a carpet. Smart.

Ruck, n. [Icel. hrukka. Cf. Ruck, v. t.] A wrinkle or crease in a piece of cloth, or in needlework.

Ruck, v. i. [Cf. Dan. ruge to brood, to hatch.] To cower; to huddle together; to squat; to sit, as a hen on eggs. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower. South. “The sheep that rouketh in the fold.” Chaucer.

Ruck, n. [Cf. Ruck.] 1. A heap; a rick. [Prov Eng. & Scot.] 2. The common sort, whether persons or things; as the ruck in a horse race. [Colloq.] “The ruck in society as a whole.” Lond. Sat. Rev.

Ruc•ta´tion , n. [L. ructatio, fr. ructare to belch: cf. F. ructation.] The act of belching wind.

Ruc´tion , n. An uproar; a quarrel; a noisy outbreak. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Rud , n. [AS. rudu, akin to reád red. rad.113. See Red, and cf. Ruddy.] 1. Redness; blush. [Obs.] 2. Ruddle; red ocher. 3. (Zoöl.) The rudd.

Rud, v. t. To make red. [Obs.] Spenser.

Rudd , n. [See Rud, n.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water European fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus). It is about the size and shape of the roach, but it has the dorsal fin farther back, a stouter body, and red irises. Called also redeye, roud, finscale, and shallow. A blue variety is called azurine, or blue roach.

Rud´der , n. A riddle or sieve. [Prov. Eng.]

Rud´der , n. [OE. rother, AS. roðer a paddle; akin to D. roer rudder, oar, G. ruder, OHG. roadar, Sw. roder, ror, Dan. roer, ror. rad. 8. See Row to propel with an oar, and cf. Rother. ] 1. (Naut.) The mechanical appliance by means of which a vessel is guided or steered when in motion. It is a broad and flat blade made of wood or iron, with a long shank, and is fastened in an upright position, usually by one edge, to the sternpost of the vessel in such a way that it can be turned from side to side in the water by means of a tiller, wheel, or other attachment. 2. Fig.: That which resembles a rudder as a guide or governor; that which guides or governs the course. “For rhyme the rudder is of verses.” Hudibras. Balance rudder (Naut.), a rudder pivoted near the middle instead of at the edge, — common on sharpies. — Drop rudder (Naut.), a rudder extending below the keel so as to be more effective in steering. — Rudder chain (Naut.), one of the loose chains or ropes which fasten the rudder to the quarters to prevent its loss in case it gets unshipped, and for operating it in case the tiller or the wheel is broken. — Rudder coat (Naut.), a covering of tarred canvas used to prevent water from entering the rudderhole. — Rudder fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The pilot fish. (b) The amber fish (Seriola zonata), which is bluish having six broad black bands. (c) A plain greenish black American fish (Leirus perciformis); — called also black rudder fish, logfish, and barrel fish. The name is also applied to other fishes which follow vessels. — Rudder pendants (Naut.), ropes connected with the rudder chains.

Rud´der•head , n. (Naut.) The upper end of the rudderpost, to which the tiller is attached.

Rud´der•hole , n. (Naut.) The hole in the deck through which the rudderpost passes.

Rud´der•less, a. Without a rudder.

Rud´der•post , n. (Naut.) The shank of a rudder, having the blade at one end and the attachments for operating it at the other.

Rud´der•stock , n. (Naut.) The main part or blade of the rudder, which is connected by hinges, or the like, with the sternpost of a vessel.

Rud´died , a. Made ruddy or red.

Rud´di•ly , adv. In a ruddy manner. Byron.

Rud´di•ness, n. The quality or state of being ruddy; as the ruddiness of the cheeks or the sky.

Rud´dle , v. t. To raddle or twist. [Obs.]

Rud´dle, n. A riddle or sieve. [Obs.] Holland.

Rud´dle, n. [See Rud; cf. Reddle.] (Min.) A species of red earth colored by iron sesquioxide; red ocher.

Rud´dle, v. t. To mark with ruddle; to raddle; to rouge. ´Their ruddled cheeks.´ Thackeray. “A fair sheep newly ruddled.” Lady M. W. Montagu.

Rud´dock , n. [AS. ruddic; cf. W. rhuddog the redbreast. rad.113. See Rud, n.] [Written also raddock.] 1. (Zoöl.) The European robin. ´The tame ruddock and the coward kite.´ Chaucer. 2. A piece of gold money; — probably because the gold of coins was often reddened by copper alloy. Called also red ruddock, and golden ruddock. [Obs.] “Great pieces of gold … red ruddocks.” Florio.

Rud´dy , a. [Compar. Ruddier superl. Ruddiest.] [AS. rudig. See Rud, n.] 1. Of a red color; red, or reddish; as a ruddy sky; a ruddy flame. Milton. “They were more ruddy in body than rubies.” Lam. iv. 7. 2. Of a lively flesh color, or the color of the human skin in high health; as ruddy cheeks or lips. Dryden. Ruddy duck (Zoöl.), an American duck (Erismatura rubida) having a broad bill and a wedge-shaped tail composed of stiff, sharp feathers. The adult male is rich brownish red on the back, sides, and neck, black on the top of the head, nape, wings, and tail, and white on the cheeks. The female and young male are dull brown mixed with blackish on the back; grayish below. Called also dunbird, dundiver, ruddy diver, stifftail, spinetail, hardhead, sleepy duck, fool duck, spoonbill, etc. — Ruddy plover (Zoöl.) the sanderling.

Rud´dy, v. t. To make ruddy. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Rude , a. [Compar. Ruder superl. Rudest.] [F., fr. L. rudis.] 1. Characterized by roughness; umpolished; raw; lacking delicacy or refinement; coarse. “Such gardening tools as art, yet rude, … had formed.” Milton. 2. Hence, specifically: (a) Unformed by taste or skill; not nicely finished; not smoothed or polished; — said especially of material things; as rude workmanship. ´Rude was the cloth.´ Chaucer. “Rude and unpolished stones.” Bp. Stillingfleet. “The heaven-born child
All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies.” Milton. (b) Of untaught manners; unpolished; of low rank; uncivil; clownish; ignorant; raw; unskillful; — said of persons, or of conduct, skill, and the like. ´Mine ancestors were rude.´ Chaucer. “He was but rude in the profession of arms.” Sir H. Wotton. “the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.” Gray. (c) Violent; tumultuous; boisterous; inclement; harsh; severe; — said of the weather, of storms, and the like; as the rude winter. “[Clouds] pushed with winds, rude in their shock.” Milton. “The rude agitation [of water] breaks it into foam.” Boyle. (d) Barbarous; fierce; bloody; impetuous; — said of war, conflict, and the like; as the rude shock of armies. (e) Not finished or complete; inelegant; lacking chasteness or elegance; not in good taste; unsatisfactory in mode of treatment; — said of literature, language, style, and the like. ´The rude Irish books.´ Spenser. “Rude am I in my speech.” Shak. “Unblemished by my rude translation.” Dryden. Syn. — Impertinent; rough; uneven; shapeless; unfashioned; rugged; artless; unpolished; uncouth; inelegant; rustic; coarse; vulgar; clownish; raw; unskillful; untaught; illiterate; ignorant; uncivil; impolite; saucy; impudent; insolent; surly; currish; churlish; brutal; uncivilized; barbarous; savage; violent; fierce; tumultuous; turbulent; impetuous; boisterous; harsh; inclement; severe. See Impertiment. — Rude´ly (#), adv. — Rude´ness, n.

Ru´den•ture ( 135), n. [F., fr. L. rudens a rope.] (Arch.) Cabling. See Cabling. gwilt.

Ru´de•ra•ry , a. [L. ruderarius, fr. rudus, ruderis, stones crushed and mixed with lime, old rubbish.] Of or pertaining to rubbish.. [Obs.] Bailey.

Rudes´by , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] An uncivil, turbulent fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

Rü´des•heim•er , n. A German wine made near Rüdesheim, on the Rhine.

Ru´di•ment , n. [L. rudimentum, fr. rudis unwrought, ignorant, rude: cf. F. rudiment. See Rude.] 1. That which is unformed or undeveloped; the principle which lies at the bottom of any development; an unfinished beginning. “but I will bring thee where thou soon shalt quit
Those rudiments, and see before thine eyes
The monarchies of the earth.” Milton. “the single leaf is the rudiment of beauty in landscape.” I. Taylor. 2. Hence, an element or first principle of any art or science; a beginning of any knowledge; a first step. “This boy is forest-born,
And hath been tutored in the rudiments
of many desperate studies.” Shak. “There he shall first lay down the rudiments
Of his great warfare.” Milton. 3. (Biol.) An imperfect organ or part, or one which is never developed.

Ru´di•ment, v. t. To furnish with first principles or rules; to insrtuct in the rudiments. Gayton.

Ru•di•men´tal , a. Rudimentary. Addison.

Ru•di•men´ta•ry , a. [Cf. F. rudimentaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to rudiments; consisting in first principles; elementary; initial; as rudimental essays. 2. (Biol.) Very imperfectly developed; in an early stage of development; embryonic.

Rud´ish , a. Somewhat rude. Foote.

Ru•dis´tes , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. rudis rough.] (Paleon.) An extinct order or suborder of bivalve mollusks characteristic of the Cretaceous period; — called also Rudista. See Illust. under Hippurite.

Ru´di•ty , n. [L. ruditas ignorance, fr. rudis rude, illiterate.] Rudeness; ignorance. [R.]

Rud´mas•day , n. [See Rood, Mass, Day.] (R.C.Ch.) Either of the feasts of the Holy Cross, occuring on May 3 and September 14, annually.

Ru•dolph´ine , a. Pertaining to, or designating, a set of astronomical tables computed by Kepler, and founded on the observations of Tycho Brahe; — so named from Rudolph II., emperor of Germany.

Rue , n. [F. rue, L. ruta, akin to Gr. ; cf. AS. rde.] 1. (Bot.) A perennial suffrutescent plant (Ruta graveolens), having a strong, heavy odor and a bitter taste; herb of grace. It is used in medicine. “Then purged with euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve, for he had much to see.” Milton. “They [the exorcists] are to try the devil by holy water, incense, sulphur, rue, which from thence, as we suppose, came to be called herb of grace.” Jer. Taylor. 2. Fig.: Bitterness; disappointment; grief; regret. Goat’s rue. See under Goat. — Rue anemone, a pretty springtime flower (Thalictrum anemonides) common in the United States. — Wall rue, a little fern (Asplenium Ruta- muraria) common on walls in Europe.

Rue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rued p. pr. & vb. n. Ruing.] [OE. rewen, reouwen, to grive, make sorry, AS. hreówan; akin to OS. hrewan, D. rouwen, OHG. hriuwan, G. reun, Icel. hruggr grieved, hrugð sorrow. rad. 18. Cf. Ruth.] 1. To lament; to regret extremely; to grieve for or over. Chaucer. “I wept to see, and rued it from my heart.” Chapmen. “Thy will
Chose freely what it now so justly rues.” Milton. 2. To cause to grieve; to afflict. [Obs.] ´God wot, it rueth me.´ Chaucer. 3. To repent of, and withdraw from, as a bargain; to get released from. [Prov. Eng.]

Rue, v. i. 1. To have compassion. [Obs.] “God so wisly [i. e., truly] on my soul rue.” Chaucer. “Which stirred men’s hearts to rue upon them.” Ridley. 2. To feel sorrow and regret; to repent. “Work by counsel and thou shalt not rue.” Chaucer. “Old year, we’ll dearly rue for you.” Tennyson.

Rue, n. [AS. hreów. See Rue, v. t.] Sorrow; repetance. [Obs.] Shak.

Rue´ful , a. 1. Causing one to rue or lament; woeful; mournful; sorrowful. 2. Expressing sorrow. ´Rueful faces.´ Dryden. “Two rueful figures, with long black cloaks.” Sir W. Scott. — Rue´ful•ly, adv. — Rue´ful•ness, n.

Ru´ell bone See rewel bone. [Obs.]

Ru•elle´ , n. [F. ruelle a narrow street, a lan, ruelle, fr. rue a street.] A private circle or assembly at a private house; a circle. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ru•fes´cent , a. [L. rufescens, p. pr. of rufescere to become reddish, fr. rufus red: cf. F. rufescent.] Reddish; tinged with red.

Ruff , n. [F. ronfle; cf. It. ronfa, Pg. rufa, rifa.] (Card Playing) (a) A game similar to whist, and the predecessor of it. Nares. (b) The act of trumping, especially when one has no card of the suit led.

Ruff, v. i. & t. (Card Playing) To trump.

Ruff, n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. Icel. rfinn rough, uncombed, Pr. ruf rude, rough, Sp. rufo frizzed, crisp, curled, G. raufen to pluck, fight, rupfen to pluck, pull, E. rough. rad.18. Cf. Ruffle to wrinkle.] 1. A muslin or linen collar plaited, crimped, or fluted, worn formerly by both sexes, now only by women and children. “Here to-morrow with his best ruff on.” Shak. “His gravity is much lessened since the late proclamation came out against ruffs; … they were come to that height of excess herein, that twenty shillings were used to be paid for starching of a ruff.” Howell. 2. Something formed with plaits or flutings, like the collar of this name. “I reared this flower; …
Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread.” Pope. 3. An exhibition of pride or haughtiness. “How many princes … in the ruff of all their glory, have been taken down from the head of a conquering army to the wheel of the victor’s chariot!” L’Estrange. 4. Wanton or tumultuous procedure or conduct. [Obs.] “To ruffle it out in a riotous ruff.” Latimer. 5. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; a ruffle. 6. (Mach.) A collar on a shaft ot other piece to prevent endwise motion. See Illust. of Collar. 7. (Zoöl.) A set of lengthened or otherwise modified feathers round, or on, the neck of a bird. 8. (Zoöl.) (a) A limicoline bird of Europe and Asia (Pavoncella, or Philommachus, pugnax) allied to the sandpipers. The males during the breeding season have a large ruff of erectile feathers, variable in their colors, on the neck, and yellowish naked tubercles on the face. They are polygamous, and are noted for their pugnacity in the breeding season. The female is called reeve, or rheeve. (b) A variety of the domestic pigeon, having a ruff of its neck.

Ruff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffed p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffing.] 1. To ruffle; to disorder. Spenser. 2. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum. 3. (Hawking) To hit, as the prey, without fixing it. { Ruff , Ruffe } , n. [OE. ruffe.] (Zoöl.) A small freshwater European perch (Acerina vulgaris); — called also pope, blacktail, and stone, or striped, perch.

Ruffed , a. Furnished with a ruff. Ruffed grouse (Zoöl.), a North American grouse (Bonasa umbellus) common in the wooded districts of the Northern United States. The male has a ruff of brown or black feathers on each side of the neck, and is noted for the loud drumming sound he makes during the breeding season. Called also tippet grouse, partridge, birch partridge, pheasant, drummer, and white-flesher. — ruffed lemur (Zoöl.), a species of lemur (lemur varius) having a conspicuous ruff on the sides of the head. Its color is varied with black and white. Called also ruffed maucaco.

Ruf´fian (? or 277), n. [F. rufien, OF. ruffen, ruffian, pimp. libertine, ake; cf. pr. & Sp. rufian, It. ruffiano; all perhaps of German or Dutch origin; cf. G. raufen to pluck, scuffle, fight, OD. roffen to pander. Cf. Ruffle to grow urbulent.] 1. A pimp; a pander; also a paramour. [Obs.] “he [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, reveling with her ruffians.” Bp. Reynolds. 2. A boisterous, cruel, brutal fellow; a desperate fellow ready for murderous or cruel deeds; a cutthroat. “Wilt thou on thy deathbed play the ruffian?” Shak.

Ruf´fian, a. brutal; cruel; savagely boisterous; murderous; as ruffian rage.

Ruf´fian, v. i. To play the ruffian; to rage; to raise tumult. [R.] Shak.

Ruf´fian•age , n. Ruffians, collectively; a body of ruffians. ´The vilest ruffianage.´ Sir F. Palgrave.

Ruf´fian•ish, a. Having the qualities or manners of a ruffian; ruffianly.

Ruf´fian•like , a. Ruffianly. Fulke.

Ruf´fian•ly, a. Like a ruffian; bold in crimes; characteristic of a ruffian; violent; brutal.

Ruf´fian•ous , a. Ruffianly. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ruf´fin , a. [See Ruffian.] Disordered. [Obs.] “His ruffin rainment all was stained with blood.” Spenser.

Ruf´fle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffled p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffling ] [From Ruff a plaited collar, a drum beat, a tumult: cf. OD. ruyffelen to wrinkle.] 1. To make into a ruff; to draw or contract into puckers, plaits, or folds; to wrinkle. 2. To furnish with ruffles; as to ruffle a shirt. 3. To oughen or disturb the surface of; to make uneven by agitation or commotion. “The fantastic revelries … that so often ruffled the placid bosom of the Nile.” I. Taylor. “She smoothed the ruffled seas.” Dryden. 4. To erect in a ruff, as feathers. “[the swan] ruffles her pure cold plume.” Tennyson. 5. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum. 6. To discompose; to agitate; to disturb. “These ruffle the tranquillity of the mind.” Sir W. Hamilton. “But, ever after, the small violence done
Rankled in him and ruffled all his heart.” Tennyson. 7. To throw into disorder or confusion. “Where best
He might the ruffled foe infest.” Hudibras. 8. To throw together in a disorderly manner. [R.] “I ruffled up falen leaves in heap.” Chapman To ruffle the feathers of, to exite the resentment of; to irritate.

Ruf´fle , v. i. [Perhaps of different origin from ruffle to wrinkle; cf. OD. roffeln, roffen, to pander, LG. raffein, Dan. ruffer a pimp. Cf. Rufflan.] 1. To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent. [R.] “The night comes on, and the bleak winds
Do sorely ruffle.” Shak. 2. To become disordered; to play loosely; to flutter. “On his right shoulder his thick mane reclined,
Ruffles at speed, and dances in the wind.” Dryden. 3. To be rough; to jar; to be in contention; hence, to put on airs; to swagger. “They would ruffle with jurors.” Bacon. “Gallants who ruffled in silk and embroidery.” Sir W. Scott.

Ruf´fle, n. [See Ruffle, v. t. & i.] 1. That which is ruffled; specifically, a strip of lace, cambric, or other fine cloth, plaited or gathered on one edge or in the middle, and used as a trimming; a frill. 2. A state of being ruffled or disturbed; disturbance; agitation; commotion; as to put the mind in a ruffle. 3. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; — called also ruff. H. L. Scott. 4. (Zoöl.) The connected series of large egg capsules, or oöthecae, of any one of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur. See Oötheca. Ruffle of a boot, the top turned down, and scalloped or plaited. Halliwell.

Ruf´fle•less, a. Having no ruffle.

Ruf´fle•ment , n. The act of ruffling. [R.]

Ruf´fler , n. 1. One who ruffles; a swaggerer; a bully; a ruffian. “Assaults, if not murders, done at his own doors by that crew of rufflers.” Milton. 2. That which ruffles; specifically, a sewing machine attachment for making ruffles.

Ru•fi•gal´lic , a. [Rufiopin + gallic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is obtained from gallic acid as a brown or red crystalline substance, and is related to rufiopin and anthracene.

Ru•fi•o´pin , n. [L. rufus reddish + opianic.] (Chem.) A yellowish red crystalline substance related to anthracene, and obtained from opianic acid.

Ru´fol , n. [L. rufus reddish + -ol.] (Chem.) A phenol derivative of anthracene obtained as a white crystalline substance, which on oxidation produces a red dyestuff related to anthraquinone.

Ru´fous , a. [L. rufus.] Reddish; of a yellowish red or brownish red color; tawny.

Ruft , n. (Med.) Eructation; belching. [Obs.]

Ruf´ter•hood , n. [Cf. Ruff a plaited collar.] (Falconry) A kind of hood for a hawk.

Rug , n. [Cf. Sw. rugg entanglend hair, ruggig rugged, shaggy, probably akin to E. rough. See Rough, a.] 1. A kind of coarse, heavy frieze, formerly used for garments. “They spin the choicest rug in Ireland. A friend of mine … repaired to Paris Garden clad in one of these Waterford rugs. The mastiffs, … deeming he had been a bear, would fain have baited him.” Holinshed. 2. A piece of thick, nappy fabric, commonly made of wool, — used for various purposes, as for covering and ornamenting part of a bare floor, for hanging in a doorway as a potière, for protecting a portion of carpet, for a wrap to protect the legs from cold, etc. 3. A rough, woolly, or shaggy dog. Rug gown, a gown made of rug, of or coarse, shaggy cloth. B. Johnson.

Rug, v. t. To pull roughly or hastily; to plunder; to spoil; to tear. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Ru´ga , n.; pl. Rugae (#). [L.] (Nat. Hist.) A wrinkle; a fold; as the rugae of the stomach.

Ru´gate , a. [L. rugatus, p. p. of rugare to wrinkle, fr. ruga a wrinkle.] Having alternate ridges and depressions; wrinkled. Dana.

Rug´ged , a. [See Rug, n.] 1. Full of asperities on the surface; broken into sharp or irregular points, or otherwise uneven; not smooth; rough; as a rugged mountain; a rugged road. “The rugged bark of some broad elm.” Milton. 2. Not neat or regular; uneven. “His well-proportioned beard made rough and rugged.” Shak. 3. Rough with bristles or hair; shaggy. ´The rugged Russian bear.´ Shak. 4. Harsh; hard; crabbed; austere; — said of temper, character, and the like, or of persons. “Neither melt nor endear him, but leave him as hard, rugged, and unconcerned as ever.” South. 5. Stormy; turbulent; tempestuous; rude. Milton. 6. Rough to the ear; harsh; grating; — said of sound, style, and the like. “Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line.” Dryden. 7. Sour; surly; frowning; wrinkled; — said of looks, etc. ´Sleek o’er your rugged looks.´ Shak. 8. Violent; rude; boisterrous; — said of conduct, manners, etc. 9. Vigorous; robust; hardy; — said of health, physique, etc. [Colloq. U.S.] Syn. — Rough; uneven; wrinkled; cragged; coarse; rude; harsh; hard; crabbed; severe; austere; surly; sour; frowning; violent; boisterous; tumultuous; turbulent; stormy; tempestuous; inclement. — Rug´ged•ly (#), adv. — Rug´ged•ness, n.

Rug´ging , n. A coarse kind of woolen cloth, used for wrapping, blanketing, etc.

Rug´-gowned , a. Wearing a coarse gown or shaggy garment made of rug. Beau. & Fl.

Rug´gy , a. Rugged; rough. [Obs.] ´With ruggy, ashy hairs.´ Chaucer.

Rug´-head•ed , a. Having shaggy hair; shock-headed. [Obs.] “Those rough rug-headed kerns.” Shak.

Rug´in , n. A nappy cloth. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Ru´gine , n. [F.] (Surg.) An instrument for scraping the periosteum from bones; a raspatory.

Ru´gine, v. t. [F. ruginer to scrape.] To scrape or rasp, as a bone; to scale. [R.] Wiseman.

Ru•go´sa , n. pl. [NL. See Rugose.] (Paleon.) An extinct tribe of fossil corals, including numerous species, many of them of large size. They are characteristic of the Paleozoic formations. The radiating septs, when present, are usually in multiples of four. See Cyathophylloid.

Ru•gose´ , a. [L. rugosus, r. ruga a wrinkle.] Wrinkled; full of wrinkles; specifically (Bot.), having the veinlets sunken and the spaces between them elevated, as the leaves of the sage and horehound.

Ru•gos´i•ty , n. [L. rugositas: cf. F. rugosite.] The quality or state of being rugose.

Ru´gous , a. [Cf. F. rugueux.] Wrinkled; rugose.

Ru•gu•lose´ , a. Somewhat rugose.

Ruhm´korff’s coil [So called from its inventor, Ruhmkorff, a german physicist.] (Elec.) See Induction coil, under Induction.

Ru´in , n. [OE. ruine, F. ruine, fr. L. ruina, fr. ruere, rutum, to fall with violence, to rush or tumble down.] 1. The act of falling or tumbling down; fall. [Obs.] ´His ruin startled the other steeds.´ Chapman. 2. Such a change of anything as destroys it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it for use; destruction; overthrow; as the ruin of a ship or an army; the ruin of a constitution or a government; the ruin of health or hopes. ´Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!´ Gray. 3. That which is fallen down and become worthless from injury or decay; as his mind is a ruin; especially, in the plural, the remains of a destroyed, dilapidated, or desolate house, fortress, city, or the like. “The Veian and the Gabian towers shall fall,
And one promiscuous ruin cover all;
Nor, after length of years, a stone betray
The place where once the very ruins lay.” Addison. “The labor of a day will not build up a virtuous habit on the ruins of an old and vicious character.” Buckminster. 4. The state of being dcayed, or of having become ruined or worthless; as to be in ruins; to go to ruin. 5. That which promotes injury, decay, or destruction. “The errors of young men are the ruin of business.” Bacon. Syn. — Destruction; downfall; perdition; fall; overthrow; subversion; defeat; bane; pest; mischief.

Ru´in, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruined p. pr. & vb. n. Ruining.] [Cf. F. ruiner, LL. ruinare. See Ruin, n.] To bring to ruin; to cause to fall to pieces and decay; to make to perish; to bring to destruction; to bring to poverty or bankruptcy; to impair seriously; to damage essentially; to overthrow. “this mortal house I’ll ruin.” Shak. “By thee raised, I ruin all my foes.” Milton. “The eyes of other people are the eyes that ruin us.” Franklin. “By the fireside there are old men seated,
Seeling ruined cities in the ashes.” Longfellow.

Ru´in, v. i. To fall to ruins; to go to ruin; to become decayed or dilapidated; to perish. [R.] “Though he his house of polished marble build,
Yet shall it ruin like the moth’s frail cell.” Sandys. “If we are idle, and disturb the industrious in their business, we shall ruin the faster.” Locke.

Ru´in•a•ble , a. Capable of being ruined.

Ru´in•ate , v. t. [LL. ruinatus, p. p. of ruinare to ruin. See Ruin.] 1. To demolish; to subvert; to destroy; to reduce to poverty; to ruin. “I will not ruinate my fther’s house.” Shak. “Ruinating thereby the health of their bodies.” Burton. 2. To cause to fall; to cast down. “On the other side they saw that perilous rock
Threatening itself on them to ruinate.” Spenser.

Ru´in•ate, v. i. To fall; to tumble. [Obs.]

Ru´in•ate , a. [L. ruinatus, p. p.] Involved in ruin; ruined. “My brother Edward lives in pomp and state,
I in a mansion here all ruinate.” J. Webster.

Ru•in•a´tion , n. [LL. ruinatio.] The act of ruining, or the state of being ruined.

Ru´in•er , n. One who, or that which, ruins.

Ru´in•i•form , a. [Ruin + - form: cf. F. ruiniforme.] Having the appearance of ruins, or of the ruins of houses; — said of certain minerals.

Ru´in•ous , a. [L. ruinosus: cf. F. ruineux. See Ruin.] 1. Causing, or tending to cause, ruin; destructive; baneful; pernicious; as a ruinous project. “After a night of storm so ruinous.” Milton. 2. Characterized by ruin; ruined; dilapidated; as an edifice, bridge, or wall in a ruinous state. 3. Composed of, or consisting in, ruins. “Behold, Damascus … shall be a ruinous heap.” Isa. xvii. 1. Syn. — Dilapidated; decayed; demolished; pernicious; destructive; baneful; wasteful; mischievous. — Ru´in•ous•ly (#), adv. — Ru´in•ous•ness, n.

Rukh , n. [Srr Roc.] 1. The roc. 2. (Zoöl.) A large bird, supposed by some to be the same as the extinct Epiornis of Madagascar. [Obs.]

Rul´a•ble , a. That may be ruled; subject to rule; accordant or conformable to rule. Bacon.

Rule , n. [OE. reule, riule, OF. riule, reule, F. regle, fr. L. regula a ruler, rule, model, fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to direct. See Right, a., and cf. Regular.] 1. That which is prescribed or laid down as a guide for conduct or action; a governing direction for a specific purpose; an authoritative enactment; a regulation; a prescription; a precept; as the rules of various societies; the rules governing a school; a rule of etiquette or propriety; the rules of cricket. “We profess to have embraced a religion which contains the most exact rules for the government of our lives.” Tillotson. 2. Hence: (a) Uniform or established course of things. “’T is against the rule of nature.” Shak. (b) Systematic method or practice; as my ule is to rise at six o’clock. (c) Ordibary course of procedure; usual way; comon state or condition of things; as it is a rule to which there are many exeptions. (d) Conduct in general; behavior. [Obs.] “This uncivil rule; she shall know of it.” Shak. 3. The act of ruling; administration of law; government; empire; authority; control. “Obey them that have the rule over you.” Heb. xiii. 17. “His stern rule the groaning land obeyed.” Pope. 4. (Law) An order regulating the practice of the courts, or an order made between parties to an action or a suit. Wharton. 5. (Math.) A determinate method prescribed for performing any operation and producing a certain result; as a rule for extracting the cube root. 6. (Gram.) A general principle concerning the formation or use of words, or a concise statement thereof; thus, it is a rule in England, that s or es , added to a noun in the singular number, forms the plural of that noun; but ´man´ forms its plural ´men´, and is an exception to the rule. 7. (a) A straight strip of wood, metal, or the like, which serves as a guide in drawing a straight line; a ruler. (b) A measuring instrument consisting of a graduated bar of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, which is usually marked so as to show inches and fractions of an inch, and jointed so that it may be folded compactly. “A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will trust only to his rule.” South. 8. (Print.) (a) A thin plate of metal (usually brass) of the same height as the type, and used for printing lines, as between columns on the same page, or in tabular work. (b) A composing rule. See under Conposing. As a rule, as a general thing; in the main; usually; as he behaves well, as a rule. — Board rule, Caliber rule, etc. See under Board, Caliber, etc. — Rule joint, a knuckle joint having shoulders that abut when the connected pieces come in line with each other, and thus permit folding in one direction only. — Rule of three (Arith.), that rule which directs, when three terms are given, how to find a fourth, which shall have the same ratio to the third term as the second has to the first; proportion. See Proportion, 5 (b). — Rule of thumb, any rude process or operation, like that of using the thumb as a rule in measuring; hence, judgment and practical experience as distinguished from scientific knowledge. Syn. — regulation; law; precept; maxim; guide; canon; order; method; direction; control; government; sway; empire.

Rule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruled p. pr. & vb. n. Ruling.] [Cf. OF. riuler, ruiler, L. regulare. See Rule, n., and cf. Regulate.] 1. To control the will and actions of; to exercise authority or dominion over; to govern; to manage. Chaucer. “A bishop then must be blameless; … one that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection.” 1 Tim. iii. 2, 4. 2. To control or direct by influence, counsel, or persuasion; to guide; — used chiefly in the passive. “I think she will be ruled
In all respects by me.” Shak. 3. To establish or settle by, or as by, a rule; to fix by universal or general consent, or by common practice. “That’s are ruled case with the schoolmen.” Atterbury. 4. (Law) To require or command by rule; to give as a direction or order of court. 5. To mark with lines made with a pen, pencil, etc., guided by a rule or ruler; to print or mark with lines by means of a rule or other contrivance effecting a similar result; as to rule a sheet of paper of a blank book. Ruled surface (Geom.), any surface that may be described by a straight line moving according to a given law; — called also a scroll.

Rule, v. i. 1. To have power or command; to exercise supreme authority; — often followed by over. “By me princes rule, and nobles.” Prov. viii. 16. “We subdue and rule over all other creatures.” Ray. 2. (Law) To lay down and settle a rule or order of court; to decide an incidental point; to enter a rule. Burril. Bouvier. 3. (Com.) To keep within a (certain) range for a time; to be in general, or as a rule; as prices ruled lower yesterday than the day before.

Rule´less, a. Destitute of rule; lawless. Spenser.

Rule´-mon•ger , n. A stickler for rules; a slave of rules [R.] Hare.

Rul´er (rul´er), n. 1. One who rules; one who exercises sway or authority; a governor. “And he made him ruler over all the land.” Gen. xli. 43. “A prince and ruler of the land.” Shak. 2. A straight or curved strip of wood, metal, etc., with a smooth edge, used for guiding a pen or pencil in drawing lines. Cf. Rule, n., 7 (a). Parallel ruler. See under Parallel.

Rul´ing, a. 1. Predominant; chief; reigning; controlling; as a ruling passion; a ruling sovereign. 2. Used in marking or engraving lines; as a ruling machine or pen. Syn. — Predominant; chief; controlling; directing; guiding; governing; prevailing; prevalent.

Rul´ing, n. 1. The act of one who rules; ruled lines. 2. (Law) A decision or rule of a judge or a court, especially an oral decision, as in excluding evidence.

Rul´ing•ly, adv. In a ruling manner; so as to rule.

Rul´li•chies (rul´li•chiz), n. pl. [Cf. D. rolletje a little roll.] Chopped meat stuffed into small bags of tripe. They are cut in slices and fried. [Local, New York]

Rul´y , a. [From Rule.] Orderly; easily restrained; — opposed to unruly. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Rum , n. [probably shortened from Prov. E. rumbullion a great tumult, formerly applied in the island of Barbadoes to an intoxicating liquor.] A kind of intoxicating liquor distilled from cane juice, or from the scummings of the boiled juice, or from treacle or molasses, or from the lees of former distillations. also sometimes used colloquially as a generic or a collective name for intoxicating liquor. Rum bud, a grog blossom. [Colloq.] — Rum shrub, a drink composed of rum, water, sugar, and lime juice or lemon juice, with some flavoring extract.

Rum, a. [Formerly rome, a slang word for good; possibly of Gypsy origin; cf. Gypsy rom a husband, a gypsy.] Old-fashioned; queer; odd; as a rum idea; a rum fellow. [Slang] Dickens.

Rum, n. A queer or odd person or thing; a country parson. [Slang, Obs.] Swift.

Rum´ble , v. i. [OE. romblen, akin to D. rommelen, G. rumpeln, Dan. rumle; cf. Icel. rymja to roar.] 1. To make a low, heavy, continued sound; as the thunder rumbles at a distance. “In the mean while the skies ’gan rumble sore.” Surrey. “The people cried and rombled up and down.” Chaucer. 2. To murmur; to ripple. “To rumble gently down with murmur soft.” Spenser.

Rum´ble, n. 1. A noisy report; rumor. [Obs.] “Delighting ever in rumble that is new.” Chaucer. 2. A low, heavy, continuous sound like that made by heavy wagons or the reverberation of thunder; a confused noise; as the rumble of a railroad train. “Clamor and rumble, and ringing and clatter.” Tennyson. “Merged in the rumble of awakening day.” H. James. 3. A seat for servants, behind the body of a carriage. “Kit, well wrapped, … was in the rumble behind.” Dickens. 4. A rotating cask or box in which small articles are smoothed or polished by friction against each other.

Rum´ble, v. t. To cause to pass through a rumble, or shaking machine. See Rumble, n., 4.

Rum´bler , n. One who, or that which, rumbles.

Rum´bling , a. & n. from Rumble, v. i.

Rum´bling•ly, adv. In a rumbling manner.

Rum´bo , n. Grog. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott.

Rum•bow´line , n. (Naut.) Same as Rombowline.

Ru´men , n. [L. rumen, - inis, the throat.] 1. (Anat.) The first stomach of ruminants; the paunch; the fardingbag. See Illust. below. 2. The cud of a ruminant.

Ru´mi•cin , n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance found in the root of yellow dock (Rumex crispus) and identical with chrysophanic acid.

Rumi•nal , a. [L. ruminalis.] (Zoöl.) Ruminant; ruminating. [R.]

Ru´mi•nant , a. [L. ruminans, -antis, p. pr.: cf. F. ruminant. See Ruminate.] (Zoöl.) Chewing the cud; characterized by chewing again what has been swallowed; of or pertaining to the Ruminantia.

Ru´mi•nant, n. (Zoöl.) A ruminant animal; one of the Ruminantia.

Ru•mi•nan´ti•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Artiodactyla having four stomachs. This division includes the camels, deer, antelopes, goats, sheep, neat cattle, and allies.
The vegetable food, after the first mastication, enters the first stomach (r). It afterwards passes into the second (n), where it is moistened, and formed into pellets which the animal has the power of bringing back to the mouth to be chewed again, after which it is swallowed into the third stomach (m), whence it passes to the fourth (s), where it is finally digested.

Ru´mi•nant•ly , adv. In a ruminant manner; by ruminating, or chewing the cud.

Ru´mi•nate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ruminated p. pr. & vb. n. Ruminating.] [L. ruminatus, p. p. of ruminari, ruminare, fr. rumen, -inis, throat, akin to ructare to belch, erugere to belch out, Gr. , AS. roccettan.] 1. To chew the cud; to chew again what has been slightly chewed and swallowed. ´Cattle free to ruminate.´ Wordsworth. 2. Fig.: To think again and again; to muse; to meditate; to ponder; to reflect. Cowper. “Apart from the hope of the gospel, who is there that ruminates on the felicity of heaven?” I. Taylor.

Ru´mi•nate , v. t. 1. To chew over again. 2. Fig.: To meditate or ponder over; to muse on. “Mad with desire, she ruminates her sin.” Dryden. “What I know
Is ruminated, plotted, and set down.” Shak. { Ru´mi•nate , Ru´mi•na•ted }, a. (Bot.) Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw.

Ru•mi•na´tion , n. [L. ruminatio: cf. F. rumination.] 1. The act or process of ruminating, or chewing the cud; the habit of chewing the cud. “Rumination is given to animals to enable them at once to lay up a great store of food, and afterward to chew it.” Arbuthnot. 2. The state of being disposed to ruminate or ponder; deliberate meditation or reflection. “Retiring full of rumination sad.” Thomson. 3. (Physiol.) The regurgitation of food from the stomach after it has been swallowed, — occasionally observed as a morbid phenomenon in man.

Ru´mi•na•tive , a. Inclined to, or engaged in, rumination or meditation.

Ru´mi•na•tor , n. [L.] One who ruminates or muses; a meditator.

Rum´kin , n. [Cf. Rummer, and see -kin.] A popular or jocular name for a drinking vessel. [Obs.]

Rum´mage ( 48), n. [For roomage, fr. room; hence originally, a making room, a packing away closely. See Room.] 1. (Naut.) A place or room for the stowage of cargo in a ship; also the act of stowing cargo; the pulling and moving about of packages incident to close stowage; — formerly written romage. [Obs.] 2. A searching carefully by looking into every corner, and by turning things over. “He has made such a general rummage and reform in the office of matrimony.” Walpole. Rummage sale, a clearance sale of unclaimed goods in a public store, or of odds and ends which have accumulated in a shop. Simmonds.

Rum´mage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rummaged p. pr. & vb. n. Rummaging ] 1. (Naut.) To make room in, as a ship, for the cargo; to move about, as packages, ballast, so as to permit close stowage; to stow closely; to pack; — formerly written roomage, and romage. [Obs.] “They might bring away a great deal more than they do, if they would take pain in the romaging.” Hakluyt. 2. To search or examine thoroughly by looking into every corner, and turning over or removing goods or other things; to examine, as a book, carefully, turning over leaf after leaf. “He … searcheth his pockets, and taketh his keys, and so rummageth all his closets and trunks.” Howell. “What schoolboy of us has not rummaged his Greek dictionary in vain for a satisfactory account!” M. Arnold.

Rum´mage, v. i. To search a place narrowly. “I have often rummaged for old books in Little Britain and Duck Lane.” Swift. “[His house] was haunted with a jolly ghost, that …
… rummaged like a rat.” Tennyson.

Rum´ma•ger , n. 1. One who rummages. 2. (Naut.) A person on shipboard whose business was to take charge of stowing the cargo; — formerly written roomager, and romager. [Obs.] “The master must provide a perfect mariner, called a romager, to range and bestow all merchandise.” Hakluyt.

Rum´mer , n. [D. roemer, romer, akin to G. römer, Sw. remmare; perhaps properly, Roman.] A large and tall glass, or drinking cup. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Rum´my , a. Of or pertaining to rum; characteristic of rum; as a rummy flavor.

Rum´my, n.; pl. Rummies . One who drinks rum; an habitually intemperate person. [Low]

Rum´my, a. [See Rum, a.] Strange; odd. [Slang]

Rum´ney , n. A sort of Spanish wine. [Obs.]

Ru´mor , n. [F. rumeur, L. rumor; cf. rumificare, rumitare to rumor, Skr. ru to cry.] [Written also rumour.] 1. A flying or popular report; the common talk; hence, public fame; notoriety. “This rumor of him went forth throughout all Judea, and throughout all the region round about.” Luke vii. 17. “Great is the rumor of this dreadful knight.” Shak. 2. A current story passing from one person to another, without any known authority for its truth; — in this sense often personified. “Rumor next, and Chance,
And Tumult, and Confusion, all embroiled.” Milton. 3. A prolonged, indistinct noise. [Obs.] Shak.

Ru´mor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rumored p. pr. & vb. n. Rumoring.] To report by rumor; to tell. “’T was rumored
My father ’scaped from out the citadel.” Dryden.

Ru´mor•er , n. A teller of news; especially, one who spreads false reports. Shak.

Ru´mor•ous , a. [Cf. OF. rumoreux, It. rumoroso, romoroso.] 1. Of or pertaining to a rumor; of the nature of rumors. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. Famous; notorious. [Obs.] Bale. 3. Murmuring. [Obs. or Poetic] Drayton.

Rump , n. [OE. rumpe; akin to D. romp trunk, body, LG. rump, G. rumpf, Dan. rumpe rump, Icel. rumpr, Sw. rumpa rump, tail.] 1. The end of the backbone of an animal, with the parts adjacent; the buttock or buttocks. 2. Among butchers, the piece of beef between the sirloin and the aitchbone piece. See Illust. of Beef. 3. Fig.: The hind or tail end; a fag-end; a remnant. Rump Parliament, or The Rump (Eng. Hist.), the remnant of the Long Parliament after the expulsion by Cromwell in 1648 of those who opposed his purposes. It was dissolved by Cromwell in 1653, but twice revived for brief sessions, ending finally in 1659. “The Rump abolished the House of Lords, the army abolished the Rump, and by this army of saints Cromwell governed.” Swift. — Rump steak, a beefsteak from the rump. Goldsmith.

Rump´er , n. A member or a supporter of the Rump Parliament. I. Disraeli.

Rump´-fed , a. A Shakespearean word of uncertain meaning. Perhaps ´fattened in the rump, pampered.´ ´The rump-fed ronyon.´

Rum´ple , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rumpled p. pr. & vb. n. Rumpling .] [Cf. rimple, and D. rimpelen to wrinkle, rompelig rough, uneven, G. rümpfen to wrinkle, MHG. rümphen, OHG. rimpfan, Gr. ´ra•mfos the crooked beak of birds of prey, to roam.] To make uneven; to form into irregular inequalities; to wrinkle; to crumple; as to rumple an apron or a cravat. “They would not give a dog’s ear of their most rumpled and ragged Scotch paper for twenty of your fairest assignats.” Burke.

Rum´ple, n. A fold or plait; a wrinkle. Dryden.

Rum´pled , a. Wrinkled; crumpled. Pope.

Rump´less , a. Destitute of a rump.

Rum´ply , a. Rumpled. Carlyle.

Rum´pus , n. A disturbance; noise and confusion; a quarrel. [Colloq.]

Rum´sell•er , n. One who sells rum; one who deals in intoxicating liquors; especially, one who sells spirituous beverages at retail.

Run , v. i. [imp. Ran or Run; p. p. Run; p. pr. & vb. n. Running.] [OE. rinnen, rennen (imp. ran, p. p. runnen, ronnen). AS. rinnan to flow (imp. ran, p. p. gerunnen), and iernan, irnan, to run (imp. orn, arn, earn, p. p. urnen); akin to D. runnen, rennen, OS. & OHG. rinnan, G. rinnen, rennen, Icel. renna, rinna, Sw. rinna, ränna, Dan. rinde, rende, Goth. rinnan, and perh. to L. oriri to rise, Gr. to stir up, rouse, Skr. (cf. Origin), or perh. to L. rivus brook (cf. Rival). rad.11. Cf. Ember, a., Rennet.] 1. To move, proceed, advance, pass, go, come, etc., swiftly, smoothly, or with quick action; — said of things animate or inanimate. Hence, to flow, glide, or roll onward, as a stream, a snake, a wagon, etc.; to move by quicker action than in walking, as a person, a horse, a dog. Specifically: — 2. Of voluntary or personal action: (a) To go swiftly; to pass at a swift pace; to hasten. “´Ha, ha, the fox!´ and after him they ran.” Chaucer. (b) To flee, as from fear or danger. “As from a bear a man would run for life.” Shak. (c) To steal off; to depart secretly. “My conscience will serve me to run from this jew.” Shak. (d) To contend in a race; hence, to enter into a contest; to become a candidate; as to run for Congress. “Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain.” 1 Cor. ix. 24. (e) To pass from one state or condition to another; to come into a certain condition; — often with in or into; as to run into evil practices; to run in debt. “Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast, to rend my heart with grief and run distracted?” Addison. (f) To exert continuous activity; to proceed; as to run through life; to run in a circle. (g) To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation; as to run from one subject to another. “Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject.” Addison. (h) To discuss; to continue to think or speak about something; — with on. (i) To make numerous drafts or demands for payment, as upon a bank; — with on. (j) To creep, as serpents. 3. Of involuntary motion: (a) To flow, as a liquid; to ascend or descend; to course; as rivers run to the sea; sap runs up in the spring; her blood ran cold. (b) To proceed along a surface; to extend; to spread. “The fire ran along upon the ground.” Ex. ix. 23. (c) To become fluid; to melt; to fuse. “As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run.” Addison. “Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire.” Woodward. (d) To turn, as a wheel; to revolve on an axis or pivot; as a wheel runs swiftly round. (e) To travel; to make progress; to be moved by mechanical means; to go; as the steamboat runs regularly to Albany; the train runs to Chicago. (f) To extend; to reach; as the road runs from Philadelphia to New York; the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. “She saw with joy the line immortal run,
Each sire impressed, and glaring in his son.” Pope. (g) To go back and forth from place to place; to ply; as the stage runs between the hotel and the station. (h) To make progress; to proceed; to pass. “As fast as our time runs, we should be very glad in most part of our lives that it ran much faster.” Addison. (i) To continue in operation; to be kept in action or motion; as this engine runs night and day; the mill runs six days in the week. “When we desire anything, our minds run wholly on the good circumstances of it; when it is obtained, our minds run wholly on the bad ones.” Swift. (j) To have a course or direction; as a line runs east and west. “Where the generally allowed practice runs counter to it.” Locke. “Little is the wisdom, where the flight
So runs against all reason.” Shak. (k) To be in form thus, as a combination of words. “The king’s ordinary style runneth, ´Our sovereign lord the king.´” Bp. Sanderson. (l) To be popularly known; to be generally received. “Men gave them their own names, by which they run a great while in Rome.” Sir W. Temple. “Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himself.” Knolles. (m) To have growth or development; as boys and girls run up rapidly. “If the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves.” Mortimer. (n) To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline. “A man’s nature runs either to herbs or weeds.” Bacon. “Temperate climates run into moderate governments.” Swift. (o) To spread and blend together; to unite; as colors run in washing. “In the middle of a rainbow the colors are … distinguished, but near the borders they run into one another.” I. Watts. (p) To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company; as certain covenants run with the land. “Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid.” Sir J. Child. (q) To continue without falling due; to hold good; as a note has thirty days to run. (r) To discharge pus or other matter; as an ulcer runs. (s) To be played on the stage a number of successive days or nights; as the piece ran for six months. (t) (Naut.) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing closehauled; — said of vessels. 4. Specifically, of a horse: To move rapidly in a gait in which each leg acts in turn as a propeller and a supporter, and in which for an instant all the limbs are gathered in the air under the body. Stillman (The Horse in Motion). 5. (Athletics) To move rapidly by springing steps so that there is an instant in each step when neither foot touches the ground; — so distinguished from walking in athletic competition. As things run, according to the usual order, conditions, quality, etc.; on the average; without selection or specification. — To let run (Naut.), to allow to pass or move freely; to slacken or loosen. — To run after, to pursue or follow; to search for; to endeavor to find or obtain; as to run after similes. Locke. — To run away, to flee; to escape; to elope; to run without control or guidance. — To run away with. (a) To convey away hurriedly; to accompany in escape or elopement. (b) To drag rapidly and with violence; as a horse runs away with a carriage. — To run down. (a) To cease to work or operate on account of the exhaustion of the motive power; — said of clocks, watches, etc. (b) To decline in condition; as to run down in health. — To run down a coast, to sail along it. — To run for an office, to stand as a candidate for an office. — To run in or into. (a) To enter; to step in. (b) To come in collision with. — To run in trust, to run in debt; to get credit. [Obs.] — To run in with. (a) To close; to comply; to agree with. [R.] T. Baker. (b) (Naut.) To make toward; to near; to sail close to; as to run in with the land. — To run mad, To run mad after or on. See under Mad. — To run on. (a) To be continued; as their accounts had run on for a year or two without a settlement. (b) To talk incessantly. (c) To continue a course. (d) To press with jokes or ridicule; to abuse with sarcasm; to bear hard on. (e) (Print.) To be continued in the same lines, without making a break or beginning a new paragraph. — To run out. (a) To come to an end; to expire; as the lease runs out at Michaelmas. (b) To extend; to spread. ´Insectile animals … run all out into legs.´ Hammond. (c) To expatiate; as to run out into beautiful digressions. (d) To be wasted or exhausted; to become poor; to become extinct; as an estate managed without economy will soon run out. “And had her stock been less, no doubt
She must have long ago run out.” Dryden. — To run over. (a) To overflow; as a cup runs over, or the liquor runs over. (b) To go over, examine, or rehearse cursorily. (c) To ride or drive over; as to run over a child. — To run riot, to go to excess. — To run through. (a) To go through hastily; as to run through a book. (b) To spend wastefully; as to run through an estate. — To run to seed, to expend or exhaust vitality in producing seed, as a plant; figuratively and colloquially, to cease growing; to lose vital force, as the body or mind. — To run up, to rise; to swell; to grow; to increase; as accounts of goods credited run up very fast. “But these, having been untrimmed for many years, had run up into great bushes, or rather dwarf trees.” Sir W. Scott. — To run with. (a) To be drenched with, so that streams flow; as the streets ran with blood. (b) To flow while charged with some foreign substance. ´Its rivers ran with gold.´ J. H. Newman.

Run , v. t. 1. To cause to run (in the various senses of Run, v. i.); as to run a horse; to run a stage; to run a machine; to run a rope through a block. 2. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation. “To run the world back to its first original.” South. “I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its ´punctum saliens.´” Collier. 3. To cause to enter; to thrust; as to run a sword into or through the body; to run a nail into the foot. “You run your head into the lion’s mouth.” Sir W. Scott. “Having run his fingers through his hair.” Dickens. 4. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven. “They ran the ship aground.” Acts xxvii. 41. “A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences by blabbing out his own or other’s secrets.” Ray. “Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions.” Locke. 5. To fuse; to shape; to mold; to cast; as to run bullets, and the like. “The purest gold must be run and washed.” Felton. 6. To cause to be drawn; to mark out; to indicate; to determine; as to run a line. 7. To cause to pass, or evade, offical restrictions; to smuggle; — said of contraband or dutiable goods. “Heavy impositions … are a strong temptation of running goods.” Swift. 8. To go through or accomplish by running; as to run a race; to run a certain career. 9. To cause to stand as a candidate for office; to support for office; as to run some one for Congress. [Colloq. U.S.] 10. To encounter or incur, as a danger or risk; as to run the risk of losing one’s life. See To run the chances, below. ´He runneth two dangers.´ Bacon. 11. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk. “He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them.” Clarendon. 12. To discharge; to emit; to give forth copiously; to be bathed with; as the pipe or faucet runs hot water. “At the base of Pompey’s statua,
Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.” Shak. 13. To be charged with, or to contain much of, while flowing; as the rivers ran blood. 14. To conduct; to manage; to carry on; as to run a factory or a hotel. [Colloq. U.S.] 15. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule. [Colloq.] 16. To sew, as a seam, by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time. 17. To migrate or move in schools; — said of fish; esp., to ascend a river in order to spawn. To run a blockade, to get to, or away from, a blockaded port in safety. — To run down. (a) (Hunting) To chase till the object pursued is captured or exhausted; as to run down a stag. (b) (Naut.) To run against and sink, as a vessel. (c) To crush; to overthrow; to overbear. ´Religion is run down by the license of these times.´ Berkeley. (d) To disparage; to traduce. F. W. Newman. — To run hard. (a) To press in competition; as to run one hard in a race. (b) To urge or press importunately. (c) To banter severely. - - To run into the ground, to carry to an absurd extreme; to overdo. [Slang, U.S.] — To run off, to cause to flow away, as a charge of molten metal from a furnace. — To run on (Print.), to carry on or continue, as the type for a new sentence, without making a break or commencing a new paragraph. — To run out. (a) To thrust or push out; to extend. (b) To waste; to exhaust; as to run out an estate. (c) (Baseball) To put out while running between two bases. — To run the chances, or one’s chances, to encounter all the risks of a certain course. — To run through, to transfix; to pierce, as with a sword. ´[He] was run through the body by the man who had asked his advice.´ Addison. — To run up. (a) To thrust up, as anything long and slender. (b) To increase; to enlarge by additions, as an account. (c) To erect hastily, as a building.

Run , n. 1. The act of running; as a long run; a good run; a quick run; to go on the run. 2. A small stream; a brook; a creek. 3. That which runs or flows in the course of a certain operation, or during a certain time; as a run of must in wine making; the first run of sap in a maple orchard. 4. A course; a series; that which continues in a certain course or series; as a run of good or bad luck. “They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure … put a seal on their calamities.” Burke. 5. State of being current; currency; popularity. “It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run, or long continuance, if not diversified with humor.” Addison. 6. Continued repetition on the stage; — said of a play; as to have a run of a hundred successive nights. “A canting, mawkish play … had an immense run.” Macaulay. 7. A continuing urgent demand; especially, a pressure on a bank or treasury for payment of its notes. 8. A range or extent of ground for feeding stock; as a sheep run. Howitt. 9. (Naut.) (a) The aftermost part of a vessel’s hull where it narrows toward the stern, under the quarter. (b) The distance sailed by a ship; as a good run; a run of fifty miles. (c) A voyage; as a run to China. 10. A pleasure excursion; a trip. [Colloq.] “I think of giving her a run in London.” Dickens. 11. (Mining) The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by license of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes. 12. (Mus.) A roulade, or series of running tones. 13. (Mil.) The greatest degree of swiftness in marching. It is executed upon the same principles as the double-quick, but with greater speed. 14. The act of migrating, or ascending a river to spawn; — said of fish; also an assemblage or school of fishes which migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning. 15. In baseball, a complete circuit of the bases made by a player, which enables him to score one; in cricket, a passing from one wicket to the other, by which one point is scored; as a player made three runs; the side went out with two hundred runs. “The ´runs´ are made from wicket to wicket, the batsmen interchanging ends at each run.” R. A. Proctor. 16. A pair or set of millstones. At the long run, now, commonly, In the long run, in or during the whole process or course of things taken together; in the final result; in the end; finally. “[Man] starts the inferior of the brute animals, but he surpasses them in the long run.” J. H. Newman. — Home run. (a) A running or returning toward home, or to the point from which the start was made. Cf. Home stretch. (b) (Baseball) See under Home. — The run, or The common run, etc., ordinary persons; the generality or average of people or things; also that which ordinarily occurs; ordinary current, course, or kind. “I saw nothing else that is superior to the common run of parks.” Walpole. “Burns never dreamed of looking down on others as beneath him, merely because he was conscious of his own vast superiority to the common run of men.” Prof. Wilson. “His whole appearance was something out of the common run.” W. Irving. — To let go by the run (Naut.), to loosen and let run freely, as lines; to let fall without restraint, as a sail.

Run, a. 1. Melted, or made from molten material; cast in a mold; as run butter; run iron or lead. 2. Smuggled; as run goods. [Colloq.] Miss Edgeworth. Run steel, malleable iron castings. See under Malleable. Raymond.

Run´a•gate , n. [F. renegat, Prov. renegat. LL. renegatus; confused with E. run and gate a way. See Renegade.] A fugitive; a vagabond; an apostate; a renegade. See Renegade. Bunyan. “Wretched runagates from the jail.” De Quincey. “Who has not been a runagate from duty?” Hare.

Run´a•way , n. 1. One who, or that which, flees from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; a fugitive. “Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled?” Shak. 2. The act of running away, esp. of a horse or teams; as there was a runaway yesterday.

Run´a•way, a. 1. Running away; fleeing from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; as runaway soldiers; a runaway horse. 2. Accomplished by running away or elopement, or during flight; as a runaway marriage.

Run•ca´tion , n. [L. runcatio, fr. runcare to weed out.] A weeding. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Runch , n. (Bot.) The wild radish. Dr. Prior.

Run´ci•nate , a. [L. runcinatus, p. p. of runcinare to plane off, fr. runcina a plane.] (Bot.) Pinnately cut with the lobes pointing downwards, as the leaf of the dandelion.

Run´del , n. [Cf. Rindle.] A moat with water in it; also a small stream; a runlet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Run´del, n. [Cf. Rundle.] A circle. [Prov. Eng.]

Run´dle , n. [E. round. Cf. Rondle.] 1. A round; a step of a ladder; a rung. Duppa. 2. A ball. [Obs.] Holland. 3. Something which rotates about an axis, as a wheel, or the drum of a capstan. ´An axis or cylinder having a rundle about it.´ Bp. Wilkins. 4. (Mach.) One of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel.

Rund´let , n. [Dim. of OF. rondele a little tun, fr. rond round. See Round, and cf. Roundlet, Runlet.] A small barrel of no certain dimensions. It may contain from 3 to 20 gallons, but it usually holds about 14½ gallons. [Written also runlet.]

Rune (run), n. [AS. run a rune, a secret, a mystery; akin to Icel. run, OHG. & Goth. runa a secret, secret colloquy, G. & Dan. rune rune, and probably to Gr. ’ereyna^n to search for. Cf. Roun to whisper.] 1. A letter, or character, belonging to the written language of the ancient Norsemen, or Scandinavians; in a wider sense, applied to the letters of the ancient nations of Northern Europe in general. The Norsemen had a peculiar alphabet, consisting of sixteen letters, or characters, called runes, the origin of which is lost in the remotest antiquity. The signification of the word rune (mystery) seems to allude to the fact that originally only a few were acquainted with the use of these marks, and that they were mostly applied to secret tricks, witchcrafts and enchantments. But the runes were also used in communication by writing. 2. pl. Old Norse poetry expressed in runes. “Runes were upon his tongue,
As on the warrior’s sword.” Longfellow. Rune stone, a stone bearing a runic inscription.

Ru´ner , n. A bard, or learned man, among the ancient Goths. Sir W. Temple.

Rung , imp. & p. p. of Ring.

Rung, n. [OE. ronge, AS. hrung, a staff, rod, pole; akin to G. runge a short, thick piece of iron or wood, OD. ronghe a prop, support, Icel. röng a rib in a ship, Goth. Hrugga a staff.] 1. (Shipbuilding) A floor timber in a ship. 2. One of the rounds of a ladder. 3. One of the stakes of a cart; a spar; a heavy staff. 4. (Mach.) One of the radial handles projecting from the rim of a steering wheel; also one of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel.

Rung´head , n. (Shipbuilding) The upper end of a floor timber in a ship.

Ru´nic , a. Of or pertaining to a rune, to runes, or to the Norsemen; as runic verses; runic letters; runic names; runic rhyme. Runic staff. See Clog almanac, under Clog. — Runic wand, a willow wand bearing runes, formerly thought to have been used by the heathen tribes of Northern Europe in magical ceremonies.

Run´let , n. [Run + - let.] A little run or stream; a streamlet; a brook. “To trace out to its marshy source every runlet that has cast in its tiny pitcherful with the rest.” Lowell.

Run´let, n. Same as Rundlet. ´A stoup of sack, or a runlet of canary.´ Sir W. Scott.

Run´nel , n. [From Run. Cf. Rindle.] A rivulet or small brook. “Bubbling runnels joined the sound.” Collins. “By the very sides of the way … there are slow runnels, in which one can see the minnows swimming.” Masson.

Run´ner , n. [From Run.] 1. One who, or that which, runs; a racer. 2. A detective. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens. 3. A messenger. Swift. 4. A smuggler. [Colloq.] R. North. 5. One employed to solicit patronage, as for a steamboat, hotel, shop, etc. [Cant, U.S.] 6. (Bot.) A slender trailing branch which takes root at the joints or end and there forms new plants, as in the strawberry and the common cinquefoil. 7. The rotating stone of a set of millstones. 8. (Naut.) A rope rove through a block and used to increase the mechanical power of a tackle. Totten. 9. One of the pieces on which a sled or sleigh slides; also the part or blade of a skate which slides on the ice. 10. (Founding) (a) A horizontal channel in a mold, through which the metal flows to the cavity formed by the pattern; also the waste metal left in such a channel. (b) A trough or channel for leading molten metal from a furnace to a ladle, mold, or pig bed. 11. The movable piece to which the ribs of an umbrella are attached. 12. (Zoöl.) A food fish (Elagatis pinnulatus) of Florida and the West Indies; — called also skipjack, shoemaker, and yellowtail. The name alludes to its rapid successive leaps from the water. 13. (Zoöl.) Any cursorial bird. 14. (Mech.) (a) A movable slab or rubber used in grinding or polishing a surface of stone. (b) A tool on which lenses are fastened in a group, for polishing or grinding.

Run´net , n. See Rennet.

Run´ning , a. 1. Moving or advancing by running. Specifically, of a horse; (a) Having a running gait; not a trotter or pacer. (b) trained and kept for running races; as a running horse. Law. 2. Successive; one following the other without break or intervention; — said of periods of time; as to be away two days running; to sow land two years running. 3. Flowing; easy; cursive; as a running hand. 4. Continuous; keeping along step by step; as he stated the facts with a running explanation. ´A running conquest.´ Milton. “What are art and science if not a running commentary on Nature?” Hare. 5. (Bot.) Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem; as a running vine. 6. (Med.) Discharging pus; as a running sore. Running block (Mech.), a block in an arrangement of pulleys which rises or sinks with the weight which is raised or lowered. — Running board, a narrow platform extending along the side of a locomotive. — Running bowsprit (Naut.) Same as Reefing bowsprit. — Running days (Com.), the consecutive days occupied on a voyage under a charter party, including Sundays and not limited to the working days. Simmonds. — Running fire, a constant fire of musketry or cannon. — Running gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle, and their attachments, in distinction from the body; all the working parts of a locomotive or other machine, in distinction from the framework. - - Running hand, a style of rapid writing in which the letters are usually slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen; — distinguished from round hand. — Running part (Naut.), that part of a rope that is hauled upon, — in distinction from the standing part. — Running rigging (Naut.), that part of a ship’s rigging or ropes which passes through blocks, etc.; — in distinction from standing rigging. — Running title (Print.), the title of a book or chapter continued from page to page on the upper margin.

Run´ning, n. The act of one who, or of that which runs; as the running was slow. 2. That which runs or flows; the quantity of a liquid which flows in a certain time or during a certain operation; as the first running of a still. 3. The discharge from an ulcer or other sore. At long running, in the long run. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Run´ning•ly, adv. In a running manner.

Run´nion , n. See Ronion.

Ru•nol´o•gy , n. [Rune + - logy.] The science of runes. — Ru•nol´o•gist (#), n.

Run´round , n. A felon or whitlow. [Colloq. U.S.]

Runt , n. [Written also rant.] [Scot. runt an old cow, an old, withered woman, a hardened stem or stalk, the trunk of a tree; cf. D. rund a bullock, an ox or cow, G. rind. Cf. Rother, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal which is unusually small, as compared with others of its kind; — applied particularly to domestic animals. 2. (Zoöl.) A variety of domestic pigeon, related to the barb and carrier. 3. A dwarf; also a mean, despicable, boorish person; — used opprobriously. “Before I buy a bargain of such runts,
I’ll buy a college for bears, and live among ’em.” Beau. & Fl. 4. The dead stump of a tree; also the stem of a plant. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. “Neither young poles nor old runts are durable.” Holland.

Runt´y , a. Like a runt; diminutive; mean.

Run´way , n. 1. The channel of a stream. 2. The beaten path made by deer or other animals in passing to and from their feeding grounds.

Ru•pee´ (ru•pe´), n. [Hind. rupiyah, fr. Skr. rupya silver, coined silver or gold, handsome.] A silver coin, and money of account, in the East Indies. The valuation of the rupee of sixteen annas the standard coin of India, by the United States Treasury department, varies from time to time with the price of silver. In 1889 it was rated at about thirty-two cents.

Ru´pel•la•ry , n. [From L. rupes a rock.] Rocky. [Obs.] ´This rupellary nidary.´ Evelyn. Ru´pert’s drop A kind of glass drop with a long tail, made by dropping melted glass into water. It is remarkable for bursting into fragments when the surface is scratched or the tail broken; — so called from Prince Rupert nephew of Charles I. by whom they were first brought to England. Called also Rupert’s ball and glass tear.

Ru´pi•a , n. [NL., fr. G. filth, dirt.] (Med.) An eruption upon the skin, consisting of vesicles with inflamed base and filled with serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, which dries up, forming a blackish crust.

Ru´pi•al , a. Of or pertaining to rupia.

Ru•pic´o•la , n. [NL., fr. L. rupes, gen. rupis, a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A genus of beautiful South American passerine birds, including the cock of the rock. The species are remarkable for having an elevated fan-shaped crest of feathers on the head, and for the beautiful color of their plumage, which is mostly some delicate shade of yellow or orange.

Ru•pic´o•line , a. (Zoöl.) Rock-inhabiting.

Rup´tion , n. [L. ruptio, fr. rumpere, ruptum, to break.] A breaking or bursting open; breach; rupture. ´By ruption or apertion.´ Wiseman.

Rup´tu•a•ry ( 135), n. [Cf. Roturier.] One not of noble blood; a plebeian; a roturier. [R.] “The exclusion of the French ruptuaries (´roturiers,´ for history must find a word for this class when it speaks of other nations) from the order of nobility.” Chenevix.

Rup´ture ( 135), n. [L. ruptura, fr. rumpere, ruptum to break: cf. F. rupture. See Reave, and cf. Rout a defeat.] 1. The act of breaking apart, or separating; the state of being broken asunder; as the rupture of the skin; the rupture of a vessel or fiber; the rupture of a lutestring. Arbuthnot. “Hatch from the egg, that soon,
Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed
Their callow young.” Milton. 2. Breach of peace or concord between individuals; open hostility or war between nations; interruption of friendly relations; as the parties came to a rupture. “He knew that policy would disincline Napoleon from a rupture with his family.” E. Everett. 3. (Med.) Hernia. See Hernia. 4. A bursting open, as of a steam boiler, in a less sudden manner than by explosion. See Explosion. Modulus of rupture. (Engin.) See under Modulus. Syn. — Fracture; breach; break; burst; disruption; dissolution. See Fracture.

Rup´ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruptured p. pr. & vb. n. Rupturing.] 1. To part by violence; to break; to burst; as to rupture a blood vessel. 2. To produce a hernia in.

Rup´ture, v. i. To suffer a breach or disruption.

Rup´tured ( 135), a. (Med.) Having a rupture, or hernia.

Rup´ture•wort´ ( 135), n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Burstwort. (b) A West Indian plant (Alternanthera polygonoides) somewhat resembling burstwort.

Ru´ral , a. [F., fr. L. ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, the country. Cf. Room space, Rustic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country, as distinguished from a city or town; living in the country; suitable for, or resembling, the country; rustic; as rural scenes; a rural prospect. “Here is a rural fellow; …
He brings you figs.” Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to agriculture; as rural economy. Rural dean. (Eccl.) See under Dean. — Rural deanery (Eccl.), the state, office, or residence, of a rural dean. Syn. — Rustic. — Rural, Rustic. Rural refers to the country itself; as rural scenes, prospects, delights, etc. Rustic refers to the character, condition, taste, etc., of the original inhabitants of the country, who were generally uncultivated and rude; as rustic manners; a rustic dress; a rustic bridge; rustic architecture, etc. “We turn
To where the silver Thames first rural grows.” Thomson. “Lay bashfulness, that rustic virtue, by;
To manly confidence thy throughts apply.” Dryden.

Ru•ra´les (ru•ra´lez), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The gossamer-winged butterflies; a family of small butterflies, including the hairstreaks, violets, and theclas.

Ru´ral•ism , n. 1. The quality or state of being rural; ruralness. 2. A rural idiom or expression.

Ru´ral•ist, n. One who leads a rural life. Coventry.

Ru•ral´i•ty , n.; pl. - ties (#). [Cf. LL. ruralitas.] 1. The quality or state of being rural. 2. A rural place. ´Leafy ruralities.´ Carlyle.

Ru´ral•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruralized p. pr. & vb. n. Ruralizing ] To render rural; to give a rural appearance to.

Ru´ral•ize, v. i. To become rural; to go into the country; to rusticate.

Ru´ral•ly, adv. In a rural manner; as in the country.

Ru´ral•ness, n. The quality or state of being rural.

Ru•ric´o•list , n. [L. ruricola; rus, ruris, the country + colere to inhabit.] An inhabitant of the country. [R.] Bailey.

Ru•ri•dec´a•nal , a. [L. rus, ruris the country + decanus the chief of ten. See Dean.] Of or pertaining to a rural dean; as a ruridecanal district; the ruridecanal intellect. [R.]

Ru•rig´e•nous , a. [L. rurigena; rus, ruris, the country + genere, gignere, to bring forth, pass., to be born.] Born in the country. [Obs.]

Ruse , n. [F., fr. OF. reüser, rehuser, to turn aside, to shuffle, retreat, fr. L. recusare to refuse; pref. re- again + causa cause. See Cause, and cf. Recusant.] An artifice; trick; stratagem; wile; fraud; deceit. Ruse de guerre [F.], a stratagem of war.

Rush , n. [OE. rusche, rische, resche, AS. risce, akin to LG. rusk, risch, D. & G. rusch; all probably fr. L. ruscum butcher’s broom; akin to Goth. raus reed, G. rohr.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to many aquatic or marsh-growing endogenous plants with soft, slender stems, as the species of Juncus and Scirpus. Some species are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats, and the pith is used in some places for wicks to lamps and rushlights. 2. The merest trifle; a straw. “John Bull’s friendship is not worth a rush.” Arbuthnot. Bog rush. See under Bog. — Club rush, any rush of the genus Scirpus. — Flowering rush. See under Flowering. — Nut rush (a) Any plant of the genus Scleria, rushlike plants with hard nutlike fruits. (b) A name for several species of Cyperus having tuberous roots. — Rush broom, an Australian leguminous plant (Viminaria denudata), having long, slender branches. also the Spanish broom. See under Spanish. — Rush candle, See under Candle. — Rush grass, any grass of the genus Vilfa, grasses with wiry stems and one-flowered spikelets. — Rush toad (Zoöl.), the natterjack. — Scouring rush. (Bot.) Same as Dutch rush, under Dutch. — Spike rush, any rushlike plant of the genus Eleocharis, in which the flowers grow in dense spikes. — Sweet rush, a sweet-scented grass of Arabia, etc. (Andropogon schœnanthus), used in Oriental medical practice. — Wood rush, any plant of the genus Luzula, which differs in some technical characters from Juncus.

Rush (rush), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rushed (rusht); p. pr. & vb. n. Rushing.] [OE. ruschen; cf. AS. hryscan to make a noise, D. ruischen to rustle, G. rauschen, MHG. ruschen to rush, to rustle, LG. rusken, OSw. ruska, Icel. & Sw. ruska to shake, Dan. ruske to shake, and E. rouse.] 1. To move forward with impetuosity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity or haste; as armies rush to battle; waters rush down a precipice. “Like to an entered tide, they all rush by.” Shak. 2. To enter into something with undue haste and eagerness, or without due deliberation and preparation; as to rush business or speculation. “They … never think it to be a part of religion to rush into the office of princes and ministers.” Sprat.

Rush, v. t. 1. To push or urge forward with impetuosity or violence; to hurry forward. 2. To recite (a lesson) or pass (an examination) without an error. [College Cant, U.S.]

Rush, n. 1. A moving forward with rapidity and force or eagerness; a violent motion or course; as a rush of troops; a rush of winds; a rush of water. “A gentleman of his train spurred up his horse, and, with a violent rush, severed him from the duke.” Sir H. Wotton. 2. Great activity with pressure; as a rush of business. [Colloq.] 3. A perfect recitation. [College Cant, U.S.] 4. (Football) (a) A rusher; as the center rush, whose place is in the center of the rush line; the end rush. (b) The act of running with the ball. Bunt rush (Football), a combined rush by main strength. — Rush line (Football), the line composed of rushers.

Rush´-bear•ing , n. A kind of rural festival at the dedication of a church, when the parishioners brought rushes to strew the church. [Eng.] Nares.

Rush´buc•kler , n. A bullying and violent person; a braggart; a swashbuckler. [Obs.] “That flock of stout, bragging rushbucklers.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Rushed , a. Abounding or covered with rushes.

Rush´er , n. One who rushes. Whitlock.

Rush´er, n. One who strewed rushes on the floor at dances. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Rush´i•ness , n. [From Rushy.] The quality or state of abounding with rushes.

Rush´ing•ly, adv. In a rushing manner.

Rush´light , n. A rush candle, or its light; hence, a small, feeble light.

Rush´like , a. Resembling a rush; weak.

Rush´y , a. 1. Abounding with rushes. 2. Made of rushes. “My rushy couch and frugal fare.” Goldsmith.

Ru´sine , a. [NL. rusa, the name of the genus, Malay rusa deer.] (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rusa, which includes the sambur deer (Rusa Aristotelis) of India. Rusine antler (Zoöl.), an antler with the brow tyne simple, and the beam forked at the tip.

Rusk , n. [Sp. rosca de mar sea rusks, a kind of biscuit, rosca properly meaning, a screw, spiral.] 1. A kind of light, soft bread made with yeast and eggs, often toasted or crisped in an oven; or, a kind of sweetened biscuit. 2. A kind of light, hard cake or bread, as for stores. Smart. 3. Bread or cake which has been made brown and crisp, and afterwards grated, or pulverized in a mortar.

Rus´ma , n. [Corrupt. from Turk. khyryzma a paste used as a depilatory, fr. Gr. an unguent; cf. F. rusma.] A depilatory made of orpiment and quicklime, and used by the Turks. See Rhusma.

Russ , n. sing. & pl. 1. A Russian, or the Russians. [Rare, except in poetry.] 2. The language of the Russians.

Russ, a. Of or pertaining to the Russians.

Rus´set , a. [F. rousset, dim. of roux red, L. russus (for rudtus, rudhtus), akin to E. red. See Red, and cf. Roussette.] 1. Of a reddish brown color, or (by some called) a red gray; of the color composed of blue, red, and yellow in equal strength, but unequal proportions, namely, two parts of red to one each of blue and yellow; also of a yellowish brown color. “The morn, in russet mantle clad.” Shak. “Our summer such a russet livery wears.” Dryden. 2. Coarse; homespun; rustic. [R.] Shak.

Rus´set, n. 1. A russet color; a pigment of a russet color. 2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color. 3. A country dress; — so called because often of a russet color. Dryden. 4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color; as the English russet, and the Roxbury russet.

Rus´set•ing, n. See Russet, n., 2 and 4.

Rus´set•y , a. Of a russet color; russet.

Rus´sia , n. A country of Europe and Asia. Russia iron, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a lustrous blue-black surface. — Russia leather, a soft kind of leather, made originally in Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects. — Russia matting, matting manufactured in Russia from the inner bark of the linden (Tilia Europaea).

Rus´sian (? or 277), a. Of or pertaining to Russia, its inhabitants, or language. — n. A native or inhabitant of Russia; the language of Russia. Russian bath. See under Bath.

Rus´sian•ize , v. t. To make Russian, or more or less like the Russians; as to Russianize the Poles.

Rus´si•fi•ca´tion , n. [Russia + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of Russifying, or the state of being Russified.

Rus´si•fy , v. t. [Cf. F. russifier. See -fy.] To Russianize; as to Russify conquered tribes. { Rus´so•phile , Rus•soph´i•list }, n. [Russia + Gr. filei^n to love: cf. F. russophile.] One who, not being a Russian, favors Russian policy and aggrandizement. — Rus•soph´ilism (#), n. [Chiefly newspaper words.] { Rus´so•phobe , Rus•soph´o•bist }, [Russia + Gr. fobei^n to fear.] One who dreads Russia or Russian influence. [Words sometimes found in the newspapers.]

Rus•so•pho´bi•a , n. Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

Rust , n. [AS. rust; akin to D. roest, G. & Sw. rost, Icel. ryð; — named from its color, and akin to E. red. rad.113. See Red.] 1. (Chem.) The reddish yellow coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air, consisting of ferric oxide or hydroxide; hence, by extension, any metallic film of corrosion. 2. (Bot.) A minute mold or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the leaves and stems of cereal and other grasses (Trichobasis Rubigo-vera), now usually believed to be a form or condition of the corn mildew (Puccinia graminis). As rust, it has solitary reddish spores; as corn mildew, the spores are double and blackish. Rust is also applied to many other minute fungi which infest vegetation, such as the species of Ustilago, Uredo, and Lecythea. 3. That which resembles rust in appearance or effects. Specifically: (a) A composition used in making a rust joint. See Rust joint, below. (b) Foul matter arising from degeneration; as rust on salted meat. (c) Corrosive or injurious accretion or influence. “Sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross of human mixtures.” Eikon Basilike. Rust is used in the formation of compounds of obvious meaning; as rust-colored, rust-consumed, rust- eaten, and the like. Rust joint, a joint made between surfaces of iron by filling the space between them with a wet mixture of cast-iron borings, sal ammoniac, and sulphur, which by oxidation becomes hard, and impervious to steam, water, etc. — Rust mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Phytopius oleivorus) which, by puncturing the rind, causes the rust-colored patches on oranges.

Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rusting.] [AS. rustian.] 1. To contract rust; to be or become oxidized. “If gold ruste, what shall iron do?” Chaucer. “Our armors now may rust.” Dryden. 2. To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust; also to acquire a rusty appearance, as plants. 3. Fig.: To degenerate in idleness; to become dull or impaired by inaction. “Must I rust in Egypt? never more
Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece?” Dryden.

Rust, v. t. 1. To cause to contract rust; to corrode with rust; to affect with rust of any kind. “Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.” Shak. 2. Fig.: To impair by time and inactivity. Johnson.

Rust´ful , a. Full of rust; resembling rust; causing rust; rusty. ´Rustful sloth.´ Quarles.

Rus´tic , a. [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the country: cf. F. rustique. See Rural.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country; rural; as the rustic gods of antiquity. ´Rustic lays.´ Milton. “And many a holy text around she strews,
That teach the rustic moralist to die.” Gray. “She had a rustic, woodland air.” Wordsworth. 2. Rude; awkward; rough; unpolished; as rustic manners. ´A rustic muse.´ Spenser. 3. Coarse; plain; simple; as a rustic entertainment; rustic dress. 4. Simple; artless; unadorned; unaffected. Pope. Rustic moth (Zoöl.), any moth belonging to Agrotis and allied genera. Their larvae are called cutworms. See Cutworm. — Rustic work. (a) (Arch.) Cut stone facing which has the joints worked with grooves or channels, the face of each block projecting beyond the joint, so that the joints are very conspicuous. (b) (Arch. & Woodwork) Summer houses, or furniture for summer houses, etc., made of rough limbs of trees fancifully arranged. Syn. — Rural; rude; unpolished; inelegant; untaught; awkward; rough; coarse; plain; unadorned; simple; artless; honest. See Rural.

Rus´tic, n. 1. An inhabitant of the country, especially one who is rude, coarse, or dull; a clown. “Hence to your fields, you rustics! hence, away.” Pope. 2. A rural person having a natural simplicity of character or manners; an artless, unaffected person. [Poetic]

Rus•tic•al , a. Rustic. ´Rustical society.´ Thackeray. — Rus´tic•al•ly, adv. — Rus´tic•al•ness, n.

Rus´ti•cate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusticated p. pr. & vb. n. Rusticating.] [L. rusticaticus, p. p. of rusticari to rusticate. See Rustic.] To go into or reside in the country; to ruralize. Pope.

Rus´ti•cate, v. t. To require or compel to reside in the country; to banish or send away temporarily; to impose rustication on. “The town is again beginning to be full, and the rusticated beauty sees an end of her banishment.” Idler.

Rus´ti•ca•ted , a. (Arch.) Resembling rustic work. See Rustic work (a), under Rustic.

Rus•ti•ca´tion , n. [L. rusticatio.] 1. The act of rusticating, or the state of being rusticated; specifically, the punishment of a student for some offense, by compelling him to leave the institution for a time. 2. (Arch.) Rustic work.

Rus•tic´ity , n. [L. rusticitas: cf. F. rusticite.] The quality or state of being rustic; rustic manners; rudeness; simplicity; artlessness. “The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral can not be so well expressed in any other tongue as in the Greek, when rightly mixed and qualified with the Doric dialect.” Addison. “The Saxons were refined from their rusticity.” Sir W. Scott.

Rus´tic•ly , adv. In a rustic manner; rustically. Chapman.

Rust´i•ly , adv. In a rusty state.

Rust´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being rusty.

Rus´tle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rustled p. pr. & vb. n. Rustling ] [AS. hristlan to rustle; or cf. Sw. rusta to stir, make a riot, or E. rush, v.] 1. To make a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing or moving of silk cloth or dry leaves. “He is coming; I hear his straw rustle.” Shak. “Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk.” Shak. 2. To stir about energetically; to strive to succeed; to bustle about. [Slang, Western U.S.]

Rus´tle, v. t. To cause to rustle; as the wind rustles the leaves.

Rus´tle, n. A quick succession or confusion of small sounds, like those made by shaking leaves or straw, by rubbing silk, or the like; a rustling. “When the noise of a torrent, the rustle of a wood, the song of birds, or the play of lambs, had power to fill the attention, and suspend all perception of the course of time.” Idler.

Rus´tler , n. 1. One who, or that which, rustles. 2. A bovine animal that can care for itself in any circumstances; also an alert, energetic, driving person. [Slang, Western U.S.]

Rust´less , a. Free from rust.

Rust´y , a. [AS. rustig.] [Compar. Rustier ; superl. Rustiest.] 1. Covered or affected with rust; as a rusty knife or sword; rusty wheat. 2. Impaired by inaction, disuse, or neglect. “[Hector,] in this dull and long-continued truce,
Is rusty grown.” Shak. 3. Discolored and rancid; reasty; as rusty bacon. 4. Surly; morose; crusty; sullen. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] ´Rusty words.´ Piers Plowman. 5. Rust-colored; dark. ´Rusty blood.´ Spenser. 6. Discolored; stained; not cleanly kept; filthy. “The rusty little schooners that bring firewood from the British provinces.” Hawthorne. 7. (Bot.) Resembling, or covered with a substance resembling, rust; affected with rust; rubiginous.

Rut , n. [F. rut, OF. ruit, L. rugitus a roaring, fr. rugire to roar; - - so called from the noise made by deer in rutting time.] 1. (Physiol.) Sexual desire or œstrus of deer, cattle, and various other mammals; heat; also the period during which the œstrus exists. 2. Roaring, as of waves breaking upon the shore; rote. See Rote.

Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rutting.] To have a strong sexual impulse at the reproductive period; — said of deer, cattle, etc.

Rut, v. t. To cover in copulation. Dryden.

Rut, n. [variant of route.] A track worn by a wheel or by habitual passage of anything; a groove in which anything runs. Also used figuratively.

Rut, v. t. To make a rut or ruts in; — chiefly used as a past participle or a participial adj.; as a rutted road.

Ru•ta-ba´ga , n. (Bot.) A kind of turnip commonly with a large and long or ovoid yellowish root; a Swedish turnip. See Turnip.

Ru•ta´ceous , a. [L. rutaceous, from ruta rue. See Rue the plant.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to plants of a natural order (Rutaceae) of which the rue is the type, and which includes also the orange, lemon, dittany, and buchu.

Ru´tate (ru´tat), n. (Chem.) A salt of rutic acid.

Ruth (ruth), n. [From Rue, v.: cf. Icel. hryggð, hrygð.] 1. Sorrow for the misery of another; pity; tenderness. [Poetic] ´They weep for ruth.´ Chaucer. ´Have ruth of the poor.´ Piers Plowman. “To stir up gentle ruth,
Both for her noble blood, and for her tender youth.” Spenser. 2. That which causes pity or compassion; misery; distress; a pitiful sight. [Obs.] “It had been hard this ruth for to see.” Chaucer. “With wretched miseries and woeful ruth.” Spenser.

Ru•then´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with ruthenious compounds.

Ru•the´ni•ous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with ruthenic compounds.

Ru•the´ni•um , n. [NL. So named from the Ruthenians, a Little Russian people, as coming from Russia, the metal having been found in the Ural mountains.] (Chem.) A rare element of the light platinum group, found associated with platinum ores, and isolated as a hard, brittle steel-gray metal which is very infusible. Symbol Ru. Atomic weight 103.5. Specific gravity 12.26. See Platinum metals, under Platinum.

Ruth´ful , a. Full of ruth; as: (a) Pitiful; tender. (b) Full of sorrow; woeful. (c) Causing sorrow. Shak. — Ruth´ful•ly, adv.

Ruth´less, a. Having no ruth; cruel; pitiless. “Their rage the hostile bands restrain,
All but the ruthless monarch of the main.” Pope. — Ruth´less•ly, adv. — Ruth´less•ness, n.

Ru´tic (ru´tik), a. [Cf. Rutaceous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, rue (Ruta); as rutic acid, now commonly called capric acid.

Ru´ti•lant , a. [L. rutilans, p. pr. of rutilare to have a reddish glow, fr. rutilus red: cf. F. rutilant.] Having a reddish glow; shining. “Parchments … colored with this rutilant mixture.” Evelyn.

Ru´ti•late , v. i. [L. rutilare, rutilatum.] To shine; to emit rays of light. [Obs.] Ure.

Ru´tile (ru´til), n. [L. rutilus red, inclining to golden yellow.] (Min.) A mineral usually of a reddish brown color, and brilliant metallic adamantine luster, occurring in tetragonal crystals. In composition it is titanium dioxide, like octahedrite and brookite.

Ru•til´i•an (ru•til´i•an), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of lamellicorn beetles belonging to Rutila and allied genera, as the spotted grapevine beetle (Pelidnota punctata).

Ru´tin (ru´tin), n. (Chem.) A glucoside resembling, but distinct from, quercitrin. Rutin is found in the leaves of the rue (Ruta graveolens) and other plants, and obtained as a bitter yellow crystalline substance which yields quercitin on decomposition.

Rut´ter (rut´ter), n. [D. ruiter a rider. Cf. Ruttier.] A horseman or trooper. [Obs.] “Such a regiment of rutters
Never defied men braver.” Beau. & Fl.

Rut´ter, n. [From Rut.] That which ruts.

Rut´ter•kin , n. An old crafty fox or beguiler — a word of contempt. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Rut´ti•er , n. [F. routier, fr. route a road. See Route.] A chart of a course, esp. at sea. [Obs.]

Rut´tish , a. Inclined to rut; lustful; libidinous; salacious. Shak. — Rut´tish•ness, n.

Rut´tle, n. A rattling sound in the throat arising from difficulty of breathing; a rattle. [Obs.]

Rut´ty , a. Ruttish; lustful.

Rut´ty, a. Full of ruts; as a rutty road.

Rut´ty, a. [See Root.] Rooty. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ru´ty•lene , n. (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H18, of the acetylene series. It is produced artificially.

Ry´al , a. Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ry´al , n. See Rial, an old English coin.

Ry´der , n. 1. A clause added to a document; a rider. See Rider. [Obs.] 2. [D. rijder, properly, a rider.] A gold coin of Zealand [Netherlands] equal to 14 florins, about $ 5.60.

Rye , n. [OE. rie, reie, AS. ryge; akin to Icel. rugr, Sw. råg, Dan. rug, D. rogge, OHG. rocco, roggo, G. rocken, roggen, Lith. rugei, Russ. roje, and perh. to Gr. ’o•ryza rice. Cf. Rice.] 1. (Bot.) A grain yielded by a hardy cereal grass (Secale cereale), closely allied to wheat; also the plant itself. Rye constitutes a large portion of the breadstuff used by man. 2. A disease in a hawk. Ainsworth. Rye grass, Italian rye grass, (Bot.) See under Grass. See also Ray grass, and Darnel. — Wild rye (Bot.), any plant of the genus Elymus, tall grasses with much the appearance of rye.

Rynd , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A piece of iron crossing the hole in the upper millstone by which the stone is supported on the spindle.

Ry´ot (ri´ot), n. [Ar. & Hind. ra’iyat, the same word as ra’iyah, a subject, tenant, peasant. See Rayah.] A peasant or cultivator of the soil. [India] “The Indian ryot and the Egyptian fellah work for less pay than any other laborers in the world.” The Nation.

Ry•poph´a•gous (ri•pof´a•gus), a. [Gr. ´ry•pos filth + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating, or subsisting on, filth.

Rys (ris or ris), n. A branch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Rysh (rish), n. Rush, a plant. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ry•sim´e•ter , n. See Rhysimeter.

Ryth (rith), n. [Cf. AS. rið brook.] A ford. [Obs.]

Ryt´i•na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ´ryti•s a wrinkle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large edentulous sirenians, allied to the dugong and manatee, including but one species (R. Stelleri); — called also Steller’s sea cow. [Written also Rhytina.] It is now extinct, but was formerly abundant at Behring’s Island, near Behring’s Straits. It was twenty-five feet or more in length, with a thick, blackish, naked skin. The last were killed in 1768 for their oil and flesh.

S (es), the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a consonant, and is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing sound. It has two principal sounds; one a mere hissing, as in sack, this; the other a vocal hissing (the same as that of z), as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. It generally has its hissing sound at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words its sound is determined by usage. In a few words it is silent, as in isle, debris. With the letter h it forms the digraph sh. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 255-261. Both the form and the name of the letter S are derived from the Latin, which got the letter through the Greek from the Phaenician. The ultimate origin is Egyptian. S is etymologically most nearly related to c, z, t, and r; as in ice, OE. is; E. hence, OE. hennes; E. rase, raze; erase, razor; that, G. das; E. reason, F. raison, L. ratio; E. was, were; chair, chaise (see C, Z, T, and R.).

-s. 1. [OE. es, AS. as.] The suffix used to form the plural of most words; as in roads, elfs, sides, accounts. 2. [OE. -s, for older -th, AS. - ð.] The suffix used to form the third person singular indicative of English verbs; as in falls, tells, sends. 3. An adverbial suffix; as in towards, needs, always, — originally the genitive, possesive, ending. See -’s.

-’s [OE. -es, AS. -es.] The suffix used to form the possessive singular of nouns; as boy’s; man’s.

’s. A contraction for is or (colloquially) for has. ´My heart’s subdued.´ Shak.

Sa´adh (sä´ad), n. See Sadh.

Saan (sän), n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Bushmen.

Sab•a•dil´la (sab•a•dil´la), n. [Sp. cebadilla.] (Bot.) A Mexican liliaceous plant (Schœnocaulon officinale); also its seeds, which contain the alkaloid veratrine. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic and purgative.

Sa•bae´an , a. & n. Same as Sabian.

Sa•bae´an•ism , n. Same as Sabianism. { Sa´bae•ism , Sa´ba•ism }, n. See Sabianism.

Sa´bal , n. (Bot.) A genus of palm trees including the palmetto of the Southern United States.

Sab´a•oth (sab´a•oth or sa´ba•oth; 277), n. pl. [Heb. tseba’oth, pl. of tsaba’, an army or host, fr. tsaba’, to go forth to war.] 1. Armies; hosts. [Used twice in the English Bible, in the phrase ´The Lord of Sabaoth.´] 2. Incorrectly, the Sabbath.

Sab´bat , n. [See Sabbath.] In mediaeval demonology, the nocturnal assembly in which demons and sorcerers were thought to celebrate their orgies.

Sab•ba•ta´ri•an , n. [L. Sabbatarius: cf. F. sabbataire. See Sabbath.] 1. One who regards and keeps the seventh day of the week as holy, agreeably to the letter of the fourth commandment in the Decalogue. There were Christians in the early church who held this opinion, and certain Christians, esp. the Seventh-day Baptists, hold it now. 2. A strict observer of the Sabbath.

Sab•ba•ta´ri•an, a. Of or pertaining to the Sabbath, or the tenets of Sabbatarians.

Sab•ba•ta´ri•an•ism , n. The tenets of Sabbatarians. Bp. Ward (1673).

Sab´bath , n. [OE. sabat, sabbat, F. sabbat, L. sabbatum, Gr. sa•bbaton, fr. Heb. shabbath, fr. shabath to rest from labor. Cf. Sabbat.] 1. A season or day of rest; one day in seven appointed for rest or worship, the observance of which was enjoined upon the Jews in the Decalogue, and has been continued by the Christian church with a transference of the day observed from the last to the first day of the week, which is called also Lord’s Day. “Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.” Ex. xx. 8. 2. The seventh year, observed among the Israelites as one of rest and festival. Lev. xxv. 4. 3. Fig.: A time of rest or repose; intermission of pain, effort, sorrow, or the like. “Peaceful sleep out the sabbath of the tomb.” Pope. Sabbath breaker, one who violates the law of the Sabbath. — Sabbath breaking, the violation of the law of the Sabbath. — Sabbath-day’s journey, a distance of about a mile, which, under Rabbinical law, the Jews were allowed to travel on the Sabbath. Syn. — Sabbath, Sunday. Sabbath is not strictly synonymous with Sunday. Sabbath denotes the institution; Sunday is the name of the first day of the week. The Sabbath of the Jews is on Saturday, and the Sabbath of most Christians on Sunday. In New England, the first day of the week has been called ´the Sabbath,´ to mark it as holy time; Sunday is the word more commonly used, at present, in all parts of the United States, as it is in England. ´So if we will be the children of our heavenly Father, we must be careful to keep the Christian Sabbath day, which is the Sunday.´ Homilies.

Sab´bath•less, a. Without Sabbath, or intermission of labor; hence, without respite or rest. Bacon. { Sab•bat´ic , Sab•bat´ic•al }, a. [Gr. : cf. F. sabbatique.] Of or pertaining to the Sabbath; resembling the Sabbath; enjoying or bringing an intermission of labor. Sabbatical year (Jewish Antiq.), every seventh year, in which the Israelites were commanded to suffer their fields and vineyards to rest, or lie without tillage.

Sab´ba•tism , n. [L. sabbatismus, Gr. , fr. to keep the Sabbath: cf. F. sabbatisme. See Sabbath.] Intermission of labor, as upon the Sabbath; rest. Dr. H. More.

Sab´ba•ton , n. [Cf. Sp. zapaton, a large shoe, F. sabot a wooden shoe.] A round-toed, armed covering for the feet, worn during a part of the sixteenth century in both military and civil dress.

Sa•be´an , a. & n. Same as Sabian.

Sa´be•ism , n. Same as Sabianism.

Sa•bel´la , n. [NL., fr. L. sabulum gravel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of tubicolous annelids having a circle of plumose gills around the head.

Sa•bel´li•an , a. Pertaining to the doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n.

Sa•bel´li•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Sabellius, a presbyter of Ptolemais in the third century, who maintained that there is but one person in the Godhead, and that the Son and Holy Spirit are only different powers, operations, or offices of the one God the Father.

Sa•bel´li•an•ism , n. (Eccl.) The doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n.

Sa•bel´loid , a. [Sabella + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or related to, the genus Sabella. — Sa•bel´loid, n. { Sa´ber , Sa´bre } , n. [F. sabre, G. säbel; of uncertain origin; cf. Hung. száblya, Pol. szabla, Russ. sabla, and L. Gr. zabo•s crooked, curved.] A sword with a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and usually more or less curved like a scimiter; a cavalry sword. Saber fish, or Sabre fish (Zoöl.), the cutlass fish. { Sa´ber , Sa´bre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabered or Sabred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sabering or Sabring .] [Cf. F. sabrer.] To strike, cut, or kill with a saber; to cut down, as with a saber. “You send troops to saber and bayonet us into submission.” Burke. { Sa´ber•bill• , Sa´bre•bill• }, n. (Zoöl.) The curlew.

Sa´bi•an , a. [L. Sabaeus.] [Written also Sabean, and Sabaean.] 1. Of or pertaining to Saba in Arabia, celebrated for producing aromatic plants. 2. Relating to the religion of Saba, or to the worship of the heavenly bodies.

Sa´bi•an, n. An adherent of the Sabian religion; a worshiper of the heavenly bodies. [Written also Sabaean, and Sabean.]

Sa´bi•an•ism , n. The doctrine of the Sabians; the Sabian religion; that species of idolatry which consists in worshiping the sun, moon, and stars; heliolatry. [Written also Sabaeanism.]

Sab´i•cu , n. The very hard wood of a leguminous West Indian tree (Lysiloma Sabicu), valued for shipbuilding.

Sa´bine , a. [L. Sabinus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Sabines, a people of Italy. — n. One of the Sabine people.

Sab´ine , n. [F., fr. L. Sabina herba, fr. Sabini the Sabines. Cf. Savin.] (Bot.) See Savin.

Sa´ble , n. [OF. sable, F. zibeline sable (in sense 4), LL. sabellum; cf. D. sabel, Dan. sabel, zobel, Sw. sabel, sobel, G. zobel; all fr. Russ. sóbole.] 1. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela zibellina) native of the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, — noted for its fine, soft, and valuable fur. The sable resembles the marten, but has a longer head and ears. Its fur consists of a soft under wool, with a dense coat of hair, overtopped by another still longer. It varies greatly in color and quality according to the locality and the season of the year. The darkest and most valuable furs are taken in autumn and winter in the colder parts of Siberia, Russia, and British North America. The American sable, or marten, was formerly considered a distinct species (Mustela Americana), but it differs very little from the Asiatic sable, and is now considered only a geographical variety. 2. The fur of the sable. 3. A mourning garment; a funeral robe; — generally in the plural. ´Sables wove by destiny.´ Young. 4. (Her.) The tincture black; — represented by vertical and horizontal lines crossing each other.

Sa´ble , a. Of the color of the sable’s fur; dark; black; — used chiefly in poetry. “Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne,
In rayless majesty, now stretches forth
Her leaden scepter o’er a slumbering world.” Young. Sable antelope (Zoöl.), a large South African antelope (Hippotragus niger). Both sexes have long, sharp horns. The adult male is black; the female is dark chestnut above, white beneath. — Sable iron, a superior quality of Russia iron; — so called because originally stamped with the figure of a sable. — Sable mouse (Zoöl.), the lemming.

Sa´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabled p. pr. & vb. n. Sabling ] To render sable or dark; to drape darkly or in black. “Sabled all in black the shady sky.” G. Fletcher.

Sa•bot´ (sa•bo´), n. [F.] 1. A kind of wooden shoe worn by the peasantry in France, Belgium, Sweden, and some other European countries. 2. (Mil.) A thick, circular disk of wood, to which the cartridge bag and projectile are attached, in fixed ammunition for cannon; also a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.

Sa•bo´tière , n. [F.] A kind of freezer for ices.

Sa´bre , n. & v. See Saber.

Sa´bre•tasche , n. [F. sabretache, G. säbeltasche; säbel saber + tasche a pocket.] (Mil.) A leather case or pocket worn by cavalry at the left side, suspended from the sword belt. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci.).

Sa•bri´na work A variety of applique work for quilts, table covers, etc. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework).

Sab´u•lose , a. [L. sabulosus, from sabulum, sabulo, sand.] (Bot.) Growing in sandy places.

Sab•u•los´i•ty , n. The quality of being sabulous; sandiness; grittiness.

Sab´u•lous , a. [L. sabulosus.] Sandy; gritty.

Sac (sak), n. (Ethnol.) See Sacs.

Sac, n. [See Sake, Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) The privilege formerly enjoyed by the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines. Cowell.

Sac (sak), n. [F., fr. L. saccus a sack. See Sack a bag.] 1. See 2d Sack. 2. (Biol.) A cavity, bag, or receptacle, usually containing fluid, and either closed, or opening into another cavity to the exterior; a sack.

Sac´a•lait , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass; the crappie. [Southern U.S.]

Sa´car , n. See Saker.

Sac•cade´ , n. [F.] (Man.) A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull.

Sac´cate , a. [NL. saccatus, fr. L. saccus a sack, bag.] 1. (Biol.) Having the form of a sack or pouch; furnished with a sack or pouch, as a petal. 2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Saccata, a suborder of ctenophores having two pouches into which the long tentacles can be retracted.

Sac´cha•rate , n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharic acid. (b) In a wider sense, a compound of saccharose, or any similar carbohydrate, with such bases as the oxides of calcium, barium, or lead; a sucrate.

Sac•char´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, saccharine substances; specifically, designating an acid obtained, as a white amorphous gummy mass, by the oxidation of mannite, glucose, sucrose, etc.

Sac•cha•rif´er•ous , a. [L. saccharon sugar + -ferous.] Producing sugar; as sacchariferous canes.

Sac•char´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharified p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharifying ] [L. saccharon sugar + -fy: cf. F. saccharifier.] To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar.

Sac•cha•ril´la , n. A kind of muslin.

Sac•cha•rim´e•ter , n. [L. saccharon sugar + -meter: cf. F. saccharimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of saccharine matter in any solution, as the juice of a plant, or brewers’ and distillers’ worts. [Written also saccharometer.] The common saccharimeter of the brewer is an hydrometer adapted by its scale to point out the proportion of saccharine matter in a solution of any specific gravity. The polarizing saccharimeter of the chemist is a complex optical apparatus, in which polarized light is transmitted through the saccharine solution, and the proportion of sugar indicated by the relative deviation of the plane of polarization.

Sac•cha•ri•met´ric•al , a. Of or pertaining to saccharimetry; obtained by saccharimetry.

Sac•cha•rim´e•try (sak•ka•rim´e•try), n. The act, process or method of determining the amount and kind of sugar present in sirup, molasses, and the like, especially by the employment of polarizing apparatus.

Sac´cha•rin (sak´ka•rin), n. [F., from L. saccharon sugar.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained from the saccharinates and regarded as the lactone of saccharinic acid; — so called because formerly supposed to be isomeric with cane sugar (saccharose).

Sac´cha•ri•nate , n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharinic acid. (b) A salt of saccharine.

Sac´cha•rine , a. [F. saccharin, fr. L. saccharon sugar, Gr. , , , Skr. çarkara. Cf. Sugar.] Of or pertaining to sugar; having the qualities of sugar; producing sugar; sweet; as a saccharine taste; saccharine matter.

Sac´cha•rine , n. (Chem.) A trade name for benzoic sulphinide. [Written also saccharin.]

Sac´cha•rin´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharin; specifically, designating a complex acid not known in the free state but well known in its salts, which are obtained by boiling dextrose and levulose (invert sugar) with milk of lime.

Sac´cha•rize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharized p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharizing ] To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar. { Sac´cha•roid , Sac•cha•roid´al }, a. [L. saccharon sugar + -oid: cf. F. saccharoïde.] Resembling sugar, as in taste, appearance, consistency, or composition; as saccharoidal limestone.

Sac•cha•rom´e•ter , n. A saccharimeter.

Sac•cha•ro•my´ces , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sugar + , , a fungus.] (Biol.) A genus of budding fungi, the various species of which have the power, to a greater or less extent, or splitting up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid. They are the active agents in producing fermentation of wine, beer, etc. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the yeast of sedimentary beer. Also called Torula.

Sac•cha•ro•my•ce´tes , n. pl. (Biol.) A family of fungi consisting of the one genus Saccharomyces.

Sac´cha•ro•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of saccharonic acid.

Sac´cha•rone , n. [Saccharin + lactone.] (Chem.) (a) A white crystalline substance, C6H8O6, obtained by the oxidation of saccharin, and regarded as the lactone of saccharonic acid. (b) An oily liquid, C6H10O2, obtained by the reduction of saccharin.

Sac•cha•ron´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharone; specifically, designating an unstable acid which is obtained from saccharone (a) by hydration, and forms a well-known series of salts.

Sac´cha•rose , n. (Chem.) Cane sugar; sucrose; also in general, any one of the group of which saccharose, or sucrose proper, is the type. See Sucrose.

Sac´cha•rous , a. Saccharine.

Sac´cha•rum , n. [NL. See Saccharine.] (Bot.) A genus of tall tropical grasses including the sugar cane.

Sac•cho•lac´tate , n. [See Saccholactic.] (Chem.) A salt of saccholactic acid; — formerly called also saccholate. [Obs.] See Mucate.

Sac•cho•lac´tic , a. [L. saccharon sugar + lac, lactis, milk.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called mucic acid; saccholic. [Obs.]

Sac•chol´ic , a. Saccholactic. [Obs.]

Sac•chul´mate , n. (Chem.) A salt of sacchulmic acid.

Sac•chul´mic , a. [Saccharine + ulmic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a dark amorphous substance by the long-continued boiling of sucrose with very dilute sulphuric acid. It resembles humic acid. [Written also sacculmic.]

Sac•chul´min , n. (Chem.) An amorphous huminlike substance resembling sacchulmic acid, and produced together with it.

Sac•cif´er•ous , a. [L. saccus a sack + -ferous.] (Biol.) Bearing a sac.

Sac´ci•form , a. [L. saccus a sack + -form.] (Biol.) Having the general form of a sac.

Sac•co•glos´sa , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. saccus a sack + Gr. a tongue.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pellibranchiata.

Sac´cu•lar , a. Like a sac; sacciform.

Sac´cu•la•ted , a. Furnished with little sacs.

Sac´cule , n. [L. sacculus, dim. of saccus sack.] A little sac; specifically, the sacculus of the ear.

Sac•cu•lo-coch´le•ar , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the sacculus and cochlea of the ear.

Sac•cu•lo-u•tric´u•lar , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the sacculus and utriculus of the ear.

Sac´cu•lus , n.; pl. Sacculi (#). [L., little sack.] (Anat.) A little sac; esp., a part of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. See the Note under Ear.

Sac´cus , n.; pl. Sacci (#). [L., a sack.] (Biol.) A sac.

Sa•cel´lum , n.; pl. Sacella (#). [L., dim. of sacrum a sacred place.] (a) (Rom. Antiq.) An unroofed space consecrated to a divinity. (b) (Eccl.) A small monumental chapel in a church. Shipley.

Sac•er•do´tal , a. [L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacerdos, -otis, a priest, fr. sacer holy, sacred: cf. F. sacerdotal.] Of or pertaining to priests, or to the order of priests; relating to the priesthood; priesty; as sacerdotal dignity; sacerdotal functions. “The ascendency of the sacerdotal order was long the ascendency which naturally and properly belongs to intellectual superiority.” Macaulay.

Sac•er•do´tal•ism , n. The system, style, spirit, or character, of a priesthood, or sacerdotal order; devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order.

Sac•er•do´tal•ly, adv. In a sacerdotal manner.

Sach´el (sach´el), n. A small bag. See Satchel.

Sa´chem (s&acr´;chem), n. A chief of a tribe of the American Indians; a sagamore. See Sagamore.

Sa´chem•dom (-dum), n. The government or jurisdiction of a sachem. Dr. T. Dwight.

Sa´chem•ship, n. Office or condition of a sachem.

Sa•chet´ , n. [F., dim. of sac. See Sac.] A scent bag, or perfume cushion, to be laid among handkerchiefs, garments, etc., to perfume them.

Sa•ci´e•ty , n. Satiety. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sack (s&scr;k), n. [OE. seck, F. sec dry (cf. Sp. seco, It. secco), from L. siccus dry, harsh; perhaps akin to Gr. ’ischno•s, Skr. sikata sand, Ir. sesc dry, W. hysp. Cf. Desiccate.] A name formerly given to various dry Spanish wines. ´Sherris sack.´ Shak. Sack posset, a posset made of sack, and some other ingredients.

Sack, n. [OE. sak, sek, AS. sacc, saecc, L. saccus, Gr. sa•kkos from Heb. sak; cf. F. sac, from the Latin. Cf. Sac, Satchel, Sack to plunder.] 1. A bag for holding and carrying goods of any kind; a receptacle made of some kind of pliable material, as cloth, leather, and the like; a large pouch. 2. A measure of varying capacity, according to local usage and the substance. The American sack of salt is 215 pounds; the sack of wheat, two bushels. McElrath. 3. [Perhaps a different word.] Originally, a loosely hanging garment for women, worn like a cloak about the shoulders, and serving as a decorative appendage to the gown; now, an outer garment with sleeves, worn by women; as a dressing sack. [Written also sacque.] 4. A sack coat; a kind of coat worn by men, and extending from top to bottom without a cross seam. 5. (Biol.) See 2d Sac, 2. Sack bearer (Zoöl.). See Basket worm, under Basket. — Sack tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree (Antiaris saccidora) which is cut into lengths, and made into sacks by turning the bark inside out, and leaving a slice of the wood for a bottom. — To give the sack to or get the sack, to discharge, or be discharged, from employment; to jilt, or be jilted. [Slang]

Sack, v. t. 1. To put in a sack; to bag; as to sack corn. “Bolsters sacked in cloth, blue and crimson.” L. Wallace. 2. To bear or carry in a sack upon the back or the shoulders. [Colloq.]

Sack, n. [F. sac plunder, pillage, originally, a pack, packet, booty packed up, fr. L. saccus. See Sack a bag.] The pillage or plunder, as of a town or city; the storm and plunder of a town; devastation; ravage. “The town was stormed, and delivered up to sack, — by which phrase is to be understood the perpetration of all those outrages which the ruthless code of war allowed, in that age, on the persons and property of the defenseless inhabitants, without regard to sex or age.” Prescott.

Sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacked p. pr. & vb. n. Sacking.] [See Sack pillage.] To plunder or pillage, as a town or city; to devastate; to ravage. “The Romans lay under the apprehensions of seeing their city sacked by a barbarous enemy.” Addison.

Sack´age ( 48), n. The act of taking by storm and pillaging; sack. [R.] H. Roscoe.

Sack´but , n. [F. saquebute, OF. saqueboute a sackbut, earlier, a sort of hook attached to the end of a lance used by foot soldiers to unhorse cavalrymen; prop. meaning, pull and push; fr. saquier, sachier, to pull, draw (perhaps originally, to put into a bag or take out from a bag; see Sack a bag) + bouter to push (see Butt to thrust). The name was given to the musical instrument from its being lengthened and shortened.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like a bass trumpet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened according to the tone required; — said to be the same as the trombone. [Written also sagbut.] Moore (Encyc. of Music). The sackbut of the Scriptures is supposed to have been a stringed instrument.

Sack´cloth ( 115), n. Linen or cotton cloth such as sacks are made of; coarse cloth; anciently, a cloth or garment worn in mourning, distress, mortification, or penitence. “Gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner.” 2 Sam. iii. 31. “Thus with sackcloth I invest my woe.” Sandys.

Sack´clothed , a. Clothed in sackcloth.

Sack´er , n. One who sacks; one who takes part in the storm and pillage of a town.

Sack´ful , n.; pl. Sackfuls . As much as a sack will hold.

Sack´ful, a. Bent on plunder. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sack´ing, n. [AS. saeccing, from saecc sack, bag.] Stout, coarse cloth of which sacks, bags, etc., are made.

Sack´less, a. [AS. sacleás; sacu contention + leás loose, free from.] Quiet; peaceable; harmless; innocent. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sack´-winged , a. (Zoöl.) Having a peculiar pouch developed near the front edge of the wing; — said of certain bats of the genus Saccopteryx.

Sacque , n. [Formed after the analogy of the French. See 2d Sack.] Same as 2d Sack, 3.

Sa´cral , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum; in the region of the sacrum.

Sac´ra•ment , n. [L. sacramentum an oath, a sacred thing, a mystery, a sacrament, fr. sacrare to declare as sacred, sacer sacred: cf. F. sacrement. See Sacred.] 1. The oath of allegiance taken by Roman soldiers; hence, a sacred ceremony used to impress an obligation; a solemn oath-taking; an oath. [Obs.] “I’ll take the sacrament on’t.” Shak. 2. The pledge or token of an oath or solemn covenant; a sacred thing; a mystery. [Obs.] “God sometimes sent a light of fire, and pillar of a cloud … and the sacrament of a rainbow, to guide his people through their portion of sorrows.” Jer. Taylor. 3. (Theol.) One of the solemn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ, the head of the Christian church, to be observed by his followers; hence, specifically, the eucharist; the Lord’s Supper. Syn. — Sacrament, Eucharist. — Protestants apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord’s Supper, especially the latter. The R. Cath. and Greek churches have five other sacraments, viz., confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. As sacrament denotes an oath or vow, the word has been applied by way of emphasis to the Lord’s Supper, where the most sacred vows are renewed by the Christian in commemorating the death of his Redeemer. Eucharist denotes the giving of thanks; and this term also has been applied to the same ordinance, as expressing the grateful remembrance of Christ’s sufferings and death. ´Some receive the sacrament as a means to procure great graces and blessings; others as an eucharist and an office of thanksgiving for what they have received.´ Jer. Taylor.

Sac´ra•ment , v. t. To bind by an oath. [Obs.] Laud.

Sac•ra•men´tal , a. [L. sacramentalis: cf. F. sacramental, sacramentel.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; of the nature of a sacrament; sacredly or solemnly binding; as sacramental rites or elements. 2. Bound by a sacrament. “The sacramental host of God’s elect.” Cowper.

Sac•ra•men´tal, n. That which relates to a sacrament. Bp. Morton.

Sac•ra•men´tal•ism , n. The doctrine and use of sacraments; attachment of excessive importance to sacraments.

Sac•ra•men´tal•ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of the real objective presence of Christ’s body and blood in the holy eucharist. Shipley.

Sac•ra•men´tal•ly, adv. In a sacramental manner.

Sac•ra•men•ta´ri•an , n. [LL. sacramentarius: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. (Eccl.) A name given in the sixteenth century to those German reformers who rejected both the Roman and the Lutheran doctrine of the holy eucharist. 2. One who holds extreme opinions regarding the efficacy of sacraments.

Sac•ra•men•ta´ri•an, a. 1. Of or pertaining a sacrament, or to the sacramentals; sacramental. 2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians.

Sac•ra•men´ta•ry , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; sacramental. 2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians.

Sac•ra•men´ta•ry, n.; pl. -ries (#). [LL. sacramentarium: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. An ancient book of the Roman Catholic Church, written by Pope Gelasius, and revised, corrected, and abridged by St. Gregory, in which were contained the rites for Mass, the sacraments, the dedication of churches, and other ceremonies. There are several ancient books of the same kind in France and Germany. 2. Same as Sacramentarian, n., 1. “Papists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentaries.” Jer. Taylor.

Sac´ra•ment•ize , v. i. To administer the sacraments. [R.] “Both to preach and sacramentize.” Fuller.

Sa•cra´ri•um , n.; pl. -ria (#). [L., fr. sacer sacred.] 1. A sort of family chapel in the houses of the Romans, devoted to a special divinity. 2. The adytum of a temple. Gwilt. 3. In a Christian church, the sanctuary.

Sa´crate , v. t. [L. sacratus, p. p. of sacrare. See Sacred.] To consecrate. [Obs.]

Sa•cra´tion , n. Consecration. [Obs.]

Sa´cre , n. See Saker.

Sa´cre, v. t. [F. sacrer. See Sacred.] To consecrate; to make sacred. [Obs.] Holland.

Sa´cred , a. [Originally p. p. of OE. sacren to consecrate, F. sacrer, fr. L. sacrare, fr. sacer sacred, holy, cursed. Cf. Consecrate, Execrate, Saint, Sexton.] 1. Set apart by solemn religious ceremony; especially, in a good sense, made holy; set apart to religious use; consecrated; not profane or common; as a sacred place; a sacred day; sacred service. 2. Relating to religion, or to the services of religion; not secular; religious; as sacred history. “Smit with the love of sacred song.” Milton. 3. Designated or exalted by a divine sanction; possessing the highest title to obedience, honor, reverence, or veneration; entitled to extreme reverence; venerable. “Such neighbor nearness to our sacred [royal] blood
Should nothing privilege him.” Shak. “Poet and saint to thee alone were given,
The two most sacred names of earth and heaven.” Cowley. 4. Hence, not to be profaned or violated; inviolable. “Secrets of marriage still are sacred held.” Dryden. 5. Consecrated; dedicated; devoted; — with to. “A temple, sacred to the queen of love.” Dryden. 6. Solemnly devoted, in a bad sense, as to evil, vengeance, curse, or the like; accursed; baleful. [Archaic] “But, to destruction sacred and devote.” Milton. Society of the Sacred Heart (R.C. Ch.), a religious order of women, founded in France in 1800, and approved in 1826. It was introduced into America in 1817. The members of the order devote themselves to the higher branches of female education. — Sacred baboon. (Zoöl.) See Hamadryas. — Sacred bean (Bot.), a seed of the Oriental lotus (Nelumbo speciosa or Nelumbium speciosum), a plant resembling a water lily; also the plant itself. See Lotus. — Sacred beetle (Zoöl.) See Scarab. — Sacred canon. See Canon, n., 3. - - Sacred fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of fresh-water African fishes of the family Mormyridae. Several large species inhabit the Nile and were considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians; especially Mormyrus oxyrhynchus. — Sacred ibis. See Ibis. — Sacred monkey. (Zoöl.) (a) Any Asiatic monkey of the genus Semnopithecus, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos; especially, the entellus. See Entellus. (b) The sacred baboon. See Hamadryas. (c) The bhunder, or rhesus monkey. — Sacred place (Civil Law), the place where a deceased person is buried. Syn. — Holy; divine; hallowed; consecrated; dedicated; devoted; religious; venerable; reverend. — Sa´cred•ly (#), adv. — Sa´cred•ness, n. { Sacrif´ic , Sa•crif´ic•al }, a. [L. sacrificus, sacrificalis. See Sacrifice.] Employed in sacrifice. [R.] Johnson.

Sa•crif´ic•a•ble , a. Capable of being offered in sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sa•crif´ic•ant , n. [L. sacrificans, p. pr. See Sacrifice.] One who offers a sacrifice. [R.]

Sac´ri•fi•ca•tor , n. [L.] A sacrificer; one who offers a sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sa•crif´ic•a•to•ry , n. [Cf. F. sacrificatoire.] Offering sacrifice. [R.] Sherwood.

Sac´ri•fice ( 277), n. [OE. sacrifise, sacrifice, F. sacrifice, fr. L. sacrificium; sacer sacred + facere to make. See Sacred, and Fact.] 1. The offering of anything to God, or to a god; consecratory rite. “Great pomp, and sacrifice, and praises loud,
To Dagon.” Milton. 2. Anything consecrated and offered to God, or to a divinity; an immolated victim, or an offering of any kind, laid upon an altar, or otherwise presented in the way of religious thanksgiving, atonement, or conciliation. “Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood
Of human sacrifice.” Milton. “My life, if thou preserv’st my life,
Thy sacrifice shall be.” Addison. 3. Destruction or surrender of anything for the sake of something else; devotion of some desirable object in behalf of a higher object, or to a claim deemed more pressing; hence, also the thing so devoted or given up; as the sacrifice of interest to pleasure, or of pleasure to interest. 4. A sale at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen’s Cant] Burnt sacrifice. See Burnt offering, under Burnt. — Sacrifice hit (Baseball), in batting, a hit of such a kind that the batter loses his chance of tallying, but enables one or more who are on bases to get home or gain a base.

Sac´ri•fice ( 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacrificed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sacrificing .] [From Sacrifice, n.: cf. F. sacrifier, L. sacrificare; sacer sacred, holy + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. To make an offering of; to consecrate or present to a divinity by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a token acknowledgment or thanksgiving; to immolate on the altar of God, in order to atone for sin, to procure favor, or to express thankfulness; as to sacrifice an ox or a sheep. “Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid.” Milton. 2. Hence, to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something; to give up in favor of a higher or more imperative object or duty; to devote, with loss or suffering. “Condemned to sacrifice his childish years
To babbling ignorance, and to empty fears.” Prior. “The Baronet had sacrificed a large sum … for the sake of … making this boy his heir.” G. Eliot. 3. To destroy; to kill. Johnson. 4. To sell at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen’s Cant]

Sac´ri•fice, v. i. To make offerings to God, or to a deity, of things consumed on the altar; to offer sacrifice. “O teacher, some great mischief hath befallen
To that meek man, who well had sacrificed.” Milton.

Sac´ri•fi•cer , n. One who sacrifices.

Sac•ri•fi´cial , a. Of or pertaining to sacrifice or sacrifices; consisting in sacrifice; performing sacrifice. ´Sacrificial rites.´ Jer. Taylor.

Sac´ri•lege , n. [F. sacrilège, L. sacrilegium, from sacrilegus that steals, properly, gathers or picks up, sacred things; sacer sacred + legere to gather, pick up. See Sacred, and Legend.] The sin or crime of violating or profaning sacred things; the alienating to laymen, or to common purposes, what has been appropriated or consecrated to religious persons or uses. “And the hid treasures in her sacred tomb
With sacrilege to dig.” Spenser. “Families raised upon the ruins of churches, and enriched with the spoils of sacrilege.” South.

Sac•ri•le´gious , a. [From sacrilege: cf. L. sacrilegus.] Violating sacred things; polluted with sacrilege; involving sacrilege; profane; impious. “Above the reach of sacrilegious hands.” Pope. — Sac•ri•le´gious•ly, adv. — Sac•ri•le´gious•ness, n.

Sac´ri•le•gist , n. One guilty of sacrilege.

Sac´ring , a. & n. from Sacre. Sacring bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus.

Sa´crist , n. [LL. sacrista. See Sacristan.] A sacristan; also a person retained in a cathedral to copy out music for the choir, and take care of the books.

Sac´ris•tan , n. [F. sacristain, LL. sacrista, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred, and cf. Sexton.] An officer of the church who has the care of the utensils or movables, and of the church in general; a sexton.

Sac´ris•ty , n.; pl. Sacristies (#). [F. sacristie, LL. sacristia, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred.] An apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, etc., are kept; a vestry.

Sa´cro- . (Anat.) A combining form denoting connection with, or relation to, the sacrum, as in sacro-coccygeal, sacro-iliac, sacrosciatic.

Sac´ro•sanct , a. [L. sucrosanctus.] Sacred; inviolable. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sa•cro•sci•at´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the sacrum and the hip; as the sacrosciatic foramina formed by the sacrosciatic ligaments which connect the sacrum and the hip bone.

Sa•cro•ver´te•bral , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it; as the sacrovertebral angle.

Sa´crum , n.; pl. sacra . [NL., fr. L. sacer sacred, os sacrum the lowest bone of the spine.] (Anat.) That part of the vertebral column which is directly connected with, or forms a part of, the pelvis. It may consist of a single vertebra or of several more or less consolidated. In man it forms the dorsal, or posterior, wall of the pelvis, and consists of five united vertebrae, which diminish in size very rapidly to the posterior extremity, which bears the coccyx.

Sacs (saks), n. pl.; sing. Sac . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians, which, together with the Foxes, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin. [Written also Sauks.]

Sad (sad), a. [Compar. Sadder supperl. Saddest.] [OE. sad sated, tired, satisfied, firm, steadfast, AS. saed satisfied, sated; akin to D. zat, OS. sad, G. satt, OHG. sat, Icel. saðr, saddr, Goth. saþs, Lith. sotus, L. sat, satis, enough, satur sated, Gr. ’a•menai to satiate, ’a•dnh enough. Cf. Assets, Sate, Satiate, Satisfy, Satire.] 1. Sated; satisfied; weary; tired. [Obs.] “Yet of that art they can not waxen sad,
For unto them it is a bitter sweet.” Chaucer. 2. Heavy; weighty; ponderous; close; hard. [Obs., except in a few phrases; as sad bread.] “His hand, more sad than lump of lead.” Spenser. “Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad.” Mortimer. 3. Dull; grave; dark; somber; — said of colors. ´Sad-colored clothes.´ Walton. “Woad, or wade, is used by the dyers to lay the foundation of all sad colors.” Mortimer. 4. Serious; grave; sober; steadfast; not light or frivolous. [Obs.] ´Ripe and sad courage.´ Chaucer. “Lady Catharine, a sad and religious woman.” Bacon. “Which treaty was wisely handled by sad and discrete counsel of both parties.” Ld. Berners. 5. Affected with grief or unhappiness; cast down with affliction; downcast; gloomy; mournful. “First were we sad, fearing you would not come;
Now sadder, that you come so unprovided.” Shak. “The angelic guards ascended, mute and sad.” Milton. 6. Afflictive; calamitous; causing sorrow; as a sad accident; a sad misfortune. 7. Hence, bad; naughty; troublesome; wicked. [Colloq.] ´Sad tipsy fellows, both of them.´ I. Taylor. Sad is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as sad-colored, sad-eyed, sad-hearted, sad-looking, and the like. Sad bread, heavy bread. [Scot. & Local, U.S.] Bartlett. Syn. — Sorrowful; mournful; gloomy; dejected; depressed; cheerless; downcast; sedate; serious; grave; grievous; afflictive; calamitous.

Sad, v. t. To make sorrowful; to sadden. [Obs.] “How it sadded the minister’s spirits!” H. Peters.

Sad´da , n. [Per. sad-dar the hundred gates or ways; sad a hundred + dar door, way.] A work in the Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zend- Avesta, or sacred books.

Sad´den , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddened p. pr. & vb. n. Saddening.] To make sad. Specifically: (a) To render heavy or cohesive. [Obs.] “Marl is binding, and saddening of land is the great prejudice it doth to clay lands.” Mortimer. (b) To make dull- or sad-colored, as cloth. (c) To make grave or serious; to make melancholy or sorrowful. “Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene.” Pope.

Sad´den, v. i. To become, or be made, sad. Tennyson.

Sad´der , n. Same as Sadda.

Sad´dle , n. [OE. sadel, AS. sadol; akin to D. zadel, G. sattel, OHG. satal, satul, Icel. söðull, Dan. & Sw. sadel; cf. Russ. siedlo; all perh. ultimately from the root of E. sit.] 1. A seat for a rider, — usually made of leather, padded to span comfortably a horse’s back, furnished with stirrups for the rider’s feet to rest in, and fastened in place with a girth; also a seat for the rider on a bicycle or tricycle. 2. A padded part of a harness which is worn on a horse’s back, being fastened in place with a girth. It serves various purposes, as to keep the breeching in place, carry guides for the reins, etc. 3. A piece of meat containing a part of the backbone of an animal with the ribs on each side; as a saddle of mutton, of venison, etc. 4. (Naut.) A block of wood, usually fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar. 5. (Mach.) A part, as a flange, which is hollowed out to fit upon a convex surface and serve as a means of attachment or support. 6. (Zoöl.) The clitellus of an earthworm. 7. (Arch.) The threshold of a door, when a separate piece from the floor or landing; — so called because it spans and covers the joint between two floors. Saddle bar (Arch.), one the small iron bars to which the lead panels of a glazed window are secured. Oxf. Gloss. — Saddle gall (Far.), a sore or gall upon a horse’s back, made by the saddle. — Saddle girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place. — saddle horse, a horse suitable or trained for riding with a saddle. — Saddle joint, in sheet-metal roofing, a joint formed by bending up the edge of a sheet and folding it downward over the turned-up edge of the next sheet. — Saddle roof, (Arch.), a roof having two gables and one ridge; — said of such a roof when used in places where a different form is more common; as a tower surmounted by a saddle roof. Called also saddleback roof. — Saddle shell (Zoöl.), any thin plicated bivalve shell of the genera Placuna and Anomia; — so called from its shape. Called also saddle oyster.

Sad´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddled p. pr. & vb. n. Saddling ] [AS. sadelian.] 1. To put a saddle upon; to equip (a beast) for riding. ´saddle my horse.´ Shak. “Abraham rose up early, … and saddled his ass.” Gen. xxii. 3. 2. Hence: To fix as a charge or burden upon; to load; to encumber; as to saddle a town with the expense of bridges and highways.

Sad´dle•back , a. Same as Saddle-backed. Saddleback roof. (Arch.) See Saddle roof, under Saddle.

Sad´dle•back, n. 1. Anything saddle-backed; esp., a hill or ridge having a concave outline at the top. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The harp seal. (b) The great blackbacked gull (Larus marinus). (c) The larva of a bombycid moth (Empretia stimulea) which has a large, bright green, saddle-shaped patch of color on the back.

Sad´dle-backed , a. 1. Having the outline of the upper part concave like the seat of a saddle. 2. Having a low back and high neck, as a horse.

Sad´dle•bags , n. pl. Bags, usually of leather, united by straps or a band, formerly much used by horseback riders to carry small articles, one bag hanging on each side.

Sad´dle•bow , n. [AS. sadelboga.] The bow or arch in the front part of a saddle, or the pieces which form the front.

Sad´dle•cloth ( 115), n. A cloth under a saddle, and extending out behind; a housing.

Sad´dled , a. (Zoöl.) Having a broad patch of color across the back, like a saddle; saddle-backed.

Sad´dler , n. One who makes saddles. 2. (Zoöl.) A harp seal.

Sad´dler•y , n. 1. The materials for making saddles and harnesses; the articles usually offered for sale in a saddler’s shop. 2. The trade or employment of a saddler.

Sad´dle-shaped , a. Shaped like a saddle. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) Bent down at the sides so as to give the upper part a rounded form. Henslow. (b) (Geol.) Bent on each side of a mountain or ridge, without being broken at top; — said of strata.

Sad´dle•tree , n. The frame of a saddle. “For saddletree scarce reached had he,
His journey to begin.” Cowper.

Sad•du•ca´ic ( 135), a. Pertaining to, or like, the Sadducees; as Sadducaic reasonings.

Sad´du•cee , n. [L. Sadducaei, p., Gr. , Heb. Tsaddukim; — so called from Tsadok, the founder of the sect.] One of a sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future state, and the existence of angels. — Sad•du•ce´an (#), a. { Sad´du•cee•ism , Sad´du•cism }, n. The tenets of the Sadducees.

Sad´du•cize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sadducized p. pr. & vb. n. Sadducizing ] To adopt the principles of the Sadducees. Atterbury.

Sadh , n. [Skr. sadhu perfect, pure.] A member of a monotheistic sect of Hindoos. Sadhs resemble the Quakers in many respects. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sad´i•ron , n. [Probably sad heavy + iron.] An iron for smoothing clothes; a flatiron.

Sad´ly, adv. 1. Wearily; heavily; firmly. [Obs.] “In go the spears full sadly in arest.” Chaucer. 2. Seriously; soberly; gravely. [Obs.] “To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame
Or our neglect, we lost her as we came.” Milton. 3. Grievously; deeply; sorrowfully; miserably. ´He sadly suffers in their grief.´ Dryden.

Sad´ness, n. 1. Heaviness; firmness. [Obs.] 2. Seriousness; gravity; discretion. [Obs.] “Her sadness and her benignity.” Chaucer. 3. Quality of being sad, or unhappy; gloominess; sorrowfulness; dejection. “Dim sadness did not spare
That time celestial visages.” Milton. Syn. — Sorrow; heaviness; dejection. See Grief.

Sadr , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ziziphus (Z. lotus); — so called by the Arabs of Barbary, who use its berries for food. See Lotus (b).

Saeng´er•fest , n. [G. sängerfest.] A festival of singers; a German singing festival.

Safe , a. [Compar. Safer superl. Safest.] [OE. sauf, F. sauf, fr. L. salvus, akin to salus health, welfare, safety. Cf. Salute, Salvation, Sage a plant, Save, Salvo an exception.] 1. Free from harm, injury, or risk; untouched or unthreatened by danger or injury; unharmed; unhurt; secure; whole; as safe from disease; safe from storms; safe from foes. ´And ye dwelled safe.´ 1 Sam. xii. 11. “They escaped all safe to land.” Acts xxvii. 44. “Established in a safe, unenvied throne.” Milton. 2. Conferring safety; securing from harm; not exposing to danger; confining securely; to be relied upon; not dangerous; as a safe harbor; a safe bridge, etc. ´The man of safe discretion.´ Shak. “The King of heaven hath doomed
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat.” Milton. 3. Incapable of doing harm; no longer dangerous; in secure care or custody; as the prisoner is safe. “But Banquo’s safe?
Ay, my good lord, safe in a ditch he bides.” Shak. Safe hit (Baseball), a hit which enables the batter to get to first base even if no error is made by the other side. Syn. — Secure; unendangered; sure.

Safe , n. A place for keeping things in safety. Specifically: (a) A strong and fireproof receptacle (as a movable chest of steel, etc., or a closet or vault of brickwork) for containing money, valuable papers, or the like. (b) A ventilated or refrigerated chest or closet for securing provisions from noxious animals or insects.

Safe, v. t. To render safe; to make right. [Obs.] Shak.

Safe´-con´duct , n. [Safe + conduct: cf. F. sauf-conduit.] That which gives a safe passage; either (a) a convoy or guard to protect a person in an enemy’s country or a foreign country, or (b) a writing, pass, or warrant of security, given to a person to enable him to travel with safety. Shak.

Safe•-con•duct´ , v. t. To conduct safely; to give safe-conduct to. [Poetic] “He him by all the bonds of love besought
To safe-conduct his love.” Spenser.

Safe´guard , n. [Safe = guard: cf. F. sauvegarde.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or protects; defense; protection. Shak. “Thy sword, the safeguard of thy brother’s throne.” Granville. 2. A convoy or guard to protect a traveler or property. 3. A pass; a passport; a safe-conduct. Shak.

Safe´guard, v. t. To guard; to protect. Shak.

Safe´-keep´ing , n. [Safe + keep.] The act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury or from escape; care; custody.

Safe´ly, adv. In a safe manner; danger, injury, loss, or evil consequences.

Safe´ness, n. The quality or state of being safe; freedom from hazard, danger, harm, or loss; safety; security; as the safeness of an experiment, of a journey, or of a possession.

Safe´-pledge´ , n. (Law) A surety for the appearance of a person at a given time. Bracton.

Safe´ty , n. [Cf. F. sauvete.] 1. The condition or state of being safe; freedom from danger or hazard; exemption from hurt, injury, or loss. “Up led by thee,
Into the heaven I have presumed,
An earthly guest … With like safety guided down,
Return me to my native element.” Milton. 2. Freedom from whatever exposes one to danger or from liability to cause danger or harm; safeness; hence, the quality of making safe or secure, or of giving confidence, justifying trust, insuring against harm or loss, etc. “Would there were any safety in thy sex,
That I might put a thousand sorrows off,
And credit thy repentance!” Beau. & Fl. 3. Preservation from escape; close custody. “Imprison him, …
Deliver him to safety; and return.” Shak. 4. (Football) Same as Safety touchdown, below. Safety arch (Arch.), a discharging arch. See under Discharge, v. t. — Safety belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or which is capable of being inflated, so as to enable a person to float in water; a life preserver. — Safety buoy, a buoy to enable a person to float in water; a safety belt. — Safety cage (Mach.), a cage for an elevator or mine lift, having appliances to prevent it from dropping if the lifting rope should break. — Safety lamp. (Mining) See under Lamp. — Safety match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose. — Safety pin, a pin made in the form of a clasp, with a guard covering its point so that it will not prick the wearer. — Safety plug. See Fusible plug, under Fusible. — Safety switch. See Switch. — Safety touchdown (Football), the act or result of a player’s touching to the ground behind his own goal line a ball which received its last impulse from a man on his own side; — distinguished from touchback. See Touchdown. — Safety tube (Chem.), a tube to prevent explosion, or to control delivery of gases by an automatic valvular connection with the outer air; especially, a bent funnel tube with bulbs for adding those reagents which produce unpleasant fumes or violent effervescence. — Safety valve, a valve which is held shut by a spring or weight and opens automatically to permit the escape of steam, or confined gas water, etc., from a boiler, or other vessel, when the pressure becomes too great for safety; also sometimes, a similar valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, to prevent collapse.

Saf´flow , n. (Bot.) The safflower. [Obs.]

Saf´flow•er , n. [F. safleur, saflor, for safran, influenced by fleur flower. See Saffron, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Carthamus tinctorius), the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making rouge; bastard, or false, saffron. 2. The dried flowers of the Carthamus tinctorius. 3. A dyestuff from these flowers. See Safranin (b). Oil of safflower, a purgative oil expressed from the seeds of the safflower.

Saf´fron ( 277), n. [OE. saffran, F. safran; cf. It. zafferano, Sp. azafran, Pg. açafrão; all fr. Ar. & Per. za’ faran.] 1. (Bot.) A bulbous iridaceous plant (Crocus sativus) having blue flowers with large yellow stigmas. See Crocus. 2. The aromatic, pungent, dried stigmas usually with part of the stile, of the Crocus sativus. Saffron is used in cookery, and in coloring confectionery, liquors, varnishes, etc., and was formerly much used in medicine. 3. An orange or deep yellow color, like that of the stigmas of the Crocus sativus. Bastard saffron, Dyer’s saffron. (Bot.) See Safflower. — Meadow saffron (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Colchichum autumnale) of Europe, resembling saffron. — Saffron wood (Bot.), the yellowish wood of a South African tree (Elaeodendron croceum); also the tree itself. — Saffron yellow, a shade of yellow like that obtained from the stigmas of the true saffron (Crocus sativus).

Saf´fron ( 277), a. Having the color of the stigmas of saffron flowers; deep orange-yellow; as a saffron face; a saffron streamer.

Saf´fron, v. t. To give color and flavor to, as by means of saffron; to spice. [Obs.] “And in Latyn I speak a wordes few,
To saffron with my predication.” Chaucer.

Saf´fron•y , a. Having a color somewhat like saffron; yellowish. Lord (1630).

Saf´ra•nin , n. (Chem.) (a) An orange-red dyestuff extracted from the saffron. [R.] (b) A red dyestuff extracted from the safflower, and formerly used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton pink and scarlet; — called also Spanish red, China lake, and carthamin. (c) An orange-red dyestuff prepared from certain nitro compounds of creosol, and used as a substitute for the safflower dye.

Saf´ra•nine , n. [So called because used as a substitute for safranin.] (Chem.) An orange-red nitrogenous dyestuff produced artificially by oxidizing certain aniline derivatives, and used in dyeing silk and wool; also any one of the series of which safranine proper is the type.

Sag (sag), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sagged p. pr. & vb. n. Sagging ] [Akin to Sw. sacka to settle, sink down, LG. sacken, D. zakken. Cf. Sink, v. i.] 1. To sink, in the middle, by its weight or under applied pressure, below a horizontal line or plane; as a line or cable supported by its ends sags, though tightly drawn; the floor of a room sags; hence, to lean, give way, or settle from a vertical position; as a building may sag one way or another; a door sags on its hinges. 2. Fig.: To lose firmness or elasticity; to sink; to droop; to flag; to bend; to yield, as the mind or spirits, under the pressure of care, trouble, doubt, or the like; to be unsettled or unbalanced. [R.] “The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear,
Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear.” Shak. 3. To loiter in walking; to idle along; to drag or droop heavily. To sag to leeward (Naut.), to make much leeway by reason of the wind, sea, or current; to drift to leeward; — said of a vessel. Totten.

Sag, v. t. To cause to bend or give way; to load.

Sag, n. State of sinking or bending; sagging.

Sa´ga (sa´ga), n.; pl. Sagas (-gaz). [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying. See Say, and cf. Saw.] A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time. “And then the blue-eyed Norseman told
A saga of the days of old.” Longfellow.

Sa•ga´cious , a. [L. sagax, sagacis, akin to sagire to perceive quickly or keenly, and probably to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Presage.] 1. Of quick sense perceptions; keen-scented; skilled in following a trail. “Sagacious of his quarry from so far.” Milton. 2. Hence, of quick intellectual perceptions; of keen penetration and judgment; discerning and judicious; knowing; far-sighted; shrewd; sage; wise; as a sagacious man; a sagacious remark. “Instinct … makes them, many times, sagacious above our apprehension.” Dr. H. More. “Only sagacious heads light on these observations, and reduce them into general propositions.” Locke. Syn. — See Shrewd. — Sa•ga´cious•ly, adv. — Sa•ga´cious•ness, n.

Sa•gac´i•ty , n. [L. sagacitas. See Sagacious.] The quality of being sagacious; quickness or acuteness of sense perceptions; keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness of judgment; shrewdness. “Some [brutes] show that nice sagacity of smell.” Cowper. “Natural sagacity improved by generous education.” V. Knox. Syn. — Penetration; shrewdness; judiciousness. — Sagacity, Penetration. Penetration enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, to detect motives, plans, etc. Sagacity adds to penetration a keen, practical judgment, which enables one to guard against the designs of others, and to turn everything to the best possible advantage.

Sag´a•more , n. 1. [Cf. Sachem.] The head of a tribe among the American Indians; a chief; — generally used as synonymous with sachem, but some writters distinguished between them, making the sachem a chief of the first rank, and a sagamore one of the second rank. ´Be it sagamore, sachem, or powwow.´ Longfellow. 2. A juice used in medicine. [Obs.] Johnson.

Sag´a•pen , n. Sagapenum.

Sag•a•pe´num , n. [L. sagapenon, sacopenium, Gr. : cf. F. sagapin, gomme sagapin, sagapenum, Ar. sikbinaj, Per. sakbinah, sikbinah.] (Med.) A fetid gum resin obtained from a species of Ferula. It has been used in hysteria, etc., but is now seldom met with. U. S. Disp.

Sag´a•thy , n. [F. sagatis: cf. Sp. sagatí, saetí.] A mixed woven fabric of silk and cotton, or silk and wool; sayette; also a light woolen fabric.

Sage , n. [OE. sauge, F. sauge, L. salvia, from salvus saved, in allusion to its reputed healing virtues. See Safe.] (Bot.) (a) A suffruticose labiate plant (Salvia officinalis) with grayish green foliage, much used in flavoring meats, etc. The name is often extended to the whole genus, of which many species are cultivated for ornament, as the scarlet sage, and Mexican red and blue sage. (b) The sagebrush. Meadow sage (Bot.), a blue-flowered species of Salvia (S. pratensis) growing in meadows in Europe. — Sage cheese, cheese flavored with sage, and colored green by the juice of leaves of spinach and other plants which are added to the milk. — Sage cock (Zoöl.), the male of the sage grouse; in a more general sense, the specific name of the sage grouse. — Sage green, of a dull grayish green color, like the leaves of garden sage. — Sage grouse (Zoöl.), a very large American grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), native of the dry sagebrush plains of Western North America. Called also cock of the plains. The male is called sage cock, and the female sage hen. — Sage hare, or Sage rabbit (Zoöl.), a species of hare (Lepus Nuttalli, or artemisia) which inhabits the arid regions of Western North America and lives among sagebrush. By recent writers it is considered to be merely a variety of the common cottontail, or wood rabbit. — Sage hen (Zoöl.), the female of the sage grouse. — Sage sparrow (Zoöl.), a small sparrow (Amphispiza Belli, var. Nevadensis) which inhabits the dry plains of the Rocky Mountain region, living among sagebrush. — Sage thrasher (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Oroscoptes montanus) which inhabits the sagebrush plains of Western North America. — Sage willow (Bot.), a species of willow (Salix tristis) forming a low bush with nearly sessile grayish green leaves.

Sage , a. [Compar. Sager superl. Sagest.] [F., fr. L. sapius (only in nesapius unwise, foolish), fr. sapere to be wise; perhaps akin to E. sap. Cf. Savor, Sapient, Insipid.] 1. Having nice discernment and powers of judging; prudent; grave; sagacious. “All you sage counselors, hence!” Shak. 2. Proceeding from wisdom; well judged; shrewd; well adapted to the purpose. “Commanders, who, cloaking their fear under show of sage advice, counseled the general to retreat.” Milton. 3. Grave; serious; solemn. [R.] ´[Great bards] in sage and solemn tunes have sung.´ Milton. Syn. — Wise; sagacious; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious.

Sage, n. A wise man; a man of gravity and wisdom; especially, a man venerable for years, and of sound judgment and prudence; a grave philosopher. “At his birth a star,
Unseen before in heaven, proclaims him come,
And guides the Eastern sages.” Milton.

Sage´brush , n. A low irregular shrub (Artemisia tridentata), of the order Compositae, covering vast tracts of the dry alkaline regions of the American plains; — called also sagebush, and wild sage.

Sage´ly, adv. In a sage manner; wisely.

Sa•gene´ , n. [Russ. sajene.] A Russian measure of length equal to about seven English feet.

Sage´ness , n. The quality or state of being sage; wisdom; sagacity; prudence; gravity. Ascham.

Sag´e•nite , n. [F. sagenite, fr. L. sagena a large net. See Seine.] (Min.) Acicular rutile occurring in reticulated forms imbedded in quartz.

Sag•e•nit´ic , a. (Min.) Resembling sagenite; — applied to quartz when containing acicular crystals of other minerals, most commonly rutile, also tourmaline, actinolite, and the like.

Sag´ger , n. [See Seggar.] 1. A pot or case of fire clay, in which fine stoneware is inclosed while baking in the kiln; a seggar. 2. The clay of which such pots or cases are made.

Sag´ging , n. A bending or sinking between the ends of a thing, in consequence of its own, or an imposed, weight; an arching downward in the middle, as of a ship after straining. Cf. Hogging.

Sag´i•nate , v. t. [L. saginatus, p. p. of saginare to fat, fr. sagina stuffing.] To make fat; to pamper. [R.] ´Many a saginated boar.´ Cowper.

Sag•i•na´tion , n. [L. saginatio.] The act of fattening or pampering. [R.] Topsell.

Sa•git´ta , n. [L., an arrow.] 1. (Astron.) A small constellation north of Aquila; the Arrow. 2. (Arch.) The keystone of an arch. [R.] Gwilt. 3. (Geom.) The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also the versed sine of an arc; — so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string. [Obs.] 4. (Anat.) The larger of the two otoliths, or ear bones, found in most fishes. 5. (Zoöl.) A genus of transparent, free-swimming marine worms having lateral and caudal fins, and capable of swimming rapidly. It is the type of the class Chaetognatha.

Sag´it•tal , a. [L. sagitta an arrow: cf. F. sagittal.] 1. Of or pertaining to an arrow; resembling an arrow; furnished with an arrowlike appendage. 2. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the sagittal suture; in the region of the sagittal suture; rabdoidal; as the sagittal furrow, or groove, on the inner surface of the roof of the skull. (b) In the mesial plane; mesial; as a sagittal section of an animal. Sagittal suture (Anat.), the suture between the two parietal bones in the top of the skull; — called also rabdoidal suture, and interparietal suture.

Sag•it•ta´ri•us , n. [L., literally, an archer, fr. sagittarius belonging to an arrow, fr. sagitta an arrow.] (Astron.) (a) The ninth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about November 22, marked thus [&sagittarius;] in almanacs; the Archer. (b) A zodiacal constellation, represented on maps and globes as a centaur shooting an arrow.

Sag´it•ta´ry , n. [See Sagittarius.] 1. (Myth.) A centaur; a fabulous being, half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. Shak. 2. The Arsenal in Venice; — so called from having a figure of an archer over the door. Shak.

Sag´it•ta•ry, a. [L. sagittarius.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. Sir T. Browne.

Sag´it•tate , a. [NL. sagittatus, fr. L. sagitta an arrow.] Shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with the two basal angles prolonged downward.

Sag´it•ta•ted , a. Sagittal; sagittate.

Sag´it•to•cyst , n. [See Sagitta, and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) A defensive cell containing a minute rodlike structure which may be expelled. Such cells are found in certain Turbellaria.

Sa´go (sa´go), n. [Malay. sagu.] A dry granulated starch imported from the East Indies, much used for making puddings and as an article of diet for the sick; also as starch, for stiffening textile fabrics. It is prepared from the stems of several East Indian and Malayan palm trees, but chiefly from the Metroxylon Sagu; also from several cycadaceous plants (Cycas revoluta, Zamia integrifolia, etc.). Portland sago, a kind of sago prepared from the corms of the cuckoopint (Arum maculatum). — Sago palm. (Bot.) (a) A palm tree which yields sago. (b) A species of Cycas (Cycas revoluta). — Sago spleen (Med.), a morbid condition of the spleen, produced by amyloid degeneration of the organ, in which a cross section shows scattered gray translucent bodies looking like grains of sago.

Sa•goin´ , n. [F. sagouin(formed from the native South American name).] (Zoöl.) A marmoset; — called also sagouin.

Sa´gum , n.; pl. Saga (#). [L. sagum, sagus; cf. Gr. . Cf. Say a kind of serge.] (Rom. Antiq.) The military cloak of the Roman soldiers.

Sa´gus , n. [NL. See Sago.] (Bot.) A genus of palms from which sago is obtained.

Sa´gy , a. Full of sage; seasoned with sage.

Sa´hib , Sa´heb , n. [Ar. çahib master, lord, fem. çahibah.] A respectful title or appellation given to Europeans of rank. [India]

Sa´hi•bah , n. [See Sahib.] A lady; mistress. [India]

Sa•hid´ic , a. Same as Thebaic.

Sah´lite , n. (Min.) See Salite.

Sa•hui´ , n. (Zoöl.) A marmoset.

Sa´i , n. [Cf. Pg. sahi.] (Zoöl.) See Capuchin, 3 (a).

Sai´bling , n. [Dial. G.] (Zoöl.) A European mountain trout (Salvelinus alpinus); — called also Bavarian charr.

Sa´ic , n. [F. saïque, Turk. shaïka.] (Naut.) A kind of ketch very common in the Levant, which has neither topgallant sail nor mizzen topsail.

Said , imp. & p. p. of Say.

Said, a. Before-mentioned; already spoken of or specified; aforesaid; — used chiefly in legal style.

Sai´ga , n. [Russ. saika.] (Zoöl.) An antelope (Saiga Tartarica) native of the plains of Siberia and Eastern Russia. The male has erect annulated horns, and tufts of long hair beneath the eyes and ears.

Sai´kyr , n. (Mil.) Same as Saker. [Obs.]

Sail , n. [OE. seil, AS. segel, segl; akin to D. zeil, OHG. segal, G. & Sw. segel, Icel. segl, Dan. seil. rad. 153.] 1. An extent of canvas or other fabric by means of which the wind is made serviceable as a power for propelling vessels through the water. “Behoves him now both sail and oar.” Milton. 2. Anything resembling a sail, or regarded as a sail. 3. A wing; a van. [Poetic] “Like an eagle soaring
To weather his broad sails.” Spenser. 4. The extended surface of the arm of a windmill. 5. A sailing vessel; a vessel of any kind; a craft. In this sense, the plural has usually the same form as the singular; as twenty sail were in sight. 6. A passage by a sailing vessel; a journey or excursion upon the water. Sails are of two general kinds, fore-and-aft sails, and square sails. Square sails are always bent to yards, with their foot lying across the line of the vessel. Fore-and-aft sails are set upon stays or gaffs with their foot in line with the keel. A fore- and-aft sail is triangular, or quadrilateral with the after leech longer than the fore leech. Square sails are quadrilateral, but not necessarily square. See Phrases under Fore, a., and Square, a.; also Bark, Brig, Schooner, Ship, Stay. Sail burton (Naut.), a purchase for hoisting sails aloft for bending. — Sail fluke (Zoöl.), the whiff. — Sail hook, a small hook used in making sails, to hold the seams square. — Sail loft, a loft or room where sails are cut out and made. — Sail room (Naut.), a room in a vessel where sails are stowed when not in use. — Sail yard (Naut.), the yard or spar on which a sail is extended. — Shoulder-of- mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail of peculiar form. It is chiefly used to set on a boat’s mast. — To crowd sail. (Naut.) See under Crowd. — To loose sails (Naut.), to unfurl or spread sails. — To make sail (Naut.), to extend an additional quantity of sail. — To set a sail (Naut.), to extend or spread a sail to the wind. — To set sail (Naut.), to unfurl or spread the sails; hence, to begin a voyage. — To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce the extent of sail, or take in a part. — To strike sail (Naut.), to lower the sails suddenly, as in saluting, or in sudden gusts of wind; hence, to acknowledge inferiority; to abate pretension. — Under sail, having the sails spread.

Sail , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sailed p. pr. & vb. n. Sailing.] [AS. segelian, seglian. See Sail, n.] 1. To be impelled or driven forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship on water; to be impelled on a body of water by the action of steam or other power. 2. To move through or on the water; to swim, as a fish or a water fowl. 3. To be conveyed in a vessel on water; to pass by water; as they sailed from London to Canton. 4. To set sail; to begin a voyage. 5. To move smoothly through the air; to glide through the air without apparent exertion, as a bird. “As is a winged messenger of heaven, …
When he bestrides the lazy pacing clouds,
And sails upon the bosom of the air.” Shak.

Sail, v. t. 1. To pass or move upon, as in a ship, by means of sails; hence, to move or journey upon (the water) by means of steam or other force. “A thousand ships were manned to sail the sea.” Dryden. 2. To fly through; to glide or move smoothly through. “Sublime she sails
The aërial space, and mounts the wingèd gales.” Pope. 3. To direct or manage the motion of, as a vessel; as to sail one’s own ship. Totten.

Sail´a•ble , a. Capable of being sailed over; navigable; as a sailable river.

Sail´boat, n. A boat propelled by a sail or sails.

Sail´cloth , n. Duck or canvas used in making sails.

Sail´er , n. 1. A sailor. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. A ship or other vessel; — with qualifying words descriptive of speed or manner of sailing; as a heavy sailer; a fast sailer.

Sail´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The banner fish, or spikefish (Histiophorus.) (b) The basking, or liver, shark. (c) The quillback.

Sail´ing , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sails; the motion of a vessel on water, impelled by wind or steam; the act of starting on a voyage. 2. (Naut.) The art of managing a vessel; seamanship; navigation; as globular sailing; oblique sailing. For the several methods of sailing, see under Circular, Globular, Oblique, Parallel, etc. Sailing master (U. S. Navy), formerly, a warrant officer, ranking next below a lieutenant, whose duties were to navigate the vessel; and under the direction of the executive officer, to attend to the stowage of the hold, to the cables, rigging, etc. The grade was merged in that of master in 1862.

Sail´less , a. Destitute of sails. Pollok.

Sail´mak•er , n. One whose occupation is to make or repair sails. — Sail´mak•ing, n.

Sail´or , n. One who follows the business of navigating ships or other vessels; one who understands the practical management of ships; one of the crew of a vessel; a mariner; a common seaman. Syn. — Mariner; seaman; seafarer. Sailor’s choice. (Zoöl.) (a) An excellent marine food fish (Diplodus, or Lagodon, rhomboides) of the Southern United States; — called also porgy, squirrel fish, yellowtail, and salt- water bream. (b) A species of grunt (Orthopristis, or Pomadasys, chrysopterus), an excellent food fish common on the southern coasts of the United States; — called also hogfish, and pigfish.

Sail´y , a. Like a sail. [R.] Drayton.

Saim , n. [OF. sain, LL. saginum, fr. L. sagina a fattening.] Lard; grease. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Sai•mir´ , n. (Zoöl.) The squirrel monkey.

Sain , obs. p. p. of Say, for sayen. Said. Shak.

Sain, v. t. [Cf. Saint, Sane.] To sanctify; to bless so as to protect from evil influence. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Sain´foin ( 277), n. [F., fr. sain wholesome (L. sanus; see Sane.) + foin hay (L. faenum); or perh. fr. saint sacred (L. sanctus; see Saint) + foin hay.] (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Onobrychis sativa) cultivated for fodder. [Written also saintfoin.] (b) A kind of tick trefoil (Desmodium Canadense). [Canada]

Saint (sant), n. [F., fr. L. sanctus sacred, properly p. p. of sancire to render sacred by a religious act, to appoint as sacred; akin to sacer sacred. Cf. Sacred, Sanctity, Sanctum, Sanctus.] 1. A person sanctified; a holy or godly person; one eminent for piety and virtue; any true Christian, as being redeemed and consecrated to God. “Them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints.” 1 Cor. i. 2. 2. One of the blessed in heaven. “Then shall thy saints, unmixed, and from the impure
Far separate, circling thy holy mount,
Unfeigned hallelujahs to thee sing.” Milton. 3. (Eccl.) One canonized by the church. [Abbrev. St.] Saint Andrew’s cross. (a) A cross shaped like the letter X. See Illust. 4, under Cross. (b) (Bot.) A low North American shrub (Ascyrum Crux-Andreae, the petals of which have the form of a Saint Andrew’s cross. Gray. — Saint Anthony’s cross, a T-shaped cross. See Illust. 6, under Cross. — Saint Anthony’s fire, the erysipelas; — popularly so called because it was supposed to have been cured by the intercession of Saint Anthony. — Saint Anthony’s nut (Bot.), the groundnut (Bunium flexuosum); — so called because swine feed on it, and St. Anthony was once a swineherd. Dr. Prior. — Saint Anthony’s turnip (Bot.), the bulbous crowfoot, a favorite food of swine. Dr. Prior. — Saint Barnaby’s thistle (Bot.), a kind of knapweed (Centaurea solstitialis) flowering on St. Barnabas’s Day, June 11th. Dr. Prior. — Saint Bernard (Zoöl.), a breed of large, handsome dogs celebrated for strength and sagacity, formerly bred chiefly at the Hospice of St. Bernard in Switzerland, but now common in Europe and America. There are two races, the smooth-haired and the rough-haired. See Illust. under Dog. — Saint Catharine’s flower (Bot.), the plant love-in-a-mist. See under Love. — Saint Cuthbert’s beads (Paleon.), the fossil joints of crinoid stems. — Saint Dabeoc’s heath (Bot.), a heatherlike plant (Dabœcia polifolia), named from an Irish saint. — Saint Distaff’s Day. See under Distaff. — Saint Elmo’s fire, a luminous, flamelike appearance, sometimes seen in dark, tempestuous nights, at some prominent point on a ship, particularly at the masthead and the yardarms. It has also been observed on land, and is due to the discharge of electricity from elevated or pointed objects. A single flame is called a Helena, or a Corposant; a double, or twin, flame is called a Castor and Pollux, or a double Corposant. It takes its name from St. Elmo, the patron saint of sailors. — Saint George’s cross (Her.), a Greek cross gules upon a field argent, the field being represented by a narrow fimbriation in the ensign, or union jack, of Great Britain. — Saint George’s ensign, a red cross on a white field with a union jack in the upper corner next the mast. It is the distinguishing badge of ships of the royal navy of England; — called also the white ensign. Brande & C. — Saint George’s flag, a smaller flag resembling the ensign, but without the union jack; used as the sign of the presence and command of an admiral. [Eng.] Brande & C. — Saint Gobain glass (Chem.), a fine variety of soda-lime plate glass, so called from St. Gobain in France, where it was manufactured. — Saint Ignatius’s bean (Bot.), the seed of a tree of the Philippines (Strychnos Ignatia), of properties similar to the nux vomica. — Saint James’s shell (Zoöl.), a pecten (Vola Jacobaeus) worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land. See Illust. under Scallop. — Saint James’s-wort (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobaea). — Saint John’s bread. (Bot.) See Carob. — Saint John’s-wort (Bot.), any plant of the genus Hypericum, most species of which have yellow flowers; — called also John’s-wort. — Saint Leger, the name of a race for three-year-old horses run annually in September at Doncaster, England; — instituted in 1776 by Col. St. Leger. — Saint Martin’s herb (Bot.), a small tropical American violaceous plant (Sauvagesia erecta). It is very mucilaginous and is used in medicine. — Saint Martin’s summer, a season of mild, damp weather frequently prevailing during late autumn in England and the Mediterranean countries; — so called from St. Martin’s Festival, occurring on November 11. It corresponds to the Indian summer in America. Shak. Whittier. — Saint Patrick’s cross. See Illust. 4, under Cross. — Saint Patrick’s Day, the 17th of March, anniversary of the death (about 466) of St. Patrick, the apostle and patron saint of Ireland. — Saint Peter’s fish. (Zoöl.) See John Dory, under John. — Saint Peter’s-wort (Bot.), a name of several plants, as Hypericum Ascyron, H. quadrangulum, Ascyrum stans, etc. — Saint Peter’s wreath (Bot.), a shrubby kind of Spiraea (S. hypericifolia), having long slender branches covered with clusters of small white blossoms in spring. — Saint’s bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. — Saint Vitus’s dance (Med.), chorea; — so called from the supposed cures wrought on intercession to this saint.

Saint (sant), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sainting.] To make a saint of; to enroll among the saints by an offical act, as of the pope; to canonize; to give the title or reputation of a saint to (some one). “A large hospital, erected by a shoemaker who has been beatified, though never sainted.” Addison. To saint it, to act as a saint, or with a show of piety. “Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it.” Pope.

Saint, v. i. To act or live as a saint. [R.] Shak.

Saint´dom (-dum), n. The state or character of a saint. [R.] Tennyson.

Saint´ed, a. 1. Consecrated; sacred; holy; pious. ´A most sainted king.´ Shak. “Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats.” Milton. 2. Entered into heaven; — a euphemism for dead.

Saint´ess, n. A female saint. [R.] Bp. Fisher.

Saint´hood , n. 1. The state of being a saint; the condition of a saint. Walpole. 2. The order, or united body, of saints; saints, considered collectively. “It was supposed he felt no call to any expedition that might endanger the reign of the military sainthood.” Sir W. Scott.

Saint´ish, a. Somewhat saintlike; - - used ironically.

Saint´ism , n. The character or quality of saints; also hypocritical pretense of holiness. Wood.

Saint´like , a. Resembling a saint; suiting a saint; becoming a saint; saintly. “Glossed over only with a saintlike show.” Dryden.

Saint´li•ness , n. Quality of being saintly.

Saint´ly, a. [Compar. Saintlier superl. Saintliest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person. “So dear to Heaven is saintly chastity.” Milton.

Saint•ol´o•gist , n. [Saint + -logy + -ist.] (Theol.) One who writes the lives of saints. [R.]

Saint´ship, n. The character or qualities of a saint.

Saint•-Si•mo´ni•an , n. A follower of the Count de St. Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that the principle of property held in common, and the just division of the fruits of common labor among the members of society, are the true remedy for the social evils which exist. Brande & C.

Saint•-Si•mo´ni•an•ism , n. The principles, doctrines, or practice of the Saint-Simonians; — called also Saint- Simonism.

Saith , 3d pers. sing. pres. of Say. [Archaic]

Saithe , n. [Gael. saoidheam.] (Zoöl.) The pollock, or coalfish; — called also sillock. [Scot.]

Sai´va , n. [Skr. çaiva devoted to Siva.] One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration.

Sai´vism , n. The worship of Siva.

Sa•jene´ , n. Same as Sagene.

Sa´jou ( F. ), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sapajou.

Sake (sak), n. [OE. sake cause, also lawsuit, fault, AS. sacu strife, a cause or suit at law; akin to D. zaak cause, thing, affair, G. sache thing, cause in law, OHG. sahha, Icel. sök, Sw. sak, Dan. sag, Goth. sakjo strife, AS. sacan to contend, strive, Goth. sakam, Icel. saka to contend, strive, blame, OHG. sahhan, MHG. sachen, to contend, strive, defend one’s right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, and also to E. seek. Cf. Seek.] Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; cause; motive; reason; interest; concern; account; regard or respect; — used chiefly in such phrases as for the sake of, for his sake, for man’s sake, for mercy’s sake, and the like; as to commit crime for the sake of gain; to go abroad for the sake of one’s health. “Moved with wrath and shame and ladies’ sake.” Spenser. “I will not again curse the ground any more for man’s sake.” Gen. viii. 21. “Will he draw out,
For anger’s sake, finite to infinite?” Milton. “Knowledge is for the sake of man, and not man for the sake of knowledge.” Sir W. Hamilton. The -s of the possessive case preceding sake is sometimes omitted for euphony; as for goodness sake. ´For conscience sake.´ 1 Cor. x. 28. The plural sakes is often used with a possessive plural. ´For both our sakes.´ Shak.

Sa´ker (sa´ker), n. [F. sacre (cf. It. sagro, Sp. & Pg. sacre), either fr. L. sacer sacred, holy, as a translation of Gr. ´ie•rax falcon, from ´iero•s holy, or more probably from Ar. çaqr hawk.] [Written also sacar, sacre.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A falcon (Falco sacer) native of Southern Europe and Asia, closely resembling the lanner. The female is called chargh, and the male charghela, or sakeret. (b) The peregrine falcon. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Mil.) A small piece of artillery. Wilhelm. “On the bastions were planted culverins and sakers.” Macaulay. “The culverins and sakers showing their deadly muzzles over the rampart.” Hawthorne.

Sa´ker•et (sa´ker•et), n. [F. sacret. See Saker.] (Zoöl.) The male of the saker (a).

Sa´ki (sa´ki), n. [Cf. F. & Pg. saki; probably from the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Pithecia. They have large ears, and a long hairy tail which is not prehensile. The black saki (Pithecia satanas), the white-headed (P. leucocephala), and the red-backed, or hand-drinking, saki (P. chiropotes), are among the best-known.

Sa´ki (sä´ke), n. The alcoholic drink of Japan. It is made from rice.

Sak´ti , n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) The divine energy, personified as the wife of a deity (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, etc.); the female principle.

Sal (sal), n. [Hind. sal, Skr. çala.] (Bot.) An East Indian timber tree (Shorea robusta), much used for building purposes. It is of a light brown color, close-grained, heavy, and durable. [Written also saul.]

Sal (sal), n. [L. See Salt.] (Chem. & Pharm.) Salt. Sal absinthii [NL.] (Old Chem.), an impure potassium carbonate obtained from the ashes of wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium). — Sal acetosellae [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt of sorrel. — Sal alembroth. (Old Chem.) See Alembroth. — Sal ammoniac (Chem.), ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, a white crystalline volatile substance having a sharp salty taste, obtained from gas works, from nitrogenous matter, etc. It is largely employed as a source of ammonia, as a reagent, and as an expectorant in bronchitis. So called because originally made from the soot from camel’s dung at the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. Called also muriate of ammonia. — Sal catharticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), Epsom salts. — Sal culinarius [L.] (Old Chem.), common salt, or sodium chloride. — Sal Cyrenaicus. [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Sal ammoniac above. — Sal de duobus, Sal duplicatum [NL.] (Old Chem.), potassium sulphate; — so called because erroneously supposed to be composed of two salts, one acid and one alkaline. — Sal diureticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), potassium acetate. — Sal enixum [NL.] (Old Chem.), acid potassium sulphate. — Sal gemmae [NL.] (Old Min.), common salt occuring native. — Sal Jovis [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt tin, or stannic chloride; — the alchemical name of tin being Jove. — Sal Martis [NL.] (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or ferrous sulphate; — the alchemical name of iron being Mars. — Sal microcosmicum [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Microcosmic salt, under Microcosmic. — Sal plumbi [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead. — Sal prunella. (Old Chem.) See Prunella salt, under 1st Prunella. — Sal Saturni [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead, or lead acetate; — the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. — Sal sedativus [NL.] (Old Chem.), sedative salt, or boric acid. — Sal Seignette [F. seignette, sel de seignette] (Chem.), Rochelle salt. — Sal soda (Chem.), sodium carbonate. See under Sodium. — Sal vitrioli [NL.] (Old Chem.), white vitriol; zinc sulphate. — Sal volatile. [NL.] (a) (Chem.) See Sal ammoniac, above. (b) Spirits of ammonia.

Sa•laam´ (sa•läm´), n. Same as Salam. “Finally, Josiah might have made his salaam to the exciseman just as he was folding up that letter.” Prof. Wilson.

Sa•laam´, v. i. To make or perform a salam. “I have salaamed and kowtowed to him.” H. James.

Sal•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or condition of being salable; salableness. Duke of Argyll.

Sal´a•ble , a. [From Sale.] Capable of being sold; fit to be sold; finding a ready market. — Sal´a•ble•ness, n. — Sal´a•bly, adv.

Sa•la´cious , n. [L. salax, -acis, fond of leaping, lustful, fr. salire to leap. See Salient.] Having a propensity to venery; lustful; lecherous. Dryden. — Sa•la´cious•ly, adv. — Sa•la´cious•ness, n.

Sa•lac´i•ty , n. [L. salacitas: cf. F. salacite] Strong propensity to venery; lust; lecherousness.

Sal´ad (sal´ad), n. [F. salade, OIt. salata, It. insalata, fr. salare to salt, fr. L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Slaw.] 1. A preparation of vegetables, as lettuce, celery, water cress, onions, etc., usually dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, and spice, and eaten for giving a relish to other food; as lettuce salad; tomato salad, etc. “Leaves eaten raw are termed salad.” I. Watts. 2. A dish composed of chopped meat or fish, esp. chicken or lobster, mixed with lettuce or other vegetables, and seasoned with oil, vinegar, mustard, and other condiments; as chicken salad; lobster salad. Salad burnet (Bot.), the common burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), sometimes eaten as a salad in Italy.

Sal´ade , n. A helmet. See Sallet.

Sal´ad•ing , n. Vegetables for salad.

Sal•ae•ra´tus , n. See Saleratus.

Sal´a•gane , n. [From the Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) The esculent swallow. See under Esculent.

Sal´al-ber•ry , n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of the Gaultheria Shallon, an ericaceous shrub found from California northwards. The berries are about the size of a common grape and of a dark purple color.

Sa•lam (sa•läm´), n. [Ar. salam peace, safety.] A salutation or compliment of ceremony in the east by word or act; an obeisance, performed by bowing very low and placing the right palm on the forehead. [Written also salaam.]

Sal´a•man•der , n. [F. salamandre, L. salamandra, Gr. ; cf. Per. samander, samandel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Urodela, belonging to Salamandra, Amblystoma, Plethodon, and various allied genera, especially those that are more or less terrestrial in their habits. The salamanders have, like lizards, an elongated body, four feet, and a long tail, but are destitute of scales. They are true Amphibia, related to the frogs. Formerly, it was a superstition that the salamander could live in fire without harm, and even extinguish it by the natural coldness of its body. “I have maintained that salamander of yours with fire any time this two and thirty years.” Shak. “Whereas it is commonly said that a salamander extinguisheth fire, we have found by experience that on hot coals, it dieth immediately.” Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) The pouched gopher (Geomys tuza) of the Southern United States. 3. A culinary utensil of metal with a plate or disk which is heated, and held over pastry, etc., to brown it. 4. A large poker. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 5. (Metal.) Solidified material in a furnace hearth. Giant salamander. (Zoöl.) See under Giant. — Salamander’s hair or wool (Min.), a species of asbestus or mineral flax. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sal•a•man•dri´na , n.; pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders.

Sal•a•man´drine , a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a salamander; enduring fire. Addison.

Sal•a•man´droid , a. [Salamander + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the salamanders.

Sal•a•man•droi´de•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela.

Sal´am•stone , n. (Min.) A kind of blue sapphire brought from Ceylon. Dana.

Sa•lan´ga•na , n. The salagane.

Sal´a•ried , a. Receiving a salary; paid by a salary; having a salary attached; as a salaried officer; a salaried office.

Sal´a•ry , a. [L. salarius.] Saline [Obs.]

Sal´a•ry , n.; pl. Salaries (#). [F. salaire, L. salarium, originally, salt money, the money given to the Roman soldiers for salt, which was a part of their pay, fr. salarius belonging to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt.] The recompense or consideration paid, or stipulated to be paid, to a person at regular intervals for services; fixed wages, as by the year, quarter, or month; stipend; hire. “This is hire and salary, not revenge.” Shak. Recompense for services paid at, or reckoned by, short intervals, as a day or week, is usually called wages. Syn. — Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance.

Sal´a•ry v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salaried p. pr. & vb. n. Salarying ] To pay, or agree to pay, a salary to; to attach salary to; as to salary a clerk; to salary a position.

Sale , n. See 1st Sallow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sale, n. [Icel. sala, sal, akin to E. sell. See Sell, v. t.] 1. The act of selling; the transfer of property, or a contract to transfer the ownership of property, from one person to another for a valuable consideration, or for a price in money. 2. Opportunity of selling; demand; market. “They shall have ready sale for them.” Spenser. 3. Public disposal to the highest bidder, or exposure of goods in market; auction. Sir W. Temple. Bill of sale. See under Bill. — Of sale, On sale, For sale, to be bought or sold; offered to purchasers; in the market. — To set to sale, to offer for sale; to put up for purchase; to make merchandise of. [Obs.] Milton.

Sale´a•ble , a., Sale´a•bly, adv., etc. See Salable, Salably, etc.

Sal´eb , n. (Med.) See Salep.

Sal•e•bros´i•ty , n. Roughness or ruggedness. [Obs.] Feltham.

Sal´e•brous , a. [L. salebrosus, fr. salebra a rugged road, fr. salire to leap.] Rough; rugged. [Obs.]

Sal´ep (sal´ep), n. [Ar. sahleb, perhaps a corruption of an Arabic word for fox, one Ar. name of the orchis signifying literally, fox’s testicles: cf. F. salep.] [Written also saleb, salop, and saloop.] The dried tubers of various species of Orchis, and Eulophia. It is used to make a nutritious beverage by treating the powdered preparation with hot water. U. S. Disp.

Sal•e•ra´tus , n. [NL. sal aëratus; — so called because it is a source of fixed air (carbon dioxide). See Sal, and and Aërated.] (Old Chem.) Aërated salt; a white crystalline substance having an alkaline taste and reaction, consisting of sodium bicarbonate (see under Sodium.) It is largely used in cooking, with sour milk (lactic acid) or cream of tartar as a substitute for yeast. It is also an ingredient of most baking powders, and is used in the preparation of effervescing drinks.

Sales´man (salz´man), n.; pl. Salesmen (-men). [Sale + man.] One who sells anything; one whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

Sales´wom•an , n.; pl. Saleswomen . A woman whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

Sale´work , n. Work or things made for sale; hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. Shak.

Sa´lian , a. Denoting a tribe of Franks who established themselves early in the fourth century on the river Sala [now Yssel]; Salic. — n. A Salian Frank.

Sa´li•ant , a. (Her.) Same as Salient.

Sal´i•aunce , a. [See Sally.] Salience; onslaught. [Obs.] ´So fierce saliaunce.´ Spenser.

Sal´ic (sal´ik), a. [F. salique, fr. the Salian Franks, who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws called in Latin leges Salicae.] Of or pertaining to the Salian Franks, or to the Salic law so called. [Also salique.] Salic law. (a) A code of laws formed by the Salian Franks in the fifth century. By one provision of this code women were excluded from the inheritance of landed property. (b) Specifically, in modern times, a law supposed to be a special application of the above-mentioned provision, in accordance with which males alone can inherit the throne. This law has obtained in France, and at times in other countries of Europe, as Spain.

Sal•i•ca´ceous (sal•i•ka´shus), a. [L. salix, -icis, the willow.] Belonging or relating to the willow.

Sal´i•cin , n. [L. salix, - icis, a willow: cf. F. salicine. See Sallow the tree.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark and leaves of several species of willow (Salix) and poplar, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance.

Sal´i•cyl , n. [Salicin + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of salicylic acid and of certain related compounds.

Sal´i•cyl•al , n. [Salicylic + aldehide.] (Chem.) A thin, fragrant, colorless oil, HO.C6H4.CHO, found in the flowers of meadow sweet (Spiraea), and also obtained by oxidation of salicin, saligenin, etc. It reddens on exposure. Called also salicylol, salicylic aldehyde, and formerly salicylous, or spiroylous, acid.

Sal´i•cyl•ate (-at), n. (Chem.) A salt of salicylic acid.

Sal•i•cyl´ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid formerly obtained by fusing salicin with potassium hydroxide, and now made in large quantities from phenol (carbolic acid) by the action of carbon dioxide on heated sodium phenolate. It is a white crystalline substance. It is used as an antiseptic, and in its salts in the treatment of rheumatism. Called also hydroxybenzoic acid.

Sal´i•cyl•ide , n. [Salicylic + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by dehydration of salicylic acid.

Sal´i•cyl•ite , n. (Chem.) A compound of salicylal; — named after the analogy of a salt.

Sal´i•cyl•ol , n. [Salicylic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Same as Salicylal.

Sa•lic´y•lous , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance formerly called salicylous acid, and now salicylal. [Obs.]

Sa´li•ence , n. [See Salient.] 1. The quality or condition of being salient; a leaping; a springing forward; an assaulting. 2. The quality or state of projecting, or being projected; projection; protrusion. Sir W. Hamilton.

Sa´li•en•cy , n. Quality of being salient; hence, vigor. ´A fatal lack of poetic saliency.´ J. Morley.

Sa´li•ent , a. [L. saliens, -entis, p. pr. of salire to leap; cf. F. saillant. See Sally, n. & v. i..] 1. Moving by leaps or springs; leaping; bounding; jumping. ´Frogs and salient animals.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. Shooting out or up; springing; projecting. “He had in himself a salient, living spring of generous and manly action.” Burke. 3. Hence, figuratively, forcing itself on the attention; prominent; conspicuous; noticeable. “He [Grenville] had neither salient traits, nor general comprehensiveness of mind.” Bancroft. 4. (Math. & Fort.) Projecting outwardly; as a salient angle; — opposed to reëntering. See Illust. of Bastion. 5. (Her.) Represented in a leaping position; as a lion salient. Salient angle. See Salient, a., 4. — Salient polygon (Geom.), a polygon all of whose angles are salient. — Salient polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron all of whose solid angles are salient.

Sa´li•ent, a. (Fort.) A salient angle or part; a projection.

Sa´li•ent•ly, adv. In a salient manner.

Sa•lif´er•ous , a. [L. sal salt + -ferous.] Producing, or impregnated with, salt. Saliferous rocks (Geol.), the New Red Sandstone system of some geologists; — so called because, in Europe, this formation contains beds of salt. The saliferous beds of New York State belong largely to the Salina period of the Upper Silurian. See the Chart of Geology.

Sal´i•fi•a•ble , a. [Cf. F. salifiable. See Salify.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing an acid to form a salt; — said of bases; thus, ammonia is salifiable.

Sal•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. salification.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of salifying; the state of being salified.

Sal´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salified p. pr. & vb. n. Salifying ] [F. salifier; from L. sal salt + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Chem.) (a) To combine or impregnate with a salt. (b) To form a salt with; to convert into a salt; as to salify a base or an acid.

Sa•lig´e•nin , n. [Salicin + -gen.] (Chem.) A phenol alcohol obtained, by the decomposition of salicin, as a white crystalline substance; — called also hydroxy-benzyl alcohol.

Sal´i•got , n. [F.] (Bot.) The water chestnut (Trapa natans).

Sal•im´e•ter , n. [L. sal salt + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of salt present in any given solution. [Written also salometer.]

Sal•im´e•try , n. The art or process of measuring the amount of salt in a substance.

Sa•li´na , n. [Cf. L. salinae, pl., salt works, from sal salt. See Saline, a.] 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea. 2. Salt works.

Sa•li´na pe´ri•od [So called from Salina, a town in New York.] (Geol.) The period in which the American Upper Silurian system, containing the brine-producing rocks of central New York, was formed. See the Chart of Geology.

Sal•i•na´tion , n. The act of washing with salt water. [R. & Obs.] Greenhill.

Sa´line (? or 277), a. [F. salin, fr. L. sal salt: cf. L. salinae salt works, salinum saltcellar. See Salt.] 1. Consisting of salt, or containing salt; as saline particles; saline substances; a saline cathartic. 2. Of the quality of salt; salty; as a saline taste.

Sa´line (? or 277), n. [Cf. F. saline. See Saline, a.] A salt spring; a place where salt water is collected in the earth.

Sal´ine , n. 1. (Chem.) A crude potash obtained from beet-root residues and other similar sources. [Written also salin.] 2. (Med. Chem.) A metallic salt; esp., a salt of potassium, sodium, lithium, or magnesium, used in medicine.

Sa•line´ness , n. The quality or state of being salt; saltness.

Sal•i•nif´er•ous , a. [Saline + -ferous.] Same as Saliferous.

Sa•lin´i•form , a. Having the form or the qualities of a salt, especially of common salt.

Sa•lin´i•ty , n. Salineness. Carpenter.

Sal•i•nom´e•ter , n. [Saline + -meter.] A salimeter.

Sa•lin´ous , a. Saline. [Obs.]

Sal´ique , a. [F.] Salic. Shak. “She fulmined out her scorn of laws salique.” Tennyson.

Sal•i•re´tin , n. [Saligenin + Gr. resin.] (Chem.) A yellow amorphous resinoid substance obtained by the action of dilute acids on saligenin.

Sal•is•bu´ri•a , n. [Named after R. A. Salisbury, an English botanist.] (Bot.) The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia).

Sal´ite , v. t. [L. salitus, p. p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt.] To season with salt; to salt. [Obs.]

Sa´lite , n. [So called from Sala, a town in Sweden.] (Min.) A massive lamellar variety of pyroxene, of a dingy green color. [Written also sahlite.]

Sa•li´va , n. [L.; cf. Gr. .] (Physiol.) The secretion from the salivary glands. In man the saliva is a more or less turbid and slighty viscid fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. The secretions from the individual salivary glands have their own special characteristics, and these are not the same in all animals. In man and many animals mixed saliva, i.e., saliva composed of the secretions of all three of the salivary glands, is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.

Sa•li´val ( 277), a. Salivary.

Sal´i•vant , a. [L. salivans, p. pr. of salivare. See Salivate.] Producing salivation.

Sal´i•vant, n. That which produces salivation.

Sal´i•va•ry , a. [L. salivarius slimy, clammy: cf. F. salivaire.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to saliva; producing or carrying saliva; as the salivary ferment; the salivary glands; the salivary ducts, etc.

Sal´i•vate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salivated p. pr. & vb. n. Salivating.] [L. salivatus, p. p. of salivare to salivate. See Saliva.] To produce an abnormal flow of saliva in; to produce salivation or ptyalism in, as by the use of mercury.

Sal•i•va´tion , n. [L. salivatio: cf. F. salivation.] (Physiol.) The act or process of salivating; an excessive secretion of saliva, often accompanied with soreness of the mouth and gums; ptyalism. It may be induced by direct chemical or mechanical stimulation, as in mastication of some tasteless substance like rubber, or indirectly by some agent which affects the whole system, as mercury compounds.

Sa•li´vous , a. [L. salivosus: cf. F. saliveux.] Pertaining to saliva; of the nature of saliva.

Sa´lix , n.; pl. Salices (#). [L., the willow.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of trees or shrubs including the willow, osier, and the like, growing usually in wet grounds. (b) A tree or shrub of any kind of willow.

Sal´len•ders , n. pl. [F. solandres, solandre.] (Far.) An eruption on the hind leg of a horse. [Written also sellanders, and sellenders.] “On the inside of the hock, or a little below it, as well as at the bend of the knee, there is occasionally a scurfy eruption called ´mallenders´ in the fore leg, and ´sallenders´ in the hind leg.” Youatt.

Sal´let (sal´let), n. [F. salade, Sp. celada, or It. celata, fr. L. (cassis) caelata, fr. caelare, caelatum, to engrave in relief. So called from the figures engraved upon it.] A light kind of helmet, with or without a visor, introduced during the 15th century. [Written also salade.] “Then he must have a sallet wherewith his head may be saved.” Latimer. { Sal´let , Sal´let•ing }, n. Salad. [Obs.] Shak.

Sal´li•ance , n. Salience. [Obs.]

Sal´low (sal´lo), n. [OE. salwe, AS. sealh; akin to OHG. salaha, G. salweide, Icel. selja, L. salix, Ir. sail, saileach, Gael. seileach, W. helyg, Gr. ´eli•kh.] 1. The willow; willow twigs. [Poetic] Tennyson. “And bend the pliant sallow to a shield.” Fawkes. “The sallow knows the basketmaker’s thumb.” Emerson. 2. (Bot.) A name given to certain species of willow, especially those which do not have flexible shoots, as Salix caprea, S. cinerea, etc. Sallow thorn (Bot.), a European thorny shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides) much like an Elaeagnus. The yellow berries are sometimes used for making jelly, and the plant affords a yellow dye.

Sal´low, a. [Compar. Sallower superl. Sallowest.] [AS. salu; akin to D. zaluw, OHG. salo, Icel. sölr yellow.] Having a yellowish color; of a pale, sickly color, tinged with yellow; as a sallow skin. Shak.

Sal´low, v. t. To tinge with sallowness. [Poetic] “July breathes hot, sallows the crispy fields.” Lowell.

Sal´low•ish, a. Somewhat sallow. Dickens.

Sal´low•ness , n. The quality or condition of being sallow. Addison.

Sal´ly (sal´ly), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sallied (-lid); p. pr. & vb. n. Sallying.] [F. saillir, fr. L. salire to leap, spring, akin to Gr. ´a•llesqai; cf. Skr. sr to go, to flow. Cf. Salient, Assail, Assault, Exult, Insult, Saltation, Saltire.] To leap or rush out; to burst forth; to issue suddenly; as a body of troops from a fortified place to attack besiegers; to make a sally. “They break the truce, and sally out by night.” Dryden. “The foe retires, — she heads the sallying host.” Byron.

Sal´ly, n.; pl. Sallies (#). [F. saillie, fr. saillir. See Sally, v.] 1. A leaping forth; a darting; a spring. 2. A rushing or bursting forth; a quick issue; a sudden eruption; specifically, an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack the besiegers; a sortie. “Sallies were made by the Spaniards, but they were beaten in with loss.” Bacon. 3. An excursion from the usual track; range; digression; deviation. “Every one shall know a country better that makes often sallies into it, and traverses it up and down, than he that … goes still round in the same track.” Locke. 4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, or the like; a flashing forth of a quick and active mind. “The unaffected mirth with which she enjoyed his sallies.” Sir W. Scott. 5. Transgression of the limits of soberness or steadiness; act of levity; wild gayety; frolic; escapade. “The excursion was esteemed but a sally of youth.” Sir H. Wotton. Sally port. (a) (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage underground, from the inner to the outer works, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie. (b) (Naval) A large port on each quarter of a fireship, for the escape of the men into boats when the train is fired; a large port in an old-fashioned three-decker or a large modern ironclad.

Sal´ly Lunn´ [From a woman, Sally Lunn, who is said to have first made the cakes, and sold them in the streets of Bath, Eng.] A tea cake slighty sweetened, and raised with yeast, baked in the form of biscuits or in a thin loaf, and eaten hot with butter.

Sal´ly•man , n. (Zoöl.) The velella; — called also saleeman.

Salm , n. Psalm. [Obs2E] Piers Plowman.

Sal•ma•gun´di , n. [F. salmigondis, of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. salgama condita, pl.; salgama pickles + condita preserved (see Condite); or from the Countess Salmagondi, lady of honor to Maria de Medici, who is said to have invented it; or cf. It. salame salt meat, and F. salmis a ragout.] 1. A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring, with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. Johnson. 2. Hence, a mixture of various ingredients; an olio or medley; a potpourri; a miscellany. W. Irving.

Sal´mi , n. (Cookery) Same as Salmis.

Sal´mi•ac , n. [Cf. F. salmiac, G. salmiak.] (Old Chem.) Sal ammoniac. See under Sal.

Sal•mis´ , n. [F.] (Cookery) A ragout of partly roasted game stewed with sauce, wine, bread, and condiments suited to provoke appetite.

Salm´on (sam´un), n.; pl. Salmons (-unz) or (collectively) Salmon. [OE. saumoun, salmon, F. saumon, fr. L. salmo, salmonis, perhaps from salire to leap. Cf. Sally, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fishes of the genus Salmo and allied genera. The common salmon (Salmo salar) of Northern Europe and Eastern North America, and the California salmon, or quinnat, are the most important species. They are extensively preserved for food. See Quinnat. The salmons ascend rivers and penetrate to their head streams to spawn. They are remarkably strong fishes, and will even leap over considerable falls which lie in the way of their progress. The common salmon has been known to grow to the weight of seventy-five pounds; more generally it is from fifteen to twenty-five pounds. Young salmon are called parr, peal, smolt, and grilse. Among the true salmons are: Black salmon, or Lake salmon, the namaycush. — Dog salmon, a salmon of Western North America (Oncorhynchus keta). — Humpbacked salmon, a Pacific-coast salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). — King salmon, the quinnat. — Landlocked salmon, a variety of the common salmon (var. Sebago), long confined in certain lakes in consequence of obstructions that prevented it from returning to the sea. This last is called also dwarf salmon. Among fishes of other families which are locally and erroneously called salmon are: the pike perch, called jack salmon; the spotted, or southern, squeteague; the cabrilla, called kelp salmon; young pollock, called sea salmon; and the California yellowtail. 2. A reddish yellow or orange color, like the flesh of the salmon. Salmon berry (Bot.), a large red raspberry growing from Alaska to California, the fruit of the Rubus Nutkanus. — Salmon killer (Zoöl.), a stickleback (Gasterosteus cataphractus) of Western North America and Northern Asia. — Salmon ladder, Salmon stair. See Fish ladder, under Fish. — Salmon peel, a young salmon. — Salmon pipe, a certain device for catching salmon. Crabb. — Salmon trout. (Zoöl.) (a) The European sea trout (Salmo trutta). It resembles the salmon, but is smaller, and has smaller and more numerous scales. (b) The American namaycush. (c) A name that is also applied locally to the adult black spotted trout (Salmo purpuratus), and to the steel head and other large trout of the Pacific coast.

Salm´on, a. Of a reddish yellow or orange color, like that of the flesh of the salmon.

Salm´on•et , n. [Cf. Samlet.] (Zoöl.) A salmon of small size; a samlet.

Sal´mon•oid , a. [Salmon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the Salmonidae, a family of fishes including the trout and salmon. — n. Any fish of the family Salmonidae.

Sal´o•gen , n. [L. sal salt + -gen.] (Chem.) A halogen. [Obs.]

Sal´ol , n. [Salicylic + - ol.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance consisting of phenol salicylate.

sa•lom´e•ter , n. See Salimeter.

Sa•lom´e•try , n. Salimetry.

Sa•lon´ , n. [F. See Saloon.] An apartment for the reception of company; hence, in the plural, fashionable parties; circles of fashionable society.

Sa•loon´ (sa•loon´), n. [F. salon (cf. It. salone), fr. F. salle a large room, a hall, of German or Dutch origin; cf. OHG. sal house, hall, G. saal; akin to AS. sael, sele, D. zaal, Icel. salr, Goth. saljan to dwell, and probably to L. solum ground. Cf. Sole of the foot, Soil ground, earth.] 1. A spacious and elegant apartment for the reception of company or for works of art; a hall of reception, esp. a hall for public entertainments or amusements; a large room or parlor; as the saloon of a steamboat. “The gilden saloons in which the first magnates of the realm … gave banquets and balls.” Macaulay. 2. Popularly, a public room for specific uses; esp., a barroom or grogshop; as a drinking saloon; an eating saloon; a dancing saloon. “We hear of no hells, or low music halls, or low dancing saloons [at Athens.]” J. P. Mahaffy.

Sa•loop´ (sa•loop´), n. An aromatic drink prepared from sassafras bark and other ingredients, at one time much used in London. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). Saloop bush (Bot.), an Australian shrub (Rhagodia hastata) of the Goosefoot family, used for fodder.

Salp (salp), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Salpa, or of the family Salpidae.

Sal´pa (sal´pa), n.; pl. L. Salpae (-pe), E. Salpas (-paz). [NL.: cf. L. salpa a kind of stockfish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of transparent, tubular, free-swimming oceanic tunicates found abundantly in all the warmer latitudes. See Illustration in Appendix. Each species exists in two distinct forms, one of which lives solitary, and produces, by budding from an internal organ, a series of the other kind. These are united together, side by side, so as to form a chain, or cluster, often of large size. Each of the individuals composing the chain carries a single egg, which develops into the solitary kind. { Sal´pi•an , Sal´pid }, n. (Zoöl.) A salpa.

Sal´pi•con , n. [F. salpicon, Sp. salpicon.] Chopped meat, bread, etc., used to stuff legs of veal or other joints; stuffing; farce. Bacon.

Sal•pin•gi´tis , n. [NL. See Salpinx, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the salpinx.

Sal´pinx , n. [NL., from Gr. , , a trumpet.] (Old Anat.) The Eustachian tube, or the Fallopian tube.

Sal´sa•fy , n. (Bot.) See Salsify.

Sal•sa•men•ta´ri•ous , a. [L. salsamentarius, fr. salsamentum brine, pickled fish, fr. salsus salted, p. p. of salire to salt.] Salt; salted; saline. [R.]

Salse , n. [F.] A mud volcano, the water of which is often impregnated with salts, whence the name.

Sal´si•fy ( 277), n. [F. salsifis.] (Bot.) See Oyster plant (a), under Oyster.

Sal´so-ac•id , a. [L. salsus salted, salt + acidus acid.] Having a taste compounded of saltness and acidity; both salt and acid. [R.]

Sal•so´da , n. See Sal soda, under Sal.

Sal´so•la , n. [NL., fr. L. salsus salt, because they contain alkaline salts.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort.

sal•su´gi•nous , a. [L. salsugo, -ginis, saltness, from salsus salted, salt: cf. F. salsugineux.] (Bot.) Growing in brackish places or in salt marshes.

Salt , n. [AS. sealt; akin to OS. & OFries. salt, D. zout, G. salz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. salt, L. sal, Gr. , Russ. sole, Ir. & Gael. salann, W. halen, of unknown origin. Cf. Sal, Salad, Salary, Saline, Sauce, Sausage.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. It is found native in the earth, and is also produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from sea water and other water impregnated with saline particles. 2. Hence, flavor; taste; savor; smack; seasoning. “Though we are justices and doctors and churchmen … we have some salt of our youth in us.” Shak. 3. Hence, also piquancy; wit; sense; as Attic salt. 4. A dish for salt at table; a saltcellar. “I out and bought some things; among others, a dozen of silver salts.” Pepys. 5. A sailor; — usually qualified by old. [Colloq.] “Around the door are generally to be seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts.” Hawthorne. 6. (Chem.) The neutral compound formed by the union of an acid and a base; thus, sulphuric acid and iron form the salt sulphate of iron or green vitriol. Except in case of ammonium salts, accurately speaking, it is the acid radical which unites with the base or basic radical, with the elimination of hydrogen, of water, or of analogous compounds as side products. In the case of diacid and triacid bases, and of dibasic and tribasic acids, the mutual neutralization may vary in degree, producing respectively basic, neutral, or acid salts. See Phrases below. 7. Fig.: That which preserves from corruption or error; that which purifies; a corrective; an antiseptic; also an allowance or deduction; as his statements must be taken with a grain of salt. “Ye are the salt of the earth.” Matt. v. 13. 8. pl. Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic, especially Epsom salts, Rochelle salt, or Glauber’s salt. 9. pl. Marshes flooded by the tide. [Prov. Eng.] Above the salt, Below the salt, phrases which have survived the old custom, in the houses of people of rank, of placing a large saltcellar near the middle of a long table, the places above which were assigned to the guests of distinction, and those below to dependents, inferiors, and poor relations. See Saltfoot. “His fashion is not to take knowledge of him that is beneath him in clothes. He never drinks below the salt.” B. Jonson. — Acid salt (Chem.) (a) A salt derived from an acid which has several replaceable hydrogen atoms which are only partially exchanged for metallic atoms or basic radicals; as acid potassium sulphate is an acid salt. (b) A salt, whatever its constitution, which merely gives an acid reaction; thus, copper sulphate, which is composed of a strong acid united with a weak base, is an acid salt in this sense, though theoretically it is a neutral salt. — Alkaline salt (Chem.), a salt which gives an alkaline reaction, as sodium carbonate. — Amphid salt (Old Chem.), a salt of the oxy type, formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide. [Obsolescent] — Basic salt (Chem.) (a) A salt which contains more of the basic constituent than is required to neutralize the acid. (b) An alkaline salt. — Binary salt (Chem.), a salt of the oxy type conveniently regarded as composed of two ingredients (analogously to a haloid salt), viz., a metal and an acid radical. — Double salt (Chem.), a salt regarded as formed by the union of two distinct salts, as common alum, potassium aluminium sulphate. See under Double. — Epsom salts. See in the Vocabulary. — Essential salt (Old Chem.), a salt obtained by crystallizing plant juices. — Ethereal salt. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. — Glauber’s salt or salts. See in Vocabulary. — Haloid salt (Chem.), a simple salt of a halogen acid, as sodium chloride. — Microcosmic salt. (Chem.). See under Microcosmic. — Neutral salt. (Chem.) (a) A salt in which the acid and base (in theory) neutralize each other. (b) A salt which gives a neutral reaction. — Oxy salt (Chem.), a salt derived from an oxygen acid. — Per salt (Old Chem.), a salt supposed to be derived from a peroxide base or analogous compound. [Obs.] — Permanent salt, a salt which undergoes no change on exposure to the air. — Proto salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a protoxide base or analogous compound. — Rochelle salt. See under Rochelle. — Salt of amber (Old Chem.), succinic acid. — Salt of colcothar (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. — Salt of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) (a) Sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride. (b) Ammonium carbonate. Cf. Spirit of hartshorn, under Hartshorn. — Salt of lemons. (Chem.) See Salt of sorrel, below. — Salt of Saturn (Old Chem.), sugar of lead; lead acetate; — the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. — Salt of Seignette. Same as Rochelle salt. — Salt of soda (Old Chem.), sodium carbonate. — Salt of sorrel (Old Chem.), acid potassium oxalate, or potassium quadroxalate, used as a solvent for ink stains; — so called because found in the sorrel, or Oxalis. Also sometimes inaccurately called salt of lemon. — Salt of tartar (Old Chem.), potassium carbonate; — so called because formerly made by heating cream of tartar, or potassium tartrate. [Obs.] — Salt of Venus (Old Chem.), blue vitriol; copper sulphate; — the alchemical name of copper being Venus. — Salt of wisdom. See Alembroth. — Sedative salt (Old Med. Chem.), boric acid. — Sesqui salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a sesquioxide base or analogous compound. — Spirit of salt. (Chem.) See under Spirit. — Sulpho salt (Chem.), a salt analogous to an oxy salt, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen.

Salt , a. [Compar. Salter superl. Saltest.] [AS. sealt, salt. See Salt, n.] 1. Of or relating to salt; abounding in, or containing, salt; prepared or preserved with, or tasting of, salt; salted; as salt beef; salt water. ´Salt tears.´ Chaucer. 2. Overflowed with, or growing in, salt water; as a salt marsh; salt grass. 3. Fig.: Bitter; sharp; pungent. “I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me.” Shak. 4. Fig.: Salacious; lecherous; lustful. Shak. Salt acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. — Salt block, an apparatus for evaporating brine; a salt factory. Knight. — Salt bottom, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efflorescences. [Western U.S.] Bartlett. — Salt cake (Chem.), the white caked mass, consisting of sodium sulphate, which is obtained as the product of the first stage in the manufacture of soda, according to Leblanc’s process. — Salt fish. (a) Salted fish, especially cod, haddock, and similar fishes that have been salted and dried for food. (b) A marine fish. — Salt garden, an arrangement for the natural evaporation of sea water for the production of salt, employing large shallow basins excavated near the seashore. — Salt gauge, an instrument used to test the strength of brine; a salimeter. — Salt horse, salted beef. [Slang] — Salt junk, hard salt beef for use at sea. [Slang] — Salt lick. See Lick, n. — Salt marsh, grass land subject to the overflow of salt water. — Salt-marsh caterpillar (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Spilosoma acraea which is very destructive to the salt-marsh grasses and to other crops. Called also woolly bear. See Illust. under Moth, Pupa, and Woolly bear, under Woolly. — Salt-marsh fleabane (Bot.), a strong-scented composite herb (Pluchea camphorata) with rayless purplish heads, growing in salt marshes. — Salt-marsh hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under Rail. — Salt- marsh terrapin (Zoöl.), the diamond- back. — Salt mine, a mine where rock salt is obtained. — Salt pan. (a) A large pan used for making salt by evaporation; also a shallow basin in the ground where salt water is evaporated by the heat of the sun. (b) pl. Salt works. — Salt pit, a pit where salt is obtained or made. — Salt rising, a kind of yeast in which common salt is a principal ingredient. [U.S.] — Salt raker, one who collects salt in natural salt ponds, or inclosures from the sea. — Salt sedative (Chem.), boracic acid. [Obs.] — Salt spring, a spring of salt water. — Salt tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Halimodendron argenteum) growing in the salt plains of the Caspian region and in Siberia. — Salt water, water impregnated with salt, as that of the ocean and of certain seas and lakes; sometimes, also tears. “Mine eyes are full of tears, I can not see;
And yet salt water blinds them not so much
But they can see a sort of traitors here.” Shak. — Salt-water sailor, an ocean mariner. — Salt-water tailor. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish.

Salt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salted; p. pr. & vb. n. Salting.] 1. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt; to preserve with salt or in brine; to supply with salt; as to salt fish, beef, or pork; to salt cattle. 2. To fill with salt between the timbers and planks, as a ship, for the preservation of the timber. To salt a mine, to artfully deposit minerals in a mine in order to deceive purchasers regarding its value. [Cant] — To salt away, To salt down, to prepare with, or pack in, salt for preserving, as meat, eggs, etc.; hence, colloquially, to save, lay up, or invest sagely, as money.

Salt , v. i. To deposit salt as a saline solution; as the brine begins to salt.

Salt , n. [L. saltus, fr. salire to leap.] The act of leaping or jumping; a leap. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sal´tant , a. [L. saltans, p. pr. of saltare to dance, v. intens. fr. salire to leap: cf. F. sautant. See Sally, v.] 1. Leaping; jumping; dancing. 2. (Her.) In a leaping position; springing forward; — applied especially to the squirrel, weasel, and rat, also to the cat, greyhound, monkey, etc.

Sal•ta•rel´la , n. See Saltarello.

Sal•ta•rel´lo , n. [It., fr. L. saltare to jump.] A popular Italian dance in quick 3-4 or 6-8 time, running mostly in triplets, but with a hop step at the beginning of each measure. See Tarantella.

Sal´tate , v. i. [See Saltant.] To leap or dance. [R.]

Sal•ta´tion , n. [L. saltatio: cf. F. saltation.] 1. A leaping or jumping. “Continued his saltation without pause.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Beating or palpitation; as the saltation of the great artery. 3. (Biol.) An abrupt and marked variation in the condition or appearance of a species; a sudden modification which may give rise to new races. “We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms.” Huxley.

Sal•ta•to´ri•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets.

Sal•ta•to´ri•al , a. 1. Relating to leaping; saltatory; as saltatorial exercises. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Saltatorious. (b) Of or pertaining to the Saltatoria.

Sal•ta•to´ri•ous , a. Capable of leaping; formed for leaping; saltatory; as a saltatorious insect or leg.

Sal´ta•to´ry , a. [L. saltatorius. See Saltant, and cf. Saltire.] Leaping or dancing; having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. Saltatory evolution (Biol.), a theory of evolution which holds that the transmutation of species is not always gradual, but that there may come sudden and marked variations. See Saltation. — Saltatory spasm (Med.), an affection in which pressure of the foot on a floor causes the patient to spring into the air, so as to make repeated involuntary motions of hopping and jumping. J. Ross.

Salt´bush , n. (Bot.) An Australian plant (Atriplex nummularia) of the Goosefoot family.

Salt´cat , n. A mixture of salt, coarse meal, lime, etc., attractive to pigeons.

Salt´cel•lar , n. [OE. saltsaler; salt + F. salière saltcellar, from L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Salary.] Formerly a large vessel, now a small vessel of glass or other material, used for holding salt on the table.

Salt´er , n. One who makes, sells, or applies salt; one who salts meat or fish.

Salt´ern , n. A building or place where salt is made by boiling or by evaporation; salt works.

Salt´foot , n. A large saltcellar formerly placed near the center of the table. The superior guests were seated above the saltfoot.

Salt´-green , a. Sea-green in color. Shak.

Salt´ie , n. (Zoöl.) The European dab.

Sal´tier , n. See Saltire.

Sal•ti•gra´dae , n. pl. [NL. See Saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of spiders including those which lie in wait and leap upon their prey; the leaping spiders.

Sal´ti•grade , a. [L. saltus a leap + gradi to walk, go: cf. F. saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) Having feet or legs formed for leaping.

Sal´ti•grade, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Saltigradae, a tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey.

Sal•tim•ban´co , n. [It., literally, one who leaps or mounts upon a bench; saltare to leap + in in, upon + banco a bench.] A mountebank; a quack. [Obs.] [Written also santinbanco.] “Saltimbancos, quacksalvers, and charlatans.” Sir T. Browne.

Salt´ing , n. 1. The act of sprinkling, impregnating, or furnishing, with salt. 2. A salt marsh.

Sal´tire , n. [F. sautoir, fr. LL. saltatorium a sort of stirrup, fr. L. saltatorius saltatory. See Saltatory, Sally, v.] (Her.) A St. Andrew’s cross, or cross in the form of an X, — one of the honorable ordinaries.

Sal´tire•wise , adv. (Her.) In the manner of a saltire; — said especially of the blazoning of a shield divided by two lines drawn in the direction of a bend and a bend sinister, and crossing at the center.

Salt´ish , a. Somewhat salt. — Salt´ish•ly, adv. — Salt´ish•ness, n.

Salt´less, a. Destitute of salt; insipid.

Salt´ly, adv. With taste of salt; in a salt manner.

Salt´mouth , n. A wide-mouthed bottle with glass stopper for holding chemicals, especially crystallized salts.

Salt´ness , n. The quality or state of being salt, or state of being salt, or impregnated with salt; salt taste; as the saltness of sea water. { Salt•pe´ter , Salt•pe´tre }, , n. [F. salpêtre, NL. sal petrae, literally, rock salt, or stone salt; so called because it exudes from rocks or walls. See Salt, and Petrify.] (Chem.) Potassium nitrate; niter; a white crystalline substance, KNO3, having a cooling saline taste, obtained by leaching from certain soils in which it is produced by the process of nitrification (see Nitrification, 2). It is a strong oxidizer, is the chief constituent of gunpowder, and is also used as an antiseptic in curing meat, and in medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and refrigerant. Chili salpeter (Chem.), sodium nitrate (distinguished from potassium nitrate, or true salpeter), a white crystalline substance, NaNO3, having a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste. It is obtained by leaching the soil of the rainless districts of Chili and Peru. It is deliquescent and cannot be used in gunpowder, but is employed in the production of nitric acid. Called also cubic niter. — Saltpeter acid (Chem.), nitric acid; — sometimes so called because made from saltpeter.

Salt•pe´trous , a. [Cf. F. salpêtreux.] Pertaining to saltpeter, or partaking of its qualities; impregnated with saltpeter. [Obs.]

Salt´ rheum (Med.) A popular name, esp. in the United States, for various cutaneous eruptions, particularly for those of eczema. See Eczema.

Salt´wort , n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants which grow on the seashore, as the Batis maritima, and the glasswort. See Glasswort. Black saltwort, the sea milkwort.

Salt´y , a. Somewhat salt; saltish.

Sa•lu´bri•ous , a. [L. salubris, or saluber, fr. salus health; akin to salvus safe, sound, well. See Safe.] Favorable to health; healthful; promoting health; as salubrious air, water, or climate. Syn. — Healthful; wholesome; healthy; salutary. — Sa-lu´bri•ous•ly, adv. — Sa•lu´bri•ous•ness, n.

Sa•lu´bri•ty , n. [L. salubritas: cf. F. salubrite See Salubrious.] The quality of being salubrious; favorableness to the preservation of health; salubriousness; wholesomeness; healthfulness; as the salubrity of the air, of a country, or a climate. ´A sweet, dry smell of salubrity.´ G. W. Cable.

Sa•lue´ , v. t. [F. saluer. See Salute.] To salute. [Obs.] “There was no ´good day´ and no saluyng.” Chaucer.

Sal´u•ta•ry , a. [L. salutaris, from salus, -utis, health, safety: cf. F. salutaire. See Salubrious.] 1. Wholesome; healthful; promoting health; as salutary exercise. 2. Promotive of, or contributing to, some beneficial purpose; beneficial; advantageous; as a salutary design. Syn. — Wholesome; healthful; salubrious; beneficial; useful; advantageous; profitable. — Sal´u•ta•ri•ly (#), adv. — Sal´u•ta•ri•ness, n.

Sal•u•ta´tion , n. [L. salutatio: cf. F. salutation. See Salute.] The act of saluting, or paying respect or reverence, by the customary words or actions; the act of greeting, or expressing good will or courtesy; also that which is uttered or done in saluting or greeting. “In all public meetings or private addresses, use those forms of salutation, reverence, and decency usual amongst the most sober persons.” Jer. Taylor. Syn. — Greeting; salute; address. — Salutation, Greeting, Salute. Greeting is the general word for all manner of expressions of recognition, agreeable or otherwise, made when persons meet or communicate with each other. A greeting may be hearty and loving, chilling and offensive, or merely formal, as in the opening sentence of legal documents. Salutation more definitely implies a wishing well, and is used of expressions at parting as well as at meeting. It is used especially of uttered expressions of good will. Salute, while formerly and sometimes still in the sense of either greeting or salutation, is now used specifically to denote a conventional demonstration not expressed in words. The guests received a greeting which relieved their embarrassment, offered their salutations in well-chosen terms, and when they retired, as when they entered, made a deferential salute. “Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets.” Luke xi. 43. “When Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb.” Luke i. 41. “I shall not trouble my reader with the first salutes of our three friends.” Addison.

Sa•lu•ta•to´ri•an , n. The student who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commencement or like exercises of a college, — an honor commonly assigned to that member of the graduating class who ranks second in scholarship. [U.S.]

Sa•lu´ta•to•ri•ly , adv. By way of salutation.

Sa•lu´ta•to•ry , a. [L. salutatorius. See Salute.] Containing or expressing salutations; speaking a welcome; greeting; — applied especially to the oration which introduces the exercises of the Commencements, or similar public exhibitions, in American colleges.

Sa•lu´ta•to•ry, n. 1. A place for saluting or greeting; a vestibule; a porch. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (American Colleges) The salutatory oration.

Sa•lute´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Saluting.] [L. salutare, salutatum, from salus, -utis, health, safety. See Salubrious.] 1. To address, as with expressions of kind wishes and courtesy; to greet; to hail. “I salute you with this kingly title.” Shak. 2. Hence, to give a sign of good will; to compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc. “You have the prettiest tip of a finger … I must take the freedom to salute it.” Addison. 3. (Mil. & Naval) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, by cheers, etc. 4. To promote the welfare and safety of; to benefit; to gratify. [Obs.] ´If this salute my blood a jot.´ Shak.

Sa•lute´ , n. [Cf. F. salut. See Salute, v.] 1. The act of saluting, or expressing kind wishes or respect; salutation; greeting. 2. A sign, token, or ceremony, expressing good will, compliment, or respect, as a kiss, a bow, etc. Tennyson. 3. (Mil. & Naval) A token of respect or honor for some distinguished or official personage, for a foreign vessel or flag, or for some festival or event, as by presenting arms, by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, dipping the colors or the topsails, etc.

Sa•lut´er , n. One who salutes.

Sal•u•tif´er•ous , a. [L. salutifer; salus, -utis, health + ferre to bring.] Bringing health; healthy; salutary; beneficial; as salutiferous air. [R.] “Innumerable powers, all of them salutiferous.” Cudworth. Syn. — Healthful; healthy; salutary; salubrious.

Sal•u•tif´er•ous•ly, adv. Salutarily. [R.]

Sal•va•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or condition of being salvable; salvableness. [R.] “In the Latin scheme of redemption, salvability was not possible outside the communion of the visible organization.” A. V. G. Allen.

Sal´va•ble , a. [L. salvare to save, from salvus safe. Cf. Savable.] Capable of being saved; admitting of salvation. Dr. H. More. — Sal´va•ble•ness, n. — Sal´va•bly, adv.

Sal´vage ( 48), n. [F. salvage, OF. salver to save, F. sauver, fr. L. salvare. See Save.] 1. The act of saving a vessel, goods, or life, from perils of the sea. “Salvage of life from a British ship, or a foreign ship in British waters, ranks before salvage of goods.” Encyc. Brit. 2. (Maritime Law) (a) The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril. (b) That part of the property that survives the peril and is saved. Kent. Abbot.

Sal´vage, a. & n. Savage. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sal•va´tion , n. [OE. salvacioun, sauvacion, F. salvation, fr. L. salvatio, fr. salvare to save. See Save.] 1. The act of saving; preservation or deliverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity. 2. (Theol.) The redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him of everlasting happiness. “To earn salvation for the sons of men.” Milton. “Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation.” 2. Cor. vii. 10. 3. Saving power; that which saves. “Fear ye not; stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will show to you to-day.” Ex. xiv. 13. Salvation Army, an organization for prosecuting the work of Christian evangelization, especially among the degraded populations of cities. It is virtually a new sect founded in London in 1861 by William Booth. The evangelists, male and female, have military titles according to rank, that of the chief being ´General.´ They wear a uniform, and in their phraseology and mode of work adopt a quasi military style.

Sal•va´tion•ist, n. An evangelist, a member, or a recruit, of the Salvation Army.

Sal´va•to•ry , n. [LL. salvatorium, fr. salvare to save.] A place where things are preserved; a repository. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Sal´ve , interj. [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of salvere to be well. Cf. Salvo a volley.] Hail!

Sal´ve , v. t. To say ´Salve´ to; to greet; to salute. [Obs.] “By this that stranger knight in presence came,
And goodly salved them.” Spenser.

Salve ( 277), n. [AS. sealf ointment; akin to LG. salwe, D. zalve, zalf, OHG. salba, Dan. salve, Sw. salfva, Goth. salbon to anoint, and probably to Gr. (Hesychius) oil, butter, Skr. sarpis clarified butter. rad.155, 291.] 1. An adhesive composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores; a healing ointment. Chaucer. 2. A soothing remedy or antidote. “Counsel or consolation we may bring.
Salve to thy sores.” Milton. Salve bug (Zoöl.), a large, stout isopod crustacean (AEga psora), parasitic on the halibut and codfish, — used by fishermen in the preparation of a salve. It becomes about two inches in length.

Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved p. pr. & vb. n. Salving.] [AS. sealfian to anoint. See Salve, n.] 1. To heal by applications or medicaments; to cure by remedial treatment; to apply salve to; as to salve a wound. Shak. 2. To heal; to remedy; to cure; to make good; to soothe, as with an ointment, especially by some device, trick, or quibble; to gloss over. “But Ebranck salved both their infamies
With noble deeds.” Spenser. “What may we do, then, to salve this seeming inconsistence?” Milton.

Salve , v. t. & i. [See Salvage] To save, as a ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent]

Salv´er , n. One who salves, or uses salve as a remedy; hence, a quacksalver, or quack. [Obs.]

Sal´ver , n. [Cf. Salvage.] A salvor. Skeat.

Sal´ver , n. [Sp. salva pregustation, the tasting of viands before they are served, salver, fr. salvar to save, to taste, to prove the food or drink of nobles, from L. salvare to save. See Save.] A tray or waiter on which anything is presented.

Sal´ver-shaped , a. (Bot.) Tubular, with a spreading border. See Hypocraterimorphous.

Sal´vi•a , n. [L., sage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the sage. See Sage.

Sal•vif´ic , a. [L. salficus saving; salvus saved, safe + facere to make.] Tending to save or secure safety. [Obs.]

Sal´vo , n.; pl. Salvos (#). [L. salvo jure, literally, the right being reserved. See Safe.] An exception; a reservation; an excuse. “They admit many salvos, cautions, and reservations.” Eikon Basilike.

Sal´vo, n. [F. salve a discharge of heavy cannon, a volley, L. salve hail, imperat. of salvere to be well, akin to salvus well. See Safe.] 1. (Mil.) A concentrated fire from pieces of artillery, as in endeavoring to make a break in a fortification; a volley. 2. A salute paid by a simultaneous, or nearly simultaneous, firing of a number of cannon.

Sal´vor , n. [See Salvation, Save] (Law) One who assists in saving a ship or goods at sea, without being under special obligation to do so. Wheaton.

Sam , adv. [AS. same. See Same, a.] Together. [Obs.] ´All in that city sam.´ Spenser.

Sa•ma´ra , n. [L. samara, samera, the seed of the elm.] (Bot.) A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, and elm; a key or key fruit.

Sam´are , n. See Simar.

Sa•mar´i•tan , a. [L. Samaritanus.] Of or pertaining to Samaria, in Palestine. — n. A native or inhabitant of Samaria; also the language of Samaria.

Sa•ma´ri•um , n. [NL., fr. E. samarskite.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of doubtful identity. Samarium was discovered, by means of spectrum analysis, in certain minerals (samarskite, cerite, etc.), in which it is associated with other elements of the earthy group. It has been confounded with the doubtful elements decipium, philippium, etc., and is possibly a complex mixture of elements not as yet clearly identified. Symbol Sm. Provisional atomic weight 150.2.

Sam´a•roid ( 277), a. [Samara + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling a samara, or winged seed vessel.

Sa•mar´ra , n. See Simar.

Sa•mar´skite , a. [After Samarski, a Russian.] (Min.) A rare mineral having a velvet-black color and submetallic luster. It is a niobate of uranium, iron, and the yttrium and cerium metals.

Sam´bo, n. [Sp. zambo, sambo.] A colloquial or humorous appellation for a negro; sometimes, the offspring of a black person and a mulatto; a zambo.

Sam´boo , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sambur.

Sam•bu´cus , n. [L., an elder tree.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and trees; the elder.

Sam´buke , n. [L. sambuca, Gr. .] (Mus.) An ancient stringed instrument used by the Greeks, the particular construction of which is unknown.

Sam´bur , n. [Hind. sambar, sabar.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian deer (Rusa Aristotelis) having a mane on its neck. Its antlers have but three prongs. Called also gerow. The name is applied to other species of the genus Rusa, as the Bornean sambur (R. equina).

Same , a. [AS. same, adv.; akin to OS. sama, samo, adv., OHG. sam, a., sama, adv., Icel. samr, a., Sw. samme, samma, Dan. samme, Goth. sama, Russ. samuii, Gr. , Skr. sama, Gr. like, L. simul at the same time, similis like, and E. some, a., -some. rad.191. Cf. Anomalous, Assemble, Homeopathy, Homily, Seem, v. i., Semi-, Similar, Some.] 1. Not different or other; not another or others; identical; unchanged. “Thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end.” Ps. cii. 27. 2. Of like kind, species, sort, dimensions, or the like; not differing in character or in the quality or qualities compared; corresponding; not discordant; similar; like. “The ethereal vigor is in all the same.” Dryden. 3. Just mentioned, or just about to be mentioned. “What ye know, the same do I know.” Job. xiii. 2. “Do but think how well the same he spends,
Who spends his blood his country to relieve.” Daniel. Same is commonly preceded by the, this, or that and is often used substantively as in the citations above. In a comparative use it is followed by as or with. “Bees like the same odors as we do.” Lubbock. “[He] held the same political opinions with his illustrious friend.” Macaulay.

Same´li•ness , n. Sameness, 2. [R.] Bayne.

Same´ness, n. 1. The state of being the same; identity; absence of difference; near resemblance; correspondence; similarity; as a sameness of person, of manner, of sound, of appearance, and the like. ´A sameness of the terms.´ Bp. Horsley. 2. Hence, want of variety; tedious monotony. Syn. — Identity; identicalness; oneness.

Sa•mette´ , n. See Samite. [Obs.]

Sa´mi•an , a. [L. Samius.] Of or pertaining to the island of Samos. “Fill high the cup with Samian wine.” Byron. Samian earth, a species of clay from Samos, formerly used in medicine as an astringent.

Sa´mi•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Samos.

Sa´mi•el ( 277), n. [Turk. sam- yeli; Ar. samm poison + Turk. yel wind. Cf. Simoom.] A hot and destructive wind that sometimes blows, in Turkey, from the desert. It is identical with the simoom of Arabia and the kamsin of Syria.

Sa´mi•ot , a. & n. [Cf. F. samiote.] Samian.

Sa´mite , a. [OF. samit, LL. samitum, examitum, from LGr. , woven with six threads; Gr. six + a thread. See Six, and cf. Dimity.] A species of silk stuff, or taffeta, generally interwoven with gold. Tennyson. “In silken samite she was light arrayed.” Spenser.

Sam´let , n. [Cf. Salmonet.] The parr.

Sam´mi•er , n. A machine for pressing the water from skins in tanning. Knight.

Sa•mo´an , a. Of or pertaining to the Samoan Islands (formerly called Navigators’ Islands) in the South Pacific Ocean, or their inhabitants. — n. An inhabitant of the Samoan Islands.

Sa´mo•var , n. [Russ. samovar’.] A metal urn used in Russia for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, which passes through the urn.

Sam•oy•edes´ , n. pl.; sing. Samoyede . (Ethnol.) An ignorant and degraded Turanian tribe which occupies a portion of Northern Russia and a part of Siberia.

Samp , n. [From American Indian sapac, saupac, made soft, or thinned.] An article of food consisting of maize broken or bruised, which is cooked by boiling, and usually eaten with milk; coarse hominy.

Sam´pan , n. (Naut.) A Chinese boat from twelve to fifteen feet long, covered with a house, and sometimes used as a permanent habitation on the inland waters. [Written also sanpan.]

Sam´phire (? or 277), n. [F. l’herbe de Saint Pierre. See Saint, and Petrel.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, suffrutescent, umbelliferous European plant (Crithmum maritimum). It grows among rocks and on cliffs along the seacoast, and is used for pickles. “Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade!” Shak. (b) The species of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea); — called in England marsh samphire. (c) A seashore shrub (Borrichia arborescens) of the West Indies. Golden samphire. See under Golden.

Sam´ple , n. [OE. sample, asaumple, OF. essample, example, fr. L. exemplum. See Example, and cf. Ensample, Sampler.] 1. Example; pattern. [Obs.] Spenser. ´A sample to the youngest.´ Shak. “Thus he concludes, and every hardy knight
His sample followed.” Fairfax. 2. A part of anything presented for inspection, or shown as evidence of the quality of the whole; a specimen; as goods are often purchased by samples. “I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss.” Woodward. Syn. — Specimen; example. See Specimen.

Sam´ple, v. t. 1. To make or show something similar to; to match. Bp. Hall. 2. To take or to test a sample or samples of; as to sample sugar, teas wools, cloths.

Sam´pler , n. [See Exampler, Exemplar.] 1. One who makes up samples for inspection; one who examines samples, or by samples; as a wool sampler. 2. A pattern; a specimen; especially, a collection of needlework patterns, as letters, borders, etc., to be used as samples, or to display the skill of the worker. “Susie dear, bring your sampler and Mrs. Schumann will show you how to make that W you bothered over.” E. E. Hale.

Sam´shoo , Sam´shu , n. [Chinese san-shao thrice fired.] A spirituous liquor distilled by the Chinese from the yeasty liquor in which boiled rice has fermented under pressure. S. W. Williams.

Sam´son , n. An Israelite of Bible record (see Judges xiii.), distinguished for his great strength; hence, a man of extraordinary physical strength. Samson post. (a) (Naut.) A strong post resting on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck; also a temporary or movable pillar carrying a leading block or pulley for various purposes. Brande & C. (b) In deep-well boring, the post which supports the walking beam of the apparatus.

San•a•bil´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being sanable; sanableness; curableness.

San´a•ble , a. [L. sanabilis, fr. sanare to heal, fr. sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] Capable of being healed or cured; susceptible of remedy. Syn. — Remediable; curable; healable.

San´a•ble•ness, n. The quality of being sanable.

Sa•na´tion , n. [L. sanatio. See Sanable.] The act of healing or curing. [Obs.] Wiseman.

San´a•tive , a. [LL. sanativus.] Having the power to cure or heal; healing; tending to heal; sanatory. — San´a•tive•ness, n.

San•a•to´ri•um , n. [NL. See Sanatory.] An establishment for the treatment of the sick; a resort for invalids. See Sanitarium.

San´a•to•ry , a. [LL. sanatorius, fr. L. sanare to heal. See Sanable.] Conducive to health; tending to cure; healing; curative; sanative. “Sanatory ordinances for the protection of public health, such as quarantine, fever hospitals, draining, etc.” De Quincey. Sanatory and sanitary should not be confounded. Sanatory signifies conducive to health, while sanitary has the more general meaning of pertaining to health.

San•be•ni´to , n. [Sp. & Pg. sambenito, contr. from L. saccus sack + benedictus blessed.] 1. Anciently, a sackcloth coat worn by penitents on being reconciled to the church. 2. A garnment or cap, or sometimes both, painted with flames, figures, etc., and worn by persons who had been examined by the Inquisition and were brought forth for punishment at the auto-da-fe. { Sance´-bell• , Sanc´te bell• }, n. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus.

Sanc´ti•fi•cate , v. t. [L. sanctificatus, p. p. of sanctificare.] To sanctify. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sanc•ti•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. sanctificatio: cf. F. sanctification.] 1. The act of sanctifying or making holy; the state of being sanctified or made holy; esp. (Theol.), the act of God’s grace by which the affections of men are purified, or alienated from sin and the world, and exalted to a supreme love to God; also the state of being thus purified or sanctified. “God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth.” 2 Thess. ii. 13. 2. The act of consecrating, or of setting apart for a sacred purpose; consecration. Bp. Burnet.

Sanc´ti•fied , a. Made holy; also made to have the air of sanctity; sanctimonious.

Sanc´ti•fi•er , n. One who sanctifies, or makes holy; specifically, the Holy Spirit.

Sanc´ti•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctified p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctifying ] [F. sanctifier, L. sanctificare; sanctus holy + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Saint, and -fy.] 1. To make sacred or holy; to set apart to a holy or religious use; to consecrate by appropriate rites; to hallow. “God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.” Gen. ii. 3. “Moses … sanctified Aaron and his garments.” Lev. viii. 30. 2. To make free from sin; to cleanse from moral corruption and pollution; to purify. “Sanctify them through thy truth.” John xvii. 17. 3. To make efficient as the means of holiness; to render productive of holiness or piety. “A means which his mercy hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust act.” Eikon Basilike. 4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerableness, inviolability, title to reverence and respect, or the like, to; to secure from violation; to give sanction to. “The holy man, amazed at what he saw,
Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law.” Dryden. “Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line.” Pope.

Sanc´ti•fy•ing•ly , adv. In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy.

Sanc•til´o•quent , a. [L. sanctus holy + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Discoursing on heavenly or holy things, or in a holy manner.

Sanc•ti•mo´ni•al , a. [Cf. LL. sanctimonialis. ] Sanctimonious. [Obs.]

Sanc•ti•mo´ni•ous , a. [See Sanctimony.] 1. Possessing sanctimony; holy; sacred; saintly. Shak. 2. Making a show of sanctity; affecting saintliness; hypocritically devout or pious. ´Like the sanctimonious pirate.´ Shak. — Sanc•ti•mo´ni•ous•ly, adv. — Sanc•ti•mo´ni•ous•ness, n.

Sanc´ti•mo•ny , n. [L. sanctimonia, fr. sanctus holy: cf. OF. sanctimonie. See Saint.] Holiness; devoutness; scrupulous austerity; sanctity; especially, outward or artificial saintliness; assumed or pretended holiness; hypocritical devoutness. “Her pretense is a pilgrimage; … which holy undertaking with most austere sanctimony she accomplished.” Shak.

Sanc´tion , n. [L. sanctio, from sancire, sanctum to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably: cf. F. sanction. See Saint.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body; establishment or furtherance of anything by giving authority to it; confirmation; approbation. “The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony.” I. Watts. 2. Anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another; as legal sanctions. Syn. — Ratification; authorization; authority; countenance; support.

Sanc´tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctioned p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctioning.] To give sanction to; to ratify; to confirm; to approve. “Would have counseled, or even sanctioned, such perilous experiments.” De Quincey. Syn. — To ratify; confirm; authorize; countenance.

Sanc´tion•a•ry , a. Of, pertaining to, or giving, sanction.

Sanc´ti•tude , n. [L. sanctitudo.] Holiness; sacredness; sanctity. [R.] Milton.

Sanc´ti•ty , n.; pl. Sanctities (#). [L. sanctitas, from sanctus holy. See Saint.] 1. The state or quality of being sacred or holy; holiness; saintliness; moral purity; godliness. “To sanctity she made no pretense, and, indeed, narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion.” Macaulay. 2. Sacredness; solemnity; inviolability; religious binding force; as the sanctity of an oath. 3. A saint or holy being. [R.] “About him all the sanctities of heaven.” Milton. Syn. — Holiness; godliness; piety; devotion; goodness; purity; religiousness; sacredness; solemnity. See the Note under Religion.

Sanc´tu•a•rize , v. t. To shelter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. [Obs.] Shak.

Sanc´tu•a•ry , n.; pl. Sanctuaries (#). [OE. seintuarie, OF. saintuaire, F. sanctuaire, fr. L. sanctuarium, from sanctus sacred, holy. See Saint.] A sacred place; a consecrated spot; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, specifically: (a) The most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Holy of Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, and into which no person was permitted to enter except the high priest, and he only once a year, to intercede for the people; also the most sacred part of the tabernacle; also the temple at Jerusalem. (b) (Arch.) The most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed. (c) A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed; a church, temple, or other place of worship. (d) A sacred and inviolable asylum; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge; protection. “These laws, whoever made them, bestowed on temples the privilege of sanctuary.” Milton. “The admirable works of painting were made fuel for the fire; but some relics of it took sanctuary under ground, and escaped the common destiny.” Dryden.

Sanc´tum , n. [L., p. p. of sancire to consecrate.] A sacred place; hence, a place of retreat; a room reserved for personal use; as an editor’s sanctum. Sanctum sanctorum [L.], the Holy of Holies; the most holy place, as in the Jewish temple.

Sanc´tus , n. [L. sanctus, p. p. of sancire.] 1. (Eccl.) A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, a part of the communion service, of which the first words in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]; — called also Tersanctus. 2. (Mus.) An anthem composed for these words. Sanctus bell, a small bell usually suspended in a bell cot at the apex of the nave roof, over the chancel arch, in mediaeval churches, but a hand bell is now often used; — so called because rung at the singing of the sanctus, at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and again at the elevation of the host. Called also Mass bell, sacring bell, saints’ bell, sance-bell, sancte bell.

Sand , n. [AS. sand; akin to D. zand, G. sand, OHG. sant, Icel. sandr, Dan. & Sw. sand, Gr. .] 1. Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet. “That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small pebbles.” Woodward. 2. A single particle of such stone. [R.] Shak. 3. The sand in the hourglass; hence, a moment or interval of time; the term or extent of one’s life. “The sands are numbered that make up my life.” Shak. 4. pl. Tracts of land consisting of sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa; also extensive tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. ´The Libyan sands.´ Milton. ´The sands o’ Dee.´ C. Kingsley. 5. Courage; pluck; grit. [Slang] Sand badger (Zoöl.), the Japanese badger (Meles ankuma). — Sand bag. (a) A bag filled with sand or earth, used for various purposes, as in fortification, for ballast, etc. (b) A long bag filled with sand, used as a club by assassins. — Sand ball, soap mixed with sand, made into a ball for use at the toilet. — Sand bath. (a) (Chem.) A vessel of hot sand in a laboratory, in which vessels that are to be heated are partially immersed. (b) A bath in which the body is immersed in hot sand. — Sand bed, a thick layer of sand, whether deposited naturally or artificially; specifically, a thick layer of sand into which molten metal is run in casting, or from a reducing furnace. — Sand birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for numerous species of limicoline birds, such as the sandpipers, plovers, tattlers, and many others; — called also shore birds. — Sand blast, a process of engraving and cutting glass and other hard substances by driving sand against them by a steam jet or otherwise; also the apparatus used in the process. — Sand box. (a) A box with a perforated top or cover, for sprinkling paper with sand. (b) A box carried on locomotives, from which sand runs on the rails in front of the driving wheel, to prevent slipping. — Sand-box tree (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Hura crepitans). Its fruit is a depressed many-celled woody capsule which, when completely dry, bursts with a loud report and scatters the seeds. See Illust. of Regma. — Sand bug (Zoöl.), an American anomuran crustacean (Hippa talpoidea) which burrows in sandy seabeaches. It is often used as bait by fishermen. See Illust. under Anomura. — Sand canal (Zoöl.), a tubular vessel having a calcareous coating, and connecting the oral ambulacral ring with the madreporic tubercle. It appears to be excretory in function. — Sand cock (Zoöl.), the redshank. [Prov. Eng.] — Sand collar. (Zoöl.) Same as Sand saucer, below. — Sand crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The lady crab. (b) A land crab, or ocypodian. — Sand crack (Far.), a crack extending downward from the coronet, in the wall of a horse’s hoof, which often causes lameness. — Sand cricket (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large terrestrial crickets of the genus Stenophelmatus and allied genera, native of the sandy plains of the Western United States. — Sand cusk (Zoöl.), any ophidioid fish. See Illust. under Ophidioid. — Sand dab (Zoöl.), a small American flounder (Limanda ferruginea); — called also rusty dab. The name is also applied locally to other allied species. — Sand darter (Zoöl.), a small etheostomoid fish of the Ohio valley (Ammocrypta pellucida). — Sand dollar (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small flat circular sea urchins, which live on sandy bottoms, especially Echinarachnius parma of the American coast. — Sand drift, drifting sand; also a mound or bank of drifted sand. — Sand eel. (Zoöl.) (a) A lant, or launce. (b) A slender Pacific Ocean fish of the genus Gonorhynchus, having barbels about the mouth. — Sand flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones. — Sand flea. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of flea which inhabits, or breeds in, sandy places, especially the common dog flea. (b) The chigoe. (c) Any leaping amphipod crustacean; a beach flea, or orchestian. See Beach flea, under Beach. — Sand flood, a vast body of sand borne along by the wind. James Bruce. — Sand fluke. (Zoöl.) (a) The sandnecker. (b) The European smooth dab (Pleuronectes microcephalus); — called also kitt, marysole, smear dab, town dab. — Sand fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small dipterous flies of the genus Simulium, abounding on sandy shores, especially Simulium nocivum of the United States. They are very troublesome on account of their biting habits. Called also no-see-um, punky, and midge. — Sand gall. (Geol.) See Sand pipe, below. — Sand grass (Bot.), any species of grass which grows in sand; especially, a tufted grass (Triplasis purpurea) with numerous bearded joints, and acid awl-shaped leaves, growing on the Atlantic coast. — Sand grouse (Zoöl.), any one of many species of Old World birds belonging to the suborder Pterocletes, and resembling both grouse and pigeons. Called also rock grouse, rock pigeon, and ganga. They mostly belong to the genus Pterocles, as the common Indian species (P. exustus). The large sand grouse (P. arenarius), the painted sand grouse (P. fasciatus), and the pintail sand grouse (P. alchata) are also found in India. See Illust. under Pterocletes. — Sand hill, a hill of sand; a dune. — Sand-hill crane (Zoöl.), the American brown crane (Grus Mexicana). — Sand hopper (Zoöl.), a beach flea; an orchestian. — Sand hornet (Zoöl.), a sand wasp. — Sand lark. (Zoöl.) (a) A small lark (Alaudala raytal), native of India. (b) A small sandpiper, or plover, as the ringneck, the sanderling, and the common European sandpiper. (c) The Australian red- capped dotterel (AEgialophilus ruficapillus); — called also red-necked plover. — Sand launce (Zoöl.), a lant, or launce. — Sand lizard (Zoöl.), a common European lizard (Lacerta agilis). — Sand martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. — Sand mole (Zoöl.), the coast rat. — Sand monitor (Zoöl.), a large Egyptian lizard (Monitor arenarius) which inhabits dry localities. — Sand mouse (Zoöl.), the dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] — Sand myrtle. (Bot.) See under Myrtle. — Sand partridge (Zoöl.), either of two small Asiatic partridges of the genus Ammoperdix. The wings are long and the tarsus is spurless. One species (A. Heeji) inhabits Palestine and Arabia. The other species (A. Bonhami), inhabiting Central Asia, is called also seesee partridge, and teehoo. — Sand picture, a picture made by putting sand of different colors on an adhesive surface. — Sand pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The sauger. (b) The lizard fish. — Sand pillar, a sand storm which takes the form of a whirling pillar in its progress in desert tracts like those of the Sahara and Mongolia. — Sand pipe (Geol.), a tubular cavity, from a few inches to several feet in depth, occurring especially in calcareous rocks, and often filled with gravel, sand, etc.; — called also sand gall. — Sand pride (Zoöl.), a small British lamprey now considered to be the young of larger species; — called also sand prey. — Sand pump, in artesian well boring, a long, slender bucket with a valve at the bottom for raising sand from the well. — Sand rat (Zoöl.), the pocket gopher. — Sand rock, a rock made of cemented sand. — Sand runner (Zoöl.), the turnstone. — Sand saucer (Zoöl.), the mass of egg capsules, or oöthecae, of any mollusk of the genus Natica and allied genera. It has the shape of a bottomless saucer, and is coated with fine sand; — called also sand collar. — Sand screw (Zoöl.), an amphipod crustacean (Lepidactylis arenarius), which burrows in the sandy seabeaches of Europe and America. — Sand shark (Zoöl.), an American shark (Odontaspis littoralis) found on the sandy coasts of the Eastern United States; — called also gray shark, and dogfish shark. See Illust. under Remora. — Sand skink (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World lizards belonging to the genus Seps; as the ocellated sand skink (Seps ocellatus) of Southern Europe. — Sand skipper (Zoöl.), a beach flea, or orchestian. — Sand smelt (Zoöl.), a silverside. — Sand snake. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of harmless burrowing snakes of the genus Eryx, native of Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, especially E. jaculus of India and E. Johnii, used by snake charmers. (b) Any innocuous South African snake of the genus Psammophis, especially P. sibilans. — Sand snipe (Zoöl.), the sandpiper. — Sand star (Zoöl.), an ophiurioid starfish living on sandy sea bottoms; a brittle star. — Sand storm, a cloud of sand driven violently by the wind. — Sand sucker, the sandnecker. — Sand swallow (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. See under Bank. — Sand tube, a tube made of sand. Especially: (a) A tube of vitrified sand, produced by a stroke of lightning; a fulgurite. (b) (Zoöl.) Any tube made of cemented sand. (c) (Zoöl.) In starfishes, a tube having calcareous particles in its wall, which connects the oral water tube with the madreporic plate. — Sand viper. (Zoöl.) See Hognose snake. — Sand wasp (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the families Pompilidae and Spheridae, which dig burrows in sand. The female provisions the nest with insects or spiders which she paralyzes by stinging, and which serve as food for her young.

Sand , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sanding.] 1. To sprinkle or cover with sand. 2. To drive upon the sand. [Obs.] Burton. 3. To bury (oysters) beneath drifting sand or mud. 4. To mix with sand for purposes of fraud; as to sand sugar. [Colloq.]

San´dal , n. Same as Sendal. “Sails of silk and ropes of sandal.” Longfellow.

San´dal, n. Sandalwood. ´Fans of sandal.´ Tennyson.

San´dal, n. [F. sandale, L. sandalium, Gr. , dim. of , probably from Per. sandal.] (a) A kind of shoe consisting of a sole strapped to the foot; a protection for the foot, covering its lower surface, but not its upper. (b) A kind of slipper. (c) An overshoe with parallel openings across the instep.

San´daled , a. 1. Wearing sandals. “The measured footfalls of his sandaled feet.” Longfellow. 2. Made like a sandal.

San•dal´i•form , a. [Sandal + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a sandal or slipper.

San´dal•wood , n. [F. sandal, santal, fr. Ar. çandal, or Gr. sa•ntalon; both ultimately fr. Skr. candana. Cf. Sanders.] (Bot.) (a) The highly perfumed yellowish heartwood of an East Indian and Polynesian tree (Santalum album), and of several other trees of the same genus, as the Hawaiian Santalum Freycinetianum and S. pyrularium, the Australian S. latifolium, etc. The name is extended to several other kinds of fragrant wood. (b) Any tree of the genus Santalum, or a tree which yields sandalwood. (c) The red wood of a kind of buckthorn, used in Russia for dyeing leather (Rhamnus Dahuricus). False sandalwood, the fragrant wood of several trees not of the genus Santalum, as Ximenia Americana, Myoporum tenuifolium of Tahiti. — Red sandalwood, a heavy, dark red dyewood, being the heartwood of two leguminous trees of India (Pterocarpus santalinus, and Adenanthera pavonina); — called also red sanderswood, sanders or saunders, and rubywood. { San´da•rach , San´da•rac }, , n. [L. sandaraca, Gr. .] 1. (Min.) Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic. [Archaic] 2. (Bot. Chem.) A white or yellow resin obtained from a Barbary tree (Callitris quadrivalvis or Thuya articulata), and pulverized for pounce; — probably so called from a resemblance to the mineral.

Sand´bag•ger , n. An assaulter whose weapon is a sand bag. See Sand bag, under Sand.

Sand´-blind , a. [For sam blind half blind; AS. sam- half (akin to semi- ) + blind.] Having defective sight; dim-sighted; purblind. Shak.

Sand´ed, a. 1. Covered or sprinkled with sand; sandy; barren. Thomson. 2. Marked with small spots; variegated with spots; speckled; of a sandy color, as a hound. Shak. 3. Short-sighted. [Prov. Eng.]

San•de•ma´ni•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Sandeman, a Scotch sectary of the eighteenth century. See Glassite.

San•de•ma´ni•an•ism , n. The faith or system of the Sandemanians. A. Fuller.

San´der•ling , n. [Sand + - ling. So called because it obtains its food by searching the moist sands of the seashore.] (Zoöl.) A small gray and brown sandpiper (Calidris arenaria) very common on sandy beaches in America, Europe, and Asia. Called also curwillet, sand lark, stint, and ruddy plover.

San´ders , n. [See Sandal.] An old name of sandalwood, now applied only to the red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood.

San´ders-blue´ , n. See Saunders-blue.

San´de•ver , n. See Sandiver. [Obs.]

Sand´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A small marine fish of the Pacific coast of North America (Trichodon trichodon) which buries itself in the sand.

Sand´glass , n. An instrument for measuring time by the running of sand. See Hourglass.

Sand´hill•er , n. A nickname given to any ´poor white´ living in the pine woods which cover the sandy hills in Georgia and South Carolina. [U.S.]

Sand´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being sandy, or of being of a sandy color.

Sand´ish, a. Approaching the nature of sand; loose; not compact. [Obs.] Evelyn.

San´di•ver , n. [Perh. fr. OF. saïn grease, fat + de of + verre glass (cf. Saim), or fr. F. sel de verre sandiver.] A whitish substance which is cast up, as a scum, from the materials of glass in fusion, and, floating on the top, is skimmed off; — called also glass gall. [Formerly written also sandever.]

San´dix , n. [L. sandix, sandyx, vermilion, or a color like vermilion, Gr. , .] A kind of minium, or red lead, made by calcining carbonate of lead, but inferior to true minium. [Written also sandyx.] [Obs.]

Sand´man , n. A mythical person who makes children sleepy, so that they rub their eyes as if there were sand in them.

Sand´neck•er , n. (Zoöl.) A European flounder (Hippoglossoides limandoides); — called also rough dab, long fluke, sand fluke, and sand sucker.

Sand´pa•per , n. Paper covered on one side with sand glued fast, — used for smoothing and polishing.

Sand´pa•per, v. t. To smooth or polish with sandpaper; as to sandpaper a door.

Sand´pi•per , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small limicoline game birds belonging to Tringa, Actodromas, Ereunetes, and various allied genera of the family Tringidae. The most important North American species are the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata), called also brownback, grass snipe, and jacksnipe; the red-backed, or black- breasted, sandpiper, or dunlin (T. alpina); the purple sandpiper (T. maritima: the red-breasted sandpiper, or knot (T. canutus); the semipalmated sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus); the spotted sandpiper, or teeter-tail (Actitis macularia); the buff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis), and the Bartramian sandpiper, or upland plover. See under Upland. Among the European species are the dunlin, the knot, the ruff, the sanderling, and the common sandpiper (Actitis, or Tringoides, hypoleucus), called also fiddler, peeper, pleeps, weet-weet, and summer snipe. Some of the small plovers and tattlers are also called sandpipers. 2. (Zoöl.) A small lamprey eel; the pride. Curlew sandpiper. See under Curlew. — Stilt sandpiper. See under Stilt.

Sand´pit , n. A pit or excavation from which sand is or has been taken.

San´dre , n. (Zoöl.) A Russian fish (Lucioperca sandre) which yields a valuable oil, called sandre oil, used in the preparation of caviare.

Sand´stone , n. A rock made of sand more or less firmly united. Common or siliceous sandstone consists mainly of quartz sand. Different names are applied to the various kinds of sandstone according to their composition; as granitic, argillaceous, micaceous, etc. Flexible sandstone (Min.), the finer- grained variety of itacolumite, which on account of the scales of mica in the lamination is quite flexible. — Red sandstone, a name given to two extensive series of British rocks in which red sandstones predominate, one below, and the other above, the coal measures. These were formerly known as the Old and the New Red Sandstone respectively, and the former name is still retained for the group preceding the Coal and referred to the Devonian age, but the term New Red Sandstone is now little used, some of the strata being regarded as Permian and the remained as Triassic. See the Chart of Geology.

Sand´wich ( 277), n. [Named from the Earl of Sandwich.] Two pieces of bread and butter with a thin slice of meat, cheese, or the like, between them.

Sand´wich, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sandwiched p. pr. & vb. n. Sandwiching.] To make into a sandwich; also figuratively, to insert between portions of something dissimilar; to form of alternate parts or things, or alternating layers of a different nature; to interlard.

Sand´worm , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of annelids which burrow in the sand of the seashore. (b) Any species of annelids of the genus Sabellaria. They construct firm tubes of agglutinated sand on rocks and shells, and are sometimes destructive to oysters. (c) The chigoe, a species of flea.

Sand´wort , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Arenaria, low, tufted herbs (order Caryophyllaceae.)

Sand´y , a. [Compar. Sandier superl. Sandiest.] [AS. sandig.] 1. Consisting of, abounding with, or resembling, sand; full of sand; covered or sprinkled with sand; as a sandy desert, road, or soil. 2. Of the color of sand; of a light yellowish red color; as sandy hair.

San´dyx , n. [L.] See Sandix.

Sane , a. [L. sanus; cf. Gr. , , safe, sound. Cf. Sound, a.] 1. Being in a healthy condition; not deranged; acting rationally; — said of the mind. 2. Mentally sound; possessing a rational mind; having the mental faculties in such condition as to be able to anticipate and judge of the effect of one’s actions in an ordinary maner; — said of persons. Syn. — Sound; healthy; underanged; unbroken.

Sane´ness, n. The state of being sane; sanity.

Sang , imp. of Sing. { San´ga , San´gu }, n. (Zoöl.) The Abyssinian ox (Bos or Bibos, Africanus), noted for the great length of its horns. It has a hump on its back.

San•ga•ree´ , n. [Sp. sangria, lit., bleeding, from sangre, blood, L. sanguis.] Wine and water sweetened and spiced, — a favorite West Indian drink.

Sang•-froid´ , n. [F., cold blood.] Freedom from agitation or excitement of mind; coolness in trying circumstances; indifference; calmness. Burke.

San´gi•ac , n. See Sanjak. { San•graal´ , San´gre•al }, n. [See Saint, and Grail.] See Holy Grail, under Grail.

San•guif´er•ous , a. [L. sanguis blood + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Conveying blood; as sanguiferous vessels, i. e., the arteries, veins, capillaries.

San•gui•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. sanguification. See Sanguify.] (Physiol.) The production of blood; the conversion of the products of digestion into blood; hematosis.

San´gui•fi•er , n. A producer of blood.

San•guif´lu•ous , a. [L. sanguis blood + fluere to flow.] Flowing or running with blood.

San´gui•fy , v. t. [L. sanguis blood + -fy: cf. F. sanguifier.] To produce blood from.

San•guig´e•nous , a. [L. sanguis + -genous.] Producing blood; as sanguigenous food.

San•gui•na´ceous , n. Of a blood-red color; sanguine.

San•gui•na´ri•a , n. [NL. See Sanguinary, a. & n.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Poppy family. Sanguinaria Canadensis, or bloodroot, is the only species. It has a perennial rootstock, which sends up a few roundish lobed leaves and solitary white blossoms in early spring. See Bloodroot. 2. The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc.

San´gui•na•ri•ly , adv. In a sanguinary manner.

San´gui•na•ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being sanguinary.

San´gui•na•ry , a. [L. sanguinarius, fr. sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinaire.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed; bloody; murderous; as a sanguinary war, contest, or battle. “We may not propagate religion by wars, or by sanguinary persecutions to force consciences.” Bacon. 2. Bloodthirsty; cruel; eager to shed blood. “Passion … makes us brutal and sanguinary.” Broome. Syn. — Bloody; murderous; bloodthirsty; cruel.

San´gui•na•ry, n. [L. herba sanguinaria an herb that stanches blood: cf. F. sanguinaire. See Sanguinary, a.] (Bot.) (a) The yarrow. (b) The Sanguinaria.

San´guine , a. [F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, fr. sanguis blood. Cf. Sanguineous.] 1. Having the color of blood; red. “Of his complexion he was sanguine.” Chaucer. “Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe.” Milton. 2. Characterized by abundance and active circulation of blood; as a sanguine bodily temperament. 3. Warm; ardent; as a sanguine temper. 4. Anticipating the best; not desponding; confident; full of hope; as sanguine of success. Syn. — Warm; ardent; lively; confident; hopeful.

San´guine, n. 1. Blood color; red. Spenser. 2. Anything of a blood-red color, as cloth. [Obs.] “In sanguine and in pes he clad was all.” Chaucer. 3. (Min.) Bloodstone. 4. Red crayon. See the Note under Crayon, 1.

San´guine, v. t. To stain with blood; to impart the color of blood to; to ensanguine.

San´guine•less, a. Destitute of blood; pale. [R.]

San´guine•ly, adv. In a sanguine manner. “I can not speculate quite so sanguinely as he does.” Burke.

San´guine•ness, n. The quality of being sanguine.

San•guin´e•ous , a. [L. sanguineus. See Sanguine.] 1. Abounding with blood; sanguine. 2. Of or pertaining to blood; bloody; constituting blood. Sir T. Browne. 3. Blood-red; crimson. Keats.

san•guin´i•ty, n. The quality of being sanguine; sanguineness. Swift.

San´gui•niv´o•rous , a. [L. sanguis + vorare to devour.] Subsisting on blood.

San•guin´o•len•cy , n. The state of being sanguinolent, or bloody.

San•guin´o•lent , a. [L. sanguinolentus, from sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinolent.] Tinged or mingled with blood; bloody; as sanguinolent sputa.

San´gui•suge , n. [L. sanguisuga; sanguis blood + sugere to suck.] (Zoöl.) A bloodsucker, or leech.

San•guiv´o•rous , a. [L. sanguis blood + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Subsisting upon blood; — said of certain blood-sucking bats and other animals. See Vampire. { San´he•drin , San´he•drim }, n. [Heb. sanhedrin, fr. Gr. ; with + a seat, fr. to sit. See Sit.] (Jewish Antiq.) the great council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction of religious matters.

San´he•drist , n. A member of the sanhedrin. Schaeffer (Lange’s Com.).

San´hi•ta , n. [Skr. samhita, properly, combination.] A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda.

San´i•cle , n. [F., from L. sanare to heal.] (Bot.) Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sanicula, reputed to have healing powers.

San´i•dine , n. [Gr. . , a board. So called in allusion to the tabular crystals.] (Min.) A variety of orthoclase feldspar common in certain eruptive rocks, as trachyte; — called also glassy feldspar.

Sa´ni•es , n. [L.] (Med.) A thin, serous fluid commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds.

Sa´ni•ous , a. [L. saniosus, fr. sanies: cf. F. sanieux.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to sanies, or partaking of its nature and appearance; thin and serous, with a slight bloody tinge; as the sanious matter of an ulcer. 2. (med.) Discharging sanies; as a sanious ulcer.

San•i•ta´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to health, or the laws of health; sanitary.

San•i•ta´ri•an, n. An advocate of sanitary measures; one especially interested or versed in sanitary measures.

San´i•ta•rist , n. A sanitarian.

San•i•ta´ri•um , n. [NL. See Sanitary.] A health station or retreat; a sanatorium. ´A sanitarium for troops.´ L. Oliphant.

San´i•ta•ry , a. [L. sanitas health: cf. F. sanitaire. See Sanity.] Of or pertaining to health; designed to secure or preserve health; relating to the preservation or restoration of health; hygienic; as sanitary regulations. See the Note under Sanatory. Sanitary Commission. See under Commission.

San•i•ta´tion , n. The act of rendering sanitary; the science of sanitary conditions; the preservation of health; the use of sanitary measures; hygiene. “How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century.” H. Hartshorne.

San´i•ty , n. [L. sanitas, from sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] The condition or quality of being sane; soundness of health of body or mind, especially of the mind; saneness.

San´jak , n. [Turk. sanjag.] A district or a subvision of a vilayet. [Turkey]

Sank , imp. of Sink.

Sank´ha , n. [Skr. çankha a shell.] A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell.

Sankh´ya , n. A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness. Whitworth.

San´nop (san´nop), n. Same as Sannup. Bancroft.

San´nup (-nup), n. A male Indian; a brave; — correlative of squaw.

San´ny , n. The sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

Sans (sän; E. sanz), prep. [F., from L. sine without.] Without; deprived or destitute of. Rarely used as an English word. ´Sans fail.´ Chaucer. “Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.” Shak.

San´scrit , n. See Sanskrit.

Sans•-cu•lotte´ (F. ; E. ), n. [F., without breeches.] 1. A fellow without breeches; a ragged fellow; — a name of reproach given in the first French revolution to the extreme republican party, who rejected breeches as an emblem peculiar to the upper classes or aristocracy, and adopted pantaloons. 2. Hence, an extreme or radical republican; a violent revolutionist; a Jacobin.

Sans•-cu•lot´tic , a. Pertaining to, or involving, sans-culottism; radical; revolutionary; Jacobinical. Carlyle.

Sans•-cu•lot´tism , n. [F. sans- culottisme.] Extreme republican principles; the principles or practice of the sans-culottes.

San´skrit , n. [Skr. Samskrta the Sanskrit language, literally, the perfect, polished, or classical language, fr. samskrta prepared, wrought, made, excellent, perfect; sam together (akin to E. same) + krta made. See Same, Create.] [Written also Sanscrit.] The ancient language of the Hindoos, long since obsolete in vernacular use, but preserved to the present day as the literary and sacred dialect of India. It is nearly allied to the Persian, and to the principal languages of Europe, classical and modern, and by its more perfect preservation of the roots and forms of the primitive language from which they are all descended, is a most important assistance in determining their history and relations. Cf. Prakrit, and Veda.

San´skrit, a. Of or pertaining to Sanskrit; written in Sanskrit; as a Sanskrit dictionary or inscription.

San•skrit´ic , a. Sanskrit.

San´skrit•ist, n. One versed in Sanskrit.

Sans•-sou•ci´ , adv. [F.] Without care; free and easy.

San´tal , n. [Santalum + piperonal.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, isomeric with piperonal, but having weak acid properties. It is extracted from sandalwood.

San•ta•la´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Santalaceae), of which the genus Santalum is the type, and which includes the buffalo nut and a few other North American plants, and many peculiar plants of the southern hemisphere.

San•tal´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sandalwood (Santalum); — used specifically to designate an acid obtained as a resinous or red crystalline dyestuff, which is called also santalin.

San´ta•lin , n. [Cf. F. santaline.] (Chem.) Santalic acid. See Santalic.

San´ta•lum , n. [NL. See Sandalwood.] (Bot.) A genus of trees with entire opposite leaves and small apetalous flowers. There are less than a dozen species, occurring from India to Australia and the Pacific Islands. See Sandalwood.

San•tees´ , n. pl.; sing. Santee . (Ethnol.) One of the seven confederated tribes of Indians belonging to the Sioux, or Dakotas.

San´ter , v. i. See Saunter.

San´ton , n. [Sp. santon, augmented fr. santo holy, L. sanctus.] A Turkish saint; a kind of dervish, regarded by the people as a saint: also a hermit.

San´to•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of santonic acid.

San•ton´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid (distinct from santoninic acid) obtained from santonin as a white crystalline substance.

San´to•nin , n. [L. herba santonica, a kind of plant, fr. Santoni a people of Aquitania; cf. Gr. : cf. F. santonine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance having a bitter taste, extracted from the buds of levant wormseed and used as an anthelmintic. It occassions a peculiar temporary color blindness, causing objects to appear as if seen through a yellow glass.

San´to•nin•ate , n. (Chem.) A salt of santoninic acid.

San•to•nin´ic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to santonin; — used specifically to designate an acid not known in the free state, but obtained in its salts.

Sa´o , n. (Zoöl.) Any marine annelid of the genus Hyalinaecia, especially H. tubicola of Europe, which inhabits a transparent movable tube resembling a quill in color and texture.

Sap , n. [AS. saep; akin to OHG. saf, G. saft, Icel. safi; of uncertain origin; possibly akin to L. sapere to taste, to be wise, sapa must or new wine boiled thick. Cf. Sapid, Sapient.] 1. The juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition. The ascending is the crude sap, the assimilation of which takes place in the leaves, when it becomes the elaborated sap suited to the growth of the plant. 2. The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree. 3. A simpleton; a saphead; a milksop. [Slang] Sap ball (Bot.), any large fungus of the genus Polyporus. See Polyporus. — Sap green, a dull light green pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the Rhamnus catharticus, or buckthorn. It is used especially by water-color artists. — Sap rot, the dry rot. See under Dry. — Sap sucker (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small American woodpeckers of the genus Sphyrapicus, especially the yellow-bellied woodpecker (S. varius) of the Eastern United States. They are so named because they puncture the bark of trees and feed upon the sap. The name is loosely applied to other woodpeckers. — Sap tube (Bot.), a vessel that conveys sap.

Sap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sapped p. pr. & vb. n. Sapping.] [F. saper (cf. Sp. zapar, It. zapare), fr. sape a sort of scythe, LL. sappa a sort of mattock.] 1. To subvert by digging or wearing away; to mine; to undermine; to destroy the foundation of. “Nor safe their dwellings were, for sapped by floods,
Their houses fell upon their household gods.” Dryden. 2. (Mil.) To pierce with saps. 3. To make unstable or infirm; to unsettle; to weaken. “Ring out the grief that saps the mind.” Tennyson.

Sap , v. i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps. W. P. Craighill. “Both assaults are carried on by sapping.” Tatler.

Sap, n. (Mil.) A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc. Sap fagot (Mil.), a fascine about three feet long, used in sapping, to close the crevices between the gabions before the parapet is made. — Sap roller (Mil.), a large gabion, six or seven feet long, filled with fascines, which the sapper sometimes rolls along before him for protection from the fire of an enemy.

Sap•a•dil´lo , n. See Sapodila.

Sap´a•jo , n. (Zoöl.) The sapajou.

Sap´a•jou , n. [F. sapajou, sajou, Braz. sajuassu.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Cebus, having long and prehensile tails. Some of the species are called also capuchins. The bonnet sapajou (C. subcristatus), the golden-handed sapajou (C. chrysopus), and the white-throated sapajou (C. hypoleucus) are well known species. See Capuchin.

Sa•pan´ wood [Malay sapang.] (Bot.) A dyewood yielded by Caesalpinia Sappan, a thorny leguminous tree of Southern Asia and the neighboring islands. It is the original Brazil wood. [Written also sappan wood.]

Sap´ful , a. Abounding in sap; sappy.

Sap´head , n. A weak-minded, stupid fellow; a milksop. [Low]

Sa•phe´nous , a. [Gr. manifest.] (Anat.) (a) Manifest; — applied to the two principal superficial veins of the lower limb of man. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the saphenous veins; as the saphenous nerves; the saphenous opening, an opening in the broad fascia of the thigh through which the internal saphenous vein passes.

Sap´id , a. [L. sapidus, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. sapide. See Sapient, Savor.] Having the power of affecting the organs of taste; possessing savor, or flavor. “Camels, to make the water sapid, do raise the mud with their feet.” Sir T. Browne.

Sa•pid´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. sapidite.] The quality or state of being sapid; taste; savor; savoriness. “Whether one kind of sapidity is more effective than another.” M. S. Lamson.

Sap´id•ness, n. Quality of being sapid; sapidity. “When the Israelites fancied the sapidness and relish of the fleshpots, they longed to taste and to return.” Jer. Taylor.

Sa´pi•ence , n. [L. sapientia: cf. F. sapience. See Sapient..] The quality of being sapient; wisdom; sageness; knowledge. Cowper. “Woman, if I might sit beside your feet,
And glean your scattered sapience.” Tennyson.

Sa´pi•ent , a. [L. sapiens, -entis, p. pr. of sapere to taste, to have sense, to know. See Sage, a.] Wise; sage; discerning; — often in irony or contempt. “Where the sapient king
Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse.” Milton. Syn. — Sage; sagacious; knowing; wise; discerning.

Sa•pi•en´tial , a. [L. sapientialis.] Having or affording wisdom. — Sa•pi•en´tial•ly, adv. “The sapiential books of the Old [Testament].” Jer. Taylor.

Sa•pi•en´tious , a. Sapiential. [Obs.]

Sa´pi•ent•ize, v. t. To make sapient. [R.] Coleridge.

Sa´pi•ent•ly , adv. In a sapient manner.

Sap•in•da´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of trees and shrubs (Sapindaceae), including the (typical) genus Sapindus, the maples, the margosa, and about seventy other genera.

Sa•pin´dus , n. [NL., fr. L. sapo soap + Indicus Indian.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical and subtropical trees with pinnate leaves and panicled flowers. The fruits of some species are used instead of soap, and their round black seeds are made into necklaces.

Sap´less , a. 1. Destitute of sap; not juicy. 2. Fig.: Dry; old; husky; withered; spiritless. ´A somewhat sapless womanhood.´ Lowell. “Now sapless on the verge of death he stands.” Dryden.

sap´ling , n. A young tree. Shak.

Sap•o•dil´la , n. [Sp. zapote, sapotillo, zapotillo, Mexican cochit-zapotl. Cf. Sapota.] (Bot.) A tall, evergeen, tropical American tree (Achras Sapota); also its edible fruit, the sapodilla plum. [Written also sapadillo, sappadillo, sappodilla, and zapotilla.] Sapodilla plum (Bot.), the fruit of Achras Sapota. It is about the size of an ordinary quince, having a rough, brittle, dull brown rind, the flesh being of a dirty yellowish white color, very soft, and deliciously sweet. Called also naseberry. It is eatable only when it begins to be spotted, and is much used in desserts.

Sa•pog´e•nin , n. [Saponin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of saponin.

Sap•o•na´ceous , a. [L. sapo, -onis, soap, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. soap. See Soap.] Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soapy. Saponaceous bodies are compounds of an acid and a base, and are in reality a kind of salt.

Sap•o•nac´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being saponaceous.

Sap´o•na•ry , a. Saponaceous. Boyle.

Sa•pon•i•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of conversion into soap; as a saponifiable substance.

Sa•pon•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. saponification. See Saponify.] The act, process, or result, of soap making; conversion into soap; specifically (Chem.), the decomposition of fats and other ethereal salts by alkalies; as the saponification of ethyl acetate.

Sa•pon´i•fi•er , n. (Chem.) That which saponifies; any reagent used to cause saponification.

Sa•pon´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saponified p. pr. & vb. n. Saponifying ] [L. sapo, -onis, soap + -fy: cf. F. saponifier.] To convert into soap, as tallow or any fat; hence (Chem.), to subject to any similar process, as that which ethereal salts undergo in decomposition; as to saponify ethyl acetate.

Sap´o•nin , n. [L. sapo, - onis soap: cf. F. saponine.] (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found in many plants, as in the root of soapwort (Saponaria), in the bark of soap bark (Quillaia), etc. It is extracted as a white amorphous powder, which occasions a soapy lather in solution, and produces a local anaesthesia. Formerly called also struthiin, quillaiin, senegin, polygalic acid, etc. By extension, any one of a group of related bodies of which saponin proper is the type.

Sap´o•nite , n. [Sw. saponit, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesia and alumina. It occurs in soft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling veins in serpentine and cavities in trap rock.

Sap´o•nul , n. [F. saponule, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Old Chem.) A soapy mixture obtained by treating an essential oil with an alkali; hence, any similar compound of an essential oil. [Written also saponule.] [Obs.]

Sa´por , n. [L. See Savor.] Power of affecting the organs of taste; savor; flavor; taste. “There is some sapor in all aliments.” Sir T. Browne.

Sap•o•rif´ic , a. [L. sapor taste + facere to make.] Having the power to produce the sensation of taste; producing taste, flavor, or relish.

Sap•o•ros´i•ty , n. The quality of a body by which it excites the sensation of taste.

Sap´o•rous , a. [L. saporus that relishes well, savory, fr. sapor taste.] Having flavor or taste; yielding a taste. [R.] Bailey.

Sa•po´ta , n. [NL., from Sp. sapote, zapote. See Sapodilla.] (Bot.) The sapodilla.

Sap•o•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sapotaceae) of (mostly tropical) trees and shrubs, including the star apple, the Lucuma, or natural marmalade tree, the gutta-percha tree (Isonandra), and the India mahwa, as well as the sapodilla, or sapota, after which the order is named.

Sap•pan´ wood´ Sapan wood.

Sap´pare , n. [F. sappare; — so called by Saussure.] (Min.) Kyanite. [Written also sappar.]

Sap´per , n. [Cf. F. sapeur.] One who saps; specifically (Mil.), one who is employed in working at saps, building and repairing fortifications, and the like.

Sap´phic , a. [L. Sapphicus, Gr. , fr. Sappho.] 1. Of or pertaining to Sappho, the Grecian poetess; as Sapphic odes; Sapphic verse. 2. (Pros.) Belonging to, or in the manner of, Sappho; — said of a certain kind of verse reputed to have been invented by Sappho, consisting of five feet, of which the first, fourth, and fifth are trochees, the second is a spondee, and the third a dactyl.

Sap´phic, n. (Pros.) A Sapphic verse.

Sap´phire (? or 277), n. [OE. saphir, F. saphir, L. sapphirus, Gr. , of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. sappir.] 1. (Min.) Native alumina or aluminium sesquioxide, Al2O3; corundum; esp., the blue transparent variety of corundum, highly prized as a gem. “Of rubies, sapphires, and of pearles white.” Chaucer. Sapphire occurs in hexagonal crystals and also in granular and massive forms. The name sapphire is usually restricted to the blue crystals, while the bright red crystals are called Oriental rubies (see under Ruby), the amethystine variety Oriental amethyst (see under Amethyst), and the dull massive varieties corundum (a name which is also used as a general term to include all varieties). See Corundum. 2. The color of the gem; bright blue. 3. (Zoöl.) Any humming bird of the genus Hylocharis, native of South America. The throat and breast are usually bright blue. Star sapphire, or Asteriated sapphire (Min.), a kind of sapphire which exhibits asterism.

Sap´phire, a. Of or resembling sapphire; sapphirine; blue. ´The sapphire blaze.´ Gray.

Sap´phir•ine , n. Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire; having the color, or any quality of sapphire. ´Sapphirine degree of hardness.´ Boyle.

Sap´pho , n. [See Sapphic.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of brilliant South American humming birds of the genus Sappho, having very bright- colored and deeply forked tails; — called also firetail.

Sap´pi•ness , n. The quality of being sappy; juiciness.

Sap•po•dil´la , n. (Bot.) See Sapodilla.

Sap´py , a. [Compar. Sappier superl. Sappiest.] [From 1st Sap.] 1. Abounding with sap; full of sap; juicy; succulent. 2. Hence, young, not firm; weak, feeble. “When he had passed this weak and sappy age.” Hayward. 3. Weak in intellect. [Low] 4. (Bot.) Abounding in sap; resembling, or consisting largely of, sapwood.

Sap´py , a. [Written also sapy.] [Cf. L. sapere to taste.] Musty; tainted. [Obs.]

Sa•proph´a•gan , n. [Gr. sapro•s rotten + fagei^n to eat: cf. F. saprophage.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon decaying animal and vegetable substances; a carrion beetle.

Sa•proph´a•gous , a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on carrion.

Sap´ro•phyte , n. [Gr. sapro•s rotten + fyto•n a plant.] (Bot.) Any plant growing on decayed animal or vegetable matter, as most fungi and some flowering plants with no green color, as the Indian pipe.

Sap•ro•phyt´ic , a. Feeding or growing upon decaying animal or vegetable matter; pertaining to a saprophyte or the saprophytes.

Sap´sa•go , n. [G. schabzieger; schaben to shave, to scrape + zieger a sort of whey.] A kind of Swiss cheese, of a greenish color, flavored with melilot.

Sap´skull , n. A saphead. [Low]

Sap•u•ca´ia ( Pg. ), n. [Pg. sapucaya.] (Bot.) A Brazilian tree. See Lecythis, and Monkey-pot. [Written also sapucaya.] Sapucaia nut (Bot.), the seed of the sapucaia; — called also paradise nut.

Sap´wood , n. (Bot.) The alburnum, or part of the wood of any exogenous tree next to the bark, being that portion of the tree through which the sap flows most freely; — distinguished from heartwood.

Sar´a•ba•ite , n. [LL. Sarabaïtae, pl.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of certain vagrant or heretical Oriental monks in the early church.

Sar´a•band , n. [F. sarabande, Sp. zarabanda, fr. Per. serbend a song.] A slow Spanish dance of Saracenic origin, to an air in triple time; also the air itself. “She has brought us the newest saraband from the court of Queen Mab.” Sir W. Scott.

Sar´a•cen , n. [L. Saracenus perhaps fr. Ar. sharqi, pl. sharqiin, Oriental, Eastern, fr. sharaqa to rise, said of the sun: cf. F. sarrasin. Cf. Sarcenet, Sarrasin, Sirocco.] Anciently, an Arab; later, a Mussulman; in the Middle Ages, the common term among Christians in Europe for a Mohammedan hostile to the crusaders. Saracens’ consound (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Saracenicus), anciently used to heal wounds. { Sar•a•cen´ic , Sar•a•cen´ic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to the Saracens; as Saracenic architecture. ´Saracenic music.´ Sir W. Scott.

Sar´a•sin , n. (Arch.) See Sarrasin.

Sa•ras•wa´ti , n. [Skr. Sarasvati.] (Hind. Myth.) The sakti or wife of Brahma; the Hindoo goddess of learning, music, and poetry.

Sar´casm , n. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmus, Gr. sarkasmo•s, from sarka•zein to tear flesh like dogs, to bite the lips in rage, to speak bitterly, to sneer, fr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh.] A keen, reproachful expression; a satirical remark uttered with some degree of scorn or contempt; a taunt; a gibe; a cutting jest. “The sarcasms of those critics who imagine our art to be a matter of inspiration.” Sir J. Reynolds. Syn. — Satire; irony; ridicule; taunt; gibe.

Sar•cas´mous , a. Sarcastic. [Obs.] ´Sarcasmous scandal.´ Hubidras. { Sar•cas´tic , Sar•cas´tic•al }, a. Expressing, or expressed by, sarcasm; characterized by, or of the nature of, sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly satirical; scornfully severe; taunting. “What a fierce and sarcastic reprehension would this have drawn from the friendship of the world!” South.

Sar•cas´tic•al•ly, adv. In a sarcastic manner.

Sar´cel , n. [OF. cercel, F. cerceau, L. circellus, dim. of circulus. See Circle.] One of the outer pinions or feathers of the wing of a bird, esp. of a hawk.

Sar´celed , a. (her.) Cut through the middle.

Sar•celle´ , n. [F., fr. L. querquedula.] (Zoöl.) The old squaw, or long- tailed duck.

Sarce´net , n. [OF. sarcenet; cf. LL. saracenicum cloth made by Saracens. See Saracen.] A species of fine thin silk fabric, used for linings, etc. [Written also sarsenet.] “Thou green sarcenet flap for a sore eye.” Shak.

Sar´cin , n. Same as Hypoxanthin.

Sar•ci´na , n. [NL., fr. Gr. of flesh, fr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh.] (Biol.) A genus of bacteria found in various organic fluids, especially in those those of the stomach, associated with certain diseases. The individual organisms undergo division along two perpendicular partitions, so that multiplication takes place in two directions, giving groups of four cubical cells. Also used adjectively; as a sarcina micrococcus; a sarcina group. Sarcina form (Biol.), the tetrad form seen in the division of a dumb-bell group of micrococci into four; — applied particularly to bacteria. See micrococcus.

Sar´cle , v. t. [F. sarcler to weed, fr. L. sarculare to hoe, fr. sarculum hoe.] To weed, or clear of weeds, with a hoe. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sar´co- A combining form from Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh; as sarcophagous, flesh-eating; sarcology.

Sar•cob´a•sis , n.; pl. Sarcobases (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh + base.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells, which contain but few seeds and cohere about a common style, as in the mallows.

Sar´co•blast , n. [Sarco- + -blast.] (Zoöl.) A minute yellowish body present in the interior of certain rhizopods.

Sar´co•carp , n. [Sarco- + Gr. fruit: cf. F. sarcocarpe.] (Bot.) The fleshy part of a stone fruit, situated between the skin, or epicarp, and the stone, or endocarp, as in a peach. See Illust. of Endocarp. The term has also been used to denote any fruit which is fleshy throughout. M. T. Masters.

Sar´co•cele , n. [Gr. ; sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh + tumor: cf. F. sarcocèle.] (Med.) Any solid tumor of the testicle. { Sar´co•col , Sar•co•col´la }, n. [L. sarcocolla, from Gr. ; sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh + glue: cf. F. sarcocolle.] A gum resin obtained from certain shrubs of Africa (Penaea), — formerly thought to cause healing of wounds and ulcers.

Sar´code , n. [Gr. fleshy; sa•rx, flesh + e’i^dos form. Cf. Sarcoid.] (Biol.) A name applied by Dujardin in 1835 to the gelatinous material forming the bodies of the lowest animals; protoplasm. { Sar´co•derm , sar•co•der´ma }, n. [NL. sarcoderma. See Sarco-, and Derm.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments. (b) A sarcocarp.

Sar•cod´ic , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to sarcode.

Sar´coid , a. [Gr. . See Sarcode.] (Biol.) Resembling flesh, or muscle; composed of sarcode.

Sar•co•lac´tic , a. [Sarco- + lactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Relating to muscle and milk; as sarcolactic acid. See Lactic acid, under Lactic.

Sar•co•lem´ma , n. [NL., from Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh + rind, skin.] (Anat.) The very thin transparent and apparently homogeneous sheath which incloses a striated muscular fiber; the myolemma.

Sar´co•line , a. [Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh.] (Min.) Flesh-colored. { Sar•co•log´ic , Sar•co•log´ic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to sarcology.

Sar•col´o•gy , n. [Sarco- + -logy: cf. F. sarcologie.] That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts. It includes myology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology.

Sar•co´ma , n.; pl. L. Sarcomata (# or #), E. sarcomas (#). [NL., from Gr. , from sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh.] (Med.) A tumor of fleshy consistence; — formerly applied to many varieties of tumor, now restricted to a variety of malignant growth made up of cells resembling those of fetal development without any proper intercellular substance.

Sar•com´a•tous , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to sarcoma; resembling sarcoma.

Sar•coph´a•ga , n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of carnivorous and insectivorous marsupials including the dasyures and the opossums.

Sar•coph´a•ga, n. [NL., fem. sing. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Diptera, including the flesh flies.

Sar•coph´a•gan , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal which eats flesh, especially any carnivorous marsupial. 2. (Zoöl.) Any fly of the genus Sarcophaga.

Sar•coph´a•gous , a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on flesh; flesh-eating; carnivorous.

Sar•coph´a•gus , n.; pl. L. Sarcophagi (#), E. Sarcophaguses (#). [L., fr. Gr. sarkofa•gos, properly, eating flesh; sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh + fagei^n to eat. Cf. Sarcasm.] 1. A species of limestone used among the Greeks for making coffins, which was so called because it consumed within a few weeks the flesh of bodies deposited in it. It is otherwise called lapis Assius, or Assian stone, and is said to have been found at Assos, a city of Lycia. Holland. 2. A coffin or chest-shaped tomb of the kind of stone described above; hence, any stone coffin. 3. A stone shaped like a sarcophagus and placed by a grave as a memorial.

Sar•coph´a•gy , n. [Gr. sarkofagi•a. See Sarcophagus.] The practice of eating flesh.

Sar´co•phile , n. [Sacro- + Gr. a lover.] (Zoöl.) A flesh-eating animal, especially any one of the carnivorous marsupials.

Sar•cop´tes , n. [NL., from Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh + ko•ptein to cut.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic mites including the itch mites.

Sar•cop´tid , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Sarcoptes and related genera of mites, comprising the itch mites and mange mites. — a. Of or pertaining to the itch mites.

Sar•co•rham´phi , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh + beak.] (Zoöl.) A division of raptorial birds comprising the vultures.

Sar•co•sep´tum , n.; pl. Sarcosepta (#). [Sarco- + septum.] (Zoöl.) One of the mesenteries of an anthozoan.

Sar´co•sin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous substance, formed in the decomposition of creatin (one of the constituents of muscle tissue). Chemically, it is methyl glycocoll.

Sar•co´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh.] (Med.) (a) Abnormal formation of flesh. (b) Sarcoma.

Sar•cot´ic , a. [Gr. : cf. F. sarcotique.] (Med.) Producing or promoting the growth of flesh. [R.] — n. A sarcotic medicine. [R.]

Sar´cous , a. [Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh.] (Anat.) Fleshy; — applied to the minute structural elements, called sarcous elements, or sarcous disks, of which striated muscular fiber is composed.

Sar•cu•la´tion , n. [L. sarculatio. See Sarcle.] A weeding, as with a hoe or a rake.

Sard , n. [L. sarda, Gr. , or (sc. ), i.e., Sardian stone, fr. Sardian, Sardes, the capital of Lydia: cf. F. sarde. Cf. Sardius.] (Min.) A variety of carnelian, of a rich reddish yellow or brownish red color. See the Note under Chalcedony.

Sar´da•chate , n. [L. sardachates: cf. F. sardachate. See Sard, and Agate.] (Min.) A variety of agate containing sard. { Sar´dan , Sar´del }, n. [It. sardella. See Sardine a fish.] (Zoöl.) A sardine. [Obs.]

Sar´del, n. A precious stone. See Sardius.

Sar´dine (? or 277), n. [F. sardine (cf. Sp. sardina, sarda, It. sardina, sardella), L. sardina, sarda; cf. Gr. , ; so called from the island of Sardinia, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Any one of several small species of herring which are commonly preserved in olive oil for food, especially the pilchard, or European sardine (Clupea pilchardus). The California sardine (Clupea sagax) is similar. The American sardines of the Atlantic coast are mostly the young of the common herring and of the menhaden.

Sar´dine (? or 277), n. See Sardius.

Sar•din´i•an , a. [L. Sardinianus.] Of or pertaining to the island, kingdom, or people of Sardinia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Sardinia.

Sar´di•us , n. [L. sardius, lapis sardinus, Gr. , , . See Sard.] A precious stone, probably a carnelian, one of which was set in Aaron’s breastplate. Ex. xxviii. 17.

Sar´doin , n. [Cf. F. sardoine.] (Min.) Sard; carnelian.

Sar•do´ni•an , a. [Cf. F. sardonien.] Sardonic. [Obs.] ´With Sardonian smile.´ Spenser.

Sar•don´ic , a. [F. sardonique, L. sardonius, Gr. , , perhaps fr. to grin like a dog, or from a certain plant of Sardinia, Gr. , which was said to screw up the face of the eater.] Forced; unnatural; insincere; hence, derisive, mocking, malignant, or bitterly sarcastic; — applied only to a laugh, smile, or some facial semblance of gayety. “Where strained, sardonic smiles are glozing still,
And grief is forced to laugh against her will.” Sir H. Wotton. “The scornful, ferocious, sardonic grin of a bloody ruffian.” Burke. Sardonic grin or laugh, an old medical term for a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the face, giving it an appearance of laughter.

Sar•don´ic, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a kind of linen made at Colchis.

Sar´do•nyx , n. [L., fr. Gr. . See Sard, and Onyx.] (Min.) A variety of onyx consisting of sard and white chalcedony in alternate layers.

Sa´ree , n. [Hind. .] The principal garment of a Hindoo woman. It consists of a long piece of cloth, which is wrapped round the middle of the body, a portion being arranged to hang down in front, and the remainder passed across the bosom over the left shoulder.

Sar•gas´so , n. [Sp. sargazo seaweed.] (Bot.) The gulf weed. See under Gulf. Sargasso Sea, a large tract of the North Atlantic Ocean where sargasso in great abundance floats on the surface.

Sar•gas´sum , n. [NL.] A genus of algae including the gulf weed.

Sar´go , n. [Sp. sargo, L. sargus a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes belonging to Sargus, Pomadasys, and related genera; — called also sar, and saragu.

Sa´ri , n. Same as Saree.

Sa•rigue´ , n. [F., from Braz. çarigueia, çarigueira.] (Zoöl.) A small South American opossum (Didelphys opossum), having four white spots on the face.

Sark , n. [AS. serce, syrce, a shirt; akin to Icel. serkr, Sw. särk.] A shirt. [Scot.]

Sark, v. t. (Carp.) To cover with sarking, or thin boards.

Sar´kin , n. [Gr. sa•rx, sa•rkos, flesh.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hypoxanthin.

Sark´ing , n. [From Sark shirt.] (Carp.) Thin boards for sheathing, as above the rafters, and under the shingles or slates, and for similar purposes. { Sar´lac , Sar´lyk }, n. [Mongolian sarlyk.] (Zoöl.) The yak. { Sar•ma´tian , Sar•mat´ic }, a. [L. Sarmaticus.] Of or pertaining to Sarmatia, or its inhabitants, the ancestors of the Russians and the Poles.

Sar´ment , n. [L. sarmentum a twig, fr. sarpere to cut off, to trim: cf. F. sarment.] (Bot.) A prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of the strawberry. See Runner.

Sar•men•ta´ceous , a. (Bot.) Bearing sarments, or runners, as the strawberry.

Sar•men•tose´ , a. [L. sarmentosus: cf. F. sarmenteux. See Sarment.] (Bot.) (a) Long and filiform, and almost naked, or having only leaves at the joints where it strikes root; as a sarmentose stem. (b) Bearing sarments; sarmentaceous.

Sar•men´tous , a. (Bot.) Sarmentose.

Sarn , n. [W. sarn a causeway, paving.] A pavement or stepping-stone. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Sa´rong , n. [Malay sarung.] A sort of petticoat worn by both sexes in Java and the Malay Archipelago. Balfour (Cyc. of India)

Sa´ros , n. [NL., fr. Gr. ] (Astron) A Chaldean astronomical period or cycle, the length of which has been variously estimated from 3,600 years to 3,600 days, or a little short of 10 years. Brande & C.

Sar´plar , n. [Cf. LL. sarplare. See Sarplier.] A large bale or package of wool, containing eighty tods, or 2,240 pounds, in weight. [Eng.]

Sar´plier , n. [F. serpillière; cf. Pr. sarpelheira, LL. serpelleria, serpleria, Catalan sarpallera, Sp. arpillera.] A coarse cloth made of hemp, and used for packing goods, etc. [Written also sarpelere.] Tyrwhitt.

Sar´po , n. [Corruption of Sp. sapo a toad.] (Zoöl.) A large toadfish of the Southern United States and the Gulf of Mexico (Batrachus tau, var. pardus).

Sar•ra•ce´ni•a , n. [NL. So named after a Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec.] (Bot.) A genus of American perennial herbs growing in bogs; the American pitcher plant. They have hollow pitcher-shaped or tubular leaves, and solitary flowers with an umbrella-shaped style. Sarracenia purpurea, the sidesaddle flower, is common at the North; S. flava, rubra, Drummondii, variolaris, and psittacina are Southern species. All are insectivorous, catching and drowning insects in their curious leaves. See Illust. of Sidesaddle flower, under Sidesaddle. { Sar´ra•sin , Sar´ra•sine } , n. [F. sarrasine, LL. saracina. See Saracen.] (Fort.) A portcullis, or herse. [Written also sarasin.]

Sar´sa , n. Sarsaparilla. [Written also sarza.]

Sar•sa•pa•ril´la , n. [Sp. zarzaparrilla; zarza a bramble (perhaps fr. Bisc. zartzia) + parra a vine, or Parillo, a physician said to have discovered it.] (Bot.) (a) Any plant of several tropical American species of Smilax. (b) The bitter mucilaginous roots of such plants, used in medicine and in sirups for soda, etc. The name is also applied to many other plants and their roots, especially to the Aralia nudicaulis, the wild sarsaparilla of the United States.

Sar•sa•pa•ril´lin , n. See Parillin.

Sarse , n. [F. sas, OF. saas, LL. setatium, fr. L. seta a stiff hair.] A fine sieve; a searce. [Obs.]

Sarse, v. t. To sift through a sarse. [Obs.]

Sar´sen , n. [Etymol. uncertain; perhaps for saracen stone, i.e., a heathen or pagan stone or monument.] One of the large sandstone blocks scattered over the English chalk downs; — called also sarsen stone, and Druid stone. [Eng.]

Sarse´net , n. See Sarcenet.

Sart , n. An assart, or clearing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sar•to´ri•al , a. [See Sartorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tailor or his work. “Our legs skulked under the table as free from sartorial impertinences as those of the noblest savages.” Lowell. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sartorius muscle.

Sar•to´ri•us , n. [NL., fr. L. sartor a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to patch, mend.] (Anat.) A muscle of the thigh, called the tailor’s muscle, which arises from the hip bone and is inserted just below the knee. So named because its contraction was supposed to produce the position of the legs assumed by the tailor in sitting.

Sa´rum use (Ch. of Eng.) A liturgy, or use, put forth about 1087 by St. Osmund, bishop of Sarum, based on Anglo-Saxon and Norman customs.

Sash , n. [Pers. shast a sort of girdle.] A scarf or band worn about the waist, over the shoulder, or otherwise; a belt; a girdle, — worn by women and children as an ornament; also worn as a badge of distinction by military officers, members of societies, etc.

Sash, v. t. To adorn with a sash or scarf. Burke.

Sash, n. [F. châssis a frame, sash, fr. châsse a shrine, reliquary, frame, L. capsa. See Case a box.] 1. The framing in which the panes of glass are set in a glazed window or door, including the narrow bars between the panes. 2. In a sawmill, the rectangular frame in which the saw is strained and by which it is carried up and down with a reciprocating motion; — also called gate. French sash, a casement swinging on hinges; - - in distinction from a vertical sash sliding up and down.

Sash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sashed p. pr. & vb. n. Sashing.] To furnish with a sash or sashes; as to sash a door or a window.

Sash´er•y , n. [From 1st Sash.] A collection of sashes; ornamentation by means of sashes. [R.] “Distinguished by their sasheries and insignia.” Carlyle.

Sash´oon , n. [Etymology uncertain.] A kind of pad worn on the leg under the boot. [Obs.] Nares.

Sa´sin , n. (Zoöl.) The Indian antelope (Antilope bezoartica, or cervicapra), noted for its beauty and swiftness. It has long, spiral, divergent horns. { Sas´sa•by , Sas´sa•bye }, n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus lunata), similar to the hartbeest, but having its horns regularly curved.

Sas´sa•fras , n. [F. sassafras (cf. It. sassafrasso, sassafras, Sp. sasafras, salsafras, salsifrax, salsifragia, saxifragia), fr. L. saxifraga saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) An American tree of the Laurel family (Sassafras officinale); also the bark of the roots, which has an aromatic smell and taste. Australian sassafras, a lofty tree (Doryophora Sassafras) with aromatic bark and leaves. — Chilian sassafras, an aromatic tree (Laurelia sempervirens). — New Zealand sassafras, a similar tree (Laurelia Novae Zelandiae). - - Sassafras nut. See Pichurim bean. — Swamp sassafras, the sweet bay (Magnolia glauca). See Magnolia.

Sas´sa•nage , n. [See Sarse a sieve.] Stones left after sifting. Smart.

Sas•sa•ra´ra , n. [Perh. a corruption of certiorari, the name of a writ.] A word used to emphasize a statement. [Obs.] “Out she shall pack, with a sassarara.” Goldsmith.

Sasse , n. [D. sas, fr. F. sas the basin of a waterfall.] A sluice or lock, as in a river, to make it more navigable. [Obs.] Pepys.

Sas´sen•ach , n. [Gael. sasunnach.] A Saxon; an Englishman; a Lowlander. [Celtic] Sir W. Scott. { Sas´so•lin , Sas´so•line }, n. [From Sasso, a town in Italy: cf. F. sassolin.] (Min.) Native boric acid, found in saline incrustations on the borders of hot springs near Sasso, in the territory of Florence. { Sas´so•rol , Sas•so•rol´la }, n. (Zoöl.) The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon.

Sas´sy bark (Bot.) The bark of a West African leguminous tree (Erythrophlaeum Guineense, used by the natives as an ordeal poison, and also medicinally; — called also mancona bark.

Sas´tra , n. Same as Shaster.

Sat , imp. of Sit. [Written also sate.]

Sa´tan , n. [Heb. satan an adversary, fr. satan to be adverse, to persecute: cf. Gr. , , L. Satan, Satanas.] The grand adversary of man; the Devil, or Prince of darkness; the chief of the fallen angels; the archfiend. “I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.” Luke x. 18. { Sa•tan´ic , Sa•tan´ic•al }, a. [Cf. F. satanique, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Satan; having the qualities of Satan; resembling Satan; extremely malicious or wicked; devilish; infernal. ´Satanic strength.´ ´Satanic host.´ Milton. “Detest the slander which, with a Satanic smile, exults over the character it has ruined.” Dr. T. Dwight. — Sa•tan´ic•al•ly, adv. — Sa•tan´ic•al•ness, n.

Sa´tan•ism , n. The evil and malicious disposition of Satan; a diabolical spirit. [R.]

Sa´tan•ist, n. A very wicked person. [R.] Granger.

Sa•tan•oph´a•ny , n. [Satan + Gr. to appear.] An incarnation of Satan; a being possessed by a demon. [R.] O. A. Brownson.

Satch´el n. [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, dim. of saccus. See Sack a bag.] A little sack or bag for carrying papers, books, or small articles of wearing apparel; a hand bag. [Spelled also sachel.] “The whining schoolboy with his satchel.” Shak.

Sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sating.] [Probably shortened fr. satiate: cf. L. satur full. See Satiate.] To satisfy the desire or appetite of; to satiate; to glut; to surfeit. “Crowds of wanderers sated with the business and pleasure of great cities.” Macaulay.

Sate , imp. of Sit. “But sate an equal guest at every board.” Lowell.

Sat•een´ , n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of dress goods made of cotton or woolen, with a glossy surface resembling satin.

Sate´less , a. Insatiable. [R.] Young.

Sat´el•lite , n. [F., fr. L. satelles, -itis, an attendant.] 1. An attendant attached to a prince or other powerful person; hence, an obsequious dependent. ´The satellites of power.´ I. Disraeli. 2. (Astron.) A secondary planet which revolves about another planet; as the moon is a satellite of the earth. See Solar system, under Solar. Satellite moth (Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth (Scopelosoma satellitia).

Sat´el•lite, a. (Anat.) Situated near; accompanying; as the satellite veins, those which accompany the arteries.

Sat•el•li´tious , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, satellites. [R.] Cheyne.

Sath´an•as , n. [L. Satanas. See Satan] Satan. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif.

Sa´ti•ate , a. [L. satiatus, p. p. of satiare to satisfy, from sat, satis, enough. See Sad, a., and cf. Sate.] Filled to satiety; glutted; sated; — followed by with or of. ´Satiate of applause.´ Pope.

Sa´ti•ate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satiated p. pr. & vb. n. Satiating.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or desire of; to feed to the full; to furnish enjoyment to, to the extent of desire; to sate; as to satiate appetite or sense. “These [smells] rather woo the sense than satiate it.” Bacon. “I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although they should be satiated with my blood.” Eikon Basilike. 2. To full beyond natural desire; to gratify to repletion or loathing; to surfeit; to glut. 3. To saturate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. Syn. — To satisfy; sate; suffice; cloy; gorge; overfill; surfeit; glut. — Satiate, Satisfy, Content. These words differ principally in degree. To content is to make contented, even though every desire or appetite is not fully gratified. To satisfy is to appease fully the longings of desire. To satiate is to fill so completely that it is not possible to receive or enjoy more; hence, to overfill; to cause disgust in. “Content with science in the vale of peace.” Pope. “His whole felicity is endless strife;
No peace, no satisfaction, crowns his life.” Beaumont. “He may be satiated, but not satisfied.” Norris.

Sa•ti•a´tion , n. Satiety.

Sa•ti´e•ty , n. [L. satietas, from satis, sat, enough: cf. F. satiete.] The state of being satiated or glutted; fullness of gratification, either of the appetite or of any sensual desire; fullness beyond desire; an excess of gratification which excites wearisomeness or loathing; repletion; satiation. “In all pleasures there is satiety.” Hakewill. “But thy words, with grace divine
Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety.” Milton. Syn. — Repletion; satiation; surfeit; cloyment.

Sat´in , n. [F. satin (cf. Pg. setim), fr. It. setino, from seta silk, L. saeta, seta, a thick, stiff hair, a bristle; or possibly ultimately of Chinese origin; cf. Chin. sz-tün, sz- twan. Cf. Sateen.] A silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot woof, which has a glossy surface. “Cloths of gold and satins rich of hue.” Chaucer. Denmark satin, a kind of lasting; a stout worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for women’s shoes. — Farmer’s satin. See under Farmer. — Satin bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bower bird. Called also satin grackle. — Satin flower (Bot.) See Honesty, 4. — Satin spar. (Min.) (a) A fine fibrous variety of calcite, having a pearly luster. (b) A similar variety of gypsum. — Satin sparrow (Zoöl.), the shining flycatcher (Myiagra nitida) of Tasmania and Australia. The upper surface of the male is rich blackish green with a metallic luster. — Satin stone, satin spar.

Sat•i•net´ , n. [F., fr. satin. See Satin.] 1. A thin kind of satin. 2. A kind of cloth made of cotton warp and woolen filling, used chiefly for trousers.

Sat´in•wood , n. (Bot.) The hard, lemon-colored, fragrant wood of an East Indian tree (Chloroxylon Swietenia). It takes a lustrous finish, and is used in cabinetwork. The name is also given to the wood of a species of prickly ash (Xanthoxylum Caribaeum) growing in Florida and the West Indies.

Sat´in•y , a. Like or composed of satin; glossy; as to have a satiny appearance; a satiny texture.

Sa´tion , n. [L. satio, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] A sowing or planting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sat´ire ( in Eng. often ; 277), n. [L. satira, satura, fr. satura (sc. lanx) a dish filled with various kinds of fruits, food composed of various ingredients, a mixture, a medley, fr. satur full of food, sated, fr. sat, satis, enough: cf. F. satire. See Sate, Sad, a., and cf. Saturate.] 1. A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice or folly to reprobation; a keen or severe exposure of what in public or private morals deserves rebuke; an invective poem; as the Satires of Juvenal. 2. Keeness and severity of remark; caustic exposure to reprobation; trenchant wit; sarcasm. Syn. — Lampoon; sarcasm; irony; ridicule; pasquinade; burlesque; wit; humor. { Sa•tir´ic , Sa•tir´ic•al }, a. [L. satiricus: cf. F. satirique.] 1. Of or pertaining to satire; of the nature of satire; as a satiric style. 2. Censorious; severe in language; sarcastic; insulting. ´Satirical rogue.´ Shak. Syn. — Cutting; caustic; poignant; sarcastic; ironical; bitter; reproachful; abusive. — Sa•tir´ic•al•ly, adv. — Sa•tir´ic•al•ness, n.

Sat´ir•ist , n. [Cf. F. satiriste.] One who satirizes; especially, one who writes satire. “The mighty satirist, who … had spread terror through the Whig ranks.” Macaulay.

Sat´ir•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satirized p. pr. & vb. n. Satirizing ] [Cf. F. satiriser.] To make the object of satire; to attack with satire; to censure with keenness or severe sarcasm. “It is as hard to satirize well a man of distinguished vices, as to praise well a man of distinguished virtues.” Swift.

Sat•is•fac´tion , n. [OE. satisfaccioun, F. satisfaction, fr. L. satisfactio, fr. satisfacere to satisfy. See Satisfy.] 1. The act of satisfying, or the state of being satisfied; gratification of desire; contentment in possession and enjoyment; repose of mind resulting from compliance with its desires or demands. “The mind having a power to suspend the execution and satisfaction of any of its desires.” Locke. 2. Settlement of a claim, due, or demand; payment; indemnification; adequate compensation. “We shall make full satisfaction.” Shak. 3. That which satisfies or gratifies; atonement. “Die he, or justice must; unless for him
Some other, able, and as willing, pay
The rigid satisfaction, death for death.” Milton. Syn. — Contentment; content; gratification; pleasure; recompense; compensation; amends; remuneration; indemnification; atonement.

Sat•is•fac´tive , a. Satisfactory. [Obs.] “Satisfactive discernment of fish.” Sir T. Browne.

Sat•is•fac´to•ry , a. [Cf. F. satisfactoire.] 1. Giving or producing satisfaction; yielding content; especially, relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty, and enabling it to rest with confidence; sufficient; as a satisfactory account or explanation. 2. Making amends, indemnification, or recompense; causing to cease from claims and to rest content; compensating; atoning; as to make satisfactory compensation, or a satisfactory apology. “A most wise and sufficient means of redemption and salvation, by the satisfactory and meritorious death and obedience of the incarnate Son of God, Jesus Christ.” Bp. Sanderson. — Sat•is•fac´to•ri•ly (#), adv. — Sat•is•fac´to•ri•ness, n.

Sat´is•fi•a•ble, a. That may be satisfied.

Sat´is•fi•er , n. One who satisfies.

Sat´is•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satisfied p. pr. & vb. n. Satisfying ] [OF. satisfier; L. satis enough + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. F. satisfaire, L. satisfacere. See Sad, a., and Fact.] 1. In general, to fill up the measure of a want of (a person or a thing); hence, to grafity fully the desire of; to make content; to supply to the full, or so far as to give contentment with what is wished for. “Death shall … with us two
Be forced to satisfy his ravenous maw.” Milton. 2. To pay to the extent of claims or deserts; to give what is due to; as to satisfy a creditor. 3. To answer or discharge, as a claim, debt, legal demand, or the like; to give compensation for; to pay off; to requite; as to satisfy a claim or an execution. 4. To free from doubt, suspense, or uncertainty; to give assurance to; to set at rest the mind of; to convince; as to satisfy one’s self by inquiry. “The standing evidences of the truth of the gospel are in themselves most firm, solid, and satisfying.” Atterbury. Syn. — To satiate; sate; content; grafity; compensate. See Satiate.

Sat´is•fy , v. i. 1. To give satisfaction; to afford gratification; to leave nothing to be desired. 2. To make payment or atonement; to atone. Milton.

Sat´is•fy•ing•ly , adv. So as to satisfy; satisfactorily.

Sa´tive , a. [L. sativus, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] Sown; propagated by seed. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Sa´tle , v. t. & i. To settle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sa´trap (? or 277), n. [L. satrapes, Gr. , fr. OPers. khshatrapavan ruler: cf. F. satrape.] The governor of a province in ancient Persia; hence, a petty autocrat despot.

Sa´trap•al , a. Of or pertaining to a satrap, or a satrapy.

Sa´trap•ess , n. A female satrap.

Sa•trap´ic•al , a. Satrapal. [R.]

Sa´trap•y ( 277), n.; pl. Satrapies (#). [L. satrapia, satrapea, Gr. : cf. F. satrapie.] The government or jurisdiction of a satrap; a principality. Milton.

Sat´su•ma ware´ . (Fine Arts) A kind of ornamental hard-glazed pottery made at Satsuma in Kiushu, one of the Japanese islands.

Sat´u•ra•ble ( 135), a. [L. saturabilis: cf. F. saturable.] Capable of being saturated; admitting of saturation. — Sat•u•ra•bil´i•ty (#), n.

Sat´u•rant , a. [L. saturans, p. pr. See Saturate.] Impregnating to the full; saturating.

Sat´u•rant, n. 1. (Chem.) A substance used to neutralize or saturate the affinity of another substance. 2. (Med.) An antacid, as magnesia, used to correct acidity of the stomach.

Sat´u•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saturated p. pr. & vb. n. Saturating.] [L. saturatus, p. p. of saturare to saturate, fr. satur full of food, sated. See Satire.] 1. To cause to become completely penetrated, impregnated, or soaked; to fill fully; to sate. “Innumerable flocks and herds covered that vast expanse of emerald meadow saturated with the moisture of the Atlantic.” Macaulay. “Fill and saturate each kind
With good according to its mind.” Emerson. 2. (Chem.) To satisfy the affinity of; to cause to become inert by chemical combination with all that it can hold; as to saturate phosphorus with chlorine.

Sat´u•rate , p. a. [L. saturatus, p. p.] Filled to repletion; saturated; soaked. “Dries his feathers saturate with dew.” Cowper. “The sand beneath our feet is saturate
With blood of martyrs.” Longfellow.

Sat´u•ra•ted , a. 1. Filled to repletion; holding by absorption, or in solution, all that is possible; as saturated garments; a saturated solution of salt. 2. (Chem.) Having its affinity satisfied; combined with all it can hold; — said of certain atoms, radicals, or compounds; thus, methane is a saturated compound. Contrasted with unsaturated. A saturated compound may exchange certain ingredients for others, but can not take on more without such exchange. Saturated color (Optics), a color not diluted with white; a pure unmixed color, like those of the spectrum.

Sat•u•ra´tion , n. [L. saturatio: cf. F. saturation.] 1. The act of saturating, or the state of being saturating; complete penetration or impregnation. 2. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of saturating a substance, or of combining it to its fullest extent. 3. (Optics) Freedom from mixture or dilution with white; purity; — said of colors. The degree of saturation of a color is its relative purity, or freedom from admixture with white.

Sat´u•ra•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, saturates.

Sat´ur•day ( 48), n. [OE. Saterday, AS. Saeterdaeg, Saeterndaeg, Saeternesdaeg, literally, Saturn’s day, fr. L. Saturnus Saturn + AS. daeg day; cf. L. dies Saturni.] The seventh or last day of the week; the day following Friday and preceding Sunday.

Sa•tu´ri•ty , n. [L. saturitas, fr. satur full of food, sated.] The state of being saturated; fullness of supply. [Obs.] Warner.

Sa´turn , n. [L. Saturnus, literally, the sower, fr. serere, satum, to sow. See Season.] 1. (Roman Myth.) One of the elder and principal deities, the son of Cœlus and Terra (Heaven and Earth), and the father of Jupiter. The corresponding Greek divinity was Kro•nos, later CHro•nos, Time. 2. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. Its diameter is seventy thousand miles, its mean distance from the sun nearly eight hundred and eighty millions of miles, and its year, or periodical revolution round the sun, nearly twenty-nine years and a half. It is surrounded by a remarkable system of rings, and has eight satellites. 3. (Alchem.) The metal lead. [Archaic]

Sat•ur•na´li•a , n. pl. [L. See Saturn.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The festival of Saturn, celebrated in December, originally during one day, but afterward during seven days, as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves. 2. Hence: A period or occasion of general license, in which the passions or vices have riotous indulgence.

Sat•ur•na´li•an , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Saturnalia. 2. Of unrestrained and intemperate jollity; riotously merry; dissolute. ´Saturnalian amusement.´ Burke.

Sa•tur´ni•an , a. [L. Saturnius.] 1. (Roman Myth.) Of or pertaining to Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age. 2. Hence: Resembling the golden age; distinguished for peacefulness, happiness, contentment. “Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times.” Pope. 3. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the planet Saturn; as the Saturnian year. Saturnian verse (Pros.), a meter employed by early Roman satirists, consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, as in the line: — The queen | was in | the kitch | en eating | bread and | honey.

Sa•tur´ni•an, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large handsome moths belonging to Saturnia and allied genera. The luna moth, polyphemus, and promethea, are examples. They belong to the Silkworn family, and some are raised for their silk. See Polyphemus.

Sat•urn•i•cen´tric , a. (Astron.) Appearing as if seen from the center of the planet Saturn; relating or referred to Saturn as a center.

Sat´ur•nine , a. [L. Saturnus the god Saturn, also the planet Saturn: cf. F. saturnin of or pertaining to lead (Saturn, in old chemistry, meaning lead), saturnien saturnine, saturnian. See Saturn.] 1. Born under, or influenced by, the planet Saturn. 2. Heavy; grave; gloomy; dull; — the opposite of mercurial; as a saturnine person or temper. Addison. 3. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to lead; characterized by, or resembling, lead, which was formerly called Saturn. [Archaic] Saturnine colic (Med.), lead colic.

Sat´ur•nism , n. (Med.) Plumbism. Quain.

Sat´ur•nist , n. A person of a dull, grave, gloomy temperament. W. Browne.

Sa´tyr ( 277), n. [L. satyrus, Gr. : cf. F. satyre.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A sylvan deity or demigod, represented as part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous merriment and lasciviousness. “Rough Satyrs danced; and Fauns, with cloven heel,
From the glad sound would not be absent long.” Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalidae. Their colors are commonly brown and gray, often with ocelli on the wings. Called also meadow browns. 3. (Zoöl.) The orang- outang.

Sat•y•ri´a•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. . See Satyr.] Immoderate venereal appetite in the male. Quain. { Sa•tyr´ic , Sa•tyr´ic•al }, a. [L. satyricus, Gr. satyriko•s.] Of or pertaining to satyrs; burlesque; as satyric tragedy. P. Cyc.

Sa•tyr´i•on , n. [L., fr. Gr. saty•rion.] (Bot.) Any one of several kinds of orchids. [Obs.]

Sau´ba ant (Zoöl.) A South American ant (Œcodoma cephalotes) remarkable for having two large kinds of workers besides the ordinary ones, and for the immense size of its formicaries. The sauba ant cuts off leaves of plants and carries them into its subterranean nests, and thus often does great damage by defoliating trees and cultivated plants.

Sauce , n. [F., fr. OF. sausse, LL. salsa, properly, salt pickle, fr. L. salsus salted, salt, p. p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Saucer, Souse pickle, Souse to plunge.] 1. A composition of condiments and appetizing ingredients eaten with food as a relish; especially, a dressing for meat or fish or for puddings; as mint sauce; sweet sauce, etc. ´Poignant sauce.´ Chaucer. “High sauces and rich spices fetched from the Indies.” Sir S. Baker. 2. Any garden vegetables eaten with meat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. Bartlett. “Roots, herbs, vine fruits, and salad flowers … they dish up various ways, and find them very delicious sauce to their meats, both roasted and boiled, fresh and salt.” Beverly. 3. Stewed or preserved fruit eaten with other food as a relish; as apple sauce, cranberry sauce, etc. [U.S.] ´Stewed apple sauce.´ Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book). 4. Sauciness; impertinence. [Low.] Haliwell. To serve one the same sauce, to retaliate in the same kind. [Vulgar]

Sauce (sas), v. t. [Cf. F. saucer.] [imp. & p. p. Sauced (sast); p. pr. & vb. n. Saucing (sa´sing).] 1. To accompany with something intended to give a higher relish; to supply with appetizing condiments; to season; to flavor. 2. To cause to relish anything, as if with a sauce; to tickle or gratify, as the palate; to please; to stimulate; hence, to cover, mingle, or dress, as if with sauce; to make an application to. [R.] “Earth, yield me roots;
Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate
With thy most operant poison!” Shak. 3. To make poignant; to give zest, flavor or interest to; to set off; to vary and render attractive. “Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings.” Sir P. Sidney. “Thou sayest his meat was sauced with thy upbraidings.” Shak. 4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language; to be impudent or saucy to. [Colloq. or Low] “I’ll sauce her with bitter words.” Shak.

Sauce (sos), n. [F.] (Fine Art) A soft crayon for use in stump drawing or in shading with the stump.

Sauce´-a•lone , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Jack-by-the-hedge. See under Jack.

Sauce´box , n. [See Sauce, and Saucy.] A saucy, impudent person; especially, a pert child. “Saucebox, go, meddle with your lady’s fan,
And prate not here!” A. Brewer.

Sauce´pan , n. A small pan with a handle, in which sauce is prepared over a fire; a stewpan.

Sau´cer , n. [F. saucière, from sauce. See Sauce.] 1. A small pan or vessel in which sauce was set on a table. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A small dish, commonly deeper than a plate, in which a cup is set at table. 3. Something resembling a saucer in shape. Specifically: (a) A flat, shallow caisson for raising sunken ships. (b) A shallow socket for the pivot of a capstan.

Sau´ci•ly , adv. In a saucy manner; impudently; with impertinent boldness. Addison.

Sau´ci•ness, n. The quality or state of being saucy; that which is saucy; impertinent boldness; contempt of superiors; impudence. “Your sauciness will jest upon my love.” Shak. Syn. — Impudence; impertinence; rudeness; insolence. See Impudence. { Sau•cis•son´ , Sau•cisse´ }, n. [F., fr. saucisse sausage. See Sausage.] 1. (Mining or Gun.) A long and slender pipe or bag, made of cloth well pitched, or of leather, filled with powder, and used to communicate fire to mines, caissons, bomb chests, etc. 2. (Fort.) A fascine of more than ordinary length.

Sau´cy , a. [Compar. Saucier superl. Sauciest.] [From Sauce.] 1. Showing impertinent boldness or pertness; transgressing the rules of decorum; treating superiors with contempt; impudent; insolent; as a saucy fellow. “Am I not protector, saucy priest?” Shak. 2. Expressive of, or characterized by, impudence; impertinent; as a saucy eye; saucy looks. “We then have done you bold and saucy wrongs.” Shak. Syn. — Impudent; insolent; impertinent; rude.

Sauer´kraut , n. [G., fr. sauer sour + kraut herb, cabbage.] Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment in a brine made of its own juice with salt, — a German dish.

Sauf , a. Safe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sauf, conj. & prep. Save; except. [Obs.] ´Sauf I myself.´ Chaucer.

Sauf´ly, adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sau´ger , n. (Zoöl.) An American fresh-water food fish (Stizostedion Canadense); — called also gray pike, blue pike, hornfish, land pike, sand pike, pickering, and pickerel. { Saugh , Sauh }, obs. imp. sing. of See. Chaucer.

Sauks , n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Sacs.

Saul , n. Soul. [Obs.]

Saul, n. Same as Sal, the tree.

Sau´lie , n. A hired mourner at a funeral. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Sault , n. [OF., F. saut, fr. L. saltus. See Salt a leap.] A rapid in some rivers; as the Sault Ste. Marie. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Saun´ders , n. See Sandress.

Saun´ders-blue , n. [Corrupted fr. F. cendres bleues blue ashes.] A kind of color prepared from calcined lapis lazuli; ultramarine; also a blue prepared from carbonate of copper. [Written also sanders-blue.]

Saun´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sauntered p. pr. & vb. n. Sauntering.] [Written also santer.] [Probably fr. F. s’aventurer to adventure (one’s self), through a shortened form s’auntrer. See Adventure, n. & v.] To wander or walk about idly and in a leisurely or lazy manner; to lounge; to stroll; to loiter. “One could lie under elm trees in a lawn, or saunter in meadows by the side of a stream.” Masson. Syn. — To loiter; linger; stroll; wander.

Saun´ter, n. A sauntering, or a sauntering place. “That wheel of fops, that saunter of the town.” Young.

Saun´ter•er , n. One who saunters.

Saur , n. [Contracted from Gael. salachar filth, nastiness, fr. salach nasty, fr. sal filth, refuse.] Soil; dirt; dirty water; urine from a cowhouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Sau´rel , n. (Zoöl.) Any carangoid fish of the genus Trachurus, especially T. trachurus, or T. saurus, of Europe and America, and T. picturatus of California. Called also skipjack, and horse mackerel.

Sau´ri•a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A division of Reptilia formerly established to include the Lacertilia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and other groups. By some writers the name is restricted to the Lacertilia.

Sau´ri•an , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, the Sauria. — n. One of the Sauria.

Sau´ri•oid , a. (Zoöl.) Same as Sauroid.

Sau´ro•ba•tra´chi•a , n. pl. [NL. See Sauria, and Batrachia.] (Zoöl.) The Urodela.

Sau•rog´na•thous , a. [Gr. a lizard + the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the bones of the palate arranged as in saurians, the vomer consisting of two lateral halves, as in the woodpeckers (Pici).

Sau´roid , a. [Gr. a lizard + -oid: cf. Gr. lizardlike.] (Zoöl.) (a) Like or pertaining to the saurians. (b) Resembling a saurian superficially; as a sauroid fish.

Sau•roid•ich´nite , n. [See Sauroid, and Ichnite.] (Paleon.) The fossil track of a saurian.

Sau•rop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a lizard + -poda.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs having the feet of a saurian type, instead of birdlike, as they are in many dinosaurs. It includes the largest known land animals, belonging to Brontosaurus, Camarasaurus, and allied genera. See Illustration in Appendix.

Sau•rop´si•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a lizard + appearance.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of vertebrates, comprising the reptiles and birds.

Sau•rop•te•ryg´i•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a lizard + , , a wing.] (Paleon.) Same as Plesiosauria.

Sau•ru´rae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a lizard + a tail.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of birds having a long vertebrated tail with quills along each side of it. Archaeopteryx is the type. See Archaeopteryx, and Odontornithes.

Sau´ry , n.; pl. Sauries (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A slender marine fish (Scomberesox saurus) of Europe and America. It has long, thin, beaklike jaws. Called also billfish, gowdnook, gawnook, skipper, skipjack, skopster, lizard fish, and Egypt herring.

Sau´sage ( 48), n. [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, salsicia, fr. salsa. See Sauce.] 1. An article of food consisting of meat (esp. pork) minced and highly seasoned, and inclosed in a cylindrical case or skin usually made of the prepared intestine of some animal. 2. A saucisson. See Saucisson. Wilhelm.

Sau´se•flem , a. [OF. saus salt (L. salsus) + flemme phlegm.] Having a red, pimpled face. [Obs.] [Written also sawceflem.] Chaucer.

Saus´sur•ite , n. [F. So called from M. Saussure.] (Min.) A tough, compact mineral, of a white, greenish, or grayish color. It is near zoisite in composition, and in part, at least, has been produced by the alteration of feldspar. { Saut , Saute }, n. An assault. [Obs.]

Sau•te´ , p. p. of Sauter. C. Owen.

Sau•ter´ , v. t. [F., properly, to jump.] To fry lightly and quickly, as meat, by turning or tossing it over frequently in a hot pan greased with a little fat.

Sau´ter , n. Psalter. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sau•te•relle , n. [F.] An instrument used by masons and others to trace and form angles.

Sau•terne´ , n. [F.] A white wine made in the district of Sauterne, France.

Sau´trie , n. Psaltery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sau•ve•garde´ , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The monitor.

Sav´a•ble , a. [From Save. Cf. Salvable.] Capable of, or admitting of, being saved. “In the person prayed for there ought to be the great disposition of being in a savable condition.” Jer. Taylor.

Sav´a•ble•ness, n. Capability of being saved.

Sa•va´ci•oun , n. Salvation. [Obs.]

Sav´age ( 48), a. [F. sauvage, OF. salvage, fr. L. silvaticus belonging to a wood, wild, fr. silva a wood. See Silvan, and cf. Sylvatic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the forest; remote from human abodes and cultivation; in a state of nature; wild; as a savage wilderness. 2. Wild; untamed; uncultivated; as savage beasts. “Cornels, and savage berries of the wood.” Dryden. 3. Uncivilized; untaught; unpolished; rude; as savage life; savage manners. “What nation, since the commencement of the Christian era, ever rose from savage to civilized without Christianity?” E. D. Griffin. 4. Characterized by cruelty; barbarous; fierce; ferocious; inhuman; brutal; as a savage spirit. Syn. — Ferocious; wild; uncultivated; untamed; untaught; uncivilized; unpolished; rude; brutish; brutal; heathenish; barbarous; cruel; inhuman; fierce; pitiless; merciless; unmerciful; atrocious. See Ferocious.

Sav´age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of rudeness; one who is untaught, uncivilized, or without cultivation of mind or manners. 2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty; a barbarian.

Sav´age ( 48), v. t. To make savage. [R.] “Its bloodhounds, savaged by a cross of wolf.” Southey.

Sav´age•ly, adv. In a savage manner.

Sav´age•ness, n. The state or quality of being savage. “Wolves and bears, they say,
Casting their savageness aside have done
Like offices of pity.” Shak.

Sav´age•ry ( 277), n. [F. sauvagerie.] 1. The state of being savage; savageness; savagism. “A like work of primeval savagery.” C. Kingsley. 2. An act of cruelty; barbarity. “The wildest savagery, the vilest stroke,
That ever wall-eyed wrath or staring rage
Presented to the tears of soft remorse.” Shak. 3. Wild growth, as of plants. Shak.

Sav´a•gism , n. The state of being savage; the state of rude, uncivilized men, or of men in their native wildness and rudeness.

Sav•a•nil´la , n. (Zoöl.) The tarpum. [Local, U.S.]

Sa•van´na , n. [Of American Indian origin; cf. Sp. sabana, F. savane.] A tract of level land covered with the vegetable growth usually found in a damp soil and warm climate, — as grass or reeds, — but destitute of trees. [Spelt also savannah.] “Savannahs are clear pieces of land without woods.” Dampier. Savanna flower (Bot.), a West Indian name for several climbing apocyneous plants of the genus Echites. — Savanna sparrow (Zoöl.), an American sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis or Passerculus savanna) of which several varieties are found on grassy plains from Alaska to the Eastern United States. — Savanna wattle (Bot.), a name of two West Indian trees of the genus Citharexylum.

Sa•vant´ , n.; pl. Savants (F. ; E. ). [F., fr. savoir to know, L. sapere. See Sage, a.] A man of learning; one versed in literature or science; a person eminent for acquirements.

Save , n. [See Sage the herb.] The herb sage, or salvia. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Save , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saved p. pr. & vb. n. Saving.] [OE. saven, sauven, salven, OF. salver, sauver, F. sauver, L. salvare, fr. salvus saved, safe. See Safe, a.] 1. To make safe; to procure the safety of; to preserve from injury, destruction, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impending danger; as to save a house from the flames. “God save all this fair company.” Chaucer. “He cried, saying, Lord, save me.” Matt. xiv. 30. “Thou hast … quitted all to save
A world from utter loss.” Milton. 2. (Theol.) Specifically, to deliver from sin and its penalty; to rescue from a state of condemnation and spiritual death, and bring into a state of spiritual life. “Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.” 1 Tim. i. 15. 3. To keep from being spent or lost; to secure from waste or expenditure; to lay up; to reserve. “Now save a nation, and now save a groat.” Pope. 4. To rescue from something undesirable or hurtful; to prevent from doing something; to spare. “I’ll save you
That labor, sir. All’s now done.” Shak. 5. To hinder from doing, suffering, or happening; to obviate the necessity of; to prevent; to spare. “Will you not speak to save a lady’s blush?” Dryden. 6. To hold possession or use of; to escape loss of. “Just saving the tide, and putting in a stock of merit.” Swift. To save appearances, to preserve a decent outside; to avoid exposure of a discreditable state of things. Syn. — To preserve; rescue; deliver; protect; spare; reserve; prevent.

Save, v. i. To avoid unnecessary expense or expenditure; to prevent waste; to be economical. “Brass ordnance saveth in the quantity of the material.” Bacon.

Save, prep. or conj. [F. sauf, properly adj., safe. See Safe, a.] Except; excepting; not including; leaving out; deducting; reserving; saving. “Five times received I forty stripes save one.” 2 Cor. xi. 24. Syn. — See Except.

Save, conj. Except; unless.

Save´a•ble , a. See Savable.

Save´-all , n. [Save + all.] Anything which saves fragments, or prevents waste or loss. Specifically: (a) A device in a candlestick to hold the ends of candles, so that they be burned. (b) (Naut.) A small sail sometimes set under the foot of another sail, to catch the wind that would pass under it. Totten. (c) A trough to prevent waste in a paper-making machine.

Sav´e•loy , n. [F. cervelas, It. cervellata, fr. cervello brain, L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum brain. See Cerebral.] A kind of dried sausage. McElrath.

Save´ly , adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Save´ment , n. The act of saving. [Obs.]

Sav´er , n. One who saves. { Sav´in , Sav´ine }, n. [OE. saveine, AS. safinae, savine, L. sabina herba. Cf. Sabine.] [Written also sabine.] (Bot.) (a) A coniferous shrub (Juniperus Sabina) of Western Asia, occasionally found also in the northern parts of the United States and in British America. It is a compact bush, with dark-colored foliage, and produces small berries having a glaucous bloom. Its bitter, acrid tops are sometimes used in medicine for gout, amenorrhœa, etc. (b) The North American red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana.)

Sav´ing , a. 1. Preserving; rescuing. “He is the saving strength of his anointed.” Ps. xxviii. 8. 2. Avoiding unnecessary expense or waste; frugal; not lavish or wasteful; economical; as a saving cook. 3. Bringing back in returns or in receipts the sum expended; incurring no loss, though not gainful; as a saving bargain; the ship has made a saving voyage. 4. Making reservation or exception; as a saving clause. Saving is often used with a noun to form a compound adjective; as labor-saving, life-saving, etc.

Sav´ing (sav´ing), prep. or conj.; but properly a participle. With the exception of; except; excepting; also without disrespect to. ´Saving your reverence.´ Shak. ´Saving your presence.´ Burns. “None of us put off our clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing.” Neh. iv. 23. “And in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.” Rev. ii. 17.

Sav´ing, n. 1. Something kept from being expended or lost; that which is saved or laid up; as the savings of years of economy. 2. Exception; reservation. “Contend not with those that are too strong for us, but still with a saving to honesty.” L’Estrange. Savings bank, a bank in which savings or earnings are deposited and put at interest.

Sav´ing•ly, adv. 1. In a saving manner; with frugality or parsimony. 2. So as to be finally saved from eternal death. “Savingly born of water and the Spirit.” Waterland.

Sav´ing•ness, n. 1. The quality of being saving; carefulness not to expend money uselessly; frugality; parsimony. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. 2. Tendency to promote salvation. Johnson.

Sav´ior (sav´yer), n. [OE. saveour, OF. salveor, F. sauveur, fr. L. salvator, fr. salvare to save. See Save, v.] [Written also saviour.] 1. One who saves, preserves, or delivers from destruction or danger. 2. Specifically: The (or our, your, etc.) Savior, he who brings salvation to men; Jesus Christ, the Redeemer.

Sav´ior•ess, n. A female savior. [Written also saviouress.] [R.] Bp. Hall.

Sa´vor , n. [OE. savour, savor, savur, OF. savor, savour, F. saveur, fr. L. sapor, fr. sapere to taste, savor. See Sage, a., and cf. Sapid, Insipid, Sapor.] [Written also savour.] 1. That property of a thing which affects the organs of taste or smell; taste and odor; flavor; relish; scent; as the savor of an orange or a rose; an ill savor. “I smell sweet savors and I feel soft things.” Shak. 2. Hence, specific flavor or quality; characteristic property; distinctive temper, tinge, taint, and the like. “Why is not my life a continual joy, and the savor of heaven perpetually upon my spirit?” Baxter. 3. Sense of smell; power to scent, or trace by scent. [R.] ´Beyond my savor.´ Herbert. 4. Pleasure; delight; attractiveness. [Obs.] “She shall no savor have therein but lite.” Chaucer. Syn. — Taste; flavor; relish; odor; scent; smell.

Sa´vor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Savored p. pr. & vb. n. Savoring.] [Cf. OF. savorer, F. savourer. See Savor, n.] [Written also savour.] 1. To have a particular smell or taste; — with of. 2. To partake of the quality or nature; to indicate the presence or influence; to smack; — with of. “This savors not much of distraction.” Shak. “I have rejected everything that savors of party.” Addison. 3. To use the sense of taste. [Obs.] “By sight, hearing, smelling, tasting or savoring, and feeling.” Chaucer.

Sa´vor, v. t. 1. To perceive by the smell or the taste; hence, to perceive; to note. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To have the flavor or quality of; to indicate the presence of. [R.] “That cuts us off from hope, and savors only
Rancor and pride, impatience and despite.” Milton. 3. To taste or smell with pleasure; to delight in; to relish; to like; to favor. [R.] Shak.

Sa´vor•i•ly , adv. In a savory manner.

Sa´vor•i•ness, n. The quality of being savory.

Sa´vor•less, a. Having no savor; destitute of smell or of taste; insipid.

Sa´vor•ly, a. Savory. [Obs.]

Sa´vor•ly, adv. In a savory manner. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sa´vor•ous (-us), a. [Cf. F. savoureux, OF. saveros, L. saporosus. Cf. Saporous, and see Savor, n.] Having a savor; savory. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Sa´vor•y (-y), a. [From Savor.] Pleasing to the organs of taste or smell. [Written also savoury.] “The chewing flocks
Had ta’en their supper on the savory herb.” Milton.

Sa´vo•ry (sa´vo•ry), n. [F. savoree; cf. It. santoreggia, satureja, L. satureia,] (Bot.) An aromatic labiate plant (Satureia hortensis), much used in cooking; — also called summer savory. [Written also savoury.]

Sa•voy´ , n. [F. chou de Savoie cabbage of Savoy.] (Bot.) A variety of the common cabbage (Brassica oleracea major), having curled leaves, — much cultivated for winter use.

Sav•oy•ard´ , n. [F.] A native or inhabitant of Savoy.

Saw (sa), imp. of See.

Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sagu; akin to secgan to say. See Say, v. t. and cf. Saga.] 1. Something said; speech; discourse. [Obs.] ´To hearken all his sawe.´ Chaucer. 2. A saying; a proverb; a maxim. “His champions are the prophets and apostles,
His weapons holy saws of sacred writ.” Shak. 3. Dictate; command; decree. [Obs.] “[Love] rules the creatures by his powerful saw.” Spenser.

Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sage; akin to D. zaag, G. säge, OHG. sega, saga, Dan. sav, Sw. såg, Icel. sög, L. secare to cut, securis ax, secula sickle. Cf. Scythe, Sickle, Section, Sedge.] An instrument for cutting or dividing substances, as wood, iron, etc., consisting of a thin blade, or plate, of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on the edge, which remove successive portions of the material by cutting and tearing. Saw is frequently used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound. Band saw, Crosscut saw, etc. See under Band, Crosscut, etc. — Circular saw, a disk of steel with saw teeth upon its periphery, and revolved on an arbor. — Saw bench, a bench or table with a flat top for for sawing, especially with a circular saw which projects above the table. — Saw file, a three-cornered file, such as is used for sharpening saw teeth. — Saw frame, the frame or sash in a sawmill, in which the saw, or gang of saws, is held. — Saw gate, a saw frame. — Saw gin, the form of cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, in which the cotton fibers are drawn, by the teeth of a set of revolving circular saws, through a wire grating which is too fine for the seeds to pass. — Saw grass (Bot.), any one of certain cyperaceous plants having the edges of the leaves set with minute sharp teeth, especially the Cladium Mariscus of Europe, and the Cladium effusum of the Southern United States. Cf. Razor grass, under Razor. — Saw log, a log of suitable size for sawing into lumber. — Saw mandrel, a mandrel on which a circular saw is fastened for running. — Saw pit, a pit over which timbor is sawed by two men, one standing below the timber and the other above. Mortimer. — Saw sharpener (Zoöl.), the great titmouse; — so named from its harsh call note. [Prov. Eng.] — Saw whetter (Zoöl.), the marsh titmouse (Parus palustris); — so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.] — Scroll saw, a ribbon of steel with saw teeth upon one edge, stretched in a frame and adapted for sawing curved outlines; also a machine in which such a saw is worked by foot or power.

Saw , v. t. [imp. Sawed p. p. Sawed or Sawn ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sawing.] 1. To cut with a saw; to separate with a saw; as to saw timber or marble. 2. To form by cutting with a saw; as to saw boards or planks, that is, to saw logs or timber into boards or planks; to saw shingles; to saw out a panel. 3. Also used figuratively; as to saw the air.

Saw, v. i. 1. To use a saw; to practice sawing; as a man saws well. 2. To cut, as a saw; as the saw or mill saws fast. 3. To be cut with a saw; as the timber saws smoothly.

Sa•war´ra nut See Souari nut.

Saw´bel•ly , n. The alewife. [Local, U.S.]

Saw´bill , n. The merganser. [Prov. Eng.]

Saw´bones , n. A nickname for a surgeon.

Saw´buck , n. A sawhorse.

Saw´ce•flem , a. See Sauseflem. [Obs.]

Saw´der , n. A corrupt spelling and pronunciation of solder. Soft sawder, seductive praise; flattery; blarney. [Slang]

Saw´dust , n. Dust or small fragments of wood (or of stone, etc.) made by the cutting of a saw.

Saw´er , n. One who saws; a sawyer.

Saw´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of elasmobranch fishes of the genus Pristis. They have a sharklike form, but are more nearly allied to the rays. The flattened and much elongated snout has a row of stout toothlike structures inserted along each edge, forming a sawlike organ with which it mutilates or kills its prey.

Saw´fly , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Tenthredinidae. The female usually has an ovipositor containing a pair of sawlike organs with which she makes incisions in the leaves or stems of plants in which to lay the eggs. The larvae resemble those of Lepidoptera.

Saw´horse , n. A kind of rack, shaped like a double St. Andrew’s cross, on which sticks of wood are laid for sawing by hand; — called also buck, and sawbuck.

Saw´mill , n. A mill for sawing, especially one for sawing timber or lumber.

Saw´neb , n. A merganser. [Prov. Eng.]

Saw´ pal•met´to. See under Palmetto.

Saw´-set , n. An instrument used to set or turn the teeth of a saw a little sidewise, that they may make a kerf somewhat wider than the thickness of the blade, to prevent friction; — called also saw-wrest.

Saw´tooth , n. (Zoöl.) An arctic seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), having the molars serrated; — called also crab-eating seal.

Saw´-toothed´ , a. Having a tooth or teeth like those of a saw; serrate.

Saw´try , n. A psaltery. [Obs.] Dryden.

Saw´-whet , n. (Zoöl.) A small North American owl (Nyctale Acadica), destitute of ear tufts and having feathered toes; — called also Acadian owl.

Saw´-wort , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Serratula; — so named from the serrated leaves of most of the species.

Saw´-wrest , n. See Saw- set.

Saw´yer , n. [Saw + - yer, as in lawyer. Cf. Sawer.] 1. One whose occupation is to saw timber into planks or boards, or to saw wood for fuel; a sawer. 2. A tree which has fallen into a stream so that its branches project above the surface, rising and falling with a rocking or swaying motion in the current. [U.S.] 3. (Zoöl.) The bowfin. [Local, U.S.]

Sax , n. [AS. seax a knife.] A kind of chopping instrument for trimming the edges of roofing slates.

Sax´a•tile , a. [L. saxatilis, fr. saxum a rock: cf. F. saxatile.] Of or pertaining to rocks; living among rocks; as a saxatile plant.

Sax´horn , n. (Mus.) A name given to a numerous family of brass wind instruments with valves, invented by Antoine Joseph Adolphe Sax (known as Adolphe Sax), of Belgium and Paris, and much used in military bands and in orchestras.

Sax•i•ca´va , n.; pl. E. saxicavas (#), L. Saxicavae (#). [NL. See Saxicavous.] (Zoöl.) Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks.

Sax•i•ca´vid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the saxicavas. — n. A saxicava.

Sax•i•ca´vous , a. [L. saxum rock + cavare to make hollow, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. saxicave.] (Zoöl.) Boring, or hollowing out, rocks; — said of certain mollusks which live in holes which they burrow in rocks. See Illust. of Lithodomus.

Sax•ic´o•line , a. [L. saxum a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Stone- inhabiting; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the stonechats.

Sax•ic´o•lous , a. [See Saxicoline.] (Bot.) Growing on rocks.

Sax•if´ra•ga , n. [L., saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage.

Sax•i•fra•ga´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Saxifragaceae) of which saxifrage is the type. The order includes also the alum root, the hydrangeas the mock orange, currants and gooseberries, and many other plants.

Sax•if´ra•gant , a. [See Saxifrage.] Breaking or destroying stones; saxifragous. [R.] — n. That which breaks or destroys stones. [R.]

Sax´i•frage ( 48), n. [L. saxifraga, from saxifragus stone-breaking; saxum rock + frangere to break: cf. F. saxifrage. See Fracture, and cf. Sassafras, Saxon.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, mostly perennial herbs growing in crevices of rocks in mountainous regions. Burnet saxifrage, a European umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella Saxifraga). — Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium) growing in rivulets in Europe; also C. Americanum, common in the United States. See also under Golden. — Meadow saxifrage, or Pepper saxifrage. See under Meadow.

Sax•if´ra•gous , a. [L. saxifragus: cf. F. saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] Dissolving stone, especially dissolving stone in the bladder.

Sax´on (saks´un or -’n), n. [L. Saxo, pl. Saxones, from the Saxon national name; cf. AS. pl. Seaxe, Seaxan, fr. seax a knife, a short sword, a dagger (akin to OHG. sahs, and perhaps to L. saxum rock, stone, knives being originally made of stone); and cf. G. Sachse, pl. Sachsen. Cf. Saxifrage.] 1. (a) One of a nation or people who formerly dwelt in the northern part of Germany, and who, with other Teutonic tribes, invaded and conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries. (b) Also used in the sense of Anglo- Saxon. (c) A native or inhabitant of modern Saxony. 2. The language of the Saxons; Anglo- Saxon. Old Saxon, the Saxon of the continent of Europe in the old form of the language, as shown particularly in the ´Heliand´, a metrical narration of the gospel history preserved in manuscripts of the 9th century.

Sax´on, a. Of or pertaining to the Saxons, their country, or their language. (b) Anglo-Saxon. (c) Of or pertaining to Saxony or its inhabitants. Saxon blue (Dyeing), a deep blue liquid used in dyeing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid. Brande & C. — Saxon green (Dyeing), a green color produced by dyeing with yellow upon a ground of Saxon blue.

Sax•on´ic , a. Relating to the Saxons or Anglo- Saxons.

Sax´on•ism , n. An idiom of the Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language. T. Warton.

Sax´on•ist, n. One versed in the Saxon language.

Sax´on•ite , n. (Min.) See Mountain soap, under Mountain.

Sax´o•phone , n. [A.A.J. Sax, the inventor (see Saxhorn) + Gr. tone.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of brass, containing a reed, and partaking of the qualities both of a brass instrument and of a clarinet.

Sax´-tu•ba , n. [See Saxhorn, and Tube.] (Mus.) A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba.

Say (sa), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Say (sa), n. [Aphetic form of assay.] 1. Trial by sample; assay; sample; specimen; smack. [Obs.] “If those principal works of God … be but certain tastes and says, as it were, of that final benefit.” Hooker. “Thy tongue some say of breeding breathes.” Shak. 2. Tried quality; temper; proof. [Obs.] “He found a sword of better say.” Spenser. 3. Essay; trial; attempt. [Obs.] To give a say at, to attempt. B. Jonson.

Say, v. t. To try; to assay. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Say, n. [OE. saie, F. saie, fr. L. saga, equiv. to sagum, sagus, a coarse woolen mantle; cf. Gr. sa•gos. See Sagum.] 1. A kind of silk or satin. [Obs.] “Thou say, thou serge, nay, thou buckram lord!” Shak. 2. A delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth. [Obs.] “His garment neither was of silk nor say.” Spenser.

Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Said (sed), contracted from sayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Saying.] [OE. seggen, seyen, siggen, sayen, sayn, AS. secgan; akin to OS. seggian, D. zeggen, LG. seggen, OHG. sagen, G. sagen, Icel. segja, Sw. säga, Dan. sige, Lith. sakyti; cf. OL. insece tell, relate, Gr. ’e•nnepe (for ’en-sepe), ’e•spete. Cf. Saga, Saw a saying.] 1. To utter or express in words; to tell; to speak; to declare; as he said many wise things. “Arise, and say how thou camest here.” Shak. 2. To repeat; to rehearse; to recite; to pronounce; as to say a lesson. “Of my instruction hast thou nothing bated
In what thou hadst to say?” Shak. “After which shall be said or sung the following hymn.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. 3. To announce as a decision or opinion; to state positively; to assert; hence, to form an opinion upon; to be sure about; to be determined in mind as to. “But what it is, hard is to say.” Milton. 4. To mention or suggest as an estimate, hypothesis, or approximation; hence, to suppose; — in the imperative, followed sometimes by the subjunctive; as he had, say fifty thousand dollars; the fox had run, say ten miles. “Say, for nonpayment that the debt should double,
Is twenty hundred kisses such a trouble?” Shak. It is said, or They say, it is commonly reported; it is rumored; people assert or maintain. - - That is to say, that is; in other words; otherwise.

Say, v. i. To speak; to express an opinion; to make answer; to reply. “You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge.” Shak. “To this argument we shall soon have said; for what concerns it us to hear a husband divulge his household privacies?” Milton.

Say, n. [From Say, v. t.; cf. Saw a saying.] A speech; something said; an expression of opinion; a current story; a maxim or proverb. [Archaic or Colloq.] “He no sooner said out his say, but up rises a cunning snap.” L’Estrange. “That strange palmer’s boding say,
That fell so ominous and drear
Full on the object of his fear.” Sir W. Scott.

Say´er , n. One who says; an utterer. “Mr. Curran was something much better than a sayer of smart sayings.” Jeffrey.

Sa•yette´ , n. [F. Cf. Say a kind of serge.] A mixed stuff, called also sagathy. See Sagathy.

Say´ing , n. That which is said; a declaration; a statement, especially a proverbial one; an aphorism; a proverb. “Many are the sayings of the wise,
In ancient and in modern books enrolled.” Milton. Syn. — Declaration; speech; adage; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; saw; proverb; byword.

Say´man , n. [Say sample + man.] One who assays. [Obs.] Bacon.

Say´mas•ter , n. A master of assay; one who tries or proves. [Obs.] ´Great saymaster of state.´ B. Jonson.

Saynd , obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

’Sblood , interj. An abbreviation of God’s blood; — used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Scab (skab), n. [OE. scab, scabbe, shabbe; cf. AS. scaeb, sceabb, scebb, Dan. & Sw. skab, and also L. scabies, fr. scabere to scratch, akin to E. shave. See Shave, and cf. Shab, Shabby.] 1. An incrustation over a sore, wound, vesicle, or pustule, formed by the drying up of the discharge from the diseased part. 2. The itch in man; also the scurvy. [Colloq. or Obs.] 3. The mange, esp. when it appears on sheep. Chaucer. 4. A disease of potatoes producing pits in their surface, caused by a minute fungus (Tiburcinia Scabies). 5. (Founding) A slight irregular protuberance which defaces the surface of a casting, caused by the breaking away of a part of the mold. 6. A mean, dirty, paltry fellow. [Low] Shak. 7. A nickname for a workman who engages for lower wages than are fixed by the trades unions; also for one who takes the place of a workman on a strike. [Cant]

Scab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scabbed p. pr. & vb. n. Scabbing.] To become covered with a scab; as the wound scabbed over.

Scab´bard , n. [OE. scaubert, scauberk, OF. escaubers, escauberz, pl., scabbards, probably of German or Scan. origin; cf. Icel. skalpr scabbard, and G. bergen to conceal. Cf. Hauberk.] The case in which the blade of a sword, dagger, etc., is kept; a sheath. “Nor in thy scabbard sheathe that famous blade.” Fairfax. Scabbard fish (Zoöl.), a long, compressed, silver-colored taenioid fish (Lepidopus caudatus, or argyreus), found on the European coasts, and more abundantly about New Zealand, where it is called frostfish and considered an excellent food fish.

Scab´bard , v. t. To put in a scabbard.

Scab´bard plane See Scaleboard plane, under Scaleboard.

Scab´bed , a. 1. Abounding with scabs; diseased with scabs. 2. Fig.: Mean; paltry; vile; worthless. Bacon.

Scab´bed•ness , n. Scabbiness.

Scab´bi•ly , adv. In a scabby manner.

Scab´bi•ness, n. The quality or state of being scabby.

Scab´ble , v. t. See Scapple.

Scab´by , a. [Compar. Scabbier ; superl. Scabbiest.] 1. Affected with scabs; full of scabs. 2. Diseased with the scab, or mange; mangy. Swift.

Sca´bi•es , n. (Med.) The itch.

Sca´bi•ous , a. [L. scabiosus, from scabies the scab: cf. F. scabieux.] Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous; as scabious eruptions. Arbuthnot.

Sca´bi•ous, n. [Cf. F. scabieuse. See Scabious, a.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Scabiosa, several of the species of which are common in Europe. They resemble the Compositae, and have similar heads of flowers, but the anthers are not connected. Sweet scabious. (a) Mourning bride. (b) A daisylike plant (Erigeron annuus) having a stout branching stem.

Scab´ling , n. [See Scapple.] A fragment or chip of stone. [Written also scabline.]

Sca•bred´i•ty , n. [L. scabredo, fr. scaber rough.] Roughness; ruggedness. [Obs.] Burton.

Sca´brous , a. [L. scabrosus, fr. scaber rough: cf. F. scabreux.] 1. Rough to the touch, like a file; having small raised dots, scales, or points; scabby; scurfy; scaly. Arbuthnot. 2. Fig.: Harsh; unmusical. [R.] “His verse is scabrous and hobbling.” Dryden.

Sca´brous•ness, n. The quality of being scabrous.

Scab´wort , n. (Bot.) Elecampane.

Scad , n. [Gael. & Ir. sgadan a herring.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small carangoid fish (Trachurus saurus) abundant on the European coast, and less common on the American. The name is applied also to several allied species. (b) The goggler; — called also big-eyed scad. See Goggler. (c) The friar skate. [Scot.] (d) The cigar fish, or round robin.

Scaf´fold , n. [OF. eschafault, eschafaut, escafaut, escadafaut, F. echafaud; probably originally the same word as E. & F. catafalque, It. catafalco. See Catafalque.] 1. A temporary structure of timber, boards, etc., for various purposes, as for supporting workmen and materials in building, for exhibiting a spectacle upon, for holding the spectators at a show, etc. “Pardon, gentles all,
The flat, unraised spirits that have dared
On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth
So great an object.” Shak. 2. Specifically, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a criminal; as to die on the scaffold. “That a scaffold of execution should grow a scaffold of coronation.” Sir P. Sidney. 3. (Metal.) An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material forming a shelf, or dome-shaped obstruction, above the tuyères in a blast furnace.

Scaf´fold, v. t. To furnish or uphold with a scaffold.

Scaf´fold•age , n. A scaffold. [R.] Shak.

Scaf´fold•ing, n. 1. A scaffold; a supporting framework; as the scaffolding of the body. Pope. 2. Materials for building scaffolds.

Scagl´ia , n. [It. scaglia a scale, a shell, a chip of marble.] A reddish variety of limestone.

Scagl•io´la , n. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia. See Scaglia.] An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished.

Sca´la , n.; pl. Scalae (#). [L., a ladder.] 1. (Surg.) A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus. 2. (Anat.) A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea.

Scal´a•ble , a. Capable of being scaled. { Sca•lade´ , Sca•la´do }, n. (Mil.) See Escalade. Fairfax.

Sca´lar , n. (Math.) In the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude, but not direction; — distinguished from a vector, which has both magnitude and direction.

Sca•la´ri•a , n. [L., flight of steps.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalaridae, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap. See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap.

Sca•lar´i•form , a. [L. scalare, scalaria, staircase, ladder + -form: cf. F. scalariforme.] 1. Resembling a ladder in form or appearance; having transverse bars or markings like the rounds of a ladder; as the scalariform cells and scalariform pits in some plants. 2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a scalaria.

Sca´la•ry , a. [L. scalaris, fr. scalae, pl. scala, staircase, ladder.] Resembling a ladder; formed with steps. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Scal´a•wag , n. A scamp; a scapegrace. [Spelt also scallawag.] [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Scald , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalding.] [OF. eschalder, eschauder, escauder, F. echauder, fr. L. excaldare; ex + caldus, calidus, warm, hot. See Ex, and Caldron.] 1. To burn with hot liquid or steam; to pain or injure by contact with, or immersion in, any hot fluid; as to scald the hand. “Mine own tears
Do scald like molten lead.” Shak. “Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall.” Cowley. 2. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in hot water or other liquor; as to scald milk or meat.

Scald, n. A burn, or injury to the skin or flesh, by some hot liquid, or by steam.

Scald, a. [For scalled. See Scall.] 1. Affected with the scab; scabby. Shak. 2. Scurvy; paltry; as scald rhymers. [Obs.] Shak. Scald crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow. [Ireland] — Scald head (Med.), a name popularly given to several diseases of the scalp characterized by pustules (the dried discharge of which forms scales) and by falling out of the hair.

Scald, n. Scurf on the head. See Scall. Spenser.

Scald (skald or skald; 277), n. [Icel. skald.] One of the ancient Scandinavian poets and historiographers; a reciter and singer of heroic poems, eulogies, etc., among the Norsemen; more rarely, a bard of any of the ancient Teutonic tribes. [Written also skald.] “A war song such as was of yore chanted on the field of battle by the scalds of the yet heathen Saxons.” Sir W. Scott.

Scald´er , n. A Scandinavian poet; a scald.

Scald´fish , n. [Scald, a. + fish.] (Zoöl.) A European flounder (Arnoglossus laterna, or Psetta arnoglossa); — called also megrim, and smooth sole.

Scald´ic , a. Of or pertaining to the scalds of the Norsemen; as scaldic poetry.

Scale (skal), n. [AS. scale; perhaps influenced by the kindred Icel. skal balance, dish, akin also to D. schaal a scale, bowl, shell, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. skaal drinking cup, bowl, dish, and perh. to E. scale of a fish. Cf. Scale of a fish, Skull the brain case.] 1. The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as to turn the scale; — chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively. “Long time in even scale
The battle hung.” Milton. “The scales are turned; her kindness weighs no more
Now than my vows.” Waller. 2. pl. (Astron.) The sign or constellation Libra. Platform scale. See under Platform.

Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled p. pr. & vb. n. Scaling.] To weigh or measure according to a scale; to measure; also to grade or vary according to a scale or system. “Scaling his present bearing with his past.” Shak. To scale, or scale down, a debt, wages, etc., to reduce a debt, etc., according to a fixed ratio or scale. [U.S.]

Scale, n. [Cf. AS. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings; akin to D. schaal, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. & Sw. skal a shell, Dan. skiael a fish scale, Goth. skalja tile, and E. shale, shell, and perhaps also to scale of a balance; but perhaps rather fr. OF. escale, escaile, F. ecaille scale of a fish, and ecale shell of beans, pease, eggs, nuts, of German origin, and akin to Goth. skalja, G. schale. See Shale.] 1. (Anat.) One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See Cycloid, Ctenoid, and Ganoid. “Fish that, with their fins and shining scales,
Glide under the green wave.” Milton. 2. Hence, any layer or leaf of metal or other material, resembling in size and thinness the scale of a fish; as a scale of iron, of bone, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) One of the small scalelike structures covering parts of some invertebrates, as those on the wings of Lepidoptera and on the body of Thysanura; the elytra of certain annelids. See Lepidoptera. 4. (Zoöl.) A scale insect. (See below.) 5. (Bot.) A small appendage like a rudimentary leaf, resembling the scales of a fish in form, and often in arrangement; as the scale of a bud, of a pine cone, and the like. The name is also given to the chaff on the stems of ferns. 6. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife. See Illust. of Pocketknife. 7. An incrustation deposit on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated, as a steam boiler. 8. (Metal.) The thin oxide which forms on the surface of iron forgings. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide, Fe3O4. also a similar coating upon other metals. Covering scale (Zoöl.), a hydrophyllium. — Ganoid scale. (Zoöl.) See under Ganoid. — Scale armor (Mil.), armor made of small metallic scales overlapping, and fastened upon leather or cloth. — Scale beetle (Zoöl.), the tiger beetle. — Scale carp (Zoöl.), a carp having normal scales. — Scale insect (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small hemipterous insects belonging to the family Coccidae, in which the females, when adult, become more or less scalelike in form. They are found upon the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs, and often do great damage to fruit trees. See Orange scale,under Orange. — Scale moss (Bot.), any leafy-stemmed moss of the order Hepaticae; — so called from the small imbricated scalelike leaves of most of the species. See Hepatica, 2, and Jungermannia.

Scale , v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scale or scales; as to scale a fish; to scale the inside of a boiler. 2. To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface. ´If all the mountains were scaled, and the earth made even.´ T. Burnet. 3. To scatter; to spread. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 4. (Gun.) To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Totten.

Scale, v. i. 1. To separate and come off in thin layers or laminae; as some sandstone scales by exposure. “Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off.” Bacon. 2. To separate; to scatter. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scale, n. [L. scalae, pl., scala staircase, ladder; akin to scandere to climb. See Scan; cf. Escalade.] 1. A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending. [Obs.] 2. Hence, anything graduated, especially when employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines at regular intervals. Specifically: (a) A mathematical instrument, consisting of a slip of wood, ivory, or metal, with one or more sets of spaces graduated and numbered on its surface, for measuring or laying off distances, etc., as in drawing, plotting, and the like. See Gunter’s scale. (b) A series of spaces marked by lines, and representing proportionately larger distances; as a scale of miles, yards, feet, etc., for a map or plan. (c) A basis for a numeral system; as the decimal scale; the binary scale, etc. (d) (Mus.) The graduated series of all the tones, ascending or descending, from the keynote to its octave; — called also the gamut. It may be repeated through any number of octaves. See Chromatic scale, Diatonic scale, Major scale, and Minor scale, under Chromatic, Diatonic, Major, and Minor. 3. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order; as a scale of being. “There is a certain scale of duties … which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion.” Milton. 4. Relative dimensions, without difference in proportion of parts; size or degree of the parts or components in any complex thing, compared with other like things; especially, the relative proportion of the linear dimensions of the parts of a drawing, map, model, etc., to the dimensions of the corresponding parts of the object that is represented; as a map on a scale of an inch to a mile. Scale of chords, a graduated scale on which are given the lengths of the chords of arcs from 0° to 90° in a circle of given radius, — used in measuring given angles and in plotting angles of given numbers of degrees.

Scale, v. t. [Cf. It. scalare, fr. L. scalae, scala. See Scale a ladder.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; to ascend by steps or by climbing; to clamber up; as to scale the wall of a fort. “Oft have I scaled the craggy oak.” Spenser.

Scale, v. i. To lead up by steps; to ascend. [Obs.] “Satan from hence, now on the lower stair,
That scaled by steps of gold to heaven-gate,
Looks down with wonder.” Milton.

Scale´back , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoidae, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust. under Chaetopoda.

Scale´beam , n. 1. The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied. 2. A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard.

Scale´board ( commonly ), n. [3d scale + board.] 1. (Print.) A thin slip of wood used to justify a page. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of furniture, and the like. Scaleboard plane, a plane for cutting from a board a wide shaving forming a scaleboard.

Scaled , a. 1. Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; — said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc. 2. Without scales, or with the scales removed; as scaled herring. 3. (Zoöl.) Having feathers which in form, color, or arrangement somewhat resemble scales; as the scaled dove. Scaled dove (Zoöl.), any American dove of the genus Scardafella. Its colored feather tips resemble scales.

Scale´less , a. Destitute of scales.

Sca•lene´ , a. [L. scalenus, Gr. : cf. F. scalène.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Having the sides and angles unequal; — said of a triangle. (b) Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone. 2. (Anat.) (a) Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles. Scalene muscles (Anat.), a group of muscles, usually three on each side in man, extending from the cervical vertebrae to the first and second ribs.

Sca•lene´, n. (Geom.) A triangle having its sides and angles unequal.

Sca•le•no•he´dral (ska•le•no•he´dral), a. (Crystallog.) Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron.

Sca•le•no•he´dron (-dron), n. [Gr. skalhno•s uneven + ´e•dra seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, inclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle.

Scal´er , n. One who, or that which, scales; specifically, a dentist’s instrument for removing tartar from the teeth.

Scale´-winged , a. (Zoöl.) Having the wings covered with small scalelike structures, as the Lepidoptera; scaly-winged.

Scal´i•ness , n. The state of being scaly; roughness.

Scal´ing (skal´ing), a. 1. Adapted for removing scales, as from a fish; as a scaling knife; adapted for removing scale, as from the interior of a steam boiler; as a scaling hammer, bar, etc. 2. Serving as an aid in clambering; as a scaling ladder, used in assaulting a fortified place.

Scal•io´la , n. Same as Scagliola.

Scall , n. [Icel. skalli a bald head. Cf. Scald, a.] A scurf or scabby disease, especially of the scalp. “It is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head.” Lev. xiii. 30.

Scall, a. Scabby; scurfy. [Obs.] Shak.

Scalled , a. Scabby; scurfy; scall. [Obs.] ´With scalled brows black.´ Chaucer. Scalled head. (Med.) See Scald head, under Scald, a.

Scal´lion , n. [OF. escalone, eschaloingne, L. caepa Ascalonia onion of Ascalon; caepa onion + Ascalonius of Ascalon, fr. Ascalo Ascalon, a town in Palestine. Cf. Shallot.] 1. (Bot.) A kind of small onion (Allium Ascalonicum), native of Palestine; the eschalot, or shallot. 2. Any onion which does not ´bottom out,´ but remains with a thick stem like a leek. Amer. Cyc.

Scal´lop ( 277), n. [OF. escalope a shell, probably of German or Dutch origin, and akin to E. scale of a fish; cf. D. schelp shell. See Scale of a fish, and cf. Escalop.] [Written also scollop.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pecten and allied genera of the family Pectinidae. The shell is usually radially ribbed, and the edge is therefore often undulated in a characteristic manner. The large adductor muscle of some the species is much used as food. One species (Vola Jacobaeus) occurs on the coast of Palestine, and its shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy Land. Called also fan shell. See Pecten, 2. The common edible scallop of the Eastern United States is Pecten irradians; the large sea scallop, also used as food, is P. Clintonius, or tenuicostatus. 2. One of series of segments of circles joined at their extremities, forming a border like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. 3. One of the shells of a scallop; also a dish resembling a scallop shell.

Scal´lop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalloped p. pr. & vb. n. Scalloping.] 1. To mark or cut the edge or border of into segments of circles, like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. See Scallop, n., 2. 2. (Cookery) To bake in scallop shells or dishes; to prepare with crumbs of bread or cracker, and bake. See Scalloped oysters, below.

Scal´loped , a. 1. Furnished with a scallop; made or done with or in a scallop. 2. Having the edge or border cut or marked with segments of circles. See Scallop, n., 2. 3. (Cookery) Baked in a scallop; cooked with crumbs. Scalloped oysters (Cookery), opened oysters baked in a deep dish with alternate layers of bread or cracker crumbs, seasoned with pepper, nutmeg, and butter. This was at first done in scallop shells.

Scal´lop•er , n. One who fishes for scallops.

Scal´lop•ing, n. Fishing for scallops.

Scalp (skalp), n. [Cf. Scallop.] A bed of oysters or mussels. [Scot.]

Scalp, n. [Perhaps akin to D. schelp shell. Cf. Scallop.] 1. That part of the integument of the head which is usually covered with hair. “By the bare scalp of Robin Hodd’s fat friar,
This fellow were a king for our wild faction!” Shak. 2. A part of the skin of the head, with the hair attached, cut or torn off from an enemy by the Indian warriors of North America, as a token of victory. 3. Fig.: The top; the summit. Macaulay. Scalp lock, a long tuft of hair left on the crown of the head by the warriors of some tribes of American Indians.

Scalp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalped p. pr. & vb. n. Scalping.] 1. To deprive of the scalp; to cut or tear the scalp from the head of. 2. (Surg.) To remove the skin of. “We must scalp the whole lid [of the eye].” J. S. Wells. 3. (Milling) To brush the hairs or fuzz from, as wheat grains, in the process of high milling. Knight.

Scalp, v. i. To make a small, quick profit by slight fluctuations of the market; — said of brokers who operate in this way on their own account. [Cant]

Scal´pel (skal´pel), n. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum a knife, akin to scalpere to cut, carve, scrape: cf. F. scalpel.] (Surg.) A small knife with a thin, keen blade, — used by surgeons, and in dissecting.

Scalper (skalp´er), n. 1. One who, or that which, scalps. 2. (Surg.) Same as Scalping iron, under Scalping. 3. A broker who, dealing on his own account, tries to get a small and quick profit from slight fluctuations of the market. [Cant] 4. A person who buys and sells the unused parts of railroad tickets. [Cant]

Scalp´ing (skalp´ing), a. & n. from Scalp. Scalping iron (Surg.), an instrument used in scraping foul and carious bones; a raspatory. — Scalping knife, a knife used by North American Indians in scalping.

Scal´pri•form , a. [L. scalprum chisel, knife + -form.] (Anat.) Shaped like a chisel; as the scalpriform incisors of rodents.

Scal´y , a. 1. Covered or abounding with scales; as a scaly fish. ´Scaly crocodile.´ Milton. 2. Resembling scales, laminae, or layers. 3. Mean; low; as a scaly fellow. [Low] 4. (Bot.) Composed of scales lying over each other; as a scaly bulb; covered with scales; as a scaly stem. Scaly ant-eater (Zoöl.), the pangolin.

Scal´y-winged , a. (Zoöl.) Scale-winged.

Scam´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scambled p. pr. & vb. n. Scambling.] [Cf. OD. schampelen to deviate, to slip, schampen to go away, escape, slip, and E. scamper, shamble.] 1. To move awkwardly; to be shuffling, irregular, or unsteady; to sprawl; to shamble. ´Some scambling shifts.´ Dr. H. More. ´A fine old hall, but a scambling house.´ Evelyn. 2. To move about pushing and jostling; to be rude and turbulent; to scramble. ´The scambling and unquiet time did push it out of … question.´ Shak.

Scam´ble, v. t. To mangle. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Scam´bler , n. 1. One who scambles. 2. A bold intruder upon the hospitality of others; a mealtime visitor. [Scot.]

Scam´bling•ly , adv. In a scambling manner; with turbulence and noise; with bold intrusiveness. { Scam´ell , or Scam´mel }, n. (Zoöl.) The female bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.] Whether this is the scamel mentioned by Shakespeare [´Tempest,´ ii. 2] is not known.

Sca•mil´lus , n.; pl. Scamilli (#). [L., originally, a little bench, dim. of scamnum bench, stool.] (Arch.) A sort of second plinth or block, below the bases of Ionic and Corinthian columns, generally without moldings, and of smaller size horizontally than the pedestal.

Scam•mo´ni•ate , a. Made from scammony; as a scammoniate aperient.

Scam´mo•ny (skam´mo•ny), n. [F. scammonee, L. scammonia, scammonea, Gr. skammwni•a.] 1. (Bot.) A species of bindweed or Convolvulus (C. Scammonia). 2. An inspissated sap obtained from the root of the Convolvulus Scammonia, of a blackish gray color, a nauseous smell like that of old cheese, and a somewhat acrid taste. It is used in medicine as a cathartic.

Scamp (skamp), n. [OF. escamper to run away, to make one’s escape. Originally, one who runs away, a fugitive, a vagabond. See Scamper.] A rascal; a swindler; a rogue. De Quincey.

Scamp, v. t. [Cf. Scamp,n., or Scant, a., and Skimp.] To perform in a hasty, neglectful, or imperfect manner; to do superficially. [Colloq.] “A workman is said to scamp his work when he does it in a superficial, dishonest manner.” Wedgwood. “Much of the scamping and dawdling complained of is that of men in establishments of good repute.” T. Hughes.

Scam•pa•vi´a , n. [It.] A long, low war galley used by the Neapolitans and Sicilians in the early part of the nineteenth century.

Scam´per , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scampered p. pr. & vb. n. Scampering.] [OF. escamper to escape, to save one’s self; L. ex from + campus the field (sc. of battle). See Camp, and cf. Decamp, Scamp, n., Shamble, v. t.] To run with speed; to run or move in a quick, hurried manner; to hasten away. Macaulay. “The lady, however, … could not help scampering about the room after a mouse.” S. Sharpe.

Scam´per, n. A scampering; a hasty flight.

Scam´per•er , n. One who scampers. Tyndell.

Scamp´ish , a. Of or like a scamp; knavish; as scampish conduct.

Scan (skan), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanned (skand); p. pr. & vb. n. Scanning.] [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to scan, akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap: cf. F. scander. Cf. Ascend, Descend, Scale a ladder.] 1. To mount by steps; to go through with step by step. [Obs.] “Nor stayed till she the highest stage had scand.” Spenser. 2. Specifically (Pros.), to go through with, as a verse, marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; to show, in reading, the metrical structure of; to recite metrically. 3. To go over and examine point by point; to examine with care; to look closely at or into; to scrutinize. “The actions of men in high stations are all conspicuous, and liable to be scanned and sifted.” Atterbury.

Scan´dal , n. [F. scandale, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. , a snare laid for an enemy, a stumbling block, offense, scandal: cf. OE. scandle, OF. escandle. See Slander.] 1. Offense caused or experienced; reproach or reprobation called forth by what is regarded as wrong, criminal, heinous, or flagrant: opprobrium or disgrace. “O, what a scandal is it to our crown,
That two such noble peers as ye should jar!” Shak. “[I] have brought scandal
To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt
In feeble hearts.” Milton. 2. Reproachful aspersion; opprobrious censure; defamatory talk, uttered heedlessly or maliciously. “You must not put another scandal on him.” Shak. “My known virtue is from scandal free.” Dryden. 3. (Equity) Anything alleged in pleading which is impertinent, and is reproachful to any person, or which derogates from the dignity of the court, or is contrary to good manners. Daniell. Syn. — Defamation; detraction; slander; calumny; opprobrium; reproach; shame; disgrace.

Scan´dal , v. t. 1. To treat opprobriously; to defame; to asperse; to traduce; to slander. [R.] “I do fawn on men and hug them hard
And after scandal them.” Shak. 2. To scandalize; to offend. [Obs.] Bp. Story. Syn. — To defame; traduce; reproach; slander; calumniate; asperse; vilify; disgrace.

Scan´dal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scandalized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Scandalizing .] [F. scandaliser, L. scandalizare, from Gr. skandali•zein.] 1. To offend the feelings or the conscience of (a person) by some action which is considered immoral or criminal; to bring shame, disgrace, or reproach upon. “I demand who they are whom we scandalize by using harmless things.” Hooker. “The congregation looked on in silence, the better class scandalized, and the lower orders, some laughing, others backing the soldier or the minister, as their fancy dictated.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To reproach; to libel; to defame; to slander. “To tell his tale might be interpreted into scandalizing the order.” Sir W. Scott.

Scan´dal•ous , a. [Cf. F. scandaleux.] 1. Giving offense to the conscience or moral feelings; exciting reprobation; calling out condemnation. “Nothing scandalous or offensive unto any.” Hooker. 2. Disgraceful to reputation; bringing shame or infamy; opprobrious; as a scandalous crime or vice. 3. Defamatory; libelous; as a scandalous story.

Scan´dal•ous•ly, adv. 1. In a manner to give offense; shamefully. “His discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the dignity of his station.” Swift. 2. With a disposition to impute immorality or wrong. “Shun their fault, who, scandalously nice,
Will needs mistake an author into vice.” Pope.

Scan´dal•ous•ness, n. Quality of being scandalous.

Scan´da•lum mag•na´tum [L., scandal of magnates.] (Law) A defamatory speech or writing published to the injury of a person of dignity; — usually abbreviated scan. mag.

Scan´dent , a. [L. scandens, -entis, p. pr. of scandere to climb.] Climbing. Scandent plants may climb either by twining, as the hop, or by twisted leafstalks, as the clematis, or by tendrils, as the passion flower, or by rootlets, as the ivy.

Scan´di•a , n. [NL. See Scandium.] (Chem.) A chemical earth, the oxide of scandium.

Scan´dic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to scandium; derived from, or containing, scandium.

Scan•di•na´vi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Scandinavia, that is, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. — n. A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia.

Scan´di•um , n. [NL. So called because found in Scandinavian minerals.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the boron group, whose existence was predicted under the provisional name ekaboron by means of the periodic law, and subsequently discovered by spectrum analysis in certain rare Scandinavian minerals (euxenite and gadolinite). It has not yet been isolated. Symbol Sc. Atomic weight 44.

Scan´sion , n. [L. scansio, fr. scandere, scansum, to climb. See Scan.] (Pros.) The act of scanning; distinguishing the metrical feet of a verse by emphasis, pauses, or otherwise.

Scan•so´res , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. scandere, scansum, to climb.] (Zoöl.) An artifical group of birds formerly regarded as an order. They are distributed among several orders by modern ornithologists. The toes are in pairs, two before and two behind, by which they are enabled to cling to, and climb upon, trees, as the woodpeckers, parrots, cuckoos, and trogons. See Illust. under Aves.

Scan•so´ri•al , a. (Zoöl.) (a) Capable of climbing; as the woodpecker is a scansorial bird; adapted for climbing; as a scansorial foot. (b) Of or pertaining to the Scansores. See Illust.. under Aves. Scansorial tail (Zoöl.), a tail in which the feathers are stiff and sharp at the tip, as in the woodpeckers.

Scant , a. [Compar. Scanter superl. Scantest.] [Icel. skamt, neuter of skamr, skammr, short; cf. skamta to dole out, to portion.] 1. Not full, large, or plentiful; scarcely sufficient; less than is wanted for the purpose; scanty; meager; not enough; as a scant allowance of provisions or water; a scant pattern of cloth for a garment. “His sermon was scant, in all, a quarter of an hour.” Ridley. 2. Sparing; parsimonious; chary. “Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence.” Shak. Syn. — See under Scanty.

Scant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scanting.] 1. To limit; to straiten; to treat illiberally; to stint; as to scant one in provisions; to scant ourselves in the use of necessaries. “Where a man hath a great living laid together and where he is scanted.” Bacon. “I am scanted in the pleasure of dwelling on your actions.” Dryden. 2. To cut short; to make small, narrow, or scanty; to curtail. ´Scant not my cups.´ Shak.

Scant, v. i. To fail, or become less; to scantle; as the wind scants.

Scant, adv. In a scant manner; with difficulty; scarcely; hardly. [Obs.] Bacon. “So weak that he was scant able to go down the stairs.” Fuller.

Scant, n. Scantness; scarcity. [R.] T. Carew.

Scant´i•ly , adv. In a scanty manner; not fully; not plentifully; sparingly; parsimoniously. “His mind was very scantily stored with materials.” Macaulay.

Scant´i•ness, n. Quality or condition of being scanty.

Scan´tle , v. i. [Dim. of scant, v.] To be deficient; to fail. [Obs.] Drayton.

Scan´tle , v. t. [OF. escanteler, eschanteler, to break into contles; pref. es- (L. ex) + cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece. Confused with E. scant. See Cantle.] To scant; to be niggard of; to divide into small pieces; to cut short or down. [Obs.] “All their pay
Must your discretion scantle; keep it back.” J. Webster.

Scant´let , n. [OF. eschantelet corner.] A small pattern; a small quantity. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Scant´ling , a. [See Scant, a.] Not plentiful; small; scanty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Scant´ling, n. [Cf. OF. eschantillon, F. echantillon, a sample, pattern, example. In some senses confused with scant insufficient. See Scantle, v. t.] 1. A fragment; a bit; a little piece. Specifically: (a) A piece or quantity cut for a special purpose; a sample. [Obs.] “Such as exceed not this scantling; — to be solace to the sovereign and harmless to the people.” Bacon. “A pretty scantling of his knowledge may taken by his deferring to be baptized so many years.” Milton. (b) A small quantity; a little bit; not much. [Obs.] “Reducing them to narrow scantlings.” Jer. Taylor. 2. A piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc. 3. The dimensions of a piece of timber with regard to its breadth and thickness; hence, the measure or dimensions of anything. 4. A rough draught; a rude sketch or outline. 5. A frame for casks to lie upon; a trestle. Knight.

Scant´ly, adv. 1. In a scant manner; not fully or sufficiently; narrowly; penuriously. Dryden. 2. Scarcely; hardly; barely. “Scantly they durst their feeble eyes dispread
Upon that town.” Fairfax. “We hold a tourney here to-morrow morn,
And there is scantly time for half the work.” Tennyson.

Scant´ness, n. The quality or condition of being scant; narrowness; smallness; insufficiency; scantiness. ´Scantness of outward things.´ Barrow.

Scant´y , a. [Compar. Scantier superl. Scantiest.] [From Scant, a.] 1. Wanting amplitude or extent; narrow; small; not abundant. “His dominions were very narrow and scanty.” Locke. “Now scantier limits the proud arch confine.” Pope. 2. Somewhat less than is needed; insufficient; scant; as a scanty supply of words; a scanty supply of bread. 3. Sparing; niggardly; parsimonious. “In illustrating a point of difficulty, be not too scanty of words.” I. Watts. Syn. — Scant; narrow; small; poor; deficient; meager; scarce; chary; sparing; parsimonious; penurious; niggardly; grudging.

Scape , n. [L. scapus shaft, stem, stalk; cf. Gr. a staff: cf. F. scape. Cf. Scepter.] 1. (Bot.) A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem, as in the stemless violets, the bloodroot, and the like. 2. (Zoöl.) The long basal joint of the antennae of an insect. 3. (Arch.) (a) The shaft of a column. (b) The apophyge of a shaft.

Scape, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scaped p. pr. & vb. n. Scaping.] [Aphetic form of escape.] To escape. [Obs. or Poetic.] Milton. “Out of this prison help that we may scape.” Chaucer.

Scape, n. 1. An escape. [Obs.] “I spake of most disastrous chances, …
Of hairbreadth scapes in the imminent, deadly breach.” Shak. 2. Means of escape; evasion. [Obs.] Donne. 3. A freak; a slip; a fault; an escapade. [Obs.] “Not pardoning so much as the scapes of error and ignorance.” Milton. 4. Loose act of vice or lewdness. [Obs.] Shak.

Scape´gal•lows , n. One who has narrowly escaped the gallows for his crimes. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Scape´goat , n. [Scape (for escape) + goat.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon whose head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, after which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. Lev. xvi. 10. 2. Hence, a person or thing that is made to bear blame for others. Tennyson.

Scape´grace , n. A graceless, unprincipled person; one who is wild and reckless. Beaconsfield.

Scape´less, a. (Bot.) Destitute of a scape.

Scape´ment , n. [See Scape, v., Escapement.] Same as Escapement, 3.

Scape´-wheel , n. (Horol.) The wheel in an escapement (as of a clock or a watch) into the teeth of which the pallets play.

Sca•phan´der , n. [Gr. , , anything hollowed + , , a man: cf. F. scaphandre.] The case, or impermeable apparel, in which a diver can work while under water.

Scaph´ism , n. [Gr. ska•fh a trough.] An ancient mode of punishing criminals among the Persians, by confining the victim in a trough, with his head and limbs smeared with honey or the like, and exposed to the sun and to insects until he died.

Scaph´ite , n. [L. scapha a boat, fr. Gr. ska•fh a boat, anything dug or scooped out, fr. ska•ptein to dig.] (Paleon.) Any fossil cephalopod shell of the genus Scaphites, belonging to the Ammonite family and having a chambered boat-shaped shell. Scaphites are found in the Cretaceous formation.

Scaph•o•ce•phal´ic , a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or affected with, scaphocephaly.

Scaph•o•ceph´a•ly , n. [Gr. ska•fh a boat + kefalh• head.] (Anat.) A deformed condition of the skull, in which the vault is narrow, elongated, and more or less boat-shaped.

Scaph•o•ce´rite , n. [Gr. ska•fh boat + E. cerite.] (Zoöl.) A flattened plate or scale attached to the second joint of the antennae of many Crustacea.

Sca•phog´na•thite , n. [Gr. ska•fh boat + gna•qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) A thin leafike appendage (the exopodite) of the second maxilla of decapod crustaceans. It serves as a pumping organ to draw the water through the gill cavity.

Scaph´oid ( 277), a. [Gr. ska•fh a boat + -oid: cf. F. scaphoïde.] (Anat.) Resembling a boat in form; boat-shaped. — n. The scaphoid bone. Scaphoid bone (a) One of the carpal bones, which articulates with the radius; the radiale. (b) One of the tarsal bones; the navicular bone. See under Navicular.

Scaph•o•lu´nar , a. [Scaphoid + lunar.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scaphoid and lunar bones of the carpus. — n. The scapholunar bone. Scapholunar bone, a bone formed by the coalescence of the scaphoid and lunar in the carpus of carnivora.

Sca•phop´o•da , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ska•fh a boat + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of marine cephalate Mollusca having a tubular shell open at both ends, a pointed or spadelike foot for burrowing, and many long, slender, prehensile oral tentacles. It includes Dentalium, or the tooth shells, and other similar shells. Called also Prosopocephala, and Solenoconcha.

Sca´pi•form , a. (Bot.) Resembling a scape, or flower stem.

Scap´o•lite (skap´o•lit), n. [Gr. a staff, or L. scapus a stem, stalk + -lite: cf. F. scapolite.] (Mon.) A grayish white mineral occuring in tetragonal crystals and in cleavable masses. It is essentially a silicate of alumina and soda. The scapolite group includes scapolite proper, or wernerite, also meionite, dipyre, etc.

Scap´ple (skap´p’l), v. t. [Cf. OF. eskapeler, eschapler, to cut, hew, LL. scapellare. Cf. Scabble.] (a) To work roughly, or shape without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. (b) To dress in any way short of fine tooling or rubbing, as stone. Gwilt.

Scap´u•la (skap´u•la), n.; pl. L. Scapulae (#), E. Scapulas (#). [L.] 1. (Anat.) The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade. 2. (Zoöl.) One of the plates from which the arms of a crinoid arise.

Scap´u•lar , a. [Cf. F. scapulaire. Cf. Scapulary.] Of or pertaining to the scapula or the shoulder. Scapular arch (Anat.), the pectoral arch. See under pectoral. — Scapular region, or Scapular tract (Zoöl.), a definite longitudinal area over the shoulder and along each side of the back of a bird, from which the scapular feathers arise.

Scap´u•lar, n. (Zoöl.) One of a special group of feathers which arise from each of the scapular regions and lie along the sides of the back. { Scap´u•lar , Scap´u•la•ry }, n. [F. scapulaire, LL. scapularium, scapulare, fr. L. scapula shoulder blade.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A loose sleeveless vestment falling in front and behind, worn by certain religious orders and devout persons. (b) The name given to two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary garb and over the shoulders as an act of devotion. Addis & Arnold. 2. (Surg.) A bandage passing over the shoulder to support it, or to retain another bandage in place.

Scap´u•la•ry, a. Same as Scapular, a.

Scap´u•la•ry, n. (Zoöl.) Same as 2d and 3d Scapular.

Scap´u•let , n. [Dim. of scapula.] (Zoöl.) A secondary mouth fold developed at the base of each of the armlike lobes of the manubrium of many rhizostome medusae. See Illustration in Appendix.

Scap´u•lo- . A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the scapula or the shoulder; as the scapulo-clavicular articulation, the articulation between the scapula and clavicle.

Sca´pus , n. [L.] See 1st Scape.

Scar , n. [OF. escare, F. eschare an eschar, a dry slough (cf. It. & Sp. escara), L. eschara, fr. Gr. hearth, fireplace, scab, eschar. Cf. Eschar.] 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an animal, made by a wound or ulcer, and remaining after the wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; a mark left by a previous injury; a blemish; a disfigurement. “This earth had the beauty of youth, … and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on all its body.” T. Burnet. 2. (Bot.) A mark left upon a stem or branch by the fall of a leaf, leaflet, or frond, or upon a seed by the separation of its support. See Illust.. under Axillary.

Scar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarred p. pr. & vb. n. Scarring.] To mark with a scar or scars. “Yet I’ll not shed her blood;
Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow.” Shak. “His cheeks were deeply scarred.” Macaulay.

Scar, v. i. To form a scar.

Scar, n. [Scot. scar, scaur, Icel. sker a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; akin to Dan. skiaer, Sw. skär. Cf. Skerry.] An isolated or protruding rock; a steep, rocky eminence; a bare place on the side of a mountain or steep bank of earth. [Written also scaur.] “O sweet and far, from cliff and scar,
The horns of Elfland faintly blowing.” Tennyson.

Scar, n. [L. scarus, a kind of fish, Gr. ska•ros.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish, the scarus, or parrot fish. { Scar´ab , Scar´a•bee }, n. [L. scarabaeus; cf. F. scarabee.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles of the genus Scarabaeus, or family Scarabaeidae, especially the sacred, or Egyptian, species (Scarabaeus sacer, and S. Egyptiorum).

Scar•a•bae´us , n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scarab.

Scar´a•boid , a. [Scarab + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scarabaeidae, an extensive group which includes the Egyptian scarab, the tumbledung, and many similar lamellicorn beetles.

Scar´a•boid, n. (Zoöl.) A scaraboid beetle.

Scar´a•mouch , n. [F. scaramouche, It. scaramuccio, scaramuccia, originally the name of a celebrated Italian comedian; cf. It. scaramuccia, scaramuccio, F. escarmouche, skirmish. Cf. Skirmish.] A personage in the old Italian comedy (derived from Spain) characterized by great boastfulness and poltroonery; hence, a person of like characteristics; a buffoon.

Scarce (skârs), a. [Compar. Scarcer (skâr´ser); superl. Scarcest.] [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, excarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See Carpet, and cf. Excerp.] 1. Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon. “You tell him silver is scarcer now in England, and therefore risen one fifth in value.” Locke. “The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a medallion well preserved.” Addison. 2. Scantily supplied (with); deficient (in); - - with of. [Obs.] ´A region scarce of prey.´ Milton. 3. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; stingy. [Obs.] ´Too scarce ne too sparing.´ Chaucer. To make one’s self scarce, to decamp; to depart. [Slang] Syn. — Rare; infrequent; deficient. See Rare. { Scarce , Scarce´ly }, adv. 1. With difficulty; hardly; scantly; barely; but just. “With a scarce well-lighted flame.” Milton. “The eldest scarcely five year was of age.” Chaucer. “Slowly she sails, and scarcely stems the tides.” Dryden. “He had scarcely finished, when the laborer arrived who had been sent for my ransom.” W. Irving. 2. Frugally; penuriously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scarce´ment , n. (Arch. & Engin.) An offset where a wall or bank of earth, etc., retreats, leaving a shelf or footing. { Scarce´ness , Scar´ci•ty }, n. The quality or condition of being scarce; smallness of quantity in proportion to the wants or demands; deficiency; lack of plenty; short supply; penury; as a scarcity of grain; a great scarcity of beauties. Chaucer. “A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples.” Addison. “Praise … owes its value to its scarcity.” Rambler. “The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness.” Collier. Syn. — Deficiency; lack; want; penury; dearth; rareness; rarity; infrequency.

Scard , n. A shard or fragment. [Obs.]

Scare , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scared p. pr. & vb. n. Scaring.] [OE. skerren, skeren, Icel. skirra to bar, prevent, skirrask to shun , shrink from; or fr. OE. skerre, adj., scared, Icel. skjarr; both perhaps akin to E. sheer to turn.] To frighten; to strike with sudden fear; to alarm. “The noise of thy crossbow
Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost.” Shak. To scare away, to drive away by frightening. — To scare up, to find by search, as if by beating for game. [Slang] Syn. — To alarm; frighten; startle; affright; terrify.

Scare, n. Fright; esp., sudden fright produced by a trifling cause, or originating in mistake. [Colloq.]

Scare´crow , n. 1. Anything set up to frighten crows or other birds from cornfields; hence, anything terifying without danger. “A scarecrow set to frighten fools away.” Dryden. 2. A person clad in rags and tatters. “No eye hath seen such scarecrows. I’ll not march with them through Coventry, that’s flat.” Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) The black tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Scare´fire , n. 1. An alarm of fire. [Obs.] 2. A fire causing alarm. [Obs.] Fuller.

Scarf (skärf), n. [Icel. skarfr.] A cormorant. [Scot.]

Scarf, n.; pl. Scarfs, rarely Scarves (skärvz). [Cf. OF. escharpe a pilgrim’s scrip, or wallet (hanging about the neck), F. echarpe sash, scarf; probably from OHG. scharpe pocket; also (from the French) Dan. skiaerf; Sw. skärp, Prov. G. schärfe, LG. scherf, G. schärpe; and also AS. scearf a fragment; possibly akin to E. scrip a wallet. Cf. Scarp a scarf.] An article of dress of a light and decorative character, worn loosely over the shoulders or about the neck or the waist; a light shawl or handkerchief for the neck; also a cravat; a neckcloth. “Put on your hood and scarf.” Swift. “With care about the banners, scarves, and staves.” R. Browning.

Scarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarfed p. pr. & vb. n. Scarfing.] 1. To throw on loosely; to put on like a scarf. ´My sea-gown scarfed about me.´ Shak. 2. To dress with a scarf, or as with a scarf; to cover with a loose wrapping. Shak.

Scarf, v. t. [Sw. skarfva to eke out, to join together, skarf a seam, joint; cf. Dan. skarre to joint, to unite timber, Icel. skara to clinch the planks of a boat, G. scharben to chop, to cut small.] (a) To form a scarf on the end or edge of, as for a joint in timber, metal rods, etc. (b) To unite, as two pieces of timber or metal, by a scarf joint.

Scarf , n. (a) In a piece which is to be united to another by a scarf joint, the part of the end or edge that is tapered off, rabbeted, or notched so as to be thinner than the rest of the piece. (b) A scarf joint. Scarf joint (a) A joint made by overlapping and bolting or locking together the ends of two pieces of timber that are halved, notched, or cut away so that they will fit each other and form a lengthened beam of the same size at the junction as elsewhere. (b) A joint formed by welding, riveting, or brazing together the overlapping scarfed ends, or edges, of metal rods, sheets, etc. — Scarf weld. See under Weld.

Scarf´skin , n. (Anat.) See Epidermis.

Scar•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. scarificatio: cf. F. scarification.] The act of scarifying.

Scar´i•fi•ca•tor , n. [Cf. F. scarificateur.] (Surg.) An instrument, principally used in cupping, containing several lancets moved simultaneously by a spring, for making slight incisions.

Scar´i•fi•er , n. 1. One who scarifies. 2. (Surg.) The instrument used for scarifying. 3. (Agric.) An implement for stripping and loosening the soil, without bringing up a fresh surface. “You have your scarifiers to make the ground clean.” Southey.

Scar´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarified p. pr. & vb. n. Scarifying ] [F. scarifier, L. scarificare, scarifare, fr. Gr. to scratch up, fr. a pointed instrument.] 1. To scratch or cut the skin of; esp. (Med.), to make small incisions in, by means of a lancet or scarificator, so as to draw blood from the smaller vessels without opening a large vein. 2. (Agric.) To stir the surface soil of, as a field. { Sca´ri•ose , Sca´ri•ous }, a. [F. scarieux, NL. scariosus. Cf. Scary.] (Bot.) Thin, dry, membranous, and not green. Gray.

Scar•la•ti´na , n. [NL.: cf. F. scarlatine. See Scarlet.] (Med.) Scarlet fever. — Scar•la•ti´nal (#), a. — Scar•lat´i•nous (# or #), a.

Scar´less , a. Free from scar. Drummond.

Scar´let , n. [OE. scarlat, scarlet, OF. escarlate, F. ecarlate (cf. Pr. escarlat, escarlata, Sp. & Pg. escarlata, It. scarlatto, LL. scarlatum), from Per. sakirlat.] A deep bright red tinged with orange or yellow, — of many tints and shades; a vivid or bright red color. 2. Cloth of a scarlet color. “All her household are clothed with scarlet.” Prov. xxxi. 21.

Scar´let, a. Of the color called scarlet; as a scarlet cloth or thread. Scarlet admiral (Zoöl.), the red admiral. See under Red. — Scarlet bean (Bot.), a kind of bean (Phaseolus multiflorus) having scarlet flowers; scarlet runner. — Scarlet fever (Med.), a contagious febrile disease characterized by inflammation of the fauces and a scarlet rash, appearing usually on the second day, and ending in desquamation about the sixth or seventh day. — Scarlet fish (Zoöl.), the telescope fish; — so called from its red color. See under Telescope. — Scarlet ibis (Zoöl.) See under Ibis. — Scarlet maple (Bot.), the red maple. See Maple. — Scarlet mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of bright red carnivorous mites found among grass and moss, especially Thombidium holosericeum and allied species. The young are parasitic upon spiders and insects. — Scarlet oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus coccinea) of the United States; — so called from the scarlet color of its leaves in autumn. — Scarlet runner (Bot.), the scarlet bean. — Scarlet tanager. (Zoöl.) See under Tanager.

Scar´let, v. t. To dye or tinge with scarlet. [R.] “The ashy paleness of my cheek
Is scarleted in ruddy flakes of wrath.” Ford. { Scar´mage , Scar´moge }, n. A slight contest; a skirmish. See Skirmish. [Obs.] “Such cruel game my scarmoges disarms.” Spenser.

Scarn , n. [Icel. skarn; akin to AS. scearn. Cf. Shearn.] Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. Scarn bee (Zoöl.), a dung beetle.

Sca´roid, a. [Scarus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Scaridae, a family of marine fishes including the parrot fishes.

Scarp , n. [OF. escharpe. See 2d Scarf.] (Her.) A band in the same position as the bend sinister, but only half as broad as the latter.

Scarp, n. [Aphetic form of Escarp.] 1. (Fort.) The slope of the ditch nearest the parapet; the escarp. 2. A steep descent or declivity.

Scarp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarped p. pr. & vb. n. Scarping.] To cut down perpendicularly, or nearly so; as to scarp the face of a ditch or a rock. “From scarped cliff and quarried stone.” Tennyson. “Sweep ruins from the scarped mountain.” Emerson.

Scar´ring , n. A scar; a mark. “We find upon the limestone rocks the scarrings of the ancient glacier which brought the bowlder here.” Tyndall.

Scar´ry , a. Bearing scars or marks of wounds.

Scar´ry, a. [See 4th Scar.] Like a scar, or rocky eminence; containing scars. Holinshed.

Sca´rus , n. [L. See Scar a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish (Sparisoma scarus) of excellent quality and highly valued by the Romans; — called also parrot fish.

Sca´ry , n. [Prov. E. scare scraggy.] Barren land having only a thin coat of grass. [Prov. Eng.]

Scar´y , a. [From Scare.] 1. Subject to sudden alarm. [Colloq. U. S.] Whittier. 2. Causing fright; alarming. [Colloq. U. S.]

Scase´ly , adv. Scarcely; hardly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Robynson (More’s Utopia)

Scat (skat), interj. Go away; begone; away; — chiefly used in driving off a cat. { Scat , Scatt }, n. [Icel. skattr.] Tribute. [R.] ´Seizing scatt and treasure.´ Longfellow.

Scat, n. A shower of rain. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Scatch , n. [F. escache.] A kind of bit for the bridle of a horse; — called also scatchmouth. Bailey.

Scatch´es , n. pl. [OF. eschaces, F. echasses, fr. D. schaats a high-heeled shoe, a skate. See Skate, for the foot.] Stilts. [Prov. Eng.]

Scate (skat), n. See Skate, for the foot.

Scat´e•brous , a. [L. scatebra a gushing up of water, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.]

Scath (skath; 277), n. [Icel. skaði; akin to Dan. skade, Sw. skada, AS. sceaða, scaða, foe, injurer, OS. skaðo, D. schade, harm, injury, OHG. scade, G. schade, schaden; cf. Gr. ’askhqh•s unharmed. Cf. Scathe, v.] Harm; damage; injury; hurt; waste; misfortune. [Written also scathe.] “But she was somedeal deaf, and that was skathe.” Chaucer. “Great mercy, sure, for to enlarge a thrall,
Whose freedom shall thee turn to greatest scath.” Spenser. “Wherein Rome hath done you any scath,
Let him make treble satisfaction.” Shak. { Scathe (skath; 277), Scath (skath; 277) }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scathed (skathd or skatht); p. pr. & vb. n. Scathing (skath´ing or skath´-).] [Icel. skaða; akin to AS. sceaðan, sceððan, Dan. skade, Sw. skada, D. & G. schaden, OHG. scadon, Goth. skaþjan.] To do harm to; to injure; to damage; to waste; to destroy. “As when heaven’s fire
Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines.” Milton. “Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul.” W. Irving.

Scath´ful , a. Harmful; doing damage; pernicious. Shak. — Scath´ful•ness, n.

Scath´less, a. Unharmed. R. L. Stevenson. “He, too, … is to be dismissed scathless.” Sir W. Scott.

Scath´ly, a. Injurious; scathful. [Obs.]

Scat´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scattered p. pr. & vb. n. Scattering.] [OE. scateren. See Shatter.] 1. To strew about; to sprinkle around; to throw down loosely; to deposit or place here and there, esp. in an open or sparse order. “And some are scattered all the floor about.” Chaucer. “Why should my muse enlarge on Libyan swains,
Their scattered cottages, and ample plains?” Dryden. “Teach the glad hours to scatter, as they fly,
Soft quiet, gentle love, and endless joy.” Prior. 2. To cause to separate in different directions; to reduce from a close or compact to a loose or broken order; to dissipate; to disperse. “Scatter and disperse the giddy Goths.” Shak. 3. Hence, to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow; as to scatter hopes, plans, or the like. Syn. — To disperse; dissipate; spread; strew.

Scat´ter, v. i. To be dispersed or dissipated; to disperse or separate; as clouds scatter after a storm.

Scat´ter-brain , n. A giddy or thoughtless person; one incapable of concentration or attention. [Written also scatter-brains.]

Scat´ter-brained , a. Giddy; thoughtless.

Scat´tered , a. 1. Dispersed; dissipated; sprinkled, or loosely spread. 2. (Bot.) Irregular in position; having no regular order; as scattered leaves. — Scat´tered•ly, adv. — Scat´tered•ness, n.

Scat´ter•good , n. One who wastes; a spendthrift.

Scat´ter•ing, a. Going or falling in various directions; not united or aggregated; divided among many; as scattering votes.

Scat´ter•ing, n. Act of strewing about; something scattered. South.

Scat´ter•ing•ly, adv. In a scattering manner; dispersedly.

Scat´ter•ling , n. [Scatter + -ling.] One who has no fixed habitation or residence; a vagabond. [Obs.] ´Foreign scatterlings.´ Spenser.

Sca•tu´ri•ent , a.[L. scaturiens, p. pr. of scaturire gush out, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Gushing forth; full to overflowing; effusive. [R.] “A pen so scaturient and unretentive.” Sir W. Scott.

Scat•u•rig´i•nous , a. [L. scaturiginosus, fr. scaturigo gushing water. See Scaturient.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.]

Scaup (skap), n. [See Scalp a bed of oysters or mussels.] 1. A bed or stratum of shellfish; scalp. [Scot.] 2. (Zoöl.) A scaup duck. See below. Scaup duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of northern ducks of the genus Aythya, or Fuligula. The adult males are, in large part, black. The three North American species are: the greater scaup duck (Aythya marila, var. nearctica), called also broadbill, bluebill, blackhead, flock duck, flocking fowl, and raft duck; the lesser scaup duck (A. affinis), called also little bluebill, river broadbill, and shuffler; the tufted, or ring-necked, scaup duck (A. collaris), called also black jack, ringneck, ringbill, ringbill shuffler, etc. See Illust.. of Ring-necked duck, under Ring-necked. The common European scaup, or mussel, duck (A. marila), closely resembles the American variety.

Scaup´er , n. [Cf. Scalper.] A tool with a semicircular edge, — used by engravers to clear away the spaces between the lines of an engraving. Fairholt.

Scaur , n. A precipitous bank or rock; a scar.

Scav´age ( 48), n. [LL. scavagium, fr. AS. sceáwian to look at, to inspect. See Show.] (O. Eng. Law) A toll or duty formerly exacted of merchant strangers by mayors, sheriffs, etc., for goods shown or offered for sale within their precincts. Cowell.

Scav´enge , v. t. To cleanse, as streets, from filth. C. Kingsley.

Scav´en•ger , n. [OE. scavager an officer with various duties, originally attending to scavage, fr. OE. & E. scavage. See Scavage, Show, v.] A person whose employment is to clean the streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying off the filth. The name is also applied to any animal which devours refuse, carrion, or anything injurious to health. Scavenger beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds on decaying substances, as the carrion beetle. — Scavenger crab (Zoöl.), any crab which feeds on dead animals, as the spider crab. — Scavenger’s daughter [corrupt. of Skevington’s daughter], an instrument of torture invented by Sir W. Skevington, which so compressed the body as to force the blood to flow from the nostrils, and sometimes from the hands and feet. Am. Cyc.

Sca´zon , n. [L., fr. Gr. ska•zwn, fr. ska•zein to limp.] (Lat. Pros.) A choliamb.

Scel´er•at , n. [F. scelerat from L. sceleratus, p. p. of scelerare to pollute, from scelus, sceleris, a crime.] A villain; a criminal. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Sce•les´tic , a. [L. scelestus, from scelus wickedness.] Evil; wicked; atrocious. [Obs.] ´Scelestic villainies.´ Feltham.

Scel´et , n. [See Skeleton.] A mummy; a skeleton. [Obs.] Holland.

Sce´na , n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A scene in an opera. (b) An accompanied dramatic recitative, interspersed with passages of melody, or followed by a full aria. Rockstro.

Sce•na´ri•o , n. [It.] A preliminary sketch of the plot, or main incidents, of an opera.

Scen´a•ry , n. [Cf. L. scaenarius belonging to the stage.] Scenery. [Obs.] Dryden.

Scene , n. [L. scaena, scena, Gr. skhnh• a covered place, a tent, a stage.] 1. The structure on which a spectacle or play is exhibited; the part of a theater in which the acting is done, with its adjuncts and decorations; the stage. 2. The decorations and fittings of a stage, representing the place in which the action is supposed to go on; one of the slides, or other devices, used to give an appearance of reality to the action of a play; as to paint scenes; to shift the scenes; to go behind the scenes. 3. So much of a play as passes without change of locality or time, or important change of character; hence, a subdivision of an act; a separate portion of a play, subordinate to the act, but differently determined in different plays; as an act of four scenes. “My dismal scene I needs must act alone.” Shak. 4. The place, time, circumstance, etc., in which anything occurs, or in which the action of a story, play, or the like, is laid; surroundings amid which anything is set before the imagination; place of occurrence, exhibition, or action. ´In Troy, there lies the scene.´ Shak. “The world is a vast scene of strife.” J. M. Mason. 5. An assemblage of objects presented to the view at once; a series of actions and events exhibited in their connection; a spectacle; a show; an exhibition; a view. “Through what new scenes and changes must we pass!” Addison. 6. A landscape, or part of a landscape; scenery. “A sylvan scene with various greens was drawn,
Shades on the sides, and in the midst a lawn.” Dryden. 7. An exhibition of passionate or strong feeling before others; often, an artifical or affected action, or course of action, done for effect; a theatrical display. “Probably no lover of scenes would have had very long to wait for some explosions between parties, both equally ready to take offense, and careless of giving it.” De Quincey. Behind the scenes, behind the scenery of a theater; out of the view of the audience, but in sight of the actors, machinery, etc.; hence, conversant with the hidden motives and agencies of what appears to public view.

Scene, v. t. To exhibit as a scene; to make a scene of; to display. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

Scene´ful , a. Having much scenery. [R.]

Scene´man , n.; pl. Scenemen . The man who manages the movable scenes in a theater.

Scen´er•y , n. 1. Assemblage of scenes; the paintings and hangings representing the scenes of a play; the disposition and arrangement of the scenes in which the action of a play, poem, etc., is laid; representation of place of action or occurence. 2. Sum of scenes or views; general aspect, as regards variety and beauty or the reverse, in a landscape; combination of natural views, as woods, hills, etc. “Never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery.” W. Irving.

Scene´shift•er , n. One who moves the scenes in a theater; a sceneman. { Scen´ic , Scen´ic•al }, a. [L. scaenicus, scenicus, Gr. : cf. F. scenique. See Scene.] Of or pertaining to scenery; of the nature of scenery; theatrical. “All these situations communicate a scenical animation to the wild romance, if treated dramatically.” De Quincey.

Scen´o•graph , n. [See Scenography.] A perspective representation or general view of an object. { Scen•o•graph´ic , Scen•o•graph´ic•al }, a. [Cf. F. scenographique, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to scenography; drawn in perspective. — Scen•o•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Sce•nog´ra•phy , n. [L. scaenographia, Gr. ; scene, stage + gra•fein to write: cf. F. scenographie.] The art or act of representing a body on a perspective plane; also a representation or description of a body, in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. Greenhill.

Scent , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scented; p. pr. & vb. n. Scenting.] [Originally sent, fr. F. sentir to feel, to smell. See Sense.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory organs; to smell; as to scent game, as a hound does. “Methinks I scent the morning air.” Shak. 2. To imbue or fill with odor; to perfume. “Balm from a silver box distilled around,
Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground.” Dryden.

Scent, v. i. 1. To have a smell. [Obs.] “Thunderbolts … do scent strongly of brimstone.” Holland. 2. To hunt animals by means of the sense of smell.

Scent, n. 1. That which, issuing from a body, affects the olfactory organs of animals; odor; smell; as the scent of an orange, or of a rose; the scent of musk. “With lavish hand diffuses scents ambrosial.” Prior. 2. Specifically, the odor left by an animal on the ground in passing over it; as dogs find or lose the scent; hence, course of pursuit; track of discovery. “He gained the observations of innumerable ages, and traveled upon the same scent into Ethiopia.” Sir W. Temple. 3. The power of smelling; the sense of smell; as a hound of nice scent; to divert the scent. I. Watts.

Scent´ful , a. 1. Full of scent or odor; odorous. ´A scentful nosegay.´ W. Browne. 2. Of quick or keen smell. “The scentful osprey by the rock had fished.” W. Browne.

Scent´ing•ly , adv. By scent. [R.] Fuller.

Scent´less, a. Having no scent. “The scentless and the scented rose.” Cowper.

Scep´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. doubt, fr. to consider: cf. G. skepsis. See Skeptic.] Skepticism; skeptical philosophy. [R.] “Among their products were the system of Locke, the scepsis of Hume, the critical philosophy of Kant.” J. Martineau. { Scep´ter , Scep´tre } , n. [F. sceptre, L. sceptrum, from Gr. a staff to lean upon, a scepter; probably akin to E. shaft. See Shaft, and cf. Scape a stem, shaft.] 1. A staff or baton borne by a sovereign, as a ceremonial badge or emblem of authority; a royal mace. “And the king held out Esther the golden scepter that was in his hand.” Esther v. 2. 2. Hence, royal or imperial power or authority; sovereignty; as to assume the scepter. “The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come.” Gen. xlix. 10. { Scep´ter , Scep´tre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sceptered or Sceptred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sceptering or Sceptring .] To endow with the scepter, or emblem of authority; to invest with royal authority. “To Britain’s queen the sceptered suppliant bends.” Tickell.

Scep•ter•el´late , a. (Zoöl.) Having a straight shaft with whorls of spines; — said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. under Spicule. { Scep´ter•less , Scep´tre•less }, a. Having no scepter; without authority; powerless; as a scepterless king. { Scep´tic , Scep´tic•al, Scep´ti•cism, etc.} See Skeptic, Skeptical, Skepticism, etc.

Scep´tral , a. Of or pertaining to a scepter; like a scepter.

Scern , v. t. To discern; to perceive. [Obs.]

Schade , n. Shade; shadow. [Obs.] English words now beginning with sh, like shade, were formerly often spelled with a c between the s and h; as, schade; schame; schape; schort, etc.

Schah , n. See Shah.

Sche´di•asm , n. [Gr. an extempore, fr. to do offhand, sudden, fr. near.] Cursory writing on a loose sheet. [R.]

Sched´ule ( in England commonly 277), n. [F. cedule, formerly also spelt schedule, L. schedula, dim. of scheda, scida, a strip of papyrus bark, a leaf of paper; akin to (or perh. from) Gr. a tablet, leaf, and to L. scindere to cleave, Gr. . See Schism, and cf. Cedule.] A written or printed scroll or sheet of paper; a document; especially, a formal list or inventory; a list or catalogue annexed to a larger document, as to a will, a lease, a statute, etc. Syn. — Catalogue; list; inventory. see List.

Sched´ule, v. t. To form into, or place in, a schedule.

Scheele’s´ green [See Scheelite.] (Chem.) See under Green.

Scheel´in , n. (Chem.) Scheelium. [Obs.]

Scheel´ite , n. [From C.W. Scheele, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Calcium tungstate, a mineral of a white or pale yellowish color and of the tetragonal system of crystallization.

Schee´li•um , n. [NL. From C.W. Scheele, who discovered it.] (Chem.) The metal tungsten. [Obs.]

Scheik (shek or shak), n. See Sheik.

Schel´ly , n. (Zoöl.) The powan. [Prov. Eng.]

Sche´ma , n.; pl. Schemata (#), E. Schemas (#). [G. See Scheme.] (Kantian Philos.) An outline or image universally applicable to a general conception, under which it is likely to be presented to the mind; as five dots in a line are a schema of the number five; a preceding and succeeding event are a schema of cause and effect.

Sche•mat´ic , a. [Cf. Gr. pretended.] Of or pertaining to a scheme or a schema.

Sche´ma•tism , n. [Cf. F. schematisme (cf. L. schematismos florid speech), fr. Gr. , fr. to form. See Scheme.] 1. (Astrol.) Combination of the aspects of heavenly bodies. 2. Particular form or disposition of a thing; an exhibition in outline of any systematic arrangement. [R.]

Sche´ma•tist , n. One given to forming schemes; a projector; a schemer. Swift.

Sche´ma•tize , v. i. [Cf. F. schematiser, Gr. .] To form a scheme or schemes.

Scheme , n. [L. schema a rhetorical figure, a shape, figure, manner, Gr. , , form, shape, outline, plan, fr. , , to have or hold, to hold out, sustain, check, stop; cf. Skr. sah to be victorious, to endure, to hold out, AS. sige victory, G. sieg. Cf. Epoch, Hectic, School.] 1. A combination of things connected and adjusted by design; a system. “The appearance and outward scheme of things.” Locke. “Such a scheme of things as shall at once take in time and eternity.” Atterbury. “Arguments … sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy.” J. Edwards. “The Revolution came and changed his whole scheme of life.” Macaulay. 2. A plan or theory something to be done; a design; a project; as to form a scheme. “The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping off our desires, is like cutting off our feet when we want shoes.” Swift. 3. Any lineal or mathematical diagram; an outline. “To draw an exact scheme of Constantinople, or a map of France.” South. 4. (Astrol.) A representation of the aspects of the celestial bodies for any moment or at a given event. “A blue silk case, from which was drawn a scheme of nativity.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Plan; project; contrivance; purpose; device; plot. — Scheme, Plan. Scheme and plan are subordinate to design; they propose modes of carrying our designs into effect. Scheme is the least definite of the two, and lies more in speculation. A plan is drawn out into details with a view to being carried into effect. As schemes are speculative, they often prove visionary; hence the opprobrious use of the words schemer and scheming. Plans, being more practical, are more frequently carried into effect. “He forms the well-concerted scheme of mischief;
’T is fixed, ’t is done, and both are doomed to death.” Rowe. “Artists and plans relieved my solemn hours;
I founded palaces, and planted bowers.” Prior.

Scheme, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schemed p. pr. & vb. n. Scheming.] To make a scheme of; to plan; to design; to project; to plot. “That wickedness which schemed, and executed, his destruction.” G. Stuart.

Scheme, v. i. To form a scheme or schemes.

Scheme´ful , a. Full of schemes or plans.

Schem´er , n. One who forms schemes; a projector; esp., a plotter; an intriguer. “Schemers and confederates in guilt.” Paley.

Schem´ing, a. Given to forming schemes; artful; intriguing. — Schem´ing•ly, adv.

Schem´ist, n. A schemer. [R.] Waterland.

Schene , n. [L. schoenus, Gr. a rush, a reed, a land measure: cf. F. schène.] (Antiq.) An Egyptian or Persian measure of length, varying from thirty-two to sixty stadia.

Schenk´beer , n. [G. schenkbier; schenken to pour out + bier beer; — so called because put on draught soon after it is made.] A mild German beer.

Scher´bet , n. See Sherbet.

Scher´if , n. See Sherif.

Scher•zan´do , adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a playful or sportive manner.

Scher´zo , n. [It.] (Mus.) A playful, humorous movement, commonly in 3-4 measure, which often takes the place of the old minuet and trio in a sonata or a symphony.

Sche´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. , , to have or hold. See Scheme.] 1. General state or disposition of the body or mind, or of one thing with regard to other things; habitude. [Obs.] Norris. 2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby the mental habitude of an adversary or opponent is feigned for the purpose of arguing against him. Crabb. { Schet´ic , Schet´ic•al }, a. [Cf. Gr. holding back.] Of or pertaining to the habit of the body; constitutional. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Schie•dam´ , n. [Short for Schiedam schnapps.] Holland gin made at Schiedam in the Netherlands.

Schil´ler , n. [G., play of colors.] (Min.) The peculiar bronzelike luster observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, schiller spar, etc. It is due to the presence of minute inclusions in parallel position, and is sometimes of secondary origin. Schiller spar (Min.), an altered variety of enstatite, exhibiting, in certain positions, a bronzelike luster.

Schil•ler•i•za´tion , n. (Min.) The act or process of producing schiller in a mineral mass.

Schil´ling , n. [G. See Shilling.] Any one of several small German and Dutch coins, worth from about one and a half cents to about five cents.

Schin•dy•le´sis , n. [NL., from Gr. a splitting into fragments.] (Anat.) A form of articulation in which one bone is received into a groove or slit in another.

Schir´rhus , n. See Scirrhus.

Schism , n. [OE. scisme, OF. cisme, scisme, F. schisme, L. schisma, Gr. schi•sma, fr. schi•zein to split; akin to L. scindere, Skr. chid, and prob. to E. shed, v.t. (which see); cf. Rescind, Schedule, Zest.] Division or separation; specifically (Eccl.), permanent division or separation in the Christian church; breach of unity among people of the same religious faith; the offense of seeking to produce division in a church without justifiable cause. “Set bounds to our passions by reason, to our errors by truth, and to our schisms by charity.” Eikon Basilike. Greek schism (Eccl.), the separation of the Greek and Roman churches. — Great schism, or Western schism (Eccl.) a schism in the Roman church in the latter part of the 14th century, on account of rival claimants to the papal throne. — Schism act (Law), an act of the English Parliament requiring all teachers to conform to the Established Church, — passed in 1714, repealed in 1719.

Schis´ma , n. [L., a split, separation, Gr. schi•sma: cf. F. schisma. See Schism.] (Anc. Mus.) An interval equal to half a comma.

Schis•mat´ic (siz•mat´ik; so nearly all orthoëpists), a. [L. schismaticus, Gr. : cf. F. schismatique.] Of or pertaining to schism; implying schism; partaking of the nature of schism; tending to schism; as schismatic opinions or proposals.

Schis•mat´ic ( 277), n. One who creates or takes part in schism; one who separates from an established church or religious communion on account of a difference of opinion. ´They were popularly classed together as canting schismatics.´ Macaulay. Syn. — Heretic; partisan. See Heretic.

Schis•mat´ic•al , a. Same as Schismatic. — Schis•mat´ic•al•ly, adv. — Schis•mat´ic•al•ness, n.

Schis´ma•tize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Schismatized p. pr. & vb. n. Schismatizing ] [Cf. F. schismatiser.] To take part in schism; to make a breach of communion in the church.

Schism´less , a. Free from schism.

Schist (shist), n. [Gr. divided, divisible, fr. to divide: cf. F. schiste. See Schism.] (Geol.) Any crystalline rock having a foliated structure (see Foliation) and hence admitting of ready division into slabs or slates. The common kinds are mica schist, and hornblendic schist, consisting chiefly of quartz with mica or hornblende and often feldspar.

Schis•ta´ceous , a. Of a slate color.

Schist´ic , a. Schistose. { Schis•tose´ ( 277), Schist•ous }, a. [Cf. F. schisteux.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to schist; having the structure of a schist.

Schis•tos´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. schistosite.] (Geol.) The quality or state of being schistose.

Schiz´o- [Gr. to split, cleave.] A combining form denoting division or cleavage; as schizogenesis, reproduction by fission or cell division.

Schiz´o•carp , n. [Schizo- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) A dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions.

Schiz´o•cœle , n. [Schizo- + Gr. hollow.] (Anat.) See Enterocœle.

Schiz•o•cœ´lous , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a schizocœle.

Schiz•o•gen´e•sis , n. [Schizo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Reproduction by fission. Haeckel.

Schiz´og•nath , n. [See Schizognathous.] (Zoöl.) Any bird with a schizognathous palate.

Schi•zog´na•thae , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The schizognathous birds.

Schi•zog´na•thism , n. (Zoöl.) The condition of having a schizognathous palate.

Schi•zog´na•thous , a. [Schizo- + Gr. the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxillo- palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, which is pointed in front, as in the gulls, snipes, grouse, and many other birds.

Schiz•o•my•ce´tes , n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. to split + , -, a fungus.] (Biol.) An order of Schizophyta, including the so-called fission fungi, or bacteria. See Schizophyta, in the Supplement.

Schiz•o•ne•mer´te•a , n. pl. [NL. See Schizo-, and Nemertes.] (Zoöl.) A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix.

Schiz•o•pel´mous , a. [Schizo- + Gr. pe•lma the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two flexor tendons of the toes entirely separate, and the flexor hallucis going to the first toe only.

Schiz´o•phyte , n. [Schizo- + Gr. a plant.] (Biol.) One of a class of vegetable organisms, in the classification of Cohn, which includes all of the inferior forms that multiply by fission, whether they contain chlorophyll or not.

Schiz´o•pod ( 277), n. (Zoöl.) one of the Schizopoda. Also used adjectively. { Schiz´o•pod ( 277), Schi•zop´o•dous }, a. Of or pertaining to a schizopod, or the Schizopoda.

Schi•zop´o•da , n. pl., [NL. See Schizo-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming.

Schiz•o•rhi´nal , a. [Schizo- + rhinal.] 1. (Anat.) Having the nasal bones separate. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior nostrils prolonged backward in the form of a slit.

Schlich , n. [G.; akin to LG. slick mud, D. slijk, MHG. slich.] (Metal.) The finer portion of a crushed ore, as of gold, lead, or tin, separated by the water in certain wet processes. [Written also slich, slick.]

Schmel´ze , n. [G. schmelz, schmelzglas.] A kind of glass of a red or ruby color, made in Bohemia.

Schnapps , n. [G., a dram of spirits.] Holland gin. [U.S.]

Schnei•de´ri•an , a. (Anat.) Discovered or described by C. V. Schneider, a German anatomist of the seventeenth century. Schneiderian membrane, the mucous membrane which lines the nasal chambers; the pituitary membrane.

Scho•har´ie grit (Geol.) The formation belonging to the middle of the three subdivisions of the Corniferous period in the American Devonian system; — so called from Schoharie, in New York, where it occurs. See the Chart of Geology.

Schol´ar , n. [OE. scoler, AS. scolere, fr. L. scholaris belonging to a school, fr. schola a school. See School.] 1. One who attends a school; one who learns of a teacher; one under the tuition of a preceptor; a pupil; a disciple; a learner; a student. “I am no breeching scholar in the schools.” Shak. 2. One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in any branch, or in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant. Shak. Locke. 3. A man of books. Bacon. 4. In English universities, an undergraduate who belongs to the foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its revenues. Syn. — Pupil; learner; disciple. — Scholar, Pupil. Scholar refers to the instruction, and pupil to the care and government, of a teacher. A scholar is one who is under instruction; a pupil is one who is under the immediate and personal care of an instructor; hence we speak of a bright scholar, and an obedient pupil.

Scho•lar´i•ty , n. [OF. scholarite, or LL. scholaritas.] Scholarship. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Schol´ar•like , a. Scholarly. Bacon.

Schol´ar•ly, a. Like a scholar, or learned person; showing the qualities of a scholar; as a scholarly essay or critique. — adv. In a scholarly manner.

Schol´ar•ship, n. 1. The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning. “A man of my master’s … great scholarship.” Pope. 2. Literary education. [R.] “Any other house of scholarship.” Milton. 3. Maintenance for a scholar; a foundation for the support of a student. T. Warton. Syn. — Learning; erudition; knowledge.

Scho•las´tic , a. [L. scholasticus, Gr. , fr. to have leisure, to give lectures, to keep a school, from leisure, a lecture, a school: cf. F. scholastique, scolastique. See School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning. Sir K. Digby. 2. Of or pertaining to the schoolmen and divines of the Middle Ages (see Schoolman); as scholastic divinity or theology; scholastic philosophy. Locke. 3. Hence, characterized by excessive subtilty, or needlessly minute subdivisions; pedantic; formal.

Scho•las´tic, n. 1. One who adheres to the method or subtilties of the schools. Milton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) See the Note under Jesuit.

Scho•las´tic•al , a. & n. Scholastic.

Scho•las´tic•al•ly, adv. In a scholastic manner.

Scho•las´ti•cism , n. The method or subtilties of the schools of philosophy; scholastic formality; scholastic doctrines or philosophy. “The spirit of the old scholasticism … spurned laborious investigation and slow induction.” J. P. Smith.

Scho´li•a , n. pl. See Scholium.

Scho´li•ast , n. [Gr. , fr. a scholium: cf. F. scoliate. See Scholium.] A maker of scholia; a commentator or annotator. “No … quotations from Talmudists and scholiasts … ever marred the effect of his grave temperate discourses.” Macaulay.

Scho•li•as´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a scholiast, or his pursuits. Swift.

Scho´li•aze , v. i. [Cf. Gr. .] To write scholia. [Obs.] Milton.

Schol´ic•al , a. [L. scholicus, Gr. , fr. . See School.] Scholastic. [Obs.] Hales.

Scho´li•on , n. [NL.] A scholium. “A judgment which follows immediately from another is sometimes called a corollary, or consectary … One which illustrates the science where it appears, but is not an integral part of it, is a scholion.” Abp. Thomson (Laws of Thought).

Scho´li•um , n.; pl. L. Scholia (#), E. Scholiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , fr. . See School.] 1. A marginal annotation; an explanatory remark or comment; specifically, an explanatory comment on the text of a classic author by an early grammarian. 2. A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration or a train of reasoning.

Scho´ly , n. A scholium. [Obs.] Hooker.

Scho´ly , v. i. & t. To write scholia; to annotate. [Obs.]

School , n. [For shoal a crowd; prob. confused with school for learning.] A shoal; a multitude; as a school of fish.

School, n. [OE. scole, AS. sclu, L. schola, Gr. leisure, that in which leisure is employed, disputation, lecture, a school, probably from the same root as , the original sense being perhaps, a stopping, a resting. See Scheme.] 1. A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an educational establishment; a place for acquiring knowledge and mental training; as the school of the prophets. “Disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus.” Acts xix. 9. 2. A place of primary instruction; an establishment for the instruction of children; as a primary school; a common school; a grammar school. “As he sat in the school at his primer.” Chaucer. 3. A session of an institution of instruction. “How now, Sir Hugh! No school to- day?” Shak. 4. One of the seminaries for teaching logic, metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages, and which were characterized by academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning. “At Cambridge the philosophy of Descartes was still dominant in the schools.” Macaulay. 5. The room or hall in English universities where the examinations for degrees and honors are held. 6. An assemblage of scholars; those who attend upon instruction in a school of any kind; a body of pupils. “What is the great community of Christians, but one of the innumerable schools in the vast plan which God has instituted for the education of various intelligences?” Buckminster. 7. The disciples or followers of a teacher; those who hold a common doctrine, or accept the same teachings; a sect or denomination in philosophy, theology, science, medicine, politics, etc. “Let no man be less confident in his faith … by reason of any difference in the several schools of Christians.” Jer. Taylor. 8. The canons, precepts, or body of opinion or practice, sanctioned by the authority of a particular class or age; as he was a gentleman of the old school. “His face pale but striking, though not handsome after the schools.” A. S. Hardy. 9. Figuratively, any means of knowledge or discipline; as the school of experience. Boarding school, Common school, District school, Normal school, etc. See under Boarding, Common, District, etc. — High school, a free public school nearest the rank of a college. [U. S.] — School board, a corporation established by law in every borough or parish in England, and elected by the burgesses or ratepayers, with the duty of providing public school accommodation for all children in their district. — School committee, School board, an elected committee of citizens having charge and care of the public schools in any district, town, or city, and responsible for control of the money appropriated for school purposes. [U. S.] — School days, the period in which youth are sent to school. — School district, a division of a town or city for establishing and conducting schools. [U.S.] — Sunday school, or Sabbath school, a school held on Sunday for study of the Bible and for religious instruction; the pupils, or the teachers and pupils, of such a school, collectively.

School, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schooled p. pr. & vb. n. Schooling.] 1. To train in an institution of learning; to educate at a school; to teach. “He’s gentle, never schooled, and yet learned.” Shak. 2. To tutor; to chide and admonish; to reprove; to subject to systematic discipline; to train. “It now remains for you to school your child,
And ask why God’s Anointed be reviled.” Dryden. “The mother, while loving her child with the intensity of a sole affection, had schooled herself to hope for little other return than the waywardness of an April breeze.” Hawthorne.

School´book , n. A book used in schools for learning lessons.

School´boy , n. A boy belonging to, or attending, a school.

School´dame n. A schoolmistress.

School´er•y , n. Something taught; precepts; schooling. [Obs.] Spenser.

School´fel•low , n. One bred at the same school; an associate in school.

School´girl , n. A girl belonging to, or attending, a school.

School´house , n. A house appropriated for the use of a school or schools, or for instruction.

School´ing, n. 1. Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching. 2. Discipline; reproof; reprimand; as he gave his son a good schooling. Sir W. Scott. 3. Compensation for instruction; price or reward paid to an instructor for teaching pupils.

School´ing, a. [See School a shoal.] (Zoöl.) Collecting or running in schools or shoals. “Schooling species like the herring and menhaden.” G. B. Goode.

School´ma’am , n. A schoolmistress. [Colloq.U.S.]

School´maid , n. A schoolgirl. Shak.

School´man , n.; pl. Schoolmen . One versed in the niceties of academical disputation or of school divinity. The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, esp. from the 11th century to the Reformation, who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation. They were so called because they taught in the mediaeval universities and schools of divinity.

School´mas•ter , n. 1. The man who presides over and teaches a school; a male teacher of a school. “Let the soldier be abroad if he will; he can do nothing in this age. There is another personage abroad, — a person less imposing, — in the eyes of some, perhaps, insignificant. The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, armed with his primer, against the soldier in full military array.” Brougham. 2. One who, or that which, disciplines and directs. “The law was our schoolmaster, to bring us unto Christ.” Gal. iii. 24.

School´mate , n. A pupil who attends the same school as another.

School´mis•tress , n. A woman who governs and teaches a school; a female school-teacher.

School´room , n. A room in which pupils are taught.

School´ship , n. A vessel employed as a nautical training school, in which naval apprentices receive their education at the expense of the state, and are trained for service as sailors. also a vessel used as a reform school to which boys are committed by the courts to be disciplined, and instructed as mariners.

School´-teach•er , n. One who teaches or instructs a school. — School´-teach•ing, n.

School´ward , adv. Toward school. Chaucer.

Schoon´er , n. [See the Note below. Cf. Shun.] (Naut.) Originally, a small, sharp-built vessel, with two masts and fore-and-aft rig. Sometimes it carried square topsails on one or both masts and was called a topsail schooner. About 1840, longer vessels with three masts, fore-and- aft rigged, came into use, and since that time vessels with four masts and even with six masts, so rigged, are built. Schooners with more than two masts are designated three-masted schooners, four- masted schooners, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. The first schooner ever constructed is said to have been built in Gloucester, Massachusetts, about the year 1713, by a Captain Andrew Robinson, and to have received its name from the following trivial circumstance: When the vessel went off the stocks into the water, a bystander cried out,´O, how she scoons!´ Robinson replied, ´ A scooner let her be;´ and, from that time, vessels thus masted and rigged have gone by this name. The word scoon is popularly used in some parts of New England to denote the act of making stones skip along the surface of water. The Scottish scon means the same thing. Both words are probably allied to the Icel. skunda, skynda, to make haste, hurry, AS. scunian to avoid, shun, Prov. E. scun. In the New England records, the word appears to have been originally written scooner. Babson, in his ´History of Gloucester,´ gives the following extract from a letter written in that place Sept. 25, 1721, by Dr. Moses Prince, brother of the Rev. Thomas Prince, the annalist of New England: ´This gentleman (Captain Robinson) was first contriver of schooners, and built the first of that sort about eight years since.´

Schoon´er, n. [D.] A large goblet or drinking glass, — used for lager beer or ale. [U.S.]

Schorl (shôrl), n. [G. schörl; cf. Sw. skörl.] (Min.) Black tourmaline. [Written also shorl.]

Schor•la´ceous , a. Partaking of the nature and character of schorl; resembling schorl.

Schorl´ous , a. Schorlaceous.

Schorl´y> , a. Pertaining to, or containing, schorl; as schorly granite. { Schot´tish , Schot´tische }, , n. [F. schottish, schotisch from G. schottisch Scottish, Scotch.] A Scotch round dance in 2-4 time, similar to the polka, only slower; also the music for such a dance; — not to be confounded with the ecossaise.

Schrei´bers•ite , n. [Named after Carl von Schreibers, of Vienna.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in steel-gray flexible folia. It contains iron, nickel, and phosphorus, and is found only in meteoric iron.

Schrode , n. See Scrod.

Schwann’s´ sheath [So called from Theodor Schwann, a German anatomist of the 19th century.] (Anat.) The neurilemma.

Schwann’s white´ sub´stance (Anat.) The substance of the medullary sheath.

Schwan´pan , n. Chinese abacus.

Schweit´zer•kä´se , n. [G. schweizerkäse Swiss cheese.] Gruyère cheese. { Schwenk´feld•er , Schwenk´feld•i•an }, n. A member of a religious sect founded by Kaspar von Schwenkfeld, a Silesian reformer who disagreed with Luther, especially on the deification of the body of Christ.

Sci•ae´noid , a. [L. sciaena a kind of fish (fr. Gr. ) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Sciaenidae, a family of marine fishes which includes the meagre, the squeteague, and the kingfish.

Sci´a•graph , n. [See Sciagraphy.] 1. (Arch.) An old term for a vertical section of a building; — called also sciagraphy. See Vertical section, under Section. 2. (Phys.) A radiograph. [Written also skiagraph.]

Sci•a•graph´ic•al , a. [Cf. F. sciagraphique, Gr. .] Pertaining to sciagraphy. - - Sci•a•graph´ic•al•ly, adv.

Sci•ag´ra•phy , n. [Gr. , fr. drawing in light and shade; a shadow + to delineate, describe: cf. F. sciagraphie.] 1. The art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. Gwilt. 2. (Arch.) Same as Sciagraph.

Sci•am´a•chy , n. See Sciomachy. { Sci•a•ther´ic , Sci•a•ther´ic•al }, a. [Gr. , fr. a sundial; a shadow + to hunt, to catch.] Belonging to a sundial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Sci•a•ther´ic•al•ly, adv. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

Sci•at´ic , a. [F. sciatique, LL. sciaticus, from L. ischiadicus, Gr. . See Ischiadic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hip; in the region of, or affecting, the hip; ischial; ischiatic; as the sciatic nerve, sciatic pains.

Sci•at´ic, n. [Cf. F. sciatique.] (Med.) Sciatica.

Sci•at´i•ca , n. [NL.] (Med.) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, an affection characterized by paroxysmal attacks of pain in the buttock, back of the thigh, or in the leg or foot, following the course of the branches of the sciatic nerve. The name is also popularly applied to various painful affections of the hip and the parts adjoining it. See Ischiadic passion, under Ischiadic.

Sci•at´ic•al , a. (Anat.) Sciatic.

Sci•at´ic•al•ly, adv. With, or by means of, sciatica.

Scib´bo•leth , n. Shibboleth. [Obs.]

Sci´ence , n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, -entis, p. pr. of scire to know. Cf. Conscience, Conscious, Nice.] 1. Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts. “If we conceive God’s sight or science, before the creation, to be extended to all and every part of the world, seeing everything as it is, … his science or sight from all eternity lays no necessity on anything to come to pass.” Hammond. “Shakespeare’s deep and accurate science in mental philosophy.” Coleridge. 2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws; knowledge classified and made available in work, life, or the search for truth; comprehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge. “All this new science that men lere [teach].” Chaucer. “Science is … a complement of cognitions, having, in point of form, the character of logical perfection, and in point of matter, the character of real truth.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and functions of living tissues, etc.; — called also natural science, and physical science. “Voltaire hardly left a single corner of the field entirely unexplored in science, poetry, history, philosophy.” J. Morley. 4. Any branch or department of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study; as the science of astronomy, of chemistry, or of mind. The ancients reckoned seven sciences, namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; — the first three being included in the Trivium, the remaining four in the Quadrivium. “Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven,
And though no science, fairly worth the seven.” Pope. 5. Art, skill, or expertness, regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles. “His science, coolness, and great strength.” G. A. Lawrence. Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences. Comparative sciences, Inductive sciences. See under Comparative, and Inductive. Syn. — Literature; art; knowledge. — Science, Literature, Art. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term literature sometimes denotes all compositions not embraced under science, but usually confined to the belles-lettres. [See Literature.] Art is that which depends on practice and skill in performance. ´In science, scimus ut sciamus; in art, scimus ut producamus. And, therefore, science and art may be said to be investigations of truth; but one, science, inquires for the sake of knowledge; the other, art, for the sake of production; and hence science is more concerned with the higher truths, art with the lower; and science never is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be the most high and accurate inquiry; the perfection of art will be the most apt and efficient system of rules; art always throwing itself into the form of rules.´ Karslake.

Sci´ence, v. t. To cause to become versed in science; to make skilled; to instruct. [R.] Francis.

Sci´ent , a. [L. sciens, - entis, p. pr.] Knowing; skillful. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Sci•en´ter , adv. [L.] (Law) Knowingly; willfully. Bouvier.

Sci•en´tial , a. [LL. scientialis, fr. L. scientia.] Pertaining to, or producing, science. [R.] Milton.

Sci•en•tif´ic , a. [F. scientifique; L. scientia science + facere to make.] 1. Of or pertaining to science; used in science; as scientific principles; scientific apparatus; scientific observations. 2. Agreeing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of science; as a scientific classification; a scientific arrangement of fossils. 3. Having a knowledge of science, or of a science; evincing science or systematic knowledge; as a scientific chemist; a scientific reasoner; a scientific argument. “Bossuet is as scientific in the structure of his sentences.” Landor. Scientific method, the method employed in exact science and consisting of: (a) Careful and abundant observation and experiment. (b) generalization of the results into formulated ´Laws´ and statements.

Sci•en•tif´ic•al , a. Scientific. Locke.

Sci•en•tif´ic•al•ly, adv. In a scientific manner; according to the rules or principles of science. “It is easier to believe than to be scientifically instructed.” Locke.

Sci´en•tist , n. One learned in science; a scientific investigator; one devoted to scientific study; a savant. [Recent] Twenty years ago I ventured to propose one [a name for the class of men who give their lives to scientific study] which has been slowly finding its way to general adoption; and the word scientist, though scarcely euphonious, has gradually assumed its place in our vocabulary. B. A. Gould (Address, 1869).

Scil´i•cet , adv. [L., fr. scire licet you may know.] To wit; namely; videlicet; — often abbreviated to sc., or ss.

Scil´la•in , n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from squill (Scilla) as a light porous substance.

Scil´li•tin , n. [Cf. F. scilitine.] (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted from the bulbs of the squill (Scilla), and probably consisting of a complex mixture of several substances. { Scim´i•ter , Scim´i•tar } , n. [F. cimeterre, cf. It. scimitarra, Sp. cimitarra; fr. Biscayan cimetarra with a sharp edge; or corrupted from Per. shimshir.] 1. A saber with a much curved blade having the edge on the convex side, — in use among Mohammedans, esp., the Arabs and persians. [Written also cimeter, and scymetar.] 2. A long-handled billhook. See Billhook. Scimiter pods (Bot.), the immense curved woody pods of a leguminous woody climbing plant (Entada scandens) growing in tropical India and America. They contain hard round flattish seeds two inches in diameter, which are made into boxes.

Scin´coid , a. [L. scincus a kind of lizard (fr. Gr. ) + -oid. Cf. Skink.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scincidae, or skinks. — n. A scincoidian.

Scin•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of lizards including the skinks. See Skink.

Scin•coid´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of lizards of the family Scincidae or tribe Scincoidea. The tongue is not extensile. The body and tail are covered with overlapping scales, and the toes are margined. See Illust. under Skink.

Scin´iph , n. [L. scinifes, cinifes, or ciniphes, pl., Gr. .] Some kind of stinging or biting insect, as a flea, a gnat, a sandfly, or the like. Ex. viii. 17 (Douay version).

Scink , n. (Zoöl.) A skink.

Scink , n. A slunk calf. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Scin•til´la , n. [L.] A spark; the least particle; an iota; a tittle. R. North.

Scin´til•lant , a. [L. scintillans, p. pr. of scintillare to sparkle. See Scintillate.] Emitting sparks, or fine igneous particles; sparkling. M. Green.

Scin´til•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scintillated p. pr. & vb. n. Scintillating.] [L. scintillare, scintillatum, from scintilla a spark. Cf. Stencil.] 1. To emit sparks, or fine igneous particles. “As the electrical globe only scintillates when rubbed against its cushion.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars.

Scin•til•la´tion , n. [L. scintillatio: cf. F. scintillation.] 1. The act of scintillating. 2. A spark or flash emitted in scintillating. “These scintillations are … the inflammable effluences discharged from the bodies collided.” Sir T. Browne.

Scin´til•lous , a. Scintillant. [R.]

Scin´til•lous•ly, adv. In a scintillant manner. [R.]

Sci•og´ra•phy , n. See Sciagraphy.

Sci´o•lism , n. [See Sciolist.] The knowledge of a sciolist; superficial knowledge.

Sci´o•list , n. [L. sciolus. See Sciolous.] One who knows many things superficially; a pretender to science; a smatterer. “These passages in that book were enough to humble the presumption of our modern sciolists, if their pride were not as great as their ignorance.” Sir W. Temple. “A master were lauded and sciolists shent.” R. Browning.

Sci•o•lis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to sciolism, or a sciolist; partaking of sciolism; resembling a sciolist.

Sci´o•lous , a. [L. scilus, dim. of scius knowing, fr. scire to know. See Science.] Knowing superficially or imperfectly. Howell.

Sci•om´a•chy , n. [Gr. , ; a shadow + battle: cf. F. sciomachie, sciamachie.] A fighting with a shadow; a mock contest; an imaginary or futile combat. [Written also scimachy.] Cowley.

Sci´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. a shadow + -mancy: cf. F. sciomance, sciamancie.] Divination by means of shadows.

Sci´on , n. [OF. cion, F. scion, probably from scier to saw, fr. L. secare to cut. Cf. Section.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A shoot or sprout of a plant; a sucker. (b) A piece of a slender branch or twig cut for grafting. [Formerly written also cion, and cyon.] 2. Hence, a descendant; an heir; as a scion of a royal stock.

Sci•op´tic , a. [Gr. shadow + belonging to sight: cf. F. scioptique. See Optic.] (Opt.) Of or pertaining to an optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room, usually called scioptic ball. Scioptic ball (Opt.), the lens of a camera obscura mounted in a wooden ball which fits a socket in a window shutter so as to be readily turned, like the eye, to different parts of the landscape.

Sci•op´ti•con , n. [NL. See Scioptic.] A kind of magic lantern.

Sci•op´tics , n. The art or process of exhibiting luminous images, especially those of external objects, in a darkened room, by arrangements of lenses or mirrors.

Sci•op´tric , a. (Opt.) Scioptic.

Sci´ot , a. Of or pertaining to the island Scio (Chio or Chios). — n. A native or inhabitant of Scio. [Written also Chiot.]

Sci•o•ther´ic , a. [Cf. L. sciothericon a sundial. See Sciatheric.] Of or pertaining to a sundial. Sciotheric telescope (Dialing), an instrument consisting of a horizontal dial, with a telescope attached to it, used for determining the time, whether of day or night.

Sci´ous , a. [L. scius.] Knowing; having knowledge. ´Brutes may be and are scious.´ Coleridge.

Sci•re fa´ci•as (si•re fa´shi•as). [L., do you cause to know.] (Law) A judicial writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the party proceeded against to show cause why the party bringing it should not have advantage of such record, or (as in the case of scire facias to repeal letters patent) why the record should not be annulled or vacated. Wharton. Bouvier.

Scir´rhoid (skir´roid), a. [Scirrhus + -oid.] Resembling scirrhus. Dunglison.

Scir•rhos´i•ty (skir•ros´i•ty), n. (Med.) A morbid induration, as of a gland; state of being scirrhous.

Scir´rhous (skir´rus), a. [NL. scirrhosus.] (Med.) Proceeding from scirrhus; of the nature of scirrhus; indurated; knotty; as scirrhous affections; scirrhous disease. [Written also skirrhous.]

Scir´rhus , n.; pl. L. Scirrhi (#), E. Scirrhuses (#). [NL., from L. scirros, Gr. , , fr. , , hard.] (Med.) (a) An indurated organ or part; especially, an indurated gland. [Obs.] (b) A cancerous tumor which is hard, translucent, of a gray or bluish color, and emits a creaking sound when incised. [Sometimes incorrectly written schirrus; written also skirrhus.]

Scis•ci•ta´tion , n. [L. sciscitatio, fr. sciscitari to inquire, from sciscere to seek to know, v. incho. from scire to know.] The act of inquiring; inquiry; demand. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Scise , v. i. [L. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] To cut; to penetrate. [Obs.] “The wicked steel scised deep in his right side.” Fairfax.

Scis´sel , n. [Cf. Scissile.] 1. The clippings of metals made in various mechanical operations. 2. The slips or plates of metal out of which circular blanks have been cut for the purpose of coinage.

Scis´si•ble , a. [L. scindere, scissum, to split.] Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instrument. [R.] Bacon.

Scis´sil , n. See Scissel.

Scis´sile , a. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scissile. See Schism.] Capable of being cut smoothly; scissible. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Scis´sion , n. [L. scissio, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scission.] The act of dividing with an instrument having a sharp edge. Wiseman.

Scis•si•par´i•ty , n. [L. scissus (p. p. of scindere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. scissiparite.] (Biol.) Reproduction by fission.

Scis´sor , v. t. To cut with scissors or shears; to prepare with the aid of scissors. Massinger.

Scis´sors , n. pl. [OE. sisoures, OF. cisoires (cf. F. ciseaux), probably fr. LL. cisorium a cutting instrument, fr. L. caedere to cut. Cf. Chisel, Concise. The modern spelling is due to a mistaken derivation from L. scissor one who cleaves or divides, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] A cutting instrument resembling shears, but smaller, consisting of two cutting blades with handles, movable on a pin in the center, by which they are held together. Often called a pair of scissors. [Formerly written also cisors, cizars, and scissars.] Scissors grinder (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.]

Scis´sors•bill , n. (Zoöl.) See Skimmer.

Scis´sors•tail , n. (Zoöl.) A tyrant flycatcher (Milvulus forficatus) of the Southern United States and Mexico, which has a deeply forked tail. It is light gray above, white beneath, salmon on the flanks, and fiery red at the base of the crown feathers.

Scis´sors-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer feathers much the longest, the others decreasing regularly to the median ones.

Scis´sure , n. [L. scissura, from scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] A longitudinal opening in a body, made by cutting; a cleft; a fissure. Hammond.

Scit•a•min´e•ous ( 277), a. [NL. scitamineosus, fr. Scitamineae, fr. L. scitamentum a delicacy, dainty.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Scitamineae), mostly tropical herbs, including the ginger, Indian shot, banana, and the plants producing turmeric and arrowroot.

Sci´u•rine ( 277), a. [Cf. F. sciurien. See Sciurus.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Squirrel family. — n. A rodent of the Squirrel family.

Sci´u•roid , a. [Sciurus + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling the tail of a squirrel; — generally said of branches which are close and dense, or of spikes of grass like barley.

Sci•u•ro•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. sciurus squirrel + Gr. morfh• form.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of rodents containing the squirrels and allied animals, such as the gophers, woodchucks, beavers, and others.

Sci•u´rus , n. [L., a squirrel, Gr. . See Squirrel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents comprising the common squirrels.

Sclaun´dre , n. Slander. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Sclav , Sclave }, n. Same as Slav.

Sclav´ic , a. Same as Slavic.

Sclav´ism , n. Same as Slavism.

Scla•vo´nian , a. & n. Same as Slavonian.

Scla•von´ic , a. Same as Slavonic.

Sclen´der , a. Slender. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scler´a•go•gy , n. [Gr. ; hard + a leading or training.] Severe discipline. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Scle•re´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro•s hard.] (Med.) Induration of the cellular tissue. Sclerema of adults. See Scleroderma. — Sclerema neonatorum [NL., of the newborn], an affection characterized by a peculiar hardening and rigidity of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues in the newly born. It is usually fatal. Called also skinbound disease.

Scle•ren´chy•ma , n. [NL., from Gr. sklhro•s hard + -enchyma as in parenchyma.] 1. (Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells and the gritty parts of a pear. See Sclerotic. By recent German writers and their English translators, this term is used for liber cells. Goodale. 2. (Zoöl.) The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of Anthozoa, constituting the stony corals.

Scler•en•chym´a•tous , a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or composed of, sclerenchyma.

Scle•ren´chyme , n. Sclerenchyma.

Scle•ri´a•sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Med.) (a) A morbid induration of the edge of the eyelid. (b) Induration of any part, including scleroderma.

Scle´rite (skle´rit), n. (Zoöl.) A hard chitinous or calcareous process or corpuscle, especially a spicule of the Alcyonaria.

Scle•ri´tis (skle•ri´tis), n. [NL.] See Sclerotitis.

Scler´o•base , n. [Gr. sklhro•s hard + ba•sis base.] (Zoöl.) The calcareous or hornlike coral forming the central stem or axis of most compound alcyonarians; — called also foot secretion. See Illust. under Gorgoniacea, and Cœnenchyma. — Scler•o•ba´sic (#), a.

Scler´o•derm (? or 277), n. [Gr. sklhro•s hard + de•rma skin: cf. F. scleroderme.] (a) (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of plectognath fishes (Sclerodermi) having the skin covered with hard scales, or plates, as the cowfish and the trunkfish. (b) One of the Sclerodermata. (c) Hardened, or bony, integument of various animals.

Scler•o•der´ma , n. [NL.] (Med.) A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse rigidity and hardness of the skin.

Scler•o•der´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The stony corals; the Madreporaria. { Scler•o•der´mic , Scler•o•der´mous }, (Zoöl.) (a) Having the integument, or skin, hard, or covered with hard plates. (b) Of or pertaining to the Sclerodermata.

Scler•o•der´mite , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hard integument of Crustacea. (b) Sclerenchyma.

Scler´o•gen , n. [Gr. sklhro•s hard + -gen.] (Bot.) The thickening matter of woody cells; lignin.

Scle•rog´e•nous , a. [Gr. sklhro•s hard + -genous.] (Anat.) Making or secreting a hard substance; becoming hard.

Scle´roid , a. [Gr. ; sklhro•s hard + form.] (Bot.) Having a hard texture, as nutshells.

Scle•ro´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro•s hard + -oma.] (Med.) Induration of the tissues. See Sclerema, Scleroderma, and Sclerosis.

Scle•rom´e•ter , n. [Gr. sklhro•s hard + -meter.] An instrument for determining with accuracy the degree of hardness of a mineral.

Scle•rosed´ , a. Affected with sclerosis.

Scle•ro´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. (, fr. sklhro•s hard.] 1. (Med.) Induration; hardening; especially, that form of induration produced in an organ by increase of its interstitial connective tissue. 2. (Bot.) Hardening of the cell wall by lignification. Cerebro-spinal sclerosis (Med.), an affection in which patches of hardening, produced by increase of the neuroglia and atrophy of the true nerve tissue, are found scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is associated with complete or partial paralysis, a peculiar jerking tremor of the muscles, headache, and vertigo, and is usually fatal. Called also multiple, disseminated, or insular, sclerosis.

Scle•ro•skel´e•ton , n. [Gr. sklhro•s hard + E. skeleton.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton which is developed in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.

Scle•ro´tal , a. (Anat.) Sclerotic. — n. The optic capsule; the sclerotic coat of the eye. Owen.

Scle•rot´ic , a. [Gr. sklhro•s hard: cf. F. sclerotique.] 1. Hard; firm; indurated; — applied especially in anatomy to the firm outer coat of the eyeball, which is often cartilaginous and sometimes bony. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sclerotic coat of the eye; sclerotical. 3. (Med.) Affected with sclerosis; sclerosed. Sclerotic parenchyma (Bot.), sclerenchyma. By some writers a distinction is made, sclerotic parenchyma being applied to tissue composed of cells with the walls hardened but not thickened, and sclerenchyma to tissue composed of cells with the walls both hardened and thickened.

Scle•rot´ic, n. [Cf. F. sclerotique.] (Anat.) The sclerotic coat of the eye. See Illust. of Eye (d).

Scle•rot´ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from ergot or the sclerotium of a fungus growing on rye.

Scle•rot´ic•al , a. (Anat.) Sclerotic.

Scler•o•ti´tis , n. [NL. See Sclerotic, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the sclerotic coat.

Scle•ro´ti•um , n.; pl. Sclerotia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro•s hard.] 1. (Bot.) A hardened body formed by certain fungi, as by the Claviceps purpurea, which produces ergot. 2. (Zoöl.) The mature or resting stage of a plasmodium.

Scler´o•tome (skler´o•tom or skler´o•tom), n. [Gr. sklhro•s hard + te•mnein to cut.] (Zoöl.) One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitions which separate the myotomes. — Scler•o•tom´ic (#), a.

Scle´rous , a. [Gr. .] (Anat.) Hard; indurated; sclerotic.

Scoat , v. t. To prop; to scotch. [Prov. Eng.]

Scob´by , n. The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Scob´i•form , a. [L. scobs, or scobis, sawdust, scrapings + -form: cf. F. scobiforme.] Having the form of, or resembling, sawdust or raspings.

Scobs, n. sing. & pl. [L. scobs, or scobis, fr. scabere to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, metals, or other hard substance. Chambers. 2. The dross of metals.

Scoff ( 115), n. [OE. scof; akin to OFries. schof, OHG. scoph, Icel. skaup, and perh. to E. shove.] 1. Derision; ridicule; mockery; derisive or mocking expression of scorn, contempt, or reproach. “With scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts.” Shak. 2. An object of scorn, mockery, or derision. “The scoff of withered age and beardless youth.” Cowper.

Scoff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scoffed ( 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoffing.] [Cf. Dan. skuffe to deceive, delude, Icel. skopa to scoff, OD. schoppen. See Scoff, n.] To show insolent ridicule or mockery; to manifest contempt by derisive acts or language; — often with at. “Truth from his lips prevailed with double sway,
And fools who came to scoff, remained to pray.” Goldsmith. “God’s better gift they scoff at and refuse.” Cowper. Syn. — To sneer; mock; gibe; jeer. See Sneer.

Scoff, v. t. To treat or address with derision; to assail scornfully; to mock at. “To scoff religion is ridiculously proud and immodest.” Glanvill.

Scoff´er , n. One who scoffs. 2 Pet. iii. 3.

Scoff´er•y , n. The act of scoffing; scoffing conduct; mockery. Holinshed.

Scoff´ing•ly, adv. In a scoffing manner. Broome.

Scoke , n. (Bot.) Poke (Phytolacca decandra).

Sco•lay´ , v. i. See Scoley. [Obs.]

Scold , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scolding.] [Akin to D. schelden, G. schelten, OHG. sceltan, Dan. skielde.] To find fault or rail with rude clamor; to brawl; to utter harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke; to chide sharply or coarsely; — often with at; as to scold at a servant. “Pardon me, lords, ’t is the first time ever
I was forced to scold.” Shak.

Scold, v. t. To chide with rudeness and clamor; to rate; also to rebuke or reprove with severity.

Scold, n. 1. One who scolds, or makes a practice of scolding; esp., a rude, clamorous woman; a shrew. “She is an irksome, brawling scold.” Shak. 2. A scolding; a brawl.

Scold´er , n. 1. One who scolds. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The oyster catcher; — so called from its shrill cries. (b) The old squaw. [Local U.S.]

Scold´ing, a. & n. from Scold, v. Scolding bridle, an iron frame. See Brank, n., 2.

Scold´ing•ly, adv. In a scolding manner.

Scole , n. School. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sco•le´ci•da , n. pl. [NL. See Scolex.] (Zoöl.) Same as Helminthes.

Scol´e•cite (? or 277), n. [Gr. skw•lhx, -hkos, a worm, earthworm.] (Min.) A zeolitic mineral occuring in delicate radiating groups of white crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also lime mesotype.

Sco•le•co•mor´pha , n. pl. [NL. See Scolex, -morphous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scolecida.

Sco´lex , n.; pl. Scoleces (#). [NL., from Gr. skw•lhx worm, grub.] (Zoöl.) (a) The embryo produced directly from the egg in a metagenetic series, especially the larva of a tapeworm or other parasitic worm. See Illust. of Echinococcus. (b) One of the Scolecida.

Sco•ley´ , v. i. [Cf. OF. escoler to teach. See School.] To go to school; to study. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sco•li•o´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. skolio•s crooked.] (Med.) A lateral curvature of the spine.

Scol´i•thus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. skw•lhx a worm + li•qos a stone.] (Paleon.) A tubular structure found in Potsdam sandstone, and believed to be the fossil burrow of a marine worm.

Scol´lop , n. & v. See Scallop.

Scol•o•pa´cine , a. [L. scolopax a snipe, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Scolopacidae, or Snipe family.

Scol•o•pen´dra , n. [L., a kind of multiped, fr. Gr. .] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of venomous myriapods including the centipeds. See Centiped. 2. A sea fish. [R.] Spenser.

Scol•o•pen´drine , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Scolopendra.

Scol´y•tid , n. [Gr. to cut short.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small bark-boring beetles of the genus Scolytus and allied genera. Also used adjectively.

Scom´ber , n. [L., a mackerel, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of acanthopterygious fishes which includes the common mackerel.

Scom´ber•oid , a. & n. [Cf. F. scomberoïde.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scombroid.

Scom•bri•for´mes (skom•bri•fôr´mez), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of fishes including the mackerels, tunnies, and allied fishes.

Scom´broid (skom´broid), a. [Scomber + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Mackerel family. — n. Any fish of the family Scombridae, of which the mackerel (Scomber) is the type.

Scom´fish (skom´fish or skum´- ), v. t. & i. To suffocate or stifle; to smother. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scom´fit (skum´fiy), n. & v. Discomfit. [Obs.]

Scomm (skom), n. [L. scomma a taunt, jeer, scoff, Gr. , fr. to mock, scoff at.] 1. A buffoon. [Obs.] L’Estrange. 2. A flout; a jeer; a gibe; a taunt. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Sconce , n. [D. schans, OD. schantse, perhaps from OF. esconse a hiding place, akin to esconser to hide, L. absconsus, p. p. of abscondere. See Abscond, and cf. Ensconce, Sconce a candlestick.] 1. A fortification, or work for defense; a fort. “No sconce or fortress of his raising was ever known either to have been forced, or yielded up, or quitted.” Milton. 2. A hut for protection and shelter; a stall. “One that … must raise a sconce by the highway and sell switches.” Beau. & Fl. 3. A piece of armor for the head; headpiece; helmet. “I must get a sconce for my head.” Shak. 4. Fig.: The head; the skull; also brains; sense; discretion. [Colloq.] “To knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel.” Shak. 5. A poll tax; a mulct or fine. Johnson. 6. [OF. esconse a dark lantern, properly, a hiding place. See Etymol. above.] A protection for a light; a lantern or cased support for a candle; hence, a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick. “Tapers put into lanterns or sconces of several- colored, oiled paper, that the wind might not annoy them.” Evelyn. “Golden sconces hang not on the walls.” Dryden. 7. Hence, the circular tube, with a brim, in a candlestick, into which the candle is inserted. 8. (Arch.) A squinch. 9. A fragment of a floe of ice. Kane. 10. [Perhaps a different word.] A fixed seat or shelf. [Prov. Eng.]

Sconce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sconced p. pr. & vb. n. Sconcing.] 1. To shut up in a sconce; to imprison; to insconce. [Obs.] “Immure him, sconce him, barricade him in ’t.” Marston. 2. To mulct; to fine. [Obs.] Milton.

Scon´cheon , n. (Arch.) A squinch.

Scone , n. A cake, thinner than a bannock, made of wheat or barley or oat meal. [Written variously, scon, skone, skon, etc.] [Scot.] Burns.

Scoop , n. [OE. scope, of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. skopa, akin to D. schop a shovel, G. schüppe, and also to E. shove. See Shovel.] 1. A large ladle; a vessel with a long handle, used for dipping liquids; a utensil for bailing boats. 2. A deep shovel, or any similar implement for digging out and dipping or shoveling up anything; as a flour scoop; the scoop of a dredging machine. 3. (Surg.) A spoon-shaped instrument, used in extracting certain substances or foreign bodies. 4. A place hollowed out; a basinlike cavity; a hollow. “Some had lain in the scoop of the rock.” J. R. Drake. 5. A sweep; a stroke; a swoop. 6. The act of scooping, or taking with a scoop or ladle; a motion with a scoop, as in dipping or shoveling. Scoop net, a kind of hand net, used in fishing; also a net for sweeping the bottom of a river. — Scoop wheel, a wheel for raising water, having scoops or buckets attached to its circumference; a tympanum.

Scoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scooped p. pr. & vb. n. Scooping.] [OE. scopen. See Scoop, n.] 1. To take out or up with, a scoop; to lade out. “He scooped the water from the crystal flood.” Dryden. 2. To empty by lading; as to scoop a well dry. 3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to excavate; to dig out; to form by digging or excavation. “Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above a pint.” Arbuthnot.

Scoop´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, scoops. 2. (Zoöl.) The avocet; — so called because it scoops up the mud to obtain food.

Scoot , v. i. To walk fast; to go quickly; to run hastily away. [Colloq. & Humorous, U. S.]

Sco´pa•rin , n. (Chem.) A yellow gelatinous or crystalline substance found in broom (Cytisus scoparius) accompanying sparteïne.

Sco´pate , a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom.] (Zoöl.) Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush.

-scope . [Gr. skopo•s a watcher, spy. See Scope.] A combining form usually signifying an instrument for viewing (with the eye) or observing (in any way); as in microscope, telescope, altoscope, anemoscope.

Scope , n. [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, Gr. skopo•s, a watcher, mark, aim; akin to , to view, and perh. to E. spy. Cf. Skeptic, Bishop.] 1. That at which one aims; the thing or end to which the mind directs its view; that which is purposed to be reached or accomplished; hence, ultimate design, aim, or purpose; intention; drift; object. ´Shooting wide, do miss the marked scope.´ Spenser. “Your scope is as mine own,
So to enforce or qualify the laws
As to your soul seems good.” Shak. “The scope of all their pleading against man’s authority, is to overthrow such laws and constitutions in the church.” Hooker. 2. Room or opportunity for free outlook or aim; space for action; amplitude of opportunity; free course or vent; liberty; range of view, intent, or action. “Give him line and scope.” Shak. “In the fate and fortunes of the human race, scope is given to the operation of laws which man must always fail to discern the reasons of.” I. Taylor. “Excuse me if I have given too much scope to the reflections which have arisen in my mind.” Burke. “An intellectual cultivation of no moderate depth or scope.” Hawthorne. 3. Extended area. [Obs.] ´The scopes of land granted to the first adventurers.´ Sir J. Davies. 4. Length; extent; sweep; as scope of cable.

Sco´pe•line , a. (Zoöl.) Scopeloid.

Sco´pe•loid , a. [NL. Scopelus, typical genus (fr. Gr. a headland) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to fishes of the genus Scopelus, or family Scopelodae, which includes many small oceanic fishes, most of which are phosphorescent. — n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Scopelidae.

Sco•pif´er•ous , a. [L. scopae, scopa + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing a tuft of brushlike hairs.

Sco´pi•form , a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + -form.] Having the form of a broom or besom. ´Zeolite, stelliform or scopiform.´ Kirwan.

Sco´pi•ped ( 277), n. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scopuliped.

Scop´pet , v. t. [From Scoop, v. t.] To lade or dip out. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Scops´ owl [NL. scops, fr. Gr. the little horned owl.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small owls of the genus Scops having ear tufts like those of the horned owls, especially the European scops owl (Scops giu), and the American screech owl (S. asio). { Scop´tic , Scop´tic•al }, a. [Gr. skwptiko•s, from skw•ptein to mock, to scoff at.] Jesting; jeering; scoffing. [Obs.] South. — Scop´tic•al•ly, adv. [Obs.]

Scop´u•la , n.; pl. E. Scopulas (#), L. Scopulae (#). [L. scopulae, pl. a little broom.] (Zoöl.) (a) A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web. (b) A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee.

Scop´u•li•ped , n. [L. scopulae, pl., a little broom (fr. scopae a broom) + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Any species of bee which has on the hind legs a brush of hairs used for collecting pollen, as the hive bees and bumblebees.

Scop´u•lous , a. [L. scopulosus, fr. scopulus a rock, Gr. .] Full of rocks; rocky. [Obs.]

Scor´bute , n. [LL. scorbutus: cf. F. scorbut. See Scurvy, n.] Scurvy. [Obs.] Purchas. { Scor•bu´tic , Scor•bu´tic•al }, a. [Cf. F. scorbutique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to scurvy; of the nature of, or resembling, scurvy; diseased with scurvy; as a scorbutic person; scorbutic complaints or symptoms. — Scor•bu´tic•al•ly, adv.

Scor•bu´tus , n. [LL. See Scorbute.] (Med.) Scurvy.

Scorce , n. Barter. [Obs.] See Scorse.

Scorch (skôrch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorched p. pr. & vb. n. Scorching.] [OE. scorchen, probably akin to scorcnen; cf. Norw. skrokken shrunk up, skrekka, skrökka, to shrink, to become wrinkled up, dial. Sw. skråkkla to wrinkle (see Shrug); but perhaps influenced by OF. escorchier to strip the bark from, to flay, to skin, F. ecorcher, LL. excorticare; L. ex from + cortex, -icis, bark (cf. Cork); because the skin falls off when scorched.] 1. To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; to subject to so much heat as changes color and texture without consuming; as to scorch linen. “Summer drouth or singèd air
Never scorch thy tresses fair.” Milton. 2. To affect painfully with heat, or as with heat; to dry up with heat; to affect as by heat. “Lashed by mad rage, and scorched by brutal fires.” Prior. 3. To burn; to destroy by, or as by, fire. “Power was given unto him to scorch men with fire.” Rev. xvi. 8. “The fire that scorches me to death.” Dryden.

Scorch, v. i. 1. To be burnt on the surface; to be parched; to be dried up. “Scatter a little mungy straw or fern amongst your seedlings, to prevent the roots from scorching.” Mortimer. 2. To burn or be burnt. “He laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which forthwith seemed to scorch into Hester’s breast, as if it had been red hot.” Hawthorne.

Scorch´ing, a. Burning; parching or shriveling with heat. — Scorch´ing•ly, adv. — Scorch´ing•ness, n.

Score (skor), n. [AS. scor twenty, fr. sceran, scieran, to shear, cut, divide; or rather the kindred Icel. skor incision, twenty, akin to Dan. skure a notch, Sw. skåra. See Shear.] 1. A notch or incision; especially, one that is made as a tally mark; hence, a mark, or line, made for the purpose of account. “Whereas before, our forefathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used.” Shak. 2. An account or reckoning; account of dues; bill; hence, indebtedness. “He parted well, and paid his score.” Shak. 3. Account; reason; motive; sake; behalf. “But left the trade, as many more
Have lately done on the same score.” Hudibras. “You act your kindness in Cydaria’s score.” Dryden. 4. The number twenty, as being marked off by a special score or tally; hence, in pl., a large number. “Amongst three or four score hogsheads.” Shak. “At length the queen took upon herself to grant patents of monopoly by scores.” Macaulay. 5. A distance of twenty yards; — a term used in ancient archery and gunnery. Halliwell. 6. A weight of twenty pounds. [Prov. Eng.] 7. The number of points gained by the contestants, or either of them, in any game, as in cards or cricket. 8. A line drawn; a groove or furrow. 9. (Mus.) The original and entire draught, or its transcript, of a composition, with the parts for all the different instruments or voices written on staves one above another, so that they can be read at a glance; — so called from the bar, which, in its early use, was drawn through all the parts. Moore (Encyc. of Music). In score (Mus.), having all the parts arranged and placed in juxtaposition. Smart. — To quit scores, to settle or balance accounts; to render an equivalent; to make compensation. “Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it?” South.

Score (skor), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scored (skord); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches, or notches; to cut notches or furrows in; to notch; to scratch; to furrow; as to score timber for hewing; to score the back with a lash. “Let us score their backs.” Shak. “A briar in that tangled wilderness
Had scored her white right hand.” M. Arnold. 2. Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, for indicating or keeping account of something; as to score a tally. 3. To mark or signify by lines or notches; to keep record or account of; to set down; to record; to charge. “Madam, I know when,
Instead of five, you scored me ten.” Swift. “Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score.” Shak. 4. To engrave, as upon a shield. [R.] Spenser. 5. To make a score of, as points, runs, etc., in a game. 6. (Mus.) To write down in proper order and arrangement; as to score an overture for an orchestra. See Score, n., 9. 7. (Geol.) To mark with parallel lines or scratches; as the rocks of New England and the Western States were scored in the drift epoch.

Scor´er , n. One who, or that which, scores.

Sco´ri•a , n.; pl. Scoriae (#). [L., fr. Gr. , fr. dung, ordure.] 1. The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic ores; dross. 2. Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders.

Sco´ri•ac , a. Scoriaceous. E. A. Poe.

Sco•ri•a´ceous , a. [Cf. F. scoriace.] Of or pertaining to scoria; like scoria or the recrement of metals; partaking of the nature of scoria.

Sco´rie , n. (Zoöl.) The young of any gull. [Written also scaurie.] [Prov. Eng.]

Sco•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. scorification. See Scorify.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of scorifying, or reducing to a slag; hence, the separation from earthy matter by means of a slag; as the scorification of ores.

Sco´ri•fi•er , n. (Chem.) One who, or that which, scorifies; specifically, a small flat bowl-shaped cup used in the first heating in assaying, to remove the earth and gangue, and to concentrate the gold and silver in a lead button.

Sco´ri•form , a. In the form of scoria.

Sco´ri•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorified p. pr. & vb. n. Scorifying ] [Scoria + -fy: cf. F. scorifier.] (Chem.) To reduce to scoria or slag; specifically, in assaying, to fuse so as to separate the gangue and earthy material, with borax, lead, soda, etc., thus leaving the gold and silver in a lead button; hence, to separate from, or by means of, a slag.

Sco´ri•ous , a. Scoriaceous. Sir T. Browne.

Scorn (skôrn), n. [OE. scorn, scarn, scharn, OF. escarn, escharn, eschar, of German origin; cf. OHG. skern mockery, skernon to mock; but cf. also OF. escorner to mock.] 1. Extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard; that disdain which springs from the opinion of the utter meanness and unworthiness of an object. “Scorn at first makes after love the more.” Shak. “And wandered backward as in scorn,
To wait an aeon to be born.” Emerson. 2. An act or expression of extreme contempt. “Every sullen frown and bitter scorn
But fanned the fuel that too fast did burn.” Dryden. 3. An object of extreme disdain, contempt, or derision. “Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbors, a scorn and a derision to them that are round about us.” Ps. xliv. 13. To think scorn, to regard as worthy of scorn or contempt; to disdain. ´He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone.´ Esther iii. 6. — To laugh to scorn, to deride; to make a mock of; to ridicule as contemptible. Syn. — Contempt; disdain; derision; contumely; despite; slight; dishonor; mockery.

Scorn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorned (skôrnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] [OE. scornen, scarnen, schornen, OF. escarnir, escharnir. See Scorn, n.] 1. To hold in extreme contempt; to reject as unworthy of regard; to despise; to contemn; to disdain. “I scorn thy meat; ’t would choke me.” Shak. “This my long sufferance, and my day of grace,
Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste.” Milton. “We scorn what is in itself contemptible or disgraceful.” C. J. Smith. 2. To treat with extreme contempt; to make the object of insult; to mock; to scoff at; to deride. “His fellow, that lay by his bed’s side,
Gan for to laugh, and scorned him full fast.” Chaucer. “To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously.” Shak. Syn. — To contemn; despise; disdain. See Contemn.

Scorn (skôrn), v. i. To scoff; to mock; to show contumely, derision, or reproach; to act disdainfully. “He said mine eyes were black and my hair black,
And, now I am remembered, scorned at me.” Shak.

Scorn´er , n. One who scorns; a despiser; a contemner; specifically, a scoffer at religion. ´Great scorners of death.´ Spenser. “Surely he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the lowly.” Prov. iii. 34.

Scorn´ful , a. 1. Full of scorn or contempt; contemptuous; disdainful. “Scornful of winter’s frost and summer’s sun.” Prior. “Dart not scornful glances from those eyes.” Shak. 2. Treated with scorn; exciting scorn. [Obs.] “The scornful mark of every open eye.” Shak. Syn. — Contemptuous; disdainful; contumelious; reproachful; insolent. — Scorn´ful•ly, adv. — Scorn´ful•ness, n.

Scorn´y , a. Deserving scorn; paltry. [Obs.]

Scor´o•dite , n. [G. scorodit; — so called in allusion to its smell under the blowpipe, from Gr. garlic.] (Min.) A leek-green or brownish mineral occurring in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous arseniate of iron. [Written also skorodite.]

Scor•pae´noid , a. [NL. Scorpaena, a typical genus (see Scorpene) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scorpaenidae, which includes the scorpene, the rosefish, the California rockfishes, and many other food fishes. [Written also scorpaenid.] See Illust. under Rockfish.

Scor´pene , n. [F. scorpène, fr. L. scorpaena a kind of fish, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish of the genus Scorpaena, as the European hogfish (S. scrofa), and the California species (S. guttata).

Scor´per , n. Same as Scauper.

Scor´pi•o , n.; pl. Scorpiones (#). [L.] 1. (Zoöl.) A scorpion. 2. (Astron.) (a) The eighth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the twenty-third day of October, marked thus [&scorpio;] in almanacs. (b) A constellation of the zodiac containing the bright star Antares. It is drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a scorpion.

Scor•pi•o´de•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scorpiones. { Scor´pi•oid , Scor•pi•oid´al }, a. [Gr. ; a scorpion + form.] 1. Having the inflorescence curved or circinate at the end, like a scorpion’s tail.

Scor´pi•on , n. [F., fr. L. scorpio, scorpius, Gr. , perhaps akin to E. sharp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of pulmonate arachnids of the order Scorpiones, having a suctorial mouth, large claw-bearing palpi, and a caudal sting. Scorpions have a flattened body, and a long, slender post- abdomen formed of six movable segments, the last of which terminates in a curved venomous sting. The venom causes great pain, but is unattended either with redness or swelling, except in the axillary or inguinal glands, when an extremity is affected. It is seldom if ever destructive of life. Scorpions are found widely dispersed in the warm climates of both the Old and New Worlds. 2. (Zoöl.) The pine or gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). [Local, U. S.] 3. (Zoöl.) The scorpene. 4. (Script.) A painful scourge. “My father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.” 1 Kings xii. 11. 5. (Astron.) A sign and constellation. See Scorpio. 6. (Antiq.) An ancient military engine for hurling stones and other missiles. Book scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under Book. — False scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under False, and Book scorpion. — Scorpion bug, or Water scorpion (Zoöl.) See Nepa. — Scorpion fly (Zoöl.), a neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa. See Panorpid. — Scorpion grass (Bot.), a plant of the genus Myosotis. M. palustris is the forget-me-not. — Scorpion senna (Bot.), a yellow-flowered leguminous shrub (Coronilla Emerus) having a slender joined pod, like a scorpion’s tail. The leaves are said to yield a dye like indigo, and to be used sometimes to adulterate senna. — Scorpion shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras. — Scorpion spiders. (Zoöl.), any one of the Pedipalpi. — Scorpion’s tail (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Scorpiurus, herbs with a circinately coiled pod; — also called caterpillar. — Scorpion’s thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Genista Scorpius) of Southern Europe. — The Scorpion’s Heart (Astron.), the star Antares in the constellation Scorpio.

Scor•pi•o´nes , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of arachnids comprising the scorpions.

Scor•pi•o•nid´e•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scorpiones.

Scor´pi•on•wort , n. (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Ornithopus scorpioides) of Southern Europe, having slender curved pods.

Scorse , n. [Cf. It. scorsa a course, and E. discourse.] Barter; exchange; trade. [Obs.] “And recompensed them with a better scorse.” Spenser.

Scorse, v. t. [Written also scourse, and scoss.] 1. To barter or exchange. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To chase. [Obs.] Spenser.

Scorse, v. i. To deal for the purchase of anything; to practice barter. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Scor´ta•to•ry , a. [L. scortator a fornicator, from scortari to fornicate, scortum a prostitute.] Pertaining to lewdness or fornication; lewd.

Scot , n. A name for a horse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scot, n. [Cf. L. Skoti, pl., AS. Scotta, pl. Skottas, Sceottas.] A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scotsman, or Scotchman.

Scot, n. [Icel. skot; or OF. escot, F. ecot, LL. scottum, scotum, from a kindred German word; akin to AS. scot, and E. shot, shoot; cf. AS. sceótan to shoot, to contribute. See Shoot, and cf. Shot.] A portion of money assessed or paid; a tax or contribution; a mulct; a fine; a shot. Scot and lot, formerly, a parish assessment laid on subjects according to their ability. [Eng.] Cowell. Now, a phrase for obligations of every kind regarded collectivelly. “Experienced men of the world know very well that it is best to pay scot and lot as they go along.” Emerson. { Scot´al , Scot´ale }, n. [Scot + ale.] (O. Eng. Law) The keeping of an alehouse by an officer of a forest, and drawing people to spend their money for liquor, for fear of his displeasure.

Scotch , a. [Cf. Scottish.] Of or pertaining to Scotland, its language, or its inhabitants; Scottish. Scotch broom (Bot.), the Cytisus scoparius. See Broom. — Scotch dipper, or Scotch duck (Zoöl.), the bufflehead; — called also Scotch teal, and Scotchman. — Scotch fiddle, the itch. [Low] Sir W. Scott. — Scotch mist, a coarse, dense mist, like fine rain. — Scotch nightingale (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler. [Prov. Eng.] — Scotch pebble. See under pebble. — Scotch pine (Bot.) See Riga fir. — Scotch thistle (Bot.), a species of thistle (Onopordon acanthium); — so called from its being the national emblem of the Scotch.

Scotch, n. 1. The dialect or dialects of English spoken by the people of Scotland. 2. Collectively, the people of Scotland.

Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scotched p. pr. & vb. n. Scotching.] [Cf. Prov. E. scote a prop, and Walloon ascot a prop, ascoter to prop, F. accoter, also Armor. skoaz the shoulder, skoazia to shoulder up, to prop, to support, W. ysgwydd a shoulder, ysgwyddo to shoulder. Cf. Scoat.] [Written also scoatch, scoat.] To shoulder up; to prop or block with a wedge, chock, etc., as a wheel, to prevent its rolling or slipping.

Scotch, n. A chock, wedge, prop, or other support, to prevent slipping; as a scotch for a wheel or a log on inclined ground.

Scotch, v. t. [Probably the same word as scutch; cf. Norw. skoka, skoko, a swingle for flax; perhaps akin to E. shake.] To cut superficially; to wound; to score. “We have scotched the snake, not killed it.” Shak. Scotched collops (Cookery), a dish made of pieces of beef or veal cut thin, or minced, beaten flat, and stewed with onion and other condiments; — called also Scotch collops. [Written also scotcht collops.]

Scotch, n. A slight cut or incision; a score. Walton.

Scotch´-hop•per , n. Hopscotch.

Scotch´ing, n. (Masonry) Dressing stone with a pick or pointed instrument.

Scotch´man , n.; pl. Scotchmen . 1. A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scot; a Scotsman. 2. (Naut.) A piece of wood or stiff hide placed over shrouds and other rigging to prevent chafe by the running gear. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sco´ter , n. [Cf. Prov. E. scote to plow up.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of northern sea ducks of the genus Oidemia. The European scoters are Oidemia nigra, called also black duck, black diver, surf duck; and the velvet, or double, scoter (O. fusca). The common American species are the velvet, or white-winged, scoter (O. Deglandi), called also velvet duck, white-wing, bull coot, white-winged coot; the black scoter (O. Americana), called also black coot, butterbill, coppernose; and the surf scoter, or surf duck (O. perspicillata), called also baldpate, skunkhead, horsehead, patchhead, pishaug, and spectacled coot. These birds are collectively called also coots. The females and young are called gray coots, and brown coots.

Scot´-free´ [?], a. Free from payment of scot; untaxed; hence, unhurt; clear; safe. “Do as much for this purpose, and thou shalt pass scot-free.” Sir W. Scott. “Then young Hay escaped scot-free to Holland.” A. Lang.

Scoth , v. t. To clothe or cover up. [Obs.]

Sco´ti•a , n. [L., fr. Gr. skoti•a darkness, a sunken molding in the base of a pillar, so called from the dark shadow it casts, from sko•tos darkness.] (Arch.) A concave molding used especially in classical architecture.

Sco´ti•a, n. [L.] Scotland [Poetic] “O Scotia! my dear, my native soil!” Burns.

Sco´tist , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of (Joannes) Duns Scotus, the Franciscan scholastic (d. 1308), who maintained certain doctrines in philosophy and theology, in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas the Dominican scholastic.

Scot´o•graph , n. [Gr. sko•tos darkness + -graph.] An instrument for writing in the dark, or without seeing. Maunder.

Sco•to´ma , n. [L.] (Med.) Scotomy.

Scot´o•my , n. [NL. scotomia, from Gr. dizziness, fr. to darken, fr. sko•tos darkness: cf. F. scotomie.] 1. Dizziness with dimness of sight. [Obs.] Massinger. 2. (Med.) Obscuration of the field of vision due to the appearance of a dark spot before the eye.

Sco´to•scope , n. [Gr. sko•tos darkness + -scope.] An instrument that discloses objects in the dark or in a faint light. [Obs.] Pepys.

Scots , a. [For older Scottis Scottish. See Scottish.] Of or pertaining to the Scotch; Scotch; Scottish; as Scots law; a pound Scots (1s. 8d.).

Scots´man (-man), n. See Scotchman.

Scot´ter•ing , n. The burning of a wad of pease straw at the end of harvest. [Prov. Eng.]

Scot´ti•cism , n. An idiom, or mode of expression, peculiar to Scotland or Scotchmen. “That, in short, in which the Scotticism of Scotsmen most intimately consists, is the habit of emphasis.” Masson.

Scot´ti•cize , v. t. To cause to become like the Scotch; to make Scottish. [R.]

Scot´tish , a. [From Scot a Scotchman: cf. AS. Scyttisc, and E. Scotch, a., Scots, a.] Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of Scotland, their country, or their language; as Scottish industry or economy; a Scottish chief; a Scottish dialect.

Scoun´drel , n. [Probably from Prov. E. & Scotch scunner, scouner, to loathe, to disgust, akin to AS. scunian to shun. See Shun.] A mean, worthless fellow; a rascal; a villain; a man without honor or virtue. “Go, if your ancient, but ignoble blood
Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood.” Pope.

Scoun´drel, a. Low; base; mean; unprincipled.

Scoun´drel•dom , n. The domain or sphere of scoundrels; scoundrels, collectively; the state, ideas or practices of scoundrels. Carlyle.

Scoun´drel•ism , n. The practices or conduct of a scoundrel; baseness; rascality. Cotgrave.

Scour (skour), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scoured p. pr. & vb. n. Scouring.] [Akin to LG. schüren, D. schuren, schueren, G. scheuern, Dan. skure; Sw. skura; all possibly fr. LL. escurare, fr. L. ex + curare to take care. Cf. Cure.] 1. To rub hard with something rough, as sand or Bristol brick, especially for the purpose of cleaning; to clean by friction; to make clean or bright; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc., as articles of dress. 2. To purge; as to scour a horse. 3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing; to sweep along or off; to carry away or remove, as by a current of water; — often with off or away. “[I will] stain my favors in a bloody mask,
Which, washed away, shall scour my shame with it.” Shak. 4. [Perhaps a different word; cf. OF. escorre, escourre, It. scorrere, both fr. L. excurrere to run forth. Cf. Excursion.] To pass swiftly over; to brush along; to traverse or search thoroughly; as to scour the coast. “Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain.” Pope. Scouring barrel, a tumbling barrel. See under Tumbling. — Scouring cinder (Metal.), a basic slag, which attacks the lining of a shaft furnace. Raymond. — Scouring rush. (Bot.) See Dutch rush, under Dutch. — Scouring stock (Woolen Manuf.), a kind of fulling mill.

Scour, v. i. 1. To clean anything by rubbing. Shak. 2. To cleanse anything. “Warm water is softer than cold, for it scoureth better.” Bacon. 3. To be purged freely; to have a diarrhœa. 4. To run swiftly; to rove or range in pursuit or search of something; to scamper. “So four fierce coursers, starting to the race,
Scour through the plain, and lengthen every pace.” Dryden.

Scour, n. Diarrhœa or dysentery among cattle.

Scour´age ( 48), n. Refuse water after scouring.

Scour´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, scours. 2. A rover or footpad; a prowling robber. “In those days of highwaymen and scourers.” Macaulay.

Scourge , n. [F. escourgee, fr. L. excoriata (sc. scutica) a stripped off (lash or whip), fr. excoriare to strip, to skin. See Excoriate.] 1. A lash; a strap or cord; especially, a lash used to inflict pain or punishment; an instrument of punishment or discipline; a whip. “Up to coach then goes
The observed maid, takes both the scourge and reins.” Chapman. 2. Hence, a means of inflicting punishment, vengeance, or suffering; an infliction of affliction; a punishment. “Sharp scourges of adversity.” Chaucer. “What scourge for perjury
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence?” Shak.

Scourge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scourged p. pr. & vb. n. Scourging ] [From Scourge, n.: cf. OF. escorgier.] 1. To whip severely; to lash. “Is it lawful for you to scourge a … Roman?” Acts xxii. 25. 2. To punish with severity; to chastise; to afflict, as for sins or faults, and with the purpose of correction. “Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth.” Heb. xii. 6. 3. To harass or afflict severely. “To scourge and impoverish the people.” Brougham.

Scour´ger , n. One who scourges or punishes; one who afflicts severely. “The West must own the scourger of the world.” Byron.

Scourse (skors), v. t. See Scorse. [Obs.]

Scouse (skous), n. (Naut.) A sailor’s dish. Bread scouse contains no meat; lobscouse contains meat, etc. See Lobscouse. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Scout (skout), n. [Icel. skuta a small craft or cutter.] A swift sailing boat. [Obs.] “So we took a scout, very much pleased with the manner and conversation of the passengers.” Pepys.

Scout, n. [Icel. skuta to jut out. Cf. Scout to reject.] A projecting rock. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Scout (skout), v. t. [Icel. skuta a taunt; cf. Icel. skuta to jut out, skota to shove, skjota to shoot, to shove. See Shoot.] To reject with contempt, as something absurd; to treat with ridicule; to flout; as to scout an idea or an apology. ´Flout ’em and scout ’em.´ Shak.

Scout, n. [OF. escoute scout, spy, fr. escouter, escolter, to listen, to hear, F. ecouter, fr. L. auscultare, to hear with attention, to listen to. See Auscultation.] 1. A person sent out to gain and bring in tidings; especially, one employed in war to gain information of the movements and condition of an enemy. “Scouts each coast light-armèd scour,
Each quarter, to descry the distant foe.” Milton. 2. A college student’s or undergraduate’s servant; — so called in Oxford, England; at Cambridge called a gyp; and at Dublin, a skip. [Cant] 3. (Cricket) A fielder in a game for practice. 4. The act of scouting or reconnoitering. [Colloq.] “While the rat is on the scout.” Cowper. Syn. — Scout, Spy. — In a military sense a scout is a soldier who does duty in his proper uniform, however hazardous his adventure. A spy is one who in disguise penetrates the enemies’ lines, or lurks near them, to obtain information.

Scout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scouting.] 1. To observe, watch, or look for, as a scout; to follow for the purpose of observation, as a scout. “Take more men,
And scout him round.” Beau. & Fl. 2. To pass over or through, as a scout; to reconnoiter; as to scout a country.

Scout, v. i. To go on the business of scouting, or watching the motions of an enemy; to act as a scout. “With obscure wing
Scout far and wide into the realm of night.” Milton.

Scov´el (skuv´’l), n. [OF. escouve, escouvette, broom, L. scopae, or cf. W. ysgubell, dim. of ysgub a broom.] A mop for sweeping ovens; a malkin.

Scow (skou), n. [D. schouw.] (Naut.) A large flat-bottomed boat, having broad, square ends.

Scow, v. t. To transport in a scow.

Scowl (skoul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scowled (skould); p. pr. & vb. n. Scowling.] [Akin to Dan. skule; cf. Icel. skolla to skulk, LG. schulen to hide one’s self, D. schuilen, G. schielen to squint, Dan. skele, Sw. skela, AS. sceolh squinting. Cf. Skulk.] 1. To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; to put on a frowning look; to look sour, sullen, severe, or angry. “She scowled and frowned with froward countenance.” Spenser. 2. Hence, to look gloomy, dark, or threatening; to lower. ´The scowling heavens.´ Thomson.

Scowl, v. t. 1. To look at or repel with a scowl or a frown. Milton. 2. To express by a scowl; as to scowl defiance.

Scowl, n. 1. The wrinkling of the brows or face in frowing; the expression of displeasure, sullenness, or discontent in the countenance; an angry frown. “With solemn phiz, and critic scowl.” Lloyd. 2. Hence, gloom; dark or threatening aspect. Burns. “A ruddy storm, whose scowl
Made heaven’s radiant face look foul.” Crashaw.

Scowl´ing•ly, adv. In a scowling manner.

Scrab´bed eggs [CF. Scramble.] A Lenten dish, composed of eggs boiled hard, chopped, and seasoned with butter, salt, and pepper. Halliwell.

Scrab´ble (skrab´b’l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Scrabbling ] [Freq. of scrape. Cf. Scramble, Scrawl, v. t.] 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to proceed by clawing with the hands and feet; to scramble; as to scrabble up a cliff or a tree. “Now after a while Little-faith came to himself, and getting up made shift to scrabble on his way.” Bunyan. 2. To make irregular, crooked, or unmeaning marks; to scribble; to scrawl. “David … scrabbled on the doors of the gate.” 1. Sam. xxi. 13.

Scrab´ble, v. t. To mark with irregular lines or letters; to scribble; as to scrabble paper.

Scrab´ble, n. The act of scrabbling; a moving upon the hands and knees; a scramble; also a scribble.

Scra´ber , n. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Zoöl.) (a) The Manx shearwater. (b) The black guillemot.

Scraf´fle (skraf´f’l), v. i. [See Scramble: cf. OD. schraeffelen to scrape.] To scramble or struggle; to wrangle; also to be industrious. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrag (skrag), n. [Cf. dial. Sw. skraka a great dry tree, a long, lean man, Gael. sgreagach dry, shriveled, rocky. See Shrink, and cf. Scrog, Shrag, n.] 1. Something thin, lean, or rough; a bony piece; especially, a bony neckpiece of meat; hence, humorously or in contempt, the neck. “Lady MacScrew, who … serves up a scrag of mutton on silver.” Thackeray. 2. A rawboned person. [Low] Halliwell. 3. A ragged, stunted tree or branch. Scrag whale (Zoöl.), a North Atlantic whalebone whale (Agaphelus gibbosus). By some it is considered the young of the right whale.

Scrag´ged , a. 1. Rough with irregular points, or a broken surface; scraggy; as a scragged backbone. 2. Lean and rough; scraggy.

Scrag´ged•ness, n. Quality or state of being scragged.

Scrag´gi•ly , adv. In a scraggy manner.

Scrag´gi•ness, n. The quality or state of being scraggy; scraggedness.

Scrag´gy , a. [Compar. Scragger superl. Scraggiest.] 1. Rough with irregular points; scragged. ´A scraggy rock.´ J. Philips. 2. Lean and rough; scragged. ´His sinewy, scraggy neck.´ Sir W. Scott.

Scrag´ly, a. See Scraggy.

Scrag´-necked , a. Having a scraggy neck.

Scram´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrambled p. pr. & vb. n. Scrambling ] [Freq. of Prov. E. scramb to rake together with the hands, or of scramp to snatch at. cf. Scrabble.] 1. To clamber with hands and knees; to scrabble; as to scramble up a cliff; to scramble over the rocks. 2. To struggle eagerly with others for something thrown upon the ground; to go down upon all fours to seize something; to catch rudely at what is desired. “Of other care they little reckoning make,
Than how to scramble at the shearer’s feast.” Milton.

Scram´ble , v. t. 1. To collect by scrambling; as to scramble up wealth. Marlowe. 2. To prepare (eggs) as a dish for the table, by stirring the yolks and whites together while cooking.

Scram´ble, n. 1. The act of scrambling, climbing on all fours, or clambering. 2. The act of jostling and pushing for something desired; eager and unceremonious struggle for what is thrown or held out; as a scramble for office. “Scarcity [of money] enhances its price, and increases the scramble.” Locke.

Scram´bler , n. 1. One who scrambles; one who climbs on all fours. 2. A greedy and unceremonious contestant.

Scram´bling , a. Confused and irregular; awkward; scambling. — Scram´bling•ly, adv. “A huge old scrambling bedroom.” Sir W. Scott.

Scranch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scranched p. pr. & vb. n. Scranching.] [Cf. D. schransen to eat greedily, G. schranzen. Cf. Crunch, Scrunch.] To grind with the teeth, and with a crackling sound; to craunch. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Scrank´y , a. Thin; lean. [Scot.]

Scran´nel , a. [Cf. Scrawny.] Slight; thin; lean; poor. “Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.” Milton.

Scran´ny , a. [See Scrannel.] Thin; lean; meager; scrawny; scrannel. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Scrap (skrap), n. [OE. scrappe, fr. Icel. skrap trifle, cracking. See Scrape, v. t.] 1. Something scraped off; hence, a small piece; a bit; a fragment; a detached, incomplete portion. “I have no materials — not a scrap.” De Quincey. 2. Specifically, a fragment of something written or printed; a brief excerpt; an unconnected extract. 3. pl. The crisp substance that remains after drying out animal fat; as pork scraps. 4. pl. Same as Scrap iron, below. Scrap forgings, forgings made from wrought iron scrap. — Scrap iron. (a) Cuttings and waste pieces of wrought iron from which bar iron or forgings can be made; — called also wrought-iron scrap. (b) Fragments of cast iron or defective castings suitable for remelting in the foundry; — called also foundry scrap, or cast scrap.

Scrap´book , n. A blank book in which extracts cut from books and papers may be pasted and kept.

Scrape (skrap), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scraped p. pr. & vb. n. Scraping.] [Icel. skrapa; akin to Sw. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, D. schrapen, schrabben, G. schrappen, and prob. to E. sharp.] 1. To rub over the surface of (something) with a sharp or rough instrument; to rub over with something that roughens by removing portions of the surface; to grate harshly over; to abrade; to make even, or bring to a required condition or form, by moving the sharp edge of an instrument breadthwise over the surface with pressure, cutting away excesses and superfluous parts; to make smooth or clean; as to scrape a bone with a knife; to scrape a metal plate to an even surface. 2. To remove by rubbing or scraping (in the sense above). “I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock.” Ezek. xxvi. 4. 3. To collect by, or as by, a process of scraping; to gather in small portions by laborious effort; hence, to acquire avariciously and save penuriously; — often followed by together or up; as to scrape money together. “The prelatical party complained that, to swell a number the nonconformists did not choose, but scrape, subscribers.” Fuller. 4. To express disapprobation of, as a play, or to silence, as a speaker, by drawing the feet back and forth upon the floor; — usually with down. Macaulay. To scrape acquaintance, to seek acquaintance otherwise than by an introduction. Farquhar. “He tried to scrape acquaintance with her, but failed ignominiously.” G. W. Cable.

Scrape, v. i. 1. To rub over the surface of anything with something which roughens or removes it, or which smooths or cleans it; to rub harshly and noisily along. 2. To occupy one’s self with getting laboriously; as he scraped and saved until he became rich. ´[Spend] their scraping fathers’ gold.´ Shak. 3. To play awkwardly and inharmoniously on a violin or like instrument. 4. To draw back the right foot along the ground or floor when making a bow.

Scrape, n. 1. The act of scraping; also the effect of scraping, as a scratch, or a harsh sound; as a noisy scrape on the floor; a scrape of a pen. 2. A drawing back of the right foot when bowing; also a bow made with that accompaniment. H. Spencer. 3. A disagreeable and embarrassing predicament out of which one can not get without undergoing, as it were, a painful rubbing or scraping; a perplexity; a difficulty. “The too eager pursuit of this his old enemy through thick and thin has led him into many of these scrapes.” Bp. Warburton.

Scrape´pen•ny , n. One who gathers and hoards money in trifling sums; a miser.

Scrap´er , n. 1. An instrument with which anything is scraped. Specifically: (a) An instrument by which the soles of shoes are cleaned from mud and the like, by drawing them across it. (b) An instrument drawn by oxen or horses, used for scraping up earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals etc. (c) (Naut.) An instrument having two or three sharp sides or edges, for cleaning the planks, masts, or decks of a ship. (d) (Lithography) In the printing press, a board, or blade, the edge of which is made to rub over the tympan sheet and thus produce the impression. 2. One who scrapes. Specifically: (a) One who plays awkwardly on a violin. (b) One who acquires avariciously and saves penuriously.

Scrap´ing , n. 1. The act of scraping; the act or process of making even, or reducing to the proper form, by means of a scraper. 2. Something scraped off; that which is separated from a substance, or is collected by scraping; as the scraping of the street.

Scrap´ing, a. Resembling the act of, or the effect produced by, one who, or that which, scrapes; as a scraping noise; a scraping miser. — Scrap´ing•ly, adv.

Scrap´pi•ly , adv. In a scrappy manner; in scraps. Mary Cowden Clarke.

Scrap´py , a. Consisting of scraps; fragmentary; lacking unity or consistency; as a scrappy lecture. “A dreadfully scrappy dinner.” Thackeray.

Scrat , v. t. [OE. scratten. Cf. Scratch.] To scratch. [Obs.] Burton.

Scrat, v. i. To rake; to search. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Scrat, n. [Cf. AS. scritta an hermaphrodite, Ir. scrut a scrub, a low, mean person, Gael. sgrut, sgruit, an old, shriveled person.] An hermaphrodite. [Obs.] Skinner.

Scratch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scratched p. pr. & vb. n. Scratching.] [OE. cracchen (perhaps influenced by OE. scratten to scratch); cf. OHG. chrazzon, G. kratzen, OD. kratsen, kretsen, D. krassen, Sw. kratsa to scrape, kratta to rake, to scratch, Dan. kradse to scratch, to scrape, Icel. krota to engrave. Cf. Grate to rub.] 1. To rub and tear or mark the surface of with something sharp or ragged; to scrape, roughen, or wound slightly by drawing something pointed or rough across, as the claws, the nails, a pin, or the like. “Small sand-colored stones, so hard as to scratch glass.” Grew. “Be mindful, when invention fails,
To scratch your head, and bite your nails.” Swift. 2. To write or draw hastily or awkwardly. ´Scratch out a pamphlet.´ Swift. 3. To cancel by drawing one or more lines through, as the name of a candidate upon a ballot, or of a horse in a list; hence, to erase; to efface; — often with out. 4. To dig or excavate with the claws; as some animals scratch holes, in which they burrow. To scratch a ticket, to cancel one or more names of candidates on a party ballot; to refuse to vote the party ticket in its entirety. [U. S.]

Scratch, v. i. 1. To use the claws or nails in tearing or in digging; to make scratches. “Dull, tame things, … that will neither bite nor scratch.” Dr. H. More. 2. (Billiards) To score, not by skillful play but by some fortunate chance of the game. [Cant, U. S.]

Scratch, n. 1. A break in the surface of a thing made by scratching, or by rubbing with anything pointed or rough; a slight wound, mark, furrow, or incision. “The coarse file … makes deep scratches in the work.” Moxon. “These nails with scratches deform my breast.” Prior. “God forbid a shallow scratch should drive
The prince of Wales from such a field as this.” Shak. 2. (Pugilistic Matches) A line across the prize ring; up to which boxers are brought when they join fight; hence, test, trial, or proof of courage; as to bring to the scratch; to come up to the scratch. [Cant] Grose. 3. pl. (Far.) Minute, but tender and troublesome, excoriations, covered with scabs, upon the heels of horses which have been used where it is very wet or muddy. Law (Farmer’s Veter. Adviser). 4. A kind of wig covering only a portion of the head. 5. (Billiards) A shot which scores by chance and not as intended by the player; a fluke. [Cant, U. S.] Scratch cradle. See Cratch cradle, under Cratch. — Scratch grass (Bot.), a climbing knotweed (Polygonum sagittatum) with a square stem beset with fine recurved prickles along the angles. — Scratch wig. Same as Scratch, 4, above. Thackeray.

Scratch, a. Made, done, or happening by chance; arranged with little or no preparation; determined by circumstances; haphazard; as a scratch team; a scratch crew for a boat race; a scratch shot in billiards. [Slang] Scratch race, one without restrictions regarding the entrance of competitors; also one for which the competitors are chosen by lot.

Scratch´back , n. A toy which imitates the sound of tearing cloth, — used by drawing it across the back of unsuspecting persons. [Eng.]

Scratch´brush , n. A stiff wire brush for cleaning iron castings and other metal.

Scratch´ coat The first coat in plastering; — called also scratchwork. See Pricking-up.

Scratch´er , n. One who, or that which, scratches; specifically (Zoöl.), any rasorial bird.

Scratch´ing, adv. With the action of scratching.

Scratch´weed , n. (Bot.) Cleavers.

Scratch´work , n. See Scratch coat.

Scratch´y , a. Characterized by scratches.

Scraw (skra), n. [Ir. scrath a turf, sgraith a turf, green sod; akin to Gael. sgrath, sgroth, the outer skin of anything, a turf, a green sod.] A turf. [Obs.] Swift.

Scrawl , v. i. See Crawl. [Obs.] Latimer.

Scrawl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrawled p. pr. & vb. n. Scrawling.] [Probably corrupted from scrabble.] To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly; to write hastily and carelessly; to scratch; to scribble; as to scrawl a letter. “His name, scrawled by himself.” Macaulay.

Scrawl, v. i. To write unskillfully and inelegantly. “Though with a golden pen you scrawl.” Swift.

Scrawl (skral), n. Unskillful or inelegant writing; that which is unskillfully or inelegantly written. “The left hand will make such a scrawl, that it will not be legible.” Arbuthnot. “You bid me write no more than a scrawl to you.” Gray.

Scrawl´er (-er), n. One who scrawls; a hasty, awkward writer.

Scraw´ny , a. [Cf. Scrannel.] Meager; thin; rawboned; bony; scranny.

Scray , n. [Cf. W. ysgräen, ysgräell, a sea swallow, Armor. skrav.] (Zoöl.) A tern; the sea swallow. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also scraye.]

Scre´a•ble , a. [L. screare to hawk, spit out.] Capable of being spit out. [Obs.] Bailey.

Screak , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screaked p. pr. & vb. n. Screaking.] [Cf. Icel. skraekja to screech. Cf. Creak, v., Screech.] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound; to screech; to creak, as a door or wheel.

Screak, n. A creaking; a screech; a shriek. Bp. Bull.

Scream , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screamed p. pr. & vb. n. Screaming.] [Icel. skraema to scare, terrify; akin to Sw. skräma, Dan. skraemme. Cf. Screech.] To cry out with a shrill voice; to utter a sudden, sharp outcry, or shrill, loud cry, as in fright or extreme pain; to shriek; to screech. “I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.” Shak. “And scream thyself as none e’er screamed before.” Pope.

Scream, n. A sharp, shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; a shriek; a screech. ´Screams of horror.´ Pope.

Scream´er , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of three species of South American birds constituting the family Anhimidae, and the suborder Palamedeae. They have two spines on each wing, and the head is either crested or horned. They are easily tamed, and then serve as guardians for other poultry. The crested screamers, or chajas belong to the genus Chauna. The horned screamer, or kamichi, is Palamedea cornuta.

Scream´ing, a. 1. Uttering screams; shrieking. 2. Having the nature of a scream; like a scream; shrill; sharp. “The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry.” Dryden.

Scree (skre), n. A pebble; a stone; also a heap of stones or rocky debris. [Prov. Eng.] Southey.

Screech (skrech), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screeched p. pr. & vb. n. Screeching.] [Also formerly, scritch, OE. skriken, skrichen, schriken, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skraekja to shriek, to screech, skrikja to titter, Sw. skrika to shriek, Dan. skrige; also Gael. sgreach, sgreuch, W. ysgrechio, Skr. kharj to creak. Cf. Shriek, v., Scream, v.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry; to make a sharp outcry, as in terror or acute pain; to scream; to shriek. ´The screech owl, screeching loud.´ Shak.

Screech, n. A harsh, shrill cry, as of one in acute pain or in fright; a shriek; a scream. Screech bird, or Screech thrush (Zoöl.), the fieldfare; — so called from its harsh cry before rain. — Screech rain. — Screech hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] — Screech owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American owl (Scops asio), either gray or reddish in color. (b) The European barn owl. The name is applied also to other species.

Screech´ers , n. pl. (Zoöl.) The picarian birds, as distinguished from the singing birds.

Screech´y , a. Like a screech; shrill and harsh.

Screed (skred), n. [Prov. E., a shred, the border of a cap. See Shred.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A strip of plaster of the thickness proposed for the coat, applied to the wall at intervals of four or five feet, as a guide. (b) A wooden straightedge used to lay across the plaster screed, as a limit for the thickness of the coat. 2. A fragment; a portion; a shred. [Scot.]

Screed, n. [See 1st Screed. For sense 2 cf. also Gael. sgread an outcry.] 1. A breach or rent; a breaking forth into a loud, shrill sound; as martial screeds. 2. An harangue; a long tirade on any subject. “The old carl gae them a screed of doctrine; ye might have heard him a mile down the wind.” Sir W. Scott.

Screen (skren), n. [OE. scren, OF. escrein, escran, F. ecran, of uncertain origin; cf. G. schirm a screen, OHG. scirm, scerm a protection, shield, or G. schragen a trestle, a stack of wood, or G. schranne a railing.] 1. Anything that separates or cuts off inconvenience, injury, or danger; that which shelters or conceals from view; a shield or protection; as a fire screen. “Your leavy screens throw down.” Shak. “Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters of danger and envy.” Bacon. 2. (Arch.) A dwarf wall or partition carried up to a certain height for separation and protection, as in a church, to separate the aisle from the choir, or the like. 3. A surface, as that afforded by a curtain, sheet, wall, etc., upon which an image, as a picture, is thrown by a magic lantern, solar microscope, etc. 4. A long, coarse riddle or sieve, sometimes a revolving perforated cylinder, used to separate the coarser from the finer parts, as of coal, sand, gravel, and the like.

Screen (skren), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screened p. pr. & vb. n. Screening.] 1. To provide with a shelter or means of concealment; to separate or cut off from inconvenience, injury, or danger; to shelter; to protect; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hill. “They were encouraged and screened by some who were in high commands.” Macaulay. 2. To pass, as coal, gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen in order to separate the coarse from the fine, or the worthless from the valuable; to sift.

Screen´ings , n. pl. The refuse left after screening sand, coal, ashes, etc.

Screw (skru), n. [OE. scrue, OF. escroue, escroe, female screw, F. ecrou, L. scrobis a ditch, trench, in LL., the hole made by swine in rooting; cf. D. schroef a screw, G. schraube, Icel. skrufa.] 1. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perforation, having a continuous rib, called the thread, winding round it spirally at a constant inclination, so as to leave a continuous spiral groove between one turn and the next, — used chiefly for producing, when revolved, motion or pressure in the direction of its axis, by the sliding of the threads of the cylinder in the grooves between the threads of the perforation adapted to it, the former being distinguished as the external, or male screw, or, more usually the screw; the latter as the internal, or female screw, or, more usually, the nut. The screw, as a mechanical power, is a modification of the inclined plane, and may be regarded as a right-angled triangle wrapped round a cylinder, the hypotenuse of the marking the spiral thread of the screw, its base equaling the circumference of the cylinder, and its height the pitch of the thread. 2. Specifically, a kind of nail with a spiral thread and a head with a nick to receive the end of the screw-driver. Screws are much used to hold together pieces of wood or to fasten something; — called also wood screws, and screw nails. See also Screw bolt, below. 3. Anything shaped or acting like a screw; esp., a form of wheel for propelling steam vessels. It is placed at the stern, and furnished with blades having helicoidal surfaces to act against the water in the manner of a screw. See Screw propeller, below. 4. A steam vesel propelled by a screw instead of wheels; a screw steamer; a propeller. 5. An extortioner; a sharp bargainer; a skinflint; a niggard. Thackeray. 6. An instructor who examines with great or unnecessary severity; also a searching or strict examination of a student by an instructor. [Cant, American Colleges] 7. A small packet of tobacco. [Slang] Mayhew. 8. An unsound or worn-out horse, useful as a hack, and commonly of good appearance. Ld. Lytton. 9. (Math.) A straight line in space with which a definite linear magnitude termed the pitch is associated (cf. 5th Pitch, 10 (b)). It is used to express the displacement of a rigid body, which may always be made to consist of a rotation about an axis combined with a translation parallel to that axis. 10. (Zoöl.) An amphipod crustacean; as the skeleton screw (Caprella). See Sand screw, under Sand. Archimedes screw, Compound screw, Foot screw, etc. See under Archimedes, Compound, Foot, etc. — A screw loose, something out of order, so that work is not done smoothly; as there is a screw loose somewhere. H. Martineau. — Endless, or perpetual, screw, a screw used to give motion to a toothed wheel by the action of its threads between the teeth of the wheel; — called also a worm. — Lag screw. See under Lag. — Micrometer screw, a screw with fine threads, used for the measurement of very small spaces. — Right and left screw, a screw having threads upon the opposite ends which wind in opposite directions. — Screw alley. See Shaft alley, under Shaft. — Screw bean. (Bot.) (a) The curious spirally coiled pod of a leguminous tree (Prosopis pubescens) growing from Texas to California. It is used for fodder, and ground into meal by the Indians. (b) The tree itself. Its heavy hard wood is used for fuel, for fencing, and for railroad ties. — Screw bolt, a bolt having a screw thread on its shank, in distinction from a key bolt. See 1st Bolt, 3. — Screw box, a device, resembling a die, for cutting the thread on a wooden screw. — Screw dock. See under Dock. — Screw engine, a marine engine for driving a screw propeller. — Screw gear. See Spiral gear, under Spiral. — Screw jack. Same as Jackscrew. — Screw key, a wrench for turning a screw or nut; a spanner wrench. — Screw machine. (a) One of a series of machines employed in the manufacture of wood screws. (b) A machine tool resembling a lathe, having a number of cutting tools that can be caused to act on the work successively, for making screws and other turned pieces from metal rods. — Screw pine (Bot.), any plant of the endogenous genus Pandanus, of which there are about fifty species, natives of tropical lands from Africa to Polynesia; — named from the spiral arrangement of the pineapple-like leaves. — Screw plate, a device for cutting threads on small screws, consisting of a thin steel plate having a series of perforations with internal screws forming dies. — Screw press, a press in which pressure is exerted by means of a screw. — Screw propeller, a screw or spiral bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam vessels; also a steam vessel propelled by a screw. — Screw shell (Zoöl.), a long, slender, spiral gastropod shell, especially of the genus Turritella and allied genera. See Turritella. — Screw steamer, a steamship propelled by a screw. — Screw thread, the spiral rib which forms a screw. — Screw stone (Paleon.), the fossil stem of an encrinite. — Screw tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Helicteres, consisting of about thirty species of tropical shrubs, with simple leaves and spirally twisted, five-celled capsules; — also called twisted-horn, and twisty. — Screw valve, a stop valve which is opened or closed by a screw. — Screw worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American fly (Compsomyia macellaria), allied to the blowflies, which sometimes deposits its eggs in the nostrils, or about wounds, in man and other animals, with fatal results. — Screw wrench. (a) A wrench for turning a screw. (b) A wrench with an adjustable jaw that is moved by a screw. — To put the screw, or screws, on, to use pressure upon, as for the purpose of extortion; to coerce. — To put under the screw or screws, to subject to pressure; to force. — Wood screw, a metal screw with a sharp thread of coarse pitch, adapted to holding fast in wood. See Illust. of Wood screw, under Wood.

Screw , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screwed p. pr. & vb. n. Screwing.] 1. To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press. 2. To force; to squeeze; to press, as by screws. “But screw your courage to the sticking place,
And we’ll not fail.” Shak. 3. Hence: To practice extortion upon; to oppress by unreasonable or extortionate exactions. “Our country landlords, by unmeasurable screwing and racking their tenants, have already reduced the miserable people to a worse condition than the peasants in France.” swift. 4. To twist; to distort; as to screw his visage. “He screwed his face into a hardened smile.” Dryden. 5. To examine rigidly, as a student; to subject to a severe examination. [Cant, American Colleges] To screw out, to press out; to extort. - - To screw up, to force; to bring by violent pressure. Howell. — To screw in, to force in by turning or twisting.

Screw, v. i. 1. To use violent mans in making exactions; to be oppressive or exacting. Howitt. 2. To turn one’s self uneasily with a twisting motion; as he screws about in his chair.

Screw´-cut•ting , a. Adapted for forming a screw by cutting; as a screw-cutting lathe.

Screw´-driv•er , n. A tool for turning screws so as to drive them into their place. It has a thin end which enters the nick in the head of the screw.

Screw´er , n. One who, or that which, screws.

Screw´ing, a. & n. from Screw, v. t. Screwing machine. See Screw machine, under Screw.

Scrib´a•ble , a. [See Scribe.] Capable of being written, or of being written upon. [R.]

Scri•ba´tious , a. [See Scribe.] Skillful in, or fond of, writing. [Obs.] Barrow.

Scrib´bet , n. A painter’s pencil.

Scrib´ble , v. t. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Woolen Manuf.) To card coarsely; to run through the scribbling machine.

Scrib´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribbled (-b’ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribbling (-bling).] [From Scribe.] 1. To write hastily or carelessly, without regard to correctness or elegance; as to scribble a letter. 2. To fill or cover with careless or worthless writing.

Scrib´ble, v. i. To write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl. “If Maevius scribble in Apollo’s spite.” Pope.

Scrib´ble, n. Hasty or careless writing; a writing of little value; a scrawl; as a hasty scribble. Boyle. “Neither did I but vacant seasons spend
In this my scribble.” Bunyan.

Scrib´ble•ment , n. A scribble. [R.] Foster.

Scrib´bler , n. One who scribbles; a petty author; a writer of no reputation; a literary hack. “The scribbler, pinched with hunger, writes to dine.” Granville.

Scrib´bler, n. A scribbling machine.

Scrib´bling , n. [See 1st Scribble.] The act or process of carding coarsely. Scribbling machine, the machine used for the first carding of wool or other fiber; — called also scribbler.

Scrib´bling, a. Writing hastily or poorly. “Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks!” Goldsmith.

Scrib´bling, n. The act of writing hastily or idly.

Scrib´bling•ly, adv. In a scribbling manner.

Scribe (skrib), n. [L. scriba, fr. scribere to write; cf. Gr. ska•rifos a splinter, pencil, style (for writing), E. scarify. Cf. Ascribe, Describe, Script, Scrivener, Scrutoire.] 1. One who writes; a draughtsman; a writer for another; especially, an offical or public writer; an amanuensis or secretary; a notary; a copyist. 2. (Jewish Hist.) A writer and doctor of the law; one skilled in the law and traditions; one who read and explained the law to the people.

Scribe (skrib), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribed (skribd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribing.] 1. To write, engrave, or mark upon; to inscribe. Spenser. 2. (Carp.) To cut (anything) in such a way as to fit closely to a somewhat irregular surface, as a baseboard to a floor which is out of level, a board to the curves of a molding, or the like; — so called because the workman marks, or scribes, with the compasses the line that he afterwards cuts. 3. To score or mark with compasses or a scribing iron. Scribing iron, an iron-pointed instrument for scribing, or marking, casks and logs.

Scribe, v. i. To make a mark. “With the separated points of a pair of spring dividers scribe around the edge of the templet.” A. M. Mayer.

Scrib´er , n. A sharp-pointed tool, used by joiners for drawing lines on stuff; a marking awl.

Scrib´ism , n. The character and opinions of a Jewish scribe in the time of Christ. F. W. Robertson.

Scrid , n. A screed; a shred; a fragment. [R.]

Scrig´gle , v. i. To wriggle. [Prov. Eng.]

Scrim , n. 1. A kind of light cotton or linen fabric, often woven in openwork patterns, — used for curtains, etc,; — called also India scrim. 2. pl. Thin canvas glued on the inside of panels to prevent shrinking, checking, etc.

Scri´mer , n. [F. escrimeur. See Skirmish.] A fencing master. [Obs.] Shak.

Scrim´mage ( 48), n. [A corruption of skirmish. ´Sore scrymmishe.´ Ld. Berners.] [Written also scrummage.] 1. Formerly, a skirmish; now, a general row or confused fight or struggle. 2. (Football) The struggle in the rush lines after the ball is put in play.

Scrimp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrimped ( 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrimping.] [Cf. Dan. skrumpe, G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen. Cf. Shrimp, Shrink.] To make too small or short; to limit or straiten; to put on short allowance; to scant; to contract; to shorten; as to scrimp the pattern of a coat.

Scrimp, a. Short; scanty; curtailed.

Scrimp, n. A pinching miser; a niggard. [U.S.]

Scrimp´ing, a. & n. from Scrimp, v. t. Scrimping bar, a device used in connection with a calico printing machine for stretching the fabric breadthwise so that it may be smooth for printing. Knight.

Scrimp´ing•ly, adv. In a scrimping manner.

Scrimp´ness, n. The state of being scrimp.

Scrimp´tion , n. A small portion; a pittance; a little bit. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrim´shaw , v. t. To ornament, as shells, ivory, etc., by engraving, and (usually) rubbing pigments into the incised lines. [Sailor’s cant. U.S.]

Scrim´shaw, n. A shell, a whale’s tooth, or the like, that is scrimshawed. [Sailor’s cant, U.S.]

Scrine , n. [L. scrinium a case for books, letters, etc.: cf. OF. escrin, F. ecrin. See Shrine.] A chest, bookcase, or other place, where writings or curiosities are deposited; a shrine. [Obs.] “But laid them up in immortal scrine.” Spenser.

Scringe , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scringed p. pr. & vb. n. Scringing ] [Cf. Cringe.] To cringe. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Scrip , n. [OE. scrippe, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & OSw. skreppa, and also LL. scrippum, OF. esquerpe, escrepe, F. echarpe scarf. Cf. Scrap, Scarf a piece of dress.] A small bag; a wallet; a satchel. [Archaic] Chaucer. “And in requital ope his leathern scrip.” Milton.

Scrip, n. [From script.] 1. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a piece of paper containing a writing. “Call them generally, man by man, according to the scrip.” Shak. “Bills of exchange can not pay our debts abroad, till scrips of paper can be made current coin.” Locke. 2. A preliminary certificate of a subscription to the capital of a bank, railroad, or other company, or for a share of other joint property, or a loan, stating the amount of the subscription and the date of the payment of the installments; as insurance scrip, consol scrip, etc. When all the installments are paid, the scrip is exchanged for a bond share certificate. 3. Paper fractional currency. [Colloq.U.S.]

Scrip´page ( 48), n. The contents of a scrip, or wallet. [Obs.] Shak.

Script , n. [OE. scrit, L. scriptum something written, fr. scribere, scriptum to write: cf. OF. escript, escrit, F. ecrit. See Scribe, and cf. Scrip a writing.] 1. A writing; a written document. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Print.) Type made in imitation of handwriting. 3. (Law) An original instrument or document. 4. Written characters; style of writing.

Scrip•to´ri•um , n.; pl. Scriptoria (#). [LL. See Scriptory.] In an abbey or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copying manuscripts; in general, a room devoted to writing. “Writing rooms, or scriptoria, where the chief works of Latin literature … were copied and illuminated.” J. R. Green.

Scrip´to•ry , a. [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere, scriptum to write.] Of or pertaining to writing; expressed in writing; used in writing; as scriptory wills; a scriptory reed. [R.] Swift.

Scrip´tur•al ( 135), a. Contained in the Scriptures; according to the Scriptures, or sacred oracles; biblical; as a scriptural doctrine.

Scrip´tur•al•ism , n. The quality or state of being scriptural; literal adherence to the Scriptures.

Scrip´tur•al•ist, n. One who adheres literally to the Scriptures.

Scrip´tur•al•ly, adv. In a scriptural manner.

Scrip´tur•al•ness, n. Quality of being scriptural.

Scrip´ture ( 135), n. [L. scriptura, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write: cf. OF. escripture, escriture, F. ecriture. See Scribe.] 1. Anything written; a writing; a document; an inscription. “I have put it in scripture and in remembrance.” Chaucer. “Then the Lord of Manny read the scripture on the tomb, the which was in Latin.” Ld. Berners. 2. The books of the Old and the New Testament, or of either of them; the Bible; — used by way of eminence or distinction, and chiefly in the plural. “There is not any action a man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it.” South. “Compared with the knowledge which the Scriptures contain, every other subject of human inquiry is vanity.” Buckminster. 3. A passage from the Bible; a text. “The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.” Shak. “Hanging by the twined thread of one doubtful Scripture.” Milton.

Scrip•tu´ri•an , n. A Scripturist. [Obs.]

Scrip´tur•ist ( 135), n. One who is strongly attached to, or versed in, the Scriptures, or who endeavors to regulate his life by them. “The Puritan was a Scripturist, — a Scripturist with all his heart, if as yet with imperfect intelligence … he cherished the scheme of looking to the Word of God as his sole and universal directory.” Palfrey.

Scrit , n. [See Script.] Writing; document; scroll. [Obs.] ´Of every scrit and bond.´ Chaucer.

Scritch , n. A screech. [R.] “Perhaps it is the owlet’s scritch.” Coleridge.

Scrive´ner , n. [From older scrivein, OF. escrivain, F. ecrivain, LL. scribanus, from L. scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. A professional writer; one whose occupation is to draw contracts or prepare writings. Shak. “The writer better scrivener than clerk.” Fuller. 2. One whose business is to place money at interest; a broker. [Obs.] Dryden. 3. A writing master. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scrivener’s palsy. See Writer’s cramp, under Writer.

Scro•bic´u•la , n.; pl. Scrobiculae (#). [NL. See Scrobiculate.] (Zoöl.) One of the smooth areas surrounding the tubercles of a sea urchin.

Scro•bic´u•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or surrounding, scrobiculae; as scrobicular tubercles. { Scro•bic´u•late , Scro•bic´u•la•ted }, a. [L. scrobiculus, dim. of scrobis a ditch or trench.] (Bot.) Having numerous small, shallow depressions or hollows; pitted. { Scrod , Scrode }, n. A young codfish, especially when cut open on the back and dressed. [Written also escrod.] [Local, U.S.]

Scrod´dled ware Mottled pottery made from scraps of differently colored clays.

Scrof´u•la , n. [L. scrofulae, fr. scrofa a breeding sow, because swine were supposed to be subject to such a complaint, or by a fanciful comparison of the glandular swellings to little pigs; perhaps akin to Gr. an old sow: cf. F. scrofules. Cf. Scroyle.] (Med.) A constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially manifested by chronic enlargement and cheesy degeneration of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the neck, and marked by a tendency to the development of chronic intractable inflammations of the skin, mucous membrane, bones, joints, and other parts, and by a diminution in the power of resistance to disease or injury and the capacity for recovery. Scrofula is now generally held to be tuberculous in character, and may develop into general or local tuberculosis (consumption).

Scrof´u•lide , n. (Med.) Any affection of the skin dependent on scrofula.

Scrof´u•lous , a. [Cf. F. scrofuleux.] 1. Pertaining to scrofula, or partaking of its nature; as scrofulous tumors; a scrofulous habit of body. 2. Diseased or affected with scrofula. “Scrofulous persons can never be duly nourished.” Arbuthnot. — Scrof´u•lous•ly, adv. — Scrof´u•lous•ness, n.

Scrog , n. [Cf. Scrag, or Gael. sgrogag anything shriveled, from sgrog to compress, shrivel.] A stunted shrub, bush, or branch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Scrog´gy , a. Abounding in scrog; also twisted; stunted. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Scroll , n. [A dim. of OE. scroue, scrowe (whence E. escrow), OF. escroe, escroue, F. ecrou entry in the jail book, LL. scroa scroll, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. OD. schroode a strip, shred, slip of paper, akin to E. shred. Cf. Shred, Escrow.] 1. A roll of paper or parchment; a writing formed into a roll; a schedule; a list. “The heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll.” Isa. xxxiv. 4. “Here is the scroll of every man’s name.” Shak. 2. (Arch.) An ornament formed of undulations giving off spirals or sprays, usually suggestive of plant form. Roman architectural ornament is largely of some scroll pattern. 3. A mark or flourish added to a person’s signature, intended to represent a seal, and in some States allowed as a substitute for a seal. [U.S.] Burrill. 4. (Geom.) Same as Skew surface. See under Skew. Linen scroll (Arch.) See under Linen. — Scroll chuck (Mach.), an adjustable chuck, applicable to a lathe spindle, for centering and holding work, in which the jaws are adjusted and tightened simultaneously by turning a disk having in its face a spiral groove which is entered by teeth on the backs of the jaws. — Scroll saw. See under Saw.

Scrolled , a. Formed like a scroll; contained in a scroll; adorned with scrolls; as scrolled work.

Scroph•u•la´ri•a , n. [NL. So called because it was reputed to be a remedy for scrofula.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse herbs having small flowers in panicled cymes; figwort.

Scroph•u•la•ri•a´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of gamopetalous plants (Scrophulariaceae, or Scrophularineae), usually having irregular didynamous flowers and a two-celled pod. The order includes the mullein, foxglove, snapdragon, figwort, painted cup, yellow rattle, and some exotic trees, as the Paulownia.

Scro´tal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scrotum; as scrotal hernia.

Scro´ti•form , a. [L. scrotum scrotum + -form.] Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped.

Scro´to•cele , n. [Scrotum + Gr. kh•lh a tumor: cf. F. scrotocèle.] (Med.) A rupture or hernia in the scrotum; scrotal hernia.

Scro´tum , n. [L.] (Anat.) The bag or pouch which contains the testicles; the cod.

Scrouge , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To crowd; to squeeze. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Scrow , n. [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] Palsgrave. 2. A clipping from skins; a currier’s cuttings.

Scroyle (skroil), n. [Cf. OF. escrouselle a kind of vermin, escrouelles, pl., scrofula, F. ecrouelles, fr. (assumed) LL. scrofellae for L. scrofulae. See Scrofula, and cf. Cruels.] A mean fellow; a wretch. [Obs.] Shak.

Scrub (skrub), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrubbed (skrubd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrubbing.] [OE. scrobben, probably of Dutch or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. skrubbe, Sw. skrubba, D. schrobben, LG. schrubben.] To rub hard; to wash with rubbing; usually, to rub with a wet brush, or with something coarse or rough, for the purpose of cleaning or brightening; as to scrub a floor, a doorplate.

Scrub, v. i. To rub anything hard, especially with a wet brush; to scour; hence, to be diligent and penurious; as to scrub hard for a living.

Scrub, n. 1. One who labors hard and lives meanly; a mean fellow. ´A sorry scrub.´ Bunyan. “We should go there in as proper a manner as possible; nor altogether like the scrubs about us.” Goldsmith. 2. Something small and mean. 3. A worn-out brush. Ainsworth. 4. A thicket or jungle, often specified by the name of the prevailing plant; as oak scrub, palmetto scrub, etc. 5. (Stock Breeding) One of the common live stock of a region of no particular breed or not of pure breed, esp. when inferior in size, etc. [U.S.] Scrub bird (Zoöl.), an Australian passerine bird of the family Atrichornithidae, as Atrichia clamosa; — called also brush bird. — Scrub oak (Bot.), the popular name of several dwarfish species of oak. The scrub oak of New England and the Middle States is Quercus ilicifolia, a scraggy shrub; that of the Southern States is a small tree (Q. Catesbaei); that of the Rocky Mountain region is Q. undulata, var. Gambelii. — Scrub robin (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird of the genus Drymodes.

Scrub, a. Mean; dirty; contemptible; scrubby. “How solitary, how scrub, does this town look!” Walpole. “No little scrub joint shall come on my board.” Swift. Scrub game, a game, as of ball, by unpracticed players. — Scrub race, a race between scrubs, or between untrained animals or contestants.

Scrub´bed , a. Dwarfed or stunted; scrubby.

Scrub´ber , n. 1. One who, or that which, scrubs; esp., a brush used in scrubbing. 2. (Gas Manuf.) A gas washer. See under Gas.

Scrub´board , n. A baseboard; a mopboard.

Scrub´by , a. [Compar. Scrubbier superl. Scrubbiest.] Of the nature of scrub; small and mean; stunted in growth; as a scrubby cur. ´Dense, scrubby woods.´ Duke of Argyll.

Scrub´stone , n. A species of calciferous sandstone. [Prov. Eng.]

Scruff , n. [See Scurf.] Scurf. [Obs.]

Scruff, n. [Cf. Scuff.] The nape of the neck; the loose outside skin, as of the back of the neck.

Scrum´mage ( 43), n. See Scrimmage.

Scrump´tious , a. Nice; particular; fastidious; excellent; fine. [Slang]

Scrunch , v. t. & v. i. [Cf. Scranch, Crunch.] To scranch; to crunch. Dickens.

Scru´ple , n. [L. scrupulus a small sharp or pointed stone, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, a scruple, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus a rough or sharp stone, anxiety, uneasiness; perh. akin to Gr. the chippings of stone, a razor, Skr. kshura: cf. F. scrupule.] 1. A weight of twenty grains; the third part of a dram. 2. Hence, a very small quantity; a particle. “I will not bate thee a scruple.” Shak. 3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of determining what is right or expedient; unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation proceeding from motives of conscience. “He was made miserable by the conflict between his tastes and his scruples.” Macaulay. To make scruple, to hesitate from conscientious motives; to scruple. Locke.

Scru´ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrupled p. pr. & vb. n. Scrupling ] To be reluctant or to hesitate, as regards an action, on account of considerations of conscience or expedience. “We are often over-precise, scrupling to say or do those things which lawfully we may.” Fuller. “Men scruple at the lawfulness of a set form of divine worship.” South.

Scru´ple, v. t. 1. To regard with suspicion; to hesitate at; to question. “Others long before them … scrupled more the books of heretics than of gentiles.” Milton. 2. To excite scruples in; to cause to scruple. [R.] “Letters which did still scruple many of them.” E. Symmons.

Scru´pler , n. One who scruples.

Scru´pu•list , n. A scrupler. [Obs.]

Scru´pu•lize , v. t. To perplex with scruples; to regard with scruples. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Scru•pu•los´i•ty (skru•pu•los´i•ty), n. [L. scrupulositas.] The quality or state of being scrupulous; doubt; doubtfulness respecting decision or action; caution or tenderness from the fear of doing wrong or offending; nice regard to exactness and propriety; precision. “The first sacrilege is looked on with horror; but when they have made the breach, their scrupulosity soon retires.” Dr. H. More. “Careful, even to scrupulosity, … to keep their Sabbath.” South.

Scru´pu•lous , a. [L. scrupulosus: cf. F. scrupuleux.] 1. Full of scruples; inclined to scruple; nicely doubtful; hesitating to determine or to act, from a fear of offending or of doing wrong. “Abusing their liberty, to the offense of their weak brethren which were scrupulous.” Hooker. 2. Careful; cautious; exact; nice; as scrupulous abstinence from labor; scrupulous performance of duties. 3. Given to making objections; captious. [Obs.] “Equality of two domestic powers
Breed scrupulous faction.” Shak. 4. Liable to be doubted; doubtful; nice. [Obs.] “The justice of that cause ought to be evident; not obscure, not scrupulous.” Bacon. Syn. — Cautious; careful; conscientious; hesitating. — Scru´pu•lous•ly, adv. — Scru´pu•lous•ness, n.

Scru´ta•ble , a. Discoverable by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical examination. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Scru•ta´tion , n. [L. scrutatio.] Search; scrutiny. [Obs.]

Scru•ta´tor , n. [L.] One who scrutinizes; a close examiner or inquirer. Ayliffe.

Scru•ti•neer , n. A scrutinizer; specifically, an examiner of votes, as at an election.

Scru´ti•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrutinized p. pr. & vb. n. Scrutinizing ] [From Scrutiny.] To examine closely; to inspect or observe with critical attention; to regard narrowly; as to scrutinize the measures of administration; to scrutinize the conduct or motives of individuals. “Whose votes they were obliged to scrutinize.” Ayliffe. “Those pronounced him youngest who scrutinized his face the closest.” G. W. Cable.

Scru´ti•nize, v. i. To make scrutiny.

Scru´ti•ni•zer , n. One who scrutinizes.

Scru´ti•nous , a. Closely examining, or inquiring; careful; strict. — Scru´ti•nous•ly, adv.

Scru´ti•ny , n. [L. scrutinium, fr. scrutari to search carefully, originally, to search even to the rags, fr. scruta trash, trumpery; perhaps akin to E. shred: cf. AS. scrudnian to make scrutiny.] 1. Close examination; minute inspection; critical observation. “They that have designed exactness and deep scrutiny have taken some one part of nature.” Sir M. Hale. “Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view
And narrower scrutiny.” Milton. 2. (Anc. Church) An examination of catechumens, in the last week of Lent, who were to receive baptism on Easter Day. 3. (Canon Law) A ticket, or little paper billet, on which a vote is written. 4. (Parliamentary Practice) An examination by a committee of the votes given at an election, for the purpose of correcting the poll. Brande & C.

Scru´ti•ny, v. t. To scrutinize. [Obs.]

Scru•toire´ , n. [OF. escritoire. See Escritoire.] A escritoire; a writing desk.

Scruze , v. t. [Cf. Excruciate.] To squeeze, compress, crush, or bruise. [Obs. or Low] Spenser.

Scry , v. t. To descry. [Obs.] Spenser.

Scry, n. [From Scry, v.] A flock of wild fowl.

Scry, n. [OE. ascrie, fr. ascrien to cry out, fr. OF. escrier, F. s’ecrier. See Ex-, and Cry.] A cry or shout. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Scud , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scudding.] [Dan. skyde to shoot, shove, push, akin to skud shot, gunshot, a shoot, young bough, and to E. shoot. rad.159. See Shoot.] 1. To move swiftly; especially, to move as if driven forward by something. “The first nautilus that scudded upon the glassy surface of warm primeval oceans.” I. Taylor. “The wind was high; the vast white clouds scudded over the blue heaven.” Beaconsfield. 2. (Naut.) To be driven swiftly, or to run, before a gale, with little or no sail spread.

Scud, v. t. To pass over quickly. [R.] Shenstone.

Scud, n. 1. The act of scudding; a driving along; a rushing with precipitation. 2. Loose, vapory clouds driven swiftly by the wind. “Borne on the scud of the sea.” Longfellow. “The scud was flying fast above us, throwing a veil over the moon.” Sir S. Baker. 3. A slight, sudden shower. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 4. (Zoöl.) A small flight of larks, or other birds, less than a flock. [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) Any swimming amphipod crustacean. Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud.

Scud´dle , v. i. [Freq. of scud: cf. Scuttle to hurry.] To run hastily; to hurry; to scuttle.

Scu´do , n.; pl. Scudi (#). [It., a crown, a dollar, a shield, fr. L. scutum a shield. Cf. Scute.] (Com.) (a) A silver coin, and money of account, used in Italy and Sicily, varying in value, in different parts, but worth about 4 shillings sterling, or about 96 cents; also a gold coin worth about the same. (b) A gold coin of Rome, worth 64 shillings 11 pence sterling, or about $ 15.70.

Scuff , n. [Cf. D. schoft shoulder, Goth. skuft hair of the head. Cf. Scruff.] The back part of the neck; the scruff. [Prov. Eng.] Ld. Lytton.

Scuff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffed p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffing.] [See Scuffle.] To walk without lifting the feet; to proceed with a scraping or dragging movement; to shuffle.

Scuf´fle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffled p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffling ] [Freq. of scuff, v.i.; cf. Sw. skuffa to push, shove, skuff a push, Dan. skuffe a drawer, a shovel, and E. shuffle, shove. See Shove, and cf. Shuffle.] 1. To strive or struggle with a close grapple; to wrestle in a rough fashion. 2. Hence, to strive or contend tumultuously; to struggle confusedly or at haphazard. “A gallant man had rather fight to great disadvantage in the field, in an orderly way, than scuffle with an undisciplined rabble.” Eikon Basilike.

Scuf´fle, n. 1. A rough, haphazard struggle, or trial of strength; a disorderly wrestling at close quarters. 2. Hence, a confused contest; a tumultuous struggle for superiority; a fight. “The dog leaps upon the serpent, and tears it to pieces; but in the scuffle the cradle happened to be overturned.” L’Estrange. 3. A child’s pinafore or bib. [Prov. Eng.] 4. A garden hoe. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scuf´fler , n. 1. One who scuffles. 2. An agricultural implement resembling a scarifier, but usually lighter.

Scug (skug), v. i. [Cf. Dan. skygge to darken, a shade, SW. skugga to shade, a shade, Icel. skyggja to shade, skuggi a shade.] To hide. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scug, n. A place of shelter; the declivity of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. { Sculk (skulk), Sculk´er (-er) }. See Skulk, Skulker.

Scull (skul), n. (Anat.) The skull. [Obs.]

Scull, n. [See 1st School.] A shoal of fish. Milton.

Scull, n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skola to wash.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A boat; a cockboat. See Sculler. (b) One of a pair of short oars worked by one person. (c) A single oar used at the stern in propelling a boat. 2. (Zoöl.) The common skua gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Scull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculled p. pr. & vb. n. Sculling.] (Naut.) To impel (a boat) with a pair of sculls, or with a single scull or oar worked over the stern obliquely from side to side.

Scull, v. i. To impel a boat with a scull or sculls.

Scull´er , n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls, or short oars. [R.] Dryden. 2. One who sculls.

Scul´ler•y (skul´ler•y), n.; pl. Sculleries (- iz). [Probably originally, a place for washing dishes, and for swillery, fr. OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian (see Swill to wash, to drink), but influenced either by Icel. skola, skyla, Dan. skylle, or by OF. escuelier a place for keeping dishes, fr. escuele a dish, F. ecuelle, fr. L. scutella a salver, waiter (cf. Scuttle a basket); or perhaps the English word is immediately from the OF. escuelier; cf. OE. squyllare a dishwasher.] 1. A place where dishes, kettles, and culinary utensils, are cleaned and kept; also a room attached to the kitchen, where the coarse work is done; a back kitchen. 2. Hence, refuse; fifth; offal. [Obs.] Gauden.

Scul´lion (skul´yun), n. (Bot.) A scallion.

Scul´lion, n. [OF. escouillon (Cot.) a dishclout, apparently for escouvillon, F. ecouvillon a swab; cf. also OF. souillon a servant employed for base offices. Cf. Scovel.] A servant who cleans pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen. “The meanest scullion that followed his camp.” South.

Scul´lion•ly, a. Like a scullion; base. [Obs.] Milton.

Sculp , v. t. [See Sculptor.] To sculpture; to carve; to engrave. [Obs. or Humorous.] Sandys.

Scul´pin , n. [Written also skulpin.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of marine cottoid fishes of the genus Cottus, or Acanthocottus, having a large head armed with several sharp spines, and a broad mouth. They are generally mottled with yellow, brown, and black. Several species are found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and America. (b) A large cottoid market fish of California (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus); — called also bighead, cabezon, scorpion, salpa. (c) The dragonet, or yellow sculpin, of Europe (Callionymus lyra). The name is also applied to other related California species. Deep-water sculpin, the sea raven.

Sculp´tile , a. [L. sculptilis. See Sculptor.] Formed by carving; graven; as sculptile images. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sculp´tor , n. [L. sculptor, fr. sculpere, sculptum, to carve; cf. scalpere to cut, carve, scratch, and Gr. to carve: cf. F. sculpteur.] 1. One who sculptures; one whose occupation is to carve statues, or works of sculpture. 2. Hence, an artist who designs works of sculpture, his first studies and his finished model being usually in a plastic material, from which model the marble is cut, or the bronze is cast.

Sculp´tress , n. A female sculptor.

Sculp´tur•al ( 135), a. Of or pertaining to sculpture. G. Eliot.

Sculp´ture ( 135), n. [L. sculptura: cf. F. sculpture.] 1. The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood, stone, metal, etc., into statues, ornaments, etc., or into figures, as of men, or other things; hence, the art of producing figures and groups, whether in plastic or hard materials. 2. Carved work modeled of, or cut upon, wood, stone, metal, etc. “There, too, in living sculpture, might be seen
The mad affection of the Cretan queen.” Dryden.

Sculp´ture ( 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculptured ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sculpturing.] To form with the chisel on, in, or from, wood, stone, or metal; to carve; to engrave. Sculptured tortoise (Zoöl.), a common North American wood tortoise (Glyptemys insculpta). The shell is marked with strong grooving and ridges which resemble sculptured figures.

Sculp•tur•esque´ , a. After the manner of sculpture; resembling, or relating to, sculpture.

Scum (skum), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. skum, Icel. skum, LG. schum, D. schuim, OHG. scum, G. schaum; probably from a root meaning, to cover. rad.158. Cf. Hide skin, Meerschaum, Skim, v., Sky.] 1. The extraneous matter or impurities which rise to the surface of liquids in boiling or fermentation, or which form on the surface by other means; also the scoria of metals in a molten state; dross. “Some to remove the scum as it did rise.” Spenser. 2. refuse; recrement; anything vile or worthless. “The great and innocent are insulted by the scum and refuse of the people.” Addison.

Scum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scummed p. pr. & vb. n. Scumming ] 1. To take the scum from; to clear off the impure matter from the surface of; to skim. “You that scum the molten lead.” Dryden & Lee. 2. To sweep or range over the surface of. [Obs.] “Wandering up and down without certain seat, they lived by scumming those seas and shores as pirates.” Milton.

Scum, v. i. To form a scum; to become covered with scum. Also used figuratively. “Life, and the interest of life, have stagnated and scummed over.” A. K. H. Boyd.

Scum´ber , v. i. [Cf. Discumber.] To void excrement. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger.

Scum´ber, n. Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Scum´ble , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scumbled p. pr. & vb. n. Scumbling ] [Freq. of scum. rad. 158.] (Fine Arts) To cover lighty, as a painting, or a drawing, with a thin wash of opaque color, or with color-crayon dust rubbed on with the stump, or to make any similar additions to the work, so as to produce a softened effect.

Scum´bling , n. 1. (Fine Arts) (a) A mode of obtaining a softened effect, in painting and drawing, by the application of a thin layer of opaque color to the surface of a painting, or part of the surface, which is too bright in color, or which requires harmonizing. (b) In crayon drawing, the use of the stump. 2. The color so laid on. Also used figuratively. “Shining above the brown scumbling of leafless orchards.” L. Wallace.

Scum´mer , v. i. To scumber. [Obs.] Holland.

Scum´mer, n. Excrement; scumber. [Obs.]

Scum´mer, n. [Cf. OF. escumoire, F. ecumoire. See Scum, and cf. Skimmer.] An instrument for taking off scum; a skimmer.

Scum´ming , n. (a) The act of taking off scum. (b) That which is scummed off; skimmings; scum; — used chiefly in the plural.

Scum´my , a. Covered with scum; of the nature of scum. Sir P. Sidney.

Scun´ner , v. t. [Cf. Shun.] To cause to loathe, or feel disgust at. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scun´ner, v. i. To have a feeling of loathing or disgust; hence, to have dislike, prejudice, or reluctance. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Scun´ner, n. A feeling of disgust or loathing; a strong prejudice; abhorrence; as to take a scunner against some one. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Carlyle.

Scup , n. [D. schop.] A swing. [Local, U.S.]

Scup, n. [Contr. fr. American Indian mishcùp, fr. mishe-kuppi large, thick-scaled.] (Zoöl.) A marine sparoid food fish (Stenotomus chrysops, or S. argyrops), common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It appears bright silvery when swimming in the daytime, but shows broad blackish transverse bands at night and when dead. Called also porgee, paugy, porgy, scuppaug. The same names are also applied to a closely allied Southern species (Stenotomus Gardeni).

Scup´paug , n. [Contr. fr. Amer. Indian mishcuppauog, pl. of mishcup.] (Zoöl.) See 2d Scup.

Scup´per , n. [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit, perhaps for escospir, L. ex + conspuere to spit upon; pref. con- + spuere to spit. Cf. Spit, v.] (Naut.) An opening cut through the waterway and bulwarks of a ship, so that water falling on deck may flow overboard; — called also scupper hole. Scupper hose (Naut.), a pipe of leather, canvas etc., attached to the mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. Totten. — Scupper nail (Naut.), a nail with a very broad head, for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. — Scupper plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a scupper. Totten.

Scup´per•nong (skup´per•nong), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) An American grape, a form of Vitis vulpina, found in the Southern Atlantic States, and often cultivated.

Scur (skûr), v. i. [Cf. Scour to run.] To move hastily; to scour. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scurf , n. [AS. scurf, sceorf, or from Scand.; cf. Sw. skorf, Dan. skurv, Icel. skurfur, D. schurft, G. schorf; all akin to AS. scurf, and to AS. sceorfan to scrape, to gnaw, G. schürfen to scrape, and probably also to E. scrape. Cf. Scurvy.] 1. Thin dry scales or scabs upon the body; especially, thin scales exfoliated from the cuticle, particularly of the scalp; dandruff. 2. Hence, the foul remains of anything adherent. “The scurf is worn away of each committed crime.” Dryden. 3. Anything like flakes or scales adhering to a surface. “There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top
Belched fire and rolling smoke; the rest entire
Shone with a glossy scurf.” Milton. 4. (Bot.) Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot. Gray.

Scurff , n. The bull trout. [Prov. Eng.]

Scurf´i•ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being scurfy. 2. (Bot.) Scurf.

Scurf´y , a. [Compar. Scurfier superl. Scurfiest.] Having or producing scurf; covered with scurf; resembling scurf.

Scur´ri•er , n. One who scurries.

Scur´rile , a. [L. scurrilis, fr. scurra a •buffoon, jester: cf. F. scurrile.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly opprobrious or loudly jocose in language; scurrilous; as scurrile taunts. “The wretched affectation of scurrile laughter.” Cowley. “A scurrile or obscene jest will better advance you at the court of Charles than your father’s ancient name.” Sir W. Scott.

Scur•ril´i•ty , n. [L. scurrilitas: cf. F. scurrilite.] 1. The quality or state of being scurrile or scurrilous; mean, vile, or obscene jocularity. “Your reasons … have been sharp and sententious, pleasant without scurrility.” Shak. 2. That which is scurrile or scurrilous; gross or obscene language; low buffoonery; vulgar abuse. “Interrupting prayers and sermons with clamor and scurrility.” Macaulay. Syn. — Scurrilousness; abuse; insolence; vulgarity; indecency.

Scur´ril•ous , a. [See Scurrile.] 1. Using the low and indecent language of the meaner sort of people, or such as only the license of buffoons can warrant; as a scurrilous fellow. 2. Containing low indecency or abuse; mean; foul; vile; obscenely jocular; as scurrilous language. “The absurd and scurrilous sermon which had very unwisely been honored with impeachment.” Macaulay. Syn. — Opprobrious; abusive; reproachful; insulting; insolent; offensive; gross; vile; vulgar; low; foul; foul-mouthed; indecent; scurrile; mean. — Scur´ril•ous•ly, adv. — Scur´ril•ous•ness, n.

Scur´rit , n. (Zoöl.) The lesser tern (Sterna minuta). [Prov. Eng.]

Scur´ry , v. i. [Cf. Scur, Skirr.] To hasten away or along; to move rapidly; to hurry; as the rabbit scurried away.

Scur´ry, n. Act of scurrying; hurried movement.

Scur´vi•ly , adv. In a scurvy manner.

Scur´vi•ness , n. The quality or state of being scurvy; vileness; meanness.

Scur´vy , a. [Compar. Scurvier superl. Scurviest.] [From Scurf; cf. Scurvy, n.] 1. Covered or affected with scurf or scabs; scabby; scurfy; specifically, diseased with the scurvy. ´Whatsoever man … be scurvy or scabbed.´ Lev. xxi. 18, 20. 2. Vile; mean; low; vulgar; contemptible. ´A scurvy trick.´ Ld. Lytton. “That scurvy custom of taking tobacco.” Swift. “[He] spoke spoke such scurvy and provoking terms.” Shak.

Scur´vy, n. [Probably from the same source as scorbute, but influenced by scurf, scurfy, scurvy, adj.; cf. D. scheurbuik scurvy, G. scharbock, LL. scorbutus. Cf. Scorbute.] (Med.) A disease characterized by livid spots, especially about the thighs and legs, due to extravasation of blood, and by spongy gums, and bleeding from almost all the mucous membranes. It is accompanied by paleness, languor, depression, and general debility. It is occasioned by confinement, innutritious food, and hard labor, but especially by lack of fresh vegetable food, or confinement for a long time to a limited range of food, which is incapable of repairing the waste of the system. It was formerly prevalent among sailors and soldiers. Scurvy grass [Scurvy + grass; or cf. Icel. skarfakal scurvy grass.] (Bot.) A kind of cress (Cochlearia officinalis) growing along the seacoast of Northern Europe and in arctic regions. It is a remedy for the scurvy, and has proved a valuable food to arctic explorers. The name is given also to other allied species of plants.

Scut , n. [Cf. Icel. skott a fox’s tail. rad. 159.] [Obs.] The tail of a hare, or of a deer, or other animal whose tail is short, esp. when carried erect; hence, sometimes, the animal itself. ´He ran like a scut.´ Skelton. “How the Indian hare came to have a long tail, whereas that part in others attains no higher than a scut.” Sir T. Browne. “My doe with the black scut.” Shak.

Scu´ta , n. pl. See Scutum.

Scu´tage ( 48), n. [LL. scutagium, from L. scutum a shield.] (Eng. Hist.) Shield money; commutation of service for a sum of money. See Escuage.

Scu´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a shield. “A good example of these scutal monstrosities.” Cussans.

Scu´tate , a. [L. scutatus armed with a shield, from scutum a shield.] 1. Buckler-shaped; round or nearly round. 2. (Zoöl.) Protected or covered by bony or horny plates, or large scales.

Scutch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scutched p. pr. & vb. n. Scutching.] [See Scotch to cut slightly.] 1. To beat or whip; to drub. [Old or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. To separate the woody fiber from (flax, hemp, etc.) by beating; to swingle. 3. To loosen and dress the fiber of (cotton or silk) by beating; to free (fibrous substances) from dust by beating and blowing. Scutching machine, a machine used to scutch cotton, silk, or flax; — called also batting machine.

Scutch, n. 1. A wooden instrument used in scutching flax and hemp. 2. The woody fiber of flax; the refuse of scutched flax. ´The smoke of the burning scutch.´ Cuthbert Bede.

Scutch´eon , n. [Aphetic form of escutcheon.] 1. An escutcheon; an emblazoned shield. Bacon. “The corpse lay in state, with all the pomp of scutcheons, wax lights, black hangings, and mutes.” Macaulay. 2. A small plate of metal, as the shield around a keyhole. See Escutcheon, 4.

Scutch´eoned , a. Emblazoned on or as a shield. “Scutcheoned panes in cloisters old.” Lowell.

Scutch´er , n. 1. One who scutches. 2. An implement or machine for scutching hemp, flax, or cotton, etc.; a scutch; a scutching machine.

Scutch´ grass (Bot.) A kind of pasture grass (Cynodon Dactylon). See Bermuda grass: also Illustration in Appendix.

Scute , n. [L. scutum a shield, a buckler. See Scudo.] 1. A small shield. [Obs.] Skelton. 2. An old French gold coin of the value of 3s. 4d. sterling, or about 80 cents. 3. (Zoöl.) A bony scale of a reptile or fish; a large horny scale on the leg of a bird, or on the belly of a snake.

Scu•tel´la , n. pl. See Scutellum.

Scu•tel´la, n.; pl. Scutellae (#). [NL., fem. dim. of L. scutum.] (Zoöl.) See Scutellum, n., 2. { Scu´tel•late , Scu´tel•la•ted }, a. [L. scutella a dish, salver. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] 1. (Zoöl.) Formed like a plate or salver; composed of platelike surfaces; as the scutellated bone of a sturgeon. Woodward. 2. [See Scutellum.] (Zoöl.) Having the tarsi covered with broad transverse scales, or scutella; — said of certain birds.

Scu•tel•la´tion , n. (Zoöl.) The entire covering, or mode of arrangement, of scales, as on the legs and feet of a bird.

Scu•tel´li•form , a. [L. scutella a dish + -form.] 1. Scutellate. 2. (Bot.) Having the form of a scutellum.

Scu•tel•li•plan´tar , a. [L. scutellus a shield + planta foot.] (Zoöl.) Having broad scutella on the front, and small scales on the posterior side, of the tarsus; — said of certain birds.

Scu•tel´lum , n.; pl. Scutella (#). [NL., neut. dim. of L. scutum a shield.] 1. (Bot.) A rounded apothecium having an elevated rim formed of the proper thallus, the fructification of certain lichens. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The third of the four pieces forming the upper part of a thoracic segment of an insect. It follows the scutum, and is followed by the small postscutellum; a scutella. See Thorax. (b) One of the transverse scales on the tarsi and toes of birds; a scutella.

Scu´ti•branch , a. (Zoöl.) Scutibranchiate. — n. One of the Scutibranchiata.

Scu•ti•bran´chi•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scutibranchiata.

Scu•ti•bran´chi•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Scutibranchiata.

Scu•ti•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Scutum, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) An order of gastropod Mollusca having a heart with two auricles and one ventricle. The shell may be either spiral or shieldlike. It is now usually regarded as including only the Rhipidoglossa and the Docoglossa. When originally established, it included a heterogenous group of mollusks having shieldlike shells, such as Haliotis, Fissurella, Carinaria, etc.

Scu•ti•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having the gills protected by a shieldlike shell; of or pertaining to the Scutibranchiata. — n. One of the Scutibranchiata.

Scu•tif´er•ous , a. [L. scutum shield + -ferous.] Carrying a shield or buckler.

Scu´ti•form , a. [L. scutum shield + -form: cf. F. scutiforme.] Shield-shaped; scutate.

Scu´ti•ger , n. [NL., fr. L. scutum shield + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any species of chilopod myriapods of the genus Scutigera. They sometimes enter buildings and prey upon insects.

Scu´ti•ped , a. [L. scutum a shield + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. scutipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior surface of the tarsus covered with scutella, or transverse scales, in the form of incomplete bands terminating at a groove on each side; — said of certain birds.

Scut´tle , n. [AS. scutel a dish, platter; cf. Icel. skutill; both fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish or platter; cf. scutum a shield. Cf. Skillet.] 1. A broad, shallow basket. 2. A wide-mouthed vessel for holding coal: a coal hod.

Scut´tle, v. i. [For scuddle, fr. scud.] To run with affected precipitation; to hurry; to bustle; to scuddle. “With the first dawn of day, old Janet was scuttling about the house to wake the baron.” Sir W. Scott.

Scut´tle, n. A quick pace; a short run. Spectator.

Scut´tle , n. [OF. escoutille, F. escoutille, cf. Sp. escotilla; probably akin to Sp. escotar to cut a thing so as to make it fit, to hollow a garment about the neck, perhaps originally, to cut a bosom-shaped piece out, and of Teutonic origin; cf. D. schoot lap, bosom, G. schoss, Goth. skauts the hem of a garnment. Cf. Sheet an expanse.] 1. A small opening in an outside wall or covering, furnished with a lid. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) A small opening or hatchway in the deck of a ship, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid for covering it, also a like hole in the side or bottom of a ship. (b) An opening in the roof of a house, with a lid. 2. The lid or door which covers or closes an opening in a roof, wall, or the like. Scuttle butt, or Scuttle cask (Naut.), a butt or cask with a large hole in it, used to contain the fresh water for daily use in a ship. Totten.

Scut´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scuttled p. pr. & vb. n. Scuttling.] 1. To cut a hole or holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (as of a ship), for any purpose. 2. To sink by making holes through the bottom of; as to scuttle a ship.

Scu´tum , n.; pl. Scuta (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An oblong shield made of boards or wickerwork covered with leather, with sometimes an iron rim; — carried chiefly by the heavy-armed infantry. 2. (O. Eng. Law) A penthouse or awning. [Obs.] Burrill. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The second and largest of the four parts forming the upper surface of a thoracic segment of an insect. It is preceded by the prescutum and followed by the scutellum. See the Illust. under Thorax. (b) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle.

Scyb´a•la , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky•balon dung.] (Med.) Hardened masses of feces.

Scye (si), n. Arm scye, a cutter’s term for the armhole or part of the armhole of the waist of a garment. [Cant]

Scyle (sil), v. t. [AS. scylan to withdraw or remove.] To hide; to secrete; to conceal. [Obs.]

Scyl´la , n. A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, — both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying ´Between Scylla and Charybdis,´ signifying a great peril on either hand.

Scyl•lae´a , n. [NL. See Scylla.] (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest. In color and form these mollusks closely imitate the fronds of sargassum and other floating seaweeds among which they live.

Scyl•la´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of a family (Scyllaridae) of macruran Crustacea, remarkable for the depressed form of the body, and the broad, flat antennae. Also used adjectively.

Scyl´lite , n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance of a sweetish taste, resembling inosite and metameric with dextrose. It is extracted from the kidney of the dogfish (of the genus Scyllium), the shark, and the skate.

Scym´e•tar , n. See Scimiter.

Scy´pha , n.; pl. Scyphae (#). [NL.] (Bot.) See Scyphus, 2 (b).

Scy´phi•form , a. [L. scyphus a cup + -form.] (Bot.) Cup-shaped.

Scy•phis´to•ma , n.; pl. Scyphistomata (#), Scyphistomae (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sky•fos a cup + sto•ma the mouth.] (Zoöl.) The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian.

Scy•pho•bran´chi•i , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. sky•fos a cup + bra•gchion a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the blennioid and gobioid fishes, and other related families.

Scy•pho•me•du´sae , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky•fos cup + NL. medusa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Acraspeda, or Discophora.

Scy•phoph´o•ri , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky•fos a cup + fe•rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water fishes inhabiting tropical Africa. They have rudimentary electrical organs on each side of the tail.

Scy´phus , n.; pl. Scyphi (#). [L., a cup, Gr. sky•fos.] 1. (Antiq.) A kind of large drinking cup, — used by Greeks and Romans, esp. by poor folk. 2. (Bot.) (a) The cup of a narcissus, or a similar appendage to the corolla in other flowers. (b) A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen.

Scythe (sith), n. [OE. sithe, AS. siðe, sigðe; akin to Icel. sigðr a sickle, LG. segd, seged, seed, seid, OHG. segansa sickle, scythe, G. sense scythe, and to E. saw a cutting instrument. See Saw.] [Written also sithe and sythe.] 1. An instrument for mowing grass, grain, or the like, by hand, composed of a long, curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a long handle, called a snath, which is bent into a form convenient for use. “The sharp-edged scythe shears up the spiring grass.” Drayton. “Whatever thing
The scythe of Time mows down.” Milton. 2. (Antiq.) A scythe-shaped blade attached to ancient war chariots.

Scythe , v. t. To cut with a scythe; to cut off as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.] “Time had not scythed all that youth begun.” Shak.

Scythed , a. Armed with scythes, as a chariot. “Chariots scythed,
On thundering axles rolled.” Glover.

Scythe´man , n.; pl. Scythemen . One who uses a scythe; a mower. Macaulay.

Scythe´stone , n. A stone for sharpening scythes; a whetstone.

Scythe´whet , n. (Zoöl.) Wilson’s thrush; — so called from its note. [Local, U.S.]

Scyth´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Scythia (a name given to the northern part of Asia, and Europe adjoining to Asia), or its language or inhabitants. Scythian lamb. (Bot.) See Barometz.

Scyth´i•an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scythia; specifically (Ethnol.), one of a Slavonic race which in early times occupied Eastern Europe. 2. The language of the Scythians.

Scy•to•der´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a hide + a skin.] (Zoöl.) Same as Holothurioidea.

Sdain , v. & n. Disdain. [Obs.] Spenser.

’Sdeath , interj. [Corrupted fr. God’s death.] An exclamation expressive of impatience or anger. Shak.

Sdeign , v. t. To disdain. [Obs.] “But either sdeigns with other to partake.” Spenser.

Sea (se), n. [OE. see, AS. sae; akin to D. zee, OS. & OHG. seo, G. see, OFries. se, Dan. sö, Sw. sjö, Icel. saer, Goth. saiws, and perhaps to L. saevus fierce, savage. rad.151a.] 1. One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth’s surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea. 2. An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as the Sea of Galilee. 3. The ocean; the whole body of the salt water which covers a large part of the globe. “I marvel how the fishes live in the sea.” Shak. “Ambiguous between sea and land
The river horse and scaly crocodile.” Milton. 4. The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a high wind; motion or agitation of the water’s surface; also a single wave; a billow; as there was a high sea after the storm; the vessel shipped a sea. 5. (Jewish Antiq.) A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusalem; — so called from its size. “He made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits the height thereof.” 2 Chron. iv. 2. 6. Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as a sea of glory. Shak. “All the space … was one sea of heads.” Macaulay. Sea is often used in the composition of words of obvious signification; as sea-bathed, sea-beaten, sea-bound, sea-bred, sea-circled, sealike, sea-nursed, sea-tossed, sea-walled, sea- worn, and the like. It is also used either adjectively or in combination with substantives; as sea bird, sea-bird, or seabird, sea acorn, or sea-acorn. At sea, upon the ocean; away from land; figuratively, without landmarks for guidance; lost; at the mercy of circumstances. ´To say the old man was at sea would be too feeble an expression.´ G. W. Cable — At full sea at the height of flood tide; hence, at the height. ´But now God’s mercy was at full sea.´ Jer. Taylor. — Beyond seas, or Beyond the sea or the seas (Law), out of the state, territory, realm, or country. Wharton. — Half seas over, half drunk. [Colloq.] Spectator. — Heavy sea, a sea in which the waves run high. — Long sea, a sea characterized by the uniform and steady motion of long and extensive waves. — Short sea, a sea in which the waves are short, broken, and irregular, so as to produce a tumbling or jerking motion. — To go to sea, to adopt the calling or occupation of a sailor.

Sea´ a´corn (Zoöl.) An acorn barnacle (Balanus).

Sea´ ad´der (Zoöl.) (a) The European fifteen-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus spinachia); — called also bismore. (b) The European tanglefish, or pipefish (Syngnathus acus).

Sea´ an´chor (Naut.) See Drag sail, under 4th Drag.

Sea´ a•nem´o•ne (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of soft-bodied Anthozoa, belonging to the order Actinaria; an actinian. They have the oral disk surrounded by one or more circles of simple tapering tentacles, which are often very numerous, and when expanded somewhat resemble the petals of flowers, with colors varied and often very beautiful.

Sea´ ape (Zoöl.) (a) The thrasher shark. (b) The sea otter.

Sea´ ap´ple (Bot.) The fruit of a West Indian palm (Manicaria Plukenetii), often found floating in the sea. A. Grisebach.

Sea´ ar´row (Zoöl.) A squid of the genus Ommastrephes. See Squid.

Sea´ bank 1. The seashore. Shak. 2. A bank or mole to defend against the sea.

Sea´-bar , n. (Zoöl.) A tern.

Sea´ bar´row (Zoöl.) A sea purse.

Sea´ bass. . (Zoöl.) (a) A large marine food fish (Serranus, or Centropristis, atrarius) which abounds on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It is dark bluish, with black bands, and more or less varied with small white spots and blotches. Called also locally, blue bass, black sea bass, blackfish, bluefish, and black perch. (b) A California food fish (Cynoscion nobile); — called also white sea bass, and sea salmon.

Sea´ bat (Zoöl.) See Batfish (a).

Sea´beach , n. A beach lying along the sea. ´The bleak seabeach.´ Longfellow.

Sea´ bean (Bot.) Same as Florida bean.

Sea´ bear (Zoöl.) (a) Any fur seal. See under Fur. (b) The white bear.

Sea´beard , n. (Bot.) A green seaweed (Cladophora rupestris) growing in dense tufts.

Sea´ beast (Zoöl.) Any large marine mammal, as a seal, walrus, or cetacean.

Sea´ bird (Zoöl.) Any swimming bird frequenting the sea; a sea fowl.

Sea´ blite (Bot.) A plant (Suaeda maritima) of the Goosefoot family, growing in salt marshes.

Sea´-blub´ber , n. (Zoöl.) A jellyfish.

Sea´board , n. [Sea + board, F. bord side.] The seashore; seacoast. Ld. Berners.

Sea´board, a. Bordering upon, or being near, the sea; seaside; seacoast; as a seaboard town.

Sea´board, adv. Toward the sea. [R.]

Sea´boat [AS. saebat.] 1. A boat or vessel adapted to the open sea; hence, a vessel considered with reference to her power of resisting a storm, or maintaining herself in a heavy sea; as a good sea boat. 2. (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Sea´bord , n. & a. See Seaboard.

Sea´-bor´der•ing , a. Bordering on the sea; situated beside the sea. Drayton.

Sea´-born , a. 1. Born of the sea; produced by the sea. ´Neptune and his sea-born niece.´ Waller. 2. Born at sea.

Sea´bound , a. Bounded by the sea.

Sea´ bow See Marine rainbow, under Rainbow.

Sea´ boy A boy employed on shipboard.

Sea´ breach A breaking or overflow of a bank or a dike by the sea. L’Estrange.

Sea´ bream (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes, especially the common European species (Pagellus centrodontus), the Spanish (P. Oweni), and the black sea bream (Cantharus lineatus); — called also old wife.

Sea´ brief Same as Sea letter.

Sea´ bug (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Sea´-built , a. Built at, in, or by the sea.

Sea´ but´ter•fly (Zoöl.) A pteropod.

Sea´ cab´bage ( 48). (Bot.) See Sea kale, under Kale.

Sea´ calf (Zoöl.) The common seal.

Sea´ ca•na´ry [So called from a whistling sound which it makes.] (Zoöl.) The beluga, or white whale.

Sea´ cap´tain The captain of a vessel that sails upon the sea.

Sea´ card Mariner’s card, or compass. { Sea´ cat•fish Sea´ cat• } (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) Any marine siluroid fish, as AElurichthys marinus, and Arinus felis, of the eastern coast of the United States. Many species are found on the coasts of Central and South America.

Sea´ chart A chart or map on which the lines of the shore, islands, shoals, harbors, etc., are delineated.

Sea´ chick´weed (Bot.) A fleshy plant (Arenaria peploides) growing in large tufts in the sands of the northern Atlantic seacoast; — called also sea sandwort, and sea purslane.

Sea´ clam (Zoöl.) Any one of the large bivalve mollusks found on the open seacoast, especially those of the family Mactridae, as the common American species. (Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima); — called also beach clam, and surf clam.

Sea´ coal Coal brought by sea; — a name by which mineral coal was formerly designated in the south of England, in distinction from charcoal, which was brought by land. Sea-coal facing (Founding), facing consisting of pulverized bituminous coal.

Sea´coast , n. The shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. Also used adjectively.

Sea´ cob (Zoöl.) The black-backed gull.

Sea´ cock 1. In a steamship, a cock or valve close to the vessel’s side, for closing a pipe which communicates with the sea. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover. (b) A gurnard, as the European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

Sea´ co´coa (Bot.) A magnificent palm (Lodoicea Sechellarum) found only in the Seychelles Islands. The fruit is an immense two-lobed nut. It was found floating in the Indian Ocean before the tree was known, and called sea cocoanut, and double cocoanut.

Sea´ col´an•der (Bot.) A large blackfish seaweed (Agarum Turneri), the frond of which is punctured with many little holes.

Sea´ cole´wort (Bot.) Sea cabbage.

Sea´ com´pass The mariner’s compass. See under Compass.

Sea´ coot (Zoöl.) A scoter duck.

Sea´ corn (Zoöl.) A yellow cylindrical mass of egg capsules of certain species of whelks (Buccinum), which resembles an ear of maize.

Sea´ cow (Zoöl.) (a) The mantee. (b) The dugong. (c) The walrus. { Sea´ craw´fish• Sea´ cray´fish• } (Zoöl.) Any crustacean of the genus Palinurus and allied genera, as the European spiny lobster (P. vulgaris), which is much used as an article of food. See Lobster.

Sea´ crow (Zoöl.) (a) The chough. [Ireland] (b) The cormorant. (c) The blackheaded pewit, and other gulls. (d) The skua. (e) The razorbill. [Orkney Islands] (f) The coot.

Sea´ cu´cum•ber (Zoöl.) Any large holothurian, especially one of those belonging to the genus Pentacta, or Cucumaria, as the common American and European species. (P. frondosa).

Sea´ dace (Zoöl.) The European sea perch.

Sea´ daf´fo•dil (Bot.) A European amaryllidaceous plant (Pancratium maritimum).

Sea´ dev•il (Zoöl.) (a) Any very large ray, especially any species of the genus Manta or Cephaloptera, some of which become more than twenty feet across and weigh several tons. See also Ox ray, under Ox. (b) Any large cephalopod, as a large Octopus, or a giant squid (Architeuthis). See Devilfish. (c) The angler.

Sea´ dog 1. (Zoöl.) The dogfish. (b) The common seal. 2. An old sailor; a salt. [Colloq.]

Sea´ dot´ter•el (Zoöl.) The turnstone.

Sea´ dove (Zoöl.) The little auk, or rotche. See Illust. of Rotche.

Sea´ drag´on (Zoöl.) (a) A dragonet, or sculpin. (b) The pegasus.

Sea´ drake (Zoöl.) The pewit gull.

Sea´ duck (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ducks which frequent the seacoasts and feed mainly on fishes and mollusks. The scoters, eiders, old squaw, and ruddy duck are examples. They may be distinguished by the lobate hind toe.

Sea´ ea´gle 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fish-eating eagles of the genus Haliaeetus and allied genera, as the North Pacific sea eagle (H. pelagicus), which has white shoulders, head, rump, and tail; the European white-tailed eagle (H. albicilla); and the Indian white-tailed sea eagle, or fishing eagle (Polioaëtus ichthyaëtus). The bald eagle and the osprey are also sometimes classed as sea eagles. 2. (Zoöl.) The eagle ray. See under Ray.

Sea´-ear (se´er•), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of ear-shaped shells of the genus Haliotis. See Abalone.

Sea´ eel (se´ el•). (Zoöl.) The conger eel.

Sea´ egg (se´ eg•). (Zoöl.) A sea urchin.

Sea´ el´e•phant (se´ e´e•fant). (Zoöl.) A very large seal (Macrorhinus proboscideus) of the Antarctic seas much hunted for its oil. It sometimes attains a length of thirty feet, and is remarkable for the prolongation of the nose of the adult male into an erectile elastic proboscis, about a foot in length. Another species of smaller size (M. angustirostris) occurs on the coast of Lower California, but is now nearly extinct.

Sea´ fan (se´ fan•). (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches in a fanlike form, especially Gorgonia flabellum of Florida and the West Indies.

Sea´far•er , n. [Sea + fare.] One who follows the sea as a business; a mariner; a sailor.

Sea´far•ing, a. Following the business of a mariner; as a seafaring man.

Sea´ feath´er (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches in a plumelike form.

Sea´ fen´nel (Bot.) Samphire.

Sea´ fern´ (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches like a fern.

Sea´ fight An engagement between ships at sea; a naval battle.

Sea´ fir (Zoöl.) A sertularian hydroid, especially Sertularia abietina, which branches like a miniature fir tree.

Sea´ flow´er (Zoöl.) A sea anemone, or any related anthozoan.

Sea´ foam 1. Foam of sea water. 2. (Min.) Meerschaum; — called also sea froth.

Sea´ fowl (Zoöl.) Any bird which habitually frequents the sea, as an auk, gannet, gull, tern, or petrel; also all such birds, collectively.

Sea´ fox (Zoöl.) The thrasher shark. See Thrasher.

Sea´ froth ( 115). See Sea foam, 2. { Sea´-gate• , Sea´-gait• }, n. A long, rolling swell of the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sea´ gauge See under Gauge, n. { Sea´ gher•kin , or Sea´ gir´kin }. (Zoöl.) Any small holothurian resembling in form a gherkin.

Sea´ gin´ger (Zoöl.) A hydroid coral of the genus Millepora, especially M. alcicornis, of the West Indies and Florida. So called because it stings the tongue like ginger. See Illust. under Millepore.

Sea´ gir´dles (Bot.) A kind of kelp (Laminaria digitata) with palmately cleft fronds; — called also sea wand, seaware, and tangle.

Sea´girt , a. Surrounded by the water of the sea or ocean; as a seagirt isle. Milton.

Sea´ god A marine deity; a fabulous being supposed to live in, or have dominion over, the sea, or some particular sea or part of the sea, as Neptune.

Sea´ god´dess A goddess supposed to live in or reign over the sea, or some part of the sea.

Sea´go•ing , a. Going upon the sea; especially, sailing upon the deep sea; — used in distinction from coasting or river, as applied to vessels.

Sea´ goose (Zoöl.) A phalarope.

Sea´ gown A gown or frock with short sleeves, formerly worn by mariners. Shak.

Sea´ grape 1. (Bot.) (a) The gulf weed. See under Gulf. (b) A shrubby plant (Coccoloba uvifera) growing on the sandy shores of tropical America, somewhat resembling the grapevine. 2. pl. (Zoöl.) The clusters of gelatinous egg capsules of a squid (Loligo).

Sea´ grass (Bot.) Eelgrass.

Sea´ green The green color of sea water.

Sea´-green, a. Of a beautiful bluish green color, like sea water on soundings.

Sea´ gud´geon (Zoöl.) The European black goby (Gobius niger).

Sea´ gull (Zoöl.) Any gull living on the seacoast.

Se´ah , n. A Jewish dry measure containing one third of an ephah.

Sea´ hare (Zoöl.) Any tectibranchiate mollusk of the genus Aplysia. See Aplysia.

Sea´ hawk (Zoöl.) A jager gull.

Sea´ heath (Bot.) A low perennial plant (Frankenia laevis) resembling heath, growing along the seashore in Europe.

Sea´ hedge´hog (Zoöl.) A sea urchin.

Sea´ hen (Zoöl.) The common guillemot; — applied also to various other sea birds.

Sea´ hog (Zoöl.) The porpoise.

Sea´ hol´ly (Bot.) An evergeen seashore plant (Eryngium maritimum). See Eryngium.

Sea´ holm A small uninhabited island.

Sea´ holm. (Bot.) Sea holly.

Sea´ horse 1. A fabulous creature, half horse and half fish, represented in classic mythology as driven by sea dogs or ridden by the Nereids. It is also depicted in heraldry. See Hippocampus. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The walrus. (b) Any fish of the genus Hippocampus. In a passage of Dryden’s, the word is supposed to refer to the hippopotamus.

Sea´ hul´ver (Bot.) Sea holly.

Sea´-is•land , a. Of or pertaining to certain islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia; as sea-island cotton, a superior cotton of long fiber produced on those islands.

Sea´ jel´ly (Zoöl.) A medusa, or jellyfish.

Seak , n. Soap prepared for use in milling cloth.

Sea´ kale´ (Bot.) See under Kale.

Sea´ king One of the leaders among the Norsemen who passed their lives in roving the seas in search of plunder and adventures; a Norse pirate chief. See the Note under Viking.

Seal (sel), n. [OE. sele, AS. seolh; akin to OHG. selah, Dan. sael, Sw. själ, Icel. selr.] (Zoöl.) Any aquatic carnivorous mammal of the families Phocidae and Otariidae. Seals inhabit seacoasts, and are found principally in the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. There are numerous species, bearing such popular names as sea lion, sea leopard, sea bear, or ursine seal, fur seal, and sea elephant. The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), and the ringed seal (Phoca fœtida), are northern species. See also Eared seal, Harp seal, Monk seal, and Fur seal, under Eared, Harp, Monk, and Fur. Seals are much hunted for their skins and fur, and also for their oil, which in some species is very abundant. Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal (Phoca vitulina). It inhabits both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean, and often ascends rivers; — called also marbled seal, native seal, river seal, bay seal, land seal, sea calf, sea cat, sea dog, dotard, ranger, selchie, tangfish.

Seal, n. [OE. seel, OF. seel, F. sceau, fr. L. sigillum a little figure or image, a seal, dim. of signum a mark, sign, figure, or image. See Sign, n., and cf. Sigil.] 1. An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for marking an impression in wax or other soft substance, to be attached to a document, or otherwise used by way of authentication or security. 2. Wax, wafer, or other tenacious substance, set to an instrument, and impressed or stamped with a seal; as to give a deed under hand and seal. “Till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond
Thou but offend’st thy lungs to speak so loud.” Shak. 3. That which seals or fastens; esp., the wax or wafer placed on a letter or other closed paper, etc., to fasten it. 4. That which confirms, ratifies, or makes stable; that which authenticates; that which secures; assurance. ´Under the seal of silence.´ Milton. “Like a red seal is the setting sun
On the good and the evil men have done.” Longfellow. 5. An arrangement for preventing the entrance or return of gas or air into a pipe, by which the open end of the pipe dips beneath the surface of water or other liquid, or a deep bend or sag in the pipe is filled with the liquid; a draintrap. Great seal. See under Great. — Privy seal. See under Privy, a. — Seal lock, a lock in which the keyhole is covered by a seal in such a way that the lock can not be opened without rupturing the seal. — Seal manual. See under Manual, a. — Seal ring, a ring having a seal engraved on it, or ornamented with a device resembling a seal; a signet ring. Shak.

Seal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sealed p. pr. & vb. n. Sealing.] [OE. selen; cf. OF. seeler, seieler, F. sceller, LL. sigillare. See Seal a stamp.] 1. To set or affix a seal to; hence, to authenticate; to confirm; to ratify; to establish; as to seal a deed. “And with my hand I seal my true heart’s love.” Shak. 2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality; as to seal weights and measures; to seal silverware. 3. To fasten with a seal; to attach together with a wafer, wax, or other substance causing adhesion; as to seal a letter. 4. Hence, to shut close; to keep close; to make fast; to keep secure or secret. “Seal up your lips, and give no words but ´mum´.” Shak. 5. To fix, as a piece of iron in a wall, with cement, plaster, or the like. Gwilt. 6. To close by means of a seal; as to seal a drainpipe with water. See 2d Seal, 5. 7. Among the Mormons, to confirm or set apart as a second or additional wife. [Utah, U.S.] “If a man once married desires a second helpmate … she is sealed to him under the solemn sanction of the church.” H. Stansbury.

Seal, v. i. To affix one’s seal, or a seal. [Obs.] “I will seal unto this bond.” Shak.

Sea´ la´ces (Bot.) A kind of seaweed (Chorda Filum) having blackish cordlike fronds, often many feet long.

Sea´ lam´prey (Zoöl.) The common lamprey.

Sea´ lan´guage The peculiar language or phraseology of seamen; sailor’s cant.

Sea´ lark (Zoöl.) (a) The rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). (b) Any one of several small sandpipers and plovers, as the ringed plover, the turnstone, the dunlin, and the sanderling.

Sea´ lav´en•der (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary, under Marsh.

Sea´ law´yer (Zoöl.) The gray snapper. See under Snapper.

Seal´-brown , a. Of a rich dark brown color, like the fur of the fur seal after it is dyed.

Sea´ legs Legs able to maintain their possessor upright in stormy weather at sea, that is, ability to stand or walk steadily on deck when a vessel is rolling or pitching in a rough sea. [Sailor’s Cant] Totten.

Sea´ lem´on (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of nudibranchiate mollusks of the genus Doris and allied genera, having a smooth, thick, convex yellow body.

Sea´ leop´ard (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of spotted seals, especially Ogmorhinus leptonyx, and Leptonychotes Weddelli, of the Antarctic Ocean. The North Pacific sea leopard is the harbor seal.

Seal´er , n. One who seals; especially, an officer whose duty it is to seal writs or instruments, to stamp weights and measures, or the like.

Sealer, n. A mariner or a vessel engaged in the business of capturing seals.

Sea´ let´ter (Mar. Law.) The customary certificate of national character which neutral merchant vessels are bound to carry in time of war; a passport for a vessel and cargo. Burrill.

Sea´ let´tuce (Bot.) The green papery fronds of several seaweeds of the genus Ulva, sometimes used as food.

Sea´ lev´el The level of the surface of the sea; any surface on the same level with the sea. { Sealgh , Selch, n. }. (Zoöl.) A seal. [Scotch]

Sea´ lil´y (Zoöl.) A crinoid.

Seal´ing wax A compound of the resinous materials, pigments, etc., used as a material for seals, as for letters, documents, etc.

Sea´ li´on (Zoöl.) Any one of several large species of seals of the family Otariidae native of the Pacific Ocean, especially the southern sea lion (Otaria jubata) of the South American coast; the northern sea lion (Eumetopias Stelleri) found from California to Japan; and the black, or California, sea lion (Zalophus Californianus), which is common on the rocks near San Francisco.

Sea´ loach´ (Zoöl.) The three- bearded rockling. See Rockling.

Sea´ louse (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of isopod crustaceans of Cymothoa, Livoneca, and allied genera, mostly parasites on fishes.

Seam (sem), n. [See Saim.] Grease; tallow; lard. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. Dryden.

Seam, n. [OE. seem, seam, AS. seám; akin to D. zoom, OHG. soum, G. saum, LG. soom, Icel. saumr, Sw. & Dan. söm, and E. sew. rad. 156. See Sew to fasten with thread.] 1. The fold or line formed by sewing together two pieces of cloth or leather. 2. Hence, a line of junction; a joint; a suture, as on a ship, a floor, or other structure; the line of union, or joint, of two boards, planks, metal plates, etc. “Precepts should be so finely wrought together … that no coarse seam may discover where they join.” Addison. 3. (Geol. & Mining) A thin layer or stratum; a narrow vein between two thicker strata; as a seam of coal. 4. A line or depression left by a cut or wound; a scar; a cicatrix. Seam blast, a blast made by putting the powder into seams or cracks of rocks. — Seam lace, a lace used by carriage makers to cover seams and edges; — called also seaming lace. — Seam presser. (Agric.) (a) A heavy roller to press down newly plowed furrows. (b) A tailor’s sadiron for pressing seams. Knight. — Seam set, a set for flattering the seams of metal sheets, leather work, etc.

Seam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seamed p. pr. & vb. n. Seaming.] 1. To form a seam upon or of; to join by sewing together; to unite. 2. To mark with something resembling a seam; to line; to scar. “Seamed o’er with wounds which his own saber gave.” Pope. 3. To make the appearance of a seam in, as in knitting a stocking; hence, to knit with a certain stitch, like that in such knitting.

Seam, v. i. To become ridgy; to crack open. “Later their lips began to parch and seam.” L. Wallace.

Seam, n. [AS. seám, LL. sauma, L. sagma a packsaddle, fr. Gr. . See Sumpter.] A denomination of weight or measure. Specifically: (a) The quantity of eight bushels of grain. ´A seam of oats.´ P. Plowman. (b) The quantity of 120 pounds of glass. [Eng.]

Sea´-maid , n. 1. The mermaid. 2. A sea nymph.

Sea´-mail , n. [Sea + (perhaps) Mall Mally, for Mary; hence, Prov. E. mally a hare.] (Zoöl.) A gull; the mew.

Sea´man , n.; pl. Seamen . A merman; the male of the mermaid. [R.] ´Not to mention mermaids or seamen.´ Locke.

Sea´man , n.; pl. Seamen (#). [AS. saeman.] One whose occupation is to assist in the management of ships at sea; a mariner; a sailor; — applied both to officers and common mariners, but especially to the latter. Opposed to landman, or landsman. Able seaman, a sailor who is practically conversant with all the duties of common seamanship. — Ordinary seaman. See Ordinary.

Sea´man•like , a. Having or showing the skill of a practical seaman.

Sea´man•ship, n. The skill of a good seaman; the art, or skill in the art, of working a ship.

Sea´ man´tis (Zoöl.) A squilla.

Sea´ marge Land which borders on the sea; the seashore. Shak. “You are near the sea marge of a land teeming with life.” J. Burroughs.

Sea´mark , n. Any elevated object on land which serves as a guide to mariners; a beacon; a landmark visible from the sea, as a hill, a tree, a steeple, or the like. Shak.

Sea´ mat (Zoöl.) Any bryozoan of the genus Flustra or allied genera which form frondlike corals.

Sea´ maw (Zoöl.) The sea mew.

Seamed , a. (Falconry) Out of condition; not in good condition; — said of a hawk.

Sea´-mell , n. (Zoöl.) The sea mew.

Sea´ mew (Zoöl.) A gull; the mew.

Sea´ mile A geographical mile. See Mile.

Sea´ milk´wort (Bot.) A low, fleshy perennial herb (Glaux maritima) found along northern seashores.

Seam´ing , n. 1. The act or process of forming a seam or joint. 2. (Fishing) The cord or rope at the margin of a seine, to which the meshes of the net are attached. Seaming machine, a machine for uniting the edges of sheet-metal plates by bending them and pinching them together.

Seam´less, a. Without a seam. “Christ’s seamless coat, all of a piece.” Jer. Taylor.

Sea´ monk (Zoöl.) See Monk seal, under Monk.

Sea´ mon´ster (Zoöl.) Any large sea animal.

Sea´ moss ( 115). (Zoöl.) Any branched marine bryozoan resembling moss.

Sea´ mouse (Zoöl.) (a) A dorsibranchiate annelid, belonging to Aphrodite and allied genera, having long, slender, hairlike setae on the sides. (b) The dunlin.

Seam´ster , n. [See Seamstress.] One who sews well, or whose occupation is to sew. [Obs.]

Seam´stress ( 277), n. [From older seamster, properly fem., AS. seámestre. See Seam.] A woman whose occupation is sewing; a needlewoman.

Seam´stress•y , n. The business of a seamstress.

Sea´ mud A rich slimy deposit in salt marshes and along the seashore, sometimes used as a manure; — called also sea ooze.

Seam´y , a. Having a seam; containing seams, or showing them. ´Many a seamy scar.´ Burns. “Everything has its fair, as well as its seamy, side.” Sir W. Scott.

Sean , n. A seine. See Seine. [Prov. Eng.]

Se•ance´ , n. [F., fr. L. sedens, -entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] A session, as of some public body; especially, a meeting of spiritualists to receive spirit communications, so called.

Sea´ nee´dle (Zoöl.) See Garfish (a).

Sea´ net•tle A jellyfish, or medusa.

Sean´na•chie , n. [Gael. seanachaidh.] A bard among the Highlanders of Scotland, who preserved and repeated the traditions of the tribes; also a genealogist. [Written also sennachy.] [Scot.]

Sea´ on´ion (Bot.) The officinal squill. See Squill.

Sea´ ooze Same as Sea mud. Mortimer.

Sea´ or´ange (Zoöl.) A large American holothurian (Lophothuria Fabricii) having a bright orange convex body covered with finely granulated scales. Its expanded tentacles are bright red.

Sea´-orb , n. (Zoöl.) A globefish.

Sea´ ot´ter (Zoöl.) An aquatic carnivore (Enhydris lutris, or marina) found in the North Pacific Ocean. Its fur is highly valued, especially by the Chinese. It is allied to the common otter, but is larger, with feet more decidedly webbed. Sea-otter’s cabbage (Bot.), a gigantic kelp of the Pacific Ocean (Nereocystis Lutkeana). See Nereocystis.

Sea´ owl (se´ oul•). (Zoöl.) The lumpfish.

Sea´ pad (se´ pad•). (Zoöl.) A starfish.

Sea´ par´rot (se´ par´rut). (Zoöl.) The puffin.

Sea´ par´tridge (Zoöl.) The gilthead (Crenilabrus melops), a fish of the British coasts.

Sea´ pass A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to show their nationality; a sea letter or passport. See Passport.

Sea´ peach (Zoöl.) A beautiful American ascidian (Cynthia, or Halocynthia, pyriformis) having the size, form, velvety surface, and color of a ripe peach.

Sea´ pear (se´ pâr•). (Zoöl.) A pedunculated ascidian of the genus Boltonia.

Sea´-pen´ , n. (Zoöl.) A pennatula.

Sea´ perch (Zoöl.) (a) The European bass (Roccus, or Labrax, lupus); — called also sea dace. (b) The cunner. (c) The sea bass. (d) The name is applied also to other species of fishes.

Sea´ pheas´ant (Zoöl.) The pintail duck.

Sea´ pie (se´ pi•). (Zoöl.) The oyster catcher, a limicoline bird of the genus Haematopus.

Sea´ pie. A dish of crust or pastry and meat or fish, etc., cooked together in alternate layers, — a common food of sailors; as a three-decker sea pie.

Sea´piece , n. A picture representing a scene at sea; a marine picture. Addison.

Sea´ pi´et (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea´ pig (Zoöl.) (a) A porpoise or dolphin. (b) A dugong.

Sea´ pi´geon The common guillemot.

Sea´ pike (Zoöl.) (a) The garfish. (b) A large serranoid food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found on both coasts of America; — called also robalo. (c) The merluce.

Sea´ pin•cush•ion (Zoöl.) (a) A sea purse. (b) A pentagonal starfish.

Sea´ pink (Bot.) See Thrift.

Sea´ plov´er The black-bellied plover. { Sea´ poach´er (se´ poch´er). Sea´ pok´er (se´ pok´er). } (Zoöl.) The lyrie.

Sea´ pool A pool of salt water. Spenser.

Sea´ pop´py (Bot.) The horn poppy. See under Horn.

Sea´ por´cu•pine (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Diodon, and allied genera, whose body is covered with spines. See Illust. under Diodon.

Sea´ pork (Zoöl.) An American compound ascidian (Amorœcium stellatum) which forms large whitish masses resembling salt pork.

Sea´ port (se´port•), n. A port on the seashore, or one accessible for seagoing vessels. Also used adjectively; as a seaport town.

Sea´poy , n. See Sepoy.

Sea´ pud´ding (Zoöl.) Any large holothurian. [Prov. Eng.]

Sea´ purse (se´ pûrs•). (Zoöl.) The horny egg case of a skate, and of certain sharks.

Sea´ purs´lane (Bot.) See under Purslane.

Sea´ pye (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea´ py´ot (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea´ quail (Zoöl.) The turnstone.

Sea´quake (se´kwak•), n. A quaking of the sea. { Sear , Sere (ser) }, a. [OE. seer, AS. seár (assumed) fr. seárian to wither; akin to D. zoor dry, LG. soor, OHG. soren to wither, Gr. a´y•ein to parch, to dry, Skr. çush (for sush) to dry, to wither, Zend hush to dry. rad.152. Cf. Austere, Sorrel, a.] Dry; withered; no longer green; — applied to leaves. Milton. “I have lived long enough; my way of life
Is fall’n into the sear, the yellow leaf.” Shak.

Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seared p. pr. & vb. n. Searing.] [OE. seeren, AS. seárian. See Sear, a.] 1. To wither; to dry up. Shak. 2. To burn (the surface of) to dryness and hardness; to cauterize; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes the color or the hardness and texture of the surface; to scorch; to make callous; as to sear the skin or flesh. Also used figuratively. “I’m seared with burning steel.” Rowe. “It was in vain that the amiable divine tried to give salutary pain to that seared conscience.” Macaulay. “The discipline of war, being a discipline in destruction of life, is a discipline in callousness. Whatever sympathies exist are seared.” H. Spencer. Sear is allied to scorch in signification; but it is applied primarily to animal flesh, and has special reference to the effect of heat in marking the surface hard. Scorch is applied to flesh, cloth, or any other substance, and has no reference to the effect of hardness. To sear up, to close by searing. ´Cherish veins of good humor, and sear up those of ill.´ Sir W. Temple.

Sear, n. [F. serre a grasp, pressing, fr. L. sera. See Serry.] The catch in a gunlock by which the hammer is held cocked or half cocked. Sear spring, the spring which causes the sear to catch in the notches by which the hammer is held.

Sea´ rat 1. A pirate. [R.] Massinger. 2. (Zoöl.) The chimaera.

Sea´ ra´ven (Zoöl.) (a) An American cottoid fish (Hemitripterus Americanus) allied to the sculpins, found on the northern Atlantic coasts. (b) The cormorant.

Searce , n. [See Sarse.] A fine sieve. [Obs.]

Searce, v. t. To sift; to bolt. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Sear´cer , n. 1. One who sifts or bolts. [Obs.] 2. A searce, or sieve. [Obs.] Holland.

Search , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Searched p. pr. & vb. n. Searching.] [OE. serchen, cerchen, OF. cerchier, F. chercher, L. circare to go about, fr. L. circum, circa, around. See Circle.] 1. To look over or through, for the purpose of finding something; to examine; to explore; as to search the city. ´Search the Scriptures.´ John v. 39. “They are come to search the house.” Shak. “Search me, O God, and know my heart.” Ps. cxxxix. 23. 2. To inquire after; to look for; to seek. “I will both search my sheep, and seek them out.” Ezek. xxxiv. 11. “Enough is left besides to search and know.” Milton. 3. To examine or explore by feeling with an instrument; to probe; as to search a wound. 4. To examine; to try; to put to the test. To search out, to seek till found; to find by seeking; as to search out truth. Syn. — To explore; examine; scrutinize; seek; investigate; pry into; inquire.

Search, v. i. To seek; to look for something; to make inquiry, exploration, or examination; to hunt. “Once more search with me.” Shak. “It sufficeth that they have once with care sifted the matter, and searched into all the particulars.” Locke.

Search, n. [Cf. OF. cerche. See Search, v. t.] The act of seeking or looking for something; quest; inquiry; pursuit for finding something; examination. “Thus the orb he roamed
With narrow search, and with inspection deep
Considered every creature.” Milton. “Nor did my search of liberty begin
Till my black hairs were changed upon my chin.” Dryden. Right of search (Mar. Law), the right of the lawfully commissioned cruisers of belligerent nations to examine and search private merchant vessels on the high seas for the enemy’s property or for articles contraband of war. — Search warrant (Law), a warrant legally issued, authorizing an examination or search of a house, or other place, for goods stolen, secreted, or concealed. Syn. — Scrutiny; examination; exploration; investigation; research; inquiry; quest; pursuit.

Search´a•ble , a. Capable of being searched.

Search´a•ble•ness, n. Quality of being searchable.

Search´er , n. [Cf. OF. cercheor inspector.] One who, or that which, searches or examines; a seeker; an inquirer; an examiner; a trier. Specifically: (a) Formerly, an officer in London appointed to examine the bodies of the dead, and report the cause of death. Graunt. (b) An officer of the customs whose business it is to search ships, merchandise, luggage, etc. (c) An inspector of leather. [Prov. Eng.] (d) (Gun.) An instrument for examining the bore of a cannon, to detect cavities. (e) An implement for sampling butter; a butter trier. (j) (Med.) An instrument for feeling after calculi in the bladder, etc.

Search´ing, a. Exploring thoroughly; scrutinizing; penetrating; trying; as a searching discourse; a searching eye. ´Piercing, searching, biting, cold.´ Dickens. — Search´ing•ly, adv. — Search´ing•ness, n.

Search´less, a. Impossible to be searched; inscrutable; impenetrable.

Sear´cloth ( 115), n. Cerecloth. Mortimer.

Sear´cloth, v. t. To cover, as a sore, with cerecloth.

Seared , a. Scorched; cauterized; hence, figuratively, insensible; not susceptible to moral influences. “A seared conscience and a remorseless heart.” Macaulay.

Sear´ed•ness , n. The state of being seared or callous; insensibility. Bp. Hall.

Sea´ reed (Bot.) The sea-sand reed. See under Reed.

Sea´ risk Risk of injury, destruction, or loss by the sea, or while at sea.

Sea´ rob´ber A pirate; a sea rover.

Sea´ rob´in See under Robin, and Illustration in Appendix.

Sea´ rock´et (Bot.) See under Rocket.

Sea´ room (Naut.) Room or space at sea for a vessel to maneuver, drive, or scud, without peril of running ashore or aground. Totten.

Sea´ rov´er One that cruises or roves the sea for plunder; a sea robber; a pirate; also a piratical vessel.

Sea´-rov´ing, a. Cruising at random on the ocean.

Sea´ salm´on (Zoöl.) (a) A young pollock. (b) The spotted squeteague. (c) See Sea bass (b).

Sea´ salt Common salt, obtained from sea water by evaporation.

Sea´ sand´pi•per (Zoöl.) The purple sandpiper.

Sea´ sand´wort (Bot.) See Sea chickweed.

Sea´ sau´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any marine saurian; esp. (Paleon.), the large extinct species of Mosasaurus, Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and related genera.

Sea´scape , n. [Cf. Landscape.] A picture representing a scene at sea. [Jocose] Thackeray.

Sea´ scor´pi•on (Zoöl.) (a) A European sculpin (Cottus scorpius) having the head armed with short spines. (b) The scorpene.

Sea´ scurf (Zoöl.) Any bryozoan which forms rounded or irregular patches of coral on stones, seaweeds, etc.

Sea´ ser´pent 1. (Zoöl.) Any marine snake. See Sea snake. 2. (Zoöl.) A large marine animal of unknown nature, often reported to have been seen at sea, but never yet captured. Many accounts of sea serpents are imaginary or fictitious; others are greatly exaggerated and distorted by incompetent observers; but a number have been given by competent and trustworthy persons, which indicate that several diverse animals have been called sea serpents. Among these are, apparently, several large snakelike fishes, as the oar fish, or ribbon fish (Regalecus), and huge conger eels. Other accounts probably refer to the giant squids (Architeuthis). Some of the best accounts seem to describe a marine saurian, like the fossil Mosasauri, which were large serpentlike creatures with paddles.

Sea´shell , n. (Zoöl.) The shell of any marine mollusk.

Sea´shore , n. 1. The coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean. 2. (Law) All the ground between the ordinary high-water and low-water marks.

Sea´sick , a. Affected with seasickness.

Sea´sick•ness, n. The peculiar sickness, characterized by nausea and prostration, which is caused by the pitching or rolling of a vessel.

Sea´side , n. The land bordering on, or adjacent to, the sea; the seashore. Also used adjectively.

Sea´ slat´er (Zoöl.) Any isopod crustacean of the genus Ligia.

Sea´ slug (Zoöl.) (a) A holothurian. (b) A nudibranch mollusk.

Sea´ snail (Zoöl.) (a) A small fish of the genus Liparis, having a ventral sucker. It lives among stones and seaweeds. (b) Any small creeping marine gastropod, as the species of Littorina, Natica, etc.

Sea´ snake (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of venomous aquatic snakes of the family Hydrophidae, having a flattened tail and living entirely in the sea, especially in the warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They feed upon fishes, and are mostly of moderate size, but some species become eight or ten feet long and four inches broad.

Sea´ snipe (Zoöl.) (a) A sandpiper, as the knot and dunlin. (b) The bellows fish.

Sea´son , n. [OE. sesoun, F. saison, properly, the sowing time, fr. L. satio a sowing, a planting, fr. serere, satum, to sow, plant; akin to E. sow, v., to scatter, as seed.] 1. One of the divisions of the year, marked by alterations in the length of day and night, or by distinct conditions of temperature, moisture, etc., caused mainly by the relative position of the earth with respect to the sun. In the north temperate zone, four seasons, namely, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, are generally recognized. Some parts of the world have three seasons, — the dry, the rainy, and the cold; other parts have but two, — the dry and the rainy. “The several seasons of the year in their beauty.” Addison. 2. Hence, a period of time, especially as regards its fitness for anything contemplated or done; a suitable or convenient time; proper conjuncture; as the season for planting; the season for rest. “The season, prime for sweetest scents and airs.” Milton. 3. A period of time not very long; a while; a time. “Thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season.” Acts xiii. 11. 4. That which gives relish; seasoning. [Obs.] “You lack the season of all natures, sleep.” Shak. In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. — Out of season, beyond or out of the proper time or the usual or appointed time.

Sea´son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seasoned p. pr. & vb. n. Seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appropriate; to prepare; to fit. “He is fit and seasoned for his passage.” Shak. 2. To fit for any use by time or habit; to habituate; to accustom; to inure; to ripen; to mature; as to season one to a climate. 3. Hence, to prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natural juices; as to season timber. 4. To fit for taste; to render palatable; to give zest or relish to; to spice; as to season food. 5. Hence, to fit for enjoyment; to render agreeable. “You season still with sports your serious hours.” Dryden. “The proper use of wit is to season conversation.” Tillotson. 6. To qualify by admixture; to moderate; to temper. ´When mercy seasons justice.´ Shak. 7. To imbue; to tinge or taint. ´Who by his tutor being seasoned with the love of the truth.´ Fuller. “Season their younger years with prudent and pious principles.” Jer. Taylor. 8. To copulate with; to impregnate. [R.] Holland.

Sea´son , v. i. 1. To become mature; to grow fit for use; to become adapted to a climate. 2. To become dry and hard, by the escape of the natural juices, or by being penetrated with other substance; as timber seasons in the sun. 3. To give token; to savor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Sea´son•a•ble , a. Occurring in good time, in due season, or in proper time for the purpose; suitable to the season; opportune; timely; as a seasonable supply of rain. “Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction.” Ecclus. xxxv. 20. — Sea´son•a•ble•ness, n. — Sea´son•a•bly, adv.

Sea´son•age , n. A seasoning. [Obs.] South.

Sea´son•al , a. Of or pertaining to the seasons. Seasonal dimorphism (Zoöl.), the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood.

Sea´son•er , n. One who, or that which, seasons, or gives a relish; a seasoning.

Sea´son•ing, n. 1. The act or process by which anything is seasoned. 2. That which is added to any species of food, to give it a higher relish, as salt, spices, etc.; a condiment. 3. Hence, something added to enhance enjoyment or relieve dullness; as wit is the seasoning of conversation. “Political speculations are of so dry and austere a nature, that they will not go down with the public without frequent seasonings.” Addison. Seasoning tub (Bakery), a trough in which dough is set to rise. Knight.

Sea´son•less, a. Without succession of the seasons.

Sea´ spi´der (Zoöl.) (a) Any maioid crab; a spider crab. See Maioid, and Spider crab, under Spider. (b) Any pycnogonid.

Sea´ squirt (Zoöl.) An ascidian. See Illust. under Tunicata.

Sea´ star (Zoöl.) A starfish, or brittle star.

Sea´ sur´geon (Zoöl.) A surgeon fish.

Sea´ swal´low 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) The storm petrel. (c) The gannet. 2. (Her.) See Cornish chough, under Chough.

Seat (set), n. [OE. sete, Icel. saeti; akin to Sw. säte, Dan. saede, MHG. saze, AS. set, setl, and E. sit. rad.154. See Sit, and cf. Settle, n.] 1. The place or thing upon which one sits; hence; anything made to be sat in or upon, as a chair, bench, stool, saddle, or the like. “And Jesus … overthrew the tables of the money changers, and the seats of them that sold doves.” Matt. xxi. 12. 2. The place occupied by anything, or where any person or thing is situated, resides, or abides; a site; an abode, a station; a post; a situation. “Where thou dwellest, even where Satan’s seat is.” Rev. ii. 13. “He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat committeth himself to prison.” Bacon. “A seat of plenty, content, and tranquillity.” Macaulay. 3. That part of a thing on which a person sits; as the seat of a chair or saddle; the seat of a pair of pantaloons. 4. A sitting; a right to sit; regular or appropriate place of sitting; as a seat in a church; a seat for the season in the opera house. 5. Posture, or way of sitting, on horseback. “She had so good a seat and hand she might be trusted with any mount.” G. Eliot. 6. (Mach.) A part or surface on which another part or surface rests; as a valve seat. Seat worm (Zoöl.), the pinworm.

Seat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seated; p. pr. & vb. n. Seating.] 1. To place on a seat; to cause to sit down; as to seat one’s self. “The guests were no sooner seated but they entered into a warm debate.” Arbuthnot. 2. To cause to occupy a post, site, situation, or the like; to station; to establish; to fix; to settle. “Thus high … is King Richard seated.” Shak. “They had seated themselves in New Guiana.” Sir W. Raleigh. 3. To assign a seat to, or the seats of; to give a sitting to; as to seat a church, or persons in a church. 4. To fix; to set firm. “From their foundations, loosening to and fro,
They plucked the seated hills.” Milton. 5. To settle; to plant with inhabitants; as to seat a country. [Obs.] W. Stith. 6. To put a seat or bottom in; as to seat a chair.

Seat, v. i. To rest; to lie down. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sea´ tang (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; tang; tangle. “To their nests of sedge and sea tang.” Longfellow.

Sea´ term A term used specifically by seamen; a nautical word or phrase.

Sea´ thief A pirate. Drayton.

Sea´ thongs ( 115). (Bot.) A kind of blackish seaweed (Himanthalia lorea) found on the northern coasts of the Atlantic. It has a thonglike forking process rising from a top-shaped base.

Seat´ing (set´ing), n. 1. The act of providing with a seat or seats; as the seating of an audience. 2. The act of making seats; also the material for making seats; as cane seating.

Sea´ tit´ling (Zoöl.) The rock pipit.

Seat´less , a. Having no seat.

Sea´ toad (Zoöl.) (a) A sculpin. (b) A toadfish. (c) The angler.

Sea´ trout (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of true trouts which descend rivers and enter the sea after spawning, as the European bull trout and salmon trout, and the eastern American spotted trout. (b) The common squeteague, and the spotted squeteague. (c) A California fish of the family Chiridae, especially Hexagrammus decagrammus; — called also spotted rock trout. See Rock trout, under Rock. (d) A California sciaenoid fish (Cynoscion nobilis); — called also white sea bass.

Sea´ trum´pet 1. (Bot.) A great blackish seaweed of the Southern Ocean, having a hollow and expanding stem and a pinnate frond, sometimes twenty feet long. 2. (Zoöl.) Any large marine univalve shell of the genus Triton. See Triton.

Sea´ turn A breeze, gale, or mist from the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sea´ tur´tle (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several very large species of chelonians having the feet converted into paddles, as the green turtle, hawkbill, loggerhead, and leatherback. They inhabit all warm seas. (b) The sea pigeon, or guillemot.

Sea´ u´ni•corn (Zoöl.) The narwhal.

Sea´ ur´chin (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of echinoderms of the order Echinoidea. When living they are covered with movable spines which are often long and sharp.

Seave , n. [Cf. Dan. siv, Sw. säf, Icel. sef.] A rush. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Seav•y, a. Overgrown with rushes. [Prov. Eng.]

Sea´ wall [AS. saeweall.] A wall, or embankment, to resist encroachments of the sea.

Sea´-walled , a. Surrounded, bounded, or protected by the sea, as if by a wall. Shak. { Sea´wan , Sea´want }, n. The name used by the Algonquin Indians for the shell beads which passed among the Indians as money. Seawan was of two kinds; wampum, white, and suckanhock, black or purple, — the former having half the value of the latter. Many writers, however, use the terms seawan and wampum indiscriminately. Bartlett.

Sea´wand . (Bot.) See Sea girdles.

Sea´ward , a. Directed or situated toward the sea. Donne. “Two still clouds … sparkled on their seaward edges like a frosted fleece.” G. W. Cable.

Sea´ward, adv. Toward the sea. Drayton.

Sea´ware , n. [Cf. AS. saewar seaweed.] (Bot.) Seaweed; esp., coarse seaweed. See Ware, and Sea girdles.

Sea´weed , n. 1. Popularly, any plant or plants growing in the sea. 2. (Bot.) Any marine plant of the class Algae, as kelp, dulse, Fucus, Ulva, etc.

Sea´ whip (Zoöl.) A gorgonian having a simple stem.

Sea´ wid´geon (Zoöl.) (a) The scaup duck. (b) The pintail duck.

Sea´wife , n.; pl. Seawives . (Zoöl.) A European wrasse (Labrus vetula).

Sea´ wil´low (Zoöl.) A gorgonian coral with long flexible branches.

Sea´ wing (Zoöl.) A wing shell (Avicula).

Sea´ with´wind (Bot.) A kind of bindweed (Convolvulus Soldanella) growing on the seacoast of Europe.

Sea´ wolf (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) The European sea perch. (c) The sea elephant. (d) A sea lion.

Sea´ wood´cock (Zoöl.) The bar- tailed godwit.

Sea´ wood´ louse (Zoöl.) A sea slater.

Sea´ worm´wood (Bot.) A European species of wormwood (Artemisia maritima) growing by the sea.

Sea´wor•thi•ness , n. The state or quality of being seaworthy, or able to resist the ordinary violence of wind and weather. Kent.

Sea´wor•thy , a. Fit for a voyage; worthy of being trusted to transport a cargo with safety; as a seaworthy ship.

Sea´ wrack (Bot.) See Wrack.

Se•ba´ceous , a. [NL. sebaceus, from L. sebum tallow, grease.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, fat; composed of fat; having the appearance of fat; as the sebaceous secretions of some plants, or the sebaceous humor of animals. Sebaceous cyst (Med.), a cyst formed by distention of a sebaceous gland, due to obstruction of its excretory duct. — Sebaceous glands (Anat.), small subcutaneous glands, usually connected with hair follicles. They secrete an oily semifluid matter, composed in great part of fat, which softens and lubricates the hair and skin.

Se•bac´ic , a. [L. sebum tallow: cf. F. sebacique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to fat; derived from, or resembling, fat; specifically, designating an acid (formerly called also sebic, and pyroleic, acid), obtained by the distillation or saponification of certain oils (as castor oil) as a white crystalline substance.

Se´bat , n. [Heb. shebat.] The eleventh month of the ancient Hebrew year, approximately corresponding with February. W. Smith (Bibl. Dict.).

Se´bate (se´b\ddt), n. (Chem.) A salt of sebacic acid.

Se•bes´ten , n. [Ar. sebestan the tree: cf. Sp. sebesten.] (Bot.) The mucilaginous drupaceous fruit of two East Indian trees (Cordia Myxa, and C. latifolia), sometimes used medicinally in pectoral diseases. In the West Indies the name is given to the similar fruit of Cordia Sebestana.

Se´bic , a. See Sebacic. [Obs.]

Se•bif´er•ous , a. [L. sebum tallow + -ferous.] 1. (Bot.) Producing vegetable tallow. 2. (Physiol.) Producing fat; sebaceous; as the sebiferous, or sebaceous, glands.

Se•bip´a•rous , a. [L. sebum tallow + parere to bring forth.] (Physiol.) Same as Sebiferous.

Seb´or•rhe•a , n. [NL., fr. L. sebum tallow + Gr. to flow.] (Med.) A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the skin; stearrhea.

Se•ca´le , n. [L., a kind of grain.] (Bot.) A genus of cereal grasses including rye.

Se´can•cy , n. [See Secant.] A cutting; an intersection; as the point of secancy of one line by another. [R.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ).

Se´cant (se´kant), a. [L. secans, -antis, p. pr. of secare to cut. See Section.] Cutting; dividing into two parts; as a secant line.

Secant, n. [Cf. F. secante. See Secant, a.] 1. (Geom.) A line that cuts another; especially, a straight line cutting a curve in two or more points. 2. (Trig.) A right line drawn from the center of a circle through one end of a circular arc, and terminated by a tangent drawn from the other end; the number expressing the ratio of this line to the radius of the circle. See Trigonometrical function, under Function.

Sec´co , a. [It.] Dry. Secco painting, or Painting in secco, painting on dry plaster, as distinguished from fresco painting, which is on wet or fresh plaster.

Se´cede´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seceding.] [L. secedere, secessum; pref se- aside + cedere to go, move. See Cede.] To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association; to separate one’s self by a solemn act; to draw off; to retire; especially, to withdraw from a political or religious body.

Se•ced´er , n. 1. One who secedes. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a numerous body of Presbyterians in Scotland who seceded from the communion of the Established Church, about the year 1733, and formed the Secession Church, so called.

Se•cern´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secerned p. pr. & vb. n. Secerning.] [L. secernere. See Secrete.] 1. To separate; to distinguish. “Averroes secerns a sense of titillation, and a sense of hunger and thirst.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Physiol.) To secrete; as mucus secerned in the nose. Arbuthnot.

Se•cern´ent , a. [L. secernens, p. pr.] (Physiol.) Secreting; secretory.

Se•cern´ent, n. 1. That which promotes secretion. 2. (Anat.) A vessel in, or by means of, which the process of secretion takes place; a secreting vessel.

Se•cern´ment , n. (Physiol.) The act or process of secreting.

Se•cess´ (se•ses´), n. [L. secessus. See Secede.] Retirement; retreat; secession. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Se•ces´sion (se•sesh´un), n. [L. secessio: cf. F. secession. See Secede.] 1. The act of seceding; separation from fellowship or association with others, as in a religious or political organization; withdrawal. 2. (U.S. Hist.) The withdrawal of a State from the national Union. Secession Church (in Scotland). See Seceder.

Se•ces´sion•ism , n. The doctrine or policy of secession; the tenets of secession; the tenets of secessionists.

Se•ces´sion•ist, n. 1. One who upholds secession. 2. (U.S. Hist.) One who holds to the belief that a State has the right to separate from the Union at its will.

Seche , v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se´chi•um , n. [NL.: cf. F. sechion; perhaps formed fr. Gr. cucumber.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of a West Indian plant (Sechium edule) of the Gourd family. It is soft, pear-shaped, and about four inches long, and contains a single large seed. The root of the plant resembles a yam, and is used for food.

Seck , a. [F. sec, properly, dry, L. siccus.] Barren; unprofitable. See Rent seck, under Rent.

Seck´el , n. (Bot.) A small reddish brown sweet and juicy pear. It originated on a farm near Philadelphia, afterwards owned by a Mr. Seckel.

Se´cle , n. [L. saeculum: cf. F. siècle. See Secular.] A century. [Obs.] Hammond.

Se•clude , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Secluding.] [L. secludere, seclusum; pref. se- aside + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up apart from others; to withdraw into, or place in, solitude; to separate from society or intercourse with others. “Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven
Seclude their bosom slaves.” Thomson. 2. To shut or keep out; to exclude. [Obs.] Evelyn. — Se•clud´ed•ly, adv. — Se•clud´ed•ness, n.

Se•clu´sion , n. [See Seclude.] The act of secluding, or the state of being secluded; separation from society or connection; a withdrawing; privacy; as to live in seclusion. “O blest seclusion from a jarring world, which he, thus occupied, enjoys!” Cowper. Syn. — Solitude; separation; withdrawment; retirement; privacy. See Solitude.

Se•clu´sive , a. Tending to seclude; keeping in seclusion; secluding; sequestering.

Sec´ond , a. [F., fr. L. secundus second, properly, following, fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow, and cf. Secund.] 1. Immediately following the first; next to the first in order of place or time; hence, occurring again; another; other. “And he slept and dreamed the second time.” Gen. xli. 5. 2. Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior. “May the day when we become the second people upon earth … be the day of our utter extirpation.” Landor. 3. Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a prototype; as a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge. “A Daniel, still say I, a second Daniel!” Shak. Second Adventist. See Adventist. — Second cousin, the child of a cousin. — Second-cut file. See under File. — Second distance (Art), that part of a picture between the foreground and the background; — called also middle ground, or middle distance. [R.] — Second estate (Eng.), the House of Peers. — Second girl, a female house- servant who does the lighter work, as chamber work or waiting on table. — Second intention. See under Intention. — Second story, Second floor, in America, the second range of rooms from the street level. This, in England, is called the first floor, the one beneath being the ground floor. — Second thought or thoughts, consideration of a matter following a first impulse or impression; reconsideration. “On second thoughts, gentlemen, I don’t wish you had known him.” Dickens.

Sec´ond , n. 1. One who, or that which, follows, or comes after; one next and inferior in place, time, rank, importance, excellence, or power. “Man
An angel’s second, nor his second long.” Young. 2. One who follows or attends another for his support and aid; a backer; an assistant; specifically, one who acts as another’s aid in a duel. “Being sure enough of seconds after the first onset.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. Aid; assistance; help. [Obs.] “Give second, and my love
Is everlasting thine.” J. Fletcher. 4. pl. An article of merchandise of a grade inferior to the best; esp., a coarse or inferior kind of flour. 5. [F. seconde. See Second, a.] The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place. 6. In the duodecimal system of mensuration, the twelfth part of an inch or prime; a line. See Inch, and Prime, n., 8. 7. (Mus.) (a) The interval between any tone and the tone which is represented on the degree of the staff next above it. (b) The second part in a concerted piece; — often popularly applied to the alto. Second hand, the hand which marks the seconds on the dial of a watch or a clock.

Sec´ond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seconding.] [Cf. F. seconder, L. secundare, from secundus. See Second, a.] 1. To follow in the next place; to succeed; to alternate. [R.] “In the method of nature, a low valley is immediately seconded with an ambitious hill.” Fuller. “Sin is seconded with sin.” South. 2. To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage. “We have supplies to second our attempt.” Shak. “In human works though labored on with pain,
A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain;
In God’s, one single can its end produce,
Yet serves to second too some other use.” Pope. 3. Specifically, to support, as a motion or proposal, by adding one’s voice to that of the mover or proposer.

Sec´ond•a•ri•ly , adv. 1. In a secondary manner or degree. 2. Secondly; in the second place. [Obs.] “God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers.” 1 Cor. xii. 28.

Sec´ond•a•ri•ness, n. The state of being secondary. “Full of a girl’s sweet sense of secondariness to the object of her love.” Mrs. Oliphant.

Sec´ond•a•ry , a. [Cf. F. secondaire, L. secundaire. See Second, a.] 1. Succeeding next in order to the first; of second place, origin, rank, etc.; not primary; subordinate; not of the first order or rate. “Wheresoever there is moral right on the one hand, no secondary right can discharge it.” L’Estrange. “Two are the radical differences; the secondary differences are as four.” Bacon. 2. Acting by deputation or delegated authority; as the work of secondary hands. 3. (Chem.) Possessing some quality, or having been subject to some operation (as substitution), in the second degree; as a secondary salt, a secondary amine, etc. Cf. primary. 4. (Min.) Subsequent in origin; — said of minerals produced by alteration or deposition subsequent to the formation of the original rock mass; also of characters of minerals (as secondary cleavage, etc.) developed by pressure or other causes. 5. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the second joint of the wing of a bird. 6. (Med.) (a) Dependent or consequent upon another disease; as Bright’s disease is often secondary to scarlet fever. (b) Occurring in the second stage of a disease; as the secondary symptoms of syphilis. Secondary accent. See the Note under Accent, n., 1. — Secondary age. (Geol.) The Mesozoic age, or age before the Tertiary. See Mesozoic, and Note under Age, n., 8. — Secondary alcohol (Chem.), any one of a series of alcohols which contain the radical CH.OH united with two hydrocarbon radicals. On oxidation the secondary alcohols form ketones. — Secondary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after the constitutional effects of the injury have subsided. — Secondary axis (Opt.), any line which passes through the optical center of a lens but not through the centers of curvature, or, in the case of a mirror, which passes through the center of curvature but not through the center of the mirror. — Secondary battery. (Elec.) See under Battery, n., 4. — Secondary circle (Geom. & Astron.), a great circle that passes through the poles of another great circle and is therefore perpendicular to its plane. — Secondary circuit, Secondary coil (Elec.), a circuit or coil in which a current is produced by the induction of a current in a neighboring circuit or coil called the primary circuit or coil. — Secondary color, a color formed by mixing any two primary colors in equal proportions. — Secondary coverts (Zoöl.), the longer coverts which overlie the basal part of the secondary quills of a bird. See Illust. under Bird. — Secondary crystal (Min.), a crystal derived from one of the primary forms. — Secondary current (Elec.), a momentary current induced in a closed circuit by a current of electricity passing through the same or a contiguous circuit at the beginning and also at the end of the passage of the primary current. — Secondary evidence, that which is admitted upon failure to obtain the primary or best evidence. — Secondary fever (Med.), a fever coming on in a disease after the subsidence of the fever with which the disease began, as the fever which attends the outbreak of the eruption in smallpox. — Secondary hemorrhage (Med.), hemorrhage occuring from a wounded blood vessel at some considerable time after the original bleeding has ceased. — Secondary planet. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. — Secondary qualities, those qualities of bodies which are not inseparable from them as such, but are dependent for their development and intensity on the organism of the percipient, such as color, taste, odor, etc. — Secondary quills or remiges (Zoöl.), the quill feathers arising from the forearm of a bird and forming a row continuous with the primaries; — called also secondaries. See Illust. of Bird. — Secondary rocks or strata (Geol.), those lying between the Primary, or Paleozoic, and Tertiary (see Primary rocks, under Primary); — later restricted to strata of the Mesozoic age, and at present but little used. — Secondary syphilis (Med.), the second stage of syphilis, including the period from the first development of constitutional symptoms to the time when the bones and the internal organs become involved. — Secondary tint, any subdued tint, as gray. — Secondary union (Surg.), the union of wounds after suppuration; union by the second intention. Syn. — Second; second-rate; subordinate; inferior.

Sec´ond•a•ry , n.; pl. Secondaries . 1. One who occupies a subordinate, inferior, or auxiliary place; a delegate or deputy; one who is second or next to the chief officer; as the secondary, or undersheriff of the city of London. “Old Escalus … is thy secondary.” Shak. 2. (Astron.) (a) A secondary circle. (b) A satellite. 3. (Zoöl.) A secondary quill.

Sec´ond-class , a. Of the rank or degree below the best or highest; inferior; second-rate; as a second-class house; a second-class passage.

Sec´ond•er , n. One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion.

Sec´ond•hand , a. 1. Not original or primary; received from another. “They have but a secondhand or implicit knowledge.” Locke. 2. Not new; already or previously possessed or used by another; as a secondhand book, garment. At second hand. See Hand, n., 10.

Sec´ond•ly, adv. In the second place.

Se•con´do (se•kon´do; It. sa•kon´do), n. [It.] (Mus.) The second part in a concerted piece.

Sec´ond-rate , a. Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion. Dryden.

Sec´ond-sight , n. The power of discerning what is not visible to the physical eye, or of foreseeing future events, esp. such as are of a disastrous kind; the capacity of a seer; prophetic vision. “He was seized with a fit of second- sight.” Addison. “Nor less availed his optic sleight,
And Scottish gift of second-sight.” Trumbull.

Sec´ond-sight•ed, a. Having the power of second-sight. [R.] Addison.

Se´cre , a. Secret; secretive; faithful to a secret. [Obs.] “To be holden stable and secre.” Chaucer.

Se´cre, n. A secret. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se´cre•cy , n.; pl. Secrecies (#). [From Secret.] 1. The state or quality of being hidden; as his movements were detected in spite of their secrecy. “The Lady Anne,
Whom the king hath in secrecy long married.” Shak. 2. That which is concealed; a secret. [R.] Shak. 3. Seclusion; privacy; retirement. ´The pensive secrecy of desert cell.´ Milton. 4. The quality of being secretive; fidelity to a secret; forbearance of disclosure or discovery. “It is not with public as with private prayer; in this, rather secrecy is commanded than outward show.” Hooker.

Se´cre•ly , adv. Secretly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se´cre•ness, n. Secrecy; privacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se´cret , a. [F. secret (cf. Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), fr. L. secretus, p. p. of secernere to put apart, to separate. See Certain, and cf. Secrete, Secern.] 1. Hidden; concealed; as secret treasure; secret plans; a secret vow. Shak. “The secret things belong unto the Lord our God; but those things which are revealed belong unto us.” Deut. xxix. 29. 2. Withdrawn from general intercourse or notice; in retirement or secrecy; secluded. “There, secret in her sapphire cell,
He with the Naïs wont to dwell.” Fenton. 3. Faithful to a secret; not inclined to divulge or betray confidence; secretive. [R.] “Secret Romans, that have spoke the word,
And will not palter.” Shak. 4. Separate; distinct. [Obs.] “They suppose two other divine hypostases superior thereunto, which were perfectly secret from matter.” Cudworth. Syn. — Hidden; concealed; secluded; retired; unseen; unknown; private; obscure; recondite; latent; covert; clandestine; privy. See Hidden.

Se´cret, n. [F. secret (cf. Pr. secret, Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), from L. secretum. See Secret, a.] 1. Something studiously concealed; a thing kept from general knowledge; what is not revealed, or not to be revealed. “To tell our own secrets is often folly; to communicate those of others is treachery.” Rambler. 2. A thing not discovered; what is unknown or unexplained; a mystery. “All secrets of the deep, all nature’s works.” Milton. 3. pl. The parts which modesty and propriety require to be concealed; the genital organs. In secret, in a private place; in privacy or secrecy; in a state or place not seen; privately. “Bread eaten in secret is pleasant.” Prov. ix. 17.

Se´cret , v. t. To keep secret. [Obs.] Bacon.

Se´cret•age , n. [F.] A process in which mercury, or some of its salts, is employed to impart the property of felting to certain kinds of furs. Ure.

Sec•re•ta´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a secretary; befitting a secretary. [R.] “Secretarial, diplomatic, or other official training.” Carlyle. { Sec•re•ta´ri•at , Sec•re•ta´ri•ate } n. [F. secretariat.] The office of a secretary; the place where a secretary transacts business, keeps records, etc.

Sec´re•ta•ry , n.; pl. Secretaries (#). [F. secretaire (cf. Pr. secretari, Sp. & Pg. secretario, It. secretario, segretario) LL. secretarius, originally, a confidant, one intrusted with secrets, from L. secretum a secret. See Secret, a. & n.] 1. One who keeps, or is intrusted with, secrets. [R.] 2. A person employed to write orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the like; an official scribe, amanuensis, or writer; one who attends to correspondence, and transacts other business, for an association, a public body, or an individual. “That which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries, and employed men of ambassadors.” Bacon. 3. An officer of state whose business is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particular department of government, and who is usually a member of the cabinet or advisory council of the chief executive; as the secretary of state, who conducts the correspondence and attends to the relations of a government with foreign courts; the secretary of the treasury, who manages the department of finance; the secretary of war, etc. 4. A piece of furniture, with conveniences for writing and for the arrangement of papers; an escritoire. 5. (Zoöl.) The secretary bird. Secretary bird. [So called in allusion to the tufts of feathers at the back of its head, which were fancifully thought to resemble pens stuck behind the ear.] (Zoöl.) A large long-legged raptorial bird (Gypogeranus serpentarius), native of South Africa, but now naturalized in the West Indies and some other tropical countries. It has a powerful hooked beak, a crest of long feathers, and a long tail. It feeds upon reptiles of various kinds, and is much prized on account of its habit of killing and devouring snakes of all kinds. Called also serpent eater. Syn. — See the Note under Clerk, n., 4.

Sec´re•ta•ry•ship, n. The office, or the term of office, of a secretary.

Se•crete´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Secreting.] [L. secretus separated, secret, hidden, p. p. of secernere. See Secret, and cf. Discrete, Discreet.] 1. To deposit in a place of hiding; to hide; to conceal; as to secrete stolen goods; to secrete one’s self. 2. (Physiol.) To separate from the blood and elaborate by the process of secretion; to elaborate and emit as a secretion. See Secretion. “Why one set of cells should secrete bile, another urea, and so on, we do not know.” Carpenter. Syn. — To conceal; hide. See Conceal.

Se•cre´tion , n. [L. secretio: cf. F. secretion.] 1. The act of secreting or concealing; as the secretion of dutiable goods. 2. (Physiol.) The act of secreting; the process by which material is separated from the blood through the agency of the cells of the various glands and elaborated by the cells into new substances so as to form the various secretions, as the saliva, bile, and other digestive fluids. The process varies in the different glands, and hence are formed the various secretions. 3. (Physiol.) Any substance or fluid secreted, or elaborated and emitted, as the gastric juice.

Se´cret•ist , n. A dealer in secrets. [Obs.]

Se•cre•ti´tious , a. Parted by animal secretion; as secretitious humors. Floyer.

Se•cret´ive , a. Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or private; as a secretive disposition.

Se•cret´ive•ness, n. 1. The quality of being secretive; disposition or tendency to conceal. 2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which impels to reserve, secrecy, or concealment.

Se´cret•ly , adv. In a secret manner.

Se´cret•ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being secret, hid, or concealed. 2. Secretiveness; concealment. Donne.

Se•cre•to-mo´to•ry , a. (Physiol.) Causing secretion; — said of nerves which go to glands and influence secretion.

Se•cre´to•ry , a. [Cf. F. secretoire. See Secrete.] (Physiol.) Secreting; performing, or connected with, the office of secretion; secernent; as secretory vessels, nerves. — n. A secretory vessel; a secernent.

Sect (sekt), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] A cutting; a scion. [Obs.] Shak.

Sect (sekt), n. [F. secte, L. secta, fr. sequi to follow; often confused with L. secare, sectum, to cut. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sept, Suit, n.] Those following a particular leader or authority, or attached to a certain opinion; a company or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct from others; in religion, the believers in a particular creed, or upholders of a particular practice; especially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an established church; a denomination; in philosophy, the disciples of a particular master; a school; in society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party. “He beareth the sign of poverty,
And in that sect our Savior saved all mankind.” Piers Plowman. “As of the sect of which that he was born,
He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn.” Chaucer. “The cursed sect of that detestable and false prophet Mohammed.” Fabyan. “As concerning this sect [Christians], we know that everywhere it is spoken against.” Acts xxviii. 22.

Sec´tant , n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] One of the portions of space bounded by the three coordinate planes. Specif. (Crystallog.), one of the parts of a crystal into which it is divided by the axial planes.

Sec•ta´ri•an , a. Pertaining to a sect, or to sects; peculiar to a sect; bigotedly attached to the tenets and interests of a denomination; as sectarian principles or prejudices.

Sec•ta´ri•an, n. One of a sect; a member or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philosophical party; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from established church, or which holds tenets different from those of the prevailing denomination in a state. Syn. — See Heretic.

Sec•ta´ri•an•ism , n. The quality or character of a sectarian; devotion to the interests of a party; excess of partisan or denominational zeal; adherence to a separate church organization.

Sec•ta´ri•an•ize , v. t. To imbue with sectarian feelings; to subject to the control of a sect.

Sec´ta•rism, n. Sectarianism. [Obs.]

Sec´ta•rist , n. A sectary. [R.] T. Warton.

Sec´ta•ry , n.;pl. Sectaries (#). [F. sectaire. See Sect.] A sectarian; a member or adherent of a sect; a follower or disciple of some particular teacher in philosophy or religion; one who separates from an established church; a dissenter. “I never knew that time in England when men of truest religion were not counted sectaries.” Milton.

Sec•ta´tor , n. [L., fr. sectari, v. intens. fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] A follower; a disciple; an adherent to a sect. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Sec´tile , a. [L. sectilis, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. sectile. See Section.] Capable of being cut; specifically (Min.), capable of being severed by the knife with a smooth cut; — said of minerals.

Sec•til´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being sectile.

Sec´tion , n. [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectum, to cut; akin to E. saw a cutting instrument: cf. F. section. See Saw, and cf. Scion, Dissect, Insect, Secant, Segment.] 1. The act of cutting, or separation by cutting; as the section of bodies. 2. A part separated from something; a division; a portion; a slice. Specifically: — (a) A distinct part or portion of a book or writing; a subdivision of a chapter; the division of a law or other writing; a paragraph; an article; hence, the character §, often used to denote such a division. “It is hardly possible to give a distinct view of his several arguments in distinct sections.” Locke. (b) A distinct part of a country or people, community, class, or the like; a part of a territory separated by geographical lines, or of a people considered as distinct. “The extreme section of one class consists of bigoted dotards, the extreme section of the other consists of shallow and reckless empirics.” Macaulay. (c) One of the portions, of one square mile each, into which the public lands of the United States are divided; one thirty-sixth part of a township. These sections are subdivided into quarter sections for sale under the homestead and preëmption laws. 3. (Geom.) The figure made up of all the points common to a superficies and a solid which meet, or to two superficies which meet, or to two lines which meet. In the first case the section is a superficies, in the second a line, and in the third a point. 4. (Nat. Hist.) A division of a genus; a group of species separated by some distinction from others of the same genus; — often indicated by the sign §. 5. (Mus.) A part of a musical period, composed of one or more phrases. See Phrase. 6. The description or representation of anything as it would appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; depiction of what is beyond a plane passing through, or supposed to pass through, an object, as a building, a machine, a succession of strata; profile. In mechanical drawing, as in these Illustrations of a cannon, a longitudinal section (a) usually represents the object as cut through its center lengthwise and vertically; a cross or transverse section (b), as cut crosswise and vertically; and a horizontal section (c), as cut through its center horizontally. Oblique sections are made at various angles. In architecture, a vertical section is a drawing showing the interior, the thickness of the walls, etc., as if made on a vertical plane passed through a building. Angular sections (Math.), a branch of analysis which treats of the relations of sines, tangents, etc., of arcs to the sines, tangents, etc., of their multiples or of their parts. [R.] — Conic sections. (Geom.) See under Conic. — Section liner (Drawing), an instrument to aid in drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines, — used in representing sections. — Thin section, a section or slice, as of mineral, animal, or vegetable substance, thin enough to be transparent, and used for study under the microscope. Syn. — Part; portion; division. — Section, Part. The English more commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of a body of men; as a section of the clergy, a small section of the Whigs, etc. In the United States this use is less common, but another use, unknown or but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the phrases ´the eastern section of our country,´ etc., the same sense being also given to the adjective sectional; as sectional feelings, interests, etc.

Sec´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a section or distinct part of larger body or territory; local. “All sectional interests, or party feelings, it is hoped, will hereafter yield to schemes of ambition.” Story. 2. Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as a sectional steam boiler.

Sec´tion•al•ism , n. A disproportionate regard for the interests peculiar to a section of the country; local patriotism, as distinguished from national. [U. S.]

Sec´tion•al´i•ty , n. The state or quality of being sectional; sectionalism.

Sec´tion•al•ize , v. t. To divide according to geographical sections or local interests. [U. S.] “The principal results of the struggle were to sectionalize parties.” Nicolay & Hay (Life of Lincoln).

Sec´tion•al•ly, adv. In a sectional manner.

Sec´tion•ize , v. t. To form into sections. [R.]

Sect´ism , n. Devotion to a sect. [R.]

Sect´ist, n. One devoted to a sect; a sectary. [R.]

Sect´i•un•cle , n. A little or petty sect. [R.] ´Some new sect or sectiuncle.´ J. Martineau.

Sec´tor , n. [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.] 1. (Geom.) A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc. 2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale. 3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector. Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. — Sector of a sphere, or Spherical sector, the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its vertex.

Sec´tor•al , a. Of or pertaining to a sector; as a sectoral circle.

Sec•to´ri•al , a. (Anat.) Adapted for cutting. — n. A sectorial, or carnassial, tooth.

Sec´u•lar , a. [OE. secular, seculer. L. saecularis, fr. saeculum a race, generation, age, the times, the world; perhaps akin to E. soul: cf. F. seculier.] 1. Coming or observed once in an age or a century. “The secular year was kept but once a century.” Addison. 2. Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long period of time; accomplished in a long progress of time; as secular inequality; the secular refrigeration of the globe. 3. Of or pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy; relating to temporal as distinguished from eternal interests; not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body; worldly. “New foes arise,
Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains.” Milton. 4. (Eccl.) Not regular; not bound by monastic vows or rules; not confined to a monastery, or subject to the rules of a religious community; as a secular priest. “He tried to enforce a stricter discipline and greater regard for morals, both in the religious orders and the secular clergy.” Prescott. 5. Belonging to the laity; lay; not clerical. “I speak of folk in secular estate.” Chaucer. Secular equation (Astron.), the algebraic or numerical expression of the magnitude of the inequalities in a planet’s motion that remain after the inequalities of a short period have been allowed for. — Secular games (Rom. Antiq.), games celebrated, at long but irregular intervals, for three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, combats, sports, and the like. — Secular music, any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. — Secular hymn or poem, a hymn or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games.

Sec´u•lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) A secular ecclesiastic, or one not bound by monastic rules. Burke. 2. (Eccl.) A church official whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby. 3. A layman, as distinguished from a clergyman.

Sec´u•lar•ism , n. 1. The state or quality of being secular; a secular spirit; secularity. 2. The tenets or principles of the secularists.

Sec´u•lar•ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every form of religious faith, and every kind of religious worship, and accepts only the facts and influences which are derived from the present life; also one who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be managed without the introduction of a religious element.

Sec•u•lar´i•ty , n. [Cf.F. secularite, LL. saecularitas.] Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness. “A secularity of character which makes Christianity and its principal doctrines distasteful or unintelligible.” I. Taylor.

Sec•u•lar•i•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. secularisation.] The act of rendering secular, or the state of being rendered secular; conversion from regular or monastic to secular; conversion from religious to lay or secular possession and uses; as the secularization of church property.

Sec´u•lar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secularized p. pr. & vb. n. Secularizing ] [Cf. F. seculariser.] 1. To convert from regular or monastic into secular; as to secularize a priest or a monk. 2. To convert from spiritual to secular or common use; as to secularize a church, or church property. “At the Reformation the abbey was secularized.” W. Coxe. 3. To make worldly or unspiritual. Bp. Horsley.

Sec´u•lar•ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner.

Sec´u•lar•ness, n. The quality or state of being secular; worldliness; worldly-mindedness.

Se´cund , a. [L. secundus following the course or current of wind or water. See Second, a.] (Bot.) Arranged on one side only, as flowers or leaves on a stalk. Gray.

Se•cun´date , v. t. [L. secundatus, p. p. of secundare to direct favorably.] To make prosperous. [R.]

Sec•un•da´tion , n. Prosperity. [R.]

Sec´un•dine , n. [Cf. F. secondine.] 1. (Bot.) The second coat, or integument, of an ovule, lying within the primine. In the ripened seed the primine and secundine are usually united to form the testa, or outer seed coat. When they remain distinct the secundine becomes the mesosperm, as in the castor bean. 2. [Cf. F. secondines.] The afterbirth, or placenta and membranes; — generally used in the plural.

Se•cun•do-gen´i•ture , n. [L. secundus second + genitura a begetting, generation.] A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited. “The kingdom of Naples … was constituted a secundo-geniture of Spain.” Bancroft.

Se•cur´a•ble , a. That may be secured.

Se•cure´ , a. [L. securus; pref. se- without + cura care. See Cure care, and cf. Sure, a.] 1. Free from fear, care, or anxiety; easy in mind; not feeling suspicion or distrust; confident. “But thou, secure of soul, unbent with woes.” Dryden. 2. Overconfident; incautious; careless; — in a bad sense. Macaulay. 3. Confident in opinion; not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, doubt; certain; sure; — commonly with of; as secure of a welcome. “Confidence then bore thee on, secure
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial.” Milton. 4. Not exposed to danger; safe; — applied to persons and things, and followed by against or from. ´Secure from fortune’s blows.´ Dryden. Syn. — Safe; undisturbed; easy; sure; certain; assured; confident; careless; heedless; inattentive.

Se•cure´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secured p. pr. & vb. n. Securing.] 1. To make safe; to relieve from apprehensions of, or exposure to, danger; to guard; to protect. “I spread a cloud before the victor’s sight,
Sustained the vanquished, and secured his flight.” Dryden. 2. To put beyond hazard of losing or of not receiving; to make certain; to assure; to insure; — frequently with against or from, rarely with of; as to secure a creditor against loss; to secure a debt by a mortgage. “It secures its possessor of eternal happiness.” T. Dick. 3. To make fast; to close or confine effectually; to render incapable of getting loose or escaping; as to secure a prisoner; to secure a door, or the hatches of a ship. 4. To get possession of; to make one’s self secure of; to acquire certainly; as to secure an estate. Secure arms (Mil.), a command and a position in the manual of arms, used in wet weather, the object being to guard the firearm from becoming wet. The piece is turned with the barrel to the front and grasped by the right hand at the lower band, the muzzle is dropped to the front, and the piece held with the guard under the right arm, the hand supported against the hip, and the thumb on the rammer.

Se•cure´ly, adv. In a secure manner; without fear or apprehension; without danger; safely. “His daring foe … securely him defied.” Milton.

Se•cure´ment , n. The act of securing; protection. [R.] “Society condemns the securement in all cases of perpetual protection by means of perpetual imprisonment.” C. A. Ives.

Se•cure´ness, n. The condition or quality of being secure; exemption from fear; want of vigilance; security.

Se•cur´er , n. One who, or that which, secures.

Sec•u•rif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., from L. securis an ax + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Serrifera.

Se•cu´ri•form , a. [L. securis an ax or hatchet + -form: cf. F. securiforme.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of an ax or hatchet.

Se•cu´ri•palp , n. [L. securis ax, hatchet + E. palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of beetles having the maxillary palpi terminating in a hatchet- shaped joint.

Se•cu´ri•ty , n.; pl. Securities (#). [L. securitas: cf. F. securite. See Secure, and cf. Surety.] 1. The condition or quality of being secure; secureness. Specifically: (a) Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; confidence of power or safety; hence, assurance; certainty. “His trembling hand had lost the ease,
Which marks security to please.” Sir W. Scott. (b) Hence, carelessness; negligence; heedlessness. “He means, my lord, that we are too remiss,
Whilst Bolingbroke, through our security,
Grows strong and great in substance and in power.” Shak. (c) Freedom from risk; safety. “Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard,
From firm security.” Shak. “Some … alleged that we should have no security for our trade.” Swift. 2. That which secures or makes safe; protection; guard; defense. Specifically: (a) Something given, deposited, or pledged, to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the performance of a contract, the payment of a debt, or the like; surety; pledge. “Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word.” Macaulay. (b) One who becomes surety for another, or engages himself for the performance of another’s obligation. 3. An evidence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of stock, etc.; as government securities. Syn. — Protection; defense; guard; shelter; safety; certainty; ease; assurance; carelessness; confidence; surety; pledge; bail.

Se•dan´ , n. [Said to be named from Sedan, in France, where it was first made, and whence it was introduced into England in the time of King Charles I.] A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person, — usually borne on poles by two men. Called also sedan chair.

Se•date´ , a. [L. sedatus, p. p. of sedare, sedatum, to allay, calm, causative of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Undisturbed by passion or caprice; calm; tranquil; serene; not passionate or giddy; composed; staid; as a sedate soul, mind, or temper. “Disputation carries away the mind from that calm and sedate temper which is so necessary to contemplate truth.” I. Watts. “Whatsoever we feel and know
Too sedate for outward show.” Wordsworth. Syn. — Settled; composed; calm; quiet; tranquil; still; serene; unruffled; undisturbed; contemplative; sober; serious. — Se•date´ly, adv. — Se•date´ness, n.

Se•da´tion , n. [L. sedatio.] The act of calming, or the state of being calm. [R.] Coles.

Sed´a•tive , a. [Cf. F. sedatif.] Tending to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; specifically (Med.), allaying irritability and irritation; assuaging pain.

Sed´a•tive, n. (Med.) A remedy which allays irritability and irritation, and irritative activity or pain.

Se´dent , a. [L. sedens, - entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Sitting; inactive; quiet. [R.]

Sed´en•ta•ri•ly , adv. In a sedentary manner.

Sed´en•ta•ri•ness, n. Quality of being sedentary.

Sed´en•ta•ry , a. [L. sedentarius, fr. sedere to sit: cf. F. seedentaire. See Sedent.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long; as a sedentary man. ´Sedentary, scholastic sophists.´ Bp. Warburton. 2. Characterized by, or requiring, much sitting; as a sedentary employment; a sedentary life. “Any education that confined itself to sedentary pursuits was essentially imperfect.” Beaconsfield. 3. Inactive; motionless; sluggish; hence, calm; tranquil. [R.] ´The sedentary earth.´ Milton. “The soul, considered abstractly from its passions, is of a remiss, sedentary nature.” Spectator. 4. Caused by long sitting. [Obs.] ´Sedentary numbness.´ Milton. 5. (Zoöl.) Remaining in one place, especially when firmly attached to some object; as the oyster is a sedentary mollusk; the barnacles are sedentary crustaceans. Sedentary spider (Zoöl.), one of a tribe of spiders which rest motionless until their prey is caught in their web.

Se•de´runt , n. [L., they sat, fr. sedere to sit.] A sitting, as of a court or other body. “’T is pity we have not Burns’s own account of that long sederunt.” Prof. Wilson. Acts of sederunt (Scots Law), ordinances of the Court of Session for the ordering of processes and expediting of justice. Bell.

Sedge , n. [OE. segge, AS. secg; akin to LG. segge; — probably named from its bladelike appearance, and akin to L. secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument; cf. Ir. seisg, W. hesg. Cf. Hassock, Saw the instrument.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Carex, perennial, endogenous, innutritious herbs, often growing in dense tufts in marshy places. They have triangular jointless stems, a spiked inflorescence, and long grasslike leaves which are usually rough on the margins and midrib. There are several hundred species. The name is sometimes given to any other plant of the order Cyperaceae, which includes Carex, Cyperus, Scirpus, and many other genera of rushlike plants. 2. (Zoöl.) A flock of herons. Sedge hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under 5th Rail. — Sedge warbler (Zoöl.), a small European singing bird (Acrocephalus phragmitis). It often builds its nest among reeds; — called also sedge bird, sedge wren, night warbler, and Scotch nightingale.

Sedged , a. Made or composed of sedge. “With your sedged crowns and ever-harmless looks.” Shak.

Sedg´y , a. Overgrown with sedge. “On the gentle Severn\’b6s sedgy bank.” Shak.

Se•dil´i•a , n. pl.; sing. Sedile . [L. sedile a seat.] (Arch.) Seats in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergy during intervals of service. Hook.

Sed´i•ment , n. [F. sediment, L. sedimentum a settling, fr. sedere to sit, to settle. See Sit.] 1. The matter which subsides to the bottom, from water or any other liquid; settlings; lees; dregs. 2. (Geol.) The material of which sedimentary rocks are formed.

Sed•i•men´tal , a. Sedimentary.

Sed•i•men´ta•ry , a. [Cf. F. sedimentaire.] Of or pertaining to sediment; formed by sediment; containing matter that has subsided. Sedimentary rocks. (Geol.) See Aqueous rocks, under Aqueous.

Sed•i•men•ta´tion , n. The act of depositing a sediment; specifically (Geol.), the deposition of the material of which sedimentary rocks are formed.

Se•di´tion , n. [OE. sedicioun, OF. sedition, F. sedition, fr. L. seditio, originally, a going aside; hence, an insurrectionary separation; pref. se-, sed-, aside + itio a going, fr. ire, itum, to go. Cf. Issue.] 1. The raising of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrection; conduct tending to treason, but without an overt act; excitement of discontent against the government, or of resistance to lawful authority. “In soothing them, we nourish ’gainst our senate
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition.” Shak. “Noisy demagogues who had been accused of sedition.” Macaulay. 2. Dissension; division; schism. [Obs.] “Now the works of the flesh are manifest, … emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies.” Gal. v. 19, 20. Syn. — Insurrection; tumult; uproar; riot; rebellion; revolt. See Insurrection.

Se•di´tion•a•ry , n. An inciter or promoter of sedition. Bp. Hall.

Se•di´tious , a.[L. seditiosus: cf. F. seditieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sedition; partaking of the nature of, or tending to excite, sedition; as seditious behavior; seditious strife; seditious words. 2. Disposed to arouse, or take part in, violent opposition to lawful authority; turbulent; factious; guilty of sedition; as seditious citizens. — Se•di´tious•ly, adv. — Se•di´tious•ness, n.

Sed´litz , a. Same as Seidlitz.

Se•duce´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seduced p. pr. & vb. n. Seducing ] [L. seducere, seductum; pref. se- aside + ducere to lead. See Duke.] 1. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty in any manner; to entice to evil; to lead astray; to tempt and lead to iniquity; to corrupt. “For me, the gold of France did not seduce.” Shak. 2. Specifically, to induce to surrender chastity; to debauch by means of solicitation. Syn. — To allure; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; decoy; inveigle. See Allure.

Se•duce´ment , n. 1. The act of seducing. 2. The means employed to seduce, as flattery, promises, deception, etc.; arts of enticing or corrupting. Pope.

Se•du´cer , n. One who, or that which, seduces; specifically, one who prevails over the chastity of a woman by enticements and persuasions. “He whose firm faith no reason could remove,
Will melt before that soft seducer, love.” Dryden.

Se•du´ci•ble , a. Capable of being seduced; corruptible.

Se•du´cing , a. Seductive. ´Thy sweet seducing charms.´ Cowper. — Se•du´cing•ly, adv.

Se•duc•tion , n. [L. seductio: cf. F. seduction. See Seduce.] 1. The act of seducing; enticement to wrong doing; specifically, the offense of inducing a woman to consent to unlawful sexual intercourse, by enticements which overcome her scruples; the wrong or crime of persuading a woman to surrender her chastity. 2. That which seduces, or is adapted to seduce; means of leading astray; as the seductions of wealth.

Se•duc´tive , a. Tending to lead astray; apt to mislead by flattering appearances; tempting; alluring; as a seductive offer. “This may enable us to understand how seductive is the influence of example.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Se•duc´tive•ly, adv. In a seductive manner.

Se•duc´tress , n. A woman who seduces.

Se•du´li•ty , n. [L. sedulitas. See Sedulous.] The quality or state of being sedulous; diligent and assiduous application; constant attention; unremitting industry; sedulousness. “The industrious bee, by his sedulity in summer, lives in honey all the winter.” Feltham.

Sed´u•lous ( 135), a. [L. sedulus, perhaps from sedere to sit, and so akin to E. sit.] Diligent in application or pursuit; constant, steady, and persevering in business, or in endeavors to effect an object; steadily industrious; assiduous; as the sedulous bee. “What signifies the sound of words in prayer, without the affection of the heart, and a sedulous application of the proper means that may naturally lead us to such an end?” L’Estrange. Syn. — Assiduous; diligent; industrious; laborious; unremitting; untiring; unwearied; persevering. — Sed´u•lous•ly, adv. — Sed´u•lous•ness, n.

Se´dum , n. [NL., fr. L. sedere to sit; so called in allusion to the manner in which the plants attach themselves to rocks and walls.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly perennial, having succulent leaves and cymose flowers; orpine; stonecrop. Gray.

See , n. [OE. se, see, OF. se, sed, sied, fr. L. sedes a seat, or the kindred sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. Siege.] 1. A seat; a site; a place where sovereign power is exercised. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Jove laughed on Venus from his sovereign see.” Spenser. 2. Specifically: (a) The seat of episcopal power; a diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; as the see of New York. (b) The seat of an archbishop; a province or jurisdiction of an archbishop; as an archiepiscopal see. (c) The seat, place, or office of the pope, or Roman pontiff; as the papal see. (d) The pope or his court at Rome; as to appeal to the see of Rome. Apostolic see. See under Apostolic.

See (se), v. t. [imp. Saw (sa); p. p. Seen (sen); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeing.] [OE. seen, sen, seon, AS. seón; akin to OFries. sia, D. zien, OS. & OHG. sehan, G. sehen, Icel. sja, Sw. se, Dan. see, Goth. saíhwan, and probably to L. sequi to follow (and so originally meaning, to follow with the eyes). Gr. ´e•pesqai, Skr. sac. Cf. Sight, Sue to follow.] 1. To perceive by the eye; to have knowledge of the existence and apparent qualities of by the organs of sight; to behold; to descry; to view. “I will now turn aside, and see this great sight.” Ex. iii. 3. 2. To perceive by mental vision; to form an idea or conception of; to note with the mind; to observe; to discern; to distinguish; to understand; to comprehend; to ascertain. “Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren.” Gen. xxxvii. 14. “Jesus saw that he answered discreetly.” Mark xii. 34. “Who’s so gross
That seeth not this palpable device?” Shak. 3. To follow with the eyes, or as with the eyes; to watch; to regard attentively; to look after. Shak. “I had a mind to see him out, and therefore did not care for contradicting him.” Addison. 4. To have an interview with; especially, to make a call upon; to visit; as to go to see a friend. “And Samuel came no more to see Saul until the day of his death.” 1 Sam. xv. 35. 5. To fall in with; to meet or associate with; to have intercourse or communication with; hence, to have knowledge or experience of; as to see military service. “Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil.” Ps. xc. 15. “Verily, verily, I say unto you, if a man keep my saying, he shall never see death.” John viii. 51. “Improvement in wisdom and prudence by seeing men.” Locke. 6. To accompany in person; to escort; to wait upon; as to see one home; to see one aboard the cars. God you him, or me, etc.) see, God keep you (him, me, etc.) in his sight; God protect you. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To see (anything) out, to see (it) to the end; to be present at, or attend, to the end. — To see stars, to see flashes of light, like stars; — sometimes the result of concussion of the head. [Colloq.] — To see (one) through, to help, watch, or guard (one) to the end of a course or an undertaking.

See, v. i. 1. To have the power of sight, or of perceiving by the proper organs; to possess or employ the sense of vision; as he sees distinctly. “Whereas I was blind, now I see.” John ix. 25. 2. Figuratively: To have intellectual apprehension; to perceive; to know; to understand; to discern; — often followed by a preposition, as through, or into. “For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind.” John ix. 39. “Many sagacious persons will find us out, … and see through all our fine pretensions.” Tillotson. 3. To be attentive; to take care; to give heed; — generally with to; as to see to the house. “See that ye fall not out by the way.” Gen. xlv. 24. Let me see, Let us see, are used to express consideration, or to introduce the particular consideration of a subject, or some scheme or calculation. “Cassio’s a proper man, let me see now, -
To get his place.” Shak. See is sometimes used in the imperative for look, or behold. ´See. see! upon the banks of Boyne he stands.´ Halifax. To see about a thing, to pay attention to it; to consider it. — To see on, to look at. [Obs.] ´She was full more blissful on to see.´ Chaucer. — To see to. (a) To look at; to behold; to view. [Obs.] ´An altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to´ Josh. xxii. 10. (b) To take care about; to look after; as to see to a fire.

Seed (sed), n.; pl. Seed or Seeds (#). [OE. seed, sed, AS. saed, fr. sawan to sow; akin to D. zaad seed, G. saat, Icel. sað, saeði, Goth. manaseþs seed of men, world. See Sow to scatter seed, and cf. Colza.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A ripened ovule, consisting of an embryo with one or more integuments, or coverings; as an apple seed; a currant seed. By germination it produces a new plant. (b) Any small seedlike fruit, though it may consist of a pericarp, or even a calyx, as well as the seed proper; as parsnip seed; thistle seed. “And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself.” Gen. i. 11. The seed proper has an outer and an inner coat, and within these the kernel or nucleus. The kernel is either the embryo alone, or the embryo inclosed in the albumen, which is the material for the nourishment of the developing embryo. The scar on a seed, left where the stem parted from it, is called the hilum, and the closed orifice of the ovule, the micropyle. 2. (Physiol.) The generative fluid of the male; semen; sperm; — not used in the plural. 3. That from which anything springs; first principle; original; source; as the seeds of virtue or vice. 4. The principle of production. “Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed,
Which may the like in coming ages breed.” Waller. 5. Progeny; offspring; children; descendants; as the seed of Abraham; the seed of David. In this sense the word is applied to one person, or to any number collectively, and admits of the plural form, though rarely used in the plural. 6. Race; generation; birth. “Of mortal seed they were not held.” Waller. Seed bag (Artesian well), a packing to prevent percolation of water down the bore hole. It consists of a bag encircling the tubing and filled with flax seed, which swells when wet and fills the space between the tubing and the sides of the hole. — Seed bud (Bot.), the germ or rudiment of the plant in the embryo state; the ovule. — Seed coat (Bot.), the covering of a seed. — Seed corn, or Seed grain (Bot.), corn or grain for seed. — Seed down (Bot.), the soft hairs on certain seeds, as cotton seed. — Seed drill. See 6th Drill, 2 (a). — Seed eater (Zoöl.), any finch of the genera Sporophila, and Crithagra. They feed mainly on seeds. — Seed gall (Zoöl.), any gall which resembles a seed, formed on the leaves of various plants, usually by some species of Phylloxera. — Seed leaf (Bot.), a cotyledon. — Seed lobe (Bot.), a cotyledon; a seed leaf. — Seed oil, oil expressed from the seeds of plants. — Seed oyster, a young oyster, especially when of a size suitable for transplantation to a new locality. — Seed pearl, a small pearl of little value. — Seed plat, or Seed plot, the ground on which seeds are sown, to produce plants for transplanting; a nursery. — Seed stalk (Bot.), the stalk of an ovule or seed; a funicle. — Seed tick (Zoöl.), one of several species of ticks resembling seeds in form and color. — Seed vessel (Bot.), that part of a plant which contains the seeds; a pericarp. — Seed weevil (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small weevils, especially those of the genus Apion, which live in the seeds of various plants. — Seed wool, cotton wool not yet cleansed of its seeds. [Southern U.S.]

Seed , v. i. 1. To sow seed. 2. To shed the seed. Mortimer. 3. To grow to maturity, and produce seed. “Many interests have grown up, and seeded, and twisted their roots in the crevices of many wrongs.” Landor.

Seed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeding.] 1. To sprinkle with seed; to plant seeds in; to sow; as to seed a field. 2. To cover thinly with something scattered; to ornament with seedlike decorations. “A sable mantle seeded with waking eyes.” B. Jonson. To seed down, to sow with grass seed.

Seed´box , n. (Bot.) (a) A capsule. (b) A plant (Ludwigia alternifolia) which has somewhat cubical or box-shaped capsules.

Seed´cake , n. A sweet cake or cooky containing aromatic seeds, as caraway. Tusser.

Seed´cod , n. A seedlip. [Prov. Eng.]

Seed´er , n. One who, or that which, sows or plants seed.

Seed•i•ness , n. The quality or state of being seedy, shabby, or worn out; a state of wretchedness or exhaustion. [Colloq.] G. Eliot. “What is called seediness, after a debauch, is a plain proof that nature has been outraged.” J. S. Blackie.

Seed´-lac , n. A species of lac. See the Note under Lac.

Seed´less, a. Without seed or seeds.

Seed´ling , n. (Bot.) A plant reared from the seed, as distinguished from one propagated by layers, buds, or the like. { Seed´lip• , Seed´lop• } n. [AS. saedleáp; saed seed + leáp basket.] A vessel in which a sower carries the seed to be scattered. [Prov. Eng.]

Seed´man , See Seedsman.

Seed´ness, n. Seedtime. [Obs.] Shak.

Seeds´man , n.; pl. Seedsmen (-men). 1. A sower; one who sows or scatters seed. “The seedsman
Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain.” Shak. 2. A person who deals in seeds.

Seed´time , n. [AS. saedtima.] The season proper for sowing. “While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease.” Gen. viii. 22.

Seed´y , a. [Compar. Seedier superl. Seediest.] 1. Abounding with seeds; bearing seeds; having run to seeds. 2. Having a peculiar flavor supposed to be derived from the weeds growing among the vines; — said of certain kinds of French brandy. 3. Old and worn out; exhausted; spiritless; also poor and miserable looking; shabbily clothed; shabby looking; as he looked seedy; a seedy coat. [Colloq.] “Little Flanigan here … is a little seedy, as we say among us that practice the law.” Goldsmith. Seedy toe, an affection of a horse’s foot, in which a cavity filled with horn powder is formed between the laminae and the wall of the hoof.

See´ing , conj. (but originally a present participle). In view of the fact (that); considering; taking into account (that); insmuch as; since; because; - - followed by a dependent clause; as he did well, seeing that he was so young. “Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me?” Gen. xxvi. 27.

Seek , a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Seek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sought p. pr. & vb. n. Seeking.] [OE. seken, AS. secan, secean; akin to OS. sokian, LG. söken, D. zoeken, OHG. suohhan, G. suchen, Icel. saekja, Sw. söka, Dan. söge, Goth. sokjan, and E. sake. Cf. Beseech, Ransack, Sagacious, Sake, Soc.] 1. To go in search of; to look for; to search for; to try to find. “The man asked him, saying, What seekest thou? And he said, I seek my brethren.” Gen. xxxvii. 15, 16. 2. To inquire for; to ask for; to solicit; to beseech. “Others, tempting him, sought of him a sign.” Luke xi. 16. 3. To try to acquire or gain; to strive after; to aim at; as to seek wealth or fame; to seek one’s life. 4. To try to reach or come to; to go to; to resort to. “Seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal.” Amos v. 5. “Since great Ulysses sought the Phrygian plains.” Pope.

Seek , v. i. To make search or inquiry; to endeavor to make discovery. “Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read.” Isa. xxxiv. 16. To seek, needing to seek or search; hence, unprepared. ´Unpracticed, unprepared, and still to seek.´ Milton. [Obs.] — To seek after, to make pursuit of; to attempt to find or take. — To seek for, to endeavor to find. — To seek to, to apply to; to resort to; to court. [Obs.] ´All the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom.´ 1 Kings x. 24. — To seek upon, to make strict inquiry after; to follow up; to persecute. [Obs.] “To seek
Upon a man and do his soul unrest.” Chaucer.

Seek´er , n. 1. One who seeks; that which is used in seeking or searching. 2. (Eccl.) One of a small heterogeneous sect of the 17th century, in Great Britain, who professed to be seeking the true church, ministry, and sacraments. “A skeptic [is] ever seeking and never finds, like our new upstart sect of Seekers.” Bullokar.

Seek´-no-fur•ther , n. A kind of choice winter apple, having a subacid taste; — formerly called go- no-further.

Seek´-sor•row , n. One who contrives to give himself vexation. [Archaic.] Sir P. Sidney.

Seel (sel), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeled p. pr. & vb. n. Seeling.] [F. siller, ciller, fr. cil an eyelash, L. cilium.] 1. (Falconry) To close the eyes of (a hawk or other bird) by drawing through the lids threads which were fastened over the head. Bacon. “Fools climb to fall: fond hopes, like seeled doves for want of better light, mount till they end their flight with falling.” J. Reading. 2. Hence, to shut or close, as the eyes; to blind. “Come, seeling night,
Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day.” Shak. “Cold death, with a violent fate, his sable eyes did seel.” Chapman.

Seel, v. i. [Cf. LG. sielen to lead off water, F. siller to run ahead, to make headway, E. sile, v.t.] To incline to one side; to lean; to roll, as a ship at sea. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. { Seel , Seel´ing } n. The rolling or agitation of a ship in a storm. [Obs.] Sandys.

Seel, n. [AS. sael, from sael good, prosperous. See Silly.] 1. Good fortune; favorable opportunity; prosperity. [Obs.] ´So have I seel´. Chaucer. 2. Time; season; as hay seel. [Prov. Eng.]

Seel´i•ly , adv. In a silly manner. [Obs.]

Seel´y , a. See Silly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem (sem), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seemed (semd); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeming.] [OE. semen to seem, to become, befit, AS. seman to satisfy, pacify; akin to Icel. saema to honor, to bear with, conform to, saemr becoming, fit, soma to beseem, to befit, sama to beseem, semja to arrange, settle, put right, Goth. samjan to please, and to E. same. The sense is probably due to the adj. seemly. rad.191. See Same, a., and cf. Seemly.] To appear, or to appear to be; to have a show or semblance; to present an appearance; to look; to strike one’s apprehension or fancy as being; to be taken as. ´It now seemed probable.´ Macaulay. “Thou picture of what thou seem’st.” Shak. “All seemed well pleased; all seemed, but were not all.” Milton. “There is a way which seemeth right unto a man; but the end thereof are the ways of death.” Prov. xiv. 12. It seems, it appears; it is understood as true; it is said. “A prince of Italy, it seems, entertained his mistress on a great lake.” Addison. Syn. — To appear; look. — Seem, Appear. To appear has reference to a thing’s being presented to our view; as the sun appears; to seem is connected with the idea of semblance, and usually implies an inference of our mind as to the probability of a thing’s being so; as a storm seems to be coming. ´The story appears to be true,´ means that the facts, as presented, go to show its truth; ´the story seems to be true,´ means that it has the semblance of being so, and we infer that it is true. ´His first and principal care being to appear unto his people such as he would have them be, and to be such as he appeared.´ Sir P. Sidney. “Ham. Ay, madam, it is common.
Queen. If it be,
Why seems it so particular with thee?
Ham. Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not ´seems.´” Shak.

Seem, v. t. To befit; to beseem. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem´er , n. One who seems; one who carries or assumes an appearance or semblance. “Hence shall we see,
If power change purpose, what our seemers be.” Shak.

Seem´ing, a. Having a semblance, whether with or without reality; apparent; specious; befitting; as seeming friendship; seeming truth. “My lord, you have lost a friend indeed;
And I dare swear you borrow not that face
Of seeming sorrow, it is sure your own.” Shak.

Seem´ing, n. 1. Appearance; show; semblance; fair appearance; speciousness. “These keep
Seeming and savor all the winter long.” Shak. 2. Apprehension; judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer. “Nothing more clear unto their seeming.” Hooker. “His persuasive words, impregned
With reason, to her seeming.” Milton.

Seem´ing•ly, adv. In appearance; in show; in semblance; apparently; ostensibly. “This the father seemingly complied with.” Addison.

Seem´ing•ness, n. Semblance; fair appearance; plausibility. Sir K. Digby.

Seem´less, a. Unseemly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem´li•ly , adv. In a seemly manner. [Obs.]

Seem´li•ness, n. The quality or state of being seemly: comeliness; propriety.

Seem´ly , a. [Compar.Seemlier ; superl. Seeliest.] [Icel. smiligr, fr. smr becoming, fit; akin to samr same, E. same; the sense being properly, the same or like, hence, fitting. See Seem, v. i.] Suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or character; suitable; fit; becoming; comely; decorous. “He had a seemly nose.” Chaucer. “I am a woman, lacking wit
To make a seemly answer to such persons.” Shak. “Suspense of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and seemlier for Christian men than the hot pursuit of these controversies.” Hooker. Syn. — Becoming; fit; suitable; proper; appropriate; congruous; meet; decent; decorous.

Seem´ly , adv. [Compar. Seemlier; superl. Seemliest.] In a decent or suitable manner; becomingly. “Suddenly a men before him stood,
Not rustic as before, but seemlier clad,
As one in city or court or place bred.” Milton.

Seem´ly•hed , n. [See -hood.] Comely or decent appearance. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser.

Seen , p. p. of See.

Seen, a. Versed; skilled; accomplished. [Obs.] “Well seen in every science that mote be.” Spenser. “Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen,
Than his great brother read in states and men.” Dryden. { Seep , or Sipe }, v. i. [AS. sipan to distill.] To run or soak through fine pores and interstices; to ooze. [Scot. & U. S.] “Water seeps up through the sidewalks.” G. W. Cable. { Seep´age , or Sip´age }, n. Water that seeped or oozed through a porous soil. [Scot. & U. S.] { Seep´y , or Sip´y }, a. Oozy; — applied to land under cultivation that is not well drained.

Seer (ser), a. Sore; painful. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Se´er (se´er), n. One who sees. Addison.

Seer (ser), n. [From See.] A person who foresees events; a prophet. Milton.

Seer´ess, n. A female seer; a prophetess.

Seer´fish (-fish), n. (Zoöl.) A scombroid food fish of Madeira (Cybium Commersonii).

Seer´hand , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of muslin of a texture between nainsook and mull.

Seer´ship, n. The office or quality of a seer.

Seer´suck•er , n. A light fabric, originally made in the East Indies, of silk and linen, usually having alternating stripes, and a slightly craped or puckered surface; also a cotton fabric of similar appearance.

Seer´wood , n. [See Sear.] Dry wood. [Written also searwood.] [Obs.] Dryden.

See´saw , n. [Probably a reduplication of saw, to express the alternate motion to and fro, as in the act of sawing.] 1. A play among children in which they are seated upon the opposite ends of a plank which is balanced in the middle, and move alternately up and down. 2. A plank or board adjusted for this play. 3. A vibratory or reciprocating motion. “He has been arguing in a circle; there is thus a seesaw between the hypothesis and fact.” Sir W. Hamilton. 4. (Whist.) Same as Crossruff.

See´saw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seesawad p. pr. & vb. n. Seesawing.] To move with a reciprocating motion; to move backward and forward, or upward and downward.

See´saw, v. t. To cause to move backward and forward in seesaw fashion. “He seesaws himself to and fro.” Ld. Lytton.

See´saw, a. Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a reciprocating motion.

Seet , obs. imp. of Sit. Sate; sat. Chaucer.

Seeth , obs. imp. of Seethe. Chaucer.

Seethe , v. t. [imp. Seethed (Sod , obs.); p. p. Seethed, Sodden ; p. pr. & vb. n. Seething.] [OE. sethen, AS. seóan; akin to D. sieden, OHG. siodan, G. sieden, Icel. sja, Sw. sjuda, Dan. syde, Goth. saubs a burnt offering. Cf. Sod, n., Sodden, Suds.] To decoct or prepare for food in hot liquid; to boil; as to seethe flesh. [Written also seeth.] “Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for the sons of the prophets.” 2 Kings iv. 38.

Seethe, v. i. To be a state of ebullition or violent commotion; to be hot; to boil. 1 Sam. ii. 13. “A long Pointe, round which the Mississippi used to whirl, and seethe, and foam.” G. W. Cable.

Seeth´er , n. A pot for boiling things; a boiler. “Like burnished gold the little seether shone.” Dryden.

Seg , n. [See Sedge.] (Bot.) 1. Sedge. [Obs.] 2. The gladen, and other species of Iris. Prior.

Seg, n. [Probably from the root of L. secare to cut.] A castrated bull. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Se•gar´ , n. See Cigar.

Seg´gar , n. [Prov. E. saggard a seggar, seggard a sort of riding surtout, contr. fr. safeguard.] A case or holder made of fire clay, in which fine pottery is inclosed while baking in the kin. [Written also saggar, sagger, and segger.] Ure.

Segge , n. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Seg´ment , n. [L. segmentum, fr. secare to cut, cut off: cf. F. segment. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. One of the parts into which any body naturally separates or is divided; a part divided or cut off; a section; a portion; as a segment of an orange; a segment of a compound or divided leaf. 2. (Geom.) A part cut off from a figure by a line or plane; especially, that part of a circle contained between a chord and an arc of that circle, or so much of the circle as is cut off by the chord; as the segment acb in the Illustration. 3. (Mach.) (a) A piece in the form of the sector of a circle, or part of a ring; as the segment of a sectional fly wheel or flywheel rim. (b) A segment gear. 4. (Biol.) (a) One of the cells or division formed by segmentation, as in egg cleavage or in fissiparous cell formation. (b) One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome. Segment gear, a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face. — Segment of a line, the part of a line contained between two points on it. — Segment of a sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel planes. — Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loor, n., 5.

Seg´ment , v. i. (Biol.) To divide or separate into parts in growth; to undergo segmentation, or cleavage, as in the segmentation of the ovum.

Seg•men´tal , a. 1. Relating to, or being, a segment. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the segments of animals; as a segmental duct; segmental papillae. (b) Of or pertaining to the segmental organs. Segmental duct (Anat.), the primitive duct of the embryonic excretory organs which gives rise to the Wolffian duct and ureter; the pronephric duct. — Segmental organs. (a) (Anat.) The embryonic excretory organs of vertebrates, consisting primarily of the segmental tubes and segmental ducts. (b) (Zoöl.) The tubular excretory organs, a pair of which often occur in each of several segments in annelids. They serve as renal organs, and often, also as oviducts and sperm ducts. See Illust. under Sipunculacea. — Segmental tubes (Anat.), the tubes which primarily open into the segmental duct, some of which become the urinary tubules of the adult.

Seg•men•ta´tion , n. The act or process of dividing into segments; specifically (Biol.), a self-division into segments as a result of growth; cell cleavage; cell multiplication; endogenous cell formation. Segmentation cavity (Biol.), the cavity formed by the arrangement of the cells in segmentation or cleavage of the ovum; the cavity of the blastosphere. In the gastrula stage, the segmentation cavity in which the mesoblast is formed lies between the entoblast and ectoblast. See Illust. of Invagination. — Segmentation nucleus (Biol.), the body formed by fusion of the male and female pronucleus in an impregnated ovum. See the Note under Pronucleus. — Segmentation of the ovum, or Egg cleavage (Biol.), the process by which the embryos of all the higher plants and animals are derived from the germ cell. In the simplest case, that of small ova destitute of food yolk, the ovum or egg divides into two similar halves or segments (blastomeres), each of these again divides into two, and so on, thus giving rise to a mass of cells (mulberry mass, or morula), all equal and similar, from the growth and development of which the future animal is to be formed. This constitutes regular segmentation. Quite frequently, however, the equality and regularity of cleavage is interfered with by the presence of food yolk, from which results unequal segmentation. See Holoblastic, Meroblastic, Alecithal, Centrolecithal, Ectolecithal, and Ovum. — Segmentation sphere (Biol.), the blastosphere, or morula. See Morula.

Seg´ment•ed , a. Divided into segments or joints; articulated. { Seg´ni•tude , Seg´ni•ty }, n. [L. segnitas, fr. segnis slow, sluggish.] Sluggishness; dullness; inactivity. [Obs.]

Se´gno , n. [It. See Sign.] (Mus.) A sign. See Al segno, and Dal segno.

Se´go , n. (Bot.) A liliaceous plant (Calochortus Nuttallii) of Western North America, and its edible bulb; — so called by the Ute Indians and the Mormons.

Seg´re•gate , a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of segregare to separate; pref. se- aside + grex, gregis, a flock or herd. See Gregarious.] 1. Separate; select. 2. (Bot.) Separated from others of the same kind.

Seg´re•gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Segregated p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] To separate from others; to set apart. “They are still segregated, Christians from Christians, under odious designations.” I. Taylor.

Seg´re•gate, v. i. (Geol.) To separate from a mass, and collect together about centers or along lines of fracture, as in the process of crystallization or solidification.

Seg•re•ga´tion , n. [L. segregatio: cf. F. segregation.] 1. The act of segregating, or the state of being segregated; separation from others; a parting. 2. (Geol.) Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process.

Seiches , n. pl. [F.] (Geol.) Local oscillations in level observed in the case of some lakes, as Lake Geneva.

Seid , n. [Ar seyid prince.] A descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and nephew Ali.

Seid´litz , a. Of or pertaining to Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. [Written also Sedlitz.] Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts, consisting of two separate powders, one of which contains forty grains of sodium bicarbonate mixed with two drachms of Rochell salt (tartrate of potassium and sodium) and the other contains thirty-five grains of tartaric acid. The powders are mixed in water, and drunk while effervescing, as a mild cathartic; — so called from the resemblance to the natural water of Seidlitz. Called also Rochelle powders. — Seidlitz water, a natural water from Seidlitz, containing magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium sulphates, with calcium carbonate and a little magnesium chloride. It is used as an aperient.

Seigh , obs. imp. sing. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Seign•eu´ri•al , a. [F., fr. seigneur. See Seignior.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lord of a manor; manorial. Sir W. Temple. 2. Vested with large powers; independent.

Seign´ior , n. [OF. seignor, F. seigneur, cf. It. signore, Sp. señor from an objective case of L. senier elder. See Senior.] 1. A lord; the lord of a manor. 2. A title of honor or of address in the South of Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. in English. Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey.

Seign´ior•age , n. [F. seigneuriage, OF. seignorage.] 1. Something claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it. “If government, however, throws the expense of coinage, as is reasonable, upon the holders, by making a charge to cover the expense (which is done by giving back rather less in coin than has been received in bullion, and is called ´levying a seigniorage´), the coin will rise to the extent of the seigniorage above the value of the bullion.” J. S. Mill. 2. A share of the receipts of a business taken in payment for the use of a right, as a copyright or a patent.

Seign´ior•al , a. Of or pertaining to a seignior; seigneurial. ´Kingly or seignioral patronage.´ Burke.

Seign´ior•al•ty , n. The territory or authority of a seignior, or lord. Milman.

Seign•io´ri•al , a. Same as Seigneurial.

Seign´ior•ize , v. t. To lord it over. [Obs.] “As proud as he that seigniorizeth hell.” Fairfax.

Seign´ior•y , n.; pl. -ies (#). [OE. seignorie, OF. seigneurie, F. seigneurie; cf. It. signoria.] 1. The power or authority of a lord; dominion. “O’Neal never had any seigniory over that country but what by encroachment he got upon the English.” Spenser. 2. The territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. [Written also seigneury, and seignory.]

Seine , n. [F. seine, or AS. segene, bth fr. L. sagena, Gr. .] (Fishing.) A large net, one edge of which is provided with sinkers, and the other with floats. It hangs vertically in the water, and when its ends are brought together or drawn ashore incloses the fish. Seine boat, a boat specially constructed to carry and pay out a seine.

Sein´er , n. One who fishes with a seine.

Sein´ing, n. Fishing with a seine.

Seint , n. [See Cincture.] A girdle. [Obs.] ´Girt with a seint of silk.´ Chaucer.

Seint, n. A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sein´tu•a•ry , n. Sanctuary. [Obs.]

Seir´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Seerfish.

Sei´ro•spore , n. [Gr. a cord + E. spore.] (Bot.) One of several spores arranged in a chain as in certain algae of the genus Callithamnion.

Seise , v. t. See Seize. Spenser. This is the common spelling in the law phrase to be seised of (an estate).

Sei´sin , n. See Seizin. Spenser. { Seis´mic , Seis´mal } a. [Gr. seismo•s an earthquake, from sei•ein to shake.] Of or pertaining to an earthquake; caused by an earthquake. Seismic vertical, the point upon the earth’s surface vertically over the center of effort or focal point whence the earthquake’s impulse proceeds, or the vertical line connecting these two points.

Seis´mo•graph , n. [Gr. an earthquake + -graph.] (Physics) An apparatus for registering the shocks and undulatory motions of earthquakes.

Seis•mo•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a seismograph; indicated by a seismograph.

Seis•mog´ra•phy , n. 1. A writing about, or a description of, earthquakes. 2. The art of registering the shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes.

Seis•mo•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to seismology. — Seis•mo•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Seis•mol´o•gy , n. [Gr. an earthquake + -logy.] The science of earthquakes.

Seis•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. an earthquake + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the direction, duration, and force of earthquakes and like concussions.

Seis•mo•met´ric , a. Of or pertaining to seismometry, or seismometer; as seismometric instruments; seismometric measurements.

Seis•mom´e•try , n. The mensuration of such phenomena of earthquakes as can be expressed in numbers, or by their relation to the coördinates of space.

Seis´mo•scope , n. [Gr. an earthquake + -scope.] (Physics) A seismometer.

Se´i•ty , n. [L. se one’s self.] Something peculiar to one’s self. [R.] Tatler.

Seiz´a•ble , a. That may be seized.

Seize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seized p. pr. & vb. n. Seizing.] [OE. seisen, saisen, OF. seisir, saisir, F. saisir, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. set. The meaning is properly, to set, put, place, hence, to put in possession of. See Set, v. t.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and lay hold of; to gripe or grasp suddenly; to reach and grasp. “For by no means the high bank he could seize.” Spenser. “Seek you to seize and gripe into your hands
The royalties and rights of banished Hereford?” Shak. 2. To take possession of by force. “At last they seize
The scepter, and regard not David’s sons.” Milton. 3. To invade suddenly; to take sudden hold of; to come upon suddenly; as a fever seizes a patient. “Hope and deubt alternate seize her seul.” Pope. 4. (law) To take possession of by virtue of a warrant or other legal authority; as the sheriff seized the debtor’s goods. 5. To fasten; to fix. [Obs.] “As when a bear hath seized her cruel claws
Upon the carcass of some beast too weak.” Spenser. 6. To grap with the mind; to comprehend fully and distinctly; as to seize an idea. 7. (Naut.) To bind or fasten together with a lashing of small stuff, as yarn or marline; as to seize ropes. This word, by writers on law, is commonly written seise, in the phrase to be seised of (an estate), as also in composition, disseise, disseisin. To be seized of, to have possession, or right of possession; as A B was seized and possessed of the manor of Dale. ´Whom age might see seized of what youth made prize.´ Chapman. — To seize on or upon, to fall on and grasp; to take hold on; to take possession of suddenly and forcibly. Syn. — To catch; grasp; clutch; snatch; apprehend; arrest; take; capture.

Seiz´er , n. One who, or that which, seizes.

Sei´zin , n. [F. saisine. See Seize.] 1. (Law) Possession; possession of an estate of froehold. It may be either in deed or in law; the former when there is actual possession, the latter when there is a right to such possession by construction of law. In some of the United States seizin means merely ownership. Burrill. 2. The act of taking possession. [Obs.] 3. The thing possessed; property. Sir M. Halle. Commonly spelt by writers on law seisin. Livery of seizin. (Eng. Law) See Note under Livery, 1.

Seiz´ing , n. 1. The act of taking or grasping suddenly. 2. (Naut.) (a) The operation of fastening together or lashing. (b) The cord or lashing used for such fastening.

Sei´zor , n. (Law) One who seizes, or takes possession.

Sei´zure , n. 1. The act of seizing, or the state of being seized; sudden and violent grasp or gripe; a taking into possession; as the seizure of a thief, a property, a throne, etc. 2. Retention within one’s grasp or power; hold; possession; ownership. “Make o’er thy honor by a deed of trust,
And give me seizure of the mighty wealth.” Dryden. 3. That which is seized, or taken possession of; a thing laid hold of, or possessed. { Se´jant , Se´jeant } , a. [F. seant, p. pr. of seoir to sit, L. sedere.] (Her.) Sitting, as a lion or other beast. Sejant rampant, sitting with the forefeet lifted up. Wright.

Se•jein´ , v. t. [L. sejungere; pref. se- aside + jungere to join. See Join.] To separate. [Obs.]

Se•junc´tion , n. [L. sejunctio. See Sejoin.] The act of disjoining, or the state of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Se•jun´gi•ble , a. [See Sejoin.] Capable of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Seke , a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Seke , v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se´kes , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a pen, a sacred inclosure, a shrine.] (Arch.) A place in a pagan temple in which the images of the deities were inclosed.

Se•la´chi•an , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Selachii. See Illustration in Appendix.

Se•la´chi•i , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a fish having cartilages instead of bones.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranchs including the sharks and rays; the Plagiostomi. Called also Selacha, Selache, and Selachoidei.

Sel•a•choi´de•i , n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Selachii.

Sel•a•chos´to•mi , n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes which includes the paddlefish, in which the mouth is armed with small teeth.

Sel•a•gi•nel´la , n. [NL., fr. L. selago, -inis, a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories.

Se´lah , n. [Heb. selah.] (Script.) A word of doubtful meaning, occuring frequently in the Psalms; by some, supposed to signify silence or a pause in the musical performance of the song. “Beyond the fact that Selah is a musical term, we know absolutely nothing about it.” Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Sel´couth (sel´kooth), a. [AS. selcuð, seldcuð; seld rare + cuð known. See Uncouth.] Rarely known; unusual; strange. [Obs.] “[She] wondered much at his so selcouth case.” Spenser.

Seld (seld), a. [See Seldom.] Rare; uncommon; unusual. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Seld, adv. Rarely; seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sel´den (-sen), adv. Seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sel´dom (-dum), adv. [Usually, Compar. More seldom (mor´); superl. Most seldom (most´); but sometimes also Seldomer (-er), Seldomest.] [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum, fr. seld rare; akin to OFries. sielden, D. zelden, G. selten, OHG. seltan, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Sw. sällan, Goth. sildaleiks marvelous.] Rarely; not often; not frequently. “Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one.” Hooker.

Sel´dom , a. Rare; infrequent. [Archaic.] ´A suppressed and seldom anger.´ Jer. Taylor.

Sel´dom•ness, n. Rareness. Hooker.

Seld´seen , a. [AS. seldsiene.] Seldom seen. [Obs.] Drayton.

Seld´shewn , a. [Seld + shown.] Rarely shown or exhibited. [Obs.] Shak.

Se•lect´ , a. [L. selectus, p. p. of seligere to select; pref. se- aside + levere to gather. See Legend.] Taken from a number by preferance; picked out as more valuable or exellent than others; of special value or exellence; nicely chosen; selected; choice. “A few select spirits had separated from the crowd, and formed a fit audience round a far greater teacher.” Macaulay.

Se•lect´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Selected; p. pr. & vb. n. Selecting.] To choose and take from a number; to take by preference from among others; to pick out; to cull; as to select the best authors for perusal. ´One peculiar nation to select.´ Milton. “The pious chief …
A hundred youths from all his train selects.” Dryden.

Se•lect´ed•ly, adv. With care and selection. [R.]

Se•lec´tion , n. [L. selectio: cf. F. selection.] . The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference. 2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as a choice selection of books. Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural.

Se•lect´ive , a. Selecting; tending to select. “This selective providence of the Almighty.” Bp. Hall.

Se•lect´man , n.; pl. Selectmen . One of a board of town officers chosen annually in the New England States to transact the general public business of the town, and have a kind of executive authority. The number is usually from three to seven in each town. “The system of delegated town action was then, perhaps, the same which was defined in an ´order made in 1635 by the inhabitants of Charlestown at a full meeting for the government of the town, by selectmen;´ the name presently extended throughout New England to municipal governors.” Palfrey.

Se•lect´ness, n. The quality or state of being select.

Se•lect´or , n. [L.] One who selects.

Sel´e•nate , n. (Chem.) A salt of selenic acid; — formerly called also seleniate.

Sel•en•hy´dric , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen selenide, H2Se, regarded as an acid analogous to sulphydric acid.

Se•len´ic , a. [Cf. F. selenique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to selenium; derived from, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with selenious compounds.

Sel´e•nide , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of selenium, or a compound regarded as binary; as ethyl selenide.

Sel•e•nif´er•ous , a. [Selenium + -ferous. ] Containing, or impregnated with, selenium; as seleniferous pyrites.

Se•le´ni•o- . (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of selenium or its compounds; as selenio-phosphate, a phosphate having selenium in place of all, or a part, of the oxygen.

Se•le´ni•ous , a. [Cf. F. selenieux.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with selenic compounds.

Sel´e•nite , n. (Chem.) A salt of selenious acid.

Sel´e•nite, n. [L. selenites, Gr. (sc. ), from selh•nh the moon. So called from a fancied resemblance in luster or appearance to the moon.] (Min.) A variety of gypsum, occuring in transparent crystals or crystalline masses. { Sel•e•nit´ic , Sel•e•nit´ic•al } a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to selenite; resembling or containing selenite.

Se•le´ni•um , n. [NL., from Gr. selh•nh the moon. So called because of its chemical analogy to tellurium (from L. tellus the earth), being, as it were, a companion to it.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element of the sulphur group, and analogous to sulphur in its compounds. It is found in small quantities with sulphur and some sulphur ores, and obtained in the free state as a dark reddish powder or crystalline mass, or as a dark metallic-looking substance. It exhibits under the action of light a remarkable variation in electric conductivity, and is used in certain electric apparatus. Symbol Se. Atomic weight 78.9.

Sel•e•ni´u•ret , n. (Chem.) A selenide. [Obs.]

Sel•e•ni´u•ret•ed , a. (Chem.) Combined with selenium as in a selenide; as seleniureted hydrogen. [Written also seleniuretted.] [Obsoles.]

Se•le•no•cen´tric , a. [Gr. selh•nh the moon + E. centric.] (Astron.) As seen or estimated from the center of the moon; with the moon central.

Se•le´no•graph , n. A picture or delineation of the moon’s surface, or of any part of it.

Sel•e•nog´ra•pher , n. One skilled in selenography. Wright. { Sel•e•no•graph´ic , Sel•e•no•graph´i•cal } a. [Cf. F. selenographique.] Of or pertaining to selenography.

Sel•e•nog´ra•phist , n. A selenographer.

Sel•e•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. the moon + -graphy.] The science that treats of the physical features of the moon; — corresponding to physical geography in respect to the earth. ´Accurate selenography, or description of the moon.´ Sir T. Browne.

Sel•e•nol´o•gy, n. [Gr. selh•nh the moon + -logy.] That branch of astronomy which treats of the moon. — Sel•e•no•log´i•cal (#), a.

Sel•e•no´ni•um , n. [Selenium + sulphonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of selenium, analogous to sulphonium. [R.]

Self (self), a. [AS. self, seolf, sylf; akin to OS. self, OFries. self, D. zelf, G. selb, selber, selbst, Dan. selv. Sw. sjelf, Icel. sjalfr, Goth. silba. Cf. Selvage.] Same; particular; very; identical. [Obs., except in the compound selfsame.] ´On these self hills.´ Sir. W. Raleigh. “To shoot another arrow that self way
Which you did shoot the first.” Shak. “At that self moment enters Palamon.” Dryden.

Self, n.; pl. Selves . 1. The individual as the object of his own reflective consciousness; the man viewed by his own cognition as the subject of all his mental phenomena, the agent in his own activities, the subject of his own feelings, and the possessor of capacities and character; a person as a distinct individual; a being regarded as having personality. ´Those who liked their real selves.´ Addison. “A man’s self may be the worst fellow to converse with in the world.” Pope. “The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Hence, personal interest, or love of private interest; selfishness; as self is his whole aim. 3. Personification; embodiment. [Poetic.] “She was beauty’s self.” Thomson. Self is united to certain personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. Thus, for emphasis; I myself will write; I will examine for myself; thou thyself shalt go; thou shalt see for thyself; you yourself shall write; you shall see for yourself; he himself shall write; he shall examine for himself; she herself shall write; she shall examine for herself; the child itself shall be carried; it shall be present itself. It is also used reflexively; as I abhor myself; thou enrichest thyself; he loves himself; she admires herself; it pleases itself; we walue ourselves; ye hurry yourselves; they see themselves. Himself, herself, themselves, are used in the nominative case, as well as in the objective. ´Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples.´ John iv. 2. self is used in the formation of innumerable compounds, usually of obvious signification, in most of which it denotes either the agent or the object of the action expressed by the word with which it is joined, or the person in behalf of whom it is performed, or the person or thing to, for, or towards whom or which a quality, attribute, or feeling expressed by the following word belongs, is directed, or is exerted, or from which it proceeds; or it denotes the subject of, or object affected by, such action, quality, attribute, feeling, or the like; as self-abandoning, self-abnegation, self-abhorring, self-absorbed, self-accusing, self-adjusting, self-balanced, self-boasting, self-canceled, self-combating, self-commendation, self-condemned, self-conflict, self-conquest, self-constituted, self-consumed, self-contempt, self-controlled, self-deceiving, self-denying, self-destroyed, self-disclosure, self-display, self-dominion, self-doomed, self-elected, self-evolved, self-exalting, self-excusing, self-exile, self-fed, self- fulfillment, self-governed, self-harming, self- helpless, self-humiliation, self-idolized, self- inflicted, self-improvement, self-instruction, self-invited, self-judging, self-justification, self-loathing, self-loving, self-maintenance, self-mastered, self-nourishment, self-perfect, self-perpetuation, self-pleasing, self-praising, self-preserving, self-questioned, self-relying, self-restraining, self-revelation, self-ruined, self-satisfaction, self-support, self-sustained, self-sustaining, self-tormenting, self-troubling, self-trust, self-tuition, self-upbraiding, self-valuing, self-worshiping, and many others.

Self•-a•based´ , a. Humbled by consciousness of inferiority, unworthiness, guilt, or shame.

Self•-a•base´ment , n. 1. Degradation of one’s self by one’s own act. 2. Humiliation or abasement proceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or shame.

Self•-a•bas´ing, a. Lowering or humbling one’s self.

Self•-ab•hor´rence , n. Abhorrence of one’s self.

Self•-ab•ne•ga´tion , n. Self- denial; self-renunciation; self-sacrifice.

Self•-abuse´ , n. 1. The abuse of one’s own self, powers, or faculties. 2. Self-deception; delusion. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Masturbation; onanism; self- pollution.

Self´-ac•cused´ , a. Accused by one’s self or by one’s conscience. ´Die self-accused.´ Cowper.

Self•-act´ing , a. Acting of or by one’s self or by itself; — said especially of a machine or mechanism which is made to perform of or for itself what is usually done by human agency; automatic; as a self-acting feed apparatus; a self-acting mule; a self-acting press.

Self•-ac´tion , n. Action by, or originating in, one’s self or itself.

Self•-ac´tive , a. Acting of one’s self or of itself; acting without depending on other agents.

Self•-ac•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being self-active; self-action.

Self•-ad•just´ing , a. (Mach.) Capable of assuming a desired position or condition with relation to other parts, under varying circumstances, without requiring to be adjusted by hand; — said of a piece in machinery. Self-adjusting bearing (Shafting), a bearing which is supported in such a manner that it may tip to accomodate flexure or displacement of the shaft.

Self•-ad•mi•ra´tion , n. Admiration of one’s self.

Self•-af•fairs´ , n. pl. One’s own affairs; one’s private business. [Obs.] Shak.

Self•-af•fright´ed , a. Frightened at or by one’s self. Shak.

Self•-ag•gran´dize•ment , n. The aggrandizement of one’s self.

Self•-an•ni´hi•la•ted , a. Annihilated by one’s self.

Self•-an•ni•hi•la´tion , n. Annihilation by one’s own acts; annihilation of one’s desires. Addison.

Self•-ap•plause´ , n. Applause of one’s self.

Self•-ap•ply´ing , a. Applying to or by one’s self.

Self•-ap•prov´ing , a. Approving one’s own action or character by one’s own judgment. “One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas.” Pope.

Self•-as•sert´ing , a. Asserting one’s self, or one’s own rights or claims; hence, putting one’s self forward in a confident or assuming manner.

Self•-as•ser´tion , n. The act of asserting one’s self, or one’s own rights or claims; the quality of being self-asserting.

Self•-as•sert´ive , a. Disposed to self-assertion; self-asserting.

Self•-as•sumed , a. Assumed by one’s own act, or without authority.

Self•-as•sured , a. Assured by or of one’s self; self-reliant; complacent.

Self•-ban´ished , a. Exiled voluntarily.

Self´-be•got´ten , a. Begotten by one’s self, or one’s own powers.

Self´-born , a. Born or produced by one’s self. { Self•-cen´tered , Self•-cen´tred } , a. Centered in itself, or in one’s self. “There hangs the ball of earth and water mixt,
Self-centered and unmoved.” Dryden. { Self•-cen´ter•ing , Self•-cen´tring } a. Centering in one’s self.

Self•-cen•tra´tion , n. The quality or state of being self-centered.

Self•-char´i•ty , n. Self- love. [Obs.] Shak.

Self´-col•or , n. A color not mixed or variegated.

Self•-col´ored , a. Being of a single color; — applied to flowers, animals, and textile fabrics.

Self•-com•mand´ , n. Control over one’s own feelings, temper, etc.; self-control.

Self•-com•mune´ , n. Self- communion. [R.]

Self•-com•mu´ni•ca•tive , a. Imparting or communicating by its own powers.

Self•-com•mun´ion , n. Communion with one’s self; thoughts about one’s self.

Self•-com•pla´cen•cy , n. The quality of being self-complacent. J. Foster.

Self•-com•pla´cent , a. Satisfied with one’s own character, capacity, and doings; self- satisfied.

Self•-con•ceit´ , n. Conceit of one’s self; an overweening opinion of one’s powers or endowments. Syn. — See Egotism.

Self•-con•ceit´ed, a. Having an overweening opinion of one’s own powers, attainments; vain; conceited. — Self•-con•ceit´ed•ness, n.

Self•-con•cern´ , n. Concern for one’s self.

Self•-con•dem•na´tion , n. Condemnation of one’s self by one’s own judgment.

Self•-con´fi•dence , n. The quality or state of being self-confident; self-reliance. “A feeling of self-confidence which supported and sustained him.” Beaconsfield.

Self•-con´fi•dent , a. Confident of one’s own strength or powers; relying on one’s judgment or ability; self-reliant. — Self•-con´fi•dent•ly, adv.

Self•-con´ju•gate , a. (Geom.) Having the two things that are conjugate parts of the same figure; as self-conjugate triangles.

Self•-con´scious , a. 1. Conscious of one’s acts or state as belonging to, or originating in, one’s self. ´My self-conscious worth.´ Dryden. 2. Conscious of one’s self as an object of the observation of others; as the speaker was too self- conscious.

Self•-con´scious•ness, n. The quality or state of being self-conscious.

Self•-con•sid´er•ing , a. Considering in one’s own mind; deliberating. Pope.

Self•-con•sist´en•cy , n. The quality or state of being self-consistent.

Self•-con•sist´ent , a. Consistent with one’s self or with itself; not deviation from the ordinary standard by which the conduct is guided; logically consistent throughout; having each part consistent with the rest.

Self•-con•sum´ing , a. Consuming one’s self or itself.

Self•-con•tained´ , a. 1. Having self-control; reserved; uncommunicative; wholly engrossed in one’s self. 2. (Mach.) Having all the essential working parts connected by a bedplate or framework, or contained in a case, etc., so that mutual relations of the parts do not depend upon fastening outside of the machine itself. Self-contained steam engine. (a) A steam engine having both bearings for the crank shaft attached to the frame of the engine. (b) A steam engine and boiler combined and fastened together; a portable steam engine.

Self•-con•tra•dic´tion , n. The act of contradicting one’s self or itself; repugnancy in conceptions or in terms; a proposition consisting of two members, one of which contradicts the other; as to be and not to be at the same time is a self-contradiction.

Self•-con•tra•dict´o•ry , a. Contradicting one’s self or itself.

Self•-con•trol´ , n. Control of one’s self; restraint exercised over one’s self; self- command.

Self•-con•vict´ed , a. Convicted by one’s own consciousness, knowledge, avowal, or acts.

Self•-con•vic´tion , n. The act of convicting one’s self, or the state of being self- convicted.

Self•-cre•at´ed , a. Created by one’s self; not formed or constituted by another.

Self•-cul´ture , n. Culture, training, or education of one’s self by one’s own efforts.

Self•-de•ceit´ , n. The act of deceiving one’s self, or the state of being self-deceived; self- deception.

Self•-de•ceived´ , a. Deceived or misled respecting one’s self by one’s own mistake or error.

Self•-de•cep´tion , n. Self- deceit.

Self•-de•fence´ , n. See Self-defense.

Self•-de•fense´ , n. The act of defending one’s own person, property, or reputation. In self-defense (Law), in protection of self, — it being permitted in law to a party on whom a grave wrong is attempted to resist the wrong, even at the peril of the life of the assailiant. Wharton.

Self•-de•fen´sive , a. Defending, or tending to defend, one’s own person, property, or reputation.

Self•-deg•ra•da´tion , n. The act of degrading one’s self, or the state of being so degraded.

Self•-de•la´tion , n. Accusation of one’s self. [R.] Milman.

Self•-de•lu´sion , n. The act of deluding one’s self, or the state of being thus deluded.

Self•-de•ni´al , n. The denial of one’s self; forbearing to gratify one’s own desires; self- sacrifice.

Self•-de•ny´ing , a. Refusing to gratify one’s self; self-sacrificing. — Self•- de•ny´ing•ly, adv.

Self•-de•pend´ent , a. Dependent on one’s self; self-depending; self-reliant.

Self•-de•pend´ing, a. Depending on one’s self.

Self•-de•praved´ , a. Corrupted or depraved by one’s self. Milton.

Self•-de•stroy´er , n. One who destroys himself; a suicide.

Self•-de•struc´tion , n. The destruction of one’s self; self-murder; suicide. Milton.

Self•-de•struc´tive , a. Destroying, or tending to destroy, one’s self or itself; rucidal.

Self•-de•ter•mi•na´tion , n. Determination by one’s self; or, determination of one’s acts or states without the necessitating force of motives; — applied to the voluntary or activity.

Self•-de•ter´min•ing , a. Capable of self-determination; as the self-determining power of will.

Self•-de•vised´ , a. Devised by one’s self.

Self•-de•vot´ed , a. Devoted in person, or by one’s own will. Hawthorne.

Self•-de•vote´ment , n. Self- devotion. [R.]

Self•-de•vo´tion , n. The act of devoting one’s self, or the state of being self-devoted; willingness to sacrifice one’s own advantage or happiness for the sake of others; self-sacrifice.

Self•-de•vour´ing , a. Devouring one’s self or itself. Danham.

Self•-dif•fu´sive , a. Having power to diffuse itself; diffusing itself. Norris.

Self•-dis´ci•pline , n. Correction or government of one’s self for the sake of improvement.

Self•-dis•trust´ , n. Want of confidence in one’ self; diffidence.

Self•-ed´u•ca•ted , a. Educated by one’s own efforts, without instruction, or without pecuniary assistance from others.

Self•-e•lect´ive , a. Having the right of electing one’s self, or, as a body, of electing its own members.

Self•-en•joy´ment, n. Enjoyment of one’s self; self-satisfaction.

Self•-es•teem´ , n. The holding a good opinion of one’s self; self-complacency.

Self•-es•ti•ma´tion , n. The act of estimating one’s self; self-esteem.

Self•-ev´i•dence , n. The quality or state of being self-evident. Locke.

Self•-ev´i•dent , a. Evident without proof or reasoning; producing certainty or conviction upon a bare presentation to the mind; as a self-evident proposition or truth. — Self•-ev´i•dent•ly, adv.

Self•-ev•o•lu´tion , n. Evolution of one’s self; development by inherent quality or power.

Self•-ex•al•ta´tion , n. The act of exalting one’s self, or the state of being so exalted.

Self•-ex•am´i•nant , n. One who examines himself; one given to self-examination. “The humiliated self-examinant feels that there is evil in our nature as well as good.” Coleridge.

Self•-ex•am•i•na´tion , n. An examination into one’s own state, conduct, and motives, particularly in regard to religious feelings and duties.

Self•-ex•ist´ence , n. Inherent existence; existence possessed by virtue of a being’s own nature, and independent of any other being or cause; — an attribute peculiar to God. Blackmore.

Self•-ex•ist´ent , a. Existing of or by himself, independent of any other being or cause; — as God is the only self-existent being.

self•-ex•plain´ing , a. Explaining itself; capable of being understood without explanation.

Self•-ex•po´sure , n. The act of exposing one’s self; the state of being so exposed.

Self•-fer•ti•li•za´tion , n. (Bot.) The fertilization of a flower by pollen from the same flower and without outer aid; autogamy.

Self•-fer´ti•lized , a. (Bot.) Fertilized by pollen from the same flower.

Self•-glo´ri•ous , a. Springing from vainglory or vanity; vain; boastful. Dryden.

Self•-gov´ern•ment , n. 1. The act of governing one’s self, or the state of being governed by one’s self; self-control; self-command. 2. Hence, government of a community, state, or nation by the joint action of the mass of people constituting such a civil body; also the state of being so governed; democratic government; democracy. “It is to self-government, the great principle of popular representation and administration, — the system that lets in all to participate in the councels that are to assign the good or evil to all, — that we may owe what we are and what we hope to be.” D. Webster.

Self•-grat•u•la´tion , n. Gratulation of one’s self.

Self•-heal´ , n. (Bot.) A blue-flowered labiate plant (Brunella vulgaris); the healall.

Self•-heal´ing , a. Having the power or property of healing itself.

Self•-help´ , n. The act of aiding one’s self, without depending on the aid of others.

Self•-hom´i•cide , n. The act of killing one’s self; suicide. Hakewill.

Self´hood , n. Existence as a separate self, or independent person; conscious personality; individuality. Bib. Sacra.

Self•-ig´no•rance , n. Ignorance of one’s own character, powers, and limitations.

Self•-ig´no•rant , a. Ignorant of one’s self.

Self•-im•part´ing , a. Imparting by one’s own, or by its own, powers and will. Norris.

Self•-im•por´tance , n. An exaggerated estimate of one’s own importance or merit, esp. as manifested by the conduct or manners; self-conceit.

Self•-im•por´tant , a. Having or manifesting an exaggerated idea of one’s own importance or merit.

Self•-im•posed´ , a. Voluntarily taken on one’s self; as self-imposed tasks.

Self•-im•pos´ture , n. Imposture practiced on one’s self; self-deceit. South.

Self•-in•dig•na´tion , n. Indignation at one’s own character or actions. Baxter.

Self•-in•dul´gence , n. Indulgence of one’s appetites, desires, or inclinations; — the opposite of self-restraint, and self-denial.

Self•-in•dul´gent , a. Indulging one’s appetites, desires, etc., freely.

Self•-in´ter•est , n. Private interest; the interest or advantage of one’s self.

Self•-in´ter•est•ed, a. Particularly concerned for one’s own interest or happiness.

Self•-in•vo•lu´tion , n. Involution in one’s self; hence, abstraction of thought; reverie.

Self´ish , a. 1. Caring supremely or unduly for one’s self; regarding one’s own comfort, advantage, etc., in disregard, or at the expense, of those of others. “They judge of things according to their own private appetites and selfish passions.” Cudworth. “In that throng of selfish hearts untrue.” Keble. 2. (Ethics) Believing or teaching that the chief motives of human action are derived from love of self. “Hobbes and the selfish school of philosophers.” Fleming.

Self´ish•ly, adv. In a selfish manner; with regard to private interest only or chiefly.

Self´ish•ness, n. The quality or state of being selfish; exclusive regard to one’s own interest or happiness; that supreme self-love or self-preference which leads a person to direct his purposes to the advancement of his own interest, power, or happiness, without regarding those of others. “Selfishness, — a vice utterly at variance with the happiness of him who harbors it, and, as such, condemned by self- love.” Sir J. Mackintosh. Syn. — See Self-love.

Self´ism , n. Concentration of one’s interests on one’s self; self-love; selfishness. Emerson.

Self´ist, n. A selfish person. [R.] I. Taylor.

Self•-jus´ti•fi•er , n. One who excuses or justifies himself. J. M. Mason.

Self•-kin´dled , a. Kindled of itself, or without extraneous aid or power. Dryden.

Self•-know´ing , a. 1. Knowing one’s self, or one’s own character, powers, and limitations. 2. Knowing of itself, without help from another.

Self•-knowl´edge , n. Knowledge of one’s self, or of one’s own character, powers, limitations, etc.

Self´less, a. Having no regard to self; unselfish. “Lo now, what hearts have men! they never mount
As high as woman in her selfless mood.” Tennyson.

Self´less•ness, n. Quality or state of being selfless.

Self´-life , n. Life for one’s self; living solely or chiefly for one’s own pleasure or good.

Self•-love , n. The love of one’s self; desire of personal happiness; tendency to seek one’s own benefit or advantage. Shak. “Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul.” Pope. Syn. — Selfishness. — Self-love, Selfishness. The term self-love is used in a twofold sense: 1. It denotes that longing for good or for well- being which actuates the breasts of all, entering into and characterizing every special desire. In this sense it has no moral quality, being, from the nature of the case, neither good nor evil. 2. It is applied to a voluntary regard for the gratification of special desires. In this sense it is morally good or bad according as these desires are conformed to duty or opposed to it. Selfishness is always voluntary and always wrong, being that regard to our own interests, gratification, etc., which is sought or indulged at the expense, and to the injury, of others. ´So long as self-love does not degenerate into selfishness, it is quite compatible with true benevolence.´ Fleming. ´Not only is the phrase self-love used as synonymous with the desire of happiness, but it is often confounded with the word selfishness, which certainly, in strict propriety, denotes a very different disposition of mind.´ Slewart.

Self•-lu´mi•nous , a. Possessing in itself the property of emitting light. Sir D. Brewster.

Self´-made , a. Made by one’s self. Self-made man, a man who has risen from poverty or obscurity by means of his own talents or energies.

Self´-met•tle , n. Inborn mettle or courage; one’s own temper. [Obs.] Shak.

Self•-mo´tion , n. Motion given by inherent power, without external impulse; spontaneous or voluntary motion. “Matter is not induced with self- motion.” Cheyne.

Self•-moved´ , a. Moved by inherent power., without the aid of external impulse.

Self•-mov´ing , a. Moving by inherent power, without the aid of external impulse.

Self•-mur´der , a. Suicide.

Self•-mur´der•er , n. A suicide.

Self•-neg•lect´ing , n. A neglecting of one’s self, or of one’s own interests. “Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin
As self-neglecting.” Shak.

Self´ness, n. Selfishness. [Obs.] Sir. P. Sidney.

Self•-one´ , a. Secret. [Obs.] Marston.

Self•-o•pin´ion , n. Opinion, especially high opinion, of one’s self; an overweening estimate of one’s self or of one’s own opinion. Collier.

Self•-o•pin´ioned , a. Having a high opinion of one’s self; opinionated; conceited. South.

Self•-o•rig´i•na•ting , a. Beginning with, or springing from, one’s self.

Self•-par•ti•al´i•ty , n. That partiality to himself by which a man overrates his own worth when compared with others. Kames.

Self•-per•plexed´ , a. Perplexed by doubts originating in one’s own mind.

Self•-pos´it•ed , a. Disposed or arranged by an action originating in one’s self or in itself. “These molecular blocks of salt are self- posited.” Tyndall.

Self•-pos´it•ing, a. The act of disposing or arranging one’s self or itself. “The self-positing of the molecules.” R. Watts.

Self´-pos•sessed´ , a. Composed or tranquil in mind, manner, etc.; undisturbed.

Self•-pos•ses´sion , n. The possession of one’s powers; calmness; self-command; presence of mind; composure.

Self´-praise , n. Praise of one’s self.

Self•-pres•er•va´tion , n. The preservation of one’s self from destruction or injury.

Self•-prop´a•ga•ting , a. Propagating by one’s self or by itself.

Self•-reg´is•ter•ing , a. Registering itself; — said of any instrument so contrived as to record its own indications of phenomena, whether continuously or at stated times, as at the maxima and minima of variations; as a self-registering anemometer or barometer.

Self•-reg´u•la•ted , a. Regulated by one’s self or by itself.

Self•-reg´u•la•tive , a. Tending or serving to regulate one’s self or itself. Whewell.

Self•-re•li´ance , n. Reliance on one’s own powers or judgment; self-trust.

Self•-re•li´ant , a. Reliant upon one’s self; trusting to one’s own powers or judgment.

Self•-re•nun•ci•a´tion , n. The act of renouncing, or setting aside, one’s own wishes, claims, etc.; self-sacrifice.

Self•-re•pel´len•cy , n. The quality or state of being self-repelling.

Self•-re•pel´ling, a. Made up of parts, as molecules or atoms, which mutually repel each other; as gases are self-repelling.

Self•-rep•e•ti´tion , n. Repetition of one’s self or of one’s acts; the saying or doing what one has already said or done.

Self•-re•proach´ , n. The act of reproaching one’s self; censure by one’s own conscience.

Self•-re•proached´ , a. Reproached by one’s own conscience or judgment.

Self•-re•proach´ing , a. Reproaching one’s self. — Self•-re•proach´ing•ly, adv.

Self•-re•proof´ , n. The act of reproving one’s self; censure of one’s conduct by one’s own judgment.

Self•-re•proved´ , a. Reproved by one’s own conscience or one’s own sense of guilt.

Self•-re•prov´ing , a. Reproving one’s self; reproving by consciousness of guilt.

Self•-re•prov´ing•ly, adv. In a self-reproving way.

Self•-re•pug´nant , a. Self- contradictory; inconsistent. Brougham.

Self•-re•pul´sive , a. Self- repelling.

Self•-re•spect´ , n. Respect for one’s self; regard for one’s character; laudable self- esteem.

Self•-re•strained´ , a. Restrained by one’s self or itself; restrained by one’s own power or will.

Self•-re•straint´ , n. Restraint over one’s self; self-control; self-command.

Self•-rev´er•ence , n. A reverent respect for one’s self. Tennyson.

Self•-right´eous , a. Righteous in one’s own esteem; pharisaic.

Self•-right´eous•ness, n. The quality or state of being self-righteous; pharisaism.

Self•-sac´ri•fice , n. The act of sacrificing one’s self, or one’s interest, for others; self- devotion.

Self•-sac´ri•fi•cing , a. Yielding up one’s own interest, feelings, etc; sacrificing one’s self.

Self´same , a. [Self, a. + same.] Precisely the same; the very same; identical. “His servant was healed in the selfsame hour.” Matt. viii. 13.

Self•-sat•is•fac´tion , n. The quality or state of being self-satisfied.

Self•-sat´is•fied , a. Satisfied with one’s self or one’s actions; self-complacent.

Self•-sat´is•fy•ing , a. Giving satisfaction to one’s self.

Self´-seek•er, n. One who seeks only his own interest, advantage, or pleasure.

Self´-seek•ing, a. Seeking one’s own interest or happiness; selfish. Arbuthnot.

Self´-seek•ing, n. The act or habit of seeking one’s own interest or happiness; selfishness.

Self•-slaugh´ter , n. Suicide. Shak.

Self•-suf•fi´cien•cy , n. The quality or state of being self-sufficient.

Self•-suf•fi´cient , a. 1. Sufficient for one’s self without external aid or coöperation. “Neglect of friends can never be proved rational till we prove the person using it omnipotent and self-sufficient, and such as can never need any mortal assistance.” South. 2. Having an overweening confidence in one’s own abilities or worth; hence, haughty; overbearing. ´A rash and self-sufficient manner.´ I. Watts.

Self•-suf•fi´cing , a. Sufficing for one’s self or for itself, without needing external aid; self- sufficient. — Self•-suf•fi´cing•ness, n. J. C. Shairp.

Self•-sus•pend´ed , a. Suspended by one’s self or by itself; balanced. Southey.

Self•-sus•pi´cious , a. Suspicious or distrustful of one’s self. Baxter.

Self´-taught , a. Taught by one’s own efforts.

Self•-tor•ment´or , n. One who torments himself.

Self•-tor´ture , n. The act of inflicting pain on one’s self; pain inflicted on one’s self.

Self´-trust, n. Faith in one’s self; self-reliance.

Self•-uned´ , a. [E. self + L. unus one.] One with itself; separate from others. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Self´-view , n. A view of one’s self; specifically, carefulness or regard for one’s own interests.

Self•-will´ , n. [AS. selfwill.] One’s own will, esp. when opposed to that of others; obstinacy.

Self•-willed´ , a. Governed by one’s own will; not yielding to the wishes of others; obstinate.

Self•-willed´ness, n. Obstinacy. Sir W. Scott.

Self´-wor•ship , n. The idolizing of one’s self; immoderate self-conceit.

Self´-wrong , n. Wrong done by a person himself. Shak.

Sel´ion , n. [OF. seillon a measure of land, F. sillon a ridge, furrow, LL. selio a measure of land.] A short piece of land in arable ridges and furrows, of uncertain quantity; also a ridge of land lying between two furrows. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sel•juk´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Seljuk, a Tartar chief who embraced Mohammedanism, and began the subjection of Western Asia to that faith and rule; of or pertaining to the dynasty founded by him, or the empire maintained by his descendants from the 10th to the 13th century. J. H. Newman.

Sel•juk´i•an, n. A member of the family of Seljuk; an adherent of that family, or subject of its government; (pl.) the dynasty of Turkish sultans sprung from Seljuk.

Sell (sel), n. Self. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson.

Sell, n. A sill. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sell, n. A cell; a house. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sell, n. [F. selle, L. sella, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. A saddle for a horse. [Obs.] “He left his lofty steed with golden self.” Spenser. 2. A throne or lofty seat. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Sell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sold p. pr. & vb. n. Selling.] [OE. sellen, sillen, AS. sellan, syllan, to give, to deliver; akin to OS. sellian, OFries. sella, OHG. sellen, Icel. selja to hand over, to sell, Sw. sälja to sell, Dan. slge, Goth. saljan to offer a sacrifice; all from a noun akin to E. sale. Cf. Sale.] 1. To transfer to another for an equivalent; to give up for a valuable consideration; to dispose of in return for something, especially for money. “If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor.” Matt. xix. 21. “I am changed; I’ll go sell all my land.” Shak. Sell is corellative to buy, as one party buys what the other sells. It is distinguished usually from exchange or barter, in which one commodity is given for another; whereas in selling the consideration is usually money, or its representative in current notes. 2. To make a matter of bargain and sale of; to accept a price or reward for, as for a breach of duty, trust, or the like; to betray. “You would have sold your king to slaughter.” Shak. 3. To impose upon; to trick; to deceive; to make a fool of; to cheat. [Slang] Dickens. To sell one’s life dearly, to cause much loss to those who take one’s life, as by killing a number of one’s assailants. — To sell (anything) out, to dispose of it wholly or entirely; as he had sold out his corn, or his interest in a business.

Sell, v. i. 1. To practice selling commodities. “I will buy with you, sell with you; … but I will not eat with you.” Shak. 2. To be sold; as corn sells at a good price. To sell out, to sell one’s whole stockk in trade or one’s entire interest in a property or a business.

Sell, n. An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. [Colloq.] { Sel´lan•ders , Sel´len•ders } n. pl. (Far.) See Sallenders.

Sell´er , n. One who sells. Chaucer.

Sel´ters wa´ter A mineral water from Sellers, in the district of Nassan, Germany, containing much free carbonic acid.

Selt´zer wa´ter See Selters water.

Selt´zo-gene , n. [Seltzer water + the root of Gr. to be born.] A gazogene. { Sel´vage , Sel´vedge } , n. [Self + edge, i. e., its own proper edge; cf. OD. selfegge.] 1. The edge of cloth which is woven in such a manner as to prevent raveling. 2. The edge plate of a lock, through which the bolt passes. Knight. 3. (Mining.) A layer of clay or decomposed rock along the wall of a vein. See Gouge, n., 4. Raymond. { Sel´vaged, Sel´vedged } , a. Having a selvage.

Sel•va•gee´ , n. (Naut.) A skein or hank of rope yarns wound round with yarns or marline, — used for stoppers, straps, etc.

Selve , a. Self; same. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Selves , n., pl. of Self.

Se´ly , a. Silly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif.

Se•mae•o•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a military standard + , , mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of Discophora having large free mouth lobes. It includes Aurelia, and Pelagia. Called also Semeostoma. See Illustr. under Discophora, and Medusa.

Sem´a•phore , n. [Gr. sh^ma a sign + fe•rein to bear: cf. F. semaphore.] A signal telegraph; an apparatus for giving signals by the disposition of lanterns, flags, oscillating arms, etc. { Sem•a•phor´ic , Sem•a•phor´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. semaphorique.] Of or pertaining to a semaphore, or semaphores; telegraphic.

Sem•a•phor´ic•al•ly, adv. By means of a semaphore.

Se•maph´o•rist , n. One who manages or operates a semaphore.

Sem•a•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. sh^ma, sh•matos, sign + -logy.] The doctrine of signs as the expression of thought or reasoning; the science of indicating thought by signs. Smart.

Sem´a•trope , n. [Gr. sh^ma sign + tre•pein to turn. ] An instrument for signaling by reflecting the rays of the sun in different directions. Knight.

Sem´bla•ble , a. [F., from sembler to seem, resemble, L. similare, simulare. See Simulate.] Like; similar; resembling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sem´bla•ble, n. Likeness; representation. [Obs.]

Sem´bla•bly, adv. In like manner. [Obs.] Shak.

Sem´blance , n. [F. See Semblable, a.] 1. Seeming; appearance; show; figure; form. “Thier semblance kind, and mild their gestures were.” Fairfax. 2. Likeness; resemblance, actual or apparent; similitude; as the semblance of worth; semblance of virtue. “Only semblances or imitations of shells.” Woodward.

Sem´blant , a. [F. semblant, p. pr.] 1. Like; resembling. [Obs.] Prior. 2. Seeming, rather than real; apparent. [R.] Carlyle.

Sem´blant, n. [F.] 1. Show; appearance; figure; semblance. [Obs.] Spenser. “His flatterers made semblant of weeping.” Chaucer. 2. The face. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xxiv. 5).

Sem´bla•tive , a. Resembling. [Obs.] “And all is semblative a woman’s part.” Shak.

Sem´ble , v. i. [F. sembler. See Semblable, a.] 1. To imitate; to make a representation or likeness. [Obs.] “Where sembling art may carve the fair effect.” Prior. 2. (Law) It seems; — chiefly used impersonally in reports and judgments to express an opinion in reference to the law on some point not necessary to be decided, and not intended to be definitely settled in the cause.

Sem´ble, a. Like; resembling. [Obs.] T. Hudson.

Sem´bling , n. [Cf. Assemble.] (Zoöl.) The practice of attracting the males of Lepidoptera or other insects by exposing the female confined in a cage. It is often adopted by collectors in order to procure specimens of rare species.

Se•me´ , a. [F. seme, fr. semer to sow.] (Her.) Sprinkled or sown; — said of field, or a charge, when strewed or covered with small charges. { Se•mei•og´ra•phy , or Se•mi•og´ra•phy }, n. [Gr. shmei^on sign + -graphy.] (Med.) A description of the signs of disease. { Se•mei•o•log´ic•al , or Se•mi•o•log´io•al }, a. Of or pertaining to the science of signs, or the systematic use of signs; as a semeiological classification of the signs or symptoms of disease; a semeiological arrangement of signs used as signals. { Se•mei•ol´o•gy , or Se•mi•ol´o•gy }, n. [Gr. shmei^on a mark, a sign + - logy.] The science or art of signs. Specifically: (a) (Med.) The science of the signs or symptoms of disease; symptomatology. (b) The art of using signs in signaling. { Se•mei•ot´ic , or Se•mi•ot´ic }, a. [Gr. , fr. shmei^on a mark, a sign.] 1. Relating to signs or indications; pertaining to the language of signs, or to language generally as indicating thought. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the signs or symptoms of diseases. { Se•mei•ot´ics , or Se•mi•ot´ics }, n. Semeiology.

Sem´e•le , n. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Gr. Myth.) A daughter of Cadmus, and by Zeus mother of Bacchus.

Se´men , n.; pl. Semina (#). [L., from the root of serere, satum, to sow. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. (Bot.) The seed of plants. 2. (Physiol.) The seed or fecundating fluid of male animals; sperm. It is a white or whitish viscid fluid secreted by the testes, characterized by the presence of spermatozoids to which it owes its generative power. Semen contra, or Semen cinae or cynae, a strong aromatic, bitter drug, imported from Aleppo and Barbary, said to consist of the leaves, peduncles, and unexpanded flowers of various species of Artemisia; wormseed.

Sem•e•nif´er•ous , a. (Biol.) Seminiferous.

Se•mes´ter , n. [G., from L. semestris half-yearly; sex six + mensis a month.] A period of six months; especially, a term in a college or uneversity which divides the year into two terms.

Sem´i- [L. semi; akin to Gr. , Skr. sami-, AS. sam-, and prob. to E. same, from the division into two parts of the same size. Cf. Hemi-, Sandelend.] A prefix signifying half, and sometimes partly or imperfectly; as semiannual, half yearly; semitransparent, imperfectly transparent. The prefix semi is joined to another word either with the hyphen or without it. In this book the hyphen is omitted except before a capital letter; as semiacid, semiaquatic, semi-Arian, semiaxis, semicalcareous.

Sem•i•ac´id , a. Slightly acid; subacid.

Sem•i•a•cid´i•fied , a. Half acidified.

Sem•i•ad•her´ent , a. Adherent part way.

Sem•i•am•plex´i•caul , a. (Bot.) Partially amplexicaul; embracing the stem half round, as a leaf.

Sem´i•an•gle , n. (Geom.) The half of a given, or measuring, angle.

Sem•i•an´nu•al , a. Half- yearly.

Sem•i•an´nu•al•ly, adv. Every half year.

Sem•i•an´nu•lar , a. Having the figure of a half circle; forming a semicircle. Grew.

Sem•i-A´ri•an , n. [See Arian.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a branch of the Arians which did not acknowledge the Son to be consubstantial with the Father, that is, of the same substance, but admitted him to be of a like substance with the Father, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege.

Sem´i-A´ri•an, a. Of or pertaining to Semi-Arianism.

Sem•i-A´ri•an•ism , n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Arians.

Sem•i•ax´is , n. (Geom.) One half of the axis of an llipse or other figure.

Sem•i•bar•ba´ri•an , a. Half barbarous; partially civilized. — n. One partly civilized.

Sem•i•bar•bar´ic , a. Half barbarous or uncivilized; as semibarbaric display.

Sem•i•bar´ba•rism , n. The quality or state of being half barbarous or uncivilized.

Sem•i•bar´ba•rous , a. Half barbarous.

Sem´i•breve , n. [Pref. semi- + breve: cf. F. semi-breve, It. semibreve.] [Formerly written semibref.] (Mus.) A note of half the time or duration of the breve; — now usually called a whole note. It is the longest note in general use.

Sem´i•brief , n. (Mus.) A semibreve. [R.]

Sem´i•bull , n. (R.C.Ch.) A bull issued by a pope in the period between his election and coronation.

Sem•i•cal•ca´re•ous , a. Half or partially calcareous; as a semicalcareous plant.

Sem•i•cal•cined´ , a. Half calcined; as semicalcined iron.

Sem•i•cas´trate , v. t. To deprive of one testicle. — Sem•i•cas•tra´tion (#),n.

Sem•i•cen•ten´ni•al , a. Of or pertaining to half of a century, or a period of fifty years; as a semicentennial commemoration.

Sem•i•cen•ten´ni•al, n. A fiftieth anniversary.

Sem•i•cha•ot´ic , a. Partially chaotic.

Sem´i•cho•rus, n. (Mus.) A half chorus; a passage to be sung by a selected portion of the voices, as the female voices only, in contrast with the full choir.

Sem•i-Chris´tian•ized , a. Half Christianized.

Sem´i•cir•cle , n. 1. (a) The half of a circle; the part of a circle bounded by its diameter and half of its circumference. (b) A semicircumference. 2. A body in the form of half of a circle, or half of a circumference. 3. An instrument for measuring angles.

Sem´i•cir•cled , a. Semicircular. Shak.

Sem•i•cir´cu•lar , a. Having the form of half of a circle. Addison. Semicircular canals (Anat.), certain canals of the inner ear. See under Ear.

Sem•i cir•cum´fer•ence , n. Half of a circumference.

Sem´i•cirque , n. A semicircular hollow or opening among trees or hills. Wordsworth.

Sem´i•co•lon , n. The punctuation mark [;] indicating a separation between parts or members of a sentence more distinct than that marked by a comma.

Sem´i•col•umn , n. A half column; a column bisected longitudinally, or along its axis.

Sem•i•co•lum´nar , a. Like a semicolumn; flat on one side and round on the other; imperfectly columnar.

Sem•i•com•pact´ , a. Half compact; imperfectly indurated.

Sem•i•con´scious , a. Half conscious; imperfectly conscious. De Quincey.

Sem´i•cope , n. A short cope, or an inferier kind of cope. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sem•i crus•ta´ceous , a. Half crustaceous; partially crustaceous.

Sem•i•crys´tal•line , a. (Min.) Half crystalline; — said of certain cruptive rocks composed partly of crystalline, partly of amorphous matter.

Sem•i•cu´bic•al , a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to the square root of the cube of a quantity. Semicubical parabola, a curve in which the ordinates are proportional to the square roots of the cubes of the abscissas. { Sem•i•cu´bi•um , Sem•i•cu´pi•um } n. [LL., fr. L. semi half + cupa tub, cask.] A half bath, or one that covers only the lewer extremities and the hips; a sitz-bath; a half bath, or hip bath. { Sem•i•cy•lin´dric , Sem•i•cy•lyn´dric•al } a. Half cylindrical.

Sem•i•de•is´tic•al , a. Half deisticsl; bordering on deism. S. Miller.

Sem•i•dem´i•qua•ver , n. (Mus.) A demisemiquaver; a thirty-second note.

Sem•i•de•tached´ , a. Half detached; partly distinct or separate. Semidetached house, one of two tenements under a single roof, but separated by a party wall. [Eng.]

Sem•i•di•am´e•ter , n. (Math.) Half of a diameter; a right line, or the length of a right line, drawn from the center of a circle, a sphere, or other curved figure, to its circumference or periphery; a radius.

Sem•i•di•a•pa´son , n. (Mus.) An imperfect octave.

Sem•i•di•a•pen´te , n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fifth. Busby.

Sem•i•di•a•pha•ne´i•ty , n. Half or imperfect transparency; translucency. [R.] Boyle.

Sem•i•di•aph´a•nous , a. Half or imperfectly transparent; translucent. Woodward.

Sem•i•di•a•tes´sa•ron , n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fourth. [R.]

Sem•i•di´tone , n. [Pref. semi- + ditone: cf. It. semiditono. Cf. Hemiditone.] (Gr. Mus.) A lesser third, having its terms as 6 to 5; a hemiditone. [R.]

Sem•i•di•ur´nal , a. 1. Pertaining to, or accomplished in, half a day, or twelve hours; occurring twice every day. 2. Pertaining to, or traversed in, six hours, or in half the time between the rising and setting of a heavenly body; as a semidiurnal arc.

Sem´i•dome , n. (Arch.) A roof or ceiling covering a semicircular room or recess, or one of nearly that shape, as the apse of a church, a niche, or the like. It is approximately the quarter of a hollow sphere.

Sem´i•dou•ble , n. (Eccl.) An office or feast celebrated with less solemnity than the double ones. See Double, n., 8.

Sem•i•dou´ble, a. (Bot.) Having the outermost stamens converted into petals, while the inner ones remain perfect; — said of a flower.

Sem´i•fa•ble , n. That which is part fable and part truth; a mixture of truth and fable. De Quincey.

Sem´i•flexed , a. Half bent.

Sem´i•flo•ret , n. (Bot.) See Semifloscule.

Sem•i•flos´cu•lar , a. Semiflosculous.

Sem´i•flos•cule , n. (Bot.) A floscule, or florest, with its corolla prolonged into a strap- shaped petal; — called also semifloret.

Sem•i•flos´cu•lous , a. (Bot.) Having all the florets ligulate, as in the dandelion.

Sem•i•flu´id , a. Imperfectly fluid. — n. A semifluid substance.

Sem´i•form , n. A half form; an imperfect form.

Sem´i•formed , a. Half formed; imperfectly formed; as semiformed crystals.

Sem•i•glu´tin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A peptonelike body, insoluble in alcohol, formed by boiling collagen or gelatin for a long time in water. Hemicollin, a like body, is also formed at the same time, and differs from semiglutin by being partly soluble in alcohol.

Sem•i•his•tor´i•cal , a. Half or party historical. Sir G. C. Lewis.

Sem•i•ho´ral , a. Half- hourly.

Sem•i•in´du•ra•ted , a. Imperfectly indurated or hardened.

Sem•i•la•pid´i•fied , a. Imperfectly changed into stone. Kirwan.

Sem´i•lens , n. (Opt.) The half of a lens divided along a plane passing through its axis.

Sem•i•len•tic´u•lar , a. Half lenticular or convex; imperfectly resembling a lens. Kirwan.

Sem•i•lig´ne•ous , a. Half or partially ligneous, as a stem partly woody and partly herbaceous.

Sem•i•liq´uid , a. Half liquid; semifluid.

Sem•i•li•quid´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being semiliquid; partial liquidity.

Sem•i•log´ic•al , a. Half logical; partly logical; said of fallacies. Whately.

Sem´i•lor , n. [Cf. G. similor, semilor.] A yellowish alloy of copper and zinc. See Simplor.

Sem•i•lu´nar , a. Shaped like a half moon. Semilunar bone (Anat.), a bone of the carpus; the lunar. See Lunar, n. — Semilunar, or Sigmoid, valves (Anat.), the valves at the beginning of the aorta and of the pulmonary artery which prevent the blood from flowing back into the ventricle.

Sem•i•lu´nar, n. (Anat.) The semilunar bone.

Sem•i•lu´na•ry , a. Semilunar.

Sem•i•lu´nate , a. Semilunar.

Sem´i•lune , n. (Geom.) The half of a lune.

Sem´i•met•al , n. (Chem.) An element possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree and not malleable, as arsenic, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, uranium, etc. [Obs.]

Sem•i•me•tal´lic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a semimetal; possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree; resembling metal.

Sem•i•month´ly a. Coming or made twice in a month; as semimonthly magazine; a semimonthly payment. — n. Something done or made every half month; esp., a semimonthly periodical. — adv. In a semimonthly manner; at intervals of half a month.

Sem•i•mute´ , a. Having the faculty of speech but imperfectly developed or partially lost.

Sem´i•mute , n. A semimute person.

Sem´i•nal , a. [L. seminalis, fr. semen, seminis, seed, akin to serere to sow: cf. F. seminal. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, seed or semen; as the seminal fluid. 2. Contained in seed; holding the relation of seed, source, or first principle; holding the first place in a series of developed results or consequents; germinal; radical; primary; original; as seminal principles of generation; seminal virtue. “The idea of God is, beyond all question or comparison, the one great seminal principle.” Hare. Seminal leaf (Bot.), a seed leaf, or cotyleden. — Seminal receptacle. (Zoöl.) Same as Spermatheca.

Sem´i•nal , n. A seed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sem•i•nal´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being seminal. Sir T. Browne. { Sem•i•na´ri•an , Sem´i•na•rist } n. [Cf. F. seminariste.] A member of, or one educated in, a seminary; specifically, an ecclesiastic educated for the priesthood in a seminary.

Sem´i•na•ry , n.; pl. Seminaries (#). [L. seminarium, fr. seminarius belonging to seed, fr. semon, seminis, seed. See Seminal.] 1. A piece of ground where seed is sown for producing plants for transplantation; a nursery; a seed plat. [Obs.] Mortimer. “But if you draw them [seedling] only for the thinning of your seminary, prick them into some empty beds.” Evelyn. 2. Hence, the place or original stock whence anything is brought or produced. [Obs.] Woodward. 3. A place of education, as a scool of a high grade, an academy, college, or university. 4. Seminal state. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 5. Fig.: A seed bed; a source. [Obs.] Harvey. 6. A Roman Catholic priest educated in a foreign seminary; a seminarist. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sem´i•na•ry, a. [L. seminarius.] Belonging to seed; seminal. [R.]

Sem´i•nate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seminated p. pr. & vb. n. Seminating.] [L. seminatus, p. p. of seminare to sow, fr. semen, seminis, seed.] To sow; to spread; to propagate. [R.] Waterhouse.

Sem•i•na´tion , n. [L. seminatio: cf. F. semination.] 1. The act of sowing or spreading. [R.] 2. (Bot.) Natural dispersion of seeds. Martyn.

Sem´ined , a. [See Semen.] Thickly covered or sown, as with seeds. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sem•i•nif´er•ous , a. [L. semen, semenis, seed -ferous.] (Biol.) Seed-bearing; producing seed; pertaining to, or connected with, the formation of semen; as seminiferous cells or vesicles. { Sem•i•nif´ic , Sem•i•nif´ic•al } a. [L. semen, seminis, seed + facere to make.] (Biol.) Forming or producing seed, or the male generative product of animals or of plants.

Sem•i•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. Propagation from seed. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Sem´i•nist , n. (Biol.) A believer in the old theory that the newly created being is formed by the admixture of the seed of the male with the supposed seed of the female.

Sem´i•noles , n. pl.; sing. Seminole . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly occupied Florida, where some of them still remain. They belonged to the Creek Confideration.

Sem´i•nose , n. [L. semen seed + glucose.] (Chem.) A carbohydrate of the glucose group found in the thickened endosperm of certain seeds, and extracted as yellow sirup having a sweetish-bitter taste.

Sem•i•nude´ , a. Partially nude; half naked.

Sem´i•nymph , n. (Zoöl.) The pupa of insects which undergo only a slight change in passing to the imago state.

Sem•i•oc•ca´sion•al•ly , adv. Once in a while; on rare occasions. [Colloq. U. S.]

Sem•i•of•fi´cial , a. Half official; having some official authority or importance; as a semiofficial statement. — Sem•i•of•fi´cial•ly, adv. { Se•mi•og´ra•phy , Se•mi•ol´o•gy , Se•mi•o•log´ic•al }. Same as Semeiography, Semeiology, Semeiological.

Sem•i•o•pa´cous , a. Semiopaque.

Sem´i•o•pal , n. (Min.) A variety of opal not possessing opalescence.

Sem•i•o•paque´ , a. Half opaque; only half transparent.

Sem•i•or•bic´u•lar , a. Having the shape of a half orb or sphere.

Se•mi•ot´ic , a. Same as Semeiotic.

Se•mi•ot´ics , n. Same as Semeiotics.

Sem•i•o´val , a. Half oval.

Sem•i•o´vate , a. Half ovate.

Sem•i•ox´y•gen•a•ted , a. Combined with oxygen only in part. Kirwan.

Sem•i•pa´gan , a. Half pagan. { Sem•i•pal´mate , Sem•i•pal´ma•ted } a. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior toes joined only part way down with a web; half-webbed; as a semipalmate bird or foot. See Illust. k under Aves.

Sem•i•pa•rab´o•la , n. (Geom.) One branch of a parabola, being terminated at the principal vertex of the curve.

Sem´i•ped , n. [L. semipes, semipedis; pref. semi- half + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Pros.) A half foot in poetry.

Se•mip´e•dal , a. (Pres.) Containing a half foot.

Sem•i-Pe•la´gi•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of John Cassianus, a French monk (died about 448), who modified the doctrines of Pelagius, by denying human merit, and maintaining the necessity of the Spirit’s influence, while, on the other hand, he rejected the Augustinian doctrines of election, the inability of man to do good, and the certain perseverance of the saints.

Sem•i-Pe•la´gi•an, a. Of or pertaining to the Semi-Pelagians, or their tenets.

Sem•i-Pe•la´gi•an•ism (sem•i•pe•la´ji•an•iz’m), n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi- Pelagians.

Sem•i•pel•lu´cid (-pel•lu´sid), a. Half clear, or imperfectly transparent; as a semipellucid gem.

Sem•i•pel•lu•cid´i•ty (- pel•lu•sid´i•ty), n. The quality or state of being imperfectly transparent.

Sem•i•pen´ni•form (-pen´ni•fôrm), a. (Anat.) Half or partially penniform; as a semipenniform muscle.

Sem•i•per´ma•nent, n. Half or partly permanent.

Sem•i•per•spic´u•ous (- per•spik´u•us), a. Half transparent; imperfectly clear; semipellucid.

Sem•i•phlo•gis´ti•ca•ted (- flo•jis´ti•ka•ted), a. (Old Chem.) Partially impregnated with phlogiston.

Sem´i•plume (sem•i•plum), n. (Zoöl.) A feather which has a plumelike web, with the shaft of an ordinary feather.

Sem•i•pre´cious (-presh´us), a. Somewhat precious; as semiprecious stones or metals.

Sem´i•proof , n. Half proof; evidence from the testimony of a single witness. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sem•i pu´pa , n. (Zoöl.) The young of an insect in a stage between the larva and pupa. { Sem´i•quad•rate , Sem´i•quar´tile } n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other the half of a quadrant, or forty-five degrees, or one sign and a half. Hutton.

Sem´i•qua•ver , n. (Mus.) A note of half the duration of the quaver; — now usually called a sixsteenth note.

Sem´i•quin•tile , n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other half of the quintile, or thirty-six degrees.

Sem•i•rec´on•dite , a. (Zool.) Half hidden or half covered; said of the head of an insect when half covered by the shield of the thorax.

Sem´i•ring , n. (Anat.) One of the incomplete rings of the upper part of the bronchial tubes of most birds. The semerings form an essential part of the syrinx, or musical organ, of singing birds.

Sem•i•sav´age , a. Half savage.

Sem´i•sav•age, n. One who is half savage.

Sem•i-Sax´on , a. Half Saxon; — specifically applied to the language intermediate between Saxon and English, belonging to the period 1150-1250.

Sem´i•sex´tile , n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or thirty degrees. Hutton.

Sem•i•sol´id , a. Partially solid.

Sem´i•soun (-soon), n. A half sound; a low tone. [Obs.] ´Soft he cougheth with a semisoun.´ Chaucer. { Sem•i•spher´ic , Sem•i•spher´ic•al } a. Having the figure of a half sphere. Kirwan.

Sem•i•sphe•roid´al , a. Formed like a half spheroid.

Sem´i•steel , n. Puddled steel. [U. S. ]

Sem´i•ta , n.; pl. Semitae. [L., a path.] (Zoöl.) A fasciole of a spatangoid sea urchin.

Sem´i•tan•gent , n. (Geom.) The tangent of half an arc.

Sem´ite , n. One belonging to the Semitic race. Also used adjectively. [Written also Shemite.]

Sem•i•te•rete´ , a. (Nat. Hist.) Half terete.

Sem•i•ter´tian , a. (Med.) Having the characteristics of both a tertian and a quotidian intermittent. — n. An intermittent combining the characteristics of a tertian and a quotidian.

Sem•it´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Shem or his descendants; belonging to that division of the Caucasian race which includes the Arabs, Jews, and related races. [Written also Shemitic.] Semitic language, a name used to designate a group of Asiatic and African languages, some living and some dead, namely: Hebrew and Phœnician, Aramaic, Assyrian, Arabic, Ethiopic (Geez and Ampharic). Encyc. Brit.

Sem´i•tism , n. A Semitic idiom; a word of Semitic origin. [Written also Shemitism.]

Sem´i•tone , n. [Pref. semi- + tone. CF. Hemitone.] (Mus.) Half a tone; — the name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic scale. There is an impropriety in the use of this word, and half step is now preferred. See Tone. J. S. Dwight.

Sem•i•ton´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a semitone; consisting of a semitone, or of semitones.

Sem´i•tran•sept , n. (Arch.) The half of a transept; as the north semitransept of a church.

Sem•i•trans•lu´cent , a. Slightly clear; transmitting light in a slight degree.

Sem•i•trans•par´en•cy , n. Imperfect or partial transparency.

Sem•i•trans•par´ent , a. Half or imperfectly transparent.

Sem•i•ver•tic´il•late, a. Partially verticillate.

Sem´i•vif , a. [L. semivivus.] Only half alive. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sem•i•vit´re•ous , a. Partially vitreous.

Sem•i•vit´ri•fi•ca´tion , n. 1. The quality or state of being semivitrified. 2. A substance imperfectly vitrified.

Sem•i•vit´ri•fied , a. Half or imperfectly vitrified; partially converted into glass.

Sem•i•vo´cal , a. (Phon.) Of or pertaining to a semivowel; half cocal; imperfectly sounding.

Sem´i•vow•el , n. (Phon.) (a) A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, as in the English w and y. (b) The sign or letter representing such a sound.

Sem•i•week´ly , a. Coming, or made, or done, once every half week; as a semiweekly newspaper; a semiweekly trip. — n. That which comes or happens once every half week, esp. a semiweekly periodical. — adv. At intervals of half a week each.

Sem•o•lel´la , n. [It.] See Semolina.

Sem•o•li´na , n. [It. semolino, from semola bran, L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semoule, Simnel.] The fine, hard parts of wheat, rounded by the attrition of the millstones, — used in cookery.

Sem•o•li´no , n. [It.] Same as Semolina.

Se•moule´ , n. [F.] Same as Semolina.

Sem•per•vi´rent , a. [L. semper always + virens, p. pr. of virere to be green.] Always fresh; evergreen. [R.] Smart.

Sem´per•vive , n. [L. semperviva, sempervivum, fr. sempervivus ever- living; semper always + vivus living.] (Bot.) The houseleek.

Sem•per•vi´vum , n. (Bot.) A genus of fleshy-leaved plants, of which the houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) is the commonest species.

Sem•pi•ter´nal , a. [L. sempiternus, fr. semper always: cf. F. sempiternel.] 1. Of neverending duration; everlasting; endless; having beginning, but no end. Sir M. Hale. 2. Without beginning or end; eternal. Blackmore.

Sem´pi•terne , a. Sempiternal. [Obs.]

Sem•pi•ter´ni•ty , n. [L. sempiternitas.] Future duration without end; the relation or state of being sempiternal. Sir M. Hale.

Sem´pre , adv. [It., fr. L. semper.] (Mus.) Always; throughout; as sempre piano, always soft.

Semp´ster , n. A seamster. [Obs.]

Semp´stress , n. A seamstress. “Two hundred sepstress were employed to make me shirts.” Swift.

Semp´stress•y , n. Seamstressy.

Sem´ster , n. A seamster. [Obs.]

Se•mun´ci•a , n. [L., fr. semi half + uncia ounce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound.

Sen , n. A Japanese coin, worth about one half of a cent.

Sen, adv., prep., & conj. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.]

Sen´a•ry , a. [L. senarius, fr. seni six each, fr. sex six. See Six.] Of six; belonging to six; containing six. Dr. H. More.

Sen´ate , n. [OE. senat, F. senat, fr. L. senatus, fr. senex, gen. senis, old, an old man. See Senior, Sir.] 1. An assembly or council having the highest deliberative and legislative functions. Specifically: (a) (Anc. Rom.) A body of elders appointed or elected from among the nobles of the nation, and having supreme legislative authority. “The senate was thus the medium through which all affairs of the whole government had to pass.” Dr. W. Smith. (b) The upper and less numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as in France, in the United States, in most of the separate States of the United States, and in some Swiss cantons. (c) In general, a legislative body; a state council; the legislative department of government. 2. The governing body of the Universities of Cambridge and London. [Eng.] 3. In some American colleges, a council of elected students, presided over by the president of the college, to which are referred cases of discipline and matters of general concern affecting the students. [U. S.] Senate chamber, a room where a senate meets when it transacts business. — Senate house, a house where a senate meets when it transacts business.

Sen´a•tor , n. [OE. senatour, OF. senatour, F. senateur, fr. L. senator.] 1. A member of a senate. “The duke and senators of Venice greet you.” Shak. In the United States, each State sends two senators for a term of six years to the national Congress. 2. (O.Eng.Law) A member of the king’s council; a king’s councilor. Burrill.

Sen•a•to´ri•al , a. [F. senatorial, or L. senatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a senator, or a senate; becoming to a senator, or a senate; as senatorial duties; senatorial dignity. 2. Entitled to elect a senator, or by senators; as the senatorial districts of a State. [U. S.]

Sen•a•to´ri•al•ly, adv. In a senatorial manner.

Sen•a•to´ri•an , a. Senatorial. [R.] De Quincey.

Sen•a•to´ri•ous , a. Senatorial. [Obs.]

Sen´a•tor•ship , n. The office or dignity of a senator. Carew.

Se•na•tus•con•sult´ , n. [L. senatus consultum.] A decree of the Roman senate.

Send , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sending.] [AS. sendan; akin to OS. sendian, D. zenden, G. senden, OHG. senten, Icel. senda, Sw. sända, Dan. sende, Goth. sandjan, and to Goth. sinp a time (properly, a going), gasinpa companion, OHG. sind journey, AS. si, Icel. sinni a walk, journey, a time. W. hynt a way, journey, OIr. st. Cf. Sense.] 1. To cause to go in any manner; to dispatch; to commission or direct to go; as to send a messenger. “I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran.” Jer. xxiii. 21. “I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me.” John viii. 42. “Servants, sent on messages, stay out somewhat longer than the message requires.” Swift. 2. To give motion to; to cause to be borne or carried; to procure the going, transmission, or delivery of; as to send a message. “He … sent letters by posts on horseback.” Esther viii. 10. “O send out thy light an thy truth; let them lead me.” Ps. xliii. 3. 3. To emit; to impel; to cast; to throw; to hurl; as to send a ball, an arrow, or the like. 4. To cause to be or to happen; to bestow; to inflict; to grant; — sometimes followed by a dependent proposition. ´God send him well!´ Shak. “The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke.” Deut. xxviii. 20. “And sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.” Matt. v. 45. “God send your mission may bring back peace.” Sir W. Scott.

Send , v. i. 1. To dispatch an agent or messenger to convey a message, or to do an errand. “See ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away my head?” 2 Kings vi. 32. 2. (Naut.) To pitch; as the ship sends forward so violently as to endanger her masts. Totten. To send for, to request or require by message to come or be brought.

Send, n. (Naut.) The impulse of a wave by which a vessel is carried bodily. [Written also scend.] W. C. Russell. ´The send of the sea´. Longfellow.

Sen´dal , n. [OF. cendal (cf. Pr. & Sp. cendal, It. zendale), LL. cendallum, Gr. a fine Indian cloth.] A light thin stuff of silk. [Written also cendal, and sendal.] Chaucer. “Wore she not a veil of twisted sendal embroidered with silver?” Sir W. Scott.

Send´er , n. One who sends. Shak.

Sen´e•cas , n. pl.; sing. Seneca . (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Western New York. This tribe was the most numerous and most warlike of the Five Nations. Seneca grass(Bot.), holy grass. See under Holy. — Seneca eil, petroleum or naphtha. — Seneca root, or Seneca snakeroot (Bot.), the rootstock of an American species of milkworth (Polygala Senega) having an aromatic but bitter taste. It is often used medicinally as an expectorant and diuretic, and, in large doses, as an emetic and cathartic. [Written also Senega root, and Seneka root.]

Se•ne´ci•o , n. [L., groundsel, lit., an old man. So called in allusion to the hoary appearance of the pappus.] (Bot.) A very large genus of composite plants including the groundsel and the golden ragwort.

Se•nec´ti•tude , n. [L. senectus aged, old age, senex old.] Old age. [R.] ´Senectitude, weary of its toils.´ H. Miller.

Sen´e•ga , n. (Med.) Seneca root.

Sen´e•gal , n. Gum senegal. See under Gum.

Sen´e•gin , n. (Med. Chem.) A substance extracted from the rootstock of the Polygala Senega (Seneca root), and probably identical with polygalic acid.

Se•nes´cence , n. [See Senescent.] The state of growing old; decay by time.

Se•nes´cent , a. [L. senescent, p. pr. of senescere to grow old, incho. fr. senere to be old.] Growing old; decaying with the lapse of time. ´The night was senescent.´ Poe. ´With too senescent air.´ Lowell.

Sen´es•chal , n. [OF. seneschal, LL. seniscalcus, of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. sineigs old, skalks, OHG. scalch, AS. scealc. Cf. Senior, Marshal.] An officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, in the Middle Ages, who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies; a steward. Sometimes the seneschal had the dispensing of justice, and was given high military commands. “Then marshaled feast
Served up in hall with sewers and seneschale.” Milton. “Philip Augustus, by a famous ordinance in 1190, first established royal courts of justice, held by the officers called baitiffs, or seneschals, who acted as the king’s lieutenants in his demains.” Hallam.

Sen´es•chal•ship, n. The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a seneschal.

Senge , v. t. To singe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sen´green , n.[AS. singrne, properly, evergreen, fr. sin (in composition) always + grëne green; akin to OHG. sin- ever, L. semper.] (Bot.) The houseleek.

Se´nile , a. [L. senilis, from senex, gen. senis, old, an old man: cf. F. senile. See Senior.] Of or pertaining to old age; proceeding from, or characteristic of, old age; affected with the infirmities of old age; as senile weakness. ´Senile maturity of judgment.´ Boyle. Senile gangrene (Med.), a form of gangrene occuring particularly in old people, and caused usually by insufficient blood supply due to degeneration of the walls of the smaller arteries.

Se•nil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. senilite.] The quality or state of being senile; old age.

Sen´ior , a. [L. senior, compar. of senex, gen. senis, old. See Sir.] 1. More advanced than another in age; prior in age; elder; hence, more advanced in dignity, rank, or office; superior; as senior member; senior counsel. 2. Belonging to the final year of the regular course in American colleges, or in professional schools.

Sen´ior, n. 1. A person who is older than another; one more advanced in life. 2. One older in office, or whose entrance upon office was anterior to that of another; one prior in grade. 3. An aged person; an older. Dryden. “Each village senior paused to scan,
And speak the lovely caravan.” Emerson. 4. One in the fourth or final year of his collegiate course at an American college; — originally called senior sophister; also one in the last year of the course at a professional schools or at a seminary.

Sen•ior´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being senior.

Sen´ior•ize , v. i. To exercise authority; to rule; to lord it. [R.] Fairfax.

Sen´ior•y , n. Seniority. [Obs.] Shak.

Sen´na , n. [Cf. It. & Sp. sena, Pg. sene, F. sene; all fr. Ar. sana.] 1. (Med.) The leaves of several leguminous plants of the genus Cassia. (C. acutifolia, C. angustifolia, etc.). They constitute a valuable but nauseous cathartic medicine. 2. (Bot.) The plants themselves, native to the East, but now cultivated largely in the south of Europe and in the West Indies. Bladder senna. (Bot.) See under Bladder. — Wild senna (Bot.), the Cassia Marilandica, growing in the United States, the leaves of which are used medicinally, like those of the officinal senna.

Sen´na•chy , n. See Seannachie.

Sen´net , n. [Properly, a sign given for the entrance or exit of actors, from OF. sinet, signet, dim. of signe. See Signet.] A signal call on a trumpet or cornet for entrance or exit on the stage. [Obs.]

Sen´net, n. (Zoöl.) The barracuda.

Sen´night , n. [Contr. fr. sevennight.] The space of seven nights and days; a week. [Written also se’nnight.] [Archaic.] Shak. Tennyson.

Sen´nit , n. [Seven + knit.] 1. (Naut.) A braided cord or fabric formed by plaiting together rope yarns or other small stuff. 2. Plaited straw or palm leaves for making hats.

Se•noc´u•lar , a. [L. seni six each (fr. sex six) + oculus eye.] Having six eyes. [R.] Derham.

Se•no´ni•an , a. [F. senonien, from the district of Senonais, in France.] (Geol.) In european geology, a name given to the middle division of the Upper Cretaceous formation.

Se•ñor´ , n. [Sp. Cf. Senior.] A Spanish title of courtesy corresponding to the English Mr. or Sir; also a gentleman.

Se•ño´ra , n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also a lady.

Se•ño•ri´ta , n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also a young lady.

Sens , adv. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sen´sate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensated p. pr. & vb. n. Sensating.] [See Sensated.] To feel or apprehend more or less distinctly through a sense, or the senses; as to sensate light, or an odor. “As those of the one are sensated by the ear, so those of the other are by the eye.” R. Hooke. { Sen´sate , Sen´sa•ted } a. [L. sensatus gifted with sense, intelligent, fr. sensus sense. See Sense.] Felt or apprehended through a sense, or the senses. [R.] Baxter.

Sen•sa´tion , n. [Cf. F. sensation. See Sensate.] 1. (Physiol.) An impression, or the consciousness of an impression, made upon the central nervous organ, through the medium of a sensory or afferent nerve or one of the organs of sense; a feeling, or state of consciousness, whether agreeable or disagreeable, produced either by an external object (stimulus), or by some change in the internal state of the body. “Perception is only a special kind of knowledge, and sensation a special kind of feeling… . Knowledge and feeling, perception and sensation, though always coexistent, are always in the inverse ratio of each other.” Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A purely spiritual or psychical affection; agreeable or disagreeable feelings occasioned by objects that are not corporeal or material. 3. A state of excited interest or feeling, or that which causes it. “The sensation caused by the appearance of that work is still remembered by many.” Brougham. Syn. — Perception. — Sensation, Perseption. The distinction between these words, when used in mental philosophy, may be thus stated; if I simply smell a rose, I have a sensation; if I refer that smell to the external object which occasioned it, I have a perception. Thus, the former is mere feeling, without the idea of an object; the latter is the mind’s apprehension of some external object as occasioning that feeling. ´Sensation properly expresses that change in the state of the mind which is produced by an impression upon an organ of sense (of which change we can conceive the mind to be conscious, without any knowledge of external objects). Perception, on the other hand, expresses the knowledge or the intimations we obtain by means of our sensations concerning the qualities of matter, and consequently involves, in every instance, the notion of externality, or outness, which it is necessary to exclude in order to seize the precise import of the word sensation.´ Fleming.

Sen•sa´tion•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to sensation; as sensational nerves. 2. Of or pertaining to sensationalism, or the doctrine that sensation is the sole origin of knowledge. 3. Suited or intended to excite temporarily great interest or emotion; melodramatic; emotional; as sensational plays or novels; sensational preaching; sensational journalism; a sensational report.

Sen•sa´tion•al•ism , n. 1. (Metaph.) The doctrine held by Condillac, and by some ascribed to Locke, that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations transformed; sensualism; — opposed to intuitionalism, and rationalism. 2. The practice or methods of sensational writing or speaking; as the sensationalism of a novel.

Sen•sa´tion•al•ist, n. 1. (Metaph.) An advocate of, or believer in, philosophical sensationalism. 2. One who practices sensational writing or speaking.

Sense (sens), n. [L. sensus, from sentire, sensum, to perceive, to feel, from the same root as E. send; cf. OHG. sin sense, mind, sinnan to go, to journey, G. sinnen to meditate, to think: cf. F. sens. For the change of meaning cf. See, v. t. See Send, and cf. Assent, Consent, Scent, v. t., Sentence, Sentient.] 1. (Physiol.) A faculty, possessed by animals, of perceiving external objects by means of impressions made upon certain organs (sensory or sense organs) of the body, or of perceiving changes in the condition of the body; as the senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. See Muscular sense, under Muscular, and Temperature sense, under Temperature. “Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep.” Shak. “What surmounts the reach
Of human sense I shall delineate.” Milton. “The traitor Sense recalls
The soaring soul from rest.” Keble. 2. Perception by the sensory organs of the body; sensation; sensibility; feeling. “In a living creature, though never so great, the sense and the affects of any one part of the body instantly make a transcursion through the whole.” Bacon. 3. Perception through the intellect; apprehension; recognition; understanding; discernment; appreciation. “This Basilius, having the quick sense of a lover.” Sir P. Sidney. “High disdain from sense of injured merit.” Milton. 4. Sound perception and reasoning; correct judgment; good mental capacity; understanding; also that which is sound, true, or reasonable; rational meaning. ´He speaks sense.´ Shak. “He raves; his words are loose
As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense.” Dryden. 5. That which is felt or is held as a sentiment, view, or opinion; judgment; notion; opinion. “I speak my private but impartial sense
With freedom.” Roscommon. “The municipal council of the city had ceased to speak the sense of the citizens.” Macaulay. 6. Meaning; import; signification; as the true sense of words or phrases; the sense of a remark. “So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense.” Neh. viii. 8. “I think ’t was in another sense.” Shak. 7. Moral perception or appreciation. “Some are so hardened in wickedness as to have no sense of the most friendly offices.” L’ Estrange. 8. (Geom.) One of two opposite directions in which a line, surface, or volume, may be supposed to be described by the motion of a point, line, or surface. Common sense, according to Sir W. Hamilton: (a) ´The complement of those cognitions or convictions which we receive from nature, which all men possess in common, and by which they test the truth of knowledge and the morality of actions.´ (b) ´The faculty of first principles.´ These two are the philosophical significations. (c) ´Such ordinary complement of intelligence, that,if a person be deficient therein, he is accounted mad or foolish.´ (d) When the substantive is emphasized: ´Native practical intelligence, natural prudence, mother wit, tact in behavior, acuteness in the observation of character, in contrast to habits of acquired learning or of speculation.´ — Moral sense. See under Moral, (a). — The inner, or internal, sense, capacity of the mind to be aware of its own states; consciousness; reflection. ´This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself, and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense.´ Locke. — Sense capsule (Anat.), one of the cartilaginous or bony cavities which inclose, more or less completely, the organs of smell, sight, and hearing. — Sense organ (Physiol.), a specially irritable mechanism by which some one natural force or form of energy is enabled to excite sensory nerves; as the eye, ear, an end bulb or tactile corpuscle, etc. - - Sense organule (Anat.), one of the modified epithelial cells in or near which the fibers of the sensory nerves terminate. Syn. — Understanding; reason. — Sense, Understanding, Reason. Some philosophers have given a technical signification to these terms, which may here be stated. Sense is the mind’s acting in the direct cognition either of material objects or of its own mental states. In the first case it is called the outer, in the second the inner, sense. Understanding is the logical faculty, i. e., the power of apprehending under general conceptions, or the power of classifying, arranging, and making deductions. Reason is the power of apprehending those first or fundamental truths or principles which are the conditions of all real and scientific knowledge, and which control the mind in all its processes of investigation and deduction. These distinctions are given, not as established, but simply because they often occur in writers of the present day.

Sense , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensed p. pr. & vb. n. Sensing.] To perceive by the senses; to recognize. [Obs. or Colloq.] “Is he sure that objects are not otherwise sensed by others than they are by him?” Glanvill.

Sense´ful , a. Full of sense, meaning, or reason; reasonable; judicious. [R.] ´Senseful speech.´ Spenser. ´Men, otherwise senseful and ingenious.´ Norris.

Sense´less, a. Destitute of, deficient in, or contrary to, sense; without sensibility or feeling; unconscious; stupid; foolish; unwise; unreasonable. “You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things.” Shak. “The ears are senseless that should give us hearing.” Shak. “The senseless grave feels not your pious sorrows.” Rowe. “They were a senseless, stupid race.” Swift. “They would repent this their senseless perverseness when it would be too late.” Clarendon. —- Sense´less•ly, adv. — Sense´less•ness, n.

Sen•si•bil´i•ty , n.; pl. Sensibilities (#). [Cf. F. sensibilite, LL. sensibilitas.] 1. (Physiol.) The quality or state of being sensible, or capable of sensation; capacity to feel or perceive. 2. The capacity of emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the will; peculiar susceptibility of impression, pleasurable or painful; delicacy of feeling; quick emotion or sympathy; as sensibility to pleasure or pain; sensibility to shame or praise; exquisite sensibility; - - often used in the plural. ´Sensibilities so fine!´ Cowper. “The true lawgiver ought to have a heart full of sensibility.” Burke. “His sensibilities seem rather to have been those of patriotism than of wounded pride.” Marshall. 3. Experience of sensation; actual feeling. “This adds greatly to my sensibility.” Burke. 4. That quality of an instrument which makes it indicate very slight changes of condition; delicacy; as the sensibility of a balance, or of a thermometer. Syn. — Taste; susceptibility; feeling. See Taste.

Sen´si•ble , a. [F., fr. L. sensibilis, fr. sensus sense.] 1. Capable of being perceived by the senses; apprehensible through the bodily organs; hence, also perceptible to the mind; making an impression upon the sense, reason, or understanding; heat; sensible resistance. “Air is sensible to the touch by its motion.” Arbuthnot. “The disgrace was more sensible than the pain.” Sir W. Temple. “Any very sensible effect upon the prices of things.” A. Smith. 2. Having the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; capable of perceiving by the instrumentality of the proper organs; liable to be affected physsically or mentally; impressible. “Would your cambric were sensible as your finger.” Shak. 3. Hence: Liable to impression from without; easily affected; having nice perception or acute feeling; sensitive; also readily moved or affected by natural agents; delicate; as a sensible thermometer. ´With affection wondrous sensible.´ Shak. 4. Perceiving or having perception, either by the senses or the mind; cognizant; perceiving so clearly as to be convinced; satisfied; persuaded. “He [man] can not think at any time, waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it.” Locke. “They are now sensible it would have been better to comply than to refuse.” Addison. 5. Having moral perception; capable of being affected by moral good or evil. 6. Possessing or containing sense or reason; giftedwith, or characterized by, good or common sense; intelligent; wise. “Now a sensible man, by and by a fool.” Shak. Sensible note or tone (Mus.), the major seventh note of any scale; — so called because, being but a half step below the octave, or key tone, and naturally leading up to that, it makes the ear sensible of its approaching sound. Called also the leading tone. — Sensible horizon. See Horizon, n., 2. (a). Syn. — Intelligent; wise. — Sensible, Intelligent. We call a man sensible whose judgments and conduct are marked and governed by sound judgment or good common semse. We call one intelligent who is quick and clear in his understanding, i. e., who discriminates readily and nicely in respect to difficult and important distinction. The sphere of the sensible man lies in matters of practical concern; of the intelligent man, in subjects of intellectual interest. ´I have been tired with accounts from sensible men, furnished with matters of fact which have happened within their own knowledge.´ Addison. ´Trace out numerous footsteps … of a most wise and intelligent architect throughout all this stupendous fabric.´ Woodward.

Sen´si•ble , n. 1. Sensation; sensibility. [R.] ´Our temper changed … which must needs remove the sensible of pain.´ Milton. 2. That which impresses itself on the sense; anything perceptible. “Aristotle distinguished sensibles into common and proper.” Krauth-Fleming. 3. That which has sensibility; a sensitive being. [R.] “This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles.” Burton.

Sen´si•ble•ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being sensible; sensibility; appreciation; capacity of perception; susceptibility. ´The sensibleness of the eye.´ Sharp. ´Sensibleness and sorrow for sin.´ Hammond. “The sensibleness of the divine presence.” Hallywell. 2. Intelligence; reasonableness; good sense.

Sen´si•bly, adv. 1. In a sensible manner; so as to be perceptible to the senses or to the mind; appreciably; with perception; susceptibly; sensitively. “What remains past cure,
Bear not too sensibly.” Milton. 2. With intelligence or good sense; judiciously.

Sen•si•fa´cient , a. [L. sensus sense + facere to make.] Converting into sensation. Huxley.

Sen•sif´er•ous , a. [L. sensifer; sensus sense + ferre to bear.] Exciting sensation; conveying sensation. Huxley.

Sen•sif´ic , a. [L. sensificus; sensus sense + facere to make.] Exciting sensation.

Sen•sif´i•ca•to•ry , a. Susceptible of, or converting into, sensation; as the sensificatory part of a nervous system. Huxley.

Sen•sig´e•nous , a. [L. sensus sense + -genous.] Causing or exciting sensation. Huxley.

Sens´ism , n. Same as Sensualism, 2 & 3.

Sens´ist, n. One who, in philosophy, holds to sensism.

Sen´si•tive , a. [F. sensitif. See Sense.] 1. Having sense of feeling; possessing or exhibiting the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; as a sensitive soul. 2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feelings; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected. “She was too sensitive to abuse and calumny.” Macaulay. 3. (a) (Mech.) Having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; as a sensitive thermometer; sensitive scales. (b) (Chem. & Photog.) Readily affected or changed by certain appropriate agents; as silver chloride or bromide, when in contact with certain organic substances, is extremely sensitive to actinic rays. 4. Serving to affect the sense; sensible. [R.] “A sensitive love of some sensitive objects.” Hammond. 5. Of or pertaining to sensation; depending on sensation; as sensitive motions; sensitive muscular motions excited by irritation. E. Darwin. Sensitive fern (Bot.), an American fern (Onoclea sensibilis), the leaves of which, when plucked, show a slight tendency to fold together. — Sensitive flame (Physics), a gas flame so arranged that under a suitable adjustment of pressure it is exceedingly sensitive to sounds, being caused to roar, flare, or become suddenly shortened or extinguished, by slight sounds of the proper pitch. — Sensitive joint vetch (Bot.), an annual leguminous herb (AEschynomene hispida), with sensitive foliage. — Sensitive paper, paper prepared for photographic purpose by being rendered sensitive to the effect of light. — Sensitive plant. (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Mimosa pudica, or M. sensitiva, and other allied species), the leaves of which close at the slightest touch. (b) Any plant showing motions after irritation, as the sensitive brier (Schrankia) of the Southern States, two common American species of Cassia (C. nictitans, and C. Chamaecrista), a kind of sorrel (Oxalis sensitiva), etc. — Sen´si•tive•ly (#), adv. — Sen´si•tive•ness, n.

Sen•si•tiv´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being sensitive; — used chiefly in science and the arts; as the sensitivity of iodized silver. “Sensitivity and emotivity have also been used as the scientific term for the capacity of feeling.” Hickok.

Sen´si•tize , v. t. (Photog.) To render sensitive, or susceptible of being easily acted on by the actinic rays of the sun; as sensitized paper or plate.

Sen´si•ti•zer , n. (Photog.) An agent that sensitizes. “The sensitizer should be poured on the middle of the sheet.” Wilis & Clements (The Platinotype).

Sen´si•to•ry , n. See Sensory.

Sens´ive , a. Having sense or sensibility; sensitive. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sen´sor , a. Sensory; as the sensor nerves.

Sen•so´ri•al , a. [Cf. F. sensorial. See Sensorium.] Of or pertaining to the sensorium; as sensorial faculties, motions, powers. A. Tucker.

Sen•so´ri•um , n.; pl. E. Sensoriums (#), L. Sensoria (#). [L., fr. sentire, sensum, to discern or perceive by the senses.] (Physiol.) The seat of sensation; the nervous center or centers to which impressions from the external world must be conveyed before they can be perceived; the place where external impressions are localized, and transformed into sensations, prior to being reflected to other parts of the organism; hence, the whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is susceptible of common or special sensations.

Sen•so•ri-vo•li´tion•al , a. (Physiol.) Concerned both in sensation and volition; — applied to those nerve fibers which pass to and from the cerebro- spinal axis, and are respectively concerned in sensation and volition. Dunglison.

Sen´so•ry , n.; pl. Sensories . (Physiol.) Same as Sensorium.

Sen´so•ry, a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the sensorium or sensation; as sensory impulses; — especially applied to those nerves and nerve fibers which convey to a nerve center impulses resulting in sensation; also sometimes loosely employed in the sense of afferent, to indicate nerve fibers which convey impressions of any kind to a nerve center.

Sen´su•al , a. [L. sensualis, from sensus sense: cf. F. sensuel.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the sense, or bodily organs of perception; relating to, or concerning, the body, in distinction from the spirit. “Pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies.” Bacon. “Far as creation’s ample range extends,
The scale of sensual, mental powers ascends.” Pope. 2. Hence, not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification of the senses, or the indulgence of appetites; wordly. “These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit.” Jude 19. “The greatest part of men are such as prefer … that good which is sensual before whatsoever is most divine.” Hooker. 3. Devoted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxurious; voluptuous; lewd; libidinous. “No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that wherein sensual men place their felicity.” Atterbury. 4. Pertaining or peculiar to the philosophical doctrine of sensualism.

Sen´su•al•ism , n. [Cf. F. sensualisme.] 1. The condition or character of one who is sensual; subjection to sensual feelings and appetite; sensuality. 2. (Philos.) The doctrine that all our ideas or the operations of the understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism; sensism. 3. (Ethics) The regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest good. Krauth- Fleming.

Sen´su•al•ist, n. [CF. F. sensualiste.] 1. One who is sensual; one given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses as the means of happiness. 2. One who holds to the doctrine of sensualism.

Sen•su•al•is´tic , a. 1. Sensual. 2. Adopting or teaching the doctrines of sensualism.

Sen•su•al´i•ty , n. [CF. F. sensualite, L. sensualitas sensibility, capacity for sensation.] The quality or state of being sensual; devotedness to the gratification of the bodily appetites; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures; luxuriousness; voluptuousness; lewdness. “Those pampered animals
That rage in savage sensuality.” Shak. “They avoid dress, lest they should have affections tainted by any sensuality.” Addison.

Sen•su•al•i•za´tion , n. The act of sensualizing, or the state of being sensualized.

Sen´su•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensualized p. pr. & vb. n. Sensualizing ] To make sensual; to subject to the love of sensual pleasure; to debase by carnal gratifications; to carnalize; as sensualized by pleasure. Pope. “By the neglect of prayer, the thoughts are sensualized.” T. H. Skinner.

Sen´su•al•ly, adv. In a sensual manner.

Sen´su•al•ness, n. Sensuality; fleshliness.

Sen´su•ism , n. Sensualism.

Sen•su•os´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being sensuous; sensuousness. [R.]

Sen´su•ous , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the senses, or sensible objects; addressing the senses; suggesting pictures or images of sense. “To this poetry would be made precedent, as being less subtle and fine, but more simple, sensuous, and passionate.” Milton. 2. Highly susceptible to influence through the senses. — Sen´su•ous•ly (#), adv. — Sen´su•ous•ness, n.

Sent , v. & n. See Scent, v. & n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sent, obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Send, for sendeth.

Sent, imp. & p. p. of Send.

Sen´tence , n. [F., from L. sententia, for sentientia, from sentire to discern by the senses and the mind, to feel, to think. See Sense, n., and cf. Sentiensi.] 1. Sense; meaning; significance. [Obs.] “Tales of best sentence and most solace.” Chaucer. “The discourse itself, voluble enough, and full of sentence.” Milton. 2. (a) An opinion; a decision; a determination; a judgment, especially one of an unfavorable nature. “My sentence is for open war.” Milton. “That by them [Luther’s works] we may pass sentence upon his doctrines.” Atterbury. (b) A philosophical or theological opinion; a dogma; as Summary of the Sentences; Book of the Sentences. 3. (Law) In civil and admiralty law, the judgment of a court pronounced in a cause; in criminal and ecclesiastical courts, a judgment passed on a criminal by a court or judge; condemnation pronounced by a judgical tribunal; doom. In common law, the term is exclusively used to denote the judgment in criminal cases. “Received the sentence of the law.” Shak. 4. A short saying, usually containing moral instruction; a maxim; an axiom; a saw. Broome. 5. (Gram.) A combination of words which is complete as expressing a thought, and in writing is marked at the close by a period, or full point. See Proposition, 4. Sentences are simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of one subject and one finite verb; as ´The Lord reigns.´ A compound sentence contains two or more subjects and finite verbs, as in this verse: - “He fills, he bounds, connects, and equals all.” Pope. Dark sentence, a saving not easily explained. “A king … understanding dark sentences.” Dan. vii. 23.

Sen´tence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentenced p. pr. & vb. n. Sentencing ] 1. To pass or pronounce judgment upon; to doom; to condemn to punishment; to prescribe the punishment of. “Nature herself is sentenced in your doom.” Dryden. 2. To decree or announce as a sentence. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To utter sententiously. [Obs.] Feltham.

Sen´ten•cer , n. One who pronounced a sentence or condemnation.

sen•ten´tial , a. 1. Comprising sentences; as a sentential translation. Abp. Newcome. 2. Of or pertaining to a sentence, or full period; as a sentential pause.

Sen•ten´tial•ly, adv. In a sentential manner.

Sen•ten´ti•a•rist , n. A sententiary. Barnas Sears (Life of Luther).

Sen•ten´ti•ary , n. [LL. sententiarius.] One who read lectures, or commented, on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris (1159-1160), a school divine. R. Henry.

Sen•ten•ti•os´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being sententious. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sen•ten´tious , a.[L. sentenciosus: cf. F. sentencieux.] 1. Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims; full of meaning; terse and energetic in expression; pithy; as a sententious style or discourse; sententious truth. “How he apes his sire,
Ambitiously sententious!” Addison. 2. Comprising or representing sentences; sentential. [Obs.] ´Sententious marks.´ Grew. —- Sen•ten´tious•ly, adv. — Sen•ten´tious•ness, n.

Sen´ter•y , n. A sentry. [Obs.] Milton.

Sen´teur , n. [F.] Scent. [Obs.] Holland. { Sen´ti•ence , Sen´ti•en•cy } n. [See Sentient, Sentence.] The quality or state of being sentient; esp., the quality or state of having sensation. G. H. Lewes “An example of harmonious action between the intelligence and the sentieny of the mind.” Earle.

Sen´ti•ent , a. [L. sentiens, -entis, p. pr. of sentire to discern or perceive by the senses. See Sense.] Having a faculty, or faculties, of sensation and perception. Specif. (Physiol.), especially sensitive; as the sentient extremities of nerves, which terminate in the various organs or tissues.

Sen´ti•ent, n. One who has the faculty of perception; a sentient being.

Sen´ti•ent•ly, adv. In a sentient or perceptive way.

Sen´ti•ment , n. [OE. sentement, OF. sentement, F. sentiment, fr. L. sentire to perceive by the senses and mind, to feel, to think. See Sentient, a.] 1. A thought prompted by passion or feeling; a state of mind in view of some subject; feeling toward or respecting some person or thing; disposition prompting to action or expression. “The word sentiment, agreeably to the use made of it by our best English writers, expresses, in my own opinion very happily, those complex determinations of the mind which result from the coöperation of our rational powers and of our moral feelings.” Stewart. “Alike to council or the assembly came,
With equal souls and sentiments the same.” Pope. 2. Hence, generally, a decision of the mind formed by deliberation or reasoning; thought; opinion; notion; judgment; as to express one’s sentiments on a subject. “Sentiments of philosophers about the perception of external objects.” Reid. “Sentiment, as here and elsewhere employed by Reid in the meaning of opinion (sententia), is not to be imitated.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. A sentence, or passage, considered as the expression of a thought; a maxim; a saying; a toast. 4. Sensibility; feeling; tender susceptibility. “Mr. Hume sometimes employs (after the manner of the French metaphysicians) sentiment as synonymous with feeling; a use of the word quite unprecedented in our tongue.” Stewart. “Less of sentiment than sense.” Tennyson. Syn. — Thought; opinion; notion; sensibility; feeling. — Sentiment, Opinion, Feeling. An opinion is an intellectual judgment in respect to any and every kind of truth. Feeling describes those affections of pleasure and pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in the plural) lies between them, denoting settled opinions or principles in regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, and are presented more or less constantly in practical life. Hence, it is more appropriate to speak of our religious sentiments than opinions, unless we mean to exclude all reference to our feelings. The word sentiment, in the singular, leans ordinarily more to the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensibility on subjects affecting the heart. ´On questions of feeling, taste, observation, or report, we define our sentiments. On questions of science, argument, or metaphysical abstraction, we define our opinions. The sentiments of the heart. The opinions of the mind … There is more of instinct in sentiment, and more of definition in opinion. The admiration of a work of art which results from first impressions is classed with our sentiments; and, when we have accounted to ourselves for the approbation, it is classed with our opinions.´ W. Taylor.

Sen•ti•men´tal , a. [Cf. F. sentimental.] 1. Having, expressing, or containing a sentiment or sentiments; abounding with moral reflections; containing a moral reflection; didactic. [Obsoles.] “Nay, ev’n each moral sentimental stroke,
Where not the character, but poet, spoke,
He lopped, as foreign to his chaste design,
Nor spared a useless, though a golden line.” Whitehead. 2. Inclined to sentiment; having an excess of sentiment or sensibility; indulging the sensibilities for their own sake; artificially or affectedly tender; — often in a reproachful sense. “A sentimental mind is rather prone to overwrought feeling and exaggerated tenderness.” Whately. 3. Addressed or pleasing to the emotions only, usually to the weaker and the unregulated emotions. Syn. — Romantic. — Sentimental, Romantic. Sentimental usually describes an error or excess of the sensibilities; romantic, a vice of the imagination. The votary of the former gives indulgence to his sensibilities for the mere luxury of their excitement; the votary of the latter allows his imagination to rove for the pleasure of creating scenes of ideal enjoiment. ´Perhaps there is no less danger in works called sentimental. They attack the heart more successfully, because more cautiously.´ V. Knox. ´I can not but look on an indifferency of mind, as to the good or evil things of this life, as a mere romantic fancy of such who would be thought to be much wiser than they ever were, or could be.´ Bp. Stillingfleet.

Sen•ti•men´tal•ism , n. [Cf. F. sentimentalisme.] The quality of being sentimental; the character or behavior of a sentimentalist; sentimentality.

Sen•ti•men´tal•ist, n. [Cf. F. sentimentaliste.] One who has or affects, sentiment or fine feeling.

Sen•ti•men•tal´i•ty , n. [CF. F. sentimentalite.] The quality or state of being sentimental.

Sen•ti•men´tal•ize , v. t. To regard in a sentimental manner; as to sentimentalize a subject.

Sen•ti•men´tal•ize, v. i. To think or act in a sentimental manner, or like a sentimentalist; to affect exquisite sensibility. C. Kingsley.

Sen•ti•men´tal•ly, adv. In a sentimental manner.

Sen´tine , n. [L. sentina bilge water, hold of a ship, dregs: cf. F. sentine.] A place for dregs and dirt; a sink; a sewer. [Obs.] Latimer.

Sen´ti•nel, n. [F. sentinelle (cf. It. sentinella); probably originally, a litle path, the sentinel’s beat,, and a dim. of a word meaning, path; cf. F. sente path. L. semita; and OF. sentine, sentele, senteret, diminutive words. Cf. Sentry.] 1. One who watches or guards; specifically (Mil.), a soldier set to guard an army, camp, or other place, from surprise, to observe the approach of danger, and give notice of it; a sentry. “The sentinels who paced the ramparts.” Macaulay. 2. Watch; guard. [Obs.] ´That princes do keep due sentinel.´ Bacon. 3. (Zoöl.) A marine crab (Podophthalmus vigil) native of the Indian Ocean, remarkable for the great length of its eyestalks; — called also sentinel crab.

Sen´ti•nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentineled or Sentinelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sentineling or Sentinelling.] 1. To watch over like a sentinel. ´To sentinel enchanted land.´ [R.] Sir W. Scott. 2. To furnish with a sentinel; to place under the guard of a sentinel or sentinels.

Sen•ti•sec´tion , n. [L. sentire to feel + E. section.] Painful vivisection; — opposed to callisection. B. G. Wilder.

Sen´try , n.; pl. Sentires (#). [Probably from OF. senteret a little patch; cf. F. sentier path, and OF. sente. See Sentinel.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier placed on guard; a sentinel. 2. Guard; watch, as by a sentinel. “Here toils, and death, and death’s half-brother, sleep,
Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep.” Dryden. Sentry box, a small house or box to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from the weather.

Sen´za , prep. [It.] (Mus.) Without; as senza stromenti, without instruments.

Se´pal , n. [NL. sepalum, formed in imitation of NL. petalum, petal, to denote one of the divisions of the calyx: cf. F. sepale.] (Bot.) A leaf or division of the calyx. When the calyx consists of but one part, it is said to be monosepalous; when of two parts, it is said to be disepalous; when of a variable and indefinite number of parts, it is said to be polysepalous; when of several parts united, it is properly called gamosepalous.

Se´paled , a. (Bot.) Having one or more sepals.

Sep´al•ine , a. (Bot.) Relating to, or having the nature of, sepals.

Se•pal´o•dy , n. [Sepal + Gr. form.] (Bot.) The metamorphosis of other floral organs into sepals or sepaloid bodies.

Sep´al•oid , a. [Sepal + - oid.] (Bot.) Like a sepal, or a division of a calyx.

Sep´al•ous , a. (Bot.) Having, or relating to, sepals; — used mostly in composition. See under Sepal.

Sep•a•ra•bil´i•ty , n. Quality of being separable or divisible; divisibility; separableness.

Sep´a•ra•ble , a. [L. separabilis: cf. F. separable.] Capable of being separated, disjoined, disunited, or divided; as the separable parts of plants; qualities not separable from the substance in which they exist. — Sep´a•ra•ble•ness, n. — Sep´a•ra•bly, adv. “Trials permit me not to doubt of the separableness of a yellow tincture from gold.” Boyle.

Sep´a•rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Separated ; p. pr. & vb. n. Separating.] [L. separatus, p. p. of separare to separate; pfref. se- aside + parare to make ready, prepare. See Parade, and cf. Sever.] 1. To disunite; to divide; to disconnect; to sever; to part in any manner. “From the fine gold I separate the alloy.” Dryden. “Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me.” Gen. xiii. 9. “Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?” Rom. viii. 35. 2. To come between; to keep apart by occupying the space between; to lie between; as the Mediterranean Sea separates Europe and Africa. 3. To set apart; to select from among others, as for a special use or service. “Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called thaem.” Acts xiii. 2. Separated flowers (Bot.), flowers which have stamens and pistils in separate flowers; diclinous flowers. Gray.

Sep´a•rate, v. i. To part; to become disunited; to be disconnected; to withdraw from one another; as the family separated.

Sep´a•rate , p. a. [L. separatus, p. p. ] 1. Divided from another or others; disjoined; disconnected; separated; — said of things once connected. “Him that was separate from his brethren.” Gen. xlix. 26. 2. Unconnected; not united or associated; distinct; — said of things that have not been connected. “For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinnere.” Heb. vii. 26. 3. Disunited from the body; disembodied; as a separate spirit; the separate state of souls. Separate estate (Law), an estate limited to a married woman independent of her husband. — Separate maintenance (Law), an allowance made to a wife by her husband under deed of separation. — Sep´a•rate•ly, adv. — Sep´a•rate•ness, n.

Sep•a•rat´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to separatism in religion; schismatical. [R.] Dr. T. Dwight.

Sep´a•ra•ting , a. Designed or employed to separate. Separating funnel (Chem.), a funnel, often globe-shaped, provided with a stopcock for the separate drawing off of immiscible liquids of different specific gravities.

Sep•a•ra´tion , n. [L. separatio: cf. F. separation.] The act of separating, or the state of being separated, or separate. Specifically: (a) Chemical analysis. (b) Divorce. (c) (Steam Boilers) The operation of removing water from steam. Judicial separation (Law), a form of divorce; a separation of man and wife which has the effect of making each a single person for all legal purposes but without ability to contract a new marriage. Mozley & W.

Sep´a•ra•tism , n. [CF. F. separatisme.] The character or act of a separatist; disposition to withdraw from a church; the practice of so withdrawing.

Sep•a•ra•tist , n. [Cf. F. separatiste.] One who withdraws or separates himself; especially, one who withdraws from a church to which he has belonged; a seceder from an established church; a dissenter; a nonconformist; a schismatic; a sectary. “Heavy fines on divines who should preach in any meeting of separatist .” Macaulay.

Sep•a•ra•tis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to separatists; characterizing separatists; schismatical.

Sep´a•ra•tive , a. [L. separativus.] Causing, or being to cause, separation. ´Separative virtue of extreme cold.´ Boyle.

Sep´a•ra•tor , n. [L.] One who, or that which, separates. Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) A device for depriving steam of particles of water mixed with it. (b) (Mining) An apparatus for sorting pulverized ores into grades, or separating them from gangue. (c) (Weaving) An instrument used for spreading apart the threads of the warp in the loom, etc.

Sep´a•ra•to•ry , a. Separative. Cheyne.

Sep´a•ra•to•ry, n. [Cf. F. separatoire.] 1. (Chem.) An apparatus used in separating, as a separating funnel. 2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument for separating the pericranium from the cranium. [Obs.]

Sep•a•ra´trix , n.; pl. L. -trices (#), E. -trixes (#). [L., she that separates.] (Arith.) The decimal point; the dot placed at the left of a decimal fraction, to separate it from the whole number which it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other marks of separation.

Se•pawn´ , n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

Sep´e•li•ble , a. [L. sepelibilis, fr. sepelire to bury.] Admitting of burial. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sep•e•li´tion , n. Burial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Se´phen , n. (Zoöl.) A large sting ray of the genus Trygon, especially T. sephen of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. The skin is an article of commerce.

Se´pi•a , n.; pl. E. Sepias (#), L. Sepiae (#). [L., fr. Gr. the cuttlefish, or squid.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European cuttlefish. (b) A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish. 2. A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India. Sepia drawing or picture, a drawing in monochrome, made in sepia alone, or in sepia with other brown pigments.

Se´pi•a, a. Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also made of, or done in, sepia.

Se´pic , a. Of or pertaining to sepia; done in sepia; as a sepic drawing.

Sep•i•da´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the cuttlefishes of the genus Sepia.

Sep´i•ment , n. [L. sepimentum, saepimentum, from sepire, saepire, to hedge in.] Something that separates; a hedge; a fence. [R.] Bailey.

Se´pi•o•lite , n. [Septa + -lite.] (Min.) Meerschaum. See Meerschaum.

Se´pi•o•stare , n. [Sepia + Gr. a bone.] (Zoöl.) The bone or shell of cuttlefish. See Illust. under Cuttlefish.

Se•pon´ (#), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

Se•pose´ , v. t. [L. pref se- aside + E. pose.] To set apart. [Obs.] Donne.

Se•pos´it , v. t. [L. sepositus, p. p. of seponere to set aside.] To set aside; to give up. [Obs.]

Sep•o•si´tion , n. [L. sepositio.] The act of setting aside, or of giving up. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Se´poy , n. [Per. sipahi, fr. sipah an army. Cf. Spahi.] A native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, esp. of Great Britain; an Oriental soldier disciplined in the European manner.

Sep•pu´ku , n. Same as Hara-kiri. “Seppuku, or hara-kiri, also came into vogue.” W. E. Griffis.

Sep´sin , n. [Gr. putrefaction.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble poison (ptomaine) present in putrid blood. It is also formed in the putrefaction of proteid matter in general.

Sep´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. putrefaction.] (Med.) The poisoning of the system by the introduction of putrescent material into the blood.

Sept , n. [A corruption of sect, n.] A clan, tribe, or family, proceeding from a common progenitor; — used especially of the ancient clans in Ireland. “The chief, struck by the illustration, asked at once to be baptized, and all his sept followed his example.” S. Lover.

Sep•tae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. putrid + blood.] (Med.) Septicaemia.

Sep´tal , a. Of or pertaining to a septum or septa, as of a coral or a shell.

Sep´tane , n. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptane. [R.]

Sep´tan•gle , n. [Septi- + angle.] (Geom.) A figure which has seven angles; a heptagon. [R.]

Sep•tan´gu•lar , a. Heptagonal.

Sep•ta´ri•um , n.;pl. Septaria (#). [NL., fr. L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, a partition, fr. sepire, saepire, to inclose.] (Geol.) A flattened concretionary nodule, usually of limestone, intersected within by cracks which are often filled with calcite, barite, or other minerals.

Sep´tate , a. [L. septum, saeptum, partition.] Divided by partition or partitions; having septa; as a septate pod or shell.

Sep•tem´ber , n. [L., fr. septem seven, as being the seventh month of the Roman year, which began with March: cf. F. septembre. See Seven.] The ninth month of the year, containing thurty days.

Sep•tem´ber•er , n. A Setembrist. Carlyle.

Sep•tem´brist , n. [F. septembriste.] An agent in the massacres in Paris, committed in patriotic frenzy, on the 22d of September, 1792.

Sep•tem´flu•ous , a.[L. septemfluus; septem seven + fluere to flow.] Flowing sevenfold; divided into seven streams or currents. [R.] Fuller.

Sep•tem´par•tite , a. [L. septem seven + E. partite.] Divided nearly to the base into seven parts; as a septempartite leaf.

Sep•tem´tri•oun , n. Septentrion. [Obs.]

Sep•tem´vir , n.; pl. E. Septemvirs (#), L. Septemviri (#). [L. septemviri, pl.; septem seven + viri, pl. of vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) One of a board of seven men associated in some office.

Sep•tem´vi•rate , n.[L. septemviratus.] The office of septemvir; a government by septimvirs.

Sep´ten•a•ry , a. [L. septenairus, from septeni seven each, septem seven: cf. F. septenaire. See Seven. ] 1. Consisting of, or relating to, seven; as a septenary number. I. Watts. 2. Lasting seven years; continuing seven years. ´Septenary penance.´ Fuller.

Sep´ten•a•ry, n. The number seven. [R.] Holinshed.

Sep´ten•ate , a. [L. septeni seven each.] (Bot.) Having parts in sevens; heptamerous.

Sep•ten´nate , n. [F. septennat.] A period of seven years; as the septennate during which the President of the French Republic holds office.

Sep•ten´ni•al , a. [L. septennium a period of seven years; septem seven + annus year. See Seven, and Annual.] 1. Lasting or continuing seven years; as septennial parliaments. 2. Happening or returning once in every seven years; as septennial elections in England.

Sep•ten´ni•al•ly, adv. Once in seven years.

Sep•ten´tri•al , a. Septentrional. Drayton.

Sep•ten´tri•o , n. [L. See Septentrion.] (Astron.) The constellation Ursa Major.

Sep•ten´tri•on , n. [L. septentrio the northern regions, the north, fr. septentriones the seven stars near the north pole, called Charles’s Wain, or the Great Bear, also those called the Little Bear; properly, the seven plow oxen; septem seven + trio, orig., a plow ox: cf. F. septentrion.] The north or northern regions. Shak. “Both East West, South and Septentrioun.” Chaucer. { Sep•ten´tri•on , Sep•ten´tri•on•al } a. [L. septentrionalis: cf. F. septentrional.] Of or pertaining to the north; northern. ´From cold septentrion blasts.´ Milton.

Sep•ten•tri•on•al´i•ty , n. Northerliness.

Sep•ten´tri•on•al•ly , adv. Northerly.

Sep•ten´tri•on•ate , v. i. To tend or point toward the north; to north. Sir T. Browne. { Sep•tet´ , Sep•tette´ } , n. [From L. septem seven, like duet, from L. duo.] 1. A set of seven persons or objects; as a septet of singers. 2. (Mus.) A musical composition for seven instruments or seven voices; — called also septuor.

Sept´foil , n. [F. sept seven (L. septem) + E. foil leaf: cf. L. septifolium.] 1. (Bot.) A European herb, the tormentil. See Tormentil. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having seven lobes. Cf. Cinquefoil, Quarterfoil, and Trefoil. 3. (Eccl.Art.) A typical figure, consisting of seven equal segments of a circle, used to denote the gifts of the Holy Chost, the seven sacraments as recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, etc. [R.]

Sep´ti- , [L. septem seven.] A combining form meaning seven; as septifolious, seven-leaved; septi-lateral, seven-sided.

Sep´tic , a. [Septi- + - ic.] (Math.) Of the seventh degree or order. — n. (Alg.) A quantic of the seventh degree. { Sep´tic , Sep´tic•al } a. [L. septicus, Gr. , fr. to make putrid: cf. F. septique.] Having power to promote putrefaction.

Sep´tic, n. A substance that promotes putrefaction.

Sep•ti•cae´mi•a , n. [NL., from Gr. putrefactive + blood.] (Med.) A poisoned condition of the blood produced by the absorption into it of septic or putrescent material; blood poisoning. It is marked by chills, fever, prostration, and inflammation of the different serous membranes and of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs.

Sep´tic•al•ly , adv. In a septic manner; in a manner tending to promote putrefaction.

Sep´ti•ci•dal , a. [Septum + L. caedere to cut: cf. F. septicide.] (Bot.) Dividing the partitions; — said of a method of dehiscence in which a pod splits through the partitions and is divided into its component carpels.

Sep•tic´i•ty , n. [See Septic.] Tendency to putrefaction; septic quality.

Sep•ti•fa´ri•ous , a. [L. septifariam sevenfold. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Turned in seven different ways.

Sep•tif´er•ous , a. [Septum + -ferous: cf. F. septifère.] (Bot.) Bearing a partition; — said of the valves of a capsule.

Sep•tif´er•ous, a. [Gr. putrefied + -ferous.] Conveying putrid poison; as the virulence of septiferous matter.

Sep•tif´lu•ous , a. [CF. Septemfluous.] Flowing in seven streams; septemfluous.

Sep•ti•fo´li•ous , a. [Septi- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having seven leaves.

Sep´ti•form , a. [Septum + -form.] Having the form of a septum.

Sep•tif´ra•gal , a. [Septum + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] (Bot.) Breaking from the partitions; — said of a method of dehiscence in which the valves of a pod break away from the partitions, and these remain attached to the common axis.

Sep•ti•lat´er•al , a. [Septi- + lateral.] Having seven sides; as a septilateral figure.

Sep•til´lion , n. [F. septilion, formed fr. L. septem seven, in imitation of million.] According to the French method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

Sep´ti•mole , n. [L. septem seven.] (Mus.) A group of seven notes to be played in the time of four or six.

Sep•tin´su•lar , a. [Septi- + insular.] Consisting of seven islands; as the septinsular republic of the Ionian Isles.

Sep´ti•syl•la•ble , n. [Septi- + syllable.] A word of seven syllables.

Sep•to´ic , a. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptoic. [R.]

Sep•to•max´il•la•ry , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nasal septum and the maxilla; situated in the region of these parts. — n. A small bone between the nasal septum and the maxilla in many reptiles and amphibians.

Sep•tu•a•ge•na´ri•an , n. A person who is seventy years of age; a septuagenary.

Sep•tu•ag´e•na•ry , a. [L. septuagenarius, fr. septuageny seventy each; akin to septuaginta seventy, septem seven. See Seven.] Consisting of seventy; also seventy years old. — n. A septuagenarian.

Sep•tu•a•ges´i•ma , n. [NL., fr. L. septuagesimus the seventieth, fr. septuaginta seventy.] (Eccl.) The third Sunday before Lent; — so called because it is about seventy days before Easter.

Sep•tu•a•ges´i•mal , a. Consisting of seventy days, years, etc.; reckoned by seventies. “Our abridged and septuagesimal age.” Sir T. Browne.

Sep´tu•a•gint , n. [From L. septuaginta seventy.] A Greek version of the Old Testament; — so called because it was believed to be the work of seventy (or rather of seventy-two) translators. The causes which produced it [the Septuagint], the number and names of the translators, the times at which different portions were translated, are all uncertain. The only point in which all agree is that Alexandria was the birthplace of the version. On one other point there is a near agreement, namely, as to time, that the version was made, or at least commenced, in the time of the early Ptolemies, in the first half of the third century b.c. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.) Septuagint chronology, the chronology founded upon the dates of the Septuagint, which makes 1500 years more from the creation to Abraham than the Hebrew Bible.

Sep´tu•a•ry , n. [L. septem seven.] Something composed of seven; a week. [R.] Ash.

Sep´tu•late , a. [Dim. fr. septum.] (Bot.) Having imperfect or spurious septa.

Sep´tu•lum , n.; pl. Septula (#). [NL., dim. of L. septum septum.] (Anat.) A little septum; a division between small cavities or parts.

Sep´tum , n.; pl. Septa (#). [L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, hedge, fence, fr. sepire, saepire, to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A wall separating two cavities; a partition; as the nasal septum. 2. (Bot.) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radial calcareous plates of a coral. (b) One of the transverse partitions dividing the shell of a mollusk, or of a rhizopod, into several chambers. See Illust. under Nautilus. (c) One of the transverse partitions dividing the body cavity of an annelid.

Sep´tu•or , n. [F.] (Mus.) A septet.

Sep´tu•ple , a. [LL. septuplus; cf. Gr. :cf. F. septuple. Cf. Double, Quadruple.] Seven times as much; multiplied by seven; sevenfold.

Sep´tu•ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Septupled p. pr. & vb. n. Septupling ] To multiply by seven; to make sevenfold. Sir J. Herschel. { Sep´ul•cher , Sep´ul•chre } , n. [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. sepulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.] The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb. “The stony entrance of this sepulcher.” Shak. “The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulcher.” John xx. 1. A whited sepulcher. Fig.: Any person who is fair outwardly but unclean or vile within. See Matt. xxiii. 27. { Sep´ul•cher , Sep´ul•chre } , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sepulchered or Sepulchred ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sepulchering or Sepulchring .] To bury; to inter; to entomb; as obscurely sepulchered. “And so sepulchered in such pomp dost lie
That kings for such a tomb would wish to die.” Milton.

Se•pul´chral , a. [L. sepulcralis: cf. F. sepulcral.] 1. Of or pertaining to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to the memory of the dead; as a sepulchral stone; a sepulchral inscription. 2. Unnaturally low and grave; hollow in tone; — said of sound, especially of the voice. “This exaggerated dulling of the voice … giving what is commonly called a sepulchral tone.” H. Sweet.

Sep´ul•ture , n. [F. sepulture, L. sepultura, fr. sepelire, sepultum, to bury.] 1. The act of depositing the dead body of a human being in the grave; burial; interment. “Where we may royal sepulture prepare.” Dryden. 2. A sepulcher; a grave; a place of burial. “Drunkeness that is the horrible sepulture of man’s reason.” Chaucer.

Se•qua´cious , a. [L. sequax, -acis, fr. suquit to follow. See Sue to follow. ] 1. Inclined to follow a leader; following; attendant. “Trees uprooted left their place,
Sequacious of the lyre.” Dryden. 2. Hence, ductile; malleable; pliant; manageable. “In the greater bodies the forge was easy, the matter being ductile and sequacious.” Ray. 3. Having or observing logical sequence; logically consistent and rigorous; consecutive in development or transition of thought. “The scheme of pantheistic omniscience so prevalent among the sequacious thinkers of the day.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Milton was not an extensive or discursive thinker, as Shakespeare was; for the motions of his mind were slow, solemn, and sequacious, like those of the planets.” De Quincey.

Se•qua´cious•ness, n. Quality of being sequacious.

Se•quac´i•ty , n. [L. sequacitas.] Quality or state of being sequacious; sequaciousness. Bacon.

Se´quel (se´kwel), n. [L. sequela, fr. sequit to follow: cf. F. sequelle a following. See Sue to follow.] 1. That which follows; a succeeding part; continuation; as the sequel of a man’s advantures or history. “O, let me say no more!
Gather the sequel by that went before.” Shak. 2. Consequence; event; effect; result; as let the sun cease, fail, or swerve, and the sequel would be ruin. 3. Conclusion; inference. [R.] Whitgift.

Se•que´la , n.; pl. Sequelae (#). [L., a follower, a result, from sequit to follow.] One who, or that which, follows. Specifically: (a) An adherent, or a band or sect of adherents. ´Coleridge and his sequela.´ G. P. Marsh. (b) That which follows as the logical result of reasoning; inference; conclusion; suggestion. “Sequelae, or thoughts suggested by the preceding aphorisms.” Coleridge. (c) (Med.) A morbid phenomenon left as the result of a disease; a disease resulting from another.

Se´quence (se´kwens), n. [F. sequence, L. sequentia, fr. sequens. See Sequent.] 1. The state of being sequent; succession; order of following; arrangement. “How art thou a king
But by fair sequence and succession?” Shak. “Sequence and series of the seasons of the year.” Bacon. 2. That which follows or succeeds as an effect; sequel; consequence; result. “The inevitable sequences of sin and punishment.” Bp. Hall. 3. (Philos.) Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences. 4. (Mus.) (a) Any succession of chords (or harmonic phrase) rising or falling by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale; a succession of similar harmonic steps. (b) A melodic phrase or passage successively repeated one tone higher; a rosalia. 5. (R.C.Ch.) A hymn introduced in the Mass on certain festival days, and recited or sung immediately before the gospel, and after the gradual or introit, whence the name. Bp. Fitzpatrick. “Originally the sequence was called a Prose, because its early form was rhythmical prose.” Shipley. 6. (Card Playing) (a) (Whist) Three or more cards of the same suit in immediately consecutive order of value; as ace, king, and queen; or knave, ten, nine, and eight. (b) (Poker) All five cards, of a hand, in consecutive order as to value, but not necessarily of the same suit; when of one suit, it is called a sequence flush.

Se´quent , a. [L. sequens, -entis, p. pr. of sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following; succeeding; in continuance. “What to this was sequent
Thou knowest already.” Shak. 2. Following as an effect; consequent.

Se´quent, n. 1. A follower. [R.] Shak. 2. That which follows as a result; a sequence.

Se•quen´tial , a. Succeeding or following in order. — Se•quen´tial•ly, adv.

Se•ques´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestered p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestering.] [F. sequestrer, L. sequestrare to give up for safe keeping, from sequester a depositary or trustee in whose hands the thing contested was placed until the dispute was settled. Cf. Sequestrate.] 1. (Law) To separate from the owner for a time; to take from parties in controversy and put into the possession of an indifferent person; to seize or take possession of, as property belonging to another, and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for which it is taken, or till the owner has performed the decree of court, or clears himself of contempt; in international law, to confiscate. “Formerly the goods of a defendant in chancery were, in the last resort, sequestered and detained to enforce the decrees of the court. And now the profits of a benefice are sequestered to pay the debts of ecclesiastics.” Blackstone. 2. To cause (one) to submit to the process of sequestration; to deprive (one) of one’s estate, property, etc. “It was his tailor and his cook, his fine fashions and his French ragouts, which sequestered him.” South. 3. To set apart; to put aside; to remove; to separate from other things. “I had wholly sequestered my civil affairss.” Bacon. 4. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity; to seclude; to withdraw; — often used reflexively. “When men most sequester themselves from action.” Hooker. “A love and desire to sequester a man’s self for a higher conversation.” Bacon.

Se•ques´ter, v. i. 1. To withdraw; to retire. [Obs.] “To sequester out of the world into Atlantic and Utopian politics.” Milton. 2. (Law) To renounce (as a widow may) any concern with the estate of her husband.

Se•ques´ter, n. 1. Sequestration; separation. [R.] 2. (Law) A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a mediator; an umpire or referee. Bouvier. 3. (Med.) Same as Sequestrum.

Se•ques´tered , a. Retired; secluded. ´Sequestered scenes.´ Cowper. “Along the cool, sequestered vale of life.” Gray.

Se•ques´tra•ble , a. Capable of being sequestered; subject or liable to sequestration.

Se•ques´tral , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a sequestrum. Quian.

Se•ques´trate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestrating.] To sequester.

Seq•ues•tra´tion , n. [L. sequestratio: cf. F. sequestration.] 1. (a) (Civil & Com. Law) The act of separating, or setting aside, a thing in controversy from the possession of both the parties that contend for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled to it. It may be voluntary or involuntary. (b) (Chancery) A prerogative process empowering certain commissioners to take and hold a defendant’s property and receive the rents and profits thereof, until he clears himself of a contempt or performs a decree of the court. (c) (Eccl. Law) A kind of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have satisfied some debt established by decree; the gathering up of the fruits of a benefice during a vacancy, for the use of the next incumbent; the disposing of the goods, by the ordinary, of one who is dead, whose estate no man will meddle with. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. (d) (Internat. Law) The seizure of the property of an individual for the use of the state; particularly applied to the seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due from its subjects to the enemy. Burrill. 2. The state of being separated or set aside; separation; retirement; seclusion from society. “Since Henry Monmouth first began to reign, …
This loathsome sequestration have I had.” Shak. 3. Disunion; disjunction. [Obs.] Boyle.

Seq´ues•tra•tor , n. [L., one that hinders or impedes.] (Law) (a) One who sequesters property, or takes the possession of it for a time, to satisfy a demand out of its rents or profits. (b) One to whom the keeping of sequestered property is committed.

Se•ques´trum , n.; pl. Sequestra (#). [NL. See Sequester.] (Med.) A portion of dead bone which becomes separated from the sound portion, as in necrosis.

Se´quin , n. [F. sequin, It. zecchino, from zecca the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, sikkah, a die, a stamp. Cf. Zechin.] An old gold coin of Italy and Turkey. It was first struck at Venice about the end of the 13th century, and afterward in the other Italian cities, and by the Levant trade was introduced into Turkey. It is worth about 9s. 3d. sterling, or about $2.25. The different kinds vary somewhat in value. [Written also chequin, and zequin.]

Se•quoi´a , n. [NL. So called by Dr. Endlicher in honor of Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee alphabet.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, consisting of two species, Sequoia Washingtoniana, syn. S. gigantea, the ´big tree´ of California, and S. sempervirens, the redwood, both of which attain an immense height.

Se•quoi´ëne , n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon (C13H10) obtained in white fluorescent crystals, in the distillation products of the needles of the California ´big tree´ (Sequoia gigantea).

Se•ragl´io , n. [It. serraglio, originally, an inclosure of palisades, afterwards also a palace, seraglio (by confusion with Per. seraïa a palace, an entirely different word), fr. serrare to shut, fr. LL. serra a bar for fastening doors, L. sera. See Serry, Series.] 1. An inclosure; a place of separation. [Obs.] “I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell as in a suburb, by themselves. I passed by the piazza Judea, where their seraglio begins.” Evelyn. 2. The palace of the Grand Seignior, or Turkish sultan, at Constantinople, inhabited by the sultan himself, and all the officers and dependents of his court. In it are also kept the females of the harem. 3. A harem; a place for keeping wives or concubines; sometimes, loosely, a place of licentious pleasure; a house of debauchery.

Se•ra´i , n. [Per. seraï, or saraï, a palace, a king’s court, a seraglio, an inn. Cf. Caravansary.] A palace; a seraglio; also in the East, a place for the accommodation of travelers; a caravansary, or rest house.

Ser•al•bu´men , n. (Physiol. CHem.) Serum albumin.

Se•rang´ , n. [Per. sarhang a commander.] The boatswain of a Lascar or East Ondian crew.

Se•ra´pe , n. [Sp. Amer. sarape.] A blanket or shawl worn as an outer garment by the Spanish Americans, as in Mexico.

Ser´aph , n.; pl. E. Seraphs (#), Heb. Seraphim (#). [Heb. seraphim, pl.] One of an order of celestial beings, each having three pairs of wings. In ecclesiastical art and in poetry, a seraph is represented as one of a class of angels. Isa. vi. 2. “As full, as perfect, in vile man that mourns,
As the rapt seraph that adores and burns.” Pope. Seraph moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of geometrid moths of the genus Lobophora, having the hind wings deeply bilobed, so that they seem to have six wings. { Se•raph´ic , Se•raph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. seraphique.] Of or pertaining to a seraph; becoming, or suitable to, a seraph; angelic; sublime; pure; refined. ´Seraphic arms and trophies.´ Milton. ´Seraphical fervor.´ Jer. Taylor. — Se•raph´ic•al•ly, adv. — Se•raph´ic•al•ness, n.

Se•raph´i•cism , n. The character, quality, or state of a seraph; seraphicalness. [R.] Cudworth.

Ser´a•phim , n. The Hebrew plural of Seraph. Cf. Cherubim. The double plural form seraphims is sometimes used, as in the King James version of the Bible, Isa. vi. 2 and 6.

Ser•a•phi´na , n. [NL.] A seraphine.

Ser´a•phine , n. [From Seraph.] (Mus.) A wind instrument whose sounding parts are reeds, consisting of a thin tongue of brass playing freely through a slot in a plate. It has a case, like a piano, and is played by means of a similar keybord, the bellows being worked by the foot. The melodeon is a portable variety of this instrument.

Se•ra´pis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , .] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, at first a symbol of the Nile, and so of fertility; later, one of the divinities of the lower world. His worship was introduced into Greece and Rome.

Se•ras´kier , n. [Turk., fr. Per. ser head, chief + Ar. ’asker an army.] A general or commander of land forces in the Turkish empire; especially, the commander-in-chief of minister of war.

Se•ras´kier•ate , n. The office or authority of a seraskier.

Ser•bo´ni•an , a. Relating to the lake of Serbonis in Egypt, which by reason of the sand blowing into it had a deceptive appearance of being solid land, but was a bog. “A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog …
Where armies whole have sunk.” Milton.

Sere , a. Dry; withered. Same as Sear. “But with its sound it shook the sails
That were so thin and sere.” Coleridge.

Sere, n. [F. serre.] Claw; talon. [Obs.] Chapman.

Se•rein´ , n. [F. Cf. Serenade, n.] (Meteorol.) A mist, or very fine rain, which sometimes falls from a clear sky a few moments after sunset. Tyndall.

Ser•e•nade´ , n. [F. serenade, It. serenata, probably fr. L. serenus serene (cf. Serene), misunderstood as a derivative fr. L. serus late. Cf. Soiree.] (Mus.) (a) Music sung or performed in the open air at nights; — usually applied to musical entertainments given in the open air at night, especially by gentlemen, in a spirit of gallantry, under the windows of ladies. (b) A piece of music suitable to be performed at such times.

Ser•e•nade´, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serenaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Serenading.] To entertain with a serenade.

Ser•e•nade´, v. i. To perform a serenade.

Ser•e•nad´er , n. One who serenades. { Ser•e•na´ta , Ser´e•nate } n. [It. serenata. See Serenade.] (Mus.) A piece of vocal music, especially one on an amoreus subject; a serenade. “Or serenate, which the starved lover sings
To his pround fair.” Milton. The name serenata was given by Italian composers in the time of Handel, and by Handel himself, to a cantata of a pastoreal of dramatic character, to a secular ode, etc.; also by Mozart and others to an orchectral composition, in several movements, midway between the suite of an earlier period and the modern symphony. Grove.

Se•rene´ , a. [L. serenus to grow dry, Gr. hot, scorching.] 1. Bright; clear; unabscured; as a serene sky. “The moon serene in glory mounts the sky.” Pope. “Full many a gem of purest ray serene
The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear.” Gray. 2. Calm; placid; undisturbed; unruffled; as a serene aspect; a serene soul. Milton. In several countries of Europe, Serene is given as a tittle to princes and the members of their families; as His Serene Highness. Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis. Milton.

Se•rene´, n. 1. Serenity; clearness; calmness. [Poetic.] ´The serene of heaven.´ Southey. “To their master is denied
To share their sweet serene.” Young. 2. [F. serein evening dew or damp. See Serein.] Evening air; night chill. [Obs.] ´Some serene blast me.´ B. Jonson.

Se•rene´, v. t. [L. serenare.] To make serene. “Heaven and earth, as if contending, vie
To raise his being, and serene his soul.” Thomson.

Se•rene´ly, adv. 1. In a serene manner; clearly. “Now setting Phœbus shone serenely bright.” Pope. 2. With unruffled temper; coolly; calmly. Prior.

Se•rene´ness, n. Serenity. Feltham.

Se•ren´i•tude , n. Serenity. [Obs.]

Se•ren´i•ty , n. [L. serenuas: cf. F. serenite.] 1. The quality or state of being serene; clearness and calmness; quietness; stillness; peace. “A general peace and serenity newly succeeded a general trouble.” Sir W. Temple. 2. Calmness of mind; eveness of temper; undisturbed state; coolness; composure. “I can not see how any men should ever transgress those moral rules with confidence and serenity.” Locke. Serenity is given as a title to the members of certain princely families in Europe; as Your Serenity.

Serf , n. [F., fr. L. serus servant, slave; akin to servare to protect, preserve, observe, and perhaps originally, a client, a man under one’s protection. Cf. Serve, v. t.] A servant or slave employed in husbandry, and in some countries attached to the soil and transferred with it, as formerly in Russia. “In England, at least from the reign of Henry II, one only, and that the inferior species [of villeins], existed … But by the customs of France and Germany, persons in this abject state seem to have been called serfs, and distinguished from villeins, who were only bound to fixed payments and duties in respect of their lord, though, as it seems, without any legal redress if injured by him.” Hallam. Syn. — Serf, Slave. A slave is the absolute property of his master, and may be sold in any way. A serf, according to the strict sense of the term, is one bound to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil, and sold with it into the service of whoever purchases the land. { Serf´age , Serf´dom }, n. The state or condition of a serf.

Serf´hood , Serf´ism , n. Serfage.

Serge , n. [F. serge, sarge, originally, a silken stuff, fr. L. serica, f. or neut. pl. of sericus silken. See Sericeous, Silk.] A woolen twilled stuff, much used as material for clothing for both sexes. Silk serge, a twilled silk fabric used mostly by tailors for lining parts of gentlemen’s coats.

Serge, n. [F. cierge.] A large wax candle used in the ceremonies of various churches.

Ser´gean•cy , n.; pl. Sergeancies (#). [Cf. Sergeanty.] The office of a sergeant; sergeantship. [Written also serjeancy.]

Ser´geant , n. [F. sergent, fr. L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. of servire to serve. See Serve, and cf. Servant.] [Written also serjeant. Both spellings are authorized. In England serjeant is usually preferred, except for military officers. In the United States sergeant is common for civil officers also.] 1. Formerly, in England, an officer nearly answering to the more modern bailiff of the hundred; also an officer whose duty was to attend on the king, and on the lord high steward in court, to arrest traitors and other offenders. He is now called sergeant-at-arms, and two of these officers, by allowance of the sovereign, attend on the houses of Parliament (one for each house) to execute their commands, and another attends the Court Chancery. “The sergeant of the town of Rome them sought.” Chaucer. “The magistrates sent the serjeant, saying, Let those men go.” Acts xvi. 35. “This fell sergeant, Death,
Is strict in his arrest.” Shak. 2. (Mil.) In a company, battery, or troop, a noncommissioned officer next in rank above a corporal, whose duty is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, etc. In the United States service, besides the sergeants belonging to the companies there are, in each regiment, a sergeant major, who is the chief noncommissioned officer, and has important duties as the assistant to the adjutant; a quartermaster sergeant, who assists the quartermaster; a color sergeant, who carries the colors; and a commissary sergeant, who assists in the care and distribution of the stores. Ordnance sergeants have charge of the ammunition at military posts. 3. (Law) A lawyer of the highest rank, answering to the doctor of the civil law; — called also serjeant at law. [Eng.] Blackstone. 4. A title sometimes given to the servants of the sovereign; as sergeant surgeon, that is, a servant, or attendant, surgeon. [Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) The cobia. Drill sergeant. (Mil.) See under Drill. — Sergeant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body, or of a deliberative or judicial assembly, who executes commands in preserving order and arresting offenders. See Sergeant, 1. — Sergeant major. (a) (Mil.) See the Note under def. 2, above. (b) (Zoöl.) The cow pilot.

Ser´geant•cy , n. Same as Sergeancy.

Ser´geant•ry , n. [CF. OF. sergenteric.] See Sergeanty. [R.] [Written also serjeantry.]

Ser´geant•ship, n. The office of sergeant.

Ser´geant•y , n. [Cf. OF. sergentie, LL. sergentia. See Sergeant.] (Eng. Law) Tenure of lands of the crown by an honorary kind of service not due to any lord, but to the king only. [Written also serjeanty.] Grand sergeanty, a particular kind of tenure by which the tenant was bound to do some special honorary service to the king in person, as to carry his banner, his sword, or the like. Tomlins. Cowell. Blackstone. — Petit sergeanty. See under Petit.

Se´ri•al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a series; consisting of a series; appearing in successive parts or numbers; as a serial work or publication. ´Classification … may be more or less serial.´ H. Spencer. 2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to rows. Gray. Serial homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. — Serial symmetry. (Biol.) See under Symmetry.

Se´ri•al, n. A publication appearing in a series or succession of part; a tale, or other writing, published in successive numbers of a periodical.

Se•ri•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of succession in a series; sequence. H. Spenser.

Se´ri•al•ly, adv. In a series, or regular order; in a serial manner; as arranged serially; published serially.

Se´ri•ate , a. Arranged in a series or succession; pertaining to a series. — Se´ri•ate•ly, adv.

Se•ri•a´tim , adv. [NL.] In regular order; one after the other; severally.

Se•ri•a´tion , n. (Chem.) Arrangement or position in a series.

Se•ri´ceous , a. [L. sericus silken, sericum Seric stuff, silk, fr. Sericus belonging to the Seres, Gr. , a people of Eastern Asia, the modern Chinese, celebrated for their silken fabrics. Cf. Silk, Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; consisting of silk; silky. 2. (Bot.) Covered with very soft hairs pressed close to the surface; as a sericeous leaf. 3. (Zoöl.) Having a silklike luster, usually due to fine, close hairs.

Ser´i•cin , n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A gelatinous nitrogenous material extracted from crude silk and other similar fiber by boiling water; — called also silk gelatin.

Ser´i•cite , n. [L. sericus silken.] (Min.) A kind of muscovite occuring in silky scales having a fibrous structure. It is characteristic of sericite schist.

Ser•ic•te´ri•um , n. [See Sericeous.] (Zoöl.) A silk gland, as in the silkworms.

Ser´i•cul•ture , n. [See Sericeous, and Culture.] The raising of silkworms.

Se´rie , n. [Cf. F. serie.] Series. [Obs.]

Ser•i•e´ma , n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American bird (Dicholophus, or Cariama cristata) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama.

Se´ries , n. [L. series, fr. serere, sertum, to join or bind together; cf. Gr. to fasten, Skr. sarit thread. Cf. Assert, Desert a solitude, Exert, Insert, Seraglio.] 1. A number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like relation; sequence; order; course; a succession of things; as a continuous series of calamitous events. “During some years his life a series of triumphs.” Macaulay. 2. (Biol.) Any comprehensive group of animals or plants including several subordinate related groups. Sometimes a series includes several classes; sometimes only orders or families; in other cases only species. 3. (Math.) An indefinite number of terms succeeding one another, each of which is derived from one or more of the preceding by a fixed law, called the law of the series; as an arithmetical series; a geometrical series.

Ser´in , n. [F. serin.] (Zoöl.) A European finch (Serinus hortulanus) closely related to the canary.

Ser´ine , n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on silk gelatin. { Se•ri•o-com´ic , Se•ri•o-com´ic•al } a. Having a mixture of seriousness and sport; serious and comical.

Se´ri•ous , a. [L. serius: cf. F. serieux, LL. seriosus.] 1. Grave in manner or disposition; earnest; thoughtful; solemn; not light, gay, or volatile. “He is always serious, yet there is about his manner a graceful ease.” Macaulay. 2. Really intending what is said; being in earnest; not jesting or deceiving. Beaconsfield. 3. Important; weighty; not trifling; grave. “The holy Scriptures bring to our ears the most serious things in the world.” Young. 4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension; attended with danger; as a serious injury. Syn. — Grave; solemn; earnest; sedate; important; weighty. See Grave. — Se´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Se´ri•ous•ness, n.

Ser´iph , n. (Type Founding) See Ceriph. { Ser´jeant , Ser´jeant•cy, etc. } See Sergeant, Sergeantcy, etc. Serjeant-at-arms. See Sergeant-at- arms, under Sergeant.

Ser•moc•i•na´tion , n. [L. sermocinatio. See Sermon.] The making of speeches or sermons; sermonizing. [Obs.] Peacham.

Ser•moc´i•na•tor , n. [L.] One who makes sermons or speeches. [Obs.] Howell.

Ser´mon , n. [OE. sermoun, sermun, F. sermon, fr. L. sermo, -onis, a speaking, discourse, probably fr. serer, sertum, to join, connect; hence, a connected speech. See Series.] 1. A discourse or address; a talk; a writing; as the sermons of Chaucer. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Specifically, a discourse delivered in public, usually by a clergyman, for the purpose of religious instruction and grounded on some text or passage of Scripture. “This our life exempt from public haunts
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones and good in everything.” Shak. “His preaching much, but more his practice, wrought,
A living sermon of the truths he taught.” Dryden. 3. Hence, a serious address; a lecture on one’s conduct or duty; an exhortation or reproof; a homily; — often in a depreciatory sense.

Ser´mon, v. i. [Cf. OF. sermoner, F. sermonner to lecture one.] To speak; to discourse; to compose or deliver a sermon. [Obs.] Holinshed. “What needeth it to sermon of it more?” Chaucer.

Ser´mon, v. t. 1. To discourse to or of, as in a sermon. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To tutor; to lecture. [Poetic] Shak.

Ser•mon•eer´ , n. A sermonizer. B. Jonson.

Ser´mon•er , n. A preacher; a sermonizer. [Derogative or Jocose.] Thackeray.

Ser•mon•et´ , n. A short sermon. [Written also sermonette.] { Ser•mon´ic , Ser•mon´ic•al } a. Like, or appropriate to, a sermon; grave and didactic. [R.] ´Conversation … satirical or sermonic.´ Prof. Wilson. ´Sermonical style.´ V. Knox.

Ser´mon•ing , n. The act of discoursing; discourse; instruction; preaching. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ser´mon•ish, a. Resembling a sermon. [R.]

Ser´mon•ist, n. See Sermonizer.

Ser´mon•ize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sermonized p. pr. & vb. n. Sermonizing ] 1. To compose or write a sermon or sermons; to preach. 2. To inculcate rigid rules. [R.] Chesterfield.

Ser´mon•ize, v. t. To preach or discourse to; to affect or influence by means of a sermon or of sermons. [R.] “Which of us shall sing or sermonize the other fast asleep?” Landor.

Ser´mon•i•zer , n. One who sermonizes.

Ser´o•lin , n. [Serum + L. oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) A peculiar fatty substance found in the blood, probably a mixture of fats, cholesterin, etc. (b) A body found in fecal matter and thought to be formed in the intestines from the cholesterin of the bile; — called also stercorin, and stercolin. { Se•ron´ , Se•roon´ } n. [Sp. seron a kind of hamper or pannier, aug. of sera a large pannier or basket.] Same as Ceroon. This word as expressing a quantity or weight has no definite signification. McElrath.

Se´rose , a. Serous. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Se•ros´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. serosite. See Serous.] 1. The quality or state of being serous. 2. (Physiol.) A thin watery animal fluid, as synovial fluid and pericardial fluid.

Ser´o•tine , n. [F. serotine, fr. L. serotinus that comes or happens late.] (Zoöl.) The European long-eared bat (Vesperugo serotinus).

Se•rot´i•nous , a. [L. serotinus, fr. serus late.] (Biol.) Appearing or blossoming later in the season than is customary with allied species.

Se´rous , a. [Cf. F. sereux. See Serum.] (Physiol.) (a) Thin; watery; like serum; as the serous fluids. (b) Of or pertaining to serum; as the serous glands, membranes, layers. See Serum. Serous membrane. (Anat.) See under Membrane. { Ser´ow , Sur´row } n. (Zoöl.) The thar.

Ser´pens , n. [L. See Serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation represented as a serpent held by Serpentarius.

Ser´pent , n. [F., fr. L. serpens, -entis (sc. bestia), fr. serpens, p. pr. of serpere to creep; akin to Gr. , Skr. sarp, and perhaps to L. repere, E. reptile. Cf. Herpes.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any reptile of the order Ophidia; a snake, especially a large snake. See Illust. under Ophidia. The serpents are mostly long and slender, and move partly by bending the body into undulations or folds and pressing them against objects, and partly by using the free edges of their ventral scales to cling to rough surfaces. Many species glide swiftly over the ground, some burrow in the earth, others live in trees. A few are entirely aquatic, and swim rapidly. See Ophidia, and Fang. 2. Fig.: A subtle, treacherous, malicious person. 3. A species of firework having a serpentine motion as it passess through the air or along the ground. 4. (Astron.) The constellation Serpens. 5. (Mus.) A bass wind instrument, of a loud and coarse tone, formerly much used in military bands, and sometimes introduced into the orchestra; — so called from its form. Pharaoh’s serpent (Chem.), mercuric sulphocyanate, a combustible white substance which in burning gives off a poisonous vapor and leaves a peculiar brown voluminous residue which is expelled in a serpentine from. It is employed as a scientific toy. — Serpent cucumber (Bot.), the long, slender, serpentine fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Trichosanthes colubrina; also the plant itself. — Serpent eage (Zoöl.), any one of several species of raptorial birds of the genera Circaëtus and Spilornis, which prey on serpents. They inhabit Africa, Southern Europe, and India. The European serpent eagle is Circaëtus Gallicus. — Serpent eater. (Zoöl.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) An Asiatic antelope; the markhoor. — Serpent fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Cepola rubescens) with a long, thin, compressed body, and a band of red running lengthwise. — Serpent star (Zoöl.), an ophiuran; a brittle star. — Serpent’s tongue (Paleon.), the fossil tooth of a shark; — so called from its resemblance to a tongue with its root. — Serpent withe (Bot.), a West Indian climbing plant (Aristolochia odoratissima). — Tree serpent (Zoöl.), any species of African serpents belonging to the family Dendrophidae.

Ser´pent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Serpented; p. pr. & vb. n. Serpenting.] To wind like a serpent; to crook about; to meander. [R.] ´The serpenting of the Thames.´ Evelyn.

Ser´pent, v. t. To wind; to encircle. [R.] Evelyn.

Ser•pen•ta´ri•a , a.[L. (sc. herba), fr. serpens serpent.] (Med.) The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria).

Ser•pen•ta´ri•us , n.[NL., fr. L. serpens serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation on the equator, lying between Scorpio and Hercules; — called also Ophiuchus.

Ser•pen´ti•form , a. [L. serpens a serpent + -form.] Having the form of a serpent.

Ser•pen•tig´e•nous , a. [L. serpens, -entis, a serpent + -genous: cf. L. serpentigena.] Bred of a serpent.

Ser´pen•tine , a. [L. serpentinus: cf. F. serpentin.] Resembling a serpent; having the shape or qualities of a serpent; subtle; winding or turning one way and the other, like a moving serpent; anfractuous; meandering; sinuous; zigzag; as serpentine braid. “Thy shape
Like his, and color serpentine.” Milton.

Ser´pen•tine, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. serpentine, (for sense 2) serpentin.] 1. (Min.) A mineral or rock consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of magnesia. It is usually of an obscure green color, often with a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a serpent’s skin. Precious, or noble, serpentine is translucent and of a rich oil-green color. Serpentine has been largely produced by the alteration of other minerals, especially of chrysolite. 2. (Ordnance) A kind of ancient cannon.

Ser´pen•tine, v. i. To serpentize. [R.] Lyttleton.

Ser´pen•tine•ly, adv. In a serpentine manner.

Ser•pen•tin´i•an , n. (Eccl.) See 2d Ophite.

Ser´pen•tin•ize , v. t. (Min.) To convert (a magnesian silicate) into serpentine. — Ser•pen•tin•i•za´tion (#), n.

Ser´pen•ti•nous , a. Relating to, or like, serpentine; as a rock serpentinous in character.

Ser´pent•ize , v. i. To turn or bend like a serpent, first in one direction and then in the opposite; to meander; to wind; to serpentine. [R.] “The river runs before the door, and serpentizes more than you can conceive.” Walpole.

Ser´pent•ry , n. 1. A winding like a serpent’s. 2. A place inhabited or infested by serpents.

Ser´pent-tongued , a. (Zoöl.) Having a forked tongue, like a serpent.

Ser´pet , n. [L. sirpus, scirpus, a rush, bulrush.] A basket. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Ser•pette´ , n. [F.] A pruning knife with a curved blade. Knight.

Ser•pig´i•nous , a. [Cf. F. serpigineux.] (Med.) Creeping; — said of lesions which heal over one portion while continuing to advance at another.

Ser•pi´go , n. [LL., fr. L. serpere to creep.] (Med.) A dry, scaly eruption on the skin; especially, a ringworm.

Ser´po•let , n. [F.] (Bot.) Wild thyme.

Ser´pu•la , n.; pl. Serpulae (#), E. Serpulas (#). [L., a little snake. See Serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulidae. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts. { Ser•pu´li•an , Ser•pu´li•dan } n. (Zoöl.) A serpula.

Ser´pu•lite , n. A fossil serpula shell.

Serr , v. t. [F. serrer. See Serry.] To crowd, press, or drive together. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ser•ra´noid , n. [NL. Serranus, a typical genus (fr. L. serra a saw) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Serranidae, which includes the striped bass, the black sea bass, and many other food fishes. — a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Serranidae. { Ser´rate , Ser´ra•ted } a. [L. serratus, fr. serra a saw; perhaps akin to secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument. Cf. Sierra.] 1. Notched on the edge, like a saw. 2. (Bot.) Beset with teeth pointing forwards or upwards; as serrate leaves. Doubly serrate, having small serratures upon the large ones, as the leaves of the elm. — Serrate- ciliate, having fine hairs, like the eyelashes, on the serratures; — said of a leaf. — Serrate- dentate, having the serratures toothed.

Ser•ra´tion , n. 1. Condition of being serrate; formation in the shape of a saw. 2. One of the teeth in a serrate or serrulate margin.

Ser•ra•ti•ros´tral , a. [Serrate + rostral.] (Zoöl.) Having a toothed bill, like that of a toucan.

Ser•ra´tor , n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The ivory gull (Larus eburneus).

Ser´ra•ture , n. [L. serratura a sawing, fr. serrare to saw.] 1. A notching, like that between the teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. Martyn. 2. One of the teeth in a serrated edge; a serration.

Ser´ri•ca•ted , a. [See Sericeous.] Covered with fine silky down.

Ser´ri•corn , a. [L. serra saw + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Having serrated antenn.

Ser´ri•corn, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of a numerous tribe of beetles (Serricornia). The joints of the antennae are prominent, thus producing a serrate appearance. See Illust. under Antenna.

Ser´ried , a. [See Serry.] Crowded; compact; dense; pressed together. “Nor seemed it to relax their serried files.” Milton.

Ser•rif´e•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. serra saw + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies.

Ser•ri•ros´tres , n. pl. [NL. fr. L. serra saw + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellirostres.

Ser´rous , a. [L. serra a saw.] Like the teeth off a saw; jagged. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ser´ru•la , n. [L., a little saw.] (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser. { Ser´rulate , Ser´ru•la•ted } a. [L. serrula a little saw, dim. of serra a saw.] Finely serrate; having very minute teeth.

Ser•ru•la´tion , n. 1. The state of being notched minutely, like a fine saw. Wright. 2. One of the teeth in a serrulate margin.

Ser´ry , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serried p. pr. & vb. n. Serrying.] [F. serrer, LL. serrare, serare, from L. sera a bar, bolt; akin to serere to join or bind together. See Serries.] To crowd; to press together. [Now perhaps only in the form serried, p. p. or a.]

Ser•tu•la´ri•a , n. [NL., dim. fr. L. serta a garland.] (Zoöl.) A genus of delicate branching hydroids having small sessile hydrothecae along the sides of the branches.

Ser•tu•la´ri•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Sertularia, or of Sertularidae, a family of hydroids having branched chitinous stems and simple sessile hydrothecae. Also used adjectively.

Se´rum (se´rum), n. [L., akin to Gr. , Skr. sara curd.] (Physiol.) (a) The watery portion of certain animal fluids, as blood, milk, etc. (b) A thin watery fluid, containing more or less albumin, secreted by the serous membranes of the body, such as the pericardium and peritoneum. Blood serum, the pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the liquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin. — Muscle serum, the thin watery fluid which separates from the muscles after coagulation of the muscle plasma; the watery portion of the plasma. See Muscle plasma, under Plasma. — Serum albumin (Physiol. Chem.), an albuminous body, closely related to egg albumin, present in nearly all serous fluids; esp., the albumin of blood serum. — Serum globulin (Physiol. Chem.), paraglobulin. — Serum of milk (Physiol. Chem.), the whey, or fluid portion of milk, remaining after removal of the casein and fat.

Serv´a•ble , a. [See Serve.] 1. Capable of being served. 2. [L. servabilis.] Capable of being preserved. [R.]

Serv´age , n. [Cf. F. servage.] Serfage; slavery; servitude. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ser´val , n. [Cf. F. serval.] (Zoöl.) An African wild cat (Felis serval) of moderate size. It has rather long legs and a tail of moderate length. Its color is tawny, with black spots on the body and rings of black on the tail.

Ser´val•ine , a. (Zoöl.) Related to, or resembling, the serval.

Serv´ant , n. [OE. servant, servaunt, F. servant, a & p. pr. of servir to serve, L. servire. See Serve, and cf. Sergeant.] 1. One who serves, or does services, voluntarily or on compulsion; a person who is employed by another for menial offices, or for other labor, and is subject to his command; a person who labors or exerts himself for the benefit of another, his master or employer; a subordinate helper. ´A yearly hired servant.´ Lev. xxv. 53. “Men in office have begun to think themselves mere agents and servants of the appointing power, and not agents of the government or the country.” D. Webster. In a legal sense, stewards, factors, bailiffs, and other agents, are servants for the time they are employed in such character, as they act in subordination to others. So any person may be legally the servant of another, in whose business, and under whose order, direction, and control, he is acting for the time being. Chitty. 2. One in a state of subjection or bondage. “Thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt.” Deut. v. 15. 3. A professed lover or suitor; a gallant. [Obs.] “In my time a servant was I one.” Chaucer. Servant of servants, one debased to the lowest condition of servitude. — Your humble servant, or Your obedient servant, phrases of civility often used in closing a letter. “Our betters tell us they are our humble servants, but understand us to be their slaves.” Swift.

Serv´ant, v. t. To subject. [Obs.] Shak.

Serv´ant•ess, n. A maidservant. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Serv´ant•ry , n. A body of servants; servants, collectively. [R.]

Serve , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Served p. pr. & vb. n. Serving.] [OE. serven, servien, OF. & F. servir, fr. L. servire; akin to servus a servant or slave, servare to protect, preserve, observe; cf. Zend har to protect, haurva protecting. Cf. Conserve, Desert merit, Dessert, Observe, Serf, Sergeant.] 1. To work for; to labor in behalf of; to exert one’s self continuously or statedly for the benefit of; to do service for; to be in the employment of, as an inferior, domestic, serf, slave, hired assistant, official helper, etc.; specifically, in a religious sense, to obey and worship. “God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit.” Rom. i. 9. “Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter.” Gen. xxix. 18. “No man can serve two masters.” Matt. vi. 24. “Had I but served my God with half the zeal
I served my king, he would not in mine age
Have left me naked to mine enemies.” Shak. 2. To be subordinate to; to act a secondary part under; to appear as the inferior of; to minister to. “Bodies bright and greater should not serve
The less not bright.” Milton. 3. To be suitor to; to profess love to. [Obs.] “To serve a lady in his beste wise.” Chaucer. 4. To wait upon; to supply the wants of; to attend; specifically, to wait upon at table; to attend at meals; to supply with food; as to serve customers in a shop. “Others, pampered in their shameless pride,
Are served in plate and in their chariots ride.” Dryden. 5. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, deal, or distribute, as a portion of anything, especially of food prepared for eating; — often with up; formerly with in. “Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will come in to dinner.” Shak. “Some part he roasts, then serves it up so dressed.” Dryde. 6. To perform the duties belonging to, or required in or for; hence, to be of use to; as a curate may serve two churches; to serve one’s country. 7. To contribute or conduce to; to promote; to be sufficient for; to satisfy; as to serve one’s turn. “Turn it into some advantage, by observing where it can serve another end.” Jer. Taylor. 8. To answer or be (in the place of something) to; as a sofa serves one for a seat and a couch. 9. To treat; to behave one’s self to; to requite; to act toward; as he served me very ill. 10. To work; to operate; as to serve the guns. 11. (Law) (a) To bring to notice, deliver, or execute, either actually or constructively, in such manner as the law requires; as to serve a summons. (b) To make legal service opon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.); as to serve a witness with a subpœna. 12. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment; as to serve a term in prison. 13. To copulate with; to cover; as a horse serves a mare; — said of the male. 14. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering (the ball). 15. (Naut.) To wind spun yarn, or the like, tightly around (a rope or cable, etc.) so as to protect it from chafing or from the weather. See under Serving. To serve an attachment or a writ of attachment (Law), to levy it on the person or goods by seizure, or to seize. — To serve an execution (Law), to levy it on a lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. — To serve an office, to discharge a public duty. — To serve a process (Law), in general, to read it, so as to give due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or his usual place of abode. — To serve a warrant, to read it, and seize the person against whom it is issued. — To serve a writ (Law), to read it to the defendant, or to leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. — To serve one out, to retaliate upon; to requite. ´I’ll serve you out for this.´ C. Kingsley. — To serve one right, to treat, or cause to befall one, according to his deserts; — used commonly of ill deserts; as it serves the scoundrel right. — To serve one’s self of, to avail one’s self of; to make use of. [A Gallicism] “I will serve myself of this concession.” Chillingworth. — To serve out, to distribute; as to serve out rations. — To serve the time or the hour, to regulate one’s actions by the requirements of the time instead of by one’s duty; to be a timeserver. [Obs.] “They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment.” Hooker. Syn. — To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; assist; benefit; succor.

Serve , v. i. 1. To be a servant or a slave; to be employed in labor or other business for another; to be in subjection or bondage; to render menial service. “The Lord shall give thee rest … from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve.” Isa. xiv. 3. 2. To perform domestic offices; to be occupied with household affairs; to prepare and dish up food, etc. “But Martha … said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone?” Luke x. 40. 3. To be in service; to do duty; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment. Specifically, to act in the public service, as a soldier, seaman. etc. “Many … who had before been great commanders, but now served as private gentlemen without pay.” Knolles. 4. To be of use; to answer a purpose; to suffice; to suit; to be convenient or favorable. “This little brand will serve to light your fire.” Dryden. “As occasion serves, this noble queen
And prince shall follow with a fresh supply.” Shak. 5. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering the ball.

Serv´er , n. 1. One who serves. 2. A tray for dishes; a salver. Randolph.

Ser´vi•an , a. Of or pertaining to Servia, a kingdom of Southern Europe. — n. A native or inhabitant of Servia. { Serv´ice , n., or Serv´ice }. [Properly, the tree which bears serve, OE. serves, pl., service berries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) A name given to several trees and shrubs of the genus Pyrus, as Pyrus domestica and P. torminalis of Europe, the various species of mountain ash or rowan tree, and the American shad bush (see Shad bush, under Shad). They have clusters of small, edible, applelike berries. Service berry (Bot.), the fruit of any kind of service tree. In British America the name is especially applied to that of the several species or varieties of the shad bush (Amelanchier.)

Serv´ice, n. [OE. servise, OF. servise, service, F. service, from L. servitium. See Serve.] 1. The act of serving; the occupation of a servant; the performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another’s command; attendance of an inferior, hired helper, slave, etc., on a superior, employer, master, or the like; also spiritual obedience and love. ´O God … whose service is perfect freedom.´ Bk. of Com. Prayer. “Madam, I entreat true peace of you,
Which I will purchase with my duteous service.” Shak. “God requires no man’s service upon hard and unreasonable terms.” Tillotson. 2. The deed of one who serves; labor performed for another; duty done or required; office. “I have served him from the hour of my nativity, … and have nothing at his hands for my service but blows.” Shak. “This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master, King Charles.” Dryden. “To go on the forlorn hope is a service of peril; who will understake it if it be not also a service of honor?” Macaulay. 3. Office of devotion; official religious duty performed; religious rites appropriate to any event or ceremonial; as a burial service. “The outward service of ancient religion, the rites, ceremonies, and ceremonial vestments of the old law.” Coleridge. 4. Hence, a musical composition for use in churches. 5. Duty performed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge; official function; hence, specifically, military or naval duty; performance of the duties of a soldier. “When he cometh to experience of service abroad … ne maketh a worthy soldier.” Spenser. 6. Useful office; advantage conferred; that which promotes interest or happiness; benefit; avail. “The stork’s plea, when taken in a net, was the service she did in picking up venomous creatures.” L’Estrange. 7. Profession of respect; acknowledgment of duty owed. ´Pray, do my service to his majesty.´ Shak. 8. The act and manner of bringing food to the persons who eat it; order of dishes at table; also a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table; as the service was tardy and awkward; a service of plate or glass. “There was no extraordinary service seen on the board.” Hakewill. 9. (Law) The act of bringing to notice, either actually or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law; as the service of a subpœna or an attachment. 10. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, etc., as spun yarn, small lines, etc. 11. (Tennis) The act of serving the ball. 12. Act of serving or covering. See Serve, v. t., 13. Service book, a prayer book or missal. - - Service line (Tennis), a line parallel to the net, and at a distance of 21 feet from it. — Service of a writ, process, etc. (Law), personal delivery or communication of the writ or process, etc., to the party to be affected by it, so as to subject him to its operation; the reading of it to the person to whom notice is intended to be given, or the leaving of an attested copy with the person or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. — Service of an attachment (Law), the seizing of the person or goods according to the direction. — Service of an execution (Law), the levying of it upon the goods, estate, or person of the defendant. — Service pipe, a pipe connecting mains with a dwelling, as in gas pipes, and the like. Tomlinson. — To accept service. (Law) See under Accept. — To see service (Mil.), to do duty in the presence of the enemy, or in actual war.

Serv´ice•a•ble , a. 1. Doing service; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, or any good; useful to any end; adapted to any good end use; beneficial; advantageous. ´Serviceable to religion and learning´. Atterbury. ´Serviceable tools.´ Macaulay. “I know thee well, a serviceable villain.” Shak. 2. Prepared for rendering service; capable of, or fit for, the performance of duty; hence, active; diligent. “Courteous he was lowly, and servysable.” Chaucer. “Bright-hearnessed angels sit in order serviceable.” Milton. “Seeing her so sweet and serviceable.” Tennnyson. — Serv´ice•a•ble•ness, n. — Serv´ice•a•bly, adv.

Serv´ice•age , n. Servitude. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Serv´i•ent , a. [L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. See Serve.] Subordinate. [Obs. except in law.] Dyer. Servient tenement or estate (Law), that on which the burden of a servitude or an easement is imposed. Cf. Dominant estate, under Dominant. Gale & Whately.

Ser•viette´ , n. [F.] A table napkin.

Serv´ile , a. [L. servile, fr. servus a servant or slave: cf. F. servile. See Serve.] 1. Of or pertaining to a servant or slave; befitting a servant or a slave; proceeding from dependence; hence, meanly submissive; slavish; mean; cringing; fawning; as servile flattery; servile fear; servile obedience. “She must bend the servile knee.” Thomson. “Fearing dying pays death servile breath.” Shak. 2. Held in subjection; dependent; enslaved. “Even fortune rules no more, O servile land!” Pope. 3. (Gram.) (a) Not belonging to the original root; as a servile letter. (b) Not itself sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceeding vowel, as e in tune.

Serv´ile, n. (Gram.) An element which forms no part of the original root; — opposed to radical.

Serv´ile•ly, adv. In a servile manner; slavishly.

Serv´ile•ness, n. Quality of being servile; servility.

Ser•vil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. servilite.] The quality or state of being servile; servileness. “To be a queen in bondage is more vile
Than is a slave in base servility.” Shak.

Serv´ing, a. & n. from Serve. Serving board (Naut.), a flat piece of wood used in serving ropes. — Serving maid, a female servant; a maidservant. — Serving mallet (Naut.), a wooden instrument shaped like a mallet, used in serving ropes. — Serving man, a male servant, or attendant; a manservant. — Serving stuff (Naut.), small lines for serving ropes.

Serv´ite , n. [It. servita.] (R.C.Ch.) One of the order of the Religious Servants of the Holy Virgin, founded in Florence in 1223.

Serv´i•tor , n. [L., fr. servire to serve: cf. F. serviteur.] 1. One who serves; a servant; an attendant; one who acts under another; a follower or adherent. “Your trusty and most valiant servitor.” Shak. 2. (Univ. of Oxford, Eng.) An undergraduate, partly supported by the college funds, whose duty it formerly was to wait at table. A servitor corresponded to a sizar in Cambridge and Dublin universities.

Serv´i•tor•ship, n. The office, rank, or condition of a servitor. Boswell.

Serv´i•tude , n. [L. servitudo: cf. F. servitude.] 1. The state of voluntary or compulsory subjection to a master; the condition of being bound to service; the condition of a slave; slavery; bondage; hence, a state of slavish dependence. “You would have sold your king to slaughter,
His princes and his peers to servitude.” Shak. “A splendid servitude; … for he that rises up early, and goe to bed late, only to receive addresses, is really as much abridged in his freedom as he that waits to present one.” South. 2. Servants, collectively. [Obs.] “After him a cumbrous train
Of herds and flocks, and numerous servitude.” Milton. 3. (Law) A right whereby one thing is subject to another thing or person for use or convenience, contrary to the common right. The object of a servitude is either to suffer something to be done by another, or to omit to do something, with respect to a thing. The easements of the English correspond in some respects with the servitudes of the Roman law. Both terms are used by common law writers, and often indiscriminately. The former, however, rather indicates the right enjoyed, and the latter the burden imposed. Ayliffe. Erskine. E. Washburn. Penal servitude. See under Penal. — Personal servitude (Law), that which arises when the use of a thing is granted as a real right to a particular individual other than the proprietor. — Predial servitude (Law), that which one estate owes to another estate. When it related to lands, vineyards, gardens, or the like, it is called rural; when it related to houses and buildings, it is called urban.

Serv´i•ture , n. Servants, collectively. [Obs.]

Serv´i•tute , n. [L. servitus.] Servitude. [Obs.]

Se´rye , n. A series. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ses´a•me , n. [L. sesamum, sesama, Gr. , : cf. F. sesame.] (Bot.) Either of two annual herbaceous plants of the genus Sesamum (S. Indicum, and S. orientale), from the seeds of which an oil is expressed; also the small obovate, flattish seeds of these plants, sometimes used as food. See Benne. Open Sesame, the magical command which opened the door of the robber’s den in the Arabian Nights’ tale of ´The Forty Thieves;´ hence, a magical password. — Sesame grass. (Bot.) Same as Gama grass.

Ses´a•moid , a. [Gr. like sesame; sesame + form: cf. F. sesamoïde.] 1. Resembling in shape the seeds of sesame. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sesamoid bones or cartilages; sesamoidal. Sesamoid bones, Sesamoid cartilages (Anat.), small bones or cartilages formed in tendons, like the patella and pisiform in man.

Ses´a•moid, n. (Anat.) A sesamoid bone or cartilage.

Ses•a•moid´al , a. (Anat.) Sesamoid.

Ses´ban , n. [F., fr. Ar. saisaban, seiseban, a kind of tree, fr. Per. sisaban seed of cinquefoil.] (Bot.) A leguminous shrub (Sesbania aculeata) which furnishes a fiber used for making ropes. The name is applied also to the similar plant, Sesbania AEgyptiaca, and other species of the same genus.

Ses•qui- [L., one half more, one and a half.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting that three atoms or equivalents of the substance to the name of which it is prefixed are combined with two of some other element or radical; as sesquibromide, sesquicarbonate, sesquichloride, sesquioxide. Sesquidupli- is sometimes, but rarely, used in the same manner to denote the proportions of two and a half to one, or rather of five to two.

Ses•qui•al´ter , a. Sesquialteral. { Ses•qui•al´ter , Ses•qui•al´ter•a } n. [NL. sesquialtera.] (Mus.) A stop on the organ, containing several ranks of pipes which reënforce some of the high harmonics of the ground tone, and make the sound more brilliant. { Ses•qui•al´ter•al , Ses•qui•al´ter•ate , } a. [L. sesquialter once and a half; sesqui- + alter other: cf. F. sesquialtere.] Once and a half times as great as another; having the ratio of one and a half to one. Sesquialteral ratio (Math.), the ratio of one and a half to one; thus, 9 and 6 are in a sesquialteral ratio.

Ses•qui•al´ter•ous , a. Sesquialteral.

Ses•qui•ba´sic , a. [Sesqui- + basic.] (Chem.) Containing, or acting as a base in the proportions of a sesqui compound.

Ses•qui•du´pli•cate , a. [Sesqui- + duplicate.] Twice and a half as great (as another thing); having the ratio of two and a half to one. Sesquiduplicate ratio (Math.), the ratio of two and a half to one, or one in which the greater term contains the lesser twice and a half, as that of 50 to 20.

Ses•qui•ox´ide , n. [Sesqui- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing three atoms of oxygen with two atoms (or radicals) of some other substance; thus, alumina, Al2O3 is a sesquioxide. { Ses•quip´e•dal , Ses•qui•pe•da´li•an } a. [Sesqui- + pedal: cf. F. sesquipedal, L. sesquipedalis.] Measuring or containing a foot and a half; as a sesquipedalian pygmy; — sometimes humorously applied to long words. { Ses•qui•pe•da´li•an•ism , Ses•quip´e•dal•ism } n. Sesquipedality.

Ses•qui•pe•dal´i•ty , n. 1. The quality or condition of being sesquipedal. Sterne. 2. The use of sesquipedalian words; style characterized by the use of long words; sesquipedalism.

Ses•quip´li•cate , a. [Sesqui- + plicate.] (Math.) Subduplicate of the triplicate; — a term applied to ratios; thus, a and a′ are in the sesquiplicate ratio of b and b′, when a is to a′ as the square root of the cube of b is to the square root of the cube of b′, or a:a′::rad.b3:rad.b′3. “The periodic times of the planets are in the sesquiplicate ratio of their mean distances.” Sir I. Newton.

Ses´qui•salt , n. [Sesqui- + salt.] (Chem.) A salt derived from a sesquioxide base, or made up on the proportions of a sesqui compound.

Ses•qui•sul´phide , n. [Sesqui- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide, analogous to a sesquioxide, containing three atoms of sulphur to two of the other ingredient; — formerly called also sesquisulphuret; as orpiment, As2S3 is arsenic sesquisulphide.

Ses•qui•ter´tial , a. Sesquitertian. { Ses•qui•ter´tian , Ses•qui•ter´tian•al , } a. [Sesqui- + L. tertianus belonging to the third. Cf. Tertian.] (Math.) Having the ratio of one and one third to one (as 4 : 3).

Ses´qui•tone , n. [Sesqui- + tone.] (Mus.) A minor third, or interval of three semitones.

Sess , v. t. [Aphetic form of assess. See Assess, Cess.] To lay a tax upon; to assess. [Obs.]

Sess, n. A tax; an assessment. See Cess. [Obs.]

Ses´sa , interj. Hurry; run. [Obs.] Shak.

Ses´sile , a. [L. sessilis low, dwarf, from sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. sessile.] 1. Attached without any sensible projecting support. 2. (Bot.) Resting directly upon the main stem or branch, without a petiole or footstalk; as a sessile leaf or blossom. 3. (Zoöl.) Permanently attached; - - said of the gonophores of certain hydroids which never became detached.

Ses´sile-eyed , a. (Zoöl.) Having eyes which are not elevated on a stalk; — opposed to stalk-eyed. Sessile-eyed Crustacea, the Arthrostraca.

Ses´sion , n. [L. sessio, fr. sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. session. See Sit.] 1. The act of sitting, or the state of being seated. [Archaic] “So much his ascension into heaven and his session at the right hand of God do import.” Hooker. “But Viven, gathering somewhat of his mood, …
Leaped from her session on his lap, and stood.” Tennyson. 2. The actual sitting of a court, council, legislature, etc., or the actual assembly of the members of such a body, for the transaction of business. “It’s fit this royal session do proceed.” Shak. 3. Hence, also the time, period, or term during which a court, council, legislature, etc., meets daily for business; or, the space of time between the first meeting and the prorogation or adjournment; thus, a session of Parliaments is opened with a speech from the throne, and closed by prorogation. The session of a judicial court is called a term. “It was resolved that the convocation should meet at the beginning of the next session of Parliament.” Macaulay. Sessions, in some of the States, is particularly used as a title for a court of justices, held for granting licenses to innkeepers, etc., and for laying out highways, and the like; it is also the title of several courts of criminal jurisdiction in England and the United States. Church session, the lowest court in the Presbyterian Church, composed of the pastor and a body of elders elected by the members of a particular church, and having the care of matters pertaining to the religious interests of that church, as the admission and dismission of members, discipline, etc. — Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. — Quarter sessions. (Eng.Law) See under Quarter. — Sessions of the peace, sittings held by justices of the peace. [Eng.]

Ses´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a session or sessions.

Sess´pool , n. [Prov. E. suss hogwash, soss a dirty mess, a puddle + E. pool a puddle; cf. Gael. ses a coarse mess.] Same as Cesspool.

Ses´terce , n. [L. sestertius (sc. nummus), fr. sestertius two and a half; semis half + tertius third: cf. F. sesterce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin or denomination of money, in value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally containing two asses and a half, afterward four asses, — equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents. The sestertium was equivalent to one thousand sesterces, equal to £8 17s 1d. sterling, or about $43, before the reign of Augustus. After his reign its value was about £7 16s. 3d. sterling. The sesterce was originally coined only in silver, but later both in silver and brass.

Ses•tet´ , n. [It. sestetto, fr. sesto sixth, L. sextus, fr. sex six.] 1. (Mus.) A piece of music composed for six voices or six instruments; a sextet; — called also sestuor. [Written also sestett, sestette.] 2. (Poet.) The last six lines of a sonnet.

Ses•tet´to , n.[It.] (Mus.) A sestet.

Ses´tine , n. See Sextain.

Ses´tu•or , n. [F.] A sestet.

Set (set), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Set; p. pr. & vb. n. Setting.] [OE. setten, AS. setton; akin to OS. settian, OFries. setta, D. zetten, OHG. sezzen, G. setzen, Icel. setja, Sw. sätta, Dan. stte, Goth. satjan; causative from the root of E. sit. rad.154. See Sit, and cf. Seize.] 1. To cause to sit; to make to assume a specified position or attitude; to give site or place to; to place; to put; to fix; as to set a house on a stone foundation; to set a book on a shelf; to set a dish on a table; to set a chest or trunk on its bottom or on end. “I do set my bow in the cloud.” Gen. ix. 13. 2. Hence, to attach or affix (something) to something else, or in or upon a certain place. “Set your affection on things above.” Col. iii. 2. “The Lord set a mark upon Cain.” Gen. iv. 15. 3. To make to assume specified place, condition, or occupation; to put in a certain condition or state (described by the accompanying words); to cause to be. “The Lord thy God will set thee on high.” Deut. xxviii. 1. “I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother.” Matt. x. 35. “Every incident sets him thinking.” Coleridge. 4. To fix firmly; to make fast, permanent, or stable; to render motionless; to give an unchanging place, form, or condition to. Specifically: — (a) To cause to stop or stick; to obstruct; to fasten to a spot; hence, to occasion difficulty to; to embarrass; as to set a coach in the mud. “They show how hard they are set in this particular.” Addison. (b) To fix beforehand; to determine; hence, to make unyielding or obstinate; to render stiff, unpliant, or rigid; as to set one’s countenance. “His eyes were set by reason of his age.” 1 Kings xiv. 4. “On these three objects his heart was set.” Macaulay. “Make my heart as a millstone, set my face as a flint.” Tennyson. (c) To fix in the ground, as a post or a tree; to plant; as to set pear trees in an orchard. (d) To fix, as a precious stone, in a border of metal; to place in a setting; hence, to place in or amid something which serves as a setting; as to set glass in a sash. “And him too rich a jewel to be set
In vulgar metal for a vulgar use.” Dryden. (e) To render stiff or solid; especially, to convert into curd; to curdle; as to set milk for cheese. 5. To put into a desired position or condition; to adjust; to regulate; to adapt. Specifically: — (a) To put in order in a particular manner; to prepare; as to set (that is, to hone) a razor; to set a saw. “Tables for to sette, and beddes make.” Chaucer. (b) To extend and bring into position; to spread; as to set the sails of a ship. (c) To give a pitch to, as a tune; to start by fixing the keynote; as to set a psalm. Fielding. (d) To reduce from a dislocated or fractured state; to replace; as to set a broken bone. (e) To make to agree with some standard; as to set a watch or a clock. (f) (Masonry) To lower into place and fix solidly, as the blocks of cut stone in a structure. 6. To stake at play; to wager; to risk. “I have set my life upon a cast,
And I will stand the hazard of the die.” Shak. 7. To fit with music; to adapt, as words to notes; to prepare for singing. “Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute.” Dryden. 8. To determine; to appoint; to assign; to fix; as to set a time for a meeting; to set a price on a horse. 9. To adorn with something infixed or affixed; to stud; to variegate with objects placed here and there. “High on their heads, with jewels richly set,
Each lady wore a radiant coronet.” Dryden. “Pastoral dales thin set with modern farms.” Wordsworth. 10. To value; to rate; — with at. “Be you contented, wearing now the garland,
To have a son set your decrees at naught.” Shak. “I do not set my life at a pin’s fee.” Shak. 11. To point out the seat or position of, as birds, or other game; — said of hunting dogs. 12. To establish as a rule; to furnish; to prescribe; to assign; as to set an example; to set lessons to be learned. 13. To suit; to become; as it sets him ill. [Scot.] 14. (Print.) To compose; to arrange in words, lines, etc.; as to set type; to set a page. To set abroach. See Abroach. [Obs.] Shak. — To set against, to oppose; to set in comparison with, or to oppose to, as an equivalent in exchange; as to set one thing against another. — To set agoing, to cause to move. — To set apart, to separate to a particular use; to separate from the rest; to reserve. — To set a saw, to bend each tooth a little, every alternate one being bent to one side, and the intermediate ones to the other side, so that the opening made by the saw may be a little wider than the thickness of the back, to prevent the saw from sticking. — To set aside. (a) To leave out of account; to pass by; to omit; to neglect; to reject; to annul. “Setting aside all other considerations, I will endeavor to know the truth, and yield to that.” Tillotson. (b) To set apart; to reserve; as to set aside part of one’s income. (c) (Law) See under Aside. — To set at defiance, to defy. — To set at ease, to quiet; to tranquilize; as to set the heart at ease. — To set at naught, to undervalue; to contemn; to despise. ´Ye have set at naught all my counsel.´ Prov. i. 25. — To set a trap, snare, or gin, to put it in a proper condition or position to catch prey; hence, to lay a plan to deceive and draw another into one’s power. — To set at work, or To set to work. (a) To cause to enter on work or action, or to direct how tu enter on work. (b) To apply one’s self; — used reflexively. — To set before. (a) To bring out to view before; to exhibit. (b) To propose for choice to; to offer to. — To set by. (a) To set apart or on one side; to reject. (b) To attach the value of (anything) to. ´I set not a straw by thy dreamings.´ Chaucer. — To set by the compass, to observe and note the bearing or situation of by the compass. — To set case, to suppose; to assume. Cf. Put case, under Put, v. t. [Obs.] Chaucer. — To set down. (a) To enter in writing; to register. “Some rules were to be set down for the government of the army.” Clarendon. (b) To fix; to establish; to ordain. “This law we may name eternal, being that order which God … hath set down with himself, for himself to do all things by.” Hooker. (c) To humiliate. — To set eyes on, to see; to behold; to fasten the eyes on. — To set fire to, or To set on fire, to communicate fire to; fig., to inflame; to enkindle the passions of; to irritate. — To set flying (Naut.), to hook to halyards, sheets, etc., instead of extending with rings or the like on a stay; — said of a sail. — To set forth. (a) To manifest; to offer or present to view; to exhibt; to display. (b) To publish; to promulgate; to make appear. Waller. (c) To send out; to prepare and send. [Obs.] “The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set forth by the Venetians.” Knolles. — To set forward. (a) To cause to advance. (b) To promote. — To set free, to release from confinement, imprisonment, or bondage; to liberate; to emancipate. — To set in, to put in the way; to begin; to give a start to. [Obs.] “If you please to assist and set me in, I will recollect myself.” Collier. — To set in order, to adjust or arrange; to reduce to method. ´The rest will I set in order when I come.´ 1 Cor. xi. 34. — To set milk. (a) To expose it in open dishes in order that the cream may rise to the surface. (b) To cause it to become curdled as by the action of rennet. See 4 (e). — To set much, or little, by, to care much, or little, for. — To set of, to value; to set by. [Obs.] ´I set not an haw of his proverbs.´ Chaucer. — To set off. (a) To separate from a whole; to assign to a particular purpose; to portion off; as to set off a portion of an estate. (b) To adorn; to decorate; to embellish. “They … set off the worst faces with the best airs.” Addison. (c) To give a flattering description of. - - To set off against, to place against as an equivalent; as to set off one man’s services against another’s. — To set on or upon. (a) To incite; to instigate. ´Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this.´ Shak. (b) To employ, as in a task. ´ Set on thy wife to observe.´ Shak. (c) To fix upon; to attach strongly to; as to set one’s heart or affections on some object. See definition 2, above. — To set one’s cap for. See under Cap, n. — To set one’s self against, to place one’s self in a state of enmity or opposition to. — To set one’s teeth, to press them together tightly. — To set on foot, to set going; to put in motion; to start. — To set out. (a) To assign; to allot; to mark off; to limit; as to set out the share of each proprietor or heir of an estate; to set out the widow’s thirds. (b) To publish, as a proclamation. [Obs.] (c) To adorn; to embellish. “An ugly woman, in rich habit set out with jewels, nothing can become.” Dryden. (d) To raise, equip, and send forth; to furnish. [R.] “The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great necessity, thirty men-of-war.” Addison. (e) To show; to display; to recommend; to set off. “I could set out that best side of Luther.” Atterbury. (f) To show; to prove. [R.] ´Those very reasons set out how heinous his sin was.´ Atterbury. (g) (Law) To recite; to state at large. — To set over. (a) To appoint or constitute as supervisor, inspector, ruler, or commander. (b) To assign; to transfer; to convey. — To set right, to correct; to put in order. — To set sail. (Naut.) See under Sail, n. — To set store by, to consider valuable. — To set the fashion, to determine what shall be the fashion; to establish the mode. — To set the teeth on edge, to affect the teeth with a disagreeable sensation, as when acids are brought in contact with them. — To set the watch (Naut.), to place the starboard or port watch on duty. — To set to, to attach to; to affix to. ´He … hath set to his seal that God is true.´ John iii. 33. — To set up. (a) To erect; to raise; to elevate; as to set up a building, or a machine; to set up a post, a wall, a pillar. (b) Hence, to exalt; to put in power. ´I will … set up the throne of David over Israel.´ 2 Sam. iii. 10. (c) To begin, as a new institution; to institute; to establish; to found; as to set up a manufactory; to set up a school. (d) To enable to commence a new business; as to set up a son in trade. (e) To place in view; as to set up a mark. (f) To raise; to utter loudly; as to set up the voice. “I’ll set up such a note as she shall hear.” Dryden. (g) To advance; to propose as truth or for reception; as to set up a new opinion or doctrine. T. Burnet. (h) To raise from depression, or to a sufficient fortune; as this good fortune quite set him up. (i) To intoxicate. [Slang] (j) (Print.) To put in type; as to set up copy; to arrange in words, lines, etc., ready for printing; as to set up type. — To set up the rigging (Naut.), to make it taut by means of tackles. R. H. Dana, Jr. Syn. — See Put.

Set (set), v. i. 1. To pass below the horizon; to go down; to decline; to sink out of sight; to come to an end. “Ere the weary sun set in the west.” Shak. “Thus this century sets with little mirth, and the next is likely to arise with more mourning.” Fuller. 2. To fit music to words. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant. ´To sow dry, and set wet.´ Old Proverb. 4. To be fixed for growth; to strike root; to begin to germinate or form; as cuttings set well; the fruit has set well (i. e., not blasted in the blossom). 5. To become fixed or rigid; to be fastened. “A gathering and serring of the spirits together to resist, maketh the teeth to set hard one against another.” Bacon. 6. To congeal; to concrete; to solidify. “That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set.” Boyle. 7. To have a certain direction in motion; to flow; to move on; to tend; as the current sets to the north; the tide sets to the windward. 8. To begin to move; to go out or forth; to start; — now followed by out. “The king is set from London.” Shak. 9. To indicate the position of game; — said of a dog; as the dog sets well; also to hunt game by the aid of a setter. 10. To apply one’s self; to undertake earnestly; — now followed by out. “If he sets industriously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it shall prove successful to him.” Hammond. 11. To fit or suit one; to sit; as the coat sets well. [Colloquially used, but improperly, for sit.] The use of the verb set for sit in such expressions as the hen is setting on thirteen eggs; a setting hen, etc., although colloquially common, and sometimes tolerated in serious writing, is not to be approved. To set about, to commence; to begin. — To set forward, to move or march; to begin to march; to advance. — To set forth, to begin a journey. — To set in. (a) To begin; to enter upon a particular state; as winter set in early. (b) To settle one’s self; to become established. ´When the weather was set in to be very bad.´ Addison. (c) To flow toward the shore; — said of the tide. — To set off. (a) To enter upon a journey; to start. (b) (Typog.) To deface or soil the next sheet; — said of the ink on a freshly printed sheet, when another sheet comes in contact with it before it has had time to dry. — To set on or upon. (a) To begin, as a journey or enterprise; to set about. “He that would seriously set upon the search of truth.” Locke. (b) To assault; to make an attack. Bacon. “Cassio hath here been set on in the dark.” Shak. — To set out, to begin a journey or course; as to set out for London, or from London; to set out in business;to set out in life or the world. — To set to, to apply one’s self to. — To set up. (a) To begin business or a scheme of life; as to set up in trade; to set up for one’s self. (b) To profess openly; to make pretensions. “Those men who set up for mortality without regard to religion, are generally but virtuous in part.” Swift.

Set , a. 1. Fixed in position; immovable; rigid; as a set line; a set countenance. 2. Firm; unchanging; obstinate; as set opinions or prejudices. 3. Regular; uniform; formal; as a set discourse; a set battle. ´The set phrase of peace.´ Shak. 4. Established; prescribed; as set forms of prayer. 5. Adjusted; arranged; formed; adapted. Set hammer. (a) A hammer the head of which is not tightly fastened upon the handle, but may be reversed. Knight. (b) A hammer with a concave face which forms a die for shaping anything, as the end of a bolt, rivet, etc. — Set line, a line to which a number of baited hooks are attached, and which, supported by floats and properly secured, may be left unguarded during the absence of the fisherman. — Set nut, a jam nut or lock nut. See under Nut. — Set screw (Mach.), a screw, sometimes cupped or printed at one end, and screwed through one part, as of a machine, tightly upon another part, to prevent the one from slipping upon the other. — Set speech, a speech carefully prepared before it is delivered in public; a formal or methodical speech.

Set, n. 1. The act of setting, as of the sun or other heavenly body; descent; hence, the close; termination. ´Locking at the set of day.´ Tennyson. “The weary sun hath made a golden set.” Shak. 2. That which is set, placed, or fixed. Specifically: — (a) A young plant for growth; as a set of white thorn. (b) That which is staked; a wager; a venture; a stake; hence, a game at venture. [Obs. or R.] “We will in France, by God’s grace, play a set
Shall strike his father’s crown into the hazard.” Shak. “That was but civil war, an equal set.” Dryden. (c) (Mech.) Permanent change of figure in consequence of excessive strain, as from compression, tension, bending, twisting, etc.; as the set of a spring. (d) A kind of punch used for bending, indenting, or giving shape to, metal; as a saw set. (e) (Pile Driving) A piece placed temporarily upon the head of a pile when the latter cannot be reached by the weight, or hammer, except by means of such an intervening piece. [Often incorrectly written sett.] (f) (Carp.) A short steel spike used for driving the head of a nail below the surface. 3. [Perhaps due to confusion with sect, sept.] A number of things of the same kind, ordinarily used or classed together; a collection of articles which naturally complement each other, and usually go together; an assortment; a suit; as a set of chairs, of china, of surgical or mathematical instruments, of books, etc. [In this sense, sometimes incorrectly written sett.] 4. A number of persons associated by custom, office, common opinion, quality, or the like; a division; a group; a clique. ´Others of our set.´ Tennyson. “This falls into different divisions, or sets, of nations connected under particular religions.” R. P. Ward. 5. Direction or course; as the set of the wind, or of a current. 6. In dancing, the number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; also the series of figures or movements executed. 7. The deflection of a tooth, or of the teeth, of a saw, which causes the the saw to cut a kerf, or make an opening, wider than the blade. 8. (a) A young oyster when first attached. (b) Collectively, the crop of young oysters in any locality. 9. (Tennis) A series of as many games as may be necessary to enable one side to win six. If at the end of the tenth game the score is a tie, the set is usually called a deuce set, and decided by an application of the rules for playing off deuce in a game. See Deuce. 10. (Type Founding) That dimension of the body of a type called by printers the width. Dead set. (a) The act of a setter dog when it discovers the game, and remains intently fixed in pointing it out. (b) A fixed or stationary condition arising from obstacle or hindrance; a deadlock; as to be at a dead set. (c) A concerted scheme to defraud by gaming; a determined onset. — To make a dead set, to make a determined onset, literally or figuratively. Syn. — Collection; series; group. See Pair.

Se´ta , n.; pl. Setae. [L. seta, saeta, a bristle.] 1. (Biol.) Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form. (b) One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds.

Se•ta´ceous , a. [L. seta a bristle: cf. F. setace.] 1. Set with, or consisting of, bristles; bristly; as a stiff, setaceous tail. 2. Bristelike in form or texture; as a setaceous feather; a setaceous leaf.

Set´back , n. 1. (Arch.) Offset, n., 4. 2. A backset; a countercurrent; an eddy. [U. S.] 3. A backset; a check; a repulse; a reverse; a relapse. [Colloq. U.S.]

Set´bolt , n. (Shipbuilding) 1. An iron pin, or bolt, for fitting planks closely together. Craig. 2. A bolt used for forcing another bolt out of its hole.

Set´down , n. The humbling of a person by act or words, especially by a retort or a reproof; the retort or the reproof which has such effect.

Set•ee´ , n. (Naut.) See 2d Settee.

Set´en , obs. imp. pl. of Sit. Sat. Chaucer.

Set´e•wale , n. See Cetewale. [Obs.]

Set´-fair , n. In plastering, a particularly good troweled surface. Knight.

Set´foil , n. See Septfoil.

Seth´en , adv. & conj. See Since. [Obs.]

Seth´ic , a. See Sothic.

Se•tif´er•ous , a. [L. seta a bristle + -ferous.] Producing, or having one or more, bristles.

Se´ti•form , a. [Seta + - form: cf. F. setiforme.] Having the form or structure of setae.

Se´ti•ger , n. [NL. See Setigerous.] (Zoöl.) An annelid having setae; a chaetopod.

Se•tig´er•ous , a. [Seta + -gerous.] Covered with bristles; having or bearing a seta or setae; setiferous; as setigerous glands; a setigerous segment of an annelid; specifically (Bot.), tipped with a bristle.

Se´tim , n. See Shittim.

Se•tip´a•rous , a. [Seta + L. papere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Producing setae; — said of the organs from which the setae of annelids arise.

Se´ti•reme , n. [Seta + L. remus an oar.] (Zoöl.) A swimming leg (of an insect) having a fringe of hairs on the margin.

Set´ness , n. The quality or state of being set; formality; obstinacy. ´The starched setness of a sententious writer.´ R. Masters.

Set´-off , n. [Set + off.] 1. That which is set off against another thing; an offset. “I do not contemplate such a heroine as a set-off to the many sins imputed to me as committed against woman.” D. Jerrold. 2. That which is used to improve the appearance of anything; a decoration; an ornament. 3. (Law) A counterclaim; a cross debt or demand; a distinct claim filed or set up by the defendant against the plaintiff’s demand. Set-off differs from recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the same matter or contract with the plaintiff’s claim, while the former grows out of distinct matter, and does not of itself deny the justice of the plaintiff’s demand. Offset is sometimes improperly used for the legal term set- off. See Recoupment. 4. (Arch.) Same as Offset, n., 4. 5. (Print.) See Offset, 7. Syn. — Set-off, Offset. — Offset originally denoted that which branches off or projects, as a shoot from a tree, but the term has long been used in America in the sense of set-off. This use is beginning to obtain in England; though Macaulay uses set-off, and so, perhaps, do a majority of English writers.

Se´ton , n. [F. seton (cf. It. setone), from L. seta a thick, stiff hair, a bristle.] (Med. & Far.) A few silk threads or horsehairs, or a strip of linen or the like, introduced beneath the skin by a knife or needle, so as to form an issue; also the issue so formed. { Se•tose´ , Se´tous } a. [L. setosus, saetosus, from seta, saeta, bristle: cf. F. seteux.] Thickly set with bristles or bristly hairs.

Set´out , n. A display, as of plate, equipage, etc.; that which is displayed. [Coloq.] Dickens.

Set´-stitched , a. Stitched according to a formal pattern. ´An old set-stiched chair, valanced, and fringed with party-colored worsted bobs.´ Sterne.

Sett , n. See Set, n., 2 (e) and 3.

Set•tee´ , n. [From Set; cf. Settle a seat.] A long seat with a back, — made to accommodate several persons at once.

Set•tee´, n. [F. scetie, scitie.] (Naut.) A vessel with a very long, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts with lateen sails, — used in the Mediterranean. [Written also setee.]

Set´ter , n. 1. One who, or that which, sets; — used mostly in composition with a noun, as typesetter; or in combination with an adverb, as a setter on (or inciter), a setter up, a setter forth. 2. (Zoöl.) A hunting dog of a special breed originally derived from a cross between the spaniel and the pointer. Modern setters are usually trained to indicate the position of game birds by standing in a fixed position, but originally they indicated it by sitting or crouching. There are several distinct varieties of setters; as the Irish, or red, setter; the Gordon setter, which is usually red or tan varied with black; and the English setter, which is variously colored, but usually white and tawny red, with or without black. 3. One who hunts victims for sharpers. Shak. 4. One who adapts words to music in composition. 5. An adornment; a decoration; — with off. [Obs.] “They come as … setters off of thy graces.” Whitlock. 6. (Pottery) A shallow seggar for porcelain. Ure.

Set´ter, v. t. To cut the dewlap (of a cow or an ox), and to insert a seton, so as to cause an issue. [Prov. Eng.]

Set´ter•wort , n. (Bot.) The bear’s-foot (Helleborus fœtidus); — so called because the root was used in settering, or inserting setons into the dewlaps of cattle. Called also pegroots. Dr. Prior.

Set´ting , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sets; as the setting of type, or of gems; the setting of the sun; the setting (hardening) of moist plaster of Paris; the setting (set) of a current. 2. The act of marking the position of game, as a setter does; also hunting with a setter. Boyle. 3. Something set in, or inserted. “Thou shalt set in it settings of stones.” Ex. xxviii. 17. 4. That in which something, as a gem, is set; as the gold setting of a jeweled pin. Setting coat (Arch.), the finishing or last coat of plastering on walls or ceilings. — Setting dog, a setter. See Setter, n., 2. — Setting pole, a pole, often iron- pointed, used for pushing boats along in shallow water. — Setting rule. (Print.) A composing rule.

Set´tle , n. [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl: akin to OHG. sezzal, G. sessel, Goth. sitls, and E. sit. rad.154. See Sit.] 1. A seat of any kind. [Obs.] ´Upon the settle of his majesty´ Hampole. 2. A bench; especially, a bench with a high back. 3. A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part. “And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit.” Ezek. xliii. 14. Settle bed, a bed convertible into a seat. [Eng.]

Set´tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Settled p. pr. & vb. n. Settling ] [OE. setlen, AS. setlan. rad.154. See Settle, n. In senses 7, 8, and 9 perhaps confused with OE. sahtlen to reconcile, AS. sahtlian, fr. saht reconciliation, sacon to contend, dispute. Cf. Sake.] 1. To place in a fixed or permanent condition; to make firm, steady, or stable; to establish; to fix; esp., to establish in life; to fix in business, in a home, or the like. “And he settled his countenance steadfastly upon him, until he was ashamed.” 2 Kings viii. 11. (Rev. Ver.) “The father thought the time drew on
Of setting in the world his only son.” Dryden. 2. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain or install as pastor or rector of a church, society, or parish; as to settle a minister. [U. S.] 3. To cause to be no longer in a disturbed condition; to render quiet; to still; to calm; to compose. “God settled then the huge whale-bearing lake.” Chapman. “Hoping that sleep might settle his brains.” Bunyan. 4. To clear of dregs and impurities by causing them to sink; to render pure or clear; — said of a liquid; as to settle coffee, or the grounds of coffee. 5. To restore or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition; — said of the ground, of roads, and the like; as clear weather settles the roads. 6. To cause to sink; to lower; to depress; hence, also to render close or compact; as to settle the contents of a barrel or bag by shaking it. 7. To determine, as something which is exposed to doubt or question; to free from unscertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to establish; to compose; to quiet; as to settle the mind when agitated; to settle questions of law; to settle the succession to a throne; to settle an allowance. “It will settle the wavering, and confirm the doubtful.” Swift. 8. To adjust, as something in discussion; to make up; to compose; to pacify; as to settle a quarrel. 9. To adjust, as accounts; to liquidate; to balance; as to settle an account. 10. Hence, to pay; as to settle a bill. [Colloq.] Abbott. 11. To plant with inhabitants; to colonize; to people; as the French first settled Canada; the Puritans settled New England; Plymouth was settled in 1620. To settle on or upon, to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to. ´I … have settled upon him a good annuity.´ Addison. — To settle the land (Naut.), to cause it to sink, or appear lower, by receding from it. Syn. — To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; adjust; determine; decide.

Set´tle, v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent; to become stationary; to establish one’s self or itself; to assume a lasting form, condition, direction, or the like, in place of a temporary or changing state. “The wind came about and settled in the west.” Bacon. “Chyle … runs through all the intermediate colors until it settles in an intense red.” Arbuthnot. 2. To fix one’s residence; to establish a dwelling place or home; as the Saxons who settled in Britain. 3. To enter into the married state, or the state of a householder. “As people marry now and settle.” Prior. 4. To be established in an employment or profession; as to settle in the practice of law. 5. To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the effects of rain or frost have disappeared; as the roads settled late in the spring. 6. To become clear after being turbid or obscure; to clarify by depositing matter held in suspension; as the weather settled; wine settles by standing. “A government, on such occasions, is always thick before it settles.” Addison. 7. To sink to the bottom; to fall to the bottom, as dregs of a liquid, or the sediment of a reserveir. 8. To sink gradually to a lower level; to subside, as the foundation of a house, etc. 9. To become calm; to cease from agitation. “Till the fury of his highness settle,
Come not before him.” Shak. 10. To adjust differences or accounts; to come to an agreement; as he has settled with his creditors. 11. To make a jointure for a wife. “He sighs with most success that settles well.” Garth.

Set´tled•ness , n. The quality or state of being settled; confirmed state. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Set´tle•ment , n. 1. The act of setting, or the state of being settled. Specifically: — (a) Establishment in life, in business, condition, etc.; ordination or installation as pastor. “Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth power, or settlement in the world.” L’Estrange. (b) The act of peopling, or state of being peopled; act of planting, as a colony; colonization; occupation by settlers; as the settlement of a new country. (c) The act or process of adjusting or determining; composure of doubts or differences; pacification; liquidation of accounts; arrangement; adjustment; as settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc. (d) Bestowal, or giving possession, under legal sanction; the act of giving or conferring anything in a formal and permanent manner. “My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take,
With settlement as good as law can make.” Dryden. (e) (Law) A disposition of property for the benefit of some person or persons, usually through the medium of trustees, and for the benefit of a wife, children, or other relatives; jointure granted to a wife, or the act of granting it. 2. That which settles, or is settled, established, or fixed. Specifically: — (a) Matter that subsides; settlings; sediment; lees; dregs. [Obs.] “Fuller’s earth left a thick settlement.” Mortimer. (b) A colony newly established; a place or region newly settled; as settlement in the West. (c) That which is bestowed formally and permanently; the sum secured to a person; especially, a jointure made to a woman at her marriage; also in the United States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted to a pastor in additional to his salary. 3. (Arch.) (a) The gradual sinking of a building, whether by the yielding of the ground under the foundation, or by the compression of the joints or the material. (b) pl. Fractures or dislocations caused by settlement. 4. (Law) A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of residence; legal residence or establishment of a person in a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Blackstone. Bouvier. Act of settlement (Eng. Hist.), the statute of 12 and 13 William III, by which the crown was limited to the present reigning house (the house of Hanover). Blackstone.

Set´tler , n. 1. One who settles, becomes fixed, established, etc. 2. Especially, one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony; a colonist; a planter; as the first settlers of New England. 3. That which settles or finishes; hence, a blow, etc., which settles or decides a contest. [Colloq.] 4. A vessel, as a tub, in which something, as pulverized ore suspended in a liquid, is allowed to settle.

Set´tling , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, settles; the act of establishing one’s self, of colonizing, subsiding, adjusting, etc. 2. pl. That which settles at the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs; sediment. Milton. Settling day, a day for settling accounts, as in the stock market.

Set´-to , n. A contest in boxing, in an argument, or the like. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Set´u•la , n.; pl. Setulae (#). [L. setula, saetula, dim. of seta, saeta, bristle.] A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta.

Set´ule , n. [See Setula.] A setula.

Set´u•lose , a. Having small bristles or setae.

Set´wall , n. [CF. Cetewale.] (Bot.) A plant formerly valued for its restorative qualities (Valeriana officinalis, or V. Pyrenaica). [Obs.] [Written also setwal.] Chaucer.

Sev´en , a. [OE. seven, seoven, seofen, AS. seofon, seofan, seofen; akin to D. zeven, OS., Goth., & OHG. sibun, G. sieben, Icel. sjau, sjö, Sw. sju, Dan. syv, Lith. septyni, Russ. seme, W. saith, Gael. seachd, Ir. seacht, L. septem, Gr. , Skr. saptan. rad.305. Cf. Hebdomad, Heptagon, September.] One more than six; six and one added; as seven days make one week. Seven sciences. See the Note under Science, n., 4. — Seven stars (Astron.), the Pleiades. — Seven wonders of the world. See under Wonders. — Seven-year apple (Bot.), a rubiaceous shrub (Genipa clusiifolia) growing in the West Indies; also its edible fruit. — Seven-year vine (Bot.), a tropical climbing plant (Ipomœa tuberosa) related to the morning- glory.

Sev´en, n. 1. The number greater by one than six; seven units or objects. “Of every beast, and bird, and insect small,
Game sevens and pairs.” Milton. 2. A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii.

Sev´en•fold , a. Repeated seven times; having seven thicknesses; increased to seven times the size or amount. ´Sevenfold rage.´ Milton.

Sev´en•fold, adv. Seven times as much or as often. “Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold.” Gen. iv. 15.

Seven´night , n. A week; any period of seven consecutive days and nights. See Sennight.

Sev´en•score , n. & a. Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred and forty. “The old Countess of Desmond … lived sevenscore years.” Bacon.

Sev´en-shoot•er , n. A firearm, esp. a pistol, with seven barrels or chambers for cartridges, or one capable of firing seven shots without reloading. [Colloq.]

Sev´en•teen , a. [OE. seventene, AS. seofontyne, i. e., seven- ten. Cf. Seventy.] One more than sixteen; ten and seven added; as seventeen years.

Sev´en•teen, n. 1. The number greater by one than sixteen; the sum of ten and seven; seventeen units or objects. 2. A symbol denoting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii.

Sev´en•teenth , a. [From Seventeen: cf. AS. seofonteóða, seofonteogeða.] 1. Next in order after the sixteenth; coming after sixteen others. “In … the seventeenth day of the month … were all the fountains of the great deep broken up.” Gen. vii. 11. 2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal parts into which anything is divided.

Sev´en•teenth , n. 1. The next in order after the sixteenth; one coming after sixteen others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventeen; one of seventeen equal parts or divisions of one whole. 3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves and a third.

Sev´enth , a. [From Seven: cf. AS. seofoða.] 1. Next in order after the sixth;; coming after six others. “On the seventh day, God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.” Gen. ii. 2. 2. Constituting or being one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided; as the seventh part. Seventh day, the seventh day of the week; Saturday. — Seventh-day Baptists. See under Baptist.

Sev´enth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided. 3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished.

Sev•en-thir´ties , n. pl. A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made during the Civil War, in denominations of $50 and over, bearing interest at the rate of seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per cent annually. Within a few years they were all redeemed or funded.

Sev´enth•ly , adv. In the seventh place.

Sev´en•ti•eth , a. [AS. hund- seofontigoða.] 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth; as a man in the seventieth year of his age. 2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts.

Sev´en•ti•eth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixty-ninth. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventy; one of seventy equal parts or fractions.

Sev´en•ty , a. [AS. hund- seofontig. See Seven, and Ten, and cf. Seventeen, Sixty.] Seven times ten; one more than sixty-nine.

Sev´en•ty, n.; pl. Seventies . 1. The sum of seven times ten; seventy units or objects. 2. A symbol representing seventy units, as 70, or lxx. The Seventy, the translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint. See Septuagint.

Sev•en•ty-four´ , n. (Naut.) A naval vessel carrying seventy-four guns.

Sev´en-up, n. The game of cards called also all fours, and old sledge. [U. S.]

Sev´er , v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Severed p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] [OF. sevrer, severer, to separate, F. sevrer to wean, fr. L. separare. See Separate, and cf. Several.] 1. To separate, as one from another; to cut off from something; to divide; to part in any way, especially by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc.; as to sever the head from the body. “The angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just.” Matt. xiii. 49. 2. To cut or break open or apart; to divide into parts; to cut through; to disjoin; as to sever the arm or leg. “Our state can not be severed; we are one.” Milton. 3. To keep distinct or apart; to except; to exempt. “I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there.” Ex. viii. 22. 4. (Law) To disunite; to disconnect; to terminate; as to sever an estate in joint tenancy. Blackstone.

Sev´er, v. i. 1. To suffer disjunction; to be parted, or rent asunder; to be separated; to part; to separate. Shak. 2. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish. “The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt.” Ex. ix. 4. “They claimed the right of severing in their challenge.” Macaulay.

Sev´er•a•ble , a. Capable of being severed. Encyc. Dict.

Sev´er•al , a. [OF., fr. LL. separalis, fr. L. separ separate, different. See Sever, Separate.] 1. Separate; distinct; particular; single. “Each several ship a victory did gain.” Dryden. “Each might his several province well command,
Would all but stoop to what they understand.” Pope. 2. Diverse; different; various. Spenser. “Habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished.” Bacon. “Four several armies to the field are led.” Dryden. 3. Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as several persons were present when the event took place.

Sev´er•al, adv. By itself; severally. [Obs.] “Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehoudses.” Robynson (More’s Utopia).

Sev´er•al, n. 1. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. [Obs.] “There was not time enough to hear …
The severals.” Shak. 2. Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many. “Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them.” Addison. 3. An inclosed or separate place; inclosure. [Obs.] “They had their several for heathen nations, their several for the people of their own nation.” Hooker. In several, in a state of separation. [R.] ´Where pastures in several be.´ Tusser.

Sev•er•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Severalities . Each particular taken singly; distinction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sev´er•al•ize , v. t. To distinguish. [Obs.]

Sev´er•al•ly, adv. Separately; distinctly; apart from others; individually. “There must be an auditor to check and revise each severally by itself.” De Quincey.

Sev´er•al•ty , n. A state of separation from the rest, or from all others; a holding by individual right. “Forests which had never been owned in severalty.” Bancroft. Estate in severalty (Law), an estate which the tenant holds in his own right, without being joined in interest with any other person; — distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenary, and common. Blackstone.

Sev´er•ance , n. 1. The act of severing, or the state of being severed; partition; separation. Milman. 2. (Law) The act of dividing; the singling or severing of two or more that join, or are joined, in one writ; the putting in several or separate pleas or answers by two or more disjointly; the destruction of the unity of interest in a joint estate. Bouvier.

Se•vere´ , a. [Compar. Severer superl. Severest.] [L. severus; perhaps akin to Gr. awe, revered, holy, solemn, Goth. swikns innocent, chaste: cf. F. sevère. Cf. Asseverate, Persevere.] 1. Serious in feeeling or manner; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful. “Your looks alter, as your subject does,
From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe.” Waller. 2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; harsh; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; as severe criticism; severe punishment. ´Custody severe.´ Milton. “Come! you are too severe a moraler.” Shak. “Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always more severe against thyself than against others.” Jer. Taylor. 3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; not allowing or employing unneccessary ornament, amplification, etc.; strict; — said of style, argument, etc. ´Restrained by reason and severe principles.´ Jer. Taylor. “The Latin, a most severe and compendious language.” Dryden. 4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as severe pain, anguish, fortune; severe cold. 5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as a severe test. Syn. — Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See Strict. — Se•vere´ly, adv. — Se•vere´ness, n.

Se•ver´i•ty , n.; pl. Severities (#). [L. severitas: cf. F. severite.] The quality or state of being severe. Specifically: — (a) Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties. ´Strict age, and sour severity.´ Milton. (b) The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter. (c) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as severity practiced on prisoners of war. (d) Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as the severity of a test. “Confining myself to the severity of truth.” Dryden.

Sev´er•y , n. [Prob. corrupted fr. ciborium. Oxf. Gloss.] (Arch.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. [Written also civery.]

Sev•o•ca´tion , n. [L. sevocare, sevocatum, to call aside.] A calling aside. [Obs.]

Sè´vres blue A very light blue.

Sè´vres ware Porcelain manufactured at Sèvres, France, ecpecially in the national factory situated there.

Sew , n.[OE. See Sewer household officer.] Juice; gravy; a seasoned dish; a delicacy. [Obs.] Gower. “I will not tell of their strange sewes.” Chaucer.

Sew, v. t. [See Sue to follow.] To follow; to pursue; to sue. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Sew , v. t. [imp. Sewed p. p. Sewed, rarely Sewn ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] [OE. sewen, sowen, AS. siówian, siwian; akin to OHG. siuwan, Icel. sja, Sw. sy, Dan. sye, Goth. siujan, Lith. siuti, Russ, shite, L. ssuere, Gr. , Skr. siv. rad.156. Cf. Seam a suture, Suture.] 1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a needle and thread. “No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment.” Mark ii. 21. 2. To close or stop by ssewing; — often with up; as to sew up a rip. 3. To inclose by sewing; — sometimes with up; as to sew money in a bag.

Sew, v. i. To practice sewing; to work with needle and thread.

Sew , v. t. [rad.151 b. See Sewer a drain.] To drain, as a pond, for taking the fish. [Obs.] Tusser.

Sew´age , n. 1. The contents of a sewer or drain; refuse liquids or matter carried off by sewers 2. Sewerage, 2.

Sewe , v. i. To perform the duties of a sewer. See 3d Sewer. [Obs.]

Sew´el , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A scarecrow, generally made of feathers tied to a string, hung up to prevent deer from breaking into a place. Halliwell.

Se•wel´lel , n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar gregarious burrowing rodent (Haplodon rufus), native of the coast region of the Northwestern United States. It somewhat resembles a muskrat or marmot, but has only a rudimentary tail. Its head is broad, its eyes are small and its fur is brownish above, gray beneath. It constitutes the family Haplodontidae. Called also boomer, showt’l, and mountain beaver.

Sew´en , n. (Zoöl.) A British trout usually regarded as a variety (var. Cambricus) of the salmon trout.

Sew´er , n. 1. One who sews, or stitches. 2. (Zoöl.) A small tortricid moth whose larva sews together the edges of a leaf by means of silk; as the apple-leaf sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana)

Sew´er , n. [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, ultimately fr. L. ex out + a derivative of aqua water; cf. OF. essevour a drain, essever, esseuwer, essiaver, to cause to flow, to drain, to flow, LL. exaquatorium a channel through which water runs off. Cf. Ewer, Aquarium.] A drain or passage to carry off water and filth under ground; a subterraneous channel, particularly in cities.

Sew´er, n. [Cf. OE. assewer, and asseour, OF. asseour, F. asseoir to seat, to set, L. assidere to sit by; ad + sedere to sit (cf. Sit); or cf. OE. sew pottage, sauce, boiled meat, AS. seáw juice, Skr. su to press out.] Formerly, an upper servant, or household officer, who set on and removed the dishes at a feast, and who also brought water for the hands of the guests. “Then the sewer
Poured water from a great and golden ewer,
That from their hands to a silver caldron ran.” Chapman.

Sew´er•age , n. 1. The construction of a sewer or sewers. 2. The system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; the general drainage of a city or town by means of sewers. 3. The material collected in, and discharged by, sewers. [In this sense sewage is preferable and common.]

Sew´in , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sewen.

Sew´ing , n. 1. The act or occupation of one who sews. 2. That which is sewed with the needle. Sewing horse (Harness making), a clamp, operated by the foot, for holding pieces of leather while being sewed. — Sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. — Sewing press, or Sewing table (Bookbinding), a fixture or table having a frame in which are held the cords to which the back edges of folded sheets are sewed to form a book.

Sew´ster , n. A seamstress. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sex- [L. sex six. See Six.] A combining form meaning six; as sexdigitism; sexennial.

Sex, n. [L. sexus: cf. F. sexe.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female in both animals and plants; the physical difference between male and female; the assemblage of properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female. 2. One of the two divisions of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female. 3. (Bot.) (a) The capability in plants of fertilizing or of being fertilized; as staminate and pistillate flowers are of opposite sexes. (b) One of the groups founded on this distinction. The sex, the female sex; women, in general.

Sex•a•ge•na´ri•an , n. [See Sexagenary.] A person who is sixty years old.

Sex•ag´e•na•ry , a. [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta sixty, sex six: cf. sexagenaire. See Six.] Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty; poceeding by sixties; sixty years old. Sexagenary arithmetic. See under Sexagesimal. — Sexagenary, or Sexagesimal, scale (Math.), a scale of numbers in which the modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle.

Sex•ag´e•na•ry, n. 1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions. 2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott.

Sex•a•ges´i•ma , n. [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent; — so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

Sex•a•ges´i•mal , a. [Cf. F. sexagesimal.] Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty. Sexagesimal fractions or numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as &frac1x60;, &frac1x3600;, &frac1x216000;; — called also astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. — Sexagesimal, or Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. — Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.

Sex•a•ges´i•mal, n. A sexagesimal fraction.

Sex´an•gle , n. [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.) A hexagon. [R.] Hutton. { Sex´an•gled , Sex•an´gu•lar } a. [Cf. F. sexangulaire.] Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden.

Sex•an´gu•lar•ly, adv. Hexagonally. [R.]

Sex•av´a•lent , a. See Sexivalent. [R.]

Sex•dig´it•ism , n. [Sex- + digit.] The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sex•dig´it•ist, n. One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sexed , a. Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as the sexed condition.

Sex´e•na•ry , a. Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; — applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six.

Sex•en´ni•al , a. [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. — n. A sexennial event.

Sex•en´ni•al•ly, adv. Once in six years. { Sex´fid , Sex´i•fid } a. [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.) Six-cleft; as a sexfid calyx or nectary.

Sex•i•syl•lab´ic , a. [Sex- + syllabic.] Having six syllables. Emerson.

Sex´i•syl•la•ble , n. [Sex- + syllable.] A word of six syllables.

Sex•iv´a•lent , a. [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Hexavalent. [R.]

Sex´less , a. Having no sex.

Sex•loc´u•lar , a. [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.] (Bot.) Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as a sexlocular pericarp.

Sex´ly , a. Pertaining to sex. [R.] “Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly weakness, I were not worthy to live.” Queen Elizabeth.

Sex•ra´di•ate , a. [Sex- + radiate.] (Zoöl.) Having six rays; — said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule.

Sext , n. [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII.

Sex´tain, n. [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It. sestina.] (Pros.) A stanza of six lines; a sestine.

Sex´tans , n. [L. See Sextant.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, the sixth part of an as. 2. (Astron.) A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant.

Sex´tant , n. [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.] 1. (Math.) The sixth part of a circle. 2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, — used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley’s quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant. 3. (Astron.) The constellation Sextans. Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable.

Sex´ta•ry , n.; pl. Sextaries (#). [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint.

Sex´ta•ry , n. [For sextonry.] A sacristy. [Obs.] { Sex•tet´ , Sex•tet´to } n. (Mus.) See Sestet.

Sex´teyn , n. A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sex´tic , a. [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.) Of the sixth degree or order. — n. (Alg.) A quantic of the sixth degree.

Sex´tile , a. [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.) Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill.

Sex´tile, n. [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.) The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: &8star;. Hutton.

Sex•til´lion , n. [Formed (in imitation of million) fr. L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.] According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

Sex´to , n.; pl. Sextos (#). [L. sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves.

Sex•to•dec´i•mo , a. [L. sextus- decimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See - mo.] Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as a sextodecimo volume.

Sex•to•dec´imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos . A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; — usually written 16mo, or 16°.

Sex´to•let , n. (Mus.) A double triplet; a group of six equal notes played in the time of four.

Sex´ton , n. [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.] An under officer of a church, whose business is to take care of the church building and the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, such as to dig graves, ring the bell, etc. Sexton beetle (Zoöl.), a burying beetle.

Sex´ton•ess, n. A female sexton; a sexton’s wife.

Sex´ton•ry , n. Sextonship. [Obs.] Ld. Bernes.

Sex´ton•ship, n. The office of a sexton. Swift.

Sex´try , n. See Sacristy. [Obs.]

Sex´tu•ple , a. [Formed (in imitation of quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth: cf. F. sextuple.] 1. Six times as much; sixfold. 2. (Mus.) Divisible by six; having six beats; as sixtuple measure.

Sex´u•al , a. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F. sexuel.] Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex; peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female; relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes; proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as sexual characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce; sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation. Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies which have two kinds of females. — Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed by Linnaeus, founded mainly on difference in number and position of the stamens and pistils of plants. — Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also the selection which results from certain individuals of one sex having more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.; applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results from such sexual preferences. Darwin. “In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems to have acted independently of sexual selection.” A. R. Wallace.

Sex´u•al•ist, n. (Bot.) One who classifies plants by the sexual method of Linnaeus.

Sex•u•al´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being distinguished by sex. Lindley.

Sex´u•al•ize , v. t. To attribute sex to.

Sex´u•al•ly, adv. In a sexual manner or relation. { Sey , Seyh }, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl. of See. Chaucer. { Seye , Seyen }, obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of See.

Seynd , obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

Seynt , n. A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.] { Sfor•zan´do , Sfor•za´to } a. [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.) Forcing or forced; — a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; — marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or .

Sfu•ma´to , a. [It.] (Paint.) Having vague outlines, and colors and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; — said of a painting.

Sgraf•fi´to , a. [It.] (Paint.) Scratched; — said of decorative painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground underneath.

Shab , n. [OE. shabbe, AS. scb. See Scab.] The itch in animals; also a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar.

Shab´bed , a. Shabby. [Obs.] Wood.

Shab´bi•ly , adv. In a shabby manner.

Shab´bi•ness, n. The quality or state of being sghabby. { Shab´ble , Shab´ble }, n.[Cf. D. sabel, and G. säbel.] A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.]

Shab´by , a. [Compar. Shabbier superl. Shabbiest.] [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged. “Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts.” Macaulay. 2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. ´The dean was so shabby.´ Swift. 3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as shabby treatment. ´Very shabby fellows.´ Clarendon.

Shab´rack , n. [Turk. tshaprak, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] (Mil.) The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse.

Shack , v. t. [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.] 1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. 2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.]

Shack, n. [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. “All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon Marble.” H. W. Beecher. Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell.

Shack´a•to•ry , n. A hound. [Obs.]

Shac´kle , n. Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Shac´kle, n. [Generally used in the plural.] [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. skökull the pole of a cart. See Shake.] 1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter. “His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean.” Spenser. 2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action. “His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles.” South. 3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament. “Most of the men and women … had all earrings made of gold, and gold shackles about their legs and arms.” Dampier. 4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis. 5. A link for connecting railroad cars; — called also drawlink, draglink, etc. 6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight. Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes.

Shac´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain. “To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn
Of gathering crowds, the Britons’ boasted chief.” J. Philips. 2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber. “Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that object.” Walpole. 3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.] Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] — Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott.

Shack´lock , n. A sort of shackle. [Obs.]

Shack´ly, a. Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.]

Shad (shad), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.] The name is loosely applied, also to several other fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard), called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter shad. Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. — Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. — Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. — Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. — Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); - - so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. — Trout shad, the squeteague. — White shad, the common shad.

Shad´bird (shad´berd), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American, or Wilson’s, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

Shadd (shad), n. (Mining.) Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond.

Shad´de , obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer.

Shad´dock , n. [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.) A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; — called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous.

Shade (shad), n. [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. sko•tos darkness. rad.162. Cf. Shadow, Shed a hat.] 1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light. Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent. 2. Darkness; obscurity; — often in the plural. “The shades of night were falling fast.” Longfellow. 3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat. “Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there
Weep our sad bosoms empty.” Shak. 4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as a lamp shade. “The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand.” Ps. cxxi. 5. “Sleep under a fresh tree’s shade.” Shak. “Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades of vegetables.” J. Philips. 5. Shadow. [Poetic.] “Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue.” Pope. 6. The soul after its separation from the body; — so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as the shades of departed heroes. “Swift as thought the flitting shade
Thro’ air his momentary journey made.” Dryden. 7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above. 8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as a delicate shade of pink. “White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green only in by the eyes.” Locke. 9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as the shades of meaning in synonyms. “New shades and combinations of thought.” De Quincey. “Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own headquarters.” Macaulay. The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body.

Shade , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton. “I went to crop the sylvan scenes,
And shade our altars with their leafy greens.” Dryden. 2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as to shade one’s eyes. “Ere in our own house I do shade my head.” Shak. 3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of. “Thou shad’st
The full blaze of thy beams.” Milton. 4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken. 5. To mark with gradations of light or color. 6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.] “[The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade
That part of Justice which is Equity.” Spenser.

Shade´ful , a. Full of shade; shady.

Shade´less, a. Being without shade; not shaded.

Shad´er , n. One who, or that which, shades.

Shad´i•ly , adv. In a shady manner.

Shad´i•ness, n. Quality or state of being shady.

Shad´ing, n. 1. Act or process of making a shade. 2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing.

Sha•doof´ (sha•doof´), n. [Ar. shaduf.] A machine, resembling a well sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation.

Shad´ow (shad´o), n. [Originally the same word as shade. rad.162. See Shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1. 2. Darkness; shade; obscurity. “Night’s sable shadows from the ocean rise.” Denham. 3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security. “In secret shadow from the sunny ray,
On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid.” Spenser. 4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak. 5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower. “Sin and her shadow Death.” Milton. 6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. ´Hence, horrible shadow!´ Shak. 7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical representation; type. “The law having a shadow of good things to come.” Heb. x. 1. “[Types] and shadows of that destined seed.” Milton. 8. A small degree; a shade. ´No variableness, neither shadow of turning.´ James i. 17. 9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares. “I must not have my board pastered with shadows
That under other men’s protection break in
Without invitement.” Massinger. Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4.

Shad´ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.] 1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity. “The warlike elf much wondered at this tree,
So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground.” Spenser. 2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.] “Let every soldier hew him down a bough.
And bear’t before him; thereby shall we shadow
The numbers of our host.” Shak. 3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud. “Shadowing their right under your wings of war.” Shak. 4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade. 5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically. “Augustus is shadowed in the person of AEneas.” Dryden. 6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over. “The shadowed livery of the burnished sun.” Shak. “Why sad?
I must not see the face O love thus shadowed.” Beau. & Fl. 7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as a detective shadows a criminal.

Shad´ow•i•ness , n. The quality or state of being shadowy.

Shad´ow•ing, n. 1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham. 2. A faint representation; an adumbration. “There are … in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic, of the conception of a Supreme Deity.” Tylor.

Shad´ow•ish, a. Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker.

Shad´ow•less, a. Having no shadow.

Shad´ow•y , a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. ´Shadowy verdure.´ Fenton. “This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods.” Shak. 2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. ´The shadowy past.´ Longfellow. 3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light. “The moon … with more pleasing light,
Shadowy sets off the face things.” Milton. 4. Faintly representative; hence, typical. “From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit.” Milton. 5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as shadowy honor. “Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy
and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death.” Addison.

Sha´drach , n. (Metal.) A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; — so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.)

Shad´-spir•it , n. See Shadbird (a)

Shad´-wait•er , n. (Zoöl.) A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish.

Shad´y , a. [Compar. Shadier superl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade. “The shady trees cover him with their shadow.” Job. xl. 22. “And Amaryllis fills the shady groves.” Dryden. 2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. “Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter.” Bacon. 3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] ´A shady business.´ London Sat. Rev. “Shady characters, disreputable, criminal.” London Spectator. On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] — To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also to be reticent. [Slang]

Shaf´fle , v. i. [See Shuffle.] To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shaf´fler , n. A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sha´fi•ite , n. A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; — so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafeï.

Shaft , n. [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. , , a staff. Probably originally, a shaven or smoothed rod. Cf. Scape, Scepter, Shave.] 1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow. “His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft,
That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft.” Chaucer. “A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the feathers, and the head.” Ascham. 2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as shafts of light. “And the thunder,
Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage,
Perhaps hath spent his shafts.” Milton. “Some kinds of literary pursuits … have been attacked with all the shafts of ridicule.” V. Knox. 3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zoöl.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches. “Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold … his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same.” Ex. xxv. 31. (e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). also the part of a chimney above the roof. also the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument. “Bid time and nature gently spare
The shaft we raise to thee.” Emerson. (i) (Weaving) A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft. 4. (Zoöl.) A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; — called also cora humming bird. 5. [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc. 6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft. 7. The chamber of a blast furnace. Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; — called also line, or main line. - - Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. — Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom.

Shaft´ed, a. 1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as a shafted arch. 2. (Her.) Having a shaft; — applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures.

Shaft´ing, n. (Mach.) Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion. { Shaft´man , Shaft´ment } n. [AS. sceaftmund.] A measure of about six inches. [Obs.]

Shag , n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. skägg, Dan. skjg. Cf. Schock of hair.] 1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair. “True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn.” Gay. 2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. 3. (Com.) A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine. 4. (Zoöl.) Any species of cormorant.

Shag, a. Hairy; shaggy. Shak.

Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.] To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough. “Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies.” J. Barlow.

Shag´bark , n. (Bot.) A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod.

Shage´bush , n. A sackbut. [Obs.]

Shag´ged , a. Shaggy; rough. Milton. — Shag´ged•ness, n. Dr. H. More.

Shag´gi•ness , n. The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness.

Shag´gy , a. [Compar. Shaggier superl. Shaggiest.] [From Shag, n.] Rough with long hair or wool. “About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin.” Dryden. 2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton. “[A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell.” Keble.

Shag´-haired , a. Having shaggy hair. Shak.

Shag´-rag , n. The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning.

Sha•green´ , v. t. To chagrin. [Obs.]

Sha•green´, n. [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.] 1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes. 2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts. { Sha•green´ , Sha•greened´ } a. 1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. ´A shagreen case of lancets.´ T. Hook. 2. (Zoöl.) Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen.

Shah (shä), n. [Per. shah a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.] Shah Nameh. [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C.

Sha•hin´ , n. [Ar. shahin.] (Zoöl.) A large and swift Asiatic falcon (Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry.

Shaik , n. See Sheik.

Shail , v. i. [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skjagr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.] To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Shake , obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer.

Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook p. p. Shaken , (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. rad.161. Cf. Shock, v.] 1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate. “As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind.” Rev. vi. 13. “Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels
That shake heaven’s basis.” Milton. 2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of. “When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation.” Atterbury. “Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love
Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced.” Milton. 3. (Mus.) To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as to shake a note in music. 4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one’s self of; — generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as to shake fruit down from a tree. “Shake off the golden slumber of repose.” Shak. “’Tis our fast intent
To shake all cares and business from our age.” Shak. “I could scarcely shake him out of my company.” Bunyan. To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. — To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. — To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. — To shake the bells. See under Bell. — To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shake, v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter. “Under his burning wheels
The steadfast empyrean shook throughout,
All but the throne itself of God.” Milton. “What danger? Who ’s that that shakes behind there?” Beau. & Fl. Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef.

Shake , n. 1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation. “The great soldier’s honor was composed
Of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake.” Herbert. “Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand.” Addison. 2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt. 3. A fissure in rock or earth. 4. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill. 5. (Naut.) One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten. 6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight. 7. (Zoöl.) The redshank; — so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.] No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. — The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.]

Shake´down , n. A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; — perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott.

Shake´fork , n. A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.]

Shak´en , a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated; as a shaken bough. 2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2. “Nor is the wood shaken or twisted.” Barroe. 3. Impaired, as by a shock.

Shak´er , n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken. 2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship. The sect originated in England in 1747, and came to the United States in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Ann Lee. The Shakers are sometimes nicknamed Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the ´United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing.´ The sect is now confined in the United States. 3. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby.

Shak´er•ess, n. A female Shaker.

Shak´er•ism , n. Doctrines of the Shakers.

Shake•spear´e•an , a. Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.]

Shak´i•ness , n. Quality of being shaky.

Shak´ings , n. pl. (Naut.) Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shak´o , n. [Hung. csákó: cf. F. shako, schako.] A kind of military cap or headdress.

Shak´y , a. [Compar. Shakier superl. Shakiest.] 1. Shaking or trembling; as a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray. 2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as shaky timber. Gwilt. 3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.]

Shale , n. [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.] 1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. ´The green shales of a bean.´ Chapman. 2. [G. shale.] (Geol.) A fine- grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure. Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous.

Shale, v. t. To take off the shell or coat of; to shell. “Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling off its husk.” I. Taylor.

Shall , v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should ] [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.] [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] ´By the faith I shall to God´ Court of Love. 2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] ´Me athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her.´ Chaucer. 3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as ´the day shall come when … , ´ since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. ´I shall go´ implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic ´I will go.´ In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as ´Shall you go?´ (answer, ´I shall go´); ´Shall he go?´ i. e., ´Do you require or promise his going?´ (answer, ´He shall go´.) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as ´You say, or think, you shall go;´ ´He says, or thinks, he shall go.´ After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. ´He to England shall along with you.´ Shak. Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this? Shall I help you? (not Will I do this?) See Will.

Shal´li , n. See Challis.

Shal´lon , n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also its fruit. See Salal-berry.

Shal•loon´ , n. [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made.] A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff. “In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad.” Swift.

Shal´lop , n. [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) A boat. “[She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand.” Spenser. The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails.

Shal•lot´ , n. [OF. eschalote (for escalone), F. echalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot.] (Bot.) A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot.

Shal´low , a. [Compar. Shallower superl. Shallowest.] [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skjalgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow.] 1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. ´Shallow brooks, and rivers wide.´ Milton. 2. Not deep in tone. [R.] “The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring.” Bacon. 3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as a shallow mind; shallow learning. “The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king.” Bacon. “Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself.” Milton.

Shal´low, n. 1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf. “A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel.” Bacon. “Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand.” Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) The rudd. [Prov. Eng.]

Shal´low, v. t. To make shallow. Sir T. Browne.

Shal´low, v. i. To become shallow, as water.

Shal´low-bod•ied , a. (Naut.) Having a moderate depth of hold; — said of a vessel.

Shal´low-brained , a. Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South. Shal´low-heart•ed a. Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson.

Shal´low•ly, adv. In a shallow manner.

Shal´low•ness, n. Quality or state of being shallow.

Shal´low-pat•ed , a. Shallow- brained.

Shal´low-waist•ed , a. (Naut.) Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; — said of a vessel.

Shalm , n. See Shawm. [Obs.] Knolles.

Shalt , 2d per. sing. of Shall.

Shal´y , a. Resembling shale in structure.

Sham , n. [Originally the same word as shame, hence, a disgrace, a trick. See Shame, n.] 1. That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug. ´A mere sham.´ Bp. Stillingfleet. “Believe who will the solemn sham, not I.” Addison. 2. A false front, or removable ornamental covering. Pillow sham, a covering to be laid on a pillow.

Sham, a. False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as a sham fight. “They scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians.” Jowett (Thucyd)

Sham, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shammed p. pr. & vb. n. Shamming.] 1. To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses. “Fooled and shammed into a conviction.” L’Estrange. 2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. [R.] “We must have a care that we do not … sham fallacies upon the world for current reason.” L’Estrange. 3. To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign. To sham Abram or Abraham, to feign sickness; to malinger. Hence a malingerer is called, in sailors’ cant, Sham Abram, or Sham Abraham.

Sham, v. i. To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose. “Wondering … whether those who lectured him were such fools as they professed to be, or were only shamming.” Macaulay.

Sha´ma , n. [Hind. shama.] (Zoöl.) A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut.

Sha´man , n. [From the native name.] A priest of Shamanism; a wizard among the Shamanists.

Sha•man´ic , a. Of or pertaining to Shamanism.

Sha´man•ism , n. The type of religion which once prevalied among all the Ural-Altaic peoples (Tungusic, Mongol, and Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially the good spirits of ancestors. Encyc. Brit.

Sha´man•ist, n. An adherent of Shamanism.

Sham´ble , n. [OE. schamel a bench, stool, AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum a bench, stool.] 1. (Mining) One of a succession of niches or platforms, one above another, to hold ore which is thrown successively from platform to platform, and thus raised to a higher level. 2. pl. A place where butcher’s meat is sold. “As summer flies are in the shambles.” Shak. 3. pl. A place for slaughtering animals for meat. “To make a shambles of the parliament house.” Shak.

Sham´ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shambled p. pr. & vb. n. Shambling ] [Cf. OD. schampelen to slip, schampen to slip away, escape. Cf. Scamble, Scamper.] To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along.

Sham´bling , a. Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as a shambling trot; shambling legs.

Sham´bling, n. An awkward, irregular gait.

Shame , n. [OE. shame, schame, AS. scamu, sceamu; akin to OS. & OHG. scama, G. scham, Icel. skömm, shkamm, Sw. & Dan. skam, D. & G. schande, Goth. skanda shame, skaman sik to be ashamed; perhaps from a root skam meaning to cover, and akin to the root (kam) of G. hemd shirt, E. chemise. Cf. Sham.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal. “HIde, for shame,
Romans, your grandsires’ images,
That blush at their degenerate progeny.” Dryden. “Have you no modesty, no maiden shame?” Shak. 2. Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt. “Ye have borne the shame of the heathen.” Ezek. xxxvi. 6. “Honor and shame from no condition rise.” Pope. “And every woe a tear can claim
Except an erring sister’s shame.” Byron. 3. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace. “O Csar, what a wounding shame is this!” Shak. “Guides who are the shame of religion.” Shak. 4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private parts. Isa. xlvii. 3. For shame! you should be ashamed; shame on you! — To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to humiliate; to disgrace. ´Let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil.´ Ps. xl. 14.

Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shamed p. pr. & vb. n. Shaming.] 1. To make ashamed; to excite in (a person) a comsciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of conduct derogatory to reputation; to put to shame. “Were there but one righteous in the world, he would … shame the world, and not the world him.” South. 2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to dishonor; to disgrace. “And with foul cowardice his carcass shame.” Spenser. 3. To mock at; to deride. [Obs. or R.] “Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor.” Ps. xiv. 6.

Shame, v. i. [AS. scamian, sceamian. See Shame, n.] To be ashamed; to feel shame. [R.] “I do shame
To think of what a noble strain you are.” Shak.

Shame´faced , a. [For shamefast; AS. scamfaest. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.] Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful; modest. “Your shamefaced virtue shunned the people’s prise.” Dryden. Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to its present orthography. Trench. — Shame´faced, adv. — Shame´faced•ness, n.

Shame´fast , a. [AS. scamfaest.] Modest; shamefaced. — Shame´fast•ly, adv. — Shame´fast•ness, n. [Archaic] See Shamefaced. “Shamefast she was in maiden shamefastness.” Chaucer. “[Conscience] is a blushing shamefast spirit.” Shak. “Modest apparel with shamefastness.” 1 Tim. ii. 9 (Rev. Ver.).

Shame´ful , a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; disgraceful. “His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat.” Arbuthnot. 2. Exciting the feeling of shame in others; indecent; as a shameful picture; a shameful sight. Spenser. Syn. — Disgraceful; reproachful; indecent; unbecoming; degrading; scandalous; ignominious; infamous. — Shame´ful•ly, adv. — Shame´ful•ness, n.

Shame´less, a. [AS. scamleás.] 1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; brazen-faced; insensible to disgrace. ´Such shameless bards we have.´ Pope. “Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless.” Shak. 2. Indicating want of modesty, or sensibility to disgrace; indecent; as a shameless picture or poem. Syn. — Impudent; unblushing; audacious; immodest; indecent; indelicate. — Shame´less•ly, adv. — Shame´less•ness, n.

Shame´-proof , n. Shameless. Shak.

Sham´er , n. One who, or that which, disgraces, or makes ashamed. Beau. & Fl.

Sham´mer , n. One who shams; an impostor. Johnson.

Sham´my , n. [F. chamious a chamois, shammy leather. See Chamois.] 1. (Zoöl.) The chamois. 2. A soft, pliant leather, prepared originally from the skin of the chamois, but now made also from the skin of the sheep, goat, kid, deer, and calf. See Shamoying. [Written also chamois, shamoy, and shamois.] { Sham´ois , Sham´oy } , n. See Shammy.

Sha•moy´ing , n. [See Shammy.] A process used in preparing certain kinds of leather, which consists in frizzing the skin, and working oil into it to supply the place of the astringent (tannin, alum, or the like) ordinarily used in tanning.

Sham•poo´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shampooed p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] [Hind. champna to press, to squeeze.] [Writing also champoo.] 1. To press or knead the whole surface of the body of (a person), and at the same time to stretch the limbs and joints, in connection with the hot bath. 2. To wash throughly and rub the head of (a person), with the fingers, using either soap, or a soapy preparation, for the more thorough cleansing.

Sham•poo´, n. The act of shampooing.

Sham•poo´er , n. One who shampoos.

Sham´rock , n. [L. seamrog, seamar, trefoil, white clover, white honeysuckle; akin to Gael. seamrag.] (Bot.) A trifoliate plant used as a national emblem by the Irish. The legend is that St. Patrick once plucked a leaf of it for use in illustrating the doctrine of the trinity. The original plant was probably a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetocella); but now the name is given to the white clover (Trifolium repens), and the black medic (Medicago lupulina).

Shan´dry•dan , n. A jocosely depreciative name for a vehicle. [Ireland]

Shan´dy•gaff , n. A mixture of strong beer and ginger beer. [Eng.]

Shang•hai´ , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shanghaied p. pr. & vb. n. Shanghaiing.] To intoxicate and ship (a person) as a sailor while in this condition. [Written also shanghae.] [Slang, U.S.]

Shang•hai´ , n. (Zoöl.) A large and tall breed of domestic fowl.

Shank , n. (Zoöl.) See Chank.

Shank, n. [OE. shanke, schanke, schonke, AS. scanca, sceanca, sconca, sceonca; akin to D. schonk a bone, G. schenkel thigh, shank, schinken ham, OHG. scincha shank, Dan. & Sw. skank. rad.161. Cf. Skink, v.] 1. The part of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin; the shin bone; also the whole leg. “His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank.” Shak. 2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, or other thing, which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. Specifically: (a) That part of a key which is between the bow and the part which enters the wards of the lock. (b) The middle part of an anchor, or that part which is between the ring and the arms. See Illustr. of Anchor. (c) That part of a hoe, rake, knife, or the like, by which it is secured to a handle. (d) A loop forming an eye to a button. 3. (Arch.) The space between two channels of the Doric triglyph. Gwilt. 4. (Founding) A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it. 5. (Print.) The body of a type. 6. (Shoemaking) The part of the sole beneath the instep connecting the broader front part with the heel. 7. (Zoöl.) A wading bird with long legs; as the green-legged shank, or knot; the yellow shank, or tattler; — called also shanks. 8. pl. Flat-nosed pliers, used by opticians for nipping off the edges of pieces of glass to make them round. Shank painter (Naut.), a short rope or chain which holds the shank of an anchor against the side of a vessel when it is secured for a voyage. — To ride shank’s mare, to go on foot; to walk.

Shank, v. i. To fall off, as a leaf, flower, or capsule, on account of disease affecting the supporting footstalk; — usually followed by off. Darwin.

Shank´beer , n. See Schenkbeer.

Shanked , a. Having a shank.

Shank´er , n. (Med.) See Chancre.

Shan´ny , n.; pl. Shannies (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European smooth blenny (Blennius pholis). It is olive-green with irregular black spots, and without appendages on the head.

Shan’t A contraction of shall not. [Colloq.]

Shan´ty , a. Jaunty; showy. [Prov. Eng.]

Shan´ty, n.;pl. Shanties (#). [Said to be fr. Ir. sean old + tig. a house.] A small, mean dwelling; a rough, slight building for temporary use; a hut.

Shan´ty, v. i. To inhabit a shanty. S. H. Hammond.

Shap´a•ble , a. 1. That may be shaped. 2. Shapely. [R.] ´Round and shapable.´ De Foe.

Shape (shap), v. t. [imp. Shaped (shapt); p. p. Shaped or Shapen (shap´’n); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaping.] [OE. shapen, schapen, AS. sceapian. The p. p. shapen is from the strong verb, AS. scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, p. p. sceapen. See Shape, n.] 1. To form or create; especially, to mold or make into a particular form; to give proper form or figure to. “I was shapen in iniquity.” Ps. li. 5. “Grace shaped her limbs, and beauty decked her face.” Prior. 2. To adapt to a purpose; to regulate; to adjust; to direct; as to shape the course of a vessel. “To the stream, when neither friends, nor force,
Nor speed nor art avail, he shapes his course.” Denham. “Charmed by their eyes, their manners I acquire,
And shape my foolishness to their desire.” Prior. 3. To image; to conceive; to body forth. “Oft my jealousy
Shapes faults that are not.” Shak. 4. To design; to prepare; to plan; to arrange. “When shapen was all this conspiracy,
From point to point.” Chaucer. Shaping machine. (Mach.) Same as Shaper. — To shape one’s self, to prepare; to make ready. [Obs.] “I will early shape me therefor.” Chaucer.

Shape (shap), v. i. To suit; to be adjusted or conformable. [R.] Shak.

Shape, n. [OE. shap, schap, AS. sceap in gesceap creation, creature, fr. the root of scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, to shape, to do, to effect; akin to OS. giskeppian, OFries. skeppa, D. scheppen, G. schaffen, OHG. scaffan, scepfen, skeffen, Icer. skapa, skepja, Dan. skabe, skaffe, Sw. skapa, skaffa, Goth. gaskapjan, and perhaps to E. shave, v. Cf. -ship.] 1. Character or construction of a thing as determining its external appearance; outward aspect; make; figure; form; guise; as the shape of a tree; the shape of the head; an elegant shape. “He beat me grievously, in the shape of a woman.” Shak. 2. That which has form or figure; a figure; an appearance; a being. “Before the gates three sat,
On either side, a formidable shape.” Milton. 3. A model; a pattern; a mold. 4. Form of embodiment, as in words; form, as of thought or conception; concrete embodiment or example, as of some quality. Milton. 5. Dress for disguise; guise. [Obs.] “Look better on this virgin, and consider
This Persian shape laid by, and she appearing
In a Greekish dress.” Messinger. 6. (Iron Manuf.) (a) A rolled or hammered piece, as a bar, beam, angle iron, etc., having a cross section different from merchant bar. (b) A piece which has been roughly forged nearly to the form it will receive when completely forged or fitted. To take shape, to assume a definite form.

Shape´less, a. Destitute of shape or regular form; wanting symmetry of dimensions; misshapen; — opposed to shapely. — Shape´less•ness, n. “The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice.” Pope.

Shape´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being shapely.

Shape´ly, a. [Compar. Shapelier superl. Shapeliest.] 1. Well-formed; having a regular shape; comely; symmetrical. T. Warton. “Waste sandy valleys, once perplexed with thorn,
The spiry fir and shapely box adorn.” Pope. “Where the shapely column stood.” Couper. 2. Fit; suitable. [Obs.] “Shaply for to be an alderman.” Chaucer.

Shap´er , n. 1. One who shapes; as the shaper of one’s fortunes. “The secret of those old shapers died with them.” Lowell. 2. That which shapes; a machine for giving a particular form or outline to an object. Specifically; (a) (Metal Working) A kind of planer in which the tool, instead of the work, receives a reciprocating motion, usually from a crank. (b) (Wood Working) A machine with a vertically revolving cutter projecting above a flat table top, for cutting irregular outlines, moldings, etc.

Sha´poo , n. (Zoöl.) The oörial.

Shard (shärd), n. A plant; chard. [Obs.] Dryden.

Shard, n. [AS. sceard, properly a p. p. from the root of scearn to shear, to cut; akin to D. schaard a fragment, G. scharte a notch, Icel. skarð. See Shear, and cf. Sherd.] [Written also sheard, and sherd.] 1. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or a like brittle substance, as the shell of an egg or snail. Shak. “The precious dish
Broke into shards of beauty on the board.” E. Arnold. 2. (Zoöl.) The hard wing case of a beetle. “They are his shards, and he their beetle.” Shak. 3. A gap in a fence. [Obs.] Stanyhurst. 4. A boundary; a division. [Obs. & R.] Spenser.

Shard´-borne , a. Borne on shards or scaly wing cases. ´The shard-borne beetle.´ Shak.

Shard´ed, a. (Zoöl.) Having elytra, as a beetle.

Shard´y , a. Having, or consisting of, shards.

Share , n. [OE. schar, AS. scear; akin to OHG. scaro, G. schar, pflugshar, and E. shear, v. See Shear.] 1. The part (usually an iron or steel plate) of a plow which cuts the ground at the bottom of a furrow; a plowshare. 2. The part which opens the ground for the reception of the seed, in a machine for sowing seed. Knight.

Share, n. [OE. share, AS. scearu, scaru, fr. sceran to shear, cut. See Shear, v.] 1. A certain quantity; a portion; a part; a division; as a small share of prudence. 2. Especially, the part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a number; a portion among others; an apportioned lot; an allotment; a dividend. ´My share of fame.´ Dryden. 3. Hence, one of a certain number of equal portions into which any property or invested capital is divided; as a ship owned in ten shares. 4. The pubes; the sharebone. [Obs.] Holland. To go shares, to partake; to be equally concerned. — Share and share alike, in equal shares.

Share, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shared p. pr. & vb. n. Sharing.] 1. To part among two or more; to distribute in portions; to divide. “Suppose I share my fortune equally between my children and a stranger.” Swift. 2. To partake of, use, or experience, with others; to have a portion of; to take and possess in common; as to share a shelter with another. “While avarice and rapine share the land.” Milton. 3. To cut; to shear; to cleave; to divide. [Obs.] “The shared visage hangs on equal sides.” Dryden.

Share , v. i. To have part; to receive a portion; to partake, enjoy, or suffer with others. “A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the goods of his father.” Locke.

Share´beam , n. The part of the plow to which the share is attached.

Share´bone , n. (Anat.) The public bone.

Share´bro•ker , n. A broker who deals in railway or other shares and securities.

Share´hold•er , n. One who holds or owns a share or shares in a joint fund or property.

Shar´er , n. One who shares; a participator; a partaker; also a divider; a distributer.

Share´wort , n. (Bot.) A composite plant (Aster Tripolium) growing along the seacoast of Europe.

Shark , n. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps through OF. fr. carcharus a kind of dogfish, Gr. karchari•as, so called from its sharp teeth, fr. ka•rcharos having sharp or jagged teeth; or perhaps named from its rapacity (cf. Shark, v. t. & i.); cf. Corn. scarceas.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of elasmobranch fishes of the order Plagiostomi, found in all seas. Some sharks, as the basking shark and the whale shark, grow to an enormous size, the former becoming forty feet or more, and the latter sixty feet or more, in length. Most of them are harmless to man, but some are exceedingly voracious. The man-eating sharks mostly belong to the genera Carcharhinus, Carcharodon, and related genera. They have several rows of large sharp teeth with serrated edges, as the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias or Rondeleti) of tropical seas and the great blue shark (Carcharhinus glaucus) of all tropical and temperate seas. The former sometimes becomes thirty-six feet long, and is the most voracious and dangerous species known. The rare man-eating shark of the United States coast (Charcarodon Atwoodi) is thought by some to be a variety, or the young, of C. carcharias. The dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), and the smaller blue shark (C. caudatus), both common species on the coast of the United States, are of moderate size and not dangerous. They feed on shellfish and bottom fishes. 2. A rapacious, artful person; a sharper. [Colloq.] 3. Trickery; fraud; petty rapine; as to live upon the shark. [Obs.] South. Baskin shark, Liver shark, Nurse shark, Oil shark, Sand shark, Tiger shark, etc. See under Basking, Liver, etc. See also Dogfish, Houndfish, Notidanian, and Tope. — Gray shark, the sand shark. — Hammer-headed shark. See Hammerhead. — Port Jackson shark. See Cestraciont. — Shark barrow, the eggcase of a shark; a sea purse. — Shark ray. Same as Angel fish (a), under Angel. — Thrasher shark, or Thresher shark, a large, voracious shark. See Thrasher. — Whale shark, a huge harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) of the Indian Ocean. It becomes sixty feet or more in length, but has very small teeth.

Shark, v. t. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. shark, n., or perhaps related to E. shear (as hearken to hear), and originally meaning, to clip off. Cf. Shirk.] To pick or gather indiscriminately or covertly. [Obs.] Shak.

Shark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sharked p. pr. & vb. n. Sharking.] 1. To play the petty thief; to practice fraud or trickery; to swindle. “Neither sharks for a cup or a reckoning.” Bp. Earle. 2. To live by shifts and stratagems. Beau. & Fl.

Shark´er , n. One who lives by sharking.

Shark´ing, n. Petty rapine; trick; also seeking a livelihood by shifts and dishonest devices.

Shar´ock , n. An East Indian coin of the value of 12½ pence sterling, or about 25 cents.

Sharp , a. [Compar. Sharper superl. Sharpest.] [OE. sharp, scharp, scarp, AS. scearp; akin to OS. skarp, LG. scharp, D. scherp, G. scharf, Dan. & Sw. skarp, Icel. skarpr. Cf. Escarp, Scrape, Scorpion.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point; of a nature to cut or pierce easily; not blunt or dull; keen. “He dies upon my scimeter’s sharp point.” Shak. 2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse or rounded; somewhat pointed or edged; peaked or ridged; as a sharp hill; sharp features. 3. Affecting the sense as if pointed or cutting, keen, penetrating, acute: to the taste or smell, pungent, acid, sour, as ammonia has a sharp taste and odor; to the hearing, piercing, shrill, as a sharp sound or voice; to the eye, instantaneously brilliant, dazzling, as a sharp flash. 4. (Mus.) (a) High in pitch; acute; as a sharp note or tone. (b) Raised a semitone in pitch; as C sharp (C&sharp;), which is a half step, or semitone, higher than C. (c) So high as to be out of tune, or above true pitch; as the tone is sharp; that instrument is sharp. Opposed in all these senses to flat. 5. Very trying to the feelings; piercing; keen; severe; painful; distressing; as sharp pain, weather; a sharp and frosty air. “Sharp misery had worn him to the bones.” Shak. “The morning sharp and clear.” Cowper. “In sharpest perils faithful proved.” Keble. 6. Cutting in language or import; biting; sarcastic; cruel; harsh; rigorous; severe; as a sharp rebuke. ´That sharp look.´ Tennyson. “To that place the sharp Athenian law
Can not pursue us.” Shak. “Be thy words severe,
Sharp as merits but the sword forbear.” Dryden. 7. Of keen perception; quick to discern or distinguish; having nice discrimination; acute; penetrating; sagacious; clever; as a sharp eye; sharp sight, hearing, or judgment. “Nothing makes men sharper … than want.” Addison. “Many other things belong to the material world, wherein the sharpest philosophers have never ye arrived at clear and distinct ideas.” L. Watts. 8. Eager in pursuit; keen in quest; impatient for gratification; keen; as a sharp appetite. 9. Fierce; ardent; fiery; violent; impetuous. ´In sharp contest of battle.´ Milton. “A sharp assault already is begun.” Dryden. 10. Keenly or unduly attentive to one’s own interest; close and exact in dealing; shrewd; as a sharp dealer; a sharp customer. “The necessity of being so sharp and exacting.” Swift. 11. Composed of hard, angular grains; gritty; as sharp sand. Moxon. 12. Steep; precipitous; abrupt; as a sharp ascent or descent; a sharp turn or curve. 13. (Phonetics) Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, without voice, as certain consonants, such as p, k, t, f; surd; nonvocal; aspirated. Sharp is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as sharp-cornered, sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp-tasted, sharp-visaged, etc. Sharp practice, the getting of an advantage, or the attempt to do so, by a tricky expedient. — To brace sharp, or To sharp up (Naut.), to turn the yards to the most oblique position possible, that the ship may lie well up to the wind. Syn. — Keen; acute; piercing; penetrating; quick; sagacious; discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious; sour; acid; tart; pungent; acrid; severe; poignant; biting; acrimonious; sarcastic; cutting; bitter; painful; afflictive; violent; harsh; fierce; ardent; fiery.

Sharp , adv. 1. To a point or edge; piercingly; eagerly; sharply. M. Arnold. “The head [of a spear] full sharp yground.” Chaucer. “You bite so sharp at reasons.” Shak. 2. Precisely; exactly; as we shall start at ten o’clock sharp. [Colloq.] Look sharp, attend; be alert. [Colloq.]

Sharp, n. 1. A sharp tool or weapon. [Obs.] “If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen would be contented with a rubber at cuffs.” Collier. 2. (Mus.) (a) The character [&sharp;] used to indicate that the note before which it is placed is to be raised a half step, or semitone, in pitch. (b) A sharp tone or note. Shak. 3. A portion of a stream where the water runs very rapidly. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. 4. A sewing needle having a very slender point; a needle of the most pointed of the three grades, blunts, betweens, and sharps. 5. pl. Same as Middlings, 1. 6. An expert. [Slang]

Sharp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sharped p. pr. & vb. n. Sharping.] 1. To sharpen. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Mus.) To raise above the proper pitch; to elevate the tone of; especially, to raise a half step, or semitone, above the natural tone.

Sharp, v. i. 1. To play tricks in bargaining; to act the sharper. L’Estrange. 2. (Mus.) To sing above the proper pitch.

Sharp-cut , a. Cut sharply or definitely, or so as to make a clear, well-defined impression, as the lines of an engraved plate, and the like; clear-cut; hence, having great distinctness; well-defined; clear.

Sharp´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sarpened p. pr. & vb. n. Sharpening.] [See Sharp, a.] To make sharp. Specifically: (a) To give a keen edge or fine point to; to make sharper; as to sharpen an ax, or the teeth of a saw. (b) To render more quick or acute in perception; to make more ready or ingenious. “The air … sharpened his visual ray
To objects distant far.” Milton. “He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill.” Burke. (c) To make more eager; as to sharpen men’s desires. “Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.” Shak. (d) To make more pungent and intense; as to sharpen a pain or disease. (e) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe. ´Sharpen each word.´ E. Smith. (f) To render more shrill or piercing. “Inclosures not only preserve sound, but increase and sharpen it.” Bacon. (g) To make more tart or acid; to make sour; as the rays of the sun sharpen vinegar. (h) (Mus.) To raise, as a sound, by means of a sharp; to apply a sharp to.

Sharp´en, v. i. To grow or become sharp.

Sharp´er , n. A person who bargains closely, especially, one who cheats in bargains; a swinder; also a cheating gamester. “Sharpers, as pikes, prey upon their own kind.” L’Estrange. Syn. — Swindler; cheat; deceiver; trickster; rogue. See Swindler.

Sharp´ie , n. (Naut.) A long, sharp, flat-bottomed boat, with one or two masts carrying a triangular sail. They are often called Fair Haven sharpies, after the place on the coast of Connecticut where they originated. [Local, U.S.]

Sharp´ling , n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback. [Prov. Eng.]

Sharp´ly, adv. In a sharp manner,; keenly; acutely. “They are more sharply to be chastised and reformed than the rude Irish.” Spenser. “The soldiers were sharply assailed with wants.” Hayward. “You contract your eye when you would see sharply.” Bacon.

Sharp´ness, n. [AS. scearpness.] The quality or condition of being sharp; keenness; acuteness.

Sharp´saw , n. (Zoöl.) The great titmouse; — so called from its harsh call notes. [Prov. Eng.]

Sharp´-set , a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratification; affected by keen hunger; ravenous; as an eagle or a lion sharp-set. “The town is sharp-set on new plays.” Pope.

Sharp´shoot•er , n. One skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; a good marksman.

Sharp´shoot•ing, n. A shooting with great precision and effect; hence, a keen contest of wit or argument.

Sharp´-sight•ed , a. Having quick or acute sight; — used literally and figuratively. — Sharp•-sight•ed•ness, n.

Sharp´tail , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The pintail grouse, or prairie chicken.

Sharp´-wit•ted , a. Having an acute or nicely discerning mind.

Shash , n. [See Sash.] 1. The scarf of a turban. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A sash. [Obs.] { Shas´ter , Shas´tra } n. [Skr. castra an order or command, a sacred book, fr. cas to order, instruct, govern. Cf. Sastra.] A treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindoos; a book of institutes; especially, a treatise explaining the Vedas. [Written also sastra.]

Shath´mont , n. A shaftment. [Scot.]

Shat´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shattered p. pr. & vb. n. Shattering.] [OE. schateren, scateren, to scatter, to dash, AS. scateran; cf. D. schateren to crack, to make a great noise, OD. schetteren to scatter, to burst, to crack. Cf. Scatter.] 1. To break at once into many pieces; to dash, burst, or part violently into fragments; to rend into splinters; as an explosion shatters a rock or a bomb; too much steam shatters a boiler; an oak is shattered by lightning. “A monarchy was shattered to pieces, and divided amongst revolted subjects.” Locke. 2. To disorder; to derange; to render unsound; as to be shattered in intellect; his constitution was shattered; his hopes were shattered. “A man of a loose, volatile, and shattered humor.” Norris. 3. To scatter about. [Obs.] “Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.” Milton.

Shat´ter, v. i. To be broken into fragments; to fall or crumble to pieces by any force applied. “Some fragile bodies break but where the force is; some shatter and fly in many places.” Bacon.

Shat´ter, n. A fragment of anything shattered; — used chiefly or soley in the phrase into shatters; as to break a glass into shatters. Swift. { Shat´ter-brained• , Shat´ter-pat•ed } a. Disordered or wandering in intellect; hence, heedless; wild. J. Goodman.

Shat´ter•y , a. Easily breaking into pieces; not compact; loose of texture; brittle; as shattery spar.

Shave , obs. p. p. of Shave. Chaucer. “His beard was shave as nigh as ever he can.” Chaucer.

Shave, v. t. [imp. Shaved p. p. Shaved or Shaven ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaving.] [OE. shaven, schaven, AS. scafan, sceafan; akin to D. schaven, G. schaben, Icel. skafa, Sw. skafva, Dan. skave, Goth. scaban, Russ. kopate to dig, Gr. , and probably to L. scabere to scratch, to scrape. Cf. Scab, Shaft, Shape.] 1. To cut or pare off from the surface of a body with a razor or other edged instrument; to cut off closely, as with a razor; as to shave the beard. 2. To make bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface, or surface covering, of; especially, to remove the hair from with a razor or other sharp instrument; to take off the beard or hair of; as to shave the face or the crown of the head; he shaved himself. “I’ll shave your crown for this.” Shak. “The laborer with the bending scythe is seen
Shaving the surface of the waving green.” Gay. 3. To cut off thin slices from; to cut in thin slices. “Plants bruised or shaven in leaf or root.” Bacon. 4. To skim along or near the surface of; to pass close to, or touch lightly, in passing. “Now shaves with level wing the deep.” Milton. 5. To strip; to plunder; to fleece. [Colloq.] To shave a note, to buy it at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest, or to deduct in discounting it more than the legal rate allows. [Cant, U.S.]

Shave , v. i. To use a razor for removing the beard; to cut closely; hence, to be hard and severe in a bargain; to practice extortion; to cheat.

Shave , n. [AS. scafa, sceafa, a sort of knife. See Shave, v. t.] 1. A thin slice; a shaving. Wright. 2. A cutting of the beard; the operation of shaving. 3. (a) An exorbitant discount on a note. [Cant, U.S.] (b) A premium paid for an extension of the time of delivery or payment, or for the right to vary a stock contract in any particular. [Cant, U.S.] N. Biddle. 4. A hand tool consisting of a sharp blade with a handle at each end; a drawing knife; a spokeshave. 5. The act of passing very near to, so as almost to graze; as the bullet missed by a close shave. [Colloq.] Shave grass (Bot.), the scouring rush. See the Note under Equisetum. — Shave hook, a tool for scraping metals, consisting of a sharp- edged triangular steel plate attached to a shank and handle.

Shave´ling , n. A man shaved; hence, a monk, or other religious; — used in contempt. “I am no longer a shaveling than while my frock is on my back.” Sir W. Scott.

Shav´er , n. 1. One who shaves; one whose occupation is to shave. 2. One who is close in bargains; a sharper. Swift. 3. One who fleeces; a pillager; a plunderer. “By these shavers the Turks were stripped.” Knolles. 4. A boy; a lad; a little fellow. [Colloq.] ´These unlucky little shavers.´ Salmagundi. “As I have mentioned at the door to this young shaver, I am on a chase in the name of the king.” Dickens. 5. (Mech.) A tool or machine for shaving. A note shaver, a person who buys notes at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest. [Cant, U.S.]

Shav´ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shaves; specifically, the act of cutting off the beard with a razor. 2. That which is shaved off; a thin slice or strip pared off with a shave, a knife, a plane, or other cutting instrument. ´Shaving of silver.´ Chaucer. Shaving brush, a brush used in lathering the face preparatory to shaving it.

Shaw (sha), n. [OE. schawe, scha&yogh;e, thicket, grove, AS. scaga; akin to Dan. skov, Sw. skog, Icel. skogr.] 1. A thicket; a small wood or grove. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. “Gaillard he was as goldfinch in the shaw.” Chaucer. “The green shaws, the merry green woods.” Howitt. 2. pl. The leaves and tops of vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Shaw´fowl, n. [Scot. schaw, shaw, show + fowl.] The representation or image of a fowl made by fowlers to shoot at. Johnson.

Shawl , n. [Per. & Hind. shal: cf. F. châle.] A square or oblong cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or other textile or netted fabric, used, especially by women, as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. India shawl, a kind of rich shawl made in India from the wool of the Cashmere goat. It is woven in pieces, which are sewed together. — Shawl goat (Zoöl.), the Cashmere goat.

Shawl, v. t. To wrap in a shawl. Thackeray.

Shawm , n. [OE. shalmie, OF. chalemie; cf. F. chalumeau shawm, chaume haulm, stalk; all fr. L. calamus a reed, reed pipe. See Haulm, and cf. Calumet.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of music, formerly in use, supposed to have resembled either the clarinet or the hautboy in form. [Written also shalm, shaum.] Otway. “Even from the shrillest shaum unto the cornamute.” Drayton.

Shaw•nees´ , n. pl.; sing. Shawnee . (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians who occupied Western New York and part of Ohio, but were driven away and widely dispersed by the Iroquois.

Shay , n. A chaise. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

She , pron. [sing. nom. She; poss. Her. or Hers ; obj. Her; pl. nom. They poss. Their or Theirs ; obj. Them ] [OE. she, sche, scheo, scho, AS. seó, fem. of the definite article, originally a demonstrative pronoun; cf. OS. siu, D. zij, G. sie, OHG. siu, si, si, Icel. su, sja, Goth. si she, so, fem. article, Russ. siia, fem., this, Gr. , fem. article, Skr. sa, sya. The possessive her or hers, and the objective her, are from a different root. See Her.] 1. This or that female; the woman understood or referred to; the animal of the female sex, or object personified as feminine, which was spoken of. “She loved her children best in every wise.” Chaucer. “Then Sarah denied, … for she was afraid.” Gen. xviii. 15. 2. A woman; a female; — used substantively. [R.] “Lady, you are the cruelest she alive.” Shak. She is used in composition with nouns of common gender, for female, to denote an animal of the female sex; as a she-bear; a she-cat.

Shead´ing , n. [From AS. scadan, sceádan, to separate, divide. See Shed, v. t.] A tithing, or division, in the Isle of Man, in which there is a coroner, or chief constable. The island is divided into six sheadings.

Sheaf , n. (Mech.) A sheave. [R.]

Sheaf, n.; pl. Sheaves (#). [OE. sheef, shef, schef, AS. sceáf; akin to D. schoof, OHG. scoub, G. schaub, Icel. skauf a fox’s brush, and E. shove. See Shove.] 1. A quantity of the stalks and ears of wheat, rye, or other grain, bound together; a bundle of grain or straw. “The reaper fills his greedy hands,
And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands.” Dryden. 2. Any collection of things bound together; a bundle; specifically, a bundle of arrows sufficient to fill a quiver, or the allowance of each archer, — usually twenty-four. “The sheaf of arrows shook and rattled in the case.” Dryden.

Sheaf, v. t. To gather and bind into a sheaf; to make into sheaves; as to sheaf wheat.

Sheaf , v. i. To collect and bind cut grain, or the like; to make sheaves. “They that reap must sheaf and bind.” Shak.

Sheaf´y , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a sheaf or sheaves; resembling a sheaf.

Sheal , n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

Sheal, v. t. To put under a sheal or shelter. [Scot.]

Sheal, v. t. [See Shell.] To take the husks or pods off from; to shell; to empty of its contents, as a husk or a pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson. “That’s a shealed peascod.” Shak.

Sheal, n. A shell or pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sheal´ing, n. The outer husk, pod, or shell, as of oats, pease, etc.; sheal; shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sheal´ing, n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

Shear , v. t. [imp. Sheared or Shore ;p. p. Sheared or Shorn ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shearing.] [OE. sheren, scheren, to shear, cut, shave, AS. sceran, scieran, scyran; akin to D. & G. scheren, Icel. skera, Dan. skire, Gr. . Cf. Jeer, Score, Shard, Share, Sheer to turn aside.] 1. To cut, clip, or sever anything from with shears or a like instrument; as to shear sheep; to shear cloth. It is especially applied to the cutting of wool from sheep or their skins, and the nap from cloth. 2. To separate or sever with shears or a similar instrument; to cut off; to clip (something) from a surface; as to shear a fleece. “Before the golden tresses … were shorn away.” Shak. 3. To reap, as grain. [Scot.] Jamieson. 4. Fig.: To deprive of property; to fleece. 5. (Mech.) To produce a change of shape in by a shear. See Shear, n., 4.

Shear, n. [AS. sceara. See Shear, v. t.] 1. A pair of shears; — now always used in the plural, but formerly also in the singular. See Shears. “On his head came razor none, nor shear.” Chaucer. “Short of the wool, and naked from the shear.” Dryden. 2. A shearing; — used in designating the age of sheep. “After the second shearing, he is a two-shear ram; … at the expiration of another year, he is a three- shear ram; the name always taking its date from the time of shearing.” Youatt. 3. (Engin.) An action, resulting from applied forces, which tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact; — also called shearing stress, and tangential stress. 4. (Mech.) A strain, or change of shape, of an elastic body, consisting of an extension in one direction, an equal compression in a perpendicular direction, with an unchanged magnitude in the third direction. Shear blade, one of the blades of shears or a shearing machine. — Shear hulk. See under Hulk. — Shear steel, a steel suitable for shears, scythes, and other cutting instruments, prepared from fagots of blistered steel by repeated heating, rolling, and tilting, to increase its malleability and fineness of texture.

Shear, v. i. 1. To deviate. See Sheer. 2. (Engin.) To become more or less completely divided, as a body under the action of forces, by the sliding of two contiguous parts relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.

Shear´bill, n. (Zoöl.) The black skimmer. See Skimmer.

Sheard , n. See Shard. [Obs.]

Shear´er , n. 1. One who shears. “Like a lamb dumb before his shearer.” Acts viii. 32. 2. A reaper. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Shear´ing, n. 1. The act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine, as the wool from sheep, or the nap from cloth. 2. The product of the act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine; as the whole shearing of a flock; the shearings from cloth. 3. Same as Shearling. Youatt. 4. The act or operation of reaping. [Scot.] 5. The act or operation of dividing with shears; as the shearing of metal plates. 6. The process of preparing shear steel; tilting. 7. (Mining) The process of making a vertical side cutting in working into a face of coal. Shearing machine. (a) A machine with blades, or rotary disks, for dividing plates or bars of metal. (b) A machine for shearing cloth.

Shear´ling , n. A sheep but once sheared.

Shear´man , n.; pl. Shearmen . One whose occupation is to shear cloth.

Shearn , n. [AS. scearn. Cf. Scarn.] Dung; excrement. [Obs.] [Written also shern.] Holland.

Shears , n. pl. [Formerly used also in the singular. See Shear, n., 1.] 1. A cutting instrument. Specifically: (a) An instrument consisting of two blades, commonly with bevel edges, connected by a pivot, and working on both sides of the material to be cut, — used for cutting cloth and other substances. “Fate urged the shears, and cut the sylph in twain.” Pope. (b) A similar instrument the blades of which are extensions of a curved spring, — used for shearing sheep or skins. (c) A shearing machine; a blade, or a set of blades, working against a resisting edge. 2. Anything in the form of shears. Specifically: (a) A pair of wings. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) An apparatus for raising heavy weights, and especially for stepping and unstepping the lower masts of ships. It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together near the top, steadied by a guy or guys, and furnished with the necessary tackle. [Written also sheers.] 3. (Mach.) The bedpiece of a machine tool, upon which a table or slide rest is secured; as the shears of a lathe or planer. See Illust. under Lathe. Rotary shears. See under Rotary.

Shear´tail , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Thaumastura having a long forked tail.

Shear´wa•ter , n. [Shear + water; cf. G. wassersherer; — so called from its running lightly along the surface of the water.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged oceanic birds of the genus Puffinus and related genera. They are allied to the petrels, but are larger. The Manx shearwater (P. Anglorum), the dusky shearwater (P. obscurus), and the greater shearwater (P. major), are well-known species of the North Atlantic. See Hagdon.

Sheat´fish , n. [Cf. dial. G. scheid, schaid, schaiden.] (Zoöl.) A European siluroid fish (Silurus glanis) allied to the cat-fishes. It is the largest fresh-water fish of Europe, sometimes becoming six feet or more in length. See Siluroid.

Sheath , n. [OE. schethe, AS. scaeð, sceáð, sceð; akin to OS. skeðia, D. scheede, G. scheide, OHG. sceida, Sw. skida, Dan. skede, Icel. skeiðir, pl., and to E. shed, v.t., originally meaning, to separate, to part. See Shed.] 1. A case for the reception of a sword, hunting knife, or other long and slender instrument; a scabbard. “The dead knight’s sword out of his sheath he drew.” Spenser. 2. Any sheathlike covering, organ, or part. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The base of a leaf when sheathing or investing a stem or branch, as in grasses. (b) (Zoöl.) One of the elytra of an insect. Medullary sheath. (Anat.) See under Medullary. — Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. — Sheath knife, a knife with a fixed blade, carried in a sheath. — Sheath of Schwann. (Anat.) See Schwann’s sheath.

Sheath´bill , n. (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of birds composing the genus Chionis, and family Chionidae, native of the islands of the Antarctic seas. They are related to the gulls and the plovers, but more nearly to the latter. The base of the bill is covered with a saddle- shaped horny sheath, and the toes are only slightly webbed. The plumage of both species is white.

Sheathe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheathed p. pr. & vb. n. Sheating.] [Written also sheath.] 1. To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard; to inclose or cover with, or as with, a sheath or case. “The leopard … keeps the claws of his fore feet turned up from the ground, and sheathed in the skin of his toes.” Grew. “’T is in my breast she sheathes her dagger now.” Dryden. 2. To fit or furnish, as with a sheath. Shak. 3. To case or cover with something which protects, as thin boards, sheets of metal, and the like; as to sheathe a ship with copper. 4. To obtund or blunt, as acrimonious substances, or sharp particles. [R.] Arbuthnot. To sheathe the sword, to make peace.

Sheathed , a. 1. Povided with, or inclosed in, sheath. 2. (Bot.) Invested by a sheath, or cylindrical membranaceous tube, which is the base of the leaf, as the stalk or culm in grasses; vaginate.

Sheath´er , n. One who sheathes.

Sheath´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sheatfish.

Sheath´ing , p. pr. & a. from Sheathe. Inclosing with a sheath; as the sheathing leaves of grasses; the sheathing stipules of many polygonaceous plants.

Sheath´ing, n. That which sheathes. Specifically: (a) The casing or covering of a ship’s bottom and sides; the materials for such covering; as copper sheathing. (b) (Arch.) The first covering of boards on the outside wall of a frame house or on a timber roof; also the material used for covering; ceiling boards in general.

Sheath´less , a. Without a sheath or case for covering; unsheathed.

Sheath´-winged , a. (Zoöl.) Having elytra, or wing cases, as a beetle.

Sheath´y , a. Forming or resembling a sheath or case. Sir T. Browne.

She´a tree (Bot.) An African sapotaceous tree (Bassia, or Butyrospermum, Parkii), from the seeds of which a substance resembling butter is obtained; the African butter tree.

Sheave , n. [Akin to OD. schijve orb, disk, wheel, D. schiff, G. scheibe, Icel. skifa a shaving, slice; cf. Gr. a staff. Cf. Shift, v., Shive.] A wheel having a groove in the rim for a rope to work in, and set in a block, mast, or the like; the wheel of a pulley. Sheave hole, a channel cut in a mast, yard, rail, or other timber, in which to fix a sheave.

Sheave, v. t. [See Sheaf of straw.] To gather and bind into a sheaf or sheaves; hence, to collect. Ashmole.

Sheaved , a. Made of straw. [Obs.] Shak.

Sheb´an•der , n. [Per. shahbandar.] A harbor master, or ruler of a port, in the East Indies. [Written also shebunder.]

She•bang´ , n. [Cf. Shebeen.] A jocosely depreciative name for a dwelling or shop. [Slang,U.S.]

She•been´ , n. [Of Irish origin; cf. Ir. seapa a shop.] A low public house; especially, a place where spirits and other excisable liquors are illegally and privately sold. [Ireland]

She•chi´nah , n. See Shekinah.

Sheck´la•ton , n. [Cf. Ciclatoun.] A kind of gilt leather. See Checklaton. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shed , n. [The same word as shade. See Shade.] A slight or temporary structure built to shade or shelter something; a structure usually open in front; an outbuilding; a hut; as a wagon shed; a wood shed. “The first Aletes born in lowly shed.” Fairfax. “Sheds of reeds which summer’s heat repel.” Sandys.

Shed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shedding.] [OE. scheden, schden, to pour, to part, AS. scadan, sceádan, to pert, to separate; akin to OS. skan, OFries. sktha, G. scheiden, OHG. sceidan, Goth. skaidan, and probably to Lith. skëdu I part, separate, L. scindere to cleave, to split, Gr. , Skr. chid, and perch. also to L. caedere to cut. rad.159. Cf. Chisel, Concise, Schism, Sheading, Sheath, Shide.] 1. To separate; to divide. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Robert of Brunne. 2. To part with; to throw off or give forth from one’s self; to emit; to diffuse; to cause to emanate or flow; to pour forth or out; to spill; as the sun sheds light; she shed tears; the clouds shed rain. “Did Romeo’s hand shed Tybalt’s blood?” Shak. “Twice seven consenting years have shed
Their utmost bounty on thy head.” Wordsworth. 3. To let fall; to throw off, as a natural covering of hair, feathers, shell; to cast; as fowls shed their feathers; serpents shed their skins; trees shed leaves. 4. To cause to flow off without penetrating; as a tight roof, or covering of oiled cloth, sheeds water. 5. To sprinkle; to intersperse; to cover. [R.] ´Her hair … is shed with gray.´ B. Jonson. 6. (Weaving) To divide, as the warp threads, so as to form a shed, or passageway, for the shuttle.

Shed, v. i. 1. To fall in drops; to pour. [Obs.] “Such a rain down from the welkin shadde.” Chaucer. 2. To let fall the parts, as seeds or fruit; to throw off a covering or envelope. “White oats are apt to shed most as they lie, and black as they stand.” Mortimer.

Shed, n. 1. A parting; a separation; a division. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] “They say also that the manner of making the shed of newwedded wives’ hair with the iron head of a javelin came up then likewise.” Sir T. North. 2. The act of shedding or spilling; — used only in composition, as in bloodshed. 3. That which parts, divides, or sheds; — used in composition, as in watershed. 4. (Weaving) The passageway between the threads of the warp through which the shuttle is thrown, having a sloping top and bottom made by raising and lowering the alternate threads.

Shed´der , n. 1. One who, or that which, sheds; as a shedder of blood; a shedder of tears. 2. (Zoöl.) A crab in the act of casting its shell, or immediately afterwards while still soft; — applied especially to the edible crabs, which are most prized while in this state.

Shed´ding , n. 1. The act of shedding, separating, or casting off or out; as the shedding of blood. 2. That which is shed, or cast off. [R.] Wordsworth. { Sheel´fa , Shil´fa }, n. (Zoöl.) The chaffinch; — so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.]

Sheel´ing , n. [Icel. skjol a shelter, a cover; akin to Dan. & Sw. skjul.] A hut or small cottage in an exposed or a retired place (as on a mountain or at the seaside) such as is used by shepherds, fishermen, sportsmen, etc.; a summer cottage; also a shed. [Written also sheel, shealing, sheiling, etc.] [Scot.]

Sheel´y , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sheelfa.

Sheen , a. [OE. sehene, AS. sciene, scne, scne, splendid, beautiful; akin to OFries. skne, skne, OS. scni, D. schoon, G. schön, OHG. scni, Goth, skanus, and E. shew; the original meaning being probably, visible, worth seeing. It is not akin to E. shine. See Shew, v. t.] Bright; glittering; radiant; fair; showy; sheeny. [R., except in poetry.] “This holy maiden, that is so bright and sheen.” Chaucer. “Up rose each warrier bold and brave,
Glistening in filed steel and armor sheen.” Fairfax.

Sheen, v. i. To shine; to glisten. [Poetic] “This town,
That, sheening far, celestial seems to be.” Byron.

Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor; glitter. ´Throned in celestial sheen.´ Milton.

Sheen´´ly, adv. Brightly. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Sheen´y , a. Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. ´A sheeny summer morn.´ Tennyson.

Sheep , n. sing. & pl. [OE. shep, scheep, AS. scp, sceáp; akin to OFries. skp, LG. & D. schaap, G. schaf, OHG. scaf, Skr. chaga. rad.295. Cf. Sheepherd.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres, but most numerous in Asia. The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) varies much in size, in the length and texture of its wool, the form and size of its horns, the length of its tail, etc. It was domesticated in prehistoric ages, and many distinct breeds have been produced; as the merinos, celebrated for their fine wool; the Cretan sheep, noted for their long horns; the fat-tailed, or Turkish, sheep, remarkable for the size and fatness of the tail, which often has to be supported on trucks; the Southdowns, in which the horns are lacking; and an Asiatic breed which always has four horns. 2. A weak, bashful, silly fellow. Ainsworth. 3. pl. Fig.: The people of God, as being under the government and protection of Christ, the great Shepherd. Rocky mountain sheep.(Zoöl.) See Bighorn. — Maned sheep. (Zoöl.) See Aoudad. — Sheep bot (Zoöl.), the larva of the sheep botfly. See Estrus. — Sheep dog (Zoöl.), a shepherd dog, or collie. — Sheep laurel (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Kalmia angustifolia) with deep rose-colored flowers in corymbs. — Sheep pest (Bot.), an Australian plant (Acaena ovina) related to the burnet. The fruit is covered with barbed spines, by which it adheres to the wool of sheep. — Sheep run, an extensive tract of country where sheep range and graze. — Sheep’s beard (Bot.), a cichoraceous herb (Urospermum Dalechampii) of Southern Europe; — so called from the conspicuous pappus of the achenes. — Sheep’s bit (Bot.), a European herb (Jasione montana) having much the appearance of scabious. — Sheep pox (Med.), a contagious disease of sheep, characterixed by the development of vesicles or pocks upon the skin. — Sheep scabious. (Bot.) Same as Sheep’s bit. — Sheep shears, shears in which the blades form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand in cutting; — so called because used to cut off the wool of sheep. — Sheep sorrel. (Bot.), a prerennial herb (Rumex Acetosella) growing naturally on poor, dry, gravelly soil. Its leaves have a pleasant acid taste like sorrel. — Sheep’s-wool (Zoöl.), the highest grade of Florida commercial sponges (Spongia equina, variety gossypina). — Sheep tick (Zoöl.), a wingless parasitic insect (Melophagus ovinus) belonging to the Diptera. It fixes its proboscis in the skin of the sheep and sucks the blood, leaving a swelling. Called also sheep pest, and sheep louse. — Sheep walk, a pasture for sheep; a sheep run. — Wild sheep. (Zoöl.) See Argali, Mouflon, and Oörial.

Sheep´back , n. (Geol.) A rounded knoll of rock resembling the back of a sheep. — produced by glacial action. Called also roche moutonnee; — usually in the plural.

Sheep´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a small North American tree of the genus Viburnum (V. Lentago), having white flowers in flat cymes; also the tree itself. Called also nannyberry.

Sheep´bite , v. i. To bite or nibble like a sheep; hence, to practice petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak.

Sheep´bit•er , n. One who practices petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak. “There are political sheepbiters as well as pastoral; betrayers of public trusts as well as of private.” L’Estrange. { Sheep´cot• , Sheep´cote• } n. A small inclosure for sheep; a pen; a fold.

Sheep´-faced , a. Over-bashful; sheepish.

Sheep´fold , n. A fold or pen for sheep; a place where sheep are collected or confined.

Sheep´-head•ed , a. Silly; simple-minded; stupid. Taylor (1630)

Sheep´hook , n. A hook fastened to pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs or necks of their sheep; a shepherd’s crook. Dryden.

Sheep´ish, a. 1. Of or pertaining to sheep. [Obs.] 2. Like a sheep; bashful; over-modest; meanly or foolishly diffident; timorous to excess. “Wanting change of company, he will, when he comes abroad, be a sheepish or conceited creature.” Locke. — Sheep´ish•ly, adv. — Sheep´ish•ness, n.

Sheep´mas•ter , n. A keeper or feeder of sheep; also an owner of sheep. 2 Kings iii. 4.

Sheep´rack , n. (Zoöl.) The starling.

Sheep’s´-eye , n. A modest, diffident look; a loving glance; — commonly in the plural. “I saw her just now give him the languishing eye, as they call it; … of old called the sheep’s-eye.” Wycherley.

Sheep’s-foot , n. A printer’s tool consisting of a metal bar formed into a hammer head at one end and a claw at the other, — used as a lever and hammer.

Sheep´shank , n. (Naut.) A hitch by which a rope may be temporarily shortened.

Sheeps´head , n. [So called because of the fancied resemblance of its head and front teeth to those of a sheep.] (Zoöl.) A large and valuable sparoid food fish (Archosargus, or Diplodus, probatocephalus) found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It often weighs from ten to twelve pounds. The name is also locally, in a loose way, applied to various other fishes, as the butterfish, the fresh-water drumfish, the parrot fish, the porgy, and the moonfish.

Sheep´-shear•er , n. One who shears, or cuts off the wool from, sheep.

Sheep´-shear•ing , n. 1. Act of shearing sheep. 2. A feast at the time of sheep- shearing. Shak.

Sheep´skin , n. 1. The skin of a sheep; or, leather prepared from it. 2. A diploma; — so called because usually written or printed on parchment prepared from the skin of the sheep. [College Cant]

Sheep´split , n. A split of a sheepskin; one of the thin sections made by splitting a sheepskin with a cutting knife or machine.

Sheep´y , a. Resembling sheep; sheepish. Testament of Love.

Sheer , a. [OE. shere, skere, pure, bright, Icel. skrr; akin to skirr, AS. scir, OS. skiri, MHG. schir, G. schier, Dan. skr, Sw. skär, Goth. skeirs clear, and E. shine. rad.157. See Shine, v. i.] 1. Bright; clear; pure; unmixed. ´Sheer ale.´ Shak. “Thou sheer, immaculate, and silver fountain.” Shak. 2. Very thin or transparent; — applied to fabrics; as sheer muslin. 3. Being only what it seems to be; obvious; simple; mere; downright; as sheer folly; sheer nonsense. ´A sheer impossibility.´ De Quincey. “It is not a sheer advantage to have several strings to one’s bow.” M. Arnold. 4. Stright up and down; vertical; prpendicular. “A sheer precipice of a thousand feet.” J. D. Hooker. “It was at least
Nine roods of sheer ascent.” Wordsworth.

Sheer, adv. Clean; quite; at once. [Obs.] Milton.

Sheer, v. t. [See Shear.] To shear. [Obs.] Dryden.

Sheer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sheered p. pr. & vb. n. Sheering.] [D. sheren to shear, cut, withdraw, warp. See Shear.] To decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; to turn aside; to swerve; as a ship sheers from her course; a horse sheers at a bicycle. To sheer off, to turn or move aside to a distance; to move away. — To sheer up, to approach obliquely.

Sheer, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) The longitudinal upward curvature of the deck, gunwale, and lines of a vessel, as when viewed from the side. (b) The position of a vessel riding at single anchor and swinging clear of it. 2. A turn or change in a course. “Give the canoe a sheer and get nearer to the shore.” Cooper. 3. pl. Shears See Shear. Sheer batten (Shipbuilding), a long strip of wood to guide the carpenters in following the sheer plan. — Sheer boom, a boom slanting across a stream to direct floating logs to one side. — Sheer hulk. See Shear hulk, under Hulk. — Sheer plan, or Sheer draught (Shipbuilding), a projection of the lines of a vessel on a vertical longitudinal plane passing through the middle line of the vessel. — Sheer pole (Naut.), an iron rod lashed to the shrouds just above the dead-eyes and parallel to the ratlines. — Sheer strake (Shipbuilding), the strake under the gunwale on the top side. Totten. — To break sheer (Naut.), to deviate from sheer, and risk fouling the anchor.

Sheer´ly , adv. At once; absolutely. [Obs.]

Sheer´wa•ter , n. (Zoöl.) The shearwater.

Sheet , n. [OE. shete, schete, AS. scete, scyte, fr. sceát a projecting corner, a fold in a garment (akin to D. schoot sheet, bosom, lap, G. schoss bosom, lap, flap of a coat, Icel. skaut, Goth. skauts the hem of a garment); originally, that which shoots out, from the root of AS. sceótan to shoot. rad.159. See Shoot, v. t.] In general, a large, broad piece of anything thin, as paper, cloth, etc.; a broad, thin portion of any substance; an expanded superficies. Specifically: (a) A broad piece of cloth, usually linen or cotton, used for wrapping the body or for a covering; especially, one used as an article of bedding next to the body. “He fell into a trance, and saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending unto him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners.” Acts x. 10, 11. “If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me
In one of those same sheets.” Shak. (b) A broad piece of paper, whether folded or unfolded, whether blank or written or printed upon; hence, a letter; a newspaper, etc. (c) A single signature of a book or a pamphlet; in pl., the book itself. “To this the following sheets are intended for a full and distinct answer.” Waterland. (d) A broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or other substance; as a sheet of copper, of glass, or the like; a plate; a leaf. (e) A broad expanse of water, or the like. ´The two beautiful sheets of water.´ Macaulay. (f) A sail. Dryden. (g) (Geol.) An extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded between, or overlying, other strata. 2. [AS. sceáta. See the Etymology above.] (Naut.) (a) A rope or chain which regulates the angle of adjustment of a sail in relation in relation to the wind; — usually attached to the lower corner of a sail, or to a yard or a boom. (b) pl. The space in the forward or the after part of a boat where there are no rowers; as fore sheets; stern sheets. Sheet is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote that the substance to the name of which it is prefixed is in the form of sheets, or thin plates or leaves; as sheet brass, or sheet-brass; sheet glass, or sheet-glass; sheet gold, or sheet-gold; sheet iron, or sheet- iron, etc. A sheet in the wind, half drunk. [Sailors’ Slang] — Both sheets in the wind, very drunk. [Sailors’ Slang] — In sheets, lying flat or expanded; not folded, or folded but not bound; — said especially of printed sheets. — Sheet bend (Naut.), a bend or hitch used for temporarily fastening a rope to the bight of another rope or to an eye. — Sheet lightning, Sheet piling, etc. See under Lightning, Piling, etc.

Sheet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheeting.] 1. To furnish with a sheet or sheets; to wrap in, or cover with, a sheet, or as with a sheet. ´The sheeted dead.´ ´When snow the pasture sheets.´ Shak. 2. To expand, as a sheet. “The star shot flew from the welkin blue,
As it fell from the sheeted sky.” J. R. Drake. To sheet home (Naut.), to haul upon a sheet until the sail is as flat, and the clew as near the wind, as possible.

Sheet´ an´chor [OE. scheten to shoot, AS. sceótan; cf. OE. shoot anchor. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Naut.) A large anchor stowed on shores outside the waist of a vessel; — called also waist anchor. See the Note under Anchor. 2. Anything regarded as a sure support or dependence in danger; the best hope or refuge.

Sheet´ ca´ble (Naut.) The cable belonging to the sheet anchor.

Sheet´ chain´ (Naut.) A chain sheet cable.

Sheet´ful , n.; pl. Sheetfuls . Enough to fill a sheet; as much as a sheet can hold.

Sheet´ing, n. 1. Cotton or linen cloth suitable for bed sheets. It is sometimes made of double width. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A lining of planks or boards (rarely of metal) for protecting an embankment. 3. The act or process of forming into sheets, or flat pieces; also material made into sheets.

Sheik , n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a venerable old man, a chief, fr. shakha to grow or be old.] The head of an Arab family, or of a clan or a tribe; also the chief magistrate of an Arab village. The name is also applied to Mohammedan ecclesiastics of a high grade. [Written also scheik, shaik, sheikh.] { Sheil (shel), Sheil´ing } n. See Sheeling.

Shek´el , n. [Heb. shegel, fr. shagal to weigh.] 1. An ancient weight and coin used by the Jews and by other nations of the same stock. A common estimate makes the shekel equal in weight to about 130 grains for gold, 224 grains for silver, and 450 grains for copper, and the approximate values of the coins are (gold) $5.00, (silver) 60 cents, and (copper half shekel), one and one half cents. 2. pl. A jocose term for money.

She•ki´nah , n. [Heb Talmud shekinah, fr. shakan to inhabit.] The visible majesty of the Divine Presence, especially when resting or dwelling between the cherubim on the mercy seat, in the Tabernacle, or in the Temple of Solomon; — a term used in the Targums and by the later Jews, and adopted by Christians. [Written also Shechinah.] Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Sheld , a. [OE., fr. sheld a shield, probably in allusion to the ornamentation of shields. See Shield.] Variegated; spotted; speckled; piebald. [Prov. Eng.] { Sheld´a•fle , Sheld´a•ple } n. [Perhaps for sheld dapple. Cf. Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.) A chaffinch. [Written also sheldapple, and shellapple.]

Sheld´fowl , n. (Zoöl.) The common sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.]

Shel´drake , n. [Sheld + drake.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large Old World ducks of the genus Tadorna and allied genera, especially the European and Asiatic species. (T. cornuta, or tadorna), which somewhat resembles a goose in form and habit, but breeds in burrows. It has the head and neck greenish black, the breast, sides, and forward part of the back brown, the shoulders and middle of belly black, the speculum green, and the bill and frontal bright red. Called also shelduck, shellduck, sheldfowl, skeelduck, bergander, burrow duck, and links goose. The Australian sheldrake (Tadorna radja) has the head, neck, breast, flanks, and wing coverts white, the upper part of the back and a band on the breast deep chestnut, and the back and tail black. The chestnut sheldrake of Australia (Casarca tadornoides) is varied with black and chestnut, and has a dark green head and neck. The ruddy sheldrake, or Braminy duck (C. rutila), and the white-winged sheldrake (C. leucoptera), are related Asiatic species. 2. Any one of the American mergansers. The name is also loosely applied to other ducks, as the canvasback, and the shoveler.

Shel´duck , n. [Sheld variegated + duck.] (Zoöl.) The sheldrake. [Written also shellduck.]

Shelf , n.; pl. Shelves (#). [OE. shelfe, schelfe, AS. scylfe; akin to G. schelfe, Icel. skjalf. In senses 2 & 3, perhaps a different word (cf. Shelve, v. i.).] 1. (Arch.) A flat tablet or ledge of any material set horizontally at a distance from the floor, to hold objects of use or ornament. 2. A sand bank in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow, and dangerous to ships. “On the tawny sands and shelves.” Milton. “On the secret shelves with fury cast.” Dryden. 3. (Mining) A stratum lying in a very even manner; a flat, projecting layer of rock. 4. (Naut.) A piece of timber running the whole length of a vessel inside the timberheads. D. Kemp. To lay on the shelf, to lay aside as unnecessary or useless; to dismiss; to discard.

Shelf´y , a. 1. Abounding in shelves; full of dangerous shallows. ´A shelfy coast.´ Dryden. 2. Full of strata of rock. [Obs.] “The tillable fields are in some places … so shelfy that the corn hath much ado to fasten its root.” Carew.

Shell , n. [OE. shelle, schelle, AS. scell, scyll; akin to D. shel, Icel. skel, Goth. skalja a tile, and E. skill. Cf. Scale of fishes, Shale, Skill.] 1. A hard outside covering, as of a fruit or an animal. Specifically: (a) The covering, or outside part, of a nut; as a hazelnut shell. (b) A pod. (c) The hard covering of an egg. “Think him as a serpent’s egg, …
And kill him in the shell.” Shak. (d) (Zoöl.) The hard calcareous or chitinous external covering of mollusks, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates. In some mollusks, as the cuttlefishes, it is internal, or concealed by the mantle. also the hard covering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, the tortoise, and the like. (e) (Zoöl.) Hence, by extension, any mollusks having such a covering. 2. (Mil.) A hollow projectile, of various shapes, adapted for a mortar or a cannon, and containing an explosive substance, ignited with a fuse or by percussion, by means of which the projectile is burst and its fragments scattered. See Bomb. 3. The case which holds the powder, or charge of powder and shot, used with breechloading small arms. 4. Any slight hollow structure; a framework, or exterior structure, regarded as not complete or filled in; as the shell of a house. 5. A coarse kind of coffin; also a thin interior coffin inclosed in a more substantial one. Knight. 6. An instrument of music, as a lyre, — the first lyre having been made, it is said, by drawing strings over a tortoise shell. “When Jubal struck the chorded shell.” Dryden. 7. An engraved copper roller used in print works. 8. pl. The husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is often used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc. 9. (Naut.) The outer frame or case of a block within which the sheaves revolve. 10. A light boat the frame of which is covered with thin wood or with paper; as a racing shell. Message shell, a bombshell inside of which papers may be put, in order to convey messages. — Shell bit, a tool shaped like a gouge, used with a brace in boring wood. See Bit, n., 3. — Shell button. (a) A button made of shell. (b) A hollow button made of two pieces, as of metal, one for the front and the other for the back, — often covered with cloth, silk, etc. — Shell cameo, a cameo cut in shell instead of stone. — Shell flower. (Bot.) Same as Turtlehead. — Shell gland. (Zoöl.) (a) A glandular organ in which the rudimentary shell is formed in embryonic mollusks. (b) A glandular organ which secretes the eggshells of various worms, crustacea, mollusks, etc. — Shell gun, a cannon suitable for throwing shells. — Shell ibis (Zoöl.), the openbill of India. — Shell jacket, an undress military jacket. — Shell lime, lime made by burning the shells of shellfish. — Shell marl (Min.), a kind of marl characterized by an abundance of shells, or fragments of shells. — Shell meat, food consisting of shellfish, or testaceous mollusks. Fuller. — Shell mound. See under Mound. — Shell of a boiler, the exterior of a steam boiler, forming a case to contain the water and steam, often inclosing also flues and the furnace; the barrel of a cylindrical, or locomotive, boiler. — Shell road, a road of which the surface or bed is made of shells, as oyster shells. — Shell sand, minute fragments of shells constituting a considerable part of the seabeach in some places.

Shell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shelled p. pr. & vb. n. Shelling.] 1. To strip or break off the shell of; to take out of the shell, pod, etc.; as to shell nuts or pease; to shell oysters. 2. To separate the kernels of (an ear of Indian corn, wheat, oats, etc.) from the cob, ear, or husk. 3. To throw shells or bombs upon or into; to bombard; as to shell a town. To shell out, to distribute freely; to bring out or pay, as money. [Colloq.]

Shell, v. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, etc. 2. To cast the shell, or exterior covering; to fall out of the pod or husk; as nuts shell in falling. 3. To be disengaged from the ear or husk; as wheat or rye shells in reaping. { Shell´-lac• , Shel´lac• } , n. [Shell + lac a resinous substance; cf. D. shellak, G. schellack.] See the Note under 2d Lac.

Shell´ap•ple, n. (Zoöl.) See Sheldafle.

Shell´bark , n. (Bot.) A species of hickory (Carya alba) whose outer bark is loose and peeling; a shagbark; also its nut.

Shelled , a. (Zoöl.) Having a shell.

Shell´er , n. One who, or that which, shells; as an oyster sheller; a corn sheller.

Shell´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any aquatic animal whose external covering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, and other mollusks, or crustaceous, as in lobsters and crabs.

Shell´ing, n. Groats; hulled oats. Simmonds.

Shell´-less, a. Having no shell. J. Burroughs.

Shell´proof , a. Capable of resisting bombs or other shells; bombproof.

Shell´work , n. Work composed of shells, or adorned with them. Cotgrave.

Shell´y , a. Abounding with shells; consisting of shells, or of a shell. ´The shelly shore.´ Prior. “Shrinks backward in his shelly cave.” Shak.

Shel´ter , n. [Cf. OE. scheltrun, shiltroun, schelltrome, scheldtrome, a guard, squadron, AS. scildtruma a troop of men with shields; scild shield + truma a band of men. See Shield, n.] 1. That which covers or defends from injury or annoyance; a protection; a screen. “The sick and weak the healing plant shall aid,
From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade.” Pope. 2. One who protects; a guardian; a defender. “Thou [God] hast been a shelter for me.” Ps. lxi. 3. 3. The state of being covered and protected; protection; security. “Who into shelter takes their tender bloom.” Young. Shelter tent,a small tent made of pieces of cotton duck arranged to button together. In field service the soldiers carry the pieces. Syn. — Asylum; refuge; retreat; covert; sanctuary; protection; defense; security.

Shel´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheltered p. pr. & vb. n. Sheltering.] 1. To be a shelter for; to provide with a shelter; to cover from injury or annoyance; to shield; to protect. “Those ruins sheltered once his sacred head.” Dryden. “You have no convents … in which such persons may be received and sheltered.” Southey. 2. To screen or cover from notice; to disguise. “In vain I strove to cheek my growing flame,
Or shelter passion under friendship’s name.” Prior. 3. To betake to cover, or to a safe place; — used reflexively. “They sheltered themselves under a rock.” Abp. Abbot.

Shel´ter, v. i. To take shelter. “There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat,
Shelters in cool.” Milton.

Shel´ter•less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection. “Now sad and shelterless perhaps she lies.” Rowe.

Shel´ter•y , a. Affording shelter. [R.] { Shel´tie , Shel´ty }, n. A Shetland pony.

Shelve , v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves; as to shelve a closet or a library. 2. To place on a shelf. Hence: To lay on the shelf; to put aside; to dismiss from service; to put off indefinitely; as to shelve an officer; to shelve a claim.

Shelve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shelved p. pr. & vb. n. Shelving.] [Perhapss originally from the same source as shallow, but influenced by shelf a ledge, a platform.] To incline gradually; to be slopping; as the bottom shelves from the shore.

Shelv´ing, a. Sloping gradually; inclining; as a shelving shore. Shak. ´Shelving arches.´ Addison.

Shelv´ing, n. 1. The act of fitting up shelves; as the job of shelving a closet. 2. The act of laying on a shelf, or on the shelf; putting off or aside; as the shelving of a claim. 3. Material for shelves; shelves, collectively.

Shelv´y , a. Sloping gradually; shelving. “The shore was shelving and shallow.” Shak.

Shem´ite , n. A descendant of Shem. { Shem•it´ic , Shem´i•tish } a. Of or pertaining to Shem, the son of Noah, or his descendants. See Semitic.

Shem´i•tism , n. See Semitism.

Shend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shent p. pr. & vb. n. Shending.] [AS. scendan to disgrace, bring to shame, from sceand, sceond, disgrace, dishonor, shame; akin to G. schande, Goth. skanda. See Shame, n.] 1. To injure, mar, spoil, or harm. [Obs.] ´Loss of time shendeth us.´ Chaucer. “I fear my body will be shent.” Dryden. 2. To blame, reproach, or revile; to degrade, disgrace, or put to shame. [Archaic] R. Browning. “The famous name of knighthood foully shend.” Spenser. “She passed the rest as Cynthia doth shend
The lesser stars.” Spenser.

Shend´ful , a. Destructive; ruinous; disgraceful. [Obs.] — Shend´ful•ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Shend´ship, n. Harm; ruin; also reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shent , obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Shend, for shendeth. Chaucer.

Shent, v. t. To shend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

She´ol (she´ol), n. [Heb. sheol.] The place of departed spirits; Hades; also the grave. “For thou wilt not leave my soul to sheol.” Ps. xvi. 10. (Rev. Ver.)

Shep´en , n. A stable; a shippen. [Obs.] “The shepne brenning with the blacke smoke.” Chaucer.

Shep´herd , n. [OE. schepherde, schephirde, AS. sceáphyrde; sceáp sheep + hyrde, hirde, heorde, a herd, a guardian. See Sheep, and Herd.] 1. A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep, esp. a flock grazing at large. 2. The pastor of a church; one with the religious guidance of others. Shepherd bird (Zoöl.), the crested screamer. See Screamer. — Shepherd dog (Zoöl.), a breed of dogs used largely for the herding and care of sheep. There are several kinds, as the collie, or Scotch shepherd dog, and the English shepherd dog. Called also shepherd’s dog. — Shepherd dog, a name of Pan. Keats. — Shepherd kings, the chiefs of a nomadic people who invaded Egypt from the East in the traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. They were expelled after about five hundred years, and attempts have been made to connect their expulsion with narrative in the book of Exodus. — Shepherd’s club (Bot.), the common mullein. See Mullein. — Shepherd’s crook, a long staff having the end curved so as to form a large hook, — used by shepherds. — Shepherd’s needle (Bot.), the lady’s comb. — Shepherd’s plaid, a kind of woolen cloth of a checkered black and white pattern. — Shephered spider (Zoöl.), a daddy longlegs, or harvestman. — Shepherd’s pouch, or Shepherd’s purse (Bot.), an annual cruciferous plant (Capsella Bursapastoris) bearing small white flowers and pouchlike pods. See Illust. of Silicle. — Shepherd’s rod, or Shepherd’s staff (Bot.), the small teasel.

Shep´herd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shepherded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shepherding.] To tend as a shepherd; to guard, herd, lead, or drive, as a shepherd. [Poetic] “White, fleecy clouds … ” “Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind.” Shelley.

Shep´herd•ess, n. A woman who tends sheep; hence, a rural lass. “She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess.” Sir P. Sidney.

Shep•her´di•a , n.; pl. Shepherdias (#). [NL. So called from John Shepherd, an English botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as Elaeagnus; also any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo.

Shep´herd•ish , n. Resembling a shepherd; suiting a shepherd; pastoral. Sir T. Sidney.

Shep´herd•ism , n. Pastoral life or occupation.

Shep´herd•ling , n. A little shepherd.

Shep´herd•ly , a. Resembling, or becoming to, a shepherd; pastoral; rustic. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Shep´ster , n. A seamstress. [Obs.] Caxton.

Sher´bet , n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly, one drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba to drink. Cf. Sorbet, Sirup, Shrub a drink.] 1. A refreshing drink, common in the East, made of the juice of some fruit, diluted, sweetened, and flavored in various ways; as orange sherbet; lemon sherbet; raspberry sherbet, etc. 2. A flavored water ice. 3. A preparation of bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, sugar, etc., variously flavored, for making an effervescing drink; — called also sherbet powder.

Sherd , n. A fragment; — now used only in composition, as in potsherd. See Shard. “The thigh … which all in sherds it drove.” Chapman. { Sher´eef , Sher´if } n. [Ar. sherif noble, holy, n., a prince.] A member of an Arab princely family descended from Mohammed through his son-in-law Ali and daughter Fatima. The Grand Shereef is the governor of Mecca.

Sher´i•at , n. [Turk. sheri ’at] The sacred law of the Turkish empire.

Sher´iff, n. [OE. shereve, AS. scir-gerfa scir a shire + gerfa a reeve. See Shire, and Reeve, and cf. Shrievalty.] The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws, the serving of judicial writs and processes, and the preservation of the peace. In England, sheriffs are appointed by the king. In the United States, sheriffs are elected by the legislature or by the citizens, or appointed and commissioned by the executive of the State. The office of sheriff in England is judicial and ministerial. In the United States, it is mainly ministerial. The sheriff, by himself or his deputies, executes civil and criminal process throughout the county, has charge of the jail and prisoners, attends courts, and keeps the peace. His judicial authority is generally confined to ascertaining damages on writs of inquiry and the like. Sheriff, in Scotland, called sheriff depute, is properly a judge, having also certain ministerial powers. Sheriff clerk is the clerk of the Sheriff’s Court in Scotland. Sheriff’s Court in London is a tribunal having cognizance of certain personal actions in that city. Wharton, Tomlins. Erskine. { Sher´iff•al•ty , Sher´iff•dom , Sher´iff•ry , Sher´iff•ship , Sher´iff•wick , n. } The office or jurisdiction of sheriff. See Shrievalty.

Shern , n. See Shearn. [Obs.]

Sher´ris , n. Sherry. [Obs.] Shak.

Sher´ry , n. [So called from Xeres, a Spanish town near Cadiz, x in Spanish having been formerly pronounced like sh in English.] A Spanish light-colored dry wine, made in Andalusia. As prepared for commerce it is colored a straw color or a deep amber by mixing with it cheap wine boiled down. Sherry cobbler, a beverage prepared with sherry wine, water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc., and usually imbided through a straw or a glass tube.

Sher´ry•val•lies , n. pl. [Cf. Sp. zaraquelles wide breeches or overalls.] Trousers or overalls of thick cloth or leather, buttoned on the outside of each leg, and generally worn to protect other trousers when riding on horseback. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Shet , v. t. & i. [imp. Shet. (Obs. Shette ( or )); p. pr. Shet; p. pr. & vb. n. Shetting.] To shut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.

Shete , v. t. & i. To shoot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sheth , n. The part of a plow which projects downward beneath the beam, for holding the share and other working parts; — also called standard, or post.

Shet´land po´ny One of a small, hardy breed of horses, with long mane and tail, which originated in the Shetland Islands; a sheltie.

Shew , v. t. & i. See Show.

Shew, n. Show. [Obs. except in shewbread.]

Shew´bread See Showbread.

Shew´el , n. A scarecrow. [Obs.] Trench.

Shew´er , n. One who shews. See Shower.

Shewn , p. p. of Shew.

Shi´ah , n. Same as Shiite.

Shib´bo•leth , n. [Heb. shibboleth an ear of corn, or a stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the criterion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pronounce sh, called the word sibboleth. See Judges xii. “Without reprieve, adjudged to death,
For want of well pronouncing shibboleth.” Milton. Also in an extended sense. “The th, with its twofold value, is … the shibboleth of foreigners.” Earle. 2. Hence, the criterion, test, or watchword of a party; a party cry or pet phrase.

Shide , n. [OE. shide, schide, AS. scide; akin to OHG. scit, G. scheit, Icel. skið, and E. shed, v.t.] A thin board; a billet of wood; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.]

Shie , v. t. See Shy, to throw.

Shied , imp. & p. p. of Shy.

Shiel, n. A sheeling. [Scot.] Burns.

Shield , n. [OE. sheld, scheld, AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld; akin to OS. scild, OFries. skeld, D. & G. schild, OHG. scilt, Icel. skjöldr, Sw. sköld, Dan. skiold, Goth. skildus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Sheldrake.] 1. A broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm, — formerly in general use in war, for the protection of the body. See Buckler. “Now put your shields before your hearts and fight,
With hearts more proof than shields.” Shak. 2. Anything which protects or defends; defense; shelter; protection. ´My council is my shield.´ Shak. 3. Figuratively, one who protects or defends. “Fear not, Abram; I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward.” Gen. xv. 1. 4. (Bot.) In lichens, a Hardened cup or disk surrounded by a rim and containing the fructification, or asci. 5. (Her.) The escutcheon or field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. Cf. Lozenge. See Illust. of Escutcheon. 6. (Mining & Tunneling) A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along as excavation progresses. 7. A spot resembling, or having the form of, a shield. ´Bespotted as with shields of red and black.´ Spenser. 8. A coin, the old French crown, or ecu, having on one side the figure of a shield. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shield fern (Bot.), any fern of the genus Aspidium, in which the fructifications are covered with shield-shaped indusia; — called also wood fern. See Illust. of Indusium.

Shield , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shielding.] [AS. scidan, scyldan. See Shield, n.] 1. To cover with, or as with, a shield; to cover from danger; to defend; to protect from assault or injury. “Shouts of applause ran ringing through the field,
To see the son the vanquished father shield.” Dryden. “A woman’s shape doth shield thee.” Shak. 2. To ward off; to keep off or out. “They brought with them their usual weeds, fit to shield the cold to which they had been inured.” Spenser. 3. To avert, as a misfortune; hence, as a supplicatory exclamation, forbid! [Obs.] “God shield that it should so befall.” Chaucer. “God shield I should disturb devotion!” Shak.

Shield´-bear•er , n. 1. One who, or that which, carries a shield. 2. (Zoöl.) Any small moth of the genus Aspidisca, whose larva makes a shieldlike covering for itself out of bits of leaves.

Shield´drake , n. (Zoöl.) A sheldrake.

Shield´less, a. Destitute of a shield, or of protection. — Shield´less•ly, adv. — Shield´less•ness, n.

Shield´tail , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidae, native of Ceylon and Southern Asia. They have a small mouth which can not be dilated.

Shiel´ing , n. A hut or shelter for shepherds of fishers. See Sheeling. [Scot.]

Shift , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shifting.] [OE. shiften, schiften, to divide, change, remove. AS. sciftan to divide; akin to LG. & D. schiften to divide, distinguish, part Icel. skipta to divide, to part, to shift, to change, Dan skifte, Sw. skifta, and probably to Icel. skifa to cut into slices, as n., a slice, and to E. shive, sheave, n., shiver, n.] 1. To divide; to distribute; to apportion. [Obs.] “To which God of his bounty would shift
Crowns two of flowers well smelling.” Chaucer. 2. To change the place of; to move or remove from one place to another; as to shift a burden from one shoulder to another; to shift the blame. “Hastily he schifte him[self].” Piers Plowman. “Pare saffron between the two St. Mary’s days,
Or set or go shift it that knowest the ways.” Tusser. 3. To change the position of; to alter the bearings of; to turn; as to shift the helm or sails. “Carrying the oar loose, [they] shift it hither and thither at pleasure.” Sir W. Raleigh. 4. To exchange for another of the same class; to remove and to put some similar thing in its place; to change; as to shift the clothes; to shift the scenes. “I would advise you to shift a shirt.” Shak. 5. To change the clothing of; — used reflexively. [Obs.] “As it were to ride day and night; and … not to have patience to shift me.” Shak. 6. To put off or out of the way by some expedient. ´I shifted him away.´ Shak. To shift off, to delay; to defer; to put off; to lay aside. — To shift the scene, to change the locality or the surroundings, as in a play or a story. “Shift the scene for half an hour;
Time and place are in thy power.” Swift.

Shift, v. i. 1. To divide; to distribute. [Obs.] “Some this, some that, as that him liketh shift.” Chaucer. 2. To make a change or changes; to change position; to move; to veer; to substitute one thing for another; — used in the various senses of the transitive verb. “The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon.” Shak. “Here the Baillie shifted and fidgeted about in his seat.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To resort to expedients for accomplishing a purpose; to contrive; to manage. “Men in distress will look to themselves, and leave their companions to shift as well as they can.” L’Estrange. 4. To practice indirect or evasive methods. “All those schoolmen, though they were exceeding witty, yet better teach all their followers to shift, than to resolve by their distinctions.” Sir W. Raleigh. 5. (Naut.) To slip to one side of a ship, so as to destroy the equilibrum; — said of ballast or cargo; as the cargo shifted.

Shift , n. [Cf. Icel skipti. See Shift, v. t.] 1. The act of shifting. Specifically: (a) The act of putting one thing in the place of another, or of changing the place of a thing; change; substitution. “My going to Oxford was not merely for shift of air.” Sir H. Wotton. (b) A turning from one thing to another; hence, an expedient tried in difficulty; often, an evasion; a trick; a fraud. ´Reduced to pitiable shifts.´ Macaulay. “I ’ll find a thousand shifts to get away.” Shak. “Little souls on little shifts rely.” Dryden. 2. Something frequently shifted; especially, a woman’s under-garment; a chemise. 3. The change of one set of workmen for another; hence, a spell, or turn, of work; also a set of workmen who work in turn with other sets; as a night shift. 4. In building, the extent, or arrangement, of the overlapping of plank, brick, stones, etc., that are placed in courses so as to break joints. 5. (Mining) A breaking off and dislocation of a seam; a fault. 6. (Mus.) A change of the position of the hand on the finger board, in playing the violin. To make shift, to contrive or manage in an exigency. ´I shall make shift to go without him.´ Shak. “[They] made a shift to keep their own in Ireland.” Milton.

Shift´a•ble , a. Admitting of being shifted.

Shift´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, shifts; one who plays tricks or practices artifice; a cozener. “’T was such a shifter that, if truth were known,
Death was half glad when he had got him down.” Milton. 2. (Naut.) An assistant to the ship’s cook in washing, steeping, and shifting the salt provisions. 3. (Mach.) (a) An arrangement for shifting a belt sidewise from one pulley to another. (b) (Knitting Mach.) A wire for changing a loop from one needle to another, as in narrowing, etc.

Shift´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being shifty. “Diplomatic shiftiness and political versatility.” J. A. Syminds.

Shift´ing, a. 1. Changing in place, position, or direction; varying; variable; fickle; as shifting winds; shifting opinions or principles. 2. Adapted or used for shifting anything. Shifting backstays (Naut.), temporary stays that have to be let go whenever the vessel tacks or jibes. — Shifting ballast, ballast which may be moved from one side of a vessel to another as safety requires. — Shifting center. See Metacenter. — Shifting locomotive. See Switching engine, under Switch.

Shift´ing•ly, adv. In a shifting manner.

Shift´less, a. Destitute of expedients, or not using successful expedients; characterized by failure, especially by failure to provide for one’s own support, through negligence or incapacity; hence, lazy; improvident; thriftless; as a shiftless fellow; shiftless management. — Shift´less•ly, adv. — Shift´less•ness, n.

Shift´y , a. Full of, or ready with, shifts; fertile in expedients or contrivance. Wright. “Shifty and thrifty as old Greek or modern Scot, there were few things he could not invent, and perhaps nothing he could not endure.” C. Kingsley. { Shi´ite , Shi´ah }, n. [Ar. shi’aia follower of the sect of Ali, fr. shi’at, shi’ah, a multitude following one another in pursuit of the same object, the sect of Ali, fr. sha’a to follow.] A member of that branch of the Mohammedans to which the Persians belong. They reject the first three caliphs, and consider Ali as being the first and only rightful successor of Mohammed. They do not acknowledge the Sunna, or body of traditions respecting Mohammed, as any part of the law, and on these accounts are treated as heretics by the Sunnites, or orthodox Mohammedans. { Shi•ka´ree , Shi•ka´ri } n. [Hind.] A sportsman; esp., a native hunter. [India]

Shilf , n. [CF. G. shilf sedge.] Straw. [Obs.]

Shill , v. t. To shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shill, v. t. [Cf. Sheal.] To put under cover; to sheal. [Prov.ng.] Brockett. { Shil•la´lah , Shil•le´lah } , n. An oaken sapling or cudgel; any cudgel; — so called from Shillelagh, a place in Ireland of that name famous for its oaks. [Irish] [Written also shillaly, and shillely.]

Shil´ling , n. [OE. shilling, schilling, AS. scilling; akin to D. schelling, OS. & OHG. scilling, G. schilling, Sw. & Dan. skilling, Icel. skillingr, Goth. skilliggs, and perh. to OHG. scellan to sound, G. schallen.] 1. A silver coin, and money of account, of Great Britain and its dependencies, equal to twelve pence, or the twentieth part of a pound, equivalent to about twenty-four cents of the United States currency. 2. In the United States, a denomination of money, differing in value in different States. It is not now legally recognized. Many of the States while colonies had issued bills of credit which had depreciated in different degrees in the different colonies. Thus, in New England currency (used also in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida), after the adoption of the decimal system, the pound in paper money was worth only $3.333, and the shilling 16 cts., or 6s. to $1; in New York currency (also in North Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan), the pound was worth $2.50, and the shilling 12½ cts., or 8s. to $1; in Pennsylvania currency (also in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland), the pound was worth $2.70, and the shilling 13½ cts., or 7s. 6d. to $1; and in Georgia currency (also in South Carolina), the pound was worth $4.29, and the shilling 21 cts., or 4s 8d. to $1. In many parts of the country … the reckoning by shillings and pence is not yet entirely abandoned. Am. Cyc. 3. The Spanish real, of the value of one eight of a dollar, or 12 cets; — formerly so called in New York and some other States. See Note under 2. York shilling. Same as Shilling, 3. { Shill´-I-shall•-I , Shil´ly-shal•ly } adv. [A reduplication of shall I.] In an irresolute, undecided, or hesitating manner. “I am somewhat dainty in making a resolution, because when I make it, I keep it; I don’t stand shill-I-shall-I then; if I say ’t, I’ll do ’t.” Congreve.

Shil´ly-shal•ly, v. i. To hesitate; to act in an irresolute manner; hence, to occupy one’s self with trifles.

Shil´ly-shal•ly, n. Irresolution; hesitation; also occupation with trifles. “She lost not one of her forty-five minutes in picking and choosing, — no shilly-shally in Kate.” De Quincey.

Shi´loh (shi\’b6lo), n. [Heb. shiloh, literally, quiet, rest, fr. shalah to rest.] (Script.) A word used by Jacob on his deathbed, and interpreted variously, as ´the Messiah,´ or as the city ´Shiloh,´ or as ´Rest.´

Shi´ly , adv. See Shyly.

Shim , n. 1. A kind of shallow plow used in tillage to break the ground, and clear it of weeds. 2. (Mach.) A thin piece of metal placed between two parts to make a fit.

Shim´mer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shimmered p. pr. & vb. n. Shimmering.] [OE. schimeren, AS. scimerian; akin to scimian, sciman, to glitter, D. schemeren, G. schimmern, Dan. skimre, Sw. skimra, AS. scima a light, brightness, Icel. skima, Goth. skeima a torch, a lantern, and E. shine. rad.157. See Shine, v. i.] To shine with a tremulous or intermittent light; to shine faintly; to gleam; to glisten; to glimmer. “The shimmering glimpses of a stream.” Tennyson.

Shim´mer, n. A faint, tremulous light; a gleaming; a glimmer. “TWo silver lamps, fed with perfumed oil, diffused … a trembling twilight-seeming shimmer through the quiet apartment.” Sir W. Scott.

Shim´mer•ing, n. A gleam or glimmering. ´A little shimmering of a light.´ Chaucer.

Shim´my , n. A chemise. [Colloq.]

Shin , n. [OE. shine, schine, AS. scina; akin to D. scheen, OHG. scina, G. schiene, schienbein, Dan. skinnebeen, Sw. skenben. Cf. Chine.] 1. The front part of the leg below the knee; the front edge of the shin bone; the lower part of the leg; the shank. ´On his shin.´ Chaucer. 2. (Railbroad) A fish plate for rails. Knight. Shin bone (Anat.), the tibia. — Shin leaf (Bot.), a perennial ericaceous herb (Pyrola elliptica) with a cluster of radical leaves and a raceme of greenish white flowers.

Shin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shinned p. pr. & vb. n. Shinning.] 1. To climb a mast, tree, rope, or the like, by embracing it alternately with the arms and legs, without help of steps, spurs, or the like; — used with up; as to shin up a mast. [Slang] 2. To run about borrowing money hastily and temporarily, as for the payment of one’s notes at the bank. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Shin, v. t. To climb (a pole, etc.) by shinning up. [Slang]

Shin´dle , n. [See 2d Shingle.] A shingle; also a slate for roofing. [Obs.] Holland.

Shin´dle, v. t. To cover or roof with shindles. [Obs.]

Shin´dy , n.; pl. Shindies (#). [Etymol. uncertain; cf. Shinney, Shinty.] 1. An uproar or disturbance; a spree; a row; a riot. [Slang] Thackeray. 2. Hockey; shinney. Bartlett. 3. A fancy or liking. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Shine , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shone ( or ; 277) (archaic Shined ); p. pr. & vb. n. Shining.] [OE. shinen, schinen, AS. scinan; akin to D. schijnen, OFries. skina, OS. & OHG. scinan, G. scheinen, Icel. skina, Sw. skina, Dan. skinne, Goth. skeinan, and perh. to Gr. shadow. rad.157. Cf. Sheer pure, and Shimmer.] 1. To emit rays of light; to give light; to beam with steady radiance; to exhibit brightness or splendor; as the sun shines by day; the moon shines by night. “Hyperion’s quickening fire doth shine.” Shak. “God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Cghrist.” 2 Cor. iv. 6. “Let thine eyes shine forth in their full luster.” Denham. 2. To be bright by reflection of light; to gleam; to be glossy; as to shine like polished silver. 3. To be effulgent in splendor or beauty. ´So proud she shined in her princely state.´ Spenser. “Once brightest shined this child of heat and air.” Pope. 4. To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished; to exhibit brilliant intellectual powers; as to shine in courts; to shine in conversation. “Few are qualified to shine in company; but it in most men’s power to be agreeable.” Swift. To make, or cause, the face to shine upon, to be propitious to; to be gracious to. Num. vi. 25.

Shine, v. t. 1. To cause to shine, as a light. [Obs.] “He [God] doth not rain wealth, nor shine honor and virtues, upon men equally.” Bacon. 2. To make bright; to cause to shine by reflected light; as in hunting, to shine the eyes of a deer at night by throwing a light on them. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Shine, n. 1. The quality or state of shining; brightness; luster, gloss; polish; sheen. “Now sits not girt with taper’s holy shine.” Milton. “Fair opening to some court’s propitious shine.” Pope. “The distant shine of the celestial city.” Hawthorne. 2. Sunshine; fair weather. “Be it fair or foul, or rain or shine.” Dryden. 3. A liking for a person; a fancy. [Slang, U.S.] 4. Caper; antic; row. [Slang] To cut up shines, to play pranks. [Slang, U.S.]

Shine , a. [AS. scin. See Shine, v. i.] Shining; sheen. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shin´er , n. That which shines. Specifically: (a) A luminary. (b) A bright piece of money. [Slang] “Has she the shiners, d’ ye think?” Foote. (c) (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small freshwater American cyprinoid fishes, belonging to Notropis, or Minnilus, and allied genera; as the redfin (Notropis megalops), and the golden shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucus) of the Eastern United States; also loosely applied to various other silvery fishes, as the dollar fish, or horsefish, menhaden, moonfish, sailor’s choice, and the sparada. (d) (Zoöl.) The common Lepisma, or furniture bug. Blunt-nosed shiner (Zoöl.), the silver moonfish.

Shi´ness , n. See Shyness.

Shin´gle , n. [Prob. from Norw. singl, singling, coarse gravel, small round stones.] (Geol.) Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, or a collection of roundish stones, such as are common on the seashore and elsewhere.

Shin´gle, n. [OE. shingle, shindle, fr. L. scindula, scandula; cf. scindere to cleave, to split, E. shed, v.t., Gr. , , shingle, to slit.] 1. A piece of wood sawed or rived thin and small, with one end thinner than the other, — used in covering buildings, especially roofs, the thick ends of one row overlapping the thin ends of the row below. “I reached St. Asaph, … where there is a very poor cathedral church covered with shingles or tiles.” Ray. 2. A sign for an office or a shop; as to hang out one’s shingle. [Jocose, U. S.] Shingle oak (Bot.), a kind of oak (Quercus imbricaria) used in the Western States for making shingles.

Shin´gle, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Shingled p. pr. & vb. n. Shingling ] 1. To cover with shingles; as to shingle a roof. “They shingle their houses with it.” Evelyn. 2. To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, as shingles on a roof.

Shin´gle, v. t. To subject to the process of shindling, as a mass of iron from the pudding furnace.

Shin´gler , n. 1. One who shingles. 2. A machine for shingling puddled iron.

Shin´gles , n. [OF. cengle a girth, F. sangle, fr. L. cingulum a girdle, fr. cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture, Cingle, Surcingle.] (Med.) A kind of herpes (Herpes zoster) which spreads half way around the body like a girdle, and is usually attended with violent neuralgic pain.

Shin´gling , n. 1. The act of covering with shingles; shingles, collectively; a covering made of shingles. 2. (Metal) The process of expelling scoriae and other impurities by hammering and squeezing, in the production of wrought iron. Shingling hammer, a ponderous hammer moved by machinery, used in shingling puddled iron. — Shingling mill, a mill or forge where puddled iron is shingled.

Shin´gly , a. Abounding with shingle, or gravel.

Shin´hop•ple , n. The hobblebush.

Shin´ing , a. 1. Emitting light, esp. in a continuous manner; radiant; as shining lamps; also bright by the reflection of light; as shining armor. ´Fish … with their fins and shining scales.´ Milton. 2. Splendid; illustrious; brilliant; distinguished; conspicious; as a shining example of charity. 3. Having the surface smooth and polished; — said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc. Syn. — Glistening; bright; radiant; resplendent; effulgent; lustrous; brilliant; glittering; splendid; illustrious. — Shining, Brilliant, Sparking. Shining describes the steady emission of a strong light, or the steady reflection of light from a clear or polished surface. Brilliant denotes a shining of great brightness, but with gleams or flashes. Sparkling implies a fitful, intense shining from radiant points or sparks, by which the eye is dazzled. The same distinctions obtain when these epithets are figuratively applied. A man of shining talents is made conspicious by possessing them; if they flash upon the mind with a peculiarly striking effect, we call them brilliant; if his brilliancy is marked by great vivacity and occasional intensity, he is sparkling. “True paradise … inclosed with shining rock.” Milton. “Some in a brilliant buckle bind her waist,
Some round her neck a circling light display.” Gay. “His sparkling blade about his head he blest.” Spenser.

Shin´ing, n. Emission or reflection of light.

Shin´ing•ness, n. Brightness. J. Spence.

Shin´ney , n. [CF. Shindy.] The game of hockey; — so called because of the liability of the players to receive blows on the shin. Halliwell.

Shin´plas•ter , n. Formerly, a jocose term for a bank note greatly depreciated in value; also for paper money of a denomination less than a dollar. [U. S.] { Shin´to , Shin´ti•ism } n. [Chin. shin god + tao way, doctrine.] One of the two great systems of religious belief in Japan. Its essence is ancestor worship, and sacrifice to dead heroes. [Written also Sintu, and Sintuism.]

Shin´to•ist , n. An adherent of Shintoism.

Shin´ty , n. [Cf. Gael. sinteag a skip, a bound.] A Scotch game resembling hockey; also the club used in the game. Jamieson.

Shin´y , a. [Compar. Shinier superl. Shiniest.] Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded. “Like distant thunder on a shiny day.” Dryden.

-ship [OE. -schipe, AS. -scipe; akin to OFries. -skipe, OLG. -skepi, D. -schap, OHG. - scaf, G. -schaft. Cf. Shape, n., and Landscape.] A suffix denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art; as in lordship, friendship, chancellorship, stewardship, horsemanship.

Ship , n. [AS. scipe.] Pay; reward. [Obs.] “In withholding or abridging of the ship or the hire or the wages of servants.” Chaucer.

Ship, n. [OE. ship, schip, AS. scip; akin to OFries. skip, OS. scip, D. schip, G. schiff, OHG. scif, Dan. skib, Sw. skeep, Icel. & Goth. skip; of unknown origin. Cf. Equip, Skiff, Skipper.] 1. Any large seagoing vessel. “Like a stately ship …
With all her bravery on, and tackle trim,
Sails filled, and streamers waving.” Milton. “Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State!” Longfellow. 2. Specifically, a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts (a mainmast, a foremast, and a mizzenmast), each of which is composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast, and square-rigged on all masts. See Illustation in Appendix. l Port or Larboard Side; s Starboard Side; 1 Roundhouse or Deck House; 2 Tiller; 3 Grating; 4 Wheel; 5 Wheel Chains; 6 Binnacle; 7 Mizzenmast; 8 Skylight; 9 Capstan; 10 Mainmast; 11 Pumps; 12 Galley or Caboose; 13 Main Hatchway; 14 Windlass; 15 Foremast; 16 Fore Hatchway; 17 Bitts; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Head Rail; 20 Boomkins; 21 Catheads on Port Bow and Starboard Bow; 22 Fore Chains; 23 Main Chains; 24 Mizzen Chains; 25 Stern. 1 Fore Royal Stay; 2 Flying Jib Stay; 3 Fore Topgallant Stay;4 Jib Stay; 5 Fore Topmast Stays; 6 Fore Tacks; 8 Flying Martingale; 9 Martingale Stay, shackled to Dolphin Striker; 10 Jib Guys; 11 Jumper Guys; 12 Back Ropes; 13 Robstays; 14 Flying Jib Boom; 15 Flying Jib Footropes; 16 Jib Boom; 17 Jib Foottropes; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Fore Truck; 20 Fore Royal Mast; 21 Fore Royal Lift; 22 Fore Royal Yard; 23 Fore Royal Backstays; 24 Fore Royal Braces; 25 Fore Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 26 Fore Topgallant Lift; 27 Fore Topgallant Yard; 28 Fore Topgallant Backstays; 29 Fore Topgallant Braces; 30 Fore Topmast and Rigging; 31 Fore Topsail Lift; 32 Fore Topsail Yard; 33 Fore Topsail Footropes; 34 Fore Topsail Braces; 35 Fore Yard; 36 Fore Brace; 37 Fore Lift; 38 Fore Gaff; 39 Fore Trysail Vangs; 40 Fore Topmast Studding-sail Boom; 41 Foremast and Rigging; 42 Fore Topmast Backstays; 43 Fore Sheets; 44 Main Truck and Pennant; 45 Main Royal Mast and Backstay; 46 Main Royal Stay; 47 Main Royal Lift; 48 Main Royal Yard; 49 Main Royal Braces; 50 Main Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 51 Main Topgallant Lift; 52 Main Topgallant Backstays; 53 Main Topgallant Yard; 54 Main Topgallant Stay; 55 Main Topgallant Braces; 56 Main Topmast and Rigging; 57 Topsail Lift; 58 Topsail Yard; 59 Topsail Footropes; 60 Topsail Braces; 61 Topmast Stays; 62 Main Topgallant Studding-sail Boom; 63 Main Topmast Backstay; 64 Main Yard; 65 Main Footropes; 66 Mainmast and Rigging; 67 Main Lift; 68 Main Braces; 69 Main Tacks; 70 Main Sheets; 71 Main Trysail Gaff; 72 Main Trysail Vangs; 73 Main Stays; 74 Mizzen Truck; 75 Mizzen Royal Mast and Rigging; 76 Mizzen Royal Stay; 77 Mizzen Royal Lift; 78 Mizzen Royal Yard; 79 Mizzen Royal Braces; 80 Mizzen Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 81 Mizzen Topgallant Lift; 82 Mizzen Topgallant Backstays; 83 Mizzen Topgallant Braces; 84 Mizzen Topgallant Yard; 85 Mizzen Topgallant Stay; 86 Mizzen Topmast and Rigging; 87 Mizzen Topmast Stay; 88 Mizzen Topsail Lift; 89 Mizzen Topmast Backstays; 90 Mizzen Topsail Braces; 91 Mizzen Topsail Yard; 92 Mizzen Topsail Footropes; 93 Crossjack Yard; 94 Crossjack Footropes; 95 Crossjack Lift; 96 Crossjack Braces; 97 Mizzenmast and Rigging; 98 Mizzen Stay; 99 Spanker Gaff; 100 Peak Halyards; 101 Spanker Vangs; 102 Spanker Boom; 103 Spanker Boom Topping Lift; 104 Jacob’s Ladder, or Stern Ladder; 105 Spanker Sheet; 106 Cutwater; 107 Starboard Bow; 108 Starboard Beam; 109 Water Line; 110 Starboard Quarter; 111 Rudder. 3. A dish or utensil (originally fashioned like the hull of a ship) used to hold incense. [Obs.] Tyndale. Armed ship, a private ship taken into the service of the government in time of war, and armed and equipped like a ship of war. [Eng.] Brande & C. — General ship. See under General. — Ship biscuit, hard biscuit prepared for use on shipboard; — called also ship bread. See Hardtack. — Ship boy, a boy who serves in a ship. ´Seal up the ship boy’s eyes.´ Shak. — Ship breaker, one who breaks up vessels when unfit for further use. — Ship broker, a mercantile agent employed in buying and selling ships, procuring cargoes, etc., and generally in transacting the business of a ship or ships when in port. — Ship canal, a canal suitable for the passage of seagoing vessels. — Ship carpenter, a carpenter who works at shipbuilding; a shipwright. — Ship chandler, one who deals in cordage, canvas and other, furniture of vessels. — Ship chandlery, the commodities in which a ship chandler deals; also the business of a ship chandler. — Ship fever (Med.), a form of typhus fever; — called also putrid, jail, or hospital fever. — Ship joiner, a joiner who works upon ships. — Ship letter, a letter conveyed by a ship not a mail packet. — Ship money (Eng. Hist.), an imposition formerly charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and counties, of England, for providing and furnishing certain ships for the king’s service. The attempt made by Charles I. to revive and enforce this tax was resisted by John Hampden, and was one of the causes which led to the death of Charles. It was finally abolished. — Ship of the line. See under Line. — Ship pendulum, a pendulum hung amidships to show the extent of the rolling and pitching of a vessel. — Ship railway. (a) An inclined railway with a cradelike car, by means of which a ship may be drawn out of water, as for repairs. (b) A railway arranged for the transportation of vessels overland between two water courses or harbors. — Ship’s company, the crew of a ship or other vessel. — Ship’s days, the days allowed a vessel for loading or unloading. — Ship’s husband. See under Husband. — Ship’s papers (Mar. Law), papers with which a vessel is required by law to be provided, and the production of which may be required on certain occasions. Among these papers are the register, passport or sea letter, charter party, bills of lading, invoice, log book, muster roll, bill of health, etc. Bouvier. Kent. — To make ship, to embark in a ship or other vessel.

Ship , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipped p. pr. & vb. n. Shipping.] 1. To put on board of a ship, or vessel of any kind, for transportation; to send by water. “The timber was … shipped in the bay of Attalia, from whence it was by sea transported to Pelusium.” Knolles. 2. By extension, in commercial usage, to commit to any conveyance for transportation to a distance; as to ship freight by railroad. 3. Hence, to send away; to get rid of. [Colloq.] 4. To engage or secure for service on board of a ship; as to ship seamen. 5. To receive on board ship; as to ship a sea. 6. To put in its place; as to ship the tiller or rudder.

Ship, v. i. 1. To engage to serve on board of a vessel; as to ship on a man-of- war. 2. To embark on a ship. Wyclif (Acts xxviii. 11)

Ship´board , n. [Ship + board. See Board, n., 8] A ship’s side; hence, by extension, a ship; — found chiefly in adverbial phrases; as on shipboard; a shipboard.

Ship´build•er , n. A person whose occupation is to construct ships and other vessels; a naval architect; a shipwright.

Ship´build•ing, n. Naval architecturel the art of constructing ships and other vessels.

Ship´ful , n.; pl. Shipfuls . As much or as many as a ship will hold; enough to fill a ship.

Ship´hold•er , n. A shipowner.

Ship´less, a. Destitute of ships. Gray.

Ship´let , n. A little ship. [R.] Holinshed.

Ship´load , n. The load, or cargo, of a ship.

Ship´man , n.; pl. Shipmen . A seaman, or sailor. [Obs. or Poetic] Chaucer. R. Browning. “About midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country.” Acts xxvii. 27. Shipman’s card, the mariner’s compass. [Obs.] Shak.

Ship´mas•ter , n. The captain, master, or commander of a ship. Jonah i. 6.

Ship´mate , n. One who serves on board of the same ship with another; a fellow sailor.

Ship´ment , n. 1. The act or process of shipping; as he was engaged in the shipment of coal for London; an active shipment of wheat from the West. 2. That which is shipped. “The question is, whether the share of M. in the shipment is exempted from condemnation by reason of his neutral domicle.” Story.

Ship´own•er , n. Owner of a ship or ships.

Ship´pen , n. [AS. scypen. Cf. Shop, Shepen.] A stable; a cowhouse. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ship´per , n. [See Ship, n., and cf. Skipper.] One who sends goods from one place to another not in the same city or town, esp. one who sends goods by water.

Ship´ping , a. 1. Relating to ships, their ownership, transfer, or employment; as shiping concerns. 2. Relating to, or concerned in, the forwarding of goods; as a shipping clerk.

Ship´ping, n. 1. The act of one who, or of that which, ships; as the shipping of flour to Liverpool. 2. The collective body of ships in one place, or belonging to one port, country, etc.; vessels, generally; tonnage. 3. Navigation. ´God send ’em good shipping.´ Shak. Shipping articles, articles of agreement between the captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in respect to the amount of wages, length of time for which they are shipping, etc. Bouvier. — To take shipping, to embark; to take ship. [Obs.] John vi. 24. Shak.

Ship´pon , n. A cowhouse; a shippen. [Prov. Eng.] “Bessy would either do fieldwork, or attend to the cows, the shippon, or churn, or make cheese.” Dickens.

Ship´-rigged , a. (Naut.) Rigged like a ship, that is, having three masts, each with square sails.

Ship´shape , a. Arranged in a manner befitting a ship; hence, trim; tidy; orderly. “Even then she expressed her scorn for the lubbery executioner’s mode of tying a knot, and did it herself in a shipshape orthodox manner.” De Quincey. “Keep everything shipshape, for I must go” Tennyson.

Ship´shape , adv. In a shipshape or seamanlike manner.

Ship´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Any long, slender, worm-shaped bivalve mollusk of Teredo and allied genera. The shipworms burrow in wood, and are destructive to wooden ships, piles of wharves, etc. See Teredo.

Ship´wreck , n. 1. The breaking in pieces, or shattering, of a ship or other vessel by being cast ashore or driven against rocks, shoals, etc., by the violence of the winds and waves. 2. A ship wrecked or destroyed upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; wreckage. Dryden. 3. Fig.: Destruction; ruin; irretrievable loss. “Holding faith and a good conscience, which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck.” 1 Tim. 1. 19. “It was upon an Indian bill that the late ministry had made shipwreck.” J. Morley.

Ship´wreck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipwrecked p. pr. & vb. n. Shipwrecking.] 1. To destroy, as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sandbanks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest. “Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break.” Shak. 2. To cause to experience shipwreck, as sailors or passengers. Hence, to cause to suffer some disaster or loss; to destroy or ruin, as if by shipwreck; to wreck; as to shipwreck a business. Addison.

Ship´wright , n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a builder of ships or other vessels.

Ship´yard , n. A yard, place, or inclosure where ships are built or repaired.

Shi•raz´ , n. A kind of Persian wine; — so called from the place whence it is brought.

Shire , n. [AS. scire, scir, a division, province, county. Cf. Sheriff.] 1. A portion of Great Britain originally under the supervision of an earl; a territorial division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes limited to a smaller district; as Wiltshire, Yorkshire, Richmondshire, Hallamshire. “An indefinite number of these hundreds make up a county or shire.” Blackstone. 2. A division of a State, embracing several contiguous townships; a county. [U. S.] Shire is commonly added to the specific designation of a county as a part of its name; as Yorkshire instead of York shire, or the shire of York; Berkshire instead of Berks shire. Such expressions as the county of Yorkshire, which in a strict sense are tautological, are used in England. In the United States the composite word is sometimes the only name of a county; as Berkshire county, as it is called in Massachusetts, instead of Berks county, as in Pensylvania. “The Tyne, Tees, Humber, Wash, Yare, Stour, and Thames separate the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, etc.” Encyc. Brit. Knight of the shire. See under Knight. — Shire clerk, an officer of a county court; also an under sheriff. [Eng.] — Shire mote (Old. Eng. Law), the county court; sheriff’s turn, or court. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. — Shire reeve (Old Eng. Law), the reeve, or bailiff, of a shire; a sheriff. Burrill. — Shire town, the capital town of a county; a county town. — Shire wick, a county; a shire. [Obs.] Holland.

Shirk , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shirked p. pr. & vb. n. Shirking.] [Probably the same word as shark. See Shark, v. t.] 1. To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation. “You that never heard the call of any vocation, … that shirk living from others, but time from Yourselves.” Bp. Rainbow. 2. To avoid; to escape; to neglect; — implying unfaithfulness or fraud; as to shirk duty. “The usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties.” Hare.

Shirk, v. i. 1. To live by shifts and fraud; to shark. 2. To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away. “One of the cities shirked from the league.” Byron.

Shirk, n. One who lives by shifts and tricks; one who avoids the performance of duty or labor.

Shirk´er , n. One who shirks. Macaulay.

Shirk´y , a. Disposed to shirk. [Colloq.]

Shirl , a. Shrill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Shirl, n. (Min.) See Schorl.

Shir´ley , n. (Zoöl.) The bullfinch.

Shirr , n. (Sewing) A series of close parallel runnings which are drawn up so as to make the material between them set full by gatherings; — called also shirring, and gauging.

Shirred , a. 1. (Sewing) Made or gathered into a shirr; as a shirred bonnet. 2. (Cookery) Broken into an earthen dish and baked over the fire; — said of eggs.

Shirt , n. [OE. schirte, sherte, schurte; akin to Icel. skyrta, Dan. skiorte, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiört a petticoat, D. schort a petticoat, an argon, G. schurz, schürze, an argon; all probably from the root of E. short, as being originally a short garment. See Short, and cf. Skirt.] A loose under-garment for the upper part of the body, made of cotton, linen, or other material; — formerly used of the under-garment of either sex, now commonly restricted to that worn by men and boys. “Several persons in December had nothing over their shoulders but their shirts.” Addison. “She had her shirts and girdles of hair.” Bp. Fisher.

Shirt, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shirting.] To cover or clothe with a shirt, or as with a shirt. Dryden.

Shirt´ing, n. Cloth, specifically cotton cloth, suitable for making shirts.

Shirt´less, a. Not having or wearing a shirt. Pope. — Shirt´less•ness, n. { Shist , Shis•tose´ }. See Shist, Schistose. { Shit´tah , Shit´tah tree• }, n. [Heb. shittah, pl. shittim.] A tree that furnished the precious wood of which the ark, tables, altars, boards, etc., of the Jewish tabernacle were made; — now believed to have been the wood of the Acacia Seyal, which is hard, fine grained, and yellowish brown in color. { Shit´tim , Shit´tim wood• }, n. The wood of the shittah tree.

Shit´tle , n. [See Shuttle.] A shuttle. [Obs.] Chapman.

Shit´tle, a. Wavering; unsettled; inconstant. [Obs.] Holland.

Shit´tle•cock , n. A shuttlecock. [Obs.]

Shit´tle•ness, n. Instability; inconstancy. [Obs.] “The vain shittlenesse of an unconstant head.” Baret.

Shive , n. [See Sheave, n.] 1. A slice; as a shive of bread. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. 2. A thin piece or fragment; specifically, one of the scales or pieces of the woody part of flax removed by the operation of breaking. 3. A thin, flat cork used for stopping a wide- mouthed bottle; also a thin wooden bung for casks.

Shiv´er , n. [OE. schivere, fr. shive; cf. G. schifer a splinter, slate, OHG. scivere a splinter, Dan. & Sw. skifer a slate. See Shive, and cf. Skever.] 1. One of the small pieces, or splinters, into which a brittle thing is broken by sudden violence; — generally used in the plural. ´All to shivers dashed.´ Milton. 2. A thin slice; a shive. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] ´A shiver of their own loaf.´ Fuller. “Of your soft bread, not but a shiver.” Chaucer. 3. (Geol.) A variety of blue slate. 4. (Naut.) A sheave or small wheel in a pulley. 5. A small wedge, as for fastening the bolt of a window shutter. 6. A spindle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shiv´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shivered p. pr. & vb. n. Shivering.] [OE. schiveren, scheveren; cf. OD. scheveren. See Shiver a fragment.] To break into many small pieces, or splinters; to shatter; to dash to pieces by a blow; as to shiver a glass goblet. “All the ground
With shivered armor strown.” Milton.

Shiv´er, v. i. To separate suddenly into many small pieces or parts; to be shattered. “There shiver shafts upon shields thick.” Chaucer “The natural world, should gravity once cease, … would instantly shiver into millions of atoms.” Woodward.

Shiv´er, v. i. [OE. chiveren, cheveren; of uncertain origin. This word seems to have been confused with shiver to shatter.] To tremble; to vibrate; to quiver; to shake, as from cold or fear. “Prometheus is laid
On icy Caucasus to shiver.” Swift. “The man that shivered on the brink of sin,
Thus steeled and hardened, ventures boldly in.” Creech.

Shiv´er, v. t. (Naut.) To cause to shake or tremble, as a sail, by steering close to the wind.

Shiv´er, n. The act of shivering or trembling.

Shiv´er•ing•ly, adv. In a shivering manner.

Shiv´er-spar , n. [Cf. G. schiefer-spath.] (Min.) A variety of calcite, so called from its slaty structure; — called also slate spar.

Shiv´er•y , a. 1. Tremulous; shivering. Mallet. 2. Easily broken; brittle; shattery.

Shoad , n. [Cf. G. schutt rubbish.] (Mining) A train of vein material mixed with rubbish; fragments of ore which have become separated by the action of water or the weather, and serve to direct in the discovery of mines. [Written also shode.]

Shoad´ing, n. (Mining) The tracing of veins of metal by shoads. [Written also shoding.] Pryce.

Shoal , n. [AS. scolu, sceolu, a company, multitude, crowd, akin to OS. skola; probably originally, a division, and akin to Icel. skilja to part, divide. See Skill, and cf. School. of fishes.] A great multitude assembled; a crowd; a throng; — said especially of fish; as a shoal of bass. ´Great shoals of people.´ Bacon. “Beneath, a shoal of silver fishes glides.” Waller.

Shoal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shoaled p. pr. & vb. n. Shoaling.] To assemble in a multitude; to throng; as the fishes shoaled about the place. Chapman.

Shoal, a. [Cf. Shallow; or cf. G. scholle a clod, glebe, OHG. scollo, scolla, prob. akin to E. shoal a multitude.] Having little depth; shallow; as shoal water.

Shoal, n. 1. A place where the water of a sea, lake, river, pond, etc., is shallow; a shallow. “The depth of your pond should be six feet; and on the sides some shoals for the fish to lay their span.” Mortimer. “Wolsey, that once trod the ways of glory,
And sounded all the depths and shoals of honor.” Shak. 2. A sandbank or bar which makes the water shoal. “The god himself with ready trident stands,
And opes the deep, and spreads the moving sands,
Then heaves them off the shoals.” Dryden.

Shoal, v. i. To become shallow; as the color of the water shows where it shoals.

Shoal, v. t. To cause to become more shallow; to come to a more shallow part of; as a ship shoals her water by advancing into that which is less deep. Marryat.

Shoal´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being shoaly; little depth of water; shallowness.

Shoal´ing, a. Becoming shallow gradually. ´A shoaling estuary.´ Lyell.

Shoal´y , a. Full of shoals, or shallow places. “The tossing vessel sailed on shoaly ground.” Dryden.

Shoar (shor), n. A prop. See 3d Shore.

Shoat (shot), n. A young hog. Same as Shote.

Shock , n. [OE. schokke; cf. OD schocke, G. schock a heap, quantity, threescore, MHG. schoc, Sw. skok, and also G. hocke a heap of hay, Lith. kugis.] 1. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of grain, as wheat, rye, or the like, set up in a field, the sheaves varying in number from twelve to sixteen; a stook. “And cause it on shocks to be by and by set.” Tusser. “Behind the master walks, builds up the shocks.” Thomson. 2. [G. schock.] (Com.) A lot consisting of sixty pieces; — a term applied in some Baltic ports to loose goods.

Shock, v. t. To collect, or make up, into a shock or shocks; to stook; as to shock rye.

Shock, v. i. To be occupied with making shocks. “Reap well, scatter not, gather clean that is shorn,
Bind fast, shock apace.” Tusser.

Shock, n. [Cf. D. schok a bounce, jolt, or leap, OHG. scoc a swing, MHG. schoc, Icel. skykkjun tremuously, F. choc a shock, collision, a dashing or striking against, Sp. choque, It. ciocco a log. rad.161. Cf. Shock to shake.] 1. A quivering or shaking which is the effect of a blow, collision, or violent impulse; a blow, impact, or collision; a concussion; a sudden violent impulse or onset. “These strong, unshaken mounds resist the shocks
Of tides and seas tempestuous.” Blackmore. “He stood the shock of a whole host of foes.” Addison. 2. A sudden agitation of the mind or feelings; a sensation of pleasure or pain caused by something unexpected or overpowering; also a sudden agitating or overpowering event. ´A shock of pleasure.´ Talfourd. 3. (Med.) A sudden depression of the vital forces of the entire body, or of a port of it, marking some profound impression produced upon the nervous system, as by severe injury, overpowering emotion, or the like. 4. (Elec.) The sudden convulsion or contraction of the muscles, with the feeling of a concussion, caused by the discharge, through the animal system, of electricity from a charged body. Syn. — Concussion, Shock. Both words signify a sudden violent shaking caused by impact or colision; but concussion is restricted in use to matter, while shock is used also of mental states.

Shock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shocked p. pr. & vb. n. Shocking.] [OE. schokken; cf. D. schokken, F. choquer, Sp. chocar. rad.161. Cf. Chuck to strike, Jog, Shake, Shock a striking, Shog, n. & v.] 1. To give a shock to; to cause to shake or waver; hence, to strike against suddenly; to encounter with violence. “Come the three corners of the world in arms,
And we shall shock them.” Shak. “I shall never forget the force with which he shocked De Vipont.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To strike with surprise, terror, horror, or disgust; to cause to recoil; as his violence shocked his associates. “Advise him not to shock a father’s will.” Dryden.

Shock, v. i. To meet with a shock; to meet in violent encounter. ´They saw the moment approach when the two parties would shock together.´ De Quincey.

Shock, n. [Cf. Shag.] 1. (Zoöl.) A dog with long hair or shag; — called also shockdog. 2. A thick mass of bushy hair; as a head covered with a shock of sandy hair.

Shock, a. Bushy; shaggy; as a shock hair. “His red shock peruke … was laid aside.” Sir W. Scott.

Shock´dog , n. (Zoöl.) See 7th Shock, 1.

Shock´-head , a. Shock- headed. Tennyson.

Shock´-head•ed, a. Having a thick and bushy head of hair.

Shock´ing, a. Causing to shake or tremble, as by a blow; especially, causing to recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or disgusting. “The grossest and most shocking villainies.” Secker. — Shock´ing•ly, adv. — Shock´ing•ness, n.

Shod , imp. & p. p. f Shoe.

Shod´dy , n. [Perhaps fr. Shed, v. t.; as meaning originally, waste stuff shedor thrown off.] 1. A fibrous material obtained by ´deviling,´ or tearing into fibers, refuse woolen goods, old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. See Mungo. 2. A fabric of inferior quality made of, or containing a large amount of, shoddy. The great quantity of shoddy goods furnished as army supplies in the late Civil War in the United States gave wide currency to the word, and it came to be applied to persons who pretend to a higher position in society than that to which their breeding or worth entitles them.

Shod´dy, a. Made wholly or in part of shoddy; containing shoddy; as shoddy cloth; shoddy blankets; hence, colloquially, not genuine; sham; pretentious; as shoddy aristocracy. “Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.” Compton Reade.

Shod´dy•ism , n. The quality or state of being shoddy. [Colloq.] See the Note under Shoddy, n.

Shode , n. [AS. scade, fr. sceádan. See Shed, v. t.] 1. The parting of the hair on the head. [Obs.] “Full straight and even lay his jolly shode.” Chaucer. 2. The top of the head; the head. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Shode , Shod´ing }. See Shoad, Shoading.

Sho´der , n. A package of gold beater’s skins in which gold is subjected to the second process of beating.

Shoe , n.; pl. Shoes (#), formerly Shoon (#), now provincial. [OE. sho, scho, AS. sch, sceóh; akin to OFries. sk, OS. skh, D. schoe, schoen, G. schuh, OHG. scuoh, Icel. skr, Dan. & Sw. sko, Goth. skhs; of unknown origin.] 1. A covering for the human foot, usually made of leather, having a thick and somewhat stiff sole and a lighter top. It differs from a boot on not extending so far up the leg. “Your hose should be ungartered, … yourshoe untied.” Shak. “Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon.” Shak. 2. Anything resembling a shoe in form, position, or use. Specifically: (a) A plate or rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it from injury. (b) A band of iron or steel, or a ship of wood, fastened to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh, or any vehicle which slides on the snow. (c) A drag, or sliding piece of wood or iron, placed under the wheel of a loaded vehicle, to retard its motion in going down a hill. (d) The part of a railroad car brake which presses upon the wheel to retard its motion. (e) (Arch.) A trough-shaped or spout-shaped member, put at the bottom of the water leader coming from the eaves gutter, so as to throw the water off from the building. (f) (Milling.) The trough or spout for conveying the grain from the hopper to the eye of the millstone. (g) An inclined trough in an ore-crushing mill. (h) An iron socket or plate to take the thrust of a strut or rafter. (i) An iron socket to protect the point of a wooden pile. (j) (Mach.) A plate, or notched piece, interposed between a moving part and the stationary part on which it bears, to take the wear and afford means of adjustment; — called also slipper, and gib. Shoe is often used adjectively, or in composition; as shoe buckle, or shoe-buckle; shoe latchet, or shoe-latchet; shoe leathet, or shoe-leather; shoe string, shoe-string, or shoestring. Shoe of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) A small block of wood, convex on the back, with a hole to receive the point of the anchor fluke, — used to prevent the anchor from tearing the planks of the vessel when raised or lowered. (b) A broad, triangular piece of plank placed upon the fluke to give it a better hold in soft ground. — Shoe block (Naut.), a block with two sheaves, one above the other, and at right angles to each other. — Shoe bolt, a bolt with a flaring head, for fastening shoes on sleigh runners. — Shoe pac, a kind of moccasin. See Pac. — Shoe stone, a sharpening stone used by shoemakers and other workers in leather.

Shoe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shod; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoeing.] [AS. scian, sceian. See Shoe, n.] 1. To furnish with a shoe or shoes; to put a shoe or shoes on; as to shoe a horse, a sled, an anchor. 2. To protect or ornament with something which serves the purpose of a shoe; to tip. “The sharp and small end of the billiard stick, which is shod with brass or silver.” Evelyn.

Shoe´bill , n. (Zoöl.) A large African wading bird (Balaeniceps rex) allied to the storks and herons, and remarkable for its enormous broad swollen bill. It inhabits the valley of the White Nile. See Illust. (l.) of Beak.

Shoe´black , n. One who polishes shoes. { Shoe´horn• , Shoe´ing-horn• } , n. 1. A curved piece of polished horn, wood, or metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe. 2. Figuratively: (a) Anything by which a transaction is facilitated; a medium; — by way of contempt. Spectator. (b) Anything which draws on or allures; an inducement. [Low] Beau. & Fl.

Shoe´less, a. Destitute of shoes. Addison.

Shoe´mak•er , n. 1. One whose occupation it is to make shoes and boots. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The threadfish. (b) The runner, 12.

Shoe´mak•ing, n. The business of a shoemaker.

Sho´er , n. One who fits shoes to the feet; one who furnishes or puts on shoes; as a shoer of horses.

Shog , n. [See Shock a striking.] A shock; a jog; a violent concussion or impulse. [R. or Scot.]

Shog, v. t. To shake; to shock. [R. or Scot.]

Shog, v. i. [Cf. W. ysgogi to wag, to stir. Cf. Jog.] To jog; to move on. [R. or Scot.] Beau. & Fl.

Shog´gle , v. t. [See Shog, Joggle.] To joggle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Pegge.

Sho´gun , n. [Chin. tsiang kiÜn commander in chief.] A title originally conferred by the Mikado on the military governor of the eastern provinces of Japan. By gradual usurpation of power the Shoguns (known to foreigners as Tycoons) became finally the virtual rulers of Japan. The title was abolished in 1867. [Written variously, Shiogun, Shiogoon, etc.]

Sho•gun´ate , n. The office or dignity of a Shogun. [Written also Siogoonate.]

Sho´la , n. (Bot.) See Sola.

Shole , n. A plank fixed beneath an object, as beneath the rudder of a vessel, to protect it from injury; a plank on the ground under the end of a shore or the like.

Shole, n. See Shoal. [Obs.]

Shonde , n. [AS. sceond. Cf. Shend.] Harm; disgrace; shame. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shone , imp. & p. p. of Shine.

Shoo , interj. [Cf. G. scheuchen to scare, drive away.] Begone; away; — an expression used in frightening away animals, especially fowls.

Sho´oi, n. (Zoöl.) The Richardson’s skua (Stercorarius parasiticus);- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.]

Shook , imp. & obs. or poet. p. p. of Shake.

Shook, n. [Cf. Shock a bundle of sheaves.] (Com.) (a) A set of staves and headings sufficient in number for one hogshead, cask, barrel, or the like, trimmed, and bound together in compact form. (b) A set of boards for a sugar box. (c) The parts of a piece of house furniture, as a bedstead, packed together.

Shook, v. t. To pack, as staves, in a shook.

Shoon , n., pl. of Shoe. [Archaic] Chaucer. “They shook the snow from hats and shoon.” Emerson.

Shoop , obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer.

Shoot , n. [F. chute. See Chute. Confused with shoot to let fly.] An inclined plane, either artificial or natural, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide; also a narrow passage, either natural or artificial, in a stream, where the water rushes rapidly; esp., a channel, having a swift current, connecting the ends of a bend in the stream, so as to shorten the course. [Written also chute, and shute.] [U. S.] To take a shoot, to pass through a shoot instead of the main channel; to take the most direct course. [U.S.]

Shoot , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shot p. pr. & vb. n. Shooting. The old participle Shotten is obsolete. See Shotten.] [OE. shotien, schotien, AS. scotian, v. i., sceótan; akin to D. schieten, G. schieen, OHG. sciozan, Icel. skjta, Sw. skjuta, Dan. skyde; cf. Skr. skund to jump. rad.159. Cf. Scot a contribution, Scout to reject, Scud, Scuttle, v. i., Shot, Sheet, Shut, Shuttle, Skittish, Skittles.] 1. To let fly, or cause to be driven, with force, as an arrow or a bullet; — followed by a word denoting the missile, as an object. “If you please
To shoot an arrow that self way.” Shak. 2. To discharge, causing a missile to be driven forth; — followed by a word denoting the weapon or instrument, as an object; — often with off; as to shoot a gun. “The two ends od a bow, shot off, fly from one another.” Boyle. 3. To strike with anything shot; to hit with a missile; often, to kill or wound with a firearm; — followed by a word denoting the person or thing hit, as an object. “When Roger shot the hawk hovering over his master’s dove house.” A. Tucker. 4. To send out or forth, especially with a rapid or sudden motion; to cast with the hand; to hurl; to discharge; to emit. “An honest weaver as ever shot shuttle.” Beau. & Fl. “A pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by scores.” Macaulay. 5. To push or thrust forward; to project; to protrude; — often with out; as a plant shoots out a bud. “They shoot out the lip, they shake the head.” Ps. xxii. 7. “Beware the secret snake that shoots a sting.” Dryden. 6. (Carp.) To plane straight; to fit by planing. “Two pieces of wood that are shot, that is, planed or else pared with a paring chisel.” Moxon. 7. To pass rapidly through, over, or under; as to shoot a rapid or a bridge; to shoot a sand bar. “She … shoots the Stygian sound.” Dryden. 8. To variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling; to color in spots or patches. “The tangled water courses slept,
Shot over with purple, and green, and yellow.” Tennyson. To be shot of, to be discharged, cleared, or rid of. [Colloq.] ´Are you not glad to be shot of him?´ Sir W. Scott.

Shoot, v. i. 1. To cause an engine or weapon to discharge a missile; — said of a person or an agent; as they shot at a target; he shoots better than he rides. “The archers have … shot at him.” Gen. xlix. 23. 2. To discharge a missile; — said of an engine or instrument; as the gun shoots well. 3. To be shot or propelled forcibly; — said of a missile; to be emitted or driven; to move or extend swiftly, as if propelled; as a shooting star. “There shot a streaming lamp along the sky.” Dryden. 4. To penetrate, as a missile; to dart with a piercing sensation; as shooting pains. “Thy words shoot through my heart.” Addison. 5. To feel a quick, darting pain; to throb in pain. “These preachers make
His head to shoot and ache.” Herbert. 6. To germinate; to bud; to sprout. “Onions, as they hang, will shoot forth.” Bacon. “But the wild olive shoots, and shades the ungrateful plain.” Dryden. 7. To grow; to advance; as to shoot up rapidly. “Well shot in years he seemed.” Spenser. “Delightful task! to rear the tender thought,
To teach the young idea how to shoot.” Thomson. 8. To change form suddenly; especially, to solidify. “If the menstruum be overcharged, metals will shoot into crystals.” Bacon. 9. To protrude; to jut; to project; to extend; as the land shoots into a promontory. “There shot up against the dark sky, tall, gaunt, straggling houses.” Dickens. 10. (Naut.) To move ahead by force of momentum, as a sailing vessel when the helm is put hard alee. To shoot ahead, to pass or move quickly forward; to outstrip others.

Shoot, n. 1. The act of shooting; the discharge of a missile; a shot; as the shoot of a shuttle. “The Turkish bow giveth a very forcible shoot.” Bacon. “One underneath his horse to get a shoot doth stalk.” Drayton. 2. A young branch or growth. “Superfluous branches and shoots of this second spring.” Evelyn. 3. A rush of water; a rapid. 4. (Min.) A vein of ore running in the same general direction as the lode. Knight. 5. (Weaving) A weft thread shot through the shed by the shuttle; a pick. 6. [Perh. a different word.] A shoat; a young hog.

Shoot´er , n. 1. One who shoots, as an archer or a gunner. 2. That which shoots. Specifically: (a) A firearm; as a five-shooter. [Colloq. U.S.] (b) A shooting star. [R.]

Shoot´ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shoots; as the shooting of an archery club; the shooting of rays of light. 2. A wounding or killing with a firearm; specifically (Sporting), the killing of game; as a week of shooting. 3. A sensation of darting pain; as a shooting in one’s head.

Shoot´ing, a. Of or pertaining to shooting; for shooting; darting. Shooting board (Joinery), a fixture used in planing or shooting the edge of a board, by means of which the plane is guided and the board held true. — Shooting box, a small house in the country for use in the shooting season. Prof. Wilson. — Shooting gallery, a range, usually covered, with targets for practice with firearms. — Shooting iron, a firearm. [Slang, U.S.] — Shooting star. (a) (Astron.) A starlike, luminous meteor, that, appearing suddenly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky, and then as suddenly disappears, leaving sometimes, for a few seconds, a luminous train, — called also falling star. Shooting stars are small cosmical bodies which encounter the earth in its annual revolution, and which become visible by coming with planetary velocity into the upper regions of the atmosphere. At certain periods, as on the 13th of November and 10th of August, they appear for a few hours in great numbers, apparently diverging from some point in the heavens, such displays being known as meteoric showers, or star showers. These bodies, before encountering the earth, were moving in orbits closely allied to the orbits of comets. See Leonids, Perseids. (b) (Bot.) The American cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). See under Cowslip. — Shooting stick (Print.), a tapering piece of wood or iron, used by printers to drive up the quoins in the chase. Hansard.

Shoot´y , a. Sprouting or coming up freely and regularly. [Prev. Eng.] Grose.

Shop , obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer.

Shop, n. [OE. shoppe, schoppe, AS. sceoppa a treasury, a storehouse, stall, booth; akin to scypen a shed, LG. schup a shed, G. schoppen, schuppen, a shed, a coachhouse, OHG. scopf.] 1. A building or an apartment in which goods, wares, drugs, etc., are sold by retail. “From shop to shop
Wandering, and littering with unfolded silks
The polished counter.” Cowper. 2. A building in which mechanics or artisans work; as a shoe shop; a car shop. “A tailor called me in his shop.” Shak. Shop is often used adjectively or in composition; as shop rent, or shop-rent; shop thief, or shop-thief; shop window, or shop-window, etc. To smell of the shop, to indicate too distinctively one’s occupation or profession. — To talk shop, to make one’s business the topic of social conversation; also to use the phrases peculiar to one’s employment. [Colloq.] Syn. — Store; warehouse. See Store.

Shop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shopped p. pr. & vb. n. Shopping.] To visit shops for the purpose of purchasing goods. “He was engaged with his mother and some ladies to go shopping.” Byron.

Shop´board , n. A bench or board on which work is performed; a workbench. South.

Shop´book , n. A book in which a tradesman keeps his accounts. Locke.

Shop´boy , n. A boy employed in a shop.

Sho´pen , obs. p. p. of Shape. Chaucer.

Shop´girl , n. A girl employed in a shop.

Shop´keep•er , n. A trader who sells goods in a shop, or by retail; — in distinction from one who sells by wholesale. Addison.

Shop´lift•er , n. [Shop + lift. See Lift to steal.] One who steals anything in a shop, or takes goods privately from a shop; one who, under pretense of buying goods, takes occasion to steal.

Shop´lift•ing, n. Larceny committed in a shop; the stealing of anything from a shop.

Shop´like, a. Suiting a shop; vulgar. B. Jonson.

Shop´maid , n. A shopgirl.

Shop´man , n.; pl. Shopmen . 1. A shopkeeper; a retailer. Dryden. 2. One who serves in a shop; a salesman. 3. One who works in a shop or a factory.

Shop´per , n. One who shops.

Shop´pish , a. Having the appearance or qualities of a shopkeeper, or shopman.

Shop´py , a. 1. Abounding with shops. [Colloq.] 2. Of or pertaining to shops, or one’s own shop or business; as shoppy talk. [Colloq.] Mrs. Gaskell.

Shop´shift , n. The trick of a shopkeeper; deception. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Shop´walk•er , n. One who walks about in a shop as an overseer and director. Cf. Floorwalker.

Shop´wom•an , n.; pl. Shopwomen . A woman employed in a shop.

Shop´worn , a. Somewhat worn or damaged by having been kept for a time in a shop.

Shor´age , n. Duty paid for goods brought on shore. Grabb.

Shore , imp. of Shear. Chaucer.

Shore, n. A sewer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shore, n. [OE. schore; akin to LG. schore, D. schoor, OD. schoore, Icel. skora, and perhaps to E. shear, as being a piece cut off.] A prop, as a timber, placed as a brace or support against the side of a building or other structure; a prop placed beneath anything, as a beam, to prevent it from sinking or sagging. [Written also shoar.]

Shore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shored p. pr. & vb. n. Shoring.] [OE. schoren. See Shore a prop.] To support by a shore or shores; to prop; — usually with up; as to shore up a building.

Shore, n. [OE. schore, AS. score, probably fr. scieran, and so meaning properly, that which is shorn off, edge; akin to OD. schoore, schoor. See Shear, v. t.] The coast or land adjacent to a large body of water, as an ocean, lake, or large river. “Michael Cassio,
Lieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello,
Is come shore.” Shak. “The fruitful shore of muddy Nile.” Spenser. In shore, near the shore. Marryat. — On shore. See under On. — Shore birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for the various limicoline birds found on the seashore. — Shore crab (Zoöl.), any crab found on the beaches, or between tides, especially any one of various species of grapsoid crabs, as Heterograpsus nudus of California. — Shore lark (Zoöl.), a small American lark (Otocoris alpestris) found in winter, both on the seacoast and on the Western plains. Its upper parts are varied with dark brown and light brown. It has a yellow throat, yellow local streaks, a black crescent on its breast, a black streak below each eye, and two small black erectile ear tufts. Called also horned lark. — Shore plover (Zoöl.), a large-billed Australian plover (Esacus magnirostris). It lives on the seashore, and feeds on crustaceans, etc. — Shore teetan (Zoöl.), the rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). [Prov. Eng.]

Shore , v. t. To set on shore. [Obs.] Shak.

Shore´less, a. Having no shore or coast; of indefinite or unlimited extent; as a shoreless ocean. Young.

Shore´ling , n. See Shorling.

Shor´er , n. One who, or that which, shores or props; a prop; a shore.

Shore´ward , adv. Toward the shore.

Shor´ing, n. 1. The act of supporting or strengthening with a prop or shore. 2. A system of props; props, collectively.

Shorl , n., Shor•la´ceous , a. (Min.) See Schorl, Schorlaceous.

Shor´ling , n. 1. The skin of a sheen after the fleece is shorn off, as distinct from the morling, or skin taken from the dead sheep; also a sheep of the first year’s shearing. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A person who is shorn; a shaveling; hence, in contempt, a priest. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Shorn , p. p. of Shear.

Short , a. [Compar. Shorter superl. Shortest.] [OE. short, schort, AS. scort, sceort; akin to OHG. scurz, Icel. skorta to be short of, to lack, and perhaps to E. shear, v. t. Cf. Shirt.] 1. Not long; having brief length or linear extension; as a short distance; a short piece of timber; a short flight. “The bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it.” Isa. xxviii. 20. 2. Not extended in time; having very limited duration; not protracted; as short breath. “The life so short, the craft so long to learn.” Chaucer. “To short absense I could yield.” Milton. 3. Limited in quantity; inadequate; insufficient; scanty; as a short supply of provisions, or of water. 4. Insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; scantily furnished; lacking; not coming up to a resonable, or the ordinary, standard; — usually with of; as to be short of money. “We shall be short in our provision.” Shak. 5. Deficient; defective; imperfect; not coming up, as to a measure or standard; as an account which is short of the trith. 6. Not distant in time; near at hand. “Marinell was sore offended
That his departure thence should be so short.” Spenser. “He commanded those who were appointed to attend him to be ready by a short day.” Clarendon. 7. Limited in intellectual power or grasp; not comprehensive; narrow; not tenacious, as memory. “Their own short understandings reach
No farther than the present.” Rowe. 8. Less important, efficaceous, or powerful; not equal or equivalent; less (than); — with of. “Hardly anything short of an invasion could rouse them again to war.” Landor. 9. Abrupt; brief; pointed; petulant; as he gave a short answer to the question. 10. (Cookery) Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth; crisp; as short pastry. 11. (Metal) Brittle. Metals that are brittle when hot are called ot- short; as cast iron may be hot-short, owing to the presence of sulphur. Those that are brittle when cold are called cold-short; as cast iron may be cold-short, on account of the presence of phosphorus. 12. (Stock Exchange) Engaging or engaged to deliver what is not possessed; as short contracts; to be short of stock. See The shorts, under Short, n., and To sell short, under Short, adv. In mercantile transactions, a note or bill is sometimes made payable at short sight, that is, in a little time after being presented to the payer. 13. (Phon.) Not prolonged, or relatively less prolonged, in utterance; — opposed to long, and applied to vowels or to syllables. In English, the long and short of the same letter are not, in most cases, the long and short of the same sound; thus, the i in ill is the short sound, not of i in isle, but of ee in eel, and the e in pet is the short sound of a in pate, etc. See Quantity, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§22, 30. Short is much used with participles to form numerous self-explaining compounds; as short-armed, short- billed, short-fingered, short-haired, short- necked, short-sleeved, short-tailed, short- winged, short-wooled, etc. At short notice, in a brief time; promptly. — Short rib (Anat.), one of the false ribs. — Short suit (Whist), any suit having only three cards, or less than three. R. A. Proctor. — To come short, To cut short, To fall short, etc. See under Come, Cut, etc.

Short, n. 1. A summary account. “The short and the long is, our play is preferred.” Shak. 2. pl. The part of milled grain sifted out which is next finer than the bran. “The first remove above bran is shorts.” Halliwell. 3. pl. Short, inferior hemp. 4. pl. Breeches; shortclothes. [Slang] Dickens. 5. (Phonetics) A short sound, syllable, or vowel. “If we compare the nearest conventional shorts and longs in English, as in ´bit´ and ´beat,´ ´not´ and ´naught,´ we find that the short vowels are generally wide, the long narrow, besides being generally diphthongic as well. Hence, originally short vowels can be lengthened and yet kept quite distinct from the original longs.” H. Sweet. In short, in few words; in brief; briefly. — The long and the short, the whole; a brief summing up. — The shorts (Stock Exchange), those who are unsupplied with stocks which they contracted to deliver.

Short , adv. In a short manner; briefly; limitedly; abruptly; quickly; as to stop short in one’s course; to turn short. “He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language.” Howell. To sell short (Stock Exchange), to sell, for future delivery, what the party selling does not own, but hopes to buy at a lower rate.

Short, v. t. [AS. sceortian.] To shorten. [Obs.]

Short, v. i. To fail; to decrease. [Obs.]

Short´age , n. Amount or extent of deficiency, as determined by some requirement or standard; as a shortage in money accounts.

Short´-breathed , a. 1. Having short-breath, or quick respiration. 2. Having short life.

Short´cake , n. An unsweetened breakfast cake shortened with butter or lard, rolled thin, and baked.

Short´ cir´cuit (Elec.) A circuit formed or closed by a conductor of relatively low resistance because shorter or of relatively great conductivity.

Short´-cir•cuit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Short-circuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Short-circuiting.] (Elec.) To join, as the electrodes of a battery or dynamo or any two points of a circuit, by a conductor of low resistance.

Short´clothes , n. Coverings for the legs of men or boys, consisting of trousers which reach only to the knees, — worn with long stockings.

Short´com•ing , n. The act of falling, or coming short; as: (a) The failure of a crop, or the like. (b) Neglect of, or failure in, performance of duty.

Short´-dat•ed , a. Having little time to run from the date. ´Thy short-dated life.´ Sandys.

Short´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shortened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] [See Short, a.] 1. To make short or shorter in measure, extent, or time; as to shorten distance; to shorten a road; to shorten days of calamity. 2. To reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to lessen; to abridge; to curtail; to contract; as to shorten work, an allowance of food, etc. “Here, where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my chain.” Dryden. 3. To make deficient (as to); to deprive; — with of. “Spoiled of his nose, and shortened of his ears.” Dryden. 4. To make short or friable, as pastry, with butter, lard, pot liquor, or the like. To shorten a rope (Naut.), to take in the slack of it. — To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce sail by taking it in.

Short´en, v. i. To become short or shorter; as the day shortens in northern latitudes from June to December; a metallic rod shortens by cold.

Short´en•er , n. One who, or that which, shortens.

Short´en•ing, n. 1. The act of making or becoming short or shorter. 2. (Cookery) That which renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc.

Short´hand , n. A compendious and rapid method or writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for letters, words, etc.; short writing; stenography. See Illust. under Phonography.

Short•-hand´ed, a. Short of, or lacking the regular number of, servants or helpers.

Short´head , n. A sucking whale less than one year old; — so called by sailors.

Short´horn , a. One of a breed of large, heavy domestic cattle having short horns. The breed was developed in England.

Short´-joint•ed , a. Having short intervals between the joints; — said of a plant or an animal, especially of a horse whose pastern is too short.

Short´-lived , a. Not living or lasting long; being of short continuance; as a short-lived race of beings; short-lived pleasure; short-lived passion.

Short´ly, adv. [AS. sceortlice.] 1. In a short or brief time or manner; soon; quickly. Chaucer. “I shall grow jealous of you shortly.” Shak. “The armies came shortly in view of each other.” Clarendon. 2. In few words; briefly; abruptly; curtly; as to express ideas more shortly in verse than in prose.

Short´ness, n. The quality or state of being short; want of reach or extension; brevity; deficiency; as the shortness of a journey; the shortness of the days in winter; the shortness of an essay; the shortness of the memory; a shortness of provisions; shortness of breath.

Short´sight•ed , a. 1. Not able to see far; nearsighted; myopic. See Myopic and Myopia. 2. Fig.: Not able to look far into futurity; unable to understand things deep; of limited intellect. 3. Having little regard for the future; heedless. — Short´sight•ed•ly, adv. — Short´sight•ed•ness, n. “Cunning is a kind of shortsightedness.” Addison.

Short´-spo•ken , a. Speaking in a quick or short manner; hence, gruff; curt. [Colloq.]

Short´stop , n. (Baseball) The player stationed in the field bewtween the second and third bases.

Short´-waist•ed , a. Having a short waist.

Short´-wind•ed , a. Affected with shortness of breath; having a quick, difficult respiration, as dyspnoic and asthmatic persons. May.

Short´wing , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small wrenlike Asiatic birds having short wings and a short tail. They belong to Brachypterix, Callene, and allied genera.

Short´-wit•ed , a. Having little wit; not wise; having scanty intellect or judgment.

Shor´y , a. Lying near the shore. [Obs.]

Sho•sho´nes , n. pl.; sing. Shoshone . (Ethnol.) A linguistic family or stock of North American Indians, comprising many tribes, which extends from Montana and Idaho into Mexico. In a restricted sense the name is applied especially to the Snakes, the most northern of the tribes.

Shot , imp. & p. p. of Shoot.

Shot, a. Woven in such a way as to produce an effect of variegation, of changeable tints, or of being figured; as shot silks. See Shoot, v. t., 8.

Shot, n. [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sceótan to shoot; akin to D. sschot, Icel. skot. rad.159. See Scot a share, Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shot a shooting.] A share or proportion; a reckoning; a scot. “Here no shots are where all shares be.” Chapman. “A man is never … welcome to a place till some certain shot be paid and the hostess say ´Welcome.´” Shak.

Shot, n.; pl. Shotor Shots (#). [OE. shot, schot, AS. gesceot a missile; akin to D. schot a shot, shoot, G. schuss, geschoss a missile, Icel. skot a throwing, a javelin, and E. shoot, v.t. rad.159. See Shoot, and cf. Shot a share.] 1. The act of shooting; discharge of a firearm or other weapon which throws a missile. “He caused twenty shot of his greatest cannon to be made at the king’s army.” Clarendon. 2. A missile weapon, particularly a ball or bullet; specifically, whatever is discharged as a projectile from firearms or cannon by the force of an explosive. Shot used in war is of various kinds, classified according to the material of which it is composed, into lead, wrought-iron, and cast-iron; according to form, into spherical and oblong; according to structure and modes of operation, into solid, hollow, and case. See Bar shot, Chain shot, etc., under Bar, Chain, etc. 3. Small globular masses of lead, of various sizes, — used chiefly for killing game; as bird shot; buckshot. 4. The flight of a missile, or the distance which it is, or can be, thrown; as the vessel was distant more than a cannon shot. 5. A marksman; one who practices shooting; as an exellent shot. Shot belt, a belt having a pouch or compartment for carrying shot. — Shot cartridge, a cartridge containing powder and small shot, forming a charge for a shotgun. — Shot garland (Naut.), a wooden frame to contain shot, secured to the coamings and ledges round the hatchways of a ship. — Shot gauge, an instrument for measuring the diameter of round shot. Totten. — shot hole, a hole made by a shot or bullet discharged. - - Shot locker (Naut.), a strongly framed compartment in the hold of a vessel, for containing shot. — Shot of a cable (Naut.), the splicing of two or more cables together, or the whole length of the cables thus united. — Shot prop (Naut.), a wooden prop covered with tarred hemp, to stop a hole made by the shot of an enemy in a ship’s side. — Shot tower, a lofty tower for making shot, by dropping from its summit melted lead in slender streams. The lead forms spherical drops which cool in the descent, and are received in water or other liquid. — Shot window, a window projecting from the wall. Ritson, quoted by Halliwell, explains it as a window that opens and shuts; and Wodrow describes it as a window of shutters made of timber and a few inches of glass above them.

Shot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shotting.] To load with shot, as a gun. Totten.

Shot´-clog , n. A person tolerated only because he pays the shot, or reckoning, for the rest of the company, otherwise a mere clog on them. [Old Slang] “Thou common shot-clog, gull of all companies.” Chapman.

Shote , n. [AS. sceóta a darting fish, a trout, fr. sceótan. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish resembling the trout. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Garew. 2. [Perh. a different word.] A young hog; a shoat.

Shot´-free , a. Not to be injured by shot; shot-proof. [Obs.] Feltham.

Shot´-free, a. Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free. [Obs.] Shak.

Shot´gun , n. A light, smooth- bored gun, often double-barreled, especially designed for firing small shot at short range, and killing small game.

Shot´-proof , a. Impenetrable by shot.

Shots , n. pl. The refuse of cattle taken from a drove. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Shot´ted , a. 1. Loaded with shot. 2. (Med.) Having a shot attached; as a shotten suture.

Shot´ten , n. [Properly p. p. of shoot; AS. scoten, sceoten, p. p. of sceótan.] 1. Having ejected the spawn; as a shotten herring. Shak. 2. Shot out of its socket; dislocated, as a bone.

Shough , n. (Zoöl.) A shockdog.

Shough , interj. See Shoo. Beau. & Fl.

Should , imp. of Shall. [OE. sholde, shulde, scholde, schulde, AS. scolde, sceolde. See Shall.] Used as an auxiliary verb, to express a conditional or contingent act or state, or as a supposition of an actual fact; also to express moral obligation (see Shall); e. g.: they should have come last week; if I should go; I should think you could go. ´You have done that you should be sorry for.´ Shak. Syn. — See Ought.

Shoul´der , n. [OE. shulder, shuldre, schutder, AS. sculdor; akin to D. schoulder, G. schulter, OHG. scultarra, Dan. skulder, Sw. skuldra.] 1. (Anat.) The joint, or the region of the joint, by which the fore limb is connected with the body or with the shoulder girdle; the projection formed by the bones and muscles about that joint. 2. The flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder joint; the upper part of the back; that part of the human frame on which it is most easy to carry a heavy burden; — often used in the plural. “Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore
The gates of Azza.” Milton. “Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair.” Dryden. 3. Fig.: That which supports or sustains; support. “In thy shoulder do I build my seat.” Shak. 4. That which resembles a human shoulder, as any protuberance or projection from the body of a thing. “The north western shoulder of the mountain.” Sir W. Scott. 5. The upper joint of the fore leg and adjacent parts of an animal, dressed for market; as a shoulder of mutton. 6. (Fort.) The angle of a bastion included between the face and flank. See Illust. of Bastion. 7. An abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object, or limits motion, etc., as the projection around a tenon at the end of a piece of timber, the part of the top of a type which projects beyond the base of the raised character, etc. Shoulder belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder. — Shoulder blade (Anat.), the flat bone of the shoulder, to which the humerus is articulated; the scapula. — Shoulder block (Naut.), a block with a projection, or shoulder, near the upper end, so that it can rest against a spar without jamming the rope. — Shoulder clapper, one who claps another on the shoulder, or who uses great familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. — Shoulder girdle. (Anat.) See Pectoral girdle, under Pectoral. — Shoulder knot, an ornamental knot of ribbon or lace worn on the shoulder; a kind of epaulet or braided ornament worn as part of a military uniform. — Shoulder-of-mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail carried on a boat’s mast; — so called from its shape. — Shoulder slip, dislocation of the shoulder, or of the humerous. Swift. — Shoulder strap, a strap worn on or over the shoulder. Specifically (Mil. & Naval), a narrow strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicating, by a suitable device, the rank he holds in the service. See Illust. in App.

Shoul´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shouldered p. pr. & vb. n. Shouldering.] 1. To push or thrust with the shoulder; to push with violence; to jostle. “As they the earth would shoulder from her seat.” Spenser. “Around her numberless the rabble flowed,
Shouldering each other, crowding for a view.” Rowe. 2. To take upon the shoulder or shoulders; as to shoulder a basket; hence, to assume the burden or responsibility of; as to shoulder blame; to shoulder a debt. “As if Hercules
Or burly Atlas shouldered up their state.” Marston. Right shoulder arms (Mil.), a position in the Manual of Arms which the piece is placed on the right shoulder, with the lock plate up, and the muzzle elevated and inclined to the left, and held as in the illustration.

Shoul´dered , a. Having shoulders; — used in composition; as a broad-shouldered man. ´He was short-shouldered.´ Chaucer.

Shoul´der-shot•ten , a. Sprained in the shoulder, as a horse. Shak.

Shout (shout), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shouting.] [OE. shouten, of unknown origin; perhaps akin to shoot; cf. Icel. skuta, skuti, a taunt.] To utter a sudden and loud outcry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract attention, to animate soldiers, etc. “Shouting of the men and women eke.” Chaucer. “They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for?” Shak. To shout at, to utter shouts at; to deride or revile with shouts.

Shout, v. t. 1. To utter with a shout; to cry; — sometimes with out; as to shout, or to shout out, a man’s name. 2. To treat with shouts or clamor. Bp. Hall.

Shout, n. A loud burst of voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, especially of a multitudes expressing joy, triumph, exultation, or animated courage. “The Rhodians, seeing the enemy turn their backs, gave a great shout in derision.” Knolles.

Shout´er , n. One who shouts.

Shove (shuv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoved (shuvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoving.] [OE. shoven, AS. scofian, fr. scufan; akin to OFries. skuva, D. schuiven, G. schieben, OHG. scioban, Icel. skufa, skyfa, Sw. skuffa, Dan. skuffe, Goth. afskiuban to put away, cast away; cf. Skr. kshubh to become agitated, to quake, Lith. skubrus quick, skubinti to hasten. rad.160. Cf. Sheaf a bundle of stalks, Scoop, Scuffle.] 1. To drive along by the direct and continuous application of strength; to push; especially, to push (a body) so as to make it move along the surface of another body; as to shove a boat on the water; to shove a table across the floor. 2. To push along, aside, or away, in a careless or rude manner; to jostle. “And shove away the worthy bidden guest.” Milton. “He used to shove and elbow his fellow servants.” Arbuthnot.

Shove, v. i. 1. To push or drive forward; to move onward by pushing or jostling. 2. To move off or along by an act pushing, as with an oar a pole used by one in a boat; sometimes with off. “He grasped the oar,
eceived his guests on board, and shoved from shore.” Garth.

Shove , n. The act of shoving; a forcible push. “I rested … and then gave the boat another shove.” Swift. Syn. — See Thrust.

Shove, obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer. { Shove´board• , Shove´groat• }, n. The same as Shovelboard.

Shov´el , n. [OE. shovele, schovele, AS. scoft, sceoft; akin to D. schoffel, G. schaufel, OHG. scvala, Dan. skovl, Sw. skofvel, skyffel, and to E. shove. rad.160. See Shove, v. t.] An implement consisting of a broad scoop, or more or less hollow blade, with a handle, used for lifting and throwing earth, coal, grain, or other loose substances. Shovel hat, a broad-brimmed hat, turned up at the sides, and projecting in front like a shovel, — worn by some clergy of the English Church. [Colloq.] — Shovelspur (Zoöl.), a flat, horny process on the tarsus of some toads, — used in burrowing. — Steam shovel, a machine with a scoop or scoops, operated by a steam engine, for excavating earth, as in making railway cuttings.

Shov´el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoveled or Shovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoveling or Shovelling.] 1. To take up and throw with a shovel; as to shovel earth into a heap, or into a cart, or out of a pit. 2. To gather up as with a shovel.

Shov´el•ard , n. (Zoöl.) Shoveler. [Prov. Eng.]

Shov´el•bill , n. (Zoöl.) The shoveler.

Shov´el•board , n. 1. A board on which a game is played, by pushing or driving pieces of metal or money to reach certain marks; also the game itself. Called also shuffleboard, shoveboard, shovegroat, shovelpenny. 2. A game played on board ship in which the aim is to shove or drive with a cue wooden disks into divisions chalked on the deck; — called also shuffleboard.

Shov´el•er , n. [Also shoveller.] 1. One who, or that which, shovels. 2. (Zoöl.) A river duck (Spatula clypeata), native of Europe and America. It has a large bill, broadest towards the tip. The male is handsomely variegated with green, blue, brown, black, and white on the body; the head and neck are dark green. Called also broadbill, spoonbill, shovelbill, and maiden duck. The Australian shoveler, or shovel-nosed duck (S. rhynchotis), is a similar species.

Shov´el•ful , n.; pl. Shovelfuls . As much as a shovel will hold; enough to fill a shovel.

Shov´el•head , n. (Zoöl.) A shark (Sphryna tiburio) allied to the hammerhead, and native of the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; — called also bonnet shark.

Shov´el•nose , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common sand shark. See under Snad. (b) A small California shark (Heptranchias maculatus), which is taken for its oil. (c) A Pacific Ocean shark (Hexanchus corinus). (d) A ganoid fish of the Sturgeon family (Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus) of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers; — called also white sturgeon.

Shov´el-nosed , a. (Zoöl.) Having a broad, flat nose; as the shovel- nosed duck, or shoveler.

Shov´en , obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer.

Show , v. t. [imp. Showed p. p. Shown or Showed; p. pr. & vb. n. Showing. It is sometimes written shew, shewed, shewn, shewing.] [OE. schowen, shewen, schewen, shawen, AS. sceáwian, to look, see, view; akin to OS. scawn, OFries. skawia, D. schouwen, OHG. scouwn, G. schauen, Dan. skue, Sw. skda, Icel. skoa, Goth. usskawjan to waken, skuggwa a mirror, Icel. skuggy shade, shadow, L. cavere to be on one’s guard, Gr. to mark, perceive, hear, Skr. kavi wise. Cf. Caution, Scavenger, Sheen.] 1. To exhibit or present to view; to place in sight; to display; — the thing exhibited being the object, and often with an indirect object denoting the person or thing seeing or beholding; as to show a house; show your colors; shopkeepers show customers goods (show goods to customers). “Go thy way, shew thyself to the priest.” Matt. viii. 4. “Nor want we skill or art from whence to raise
Magnificence; and what can heaven show more?” Milton. 2. To exhibit to the mental view; to tell; to disclose; to reveal; to make known; as to show one’s designs. “Shew them the way wherein they must walk.” Ex. xviii. 20. “If it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away.” 1 Sam. xx. 13. 3. Specifically, to make known the way to (a person); hence, to direct; to guide; to asher; to conduct; as to show a person into a parlor; to show one to the door. 4. To make apparent or clear, as by evidence, testimony, or reasoning; to prove; to explain; also to manifest; to evince; as to show the truth of a statement; to show the causes of an event. “I ’ll show my duty by my timely care.” Dryden. 5. To bestow; to confer; to afford; as to show favor. “Shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me.” Ex. xx. 6. To show forth, to manifest; to publish; to proclaim. — To show his paces, to exhibit the gait, speed, or the like; — said especially of a horse. — To show off, to exhibit ostentatiously. — To show up, to expose. [Colloq.]

Show, v. i. [Written also shew.] 1. To exhibit or manifest one’s self or itself; to appear; to look; to be in appearance; to seem. “Just such she shows before a rising storm.” Dryden. “All round a hedge upshoots, and shows
At distance like a little wood.” Tennyson. 2. To have a certain appearance, as well or ill, fit or unfit; to become or suit; to appear. “My lord of York, it better showed with you.” Shak. To show off, to make a show; to display one’s self.

Show , n. [Formerly written also shew.] 1. The act of showing, or bringing to view; exposure to sight; exhibition. 2. That which os shown, or brought to view; that which is arranged to be seen; a spectacle; an exhibition; as a traveling show; a cattle show. “As for triumphs, masks, feasts, and such shows.” Bacon. 3. Proud or ostentatious display; parade; pomp. “I envy none their pageantry and show.” Young. 4. Semblance; likeness; appearance. “He through the midst unmarked,
In show plebeian angel militant
Of lowest order, passed.” Milton. 5. False semblance; deceitful appearance; pretense. “Beware of the scribes, … which devour widows’ houses, and for a shew make long prayers.” Luke xx. 46. 47. 6. (Med.) A discharge, from the vagina, of mucus streaked with blood, occuring a short time before labor. 7. (Mining) A pale blue flame, at the top of a candle flame, indicating the presence of fire damp. Raymond. Show bill, a broad sheet containing an advertisement in large letters. — Show box, a box xontaining some object of curiosity carried round as a show. — Show card, an advertising placard; also a card for displaying samples. — Show case, a glaed case, box, or cabinet for displaying and protecting shopkeepers’ wares, articles on exhibition in museums, etc. — Show glass, a glass which displays objects; a mirror. — Show of hands, a raising of hands to indicate judgment; as the vote was taken by a show of hands. — Show stone, a piece of glass or crystal supposed to have the property of exhibiting images of persons or things not present, indicating in that way future events.

Show´bread , n. (Jewish Antiq.) Bread of exhibition; loaves to set before God; — the term used in translating the various phrases used in the Hebrew and Greek to designate the loaves of bread which the priest of the week placed before the Lord on the golden table in the sanctuary. They were made of fine flour unleavened, and were changed every Sabbath. The loaves, twelve in number, represented the twelve tribes of Israel. They were to be eaten by the priests only, and in the Holy Place. [Written also shewbread.] Mark ii. 26.

Show´er , n. 1. One who shows or exhibits. 2. That which shows; a mirror. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Show´er , n. [OE. shour, schour, AS. ser; akin to D. schoer, G. schauer, OHG. scr, Icel. skr, Sw. skur, Goth. skra windis a storm of wind; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fall or rain or hail of short duration; sometimes, but rarely, a like fall of snow. “In drought or else showers.” Chaucer. “Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers.” Milton. 2. That which resembles a shower in falling or passing through the air copiously and rapidly. “With showers of stones he drives them far away.” Pope. 3. A copious supply bestowed. [R.] “He and myself
Have travail’d in the great shower of your gifts.” Shak. Shower bath, a bath in which water is showered from above, and sometimes from the sides also.

Show´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Showered p. pr. & vb. n. Showering.] 1. To water with a shower; to t copiously with rain. “Lest it again dissolve and shower the earth.” Milton. 2. To bestow liberally; to destribute or scatter in undance; to rain. Shak. “Csar’s favor,
That showers down greatness on his friends.” Addison.

Show´er, v. i. To rain in showers; to fall, as in a hower or showers. Shak.

Show´er•ful , a. Full of showers. Tennyson.

Show´er•i•ness , n. Quality of being showery.

Show´er•less, a. Rainless; freo from showers.

Show´er•y , a. 1. Raining in showers; abounding with frequent showers of rain. 2. Of or pertaining to a shower or showers. ´Colors of the showery arch.´ Milton.

Show´i•ly , adv. In a showy manner; pompously; with parade.

Show´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being showy; pompousness; great parade; ostentation.

Show´ing, n. 1. Appearance; display; exhibition. 2. Presentation of facts; statement. J. S. Mill.

Show´ish, a. Showy; ostentatious. Swift.

Show´man , n.; pl. Showmen (#). One who exhibits a show; a proprietor of a show.

Shown , p. p. of Show.

Show´room , n. A room or apartment where a show is exhibited. 2. A room where merchandise is exposed for sale, or where samples are displayed.

Show´y , a. [Compar. Showier ; superl. Showiest.] Making a show; attracting attention; presenting a marked appearance; ostentatious; gay; gaudy. “A present of everything that was rich and showy.” Addison. Syn. — Splendid; gay; gaudy; gorgeous; fine; magnificent; grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous.

Shrag , n. [CF. Scrag.] A twig of a tree cut off. [Obs.]

Shrag, v. t. To trim, as trees; to lop. [Obs.]

Shrag´ger , n. One who lops; one who trims trees. [Obs.] Huloet.

Shram , v. t. [Cf. Shrink.] To cause to shrink or shrivel with cold; to benumb. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrank , imp. of Shrink. { Shrap , Shrape } n. [Cf. Scrap, and Scrape.] A place baited with chaff to entice birds. [Written also scrap.] [Obs.] Bp. Bedell.

Shrap´nel , a. Applied as an appellation to a kind of shell invented by Gen. H. Shrapnel of the British army. — n. A shrapnel shell; shrapnel shells, collectively. Shrapnel shell (Gunnery), a projectile for a cannon, consisting of a shell filled with bullets and a small bursting charge to scatter them at any given point while in flight. See the Note under Case shot.

Shred , n. [OE. shrede, schrede, AS. screáde; akin to OD. schroode, G. schrot a piece cut off, Icel. skrjoðr a shred, and to E. shroud. Cf. Screed, Scroll, Scrutiny.] 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a strip. ´Shreds of tanned leather.´ Bacon. 2. In general, a fragment; a piece; a particle. Shak.

Shred, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shred or Shredded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shredding.] [OE. shreden, schreden, AS. screádian; akin to OD. schrooden, OHG. scrtan, G. schroten. See Shred, n.] 1. To cut or tear into small pieces, particularly narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. Chaucer. 2. To lop; to prune; to trim. [Obs.]

Shred´cook , n. (Zoöl.) The fieldfare; — so called from its harsh cry before rain. [Prov. Eng.]

Shred´ding , n. 1. The act of cutting or tearing into shreds. 2. That which is cut or torn off; a piece. Hooker.

Shred´dy , a. Consisting of shreds.

Shred´less, a. Having no shreds; without a shred. “And those which waved are shredless dust ere now.” Byron.

Shrew , a. [OE. shrewe, schrewe. Cf. Shrewd.] Wicked; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shrew, n. [See Shrew, a.] 1. Originally, a brawling, turbulent, vexatious person of either sex, but now restricted in use to females; a brawler; a scold. “A man … grudgeth that shrews [i. e., bad men] have prosperity, or else that good men have adversity.” Chaucer. “A man had got a shrew to his wife, and there could be no quiet in the house for her.” L’Estrange. 2. [AS. screáwa; — so called because supposed to be venomous. ] (Zoöl.) Any small insectivore of the genus Sorex and several allied genera of the family Sorecidae. In form and color they resemble mice, but they have a longer and more pointed nose. Some of them are the smallest of all mammals. The common European species are the house shrew (Crocidura araneus), and the erd shrew (Sorex vulgaris) (see under Erd.). In the United States several species of Sorex and Blarina are common, as the broadnosed shrew (S. platyrhinus), Cooper’s shrew (S. Cooperi), and the short-tailed, or mole, shrew (Blarina brevicauda). Th American water, or marsh, shrew (Neosorex palustris), with fringed feet, is less common. The common European water shrews are Crossopus fodiens, and the oared shrew (see under Oared). Earth shrew, any shrewlike burrowing animal of the family Centetidae, as the tendrac. — Elephant shrew, Jumping shrew, Mole shrew. See under Elephant, Jumping, etc. — Musk shrew. See Desman. — River shrew, an aquatic West African insectivore (Potamogale velox) resembling a weasel in form and size, but having a large flattened and crested tail adapted for rapid swimming. It feeds on fishes. — Shrew mole, a common large North American mole (Scalops aquaticus). Its fine, soft fur is gray with iridescent purple tints.

Shrew, v. t. [See Shrew, a., and cf. Beshrew.] To beshrew; to curse. [Obs.] ´I shrew myself.´ Chaucer.

Shrewd , a. [Compar. Shrewder superl. Shrewdest.] [Originally the p. p. of shrew, v.t.] 1. Inclining to shrew; disposing to curse or scold; hence, vicious; malicious; evil; wicked; mischievous; vexatious; rough; unfair; shrewish. [Obs.] Chaucer. “[Egypt] hath many shrewd havens, because of the great rocks that ben strong and dangerous to pass by.” Sir J. Mandeville. “Every of this happy number
That have endured shrewd days and nights with us.” Shak. 2. Artful; wily; cunning; arch. “These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues.” Shak. 3. Able or clever in practical affairs; sharp in business; astute; sharp-witted; sagacious; keen; as a shrewd observer; a shrewd design; a shrewd reply. “Professing to despise the ill opinion of mankind creates a shrewd suspicion that we have deserved it.” Secker. Syn. — Keen; critical; subtle; artful; astute; sagacious; discerning; acute; penetrating. — Shrewd, Sagacious. One who is shrewd is keen to detect errors, to penetrate disguises, to foresee and guard against the selfishness of others. Shrewd is a word of less dignity than sagacious, which implies a comprehensive as well as penetrating mind, whereas shrewd does not. — Shrewd´ly, adv. — Shrewd´ness, n.

Shrew´ish , a. having the qualities of a shrew; having a scolding disposition; froward; peevish. “My wife is shrewish when I keep not hours.” Shak. — Shrew´ish•ly, adv. — Shrew´ish•ness, n.

Shrew´mouse , n. (Zoöl.) A shrew; especially, the erd shrew.

Shriek , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrieked p. pr. & vb. n. Shrieking.] [OE. shriken, originallythe same word as E. screech. See Screech, and cf. Screak.] To utter a loud, sharp, shrill sound or cry, as do some birds and beasts; to scream, as in a sudden fright, in horror or anguish. “It was the owl that shrieked.” Shak. “At this she shrieked aloud; the mournful train
Echoed her grief.” Dryden.

Shriek , v. t. To utter sharply and shrilly; to utter in or with a shriek or shrieks. “On top whereof aye dwelt the ghostly owl,
Shrieking his baleful note.” Spenser. “She shrieked his name
To the dark woods.” Moore.

Shriek, n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream; a shrill wild cry such as is caused by sudden or extreme terror, pain, or the like. “Shrieks, clamors, murmurs, fill the frighted town.” Dryden. Shriek owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The screech owl. (b) The swift; — so called from its cry.

Shriek´er , n. One who utters a shriek.

Shriev´al , a. Of or pertaining to a sheriff.

Shriev´al•ty , n. [Contr. from sheriffalty. See Shrieve, n. Sheriff.] The office, or sphere of jurisdiction, of a sheriff; sheriffalty. “It was ordained by 28 Edward I that the people shall have election of sheriff in every shire where the shrievalty is not of inheritance.” Blackstone.

Shrieve , n. [Contr. from OE. shereve. See Sheriff.] A sheriff. [Obs.] Shak.

Shrieve, v. t. To shrive; to question. [Obs.] ´She gan him soft to shrieve.´ Spenser.

Shrift , n. [OE. shrift, schrift, AS. scrift, fr. scrifan to shrive. See Shrive.] 1. The act of shriving. “In shrift and preaching is my diligence.” Chaucer. 2. Confession made to a priest, and the absolution consequent upon it. Chaucer. “Have you got leave to go to shrift to- day?” Shak. “Therefore, my lord, address you to your shrift,
And be yourself; for you must die this instant.” Rowe. Shrift father, a priest to whom confession is made.

Shright , obs. imp. & p. p. of Shriek. “She cried alway and shright.” Chaucer.

Shright, n. [See Shriek.] A shriek; shrieking. [Obs] Spenser. ´All hoarse for shright.´ Chaucer.

Shrike , n. [Akin to Icel. skrikja a shrieker, the shrike, and E. shriek; cf. AS. scric a thrush. See Shriek, v. i.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of oscinine birds of the family Laniidae, having a strong hooked bill, toothed at the tip. Most shrikes are insectivorous, but the common European gray shrike (Lanius excubitor), the great northern shrike (L. borealis), and several others, kill mice, small birds, etc., and often impale them on thorns, and are, on that account called also butcher birds. See under Butcher. The ant shrikes, or bush shrikes, are clamatorial birds of the family Formicaridae. The cuckoo shrikes of the East Indies and Australia are Oscines of the family Campephagidae. The drongo shrikes of the same regions belong to the related family Dicruridae. See Drongo. Crow shrike. See under Crow. — Shrike thrush. (a) Any one of several species of Asiatic timaline birds of the genera Thamnocataphus, Gampsorhynchus, and allies. (b) Any one of several species of shrikelike Australian singing birds of the genus Colluricincla. — Shrike tit. (a) Any one of several Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, having a strong toothed bill and sharp claws. They creep over the bark of trees, like titmice, in search of insects. (b) Any one of several species of small Asiatic birds belonging to Allotrius, Pteruthius, Cutia, Leioptila, and allied genera, related to the true tits. Called also hill tit. — Swallow shrike. See under Swallow.

Shrill , a. [Compar. Shriller superl. Shrillest.] [OE. shril, schril; akin to LG. schrell, G. schrill. See Shrill,v. i.] Acute; sharp; piercing; having or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound; — said of a sound, or of that which produces a sound. “Hear the shrill whistle which doth order give
To sounds confused.” Shak. “Let winds be shrill, let waves roll high.” Byron.

Shrill, n. A shrill sound. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shrill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrilled p. pr. & vb. n. Shrilling.] [OE. schrillen, akin to G. schrillen; cf. AS. scralletan to resound loudly, Icel. skrölta to jolt, Sw. skrälla to shrill, Norw. skryla, skrla. Cf. Skirl.] To utter an acute, piercing sound; to sound with a sharp, shrill tone; to become shrill. “Break we our pipes, that shrilledloud as lark.” Spenser. “No sounds were heard but of the shrilling cock.” Goldsmith. “His voice shrilled with passion.” L. Wallace.

Shrill, v. t. To utter or express in a shrill tone; to cause to make a shrill sound. “How poor Andromache shrills her dolors forth.” Shak.

Shrill´-gorged , a. Having a throat which produces a shrill note. [R.] Shak.

Shrill´ness, n. The quality or state of being shrill.

Shrill´-tongued , a. Having a shrill voice. ´When shrill-tongued Fulvia scolds.´ Shak.

Shril´ly, adv. In a shrill manner; acutely; with a sharp sound or voice.

Shril´ly, a. Somewhat shrill. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott. “Some kept up a shrilly mellow sound.” Keats.

Shrimp , v. t. [Cf. AS. scrimman to dry up, wither, MHG. schrimpfen to shrink, G. schrumpfen, Dan. skrumpe, skrumpes, Da. & Sw. skrumpen shriveled. Cf. Scrimp, Shrink, Shrivel.] To contract; to shrink. [Obs.]

Shrimp, n. [OE. shrimp; — probably so named from its shriveled appearance. See Shrimp, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of macruran Crustacea belonging to Crangon and various allied genera, having a slender body and long legs. Many of them are used as food. The larger kinds are called also prawns. See Illust. of Decapoda. (b) In a more general sense, any species of the macruran tribe Caridea, or any species of the order Schizopoda, having a similar form. (c) In a loose sense, any small crustacean, including some amphipods and even certain entomostracans; as the fairy shrimp, and brine shrimp. See under Fairy, and Brine. 2. Figuratively, a little wrinkled man; a dwarf; — in contempt. “This weak and writhled shrimp.” Shak. Opossum shrimp. (Zoöl.) See under Opossum. — Spector shrimp, or Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), any slender amphipod crustacean of the genus Caprella and allied genera. See Illust. under Laemodopoda. — Shrimp catcher (Zoöl.), the little tern (Sterna minuta). — Shrimp net, a dredge net fixed upon a pole, or a sweep net dragged over the fishing ground.

Shrimp´er , n. One who fishes for shrimps.

Shrine (shrin), n. [OE. schrin, AS. scrin, from L. scrinium a case, chest, box.] 1. A case, box, or receptacle, especially one in which are deposited sacred relics, as the bones of a saint. 2. Any sacred place, as an altar, tromb, or the like. “Too weak the sacred shrine guard.” Byron. 3. A place or object hallowed from its history or associations; as a shrine of art.

Shrine, v. t. To enshrine; to place reverently, as in a shrine. ´Shrined in his sanctuary.´ Milton.

Shrink , v. i. [imp. Shrank or Shrunk p. p. Shrunk or Shrunken , but the latter is now seldom used except as a participial adjective; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] [OE. shrinken, schrinken, AS. scrincan; akin to OD. schrincken, and probably to Sw. skrynka a wrinkle, skrynkla to wrinkle, to rumple, and E. shrimp, n. & v., scrimp. CF. Shrimp.] 1. To wrinkle, bend, or curl; to shrivel; hence, to contract into a less extent or compass; to gather together; to become compacted. “And on a broken reed he still did stay
His feeble steps, which shrunk when hard thereon he lay.” Spenser. “I have not found that water, by mixture of ashes, will shrink or draw into less room.” Bacon. “Against this fire do I shrink up.” Shak. “And shrink like parchment in consuming fire.” Dryden. “All the boards did shrink.” Coleridge. 2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; to decline action from fear; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. “What happier natures shrink at with affright,
The hard inhabitant contends is right.” Pope. “They assisted us against the Thebans when you shrank from the task.” Jowett (Thucyd.) 3. To express fear, horror, or pain by contracting the body, or part of it; to shudder; to quake. [R.] Shak.

Shrink, v. t. 1. To cause to contract or shrink; as to shrink finnel by imersing it in boiling water. 2. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.] “The Libyc Hammon shrinks his horn.” Milton. To shrink on (Mach.), to fix (one piece or part) firmly around (another) by natural contraction in cooling, as a tire on a wheel, or a hoop upon a cannon, which is made slightly smaller than the part it is to fit, and expanded by heat till it can be slipped into place.

Shrink, n. The act shrinking; shrinkage; contraction; also recoil; withdrawal. “Yet almost wish, with sudden shrink,
That I had less to praise.” Leigh Hunt.

Shrink´age , n. 1. The act of shrinking; a contraction into less bulk or measurement. 2. The amount of such contraction; the bulk or dimension lost by shrinking, as of grain, castings, etc. 3. Decrease in value; depreciation. [Colloq.]

Shrink´er , n. One who shrinks; one who withdraws from danger.

Shrink´ing, a. & n. from Shrink. Shrinking head (Founding), a body of molten metal connected with a mold for the purpose of supplying metal to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting; — called also sinking head, and riser.

Shrink´ing•ly, adv. In a shrinking manner.

Shriv´al•ty , n. Shrievalty. Johnson.

Shrive , v. t. [imp. Shrived or Shrove ; p. p. Shriven or Shrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriving.] [OE. shriven, schriven, AS. scrivan to shrive, to impose penance or punishment; akin to OFries. skriva to impose punishment; cf. OS. biskriban to be troubled. Cf. Shrift, Shrovetide.] 1. To hear or receive the confession of; to administer confession and absolution to; — said of a priest as the agent. “That they should shrive their parishioners.” Piers Plowman. “Doubtless he shrives this woman, …
Else ne’er could he so long protract his speech.” Shak. “Till my guilty soul be shriven.” Longfellow. 2. To confess, and receive absolution; — used reflexively. “Get you to the church and shrive yourself.” Beau. & Fl.

Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions, as a priest; to administer confession and absolution. Spenser.

Shriv´el , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shriveled or Shrivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriveling or Shrivelling.] [Probably akin to shrimp, shrink; cf. dial. AS. screpa to pine away, Norw. skrypa to waste, skryp, skryv, transitory, frail, Sw. skröpling feeble, Dan. skröbelig, Icel. skrjpr brittle, frail.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to shrink, and form corrugations; as a leaf shriveles in the hot sun; the skin shrivels with age; — often with up.

Shriv´el , v. t. To cause to shrivel or contract; to cause to shrink onto corruptions.

Shriv´en , p. p. of Shrive.

Shriv´er , n. One who shrives; a confessor.

Shriv´ing, n. Shrift; confession. Spenser.

Shroff , n. [Ar. sarraf.] A banker, or changer of money. [East Indies]

Shroff´age , n. The examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased. [East Indies]

Shrood , v. t. [Cf. Shroud.] [Written also shroud, and shrowd.] To trim; to lop. [Prov. Eng.]

Shroud (shroud), n. [OE. shroud, shrud, schrud, AS. scrud a garment, clothing; akin to Icel. skruð the shrouds of a ship, furniture of a church, a kind of stuff, Sw. skrud dress, attire, and E. shred. See Shred, and cf. Shrood.] 1. That which clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. Piers Plowman. “Swaddled, as new born, in sable shrouds.” Sandys. 2. Especially, the dress for the dead; a winding sheet. ´A dead man in his shroud.´ Shak. 3. That which covers or shelters like a shroud. “Jura answers through her misty shroud.” Byron. 4. A covered place used as a retreat or shelter, as a cave or den; also a vault or crypt. [Obs.] “The shroud to which he won
His fair-eyed oxen.” Chapman. “A vault, or shroud, as under a church.” Withals. 5. The branching top of a tree; foliage. [R.] “The Assyrian wad a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and with a shadowing shroad.” Ezek. xxxi. 3. 6. pl. (Naut.) A set of ropes serving as stays to support the masts. The lower shrouds are secured to the sides of vessels by heavy iron bolts and are passed around the head of the lower masts. 7. (Mach.) One of the two annular plates at the periphery of a water wheel, which form the sides of the buckets; a shroud plate. Bowsprit shrouds (Naut.), ropes extending from the head of the bowsprit to the sides of the vessel. — Futtock shrouds (Naut.), iron rods connecting the topmast rigging with the lower rigging, passing over the edge of the top. — Shroud plate. (a) (Naut.) An iron plate extending from the dead-eyes to the ship’s side. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) (Mach.) A shroud. See def. 7, above.

Shroud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrouding.] [Cf. AS. scrdan. See Shroud, n.] 1. To cover with a shroud; especially, to inclose in a winding sheet; to dress for the grave. “The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen besmeared with gums.” Bacon. 2. To cover, as with a shroud; to protect completely; to cover so as to conceal; to hide; to veil. “One of these trees, with all his young ones, may shroud four hundred horsemen.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Some tempest rise,
And blow out all the stars that light the skies,
To shroud my shame.” Dryden.

Shroud, v. i. To take shelter or harbor. [Obs.] “If your stray attendance be yet lodged,
Or shroud within these limits.” Milton.

Shroud, v. t. To lop. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

Shroud´ed, a. Provided with a shroud or shrouds. Shrouded gear (Mach.), a cogwheel or pinion having flanges which form closed ends to the spaces between the teeth and thus strengthen the teeth by tying them together.

Shroud´ing, n. The shrouds. See Shroud, n., 7.

Shroud´-laid , a. Composed of four strands, and laid right-handed with a heart, or center; — said of rope. See Illust. under Cordage.

Shroud´less, a. Without a shroud.

Shroud´y , a. Affording shelter. [R.] Milton.

Shrove , imp. of Shrive. Shrove Sunday, Quinguagesima Sunday. — Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday following Quinguagesima Sunday, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash Wednesday. It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for the people to confess their sins to their parish priests, after which they dined on pancakes, or fritters, and the occasion became one of merriment. The bell rung on this day is popularly called Pancake Bell, and the day itself Pancake Tuesday. P. Cyc.

Shrove, v. i. To join in the festivities of Shrovetide; hence, to make merry. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Shrove´tide , n. [From shrive to take a confession (OE. imp. shrof, AS. scraf) + tide.] The days immediately preceding Ash Widnesday, especially the period between the evening before Quinguagesima Sunday and the morning of Ash Wednesday.

Shrov´ing, n. The festivity of Shrovetide. [Obs.]

Shrow , n. A shrew. [Obs.] Shak.

Shrowd , v. t. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrub , n. [Ar. shirb, shurb, a drink, beverage, fr. shariba to drink. Cf. Sirup, Sherbet.] A liquor composed of vegetable acid, especially lemon juice, and sugar, with spirit to preserve it.

Shrub, n. [OE. schrob, AS. scrob, scrobb; akin to Norw. skrubba the dwarf cornel tree.] (Bot.) A woody plant of less size than a tree, and usually with several stems from the same root.

Shrub, v. t. To lop; to prune. [Obs.] Anderson (1573).

Shrub´ber•y , n.; pl. Shrubberies . 1. A collection of shrubs. 2. A place where shrubs are planted. Macaulay.

Shrub´bi•ness , n. Quality of being shrubby.

Shrub´by , a. [Compar. Shrubbier superl. Shrubbiest.] 1. Full of shrubs. 2. Of the nature of a shrub; resembling a shrub. ´Shrubby browse.´ J. Philips.

Shrub´less, a. having no shrubs. Byron.

Shruff , n. [Cf. Scruff, Scurf.] Rubbish. Specifically: (a) Dross or refuse of metals. [Obs.] (b) Light, dry wood, or stuff used for fuel. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrug , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrugged p. pr. & vb. n. Shrugging ] [Probably akin to shrink, p. p. shrunk; cf. Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, dial. Sw. skrukka, skruga, to crouch.] To draw up or contract (the shoulders), especially by way of expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. “He shrugs his shoulders when you talk of securities.” Addison.

Shrug, v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. “They grin, they shrug.
They bow, they snarl, they snatch, they hug.” Swift.

Shrug, n. A drawing up of the shoulders, — a motion usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt. “The Spaniards talk in dialogues
Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs.” Hudibras.

Shrunk´en , p. p. & a. from Shrink.

Shuck , n. A shock of grain. [Prev.Eng.]

Shuck, n. [Perhaps akin to G. shote a husk, pod, shell.] 1. A shell, husk, or pod; especially, the outer covering of such nuts as the hickory nut, butternut, peanut, and chestnut. 2. The shell of an oyster or clam. [U. S.]

Shuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shucked p. pr. & vb. n. Shucking.] To deprive of the shucks or husks; as to shuck walnuts, Indian corn, oysters, etc.

Shuck´er , n. One who shucks oysters or clams

Shud´der , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shuddered p. pr. & vb. n. Shuddering.] [OE. shoderen, schuderen; akin to LG. schuddern, D. schudden to shake, OS. skuddian, G. schaudern to shudder, schütteln to shake, schütten to pour, to shed, OHG. scutten, scuten, to shake.] To tremble or shake with fear, horrer, or aversion; to shiver with cold; to quake. ´With shuddering horror pale.´ Milton. “The shuddering tennant of the frigid zone.” Goldsmith.

Shud´der, n. The act of shuddering, as with fear. Shak.

Shud´der•ing•ly, adv. In a shuddering manner.

Shude , n. The husks and other refuse of rice mills, used to adulterate oil cake, or linseed cake.

Shuf´fle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shuffled p. pr. & vb. n. Shuffling ] [Originally the same word as scuffle, and properly a freq. of shove. See Shove, and Scuffle.] 1. To shove one way and the other; to push from one to another; as to shuffle money from hand to hand. 2. To mix by pushing or shoving; to confuse; to throw into disorder; especially, to change the relative positions of, as of the cards in a pack. “A man may shuffle cards or rattle dice from noon to midnight without tracing a new idea in his mind.” Rombler. 3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion. “It was contrived by your enemies, and shuffled into the papers that were seizen.” Dryden. To shuffe off, to push off; to rid one’s self of. — To shuffe up, to throw together in hastel to make up or form in confusion or with fraudulent disorder; as he shuffled up a peace.

Shuf´fle, v. i. 1. To change the relative position of cards in a pack; as to shuffle and cut. 2. To change one’s position; to shift ground; to evade questions; to resort to equivocation; to prevaricate. “I myself, … hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle.” Shak. 3. To use arts or expedients; to make shift. “Your life, good master,
Must shuffle for itself.” Shak. 4. To move in a slovenly, dragging manner; to drag or scrape the feet in walking or dancing. “The aged creature came
Shuffling along with ivory-headed wand.” Keats. Syn. — To equivicate; prevaricate; quibble; cavil; shift; sophisticate; juggle.

Shuf´fle, n. 1. The act of shuffling; a mixing confusedly; a slovenly, dragging motion. “The unguided agitation and rude shuffles of matter.” Bentley. 2. A trick; an artifice; an evasion. “The gifts of nature are beyond all shame and shuffles.” L’Estrange.

Shuf´fle•board , n. See Shovelboard.

Shuf´fle•cap , n. A play performed by shaking money in a hat or cap. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Shuf´fler , n. 1. One who shuffles. 2. (Zoöl.) Either one of the three common American scaup ducks. See Scaup duck, under Scaup.

Shuf´fle•wing , n. (Zoöl.) The hedg sparrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Shuf´fling , a. 1. Moving with a dragging, scraping step. ´A shuffling nag.´ Shak. 2. Evasive; as a shuffling excuse. T. Burnet.

Shuf´fling, v. In a shuffling manner.

Shug , v. i. [Cf. Shrug.] 1. To writhe the body so as to produce friction against one’s clothes, as do those who have the itch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. Hence, to crawl; to sneak. [Obs.] “There I ’ll shug in and get a noble countenance.” Ford.

Shu´mac , n. (Bot.) Sumac.

Shun , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunned p. pr. & vb. n. Shunning.] [OE. shunien, schunien, schonien, AS. scunian, sceonian; cf. D. schuinen to slepe, schuin oblique, sloping, Icel. skunda, skynda, to hasten. Cf. Schooner, Scoundrel, Shunt.] To avoid; to keep clear of; to get out of the way of; to escape from; to eschew; as to shun rocks, shoals, vice. “I am pure from the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God.” Acts xx. 26,27. “Scarcity and want shall shun you.” Shak. Syn. — See Avoid.

Shun´less, a. Not to be shunned; inevitable; unavoidable. [R.] ´Shunless destiny.´ Shak.

Shunt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shunting.] [Prov. E., to move from, to put off, fr. OE. shunten, schunten, schounten; cf. D. schuinte a slant, slope, Icel. skunda to hasten. Cf. Shun.] 1. To shun; to move from. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. To cause to move suddenly; to give a sudden start to; to shove. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ash. 3. To turn off to one side; especially, to turn off, as a grain or a car upon a side track; to switch off; to shift. “For shunting your late partner on to me.” T. Hughes. 4. (Elec.) To provide with a shunt; as to shunt a galvanometer.

Shunt , v. i. To go aside; to turn off.

Shunt, n. [Cf. D. schuinte slant, slope, declivity. See Shunt, v. t.] 1. (Railroad) A turning off to a side or short track, that the principal track may be left free. 2. (Elec.) A conducting circuit joining two points in a conductor, or the terminals of a galvanometer or dynamo, so as to form a parallel or derived circuit through which a portion of the current may pass, for the purpose of regulating the amount passing in the main circuit. 3. (Gunnery) The shifting of the studs on a projectile from the deep to the shallow sides of the grooves in its discharge from a shunt gun. Shunt dynamo (Elec.), a dynamo in which the field circuit is connected with the main circuit so as to form a shunt to the letter, thus employing a portion of the current from the armature to maintain the field. — Shunt gun, a firearm having shunt rifling. See under Rifling.

Shunt´er , n. (Railroad) A person employed to shunt cars from one track to another.

Shut , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shut; p. pr. & vb. n. Shutting.] [OE. shutten, schutten, shetten, schitten, AS. scyttan to shut or lock up (akin to D. schutten, G. schützen to protect), properly, to fasten with a bolt or bar shot across, fr. AS. sceótan to shoot. rad.159. See Shoot.] 1. To close so as to hinder ingress or egress; as to shut a door or a gate; to shut one’s eyes or mouth. 2. To forbid entrance into; to prohibit; to bar; as to shut the ports of a country by a blockade. “Shall that be shut to man which to the beast
Is open?” Milton. 3. To preclude; to exclude; to bar out. ´Shut from every shore.´ Dryden. 4. To fold together; to close over, as the fingers; to close by bringing the parts together; as to shut the hand; to shut a book. To shut in. (a) To inclose; to confine. ´The Lord shut him in.´ Cen. vii. 16. (b) To cover or intercept the view of; as one point shuts in another. — To shut off. (a) To exclude. (b) To prevent the passage of, as steam through a pipe, or water through a flume, by closing a cock, valve, or gate. — To shut out, to preclude from entering; to deny admission to; to exclude; as to shut out rain by a tight roof. — To shut together, to unite; to close, especially to close by welding. — To shut up. (a) To close; to make fast the entrances into; as to shut up a house. (b) To obstruct. ´Dangerous rocks shut up the passage.´ Sir W. Raleigh. (c) To inclose; to confine; to imprison; to fasten in; as to shut up a prisoner. “Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed.” Gal. iii. 23. (d) To end; to terminate; to conclude. “When the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above his master if he has acted better.” Collier. (e) To unite, as two pieces of metal by welding. (f) To cause to become silent by authority, argument, or force.

Shut, v. i. To close itself; to become closed; as the door shuts; it shuts hard. To shut up, to cease speaking. [Colloq.] T. Hughes.

Shut, a. 1. Closed or fastened; as a shut door. 2. Rid; clear; free; as to get shut of a person. [Now dialectical or local, Eng. & U.S.] L’Estrange. 3. (Phon.) (a) Formed by complete closure of the mouth passage, and with the nose passage remaining closed; stopped, as are the mute consonants, p, t, k, b, d, and hard g. H. Sweet. (b) Cut off sharply and abruptly by a following consonant in the same syllable, as the English short vowels, a, e, i, o, u, always are.

Shut, n. The act or time of shutting; close; as the shut of a door. “Just then returned at shut of evening flowers.” Milton. 2. A door or cover; a shutter. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 3. The line or place where two pieces of metal are united by welding. Cold shut, the imperfection in a casting caused by the flowing of liquid metal upon partially chilled metal; also the imperfect weld in a forging caused by the inadequate heat of one surface under working.

Shute , n. Same as Chute, or Shoot.

Shut´ter , n. 1. One who shuts or closes. 2. A movable cover or screen for a window, designed to shut out the light, to obstruct the view, or to be of some strength as a defense; a blind. 3. A removable cover, or a gate, for closing an aperture of any kind, as for closing the passageway for molten iron from a ladle.

Shut´tered , a. Furnished with shutters.

Shut´tle , n. [Also shittle, OE. schitel, scytyl, schetyl; cf. OE. schitel a bolt of a door, AS. scyttes; all from AS. sceótan to shoot; akin to Dan. skyttel, skytte, shuttle, dial. Sw. skyttel, sköttel. rad.159. See Shoot, and cf. Shittle, Skittles.] 1. An instrument used in weaving for passing or shooting the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other between the threads of the warp. “Like shuttles through the loom, so swiftly glide
My feathered hours.” Sandys. 2. The sliding thread holder in a sewing machine, which carries the lower thread through a loop of the upper thread, to make a lock stitch. 3. A shutter, as for a channel for molten metal. [R.] Shuttle box (Weaving), a case at the end of a shuttle race, to receive the shuttle after it has passed the thread of the warp; also one of a set of compartments containing shuttles with different colored threads, which are passed back and forth in a certain order, according to the pattern of the cloth woven. — Shutten race, a sort of shelf in a loom, beneath the warp, along which the shuttle passes; a channel or guide along which the shuttle passes in a sewing machine. — Shuttle shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Volva, or Radius, having a smooth, spindle-shaped shell prolonged into a channel at each end.

Shut´tle , v. i. To move backwards and forwards, like a shuttle. “I had to fly far and wide, shutting athwart the big Babel, wherever his calls and pauses had to be.” Carlyle.

Shut´tle•cock , n. A cork stuck with feathers, which is to be struck by a battledoor in play; also the play itself.

Shut´tle•cock, v. t. To send or toss to and fro; to bandy; as to shuttlecock words. Thackeray.

Shut´tle•cork , n. See Shuttlecock.

Shut´tle•wise , adv. Back and forth, like the movement of a shuttle.

Shwan´-pan , n. See Schwan- pan.

Shy (shi), a. [Compar. Shier (-er) or Shyer; superl. Shiest or Shyest.] [OE. schey, skey, sceouh, AS. sceóh; akin to Dan. sky, Sw. skygg, D. schuw, MHG. schiech, G. scheu, OHG. sciuhen to be or make timid. Cf. Eschew.] 1. Easily frightened; timid; as a shy bird. “The horses of the army … were no longer shy, but would come up to my very feet without starting.” Swift. 2. Reserved; coy; disinclined to familiar approach. “What makes you so shy, my good friend? There’s nobody loves you better than I.” Arbuthnot. “The embarrassed look of shy distress
And maidenly shamefacedness.” Wordsworth. 3. Cautious; wary; suspicious. “I am very shy of using corrosive liquors in the preparation of medicines.” Boyle. “Princes are, by wisdom of state, somewhat shy of thier successors.” Sir H. Wotton. To fight shy. See under Fight, v. i.

Shy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shied p. pr. & vb. n. Shying.] [From Shy, a.] To start suddenly aside through fright or suspicion; — said especially of horses.

Shy, v. t. To throw sidewise with a jerk; to fling; as to shy a stone; to shy a slipper. T. Hughes.

Shy, n. 1. A sudden start aside, as by a horse. 2. A side throw; a throw; a fling. Thackeray. “If Lord Brougham gets a stone in his hand, he must, it seems, have a shy at somebody.” Punch.

Shy´ly, adv. In a shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with reserve. [Written also shily.]

Shy´ness, n. The quality or state of being shy. [Written also shiness.] “Frequency in heavenly contemplation is particularly important to prevent a shyness bewtween God and thy soul.” Baxter. Syn. — Bashfulness; reserve; coyness; timidity; diffidence. See Bashfulness.

Shy´ster , n. [Perh. from G. scheisse excrement.] A trickish knave; one who carries on any business, especially legal business, in a mean and dishonest way. [Slang, U.S.]

Si [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to the note B; more recently, to the seventh tone of any major diatonic scale. It was added to Guido’s scale by Le Maire about the end of the 17th century.

Si•a´ga , n. (Zoöl.) The ahu, or jairou.

Si•al´o•gogue , n. [Gr. si•alon saliva + leading, from to lead: cf. F. sialagogue.] (Med.) An agent which promotes the flow of saliva.

Si´a•mang , n. [Malay siamang.] (Zool.) A gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), native of Sumatra. It has the second and third toes partially united by a web.

Si•a•mese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Siam, its native people, or their language.

Si•a•mese, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Siam; pl., the people of Siam. 2. sing. The language of the Siamese.

Sib , n. [AS. sibb alliance, gesib a relative. rad.289. See Gossip.] A blood relation. [Obs.] Nash.

Sib, a. Related by blood; akin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. “Your kindred is but … little sib to you.” Chaucer. “[He] is no fairy birn, ne sib at all
To elfs, but sprung of seed terrestrial.” Spenser.

Sib´bens , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Med.) A contagious disease, endemic in Scotland, resembling the yaws. It is marked by ulceration of the throat and nose and by pustules and soft fungous excrescences upon the surface of the body. In the Orkneys the name is applied to the itch. [Written also sivvens.]

Si•be´ri•an , a. [From Siberia, Russ. Sibire.] Of or pertaining to Siberia, a region comprising all northern Asia and belonging to Russia; as a Siberian winter. — n. A native or inhabitant of Siberia. Siberian crab (Bot.), the Siberian crab apple. See Crab apple, under Crab. — Siberian dog (Zoöl.), one of a large breed of dogs having erect ears and the hair of the body and tail very long. It is distinguished for endurance of fatigue when used for the purpose of draught. — Siberian pea tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Cragana arborescens) with yellow flowers. It is a native of Siberia. { Sib´i•lance , Sib´i•lan•cy } n. The quality or state of being sibilant; sibilation. “Milton would not have avoided them for their sibilancy, he who wrote … verses that hiss like Medusa’s head in wrath.” Lowell.

Sib´i•lant , a. [L. sibilans, -antis, p. pr. of sibilare to hiss: cf. F. sibilant.] Making a hissing sound; uttered with a hissing sound; hissing; as s, z, sh, and zh, are sibilant elementary sounds. — n. A sibiliant letter.

Sib´i•late , v. t. & i. To pronounce with a hissing sound, like that of the letter s; to mark with a character indicating such pronunciation.

Sib•i•la´tion , n. [L. sibilatio.] Utterance with a hissing sound; also the sound itself; a hiss. “He, with a long, low sibilation, stared.” Tennyson.

Sib´i•la•to•ry , a. Hissing; sibilant.

Sib´i•lous , a. [L. sibilus.] Having a hissing sound; hissing; sibilant. [R.] Pennant.

Sib´yl , n. [L. sibylla, Gr. .] 1. (Class. Antiq.) A woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prophecy. The number of the sibyls is variously stated by different authors; but the opinion of Varro, that there were ten, is generally adopted. They dwelt in various parts of Persia, Greece, and Italy. 2. A female fortune teller; a pythoness; a prophetess. ´An old highland sibyl.´ Sir W. Scott.

Sib´yl•ist, n. One who believes in a sibyl or the sibylline prophecies. Cudworth.

Sib´yl•line , a. [L. sibyllinus.] Pertaining to the sibyls; uttered, written, or composed by sibyls; like the productions of sibyls. Sibylline books. (a) (Rom. Antiq.) Books or documents of prophecies in verse concerning the fate of the Roman empire, said to have been purchased by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. (b) Certain Jewish and early Christian writings purporting to have been prophetic and of sibylline origin. They date from 100 b. c. to a. d. 500.

Sic , a. Such. [Scot.]

Sic , adv. [L.] Thus. This word is sometimes inserted in a quotation [sic], to call attention to the fact that some remarkable or inaccurate expression, misspelling, or the like, is literally reproduced.

Sic´a•more , n. (Bot.) See Sycamore.

Sic´ca , n. [Ar. sikka.] A seal; a coining die; — used adjectively to designate the silver currency of the Mogul emperors, or the Indian rupee of 192 grains. Sicca rupee, an East Indian coin, valued nominally at about two shillings sterling, or fifty cents.

Sic´cate , v. t. [L. siccatus, p. p. of siccare to dry, fr. siecus dry.] To dry. [R.]

Sic•ca´tion , n. [L. siccatio.] The act or process of drying. [R.] Bailey.

Sic´ca•tive , a. [L. siccativus.] Drying; causing to dry. — n. That which promotes drying.

Sic•cif´ic , a.[L. siccificus; siccus dry + facere to make. See -fy.] Causing dryness.

Sic´ci•ty , n. [L. siccitas, fr. siccus dry.] Dryness; aridity; destitution of moisture. [Obs.] “The siccity and dryness of its flesh.” Sir T. Browne.

Sice , n. [F. six, fr. L. sex six. See Six.] The number six at dice.

Si´cer , n. [L. sicera. See Cider.] A strong drink; cider. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sich , a. Such. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser.

Si•cil´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Sicily or its inhabitants. Sicilian vespers, the great massacre of the French in Sicily, in the year 1282, on the evening of Easter Monday, at the hour of vespers.

Si•cil´i•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Sicily. nrapallo

Si•ci•li•a´no , n. [It., Sicilian.] A Sicilian dance, resembling the pastorale, set to a rather slow and graceful melody in 12-8 or 6-8 measure; also the music to the dance.

Si•ci•lienne´ , n. [F., fem. of sicilien Sicilian.] A kind of rich poplin.

Sick , a. [Compar. Sicker superl. Sickest.] [OE. sek, sik, ill, AS. seóc; akin to OS. siok, seoc, OFries. siak, D. ziek, G. siech, OHG. sioh, Icel. sjkr, Sw. sjuk, Dan. syg, Goth. siuks ill, siukan to be ill.] 1. Affected with disease of any kind; ill; indisposed; not in health. See the Synonym under Illness. “Simon’s wife’s mother lay sick of a fever.” Mark i. 30. “Behold them that are sick with famine.” Jer. xiv. 18. 2. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; inclined to vomit; as sick at the stomach; a sick headache. 3. Having a strong dislike; disgusted; surfeited; — with of; as to be sick of flattery. “He was not so sick of his master as of his work.” L’Estrange. 4. Corrupted; imperfect; impaired; weakned. “So great is his antipathy against episcopacy, that, if a seraphim himself should be a bishop, he would either find or make some sick feathers in his wings.” Fuller. Sick bay (Naut.), an apartment in a vessel, used as the ship’s hospital. — Sick bed, the bed upon which a person lies sick. — Sick berth, an apartment for the sick in a ship of war. — Sick headache (Med.), a variety of headache attended with disorder of the stomach and nausea. — Sick list, a list containing the names of the sick. — Sick room, a room in which a person lies sick, or to which he is confined by sickness. [These terms, sick bed, sick berth, etc., are also written both hyphened and solid.] Syn. — Diseased; ill; disordered; distempered; indisposed; weak; ailing; feeble; morbid.

Sick, n. Sickness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sick, v. i. To fall sick; to sicken. [Obs.] Shak.

Sick´-brained , a. Disordered in the brain.

Sick´en , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sickened p. pr. & vb. n. Sickening.] 1. To make sick; to disease. “Raise this strength, and sicken that to death.” Prior. 2. To make qualmish; to nauseate; to disgust; as to sicken the stomach. 3. To impair; to weaken. [Obs.] Shak.

Sick´en, v. i. 1. To become sick; to fall into disease. “The judges that sat upon the jail, and those that attended, sickened upon it and died.” Bacon. 2. To be filled to disgust; to be disgusted or nauseated; to be filled with abhorrence or aversion; to be surfeited or satiated. “Mine eyes did sicken at the sight.” Shak. 3. To become disgusting or tedious. “The toiling pleasure sickens into pain.” Goldsmith. 4. To become weak; to decay; to languish. “All pleasures sicken, and all glories sink.” Pope.

Sick´en•ing , a. Causing sickness; specif., causing surfeit or disgust; nauseating. — Sick´en•ing•ly, adv.

Sick´er , v. i. [AS. sicerian.] (Mining) To percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water through a crack. [Also written sigger, zigger, and zifhyr.] [Prov. Eng.] { Sick´er , Sik´er }, a. [OE. siker; cf. OS. sikur, LG. seker, D. zeker, Dan. sikker, OHG. sihhur, G. sicher; all fr. L. securus. See Secure, Sure.] Sure; certain; trusty. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. “When he is siker of his good name.” Chaucer. { Sick´er , Sik´er }, adv. Surely; certainly. [Obs.] “Believe this as siker as your creed.” Chaucer. “Sicker, Willye, thou warnest well.” Spenser. { Sick´er•ly , Sik´er•ly }, adv. Surely; securely. [Obs.] “But sikerly, withouten any fable.” Chaucer. { Sick´er•ness , Sik´er•ness }, n. The quality or state of being sicker, or certain. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Sick´ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased. 2. Somewhat sickening; as a sickish taste. — Sick´ish•ly, adv. — Sick´ish•ness, n.

Sic´kle , n. [OE. sikel, AS. sicol; akin to D. sikkel, G. sichel, OHG. sihhila, Dan. segel, segl, L. secula, fr. secare to cut; or perhaps from L. secula. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. A reaping instrument consisting of a steel blade curved into the form of a hook, and having a handle fitted on a tang. The sickle has one side of the blade notched, so as always to sharpen with a serrated edge. Cf. Reaping hook, under Reap. “When corn has once felt the sickle, it has no more benefit from the sunshine.” Shak. 2. (Astron.) A group of stars in the constellation Leo. See Illust. of Leo. Sickle pod (Bot.), a kind of rock cress (Arabis Canadensis) having very long curved pods.

Sic´kle•bill , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of three species of humming birds of the genus Eutoxeres, native of Central and South America. They have a long and strongly curved bill. Called also the sickle-billed hummer. (b) A curlew. (c) A bird of the genus Epimachus and allied genera.

Sic´kled , a. Furnished with a sickle.

Sic´kle•man , n.; pl. Sicklemen . One who uses a sickle; a reaper. “You sunburned sicklemen, of August weary.” Shak.

Sic´kler , n. One who uses a sickle; a sickleman; a reaper.

Sick´less , a. Free from sickness. [R.] “Give me long breath, young beds, and sickless ease.” Marston.

Sic´kle•wort , n. [AS. sicolwyrt.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Coronilla (C. scorpioides); — so named from its curved pods. (b) The healall (Brunella vulgaris).

Sick´lied , a. Made sickly. See Sickly, v.

Sick´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being sickly.

Sick´ly , a. [Compar. Sicklier superl. Sickliest.] 1. Somewhat sick; disposed to illness; attended with disease; as a sickly body. “This physic but prolongs thy sickly days.” Shak. 2. Producing, or tending to, disease; as a sickly autumn; a sickly climate. Cowper. 3. Appearing as if sick; weak; languid; pale. “The moon grows sickly at the sight of day.” Dryden. “Nor torrid summer’s sickly smile.” Keble. 4. Tending to produce nausea; sickening; as a sickly smell; sickly sentimentality. Syn. — Diseased; ailing; infirm; weakly; unhealthy; healthless; weak; feeble; languid; faint.

Sick´ly, adv. In a sick manner or condition; ill. “My people sickly [with ill will] beareth our marriage.” Chaucer.

Sick´ly, v. t. To make sick or sickly; — with over, and probably only in the past participle. [R.] “Sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought.” Shak. “Sentiments sicklied over … with that cloying heaviness into which unvaried sweetness is too apt to subside.” Jeffrey.

Sick´ness, n. [AS. seócness.] 1. The quality or state of being sick or diseased; illness; sisease or malady. “I do lament the sickness of the king.” Shak. “Trust not too much your now resistless charms;
Those, age or sickness soon or late disarms.” Pope. 2. Nausea; qualmishness; as sickness of stomach. Syn. — Illness; disease; malady. See Illness.

Si´cle , n. [F., fr. L. silcus, Heb. shegel. See Shekel.] A shekel. [Obs.] “The holy mother brought five sicles and a pair of turtledoves to redeem the Lamb of God.” Jer. Taylor.

Si´da , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants common in the tropics. All the species are mucilaginous, and some have tough ligneous fibers which are used as a substitute for hemp and flax. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sid´dow , a. Soft; pulpy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Side , n. [AS. side; akin to D. zijde, G. seite, OHG. sita, Icel. sia, Dan. side, Sw. sida; cf. AS. sid large, spacious, Icel. sir long, hanging.] 1. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a surface; especially (when the thing spoken of is somewhat oblong in shape), one of the longer edges as distinguished from the shorter edges, called ends; a bounding line of a geometrical figure; as the side of a field, of a square or triangle, of a river, of a road, etc. 3. Any outer portion of a thing considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest; as the upper side of a sphere; also any part or position viewed as opposite to or contrasted with another; as this or that side. “Looking round on every side beheld
A pathless desert.” Milton. 4. (a) One of the halves of the body, of an animals or man, on either side of the mesial plane; or that which pertains to such a half; as a side of beef; a side of sole leather. (b) The right or left part of the wall or trunk of the body; as a pain in the side. “One of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side.” John xix. 34. 5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill, considered as opposed to another slope over the ridge. “Along the side of yon small hill.” Milton. 6. The position of a person or party regarded as opposed to another person or party, whether as a rival or a foe; a body of advocates or partisans; a party; hence, the interest or cause which one maintains against another; a doctrine or view opposed to another. “God on our side, doubt not of victory.” Shak. “We have not always been of the … same side in politics.” Landor. “Sets the passions on the side of truth.” Pope. 7. A line of descent traced through one parent as distinguished from that traced through another. “To sit upon thy father David’s throne,
By mother’s side thy father.” Milton. 8. Fig.: Aspect or part regarded as contrasted with some other; as the bright side of poverty. By the side of, close at hand; near to. — Exterior side. (Fort.) See Exterior, and Illust. of Ravelin. — Interior side (Fort.), the line drawn from the center of one bastion to that of the next, or the line curtain produced to the two oblique radii in front. H. L. Scott. — Side by side, close together and abreast; in company or along with. — To choose sides, to select those who shall compete, as in a game, on either side. — To take sides, to attach one’s self to, or give assistance to, one of two opposing sides or parties.

Side , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a side, or the sides; being on the side, or toward the side; lateral. “One mighty squadron with a side wind sped.” Dryden. 2. Hence, indirect; oblique; collateral; incidental; as a side issue; a side view or remark. “The law hath no side respect to their persons.” Hooker. 3. [AS. sid. Cf Side, n.] Long; large; extensive. [Obs. or Scot.] Shak. “His gown had side sleeves down to mid leg.” Laneham. Side action, in breech-loading firearms, a mechanism for operating the breech block, which is moved by a lever that turns sidewise. — Side arms, weapons worn at the side, as sword, bayonet, pistols, etc. — Side ax, an ax of which the handle is bent to one side. — Side-bar rule (Eng. Law.), a rule authorized by the courts to be granted by their officers as a matter of course, without formal application being made to them in open court; — so called because anciently moved for by the attorneys at side bar, that is, informally. Burril. — Side box, a box or inclosed seat on the side of a theater. “To insure a side-box station at half price.” Cowper. — Side chain, one of two safety chains connecting a tender with a locomotive, at the sides. — Side cut, a canal or road branching out from the main one. [U.S.] — Side dish, one of the dishes subordinate to the main course. — Side glance, a glance or brief look to one side. — Side hook (Carp.), a notched piece of wood for clamping a board to something, as a bench. — Side lever, a working beam of a side-lever engine. — Side-lever engine, a marine steam engine having a working beam of each side of the cylinder, near the bottom of the engine, communicating motion to a crank that is above them. — Side pipe (Steam Engine), a steam or exhaust pipe connecting the upper and lower steam chests of the cylinder of a beam engine. — Side plane, a plane in which the cutting edge of the iron is at the side of the stock. — Side posts (Carp.), posts in a truss, usually placed in pairs, each post set at the same distance from the middle of the truss, for supporting the principal rafters, hanging the tiebeam, etc. — Side rod. (a) One of the rods which connect the piston-rod crosshead with the side levers, in a side-lever engine. (b) See Parallel rod, under Parallel. — Side screw (Firearms), one of the screws by which the lock is secured to the side of a firearm stock. — Side table, a table placed either against the wall or aside from the principal table. — Side tool (Mach.), a cutting tool, used in a lathe or planer, having the cutting edge at the side instead of at the point. — Side wind, a wind from one side; hence, an indirect attack, or indirect means. Wright.

Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sided; p. pr.& vb. n. Siding.] 1. To lean on one side. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in its interest, in opposition to another party; to take sides; as to side with the ministerial party. “All side in parties, and begin the attack.” Pope.

Side, v. t. 1. To be or stand at the side of; to be on the side toward. [Obs.] “His blind eye that sided Paridell.” Spenser. 2. To suit; to pair; to match. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. (Shipbuilding) To work (a timber or rib) to a certain thickness by trimming the sides. 4. To furnish with a siding; as to side a house.

Side´board , n. A piece of dining-room furniture having compartments and shelves for keeping or displaying articles of table service. “At a stately sideboard, by the wine,
That fragrant smell diffused.” Milton.

Side´bone , n. (Far.) A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter and at the sides of the coronet and coffin bone of a horse. J. H. Walsh.

Sid´ed , a. Having (such or so many) sides; — used in composition; as one-sided; many- sided.

Side´hill , n. The side or slope of a hill; sloping ground; a descent. [U. S.]

Side´ling , adv. [OE. sideling, fr. side side. See Side, and cf. Sidelong, Headlong.] Sidelong; on the side; laterally; also obliquely; askew. “A fellow nailed up maps … some sideling, and others upside down.” Swift.

Side´ling, a. Inclining to one side; directed toward one side; sloping; inclined; as sideling ground.

Side´long , adv. [See Sideling, adv.] 1. Laterally; obliquely; in the direction of the side. 2. On the side; as to lay a thing sidelong. [See Sideling, adv. ] Evelyn.

Side´long, a. Lateral; oblique; not being directly in front; as a sidelong glance. “The bashful virgin’s sidelong looks of love.” Goldsmith.

Side´piece , n. (Joinery) The jamb, or cheek, of an opening in a wall, as of door or window.

Sid´er , n. One who takes a side.

Si´der , n. Cider. [Obs.]

Sid´er•al , a. [L. sideralis. See Sidereal.] 1. Relating to the stars. 2. (Astrol.) Affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; baleful. ´Sideral blast.´ Milton.

Sid´er•a•ted , a. [L. sideratus, p. p. of siderari to be blasted by a constellation, fr. sidus, sideris, a constellation.] Planet-struck; blasted. [Obs.]

Sid•er•a´tion, n. [L. sideratio.] The state of being siderated, or planet-struck; esp., blast in plants; also a sudden and apparently causeless stroke of disease, as in apoplexy or paralysis. [Obs.] Ray.

Si•de´re•al , a. [L. sidereus, from sidus, sideris, a constellation, a star. Cf. Sideral, Consider, Desire.] 1. Relating to the stars; starry; astral; as sidereal astronomy. 2. (Astron.) Measuring by the apparent motion of the stars; designated, marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the same position in respect to the stars; as the sidereal revolution of a planet; a sidereal day. Sidereal clock, day, month, year. See under Clock, Day, etc. — Sideral time, time as reckoned by sideral days, or, taking the sidereal day as the unit, the time elapsed since a transit of the vernal equinox, reckoned in parts of a sidereal day. This is, strictly, apparent sidereal time, mean sidereal time being reckoned from the transit, not of the true, but of the mean, equinoctial point.

Si•de´re•al•ize , v. t. To elevate to the stars, or to the region of the stars; to etherealize. “German literature transformed, siderealized, as we see it in Goethe, reckons Winckelmann among its initiators.” W. Pater.

Si•de´re•ous , a. [L. sidereus.] Sidereal. [Obs.]

Sid´er•ite, n. [L. sideritis loadstone, Gr. , , of iron, from iron.] 1. (Min.) (a) Carbonate of iron, an important ore of iron occuring generally in cleavable masses, but also in rhombohedral crystals. It is of a light yellowish brown color. Called also sparry iron, spathic iron. (b) A meteorite consisting solely of metallic iron. (c) An indigo-blue variety of quartz. (d) Formerly, magnetic iron ore, or loadstone. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Sideritis; ironwort. { Sid•er•o•graph´ic , Sid•er•o•graph´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to siderography; executed by engraved plates of steel; as siderographic art; siderographic impressions.

Sid•er•og´ra•phist , n. One skilled in siderography.

Sid•er•og´ra•phy , n. [Gr. iron + -graphy.] The art or practice of steel engraving; especially, the process, invented by Perkins, of multiplying facsimiles of an engraved steel plate by first rolling over it, when hardened, a soft steel cylinder, and then rolling the cylinder, when hardened, over a soft steel plate, which thus becomes a facsimile of the original. The process has been superseded by electrotypy.

Sid´er•o•lite , n. [Gr. iron + -lite.] A kind of meteorite. See under Meteorite.

Sid´er•o•man•cy , n. [Gr. iron + -mancy.] Divination by burning straws on red-hot iron, and noting the manner of their burning. Craig.

Sid´er•o•scope , n. [Gr. iron + -scope.] An instrument for detecting small quantities of iron in any substance by means of a very delicate combination of magnetic needles.

Sid•e•ro´sis , n.[NL., fr. Gr. iron.] (Med.) A sort of pneumonia occuring in iron workers, produced by the inhalation of particles of iron.

Sid´er•o•stat , n. [L. sidus, sideris, a star + Gr. standing, fixed, fr. to place.] (Astron.) An apparatus consisting essentially of a mirror moved by clockwork so as to throw the rays of the sun or a star in a fixed direction; — a more general term for heliostat.

Sid•e•rox´y•lon , n. [NL., fr. Gr. iron + wood.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical sapotaceous trees noted for their very hard wood; ironwood.

Side´sad•dle , n. A saddle for women, in which the rider sits with both feet on one side of the animal mounted. Sidesaddle flower (Bot.), a plant with hollow leaves and curiously shaped flowers; — called also huntsman’s cup. See Sarracenia.

Sides´man , n.; pl. Sidesmen . 1. A party man; a partisan. Milton. 2. An assistant to the churchwarden; a questman.

Side´-tak•ing , n. A taking sides, as with a party, sect, or faction. Bp. Hall.

Side´walk , n. A walk for foot passengers at the side of a street or road; a foot pavement. [U.S.]

Side´ways , adv. Toward the side; sidewise. “A second refraction made sideways.” Sir I. Newton. “His beard, a good palm’s length, at least, …
Shot sideways, like a swallow’s wings.” Longfellow.

Side´-wheel, a. Having a paddle wheel on each side; — said of steam vessels; as a side-wheel steamer.

Side´wind•er , n. 1. (Zoöl.) See Horned rattler, under Horned. 2. A heavy swinging blow from the side, which disables an adversary. [Slang.] Side´wise , adv. On or toward one side; laterally; sideways. “I saw them mask their awful glance
Sidewise meek in gossamer lids.” Emerson.

Sid´ing , n. 1. Attaching one’s self to a party. 2. A side track, as a railroad; a turnout. 3. (Carp.) The covering of the outside wall of a frame house, whether made of weatherboards, vertical boarding with cleats, shingles, or the like. 4. (Shipbuilding) The thickness of a rib or timber, measured, at right angles with its side, across the curved edge; as a timber having a siding of ten inches.

Si´dle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sidled p. pr. & vb. n. Sidling ] [From Side.] To go or move with one side foremost; to move sidewise; as to sidle through a crowd or narrow opening. Swift. “He … then sidled close to the astonished girl.” Sir W. Scott.

Siege , n. [OE. sege, OF. siege, F. siège a seat, a siege; cf. It. seggia, seggio, zedio, a seat, asseggio, assedio, a siege, F. assieger to besiege, It. & LL. assediare, L. obsidium a siege, besieging; all ultimately fr. L. sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. See, n.] 1. A seat; especially, a royal seat; a throne. [Obs.] ´Upon the very siege of justice.´ Shak. “A stately siege of sovereign majesty,
And thereon sat a woman gorgeous gay.” Spenser. “In our great hall there stood a vacant chair …
And Merlin called it ´The siege perilous.´” Tennyson. 2. Hence, place or situation; seat. [Obs.] “Ah! traitorous eyes, come out of your shameless siege forever.” Painter (Palace of Pleasure). 3. Rank; grade; station; estimation. [Obs.] “I fetch my life and being
From men of royal siege.” Shak. 4. Passage of excrements; stool; fecal matter. [Obs.] “The siege of this mooncalf.” Shak. 5. The sitting of an army around or before a fortified place for the purpose of compelling the garrison to surrender; the surrounding or investing of a place by an army, and approaching it by passages and advanced works, which cover the besiegers from the enemy’s fire. See the Note under Blockade. 6. Hence, a continued attempt to gain possession. “Love stood the siege, and would not yield his breast.” Dryden. 7. The floor of a glass-furnace. 8. A workman’s bench. Knught. Siege gun, a heavy gun for siege operations. — Siege train, artillery adapted for attacking fortified places.

Siege, v. t. To besiege; to beset. [R.] “Through all the dangers that can siege
The life of man.” Buron.

Siege´work , n. A temporary fort or parallel where siege guns are mounted.

Sie´mens-Mar•tin proc´ess See Open-hearth process, etc., under Open.

Si´e•nite , n. (Min.) See Syenite.

Si•e•nit´ic , a. See Syenitic.

Si•en´na , n. [It. terra di Siena, fr. Siena in Italy.] (Chem.) Clay that is colored red or brown by the oxides of iron or manganese, and used as a pigment. It is used either in the raw state or burnt. Burnt sienna, sienna made of a much redder color by the action of fire. — Raw sienna, sienna in its natural state, of a transparent yellowish brown color.

Si•en•nese´ , a. Of or pertaining to Sienna, a city of Italy.

Si•er´ra , n. [Sp., properly, a saw, fr. L. serra a saw. See Serrate.] A ridge of mountain and craggy rocks, with a serrated or irregular outline; as the Sierra Nevada. “The wild sierra overhead.” Whitter.

Si•es´ta , n. [Sp., probably fr. L. sessitare to sit much or long, v. freq. of sedere, sessum, to sit. See Sit.] A short sleep taken about the middle of the day, or after dinner; a midday nap.

Sieur , n. [F., abbrev. from seigneur. Cf. Monsieur, Seignior.] Sir; — a title of respect used by the French.

Sie´va , n. (Bot.) A small variety of the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus).

Sieve , n. [OE. sive, AS. sife; akin to D. zeef, zift, OHG. sib, G. sieb. rad.151a. Cf. Sift.] 1. A utensil for separating the finer and coarser parts of a pulverized or granulated substance from each other. It consist of a vessel, usually shallow, with the bottom perforated, or made of hair, wire, or the like, woven in meshes. ´In a sieve thrown and sifted.´ Chaucer. 2. A kind of coarse basket. Simmonds. Sieve cells (Bot.), cribriform cells. See under Cribriform.

Si´fac , n. (Zoöl.) The white indris of Madagascar. It is regarded by the natives as sacred.

Sif´fle•ment , n. [F., a whistling or hissing.] The act of whistling or hissing; a whistling sound; sibilation. [Obs.] A. Brewer.

Sif´i•let , n. [Cf. F. siflet.] (Zoöl.) The six-shafted bird of paradise. See Paradise bird, under Paradise.

Sift , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sifting.] [AS. siftan, from sife sieve. rad.151a. See Sieve.] 1. To separate with a sieve, as the fine part of a substance from the coarse; as to sift meal or flour; to sift powder; to sift sand or lime. 2. To separate or part as if with a sieve. “When yellow sands are sifted from below,
The glittering billows give a golden show.” Dryden. 3. To examine critically or minutely; to scrutinize. “Sifting the very utmost sentence and syllable.” Hooker. “Opportunity I here have had
To try thee, sift thee.” Milton. “Let him but narrowly sift his ideas.” I. Taylor. To sift out, to search out with care, as if by sifting.

Sift´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, sifts. 2. (Zoöl.) Any lamellirostral bird, as a duck or goose; — so called because it sifts or strains its food from the water and mud by means of the lamell of the beak.

Sig , n. [Akin to AS. sigan to fall. rad.151a. See Sink, v. t.] Urine. [Prov. Eng.]

Si•gaul´ti•an , a. (Surg.) Pertaining to Sigault, a French physician. See Symphyseotomy.

Sig´ger, v. i. Same as Sicker. [Prov. Eng.]

Sigh , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sighed p. pr. & vb. n. Sighing.] [OE. sighen, sien; cf. also OE. siken, AS. sican, and OE. sighten, siten, sichten, AS. siccettan; all, perhaps, of imitative origin.] 1. To inhale a larger quantity of air than usual, and immediately expel it; to make a deep single audible respiration, especially as the result or involuntary expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, or the like. 2. Hence, to lament; to grieve. “He sighed deeply in his spirit.” Mark viii. 12. 3. To make a sound like sighing. “And the coming wind did roar more loud,
And the sails did sigh like sedge.” Coleridge. “The winter winds are wearily sighing.” Tennyson. An extraordinary pronunciation of this word as sith is still heard in England and among the illiterate in the United States.

Sigh, v. t. 1. To exhale (the breath) in sighs. “Never man sighed truer breath.” Shak. 2. To utter sighs over; to lament or mourn over. “Ages to come, and men unborn,
Shall bless her name, and sigh her fate.” Pior. 3. To express by sighs; to utter in or with sighs. “They … sighed forth proverbs.” Shak. “The gentle swain … sighs back her grief.” Hoole.

Sigh, n. [OE. sigh; cf. OE. sik. See Sigh, v. i.] 1. A deep and prolonged audible inspiration or respiration of air, as when fatigued or grieved; the act of sighing. “I could drive the boat with my sighs.” Shak. 2. Figuratively, a manifestation of grief; a lanent. “With their sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite.” Milton.

Sigh´-born , a. Sorrowful; mournful. [R.] ´Sigh-born thoughts.´ De Quincey.

Sigh´er , n. One who sighs.

Sigh´ing, a. Uttering sighs; grieving; lamenting. ´Sighing millions.´ Cowper. - - Sigh´ing•ly, adv.

Sight , n. [OE. sight, sit, siht, AS. siht, gesiht, gesih, gesieh, gesyh; akin to D. gezicht, G. sicht, gesicht, Dan. sigte, Sw. sigt, from the root of E. see. See See, v. t.] 1. The act of seeing; perception of objects by the eye; view; as to gain sight of land. “A cloud received him out of their sight.” Acts. i. 9. 2. The power of seeing; the faculty of vision, or of perceiving objects by the instrumentality of the eyes. “Thy sight is young,
And thou shalt read when mine begin to dazzle.” Shak. “O loss of sight, of thee I most complain!” Milton. 3. The state of admitting unobstructed vision; visibility; open view; region which the eye at one time surveys; space through which the power of vision extends; as an object within sight. 4. A spectacle; a view; a show; something worth seeing. “Moses said, I will now turn aside and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt.” Ex. iii. 3. “They never saw a sight so fair.” Spenser. 5. The instrument of seeing; the eye. “Why cloud they not their sights?” Shak. 6. Inspection; examination; as a letter intended for the sight of only one person. 7. Mental view; opinion; judgment; as in their sight it was harmless. Wake. “That which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God.” Luke xvi. 15. 8. A small aperture through which objects are to be seen, and by which their direction is settled or ascertained; as the sight of a quadrant. “Thier eyes of fire sparking through sights of steel.” Shak. 9. A small piece of metal, fixed or movable, on the breech, muzzle, center, or trunnion of a gun, or on the breech and the muzzle of a rifle, pistol, etc., by means of which the eye is guided in aiming. Farrow. 10. In a drawing, picture, etc., that part of the surface, as of paper or canvas which is within the frame or the border or margin. In a frame or the like, the open space, the opening. 11. A great number, quantity, or sum; as a sight of money. [Now colloquial] Sight in this last sense was formerly employed in the best usage. ´A sight of lawyers.´ Latimer. “A wonder sight of flowers.” Gower. At sight, as soon as seen, or presented to sight; as a draft payable at sight: to read Greek at sight; to shoot a person at sight. — Front sight (Firearms), the sioht nearost the ouzzle. — Open sight. (Firearms) (a) A front sight through which the objects aimed at may be seen, in distinction from one that hides the object. (b) A rear sight having an open notch instead of an aperture. — Peep sight, Rear sight. See under Peep, and Rear. — Sight draft, an order, or bill of exchange, directing the payment of money at sight. — To take sight, to take aim; to look for the purpose of directing a piece of artillery, or the like. Syn. — Vision; view; show; spectacle; representation; exhibition.

Sight , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sighting.] 1. To get sight of; to see; as to sight land; to sight a wreck. Kane. 2. To look at through a sight; to see accurately; as to sight an object, as a star. 3. To apply sights to; to adjust the sights of; also to give the proper elevation and direction to by means of a sight; as to sight a rifle or a cannon.

Sight, v. i. (Mil.) To take aim by a sight.

Sight´ed, a. Having sight, or seeing, in a particular manner; — used in composition; as long- sighted, short-sighted, quick-sighted, sharp- sighted, and the like.

Sight´ful , a. Easily or clearly seen; distinctly visible; perspicuous. [Obs.] Testament of Love.

Sight´ful•ness, n. The state of being sightful; perspicuity. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sight´-hole , n. A hole for looking through; a peephole. ´Stop all sight-holes.´ Shak.

Sight´ing, a. & n. from Sight, v. t. Sighting shot, a shot made to ascertain whether the sights of a firearm are properly adjusted; a trial shot.

Sight´less, a. 1. Wanting sight; without sight; blind. “Of all who blindly creep or sightless soar.” Pope. 2. That can not be seen; invisible. [Obs.] “The sightless couriers of the air.” Shak. 3. Offensive or unpleasing to the eye; unsightly; as sightless stains. [R.] Shak. — Sight´less•ly, adv.- Sight´less•ness, n.

Sight´li•ness , n. The state of being sightly; comeliness; conspicuousness.

Sight´ly , a. 1. Pleasing to the sight; comely. ´Many brave, sightly horses.´ L’Estrange. 2. Open to sight; conspicuous; as a house stands in a sightly place.

Sight´proof , a. Undiscoverable to sight. “Hidden in their own sightproof bush.” Lowell.

Sight´-see•ing , a. Engaged in, or given to, seeing sights; eager for novelties or curiosities.

Sight´-see•ing, n. The act of seeing sights; eagerness for novelties or curiosities.

Sight´-se•er , n. One given to seeing sights or noted things, or eager for novelties or curiosities.

Sight´-shot , n. Distance to which the sight can reach or be thrown. [R.] Cowley.

Sights´man , n.; pl. Sightsmen . (Mus.) One who reads or performs music readily at first sight. [R.] Busby.

Sig´il , n. [L. sigillum. See Seal a stamp.] A seal; a signature. Dryden. “Of talismans and sigils knew the power.” Pope.

Sig•il•la´ri•a , n. pl. [L., from sigillum a seal. See Sigil.] (Rom. Antic.) Little images or figures of earthenware exposed for sale, or given as presents, on the last two days of the Saturnalia; hence, the last two, or the sixth and seventh, days of the Saturnalia.

Sig•il•la´ri•a, n. [NL., fem sing. fr. L. sigillum a seal.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees principally found in the coal formation; — so named from the seallike leaf scars in vertical rows on the surface.

Sig•il•la´rid , n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of cryptagamous trees, including the genus Sigillaria and its allies.

Sig´il•la•ted , a. [L. sigillatus adorned with little images.] Decorated by means of stamps; — said of pottery.

Sig´il•la•tive , a. [L. sigillum a seal: cf. OF. sigillatif.] Fit to seal; belonging to a seal; composed of wax. [R.]

Si•gil´lum , n.; pl. Sigilla (#). [L.] (Rom. & Old Eng. Law) A seal.

Sig´la , n. pl. [L.] The signs, abbreviations, letters, or characters standing for words, shorthand, etc., in ancient manuscripts, or on coins, medals, etc. W. Savage.

Sig´ma , n.; pl. Sigmas (#). [L., from Gr. , .] The Greek letter &SIGMA;, σ, or &sigmat; (English S, or s). It originally had the form of the English C.

Sig´mo•dont , n. [Gr. sigma + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a tribe (Sigmodontes) of rodents which includes all the indigenous rats and mice of America. So called from the form of the ridges of enamel on the crowns of the worn molars. Also used adjectively. { Sig´moid , Sig•moid´al } a. [Gr. ; sigma + form, likeness: cf. F. sigmoïde.] Curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek &sigmat;. Sigmoid flexure (Anat.), the last curve of the colon before it terminates in the rectum. See Illust. under Digestive. — Sigmoid valves. (Anat.) See Semilunar valves, under Semilunar.

Sig•moid´al•ly, adv. In a sigmoidal manner.

Sign , n. [F. signe, L. signum; cf. AS. segen, segn, a sign, standard, banner, also fr. L. signum. Cf. Ensign, Resign, Seal a stamp, Signal, Signet.] That by which anything is made known or represented; that which furnishes evidence; a mark; a token; an indication; a proof. Specifically: (a) A remarkable event, considered by the ancients as indicating the will of some deity; a prodigy; an omen. (b) An event considered by the Jews as indicating the divine will, or as manifesting an interposition of the divine power for some special end; a miracle; a wonder. “Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God.” Rom. xv. 19. “It shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign.” Ex. iv. 8. (c) Something serving to indicate the existence, or preserve the memory, of a thing; a token; a memorial; a monument. “What time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men, and they became a sign.” Num. xxvi. 10. (d) Any symbol or emblem which prefigures, typifles, or represents, an idea; a type; hence, sometimes, a picture. “The holy symbols, or signs, are not barely significative; but what they represent is as certainly delivered to us as the symbols themselves.” Brerewood. “Saint George of Merry England, the sign of victory.” Spenser. (e) A word or a character regarded as the outward manifestation of thought; as words are the sign of ideas. (f) A motion, an action, or a gesture by which a thought is expressed, or a command or a wish made known. “They made signs to his father, how he would have him called.” Luke i. 62. (g) Hence, one of the gestures of pantomime, or of a language of a signs such as those used by the North American Indians, or those used by the deaf and dumb. Educaters of the deaf distinguish between natural signs, which serve for communicating ideas and methodical, or systematic, signs, adapted for the dictation, or the rendering, of written language, word by word; and thus the signs are to be distinguished from the manual alphabet, by which words are spelled on the fingers. (h) A military emblem carried on a banner or a standard. Milton. (i) A lettered board, or other conspicuous notice, placed upon or before a building, room, shop, or office to advertise the business there transacted, or the name of the person or firm carrying it on; a publicly displayed token or notice. “The shops were, therefore, distinguished by painted signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets.” Macaulay. (j) (Astron.) The twelfth part of the ecliptic or zodiac. The signs are reckoned from the point of intersection of the ecliptic and equator at the vernal equinox, and are named, respectively, Aries (&Aries;), Taurus (&Taurus;), Gemini (II), Cancer (&Cancer;), Leo (&Leo;), Virgo (&Virgo;), Libra (&Libra;), Scorpio (&Scorpio;), Sagittarius (&Sagittarius;), Capricornus (&Capricorn;), Aquarius (&Aquarius;), Pisces (&Pisces;). These names were originally the names of the constellations occupying severally the divisions of the zodiac, by which they are still retained; but, in consequence of the procession of the equinoxes, the signs have, in process of time, become separated about 30 degrees from these constellations, and each of the latter now lies in the sign next in advance, or to the east of the one which bears its name, as the constellation Aries in the sign Taurus, etc. (k) (Alg.) A character indicating the relation of quantities, or an operation performed upon them; as the sign + (plus); the sign — (minus); the sign of division ÷, and the like. (l) (Med.) An objective evidence of disease; that is, one appreciable by some one other than the patient. The terms symptom and and sign are often used synonymously; but they may be discriminated. A sign differs from a symptom in that the latter is perceived only by the patient himself. The term sign is often further restricted to the purely local evidences of disease afforded by direct examination of the organs involved, as distinguished from those evidence of general disturbance afforded by observation of the temperature, pulse, etc. In this sense it is often called physical sign. (m) (Mus.) Any character, as a flat, sharp, dot, etc. (n) (Theol.) That which, being external, stands for, or signifies, something internal or spiritual; — a term used in the Church of England in speaking of an ordinance considered with reference to that which it represents. “An outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace.” Bk. of Common Prayer. See the Table of Arbitrary Signs, p. 1924. Sign manual. (a) (Eng. Law) The royal signature superscribed at the top of bills of grants and letter patent, which are then sealed with the privy signet or great seal, as the case may be, to complete their validity. (b) The signature of one’s name in one’s own handwriting. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. Syn. — Token; mark; note; symptom; indication; signal; symbol; type; omen; prognostic; presage; manifestation. See Emblem.

Sign , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signed p. pr. & vb. n. Signing.] [OE. seinen to bless, originally, to make the sign of the cross over; in this sense fr. ASS. segnian (from segn, n.), or OF. seignier, F. signer, to mark, to sign (in sense 3), fr. L. signare to mark, set a mark upon, from signum. See Sign, n.] 1. To represent by a sign; to make known in a typical or emblematic manner, in distinction from speech; to signify. “I signed to Browne to make his retreat.” Sir W. Scott. 2. To make a sign upon; to mark with a sign. “We receive this child into the congregation of Christ’s flock, and do sign him with the sign of the cross.” Bk. of Com Prayer. 3. To affix a signature to; to ratify by hand or seal; to subscribe in one’s own handwriting. “Inquire the Jew’s house out, give him this deed,
And let him sign it.” Shak. 4. To assign or convey formally; — used with away. 5. To mark; to make distinguishable. Shak.

Sign , v. i. 1. To be a sign or omen. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make a sign or signal; to communicate directions or intelligence by signs. 3. To write one’s name, esp. as a token of assent, responsibility, or obligation.

Sign´a•ble , a. Suitable to be signed; requiring signature; as a legal document signable by a particular person.

Sig´nal , n. [F., fr. LL. signale, fr. L. signum. See Sign, n.] 1. A sign made for the purpose of giving notice to a person of some occurence, command, or danger; also a sign, event, or watchword, which has been agreed upon as the occasion of concerted action. “All obeyed
The wonted signal and superior voice
Of this great potentate.” Milton. 2. A token; an indication; a foreshadowing; a sign. “The weary sun …
Gives signal of a goodly day to-morrow.” Shak. “There was not the least signal of the calamity to be seen.” De Foc.

Sig´nal, a. [From signal, n.: cf. F. signale.] 1. Noticeable; distinguished from what is ordinary; eminent; remarkable; memorable; as a signal exploit; a signal service; a signal act of benevolence. “As signal now in low, dejected state
As erst in highest, behold him where he lies.” Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to signals, or the use of signals in conveying information; as a signal flag or officer. The signal service, a bureau of the government (in the United States connected with the War Department) organized to collect from the whole country simultaneous raports of local meteorological conditions, upon comparison of which at the central office, predictions concerning the weather are telegraphed to various sections, where they are made known by signals publicly displayed. — Signal station, the place where a signal is displayed; specifically, an observation office of the signal service. Syn. — Eminent; remarkable; memorable; extraordinary; notable; conspicuous.

Sig´nal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signaled or Signalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Signaling or Signalling.] 1. To communicate by signals; as to signal orders. 2. To notify by a signals; to make a signal or signals to; as to signal a fleet to anchor. M. Arnold.

Sig´nal•ist, n. One who makes signals; one who communicates intelligence by means of signals.

Sig•nal´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being signal or remarkable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sig´nal•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signalized p. pr. & vb. n. Signalizing ] [From Signal, a.] 1. To make signal or eminent; to render distinguished from what is common; to distinguish. “It is this passion which drives men to all the ways we see in use of signalizing themselves.” Burke. 2. To communicate with by means of a signal; as a ship signalizes its consort. 3. To indicate the existence, presence, or fact of, by a signal; as to signalize the arrival of a steamer.

Sig´nal•ly, adv. In a signal manner; eminently.

Sig´nal•man , n.; pl. -men. A man whose business is to manage or display signals; especially, one employed in setting the signals by which railroad trains are run or warned.

Sig´nal•ment , n. The act of signaling, or of signalizing; hence, description by peculiar, appropriate, or characteristic marks. Mrs. Browning.

Sig´nate , a. [L. signatus, p. p. See Sign, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Having definite color markings.

Sig•na´tion , n. [L. signatio. See Sign, v. t.] Sign given; marking. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sig´na•to•ry , a. [L. signatorius.] 1. Relating to a seal; used in sealing. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. Signing; joining or sharing in a signature; as signatory powers.

Sig´na•to•ry, n.; pl. - ries . A signer; one who signs or subscribes; as a conference of signatories.

Sig´na•ture , n. [F. (cf. It. signatura, segnatura, Sp. & LL. signatura), from L. signare, signatum. See Sign, v. t.] 1. A sign, stamp, or mark impressed, as by a seal. “The brain, being well furnished with various traces, signatures, and images.” I. Watts. “The natural and indelible signature of God, which human souls … are supposed to be stamped with.” Bentley. 2. Especially, the name of any person, written with his own hand, employed to signify that the writing which precedes accords with his wishes or intentions; a sign manual; an autograph. 3. (Physiol.) An outward mark by which internal characteristics were supposed to be indicated. “Some plants bear a very evident signature of their nature and use.” Dr. H. More. 4. (Old Med.) A resemblance between the external characters of a disease and those of some physical agent, for instance, that existing between the red skin of scarlet fever and a red cloth; — supposed to indicate this agent in the treatment of the disease. 5. (Mus.) The designation of the key (when not C major, or its relative, A minor) by means of one or more sharps or flats at the beginning of the staff, immediately after the clef, affecting all notes of the same letter throughout the piece or movement. Each minor key has the same signature as its relative major. 6. (Print.) (a) A letter or figure placed at the bottom of the first page of each sheet of a book or pamphlet, as a direction to the binder in arranging and folding the sheets. (b) The printed sheet so marked, or the form from which it is printed; as to reprint one or more signatures. Star signatures (as A•, 1•) are the same characters, with the addition of asterisks, used on the first pages of offcuts, as in 12mo sheets. 7. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the directions to the patient. It is usually prefaced by S or Sig. (an abbreviation for the Latin signa, imperative of signare to sign or mark).

Sig´na•ture , v. t. To mark with, or as with, a signature or signatures.

Sig´na•tur•ist , n. One who holds to the doctrine of signatures impressed upon objects, indicative of character or qualities. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sign´board , n. A board, placed on or before a shop, office, etc., on which ssome notice is given, as the name of a firm, of a business, or the like.

Sign´er , n. One who signs or subscribes his name; as a memorial with a hundred signers.

Sig´net , n. [OF. signet a signet, F., a bookmark, dim. of signe. See Sign, n., and cf. Sennet.] A seal; especially, in England, the seal used by the sovereign in sealing private letters and grants that pass by bill under the sign manual; — called also privy signet. “I had my father’s signet in my purse.” Shak. Signet ring, a ring containing a signet or private seal. — Writer to the signet (Scots Law), a judicial officer who prepares warrants, writs, etc.; originally, a clerk in the office of the secretary of state.

Sig´net•ed, a. Stamped or marked with a signet.

Sig´ni•fer , a. [L., from signum sign + ferre to bear.] Bearing signs. [Obs.] ´The signifer sphere, or zodiac.´ Holland. { Sig•nif´i•cance , Sig•nif´i•can•cy }, n. [L. significantia.] 1. The quality or state of being significant. 2. That which is signified; meaning; import; as the significance of a nod, of a motion of the hand, or of a word or expression. 3. Importance; moment; weight; consequence. “With this brain I must work, in order to give significancy and value to the few facts which I possess.” De Quincey.

Sig•nif´i•cant , a. [L. significans, -antis, p. pr. of significare. See Signify.] 1. Fitted or designed to signify or make known somethingl having a meaning; standing as a sign or token; expressive or suggestive; as a significant word or sound; a significant look. “It was well said of Plotinus, that the stars were significant, but not efficient.” Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Deserving to be considered; important; momentous; as a significant event. Significant figures (Arith.), the figures which remain to any number, or decimal fraction, after the ciphers at the right or left are canceled. Thus, the significant figures of 25,000, or of .0025, are 25.

Sig•nif´i•cant, n. That which has significance; a sign; a token; a symbol. Wordsworth. “In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts.” Shak.

Sig•nif´i•cant•ly, adv. In a significant manner.

Sig•nif´i•cate , n. [L. significatus, p. p. of significare. See Signify.] (Logic) One of several things signified by a common term. Whately.

Sig•ni•fi•ca´tion , n. [F. signification, L. significatio.] 1. The act of signifying; a making known by signs or other means. “A signification of being pleased.” Landor. “All speaking or signification of one’s mind implies an act or addres of one man to another.” South. 2. That which is signified or made known; that meaning which a sign, character, or token is intended to convey; as the signification of words.

Sig•nif´i•ca•tive , a. [L. significativus: cf. F. significatif.] 1. Betokening or representing by an external sign. “The holy symbols or signs are not barely significative.” Brerewood. 2. Having signification or meaning; expressive of a meaning or purpose; significant. “Neither in the degrees of kindred they were destitute of significative words.” Camden. — Sig•nif´i•ca•tive•ly, adv. — Sig•nif´i•ca•tive•ness, n.

Sig´ni•fi•ca•tor , n. [Cf. F. significateur.] One who, or that which, signifies. “In this diagram there was one significator which pressed remarkably upon our astrologer’s attention.” Sir W. Scott.

Sig•nif´i•ca•to•ry , a. [L. significatorius.] Significant. — n. That which is significatory.

Sig•ni•fi•ca´vit , n. [L., (he) has signified, perf. ind. of significare to signify.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Formerly, a writ issuing out of chancery, upon certificate given by the ordinary, of a man’s standing excommunicate by the space of forty days, for the laying him up in prison till he submit himself to the authority of the church. Crabb.

Sig´ni•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signified p. pr. & vb. n. Signifying ] [F. signifier, L. significare; signum a sign + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Sign, n., and -fy.] 1. To show by a sign; to communicate by any conventional token, as words, gestures, signals, or the like; to announce; to make known; to declare; to express; as a signified his desire to be present. “I ’ll to the king; and signify to him
That thus I have resign’d my charge to you.” Shak. “The government should signify to the Protestants of Ireland that want of silver is not to be remedied.” Swift. 2. To mean; to import; to denote; to betoken. “He bade her tell him what it signified.” Chaucer. “A tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.” Shak. Signify is often used impersonally; as it signifies nothing, it does not signify, that is, it is of no importance. Syn. — To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; betoken; denote; imply; mean.

Sign´ior , n. Sir; Mr. The English form and pronunciation for the Italian Signor and the Spanish Señor.

Sign´ior•ize , v. t. [See Seigniorize.] To exercise dominion over; to lord it over. [Obs.] Shelton.

Sign´ior•ize (sen´yer•iz), v. i. To exercise dominion; to seigniorize. [Obs.] Hewyt.

Sign´ior•ship, n. State or position of a signior.

Sign´ior•y (-y), n. Same as Seigniory. { Si•gnor´ , Si•gno´re }, n. [It. See Seignior.] Sir; Mr.; — a title of address or respect among the Italians. Before a noun the form is Signor.

Si•gno´ra , n. [It.] Madam; Mrs; — a title of address or respect among the Italians.

Si•gno•ri´na , n. [It.] Miss; — a title of address among the Italians.

Sign´post , n. A post on which a sign hangs, or on which papers are placed to give public notice of anything. { Sik , Sike } a. Such. See Such. [Obs.] ´Sike fancies weren foolerie.´ Spenser.

Sike , n. [AS. sic. Cf. Sig.] A gutter; a stream, such as is usually dry in summer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sike, n. [See Sick.] A sick person. [Prov. Eng.]

Sike, v. i. To sigh. [Obs.] “That for his wife weepeth and siketh sore.” Chaucer.

Sike, n. A sigh. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Sik´er , a. & adv., Sik´er•ly, adv., Sik´er•ness, n., etc.} See 2d Sicker, Sickerly, etc. [Obs.]

Sikhs , n. pl.; sing. Sikh . [Hind. Sikh, properly, a disciple.] A religious sect noted for warlike traits, founded in the Punjab at the end of the 15th century.

Si´lage , n. & v. Short for Ensilage.

Sile , v. t. [Akin to Sw. sila to strain, sil sieve, G. sielen to draw away or lead off water. rad.151a. See Silt.] To strain, as fresh milk. [Prov. Eng.]

Sile, v. i. To drop; to flow; to fall. [Prov. Eng.]

Sile, n. 1. A sieve with fine meshes. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Filth; sediment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sile, n. [Icel. sild herring; akin to Sw. sill, Dan. sild. Cf. Sill the young of a herring.] (Zoöl.) A young or small herring. [Eng.] Pennant.

Si´lence , n. [F., fr. L. silentium. See Silent.] 1. The state of being silent; entire absence of sound or noise; absolute stillness. “I saw and heared; for such a numerous host
Fled not in silence through the frighted deep.” Milton. 2. Forbearance from, or absence of, speech; taciturnity; muteness. 3. Secrecy; as these things were transacted in silence. “The administration itself keeps a profound silence.” D. Webster. 4. The cessation of rage, agitation, or tumilt; calmness; quiest; as the elements were reduced to silence. 5. Absence of mention; oblivion. “And what most merits fame, in silence hid.” Milton.

Si´lence, interj. Be silent; — used elliptically for let there be silence, or keep silence. Shak.

Si´lence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silenced p. pr. & vb. n. Silencing ] 1. To compel to silence; to cause to be still; to still; to hush. “Silence that dreadful bell; it frights the isle.” Shak. 2. To put to rest; to quiet. “This would silence all further opposition.” Clarendon. “These would have silenced their scruples.” Rogers. 3. To restrain from the exercise of any function, privilege of instruction, or the like, especially from the act of preaching; as to silence a minister of the gospel. “The Rev. Thomas Hooker of Chelmsford, in Essex, was silenced for nonconformity.” B. Trumbull. 4. To cause to cease firing, as by a vigorous cannonade; as to silence the batteries of an enemy.

Si•le´ne , n. [NL., fr. L. Silenus, the attendant of Bacchus.] (Bot.) A genus of caryophyllaceous plants, usually covered with a viscid secretion by which insects are caught; catchfly. Bon Silène. See Silène, in the Vocabulary.

Si´lent , a. [L. silens, - entis, p. pr. of silere to be silent; akin to Goth. ana- silan.] 1. Free from sound or noise; absolutely still; perfectly quiet. “How silent is this town!” Shak. 2. Not speaking; indisposed to talk; speechless; mute; taciturn; not loquacious; not talkative. “Ulysses, adds he, was the most eloquent and most silent of men.” Broome. “This new-created world, whereof in hell
Fame is not silent.” Milton. 3. Keeping at rest; inactive; calm; undisturbed; as the wind is silent. Parnell. Sir W. Raleigh. 4. (Pron.) Not pronounced; having no sound; quiescent; as e is silent in ´fable.´ 5. Having no effect; not operating; inefficient. [R.] “Cause … silent, virtueless, and dead.” Sir W. Raleigh. Silent partner. See Dormant partner, under Dormant. Syn. — Mute; taciturn; dumb; speechless; quiet; still. See Mute, and Taciturn.

Si´lent, n. That which is silent; a time of silence. [R.] ´The silent of the night.´ Shak.

Si•len´ti•a•ry (si•len´shi•a•ry), n. [L. silentiarius: cf. F. silenciaire. See Silence.] One appointed to keep silence and order in court; also one sworn not to divulge secrets of state.

Si•len´tious , a. [L. silentiosus: cf. F. silencieux.] Habitually silent; taciturn; reticent. [R.]

Si´lent•ly , adv. In a silent manner.

Si´lent•ness, n. State of being silent; silence.

Si•le´nus , n. [L. Silenus the tutor and attendant of Bacchus.] (Zoöl.) See Wanderoo.

Si•le´si•a , n. 1. A kind of linen cloth, originally made in Silesia, a province of Prussia. 2. A twilled cotton fabric, used for dress linings.

Si•le´si•an , a. Of or pertaining to Silesia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Silesia.

Si´lex , n. [L., a finit, a pebblestone.] (Min.) Silica, SiO2 as found in nature, constituting quarz, and most sands and sandstones. See Silica, and Silicic.

Sil•hou•ette´ , n. [F.; — so called from Etienne de Silhoutte, a French minister of finance in 1759, whise diversion it was to make such portraits on the walls of his apartments.] A representation of the outlines of an object filled in with a black color; a profile portrait in black, such as a shadow appears to be.

Sil•hou•ette´, v. t. To represent by a silhouette; to project upon a background, so as to be like a silhouette. [Recent] “A flock of roasting vultures silhouetted on the sky.” The Century.

Sil´i•ca , n. [NL., from L. silex, silics, a flint.] (Chem.) Silicon dioxide, SiO. It constitutes ordinary quartz (also opal and tridymite), and is artifically prepared as a very fine, white, tasteless, inodorous powder.

Sil´i•cate , n.[Cf. F. silicate.] (Chem.) A salt of silicic acid. In mineralogical chemistry the silicates include; the unisilicates or orthosilicates, salts of orthosilicic acid; the bisilicates or metasilicates, salts of metasilicic acid; the polysilicates or acid silicates, salts of the polysilicic acids; the basic silicates or subsilicates, in which the equivalent of base is greater than would be required to neutralize the acid; and the hydrous silicates, including the zeolites and many hydrated decomposition products.

Sil´i•ca•ted , a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica; as silicated hydrogen; silicated rocks. Silicated soap, a hard soap containing silicate of soda.

Sil•i•ca•ti•za´tion , n. Silicification.

Si•lic´e•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Silicoidea.

Si•li´ceous , a. [L. siliceus, fr. silex, silicis, a flint.] Of or pertaining to silica; containing silica, or partaking of its nature. [Written also silisious.]

Si•lic´ic , a. [L. silex, silicis, a flint: cf. F. silicique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, silica; specifically, designating compounds of silicon; as silicic acid. Silicic acid (Chem.), an amorphous gelatinous substance, Si(HO)4, very unstable and easily dried to silica, but forming many stable salts; — called also orthosilicic, or normal silicic, acid.

Si•lic•i•cal•ca´re•ous , a. Consisting of silica and calcareous matter.

Sil´i•cide , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of silicon, or one regarded as binary. [R.] Hydrogen silicide (Chem.), a colorless, spontaneously inflammable gas SiH4, produced artifically from silicon, and analogous to methane; — called also silico-methane, silicon hydride, and formerly siliciureted hydrogen.

Sil•i•cif´er•ous , a. [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -ferous.] Producing silica; united with silica.

Si•lic•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [See Silicify.] (Chem.) Thae act or process of combining or impregnating with silicon or silica; the state of being so combined or impregnated; as the silicification of wood.

Si•lic´i•fied , a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica, especially the latter; as silicified wood.

Si•lic´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silicified p. pr. & vb. n. Silicifying ] [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -fy: cf. F. silicifier.] (Chem.) To convert into, or to impregnate with, silica, or with the compounds of silicon. “The specimens found … are completely silicified.” Say. The silica may take the form of agate, chalcedony, flint, hornstone, or crystalline quartz.

Si•lic´i•fy, v. i. To become converted into silica, or to be impregnated with silica.

Sil•i•ci•oi´de•a , n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Silicoidea.

Si•li´cious , a. See Siliceous.

Sil•i•ci•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL. See Silex, and Sponge.] (Zoöl.) Same as Silicoidea.

Si•lic´it•ed , a. Silicified. [Obs.]

Si•lic´i•um , n. See Silicon.

Si•lic´i•u•ret•ed , a. [Written also siliciuretted.] (Old. Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon. [Obsoles.] Siliciureted hydrogen. (Chem.) Hydrogen silicide. [Obs.]

Sil´i•cle , n. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua a pod or husk: cf. F. silicule.] (Bot.) A seed vessel resembling a silique, but about as broad as it is long. See Silique.

Sil´i•co- (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of silicon or its compounds; as silicobenzoic, silicofluoride, etc.

Sil•i•co•flu•or´ic , a. (Chem.) Containing, or composed of, silicon and fluorine; especially, denoting the compounds called silicofluorides. Silicofluoric acid (Chem.), a compound of hydrofluoric acid and silicon fluoride, known only in watery solution. It is produced by the action of silicon fluoride on water, and is regarded as an acid, H2SiF6, and the type and origin of the silicofluorides.

Sil•i•co•flu´or•ide , n. (Chem.) A fluosilicate; a salt of silicofluoric acid.

Sil•i•coi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Silex, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of Porifera, which includes those that have the skeleton composed mainly of siliceous fibers or spicules.

Sil´i•con , n. [See Silica.] (Chem.) A nonmetalic element analogous to carbon. It always occurs combined in nature, and is artificially obtained in the free state, usually as a dark brown amorphous powder, or as a dark crystalline substance with a meetallic luster. Its oxide is silica, or common quartz, and in this form, or as silicates, it is, next to oxygen, the most abundant element of the earth’s crust. Silicon is characteristically the element of the mineral kingdom, as carbon is of the organic world. Symbol Si. Atomic weight 28. Called also silicium.

Sil•i•co•tung´stic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of double acids of silicon and tungsten, known in the free state, and also in their salts (called silicotungstates).

Si•lic´u•la , n. [L.] (Bot.) A silicle.

Sil´i•cule , n. (Bot.) A silicle.

Si•lic´u•lose , a. [NL. siliculosus, fr. L. silicula: cf. F. siliculeux. See Silicle.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing silicles; pertaining to, or resembling, silicles. 2. Full of, or consisting of, husks; husky. [Obs.]

Si•lig´i•nose , a.[L. siligineus, fr. siligo, -inis, fine and very white wheat.] Made of fine wheat. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sil´ing , a. & n. from Sile to strain. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Siling dish, a colander. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sil´i•qua , n.; pl. Siliquae (#). [L. See Silique.] 1. (Bot.) Same as Silique. 2. A weight of four grains; a carat; — a term used by jewelers, and refiners of gold.

Sil´ique , n. [L. siliqua a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure: cf. F. silique.] (Bot.) An oblong or elongated seed vessel, consisting of two valves with a dissepiment between, and opening by sutures at either margin. The seeds are attached to both edges of the dissepiment, alternately upon each side of it.

Sil´i•qui•form , a. [Silique + -form: cf. F. siliquiforme.] (Bot.) Having the form of a silique.

Sil•i•quo´sa , n. pl. [NL. See Siliquose.] (Bot.) A Linnaean order of plants including those which bear siliques. { Sil´i•quose• , Sil´i•quous } a. [NL. siliquosus: cf. F. siliqueux.] (Bot.) Bearing siliques; as siliquose plants; pertaining to, or resembling, siliques; as siliquose capsules.

Silk , n. [OE. silk, selk, AS. seolc, seoloc; akin to Icel. silki, SW. & Dan. silke; prob. through Slavic from an Oriental source; cf. Lith. szilkai, Russ. shelk’, and also L. sericum Seric stuff, silk. Cf. Sericeous. Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. The fine, soft thread produced by various species of caterpillars in forming the cocoons within which the worm is inclosed during the pupa state, especially that produced by the larvae of Bombyx mori. 2. Hence, thread spun, or cloth woven, from the above-named material. 3. That which resembles silk, as the filiform styles of the female flower of maize. Raw silk, silk as it is wound off from the cocoons, and before it is manufactured. — Silk cotton, a cottony substance enveloping the seeds of the silk-cotton tree. — Silk-cotton tree (Bot.), a name for several tropical trees of the genera Bombax and Eriodendron, and belonging to the order Bombaceae. The trees grow to an immense size, and have their seeds enveloped in a cottony substance, which is used for stuffing cushions, but can not be spun. — Silk flower. (Bot.) (a) The silk tree. (b) A similar tree (Calliandra trinervia) of Peru. — Silk fowl (Zoöl.), a breed of domestic fowls having silky plumage. — Silk gland (Zoöl.), a gland which secretes the material of silk, as in spider or a silkworm; a sericterium. — Silk gown, the distinctive robe of a barrister who has been appointed king’s or queen’s counsel; hence, the counsel himself. Such a one has precedence over mere barristers, who wear stuff gowns. [Eng.] — Silk grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa comata) of the Western United States, which has very long silky awns. The name is also sometimes given to various species of the genera Aqave and Yucca. — Silk moth (Zoöl.), the adult moth of any silkworm. See Silkworm. — Silk shag, a coarse, rough-woven silk, like plush, but with a stiffer nap. — Silk spider (Zoöl.), a large spider (Nephila plumipes), native of the Southern United States, remarkable for the large quantity of strong silk it produces and for the great disparity in the sizes of the sexes. — Silk thrower, Silk throwster, one who twists or spins silk, and prepares it for weaving. Brande & C. — Silk tree (Bot.), an Asiatic leguminous tree (Albizzia Julibrissin) with finely bipinnate leaves, and large flat pods; — so called because of the abundant long silky stamens of its blossoms. Also called silk flower. — Silk vessel. (Zoöl.) Same as Silk gland, above. — Virginia silk (Bot.), a climbing plant (Periploca Graeca) of the Milkweed family, having a silky tuft on the seeds. It is native in Southern Europe.

Silk´en , a. [AS. seolcen, seolocen.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; as silken cloth; a silken veil. 2. Fig.: Soft; delicate; tender; smooth; as silken language. ´Silken terms precise.´ Shak. 3. Dressed in silk. ´A … silken wanton.´ Shak.

Silk´en, v. t. To render silken or silklike. Dyer.

Silk´i•ness , n. 1. The quality or state of being silky or silken; softness and smoothness. 2. Fig.: Effeminacy; weakness. [R.] B. Jonson.

Silk´man , n.; pl. Silkmen . A dealer in silks; a silk mercer. Shak.

Silk´ness , n. Silkiness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Silk´weed , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genera Asclepias and Acerates whose seed vessels contain a long, silky down; milkweed.

Silk´worm , n. [AS. seolcwyrm.] (Zoöl.) The larva of any one of numerous species of bombycid moths, which spins a large amount of strong silk in constructing its cocoon before changing to a pupa. The common species (Bombyx mori) feeds on the leaves of the white mulberry tree. It is native of China, but has long been introduced into other countries of Asia and Europe, and is reared on a large scale. In America it is reared only to small extent. The Ailanthus silkworm (Philosamia cynthia) is a much larger species, of considerable importance, which has been introduced into Europe and America from China. The most useful American species is the Polyphemus. See Polyphemus. Pernyi silkworm, the larva of the Pernyi moth. See Pernyi moth. — Silkworm gut, a substance prepared from the contents of the silk glands of silkworms and used in making lines for angling. See Gut. - - Silkworm rot, a disease of silkworms; muscardine.

Silk´y , a. [Compar. Silkier superl. Silkiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; silken; silklike; as a silky luster. 2. Hence, soft and smooth; as silky wine. 3. Covered with soft hairs pressed close to the surface, as a leaf; sericeous. Silky oak (Bot.), a lofty Australian tree (Grevillea robusta) with silky tomentose lobed or incised leaves. It furnishes a valuable timber.

Sill , n. [OE. sille, sylle, AS. syl, syll; akin to G. schwelle, OHG. swelli, Icel. syll, svill, Sw. syll, Dan. syld, Goth. gasuljan to lay a foundation, to found.] The basis or foundation of a thing; especially, a horizontal piece, as a timber, which forms the lower member of a frame, or supports a structure; as the sills of a house, of a bridge, of a loom, and the like. Hence: (a) The timber or stone at the foot of a door; the threshold. (b) The timber or stone on which a window frame stands; or, the lowest piece in a window frame. (c) The floor of a gallery or passage in a mine. (d) A piece of timber across the bottom of a canal lock for the gates to shut against. Sill course (Arch.), a horizontal course of stone, terra cotta, or the like, built into a wall at the level of one or more window sills, these sills often forming part of it.

Sill, n. [Cf. Thill.] The shaft or thill of a carriage. [Prov. Eng.]

Sill, n. [Cf. 4th Sile.] A young herring. [Eng.]

Sil´la•bub , n. [Cf. sile to strain, and bub liquor, also Prov. E. sillibauk.] A dish made by mixing wine or cider with milk, and thus forming a soft curd; also sweetened cream, flavored with wine and beaten to a stiff froth. [Written also syllabub.]

Sil´ler , n. Silver. [Scot.]

Sil´li•ly , adv. [From Silly.] In a silly manner; foolishly. Dryden.

Sil´li•man•ite , n. [After Benjamin Siliman, an American meneralogist.] (Min.) Same as Fibrolite.

Sil´li•ness, n. The quality or state of being silly.

Sil´lock , n. (Zoöl.) The pollock, or coalfish.

Sil´lon , n. [F., a furrow.] (Fort.) A work raised in the middle of a wide ditch, to defend it. Crabb.

Sil´ly, a. [Compar. Sillier superl. Silliest.] [OE. seely, sely, AS. slig, geslig, happy, good, fr. sl, sl, good, happy, sl good fortune, happines; akin to OS. salig, a, good, happy, D. zalig blessed, G. selig, OHG. salig, Icel. sl, Sw. säll, Dan. salig, Goth. sls good, kind, and perh. also to L. sollus whole, entire, Gr. , Skr. sarva. Cf. Seel, n.] 1. Happy; fortunate; blessed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Harmless; innocent; inoffensive. [Obs.] ´This silly, innocent Custance.´ Chaucer. “The silly virgin strove him to withstand.” Spenser. “A silly, innocent hare murdered of a dog.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). 3. Weak; helpless; frail. [Obs.] “After long storms …
With which my silly bark was tossed sore.” Spenser. “The silly buckets on the deck.” Coleridge. 4. Rustic; plain; simple; humble. [Obs.] “A fourth man, in a sillyhabit.” Shak. “All that did their silly thoughts so busy keep.” Milton. 5. Weak in intellect; destitute of ordinary strength of mind; foolish; witless; simple; as a silly woman. 6. Proceeding from want of understanding or common judgment; characterized by weakness or folly; unwise; absurd; stupid; as silly conduct; a silly question. Syn. — Simple; brainless; witless; shallow; foolish; unwise; indiscreet. See Simple.

Sil´ly•how , n. [Prov. E. silly- hew; cf. AS. saelig happy, good, and hufe a cap, hood. See Silly, a.] A caul. See Caul, n., 3. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Si´lo , n. [F.] A pit or vat for packing away green fodder for winter use so as to exclude air and outside moisture. See Ensilage.

Silt , n. [OE. silte gravel, fr. silen to drain, E. sile; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. sila, prob. akin to AS. seón to filter, sigan to fall, sink, cause to sink, G. seihen to strain, to filter, OHG. sihan, Icel. si>a, Skr. sic to pour; cf. Gr. moisture. Cf. Sig, Sile.] Mud or fine earth deposited from running or standing water.

Silt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silted; p. pr. & vb. n. Silting.] To choke, fill, or obstruct with silt or mud.

Silt, v. i. To flow through crevices; to percolate.

Silt´y , a. Full of silt; resembling silt.

Si•lure´ , n. [L. silurus a sort of river fish, Gr. : cf. F. silure.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Silurus, as the sheatfish; a siluroid.

Si•lu´ri•an , a. [From L. Silures, a people who anciently inhabited a part of England and Wales.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the country of the ancient Silures; — a term applied to the earliest of the Paleozoic eras and also to the strata of the era, because most plainly developed in that country. The Silurian formation, so named by Murchison, is divided into the Upper Silurian and Lower Silurian. The lower part of the Lower Silurian, with some underlying beds, is now separated under the name Cambrian, first given by Sedwick. Recently the term Ordovician has been proposed for the Lower Silurian, leawing the original word to apply only to the Upper Silurian.

Si•lu´ri•an, n. The Silurian age.

Si•lu´ri•dan , n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Siluridae or of the order Siluroidei.

Si•lu´roid , n. [Silurus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Siluroidei, or Nematognathi, an order of fishes including numerous species, among which are the American catfishes and numerous allied fresh-water species of the Old World, as the sheatfish (Silurus glanis) of Europe. — n. A siluroid fish.

Sil•u•roi´de•i , n. pl. [NL.] (zoöl.) An order of fishes, the Nematognathi.

Si•lu´rus , n. [L. See Silure.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large malacopterygious fishes of the order Siluroidei. They inhabit the inland waters of Europe and Asia.

Sil´va , n.; pl. E. Silvas (#), L. Silvae . [L., properly, a wood, forest.] [Written also sylva.] (Bot.) (a) The forest trees of a region or country, considered collectively. (b) A description or history of the forest trees of a country.

Sil´van , a. [L. silva, less correctly sylva, a wood or grove, perh. akin to Gr. ´y•lh; cf. L. Silvanus Silvanus the god of woods: cf. F. sylvain silvan. Cf. Savage.] Of or pertaining to woods; composed of woods or groves; woody. [Written also sylvan.] “Betwixt two rows of rocks, a silvan scene
Appears above, and groves forever green.” Dryden.

Sil´van, n. (Old Chem.) See Sylvanium. [Obs.]

Sil´van•ite , n. (Min.) See Sylvanite. { Sil´vas or Sel´vas }, n. pl. [L. silva a forest, Sp. selva.] Vast woodland plains of South America.

Sil´vate , n. (Chem.) Same as Sylvate.

Sil´ver , n. [OE. silver, selver, seolver, AS. seolfor, siolfur, siolufr, silofr, sylofr; akin to OS. silubar, OFries. selover, D. zilver, LG. sulver, OHG. silabar, silbar, G. silber, Icel. silfr, Sw. silfver, Dan. sölv, Goth. silubr, Russ. serebro, Lith. sidabras; of unknown origin.] 1. (Chem.) A soft white metallic element, sonorous, ductile, very malleable, and capable of a high degree of polish. It is found native, and also combined with sulphur, arsenic, antimony, chlorine, etc., in the minerals argentite, proustite, pyrargyrite, ceragyrite, etc. Silver is one of the ´noble´ metals, so-called, not being easily oxidized, and is used for coin, jewelry, plate, and a great variety of articles. Symbol Ag (Argentum). Atomic weight 107.7. Specific gravity 10.5. Silver was known under the name of luna to the ancients and also to the alchemists. Some of its compounds, as the halogen salts, are remarkable for the effect of light upon them, and are used in photography. 2. Coin made of silver; silver money. 3. Anything having the luster or appearance of silver. 4. The color of silver. Silver is used in the formation of many compounds of obvious meaning; as silver-armed, silver-bright, silver-buskined, silver-coated, silver-footed, silver-haired, silver-headed, silver-mantled, silver-plated, silver-slippered, silver-sounding, silver-studded, silver-tongued, silver-white. See Silver, a. Black silver (Min.), stephanite; — called also brittle silver ore, or brittle silver glance. — Fulminating silver. (Chem.) (a) A black crystalline substance, Ag2O.(NH3)2, obtained by dissolving silver oxide in aqua ammonia. When dry it explodes violently on the slightest percussion. (b) Silver fulminate, a white crystalline substance, Ag2C2N2O2, obtained by adding alcohol to a solution of silver nitrate. When dry it is violently explosive. — German silver. (Chem.) See under German. — Gray silver. (Min.) See Freieslebenite. — Horn silver. (Min.) See Cerargyrite. — King’s silver. (O. Eng. Law) See Postfine. — Red silver, or Ruby silver. (Min.) See Proustite, and Pyrargyrite. — Silver beater, one who beats silver into silver leaf or silver foil. — Silver glance, or Vitreous silver. (Min.) See Argentine.

Sil´ver, a. 1. Of or pertaining to silver; made of silver; as silver leaf; a silver cup. 2. Resembling silver. Specifically: (a) Bright; resplendent; white. ´Silver hair.´ Shak. “Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed
Their downy breast.” Milton. (b) Precious; costly. (c) Giving a clear, ringing sound soft and clear. ´Silver voices.´ Spenser. (d) Sweet; gentle; peaceful. ´Silver slumber.´ Spenser. American silver fir (Bot.), the balsam fir. See under Balsam. — Silver age (Roman Lit.), the latter part (a. d. 14-180) of the classical period of Latinity, — the time of writers of inferior purity of language, as compared with those of the previous golden age, so-called. — Silver-bell tree (Bot.), an American shrub or small tree (Halesia tetraptera) with white bell-shaped flowers in clusters or racemes; the snowdrop tree. — Silver bush (Bot.), a shrubby leguminous plant (Anthyllis Barba- Jovis) of Southern Europe, having silvery foliage. — Silver chub (Zoöl.), the fallfish. — Silver eel. (Zoöl.) (a) The cutlass fish. (b) A pale variety of the common eel. — Silver fir (Bot.), a coniferous tree (Abies pectinata) found in mountainous districts in the middle and south of Europe, where it often grows to the height of 100 or 150 feet. It yields Burgundy pitch and Strasburg turpentine. — Silver foil, foil made of silver. — Silver fox (Zoöl.), a variety of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes, variety argenteus) found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. Its fur is nearly black, with silvery tips, and is highly valued. Called also black fox, and silver-gray fox. — Silver gar. (Zoöl.) See Billfish (a). — Silver grain (Bot.), the lines or narrow plates of cellular tissue which pass from the pith to the bark of an exogenous stem; the medullary rays. In the wood of the oak they are much larger than in that of the beech, maple, pine, cherry, etc. — Silver grebe (Zoöl.), the red-throated diver. See Illust. under Diver. — Silver hake (Zoöl.), the American whiting. — Silver leaf, leaves or sheets made of silver beaten very thin. — Silver lunge (Zoöl.), the namaycush. — Silver moonfish.(Zoöl.) See Moonfish (b). — Silver moth (Zoöl.), a lepisma. — Silver owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. — Silver perch (Zoöl.), the mademoiselle, 2. — Silver pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of beautiful crested and long-tailed Asiatic pheasants, of the genus Euplocamus. They have the tail and more or less of the upper parts silvery white. The most common species (E. nychtemerus) is native of China. — Silver plate, domestic utensils made of silver. — Silver plover (Zoöl.), the knot. — Silver salmon (Zoöl.), a salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) native of both coasts of the North Pacific. It ascends all the American rivers as far south as the Sacramento. Called also kisutch, whitefish, and white salmon. — Silver shell (Zoöl.), a marine bivalve of the genus Anomia. See Anomia. — Silver steel, an alloy of steel with a very small proportion of silver. — Silver stick, a title given to the title field officer of the Life Guards when on duty at the palace. [Eng.] Thackeray. — Silver tree (Bot.), a South African tree (Leucadendron argenteum) with long, silvery, silky leaves. — Silver trout, (Zoöl.) See Trout. — Silver wedding. See under Wedding. — Silver whiting (Zoöl.), a marine sciaenoid food fish (Menticirrus littoralis) native of the Southern United States; — called also surf whiting. — Silver witch (Zoöl.), A lepisma.

Sil´ver , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silvered p. pr. & vb. n. Silvering.] 1. To cover with silver; to give a silvery appearance to by applying a metal of a silvery color; as to silver a pin; to silver a glass mirror plate with an amalgam of tin and mercury. 2. To polish like silver; to impart a brightness to, like that of silver. “And smiling calmness silvered o’er the deep.” Pope. 3. To make hoary, or white, like silver. “His head was silvered o’er with age.” Gay.

Sil´ver, v. i. To acquire a silvery color. [R.] “The eastern sky began to silver and shine.” L. Wallace.

Sil´ver•back , n. (Zoöl.) The knot.

Sil´ver•ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A tree or shrub (Elaeagnus argentea) with silvery foliage and fruit. Gray.

Sil´ver•bill , n. (Zoöl.) An Old World finch of the genus Minia, as the M. Malabarica of India, and M. cantans of Africa.

Sil´ver•boom , n. [D. zilver silver + boom tree.] (Bot.) See Leucadendron.

Sil´ver•fin , n. (Zoöl.) A small North American fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Notropis Whipplei).

Sil´ver•fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tarpum. (b) A white variety of the goldfish.

Sil´ver-gray , a. Having a gray color with a silvery luster; as silver-gray hair.

Sil´ver•i•ness , n. The state of being silvery.

Sil´ver•ing, n. (Metal.) The art or process of covering metals, wood, paper, glass, etc., with a thin film of metallic silver, or a substance resembling silver; also the firm do laid on; as the silvering of a glass speculum.

Sil´ver•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silverized p. pr. & vb. n. Silverizing.] To cover with silver.

Sil´ver•less, a. Having no silcver; hence, without money; impecunious. Piers Plowman.

Sil´ver•ling, n. A small silver coin. [Obs.] “A thousand vines at a thousand silverings.” Isa. vii. 23.

Sil´ver•ly, adv. Like silver in appearance or in sound. “Let me wipe off this honorable dew,
That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks.” Shak.

Sil´vern , a. [AS. seolfern, sylfren.] Made of silver. [Archaic.] Wyclif (Acts xix. 24). “Speech is silvern; silence is golden.” Old Proverb.

Sil´ver•sides , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small fishes of the family Atherinidae, having a silvery stripe along each side of the body. The common species of the American coast (Menidia notata) is very abundant. Called also silverside, sand smelt, friar, tailor, and tinker. Brook silversides (Zoöl.), a small fresh-water North American fish (Labadesthes sicculus) related to the marine silversides.

Sil´ver•smith , n. One whose occupation is to manufacture utensils, ornaments, etc., of silver; a worker in silver.

Sil´ver•spot , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of butterflies of the genus Argynnis and allied genera, having silvery spots on the under side of the wings. See Illust. under Aphrodite.

Sil´ver•ware , n. Dishes, vases, ornaments, and utensils of various sorts, made of silver.

Sil´ver•weed , n. (Bot.) A perennial rosaceous herb (Potentilla Anserina) having the leaves silvery white beneath.

Sil´ver•y , a. 1. Resembling, or having the luster of, silver; grayish white and lustrous; of a mild luster; bright. “All the enameled race, whose silvery wing
Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the spring.” Pope. 2. Besprinkled or covered with silver. 3. Having the clear, musical tone of silver; soft and clear in sound; as silvery voices; a silvery laugh. Silvery iron (Metal.), a peculiar light-gray fine-grained cast iron, usually obtained from clay iron ore.

Sil´vi•cul•ture , n. [Cf. F. silviculture.] See Sylviculture.

Si´ma , n. (Arch.) A cyma.

Sim´a•gre , n. [F. simagree.] A grimace. [Obs.] Dryden.

Si•mar´ , n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A woman’s long dress or robe; also light covering; a scarf. [Written also cimar, cymar, samare, simare.]

Si•marre´ [F.] See Simar. Sir W. Scott.

Sim´blot , n. [F. simbleau.] The harness of a drawloom.

Sim´i•a , n. [L., an ape; cf. simus flatnosed, snub-nosed, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A Linnaean genus of Quadrumana which included the types of numerous modern genera. By modern writers it is usually restricted to the genus which includes the orang- outang.

Sim´i•al , a. (Zoöl.) Simian; apelike.

Sim´i•an , a. [L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Simiadae, which, in its widest sense, includes all the Old World apes and monkeys; also apelike. — n. Any Old World monkey or ape.

Sim´i•lar , a. [F. similaire, fr. L. similis like, similar. See Same, a., and cf. Simulate.] 1. Exactly corresponding; resembling in all respects; precisely like. 2. Nearly corresponding; resembling in many respects; somewhat like; having a general likeness. 3. Homogenous; uniform. [R.] Boyle. Similar figures (Geom.), figures which differ from each other only in magnitude, being made up of the same number of like parts similarly situated. — Similar rectilineal figures, such as have their several angles respectively equal, each to each, and their sides about the equal angles proportional. — Similar solids, such as are contained by the same number of similar planes, similarly situated, and having like inclination to one another.

Sim´i•lar, n. That which is similar to, or resembles, something else, as in quality, form, etc.

Sim•i•lar´i•ty , n.; pl. -ties (#). [Cf. F. similarite.] The quality or state of being similar; likeness; resemblance; as a similarity of features. “Hardly is there a similarity detected between two or three facts, than men hasten to extend it to all.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Sim´i•lar•ly , adv. In a similar manner.

Sim´i•lar•y , a. Similar. [Obs.] “Rhyming cadences of similarly words.” South.

Sim´i•la•tive , a. Implying or indicating likeness or resemblance. [R.] “In similative or instrumental relation to a pa. pple. [past participle], as almond-leaved, -scented, etc.” New English Dict.

Sim´i•le , n.; pl. Similes (#). [L., from similis. See Similar.] (Rhet.) A word or phrase by which anything is likened, in one or more of its aspects, to something else; a similitude; a poetical or imaginative comparison. “A good swift simile, but something currish.” Shak.

Si•mil´i•ter , n. [L., in like manner.] (Law) The technical name of the form by which either party, in pleading, accepts the issue tendered by his opponent; — called sometimes a joinder in issue.

Si•mil´i•tude , n. [F. similitude, L. similitudo, from similis similar. See Similar.] 1. The quality or state of being similar or like; resemblance; likeness; similarity; as similitude of substance. Chaucer. “Let us make now man in our image, man
In our similitude.” Milton. “If fate some future bard shall join
In sad similitude of griefs to mine.” Pope. 2. The act of likening, or that which likens, one thing to another; fanciful or imaginative comparison; a simile. “Tasso, in his similitudes, never departed from the woods; that is, all his comparisons were taken from the country.” Dryden. 3. That which is like or similar; a representation, semblance, or copy; a facsimile. “Man should wed his similitude.” Chaucer.

Si•mil•i•tu´di•na•ry , a. Involving or expressing similitude. [Obs.] Coke.

Sim´i•lize , v. t. To liken; to compare; as to similize a person, thing, or act. Lowell.

Sim´i•lor , n. [F., fr. L. similus similar + F. or gold, L. aurum. Cf. Semilor.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, but of a golden color. Ure.

Sim´i•ous , a.[L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Simiae; monkeylike. “That strange simious, schoolboy passion of giving pain to others.” Sydney Smith.

Sim´i•tar , n. See Scimiter.

Sim´mer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simmered p. pr. & vb. n. Simmering.] [Prov. E. also simper; — an onomatopoetic word.] To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing; to begin to boil. “I simmer as liquor doth on the fire before it beginneth to boil.” Palsgrave.

Sim´mer, v. t. To cause to boil gently; to cook in liquid heated almost or just to the boiling point.

Sim´nel , n. [OF. simenel cake or bread of wheat flour, LL. simenellus wheat bread, fr. L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semolina.] 1. A kind of cake made of fine flour; a cracknel. [Obs.] “Not common bread, but vastel bread, or simnels.” Fuller. 2. A kind of rich plum cake, eaten especially on Mid-Lent Sunday. [Eng.] Herrick.

Si•mo´ni•ac , n. [LL. simoniacus. See Simony.] One who practices simony, or who buys or sells preferment in the church. Ayliffe.

Sim•o•ni´a•cal , a. Of or pertaining to simony; guilty of simony; consisting of simony. — Sim´o•ni•a•cal•ly, adv. “The flagitious profligacy of their lives, and the simoniacal arts by which they grasped at the popedom.” J. S. Harford.

Si•mo´ni•al , a. Simoniacal. [Obs.]

Si•mo´ni•an , n.[See Simony.] One of the followers of Simon Magus; also an adherent of certain heretical sects in the early Christian church.

Si•mo´ni•ous , a. Simoniacal. [Obs.] Milton.

Sim´o•nist , n. One who practices simony.

Sim´o•ny , n. [F. simonie, LL. simonia, fr. Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment; the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money or reward. Piers Plowman. { Si•moom´ , Si•moon´ } n. [Ar. samm, fr. samma to poison. Cf. Samiel.] A hot, dry, suffocating, dust-laden wind, that blows occasionally in Arabia, Syria, and neighboring countries, generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains.

Si´mous , a.[L. simus, Gr. .] Having a very flat or snub nose, with the end turned up.

Sim´pai , n.[Malay simpei.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey (Semnopitchecus melalophus) native of Sumatra. It has a crest of black hair. The forehead and cheeks are fawn color, the upper parts tawny and red, the under parts white. Called also black-crested monkey, and sinpae.

Sim´per , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simpered p. pr. & vb. n. Simpering.] [Cf. Norw. semper fine, smart, dial. Dan. semper, simper, affected, coy, prudish, OSw. semper one who affectedly refrains from eating, Sw. sipp finical, prim, LG. sipp.] 1. To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited manner. “Behold yond simpering dame.” Shak. “With a made countenance about her mouth, between simpering and smiling.” ir. P. Sidney. 2. To glimmer; to twinkle. [Obs.] “Yet can I mark how stars above
Simper and shine.” Herbert.

Sim´per, n. A constrained, self- conscious smile; an affected, silly smile; a smirk. “The conscious simper, and the jealous leer.” Pope.

Sim´per•er , n. One who simpers. Sir W. Scott. “A simperer that a court affords.” T. Nevile.

Sim´per•ing, a. &. n. from Simper, v.

Sim´per•ing•ly, adv. In a simpering manner.

Sim´ple , a. [Compar. Simpler superl. Simplest.] [F., fr. L. simplus, or simplex, gen. simplicis. The first part of the Latin words is probably akin to E. same, and the sense, one, one and the same; cf. L. semel once, singuli one to each, single. Cg. Single, a., Same, a., and for the last part of the word cf. Double, Complex.] 1. Single; not complex; not infolded or entangled; uncombined; not compounded; not blended with something else; not complicated; as a simple substance; a simple idea; a simple sound; a simple machine; a simple problem; simple tasks. 2. Plain; unadorned; as simple dress. ´Simple truth.´ Spenser. ´His simple story.´ Burns. 3. Mere; not other than; being only. “A medicine … whose simple touch
Is powerful to araise King Pepin.” Shak. 4. Not given to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity; undesigning; sincere; true. “Full many fine men go upon my score, as simple as I stand here, and I trust them.” Marston. “Must thou trust Tradition’s simple tongue?” Byron. “To be simple is to be great.” Emerson. 5. Artless in manner; unaffected; unconstrained; natural; inartificial;; straightforward. “In simple manners all the secret lies.” Young. 6. Direct; clear; intelligible; not abstruse or enigmatical; as a simple statement; simple language. 7. Weak in intellect; not wise or sagacious; of but moderate understanding or attainments; hence, foolish; silly. ´You have simple wits.´ Shak. “The simple believeth every word; but the prudent man looketh well to his going.” Prov. xiv. 15. 8. Not luxurious; without much variety; plain; as a simple diet; a simple way of living. “Thy simple fare and all thy plain delights.” Cowper. 9. Humble; lowly; undistinguished. “A simple husbandman in garments gray.” Spenser. “Clergy and laity, male and female, gentle and simple made the fuel of the same fire.” Fuller. 10. (BOt.) Without subdivisions; entire; as a simple stem; a simple leaf. 11. (Chem.) Not capable of being decomposed into anything more simple or ultimate by any means at present known; elementary; thus, atoms are regarded as simple bodies. Cf. Ultimate, a. A simple body is one that has not as yet been decomposed. There are indications that many of our simple elements are still compound bodies, though their actual decomposition into anything simpler may never be accomplished. 12. (Min.) Homogenous. 13. (Zoöl.) Consisting of a single individual or zooid; as a simple ascidian; — opposed to compound. Simple contract (Law), any contract, whether verbal or written, which is not of record or under seal. J. W. Smith. Chitty. — Simple equation (Alg.), an equation containing but one unknown quantity, and that quantity only in the first degree. — Simple eye (Zoöl.), an eye having a single lens; — opposed to compound eye. — Simple interest. See under Interest. — Simple larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. — Simple obligation (Rom. Law), an obligation which does not depend for its execution upon any event provided for by the parties, or is not to become void on the happening of any such event. Burrill. Syn. — Single; uncompounded; unmingled; unmixed; mere; uncombined; elementary; plain; artless; sincere; harmless; undesigning; frank; open; unaffected; inartificial; unadorned; credulous; silly; foolish; shallow; unwise. — Simple, Silly. One who is simple is sincere, unaffected, and inexperienced in duplicity, — hence liable to be duped. A silly person is one who is ignorant or weak and also self- confident; hence, one who shows in speech and act a lack of good sense. Simplicity is incompatible with duplicity, artfulness, or vanity, while silliness is consistent with all three. Simplicity denotes lack of knowledge or of guile; silliness denotes want of judgment or right purpose, a defect of character as well as of education. “I am a simple woman, much too weak
To oppose your cunning.” Shak. “He is the companion of the silliest people in their most silly pleasure; he is ready for every impertinent entertainment and diversion.” Law.

Sim´ple , n. [F. See Simple, a.] 1. Something not mixed or compounded. ´Compounded of many simples.´ Shak. 2. (Med.) A medicinal plant; — so called because each vegetable was supposed to possess its particular virtue, and therefore to constitute a simple remedy. “What virtue is in this remedy lies in the naked simple itself as it comes over from the Indies.” Sir W. Temple. 3. (Weaving) (a) A drawloom. (b) A part of the apparatus for raising the heddles of a drawloom. 4. (R. C. Ch.) A feast which is not a double or a semidouble.

Sim´ple, v. i. To gather simples, or medicinal plants. “As simpling on the flowery hills she [Circe] strayed.” Garth.

Sim´ple-heart•ed , a. Sincere; inguenuous; guileless. Sir W. Scott.

Sim´ple-mind•ed , a. Artless; guileless; simple-hearted; undesigning; unsuspecting; devoid of duplicity. Blackstone. — Sim´ple-mind•ed•ness, n.

Sim´ple•ness, n. The quality or state of being simple; simplicity. Shak.

Sim´pler , n. One who collects simples, or medicinal plants; a herbalist; a simplist. Simpler’s joy. (Bot.) Vervain.

Sim´pless , n. [F. simplesse.] Simplicity; silliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sim´ple•ton , n. [Cf. F. simplet, It. semplicione.] A person of weak intellect; a silly person.

Sim•pli´cian , n. [Cf. OF. simplicien.] One who is simple. [Obs.] Arnway.

Sim•plic´i•ty , n. [F. simplicite, L. simplicitas. See Simple.] 1. The quality or state of being simple, unmixed, or uncompounded; as the simplicity of metals or of earths. 2. The quality or state of being not complex, or of consisting of few parts; as the simplicity of a machine. 3. Artlessness of mind; freedom from cunning or duplicity; lack of acuteness and sagacity. “Marquis Dorset, a man, for his harmless simplicity neither misliked nor much regarded.” Hayward. “In wit a man; simplicity a child.” Pope. 4. Freedom from artificial ornament, pretentious style, or luxury; plainness; as simplicity of dress, of style, or of language; simplicity of diet; simplicity of life. 5. Freedom from subtlety or abstruseness; clearness; as the simplicity of a doctrine; the simplicity of an explanation or a demonstration. 6. Weakness of intellect; silliness; folly. “How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning?” Prov. i. 22.

Sim•pli•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. simplification.] The act of simplifying. A. Smith.

Sim´pli•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simplified p. pr. & vb. n. Simplifying ] [Cf. F. simplifier, LL. simplificare. See Simple, and -fy.] To make simple; to make less complex; to make clear by giving the explanation for; to show an easier or shorter process for doing or making. “The collection of duties is drawn to a point, and so far simplified.” A. Hamilton. “It is important, in scientific pursuits, to be caitious in simplifying our deductions.” W. Nicholson.

Sim´plist , n. One skilled in simples, or medicinal plants; a simpler. Sir T. Browne.

Sim•plis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to simples, or a simplist. [R.] Wilkinson.

Sim´pli•ty , n. Simplicity. [Obs.]

Sim´plo•ce , n. (Gram.) See Symploce.

Sim´ply , adv. 1. In a simple manner or state; considered in or by itself; without addition; along; merely; solely; barely. “[They] make that now good or evil, … which otherwise of itself were not simply the one or the other.” Hooker. “Simply the thing I am
Shall make me live.” Shak. 2. Plainly; without art or subtlety. “Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise
By simply meek.” Milton. 3. Weakly; foolishly. Johnson. { Sim´u•la•cher , Sim´u•la•chre } , n. [Cf. F. simulacre.] See Simulacrum. [Obs.]

Sim•u•la´crum , n.; pl. Simulacra (#). [L. See Simulate.] A likeness; a semblance; a mock appearance; a sham; — now usually in a derogatory sense. “Beneath it nothing but a great simulacrum.” Thackeray.

Sim´u•lar , n. [Cf. L. simulator, F. simulateur. See Simulate.] One who pretends to be what he is not; one who, or that which, simulates or counterfeits something; a pretender. [Obs.] Shak. “Christ calleth the Pharisees hypocrites, that is to say, simulars, and painted sepulchers.” Tyndale.

Sim´u•lar, a. False; specious; counterfeit. [R. & Obs.] ´Thou simular man of virtue.´ Shak.

Sim´u•late , a. [L. simulatus, p. p. of simulare to simulate; akin to simul at the same time, together, similis like. See Similar, and cf. Dissemble, Semblance.] Feigned; pretended. Bale.

Sim´u•late , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simulated p. pr. & vb. n. Simulating.] To assume the mere appearance of, without the reality; to assume the signs or indications of, falsely; to counterfeit; to feign. “The Puritans, even in the depths of the dungeons to which she had sent them, prayed, and with no simulated fervor, that she might be kept from the dagger of the assassin.” Macaulay.

Sim•u•la´tion , n. [F. simulation, L. simulatio.] The act of simulating, or assuming an appearance which is feigned, or not true; — distinguished from dissimulation, which disguises or conceals what is true. Syn. — Counterfeiting; feint; pretense.

Sim´u•la•tor , n. [L.] One who simulates, or feigns. De Quincey.

Sim´u•la•to•ry , a. Simulated, or capable of being simulated. Bp. Hall.

Si•mul•ta•ne´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being simultaneous; simultaneousness.

Si•mul•ta´ne•ous , a. [LL. simultim at the same time, fr. L. simul. See Simulate.] Existing, happening, or done, at the same time; as simultaneous events. — Si•mul•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Si•mul•ta´ne•ous•ness, n. Simultaneous equations (Alg.), two or more equations in which the values of the unknown quantities entering them are the same at the same time in both or in all.

Sim´ul•ty , n. [L. simultas a hostile encounter, drudge, originally, a (hostile) coming together, fr. simul together: cf. OF. simulte.] Private grudge or quarrel; as domestic simulties. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sin , adv., prep., & conj. Old form of Since. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “Sin that his lord was twenty year of age.” Chaucer.

Sin, n. [OE. sinne, AS. synn, syn; akin to D. zonde, OS. sundia, OHG. sunta, G. sünde, Icel., Dan. & Sw. synd, L. sons, sontis, guilty, perhaps originally from the p. pr. of the verb signifying, to be, and meaning, the one who it is. Cf. Authentic, Sooth.] 1. Transgression of the law of God; disobedience of the divine command; any violation of God’s will, either in purpose or conduct; moral deficiency in the character; iniquity; as sins of omission and sins of commission. “Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin.” John viii. 34. “Sin is the transgression of the law.” 1 John iii. 4. “I think ’t no sin.
To cozen him that would unjustly win.” Shak. “Enthralled
By sin to foul, exorbitant desires.” Milton. 2. An offense, in general; a violation of propriety; a misdemeanor; as a sin against good manners. “I grant that poetry’s a crying sin.” Pope. 3. A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin. “He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin.” 2 Cor. v. 21. 4. An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person. [R.] “Thy ambition,
Thou scarlet sin, robbed this bewailing land
Of noble Buckingham.” Shak. Sin is used in the formation of some compound words of obvious signification; as sin-born; sin-bred, sin-oppressed, sin-polluted, and the like. Actual sin, Canonical sins, Original sin, Venial sin. See under Actual, Canonical, etc. — Deadly, or Mortal, sins (R. C. Ch.), willful and deliberate transgressions, which take away divine grace; — in distinction from vental sins. The seven deadly sins are pride, covetousness, lust, wrath, gluttony, envy, and sloth. — Sin eater, a man who (according to a former practice in England) for a small gratuity ate a piece of bread laid on the chest of a dead person, whereby he was supposed to have taken the sins of the dead person upon himself. — Sin offering, a sacrifice for sin; something offered as an expiation for sin. Syn. — Iniquity; wickedness; wrong. See Crime.

Sin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinned p. pr. & vb. n. Sinning.] [OE. sinnen, singen, sinegen, AS. syngian. See Sin, n.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed by God to man; to violate the divine law in any particular, by actual transgression or by the neglect or nonobservance of its injunctions; to violate any known rule of duty; — often followed by against. “Against thee, thee only, have I sinned.” Ps. li. 4. “All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God.” Rom. iii. 23. 2. To violate human rights, law, or propriety; to commit an offense; to trespass; to transgress. “I am a man
More sinned against than sinning.” Shak. “Who but wishes to invert the laws
Of order, sins against the eternal cause.” Pope. { Si•na´ic , Si•na•it´ic } a. [From Mount Sinai.] Of or pertaining to Mount Sinai; given or made at Mount Sinai; as the Sinaitic law. Sinaitic manuscript, a fourth century Greek manuscript of the part Bible, discovered at Mount Sinai (the greater part of it in 1859) by Tisschendorf, a German Biblical critic; — called also Codex Sinaiticus.

Sin•al´bin , n. [From L. Sinapis + alba.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of white mustard (Brassica alba, formerly Sinapis alba), and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Sin•am´ine , n. [Sinapis + melamine.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline nitrogenous substance, obtained indirectly from oil of mustard and ammonia; — called also allyl melamine.

Sin´a•pate , n. (Chem.) A salt of sinapic acid.

Sin´a•pic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sinapine; specifically, designating an acid (C11H12O5) related to gallic acid, and obtained by the decomposition of sinapine, as a white crystalline substance.

Sin´a•pine , n. [L. sinapi, sinapis, mustard, Gr. : cf. F. sinapine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid occuring in the seeds of mustard. It is extracted, in combination with sulphocyanic acid, as a white crystalline substance, having a hot, bitter taste. When sinapine is isolated it is unstable and undergoes decomposition.

Si•na´pis , n. [L.] (Bot.) A disused generic name for mustard; — now called Brassica.

Sin´a•pis•in , n. (Chem.) A substance extracted from mustard seed and probably identical with sinalbin. [Obs.]

Sin´a•pism , n. [L. sinapismus, Gr. , the use of a mustard blister, fr. to apply a mustard blister, fr. mustard.] (Med.) A plaster or poultice composed principally of powdered mustard seed, or containing the volatile oil of mustard seed. It is a powerful irritant.

Sin•a•po•le´ic , a. [Sinapis + oleic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to mustard oil; specifically, designating an acid of the oleic acid series said to occur in mistard oil.

Si•nap´o•line , n. [Sinapis + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, CO.(NH.C3H5)2, related to urea, extracted from mustard oil, and also produced artifically, as a white crystalline substance; — called also diallyl urea.

Sin´ca•line , n. [So called because obtained by the action of alkalies on sinapine.] (Chem.) Choline. [Written also sinkaline.]

Since (sins), adv. [For sins, contr. fr. OE. sithens, sithenes, formed by an adverbial ending (cf. Besides) from OE. sithen, also shortened into sithe, sin, AS. siððan, syððan, seoððan, afterward, then, since, after; properly, after that; fr. sið after, later, adv. and prep. (originally a comparative adv., akin to OS. sið afterward, since, OHG. sid, G. seit since, Goth. seiþus late, ni þanaseiþs no longer) + ðon instrumental of the demonstrative and article. See That.] 1. From a definite past time until now; as he went a month ago, and I have not seen him since.
[1913 Webster] “We since become the slaves to one man’s lust.” B. Jonson. 2. In the time past, counting backward from the present; before this or now; ago. “How many ages since has Virgil writ?” Roscommon. “About two years since, it so fell out, that he was brought to a great lady’s house.” Sir P. Sidney. 3. When or that. [Obs.] “Do you remember since we lay all night in the windmill in St. George’s field?” Shak.

Since, prep. From the time of; in or during the time subsequent to; subsequently to; after; — usually with a past event or time for the object. “The Lord hath blessed thee, since my coming.” Gen. xxx. 30. “I have a model by which he build a nobler poem than any extant since the ancients.” Dryden.

Since, conj. Seeing that; because; considering; — formerly followed by that. “Since that my penitence comes after all,
Imploring pardon.” Shak. “Since truth and constancy are vain,
Since neither love, nor sense of pain,
Nor force of reason, can persuade,
Then let example be obeyed.” Granville. Syn. — Because; for; as; inasmuch as; considering. See Because.

Sin•cere´ , a. [Compar. Sincerer superl. Sincerest.] [L. sincerus, of uncertain origin; the first part perhaps akin to sin- in singuli (see Single), and the second to cernere to separate (cf. Discern): cf. F. sincère.] 1. Pure; unmixed; unadulterated. “There is no sincere acid in any animal juice.” Arbuthnot. “A joy which never was sincere till now.” Dryden. 2. Whole; perfect; unhurt; uninjured. [Obs.] “The inviolable body stood sincere.” Dryden. 3. Being in reality what it appears to be; having a character which corresponds with the appearance; not falsely assumed; genuine; true; real; as a sincere desire for knowledge; a sincere contempt for meanness. “A sincere intention of pleasing God in all our actions.” Law. 4. Honest; free from hypocrisy or dissimulation; as a sincere friend; a sincere person. “The more sincere you are, the better it will fare with you at the great day of account.” Waterland. Syn. — Honest; unfeigned; unvarnished; real; true; unaffected; inartificial; frank; upright. See Hearty.

Sin•cere´ly, adv. In a sincere manner. Specifically: (a) Purely; without alloy. Milton. (b) Honestly; unfeignedly; without dissimulation; as to speak one’s mind sincerely; to love virtue sincerely.

Sin•cere´ness, n. Same as Sincerity. Beau. & Fl.

Sin•cer´i•ty , n. [L. sinceritas: cf. F. sincerite.] The quality or state of being sincere; honesty of mind or intention; freedom from simulation, hypocrisy, disguise, or false pretense; sincereness. “I protest, in the sincerity of love.” Shak. “Sincerity is a duty no less plain than important.” Knox.

Sinch , n. [See Cinch.] A saddle girth made of leather, canvas woven horsehair, or woven grass. [Western U.S.]

Sinch, v. t. To gird with a sinch; to tighten the sinch or girth of (a saddle); as to sinch up a sadle. [Western U.S.]

Sin•cip´i•tal , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sinciput; being in the region of the sinciput.

Sin´ci•put , n. [L., half a head; semihalf + caput the head.] 1. (Anat.) The fore part of the head. 2. (Zoöl.) The part of the head of a bird between the base of the bill and the vertex.

Sin´don , n. [L., a kind of fine Indian cotton stuff, Gr. .] 1. A wrapper. [Obs.] ´Wrapped in sindons of linen.´ Bacon. 2. (Surg.) A small rag or pledget introduced into the hole in the cranium made by a trephine. Dunglison.

Sine , n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original jiba sine, from Skr. jiva bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] (Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through the other extremity. (b) The perpendicular itself. See Sine of angle, below. Artificial sines, logarithms of the natural sines, or logarithmic sines. — Curve of sines. See Sinusoid. — Natural sines, the decimals expressing the values of the sines, the radius being unity. — Sine of an angle, in a circle whose radius is unity, the sine of the arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the hypotenuse. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. — Versed sine, that part of the diameter between the sine and the arc.

Si´ne , prep. [L.] Without.

Si´ne•cu•ral , a. Of or pertaining to a sinecure; being in the nature of a sinecure.

Si•ne•cure , n. [L. sine without + cura care, LL., a cure. See Cure.] 1. An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls. Ayliffe. 2. Any office or position which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labor, or active service. “A lucrative sinecure in the Excise.” Macaulay.

Si´ne•cure, v. t. To put or place in a sinecure.

Si´ne•cu•rism , n. The state of having a sinecure.

Si´ne•cu•rist , n. One who has a sinecure.

Sin´ew , n. [OE. sinewe, senewe, AS. sinu, seonu; akin to D. zenuw, OHG. senawa, G. sehne, Icel. sin, Sw. sena, Dan. sene; cf. Skr. snava. rad.290.] 1. (Anat.) A tendon or tendonous tissue. See Tendon. 2. Muscle; nerve. [R.] Sir J. Davies. 3. Fig.: That which supplies strength or power. “The portion and sinew of her fortune, her marriage dowry.” Shak. “The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war.” Sir W. Raleigh. Money alone is often called the sinews of war.

Sin´ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sinewed p. pr. & vb. n. Sinewing.] To knit together, or make strong with, or as with, sinews. Shak. “Wretches, now stuck up for long tortures … might, if properly treated, serve to sinew the state in time of danger.” Goldsmith.

Sin´ewed , a. 1. Furnished with sinews; as a strong-sinewed youth. 2. Fig.: Equipped; strengthened. “When he sees
Ourselves well sinewed to our defense.” Shak.

Sin´ew•i•ness , n. Quality of being sinewy.

Sin´ew•ish, a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Sin´ew•less, a. Having no sinews; hence, having no strength or vigor.

Sin´ew•ous , a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Sin´ew-shrunk , a. (Far.) Having the sinews under the belly shrunk by excessive fatigue.

Sin´ew•y , a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, a sinew or sinews. “The sinewy thread my brain lets fall.” Donne. 2. Well braced with, or as if with, sinews; nervous; vigorous; strong; firm; tough; as the sinewy Ajax. “A man whose words … were so close and sinewy.” Hare.

Sin´ful , a. [AAS. synfull.] Tainted with, or full of, sin; wicked; iniquitous; criminal; unholy; as sinful men; sinful thoughts. Piers Plowman. “Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.” Isa. i. 4. — Sin´ful•ly, adv. — Sin´ful•ness, n.

Sing , v. i. [imp. Sung or Sang ; p. p. Sung; p. pr. & vb. n. Singing.] [AS. singan; akin to D. zingen, OS. & OHG. singan, G. singen, Icel. syngja, Sw. sjunga, Dan. synge, Goth. siggwan, and perhaps to E. say, v.t., or cf. Gr. voice. Cf. Singe, Song.] 1. To utter sounds with musical inflections or melodious modulations of voice, as fancy may dictate, or according to the notes of a song or tune, or of a given part (as alto, tenor, etc.) in a chorus or concerted piece. “The noise of them that sing do I hear.” Ex. xxxii. 18. 2. To utter sweet melodious sounds, as birds do. “On every bough the briddes heard I sing.” Chaucer. “Singing birds, in silver cages hung.” Dryden. 3. To make a small, shrill sound; as the air sings in passing through a crevice. “O’er his head the flying spear
Sang innocent, and spent its force in air.” Pope. 4. To tell or relate something in numbers or verse; to celebrate something in poetry. Milton. “Bid her … sing
Of human hope by cross event destroyed.” Prior. 5. To cry out; to complain. [Obs.] “They should sing if thet they were bent.” Chaucer.

Sing , v. t. 1. To utter with musical inflections or modulations of voice. “And they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb.” Rev. xv. 3. “And in the darkness sing your carol of high praise.” Keble. 2. To celebrate is song; to give praises to in verse; to relate or rehearse in numbers, verse, or poetry. Milton. “Arms and the man I sing.” Dryden. “The last, the happiest British king,
Whom thou shalt paint or I shall sing.” Addison. 3. To influence by singing; to lull by singing; as to sing a child to sleep. 4. To accompany, or attend on, with singing. “I heard them singing home the bride.” Longfellow.

Singe (sinj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singed (sinjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Singeing (sinj´ing).] [OE. sengen, AS. sengan in besengan (akin to D. zengen, G. sengen), originally, to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan to sing, in allusion to the singing or hissing sound often produced when a substance is singed, or slightly burned. See Sing.] 1. To burn slightly or superficially; to burn the surface of; to burn the ends or outside of; as to singe the hair or the skin. “You sulphurous and thought-executing fires, …
Singe my white head!” Shak. “I singed the toes of an ape through a burning glass.” L’Estrange. 2. (a) To remove the nap of (cloth), by passing it rapidly over a red-hot bar, or over a flame, preliminary to dyeing it. (b) To remove the hair or down from (a plucked chicken or the like) by passing it over a flame.

Singe, n. A burning of the surface; a slight burn.

Sin´ger (sin´jer), n. [From Singe.] One who, or that which, singes. Specifically: (a) One employed to singe cloth. (b) A machine for singeing cloth.

Sing´er , n. [From Sing.] One who sings; especially, one whose profession is to sing.

Sing´er•ess, n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sin•gha•lese´ , n. & a. [Skr. Si&mtil;hala Ceylon.] (Ethnol.) Same as Cingalese.

Sing´ing , a. & n. from Sing, v. Singing bird. (Zoöl.) (a) Popularly, any bird that sings; a song bird. (b) Specifically, any one of the Oscines. — Singing book, a book containing music for singing; a book of tunes. — Singing falcon or hawk. (Zoöl.) See Chanting falcon, under Chanting. — Singing fish (Zoöl.), a California toadfish (Porichthys porosissimus). — Singing flame (Acoustics), a flame, as of hydrogen or coal gas burning within a tube and so adjusted as to set the air within the tube in vibration, causing sound. The apparatus is called also chemical harmonicon. — Singing master, a man who teaches vocal music. — Singing school, a school in which persons are instructed in singing.

Sing´ing•ly, adv. With sounds like singing; with a kind of tune; in a singing tone. G. North (1575).

Sin´gle , a. [L. singulus, a dim. from the root in simplex simple; cf. OE. & OF. sengle, fr. L. singulus. See Simple, and cf. Singular.] 1. One only, as distinguished from more than one; consisting of one alone; individual; separate; as a single star. “No single man is born with a right of controlling the opinions of all the rest.” Pope. 2. Alone; having no companion. “Who single hast maintained,
Against revolted multitudes, the cause
Of truth.” Milton. 3. Hence, unmarried; as a single man or woman. “Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness.” Shak. “Single chose to live, and shunned to wed.” Dryden. 4. Not doubled, twisted together, or combined with others; as a single thread; a single strand of a rope. 5. Performed by one person, or one on each side; as a single combat. “These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant, …
Who now defles thee thrice ti single fight.” Milton. 6. Uncompounded; pure; unmixed. “Simple ideas are opposed to complex, and single to compound.” I. Watts. 7. Not deceitful or artful; honest; sincere. “I speak it with a single heart.” Shak. 8. Simple; not wise; weak; silly. [Obs.] “He utters such single matter in so infantly a voice.” Beau. & Fl. Single ale, beer, or drink, small ale, etc., as contrasted with double ale, etc., which is stronger. [Obs.] Nares. — Single bill (Law), a written engagement, generally under seal, for the payment of money, without a penalty. Burril. — Single court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for only two players. — Single-cut file. See the Note under 4th File. — Single entry. See under Bookkeeping. — Single file. See under 1st File. — Single flower (Bot.), a flower with but one set of petals, as a wild rose. — Single knot. See Illust. under Knot. — Single whip (Naut.), a single rope running through a fixed block.

Sin´gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singled p. pr. & vb. n. Singling ] 1. To select, as an individual person or thing, from among a number; to choose out from others; to separate. “Dogs who hereby can single out their master in the dark.” Bacon. “His blood! she faintly screamed her mind
Still singling one from all mankind.” More. 2. To sequester; to withdraw; to retire. [Obs.] “An agent singling itself from consorts.” Hooker. 3. To take alone, or one by one. “Men … commendable when they are singled.” Hooker.

Sin´gle, v. i. To take the irrregular gait called single-foot;- said of a horse. See Single- foot. “Many very fleet horses, when overdriven, adopt a disagreeable gait, which seems to be a cross between a pace and a trot, in which the two legs of one side are raised almost but not quite, simultaneously. Such horses are said to single, or to be single-footed.” W. S. Clark.

Sin´gle, n. 1. A unit; one; as to score a single. 2. pl. The reeled filaments of silk, twisted without doubling to give them firmness. 3. A handful of gleaned grain. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 4. (Law Tennis) A game with but one player on each side; — usually in the plural. 5. (Baseball) A hit by a batter which enables him to reach first base only.

Sin´gle-act•ing , a. Having simplicity of action; especially (Mach.), acting or exerting force during strokes in one direction only; — said of a reciprocating engine, pump, etc.

Sin´gle-breast•ed , a. Lapping over the breast only far enough to permit of buttoning, and having buttons on one edge only; as a single-breasted coast.

Sin´gle-foot , n. An irregular gait of a horse; — called also single-footed pace. See Single, v. i. “Single-foot is an irregular pace, rather rare, distinguished by the posterior extremities moving in the order of a fast walk, and the anterior extremities in that of a slow trot.” Stillman (The Horse in Motion.)

Sin´gle-hand´ed , a. Having but one hand, or one workman; also alone; unassisted.

Sin´gle-heart´ed , a. Having an honest heart; free from duplicity. — Sin´gle- heart´ed•ly, adv.

Sin´gle-mind´ed , a. Having a single purpose; hence, artless; guileless; single-hearted.

Sin´gle•ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being single, or separate from all others; the opposite of doubleness, complication, or multiplicity. 2. Freedom from duplicity, or secondary and selfish ends; purity of mind or purpose; simplicity; sincerity; as singleness of purpose; singleness of heart.

Sin´gles , n. pl. See Single, n., 2.

Sin´gle•stick , n. (a) In England and Scotland, a cudgel used in fencing or fighting; a backsword. (b) The game played with singlesticks, in which he who first brings blood from his adversary’s head is pronounced victor; backsword; cudgeling.

Sin´glet , n. An unlined or undyed waistcoat; a single garment; — opposed to doublet. [Prov. Eng.]

Sin´gle•ton , n. In certain games at cards, as whist, a single card of any suit held at the deal by a player; as to lead a singleton.

Sin´gle•tree , n. [Cf. Swingletree.] The pivoted or swinging bar to which the traces of a harnessed horse are fixed; a whiffletree. When two horses draw abreast, a singletree is fixed at each end of another crosspiece, called the doubletree.

Sin´gly , adv. 1. Individually; particularly; severally; as to make men singly and personally good. 2. Only; by one’s self; alone. “Look thee, ’t is so! Thou singly honest man.” Shak. 3. Without partners, companions, or associates; single-handed; as to attack another singly. “At omber singly to decide their doom.” Pope. 4. Honestly; sincerely; simply. [R.] Johnson. 5. Singularly; peculiarly. [Obs.] Milton.

Sing´-sing , n. (Zoöl.) The kob.

Sing´song , n. 1. Bad singing or poetry. 2. A drawling or monotonous tone, as of a badly executed song.

Sing´song, a. Drawling; monotonous.

Sing´song, v. i. To write poor poetry. [R.] Tennyson.

Sing´ster , n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sin´gu•lar (sin´gu•ler), a. [OE. singuler, F. singulier, fr. L. singularius, singularis, fr. singulus single. See Single, a.] 1. Separate or apart from others; single; distinct. [Obs.] Bacon. “And God forbid that all a company
Should rue a singular man’s folly.” Chaucer. 2. Engaged in by only one on a side; single. [Obs.] “To try the matter thus together in a singular combat.” Holinshed. 3. (Logic) Existing by itself; single; individual. “The idea which represents one … determinate thing, is called a singular idea, whether simple, complex, or compound.” I. Watts. 4. (Law) Each; individual; as to convey several parcels of land, all and singular. 5. (Gram.) Denoting one person or thing; as the singular number; — opposed to dual and plural. 6. Standing by itself; out of the ordinary course; unusual; uncommon; strange; as a singular phenomenon. “So singular a sadness
Must have a cause as strange as the effect.” Denham. 7. Distinguished as existing in a very high degree; rarely equaled; eminent; extraordinary; exceptional; as a man of singular gravity or attainments. 8. Departing from general usage or expectations; odd; whimsical; — often implying disapproval or censure. “His zeal
None seconded, as out of season judged,
Or singular and rash.” Milton. “To be singular in anything that is wise and worthy, is not a disparagement, but a praise.” Tillotson. 9. Being alone; belonging to, or being, that of which there is but one; unique. “These busts of the emperors and empresses are all very scarce, and some of them almost singular in their kind.” Addison. Singular point in a curve (Math.), a point at which the curve possesses some peculiar properties not possessed by other points of the curve, as a cusp point, or a multiple point. — Singular proposition (Logic), a proposition having as its subject a singular term, or a common term limited to an individual by means of a singular sign. Whately. — Singular succession (Civil Law), division among individual successors, as distinguished from universal succession, by which an estate descended in intestacy to the heirs in mass. — Singular term (Logic), a term which represents or stands for a single individual. Syn. — Unexampled; unprecedented; eminent; extraordinary; remarkable; uncommon; rare; unusual; peculiar; strange; odd; eccentric; fantastic.

Sin´gu•lar, n. 1. An individual instance; a particular. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Gram) The singular number, or the number denoting one person or thing; a word in the singular number.

Sin´gu•lar•ist (sin´gu•ler•ist), n. One who affects singularity. [Obs.] “A clownish singularist, or nonconformist to ordinary usage.” Borrow.

Sin•gu•lar´i•ty (-lar´i•ty), n.; pl. Singularities (- tiz). [L. singularitas: cf. F. singularite.] 1. The quality or state of being singular; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most, others; peculiarity. “Pliny addeth this singularity to that soil, that the second year the very falling down of the seeds yieldeth corn.” Sir. W. Raleigh. “I took notice of this little figure for the singularity of the instrument.” Addison. 2. Anything singular, rare, or curious. “Your gallery
Have we passed through, not without much content
In many singularities.” Shak. 3. Possession of a particular or exclusive privilege, prerogative, or distinction. “No bishop of Rome ever took upon him this name of singularity [universal bishop].” Hooker. “Catholicism … must be understood in opposition to the legal singularity of the Jewish nation.” Bp. Pearson. 4. Celibacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sin´gu•lar•ize (sin´gu•ler•iz), v. t. To make singular or single; to distinguish. [R.]

Sin´gu•lar•ly, adv. 1. In a singular manner; in a manner, or to a degree, not common to others; extraordinarily; as to be singularly exact in one’s statements; singularly considerate of others. ´Singularly handsome.´ Milman. 2. Strangely; oddly; as to behave singularly. 3. So as to express one, or the singular number.

Sin´gult , n.[L. singultus.] A sigh or sobbing; also a hiccough. [Obs.] Spenser. W. Browne.

Sin•gul´tous , a. (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, hiccough. Dunglison.

Sin•gul´tus , n. [L.] (Med.) Hiccough.

Sin´i•cal , a. [From Sine.] (Trig.) Of or pertaining to a sine; employing, or founded upon, sines; as a sinical quadrant.

Sin´i•grin , n. [From NL. Sinapis nigra.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra, formerly Sinapis nigra) It resembles sinalbin, and consists of a potassium salt of myronic acid.

Sin´is•ter (sin´is•ter; 277), a. [Accented on the middle syllable by the older poets, as Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden.] [L. sinister: cf. F. sinistre.] 1. On the left hand, or the side of the left hand; left; — opposed to dexter, or right. ´Here on his sinister cheek.´ Shak. “My mother’s blood
Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
Bounds in my father’s” Shak. In heraldy the sinister side of an escutcheon is the side which would be on the left of the bearer of the shield, and opposite the right hand of the beholder. 2. Unlucky; inauspicious; disastrous; injurious; evil; — the left being usually regarded as the unlucky side; as sinister influences. “All the several ills that visit earth,
Brought forth by night, with a sinister birth.” B. Jonson. 3. Wrong, as springing from indirection or obliquity; perverse; dishonest; corrupt; as sinister aims. “Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts.” Bacon. “He scorns to undermine another’s interest by any sinister or inferior arts.” South. “He read in their looks … sinister intentions directed particularly toward himself.” Sir W. Scott. 4. Indicative of lurking evil or harm; boding covert danger; as a sinister countenance. Bar sinister. (Her.) See under Bar, n. — Sinister aspect (Astrol.), an appearance of two planets happening according to the succession of the signs, as Saturn in Aries, and Mars in the same degree of Gemini. — Sinister base, Sinister chief. See under Escutcheon.

Sin´is•ter-hand´ed , a. Left- handed; hence, unlucky. [Obs.] Lovelace.

Sin´is•ter•ly, adv. In a sinister manner. Wood.

Sin´is•trad , adv. [L. sinistra the left hand + ad to.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Toward the left side; sinistrally.

Sin´is•tral , a. 1. Of or pertaining to the left, inclining to the left; sinistrous; — opposed to dextral. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the whorls of the spire revolving or rising to the left; reversed; — said of certain spiral shells.

Sin•is•tral´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being sinistral.

Sin´is•tral•ly , adv. Toward the left; in a sinistral manner. J. Le Conte.

Sin´is•trin (sin´is•trin), n. [L. sinister left.] (Chem.) A mucilaginous carbohydrate, resembling achroödextrin, extracted from squill as a colorless amorphous substance; — so called because it is levorotatory.

Sin•is•tror´sal , a. [L. sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, turned toward the left side; sinister left + vertere, vortere, versum, vorsum, to turn.] Rising spirally from right to left (of the spectator); sinistrorse.

Sin´is•trorse , a. [See Sinistrolsal.] Turning to the left (of the spectator) in the ascending line; — the opposite of dextrorse. See Dextrorse.

Sin´is•trous , a. [See Sinister.] 1. Being on the left side; inclined to the left; sinistral. ´Sinistrous gravity.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. Wrong; absurd; perverse. “A knave or fool can do no harm, even by the most sinistrous and absurd choice.” Bentley.

Sin´is•trous•ly (sin´is•trus•ly), adv. 1. In a sinistrous manner; perversely; wrongly; unluckily. 2. With a tendency to use the left hand. “Many, in their infancy, are sinistrously disposed, and divers continue all their life left-handed.” Sir T. Browne.

Sink (sink), v. i. [imp. Sunk (sunk), or (Sank (sank)); p. p. Sunk (obs. Sunken, — now used as adj.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinking.] [OE. sinken, AS. sincan; akin to D. zinken, OS. sincan, G. sinken, Icel. sökkva, Dan. synke, Sw. sjunka, Goth. siggan, and probably to E. silt. Cf. Silt.] 1. To fall by, or as by, the force of gravity; to descend lower and lower; to decline gradually; to subside; as a stone sinks in water; waves rise and sink; the sun sinks in the west. “I sink in deep mire.” Ps. lxix. 2. 2. To enter deeply; to fall or retire beneath or below the surface; to penetrate. “The stone sunk into his forehead.” 1 San. xvii. 49. 3. Hence, to enter so as to make an abiding impression; to enter completely. “Let these sayings sink down into your ears.” Luke ix. 44. 4. To be overwhelmed or depressed; to fall slowly, as so the ground, from weakness or from an overburden; to fail in strength; to decline; to decay; to decrease. “I think our country sinks beneath the yoke.” Shak. “He sunk down in his chariot.” 2 Kings ix. 24. “Let not the fire sink or slacken.” Mortimer. 5. To decrease in volume, as a river; to subside; to become diminished in volume or in apparent height. “The Alps and Pyreneans sink before him.” Addison. Syn. — To fall; subside; drop; droop; lower; decline; decay; decrease; lessen.

Sink, v. t. 1. To cause to sink; to put under water; to immerse or submerge in a fluid; as to sink a ship. “[The Athenians] fell upon the wings and sank a single ship.” Jowett (Thucyd.). 2. Figuratively: To cause to decline; to depress; to degrade; hence, to ruin irretrievably; to destroy, as by drowping; as to sink one’s reputation. “I raise of sink, imprison or set free.” Prior. “If I have a conscience, let it sink me.” Shak. “Thy cruel and unnatural lust of power
Has sunk thy father more than all his years.” Rowe. 3. To make (a depression) by digging, delving, or cutting, etc.; as to sink a pit or a well; to sink a die. 4. To bring low; to reduce in quantity; to waste. “You sunk the river repeated draughts.” Addison. 5. To conseal and appropriate. [Slang] “If sent with ready money to buy anything, and you happen to be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up the goods on account.” Swift. 6. To keep out of sight; to suppress; to ignore. “A courtly willingness to sink obnoxious truths.” Robertson. 7. To reduce or extinguish by payment; as to sink the national debt.

Sink, n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy water; a jakes. 2. A shallow box or vessel of wood, stone, iron, or other material, connected with a drain, and used for receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen. 3. A hole or low place in land or rock, where waters sink and are lost; — called also sink hole. [U. S.] Sink hole. (a) The opening to a sink drain. (b) A cesspool. (c) Same as Sink, n., 3.

Sink´er , n. One who, or that which, sinks. Specifically: (a) A weight on something, as on a fish line, to sink it. (b) In knitting machines, one of the thin plates, blades, or other devices, that depress the loops upon or between the needles. Dividing sinker, in knitting machines, a sinker between two jack sinkers and acting alternately with them. — Jack sinker. See under Jack, n. — Sinker bar. (a) In knitting machines, a bar to which one set of the sinkers is attached. (b) In deep well boring, a heavy bar forming a connection between the lifting rope and the boring tools, above the jars.

Sink´ing, a. & n. from Sink. Sinking fund. See under Fund. — Sinking head (Founding), a riser from which the mold is fed as the casting shrinks. See Riser, n., 4. — Sinking pump, a pump which can be lowered in a well or a mine shaft as the level of the water sinks.

Sin´less , a. Free from sin. Piers Plowman. — Sin´less•ly, adv. — Sin´less•ness, n.

Sin´ner , n. One who has sinned; especially, one who has sinned without repenting; hence, a persistent and incorrigible transgressor; one condemned by the law of God.

Sin´ner, v. i. To act as a sinner. [Humorous] “Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it.” Pope.

Sin´ner•ess, n. A woman who sins. [Obs.]

Sin´net , n. See Sennit .

Sin•o•log´ic•al , a. [See Sinologue.] Relating to the Chinese language or literature.

Si•nol´o•gist , n. A sinologue.

Sin´o•logue , n. [From L. Sinae, an Oriental people mentioned by Ptolemy, or Ar. Sin China or the Chinese + Gr. discourse; formed like theologue: cf. F. sinologue.] A student of Chinese; one versed in the Chinese language, literature, and history.

Si•nol´o•gy , n. [Cf. F. sinologie.] That branch of systemized knowledge which treats of the Chinese, their language, literature, etc.

Sin´o•per , n. (Min.) Sinople. { Si•no´pi•a , Si•no´pis } n. A red pigment made from sinopite.

Sin´o•pite , n. [F., fr. L. sinopis (sc. terra), a red earth or ocher found in Sinope, a town in Paphlagoma, on the Black Sea, Gr. .] (Min.) A brickred ferruginous clay used by the ancients for red paint.

Sin´o•ple , n. (Min.) Ferruginous quartz, of a blood-red or brownish red color, sometimes with a tinge of yellow.

Sin´o•ple, n. [F., fr. LL. sinopis. See Sinople a mineral.] (Her.) The tincture vert; green.

Sinque , n. See Cinque. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Sins´ring , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Banxring.

Sin´ter , n. [G. Cf. Cinder.] (Min.) Dross, as of iron; the scale which files from iron when hammered; — applied as a name to various minerals. Calcareous sinter, a loose banded variety of calcite formed by deposition from lime-bearing waters; calcareous tufa; travertine. — Ceraunian sinter, fulgurite. — Siliceous sinter, a light cellular or fibrous opal; especially, geyserite (see Geyserite). It has often a pearly luster, and is then called pearl sinter. { Sin´to , or Sin´tu , Sin´to•ism , Sin´to•ist }. See Shinto, etc.

Sin´toc , n. A kind of spice used in the East Indies, consisting of the bark of a species of Cinnamomum. [Written also sindoc.]

Sin´u•ate , a. [L. sinuatus, p. p. of sinuare to wind, bend, fr. sinus a bend.] Having the margin alternately curved inward and outward; having rounded lobes separated by rounded sinuses; sinuous; wavy.

Sin´u•ate , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinuated p. pr. & vb. n. Sinuating.] To bend or curve in and out; to wind; to turn; to be sinuous. Woodward.

Sin´u•a•ted , a. Same as Sinuate.

Sin•u•a´tion , n. [L. sinuatio.] A winding or bending in and out.

Sin´u•ose , a. Sinuous. Loudon.

Sin•u•os´i•ty , n.; pl. Sinuosities (#). [Cf. F. sinuosite.] 1. Quality or state of being sinuous. 2. A bend, or a series of bends and turns; a winding, or a series of windings; a wave line; a curve. “A line of coast certainly amounting, with its sinuosities, to more than 700 miles.” Sydney Smith.

Sin´u•ous , a. [L. sinuosus, fr. sinus a bent surface, a curve: cf. F. sinueux. See Sinus.] Bending in and out; of a serpentine or undulating form; winding; crooked. — Sin´u•ous•ly, adv. “Streaking the ground with sinuous trace.” Milton. “Gardens bright with sinuous rills.” Coleridge.

Si•nu•pal´li•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having a pallial sinus. See under Sinus.

Si´nus , n.; pl. L. Sinus, E. Sinuses (#). [L., a bent surface, a curve, the folds or bosom of a garment, etc., a bay. Cf. Sine, n.] 1. An opening; a hollow; a bending. 2. A bay of the sea; a recess in the shore. 3. (Anat. & Zoöl.) A cavity; a depression. Specifically: (a) A cavity in a bone or other part, either closed or with a narrow opening. (b) A dilated vessel or canal. 4. (Med.) A narrow, elongated cavity, in which pus is collected; an elongated abscess with only a small orifice. 5. (Bot.) A depression between adjoining lobes. A sinus may be rounded, as in the leaf of the white oak, or acute, as in that of the red maple. Pallial sinus. (Zoöl.) See under Pallial. — Sinus venosus [L., venous dilatation.] (Anat.) (a) The main part of the cavity of the right auricle of the heart in the higher vertebrates. (b) In the lower vertebrates, a distinct chamber of the heart formed by the union of the large systematic veins and opening into the auricle.

Si´nus•oid , n. [Sinus + - oid.] (Geom.) The curve whose ordinates are proportional to the sines of the abscissas the equation of the curve being y = a sin x. It is also called the curve of sines.

Si•nus•oid´al , a. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a sinusoid; like a sinusoid.

Sio´goon , n. See Shogun.

Sio•goon´ate , n. See Shogunate.

Sioux , n. sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) See Dakotas.

Sip (sip), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sipped (sipt); p. pr. & vb. n. Sipping.] [OE. sippen; akin to OD. sippen, and AS. supan to sip, suck up, drink. See Sup, v. t.] 1. To drink or imbibe in small quantities; especially, to take in with the lips in small quantities, as a liquid; as to sip tea. ´Every herb that sips the dew.´ Milton. 2. To draw into the mouth; to suck up; as a bee sips nectar from the flowers. 3. To taste the liquor of; to drink out of. [Poetic] “They skim the floods, and sip the purple flowers.” Dryden.

Sip, v. i. To drink a small quantity; to take a fluid with the lips; to take a sip or sips of something. “[She] raised it to her mouth with sober grace;
Then, sipping, offered to the next in place.” Dryden.

Sip, n. 1. The act of sipping; the taking of a liquid with the lips. 2. A small draught taken with the lips; a slight taste. “One sip of this
Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight
Beyond the bliss of dreams.” Milton. “A sip is all that the public ever care to take from reservoirs of abstract philosophy.” De Quincey.

Sip´age , n. See Seepage. [Scot. & U.S.]

Sipe (sip), v. i. See Seep. [Scot. & U.S.]

Siph´i•lis , n. (Med.) Syphilis.

Si´phoid , n. [L. sipho a siphon + -oid: cf. F. vase siphoïde.] A siphon bottle. See under Siphon, n.

Si´phon , n. [F. siphon, L. sipho, -onis, fr. Gr. a siphon, tube, pipe.] 1. A device, consisting of a pipe or tube bent so as to form two branches or legs of unequal length, by which a liquid can be transferred to a lower level, as from one vessel to another, over an intermediate elevation, by the action of the pressure of the atmosphere in forcing the liquid up the shorter branch of the pipe immersed in it, while the continued excess of weight of the liquid in the longer branch (when once filled) causes a continuous flow. The flow takes place only when the discharging extremity of the pipe ia lower than the higher liquid surface, and when no part of the pipe is higher above the surface than the same liquid will rise by atmospheric pressure; that is, about 33 feet for water, and 30 inches for mercury, near the sea level. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the tubes or folds of the mantle border of a bivalve or gastropod mollusk by which water is conducted into the gill cavity. See Illust. under Mya, and Lamellibranchiata. (b) The anterior prolongation of the margin of any gastropod shell for the protection of the soft siphon. (c) The tubular organ through which water is ejected from the gill cavity of a cephaloid. It serves as a locomotive organ, by guiding and confining the jet of water. Called also siphuncle. See Illust. under Loligo, and Dibranchiata. (d) The siphuncle of a cephalopod shell. (e) The sucking proboscis of certain parasitic insects and crustaceans. (f) A sproutlike prolongation in front of the mouth of many gephyreans. (g) A tubular organ connected both with the esophagus and the intestine of certain sea urchins and annelids. 3. A siphon bottle. Inverted siphon, a tube bent like a siphon, but having the branches turned upward; specifically (Hydraulic Engineering), a pipe for conducting water beneath a depressed place, as from one hill to another across an intervening valley, following the depression of the ground. — Siphon barometer. See under Barometer. — Siphon bottle, a bottle for holding aërated water, which is driven out through a bent tube in the neck by the gas within the bottle when a valve in the tube is opened; — called also gazogene, and siphoid. — Siphon condenser, a condenser for a steam engine, in which the vacuum is maintained by the downward flow of water through a vertical pipe of great height. — Siphon cup, a cup with a siphon attached for carrying off any liquid in it; specifically (Mach.), an oil cup in which oil is carried over the edge of a tube in a cotton wick, and so reaches the surface to be lubricated. — Siphon gauge. See under Gauge. — Siphon pump, a jet pump. See under Jet, n.

Si´phon , v. t. (Chem.) To convey, or draw off, by means of a siphon, as a liquid from one vessel to another at a lower level.

Si´phon•age , n. The action of a siphon.

Si´phon•al , a. Of or pertaining to a siphon; resembling a siphon. Siphonal stomach (Zoöl.), a stomach which is tubular and bent back upon itself, like a siphon, as in the salmon.

Si•pho•na´rid , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of limpet-shaped pulmonate gastropods of the genus Siphonaria. They cling to rocks between high and low water marks and have both lunglike organs and gills. — Si•pho•na´rid, a.

Si•pho•na´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of bivalve mollusks in which the posterior mantle border is prolonged into two tubes or siphons. Called also Siphoniata. See Siphon, 2 (a), and Quahaug.

Si´phon•ate , a. 1. Having a siphon or siphons. 2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Siphonata.

Si´phon•et , n. (Zoöl.) One of the two dorsal tubular organs on the hinder part of the abdomen of aphids. They give exit to the honeydew. See Illust. under Aphis.

Si•pho´ni•a , n. [NL.] (Bot.) A former name for a euphorbiaceous genus (Hevea) of South American trees, the principal source of caoutchouc.

Si•pho•ni•a´ta , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Siphonata.

Si•phon´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a siphon.

Si•phon´i•fer , n. [NL., fr. L. sipho, -onis, siphon + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any cephalopod having a siphonate shell.

Si´phon•if´er•ous , a. [Siphon + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Siphon-bearing, as the shell of the nautilus and other cephalopods.

Si•pho´ni•um , n.; pl. Siphonia (#). [NL., from Gr. , dim. of . See Siphon.] (Anat.) A bony tube which, in some birds, connects the tympanium with the air chambers of the articular piece of the mandible.

Si•pho•no•bran•chi•a´ta , n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of gastropods having the mantle border, on one or both sides, prolonged in the form of a spout through which water enters the gill cavity. The shell itself is not always siphonostomatous in this group.

Si•pho•no•bran´chi•ate , a. (Zoöl.) Having a siphon, or siphons, to convey water to the gills; belonging or pertaining to the Siphonobranchiata. — n. One of the Siphonobranchiata.

Si•pho•nog´ly•phe , n. [Siphon + Gr. to engrave.] (Zoöl.) A gonidium.

Si•pho•noph´o•ra , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a siphon + to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of pelagic Hydrozoa including species which form complex free-swimming communities composed of numerous zooids of various kinds, some of which act as floats or as swimming organs, others as feeding or nutritive zooids, and others as reproductive zooids. See Illust. under Physallia, and Porpita.

Si•pho•noph´o•ran , a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Siphonophora. — n. One of the Siphonophora.

Si•phon´o•phore , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Siphonophora.

Si•pho•nop´o•da , n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of Scaphopoda including those in which the foot terminates in a circular disk.

Si•pho•no•stom´a•ta , n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tribe of parasitic copepod Crustacea including a large number of species that are parasites of fishes, as the lerneans. They have a mouth adapted to suck blood. (b) An artificial division of gastropods including those that have siphonostomatous shells.

Si•pho•no•stom´a•tous , a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the front edge of the aperture of the shell prolonged in the shape of a channel for the protection of the siphon; — said of certain gastropods. (b) Pertaining to the Siphonostomata.

Si•pho•nos´tome , n. [Gr. a siphon + mouth.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any parasitic entomostracan of the tribe Siphonostomata. (b) A siphonostomatous shell.

Si•pho•rhi´nal , a. [Siphon + rhinal.] (Zoöl.) Having tubular nostrils, as the petrels.

Si•pho•rhin´i•an , n. (Zoöl.) A siphorhinal bird.

Si´phun•cle , n. [L. siphunculus, sipunculus, dim. of sipho. See Siphon.] (Zoöl.) The tube which runs through the partitions of chambered cephalopod shells.

Si´phun•cled , a. (Zoöl.) Having a siphuncle; siphunculated.

Si•phun´cu•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the siphuncle.

Si•phun´cu•la•ted , a. (Zoöl.) Having a siphuncle. Huxley.

Sip´id , a. [See Insipid, Sapid.] Having a taste or flavorl savory; sapid. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Sip´per , n. One whi sips.

Sip´pet , n. [See Sip, Sop.] A small sop; a small, thin piece of toasted bread soaked in milk, broth, or the like; a small piece of toasted or fried bread cut into some special shape and used for garnishing. “Your sweet sippets in widows’ houses.” Milton.

Sip´ple , v. i. [Freq. of sip.] To sip often. [Obs. or Scot.]

Sip´pling , a. Sipping often. [Obs.] ´Taken after a sippling sort.´ Holland.

Si•pun•cu•la´ce•a , n. pl. [NL., from Sipunculus, the typical genus. See Siphuncle.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Gephyrea, including those which have the body unarmed and the intestine opening anteriorly.

Si•pun´cu•loid , a. [NL. Sipunculus, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Sipunculoidea. — n. One of the Sipunculoidea.

Si•pun•cu•loi´de•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Gephyrea. (b) In a restricted sense, same as Sipunculacea.

Si• quis´ [L., if any one (the first words of the notice in Latin).] (Ch. of Eng.) A notification by a candidate for orders of his intention to inquire whether any impediment may be alleged against him.

Sir , n. [OE. sire, F. sire, contr. from the nominative L. senior an elder, elderly person, compar. of senex,senis, an aged person; akin to Gr. old, Skr. sana, Goth. sineigs old, sinista eldest, Ir. & Gael. sean old, W. hen. Cf. Seignior, Senate, Seneschal, Senior, Senor, Signor, Sire, Sirrah.] 1. A man of social authority and dignity; a lord; a master; a gentleman; — in this sense usually spelled sire. [Obs.] “He was crowned lord and sire.” Gower. “In the election of a sir so rare.” Shak. 2. A title prefixed to the Christian name of a knight or a baronet. “Sir Horace Vere, his brother, was the principal in the active part.” Bacon. 3. An English rendering of the LAtin Dominus, the academical title of a bachelor of arts; — formerly colloquially, and sometimes contemptuously, applied to the clergy. Nares. “Instead of a faithful and painful teacher, they hire a Sir John, which hath better skill in playing at tables, or in keeping of a garden, than in God’s word.” Latimer. 4. A respectful title, used in addressing a man, without being prefixed to his name; — used especially in speaking to elders or superiors; sometimes, also used in the way of emphatic formality. ´What’s that to you, sir?´ Sheridan. Anciently, this title, was often used when a person was addressed as a man holding a certain office, or following a certain business. ´Sir man of law.´ ´Sir parish priest.´ Chaucer. Sir reverance. See under Reverence, n.

Si•ras´kier , n. See Seraskier.

Si•ras´kier•ate , n. See Seraskierate.

Sir•bo´ni•an , a. See Serbonian.

Sir•car´ , n. [Hind. & Per. sarkar a superintendant, overseer, chief; Per. sar the head + kar action, work.] 1. A Hindoo clerk or accountant. [India] 2. A district or province; a circar. [India] 3. The government; the supreme authority of the state. [India]

Sir•dar´ , n. [Hind. & Per. sardar a chief, general; sar the head, top + dar holding, possessing.] A native chief in Hindostan; a headman. Malcom.

Sire , n. [F. sire, originally, an older person. See Sir.] 1. A lord, master, or other person in authority. See Sir. [Obs.] “Pain and distress, sickness and ire,
And melancholy that angry sire,
Be of her palace senators.” Rom. of R. 2. A tittle of respect formerly used in speaking to elders and superiors, but now only in addressing a sovereign. 3. A father; the head of a family; the husband. “Jankin thet was our sire [i.e., husband].” Chaucer. “And raise his issue, like a loving sire.” Shak. 4. A creator; a maker; an author; an originator. “[He] was the sire of an immortal strain.” Shelley. 5. The male parent of a beast; — applied especially to horses; as the horse had a good sire. Sire is often used in composition; as in grandsire, grandfather; great-grandsire, great- grandfather.

Sire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sired p. pr. & vb. n. Siring.] To beget; to procreate; — used of beasts, and especially of stallions.

Si•re´don , n. [NL., from Gr. a siren.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of any salamander while it still has external gills; especially, one of those which, like the axolotl (Amblystoma Mexicanum), sometimes lay eggs while in this larval state, but which under more favorable conditions lose their gills and become normal salamanders. See also Axolotl.

Si´ren , n. [L., fr. Gr. : cf. F. sirène.] 1. (Class. Myth.) One of three sea nymphs, — or, according to some writers, of two, — said to frequent an island near the coast of Italy, and to sing with such sweetness that they lured mariners to destruction. “Next where the sirens dwell you plow the seas;
Their song is death, and makes destruction please.” Pope. 2. An enticing, dangerous woman. Shak. 3. Something which is insidious or deceptive. “Consumption is a siren.” W. Irving. 4. A mermaid. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Zoöl.) Any long, slender amphibian of the genus Siren or family Sirenidae, destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and having permanent external gills as well as lungs. They inhabit the swamps, lagoons, and ditches of the Southern United States. The more common species (Siren lacertina) is dull lead-gray in color, and becames two feet long. 6. [F. sirène, properly, a siren in sense 1.] (Acoustics) An instrument for producing musical tones and for ascertaining the number of sound waves or vibrations per second which produce a note of a given pitch. The sounds are produced by a perforated rotating disk or disks. A form with two disks operated by steam or highly compressed air is used sounding an alarm to vessels in fog. [Written also sirene, and syren.]

Si´ren, a. Of or pertaining to a siren; bewitching, like a siren; fascinating; alluring; as a siren song.

Si•rene´ , n. See Siren, 6.

Si•re´ni•a , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of large aquatic herbivorous mammals, including the manatee, dugong, rytina, and several fossil genera. The hind limbs are either rudimentary or wanting, and the front ones are changed to paddles. They have horny plates on the front part of the jaws, and usually flat-crowned molar teeth. The stomach is complex and the intestine long, as in other herbivorous mammals. See Cetacea (b).

Si•re´ni•an , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Sirenia.

Si•ren´ic•al , a. Like, or appropriate to, a siren; fascinating; deceptive. “Here’s couple of sirenical rascals shall enchant ye.” Marton.

Si´ren•ize , v. i. To use the enticements of a siren; to act as a siren; to fascinate.

Si•ri´a•sis , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. the Dog Star, properly, scorching.] (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) The act of exposing to a sun bath. [Obs.] Cf. Insolation.

Sir´i•us , n. [L., fr. Gr. , properly, scorching.] (Astron.) The Dog Star. See Dog Star.

Sir´keer , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Asiatic cuckoos of the genus Taccocua, as the Bengal sirkeer (T. sirkee).

Sir´loin , n. [A corruption of surloin. Not so called because this cut of beef was once jocosely knighted (dubbed Sir Loin) by an English king, as according to a popular story.] A loin of beef, or a part of a loin. [Written also surloin.]

Sir´name , n. See Surname.

Si´roc , n. See Sirocco. [Poetic] Emerson.

Si•roc´co , n.; pl. Siroccos [It. sirocco, scirocco, Ar. shorug, fr. sharq the rising of the sun, the east, fr, sharaca to rise as the sun. Cf. Saracen.] An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan deserts, chiefly experienced in Italy, Malta, and Sicily.

Sir´rah , n. [Probably from Icel. sira, fr. F. sire. See Sir.] A term of address implying inferiority and used in anger, contempt, reproach, or disrespectful familiarity, addressed to a man or boy, but sometimes to a woman. In sililoquies often preceded by ah. Not used in the plural. ´Ah, sirrah mistress.´ Beau. & Fl. “Go, sirrah, to my cell.” Shak.

Sirt , n. [See Syrt.] A quicksand. [Obs.] { Sir´up Syr´up }, n. [F. sirop (cf. It. siroppo, Sp. jarabe, jarope, LL. siruppus, syrupus), fr. Ar. sharab a drink, wine, coffee, sirup. Cf. Sherbet.] 1. A thick and viscid liquid made from the juice of fruits, herbs, etc., boiled with sugar. 2. A thick and viscid saccharine solution of superior quality (as sugarhouse sirup or molasses, maple sirup); specifically, in pharmacy and often in cookery, a saturated solution of sugar and water (simple sirup), or such a solution flavored or medicated. “Lucent sirups tinct with cinnamon.” Keats. Mixing sirup. See the Note under Dextrose. { Sir´uped , Syr´uped }, a. Moistened, covered, or sweetened with sirup, or sweet juice. { Sir´up•y , Syr´up•y }, a. Like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. Mortimer.

Sir•vente´ , n. [F. sirvente, fr. Pr. sirventes, sirventesc, originally, the poem of, or concerning, a sirvent, fr. sirvent, properly, serving, n., one who serves (e. g., as a soldier), fr. servir to serve, L. servire.] A peculiar species of poetry, for the most part devoted to moral and religious topics, and commonly satirical, — often used by the troubadours of the Middle Ages.

Sis , n. A colloquial abbreviation of Sister.

Sis , n. Six. See Sise. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Si•sal´ grass• , Si•sal´ hemp• ,} The prepared fiber of the Agave Americana, or American aloe, used for cordage; — so called from Sisal, a port in Yucatan. See Sisal hemp, under Hemp.

Sis´co•wet , n. [OF American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) A large, fat variety of the namaycush found in Lake Superior; — called also siskawet, siskiwit.

Sise , n. [From Assize.] An assize. [Obs.]

Sise , n. [See Sice.] Six; the highest number on a die; the cast of six in throwing dice. “In the new casting of a die, when ace is on the top, sise must needs be at the bottom.” Fuller.

Sis´el , n. [Cf. G. ziesel. Cf. Zizel.] (Zoöl.) The suslik.

Si´ser , n. Cider. See Sicer. [Obs.] Chaucer. { Sis´e•ra•ra , Sis´e•ra•ry } n. A hard blow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sis´kin , n. [Dan. sisgen; cf. Sw. siska, G. zeisig, D. sijsje; of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. czy.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small green and yellow European finch (Spinus spinus, or Carduelis spinus); — called also aberdevine. (b) The American pinefinch (S. pinus); — called also pine siskin. See Pinefinch. The name is applied also to several other related species found in Asia and South America. Siskin green, a delicate shade of yellowish green, as in the mineral torbernite.

Sis´ki•wit , n. (Zoöl.) The siscowet.

Sis´mo•graph , n. See Seismograph.

Sis•mom´e•ter , n. See Seismometer.

Siss , v. i. [Of imitative origin; cf. D. sissen, G. zischen.] To make a hissing sound; as a flatiron hot enough to siss when touched with a wet finger. [Colloq. U. S.; Local, Eng.]

Siss, n. A hissing noise. [Colloq. U. S.]

Sis•soo´ , n. [Hind. sis.] (Bot.) A leguminous tree (Dalbergia Sissoo) of the northern parts of India; also the dark brown compact and durable timber obtained from it. It is used in shipbuilding and for gun carriages, railway ties, etc.

Sist , v. t. [L. sistere to bring to a stand, to stop.] 1. (Scots Law) To stay, as judicial proceedings; to delay or suspend; to stop. 2. To cause to take a place, as at the bar of a court; hence, to cite; to summon; to bring into court. [Scot.] “Some, however, have preposterously sisted nature as the first or generative principle.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Sist , n. (Scots Law) A stay or suspension of proceedings; an order for a stay of proceedings. Burril.

Sis´ter , n. [OE. sister, fr. Icel. systir; also suster, from AS. sweostor, sweoster, swuster, akin to OFries. sweester, suster, LG. süster, suster, D. zuster, OS. & OHG. swestar, G. schwester, Icel. systir, Sw. syster, Dan. söster, Goth. swistar, Lith. ses, Russ. sestra, Pol. siostra, L. soror, Skr. svasr. rad.298. Cf. Cousin.] 1. A female who has the same parents with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case, she is more definitely called a half sister. The correlative of brother. “I am the sister of one Claudio.” Shak. 2. A woman who is closely allied to, or assocciated with, another person, as in the sdame faith, society, order, or community. James ii. 15. 3. One of the same kind, or of the same condition; — generally used adjectively; as sister fruits. Pope. Sister Block (Naut.), a tackle block having two sheaves, one above the other. — Sister hooks, a pair of hooks fitted together, the shank of one forming a mousing for the other; — called also match hook. — Sister of charity, Sister of mercy. (R. C. Ch.) See under Charity, and Mercy.

Sis´ter, v. t. To be sister to; to resemble closely. [Obs.] Shak.

Sis´ter•hood , n. [Sister + hood.] 1. The state or relation of being a sister; the office or duty of a sister. “She … abhorr’d
Her proper blood, and left to do the part
Of sisterhood, to do that of a wife.” Daniel. 2. A society of sisters; a society of women united in one faith or order; sisters, collectively. ´A sisterhood of holy nuns.´ Shak. “The fair young flowers … a beauteous sisterhood.” Bryant.

Sis´ter•ing, a. Contiguous. [Obs.] Shak.

Sis´ter-in-law , n.; pl. Sisters-in-law . The sister of one’s husband or wife; also the wife of one’s brother; sometimes, the wife of one’s husband’s or wife’s brother.

Sis´ter•ly, a. Like a sister; becoming a sister, affectionate; as sisterly kindness; sisterly remorse. Shak.

Sis´tine , a.[It. sistino.] Of or pertaining to Pope Sixtus. Sistine chapel, a chapel in the Vatican at Rome, built by Pope Sixtus IV., and decorated with frescoes by Michael Angelo and others.

Sis´tren , n. pl. Sisters. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sis´trum , [L., fr. Gr. , from to shake.] (Mus.) An instrument consisting of a thin metal frame, through which passed a number of metal rods, and furnished with a handle by which it was shaken and made to rattle. It was peculiarly Egyptian, and used especially in the worship of Isis. It is still used in Nubia.

Sis•y•phe´an , a. Relating to Sisyphus; incessantly recurring; as Sisyphean labors.

Sis´y•phus , n. [L. Sisyphus, Sisyphus, fr. Gr. .] (Class. Myth.) A king of Corinth, son of AEolus, famed for his cunning. He was killed by Theseus, and in the lower world was condemned by Pluto to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly rolled back again, making his task incessant.

Sit , obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Sit, for sitteth.

Sit, v. i. [imp. Sat (Sate , archaic); p. p. Sat (Sitten , obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sitting.] [OE. sitten, AS. sittan; akin to OS. sittian, OFries. sitta, D. zitten, G. sitzen, OHG. sizzen, Icel. sitja, SW. sitta, Dan. sidde, Goth. sitan, Russ. sidiete, L. sedere, Gr. , Skr. sad. rad.154. Cf. Assess,Assize, Cathedral, Chair, Dissident, Excise, Insidious, Possess, Reside, Sanhedrim, Seance, Seat, n., Sedate, 4th Sell, Siege, Session, Set, v. t., Sizar, Size, Subsidy.] 1. To rest upon the haunches, or the lower extremity of the trunk of the body; — said of human beings, and sometimes of other animals; as to sit on a sofa, on a chair, or on the ground. “And he came and took the book put of the right hand of him that sate upon the seat.” Bible (1551) (Rev. v. 7.) “I pray you, jest, sir, as you sit at dinner.” Shak. 2. To perch; to rest with the feet drawn up, as birds do on a branch, pole, etc. 3. To remain in a state of repose; to rest; to abide; to rest in any position or condition. “And Moses said to … the children of Reuben, Shall your brothren go to war, and shall ye sit here?” Num. xxxii. 6. “Like a demigod here sit I in the sky.” Shak. 4. To lie, rest, or bear; to press or weigh; - - with on; as a weight or burden sits lightly upon him. “The calamity sits heavy on us.” Jer. Taylor. 5. To be adjusted; to fit; as a coat sts well or ill. “This new and gorgeous garment, majesty,
Sits not so easy on me as you think.” Shak. 6. To suit one well or ill, as an act; to become; to befit; — used impersonally. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. To cover and warm eggs for hatching, as a fowl; to brood; to incubate. “As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not.” Jer. xvii. 11. 8. To have position, as at the point blown from; to hold a relative position; to have direction. “Like a good miller that knows how to grind, which way soever the wind sits.” Selden. “Sits the wind in that quarter?” Sir W. Scott. 9. To occupy a place or seat as a member of an official body; as to sit in Congress. 10. To hold a session; to be in session for official business; — said of legislative assemblies, courts, etc.; as the court sits in January; the aldermen sit to- night. 11. To take a position for the purpose of having some artistic representation of one’s self made, as a picture or a bust; as to sit to a painter. To sit at, to rest under; to be subject to. [Obs.] ´A farmer can not husband his ground so well if he sit at a great rent´. Bacon. — To sit at meat or at table, to be at table for eating. — To sit down. (a) To place one’s self on a chair or other seat; as to sit down when tired. (b) To begin a siege; as the enemy sat down before the town. (c) To settle; to fix a permanent abode. Spenser. (d) To rest; to cease as satisfied. ´Here we can not sit down, but still proceed in our search.´ Rogers. — To sit for a fellowship, to offer one’s self for examination with a view to obtaining a fellowship. [Eng. Univ.] — To sit out. (a) To be without engagement or employment. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. (b) To outstay. — To sit under, to be under the instruction or ministrations of; as to sit under a preacher; to sit under good preaching. — To sit up, to rise from, or refrain from, a recumbent posture or from sleep; to sit with the body upright; as to sit up late at night; also to watch; as to sit up with a sick person. ´He that was dead sat up, and began to speak.´ Luke vii. 15.

Sit , v. t. 1. To sit upon; to keep one’s seat upon; as he sits a horse well. “Hardly the muse can sit the headstrong horse.” Prior. 2. To cause to be seated or in a sitting posture; to furnish a seat to; — used reflexively. “They sat them down to weep.” Milton. “Sit you down, father; rest you.” Shak. 3. To suit (well or ill); to become. [Obs. or R.]

Site , n. [L. situs, fr. sinere, situm, to let, p. p. situs placed, lying, situate: cf. F. site. Cf. Position.] 1. The place where anything is fixed; situation; local position; as the site of a city or of a house. Chaucer. 2. A place fitted or chosen for any certain permanent use or occupation; as a site for a church. 3. The posture or position of a thing. [R.] “The semblance of a lover fixed
In melancholy site.” Thomson.

Sit´ed , a. Having a site; situated. [Obs.] “[The garden] sited was in fruitful soil.” Chaucer.

Sit´fast , a. [Sit + fast.] Fixed; stationary; immovable. [R.] “’T is good, when you have crossed the sea and back,
To find the sitfast acres where you left them.” Emerson.

Sit´fast, n. (Far.) A callosity with inflamed edges, on the back of a horse, under the saddle.

Sith , prep., adv., & conj. [See Since.] Since; afterwards; seeing that. [Obs.] “We need not fear them, sith Christ is with us.” Latimer. “Sith thou art rightful judge.” Chaucer. { Sith , Sithe } n. [AS. a path, way, time, occasion.] Time. [Obs.] Chaucer. “And humbly thanked him a thousand sithes.” Spenser.

Sithe , v. i. [Cf. Sigh.] To sigh. [A spelling of a corrupt and provincial pronunciation.]

Sithe , n. A scythe. [Obs.] Milton.

Sithe, v. t. To cut with a scythe; to scythe. [Obs.]

Sithed , a. Scythed. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Sithe´man , n. A mower. [Obs.] Marston.

Sith´en , adv. & conj. [See Since.] Since; afterwards. See 1st Sith. [Obs.] “Fortune was first friend and sithen foe.” Chaucer. { Sith´ence , Sith´ens } , adv. & conj. Since. See Sith, and Sithen. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sith´then , adv. & conj. See Sithen. [Obs.] “Siththen that the world began.” Chaucer.

Si•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. food + -logy.] A treatise on the regulation of the diet; dietetics. [Written also sitiology.]

Si•to•pho´bi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. food + fear.] (Med.) A version to food; refusal to take nourishment. [Written also sitiophobia.]

Sit´ten , obs. p. p. of Sit, for sat.

Sit´ter , n. 1. One who sits; esp., one who sits for a portrait or a bust. 2. A bird that sits or incubates.

Sit´tine , a. [NL. sitta the nuthatch, from Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Sittidae, or nuthatches.

Sit´ting , a. Being in the state, or the position, of one who, or that which, sits.

Sit´ting, n. 1. The state or act of one who sits; the posture of one who occupies a seat. 2. A seat, or the space occupied by or allotted for a person, in a church, theater, etc.; as the hall has 800 sittings. 3. The act or time of sitting, as to a portrait painter, photographer, etc. 4. The actual presence or meeting of any body of men in their seats, clothed with authority to transact business; a session; as a sitting of the judges of the King’s Bench, or of a commission. “The sitting closed in great agitation.” Macaulay. 5. The time during which one sits while doing something, as reading a book, playing a game, etc. “For the understanding of any one of St. Paul’s Epistles I read it all through at one sitting.” Locke. 6. A brooding over eggs for hatching, as by fowls. “The male bird … amuses her [the female] with his songs during the whole time of her sitting.” Addison. Sitting room, an apartment where the members of a family usually sit, as distinguished from a drawing-room, parlor, chamber, or kitchen. { Sit´u•ate ( 135), Sit´u•a•ted }, a. [LL. situatus, from situare to place, fr. L. situs situation, site. See Site.] 1. Having a site, situation, or location; being in a relative position; permanently fixed; placed; located; as a town situated, or situate, on a hill or on the seashore. 2. Placed; residing. “Pleasure situate in hill and dale.” Milton. Situate is now less used than situated, but both are well authorized.

Sit´u•ate , v. t. To place. [R.] Landor.

Sit•u•a´tion , n. [LL. situatio: cf. F. situation.] 1. Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as a house in a pleasant situation. 2. Position, as regards the conditions and circumstances of the case. “A situation of the greatest ease and tranquillity.” Rogers. 3. Relative position; circumstances; temporary state or relation at a moment of action which excites interest, as of persons in a dramatic scene. “There’s situation for you! there’s an heroic group!” Sheridan. 4. Permanent position or employment; place; office; as a situation in a store; a situation under government. Syn. — State; position; seat; site; station; post; place; office; condition; case; plight. See State.

Si´tus , n. [L., situation.] (Bot.) The method in which the parts of a plant are arranged; also the position of the parts. Henslow.

Sitz´ bath [G. sitzbad.] A tub in which one bathes in a sitting posture; also a bath so taken; a hip bath.

Si´va , n. [Skr. Civa, properly, kind, gracious.] (Hindoo Myth.) One of the triad of Hindoo gods. He is the avenger or destroyer, and in modern worship symbolizes the reproductive power of nature.

Si´van , n. [Heb. sivan.] The third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year; — supposed to correspond nearly with our month of June.

Siv•a•the´ri•um , n. [NL., from E. Siva + Gr. a beast, an animal.] (Paleon.) A genus of very large extinct ruminants found in the Tertiary formation of India. The snout was prolonged in the form of a proboscis. The male had four horns, the posterior pair being large and branched. It was allied to the antelopes, but very much larger than any exsisting species.

Siv´er , v. i. To simmer. [Obs.] Holland.

Siv´vens , n. (Med.) See Sibbens.

Si´win , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sewen.

Six , a. [AS. six, seox, siex; akin to OFries. sex, D. zes, OS. & OHG. sehs, G. sechs, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sex, Goth. saíhs, Lith. szeszi, Russ. sheste, Gael. & Ir. se, W. chwech, L. sex, Gr. , Per. shesh, Skr. shash. rad.304. Cf. Hexagon, Hexameter, Samite, Senary, Sextant, Sice.] One more than five; twice three; as six yards. Six Nations (Ethnol.), a confederation of North American Indians formed by the union of the Tuscaroras and the Five Nations. — Six points circle. (Geom.) See Nine points circle, under Nine.

Six, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than five; the sum of three and three; six units or objects. 2. A symbol representing six units, as 6, vi., or VI. To be at six and seven or at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder. Bacon. Shak. Swift.

Six´fold , a. [AS. sixfealand.] Six times repeated; six times as much or as many.

Six´-foot•er , n. One who is six feet tall. [Colloq. U.S.]

Six´pence , n.; pl. Sixpences . An English silver coin of the value of six pennies; half a shilling, or about twelve cents.

Six´pen•ny , a. Of the value of, or costing, sixpence; as a sixpenny loaf.

Six´score , a. & n. [Six + score, n.] Six times twenty; one hundred and twenty.

Six´-shoot•er , n. A pistol or other firearm which can be fired six times without reloading especially, a six-chambered revolver. [Colloq. U.S.]

Six´teen , a. [AS. sixtne, sixtne. See Six, and Ten, and cf. Sixty.] Six and ten; consisting of six and ten; fifteen and one more.

Six´teen, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than fifteen; the sum of ten and six; sixteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing sixteen units, as 16, or xvi.

Six•teen´mo , n.; pl. Sixteenmos . See Sextodecimo.

Six´teenth , a. [From Sixteen: cf. AS. sixteóa.] 1. Sixth after the tenth; next in order after the fifteenth. 2. Constituting or being one of sixteen equal parts into which anything is divided. Sixteenth note (Mus.), the sixteenth part of a whole note; a semiquaver.

Six´teenth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixteen; one of sixteen equal parts of one whole. 2. The next in order after the fifteenth; the sixth after the tenth. 3. (Mus.) An interval comprising two octaves and a second. Moore (Encyc. of Music.)

Sixth , a. [From Six: cf. AS. sixta, siexta.] 1. First after the fifth; next in order after the fifth. 2. Constituting or being one of six equal parts into which anything is divided.

Sixth , n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by six; one of six equal parts which form a whole. 2. The next in order after the fifth. 3. (Mus.) The interval embracing six diatonic degrees of the scale.

Sixth´ly, adv. In the sixth place. Bacon.

Six´ti•eth , a. [As. sixtiogoða, sixtigoða.] 1. Next in order after the fifty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one one of sixty equal parts into which anything is divided.

Six´ti•eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixty; one of sixty equal parts forming a whole. 2. The next in order after the fifty-ninth; the tenth after the fiftieth.

Six´ty , a. [AS. siextig; akin to G. sechzig, Goth. saíhs tigjus. See Six, Ten, and cf. Sixteen.] Six times ten; fifty-nine and one more; threescore.

Six´ty, n.; pl. Sixties . 1. The sum of six times ten; sixty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing sixty units, as 60, lx., or LX.

Six•ty-fourth´ , a. Constituting or being one of sixty-four equal parts into which a thing is divided. Sixty-fourth note (Mus.), the sixty- fourth part of a whole note; a hemi-demi-semiquaver.

Siz´a•ble , a. 1. Of considerable size or bulk. ´A sizable volume.´ Bp. Hurd. 2. Being of reasonable or suitable size; as sizable timber; sizable bulk. Arbuthnot.

Si´zar , n. One of a body of students in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.) and Dublin, who, having passed a certain examination, are exempted from paying college fees and charges. A sizar corresponded to a servitor at Oxford. “The sizar paid nothing for food and tuition, and very little for lodging.” Macaulay. They formerly waited on the table at meals; but this is done away with. They were probably so called from being thus employed in distributing the size, or provisions. See 4th Size, 2.

Si´zar•ship, n. The position or standing of a sizar.

Size , n. [See Sice, and Sise.] Six.

Size , n. [OIt. sisa glue used by painters, shortened fr. assisa, fr. assidere, p. p. assiso, to make to sit, to seat, to place, L. assidere to sit down; ad + sidere to sit down, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit, v. i., and cf. Assize, Size bulk.] 1. A thin, weak glue used in various trades, as in painting, bookbinding, paper making, etc. 2. Any viscous substance, as gilder’s varnish.

Size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sized p. pr. & vb. n. Sizing.] To cover with size; to prepare with size.

Size, n. [Abbrev. from assize. See Assize, and cf. Size glue.] 1. A settled quantity or allowance. See Assize. [Obs.] ´To scant my sizes.´ Shak. 2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) An allowance of food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular dinner at commons; — corresponding to battel at Oxford. 3. Extent of superficies or volume; bulk; bigness; magnitude; as the size of a tree or of a mast; the size of a ship or of a rock. 4. Figurative bulk; condition as to rank, ability, character, etc.; as the office demands a man of larger size. “Men of a less size and quality.” L’Estrange. “The middling or lower size of people.” Swift. 5. A conventional relative measure of dimension, as for shoes, gloves, and other articles made up for sale. 6. An instrument consisting of a number of perforated gauges fastened together at one end by a rivet, — used for ascertaining the size of pearls. Knight. Size roll, a small piese of parchment added to a roll. — Size stick, a measuring stick used by shoemakers for ascertaining the size of the foot. Syn. — Dimension; bigness; largeness; greatness; magnitude.

Size, v. t. 1. To fix the standard of. ´To size weights and measures.´ [R.] Bacon. 2. To adjust or arrange according to size or bulk. Specifically: (a) (Mil.) To take the height of men, in order to place them in the ranks according to their stature. (b) (Mining) To sift, as pieces of ore or metal, in order to separate the finer from the coarser parts. 3. To swell; to increase the bulk of. Beau. & Fl. 4. (Mech.) To bring or adjust anything exactly to a required dimension, as by cutting. To size up, to estimate or ascertain the character and ability of. See 4th Size, 4. [Slang, U.S.] “We had to size up our fellow legislators.” The Century.

Size, v. i. 1. To take greater size; to increase in size. “Our desires give them fashion, and so,
As they wax lesser, fall, as they size, grow.” Donne. 2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) To order food or drink from the buttery; hence, to enter a score, as upon the buttery book.

Sized , a. 1. Adjusted according to size. 2. Having a particular size or magnitude; — chiefly used in compounds; as large-sized; common- sized.

Si´zel , n. Same as Scissel, 2.

Siz´er , n. 1. See Sizar. 2. (Mech.) (a) An instrument or contrivance to size articles, or to determine their size by a standard, or to separate and distribute them according to size. (b) An instrument or tool for bringing anything to an exact size.

Siz´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being sizy; viscousness.

Siz´ing, n. 1. Act of covering or treating with size. 2. A weak glue used in various trades; size.

Siz´ing, n. 1. The act of sorting with respect to size. 2. The act of bringing anything to a certain size. 3. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) Food and drink ordered from the buttery by a student.

Siz´y , a. [From 2d Size.] Sizelike; viscous; glutinous; as sizy blood. Arbuthnot.

Siz´zle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sizzled p. pr. & vb. n. Sizzling ] [See Siss.] To make a hissing sound; to fry, or to dry and shrivel up, with a hissing sound. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Forby.

Siz´zle, n. A hissing sound, as of something frying over a fire. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Siz´zling , a. & n. from Sizzle.

Skad´dle , n. [Dim. of scath.] Hurt; damage. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Skad´dle, a. Hurtful. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Skad´don , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a bee. [Prov. Eng.]

Skag , n. (Naut.) An additional piece fastened to the keel of a boat to prevent lateral motion. See Skeg.

Skain , n. See Skein. [Obs.]

Skain, n. See Skean. Drayton.

Skains´mate , n. [Perhaps originally, a companion in winding thread (see Skein), or a companion in arms, from skain a sword (see Skean).] A messmate; a companion. [Obs.] “Scurvy knave! I am none of his firt-gills; I am none of his skainsmates.” Shak.

Skaith , n. See Scatch. [Scot.]

Skald , n. See 5th Scald.

Skald´ic , a. See Scaldic. Max Müller.

Skall , v. t. To scale; to mount. [Obs.] { Skar , Skare } a. [From the root of scare.] Wild; timid; shy. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skart , n. [Cf. Scarf a cormorant.] (Zoöl.) The shag. [Prov. Eng.]

Skate , n. [D. schaats. Cf. Scatches.] A metallic runner with a frame shaped to fit the sole of a shoe, — made to be fastened under the foot, and used for moving rapidly on ice. “Batavia rushes forth; and as they sweep,
On sounding skates, a thousand different ways,
In circling poise, swift as the winds, along,
The then gay land is maddened all to joy.” Thomson. Roller skate. See under Roller.

Skate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skated; p. pr. & vb. n. Skating.] To move on skates.

Skate, n. [Icel. skata; cf. Prov. G. schatten, meer-schatten, L. squatus, squatina, and E. shad.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large, flat elasmobranch fishes of the genus Raia, having a long, slender tail, terminated by a small caudal fin. The pectoral fins, which are large and broad and united to the sides of the body and head, give a somewhat rhombic form to these fishes. The skin is more or less spinose. Some of the species are used for food, as the European blue or gray skate (Raia batis), which sometimes weighs nearly 200 pounds. The American smooth, or barn-door, skate (R. laevis) is also a large species, often becoming three or four feet across. The common spiny skate (R. erinacea) is much smaller. Skate’s egg. See Sea purse. — Skate sucker, any marine leech of the genus Pontobdella, parasitic on skates.

Skat´er , n. 1. One who skates. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects belonging to Gerris, Pyrrhocoris, Prostemma, and allied genera. They have long legs, and run rapidly over the surface of the water, as if skating.

Ska´tol , n. [Gr. , dung + -ol.] (Physiol. Chem.) A constituent of human faeces formed in the small intestines as a product of the putrefaction of albuminous matter. It is also found in reduced indigo. Chemically it is methyl indol, C9H9N.

Skayles , n. [rad.159.] Skittles. [Obs.]

Skean , n. [Ir sgian; akin to Gael. sgian, W. ysgien a large knife, a scimiter.] A knife or short dagger, esp. that in use among the Highlanders of Scotland. [Variously spelt.] ´His skean, or pistol.´ Spenser.

Ske•dad´dle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skedaddled p. pr. & vb. n. Skedaddling ] [Of uncertain etymology.] To betake one’s self to flight, as if in a panic; to flee; to run away. [Slang, U. S.]

Skee , n. [Dan. ski; Icel. ski a billet of wood. See Skid.] A long strip of wood, curved upwards in front, used on the foot for sliding.

Skeed , n. See Skid.

Skeel , n. [Icel. skjla a pail, bucket.] A shallow wooden vessel for holding milk or cream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose. { Skeel´duck• , Skeel´goose• } n. [See Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.) The common European sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.]

Skeet , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) A scoop with a long handle, used to wash the sides of a vessel, and formerly to wet the sails or deck.

Skeg , n. [Prov. E., also a stump of a branch, a wooden peg; cf. Icel. skgr a wood, Sw. skog. Cf. Shaw.] 1. A sort of wild plum. [Obs.] Holland. 2. pl. A kind of oats. Farm. Encyc. 3. (Naut.) The after part of the keel of a vessel, to which the rudder is attached.

Skeg´ger , n. (Zoöl.) The parr. Walton.

Skein , n. [OE. skeyne, OF. escaigne, F. ecagne, probably of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. sgainne, Gael. sgeinnidh thread, small twine; or perhaps the English word is immediately from Celtic.] 1. A quantity of yarn, thread, or the like, put up together, after it is taken from the reel, — usually tied in a sort of knot. A skein of cotton yarn is formed by eighty turns of the thread round a fifty-four inch reel. 2. (Wagon Making) A metallic strengthening band or thimble on the wooden arm of an axle. Knight.

Skein, n. (Zoöl.) A flight of wild fowl (wild geese or the like). [Prov. Eng.]

Skeine , n. See Skean.

Skel´der , v. t. & i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Skel´der, n. A vagrant; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson. { Skel´drake• , or Skiel´drake• }, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European sheldrake. (b) The oyster catcher.

Skel´et , n. A skeleton. See Scelet.

Skel´e•tal , a. Pertaining to the skeleton.

Skel•e•tog´e•nous , a. [Skeleton + -genous.] Forming or producing parts of the skeleton.

Skel•e•tol´o•gy , n. [Skeleton + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of the skeleton; also a treatise on the skeleton.

Skel´e•ton , n. [NL., fr. Gr. (sc. ) a dried body, a mummy, fr. dried up, parched, to dry, dry up, parch.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The bony and cartilaginous framework which supports the soft parts of a vertebrate animal. [See Illust. of the Human Skeleton, in Appendix.] (b) The more or less firm or hardened framework of an invertebrate animal. In a wider sense, the skeleton includes the whole connective-tissue framework with the integument and its appendages. See Endoskeleton, and Exoskeleton. 2. Hence, figuratively: (a) A very thin or lean person. (b) The framework of anything; the principal parts that support the rest, but without the appendages. “The great skeleton of the world.” Sir M. Hale. (c) The heads and outline of a literary production, especially of a sermon.

Skel´e•ton, a. Consisting of, or resembling, a skeleton; consisting merely of the framework or outlines; having only certain leading features of anything; as a skeleton sermon; a skeleton crystal. Skeleton bill, a bill or draft made out in blank as to the amount or payee, but signed by the acceptor. [Eng.] — Skeleton key, a key with nearly the whole substance of the web filed away, to adapt it to avoid the wards of a lock; a master key; — used for opening locks to which it has not been especially fitted. — Skeleton leaf, a leaf from which the pulpy part has been removed by chemical means, the fibrous part alone remaining. — Skeleton proof, a proof of a print or engraving, with the inscription outlined in hair strokes only, such proofs being taken before the engraving is finished. — Skeleton regiment, a regiment which has its complement of officers, but in which there are few enlisted men. — Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), a small crustacean of the genus Caprella. See Illust. under Laemodipoda.

Skel´e•ton•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skeletonized p. pr. & vb. n. Skeletonizing ] To prepare a skeleton of; also to reduce, as a leaf, to its skeleton. Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Skel´e•ton•i•zer , n. (Zoöl.) Any small moth whose larva eats the parenchyma of leaves, leaving the skeleton; as the apple-leaf skeletonizer.

Skel´lum , n. [Dan. schelm, fr. G. schelm.] A scoundrel. [Obs. or Scot.] Pepys. Burns.

Skel´ly , v. i. [Cf. Dan. skele, Sw. skela.] To squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Skel´ly, n. A squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skelp , n. [Cf. Prov. E. skelp to kick severely, to move rapidly; Gael. sgealp, n., a slap with the palm of the hand, v., to strike with the palm of the hand.] 1. A blow; a smart stroke. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett. 2. A squall; also a heavy fall of rain. [Scot.]

Skelp, v. t. To strike; to slap. [Scot.] C. Reade.

Skelp, n. A wrought-iron plate from which a gun barrel or pipe is made by bending and welding the edges together, and drawing the thick tube thus formed.

Skel´ter , v. i. [Cf. Helter- skelter.] To run off helter-skelter; to hurry; to scurry; — with away or off. [Colloq.] A. R. Wallace.

Sken , v. i. To squint. [Prov. Eng.]

Skene , n. See Skean. C. Kingsley.

Skep , n. [Icel. skeppa a measure, bushel; cf. Gael. sgeap a basket, a beehive.] 1. A coarse round farm basket. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Tusser. 2. A beehive. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skep´tic , n. [Gr. skeptiko•s thoughtful, reflective, fr. ske•ptesqai to look carefully or about, to view, consider: cf. L. scepticus, F. sceptique. See Scope.] [Written also sceptic.] 1. One who is yet undecided as to what is true; one who is looking or inquiring for what is true; an inquirer after facts or reasons. 2. (Metaph.) A doubter as to whether any fact or truth can be certainly known; a universal doubter; a Pyrrhonist; hence, in modern usage, occasionally, a person who questions whether any truth or fact can be established on philosophical grounds; sometimes, a critical inquirer, in opposition to a dogmatist. “All this criticism [of Hume] proceeds upon the erroneous hypothesis that he was a dogmatist. He was a skeptic; that is, he accepted the principles asserted by the prevailing dogmatism: and only showed that such and such conclusions were, on these principles, inevitable.” Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Theol.) A person who doubts the existence and perfections of God, or the truth of revelation; one who disbelieves the divine origin of the Christian religion. “Suffer not your faith to be shaken by the sophistries of skeptics.” S. Clarke. This word and its derivatives are often written with c instead of k in the first syllable, — sceptic, sceptical, scepticism, etc. Dr. Johnson, struck with the extraordinary irregularity of giving c its hard sound before e, altered the spelling, and his example has been followed by most of the lexicographers who have succeeded him; yet the prevalent practice among English writers and printers is in favor of the other mode. In the United States this practice is reversed, a large and increasing majority of educated persons preferring the orthography which is most in accordance with etymology and analogy. Syn. — Infidel; unbeliever; doubter. — See Infidel. { Skep´tic , Skep´tic•al } a. [Written also sceptic, sceptical.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sceptic or skepticism; characterized by skepticism; hesitating to admit the certainly of doctrines or principles; doubting of everything. 2. (Theol.) Doubting or denying the truth of revelation, or the sacred Scriptures. “The skeptical system subverts the whole foundation of morals.” R. Hall. — Skep´tac•al•ly, adv. — Skep´tic•al•ness, n.

Skep´ti•cism , n. [Cf. F. scepticisme.] [Written also scepticism.] 1. An undecided, inquiring state of mind; doubt; uncertainty. “That momentary amazement, and irresolution, and confusion, which is the result of skepticism.” Hune. 2. (Metaph.) The doctrine that no fact or principle can be certainly known; the tenet that all knowledge is uncertain; Pyrrohonism; universal doubt; the position that no fact or truth, however worthy of confidence, can be established on philosophical grounds; critical investigation or inquiry, as opposed to the positive assumption or assertion of certain principles. 3. (Theol.) A doubting of the truth of revelation, or a denial of the divine origin of the Christian religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of God. “Let no … secret skepticism lead any one to doubt whether this blessed prospect will be realized.” S. Miller.

Skep´ti•cize , v. i. To doubt; to pretend to doubt of everything. [R.] “To skepticize, where no one else will … hesitate.” Shaftesbury.

Sker´ry , n.; pl. Skerries (#). [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. sker, Sw. skär, Dan. skir. Cf. Scar a bank.] A rocky isle; an insulated rock. [Scot.]

Sketch , n. [D. schets, fr. It. schizzo a sketch, a splash (whence also F. esquisse; cf. Esquisse.); cf. It. schizzare to splash, to sketch.] An outline or general delineation of anything; a first rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design; especially, in the fine arts, such a representation of an object or scene as serves the artist’s purpose by recording its chief features; also a preliminary study for an original work. Syn. — Outline; delineation; draught; plan; design. — Sketch, Outline, Delineation. An outline gives only the bounding lines of some scene or picture. A sketch fills up the outline in part, giving broad touches, by which an imperfect idea may be conveyed. A delineation goes further, carrying out the more striking features of the picture, and going so much into detail as to furnish a clear conception of the whole. Figuratively, we may speak of the outlines of a plan, of a work, of a project, etc., which serve as a basis on which the subordinate parts are formed, or of sketches of countries, characters, manners, etc., which give us a general idea of the things described. Crabb.

Sketch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sketched p. pr. & vb. n. Sketching.] [Cf D. schetsen, It. schizzare. See Sketch, n.] 1. To draw the outline or chief features of; to make a rought of. 2. To plan or describe by giving the principal points or ideas of. Syn. — To delineate; design; draught; depict.

Sketch, v. i. To make sketches, as of landscapes.

Sketch´book, n. A book of sketches or for sketches.

Sketch´er , n. One who sketches.

Sketch´i•ly , adv. In a sketchy or incomplete manner. ´Sketchily descriptive.´ Bartlett.

Sketch´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being sketchy; lack of finish; incompleteness.

Sketch´y , a. Containing only an outline or rough form; being in the manner of a sketch; incomplete. “The execution is sketchy throughout; the head, in particular, is left in the rough.” J. S. Harford.

Skew , adv. [Cf. D. scheef. Dan. skiv, Sw. skef, Icel. skeifr, G. schief, also E. shy, a. & v. i.] Awry; obliquely; askew.

Skew, a. Turned or twisted to one side; situated obliquely; skewed; — chiefly used in technical phrases. Skew arch, an oblique arch. See under Oblique. — Skew back. (Civil Engin.) (a) The course of masonry, the stone, or the iron plate, having an inclined face, which forms the abutment for the voussoirs of a segmental arch. (b) A plate, cap, or shoe, having an inclined face to receive the nut of a diagonal brace, rod, or the end of an inclined strut, in a truss or frame. — Skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. — Skew curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve. See Plane curve, under Curve. — Skew gearing, or Skew bevel gearing (Mach.), toothed gearing, generally resembling bevel gearing, for connecting two shafts that are neither parallel nor intersecting, and in which the teeth slant across the faces of the gears. — Skew surface (Geom.), a ruled surface such that in general two successive generating straight lines do not intersect; a warped surface; as the helicoid is a skew surface. — Skew symmetrical determinant (Alg.), a determinant in which the elements in each column of the matrix are equal to the elements of the corresponding row of the matrix with the signs changed, as in (1), below. (1) 0 2 -3-2 0 53 -5 0 (2) 4 -1 71 8 - 2-7 2 1 This requires that the numbers in the diagonal from the upper left to lower right corner be zeros. A like determinant in which the numbers in the diagonal are not zeros is a skew determinant, as in (2), above.

Skew , n. (Arch.) A stone at the foot of the slope of a gable, the offset of a buttress, or the like, cut with a sloping surface and with a check to receive the coping stones and retain them in place.

Skew, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skewed p. pr. & vb. n. Skewing.] 1. To walk obliquely; to go sidling; to lie or move obliquely. “Child, you must walk straight, without skewing.” L’Estrange. 2. To start aside; to shy, as a horse. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To look obliquely; to squint; hence, to look slightingly or suspiciously. Beau. & Fl.

Skew, v. t. [See Skew, adv.] 1. To shape or form in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position. 2. To throw or hurl obliquely.

Skew´bald , a. Marked with spots and patches of white and some color other than black; — usually distinguished from piebald, in which the colors are properly white and black. Said of horses.

Skew´er , n. [Probably of Scand, origin; cf. Sw. & Dan. skifer a slate. Cf. Shuver a fragment.] A pin of wood or metal for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting. “Meat well stuck with skewers to make it look round.” Swift.

Skew´er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skewered p. pr. & vb. n. Skewering.] To fasten with skewers.

Skid (skid), n. [Icel. skið a billet of wood. See Shide.] [Written also skeed.] 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron, attached to a chain, and placed under the wheel of a wagon to prevent its turning when descending a steep hill; a drag; a skidpan; also by extension, a hook attached to a chain, and used for the same purpose. 2. A piece of timber used as a support, or to receive pressure. Specifically: (a) pl. (Naut.) Large fenders hung over a vessel’s side to protect it in handling a cargo. Totten. (b) One of a pair of timbers or bars, usually arranged so as to form an inclined plane, as form a wagon to a door, along which anything is moved by sliding or rolling. (c) One of a pair of horizontal rails or timbers for supporting anything, as a boat, a barrel, etc.

Skid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skidded p. pr. & vb. n. Skidding.] 1. To protect or support with a skid or skids; also to cause to move on skids. 2. To check with a skid, as wagon wheels. Dickens.

Skid´daw , n. (Zoöl.) The black guillemot. [Prov. Eng.]

Skid´pan , n. See Skid, n., 1. [Eng.]

Skied , imp. & p. p. of Sky, v. t.

Ski´ey , a. See Skyey. Shelley.

Skiff , n. [F. esquif, fr. OHG. skif, G. schiff. See Ship.] A small, light boat. “The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff.” Milton. Skiff caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of a moth (Limacodes scapha); — so called from its peculiar shape.

Skiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skiffed p. pr. & vb. n. Skiffing.] To navigate in a skiff. [R.]

Skif´fling , n. (Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections; knobbing.

Skil´der , v. i. To beg; to pilfer; to skelder. [Prov. Eng.& Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Skil´ful , a. See Skilful.

Skill , n. [Icel. skil a distinction, discernment; akin to skilja to separate, divide, distinguish, Sw. skilja,. skille to separate, skiel reason, right, justice, Sw. skäl reason, Lith. skelli to cleave. Cf. Shell, Shoal, a multitude.] 1. Discrimination; judgment; propriety; reason; cause. [Obs.] Shak. ´As it was skill and right.´ Chaucer. “For great skill is, he prove that he wrought.” [For with good reason he should test what he created.] Chaucer. 2. Knowledge; understanding. [Obsoles.] “That by his fellowship he color might
Both his estate and love from skill of any wight.” Spenser. “Nor want we skill or art.” Milton. 3. The familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance, or in the application of the art or science to practical purposes; power to discern and execute; ability to perceive and perform; expertness; aptitude; as the skill of a mathematician, physician, surgeon, mechanic, etc. “Phocion, … by his great wisdom and skill at negotiations, diverted Alexander from the conquest of Athens.” Swift. “Where patience her sweet skill imparts.” Keble. 4. Display of art; exercise of ability; contrivance; address. [Obs.] “Richard … by a thousand princely skills, gathering so much corn as if he meant not to return.” Fuller. 5. Any particular art. [Obs.] “Learned in one skill, and in another kind of learning unskillful.” Hooker. Syn. — Dexterity; adroitness; expertness; art; aptitude; ability. — Skill, Dexterity, Adroitness. Skill is more intelligent, denoting familiar knowledge united to readiness of performance. Dexterity, when applied to the body, is more mechanical, and refers to habitual ease of execution. Adroitness involves the same image with dexterity, and differs from it as implaying a general facility of movement (especially in avoidance of danger or in escaping from a difficalty). The same distinctions apply to the figurative sense of the words. A man is skillful in any employment when he understands both its theory and its practice. He is dexterous when he maneuvers with great lightness. He is adroit in the use od quick, sudden, and well-directed movements of the body or the mind, so as to effect the object he has in view.

Skill , v. t. To know; to understand. [Obs.] “To skill the arts of expressing our mind.” Barrow.

Skill, v. i. 1. To be knowing; to have understanding; to be dexterous in performance. [Obs.] “I can not skill of these thy ways.” Herbert. 2. To make a difference; to signify; to matter; — used impersonally. Spenser. “What skills it, if a bag of stones or gold
About thy neck do drown thee?” Herbert. “It skills not talking of it.” Sir W. Scott.

Skilled , a. Having familiar knowledge united with readiness and dexterity in its application; familiarly acquainted with; expert; skillful; — often followed by in; as a person skilled in drawing or geometry.

Skil´let , n. [OF. escuelette, dim. of escuelle a porringer, F. ecuelle, fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] A small vessel of iron, copper, or other metal, with a handle, used for culinary purpose, as for stewing meat.

Skill´ful , a. [Written also skilful.] 1. Discerning; reasonable; judicious; cunning. [Obs.] ´Of skillful judgment.´ Chaucer. 2. Possessed of, or displaying, skill; knowing and ready; expert; well-versed; able in management; as a skillful mechanic; — often followed by at, in, or of; as skillful at the organ; skillful in drawing. “And they shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as are skillful of lamentations to wailing.” Amos v. 16. Syn. — Expert; skilled; dexterous; adept; masterly; adroit; clever; cunning. — Skill´ful•ly, adv. — Skill´ful•ness, n.

Skil•li•ga•lee´ , n. A kind of thin, weak broth or oatmeal porridge, served out to prisoners and paupers in England; also a drink made of oatmeal, sugar, and water, sometimes used in the English navy or army. [Written also skilligolee, skillygalee, etc.]

Skil´ling , n. [Cf. Sheeling.] A bay of a barn; also a slight addition to a cottage. [Prov. Eng.]

Skil´ling, n. [Sw. & Dan. See Shilling.] A money od account in Sweden, Norwey, Denmark, and North Germany, and also a coin. It had various values, from three fourths of a cent in Norway to more than two cents in Lübeck.

Skill´-less, a. Wanting skill. Shak.

Skilts , n. pl. A kind of large, coarse, short trousers formerly worn. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Skil´ty , n. The water rail. [Prov. Eng.]

Skim (skim), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimmed (skimd); p. pr. & vb. n. Skimming.] [Cf. Sw. skymma to darken. rad.158. See Scum.] 1. To clear (a liquid) from scum or substance floating or lying thereon, by means of a utensil that passes just beneath the surface; as to skim milk; to skim broth. 2. To take off by skimming; as to skim cream. 3. To pass near the surface of; to brush the surface of; to glide swiftly along the surface of. “Homer describes Mercury as flinging himself from the top of Olympus, and skimming the surface of the ocean.” Hazlitt. 4. Fig.: To read or examine superficially and rapidly, in order to cull the principal facts or thoughts; as to skim a book or a newspaper.

Skim, v. i. 1. To pass lightly; to glide along in an even, smooth course; to glide along near the surface. “Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
Flies o’er the unbending corn, and skims along the main.” Pope. 2. To hasten along with superficial attention. “They skim over a science in a very superficial survey.” I. Watts. 3. To put on the finishing coat of plaster.

Skim, a. Contraction of Skimming and Skimmed. Skim coat, the final or finishing coat of plaster. — Skim colter, a colter for paring off the surface of land. — Skim milk, skimmed milk; milk from which the cream has been taken.

Skim, n. Scum; refuse. Bryskett.

Skim´back (skim´bak•), n. (Zoöl.) The quillback. [Local, U.S.]

Skim´ble-scam•ble , a. [A reduplication of scamble.] Rambling; disorderly; unconnected. [Colloq.] “Such a deal of skimble-scamble stuff.” Shak.

Skim´i•try , n. See Skimmington.

Skim´mer , n. 1. One who, or that which, skims; esp., a utensil with which liquids are skimmed. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of longwinged marine birds of the genus Rhynchops, allied to the terns, but having the lower mandible compressed and much longer than the upper one. These birds fly rapidly along the surface of the water, with the lower mandible immersed, thus skimming out small fishes. The American species (R. nigra) is common on the southern coasts of the United States. Called also scissorbill, and shearbill. 3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several large bivalve shells, sometimes used for skimming milk, as the sea clams, and large scallops.

Skim´mer•ton , n. See Skimmington.

Skim´ming , n. 1. The act of one who skims. 2. That which is skimmed from the surface of a liquid; — chiefly used in the plural; as the skimmings of broth.

Skim´ming•ly, adv. In a skimming manner.

Skim´ming•ton , n. [Etymol. uncertain. Perhaps the name of some notorius scold.] A word employed in the phrase, To ride Skimmington; that is to ride on a horse with a woman, but behind her, facing backward, carrying a distaff, and accompanied by a procession of jeering neighbors making mock music; a cavalcade in ridicule of a henpecked man. The custom was in vogue in parts of England.

Skimp , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimped p. pr. & vb. n. Skimping.] [Cf. Skinch, Scamp, v. t.] 1. To slight; to do carelessly; to scamp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] 2. To make insufficient allowance for; to scant; to scrimp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Skimp, v. i. To save; to be parsimonious or niggardly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Skimp, a. Scanty. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Skin , n. [Icel. skinn; akin to Sw. skinn, Dan. skind, AS. scinn, G. schined to skin.] 1. (Anat.) The external membranous integument of an animal. In man, and the vertebrates generally, the skin consist of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis, cuticle, or skarfskin, composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial, layers; and an inner sensitive, and vascular dermis, cutis, corium, or true skin, composed mostly of connective tissue. 2. The hide of an animal, separated from the body, whether green, dry, or tanned; especially, that of a small animal, as a calf, sheep, or goat. 3. A vessel made of skin, used for holding liquids. See Bottle, 1. ´Skins of wine.´ Tennyson. 4. The bark or husk of a plant or fruit; the exterior coat of fruits and plants. 5. (Naut.) (a) That part of a sail, when furled, which remains on the outside and covers the whole. Totten. (b) The covering, as of planking or iron plates, outside the framing, forming the sides and bottom of a vessel; the shell; also a lining inside the framing. Skin friction, Skin resistance (Naut.), the friction, or resistance, caused by the tendency of water to adhere to the immersed surface (skin) of a vessel. — Skin graft (Surg.), a small portion of skin used in the process of grafting. See Graft, v. t., 2. — Skin moth (Zoöl.), any insect which destroys the prepared skins of animals, especially the larva of Dermestes and Anthrenus. — Skin of the teeth, nothing, or next to nothing; the least possible hold or advantage. Job xix. 20. — Skin wool, wool taken from dead sheep.

Skin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinned p. pr. & vb. n. Skinning.] 1. To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay; to peel; as to skin an animal. 2. To cover with skin, or as with skin; hence, to cover superficially. “It will but skin and film the ulcerous place.” Shak. 3. To strip of money or property; to cheat. [Slang]

Skin, v. i. 1. To become covered with skin; as a wound skins over. 2. To produce, in recitation, examination, etc., the work of another for one’s own, or to use in such exercise cribs, memeoranda, etc., which are prohibited. [College Cant, U.S.]

Skin´bound , a. Having the skin adhering closely and rigidly to the flesh; hidebound. Skinbound disease. (Med.) See Sclerema neonatorum, under Sclerema.

Skinch , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Skinched p. pr. & vb. n. Skinching.] [Cf. Scant.] To give scant measure; to squeeze or pinch in order to effect a saving. [Prev. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Skin´-deep , a. Not deeper than the skin; hence, superficial. Lowell.

Skin´flint , n. [Skin + flint.] A penurious person; a miser; a niggard. Sir W. Scott.

Skin´ful , n.; pl. Skinfuls . As much as a skin can hold.

Skink , n. [L. scincus, Gr. .] [Written also scink.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of regularly scaled harmless lizards of the family Scincidae, common in the warmer parts of all the continents. The officinal skink (Scincus officinalis) inhabits the sandy plains of South Africa. It was believed by the ancients to be a specific for various diseases. A common slender species (Seps tridactylus) of Southern Europe was formerly believed to produce fatal diseases in cattle by mere contact. The American skinks include numerous species of the genus Eumeces, as the blue-tailed skink (E. fasciatus) of the Eastern United States. The ground skink, or ground lizard (Oligosoma laterale) inhabits the Southern United States.

Skink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinked p. pr. & vb. n. Skinking.] [Icel. skenja; akin to Sw. skäka, Dan. skienke, AS. scencan, D. & G. schenken. As. scencan is usually derived from sceonc, sceanc, shank, a hollow bone being supposed to have been used to draw off liquor from a cask. rad.161. See Shank, and cf. Nunchion.] To draw or serve, as drink. [Obs.] “Bacchus the wine them skinketh all about.” Chaucer. “Such wine as Ganymede doth skink to Jove.” Shirley.

Skink, v. i. To serve or draw liquor. [Obs.]

Skink, n. Drink; also pottage. [Obs.] Bacon.

Skink´er , n. One who serves liquor; a tapster.

Skin´less , a. Having no skin, or a very thin skin; as skinless fruit.

Skin´ner , n. 1. One who skins. 2. One who deals in skins, pelts, or hides.

Skin´ni•ness , n. Quality of being skinny.

Skin´ny , a. Consisting, or chiefly consisting, of skin; wanting flesh. ´Her skinny lips.´ Shak. “He holds him with a skinny hand.” Coleridge.

Skip , n. [See Skep.] 1. A basket. See Skep. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. A basket on wheels, used in cotton factories. 3. (Mining) An iron bucket, which slides between guides, for hoisting mineral and rock. 4. (Sugar Manuf.) A charge of sirup in the pans. 5. A beehive; a skep.

Skip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skipped p. pr. & vb. n. Skipping.] [OE. skippen, of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skopa run, skoppa to spin like a top, OSw. & dial. Sw. skimmpa to run, skimpa, skompa, to hop, skip; or Ir. sgiob to snatch, Gael. sgiab to start or move suddenly, to snatch, W. ysgipio to snatch.] 1. To leap lightly; to move in leaps and hounds; — commonly implying a sportive spirit. “The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day,
Had he thy reason, would he skip and play?” Pope. “So she drew her mother away skipping, dancing, and frisking fantastically.” Hawthorne. 2. Fig.: To leave matters unnoticed, as in reading, speaking, or writing; to pass by, or overlook, portions of a thing; — often followed by over.

Skip, v. t. 1. To leap lightly over; as to skip the rope. 2. To pass over or by without notice; to omit; to miss; as to skip a line in reading; to skip a lesson. “They who have a mind to see the issue may skip these two chapters.” Bp. Burnet. 3. To cause to skip; as to skip a stone. [Colloq.]

Skip, n. 1. A light leap or bound. 2. The act of passing over an interval from one thing to another; an omission of a part. 3. (Mus.) A passage from one sound to another by more than a degree at once. Busby. Skip kennel, a lackey; a footboy. [Slang.] Swift. — Skip mackerel. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish, 1.

Skip´jack , n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] Ford. 2. (Zoöl.) An elater; a snap bug, or snapping beetle. 3. (Zoöl.) A name given to several kinds of a fish, as the common bluefish, the alewife, the bonito, the butterfish, the cutlass fish, the jurel, the leather jacket, the runner, the saurel, the saury, the threadfish, etc. 4. (Naut.) A shallow sailboat with a rectilinear or V-shaped cross section.

Skip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, skips. 2. A young, thoughtless person. Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) The saury (Scomberesox saurus). 4. The cheese maggot. See Cheese fly, under Cheese. 5. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small butterflies of the family Hesperiadae; — so called from their peculiar short, jerking flight.

Skip´per, n. [D. schipper. See Shipper, and Ship.] 1. (Naut.) The master of a fishing or small trading vessel; hence, the master, or captain, of any vessel. 2. A ship boy. [Obs.] Congreve.

Skip´pet , n. [Cf. Icel. skip, E. skipper. See Ship.] 1. A small boat; a skiff. [Obs.] “A little skippet floating did appear.” Spenser. 2. A small round box for keeping records. [Obs.]

Skip´ping•ly , adv. In a skipping manner; by skips, or light leaps.

Skirl , v. t.& i. [Of Scand. origin, and originally the same word as E. shrill.] To utter in a shrill tone; to scream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skirl, n. A shrill cry or sound. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skirl´cock , n. (Zoöl.) The missel thrush; — so called from its harsh alarm note. [Prev. Eng.]

Skirl´crake , n. The turnstone. [Prev. Eng.]

Skirl´ing, n. A shrill cry or sound; a crying shrilly; a skirl. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. “When the skirling of the pipes cleft the air his cold eyes softened.” Mrs. J. H. Ewing.

Skirl´ing, n. (Zoöl.) A small trout or salmon; — a name used loosely. [Prov. Eng.]

Skir´mish , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skirmished p. pr. & vb. n. Skirmishing.] [OE. skirmishen, scarmishen, OF. escremir, eskermir, to fence, fight, F. escrimer, of German origin; cf. OHG. scirmen to protect, defend, G. schirmen, OHG. scirm, scerm, protection, shield, G. schirm; perhaps akin to Gr. a sunshade. Cf. Scaramouch, Scrimmage.] To fight slightly or in small parties; to engage in a skirmish or skirmishes; to act as skirmishers.

Skir´mish, n.[OE. scarmishe, scrymishe. See Skirmish, v. i.] 1. A slight fight in war; a light or desultory combat between detachments from armies, or between detached and small bodies of troops. 2. A slight contest. “They never meet but there’s a skirmish of wit.” Shak.

Skir´mish•er , n. One who skirmishes. Specifically: pl. (Mil.) Soldiers deployed in loose order, to cover the front or flanks of an advancing army or a marching column.

Skirr , v. t. [Cf. Scur, Scurry.] To ramble over in order to clear; to scour. [Archaic] Shak.

Skirr, v. i. To scour; to scud; to run. [Archaic]

Skirr, n. (Zoöl.) A tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Skir´ret , n. [A corrupted form equivalent to sugarwort.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Sium, or Pimpinella, Sisarum). It is a native of Asia, but has been long cultivated in Europe for its edible clustered tuberous roots, which are very sweet.

Skir´rhus , n. (Med.) See Scirrhus.

Skirt , n. [OE. skyrt, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skyrta a shirt, Sw. skört a skirt, skjorta a shirt. See Shirt.] 1. The lower and loose part of a coat, dress, or other like garment; the part below the waist; as the skirt of a coat, a dress, or a mantle. 2. A loose edging to any part of a dress. [Obs.] “A narrow lace, or a small skirt of ruffled linen, which runs along the upper part of the stays before, and crosses the breast, being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty piece.” Addison. 3. Border; edge; margin; extreme part of anything ´Here in the skirts of the forest.´ Shak. 4. A petticoat. 5. The diaphragm, or midriff, in animals. Dunglison.

Skirt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Skirting.] 1. To cover with a skirt; to surround. “Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold.” Milton. 2. To border; to form the border or edge of; to run along the edge of; as the plain was skirted by rows of trees. ´When sundown skirts the moor.´ Tennyson.

Skirt, v. t. To be on the border; to live near the border, or extremity. “Savages … who skirt along our western frontiers.” S. S. Smith.

Skirt´ing, n. 1. (Arch.) A skirting board. [R.] 2. Skirts, taken collectivelly; material for skirts. Skirting board, the board running around a room on the wall next the floor; baseboard.

Skit , v. t. [Prov. E. skitto slide, as adj., hasty, precipitate, of Scand. origin, and akin to E. shoot, v.t.; cf. Icel. skyti, skytja, skytta, a marksman, shooter, skjota to shoot, skuta a taunt. rad.159. See Shoot.] To cast reflections on; to asperse. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Crose.

Skit, n. 1. A reflection; a jeer or gibe; a sally; a brief satire; a squib. Tooke. “A similar vein satire upon the emptiness of writers is given in his ´Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Human Mind;´ but that is a mere skit compared with this strange performance.” Leslie Stephen. 2. A wanton girl; a light wench. [Obs.]

Skit´tish , a. [See Skit, v. t.] 1. Easily frightened; timorous; shy; untrustworthy; as a skittish colt. ´A restiff, skittish jade.´ L’Estrange. 2. Wanton; restive; freakish; volatile; changeable; fickle. ´Skittish Fortune’s hall.´ Shak. — Skit´tish•ly, adv. — Skit´tish•ness, n.

Skit´tle , a. Pertaining to the game of skittles. Skittle alley, an alley or court in which the game of skittles is played. — Skittle ball, a disk or flattish ball of wood for throwing at the pins in the game of skittles.

Skit´tle-dog , n. (Zoöl.) The piked dogfish.

Skit´tles , n. pl. [Of Scand. origin. rad.159. See Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shuttle, Skit, v. t.] An English game resembling ninepins, but played by throwing wooden disks, instead of rolling balls, at the pins.

Skit´ty , n. [Cf. Skittish.] (Zoöl.) A rail; as the water rail (called also skitty cock, and skitty coot); the spotted crake (Porzana maruetta), and the moor hen. [Prov. Eng.]

Skive , n. [Cf. Icel. skifa a shaving, slice, E. shive, sheave.] The iron lap used by diamond polishers in finishing the facets of the gem.

Skive , v. t. To pare or shave off the rough or thick parts of (hides or leather).

Skiv´er , n. [Cf. Skewer, Shiver a fragment.] 1. An inferior quality of leather, made of split sheepskin, tanned by immersion in sumac, and dyed. It is used for hat linings, pocketbooks, bookbinding, etc. 2. The cutting tool or machine used in splitting leather or skins, as sheepskins.

Ski´ving , n. 1. The act of paring or splitting leather or skins. 2. A piece made in paring or splitting leather; specifically, the part from the inner, or flesh, side.

Sklayre , n. [Cf. G. schleier.] A vell. [Obs.]

Sklere , v. t. To shelter; to cover. [Obs.] { Skol´e•cite , Skol´e•zite }, n. (Min.) See Scolecite.

Skonce , n. See Sconce.

Skop´ster (skop´ster), n. The saury. [Prov. Eng.]

Skor´o•dite , n. (Min.) See Scorodite.

Skout , n. (Zoöl.) A guillemot.

Sko´witz , n. [Nisqually (American Indian) name.] (Zoöl.) The silver salmon.

Skreen , n. & v. See Screen. [Obs.]

Skrike , v. i. & t. To shriek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Skrike, n. (Zoöl.) The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

Skrim´mage , n. See Scrimmage.

Skrimp , v. t. See Scrimp.

Skringe , v. i. See Scringe.

Skrite , n. (Zoöl.) The skrike. [Prov. Eng.]

Sku´a , n. [Icel. skfr, skmr.] (Zoöl.) Any jager gull; especially, the Megalestris skua; — called also boatswain.

Skue , a. & n. See Skew.

Skulk , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skulked p. pr. & vb. n. Skulking.] [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. skulke to spare or save one’s self, to play the truant, Sw. skolka to be at leisure, to shirk, Icel. skolla. Cf. Scowl.] To hide, or get out of the way, in a sneaking manner; to lie close, or to move in a furtive way; to lurk. ´Want skulks in holes and crevices.´ W. C. Bryant. “Discovered and defeated of your prey,
You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away.” Dryden.

Skulk, n. [Cf. Icel. skollr, skolli, a fox, and E. skulk, v.i.] A number of foxes together. Wright. { Skulk , Skulk´er } n. One who, or that which, skulks.

Skulk´ing•ly, adv. In a skulking manner.

Skull , n. [See School a multitude.] A school, company, or shoal. [Obs.] “A knavish skull of boys and girls did pelt at him.” Warner. “These fishes enter in great flotes and skulls.” Holland.

Skull, n. [OE. skulle, sculle, scolle; akin to Scot. skull, skoll, a bowl, Sw. skalle skull, skal a shell, and E. scale; cf. G. hirnschale, Dan. hierneskal. Cf. Scale of a balance.] 1. (Anat.) The skeleton of the head of a vertebrate animal, including the brain case, or cranium, and the bones and cartilages of the face and mouth. See Illusts. of Carnivora, of Facial angles under Facial, and of Skeleton, in Appendix. In many fishes the skull is almost wholly cartilaginous but in the higher vertebrates it is more or less completely ossified, several bones are developed in the face, and the cranium is made up, wholly or partially, of bony plates arranged in three segments, the frontal, parietal, and occipital, and usually closely united in the adult. 2. The head or brain; the seat of intelligence; mind. “Skulls that can not teach, and will not learn.” Cowper. 3. A covering for the head; a skullcap. [Obs. & R.] “Let me put on my skull first.” Beau. & Fl. 4. A sort of oar. See Scull. Skull and crossbones, a symbol of death. See Crossbones.

Skull´cap , n. 1. A cap which fits the head closely; also formerly, a headpiece of iron sewed inside of a cap for protection. 2. (Bot.) Any plant of the labiate genus Scutellaria, the calyx of whose flower appears, when inverted, like a helmet with the visor raised. 3. (Zoöl.) The Lophiomys. Mad-dog skullcap (Bot.), an American herb (Scetellaria lateriflora) formerly prescribed as a cure for hydrophobia.

Skull´fish , n. A whaler’s name for a whale more than two years old.

Skul´pin , n. (Zoöl.) See Sculpin.

Skun , n. & v. See Scum.

Skunk , n. [Contr. from the Abenaki (American Indian) seganku.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of American musteline carnivores of the genus Mephitis and allied genera. They have two glands near the anus, secreting an extremely fetid liquid, which the animal ejects at pleasure as a means of defense. The common species of the Eastern United States (Mephitis mephitica) is black with more or less white on the body and tail. The spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), native of the Southwestern United States and Mexico, is smaller than the common skunk, and is variously marked with black and white. Skunk bird, Skunk blackbird (Zoöl.), the bobolink; — so called because the male, in the breeding season, is black and white, like a skunk. — Skunk cabbage (Bot.), an American aroid herb (Symplocarpus fœtidus>) having a reddish hornlike spathe in earliest spring, followed by a cluster of large cabbagelike leaves. It exhales a disagreeable odor. Also called swamp cabbage. — Skunk porpoise. (Zoöl.) See under Porpoise.

Skunk, v. t. In games of chance and skill: To defeat (an opponent) (as in cards) so that he fails to gain a point, or (in checkers) to get a king. [Colloq. U. S.]

Skunk´ball , n. (Zoöl.) The surf duck.

Skunk´head , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The surf duck. (b) A duck (Camptolaimus Labradorus) which formerly inhabited the Atlantic coast of New England. It is now supposed to be extinct. Called also Labrador duck, and pied duck.

Skunk´ish, a. Like the skunk, especially in odor.

Skunk´top , n. (Zoöl.) The surf duck.

Skunk´weed , n. (Bot.) Skunk cabbage.

Skur´ry , n. & v. See Scurry.

Skute , n. [Icel. skta; akin to Sw. skuta, Dan. skude, D. schuit, Lg. schüte, and E. schoot, v.t.] A boat; a small vessel. [Obs.] Sir R. Williams.

Skut´ter•ud•ite , n. [From Skutterud, in Norway, whence it is obtained.] (Min.) A mineral of a bright metallic luster and tin-white to pale lead- gray color. It consists of arsenic and cobalt.

Sky (ski), n.; pl. Skies (skiz). [OE. skie a cloud, Icel. sky; akin to Sw. & Dan. sky; cf. AS. scua, scuwa, shadow, Icel. skuggi; probably from the same root as E. scum. rad.158. See Scum, and cf. Hide skin, Obscure.] 1. A cloud. [Obs.] “[A wind] that blew so hideously and high,
That it ne lefte not a sky
In all the welkin long and broad.” Chaucer. 2. Hence, a shadow. [Obs.] “She passeth as it were a sky.” Gower. 3. The apparent arch, or vault, of heaven, which in a clear day is of a blue color; the heavens; the firmament; - - sometimes in the plural. “The Norweyan banners flout the sky.” Shak. 4. The wheather; the climate. “Thou wert better in thy grave than to answer with thy uncovered body this extremity of the skies.” Shak. Sky is often used adjectively or in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as sky color, skylight, sky-aspiring, sky-born, sky-pointing, sky- roofed, etc. Sky blue, an azure color. — Sky scraper (Naut.), a skysail of a triangular form. Totten. — Under open sky, out of doors. ´Under open sky adored.´ Milton.

Sky, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skied or Skyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skying ] 1. To hang (a picture on exhibition) near the top of a wall, where it can not be well seen. [Colloq.] “Brother Academicians who skied his pictures.” The Century. 2. To throw towards the sky; as to sky a ball at cricket. [Colloq.]

Sky´-blue , a. Having the blue color of the sky; azure; as a sky-blue stone. Wordsworth.

Skyed , a. Surrounded by sky. [Poetic & R.] ´The skyed mountain.´ Thomson.

Skye´ ter´ri•er (Zoöl.) See Terrier.

Sky´ey , a. Like the sky; ethereal; being in the sky. ´Skyey regions.´ Thackeray. “Sublime on the towers of my skyey bowers,
Lightning, my pilot, sits.” Shelley.

Sky´-high , adv. & a. Very high. [Colloq.]

Sky´ish, a. Like the sky, or approaching the sky; lofty; ethereal. [R.] Shak.

Sky´lark , n. (Zoöl.) A lark that mounts and sings as it files, especially the common species (Alauda arvensis) found in Europe and in some parts of Asia, and celebrated for its melodious song; — called also sky laverock. See under Lark. The Australian skylark (Cincloramphus cantillans) is a pipit which has the habit of ascending perpendicularly like a skylark, but it lacks the song of a true lark. The Missouri skylark is a pipit (Anthus Spraguei) of the Western United States, resembling the skylark in habit and song.

Sky´lark´ing, n. The act of running about the rigging of a vessel in sport; hence, frolicking; scuffing; sporting; carousing. [Colloq.]

Sky´light , n. A window placed in the roof of a building, in the ceiling of a room, or in the deck of a ship, for the admission of light from above.

Sky´rock•et , n. A rocket that ascends high and burns as it flies; a species of fireworks.

Sky´sail , n. (Naut.) The sail set next above the royal. See Illust. under Sail.

Sky´ward , a. & adv. Toward the sky.

Slab , n. [OE. slabbe, of uncertain origin; perhaps originally meaning, a smooth piece, and akin to slape, Icel. sleipr slippery, and E. slip, v. i.] 1. A thin piece of anything, especially of marble or other stone, having plane surfaces. Gwilt. 2. An outside piece taken from a log or timber in sawing it into boards, planks, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) The wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] 4. (Naut.) The slack part of a sail. Slab line (Naut.), a line or small rope by which seamen haul up the foot of the mainsail or foresail. Totten.

Slab, a. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. slaib mud, mire left on a river strand, and E. slop puddle.] Thick; viscous. [Obs.] “Make the gruel thick and slab.” Shak.

Slab, n. That which is slimy or viscous; moist earth; mud; also a puddle. [Obs.] Evelyn. Slab´ber v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slabbered p. pr. & vb. n. Slabbering.] [OE. slaberen akin to LG. & D. slabbern G. schlabbern LG. & D. slabben G. schlabben Icel. slafra. Cf. Slaver Slobber Slubber.] To let saliva or some liquid fall from the mouth carelessly like a child or an idiot to drivel to drool. [Written also slaver and slobber.]

Slab´ber, v. t. 1. To wet and foul spittle, or as if with spittle. “He slabbered me over, from cheek to cheek, with his great tongue.” Arbuthnot. 2. To spill liquid upon; to smear carelessly; to spill, as liquid foed or drink, in careless eating or drinking. “The milk pan and cream pot so slabbered and tost
That butter is wanting and cheese is half lost.” Tusser.

Slab´ber, n. Spittle; saliva; slaver.

Slab´ber , n. [See 1st Slab.] (Mach.) (a) A saw for cutting slabs from logs. (b) A slabbing machine.

Slab´ber•er , n. One who slabbers, or drools; hence, an idiot.

Slab´ber•y , a. Like, or covered with, slabber or slab; slippery; sloppy.

Slab´bi•ness , n. Quality of being slabby.

Slab´bing , a. [See 1st Slab.] Adapted for forming slabs, or for dressing flat surfaces. Slabbing machine, a milling machine.

Slab´by , a. [Compar. Slabbier superl. Slabbiest.] [See Slab, a.] 1. Thick; viscous. “They present you with a cup, and you must drink of a slabby stuff.” Selden. 2. Sloppy; slimy; miry. See Sloppy. Gay.

Slab´-sid•ed , a. Having flat sides; hence, tall, or long and lank. [Colloq. U. S.]

Slack , n. [Cf. Slag.] Small coal; also coal dust; culm. Raymond.

Slack, n. [Icel. slakki a slope on a mountain edge.] A valley, or small, shallow dell. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Slack, a. [Compar. Slacker superl. Slackest.] [OE. slak, AS. sleac; akin to OS. slak, OHG. slah, Prov. G. schlack, Icel. slakr, Sw. slak; cf. Skr. srj to let loose, to throw. Cf. Slake.] Lax; not tense; not hard drawn; not firmly extended; as a slack rope. 2. Weak; not holding fast; as a slack hand. Milton. 3. Remiss; backward; not using due diligence or care; not earnest or eager; as slack in duty or service. “The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness.” 2 Pet. iii. 9. 4. Not violent, rapid, or pressing; slow; moderate; easy; as business is slack. ´With slack pace.´ Chaucer. “Csar … about sunset, hoisting sail with a slack southwest, at midnight was becalmed.” Milton. Slack in stays (Naut.), slow in going about, as a ship. — Slack water, the time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at rest; or the interval between the flux and reflux of the tide. — Slack-water navigation, navigation in a stream the depth of which has been increased, and the current diminished, by a dam or dams. Syn. — Loose; relaxed; weak; remiss; backward; abated; diminished; inactive; slow; tardy; dull.

Slack , adv. Slackly; as slack dried hops.

Slack, n. The part of anything that hangs loose, having no strain upon it; as the slack of a rope or of a sail. { Slack , Slack´en } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slacked , Slackened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Slacking, Slackening.] [See Slack, a.] 1. To become slack; to be made less tense, firm, or rigid; to decrease in tension; as a wet cord slackens in dry weather. 2. To be remiss or backward; to be negligent. 3. To lose cohesion or solidity by a chemical combination with water; to slake; as lime slacks. 4. To abate; to become less violent. “Whence these raging fires
Will slacken, if his breath stir not their flames.” Milton. 5. To lose rapidity; to become more slow; as a current of water slackens. 6. To languish; to fail; to flag. 7. To end; to cease; to desist; to slake. [Obs.] “That through your death your lineage should slack.” Chaucer. “They will not of that firste purpose slack.” Chaucer. { Slack , Slack´en } v. t. 1. To render slack; to make less tense or firm; as to slack a rope; to slacken a bandage. Wycklif (Acts xxvii. 40) 2. To neglect; to be remiss in. [Obs.] Shak. “Slack not the pressage.” Dryden. 3. To deprive of cohesion by combining chemically with water; to slake; as to slack lime. 4. To cause to become less eager; to repress; to make slow or less rapid; to retard; as to slacken pursuit; to slacken industry. ´Rancor for to slack.´ Chaucer. “I should be grieved, young prince, to think my presence
Unbent your thoughts, and slackened ’em to arms.” Addison. “In this business of growing rich, poor men should slack their pace.” South. “With such delay
Well plased, they slack their course.” Milton. 5. To cause to become less intense; to mitigate; to abate; to ease. “To respite, or deceive, or slack thy pain
Of this ill mansion.” Milton. Air-slacked lime, lime slacked by exposure to the air, in consequence of the absorption of carton dioxide and water, by which it is converted into carbonate of lime and hydrate of lime.

Slack´en , n. (Metal.) A spongy, semivitrifled substance which miners or smelters mix with the ores of metals to prevent their fusion. [Written also slakin.]

Slack´ly, adv. In a slack manner. Trench.

Slack´ness, n. The quality or state of being slack.

Slade , n. [AS. sld.] 1. A little dell or valley; a flat piece of low, moist ground. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. The sole of a plow.

Slag , n. [Sw. slagg, or LG. slacke, whence G. schlacke; originally, perhaps, the splinters struck off from the metal by hammering. See Slay, v. t.] 1. The dross, or recrement, of a metal; also vitrified cinders. 2. The scoria of a volcano. Slag furnace, or Slag hearth (Metal.), a furnace, or hearth, for extracting lead from slags or poor ore. — Slag wool, mineral wool. See under Mineral.

Slag´gy , a. Of or pertaining to slag; resembling slag; as slaggy cobalt.

Slaie , n. [See Sley.] A weaver’s reed; a sley.

Slake , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slaked p. pr. & vb. n. Slaking.] [OE. slaken to render slack, to slake, AS. sleacian, fr. sleac slack. See Slack, v. & a.] 1. To allay; to quench; to extinguish; as to slake thirst. ´And slake the heavenly fire.´ Spenser. “It could not slake mine ire nor ease my heart.” Shak. 2. To mix with water, so that a true chemical combination shall take place; to slack; as to slake lime.

Slake, v. i. 1. To go out; to become extinct. ´His flame did slake.´ Sir T. Browne. 2. To abate; to become less decided. [R.] Shak. 3. To slacken; to become relaxed. ´When the body’s strongest sinews slake.´ [R.] Sir J. Davies. 4. To become mixed with water, so that a true chemical combination takes place; as the lime slakes. Slake trough, a trough containing water in which a blacksmith cools a forging or tool.

Slake´less, a. Not capable of being slaked.

Slak´in , n. (Metal.) Slacken.

Slam , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slammed p. pr. & vb. n. Slamming.] [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. slamra, slambra, slma, Norw. slemba, slemma, dial. Sw. slämma.] 1. To shut with force and a loud noise; to bang; as he slammed the door. 2. To put in or on some place with force and loud noise; — usually with down; as to slam a trunk down on the pavement. 3. To strike with some implement with force; hence, to beat or cuff. [Prov. Eng.] 4. To strike down; to slaughter. [Prov. Eng.] 5. To defeat (opponents at cards) by winning all the tricks of a deal or a hand. Hoyle. To slam to, to shut or close with a slam. ´He slammed to the door.´ W. D. Howells.

Slam, v. i. To come or swing against something, or to shut, with sudden force so as to produce a shock and noise; as a door or shutter slams.

Slam, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, slams. 2. The shock and noise produced in slamming. “The slam and the scowl were lost upon Sam.” Dickens. 3. (Card Playing) Winning all the tricks of a deal. 4. The refuse of alum works. [Prov. Eng.]

Slam´-bang , adv. With great violence; with a slamming or banging noise. [Colloq.] { Slam´kin , Slam´mer•kin } n. [Cf. G. schlampe, schlamp, dim. schlämpchen; schlampen to dangle, to be slovenly in one’s dress.] A slut; a slatternly woman. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Slan´der , n. [OE. sclandere, OF. esclandre, esclandle, escandre, F. esclandre, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. a snare, stumbling block, offense, scandal; probably originally, the spring of a trap, and akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap. See Scan, and cf. Scandal.] 1. A false tale or report maliciously uttered, tending to injure the reputation of another; the malicious utterance of defamatory reports; the dissemination of malicious tales or suggestions to the injury of another. “Whether we speak evil of a man to his face or behind his back; the former way, indeed, seems to be the most generous, but yet is a great fault, and that which we call ´reviling;´ the latter is more mean and base, and that which we properly call ´slander´, or ´Backbiting.´” Tillotson. “[We] make the careful magistrate
The mark of slander.” B. Jonson. 2. Disgrace; reproach; dishonor; opprobrium. “Thou slander of thy mother’s heavy womb.” Shak. 3. (Law) Formerly, defamation generally, whether oral or written; in modern usage, defamation by words spoken; utterance of false, malicious, and defamatory words, tending to the damage and derogation of another; calumny. See the Note under Defamation. Burril.

Slan´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slandered p. pr. & vb. n. Slandering.] 1. To defame; to injure by maliciously uttering a false report; to tarnish or impair the reputation of by false tales maliciously told or propagated; to calumniate. “O, do not slander him, for he is kind.” Shak. 2. To bring discredit or shame upon by one’s acts. “Tax not so bad a voice
To slander music any more than once.” Shak. Syn. — To asperse; defame; calumniate; vilify; malign; belie; scandalize; reproach. See Asperse.

Slan´der•er , n. One who slanders; a defamer; a calumniator. Jer. Taylor.

Slan´der•ous , a. 1. Given or disposed to slander; uttering slander. ´Slanderous tongue.´ Shak. 2. Embodying or containing slander; calumnious; as slanderous words, speeches, or reports. — Slan´der•ous•ly, adv. — Slan´der•ous•ness, n.

Slang , imp. of Sling. Slung. [Archaic]

Slang, n. Any long, narrow piece of land; a promontory. [Local, Eng.] Holland.

Slang, n. [Cf. Sling.] A fetter worn on the leg by a convict. [Eng.]

Slang, n. [Said to be of Gypsy origin; but probably from Scand., and akin to E. sling; cf. Norw. sleng a slinging, an invention, device, slengja to sling, to cast, slengja kjeften (literally, to sling the jaw) to use abusive language, to use slang, slenjeord (ord = word) an insulting word, a new word that has no just reason for being.] Low, vulgar, unauthorized language; a popular but unauthorized word, phrase, or mode of expression; also the jargon of some particular calling or class in society; low popular cant; as the slang of the theater, of college, of sailors, etc.

Slang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slanged p. pr. & vb. n. Slanging.] To address with slang or ribaldry; to insult with vulgar language. [Colloq.] “Every gentleman abused by a cabman or slanged by a bargee was bound there and then to take off his coat and challenge him to fisticuffs.” London Spectator.

Slang´i•ness , n. Quality of being slangy.

Slan´gous , a. Slangy. [R.] John Bee.

Slang´-whang•er , n. [Slang + whang to beat.] One who uses abusive slang; a ranting partisan. [Colloq. or Humorous] W. Irving.

Slang´y , a. Of or pertaining to slang; of the nature of slang; disposed to use slang. [Written also slangey.]

Slank , imp. & p. p. of Slink.

Slant , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slanting.] [OE. slenten to slope, slide; cf. Sw. slinta to slide.] To be turned or inclined from a right line or level; to lie obliquely; to slope. “On the side of younder slanting hill.” Dodsley.

Slant, v. t. To turn from a direct line; to give an oblique or sloping direction to; as to slant a line.

Slant, n. 1. A slanting direction or plane; a slope; as it lies on a slant. 2. An oblique reflection or gibe; a sarcastic remark. Slant or wind, a local variation of the wind from its general direction.

Slant, a. [Cf. dial. Sw. slant. See Slant, v. i.] Inclined from a direct line, whether horizontal or perpendicular; sloping; oblique. ´The slant lightning.´ Milton.

Slant´ing, a. Oblique; sloping. — Slant´ing•ly, adv. { Slant´wise• , Slant´ly }, adv. In an inclined direction; obliquely; slopingly.

Slap , n. [OE. slappe; akin to LG. slappe, G. schlappe; probably of imitative origin.] A blow, esp. one given with the open hand, or with something broad.

Slap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slapped p. pr. & vb. n. Slapping.] To strike with the open hand, or with something broad.

Slap, adv. [Cf. LG. slap, G. schlapp. See Slap, n.] With a sudden and violent blow; hence, quickly; instantly; directly. [Colloq.] ´The railroad cars drive slap into the city.´ Thackeray.

Slap´dash , adv. [Slap + dash.] 1. In a bold, careless manner; at random. [Colloq.] 2. With a slap; all at once; slap. [Colloq.] Prior.

Slap´dash, v. t. To apply, or apply something to, in a hasty, careless, or rough manner; to roughcast; as to slapdash mortar or paint on a wall, or to slapdash a wall. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Slape , a. [Icel. sleipr slippery; akin to E. slip.] Slippery; smooth; crafty; hypocritical. [Prov. Eng.] Slape ale, plain ale, as opposed to medicated or mixed ale. [Prov. Eng.]

Slape´face , n. A soft-spoken, crafty hypocrite. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Slap´jack , n. A flat batter cake cooked on a griddle; a flapjack; a griddlecake. [Local, U.S.]

Slap´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, slaps. 2. Anything monstrous; a whopper. [Slang] Grose. { Slap´per , Slap´ping } a. Very large; monstrous; big. [Slang.]

Slash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slashed p. pr. & vb. n. Slashing.] [OE. slaschen, of uncertain origin; cf. OF. esclachier to break, esclechier, esclichier, to break, and E. slate, slice, slit, v. t.] 1. To cut by striking violently and at random; to cut in long slits. 2. To lash; to ply the whip to. [R.] King. 3. To crack or snap, as a whip. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Slash, v. i. To strike violently and at random, esp. with an edged instrument; to lay about one indiscriminately with blows; to cut hastily and carelessly. “Hewing and slashing at their idle shades.” Spenser.

Slash, n. 1. A long cut; a cut made at random. 2. A large slit in the material of any garment, made to show the lining through the openings. 3. [Cf. Slashy.] pl. Swampy or wet lands overgrown with bushes. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Slashed , a. 1. Marked or cut with a slash or slashes; deeply gashed; especially, having long, narrow openings, as a sleeve or other part of a garment, to show rich lining or under vesture. “A gray jerkin, with scarlet and slashed sleeves.” Sir W. Scott. 2. (Bot.) Divided into many narrow parts or segments by sharp incisions; laciniate.

Slash´er , n. (Textile Manuf.) A machine for applying size to warp yarns.

Slash´ pine´ (Bot.) A kind of pine tree (Pinus Cubensis) found in Southern Florida and the West Indies; — so called because it grows in ´slashes.´

Slash´y , a. [Cf. Sw. slaska to dabble in water. Cf. Slush.] Wet and dirty; slushy. [Prov. Eng.]

Slat , n. [CF. Slot a bar.] A thin, narrow strip or bar of wood or metal; as the slats of a window blind.

Slat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slatting.] [OE. slatten; cf. Icel. sletta to slap, to dab.] 1. To slap; to strike; to beat; to throw down violently. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] “How did you kill him?
Slat[t]ed his brains out.” Marston. 2. To split; to crack. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. To set on; to incite. See 3d Slate. [Prov. Eng.]

Slatch , n. [See Slack.] (Naut.) (a) The period of a transitory breeze. (b) An interval of fair weather. (c) The loose or slack part of a rope; slack.

Slate , n. [OE. slat, OF. esclat a shiver, splinter, F. eclat, fr. OF. esclater to shiver, to chip, F. eclater, fr. OHG. sliezen to tear, slit, split, fr. slizan to slit, G. schleissen. See Slit, v. t., and cf. Eclat.] 1. (Min.) An argillaceous rock which readily splits into thin plates; argillite; argillaceous schist. 2. Any rock or stone having a slaty structure. 3. A prepared piece of such stone. Especially: (a) A thin, flat piece, for roofing or covering houses, etc. (b) A tablet for writing upon. 4. An artificial material, resembling slate, and used for the above purposes. 5. A thin plate of any material; a flake. [Obs.] 6. (Politics) A list of candidates, prepared for nomination or for election; a list of candidates, or a programme of action, devised beforehand. [Cant, U.S.] Bartlett. Adhesive slate (Min.), a kind of slate of a greenish gray color, which absorbs water rapidly, and adheres to the tongue; whence the name. — Aluminous slate, or Alum slate (Min.), a kind of slate containing sulphate of alumina, — used in the manufacture of alum. — Bituminous slate (Min.), a soft species of sectile clay slate, impregnated with bitumen. — Hornblende slate (Min.), a slaty rock, consisting essentially of hornblende and feldspar, useful for flagging on account of its toughness. — Slate ax or axe, a mattock with an ax end, used in shaping slates for roofs, and making holes in them for the nails. — Slate clay (Geol.), an indurated clay, forming one of the alternating beds of the coal measures, consisting of an infusible compound of alumina and silica, and often used for making fire bricks. Tomlinson. — Slate globe, a globe the surface of which is made of an artificial slatelike material. — Slate pencil, a pencil of slate, or of soapstone, used for writing on a slate. — Slate rocks (Min.), rocks which split into thin laminae, not necessarily parallel to the stratification; foliated rocks. — Slate spar (Min.), a variety of calcite of silvery white luster and of a slaty structure. — Transparent slate, a plate of translucent material, as ground glass, upon which a copy of a picture, placed beneath it, can be made by tracing.

Slate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slated; p. pr. & vb. n. Slating.] 1. To cover with slate, or with a substance resembling slate; as to slate a roof; to slate a globe. 2. To register (as on a slate and subject to revision), for an appointment. [Polit. Cant]

Slate, v. t. [Cf. AS. slaeting a privilege of hunting.] To set a dog upon; to bait; to slat. See 2d Slat, 3. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also slete.] Ray.

Slate´-col•or A dark bluish gray color.

Slate´-gray , a. Of a dark gray, like slate.

Slat´er , n. One who lays slates, or whose occupation is to slate buildings.

Slat´er, n. (Zoöl.) Any terrestrial isopod crustacean of the genus Porcellio and allied genera; a sow bug.

Slat´ing, n. 1. The act of covering with slate, slates, or a substance resembling slate; the work of a slater. 2. Slates, collectively; also material for slating.

Slatt , n. [See Slat a strip of board.] A slab of stone used as a veneer for coarse masonry. Knight.

Slat´ter , v. i. [E. slat to throw or dash about.] To be careless, negligent, or aswkward, esp. with regard to dress and neatness; to be wasteful. Ray.

Slat´tern , n. A woman who is negligent of her dress or house; one who is not neat and nice.

Slat´tern, a. Resembling a slattern; sluttish; slatterny. ´The slattern air.´ Gay.

Slat´tern , v. t. To consume carelessly or wastefully; to waste; — with away. [R.] Chesterfield.

Slat´tern•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being slatternly; slovenliness; untidiness.

Slat´tern•ly, a. Resembling a slattern; sluttish; negligent; dirty. — adv. In a slatternly manner.

Slat´ter•pouch , n. A dance or game played by boys, requiring active exercise. [Obs.] Gayton.

Slat´ting , Slats, collectively.

Slat´ting, n. The violent shaking or flapping of anything hanging loose in the wind, as of a sail, when being hauled down.

Slat´y , a. [From Slate.] Resembling slate; having the nature, appearance, or properties, of slate; composed of thin parallel plates, capable of being separated by splitting; as a slaty color or texture. Slaty cleavage (Min.), cleavage, as of rocks, into thin leaves or plates, like those of slate; — applied especially to those cases in which the planes of cleavage are not parallel to the planes of stratification. It is now believed to be caused by the compression which the strata have undergone. — Slaty gneiss (Min.), a variety of gneiss in which the scales of mica or crystals of hornblende, which are usually minute, form thin laminae, rendering the rock easily cleavable.

Slaugh´ter , n. [OE. slautir, slaughter, slaghter, Icel. slatr slain flesh, modified by OE. slaught, slaht, slaughter, fr. AS. sleaht a stroke, blow; both from the root of E. slay. See Slay, v. t., and cf. Onslaught.] The act of killing. Specifically: (a) The extensive, violent, bloody, or wanton destruction of life; carnage. “On war and mutual slaughter bent.” Milton. (b) The act of killing cattle or other beasts for market. Syn. — Carnage; massacre; butchery; murder; havoc.

Slaugh´ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slaughtered p. pr. & vb. n. Slaughtering.] 1. To visit with great destruction of life; to kill; to slay in battle. “Your castle is surprised; your wife and babes
Savagely slaughtered.” Shak. 2. To butcher; to kill for the market, as beasts.

Slaugh´ter•er , n. One who slaughters.

Slaugh´ter•house , n. A house where beasts are butchered for the market.

Slaugh´ter•man , n.; pl. Slaughtermen . One employed in slaughtering. Shak.

Slaugh´ter•ous , a. Destructive; murderous. Shak. M. Arnold. — Slaugh´ter•ous•ly, adv.

Slav , n.;pl. Slavs (#). [A word originally meaning, intelligible, and used to contrast the people so called with foreigners who spoke languages unintelligible to the Slavs; akin to OSlav. slovo a word, slava fame, Skr. çru to hear. Cf. Loud.] (Ethnol.) One of a race of people occupying a large part of Eastern and Northern Europe, including the Russians, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Servo-Croats, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Wends or Sorbs, Slovaks, etc. [Written also Slave, and Sclav.]

Slave , n. See Slav.

Slave , n. [Cf. F. esclave, D. slaaf, Dan. slave, sclave, Sw. slaf, all fr. G. sklave, MHG. also slave, from the national name of the Slavonians, or Sclavonians (in LL. Slavi or Sclavi), who were frequently made slaves by the Germans. See Slav.] 1. A person who is held in bondage to another; one who is wholly subject to the will of another; one who is held as a chattel; one who has no freedom of action, but whose person and services are wholly under the control of another. “ thou our slave,
Our captive, at the public mill our drudge?” Milton. 2. One who has lost the power of resistance; one who surrenders himself to any power whatever; as a slave to passion, to lust, to strong drink, to ambition. 3. A drudge; one who labors like a slave. 4. An abject person; a wretch. Shak. Slave ant (Zoöl.), any species of ants which is captured and enslaved by another species, especially Formica fusca of Europe and America, which is commonly enslaved by Formica sanguinea. — Slave catcher, one who attempted to catch and bring back a fugitive slave to his master. — Slave coast, part of the western coast of Africa to which slaves were brought to be sold to foreigners. — Slave driver, one who superintends slaves at their work; hence, figuratively, a cruel taskmaster. — Slave hunt. (a) A search after persons in order to reduce them to slavery. Barth. (b) A search after fugitive slaves, often conducted with bloodhounds. — Slave ship, a vessel employed in the slave trade or used for transporting slaves; a slaver. — Slave trade, the business of dealing in slaves, especially of buying them for transportation from their homes to be sold elsewhere. — Slave trader, one who traffics in slaves. Syn. — Bond servant; bondman; bondslave; captive; henchman; vassal; dependent; drudge. See Serf.

Slave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slaved p. pr. & vb. n. Slaving.] To drudge; to toil; to labor as a slave.

Slave, v. t. To enslave. Marston.

Slave´born , a. Born in slavery.

Slave´hold•er , n. One who holds slaves.

Slave´hold•ing, a. Holding persons in slavery.

Slave•oc´ra•cy , n. See Slavocracy.

Slav´er , n. 1. A vessel engaged in the slave trade; a slave ship. 2. A person engaged in the purchase and sale of slaves; a slave merchant, or slave trader. “The slaver’s hand was on the latch,
He seemed in haste to go.” Longfellow.

Slav´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slavered p. pr. & vb. n. Slavering.] [Cf. Icel. slafra. See Slabber.] 1. To suffer spittle, etc., to run from the mouth. 2. To be besmeared with saliva. Shak.

Slav´er, v. t. To smear with saliva issuing from the mouth; to defile with drivel; to slabber.

Slav´er, n. Saliva driveling from the mouth. “Of all mad creatures, if the learned are right,
It is the slaver kills, and not the bite.” Pope.

Slav´er•er , n. A driveler; an idiot.

Slav´er•ing , a. Drooling; defiling with saliva. — Slav´er•ing•ly, adv.

Slav´er•y , n.; pl. Slaveries (#). [See 2d Slave.] 1. The condition of a slave; the state of entire subjection of one person to the will of another. “Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, slavery, said I, still thou art a bitter draught!” Sterne. “I wish, from my soul, that the legislature of this state [Virginia] could see the policy of a gradual abolition of slavery. It might prevent much future mischief.” Washington. 2. A condition of subjection or submission characterized by lack of freedom of action or of will. “The vulgar slaveries rich men submit to.” C. Lever. “There is a slavery that no legislation can abolish, — the slavery of caste.” G. W. Cable. 3. The holding of slaves. Syn. — Bondage; servitude; inthrallment; enslavement; captivity; bond service; vassalage.

Slav´ey , n. A maidservant. [Colloq. & Jocose Eng.]

Slav´ic , a. Slavonic. — n. The group of allied languages spoken by the Slavs.

Slav´ish , a. Of or pertaining to slaves; such as becomes or befits a slave; servile; excessively laborious; as a slavish life; a slavish dependance on the great. — Slav´ish•ly, adv. — Slav´ish•ness, n.

Slav´ism , n. The common feeling and interest of the Slavonic race.

Slav•oc´ra•cy , n. [Slave + -cracy, as in democracy.] The persons or interest formerly representing slavery politically, or wielding political power for the preservation or advancement of slavery. [U. S.] { Sla•vo´ni•an , Sla•von´ic } a. 1. Of or pertaining to Slavonia, or its inhabitants. 2. Of or pertaining to the Slavs, or their language.

Sla•vo´ni•an, n. A native or inhabitant of Slavonia; ethnologically, a Slav. { Slav´o•phil , Slav´o•phile } n. [Slavic + Gr. loving.] One, not being a Slav, who is interested in the development and prosperity of that race.

Slaw , n. [D. sla, contr. fr. salade, OD. salaet, salad. See Salad.] Sliced cabbage served as a salad, cooked or uncooked. { Slaw , Slaw´en } , obs. p. p. of Slee, to slay. “With a sword drawn out he would have slaw himself.” Wyclif (Acts xvi. 27.)

Slay , v. t. [imp. Slew p. p. Slain p. pr. & vb. n. Slaying.] [OE. slan, sln, sleen, slee, AS. sleán to strike, beat, slay; akin to OFries. sla, D. slaan, OS. & OHG. slahan, G. schlagen, Icel. sla, Dan. slaae, Sw. sl, Goth. slahan; perhaps akin to L. lacerare to tear to pieces, Gr. , E. lacerate. Cf. Slaughter, Sledge a hammer, Sley.] To put to death with a weapon, or by violence; hence, to kill; to put an end to; to destroy. “With this sword then will I slay you both.” Chaucer. “I will slay the last of them with the sword.” Amos ix. 1. “I’ll slay more gazers than the basilisk.” Shak. Syn. — To kill; murder; slaughter; butcher.

Slay´er , n. One who slays; a killer; a murderer; a destroyer of life.

Sla´zy (sla´zy), a. See Sleazy.

Sle (sle), v. t. To slay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleave (slev), n. [Cf. Dan. slöif, a knot loop, Sw. slejf, G. schleife a knot, sliding knot, and E. slip, v.i.] (a) The knotted or entangled part of silk or thread. (b) Silk not yet twisted; floss; — called also sleave silk. “Sleep that knits up the ravell’d sleave of care.” Shak.

Sleave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleaved (slevd); p. pr. & vb. n. Sleaving.] To separate, as threads; to divide, as a collection of threads; to sley; — a weaver’s term.

Sleaved (slevd), a. Raw; not spun or wrought; as sleaved thread or silk. Holinshed.

Slea´zi•ness , n. Quality of being sleazy.

Slea´zy (sle´zy), a. [Cf. G. schleissig worn out, threadbare, from schleissen to slit, split, decay, or E. leasy.] Wanting firmness of texture or substance; thin; flimsy; as sleazy silk or muslin. [Spelt also slazy.]

Sled (sled), n. [Akin to D. slede, G. schlitten, OHG. slito, Icel. sleði, Sw. släde, Dan. slaede, and E. slide, v. See Slide, and cf. Sledge a vehicle, Sleigh.] 1. A vehicle on runners, used for conveying loads over the snow or ice; — in England called sledge. 2. A small, light vehicle with runners, used, mostly by young persons, for sliding on snow or ice.

Sled, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sledded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sledding.] To convey or transport on a sled; as to sled wood or timber.

Sled´ding , n. 1. The act of transporting or riding on a sled. 2. The state of the snow which admits of the running of sleds; as the sledding is good.

Sledge (slej), n. [Perhaps from sleds, pl. of sled, confused with sledge a hammer. See Sled, n.] 1. A strong vehicle with low runners or low wheels; or one without wheels or runners, made of plank slightly turned up at one end, used for transporting loads upon the snow, ice, or bare ground; a sled. 2. A hurdle on which, formerly, traitors were drawn to the place of execution. [Eng.] Sir W. Scott. 3. A sleigh. [Eng.] 4. A game at cards; — called also old sledge, and all fours.

Sledge (slej), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Sledged (slejd); p. pr. & vb. n. Sledging.] To travel or convey in a sledge or sledges. Howitt.

Sledge, n. [AS. slecge,from sleán to strike, beat. See Slay, v. t.] A large, heavy hammer, usually wielded with both hands; — called also sledge hammer. “With his heavy sledge he can it beat.” Spenser.

Slee (sle), v. t. [See Slay.] To slay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleek (slek), a. [Compar. Sleeker (-er); superl. Sleekest.] [OE. slik; akin to Icel. slikr, and OE. sliken to glide, slide, G. schleichen, OHG. slihhan, D. slik, slijk, mud, slime, and E. slink. Cf. Slick, Slink.] 1. Having an even, smooth surface; smooth; hence, glossy; as sleek hair. Chaucer. “So sleek her skin, so faultless was her make.” Dryden. 2. Not rough or harsh. “Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek.” Milton.

Sleek, adv. With ease and dexterity. [Low]

Sleek, n. That which makes smooth; varnish. [R.]

Sleek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleeked p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeking.] To make even and smooth; to render smooth, soft, and glossy; to smooth over. “Sleeking her soft alluring locks.” Milton. “Gentle, my lord, sleek o’er your rugged looks.” Shak.

Sleek´ly, adv. In a sleek manner; smoothly.

Sleek´ness, n. The quality or state of being sleek; smoothness and glossiness of surface.

Sleek´y , a. 1. Of a sleek, or smooth, and glossy appearance. Thomson. 2. Fawning and deceitful; sly. [Scot.]

Sleep , obs. imp. of Sleep. Slept. Chaucer.

Sleep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slept p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeping.] [OE. slepen, AS. slpan; akin to OFries. slpa, OS. slapan, D. slapen, OHG. slafan, G. schlafen, Goth. slpan, and G. schlaff slack, loose, and L. labi to glide, slide, labare to totter. Cf. Lapse.] 1. To take rest by a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the powers of the body and mind, and an apathy of the organs of sense; to slumber. Chaucer. “Watching at the head of these that sleep.” Milton. 2. Figuratively: (a) To be careless, inattentive, or uncouncerned; not to be vigilant; to live thoughtlessly. “We sleep over our happiness.” Atterbury. (b) To be dead; to lie in the grave. “Them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him.” 1 Thess. iv. 14. (c) To be, or appear to be, in repose; to be quiet; to be unemployed, unused, or unagitated; to rest; to lie dormant; as a question sleeps for the present; the law sleeps. “How sweet the moonlight sleep upon this bank!” Shak.

Sleep, v. t. 1. To be slumbering in; — followed by a cognate object; as to sleep a dreamless sleep. Tennyson. 2. To give sleep to; to furnish with accomodations for sleeping; to lodge. [R.] Blackw. Mag. To sleep away, to spend in sleep; as to sleep away precious time. — To sleep off, to become free from by sleep; as to sleep off drunkeness or fatigue.

Sleep, n. [AS. slaep; akin to OFries. slep, OS. slap, D. slaap, OHG. slaf, G. schlaf, Goth. sleps. See Sleep, v. i.] A natural and healthy, but temporary and periodical, suspension of the functions of the organs of sense, as well as of those of the voluntary and rational soul; that state of the animal in which there is a lessened acuteness of sensory perception, a confusion of ideas and a loss of mental control, followed by a more or less unconscious state. ´A man that waketh of his sleep.´ Chaucer. “O sleep, thou ape of death.” Shak. Sleep is attended by a relaxation of the muscles, and the absence of voluntary activity for any rational objects or purpose. The pulse is slower, the respiratory movements fewer in number but more profound, and there is less blood in the cerebral vessels. It is susceptible of greater or less intensity or completeness in its control of the powers. Sleep of plants (Bot.), a state of plants, usually at night, when their leaflets approach each other, and the flowers close and droop, or are covered by the folded leaves. Syn. — Slumber; repose; rest; nap; doze; drowse.

Sleep´-at-noon´ , n. (Bot.) A plant (Tragopogon pratensis) which closes its flowers at midday; a kind of goat’s beard. Dr. Prior.

Sleep´-charged , a. Heavy with sleep.

Sleep´er , n. 1. One who sleeps; a slumberer; hence, a drone, or lazy person. 2. That which lies dormant, as a law. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. A sleeping car. [Colloq. U.S.] 4. (Zoöl.) An animal that hibernates, as the bear. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) A large fresh-water gobioid fish (Eleotris dormatrix). (b) A nurse shark. See under Nurse.

Sleep´er, n. [Cf. Norw. sleip a sleeper (a timber), as adj., slippery, smooth. See Slape.] Something lying in a reclining posture or position. Specifically: — (a) One of the pieces of timber, stone, or iron, on or near the level of the ground, for the support of some superstructure, to steady framework, to keep in place the rails of a railway, etc.; a stringpiece. (b) One of the joists, or roughly shaped timbers, laid directly upon the ground, to receive the flooring of the ground story. [U.S.] (c) (Naut.) One of the knees which connect the transoms to the after timbers on the ship’s quarter. (d) (Naut.) The lowest, or bottom, tier of casks.

Sleep´ful , a. Strongly inclined to sleep; very sleepy. — Sleep´ful•ness, n.

Sleep´i•ly , adv. In a sleepy manner; drowsily.

Sleep´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being sleepy.

Sleep´ing, a. & n. from Sleep. Sleeping car, a railway car or carrriage, arranged with apartments and berths for sleeping. — Sleeping partner (Com.), a dormant partner. See under Dormant. — Sleeping table (Mining), a stationary inclined platform on which pulverized ore is washed; a kind of buddle.

Sleep´ish , a. Disposed to sleep; sleepy; drowsy. “Your sleepish, and more than sleepish, security.” Ford.

Sleep´less, a. 1. Having no sleep; wakeful. 2. Having no rest; perpetually agitated. ´Biscay’s sleepless bay.´ Byron. — Sleep´less•ly, adv. — Sleep´less•ness, n.

Sleep´mark•en , n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Hag, 4.

Sleep´wak•er , n. On in a state of magnetic or mesmeric sleep.

Sleep´wak•ing, n. The state of one mesmerized, or in a partial and morbid sleep.

Sleep´walk•er , n. One who walks in his sleep; a somnambulist.

Sleep´walk•ing, n. Walking in one’s sleep.

Sleep´y , a. [Compar. Sleepier superl. Sleepiest.] [AS. slpig. See Sleep, n.] 1. Drowsy; inclined to, or overcome by, sleep. Shak. “She waked her sleepy crew.” Dryden. 2. Tending to induce sleep; soporiferous; somniferous; as a sleepy drink or potion. Chaucer. 3. Dull; lazy; heavy; sluggish. Shak. “’Tis not sleepy business;
But must be looked to speedily and strongly.” Shak. 4. Characterized by an absence of watchfulness; as sleepy security. Sleepy duck (Zoöl.), the ruddy duck.

Sleep´y•head , n. 1. A sleepy person. “To bed, to bed, says Sleepyhead.” Mother Goose. 2. (Zoöl.) The ruddy duck.

Sle´er , n. A slayer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleet , n. (Gun.) The part of a mortar extending from the chamber to the trunnions.

Sleet, n. [OE. sleet; akin to MHG. slz, slze hailstone, G. schlosse; of uncertain origin.] Hail or snow, mingled with rain, usually falling, or driven by the wind, in fine particles.

Sleet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeting.] To snow or hail with a mixture of rain.

Sleetch , n. [Cf. Slush, Slutch.] Mud or slime, such as that at the bottom of rivers. [Scot.]

Sleet´i•ness , n. The state of being sleety.

Sleet´y , a. Of or pertaining to sleet; characterized by sleet; as a sleety storm; sleety weather.

Sleeve , n. See Sleave, untwisted thread.

Sleeve, n. [OE. sleeve, sleve, AS. slfe, slfe; akin to slfan to put on, to clothe; cf. OD. sloove the turning up of anything, sloven to turn up one’s sleeves, sleve a sleeve, G. schlaube a husk, pod.] 1. The part of a garment which covers the arm; as the sleeve of a coat or a gown. Chaucer. 2. A narrow channel of water. [R.] “The Celtic Sea, called oftentimes the Sleeve.” Drayton. 3. (Mach.) (a) A tubular part made to cover, sustain, or steady another part, or to form a connection between two parts. (b) A long bushing or thimble, as in the nave of a wheel. (c) A short piece of pipe used for covering a joint, or forming a joint between the ends of two other pipes. Sleeve button, a detachable button to fasten the wristband or cuff. — Sleeve links, two bars or buttons linked together, and used to fasten a cuff or wristband. — To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh privately or unperceived, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at; that is, perhaps, originally, by hiding the face in the wide sleeves of former times. — To pin, or hang, on the sleeve of, to be, or make, dependent upon.

Sleeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleeved p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeving.] To furnish with sleeves; to put sleeves into; as to sleeve a coat.

Sleeved , a. Having sleeves; furnished with sleeves; — often in composition; as long- sleeved.

Sleeve´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A squid.

Sleeve´hand , n. The part of a sleeve nearest the hand; a cuff or wristband. [Obs.] Shak.

Sleeve´less, a. [AS. slfleás.] 1. Having no sleeves. 2. Wanting a cover, pretext, or palliation; unreasonable; profitless; bootless; useless. [Obs.] Shak. “The vexation of a sleeveless errand.” Bp. Warburton.

Sleid , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleided; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleiding.] [See Sley.] To sley, or prepare for use in the weaver’s sley, or slaie. Shak.

Sleigh , a. Sly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleigh , n. [Cf. D. & LG. slede, slee, Icel. slei. See Sled.] A vehicle moved on runners, and used for transporting persons or goods on snow or ice; — in England commonly called a sledge. Sleigh bell, a small bell attached either to a horse when drawing a slegh, or to the sleigh itself; especially a globular bell with a loose ball which plays inside instead of a clapper.

Sleigh´ing, n. 1. The act of riding in a sleigh. 2. The state of the snow or ice which admits of running sleighs.

Sleight , n. [OE. sleighte, sleihte, sleithe, Icel. slg (for slg) slyness, cunning, fr. slgr (for slgr) sly, cunning. See Sly.] 1. Cunning; craft; artful practice. [Obs.] ´His sleight and his covin.´ Chaucer. 2. An artful trick; sly artifice; a feat so dexterous that the manner of performance escapes observation. “The world hath many subtle sleights.” Latimer. 3. Dexterous practice; dexterity; skill. Chaucer. ´The juggler’s sleight.´ Hudibras. Sleight of hand, legerdemain; prestidigitation.

Sleight´ful , a. Cunning; dexterous. [Obs.]

Sleight´ly , adv. Cinningly. [Obs.] Huloet.

Sleight´y , a. Cinning; sly. [Obs.] Huloet.

Slen´der , a. [Compar. Slenderer superl. Slenderest.] [OE. slendre, sclendre, fr. OD. slinder thin, slender, perhaps through a French form; cf. OD. slinderen, slidderen, to creep; perh. akin to E. slide.] 1. Small or narrow in proportion to the length or the height; not thick; slim; as a slender stem or stalk of a plant. ´A slender, choleric man.´ Chaucer. “She, as a veil down to the slender waist,
Her unadorned golden tresses wore.” Milton. 2. Weak; feeble; not strong; slight; as slender hope; a slender constitution. “Mighty hearts are held in slender chains.” Pope. “They have inferred much from slender premises.” J. H. Newman. “The slender utterance of the consonants.” J. Byrne. 3. Moderate; trivial; inconsiderable; slight; as a man of slender intelligence. “A slender degree of patience will enable him to enjoy both the humor and the pathos.” Sir W. Scott. 4. Small; inadequate; meager; pitiful; as slender means of support; a slender pittance. “Frequent begging makes slender alms.” Fuller. 5. Spare; abstemious; frugal; as a slender diet. “The good Ostorius often deigned
To grace my slender table with his presence.” Philips. 6. (Phon.) Uttered with a thin tone; — the opposite of broad; as the slender vowels long e and i. — Slen´der•ly, adv. — Slen´der•ness, n.

Slent , n. & v. See Slant. [Obs.]

Slep , obs. imp. of Sleep. Slept. Chaucer.

Sle•pez´ , n. [Russ. sliepets’.] (Zoöl.) A burrowing rodent (Spalax typhlus), native of Russia and Asia Minor. It has the general appearance of a mole, and is destitute of eyes. Called also mole rat.

Slept , imp. & p. p. of Sleep.

Sleuth , n. [Icel. sloð. See Slot a track.] The track of man or beast as followed by the scent. [Scot.] Halliwell.

Sleuth´hound , n. [See Sleuth, and cf. Slothound.] (Zoöl.) A hound that tracks animals by the scent; specifically, a bloodhound. [Spelt variously slouthhound, sluthhound, etc.]

Slew , imp. of Slay.

Slew, v. t. See Slue.

Slewed , a. Somewhat drunk. [Slang]

Slewth , n. Sloth; idleness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sley , n. [AS. sl, fr. sleán to strike. See Slay, v. t.] 1. A weaver’s reed. [Spelt also slaie.] 2. A guideway in a knitting machine. Knight.

Sley, v. t. To separate or part the threads of, and arrange them in a reed; — a term used by weavers. See Sleave, and Sleid.

Slib´ber , a. Slippery. [Obs.] Holland.

Slice , n. [OE. slice, sclice, OF. esclice, from esclicier, esclichier, to break to pieces, of German origin; cf. OHG. slizan to split, slit, tear, G. schleissen to slit. See Slit, v. t.] 1. A thin, broad piece cut off; as a slice of bacon; a slice of cheese; a slice of bread. 2. That which is thin and broad, like a slice. Specifically: (a) A broad, thin piece of plaster. (b) A salver, platter, or tray. [Obs.] (c) A knife with a thin, broad blade for taking up or serving fish; also a spatula for spreading anything, as paint or ink. (d) A plate of iron with a handle, forming a kind of chisel, or a spadelike implement, variously proportioned, and used for various purposes, as for stripping the planking from a vessel’s side, for cutting blubber from a whale, or for stirring a fire of coals; a slice bar; a peel; a fire shovel. [Cant] (e) (Shipbuilding) One of the wedges by which the cradle and the ship are lifted clear of the building blocks to prepare for launching. (f) (Printing) A removable sliding bottom to galley. Slice bar, a kind of fire iron resembling a poker, with a broad, flat end, for stirring a fire of coals, and clearing it and the grate bars from clinkers, ashes, etc.; a slice.

Slice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sliced p. pr. & vb. n. Slicing ] 1. To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, broad piece from. 2. To cut into parts; to divide. 3. To clear by means of a slice bar, as a fire or the grate bars of a furnace.

Sli´cer , n. One who, or that which, slices; specifically, the circular saw of the lapidary. { Slich , Slick }, n. (Metal.) See Schlich.

Slick , a. [See Sleek.] Sleek; smooth. ´Both slick and dainty.´ Chapman.

Slick, v. t. To make sleek or smoth. ´Slicked all with sweet oil.´ Chapman.

Slick, n. (Joinery) A wide paring chisel.

Slick´en , a. Sleek; smooth. [Prov. Eng.]

Slick´ens , n. [Cf. Slick, n.] (Mining) The pulverized matter from a quartz mill, or the lighter soil of hydraulic mines. [Local, U. S.]

Slick´en•sides , n. 1. The smooth, striated, or partially polished surfaces of a fissure or seam, supposed to have been produced by the sliding of one surface on another. 2. A variety of galena found in Derbyshire, England.

Slick´er , n. That which makes smooth or sleek. Specifically: (a) A kind of burnisher for leather. (b) (Founding) A curved tool for smoothing the surfaces of a mold after the withdrawal of the pattern.

Slick´er, n. A waterproof coat. [Western U.S.]

Slick´ing, n. 1. The act or process of smoothing. 2. pl. (Min.) Narrow veins of ore.

Slick´ness, n. The state or quality of being slick; smoothness; sleekness.

Slid , imp. & p. p. of Slide.

Slid´den , p. p. of Slide.

Slid´der , v. t. [AS. sliderian. See Slide, v. t.] To slide with interruption. [Obs.] Dryden. { Slid´der , Slid´der•ly , Slid´der•y }, a. [AS. slidor. See Slide, v. t.] Slippery. [Obs.] “To a drunk man the way is slidder.” Chaucer.

Slide , v. t. [imp. Slid p. p. Slidden , Slid; p. pr. & vb. n. Slidding ] [OE. sliden, AS. slidan; akin to MHG. sliten, also to AS. slidor slippery, E. sled, Lith. slidus slippery. Cf. Sled.] 1. To move along the surface of any body by slipping, or without walking or rolling; to slip; to glide; as snow slides down the mountain’s side. 2. Especially, to move over snow or ice with a smooth, uninterrupted motion, as on a sled moving by the force of gravity, or on the feet. “They bathe in summer, and in winter slide.” Waller. 3. To pass inadvertently. “Beware thou slide not by it.” Ecclus. xxviii. 26. 4. To pass along smoothly or unobservedly; to move gently onward without friction or hindrance; as a ship or boat slides through the water. “Ages shall slide away without perceiving.” Dryden. “Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole.” Pope. 5. To slip when walking or standing; to fall. “Their foot shall slide in due time.” Deut. xxxii. 35. 6. (Mus.) To pass from one note to another with no perceptible cassation of sound. 7. To pass out of one’s thought as not being of any consequence. [Obs. or Colloq.] “With good hope let he sorrow slide.” Chaucer. “With a calm carelessness letting everything slide.” Sir P. Sidney.

Slide, v. t. 1. To cause to slide; to thrust along; as to slide one piece of timber along another. 2. To pass or put imperceptibly; to slip; as to slide in a word to vary the sense of a question.

Slide, n. [AS. slide.] 1. The act of sliding; as a slide on the ice. 2. Smooth, even passage or progress. “A better slide into their business.” Bacon. 3. That on which anything moves by sliding. Specifically: (a) An inclined plane on which heavy bodies slide by the force of gravity, esp. one constructed on a mountain side for conveying logs by sliding them down. (b) A surface of ice or snow on which children slide for amusement. 4. That which operates by sliding. Specifically: (a) A cover which opens or closes an aperture by sliding over it. (b) (Mach.) A moving piece which is guided by a part or parts along which it slides. (c) A clasp or brooch for a belt, or the like. 5. A plate or slip of glass on which is a picture or delineation to be exhibited by means of a magic lantern, stereopticon, or the like; a plate on which is an object to be examined with a microscope. 6. The descent of a mass of earth, rock, or snow down a hill or mountain side; as a land slide, or a snow slide; also the track of bare rock left by a land slide. 7. (Geol.) A small dislocation in beds of rock along a line of fissure. Dana. 8. (Mus.) (a) A grace consisting of two or more small notes moving by conjoint degrees, and leading to a principal note either above or below. (b) An apparatus in the trumpet and trombone by which the sounding tube is lengthened and shortened so as to produce the tones between the fundamental and its harmonics. 9. (Phonetics) A sound which, by a gradual change in the position of the vocal organs, passes imperceptibly into another sound. 10. (Steam Engine) (a) Same as Guide bar, under Guide. (b) A slide valve. Slide box (Steam Engine), a steam chest. See under Steam. — Slide lathe, an engine lathe. See under Lathe. — Slide rail, a transfer table. See under Transfer. — Slide rest (Turning lathes), a contrivance for holding, moving, and guiding, the cutting tool, made to slide on ways or guides by screws or otherwise, and having compound motion. — Slide rule, a mathematical instrument consisting of two parts, one of which slides upon the other, for the mechanical performance of addition and subtraction, and, by means of logarithmic scales, of multiplication and division. — Slide valve. (a) Any valve which opens and closes a passageway by sliding over a port. (b) A particular kind of sliding valve, often used in steam engines for admitting steam to the piston and releasing it, alternately, having a cuplike cavity in its face, through which the exhaust steam passes. It is situated in the steam chest, and moved by the valve gear. It is sometimes called a D valve, — a name which is also applied to a semicylindrical pipe used as a sliding valve. In the illustration, a is the cylinder of a steam engine, in which plays the piston p; b the steam chest, receiving its supply from the pipe i, and containing the slide valve s, which is shown as admitting steam to one end of the cylinder through the port e, and opening communication between the exhaust passage f and the port c, for the release of steam from the opposite end of the cylinder.

Slide´groat , n. The game of shovelboard. [Obs.]

Slid´er , a. See Slidder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slid´er, n. 1. One who, or that which, slides; especially, a sliding part of an instrument or machine. 2. (Zoöl.) The red-bellied terrapin (Pseudemys rugosa). [Local, U. S. ] Slider pump, a form of rotary pump.

Slid´ing , a. 1. That slides or slips; gliding; moving smoothly. 2. Slippery; elusory. [Obs.] “That sliding science hath me made so bare.” Chaucer. Sliding friction (Mech.), the resistance one body meets with in sliding along the surface of another, as distinguished from rolling friction. — Sliding gunter (Naut.), a topmast arranged with metallic fittings so as to be hoisted and lowered by means of halyards. — Sliding keel (Naut), a movable keel, similar to a centeboard. — Sliding pair. (Mech.) See the Note under Pair, n., 7. — Sliding rule. Same as Slide rule, under Slide, n. — Sliding scale. (a) A scale for raising or lowering imposts in proportion to the fall or rise of prices. (b) A variable scale of wages or of prices. (c) A slide rule. — Sliding ways (Naut.), the timber guides used in launching a vessel.

Sli•dom´e•ter , n. [Slide + -meter.] An instrument for indicating and recording shocks to railway cars occasioned by sudden stopping.

Slight , n. Sleight. Spenser.

Slight, v. t. [Cf. D. slechten to level, to demolish.] 1. To overthrow; to demolish. [Obs.] Clarendon. 2. To make even or level. [Obs.] Hexham. 3. To throw heedlessly. [Obs.] “The rogue slighted me into the river.” Shak.

Slight , a. [Compar. Slighter superl. Slightest.] [OE. slit, sleght, probably from OD. slicht, slecht, simple, plain, D. slecht; akin to OFries. sliucht, G. schlecht, schlicht, OHG. sleht smooth, simple, Icel. slttr smooth, Sw. slät, Goth. slaíhts; or uncertain origin.] 1. Not decidedly marked; not forcible; inconsiderable; unimportant; insignificant; not severe; weak; gentle; — applied in a great variety of circumstances; as a slight (i. e., feeble) effort; a slight (i. e., perishable) structure; a slight (i. e., not deep) impression; a slight (i. e., not convincing) argument; a slight (i. e., not thorough) examination; slight (i. e., not severe) pain, and the like. ´At one slight bound.´ Milton. “Slight is the subject, but not so the praise.” Pope. “Some firmly embrace doctrines upon slight grounds.” Locke. 2. Not stout or heavy; slender. “His own figure, which was formerly so slight.” Sir W. Scott. 3. Foolish; silly; weak in intellect. Hudibras.

Slight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slighting.] To disregard, as of little value and unworthy of notice; to make light of; as to slight the divine commands. Milton. “The wretch who slights the bounty of the skies.” Cowper. To slight off, to treat slightingly; to drive off; to remove. [R.] — To slight over, to run over in haste; to perform superficially; to treat carelessly; as to slight over a theme. ´They will but slight it over.´ Bacon. Syn. — To neglect; disregard; disdain; scorn. — Slight, Neglect. To slight is stronger than to neglect. We may neglect a duty or person from inconsiderateness, or from being over-occupied in other concerns. To slight is always a positive and intentional act, resulting from feelings of dislike or contempt. We ought to put a kind construction on what appears neglect on the part of a friend; but when he slights us, it is obvious that he is our friend no longer. “Beware … lest the like befall …
If they transgress and slight that sole command.” Milton. “This my long-sufferance, and my day of grace,
Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste.” Milton.

Slight, n. The act of slighting; the manifestation of a moderate degree of contempt, as by neglect or oversight; neglect; indignity. Syn. — Neglect; disregard; inattention; contempt; disdain; scorn; disgrace; indignity; disparagement.

Slight, adv. Slightly. [Obs. or Poetic] “Think not so slight of glory.” Milton.

Slight´en , v. t. To slight. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Slight´er , n. One who slights.

Slight´ful , a. See Sleightful. [Obs.]

Slight´ing, a. Characterized by neglect or disregard.

Slight´ing•ly, adv. In a slighting manner.

Slight´ly, adv. 1. In a slight manner. 2. Slightingly; negligently. [Obs.] Shak.

Slight´ness, n. The quality or state of being slight; slenderness; feebleness; superficiality; also formerly, negligence; indifference; disregard.

Slight´y , a. Slight. [Obs.] Echard.

Slik (slik), a. [See Such.] Such. [Obs. or Scot.] Used by Chaucer as of the Northern dialect.

Slik´en•sides, n. Same as Slickensides.

Sli´ly , adv. See Slyly. South.

Slim (slim), a. [Compar. Slimmer superl. Slimmest.] [Formerly, bad, worthless, weak, slight, awry, fr. D. slim; akin to G. schlimm, MHG. slimp oblique, awry; of uncertain origin. The meaning of the English word seems to have been influenced by slender.] 1. Worthless; bad. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. Weak; slight; unsubstantial; poor; as a slim argument. ´That was a slim excuse.´ Barrow. 3. Of small diameter or thickness in proportion to the height or length; slender; as a slim person; a slim tree. Grose.

Slime , n. [OE. slim, AS. slim; akin to D. slijm, G. schleim, MHG. slimen to make smooth, Icel. slim slime, Dan. sliim; cf. L. limare to file, polish, levis smooth, Gr. ; or cf. L. limus mud.] 1. Soft, moist earth or clay, having an adhesive quality; viscous mud. “As it [Nilus] ebbs, the seedsman
Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain.” Shak. 2. Any mucilaginous substance; any substance of a dirty nature, that is moist, soft, and adhesive. 3. (Script.) Bitumen. [Archaic] “Slime had they for mortar.” Gen. xi. 3. 4. pl. (Mining) Mud containing metallic ore, obtained in the preparatory dressing. Pryce. 5. (Physiol.) A mucuslike substance which exudes from the bodies of certain animals. Goldsmith. Slime eel. (Zoöl.) See 1st Hag, 4. — Slime pit, a pit for the collection of slime or bitumen.

Slime , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slimed p. pr. & vb. n. Sliming.] To smear with slime. Tennyson.

Slim´i•ly , adv. In a slimy manner.

Slim´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being slimy.

Slim´ly , adv. In a state of slimness; in a slim manner; slenderly.

Slim´ness, n. The quality or state of being slim.

Slim´sy , a. Flimsy; frail. [Colloq. U.S.]

Slim´y , a. [Compar. Slimier superl. Slimiest.] Of or pertaining to slime; resembling slime; of the nature of slime; viscous; glutinous; also covered or daubed with slime; yielding, or abounding in, slime. “Slimy things did crawl with legs
Upon the slimy sea.” Coleridge.

Sli´ness , n. See Slyness.

Sling , n. [OE. slinge; akin to OD. slinge, D. slinger, OHG. slinga; cf. OF. eslingue, of German origin. See Sling, v. t.] 1. An instrument for throwing stones or other missiles, consisting of a short strap with two strings fastened to its ends, or with a string fastened to one end and a light stick to the other. The missile being lodged in a hole in the strap, the ends of the string are taken in the hand, and the whole whirled rapidly round until, by loosing one end, the missile is let fly with centrifugal force. 2. The act or motion of hurling as with a sling; a throw; figuratively, a stroke. “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.” Shak. “At one sling
Of thy victorius arm, well-pleasing Son.” Milton. 3. A contrivance for sustaining anything by suspension; as: (a) A kind of hanging bandage put around the neck, in which a wounded arm or hand is supported. (b) A loop of rope, or a rope or chain with hooks, for suspending a barrel, bale, or other heavy object, in hoisting or lowering. (c) A strap attached to a firearm, for suspending it from the shoulder. (d) (Naut.) A band of rope or iron for securing a yard to a mast; — chiefly in the plural. Sling cart, a kind of cart used to transport cannon and their carriages, large stones, machines, etc., the objects transported being slung, or suspended by a chain attached to the axletree. — Sling dog, one of a pair of iron hooks used as part of a sling. See def. 3 (b) above.

Sling, v. t. [imp. Slung , Archaic Slang ; p. p. Slung; p. pr. & vb. n. Slinging.] [AS. slingan; akin to D. slingeren, G. schlingen, to wind, to twist, to creep, OHG. slingan to wind, to twist, to move to and fro, Icel. slyngva, slöngva, to sling, Sw. slunga, Dan. slynge, Lith. slinkti to creep.] 1. To throw with a sling. ´Every one could sling stones at an hairbreadth, and not miss.´ Judg. xx. 16. 2. To throw; to hurl; to cast. Addison. 3. To hang so as to swing; as to sling a pack. 4. (Naut) To pass a rope round, as a cask, gun, etc., preparatory to attaching a hoisting or lowering tackle.

Sling, n. [Cf. G. schlingen to swallow.] A drink composed of spirit (usually gin) and water sweetened.

Sling´er , n. One who slings, or uses a sling.

Slink , v. t. [imp. Slunk , Archaic Slank ; p. p. Slunk; p. pr. & vb. n. Slinking.] [AS. slincan; probably akin to G. schleichen, E. sleek. See Sleek, a.] 1. To creep away meanly; to steal away; to sneak. ´To slink away and hide.´ Tale of Beryn. “Back to the thicket slunk
The guilty serpent.” Milton. “There were some few who slank obliquely from them as they passed.” Landor. 2. To miscarry; — said of female beasts.

Slink, v. t. To cast prematurely; - - said of female beasts; as a cow that slinks her calf.

Slink, a. 1. Produced prematurely; as a slink calf. 2. Thin; lean. [Scot.]

Slink, n. 1. The young of a beast brought forth prematurely, esp. a calf brought forth before its time. 2. A thievish fellow; a sneak. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Slink´y , a. Thin; lank. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.]

Slip , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slipped p. pr. & vb. n. Slipping.] [OE. slippen; akin to LG. & D. slippen, MHG. slipfen (cf. Dan. slippe, Sw. slippa, Icel. sleppa), and fr. OE. slipen, AS. slipan (in comp.), akin to G. schleifen to slide, glide, drag, whet, OHG. slifan to slide, glide, make smooth, Icel. slipa to whet; cf. also AS. slpan, Goth. sliupan, OS. slopian, OHG. sliofan, G. schliefen, schlpfen, which seem to come from a somewhat different root form. Cf. Slope, n.] 1. To move along the surface of a thing without bounding, rolling, or stepping; to slide; to glide. 2. To slide; to lose one’s footing or one’s hold; not to tread firmly; as it is necessary to walk carefully lest the foot should slip. 3. To move or fly (out of place); to shoot; — often with out, off, etc.; as a bone may slip out of its place. 4. To depart, withdraw, enter, appear, intrude, or escape as if by sliding; to go or come in a quiet, furtive manner; as some errors slipped into the work. “Thus one tradesman slips away,
To give his partner fairer play.” Prior. “Thrice the flitting shadow slipped away.” Dryden. 5. To err; to fall into error or fault. “There is one that slippeth in his speech, but not from his heart.” Ecclus. xix. 16. To let slip, to loose from the slip or noose, as a hound; to allow to escape. “Cry, ´Havoc,´ and let slip the dogs of war.” Shak.

Slip , v. t. 1. To cause to move smoothly and quickly; to slide; to convey gently or secretly. “He tried to slip a powder into her drink.” Arbuthnot. 2. To omit; to loose by negligence. “And slip no advantage
That my secure you.” B. Jonson. 3. To cut slips from; to cut; to take off; to make a slip or slips of; as to slip a piece of cloth or paper. “The branches also may be slipped and planted.” Mortimer. 4. To let loose in pursuit of game, as a greyhound. “Lucento slipped me like his greyhound.” Shak. 5. To cause to slip or slide off, or out of place; as a horse slips his bridle; a dog slips his collar. 6. To bring forth (young) prematurely; to slink. To slip a cable. (Naut.) See under Cable. — To slip off, to take off quickly; as to slip off a coat. — To slip on, to put on in haste or loosely; as to slip on a gown or coat.

Slip, n. [AS. slipe, slip.] 1. The act of slipping; as a slip on the ice. 2. An unintentional error or fault; a false step. “This good man’s slip mended his pace to martyrdom.” Fuller. 3. A twig separated from the main stock; a cutting; a scion; hence, a descendant; as a slip from a vine. “A native slip to us from foreign seeds.” Shak. “The girlish slip of a Sicilian bride.” R. Browning. 4. A slender piece; a strip; as a slip of paper. “Moonlit slips of silver cloud.” Tennyson. “A thin slip of a girl, like a new moon
Sure to be rounded into beauty soon.” Longfellow. 5. A leash or string by which a dog is held; - - so called from its being made in such a manner as to slip, or become loose, by relaxation of the hand. “We stalked over the extensive plains with Killbuck and Lena in the slips, in search of deer.” Sir S. Baker. 6. An escape; a secret or unexpected desertion; as to give one the slip. Shak. 7. (Print.) A portion of the columns of a newspaper or other work struck off by itself; a proof from a column of type when set up and in the galley. 8. Any covering easily slipped on. Specifically: (a) A loose garment worn by a woman. (b) A child’s pinafore. (c) An outside covering or case; as a pillow slip. (d) The slip or sheath of a sword, and the like. [R.] 9. A counterfeit piece of money, being brass covered with silver. [Obs.] Shak. 10. Matter found in troughs of grindstones after the grinding of edge tools. [Prov. Eng.] Sir W. Petty. 11. Potter’s clay in a very liquid state, used for the decoration of ceramic ware, and also as a cement for handles and other applied parts. 12. A particular quantity of yarn. [Prov. Eng.] 13. An inclined plane on which a vessel is built, or upon which it is hauled for repair. 14. An opening or space for vessels to lie in, between wharves or in a dock; as Peck slip. [U. S.] 15. A narrow passage between buildings. [Eng.] 16. A long seat or narrow pew in churches, often without a door. [U. S.] 17. (Mining.) A dislocation of a lead, destroying continuity. Knight. 18. (Engin.) The motion of the center of resistance of the float of a paddle wheel, or the blade of an oar, through the water horozontally, or the difference between a vessel’s actual speed and the speed which she would have if the propelling instrument acted upon a solid; also the velocity, relatively to still water, of the backward current of water produced by the propeller. 19. (Zoöl.) A fish, the sole. 20. (Cricket) A fielder stationed on the off side and to the rear of the batsman. There are usually two of them, called respectively short slip, and long slip. To give one the slip, to slip away from one; to elude one. — Slip dock. See under Dock. — Slip link (Mach.), a connecting link so arranged as to allow some play of the parts, to avoid concussion. — Slip rope (Naut.), a rope by which a cable is secured preparatory to slipping. Totten. — Slip stopper (Naut.), an arrangement for letting go the anchor suddenly.

Slip´board , n. A board sliding in grooves.

Slip´coat• cheese´ A rich variety of new cheese, resembling butter, but white. Halliwell.

Slipes , n. pl. [Cf. Slip, v.] Sledge runners on which a skip is dragged in a mine.

Slip´knot , n. knot which slips along the rope or line around which it is made.

Slip´-on , n. A kind of overcoat worn upon the shoulders in the manner of a cloak. [Scot.]

Slip´page , n. The act of slipping; also the amount of slipping.

Slip´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, slips. 2. A kind of light shoe, which may be slipped on with ease, and worn in undress; a slipshoe. 3. A kind of apron or pinafore for children. 4. A kind of brake or shoe for a wagon wheel. 5. (Mach.) A piece, usually a plate, applied to a sliding piece, to receive wear and afford a means of adjustment; — also called shoe, and gib. Slipper animalcule (Zoöl.), a ciliated infusorian of the genus Paramecium. — Slipper flower.(Bot.) Slipperwort. - - Slipper limpet, or Slipper shell (Zoöl.), a boat shell.

Slip´per, a. [AS. slipur.] Slippery. [Obs.] “O! trustless state of earthly things, and slipper hope
Of mortal men.” Spenser.

Slip´pered , a. Wearing slippers. Shak.

Slip´per•i•ly , adv. In a slippery manner.

Slip´per•i•ness, n. The quality of being slippery.

Slip´per•ness, n. Slipperiness. [Obs.]

Slip´per•wort , n. (Bot.) See Calceolaria.

Slip´per•y , a. [See Slipper, a.] 1. Having the quality opposite to adhesiveness; allowing or causing anything to slip or move smoothly, rapidly, and easily upon the surface; smooth; glib; as oily substances render things slippery. 2. Not affording firm ground for confidence; as a slippery promise. “The slippery tops of human state.” Cowley. 3. Not easily held; liable or apt to slip away. “The slippery god will try to loose his hold.” Dryden. 4. Liable to slip; not standing firm. Shak. 5. Unstable; changeable; mutable; uncertain; inconstant; fickle. ´The slippery state of kings.´ Denham. 6. Uncertain in effect. L’Estrange. 7. Wanton; unchaste; loose in morals. Shak. Slippery elm. (Bot.) (a) An American tree (Ulmus fulva) with a mucilagenous and slightly aromatic inner bark which is sometimes used medicinally; also the inner bark itself. (b) A malvaceous shrub (Fremontia Californica); — so called on the Pacific coast.

Slip´pi•ness , n. Slipperiness. [R.] ´The slippiness of the way.´ Sir W. Scott.

Slip´py , a. [AS. slipeg.] Slippery.

Slip´shod , a. 1. Wearing shoes or slippers down at the heel. “The shivering urchin bending as he goes,
With slipshod heels.” Cowper. 2. Figuratively: Careless in dress, manners, style, etc.; slovenly; shuffling; as slipshod manners; a slipshod or loose style of writing. “Thy wit shall ne’er go slipshod.” Shak.

Slip´shoe , n. A slipper. Halliwell.

Slip´skin , a. Evasive. [Obs.] Milton.

Slip´slop , n. [A reduplication of slop.] Weak, poor, or flat liquor; weak, profitless discourse or writing.

Slip´string , n. One who has shaken off restraint; a prodigal. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Slip´thrift , n. A spendthrift. [Obs.]

Slish , n. [A corruption of slash.] A cut; as slish and slash. [Colloq.] Shak.

Slit , obs. 3d. pers. sing. pres. of Slide. Chaucer.

Slit , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slit or Slitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. Slitting.] [OE. slitten, fr. sliten, AS. stitan to tear; akin to D. slijten to wear out, G. schleissen to slit, split, OHG. slizan to split, tear, wear out, Icel. stita to break, tear, wear out, Sw. slita, Dan. slide. Cf. Eclat, Slate, n., Slice.] 1. To cut lengthwise; to cut into long pieces or strips; as to slit iron bars into nail rods; to slit leather into straps. 2. To cut or make a long fissure in or upon; as to slit the ear or the nose. 3. To cut; to sever; to divide. [Obs.] “And slits the thin-spun life.” Milton.

Slit, n. [AS. slite.] A long cut; a narrow opening; as a slit in the ear. Gill slit. (Anat.) See Gill opening, under Gill.

Slith´er , v. i. [Cf. G. schlittern, LG. schliddern. See Slide.] To slide; to glide. [Prov. Eng.]

Slit´-shell´ , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Pleurotomaria, a genus of beautiful, pearly, spiral gastropod shells having a deep slit in the outer lip. Many fossil species are known, and a few living ones are found in deep water in tropical seas.

Slit´ter , n. One who, or that which, slits.

Slit´ting , a. & n. from Slit. Slitting file. See Illust. (i) of File. — Slitting mill. (a) A mill where iron bars or plates are slit into narrow strips, as nail rods, and the like. (b) A machine used by lapidaries for slicing stones, usually by means of a revolving disk, called a slicer, supplied with diamond powder. — Slitting roller, one of a pair of rollers furnished with ribs entering between similar ribs in the other roller, and cutting like shears, — used in slitting metals.

Slive , v. i. [Cf. Slip.] To sneak. [Prov. Eng.]

Slive, v. t. [OE. sliven to split, cleave, AS. slifan.] To cut; to split; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.

Sliv´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slivered p. pr. & vb. n. Slivering.] [See Slive, v. t.] To cut or divide into long, thin pieces, or into very small pieces; to cut or rend lengthwise; to slit; as to sliver wood. Shak. “They ’ll sliver thee like a turnip.” Sir W. Scott.

Sliv´er, n. 1. A long piece cut ot rent off; a sharp, slender fragment; a splinter. 2. A strand, or slender roll, of cotton or other fiber in a loose, untwisted state, produced by a carding machine and ready for the roving or slubbing which preceeds spinning. 3. pl. Bait made of pieces of small fish. Cf. Kibblings. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Sloak´an , n. (Bot.) A species of seaweed. [Spelled also slowcawn.] See 3d Laver.

Sloam , n. (Mining) A layer of earth between coal seams.

Sloat , n. [See Slot a bar.] A narrow piece of timber which holds together large pieces; a slat; as the sloats of a cart.

Slob´ber , v. t. & i. See Slabber.

Slob´ber, n. 1. See Slabber. 2. (Zoöl.) A jellyfish. [Prov. Eng.] 3. pl. (Vet.) Salivation.

Slob´ber•er , n. 1. One who slobbers. 2. A slovenly farmer; a jobbing tailor. [Prov. Eng.]

Slob´ber•y , a. Wet; sloppy, as land. Shak. { Slock , Slock´en } v. t. To quench; to allay; to slake. See Slake. [Obs. or Scot.]

Slock´ing, a. & n. from Slock. Slocking stone, a rich piece of ore displayed in order to tempt persons to embark in a mining enterprise.

Sloe , n. [OE. slo, AS. sla; akin to D. slee, G. schlehe, OHG. sl$ha, Dan. slaaen, Sw. sln, perhaps originally, that which blunts the teeth, or sets them on edge (cf. Slow); cf. Lith. sliwa a plum, Russ. sliva.] (Bot.) A small, bitter, wild European plum, the fruit of the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa); also the tree itself.

Slo´gan , n. [Gael. sluagh- ghairm, i.e., an army cry; sluagh army + gairm a call, calling.] The war cry, or gathering word, of a Highland clan in Scotland; hence, any rallying cry. Sir W. Scott.

Slog´gy , a. Sluggish. [Obs.] “Somnolence that is sloggy slumbering” Chaucer.

Sloke , n. (Bot.) See Sloakan. { Sloo , or Slue }, n. A slough; a run or wet place. See 2d Slough, 2.

Sloom , n. Slumber. [Prov. Eng.]

Sloom´y , a. Sluggish; slow. [Prov. Eng.]

Sloop , n.[D. sloep, of uncertain origin. Cf. Shallop.] (Naut.) A vessel having one mast and fore-and-aft rig, consisting of a boom-and-gaff mainsail, jibs, staysail, and gaff topsail. The typical sloop has a fixed bowsprit, topmast, and standing rigging, while those of a cutter are capable of being readily shifted. The sloop usually carries a centerboard, and depends for stability upon breadth of beam rather than depth of keel. The two types have rapidly approximated since 1880. One radical distinction is that a slop may carry a centerboard. See Cutter, and Illustration in Appendix. Sloop of war, formerly, a vessel of war rigged either as a ship, brig, or schooner, and mounting from ten to thirty-two guns; now, any war vessel larger than a gunboat, and carrying guns on one deck only.

Slop , n. [OE. sloppe a pool; akin to As. sloppe, slyppe, the sloppy droppings of a cow; cf. AS. slpan to slip, and E. slip, v.i. Cf. Cowslip.] 1. Water or other liquid carelessly spilled or thrown aboyt, as upon a table or a floor; a puddle; a soiled spot. 2. Mean and weak drink or liquid food; — usually in the plural. 3. pl. Dirty water; water in which anything has been washed or rinsed; water from wash-bowls, etc. Slop basin, or Slop bowl, a basin or bowl for holding slops, especially for receiving the rinsings of tea or coffee cups at the table. — Slop molding (Brickmaking), a process of manufacture in which the brick is carried to the drying ground in a wet mold instead of on a pallet.

Slop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slopped p. pr. & vb. n. Slopping.] 1. To cause to overflow, as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel containing it; to spill. 2. To spill liquid upon; to soil with a liquid spilled.

Slop, v. i. To overflow or be spilled as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel containing it; — often with over.

Slop, n. [AS. slop a frock or over-garment, fr. slpan to slip, to slide; akin to Icel sloppr a thin garment; cf. OHG. slouf a garment. Cf. Slip, v. i.] 1. Any kind of outer garment made of linen or cotton, as a night dress, or a smock frock. [Obs.] Halliwell. 2. A loose lower garment; loose breeches; chiefly used in the plural. ´A pair of slops.´ Sir P. Sidney. “There’s a French salutation to your French slop.” Shak. 3. pl. Ready-made clothes; also among seamen, clothing, bedding, and other furnishings.

Slope , n. [Formed (like abode fr. abide) from OE. slipen. See Slip, v. i.] 1. An oblique direction; a line or direction including from a horizontal line or direction; also sometimes, an inclination, as of one line or surface to another. 2. Any ground whose surface forms an angle with the plane of the horizon. “ buildings the summit and slope of a hill.” Macaulay. “Under the slopes of Pisgah.” Deut. iv. 49. (Rev. Ver.). A slope, considered as descending, is a declivity; considered as ascending, an acclivity. Slope of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane; as parallel planes have the same slope.

Slope, a. Sloping. ´Down the slope hills.´ Milton. “A bank not steep, but gently slope.” Bacon.

Slope, adv. In a sloping manner. [Obs.] Milton.

Slope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sloped p. pr. & vb. n. Sloping.] To form with a slope; to give an oblique or slanting direction to; to direct obliquely; to incline; to slant; as to slope the ground in a garden; to slope a piece of cloth in cutting a garment.

Slope, v. i. 1. To take an oblique direction; to be at an angle with the plane of the horizon; to incline; as the ground slopes. 2. To depart; to disappear suddenly. [Slang]

Slope´ness, n. State of being slope. Sir H. Wotton.

Slope´wise , adv. Obliquely. [Obs.] Carew.

Slop´ing, a. Inclining or inclined from the plane of the horizon, or from a horizontal or other right line; oblique; declivous; slanting. — Slop´ing•ly, adv. “The sloping land recedes into the clouds.” Cowper.

Slop´pi•ness , n. The quality or state of being sloppy; muddiness.

Slop´py , a. [Compar. Sloppier superl. Sloppiest.] [From Slop.] Wet, so as to spatter easily; wet, as with something slopped over; muddy; plashy; as a sloppy place, walk, road.

Slop´sell•er , n. One who sells slops, or ready-made clothes. See 4th Slop, 3.

Slop´shop , n. A shop where slops. or ready-made clothes, are sold.

Slop´work , n. The manufacture of slops, or cheap ready-made clothing; also such clothing; hence, hasty, slovenly work of any kind. “No slopwork ever dropped from his [Carlyle’s] pen.” Froude.

Slop´y , a. Sloping; inclined. { Slosh , Slosh´y }. See Slush, Slushy.

Slot , n. [LG. & D. slot a lock, from a verb meaning to close., to shut, D. sluiten; akin to G. schliessen, OHG. sliozan, OFries. slta, and probably to L. claudere. Cf. Close, Sluice.] 1. A broad, flat, wooden bar; a slat or sloat. 2. A bolt or bar for fastening a door. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A narrow depression, perforation, or aperture; esp., one for the reception of a piece fitting or sliding in it.

Slot , v. t. [See Slot a bar.] To shut with violence; to slam; as to slot a door. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Slot, n. [Cf. Icel. sl, and E. sleuth.] The track of a deer; hence, a track of any kind. Milton. “As a bloodhound follows the slot of a hurt deer.” Sir W. Scott.

Sloth , n. [OE. slouthe, sleuthe, AS. slw, fr. slaw slow. See Slow.] 1. Slowness; tardiness. “These cardinals trifle with me; I abhor
This dilatory sloth and tricks of Rome.” Shak. 2. Disinclination to action or labor; sluggishness; laziness; idleness. “[They] change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth.” Milton. “Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears.” Franklin. 3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of arboreal edentates constituting the family Bradypodidae, and the suborder Tardigrada. They have long exserted limbs and long prehensile claws. Both jaws are furnished with teeth (see Illust. of Edentata), and the ears and tail are rudimentary. They inhabit South and Central America and Mexico. The three-toed sloths belong to the genera Bradypus and Arctopithecus, of which several species have been described. They have three toes on each foot. The best-known species are collared sloth (Bradypus tridactylus), and the ai (Arctopitheus ai). The two-toed sloths, consisting the genus Cholopus, have two toes on each fore foot and three on each hind foot. The best-known is the unau (Cholopus didactylus) of South America. See Unau. Another species (C. Hoffmanni) inhabits Central America. Various large extinct terrestrial edentates, such as Megatherium and Mylodon, are often called sloths. Australian, or Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala. — Sloth animalcule (Zoöl.), a tardigrade. — Sloth bear (Zoöl.), a black or brown long-haired bear (Melursus ursinus, or labiatus), native of India and Ceylon; — called also aswail, labiated bear, and jungle bear. It is easily tamed and can be taught many tricks. — Sloth monkey (Zoöl.), a loris.

Sloth, v. i. To be idle. [Obs.] Gower.

Sloth´ful , a. Addicted to sloth; inactive; sluggish; lazy; indolent; idle. “He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.” Prov. xviii. 9. — Sloth´ful•ly, adv. — Sloth´ful•ness, n.

Sloth´hound , n. [See Slot a track, and cf. Sleuthhound.] (Zoöl.) See Sleuthhound.

Slot´ted , a. Having a slot.

Slot´ting , n. The act or process of making slots, or mortises.

Slouch , n. [Cf. Icel. slkra slouching felloew, and E. slack, slug, a lazy fellow.] 1. A hanging down of the head; a drooping attitude; a limp appearance; an ungainly, clownish gait; a sidewise depression or hanging down, as of a hat brim. 2. An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. [Colloq.] Slouth hat, a soft, limp hat of unstiffened cloth or felt.

Slouch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slouched p. pr. & vb. n. Slouching.] 1. To droop, as the head. 2. To walk in a clumsy, lazy manner. [Colloq.]

Slouch, v. t. To cause to hang down; to depress at the side; as to slouth the hat.

Slouch´ing, a. Hanging down at the side; limp; drooping; without firmness or shapeliness; moving in an ungainly manner.

Slouch´y , a. Slouching. [Colloq.]

Slough , a. Slow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slough , n. [OE. slogh, slough, AS. sloh a hollow place; cf. MHG. sluch an abyss, gullet, G. schlucken to swallow; also Gael. & Ir. sloc a pit, pool. ditch, Ir. slug to swallow. Gr. to hiccough, to sob.] 1. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole full of mire. Chaucer. “He’s here stuck in a slough.” Milton. 2. [Pronounced sloo.] A wet place; a swale; a side channel or inlet from a river. [In this sense local or provincial; also spelt sloo, and slue.] Slough grass (Bot.), a name in the Mississippi valley for grasses of the genus Muhlenbergia; — called also drop seed, and nimble Will.

Slough, obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.

Slough , n. [OE. slugh, slouh; cf. MHG. slch the skin of a serpent, G. schlauch a skin, a leather bag or bottle.] 1. The skin, commonly the cast-off skin, of a serpent or of some similar animal. 2. (Med.) The dead mass separating from a foul sore; the dead part which separates from the living tissue in mortification.

Slough, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sloughed p. pr. & vb. n. Sloughing.] (Med.) To form a slough; to separate in the form of dead matter from the living tissues; — often used with off, or away; as a sloughing ulcer; the dead tissues slough off slowly.

Slough, v. t. To cast off; to discard as refuse. “New tint the plumage of the birds,
And slough decay from grazing herds.” Emerson.

Slough´ing , n. (Zoöl.) The act of casting off the skin or shell, as do insects and crustaceans; ecdysis.

Slough´y , a. Full of sloughs, miry.

Slough´y , a. Resembling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from living flesh.

Slov´en , n. [D. slaf careless, negligent, a sloven; akin to LG. sluf slovenly.] A man or boy habitually negligent of neathess and order; — the correlative term to slattern, or slut. Pope. “He became a confirmed sloven.” Macaulay.

Slov´en•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being slovenly.

Slov´en•ly, a. 1. Having the habits of a sloven; negligent of neatness and order, especially in dress. “A slovenly, lazy fellow, lolling at his ease.” L’Estrange. 2. Characteristic of a sloven; lacking neatness and order; evincing negligence; as slovenly dress.

Slov´en•ly, adv. a slovenly manner.

Slov´en•ness, n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Fuller.

Slov´en•ry , n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Slow (slo), obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.

Slow (slo), a. [Compar. Slower superl. Slowest.] [OE. slow, slaw, AS. slaw; akin to OS. sleu blunt, dull, D. sleeuw, slee, sour, OHG. sleo blunt, dull, Icel. slor, slaer, Dan. slöv, Sw. slö. Cf. Sloe, and Sloth.] 1. Moving a short space in a relatively long time; not swift; not quick in motion; not rapid; moderate; deliberate; as a slow stream; a slow motion. 2. Not happening in a short time; gradual; late. “These changes in the heavens, though slow, produced
Like change on sea and land, sidereal blast.” Milton. 3. Not ready; not prompt or quick; dilatory; sluggish; as slow of speech, and slow of tongue. “Fixed on defense, the Trojans are not slow
To guard their shore from an expected foe.” Dryden. 4. Not hasty; not precipitate; acting with deliberation; tardy; inactive. “He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding.” Prov. xiv. 29. 5. Behind in time; indicating a time earlier than the true time; as the clock or watch is slow. 6. Not advancing or improving rapidly; as the slow growth of arts and sciences. 7. Heavy in wit; not alert, prompt, or spirited; wearisome; dull. [Colloq.] Dickens. Thackeray. Slow is often used in the formation of compounds for the most part self-explaining; as slow-gaited, slow- paced, slow-sighted, slow-winged, and the like. Slow coach, a slow person. See def.7, above. [Colloq.] — Slow lemur, or Slow loris (Zoöl.), an East Indian nocturnal lemurine animal (Nycticebus tardigradus) about the size of a small cat; — so called from its slow and deliberate movements. It has very large round eyes and is without a tail. Called also bashful Billy. — Slow match. See under Match. Syn. — Dilatory; late; lingering; tardy; sluggish; dull; inactive. — Slow, Tardy, Dilatory. Slow is the wider term, denoting either a want of rapid motion or inertness of intellect. Dilatory signifies a proneness to defer, a habit of delaying the performance of what we know must be done. Tardy denotes the habit of being behind hand; as tardy in making up one’s acounts.

Slow, adv. Slowly. “Let him have time to mark how slow time goes
In time of sorrow.” Shak.

Slow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slowed p. pr. & vb. n. Slowing.] To render slow; to slacken the speed of; to retard; to delay; as to slow a steamer. Shak.

Slow, v. i. To go slower; — often with up; as the train slowed up before crossing the bridge.

Slow, n. A moth. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Slow´back , n. A lubber; an idle fellow; a loiterer. [Old Slang] Dr. Favour.

Slowh , obs. imp. of Slee,to slay. Chaucer.

Slow´hound , n. A sleuthhound. [R.]

Slow´ly, adv. In a slow manner; moderately; not rapidly; not early; not rashly; not readly; tardly.

Slow´ness, n. The quality or state of being slow.

Slows , n. (Med.) Milk sickness.

Slow´-wit•ted , a. Dull of apprehension; not possessing quick intelligence.

Slow´worm , n. [AS. slawyrm; the first part is probably akin to sleán to strike, the reptile being supposed to be very poisonous. See Slay, v. t., and Worm.] (Zoöl.) A lecertilian reptile; the blindworm.

Slub , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A roll of wool slightly twisted; a rove; — called also slubbing.

Slub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbed p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbing.] To draw out and twist slightly; — said of slivers of wool.

Slub´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbered p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbering.] [Cf. Dan. slubbreto swallow, to sup up, D. slobberen to lap, to slabber. Cf. Slabber.] 1. To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely. “Slubber not business for my sake.” Shak. 2. To daub; to stain; to cover carelessly. “There is no art that hath more … slubbered with aphorisming pedantry than the art of policy.” Milton.

Slub´ber, n. A slubbing machine.

Slub´ber•de•gul•lion , n. [Slubber + Prov. E. gullion a wretch.] A mean, dirty wretch. [Low]

Slub´ber•ing•ly, adv. In a slovenly, or hurried and imperfect, manner. [Low] Drayton.

Slub´bing , a. & n. from Slub. Slubbing billy, or Slubbing machine, the machine by which slubs are formed.

Sludge , n. [CF. Slush.] 1. Mud; mire; soft mud; slush. Mortimer. Tennyson. 2. Small floating pieces of ice, or masses of saturated snow. Kane. 3. (Mining) See Slime, 4. Sludge hole, the hand-hole, or manhole, in a steam boiler, by means of which sediment can be removed.

Slud´ger (sluj´er), n. A bucket for removing mud from a bored hole; a sand pump.

Slud´y , a. Miry; slushy.

Slue , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slued ; p. pr. & vb. n. Sluing .] [Prov. E. slew to turn round, Scot. to lean or incline to a side; cf. Icel. sna to turn, bend.] [Written also slew.] 1. (Naut.) To turn about a fixed point, usually the center or axis, as a spar or piece of timber; to turn; — used also of any heavy body. 2. In general, to turn about; to twist; — often used reflexively and followed by round. [Colloq.] “They laughed, and slued themselves round.” Dickens.

Slue, v. i. To turn about; to turn from the course; to slip or slide and turn from an expected or desired course; — often followed by round.

Slue, n. See Sloough, 2. [Local]

Slug , n. [OE. slugge slothful, sluggen to be slothful; cf. LG. slukk low- spirited, sad, E. slack, slouch, D. slak, slek, a snail.] 1. A drone; a slow, lazy fellow; a sluggard. Shak. 2. A hindrance; an obstruction. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial pulmonate mollusks belonging to Limax and several related genera, in which the shell is either small and concealed in the mantle, or altogether wanting. They are closely allied to the land snails. 4. (Zoöl.) Any smooth, soft larva of a sawfly or moth which creeps like a mollusk; as the pear slug; rose slug. 5. A ship that sails slowly. [Obs.] Halliwell. “His rendezvous for his fleet, and for all slugs to come to, should be between Calais and Dover.” Pepys. 6. [Perhaps a different word.] An irregularly shaped piece of metal, used as a missile for a gun. 7. (Print.) A thick strip of metal less than type high, and as long as the width of a column or a page, — used in spacing out pages and to separate display lines, etc. Sea slug. (Zoöl.) (a) Any nudibranch mollusk. (b) A holothurian. — Slug caterpillar. Same as Slugworm.

Slug, v. i. To move slowly; to lie idle. [Obs.] “To slug in sloth and sensual delight.” Spenser.

Slug, v. t. To make sluggish. [Obs.] Milton.

Slug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slugged p. pr. & vb. n. Slugging ] 1. To load with a slug or slugs; as to slug a gun. 2. To strike heavily. [Cant or Slang]

Slug, v. i. To become reduced in diameter, or changed in shape, by passing from a larger to a smaller part of the bore of the barrel; — said of a bullet when fired from a gun, pistol, or other firearm.

Slug´a•bed , n. One who indulges in lying abed; a sluggard. [R.] ´Fie, you slugabed!´ Shak.

Slug´gard , n. [Slug + - ard.] A person habitually lazy, idle, and inactive; a drone. “Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise.” Prov. vi. 6.

Slug´gard, a. Sluggish; lazy. Dryden.

Slug´gard•ize , v. t. To make lazy. [R.] Shak.

Slug´gard•y , n. [OE. sloggardye.] The state of being a sluggard; sluggishness; sloth. Gower. “Idleness is rotten sluggardy.” Chaucer.

Slug´ger , n. One who strikes heavy blows; hence, a boxer; a prize fighter. [Cant or Slang]

Slug´gish , a. 1. Habitually idle and lazy; slothful; dull; inactive; as a sluggish man. 2. Slow; having little motion; as a sluggish stream. 3. Having no power to move one’s self or itself; inert. “Matter, being impotent, sluggish, and inactive, hath no power to stir or move itself.” Woodward. “And the sluggish land slumbers in utter neglect.” Longfellow. 4. Characteristic of a sluggard; dull; stupid; tame; simple. [R.] ´So sluggish a conceit.´ Milton. Syn. — Inert; idle; lazy; slothful; indolent; dronish; slow; dull; drowsy; inactive. See Inert. — Slug´gish•ly, adv. — Slug´gish•ness, n.

Slug´gy , a. Sluggish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slug´-horn , a. An erroneous form of the Scotch word slughorne, or sloggorne, meaning slogan.

Slugs , n. pl. (Mining) Half-roasted ore.

Slug´worm , n. (Zoöl.) Any caterpillar which has the general appearance of a slug, as do those of certain moths belonging to Limacodes and allied genera, and those of certain sawflies.

Sluice , n. [OF. escluse, F. ecluse, LL. exclusa, sclusa, from L. excludere, exclusum, to shut out: cf. D. sluis sluice, from the Old French. See Exclude.] 1. An artifical passage for water, fitted with a valve or gate, as in a mill stream, for stopping or regulating the flow; also a water gate or flood gate. 2. Hence, an opening or channel through which anything flows; a source of supply. “Each sluice of affluent fortune opened soon.” Harte. “This home familiarity … opens the sluices of sensibility.” I. Taylor. 3. The stream flowing through a flood gate. 4. (Mining) A long box or trough through which water flows, — used for washing auriferous earth. Sluice gate, the sliding gate of a sluice.

Sluice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sluiced p. pr. & vb. n. Sluicing ] 1. To emit by, or as by, flood gates. [R.] Milton. 2. To wet copiously, as by opening a sluice; as to sluice meadows. Howitt. “He dried his neck and face, which he had been sluicing with cold water.” De Quincey. 3. To wash with, or in, a stream of water running through a sluice; as to sluice eart or gold dust in mining.

Sluice´way , n. An artificial channel into which water is let by a sluice; specifically, a trough constructed over the bed of a stream, so that logs, lumber, or rubbish can be floated down to some convenient place of delivery.

Slui•cy , a. Falling copiously or in streams, as from a sluice. “And oft whole sheets descend of sluicy rain.” Dryden.

Slum , n. [CF. Slump, n.] 1. A foul back street of a city, especially one filled with a poor, dirty, degraded, and often vicious population; any low neighborhood or dark retreat; — usually in the plural; as Westminster slums are haunts for theives. Dickens. 2. pl. (Mining) Same as Slimes.

Slum´ber , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slumbered p. pr. & vb. n. Slumbering.] [OE. slombren, slumberen, slumeren, AS. slumerian, fr. sluma slumber; akin to D. sluimeren to slumber, MHG. slummern, slumen, G. schlummern, Dan. slumre, Sw. slumra, Goth. slawan to be silent.] 1. To sleep; especially, to sleep lightly; to doze. Piers Plowman. “He that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep.” Ps. cxxi. 4. 2. To be in a state of negligence, sloth, supineness, or inactivity. ´Why slumbers Pope?´ Young.

Slum´ber, v. t. 1. To lay to sleep. [R.] Wotton. 2. To stun; to stupefy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Slum´ber, n. Sleep; especially, light sleep; sleep that is not deep or sound; repose. “He at last fell into a slumber, and thence into a fast sleep, which detained him in that place until it was almost night.” Bunyan. “Fast asleep? It is no matter;
Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber.” Shak. “Rest to my soul, and slumber to my eyes.” Dryden.

Slum´ber•er , n. One who slumbers; a sleeper.

Slum´ber•ing•ly, adv. In a slumbering manner.

Slum´ber•less, a. Without slumber; sleepless.

Slum´ber•ous , a. 1. Inviting slumber; soporiferous. ´Pensive in the slumberous shade.´ Pope. 2. Being in the repose of slumber; sleepy; drowsy. “His quiet and almost slumberous countenance.” Hawthorne.

Slum´ber•y , a. Sleepy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slum´brous , a. Slumberous. Keats.

Slum´ming, vb. n. Visiting slums.

Slump , n. [Cf. D. slomp a mass, heap, Dan. slump a quantity, and E. slump, v.t.] The gross amount; the mass; the lump. [Scot.]

Slump, v. t. [Cf. Lump; also Sw. slumpa to bargain for the lump.] To lump; to throw into a mess. “These different groups … are exclusively slumped together under that sense.” Sir W. Hamilton.

Slump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slumped p. pr. & vb. n. Slumping.] [Scot. slump a dull noise produced by something falling into a hole, a marsh, a swamp.] To fall or sink suddenly through or in, when walking on a surface, as on thawing snow or ice, partly frozen ground, a bog, etc., not strong enough to bear the person. “The latter walk on a bottomless quag, into which unawares they may slump.” Barrow.

Slump, n. 1. A boggy place. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. The noise made by anything falling into a hole, or into a soft, miry place. [Scot.]

Slump´y , a. Easily broken through; boggy; marshy; swampy. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

Slung , imp. & p. p. of Sling. Slung shot, a metal ball of small size, with a string attached, used by ruffians for striking.

Slunk , imp. & p. p. of Slink.

Slur , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slurred p. pr. & vb. n. Slurring ] [Cf. OE. sloor mud, clay, Icel. slra, slora, to trail or drag one’s self along, D. sleuren, sloren, to train, to drag, to do negligently and slovenly, D. sloor, sloerie, a sluttish girl.] 1. To soil; to sully; to contaminate; to disgrace. Cudworth. 2. To disparage; to traduce. Tennyson. 3. To cover over; to disguise; to conceal; to pass over lightly or with little notice. “With periods, points, and tropes, he slurs his crimes.” Dryden. 4. To cheat, as by sliding a die; to trick. [R.] “To slur men of what they fought for.” Hudibras. 5. To pronounce indistinctly; as to slur syllables. 6. (Mus.) To sing or perform in a smooth, gliding style; to connect smoothly in performing, as several notes or tones. Busby. 7. (Print.) To blur or double, as an impression from type; to mackle.

Slur, n. 1. A mark or stain; hence, a slight reproach or disgrace; a stigma; a reproachful intimation; an innuendo. ´Gaining to his name a lasting slur.´ South. 2. A trick played upon a person; an imposition. [R.] 3. (Mus.) A mark, thus [&upslur; or &downslur;], connecting notes that are to be sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued breath of a wind instrument, or with one stroke of a bow; a tie; a sign of legato. 4. In knitting machines, a contrivance for depressing the sinkers successively by passing over them.

Slurred , a. (Mus.) Marked with a slur; performed in a smooth, gliding style, like notes marked with a slur.

Slush , n. [Cf. Sw. slaska to paddle in water, slask wet, filth.] [Written also slosh.] 1. Soft mud. 2. A mixture of snow and water; half-melted snow. 3. A soft mixture of grease and other materials, used for lubrication. 4. The refuse grease and fat collected in cooking, especially on shipboard. 5. (Mach.) A mixture of white lead and lime, with which the bright parts of machines, such as the connecting rods of steamboats, are painted to be preserved from oxidation.

Slush , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slushed p. pr. & vb. n. Slushing.] 1. To smear with slush or grease; as to slush a mast. 2. To paint with a mixture of white lead and lime.

Slush´y , a. Abounding in slush; characterized by soft mud or half-melted snow; as the streets are slushy; the snow is slushy. ´A dark, drizzling, slushy day.´ Blackw. Mag.

Slut , n. [OE. slutte; cf. OD. slodde a slut, Icel. slöttr a heavy, loglike fellow, slota to droop.] 1. An untidy woman; a slattern. “Sluts are good enough to make a sloven’s porridge.” Old Proverb. 2. A servant girl; a drudge. [Obs.] “Our little girl Susan is a most admirable slut, and pleases us mightly, doing more service than both the others.” Pepys. 3. A female dog; a bitch.

Slutch , n. [CF. Sludge.] Slush. [Prov. Eng.]

Slutch´y , a. Slushy. [Prov. Eng.] Pennant.

Sluth´hound , n. Sleuthhound.

Slut´ter•y , n. The qualities and practices of a slut; sluttishness; slatternlines. Drayton.

Slut´tish , a. Like a slut; untidy; indecently negligent of cleanliness; disorderly; as a sluttish woman. “Why is thy lord so slutish, I thee pray.” Chaucer. “An air of liberal, though sluttish, plenty, indicated the wealthy farmer.” Sir W. Scott. — Slut´tish•ly, adv. — Slut´tish•ness, n.

Sly , a. [Compar. Slier or Slyer; superl. Sliest or Slyest.] [OE. sli, slegh, sleih, Icel slgr, for slgr; akin to Sw. slug, Dan. slu, LG. slou, G. schlau; probably to E. slay, v.t.; cf. G. verschlagen sly. See Slay, v. t., and cf. Sleight.] 1. Dexterous in performing an action, so as to escape notice; nimble; skillful; cautious; shrewd; knowing; — in a good sense. “Be ye sly as serpents, and simple as doves.” Wyclif (Matt. x. 16). “Whom graver age
And long experience hath made wise and sly.” Fairfax. 2. Artfully cunning; secretly mischievous; wily. “For my sly wiles and subtle craftiness,
The litle of the kingdom I possess.” Spenser. 3. Done with, and marked by, artful and dexterous secrecy; subtle; as a sly trick. “Envy works in a sly and imperceptible manner.” I. Watts. 4. Light or delicate; slight; thin. [Obs.] By the sly, or On the sly, in a sly or secret manner. [Colloq.] ´Gazed on Hetty’s charms by the sly.´ G. Eliot. — Sly goose (Zoöl.), the common sheldrake; — so named from its craftiness. Syn. — Cunning; crafty; subtile; wily. See Cunning.

Sly, adv. Slyly. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser.

Sly´boots , n. A humerous appellation for a sly, cunning, or waggish person. “Slyboots was cursedly cunning to hide ’em.” Goldsmith.

Sly´ly, adv. In a sly manner; shrewdly; craftily. “Honestly and slyly he it spent.” Chaucer.

Sly´ness, n. The quality or state of being sly.

Slype , n. [Cf. D. sluipen to sneak.] (Arch.) A narrow passage between two buildings, as between the transept and chapter house of a monastery. [Eng.]

Smack , n. [D. smak; akin to LG. smack, smak, Dan. smakke, G. schmacke, F. semaque.] (Naut.) A small sailing vessel, commonly rigged as a sloop, used chiefly in the coasting and fishing trade.

Smack, n. [OE. smak, AS. ssmc taste, savor; akin to D. smaak, G. geschmack, OHG. smac; cf. Lith. smagus pleasant. Cf. Smack, v. i.] 1. Taste or flavor, esp. a slight taste or flavor; savor; tincture; as a smack of bitter in the medicine. Also used figuratively. “So quickly they have taken a smack in covetousness.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “They felt the smack of this world.” Latimer. 2. A small quantity; a taste. Dryden. 3. A loud kiss; a buss. ´A clamorous smack.´ Shak. 4. A quick, sharp noise, as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a whip. 5. A quick, smart blow; a slap. Johnson.

Smack, adv. As if with a smack or slap. [Colloq.]

Smack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smacked p. pr. & vb. n. Smacking.] [OE. smaken to taste, have a taste, — from the noun; cf. AS. smecan taste; akin to D. smaken, G. schmecken, OHG. smechen to taste, smachn to have a taste (and, derived from the same source, G. schmatzen to smack the lips, to kiss with a sharp noise, MHG. smatzen, smackzeen), Icel smakka to taste, Sw. smaka, Dan. smage. See 2d Smack, n.] 1. To have a smack; to be tinctured with any particular taste. 2. To have or exhibit indications of the presence of any character or quality. “ All sects, all ages, smack of this vice.” Shak. 3. To kiss with a close compression of the lips, so as to make a sound when they separate; to kiss with a sharp noise; to buss. 4. To make a noise by the separation of the lips after tasting anything.

Smack, v. t. 1. To kiss with a sharp noise; to buss. 2. To open, as the lips, with an inarticulate sound made by a quick compression and separation of the parts of the mouth; to make a noise with, as the lips, by separating them in the act of kissing or after tasting. “Drinking off the cup, and smacking his lips with an air of ineffable relish.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To make a sharp noise by striking; to crack; as to smack a whip. ´She smacks the silken thong.´ Young.

Smack´ing, n. A sharp, quick noise; a smack. “Like the faint smacking of an after kiss.” Dryden.

Smack´ing , a. Making a sharp, brisk sound; hence, brisk; as a smacking breeze.

Small (smal), a. [Compar. Smaller superl. Smallest.] [OE. small, AS. smael; akin to D. smal narrow, OS. & OHG. smal small, G. schmal narrow, Dan. & Sw. smal, Goth. smals small, Icel. smali smal cattle, sheep, or goats; cf. Gr. mh^lon a sheep or goat.] 1. Having little size, compared with other things of the same kind; little in quantity or degree; diminutive; not large or extended in dimension; not great; not much; inconsiderable; as a small man; a small river. “To compare
Great things with small.” Milton. 2. Being of slight consequence; feeble in influence or importance; unimportant; trivial; insignificant; as a small fault; a small business. 3. Envincing little worth or ability; not large-minded; — sometimes, in reproach, paltry; mean. “A true delineation of the smallest man is capable of interesting the greatest man.” Carlyle. 4. Not prolonged in duration; not extended in time; short; as after a small space. Shak. 5. Weak; slender; fine; gentle; soft; not loud. ´A still, small voice.´ 1 Kings xix. 12. Great and small,of all ranks or degrees; — used especially of persons. ´His quests, great and small.´ Chaucer. — Small arms, muskets, rifles, pistols, etc., in distinction from cannon. - - Small beer. See under Beer. — Small coal. (a) Little coals of wood formerly used to light fires. Gay. (b) Coal about the size of a hazelnut, separated from the coarser parts by screening. — Small craft (Naut.), a vessel, or vessels in general, of a small size. — Small fruits. See under Fruit. — Small hand, a certain size of paper. See under Paper. — Small hours. See under Hour. — Small letter. (Print.), a lower-case letter. See Lower-case, and Capital letter, under Capital, a. — Small piece, a Scotch coin worth about 2¼d. sterling, or about 4½cents. — Small register. See the Note under 1st Register, 7. — Small stuff (Naut.), spun yarn, marline, and the smallest kinds of rope. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Small talk, light or trifling conversation; chitchat. — Small wares (Com.), various small textile articles, as tapes, braid, tringe, and the like. M•Culloch.

Small, adv. 1. In or to small extent, quantity, or degree; little; slightly. [Obs.] ´I wept but small.´ Chaucer. ´It small avails my mood.´ Shak. 2. Not loudly; faintly; timidly. [Obs. or Humorous] “You may speak as small as you will.” Shak.

Small, n. 1. The small or slender part of a thing; as the small of the leg or of the back. 2. pl. Smallclothes. [Colloq.] Hood. Dickens. 3. pl. Same as Little go. See under Little, a.

Small, v. t. To make little or less. [Obs.]

Small´age , n. [Small + F. ache smallage. See Ach parsley.] (Bot.) A biennial umbelliferous plant (Apium graveolens) native of the seacoats of Europe and Asia. When deprived of its acrid and even poisonous properties by cultivation, it becomes celery.

Small´clothes , n. pl. A man’s garment for the hips and thighs; breeches. See Breeches.

Small´ish, a. Somewhat small. G. W. Cable.

Small´ness, n. The quality or state of being small.

Small´pox , n. [Small + pox, pocks.] (Med.) A contagious, constitutional, febrile disease characterized by a peculiar eruption; variola. The cutaneous eruption is at first a collection of papules which become vesicles (first flat, subsequently umbilicated) and then pustules, and finally thick crusts which slough after a certain time, often leaving a pit, or scar.

Smalls , n. pl. See Small, n., 2, 3.

Small´sword , n. A light sword used for thrusting only; especially, the sword worn by civilians of rank in the eighteenth century.

Smal´ly , adv. In a small quantity or degree; with minuteness. [R.] Ascham.

Smalt , n. [It. smalto, LL. smaltum; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. smalz grease, butter, G. schmalz grease, OHG. smelzan to melt, G. schmelzen. See Smelt, v. t., and cf. Amel, Enamel.] A deep blue pigment or coloring material used in various arts. It is a vitreous substance made of cobalt, potash, and calcined quartz fused, and reduced to a powder.

Smalt´-blue , a. Deep blue, like smalt. { Smalt´ine , Smalt´ite } n. [See Smalt.] (Min.) A tin- white or gray mineral of metallic luster. It is an arsenide of cobalt, nickel, and iron. Called also speiskobalt.

Smar´agd , n. [L. smaragdus. See Emerald.] The emerald. [Obs.] Bale.

Sma•rag´dine , a. [L. smaragdinus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to emerald; resembling emerald; of an emerald green.

Sma•rag´dite , n. [Cf. F. smaragdite; — so called from its emerald-green color. See Smaragd.] (Min.) A green foliated kind of amphibole, observed in eclogite and some varietis of gabbro.

Smart , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smarted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smarting.] [OE. smarten, AS. smeortan; akin to D. smarten, smerten, G. schmerzen, OHG. smerzan, Dan. smerte, SW. smärta, D. smart, smert, a pain, G. schmerz, Ohg. smerzo, and probably to L. mordere to bite; cf. Gr. , , terrible, fearful, Skr. md to rub, crush. Cf. Morsel.] 1. To feel a lively, pungent local pain; — said of some part of the body as the seat of irritation; as my finger smarts; these wounds smart. Chaucer. Shak. 2. To feel a pungent pain of mind; to feel sharp pain or grief; to suffer; to feel the sting of evil. “No creature smarts so little as a fool.” Pope. “He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it.” Prov. xi. 15.

Smart, v. t. To cause a smart in. ´A goad that … smarts the flesh.´ T. Adams.

Smart, n. [OE. smerte. See Smart, v. i.] 1. Quick, pungent, lively pain; a pricking local pain, as the pain from puncture by nettles. ´In pain’s smart.´ Chaucer. 2. Severe, pungent pain of mind; pungent grief; as the smart of affliction. “To stand ’twixt us and our deserved smart.” Milton. “Counsel mitigates the greatest smart.” Spenser. 3. A fellow who affects smartness, briskness, and vivacity; a dandy. [Slang] Fielding. 4. Smart money (see below). [Canf]

Smart , a. [Compar. Smarter superl. Smartest.] [OE. smerte. See Smart, v. i.] 1. Causing a smart; pungent; pricking; as a smart stroke or taste. “How smart lash that speech doth give my conscience.” Shak. 2. Keen; severe; poignant; as smart pain. 3. Vigorous; sharp; severe. ´Smart skirmishes, in which many fell.´ Clarendon. 4. Accomplishing, or able to accomplish, results quickly; active; sharp; clever. [Colloq.] 5. Efficient; vigorous; brilliant. ´The stars shine smarter.´ Dryden. 6. Marked by acuteness or shrewdness; quick in suggestion or reply; vivacious; witty; as a smart reply; a smart saying. “Who, for the poor renown of being smart
Would leave a sting within a brother’s heart?” Young. “A sentence or two, … which I thought very smart.” Addison. 7. Pretentious; showy; spruce; as a smart gown. 8. Brisk; fresh; as a smart breeze. Smart money. (a) Money paid by a person to buy himself off from some unpleasant engagement or some painful situation. (b) (Mil.) Money allowed to soldiers or sailors, in the English service, for wounds and injures received; also a sum paid by a recruit, previous to being sworn in, to procure his release from service. (c) (Law) Vindictive or exemplary damages; damages beyond a full compensation for the actual injury done. Burrill. Greenleaf. — Smart ticket, a certificate given to wounded seamen, entitling them to smart money. [Eng.] Brande & C. Syn. — Pungent; poignant; sharp; tart; acute; quick; lively; brisk; witty; clever; keen; dashy; showy. — Smart, Clever. Smart has been much used in New England to describe a person who is intelligent, vigorous, and active; as a smart young fellow; a smart workman, etc., conciding very nearly with the English sense of clever. The nearest approach to this in England is in such expressions as he was smart (pungent or witty) in his reply, etc.; but smart and smartness, when applied to persons, more commonly refer to dress; as a smart appearance; a smart gown, etc.

Smart´en , v. t. To make smart or spruce; — usually with up. [Colloq.] “She had to go and smarten herself up somewhat.” W. Black.

Smar´tle , v. i. To waste away. [Prov. Eng.]

Smart´ly , adv. In a smart manner.

Smart´ness, n. The quality or state of being smart.

Smart´weed , n. (Bot.) An acrid plant of the genus Polygonum (P. Hydropiper), which produces smarting if applied where the skin is tender.

Smash (smash), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smashed (smasht); p. pr. & vb. n. Smashing.] [Cf. Sw. smisk a blow, stroke, smiska to strike, dial. Sw. smaske to kiss with a noise, and E. smack a loud kiss, a slap.] To break in pieces by violence; to dash to pieces; to crush. “Here everything is broken and smashed to pieces.” Burke.

Smash, v. i. To break up, or to pieces suddenly, as the result of collision or pressure.

Smash, n. 1. A breaking or dashing to pieces; utter destruction; wreck. 2. Hence, bankruptcy. [Colloq.]

Smash´er (-er), n. 1. One who, or that which, smashes or breaks things to pieces. 2. Anything very large or extraordinary. [Slang] 3. One who passes counterfeit coin. [Cant, Eng.]

Smatch , n. [OE. smach, smak. See Smack taste.] Taste; tincture; smack. [Obs.] “Thy life hath had some smatch of honor in it.” Shak.

Smatch, v. i. To smack. [Obs.] Banister (1578).

Smat´ter , v. i. [OE. smateren to make a noise; cf. Sw. smattra to clatter, to crackle, G. schmettern to dash, crash, to warble, quaver.] 1. To talk superficially or ignorantly; to babble; to chatter. “Of state affairs you can not smatter.” Swift. 2. To have a slight taste, or a slight, superficial knowledge, of anything; to smack.

Smat´ter, v. t. 1. To talk superficially about. 2. To gain a slight taste of; to acquire a slight, superficial knowledge of; to smack. Chaucer.

Smat´ter, n. Superficial knowledge; a smattering.

Smat´ter•er , n. One who has only a slight, superficial knowledge; a sciolist.

Smat´ter•ing, n. A slight, superficial knowledge of something; sciolism. “I had a great desire, not able to attain to a superficial skill in any, to have some smattering in all.” Burton.

Smear (smer), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smeared (smerd); p. pr. & vb. n. Smearing.] [OE. smeren, smerien, AS. smierwan, smyrwan, fr. smeoru fat, grease; akin to D. smeren, OHG. smirwen, G. schmieren, Icel. smyrja to anoint. See Smear, n.] 1. To overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or adhesive; to daub; as to smear anything with oil. ´Smear the sleepy grooms with blood.´ Shak. 2. To soil in any way; to contaminate; to pollute; to stain morally; as to be smeared with infamy. Shak.

Smear, n. [OE. smere,. smeoru fat, grease; akin to D. smeer, G. schmeer, OHG. smero, Icel. smjör, Sw. & Dan. smör butter, Goth. smaírþr fatness, smarna dung; cf. Lith. smarsas fat. Cf. Smirch.] 1. A fat, oily substance; oinment. Johnson. 2. Hence, a spot made by, or as by, an unctuous or adhesive substance; a blot or blotch; a daub; a stain. “Slow broke the morn,
All damp and rolling vapor, with no sun,
But in its place a moving smear of light.” Alexander Smith.

Smear´ dab´ (Zoöl.) The sand fluke (b). [Prov. Eng.]

Smeared , a. (Zoöl.) Having the color mark ings ill defined, as if rubbed; as the smeared dagger moth (Apatela oblinita).

Smear´y , a. Tending to smear or soil; adhesive; viscous. Rowe.

Smeath , n. (Zoöl.) The smew. [Prov. Eng.]

Smec´tite , n. [G. smectit, fr. Gr. a kind of fuller’s earth, fr. to wipe off.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina, of a greenish color, which, in certain states of humidity, appears transparent and almost gelatinous.

Smee , n. [Cf. Smew.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The widgeon. (c) The poachard. (d) The smew. [Prov. Eng.]

Smeeth , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To smoke; to blacken with smoke; to rub with soot. [Obs.]

Smeeth , v. t. [OE. smeen, AS. smian. See Smooth.] To smooth. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Smeg´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. soap, fr. to wash off.] (Physiol.) The matter secreted by any of the sebaceous glands. Specifically: (a) The soapy substance covering the skin of newborn infants. (b) The cheesy, sebaceous matter which collects between the glans penis and the foreskin.

Smeg•mat´ic , a. Being of the nature of soap; soapy; cleansing; detersive.

Smeir , n. A salt glaze on pottery, made by adding common salt to an earthenware glaze.

Smell , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smelled , Smelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Smelling.] [OE. smellen, smillen, smullen; cf. LG. smellen, smelen, smölen, schmelen, to smoke, to reek, D. smeulen to smolder, and E. smolder. Cf. Smell, n.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory nerves, or organs of smell; to have a sensation of, excited through the nasal organs when affected by the appropriate materials or qualities; to obtain the scent of; as to smell a rose; to smell perfumes. 2. To detect or perceive, as if by the sense of smell; to scent out; — often with out. ´I smell a device.´ Shak. “Can you smell him out by that?” Shak. 3. To give heed to. [Obs.] “From that time forward I began to smellthe Word of God, and forsook the school doctors.” Latimer. To smell a rat, to have a sense of something wrong, not clearly evident; to have reason for suspicion. [Colloq.] — To smell out, to find out by sagacity. [Colloq.]

Smell, v. i. 1. To affect the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or scent; — often followed by of; as to smell of smoke, or of musk. 2. To have a particular tincture or smack of any quality; to savor; as a report smells of calumny. “Praises in an enemy are superfluous, or smell of craft.” Milton. 3. To exercise the sense of smell. Ex. xxx. 38. 4. To exercise sagacity. Shak.

Smell, n. [OE. smel, smil, smul, smeol. See Smell, v. t.] (Physiol.) 1. The sense or faculty by which certain qualities of bodies are perceived through the instrumentally of the olfactory nerves. See Sense. 2. The quality of any thing or substance, or emanation therefrom, which affects the olfactory organs; odor; scent; fragrance; perfume; as the smell of mint. “Breathing the smell of field and grove.” Milton. “That which, above all others, yields the sweetest smell in the air, is the violent.” Bacon. Syn. — Scent; odor; perfume; fragrance.

Smell´er , n. 1. One who smells, or perceives by the sense of smell; one who gives out smell. 2. The nose. [Pugilists’ Slang]

Smell´-feast , n. 1. One who is apt to find and frequent good tables; a parasite; a sponger. “The epicure and the smell-feast.” South. 2. A feast at which the guests are supposed to feed upon the odors only of the viands.

Smell´ing, n. 1. The act of one who smells. 2. The sense by which odors are perceived; the sense of smell. Locke. Smelling bottle, a small bottle filled with something suited to stimulate the sense of smell, or to remove faintness, as spirits of ammonia.

Smell´-less, a. Destitute of smell; having no odor. “Daisies smell-less, yet most quaint.” Beau. & Fl.

Smelt , imp. & p. p. of Smell.

Smelt, n. [AS. smelt, smylt; akin to Dan. smelt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small silvery salmonoid fishes of the genus Osmerus and allied genera, which ascend rivers to spawn, and sometimes become landlocked in lakes. They are esteemed as food, and have a peculiar odor and taste. The most important species are the European smelt (Osmerus eperlans) (called also eperlan, sparling, and spirling), the Eastern American smelt (O. mordax), the California smelt (O. thalichthys), and the surf smelt (Hypomesus olidus). The name is loosely applied to various other small fishes, as the lant, the California tomcod, the spawn eater, the silverside. 2. Fig.: A gull; a simpleton. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Sand smelt (Zoöl.), the silverside.

Smelt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smelted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smelting.] [Of foreign origin; cf. Sw. smälta, D. smelten, Dan. smelte, Icel. smelta, G. schmelzen OHG. smelzan, smelzen; probably akin to Gr. . Cf. Enamel, Melt, Mute, v. i., Smalt.] (Metal.) To melt or fuse, as ore, for the purpose of separating and refining the metal; hence, to reduce; to refine; to flux or scorify; as to smelt tin.

Smelt´er , n. One who, or that which, smelts.

Smelt´er•y , n. A house or place for smelting.

Smelt´ie , n. A fish, the bib. [Prov. Eng.]

Smelt´ing, a. & n. from Smelt. Smelting furnace (Metal.), a furnace in which ores are smelted or reduced.

Smerk , n. & v. See Smirk. { Smerk , Smerk´y } a. Smart; jaunty; spruce. See Smirk, a. [Obs.] “So smerk, so smooth, his pricked ears.” Spenser.

Smer´lin , n. (Zoöl.) A small loach.

Smew , n. [Perhaps for ice- mew.] (Zoöl.) (a) small European merganser (Mergus albellus) which has a white crest; — called also smee, smee duck, white merganser, and white nun. (b) The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.]

Smick´er , v. i. [Akin to Sw. smickra to flatter, Dan. smigre, and perhaps to G. schmeicheln, and E. smile. Cf. Smicker, a.] To look amorously or wantonly; to smirk.

Smick´er, a. [AS. smicere tasteful, trim. See Smicker, v.] Amorous; wanton; gay; spruce. [Obs.]

Smick´er•ing, n. Amorous glance or inclination. [Obs.] ´A smickering to our young lady.´ Dryden.

Smick´et , n. [Dim. of smock.] A woman’s under-garment; a smock. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Smick´ly, adv. Smugly; finically. [Obs.] Ford.

Smid´dy , n. [See Smithy.] A smithy. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Smift , n. A match for firing a charge of powder, as in blasting; a fuse.

Smight , v. t. To smite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Smil´a•cin , n. [Cf. F. similacine. See Smilax.] (Chem.) See Parrilin.

Smi´lax , n. [L., bindweed, Gr. .] (Bot.) (a) A genus of perennial climbing plants, usually with a prickly woody stem; green brier, or cat brier. The rootstocks of certain species are the source of the medicine called sarsaparilla. (b) A delicate trailing plant (Myrsiphyllum asparagoides) much used for decoration. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

Smile (smil), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smiled (smild); p. pr. & vb. n. Smiling.] [OE. smilen; akin to Dan. smile, Sw. smila, MHG. smielen, smieren, L. mirari to wonder at, Skr. smi to smile; and probably to E. smicker. rad.173. Cf. Admire, Marvel, Smirk.] 1. To express amusement, pleasure, moderate joy, or love and kindness, by the features of the face; to laugh silently. “He doth nothing but frown… . He hears merry tales and smiles not.” Shak. “She smiled to see the doughty hero slain.” Pope. “When last I saw thy young blue eyes, they smiled.” Byron. 2. To express slight contempt by a look implying sarcasm or pity; to sneer. “’T was what I said to Craggs and Child,
Who praised my modesty, and smiled.” Pope. 3. To look gay and joyous; to have an appearance suited to excite joy; as smiling spring; smiling plenty. “The desert smiled,
And paradise was opened in the wild.” Pope. 4. To be propitious or favorable; to favor; to countenance; — often with on; as to smile on one’s labors.

Smile, v. t. 1. To express by a smile; as to smile consent; to smile a welcome to visitors. 2. To affect in a certain way with a smile. [R.] “And sharply smile prevailing folly dead.” Young.

Smile, n. [CF. Dan. smiil, Sw. smil. See Smile, v. i.] 1. The act of smiling; a peculiar change or brightening of the face, which expresses pleasure, moderate joy, mirth, approbation, or kindness; — opposed to frown. “Sweet intercourse
Of looks and smiles: for smiles from reason flow.” Milton. 2. A somewhat similar expression of countenance, indicative of satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings, as contempt, scorn, etc; as a scornful smile. 3. Favor; countenance; propitiousness; as the smiles of Providence. ´The smile of heaven.´ Shak. 4. Gay or joyous appearance; as the smiles of spring. “The brightness of their [the flowers’] smile was gone.” Bryant.

Smile´less , a. Not having a smile.

Smil´er , n. One who smiles. Tennyson.

Smil´et , n. A little smile. [R.] “Those happy smilets
That played on her ripe lip.” Shak.

Smil´ing•ly, adv. In a smiling manner. Shak.

Smil´ing•ness, n. Quality or state of being smiling. “And made despair a smilingness assume.” Byron.

Smi´lo•don , n. [Gr. a carving knife + , , tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of saber-toothed tigers. See Machrodus.

Smilt , v. i. To melt. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Smin•thu´rid , n. [Gr. a mouse + tail.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous small species of springtails, of the family Sminthuridae, — usually found on flowers. See Illust. under Collembola.

Smirch , v. t. [From the root of smear.] To smear with something which stains, or makes dirty; to smutch; to begrime; to soil; to sully. “I’ll … with a kind of umber smirch my face.” Shak.

Smirch , n. A smutch; a dirty stain.

Smirk , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smirked p. pr. & vb. n. Smirking.] [OE. smirken, ASS. smercian, smearcian; cf. MHG. smieren, smielen, to smile. See Smile, v. i.] To smile in an affected or conceited manner; to smile with affected complaisance; to simper.

Smirk, n. A forced or affected smile; a simper. “The bride, all smirk and blush, had just entered.” Sir W. Scott.

Smirk, a. Nice,; smart; spruce; affected; simpering. ´So smirk, so smooth.´ Spenser.

Smirk´ing•ly, adv. With smirking; with a smirk.

Smirk´y , a. Smirk; smirking.

Smit , rare imp. & p. p. of Smite. Spenser. “Smit with the beauty of so fair a scene.” Cowper.

Smit, obs. 3d. pers. sing. pres. of Smite. Chaucer.

Smite (smit), v. t. [imp. Smote (smot), rarely Smit (smit); p. p. Smitten (smit´t’n), rarely Smit, or Smote; p. pr. & vb. n. Smiting (smit´ing).] [AS. smitan to smite, to soil, pollute; akin to OFries. smita to smite, LG. smiten, D. smijten, G. schmeissen, OHG. smizan to smear, stroke, OSw. & dial. Sw. smita to smite, Dan. smide to throw, Goth. bismeitan, to anoint, besmear; cf. Skr. med to be fat. The original sense seems to have been, to daub on, to smear. Cf. Smut.] 1. To strike; to inflict a blow upon with the hand, or with any instrument held in the hand, or with a missile thrown by the hand; as to smite with the fist, with a rod, sword, spear, or stone. “Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.” Matt. v. 39. “And David … took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead.” 1 Sam. xvii. 49. 2. To cause to strike; to use as an instrument in striking or hurling. “Prophesy, and smite thine hands together.” Ezek. xxi. 14. “Saul … smote the javelin into the wall.” 1 Sam. xix. 10. 3. To destroy the life of by beating, or by weapons of any kind; to slay by a blow; to kill; as to smite one with the sword, or with an arrow or other instrument. 4. To put to rout in battle; to overthrow by war. 5. To blast; to destroy the life or vigor of, as by a stroke or by some visitation. “The flax and the barly was smitten.” Ex. ix. 31. 6. To afflict; to chasten; to punish. “Let us not mistake God’s goodness, nor imagine, because he smites us, that we are forsaken by him.” Wake. 7. To strike or affect with passion, as love or fear. “The charms that smite the simple heart.” Pope. “Smit with the love of sister arts we came.” Pope. To smite off, to cut off. — To smite out, to knock out, as a tooth. Exod. xxi. 27. — To smite with the tongue, to reproach or upbraid; to revile. [Obs.] Jer. xviii. 18.

Smite, v. i. To strike; to collide; to beat. [Archaic] “The heart melteth, and the knees smite together.” Nah. ii. 10.

Smite, n. The act of smiting; a blow.

Smit´er (smit´er), n. One who smites. “I give my back to the smiters.” Isa. l. 6.

Smith (smith), n. [AS. smið; akin to D. smid, G. schmied, OHG. smid, Icel. smiðr, Dan. & Sw. smed, Goth. smiþa (in comp.); cf. Gr. smi•lh a sort of knife, sminy•h a hoe, mattock.] 1. One who forges with the hammer; one who works in metals; as a blacksmith, goldsmith, silversmith, and the like. Piers Plowman. “Nor yet the smith hath learned to form a sword.” Tate. 2. One who makes or effects anything. [R.] Dryden.

Smith, v. t. [AS. smiðian. See Smith, n.] To beat into shape; to forge. [Obs.] Chaucer. “What smith that any [weapon] smitheth.” Piers Plowman.

Smith´craft (-kraft•), n. The art or occupation of a smith; smithing. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Smith´er (smith´er), n. 1. Light, fine rain. [Prov. Eng.] 2. pl. Fragments; atoms; finders. [Prov. Eng.] “Smash the bottle to smithers.” Tennyson.

Smith•er•eens´ (smith•er•enz´), n. pl. Fragments; atoms; smithers. [Colloq.] W. Black.

Smith´er•y (smith´er•y), n.; pl. -ies (-iz). 1. The workshop of a smith; a smithy or stithy. 2. Work done by a smith; smithing. “The din of all his smithery may some time or other possibly wake this noble duke.” Burke.

Smith´ing, n. The act or art of working or forging metals, as iron, into any desired shape. Moxon.

Smith•so´ni•an (-so´ni•an), a. Of or pertaining to the Englishman J. L. M. Smithson, or to the national institution of learning which he endowed at Washington, D. C.; as the Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Reports. — n. The Smithsonian Institution.

Smith´son•ite , n. [See Smithsonian.] (Min.) Native zinc carbonate. It generally occurs in stalactitic, reniform, or botryoidal shapes, of a white to gray, green, or brown color. See Note under Calamine.

Smith´y (-y), n. [AS. smiððe, fr. smið; akin to D. smidse, smids, OHG. smitta, G. schmiede, Icel. smiðja. See Smith, n.] The workshop of a smith, esp. a blacksmith; a smithery; a stithy. [Written also smiddy.] “Under a spreading chestnut tree
The village smithy stands.” Longfellow.

Smitt (smit), n. [CF. G. schmitz a stain, schmitzen besmear. See Smite, v. t.] Fine clay or ocher made up into balls, used for marking sheep. [Eng.] Woodward.

Smit´ten (smit´t’n), p. p. of Smite.

Smit´tle (-t’l), v. t. [Freq. fr. OE. smitten to befoul. See Smite, v. t.] To infect. [Prov. Eng.]

Smit´tle, n. Infection. [Pov. Eng.] Wright. { Smit´tle (smit´t’l), Smit´tlish (- tlish), } a. Infectious; catching. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] H. Kingsley.

Smock (smok), n. [AS. smocc; akin to OHG. smocho, Icel. smokkr, and from the root of AS. smugan to creep, akin to G. schmiegen to cling to, press close, MHG. smiegen, Icel. smjuga to creep through, to put on a garment which has a hole to put the head through; cf. Lith. smukti to glide. Cf. Smug, Smuggle.] 1. A woman’s under- garment; a shift; a chemise. “In her smock, with head and foot all bare.” Chaucer. 2. A blouse; a smoock frock. Carlyle.

Smock , a. Of or pertaining to a smock; resembling a smock; hence, of or pertaining to a woman. Smock mill, a windmill of which only the cap turns round to meet the wind, in distinction from a post mill, whose whole building turns on a post. — Smock race, a race run by women for the prize of a smock. [Prov. Eng.]

Smock, v. t. To provide with, or clothe in, a smock or a smock frock. Tennyson.

Smock´-faced , a. Having a feminine countenance or complexion; smooth-faced; girlish. Fenton.

Smock´ frock A coarse frock, or shirt, worn over the other dress, as by farm laborers. Macaulay.

Smock´less, a. Wanting a smock. Chaucer.

Smok´a•ble , a. Capable of being smoked; suitable or ready to be smoked; as smokable tobacco.

Smoke , n. [AS. smoca, fr. smeócan to smoke; akin to LG. & D. smook smoke, Dan. smög, G. schmauch, and perh. to Gr. to burn in a smoldering fire; cf. Lith. smaugti to choke.] 1. The visible exhalation, vapor, or substance that escapes, or expelled, from a burning body, especially from burning vegetable matter, as wood, coal, peat, or the like. The gases of hydrocarbons, raised to a red heat or thereabouts, without a mixture of air enough to produce combustion, disengage their carbon in a fine powder, forming smoke. The disengaged carbon when deposited on solid bodies is soot. 2. That which resembles smoke; a vapor; a mist. 3. Anything unsubstantial, as idle talk. Shak. 4. The act of smoking, esp. of smoking tobacco; as to have a smoke. [Colloq.] Smoke is sometimes joined with other word. forming self-explaining compounds; as smoke-consuming, smoke- dried, smoke-stained, etc. Smoke arch, the smoke box of a locomotive. — Smoke ball (Mil.), a ball or case containing a composition which, when it burns, sends forth thick smoke. — Smoke black, lampblack. [Obs.] — Smoke board, a board suspended before a fireplace to prevent the smoke from coming out into the room. — Smoke box, a chamber in a boiler, where the smoke, etc., from the furnace is collected before going out at the chimney. — Smoke sail (Naut.), a small sail in the lee of the galley stovepipe, to prevent the smoke from annoying people on deck. — Smoke tree (Bot.), a shrub (Rhus Cotinus) in which the flowers are mostly abortive and the panicles transformed into tangles of plumose pedicels looking like wreaths of smoke. — To end in smoke, to burned; hence, to be destroyed or ruined; figuratively, to come to nothing. Syn. — Fume; reek; vapor.

Smoke, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smoked p. pr. & vb n. Smoking.] [AS. smocian; akin to D. smoken, G. schmauchen, Dan. smöge. See Smoke, n.] 1. To emit smoke; to throw off volatile matter in the form of vapor or exhalation; to reek. “Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.” Milton. 2. Hence, to burn; to be kindled; to rage. “The anger of the Lord and his jealousy shall smoke agains. that man.” Deut. xxix. 20. 3. To raise a dust or smoke by rapid motion. “Proud of his steeds, he smokes along the field.” Dryden. 4. To draw into the mouth the smoke of tobacco burning in a pipe or in the form of a cigar, cigarette, etc.; to habitually use tobacco in this manner. 5. To suffer severely; to be punished. “Some of you shall smoke for it in Rome.” Shak.

Smoke, v. t. 1. To apply smoke to; to hang in smoke; to disinfect, to cure, etc., by smoke; as to smoke or fumigate infected clothing; to smoke beef or hams for preservation. 2. To fill or scent with smoke; hence, to fill with incense; to perfume. ´Smoking the temple.´ Chaucer. 3. To smell out; to hunt out; to find out; to detect. “I alone
Smoked his true person, talked with him.” Chapman. “He was first smoked by the old Lord Lafeu.” Shak. “Upon that … I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mummers.” Addison. 4. To ridicule to the face; to quiz. [Old Slang] 5. To inhale and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco; to burn or use in smoking; as to smoke a pipe or a cigar. 6. To subject to the operation of smoke, for the purpose of annoying or driving out; — often with out; as to smoke a woodchuck out of his burrow.

Smoke´-dry , v. t. To dry by or in smoke.

Smoke´house , n. A building where meat or fish is cured by subjecting it to a dense smoke.

Smoke´jack , n. A contrivance for turning a spit by means of a fly or wheel moved by the current of ascending air in a chimney.

Smoke´less, a. Making or having no smoke. ´Smokeless towers.´ Pope.

Smok´er , n. 1. One who dries or preserves by smoke. 2. One who smokes tobacco or the like. 3. A smoking car or compartment. [U. S.]

Smoke´stack , n. A chimney; esp., a pipe serving as a chimney, as the pipe which carries off the smoke of a locomotive, the funnel of a steam vessel, etc.

Smok´i•ly , adv. In a smoky manner.

Smok´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being smoky.

Smok´ing, a. & n. from Smoke. Smoking bean (Bot.), the long pod of the catalpa, or Indian-bean tree, often smoked by boys as a substitute for cigars. — Smoking car, a railway car carriage reserved for the use of passengers who smoke tobacco.

Smok´y , a. [Compar. Smokier superl. Smokiest.] 1. Emitting smoke, esp. in large quantities or in an offensive manner; fumid; as smoky fires. 2. Having the appearance or nature of smoke; as a smoky fog. ´Unlustrous as the smoky light.´ Shak. 3. Filled with smoke, or with a vapor resembling smoke; thick; as a smoky atmosphere. 4. Subject to be filled with smoke from chimneys or fireplace; as a smoky house. 5. Tarnished with smoke; noisome with smoke; as smoky rafters; smoky cells. 6. Suspicious; open to suspicion. [Obs.] Foote. Smoky quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz crystal of a pale to dark smoky-brown color. See Quartz. { Smol´der , Smoul´der } , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smoldered or Smouldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Smoldering or Smouldering.] [OE. smolderen; cf. Prov. G. smölen, smelen, D. smeulen. Cf. Smell.] 1. To burn and smoke without flame; to waste away by a slow and supressed combustion. “The smoldering dust did round about him smoke.” Spenser. 2. To exist in a state of suppressed or smothered activity; to burn inwardly; as a smoldering feud. { Smol´der , Smoul´der } v. t. To smother; to suffocate; to choke. [Obs.] Holinshed. Palsgrave. { Smol´der , Smoul´der } n. Smoke; smother. [Obs.] “The smolder stops our nose with stench.” Gascoigne. { Smol´der•ing , Smoul´der•ing } a. Being in a state of suppressed activity; quiet but not dead. “Some evil chance
Will make the smoldering scandal break and blaze.” Tennyson. { Smol´der•ing•ness , Smoul´der•ing•ness } , n. The state of smoldering. { Smol´dry , Smoul´dry } , a. Smoldering; suffocating; smothery. [Obs.] “A flaming fire ymixt with smoldry smoke.” Spenser.

Smolt , n. (Zoöl.) A young salmon two or three years old, when it has acquired its silvery color.

Smooch , v. t. See Smutch.

Smoor , v. t. [AS. smorian; akin to D. & LG. smoren, G. schmoren to stew. Cf. Smother.] To suffocate or smother. [Written also smore.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir T. More. Burns.

Smooth (smooth), a. [Compar. Smoother (-er); superl. Smoothest.] [OE. smothe, smethe, AS. smeðe, smœðe, where e, œ, come from an older o; cf. LG. smöde, smöe, smödig; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having an even surface, or a surface so even that no roughness or points can be perceived by the touch; not rough; as smooth glass; smooth porcelain. Chaucer. “The outlines must be smooth, imperceptible to the touch, and even, without eminence or cavities.” Dryden. 2. Evenly spread or arranged; sleek; as smooth hair. 3. Gently flowing; moving equably; not ruffled or obstructed; as a smooth stream. 4. Flowing or uttered without check, obstruction, or hesitation; not harsh; voluble; even; fluent. “The only smooth poet of those times.” Milton. “Waller was smooth; but Dryden taught to join
The varying verse, the full-resounding line.” Pope. “When sage Minerva rose,
From her sweet lips smooth elocution flows.” Gay. 5. Bland; mild; smoothing; fattering. “This smooth discourse and mild behavior oft
Conceal a traitor.” Addison. 6. (Mech. & Physics) Causing no resistance to a body sliding along its surface; frictionless. Smooth is often used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as smooth-bodied, smooth- browed, smooth-combed, smooth-faced, smooth- finished, smooth-gliding, smooth-grained, smooth- leaved, smooth-sliding, smooth-speaking, smooth- woven, and the like. Syn. — Even; plain; level; flat; polished; glossy; sleek; soft; bland; mild; soothing; voluble; flattering; adulatory; deceptive.

Smooth, adv. Smoothly. Chaucer. “Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep.” Shak.

Smooth, n. 1. The act of making smooth; a stroke which smooths. Thackeray. 2. That which is smooth; the smooth part of anything. ´The smooth of his neck.´ Gen. xxvii. 16.

Smooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smoothed (smoothd); p. pr. & vb. n. Smoothing.] [OE. smothen, smethen, AS. smeðian; cf. LG. smöden. See Smooth, a.] To make smooth; to make even on the surface by any means; as to smooth a board with a plane; to smooth cloth with an iron. Specifically: — (a) To free from obstruction; to make easy. “Thou, Abelard! the last sad office pay,
And smooth my passage to the realms of day.” Pope. (b) To free from harshness; to make flowing. “In their motions harmony divine
So smooths her charming tones that God’s own ear
Listens delighted.” Milton. (c) To palliate; to gloze; as to smooth over a fault. (d) To give a smooth or calm appearance to. “Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm.” Milton. (e) To ease; to regulate. Dryden.

Smooth, v. i. To flatter; to use blandishment. “Because I can not flatter and speak fair,
Smile in men’s faces, smooth, deceive and cog.” Shak.

Smooth´bore , a. (Gun.) Having a bore of perfectly smooth surface; — distinguished from rifled. — n. A smoothbore firearm.

Smooth´-chinned , a. Having a smooth chin; beardless. Drayton.

Smooth´en , v. t. To make smooth. [Obs.]

Smooth´er , n. One who, or that which, smooths.

Smooth´ing, a. & n. fr. Smooth, v. Smoothing iron, an iron instrument with a polished face, for smoothing clothes; a sadiron; a flatiron. — Smoothing plane, a short, finely set plane, for smoothing and finishing work.

Smooth´ly, adv. In a smooth manner.

Smooth´ness, n. Quality or state of being smooth.

Smooth´-spo•ken , a. Speaking smoothly; plausible; flattering; smooth-tongued.

Smooth´-tongued , a. Having a smooth tongue; plausible; flattering.

Smore , v. t. To smother. See Smoor. [Obs.] “Some dying vomit blood, and some were smored.” Du Bartas. { Smor•zan´do , Smor•sa´to } a. [It.] (Mus.) Growing gradually fainter and softer; dying away; morendo.

Smote , imp. (∧ rare p. p.) of Smite.

Smo´ter•lich , a. [CF. Smut.] Dirty; foul. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Smoth´er , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smothered p. pr. & vb. n. Smothering.] [OE. smotheren; akin to E. smoor. See Smoor.] 1. To destroy the life of by suffocation; to deprive of the air necessary for life; to cover up closely so as to prevent breathing; to suffocate; as to smother a child. 2. To affect as by suffocation; to stife; to deprive of air by a thick covering, as of ashes, of smoke, or the like; as to smother a fire. 3. Hence, to repress the action of; to cover from public view; to suppress; to conceal; as to smother one’s displeasure.

Smoth´er, v. i. 1. To be suffocated or stifled. 2. To burn slowly, without sufficient air; to smolder.

Smoth´er, n. [OE. smorther. See Smother, v. t.] 1. Stifling smoke; thick dust. Shak. 2. A state of suppression. [Obs.] “Not to keep their suspicions in smother.” Bacon. Smother fly (Zoöl.), an aphid.

Smoth´er•i•ness , n. The quality or state of being smothery.

Smoth´er•ing•ly, adv. In a smothering manner.

Smoth´er•y , a. Tending to smother; stifling.

Smouch , v. t. [Akin to smack.] To kiss closely. [Obs.] P. Stubbes.

Smouch, v. t. [See Smutch.] To smutch; to soil; as to smouch the face.

Smouch, n. A dark soil or stain; a smutch.

Smoul´der , v. i. See Smolder.

Smoul´dry , a. See Smoldry.

Smudge , n. [Cf. Dan. smuds smut, E. smutch, or smoke.] 1. A suffocating smoke. Grose. 2. A heap of damp combustibles partially ignited and burning slowly, placed on the windward side of a house, tent, or the like, in order, by the thick smoke, to keep off mosquitoes or other insects. [U. S.] Bartlett. 3. That which is smeared upon anything; a stain; a blot; a smutch; a smear.

Smudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smudged p. pr. & vb. n. Smudging.] 1. To stifle or smother with smoke; to smoke by means of a smudge. 2. To smear; to smutch; to soil; to blacken with smoke.

Smudg´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being smudged, soiled, or blurred. C. A. Young.

Smug , a. [Of. Scand. or Low German origin; cf. LG. smuck, G. schmuck, Dan. smuk, OSw. smuck, smöck, and E. smock, smuggle; cf. G. schmuck ornament. See Smock.] Studiously neat or nice, especially in dress; spruce; affectedly precise; smooth and prim. “They be so smug and smooth.” Robynson (More’s Utopia). “The smug and scanty draperies of his style.” De Quincey. “A young, smug, handsome holiness has no fellow.” Beau. & Fl.

Smug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smugged p. pr. & vb. n. Smugging.] To make smug, or spruce. [Obs.] “Thus said, he smugged his beard, and stroked up fair.” Dryton.

Smug´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smuggled p. pr. & vb. n. Smuggling ] [Of Low German or Scand. origin; cf. LG. smuggeln, D. smokkelen, G. schmuggeln, Dan. smugle, Sw. smyga to introduce or convey secretly, Dan. i smug secretly, D. smuigen to eat in secret, AS. smgan to creep. See Smock.] 1. To import or export secretly, contrary to the law; to import or export without paying the duties imposed by law; as to smuggle lace. 2. Fig.: To convey or introduce clandestinely.

Smug´gle, v. i. To import or export in violation of the customs laws.

Smug´gler , n. 1. One who smuggles. 2. A vessel employed in smuggling.

Smug´ly, adv. In a smug manner. [R.] Gay.

Smug´ness, n. The quality or state of being smug.

Smut , n. [Akin to Sw. smuts, Dan. smuds, MHG. smuz, G. schmutz, D. smet a spot or stain, smoddig, smodsig, smodderig, dirty, smodderen to smut; and probably to E. smite. See Smite, v. t., and cf. Smitt, Smutch.] 1. Foul matter, like soot or coal dust; also a spot or soil made by such matter. 2. (Mining) Bad, soft coal, containing much earthy matter, found in the immediate locality of faults. 3. (Bot.) An affection of cereal grains producing a swelling which is at length resolved into a powdery sooty mass. It is caused by parasitic fungi of the genus Ustilago. Ustilago segetum, or U. Carbo, is the commonest kind; that of Indian corn is Ustilago maydis. 4. Obscene language; ribaldry; obscenity. “He does not stand upon decency … but will talk smut, though a priest and his mother be in the room.” Addison. Smut mill, a machine for cleansing grain from smut.

Smut , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smutting.] 1. To stain or mark with smut; to blacken with coal, soot, or other dirty substance. 2. To taint with mildew, as grain. Bacon. 3. To blacken; to sully or taint; to tarnish. 4. To clear of smut; as to smut grain for the mill.

Smut, v. i. 1. To gather smut; to be converted into smut; to become smutted. Mortimer. 2. To give off smut; to crock.

Smutch , n. [Prob. for smuts. See Smut, n.] A stain; a dirty spot. B. Jonson.

Smutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smutched p. pr. & vb. n. Smutching.] To blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. [Written also smooch.] B. Jonson.

Smutch´in , n. Snuff. [Obs.] Howell.

Smut´ty , a. [Compar. Smuttier superl. Smuttiest.] 1. Soiled with smut; smutted. 2. Tainted with mildew; as smutty corn. 3. Obscene; not modest or pure; as a smutty saying. “The smutty joke, ridiculously lewd.” Smollett. — Smut´ti•ly (#), adv. — Smut´ti•ness, n.

Smyr´ni•ot , a. Of or pertaining to Smyrna. — n. A native or inhabitant of Smyrna.

Snack , n. [See Snatch, v. t.] 1. A share; a part or portion; — obsolete, except in the colloquial phrase, to go snacks, i. e., to share. “At last he whispers, ´Do, and we go snacks.´” Pope. 2. A slight, hasty repast. [Colloq.]

Snack´et , n. See Snecket. [Prov. Eng.]

Snac´ot , n. [Said to be corrupted fr. NL. syngnathus, fr. Gr. sy•n together + gna•qos jaw, because the jaws can be only slightly separated.] (Zoöl.) A pipefish of the genus Syngnathus. See Pipefish.

Snaf´fle , n. [D. snavel a beak, bill, snout; akin to G. schnabel, OHG. snabul,. sneb, snebbe, OFries. snavel mouth, Dan. & Sw. snabel beak, bill, Lith. snapas, and to E. snap, v. See Snap, and cf. Neb.] A kind of bridle bit, having a joint in the part to be placed in the mouth, and rings and cheek pieces at the ends, but having no curb; — called also snaffle bit.

Snaf´fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snaffled p. pr. & vb. n. Snaffling ] To put a snaffle in the mouth of; to subject to the snaffle; to bridle.

Snag , n. [Prov. E., n., a lump on a tree where a branch has been cut off; v., to cut off the twigs and small branches from a tree, of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. snaigh, snaidh, to cut down, to prune, to sharpen, p. p. snaighte, snaidhte, cut off, lopped, Ir. snaigh a hewing, cutting.] 1. A stump or base of a branch that has been lopped off; a short branch, or a sharp or rough branch; a knot; a protuberance. “The coat of arms
Now on a naked snag in triumph borne.” Dryden. 2. A tooth projecting beyond the rest; contemptuously, a broken or decayed tooth. Prior. 3. A tree, or a branch of a tree, fixed in the bottom of a river or other navigable water, and rising nearly or quite to the surface, by which boats are sometimes pierced and sunk. 4. (Zoöl.) One of the secondary branches of an antler. Snag boat, a steamboat fitted with apparatus for removing snags and other obstructions in navigable streams. [U.S.] — Snag tooth. Same as Snag, 2. “How thy snag teeth stand orderly,
Like stakes which strut by the water side.” J. Cotgrave.

Snag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snagged p. pr. & vb. n. Snagging ] 1. To cut the snags or branches from, as the stem of a tree; to hew roughly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. To injure or destroy, as a steamboat or other vessel, by a snag, or projecting part of a sunken tree. [U. S.]

Snag´ged , a. Full of snags; snaggy.

Snag´gy , a. 1. Full of snags; full of short, rough branches or sharp points; abounding with knots. ´Upon a snaggy oak.´ Spenser. 2. Snappish; cross; ill-tempered. [Prov. Eng.]

Snail (snal), n. [OE. snaile, AS. snaegel, snegel, snaegl; akin to G. schnecke, OHG. snecko, Dan. snegl, Icel. snigill.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial air-breathing gastropods belonging to the genus Helix and many allied genera of the family Helicidae. They are abundant in nearly all parts of the world except the arctic regions, and feed almost entirely on vegetation; a land snail. (b) Any gastropod having a general resemblance to the true snails, including fresh-water and marine species. See Pond snail, under Pond, and Sea snail. 2. Hence, a drone; a slow-moving person or thing. 3. (Mech.) A spiral cam, or a flat piece of metal of spirally curved outline, used for giving motion to, or changing the position of, another part, as the hammer tail of a striking clock. 4. A tortoise; in ancient warfare, a movable roof or shed to protect besiegers; a testudo. [Obs.] “They had also all manner of gynes [engines] … that needful is [in] taking or sieging of castle or of city, as snails, that was naught else but hollow pavises and targets, under the which men, when they fought, were heled [protected], … as the snail is in his house; therefore they cleped them snails.” Vegetius (Trans.). 5. (Bot.) The pod of the sanil clover. Ear snail, Edible snail, Pond snail, etc. See under Ear, Edible, etc. — Snail borer (Zoöl.), a boring univalve mollusk; a drill. — Snail clover (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Medicago scuttellata, also M. Helix); — so named from its pods, which resemble the shells of snails; — called also snail trefoil, snail medic, and beehive. — Snail flower (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Phaseolus Caracalla) having the keel of the carolla spirally coiled like a snail shell. — Snail shell (Zoöl.), the shell of snail. — Snail trefoil. (Bot.) See Snail clover, above.

Snail´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Sea snail (a).

Snail´-like , a. Like or suiting a snail; as snail-like progress.

Snail´-like, adv. In the manner of a snail; slowly.

Snail´-paced , a. Slow-moving, like a snail. “Bid the snail-paced Ajax arm for shame.” Shak.

’Snails , interj. God’s nails, or His nails, that is, the nails with which the Savior was fastened to the cross; — an ancient form of oath, corresponding to ’Od’s bodikins (dim. of body, i.e., God’s dear body). Beau. & Fl.

Snake , n. [AS. snaca; akin to LG. snake, schnake, Icel. snakr, snkr, Dan. snog, Sw. snok; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the order Ophidia; an ophidian; a serpent, whether harmless or venomous. See Ophidia, and Serpent. Snakes are abundant in all warm countries, and much the larger number are harmless to man. Blind snake, Garter snake, Green snake, King snake, Milk snake, Rock snake, Water snake, etc. See under Blind, Garter, etc. — Fetich snake (Zoöl.), a large African snake (Python Sebae) used by the natives as a fetich. — Ringed snake (Zoöl.), a common European columbrine snake (Tropidonotus natrix). — Snake eater. (Zoöl.) (a) The markhoor. (b) The secretary bird. — Snake fence, a worm fence (which see). [U.S.] — Snake fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Rhaphidia; — so called because of their large head and elongated neck and prothorax. — Snake gourd (Bot.), a cucurbitaceous plant (Trichosanthes anguina) having the fruit shorter and less snakelike than that of the serpent cucumber. — Snake killer. (Zoöl.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) The chaparral cock. — Snake moss (Bot.), the common club moss (Lycopodium clavatum). See Lycopodium. — Snake nut (Bot.), the fruit of a sapindaceous tree (Ophiocaryon paradoxum) of Guiana, the embryo of which resembles a snake coiled up. — Tree snake (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of colubrine snakes which habitually live in trees, especially those of the genus Dendrophis and allied genera.

Snake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snaked p. pr. & vb. n. Snaking.] 1. To drag or draw, as a snake from a hole; — often with out. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. 2. (Naut.) To wind round spirally, as a large rope with a smaller, or with cord, the small rope lying in the spaces between the strands of the large one; to worm.

Snake, v. i. To crawl like a snake.

Snake´bird , n. [So named from its snakelike neck.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of four species of aquatic birds of the genus Anhinga or Plotus. They are allied to the gannets and cormorants, but have very long, slender, flexible necks, and sharp bills. The American species (Anhinga, or Plotus, anhinga) inhabits the Southern United States and tropical America; — called also darter, and water turkey. The Asiatic species (A. melanogaster) is native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. Two other species inhabit Africa and Australia respectively. 2. (Zoöl.) The wryneck.

Snake´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The band fish. (b) The lizard fish.

Snake´head , n. 1. A loose, bent-up end of one of the strap rails, or flat rails, formerly used on American railroads. It was sometimes so bent by the passage of a train as to slip over a wheel and pierce the bottom of a car. 2. (Bot.) (a) The turtlehead. (b) The Guinea-hen flower. See Snake’s-head, and under Guinea.

Snake´neck , n. (Zoöl.) The snakebird, 1.

Snake´root , n. (Bot.) Any one of several plants of different genera and species, most of which are (or were formerly) reputed to be efficacious as remedies for the bites of serpents; also the roots of any of these. The Virginia snakeroot is Aristolochia Serpentaria; black snakeroot is Sanicula, esp. S. Marilandica, also Cimicifuga racemosa; Seneca snakeroot is Polygala Senega; button snakeroot is Liatris, also Eryngium; white snakeroot is Eupatorium ageratoides. The name is also applied to some others besides these.

Snake’s´-head , n. (Bot.) The Guinea-hen flower; — so called in England because its spotted petals resemble the scales of a snake’s head. Dr. Prior. Snake’s-head iris (Bot.), an iridaceous plant (Hermodactylus tuberosus) of the Mediterranean region. The flowers slightly resemble a serpent’s open mouth.

Snake´stone , n. 1. A kind of hone slate or whetstone obtained in Scotland. 2. (Paleon.) An ammonite; — so called from its form, which resembles that of a coiled snake.

Snake’s-tongue , n. (Bot.) Same as Adder’s-tongue.

Snake´weed , n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of knotweed (Polygonum Bistorta). (b) The Virginia snakeroot. See Snakeroot.

Snake´wood , n. (Bot.) (a) An East Indian climbing plant (Strychnos colubrina) having a bitter taste, and supposed to be a remedy for the bite of the hooded serpent. (b) An East Indian climbing shrub (Ophioxylon serpentinum) which has the roots and stems twisted so as to resemble serpents. (c) Same as Trumpetwood. (d) A tropical American shrub (Plumieria rubra) which has very fragrant red blossoms. (e) Same as Letterwood.

Snak´ish , a. Having the qualities or characteristics of a snake; snaky.

Snak´y , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a snake or snakes; resembling a snake; serpentine; winding. “The red light playing upon its gilt and carving gave it an appearance of snaky life.” L. Wallace. 2. Sly; cunning; insinuating; deceitful. “So to the coast of Jordan he directs
His easy steps, girded with snaky wiles.” Milton. 3. Covered with serpents; having serpents; as a snaky rod or wand. Dryden. “That snaky-headed, Gorgon shield.” Milton.

Snap , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snapped p. pr. & vb. n. Snapping.] [LG. or D. snappen to snap up, to snatch; akin to G. schnappen, MHG. snaben, Dan. snappe, and to D. snavel beak, bill. Cf. Neb, Snaffle, n.] 1. To break at once; to break short, as substances that are brittle. “Breaks the doors open, snaps the locks.” Prior. 2. To strike, to hit, or to shut, with a sharp sound. 3. To bite or seize suddenly, especially with the teeth. “He, by playing too often at the mouth of death, has been snapped by it at last.” South. 4. To break upon suddenly with sharp, angry words; to treat snappishly; — usually with up. Granville. 5. To crack; to cause to make a sharp, cracking noise; as to snap a whip. “MacMorian snapped his fingers repeatedly.” Sir W. Scott. 6. To project with a snap. To snap back (Football), to roll the ball back with the foot; — done only by the center rush, who thus delivers the ball to the quarter back on his own side when both sides are ranged in line. — To snap off. (a) To break suddenly. (b) To bite off suddenly.

Snap, v. i. 1. To break short, or at once; to part asunder suddenly; as a mast snaps; a needle snaps. “But this weapon will snap short, unfaithful to the hand that employs it.” Burke. 2. To give forth, or produce, a sharp, cracking noise; to crack; as blazing firewood snaps. 3. To make an effort to bite; to aim to seize with the teeth; to catch eagerly (at anything); — often with at; as a dog snapsat a passenger; a fish snaps at the bait. 4. To utter sharp, harsh, angry words; — often with at; as to snap at a child. 5. To miss fire; as the gun snapped.

Snap, n. [Cf. D. snap a snatching. See Snap, v. t.] 1. A sudden breaking or rupture of any substance. 2. A sudden, eager bite; a sudden seizing, or effort to seize, as with the teeth. 3. A sudden, sharp motion or blow, as with the finger sprung from the thumb, or the thumb from the finger. 4. A sharp, abrupt sound, as that made by the crack of a whip; as the snap of the trigger of a gun. 5. A greedy fellow. L’Estrange. 6. That which is, or may be, snapped up; something bitten off, seized, or obtained by a single quick movement; hence, a bite, morsel, or fragment; a scrap. “He’s a nimble fellow,
And alike skilled in every liberal science,
As having certain snaps of all.” B. Jonson. 7. A sudden severe interval or spell; — applied to the weather; as a cold snap. Lowell. 8. A small catch or fastening held or closed by means of a spring, or one which closes with a snapping sound, as the catch of a bracelet, necklace, clasp of a book, etc. 9. (Zoöl.) A snap beetle. 10. A thin, crisp cake, usually small, and flavored with ginger; — used chiefly in the plural. 11. Briskness; vigor; energy; decision. [Colloq.] 12. Any circumstance out of which money may be made or an advantage gained. [Slang] Snap back (Football) the act of snapping back the ball. — Snap beetle, or Snap bug (Zoöl.) any beetle of the family Elateridae, which, when laid on its back, is able to leap to a considerable height by means of a thoracic spring; — called also snapping beetle. — Snap flask (Molding) a flask for small work, having its sides separable and held together by latches, so that the flask may be removed from around the sand mold. — Snap judgment a judgment formed on the instant without deliberation. — Snap lock a lock shutting with a catch or snap. — Snap riveting, riveting in which the rivets have snapheads formed by a die or swaging tool. — Snap shot a quick offhand shot without deliberately taking aim.

Snap´drag•on , n. 1. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of the scrrophulariaceous genus Antirrhinum, especially the cultivated A. majus, whose showy flowers are fancifully likened to the face of a dragon. (b) A West Indian herb (Ruellia tuberosa) with curiously shaped blue flowers. 2. A play in which raisins are snatched from a vessel containing burning brandy, and eaten; also that which is so eaten. See Flapdragon. Swift.

Snape , v. t. (Shipbuilding) To bevel the end of a timber to fit against an inclined surface.

Snap´hance , n. [D. snaphaan a gun, originally, the snapping cock of a gun. See Snap, and Hen.] 1. A spring lock for discharging a firearm; also the firearm to which it is attached. [Obs.] 2. A trifling or second-rate thing or person. [Obs.]

Snap´head , n. A hemispherical or rounded head to a rivet or bolt; also a swaging tool with a cavity in its face for forming such a rounded head.

Snap´per , n. 1. One who, or that which, snaps; as a snapper up of trifles; the snapper of a whip. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large sparoid food fishes of the genus Lutjanus, abundant on the southern coasts of the United States and on both coasts of tropical America. The red snapper (Lutjanus aya, or Blackfordi) and the gray, or mangrove, snapper (L. griseus) are large and abundant species. The name is loosely applied to various other fishes, as the bluefish, the rosefish, the red grouper, etc. See Rosefish. 3. (Zoöl.) A snapping turtle; as the alligator snapper. 4. (Zoöl.) The green woodpecker, or yaffle. 5. (Zoöl.) A snap beetle.

Snap´ping , a. & n. from Snap, v. Snapping beetle. (Zoöl.) See Snap beetle, under Snap. — Snapping turtle. (Zoöl.) (a) A large and voracious aquatic turtle (Chelydra serpentina) common in the fresh waters of the United States; — so called from its habit of seizing its prey by a snap of its jaws. Called also mud turtle. (b) See Alligator snapper, under Alligator.

Snap´pish , a. 1. Apt to snap at persons or things; eager to bite; as a snapping cur. 2. Sharp in reply; apt to speak angrily or testily; easily provoked; tart; peevish. “The taunting address of a snappish misanthrope.” Jeffrey. — Snap´pish•ly, adv. — Snap´pish•ness, n.

Snap´py , a. Snappish. [Colloq.]

Snap´sack , n. [Cf. Sw. snappsäck, G. schnappsack.] A knapsack. [Obs.] South.

Snap´weed , n. (Bot.) See Impatiens.

Snar , v. i. [Akin to LG. & OD. snarren, G. schnarren, E. snore. See Snore, and cf. Snarl to growl.] To snarl. [Obs.] Spenser.

Snare , n. [AS. sneara cord, a string; akin to D. snoer, G. schnur, OHG. snour a cord, snarahha a noose, Dan. snare, Sw. & Icel. snara, Goth. snrj a basket; and probably also to E. needle. See Needle, and cf. Snarl to entangle.] 1. A contrivance, often consisting of a noose of cord, or the like, by which a bird or other animal may be entangled and caught; a trap; a gin. 2. Hence, anything by which one is entangled and brought into trouble. “If thou retire, the Dauphin, well appointed,
Stands with the snares of war to tangle thee.” Shak. 3. The gut or string stretched across the lower head of a drum. 4. (Med.) An instrument, consisting usually of a wireloop or noose, for removing tumors, etc., by avulsion. Snare drum, the smaller common military drum, as distinguished from the bass drum; — so called because (in order to render it more resonant) it has stretched across its lower head a catgut string or strings.

Snare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snared p. pr. & vb. n. Snaring.] To catch with a snare; to insnare; to entangle; hence, to bring into unexpected evil, perplexity, or danger. “Lest that too heavenly form … snare them.” Milton. “The mournful crocodile
With sorrow snares relenting passengers.” Shak.

Snar´er , n. One who lays snares, or entraps.

Snarl , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snarled p. pr. & vvb. n. Snarling.] [Etymol. uncertain.] To form raised work upon the outer surface of (thin metal ware) by the repercussion of a snarling iron upon the inner surface.

Snarl, v. t. [From Snare, v. t.] 1. To entangle; to complicate; to involve in knots; as to snarl a skein of thread. ´Her snarled hair.´ Spenser. 2. To embarrass; to insnare. “[The] question that they would have snarled him with.” Latimer.

Snarl, n. A knot or complication of hair, thread, or the like, difficult to disentangle; entanglement; hence, intricate complication; embarrassing difficulty.

Snarl, v. i. [From Snar.] 1. To growl, as an angry or surly dog; to gnarl; to utter grumbling sounds. ´An angry cur snarls while he feeds.´ Dryden & Lee. 2. To speak crossly; to talk in rude, surly terms. “It is malicious and unmanly to snarl at the little lapses of a pen, from which Virgil himself stands not exempted.” Dryden.

Snarl, n. The act of snarling; a growl; a surly or peevish expression; an angry contention.

Snarl´er , n. One who snarls; a surly, growling animal; a grumbling, quarrelsome fellow.

Snarl´er, n. One who makes use of a snarling iron.

Snarl´ing, a. & n. from Snarl, v. Snarling iron, a tool with a long beak, used in the process of snarling. When one end is held in a vise, and the shank is struck with a hammer, the repercussion of the other end, or beak, within the article worked upon gives the requisite blow for producing raised work. See 1st Snarl.

Snar´y , a. [From Snare.] Resembling, or consisting of, snares; entangling; insidious. “Spiders in the vault their snary webs have spread.” Dryden.

Snast , n. [Cf. Snite, v. t.] The snuff, or burnt wick, of a candle. [Obs.] Bacon.

Snatch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snatched p. pr. & vb. n. Snatching.] [OE. snachen, snechen; akin to D. snakken to gasp, to long (for), to desire. Cf. Snack, n., Sneck.] 1. To take or seize hastily, abruptly, or without permission or ceremony; as to snatch a loaf or a kiss. “When half our knowledge we must snatch, not take.” Pope. 2. To seize and transport away; to rap. ´Snatch me to heaven.´ Thomson. Syn. — To twitch; pluck; grab; catch; grasp; gripe.

Snatch, v. i. To attempt to seize something suddenly; to catch; — often with at; as to snatch at a rope.

Snatch , n. 1. A hasty catching or seizing; a grab; a catching at, or attempt to seize, suddenly. 2. A short period of vigorous action; as a snatch at weeding after a shower. Tusser. “They move by fits and snatches.” Bp. Wilkins. 3. A small piece, fragment, or quantity; a broken part; a scrap. “We have often little snatches of sunshine.” Spectator. “Leave me your snatches, and yield me a direct answer.” Shak.

Snatch block (Naut.), a kind of block with an opening in one side to receive the bight of a rope.

Snatch´er , n. One who snatches, or takes abruptly.

Snatch´ing•ly, adv. By snatching; abruptly.

Snath (snath), n. [Cf. AS. sniðan to cut, to mow, snaed a bite, bit, snip.] The handle of a scythe; a snead. [Variously written in England snead, sneed, sneath, sneeth, snathe, etc.; in Scotland written sned.]

Snathe (snath), v. t. [Cf. Icel. sneiða to cut into alices, sniða to cut; akin to AS. besnaedan, sniðan, G. schneiden, OHG. snidan, Goth. sneiþan to cut, to reap, and E. snath, snithe.] To lop; to prune. [Prov. Eng.]

Snat´tock (snat´tuk), n. [See Snathe.] A chip; a slice. [Prov. Eng.] Gayton.

Snaw (sna), n. Snow. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns.

Snead (sned), n. [See Snath.] 1. A snath. 2. A line or cord; a string. [Prov. Eng.]

Sneak (snek), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneaked (snekt); p. pr. & vb. n. Sneaking.] [OE. sniken, AS. snican to creep; akin to Dan. snige sig; cf. Icel. snikja to hanker after.] 1. To creep or steal (away or about) privately; to come or go meanly, as a person afraid or ashamed to be seen; as to sneak away from company. “You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away.” Dryden. 2. To act in a stealthy and cowardly manner; to behave with meanness and servility; to crouch.

Sneak, v. t. To hide, esp. in a mean or cowardly manner. [Obs.] ´[Slander] sneaks its head.´ Wake.

Sneak, n. 1. A mean, sneaking fellow. “A set of simpletons and superstitious sneaks.” Glanvill. 2. (Cricket) A ball bowled so as to roll along the ground; — called also grub. [Cant] R. A. Proctor.

Sneak´-cup , n. One who sneaks from his cups; one who balks his glass. [Obs.] Shak.

Sneak´er , n. 1. One who sneaks. Lamb. 2. A vessel of drink. [Prov. Eng.] “A sneaker of five gallons.” Spectator.

Sneak´i•ness , n. The quality of being sneaky.

Sneak´ing, a. Marked by cowardly concealment; deficient in openness and courage; underhand; mean; crouching. — Sneak´ing•ly, adv. — Sneak´ing•ness, n.

Sneaks´by , n. A paltry fellow; a sneak. [Obs.] ´Such a bashful sneaksby.´ Barrow.

Sneak´y , n. Like a sneak; sneaking.

Sneap , v. t. [Cf. Icel. sneypa to dishonor, disgrace, chide, but also E. snip, and snub.] 1. To check; to reprimand; to rebuke; to chide. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. To nip; to blast; to blight. [Obs.] “Biron is like an envious, sneaping frost.” Shak.

Sneap, n. A reprimand; a rebuke. [Obs.] “My lord, I will not undergo this sneap without reply.” Shak. { Sneath , Sneathe }, n. See Snath.

Sneb , v. t. [See Snib.] To reprimand; to sneap. [Obs.] ´Scold and sneb the good oak.´ Spenser.

Sneck , v. t. [See Snatch.] To fasten by a hatch; to latch, as a door. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Sneck up, be silent; shut up; hold your peace. Shak.

Sneck, n. A door latch. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Sneck band, a latchstring. Burns. — Sneck drawer, a latch lifter; a bolt drawer; hence, a sly person; a cozener; a cheat; — called also sneckdraw. — Sneck drawing, lifting the latch.

Sneck´et , n. A door latch, or sneck. [Prov. Eng.]

Sned , v. t. To lop; to snathe. [Prov. Eng.] { Sned , Sneed }, n. See Snath.

Sneer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneered p. pr. & vb. n. Sneering.] [OE. sneren, Dan. snrre to snarl or grin (like a dog); cf. Prov. E. sneer to grin, sner to snort, snert to sneer at. See Snore, v. i.] 1. To show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a particular facial expression. 2. To inssinuate contempt by a covert expression; to speak derisively. “I could be content to be a little sneared at.” Pope. 3. To show mirth awkwardly. [R.] Tatler. Syn. — To scoff; gibe; jeer. — Sneer, Scoff, Jeer. The verb to sneer implies to cast contempt indirectly or by covert expressions. To jeer is stronger, and denotes the use of several sarcastic reflections. To scoff is stronger still, implying the use of insolent mockery and derision. “And sneers as learnedly as they,
Like females o’er their morning tea.” Swift. “Midas exposed to all their jeers,
Had lost his art, and kept his ears.” Swift. “The fop, with learning at defiance,
Scoffs at the pedant and science.” Gay.

Sneer, v. t. 1. To utter with a grimace or contemptuous expression; to utter with a sneer; to say sneeringly; as to sneer fulsome lies at a person. Congreve. “´A ship of fools,´ he sneered.” Tennyson. 2. To treat with sneers; to affect or move by sneers. “Nor sneered nor bribed from virtue into shame.” Savage.

Sneer, n. 1. The act of sneering. 2. A smile, grin, or contortion of the face, indicative of contempt; an indirect expression or insinuation of contempt. ´Who can refute a sneer?´ Raley.

Sneer´er , n. One who sneers.

Sneer´ful , a. Given to sneering. [Obs.]

Sneer´ing•ly, adv. In a sneering manner.

Sneeze , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneezed p. pr. & vb. n. Sneezing.] [OE. snesen; of uncertain origin; cf. D. snuse to sniff, E. neese, and AS. fneósan.] To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly and violently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive force, occasioned by irritation of the inner membrane of the nose. Not to be sneezed at, not to be despised or contemned; not to be treated lightly. [Colloq.] ´He had to do with old women who were not to be sneezed at.´ Prof. Wilson.

Sneeze, n. A sudden and violent ejection of air with an audible sound, chiefly through the nose.

Sneeze´weed , n. (Bot.) A yellow-flowered composite plant (Helenium autumnale) the odor of which is said to cause sneezing.

Sneeze´wood , n. (Bot.) The wood of a South African tree. See Neishout.

Sneeze´wort , n. (Bot.) A European herbaceous plant (Achillea Ptarmica) allied to the yarrow, having a strong, pungent smell.

Sneez´ing, n. (Physiol.) The act of violently forcing air out through the nasal passages while the cavity of the mouth is shut off from the pharynx by the approximation of the soft palate and the base of the tongue.

Snell , a. [AS. snell; akin to D. snel, G. schnell, OHG. snel, Icel. snjallr valiant.] Active; brisk; nimble; quick; sharp. [Archaic or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] “That horny-handed, snell, peremptory little man.” Dr. J. Brown.

Snell, n. A short line of horsehair, gut, etc., by which a fishhook is attached to a longer line.

Snet , n. [Cf. G. schnitt that which is cut, fr. schneiden to cut, E. snath.] The fat of a deer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Snet, v. t. [See Snot.] The clear of mucus; to blow. [Obs.] ´Snetting his nose.´ Holland.

Snew , v. i. To snow; to abound. [Obs.] “It snewed in his house of meat and drink.” Chaucer.

Snib , v. t. [OE. snibben; cf. Dan. snibbe, and E. snub, v. t.] To check; to sneap; to sneb. [Obs.] “Him would he snib sharply for the nones.” Chaucer.

Snib, n. A reprimand; a snub. [Obs.] Marston.

Snick , n. [Prov. E. snick a notch; cf. Icel. snikka nick, cut.] 1. A small cut or mark. 2. (Cricket) A slight hit or tip of the ball, often unintentional. 3. (Fiber) A knot or irregularity in yarn. Knight. 4. (Furriery) A snip or cut, as in the hair of a beast. Snick and snee [cf. D. snee, snede, a cut], a combat with knives. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Snick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snicked p. pr. & vb. n. Snicking.] 1. To cut slightly; to strike, or strike off, as by cutting. H. Kingsley. 2. (Cricket) To hit (a ball) lightly. R. A. Proctor.

Snick, n. & v. t. See Sneck. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Snick up, shut up; silenced. See Sneck up, under Sneck. “Give him money, George, and let him go snick up.” Beau. & Fl.

Snick´er , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snickered p. pr. & vb. n. Snickering.] [Cf. D. snikken to sob, to sigh.] [Written also snigger.] 1. To laugh slyly; to laugh in one’s sleeve. 2. To laugh with audible catches of voice, as when persons attempt to suppress loud laughter.

Snick´er, n. A half suppressed, broken laugh. [Written also snigger.]

Snide , a. Tricky; deceptive; contemptible; as a snide lawyer; snide goods. [Slang]

Sniff , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniffed or Snift; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniffing.] [OE. sneven; akin to snivel, snuff; cf. Dan. snive to sniff. See Snuff, v. t.] To draw air audibly up the nose; to snuff; — sometimes done as a gesture of suspicion, offense, or contempt. “So ye grow squeamish, gods, and sniff at heaven.” M. Arnold.

Sniff, v. t. 1. To draw in with the breath through the nose; as to sniff the air of the country. 2. To perceive as by sniffing; to snuff, to scent; to smell; as to sniff danger.

Sniff, n. The act of sniffing; perception by sniffing; that which is taken by sniffing; as a sniff of air.

Sniff´ing, n. (Physiol.) A rapid inspiratory act, in which the mouth is kept shut and the air drawn in through the nose.

Snif´fle , v. i. [Freq. of sniff. See Snivel.] To snuffle, as one does with a catarrh. [Prov. Eng.]

Snift , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Snifting.] [From Sniff.] 1. To snort. [Obs.] ´Resentment expressed by snifting.´ Johnson. 2. To sniff; to snuff; to smell. “It now appears that they were still snifing and hankering after their old quarters.” Landor.

Snift, n. 1. A moment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. Slight snow; sleet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Snift´ing, a. & n. from Snift. Snifting valve, a small valve opening into the atmosphere from the cylinder or condenser of a steam engine, to allow the escape of air when the piston makes a stroke; — so called from the noise made by its action.

Snig , v. t. [See Snick a small cut.] To chop off; to cut. [Prov. Eng.]

Snig, v. i. [See Sneak.] To sneak. [Prov. Eng.] { Snig , Snigg } n. [Cf. Sneak.] (Zoöl.) A small eel. [Prov. Eng.]

Snig´ger , v. i. See Snicker. Thackeray.

Snig´ger, n. See Snicker. Dickens.

Snig´gle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniggled p. pr. & vb. n. Sniggling] [See Snig a kind of eel.] To fish for eels by thrusting the baited hook into their holes or hiding places. Walton.

Snig´gle, v. t. To catch, as an eel, by sniggling; hence, to hook; to insnare. Beau. & Fl.

Snip , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snipped p. pr. & vb. n. Snipping.] [D. snippen; akin to G. schnippen.] To cut off the nip or neb of, or to cut off at once with shears or scissors; to clip off suddenly; to nip; hence, to break off; to snatch away. “Curbed and snipped in my younger years by fear of my parents from those vicious excrescences to which that age was subject.” Fuller. “The captain seldom ordered anything out of the ship’s stores … but I snipped some of it for my own share.” De Foe.

Snip , n. 1. A single cut, as with shears or scissors; a clip. Shak. 2. A small shred; a bit cut off. Wiseman. 3. A share; a snack. [Obs.] L’Estrange 4. A tailor. [Slang] Nares. C. Kingsley. 5. Small hand shears for cutting sheet metal.

Snipe , n. [OE. snipe; akin to D. snep, snip, LG. sneppe, snippe, G. schnepfe, Icel. snipa (in comp.), Dan. sneppe, Sw. snäppa a sanpiper, and possibly to E. snap. See Snap, Snaffle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of limicoline game birds of the family Scolopacidae, having a long, slender, nearly straight beak. The common, or whole, snipe (Gallinago cœlestis) and the great, or double, snipe (G. major), are the most important European species. The Wilson’s snipe (G. delicata) (sometimes erroneously called English snipe) and the gray snipe, or dowitcher (Macrohamphus griseus), are well- known American species. 2. A fool; a blockhead. [R.] Shak. Half snipe, the dunlin; the jacksnipe. - - Jack snipe. See Jacksnipe. — Quail snipe. See under Quail. — Robin snipe, the knot. — Sea snipe. See in the Vocabulary. — Shore snipe, any sandpiper. — Snipe hawk, the marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.] — Stone snipe, the tattler. — Summer snipe, the dunlin; the green and the common European sandpipers. — Winter snipe. See Rock snipe, under Rock. — Woodcock snipe, the great snipe.

Snipe´bill , n. 1. A plane for cutting deep grooves in moldings. 2. A bolt by which the body of a cart is fastened to the axle. [Local, U.S.]

Snipe´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The bellows fish. (b) A long, slender deep-sea fish (Nemichthys scolopaceus) with a slender beak.

Snip´pack , n. [Cf. Snipe.] (Zoöl.) The common snipe. [Prov. Eng.]

Snip´per , n. One who snips.

Snip´per-snap•er , n. A small, insignificant fellow. [Colloq.]

Snip´pet , n. A small part or piece. “To be cut into snippets and shreds.” F. Harrison.

Snip´pet•y , a. Ridiculously small; petty. ´Snippety facts.´ London Spectator.

Snip´-snap , n. [Reduplication of snap.] A tart dialogue with quick replies. [R.] Pope.

Snip´-snap, a. Quick; short; sharp; smart. Shak.

Snip´y (snip´y), a. Like a snipe.

Snite (snit), n. A snipe. [Obs. or Scot.] Carew.

Snite, v. t. [Icel. snifa. See Snout.] To blow, as the nose; to snuff, as a candle. [Obs. or Scot.] { Snithe , Snith´y }, a. [AS. sniðan to cut. See Snathe.] Sharp; piercing; cutting; — applied to the wind. [Prov. Eng.]

Sniv´el , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniveled or Snivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniveling or Snivelling.] [OE. snivelen, snevelen, snuvelen, freg. of sneven. See Sniff, and cf. Snuffle.] 1. To run at the nose; to make a snuffling noise. 2. To cry or whine with snuffling, as children; to cry weakly or whiningly. “Put stop to thy sniveling ditty.” Sir W. Scott.

Sniv´el, n. [AS. snofel. Cf. Snivel, v. i.] Mucus from the nose; snot.

Sniv´el•er , n. [Written also sniveller.] One who snivels, esp. one who snivels habitually.

Sniv´el•y , a. Running at the nose; sniveling pitiful; whining.

Snob , n. [Icel. snapr a dolt, impostor, charlatan. Cf. Snub.] 1. A vulgar person who affects to be better, richer, or more fashionable, than he really is; a vulgar upstart; one who apes his superiors. Thackeray. “Essentially vulgar, a snob. — a gilded snob, but none the less a snob.” R. G. White. 2. (Eng. Univ.) A townsman. [Canf] 3. A journeyman shoemaker. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A workman who accepts lower than the usual wages, or who refuses to strike when his fellows do; a rat; a knobstick. “Those who work for lower wages during a strike are called snobs, the men who stand out being ´nobs´” De Quincey.

Snob´ber•y , n. The quality of being snobbish; snobbishness.

Snob´bish , a. Of or pertaining to a snob; characteristic of, or befitting, a snob; vulgarly pretentious. — Snob´bish•ly, adv.

Snob´bish•ness, n. Vulgar affectation or ostentation; mean admiration of mean things; conduct or manners of a snob.

Snob´bism , n. Snobbery.

Snob´by (snob´by), a. Snobbish. [R.] E. B. Ramsay.

Snob´ling, n. A little snob. [Jocose] Thackeray.

Snob•oc´ra•cy (snob•ok´ra•sy), n. [Snob + -cracy, as in aristocracy, mobocracy.] Snobs, collectively. [Hybrid & Recent] C. Kingsley.

Snod (snod), n. [See Snood.] A fillet; a headband; a snood. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Snod, a. [Scot. snod to prune, put in order.] Trimmed; smooth; neat; trim; sly; cunning; demure. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Snoff (snof; 115), n. [Cf. Snuff.] (Mining) A short candle end used for igniting a fuse. Raymond.

Snood , n. [AS. snod. Cf. Snare.] 1. The fillet which binds the hair of a young unmarried woman, and is emblematic of her maiden character. [Scot.] “And seldom was a snood amid
Such wild, luxuriant ringlets hid.” Sir W. Scott. 2. A short line (often of horsehair) connecting a fishing line with the hook; a snell; a leader.

Snood, v. t. To bind or braid up, as the hair, with a snood. [Scot.]

Snood´ed, a. Wearing or having a snood. ´The snooded daughter.´ Whittier.

Snook (snook), v. i. [Prov. E. snook to search out, to follow by the scent; cf. Sw. snoka to lurk, LG. snöggen, snuckern, snökern, to snuffle, to smell about, to search for.] To lurk; to lie in ambush. [Obs.]

Snook, n. [D. snoek.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large perchlike marine food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America; — called also ravallia, and robalo. (b) The cobia. (c) The garfish.

Snooze (snooz), n. [Scot. snooze to sleep; cf. Dan. & Sw. snus snuff.] A short sleep; a nap. [Colloq.]

Snooze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snoozed p. pr. & vb. n. Snoozing.] To doze; to drowse; to take a short nap; to slumber. [Colloq.]

Snore (snor), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snored (snord); p. pr. & vb. n. Snoring.] [OE. snoren, AS. snora a snoring; akin to LG. snoren, snorken, snurken, to snore, D. snorken, G. schnarchen to snore, schnarren to rattle, MHG. snarren, Sw. snarka to snore, Icel. snarka to sputter, fizzle. Cf. Snarl to growl, Sneer, Snort. See Snoring.] To breathe with a rough, hoarse, nasal voice in sleep.

Snore, n. A harsh nasal noise made in sleep.

Snor´er , n. One who snores.

Snor´ing, n. (Physiol.) The act of respiring through the open mouth so that the currents of inspired and expired air cause a vibration of the uvula and soft palate, thus giving rise to a sound more or less harsh. It is usually unvoluntary, but may be produced voluntarily.

Snort , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Snorting.] [OE. snorten; akin to snoren. See Snore.] 1. To force the air with violence through the nose, so as to make a noise, as do high- spirited horsed in prancing and play. Fairfax. 2. To snore. [R.] ´The snorting citizens.´ Shak. 3. To laugh out loudly. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Snort, n. The act of snorting; the sound produced in snorting.

Snort, v. t. To expel throught the nostrils with a snort; to utter with a snort. Keats.

Snort´er , n. 1. One who snorts. 2. (Zoöl.) The wheather; — so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.]

Snot , n. [AS. snot; akin to D. snot, LG. snotte, Dan. snot, and to E. snout. See Snout.] 1. Mucus secreted in, or discharged from, the nose. [Low] 2. A mean, insignificant fellow. [Low]

Snot, v. t. To blow, wipe, or clear, as the nose.

Snot´ter , v. i. [From Snot.] To snivel; to cry or whine. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Snot´ter, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) A rope going over a yardarm, used to bend a tripping line to, in sending down topgallant and royal yards in vessels of war; also the short line supporting the heel of the sprit in a small boat.

Snot´ter•y , n. Filth; abomination. [Obs.] “To purge the snottery of our slimy time.” Marston.

Snot´ty , a. Foul with snot; hence, mean; dirty. — Snot´ti•ly (#), adv. — Snot´ti•ness, n.

Snout (snout), n. [OE. snoute, probably of Scand, or Low German origin; cf. LG. snute, D. snuit, G. schnauze, Sw. snut, snyte, Dan. snude, Icel. snta to blow the nose; probably akin to E. snuff, v.t. Cf. Snite, Snot, Snuff.] 1. The long, projecting nose of a beast, as of swine. 2. The nose of a man; — in contempt. Hudibras. 3. The nozzle of a pipe, hose, etc. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior prolongation of the head of a gastropod; — called also rostrum. (b) The anterior prolongation of the head of weevils and allied beetles. Snout beetle (Zoöl.), any one of many species of beetles having an elongated snout and belonging to the tribe Rhynchophora; a weevil. — Snout moth (Zoöl.), any pyralid moth. See Pyralid.

Snout, v. t. To furnish with a nozzle or point.

Snout´y , a. Resembling a beast’s snout. “The nose was ugly, long, and big,
Broad and snouty like a pig.” Otway.

Snow , n. [LG. snaue, or D. snaauw, from LG. snau a snout, a beak.] (Naut.) A square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig only in that she has a trysail mast close abaft the mainmast, on which a large trysail is hoisted.

Snow, n. [OE. snow, snaw, AS. snaw; akin to D. sneeuw, OS. & OHG. sneo, G. schnee, Icel. snaer, snjor, snajar, Sw. snö, Dan. snee, Goth. snaiws, Lith. snëgas, Russ. snieg’, Ir. & Gael. sneachd, W. nyf, L. nix, nivis, Gr. acc. ni•fa, also AS. sniwan to snow, G. schneien, OHG. sniwan, Lith. snigti, L. ningit it snows, Gr. ni•fei, Zend snizh to snow; cf. Skr. snih to be wet or sticky. rad.172.] 1. Watery particles congealed into white or transparent crystals or flakes in the air, and falling to the earth, exhibiting a great variety of very beautiful and perfect forms. Snow is often used to form compounds, most of which are of obvious meaning; as snow-capped, snow-clad, snow-cold, snow-crowned, snow-crust, snow- fed, snow-haired, snowlike, snow-mantled, snow-nodding, snow-wrought, and the like. 2. Fig.: Something white like snow, as the white color (argent) in heraldry; something which falls in, or as in, flakes. “The field of snow with eagle of black therein.” Chaucer. Red snow. See under Red. Snow bunting. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1. — Snow cock (Zoöl.), the snow pheasant. — Snow flea (Zoöl.), a small black leaping poduran (Achorutes nivicola) often found in winter on the snow in vast numbers. — Snow flood, a flood from melted snow. — Snow flower (Bot.), the fringe tree. — Snow fly, or Snow insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Boreus. The male has rudimentary wings; the female is wingless. These insects sometimes appear creeping and leaping on the snow in great numbers. — Snow gnat (Zoöl.), any wingless dipterous insect of the genus Chionea found running on snow in winter. — Snow goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of arctic geese of the genus Chen. The common snow goose (Chen hyperborea), common in the Western United States in winter, is white, with the tips of the wings black and legs and bill red. Called also white brant, wavey, and Texas goose. The blue, or blue-winged, snow goose (C. cœrulescens) is varied with grayish brown and bluish gray, with the wing quills black and the head and upper part of the neck white. Called also white head, white-headed goose, and bald brant. — Snow leopard (Zool.), the ounce. — Snow line, lowest limit of perpetual snow. In the Alps this is at an altitude of 9,000 feet, in the Andes, at the equator, 16,000 feet. — Snow mouse (Zoöl.), a European vole (Arvicola nivalis) which inhabits the Alps and other high mountains. — Snow pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome gallinaceous birds of the genus Tetraogallus, native of the lofty mountains of Asia. The Himalayn snow pheasant (T. Himalayensis) in the best-known species. Called also snow cock, and snow chukor. — Snow partridge. (Zoöl.) See under Partridge. — Snow pigeon (Zoöl.), a pigeon (Columba leuconota) native of the Himalaya mountains. Its back, neck, and rump are white, the top of the head and the ear coverts are black. — Snow plant (Bot.), a fleshy parasitic herb (Sarcodes sanguinea) growing in the coniferous forests of California. It is all of a bright red color, and is fabled to grow from the snow, through which it sometimes shoots up.

Snow , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Snowing.] To fall in or as snow; — chiefly used impersonally; as it snows; it snowed yesterday.

Snow, v. t. To scatter like snow; to cover with, or as with, snow. Donne. Shak.

Snow´ball , n. 1. A round mass of snow pressed or roller together, or anything resembling such a mass. 2. (Bot.) The Guelder-rose. Snowball tree (Bot.), the Guelder- rose.

Snow´ball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snowballed p. pr. & vb. n. Snowballing.] To pelt with snowballs; to throw snowballs at.

Snow´ball, v. i. To throw snowballs.

Snow´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A name of several shrubs with white berries; as the Symphoricarpus racemosus of the Northern United States, and the Chiococca racemosa of Florida and tropical America. Creeping snowberry. (Bot.) See under Creeping.

Snow´bird , n. (Zoöl.) (a) An arctic finch (Plectrophenax, or Plectrophanes, nivalis) common, in winter, both in Europe and the United States, and often appearing in large flocks during snowstorms. It is partially white, but variously marked with chestnut and brown. Called also snow bunting, snowflake, snowfleck, and snowflight. (b) Any finch of the genus Junco which appears in flocks in winter time, especially J. hyemalis in the Eastern United States; — called also blue snowbird. See Junco. (c) The fieldfare. [Prov. Eng.]

Snow´-blind , a. Affected with blindness by the brilliancy of snow. — Snow´- blind•ness, n.

Snow´-bound , a. Enveloped in, or confined by, snow. Whittier.

Snow´-broth , n. Snow and water mixed, or snow just melted; very cold liquor. Shak.

Snow´cap , n. (Zoöl.) A very small humming bird (Microchaera albocoronata) native of New Grenada. The feathers of the top of the head are white and snining, the body blue black with a purple and bronzy luster. The name is applied also to Microchaera parvirostris of Central America, which is similar in color.

Snow´-capped , a. Having the top capped or covered with snow; as snow-capped mountains.

Snow´drift , n. A bank of drifted snow.

Snow´drop , n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Galanthus nivalis) bearing white flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the ground. It is cultivated in gardens for its beauty. Snowdrop tree. See Silver-bell tree, under Silver, a.

Snow´flake , n. 1. A flake, or small filmy mass, of snow. 2. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1. 3. (Bot.) A name given to several bulbous plants of the genus Leucoium (L. vernum, aestivum, etc.) resembling the snowdrop, but having all the perianth leaves of equal size.

Snow´fleck , n. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1.

Snowl , n. (Zoöl.) The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.]

Snow´less , a. Destitute of snow. { Snow´plow• , Snow´plough• } , n. An implement operating like a plow, but on a larger scale, for clearing away the snow from roads, railways, etc.

Snow´shed , n. A shelter to protect from snow, esp. a long roof over an exposed part of a railroad.

Snow´shoe , n. A slight frame of wood three or four feet long and about one third as wide, with thongs or cords stretched across it, and having a support and holder for the foot; — used by persons for walking on soft snow.

Snow´shoe•ing, n. Traveling on snowshoes.

Snow´sho•er , n. One who travels on snowshoes; an expert in using snowshoes. W. G. Beers.

Snow´slip , n. A large mass or avalanche of snow which slips down the side of a mountain, etc.

Snow´storm , n. A storm with falling snow.

Snow´-white , a. White as snow; very white. ´Snow-white and rose-red´ Chaucer.

Snow´y , a. 1. White like snow. ´So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows.´ Shak. 2. Abounding with snow; covered with snow. ´The snowy top of cold Olympus.´ Milton. 3. Fig.: Pure; unblemished; unstained; spotless. “There did he lose his snowy innocence.” J. Hall (1646). Snowy heron (Zoöl.), a white heron, or egret (Ardea candidissima), found in the Southern United States, and southward to Chili; — called also plume bird. — Snowy lemming (Zoöl.), the collared lemming (Cuniculus torquatus), which turns white in winter. — Snowy owl (Zoöl.), a large arctic owl (Nyctea Scandiaca, or N. nivea) common all over the northern parts of the United States and Europe in winter time. Its plumage is sometimes nearly pure white, but it is usually more or less marked with blackish spots. Called also white owl. — Snowy plover (Zoöl.), a small plover (AEgialitis nivosa) of the western parts of the United States and Mexico. It is light gray above, with the under parts and portions of the head white.

Snub , v. i. [Cf. D. snuiven to snort, to pant, G. schnauben, MHG. snuben, Prov. G. schnupfen, to sob, and E. snuff, v.t.] To sob with convulsions. [Obs.] Bailey.

Snub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snubbed p. pr. & vb. n. Snubbing.] [Cf. Icel. ssnubba to snub, chide, Sw. snubba, Icel. snubbottr snubbed, nipped, and E. snib.] 1. To clip or break off the end of; to check or stunt the growth of; to nop. 2. To check, stop, or rebuke, with a tart, sarcastic reply or remark; to reprimand; to check. J. Foster. 3. To treat with contempt or neglect, as a forward or pretentious person; to slight designedly. To snub a cable or rope (Naut.), to check it suddenly in running out. Totten.

Snub, n. 1. A knot; a protuberance; a song. [Obs.] “[A club] with ragged snubs and knotty grain.” Spenser. 2. A check or rebuke; an intended slight. J. Foster. Snub nose, a short or flat nose. — Snub post, or Snubbing post (Naut.), a post on a dock or shore, around which a rope is thrown to check the motion of a vessel.

Snub´-nosed , a. Having a short, flat nose, slightly turned up; as the snub-nosed eel. Snub-nosed cachalot (Zoöl.), the pygmy sperm whale.

Snudge , v. i. [Cf. Snug.] To lie snug or quiet. [Obs.] Herbert.

Snudge, n. A miser; a sneaking fellow. [Obs.]

Snuff , n. [Cf. G. schnuppe candle snuff, schnuppen to snuff a candle (see Snuff, v. t., to snuff a candle), or cf. Snub, v. t.] The part of a candle wick charred by the flame, whether burning or not. “If the burning snuff happens to get out of the snuffers, you have a chance that it may fall into a dish of soup.” Swift.

Snuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snuffed p. pr. & vb. n. Snuffing.] [OE. snuffen. See Snuff of a candle Snuff to sniff.] To crop the snuff of, as a candle; to take off the end of the snuff of. To snuff out, to extinguish by snuffing.

Snuff , v. t.[Akin to D. snuffen, G. schnupfen, schnuppen, to snuff, schnupfen a cold in the head, schnuppen to snuff (air), also to snuff (a candle). Cf. Sniff, Snout, Snub, v. i.] 1. To draw in, or to inhale, forcibly through the nose; to sniff. “He snuffs the wind, his heels the sand excite.” Dryden. 2. To perceive by the nose; to scent; to smell.

Snuff, v. i. 1. To inhale air through the nose with violence or with noise, as do dogs and horses. Dryden. 2. To turn up the nose and inhale air, as an expression of contempt; hence, to take offense. “Do the enemies of the church rage and snuff?” Bp. Hall.

Snuff, n. 1. The act of snuffing; perception by snuffing; a sniff. 2. Pulverized tobacco, etc., prepared to be taken into the nose; also the amount taken at once. 3. Resentment, displeasure, or contempt, expressed by a snuffing of the nose. [Obs.] Snuff dipping. See Dipping, n., 5. — Snuff taker, one who uses snuff by inhaling it through the nose. — To take it in snuff, to be angry or offended. Shak. — Up to snuff, not likely to be imposed upon; knowing; acute. [Slang]

Snuff´box , n. A small box for carrying snuff about the person.

Snuff´er , n. 1. One who snuffs. 2. (Zoöl.) The common porpoise.

Snuff´ers , n. pl. An instrument for cropping and holding the snuff of a candle.

Snuff´ing•ly, adv. In a snuffing manner.

Snuf´fle , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snuffled p. pr. & vb. n. Snuffling ] [Freq. of snuff, v.i.; akin to LG. snuffeln, G. schnüffeln, D. snuffeln, Dan. snövle. Cf. Sniffle.] To speak through the nose; to breathe through the nose when it is obstructed, so as to make a broken sound. “One clad in purple
Eats, and recites some lamentable rhyme …
Snuffling at nose, and croaking in his throat.” Dryden.

Snuf´fle, n. 1. The act of snuffing; a sound made by the air passing through the nose when obstructed. “This dread sovereign, Breath, in its passage, gave a snort or snuffle.” Coleridge. 2. An affected nasal twang; hence, cant; hypocrisy. 3. pl. Obstruction of the nose by mucus; nasal catarrh of infants or children. [Colloq.]

Snuf´fler , n. One who snuffles; one who uses cant.

Snuff´y , a. 1. Soiled with snuff. 2. Sulky; angry; vexed. [Obs. or Scot.] Jamieson.

Snug , a. [Compar. Snugger superl. Snuggest ] [Prov. E. snug tight, handsome; cf. Icel. snöggr smooth, ODan. snög neat, Sw. snugg.] 1. Close and warm; as an infant lies snug. 2. Close; concealed; not exposed to notice. “Lie snug, and hear what critics say.” Swift. 3. Compact, convenient, and comfortable; as a snug farm, house, or property.

Snug, n. (Mach.) Same as Lug, n., 3.

Snug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snugged p. pr. & vb. n. Snugging] To lie close; to snuggle; to snudge; — often with up, or together; as a child snugs up to its mother.

Snug, v. t. 1. To place snugly. [R.] Goldsmith. 2. To rub, as twine or rope, so as to make it smooth and improve the finish.

Snug´ger•y , n.; pl. Snuggeries . A snug, cozy place. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Snug´gle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snuggled p. pr. & vb. n. Snuggling ] [Freq. of snug.] To move one way and the other so as to get a close place; to lie close for comfort; to cuddle; to nestle.

Snug´ly, adv. In a snug manner; closely; safely.

Snug´ness, n. The quality or state of being snug.

Sny , n. [Cf. Icel. snua to turn.] An upward bend in a piece of timber; the sheer of a vessel.

Sny´ing, n. (Naut.) A curved plank, placed edgewise, to work in the bows of a vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr.

So , adv. [OE. so, sa, swa, AS. swa; akin to OFries, sa, s, D. zoo, OS. & OHG. s, G. so, Icel. sva, sv, svo, so, Sw. s, Dan. saa, Goth. swa so, sw as; cf. L. suus one’s own, Skr. sva one’s own, one’s self. rad.192. Cf. as Custom, Ethic, Idiom, Such.] 1. In that manner or degree; as indicated (in any way), or as implied, or as supposed to be known. “Why is his chariot so long in coming?” Judges v. 28. 2. In like manner or degree; in the same way; thus; for like reason; whith equal reason; — used correlatively, following as, to denote comparison or resemblance; sometimes, also following inasmuch as. “As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive, so a prince ought to consider the condition he is in.” Swift. 3. In such manner; to such degree; — used correlatively with as or that following; as he was so fortunate as to escape. “I viewed in may mind, so far as I was able, the beginning and progress of a rising world.” T. Burnet. “He is very much in Sir Roger’s esteem, so that he lives in the family rather as a relation than dependent.” Addison. 4. Very; in a high degree; that is, in such a degree as can not well be expressed; as he is so good; he planned so wisely. 5. In the same manner; as has been stated or suggested; in this or that condition or state; under these circumstances; in this way; — with reflex reference to something just asserted or implied; used also with the verb to be, as a predicate. “Use him [your tutor] with great respect yourself, and cause all your family to do so too.” Locke. “It concerns every man, with the greatest seriousness, to inquire into those matters, whether they be so or not.” Tillotson. “He is Sir Robert’s son, and so art thou.” Shak. 6. The case being such; therefore; on this account; for this reason; on these terms; — used both as an adverb and a conjuction. “God makes him in his own image an intellectual creature, and so capable of dominion.” Locke. “Here, then, exchange we mutually forgiveness;
So may the guilt of all my broken vows,
My perjuries to thee, be all forgotten.” Rowe. 7. It is well; let it be as it is, or let it come to pass; — used to express assent. “And when ’t is writ, for my sake read it over,
And if it please you, so; if not, why, so.” Shak. “There is Percy; if your father will do me any honor, so; if not, let him kill the next Percy himself.” Shak. 8. Well; the fact being as stated; — used as an expletive; as so the work is done, is it? 9. Is it thus? do you mean what you say? — with an upward tone; as do you say he refuses? So? [Colloq.] 10. About the number, time, or quantity specified; thereabouts; more or less; as I will spend a week or so in the country; I have read only a page or so. “A week or so will probably reconcile us.” Gay. See the Note under Ill, adv. So … as. So is now commonly used as a demonstrative correlative of as when it is the puprpose to emphasize the equality or comparison suggested, esp. in negative assertions, and questions implying a negative answer. By Shakespeare and others so … as was much used where as … as is now common. See the Note under As, 1. “So do, as thou hast said.” Gen. xviii. 5. “As a flower of the field, so he flourisheth.” Ps. ciii. 15. “Had woman been so strong as men.” Shak. “No country suffered so much as England.” Macaulay. — So far, to that point or extent; in that particular. ´The song was moral, and so far was right.´ Cowper. — So far forth, as far; to such a degree. Shak. Bacon. — So forth, further in the same or similar manner; more of the same or a similar kind. See And so forth, under And. — So, so, well, well. ´So, so, it works; now, mistress, sit you fast.´ Dryden. also moderately or tolerably well; passably; as he succeeded but so so. ´His leg is but so so.´ Shak. — So that, to the end that; in order that; with the effect or result that. — So then, thus then it is; therefore; the consequence is.

So , conj. Provided that; on condition that; in case that; if. “Though all the winds of doctrine were let loose play upon the earth, so truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength.” Milton.

So, interj. Be as you are; stand still; stop; that will do; right as you are; — a word used esp. to cows; also used by sailors.

Soak , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soaked p. pr. & vb. n. Soaking.] [OE. soken, AS. socian to sioak, steep, fr. scan, sgan, to suck. See Suck.] 1. To cause or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has imbibed what it can contain; to macerate in water or other liquid; to steep, as for the purpose of softening or freshening; as to soak cloth; to soak bread; to soak salt meat, salt fish, or the like. 2. To drench; to wet thoroughly. “Their land shall be soaked with blood.” Isa. xxiv. 7. 3. To draw in by the pores, or through small passages; as a sponge soaks up water; the skin soaks in moisture. 4. To make (its way) by entering pores or interstices; — often with through. “The rivulet beneath soaked its way obscurely through wreaths of snow.” Sir W. Scott. 5. Fig.: To absorb; to drain. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Soak, v. i. 1. To lie steeping in water or other liquid; to become sturated; as let the cloth lie and soak. 2. To enter (into something) by pores or interstices; as water soaks into the earth or other porous matter. 3. To drink intemperately or gluttonously. [Slang]

Soak´age , n. The act of soaking, or the state of being soaked; also the quantity that enters or issues by soaking.

Soak´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, soaks. 2. A hard drinker. [Slang] South.

Soak´ing, a. Wetting thoroughly; drenching; as a soaking rain. — Soak´ing•ly, adv.

Soak´y , a. Full of moisture; wet; soppy.

Soal , n. 1. The sole of a shoe. [Obs. or R.] 2. (Zoöl.) See Sole, the fish. [Obs.]

Soal, n. [AS. sol mire. Cf. Sully.] A dirty pond. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Soam , n. A chain by which a leading horse draws a plow. Knight.

Soap , n. [OE. sope, AS. sape; akin to D. zeep, G. seife, OHG. seifa, Icel. sapa, Sw. spa, Dan. sbe, and perhaps to AS. sipan to drip, MHG. sifen, and L. sebum tallow. Cf. Saponaceous.] A substance which dissolves in water, thus forming a lather, and is used as a cleansing agent. Soap is produced by combining fats or oils with alkalies or alkaline earths, usually by boiling, and consists of salts of sodium, potassium, etc., with the fatty acids (oleic, stearic, palmitic, etc.). See the Note below, and cf. Saponification. By extension, any compound of similar composition or properties, whether used as a cleaning agent or not. In general, soaps are of two classes, hard and soft. Calcium, magnesium, lead, etc., form soaps, but they are insoluble and useless. “The purifying action of soap depends upon the fact that it is decomposed by a large quantity of water into free alkali and an insoluble acid salt. The first of these takes away the fatty dirt on washing, and the latter forms the soap lather which envelops the greasy matter and thus tends to remove it.” Roscoe & Schorlemmer. Castile soap, a fine-grained hard soap, white or mottled, made of olive oil and soda; — called also Marseilles, or Venetian, soap. — Hard soap, any one of a great variety of soaps, of different ingredients and color, which are hard and compact. All solid soaps are of this class. — Lead soap, an insoluble, white, pliable soap made by saponifying an oil (olive oil) with lead oxide; — used externally in medicine. Called also lead plaster, diachylon, etc. — Marine soap. See under Marine. — Pills of soap (Med.), pills containing soap and opium. — Potash soap, any soap made with potash, esp. the soft soaps, and a hard soap made from potash and castor oil. — Pumice soap, any hard soap charged with a gritty powder, as silica, alumina, powdered pumice, etc., which assists mechanically in the removal of dirt. — Resin soap, a yellow soap containing resin, — used in bleaching. — Silicated soap, a cheap soap containing water glass (sodium silicate). — Soap bark. (Bot.) See Quillaia bark. — Soap bubble, a hollow iridescent globe, formed by blowing a film of soap suds from a pipe; figuratively, something attractive, but extremely unsubstantial. “This soap bubble of the metaphysicians.” J. C. Shairp. — Soap cerate, a cerate formed of soap, olive oil, white wax, and the subacetate of lead, sometimes used as an application to allay inflammation. — Soap fat, the refuse fat of kitchens, slaughter houses, etc., used in making soap. — Soap liniment (Med.), a liniment containing soap, camphor, and alcohol. — Soap nut, the hard kernel or seed of the fruit of the soapberry tree, — used for making beads, buttons, etc. — Soap plant (Bot.), one of several plants used in the place of soap, as the Chlorogalum pomeridianum, a California plant, the bulb of which, when stripped of its husk and rubbed on wet clothes, makes a thick lather, and smells not unlike new brown soap. It is called also soap apple, soap bulb, and soap weed. — Soap tree. (Bot.) Same as Soapberry tree. — Soda soap, a soap containing a sodium salt. The soda soaps are all hard soaps. — Soft soap, a soap of a gray or brownish yellow color, and of a slimy, jellylike consistence, made from potash or the lye from wood ashes. It is strongly alkaline and often contains glycerin, and is used in scouring wood, in cleansing linen, in dyehouses, etc. Figuratively, flattery; wheedling; blarney. [Colloq.] — Toilet soap, hard soap for the toilet, usually colored and perfumed.

Soap , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soaped p. pr. & vb. n. Soaping.] 1. To rub or wash over with soap. 2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Slang]

Soap´ber•ry tree (Bot.) Any tree of the genus Sapindus, esp. Sapindus saponaria, the fleshy part of whose fruit is used instead of soap in washing linen; — also called soap tree.

Soap´fish , n. (Zoöl.) Any serranoid fish of the genus Rhypticus; — so called from the soapy feeling of its skin.

Soap´i•ness , n. Quality or state of being soapy.

Soap´root , n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Gypsophila Struthium) the root of which is used in Spain as a substitute for soap.

Soap´stone , n. See Steatite, and Talc.

Soap´suds , n. pl. Suds made with soap.

Soap´wort , n. (Bot.) A common plant (Saponaria officinalis) of the Pink family; — so called because its bruised leaves, when agitated in water, produce a lather like that from soap. Called also Bouncing Bet.

Soap´y , a. [Compar. Soapier superl. Soapiest.] 1. Resembling soap; having the qualities of, or feeling like, soap; soft and smooth. 2. Smeared with soap; covered with soap.

Soar , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soared (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Soaring.] [F. s’essorer to soar, essorer to dry (by exposing to the air), fr. L. ex out + aura the air, a breeze; akin to Gr. .] 1. To fly aloft, as a bird; to mount upward on wings, or as on wings. Chaucer. “When soars Gaul’s vulture with his wings unfurled.” Byron. 2. Fig.: To rise in thought, spirits, or imagination; to be exalted in mood. “Where the deep transported mind may soar.” Milton. “Valor soars above
What the world calls misfortune.” Addison.

Soar, n. The act of soaring; upward flight. “This apparent soar of the hooded falcon.” Coleridge.

Soar, a. See 3d Sore. [Obs.]

Soar, a. See Sore, reddish brown. Soar falcon. (Zoöl.) See Sore falcon, under Sore.

Soar´ing, a. & n. from Soar. — Soar´ing•ly, adv.

So•a´ve , a. [It.] (Mus.) Sweet.

So•a•ve•men´te , adv. [It.] (Mus.) Sweetly.

Sob , v. t. [See Sop.] To soak. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Sob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sobbed p. pr. & vb. n. Sobbing.] [OE. sobben; akin to AS. seófian, siófian, to complain, bewail, seófung, siófung, sobbing, lamentation; cf. OHG. sftön, sftn, to sigh, MHG. siuften, siufzen, G. seufzen, MHG. sft a sigh, properly, a drawing in of breath, from sfen to drink, OHG. sfan. Cf. Sup.] To sigh with a sudden heaving of the breast, or with a kind of convulsive motion; to sigh with tears, and with a convulsive drawing in of the breath. “Sobbing is the same thing [as sighing], stronger.” Bacon. “She sighed, she sobbed, and, furious with despair.
She rent her garments, and she tore her hair.” Dryden.

Sob, n. 1. The act of sobbing; a convulsive sigh, or inspiration of the breath, as in sorrow. “Break, heart, or choke with sobs my hated breath.” Dryden. 2. Any sorrowful cry or sound. “The tremulous sob of the complaining owl.” Wordsworth.

Sob´bing , n. A series of short, convulsive inspirations, the glottis being suddenly closed so that little or no air enters into the lungs.

Sober , a. [Compar. Soberer superl. Soberest.] [OE. sobre, F. sobre, from L. sobrius, probably from a prefix so- expressing separation + ebrius drunken. Cf. Ebriety.] 1. Temperate in the use of spirituous liquors; habitually temperate; as a sober man. “That we may hereafter live a godly, righteous, and sober life, to the glory of Thy holy name.” Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. Not intoxicated or excited by spirituous liquors; as the sot may at times be sober. 3. Not mad or insane; not wild, visionary, or heated with passion; exercising cool, dispassionate reason; self- controlled; self-possessed. “There was not a sober person to be had; all was tempestuous and blustering.” Druden. “No sober man would put himself into danger for the applause of escaping without breaking his neck.” Dryden. 4. Not proceeding from, or attended with, passion; calm; as sober judgment; a man in his sober senses. 5. Serious or subdued in demeanor, habit, appearance, or color; solemn; grave; sedate. “What parts gay France from sober Spain?” Prior. “See her sober over a sampler, or gay over a jointed baby.” Pope. “Twilight gray
Had in her sober livery all things clad.” Milton. Syn. — Grave; temperate; abstinent; abstemious; moderate; regular; steady; calm; quiet; cool; collected; dispassionate; unimpassioned; sedate; staid; serious; solemn; somber. See Grave.

So´ber , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sobered p. pr. & vb. n. Sobering.] To make sober. “There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,
And drinking largely sobers us again.” Pope.

So´ber, v. i. To become sober; — often with down. “Vance gradually sobered down.” Ld. Lytton.

So´ber•ize , v. t. & i. To sober. [R.] Crabbe.

So´ber•ly, adv. In a sober manner; temperately; cooly; calmly; gravely; seriously.

So´ber•ly, a. Grave; serious; solemn; sad. [Obs.] “[He] looked hollow and thereto soberly.” Chaucer.

So´ber-mind•ed , a. Having a disposition or temper habitually sober. — So´ber- mind•ed•ness, n.

So´ber•ness, n. The quality or state of being sober.

Sob´o•les , n. [L., a short.] (Bot.) (a) A shoot running along under ground, forming new plants at short distances. (b) A sucker, as of tree or shrub.

Sob•o•lif´er•ous , a. [L. soboles + -ferous.] (Bot.) Producing soboles. See Illust. of Houseleek.

So•bri´e•ty , n. [L. sobrietas: cf. F. sobriete. See Sober.] 1. Habitual soberness or temperance as to the use of spirituous liquors; as a man of sobriety. “Public sobriety is a relative duty.” Blackstone. 2. Habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordinate passion, or overheated imagination; calmness; coolness; gravity; seriousness; as the sobriety of riper years. “Mirth makes them not mad,
Nor sobriety sad.” Denham. Syn. — Soberness; temperance; abstinence; abstemiousness; moderation; regularity; steadness; calmness; coolness; sober- mindeness; sedateness; staidness; gravity; seriousness; solemnity.

So•bri•quet´ (so•bre•ka´), n.[F. sobriquet, OF. soubzbriquet, soubriquet, a chuck under the chin, hence, an affront, a nickname; of uncertain origin; cf. It. sottobecco a chuck under the chin.] An assumed name; a fanciful epithet or appellation; a nickname. [Sometimes less correctly written soubriquet.]

Soc (sok), n. [AS. soc the power of holding court, sway, domain, properly, the right of investigating or seeking; akin to E. sake, seek. Sake, Seek, and cf. Sac, and Soke.] [Written also sock, and soke.] 1. (O. Eng. Law) (a) The lord’s power or privilege of holding a court in a district, as in manor or lordship; jurisdiction of causes, and the limits of that jurisdiction. (b) Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens. 2. An exclusive privilege formerly claimed by millers of grinding all the corn used within the manor or township which the mill stands. [Eng.] Soc and sac (O. Eng. Law), the full right of administering justice in a manor or lordship.

Soc´age , n.[From Soc; cf. LL. socagium.] (O.Eng. Law) A tenure of lands and tenements by a certain or determinate service; a tenure distinct from chivalry or knight’s service, in which the obligations were uncertain. The service must be certain, in order to be denominated socage, as to hold by fealty and twenty shillings rent. [Written also soccage.] Socage is of two kinds; free socage, where the services are not only certain, but honorable; and villein socage, where the services, though certain, are of a baser nature. Blackstone.

Soc´a•ger , n. (O. Eng. Law) A tennant by socage; a socman.

So´-called , a. So named; called by such a name (but perhaps called thus with doubtful propriety).

So•cia•bil´i•ty , n.[Cf. F. sociabilite.] The quality of being sociable; sociableness.

So´cia•ble , a.[F., fr. L. sociabilis, fr. sociare to associate, fr. socius a companion. See Social.] 1. Capable of being, or fit to be, united in one body or company; associable. [R.] “They are sociable parts united into one body.” Hooker. 2. Inclined to, or adapted for, society; ready to unite with others; fond of companions; social. “Society is no comfort to one not sociable.” Shak. “What can be more uneasy to this sociable creature than the dry, pensive retirements of solitude?” South. 3. Ready to converse; inclined to talk with others; not taciturn or reserved. 4. Affording opportunites for conversation; characterized by much conversation; as a sociable party. 5. No longer hostile; friendly. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Sociable bird, or Sociable weaver (Zoöl.), a weaver bird which builds composite nests. See Republican, n., 3. (b). Syn. — Social; companionable; conversible; friendly; familiar; communicative; accessible.

So´cia•ble, n. 1. A gathering of people for social purposes; an informal party or reception; as a church sociable. [Colloq. U. S.] 2. A carriage having two double seats facing each other, and a box for the driver. Miss Edgeworth.

So´cia•ble•ness, n. The quality of being sociable.

So´cia•bly, adv. In a sociable manner.

So´cial , a. [L. socialis, from socius a companion; akin to sequi to follow: cf. F. social. See Sue to follow.] 1. Of or pertaining to society; relating to men living in society, or to the public as an aggregate body; as social interest or concerns; social pleasure; social benefits; social happiness; social duties. ´Social phenomena.´ J. S. Mill. 2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse; companionable; sociable; as a social person. 3. Consisting in union or mutual intercourse. “Best with thyself accompanied, seek’st not
Social communication.” Milton. 4. (Bot.) Naturally growing in groups or masses; — said of many individual plants of the same species. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) Living in communities consisting of males, females, and neuters, as do ants and most bees. (b) Forming compound groups or colonies by budding from basal processes or stolons; as the social ascidians. Social science, the science of all that relates to the social condition, the relations and institutions which are involved in man’s existence and his well-being as a member of an organized community; sociology. It concerns itself with questions of the public health, education, labor, punishment of crime, reformation of criminals, and the like. — Social whale (Zoöl.), the blackfish. — The social evil, prostitution. Syn. — Sociable; companionable; conversible; friendly; familiar; communicative; convival; festive.

So´cial•ism , n. [Cf. F. socialisme.] A theory or system of social reform which contemplates a complete reconstruction of society, with a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor. In popular usage, the term is often employed to indicate any lawless, revolutionary social scheme. See Communism, Fourierism, Saint- Simonianism, forms of socialism. “[Socialism] was first applied in England to Owen’s theory of social reconstruction, and in France to those also of St. Simon and Fourier … The word, however, is used with a great variety of meaning, … even by economists and learned critics. The general tendency is to regard as socialistic any interference undertaken by society on behalf of the poor, … radical social reform which disturbs the present system of private property … The tendency of the present socialism is more and more to ally itself with the most advanced democracy.” Encyc. Brit. “We certainly want a true history of socialism, meaning by that a history of every systematic attempt to provide a new social existence for the mass of the workers.” F. Harrison.

So´cial•ist, n. [Cf. F. socialiste.] One who advocates or practices the doctrines of socialism. { So´cial•ist , So•cial•is´tic } a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, socialism.

So•ci•al´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. socialiste, L. socialitas.] The quality of being social; socialness.

So´cial•ize , v. t. 1. To render social. 2. To subject to, or regulate by, socialism.

So´cial•ly, adv. In a social manner; sociably.

So´cial•ness, n. The quality or state of being social.

So´ci•ate , a. [L. sociatus, p. p. of sociare to associate, fr. socius companion.] Associated. [Obs.]

So´ci•ate, n. An associate. [Obs.] “As for you, Dr. Reynolds, and your sociates.” Fuller.

So´ci•ate , v. i. To associate. [Obs.] Shelford.

So•ci•e•ta´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to society; social. “The all-sweeping besom of societarian reformation.” Lamb.

So•ci´e•ta•ry , a. Societarian. [R.]

So•ci´e•ty , n.; pl. Societies (#). [L. societas, fr. socius a companion: cf. F. societe. See Social.] 1. The relationship of men to one another when associated in any way; companionship; fellowship; company. ´Her loved society.´ Milton. “There is society where none intrudes
By the deep sea, and music in its roar.” Byron. 2. Connection; participation; partnership. [R.] “The meanest of the people and such as have the least society with the acts and crimes of kings.” Jer. Taylor. 3. A number of persons associated for any temporary or permanent object; an association for mutual or joint usefulness, pleasure, or profit; a social union; a partnership; as a missionary society. 4. The persons, collectively considered, who live in any region or at any period; any community of individuals who are united together by a common bond of nearness or intercourse; those who recognize each other as associates, friends, and acquaintances. 5. Specifically, the more cultivated portion of any community in its social relations and influences; those who mutually give receive formal entertainments. Society of Jesus. See Jesuit. — Society verses [a translation of F. vers de societe], the lightest kind of lyrical poetry; verses for the amusement of polite society.

So•cin´i•an , a. Of or pertaining to Socinus, or the Socinians.

So•cin´i•an, n. One of the followers of Socinus; a believer in Socinianism.

So•cin´i•an•ism , n. (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets or doctrines of Faustus Socinus, an Italian theologian of the sixteenth century, who denied the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality of the Devil, the native and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the eternity of future punishment. His theory was that Christ was a man divinely commissioned, who had no existence before he was conceived by the Virgin Mary; that human sin was the imitation of Adam’s sin, and that human salvation was the imitation and adoption of Christ’s virtue; that the Bible was to be interpreted by human reason; and that its language was metaphorical, and not to be taken literally.

So•cin´i•an•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Socinianized p. pr. & vb. n. Socinianizing ] To cause to conform to Socinianism; to regulate by, or imbue with, the principles of Socinianism. { So•ci•o•log´ic , So•ci•o•log´ic•al } a. Of or pertaining to sociology, or social science. — So•ci•o•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

So•ci•ol´o•gist , n. One who treats of, or devotes himself to, the study of sociology. J. S. Mill.

So•ci•ol´o•gy , n. [L. socius a companion + -logy.] That branch of philosophy which treats of the constitution, phenomena, and development of human society; social science. H. Spencer.

Sock , n. [F. soc, LL. soccus, perhaps of Celtic origin.] A plowshare. Edin. Encyc.

Sock, n. [OE. sock, AS. socc, fr. L. soccus a kind of low-heeled, light shoe. Cf. Sucket.] 1. The shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient Greece and Rome, — used as a symbol of comedy, or of the comic drama, as distinguished from tragedy, which is symbolized by the buskin. “Great Fletcher never treads in buskin here,
Nor greater Jonson dares in socks appear.” Dryden. 2. A knit or woven covering for the foot and lower leg; a stocking with a short leg. 3. A warm inner sole for a shoe. Simmonds.

Sock•dol´a•ger , n. [A corruption of doxology.] [Written also sockdologer.] 1. That which finishes or ends a matter; a settler; a poser, as a heavy blow, a conclusive answer, and the like. [Slang, U.S.] 2. (Angling) A combination of two hooks which close upon each other, by means of a spring, as soon as the fish bites. [U. S.]

Sock´et , n. [OE. soket, a dim. through OF. fr. L. soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot.] 1. An opening into which anything is fitted; any hollow thing or place which receives and holds something else; as the sockets of the teeth. “His eyeballs in their hollow sockets sink.” Dryden. 2. Especially, the hollow tube or place in which a candle is fixed in the candlestick. “And in the sockets oily bubbles dance.” Dryden. Socket bolt (Mach.), a bolt that passes through a thimble that is placed between the parts connected by the bolt. — Socket chisel. Same as Framing chisel. See under Framing. — Socket pipe, a pipe with an expansion at one end to receive the end of a connecting pipe. — Socket pole, a pole armed with iron fixed on by means of a socket, and used to propel boats, etc. [U.S.] — Socket wrench, a wrench consisting of a socket at the end of a shank or rod, for turning a nut, bolthead, etc., in a narrow or deep recess.

Sock´et•ed , a. Having a socket. Dawkins.

Sock´less, a. Destitute of socks or shoes. B. & Fl.

Sock´y , a. Wet; soaky. [Prov. Eng.]

So´cle , n. [F., fr. L. socculus, dim. of soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot. Cf. Zocco.] (Arch.) (a) A plain block or plinth forming a low pedestal; any base; especially, the base of a statue, column, or the like. See Plinth. (b) A plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. Oxf. Gloss.

Soc´man , n.; pl. Socmen (#). [See Socage.] (O. Eng. Law) One who holds lands or tenements by socage; a socager. Cowell.

Soc´man•ry , n. (O.E. Law) Tenure by socage.

Soc´ome , n. [AS. socen, socn, searching, or the right of searching, the lord’s court. See Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) A custom of tenants to grind corn at the lord’s mill. Cowell.

Soc´o•trine , a. Of or pertaining to Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the east coast of Africa. — n. A native or inhabitant of Socotra. { So•crat´ic , So•crat´ic•al } a. [L. Socraticus, Gr. .] Of or pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian sage and teacher. (b. c. 469-399), or to his manner of teaching and philosophizing. The Socratic method of reasoning and instruction was by a series of questions leading the one to whom they were addressed to perceive and admit what was true or false in doctrine, or right or wrong in conduct.

So•crat´ic•al•ly, adv. In the Socratic method.

Soc´ra•tism , n. The philosophy or the method of Socrates.

Soc´ra•tist , n. [Gr. .] A disciple or follower of Socrates.

Sod , n. (Zoöl.) The rock dove. [Prov. Eng.]

Sod, obs. imp. of Seethe.

Sod, n. [Akin to LG. sode, D. zode, OD. sode, soode, OFries. satha, and E. seethe. So named from its sodden state in wet weather. See Seethe.] That stratum of the surface of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward. “She there shall dress a sweeter sod
Than Fancy’s feet have ever trod.” Collins.

Sod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sodden; p. pr. & vb. n. Sodding.] To cover with sod; to turf.

So´da , n. [It., soda, in OIt., ashes used in making glass, fr. L. solida, fem. of solidus solid; solida having probably been a name of glasswort. See Solid.] (Chem.) (a) Sodium oxide or hydroxide. (b) Popularly, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. Caustic soda, sodium hydroxide. — Cooking soda, sodium bicarbonate. [Colloq.] — Sal soda. See Sodium carbonate, under Sodium. — Soda alum (Min.), a mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of alumina and soda. — Soda ash, crude sodium carbonate; — so called because formerly obtained from the ashes of sea plants and certain other plants, as saltwort (Salsola). See under Sodium. — Soda fountain, an apparatus for drawing soda water, fitted with delivery tube, faucets, etc. — Soda lye, a lye consisting essentially of a solution of sodium hydroxide, used in soap making. — Soda niter. See Nitratine. — Soda salts, salts having sodium for the base; specifically, sodium sulphate or Glauber’s salts. — Soda waste, the waste material, consisting chiefly of calcium hydroxide and sulphide, which accumulates as a useless residue or side product in the ordinary Leblanc process of soda manufacture; — called also alkali waste. — Soda water, originally, a beverage consisting of a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate, with some acid to cause effervescence; now, in common usage, a beverage consisting of water highly charged with carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Fruit sirups, cream, etc., are usually added to give flavor. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. — Washing soda, sodium carbonate. [Colloq.]

So•da´ic , a. Pertaining to, or containing, soda. ´Sodaic powder.´ Ure.

So´da•lite , n. [Soda + - lite: cf. F. sodalithe.] (Min.) A mineral of a white to blue or gray color, occuring commonly in dodecahedrons, also massive. It is a silicate of alumina and soda with some chlorine.

So•dal´i•ty , n.; pl. Sodalities (#). [L. sodalitas, fr. sodalis a comrade.] 1. A fellowship or fraternity; a brotherhood. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Specifically, a lay association for devotion or for charitable purposes.

Sod•am´ide , n. (Chem.) A greenish or reddish crystalline substance, NaNH2, obtained by passing ammonia over heated sodium.

Sod´den , a. [p. p. of Seethe.] Boiled; seethed; also soaked; heavy with moisture; saturated; as sodden beef; sodden bread; sodden fields.

Sod´den, v. i. To be seethed; to become sodden.

Sod´den, v. t. To soak; to make heavy with water.

Sod´den-wit•ted , a. Heavy; dull. Shak.

Sod´dy , a. [From Sod.] Consisting of sod; covered with sod; turfy. Cotgrave.

Sod´er , n. & v. t. See Solder.

So´dic , a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sodium; containing sodium.

So´di•o- (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of sodium or one of its compounds.

So´di•um , n. [NL., fr.E. soda.] (Chem.) A common metallic element of the alkali group, in nature always occuring combined, as in common salt, in albite, etc. It is isolated as a soft, waxy, white, unstable metal, so readily oxidized that it combines violently with water, and to be preserved must be kept under petroleum or some similar liquid. Sodium is used combined in many salts, in the free state as a reducer, and as a means of obtaining other metals (as magnesium and aluminium) is an important commercial product. Symbol Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97. Sodium amalgam, an alloy of sodium and mercury, usually produced as a gray metallic crystalline substance, which is used as a reducing agent, and otherwise. — Sodium bicarbonate, a white crystalline substance, HNaCO3, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. It is found in many mineral springs and also produced artificially,. It is used in cookery, in baking powders, and as a source of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) for soda water. Called also cooking soda, saleratus, and technically, acid sodium carbonate, primary sodium carbonate, sodium dicarbonate, etc. — Sodium carbonate, a white crystalline substance, Na2CO3.10H2O, having a cooling alkaline taste, found in the ashes of many plants, and produced artifically in large quantities from common salt. It is used in making soap, glass, paper, etc., and as alkaline agent in many chemical industries. Called also sal soda, washing soda, or soda. Cf. Sodium bicarbonate, above and Trona. — Sodium chloride, common, or table, salt, NaCl. — Sodium hydroxide, a white opaque brittle solid, NaOH, having a fibrous structure, produced by the action of quicklime, or of calcium hydrate (milk of lime), on sodium carbonate. It is a strong alkali, and is used in the manufacture of soap, in making wood pulp for paper, etc. Called also sodium hydrate, and caustic soda. By extension, a solution of sodium hydroxide.

Sod´om•ite , n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom. 2. One guilty of sodomy.

Sod•om•it´ic•al , a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, sodomy. — Sod•om•it´ic•al•ly, adv.

Sod´om•y , n. [From Sodom. a country mentioned in the Bible: cf. F. sodomite.] Carnal copulation in a manner against nature; buggery. Gen. xix. 5.

Soe , n. [Scot. sae, say, saye; cf. Icel. sar a large cask, Sw. s a tub.] A large wooden vessel for holding water; a cowl. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Dr. H. More.

So•ev´er A word compounded of so and ever, used in composition with who, what, where, when, how, etc., and indicating any out of all possible or supposable persons, things, places, times, ways, etc. It is sometimes used separate from the pronoun or adverb. “For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required.” Luke xii. 48. “What great thing soever a man proposed to do in his life, he should think of achieving it by fifty.” Sir W. Temple.

So´fa , n.; pl. Sofas (#). [Ar. soffah, from saffa to dispose in order: cf. F. sofa, It. sofà .] A long seat, usually with a cushioned bottom, back, and ends; — much used as a comfortable piece of furniture. “Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round.” Cowper. Sofa bed, a sofa so contrived that it may be extended to form a bed; — called also sofa bedstead.

Sof´fit , n. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. soffiggere to hide, properly, to fix or fasten under, L. suffigere to fasten beneath or below; sub under, beneath + figere to fix, faste: cf. F. soffite.] (Arch.) The under side of the subordinate parts and members of buildings, such as staircases, entablatures, archways, cornices, or the like. See Illust. of Lintel.

So´fi , n.; pl. Sofis . Same as Sufi.

So´fism , n. Same as Sufism.

Soft , a. [Compar. Softer superl. Softest.] [OE. softe, AS. sfte, properly adv. of sfte, adj.; akin to OS. safto, adv., D. zacht, OHG. samfto, adv., semfti, adj., G. sanft, LG. sacht; of uncertain origin.] 1. Easily yielding to pressure; easily impressed, molded, or cut; not firm in resisting; impressible; yielding; also malleable; — opposed to hard; as a soft bed; a soft peach; soft earth; soft wood or metal. 2. Not rough, rugged, or harsh to the touch; smooth; delicate; fine; as soft silk; a soft skin. “They that wear soft clothing are in king’s houses.” Matt. xi. 8. 3. Hence, agreeable to feel, taste, or inhale; not irritating to the tissues; as a soft liniment; soft wines. ´The soft, delicious air.´ Milton. 4. Not harsh or offensive to the sight; not glaring; pleasing to the eye; not exciting by intensity of color or violent contrast; as soft hues or tints. “The sun, shining upon the upper part of the clouds … made the softest lights imaginable.” Sir T. Browne. 5. Not harsh or rough in sound; gentle and pleasing to the ear; flowing; as soft whispers of music. “Her voice was ever soft,
Gentle, and low, — an excellent thing in woman.” Shak. “Soft were my numbers; who could take offense?” Pope. 6. Easily yielding; susceptible to influence; flexible; gentle; kind. “I would to God my heart were flint, like Edward’s;
Or Edward’s soft and pitiful, like mine.” Shak. “The meek or soft shall inherit the earth.” Tyndale. 7. Expressing gentleness, tenderness, or the like; mild; conciliatory; courteous; kind; as soft eyes. “A soft answer turneth away wrath.” Prov. xv. 1. “A face with gladness overspread,
Soft smiles, by human kindness bred.” Wordsworth. 8. Effeminate; not courageous or manly, weak. “A longing after sensual pleasures is a dissolution of the spirit of a man, and makes it loose, soft, and wandering.” Jer. Taylor. 9. Gentle in action or motion; easy. “On her soft axle, white she paces even,
And bears thee soft with the smooth air along.” Milton. 10. Weak in character; impressible. “The deceiver soon found this soft place of Adam’s.” Glanvill. 11. Somewhat weak in intellect. [Colloq.] “He made soft fellows stark noddies, and such as were foolish quite mad.” Burton. 12. Quiet; undisturbed; paceful; as soft slumbers. 13. Having, or consisting of, a gentle curve or curves; not angular or abrupt; as soft outlines. 14. Not tinged with mineral salts; adapted to decompose soap; as soft water is the best for washing. 15. (Phonetics) (a) Applied to a palatal, a sibilant, or a dental consonant (as g in gem, c in cent, etc.) as distinguished from a guttural mute (as g in go, c in cone, etc.); — opposed to hard. (b) Belonging to the class of sonant elements as distinguished from the surd, and considered as involving less force in utterance; as b, d, g, z, v, etc., in contrast with p, t, k, s, f, etc. Soft clam (Zoöl.), the common or long clam (Mya arenaria). See Mya. — Soft coal, bituminous coal, as distinguished from anthracite, or hard, coal. — Soft crab (Zoöl.), any crab which has recently shed its shell. — Soft dorsal (Zoöl.), the posterior part of the dorsal fin of fishes when supported by soft rays. — Soft grass. (Bot.) See Velvet grass. — Soft money, paper money, as distinguished from coin, or hard money. [Colloq. U.S.] — Soft mute. (Phonetics) See Media. — Soft palate. See the Note under Palate. — Soft ray (Zoöl.), a fin ray which is articulated and usually branched. — Soft soap. See under Soap. — Soft-tack, leavened bread, as distinguished from hard-tack, or ship bread. — Soft tortoise (Zoöl.), any river tortoise of the genus Trionyx. See Trionyx.

Soft , n. A soft or foolish person; an idiot. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Soft, adv. Softly; without roughness or harshness; gently; quietly. Chaucer. “A knight soft riding toward them.” Spenser.

Soft, interj. Be quiet; hold; stop; not so fast. “Soft, you; a word or two before you go.” Shak.

Sof´ta , n. [Corruption of Per. skhtah one who burns, is ardent or zealous.] Any one attached to a Mohammedan mosque, esp. a student of the higher branches of theology in a mosque school. [Written also sophta.]

Sof´ten , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Softened p. pr. & vb. n. Softening.] To make soft or more soft. Specifically: — (a) To render less hard; — said of matter. “Their arrow’s point they soften in the flame.” Gay. (b) To mollify; to make less fierce or intractable. “Diffidence conciliates the proud, and softens the severe.” Rambler. (c) To palliate; to represent as less enormous; as to soften a fault. (d) To compose; to mitigate; to assuage. “Music can soften pain to ease.” Pope. (e) To make calm and placid. “All that cheers or softens life.” Pope. (f) To make less harsh, less rude, less offensive, or less violent, or to render of an opposite quality. “He bore his great commision in his look,
But tempered awe, and softened all he spoke.” Dryden. (g) To make less glaring; to tone down; as to soften the coloring of a picture. (h) To make tender; to make effeminate; to enervate; as troops softened by luxury. (i) To make less harsh or grating, or of a quality the opposite; as to soften the voice.

Sof´ten, v. i. To become soft or softened, or less rude, harsh, severe, or obdurate.

Sof´ten•er , n. One who, or that which, softens. [Written also less properly, softner.]

Sof´ten•ing, a. & n. from Soften, v. Softening of the brain, or Cerebral softening (Med.), a localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the morbid process, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white, softening.

Soft´-finned , a. (Zoöl.) Having the fin rays cartilaginous or flexible; without spines; — said of certain fishes.

Soft´-head•ed , a. Weak in intellect.

Soft´-heart•ed , a. Having softness or tenderness of heart; susceptible of pity or other kindly affection; gentle; meek. — Soft´-heart•ed•ness, n.

Soft´ish , a. Somewhat soft. De Witt Clinton.

Soft´ling , n. A soft, effeminate person; a voluptuary. [R.] Bp. Woolton. .

Soft´ly, adv. In a soft manner.

Soft´ner , n. See Softener.

Soft´ness , n. [AS. sftness, sftnyss.] The quality or state of being soft; — opposed to hardness, and used in the various specific senses of the adjective.

Soft´-shell•

, Soft´-shelled• a. Having a soft or fragile shell. Soft-shell clam (Zoöl.), the long clam. See Mya. — Soft-shelled crab. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Crab, 1. — Soft-shelled turtle. (Zoöl.) Same as Soft tortoise, under Soft.

Soft´-spo•ken , a. Speaking softly; having a mild or gentle voice; hence, mild; affable.

Sog´gi•ness , n. The quality or state of being soggy; soddenness; wetness.

Sog´gy , a. [Compar. Soggier superl. Soggiest.] [Cf. Icel. söggr damp, wet, or E. soak.] Filled with water; soft with moisture; sodden; soaked; wet; as soggy land or timber.

So•ho´ , interj. Ho; — a word used in calling from a distant place; a sportsman’s halloo. Shak.

Soi•-di•sant´ , a. [F.] Calling himself; self-styled; pretended; would-be.

Soil , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soiled p. pr. & vb. n. Soiling.] [OF. saoler, saouler, to satiate, F. soûler, L. satullare, fr. satullus, dim. of satur sated. See Satire.] To feed, as cattle or horses, in the barn or an inclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut for them, instead of sending them out to pasture; hence (such food having the effect of purging them), to purge by feeding on green food; as to soil a horse.

Soil, n. [OE. soile, F. sol, fr. L. solum bottom, soil; but the word has probably been influenced in form by soil a miry place. Cf. Saloon, Soil a miry place, Sole of the foot.] 1. The upper stratum of the earth; the mold, or that compound substance which furnishes nutriment to plants, or which is particularly adapted to support and nourish them. 2. Land; country. “Must I thus leave thee, Paradise? thus leave
Thee, native soil?” Milton. 3. Dung; faeces; compost; manure; as night soil. “Improve land by dung and other sort of soils.” Mortimer. Soil pipe, a pipe or drain for carrying off night soil.

Soil, v. t. To enrich with soil or muck; to manure. “Men … soil their ground, not that they love the dirt, but that they expect a crop.” South.

Soil, n. [OF. soil, souil, F. souille, from OF. soillier, F. souiller. See Soil to make dirty.] A marshy or miry place to which a hunted boar resorts for refuge; hence, a wet place, stream, or tract of water, sought for by other game, as deer. “As deer, being stuck, fly through many soils,
Yet still the shaft sticks fast.” Marston. To take soil, to run into the mire or water; hence, to take refuge or shelter. “O, sir, have you taken soil here? It is well a man may reach you after three hours’ running.” B. Jonson.

Soil, v. t.[OE. soilen, OF. soillier, F. souiller, (assumed) LL. suculare, fr. L. sucula a little pig, dim. of sus a swine. See Sow, n.] 1. To make dirty or unclean on the surface; to foul; to dirty; to defile; as to soil a garment with dust. “Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained.” Milton. 2. To stain or mar, as with infamy or disgrace; to tarnish; to sully. Shak. Syn. — To foul; dirt; dirty; begrime; bemire; bespatter; besmear; daub; bedaub; stain; tarnish; sully; defile; pollute.

Soil, v. i. To become soiled; as light colors soil sooner than dark ones.

Soil, n. [See Soil to make dirty, Soil a miry place.] That which soils or pollutes; a soiled place; spot; stain. “A lady’s honor … will not bear a soil.” Dryden.

Soil´i•ness , n. Stain; foulness. [R.] Bacon.

Soil´less, a. Destitute of soil or mold.

Soil´ure , n. [OF. soillure, F. souillure. See Soil to make dirty.] Stain; pollution. Shak. “Then fearing rust or soilure, fashioned for it
A case of silk.” Tennyson.

Soil´y , a. Dirty; soiled. [Obs.] Fuller.

Soi•ree´ , n. [F., fr. soir evening, fr. L. serus late, serum late time. Cf. Serenade.] An evening party; — distinguished from levee, and matinee.

So´ja (so´ja or so´ya), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic leguminous herb (Glycine Soja) the seeds of which are used in preparing the sauce called soy.

So´journ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sojourned p. pr. & vb. n. Sojourning.] [OE. sojornen, sojournen, OF. sojorner, sejorner, F. sejourner, fr. L. sub under, about + diurnus belonging to the day. See Journal, Diurnal.] To dwell for a time; to dwell or live in a place as a temporary resident or as a stranger, not considering the place as a permanent habitation; to delay; to tarry. “Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there.” Gen. xii. 30. “Home he goeth, he might not longer sojourn.” Chaucer. “The soldiers first assembled at Newcastle, and there sojourned three days.” Hayward.

So´journ, n. [Cf. OF. sujurn, sujur, sejor, F. sejour. See Sojourn, v. i.] A temporary residence, as that of a traveler in a foreign land. “Though long detained
In that obscure sojourn.” Milton.

So´journ•er , n. One who sojourns. “We are strangers before thee, and sojourners.” 1. Chron. xxix. 15.

So´journ•ing, n. The act or state of one who sojourns.

So´journ•ment , n. Temporary residence, as that of a stranger or a traveler. [R.]

Soke , n. 1. (Eng. Law) See Soc. 2. One of the small territorial divisions into which Lincolnshire, England, is divided.

Soke´man , n. See Socman.

Soke´man•ry , n. See Socmanry.

Sok´en , n. [Cf. Socome.] 1. A toll. See Soc, n., 2. [Obs.] “Great sooken had this miller, out of doubt.” Chaucer. 2. A district held by socage.

So´ko , n. (Zoöl.) An African anthropoid ape, supposed to be a variety of the chimpanzee.

Sol , n. [L.] 1. The sun. 2. (Alchem.) Gold; — so called from its brilliancy, color, and value. Chaucer.

Sol , n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied in solmization to the note G, or to the fifth tone of any diatonic scale. (b) The tone itself.

Sol , n. [See Sou.] 1. A sou. 2. A silver and gold coin of Peru. The silver sol is the unit of value, and is worth about 68 cents.

So´la , a. [L., fem. of solus.] See Solus.

So´la, n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (AEschynomene aspera) growing in moist places in Southern India and the East Indies. Its pithlike stem is used for making hats, swimming-jackets, etc. [Written also solah, shola.]

Sol´ace , n. [OF. solas, ssoulaz, L. solacium, solatium, fr. solari to comfort, console. Cf. Console, v. t.] 1. Comfort in grief; alleviation of grief or anxiety; also that which relieves in distress; that which cheers or consoles; relief. “In business of mirth and of solace.” Chaucer. “The proper solaces of age are not music and compliments, but wisdom and devotion.” Rambler. 2. Rest; relaxation; ease. [Obs.] “To make his steed some solace.” Chaucer. Syn. — Comfort; consolation; alleviation; relief.

Sol´ace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solaced p. pr. & vb. n. Solacing ] [OF. solacier, soulacier, F. solacier, LL. solatiare. See Solace, n.] 1. To cheer in grief or under calamity; to comfort; to relieve in affliction, solitude, or discomfort; to console; — applied to persons; as to solace one with the hope of future reward. 2. To allay; to assuage; to soothe; as to solace grief. Syn. — To comfort; assuage; allay. See Comfort.

Sol´ace, v. i. To take comfort; to be cheered. Shak.

Sol´ace•ment , n. The act of solacing, or the state of being solaced; also that which solaces. [R.]

So•la´cious , a. [Cf. OF. solacieux.] Affording solace; as a solacious voice. [Obs.] Bale.

Sol•a•na´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to plants of the natural order Solanaceae, of which the nightshade (Solanum) is the type. The order includes also the tobacco, ground cherry, tomato, eggplant, red pepper, and many more.

So´land , n. (Zoöl.) A solan goose.

So•lan´der , n. See Sallenders.

So´lan goose [Icel. sla; akin to Norw. sula.] (Zoöl.) The common gannet.

So•la´ni•a , n. [NL.] (Chem.) Solanine.

So•lan´i•cine , n. [See Solanine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid produced by the action of hydrochloric acid on solanidine, as a tasteless yellow crystalline substance.

So•lan´i•dine , n. [See Solanine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid produced by the decomposition of solanine, as a white crystalline substance having a harsh bitter taste.

Sol´a•nine , n. [L. solanum nightshade.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid glucoside extracted from the berries of common nightshade (Solanum nigrum), and of bittersweet, and from potato sprouts, as a white crystalline substance having an acrid, burning taste; — called also solonia, and solanina.

So•la´no , [Sp., fr. L. solanus (sc. ventus), from sol the sun.] A hot, oppressive wind which sometimes blows in the Mediterranean, particularly on the eastern coast of Spain.

Sol´a•noid , a. [Solanum + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling a potato; — said of a kind of cancer.

So•la´num , n. [L., nightshade.] (Bot.) A genus of plants comprehending the potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena, and several hundred other species; nightshade.

So´lar , n. [OE. soler, AS. solere, L. solarium, from sol the sun. See Solar, a.] A loft or upper chamber; a garret room. [Obs.] [Written also soler, solere, sollar.] Oxf. Gloss.

So´lar, a. [L. solaris, fr. sol the sun; akin to As. sol, Icel. sol, Goth. sauil, Lith. saule, W. haul,. sul, Skr. svar, perhaps to E. sun:F. solaire. Cf. Parasol. Sun.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from the sun; as the solar system; solar light; solar rays; solar influence. See Solar system, below. 2. (Astrol.) Born under the predominant influence of the sun. [Obs.] “And proud beside, as solar people are.” Dryden. 3. Measured by the progress or revolution of the sun in the ecliptic; as the solar year. 4. Produced by the action of the sun, or peculiarly affected by its influence. “They denominate some herbs solar, and some lunar.” Bacon. Solar cycle. See under Cycle. — Solar day. See Day, 2. — Solar engine, an engine in which the energy of solar heat is used to produce motion, as in evaporating water for a steam engine, or expanding air for an air engine. — Solar flowers (Bot.), flowers which open and shut daily at certain hours. — Solar lamp, an argand lamp. — Solar microscope, a microscope consisting essentially, first, of a mirror for reflecting a beam of sunlight through the tube, which sometimes is fixed in a window shutter; secondly, of a condenser, or large lens, for converging the beam upon the object; and, thirdly, of a small lens, or magnifier, for throwing an enlarged image of the object at its focus upon a screen in a dark room or in a darkened box. — Solar month. See under Month. — Solar oil, a paraffin oil used an illuminant and lubricant. — Solar phosphori (Physics), certain substances, as the diamond, siulphide of barium (Bolognese or Bologna phosphorus), calcium sulphide, etc., which become phosphorescent, and shine in the dark, after exposure to sunlight or other intense light. — Solar plexus (Anat.), a nervous plexus situated in the dorsal and anterior part of the abdomen, consisting of several sympathetic ganglia with connecting and radiating nerve fibers; — so called in allusion to the radiating nerve fibers. — Solar spots. See Sun spots, under Sun. — Solar system (Astron.), the sun, with the group of celestial bodies which, held by its attraction, revolve round it. The system comprises the major planets, with their satellites; the minor planets, or asteroids, and the comets; also the meteorids, the matter that furnishes the zodiacal light, and the rings of Saturn. The satellites that revolve about the major planets are twenty-two in number, of which the Earth has one (see Moon.), Mars two, Jupiter five, Saturn nine, Uranus four, and Neptune one. The asteroids, between Mars and Jupiter, thus far discovered (1900), number about five hundred, the first four of which were found near the beginning of the century, and are called Ceres, Pallas Juno, and Vesta. The principal elements of the major planets, and of the comets seen at more than one perihelion passage, are exhibited in the following tables: —

Symbol.Name.Mean distance — that of the Earth being unity.Period in days.Eccentricity.Inclination of orbit.Diameter in miles

Name.Greatest distance from sun.Least distance from sun.Inclination of orbit.Perihelion passage. ° &min; 54 Encke’s3.314.100.342 12 541885.2 — Solar telegraph, telegraph for signaling by flashes of reflected sunlight. — Solar time. See Apparent time, under Time.

So•la´ri•um , n.; pl. Solaria (#). [L. See Solar, n.] 1. An apartment freely exposed to the sun; anciently, an apartment or inclosure on the roof of a house; in modern times, an apartment in a hospital, used as a resort for convalescents. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsome marine spiral shells of the genus Solarium and allied genera. The shell is conical, and usually has a large, deep umbilicus exposing the upper whorls. Called also perspective shell.

So•lar•i•za´tion , n. (Photog.) Injury of a photographic picture caused by exposing it for too long a time to the sun’s light in the camera; burning; excessive insolation.

So´lar•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solarized p. pr. & vb. n. Solarizing ] (Photog.) To injure by too long exposure to the light of the sun in the camera; to burn.

So´lar•ize, v. i. (Photog.) To become injured by undue or too long exposure to the sun’s rays in the camera.

So´la•ry , a. Solar. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sol´as , n. Solace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

So•la´ti•um , n. [L. See Solace, n.] Anything which alleviates or compensates for suffering or loss; a compensation; esp., an additional allowance, as for injured feelings.

Sold , imp. & p. p. of Sell.

Sold, n. [F. solde. See Soldier, and cf. Sou.] Solary; military pay. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sol´dan , n.[OE. soudan, F. soudan, from the Arabic. See Sultan.] A sultan. [Obs.] Milton.

Sol´da•nel , n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Soldanella, low Alpine herbs of the Primrose family.

Sol´dan•rie , n. The country ruled by a soldan, or sultan. [Poet.] Sir W. Scott.

Sol´der , n. [Formerly soder; F. soudure, OF. soudeure, fr. OF. & F. souder to solder, L. solidare to fasten, to make solid. See Solid, and cf. Sawder.] A metal or metallic alloy used when melted for uniting adjacent metallic edges or surfaces; a metallic cement. Hence, anything which unites or cements. Hard solder, a solder which fuses only at a red heat, as one composed of zinc and copper, or silver and copper, etc. — Soft solder, a solder fusible at comparatively low temperatures; as plumbers’ solder, consisting of two parts lead and one part tin, is a soft solder.

Sol´der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soldered p. pr. & vb. n. Soldering.] [Formerlysoder. See Solder, n.] 1. To unite (metallic surfaces or edges) by the intervention of a more fusible metal or metallic alloy applied when melted; to join by means of metallic cement. 2. To mend; to patch up. ´To solder up a broken cause.´ Hooker.

Sol´der•er , n. One who solders.

Sol´der•ing, a. & n. from Solder, v. t. Soldering iron, Soldering tool, an instrument for soldering, consisting of a bit or bolt of copper having a pointed or wedge-shaped end, and furnished with a handle.

Sol´dier , n. [OE. souldier, soudiour, souder, OF. soldier, soldoier, soldeier, sodoier, soudoier, soudier, fr. L. solidus a piece of money (hence applied to the pay of a soldier), fr. solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Sold, n.] 1. One who is engaged in military service as an officer or a private; one who serves in an army; one of an organized body of combatants. “I am a soldier and unapt to weep.” Shak. 2. Especially, a private in military service, as distinguished from an officer. “It were meet that any one, before he came to be a captain, should have been a soldier.” Spenser. 3. A brave warrior; a man of military experience and skill, or a man of distinguished valor; — used by way of emphasis or distinction. Shak. 4. (Zoöl.) The red or cuckoo gurnard (Trigla pini.) [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) One of the asexual polymorphic forms of white ants, or termites, in which the head and jaws are very large and strong. The soldiers serve to defend the nest. See Termite. Soldier beetle (Zoöl.), an American carabid beetle (Chauliognathus Americanus) whose larva feeds upon other insects, such as the plum curculio. — Soldier bug (Zoöl.), any hemipterous insect of the genus Podisus and allied genera, as the spined soldier bug (Podius spinosus). These bugs suck the blood of other insects. — Soldier crab (Zoöl.) (a) The hermit crab. (b) The fiddler crab. — Soldier fish (Zoöl.), a bright-colored etheostomoid fish (Etheostoma cœruleum) found in the Mississippi River; — called also blue darter, and rainbow darter. — Soldier fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small dipterous flies of the genus Stratyomys and allied genera. They are often bright green, with a metallic luster, and are ornamented on the sides of the back with markings of yellow, like epaulets or shoulder straps. — Soldier moth (Zoöl.), a large geometrid moth (Euschema militaris), having the wings bright yellow with bluish black lines and spots. — Soldier orchis (Bot.), a kind of orchis (Orchis militaris).

Sol´dier, v. i. 1. To serve as a soldier. 2. To make a pretense of doing something, or of performing any task. [Colloq.U.S.] In this sense the vulgar pronounciation (so´jer) is jocosely preserved. “It needs an opera glass to discover whether the leaders are pulling, or only soldiering.” C. D. Warner.

Sol´dier•ess, n. A female soldier. [Obs.]

Sol´dier•ing, n. 1. The act of serving as a soldier; the state of being a soldier; the occupation of a soldier. 2. The act of feigning to work. See the Note under Soldier, v. i., 2. [Colloq. U.S.]

Sol´dier•like´ , a. Like a soldier; soldierly.

Sol´dier•ly, a. Like or becoming a real soldier; brave; martial; heroic; honorable; soldierlike. ´Soldierly discipline.´ Sir P. Sidney.

Sol´dier•ship, n. Military qualities or state; martial skill; behavior becoming a soldier. [R.] Shak.

Sol´dier•wood , n. (Bot.) A showy leguminous plant (Calliandra purpurea) of the West Indies. The flowers have long tassels of purple stamens.

Sol´dier•y , n. 1. A body of soldiers; soldiers, collectivelly; the military. “A camp of faithful soldiery.” Milton. 2. Military service. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sol´do , n.; pl. Soldi (#). [It. See Sou.] A small Italian coin worth a sou or a cent; the twentieth part of a lira.

Sole , n. [F. sole, L. solea; — so named from its flat shape. See Sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of flatfishes of the genus Solea and allied genera of the family Soleidae, especially the common European species (Solea vulgaris), which is a valuable food fish. (b) Any one of several American flounders somewhat resembling the true sole in form or quality, as the California sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata), the long-finned sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), and other species. Lemon, or French, sole (Zoöl.), a European species of sole (Solea pegusa). — Smooth sole (Zoöl.), the megrim.

Sole , n. [AS. sole, fr. L. soolea (or rather an assumed L. sola), akin to solumround, soil, sole of the foot. Cf. Exile, Saloon, Soil earth, Sole the fish.] 1. The bottom of the foot; hence, also rarely, the foot itself. “The dove found no rest for the sole of her foot.” Gen. viii. 9. “Hast wandered through the world now long a day,
Yet ceasest not thy weary soles to lead.” Spenser. 2. The bottom of a shoe or boot, or the piece of leather which constitutes the bottom. “The ´caliga´ was a military shoe, with a very thick sole, tied above the instep.” Arbuthnot. 3. The bottom or lower part of anything, or that on which anything rests in standing. Specifially: (a) (Agric.) The bottom of the body of a plow; — called also slade; also the bottom of a furrow. (b) (Far.) The horny substance under a horse’s foot, which protects the more tender parts. (c) (Fort.) The bottom of an embrasure. (d) (Naut.) A piece of timber attached to the lower part of the rudder, to make it even with the false keel. Totten. (e) (Mining) The seat or bottom of a mine; — applied to horizontal veins or lodes. Sole leather, thick, strong, used for making the soles of boots and shoes, and for other purposes.

Sole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soled p. pr. & vb. n. Soling.] To furnish with a sole; as to sole a shoe.

Sole, a. [L. solus, or OF. sol, F. seul (fr. L. solus; cf. L. sollus whole, entire. Cf. Desolate, Solemn, Solo, Sullen.] 1. Being or acting without another; single; individual; only. ´The sole son of my queen.´ Shak. “He, be sure … first and last will reign
Sole king.” Milton. 2. (Law) Single; unmarried; as a feme sole. Corporation sole. See the Note under Corporation. Syn. — Single; individual; only; alone; solitary.

Sol´e•cism , n.[F. solecisme, L. soloecismus, Gr. soloikismo•s, fr. soloiki•zein to speak or write incorrectly, fr. so•loikos speaking incorrectly, from the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of So•loi in Cilicia.] 1. An impropriety or incongruity of language in the combination of words or parts of a sentence; esp., deviation from the idiom of a language or from the rules of syntax. “A barbarism may be in one word; a solecism must be of more.” Johnson. 2. Any inconsistency, unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety, as in deeds or manners. “Caesar, by dismissing his guards and retaining his power, committed a dangerous solecism in politics.” C. Middleton. “The idea of having committed the slightest solecism in politeness was agony to him.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Barbarism; impropriety; absurdity.

Sol´e•cist , n. [Gr. .] One who commits a solecism. Blackwall.

Sol•e•cis´tic , a. Solecistical.

Sol•e•cis´tic•al , a. Pertaining to, or involving, a solecism; incorrect. ´He thought it made the language solecistical and absurd.´ Blackwall.

Sol•e•cis´tic•al•ly, adv. In a solecistic manner.

Sol´e•cize , v. i. [Gr. .] To commit a solecism. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sole´ly , adv. Singly; alone; only; without another; as to rest a cause solely one argument; to rely solelyn one’s own strength.

Sol´emn , a. [OE. solempne, OF. solempne, L. solemnis, solennis, sollemnis, sollennis; sollus all, entire + annus a year; properly, that takes place every year; — used especially of religious solemnities. Cf. Silly, Annual.] 1. Marked with religious rites and pomps; enjoined by, or connected with, religion; sacred. “His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned.” Milton. “The worship of this image was advanced, and a solemn supplication observed everry year.” Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Pertaining to a festival; festive; festal. [Obs.] ´On this solemn day.´ Chaucer. 3. Stately; ceremonious; grand. [Archaic] “His feast so solemn and so rich.” Chaucer. “To-night we hold a splemn supper.” Shak. 4. Fitted to awaken or express serious reflections; marked by seriousness; serious; grave; devout; as a solemn promise; solemn earnestness. “Nor wanting power to mitigate and swage
With solemn touches troubled thoughts.” Milton. “There reigned a solemn silence over all.” Spenser. 5. Real; earnest; downright. [Obs. & R.] “Frederick, the emperor, … has spared no expense in strengthening this city; since which time we find no solemn taking it by the Turks.” Fuller. 6. Affectedly grave or serious; as to put on a solemn face. ´A solemn coxcomb.´ Swift. 7. (Law) Made in form; ceremonious; as solemn war; conforming with all legal requirements; as probate in solemn form. Burrill. Jarman. Greenleaf. Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant, 2. Syn. — Grave; formal; ritual; ceremonial; sober; serious; reverential; devotional; devout. See Grave.

Sol´em•ness , n. Solemnness. “Some think he wanted solemnes.” Sir H. Wotton.

So•lem´ni•ty , n.; pl. Solemnities (#). [L. solemnitas, solennitas: cf. F. solennite, solemnite, OF. also sollempnite.] 1. A rite or ceremony performed with religious reverence; religious or ritual ceremony; as the solemnity of a funeral, a sacrament. “Great was the cause; our old solemnities
From no blind zeal or fond tradition rise,
But saved from death, our Argives yearly pay
These grateful honors to the god of day.” Pope. 2. ceremony adapted to impress with awe. “The forms and solemnities of the last judgment.” Atterburry. 3. Ceremoniousness; impressiveness; seriousness; grave earnestness; formal dignity; gravity. “With much glory and great solemnity.” Chaucer. “The statelines and gravity of the Spaniards shows itself in the solemnity of their language.” Addison. “These promises were often made with great solemnity and confirmed with an oath.” J. Edwards. 4. Hence, affected gravity or seriousness. “Solemnity ’s a cover for a sot.” Young. 5. Solemn state or feeling; awe or reverence; also that which produces such a feeling; as the solemnity of an audience; the solemnity of Westminster Abbey. 6. (Law) A solemn or formal observance; proceeding according to due form; the formality which is necessary to render a thing done valid.

So•lem´ni•zate , v. t. To solemnize; as to solemnizate matrimony. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

Sol•em•ni•za´tion , n. [Cf. F. solemnisation, solennisation.] The act of solemnizing; celebration; as the solemnization of a marriage.

Sol´em•nize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solemnized p. pr. & vb. n. Solemnizing ] [Cf. F. solemniser, sollemniser.] 1. To perform with solemn or ritual ceremonies, or according to legal forms. “Baptism to be administered in one place, and marriage solemnized in another.” Hooker. 2. To dignify or honor by ceremonies; to celebrate. “Their choice nobility and flowers …
Met from all parts to solemnize this feast.” Milton. 3. To make grave, serious, and reverential. “Wordsworth was solemnizzed and elevated by this his first look on Yarrow.” J. C. Shairp. “Every Israelite … arose, solemnized his face, looked towards Jerusalem … and prayed.” L. Wallace.

Sol´em•nize, n. Solemnization. [R.] “Though spoused, yet wanting wedlock’s solemnize.” Spenser.

Sol´em•ni•zer , n. One who solemnizes.

Sol´emn•ly , adv. In a solemn manner; with gravity; seriously; formally. “There in deaf murmurs solemnly are wise.” Dryden. “I do solemnly assure the reader.” Swift.

Sol´emn•ness, n. The state or quality of being solemn; solemnity; impressiveness; gravity; as the solemnness of public worship. [Written also solemness.]

So•lemp´ne , a. [See Solemn.] Solemn; grand; stately; splendid; magnificent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

So´len , n. [NL., fr. Gr. channel, a shellfish.] 1. (Med.) A cradle, as for a broken limb. See Cradle, 6. 2. (Zoöl.) Any marine bivalve mollusk belonging to Solen or allied genera of the family Solenidae; a razor shell.

Sol•e•na´cean , n. (Zoöl). Any species of marine bivalve shells belonging to the family Solenidae.

Sol•e•na´ceous , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the solens or family Solenidae.

Sole´ness , n. The state of being sole, or alone; singleness. [R.] Chesterfield.

Sole•nette´ , n. (Zoöl.) A small European sole (Solea minuta).

So•le•no•con´cha , n. pl. [NL. See Solen, and Conch.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scaphopoda.

So•le´no•don , n. [Gr. a channel + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of singular West Indian insectivores, allied to the tenrec. One species (Solendon paradoxus), native of St. Domingo, is called also agouta; the other (S. Cubanus), found in Cuba, is called almique.

So•le•no•gas´tra , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. channel + , , stomach.] (Zoöl.) An order of lowly organized Mollusca belonging to the Isopleura. A narrow groove takes the place of the foot of other gastropods.

So•le´no•glyph , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Selenoglypha. See Ophidia. — n. One of the Selenoglypha.

So•le•nog´ly•pha , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a channel + to engrave.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of serpents including those which have tubular erectile fangs, as the viper and rattlesnake. See Fang.

So´len•oid , n.[Gr. channel + -oid.] (Elec.) An electrodynamic spiral having the conjuctive wire turned back along its axis, so as to neutralize that component of the effect of the current which is due to the length of the spiral, and reduce the whole effect to that of a series of equal and parallel circular currents. When traversed by a current the solenoid exhibits polarity and attraction or repulsion, like a magnet.

So•le•nos´to•mi , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. a channel + a mouth.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of lophobranch fishes having a tubular snout. The female carries the eggs in a ventral pouch.

Sole´plate , n. (Mach.) (a) A bedplate; as the soleplate of a steam engine. (b) The plate forming the back of a waterwheel bucket. { So´ler , So´lere } n. [OE. See Solar, n.] A loft or garret. See Solar, n. Sir W. Scott.

So´lert , a. [L. solers, sollers, -ertis,clever, skillful.] Skillful; clever; crafty. [Obs.] Cudworth.

So•ler´tious•ness , n. The quality or state of being solert. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Sole´ship , n. The state of being sole, or alone; soleness. [R.] Sir E. Dering.

Sol•-fa´ , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sol-faed p. pr. & vb. n. Sol-faing.] [It. solfa the gamut, from the syllables fa, sol.] To sing the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending; as do or ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, or the same in reverse order. “Yet can I neither solfe ne sing.” Piers Plowman.

Sol´-fa´, n. The gamut, or musical scale. See Tonic sol-fa, under Tonic, n.

Sol•fa•na´ri•a , n. [It., from solfo sulphur.] A sulphur mine.

Sol•fa•ta´ra , n.[It., from solfo brimstone, sulphur, L. sulfur, E. sulphur.] (Geol.) A volcanic area or vent which yields only sulphur vapors, steam, and the like. It represents the stages of the volcanic activity.

Sol•feg•gia´re , v. i.[It.] (Mus.) To sol-fa. See Sol-fa, v. i.

Sol•feg´gio , n.[It., fr. solfa the gamut.] (Mus.) The system of arranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught; a singing exercise upon these syllables.

Sol•fe•ri´no , n. A brilliant deep pink color with a purplish tinge, one of the dyes derived from aniline; — so called from Solferino in Italy, where a battle was fought about the time of its discovery.

So´li , n., pl. of Solo.

So•lic´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solicited; p. pr. & vb. n. Soliciting.] [F. sollicier, L. sollicitare, solicitare, -atum, fr. sollicitus wholly (i. e., violently) moved; sollus whole + citus, p. p. of ciere to move, excite. See Solemn, Cite.] 1. To ask from with earnestness; to make petition to; to apply to for obtaining something; as to solicit person for alms. “Did I solicit thee
From darkness to promote me?” Milton. 2. To endeavor to obtain; to seek; to plead for; as to solicit an office; to solicit a favor. “I view my crime, but kindle at the view,
Repent old pleasures, and solicit new.” Pope. 3. To awake or excite to action; to rouse desire in; to summon; to appeal to; to invite. “That fruit … solicited her longing eye.” Milton. “Sounds and some tangible qualities solicit their proper senses, and force an entrance to the mind.” Locke. 4. To urge the claims of; to plead; to act as solicitor for or with reference to. [Obs.] “Should
My brother henceforth study to forget
The vow that he hath made thee, I would ever
Solicit thy deserts.” Ford. 5. To disturb; to disquiet; — a Latinism rarely used. “Hath any ill solicited thine ears?” Chapman. “But anxious fears solicit my weak breast.” Dryden. Syn. To beseech; ask; request; crave; supplicate; entreat; beg; implore; importune. See Beseech.

So•lic´it•ant , n.[L. sollicitans, p. pr. ] One who solicits.

So•lic´it•ate , a. Solicitous. [Obs.] Eden.

So•lic•i•ta´tion , n. [F. sollicitation, or L. sollicitatio.] 1. The act of soliciting; earnest request; persistent asking; importunity. 2. Excitement; invitation; as the solicitation of the senses. Locke.

So•lic´it•or , n. [F. solliciteur, L. sollicitator.] 1. One who solicits. 2. (Law) (a) An attorney or advocate; one who represents another in court; — formerly, in English practice, the professional designation of a person admitted to practice in a court of chancery or equity. See the Note under Attorney. (b) The law officer of a city, town, department, or government; as the city solicitor; the solicitor of the treasury.

So•lic´it•or-gen´er•al , n. The second law officer in the government of Great Britain; also a similar officer under the United States government, who is associated with the attorney-general; also the chief law officer of some of the States.

So•lic´it•ous , a.[L. sollicitus, solicitus. See Solicit, v. t.] Disposed to solicit; eager to obtain something desirable, or to avoid anything evil; concerned; anxious; careful. ´Solicitous of my reputation.´ Dryden. ´He was solicitous for his advice.´ Calerendon. “Enjoy the present, whatsoever it be, and be not solicitous about the future.” Jer. Taylor. “The colonel had been intent upon other things, and not enough solicitous to finish the fortifications.” Clarendon. — So•lic´it•ous•ly, adv. — So•lic´it•ous•ness, n.

So•lic´it•ress , n. A woman who solicits.

So•lic´i•tude , n. [F. sollicitude,r L. sollicitudo.] The state of being solicitous; uneasiness of mind occasioned by fear of evil or desire good; anxiety. “The many cares and great labors of worldly men, their solicitude and outward shows.” Sir W. Raleigh. “The mother looked at her with fond solicitude.” G. W. Cable. Syn. — Carefulness; concern; anxiety. See Care.

Sol´id (sol´id), a. [L. solidus, probably akin to sollus whole, entire, Gr. : cf. F. solide. Cf. Consolidate,Soda, Solder, Soldier, Solemn.] 1. Having the constituent parts so compact, or so firmly adhering, as to resist the impression or penetration of other bodies; having a fixed form; hard; firm; compact; — opposed to fluid and liquid or to plastic, like clay, or to incompact, like sand. 2. Not hollow; full of matter; as a solid globe or cone, as distinguished from a hollow one; not spongy; dense; hence, sometimes, heavy. 3. (Arith.) Having all the geometrical dimensions; cubic; as a solid foot contains 1,728 solid inches. In this sense, cubics now generally used. 4. Firm; compact; strong; stable; unyielding; as a solid pier; a solid pile; a solid wall. 5. Applied to a compound word whose parts are closely united and form an unbroken word; — opposed to hyphened. 6. Fig.: Worthy of credit, trust, or esteem; substantial, as opposed to frivolous or fallacious; weighty; firm; strong; valid; just; genuine. “The solid purpose of a sincere and virtuous answer.” Milton. “These, wanting wit, affect gravity, and go by the name of solid men.” Dryden. “The genius of the Italians wrought by solid toil what the myth-making imagination of the Germans had projected in a poem.” J. A. Symonds. 7. Sound; not weakly; as a solid constitution of body. I. Watts. 8. (Bot.) Of a fleshy, uniform, undivided substance, as a bulb or root; not spongy or hollow within, as a stem. 9. (Metaph.) Impenetrable; resisting or excluding any other material particle or atom from any given portion of space; — applied to the supposed ultimate particles of matter. 10. (Print.) Not having the lines separated by leads; not open. 11. United; without division; unanimous; as the delegation is solid for a candidate. [Polit. Cant. U.S.] Solid angle. (Geom.) See under Angle. — Solid color, an even color; one not shaded or variegated. — Solid green. See Emerald green (a), under Green. — Solid measure (Arith.), a measure for volumes, in which the units are each a cube of fixed linear magnitude, as a cubic foot, yard, or the like; thus, a foot, in solid measure, or a solid foot, contains 1,728 solid inches. — Solid newel (Arch.), a newel into which the ends of winding stairs are built, in distinction from a hollow newel. See under Hollow, a. — Solid problem (Geom.), a problem which can be construed geometrically, only by the intersection of a circle and a conic section or of two conic sections. Hutton. — Solid square (Mil.), a square body or troops in which the ranks and files are equal. Syn. — Hard; firm; compact; strong; substantial; stable; sound; real; valid; true; just; weighty; profound; grave; important. — Solid, Hard. These words both relate to the internal constitution of bodies; but hardnotes a more impenetrable nature or a firmer adherence of the component parts than solid. Hard is opposed to soft, and solid to fluid, liquid, open, or hollow. Wood is usually solid; but some kinds of wood are hard, and others are soft. “Repose you there; while I [return] to this hard house,
More harder than the stones whereof ’t is raised.” Shak. “I hear his thundering voice resound,
And trampling feet than shake the solid ground.” Dryden.

Sol´id, n. 1. A substance that is held in a fixed form by cohesion among its particles; a substance not fluid. 2. (Geom.) A magnitude which has length, breadth, and thickness; a part of space bounded on all sides. Solid of revolution. (Geom.) See Revolution, n., 5.

Sol•i•da´go , n. [NL., fr. L. solidare to strengthen, unite; — so called in allusion to its reputed healing qualities.] (Bot.) A genus of yellow- flowered composite perennial herbs; golden-rod.

Sol´i•dare , n. [LL. solidus. Cf. Sou.] A small piece of money. [Obs.] Shak.

Sol•i•dar´i•ty , n. [F. solidarite, fr. solide. See Solid.] An entire union or consolidation of interests and responsibilities; fellowship; community. “Solidarity [a word which we owe to the French Communists], signifies a fellowship in gain and loss, in honor and dishonor, in victory and defeat, a being, so to speak, all in the same boat.” Trench. “The solidarity … of Breton and Welsh poetry.” M. Arnold.

Sol´i•da•ry , a. Having community of interests and responsibilities. “ Men are solidary, or copartners; and not isolated.” M. Arnold.

Sol´i•date , v. t. [L. solidatus, p. p. of solidare. See Solder.] To make solid or firm. [Obs.] Cowley.

So•lid´i•fi•a•ble , a. Capable of being solidified.

So•lid•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. solidification.] Act of solidifying, or state of being solidified.

So•lid´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solidified p. pr. & vb. n. Solidifying ] [Solid + -fy: cf. F. solidifier.] To make solid or compact. “Every machine is a solidified mechanical theorem.” H. Spencer.

So•lid´i•fy, v. i. To become solid; to harden.

Sol´id•ism , n. (Med.) The doctrine that refers all diseases to morbid changes of the solid parts of the body. It rests on the view that the solids alone are endowed with vital properties, and can receive the impression of agents tending to produce disease.

Sol´id•ist, n. (Med.) An advocate of, or believer in, solidism. Dunglison.

So•lid´i•ty , n. [L. soliditas: cf. F. solidite.] 1. The state or quality of being solid; density; consistency, — opposed to fluidity; compactness; fullness of matter, — opposed to openness or hollowness; strength; soundness, — opposed to weakness or instability; the primary quality or affection of matter by which its particles exclude or resist all others; hardness; massiveness. “That which hinders the approach of two bodies when they are moving one toward another, I call solidity.” Locke. 2. Moral firmness; soundness; strength; validity; truth; certainty; — as opposed to weakness or fallaciousness; as the solidity of arguments or reasoning; the solidity of principles, triuths, or opinions. 3. (Geom.) The solid contents of a body; volume; amount of inclosed space. Syn. — Firmness; solidness; hardness; density; compactness; strength; soundness; validity; certainty.

Sol´id•ly , adv. In a solid manner; densely; compactly; firmly; truly.

Sol´id•ness, n. 1. State or quality of being solid; firmness; compactness; solidity, as of material bodies. 2. Soundness; strength; truth; validity, as of arguments, reasons, principles, and the like.

Sol•id•un´gu•la , n. pl. [NL., from L. solidus solid + ungula a hoof.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of ungulates which includes the horse, ass, and related species, constituting the family Equidae.

Sol•id•un´gu•lar , a. (Zoöl.) Solipedous.

Sol•id•un´gu•late , n. [Solid + ungulate.] (Zool.) Same as Soliped.

Sol•id•un´gu•lous , a. (Zoöl.) Solipedous.

Sol•i•fid´i•an , n. [L. solus alone + fides faith.] (Eccl.) One who maintains that faith alone, without works, is sufficient for justification; — opposed to nullifidian. Hammond.

Sol•i•fid´i•an, a. Holding the tenets of Solifidians; of or pertaining to the solifidians.

Sol•i•fid´i•an•ism, n. The state of Solifidians.

Sol´i•form , a. [L. sol sun + -form.] Like the sun in form, appearance, or nature; resembling the sun. [R.] ´Soliform things.´ Cudworth.

So•lif´u•gae , n. pl. [NL., from L. solifuga (better solipuga), a kind of venomous ant, or spider.] (Zoöl.) A division of arachnids having large, powerful fangs and a segmented abdomen; — called also Solpugidea, and Solpugides.

So•lil´o•quize , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soliloquized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Soliloquizing (#).] To utter a soliloquy; to talk to one’s self.

So•lil´o•quy , n.; pl. Soliloquies (#). [L. soliloquium; solus alone + loqui to speak. See Sole ly, and Loquacious.] 1. The act of talking to one’s self; a discourse made by one in solitude to one’s self; monologue. “Lovers are always allowed the comfort of soliloquy.” Spectator. 2. A written composition, reciting what it is supposed a person says to himself. “The whole poem is a soliloquy.” Prior.

Sol´i•ped , n. [Cf. F. solipède, It. solipede, Sp. solipedo; apparently fr. L. solus alone + pes, pedis, a foot; but probably fr. L. solidipes solid-footed, whole-hoofed. See Solid, and Pedal.] (Zoöl.) A mammal having a single hoof on each foot, as the horses and asses; a solidungulate. [Written also solipede.] “The solipeds, or firm-hoofed animals, as horses, asses, and mules, etc., — they are, also in mighty number.” Sir T. Browne.

So•lip´e•dous , a. Having single hoofs.

So•lip´sism , n. [L. solus alone + ipse self.] 1. (Ethics) Egotism. Krauth-Fleming. 2. (Metaph.) Egoism. Krauth- Fleming.

Sol•i•se´qui•ous , a. [L. sol sun + sequi to follow.] Following the course of the sun; as solisequious plants. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sol•i•taire´ , n. [F. See Solitary.] 1. A person who lives in solitude; a recluse; a hermit. Pope. 2. A single diamond in a setting; also sometimes, a precious stone of any kind set alone. “Diamond solitaires blazing on his breast and wrists.” Mrs. R. H. Davis. 3. A game which one person can play alone; — applied to many games of cards, etc.; also to a game played on a board with pegs or balls, in which the object is, beginning with all the places filled except one, to remove all but one of the pieces by ´jumping,´ as in draughts. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A large extinct bird (Pezophaps solitaria) which formerly inhabited the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigeuz. It was larger and taller than the wild turkey. Its wings were too small for flight. Called also solitary. (b) Any species of American thrushlike birds of the genus Myadestes. They are noted their sweet songs and retiring habits. Called also fly-catching thrush. A West Indian species (Myadestes sibilans) is called the invisible bird.

Sol•i•ta´ri•an , n. [See Solitary.] A hermit; a solitary. [Obs.] Sir R. Twisden.

Sol•i•ta•ri´e•ty , n. The state of being solitary; solitariness. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Sol´i•ta•ri•ly , adv. In a solitary manner; in solitude; alone. Mic. vii. 14.

Sol´i•ta•ri•ness, n. Condition of being solitary.

Sol´i•ta•ry , a. [L. solitarius, fr. solus alone: cf. F. solitaire. See Sole, a., and cf. Solitaire.] 1. Living or being by one’s self; having no companion present; being without associates; single; alone; lonely. “Those rare and solitary, these in flocks.” Milton. “Hie home unto my chamber,
Where thou shalt find me, sad and solitary.” Shak. 2. Performed, passed, or endured alone; as a solitary journey; a solitary life. “Satan … explores his solitary flight.” Milton. 3. Not much visited or frequented; remote from society; retired; lonely; as a solitary residence or place. 4. Not inhabited or occupied; without signs of inhabitants or occupation; desolate; deserted; silent; still; hence, gloomy; dismal; as the solitary desert. “How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people.” Lam. i. 1. “Let that night be solitary; let no joyful voice come therein.” Job iii. 7. 5. Single; individual; sole; as a solitary instance of vengeance; a solitary example. 6. (Bot.) Not associated with others of the same kind. Solitary ant (Zoöl.), any solitary hymenopterous insect of the family Mutillidae. The female of these insects is destitute of wings and has a powerful sting. The male is winged and resembles a wasp. Called also spider ant. — Solitary bee (Zoöl.), any species of bee which does not form communities. — Solitary sandpiper (Zoöl.), an American tattler (Totanus solitarius). — Solitary snipe (Zoöl.), the great snipe. [Prov. Eng.] — Solitary thrush (Zoöl.) the starling. [Prov. Eng.]

Sol´i•ta•ry , n. One who lives alone, or in solitude; an anchoret; a hermit; a recluse.

Sol´i•tude , n. [F., from L. solitudo, solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. state of being alone, or withdrawn from society; a lonely life; loneliness. “Whosoever is delighted with solitude is either a wild beast or a god.” Bacon. “O Solitude! where are the charms
That sages have seen in thy face?” Cowper. 2. Remoteness from society; destitution of company; seclusion; — said of places; as the solitude of a wood. “The solitude of his little parish is become matter of great comfort to him.” Law. 3. solitary or lonely place; a desert or wilderness. “In these deep solitudes and awful cells
Where heavenly pensive contemplation dwells.” Pope. Syn. Loneliness; soitariness; loneness; retiredness; recluseness. — Solitude, Retirement, Seclusion, Loneliness. Retirement is a withdrawal from general society, implying that a person has been engaged in its scenes. Solitude describes the fact that a person is alone; seclusion, that he is shut out from others, usually by his own choice; loneliness, that he feels the pain and oppression of being alone. Hence, retirement is opposed to a gay, active, or public life; solitude, to society; seclusion, to freedom of access on the part of others; and loneliness, enjoyment of that society which the heart demands. “O blest retirement, friend to life’s decline.” Goldsmith. “Such only can enjoy the country who are capable of thinking when they are there; then they are prepared for solitude; and in that [the country] solitude is prepared for them.” Dryden. “It is a place of seclusion from the external world.” Bp. Horsley. “These evils … seem likely to reduce it [a city] ere long to the loneliness and the insignificance of a village.” Eustace.

So•liv´a•gant , a. [L. solus alone + vagans wandering.] Wandering alone. [R.] T. Grander.

So•liv´a•gous , a. [L. solivagus.] Solivagant.

Sol´lar , n. 1. See Solar, n. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) A platform in a shaft, especially one of those between the series of ladders in a shaft.

Sol´lar, v. t. To cover, or provide with, a sollar.

Sol´lein , a. Sullen; sad. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sol•ler•et´ , n. [F. soleretim. fr. OF. soler shoe.] A flexible steel shoe (or one of the plates forming such a shoe), worn with mediaeval armor.

Sol•mi•za´tion , n. [F. solmisation, fr. solmiser to sol-fa; — called from the musical notes sol, mi. See Sol-fa.] (Mus.) The act of sol-faing. [Written also solmisation.] This art was practiced by the Greeks; but six of the seven syllables now in use are generally attributed to Guido d’ Arezzo, an Italian monk of the eleventh century, who is said to have taken them from the first syllables of the first six lines of the following stanza of a monkish hymn to St. John the Baptist. — “Ut queant laxis
Resonare fibris
Mira gestorum
Famuli tuorum
Solve polluti
Labii reatum,
Sancte Joannes.” Professor Skeat says the name of the seventh note, si, was also formed by him [Guido] from the initials of the two words of the last line; but this is disputed, Littre attributing the first use of it to Anselm of Flanders long afterwards. The syllable do is often substituted for ut.

So´lo , n.; pl. E. Solos (#), It. Soli (#). [It., from L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] (Mus.) A tune, air, strain, or a whole piece, played by a single person on an instrument, or sung by a single voice.

So´lo•ist, n. (Mus.) One who sings or plays a solo.

Sol´o•mon , n. One of the kings of Israel, noted for his superior wisdom and magnificent reign; hence, a very wise man. — Sol•o•mon´ic (#), a. Solomon’s seal (Bot.), a perennial liliaceous plant of the genus Polygonatum, having simple erect or curving stems rising from thick and knotted rootstocks, and with white or greenish nodding flowers. The commonest European species is Polygonatum multiflorum. P. biflorum and P. giganteum are common in the Eastern United States. See Illust. of Rootstock. — False Solomon’s seal (Bot.), any plant of the liliaceous genus Smilacina having small whitish flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

So´lon , n. A celebrated Athenian lawmaker, born about 638 b. c.; hence, a legislator; a publicist; — often used ironically.

Sol•pu´gid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Solifugae. — n. One of the Solifugae.

Sol•pu•gid´e•a , n. pl. [NL. See Solifugae.] (Zoöl.) Same as Solifugae.

Sol´stice , n.[L. solstitium; sol the sun + sistere to cause to stand, akin to stare to stand: cf. F. solstice. See Solar, a., Stand, v. i.] 1. A stopping or standing still of the sun. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Astron.) (a) The point in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, north or south, namely, the first point of the sign Cancer and the first point of the sign Capricorn, the former being the summer solstice, latter the winter solstice, in northern latitudes; — so called because the sun then apparently stands still in its northward or southward motion. (b) The time of the sun’s passing the solstices, or solstitial points, namely, about June 21 and December 21. See Illust. in Appendix.

Sol•sti´tial , a. [L. solstitialis: cf. F. solsticial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a solstice. 2. Happening at a solstice; esp. (with reference to the northern hemisphere), happening at the summer solstice, or midsummer. ´Solstitial summer’s heat.´ Milton.

Sol•u•bil´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. solubilite.] 1. The quality, condition, or degree of being soluble or solvable; as the solubility of a salt; the solubility of a problem or intricate difficulty. 2. (Bot.) The tendency to separate readily into parts by spurious articulations, as the pods of tick trefoil.

Sol´u•ble , a. [L. solubilis, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, to dissolve: cf. F. soluble. See Solve, and cf. Solvable.] 1. Susceptible of being dissolved in a fluid; capable of solution; as some substances are soluble in alcohol which are not soluble in water. “Sugar is … soluble in water and fusible in fire.” Arbuthnot. 2. Susceptible of being solved; as a soluble algebraic problem; susceptible of being disentangled, unraveled, or explained; as the mystery is perhaps soluble. ´More soluble is this knot.´ Tennyson. 3. Relaxed; open or readily opened. [R.] ´The bowels must be kept soluble.´ Dunglison. Soluble glass. (Chem.) See under Glass.

Sol´u•ble•ness, n. Quality or state of being soluble. { So´lus , masc. a., So´la , fem. a. } [L.] Alone; — chiefly used in stage directions, and the like.

So•lute´ , a. [L. solutus, p. p. of solvere to loosen. See Solve.] 1. Loose; free; liberal; as a solute interpretation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Relaxed; hence; merry; cheerful. [R.] “A brow solute, and ever-laughing eye.” Young. 3. Soluble; as a solute salt. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) Not adhering; loose; — opposed to adnate; as a solute stipule.

So•lute´, v. t. 1. To dissolve; to resolve. [Obs.] 2. To absolve; as to solute sin. [Obs.] Bale.

So•lu´tion (so•lu´shun), n. [OE. solucion, OF. solucion, F. solution, fr. L. solutio, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve. See Solve.] 1. The act of separating the parts of any body, or the condition of undergoing a separation of parts; disruption; breach. “In all bodies there is an appetite of union and evitation of solution of continuity.” Bacon. 2. The act of solving, or the state of being solved; the disentanglement of any intricate problem or difficult question; explanation; clearing up; — used especially in mathematics, either of the process of solving an equation or problem, or the result of the process. 3. The state of being dissolved or disintegrated; resolution; disintegration. “It is unquestionably an enterprise of more promise to assail the nations in their hour of faintness and solution, than at a time when magnificent and seductive systems of worship were at their height of energy and splendor.” I. Taylor. 4. (Chem.Phys.) The act or process by which a body (whether solid, liquid, or gaseous) is absorbed into a liquid, and, remaining or becoming fluid, is diffused throughout the solvent; also the product resulting from such absorption. When a solvent will not take in any more of a substance the solution is said to be saturated. Solution is of two kinds; viz.: (a) Mechanical solution, in which no marked chemical change takes place, and in which, in the case of solids, the dissolved body can be regained by evaporation, as in the solution of salt or sugar in water. (b) Chemical solution, in which there is involved a decided chemical change, as when limestone or zinc undergoes solution in hydrochloric acid. Mechanical solution is regarded as a form of molecular or atomic attraction, and is probably occasioned by the formation of certain very weak and unstable compounds which are easily dissociated and pass into new and similar compounds. This word is not used in chemistry or mineralogy for fusion, or the melting of bodies by the heat of fire. 5. Release; deliverance; discharge. [Obs.] Barrow. 6. (Med.) (a) The termination of a disease; resolution. (b) A crisis. (c) A liquid medicine or preparation (usually aqueous) in which the solid ingredients are wholly soluble. U. S. Disp. Fehling’s solution (Chem.), a standardized solution of cupric hydrate in sodium potassium tartrate, used as a means of determining the reducing power of certain sugars and sirups by the amount of red cuprous oxide thrown down. — Heavy solution (Min.), a liquid of high density, as a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide (called the Sonstadt or Thoulet solution) having a maximum specific gravity of 3.2, or of borotungstate of cadmium (Klein solution, specific gravity 3.6), and the like. Such solutions are much used in determining the specific gravities of minerals, and in separating them when mechanically mixed as in a pulverized rock. — Nessler’s solution. See Nesslerize. — Solution of continuity, the separation of connection, or of connected substances or parts; — applied, in surgery, to a fracture, laceration, or the like. ´As in the natural body a wound, or solution of continuity, is worse than a corrupt humor, so in the spiritual.´ Bacon. — Standardized solution (Chem.), a solution which is used as a reagent, and is of a known and standard strength; specifically, a normal solution, containing in each cubic centimeter as many milligrams of the element in question as the number representing its atomic weight; thus, a normal solution of silver nitrate would contain 107.7 mgr. of silver in each cubic centimeter.

Sol´u•tive (sol´u•tiv), a. [Cf. F. solutif.] Tending to dissolve; loosening; laxative. Bacon.

Solv•a•bil´i•ty , n. [F. solvabilite.] 1. The quality or state of being solvable; as the solvability of a difficulty; the solvability of a problem. 2. The condition of being solvent; ability to pay all just debts; solvency; as the solvability of a merchant.

Solv´a•ble , a. [F. solvable. See Solve, and cf. Soluble, Solvible.] 1. Susceptible of being solved, resolved, or explained; admitting of solution. 2. Capable of being paid and discharged; as solvable obligations. Tooke. 3. Able to pay one’s debts; solvent. [Obs.] Fuller.

Solv´a•ble•ness , n. Quality of being solvable.

Solve (solv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solved (solvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Solving.] [L. solvere, solutum; from a prefix so- expressing separation (cf. Sober) + luere to loosen; cf. OF. soldre, soudre. See Loose, and cf. Absolve.] To explain; to resolve; to unfold; to clear up (what is obscure or difficult to be understood); to work out to a result or conclusion; as to solve a doubt; to solve difficulties; to solve a problem. “True piety would effectually solve such scruples.” South. “God shall solve the dark decrees of fate.” Tickell. Syn. — To explain; resolve; unfold; clear up.

Solve, n. A solution; an explanation. [Obs.] Shak.

Sol´ven•cy (sol´ven•sy), n. [See Solvent.] The quality or state of being solvent.

Sol´vend (sol´vend), n. [L. solvendus to be loosened or dissolved, fr. solvere. See Solution.] A substance to be dissolved. [R.]

Sol´vent (sol´vent), a. [L. solvens, p. pr. of solvere. See Solvable.] 1. Having the power of dissolving; dissolving; as a solvent fluid. ´The solvent body.´ Boyle. 2. Able or sufficient to pay all just debts; as a solvent merchant; the estate is solvent.

Sol´vent, n. (Chem.) A substance (usually liquid) suitable for, or employed in, solution, or in dissolving something; as water is the appropriate solvent of most salts, alcohol of resins, ether of fats, and mercury or acids of metals, etc. 2. That which resolves; as a solvent of mystery.

Sol´ver (solv´er), n. One who, or that which, solves.

Solv´i•ble (-i•b’l), a. See Solvable.

Sol´y (sol´y), adv. Solely. [Obs.] Spenser.

So´ma (so´ma), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sw^ma, sw•matos, the body.] (Anat.) The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail. B. G. Wilder. { So´maj´ (so•mäj´), Sa•maj´ (sa•mäj´) }, n. A society; a congregation, a worshiping assembly, or church, esp. of the Brahmo- somaj. [India] { So•ma´li (so•mä´le), So•mal´ (so•mäl´) }, n. (Ethnol.) A Hamitic people of East Central Africa.

So•mat´ic (so•mat´ik), a. [Gr. swmatiko•s, fr. sw^ma the body.] 1. Of or pertaining to the body as a whole; corporeal; as somatic death; somatic changes. 2. Of or pertaining to the wall of the body; somatopleuric; parietal; as the somatic stalk of the yolk sac of an embryo. Somatic death. See the Note under Death, n., 1.

So•mat´ic•al , a. Somatic.

So•mat´ics , n. The science which treats of the general properties of matter; somatology.

So´ma•tist , n. One who admits the existence of material beings only; a materialist. Glanvill.

So´ma•to•cyst , n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw•matos, body + ky•stis a bladder.] (Zoöl.) A cavity in the primary nectocalyx of certain Siphonophora. See Illust. under Nectocalyx.

So•ma•tol´o•gy , n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw•matos, body + -logy.] 1. The doctrine or the science of the general properties of material substances; somatics. 2. A treatise on the human body; anatomy. Dunglison.

So´ma•tome , n. [Gr. sw^ma, body + te•mnein to cut.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) See Somite.

So´ma•to•pleure , n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw•matos, body + pleyra• side.] (Anat.) The outer, or parietal, one of the two lamellae into which the vertebrate blastoderm divides on either side of the notochord, and from which the walls of the body and the amnion are developed. See Splanchnopleure.

So•ma•to•pleu´ric , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the somatopleure.

So•ma•tot´ro•pism , n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw•matos, the body + tre•pein to turn.] (Physiol.) A directive influence exercised by a mass of matter upon growing organs. Encyc. Brit. { Som´ber , Som´bre } ( 277), a. [F. sombre; cf. Sp. sombra, shade, prob. from LL. subumbrare to put in the shade; L. sub under + umbra shade. See Umbrage.] 1. Dull; dusky; somewhat dark; gloomy; as a somber forest; a somber house. 2. Melancholy; sad; grave; depressing; as a somber person; somber reflections. “The dinner was silent and somber; happily it was also short.” Beaconsfield. { Som´ber , Som´bre }, v. t. To make somber, or dark; to make shady. [R.] { Som´ber , Som´bre }, n. Gloom; obscurity; duskiness; somberness. [Obs.] { Som´ber•ly , Som´bre•ly }, adv. In a somber manner; sombrously; gloomily; despondingly. { Som´ber•ness , Som´bre•ness }, n. The quality or state of being somber; gloominess.

Som•bre´ro , n. [Sp., from sombra shade. See Sombre.] A kind of broad-brimmed hat, worn in Spain and in Spanish America. Marryat.

Som´brous , a. [Cf. Sp. sombroso.] Gloomy; somber. ´Tall and sombrous pines.´ Longfellow. — Som´brous•ly, adv. — Som´brous•ness, n.

-some (-som). A combining form or suffix from Gr. sw^ma (gen. sw•matos) the body; as in merosome, a body segment; cephalosome, etc.

-some (-sum). [AS. -sum; akin to G. & OHG. -sam, Icel. samr, Goth. lustusams longed for. See Same, a., and cf. Some, a.] An adjective suffix having primarily the sense of like or same, and indicating a considerable degree of the thing or quality denoted in the first part of the compound; as in mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit; gladsome, full of gladness; winsome, blithesome, etc.

Some (sum), a. [OE. som, sum, AS. sum; akin to OS., OFries., & OHG. sum, OD. som, D. sommig, Icel. sumr, Dan. somme (pl.), Sw. somlige (pl.), Goth. sums, and E. same. rad.191. See Same, a., and cf. -some.] 1. Consisting of a greater or less portion or sum; composed of a quantity or number which is not stated; — used to express an indefinite quantity or number; as some wine; some water; some persons. Used also pronominally; as I have some. “Some theoretical writers allege that there was a time when there was no such thing as society.” Blackstone. 2. A certain; one; — indicating a person, thing, event, etc., as not known individually, or designated more specifically; as some man, that is, some one man. ´Some brighter clime.´ Mrs. Barbauld. “Some man praiseth his neighbor by a wicked intent.” Chaucer. “Most gentlemen of property, at some period or other of their lives, are ambitious of representing their county in Parliament.” Blackstone. 3. Not much; a little; moderate; as the censure was to some extent just. 4. About; near; more or less; — used commonly with numerals, but formerly also with a singular substantive of time or distance; as a village of some eighty houses; some two or three persons; some hour hence. Shak. “The number slain on the rebel’s part were some two thousand.” Bacon. 5. Considerable in number or quantity. ´Bore us some leagues to sea.´ Shak. “On its outer point, some miles away.
The lighthouse lifts its massive masonry.” Longfellow. 6. Certain; those of one part or portion; — in distinction from other or others; as some men believe one thing, and others another. “Some [seeds] fell among thorns; … but other fell into good ground.” Matt. xiii. 7, 8. 7. A part; a portion; — used pronominally, and followed sometimes by of; as some of our provisions. “Your edicts some reclaim from sins,
But most your life and blest example wins.” Dryden. All and some, one and all. See under All, adv. [Obs.] The illiterate in the United States and Scotland often use some as an adverb, instead of somewhat, or an equivalent expression; as I am some tired; he is some better; it rains some, etc. Some … some, one part … another part; these … those; — used distributively. “Some to the shores do fly,
Some to the woods, or whither fear advised.” Daniel. Formerly used also of single persons or things: this one … that one; one … another. “Some in his bed, some in the deep sea.” Chaucer.

Some´bod•y (sum´bod•y), n. 1. A person unknown or uncertain; a person indeterminate; some person. “Jesus said, Somebody hath touched me.” Luke viii. 46. “We must draw in somebody that may stand
’Twixt us and danger.” Denham. 2. A person of consideration or importance. “Before these days rose up Theudas boasting himself to be somebody.” Acts v. 36.

Some´deal (-del•), adv. In some degree; somewhat. [Written also sumdel, sumdeale, and sumdele.] [Obs.] ´She was somedeal deaf.´ Chaucer. “Thou lackest somedeal their delight.” Spenser.

Some´how (-hou•), adv. In one way or another; in some way not yet known or designated; by some means; as the thing must be done somehow; he lives somehow. “By their action upon one another they may be swelled somehow, so as to shorten the length.” Cheyne. The indefiniteness of somehow is emphasized by the addition of or other. “Although youngest of the familly, he has somehow or other got the entire management of all the others.” Sir W. Scott. { Som´er•sault , Som´er•set }, n. [F. soubresaut a jump, leap, OF. soubresault, It. soprassalto an overleap, fr. L. supra over + saltus a leap, fr. salire to leap; or the French may be from Sp. sobresalto a sudden asault, a surprise. See Supra, and Salient.] A leap in which a person turns his heels over his head and lights upon his feet; a turning end over end. [Written also summersault, sommerset, summerset, etc.] ´The vaulter’s sombersalts.´ Donne. “Now I’ll only
Make him break his neck in doing a sommerset.” Beau. & Fl.

Some´thing , n. 1. Anything unknown, undetermined, or not specifically designated; a certain indefinite thing; an indeterminate or unknown event; an unspecified task, work, or thing. “There is something in the wind.” Shak. “The whole world has something to do, something to talk of, something to wish for, and something to be employed about.” Pope. “Something attemped, something done,
Has earned a night’s repose.” Longfellow. 2. A part; a portion, more or less; an indefinite quantity or degree; a little. “Something yet of doubt remains.” Milton. “Something of it arises from our infant state.” I. Watts. 3. A person or thing importance. “If a man thinketh himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself.” Gal. vi. 3.

Some´thing, adv. In some degree; somewhat; to some extent; at some distance. Shak. “I something fear my father’s wrath.” Shak. “We have something fairer play than a reasoner could have expected formerly.” Burke. “My sense of touch is something coarse.” Tennyson. “It must be done to-night,
And something from the palace.” Shak.

Some´time , adv. 1. At a past time indefinitely referred to; once; formerly. “Did they not sometime cry ´All hail´ to me?” Shak. 2. At a time undefined; once in a while; now and then; sometimes. “Sometime we see a cloud that’s dragonish,
A vapor sometime like a bear or lion.” Shak. 3. At one time or other hereafter; as I will do it sometime. ´Sometime he reckon shall.´ Chaucer.

Some´time (sum´tim•), a. Having been formerly; former; late; whilom. “Our sometime sister, now our queen.” Shak. “Ion, our sometime darling, whom we prized.” Talfourd.

Some´times , adv. [Sometime + adverbial ending -s, as in -wards.] 1. Formerly; sometime. [Obs.] “That fair and warlike form
In which the majesty of buried Denmark
Did sometimes march.” Shak. 2. At times; at intervals; not always; now and then; occasionally. “It is good that we sometimes be contradicted.” Jer. Taylor. Sometimes … sometimes, at certain times … at certain other times; as sometimes he is earnest, sometimes he is frivolous.

Some´times, a. Former; sometime. [Obs.] “Thy sometimes brother’s wife.” Shak.

Some´what , n. 1. More or less; a certain quantity or degree; a part, more or less; something. “These salts have somewhat of a nitrous taste.” Grew. “Somewhat of his good sense will suffer, in this transfusion, and much of the beauty of his thoughts will be lost.” Dryden. 2. A person or thing of importance; a somebody. “Here come those that worship me.
They think that I am somewhat.” Tennyson.

Some´what, adv. In some degree or measure; a little. “His giantship is gone, somewhat crestfallen.” Milton. “Somewhat back from the village street.” Longfellow.

Some´when, adv. At some indefinite time. [R.]

Some´where , adv. In some place unknown or not specified; in one place or another. ´Somewhere nigh at hand.´ Milton.

Some´while , adv. Once; for a time. “Though, under color of shepherds, somewhile
There crept in wolves, full of fraud and guile.” Spenser.

Some´whith•er , adv. To some indeterminate place; to some place or other. “Driven by the winds of temptation somewhither.” Barrow.

So´mite (so´mit), n. [Gr. sw^ma body.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) One of the actual or ideal serial segments of which an animal, esp. an articulate or vertebrate, is composed; somatome; metamere. — So•mit•ic (#), a.

Som•meil´ , n. [F.] Slumber; sleep.

Som´mer•set , n. See Somersault.

Som•nam´bu•lar , a. Of or pertaining to somnambulism; somnambulistic. Mrs. Browning.

Som•nam´bu•late , v. i. & t. To walk when asleep.

Som•nam•bu•la´tion , n. [L. somnus sleep + ambulatio a walking about, from ambulare to walk. See Somnolent, Amble.] The act of walking in sleep.

Som•nam´bu•la•tor , n. A somnambulist.

Som•nam´bule , n. [F.] A somnambulist.

Som•nam´bu•lic , a. Somnambulistic.

Som•nam´bu•lism , n. [Cf. F. somnambulisme. See Somnambulation.] A condition of the nervous system in which an individual during sleep performs actions appropriate to the waking state; a state of sleep in which some of the senses and voluntary powers are partially awake; noctambulism.

Som•nam´bu•list , n. A person who is subject to somnambulism; one who walks in his sleep; a sleepwalker; a noctambulist.

Som•nam•bu•lis´tic , a. Of or pertaining to a somnambulist or somnambulism; affected by somnambulism; appropriate to the state of a somnambulist. “Whether this was an intentional and waking departure, or a somnambulistic leave-taking and walking in her sleep, may remain a subject of contention.” Dickens.

Som´ne , v. t. To summon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Som´ner , n. A summoner; esp., one who summons to an ecclesiastical court. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Som´ni•al , a. [L. somnialis dream bringing, fr. somnium dream, fr. somnus sleep.] Of or pertaining to sleep or dreams. “The somnial magic superinduced on, without suspending, the active powers of the mind.” Coleridge.

Som´ni•a•tive , a. Somnial; somniatory. [R.]

Som´ni•a•to•ry , a. Pertaining to sleep or dreams; somnial. [Obs. or R.] Urquhart.

Som•nic´u•lous , a. [L. somniculosus.] Inclined to sleep; drowsy; sleepy. [Obs.]

Som•nif´er•ous , a. [L. somnifer; somnus sleep + ferre to bring.] Causing or inducing sleep; soporific; dormitive; as a somniferous potion. Walton.

Som•nif´ic , a. [L. somnificus; somnus sleep + facere to make.] Causing sleep; somniferous.

Som•nif´u•gous , a. [L. somnus sleep + fugare to put to flight.] Driving away sleep. [Obs.]

Som•nil´o•quence , n. The act of talking in one’s sleep; somniloquism.

Som•nil´o•quism , n. The act or habit of talking in one’s sleep; somniloquy. Coleridge.

Som•nil´o•quist, n. One who talks in his sleep.

Som•nil´o•quous , a. [L. somnus sleep + loqui to speak.] Apt to talk in sleep.

Som•nil´o•quy , n. A talking in sleep; the talking of one in a state of somnipathy. [R.] Coleridge.

Som•nip´a•thist , n. A person in a state of somniapathy.

Som•nip´a•thy , n. [L. somnus sleep + Gr. a suffering of the body, fr. , , to suffer.] Sleep from sympathy, or produced by mesmerism or the like. [Written also somnopathy.] { Som´no•lence , Som´no•len•cy }, n. [L. somnolentia: cf. F. somnolence.] Sleepiness; drowsiness; inclination to sleep.

Som´no•lent , a. [F. somnolent, L. somnolentus, from somnus sleep, akin to Gr. , Skr. svapna sleep, dream, svap to sleep, Icel. sofa, AS. swefn sleep. Cf. Hypnotic, Somnambulism, Soporific.] Sleepy; drowsy; inclined to sleep. — Som´no•lent•ly, adv. “He had no eye for such phenomena, because he had a somnolent want of interest in them.” De Quincey.

Som´no•lism , n. The somnolent state induced by animal magnetism. Thomas (Med. Dict.).

Som•nop´a•thy , n. Somnipathy.

Som´nour , n. A summoner; an apparitor; a sompnour. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. { Som´on•aunce , Som´once }, n. [See Summon, Summons.] A summons; a citation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Som´on•our , n. A summoner. [Obs.]

Somp´ne , v. t. To summon; to cite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Somp´nour , n. A summoner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Son , n. [OE. sone, sune, AS. sunu; akin to D. zoon, OS., OFries., & OHG. sunu, G. sohn, Icel. sonr, Sw. son, Dan. sön, Goth. sunus, Lith. sunus, Russ. suin’, Skr. sunu (from su to beget, to bear), and Gr. son. rad.293. Cf. Sow, n.] 1. A male child; the male issue, or offspring, of a parent, father or mother. “Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son.” Gen. xxi. 2. 2. A male descendant, however distant; hence, in the plural, descendants in general. “I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings.” Isa. xix. 11. “I am the Lord, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed.” Mal. iii. 6. 3. Any young male person spoken of as a child; an adopted male child; a pupil, ward, or any other young male dependent. “The child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son.” Ex. ii. 10. “Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift.” Shak. 4. A native or inhabitant of some specified place; as sons of Albion; sons of New England. 5. The produce of anything. “Earth’s tall sons, the cedar, oak, and pine.” Blackmore. 6. (Commonly with the def. article) Jesus Christ, the Savior; — called the Son of God, and the Son of man. “We … do testify that the Father sent the Son to be the Savior of the world.” 1 John iv. 14. “Who gave His Son sure all has given.” Keble. The expressions son of pride, sons of light, son of Belial, are Hebraisms, which denote persons possessing the qualitites of pride, of light, or of Belial, as children inherit the qualities of their ancestors. Sons of the prophets. See School of the prophets, under Prophet.

So´nance , n. 1. A sound; a tune; as to sound the tucket sonance. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The quality or state of being sonant.

So´nant , a. [L. sonans, - antis, p. pr. of sonare to sound. See Sound a noise.] 1. Of or pertaining to sound; sounding. 2. (Phonetics) Uttered, as an element of speech, with tone or proper vocal sound, as distinguished from mere breath sound; intonated; voiced; vocal; tonic; the opposite of nonvocal, or surd; — said of the vowels, semivowels, liquids, and nasals, and particularly of the consonants b, d, g hard, v, etc., as compared with their cognates p, t, k, f, etc., which are called nonvocal, surd, or aspirate. — n. A sonant letter.

So•na´ta , n. [It., fr. It. & L. sonare to sound. See Sound a noise.] (Mus.) An extended composition for one or two instruments, consisting usually of three or four movements; as Beethoven’s sonatas for the piano, for the violin and piano, etc. The same general structure prevails in symphonies, instrumental trios, quartets, etc., and even in classical concertos. The sonata form, distinctively, characterizes the quick opening movement, which may have a short, slow introduction; the second, or slow, movement is either in the song or variation form; third comes the playful minuet or the more modern scherzo; then the quick finale in the rondo form. But both form and order are sometimes exceptional.

So•na•ti´na , n. [It.] (Mus.) A short and simple sonata. { Son´cy , Son´sy }, a. [Scot. sonce, sons, prosperity, happiness, fr. Gael. & Ir. sonas.] Lucky; fortunate; thriving; plump. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] { Sond , Sonde }, n. [AS. sand. See Send, v. t.] That which is sent; a message or messenger; hence, also a visitation of providence; an affliction or trial. [Obs.] “Ye have enough, parde, of Goddes sond.” Chaucer.

Son´de•li , n. (Zoöl.) The musk shrew. See under Musk.

Song (song; 115), n. [AS. song, sang, fr. singan to sing; akin to D. zang, G. sang, Icel. söngr, Goth. saggws. See Sing.] 1. That which is sung or uttered with musical modulations of the voice, whether of a human being or of a bird, insect, etc. ´That most ethereal of all sounds, the song of crickets.´ Hawthorne. 2. A lyrical poem adapted to vocal music; a ballad. 3. More generally, any poetical strain; a poem. “The bard that first adorned our native tongue
Tuned to his British lyre this ancient song.” Dryden. 4. Poetical composition; poetry; verse. “This subject for heroic song.” Milton. 5. An object of derision; a laughingstock. “And now am I their song, yea, I am their byword.” Job xxx. 9. 6. A trifle. ´The soldier’s pay is a song.´ Silliman. Old song, a trifle; nothing of value. ´I do not intend to be thus put off with an old song.´ Dr. H. More. — Song bird (Zoöl.), any singing bird; one of the Oscines. — Song sparrow (Zoöl.), a very common North American sparrow (Melospiza fasciata, or M. melodia) noted for the sweetness of its song in early spring. Its breast is covered with dusky brown streaks which form a blotch in the center. — Song thrush (Zoöl.), a common European thrush (Turdus musicus), noted for its melodius song; — called also mavis, throstle, and thrasher. Syn. — Sonnet; ballad; canticle; carol; canzonet; ditty; hymn; descant; lay; strain; poesy; verse.

Song´craft (song´kraft•), n. The art of making songs or verses; metrical composition; versification. “A half-effaced inscription,
Written with little skill of songcraft.” Longfellow.

Song´ful (-ful), a. Disposed to sing; full of song.

Song´ish, a. Consisting of songs. [R.] Dryden.

Song´less, a. Destitute of the power of song; without song; as songless birds; songless woods.

Song´ster (-ster), n. [AS. sangestre a female singer.] 1. One who sings; one skilled in singing; — not often applied to human beings. 2. (Zoöl.) A singing bird.

Song´stress , n. [See Songster, and -ess.] A woman who sings; also a female singing bird. Thomson.

Son´i•fer , n. [NL. See Soniferous.] A kind of ear trumpet for the deaf, or the partially deaf.

So•nif´er•ous , a. [L. sonus sound + -ferous.] Sounding; producing sound; conveying sound.

Son•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [L. sonus sound + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act of producing sound, as the stridulation of insects.

Son´-in-law , n.; pl. Sons-in-law . The husband of one’s daughter; a man in his relationship to his wife’s parents. “To take me as for thy son in lawe.” Chaucer.

Son´less, a. Being without a son. Marston. “As no baron who was sonless could give a husband to his daughter, save with his lord’s consent.” J. R. Green.

Son´net , n. [F., fr. It. sonetto, fr. suono a sound, a song, fr. L. sonus a sound. See Sound noise.] 1. A short poem, — usually amatory. [Obs.] Shak. “He had a wonderful desire to chant a sonnet or hymn unto Apollo Pythius.” Holland. 2. A poem of fourteen lines, — two stanzas called the octave, being of four verses each, and two stanzas called the sestet, of three verses each, the rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule. In the proper sonnet each line has five accents, and the octave has but two rhymes, the second, third, sixth, and seventh lines being of one rhyme, and the first, fourth, fifth, and eighth being of another. In the sestet there are sometimes two and sometimes three rhymes; but in some way its two stazas rhyme together. Often the three lines of the first stanza rhyme severally with the three lines of the second. In Shakespeare’s sonnets, the first twelve lines are rhymed alternately, and the last two rhyme together.

Son´net, v. i. To compose sonnets. ´Strains that come almost to sonneting.´ Milton.

Son•net•eer´ , n. A composer of sonnets, or small poems; a small poet; — usually in contempt. “What woful stuff this madrigal would be
In some starved hackney sonneteer or me!” Pope.

Son•net•eer´, v. i. To compose sonnets. Lowell.

Son´net•er , n. A composer of sonnets.

Son´net•ist, n. A sonneter, or sonneteer. Bp. Hall.

Son´net•ize , v. i. To compose sonnets.

Son´nish , a. Like the sun; sunny; golden. [Obs.] ´Her sonnish hairs.´ Chaucer.

Son´nite , n. See Sunnite.

So•nom´e•ter , n. [L. sonus a sound + -meter.] 1. (Physiol.) An instrument for exhibiting the transverse vibrations of cords, and ascertaining the relations between musical notes. It consists of a cord stretched by weight along a box, and divided into different lengths at pleasure by a bridge, the place of which is determined by a scale on the face of the box. 2. An instrument for testing the hearing capacity.

Son•o•rif´ic , a. [L. sonor, -oris, a sound + facere to make. See Sonorous.] Producing sound; as the sonorific quality of a body. [R.] I. Watts.

So•nor´i•ty , n. [L. sonoritas.] The quality or state of being sonorous; sonorousness.

So•no´rous , a. [L. sonorus, fr. sonor, -oris, a sound, akin to sonus a sound. See Sound.] 1. Giving sound when struck; resonant; as sonorous metals. 2. Loud-sounding; giving a clear or loud sound; as a sonorous voice. 3. Yielding sound; characterized by sound; vocal; sonant; as the vowels are sonorous. 4. Impressive in sound; high- sounding. “The Italian opera, amidst all the meanness and familiarty of the thoughts, has something beautiful and sonorous in the expression.” Addison. “There is nothing of the artificial Johnsonian balance in his style. It is as often marked by a pregnant brevity as by a sonorous amplitude.” E. Everett. 5. (Med.) Sonant; vibrant; hence, of sounds produced in a cavity, deep-toned; as sonorous rhonchi. Sonorous figures (Physics), figures formed by the vibrations of a substance capable of emitting a musical tone, as when the bow of a violin is drawn along the edge of a piece of glass or metal on which sand is strewed, and the sand arranges itself in figures according to the musical tone. Called also acoustic figures. — Sonorous tumor (Med.), a tumor which emits a clear, resonant sound on percussion. — So•no´rous•ly, adv. — So•no´rous•ness, n.

Son´ship , n. The state of being a son, or of bearing the relation of a son; filiation. Dr. H. More.

Son´sy , a. See Soncy. [Scot.] Burns.

Son´tag , n. [So called from from Mme. Henriette Sontag, a famous singer.] A knitted worsted jacket, worn over the waist of a woman’s dress.

Son´ties , n. Probably from ´saintes´ saints, or from sanctities; — used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Soo•chong´ , n. Same as Souchong.

Soo´dra Same as Sudra. { Soo´fee , Soo´fee•ism }. Same as Sufi, Sufism.

Soo´jee , n. Same as Suji.

Soon , adv. [OE. sone, AS. sna; cf. OFries. sn, OS. sana, sano, OHG. sar, Goth. suns.] 1. In a short time; shortly after any time specified or supposed; as soon after sunrise. ´Sooner said than done.´ Old Proverb. ´As soon as it might be.´ Chaucer. “She finished, and the subtle fiend his lore
Soon learned.” Milton. 2. Without the usual delay; before any time supposed; early. “How is it that ye are come so soon to- day?” Ex. ii. 18. 3. Promptly; quickly; easily. “Small lights are soon blown out, huge fires abide.” Shak. 4. Readily; willingly; — in this sense used with would, or some other word expressing will. “I would as soon see a river winding through woods or in meadows, as when it is tossed up in so many whimsical figures at Versailles.” Addison. As soon as, or So soon as, immediately at or after another event. ´As soon as he came nigh unto the camp … he saw the calf, and the dancing.´ Ex. xxxii. 19. See So … as, under So. — Soon at, as soon as; or, as soon as the time referred to arrives. [Obs.] ´I shall be sent for soon at night.´ Shak. — Sooner or later, at some uncertain time in the future; as he will discover his mistake sooner or later. — With the soonest, as soon as any; among the earliest; too soon. [Obs.] Holland.

Soon, a. Speedy; quick. [Obs.] Shak.

Soo´nee , n. See Sunnite.

Soon´ly , adv. Soon. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Soord , n. Skin of bacon. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Soor´ma , n. [Hind. & Per. surma.] A preparation of antimony with which Mohammedan men anoint their eyelids.

Soo•shong´ , n. See Souchong.

Soo´soo , n. (Zoöl.) A kind of dolphin (Platanista Gangeticus) native of the river Ganges; the Gangetic dolphin. It has a long, slender, somewhat spatulate beak. [Written also susu.]

Soot (? or 277), n. [OE. sot, AS. st; akin to Icel. st, Sw. sot, Dan. sod, OD. soet, Lith. sdis; cf. Gael. suith, Ir. suth.] A black substance formed by combustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process of combustion, which rises in fine particles, and adheres to the sides of the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke; strictly, the fine powder, consisting chiefly of carbon, which colors smoke, and which is the result of imperfect combustion. See Smoke.

Soot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sooting.] To cover or dress with soot; to smut with, or as with, soot; as to soot land. Mortimer. { Soot , Soot´e }, a. [See Sweet.] Sweet. [Obs.] ´The soote savour of the vine.´ Chaucer.

Soot´er•kin , n. [Cf. Prov. G. suttern to boil gently.] A kind of false birth, fabled to be produced by Dutch women from sitting over their stoves; also an abortion, in a figurative sense; an abortive scheme. “Fruits of dull heat, and sooterkins of wit.” Pope.

Sooth (sooth), a.; also adv. [Compar. Soother (sooth´er); superl. Soothest.] [OE. soth, AS. soð, for sanð; akin to OS. soð, OHG. sand, Icel. sannr, Sw. sann, Dan. sand, Skr. sat, sant, real, genuine, present, being; properly p. pr. from a root meaning, to be, Skr. as, L. esse; also akin to Goth. sunjis true, Gr. ’eteo•s, Skr. satya. rad.9. Cf. Absent, Am, Essence, Is, Soothe, Sutee.] 1. True; faithful; trustworthy. [Obs. or Scot.] “The sentence [meaning] of it sooth is, out of doubt.” Chaucer. “That shall I sooth (said he) to you declare.” Spensser. 2. Pleasing; delightful; sweet. [R.] “The soothest shepherd that ever piped on plains.” Milton. “With jellies soother than the creamy curd.” Keats.

Sooth, n. [AS. soð. See Sooth, a.] 1. Truth; reality. [Archaic] “The sooth it this, the cut fell to the knight.” Chaucer. “In sooth, I know not why I am so sad.” Shak. “In good sooth,
Its mystery is love, its meaninng youth.” Longfellow. 2. Augury; prognostication. [Obs.] “The soothe of birds by beating of their wings.” Spenser. 3. Blandishment; cajolery. [Obs.] Shak.

Soothe , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soothed p. pr. & vb. n. Soothing.] [Originally, to assent to as true; OE. soien to verify, AS. gesian to prove the truth of, to bear witness. See Sooth, a.] 1. To assent to as true. [Obs.] Testament of Love. 2. To assent to; to comply with; to gratify; to humor by compliance; to please with blandishments or soft words; to flatter. “Good, my lord, soothe him, let him take the fellow.” Shak. “I’ve tried the force of every reason on him,
Soothed and caressed, been angry, soothed again.” Addison. 3. To assuage; to mollify; to calm; to comfort; as to soothe a crying child; to soothe one’s sorrows. “Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast,
To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.” Congreve. “Though the sound of Fame
May for a moment soothe, it can not slake
The fever of vain longing.” Byron. Syn. — To soften; assuage; allay; compose; mollify; tranquilize; pacify; mitigate.

Sooth´er , n. One who, or that which, soothes.

Sooth´fast , a. [Sooth + fast, that is, fast or firm with respect to truth.] Firmly fixed in, or founded upon, the thruth; true; genuine; real; also truthful; faithful. [Archaic] — Sooth´fast•ness, n. [Archaic] ´In very soothfastness.´ Chaucer. “Why do not you … bear leal and soothfast evidence in her behalf, as ye may with a clear conscience!” Sir W. Scott.

Sooth´fast, adv. Soothly; really; in fact. [Archaic] “I care not if the pomps you show
Be what they soothfast appear.” Emerson.

Sooth´ing , a. & n. from Soothe, v.

Sooth´ing•ly, adv. In a soothing manner.

Sooth´ly , adv. In truth; truly; really; verily. [Obs.] ´Soothly for to say.´ Chaucer.

Sooth´ness, n. Truth; reality. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sooth´say , v. i. [Sooth + say; properly to say truth, tell the truth.] To foretell; to predict. ´You can not soothsay.´ Shak. ´Old soothsaying Glaucus’ spell.´ Milton.

Sooth´say, n. 1. A true saying; a proverb; a prophecy. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Omen; portent. Having “God turn the same to good soothsay.” Spenser.

Sooth´say•er , n. 1. One who foretells events by the art of soothsaying; a prognosticator. 2. (Zoöl.) A mantis.

Sooth´say•ing, n. 1. A true saying; truth. [Obs.] 2. The act of one who soothsays; the foretelling of events; the art or practice of making predictions. “A damsel, possessed with a spirit of divination … which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying.” Acts xvi. 16. 3. A prediction; a prophecy; a prognostication. “Divinations and soothsayings and dreams are vain.” Eclus. xxxiv. 5.

Soot´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being sooty; fuliginousness. Johnson.

Soot´ish, a. Sooty. Sir T. Browne.

Soot´y , a. [Compar Sootier superl. Sootiest.] [AS. stig. See Soot.] 1. Of or pertaining to soot; producing soot; soiled by soot. ´Fire of sooty coal.´ Milton. 2. Having a dark brown or black color like soot; fuliginous; dusky; dark. ´The grisly legions that troop under the sooty flag of Acheron.´ Milton. Sooty albatross (Zoöl.), an albatross (Phœbetria fuliginosa) found chiefly in the Pacific Ocean; — called also nellie. — Sooty tern (Zoöl.), a tern (Sterna fuliginosa) found chiefly in tropical seas.

Soot´y, v. t. To black or foul with soot. [R.] “Sootied with noisome smoke.” Chapman.

Sop , n. [OE. sop, soppe; akin to AS. span to sup, to sip, to drink, D. sop sop, G. suppe soup, Icel. soppa sop. See Sup, v. t., and cf. Soup.] 1. Anything steeped, or dipped and softened, in any liquid; especially, something dipped in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten. “He it is to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it.” John xiii. 26. “Sops in wine, quantity, inebriate more than wine itself.” Bacon. “The bounded waters
Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores,
And make a sop of all this solid globe.” Shak. 2. Anything given to pacify; — so called from the sop given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. “All nature is cured with a sop.” L’Estrange. 3. A thing of little or no value. [Obs.] P. Plowman. Sops in wine (Bot.), an old name of the clove pink, alluding to its having been used to flavor wine. “Garlands of roses and sops in wine.” Spenser. — Sops of wine (Bot.), an old European variety of apple, of a yellow and red color, shading to deep red; — called also sopsavine, and red shropsavine.

Sop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sopped p. pr. & vb. n. Sopping.] To steep or dip in any liquid.

Sope , n. See Soap. [Obs.]

Soph , n. (Eng. Univ.) A contraction of Soph ister. [Colloq.]

Soph, n. (Amer. Colleges) A contraction of Sophomore. [Colloq.]

So´phi , n.; pl. Sophis . See Sufi. { Soph´ic , Soph´ic•al }, a. [Gr. , fr. wise, wisdom.] Teaching wisdom. [Obs.] S. Harris.

So•phime´ , n. [OF. soffime, sophisme.] Sophism. [Obs.] “I trow ye study aboute some sophime.” Chaucer.

Soph´ism , n. [F. sophisme, L. sophisma, fr. Gr. , fr. to make wise, to be become wise, to play the sophist, fr. wise.] The doctrine or mode of reasoning practiced by a sophist; hence, any fallacy designed to deceive. “When a false argument puts on the appearance of a true one, then it is properly called a sophism, or ´fallacy´.” I. Watts. “Let us first rid ourselves of sophisms, those of depraved men, and those of heartless philosophers.” I. Taylor.

Soph´ist, n. [F. sophiste, L. sophistes, fr. Gr. . See Sophism.] 1. One of a class of men who taught eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece; especially, one of those who, by their fallacious but plausible reasoning, puzzled inquirers after truth, weakened the faith of the people, and drew upon themselves general hatred and contempt. “Many of the Sophists doubdtless card not for truth or morality, and merely professed to teach how to make the worse appear the better reason; but there scems no reason to hold that they were a special class, teaching special opinions; even Socrates and Plato were sometimes styled Sophists.” Liddell & Scott. 2. Hence, an impostor in argument; a captious or fallacious reasoner.

Soph´ist•er , n. 1. A sophist. See Sophist. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. (Eng. Univ.) A student who is advanced beyond the first year of his residence. The entire course at the university consists of three years and one term, during which the students have the titles of first- year men, or freshmen; second-year men or junior sophs or sophisters; third-year men, or senior sophs or sophisters; and, in the last term, questionists, with reference to the approaching examination. In the older American colleges, the junior and senior classes were originally called, and in some of them are still called, junior sophisters and senior sophisters.

Soph´ist•er , v. t. To maintain by sophistry, or by a fallacious argument. [Obs.] obham. { So•phis´tic , So•phis´tic•al }, a. [L. sophisticus, Gr. : cf. F. sophistique.] Of or pertaining to a sophist; embodying sophistry; fallaciously subtile; not sound. “His argument … is altogether sophistical.” Macaulay. — So•phis´tic•al•ly, adv. — So•phis´tic•al•ness, n.

So•phis´ti•cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sophisticated p. pr. & vb. n. Sophisticating.] [LL. sophisticatus, p. p. of sophisticare to sophisticate.] To render worthless by admixture; to adulterate; to damage; to pervert; as to sophisticate wine. Howell. “To sophisticate the understanding.” Southey. “Yet Butler professes to stick to plain facts, not to sophisticate, not to refine.” M. Arnold. “They purchase but sophisticated ware.” Dryden. Syn. — To adulterate; debase; corrupt; vitiate. { So•phis´ti•cate , So•phis´ti•ca•ted }, a. Adulterated; not pure; not genuine. “So truth, while only one supplied the state,
Grew scare and dear, and yet sophisticate.” Dryden.

So•phis•ti•ca´tion , n. [Cf. LL. sophisticatio, F. sophistication.] The act of sophisticating; adulteration; as the sophistication of drugs. Boyle.

So•phis´ti•ca•tor , n. One who sophisticates.

Soph´ist•ry , n. [OE. sophistrie, OF. sophisterie.] 1. The art or process of reasoning; logic. [Obs.] 2. The practice of a sophist; fallacious reasoning; reasoning sound in appearance only. “The juggle of sophistry consists, for the most part, in usig a word in one sense in the premise, and in another sense in the conclusion.” Coleridge. Syn. — See Fallacy.

Soph´o•more , n. [Probably fr. soph or sophister + Gr. foolish. The word was probably introduced into the United States at an early date, from the University of Cambridge, England. Among the cant terms at that university, as given in the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, we find Soph- Mor as ´the next distinctive appellation to Freshman,´ but the term has now almost ceased to be known at the English university from whence it came.] One belonging to the second of the four classes in an American college, or one next above a freshman. [Formerly written also sophimore.] { Soph•o•mor´ic , Soph•o•mor´ic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to a sophomore; resembling a sophomore; hence, pretentious; inflated in style or manner; as sophomoric affectation. [U. S.]

So•pho´ra , n. [Ar. ufair.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of leguminous plants. (b) A tree (Sophora Japonica) of Eastern Asia, resembling the common locust; occasionally planted in the United States.

Soph´ta , n. See Softa.

So´pite , v. t. [L. sopitus, p. p. of sopire to put to sleep; akin to sopor a sleeping draught, a heavy sleep.] To lay asleep; to put to sleep; to quiet. [Obs.] “The king’s declaration for the sopiting of all Arminian heresies.” Fuller.

So•pi´tion , n. The act of putting to sleep, or the state of being put to sleep; sleep. [Obs.] “Dementation and sopition of reason.” Sir T. Browne.

So´por , n. [L.] (Med.) Profound sleep from which a person can be roused only with difficulty.

Sop´o•rate , v. t. [L. soporatus, p. p. or soporare to put to sleep, fr. sopor a heavy sleep.] To lay or put to sleep; to stupefy. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Sop•o•rif´er•ous , a. [L. soparifer; sopor a heavy sleep + ferere to bring.] Causing sleep; somniferous; soporific. ´Soporiferous medicine.´ Swift. —- Sop•o•rif´er•ous•ly, adv. — Sop•o•rif´er•ous•ness, n.

Sop•o•rif´ic ( 277), a. [L. sopor a heavy sleep (akin to somnus sleep) + facere to make. See Somnolent, Fact.] Causing sleep; tending to cause sleep; soporiferous; as the soporific virtues of opium. Syn. — Somniferous; narcotic; opiate; anodyne.

Sop•o•rif´ic, n. A medicine, drug, plant, or other agent that has the quality of inducing sleep; a narcotic. { Sop´o•rose• , Sop´o•rous }, a. [From Sopor; cf. L. soporus, fr. sopor a heavy sleep; F. soporeux.] Causing sleep; sleepy.

Sop´per , n. One who sops. Johnson.

Sop´py , a. Soaked or saturated with liquid or moisture; very wet or sloppy. “It [Yarmouth] looked rather spongy and soppy.” Dickens.

So´pra , adv. [It., from L. supra above.] (Mus.) Above; before; over; upon.

So•pra´nist , n. (Mus.) A treble singer.

So•pra´no , n.; pl. E. Sopranos (#), It. Soprani (#). [It., fr. soprano superior, highest, fr. sopra above, L. supra. See Sovereign.] (Mus.) (a) The treble; the highest vocal register; the highest kind of female or boy’s voice; the upper part in harmony for mixed voices. (b) A singer, commonly a woman, with a treble voice.

Sops´a•vine , n. See Sops of wine, under Sop.

So´ra , n. (Zoöl.) A North American rail (Porzana Carolina) common in the Eastern United States. Its back is golden brown, varied with black and white, the front of the head and throat black, the breast and sides of the head and neck slate-colored. Called also American rail, Carolina rail, Carolina crake, common rail, sora rail, soree, meadow chicken, and orto. King sora, the Florida gallinule.

Sor´ance , n. Soreness. [Obs.]

Sorb , n.[L. sorbus the tree, sorbum the fruit; cf. F. sorbe. See Service tree.] (Bot.) (a) The wild service tree (Pyrus torminalis) of Europe; also the rowan tree. (b) The fruit of these trees. Sorb apple, the fruit of the sorb, or wild service tree. — Sorb tree, the wild service tree.

Sor´bate , n. [Cf. F. sorbate. See Sorbic.] (Chem.) A salt of sorbic acid.

Sor•be•fa´cient , a. [L. sorbere to suck in, absorb + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] (Med.) Producing absorption. — n. A medicine or substance which produces absorption.

Sorb´ent , n. [L. sorbens, p. pr. of sorbere to suck in, to absorb.] An absorbent. [R.]

Sor´bet , n. [F. sorbet or It. sorbetto or Sp. sorbete, from the same source as E. sherbet. See Sherbet.] A kind of beverage; sherbet. Smolett.

Sor´bic , a. [Cf. F. sorbique. See Sorb.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the rowan tree, or sorb; specifically, designating an acid, CHCOH, of the acetylene series, found in the unripe berries of this tree, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Sor´bile , a. [L. sorbilis, fr. sorbere to suck in, to drink down.] Fit to be drunk or sipped. [Obs.]

Sor´bin , n. (Chem.) An unfermentable sugar, isomeric with glucose, found in the ripe berries of the rowan tree, or sorb, and extracted as a sweet white crystalline substance; — called also mountain-ash sugar.

Sor´bite , n. [L. sorbus service tree.] (Chem.) A sugarlike substance, isomeric with mannite and dulcite, found with sorbin in the ripe berries of the sorb, and extracted as a sirup or a white crystalline substance. — Sor•bit´ic (#), a.

Sor•bi´tion , n. [L. sorbitio.] The act of drinking or sipping. [Obs.]

Sor•bon´ic•al , a. Belonging to the Sorbonne or to a Sorbonist. Bale.

Sor´bon•ist , n. [F. sorboniste.] A doctor of the Sorbonne, or theological college, in the University of Paris, founded by Robert de Sorbon, a. d. 1252. It was suppressed in the Revolution of 1789.

Sor´cer•er , n. [Cf. F. sorcier. See Sorcery.] A conjurer; an enchanter; a magician. Bacon. “Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers.” Ex. vii. 11.

Sor´cer•ess, n. A female sorcerer.

Sor´cer•ing, n. Act or practice of using sorcery.

Sor´cer•ous , a. Of or pertaining to sorcery.

Sor´cer•y , n.; pl. Sorceries (#). [OE. sorcerie, OF. sorcerie, fr. OF. & F. sorcier a sorcerer, LL. sortiarius, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot, decision by lot, fate, destiny. See Sort, n.] Divination by the assistance, or supposed assistance, of evil spirits, or the power of commanding evil spirits; magic; necromancy; witchcraft; enchantment. “Adder’s wisdom I have learned,
To fence my ear against thy sorceries.” Milton.

Sord , n. See Sward. [R.] Milton.

Sor´des , n. [L., fr. sordere to be dirty or foul.] Foul matter; excretion; dregs; filthy, useless, or rejected matter of any kind; specifically (Med.), the foul matter that collects on the teeth and tongue in low fevers and other conditions attended with great vital depression.

Sor´det , n. [See Sordine.] (Mus.) A sordine.

Sor´did , a. [L. sordidus, fr. sordere to be filthy or dirty; probably akin to E. swart: cf. F. sordide. See Swart, a.] 1. Filthy; foul; dirty. [Obs.] “A sordid god; down from his hoary chin
A length of beard descends, uncombed, unclean.” Dryden. 2. Vile; base; gross; mean; as vulgar, sordid mortals. ´To scorn the sordid world.´ Milton. 3. Meanly avaricious; covetous; niggardly. “He may be old,
And yet sordid, who refuses gold.” Sir J. Denham.

Sor•did´ly , n. Sordidness. [Obs.]

Sor´did•ly , adv. In a sordid manner.

Sor´did•ness, n. The quality or state of being sordid.

Sor´dine (? or 277), n. [It. sordina, sordino, from sordo deaf, dull-sounding, L. surdus. See Surd.] (Mus.) See Damper, and 5th Mute.

Sore , a. [F. saure, sore, sor; faucon sor a sore falcon. See Sorrel, n.] Reddish brown; sorrel. [R.] Sore falcon. (Zoöl.) See Sore, n., 1.

Sore, n. (Zoöl.) A young hawk or falcon in the first year. 2. (Zoöl.) A young buck in the fourth year. See the Note under Buck.

Sore, a. [Compar. Sorer ; superl. Sorest.] [OE. sor, sar, AS. sar; akin to D. zeer, OS. & OHG. sr, G. sehr very, Icel. sarr, Sw. sår, Goth. sair pain. Cf. Sorry.] 1. Tender to the touch; susceptible of pain from pressure; inflamed; painful; — said of the body or its parts; as a sore hand. 2. Fig.: Sensitive; tender; easily pained, grieved, or vexed; very susceptible of irritation. “Malice and hatred are very fretting and vexatious, and apt to make our minds sore and uneasy.” Tillotson. 3. Severe; afflictive; distressing; as a sore disease; sore evil or calamity. Shak. 4. Criminal; wrong; evil. [Obs.] Shak. Sore throat (Med.), inflammation of the throat and tonsils; pharyngitis. See Cynanche. — Malignant, Ulcerated or Putrid, sore throat. See Angina, and under Putrid.

Sore , n. [OE. sor, sar, AS. sar. See Sore, a.] 1. A place in an animal body where the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful; a painful or diseased place, such as an ulcer or a boil. “The dogs came and licked his sores.” Luke xvi. 21. 2. Fig.: Grief; affliction; trouble; difficulty. Chaucer. “I see plainly where his sore lies.” Sir W. Scott. Gold sore. (Med.) See under Gold, n.

Sore, adv. [AS. sare. See Sore, a.] 1. In a sore manner; with pain; grievously. “Thy hand presseth me sore.” Ps. xxxviii. 2. 2. Greatly; violently; deeply. “[Hannah] prayed unto the Lord and wept sore.” 1 Sam. i. 10. “Sore sighed the knight, who this long sermon heard.” Dryden.

So•re´di•a , n., pl. of Soredium.

So•re´di•ate , a. (Bot.) Sorediïferous. {Sor•e•dif´er•ous , or So•re•di•if´er•ous }, a. [Soredium + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing soredia; sorediate.

So•re´di•um , n.; pl. Soredia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a heap.] (Bot.) A patch of granular bodies on the surface of the thallus of lichens.

So´ree , n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sora.

Sore´head , n. One who is disgruntled by a failure in politics, or the like. [Slang, U.S.]

Sore´hon , n. [Corrupted from sojourn, Scot. soirne, sorn.] Formerly, in Ireland, a kind of servile tenure which subjected the tenant to maintain his chieftain gratuitously whenever he wished to indulge in a revel. Spenser.

Sor´el , n. [A diminutive. See Sore reddish brown.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young buck in the third year. See the Note under Buck. Shak. 2. A yellowish or reddish brown color; sorrel.

Sore´ly , adv. In a sore manner; grievously; painfully; as to be sorely afflicted.

So•re´ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a heap.] (Bot.) A heap of carpels belonging to one flower.

Sore´ness , n. The quality or state of being sore; tenderness; painfull; as the soreness of a wound; the soreness of an affliction.

So´rex , n. [L., a shrew.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small Insectivora, including the common shrews.

Sor´ghe (sôr´ge), n. (Zoöl.) The three-bearded rockling, or whistlefish. [Prov. Eng.]

Sor´ghum , n. [NL., probably of Chinese origin.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of grasses, properly limited to two species, Sorghum Halepense, the Arabian millet, or Johnson grass (see Johnson grass), and S. vulgare, the Indian millet (see Indian millet, under Indian). (b) A variety of Sorghum vulgare, grown for its saccharine juice; the Chinese sugar cane.

Sor´go , n. [Cf. It. sorgo. See Sorghum.] (Bot.) Indian millet and its varieties. See Sorghum.

So´ri , n., pl. of Sorus.

So´ri•cine , a. [L. sorricinus, fr. sorex a shrew.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Shrew family (Soricidae); like a shrew in form or habits; as the soricine bat (Glossophaga soricina).

So•ri´tes , n. [L., from Gr. swrei•ths (sc. syllogismo•s), properly, heaped up (hence, a heap of syllogisms), fr. swro•s a heap.] (Logic) An abridged form of stating of syllogisms in a series of propositions so arranged that the predicate of each one that precedes forms the subject of each one that follows, and the conclusion unites the subject of the first proposition with the predicate of the last proposition, as in following example; — “The soul is a thinking agent;
A thinking agent can not be severed into parts;
That which can not be severed can not be destroyed;
Therefore the soul can not be destroyed.” When the series is arranged in the reverse order, it is called the Goclenian sorites, from Goclenius, a philosopher of the sixteenth century. Destructive sorities. See under Destructive.

So´rit´ic•al, a. Of or pertaining to a sorites; resembling a sorites.

Sorn , v. i. [See Sorehon.] To obtrude one’s self on another for bed and board. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Sorn´er , n. One who obtrudes himself on another for bed and board. [Scot.] De Quncey.

So•ro´ral , a. [L. soror sister: cf. F. sororal.] Relating to a sister; sisterly. [R.]

So•ror´i•cide ( 277), n. [L. sororocida, and sororicidium; soror a sister + caedere to kill.] The murder of one’s sister; also one who murders or kills one’s own sister. Johnson.

So•ro´rize , v. i. [L. soror, sororis, a sister.] To associate, or hold fellowship, as sisters; to have sisterly feelings; — analogous to fraternize. [Recent & R.]

So•ro´sis , n. [NL. See Sororize.] A woman’s club; an association of women. [U. S.]

So•ro´sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. a heap.] (Bot.) A fleshy fruit formed by the consolidation of many flowers with their receptacles, ovaries, etc., as the breadfruit, mulberry, and pineapple.

Sor´rage ( 48), n. [Cf. Sorrel, n.] The blades of green or barley. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sor´rance , n. Same as Sorance. [Obs.]

Sor´rel , a. [F. saur, saure, OF. sor, sore, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. D. zoor dry, LG. soor; the meaning probably coming from the color of dry leaves. See Sear, a., and cf. Sorel.] Of a yellowish or redish brown color; as a sorrel horse.

Sor´rel , n. A yellowish or redish brown color.

Sor´rel, n. [F. surelle, fr. sur sour, fr. OHG. sr sour. See Sour.] (Bot.) One of various plants having a sour juice; especially, a plant of the genus Rumex, as Rumex Acetosa, Rumex Acetosella, etc. Mountain sorrel. (Bot.) See under Mountain. — Red sorrel. (Bot.) (a) A malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) whose acid calyxes and capsules are used in the West Indies for making tarts and acid drinks. (b) A troublesome weed (Rumex Acetosella), also called sheep sorrel. — Salt of sorrel (Chem.), binoxalate of potassa; — so called because obtained from the juice of Rumex Acetosella, or Rumex Axetosa. — Sorrel tree (Bot.), a small ericaceous tree (Oxydendrum arboreum) whose leaves resemble those of the peach and have a sour taste. It is common along the Alleghanies. Called also sourwood. — Wood sorrel (Bot.), any plant of the genus Oxalis.

Sor´ren´to work Ornamental work, mostly carved in olivewood, decorated with inlay, made at or near Sorrento, Italy. Hence, more rarely, jig-saw work and the like done anywhere.

Sor´ri•ly , adv. In a sorry manner; poorly. “Thy pipe, O Pan, shall help, though I sing sorrily.” Sir P. Sidney.

Sor´ri•ness, n. The quality or state of being sorry.

Sor´row , n. [OE. sorwe, sorewe, sore, AS. sorg, sorh; akin to D. zorg care, anxiety, OS. sorga, OHG. sorga, soraga, suorga, G. sorge, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sorg, Goth. saúrga; of unknown origin.] The uneasiness or pain of mind which is produced by the loss of any good, real or supposed, or by diseappointment in the expectation of good; grief at having suffered or occasioned evil; regret; unhappiness; sadness. Milton. “How great a sorrow suffereth now Arcite!” Chaucer. “The safe and general antidote against sorrow is employment.” Rambler. Syn. — Grief; unhappiness; regret; sadness; heaviness; mourning; affliction. See Affliction, and Grief.

Sor´row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sorrowed p. pr. & vb. n. Sorrowing.] [OE. sorowen, sorwen, sorhen, AS. sorgian; akin to Goth. saúrgan. See Sorrow, n.] To feel pain of mind in consequence of evil experienced, feared, or done; to grieve; to be sad; to be sorry. “Sorrowing most of all … that they should see his face no more.” Acts xx. 38. “I desire no man to sorrow for me.” Sir J. Hayward.

Sor´rowed , a. Accompanied with sorrow; sorrowful. [Obs.] Shak.

Sor´row•ful , a. [OE. sorweful, AS. sorgful.] 1. Full of sorrow; exhibiting sorrow; sad; dejected; distressed. ´This sorrowful prisoner.´ Chaucer. “My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death.” Matt. xxvi. 38. 2. Producing sorrow; exciting grief; mournful; lamentable; grievous; as a sorrowful accident. Syn. — Sad; mournful; dismal; disconsolate; drear; dreary; grievous; lamentable; doleful; distressing. — Sor´row•ful•ly, adv. — Sor´row•ful•ness, n.

Sor´row•less, a. Free from sorrow.

Sor´ry , a. [Compar. Sorrier superl. Sorriest.] [OE. sory, sary, AS. sarig, fr. sar, n., sore. See Sore, n. & a. The original sense was painful; hence, miserable, sad.] 1. Grieved for the loss of some good; pained for some evil; feeling regret; — now generally used to express light grief or affliction, but formerly often used to express deeper feeling. ´I am sorry for my sins.´ Piers Plowman. “Ye were made sorry after a godly manner.” 2 Cor. vii. 9. “I am sorry for thee, friend; ’t is the duke’s pleasure.” Shak. “She entered, were he lief or sorry.” Spenser. 2. Melancholy; dismal; gloomy; mournful. Spenser. “All full of chirking was this sorry place.” Chaucer. 3. Poor; mean; worthless; as a sorry excuse. ´With sorry grace.´ Chaucer. “Cheeks of sorry grain will serve.” Milton. “ Good fruit will sometimes grow on a sorry tree.” Sir W. Scott. Syn. — Hurt; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined; melancholy; dismal; poor; mean; pitiful.

Sors , n.; pl. Sortes (#). [L.] A lot; also a kind of divination by means of lots. Sortes Homericae or Virgilianae [L., Homeric or Virgilian lots], a form of divination anciently practiced, which consisted in taking the first passage on which the eye fell, upon opening a volume of Homer or Virgil, or a passage drawn from an urn which several were deposited, as indicating future events, or the proper course to be pursued. In later times the Bible was used for the same purpose by Christians.

Sort , n. [F. sorl, L. sors, sortis. See Sort kind.] Chance; lot; destiny. [Obs.] “By aventure, or sort, or cas [chance].” Chaucer. “Let blockish Ajax draw
The sort to fight with Hector.” Shak.

Sort, n. [F. sorie (cf. It. sorta, sorte), from L. sors, sorti, a lot, part, probably akin to serere to connect. See Series, and cf. Assort, Consort, Resort, Sorcery, Sort lot.] 1. A kind or species; any number or collection of individual persons or things characterized by the same or like qualities; a class or order; as a sort of men; a sort of horses; a sort of trees; a sort of poems. 2. Manner; form of being or acting. “Which for my part I covet to perform,
In sort as through the world I did proclaim.” Spenser. “Flowers, in such sort worn, can neither be smelt nor seen well by those that wear them.” Hooker. “I’ll deceive you in another sort.” Shak. “To Adam in what sort
Shall I appear?” Milton. “I shall not be wholly without praise, if in some sort I have copied his style.” Dryden. 3. Condition above the vulgar; rank. [Obs.] Shak. 4. A chance group; a company of persons who happen to be together; a troop; also an assemblage of animals. [Obs.] ´A sort of shepherds.´ Spenser. ´A sort of steers.´ Spenser. ´A sort of doves.´ Dryden. ´A sort of rogues.´ Massinger. “A boy, a child, and we a sort of us,
Vowed against his voyage.” Chapman. 5. A pair; a set; a suit. Johnson. 6. pl. (Print.) Letters, figures, points, marks, spaces, or quadrats, belonging to a case, separately considered. Out of sorts (Print.), with some letters or sorts of type deficient or exhausted in the case or font; hence, colloquially, out of order; ill; vexed; disturbed. — To run upon sorts (Print.), to use or require a greater number of some particular letters, figures, or marks than the regular proportion, as for example, in making an index. Syn. — Kind; species; rank; condition. — Sort, Kind. Kind originally denoted things of the same family, or bound together by some natural affinity; and hence, a class. Sort signifies that which constitutes a particular lot of parcel, not implying necessarily the idea of affinity, but of mere assemblage. the two words are now used to a great extent interchangeably, though sort (perhaps from its original meaning of lot) sometimes carries with it a slight tone of disparagement or contempt, as when we say, that sort of people, that sort of language. “As when the total kind
Of birds, in orderly array on wing,
Came summoned over Eden to receive
Their names of there.” Milton. “None of noble sort
Would so offend a virgin.” Shak.

Sort , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sorting.] 1. To separate, and place in distinct classes or divisions, as things having different qualities; as to sort cloths according to their colors; to sort wool or thread according to its fineness. “Rays which differ in refrangibility may be parted and sorted from one another.” Sir I. Newton. 2. To reduce to order from a confused state. Hooker. 3. To conjoin; to put together in distribution; to class. “Shellfish have been, by some of the ancients, compared and sorted with insects.” Bacon. “She sorts things present with things past.” Sir J. Davies. 4. To choose from a number; to select; to cull. “That he may sort out a worthy spouse.” Chapman. “I’ll sort some other time to visit you.” Shak. 5. To conform; to adapt; to accommodate. [R.] “I pray thee, sort thy heart to patience.” Shak.

Sort, v. i. 1. To join or associate with others, esp. with others of the same kind or species; to agree. “Nor do metals only sort and herd with metals in the earth, and minerals with minerals.” Woodward. “The illiberality of parents towards children makes them base, and sort with any company.” Bacon. 2. To suit; to fit; to be in accord; to harmonize. “They are happy whose natures sort with their vocations.” Bacon. “Things sort not to my will.” herbert. “I can not tell you precisely how they sorted.” Sir W. Scott.

Sort´a•ble , a. [Cf. F. sortable suitable.] 1. Capable of being sorted. 2. Suitable; befitting; proper. [Obs.] con.

Sort´a•bly, adv. Suitable. [Obs.] otgrave.

Sort´al , a. Pertaining to a sort. [Obs.] Locke.

Sort´ance , n. [From Sort, v. i.] Suitableness; agreement. [Obs.] hak.

Sort´er , n. One who, or that which, sorts.

Sor´tes , n., pl. of Sors.

Sor´tie ( 277), n. [F., fr. sortir to go out, to issue, probably fr. L. sortus, for surrectus, p. p. of surgere to raise up, to rise up. See Source.] (Mil.) The sudden issuing of a body of troops, usually small, from a besieged place to attack or harass the besiegers; a sally.

Sor´ti•lege , n. [F. sortilège, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot + legere to gather, to select.] The act or practice of drawing lots; divination by drawing lots. “A woman infamous for sortileges and witcheries.” Sir W. Scott.

Sor•ti•le´gious , a. Pertaining to sortilege.

Sor´til´e•gy , n. Sortilege. [R.] De Quincey.

Sor•ti´tion , n. [L. sortitio, from sortiri to draw or cast lots, fr. sors, sortis, a lot.] Selection or appointment by lot. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sort´ment , n. Assortiment. [Obs.]

So´rus , n.; pl. Sori (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a heap.] (Bot.) One of the fruit dots, or small clusters of sporangia, on the back of the fronds of ferns.

Sor´we , n. & v. Sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sor´we•ful , a. Sorrowful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

So´ry , n. [L. sory, Gr. .] (Old Min. Chem.) Green vitriol, or some earth imregnated with it.

So´-so , a. [So + so.] Neither very good nor very bad; middling; passable; tolerable; indifferent. “In some Irish houses, where things are so- so,
One gammon of bacon hangs up for a show.” Goldsmith. “He [Burns] certainly wrote some so-so verses to the Tree of Liberty.” Prof. Wilson.

So´-so, adv. Tolerably; passably. H. James.

Soss ( 115), v. i. [Cf. Souse.] To fall at once into a chair or seat; to sit lazily. [Obs.] Swift.

Soss, v. t. To throw in a negligent or careless manner; to toss. [Obs.] Swift.

Soss, n. 1. A lazy fellow. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. A heavy fall. [Prov. Eng.] Hallowell.

Soss, n. [See Sesspol.] Anything dirty or muddy; a dirty puddle. [Prov. Eng.]

Sos•te•nu´to , a. [It.] (Mus.) Sustained; — applied to a movement or passage the sounds of which are to sustained to the utmost of the nominal value of the time; also to a passage the tones of which are to be somewhat prolonged or protacted.

Sot , n. [F., fr. LL. sottus; of unknown origin, cf. Ir. sotal pride, soithir proud, or Chald. & NHeb. shoten foolish.] 1. A stupid person; a blockhead; a dull fellow; a dolt. [Obs.] outh. “In Egypt oft has seen the sot bow down,
And reverence some dified baboon.” Oldham. 2. A person stupefied by excessive drinking; an habitual drunkard. ´A brutal sot.´ Granville. “Every sign
That calls the staring sots to nasty wine.” Roscommon.

Sot , a. Sottish; foolish; stupid; dull. [Obs.] ´Rich, but sot.´ Marston.

Sot, v. t. To stupefy; to infatuate; to besot. [R.] “I hate to see a brave, bold fellow sotted.” Dryden.

Sot, v. i. To tipple to stupidity. [R.] Goldsmith.

So•ta•de´an , a. Sotadic.

So•tad´ic , a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the lascivious compositions of the Greek poet Sotades. — n. A Sotadic verse or poem.

Sote , a. Sweet. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fairfax. { So´tel , So´til }, a. Subtile. [Obs.]

So•te•ri•ol´o•gy , n. [Gr. safety (from saving, a savoir, to save) + -logy.] 1. A discourse on health, or the science of promoting and preserving health. 2. (Theol.) The doctrine of salvation by Jesus Christ.

Sothe , a. Sooth. [Obs.] Chaucer. { So´thi•ac , Soth´ic }, a. Of or pertaining to Sothis, the Egyptian name for the Dog Star; taking its name from the Dog Star; canicular. Sothiac, or Sothic, year (Chronol.), the Egyptian year of 365 days and 6 hours, as distinguished from the Egyptian vague year, which contained 365 days. The Sothic period consists of 1,460 Sothic years, being equal to 1,461 vague years. One of these periods ended in July, a. d. 139.

So´til•te , n. Subtlety. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sot´ted , a. & p. p. of Sot. Befooled; deluded; besotted. [Obs.] ´This sotted priest.´ Chaucer.

Sot´ter•y , n. Folly. [Obs.] Gauden.

Sot´tish , a. [From Sot.] Like a sot; doltish; very foolish; drunken. “How ignorant are sottish pretenders to astrology!” Swift. Syn. — Dull; stupid; senseless; doltish; infatuate. — Sot´tish•ly, adv. — Sot´tish•ness, n.

Sot•to vo´ce [It.] 1. (Mus.) With a restrained voice or moderate force; in an undertone. 2. Spoken low or in an undertone.

Sou , n.; pl. Sous (#) or (#). [F. sou, OF. sol, from L. solidus a gold coin, in LL., a coin of less value. See Sold, n., Solid, and and cf. Sol, Soldo.] An old French copper coin, equivalent in value to, and now displaced by, the five-centime piece (&frac1x20; of a franc), which is popularly called a sou.

Sou•a´ri nut (Bot.) The large edible nutlike seed of a tall tropical American tree (Caryocar nuciferum) of the same natural order with the tea plant; — also called butternut. [Written also sawarra nut.]

Sou´bah , n. See Subah.

Sou´bah•dar , n. See Subahdar.

Sou•brette´, n. [F.] A female servant or attendant; specifically, as a term of the theater, a lady’s maid, in comedies, who acts the part of an intrigante; a meddlesome, mischievous female servant or young woman.

Sou•bri•quet´ , n. See Sobriquet.

Souce , n. See 1st Souse.

Souce, v. t. & i. See Souse. [Obs.] penser.

Sou•chong´ , n. [Chin. seou chong little plant or sort.] A kind of black tea of a fine quality.

Sou•dan´ , n.[F.] A sultan. [Obs.]

Soud´ed , Soud´et , a. [See Solder.] United; consolidated; made firm; strengthened. [Obs.] “O martyr souded for virginity!” Chaucer.

Souf´fle , n. [F.] (Med.) A murmuring or blowing sound; as the uterine souffle heard over the pregnant uterus.

Souf´fle , n. [F., fr. souffle, p. p. of souffler to puff.] (Cookery) A side dish served hot from the oven at dinner, made of eggs, milk, and flour or other farinaceous substance, beaten till very light, and flavored with fruits, liquors, or essence.

Sough , n. A sow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sough , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A small drain; an adit. [Prov. Eng.] W. M. Buchanan.

Sough ( 277), n. [Cf. Icel. sgr (in comp.) a rushing sound, or OE. swough, swogh, a sound, AS. swgan to rustle. Cf. Surf, Swoon, v. i.] 1. The sound produced by soughing; a hollow murmur or roaring. “The whispering leaves or solemn sough of the forest.” W. Howitt. 2. Hence, a vague rumor or flying report. [Scot.] 3. A cant or whining mode of speaking, especially in preaching or praying. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Sough, v. i. To whistle or sigh, as the wind.

Sought , imp. & p. p. of Seek.

Souke , v. t. & i. To suck. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Soul , a. Sole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Soul , a. Sole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Soul, v. i. [F. soûler to satiate. See Soil to feed.] To afford suitable sustenance. [Obs.] Warner.

Soul, n. [OE. soule, saule, AS. sawel, sawl; akin to OFries. sle, OS. sola, D. ziel, G. seele, OHG. sla, sula, Icel. sala, Sw. själ, Dan. siael, Goth. saiwala; of uncertain origin, perhaps akin to L. saeculum a lifetime, age (cf. Secular.)] 1. The spiritual, rational, and immortal part in man; that part of man which enables him to think, and which renders him a subject of moral government; — sometimes, in distinction from the higher nature, or spirit, of man, the so-called animal soul, that is, the seat of life, the sensitive affections and phantasy, exclusive of the voluntary and rational powers; — sometimes, in distinction from the mind, the moral and emotional part of man’s nature, the seat of feeling, in distinction from intellect; — sometimes, the intellect only; the understanding; the seat of knowledge, as distinguished from feeling. In a more general sense, ´an animating, separable, surviving entity, the vehicle of individual personal existence.´ Tylor. “The eyes of our souls only then begin to see, when our bodily eyes are closing.” Law. 2. The seat of real life or vitality; the source of action; the animating or essential part. ´The hidden soul of harmony.´ Milton. “Thou sun, of this great world both eye and soul.” Milton. 3. The leader; the inspirer; the moving spirit; the heart; as the soul of an enterprise; an able general is the soul of his army. “He is the very soul of bounty!” Shak. 4. Energy; courage; spirit; fervor; affection, or any other noble manifestation of the heart or moral nature; inherent power or goodness. “That he wants algebra he must confess;
But not a soul to give our arms success.” Young. 5. A human being; a person; — a familiar appellation, usually with a qualifying epithet; as poor soul. “As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.” Prov. xxv. 25. “God forbid so many simple souls
Should perish by the aword!” Shak. “Now mistress Gilpin (careful soul).” Cowper. 6. A pure or disembodied spirit. “That to his only Son … every soul in heaven
Shall bend the knee.” Milton. Soul is used in the formation of numerous compounds, most of which are of obvious signification; as soul-betraying, soul-consuming, soul-destroying, soul- distracting, soul-enfeebling, soul-exalting, soul-felt, soul-harrowing, soul-piercing, soul-quickening, soul-reviving, soul-stirring, soul-subduing, soul-withering, etc. Syn. — Spirit; life; courage; fire; ardor. Cure of souls. See Cure, n., 2. — Soul bell, the passing bell. Bp. Hall. — Soul foot. See Soul scot, below. [Obs.] — Soul scot or Soul shot. [Soul + scot, or shot; cf. AS. sawelsceat.] (O. Eccl. Law) A funeral duty paid in former times for a requiem for the soul. Ayliffe.

Soul , v. t. To indue with a soul; to furnish with a soul or mind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Souled , a. Furnished with a soul; possessing soul and feeling; — used chiefly in composition; as great-souled Hector. ´Grecian chiefs … largely souled.´ Dryden.

Sou´li•li , n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed, crested Javan monkey (Semnopithecus mitratus). The head, the crest, and the upper surface of the tail, are black.

Soul´less , a. Being without a soul, or without greatness or nobleness of mind; mean; spiritless. “Slave, souless villain, dog!” Shak.

Soul´less•ly, adv. In a soulless manner. Tylor.

Soun , n. & v. Sound. [Obs.] aucer.

Sound , n. [AS. sund a swimming, akin to E. swim. See Swim.] The air bladder of a fish; as cod sounds are an esteemed article of food.

Sound, n. (Zoöl.) A cuttlefish. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sound, a. [Compar. Sounder superl. Soundest.] [OE. sound, AS. sund; akin to D. gezond, G. gesund, OHG. gisunt, Dan. & Sw. sund, and perhaps to L. sanus. Cf. Sane.] 1. Whole; unbroken; unharmed; free from flaw, defect, or decay; perfect of the kind; as sound timber; sound fruit; a sound tooth; a sound ship. 2. Healthy; not diseased; not being in a morbid state; — said of body or mind; as a sound body; a sound constitution; a sound understanding. 3. Firm; strong; safe. “The brasswork here, how rich it is in beams,
And how, besides, it makes the whole house sound.” Chapman. 4. Free from error; correct; right; honest; true; faithful; orthodox; — said of persons; as a sound lawyer; a sound thinker. “Do not I know you a favorer
Of this new seat? Ye are nor sound.” Shak. 5. Founded in truth or right; supported by justice; not to be overthrown on refuted; not fallacious; as sound argument or reasoning; a sound objection; sound doctrine; sound principles. “Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me.” 2 Tim. i. 13. 6. heavy; laid on with force; as a sound beating. 7. Undisturbed; deep; profound; as sound sleep. 8. Founded in law; legal; valid; not defective; as a sound title to land. Sound is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as sound-headed, sound-hearted, sound-timbered, etc. Sound currency (Com.), a currency whose actual value is the same as its nominal value; a currency which does not deteriorate or depreciate or fluctuate in comparision with the standard of values.

Sound, adv. Soundly. “So sound he slept that naught might him awake.” Spenser.

Sound, n. [AS. sund a narrow sea or strait; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan. & G. sund, probably so named because it could be swum across. See Swim.] (Geog.) A narrow passage of water, or a strait between the mainland and an island; also a strait connecting two seas or connecting a sea or lake with the ocean; as the Sound between the Baltic and the german Ocean; Long Island Sound. “The Sound of Denmark, where ships pay toll.” Camden. Sound dues, tolls formerly imposed by Denmark on vessels passing through the Baltic Sound.

Sound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sounding.] [F. sonder; cf. AS. sundgyrd a sounding rod, sundline a sounding line (see Sound a narrow passage of water).] 1. To measure the depth of; to fathom; especially, to ascertain the depth of by means of a line and plummet. 2. Fig.: To ascertain, or try to ascertain, the thoughts, motives, and purposes of (a person); to examine; to try; to test; to probe. “I was in jest,
And by that offer meant to sound your breast.” Dryden. “I’ve sounded my Numidians man by man.” Addison. 3. (Med.) To explore, as the bladder or urethra, with a sound; to examine with a sound; also to examine by auscultation or percussion; as to sound a patient.

Sound , v. i. To ascertain the depth of water with a sounding line or other device. “I sound as a shipman soundeth in the sea with his plummet to know the depth of sea.” Palsgrave.

Sound, n. [F. sonde. See Sound to fathom.] (Med.) Any elongated instrument or probe, usually metallic, by which cavities of the body are sounded or explored, especially the bladder for stone, or the urethra for a stricture.

Sound, n. [OE. soun, OF. son, sun, F. son, fr. L. sonus akin to Skr. svana sound, svan to sound, and perh. to E. swan. Cf. Assonant, Consonant, Person, Sonata, Sonnet, Sonorous, Swan.] 1. The peceived object occasioned by the impulse or vibration of a material substance affecting the ear; a sensation or perception of the mind received through the ear, and produced by the impulse or vibration of the air or other medium with which the ear is in contact; the effect of an impression made on the organs of hearing by an impulse or vibration of the air caused by a collision of bodies, or by other means; noise; report; as the sound of a drum; the sound of the human voice; a horrid sound; a charming sound; a sharp, high, or shrill sound. “The warlike sound
Of trumpets loud and clarions.” Milton. 2. The occasion of sound; the impulse or vibration which would occasion sound to a percipient if present with unimpaired; hence, the theory of vibrations in elastic media such cause sound; as a treatise on sound. In this sense, sounds are spoken of as audible and inaudible. 3. Noise without signification; empty noise; noise and nothing else. “Sense and not sound … must be the principle.” Locke. Sound boarding, boards for holding pugging, placed in partitions of under floors in order to deaden sounds. - - Sound bow, in a series of transverse sections of a bell, that segment against which the clapper strikes, being the part which is most efficacious in producing the sound. See Illust. of Bell. — Sound post. (Mus.) See Sounding post, under Sounding.

Sound, v. i. [OE. sounen, sownen, OF. soner, suner, F. sonner, from L. sonare. See Sound a noise.] 1. To make a noise; to utter a voice; to make an impulse of the air that shall strike the organs of hearing with a perceptible effect. ´And first taught speaking trumpets how to sound.´ Dryden. “How silver-sweet sound lovers’ tongues!” Shak. 2. To be conveyed in sound; to be spread or published; to convey intelligence by sound. “From you sounded out the word of the Lord.” 1 Thess. i. 8. 3. To make or convey a certain impression, or to have a certain import, when heard; hence, to seem; to appear; as this reproof sounds harsh; the story sounds like an invention. “Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear
Things that do sound so fair?” Shak. To sound in or into, to tend to; to partake of the nature of; to be consonant with. [Obs., except in the phrase To sound in damages, below.] “Soun[d]ing in moral virtue was his speech.” Chaucer. — To sound in damages (Law), to have the essential quality of damages. This is said of an action brought, not for the recovery of a specific thing, as replevin, etc., but for damages only, as trespass, and the like.

Sound, v. t. 1. To causse to make a noise; to play on; as to sound a trumpet or a horn. “A bagpipe well could he play and soun[d].” Chaucer. 2. To cause to exit as a sound; as to sound a note with the voice, or on an instrument. 3. To order, direct, indicate, or proclain by a sound, or sounds; to give a signal for by a certain sound; as to sound a retreat; to sound a parley. “The clock sounded the hour of noon.” G. H. Lewes. 4. To celebrate or honor by sounds; to cause to be reported; to publish or proclaim; as to sound the praises of fame of a great man or a great exploit. 5. To examine the condition of (anything) by causing the same to emit sounds and noting their character; as to sound a piece of timber; to sound a vase; to sound the lungs of a patient. 6. To signify; to import; to denote. [Obs.] Milton. “Soun[d]ing alway the increase of his winning.” Chaucer.

Sound´a•ble , a. Capable of being sounded.

Sound´age ( 48), n. Dues for soundings.

Sound´-board , n. A sounding- board. “To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes.” Milton.

Sound´er , n. One who, or that which; sounds; specifically, an instrument used in telegraphy in place of a register, the communications being read by sound.

Sound´er, n. (Zoöl.) A herd of wild hogs.

Sound´ing, a. Making or emitting sound; hence, sonorous; as sounding words. Dryden.

Sound´ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sounds (in any of the senses of the several verbs). 2. (Naut.) [From Sound to fathom.] (a) measurement by sounding; also the depth so ascertained. (b) Any place or part of the ocean, or other water, where a sounding line will reach the bottom; — usually in the plural. (c) The sand, shells, or the like, that are brought up by the sounding lead when it has touched bottom. Sounding lead, the plummet at the end of a sounding line. — Sounding line, a line having a plummet at the end, used in making soundings. — Sounding post (Mus.), a small post in a violin, violoncello, or similar instrument, set under the bridge as a support, for propagating the sounds to the body of the instrument; — called also sound post. — Sounding rod (Naut.), a rod used to ascertain the depth of water in a ship’s hold. — In soundings, within the eighty-fathom line. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sound´ing-board , n. 1. (Mus.) A thin board which propagates the sound in a piano, in a violin, and in some other musical instruments. 2. A board or structure placed behind or over a pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness to a speaker’s voice. 3. pl. See Sound boarding, under Sound, a noise.

Sound´less , a. Not capable of being sounded or fathomed; unfathomable. Shak.

Sound´less, a. Having no sound; noiseless; silent. — Sound´less•ly, adv. — Sound´less•ness, n.

Sound´ly, adv. In a sound manner.

Sound´ness, n. The quality or state of being sound; as the soundness of timber, of fruit, of the teeth, etc.; the soundness of reasoning or argument; soundness of faith. Syn. — Firmness; strength; solidity; healthiness; truth; rectitude.

Soune , v. t. & i. To sound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sounst , a. Soused. See Souse. [Obs.]

Soup , n. [F. soupe, OF. sope, supe, soupe, perhaps originally, a piece of bread; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. D. sop sop, G. suppe soup. See Sop something dipped in a liquid, and cf. Supper.] A liquid food of many kinds, usually made by boiling meat and vegetables, or either of them, in water, — commonly seasoned or flavored; strong broth. Soup kitchen, an establishment for preparing and supplying soup to the poor. — Soup ticket, a ticket conferring the privilege of receiving soup at a soup kitchen.

Soup, v. t. To sup or swallow. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Soup, v. t. To breathe out. [Obs.] amden.

Soup, v. t. To sweep. See Sweep, and Swoop. [Obs.]

Soupe•-mai´gre , n. [F.] (Cookery) Soup made chiefly from vegetables or fish with a little butter and a few condiments.

Sou´ple , n. That part of a flail which strikes the grain. Knight.

Soup´y , a. Resembling soup; souplike.

Sour , a. [Compar. Sourer superl. Sourest.] [OE. sour, sur, AS. sr; akin to D. zuur, G. sauer, OHG. sr, Icel. srr, Sw. sur, Dan. suur, Lith. suras salt, Russ. surovui harsh, rough. Cf. Sorrel, the plant.] 1. Having an acid or sharp, biting taste, like vinegar, and the juices of most unripe fruits; acid; tart. “All sour things, as vinegar, provoke appetite.” Bacon. 2. Changed, as by keeping, so as to be acid, rancid, or musty, turned. 3. Disagreeable; unpleasant; hence; cross; crabbed; peevish; morose; as a man of a sour temper; a sour reply. ´A sour countenance.´ Swift. “He was a scholar …
Lofty and sour to them that loved him not,
But to those men that sought him sweet as summer.” Shak. 4. Afflictive; painful. ´Sour adversity.´ Shak. 5. Cold and unproductive; as sour land; a sour marsh. Sour dock (Bot.), sorrel. — Sour gourd (Bot.), the gourdlike fruit Adansonia Gregorii, and A. digitata; also either of the trees bearing this fruit. See Adansonia. — Sour grapes. See under Grape. — Sour gum (Bot.) See Turelo. — Sour plum (Bot.), the edible acid fruit of an Australian tree (Owenia venosa); also the tree itself, which furnished a hard reddish wood used by wheelwrights. Syn. — Acid; sharp; tart; acetous; acetose; harsh; acrimonious; crabbed; currish; peevish.

Sour, n. A sour or acid substance; whatever produces a painful effect. Spenser.

Sour, v. t. [AS. srian to sour, to become sour.] 1. To cause to become sour; to cause to turn from sweet to sour; as exposure to the air sours many substances. “So the sun’s heat, with different powers,
Ripens the grape, the liquor sours.” Swift. 2. To make cold and unproductive, as soil. Mortimer. 3. To make unhappy, uneasy, or less agreeable. “To sour your happiness I must report,
The queen is dead.” Shak. 4. To cause or permit to become harsh or unkindly. ´Souring his cheeks.´ Shak. “Pride had not sour’d nor wrath debased my heart.” Harte. 5. To macerate, and render fit for plaster or mortar; as to sour lime for business purposes.

Sour, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soured p. pr. & vb. n. Souring.] To become sour; to turn from sweet to sour; as milk soon sours in hot weather; a kind temper sometimes sours in adversity. “They keep out melancholy from the virtuous, and hinder the hatred of vice from souring into severity.” Addison.

Source , n. [OE. sours, OF. sourse, surse, sorse, F. source, fr. OF. sors, p. p. of OF. sordre, surdre, sourdre, to spring forth or up, F. sourdre, fr. L. surgere to lift or raise up, to spring up. See Surge, and cf. Souse to plunge or swoop as a bird upon its prey.] 1. The act of rising; a rise; an ascent. [Obs.] “Therefore right as an hawk upon a sours
Up springeth into the air, right so prayers …
Maken their sours to Goddes ears two.” Chaucer. 2. The rising from the ground, or beginning, of a stream of water or the like; a spring; a fountain. “Where as the Poo out of a welle small
Taketh his firste springing and his sours.” Chaucer. “Kings that rule
Behind the hidden sources of the Nile.” Addison. 3. That from which anything comes forth, regarded as its cause or origin; the person from whom anything originates; first cause. “This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself.” Locke. “The source of Newton’s light, of Bacon’s sense.” Pope. Syn. — See Origin.

Sour´crout , n. See Sauerkraut.

Sourde , v. i. [F. sourdre. See Source.] To have origin or source; to rise; to spring. [Obs.] “Now might men ask whereof that pride sourdeth.” Chaucer.

Sour´ing , n. (Bot.) Any sour apple.

Sour´ish, a. Somewhat sour; moderately acid; as sourish fruit; a sourish taste.

Sour´krout , n. Same as Sauerkraut.

Sour´ly, adv. In a sour manner; with sourness.

Sour´ness, n. The quality or state of being sour.

Sours , n. Source. See Source. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sour´sop , n. (Bot.) The large succulent and slightly acid fruit of a small tree (Anona muricata) of the West Indies; also the tree itself. It is closely allied to the custard apple.

Sour´wood , n. (Bot.) The sorrel tree. { Sous , Souse } (F. soo; colloq. Eng. sous), n. A corrupt form of Sou. [Obs.] Colman, the Elder.

Souse , n. [OF. sausse. See Sauce.] [Written also souce, sowce, and sowse.] 1. Pickle made with salt. 2. Something kept or steeped in pickle; esp., the pickled ears, feet, etc., of swine. “And he that can rear up a pig in his house,
Hath cheaper his bacon, and sweeter his souse.” Tusser. 3. The ear; especially, a hog’s ear. [Prov. Eng.] 4. The act of sousing; a plunging into water.

Souse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soused p. pr. & vb. n. Sousing.] [Cf. F. saucer to wet with sauce. See Souse pickle.] 1. To steep in pickle; to pickle. ´A soused gurnet.´ Shak. 2. To plunge or immerse in water or any liquid. “They soused me over head and ears in water.” Addison. 3. To drench, as by an immersion; to wet throughly. “Although I be well soused in this shower.” Gascoigne.

Souse, v. i. [Probably fr. OF. sors, p. p. of sordre to rise, and first used of an upward swood, then of a swoop in general, but also confused with Souse, v. t. See Source.] To swoop or plunge, as a bird upon its prey; to fall suddenly; to rush with speed; to make a sudden attack. “For then I viewed his plunge and souse
Into the foamy main.” Marston. “Jove’s bird will souse upon the timorous hare.” J. Dryden. Jr.

Souse, v. t. To pounce upon. [R.] “[The gallant monarch] like eagle o’er his serie towers,
To souse annoyance that comes near his nest.” Shak.

Souse, n. The act of sousing, or swooping. “As a falcon fair
That once hath failed or her souse full near.” Spenser.

Souse, adv. With a sudden swoop; violently. Young.

Sous´lik , n. [F.] (Zoöl.) See Suslik.

Sout , n. Soot. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sou•tache´ , n. [F.] A kind of narrow braid, usually of silk; — also known as Russian braid.

Sout´age (? or 48), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] That in which anything is packed; bagging, as for hops. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Sou•tane´ , n. [F., fr. Sp. sotana, or It. sottana, LL. subtana, fr. L. subtus below, beneath, fr. sub under.] (Eccl. Costume) A close garnment with straight sleeves, and skirts reaching to the ankles, and buttoned in front from top to bottom; especially, the black garment of this shape worn by the clergy in France and Italy as their daily dress; a cassock.

Sou´ter , n. [AS. stre, fr. It. sutor, fr. suere to sew.] A shoemaker; a cobbler. [Obs.] Chaucer. “There is no work better than another to please God: … to wash dishes, to be a souter, or an apostle, — all is one.” Tyndale.

Sou´ter•ly, a. Of or pertaining to a cobbler or cobblers; like a cobbler; hence, vulgar; low. [Obs.]

Sou´ter•rain , n. [F. See Subterranean.] A grotto or cavern under ground. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

South ( by sailors sou), n. [OE. south, suþ, AS. suð for sunð; akin to D. zuid, OHG. sund, G. süd, süden, Icel. suðr, sunnr, Dan. syd, sönden, Sw. syd, söder, sunnan; all probably akin to E. sun, meaning, the side towards the sun. rad.297. See Sun.] 1. That one of the four cardinal points directly opposite to the north; the region or direction to the right or direction to the right of a person who faces the east. 2. A country, region, or place situated farther to the south than another; the southern section of a country. ´The queen of the south.´ Matt. xii. 42. 3. Specifically: That part of the United States which is south of Mason and Dixon’s line. See under Line. 4. The wind from the south. [Obs.] Shak.

South, a. Lying toward the south; situated at the south, or in a southern direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the south, or coming from the south; blowing from the south; southern; as the south pole. ´At the south entry.´ Shak. South-Sea tea (Bot.) See Yaupon.

South, adv. 1. Toward the south; southward. 2. From the south; as the wind blows south. Bacon.

South , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Southed p. pr. & vb. n. Southing.] 1. To turn or move toward the south; to veer toward the south. 2. (Astron.) To come to the meridian; to cross the north and south line; — said chiefly of the moon; as the moon souths at nine.

South•cot´ti•an , n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Joanna Southcott (1750-1814), an Englishwoman who, professing to have received a miraculous calling, preached and prophesied, and committed many impious absurdities.

South´down , a. Of or pertaining to the South Downs, a range of pasture hills south of the Thames, in England. Southdown sheep (Zoöl.), a celebrated breed of shortwooled, hornless sheep, highly valued on account of the delicacy of their flesh. So called from the South Downs where the breed originated.

South´down, n. A Southdown sheep.

South•east´ ( by sailors sou´-), n. The point of the compass equally distant from the south and the east; the southeast part or region.

South•east ( by sailors sou´-), a. Of or pertaining to the southeast; proceeding toward, or coming from, the southeast; as a southeast course; a southeast wind.

South•east´er , n. A storm, strong wind, or gale coming from the southeast.

South•east´er, adv. Toward the southeast.

South•east´ern , a. Of or pertaining to the southeast; southeasterly. { South•east´ward , South•east´ward•ly }, adv. Toward the southeast.

South´er , n. A strong wind, gale, or storm from the south.

South´er•li•ness , n. The quality or state of being southerly; direction toward the south.

South´er•ly ( 277), a. Southern.

South´ern ( 277), a. [AS. sern. See South.] Of or pertaining to the south; situated in, or proceeding from, the south; situated or proceeding toward the south. Southern Cross (Astron.), a constellation of the southern hemisphere containing several bright stars so related in position as to resemble a cross. — Southern Fish (Astron.), a constelation of the southern hemisphere (Piscis Australis) containing the bright star Fomalhaut. — Southern States (U.S. Hist. & Geog.), the States of the American Union lying south of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, with Arkansas Louisiana, and Texas. Before the Civil War, Missouri also being a slave State, was classed as one of the Southern States.

South´ern, n. A Southerner. [R.]

South´ern•er , n. An inhabitant or native of the south, esp. of the Southern States of North America; opposed to Northerner.

South´ern•li•ness , n. Southerliness.

South´ern•ly , a. Somewhat southern. — adv. In a southerly manner or course; southward.

South´ern•most , a. Farthest south.

South´ern•wood , n. (Bot.) A shrubby species of wormwood (Artemisia Abrotanum) having aromatic foliage. It is sometimes used in making beer.

South´ing ( 277), n. 1. Tendency or progress southward; as the southing of the sun. Emerson. 2. The time at which the moon, or other heavenly body, passes the meridian of a place. 3. (Astron.) Distance of any heavenly body south of the equator; south declination; south latitude. 4. (Surv. & Navigation) Distance southward from any point departure or of reckoning, measured on a meridian; — opposed to northing.

South´ly , adv. Southerly. [Obs. & R.]

South´most , a. Farthest toward the south; southernmost. [R.] Milton.

South´ness, n. A tendency in the end of a magnetic needle to point toward the south pole. Faraday.

South´ren , a. Southern. [Obs.] ´I am a Southren man.´ Chaucer.

South´ron , n. An inhabitant of the more southern part of a country; formerly, a name given in Scotland to any Englishman.

South´say , v. i. See Soothsay. [Obs.]

South´say•er , n. See Soothsayer. [Obs.]

South• south´er•ly (Zoöl.) the old squaw; — so called in imitation of its cry. Called also southerly, and southerland. See under Old. { South´ward ( colloq. ), South´wards ( colloq. ) }, adv. Toward the south, or toward a point nearer the south than the east or west point; as to go southward.

South´ward, a. Toward the south.

South´ward, n. The southern regions or countries; the south. Sir W. Raleigh.

South´ward•ly, adv. In a southern direction.

South•west ( colloq. sou´-.), n. The point of the compass equally from the south and the west; the southwest part or region.

South•west´, a. Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the southwest; proceeding toward the southwest; coming from the southwest; as a southwest wind.

South•west´er ( colloq. ), n. 1. A storm, gale, or strong wind from the southwest. 2. A hat made of painted canvas oiled cloth, or the like, with a flap at the back, — worn in stormy weather.

South•west´er•ly, a. To ward or from the southwest; as a southwesterly course; a southwesterly wind.

South•west´ern , a. Of or pertaining to the southwest; southwesterly; as to sail a southwestern course. { South•west´ward , South•west´ward•ly }, adv. Toward the southwest. { Sou´ve•nance , So´ve•naunce } n. [F. souvenance.] Remembrance. [Obs.] “Of his way he had no sovenance.” Spenser.

Sou•ve•nir , n. [F., fr. souvenir to remember, fr. L. subvenire to come up, come to mind; sub under + venire to come, akin to E. come. See Come, and cf. Subvention.] That which serves as a reminder; a remembrancer; a memento; a keepsake.

Sov´er•eign (? or 277), a. [OE. soverain, sovereyn, OF. soverain, suvrain, F. souverain, LL. superanus, fr. L. superus that is above, upper, higher, fr. super above. See Over, Super, and cf. Soprano. The modern spelling is due to a supposed connection with reign.] 1. Supreme or highest in power; superior to all others; chief; as our sovereign prince. 2. Independent of, and unlimited by, any other; possessing, or entitled to, original authority or jurisdiction; as a sovereign state; a sovereign discretion. 3. Princely; royal. ´Most sovereign name.´ Shak. “At Babylon was his sovereign see.” Chaucer. 4. Predominant; greatest; utmost; paramount. “We acknowledge him [God] our sovereign good.” Hooker. 5. Efficacious in the highest degree; effectual; controlling; as a sovereign remedy. Dryden. “Such a sovereign influence has this passion upon the regulation of the lives and actions of men.” South. Sovereign state, a state which administers its own government, and is not dependent upon, or subject to, another power.

Sov´er•eign (? or 277), n. 1. The person, body, or state in which independent and supreme authority is vested; especially, in a monarchy, a king, queen, or emperor. “No question is to be made but that the bed of the Mississippi belongs to the sovereign, that is, to the nation.” Jefferson. 2. A gold coin of Great Britain, on which an effigy of the head of the reigning king or queen is stamped, valued at one pound sterling, or about $4.86. 3. (Zoöl.) Any butterfly of the tribe Nymphalidi, or genus Basilarchia, as the ursula and the viceroy. Syn. — King; prince; monarch; potentate; emperor.

Sov´er•eign•ize , v. i. To exercise supreme authority. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Sov´er•eign•ly, adv. In a sovereign manner; in the highest degree; supremely. Chaucer.

Sov´er•eign•ty , n.; pl. Sovereignties (#). [OE. soverainetee, OF. sovrainete, F. souverainete.] The quality or state of being sovereign, or of being a sovereign; the exercise of, or right to exercise, supreme power; dominion; sway; supremacy; independence; also that which is sovereign; a sovereign state; as Italy was formerly divided into many sovereignties. “Woman desiren to have sovereignty
As well over their husband as over their love.” Chaucer.

Sov´ran , a. A variant of Sovereign. [Poetic] “On thy bald, awful head, O sovran Blanc.” Coleridge.

Sow , v. i. To sew. See Sew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sow , n. [OE. sowe, suwe, AS. sugu, akin to su, D. zog, zeug, OHG. su, G. sau, Icel. syr, Dan. so, Sw. sugga, so, L. sus. Gr. ´y^s, sy^s, Zend. hu boar; probably from the root seen in Skr. su to beget, to bear; the animal being named in allusion to its fecundity. rad.294. Cf. Hyena, Soil to stain, Son, Swine.] 1. (Zoöl.) The female of swine, or of the hog kind. 2. (Zoöl.) A sow bug. 3. (Metal.) (a) A channel or runner which receives the rows of molds in the pig bed. (b) The bar of metal which remains in such a runner. (c) A mass of solidified metal in a furnace hearth; a salamander. 4. (Mil.) A kind of covered shed, formerly used by besiegers in filling up and passing the ditch of a besieged place, sapping and mining the wall, or the like. Craig. Sow bread. (Bot.) See Cyclamen. — Sow bug, or Sowbug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of terrestrial Isopoda belonging to Oniscus, Porcellio, and allied genera of the family Oniscidae. They feed chiefly on decaying vegetable substances. — Sow thistle [AS. sugepistel] (Bot.), a composite plant (Sonchus oleraceus) said to be eaten by swine and some other animals.

Sow , v. t. [imp. Sowed p. p. Sown or Sowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sowing.] [OE. sowen, sawen, AS. sawan; akin to OFries. sa, D. zaaijen, OS. & HG. sajan, G. säen, Icel. sa, Sw. så, Dan. saae, Goth. saian, Lith. seti, Russ. sieiate, L. serere, sevi. Cf. Saturday, Season, Seed, Seminary.] 1. To scatter, as seed, upon the earth; to plant by strewing; as to sow wheat. Also used figuratively: To spread abroad; to propagate. ´He would sow some difficulty.´ Chaucer. “A sower went forth to sow; and when he sowed, some seeds fell by the wayside.” Matt. xiii. 3, 4. “And sow dissension in the hearts of brothers.” Addison. 2. To scatter seed upon, in, or over; to supply or stock, as land, with seeds. Also used figuratively: To scatter over; to besprinkle. “The intellectual faculty is a goodly field, … and it is the worst husbandry in the world to sow it with trifles.” Sir M. Hale. “[He] sowed with stars the heaven.” Milton. “Now morn … sowed the earth with orient pearl.” Milton.

Sow, v. i. To scatter seed for growth and the production of a crop; — literally or figuratively. “They that sow in tears shall reap in joi.” Ps. cxxvi. 5.

Sow´ans , n. pl. See Sowens.

Sow´ar , n. [Per. sawar a horseman.] In India, a mounted soldier.

Sow´bane , n. (Bot.) The red goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum), — said to be fatal to swine.

Sowce , n. & v. See Souse. [Obs.]

Sow´dan , n. [F. soudan. See Soldan.] Sultan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sow´dan•esse , n. A sultaness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sow´ens , n. pl. [Scottish; cf. AS. seáw juice, glue, paste.] A nutritious article of food, much used in Scotland, made from the husk of the oat by a process not unlike that by which common starch is made; — called flummery in England. [Written also sowans, and sowins.]

Sow´er , n. One who, or that which, sows.

Sow´ins , n. pl. See Sowens. { Sowl , Sowle } , v. t. [Cf. prov. G. zaulen, zauseln, G. zausen to tug, drag.] To pull by the ears; to drag about. [Obs.] hak.

Sowl, v. i. See Soul, v. i. [Obs.]

Sown , p. p. of Sow.

Sowne , v. t. & i. To sound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sowse , n. & v. See Souse. [Obs.] ryden.

Sow´ter , n. See Souter. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Soy , n. [Chinese shoyu.] 1. A Chinese and Japanese liquid sauce for fish, etc., made by subjecting boiled beans (esp. soja beans), or beans and meal, to long fermentation and then long digestion in salt and water. 2. (Bot.) The soja, a kind of bean. See Soja.

Soyle , v. t. [Aphetic form of assoil.] To solve, to clear up; as to soyl all other texts. [Obs.] Tyndate.

Soyle, n. [Cf. Soil to feed.] Prey. [Obs.] Spenser.

Soyn´ed , a. [F. soigner to care.] Filled with care; anxious. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Soz´zle , v. t. [Freq. from soss, v.] 1. To splash or wet carelessly; as to sozzle the feet in water. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. 2. To heap up in confusion. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Soz´zle, n. 1. One who spills water or other liquids carelessly; specifically, a sluttish woman. [Local, U.S.] 2. A mass, or heap, confusedly mingled. [Prov. Eng.]

Spa ( 277), n. A spring or mineral water; — so called from a place of this name in Belgium.

Spaad , n. [Cf. G. spath spar. See Spar the mineral.] (Min.) A kind of spar; earth flax, or amianthus. [Obs.] oodward.

Space (spas), n. [OE. space, F. espace, from L. spatium space; cf. Gr. spa^n to draw, to tear; perh. akin to E. span. Cf. Expatiate.] 1. Extension, considered independently of anything which it may contain; that which makes extended objects conceivable and possible. “Pure space is capable neither of resistance nor motion.” Locke. 2. Place, having more or less extension; room. “They gave him chase, and hunted him as hare;
Long had he no space to dwell [in].” R. of Brunne. “While I have time and space.” Chaucer. 3. A quantity or portion of extension; distance from one thing to another; an interval between any two or more objects; as the space between two stars or two hills; the sound was heard for the space of a mile. “Put a space betwixt drove and drove.” Gen. xxxii. 16. 4. Quantity of time; an interval between two points of time; duration; time. ´Grace God gave him here, this land to keep long space.´ R. of brunne. “Nine times the space that measures day and night.” Milton. “God may defer his judgments for a time, and give a people a longer space of repentance.” Tillotson. 5. A short time; a while. [R.] ´To stay your deadly strife a space.´ Spenser. 6. Walk; track; path; course. [Obs.] “This ilke [same] monk let old things pace,
And held after the new world the space.” Chaucer. 7. (print.) (a) A small piece of metal cast lower than a face type, so as not to receive the ink in printing, — used to separate words or letters. (b) The distance or interval between words or letters in the lines, or between lines, as in books. Spaces are of different thicknesses to enable the compositor to arrange the words at equal distances from each other in the same line. 8. (Mus.) One of the intervals, or open places, between the lines of the staff. Absolute space, Euclidian space, etc. See under Absolute, Euclidian, etc. — Space line (Print.), a thin piece of metal used by printers to open the lines of type to a regular distance from each other, and for other purposes; a lead. Hansard. — Space rule (Print.), a fine, thin, short metal rule of the same height as the type, used in printing short lines in tabular matter.

Space, v. i. [Cf. OF. espacier, L. spatiari. See Space, n.] To walk; to rove; to roam. [Obs.] “And loved in forests wild to space.” Spenser.

Space, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaced p. pr. & vb. n. Spacong ] [Cf. F. espacer. See Space, n.] (Print.) To arrange or adjust the spaces in or between; as to space words, lines, or letters.

Space´ful , a. Wide; extensive. Sandys.

Space´less, a. Without space. Coleridge.

Spa´cial , a. See Spatial.

Spa´cial•ly, adv. See Spatially. Sir W. Hamilton.

Spa´cious , a. [L. spatiousus: cf. F. spacieux. See Space, n.] 1. Extending far and wide; vast in extent. ´A spacious plain outstretched in circuit wide.´ Milton. 2. Inclosing an extended space; having large or ample room; not contracted or narrow; capacious; roomy; as spacious bounds; a spacious church; a spacious hall. — Spa´cious•ly, adv. — Spa´cious•ness, n.

Spa•das•sin´ , n. [F., fr. It. spadaccino a swordsman, from spada a sword.] A bravo; a bully; a duelist. Ld. Lytton.

Spad´dle , n. A little spade. [Obs.]

Spade , n. [Cf. Spay, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hart or stag three years old. [Written also spaid, spayade.] 2. [Cf. L. spado.] A castrated man or beast.

Spade, n. [AS. spaed; spada; akin to D. spade, G. spaten, Icel. spaði, Dan. & Sw. spade, L. spatha a spatula, a broad two-edged sword, a spathe, Gr. spa•qh. Cf. Epaulet, Spade at cards, Spathe, Spatula.] 1. An implement for digging or cutting the ground, consisting usually of an oblong and nearly rectangular blade of iron, with a handle like that of a shovel. ´With spade and pickax armed.´ Milton. 2. [Sp. espada, literally, a sword; — so caused because these cards among the Spanish bear the figure of a sword. Sp. espada is fr. L. spatha, Gr. spa•qh. See the Etymology above.] One of that suit of cards each of which bears one or more figures resembling a spade. “´Let spades be trumps!´ she said.” Pope. 3. A cutting instrument used in flensing a whale. Spade bayonet, a bayonet with a broad blade which may be used digging; — called also trowel bayonet. — Spade handle (Mach.), the forked end of a connecting rod in which a pin is held at both ends. See Illust. of Knuckle joint, under Knuckle.

Spade , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Spading.] To dig with a spade; to pare off the sward of, as land, with a spade.

Spade´bone , n. Shoulder blade. [Prov. Eng.]

Spade´fish , n. (Zoöl.) An American market fish (Chaetodipterus faber) common on the southern coasts; — called also angel fish, moonfish, and porgy.

Spade´foot , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of burrowing toads of the genus Scaphiopus, esp. S. Holbrookii, of the Eastern United States; — called also spade toad.

Spade´ful , n.; pl. Spadefuls (#). [Spade + full.] As much as a spade will hold or lift.

Spad´er , n. One who, or that which, spades; specifically, a digging machine.

Spa•di´ceous , a. [L. spadix, -icis, a date-brown or nut-brown color. See Spadix.] 1. Of a bright clear brown or chestnut color. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Bearing flowers on a spadix; of the nature of a spadix.

Spa´di•cose , a. (Bot.) Spadiceous.

Spa•dille´ , n. [F., fr. Sp. espadilla, dim. of espada. See Spade a card.] (Card Playing) The ace of spades in omber and quadrille.

Spa´dix , n.; pl. L. Spadices (#), E. Spadixes (#). [L., a palm branch broken off, with its fruit, Gr. .] 1. (Bot.) A fleshy spike of flowers, usually inclosed in a leaf called a spathe. 2. (Zoöl.) A special organ of the nautilus, due to a modification of the posterior tentacles.

Spa´do , n.; pl. Spadones (#). [L., fr. Gr. .] 1. Same as Spade, 2. 2. (Law) An impotent person.

Spa•droon´ , n. [Cf. F. & Sp. espadon, It. spadone. See Espadon, Spade.] A sword, especially a broadsword, formerly used both to cut and thrust.

Spae , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spaed p. pr. & vb. n. Spaeing.] [Scot. spae, spay, to foretell, to divine, Icel. spa.] To foretell; to divine. [Scot.]

Spae´man , n. A prophet; a diviner. [Scot.]

Spae´wife , n. A female fortune teller. [Scot.]

Spa•ghet´ti , n. [It.] A variety or macaroni made in tubes of small diameter. { Spa•gyr´ic , Spa•gyr´ic•al }, a. [LL. sparygicus, fr. Gr. to draw, to separate + to assemble; cf. F. spagirique.] Chemical; alchemical. [Obs.]

Spa•gyr´ic, n. A spagyrist. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Spag´y•rist , n. [Cf. F. spagiriste.] 1. A chemist, esp. one devoted to alchemistic pursuits. [Obs.] 2. One of a sect which arose in the days of alchemy, who sought to discover remedies for disease by chemical means. The spagyrists historically preceded the iatrochemists. Encyc. Brit. { Spa´hi , Spa´hee }, n. [Per., Turk., & Hind. sipahi: cf. F. spahi. See Seroy.] 1. Formerly, one of the Turkish cavalry. 2. An Algerian cavalryman in the French army.

Spaid , n. See 1st Spade.

Spake , archaic imp. of Speak.

Spake´net , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A net for catching crabs. Halliwell.

Spak´y , a. Specky. [Obs.] hapman.

Spald´ing knife A spalting knife.

Spale , n. [Cf. Spell a splinter.] 1. A lath; a shaving or chip, as of wood or stone. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. (Shipbuilding) A strengthening cross timber.

Spall , n. [OF. espaule; cf. It. spalla. See Epaule.] The shoulder. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spall, n. [Prov. E. spall, spell. See Spale, Spell a splinter.] A chip or fragment, especially a chip of stone as struck off the block by the hammer, having at least one feather-edge.

Spall, v. t. 1. (Mining) To break into small pieces, as ore, for the purpose of separating from rock. Pryce. 2. (Masonry) To reduce, as irregular blocks of stone, to an approximately level surface by hammering.

Spall, v. i. To give off spalls, or wedge-shaped chips; — said of stone, as when badly set, with the weight thrown too much on the outer surface.

Spal´peen , n. [Ir. spailpin, fr. spailp a beau, pride, self-conceit.] A scamp; an Irish term for a good-for-nothing fellow; — often used in good-humored contempt or ridicule. [Colloq.]

Spalt , n. [Cf. G. spaltstein, from spalten to split. See 1st Spell.] (Metal.) Spelter. [Colloq.]

Spalt, a. [See 1st Spell.] 1. Liable to break or split; brittle; as spalt timber. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. Heedless; clumsy; pert; saucy. [Prov. Eng.]

Spalt, v. t. & i. [Cf. OE. spalden. See Spalt, a.] To split off; to cleave off, as chips from a piece of timber, with an ax. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Spalt´ing knife A knife used in splitting codfish. [Written also spalding knife.]

Span , archaic imp. & p. p. of Spin.

Span, n. [AS. spann; akin to D. span, OHG. spanna, G. spanne, Icel. spönn. rad.170. See Span, v. t. ] 1. The space from the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended; nine inches; eighth of a fathom. 2. Hence, a small space or a brief portion of time. “Yet not to earth’s contracted span
Thy goodness let me bound.” Pope. “Life’s but a span; I’ll every inch enjoy.” Farquhar. 3. The spread or extent of an arch between its abutments, or of a beam, girder, truss, roof, bridge, or the like, between its supports. 4. (Naut.) A rope having its ends made fast so that a purchase can be hooked to the bight; also a rope made fast in the center so that both ends can be used. 5. [Cf. D. span, Sw. spann, Dan. spaend, G. gespann. See Span, v. t. ] A pair of horses or other animals driven together; usually, such a pair of horses when similar in color, form, and action. Span blocks (Naut.), blocks at the topmast and topgallant-mast heads, for the studding-sail halyards. — Span counter, an old English child’s game, in which one throws a counter on the ground, and another tries to hit it with his counter, or to get his counter so near it that he can span the space between them, and touch both the counters. Halliwell. ´Henry V., in whose time boys went to span counter for French crowns.´ Shak. — Span iron (Naut.), a special kind of harpoon, usually secured just below the gunwale of a whaleboat. — Span roof, a common roof, having two slopes and one ridge, with eaves on both sides. Gwilt. — Span shackle (Naut.), a large bolt driven through the forecastle deck, with a triangular shackle in the head to receive the heel of the old-fashioned fish davit. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Span , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanned p. pr. & vb. n. Spanning.] [AS. pannan; akin to D. & G. spannen, OHG. spannan, Sw. spänna, Dan. spaende, Icel. spenna, and perh. to Gr. to draw, to drag, L. spatium space. rad.170. Cf. Spin, v. t., Space, Spasm.] 1. To measure by the span of the hand with the fingers extended, or with the fingers encompassing the object; as to span a space or distance; to span a cylinder. “My right hand hath spanned the heavens.” Isa. xiviii. 13. 2. To reach from one side of to the order; to stretch over as an arch. “The rivers were spanned by arches of solid masonry.” prescott. 3. To fetter, as a horse; to hobble.

Span, v. i. To be matched, as horses. [U. S.]

Spa•nae´mi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. scarce + blood.] (Med.) A condition of impoverishment of the blood; a morbid state in which the red corpuscles, or other important elements of the blood, are deficient.

Spa•nae´mic , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to spanaemia; having impoverished blood.

Span´cel , n. [Perhaps span + AS. sal a rope.] A rope used for tying or hobbling the legs of a horse or cow. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] Grose.

Span´cel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanceled or Spancelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Spanceling or Spancelling.] To tie or hobble with a spancel. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] Malone.

Span´dogs , n. pl. A pair of grappling dogs for hoisting logs and timber.

Span´drel , n. [From Span.] 1. (Arch.) The irregular triangular space between the curve of an arch and the inclosing right angle; or the space between the outer moldings of two contiguous arches and a horizontal line above them, or another arch above and inclosing them. 2. A narrow mat or passe partout for a picture. [Cant]

Spane , v. t. [Akin to G. spänen, LG. & D. spennen, AS. spanu a teat.] To wean. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Spang , v. t. To spangle. [Obs.]

Spang, v. i. To spring; to bound; to leap. [Scot.] “But when they spang o’er reason’s fence,
We smart for’t at our own expense.” Ramsay.

Spang, n. A bound or spring. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Spang, n. [AS. spange a clasp or fastening; akin to D. spang, G. spange, OHG. spanga, Icel. spöng a spangle.] A spangle or shining ornament. [Obs.] “With glittering spangs that did like stars appear.” Spenser.

Span´gle , n. [OE. spangel, dim. of AS. spange. See Spang a spangle.] 1. A small plate or boss of shining metal; something brilliant used as an ornament, especially when stitched on the dress. 2. Figuratively, any little thing that sparkless. ´The rich spangles that adorn the sky.´ Waller. Oak spangle. See under Oak.

Span´gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spangled p. pr. & vb. n. Spangling ] To set or sprinkle with, or as with, spangles; to adorn with small, distinct, brilliant bodies; as a spangled breastplate. Donne. “What stars do spangle heaven with such beauty?” Shak. Spangled coquette (Zoöl.), a tropical humming bird (Lophornis reginae). See Coquette, 2.

Span´gle, v. i. To show brilliant spots or points; to glisten; to glitter. “Some men by feigning words as dark as mine
Make truth to spangle, and its rays to shine.” Bunyan.

Span´gler , n. One who, or that which, spangles.

Span´gly , a. Resembling, or consisting of, spangles; glittering; as spangly light.

Span´iard , n. A native or inhabitant of Spain.

Span´iel , n. [OF. espagneul, F. epagneul, espagnol Spanish, Sp. españnol, fr. España Spain, from L. Hispania.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small dogs having long and thick hair and large drooping ears. The legs are usually strongly feathered, and the tail bushy. See Illust. under Clumber, and Cocker. There are several varieties of spaniels, some of which, known as field spaniels, are used in hunting; others are used for toy or pet dogs, as the Blenheim spaniel, and the King Charles spaniel (see under Blenheim). Of the field spaniels, the larger kinds are called springers, and to these belong the Sussex, Norfolk, and Clumber spaniels (see Clumber). The smaller field spaniels, used in hunting woodcock, are called cocker spaniels (see Cocker). Field spaniels are remarkable for their activity and intelligence. “As a spaniel she will on him leap.” Chaucer. 2. A cringing, fawning person. Shak.

Span´iel , a. Cringing; fawning. Shak.

Span´iel, v. i. To fawn; to cringe; to be obsequious. [R.] Churchill.

Span´iel, v. t. To follow like a spaniel. [R.]

Span´ish , a. Of or pertaining to Spain or the Spaniards. Spanish bayonet (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Yucca alorifolia) with rigid spine-tipped leaves. The name is also applied to other similar plants of the Southwestern United States and mexico. Called also Spanish daggers. — Spanish bean (Bot.) See the Note under Bean. — Spanish black, a black pigment obtained by charring cork. Ure. — Spanish broom (Bot.), a leguminous shrub (Spartium junceum) having many green flexible rushlike twigs. — Spanish brown, a species of earth used in painting, having a dark reddish brown color, due to the presence of sesquioxide of iron. — Spanish buckeye (Bot.), a small tree (Ungnadia speciosa) of Texas New Mexico, etc., related to the buckeye, but having pinnate leaves and a three-seeded fruit. — Spanish burton (Naut.), a purchase composed of two single blocks. A double Spanish burton has one double and two single blocks. Luce (Textbook of Seamanship). — Spanish chalk (Min.), a kind of steatite; — so called because obtained from Aragon in Spain. — Spanish cress (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (lepidium Cadamines), a species of peppergrass. — Spanish curiew (Zoöl.), the long-billed curlew. [U.S.] — Spanish daggers (Bot.) See Spanish bayonet. — Spanish elm (Bot.), a large West Indian tree (Cordia Gerascanthus) furnishing hard and useful timber. — Spanish feretto, a rich reddish brown pigment obtained by calcining copper and sulphur together in closed crucibles. — Spanish flag (Zoöl.), the California rockfish (Sebastichthys rubrivinctus). It is conspicuously colored with bands of red and white. — Spanish fly (Zoöl.), a brilliant green beetle, common in the south of Europe, used for raising blisters. See Blister beetle under Blister, and Cantharis. — Spanish fox (Naut.), a yarn twisted against its lay. — Spanish grass. (Bot.) See Esparto. — Spanish juice (Bot.), licorice. — Spanish leather. See Cordwain. — Spanish mackerel. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of mackerel (Scomber colias) found both in Europe and America. In America called chub mackerel, big-eyed mackerel, and bull mackerel. (b) In the United States, a handsome mackerel having bright yellow round spots (Scomberomorus maculatus), highly esteemed as a food fish. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to other species. See Illust. under Mackerel. — Spanish main, the name formerly given to the southern portion of the Caribbean Sea, together with the contiguous coast, embracing the route traversed by Spanish treasure ships from the New to the Old World. — Spanish moss. (Bot.) See Tillandsia. — Spanish needles (Bot.), a composite weed (Bidens bipinnata) having achenia armed with needlelike awns. — Spanish nut (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Iris Sisyrinchium) of the south of Europe. — Spanish potato (Bot.), the sweet potato. See under Potato. — Spanish red, an ocherous red pigment resembling Venetian red, but slightly yellower and warmer. Fairholt. — Spanish reef (Naut.), a knot tied in the head of a jib-headed sail. — Spanish sheep (Zoöl.), a merino. — Spanish white, an impalpable powder prepared from chalk by pulverizing and repeated washings, — used as a white pigment. — Spanish windlass (Naut.), a wooden roller, with a rope wound about it, into which a marline spike is thrust to serve as a lever.

Span´ish, n. The language of Spain.

Spank , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spanking.] [Of unknown origin; cf. LG. spakken, spenkern, to run and spring about quickly.] To strike, as the breech, with the open hand; to slap.

Spank, n. A blow with the open hand; a slap.

Spank, v. i. To move with a quick, lively step between a trot and gallop; to move quickly. Thackeray.

Spank´er , n. 1. One who spanks, or anything used as an instrument for spanking. 2. (Naut.) The after sail of a ship or bark, being a fore-and-aft sail attached to a boom and gaff; — sometimes called driver. See Illust. under Sail. Totten. 3. One who takes long, quick strides in walking; also a fast horse. [Colloq.] 4. Something very large, or larger than common; a whopper, as a stout or tall person. [Colloq.] Spanker boom (Naut.), a boom to which a spanker sail is attached. See Illust. of Ship.

Spank´er, n. A small coin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Spank´ing, a. 1. Moving with a quick, lively pace, or capable of so doing; dashing. “Four spanking grays ready harnessed.” G. Colman, the Younger. 2. Large; considerable. [Colloq.]

Spanking breeze (Naut.), a strong breeze.

Span´less , a. Incapable of being spanned.

Span´ner , n. 1. One who, or that which, spans. 2. The lock of a fusee or carbine; also the fusee or carbine itself. [Obs.] 3. An iron instrument having a jaw to fit a nut or the head of a bolt, and used as a lever to turn it with; a wrench; specifically, a wrench for unscrewing or tightening the couplings of hose. 4. pl. A contrivance in some of the ealier steam engines for moving the valves for the alternate admission and shutting off of the steam.

Span´-new , a. [Icel. spannr, properly, new as a ship just split; spann chip + nr new. See Spoon, and New.] Quite new; brand-new; fire-new. ´A span- new archbishop’s chair.´ Fuller.

Span´nish•ing , n. [From OF. espanir to spread, F. epanou. See Expand.] The full blooming of a flower. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Span´piece , n. (Arch.) The collar of a roof; sparpiece.

Span´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth, as the cankeworm; a geometer; a measuring worm.

Spar , n. [AS. spaer in spaerstan chalkstone; akin to MHG. spar, G. sparkalk plaster.] (Min.) An old name for a nonmetallic mineral, usually cleavable and somewhat lustrous; as calc spar, or calcite, fluor spar, etc. It was especially used in the case of the gangue minerals of a metalliferous vein. Blue spar, Cube spar, etc. See under Blue, Cube, etc.

Spar, n. [OE. sparre; akin to D. spar, G. sparren, OHG. sparro, Dan.& Sw. sparre, Icel. sparri; of uncertain origin. 171. Cf. Spar, v. t. ] 1. (Naut.) A general term any round piece of timber used as a mast, yard, boom, or gaff. 2. (Arch.) Formerly, a piece of timber, in a general sense; — still applied locally to rafters. 3. The bar of a gate or door. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spar buoy (Naut.), a buoy anchored by one end so that the other end rises above the surface of the water. — Spar deck (Naut.), the upper deck of a vessel; especially, in a frigate, the deck which is continued in a straight line from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, and on which spare spars are usually placed. See under Deck. — Spar torpedo (Naut.), a torpedo carried on the end of a spar usually projecting from the bow of a vessel, and intended to explode upon contact with an enemy’s ships.

Spar, v. t. [OE. sparren, AS. sparrian; akin to G. sperren, Icel. sperra; from the noun. rad.171. See Spara beam, bar.] 1. To bolt; to bar. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To To supply or equip with spars, as a vessel. A vessel equipped with spars that are too large or too small is said to be oversparred or undersparred.

Spar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sparred p. pr. & vb. n. Sparring.] [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. esparer to kick, F. eparer, or Icel. sperra to stretch out the legs, to struggle.] 1. To strike with the feet or spurs, as cocks do. 2. To use the fists and arms scientifically in attack or defense; to contend or combat with the fists, as for exercise or amusement; to box. “Made believe to spar at Paul with great science.” Dickens. 3. To contest in words; to wrangle. [Colloq.]

Spar, n. 1. A contest at sparring or boxing. 2. A movement of offense or defense in boxing.

Spar´a•ble , n. [Corrupted from sparrow bill.] A kind of small nail used by shoemakers.

Spar´a•da , n. (Zoöl.) A small California surf fish (Micrometrus aggregatus); — called also shiner.

Spar´a•drap , n. [F. sparadrap; cf. It. sparadrappo, NL. sparadrapa.] 1. A cerecloth. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) Any adhesive plaster. { Spar´age ( 48), Spar´a•gus , Spar´a•grass• }, n. Obs. or corrupt forms of Asparagus.

Spar´ble , v. t. [OF. esparpiller to scatter, F. eparpiller.] To scatter; to disperse; to rout. [Obs.] “The king’s host was sparbled and chased.” Fabyan.

Spare , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spared p. pr. & vb. n. Sparing.] [AS. sparian, fr. spaer spare, sparing, saving; akin to D. & G. sparen, OHG. sparn, Icel. & Sw. spara, Dan. spare See Spare, a.] 1. To use frugally or stintingly, as that which is scarce or valuable; to retain or keep unused; to save. ´No cost would he spare.´ Chaucer. “[Thou] thy Father’s dreadful thunder didst not spare.” Milton. “He that hath knowledge, spareth his words.” Prov. xvii. 27. 2. To keep to one’s self; to forbear to impart or give. “Be pleased your plitics to spare.” Dryden. “Spare my sight the pain
Of seeing what a world of tears it costs you.” Dryden. 3. To preserve from danger or punishment; to forbear to punish, injure, or harm; to show mercy to. “Spare us, good Lord.” Book of Common Prayer. “Dim sadness did not spare
That time celestial visages.” Milton. “Man alone can whom he conquers spare.” Waller. 4. To save or gain, as by frugality; to reserve, as from some occupation, use, or duty. “All the time he could spare from the necessary cares of his weighty charge, he estowed on … serving of God.” Knolles. 5. To deprive one’s self of, as by being frugal; to do without; to dispense with; to give up; to part with. “Where angry Jove did never spare
One breath of kind and temperate air.” Roscommon. “I could have better spared a better man.” Shak. To spare one’s self. (a) To act with reserve. [Obs.] “Her thought that a lady should her spare.” Chaucer. (b) To save one’s self labor, punishment, or blame.

Spare , v. i. 1. To be frugal; not to be profuse; to live frugally; to be parsimonious. “I, who at some times spend, at others spare,
Divided between carelessness and care.” Pope. 2. To refrain from inflicting harm; to use mercy or forbearance. “He will not spare in the day of vengeance.” Prov. vi. 34. 3. To desist; to stop; to refrain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Spare, a. [Compar. Sparer superl. Sparest; — not used in all the senses of the word.] [AS. spaer sparing. Cf. Spare, v. t. ] 1. Scanty; not abundant or plentiful; as a spare diet. 2. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; chary. “He was spare, but discreet of speech.” Carew. 3. Being over and above what is necessary, or what must be used or reserved; not wanted, or not used; superfluous; as I have no spare time. “If that no spare clothes he had to give.” Spenser. 4. Held in reserve, to be used in an emergency; as a spare anchor; a spare bed or room. 5. Lean; wanting flesh; meager; thin; gaunt. “O, give me the spare men, and spare me the great ones.” Shak. 6. Slow. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Grose.

Spare , n. 1. The act of sparing; moderation; restraint. [Obs.] “Killing for sacrifice, without any spare.” Holland. 2. Parsimony; frugal use. [Obs.] Bacon. “Poured out their plenty without spite or spare.” Spenser. 3. An opening in a petticoat or gown; a placket. [Obs.] 4. That which has not been used or expended. 5. (Tenpins) The right of bowling again at a full set of pins, after having knocked all the pins down in less than three bowls. If all the pins are knocked down in one bowl it is a double spare; in two bowls, a single spare.

Spare´ful , a. Sparing; chary. [Obs.] Fairfax. — Spare´ful•ness, n. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Spare´less, a. Unsparing. Sylvester.

Spare´ly, adv. In a spare manner; sparingly.

Spare´ness, n. [Cf. AS. spaernis frugality.] The quality or state of being lean or thin; leanness.

Spar´er , n. One who spares.

Spare´rib , n. [Spare, a. + rib.] A piece of pork, consisting or ribs with little flesh on them.

Sparge , v. t. [L. spargere; cf. F. asperger.] To sprinkle; to moisten by sprinkling; as to sparge paper.

Spar•ge•fac´tion , n. [L. spargere to strew + facere, factum, to make.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] Swift.

Spar´ger , n. [Cf. F. asperger to sprinkle, L. aspergere, spargere.] A vessel with a perforated cover, for sprinkling with a liquid; a sprinkler.

Spar´hawk , n. [OE. sperhauke.] (Zoöl.) The sparrow hawk. [Prov. Eng.]

Spar´-hung , a. Hung with spar, as a cave.

Spar´ing , a. Spare; saving; frugal; merciful. Bacon. — Spar´ing•ly, adv. — Spar´ing•ness, n.

Spark , n. [OE. sparke, AS. spearca; akin to D. spark, sperk; cf. Icel. spraka to crackle, Lith. spragëti, Gr. a bursting with a noise, Skr. sphrj to crackle, to thunder. Cf. Speak.] 1. A small particle of fire or ignited substance which is emitted by a body in combustion. “Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.” Job v. 7. 2. A small, shining body, or transient light; a sparkle. 3. That which, like a spark, may be kindled into a flame, or into action; a feeble germ; an elementary principle. ´If any spark of life be yet remaining.´ Shak. ´Small intellectual spark.´ Macaulay. ´Vital spark of heavenly flame.´ Pope. “We have here and there a little clear light, some sparks of bright knowledge.” Locke. “Bright gem instinct with music, vocal spark.” Wordsworth. Spark arrester, a contrivance to prevent the escape of sparks while it allows the passage of gas — chiefly used in the smokestack of a wood-burning locomotive. Called also spark consumer. [U.S.]

Spark, n. [Icel. sparkr lively, sprightly.] 1. A brisk, showy, gay man. “The finest sparks and cleanest beaux.” Prior. 2. A lover; a gallant; a beau.

Spark, v. i. To sparkle. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spark, v. i. To play the spark, beau, or lover. “A sure sign that his master was courting, or, as it is termed, sparking, within.” W. Irwing.

Spark´er , n. A spark arrester.

Spark´ful , a. Lively; brisk; gay. [Obs.] ´Our sparkful youth.´ Camden.

Spark´ish, a. 1. Like a spark; airy; gay. W. Walsh. 2. Showy; well-dresed; fine. L’Estrange.

Spar´kle , n. [Dim. of spark.] 1. A little spark; a scintillation. “As fire is wont to quicken and go
From a sparkle sprungen amiss,
Till a city brent up is.” Chaucer. “The shock was sufficiently strong to strike out some sparkles of his fiery temper.” Prescott. 2. Brilliancy; luster; as the sparkle of a diamond.

Spar´kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sparkled p. pr. & vb. n. Sparkling ] [See Sparkle, n., Spark of fire.] 1. To emit sparks; to throw off ignited or incandescent particles; to shine as if throwing off sparks; to emit flashes of light; to scintillate; to twinkle; as the blazing wood sparkles; the stars sparkle. “A mantelet upon his shoulder hanging
Bretful of rubies red, as fire sparkling.” Chaucer. 2. To manifest itself by, or as if by, emitting sparks; to glisten; to flash. “I see bright honor sparkle through your eyes.” Milton. 3. To emit little bubbles, as certain kinds of liquors; to effervesce; as sparkling wine. Syn. — To shine; glisten; scintillate; radiate; coruscate; glitter; twinkle.

Spar´kle, v. t. To emit in the form or likeness of sparks. ´Did sparkle forth great light.´ Spenser.

Spar´kle, v. t. [Cf. Sparble.] 1. To disperse. [Obs.] “The Landgrave hath sparkled his army without any further enterprise.” State Papers. 2. To scatter on or over. [Obs.] Purchas.

Spar´kler , n. One who scatters; esp., one who scatters money; an improvident person. [Obs.]

Spar´kler, n. One who, or that which, sparkles.

Spar´kler, n. (Zoöl.) A tiger beetle.

Spark´let , n. A small spark. [Obs.]

Spark´li•ness , n. Vivacity. [Obs.] Aubrey.

Spar´kling , a. Emitting sparks; glittering; flashing; brilliant; lively; as sparkling wine; sparkling eyes. — Spar´kling•ly, adv. — Spar´kling•ness, n. Syn. — Brilliant; shining. See Shining.

Spar´ling , n. [Akin to G. spierling, spiering, D. spiering: cf. F. eperlan.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). (b) A young salmon. (c) A tern. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Spar´lyre , n. [AS. spear- lira.] The calf of the leg. [Obs.] Wyclif (Deut. xxviii. 35).

Spa´roid ( 277), a. [L. sparus the gilthead + -oid: cf. F. sparoïde.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Sparidae, a family of spinous-finned fishes which includes the scup, sheepshead, and sea bream. — n. One of the Sparidae.

Spar´piece , n. (Arch.) The collar beam of a roof; the spanpiece. Gwilt.

Spar´poil , v. t. [See Sparble.] To scatter; to spread; to disperse. [Obs.]

Spar´row , n. [OE. sparwe, AS. spearwa; akin to OHG. sparo, G. sperling, Icel. spörr, Dan. spurv, spurre, Sw. sparf, Goth. sparwa; — originally, probably, the quiverer or flutterer, and akin to E. spurn. See Spurn, and cf. Spavin.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of many species of small singing birds of the family Fringilligae, having conical bills, and feeding chiefly on seeds. Many sparrows are called also finches, and buntings. The common sparrow, or house sparrow, of Europe (Passer domesticus) is noted for its familiarity, its voracity, its attachment to its young, and its fecundity. See House sparrow, under House. The following American species are well known; the chipping sparrow, or chippy, the sage sparrow, the savanna sparrow, the song sparrow, the tree sparrow, and the white-throated sparrow (see Peabody bird). See these terms under Sage, Savanna, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several small singing birds somewhat resembling the true sparrows in form or habits, as the European hedge sparrow. See under Hedge. “He that doth the ravens feed,
Yea, providently caters for the sparrow,
Be comfort to my age!” Shak. Field sparrow, Fox sparrow, etc. See under Field, Fox, etc. — Sparrow bill, a small nail; a castiron shoe nail; a sparable. — Sparrow hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European hawk (Accipiter nisus) or any of the allied species. (b) A small American falcon (Falco sparverius). (c) The Australian collared sparrow hawk (Accipiter torquatus). The name is applied to other small hawks, as the European kestrel and the New Zealand quail hawk. — Sparrow owl (Zoöl.), a small owl (Glaucidium passerinum) found both in the Old World and the New. The name is also applied to other species of small owls. — Sparrow spear (Zoöl.), the female of the reed bunting. [Prov. Eng.]

Spar´row•grass , n. [Corrupted from asparagus.] Asparagus. [Colloq.] See the Note under Asparagus.

Spar´row•wort , n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub of the genus Erica (E. passerina).

Spar´ry , a. [From Spar.] Resembling spar, or consisting of spar; abounding with spar; having a confused crystalline structure; spathose. Sparry iron (Min.), siderite. See Siderite (a). — Sparry limestone (Min.), a coarsely crystalline marble.

Sparse , a. [Compar. Sparser superl. Sparsest.] [L. sparsus, p. p. of spargere to strew, scatter. Cf. Asperse, Disperse.] 1. Thinly scattered; set or planted here and there; not being dense or close together; as a sparse population. Carlyle. 2. (Bot.) Placed irregularly and distantly; scattered; — applied to branches, leaves, peduncles, and the like.

Sparse, v. t. [L. sparsus, p. p. of spargere to scatter.] To scatter; to disperse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spars´ed•ly , adv. Sparsely. [Obs.]

Sparse´ly, adv. In a scattered or sparse manner.

Sparse´ness, n. The quality or state of being sparse; as sparseness of population.

Spar´sim , adv. [L., fr. spargere to scatter.] Sparsely; scatteredly; here and there.

Spar´tan , a. [L. Spartanus.] Of or pertaining to Sparta, especially to ancient Sparta; hence, hardy; undaunted; as Spartan souls; Spartan bravey. — n. A native or inhabitant of Sparta; figuratively, a person of great courage and fortitude.

Spar´te•ine , n. (Chem.) A narcotic alkaloid extracted from the tops of the common broom (Cytisus scoparius, formerly Spartium scoparium), as a colorless oily liquid of aniline-like odor and very bitter taste.

Spar´ter•ie , n. [F., from Sp. esparto esparto, L. spartum, Gr. .] Articles made of the blades or fiber of the Lygeum Spartum and Stipa (or Macrochloa) tenacissima, kinds of grass used in Spain and other countries for making ropes, mats, baskets, nets, and mattresses. Loudon.

Sparth , n. [Cf. Icel. spara.] An Anglo-Saxon battle-ax, or halberd. [Obs.] “He hath a sparth of twenty pound of weight.” Chaucer.

Sparve , n. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Spar´y , a. Sparing; parsimonious. [Obs.]

Spasm , n. [F. spasme, L. spasmus, Gr. , from , , to draw, to cause convulsion. Cf. Span, v. t.] 1. (Med.) An involuntary and unnatural contraction of one or more muscles or muscular fibers. Spasm are usually either clonic or tonic. In clonic spasm, the muscles or muscular fibers contract and relax alternately in very quick succession. In tonic spasm, the contraction is steady and uniform, and continues for a comparatively long time, as in tetanus. 2. A sudden, violent, and temporary effort or emotion; as a spasm of repentance. Cynic spasm (Med.) See under Cynic. — Spasm of the chest. See Angina pectoris, under Angina.

Spas•mat´ic•al , a. Spasmodic. [Obs.]

Spas´mod´ic , a. [Gr. ; a convulsion + likeness: cf. F. spasmotique.] 1. (Med.) Of or pertaining to spasm; consisting in spasm; occuring in, or characterized by, spasms; as a spasmodic asthma. 2. Soon relaxed or exhausted; convulsive; intermittent; as spasmodic zeal or industry. Spasmodic croup (Med.), an affection of childhood characterized by a stoppage of brathing developed suddenly and without fever, and produced by spasmodic contraction of the vocal cords. It is sometimes fatal. Called also laryngismus stridulus, and childcrowing. — Spasmodic stricture, a stricture caused by muscular spasm without structural change. See Organic stricture, under Organic.

Spas•mod´ic, n. (Med.) A medicine for spasm.

Spas•mod´ic•al , a. Same as Spasmodic, a. — Spas•mod´ic•al•ly (#), adv.

Spas´tic , a. [L. spasticus, Gr. , fr. to draw: cf. F. spastique. See Spasm.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to spasm; spasmodic; especially, pertaining to tonic spasm; tetanic.

Spas´tic•al•ly , adv. Spasmodically.

Spas•tic´i•ty , n. 1. A state of spasm. 2. The tendency to, or capability of suffering, spasm.

Spat , imp. of Spit. [Obs. or R.]

Spat, n. [From the root of spit; hence, literally, that which is ejected.] A young oyster or other bivalve mollusk, both before and after it first becomes adherent, or such young, collectively.

Spat, v. i. & t. To emit spawn; to emit, as spawn.

Spat, n. [Cf. Pat.] 1. A light blow with something flat. [U.S. & Prov. Eng.] 2. Hence, a petty combat, esp. a verbal one; a little quarrel, dispute, or dissension. [U. S.]

Spat, v. i. To dispute. [R.] Smart.

Spat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spatting.] To slap, as with the open hand; to clap together; as the hands. [Local, U.S.] “Little Isabel leaped up and down, spatting her hands.” Judd.

Spa•tan´goid , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Spatangoidea. — n. One of the Spatangoidea.

Spat•an•goi´de•a , n. pl. [NL. See Spatangus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of irregular sea urchins, usually having a more or less heart-shaped shell with four or five petal-like ambulacra above. The mouth is edentulous and situated anteriorly, on the under side.

Spa•tan´gus , n. [NL., fr. L. spatangius a kind of sea urchin, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) A genus of heart-shaped sea urchins belonging to the Spatangoidea.

Spatch´cock , n. See Spitchcock.

Spate , n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. speid.] A river flood; an overflow or inundation. Burns. “Gareth in a showerful spring
Stared at the spate.” Tennyson.

Spa´tha , n.; pl. Spathae (#). [L.] (Bot.) A spathe.

Spa•tha´ceous , a. (Bot.) Having a spathe; resembling a spathe; spathal.

Spa´thal , a. (Bot.) Furnished with a spathe; as spathal flowers. Howitt.

Spathe , n. [L. spatha, Gr. : cf. F. spathe. See Spade for digging.] (Bot.) A special involucre formed of one leaf and inclosing a spadix, as in aroid plants and palms. See the Note under Bract, and Illust. of Spadix. The name is also given to the several-leaved involucre of the iris and other similar plants.

Spathed , a. (Bot.) Having a spathe or calyx like a sheath.

Spath´ic , a. [Cf. F. spathique, fr. F. & G. spath spar.] Like spar; foliated or lamellar; spathose. Spathic iron (Min.), siderite. See Siderite (a).

Spath´i•form , a. [F. spathiforme.] Resembling spar in form. ´The ocherous, spathiform, and mineralized forms of uranite.´ Lavoisier (Trans.).

Spath´ose , a. (Min.) See Spathic.

Spath´ose, a. [See Spathe.] (Bot.) Having a spathe; resembling a spathe; spatheceous; spathal.

Spath´ous , a. (Bot.) Spathose.

Spath´u•late , a. See Spatulate.

Spa´tial , a. Of or pertaining to space. ´Spatial quantity and relations.´ L. H. Atwater.

Spa´tial•ly , adv. As regards space.

Spa´ti•ate , v. t. [L. spatiatus, p. p. of spatiari, fr. spatiatum. See Space.] To rove; to ramble. [Obs.] Bacon.

Spat´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spattered p. pr. & vb. n. Spattering.] [From the root of spit salvia.] 1. To sprinkle with a liquid or with any wet substance, as water, mud, or the like; to make wet of foul spots upon by sprinkling; as to spatter a coat; to spatter the floor; to spatter boots with mud. “Upon any occasion he is to be spattered over with the blood of his people.” Burke. 2. To distribute by sprinkling; to sprinkle around; as to spatter blood. Pope. 3. Fig.: To injure by aspersion; to defame; to soil; also to throw out in a defamatory manner.

Spat´ter, v. i. To throw something out of the mouth in a scattering manner; to sputter. “That mind must needs be irrecoverably depraved, which, … tasting but once of one just deed, spatters at it, and abhors the relish ever after.” Milton.

Spat´ter•dashed , a. Wearing spatterdashes. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Spat´ter•dash•es , n. pl. [Spatter + dash.] Coverings for the legs, to protect them from water and mud; long gaiters.

Spat•ter-dock , n. (Bot.) The common yellow water lily (Nuphar advena).

Spat´tle , n. Spawl; spittle. [Obs.] Bale.

Spat´tle, n. 1. A spatula. 2. (Pottery) A tool or implement for mottling a molded article with coloring matter Knoght.

Spat´tling-pop´py , n. [Prov. E. spattle to spit + E. poppy.] (Bot.) A kind of catchfly (Silene inflata) which is sometimes frothy from the action of captured insects.

Spat´u•la ( 135), n. [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha a spatula: F. spatule. See Spade for digging.] An implement shaped like a knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexible, used for spreading paints, fine plasters, drugs in compounding prescriptions, etc. Cf. Palette knife, under Palette.

Spat´u•late , a. [NL. spatulatus.] (Nat. Hist.) Shaped like spatula, or like a battledoor, being roundish, with a long, narrow, linear base. [Also written spathulate.]

Spauld , n. [See Spall the shoulder.] The shoulder. [Scot.]

Spav´in , n. [OE. spaveyne, OF. esparvain, F. eparvin; akin to OF. espervier a sparrow hawk, F. epervier, fr. OHG. sparwari (G. sperber), fr. OHG. sparo sparrow, because this disease makes the horse raise the infirm leg in the manner of a sparrow hawk or sparrow. See Sparrow.] (Far.) A disease of horses characterized by a bony swelling developed on the hock as the result of inflammation of the bones; also the swelling itself. The resulting lameness is due to the inflammation, and not the bony tumor as popularly supposed. Harbaugh. Bog spavin, a soft swelling produced by distention of the capsular ligament of the hock; — called also blood spavin. — Bone spavin, spavin attended with exostosis; ordinary spavin.

Spav´ined , a. Affected with spavin.

Spaw , n. See Spa.

Spawl , n. A splinter or fragment, as of wood or stone. See Spall.

Spawl, n. [Cf. AS. spatl, fr. spaetan to spit; probably akin to spiwan, E. spew. Cf. Spew.] Scattered or ejected spittle.

Spawl, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Spawled p. pr. & vb. n. Spawling.] [Cf. AS. spatlian.] To scatter spittle from the mouth; to spit, as saliva. “Why must he sputter, spawl, and slaver it
In vain, against the people’s favorite.” Swift.

Spawl´ing, n. That which is spawled, or spit out.

Spawn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spawned p. pr. & vb. n. Spawning.] [OE. spanen, OF. espandre, properly, to shed, spread, L. expandere to spread out. See Expand.] 1. To produce or deposit (eggs), as fishes or frogs do. 2. To bring forth; to generate; — used in contempt. “One edition [of books] spawneth another.” Fuller.

Spawn, v. i. 1. To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs do. 2. To issue, as offspring; — used contemptuously.

Spawn, n. [rad.170. See Spawn, v. t.] 1. The ova, or eggs, of fishes, oysters, and other aquatic animals. 2. Any product or offspring; — used contemptuously. 3. (Hort.) The buds or branches produced from underground stems. 4. (Bot.) The white fibrous matter forming the matrix from which fungi. Spawn eater (Zoöl.), a small American cyprinoid fish (Notropis Hudsonius) allied to the dace.

Spawn´er , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A mature female fish. “The barbel, for the preservation or their seed, both the spawner and the milter, cover their spawn with sand.” Walton. 2. Whatever produces spawn of any kind.

Spay , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spayed p. pr. & vb. n. Spaying.] [Cf. Armor. spac’hein, spaza to geld, W. dyspaddu to geld, L. spado a eunuch, Gr. .] To remove or extirpate the ovaries of, as a sow or a bitch; to castrate (a female animal).

Spay, n. [Cf. Spade a spay, Spay, v. t.] (Zoöl.) The male of the red deer in his third year; a spade. { Spay´ad , Spay´ade }, n. (Zoöl.) A spay.

Speak , v. i. [imp. Spoke (Spake Archaic); p. p. Spoken (Spoke, Obs. or Colloq.); p. pr. & vb. n. Speaking.] [OE. speken, AS. specan, sprecan; akin to OF.ries. spreka, D. spreken, OS. spreken, G. sprechen, OHG. sprehhan, and perhaps to Skr. sphurj to crackle, to thunder. Cf. Spark of fire, Speech.] 1. To utter words or articulate sounds, as human beings; to express thoughts by words; as the organs may be so obstructed that a man may not be able to speak. “Till at the last spake in this manner.” Chaucer. “Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth.” 1 Sam. iii. 9. 2. To express opinions; to say; to talk; to converse. “That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set, as the tradesmen speak.” Boyle. “An honest man, is able to speak for himself, when a knave is not.” Shak. “During the century and a half which followed the Conquest, there is, to speak strictly, no English history.” Macaulay. 3. To utter a speech, discourse, or harangue; to adress a public assembly formally. “Many of the nobility made themselves popular by speaking in Parliament against those things which were most grateful to his majesty.” Clarendon. 4. To discourse; to make mention; to tell. “Lycan speaks of a part of Caesar’s army that came to him from the Leman Lake.” Addison. 5. To give sound; to sound. “Make all our trumpets speak.” Shak. 6. To convey sentiments, ideas or intelligence as if by utterance; as features that speak of self-will. “Thine eye begins to speak.” Shak. To speak of, to take account of, to make mention of. Robynson (More’s Utopia). — To speak out, to speak loudly and distinctly; also to speak unreservedly. — To speak well for, to commend; to be favorable to. — To speak with, to converse with. ´Would you speak with me?´ Shak. Syn. — To say; tell; talk; converse; discourse; articulate; pronounce; utter.

Speak , v. t. 1. To utter with the mouth; to pronounce; to utter articulately, as human beings. “They sat down with him upn ground seven days and seven nights, and none spake a word unto him.” Job. ii. 13. 2. To utter in a word or words; to say; to tell; to declare orally; as to speak the truth; to speak sense. 3. To declare; to proclaim; to publish; to make known; to exhibit; to express in any way. “It is my father;s muste
To speak your deeds.” Shak. “Speaking a still good morrow with her eyes.” Tennyson. “And for the heaven’s wide circuit, let it speak
The maker’s high magnificence.” Milton. “Report speaks you a bonny monk.” Sir W. Scott. 4. To talk or converse in; to utter or pronounce, as in conversation; as to speak Latin. “And French she spake full fair and fetisely.” Chaucer. 5. To address; to accost; to speak to. “[He will] thee in hope; he will speak thee fair.” Ecclus. xiii. 6. “each village senior paused to scan
And speak the lovely caravan.” Emerson. To speak a ship (Naut.), to hail and speak to her captain or commander.

Speak´a•ble , a. 1. Capable of being spoken; fit to be spoken. Ascham. 2. Able to speak. Milton.

Speak´er , n. 1. One who speaks. Specifically: (a) One who utters or pronounces a discourse; usually, one who utters a speech in public; as the man is a good speaker, or a bad speaker. (b) One who is the mouthpiece of others; especially, one who presides over, or speaks for, a delibrative assembly, preserving order and regulating the debates; as the Speaker of the House of Commons, originally, the mouthpiece of the House to address the king; the Speaker of a House of Representatives. 2. A book of selections for declamation. [U. S.]

Speak´er•ship, n. The office of speaker; as the speakership of the House of Representatives.

Speak´ing, a. 1. Uttering speech; used for conveying speech; as man is a speaking animal; a speaking tube. 2. Seeming to be capable of speech; hence, lifelike; as a speaking likeness. A speaking acquaintance, a slight acquaintance with a person, or one which merely permits the exchange of salutations and remarks on indifferent subjects. — Speaking trumpet, an instrument somewhat resembling a trumpet, by which the sound of the human voice may be so intensified as to be conveyed to a great distance. — Speaking tube, a tube for conveying speech, especially from one room to another at a distance. — To be on speaking terms, to be slightly acquainted.

Speak´ing, n. 1. The act of uttering words. 2. Public declamation; oratory.

Spear , n. [OE. spere, AS. spere; akin to D. & G. speer, OS. & OHS. sper, Icel. spjör, pl., Dan. spaer, L. sparus.] 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and hunting, by thrusting or throwing; a weapon with a long shaft and a sharp head or blade; a lance. [See Illust. of Spearhead.] ´A sharp ground spear.´ Chaucer. “They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks.” Micah iv. 3. 2. Fig.: A spearman. Sir W. Scott. 3. A sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stabbing fish and other animals. 4. A shoot, as of grass; a spire. 5. The feather of a horse. See Feather, n., 4. 6. The rod to which the bucket, or plunger, of a pump is attached; a pump rod. Spear foot, the off hind foot of a horse. — Spear grass. (Bot.) (a) The common reed. See Reed, n., 1. (b) meadow grass. See under Meadow. — Spear hand, the hand in which a horseman holds a spear; the right hand. Crabb. — Spear side, the male line of a family. Lowell. — Spear thistle (Bot.), the common thistle (Cnicus lanceolatus).

Spear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Speared p. pr. & vb. n. Spearing.] To pierce with a spear; to kill with a spear; as to spear a fish.

Spear, v. i. To shoot into a long stem, as some plants. See Spire. Mortimer.

Spear´er , n. One who uses a spear; as a spearer of fish.

Spear´fish , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large and powerful fish (Tetrapturus albidus) related to the swordfish, but having scales and ventral fins. It is found on the American coast and the Mediterranean. (b) The carp sucker.

Spear´head , n. The pointed head, or end, of a spear.

Spear´man , n.; pl. Spearmen . One who is armed with a spear. Acts xxiii. 23.

Spear´mint , n. [So named from its spiry, not capitate, inflorescence. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) A species of mint (Mentha viridis) growing in moist soil. It vields an aromatic oil. See Mint, and Mentha.

Spear´wood , n. (Bot.) An Australian tree (Acacia Doratoxylon), and its tough wood, used by the natives for spears.

Spear´wort , n. [AS. sperewyrt.] (Bot.) A name given to several species of crowfoot (Ranunculus) which have spear-shaped leaves.

Spear´y , a. Having the form of a spear.

Spece , n. Species; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Specht , n. [See Speight.] (Zoöl.) A woodpecker. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Sherwood.

Spe´cial , a. [L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality: cf. F. special. See Species, and cf. Especial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; constituting a species or sort. “A special is called by the schools a ´species´.” I. Watts. 2. Particular; peculiar; different from others; extraordinary; uncommon. “Our Savior is represented everywhere in Scripture as the special patron of the poor and the afficted.” Atterbury. “To this special evil an improvement of style would apply a special redress.” De Quincey. 3. Appropriate; designed for a particular purpose, occasion, or person; as a special act of Parliament or of Congress; a special sermon. 4. Limited in range; confined to a definite field of action, investigation, or discussion; as a special dictionary of commercial terms; a special branch of study. 5. Chief in excellence. [Obs.] “The king hath drawn
The special head of all the land together.” Shak. Special administration (Law), an administration limited to certain specified effects or acts, or one granted during a particular time or the existence of a special cause, as during a controversy respecting the probate of a will, or the right of administration, etc. — Special agency, an agency confined to some particular matter. — Special bail, Bail above, or Bail to the action (Law), sureties who undertake that, if the defendant is convicted, he shall satisfy the plaintiff, or surrender himself into custody. Tomlins. Wharton (Law Dict.). — Special constable. See under Constable. Bouvier. — Special damage (Law), a damage resulting from the act complained of, as a natural, but not the necessary, consequence of it. — Special demurrer (Law), a demurrer for some defect of form in the opposite party pleading, in which the cause of demurrer is particularly stated. — Special deposit, a deposit made of a specific thing to be kept distinct from others. — Special homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. — Special injuction (Law), an injuction granted on special grounds, arising of the circumstances of the case. Daniell. — Special issue (Law), an issue produced upon a special plea. Stephen. — Special jury (Law), a jury consisting of persons of some particular calling, station, or qualification, which is called upon motion of either party when the cause is supposed to require it; a struck jury. — Special orders (Mil.), orders which do not concern, and are not published to, the whole command, such as those relating to the movement of a particular corps, a detail, a temporary camp, etc. — Special partner, a limited partner; a partner with a limited or restricted responsibility; — unknown at common law. — Special partnership, a limited or particular partnership; — a term sometimes applied to a partnership in a particular business, operation, or adventure. — Special plea in bar (Law), a plea setting forth particular and new matter, distinguished from the general issue. Bouvier. — Special pleader (Law), originally, a counsel who devoted himself to drawing special counts and pleas; in a wider sense, a lawyer who draws pleadings. — Special pleading (Law), the allegation of special or new matter, as distingiushed from a direct denial of matter previously alleged on the side. Bouvier. The popular denomination of the whole science of pleading. Stephen. The phrase is sometimes popularly applied to the specious, but unsound, argumentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth. Burrill. — Special property (Law), a qualified or limited ownership possession, as in wild animals, things found or bailed. — Special session, an extraordinary session; a session at an unusual time or for an unusual purpose; as a special session of Congress or of a legislature. — Special statute, or Special law, an act of the legislature which has reference to a particular person, place, or interest; — in distinction from a general law. — Special verdict (Law), a special finding of the facts of the case, leaving to the court the application of the law to them. Wharton (Law Dict.). Syn. — Peculiar; appropriate; specific; dictinctive; particular; exceptional; singular. See Peculiar.

Spe´cial, n. 1. A particular. [Obs.] Hammond. 2. One appointed for a special service or occasion. In special, specially; in particular. Chaucer.

Spe´cial•ism , n. Devotion to a particular and restricted part or branch of knowledge, art, or science; as medical specialism.

Spe´cial•ist , n. One who devotes himself to some specialty; as a medical specialist, one who devotes himself to diseases of particular parts of the body, as the eye, the ear, the nerves, etc.

Spe•ci•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Specialities (#). [See Special, and Specialty.] 1. A particular or peculiar case; a particularity. Sir M. Hale. 2. (Law) See Specialty, 3. 3. The special or peculiar mark or characteristic of a person or thing; that for which a person is specially distinguished; an object of special attention; a special occupation or object of attention; a specialty. “On these two general heads all other specialities are depedent.” Hooker. “Strive, while improving your one talent, to enrich your whole capital as a man. It is in this way that you escape from the wretched narrow-mindedness which is the characteristic of every one who cultivates his speciality.” Ld. Lytton. “We ’ll say, instead, the inconsequent creature man, -
For that’a his speciality.” Mrs. Browning. “Think of this, sir, … remote from the impulses of passion, and apart from the specialities — if I may use that strong remark — of prejudice.” Dickens. 4. An attribute or quality peculiar to a species.

Spe•cial•i•za´tion , n. 1. The act of specializing, or the state of being spezialized. 2. (Biol.) The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function. Darwin.

Spe´cial•ize , v. t. 1. To mention specially; to particularize. 2. To apply to some specialty or limited object; to assign to a specific use; as specialized knowledge. 3. (Biol.) To supply with an organ or organs having a special function or functions.

Spe´cial•ly, adv. 1. In a special manner; particularly; especially. Chaucer. 2. For a particular purpose; as a meeting of the legislature is specially summoned.

Spe´cial•ty , n.; pl. Specialties (#). [F. specialite. Cf. Speciality.] 1. Particularity. “Specialty of rule hath been neglected.” Shak. 2. A particular or peculiar case. [Obs.] 3. (Law) A contract or obligation under seal; a contract by deed; a writing, under seal, given as security for a debt particularly specified. Chitty. Bouvier. Wharton (Law Dict.). “Let specialties be therefore drawn between us.” Shak. 4. That for which a person is distinguished, in which he is specially versed, or which he makes an object of special attention; a speciality. “Men of boundless knowledge, like Humbold, must have had once their specialty, their pet subject.” C. Kingsley.

Spe´ci•e , abl. of L. species sort, kind. Used in the phrase in specie, that is, in sort, in kind, in (its own) form. “´[The king] expects a return in specie from them´ [i. e., kindness for kindness].” Dryden. In specie (Law), in precise or definite form; specifically; according to the exact terms; of the very thing.

Spe´cie , n. [Formed as a singular from species, in sense 5.] Coin; hard money.

Spe´cies , n. sing. & pl. [L., a sight, outward appearance, shape, form, a particular sort, kind, or quality, a species. See Spice, n., and cf. Specie, Special.] 1. Visible or sensible presentation; appearance; a sensible percept received by the imagination; an image. [R.] ´The species of the letters illuminated with indigo and violet.´ Sir I. Newton. “Wit, … the faculty of imagination in the writer, which searches over all the memory for the species or ideas of those things which it designs to represent.” Dryden. In the scholastic philosophy, the species was sensible and intelligible. The sensible species was that in any material, object which was in fact discerned by the mind through the organ of perception, or that in any object which rendered it possible that it should be perceived. The sensible species, as apprehended by the understanding in any of the relations of thought, was called an intelligible species. ´An apparent diversity between the species visible and audible is, that the visible doth not mingle in the medium, but the audible doth.´ Bacon. 2. (Logic) A group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, and designated by a common name; a conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, and extending to fewer individuals. Thus, man is a species, under animal as a genus; and man, in its turn, may be regarded as a genus with respect to European, American, or the like, as species. 3. In science, a more or less permanent group of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation. In mineralogy and chemistry, objects which possess the same definite chemical structure, and are fundamentally the same in crystallization and physical characters, are classed as belonging to a species. In zoölogy and botany, a species is an ideal group of individuals which are believed to have descended from common ancestors, which agree in essential characteristics, and are capable of indefinitely continued fertile reproduction through the sexes. A species, as thus defined, differs from a variety or subspecies only in the greater stability of its characters and in the absence of individuals intermediate between the related groups. 4. A sort; a kind; a variety; as a species of low cunning; a species of generosity; a species of cloth. 5. Coin, or coined silver, gold, ot other metal, used as a circulating medium; specie. [Obs.] “There was in the splendor of the Roman empire, a less quantity of current species in Europe than there is now.” Arbuthnot. 6. A public spectacle or exhibition. [Obs.] Bacon. 7. (Pharmacy) (a) A component part of compound medicine; a simple. (b) (Med.) An officinal mixture or compound powder of any kind; esp., one used for making an aromatic tea or tisane; a tea mixture. Quincy. 8. (Civil Law) The form or shape given to materials; fashion or shape; form; figure. Burill. Incipient species (Zoöl.), a subspecies, or variety, which is in process of becoming permanent, and thus changing to a true species, usually by isolation in localities from which other varieties are excluded.

Spec´i•fi•a•ble , a. Admitting specification; capable of being specified.

Spe•cif´ic , a. [F. specifique, or NL. cpesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. Specify.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the peculiar property or properties of a thing which constitute its species, and distinguish it from other things; as the specific form of an animal or a plant; the specific qualities of a drug; the specific distinction between virtue and vice. “Specific difference is that primary attribute which distinguishes each species from one another.” I. Watts. 2. Specifying; definite, or making definite; limited; precise; discriminating; as a specific statement. 3. (Med.) Exerting a peculiar influence over any part of the body; preventing or curing disease by a peculiar adaption, and not on general principles; as quinine is a specific medicine in cases of malaria. “In fact, all medicines will be found specific in the perfection of the science.” Coleridge. Specific character (Nat. Hist.), a characteristic or characteristics distinguishing one species from every other species of the same genus. — Specific disease (Med.) (a) A disease which produces a determinate definite effect upon the blood and tissues or upon some special tissue. (b) A disease which is itself uniformly produced by a definite and peculiar poison or organism. — Specific duty. (Com.) See under Duty. — Specific gravity. (Physics) See under Gravity. — Specific heat (Physics), the quantity of heat required to raise temperature of a body one degree, taking as the unit of measure the quantity required to raise the same weight of water from zero to one degree; thus, the specific heat of mercury is 0.033, that of water being 1.000. — Specific inductive capacity (Physics), the effect of a dielectric body in producing static electric induction as compared with that of some other body or bodies referred to as a standard. — Specific legacy (Law), a bequest of a particular thing, as of a particular animal or piece of furniture, specified and distinguished from all others. Wharton. Burrill. — Specific name (Nat., Hist.), the name which, appended to the name of the genus, constitutes the distinctive name of the species; — originally applied by Linnaeus to the essential character of the species, or the essential difference. The present specific name he at first called the trivial name. — Specific performance (Law), the peformance of a contract or agreement as decreed by a court of equity.

Spe•cif´ic, n. 1. (Med.) A specific remedy. See Specific, a., 3. “His parents were weak enough to believe that the royal touch was a specific for this malady.” Macaulay. 2. Anything having peculiar adaption to the purpose to which it is applied. Dr. H. More.

Spe•cif´ic•al , a. Specific. Bacon.

Spe•cif´ic•al•ly , adv. In a specific manner.

Spe•cif´ic•al•ness, n. The quality of being specific.

Spe•cif´i•cate , v. t. [See Specify.] To show, mark, or designate the species, or the distinguishing particulars of; to specify. [Obs.] ir M. Hale.

Spec•i•fi•ca´tion , n. [Cf. F. specification, LL. specificatio.] 1. The act of specifying or determining by a mark or limit; notation of limits. “This specification or limitation of the question hinders the disputers from wandering away from the precise point of inquiry.” I. Watts. 2. The designation of particulars; particular mention; as the specification of a charge against an officer. 3. A written statement containing a minute description or enumeration of particulars, as of charges against a public officer, the terms of a contract, the description of an invention, as in a patent; also a single article, item, or particular, an allegation of a specific act, as in a charge of official misconduct.

Spe•cif´ic•ness , n. The quality or state of being specific.

Spec´i•fy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Specified p. pr. & vb. n. Specifying ] [F. specifier, or OF. especifier, fr. LL. specificare. See Species, -fy.] To mention or name, as a particular thing; to designate in words so as to distinguish from other things; as to specify the uses of a plant; to specify articles purchased. “He has there given us an exact geography of Greece, where the countries and the uses of their soils are specified.” Pope.

Spe•cil´lum , n. [L.] (Med.) See Stylet, 2.

Spec´i•men , n. [L., fr. specere to look, to behold. See Spy.] A part, or small portion, of anything, or one of a number of things, intended to exhibit the kind and quality of the whole, or of what is not exhibited; a sample; as a specimen of a man’s handwriting; a specimen of painting; aspecimen of one’s art. Syn. — Sample; model; pattern. — Specimen, Sample. A specimen is a representative of the class of things to which it belongs; as a specimen of photography. A sample is a part of the thing itself, designed to show the quality of the whole; as a sample of sugar or of broadcloth. A cabinet of minerals consists of specimens; if a part be broken off from any one of these, it is a sample of the mineral to which it belongs. ´Several persons have exhibited specimens of this art before multitudes of beholders.´ Addison. ´I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss.´ Woodward.

Spe•ci•os´i•ty , n.; pl. Speciocities (#). [Cf. LL. speciositas.] 1. The quality or state of being specious; speciousness. “Professions built so largely on speciosity, instead of performance.” Carlyle. 2. That which is specious. Dr. H. More.

Spe´cious , a. [L. speciosusgood-looking, beautiful, specious, fr. species look, show, appearance; cf. F. specoeux. See Species.] 1. Presenting a pleasing appearance; pleasing in form or look; showy. “Some [serpents] specious and beautiful to the eye.” Bp. Richardson. “The rest, far greater part,
Will deem in outward rites and specious forms
Religion satisfied.” Milton. 2. Apparently right; superficially fair, just, or correct, but not so in reality; appearing well at first view; plausible; as specious reasoning; a specious argument. “Misled for a moment by the specious names of religion, liberty, and property.” Macaulay. “In consequence of their greater command of specious expression.” J. Morley. Syn. — Plausible; showy; ostensible; colorable; feasible. See Plausible. — Spe´xious•ly (#), adv. — Spe´cious•ness, n.

Speck , n. [Cf. Icel. spik blubber, AS. spic, D. spek, G. speck.] The blubber of whales or other marine mammals; also the fat of the hippopotamus. Speck falls (Naut.), falls or ropes rove through blocks for hoisting the blubber and bone of whales on board a whaling vessel.

Speck, n. [OE. spekke, AS. specca; cf. LG. spaak.] 1. A small discolored place in or on anything, or a small place of a color different from that of the main substance; a spot; a stain; a blemish; as a speck on paper or loth; specks of decay in fruit. ´Gray sand, with black specks.´ Anson. 2. A very small thing; a particle; a mite; as specks of dust; he has not a speck of money. “Many bright specks bubble up along the blue Egean.” Landor. 3. (Zoöl.) A small etheostomoid fish (Ulocentra stigmaea) common in the Eastern United States.

Speck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Specked p. pr. & vb. n. Specking.] To cause the presence of specks upon or in, especially specks regarded as defects or blemishes; to spot; to speckle; as paper specked by impurities in the water used in its manufacture. “Carnation, purple, azure, or specked with gold.” Milton.

Spec´kle , n. [Dim. of speck; cf. D. spikkel.] A little or spot in or anything, of a different substance or color from that of the thing itself. “An huge great serpent, all with speckles pied.” Spebser.

Spec´kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Speckled p. pr. & vb. n. Speckling ] To mark with small spots of a different color from that of the rest of the surface; to variegate with spots of a different color from the ground or surface.

Spec´kled , a. Marked or variegated with small spots of a different color from that of the rest of the surface. Speckled Indians (Ethnol.), the Pintos. — Speckled trout. (Zoöl.) (a) The common American brook trout. See Trout. (b) The rainbow trout.

Spec´kled-bel•ly , n. (Zoöl.) The gadwall. [Local, U.S.]

Spec´kled-bill´ , n. (Zoöl.) The American white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons).

Spec´kled•ness, n. The quality of being speckled.

Speck•sion•eer´ , n. The chief harpooner, who also directs in cutting up the speck, or blubber; — so called among whalers.

Speckt , n. A woodpecker. See Speight.

Spec´ta•cle , n. [F., fr. L. spectaculum, fr. spectare to look at, to behold, v. intens. fr. specere. See Spy.] 1. Something exhibited to view; usually, something presented to view as extraordinary, or as unusual and worthy of special notice; a remarkable or noteworthy sight; a show; a pageant; a gazingstock. “O, piteous spectacle? O, bloody times!” Shak. 2. A spy-glass; a looking-glass. [Obs.] “Poverty a spectacle is, as thinketh me,
Through which he may his very friends see.” Chaucer. 3. pl. An optical instrument consisting of two lenses set in a light frame, and worn to assist sight, to obviate some defect in the organs of vision, or to shield the eyes from bright light. 4. pl. Fig.: An aid to the intellectual sight. “Shakespeare … needed not the spectacles of books to read nature.” Dryden. Syn. — Show; sight; exhibition; representation; pageant.

Spec´ta•cled , a. 1. Furnished with spectacles; wearing spectacles. “As spectacled she sits in chimney nook.” Keats. 2. (Zoöl.) Having the eyes surrounded by color markings, or patches of naked skin, resembling spectacles. Spectacled bear (Zoöl.), a South American bear (Tremarclos ornatus) which inhabits the high mountains of Chili and Peru. It has a light-colored ring around each eye. — Spectacled coot, or Spectacled duck (Zoöl.), the surf scoter, or surf duck. [Local, U.S.] — Spectacled eider (Zoöl.) See Eider. — Spectacled goose (Zoöl.), the gannet. — Spectacled snake (Zoöl.), the cobra de capello.

Spec•tac´u•lar , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a shows; of the nature of a show. ´Spectacular sports.´ G. Hickes. 2. Adapted to excite wonder and admiration by a display of pomp or of scenic effects; as a spectacular celebration of some event; a spectacular play. 3. Pertaining to spectacles, or glasses for the eyes.

Spec´tant , a. [L. spectans, p. pr. of spectare to look at.] Looking forward.

Spec•ta´tion , n. [L. spectatio.] Regard; aspect; appearance. Harvey.

Spec•ta´tor , n. [L. spectator: cf. F. spectateur. See Spectacle.] One who on; one who sees or beholds; a beholder; one who is personally present at, and sees, any exhibition; as the spectators at a show. ´Devised and played to take spectators.´ Shak. Syn. — Looker-on; beholder; observer; witness.

Spec•ta•to´ri•al , a. Of or pertaining to a spectator. Addison.

Spec•ta´tor•ship , n. 1. The office or quality of a spectator. [R.] Addison. 2. The act of beholding. [Obs.] Shak. { Spec•ta´tress , Spec•ta´trix }, n. [L. spectatrix.] A female beholder or looker-on. ´A spectatress of the whole scene.´ Jeffrey. { Spec´ter , Spec´tre } , n. [F. spectre, fr. L. spectrum an appearance, image, specter, fr. specere to look. See Spy, and cf. Spectrum.] 1. Something preternaturally visible; an apparition; a ghost; a phantom. “The ghosts of traitors from the bridge descend,
With bold fanatic specters to rejoice.” Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The tarsius. (b) A stick insect. Specter bat (Zoöl.), any phyllostome bat. — Specter candle (Zoöl.), a belemnite. — Specter shrimp (Zoöl.), a skeleton shrimp. See under Skeleton.

Spec•tion•eer´ , n. Same as Specsioneer.

Spec´tral , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a specter; ghosty. “He that feels timid at the spectral form of evil is not the man to spread light.” F. W. Robertson. 2. (Opt.) Of or pertaining to the spectrum; made by the spectrum; as spectral colors; spectral analysis. Spectral lemur. (Zoöl.) See Tarsius.

Spec´tral•ly, adv. In the form or manner of a specter.

Spec´tre , n. See Specter.

Spec•tro•log´ic•al , a. Of or pertaining to spectrology; as spectrological studies or experiments. — Spec•tro•log´ic•al•ly, adv.

Spec•trol´o•gy , n. [Spectrum + -logy.] (Chem.Phys.) The science of spectrum analysis in any or all of its relations and applications.

Spec•trom´e•ter , n. [Spectrum + -meter.] (Physics) A spectroscope fitted for measurements of the luminious spectra observed with it.

Spec•tro•pho•tom´e•ter , n. [Spectrum + photometer.] (Opt.) An instrument for measuring or comparing the intensites of the colors of the spectrum.

Spec´tro•scope , n. [Spectrum + -scope.] (Physics) An optical instrument for forming and examining spectra (as that of solar light, or those produced by flames in which different substances are volatilized), so as to determine, from the position of the spectral lines, the composition of the substance. { Spec•tro•scop´ic , Spec•tro•scop´ic•al }, a. Of or pertaining to a spectroscope, or spectroscopy. — Spec•tro•scop´ic•al•ly, adv.

Spec•tros´co•pist , n. One who investigates by means of a spectroscope; one skilled in the use of the spectroscope.

Spec•tros´co•py , n. The use of the spectroscope; investigations made with the spectroscope.

Spec´trum , n.; pl. Spectra (#). [L. See Specter.] 1. An apparition; a specter. [Obs.] 2. (Opt.) (a) The several colored and other rays of which light is composed, separated by the refraction of a prism or other means, and observed or studied either as spread out on a screen, by direct vision, by photography, or otherwise. See Illust. of Light, and Spectroscope. (b) A luminous appearance, or an image seen after the eye has been exposed to an intense light or a strongly illuminated object. When the object is colored, the image appears of the complementary color, as a green image seen after viewing a red wafer lying on white paper. Called also ocular spectrum. Absorption spectrum, the spectrum of light which has passed through a medium capable of absorbing a portion of the rays. It is characterized by dark spaces, bands, or lines. — Chemical spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with reference to their chemical effects, as in photography. These, in the usual photogrophic methods, have their maximum influence at and beyond the violet rays, but are not limited to this region. — Chromatic spectrum, the visible colored rays of the solar spectrum, exhibiting the seven principal colors in their order, and covering the central and larger portion of the space of the whole spectrum. — Continous spectrum, a spectrum not broken by bands or lines, but having the colors shaded into each other continously, as that from an incandescent solid or liquid, or a gas under high pressure. — Diffraction spectrum, a spectrum produced by diffraction, as by a grating. — Gaseous spectrum, the spectrum of an incandesoent gas or vapor, under moderate, or especially under very low, pressure. It is characterized by bright bands or lines. — Normal spectrum, a representation of a spectrum arranged upon conventional plan adopted as standard, especially a spectrum in which the colors are spaced proportionally to their wave lengths, as when formed by a diffraction grating. — Ocular spectrum. See Spectrum, 2 (b), above. — Prismatic spectrum, a spectrum produced by means of a prism. — Solar spectrum, the spectrum of solar light, especially as thrown upon a screen in a darkened room. It is characterized by numerous dark lines called Fraunhofer lines. — Spectrum analysis, chemical analysis effected by comparison of the different relative positions and qualities of the fixed lines of spectra produced by flames in which different substances are burned or evaporated, each substance having its own characteristic system of lines. — Thermal spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with reference to their heating effect, especially of those rays which produce no luminous phenomena.

Spec´u•lar , a. [L. specularis (cf., from the same root, specula a lookout, watchtower): cf. F. speculaire. See Speculum.] 1. Having the qualities of a speculum, or mirror; having a smooth, reflecting surface; as a specular metal; a specular surface. 2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a speculum; conducted with the aid of a speculum; as a specular examination. 3. Assisting sight, as a lens or the like. [Obs.] “Thy specular orb
Apply to well-dissected kernels; lo!
In each observe the slender threads
Of first-beginning trees.” J. Philips. 4. Affording view. [R.] ´Look once more, ere we leave this specular mount.´ Milton. Specular iron. (Min.) See Hematite.

Spec´u•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speculated p. pr. & vb. n. Speculating.] [L. speculatus, p. p. of speculari to spy out, observe, fr. specula a lookout, fr. specere to look. See Spy.] 1. To consider by turning a subject in the mind, and viewing it in its different aspects and relations; to meditate; to contemplate; to theorize; as to speculate on questions in religion; to speculate on political events. “It is remarkable that persons who speculate the most boldly often conform with the most pefect quietude to the external regulations of society.” Hawthorne. 2. (Philos.) To view subjects from certain premises given or assumed, and infer conclusions respecting them a priori. 3. (Com.) To purchase with the expectation of a contingent advance in value, and a consequent sale at a profit; — often, in a somewhat depreciative sense, of unsound or hazardous transactions; as to speculate in coffee, in sugar, or in bank stock.

Spec´u•late, v. t. To consider attentively; as to speculate the nature of a thing. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

Spec•u•la´tion , n. [L. speculatio a spying out, observation: cf. F. speculation.] 1. The act of speculating. Specifically: — (a) Examination by the eye; view. [Obs.] (b) Mental view of anything in its various aspects and relations; contemplation; intellectual examination. “Thenceforth to speculations high or deep
I turned my thoughts.” Milton. (c) (Philos.) The act or process of reasoning a priori from premises given or assumed. (d) (Com.) The act or practice of buying land, goods, shares, etc., in expectation of selling at a higher price, or of selling with the expectation of repurchasing at a lower price; a trading on anticipated fluctuations in price, as distinguished from trading in which the profit expected is the difference between the retail and wholesale prices, or the difference of price in different markets. “Sudden fortunes, indeed, are sometimes made in such places, by what is called the trade of speculation.” A. Smith. “Speculation, while confined within moderate limits, is the agent for equalizing supply and demand, and rendering the fluctuations of price less sudden and abrupt than they would otherwise be.” F. A. Walker. (e) Any business venture in involving unusual risks, with a chance for large profits. 2. A conclusion to which the mind comes by speculating; mere theory; view; notion; conjecture. “From him Socrates derived the principles of morality, and most part of his natural speculations.” Sir W. temple. “To his speculations on these subjects he gave the lofty name of the ´Oracles of Reason.´” Macaulay. 3. Power of sight. [Obs.] “Thou hast no speculation in those eyes.” Shak. 4. A game at cards in which the players buy from one another trumps or whole hands, upon a chance of getting the highest trump dealt, which entitles the holder to the pool of stakes.

Spec´u•la•tist , n. One who speculates, or forms theories; a speculator; a theorist. “The very ingenious speculatist, Mr. Hume.” V. Knox.

Spec´u•la•tive , a. [Cf. F. speculatif, L. speculativus.] 1. Given to speculation; contemplative. “The mind of man being by nature speculative.” Hooker. 2. Involving, or formed by, speculation; ideal; theoretical; not established by demonstration. Cudworth. 3. Of or pertaining to vision; also prying; inquisitive; curious. [R.] Bacon. 4. Of or pertaining to speculation in land, goods, shares, etc.; as a speculative dealer or enterprise. “The speculative merchant exercises no one regular, established, or well-known branch of business.” A. Smith. — Spec´u•la•tive•ly, adv. — Spec´u•la•tive•ness, n.

Spec´u•la•tor , n. [L., a spy, explorer, investigator: cf. F. speculateur.] One who speculates. Specifically: (a) An observer; a contemplator; hence, a spy; a watcher. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. (b) One who forms theories; a theorist. “A speculator who had dared to affirm that the human soul is by nature mortal.” Macaulay. (c) (Com.) One who engages in speculation; one who buys and sells goods, land, etc., with the expectation of deriving profit from fluctuations in price.

Spec•u•la•to´ri•al , a. Speculatory; speculative. [Obs.]

Spec´u•la•to•ry , a. [L. speculatorius belonging to spies or scouts.] 1. Intended or adapted for viewing or espying; having oversight. T. Warton. 2. Exercising speculation; speculative. T. Carew.

Spec´u•list , n. One who observes or considers; an observer. [R.] Goldsmith.

Spec´u•lum , n.; pl. L. Specula (#), E. Speculum (#). [L., fr. specere to look, behold. See Spy.] 1. A mirror, or looking-glass; especially, a metal mirror, as in Greek and Roman archaeology. 2. A reflector of polished metal, especially one used in reflecting telescopes. See Speculum metal, below. 3. (Surg.) An instrument for dilating certain passages of the body, and throwing light within them, thus facilitating examination or surgical operations. 4. (Zoöl.) A bright and lustrous patch of color found on the wings of ducks and some other birds. It is usually situated on the distal portions of the secondary quills, and is much more brilliant in the adult male than in the female. Speculum metal, a hard, brittle alloy used for making the reflectors of telescopes and other instruments, usually consisting of copper and tin in various proportions, one of the best being that in which there are 126.4 parts of copper to 58.9 parts of tin, with sometimes a small proportion of arsenic, antimony, or zinc added to improve the whiteness.

Sped , imp. & p. p. of Speed.

Speece , n. Species; sort. [Obs.]

Speech , n. [OE. speche, AS. spc, spr, fr. specan, sprecan, to speak; akin to D. spraak speech, OHG. sprahha, G. sprache, Sw. sprk, Dan. sprog. See Speak.] 1. The faculty of uttering articulate sounds or words; the faculty of expressing thoughts by words or articulate sounds; the power of speaking. “There is none comparable to the variety of instructive expressions by speech, wherewith man alone is endowed for the communication of his thoughts.” Holder. 2. he act of speaking; that which is spoken; words, as expressing ideas; language; conversation. Speech is voice modulated by the throat, tongue, lips, etc., the modulation being accomplished by changing the form of the cavity of the mouth and nose through the action of muscles which move their walls. “O goode God! how gentle and how kind
Ye seemed by your speech and your visage
The day that maked was our marriage.” Chaucer. “The acts of God … to human ears
Can nort without process of speech be told.” Milton. 3. A particular language, as distinct from others; a tongue; a dialect. “People of a strange speech and of an hard language.” Ezek. iii. 6. 4. Talk; mention; common saying. “The duke … did of me demand
What was the speech among the Londoners
Concerning the French journey.” Shak. 5. formal discourse in public; oration; harangue. “The constant design of these orators, in all their speeches, was to drive some one particular point.” Swift. 6. ny declaration of thoughts. “I. with leave of speech implored, … replied.” Milton. Syn. Harangue; language; address; oration. See Harangue, and Language.

Speech, v. i. & t. To make a speech; to harangue. [R.]

Speech´ful , a. Full of speech or words; voluble; loquacious. [R.]

Speech•i•fi•ca´tion , n.[See Spechify.] The act of speechifying. [Used humorously or in contempt.]

Speech´i•fi•er , n. One who makes a speech or speeches; an orator; a declaimer. [Used humorously or in contempt.] G. Eliot.

Speech´i•fy , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speechified p. pr. & vb. n. Speechifying ] [Speech + -fy.] To make a speech; to harangue. [Used derisively or humorously.]

Speech´i•fy•ing, n. The act of making a speech or speeches. [Used derisively or humorously.] “The dinner and speechifying … at the opening of the annual season for the buckhounds.” M. Arnold.

Speech´ing, n. The act of making a speech. [R.]

Speech´less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of the faculty of speech. 2. Not speaking for a time; dumb; mute; silent. “Speechless with wonder, and half dead with fear.” Addison. — Speech´less•ly, adv. — Speech´less•ness, n.

Speech´mak•er , n. One who makes speeches; one accustomed to speak in a public assembly.

Speed , n. [AS. spd success, swiftness, from spwan to succeed; akin to D. spoedd, OHG. spuot success, spuot to succees, Skr. spha to increase, grow fat. rad.170b.] 1. Prosperity in an undertaking; favorable issue; success. ´For common speed.´ Chaucer. “O Lord God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day.” Gen. xxiv. 12. 2. The act or state of moving swiftly; swiftness; velocity; rapidly; rate of motion; dispatch; as the speed a horse or a vessel. “Speed, to describe whose swiftness number fails.” Milton. In kinematics, speedis sometimes used to denote the amount of velocity without regard to direction of motion, while velocity is not regarded as known unless both the direction and the amount are known. 3. One who, or that which, causes or promotes speed or success. [Obs.] ´Hercules be thy speed!´ Shak. God speed, Good speed; prosperity. See Godspeed. — Speed gauge, Speed indicator, ∧ Speed recorder (Mach.), devices for indicating or recording the rate of a body’s motion, as the number of revolutions of a shaft in a given time. — Speed lathe (Mach.), a power lathe with a rapidly revolving spindle, for turning small objects, for polishing, etc.; a hand lathe. — Speed pulley, a cone pulley with steps. Syn. — Haste; swiftness; celerity; quickness; dispatch; expedition; hurry; acceleration. See Haste.

Speed (sped), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sped (sped), Speeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Speeding.] [AS. spedan, fr. sped, n.; akin to D. spoeden, G. sich sputen. See Speed, n.] 1. To go; to fare. [Obs.] “To warn him now he is too farre sped.” Remedy of Love. 2. To experience in going; to have any condition, good or ill; to fare. Shak. “Ships heretofore in seas like fishes sped;
The mightiest still upon the smallest fed.” Waller. 3. To fare well; to have success; to prosper. “Save London, and send true lawyers their meed!
For whoso wants money with them shall not speed!” Lydgate. “I told ye then he should prevail, and speed
On his bad errand.” Milton. 4. To make haste; to move with celerity. “I have speeded hither with the very extremest inch of possibility.” Shak. 5. To be expedient. [Obs.] Wyclif (2 Cor. xii. 1.)

Speed, v. t. 1. To cause to be successful, or to prosper; hence, to aid; to favor. ´Fortune speed us!´ Shak. “With rising gales that speed their happy flight.” Dryden. 2. To cause to make haste; to dispatch with celerity; to drive at full speed; hence, to hasten; to hurry. “He sped him thence home to his habitation.” Fairfax. 3. To hasten to a conclusion; to expedite. “Judicial acts … are sped in open court at the instance of one or both of the parties.” Ayliffe. 4. To hurry to destruction; to put an end to; to ruin; to undo. ´Sped with spavins.´ Shak. “A dire dilemma! either way I ’m sped.
If foes, they write, if friends, they read, me dead.” Pope. 5. To wish success or god fortune to, in any undertaking, especially in setting out upon a journey. “Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest.” Pope. God speed you, them, etc., may God speed you; or, may you have good speed. Syn. — To dispatch; hasten; expedite; accelerate; hurry.

Speed´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, speeds. 2. (Spinning) A machine for drawing and twisting slivers to form rovings.

Speed´ful , a. Full of speed (in any sense). [Obs.]

Speed´ful•ly, adv. In a speedful manner. [Obs.]

Speed´i•ly , adv. In a speedy manner.

Speed´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being speedy.

Speed´less, a. Being without speed.

Speed´well , n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Veronica, mostly low herbs with pale blue corollas which quickly fall off.

Speed´y (-y), a. [Compar. Speedier superl. Speediest.] [AS. spedyg.] Not dilatory or slow; quick; swift; nimble; hasty; rapid in motion or performance; as a speedy flight; on speedy foot. “I will wish her speedy strength.” Shak. “Darts, which not the good could shun,
The speedy ould outfly.” Dryden.

Speer , n. A sphere. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Speer, v. t. To ask. [Scot.] See Spere.

Speet , v. t. [Cf. D. speten. See Spit an iron prong.] To stab. [Obs.] Gammer Gurton’s Needle.

Speight , n. [G. specht, probably akin to L. picus: cf. D. specht. rad.169. See Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.) A woodpecker; — called also specht, spekt, spight. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Speir , v. i. To ask. See Spere. Sir W. Scott.

Speis•ko´balt , n. [G.] Smaltite.

Speiss , n. [Cf. G. speise food, mixed metal for bells, etc.] (Metal.) A regulus consisting essentially of nickel, obtained as a residue in fusing cobalt and nickel ores with silica and sodium carbonate to make smalt.

Spek´boom , n. [D., lit. fat tree.] (Bot.) The purslane tree of South Africa, — said to be the favorite food of elephants. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Speke , v. i. & t. To speak. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Speke´house , n. The parlor or reception room of a convent. [Obs.]

Spel´ding , n. [Scot. speld to spread out, spelder to split. spread open; cf. G. spalten split.] A haddock or other small fish split open and dried in the sun; — called also speldron. [Scot.]

Spel´i•cans , n. pl. See Spilikin.

Spelk , n. [AS. spelc, spilc, a little rod by which a thing is kept straight, a splint for binding up broken bones, akin to Icel. spelkur, pl., a splint. Cf. Spell a splinter.] A small stick or rod used as a spike in thatching; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Spell , n. [OE. speld, AS. speld a spill to light a candle with; akin to D. speld a pin, OD. spelle, G. spalten to split, OHG. spaltan, MHG. spelte a splinter, Icel. spjald a square tablet, Goth. spilda a writing tablet. Cf. Spillsplinter, roll of paper, Spell to tell the letters of.] A spelk, or splinter. [Obs.] Holland.

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] [AS. spelian to supply another’s place.] To supply the place of for a time; to take the turn of, at work; to relieve; as to spell the helmsman.

Spell, n. 1. The relief of one person by another in any piece of work or watching; also a turn at work which is carried on by one person or gang relieving another; as a spell at the pumps; a spell at the masthead. “A spell at the wheel is called a trick.” Ham. Nav. Encyc. 2. The time during which one person or gang works until relieved; hence, any relatively short period of time, whether a few hours, days, or weeks. “Nothing new has happened in this quarter, except the setting in of a severe spell of cold weather.” Washington. 3. One of two or more persons or gangs who work by spells. [R.] “Their toil is so extreme that they can not endure it above four hours in a day, but are succeeded by spells.” Garew. 4. A gratuitous helping forward of another’s work; as a logging spell. [Local, U.S.]

Spell , n.[AS. spell a saying, tale, speech; akin to OS. & OHG. spel, Icel. spjall,Goth. spill. Cf. Gospel, Spell to tell the letters of.] 1. A story; a tale. [Obs.] ´Hearken to my spell.´ Chaucer. 2. A stanza, verse, or phrase supposed to be endowed with magical power; an incantation; hence, any charm. “ Start not; her actions shall be holy as
You hear my spell is lawful.” Shak.

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled or Spelt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] [OE. spellen, spellien, tell, relate, AS. spellian, fr. spell a saying, tale; akin to MHG. spellen to relate, Goth. spilln.e Spell a tale. In sense 4 and those following, OE. spellen, perhaps originally a different word, and from or influenced by spell a splinter, from the use of a piece of wood to point to the letters in schools: cf. D. spellen to spell. Cf. Spell splinter.] 1. To tell; to relate; to teach. [Obs.] “Might I that legend find,
By fairies spelt in mystic rhymes.” T. Warton. 2. To put under the influence of a spell; to affect by a spell; to bewitch; to fascinate; to charm. ´Spelled with words of power.´ Dryden. “He was much spelled with Eleanor Talbot.” Sir G. Buck. 3. To constitute; to measure. [Obs.] “The Saxon heptarchy, when seven kings put together did spell but one in effect.” Fuller. 4. To tell or name in their proper order letters of, as a word; to write or print in order the letters of, esp. the proper letters; to form, as words, by correct orthography. “The word ´satire´ ought to be spelled with i, and not with y.” Dryden. 5. To discover by characters or marks; to read with difficulty; — usually with out; as to spell out the sense of an author; to spell out a verse in the Bible. “To spell out a God in the works of creation.” South. “To sit spelling and observing divine justice upon every accident.” Milton.

Spell, v. i. 1. To form words with letters, esp. with the proper letters, either orally or in writing. “When what small knowledge was in them did dwell,
And he a god, who could but read or spell.” Dryden. 2. To study by noting characters; to gain knowledge or learn the meaning of anything, by study. [Obs.] “Where I may sit and rightly spell
Of every star that heaven doth shew,
And every herb that sips the dew.” Milton.

Spell´a•ble , a. Capable of being spelt. Carlyle.

Spell´bound , a. Bound by, or as by, a spell.

Spell´er , n. 1. One who spells. 2. A spelling book. [U. S.]

Spell´ful , a. Abounding in spells, or charms. “Here, while his eyes the learned leaves peruse,
Each spellful mystery explained he views.” Hoole.

Spell´ing, n. The act of one who spells; formation of words by letters; orthography.

Spell´ing, a. Of or pertaining to spelling. Spelling bee, a spelling match. [U.S.] - - Spelling book, a book with exercises for teaching children to spell; a speller. — Spelling match, a contest of skill in spelling words, between two or more persons.

Spell´ken , n. A theater. [Slang] Byron.

Spell´work , n. Power or effect of magic; that which is wrought by magic; enchantment. “Like those Peri isles of light
That hang by spellwork in the air.” Moore.

Spelt , imp. & p. p. of Spell. Spelled.

Spelt, n. [AS. spelt, fr. L. spelta.] (Bot.) A species of grain (Triticum Spelta) much cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland; — called also German wheat.

Spelt, n. [See Spalt.] (Metal.) Spelter. [Colloq.]

Spelt, v. t. & i. [See Spell a splinter.] To split; to break; to spalt. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Spel´ter , n. [Cf. LG. spialter, G. & D. spiauter. Cf. Pewter.] (Metal.) Zinc; — especially so called in commerce and arts.

Spe•lunc´ , n. [L. spelunca cave.] A cavern; a cave. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Spence , n. [OF. despense, F. depense, buffet, buttery, fr. OF. despendre to spend, distribute, L. dispendere, dispensum. See Dispense, Spend.] 1. A place where provisions are kept; a buttery; a larder; a pantry. “In … his spence, or ´pantry´ were hung the carcasses of a sheep or ewe, and two cows lately slaughtered.” Sir W. Scott. “Bluff Harry broke into the spence,
And turned the cowls adrift.” Tennyson. 2. The inner apartment of a country house; also the place where the family sit and eat. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Spen´cer , n. [OF. despensier. See Spence, and cf. Dispenser.] One who has the care of the spence, or buttery. [Obs.] Promptorium Parvulorum.

Spen´cer, n. [From the third Earl Spencer, who first wore it, or brought it into fashion.] A short jacket worn by men and by women. Ld. Lutton.

Spen´cer, n. (Naut.) A fore- and-aft sail, abaft the foremast or the mainmast, hoisted upon a small supplementary mast and set with a gaff and no boom; a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast; — named after its inventor, Knight Spencer, of England [1802]. Spencer mast, a small mast just abaft the foremast or mainmast, for hoisting the spencer. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Spend , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spent p. pr. & vb. n. Spending.] [AS. spendan (in comp.), fr. L. expendere or dispendere to weigh out, to expend, dispense. See Pendant, and cf. Dispend, Expend, Spence, Spencer.] 1. To weigh or lay out; to dispose of; to part with; as to spend money for clothing. “Spend thou that in the town.” Shak. “Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread?” Isa. lv. 2. 2. To bestow; to employ; — often with on or upon. “I … am never loath
To spend my judgment.” Herbert. 3. To consume; to waste; to squander; to exhaust; as to spend an estate in gaming or other vices. 4. To pass, as time; to suffer to pass away; as to spend a day idly; to spend winter abroad. “We spend our years as a tale that is told.” Ps. xc. 9. 5. To exhaust of force or strength; to waste; to wear away; as the violence of the waves was spent. “Their bodies spent with long labor and thirst.” Knolles.

Spend , v. i. 1. To expend money or any other possession; to consume, use, waste, or part with, anything; as he who gets easily spends freely. “He spends as a person who knows that he must come to a reckoning.” South. 2. To waste or wear away; to be consumed; to lose force or strength; to vanish; as energy spends in the using of it. “The sound spendeth and is dissipated in the open air.” Bacon. 3. To be diffused; to spread. “The vines that they use for wine are so often cut, that their sap spendeth into the grapes.” Bacon. 4. (Mining) To break ground; to continue working.

Spen´der , n. One who spends; esp., one who spends lavishly; a prodigal; a spendthrift.

Spend´ing, n. The act of expending; expenditure. Spending money, money set apart for extra (not necessary) personal expenses; pocket money. [Colloq.]

Spend´thrift , n. One who spends money profusely or improvidently; a prodigal; one who lavishes or wastes his estate. Also used figuratively. “A woman who was a generous spendthrift of life.” Mrs. R. H. Davis.

Spend´thrift, a. Prodigal; extravagant; wasteful.

Spend´thrift•y , a. Spendthrift; prodigal. [R.]

Spen•se´ri•an , a. Of or pertaining to the English poet Spenser; — specifically applied to the stanza used in his poem ´The Faërie Queene.´

Spent (spent), a. 1. Exhausted; worn out; having lost energy or motive force. “Now thou seest me
Spent, overpowered, despairing of success.” Addison. “Heaps of spent arrows fall and strew the ground.” Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) Exhausted of spawn or sperm; — said especially of fishes. Spent ball, a ball shot from a firearm, which reaches an object without having sufficient force to penetrate it. { Sper , Sperre }, v. t. [See Spar bar.] To shut in; to support; to inclose; to fasten. [Obs.] ´To sperre the gate.´ Spenser.

Spe´ra•ble , a. [L. spearabilis, fr. sperare to hope.] Within the range of hpe; proper to be hoped for. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sper´a•ble , n. See Sperable.

Sper´age , n. Asperagus. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Spe´rate , a. [L. speratus, p. p. of sperare to hope.] Hoped for, or to be hoped for. [R.] Bouvier.

Spere , v. i. [AS. spyrian to inquire, properly, to follow the track; akin to D. speuren, G. spüren, Icel. spyrja. rad.171. See Spoor.] To search; to pry; to ask; to inquire. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also speer, speir.] Jamieson.

Spere, n. [See Sphere.] A sphere. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sperge , n. (Distilling) A charge of wash for the still. Knight.

Sper´ling , n. [See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) (a) A smelt; a sparling. [Prov. Eng.] (b) A young herring. [Local, U.S.]

Sperm , n.[F. sperme, L. sperma, Gr. , , from to sow. Cf. Spore.] (Physiol.) The male fecundating fluid; semen. See Semen. Sperm cell (Physiol.), one of the cells from which the spermatozoids are developed. — Sperm morula. (Biol.) Same as Spermosphere.

Sperm, n.[Contr. fr. spermaceti.] Spermaceti. Sperm oil, a fatty oil found as a liquid, with spermaceti, in the head cavities of the sperm whale. — Sperm whale. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary.

Sper•ma•ce´ti , n. [L. sperma sperm + cetus,gen. ceti, any large sea animal, a whale, Gr. . See Sperm, Cetaceous.] A white waxy substance obtained from cavities in the head of the sperm whale, and used making candles, oilments, cosmetics, etc. It consists essentially of ethereal salts of palmitic acid with ethal and other hydrocarbon bases. The substance of spermaceti after the removal of certain impurities is sometimes called cetin. Spermaceti whale (Zoöl.), the sperm whale.

Sper´mal•ist , n. (Biol.) See Spermist.

Sper´ma•phore , n. [Gr. sperm + to bear.] (Bot.) That part of the ovary from which the ovules arise; the placenta.

Sper´ma•ry , n. (Anat.) An organ in which spermatozoa are developed; a sperm gland; a testicle.

Sper•ma•the´ca , n.; pl. Spermathecae (#). [NL., from Gr. seed + case, or receptacle.] (Zoöl.) A small sac connected with the female reproductive organs of insects and many other invertebrates, serving to receive and retain the spermatozoa.

Sper•mat´ic , a. [L. spermaticus, Gr. : cf. F. spermatique. See Sperm.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to semen; as the spermatic fluid, the spermatic vessels, etc. Spermatic cord (Anat.), the cord which suspends the testicle within the scrotum. It is made up of a connective tissue sheath inclosing the spermatic duct and accompanying vessels and nerves.

Sper´mat´ic•al , a. Spermatic.

Sper´ma•tin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance allied to alkali albumin and to mucin, present in semen, to which it is said to impart the mucilaginous character.

Sper´ma•tism , n. (Physiol.) The emission of sperm, or semen.

Sper•ma´ti•um , n.; pl. Spermatia (#). [NL.] (Bot.) One of the motionless spermatozoids in the conceptacles of certain fungi. J. H. Balfour.

Sper´ma•tize , v. i. [Gr. . See Sperm.] To yield seed; to emit seed, or sperm. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. { Sper´ma•to- , Sper´mo- }. Combining forms from Gr. spe•rma, -atos, seed, sperm, semen (of plants or animals); as spermatoblast, spermoblast.

Sper´ma•to•blast , n. Same as Spermoblast.

Sper´ma•to•cyte , n. [Spermato- + Gr. a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) Same as Spermoblast.

Sper•ma•to•gem´ma , n. [NL. See Spermato-, and Gemma.] (Physiol.) Same as Spermosphere.

Sper•ma•to•gen´e•sis , n. [Spermato- + genesis.] (Biol.) The development of the spermatozoids.

Sper•ma•to•ge•net´ic , a. (Physiol.) Relating to, or connected with, spermatogenesis; as spermatogenetic function.

Sper•ma•tog´e•nous , a. [Spermato- + -genous.] (Physiol.) Sperm- producing.

Sper•ma•to•go´ni•um , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , sperm + offspring.] (Physiol.) A primitive seminal cell, occuring in masses in the seminal tubules. It divides into a mass (spermosphere) of small cells (spermoblast), which in turn give rise to spermatozoids.

Sper´ma•toid , a. [Spermato- + -oid.] (Physiol.) Spermlike; resembling sperm, or semen.

Sper•ma•to´ön , n.; pl. Spermatoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. spe•rma, -atos, seed + an egg.] (Anat.) A spermoblast. — Sper•ma•to´al (#), a. Owen.

Sper´ma•to•phore , n. [Spermato- + Gr. to bear.] 1. (Physiol.) Same as Spermospore. 2. (Zoöl.) A capsule or pocket inclosing a number of spermatozoa. They are present in many annelids, brachiopods, mollusks, and crustaceans. In cephalopods the structure of the capsule is very complex.

Sper•ma•toph´o•rous , a. (Physiol.) Producing seed, or sperm; seminiferous; as the so-called spermatophorous cells. {Sper•ma•tor•rhe´a , Sper•ma•tor•rhœ´a, }, n. [NL., fr. Gr. spe•rma, - atos, seed + to flow.] (Med.) Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of the semen without copulation.

Sper´ma•to•spore , n. Same as Spermospore.

Sper•ma•to•zo´id , n. [Spermatozoön + Gr. form.] (Biol.) The male germ cell in animals and plants, the essential element in fertilization; a microscopic animalcule-like particle, usually provided with one or more cilia by which it is capable of active motion. In animals, the familiar type is that of a small, more or less ovoid head, with a delicate threadlike cilium, or tail. Called also spermatozoön. In plants the more usual term is antherozoid.

Sper•ma•to•zo´oid n. (Biol.) A spermatozoid.

Sper•ma•to•zo´ön , n.; pl. Spermatozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , sperm + an animal.] (Biol.) Same as Spermatozoid.

Sper´mic , a. Of or pertaining to sperm, or semen.

Sper•mid´i•um , n.; pl. Spermidia (#). [Nl., fr. Gr. spe•rma seed.] (Bot.) An achenium.

Sperm´ist , n. (Biol.) A believer in the doctrine, formerly current, of encasement in the male (see Encasement), in which the seminal thread, or spermatozoid, was considered as the real animal germ, the head being the true animal head and the tail the body.

Sper´mo•blast , n. [Spermo- + -blast.] (Physiol.) One of the cells formed by the division of the spermospore, each of which is destined to become a spermatozoid; a spermatocyte; a spermatoblast.

Sper•mo•coc´cus , n. [NL. See Spermo-, and Coccus.] (Physiol.) The nucleus of the sperm cell.

Sper´mo•derm , n. [Spermo- + derm: cf. F. spermoderme.] (Bot.) The covering of a seed; — sometimes limited to the outer coat or testa. Lindley.

Sper•mo•go´ni•um , n. [NL.; spermo- + Gr. offspring.] (Bot.) A conceptacle of certain lichens, which contains spermatia.

Sper•mol´o•gist , n. [Gr. picking up seeds; spe•rma sperm, seed + to gather.] One who treats of, or collects, seeds. Bailey.

Sper´mo•phile , n. [Gr. spe•rma a seed + fi•los loving, fond.] (Zoöl.) Any ground squirrel of the genus Spermophilus; a gopher. See Illust. under Gopher.

Sper´mo•phore , n. (Zoöl.) A spermatophore.

Sper•moph´y•ta , n. pl. [Nl., from Gr. spe•rma a seed + fyto•n a plant.] Plants which produce seed; phaenogamia. These plants constitute the highest grand division of the vegetable kingdom.

Sper´mo•phyte , n. (Bot.) Any plant which produces true seeds; — a term recently proposed to replace phaenogam.

Sper•mo•phyt´ic , a. (Bot.) Capable of producing seeds; phaenogamic.

Sper•mo•plas´ma , n. [NL. See Spermo-, and Plasma.] (Physiol.) The protoplasm of the sperm cell. Haeckel.

Sper´mo•sphere , n. [Spermo- + sphere.] (Physiol.) A mass or ball of cells formed by the repeated division of a male germinal cell (spermospore), each constituent cell (spermoblast) of which is converted into a spermatozoid; a spermatogemma.

Sper´mo•spore , n. [Spermo- + spore.] (Physiol.) The male germinal or seminal cell, from the breaking up of which the spermoblasts are formed and ultimately the spermatozoids; a spermatospore. Balfour.

Sper´mule , n. [Dim. fr. sperm.] (Physiol.) A sperm cell. Haeckel.

Sperm´ whale (Zoöl.) A very large toothed whale (Physeter macrocephalus), having a head of enormous size. The upper jaw is destitute of teeth. In the upper part of the head, above the skull, there is a large cavity, or case, filled with oil and spermaceti. This whale sometimes grows to the length of more than eighty feet. It is found in the warmer parts of all the oceans. Called also cachalot, and spermaceti whale. Pygmy sperm whale (Zoöl.), a small whale (Kogia breviceps), seldom twenty feet long, native of tropical seas but occasionally found on the American coast. Called also snub-nosed cachalot. — Sperm-whale porpoise (Zoöl.), a toothed cetacean (Hyperoödon bidens), found on both sides of the Atlantic and valued for its oil. The adult becomes about twenty-five feet long, and its head is very large and thick. Called also bottle-nosed whale.

Sper´ry•lite , n.[Named after F. L. Sperry, who discovered it.] (Min.) An arsenide of platinum occuring in grains and minute isometric crystals of tin-white color. It is found near Sudbury, Ontario Canada, and is the only known compound of platinum occuring in nature.

Sperse , v. t. To disperse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spes´sart•ite , n.[From Spessart, in Germany.] (Min.) A manganesian variety of garnet.

Spet , v. t. [AS. sptan. See Spit.] To spit; to throw out. [Obs.]

Spet, n. Spittle. [Obs.]

Spetch´es , n. pl. Parings and refuse of hides, skins, etc., from which glue is made.

Spew , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spewed p. pr.& vb. n. Spewing.] [OE. spewen, speowen, AS. spiwan;n to D. spuwen to spit. OS & OHG. spiwan, G. speien, Icel. spja to spew, Sw. spy, Dan. spye, Goth. spiewan, th. spjauti, L. spuere to split, Gr. , Skr. shtiv, shthiv. Cf. Pyke, Spit.] [Written also spue.] 1. To eject from the stomach; to vomit. 2. To cast forth with abhorrence or disgust; to eject. “Because thou art lukewarm, and neither hot nor cold, I will spew thee out of my mouth.” Rev. ii. 16.

Spew, v. i. 1. To vomit. Chaucer. 2. To eject seed, as wet land swollen with frost.

Spew, n. That which is vomited; vomit.

Spew´er , n. One who spews.

Spew´i•ness , n. The state of being spewy.

Spew´y , a. Wet; soggy; inclined to spew.

Sphac´el , n. [Gr. : cf. F. sphacèle.] (Med.) Gangrene.

Sphac´e•late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sphacelated p. pr. & vb. n. Sphacelating.] [NL. sphacelare, sphacelatum, mortify: cf. F. sphaceler. See Sphacelus.] (Med.) To die, decay, or become gangrenous, as flesh or bone; to mortify.

Sphac´e•late, v. t. (Med.) To affect with gangrene. { Sphac´e•late , Sphac´e•la•ted } a. (Med.) Affected with gangrene; mortified.

Sphac•e•la´tion , n. (Med.) The process of becoming or making gangrenous; mortification.

Sphac´e•lus , n. [NL., fr. Gr. .] (Med.) Gangrenous part; gangrene; slough.

Sphae•ren´chy•ma , n. [NL., fr. Gr. sphere + -enchyma as in parenchima.] (Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of thin-walled rounded cells, — a modification of parenchyma.

Sphae•rid´i•um , n.; pl. Sphaeridia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a sphere.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar sense organ found upon the exterior of most kinds of sea urchins, and consisting of an oval or sherical head surmounting a short pedicel. It is generally supposed to be an olfactory organ.

Sphae´ro•spore , n. [Gr. sphere + E. spore.] (Bot.) One of the nonsexual spores found in red algae; a tetraspore.

Sphaer´u•lite , n. (Min.) Same as Spherulite.

Sphag•nic´o•lous , a. [Sphagnum + L. colere to inhabit.] (Bot.) Growing in moss of the genus Sphagnum.

Sphag´nous , a. (Bot.) Pertaining to moss of the genus Sphagnum, or bog moss; abounding in peat or bog moss.

Sphag´num , n. [NL., fr/ Gr. a kind of moss.] (Bot.) A genus of mosses having white leaves slightly tinged with red or green and found growing in marshy places; bog moss; peat moss.

Sphal´er•ite , n. [Gr. slippery, uncertain. See Blende.] (Min.) Zinc sulphide; — called also blende, black-jack, false galena, etc. See Blende (a).

Sphene , n. [F. sphène, fr. Gr. sfh•n a wedge.] (Min.) A mineral found usually in thin, wedge-shaped crystals of a yellow or green to black color. It is a silicate of titanium and calcium; titanite.

Sphe•neth´moid , a. [Sphenoid + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the sphenoidal and the ethmoidal regions of the skull, or the sphenethmoid bone; sphenethmoidal. Sphenethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of the skull which surrounds the anterior end of the brain in many amphibia; the girdle bone.

Sphe•neth´moid, n. (Anat.) The sphenethmoid bone.

Sphe•neth•moid´al , a. (Anat.) Relating to the sphenoethmoid bone; sphenoethmoid.

Sphe•nis´can , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of penguin.

Sphe´no- A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the sphenoid bone; as in sphenomaxillary, sphenopalatine.

Sphe´no•don , n. [Gr. sfh•n a wedge + , , a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hatteria.

Sphe´no•eth•moid•al , a. (Anat.) Sphenethmoid.

Sphe´no•gram , n. [Gr. sfh•n a wedge + -gram.] A cuneiform, or arrow- headed, character.

Sphe•nog´ra•pher, n. One skilled in sphenography; a sphenographist.

Sphe•no•graph´ic , a. Of or pertaining to sphenography.

Sphe•nog´ra•phist , n. A sphenographer.

Sphe•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. sfh•n a wedge + -graphy.] The art of writing in cuneiform characters, or of deciphering inscriptions made in such characters.

Sphe´noid , a. [Gr. ; sfh•n a wedge + e’i^dos form: cf. F. sphenoïde.] 1. Wedge-shaped; as a sphenoid crystal. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sphenoid bone. Sphenoid bone (Anat.), an irregularly shaped bone in front of the occipital in the base of the skull of the higher vertebrates. It is composed of several fetal bones which become united the adult. See Alisphenoid, Basisphenoid, Orbitosphenoid, Presphenoid.

Sphe´noid , n. 1. (Crystallog.) A wedge-shaped crystal bounded by four equal isosceles triangles. It is the hemihedral form of a square pyramid. 2. (Anat.) The sphenoid bone.

Sphe•noid´al , a. 1. Sphenoid. 2. (Crystalloq.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a sphenoid.

Sphe•not´ic , a. [Spheno- + , , the ear.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the sphenotic bone. Sphenotic bone (Anat.), a bone on the anterior side of the auditory capsule of many fishes, and connected with, or adjoining, the sphenoid bone.

Sphe•not´ic, n. (Anat.) The sphenotic bone.

Spher´al , a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sphere or the spheres. 2. Rounded like a sphere; sphere-shaped; hence, symmetrical; complete; perfect.

Sphere , n. [OE. spere, OF. espere, F. sphère, L. sphaera,. Gr. a sphere, a ball.] 1. (Geom.) A body or space contained under a single surface, which in every part is equally distant from a point within called its center. 2. Hence, any globe or globular body, especially a celestial one, as the sun, a planet, or the earth. “Of celestial bodies, first the sun,
A mighty sphere, he framed.” Milton. 3. (Astron.) (a) The apparent surface of the heavens, which is assumed to be spherical and everywhere equally distant, in which the heavenly bodies appear to have their places, and on which the various astronomical circles, as of right ascension and declination, the equator, ecliptic, etc., are conceived to be drawn; an ideal geometrical sphere, with the astronomical and geographical circles in their proper positions on it. (b) In ancient astronomy, one of the concentric and eccentric revolving spherical transparent shells in which the stars, sun, planets, and moon were supposed to be set, and by which they were carried, in such a manner as to produce their apparent motions. 4. (Logic) The extension of a general conception, or the totality of the individuals or species to which it may be applied. 5. Circuit or range of action, knowledge, or influence; compass; province; employment; place of existence. “To be called into a huge sphere, and not to be seen to move in ’t.” Shak. “Taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself.” Hawthorne. “Each in his hidden sphere of joy or woe
Our hermit spirits dwell.” Keble. 6. Rank; order of society; social positions. 7. An orbit, as of a star; a socket. [R.] Shak. Armillary sphere, Crystalline sphere, Oblique sphere,. See under Armillary, Crystalline,. — Doctrine of the sphere, applications of the principles of spherical trigonometry to the properties and relations of the circles of the sphere, and the problems connected with them, in astronomy and geography, as to the latitudes and longitudes, distance and bearing, of places on the earth, and the right ascension and declination, altitude and azimuth, rising and setting, etc., of the heavenly bodies; spherical geometry. — Music of the spheres. See under Music. Syn. — Globe; orb; circle. See Globe.

Sphere , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sphered p. pr. & vb. n. Sphering.] 1. To place in a sphere, or among the spheres; to insphere. “The glorious planet Sol
In noble eminence enthroned and sphered
Amidst the other.” Shak. 2. To form into roundness; to make spherical, or spheral; to perfect. Tennyson. { Spher´ic•al , Spher´ic } a. [L. sphaericus, Gr. : cf. F. spherique.] 1. Having the form of a sphere; like a sphere; globular; orbicular; as a spherical body. 2. Of or pertaining to a sphere. 3. Of or pertaining to the heavenly orbs, or to the sphere or spheres in which, according to ancient astronomy and astrology, they were set. “Knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance.” Shak. “Though the stars were suns, and overburned
Their spheric limitations.” Mrs. Browning. Spherical angle, Spherical coördinate, Spherical excess, etc. See under Angle, Coordinate, etc. — Spherical geometry, that branch of geometry which treats of spherical magnitudes; the doctrine of the sphere, especially of the circles described on its surface. — Spherical harmonic analysis. See under Harmonic, a. — Spherical lune,portion of the surface of a sphere included between two great semicircles having a common diameter. — Spherical opening, the magnitude of a solid angle. It is measured by the portion within the solid angle of the surface of any sphere whose center is the angular point. — Spherical polygon,portion of the surface of a sphere bounded by the arcs of three or more great circles. — Spherical projection, the projection of the circles of the sphere upon a plane. See Projection. — Spherical sector. See under Sector. — Spherical segment, the segment of a sphere. See under Segment. — Spherical triangle,re on the surface of a sphere, bounded by the arcs of three great circles which intersect each other. — Spherical trigonometry. See Trigonometry. — Spher´ic•al•ly, adv. — Spher´ic•al•ness, n.

Sphe•ric´i•ty , n. [Cf. F. sphericite.] The quality or state of being spherial; roundness; as the sphericity of the planets, or of a drop of water.

Spher´i•cle , n. A small sphere.

Spher´ics , n. (Math.) The doctrine of the sphere; the science of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it; spherical geometry and trigonometry.

Sphe•ro•bac•te´ri•a , n. pl.; sing. Spherobacterium . [NL. See Sphere, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) See the Note under Microbacteria.

Sphe•ro•con´ic , n. (Geom.) A nonplane curve formed by the intersection of the surface of an oblique cone with the surface of a sphere whose center is at the vertex of the cone.

Spher´o•graph , n. [Sphere + -graph.] An instrument for facilitating the practical use of spherics in navigation and astronomy, being constructed of two cardboards containing various circles, and turning upon each other in such a manner that any possible spherical triangle may be readily found, and the measures of the parts read off by inspection.

Sphe´roid , n. [L. spheroides ball-like, spherical, Gr. ; sphere + form: cf. F. spheroïde.] A body or figure approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical; esp., a solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. Oblate spheroid, Prolate spheroid. See Oblate, Prolate, and Ellipsoid.

Sphe•roid´al , a. [Cf. F. spheroïdal.] Having the form of a spheroid. — Sphe•roid´al•ly, adv. Spheroidal state (Physics.), the state of a liquid, as water, when, on being thrown on a surface of highly heated metal, it rolls about in spheroidal drops or masses, at a temperature several degrees below ebullition, and without actual contact with the heated surface, — a phenomenon due to the repulsive force of heat, the intervention of a cushion of nonconducting vapor, and the cooling effect of evaporation. { Sphe•roid´ic , Sphe•roid´ic•al } a. See Spheroidal. Cheyne. { Sphe•roi•dic´i•ty , Sphe•roid´i•ty } n. The quality or state of being spheroidal.

Sphe´ro•mere , n. [Sphere + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the several symmetrical segments arranged around the central axis and composing the body of a radiate anmal.

Sphe•rom´e•ter , n. [Sphere + -meter: cf. F. spheromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the curvature of spherical surface, as of lenses for telescope, etc.

Spher•o•sid´er•ite , n. [Sphere + siderite.] (Min.) Siderite occuring in spheroidal masses.

Sphe´ro•some , n. [Sphere + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The body wall of any radiate animal.

Spher´u•late , a. Covered or set with spherules; having one or more rows of spherules, or minute tubercles.

Spher´ule , n. [L. spherula: cf. F. spherule.] A little sphere or spherical body; as quicksilver, when poured upon a plane, divides itself into a great number of minute spherules.

Spher´u•lite , n. [Cf. F. spherulite.] (Min.) A minute spherical crystalline body having a radiated structure, observed in some vitreous volcanic rocks, as obsidian and pearlstone.

Spher•u•lit´ic , a. Of or pertaining to a spherulite; characterized by the presence of spherulites.

Spher´y , a. 1. Round; spherical; starlike. [R.] ´Hermia’s sphery eyne.´ Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the spheres. [R.] “She can teach ye how to climb
Higher than the sphery chime.” Milton.

Sphex , n.[NL., fr. Gr. , , a wasp.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of sand wasps of the genus Sphex and allied genera. These wasps have the abdomen attached to the thorax by a slender pedicel. See Illust. of Sand wasp, under Sand. Sphex fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small dipterous flies of the genus Conops and allied genera. The form of the body is similar to that of a sphex.

Sphig•mom´e•ter , n. See Sphygmometer.

Sphinc´ter , n. [NL., fr. to bind tight.] (Anat.) A muscle which surrounds, and by its contraction tends to close, a natural opening; as the sphincter of the bladder.

Sphinc´ter, a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sphincter; as a sphincter muscle.

Sphin´gid , n. (Zoöl.) A sphinx.

Sphin´gid, a. Of or pertaining to a sphinx, or the family Sphingidae.

Sphinx , n. [L., from Gr. sfi•gx, usually derived from sfi•ggein to bind tight or together, as if the Throttler.] 1. (a) In Egyptian art, an image of granite or porphyry, having a human head, or the head of a ram or of a hawk, upon the wingless body of a lion. “The awful ruins of the days of old …
Or jasper tomb, or mutilated sphinx.” Shelley. (b) On Greek art and mythology, a she-monster, usually represented as having the winged body of a lion, and the face and breast of a young woman. The most famous Grecian sphinx, that of Thebes in Bœotia, is said to have proposed a riddle to the Thebans, and killed those who were unable to guess it. The enigma was solved by Œdipus, whereupon the sphinx slew herself. ´Subtle as sphinx.´ Shak. 2. Hence: A person of enigmatical character and purposes, especially in politics and diplomacy. 3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large moths of the family Sphingidae; — called also hawk moth. The larva is a stout naked caterpillar which, when at rest, often assumes a position suggesting the Egyptian sphinx, whence the name. 4. (Zoöl.) The Guinea, or sphinx, baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx). Sphinx baboon (Zoöl.), a large West African baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx), often kept in menageries. — Sphinx moth. (Zoöl.) Same as Sphinx, 3.

Sphrag´ide , n.[L. sphragis, -idis, Lemnian earth, fr. Gr. , , a seal; — so called because sold in sealed packets.] (Min.) Lemnian earth.

Sphra•gis´tics , n. [Gr. of or for sealing, fr. a seal.] The science of seals, their history, age, distinctions, etc., esp. as verifying the age and genuiness of documents.

Sphri•go´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. to be full of strength.] (Bot.) A condition of vegetation in which there is too abundant growth of the stem and leaves, accompanied by deficiency of flowers and fruit.

Sphyg´mic , a. [Gr. the pulse.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the pulse.

Sphyg´mo•gram , n. [Gr. pulse + -gram.] (Physiol.) A tracing, called a pulse tracing, consisting of a series of curves corresponding with the beats of the heart, obtained by the application of the sphygmograph.

Sphyg´mo•graph , n. [Gr. the pulse + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument which, when applied over an artery, indicates graphically the movements or character of the pulse. See Sphygmogram.

Sphyg•mo•graph´ic , a. (Phusiol.) Relating to, or produced by, a sphygmograph; as a sphygmographic tracing.

Sphyg•mom´e•ter , n. [Gr. pulse + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the strength of the pulse beat; a sphygmograph.

Sphyg´mo•phone , n. [Gr. the pulse + sound.] (Physiol.) An electrical instrument for determining by the ear the rhythm of the pulse of a person at a distance.

Sphyg´mo•scope , n. [Gr. the pulse + -scope.] (Physiol.) Same as Sphygmograph.

Sphy•rae´noid , a.[L. sphyraena a kind of sea fish (Gr. sfy•raina) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Sphyraenidae, a family of marine fishes including the barracudas.

Spi´al , n. A spy; a scout. [Obs.] Bacon.

Spi´ca , n.; pl. Spicae (#). [L., an ear, as of corn.] 1. (Med.) A kind of bandage passing, by successive turns and crosses, from an extremity to the trunk; — so called from its resemblance to a spike of a barley. 2. (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude situated in the constellation Virgo. { Spi´cate , Spi´ca•ted } a. [L. spicatus, p. p. of spicare furnish with spikes, or ears, fr. spica a spike, or ear.] (Bot.) Having the form of a spike, or ear; arranged in a spike or spikes. Lee.

Spic•ca´to , a. [It., p. p. of spicare to detach, to separate.] (Mus.) Detached; separated; — a term indicating that every note is to be performed in a distinct and pointed manner.

Spice , n. [OE. spice, spece, spice, species, OF. espice, espece, F. epice spice, espèce species, fr. L. species particular sort or kind, a species, a sight, appearance, show, LL., spices, drugs, etc., of the same sort, fr. L. specere to look. See Spy, and cf. Species.] 1. Species; kind. [Obs.] “The spices of penance ben three.” Chaucer. “Abstain you from all evil spice.” Wyclif (1. Thess,v. 22). “Justice, although it be but one entire virtue, yet is described in two kinds of spices. The one is named justice distributive, the other is called commutative.” Sir T. Elyot. 2. A vegetable production of many kinds, fragrant or aromatic and pungent to the taste, as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, allspice, ginger, cloves, etc., which are used in cookery and to flavor sauces, pickles, etc. “Hast thou aught in thy purse [bag] any hot spices?” Piers Plowman. 3. Figuratively, that which enriches or alters the quality of a thing in a small degree, as spice alters the taste of food; that which gives zest or pungency; a slight flavoring; a relish; hence, a small quantity or admixture; a sprinkling; as a spice of mischief. “So much of the will, with a spice of the willful.” Coleridge.

Spice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiced p. p. & vb. n. Spicing ] 1. To season with spice, or as with spice; to mix aromatic or pungent substances with; to flavor; to season; as to spice wine; to spice one’s words with wit. “She ’ll receive thee, but will spice thy bread
With flowery poisons.” Chapman. 2. To fill or impregnate with the odor of spices. “In the spiced Indian air, by night.” Shak. 3. To render nice or dainty; hence, to render scrupulous. [Obs.] ´A spiced conscience.´ Chaucer.

Spice´bush , n. (Bot.) Spicewood.

Spice´nut A small crisp cake, highly spiced.

Spi´cer , n. [Cf. OF. espicier, F. epicier.] 1. One who seasons with spice. 2. One who deals in spice. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Spi´cer•y , n. [OF. espicerie, F. epicerie.] 1. Spices, in general. Chaucer. 2. A repository of spices. Addison.

Spice´wood , n. (Bot.) An American shrub (Lindera Benzoin), the bark of which has a spicy taste and odor; — called also Benjamin, wild allspice, and fever bush.

Spi•cif´er•ous , a. [L. spicifer bearing spikes, or ears; spica ear + ferre to bear.] Bearing ears, or spikes; spicate. [Obs.] Bailey.

Spi´ci•form , a. [L. spica a spike, ear + -form.] (Bot.) Spike-shaped. Gray.

Spi´ci•ly, adv. In a spicy manner.

Spi´ci•ness, n. The quality or state of being spicy.

Spick , n. [Cf. Sw. spik. See Spike a nail.] A spike or nail. [Prov. Eng.] Spick and span, quite new; that is, as new as a spike or nail just made and a chip just split; brand-new; as a spick and span novelty. See Span-new. Howell.

Spick´nel , n. [Contr. from spike nail a large, long nail; — so called in allusion to the shape of its capillary leaves.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous herb (Meum Athamanticum) having finely divided leaves, common in Europe; — called also baldmoney, mew, and bearwort. [Written also spignel.]

Spi•cose´ , a. [L. spica a spike, or ear.] (Bot.) Having spikes, or ears, like corn spikes.

Spi•cos´i•ty , n. The state of having, or being full of, ears like corn. [R.] Bailey.

Spi´cous , a. (Bot.) See Spicose.

Spic´u•la , n.; pl. Spiculae (#). [NL., dim. of L. spica a spike, ear.] (Bot.) (a) A little spike; a spikelet. (b) A pointed fleshy appendage.

Spic´u•lar , a. [L. spiculum a dart: cf. F. spiculaire.] Resembling a dart; having sharp points.

Spic´u•late , a. [L. spiculatus, p. p. of spiculare to sharpen, to point, fr. spiculum a dart.] 1. Covered with, or having, spicules. 2. (Bot.) Covered with minute spiculae, or pointed fleshy appendages; divided into small spikelets.

Spic´u•late , v. t. To sharpen to a point. [R.] ´With spiculated paling.´ Mason.

Spic´ule , n. [L. spiculum a little point, a dart.] 1. A minute, slender granule, or point. 2. (Bot.) Same as Spicula. 3. (Zoöl.) Any small calcareous or siliceous body found in the tissues of various invertebrate animals, especially in sponges and in most Alcyonaria. Spicules vary exceedingly in size and shape, and some of those found in siliceous sponges are very complex in structure and elegant in form. They are of great use in classification. “Description of the Illustration:” “a Acerate; b Tricurvate, or Bowshaped; c d Hamate; e Broomshaped; f Scepterellate; g Spinispirulate; h Inequi-anchorate; i Sexradiate; j A Trichite Sheaf; k Six-rayed Capitate; l Rosette of Esperia; m Equi- anchorate.”

Spi•cu´li•form , a. (Zoöl.) Having the shape of a spicule.

Spic•u•lig´e•nous , a. [L. spiculum + -genous.] (Zoöl.) Producing or containing spicules.

Spic•u•li•spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of sponges including those which have independent siliceous spicules.

Spic´u•lum , n.; pl. Spicula (#). [L., a little point.] (Zoöl.) Same as Spicule.

Spi´cy , a. [Compar. Spicier superl. Spiciest.] [From Spice.] 1. Flavored with, or containing, spice or spices; fragrant; aromatic; as spicy breezes. ´The spicy nut-brown ale.´ Milton. “Led by new stars, and borne by spicy gales.” Pope. 2. Producing, or abounding with, spices. “In hot Ceylon spicy forests grew.” Dryden. 3. Fig.: Piquant; racy; as a spicy debate. Syn. — Aromatic; fragrant; smart; pungent; pointed; keen. See Racy.

Spi´der , n.[OE. spiþre, fr. AS. spinnan to spin; — so named from spinning its web; cf. D. spin a spider, G. spinne, Sw. spindel. Seee Spin.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of arachnids comprising the order Araneina. Spiders have the mandibles converted into poison fangs, or falcers. The abdomen is large and not segmented, with two or three pairs of spinnerets near the end, by means of which they spin threads of silk to form cocoons, or nests, to protect their eggs and young. Many species spin also complex webs to entrap the insects upon which they prey. The eyes are usually eight in number (rarely six), and are situated on the back of the cephalothorax. See Illust. under Araneina. Spiders are divided into two principal groups: the Dipneumona, having two lungs: and the Tetrapneumona, having four lungs. See Mygale. The former group includes several tribes; as the jumping spiders (see Saltigradae), the wolf spiders, or Citigradae (see under Wolf), the crab spiders, or Laterigradae (see under Crab), the garden, or geometric, spiders, or Orbitellae (see under Geometrical, and Garden), and others. See Bird spider, under Bird, Grass spider, under Grass, House spider, under House, Silk spider, under Silk. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of various other arachnids resembling the true spiders, especially certain mites, as the red spider (see under Red). 3. An iron pan with a long handle, used as a kitchen utensil in frying food. Originally, it had long legs, and was used over coals on the hearth. 4. A trevet to support pans or pots over a fire. 5. (Mach.) A skeleton, or frame, having radiating arms or members, often connected by crosspieces; as a casting forming the hub and spokes to which the rim of a fly wheel or large gear is bolted; the body of a piston head; a frame for strengthening a core or mold for a casting, etc. Spider ant. (Zoöl.) Same as Solitary ant, under Solitary. — Spider crab (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of maioid crabs having a more or less triangular body and ten long legs. Some of the species grow to great size, as the great Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira Kempferi), measuring sometimes more than fifteen feet across the legs when they are extended. — Spider fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of parasitic dipterous insects of the family Hippoboscidae. They are mostly destitute of wings, and live among the feathers of birds and the hair of bats. Called also bird tick, and bat tick. — Spider hunter (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian sunbirds of the genus Arachnothera. — Spider lines, filaments of a spider’s web crossing the field of vision in optical instruments; — used for determining the exact position of objects and making delicate measurements. Fine wires, silk fibers, or lines on glass similarly placed, are called spider lines. — Spider mite. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of parasitic mites of the genus Argas and allied genera. See Argas. (b) Any one of numerous small mites injurious to plants. — Spider monkey (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, having very long legs and a long prehensile tail. — Spider orchis (Bot.), a European orchidaceous plant (Ophrys aranifera), having flowers which resemble spiders. — Spider shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras.

Spi´dered , a. Infested by spiders; cobwebbed. Wolcott.

Spi´der•like , a. Like a spider. Shak. { Spi´der web´ , or Spi´der’s web´ }. (Zoöl.) The silken web which is formed by most kinds of spiders, particularly the web spun to entrap their prey. See Geometric spider, Triangle spider, under Geometric, and Triangle.

Spi´der•wort , n. (Bot.) An American endogenous plant (Tradescantia Virginica), with long linear leaves and ephemeral blue flowers. The name is sometimes extended to other species of the same genus.

Spied , imp. & p. p. of Spy.

Spie´gel•ei•sen , n. [G. spiegel mirror + eisen iron.] See Spiegel iron.

Spie´gel i•ron [G. spiegel mirror + E. iron.] (Metal.) A fusible white cast iron containing a large amount of carbon (from three and a half to six per cent) and some manganese. When the manganese reaches twenty-five per cent and upwards it has a granular structure, and constitutes the alloy ferro manganese, largely used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. Called also specular pig iron, spiegel, and spiegeleisen.

Spight , n. & v. Spite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spight, n. A woodpecker. See Speight. [Obs.]

Spig´nel , n. (Bot.) Same as Spickenel.

Spig´net , n. [Corrupted fr. spikenard.] (Bot.) An aromatic plant of America. See Spikenard.

Spig´ot , n. [From spick,or spike; cf. Ir. & Gael. spiocaid a spigot, Ir. spice a spike. See Spike.] A pin or peg used to stop the vent in a cask; also the plug of a faucet or cock. Spigot and faucet joint, a joint for uniting pipes, formed by the insertion of the end of one pipe, or pipe fitting, into a socket at the end of another.

Spi•gur´nel , n. (Eng. Law) Formerly the title of the sealer of writs in chancery. Mozley & W.

Spike , n. [Akin to LG. spiker, spieker, a large nail, D. spijker, Sw. spik, Dan. spiger, Icel. spik; all perhaps from L. spica a point, an ear of grain; but in the sense of nail more likely akin to E. spoke of a wheel. Cf. Spine.] 1. A sort of very large nail; also a piece of pointed iron set with points upward or outward. 2. Anything resembling such a nail in shape. “He wears on his head the corona radiata … ; the spikes that shoot out represent the rays of the sun.” Addison. 3. An ear of corn or grain. 4. (Bot.) A kind of flower cluster in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis. Spike grass (Bot.), either of two tall perennial American grasses (Uniola paniculata, and U. latifolia) having broad leaves and large flattened spikelets. — Spike rush. (Bot.) See under Rush. — Spike shell (Zoöl.), any pteropod of the genus Styliola having a slender conical shell. — Spike team, three horses, or a horse and a yoke of oxen, harnessed together, a horse leading the oxen or the span. [U.S.]

Spike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiked p. pr. & vb. n. Spiking.] 1. To fasten with spikes, or long, large nails; as to spike down planks. 2. To set or furnish with spikes. 3. To fix on a spike. [R.] Young. 4. To stop the vent of (a gun or cannon) by driving a spike nail, or the like into it.

Spike, n. [Cf. G. spieke, L. spica an ear of grain. See Spikenard.] (Bot.) Spike lavender. See Lavender. Oil of spike (Chem.), a colorless or yellowish aromatic oil extracted from the European broad-leaved lavender, or aspic (Lavendula Spica), used in artist’s varnish and in veterinary medicine. It is often adulterated with oil of turpentine, which it much resembles.

Spike´bill , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hooded merganser. (b) The marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa).

Spiked , a. Furnished or set with spikes, as corn; fastened with spikes; stopped with spikes. “A youth, leaping over the spiked pales, … was caught by those spikes.” Wiseman.

Spike´fish , n. (Zoöl.) See Sailfish (a)

Spike´let , n. (Bot.) A small or secondary spike; especially, one of the ultimate parts of the in florescence of grasses. See Illust. of Quaking grass.

Spike´nard , n.[For spiked nard; cf. G. spieknarde, NL. spica nardi. See Spike an ear, and Nard.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant. In the United States it is the Aralia racemosa, often called spignet, and used as a medicine. The spikenard of the ancients is the Nardostachys Jatamansi, a native of the Himalayan region. From its blackish roots a perfume for the hair is still prepared in India. 2. A fragrant essential oil, as that from the Nardostachys Jatamansi.

Spike´tail , n. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck. [Local, U.S.]

Spik´y , a. 1. Like a spike; spikelike. “These spiky, vivid outbursts of metallic vapors.” C. A. Young. 2. Having a sharp point, or sharp points; furnished or armed with spikes. “Or by the spiky harrow cleared away.” Dyer. “The spiky wheels through heaps of carnage tore.” Pope.

Spile , n. [Cf. LG. spile, dial. G. speil, speiler, D. spijl. rad.170.] 1. A small plug or wooden pin, used to stop a vent, as in a cask. 2. A small tube or spout inserted in a tree for conducting sap, as from a sugar maple. 3. A large stake driven into the ground as a support for some superstructure; a pile. Spile hole, a small air hole in a cask; a vent.

Spile , v. t. To supply with a spile or a spigot; to make a small vent in, as a cask.

Spil´i•kin , n. [OD. spelleken a small pin. See Spill a splinter.] One of a number of small pieces or pegs of wood, ivory, bone, or other material, for playing a game, or for counting the score in a game, as in cribbage. In the plural (spilikins), a game played with such pieces; pushpin. [Written also spillikin, spilliken.]

Spill , n. [rad.170. Cf. Spell a splinter.] 1. A bit of wood split off; a splinter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. A slender piece of anything. Specifically: — (a) A peg or pin for plugging a hole, as in a cask; a spile. (b) A metallic rod or pin. (c) A small roll of paper, or slip of wood, used as a lamplighter, etc. (d) (Mining) One of the thick laths or poles driven horizontally ahead of the main timbering in advancing a level in loose ground. 3. A little sum of money. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Spill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilt p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] To cover or decorate with slender pieces of wood, metal, ivory, etc.; to inlay. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spill , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilled , or Spilt ; p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] [OE. spillen,sually, to destroy, AS. spillan, spildan, to destroy; akin to Icel. spilla to destroy, Sw. spilla to spill, Dan. spilde,G. & D. spillen to squander, OHG. spildan.] 1. To destroy; to kill; to put an end to. [Obs.] “And gave him to the queen, all at her will
To choose whether she would him save or spill.” Chaucer. “Greater glory think [it] to save than spill.” Spenser. 2. To mar; to injure; to deface; hence, to destroy by misuse; to waste. [Obs.] “They [the colors] disfigure the stuff and spill the whole workmanship.” Puttenham. “Spill not the morning, the quintessence of day, in recreations.” Fuller. 3. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel; to lose, or suffer to be scattered; — applied to fluids and to substances whose particles are small and loose; as to spill water from a pail; to spill quicksilver from a vessel; to spill powder from a paper; to spill sand or flour. Spill differs from pour in expressing accidental loss, — a loss or waste contrary to purpose. 4. To cause to flow out and be lost or wasted; to shed, or suffer to be shed, as in battle or in manslaughter; as a man spills another’s blood, or his own blood. “And to revenge his blood so justly spilt.” Dryden. 5. (Naut.) To relieve a sail from the pressure of the wind, so that it can be more easily reefed or furled, or to lessen the strain. Spilling line (Naut.), a rope used for spilling, or dislodging, the wind from the belly of a sail. Totten.

Spill, v. i. 1. To be destroyed, ruined, or wasted; to come to ruin; to perish; to waste. [Obs.] “That thou wilt suffer innocents to spill.” Chaucer. 2. To be shed; to run over; to fall out, and be lost or wasted. ´He was so topful of himself, that he let it spill on all the company.´ I. Watts.

Spill´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, spills. 2. A kind of fishing line with many hooks; a boulter. { Spil´let fish•ing , Spil´liard fish•ing , } A system or method of fishing by means of a number of hooks set on snoods all on one line; — in North America, called trawl fishing, bultow, or bultow fishing, and long-line fishing.

Spil´li•kin , n. See Spilikin.

Spill´way , n. A sluiceway or passage for superfluous water in a reservoir, to prevent too great pressure on the dam.

Spilt , imp. & p. p. of Spill. Spilled.

Spil´ter , n. [From Spill, n.] Any one of the small branches on a stag’s head. [Obs.] Howell.

Spilth , n. [From Spill.] Anything spilt, or freely poured out; slop; effusion. [Archaic] ´With drunken spilth of wine.´ Shak. “Choicest cates, and the flagon’s best spilth.” R. Browning.

Spin , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spun (Archaic imp. Span ); p. pr. & vb. n. Spinning.] [AS. spinnan; akin to D. & G. spinnen, Icel. & Sw. spinna, Dan. spinde, Goth. spinnan, and probably to E. span. rad.170. Cf. Span, v. t., Spider.] 1. To draw out, and twist into threads, either by the hand or machinery; as to spin wool, cotton, or flax; to spin goat’s hair; to produce by drawing out and twisting a fibrous material. “All the yarn she [Penelope] spun in Ulysses’ absence did but fill Ithaca full of moths.” Shak. 2. To draw out tediously; to form by a slow process, or by degrees; to extend to a great length; — with out; as to spin out large volumes on a subject. “Do you mean that story is tediously spun out?” Sheridan. 3. To protract; to spend by delays; as to spin out the day in idleness. “By one delay after another they spin out their whole lives.” L’Estrange. 4. To cause to turn round rapidly; to whirl; to twirl; as to spin a top. 5. To form (a web, a cocoon, silk, or the like) from threads produced by the extrusion of a viscid, transparent liquid, which hardens on coming into contact with the air; — said of the spider, the silkworm, etc. 6. (Mech.) To shape, as malleable sheet metal, into a hollow form, by bending or buckling it by pressing against it with a smooth hand tool or roller while the metal revolves, as in a lathe. To spin a yarn (Naut.), to tell a story, esp. a long or fabulous tale. — To spin hay (Mil.), to twist it into ropes for convenient carriage on an expedition. — To spin street yarn, to gad about gossiping. [Collog.]

Spin , v. i. 1. To practice spinning; to work at drawing and twisting threads; to make yarn or thread from fiber; as the woman knows how to spin; a machine or jenny spins with great exactness. “They neither know to spin, nor care to toll.” Prior. 2. To move round rapidly; to whirl; to revolve, as a top or a spindle, about its axis. “Round about him spun the landscape,
Sky and forest reeled together.” Longfellow. “With a whirligig of jubilant mosquitoes spinning about each head.” G. W. Cable. 3. To stream or issue in a thread or a small current or jet; as blood spinsfrom a vein. Shak. 4. To move swifty; as to spin along the road in a carriage, on a bicycle, etc. [Colloq.]

Spin, n. 1. The act of spinning; as the spin of a top; a spin a bicycle. [Colloq.] 2. (Kinematics) Velocity of rotation about some specified axis.

Spi´na bif´i•da (Med.) [L., cleft spine.] A congenital malformation in which the spinal column is cleft at its lower portion, and the membranes of the spinal cord project as an elastic swelling from the gap thus formed.

Spi•na´ceous , a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant spinach, or the family of plants to which it belongs. { Spin´ach , Spin´age } , n. [OF. espinache, espinoche, F. epinard; cf. F. spinace, Sp. espinaca; all fr. Ar. isfanaj, isfinaj, aspanakh, probably of Persian origin.] (Bot.) A common pot herb (Spinacia oleracea) belonging to the Goosefoot family. Mountain spinach. See Garden orache, under Orache. — New Zealand spinach (Bot.), a coarse herb (Tetragonia expansa), a poor substitute for spinach. Various other pot herbs are locally called spinach.

Spi´nal , a. [L. spinalis, fr. spina the spine: cf. F. spinal. See Spine.] 1. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the backbone, or vertebral column; rachidian; vertebral. 2. Of or pertaining to a spine or spines. Spinal accessory nerves, the eleventh pair of cranial nerves in the higher vertebrates. They originate from the spinal cord and pass forward into the skull, from which they emerge in company with the pneumogastrics. — Spinal column, the backbone, or connected series or vertebrae which forms the axis of the vertebrate skeleton; the spine; rachis; vertebral column. — Spinal cord, the great nervous cord extending backward from the brain along the dorsal side of the spinal column of a vertebrate animal, and usually terminating in a threadlike appendage called the filum terminale; the spinal, or vertebral, marrow; the myelon. The nervous tissue consists of nerve fibers and nerve cells, the latter being confined to the so-called gray matter of the central portions of the cord, while the peripheral white matter is composed of nerve fibers only. The center of the cord is traversed by a slender canal connecting with the ventricles of the brain.

Spi´nate , a. Bearing a spine; spiniform.

Spin´dle , n. [AS. spinal, fr. spinnan to spin; akin to D. spil, G. spille, spindel, OHG. spinnala. rad.170. See Spin.] 1. The long, round, slender rod or pin in spinning wheels by which the thread is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is wound; also the pin on which the bobbin is held in a spinning machine, or in the shuttle of a loom. 2. A slender rod or pin on which anything turns; an axis; as the spindle of a vane. Specifically: — (a) (Mach.) The shaft, mandrel, or arbor, in a machine tool, as a lathe or drilling machine, etc., which causes the work to revolve, or carries a tool or center, etc. (b) (Mach.) The vertical rod on which the runner of a grinding mill turns. (c) (Founding) A shaft or pipe on which a core of sand is formed. 3. The fusee of a watch. 4. A long and slender stalk resembling a spindle. 5. A yarn measure containing, in cotton yarn, 15,120 yards; in linen yarn, 14,400 yards. 6. (Geom.) A solid generated by the revolution of a curved line about its base or double ordinate or chord. 7. (Zoöl.) (a) Any marine univalve shell of the genus Rostellaria; — called also spindle stromb. (b) Any marine gastropod of the genus Fusus. Dead spindle (Mach.), a spindle in a machine tool that does not revolve; the spindle of the tailstock of a lathe. — Live spindle (Mach.), the revolving spindle of a machine tool; the spindle of the headstock of a turning lathe. — Spindle shell. (Zoöl.) See Spindle, 7. above. — Spindle side, the female side in descent; in the female line; opposed to spear side. Ld. Lytton. [R.] ´King Lycaon, grandson, by the spindle side, of Oceanus.´ Lowell. — Spindle tree (Bot.), any shrub or tree of the genus Eunymus. The wood of E. Europaeus was used for spindles and skewers. See Prickwood.

Spin´dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spindled p. pr. & vb. n. Spindling ] To shoot or grow into a long, slender stalk or body; to become disproportionately tall and slender. “It has begun to spindle into overintellectuality.” Lowell.

Spin´dle-legged , a. Having long, slender legs.

Spin´dle•legs , n. A spindleshanks.

Spin´dle-shanked , a. Having long, slender legs. Addison.

Spin´dle•shanks , n. A person with slender shanks, or legs; — used humorously or in contempt.

Spin´dle-shaped , a. 1. Having the shape of a spindle. 2. (Bot.) Thickest in the middle, and tapering to both ends; fusiform; — applied chiefly to roots.

Spin´dle•tail , n. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck. [Local, U.S.]

Spin´dle•worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a noctuid mmoth (Achatodes zeae) which feeds inside the stalks of corn (maize), sometimes causing much damage. It is smooth, with a black head and tail and a row of black dots across each segment.

Spin´dling , a. Long and slender, or disproportionately tall and slender; as a spindling tree; a spindling boy.

Spine , n. [L. spina thorn, the spine; akin to spica a point: cf. OF. espine, F. epine. Cf. Spike, Spinet a musical instrument, Spinny.] 1. (Bot.) A sharp appendage to any of a plant; a thorn. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A rigid and sharp projection upon any part of an animal. (b) One of the rigid and undivided fin rays of a fish. 3. (Anat.) The backbone, or spinal column, of an animal; — so called from the projecting processes upon the vertebrae. 4. Anything resembling the spine or backbone; a ridge.

Spine´back , n. (Zoöl.) A fish having spines in, or in front of, the dorsal fins.

Spine´bill , n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Australian birds of the genus Acanthorhynchus. They are related to the honey eaters.

Spined , a. Furnished with spines; spiny.

Spine´-finned , a. (Zoöl.) Having fine supported by spinous fin rays; — said of certain fishes. { Spi•nel´ , Spi•nelle´ } n. [F. spinelle, or LL. spinellus, perhaps from L. spina a thorn, a prickle, in allusion to its pointed crystals.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in octahedrons of great hardness and various colors, as red, green, blue, brown, and black, the red variety being the gem spinel ruby. It consist essentially of alumina and magnesia, but commonly contains iron and sometimes also chromium. The spinel group includes spinel proper, also magnetite, chromite, franklinite, gahnite, etc., all of which may be regarded as composed of a sesquioxide and a protoxide in equal proportions.

Spin´el , n. Bleached yarn in making the linen tape called inkle; unwrought inkle. Knight.

Spine´less , a. Having no spine.

Spi•nes´cent , a.[L. spinescens, -entis, p. pr. of spinescere to know to grow thorny, fr. spina a thorn: cf. F. spinescent.] (Bot.) Becoming hard and thorny; tapering gradually to a rigid, leafless point; armed with spines. Gray.

Spin´et , n. [OF. espinete, F. epinette (cf. It. spinetta), fr. L. spina a thorn; — so called because its quills resemble thorns. See Spine.] (Mus.) A keyed instrument of music resembling a harpsichord, but smaller, with one string of brass or steel wire to each note, sounded by means of leather or quill plectrums or jacks. It was formerly much used. Dumb spinet. (Mus.) See Manichordon.

Spi´net , n. [L. spinetum. See Spinny.] A spinny. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spine´tail , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one or several species of swifts of the genus Acanthylis, or Chaetura, and allied genera, in which the shafts of the tail feathers terminate in rigid spines. (b) Any one of several species of South American and Central American clamatorial birds belonging to Synallaxis and allied genera of the family Dendrocolaptidae. They are allied to the ovenbirds. (c) The ruddy duck. [Local, U.S.]

Spine´-tailed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the tail quills ending in sharp, naked tips. Spine-tailed swift. (Zoöl.) See Spinetail (a).

Spin´et•ed , a. Slit; cleft. [Obs. & R.]

Spi•nif´er•ous , a. [L. spinifer; spina thorn + ferre to produce.] Producing spines; bearing thorns or spines; thorny; spiny.

Spin´i•form , a. Shaped like a spine.

Spi•nig´er•ous , a. [L. spiniger; spina spine + gerere to bear.] Bearing a spine or spines; thorn-bearing.

Spin´i•ness , n. Quality of being spiny.

Spin•i-spir´u•late , a. (Zoöl.) Having spines arranged spirally. See Spicule.

Spink (spink), n. [Cf. dial. Sw. spink a kind of small bird, Gr. spi•ggos, and E. finch.] (Zoöl.) The chaffinch.

Spin´na•ker , n. (Naut.) A large triangular sail set upon a boom, — used when running before the wind.

Spin´ner , n. 1. One who, or that which, spins one skilled in spinning; a spinning machine. 2. A spider. ´Long-legged spinners.´ Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) A goatsucker; — so called from the peculiar noise it makes when darting through the air. 4. (Zoöl.) A spinneret. Ring spinner, a machine for spinning, in which the twist, given to the yarn by a revolving bobbin, is regulated by the drag of a small metal loop which slides around a ring encircling the bobbin, instead of by a throstle.

Spin´ner•et , n. (Zoöl.) One of the special jointed organs situated on the under side, and near the end, of the abdomen of spiders, by means of which they spin their webs. Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, but some have only two pairs. The ordinary silk line of the spider is composed of numerous smaller lines jointed after issuing from the spinnerets.

Spin´ner•ule , n. (Zoöl.) One of the numerous small spinning tubes on the spinnerets of spiders.

Spin´ney , n.; pl. Spinneys . Same as Spinny. T. Hughes.

Spin´ning , a. & n. from Spin. Spinning gland (Zoöl.), one of the glands which form the material for spinning the silk of silkworms and other larvae. — Spinning house, formerly a common name for a house of correction in England, the women confined therein being employed in spinning. — Spinning jenny (Mach.), an engine or machine for spinning wool or cotton, by means of a large number of spindles revolving simultaneously. — Spinning mite (Zoöl.), the red spider. — Spinning wheel, a machine for spinning yarn or thread, in which a wheel drives a single spindle, and is itself driven by the hand, or by the foot acting on a treadle.

Spin´ny , n.; pl. Spinnies (#). [OF. espinaye,espinoye, espinei, espanoi, F. epinaie, from L. spinetum a thicket of thorns, fr. spina a thorn. See Spine.] A small thicket or grove with undergrowth; a clump of trees. [Written also spinney, and spinny.] “The downs rise steep, crowned with black fir spinnies.” C. Kingsley.

Spin´ny, a. [Cf. Spiny, a.] Thin and long; slim; slender. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Spi•nose´ , a.[L. spinosus, from spina a thorn.] Full of spines; armed with thorns; thorny.

Spi•nos´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being spiny or thorny; spininess.

Spi´nous , a. 1. Spinose; thorny. 2. Having the form of a spine or thorn; spinelike. Spinous process of a vertebra (Anat.), the dorsal process of the neural arch of a vertebra; a neurapophysis.

Spi•no´zism , n. The form of Pantheism taught by Benedict Spinoza, that there is but one substance, or infinite essence, in the universe, of which the so- called material and spiritual beings and phenomena are only modes, and that one this one substance is God. [Written also Spinosism.]

Spi•no´zist , n. A believer in Spinozism.

Spin´ster , n. [Spin + - ster.] 1. A woman who spins, or whose occupation is to spin. “She spake to spinster to spin it out.” Piers Plowman. “The spinsters and the knitters in the sun.” Shak. 2. A man who spins. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Law) An unmarried or single woman; — used in legal proceedings as a title, or addition to the surname. “If a gentlewoman be termed a spinster, she may abate the writ.” Coke. 4. A woman of evil life and character; — so called from being forced to spin in a house of correction. [Obs.]

Spin´stress , n. A woman who spins. T. Brown.

Spin´stry , n. The business of one who spins; spinning. [Obs.] Milton.

Spin´ule , n. [L. spinula, dim. of spina a spine: cf. F. spinule.] A minute spine. Dana.

Spin•u•les´cent , a. (Bot.) Having small spines; somewhat thorny. { Spin´u•lose• , Spin´u•lous }, a. [Cf. F. spinuleux.] Covered with small spines.

Spin´y , a. [From Spine.] 1. Full of spines; thorny; as a spiny tree. 2. Like a spine in shape; slender. ´Spiny grasshoppers sit chirping.´ Chapman. 3. Fig.: Abounding with difficulties or annoyances. “The spiny deserts of scholastic philosophy.” Bp. Warburton. Spiny lobster. (Zoöl.) Same as Rock lobster, under Rock. See also Lobster.

Spin´y, n. See Spinny.

Spi•o´de•a , n. pl. [NL., fr. Spio the typical genus.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of marine Annelida, including those that are without oral tentacles or cirri, and have the gills, when present, mostly arranged along the sides of the body. They generally live in burrows or tubes.

Spi´ra•ble , a. [L. spirabilis.] Capable of being breathed; respirable. [Obs.] Nash.

Spir´a•cle , n.[L. spiraculum, fr. spirare to breathe: cf. F. spiracule. See Spirit.] 1. (Anat.) The nostril, or one of the nostrils, of whales, porpoises, and allied animals. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the external openings communicating with the air tubes or tracheae of insects, myriapods, and arachnids. They are variable in number, and are usually situated on the sides of the thorax and abdomen, a pair to a segment. These openings are usually elliptical, and capable of being closed. See Illust. under Coleoptera. (a) A tubular orifice communicating with the gill cavity of certain ganoid and all elasmobranch fishes. It is the modified first gill cleft. 3. Any small aperture or vent for air or other fluid.

Spi•rac´u•lar , a. Of or pertaining to a spiracle.

Spi•rae´a , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. a coil.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or perennial herbs including the meadowsweet and the hardhack.

Spi•rae´ic , a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the meadowsweet (Spiraea); formerly, designating an acid which is now called salicylic acid.

Spi´ral , a. [Cf. F. spiral. See Spire a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as the spiral curve of a watch spring. 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis, and at the same time rising or advancing forward; winding like the thread of a screw; helical. 3. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a spiral; like a spiral. Spiral gear, or Spiral wheel (Mach.), a gear resembling in general a spur gear, but having its teeth cut at an angle with its axis, or so that they form small portions of screws or spirals. — Spiral gearing, a kind of gearing sometimes used in light machinery, in which spiral gears, instead of bevel gears, are used to transmit motion between shafts that are not parallel. — Spiral operculum, an operculum whih has spiral lines of growth. — Spiral shell, any shell in which the whorls form a spiral or helix. — Spiral spring. See the Note under Spring, n., 4.

Spi´ral , n. [Cf. F. spirale. See Spiral, a.] 1. (Geom.) A plane curve, not reëntrant, described by a point, called the generatrix, moving along a straight line according to a mathematical law, while the line is revolving about a fixed point called the pole. Cf. Helix. 2. Anything which has a spiral form, as a spiral shell. Equiangular spiral,a plane curve which cuts all its generatrices at the same angle. Same as Logarithmic spiral, under Logarithmic. — Spiral of Archimedes, a spiral the law of which is that the generatrix moves uniformly along the revolving line, which also moves uniformly.

Spi•ral´i•ty , n. The quality or states of being spiral.

Spi´ral•ly , adv. In a spiral form, manner, or direction.

Spi•ra•lo•zo´oid , n. [Spiral + zooid. So called because they often have a spiral form when contracted.] (Zoöl.) One of the special defensive zooids of certain hydroids. They have the form of long, slender tentacles, and bear lasso cells.

Spi´rant , n. [L. spirans, -antis, p. pr. of spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] (Phon.) A term used differently by different authorities; — by some as equivalent to fricative, - - that is, as including all the continuous consonants, except the nasals m, n, ng; with the further exception, by others, of the liquids r, l, and the semivowels w, y; by others limited to f, v, th surd and sonant, and the sound of German ch, — thus excluding the sibilants, as well as the nasals, liquids, and semivowels. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-208.

Spi•ran´thy , n. [Gr. a coil + flower.] (Bot.) The occasional twisted growth of the parts of a flower.

Spi•ra´tion , n. [L. spiratio, fr. spirare to breathe.] The act of breathing. [Obs.] Barrow.

Spire , v. i. [L. spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] To breathe. [Obs.] Shenstone.

Spire, n. [OE. spire, spir, a blade of grass, a young shoot, AS. spir; akin to G. spier a blade of grass, Dan. spire a sprout, sprig, Sw. spira a spar, Icel. spira.] 1. A slender stalk or blade in vegetation; as a spire grass or of wheat. “An oak cometh up a little spire.” Chaucer. 2. A tapering body that shoots up or out to a point in a conical or pyramidal form. Specifically (Arch.), the roof of a tower when of a pyramidal form and high in proportion to its width; also the pyramidal or aspiring termination of a tower which can not be said to have a roof, such as that of Strasburg cathedral; the tapering part of a steeple, or the steeple itself. ´With glistering spires and pinnacles adorned.´ Milton. “A spire of land that stand apart,
Cleft from the main.” Tennyson. “Tall spire from which the sound of cheerful bells
Just undulates upon the listening ear.” Cowper. 3. (Mining) A tube or fuse for communicating fire to the chargen in blasting. 4. The top, or uppermost point, of anything; the summit. “The spire and top of praises.” Shak.

Spire, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spired p. pr. & vb. n. Spiring.] To shoot forth, or up in, or as if in, a spire. Emerson. “It is not so apt to spire up as the other sorts, being more inclined to branch into arms.” Mortimer.

Spire, n. [L. spira coil, twist; akin to Gr. : cf. F. spire.] 1. A spiral; a curl; a whorl; a twist. Dryden. 2. (Geom.) The part of a spiral generated in one revolution of the straight line about the pole. See Spiral, n. Spire bearer. (Paleon.) Same as Spirifer.

Spired , a. Having a spire; being in the form of a spire; as a spired steeple. Mason.

Spi´ri•cle , n. [Dim., fr. L. spira a coil.] (Bot.) One of certain minute coiled threads in the coating of some seeds. When moistened these threads protrude in great numbers. Gray.

Spi´ri•fer , n. [NL., fr. L. spira a coil + ferreto bear.] (Paleon.) Any one of numerous species of fossil brachipods of the genus Spirifer, or Delthyris, and allied genera, in which the long calcareous supports of the arms form a large spiral, or helix, on each side.

Spi•ril´lum , n. [NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] (Biol.) A genus of common motile microörganisms (Spirobacteria) having the form of spiral- shaped filaments. One species is said to be the cause of relapsing fever.

Spir´ing , a. Shooting up in a spire or spires. ´The spiring grass.´ Dryton.

Spir´it , n. [OF. espirit, esperit, F. esprit, L. spiritus, from spirare to breathe, to blow. Cf. Conspire, Expire, Esprit, Sprite.] 1. Air set in motion by breathing; breath; hence, sometimes, life itself. [Obs.] ´All of spirit would deprive.´ Spenser. “The mild air, with season moderate,
Gently attempered, and disposed eo well,
That still it breathed foorth sweet spirit.” Spenser. 2. A rough breathing; an aspirate, as the letter h; also a mark to denote aspiration; a breathing. [Obs.] “Be it a letter or spirit, we have great use for it.” B. Jonson. 3. Life, or living substance, considered independently of corporeal existence; an intelligence conceived of apart from any physical organization or embodiment; vital essence, force, or energy, as distinct from matter. 4. The intelligent, immaterial and immortal part of man; the soul, in distinction from the body in which it resides; the agent or subject of vital and spiritual functions, whether spiritual or material. “There is a spirit in man; and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understanding.” Job xxxii. 8. “As the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also.” James ii. 26. “Spirit is a substance wherein thinking, knowing, doubting, and a power of moving, do subsist.” Locke. 5. Specifically, a disembodied soul; the human soul after it has left the body. “Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it.” Eccl. xii. 7. “Ye gentle spirits far away,
With whom we shared the cup of grace.” Keble. 6. Any supernatural being, good or bad; an apparition; a specter; a ghost; also sometimes, a sprite,; a fairy; an elf. “Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all impressions of spirits and goblins in the dark.” Locke. 7. Energy, vivacity, ardor, enthusiasm, courage, etc. “´Write it then, quickly,´ replied Bede; and summoning all his spirits together, like the last blaze of a candle going out, he indited it, and expired.” Fuller. 8. One who is vivacious or lively; one who evinces great activity or peculiar characteristics of mind or temper; as a ruling spirit; a schismatic spirit. “Such spirits as he desired to please, such would I choose for my judges.” Dryden. 9. Temper or disposition of mind; mental condition or disposition; intellectual or moral state; — often in the plural; as to be cheerful, or in good spirits; to be downhearted, or in bad spirits. “God has … made a spirit of building succeed a spirit of pulling down.” South. “A perfect judge will read each work of wit
With the same spirit that its author writ.” Pope. 10. Intent; real meaning; — opposed to the letter, or to formal statement; also characteristic quality, especially such as is derived from the individual genius or the personal character; as the spirit of an enterprise, of a document, or the like. 11. Tenuous, volatile, airy, or vapory substance, possessed of active qualities. “All bodies have spirits … within them.” Bacon. 12. Any liquid produced by distillation; especially, alcohol, the spirits, or spirit, of wine (it having been first distilled from wine): — often in the plural. 13. pl. Rum, whisky, brandy, gin, and other distilled liquors having much alcohol, in distinction from wine and malt liquors. 14. (Med.) A solution in alcohol of a volatile principle. Cf. Tincture. U. S. Disp. 15. (Alchemy) Any one of the four substances, sulphur, sal ammoniac, quicksilver, or arsenic (or, according to some, orpiment). “The four spirits and the bodies seven.” Chaucer. 16. (Dyeing) Stannic chloride. See under Stannic. Spirit is sometimes joined with other words, forming compounds, generally of obvious signification; as spirit- moving, spirit-searching, spirit-stirring, etc. Astral spirits, Familiar spirits, etc. See under Astral, Familiar, etc. — Animal spirits. (a) (Physiol.) The fluid which at one time was supposed to circulate through the nerves and was regarded as the agent of sensation and motion; — called also the nervous fluid, or nervous principle. (b) Physical health and energy; frolicsomeness; sportiveness. — Ardent spirits, strong alcoholic liquors, as brandy, rum, whisky, etc., obtained by distillation. — Holy Spirit, or The Spirit (Theol.), the Spirit of God, or the third person of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. The spirit also signifies the human spirit as influenced or animated by the Divine Spirit. — Proof spirit. (Chem.) See under Proof. — Rectified spirit (Chem.), spirit rendered purer or more concentrated by redistillation, so as to increase the percentage of absolute alcohol. — Spirit butterfly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of delicate butterflies of tropical America belonging to the genus Ithomia. The wings are gauzy and nearly destitute of scales. — Spirit duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The buffle-headed duck. (b) The golden-eye. — Spirit lamp (Art), a lamp in which alcohol or methylated spirit is burned. — Spirit level. See under Level. — Spirit of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) See under Hartshorn. — Spirit of Mindererus (Med.), an aqueous solution of acetate of ammonium; — named after R. Minderer, physician of Augsburg. — Spirit of nitrous ether (Med. Chem.), a pale yellow liquid, of a sweetish taste and a pleasant ethereal odor. It is obtained by the distillation of alcohol with nitric and sulphuric acids, and consists essentially of ethyl nitrite with a little acetic aldehyde. It is used as a diaphoretic, diuretic, antispasmodic, etc. Called also sweet spirit of niter. — Spirit of salt (Chem.), hydrochloric acid; — so called because obtained from salt and sulphuric acid. [Obs.] — Spirit of sense, the utmost refinement of sensation. [Obs.] Shak. — Spirits, or Spirit, of turpentine (Chem.), rectified oil of turpentine, a transparent, colorless, volatile, and very inflammable liquid, distilled from the turpentine of the various species of pine; camphine. See Camphine. — Spirit of vitriol (Chem.), sulphuric acid; — so called because formerly obtained by the distillation of green vitriol. [Obs.] — Spirit of vitriolic ether (Chem.) ether; — often but incorrectly called sulphuric ether. See Ether. [Obs.] — Spirits, or Spirit, of wine (Chem.), alcohol; — so called because formerly obtained by the distillation of wine. — Spirit rapper, one who practices spirit rapping; a ´medium´ so called. — Spirit rapping, an alleged form of communication with the spirits of the dead by raps. See Spiritualism, 3. — Sweet spirit of niter. See Spirit of nitrous ether, above. Syn. — Life; ardor; energy; fire; courage; animatioon; cheerfulness; vivacity; enterprise.

Spir´it , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiriting.] 1. To animate with vigor; to excite; to encourage; to inspirit; as civil dissensions often spirit the ambition of private men; — sometimes followed by up. “Many officers and private men spirit up and assist those obstinate people to continue in their rebellion.” Swift. 2. To convey rapidly and secretly, or mysteriously, as if by the agency of a spirit; to kidnap; — often with away, or off. “The ministry had him spirited away, and carried abroad as a dangerous person.” Arbuthnot & Pope. “I felt as if I had been spirited into some castle of antiquity.” Willis. Spiriting away (Law), causing to leave; the offense of inducing a witness to leave a jurisdiction so as to evade process requiring attendance at trial.

Spir´it•al•ly , adv.[L. spiritalis belonging to breathing.] By means of the breath. [Obs.] Holder.

Spir´it•ed, a. 1. Animated or possessed by a spirit. [Obs.] ´So talked the spirited, sly snake.´ Milton. 2. Animated; full of life or vigor; lively; full of spirit or fire; as a spirited oration; a spirited answer. Spirited is much used in composition; as in high- spirited, low-spirited, mean-spirited, etc. Syn. — Lively; vivacious; animated; ardent; active; bold; courageous. — Spir´it•ed•ly, adv. — Spir´it•ed•ness, n.

Spir´it•ful , a. Full of spirit; spirited. [R.] “The spiritful and orderly life of our own grown men.” Milton. — Spir´it•ful•ly, adv. — Spir´it•ful•ness, n.

Spir´it•ism , n. Spiritualsm.

Spir´it•ist, n. A spiritualist.

Spir´it•less, a. 1. Destitute of spirit; wanting animation; wanting cheerfulness; dejected; depressed. 2. Destitute of vigor; wanting life, courage, or fire. “A men so faint, so spiritless,
So dull, so dead in lock, so woebegone.” Shak. 3. Having no breath; extinct; dead. ´The spiritless body.´ Greenhill. — Spir´it•less•ly, adv. — Spir´it•less•ness, n.

Spi•ri•to´so , a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Spirited; spiritedly; — a direction to perform a passage in an animated, lively manner.

Spir´it•ous , a. [Cf. Spirituous.] 1. Like spirit; refined; defecated; pure. [R.] “More refined, more spirituous and pure.” Milton. 2. Ardent; active. [R.]

Spir´it•ous•ness, n. Quality of being spiritous. [R.]

Spir´it•u•al , a. [L. spiritualis: cf. F. spirituel. See Spirit.] 1. Consisting of spirit; not material; incorporeal; as a spiritual substance or being. “It is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body.” 1 Cor. xv. 44. 2. Of or pertaining to the intellectual and higher endowments of the mind; mental; intellectual. 3. Of or pertaining to the moral feelings or states of the soul, as distinguished from the external actions; reaching and affecting the spirits. “God’s law is spiritual; it is a transcript of the divine nature, and extends its authority to the acts of the soul of man.” Sir T. Browne. 4. Of or pertaining to the soul or its affections as influenced by the Spirit; controlled and inspired by the divine Spirit; proceeding from the Holy Spirit; pure; holy; divine; heavenly-minded; — opposed to carnal. “That I may impart unto you some spiritual gift.” Rom. i. ll. “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings.” Eph. i. 3. “If a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one.” Gal. vi. 1. 5. Not lay or temporal; relating to sacred things; ecclesiastical; as the spiritual functions of the clergy; lords spiritual and temporal; a spiritual corporation. Spiritual coadjuctor. (Eccl.) See the Note under Jesuit. — Spiritual court (Eccl. Law), an ecclesiastical court, or a court having jurisdiction in ecclesiastical affairs; a court held by a bishop or other ecclesiastic.

Spir´it•u•al, n. A spiritual function, office, or affair. See Spirituality, 2. “He assigns supremacy to the pope in spirituals, and to the emperor in temporals.” Lowell.

Spir´it•u•al•ism , n. 1. The quality or state of being spiritual. 2. (Physiol.) The doctrine, in opposition to the materialists, that all which exists is spirit, or soul — that what is called the external world is either a succession of notions impressed on the mind by the Deity, as maintained by Berkeley, or else the mere educt of the mind itself, as taught by Fichte. 3. A belief that departed spirits hold intercourse with mortals by means of physical phenomena, as by rappng, or during abnormal mental states, as in trances, or the like, commonly manifested through a person of special susceptibility, called a medium; spiritism; the doctrines and practices of spiritualists. “What is called spiritualism should, I think, be called a mental species of materialism.” R. H. Hutton.

Spir´it•u•al•ist , n. 1. One who professes a regard for spiritual things only; one whose employment is of a spiritual character; an ecclesiastic. 2. One who maintains the doctrine of spiritualism. 3. One who believes in direct intercourse with departed spirits, through the agency of persons commonly called mediums, by means of physical phenomena; one who attempts to maintain such intercourse; a spiritist.

Spir´it•u•al•ist, a. Spiritualistic. Taylor.

Spir•it•u•al•is´tic , a. Relating to, or connected with, spiritualism.

Spir•it•u•al´i•ty , n.; pl. Spiritualities (#). [L. spiritualitas: cf. F. spiritualite.] 1. The quality or state of being spiritual; incorporeality; heavenly- mindedness. “A pleasure made for the soul, suitable to its spirituality.” South. “If this light be not spiritual, yet it approacheth nearest to spirituality.” Sir W. Raleigh. “Much of our spirituality and comfort in public worship depends on the state of mind in which we come.” Bickersteth. 2. (Eccl.) That which belongs to the church, or to a person as an ecclesiastic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities. “During the vacancy of a see, the archbishop is guardian of the spiritualities thereof.” Blackstone. 3. An ecclesiastical body; the whole body of the clergy, as distinct from, or opposed to, the temporality. [Obs.] “Five entire subsidies were granted to the king by the spirituality.” Fuller.

Spir•it•u•al•i•za´tion , n. The act of spiritualizing, or the state of being spiritualized.

Spir´it•u•al•ize , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiritualized p. pr. & vb. n. Spiritualizing ] [Cf. F. spiritualiser.] 1. To refine intellectiually or morally; to purify from the corrupting influence of the world; to give a spiritual character or tendency to; as to spiritualize soul. “This seen in the clear air, and the whole spiritualized by endless recollections, fills the eye and the heart more forcibly than I can find words to say.” Carlyle. 2. To give a spiritual meaning to; to take in a spiritual sense; — opposed to literalize. 3. (Old Chem.) To extract spirit from; also to convert into, or impregnate with, spirit.

Spir´it•u•al•i•zer , n. One who spiritualizes.

Spir´it•u•al•ly, adv. In a spiritual manner; with purity of spirit; like a spirit.

Spir´it•u•al-mind•ed , a. Having the mind set on spiritual things, or filled with holy desires and affections. — Spir´it•u•al-mind•ed•ness, n.

Spir´it•u•al•ness, n. The quality or state of being spiritual or spiritual-minded; spirituality.

Spir´it•u•al•ty , n. [See Spirituality.] (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical body; a spirituality. Shak.

Spi•ri•tu•elle´ , a. [F.] Of the nature, or having the appearance, of a spirit; pure; refined; ethereal.

Spir•it•u•os´i•ty , n. The quality or state of being spirituous; spirituousness. [R.]

Spir´it•u•ous , a. [Cf. (for sense 2) F. spiritueux. Cf. Spiritous.] 1. Having the quality of spirit; tenuous in substance, and having active powers or properties; ethereal; immaterial; spiritual; pure. 2. Containing, or of the nature of, alcoholic (esp. distilled) spirit; consisting of refined spirit; alcoholic; ardent; as spirituous liquors. 3. Lively; gay; vivid; airy. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. “The mind of man is of that spirituous, stirring nature, that it is perpetually at work.” South.

Spir´it•u•ous•ness, n. The quality or state of being spirituous. [R.] Boyle.

Spirk´et•ing , n. (Naut.) The planking from the waterways up to the port sills. Totten.

Spirl´ing , n. Sparling. [Prov. Eng.]

Spi•ro•bac•te´ri•a , n. pl.; sing. Spirobacterium . [NL. See 4th Spire, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) See the Note under Microbacteria. { Spi•ro•chae´ta , Spi•ro•chae´te } n. [L. spira a coil + Gr. hair.] (Biol.) A genus of Spirobacteria similar to Spirillum, but distinguished by its motility. One species, the Spirochaete Obermeyeri, is supposed to be the cause of relapsing fever.

Spi´ro•graph , n. [L. spirare to breathe + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for recording the respiratory movements, as the sphygmograph does those of the pulse.

Spi•rom´e•ter , n. [L. spirare to breathe + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs, or the volume of air which can be expelled from the chest after the deepest possible inspiration. Cf. Pneumatometer.

Spi•rom´e•try , n. The act or process of measuring the chest capacity by means of a spirometer.

Spi´ro•scope , n. [L. spirare to breathe + -scope.] (Physiol.) A wet meter used to determine the breathing capacity of the lungs. { Spi•royl´ic , Spi•royl´ous } a. [NL. Spir meadowsweet (a source of salicylal) + -yl + -ic, -ous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance now called salicylal. [Obs.]

Spirt , v. & n. Same as Spurt.

Spir´tle , v. t. To spirt in a scattering manner.

Spir´u•la , n. [NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cephalopods having a multilocular, internal, siphunculated shell in the form of a flat spiral, the coils of which are not in contact.

Spir´u•late , n. (Zoöl.) Having the color spots, or structural parts, arranged spirally.

Spir´y , a. [From Spire a winding line.] Of a spiral form; wreathed; curled; serpentine. “Hid in the spiry volumes of the snake.” Dryden.

Spir´y, a. [FR. Spire a steeple.] Of or pertaining to a spire; like a spire, tall, slender, and tapering; abounding in spires; as spiry turrets. ´Spiry towns.´ Thomson.

Spiss , a. [L. spissus.] Thick; crowded; compact; dense. [Obs.] “This spiss and … copious, yet concise, treatise.” Brerewood.

Spis´sa•ted , a. Rendered dense or compact, as by evaporation; inspissated; thickened. [R.] “The spissated juice of the poppy.” Bp. Warburton.

Spis´si•tude , n. [L. spissitudo.] The quality or state of being spissated; as the spissitude of coagulated blood, or of any coagulum. Arbuthnot.

Spit , n. [OE. spite, AS. spitu; akin to D. spit, G. spiess, OHG. spiz, Dan. spid. Sw. spett, and to G. spitz pointed. rad.170.] 1. A long, slender, pointed rod, usually of iron, for holding meat while roasting. 2. A small point of land running into the sea, or a long, narrow shoal extending from the shore into the sea; as a spit of sand. Cook. 3. The depth to which a spade goes in digging; a spade; a spadeful. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spitting.] [From Spit, n.; cf. Speet.] 1. To thrust a spit through; to fix upon a spit; hence, to thrust through or impale; as to spit a loin of veal. ´Infants spitted upon pikes.´ Shak. 2. To spade; to dig. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit, v. i. To attend to a spit; to use a spit. [Obs.] “She’s spitting in the kitchen.” Old Play.

Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spit (Spat, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Spitting.] [AS. spittan; akin to G. spützen, Dan. spytte, Sw. spotta,Icel. spta, and prob. E. spew. The past tense spat is due to AS. sptte, from sptan to spit. Cf. Spat, n., Spew, Spawl, Spot, n.] 1. To eject from the mouth; to throw out, as saliva or other matter, from the mouth. ´Thus spit I out my venom.´ Chaucer. 2. To eject; to throw out; to belch. Spitted was sometimes used as the preterit and the past participle. ´He … shall be mocked, and spitefully entreated, and spitted on.´ Luke xviii. 32.

Spit, n. The secretion formed by the glands of the mouth; spitle; saliva; sputum.

Spit, v. i. 1. To throw out saliva from the mouth. 2. To rain or snow slightly, or with sprinkles. “It had been spitting with rain.” Dickens. To spit on or upon, to insult grossly; to treat with contempt. ´Spitting upon all antiquity.´ South.

Spit´al , n. [Abbreviated from hospital.] [Written also spittle.] A hospital. [Obs.] Shak.

Spit´al•house , n. A hospital. [Obs.]

Spit´ball , n. Paper chewed, and rolled into a ball, to be thrown as a missile.

Spit´box , n. A vessel to receive spittle.

Spitch´cock , v. t. [1st spit + cock.] (Cookery) To split (as an eel) lengthwise, and broil it, or fry it in hot fat.

Spitch´cock, n. (Cookery) An eel split and broiled.

Spitch´cocked , a. (Cookery) Broiled or fried after being split lengthwise; — said of eels.

Spit´ curl A little lock of hair, plastered in a spiral form on the temple or forehead with spittle, or other adhesive substance. [Colloq.]

Spite , n. [Abbreviated fr. despite.] 1. Ill-will or hatred toward another, accompanied with the disposition to irritate, annoy, or thwart; petty malice; grudge; rancor; despite. Pope. “This is the deadly spite that angers.” Shak. 2. Vexation; chargrin; mortification. [R.] Shak. In spite of, or Spite of, in opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or contempt of; notwithstanding. ´Continuing, spite of pain, to use a knee after it had been slightly ibnjured.´ H. Spenser. ´And saved me in spite of the world, the devil, and myself.´ South. ´In spite of all applications, the patient grew worse every day.´ Arbuthnot. See Syn. under Notwithstanding. — To owe one a spite, to entertain a mean hatred for him. Syn. — Pique, rancor; malevolence; grudge. — Spite, Malice. Malice has more reference to the disposition, and spite to the manifestation of it in words and actions. It is, therefore, meaner than malice, thought not always more criminal. ´ Malice … is more frequently employed to express the dispositions of inferior minds to execute every purpose of mischief within the more limited circle of their abilities.´ Cogan. ´Consider eke, that spite availeth naught.´ Wyatt. See Pique.

Spite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spited; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiting.] 1. To be angry at; to hate. [Obs.] “The Danes, then … pagans, spited places of religion.” Fuller. 2. To treat maliciously; to try to injure or thwart. 3. To fill with spite; to offend; to vex. [R.] “Darius, spited at the Magi, endeavored to abolish not only their learning, but their language.” Sir. W. Temple.

Spite´ful , a. Filled with, or showing, spite; having a desire to vex, annoy, or injure; malignant; malicious; as a spiteful person or act. Shak. — Spite´ful•ly, adv. Spite´ful•ness, n.

Spit´fire , n. A violent, irascible, or passionate person. [Colloq.] Grose.

Spit´ful , n.; pl. Spitfuls . A spadeful. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit´ous , a. Having spite; spiteful. [Obs.]

Spit´ous•ly, adv. Spitefully. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Spits´cocked , a. Spitchcocked.

Spit´ted , a. [From Spit.] 1. Put upon a spit; pierced as if by a spit. 2. Shot out long; — said of antlers. Bacon.

Spit´ted, p. p. of Spit, v. i., to eject, to spit. [Obs.]

Spit´ter , n. [See Spit to eject from the mouth.] One who ejects saliva from the mouth.

Spit´ter, n. [See Spit an iron prong.] 1. One who puts meat on a spit. 2. (Zoöl.) A young deer whose antlers begin to shoot or become sharp; a brocket, or pricket.

Spit´tle , n. See Spital. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spit´tle, v. t. [See Spit to spade.] To dig or stir with a small spade. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit´tle, n. A small sort of spade. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit´tle, n. [From Spit to eject from the mouth: cf. Spattle, and AS. spatl.] The thick, moist matter which is secreted by the salivary glands; saliva; spit. Spittle insect. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit (b), under Cuckoo.

Spit´tly , a. Like spittle; slimy. [Obs.]

Spit•toon´ , n. A spitbox; a cuspidor.

Spit´-ven´om , n. Poison spittle; poison ejected from the mouth. [R.] Hooker.

Spitz´ dog´ [G. spitz, spitzhund.] (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs having erect ears and long silky hair, usually white; — called also Pomeranian dog, and louploup.

Spitz´en•burgh , n. A kind of red and yellow apple, of medium size and spicy flavor. It originated at Newtown, on Long Island.

Splanch•napoph´y•sis , n.; pl. Splanchnapophyses (#). [NL. See Splanchnic, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Any element of the skeleton in relation with the alimentary canal, as the jaws and hyoidean apparatus. — Splanch•nap•o•phys´i•al (#), a. Mivart.

Splanch´nic , a. [Gr. an entrail.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the viscera; visceral.

Splanch•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. an entrail + -graphy.] Splanchnology.

Splanch•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. an entrail + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of the viscera; also a treatise on the viscera.

Splanch´no•pleure , n. [Gr. an entrail + side.] (Anat.) The inner, or visceral, one of the two lamellae into which the vertebrate blastoderm divides on either side of the notochord, and from which the walls of the enteric canal and the umbilical vesicle are developed. See Somatopleure. — Splanch•no•pleu´ric (#), a.

Splanch•no-skel´e•ton , n. [Gr. an entrail + E. skeleton.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton connected with the sense organs and the viscera. Owen.

Splanch•not´o•my , n. [Gr. an entrail + to cut.] The dissection, or anatomy, of the viscera.

Splan´drel , n. See Spandrel. [R.]

Splash , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splashed p. pr. & vb. n. Splashing.] [Akin to plash.] 1. To strike and dash about, as water, mud, etc.; to plash. 2. To spatter water, mud, etc., upon; to wet.

Splash, v. i. To strike and dash about water, mud, etc.; to dash in such a way as to spatter.

Splash, n. 1. Water, or water and dirt, thrown upon anything, or thrown from a puddle or the like; also a spot or daub, as of matter which wets or disfigures. 2. A noise made by striking upon or in a liquid.

Splash´board , n. A guard in the front part of vehicle, to prevent splashing by a mud or water from the horse’s heels; — in the United States commonly called dashboard.

Splash´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, splashes. 2. One of the guarde over the wheels, as of a carriage, locomotive, etc. Weale. 3. A guard to keep off splashes from anything.

Splash´y , a. Full of dirty water; wet and muddy, so as be easily splashed about; slushy.

Splat´ter , v. i. & t. To spatter; to splash.

Splat´ter•dash , n . Uproar. Jamieson.

Splay , v. t. [Abbrev. of display.] 1. To display; to spread. [Obs.] ´Our ensigns splayed.´ Gascoigne. 2. To dislocate, as a shoulder bone. 3. To spay; to castrate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 4. To turn on one side; to render oblique; to slope or slant, as the side of a door, window, etc. Oxf. Gloss.

Splay, a. Displayed; spread out; turned outward; hence, flat; ungainly; as splay shoulders. “Sonwthing splay, something blunt-edged, unhandy, and infelicitous.” M. Arnold.

Splay, a. (Arch.) A slope or bevel, especially of the sides of a door or window, by which the opening is made larged at one face of the wall than at the other, or larger at each of the faces than it is between them.

Splay´foot , n.; pl. Splayfeet . A foot that is abnormally flattened and spread out; flat foot. { Splay´foot• , Splay´foot•ed } a. Having a splayfoot or splayfeet.

Splay´mouth , n.; pl. Splaymouths . A wide mouth; a mouth stretched in derision. Dryden.

Splay•mouthed´ , a. Having a splaymouth. T. Brown.

Spleen , n. [L. splen, Gr. the milt or spleen, affection of the spleen; cf. L. lien, plihan, plihan.] 1. (Anat.) A peculiar glandlike but ductless organ found near the stomach or intestine of most vertebrates and connected with the vascular system; the milt. Its exact function in not known. 2. Anger; latent spite; ill humor; malice; as to vent one’s spleen. “In noble minds some dregs remain,
Not yet purged off, of spleen and sour disdain.” Pope. 3. A fit of anger; choler. Shak. 4. A sudden motion or action; a fit; a freak; a whim. [Obs. or R.] “A thousand spleens bear her a thousand ways.” Shak. 5. Melancholy; hypochondriacal affections. “Bodies changed to various forms by spleen.” Pope. “There is a luxury in self-dispraise:
And inward self-disparagement affords
To meditative spleen a grateful feast.” Wordsworth. 6. A fit of immoderate laughter or merriment. [Obs.] “Thy silly thought enforces my spleen.” Shak.

Spleen, v. t. To dislke. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Spleened , a. 1. Deprived of the spleen. 2. Angered; annoyed. [Obs.] R. North.

Spleen´ful , a. Displaying, or affected with, spleen; angry; fretful; melancholy. “Myself have calmed their spleenful mutiny.” Shak. “Then rode Geraint, a little spleenful yet,
Across the bridge that spann’d the dry ravine.” Tennyson.

Spleen´ish, a. Spleeny; affected with spleen; fretful. — Spleen´ish•ly, adv. — Spleen´ish•ness, n.

Spleen´less, a. Having no spleen; hence, kind; gentle; mild. [Obs.] Chapman.

Spleen´wort , n. [Spleen + wort; cf. L. splenium, asplenium, Gr. , , . ] (Bot.) Any fern of the genus Asplenium, some species of which were anciently used as remedies for disorders of the spleen.

Spleen´y , a. 1. Irritable; peevish; fretful. “Spleeny Lutheran, and not wholesome to
Our cause.” Shak. 2. Affected with nervous complaints; melancholy.

Spleg´et , n. [Cf. Pledget.] (Med.) A cloth dipped in a liquid for washing a sore. Crabb.

Sple•nal´gi•a , n. [NL., fr. Gr. spleen + pain.] (Med.) Pain over the region of the spleen.

Splen´cu•lus , n.; pl. Splenculi (#). [NL., dim. of L. splen.] (Anat.) A lienculus.

Splen´dent , a. [L. splendens, -entis, p. pr. of splendere to shine.] 1. Shining; glossy; beaming with light; lustrous; as splendent planets; splendent metals. See the Note under 3d Luster, 4. 2. Very conspicuous; illustrious. ´Great and splendent fortunes.´ Sir H. Wotton.

Splen´did , a. [L. splendidus, fr. splendere shine; cf. Lith. splendëti: cf. F. splendide.] 1. Possessing or displaying splendor; shining; very bright; as a splendid sun. 2. Showy; magnificent; sumptuous; pompous; as a splendid palace; a splendid procession or pageant. 3. Illustrious; heroic; brilliant; celebrated; famous; as a splendid victory or reputation.

Splen•did´i•ous , a. Splendid. [Obs.]

Splen´did•ly , adv. In a splendid manner; magnificently.

Splen´did•ness, n. The quality of being splendid.

Splen´did•ous , a. Splendid. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Splen•dif´er•ous , a. Splendor- bearing; splendid. Bale (1538). ´A splendiferous woman.´ Haliburton. [Now used humorously.]

Splen´dor , n.[L. fr. splendere to shine: cf. F. splendeur.] 1. Great brightness; brilliant luster; brilliancy; as the splendor ot the sun. B. Jonson. 2. Magnifience; pomp; parade; as the splendor of equipage, ceremonies, processions, and the like. ´Rejoice in splendor of mine own.´ Shak. 3. Brilliancy; glory; as the splendor of a victory. Syn. — Luster; brilliancy; magnifience; gorgeousness; display; showiness; pomp; parade; grandeur. { Splen´drous , Splen´dor•ous }, a. Splendid. Drayton.

Splen´e•tic , a. [L. spleneticus: cf. F. splenetique. See Spleen.] Affected with spleen; malicious; spiteful; peevish; fretful. ´Splenetic guffaw.´ G. Eliot. “You humor me when I am sick;
Why not when I am splenetic?” Pope. Syn. — Morese; gloomy; sullen; peevish; fretful.

Splen´e•tic, n. A person affected with spleen.

Sple•net´ic•al , a. Splenetic.

Sple•net´ic•al•ly, adv. In a splenetical manner.

Sple´ni•al , a. [L. splenium a plaster, a patch, Gr. a bandage.] (Anat.) (a) Designating the splenial bone. (b) Of or pertaining to the splenial bone or splenius muscle. Splenial bone (Anat.), a thin splintlike bone on the inner side of the proximal portion of the mandible of many vertebrates.

Sple´ni•al, n. (Anat.) The splenial bone.

Splen´ic , a. [L. splenicus, Gr. ; cf. F. splenique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen; lienal; as the splenic vein. Splenic apoplexy or fever. (Med.) See Anthrax, n., 3.

Splen´ic•al , a. Splenic.

Splen´ish, a. Spleenish. [Obs.] Drayton.

Sple•ni´tis , n.[NL., fr. Gr. of the spleen.] (Med.) Inflammation of the spleen.

Splen´i•tive , a. Splenetic. Shak. “Even and smooth as seemed the temperament of the nonchalant, languid Virginian — not splenitive or rash.” T. N. Page.

Sple´ni•um , n.[L., a plaster, a patch, from Gr. a bandage, compress.] (Anat.) The thickened posterior border of the corpus callosum; — so called in allusion to its shape.

Sple´ni•us , n. [NL.] (Anat.) A flat muscle of the back of the neck.

Splen•i•za´tion , n. (Med.) A morbid state of the lung produced by inflammation, in which its tissue resembles that of the spleen.

Splen´o•cele , n. [Gr. spleen + a tumor.] (Med.) Hernia formed by the spleen.

Sple•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. spleen + -graphy.] A description of the spleen.

Sple´noid , a.[Gr. spleeen + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the spleen; spleenlike.

Sple•nol´o•gy , n. [Gr. spleen + -logy.] The branch of science which treats of the spleen.

Sple•not´o•my , n. [Gr. spleen + to cut.] (a) (Anat.) Dissection or anatomy of the spleen. (b) (Med.) An incision into the spleen; removal of the spleen by incision.

Splent , n. 1. See Splent. 2. See Splent coal, below. Splent coal, an inferior kind of cannel coal from Scotch collieries; — called also splent, splint, and splint coal.

Spleu´chan , n. [Gael. spliuchan.] A pouch, as for tobacco. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Splice , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spliced p. pr. & vb. n. Splicing ] [D. splitsen, splitten; akin to G. splissen, Sw. splissa, Dan. splisse, and E. split; — from the dividing or splitting the ends into separate strands. See Split, v. t.] 1. To unite, as two ropes, or parts of a rope, by a particular manner of interweaving the strands, — the union being between two ends, or between an end and the body of a rope. 2. To unite, as spars, timbers, rails, etc., by lapping the two ends together, or by applying a piece which laps upon the two ends, and then binding, or in any way making fast. 3. To unite in marrige. [Slang] Splice grafting.ee under Grafting. — To splice the main brace (Naut.), to give out, or drink, an extra allowance of spirits on occasion of special exposure to wet or cold, or to severe fatigue; hence, to take a dram.

Splice, n. A junction or joining made by splicing.

Spline , n. 1. A rectangular piece fitting grooves like key seats in a hub and a shaft, so that while the one may slide endwise on the other, both must revolve together; a feather; also sometimes, a groove to receive such a rectangular piece. 2. A long, flexble piece of wood sometimes used as a ruler.

Splin´ing, a. Of or pertaining to a spline. Splining machine, a machine tool for cutting grooves, key seats, or slots; a slotting machine.

Splint , n. [Akin to D. splinter,G. splinter, splitter, Dan. splint, Sw. splint a kind of spike, a forelock (in nautical use), Sw. splintato splint, splinter, Dan. splinte, and E. split. See Split, v. t., and cf. Splent.] 1. A piece split off; a splinter. 2. (Surg.) A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to keep in place, or protect, an injured part, especially a broken bone when set. 3. (Anat.) A splint bone. 4. (Far.) A disease affecting the splint bones, as a callosity or hard excrescence. 5. (Anc. Armor.) One of the small plates of metal used in making splint armor. See Splint armor, below. “The knees and feet were defended by splints, or thin plates of steel.” Sir. W. Scott. 6. Splint, or splent, coal. See Splent coal, under Splent. Splint armor,a kind of ancient armor formed of thin plates of metal, usually overlapping each other and allowing the limbs to move freely. — Splint bone (Anat.), one of the rudimentary, splintlike metacarpal or metatarsal bones on either side of the cannon bone in the limbs of the horse and allied animals. — Splint coal. See Splent coal, under Splent.

Splint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Splinting.] To split into splints, or thin, slender pieces; to splinter; to shiver. [Obs. or R.] Florio. 2. To fasten or confine with splints, as a broken limb. See Splint, n., 2. [R.] Shak.

Splin´ter , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splintered p. pr. & vb. n. Splintering.] [Cf. LG. splittern, splinteren. See Splint, n., Split.] 1. To split or rend into long, thin pieces; to shiver; as the lightning splinters a tree. “After splintering their lances, they wheeled about, and … abandoned the field to the enemy.” Prescott. 2. To fasten or confine with splinters, or splints, as a broken limb. Bp. Wren.

Splin´ter, v. i. To become split into long pieces.

Splin´ter, n. [See Splinter, v., or Splint, n.] A thin piece split or rent off lengthwise, as from wood, bone, or other solid substance; a thin piece; a sliver; as splinters of a ship’s mast rent off by a shot. Splinter bar. (a) A crossbar in a coach, which supports the springs. (b) The bar to which the traces are attached; a roller bolt; a whiffletree.

Splin´ter•proof (splin´ter•proof•), a. (Mil.) Proof against the splinters, or fragments, of bursting shells.

Splin´ter•y (-y), a. Consisting of splinters; resembling splinters; as the splintery fracture of a mineral.

Split (split), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Split (Splitted, R.); p. pr. & vb. n. Splitting.] [Probably of Scand. or Low german origin; cf. Dan. splitte, LG. splitten, OD. splitten, spletten, D. splijten, G. spleissen, MHG. splizen. Cf. Splice, Splint, Splinter.] 1. To divide lengthwise; to separate from end to end, esp. by force; to divide in the direction of the grain layers; to rive; to cleave; as to split a piece of timber or a board; to split a gem; to split a sheepskin. “Cold winter split the rocks in twain.” Dryden. 2. To burst; to rupture; to rend; to tear asunder. “A huge vessel of exceeding hard marble split asunder by congealed water.” Boyle. 3. To divide or break up into parts or divisions, as by discord; to separate into parts or parties, as a political party; to disunite. [Colloq.] South. 4. (Chem.) To divide or separate into components; — often used with up; as to split up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid. To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety.

Split, v. i. 1. To part asunder; to be rent; to burst; as vessels split by the freezing of water in them. 2. To be broken; to be dashed to pieces. “The ship splits on the rock.” Shak. 3. To separate into parties or factions. [Colloq.] 4. To burst with laughter. [Colloq.] “Each had a gravity would make you split.” Pope. 5. To divulge a secret; to betray confidence; to peach. [Slang] Thackeray. 6. (Blackjack) to divide one hand of blackjack into two hands, allowed when the first two cards dealt to a player have the same value. To split on a rock, to err fatally; to have the hopes and designs frustrated.

Split, n. A crack, or longitudinal fissure. 2. A breach or separation, as in a political party; a division. [Colloq.] 3. A piece that is split off, or made thin, by splitting; a splinter; a fragment. 4. Specif (Leather Manuf.), one of the sections of a skin made by dividing it into two or more thicknesses. 5. (Faro) A division of a stake happening when two cards of the kind on which the stake is laid are dealt in the same turn. 6. (Finance) the substitution of more than one share of a corporation’s stock for one share. The market price of the stock usually drops in proportion to the increase in outstanding shares of stock. The split may be in any ratio, as a two-for-one split; a three-for-two split. 7. (Blackjack) the division by a player of one hand of blackjack into two hands, allowed when the first two cards dealt to a player have the same value; the player is usually obliged to increase the amount wagered by placing a sum equal to the original bet on the new hand thus created.

Split, a. 1. Divided; cleft. 2. (Bot.) Divided deeply; cleft. Split pease, hulled pease split for making soup, etc. — Split pin (Mach.), a pin with one end split so that it may be spread open to secure it in its place. — Split pulley, a parting pulley. See under Pulley. — Split ring, a ring with overlapped or interlocked ends which may be sprung apart so that objects, as keys, may be strung upon the ring or removed from it. — Split ticket, a ballot containing the names of only a portion of the candidates regularly nominated by one party, other names being substituted for those omitted. [U.S.]

Split´feet , n. pl. (Zoöl.) The Fissipedia.

Split´-tail , n. (Zoöl.) (a) A california market fish (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) belonging to the Carp family. (b) The pintail duck.

Split´ter , n. One who, or that which, splits.

Split´-tongued , a. (Zoöl.) Having a forked tongue, as that of snakes and some lizards.

Splotch , n. [Cf. Splash.] A spot; a stain; a daub. R. Browning.

Splotch´y , a. Covered or marked with splotches.

Splurge , n. A blustering demonstration, or great effort; a great display. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Splurge, v. i. To make a great display in any way, especially in oratory. [Slang, U.S.]

Splut´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spluttered p. pr. & vb. n. Spluttering.] [Prov. E. splutter, eqivalent to sputter. Cf. Sputter.] To speak hastily and confusedly; to sputter. [Colloq.] Carleton.

Splut´ter, n. A confused noise, as of hasty speaking. [Colloq.]

Splut´ter•er , n. One who splutters.

Spod´o•man•cy , n. [Gr. spodo•s ashes + -mancy.] Divination by means of ashes.

Spod•o•man´tic , a. Relating to spodomancy, or divination by means of ashes. C. Kingsley.

Spod´u•mene ( 135), n. [Gr. , p. pr. pass. from to burn to ashes, from spodo•s ashes; cf. F. spodumène.] (Min.) A mineral of a white to yellowish, purplish, or emerald-green color, occuring in prismatic crystals, often of great size. It is a silicate of aluminia and lithia. See Hiddenite.

Spof´fish , a. [probably from Prov. E. spoffle to be spoffish.] Earnest and active in matters of no moment; bustling. [Colloq. Eng.] Dickens.

Spoil , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spoiled (#) or Spoilt (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Spoiling.] [F. spolier, OF. espoilelier, fr. L. spoliare, fr. spolium spoil. Cf. Despoil, Spoliation.] 1. To plunder; to strip by violence; to pillage; to rob; — with of before the name of the thing taken; as to spoil one of his goods or possession. ´Ye shall spoil the Egyptians.´ Ex. iii. 22. “My sons their old, unhappy sire despise,
Spoiled of his kingdom, and deprived of eues.” Pope. 2. To seize by violence;; to take by force; to plunder. “No man can enter into a strong man’s house, and spoil his goods, except he will first bind the strong man.” Mark iii. 27. 3. To cause to decay and perish; to corrput; to vitiate; to mar. “Spiritual pride spoils many graces.” Jer. Taylor. 4. To render useless by injury; to injure fatally; to ruin; to destroy; as to spoil paper; to have the crops spoiled by insects; to spoil the eyes by reading.

Spoil , v. i. 1. To practice plunder or robbery. “Outlaws, which, lurking in woods, used to break forth to rob and spoil.” Spenser. 2. To lose the valuable qualities; to be corrupted; to decay; as fruit will soon spoil in warm weather.

Spoil, n. [Cf. OF. espoille, L. spolium.] 1. That which is taken from another by violence; especially, the plunder taken from an enemy; pillage; booty. “Gentle gales,
Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense
Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole
Those balmy spoils.” Milton. 2. Public offices and their emoluments regarded as the peculiar property of a successful party or faction, to be bestowed for its own advantage; — commonly in the plural; as to the victor belong the spoils. “From a principle of gratitude I adhered to the coalition; my vote was counted in the day of battle, but I was overlooked in the division of the spoil.” Gibbon. 3. That which is gained by strength or effort. “each science and each art his spoil.” Bentley. 4. The act or practice of plundering; robbery; aste. “The man that hath no music in himself,
Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treason, stratagems, and spoil.” Shak. 5. Corruption; cause of corruption. [Archaic] “Villainous company hath been the spoil of me.” Shak. 6. The slough, or cast skin, of a serpent or other animal. [Obs.] Bacon. Spoil bank, a bank formed by the earth taken from an excavation, as of a canal. — The spoils system, the theory or practice of regarding public and their emoluments as so much plunder to be distributed among their active partisans by those who are chosen to responsible offices of administration.

Spoil´a•ble , a. Capable of being spoiled.

Spoil´er , n. 1. One who spoils; a plunderer; a pillager; a robber; a despoiler. 2. One who corrupts, mars, or renders useless.

Spoil´five , n. A certain game at cards in which, if no player wins three of the five tricks possible on any deal, the game is said to be spoiled.

Spoil´ful , a. Wasteful; rapacious. [Poetic]

Spoils´man , n.; pl. Spoilsmen . One who serves a cause or a party for a share of the spoils; in United States politics, one who makes or recognizes a demand for public office on the ground of partisan service; also one who sanctions such a policy in appointments to the public service.

Spoils´mon•ger , n. One who promises or distributes public offices and their emoluments as the price of services to a party or its leaders.

Spoke , imp. of Speak.

Spoke, n. [OE. spoke, spake, as spaca; akin to D. speek, LG. speke, OHG. speihha, G. speiche. rad.170. Cf. Spike a nail.] 1. The radius or ray of a wheel; one of the small bars which are inserted in the hub, or nave, and which serve to support the rim or felly. 2. (Naut.) A projecting handle of a steering wheel. 3. A rung, or round, of a ladder. 4. A contrivance for fastening the wheel of a vehicle, to prevent it from turning in going down a hill. To put a spoke in one’s wheel, to thwart or obstruct one in the execution of some design.

Spoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spoked p. pr. & vb. n. Spoking.] To furnish with spokes, as a wheel.

Spo´ken , a. [p. p. of Speak.] 1. Uttered in speech; delivered by word of mouth; oral; as a spoken narrative; the spoken word. 2. Characterized by a certain manner or style in speaking; — often in composition; as a pleasant-spoken man. “Methinks you ’re better spoken.” Shak.

Spoke´shave , n. A kind of drawing knife or planing tool for dressing the spokes of wheels, the shells of blocks, and other curved work.

Spokes´man , n.; pl. Spokesmen (#). [Speak, spoke + man.] One who speaks for another. “He shall be thy spokesman unto the people.” Ex. iv. 16.

Spo´li•ate , v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Spoliated p. pr. & vb. n. Spoliating ] [L. spoliatus, p. p. of spoliare spoil. See Spoil, v. t.] To plunder; to pillage; to despoil; to rob.

Spo•li•a´tion , n. [L. spoliatio; cf. F. spoliation. See Spoil, v. t.] 1. The act of plundering; robbery; deprivation; despoliation. “Legal spoliation, which will impoverish one part of the community in order to corrupt the remainder.” Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Robbery or plunder in war; especially, the authorized act or practice of plundering neutrals at sea. 3. (Eccl. Law) (a) The act of an incumbent in taking the fruits of his benefice without right, but under a pretended title. Blackstone. (b) A process for possession of a church in a spiritual court. 4. (Law) Injury done to a document.

Spo´li•a•tive , a. [Cf. F. spoliatif.] Serving to take away, diminish, or rob; esp. (Med.), serving to diminish sensibily the amount of blood in the body; as spoliative bloodletting.

Spo´li•a•tor , n. One who spoliates; a spoiler.

Spo´li•a•to•ry , a. Tending to spoil; destructive; spoliative. { Spon•da´ic , Spon•da´ic•al }, a. [L. spondaicus, spondiacus, Gr. : cf. F. spondaïque.] 1. Or of pertaining to a spondee; consisting of spondees. 2. Containing spondees in excess; marked by spondees; as a spondaic hexameter, i. e., one which has a spondee instead of a dactyl in the fifth foot.

Spon´dee , n. [L. spondeus, Gr. (sc. ), fr. a drink offering, libation, fr. to pour out, make a libation: cf. F. spondee. So called because at libations slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in this meter.] (pros.) A poetic foot of two long syllables, as in the Latin word leges.

Spon•du´lics , n. Money. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. { Spon´dyl , Spon´dyle } , n. [L. spondylus, Gr. , : cf. F. spondyle.] (Anat.) A joint of the backbone; a vertebra.

Spong , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] An irregular, narrow, projecting part of a field. [Prov. Eng.]

Sponge , n. [OF. esponge, F. eponge, L. spongia, Gr. , . Cf. Fungus, Spunk.] [Formerly written also spunge.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Spongiae, or Porifera. See Illust. and Note under Spongiae. 2. The elastic fibrous skeleton of many species of horny Spongiae (keratosa), used for many purposes, especially the varieties of the genus Spongia. The most valuable sponges are found in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, and on the coasts of Florida and the West Indies. 3. Fig.: One who lives upon others; a pertinaceous and indolent dependent; a parasite; a sponger. 4. Any spongelike substance. Specifically: (a) Dough before it is kneaded and formed into loaves, and after it is converted into a light, spongy mass by the agency of the yeast or leaven. (b) Iron from the puddling furnace, in a pasty condition. (c) Iron ore, in masses, reduced but not melted or worked. 5. (Gun.) A mop for cleaning the bore of a cannon after a discharge. It consists of a cylinder of wood, covered with sheepskin with the wool on, or cloth with a heavy looped nap, and having a handle, or staff. 6. (Far.) The extremity, or point, of a horseshoe, answering to the heel. Bath sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges, especially Spongia equina. — Cup sponge, a toilet sponge growing in a cup- shaped form. — Glass sponge. See Glass- sponge, in the Vocabulary. — Glove sponge, a variety of commercial sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety tubulufera), having very fine fibers, native of Florida, and the West Indies. — Grass sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges having the surface irregularly tufted, as Spongia graminea, and S. equina, variety cerebriformis, of Florida and the West Indies. — Horse sponge, a coarse commercial sponge, especially Spongia equina. — Platinum sponge. (Chem.) See under Platinum. — Pyrotechnical sponge, a substance made of mushrooms or fungi, which are boiled in water, dried, and beaten, then put in a strong lye prepared with saltpeter, and again dried in an oven. This makes the black match, or tinder, brought from Germany. — Sheep’s-wool sponge, a fine and durable commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety gossypina) found in Florida and the West Indies. The surface is covered with larger and smaller tufts, having the oscula between them. — Sponge cake, a kind of sweet cake which is light and spongy. — Sponge lead, or Spongy lead (Chem.), metallic lead brought to a spongy form by reduction of lead salts, or by compressing finely divided lead; — used in secondary batteries and otherwise. — Sponge tree (Bot.), a tropical leguminous tree (Acacia Farnesiana), with deliciously fragrant flowers, which are used in perfumery. — Toilet sponge, a very fine and superior variety of Mediterranean sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety Mediterranea); — called also turkish sponge. — To set a sponge (Cookery), to leaven a small mass of flour, to be used in leavening a larger quantity. - - To throw up the sponge, to give up a contest; to acknowledge defeat; — from a custom of the prize ring, the person employed to sponge a pugilist between rounds throwing his sponge in the air in token of defeat. [Cant or Slang] ´He was too brave a man to throw up the sponge to fate.´ Lowell. — Vegetable sponge. (Bot.) See Loof. — Velvet sponge, a fine, soft commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety meandriniformis) found in Florida and the West Indies. — Vitreous sponge. See Glass-sponge. - - Yellow sponge, a common and valuable commercial sponge (Spongia agaricina, variety corlosia) found in Florida and the West Indies.

Sponge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sponged p. pr. & vb. n. Sponging ] 1. To cleanse or wipe with a sponge; as to sponge a slate or a cannon; to wet with a sponge; as to sponge cloth. 2. To wipe out with a sponge, as letters or writing; to efface; to destroy all trace of. Hooker. 3. Fig.: To deprive of something by imposition. ´How came such multitudes of our nation … to be sponged of their plate and their money?´ South. 4. Fig.: To get by imposition or mean arts without cost; as to sponge a breakfast. Swift.

Sponge, v. i. 1. To suck in, or imbile, as a sponge. 2. Fig.: To gain by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on; as an idler sponges on his neighbor. E. Eggleston. “The fly is an intruder, and a common smell-feast, that sponges upon other people’s trenchers.” L’Estrange. 3. To be converted, as dough, into a light, spongy mass by the agency of yeast, or leaven.

Sponge´let , n. See Spongiole.

Spon´geous , a. [See Spongious.] Resembling sponge; having the nature or qualities of sponge.

Spon´ger , n. 1. One who sponges, or uses a sponge. 2. One employed in gathering sponges. 3. Fig.: A parasitical dependent; a hanger- on.

Spon´gi•ae , n. pl. [See Sponge.] (Zoöl.) The grand division of the animal kingdom which includes the sponges; — called also Spongida, Spongiaria, Spongiozoa, and Porifera. In the Spongiae, the soft sarcode of the body is usually supported by a skeleton consisting of horny fibers, or of silleceous or calcareous spicules. The common sponges contain larger and smaller cavities and canals, and numerous small ampullae which which are lined with ciliated cells capable of taking in solid food. The outer surface usually has minute pores through which water enters, and large openings for its exit. Sponges produce eggs and spermatozoa, and the egg when fertilized undergoes segmentation to form a ciliated embryo.

Spon´gi•da , n. pl. [NL.] Spongiae.

Spon´gi•form , a. Resembling a sponge; soft and porous; porous.

Spon•gil´la , n. [NL., dim. of spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) A genus of siliceous spongea found in fresh water.

Spon´gin , n. (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of sponge tissue, a nitrogenous, hornlike substance which on decomposition with sulphuric acid yields leucin and glycocoll.

Spon´gi•ness , n. The quality or state of being spongy. Dr. H. More.

Spon´ging , a. & n. from Sponge, v. Sponging house (Eng. Law), a bailiff’s or other house in which debtors are put before being taken to jail, or until they compromise with their creditors. At these houses extortionate charges are commonly made for food, lodging, etc.

Spon´gi•ole ( 277), n. [L. spongiola a rose gall, small roots, dim. of spongia: cf. F. spongiole.] (Bot.) A supposed spongelike expansion of the tip of a rootlet for absorbing water; — called also spongelet.

Spon´gi•o•lite , n. [Gr. sponge + -lite.] (Paleon.) One of the microsporic siliceous spicules which occur abundantly in the texture of sponges, and are sometimes found fossil, as in flints.

Spon•gi•o•pi´lin , n. [Gr. , dim. of a sponge + felt.] (Med.) A kind of cloth interwoven with small pieces of sponge and rendered waterproof on one side by a covering of rubber. When moistend with hot water it is used as a poultice. { Spon´gi•ose• , Spon´gi•ous }, a. [L. spongious, spongeosus: cf. F. spongieux. See Sponge.] Somewhat spongy; spongelike; full of small cavities like sponge; as spongious bones.

Spon•gi•o•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., Gr. sponge + an animal.] (Zoöl.) See Sponglae.

Spon´go•blast , n. [Gr. sponge + -blast.] (Zoöl.) One of the cells which, in sponges, secrete the spongin, or the material of the horny fibers.

Spon´goid ( 277), a. [Gr. sponge + -oid.] Resembling sponge; like sponge.

Spon´gy , a. 1. Soft, and full of cavities; of an open, loose, pliable texture; as a spongy excrescence; spongy earth; spongy cake; spongy bones. 2. Wet; drenched; soaked and soft, like sponge; rainy. ´Spongy April.´ Shak. 3. Having the quality of imbibing fluids, like a sponge. Spongy lead (Chem.), sponge lead. See under Sponge. — Spongy platinum. See under Platinum.

Sponk , n. See Spunk.

Spon´sal , a. [L. sponsalis, fr. sponsus a betrothal, fr. spondere, sponsum, to betroth. See Spouse, and cf. Esousal, Spousal.] Relating to marriage, or to a spouse; spousal.

Spon´si•ble , a. [Abbrev. from responsible.] responsible; worthy of credit. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Spon´sion , n. [L. sonsio, fr. spondere, sponsum, to promise solemnly.] 1. The act of becoming surety for another. 2. (Internat. Law) An act or engagement on behalf of a state, by an agent not specially authorized for the purpose, or by one who exceeds the limits of authority.

Spon´sion•al , a. Of or pertaining to a pledge or agreement; responsible. [R.] “He is righteous even in that representative and sponsional person he put on.” Abp. Leighton.

Spon´son , n. (Shipbuilding) (a) One of the triangular platforms in front of, and abaft, the paddle boxes of a steamboat. (b) One of the slanting supports under the guards of a steamboat. (c) One of the armored projections fitted with gun ports, used on modern war vessels.

Spon´sor , n. [L., from spondere, sponsum, to engage one’s self. See Spose.] 1. One who binds himself to answer for another, and is responsible for his default; a surety. 2. One who at the baptism of an infant professes the Christian faith in its name, and guarantees its religious education; a godfather or godmother.

Spon•so´ri•al , a. Pertaining to a sponsor.

Spon´sor•ship , n. State of being a sponsor.

Spon•ta•ne´i•ty , n.; pl. Spontaneities (#). [Cf. F. spontaneite.] 1. The quality or state of being spontaneous, or acting from native feeling, proneness, or temperament, without constraint or external force. “Romney Leigh, who lives by diagrams,
And crosses not the spontaneities
Of all his individual, personal life
With formal universals.” Mrs. Browning. 2. (Biol.) (a) The tendency to undergo change, characteristic of both animal and vegetable organisms, and not restrained or cheked by the environment. (b) The tendency to activity of muscular tissue, including the voluntary muscles, when in a state of healthful vigor and refreshment.

Spon•ta´ne•ous , a. [L. spontaneus, fr. sponte of free will, voluntarily.] 1. Proceding from natural feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a native internal proneness, readiness, or tendency, without constraint; as a spontaneous gift or proportion. 2. Proceeding from, or acting by, internal impulse, energy, or natural law, without external force; as spontaneous motion; spontaneous growth. 3. Produced without being planted, or without human labor; as a spontaneous growth of wood. Spontaneous combustion, combustion produced in a substance by the evolution of heat through the chemical action of its own elements; as the spontaneous combustion of waste matter saturated with oil. — Spontaneous generation. (Biol.) See under Generation. Syn. — Voluntary; uncompelled; willing. — Spontaneous, Voluntary. What is voluntary is the result of a volition, or act of choice; it therefore implies some degree of consideration, and may be the result of mere reason without excited feeling. What is spontaneous springs wholly from feeling, or a sudden impulse which admits of no reflection; as a spontaneous burst of applause. Hence, the term is also applied to things inanimate when they are produced without the determinate purpose or care of man. ´Abstinence which is but voluntary fasting, and … exercise which is but voluntary labor.´ J. Seed. “Spontaneous joys, where nature has its play,
The soul adopts, and owns their firstborn away.” Goldsmith. — Spon•ta´ne•ous•ly, adv. — Spon•ta´ne•ous•ness, n.

Spon•toon´ , n. [F. sponton, esponton, it. spontone, spuntone.] (Mil.) A kind of half-pike, or halberd, formerly borne by inferior officers of the British infantry, and used in giving signals to the soldiers.

Spook , n. [D. spook; akin to G. spuk, Sw. spöke, Dan. spögelse a specter, spöge to play, sport, joke, spög a play, joke.] 1. A spirit; a ghost; an apparition; a hobgoblin. [Written also spuke.] Ld. Lytton. 2. (Zoöl.) The chimaera.

Spool , n. [OE. spole, OD. spoele, D. spoel; akin to G. spule, OHG. spuola, Dan. & Sw. spole.] A piece of cane or red with a knot at each end, or a hollow cylinder of wood with a ridge at each end, used to wind thread or yarn upon. Spool stand, an article holding spools of thread, turning on pins, — used by women at their work.

Spool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spooled p. pr. & vb. n. Spooling.] To wind on a spool or spools.

Spool´er , n. One who, or that which, spools.

Spoom , v. i. [Probably fr. spum foam. See Spume.] (Naut.) To be driven steadily and swiftly, as before a strong wind; to be driven before the wind without any sail, or with only a part of the sails spread; to scud under bare poles. [Written also spoon.] “When virtue spooms before a prosperous gale,
My heaving wishes help to fill the sail.” Dryden.

Spoon (spoon), v. i. (Naut.) See Spoom. [Obs.] “We might have spooned before the wind as well as they.” Pepys.

Spoon, n. [OE. spon, AS. spon, a chip; akin to D. spaan, G. span, Dan. spaan, Sw. spån, Icel. spánn, spónn, a chip, a spoon. rad.170. Cf. Span- new.] 1. An implement consisting of a small bowl (usually a shallow oval) with a handle, used especially in preparing or eating food. “´Therefore behoveth him a full long spoon
That shall eat with a fiend,´ thus heard I say.” Chaucer. “He must have a long spoon that must eat with the devil.” Shak. 2. Anything which resembles a spoon in shape; esp. (Fishing), a spoon bait. 3. Fig.: A simpleton; a spooney. [Slang] Hood. Spoon bait (Fishing), a lure used in trolling, consisting of a glistening metallic plate shaped like the bowl of a spoon with a fishhook attached. — Spoon bit, a bit for boring, hollowed or furrowed along one side. — Spoon net, a net for landing fish. — Spoon oar. see under Oar.

Spoon, v. t. To take up in, or as in, a spoon.

Spoon, v. i. To act with demonstrative or foolish fondness, as one in love. [Colloq.]

Spoon´bill , n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of wading birds of the genera Ajaja and Platalea, and allied genera, in which the long bill is broadly expanded and flattened at the tip. The roseate spoonbill of America (Ajaja ajaja), and the European spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) are the best known. The royal spoonbill (P. regia) of Australia is white, with the skin in front of the eyes naked and black. The male in the breeding season has a fine crest. (b) The shoveler. See Shoveler, 2. (c) The ruddy duck. See under Ruddy. (d) The paddlefish.

Spoon´-billed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the bill expanded and spatulate at the end.

Spoon´drift , n. [Spoom + drift.] Spray blown from the tops waves during a gale at sea; also snow driven in the wind at sea; — written also spindrift.

Spoon´ey , a. Weak-minded; demonstratively fond; as spooney lovers. [Spelt also spoony.] [Colloq.]

Spoon´ey, n.; pl. Spooneye . A weak-minded or silly person; one who is foolishly fond. [Colloq.] “There is no doubt, whatever, that I was a lackadaisical young spooney.” Dickens.

Spoon´ful , n.; pl. Spoonfuls . 1. The quantity which a spoon contains, or is able to contain; as a teaspoonful; a tablespoonful. 2. Hence, a small quantity. Arbuthnot.

Spoon´i•ly , adv. In a spoony manner.

Spoon´-meat , n. Food that is, or must be, taken with a spoon; liquid food. ´Diet most upon spoon-meats.´ Harvey.

Spoon´wood , n. (Bot.) The mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia).

Spoon´worm , n. (Zoöl.) A gephyrean worm of the genus Thalassema, having a spoonlike probiscis.

Spoon´wort , n. (Bot.) Scurvy grass.

Spoon´y , a. & n. Same as Spooney.

Spoor , n. [D. spoor; akin to AS. spor, G. spur, and from the root of E. spur. rad.171. See Spur.] The track or trail of any wild animal; as the spoor of an elephant; — used originally by travelers in South Africa.

Spoor, v. i. To follow a spoor or trail. [R.]

Spor´a•des , n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. spora•des. Cf. Sporadic.] (Astron.) Stars not included in any constellation; — called also informed, or unformed, stars.

Spo•ra´di•al , a. Sporadic. [R.]

Spo•rad´ic , a. [Gr. scattered, fr. , , scattered, fr. to sow seed, to scatter like seed: cf. F. sporadique. See Spore.] Occuring singly, or apart from other things of the same kind, or in scattered instances; separate; single; as a sporadic fireball; a sporadic case of disease; a sporadic example of a flower. Sporadic disease (Med.), a disease which occurs in single and scattered cases. See the Note under Endemic, a.

Spo•rad´ic•al , a. Sporadic.

Spo•rad´ic•al•ly, adv. In a sporadic manner.

Spo•ran´gi•o•phore , n. [Sporangium + Gr. to bear.] (Bot.) The axis or receptacle in certain ferns (as Trichomanes), which bears the sporangia.

Spo•ran´gi•um , n.; pl. Sporangia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. a sowing, seed + a receptacle.] (Bot.) A spore case in the cryptogamous plants, as in ferns, etc.

Spore , n. [Gr. a sowing, seed, from to sow. Cf. Sperm.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the minute grains in flowerless plants, which are analogous to seeds, as serving to reproduce the species. Spores are produced differently in the different classes of cryptogamous plants, and as regards their nature are often so unlike that they have only their minuteness in common. The peculiar spores of diatoms (called auxospores) increase in size, and at length acquire a siliceous coating, thus becoming new diatoms of full size. Compare Macrospore, Microspore, Oöspore, Restingspore, Sphaerospore, Swarmspore, Tetraspore, Zoöspore, and Zygospore. (b) An embryo sac or embryonal vesicle in the ovules of flowering plants. 2. (Biol.) (a) A minute grain or germ; a small, round or ovoid body, formed in certain organisms, and by germination giving rise to a new organism; as the reproductive spores of bacteria, etc. (b) One of the parts formed by fission in certain Protozoa. See Spore formation, belw. Spore formation. (a) (Biol) A mode of reproduction resembling multitude fission, common among Protozoa, in which the organism breaks up into a number of pieces, or spores, each of which eventually develops into an organism like the parent form. Balfour. (b) The formation of reproductive cells or spores, as in the growth of bacilli.

Spo´rid , n. (Bot.) A sporidium. Lindley.

Spo•ri•dif´er•ous , a. [Sporidium + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing sporidia.

Spo•rid´i•um , n.; pl. Sporidia (#). [NL. See Spore.] (Bot.) (a) A secondary spore, or a filament produced from a spore, in certain kinds of minute fungi. (b) A spore.

Spo•rif´er•ous , a. [Spore + -ferous.] (Biol.) Bearing or producing spores.

Spo•ri•fi•ca´tion , n. [Spore + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Biol.) Spore formation. See Spore formation (b), under Spore.

Spo´ro•carp , n. [Spore + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) (a) A closed body or conceptacle containing one or more masses of spores or sporangia. (b) A sporangium.

Spo´ro•cyst , n. [Gr. seed + bladder.] 1. (Zoöl.) An asexual zooid, usually forming one of a series of larval forms in the agamic reproduction of various trematodes and other parasitic worms. The sporocyst generally develops from an egg, but in its turn produces other larvae by internal budding, or by the subdivision of a part or all of its contents into a number of minute germs. See Redia. 2. (Zoöl.) Any protozoan when it becomes encysted produces germs by sporulation.

Spo•ro•gen´e•sis , n. [Spore + genesis.] (Biol.) reproduction by spores.

Spo•rog´o•ny , n. [Spore + root of Gr. to be born.] (Zoöl.) The growth or development of an animal or a zooid from a nonsexual germ.

Spo´ro•phore , n. [Spore + Gr. to bear.] (Bot.) (a) A placenta. (b) That alternately produced form of certain cryptogamous plants, as ferns, mosses, and the like, which is nonsexual, but produces spores in countless numbers. In ferns it is the leafy plant, in mosses the capsule. Cf. Oöphore.

Spo•ro•phor´ic , a. (Bot.) Having the nature of a sporophore.

Spo´ro•sac , n. [Spore + sac.] (Zoöl.) (a) A hydrozoan reproductive zooid or gonophore which does not become medusoid in form or structure. See Illust. under Athecata. (b) An early or simple larval stage of trematode worms and some other invertebrates, which is capable or reproducing other germs by asexual generation; a nurse; a redia.

Spo•ro•zo´a , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. spo•ros a spore + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of parasitic Protozoa, which increase by sporulation. It includes the Gregarinida.

Spo•ro•zo´id , n. [Spore + Gr. an animal.] (Bot.) Same as Zoöspore.

Spor´ran (spor´ran), n. [Gael. sporan.] A large purse or pouch made of skin with the hair or fur on, worn in front of the kilt by Highlanders when in full dress.

Sport (sport), n. [Abbreviated frm disport.] 1. That which diverts, and makes mirth; pastime; amusement. “It is as sport a fool do mischief.” prov. x. 23. “Her sports were such as carried riches of knowledge upon the stream of delight.” Sir P. Sidney. “Think it but a minute spent in sport.” Shak. 2. Mock; mockery; contemptuous mirth; derision. “Then make sport at me; then let me be your jest.Shak.” 3. That with which one plays, or which is driven about in play; a toy; a plaything; an object of mockery. “Flitting leaves, the sport of every wind.” Dryden. “Never does man appear to greater disadvantage than when he is the sport of his own ungoverned pasions.” John Clarke. 4. Play; idle jingle. “An author who should introduce such a sport of words upon our stage would meet with small applause.” Broome. 5. Diversion of the field, as fowling, hunting, fishing, racing, games, and the like, esp. when money is staked. 6. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A plant or an animal, or part of a plant or animal, which has some peculiarity not usually seen in the species; an abnormal variety or growth. See Sporting plant, under Sporting. 7. A sportsman; a gambler. [Slang] In sport, in jest; for play or diversion. ´So is the man that deceiveth his neighbor, and saith, Am not I in sport?´ Prov. xxvi. 19. Syn. — Play; game; diversion; frolic; mirth; mock; mockery; jeer.

Sport, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sported; p. pr. & vb. n. Sporting.] 1. To play; to frolic; to wanton. “[Fish], sporting with quick glance,
Show to the sun their waved coats dropt with gold.” Milton. 2. To practice the diversions of the field or the turf; to be given to betting, as upon races. 3. To trifle. ´He sports with his own life.´ Tillotson. 4. (Bot. & Zoöl.) To assume suddenly a new and different character from the rest of the plant or from the type of the species; — said of a bud, shoot, plant, or animal. See Sport, n., 6. Darwin. Syn. — To play; frolic; game; wanton.

Sport, v. t. 1. To divert; to amuse; to make merry; — used with the reciprocal pronoun. “Against whom do ye sport yourselves?” Isa. lvii. 4. 2. To represent by any knd of play. “Now sporting on thy lyre the loves of youth.” Dryden. 3. To exhibit, or bring out, in public; to use or wear; as to sport a new equipage. [Colloq.] Grose. 4. To give utterance to in a sportive manner; to throw out in an easy and copious manner; — with off; as to sport off epigrams. Addison. To sport one’s oak. See under Oak, n.

Sport•a•bil´i•ty , n. Sportiveness. [Obs.]

Sport´al , a. Of or pertaining to sports; used in sports. [R.] ´Sportal arms.´ Dryden.

Sport´er , n. One who sports; a sportsman. “As this gentleman and I have been old fellow sporters, I have a frienship for him.” Goldsmith.

Sport´ful , a. 1. Full of sport; merry; frolicsome; full of jesting; indulging in mirth or play; playful; wanton; as a sportful companion. “Down he alights among the sportful herd.” Milton. 2. Done in jest, or for mere play; sportive. “They are no sportful productions of the soil.” Bentley. — Sport´ful•ly, adv. — Sport´ful•ness, n.

Sport´ing, a. Of pertaining to, or engaging in, sport or sporrts; exhibiting the character or conduct of one who, or that which, sports. Sporting book, a book containing a record of bets, gambling operations, and the like. C. Kingsley. — Sporting house, a house frequented by sportsmen, gamblers, and the like. — Sporting man, one who practices field sports; also a horse racer, a pugilist, a gambler, or the like. — Sporting plant (Bot.), a plant in which a single bud or offset suddenly assumes a new, and sometimes very different, character from that of the rest of the plant. Darwin.

Sport´ing•ly, adv. In sport; sportively. “The question you there put, you do it, I suppose, but sportingly.” Hammond.

Sport´ive , a. Tending to, engaged in, or provocate of, sport; gay; froliscome; playful; merry. “Is it I
That drive thee from the sportive court?” Shak. — Sport´ive•ly, adv. — Sport´ive•ness, n.

Sport´less, a. Without sport or mirth; joyless.

Sport´ling , n. A little person or creature engaged in sports or in play. “When again the lambkins play —
Pretty sportlings, full of May.” Philips.

Sports´man , n.;pl. Sportsmen . One who pursues the sports of the field; one who hunts, fishes, etc.

Sports´man•ship, n. The practice of sportsmen; skill in field sports.

Spor´tu•la , n.; pl. Sportulae . [L.] A gift; a present; a prize; hence, an alms; a largess. “To feed luxuriously, to frequent sports and theaters, to run for the sportula.” South.

Spor´tu•la•ry , a. Subsisting on alms or charitable contributions. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Spor´tule , n. [L. sportula a little basket, a gift, dim. of sporta a basket: cf. F. sortule.] A charitable gift or contribution; a gift; an alms; a dole; a largess; a sportula. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Spor•u•la´tion , n. (Biol.) The act or process of forming spores; spore formation. See Illust. of Bacillus, b.

Spor´ule , n. [Dim. of spore.] (Biol.) A small spore; a spore.

Spor•u•lif´er•ous , a. [Sporule + -ferous.] (Biol.) Producing sporules.

Spot , n. [Cf. Scot. & D. spat, Dan. spette, Sw. spott spittle, slaver; from the root of E. spit. See Spit to eject from the mouth, and cf. Spatter.] 1. A mark on a substance or body made by foreign matter; a blot; a place discolored. “Out, damned spot! Out, I say!” Shak. 2. A stain on character or reputation; something that soils purity; disgrace; reproach; fault; blemish. “Yet Chloe, sure, was formed without a spot.” Pope. 3. A small part of a different color from the main part, or from the ground upon which it is; as the spots of a leopard; the spots on a playing card. 4. A small extent of space; a place; any particular place. ´Fixed to one spot.´ Otway. “That spot to which I point is Paradise.” Milton. “´A jolly place,´ said he, ´in times of old!
But something ails it now: the spot is cursed.´” Wordsworth. 5. (Zoöl.) A variety of the common domestic pigeon, so called from a spot on its head just above its beak. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) A sciaenoid food fish (Liostomus xanthurus) of the Atlantic coast of the United States. It has a black spot behind the shoulders and fifteen oblique dark bars on the sides. Called also goody, Lafayette, masooka, and old wife. (b) The southern redfish, or red horse, which has a spot on each side at the base of the tail. See Redfish. 7. pl. Commodities, as merchandise and cotton, sold for immediate delivery. [Broker’s Cant] Crescent spot (Zoöl.), any butterfly of the family Melitaeidae having crescent- shaped white spots along the margins of the red or brown wings. - - Spot lens (Microscopy), a condensing lens in which the light is confined to an annular pencil by means of a small, round diaphragm (the spot), and used in dark-field ilumination; — called also spotted lens. — Spot rump (Zoöl.), the Hudsonian godwit (Limosa haemastica). — Spots on the sun. (Astron.) See Sun spot, ander Sun. — On, or Upon, the spot, immediately; before moving; without changing place. “It was determined upon the spot.” Swift. Syn. — Stain; flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; reproach; fault; blemish; place; site; locality.

Spot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spotting.] 1. To make visible marks upon with some foreign matter; to discolor in or with spots; to stain; to cover with spots or figures; as to spot a garnment; to spot paper. 2. To mark or note so as to insure recognition; to recognize; to detect; as to spot a criminal. [Cant] 3. To stain; to blemish; to taint; to disgrace; to tarnish, as reputation; to asperse. “My virgin life no spotted thoughts shall stain.” Sir P. Sidney. “If ever I shall close these eyes but once,
May I live spotted for my perjury.” Beau. & Fl. To spot timber, to cut or chip it, in preparation for hewing.

Spot, v. i. To become stained with spots.

Spot´less, a. Without a spot; especially, free from reproach or impurity; pure; untainted; innocent; as a spotless mind; spotless behavior. “A spotless virgin, and a faultless wife.” Waller. Syn. — Blameless; unspotted; unblemished; pure; immaculate; irreproachable. See Blameless. — Spot´less•ly, adv. — Spot´less•ness, n.

Spot´ted, a. Marked with spots; as a spotted garment or character. ´The spotted panther.´ Spenser. Spotted fever (Med.), a name applied to various eruptive fevers, esp. to typhus fever and cerebro-spinal meningitis. — Spotted tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Flindersia maculosa); — so called because its bark falls off in spots.

Spot´ted•ness, n. State or quality of being spotted.

Spot´ter , n. One who spots.

Spot´ti•ness , n. The state or quality of being spotty.

Spot´ty , a. Full of spots; marked with spots.

Spous´age ( 48), n. [OF. espousaige, from espouser. See Spouse, v. t.] Espousal. [Obs.] Bale.

Spous´al , a. [See Espousal, Sponsal, and Spouse.] Of or pertaining to a spouse or marriage; nuptial; matrimonial; conjugal; bridal; as spousal rites; spousal ornaments. Wordsworth.

Spous´al, n. [See Espousal, Spouse.] Marriage; nuptials; espousal; — generally used in the plural; as the spousals of Hippolita. Dryden. “Boweth your head under that blissful yoke …
Which that men clepeth spousal or wedlock.” Chaucer. “the spousals of the newborn year.” Emerson.

Spouse , n. [OF. espous, espos, fem. espouse, F. epoux, epouse, fr. L. sponsus, sponsa, prop. p. p. of spondere, sponsum, to promise solemnly, to engage one’s self. Cf. Despond, Espouse, respond, Sponsor.] 1. A man or woman engaged or joined in wedlock; a married person, husband or wife. “At last such grace I found, and means I wrought,
That that lady to my spouse had won.” Spenser. 2. A married man, in distinct from a spousess or married woman; a bridegroom or husband. [Obs.] “At which marriage was [were] no person present but the spouse, the spousess, the Duchess of Bedford her mother, the priest, two gentlewomen, and a young man.” Fabyan.

Spouse , v. t. [See Espouse, and Spouse, n.] To wed; to espouse. [Obs.] “This markis hath her spoused with a ring.” Chaucer. “Though spoused, yet wanting wedlock’s solemnize.” Spenser. “She was found again, and spoused to Marinell.” Spenser.

Spouse´-breach , n. Adultery. [Obs.]

Spouse´less, a. Destitute of a spouse; unmarried.

Spous´ess, n. A wife or bride. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Spout , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spouting.] [Cf. Sw. sputa, spruta, to spout, D. spuit a spout, spuiten to spout, and E. spurt, sprit, v., sprout, sputter; or perhaps akin to E. spit to eject from the mouth.] 1. To throw out forcibly and abudantly, as liquids through an office or a pipe; to eject in a jet; as an elephant spouts water from his trunk. “Who kept Jonas in the fish’s maw
Till he was spouted up at Ninivee?” Chaucer. “Next on his belly floats the mighty whale …
He spouts the tide.” Creech. 2. To utter magniloquently; to recite in an oratorical or pompous manner. “Pray, spout some French, son.” Beau. & Fl. 3. To pawn; to pledge; as spout a watch. [Cant]

Spout, v. i. 1. To issue with with violence, or in a jet, as a liquid through a narrow orifice, or from a spout; as water spouts from a hole; blood spouts from an artery. “All the glittering hill
Is bright with spouting rills.” Thomson. 2. To eject water or liquid in a jet. 3. To utter a speech, especially in a pompous manner.

Spout, n. [Cf. Sw. spruta a squirt, a syringe. See Spout, v. t.] 1. That through which anything spouts; a discharging lip, pipe, or orifice; a tube, pipe, or conductor of any kind through which a liquid is poured, or by which it is conveyed in a stream from one place to another; as the spout of a teapot; a spout for conducting water from the roof of a building. Addison. ´A conduit with three issuing spouts.´ Shak. “In whales … an ejection thereof [water] is contrived by a fistula, or spout, at the head.” Sir T. Browne. “From silver spouts the grateful liquors glide.” Pope. 2. A trough for conducting grain, flour, etc., into a receptacle. 3. A discharge or jet of water or other liquid, esp. when rising in a column; also a waterspout. To put, shove, or pop, up the spout, to pawn or pledge at a pawnbroker’s; — in allusion to the spout up which the pawnbroker sent the ticketed articles. [Cant]

Spout´er , n. One who, or that which, spouts.

Spout´fish , n. (Zoöl.) A marine animal that spouts water; — applied especially to certain bivalve mollusks, like the long clams (Mya), which spout, or squirt out, water when retiring into their holes.

Spout´less, a. Having no spout. Cowper.

Spout´shell , n. (Zoöl.) Any marine gastropod shell of the genus Apporhais having an elongated siphon. See Illust. under Rostrifera.

Sprack , a. [Cf. Icel. spraekr sprightly, dial. Sw. spräk, spräg, spirited, mettlesome; or Gael. spraic vigor.] Quick; lively; alert. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sprad , obs. p. p. of Spread. Chaucer.

Sprad´de , obs. imp. of Spread. Chaucer.

Sprag , n. [Cf. Icel. spraka a small flounder.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon. [Prov. Eng.]

Sprag, n. [See Spray a branch.] A billet of wood; a piece of timber used as a prop.

Sprag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spragged p. pr. & vb. n. Spragging ] 1. To check the motion of, as a carriage on a steep grade, by putting a sprag between the spokes of the wheel. R. S. Poole. 2. To prop or sustain with a sprag.

Sprag, a. See Sprack, a. Shak.

Sprain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprained p. pr. & vb. n. Spraining.] [OF. espreindreto press, to force out, F. epreindre, fr. L. exprimere. See Express, v. t., and cf. Spraints.] To weaken, as a joint, ligament, or muscle, by sudden and excessive exertion, as by wrenching; to overstrain, or stretch injuriously, but without luxation; as to sprain one’s ankle.

Sprain, n. The act or result of spraining; lameness caused by spraining; as a bad sprain of the wrist. Sprain fracture (Med.), the separation of a tendon from its point of insertion, with the detachment of a shell of bone to which the tendon is attached.

Spraints , n. pl. [OF. espraintes, espreintes, F. epreintes from espreinte a desire to go to stool, from espreindre. See Sprain, v. t.] The dung of an otter.

Sprang , imp. of Spring.

Sprat , n. [OE. sprot, sprotte, D. sprot; akin to G. sprotte.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European herring (Clupea sprattus) closely allied to the common herring and the pilchard; — called also garvie. The name is also applied to small herring of different kinds. (b) A California surf-fish (Rhacochilus toxotes); — called also alfione, and perch. Sprat borer (Zoöl.), the red- throated diver; — so called from its fondness for sprats. See Diver. — Sprat loon. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the great northern diver. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The red- throated diver. See Diver. — Sprat mew (Zoöl.), the kittiwake gull.

Sprawl (spral), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprawled (sprald); p. pr. & vb. n. Sprawling.] [OE. spraulen; cf. Sw. sprattla to sprawl, dial. Sw. spralla, Dan. spaelle, spraelde, D. spartelen, spertelen, to flounder, to struggle.] 1. To spread and stretch the body or limbs carelessly in a horizontal position; to lie with the limbs stretched out ungracefully. 2. To spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or tress; to spread ungracefully, as chirography. 3. To move, when lying down, with awkward extension and motions of the limbs; to scramble in creeping. “The birds were not fledged; but upon sprawling and struggling to get clear of the flame, down they tumbled.” L’Estrange.

Sprawls , n. pl. Small branches of a tree; twigs; sprays. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Spray (spra), n. [Cf. Dan. sprag. See Sprig.] 1. A small shoot or branch; a twig. Chaucer. “The painted birds, companions of the spring,
Hopping from spray, were heard to sing.” Dryden. 2. A collective body of small branches; as the tree has a beautiful spray. “And from the trees did lop the needless spray.” Spenser. 3. (Founding) (a) A side channel or branch of the runner of a flask, made to distribute the metal in all parts of the mold. (b) A group of castings made in the same mold and connected by sprues formed in the runner and its branches. Knight. Spray drain (Agric.), a drain made by laying under earth the sprays or small branches of trees, which keep passages open.

Spray, n. [probably from a Dutch or Low German form akin to E. spread. See Spread, v. t.] 1. Water flying in small drops or particles, as by the force of wind, or the dashing of waves, or from a waterfall, and the like. 2. (Med.) (a) A jet of fine medicated vapor, used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant or a deodorizer. (b) An instrument for applying such a spray; an atomizer. Spray condenser (Steam Engine) an injection condenser in which the steam is condensed by a spray of water which mingles with it.

Spray, v. t. 1. To let fall in the form of spray. [Poetic] M. Arnold. 2. To throw spray upon; to treat with a liquid in the form of spray; as to spray a wound, or a surgical instrument, with carbolic acid.

Spray•board , n. (Naut.) See Dashboard, n., 2 (b).

Spread , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spread; p. pr. & vb. n. Spreading.] [OE. spreden, AS. spraedan; akin to D. spreiden, spreijen, LG. spreden, spreen, spreien, G. spreiten, Dan. sprede, Sw. sprida. Cf. Spray water flying in drops.] 1. To extend in length and breadth, or in breadth only; to stretch or expand to a broad or broader surface or extent; to open; to unfurl; as to spread a carpet; to spread a tent or a sail. “He bought a parcel of a field where he had spread his tent.” Gen. xxxiii. 19. “Here the Rhone
Hath spread himself a couch.” Byron. 2. To extend so as to cover something; to extend to a great or grater extent in every direction; to cause to fill or cover a wide or wider space. “Rose, as in a dance, the stately trees, and spread
Their branches hung with copious fruit.” Milton. 3. To divulge; to publish, as news or fame; to cause to be more extensively known; to disseminate; to make known fully; as to spread a report; — often acompanied by abroad. “They, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all that country.” Matt. ix. 31. 4. To propagate; to cause to affect great numbers; as to spread a disease. 5. To diffuse, as emanations or effluvia; to emit; as odoriferous plants spread their fragrance. 6. To strew; to scatter over a surface; as to spread manure; to spread lime on the ground. 7. To prepare; to set and furnish with provisions; as to spread a table. “Boiled the flesh, and spread the board.” Tennyson. To spread cloth, to unfurl sail. [Obs.] Evelyn. Syn. — To diffuse; propogate; disperse; publish; distribute; scatter; circulate; disseminate; dispense.

Spread, v. i. 1. To extend in length and breadth in all directions, or in breadth only; to be extended or stretched; to expand. “Plants, if they spread much, are seldom tall.” Bacon. “Governor Winthrop, and his associates at Charlestown, had for a church a large, spreading tree.” B. Trumbull. 2. To be extended by drawing or beating; as some metals spread with difficulty. 3. To be made known more extensively, as news. 4. To be propagated from one to another; as the disease spread into all parts of the city. Shak.

Spread, n. 1. Extent; compass. “I have got a fine spread of improvable land.” Addison. 2. Expansion of parts. “No flower hath spread like that of the woodbine.” Bacon. 3. A cloth used as a cover for a table or a bed. 4. A table, as spread or furnished with a meal; hence, an entertainment of food; a feast. [Colloq.] 5. A privilege which one person buys of another, of demanding certain shares of stock at a certain price, or of delivering the same shares of stock at another price, within a time agreed upon. [Broker’s Cant] 6. (Geom.) An unlimited expanse of discontinuous points.

Spread, imp. & p. p. of Spread, v. Spread eagle. (a) An eagle with outspread wings, the national emblem of the United States. (b) The figure of an eagle, with its wings elevated and its legs extended; often met as a device upon military ornaments, and the like. (c) (Her.) An eagle displayed; an eagle with the wings and legs extended on each side of the body, as in the double-headed eagle of Austria and Russia. See Displayed, 2.

Spread´-ea•gle , a. Characterized by a pretentious, boastful, exaggerated style; defiantly or extravagantly bombastic; as a spread-eagle orator; a spread-eagle speech. [Colloq.& Humorous]

Spread´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, spreads, expands, or propogates. 2. A machine for combining and drawing fibers of flax to form a sliver preparatory to spinning.

Spread´ing•ly, adv. Increasingly. “The best times were spreadingly infected.” Milton.

Sprech´er•y , n. [Cf. Gael. spreidh cattle.] Movables of an inferior description; especially, such as have been collected by depredation. [Scot.]

Spree , n. [Cf. Ir. spre a spark, animation, spirit, Gael. spraic. Cf. Sprack.] A merry frolic; especially, a drinking frolic; a carousal. [Colloq.]

Sprenge , v. t. [OE. sprengen, p. p. sprent, spreint, from AS. sprengen to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Pet. i. 2).

Spreng´el pump (Physics) A form of air pump in which exhaustion is produced by a stream of mercury running down a narrow tube, in the manner of an aspirator; — named from the inventor.

Sprent , obs. p. p. of Sprenge. Sprinkled. “All the ground with purple blood was sprent.” Spenser.

Sprew , n. [Cf. D. sprouw, spruw.] (Med.) Thrush. [Local, U.S.]

Spreynd , obs. p. p. of Sprenge. Sprinkled. “When spreynd was holy water.” Chaucer.

Sprig , n. [AS. sprec; akin to Icel. sprek a stick. Cf. Spray a branch.] 1. A small shoot or twig of a tree or other plant; a spray; as a sprig of laurel or of parsley. 2. A youth; a lad; — used humorously or in slight disparagement. “A sprig whom I remember, with a whey-face and a satchel, not so many years ago.” Sir W. Scott. 3. A brad, or nail without a head. 4. (Naut.) A small eyebolt ragged or barbed at the point.

Sprig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprigged p. pr. & vb. n. Sprigging ] To mark or adorn with the representation of small branches; to work with sprigs; as to sprig muslin.

Sprigged , a. Having sprigs.

Sprig´gy , a. Full of sprigs or small branches.

Spright , n. [See Sprite.] 1. Spirit; mind; soul; state of mind; mood. [Obs.] ´The high heroic spright.´ Spenser. “Wondrous great grief groweth in my spright.” Spenser. 2. A supernatural being; a spirit; a shade; an apparition; a ghost. “Forth he called, out of deep darkness dread,
Legions of sprights.” Spenser. “To thee, O Father, Son, and Sacred Spright.” Fairfax. 3. A kind of short arrow. [Obs.] Bacon.

Spright, v. t. To haunt, as a spright. [Obs.] Shak.

Spright´ful , a. [Spright sprite + full.] Full of spirit or of life; earnest; vivacious; lively; brisk; nimble; gay. [Obs.] — Spright´ful•ly, adv. [Obs.] Shak. — Spright´ful•ness, n. [Obs.] “Spoke like a sprightful gentlemen.” Shak. “Steeds sprightful as the light.” Cowley.

Spright´less, a. Destitute of life; dull; sluggish.

Spright´li•ness , n. The quality or state of being sprightly; liveliness; life; briskness; vigor; activity; gayety; vivacity. “In dreams, observe with what a sprightliness and alacrity does she [the soul] exert herself!” Addison.

Spright´ly , a. [Compar. Sprightlier superl. Sprightliest.] [See Sprite.] Sprightlike, or spiritlike; lively; brisk; animated; vigorous; airy; gay; as a sprightly youth; a sprightly air; a sprightly dance. ´Sprightly wit and love inspires.´ Dryden. “The sprightly Sylvia trips along the green.” Pope.

Sprig´tail , n. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck; — called also sprig, and spreet-tail. [Local, U.S.] (b) The sharp-tailed grouse. [Local, U.S.]

Spring , v. i. [imp. Sprang or Sprung ; p. p. Sprung; p. pr. & vb. n. Springing.] [AS. springan; akin to D. & G. springen, OS. & OHG. springan, Icel. & Sw. springa, Dan. springe; cf. Gr. to hasten. Cf. Springe, Sprinkle.] 1. To leap; to bound; to jump. “The mountain stag that springs
From height to height, and bounds along the plains.” Philips. 2. To issue with speed and violence; to move with activity; to dart; to shoot. “And sudden light
Sprung through the vaulted roof.” Dryden. 3. To start or rise suddenly, as from a covert. “Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring.” Otway. 4. To fly back; as a bow, when bent, springs back by its elastic power. 5. To bend from a straight direction or plane surface; to become warped; as a piece of timber, or a plank, sometimes springs in seasoning. 6. To shoot up, out, or forth; to come to the light; to begin to appear; to emerge; as a plant from its seed, as streams from their source, and the like; -often followed by up, forth, or out. “Till well nigh the day began to spring.” Chaucer. “To satisfy the desolate and waste ground, and to cause the bud of the tender herb to spring forth.” Job xxxviii. 27. “Do not blast my springing hopes.” Rowe. “O, spring to light; auspicious Babe, be born.” Pope. 7. To issue or proceed, as from a parent or ancestor; to result, as from a cause, motive, reason, or principle. “[They found] new hope to spring
Out of despair, joy, but with fear yet linked.” Milton. 8. To grow; to prosper. “What makes all this, but Jupiter the king,
At whose command we perish, and we spring?” Dryden. To spring at, to leap toward; to attempt to reach by a leap. — To spring forth, to leap out; to rush out. — To spring in, to rush in; to enter with a leap or in haste. — To spring on or upon, to leap on; to rush on with haste or violence; to assault.

Spring , v. t. 1. To cause to spring up; to start or rouse, as game; to cause to rise from the earth, or from a covert; as to spring a pheasant. 2. To produce or disclose suddenly or unexpectedly. “She starts, and leaves her bed, amd springs a light.” Dryden. “The friends to the cause sprang a new project.” Swift. 3. To cause to explode; as to spring a mine. 4. To crack or split; to bend or strain so as to weaken; as to spring a mast or a yard. 5. To cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a trap operated by a spring; as to spring a trap. 6. To bend by force, as something stiff or strong; to force or put by bending, as a beam into its sockets, and allowing it to straighten when in place; — often with in, out, etc.; as to spring in a slat or a bar. 7. To pass over by leaping; as to spring a fence. To spring a butt (Naut.), to loosen the end of a plank in a ship’s bottom. — To spring a leak (Naut.), to begin to leak. — To spring an arch (Arch.), to build an arch; — a common term among masons; as to spring an arch over a lintel. — To spring a rattle, to cause a rattle to sound. See Watchman’s rattle, under Watchman. — To spring the luff (Naut.), to ease the helm, and sail nearer to the wind than before; — said of a vessel. Mar. Dict. — To spring a mast or spar (Naut.), to strain it so that it is unserviceable.

Spring, n. [AS. spring a fountain, a leap. See Spring, v. i.] 1. A leap; a bound; a jump. “The prisoner, with a spring, from prison broke.” Dryden. 2. A flying back; the resilience of a body recovering its former state by elasticity; as the spring of a bow. 3. Elastic power or force. “Heavens! what a spring was in his arm!” Dryden. 4. An elastic body of any kind, as steel, India rubber, tough wood, or compressed air, used for various mechanical purposes, as receiving and imparting power, diminishing concussion, regulating motion, measuring weight or other force. The principal varieties of springs used in mechanisms are the spiral spring (Fig. a), the coil spring (Fig. b), the elliptic spring (Fig. c), the half- elliptic spring (Fig. d), the volute spring, the India-rubber spring, the atmospheric spring, etc. 5. Any source of supply; especially, the source from which a stream proceeds; as issue of water from the earth; a natural fountain. ´All my springs are in thee.´ Ps. lxxxvii. 7. ´A secret spring of spiritual joy.´ Bentley. ´The sacred spring whence and honor streams.´ Sir J. Davies. 6. Any active power; that by which action, or motion, is produced or propagated; cause; origin; motive. “Our author shuns by vulgar springs to move
The hero’s glory, or the virgin’s love.” Pope. 7. That which springs, or is originated, from a source; as: (a) A race; lineage. [Obs.] Chapman. (b) A youth; a springal. [Obs.] Spenser. (c) A shoot; a plant; a young tree; also a grove of trees; woodland. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton. 8. That which causes one to spring; specifically, a lively tune. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 9. The season of the year when plants begin to vegetate and grow; the vernal season, usually comprehending the months of March, April, and May, in the middle latitudes north of the equator. ´The green lap of the new-come spring.´ Shak. Spring of the astronomical year begins with the vernal equinox, about March 21st, and ends with the summer solstice, about June 21st. 10. The time of growth and progress; early portion; first stage. ´The spring of the day.´ 1 Sam. ix. 26. “O how this spring of love resembleth
The uncertain glory of an April day.” Shak. 11. (Naut.) (a) A crack or fissure in a mast or yard, running obliquely or transversely. (b) A line led from a vessel’s quarter to her cable so that by tightening or slacking it she can be made to lie in any desired position; a line led diagonally from the bow or stern of a vessel to some point upon the wharf to which she is moored. Air spring, Boiling spring, etc. See under Air, Boiling, etc. — Spring back (Bookbinding), a back with a curved piece of thin sheet iron or of stiff pasteboard fastened to the inside, the effect of which is to make the leaves of a book thus bound (as a ledger or other account or blank book) spring up and lie flat. — Spring balance, a contrivance for measuring weight or force by the elasticity of a spiral spring of steel. — Spring beam, a beam that supports the side of a paddle box. See Paddle beam, under Paddle, n. — Spring beauty. (a) (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Claytonia, delicate herbs with somewhat fleshy leaves and pretty blossoms, appearing in springtime. (b) (Zoöl.) A small, elegant American butterfly (Erora laeta) which appears in spring. The hind wings of the male are brown, bordered with deep blue; those of the female are mostly blue. — Spring bed, a mattress, under bed, or bed bottom, in which springs, as of metal, are employed to give the required elasticity. — Spring beetle (Zoöl.), a snapping beetle; an elater. — Spring box, the box or barrel in a watch, or other piece of mechanism, in which the spring is contained. — Spring fly (Zoöl.), a caddice fly; - - so called because it appears in the spring. — Spring grass (Bot.), a vernal grass. See under Vernal. — Spring gun, a firearm disharged by a spring, when this is trodden upon or is otherwise moved. — Spring hook (Locomotive Engines), one of the hooks which fix the driving-wheel spring to the frame. — Spring latch, a latch that fastens with a spring. — Spring lock, a lock that fastens with a spring. — Spring mattress, a spring bed. — Spring of an arch (Arch.) See Springing line of an arch, under Springing. — Spring of pork, the lower part of a fore quarter, which is divided from the neck, and has the leg and foot without the shoulder. [Obs.] Nares. “Sir, pray hand the spring of pork to me.” Gayton. — Spring pin (Locomotive Engines), an iron rod fitted between the springs and the axle boxes, to sustain and regulate the pressure on the axles. — Spring rye, a kind of rye sown in the spring; — in distinction from winter rye, sown in autumn. — Spring stay (Naut.), a preventer stay, to assist the regular one. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Spring tide, the tide which happens at, or soon after, the new and the full moon, and which rises higher than common tides. See Tide. — Spring wagon, a wagon in which springs are interposed between the body and the axles to form elastic supports. — Spring wheat, any kind of wheat sown in the spring; — in distinction from winter wheat, which is sown in autumn. { Spring´al , Spring´ald , Spring´all }, a. [Scot. springald, springel, fr. Scot. & E. spring.] An active, springly young man. [Obs.] ´There came two springals of full tender years.´ Spenser. “Joseph, when he was sold to Potiphar, that great man, was a fair young springall.” Latimer.

Spring´al, n. [OF. espringale; of Teutonic origin, akin to E. spring.] An ancient military engine for casting stones and arrows by means of a spring.

Spring´board , n. An elastic board, secured at the ends, or at one end, often by elastic supports, used in performing feats of agility or in exercising. { Spring´bok• , Spring´buck• }, n. [D. springbok; springen to spring, leap + bok a he-goat, buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African gazelle (Gazella euchore) noted for its graceful form and swiftness, and for its peculiar habit of springing lighty and suddenly into the air. It has a white dorsal stripe, expanding into a broad patch of white on the rump and tail. Called also springer. [Written also springboc, and springbock.]

Springe , n. [From Spring, v. i.: cf. G. sprenkel, Prov. E. springle.] A noose fastened to an elastic body, and drawn close with a sudden spring, whereby it catches a bird or other animal; a gin; a snare. “As a woodcock to mine own springe.” Shak.

Springe, v. t. To catch in a springe; to insnare. [R.]

Spring´e , v. t. [OE. sprengen. See Sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] “He would sowen some difficulty,
Or springen cockle in our cleane corn.” Chaucer.

Spring´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, springs; specifically, one who rouses game. 2. A young plant. [Obs.] Evelyn. 3. (Arch.) (a) The impost, or point at which an arch rests upon its support, and from which it seems to spring. Hence: (b) The bottom stone of an arch, which lies on the impost. The skew back is one form of springer. (c) The rib of a groined vault, as being the solid abutment for each section of vaulting. 4. (Zoöl.) The grampus. 5. (Zoöl.) A variety of the field spaniel. See Spaniel. 6. (Zoöl.) A species of antelope; the sprinkbok.

Spring´halt , n. (Far.) A kind of lameness in horse. See Stringhalt. Shak.

Spring´head , n. A fountain or source.

Spring´i•ness , n. The state or quality of being springly. Boyle.

Spring´ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, springs. 2. Growth; increase; also that which springs up; a shoot; a plant. “Thou blessest the springing thereof.” Ps. lxv. 10. Springing line of an arch (Arch.), the horizontal line drawn through the junction of the vertical face of the impost with the curve of the intrados; — called also spring of an arch.

Sprin´gle , n. A springe. [Prov. Eng.]

Spring´let , n. A little spring. “But yet from out the little hill
Oozes the slender springlet still.” Sir W. Scott.

Spring´tail , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small apterous insects belonging to the order Thysanura. They have two elastic caudal stylets which can be bent under the abdomen and then suddenly extended like a spring, thus enabling them to leap to a considerable distance. See Collembola, and Podura.

Spring´tide , n. The time of spring; springtime. Thomson.

Spring´time , n. The season of spring; springtide.

Spring´y , a. [Compar. Springier superl. Springiest.] [From Spring.] 1. Resembling, having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a spring; elastic; as springy steel; a springy step. “Though her little frame was slight, it was firm and springy.” Sir W. Scott. 2. Abounding with springs or fountains; wet; spongy; as springy land.

Sprin´kle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprinkled p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinkling ] [OE. sprenkelen, freq. of sprengen to sprinkle, to scatter, AS. sprengan, properly, to make to spring, causative of springan to spring; akin to D. sprenkelen to sprinkle, G. sprengen. See Spring, v. i., and cf. Sprent.] 1. To scatter in small drops or particles, as water, seed, etc. 2. To scatter on; to disperse something over in small drops or particles; to besprinkle; as to sprinkle the earth with water; to sprinkle a floor with sand. 3. To baptize by the application of a few drops, or a small quantity, of water; hence, to cleanse; to purify. “Having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience.” Heb. x. 22.

Sprin´kle, v. i. 1. To scatter a liquid, or any fine substance, so that it may fall in particles. “And the priest shall … sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times before the Lord.” Lev. xiv. 16. 2. To rain moderately, or with scattered drops falling now and then; as it sprinkles. 3. To fly or be scattered in small drops or particles.

Sprin´kle, n. 1. A small quantity scattered, or sparsely distributed; a sprinkling. 2. A utensil for sprinkling; a sprinkler. [Obs.]

Sprin´kler , n. 1. One who sprinkles. 2. An instrument or vessel used in sprinkling; specifically, a watering pot.

Sprin´kling , n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sprinkles. “Baptism may well enough be performed by sprinkling or effusion of water.” Ayliffe. 2. A small quantity falling in distinct drops or particles; as a sprinkling of rain or snow. 3. Hence, a moderate number or quantity distributed like drops. Craik.

Sprint , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinting.] [Cf. Sprunt.] To run very rapidly; to run at full speed. “A runner [in a quarter-mile race] should be able to sprint the whole way.” Encyc. Brit.

Sprint, n. The act of sprinting; a run of a short distance at full speed. Sprint race, a foot race at the highest running speed; — usually limited to distance under a quarter of a mile.

Sprint´er , n. One who sprints; one who runs in sprint races; as a champion sprinter.

Sprit , v. t. [Akin to G. spritzen, sprützen. See Sprit, v. i.] To throw out with force from a narrow orifice; to eject; to spurt out. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sprit, v. i. [AS. spryttan to sprout, but. See Sprout, v. i., and cf. Spurt, v. t., Sprit a spar.] To sprout; to bud; to germinate, as barley steeped for malt.

Sprit, n. A shoot; a sprout. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Sprit, n. [OE. spret, AS. spreót a sprit; spear; akin to D. spriet, and E. sprout, sprit, v.t. & i. See Sprout, v. i.] (Naut.) A small boom, pole, or spar, which crosses the sail of a boat diagonally from the mast to the upper aftmost corner, which it is used to extend and elevate.

Sprite , n. [OE. sprit, F. esprit, fr. L. spiritus. See Spirit, and cf. Sprightly.] 1. A spirit; a soul; a shade; also an apparition. See Spright. “Gaping graves received the wandering, guilty sprite.” Dryden. 2. An elf; a fairy; a goblin. 3. (Zoöl.) The green woodpecker, or yaffle.

Sprite´ful , a. Sprite´ful•ly, adv., Sprite´li•ness , n., Sprite´ly, a., etc. See Sprightful, Sprightfully, Sprightliness, Sprightly, etc.

Sprit´sail , n. (Naut.) (a) A sail extended by a sprit. (b) A sail formerly hung under the bowsprit, from the spritsail yard.

Sprock´et wheel [Etymology of sprocket is uncertain.] (Mach.) Same as Chain wheel.

Sprod , n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. bradan a salmon.] (Zoöl.) A salmon in its second year. [Prov. Eng.]

Sprong , obs. imp. of Spring. Sprung.

Sprout , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprouting.] [OE. sprouten, spruten; akin to OFries. sprta, AS. spreótan, D. spruiten, G. spriessen, Sw. spruta to squirt, to spout. Cf. Sprit, v. t. & i., Sprit a spar, Spout, v. t., Spurt.] 1. To shoot, as the seed of a plant; to germinate; to push out new shoots; hence, to grow like shoots of plants. 2. To shoot into ramifications. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sprout, v. t. 1. To cause to sprout; as the rain will sprout the seed. 2. To deprive of sprouts; as to sprout potatoes.

Sprout, n. [Cf. AS. sprote a sprout, sprig; akin to Icel. sproti, G. sprosse. See Sprout, v. i.] 1. The shoot of a plant; a shoot from the seed, from the stump, or from the root or tuber, of a plant or tree; more rarely, a shoot from the stem of a plant, or the end of a branch. 2. pl. Young coleworts; Brussels sprouts. Johnson. Brussels sprouts (Bot.) See under Brussels.

Spruce , n. [OE. Spruce or Pruse, Prussia, Prussian. So named because it was first known as a native of Prussia, or because its sprouts were used for making, spruce beer. Cf. Spruce beer, below, Spruce, a.] 1. (Bot.) Any coniferous tree of the genus Picea, as the Norway spruce (P. excelsa), and the white and black spruces of America (P. alba and P. nigra), besides several others in the far Northwest. See Picea. 2. The wood or timber of the spruce tree. 3. Prussia leather; pruce. [Obs.] “Spruce, a sort of leather corruptly so called for Prussia leather.” E. Phillips. Douglas spruce (Bot.), a valuable timber tree (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) of Northwestern America. — Essence of spruce, a thick, dark-colored, bitterish, and acidulous liquid made by evaporating a decoction of the young branches of spruce. — Hemlock spruce (Bot.), a graceful coniferous tree (Tsuga Canadensis) of North America. Its timber is valuable, and the bark is largely used in tanning leather. — Spruce beer. [G. sprossenbier; sprosse sprout, shoot (akin to E. sprout, n.) + bier beer. The word was changed into spruce because the beer came from Prussia (OE. Spruce), or because it was made from the sprouts of the spruce. See Sprout, n., Beer, and cf. Spruce, n.] A kind of beer which is tinctured or flavored with spruce, either by means of the extract or by decoction. — Spruce grouse. (Zoöl.) Same as Spruce partridge, below. - - Spruce leather. See Spruce, n., 3. — Spruce partridge (Zoöl.), a handsome American grouse (Dendragapus Canadensis) found in Canada and the Northern United States; — called also Canada grouse.

Spruce , a. [Compar. Sprucer superl. Sprucest] [Perhaps fr. spruce a sort of leather from Prussia, which was an article of finery. See Spruce, n.] 1. Neat, without elegance or dignity; — formerly applied to things with a serious meaning; now chiefly applied to persons. ´Neat and spruce array.´ Remedy of Love. 2. Sprightly; dashing. [Obs.] ´Now, my spruce companions.´ Shak. “He is so spruce that he can never be genteel.” Tatler. Syn. — Finical; neat; trim. See Finical. — Sruce´ly, adv. — Spruce´ness, n.

Spruce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spruced p. pr. & vb. n. Sprucing ] To dress with affected neatness; to trim; to make spruce.

Spruce, v. i. To dress one’s self with affected neatness; as to spruce up.

Sprue , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. (Founding) (a) Strictly, the hole through which melted metal is poured into the gate, and thence into the mold. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in this hole; hence, dross. 2. (Med.) Same as Sprew.

Sprug , v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. sprug up to dress neatly, sprag to prop, a., lively.] To make smart. [Obs.]

Sprung , imp. & p. p. of Spring.

Sprung, a. (Naut.) Said of a spar that has been cracked or strained.

Sprunt , v. i. [Cf. Sprout, v. i.] To spring up; to germinate; to spring forward or outward. [Obs.] To sprunt up, to draw one’s self up suddenly, as in anger or defiance; to bristle up. [Local, U.S.]

Sprunt, n. 1. Anything short and stiff. [Obs.] 2. A leap; a spring. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 3. A steep ascent in a road. [Prov. Eng.]

Sprunt, a. Active; lively; vigorous. [Obs.] Kersey.

Sprunt´ly, adv. In a sprunt manner; smartly; vigorously; youthfully. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spry , a. [Compar. Sprier or Spryer ; superl. Spriest or Spryest.] [Cf. dial. Sw. sprygg lively, skittish, and E. sprag.] Having great power of leaping or running; nimble; active. [U.S. & Local Eng.] “She is as spry as a cricket.” S. Judd (Margaret). “If I’m not so large as you,
You are not so small as I,
And not half so spry.” Emerson.

Spud , n. [Cf. Dan. spyd a spear.] 1. A sharp, narrow spade, usually with a long handle, used by farmers for digging up large-rooted weeds; a similarly shaped implement used for various purposes. “My spud these nettles from the stone can part.” Swyft. 2. A dagger. [Obs.] olland. 3. Anything short and thick; specifically, a piece of dough boiled in fat. [Local, U.S.]

Spue , v. t. & i. See Spew.

Spuil´zie , n. See Spulzie.

Spuke , n. See Spook.

Spul´ler , n. [For spooler.] [See Spool.] One employed to inspect yarn, to see that it is well spun, and fit for the loom. [Prov. Eng.]

Spul´zie , n. [Cf. Spoil.] Plunder, or booty. [Written also spuilzie, and spulye.] Sir W. Scott.

Spume , n. [L. spuma. Cf. Pumice, Spoom.] Frothy matter raised on liquids by boiling, effervescence, or agitation; froth; foam; scum. “Materials dark and crude,
Of spiritous and fiery spume.” Milton.

Spume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spumed p. pr. & vb. n. Spuming.] [L. spumare.] To froth; to foam.

Spume´ous , a. Spumous. [Obs.] r. H. More.

Spu•mes´cence , n. [See Spumescent.] The state of being foamy; frothiness.

Spu•mes´cent , a. [L. spumescens, p. pr. of spumescere to grow foamy, from spuma foam.] Resembling froth or foam; foaming.

Spum´id , a. [L. spumidis.] Spumous; frothy. [Obs.]

Spu•mif´er•ous , a. [L. spumifier; spuma foam + ferra bear.] Producing foam.

Spum´i•ness , n. The quality or condition of being spumy; spumescence. { Spum´ous , Spum´y }, a. [L. spumosus, spuma foam: cf. F. spumeux.] Consisting of, containing, or covered with, froth, scum, or foam; frothy; foamy. “The spumous and florid state of the blood.” Arbuthnot. “The spumy waves proclaim the watery war.” Dryden.

Spun , imp. & p. p. of Spin. Spun hay, hay twisted into ropes for convenient carriage, as on a military expedition. — Spun silk, a cheap article produced from floss, or short- fibered, broken, and waste silk, carded and spun, in distinction from the long filaments wound from the cocoon. It is often mixed with cotton. — Spun yarn (Naut.), a line formed of two or more rope-yarns loosely twisted.

Spunge (spunj), n. A sponge. [Obs.]

Spunk (spunk), n. [Gael. spong, or Ir. sponc, tinder, sponge; cf. AS. sponge a sponge (L. spongia), spon a chip. Cf. Sponge, Punk.] [Written also sponk.] 1. Wood that readily takes fire; touchwood; also a kind of tinder made from a species of fungus; punk; amadou. Sir T. Browne. 2. An inflammable temper; spirit; mettle; pluck; as a man of spunk. [Colloq.] “A lawless and dangerous set, men of spunk, and spirit, and power, both of mind and body.” Prof. Wilson.

Spunk´y , a. [Compar. Spunkier superl. Spunkiest.] Full of spunk; quick; spirited. [Colloq.]

Spur , n. [See Sparrow.] (Zoöl.) (a) A sparrow. [Scot.] (b) A tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Spur, n. [OE. spure, AS. spura, spora; akin to D. spoor, G. sporn, OHG. sporo, Icel. spori, Dan. spore, Sw. sporre, and to AS. spor a trace, footstep, spyrian to trace, track, examine, and E. spurn. rad.171. Cf. Sparrow, Spere, Spoor, Spurn.] 1. An implement secured to the heel, or above the heel, of a horseman, to urge the horse by its pressure. Modern spurs have a small wheel, or rowel, with short points. Spurs were the badge of knighthood. “And on her feet a pair of spurs large.” Chaucer. 2. That which goads to action; an incitement. “Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
(That last infirmity of noble mind)
To scorn delights and live laborious days.” Milton. 3. Something that projects; a snag. 4. One of the large or principal roots of a tree. Shak. 5. (Zoöl.) Any stiff, sharp spine, as on the wings and legs of certain burds, on the legs of insects, etc.; especially, the spine on a cock’s leg. 6. A mountain that shoots from any other mountain, or range of mountains, and extends to some distance in a lateral direction, or at right angles. 7. A spiked iron worn by seamen upon the bottom of the boot, to enable them to stand upon the carcass of a whale, to strip off the blubber. 8. (Carp.) A brace strengthening a post and some connected part, as a rafter or crossbeam; a strut. 9. (Arch.) (a) The short wooden buttress of a post. (b) A projection from the round base of a column, occupying the angle of a square plinth upon which the base rests, or bringing the bottom bed of the base to a nearly square form. It is generally carved in leafage. 10. (Bot.) (a) Any projecting appendage of a flower looking like a spur. Gray. (b) Ergotized rye or other grain. [R.] 11. (Fort.) A wall that crosses a part of a rampart and joins to an inner wall. 12. (Shipbuilding) (a) A piece of timber fixed on the bilge ways before launching, having the upper ends bolted to the vessel’s side. (b) A curved piece of timber serving as a half to support the deck where a whole beam can not be placed. Spur fowl (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Asiatic gallinaceous birds of the genus Galloperdix, allied to the jungle fowl. The males have two or more spurs on each leg. — Spur gear (Mach.), a cogwheel having teeth which project radially and stand parallel to the axis; a spur wheel. — Spur gearing, gearing in which spur gears are used. See under Gearing. — Spur pepper. (Bot.) See the Note under Capsicum. — Spur wheel. Same as Spur gear, above.

Spur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spurred p. pr. & vb. n. Spurring.] 1. To prick with spurs; to incite to a more hasty pace; to urge or goad; as to spur a horse. 2. To urge or encourage to action, or to a more vigorous pursuit of an object; to incite; to stimulate; to instigate; to impel; to drive. “Love will not be spurred to what it loathes.” Shak. 3. To put spurs on; as a spurred boot.

Spur, v. i. To spur on one’ horse; to travel with great expedition; to hasten; hence, to press forward in any pursuit. ´Now spurs the lated traveler.´ Shak. “The Parthians shall be there,
And, spurring from the fight, confess their fear.” Dryden. “The roads leading to the capital were covered with multitudes of yeomen, spurring hard to Westminster.” Macaulay. “Some bold men, … by spurring on, refine themselves.” Grew.

Spur´gall , n. A place galled or excoriated by much using of the spur.

Spur´gall, v. t. To gall or wound with a spur.

Spurge , v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To emit foam; to froth; — said of the emission of yeast from beer in course of fermentation. [Obs.] W. Cartright.

Spurge, n. [OF. espurge, F. epurge, from OF. espurgier to purge, L. expurgare. See Expurgate, Purge.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Euphorbia. See Euphorbia. Spurge flax, an evergreen shrub (Daphne Gnidium) with crowded narrow leaves. It is native of Southern Europe. — Spurge laurel, a European shrub (Daphne Laureola) with oblong evergreen leaves. — Spurge nettle. See under Nettle. — Spurge olive, an evergreen shrub (Daphne oleoides) found in the Mediterranean region.

Spurge´wort , n. (Bot.) Any euphorbiaceous plant. Lindley.

Spur´ging , n. [See 2d Spurge.] A purging. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spu´ri•ous , a. [L. spurius.] 1. Not proceeding from the true source, or from the source pretended; not genuine; false; adulterate. 2. Not legitimate; bastard; as spurious issue. ´Her spurious firstborn.´ Milton. Spurious primary, or Spurious quill (Zoöl.), the first, or outer, primary quill when rudimentary or much reduced in size, as in certain singing birds. — Spurious wing (Zoöl.), the bastard wing, or alula. Syn. — Counterfeit; false; adulterate; supposititious; fictitious; bastard. — Spu´ri•ous•ly, adv. — Spu´ri•ous•ness, n.

Spur´less , a. Having no spurs.

Spur´ling , n. [See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) A tern. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

Spur´ling-line , n. [Cf. Prov. E. spurling the rut of a wheel, a cart rut, AS. spor a track, trace, E. spoor. Scot. spurl to sprawl.] (Naut.) The line which forms the communication between the steering wheel and the telltale.

Spurn , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spurned p. pr. & vb. n. Spurning.] [OE. spurnen to kick against, to stumble over, AS. spurnan to kick, offend; akin to spura spur, OS. & OHG. spurnan to kick, Icel. spyrna, L. spernere to despise, Skr. sphur to jerk, to push. rad.171. See Spur.] 1. To drive back or away, as with the foot; to kick. “[The bird] with his foot will spurn adown his cup.” Chaucer. “I spurn thee like a cur out of my way.” Shak. 2. To reject with disdain; to scorn to receive or accept; to treat with contempt. “What safe and nicely I might well delay
By rule of knighthood, I disdain and spurn.” Shak. “Domestics will pay a more cheerful service when they find themselves not spurned because fortune has laid them at their master’s feet.” Locke.

Spurn, v. i. 1. To kick or toss up the heels. “The miller spurned at a stone.” Chaucer. “The drunken chairman in the kennel spurns.” Gay. 2. To manifest disdain in rejecting anything; to make contemptuous opposition or resistance. “Nay, more, to spurn at your most royal image.” Shak.

Spurn, n. 1. A kick; a blow with the foot. [R.] “What defence can properly be used in such a despicable encounter as this but either the slap or the spurn?” Milton. 2. Disdainful rejection; contemptuous tratment. “The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes.” Shak. 3. (Mining) A body of coal left to sustain an overhanding mass.

Spurn´er , n. One who spurns.

Spurn´-wa•ter , n. (Naut.) A channel at the end of a deck to restrain the water.

Spurred , a. 1. Wearing spurs; furnished with a spur or spurs; having shoots like spurs. 2. Affected with spur, or ergot; as spurred rye. Spurred corolla (Bot.), a corolla in which there are one or more petals with a spur.

Spur´rer , n. One who spurs.

Spur´rey , n. (Bot.) See Spurry.

Spur´ri•er , n. One whose occupation is to make spurs. B. Jonson. ´The saddlers and spurriers would be ruined by thousands.´ Macaulay.

Spur´-roy•al , n. A gold coin, first made in the reign of Edward IV., having a star on the reverse resembling the rowel of a spur. In the reigns of Elizabeth and of James I., its value was fifteen shillings. [Written also spur-rial, and spur-ryal.]

Spur´ry , n. [D. or OF. spurrie; cf. G. spergel, NL. spergula.] (Bot.) An annual herb (Spergula arvensis) with whorled filiform leaves, sometimes grown in Europe for fodder. [Written also spurrey.] Sand spurry (Bot.), any low herb of the genus Lepigonum, mostly found in sandy places.

Spur´-shell , n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsome gastropod shells of the genus Trochus, or Imperator. The shell is conical, with the margin toothed somewhat like the rowel of a spur.

Spurt , v. i. [Written also spirt, and originally the same word as sprit; OE. sprutten to sprout, AS. spryttan. See Sprit, v. i., Sprout, v. i.] To gush or issue suddenly or violently out in a stream, as liquor from a cask; to rush from a confined place in a small stream or jet; to spirt. “Thus the small jet, which hasty hands unlock,
Spurts in the gardener’s eyes who turns the cock.” Pope.

Spurt, v. t. To throw out, as a liquid, in a stream or jet; to drive or force out with violence, as a liquid from a pipe or small orifice; as to spurt water from the mouth.

Spurt, n. 1. A sudden or violent ejection or gushing of a liquid, as of water from a tube, orifice, or other confined place, or of blood from a wound; a jet; a spirt. 2. A shoot; a bud. [Obs.] Holland. 3. Fig.: A sudden outbreak; as a spurt of jealousy. Spurt grass (Bot.), a rush fit for basket work. Dr. Prior.

Spurt , n. [Cf. Icel. sprette a spurt, spring, run, spretta to sprit, spring.] A sudden and energetic effort, as in an emergency; an increased exertion for a brief space. “The long, steady sweep of the so-called ´paddle´ tried him almost as much as the breathless strain of the spurt.” T. Hughes.

Spurt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spurting.] To make a sudden and violent exertion, as in an emergency.

Spur´tle , v. t. [Freq. of spurt.] To spurt or shoot in a scattering manner. [Obs.] Drayton.

Spur´way , n. [Prov. E. spoor a track, trace (AS. spor) + way.] A bridle path. [R.]

Spur´-winged , a. (Zoöl.) Having one or more spurs on the bend of the wings. Spur-winged goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of long-legged African geese of the genus Plectropterus and allied genera, having a strong spur on the bend of the wing, as the Gambo goose (P. Gambensis) and the Egyptian, or Nile, goose (Alopochen AEgyptiaca). — Spur-winged plover (Zoöl.), an Old World plover (Hoplopterus spinosus) having a sharp spur on the bend of the wing. It inhabits Northern Africa and the adjacent parts of Asia and Europe.

Sput , n. (Steam Boiler) An annular reënforce, to strengthen a place where a hole is made.

Spu•ta´tion , n. [L. sputare to spit, v. intens. fr. spuere to spit: cf. F. sputation.] The act of spitting; expectoration. Harvey.

Spu´ta•tive , a. Inclined to spit; spitting much. Sir H. Wotton.

Spute , v. t. [Abbrev. from dispute.] To dispute; to discuss. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sput´ter , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sputtered p. pr. & vb. n. Sputtering.] [From the root of spout or spit to eject from the mputh. Cf. Splutter.] 1. To spit, or to emit saliva from the mouth in small, scattered portions, as in rapid speaking. 2. To utter words hastily and indistinctly; to speak so rapidly as to emit saliva. “They could neither of them speak their rage, and so fell a sputtering at one another, like two roasting apples.” Congreve. 3. To throw out anything, as little jets of steam, with a noise like that made by one sputtering. “Like the green wood … sputtering in the flame.” Dryden.

Sput´ter, v. t. To spit out hastily by quick, successive efforts, with a spluttering sound; to utter hastily and confusedly, without control over the organs of speech. “In the midst of caresses, and without the last pretend incitement, to sputter out the basest accusations.” Swift.

Sput´ter, n. Moist matter thrown out in small detached particles; also confused and hasty speech.

Sput´ter•er , n. One who sputters.

Spu´tum , n.; pl. Sputa (#). [L., from spuere, sputum, to spit.] That which is expectorated; a salival discharge; spittle; saliva.

Spy , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spied p. pr. & vb. n. Spying.] [OE. spien, espien, OF. espier, F. epier, OHG. spehn, G. spähen; akin to L. specere to see, Skr. spa. 169. Cf. Espy, v.t., Aspect, Auspice, Circumspect, Conspicuouc, Despise, Frontispiece, Inspect, Prospect, Respite, Scope, Scecimen, Spectacle, Specter, Speculate, Spice, Spite, Suspicion.] To gain sight of; to discover at a distance, or in a state of concealment; to espy; to see. “One in reading, skipped over all sentences where he spied a note of admiration.” Swift. 2. To discover by close search or examination. “Look about with yout eyes; spy what things are to be reformed in the church of England.” Latimer. 3. To explore; to view; inspect; and examine secretly, as a country; — usually with out. “Moses sent to spy Jaazer, and they took the villages thereof.” Num. xxi. 32.

Spy, v. i. To search narrowly; to scrutinize. “It is my nature’s plague
To spy into abuses.” Shak.

Spy, n.; pl. Spies (#). [See Spy, v., and cf. Espy, n.] 1. One who keeps a constant watch of the conduct of others. ´These wretched spies of wit.´ Dryden. 2. (Mil.) A person sent secretly into an enemy’s camp, territory, or fortifications, to inspect his works, ascertain his strength, movements, or designs, and to communicate such intelligence to the proper officer. Spy money, money paid to a spy; the reward for private or secret intelligence regarding the enemy. — Spy Wednesday (Eccl.), the Wednesday immediately preceding the festival of Easter; — so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas Iscariot. Syn. — See Emissary, and Scout.

Spy´boat , n. A boat sent to make discoveries and bring intelligence. Arbuthnot.

Spy´glass , n. A small telescope for viewing distant terrestrial objects.

Spy´ism , n. Act or business of spying. [R.] { Spy´nace ( 48), Spyne }, n. (Naut.) See Pinnace, n., 1 (a).

Squab , a. [Cf. dial. Sw. sqvabb a soft and fat body, sqvabba a fat woman, Icel. kvap jelly, jellylike things, and and E. quab.] 1. Fat; thick; plump; bulky. “Nor the squab daughter nor the wife were nice.” Betterton. 2. Unfledged; unfeathered; as a squab pigeon. King.

Squab, n. 1. (Zoöl.) A neatling of a pigeon or other similar bird, esp. when very fat and not fully fledged. 2. A person of a short, fat figure. “Gorgonious sits abdominous and wan,
Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.” Cowper. 3. A thickly stuffed cushion; especially, one used for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair; also a sofa. “Punching the squab of chairs and sofas.” Dickens. “On her large squab you find her spread.” Pope.

Squab, adv. [Cf. dial. Sw. squapp, a word imitative of a splash, and E. squab fat, unfledged.] With a heavy fall; plump. [Vulgar] “The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and dropped him down, squab, upon a rock.” L’Estrange.

Squab, v. i. To fall plump; to strike at one dash, or with a heavy stroke. [Obs.]

Squa•bash´ , v. t. To crush; to quash; to squash. [Colloq. or Slang, Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Squab´bish , a. Thick; fat; heavy.

Squab´ble , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squabbled p. pr. & vb. n. Squabbling ] [Cf. dial. Sw. skvabbel a dispute, skvappa to chide.] 1. To contend for superiority in an unseemly maner; to scuffle; to struggle; to wrangle; to quarrel. 2. To debate peevishly; to dispute. “The sense of these propositions is very plain, though logicians might squabble a whole day whether they should rank them under negative or affirmative.” I. Watts. Syn. — To dispute; contend; scuffle; wrangle; quarrel; struggle.

Squab´ble, v. t. (Print.) To disarrange, so that the letters or lines stand awry or are mixed and need careful readjustment; — said of type that has been set up.

Squab´ble, n. A scuffle; a wrangle; a brawl.

Squab´bler , n. One who squabbles; a contentious person; a brawler.

Squab´by , a. Short and thick; suqabbish.

Squab´-chick , n. (Zoöl.) A young chicken before it is fully fledged. [Prov. Eng.]

Squac´co , n.; pl. Squaccos . (Zoöl.) A heron (Ardea comata) found in Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe.

Squad , n. [F. escouade, fr. Sp. escuadra, or It. squadra, (assumed) LL. exquadrare to square; L. ex + quadra a square. See Square.] 1. (Mil.) A small party of men assembled for drill, inspection, or other purposes. 2. Hence, any small party.

Squad, n. Sloppy mud. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Squad´ron , n. [F. escadron, formerly also esquadron, or It. squadrone. See Squad.] 1. Primarily, a square; hence, a square body of troops; a body of troops drawn up in a square. [R.] “Those half-rounding quards
Just met, and, closing, stood in squadron joined.” Milton. 2. (Mil.) A body of cavarly comparising two companies or troops, and averging from one hundred and twenty to two hundred men. 3. (Naut.) A detachment of vessels employed on any particular service or station, under the command of the senior officer; as the North Atlantic Squadron. Totten. Flying squadron, a squadron of observation or practice, that cruises rapidly about from place to place. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Squad´roned , a. Formed into squadrons, or squares. [R.] Milton.

Squail , v. i. To throw sticls at cocks; to throw anything about awkwardly or irregularly. [Prov. Eng.] Southey.

Squai´mous , a. Squeamish. [Obs.]

Squa´li , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish.] (Zoöl.) The suborder of elasmobranch fishes which comprises the sharks.

Squal´id , a. [L. squalidus, fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.] Dirty through neglect; foul; filthy; extremely dirty. “Uncomed his locks, and squalid his attrie.” Dryden. “Those squalid dens, which are the reproach of large capitals.” Macaulay.

Squa•lid´i•ty , n. [L. squaliditas.] The quality or state of being squalid; foulness; filthiness.

Squal´id•ly , adv. In a squalid manner.

Squal´id•ness, n. Quality or state of being squalid.

Squall , n. [Cf. Sw. sqval an impetuous running of water, sqvalregn a violent shower of rain, sqala to stream, to gush.] A sudden violent gust of wind often attended with rain or snow. “The gray skirts of a lifting squall.” Tennyson. Black squall, a squall attended with dark, heavy clouds. — Thick squall, a black squall accompanied by rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Totten. — White squall, a squall which comes unexpectedly, without being marked in its approach by the clouds. Totten.

Squall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squalled p. pr. & vb. n. Squalling.] [Icel. skvala. Cf. Squeal.] To cry out; to scream or cry violently, as a woman frightened, or a child in anger or distress; as the infant squalled.

Squall, n. A loud scream; a harsh cry. “There oft are heard the notes of infant woe, -
The short, thick sob, loud scream, and shriller squall.” Pope.

Squall´er , n. One who squalls; a screamer.

Squall´y , a. 1. Abounding with squalls; disturbed often with sudden and violent gusts of wind; gusty; as squally weather. 2. (Agric.) Interrupted by unproductive spots; — said of a flied of turnips or grain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. (Weaving) Not equally good throughout; not uniform; uneven; faulty; — said of cloth.

Squa´lo•don , n. [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks + Gr. , , a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil whales belonging to the Phocodontia; — so called because their are serrated, like a shark’s.

Squa´lo•dont , a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to Squalodon.

Squa´loid , a. [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks (fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a shark or sharks.

Squa´lor , n. [L., fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.] Squalidness; foulness; filthness; squalidity. “The heterogenous indigent multitude, everywhere wearing nearly the same aspect of squalor.” Taylor. “To bring this sort of squalor among the upper classes.” Dickens.

Squa´ma , n.; pl. Squamae (#). [L. a scale.] (Med.) A scale cast off from the skin; a thin dry shred consisting of epithelium.

Squa•ma´ceous , a. Squamose.

Squa•ma´ta , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. squamatus scaly.] (Zoöl.) A division of edentates having the body covered with large, imbricated horny scales. It includes the pangolins. { Squa´mate , Squa´ma•ted }, a. [L. squamatus.] Same as Squamose.

Squam´duck (Zoöl.) The American eider duck. [Local, U.S.]

Squame , n. [L. squama scale.] 1. A scale. [Obs.] ´iron squames.´ Chaucer. 2. (Zoöl.) The scale, or exopodite, of an antenna of a crustacean.

Squa•mel´la , n.; pl. Squamellae (#). [NL., dim. fr. L. squama a scale.] (Bot.) A diminutive scale or bractlet, such as those found on the receptacle in many composite plants; a palea.

Squa•mel´late , a. Furnished or covered with little scales; squamulose.

Squa´mi•form , a.[L. squama a scale + -form.] Having the shape of a scale.

Squa•mig´er•ous , a. [L. squamiger; squama a scale + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Bearing scales.

Squam´i•pen , n. ;pl. Squamipennes (#). [L. squama a scale + penna a fin: cf. F. squamipenne.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a group of fishes having the dorsal and anal fins partially covered with scales. They are compressed and mostly, bright-colored tropical fishes, belonging to Chaetodon and allied genera. Many of them are called soral fishes, and angel fishes.

Squa´moid , a. [L. squama scale + -oid.] Resembling a scale; also covered with scales; scaly.

Squa•mo´sal , a. (Anat.) (a) Scalelike; squamous; as the squamosal bone. (b) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone. — n. The squamous part of the temporal bone, or a bone correspondending to it, under Temporal. { Squa•mose´ , Squa´mous }, [L. squamosus, fr. squama a scale: cf. F. squameux.] 1. Covered with, or consisting of, scales; resembling a scale; scaly; as the squamose cones of the pine; squamous epithelial cells; the squamous portion of the temporal bone, which is so called from a fancied resemblance to a scale. 2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone; squamosal.

Squa•mo•zyg•o•mat´ic , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the squamosal and zygomatic bones; — applied to a bone, or a center of ossification, in some fetal skulls. — n. A squamozygomatic bone.

Squam´u•la , n.; pl. Squamulae (#). [L., dim. of squama a scale.] (Bot.) One of the little hypogynous scales found in the flowers of grasses; a lodicule.

Squam´u•late , a. Same as Squamulose.

Squam´ule , n. (Bot.) Same as Squamula.

Squam´u•lose ( 277), a. Having little scales; squamellate; squamulate.

Squan´der , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squandered p. pr. & vb. n. Squandering.] [Cf. Scot. squatter to splash water about, to scatter, to squander, Prov. E. swatter, Dan. sqvatte, Sw. sqvätta to squirt, sqvättra to squander, Icel. skvetta to squirt out, to throw out water.] 1. To scatter; to disperse. [Obs.] “Our squandered troops he rallies.” Dryden. 2. To spend lavishly or profusely; to spend prodigally or wastefully; to use without economy or judgment; to dissipate; as to squander an estate. “The crime of squandering health is equal to the folly.” Rambler. Syn. — To spend; expend; waste; scatter; dissipate.

Squan´der, v. i. 1. To spend lavishly; to be wasteful. “They often squandered, but they never gave.” Savage. 2. To wander at random; to scatter. [R.] “The wise man’s folly is anatomized
Even by squandering glances of the fool.” Shak.

Squan´der, n. The act of squandering; waste.

Squan´der•er , n. One who squanders.

Squan´der•ing•ly, adv. In a squandering manner.

Square , n. [OF. esquarre, esquierre, F. equerre a carpenter’s square (cf. It. squadra), fr. (assumed) LL. exquadrare to make square; L. ex + quadrus a square, fr. quattuor four. See Four, and cf. Quadrant, Squad, Squer a square.] 1. (Geom.) (a) The corner, or angle, of a figure. [Obs.] (b) A parallelogram having four equal sides and four right angles. 2. Hence, anything which is square, or nearly so; as: (a) A square piece or fragment. “He bolted his food down his capacious throat in squares of three inches.” Sir W. Scott. (b) A pane of glass. (c) (Print.) A certain number of lines, forming a portion of a column, nearly square; — used chiefly in reckoning the prices of advertisements in newspapers. (d) (Carp.) One hundred superficial feet. 3. An area of four sides, generally with houses on each side; sometimes, a solid block of houses; also an open place or area for public use, as at the meeting or intersection of two or more streets. “The statue of Alexander VII. stands in the large square of the town.” Addison. 4. (Mech. & Joinery) An instrument having at least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. It is of several forms, as the T square, the carpenter’s square, the try-square., etc. 5. Hence, a pattern or rule. [Obs.] 6. (Arith. & Alg.) The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; thus, 64 is the square of 8, for 8 × 8 = 64; the square of a + b is a2 + 2ab + b2. 7. Exact proportion; justness of workmanship and conduct; regularity; rule. [Obs.] “They of Galatia [were] much more out of square.” Hooker. “I have not kept my square.” Shak. 8. (Mil.) A body of troops formed in a square, esp. one formed to resist a charge of cavalry; a squadron. ´The brave squares of war.´ Shak. 9. Fig.: The relation of harmony, or exact agreement; equality; level. “We live not on the square with such as these.” Dryden. 10. (Astrol.) The position of planets distant ninety degrees from each other; a quadrate. [Obs.] 11. The act of squaring, or quarreling; a quarrel. [R.] 12. The front of a woman’s dress over the bosom, usually worked or embroidered. [Obs.] Shak. Geometrical square. See Quadrat, n., 2. — Hollow square (Mil.), a formation of troops in the shape of a square, each side consisting of four or five ranks, and the colors, officers, horses, etc., occupying the middle. — Least square, Magic square, etc. See under Least, Magic, etc. — On the square, or Upon the square, in an open, fair manner; honestly, or upon honor. [Obs. or Colloq.] — On, or Upon, the square with, upon equality with; even with. Nares. — To be all squares, to be all settled. [Colloq.] Dickens. — To be at square, to be in a state of quarreling. [Obs.] Nares. — To break no square, to give no offense; to make no difference. [Obs.] — To break squares, to depart from an accustomed order. — To see how the squares go, to see how the game proceeds; — a phrase taken from the game of chess, the chessboard being formed with squares. [Obs.] L’Estrange.

Square , a. 1. (Geom.) Having four equal sides and four right angles; as a square figure. 2. Forming a right angle; as a square corner. 3. Having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular rather than curving outlines; as a man of a square frame. 4. Exactly suitable or correspondent; true; just. “She’s a most truimphant lady, if report be square to her.” Shak. 5. Rendering equal justice; exact; fair; honest, as square dealing. 6. Even; leaving no balance; as to make or leave the accounts square. 7. Leaving nothing; hearty; vigorous. “By Heaven, square eaters.
More meat, I say.” Beau. & Fl. 8. (Naut.) At right angles with the mast or the keel, and parallel to the horizon; — said of the yards of a square-rigged vessel when they are so braced. Square is often used in self-explaining compounds or combination, as in square-built, square-cornered, square-cut, square-nosed, etc. Square foot, an area equal to that of a square the sides of which are twelwe inches; 144 square inches. - - Square knot, a knot in which the terminal and standing parts are parallel to each other; a reef knot. See Illust. under Knot. — Square measure, the measure of a superficies or surface which depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. The units of square measure are squares whose sides are the linear measures; as square inches, square feet, square meters, etc. — Square number. See square, n., 6. — Square root of a number or quantity (Math.), that number or quantity which, multiplied by itself produces the given number or quantity. — Square sail (Naut.), a four-sided sail extended upon a yard suspended by the middle; sometimes, the foresail of a schooner set upon a yard; also a cutter’s or sloop’s sail boomed out. See Illust. of Sail. — Square stern (Naut.), a stern having a transom and joining the counter timbers at an angle, as distinguished from a round stern, which has no transom. — Three-square, Five- square, etc., having three, five, etc., equal sides; as a three-square file. — To get square with, to get even with; to pay off. [Colloq.]

Square, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squared p. pr. & vb. n. Squaring.] [Cf. OF. escarrer, esquarrer. See Square, n.] 1. To form with four sides and four right angles. Spenser. 2. To form with right angles and straight lines, or flat surfaces; as to square mason’s work. 3. To compare with, or reduce to, any given measure or standard. Shak. 4. To adjust; to regulate; to mold; to shape; to fit; as to square our actions by the opinions of others. “Square my trial
To my proportioned strength.” Milton. 5. To make even, so as leave no remainder of difference; to balance; as to square accounts. 6. (Math.) To multiply by itself; as to square a number or a quantity. 7. (Astrol.) To hold a quartile position respecting. “The icy Goat and Crab that square the Scales.” Creech. 8. (Naut.) To place at right angles with the keel; as to square the yards. To square one’s shoulders, to raise the shoulders so as to give them a square appearance, — a movement expressing contempt or dislike. Sir W. Scott. — To square the circle (Math.), to determine the exact contents of a circle in square measure. The solution of this famous problem is now generally admitted to be impossible.

Square, v. i. 1. To accord or agree exactly; to be consistent with; to conform or agree; to suit; to fit. “No works shall find acceptamce …
That square not truly with the Scripture plan.” Cowper. 2. To go to opposite sides; to take an attitude of offense or defense, or of defiance; to quarrel. [Obs.] “Are you such fools
To square for this?” Shak. 3. To take a boxing attitude; — often with up, sometimes with off. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Square´ly, adv. In a square form or manner.

Square´ness, n. The quality of being square; as an instrument to try the squareness of work.

Squar´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, squares. 2. One who squares, or quarrels; a hot-headed, contentious fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

Square´-rigged (skwâr´rigd•), a. (Naut.) Having the sails extended upon yards suspended horizontally by the middle, as distinguished from fore-and-aft sails; thus, a ship and a brig are square-rigged vessels.

Square´-toed (-tod•), n. Having the toe square. “Obsolete as fardingales, ruffs, and square-toed shoes.” V. Knox.

Square´-toes , n. A precise person; — used contemptuously or jocularly. Thackeray.

Squar´ish, a. Nearly square. Pennant.

Squar•rose´ (? or 277), a. [L. squarrosus (perhaps) scurfy, scabby.] Ragged or full of lose scales or projecting parts; rough; jagged; as: (a) (Bot. & Zoöl.) Consisting of scales widely divaricating; having scales, small leaves, or other bodies, spreading widely from the axis on which they are crowded; — said of a calyx or stem. (b) (Bot.) Divided into shreds or jags, raised above the plane of the leaf, and not parallel to it; said of a leaf. (c) (Zoöl.) Having scales spreading every way, or standing upright, or at right angles to the surface; — said of a shell. Squarrose-slashed (Bot.), doubly slashed, with the smaller divisions at right angles to the others, as a leaf. Landley.

Squar•ro•so-den´tate , a. (Bot.) Having the teeth bent out of the plane of the lamina; — said of a leaf.

Squar´rous , a. Squarrose.

Squar´ru•lose , a. [Dim. of squarrose.] (Bot.) Somewhat squarrose; slightly squarrose. Gray.

Squash , n. [Cf. Musquash.] (Zoöl.) An American animal allied to the weasel. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Squash, n. [Massachusetts Indian asq, pl. asquash, raw, green, immaturate, applied to fruit and vegetables which were used when green, or without cooking; askutasquash vine apple.] (Bot.) A plant and its fruit of the genus Cucurbita, or gourd kind. The species are much confused. The long-neck squash is called Cucurbita verrucosa, the Barbary or China squash, C. moschata, and the great winter squash, C. maxima, but the distinctions are not clear. Squash beetle (Zoöl.), a small American beetle (Diabrotica, or Galeruca vittata) which is often abundant and very injurious to the leaves of squash, cucumber, etc. It is striped with yellow and black. The name is applied also to other allied species. — Squash bug (Zoöl.), a large black American hemipterous insect (Coreus, or Anasa, tristis) injurious to squash vines.

Squash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squashed p. pr. & vb. n. Squashing.] [OE. squashen, OF. escachier, esquachier, to squash, to crush, F. ecacher, perhaps from (assumed) LL. excoacticare, fr. L. ex + coactare to constrain, from cogere, coactum, to compel. Cf. Cogent, Squat, v. i.] To beat or press into pulp or a flat mass; to crush.

Squash, n. 1. Something soft and easily crushed; especially, an unripe pod of pease. “Not yet old enough for a man, nor young enough for a boy; as a squash is before ’t is a peascod.” Shak. 2. Hence, something unripe or soft; — used in contempt. ´This squash, this gentleman.´ Shak. 3. A sudden fall of a heavy, soft body; also a shock of soft bodies. Arbuthnot. “My fall was stopped by a terrible squash.” Swift.

Squash´er , n. One who, or that which, squashes.

Squash´i•ness , n. The quality or state of being squashy, or soft.

Squash´y , a. Easily squashed; soft.

Squat , n. (Zoöl.) The angel fish (Squatina angelus).

Squat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squatting.] [OE. squatten to crush, OF. esquater, esquatir (cf. It. quatto squat, cowering), perhaps fr. L. ex + coactus, p. p. cogere to drive or urge together. See Cogent, Squash, v. t.] 1. To sit down upon the hams or heels; as the savages squatted near the fire. 2. To sit close to the ground; to cower; to stoop, or lie close, to escape observation, as a partridge or rabbit. 3. To settle on another’s land without title; also to settle on common or public lands.

Squat, v. t. To bruise or make flat by a fall. [Obs.]

Squat, a. 1. Sitting on the hams or heels; sitting close to the ground; cowering; crouching. “Him there they found,
Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve.” Milton. 2. Short and thick, like the figure of an animal squatting. ´The round, squat turret.´ R. Browning. “The head [of the squill insect] is broad and squat.” Grew.

Squat, n. 1. The posture of one that sits on his heels or hams, or close to the ground. 2. A sudden or crushing fall. [Obs.] erbert. 3. (Mining) (a) A small vein of ore. (b) A mineral consisting of tin ore and spar. Halliwell. Woodward. Squat snipe (Zoöl.), the jacksnipe; — called also squatter. [Local, U.S.]

Squat´er•ole , n. (Zoöl.) The black-bellied plover.

Squat´ter , n. 1. One who squats; specifically, one who settles unlawfully upon land without a title. In the United States and Australia the term is sometimes applied also to a person who settles lawfully upon government land under permission and restrictions, before acquiring title. “In such a tract, squatters and trespassers were tolerated to an extent now unknown.” Macaulay. 2. (Zoöl.) See Squat snipe, under Squat. Squatter sovereignty, the right claimed by the squatters, or actual residents, of a Territory of the United States to make their own laws. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Squat´ty , a. Squat; dumpy. J. Burroughs.

Squaw , n. [Massachusetts Indian squa, eshqua; Narragansett squâws; Delaware ochqueu, and khqueu; used also in compound words (as the names of animals) in the sense of female.] A female; a woman; — in the language of Indian tribes of the Algonquin family, correlative of sannup. Old squaw. (Zoöl.) See under Old.

Squaw´ber•ry , n. (Bot.) A local name for the partridge berry; also for the deerberry. [U. S.]

Squawk , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squawked p. pr. & vb. n. Squawking.] [See Squeak.] To utter a shrill, abrupt scream; to squeak harshly. Squawking thrush (Zoöl.), the missel turush; — so called from its note when alarmed. [Prov. Eng.]

Squawk, n. 1. Act of squawking; a harsh squeak. 2. (Zoöl.) The American night heron. See under Night. Squawk duck (Zoöl.), the bimaculate duck (Anas glocitans). It has patches of reddish brown behind, and in front of, each eye. [Prov. Eng.]

Squawl , v. i. See Squall.

Squaw´root , n. (Bot.) A scaly parasitic plant (Conopholis Americana) found in oak woods in the United States; — called also cancer root.

Squaw´weed , n. (Bot.) The golden ragwort. See under Ragwort.

Squeak , v. i. [imp.& p. p. Squaked p. pr. & vb. n. Squeaking.] [Probably of imitative origin; cf. Sw. sqväka to croak, Icel. skvakka to give a sound as of water shaken in a bottle.] 1. To utter a sharp, shrill cry, usually of short duration; to cry with an acute tone, as an animal; or, to make a sharp, disagreeable noise, as a pipe or quill, a wagon wheel, a door; to creak. “Who can endure to hear one of the rough old Romans squeaking through the mouth of an eunuch?” Addison. “Zoilus calls the companions of Ulysses the ´squeaking pigs´ of Homer.” Pope. 2. To break silence or secrecy for fear of pain or punishment; to speak; to confess. [Colloq.] “If he be obstinate, put a civil question to him upon the rack, and he squeaks, I warrant him.” Dryden.

Squeak, n. A sharp, shrill, disagreeable sound suddenly utered, either of the human voice or of any animal or instrument, such as is made by carriage wheels when dry, by the soles of leather shoes, or by a pipe or reed.

Squeak´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, squeaks. 2. (Zoöl.) The Australian gray crow shrile (Strepera anaphonesis); — so called from its note.

Squeak´ing•ly, adv. In a squeaking manner.

Squeal , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squealed p. pr. & vb. n. Squealing.] [Of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. sqväla, Norw. skvella. Cf. Squeak, Squall.] 1. To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as certain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain. 2. To turn informer; to betray a secret. [Slang]

Squeal, n. A shrill, somewhat prolonged cry.

Squeal´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, squeals. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The European swift. (b) The harlequin duck. (c) The American golden plover.

Squeam´ish , a. [OE. squaimous, sweymous, probably from OE. sweem, swem, dizziness, a swimming in the head; cf. Icel. svemr a bustle, a stir, Norw. sveim a hovering about, a sickness that comes upon one, Icel. svimi a giddiness, AS. swimi. The word has been perhaps confused witrh qualmish. Cf. Swim to be dizzy.] Having a stomach that is easily or nauseated; hence, nice to excess in taste; fastidious; easily disgusted; apt to be offended at trifling improprieties. “Quoth he, that honor’s very squeamish
That takes a basting for a blemish.” Hudibras. “His muse is rustic, and perhaps too plain
The men of squeamish taste to entertain.” Southern. “So ye grow squeamish, Gods, and sniff at heaven.” M. Arnold. Syn. — Fastidious; dainty; overnice; scrupulous. See Fastidious. — Squeam´ish•ly, adv. — Squeam´ish•ness, n.

Squeam´ous , a. Squeamish. [Obs.]

Squea´si•ness , n. Queasiness. [Obs.]

Squea´sy , a. Queasy; nice; squeamish; fastidious; scrupulous. [Obs.] Bp. Earle.

Squee´gee , n. Same as Squilgee.

Squeeze , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squeezed p. pr. & vb. n. Squeezing.] [OE. queisen, AS. cwesan, cwysan, cwisan, of uncertain origin. The s- was probably prefixed through the influence of squash, v.t.] 1. To press between two bodies; to press together closely; to compress; often, to compress so as to expel juice, moisture, etc.; as to squeeze an orange with the fingers; to squeeze the hand in friendship. 2. Fig.: To oppress with hardships, burdens, or taxes; to harass; to crush. “In a civil war, people must expect to be crushed and squeezed toward the burden.” L’Estrange. 3. To force, or cause to pass, by compression; often with out, through, etc.; as to squeeze water through felt. Syn. — To compress; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd.

Squeeze, v. i. To press; to urge one’s way, or to pass, by pressing; to crowd; — often with through, into, etc.; as to squeeze hard to get through a crowd.

Squeeze, n. 1. The act of one who squeezes; compression between bodies; pressure. 2. A facsimile impression taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an inscription on stone.

Squeez´er , n. 1. One who, or that which, squeezes; as a lemon squeezer. 2. (Forging) (a) A machine like a large pair of pliers, for shingling, or squeezing, the balls of metal when puddled; — used only in the plural. (b) A machine of several forms for the same purpose; — used in the singular.

Squeez´ing, n. 1. The act of pressing; compression; oppression. 2. pl. That which is forced out by pressure; dregs. 3. Same as Squeeze, n., 2.

Squelch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squelched p. pr. & vb. n. Squelching.] [Cf. prov. E. quelch a blow, and quel to crush, to kill.] To quell; to crush; to silence or put down. [Colloq.] “Oh ’t was your luck and mine to be squelched.” Beau. & Fl. “If you deceive us you will be squelched.” Carlyle.

Squelch, n. A heavy fall, as of something flat; hence, also a crushing reply. [Colloq.] Hudibras.

Sque•teague´ (skwe•teg´), n. [from the North American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) An American sciaenoid fish (Cynoscion regalis), abundant on the Atlantic coast of the United States, and much valued as a food fish. It is of a bright silvery color, with iridescent reflections. Called also weakfish, squitee, chickwit, and sea trout. The spotted squeteague (C. nebulosus) of the Southern United States is a similar fish, but the back and upper fins are spotted with black. It is called also spotted weakfish, and, locally, sea trout, and sea salmon.

Squib (skwib), n. [OE. squippen, swippen, to move swiftly, Icel. svipa to swoop, flash, dart, whip; akin to AS. swipian to whip, and E. swift, a. See Swift, a.] 1. A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of paper, filled with powder or combustible matter, to be thrown into the air while burning, so as to burst there with a crack. “Lampoons, like squibs, may make a present blaze.” Waller. “The making and selling of fireworks, and squibs … is punishable.” Blackstone. 2. (Mining) A kind of slow match or safety fuse. 3. A sarcastic speech or publication; a petty lampoon; a brief, witty essay. “Who copied his squibs, and reëchoed his jokes.” Goldsmith. 4. A writer of lampoons. [Obs.] “The squibs are those who in the common phrase of the world are called libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers.” Tatler. 5. A paltry fellow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Squib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squibbed p. pr. & vb. n. Squibbing.] To throw squibs; to utter sarcastic or severe reflections; to contend in petty dispute; as to squib a little debate. [Colloq.]

Squid (skwid), n. [Cf. Squirt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ten-armed cephalopods having a long, tapered body, and a caudal fin on each side; especially, any species of Loligo, Ommastrephes, and related genera. See Calamary, Decacerata, Dibranchiata. Some of these squids are very abundant on the Atlantic coast of North America, and are used in large quantities for bait, especially in the cod fishery. The most abundant of the American squids are the northern squid (Ommastrephes illecebrosus), ranging from Southern New England to Newfoundland, and the southern squid (Loligo Pealii), ranging from Virginia to Massachusetts. 2. A fishhook with a piece of bright lead, bone, or other substance, fastened on its shank to imitate a squid. Flying squid, Giant squid. (Zoöl.) See under Flying, and Giant. — Squid hound (Zoöl.), the striped bass.

Squier , n. A square. See 1st Squire. [Obs.] “Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the squier.” Shak. { Squi´er•ie , Squi´er•y }, , n. [OF. escuiere. See Esquire.] A company of squires; the whole body of squires. This word is found in Tyrwhitt’s Chaucer, but is not in the modern editions.

Squig´gle , v. i. [Cf. Prov. E. swiggle to drink greedily, to shake liquor in a close vessel, and E. sqig.] To shake and wash a fluid about in the mouth with the lips closed. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Squig´gle, v. i. [Cf. Squirm, Wiggle.] To move about like an eel; to squirm. [Low, U.S.] Bartlett.

Squil´gee , n. Formerly, a small swab for drying a vessel’s deck; now, a kind of scraper having a blade or edge of rubber or of leather, — used for removing superfluous, water or other liquids, as from a vessel’s deck after washing, from window panes, photographer’s plates, etc. [Written also squillgee, squillagee, squeegee.]

Squill , n. [F. squille (also scille a squill, in sense 1), L. squilla, scilla, Gr. .] 1. (Bot.) (a) A European bulbous liliaceous plant (Urginea, formerly Scilla, maritima), of acrid, expectorant, diuretic, and emetic properties used in medicine. Called also sea onion. (b) Any bulbous plant of the genus Scilla; as the bluebell squill (S. mutans). 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A squilla. (b) A mantis.

Squil´la , n.; pl. E. Squillas (#), L. Squillae (#). [L., a sea onion, also a prawn or shrimp. See Squill.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous stomapod crustaceans of the genus Squilla and allied genera. They make burrows in mud or beneath stones on the seashore. Called also mantis shrimp. See Illust. under Stomapoda.

Squill•it´ic , a. Of or pertaining to squills. [R.] ´Squillitic vinegar.´ Holland. { Squin´ance , Squin´an•cy }, n. [F. esquinancie, OF. squinance, esquinance. See Quinsy.] 1. (Med.) The quinsy. See Quinsy. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) A European perennial herb (Asperula cynanchica) with narrowly linear whorled leaves; — formerly thought to cure the quinsy. Also called quincewort. Squinancy berries, black currants; — so called because used to cure the quinsy. Dr. Prior.

Squinch , n. [Corrupted fr. sconce.] (Arch.) A small arch thrown across the corner of a square room to support a superimposed mass, as where an octagonal spire or drum rests upon a square tower; — called also sconce, and sconcheon.

Squin´sy , n. (Med.) See Quinsy. [Obs.]

Squint , a. [Cf. D. schuinte a slope, schuin, schuinisch, sloping, oblique, schuins slopingly. Cf. Askant, Askance, Asquint.] 1. Looking obliquely. Specifically (Med.), not having the optic axes coincident; — said of the eyes. See Squint, n., 2. 2. Fig.: Looking askance. ´Squint suspicion.´ Milton.

Squint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squinting.] 1. To see or look obliquely, asquint, or awry, or with a furtive glance. “Some can squint when they will.” Bacon. 2. (Med.) To have the axes of the eyes not coincident; — to be cross-eyed. 3. To deviate from a true line; to run obliquely.

Squint, v. t. 1. To turn to an oblique position; to direct obliquely; as to squint an eye. 2. To cause to look with noncoincident optic axes. “He … squints the eye, and makes the harelid.” Shak.

Squint, n. 1. The act or habit of squinting. 2. (Med.) A want of coincidence of the axes of the eyes; strabismus. 3. (Arch.) Same as Hagioscope.

Squint´er , n. One who squints.

Squint´-eye , n. An eye that squints. Spenser.

Squint´-eyed , a. 1. Having eyes that quint; having eyes with axes not coincident; cross-eyed. 2. Looking obliquely, or asquint; malignant; as squint-eyed praise; squint-eyed jealousy.

Squint•i•fe´go , a. Squinting. [Obs. & R.]

Squint´ing , a. & n. from Squint, v. — Squint´ing•ly, adv.

Squin´y , v. i. To squint. [Obs.] Shak.

Squin´zey , n. (Med.) See Quinsy. [Obs.]

Squir (skwer), v. t. To throw with a jerk; to throw edge foremost. [Obs.] [Written also squirr.] Addison.

Squir´al•ty , n. Same as Squirarchy. “That such weight and influence be put thereby into the hands of the squiralty of my kingdom.” Sterne.

Squir´arch , n. [Squire + - arch.] One who belongs to the squirarchy. — Squir´arch•al (#), a.

Squir´arch•y , n. [Squire + -archy.] The gentlemen, or gentry, of a country, collectively. [Written also squirearchy.]

Squire , n. [OF. esquierre, F. equerre. See Square, n.] A square; a measure; a rule. [Obs.] ´With golden squire.´ Spenser.

Squire, n. [Aphetic form of esquire.] 1. A shield-bearer or armor- bearer who attended a knight. 2. A title of dignity next in degree below knight, and above gentleman. See Esquire. [Eng.] ´His privy knights and squires.´ Chaucer. 3. A male attendant on a great personage; also (Colloq.), a devoted attendant or follower of a lady; a beau. 4. A title of office and courtesy. See under Esquire.

Squire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. squired p. pr. & vb. n. squiring.] 1. To attend as a squire. Chaucer. 2. To attend as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protection; as to squire a lady. [Colloq.] Goldsmith.

Squir•een´ , n. One who is half squire and half farmer; — used humorously. [Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Squire´hood , n. The rank or state of a squire; squireship. Swift.

squire´ling , n. A petty squire. Tennyson.

Squire´ly, a. & adv. Becoming a squire; like a squire.

squire´ship, n. Squirehood.

Squirm , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squirmed p. pr. & vb. n. Squirming.] [Cf. Swarm to climb a tree.] To twist about briskly with contorions like an eel or a worm; to wriggle; to writhe.

Squirr , v. t. See Squir.

Squir´rel (skwer´rel or skwir´-; 277), n. [OE. squirel, OF. esquirel, escurel, F. ecureuil, LL. squirelus, squirolus, scuriolus, dim. of L. sciurus, Gr. si•oyros; skia• shade + o’yra• tail. Cf. Shine, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Sciurus and several allied genera of the family Sciuridae. Squirrels generally have a bushy tail, large erect ears, and strong hind legs. They are commonly arboreal in their habits, but many species live in burrows. Among the common North American squirrels are the gray squirrel (Scirius Carolinensis) and its black variety; the fox, or cat, sqirrel (S. cinereus, or S. niger) which is a large species, and variable in color, the southern variety being frequently black, while the northern and western varieties are usually gray or rusty brown; the red squirrel (see Chickaree); the striped, or chipping, squirrel (see Chipmunk); and the California gray squirrel (S. fossor). Several other species inhabit Mexico and Central America. The common European species (Sciurus vulgaris) has a long tuft of hair on each ear. the so- called Australian squirrels are marsupials. See Petaurist, and Phalanger. 2. One of the small rollers of a carding machine which work with the large cylinder. Barking squirrel (Zoöl.), the prairie dog. — Federation squirrel (Zoöl.), the striped gopher. See Gopher, 2. — Flying squirrel (Zoöl.). See Flying squirrel, in the Vocabulary. — Java squirrel (Zoöl.). See Jelerang. — Squirrel corn (Bot.), a North American herb (Dicantra Canadensis) bearing little yellow tubers. — Squirrel cup (Bot.), the blossom of the Hepatica triloba, a low perennial herb with cup-shaped flowers varying from purplish blue to pink or even white. It is one of the earliest flowers of spring. — Squirrel fish (Zoöl.) (a) A sea bass (Serranus fascicularis) of the Southern United States. (b) The sailor’s choice (Diplodus rhomboides). (c) The redmouth, or grunt. (d) A market fish of Bermuda (Holocentrum Ascensione). — Squirrel grass (Bot.), a pestiferous grass (Hordeum murinum) related to barley. In California the stiffly awned spiklets work into the wool of sheep, and into the throat, flesh, and eyes of animals, sometimes even producing death. — Squirrel hake (Zoöl.), a common American hake (Phycis tenuis); — called also white hake. — Squirrel hawk (Zoöl.), any rough-legged hawk; especially, the California species Archibuteo ferrugineus. — Squirrel monkey. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of small, soft-haired South American monkeys of the genus Calithrix. They are noted for their graceful form and agility. See Teetee. (b) A marmoset. — Squirrel petaurus (Zoöl.), a flying phalanger of Australia. See Phalanger, Petaurist, and Flying phalanger under Flying. — Squirrel shrew (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic insectivores of the genus Tupaia. They are allied to the shrews, but have a bushy tail, like that of a squirrel. — Squirrel-tail grass (Bot.), a grass (Hordeum jubatum) found in salt marshes and along the Great Lakes, having a dense spike beset with long awns.

Squirt , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squirting.] [Cf. LG. swirtjen to squirt, OSw. sqvätta, E. squander.] To drive or eject in a stream out of a narrow pipe or orifice; as to squirt water. “The hard-featured miscreant coolly rolled his tobacco in his cheek, and squirted the juice into the fire grate.” Sir W. Scott. Squirting cucumber. (Bot.) See Ecballium.

Squirt, v. i. 1. To be thrown out, or ejected, in a rapid stream, from a narrow orifice; - - said of liquids. 2. Hence, to throw out or utter words rapidly; to prate. [Low] L’Estrange.

Squirt, n. 1. An instrument out of which a liquid is ejected in a small stream with force. Young. 2. A small, quick stream; a jet. Bacon.

Squirt´er , n. One who, or that which, squirts.

Squir´y , n. [See Squiery.] The body of squires, collectively considered; squirarchy. [Obs.] “The flower of chivalry and squiry.” Ld. Berbers.

Squitch´ grass (Bot.) Quitch grass.

Squi•tee´ , n. [From the N. American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The squeteague; — called also squit.

Stab , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stabbed p. pr. & vb. n. Stabbing.] [Cf. OD. staven to fix, fasten, fr. stave, staff, a staff, rod; akin to G. stab a staff, stick, E. staff; also Gael. stob to stab, as n., a stake, a stub. Cf. Staff.] 1. To pierce with a pointed weapon; to wound or kill by the thrust of a pointed instrument; as to stab a man with a dagger; also to thrust; as to stab a dagger into a person. 2. Fig.: To injure secretly or by malicious falsehood or slander; as to stab a person’s reputation.

Stab, v. i. 1. To give a wound with a pointed weapon; to pierce; to thrust with a pointed weapon. “None shall dare
With shortened sword to stab in closer war.” Dryden. 2. To wound or pain, as if with a pointed weapon. “She speaks poniards, and every word stabs.” Shak. To stab at, to offer or threaten to stab; to thrust a pointed weapon at.

Stab, n. 1. The thrust of a pointed weapon. 2. A wound with a sharp-pointed weapon; as to fall by the stab an assassin. Shak. 3. Fig.: An injury inflicted covertly or suddenly; as a stab given to character.

Sta´bat Ma´ter [L., the mother was standing.] A celebrated Latin hymn, beginning with these words, commemorating the sorrows of the mother of our Lord at the foot of the cross. It is read in the Mass of the Sorrows of the Virgin Mary, and is sung by Catholics when making ´the way of the cross´ (Via Crucis). See Station, 7 (c).

Stab´ber , n. 1. One who, or that which, stabs; a privy murderer. 2. (Naut.) A small marline spike; a pricker.

Stab´bing•ly , adv. By stabbing; with intent to injure covertly. Bp. Parker.

Sta•bil´i•ment , n. [L. stabilimentum, fr. stabilire to make firm ir stable, fr. stabilis. See Stable, a.] The act of making firm; firm support; establishment. [R.] Jer. taylor. “They serve for stabiliment, propagation, and shade.” Derham.

Sta•bil´i•tate , v. t. [LL. stabilitatus, p. p. of stabilitare to make stable.] To make stable; to establish. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Sta•bil´i•ty , n. [L. stabilitas; cf. F. stabilite. See Stable, a.] 1. The state or quality of being stable, or firm; steadiness; firmness; strength to stand without being moved or overthrown; as the stability of a structure; the stability of a throne or a constitution. 2. Steadiness or firmness of character, firmness of resolution or purpose; the quality opposite to fickleness, irresolution, or inconstancy; constancy; steadfastness; as a man of little stability, or of unusual stability. 3. Fixedness; — as opposed to fluidity. “Since fluidness and stability are contary qualities.” Boyle. Syn. — Steadiness; stableness; constancy; immovability; firmness.

Sta´ble , a. [OE. estable, F. stable, fr. L. stabilis, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, v. i. and cf. Establish.] 1. Firmly established; not easily moved, shaken, or overthrown; fixed; as a stable government. “In this region of chance, … where nothing is stable.” Rogers. 2. Steady in purpose; constant; firm in resolution; not easily diverted from a purpose; not fickle or wavering; as a man of stable character. “And to her husband ever meek and stable.” Chaucer. 3. Durable; not subject to overthrow or change; firm; as a stable foundation; a stable position. Stable equibrium (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that if disturbed it returns to its former position, as in the case when the center of gravity is below the point or axis of support; — opposed to unstable equilibrium, in which the body if disturbed does not tend to return to its former position, but to move farther away from it, as in the case of a body supported at a point below the center of gravity. Cf. Neutral equilibrium, under Neutral. Syn. — Fixed; steady; constant; abiding; strong; durable; firm.

Sta´ble, v. t. To fix; to establish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sta´ble, n. [OF. estable, F. etable, from L. stabulum, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, v. i.] A house, shed, or building, for beasts to lodge and feed in; esp., a building or apartment with stalls, for horses; as a horse stable; a cow stable. Milton. Stable fly (Zoöl.), a common dipterous fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) which is abundant about stables and often enters dwellings, especially in autumn. These files, unlike the common house files, which they resemble, bite severely, and are troublesome to horses and cattle.

Sta´ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stabled p. pr. & vb. n. Stabling ] To put or keep in a stable.

Sta´ble, v. i. To dwell or lodge in a stable; to dwell in an inclosed place; to kennel. Milton. { Sta´ble•boy• , Sta´ble•man }, n. A boy or man who attends in a stable; a groom; a hostler.

Sta´ble•ness, n. The quality or state of being stable, or firmly established; stability.

Sta´bler , n. A stable keeper. De Foe.

Sta´ble stand (O.Eng. Law) The position of a man who is found at his standing in the forest, with a crossbow or a longbow bent, ready to shoot at a deer, or close by a tree with greyhounds in a leash ready to slip; — one of the four presumptions that a man intends stealing the king’s deer. Wharton.

Sta´bling , n. 1. The act or practice of keeping horses and cattle in a stable. 2. A building, shed, or room for horses and cattle.

Stab´lish , v. t. [Aphetic form of establish.] To settle permanently in a state; to make firm; to establish; to fix. [Obs.] 2 Sam. vii. 13.

Stab´lish•ment , n. Establishment. [Obs.]

Sta´bly , adv. In a stable manner; firmly; fixedly; steadily; as a government stably settled.

Stab•u•la´tion , n. [L. stabulatio, fr. stabulari to stable cattle, fr. stabulum. See Stable, n.] 1. The act of stabling or housing beasts. 2. A place for lodging beasts; a stable. [Obs.]

Stac•ca´to , a. [It., p. p. of staccere, equivalent to distaccare. See Detach.] 1. (Mus.) Disconnected; separated; distinct; — a direction to perform the notes of a passage in a short, distinct, and pointed manner. It is opposed to legato, and often indicated by heavy accents written over or under the notes, or by dots when the performance is to be less distinct and emphatic. 2. Expressed in a brief, pointed manner. “Staccato and peremptory [literary criticism].” G. Eliot.

Stack , a. [Icel. stakkr; akin to Sw. stack, Dan. stak. Sf. Stake.] 1. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, or the like, usually of a nearly conical form, but sometimes rectangular or oblong, contracted at the top to a point or ridge, and sometimes covered with thatch. “But corn was housed, and beans were in the stack.” Cowper. 2. A pile of poles or wood, indefinite in quantity. “Against every pillar was a stack of billets above a man’s height.” Bacon. 3. A pile of wood containing 108 cubic feet. [Eng.] 4. (Arch.) (a) A number of flues embodied in one structure, rising above the roof. Hence: (b) Any single insulated and prominent structure, or upright pipe, which affords a conduit for smoke; as the brick smokestack of a factory; the smokestack of a steam vessel. Stack of arms (Mil.), a number of muskets or rifles set up together, with the bayonets crossing one another, forming a sort of conical self-supporting pile.

Stack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stacked p. pr. & vb. n. Stacking.] [Cf. Sw. stacka, Dan. stakke. See Stack, n.] To lay in a conical or other pile; to make into a large pile; as to stack hay, cornstalks, or grain; to stack or place wood. To stack arms (Mil.), to set up a number of muskets or rifles together, with the bayonets crossing one another, and forming a sort of conical pile.

Stack´age , n. 1. Hay, gray, or the like, in stacks; things stacked. [R.] 2. A tax on things stacked. [R.] Holinshed.

Stack´et , n. [Cf. F. estacade and E. stockade.] (Mil.) A stockade. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Stack´-guard , n. A covering or protection, as a canvas for a stack.

Stack´ing, a. & n. from Stack. Stacking band, Stacking belt, a band or rope used in binding thatch or straw upon a stack. — Stacking stage, a stage used in building stacks.

Stack´stand , n. A staging for supporting a stack of hay or grain; a rickstand.

Stack´yard , n. A yard or inclosure for stacks of hay or grain. A. Smith.

Stac´te , n. [L., fr. Gr. , strictly fem. of cozing out in drops, fr. to drop.] One of the sweet spices used by the ancient Jews in the preparation of incense. It was perhaps an oil or other form of myrrh or cinnamon, or a kind of storax. Ex. xxx. 34.

Stad´dle , n. [AS. staðol, sraðul, a foundation, firm seat; akin to E. stand. rad.163. See Stand, v. i.] [Formerly written stadle.] 1. Anything which serves for support; a staff; a prop; a crutch; a cane. “His weak steps governing
And aged limbs on cypress stadle stout.” Spenser. 2. The frame of a stack of hay or grain. [Eng.] 3. A row of dried or drying hay, etc. [Eng.] 4. A small tree of any kind, especially a forest tree. In America, trees are called staddles from the time that they are three or four years old till they are six or eight inches in diameter, or more. This is also the sense in which the word is used by Bacon and Tusser.

Stad´dle, v. t. 1. To leave the staddles, or saplings, of, as a wood when it is cut. [R.] Tusser. 2. To form into staddles, as hay. [Eng.]

Stade , n. [Cf. F. stade.] A stadium. Donne.

Stade, n. [Cf. G. gestade shore.] A landing place or wharf. Knight.

Sta•dim´e•ter , n. [Stadium + -meter.] A horizontal graduated bar mounted on a staff, used as a stadium, or telemeter, for measuring distances.

Sta´di•um , n.; pl. Stadia (#). [L., a stadium (in sense 1), from Gr. .] 1. A Greek measure of length, being the chief one used for itinerary distances, also adopted by the Romans for nautical and astronomical measurements. It was equal to 600 Greek or 625 Roman feet, or 125 Roman paces, or to 606 feet 9 inches English. This was also called the Olympic stadium, as being the exact length of the foot-race course at Olympia. Dr. W. Smith. 2. Hence, a race course; especially, the Olympic course for foot races. 3. A kind of telemeter for measuring the distance of an object of known dimensions, by observing the angle it subtends; especially (Surveying), a graduated rod used to measure the distance of the place where it stands from an instrument having a telescope, by observing the number of the graduations of the rod that are seen between certain parallel wires (stadia wires) in the field of view of the telescope; — also called stadia, and stadia rod.

Stadt´hold•er , n. [D. stadhouder; stad a city, a town + houder a holder.] Formerly, the chief magistrate of the United Provinces of Holland; also the governor or lieutenant governor of a province. { Stadt´hold•er•ate , Stadt´hold•er•ship }, n. The office or position of a stadtholder.

Sta•fette´ , n. [Cf. G. stafette. See Estafet.] An estafet. [R.] arlyle.

Staff , n.; pl. Staves ( or ; 277) or Staffs (#) in senses 1-9, Staffs in senses 10, 11. [AS. staef a staff; akin to LG. & D. staf, OFries stef, G. stab, Icel. stafr, Sw. staf, Dan. stav, Goth. stabs element, rudiment, Skr. sthapay to cause to stand, to place. See Stand, and cf. Stab, Stave, n.] 1. A long piece of wood; a stick; the long handle of an instrument or weapon; a pole or srick, used for many purposes; as a surveyor’s staff; the staff of a spear or pike. “And he put the staves into the rings on the sides of the altar to bear it withal.” Ex. xxxviii. 7. “With forks and staves the felon to pursue.” Dryden. 2. A stick carried in the hand for support or defense by a person walking; hence, a support; that which props or upholds. ´Hooked staves.´ Piers Plowman. “The boy was the very staff of my age.” Shak. “He spoke of it [beer] in ´The Earnest Cry,´ and likewise in the ´Scotch Drink,´ as one of the staffs of life which had been struck from the poor man’s hand.” Prof. Wilson. 3. A pole, stick, or wand borne as an ensign of authority; a badge of office; as a constable’s staff. “Methought this staff, mine office badge in court,
Was broke in twain.” Shak. “All his officers brake their staves; but at their return new staves were delivered unto them.” Hayward. 4. A pole upon which a flag is supported and displayed. 5. The round of a ladder. [R.] “I ascend at one [ladder] of six hundred and thirty-nine staves.” Dr. J. Campbell (E. Brown’s Travels). 6. A series of verses so disposed that, when it is concluded, the same order begins again; a stanza; a stave. “Cowley found out that no kind of staff is proper for an heroic poem, as being all too lyrical.” Dryden. 7. (Mus.) The five lines and the spaces on which music is written; — formerly called stave. 8. (Mech.) An arbor, as of a wheel or a pinion of a watch. 9. (Surg.) The grooved director for the gorget, or knife, used in cutting for stone in the bladder. 10. [From Staff, 3, a badge of office.] (Mil.) An establishment of officers in various departments attached to an army, to a section of an army, or to the commander of an army. The general’s staff consists of those officers about his person who are employed in carrying his commands into execution. See etat Major. 11. Hence: A body of assistants serving to carry into effect the plans of a superintendant or manager; as the staff of a newspaper. Jacob’s staff (Surv.), a single straight rod or staff, pointed and iron-shod at the bottom, for penetrating the ground, and having a socket joint at the top, used, instead of a tripod, for supporting a compass. — Staff angle (Arch.), a square rod of wood standing flush with the wall on each of its sides, at the external angles of plastering, to prevent their being damaged. — The staff of life, bread. ´Bread is the staff of life.´ Swift. — Staff tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Celastrus, mostly climbing shrubs of the northern hemisphere. The American species (C. scandens) is commonly called bittersweet. See 2d Bittersweet, 3 (b). — To set, or To put, up, or down, one’s staff, to take up one’s residence; to lodge. [Obs.]

Staf´fi•er , n. An attendant bearing a staff. [Obs.] ´Staffiers on foot.´ Hudibras.

Staff´ish , a. Stiff; harsh. [Obs.] Ascham.

Staff´man , n.; pl. Staffmen . A workman employed in silk throwing.

Stag , n. [Icel. steggr the male of several animals; or a doubtful AS. stagga. Cf. Steg.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The adult male of the red deer (Cervus elaphus), a large European species closely related to the American elk, or wapiti. (b) The male of certain other species of large deer. 2. A colt, or filly; also a romping girl. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A castrated bull; — called also bull stag, and bull seg. See the Note under Ox. 4. (Stock Exchange) (a) An outside irregular dealer in stocks, who is not a member of the exchange. [Cant] (b) One who applies for the allotment of shares in new projects, with a view to sell immediately at a premium, and not to hold the stock. [Cant] 5. (Zoöl.) The European wren. [Prov. Eng.] Stag beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles belonging to Lucanus and allied genera, especially L. cervus of Europe and L. dama of the United States. The mandibles are large and branched, or forked, whence the name. The lava feeds on the rotten wood of dead trees. Called also horned bug, and horse beetle. — Stag dance, a dance by men only. [slang, U.S.] — Stag hog (Zoöl.), the babiroussa. — Stag-horn coral (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large branching corals of the genus Madrepora, which somewhat resemble the antlers of the stag, especially Madrepora cervicornis, and M. palmata, of Florida and the West Indies. — Stag-horn fern (Bot.), an Australian and West African fern (Platycerium alcicorne) having the large fronds branched like a stag’s horns; also any species of the same genus. — Stag-horn sumac (Bot.), a common American shrub (Rhus typhina) having densely velvety branchlets. See Sumac. — Stag party, a party consisting of men only. [Slang, U. S.] — Stag tick (Zoöl.), a parasitic dipterous insect of the family Hippoboscidae, which lives upon the stag and in usually wingless. The same species lives also upon the European grouse, but in that case has wings.

Stag, v. i. (Com.) To act as a ´stag´, or irregular dealer in stocks. [Cant]

Stag, v. t. To watch; to dog, or keep track of. [Prov. Eng. or Slang] H. Kingsley.

Stage , n. [OF. estage, F. etage, (assumed) LL. staticum, from L. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Static.] 1. A floor or story of a house. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. An elevated platform on which an orator may speak, a play be performed, an exhibition be presented, or the like. 3. A floor elevated for the convenience of mechanical work, or the like; a scaffold; a staging. 4. A platform, often floating, serving as a kind of wharf. 5. The floor for scenic performances; hence, the theater; the playhouse; hence, also the profession of representing dramatic compositions; the drama, as acted or exhibited. “Knights, squires, and steeds, must enter on the stage.” Pope. “Lo! Where the stage, the poor, degraded stage,
Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age.” C. Sprague. 6. A place where anything is publicly exhibited; the scene of any noted action or carrer; the spot where any remarkable affair occurs. “When we are born, we cry that we are come
To this stage of fools.” Shak. “Music and ethereal mirth
Wherewith the stage of air and earth did ring.” Miton. 7. The platform of a microscope, upon which an object is placed to be viewed. See Illust. of Microscope. 8. A place of rest on a regularly traveled road; a stage house; a station; a place appointed for a relay of horses. 9. A degree of advancement in a journey; one of several portions into which a road or course is marked off; the distance between two places of rest on a road; as a stage of ten miles. “A stage … signifies a certain distance on a road.” Jeffrey. “He traveled by gig, with his wife, his favorite horse performing the journey by easy stages.” Smiles. 10. A degree of advancement in any pursuit, or of progress toward an end or result. “Such a polity is suited only to a particular stage in the progress of society.” Macaulay. 11. A large vehicle running from station to station for the accomodation of the public; a stagecoach; an omnibus. ´A parcel sent you by the stage.´ Cowper. “I went in the sixpenny stage.” Swift. 12. (Biol.) One of several marked phases or periods in the development and growth of many animals and plants; as the larval stage; pupa stage; zœa stage. Stage box, a box close to the stage in a theater. — Stage carriage, a stagecoach. — Stage door, the actor’s and workmen’s entrance to a theater. — Stage lights, the lights by which the stage in a theater is illuminated. — Stage micrometer, a graduated device applied to the stage of a microscope for measuring the size of an object. — Stage wagon, a wagon which runs between two places for conveying passengers or goods. — Stage whisper, a loud whisper, as by an actor in a theater, supposed, for dramatic effect, to be unheard by one or more of his fellow actors, yet audible to the audience; an aside.

Stage , v. t. To exhibit upon a stage, or as upon a stage; to display publicly. Shak.

Stage´coach , n. A coach that runs regularly from one stage, station, or place to another, for the conveyance of passengers.

Stage´coach•man , n.; pl. Stagecoachmen . One who drives a stagecoach.

Stage´house , n. A house where a stage regularly stops for passengers or a relay of horses.

Stage´ly, a. Pertaining to a stage; becoming the theater; theatrical. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Stage´play , n. A dramatic or theatrical entertainment. Dryden.

Stage´play•er , n. An actor on the stage; one whose occupation is to represent characters on the stage; as Garrick was a celebrated stageplayer.

Sta´ger , n. 1. A player. [R.] B. Jonson. 2. One who has long acted on the stage of life; a practitioner; a person of experience, or of skill derived from long experience. ´You will find most of the old stagers still stationary there.´ Sir W. Scott. 3. A horse used in drawing a stage. [Colloq.]

Sta´ger•y , n. Exhibition on the stage. [Obs.]

Stage´-struck , a. Fascinated by the stage; seized by a passionate desire to become an actor.

Stag´-e•vil , n. (Far.) A kind of palsy affecting the jaw of a horse. Crabb.

Stag´gard , n. [From Stag.] (Zoöl.) The male red deer when four years old.

Stag´ger , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Staggered p. pr. & vb. n. Staggering.] [OE. stakeren, Icel. stakra to push, to stagger, fr. staka to punt, push, stagger; cf. OD. staggeren to stagger. Cf. Stake, n.] 1. To move to one side and the other, as if about to fall, in standing or walking; not to stand or walk with steadiness; to sway; to reel or totter. “Deep was the wound; he staggered with the blow.” Dryden. 2. To cease to stand firm; to begin to give way; to fail. ´The enemy staggers.´ Addison. 3. To begin to doubt and waver in purposes; to become less confident or determined; to hesitate. “He [Abraham] staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief.” Rom. iv. 20.

Stag´ger, v. t. 1. To cause to reel or totter. “That hand shall burn in never-quenching fire
That staggers thus my person.” Shak. 2. To cause to doubt and waver; to make to hesitate; to make less steady or confident; to shock. “Whosoever will read the story of this war will find himself much stagered.” Howell. “Grants to the house of Russell were so enormous, as not only to outrage economy, but even to stagger credibility.” Burke. 3. To arrange (a series of parts) on each side of a median line alternately, as the spokes of a wheel or the rivets of a boiler seam.

Stag´ger, n. 1. An unsteady movement of the body in walking or standing, as if one were about to fall; a reeling motion; vertigo; — often in the plural; as the stagger of a drunken man. 2. pl. (Far.) A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reeling, unsteady gait or sudden falling; as parasitic staggers; appopletic or sleepy staggers. 3. pl. Bewilderment; perplexity. [R.] Shak. Stomach staggers (Far.), distention of the stomach with food or gas resulting in indigestion, frequently in death.

Stag´ger•bush , n. (Bot.) An American shrub (Andromeda Mariana) having clusters of nodding white flowers. It grows in low, sandy places, and is said to poison lambs and calves. Gray.

Stag´ger•ing•ly, adv. In a staggering manner.

Stag´ger•wort , n. (Bot.) A kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobaea). { Stag´-horn• co´ral , Stag´-horn• fern• , etc.} See under Stag.

Stag´-horned , a. (Zoöl.) Having the mandibles large and palmate, or branched somewhat like the antlers of a stag; — said of certain beetles.

Stag´hound , n. (Zoöl.) A large and powerful hound formerly used in hunting the stag, the wolf, and other large animals. The breed is nearly extinct.

Sta´ging , n. A structure of posts and boards for supporting workmen, etc., as in building. 2. The business of running stagecoaches; also the act of journeying in stagecoaches.

Stag´i•rite , n. A native of, or resident in, Stagira, in ancient Macedonia; especially, Aristotle. [Written also Stagyrite.]

Stag´nan•cy , n. State of being stagnant.

Stag´nant , a. [L. stagnans, -antis, p. pr. of stagnare. See Stagnate.] 1. That stagnates; not flowing; not running in a current or steam; motionless; hence, impure or foul from want of motion; as a stagnant lake or pond; stagnant blood in the veins. 2. Not active or brisk; dull; as business in stagnant. “That gloomy slumber of the stagnant soul.” Johnson. “For him a stagnant life was not worth living.” Palfrey.

Stag´nant•ly, adv. In a stagnant manner.

Stag´nate (stag´nat), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stagnated p. pr. & vb. n. Stagnating.] [L. stagnatus, p. p. of stagnare to stagnate, make stagnant, from stagnum a piece of standing water. See Stank a pool, and cf. Stanch, v. t.] 1. To cease to flow; to be motionless; as blood stagnates in the veins of an animal; hence, to become impure or foul by want of motion; as air stagnates in a close room. 2. To cease to be brisk or active; to become dull or inactive; as commerce stagnates; business stagnates. “Ready-witted tenderness … never stagnates in vain lamentations while there is any room for hope.” Sir W. Scott.

Stag´nate , a. Stagnant. [Obs.] ´A stagnate mass of vapors.´ Young.

Stag•na´tion , n. [Cf. F. stagnation.] 1. The condition of being stagnant; cessation of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid; the state of being motionless; as the stagnation of the blood; the stagnation of water or air; the stagnation of vapors. 2. The cessation of action, or of brisk action; the state of being dull; as the stagnation of business.

Stag´worm , n. (Zoöl.) The larve of any species of botfly which is parasitic upon the stag, as Œstrus, or Hypoderma, actaeon, which burrows beneath the skin, and Cephalomyia auribarbis, which lives in the nostrils.

Stahl´ian , a. Pertaining to, or taught by, Stahl, a German physician and chemist of the 17th century; as the Stahlian theory of phlogiston.

Stahl´ian, n. A believer in, or advocate of, Stahlism. { Stahl´ism , Stahl´ian•ism }, n. The Stahlian theory, that every vital action is function or operation of the soul.

Staid (stad), imp. & p. p. of Stay.

Staid, a. [From Stay to stop.] Sober; grave; steady; sedate; composed; regular; not wild, volatile, or fanciful. ´Sober and staid persons.´ Addison. “O’erlaid with black, staid Wisdom’s hue.” Milton. Syn. — Sober; grave; steady; steadfast; composed; regular; sedate.

Staid´ly, adv. In a staid manner, sedately.

Staid´ness, n. The quality or state of being staid; seriousness; steadiness; sedateness; regularity; — the opposite of wildness, or levity. “If sometimes he appears too gray, yet a secret gracefulness of youth accompanies his writings, though the staidness and sobriety of age wanting.” Dryden. Syn. — Sobriety; gravity; steadiness; regularity; constancy; firmness; stability; sedateness.

Stail , n. A handle, as of a mop; a stale. [Eng.]

Stain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stained p. pr. & vb. n. Staining.] [Abbrev. fr. distain.] 1. To discolor by the application of foreign matter; to make foul; to spot; as to stain the hand with dye; armor stained with blood. 2. To color, as wood, glass, paper, cloth, or the like, by processess affecting, chemically or otherwise, the material itself; to tinge with a color or colors combining with, or penetrating, the substance; to dye; as to stain wood with acids, colored washes, paint rubbed in, etc.; to stain glass. 3. To spot with guilt or infamy; to bring reproach on; to blot; to soil; to tarnish. “Of honor void,
Of innocence, of faith, of purity,
Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained.” Milton. 4. To cause to seem inferior or soiled by comparison. “She stains the ripest virgins of her age.” Beau. & Fl. “That did all other beasts in beauty stain.” Spenser. Stained glass, glass colored or stained by certain metallic pigments fused into its substance, — often used for making ornament windows. Syn. — To paint; dye; blot; soil; sully; discolor; disgrace; taint. — Paint, Stain, Dye. These denote three different processes; the first mechanical, the other two, chiefly chemical. To paint a thing is so spread a coat of coloring matter over it; to stain or dye a thing is to impart color to its substance. To stain is said chiefly of solids, as wood, glass, paper; to dye, of fibrous substances, textile fabrics, etc.; the one, commonly, a simple process, as applying a wash; the other more complex, as fixing colors by mordants.

Stain, v. i. To give or receive a stain; to grow dim.

Stain, n. 1. A discoloration by foreign matter; a spot; as a stain on a garment or cloth. Shak. 2. A natural spot of a color different from the gound. “Swift trouts, diversified with crimson stains.” Pope. 3. Taint of guilt; tarnish; disgrace; reproach. “Nor death itself can wholly wash their stains.” Dryden. “Our opinion … is, I trust, without any blemish or stain of heresy.” Hooker. 4. Cause of reproach; shame. Sir P. Sidney. 5. A tincture; a tinge. [R.] “You have some stain of soldier in you.” Shak. Syn. — Blot; spot; taint; pollution; blemish; tarnish; color; disgrace; infamy; shame.

Stain´er , n. 1. One who stains or tarnishes. 2. A workman who stains; as a stainer of wood.

Stain´less, a. Free from stain; immaculate. Shak. “The veery care he took to keep his name
Stainless, with some was evidence of shame.” Crabbe. Syn. — Blameless; spotless; faultless. See Blameless.

Stain´less•ly, adv. In a stainless manner.

Stair , n. [OE. steir, steyer, AS. stger, from igan to ascend, rise. rad.164. See Sty to ascend.] 1. One step of a series for ascending or descending to a different level; — commonly applied to those within a building. 2. A series of steps, as for passing from one story of a house to another; — commonly used in the plural; but originally used in the singular only. ´I a winding stair found.´ Chaucer’s Dream. Below stairs, in the basement or lower part of a house, where the servants are. — Flight of stairs, the stairs which make the whole ascent of a story. — Pair of stairs, a set or flight of stairs. — pair, in this phrase, having its old meaning of a set. See Pair, n., 1. — Run of stars (Arch.), a single set of stairs, or section of a stairway, from one platform to the next. — Stair rod, a rod, usually of metal, for holding a stair carpet to its place. — Up stairs. See Upstairs in the Vocabulary.

Stair´case , n. A flight of stairs with their supporting framework, casing, balusters, etc. “To make a complete staircase is a curious piece of architecture.” Sir H. Wotton. Staircase shell. (Zoöl.) (a) Any scalaria, or wentletrap. (b) Any species of Solarium, or perspective shell.

Stair´head , n. The head or top of a staircase.

Stair´way , n. A flight of stairs or steps; a staircase. ´A rude and narrow stairway.´ Moore.

Staith , n. [AS. stae a bank, shore, from the root of E. stead.] A landing place; an elevated staging upon a wharf for discharging coal, etc., as from railway cars, into vessels.

Staith´man , n. A man employed in weighing and shipping at a staith. [Eng.]

Stake , n. [AS. staca, from the root of E. stick; akin to OFries. & LG. stake, D. staak, Sw. stake, Dan. stage. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stockade.] 1. A piece of wood, usually long and slender, pointed at one end so as to be easily driven into the ground as a support or stay; as a stake to support vines, fences, hedges, etc. “A sharpened stake strong Dryas found.” Dryden. 2. A stick inserted upright in a lop, eye, or mortise, at the side or end of a cart, a flat car, or the like, to prevent goods from falling off. 3. The piece of timber to which a martyr was affixed to be burned; hence, martyrdom by fire. 4. A small anvil usually furnished with a tang to enter a hole in a bench top, — used by tinsmiths, blacksmiths, etc., for light work, punching upon, etc. 5. That which is laid down as a wager; that which is staked or hazarded; a pledge. At stake, in danger; hazarded; pledged. ´I see my reputation is at stake.´ Shak.

Stake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staked p. pr. & vb. n. Staking.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; as to stake vines or plants. 2. To mark the limits of by stakes; — with out; as to stake out land; to stake out a new road. 3. To put at hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future contingency; to wager; to pledge. “I’ll stake yon lamb, that near the fountain plays.” Pope. 4. To pierce or wound with a stake. Spectator.

Stake´-driv•er , n. (Zoöl.) The common American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus); — so called because one of its notes resembles the sound made in driving a stake into the mud. Called also meadow hen, and Indian hen.

Stake´head , n. (Rope making) A horizontal bar on a stake, used for supporting the yarns which are kept apart by pins in the bar.

Stake´hold•er , n. The holder of a stake; one with whom the bets are deposited when a wager is laid.

Stak•tom´e•ter , n. [Gr. falling by drops + -meter.] A drop measurer; a glass tube tapering to a small orifice at the point, and having a bulb in the middle, used for finding the number of drops in equal quantities of different liquids. See Pipette. Sir D. Brewster.

Stal , obs. imp. of Steal. Stole. { Sta•lac´tic , Sta•lac´tic•al }, a. (Geol.) Stalactitic.

Sta•lac´ti•form , a. Like a stalactite; resembling a stalactite.

Sta•lac´tite , n.; pl. Stalactites (#). [Gr. oozing out in drops, dropping, fr. to drop: cf. F. stalactite.] (Geol.) (a) A pendent cone or cylinder of calcium carbonate resembling an icicle in form and mode of attachment. Stalactites are found depending from the roof or sides of caverns, and are produced by deposition from waters which have percolated through, and partially dissolved, the overlying limestone rocks. (b) In an extended sense, any mineral or rock of similar form and origin; as a stalactite of lava.

Stal•ac•ti´tes , n. [NL.] A stalactite. [Obs.] Woodward. { Stal•ac•tit´ic , Stal•ac•tit´ic•al }, a. [Cf. F. stalactitique.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to a stalactite; having the form or characters of a stalactite; stalactic.

Stal•ac•tit´i•form , a. Having the form of a stalactite; stalactiform.

Sta•lag´mite , n. [Gr. that which drops, a drop, fr. to drop; cf. F. stalagmite.] (Geol.) A deposit more or less resembling an inverted stalactite, formed by calcareous water dropping on the floors of caverns; hence, a similar deposit of other material. { Stal•ag•mit´ic , Stal•ag•mit´ic•al }, a. Having the form or structure of stalagmites. — Stal•ag•mit´ic•al•ly, adv.

Stal´der , n. [From the root of stall.] A wooden frame to set casks on. [Prov. Eng.]

Stale , n. [OE. stale, stele, AS. stael, stel; akin to LG. & D. steel, G. stiel; cf. L. stilus stake, stalk, stem, Gr. a handle, and E. stall, stalk, n.] The stock or handle of anything; as the stale of a rake. [Written also steal, stele, etc.] “But seeling the arrow’s stale without, and that the head did go
No further than it might be seen.” Chapman.

Stale, a. [Akin to stale urine, and to stall, n.; probably from Low German or Scandinavian. Cf. Stale, v. i.] 1. Vapid or tasteless from age; having lost its life, spirit, and flavor, from being long kept; as stale beer. 2. Not new; not freshly made; as stele bread. 3. Having lost the life or graces of youth; worn out; decayed. ´A stale virgin.´ Spectator. 4. Worn out by use or familiarity; having lost its novelty and power of pleasing; trite; common. Swift. “Wit itself, if stale is less pleasing.” Grew. “How weary, stale flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world!” Shak. Stale affidavit (Law), an affidavit held above a year. Craig. — Stale demand (Law), a claim or demand which has not been pressed or demanded for a long time.

Stale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staled p. pr. & vb. n. Staling.] To make vapid or tasteless; to destroy the life, beauty, or use of; to wear out. “Age can not wither her, nor custom stale
Her infinite variety.” Shak.

Stale, v. i. [Akin to D. & G. stallen, Dan. stalle, Sw. stalla, and E. stall a stable. 163. See Stall, n., and cf. Stale, a.] To make water; to discharge urine; — said especially of horses and cattle. Hudibras.

Stale, n. [See Stale, a. & v. i.] 1. That which is stale or worn out by long keeping, or by use. [Obs.] 2. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Urine, esp. that of beasts. ´Stale of horses.´ Shak.

Stale, n. [Cf. OF. estal place, position, abode, market, F. etal a butcher’s stall, OHG. stal station, place, stable, G. stall (see Stall, n.); or from OE. stale theft, AS. stalu (see Steal, v. t.)] 1. Something set, or offered to view, as an allurement to draw others to any place or purpose; a decoy; a stool pigeon. [Obs.] “Still, as he went, he crafty stales did lay.” Spenser. 2. A stalking-horse. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Chess) A stalemate. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. A laughingstock; a dupe. [Obs.] Shak.

Stale´ly, adv. 1. In a state stale manner. 2. Of old; long since. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stale´mate , n. (Chess) The position of the king when he can not move without being placed on check and there is no other piece which can be moved.

Stale´mate, v. t. (Chess) To subject to a stalemate; hence, to bring to a stand.

Stale´ness, n. The quality or state of being stale.

Stalk , n. [OE. stalke, fr. AS. stael, stel, a stalk. See Stale a handle, Stall.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The stem or main axis of a plant; as a stalk of wheat, rye, or oats; the stalks of maize or hemp. (b) The petiole, pedicel, or peduncle, of a plant. 2. That which resembes the stalk of a plant, as the stem of a quill. Grew. 3. (Arch.) An ornament in the Corinthian capital resembling the stalk of a plant, from which the volutes and helices spring. 4. One of the two upright pieces of a ladder. [Obs.] “To climd by the rungs and the stalks.” Chaucer. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) A stem or peduncle, as of certain barnacles and crinoids. (b) The narrow basal portion of the abdomen of a hymenopterous insect. (c) The peduncle of the eyes of decapod crustaceans. 6. (Founding) An iron bar with projections inserted in a core to strengthen it; a core arbor. Stalk borer (Zoöl.), the larva of a noctuid moth (Gortyna nitela), which bores in the stalks of the raspberry, strawberry, tomato, asters, and many other garden plants, often doing much injury.

Stalk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stalked p. pr. & vb. n. Stalking.] [AS. staelcan, stealcian to go slowly; cf. stels high, elevated, Dan. stalke to stalk; probably akin to 1st stalk.] 1. To walk slowly and cautiously; to walk in a stealthy, noiseless manner; — sometimes used with a reflexive pronoun. Shak. “Into the chamber he stalked him full still.” Chaucer. “[Bertran] stalks close behind her, like a witch’s fiend,
Pressing to be employed.” Dryden. 2. To walk behind something as a screen, for the purpose of approaching game; to proceed under clover. “The king … crept under the shoulder of his led horse; … ´I must stalk,´ said he.” Bacon. “One underneath his horse, to get a shoot doth stalk.” Drayton. 3. To walk with high and proud steps; usually implying the affectation of dignity, and indicating dislike. The word is used, however, especially by the poets, to express dignity of step. “With manly mien he stalked along the ground.” Dryden. “Then stalking through the deep,
He fords the ocean.” Addison. “I forbear myself from entering the lists in which he has long stalked alone and unchallenged.” Mericale.

Stalk , v. t. To approach under cover of a screen, or by stealth, for the purpose of killing, as game. “As for shooting a man from behind a wall, it is cruelly like to stalking a deer.” Sir W. Scott.

Stalk, n. A high, proud, stately step or walk. “Thus twice before, …
With martial stalk hath he gone by our watch.” Shak. “The which with monstrous stalk behind him stepped.” Spenser.

Stalked , a. Having a stalk or stem; borne upon a stem. Stalked barnacle (Zoöl.), a goose barnacle, or anatifer; — called also stalk barnacle. — Stalked crinoid (Zoöl.), any crinoid having a jointed stem.

Stalk´er , n. 1. One who stalks. 2. A kind of fishing net.

Stalk´-eyed , a. (Zoöl.) Having the eyes raised on a stalk, or peduncle; — opposed to sessile-eyed. Said especially of podophthalmous crustaceans. Stalk-eyed crustaceans. (Zoöl.) See Podophthalmia.

Stalk´ing-horse , n. 1. A horse, or a figure resembling a horse, behind which a hunter conceals himself from the game he is aiming to kill. 2. Fig.: Something used to cover up a secret project; a mask; a pretense. “Hypocrisy is the devil’s stalking-horse under an affectation of simplicity and religion.” L’Estrange. “How much more abominable is it to make of him [Christ] and religion a stalking-horse, to get and enjoy the world!” Bunyan.

Stalk´less, a. Having no stalk.

Stalk´y , a. Hard as a stalk; resembling a stalk. “At the top [it] bears a great stalky head.” Mortimer.

Stall (stal), n. [OE. stal, AS. steall, stall, a place, seat, or station, a stable; akin to D. & OHG. stal, G. & Sw. stall, Icel. stallr, Dan. stald, originally, a standing place; akin to G. stelle a place, stellen to place, Gr. ste•llein to set, place, send, and E. stand. rad.163. See Stand, and cf. Apostle, Epistle, Forestall, Install, Stale, a. & v. i., 1st Stalk, Stallion, Still.] 1. A stand; a station; a fixed spot; hence, the stand or place where a horse or an ox is kept and fed; the division of a stable, or the compartment, for one horse, ox, or other animal. ´In an oxes stall.´ Chaucer. 2. A stable; a place for cattle. “At last he found a stall where oxen stood.” Dryden. 3. A small apartment or shed in which merchandise is exposed for sale; as a butcher’s stall; a bookstall. 4. A bench or table on which small articles of merchandise are exposed for sale. “How peddlers’ stalls with glittering toys are laid.” Gay. 5. A seat in the choir of a church, for one of the officiating clergy. It is inclosed, either wholly or partially, at the back and sides. The stalls are frequently very rich, with canopies and elaborate carving. “The dignified clergy, out of humility, have called their thrones by the names of stalls.” Bp. Warburton. “Loud the monks sang in their stalls.” Longfellow. 6. In the theater, a seat with arms or otherwise partly inclosed, as distinguished from the benches, sofas etc. 7. (Mining) The space left by excavation between pillars. See Post and stall, under Post. Stall reader, one who reads books at a stall where they are exposed for sale. “Cries the stall reader, ´Bless us! what a word on
A titlepage is this!´” Milton.

Stall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stalled (stald); p. pr. & vb. n. Stalling.] [Cf. Sw. stalla, Dan. stalde.] 1. To put into a stall or stable; to keep in a stall or stalls; as to stall an ox. “Where King Latinus then his oxen stalled.” Dryden. 2. To fatten; as to stall cattle. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To place in an office with the customary formalities; to install. Shak. 4. To plunge into mire or snow so as not to be able to get on; to set; to fix; as to stall a cart. Burton. “His horses had been stalled in the snow.” E. E. Hale. 5. To forestall; to anticipitate. [Obs.] “This not to be stall’d by my report.” Massinger. 6. To keep close; to keep secret. [Obs.] “Stall this in your bosom.” Shak.

Stall, v. i. [AS. steallian to have room. See Stall, n.] 1. To live in, or as in, a stall; to dwell. [Obs.] “We could not stall together
In the whole world.” Shak. 2. To kennel, as dogs. Johnson. 3. To be set, as in mire or snow; to stick fast. 4. To be tired of eating, as cattle. [Prov. Eng.]

Stall´age (stal´aj), n. [Cf. OF. estallage, of German origin. See Stall, n.] 1. (Eng. Law) The right of erecting a stalls in fairs; rent paid for a stall. 2. Dung of cattle or horses, mixed with straw. [Obs.]

Stal•la´tion , n. Installation. [Obs.]

Stalled (stald or stal´ed), a. Put or kept in a stall; hence, fatted. ´A stalled ox.´ Prov. xv. 17.

Stall´er , n. A standard bearer. Fuller.

Stall´-feed , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stall-fed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Stall-feeding.] To feed and fatten in a stall or on dry fodder; as to stall-feed an ox.

Stall´ing , n. Stabling. Tennyson.

Stal´lion , n. [OE. stalon, OF. estalon, F. etalon, fr. OHG. stal a stable. See Stall, n.] A male horse not castrated; a male horse kept for breeding.

Stall´man (stal´man), n.; pl. Stallmen (-men). One who keeps a stall for the sale of merchandise, especially books. Sterne.

Stal´lon , n. A slip from a plant; a scion; a cutting. [R.] Holinshed. { Stal´wart , Stal´worth }, a. [OE. stalworth, AS. staelwyrð serviceable, probably originally, good at stealing, or worth stealing or taking, and afterwards extended to other causes of estimation. See Steal, v. t., Worth, a.] Brave; bold; strong; redoubted; daring; vehement; violent. ´A stalwart tiller of the soil.´ Prof. Wilson. “Fair man be was and wise, stalworth and bold.” R. of Brunne. Stalworth is now disused, or bur little used, stalwart having taken its place.

Stal´wart•ly , adv. In a stalwart manner.

Stal´wart•ness, n. The quality of being stalwart. { Stal´worth•hood , Stal´worth•ness }, n. The quality or state of being stalworth; stalwartness; boldness; daring. [Obs.]

Sta´men , n.; pl. E. Stamens (#) (used only in the second sense); L. Stamina (#) (in the first sense). [L. stamen the warp, a thread, fiber, akin to Gr. the warp, fr. to stand, akin to E. stand. See Stand, and cf. Stamin, Stamina.] 1. A thread; especially, a warp thread. 2. (pl. Stamens, rarely Stamina.) (Bot.) The male organ of flowers for secreting and furnishing the pollen or fecundating dust. It consists of the anther and filament.

Sta´mened , a. Furnished with stamens.

Sta´min , n. [OF. estamine, F. etamine, LL. staminea, stamineum, fr. L. stamineus consisting of threads, fr. stamen a thread. See Stamen, and cf. Stamineous, 2d Stammel, Tamine.] A kind of woolen cloth. [Written also stamine.] [Obs.]

Stam´i•na , n. pl. See Stamen.

Stam´i•na, n. pl. 1. The fixed, firm part of a body, which supports it or gives it strength and solidity; as the bones are the stamina of animal bodies; the ligneous parts of trees are the stamina which constitute their strength. 2. Whatever constitutes the principal strength or support of anything; power of endurance; backbone; vigor; as the stamina of a constitution or of life; the stamina of a State. “He succeeded to great captains who had sapped the whole stamina and resistance of the contest.” De Quincey.

Stam´i•nal , a. [Cf. F. staminal.] Of or pertaining to stamens or stamina; consisting in stamens.

Stam´i•nate , a. [L. staminatus consisting of threads, fr. stamen thread: cf. F. stamine.] (Bot.) (a) Furnished with stamens; producing stamens. (b) Having stamens, but lacking pistils.

Stam´i•nate , v. t. To indue with stamina. [R.] { Sta•min´e•al , Sta•min´e•ous }, a. [L. stamineus, from stamen thread.] 1. Consisting of stamens or threads. 2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the stamens; possessing stamens; also attached to the stamens; as a stamineous nectary.

Stam•i•nif´er•ous , a. [Stamen + -ferous.] Bearing or having stamens.

Stam´i•node , n. (Bot.) A staminodium.

Stam•i•no´di•um , n.; pl. Staminodia (#). [NL. See Stamen, and - oid.] (Bot.) An abortive stamen, or any organ modified from an abortive stamen.

Stam´mel , n. A large, clumsy horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Stam´mel, n. [OF. estamel; cf. OF. estamet a coarse woolen cloth, LL. stameta a kind of cloth, the same as staminea, and OF. estame a woolen stuff. See Stamin.] 1. A kind of woolen cloth formerly in use. It seems to have been often of a red color. [Obs.] 2. A red dye, used in England in the 15th and 16th centuries. B. Jonson.

Stam´mel, a. Of the color of stammel; having a red color, thought inferior to scarlet.

Stam´mer , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stammered p. pr. & vb. n. Stammering.] [OE. stameren, fr. AS. stamur, stamer, stammering; akin to D. & LG. stameren to stammer, G. stammeln, OHG. stammaln, stammn, Dan. stamme, Sw. stamma, Icel. stama, stamma, OHG. & Dan. stam stammering, Icel. stamr, Goth. stamms, and to G. stemmen to bear against, stumm dumb, D. stom. Cf. Stem to resist, Stumble.] To make involuntary stops in uttering syllables or words; to hesitate or falter in speaking; to speak with stops and diffivulty; to stutter. “I would thou couldst stammer, that thou mightest pour this conclead man out of thy mouth, as wine comes out of a narrow-mouthed bottle, either too much at once, or none at all.” Shak.

Stam´mer , v. t. To utter or pronounce with hesitation or imperfectly; — sometimes with out.

Stam´mer, n. Defective utterance, or involuntary interruption of utterance; a stutter.

Stam´mer•er , n. One who stammers.

Stam´mer•ing, a. Apt to stammer; hesitating in speech; stuttering. — Stam´mer•ing•ly, adv.

Stam´mer•ing, n. (Physiol.) A disturbance in the formation of sounds. It is due essentially to long-continued spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, by which expiration is preented, and hence it may be considered as a spasmodic inspiration.

Stamp v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stamped p. pr. & vb. n. Stamping.] [OE. stampen; akin to LG. & D. stampen, G. stampfen, OHG. stanpfn, Dan. stampe, Sw. stampa, Icel. stappa, G. stampf a pestle and E. step. See Step, v. i., and cf. Stampede.] 1. To strike beat, or press forcibly with the bottom of the foot, or by thrusting the foot downward. Shak. “He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.” Dryden. 2. To bring down (the foot) forcibly on the ground or floor; as he stamped his foot with rage. 3. To crush; to pulverize; specifically (Metal.), to crush by the blow of a heavy stamp, as ore in a mill. “I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small.” Deut. ix. 21. 4. To impress with some mark or figure; as to stamp a plate with arms or initials. 5. Fig.: To impress; to imprint; to fix deeply; as to stamp virtuous principles on the heart. “God … has stamped no original characters on our minds wherein we may read his being.” Locke. 6. To cut out, bend, or indent, as paper, sheet metal, etc., into various forms, by a blow or suddenly applied pressure with a stamp or die, etc.; to mint; to coin. 7. To put a stamp on, as for postage; as to stamp a letter; to stamp a legal document. To stamp out, to put an end to by sudden and energetic action; to extinguish; as to stamp out a rebellion.

Stamp, v. i. 1. To strike; to beat; to crush. “These cooks how they stamp and strain and grind.” Chaucer. 2. To strike the foot forcibly downward. “But starts, exclaims, and stamps, and raves, and dies.” dennis.

Stamp, n. 1. The act of stamping, as with the foot. 2. The which stamps; any instrument for making impressions on other bodies, as a die. “’T is gold so pure
It can not bear the stamp without alloy.” Dryden. 3. The mark made by stamping; a mark imprinted; an impression. “That sacred name gives ornament and grace,
And, like his stamp, makes basest metals pass.” Dryden. 4. that which is marked; a thing stamped. “hanging a golden stamp about their necks.” Shak. 5. [F. estampe, of german origin. See Stamp, v. t.] A picture cut in wood or metal, or made by impression; a cut; a plate. [Obs.] “At Venice they put out very curious stamps of the several edifices which are most famous for their beauty and magnificence.” Addison. 6. An offical mark set upon things chargeable with a duty or tax to government, as evidence that the duty or tax is paid; as the stamp on a bill of exchange. 7. Hence, a stamped or printed device, issued by the government at a fixed price, and required by law to be affixed to, or stamped on, certain papers, as evidence that the government dues are paid; as a postage stamp; a receipt stamp, etc. 8. An instrument for cutting out, or shaping, materials, as paper, leather, etc., by a downward pressure. 9. A character or reputation, good or bad, fixed on anything as if by an imprinted mark; current value; authority; as these persons have the stamp of dishonesty; the Scriptures bear the stamp of a divine origin. “Of the same stamp is that which is obtruded on us, that an adamant suspends the attraction of the loadstone.” Sir T. Browne. 10. Make; cast; form; character; as a man of the same stamp, or of a different stamp. “A soldier of this season’s stamp.” Shak. 11. A kind of heavy hammer, or pestle, raised by water or steam power, for beating ores to powder; anything like a pestle, used for pounding or bathing. 12. A half-penny. [Obs.] au. & Fl. 13. pl. Money, esp. paper money. [Slang, U.S.] Stamp act, an act of the British Parliament [1765] imposing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used in the American colonies, and declaring all writings on unstamped materials to be null an void. — Stamp collector, an officer who receives or collects stamp duties; one who collects postage or other stamps. — Stamp duty, a duty, or tax, imposed on paper and parchment used for certain writings, as deeds, conveyances, etc., the evidence of the payment of the duty or tax being a stamp. [Eng.] — Stamp hammer, a hammer, worked by power, which rises and falls vertically, like a stamp in a stamp mill. — Stamp head, a heavy mass of metal, forming the head or lower end of a bar, which is lifted and let fall, in a stamp mill. — Stamp mill (Mining), a mill in which ore is crushed with stamps; also a machine for stamping ore. — Stamp note, a stamped certificate from a customhouse officer, which allows goods to be received by the captain of a ship as freight. [Eng.] — Stamp office, an office for the issue of stamps and the reception of stamp duties.

Stam•pede´ , n. [Sp. estampida (in America) a stampede, estampido a crackling, akin to estampar to stamp, of German origin. See Stamp, v. t.] A wild, headlong scamper, or running away, of a number of animals; usually caused by fright; hence, any sudden flight or dispersion, as of a crowd or an army in consequence of a panic. “She and her husband would join in the general stampede.” W. Black.

Stam•pede´ , v. i. To run away in a panic; — said droves of cattle, horses, etc., also of armies.

Stam•pede´, v. t. To disperse by causing sudden fright, as a herd or drove of animals.

Stamp´er , n. 1. One who stamps. 2. An instrument for pounding or stamping.

Stamp´ing, a. & n. from Stamp, v. Stamping ground, a place frequented, and much trodden, by animals, wild or domesticated; hence (Colloq.), the scene of one’s labors or exploits; also one’s favorite resort. [U.S.] — Stamping machine, a machine for forming metallic articles or impressions by stamping. — Stamping mill (Mining), a stamp mill.

Stance , n. [OF. estance. See Stanza.] 1. A stanza. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. A station; a position; a site. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Stanch , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stanched p. pr. & vb. n. Stanching.] [OF. estanchier, F. etancher to stpo a liquid from flowing; akin to Pr., Sp., & Pg. estancar, It. stancare to weary, LL. stancare, stagnare, to stanch, fr. L. stagnare to be or make stagnant. See Stagnate.] 1. To stop the flowing of, as blood; to check; also to stop the flowing of blood from; as to stanch a wound. [Written also staunch.] “Iron or a stone laid to the neck doth stanch the bleeding of the nose.” Bacon. 2. To extinguish; to quench, as fire or thirst. [Obs.]

Stanch, v. i. To cease, as the flowing of blood. “Immediately her issue of blood stanched.” Luke viii. 44.

Stanch, n. 1. That which stanches or checks. [Obs.] 2. A flood gate by which water is accumulated, for floating a boat over a shallow part of a stream by its release. Knight.

Stanch, a. [Compar. Stancher superl. Stanchest.] [From Stanch, v. t., and hence literally signifying, stopped or stayed; cf. Sp. estanco stopped, tight, not leaky, as a ship. See Stanch, v. t.] [Written also staunch.] 1. Strong and tight; sound; firm; as a stanch ship. “One of the closets is parqueted with plain deal, set in diamond, exceeding stanch and pretty.” Evelyn. 2. Firm in principle; constant and zealous; loyal; hearty; steady; steadfast; as a stanch churchman; a stanch friend or adherent. V. Knox. “In politics I hear you ’re stanch.” Prior. 3. Close; secret; private. [Obs.] “This to be kept stanch.” Locke.

Stanch, v. t. To prop; to make stanch, or strong. “His gathered sticks to stanch the wall
Of the snow tower when snow should fall.” Emerson.

Stan´chel , n. A stanchion.

Stanch´er , n. One who, or that which, stanches, or stops, the flowing, as of blood.

Stan´chion , n. [OF. estanson, estançon, F. etançon, from OF. estance a stay, a prop, from L. stans, stantis, standing, p. pr. of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Stanza.] [Written also stanchel.] 1. (Arch.) A prop or support; a piece of timber in the form of a stake or post, used for a support or stay. 2. (Naut.) Any upright post or beam used as a support, as for the deck, the quarter rails, awnings, etc. 3. A vertical bar for confining cattle in a stall.

Stanch´less , a. 1. Incapable of being stanched, or stopped. 2. Unquenchable; insatiable. [Obs.] Shak.

Stanch´ly, adv. In a stanch manner.

Stanch´ness, n. The quality or state of being stanch.

Stand , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stood p. pr. & vb. n. Standing.] [OE. standen; AS. standan; akin to OFries. stonda, stan, D. staan, OS. standan, stan, G. stehen, Icel. standa, Dan. staae, Sw. stå, Goth. standan, Russ. stoiate, L. stare, Gr. to cause to stand, to stand, Skr. stha. rad.163. Cf. Assist, Constant, Contrast, Desist, Destine, Ecstasy, Exist, Interstice, Obstacle, Obstinate, Prest, n., Rest remainder, Soltice, Stable, a. & n., State, n., Statute, Stead, Steed, Stool, Stud of horses, Substance, System.] 1. To be at rest in an erect position; to be fixed in an upright or firm position; as: (a) To be supported on the feet, in an erect or nearly erect position; — opposed to lie, sit, kneel, etc. ´I pray you all, stand up!´ Shak. (b) To continue upright in a certain locality, as a tree fixed by the roots, or a building resting on its foundation. “It stands as it were to the ground yglued.” Chaucer. “The ruined wall
Stands when its wind worn battlements are gone.” Byron. 2. To occupy or hold a place; to have a situation; to be situated or located; as Paris stands on the Seine. “Wite ye not where there stands a little town?” Chaucer. 3. To cease from progress; not to proceed; to stop; to pause; to halt; to remain stationary. “I charge thee, stand,
And tell thy name.” Dryden. “The star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.” Matt. ii. 9. 4. To remain without ruin or injury; to hold good against tendencies to impair or injure; to be permanent; to endure; to last; hence, to find endurance, strength, or resources. “My mind on its own center stands unmoved.” Dryden. 5. To maintain one’s ground; to be acquitted; not to fail or yield; to be safe. “Readers by whose judgment I would stand or fall.” Spectator. 6. To maintain an invincible or permanent attitude; to be fixed, steady, or firm; to take a position in resistance or opposition. ´The standing pattern of their imitation.´ South. “The king granted the Jews … to gather themselves together, and to stand for their life.” Esther viii. 11. 7. To adhere to fixed principles; to maintain moral rectitude; to keep from falling into error or vice. “We must labor so as to stand with godliness, according to his appointment.” Latimer. 8. To have or maintain a position, order, or rank; to be in a particular relation; as Christian charity, or love, stands first in the rank of gifts. 9. To be in some particular state; to have essence or being; to be; to consist. ´Sacrifices … which stood only in meats and drinks.´ Heb. ix. 10. “Accomplish what your signs foreshow;
I stand resigned, and am prepared to go.” Dryden. “Thou seest how it stands with me, and that I may not tarry.” Sir W. Scott. 10. To be consistent; to agree; to accord. “Doubt me not; by heaven, I will do nothing
But what may stand with honor.” Massinger. 11. (Naut.) To hold a course at sea; as to stand from the shore; to stand for the harbor. “From the same parts of heaven his navy stands.” Dryden. 12. To offer one’s self, or to be offered, as a candidate. “He stood to be elected one of the proctors of the university.” Walton. 13. To stagnate; not to flow; to be motionless. “Or the black water of Pomptina stands.” Dryden. 14. To measure when erect on the feet. “Six feet two, as I think, he stands.” Tennyson. 15. (Law) (a) To be or remain as it is; to continue in force; to have efficacy or validity; to abide. Bouvier. (b) To appear in court. Burrill. Stand by (Naut.), a preparatory order, equivalent to Be ready. — To stand against, to opposite; to resist. — To stand by. (a) To be near; to be a spectator; to be present. (b) To be aside; to be aside with disregard. ´In the interim [we] let the commands stand by neglected.´ Dr. H. More. (c) To maintain; to defend; to support; not to desert; as to stand by one’s principles or party. (d) To rest on for support; to be supported by. Whitgift. — To stand corrected, to be set right, as after an error in a statement of fact. Wycherley. — To stand fast, to be fixed; to be unshaken or immovable. — To stand firmly on, to be satisfied or convinced of. ´Though Page be a secure fool, and stands so firmly on his wife’s frailty.´ Shak. — To stand for. (a) To side with; to espouse the cause of; to support; to maintain, or to profess or attempt to maintain; to defend. ´I stand wholly for you.´ Shak. (b) To be in the place of; to be the substitute or to represent; as a cipher at the left hand of a figure stands for nothing. ´I will not trouble myself, whether these names stand for the same thing, or really include one another.´ Locke. — To stand in, to cost. ´The same standeth them in much less cost.´ Robynson (More’s Utopia). “The Punic wars could not have stood the human race in less than three millions of the species.” Burke. — To stand in hand, to conduce to one’s interest; to be serviceable or advantageous. — To stand off. (a) To keep at a distance. (b) Not to comply. (c) To keep at a distance in friendship, social intercourse, or acquaintance. (d) To appear prominent; to have relief. ´Picture is best when it standeth off, as if it were carved.´ Sir H. Wotton. — To stand off and on (Naut.), to remain near a coast by sailing toward land and then from it. — To stand on (Naut.), to continue on the same tack or course. — To stand out. (a) To project; to be prominent. ´Their eyes stand out with fatness.´ Psalm lxxiii. 7. (b) To persist in opposition or resistance; not to yield or comply; not to give way or recede. “His spirit is come in,
That so stood out against the holy church.” Shak. — To stand to. (a) To ply; to urge; to persevere in using. ´Stand to your tackles, mates, and stretch your oars.´ Dryden. (b) To remain fixed in a purpose or opinion. ´I will stand to it, that this is his sense.´ Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To abide by; to adhere to; as to a contrast, assertion, promise, etc.; as to stand to an award; to stand to one’s word. (d) Not to yield; not to fly; to maintain, as one’s ground. ´Their lives and fortunes were put in safety, whether they stood to it or ran away.´ Bacon. (e) To be consistent with; to agree with; as it stands to reason that he could not have done so. (f) To support; to uphold. ´Stand to me in this cause.´ Shak. — To stand together, to be consistent; to agree. — To stand to sea (Naut.), to direct the course from land. — To stand under, to undergo; to withstand. Shak. — To stand up. (a) To rise from sitting; to be on the feet. (b) To arise in order to speak or act. ´Against whom, when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed.´ Acts xxv. 18. (c) To rise and stand on end, as the hair. (d) To put one’s self in opposition; to contend. ´Once we stood up about the corn.´ Shak. - - To stand up for, to defend; to justify; to support, or attempt to support; as to stand up for the administration. — To stand upon. (a) To concern; to interest. (b) To value; to esteem. ´We highly esteem and stand much upon our birth.´ Ray. (c) To insist on; to attach much importance to; as to stand upon security; to stand upon ceremony. (d) To attack; to assault. [A Hebraism] ´So I stood upon him, and slew him.´ 2 Sam. i. 10. — To stand with, to be consistent with. ´It stands with reason that they should be rewarded liberally.´ Sir J. Davies.

Stand , v. t. 1. To endure; to sustain; to bear; as I can not stand the cold or the heat. 2. To resist, without yielding or receding; to withstand. ´Love stood the siege.´ Dryden. “He stood the furious foe.” Pope. 3. To abide by; to submit to; to suffer. “Bid him disband his legions, …
And stand the judgment of a Roman senate.” Addison. 4. To set upright; to cause to stand; as to stand a book on the shelf; to stand a man on his feet. 5. To be at the expense of; to pay for; as to stand a treat. [Colloq.] Thackeray. To stand fire, to receive the fire of arms from an enemy without giving way. — To stand one’s ground, to keep the ground or station one has taken; to maintain one’s position. ´Peasants and burghers, however brave, are unable to stand their ground against veteran soldiers.´ Macaulay. — To stand trial, to sustain the trial or examination of a cause; not to give up without trial.

Stand , n. [As. stand. See Stand, v. i.] 1. The act of standing. “I took my stand upon an eminence … to look into thier several ladings.” Spectator. 2. A halt or stop for the purpose of defense, resistance, or opposition; as to come to, or to make, a stand. “Vice is at stand, and at the highest flow.” Dryden. 3. A place or post where one stands; a place where one may stand while observing or waiting for something. “I have found you out a stand most fit,
Where you may have such vantage on the duke,
He shall not pass you.” Shak. 4. A station in a city or town where carriages or wagons stand for hire; as a cab stand. Dickens. 5. A raised platform or station where a race or other outdoor spectacle may be viewed; as the judge’s or the grand stand at a race course. 6. A small table; also something on or in which anything may be laid, hung, or placed upright; as a hat stand; an umbrella stand; a music stand. 7. A place where a witness stands to testify in court. 8. The situation of a shop, store, hotel, etc.; as a good, bad, or convenient stand for business. [U. S.] 9. Rank; post; station; standing. “Father, since your fortune did attain
So high a stand, I mean not to descend.” Daniel. 10. A state of perplexity or embarrassment; as to be at a stand what to do. L’Estrange. 11. A young tree, usually reserved when other trees are cut; also a tree growing or standing upon its own root, in distinction from one produced from a scion set in a stock, either of the same or another kind of tree. 12. (Com.) A weight of from two hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds, — used in weighing pitch. Microscope stand, the instrument, excepting the eyepiece, objective, and other removable optical parts. — Stand of ammunition, the projectile, cartridge, and sabot connected together. — Stand of arms. (Mil.) See under Arms. — Stand of colors (Mil.), a single color, or flag. Wilhelm (Mil. Dict.) — To be at a stand, to be stationary or motionless; to be at a standstill; hence, to be perplexed; to be embarrassed. — To make a stand, to halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a pursuing enemy. Syn. — Stop; halt; rest; interruption; obstruction; perplexity; difficulty; embarrassment; hesitation.

Stand´age , n. (Mining) A reservior in which water accumulates at the bottom of a mine.

Stand´ard , n. [OF. estendart, F. etendard, probably fr. L. extendere to spread out, extend, but influenced by E. stand. See Extend.] 1. A flag; colors; a banner; especially, a national or other ensign. “His armies, in the following day,
On those fair plains their standards proud display.” Fairfax. 2. That which is established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, extent, value, or quality; esp., the original specimen weight or measure sanctioned by government, as the standard pound, gallon, or yard. 3. That which is established as a rule or model by authority, custom, or general consent; criterion; test. “The court, which used to be the standard of property and correctness of speech.” Swift. “A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a statesman.” Burke. 4. (Coinage) The proportion of weights of fine metal and alloy established by authority. “By the present standard of the coinage, sixty- two shillings is coined out of one pound weight of silver.” Arbuthnot. 5. (Hort.) A tree of natural size supported by its own stem, and not dwarfed by grafting on the stock of a smaller species nor trained upon a wall or trellis. “In France part of their gardens is laid out for flowers, others for fruits; some standards, some against walls.” Sir W. Temple. 6. (Bot.) The upper petal or banner of a papilionaceous corolla. 7. (Mech. & Carp.) An upright support, as one of the poles of a scaffold; any upright in framing. 8. (Shipbuilding) An inverted knee timber placed upon the deck instead of beneath it, with its vertical branch turned upward from that which lies horizontally. 9. The sheth of a plow. 10. A large drinking cup. Greene. Standard bearer, an officer of an army, company, or troop, who bears a standard; — commonly called color sergeantor color bearer; hence, the leader of any organization; as the standard bearer of a political party.

Stand´ard, a. 1. Being, affording, or according with, a standard for comparison and judgment; as standard time; standard weights and measures; a standard authority as to nautical terms; standard gold or silver. 2. Hence: Having a recognized and permanent value; as standard works in history; standard authors. 3. (Hort.) (a) Not supported by, or fastened to, a wall; as standard fruit trees. (b) Not of the dwarf kind; as a standard pear tree. Standard candle, Standard gauge. See under Candle, and Gauge. - - Standard solution. (Chem.) See Standardized solution, under Solution.

Stand´ard-bred, a. Bred in conformity to a standard. Specif., applied to a registered trotting horse which comes up to the standard adopted by the National Association of Trotting-horse Breeders. [U. S.]

Stand´ard•ize , v. t. (Chem.) To reduce to a normal standard; to calculate or adjust the strength of, by means of, and for uses in, analysis.

Stand´ard-wing , n. (Zoöl.) A curious paradise bird (Semioptera Wallacii) which has two long special feathers standing erect on each wing.

Stand´-by , n. One who, or that which, stands by one in need; something upon which one relies for constant use or in an emergency.

Stand´el , n. A young tree, especially one reserved when others are cut. [Obs.] Fuller.

Stand´er , n. 1. One who stands. 2. Same as Standel. [Obs.] Ascham.

Stand´er-by , n. One who stands near; one who is present; a bystander.

Stand´er•grass , n. (Bot.) A plant (Orchis mascula); — called also standerwort, and long purple. See Long purple, under Long.

Stand´gale , n. See Stannel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stand´ing, a. 1. Remaining erect; not cut down; as standing corn. 2. Not flowing; stagnant; as standing water. 3. Not transitory; not liable to fade or vanish; lasting; as a standing color. 4. Established by law, custom, or the like; settled; continually existing; permanent; not temporary; as a standing army; legislative bodies have standing rules of proceeding and standing committees. 5. Not movable; fixed; as a standing bed (distinguished from a trundle-bed). Standing army. See Standing army, under Army. — Standing bolt. See Stud bolt, under Stud, a stem. — Standing committee, in legislative bodies, etc., a committee appointed for the consideration of all subjects of a particular class which shall arise during the session or a stated period. — Standing cup, a tall goblet, with a foot and a cover. — Standing finish (Arch.), that part of the interior fittings, esp. of a dwelling house, which is permanent and fixed in its place, as distinguished from doors, sashes, etc. — Standing order (Eccl.), the denomination (Congregiational) established by law; — a term formerly used in Connecticut. See also under Order. — Standing part. (Naut.) (a) That part of a tackle which is made fast to a block, point, or other object. (b) That part of a rope around which turns are taken with the running part in making a knot of the like. — Standing rigging (Naut.), the cordage or rope which sustain the masts and remain fixed in their position, as the shrouds and stays, — distinguished from running rigging.

Stand´ing, n. 1. The act of stopping, or coming to a stand; the state of being erect upon the feet; stand. 2. Maintenance of position; duration; duration or existence in the same place or condition; continuance; as a custom of long standing; an officer of long standing. “An ancient thing of long standing.” Bunyan. 3. Place to stand in; station; stand. “I will provide you a good standing to see his entry.” Bacon. “I think in deep mire, where there is no standing.” Ps. lxix. 2. 4. Condition in society; relative position; reputation; rank; as a man of good standing, or of high standing. Standing off (Naut.), sailing from the land. — Standing on (Naut.), sailing toward land.

Stand´ish, n. [Stand + dish.] A stand, or case, for pen and ink. “I bequeath to Dean Swift, Esq., my large silver standish.” Swift.

Stand´pipe , n. 1. (Engin.) A vertical pipe, open at the top, between a hydrant and a reservoir, to equalize the flow of water; also a large vertical pipe, near a pumping engine, into which water is forced up, so as to give it sufficient head to rise to the required level at a distance. 2. (Steam Boiler) A supply pipe of sufficient elevation to enable the water to flow into the boiler, notwithstanding the pressure of the steam. Knight.

Stand´point , n. [Cf. G. standpunkt.] A fixed point or station; a basis or fundamental principle; a position from which objects or principles are viewed, and according to which they are compared and judged.

Stand´still , n. A standing without moving forward or backward; a stop; a state or rest.

Stane , n. A stone. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Stang , imp. of Sting. [Archaic]

Stang, n. [OE. stange, of Scand. or Dutch origin; cf. Icel. stöng, akin to Dan. stang, Sw. stång, D. stang, G. stange, OHG. stanga, AS. steng; from the root of E. sting.] 1. A long bar; a pole; a shaft; a stake. 2. In land measure, a pole, rod, or perch. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Swift. Stang ball, a projectile consisting of two half balls united by a bar; a bar shot. See Illust. of Bar shot, under Bar. — To ride the stang, to be carried on a pole on men’s shoulders. This method of punishing wife beaters, etc., was once in vogue in some parts of England.

Stang, v. i. [Akin to sting; cf. Icel. stanga to prick, to goad.] To shoot with pain. [Prov. Eng.]

Stan´hope , n. A light two- wheeled, or sometimes four-wheeled, carriage, without a top; — so called from Lord Stanhope, for whom it was contrived.

Stan´iel , n. (Zoöl.) See Stannel.

Stan´iel•ry , n. Hawking with staniels, — a base kind of falconry. [Obs.]

Stank , a. [OF. estanc, or It. stanco. See Stanch, a.] Weak; worn out. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stank, v. i. [Cf. Sw. stånka to pant. rad.165.] To sigh. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Stank, imp. of Stink. Stunk.

Stank, n. [OF. estang, F. etang, from L. stagnum a pool. Cf. Stagnate, Tank a cistern.] 1. Water retained by an embankment; a pool water. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Robert of Brunne. 2. A dam or mound to stop water. [Prov. Eng.] Stank hen (Zoöl.), the moor hen; — called also stankie. [Prov. Eng.]

Stan´na•ry , a. [L. stannum tin, an alloy of silver and lead.] Of or pertaining to tin mines, or tin works. “The stannary courts of Devonshire and Cornwall, for the administration of justice among the tinners therein, are also courts of record.” Blackstone.

Stan´na•ry, n.; pl. Stannaries (#). [LL. stannaria.] A tin mine; tin works. Bp. Hall.

Stan´nate , n. [Cf. F. stannate.] (Chem.) A salt of stannic acid.

Stan´nel , n. [AS. stangella, stangilla; properly, stone yeller, i. e., a bird that yells from the rocks. See Stone, and Yell, and cf. Stonegall.] (Zoöl.) The kestrel; — called also standgale, standgall, stanchel, stand hawk, stannel hawk, steingale, stonegall. [Written also staniel, stannyel, and stanyel.] “With what wing the staniel checks at it.” Shak.

Stan´nic , a. [L. stannum tin: cf. F. stannique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tin; derived from or containing tin; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with stannous compounds. Stannic acid. (a) A hypothetical substance, Sn(OH)4, analogous to silic acid, and called also normal stannic acid. (b) Metastannic acid. — Stannic chloride, a thin, colorless, fuming liquid, SnCl4, used as a mordant in calico printing and dyeing; — formerly called spirit of tin, or fuming liquor of Libavius. — Stannic oxide, tin oxide, SnO2, produced artificially as a white amorphous powder, and occurring naturally in the mineral cassiterite. It is used in the manufacture of white enamels, and, under the name of putty powder, for polishing glass, etc.

Stan•nif´er•ous , a. [L. stannum tin + -ferous.] Containing or affording tin. { Stan´nine , Stan´nite } n. (Min.) A mineral of a steel-gray or iron-black color; tin pyrites. It is a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron.

Stan´no- [L. stannum tin.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, tin, or including tin as an ingredient.

Stan•no•flu´or•ide (-flu´or•id or -id), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of double fluorides of tin (stannum) and some other element.

Stan•no´so- (stan•no´so-), a. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, certain stannnous compounds.

Stan´no•type (stan´no•tip), n. [Stanno- + -type.] (Photog.) A photograph taken upon a tin plate; a tintype.

Stan´nous (-nus), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, tin; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with stannic compounds. Stannous chloride (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, SnCl2.(H2O)2, obtained by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid. It is used as a mordant in dyeing.

Stan´num , n. [L., alloy of silver and lead; later, tin.] (Chem.) The technical name of tin. See Tin. { Stann´yel , Stan´yel } , n. (Zoöl.) See Stannel. { Stant , Stont } obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Stand, for standeth. Stands. Chaucer.

Stan´za , n.; pl. Stanzas (#). [It. stanza a room, habitation, a stanza, i. e., a stop, fr. L. stans, p. pr. of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Estancia, Stance, Stanchion.] 1. A number of lines or verses forming a division of a song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, number of lines, etc., with other divisions; a part of a poem, ordinarily containing every variation of measure in that poem; a combination or arrangement of lines usually recurring; whether like or unlike, in measure. “Horace confines himself strictly to one sort of verse, or stanza, in every ode.” Dryden. 2. (Arch.) An apartment or division in a building; a room or chamber.

Stan•za´ic , a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, stanzas; as a couplet in stanzaic form.

Sta•pe´di•al , a. [LL. stapes stirrup.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to stapes.

Sta•pe´li•a , n. [NL. So named after John Bodaeus a Stapel, a physician of Amsterdam.] (Bot.) An extensive and curious genus of African plants of the natural order Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family). They are succulent plants without leaves, frequently covered with dark tubercles giving them a very grotesque appearance. The odor of the blossoms is like that of carrion.

Sta´pes , n. [LL., a stirrup.] (Anat.) The innermost of the ossicles of the ear; the stirrup, or stirrup bone; — so called from its form. See Illust. of Ear.

Staph´y•line , a. [Gr. botryodial, from a bunch of grapes.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the uvula or the palate.

Staph•y•li´nid , n. [Gr. a kind of insect.] (Zoöl.) Any rove beetle.

Staph•y•lo´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. a bunch of grapes.] (Med.) A protrusion of any part of the globe of the eye; as a staphyloma of the cornea.

Staph•y•lo´ma•tous , a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to staphyloma; affected with staphyloma.

Staph´y•lo•plas•ty , n. [Gr. a bunch of grapes, also the uvula when swollen at the lower end + - plasty.] (Surg.) The operation for restoring or replacing the soft palate when it has been lost. Dunglison. — Staph•y•lo•plas´tic (#), a. { Staph•y•lor´a•phy , Staph•y•lor´rha•phy } , n. [Gr. the uvula when swollen + to sew: cf. F. staphylorraphie.] The operation of uniting a cleft palate, consisting in paring and bringing together the edges of the cleft. — Staph•y•lo•raph´ic (#), Staph•y•lor•rhaph´ic (#), a.

Staph•y•lot´o•my , n. [Gr. the uvula when swollen + to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of removing a staphyloma by cutting.

Sta´ple , n. [AS. stapul, stapol, stapel, a step, a prop, post, table, fr. stapan to step, go, raise; akin to D. stapel a pile, stocks, emporium, G. stapela heap, mart, stake, staffel step of a ladder, Sw. stapel, Dan. stabel, and E. step cf. OF. estaple a mart, F. etape. See Step.] 1. A settled mart; an emporium; a city or town to which merchants brought commodities for sale or exportation in bulk; a place for wholesale traffic. “The customs of Alexandria were very great, it having been the staple of the Indian trade.” Arbuthnot. “For the increase of trade and the encouragement of the worthy burgesses of Woodstock, her majesty was minded to erect the town into a staple for wool.” Sir W. Scott. In England, formerly, the king’s staple was established in certain ports or towns, and certain goods could not be exported without being first brought to these places to be rated and charged with the duty payable of the king or the public. The principal commodities on which customs were lived were wool, skins, and leather; and these were originally the staple commodities. 2. Hence: Place of supply; source; fountain head. “Whitehall naturally became the chief staple of news. Whenever there was a rumor that any thing important had happened or was about to happen, people hastened thither to obtain intelligence from the fountain head.” Macaulay. 3. The principal commodity of traffic in a market; a principal commodity or production of a country or district; as wheat, maize, and cotton are great staples of the United States. “We should now say, Cotton is the great staple, that is, the established merchandize, of Manchester.” Trench. 4. The principal constituent in anything; chief item. 5. Unmanufactured material; raw material. 6. The fiber of wool, cotton, flax, or the like; as a coarse staple; a fine staple; a long or short staple. 7. A loop of iron, or a bar or wire, bent and formed with two points to be driven into wood, to hold a hook, pin, or the like. 8. (Mining) (a) A shaft, smaller and shorter than the principal one, joining different levels. (b) A small pit. 9. A district granted to an abbey. [Obs.] Camden.

Sta´ple, a. 1. Pertaining to, or being market of staple for, commodities; as a staple town. [R.] 2. Established in commerce; occupying the markets; settled; as a staple trade. Dryden. 3. Fit to be sold; marketable. [R.] Swift. 4. Regularly produced or manufactured in large quantities; belonging to wholesale traffic; principal; chief. “Wool, the great staple commodity of England.” Hom.

Sta´ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stapled p. pr. & vb. n. stapling.] To sort according to its staple; as to staple cotton.

Sta´pler , n. 1. A dealer in staple goods. 2. One employed to assort wool according to its staple.

Star (stär), n. [OE. sterre, AS. steorra; akin to OFries. stera, OS. sterro, D. ster, OHG. sterno, sterro, G. stern, Icel. stjarna, Sw. stjerna, Dan. stierne, Goth. staírno, Armor. & Corn. steren, L. stella, Gr. ’asth•r, ’a•stron, Skr. star; perhaps from a root meaning, to scatter, Skr. str, L. sternere (cf. Stratum), and originally applied to the stars as being strewn over the sky, or as being scatterers or spreaders of light. rad.296. Cf. Aster, Asteroid, Constellation, Disaster, Stellar.] 1. One of the innumerable luminous bodies seen in the heavens; any heavenly body other than the sun, moon, comets, and nebulae. “His eyen twinkled in his head aright,
As do the stars in the frosty night.” Chaucer. The stars are distinguished as planets, and fixed stars. See Planet, Fixed stars under Fixed, and Magnitude of a star under Magnitude. 2. The polestar; the north star. Shak. 3. (Astrol.) A planet supposed to influence one’s destiny; (usually pl.) a configuration of the planets, supposed to influence fortune. “O malignant and ill-brooding stars.” Shak. “Blesses his stars, and thinks it luxury.” Addison. 4. That which resembles the figure of a star, as an ornament worn on the breast to indicate rank or honor. “On whom …
Lavish Honor showered all her stars.” Tennyson. 5. Specifically, a radiated mark in writing or printing; an asterisk [thus, •]; — used as a reference to a note, or to fill a blank where something is omitted, etc. 6. (Pyrotechny) A composition of combustible matter used in the heading of rockets, in mines, etc., which, exploding in the air, presents a starlike appearance. 7. A person of brilliant and attractive qualities, especially on public occasions, as a distinguished orator, a leading theatrical performer, etc. Star is used in the formation of compound words generally of obvious signification: as star-aspiring, star-bespangled, star-bestudded, star-blasting, star-bright, star-crowned, star-directed, star-eyed, star-headed, star-paved, star- roofed; star-sprinkled, star-wreathed. Blazing star, Double star, Multiple star, Shooting star, etc. See under Blazing, Double, etc. — Nebulous star (Astron.), a small well- defined circular nebula, having a bright nucleus at its center like a star. — Star anise (Bot.), any plant of the genus Illicium; — so called from its star-shaped capsules. — Star apple (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Chrysophyllum Cainito), having a milky juice and oblong leaves with a silky-golden pubescence beneath. It bears an applelike fruit, the carpels of which present a starlike figure when cut across. The name is extended to the whole genus of about sixty species, and the natural order (Sapotaceae) to which it belongs is called the Star-apple family. — Star conner, one who cons, or studies, the stars; an astronomer or an astrologer. Gascoigne. — Star coral (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of stony corals belonging to Astraea, Orbicella, and allied genera, in which the calicles are round or polygonal and contain conspicuous radiating septa. — Star cucumber. (Bot.) See under Cucumber. — Star flower. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Ornithogalum; star-of-Bethlehem. (b) See Starwort (b). (c) An American plant of the genus Trientalis (Trientalis Americana). Gray. — Star fort (Fort.), a fort surrounded on the exterior with projecting angles; — whence the name. — Star gauge (Ordnance), a long rod, with adjustable points projecting radially at its end, for measuring the size of different parts of the bore of a gun. — Star grass. (Bot.) (a) A small grasslike plant (Hypoxis erecta) having star-shaped yellow flowers. (b) The colicroot. See Colicroot. — Star hyacinth (Bot.), a bulbous plant of the genus Scilla (S. autumnalis); — called also star-headed hyacinth. — Star jelly (Bot.), any one of several gelatinous plants (Nostoc commune, N. edule, etc.). See Nostoc. — Star lizard. (Zoöl.) Same as Stellion. — Star- of-Bethlehem (Bot.), a bulbous liliaceous plant (Ornithogalum umbellatum) having a small white starlike flower. — Star-of-the-earth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Plantago (P. coronopus), growing upon the seashore. — Star polygon (Geom.), a polygon whose sides cut each other so as to form a star-shaped figure. — Stars and Stripes, a popular name for the flag of the United States, which consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternately red and white, and a union having, in a blue field, white stars to represent the several States, one for each. “With the old flag, the true American flag, the Eagle, and the Stars and Stripes, waving over the chamber in which we sit.” D. Webster. — Star showers. See Shooting star, under Shooting. — Star thistle (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea solstitialis) having the involucre armed with radiating spines. — Star wheel (Mach.), a star-shaped disk, used as a kind of ratchet wheel, in repeating watches and the feed motions of some machines. — Star worm (Zoöl.), a gephyrean. — Temporary star (Astron.), a star which appears suddenly, shines for a period, and then nearly or quite disappears. These stars are supposed by some astronometers to be variable stars of long and undetermined periods. — Variable star (Astron.), a star whose brilliancy varies periodically, generally with regularity, but sometimes irregularly; — called periodical star when its changes occur at fixed periods. — Water star grass (Bot.), an aquatic plant (Schollera graminea) with small yellow starlike blossoms.

Star (stär), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Starred (stärd); p. pr. & vb. n. Starring.] To set or adorn with stars, or bright, radiating bodies; to bespangle; as a robe starred with gems. ´A sable curtain starred with gold.´ Young.

Star, v. i. To be bright, or attract attention, as a star; to shine like a star; to be brilliant or prominent; to play a part as a theatrical star. W. Irving.

Star´-blind , a. Half blind.

Star´board , n. [OE. sterbord, AS. steórbord, i.e., steer board. See Steer, v. t., Board of a vessel, and cf. Larboard.] (Naut.) That side of a vessel which is on the right hand of a person who stands on board facing the bow; - - opposed to larboard, or port.

Star´board, a. (Naut.) Pertaining to the right-hand side of a ship; being or lying on the right side; as the starboard quarter; starboard tack.

Star´board, v. t. (Naut.) To put to the right, or starboard, side of a vessel; as to starboard the helm.

Star´-bow•lines , n. pl. (Naut.) The men in the starboard watch. [Obs.] R. H. Dana, Jr.

Starch (stärch), a. [AS. stearc stark, strong, rough. See Stark.] Stiff; precise; rigid. [R.] Killingbeck.

Starch, n. [From starch stiff, cf. G. stärke, fr. stark strong.] 1. (Chem.) A widely diffused vegetable substance found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers, and extracted (as from potatoes, corn, rice, etc.) as a white, glistening, granular or powdery substance, without taste or smell, and giving a very peculiar creaking sound when rubbed between the fingers. It is used as a food, in the production of commercial grape sugar, for stiffening linen in laundries, in making paste, etc. Starch is a carbohydrate, being the typical amylose, C6H10O5, and is detected by the fine blue color given to it by free iodine. It is not fermentable as such, but is changed by diastase into dextrin and maltose, and by heating with dilute acids into dextrose. Cf. Sugar, Inulin, and Lichenin. 2. Fig.: A stiff, formal manner; formality. Addison. Starch hyacinth (Bot.), the grape hyacinth; — so called because the flowers have the smell of boiled starch. See under Grape.

Starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Starched p. pr. & vb. n. Starching.] To stiffen with starch.

Star´-cham•ber , n. [So called (as conjectured by Blackstone) from being held in a room at the Exchequer where the chests containing certain Jewish comtracts and obligations called starrs (from the Heb. shetar, pron. shtar) were kept; or from the stars with which the ceiling is supposed to have been decorated.] (Eng. Hist.) An ancient high court exercising jurisdiction in certain cases, mainly criminal, which sat without the intervention of a jury. It consisted of the king’s council, or of the privy council only with the addition of certain judges. It could proceed on mere rumor or examine witnesses; it could apply torture. It was abolished by the Long Parliament in 1641. Encyc. Brit.

Starched , a. 1. Stiffened with starch. 2. Stiff; precise; formal. Swift.

Starch´ed•ness , n. The quality or state of being starched; stiffness in manners; formality.

Starch´er , n. One who starches.

Starch´ly, adv. In a starched or starch manner.

Starch´ness, n. Of or pertaining to starched or starch; stiffness of manner; preciseness.

Starch´wort , n. (Bot.) The cuckoopint, the tubers of which yield a fine quality of starch.

Starch´y , a. Consisting of starch; resembling starch; stiff; precise.

Star´craft , n. Astrology. [R.] Tennyson.

Star´-crossed , a. Not favored by the stars; ill-fated. [Poetic] Shak. “Such in my star-crossed destiny.” Massinger.

Stare , n. [AS. staer. See Starling.] (Zoöl.) The starling. [Obs.]

Stare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stared p. pr. & vb. n. staring.] [AS. starian; akin to LG. & D. staren, OHG. staren, G. starren, Icel. stara; cf. Icel. stira, Dan. stirre, Sw. stirra, and G. starr stiff, rigid, fixed, Gr. solid (E. stereo-), Skr. sthira firm, strong. rad.166. Cf. Sterile.] 1. To look with fixed eyes wide open, as through fear, wonder, surprise, impudence, etc.; to fasten an earnest and prolonged gaze on some object. “For ever upon the ground I see thee stare.” Chaucer. “Look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret.” Shak. 2. To be very conspicuous on account of size, prominence, color, or brilliancy; as staring windows or colors. 3. To stand out; to project; to bristle. [Obs.] “Makest my blood cold, and my hair to stare.” Shak. “Take off all the staring straws and jags in the hive.” Mortimer. Syn. — To gaze; to look earnestly. See Gaze.

Stare , v. t. To look earnestly at; to gaze at. “I will stare him out of his wits.” Shak. To stare in the face, to be before the eyes, or to be undeniably evident. ´The law … stares them in the face whilst they are breaking it.´ Locke.

Stare, n. The act of staring; a fixed look with eyes wide open. ´A dull and stupid stare.´ Churchill.

Star´er , n. One who stares, or gazes.

Starf , obs. imp. of Starve. Starved. Chaucer.

Star´finch , n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart.

Star´fish , n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of echinoderms belonging to the class Asterioidea, in which the body is star-shaped and usually has five rays, though the number of rays varies from five to forty or more. The rays are often long, but are sometimes so short as to appear only as angles to the disklike body. Called also sea star, five-finger, and stellerid. The ophiuroids are also sometimes called starfishes. See Brittle star, and Ophiuroidea. 2. (Zoöl.) The dollar fish, or butterfish.

Star´gas•er , n. 1. One who gazes at the stars; an astrologer; sometimes, in derision or contempt, an astronomer. 2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of spiny-rayed marine fishes belonging to Uranoscopus, Astroscopus, and allied genera, of the family Uranoscopidae. The common species of the Eastern United States are Astroscopus anoplus, and A. guttatus. So called from the position of the eyes, which look directly upward.

Star´gas•ing, n. 1. The act or practice of observing the stars with attention; contemplation of the stars as connected with astrology or astronomy. Swift. 2. Hence, absent-mindedness; abstraction.

Star´ing•ly , adv. With a staring look.

Stark , a. [Compar. Starker superl. Starkest.] [OE. stark stiff, strong, AS. stearc; akin to OS. starc strong, D. sterk, OHG. starc, starah, G. & Sw. stark, Dan. staerk, Icel. sterkr, Goth. gastaúrknan to become dried up, Lith. strëgti to stiffen, to freeze. Cf. Starch, a. & n.] 1. Stiff; rigid. Chaucer. “Whose senses all were straight benumbed and stark.” Spenser. “His heart gan wax as stark as marble stone.” Spenser. “Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff
Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies.” Shak. “The north is not so stark and cold.” B. Jonson. 2. Complete; absolute; full; perfect; entire. [Obs.] “Consider the stark security
The common wealth is in now.” B. Jonson. 3. Strong; vigorous; powerful. “A stark, moss-trooping Scot.” Sir W. Scott. “Stark beer, boy, stout and strong beer.” Beau. & Fl. 4. Severe; violent; fierce. [Obs.] ´In starke stours.´ [i. e., in fierce combats]. Chaucer. 5. Mere; sheer; gross; entire; downright. “He pronounces the citation stark nonsense.” Collier. “Rhetoric is very good or stark naught; there’s no medium in rhetoric.” Selden.

Stark , adv. Wholly; entirely; absolutely; quite; as stark mind. Shak. “Held him strangled in his arms till he was stark dead.” Fuller. Stark naked, wholly naked; quite bare. “Strip your sword stark naked.” Shak. According to Professor Skeat, ´stark-naked´ is derived from steort-naked, or start-naked, literally tail-naked, and hence wholly naked. If this etymology be true the preferable form is stark-naked.

Stark, v. t. To stiffen. [R.] “If horror have not starked your limbs.” H. Taylor.

Stark´ly, adv. In a stark manner; stiffly; strongly. “Its onward force too starky pent
In figure, bone, and lineament.” Emerson.

Stark´ness, n. The quality or state of being stark.

Star´less , a. Being without stars; having no stars visible; as a starless night. Milton.

Star´light , n. The light given by the stars. “Nor walk by moon,
Or glittering starlight, without thee is sweet.” Milton.

Star´light, a. Lighted by the stars, or by the stars only; as a starlight night. “A starlight evening and a morning fair.” Dryden.

Star´like , a. 1. Resembling a star; stellated; radiated like a star; as starlike flowers. 2. Shining; bright; illustrious. Dryden. “The having turned many to righteousness shall confer a starlike and immortal brightness.” Boyle.

Star´ling , n. [OE. sterlyng, a dim. of OE. stare, AS. staer; akin to AS. stearn, G. star, staar, OHG. stara, Icel. starri, stari, Sw. stare, Dan. staer, L. sturnus. Cf. Stare a starling.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any passerine bird belonging to Sturnus and allied genera. The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is dark brown or greenish black, with a metallic gloss, and spotted with yellowish white. It is a sociable bird, and builds about houses, old towers, etc. Called also stare, and starred. The pied starling of India is Sternopastor contra. 2. (Zoöl.) A California fish; the rock trout. 3. A structure of piles driven round the piers of a bridge for protection and support; — called also sterling. Rose-colored starling. (Zoöl.) See Pastor.

Star´lit , a. Lighted by the stars; starlight.

Star´mon•ger , n. A fortune teller; an astrologer; — used in contempt. B. Jonson.

Starn , n. (Zoöl.) The European starling. [Prov. Eng.]

Star´nose , n. (Zoöl.) A curious American mole (Condylura cristata) having the nose expanded at the end into a stellate disk; — called also star- nosed mole.

Star´ost , n. [Pol. starosta, from stary old.] A nobleman who possessed a starosty. [Poland]

Star´os•ty , n. A castle and domain conferred on a nobleman for life. [Poland] Brande & C.

Star´proof , a. Impervious to the light of the stars; as a starproof elm. [Poetic] Milton.

Star´-read , n. Doctrine or knowledge of the stars; star lore; astrology; astronomy. [Obs.] “Which in star-read were wont have best insight.” Spenser.

Starred , a. [From Star.] 1. Adorned or studded with stars; bespangled. 2. Influenced in fortune by the stars. [Obs.] “My third comfort,
Starred most unluckily.” Shak.

Star´ri•ness , n. The quality or state of being starry; as the starriness of the heavens.

Star´ry , a. 1. Abounding with stars; adorned with stars. ´Above the starry sky.´ Pope. 2. Consisting of, or proceeding from, the stars; stellar; stellary; as starry light; starry flame. “Do not Christians and Heathens, Jews and Gentiles, poets and philosophers, unite in allowing the starry influence?” Sir W. Scott. 3. Shining like stars; sparkling; as starry eyes. 4. Arranged in rays like those of a star; stellate. Starry ray (Zoöl.), a European skate (Raita radiata); — so called from the stellate bases of the dorsal spines.

Star´shine , n. The light of the stars. [R.] “The starshine lights upon our heads.” R. L. Stevenson.

Star´shoot , n. See Nostoc.

Star´-span•gled , a. Spangled or studded with stars. Star-spangled banner, the popular name for the national ensign of the United States. F. S. Key.

Star´stone , n. (Min.) Asteriated sapphire.

Start , v. i. [imp. & p. p. started; p. pr. & vb. n. starting.] [OE. sterten; akin to D. storten 8hurl, rush, fall, G. stürzen, OHG. sturzen to turn over, to fall, Sw. störa to cast down, to fall, Dan. styrte, and probably also to E. start a tail; the original sense being, perhaps, to show the tail, to tumble over suddenly. rad.166. Cf. Start a tail.] 1. To leap; to jump. [Obs.] 2. To move suddenly, as with a spring or leap, from surprise, pain, or other sudden feeling or emotion, or by a voluntary act. “And maketh him out of his sleep to start.” Chaucer. “I start as from some dreadful dream.” Dryden. “Keep your soul to the work when ready to start aside.” I. Watts. “But if he start,
It is the flesh of a corrupted heart.” Shak. 3. To set out; to commence a course, as a race or journey; to begin; as to start business. “At once they start, advancing in a line.” Dryden. “At intervals some bird from out the brakes
Starts into voice a moment, then is still.” Byron. 4. To become somewhat displaced or loosened; as a rivet or a seam may start under strain or pressure. To start after, to set out after; to follow; to pursue. — To start against, to act as a rival candidate against. — To start for, to be a candidate for, as an office. — To start up, to rise suddenly, as from a seat or couch; to come suddenly into notice or importance.

Start , v. t. 1. To cause to move suddenly; to disturb suddenly; to startle; to alarm; to rouse; to cause to flee or fly; as the hounds started a fox. “Upon malicious bravery dost thou come
To start my quiet?” Shak. “Brutus will start a spirit as soon as Caesar.” Shak. 2. To bring onto being or into view; to originate; to invent. “Sensual men agree in the pursuit of every pleasure they can start.” Sir W. Temple. 3. To cause to move or act; to set going, running, or flowing; as to start a railway train; to start a mill; to start a stream of water; to start a rumor; to start a business. “I was engaged in conversation upon a subject which the people love to start in discourse.” Addison. 4. To move suddenly from its place or position; to displace or loosen; to dislocate; as to start a bone; the storm started the bolts in the vessel. “One, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the clavicle from the sternum.” Wiseman. 5. [Perh. from D. storten, which has this meaning also.] (Naut.) To pour out; to empty; to tap and begin drawing from; as to start a water cask.

Start, n. 1. The act of starting; a sudden spring, leap, or motion, caused by surprise, fear, pain, or the like; any sudden motion, or beginning of motion. “The fright awakened Arcite with a start.” Dryden. 2. A convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a spasmodic effort. “For she did speak in starts distractedly.” Shak. “Nature does nothing by starts and leaps, or in a hurry.” L’Estrange. 3. A sudden, unexpected movement; a sudden and capricious impulse; a sally; as starts of fancy. “To check the starts and sallies of the soul.” Addison. 4. The beginning, as of a journey or a course of action; first motion from a place; act of setting out; the outset; — opposed to finish. “The start of first performance is all.” Bacon. “I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips,
Straining upon the start.” Shak. At a start, at once; in an instant. [Obs.] “At a start he was betwixt them two.” Chaucer. To get, or have, the start, to before another; to gain or have the advantage in a similar undertaking; — usually with of. ´Get the start of the majestic world.´ Shak. ´She might have forsaken him if he had not got the start of her.´ Dryden.

Start, n. [OE. stert a tail, AS. steort; akin to LG. stert, steert, D. staart, G. sterz, Icel. stertr, Dan. stiert, Sw. stjert. rad.166. Cf. Stark naked, under Stark, Start, v. i.] 1. A tail, or anything projecting like a tail. 2. The handle, or tail, of a plow; also any long handle. [Prov. Eng.] 3. The curved or inclined front and bottom of a water-wheel bucket. 4. (Mining) The arm, or level, of a gin, drawn around by a horse.

Start´er, n. 1. One who, or that which, starts; as a starter on a journey; the starter of a race. 2. A dog that rouses game.

Start´ful , a. Apt to start; skittish. [R.]

Start´ful•ness, n. Aptness to start. [R.]

Star´throat , n. (Zoöl.) Any humming bird of the genus Heliomaster. The feathers of the throat have a brilliant metallic luster.

Start´ing , a. & n. from Start, v. Starting bar (Steam Eng.), a hand lever for working the values in starting an engine. — Starting hole, a loophole; evasion. [Obs.] — Starting point, the point from which motion begins, or from which anything starts. — Starting post, a post, stake, barrier, or place from which competitors in a race start, or begin the race.

Start´ing•ly, adv. By sudden fits or starts; spasmodically. Shak.

Start´ish, a. Apt to start; skittish; shy; — said especially of a horse. [Colloq.]

Star´tle , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Startled p. pr. & vb. n. Startling ] [Freq. of start.] To move suddenly, or be excited, on feeling alarm; to start. “Why shrinks the soul
Back on herself, and startles at destruction?” Addison.

Star´tle , v. t. 1. To excite by sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension; to frighten suddenly and not seriously; to alarm; to surprise. “The supposition, at least, that angels do sometimes assume bodies need not startle us.” Locke. 2. To deter; to cause to deviate. [R.] Clarendon. Syn. — To start; shock; fright; frighten; alarm.

Star´tle, n. A sudden motion or shock caused by an unexpected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger. “After having recovered from my first startle, I was very well pleased with the accident.” Spectator.

Star´tling•ly , adv. In a startling manner.

Star´tlish , a. Easily startled; apt to start; startish; skittish; — said especially of a hourse. [Colloq.]

Start´-up , n. 1. One who comes suddenly into notice; an upstart. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A kind of high rustic shoe. [Obs.] Drayton. “A startuppe, or clownish shoe.” Spenser.

Start´-up, a. Upstart. [R.] Walpole.

Star•va´tion , n. The act of starving, or the state of being starved. This word was first used, according to Horace Walpole, by Henry Dundas the first Lord Melville, in a speech on American affairs in 1775, which obtained for him the nickname of Starvation Dundas. ´Starvation, we are also told, belongs to the class of ’vile compounds’ from being a mongrel; as if English were not full of mongrels, and if it would not be in distressing straits without them.´ Fitzed. Hall.

Starve , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Starved p. pr. & vb. n. Starving.] [OE. sterven to die, AS. steorfan; akin to D. sterven, G. sterben, OHG. sterban, Icel. starf labor, toil.] 1. To die; to perish. [Obs., except in the sense of perishing with cold or hunger.] Lydgate. “In hot coals he hath himself raked …
Thus starved this worthy mighty Hercules.” Chaucer. 2. To perish with hunger; to suffer extreme hunger or want; to be very indigent. “Sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed.” Pope. 3. To perish or die with cold. Spenser. “Have I seen the naked starve for cold?” Sandys. “Starving with cold as well as hunger.” W. Irving. In this sense, still common in England, but rarely used of the United States.

Starve, v. t. 1. To destroy with cold. [Eng.] “From beds of raging fire, to starve in ice
Their soft ethereal warmth.” Milton. 2. To kill with hunger; as maliciously to starve a man is, in law, murder. 3. To distress or subdue by famine; as to starvea garrison into a surrender. “Attalus endeavored to starve Italy by stopping their convoy of provisions from Africa.” Arbuthnot. 4. To destroy by want of any kind; as to starve plans by depriving them of proper light and air. 5. To deprive of force or vigor; to disable. “The pens of historians, writing thereof, seemed starved for matter in an age so fruitful of memorable actions.” Fuller. “The powers of their minds are starved by disuse.” Locke.

Starv´ed•ly , adv. In the condition of one starved or starving; parsimoniously. “Some boasting housekeeper which keepth open doors for one day, … and lives starvedly all the year after.” Bp. Hall.

Starve´ling , n. [Starve + -ling.] One who, or that which, pines from lack or food, or nutriment. “Old Sir John hangs with me, and thou knowest he is no starveling.” Shak.

Starve´ling, a. Hungry; lean; pining with want.

Star´wort , n. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of the genus Aster. See Aster. (b) A small plant of the genus Stellaria, having star-shaped flowers; star flower; chickweed. Gray. Water starwort, an aquatic plant (Callitriche verna) having some resemblance to chickweed. — Yellow starwort, a plant of the genus Inula; elecampane.

Stas´i•mon , n.; pl. Stasmia (#). [NL., from Gr. sta•simon, neut. of sta•simos stationary, steadfast.] In the Greek tragedy, a song of the chorus, continued without the interruption of dialogue or anapaestics. Liddell & Scott.

Sta´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. a standing still.] (Physiol.) A slackening or arrest of the blood current in the vessels, due not to a lessening of the heart’s beat, but presumably to some abnormal resistance of the capillary walls. It is one of the phenomena observed in the capillaries in inflammation.

Stat´a•ble , a. That can be stated; as a statablegrievance; the question at issue is statable.

Sta´tal , a. Of, pertaining to, or existing with reference to, a State of the American Union, as distinguished from the general government. [R.] “I have no knowledge of any other kind of political citizenship, higher or lower, statal or national.” Edward Bates.

Sta´tant , a. [L. stare to stand.] (Her.) In a standing position; as a lion statant.

Sta•ta´ri•an , a. Fixed; settled; steady; statary. [Obs.]

Sta•ta´ri•an•ly, adv. Fixedly; steadly. [Obs.]

Sta´ta•ry , a. [L. statarius standing fast, fr. stare to stand.] Fixed; settled. [Obs.] ´The set and statary times of paring of nails and cutting hair.´ Sir T. Browne.

State , n. [OE. stat, OF. estat, F. etat, fr. L. status a standing, position, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand, and cf. Estate, Status.] 1. The circumstances or condition of a being or thing at any given time. “State is a term nearly synonymous with ´mode,´ but of a meaning more extensive, and is not exclusively limited to the mutable and contingent.” Sir W. Hamilton. “Declare the past and present state of things.” Dryden. “Keep the state of the question in your eye.” Boyle. 2. Rank; condition; quality; as the state of honor. “Thy honor, state, and seat is due to me.” Shak. 3. Condition of prosperity or grandeur; wealthy or prosperous circumstances; social importance. “She instructed him how he should keep state, and yet with a modest sense of his misfortunes.” Bacon. “Can this imperious lord forget to reign,
Quit all his state, descend, and serve again?” Pope. 4. Appearance of grandeur or dignity; pomp. “Where least og state there most of love is shown.” Dryden. 5. A chair with a canopy above it, often standing on a dais; a seat of dignity; also the canopy itself. [Obs.] “His high throne, … under state
Of richest texture spread.” Milton. “When he went to court, he used to kick away the state, and sit down by his prince cheek by jowl.” Swift. 6. Estate, possession. [Obs.] Daniel. “Your state, my lord, again in yours.” Massinger. 7. A person of high rank. [Obs.] Latimer. 8. Any body of men united by profession, or constituting a community of a particular character; as the civil and ecclesiastical states, or the lords spiritual and temporal and the commons, in Great Britain. Cf. Estate, n., 6. 9. The principal persons in a government. “The bold design
Pleased highly those infernal states.” Milton. 10. The bodies that constitute the legislature of a country; as the States-general of Holland. 11. A form of government which is not monarchial, as a republic. [Obs.] “Well monarchies may own religion’s name,
But states are atheists in their very fame.” Dryden. 12. A political body, or body politic; the whole body of people who are united one government, whatever may be the form of the government; a nation. “Municipal law is a rule of conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state.” Blackstone. “The Puritans in the reign of Mary, driven from their homes, sought an asylum in Geneva, where they found a state without a king, and a church without a bishop.” R. Choate. 13. In the United States, one of the commonwealth, or bodies politic, the people of which make up the body of the nation, and which, under the national constitution, stands in certain specified relations with the national government, and are invested, as commonwealth, with full power in their several spheres over all matters not expressly inhibited. The term State, in its technical sense, is used in distinction from the federal system, i. e., the government of the United States. 14. Highest and stationary condition, as that of maturity between growth and decline, or as that of crisis between the increase and the abating of a disease; height; acme. [Obs.] When state is joined with another word, or used adjectively, it denotes public, or what belongs to the community or body politic, or to the government; also what belongs to the States severally in the American Union; as state affairs; state policy; State laws of Iowa. Nascent state. (Chem.) See under Nascent. — Secretary of state. See Secretary, n., 3. — State bargea royal barge, or a barge belonging to a government. — State bed, an elaborately carved or decorated bed. — State carriage, a highly decorated carriage for officials going in state, or taking part in public processions. — State paper, an official paper relating to the interests or government of a state. Jay. — State prison, a public prison or penitentiary; — called also State’s prison. — State prisoner, one is confinement, or under arrest, for a political offense. — State rights, or States’ rights, the rights of the several independent States, as distinguished from the rights of the Federal government. It has been a question as to what rights have been vested in the general government. [U.S.] — State’s evidence. See Probator, 2, and under Evidence. — State sword, a sword used on state occasions, being borne before a sovereign by an attendant of high rank. — State trial, a trial of a person for a political offense. — States of the Church. See under Ecclesiastical. Syn. — State, Situation, Condition. State is the generic term, and denotes in general the mode in which a thing stands or exists. The situation of a thing is its state in reference to external objects and influences; its condition is its internal state, or what it is in itself considered. Our situation is good or bad as outward things bear favorably or unfavorably upon us; our condition is good or bad according to the state we are actually in as respects our persons, families, property, and other things which comprise our sources of enjoyment. “I do not, brother,
Infer as if I thought my sister’s state
Secure without all doubt or controversy.” Milton. “We hoped to enjoy with ease what, in our situation, might be called the luxuries of life.” Cock. “And, O, what man’s condition can be worse
Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse?” Cowley.

State , a. 1. Stately. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Belonging to the state, or body politic; public.

State, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stated; p. pr. & vb. n. Stating.] 1. To set; to settle; to establish. [R.] “I myself, though meanest stated,
And in court now almost hated.” Wither. “Who calls the council, states the certain day.” Pope. 2. To express the particulars of; to set down in detail or in gross; to represent fully in words; to narrate; to recite; as to state the facts of a case, one’s opinion, etc. To state it. To assume state or dignity. [Obs.] ´Rarely dressed up, and taught to state it.´ Beau. & Fl.

State, n. A statement; also a document containing a statement. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

State´craft , n. The art of conducting state affairs; state management; statesmanship.

Stat´ed , a. 1. Settled; established; fixed. “He is capable of corruption who receives more than what is the stated and unquestionable fee of his office.” Addison. 2. Recurring at regular time; not occasional; as stated preaching; stated business hours.

Stat´ed•ly, adv. At stated times; regularly.

State´ful , a. Full of state; stately. [Obs.] ´A stateful silence.´ Marston.

State´hood , n. The condition of being a State; as a territory seeking Statehood.

State´house , n. The building in which a State legislature holds its sessions; a State capitol. [U. S.]

State´less, a. Without state or pomp.

State´li•ly , adv. In a stately manner.

State´li•ness, n. The quality or state of being stately. “For stateliness and majesty, what is comparable to a horse?” Dr. H. More.

State´ly, a. [Compar. Statelier superl. Stateliest.] Evincing state or dignity; lofty; majestic; grand; as statelymanners; a stately gait. ´The stately homes of England!´ Mrs. Hemans. ´Filled with stately temples.´ Prescott. “Here is a stately style indeed!” Shak. Syn. — Lofty; dignified; majestic; grand; august; magnificent.

State´ly, adv. Majestically; loftily. Milton.

State´ment , n. 1. The act of stating, reciting, or presenting, orally or in paper; as to interrupt a speaker in the statement of his case. 2. That which is stated; a formal embodiment in language of facts or opinions; a narrative; a recital. ´Admirable perspicuity of statement!´ Brougham.

State´mon•ger , n. One versed in politics, or one who dabbles in state affairs.

State•pris´on See under State, n.

Stat´er , n. One who states.

Sta´ter , n. [L. stater, Gr. .] (Gr. Antiq.) The principal gold coin of ancient Grece. It varied much in value, the stater best known at Athens being worth about £1 2s., or about $5.35. The Attic silver tetradrachm was in later times called stater.

State´room , n. 1. A magnificent room in a place or great house. 2. A small apartment for lodging or sleeping in the cabin, or on the deck, of a vessel; also a somewhat similar apartment in a railway sleeping car.

States´-gen´er•al , n. 1. In France, before the Revolution, the assembly of the three orders of the kingdom, namely, the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate, or commonalty. 2. In the Netherlands, the legislative body, composed of two chambers.

States´man , n.; pl. Statesmen . 1. A man versed in public affairs and in the principles and art of government; especially, one eminent for political abilities. “The minds of some of our statesmen, like the pupil of the human eye, contract themselves the more, the stronger light there is shed upon them.” More. 2. One occupied with the affairs of government, and influental in shaping its policy. 3. A small landholder. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

States´man•like , a. Having the manner or wisdom of statesmen; becoming a statesman.

States´man•ly, a. Becoming a statesman.

States´man•ship, n. The qualifications, duties, or employments of a statesman.

States´wom•an , n.; pl. Stateswomen . A woman concerned in public affairs. “A rare stateswoman; I admire her bearing.” B. Jonson.

Stath´mo•graph , n. [Gr. a measuring line + -graph.] A contrivance for recording the speed of a railway train. Knight. { Stat´ic , Stat´ic•al } a. [Gr. causing to stand, skilled in weighing, fr. to cause to stand: cf. F. statique. See Stand, and cf. Stage.] 1. Resting; acting by mere weight without motion; as statical pressure; static objects. 2. Pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium. Statical electricity. See Note under Electricity, 1. — Statical moment. See under Moment.

Stat´ic•al•ly, adv. In a statical manner.

Stat´ics , n. [Cf. F. statique, Gr. the art of weighing, fr. . See Static.] That branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest by the forces acting on them; — distinguished from dynamics. Social statics, the study of the conditions which concern the existence and permanence of the social state.

Stat´ing , n. The act of one who states anything; statement; as the statingof one’s opinions.

Sta´tion , n. [F., fr. L. statio, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. The act of standing; also attitude or pose in standing; posture. [R.] “A station like the herald, Mercury.” Shak. “Their manner was to stand at prayer, whereupon their meetings unto that purpose … had the names of stations given them.” Hooker. 2. A state of standing or rest; equilibrium. [Obs.] “All progression is performed by drawing on or impelling forward some part which was before in station, or at quiet.” Sir T. Browne. 3. The spot or place where anything stands, especially where a person or thing habitually stands, or is appointed to remain for a time; as the station of a sentinel. Specifically: (a) A regular stopping place in a stage road or route; a place where railroad trains regularly come to a stand, for the convenience of passengers, taking in fuel, moving freight, etc. (b) The headquarters of the police force of any precinct. (c) The place at which an instrument is planted, or observations are made, as in surveying. (d) (Biol.) The particular place, or kind of situation, in which a species naturally occurs; a habitat. (e) (Naut.) A place to which ships may resort, and where they may anchor safely. (f) A place or region to which a government ship or fleet is assigned for duty. (g) (Mil.) A place calculated for the rendezvous of troops, or for the distribution of them; also a spot well adapted for offensive measures. Wilhelm (Mil. Dict.). (h) (Mining) An enlargement in a shaft or galley, used as a landing, or passing place, or for the accomodation of a pump, tank, etc. 4. Post assigned; office; the part or department of public duty which a person is appointed to perform; sphere of duty or occupation; employment. “By spending this day [Sunday] in religious exercises, we acquire new strength and resolution to perform God’s will in our several stations the week following.” R. Nelson. 5. Situation; position; location. “The fig and date — why love they to remain
In middle station, and an even plain?” Prior. 6. State; rank; condition of life; social status. “The greater part have kept, I see,
Their station.” Milton. “They in France of the best rank and station.” Shak. 7. (Eccl.) (a) The fast of the fourth and sixth days of the week, Wednesday and Friday, in memory of the council which condemned Christ, and of his passion. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A church in which the procession of the clergy halts on stated days to say stated prayers. Addis & Arnold. (c) One of the places at which ecclesiastical processions pause for the performance of an act of devotion; formerly, the tomb of a martyr, or some similarly consecrated spot; now, especially, one of those representations of the successive stages of our Lord’s passion which are often placed round the naves of large churches and by the side of the way leading to sacred edifices or shrines, and which are visited in rotation, stated services being performed at each; — called also Station of the cross. Fairholt. Station bill. (Naut.) Same as Quarter bill, under Quarter. — Station house. (a) The house serving for the headquarters of the police assigned to a certain district, and as a place of temporary confinement. (b) The house used as a shelter at a railway station. — Station master, one who has charge of a station, esp. of a railway station. — Station pointer (Surv.), an instrument for locating on a chart the position of a place from which the angles subtended by three distant objects, whose positions are known, have been observed. — Station staff (Surv.), an instrument for taking angles in surveying. Craig. Syn. — Station, Depot. In the United States, a stopping place on a railway for passengers and freight is commonly called a depot: but to a considerable extent in official use, and in common speech, the more appropriate name, station, has been adopted.

Sta´tion , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stationed p. pr. & vb. n. Stationing.] To place; to set; to appoint or assign to the occupation of a post, place, or office; as to station troops on the right of an army; to station a sentinel on a rampart; to station ships on the coasts of Africa. “He gained the brow of the hill, where the English phalanx was stationed.” Lyttelton.

Sta´tion•al , a. [L. stationalis: cf. F. stationnale (eglise).] Of or pertaining to a station. [R.]

Sta´tion•a•ri•ness , n. The quality or state of being stationary; fixity.

Sta´tion•a•ry , a. [L. stationarius: cf. F. stationnaire. Cf. Stationer.] 1. Not moving; not appearing to move; stable; fixed. “Charles Wesley, who is a more stationary man, does not believe the story.” Southey. 2. Not improving or getting worse; not growing wiser, greater, better, more excellent, or the contrary. 3. Appearing to be at rest, because moving in the line of vision; not progressive or retrograde, as a planet. Stationary air (Physiol.), the air which under ordinary circumstances does not leave the lungs in respiration. — Stationary engine. (a) A steam engine thet is permanently placed, in distinction from a portable engine, locomotive, marine engine, etc. Specifically: (b) A factory engine, in distinction from a blowing, pumping, or other kind of engine which is also permanently placed.

Sta´tion•a•ry , n.; pl. -ries . One who, or that which, is stationary, as a planet when apparently it has neither progressive nor retrograde motion. Holland.

Sta´tion•er , n. [Cf. Stationary, a.] 1. A bookseller or publisher; — formerly so called from his occupying a stand, or station, in the market place or elsewhere. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. One who sells paper, pens, quills, inkstands, pencils, blank books, and other articles used in writing.

Sta´tion•er•y , n. The articles usually sold by stationers, as paper, pens, ink, quills, blank books, etc.

Sta´tion•er•y, a. Belonging to, or sold by, a stationer.

Sta´tism , n. [From State.] The art of governing a state; statecraft; policy. [Obs.] “The enemies of God … call our religion statism.” South.

Sta´tist , n. [From State.] 1. A statesman; a politician; one skilled in government. [Obs.] “Statists indeed,
And lovers of their country.” Milton. 2. A statistician. Fawcett. { Sta•tis´tic , Sta•tis´tic•al } a. [Cf. F. statistique.] Of or pertaining to statistics; as statistical knowledge, statistical tabulation.

Sta•tis´tic•al•ly, adv. In the way of statistics.

Stat•is•ti´cian , n. [Cf. F. statisticien.] One versed in statistics; one who collects and classifies facts for statistics.

Sta•tis´tics , n. [Cf. F. statistique, G. statistik. See State, n.] 1. The science which has to do with the collection and classification of certain facts respecting the condition of the people in a state. [In this sense gramatically singular.] 2. pl. Classified facts respecting the condition of the people in a state, their health, their longevity, domestic economy, arts, property, and political strength, their resources, the state of the country, etc., or respecting any particular class or interest; especially, those facts which can be stated in numbers, or in tables of numbers, or in any tabular and classified arrangement.

Stat•is•tol´o•gy , n. [Statistics + -logy.] See Statistics, 2.

Sta´tive , a. [L. stativus, fr. stare, statum, to stand.] (Mil.) Of or pertaining to a fixed camp, or military posts or quarters. [Obs. or R.]

Stat´o•blast , n. [Gr. standing (i. e., remaining) + -blast.] (Zoöl.) One of a peculiar kind of internal buds, or germs, produced in the interior of certain Bryozoa and sponges, especially in the fresh- water species; — also called winter buds. They are protected by a firm covering, and are usually destined to perpetuate the species during the winter season. They burst open and develop in the spring. In some fresh-water sponges they serve to preserve the species during the dry season. See Illust. under Phylactolaemata.

Sta•toc´ra•cy , n. [State + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government by the state, or by political power, in distinction from government by ecclesiastical power. [R.] O. A. Brownson.

Stat´u•a , n. [L.] A statue. [Obs.] “They spake not a word;
But, like dumb statuas or breathing stones,
Gazed each on other.” Shak.

Stat´u•a•ry , n.; pl. Statuaries (#). [L. statuarius, n., fr. statuarius, a., of or belonging to statues, fr. statua statue: cf. F. statuaire. See Statue.] 1. One who practices the art of making statues. “On other occasions the statuaries took their subjects from the poets.” Addison. 2. [L. statuaria (sc. ars): cf. F. statuaire.] The art of carving statues or images as representatives of real persons or things; a branch of sculpture. Sir W. Temple. 3. A collection of statues; statues, collectively.

Stat´ue , n. [F., fr. L. statua (akin to stativus standing still), fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. The likeness of a living being sculptured or modeled in some solid substance, as marble, bronze, or wax; an image; as a statue of Hercules, or of a lion. “I will raise her statue in pure gold.” Shak. 2. A portrait. [Obs.] Massinger.

Stat´ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Statued p. pr. & vb. n. Statuing.] To place, as a statue; to form a statue of; to make into a statue. ´The whole man becomes as if statued into stone and earth.´ Feltham.

Stat´ued , a. Adorned with statues. ´The statued hall.´ Longfellow. ´Statued niches.´ G. Eliot.

Stat´ue•less , a. Without a statue.

Stat´ue•like , a. Like a statue; motionless.

Stat•u•esque´ , a. Partaking of, or exemplifying, the characteristics of a statue; having the symmetry, or other excellence, of a statue artistically made; as statuesquelimbs; a statuesque attitude. “Their characters are mostly statuesque even in this respect, that they have no background.” Hare.

Stat•u•esque´ly, adv. In a statuesque manner; in a way suggestive of a statue; like a statue. “A character statuesquely simple in its details.” Lowell.

Stat•u•ette´ , n. [F., cf. It. statuetta.] A small statue; — usually applied to a figure much less than life size, especially when of marble or bronze, or of plaster or clay as a preparation for the marble or bronze, as distinguished from a figure in terra cotta or the like. Cf. Figurine.

Sta•tu´mi•nate , v. t. [L. statuminatus, p. p. of statuminare to prop, fr. statumen a prop, fr. statuere to place.] To prop or support. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stat´ure , n. [F. stature, OF. estature, from L. statura, originally, an upright posture, hence, height or size of the body, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] The natural height of an animal body; — generally used of the human body. “Foreign men of mighty stature came.” Dryden.

Stat´ured , a. Arrived at full stature. [R.]

Sta´tus , n. [L.] State; condition; position of affairs. { Sta´tus in• quo´ , Sta´tus quo´ }. [L., state in which.] The state in which anything is already. The phrase is also used retrospectively, as when, on a treaty of place, matters return to the status quo ante bellum, or are left in statu quo ante bellum, i.e., the state (or, in the state) before the war.

Stat´u•ta•ble , a. 1. Made or introduced by statute; proceeding from an act of the legistature; as a statutable provision or remedy. 2. Made or being in conformity to statute; standard; as statutable measures.

Stat´u•ta•bly, adv. Conformably to statute.

Stat´ute , n. [F. statut, LL. statutum, from L. statutus, p. p. of statuere to set, station, ordain, fr. status position, station, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constitute, Destitute.] 1. An act of the legislature of a state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a positive law; the written will of the legislature expressed with all the requisite forms of legislation; — used in distinction fraom common law. See Common law, under Common, a. Bouvier. Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legislative body consisting of representatives. In monarchies, legislature laws of the sovereign are called edicts, decrees, ordinances, rescripts, etc. In works on international law and in the Roman law, the term is used as embracing all laws imposed by competent authority. Statutes in this sense are divided into statutes real, statutes personal, and statutes mixed; statutes real applying to immovables; statutes personal to movables; and statutes mixed to both classes of property. 2. An act of a corporation or of its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law; as the statutes of a university. 3. An assemblage of farming servants (held possibly by statute) for the purpose of being hired; — called also statute fair. [Eng.] Cf. 3d Mop, 2. Halliwell. Statute book, a record of laws or legislative acts. Blackstone. — Statute cap, a kind of woolen cap; — so called because enjoined to be worn by a statute, dated in 1571, in behalf of the trade of cappers. [Obs.] Halliwell. — Statute fair. See Statute, n., 3, above. — Statute labor, a definite amount of labor required for the public service in making roads, bridges, etc., as in certain English colonies. — Statute merchant (Eng. Law), a bond of record pursuant to the stat. 13 Edw. I., acknowledged in form prescribed, on which, if not paid at the day, an execution might be awarded against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, and the obligee might hold the lands until out of the rents and profits of them the debt was satisfied; — called also a pocket judgment. It is now fallen into disuse. Tomlins. Bouvier. — Statute mile. See under Mile. — Statute of limitations (Law), a statute assigned a certain time, after which rights can not be enforced by action. — Statute staple, a bond of record acknowledged before the mayor of the staple, by virtue of which the creditor may, on nonpayment, forthwith have execution against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, as in the statute merchant. It is now disused. Blackstone. Syn. — Act; regulation; edict; decree. See Law.

Stat´u•to•ry , a. Enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority; as a statutory provision. { Staunch , Staunch´ly , Staunch´ness, etc. } See Stanch, Stanchly, etc.

Stau´ro•lite , n. [Gr. a cross + -lite.] (Min.) A mineral of a brown to black color occurring in prismatic crystals, often twinned so as to form groups resembling a cross. It is a silicate of aluminia and iron, and is generally found imbedded in mica schist. Called also granatite, and grenatite.

Stau•ro•lit´ic , a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to staurolite; resembling or containing staurolite.

Stau´ro•scope , n. [Gr. a cross + -scope.] (Crystallog.) An optical instrument used in determining the position of the planes of light-vibration in sections of crystals.

Stau´ro•tide , n. [F. staurotide, from Gr. cruciform (from Gr. a cross) + form.] (Min.) Staurolite.

Stave , n. [From Staff, and corresponding to the pl. staves. See Staff.] 1. One of a number of narrow strips of wood, or narrow iron plates, placed edge to edge to form the sides, covering, or lining of a vessel or structure; esp., one of the strips which form the sides of a cask, a pail, etc. 2. One of the cylindrical bars of a lantern wheel; one of the bars or rounds of a rack, a ladder, etc. 3. A metrical portion; a stanza; a staff. “Let us chant a passing stave
In honor of that hero brave.” Wordsworth. 4. (Mus.) The five horizontal and parallel lines on and between which musical notes are written or pointed; the staff. [Obs.] Stave jointer, a machine for dressing the edges of staves.

Stave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staved or Stove ; p. pr. & vb. n. Staving.] [From Stave, n., or Staff, n.] 1. To break in a stave or the staves of; to break a hole in; to burst; — often with in; as to stave a cask; to stave in a boat. 2. To push, as with a staff; — with off. “The condition of a servant staves him off to a distance.” South. 3. To delay by force or craft; to drive away; — usually with off; as to stave off the execution of a project. “And answered with such craft as women use,
Guilty or guilties, to stave off a chance
That breaks upon them perilously.” Tennyson. 4. To suffer, or cause, to be lost by breaking the cask. “All the wine in the city has been staved.” Sandys. 5. To furnish with staves or rundles. Knolles. 6. To render impervious or solid by driving with a calking iron; as to stave lead, or the joints of pipes into which lead has been run. To stave and tail, in bear baiting, (to stave) to interpose with the staff, doubtless to stop the bear; (to tail) to hold back the dog by the tail. Nares.

Stave, v. i. To burst in pieces by striking against something; to dash into fragments. “Like a vessel of glass she stove and sank.” Longfellow.

Staves , n.; pl. of Staff. ´Banners, scarves and staves.´ R. Browning. Also (stavz), pl. of Stave.

Staves´a•cre , n. [Corrupted from NL. staphis agria, Gr. dried grape + wild.] (Bot.) A kind of larkspur (Delphinium Staphysagria), and its seeds, which are violently purgative and emetic. They are used as a parasiticide, and in the East for poisoning fish.

Stave•wood , n. (Bot.) A tall tree (Simaruba amara) growing in tropical America. It is one of the trees which yields quassia.

Stav´ing , n. A cassing or lining of staves; especially, one encircling a water wheel.

Staw , v. i. [Cf. Dan. staae to stand, Sw. stå. rad.163.] To be fixed or set; to stay. [Prov. Eng.]

Stay , n. [AS. staeg, akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. stag; cf. OF. estai, F. etai, of Teutonic origin.] (Naut.) A large, strong rope, employed to support a mast, by being extended from the head of one mast down to some other, or to some part of the vessel. Those which lead forward are called fore-and-aft stays; those which lead to the vessel’s side are called backstays. See Illust. of Ship. In stays, or Hove in stays (Naut.), in the act or situation of staying, or going about from one tack to another. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Stay holes (Naut.), openings in the edge of a staysail through which the hanks pass which join it to the stay. — Stay tackle (Naut.), a tackle attached to a stay and used for hoisting or lowering heavy articles over the side. — To miss stays (Naut.), to fail in the attempt to go about. Totten. — Triatic stay (Naut.), a rope secured at the ends to the heads of the foremast and mainmast with thimbles spliced to its bight into which the stay tackles hook.

Stay , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stayed or Staid ; p. pr. & vb. n. Staying.] [OF. estayer, F. etayer to prop, fr. OF. estai, F. etai, a prop, probably fr. OD. stade, staeye, a prop, akin to E. stead; or cf. stay a rope to support a mast. Cf. Staid, a., Stay, v. i.] 1. To stop from motion or falling; to prop; to fix firmly; to hold up; to support. “Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side.” Ex. xvii. 12. “Sallows and reeds … for vineyards useful found
To stay thy vines.” Dryden. 2. To support from sinking; to sustain with strength; to satisfy in part or for the time. “He has devoured a whole loaf of bread and butter, and it has not staid his stomach for a minute.” Sir W. Scott. 3. To bear up under; to endure; to support; to resist successfully. “She will not stay the siege of loving terms,
Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes.” Shak. 4. To hold from proceeding; to withhold; to restrain; to stop; to hold. “Him backward overthrew and down him stayed
With their rude hands grisly grapplement.” Spenser. “All that may stay their minds from thinking that true which they heartly wish were false.” Hooker. 5. To hinde; to delay; to detain; to keep back. “Your ships are stayed at Venice.” Shak. “This business staid me in London almost a week.” Evelyn. “I was willing to stay my reader on an argument that appeared to me new.” Locke. 6. To remain for the purpose of; to wait for. ´I stay dinner there.´ Shak. 7. To cause to cease; to put an end to. “Stay your strife.” Shak. “For flattering planets seemed to say
This child should ills of ages stay.” Emerson. 8. (Engin.) To fasten or secure with stays; as to stay a flat sheet in a steam boiler. 9. (Naut.) To tack, as a vessel, so that the other side of the vessel shall be presented to the wind. To stay a mast (Naut.), to incline it forward or aft, or to one side, by the stays and backstays.

Stay , v. i. [rad.163. See Stay to hold up, prop.] 1. To remain; to continue in a place; to abide fixed for a space of time; to stop; to stand still. “She would command the hasty sun to stay.” Spenser. “Stay, I command you; stay and hear me first.” Dryden. “I stay a little longer, as one stays
To cover up the embers that still burn.” Longfellow. 2. To continue in a state. “The flames augment, and stay
At their full height, then languish to decay.” Dryden. 3. To wait; to attend; to forbear to act. “I’ll tell thee all my whole device
When I am in my coach, which stays for us.” Shak. “The father can not stay any longer for the fortune.” Locke. 4. To dwell; to tarry; to linger. “I must stay a little on one action.” Dryden. 5. To rest; to depend; to rely; to stand; to insist. “I stay here on my bond.” Shak. “Ye despise this word, and trust in oppression and perverseness, and stay thereon.” Isa. xxx. 12. 6. To come to an end; to cease; as that day the storm stayed. [Archaic] “Here my commission stays.” Shak. 7. To hold out in a race or other contest; as a horse stays well. [Colloq.] 8. (Naut.) To change tack; as a ship.

Stay, n. [Cf. OF. estai, F. etai support, and E. stay a rope to support a mast.] 1. That which serves as a prop; a support. ´My only strength and stay.´ Milton. “Trees serve as so many stays for their vines.” Addison. “Lord Liverpool is the single stay of this ministry.” Coleridge. 2. pl. A corset stiffened with whalebone or other material, worn by women, and rarely by men. “How the strait stays the slender waist constrain.” Gay. 3. Continuance in a place; abode for a space of time; sojourn; as you make a short stay in this city. “Make haste, and leave thy business and thy care;
No mortal interest can be worth thy stay.” Dryden. “Embrace the hero and his stay implore.” Waller. 4. Cessation of motion or progression; stand; stop. “Made of sphere metal, never to decay
Until his revolution was at stay.” Milton. “Affairs of state seemed rather to stand at a stay.” Hayward. 5. Hindrance; let; check. [Obs.] “They were able to read good authors without any stay, if the book were not false.” Robynson (more’s Utopia). 6. Restraint of passion; moderation; caution; steadiness; sobriety. [Obs.] ´Not grudging that thy lust hath bounds and stays.´ Herbert. “The wisdom, stay, and moderation of the king.” Bacon. “With prudent stay he long deferred
The rough contention.” Philips. 7. (Engin.) Strictly, a part in tension to hold the parts together, or stiffen them. Stay bolt (Mech.), a bolt or short rod, connecting opposite plates, so as to prevent them from being bulged out when acted upon by a pressure which tends to force them apart, as in the leg of a steam boiler. — Stay busk, a stiff piece of wood, steel, or whalebone, for the front support of a woman’s stays. Cf. Busk. — Stay rod, a rod which acts as a stay, particularly in a steam boiler.

Stayed , a. Staid; fixed; settled; sober; — now written staid. See Staid. Bacon. Pope.

Stayed´ly, adv. Staidly. See Staidly. [R.]

Stayed´ness, n. 1. Staidness. [Archaic] W. Whately. 2. Solidity; weight. [R.] Camden.

Stay´er , n. One who upholds or supports that which props; one who, or that which, stays, stops, or restrains; also colloquially, a horse, man, etc., that has endurance, an a race.

Stay´lace , n. A lace for fastening stays.

Stay´less, a. Without stop or delay. Mir. for Mag.

Stay´mak•er , n. One whose occupation is to make stays.

Stay´nil , n. (Zoöl.) The European starling. [Prov. Eng.]

Stay´sail , n. (Naut.) Any sail extended on a stay.

Stay´ship , n. (Zoöl.) A remora, — fabled to stop ships by attaching itself to them.

Stead , n. [OE. stede place, AS. stede; akin to LG. & D. stede, OS. stad, stedi, OHG. stat, G. statt, stätte, Icel. staðr, Dan. sted, Sw. stad, Goth. stas, and E. stand. rad.163. See Stand, and cf. Staith, Stithy.] 1. Place, or spot, in general. [Obs., except in composition.] Chaucer. “Fly, therefore, fly this fearful stead anon.” Spenser. 2. Place or room which another had, has or might have. ´Stewards of your steads.´ Piers Plowman. “In stead of bounds, he a pillar set.” Chaucer. 3. A frame on which a bed is laid; a bedstead. [R.] “The genial bed,
Sallow the feet, the borders, and the stead.” Dryden. 4. A farmhouse and offices. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] The word is now commonly used as the last part of a compound; as farmstead, homestead, readstead, etc. In stead of, in place of. See Instead. — To stand in stead, or To do stead, to be of use or great advantage. “The smallest act … shall stand us in great stead.” Atterbury. “Here thy sword can do thee little stead.” Milton.

Stead, v. t. 1. To help; to support; to benefit; to assist. “Perhaps my succour or advisement meet,
Mote stead you much your purpose to subdue.” Spenser. “It nothing steads us
To chide him from our eaves.” Shak. 2. To fill place of. [Obs.] Shak.

Stead´fast , a. [Stead + fast, that is, fast in place.] [Written also stedfast.] 1. Firmly fixed or established; fast fixed; firm. ´This steadfast globe of earth.´ Spenser. 2. Not fickle or wavering; constant; firm; resolute; unswerving; steady. ´Steadfast eye.´ Shak. “Abide steadfast unto him [thy neighbor] in the time of his trouble.” Ecclus. xxii. 23. “Whom resist steadfast in the faith.” 1 Pet. v. 9.

Stead´fast•ly, adv. In a steadfast manner; firmly. “Steadfast believe that whatever God has revealed is infallibly true.” Wake.

Stead´fast•ness, n. The quality or state of being steadfast; firmness; fixedness; constancy. ´The steadfastness of your faith.´ Col. ii. 5. “To prove her wifehood and her steadfastness.” Chaucer.

Stead´i•ly , adv. In a steady manner.

Stead´i•ness, n. The quality or state of being steady. “Steadiness is a point of prudence as well as of courage.” L’Estrange. Syn. — Constancy; resolution; unchangeableness.

Stead´ing , n. The brans, stables, cattle-yards, etc., of a farm; — called also onstead, farmstead, farm offices, or farmery. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stead´y , a. [Compar. Steadier superl. Steadiest.] [Cf. AS. stedig sterile, barren, staeig, steady (in gestaeig), D. stedig, stadig, steeg, G. stätig, stetig. See Stead, n.] 1. Firm in standing or position; not tottering or shaking; fixed; firm. ´The softest, steadiest plume.´ Keble. “Their feet steady, their hands diligent, their eyes watchful, and their hearts resolute.” Sir P. Sidney. 2. Constant in feeling, purpose, or pursuit; not fickle, changeable, or wavering; not easily moved or persuaded to alter a purpose; resolute; as a man steady in his principles, in his purpose, or in the pursuit of an object. 3. Regular; constant; undeviating; uniform; as the steady course of the sun; a steady breeze of wind. Syn. — Fixed; regular; uniform; undeviating; invariable; unremitted; stable. Steady rest (Mach), a rest in a turning lathe, to keep a long piece of work from trembling.

Stead´y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steadied p. pr. & vb. n. Steadying.] To make steady; to hold or keep from shaking, reeling, or falling; to make or keep firm; to support; to make constant, regular, or resolute.

Stead´y, v. i. To become steady; to regain a steady position or state; to move steadily. “Without a breeze, without a tide,
She steadies with upright keel.” Coleridge.

Steak , n. [OE. steike, Icel. steik, akin to Icel. steikja to roast, stikna to be roasted or scorched, and E. stick, the steak being broiled on a spit. See Stick, v. t.] A slice of beef, broiled, or cut for broiling; — also extended to the meat of other large animals; as venison steak; bear steak; pork steak; turtle steak.

Steal , n. [See Stale a handle.] A handle; a stale, or stele. [Archaic or Prov. Eng.] “And in his hand a huge poleax did bear.
Whose steale was iron-studded but not long.” Spenser.

Steal , v. t. [imp. Stole p. p. Stolen p. pr. & vb. n. Stealing.] [OE. stelen, AS. stelan; akin to OFries. stela, D. stelen, OHG. stelan, G. stehlen, Icel. stela, SW. stjäla, Dan. stiaele, Goth. stilan.] 1. To take and carry away, feloniously; to take without right or leave, and with intent to keep wrongfully; as to steal the personal goods of another. “Maugre thy heed, thou must for indigence
Or steal, or borrow, thy dispense.” Chaucer. “The man who stole a goose and gave away the giblets in lms.” G. Eliot. 2. To withdraw or convey clandestinely (reflexive); hence, to creep furtively, or to insinuate. “They could insinuate and steal themselves under the same by their humble carriage and submission.” Spenser. “He will steal himself into a man’s favor.” Shak. 3. To gain by insinuating arts or covert means. “So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel.” 2 Sam. xv. 6. 4. To get into one’s power gradually and by imperceptible degrees; to take possession of by a gradual and imperceptible appropriation; — with away. “Variety of objects has a tendency to steal away the mind from its steady pursuit of any subject.” I. Watts. 5. To accomplish in a concealed or unobserved manner; to try to carry out secretly; as to steal a look. “Always, when thou changest thine opinion or course, profess it plainly, … and do not think to steal it.” Bacon. To steal a march, to march in a covert way; to gain an advantage unobserved; — formerly followed by of, but now by on or upon, and sometimes by over; as to steal a march upon one’s political rivals. “She yesterday wanted to steal a march of poor Liddy.” Smollett. “Fifty thousand men can not easily steal a march over the sea.” Walpole. Syn. — To filch; pilfer; purloin; thieve.

Steal , v. i. 1. To practice, or be guilty of, theft; to commit larceny or theft. “Thou shalt not steal.” Ex. xx. 15. 2. To withdraw, or pass privily; to slip in, along, or away, unperceived; to go or come furtively. Chaucer. “Fixed of mind to avoid further entreaty, and to fly all company, one night she stole away.” Sir P. Sidney. “From whom you now must steal, and take no leave.” Shak. “A soft and solemn breathing sound
Rose like a steam of rich, distilled perfumes,
And stole upon the air.” Milton.

Steal´er , n. 1. One who steals; a thief. 2. (Shipbuilding) The endmost plank of a strake which stops short of the stem or stern.

Steal´ing, n. 1. The act of taking feloniously the personal property of another without his consent and knowledge; theft; larceny. 2. That which is stolen; stolen property; — chiefly used in the plural.

Steal´ing•ly, adv. By stealing, or as by stealing, furtively, or by an invisible motion. Sir P. Sidney.

Stealth , n. [OE. staple. See Steal, v. t.] 1. The act of stealing; theft. [Obs.] “The owner proveth the stealth to have been committed upon him by such an outlaw.” Spenser. 2. The thing stolen; stolen property. [Obs.] ´Sluttish dens … serving to cover stealths.´ Sir W. Raleigh. 3. The bringing to pass anything in a secret or concealed manner; a secret procedure; a clandestine practice or action; — in either a good or a bad sense. “Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame.” Pope. “The monarch, blinded with desire of wealth,
With steel invades the brother’s life by stealth.” Dryden. “I told him of your stealth unto this wood.” Shak.

Stealth´ful , a. Given to stealth; stealthy. [Obs.] — Stealth´ful•ly, adv. [Obs.] — Stealth´ful•ness, n. [Obs.]

Stealth´i•ly , adv. In a stealthy manner.

Stealth´i•ness, n. The state, quality, or character of being stealthy; stealth.

Stealth´like , a. Stealthy; sly. Wordsworth.

Stealth´y , a. [Compar. Stealthier superl. Stealthiest.] Done by stealth; accomplished clandestinely; unperceived; secret; furtive; sly. “[Withered murder] with his stealthy pace, …
Moves like a ghost.” Shak.

Steam , n. [OE. stem, steem, vapor, flame, AS. steám vapor, smoke, odor; akin to D. stoom steam, perhaps originally, a pillar, or something rising like a pillar; cf. Gr. to erect, a pillar, and E. stand.] 1. The elastic, aëriform fluid into which water is converted when heated to the boiling points; water in the state of vapor. 2. The mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; — so called in popular usage. 3. Any exhalation. ´A steam og rich, distilled perfumes.´ Milton. Dry steam, steam which does not contain water held in suspension mechanically; — sometimes applied to superheated steam. — Exhaust steam. See under Exhaust. — High steam, or High- pressure steam, steam of which the pressure greatly exceeds that of the atmosphere. — Low steam, or Low-pressure steam, steam of which the pressure is less than, equal to, or not greatly above, that of the atmosphere. — Saturated steam, steam at the temperature of the boiling point which corresponds to its pressure; — sometimes also applied to wet steam. — Superheated steam, steam heated to a temperature higher than the boiling point corresponding to its pressure. It can not exist in contact with water, nor contain water, and resembles a perfect gas; — called also surcharged steam, anhydrous steam, and steam gas. — Wet steam, steam which contains water held in suspension mechanically; — called also misty steam. Steam is often used adjectively, and in combination, to denote, produced by heat, or operated by power, derived from steam, in distinction from other sources of power; as in steam boiler or steam-boiler, steam dredger or steam-dredger, steam engine or steam-engine, steam heat, steam plow or steam-plow, etc. Steam blower. (a) A blower for producing a draught consisting of a jet or jets of steam in a chimney or under a fire. (b) A fan blower driven directly by a steam engine. — Steam boiler, a boiler for producing steam. See Boiler, 3, and Note. In the illustration, the shell a of the boiler is partly in section, showing the tubes, or flues, which the hot gases, from the fire beneath the boiler, enter, after traversing the outside of the shell, and through which the gases are led to the smoke pipe d, which delivers them to the chimney; b is the manhole; c the dome; e the steam pipe; f the feed and blow-off pipe; g the safety value; hthe water gauge. — Steam car, a car driven by steam power, or drawn by a locomotive. — Steam carriage, a carriage upon wheels moved on common roads by steam. — Steam casing. See Steam jacket, under Jacket. — Steam chest, the box or chamber from which steam is distributed to the cylinder of a steam engine, steam pump, etc., and which usually contains one or more values; — called also valve chest, and valve box. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. — Steam chimney, an annular chamber around the chimney of a boiler furnace, for drying steam. — Steam coil, a coil of pipe, or collection of connected pipes, for containing steam; — used for heating, drying, etc. — Steam colors (Calico Printing), colors in which the chemical reaction fixed the coloring matter in the fiber is produced by steam. — Steam cylinder, the cylinder of a steam engine, which contains the piston. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. — Steam dome (Steam Boilers), a chamber upon the top of the boiler, from which steam is conduced to the engine. See Illust. of Steam boiler, above. — Steam fire engine, a fire engine consisting of a steam boiler and engine, and pump which is driven by the engine, combined and mounted on wheels. It is usually drawn by horses, but is sometimes made self-propelling. — Steam fitter, a fitter of steam pipes. — Steam fitting, the act or the occupation of a steam fitter; also a pipe fitting for steam pipes. — Steam gas. See Superheated steam, above. — Steam gauge, an instrument for indicating the pressure of the steam in a boiler. The mercurial steam gauge is a bent tube partially filled with mercury, one end of which is connected with the boiler while the other is open to the air, so that the steam by its pressure raises the mercury in the long limb of the tume to a height proportioned to that pressure. A more common form, especially for high pressures, consists of a spring pressed upon by the steam, and connected with the pointer of a dial. The spring may be a flattened, bent tube, closed at one end, which the entering steam tends to straighten, or it may be a diaphragm of elastic metal, or a mass of confined air, etc. — Steam gun, a machine or contrivance from which projectiles may be thrown by the elastic force of steam. — Steam hammer, a hammer for forging, which is worked directly by steam; especially, a hammer which is guided vertically and operated by a vertical steam cylinder located directly over an anvil. In the variety known as Nasmyth’s, the cylinder is fixed, and the hammer is attached to the piston rod. In that known as Condie’s, the piston is fixed, and the hammer attached to the lower end of the cylinder. — Steam heater. (a) A radiator heated by steam. (b) An apparatus consisting of a steam boiler, radiator, piping, and fixures for warming a house by steam. — Steam jacket. See under Jacket. — Steam packet, a packet or vessel propelled by steam, and running periodically between certain ports. — Steam pipe, any pipe for conveying steam; specifically, a pipe through which steam is supplied to an engine. — Steam plow or plough, a plow, or gang of plows, moved by a steam engine. — Steam port, an opening for steam to pass through, as from the steam chest into the cylinder. — Steam power, the force or energy of steam applied to produce results; power derived from a steam engine. — Steam propeller. See Propeller. — Steam pump, a small pumping engine operated by steam. It is usually direct-acting. — Steam room (Steam Boilers), the space in the boiler above the water level, and in the dome, which contains steam. — Steam table, a table on which are dishes heated by steam for keeping food warm in the carving room of a hotel, restaurant, etc. — Steam trap, a self- acting device by means of which water that accumulates in a pipe or vessel containing steam will be discharged without permitting steam to escape. — Steam tug, a steam vessel used in towing or propelling ships. — Steam vessel, a vessel propelled by steam; a steamboat or steamship; — a steamer. — Steam whistle, an apparatus attached to a steam boiler, as of a locomotive, through which steam is rapidly discharged, producing a loud whistle which serves as a warning signal. The steam issues from a narrow annular orifice around the upper edge of the lower cup or hemisphere, striking the thin edge of the bell above it, and producing sound in the manner of an organ pipe or a common whistle.

Steam , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steamed p. pr. & vb. n. Steaming.] 1. To emit steam or vapor. “My brother’s ghost hangs hovering there,
O’er his warm blood, that steams into the air.” Dryden. “Let the crude humors dance
In heated brass, steaming with fire intence.” J. Philips. 2. To rise in vapor; to issue, or pass off, as vapor. “The dissolved amber … steamed away into the air.” Boyle. 3. To move or travel by the agency of steam. “The vessel steamed out of port.” N. P. Willis. 4. To generate steam; as the boiler steams well.

Steam , v. t. 1. To exhale. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To expose to the action of steam; to apply steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing; as to steam wood; to steamcloth; to steam food, etc.

Steam´boat , n. A boat or vessel propelled by steam power; — generally used of river or coasting craft, as distinguished from ocean steamers.

Steam´boat•ing, n. 1. The occupation or business of running a steamboat, or of transporting merchandise, passengers, etc., by steamboats. 2. (Bookbinding) The shearing of a pile of books which are as yet uncovered, or out of boards. Knight.

Steam´ en´gine An engine moved by steam. In its most common forms its essential parts are a piston, a cylinder, and a valve gear. The piston works in the cylinder, to which steam is admitted by the action of the valve gear, and communicates motion to the machinery to be actuated. Steam engines are thus classified: 1. According to the wat the steam is used or applied, as condencing, noncondencing, compound, double-acting, single-acting, triple-expansion, etc. 2. According to the motion of the piston, as reciprocating, rotary, etc. 3. According to the motion imparted by the engine, as rotative and nonrotative. 4. According to the arrangement of the engine, as stationary, portable, and semiportable engines, beam engine, oscillating engine, direct-acting and back-acting engines, etc. 5. According to their uses, as portable, marine, locomotive, pumping, blowing, winding, and stationary engines. Locomotive and portable engines are usually high- pressure, noncondencing, rotative, and direct-acting. Marine engines are high or low pressure, rotative, and generally condencing, double-acting, and compound. Paddle engines are generally beam, sidelever, oscillating, or direct-acting. Screw engines are generally direct-acting, back-acting, or oscillating. Stationary engines belong to various classes, but are generally rotative. A horizontal or inclined stationary steam engine is called a left-hand or a right-hand engine when the crank shaft and driving pulley are on the left-hand side, or the right-hand side, respectively, or the engine, to a person looking at them from the cylinder, and is said to run forward or backward when the crank traverses the upward half, or lower half, respectively, of its path, while the piston rod makes its stroke outward from the cylinder. A marine engine, or the engine of a locomotive, is said to run forward when its motion is such as would propel the vessel or the locomotive forward. Steam engines are further classified as double- cylinder, disk, semicylinder, trunk engines, etc. Machines, such as cranes, hammers, etc., of which the steam engine forms a part, are called steam cranes, steam hammers, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. Back-acting, or Back-action, steam engine, a steam engine in which the motion is transmitted backward from the crosshead to a crank which is between the crosshead and the cylinder, or beyond the cylinder. — Portable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a boiler which is mounted on wheels so as to admit of easy transportation; — used for driving machinery in the field, as trashing machines, draining pumps, etc. — Semiportable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a steam boiler, but not mounted on wheels.

Steam´er , n. 1. A vessel propelled by steam; a steamship or steamboat. 2. A steam fire engine. See under Steam. 3. A road locomotive for use on common roads, as in agricultural operations. 4. A vessel in which articles are subjected to the action of steam, as in washing, in cookery, and in various processes of manufacture. 5. (Zoöl.) The steamer duck. Steamer duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Tachyeres cinereus), native of Patagonia and Terra del Fuego, which swims and dives with great agility, but which, when full grown, is incapable of flight, owing to its very small wings. Called also loggerhead, race horse, and side wheel duck.

Steam´i•ness , n. The quality or condition of being steamy; vaporousness; mistness.

Steam´ship , n. A ship or seagoing vessel propelled by the power of steam; a steamer.

Steam´y , a. Consisting of, or resembling, steam; full of steam; vaporous; misty. Cowper.

Stean , n. & v. See Steen. Spenser.

Stean´ingp, n. See Steening.

Ste•ap´sin , n. (Physiol Chem.) An unorganized ferment or enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It decomposes neutral fats into glycerin and fatty acids.

Ste´a•rate , n. (Chem.) A salt of stearic acid; as ordinary soap consists largely of sodium or potassium stearates.

Ste•ar´ic , a. [Cf. F. stearique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, stearin or tallow; resembling tallow. Stearic acid (Chem.), a monobasic fatty acid, obtained in the form of white crystalline scales, soluble in alcohol and ether. It melts to an oily liquid at 69°C.

Ste´a•rin , n. [Gr. tallow, suet: cf. F. stearine.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of the constituents of animal fats and also of some vegetable fats, as the butter of cacao. It is especially characterized by its solidity, so that when present in considerable quantity it materially increases the hardness, or raises the melting point, of the fat, as in mutton tallow. Chemically, it is a compound of glyceryl with three molecules of stearic acid, and hence is technically called tristearin, or glyceryl tristearate.

Ste•a•rol´ic , a. [Stearic + oleic + -ic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acetylene series, isologous with stearis acid, and obtained, as a white crystalline substance, from oleïc acid.

Ste´a•rone , n. (Chem.) The ketone of stearic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, (C17H35)2.CO, by the distillation of calcium stearate.

Ste•a•rop´tene , n. [Stearic + -optene as in elaeoptene.] (Chem.) The more solid ingredient of certain volatile oils; — contrasted with elaeoptene.

Ste•ar•rhe´a , n. [NL., from Gr. tallow + to flow.] (Med.) seborrhea.

Ste´a•ryl , n. [Stearic + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical characteristic of stearic acid.

Ste´a•tite , n. [Gr. , , fat, tallow: cf. F. steatite.] (Min.) A massive variety of talc, of a grayish green or brown color. It forms extensive beds, and is quarried for fireplaces and for coarse utensils. Called also potstone, lard stone, and soapstone.

Ste•a•tit´ic , n. (Min.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, steatite; containing or resembling steatite.

Ste•a•to´ma , n. [L., fr. Gr. , fr. to turn into tallow or suet, fr. , , fat, suet.] (Med.) A cyst containing matter like suet.

Ste•a•tom´a•tous , a. (Med.) Of the nature of steatoma.

Ste•a•top´y•ga , n. [NL., fr. Gr. , , fat + the buttocks.] A remarkable accretion of fat upon the buttocks of Africans of certain tribes, especially of Hottentot women.

Ste•a•top´y•gous , a. Having fat buttocks. “Specimens of the steatopygous Abyssinian breed.” Burton.

Sted , n., Sted´fast , a., Sted´fast•ly, adv., etc. See Stead, Steadfast, etc.

Stee , n. [Cf. G. stiege. rad.164. See Stair.] A ladder. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] [Written also stey.]

Steed , n. [OE. stede, AS. steda a stud-horse, war horse, fr. stod a stud of breeding steeds; akin to G. stute a mare, Icel. stedda, sto, a stud. rad.163. See Stud of horses.] A horse, especially a spirited horse for state of war; — used chiefly in poetry or stately prose. ´A knight upon a steed.´ Chaucer. “Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed.” Shak.

Steed´less, a. Having no steed; without a horse. { Steek , Steik } , v. t. [Cf. Stick, v. t.] To pierce with a sharp instrument; hence, to stitch; to sew; also to fix; to fasten. [Scot.]

Steel , n. [AS. stel, styl, style; akin to D. staal, G. stahl, OHG. stahal, Icel. stal, Dan. staal, Sw. stål, Old Prussian stakla.] 1. (Metal) A variety of iron intermediate in composition and properties between wrought iron and cast iron (containing between one half of one per cent and one and a half per cent of carbon), and consisting of an alloy of iron with an iron carbide. Steel, unlike wrought iron, can be tempered, and retains magnetism. Its malleability decreases, and fusibility increases, with an increase in carbon. 2. An instrument or implement made of steel; as: — (a) A weapon, as a sword, dagger, etc. ´Brave Macbeth … with his brandished steel.´ Shak. “While doubting thus he stood,
Received the steel bathed in his brother’s blood.” Dryden. (b) An instrument of steel (usually a round rod) for sharpening knives. (c) A piece of steel for striking sparks from flint. 3. Fig.: Anything of extreme hardness; that which is characterized by sternness or rigor. ´Heads of steel.´ Johnson. ´Manhood’s heart of steel.´ Byron. 4. (Med.) A chalybeate medicine. Dunglison. Steel is often used in the formation of compounds, generally of obvious meaning; as steel-clad, steel- girt, steel-hearted, steel-plated, steel-pointed, etc. Bessemer steel (Metal.) See in the Vocabulary. — Blister steel. (Metal.) See under Blister. — Cast steel (Metal.), a fine variety of steel, originally made by smelting blister or cementation steel; hence, ordinarily, steel of any process of production when remelted and cast. — Cromium steel (Metal.), a hard, tenacious variety containing a little cromium, and somewhat resembling tungsten steel. — Mild steel (Metal.), a kind of steel having a lower proportion of carbon than ordinary steel, rendering it softer and more malleable. — Puddled steel (Metal.), a variety of steel produced from cast iron by the puddling process. — Steel duck (Zoöl.), the goosander, or merganser. [Prov. Eng.] — Steel mill. (a) (Firearms) See Wheel lock, under Wheel. (b) A mill which has steel grinding surfaces. (c) A mill where steel is manufactured. — Steel trap, a trap for catching wild animals. It consists of two iron jaws, which close by means of a powerful steel spring when the animal disturbs the catch, or tongue, by which they are kept open. — Steel wine, wine, usually sherry, in which steel filings have been placed for a considerable time, — used as a medicine. — Tincture of steel (Med.), an alcoholic solution of the chloride of iron. — Tungsten steel (Metal.), a variety of steel containing a small amount of tungsten, and noted for its tenacity and hardness, as well as for its malleability and tempering qualities. It is also noted for its magnetic properties.

Steel , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steeled p. pr. & vb. n. Steeling.] [AS. stlan: cf. Icel. staela. See Steel, n.] 1. To overlay, point, or edge with steel; as to steel a razor; to steel an ax. 2. To make hard or strong; hence, to make insensible or obdurate. “Lies well steeled with weighty arguments.” Shak. “O God of battles! steel my soldier’s hearts.” Shak. “Why will you fight against so sweet a passion,
And steel your heart to such a world of charms?” Addison. 3. Fig.: To cause to resemble steel, as in smoothness, polish, or other qualities. “These waters, steeled
By breezeless air to smoothest polish.” Wordsworth. 4. (Elec.) To cover, as an electrotype plate, with a thin layer of iron by electrolysis. The iron thus deposited is very hard, like steel.

Steel´bow• goods´ (Scots Law) Those goods on a farm, such as corn, cattle, implements husbandry, etc., which may not be carried off by a removing tenant, as being the property of the landlord.

Steel´er , n. One who points, edges, or covers with steel.

Steel´er, n. (Shipbuilding) Same as Stealer.

Steel´head , n. 1. (Zoöl.) A North Pacific salmon (Salmo Gairdneri) found from Northern California to Siberia; — called also hardhead, and preesil. 2. (Zoöl.) The ruddy duck.

Steel´i•ness , n. The quality of being steely.

Steel´ing, n. The process of pointing, edging, or overlaying with steel; specifically, acierage. See Steel, v.

Steel´y , a. 1. Made of steel; consisting of steel. ´The steely point of Clifford’s lance.´ Shak. “Around his shop the steely sparkles flew.” Gay. 2. Resembling steel; hard; firm; having the color of steel. ´His hair was steely gray.´ The Century. “She would unarm her noble heart of that steely resistance against the sweet blows of love.” Sir P. Sidney. Steely iron, a compound of iron containing less than one half of one per cent of carbon.

Steel´yard , n. [So named from a place in London called the Steelyard, which was a yard in which steel was sold.] A form of balance in which the body to be weighed is suspended from the shorter arm of a lever, which turns on a fulcrum, and a counterpoise is caused to slide upon the longer arm to produce equilibrium, its place upon this arm (which is notched or graduated) indicating the weight; a Roman balance; — very commonly used also in the plural form, steelyards.

Steem , n. & v. See Esteem. [Obs.] Spenser.

Steem, n. & v. See 1st and 2nd Stem. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steen , n. [AS. stna. See Stone.] [Written also stean.] 1. A vessel of clay or stone. ´An huge great earth-pot steane.´ Spenser. 2. A wall of brick, stone, or cement, used as a lining, as of a well, cistern, etc.; a steening.

Steen, v. t. [AS. stnan to adorn with stones or gems. See Stone.] To line, as a well, with brick, stone, or other hard material. [Written also stean, and stein.]

Steen´bok , n. [D. steen stone + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Same as Steinbock.

Steen´ing, n. A lining made of brick, stone, or other hard material, as for a well. [Written also steaning.] { Steen´kirk• , Stein´kirk• }, n. [So called from the battle of Steinkirk, in 1692, on which occasion the French nobles had no time to arrange their lace neckcloths.] A kind of neckcloth worn in a loose and disorderly fashion.

Steep (step), a. Bright; glittering; fiery. [Obs.] “His eyen steep, and rolling in his head.” Chaucer.

Steep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steeped (stept); p. pr. & vb. n. Steeping.] [OE. stepen, probably fr. Icel. steypa to cause to stoop, cast down, pour out, to cast metals, causative of stupa to stoop; cf. Sw. stöpa to cast, to steep, Dan. stöbe, D. & G. stippen to steep, to dip. Cf. Stoop, v. t.] To soak in a liquid; to macerate; to extract the essence of by soaking; as to soften seed by steeping it in water. Often used figuratively. “Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep.” Shak. “In refreshing dew to steep
The little, trembling flowers.” Wordsworth. “The learned of the nation were steeped in Latin.” Earle.

Steep, v. i. To undergo the process of soaking in a liquid; as the tea is steeping. [Colloq.]

Steep, n. 1. Something steeped, or used in steeping; a fertilizing liquid to hasten the germination of seeds. 2. A rennet bag. [Prov. Eng.]

Steep, a. [Comper. Steeper superl. Steepest.] [OE. steep, step, AS. steáp; akin to Icel. steypr steep, and stupa to stoop, Sw. stupa to fall, to tilt; cf. OFries. stap high. Cf. Stoop, v. i., Steep, v. t., Steeple.] 1. Making a large angle with the plane of the horizon; ascending or descending rapidly with respect to a horizontal line or a level; precipitous; as a steep hill or mountain; a steep roof; a steep ascent; a steep declivity; a steep barometric gradient. 2. Difficult of access; not easy reached; lofty; elevated; high. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. Excessive; as a steep price. [Slang]

Steep, n. A precipitous place, hill, mountain, rock, or ascent; any elevated object sloping with a large angle to the plane of the horizon; a precipice. Dryden. “We had on each side naked rocks and mountains broken into a thousand irregular steeps and precipices.” Addison. “Bare steeps, where desolation stalks.” Wordsworth.

Steep´-down , a. Deep and precipitous, having steep descent. [R.] “Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire.” Shak.

Steep´en , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steepened p. pr. & vb. n. Steepening.] To become steep or steeper. “As the way steepened … I could detect in the hollow of the hill some traces of the old path.” H. Miller.

Steep´er , n. A vessel, vat, or cistern, in which things are steeped.

Steep´i•ness , n. Steepness. Howell.

Steep´ish, a. Somewhat steep. Carlyle.

Stee´ple , n. [OE. stepel, AS. stepel, stpel; akin to E. steep, a.] (Arch.) A spire; also the tower and spire taken together; the whole of a structure if the roof is of spire form. See Spire. ´A weathercock on a steeple.´ Shak. Rood steeple. See Rood tower, under Rood. — Steeple bush (Bot.), a low shrub (Spiraea tomentosa) having dense panicles of minute rose-colored flowers; hardhack. — Steeple chase, a race across country between a number of horsemen, to see which can first reach some distant object, as a church steeple; hence, a race over a prescribed course obstructed by such obstacles as one meets in riding across country, as hedges, walls, etc. — Steeple chaser, one who rides in a steeple chase; also a horse trained to run in a steeple chase. — Steeple engine, a vertical back- acting steam engine having the cylinder beneath the crosshead. — Steeple house, a church. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Stee´ple•chas•ing , n. The act of riding steeple chases.

Stee´ple-crowned , a. 1. Bearing a steeple; as a steeple- crowned building. 2. Having a crown shaped like a steeple; as a steeple-crowned hat; also wearing a hat with such a crown. “This grave, beared, sable-cloaked, and steeple- crowned progenitor.” Hawthorne.

Stee´pled , a. Furnished with, or having the form of, a steeple; adorned with steeples. Fairfax.

Steep´ly , adv. In a steep manner; with steepness; with precipitous declivity.

Steep´ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being steep; precipitous declivity; as the steepnessof a hill or a roof. 2. Height; loftiness. [Obs.] Chapman.

Steep´-up , a. Lofty and precipitous. [R.] “Her stand she takes upon a steep-up hill.” Shak.

Steep´y , a. Steep; precipitous. [Poetic] “No more, my goats, shall I belong you climb
The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow’ry thyme.” Dryden.

Steer , n. [OE. steer, AS. steór; akin to D. & G. stier a bull, OHG. stior, Icel. stjorr, jorr, Sw. tjur, Dan. tyr, Goth. stiur, Russ. tur’, Pol. tur, Ir. & Gael. tarbh, W. tarw, L. taurus, Gr. , Skr. sthra strong, stout, AS. stor large, Icel. storr, OHG. stri, stiuri. rad.168. Cf. Stirk, Taurine, a.] A young male of the ox kind; especially, a common ox; a castrated taurine male from two to four years old. See the Note under Ox.

Steer, v. t. To castrate; — said of male calves.

Steer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steered p. pr. & vb. n. Steering.] [OE. steeren, steren, AS. stieran, stran, steóran; akin to OFries. stiora, stiura, D. sturen, OD. stieren, G. steuren, OHG. stiuren to direct, support, G. steuer contribution, tax, Icel. stra to steer, govern,Sw. styra, Dan. styre, Goth. stiurjan to establish, AS. steór a rudder, a helm, and probably to Icel. staurr a pale, stake, Gr. , and perhaps ultimately to E. stand. rad.168. Cf. Starboard, Stern, n.] To direct the course of; to guide; to govern; — applied especially to a vessel in the water. “That with a staff his feeble steps did steer.” Spenser.

Steer, v. i. 1. To direct a vessel in its course; to direct one’s course. ´No helmsman steers.´ Tennyson. 2. To be directed and governed; to take a direction, or course; to obey the helm; as the boat steers easily. “Where the wind
Veers oft, as oft [a ship] so steers, and shifts her sail.” Milton. 3. To conduct one’s self; to take or pursue a course of action.

Steer, n. [AS. steór, stiór; akin to D. stuur, G. steuer, Icel. stri. rad.186. See Steer, v. t.] [Written also stere.] A rudder or helm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steer, n. [AS. steóra. See Steer a rudder.] A helmsman, a pilot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steer´a•ble , a. Capable of being steered; dirigible.

Steer´age , n. 1. The act or practice of steering, or directing; as the steerage of a ship. “He left the city, and, in a most tempestuous season, forsook the helm and steerage of the common wealth.” Milton. 2. (Naut.) (a) The effect of the helm on a ship; the manner in which an individual ship is affected by the helm. (b) The hinder part of a vessel; the stern. [R.] Swift. (c) Properly, the space in the after part of a vessel, under the cabin, but used generally to indicate any part of a vessel having the poorest accommodations and occupied by passengers paying the lowest rate of fare. 3. Direction; regulation; management; guidance. “He that hath the steerage of my course.” Shak. 4. That by which a course is directed. [R.] “Here he hung on high,
The steerage of his wings.” Dryden. Steerage passenger, a passenger who takes passage in the steerage of a vessel.

Steer´age•way , n. (Naut.) A rate of motion through the water sufficient to render a vessel governable by the helm.

Steer´er , n. One who steers; as a boat steerer.

Steer´ing, a. & n. from Steer, v. Steering wheel (Naut.), the wheel by means of which the rudder of a vessel is turned and the vessel is steered.

Steer´less, a. Having no rudder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steer´ling , n. A young or small steer.

Steers´man (sterz´man), n.; pl. Steersmen (-men). [Steer a rudder + man: cf. AS. steórmann.] One who steers; the helmsman of a vessel. Milton.

Steers´mate (-mat•), n. [Steer a rudder + mate a companion.] One who steers; steersman. [Obs.] Milton.

Steeve (stev), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steeved p. pr. & vb. n. Steeving.] [Cf. OD. steve staff, E. stem, n.] (Shipbuilding) To project upward, or make an angle with the horizon or with the line of a vessel’s keel; — said of the bowsprit, etc.

Steeve, v. t. 1. (Shipbuilding) To elevate or fix at an angle with the horizon; — said of the bowsprit, etc. 2. To stow, as bales in a vessel’s hold, by means of a steeve. See Steeve, n. (b).

Steeve, n. (Naut.) (a) The angle which a bowsprit makes with the horizon, or with the line of the vessel’s keel; — called also steeving. (b) A spar, with a block at one end, used in stowing cotton bales, and similar kinds of cargo which need to be packed tightly.

Steev´ing, n. 1. The act or practice of one who steeves. 2. (Naut.) See Steeve, n. (a).

Steg (steg), n. [Icel. steggr the male of several animals. Cf. Stag.] (Zoöl.) A gander. [Written also stag.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Steg•a•nog´ra•phist , n. One skilled in steganography; a cryptographer.

Steg•a•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. covered (fr. to cover closely) + -graphy.] The art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.

Steg•a•noph•thal´ma•ta , n. pl. [NL., from Gr. covered + the eye.] (Zoöl.) The Discophora, or Phanerocarpae. Called also Steganophthalmia.

Ste•gan´o•pod , n. (Zoöl.) One of the Steganopodes.

Steg•a•nop´o•des , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. , , web-footed; covered + foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of swimming birds in which all four toes are united by a broad web. It includes the pelicans, cormorants, gannets, and others.

Steg•a•nop´o•dous , a. (Zoöl.) Having all four toes webbed together.

Steg•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. . See Stegnotic.] (Med.) Constipation; also constriction of the vessels or ducts.

Steg•no´tic , a. [Gr. , fr. to cover, to make costive, fr. , , covered, closed.] (Med.) Tending to render costive, or to diminish excretions or discharges generally. — n. A stegnotic medicine; an astringent.

Steg•o•ceph´a•la (steg•o•s&ecf;f´a•la), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ste•gh roof + kefalh• head.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of amphibians found fossil in the Mesozoic rocks; called also Stegocephali, and Labyrinthodonta. Their teeth, in transverse sections, usually show a labyrinthiform arrangement of the cement and dentine. The under side of the body was covered with bony plates. Some of the Stegocephala were of very large size, and the form of the body varied from short, stout forms to others that were as slender as serpents.

Steg•o•sau´ri•a (-sa´ri•a), n. pl. [NL. See Stegosaurus.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs, including the genera Stegosaurus, Omosaurus, and their allies.

Steg•o•sau´rus (-rus), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ste•gh roof + say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of large Jurassic dinosaurs remarkable for a powerful dermal armature of plates and spines.

Steik , v. t. See Steek. [Scot.]

Stein , n. & v. See Steen.

Stein´bock , n. [G. stein stone + bock buck, D. bok. Cf. Steenbok.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European ibex. (b) A small South African antelope (Nanotragus tragulus) which frequents dry, rocky districts; — called also steenbok. [Written also steinboc, and steinbok; also called stonebock, and stonebuck.]

Stein´gale , n. The stannel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stein´ing , n. See Steening.

Stein´kirk , n. Same as Steenkirk.

Stein´kle , n. The wheater. [Prov. Eng.]

Ste´la , n.; pl. Stelae (#). [L., from Gr. a post, an upright stone.] (Gr. Antiq.) A small column or pillar, used as a monument, milestone, etc.

Ste´le (ste´le), n. [NL.] Same as Stela. “One of these steles, containing the Greek version of the ordinance, has recently been discovered.” I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Stele (stel), n. [See Stale a handle.] A stale, or handle; a stalk. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland.

Ste´lene , a. [See Stela.] Resembling, or used as a stela; columnar. [R.]

Stell , v. t. [AS. stellan. rad.163.] To place or fix firmly or permanently. [Obs.] Shak.

Stell, n. [See Stell, v. t.] 1. A prop; a support, as for the feet in standing or cilmbing. [Scot.] 2. A partial inclosure made by a wall or trees, to serve as a shelter for sheep or cattle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] { Stel´lar , Stel´la•ry } a. [L. stellaris, fr. stella a star. See Star.] 1. Of or pertaining to stars; astral; as a stellar figure; stellary orbs. “[These soft fires] in part shed down
Their stellar virtue.” Milton. 2. Full of stars; starry; as stellar regions. { Stel´late , Stel´la•ted } a. [L. stellatus, p. p. of stellare to set or cover with stars, from stella a star. See Stellar.] 1. Resembling a star; pointed or radiated, like the emblem of a star. 2. (Bot.) Starlike; having similar parts radiating from a common center; as stellate flowers.

Stel•la´tion , n. Radiation of light. [Obs.]

Stelled , a. [See Stell to place.] Firmly placed or fixed. [Obs.] ´The stelled fires´ [the stars]. Shak. [In this passage by some defined as ´starry,´ as if from stellatus.]

Stel´ler , n. [After Geo. W. Steller, a German naturalist.] (Zoöl) The rytina; — called also stellerine.

Stel´ler•id , n. [L. stella a star.] (Zoöl.) A starfish.

Stel•ler´i•da , n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of echinoderms, comprising the starfishes and ophiurans. { Stel•ler´i•dan , Stel•ler•id´e•an } n. (Zoöl.) A starfish, or brittle star.

Stel•lif´er•ous , a. [L. stellifer; stella star + ferre to bear.] Having, or abounding with, stars.

Stel´li•form , a. [L. stella a star + -form.] Like a star; star-shaped; radiated.

Stel´li•fy , v. t. [L. stella a star + -fy.] To turn into a star; to cause to appear like a star; to place among the stars, or in heaven. [Obs. or R.] B. Jonson.

Stel´lion , n. [L. stellio a newt having starlike spots on its back, fr. stella a star.] (Zoöl.) A lizard (Stellio vulgaris), common about the Eastern Mediterranean among ruins. In color it is olive- green, shaded with black, with small stellate spots. Called also hardim, and star lizard.

Stel´lion•ate , n. [L. stellionatus cozenage, trickery, fr. stellio a newt, a crafty, knavish person.] (Scots & Roman Law) Any fraud not distinguished by a more special name; — chiefly applied to sales of the same property to two different persons, or selling that for one’s own which belongs to another, etc. Erskine.

Stel´lu•lar , a. [L. stellula, dim. of stella a star.] 1. Having the shape or appearance of little stars; radiated. 2. Marked with starlike spots of color.

Stel´lu•late , a. (Bot.) Minutely stellate.

Stel•ma•top´o•da , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. a block, post + , , eye + , , foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Gymnolaemata.

Ste•log´ra•phy , n. [Gr. a post, slab, pillar + -graphy: cf. Gr. an inscription on a tablet.] The art of writing or inscribing characters on pillars. [R.] Stackhouse. { Stem , Steem }, v. i. To gleam. [Obs.] “His head bald, that shone as any glass, …
[And] stemed as a furnace of a leed [caldron].” Chaucer. { Stem , Steem }, n. A gleam of light; flame. [Obs.]

Stem (stem), n. [AS. stemn, stefn, staefn; akin to OS. stamn the stem of a ship, D. stam stem, steven stem of a ship, G. stamm stem, steven stem of a ship, Icel. stafn, stamn, stem of a ship, stofn, stomn, stem, Sw. stam a tree trunk, Dan. stamme. Cf. Staff, Stand.] 1. The principal body of a tree, shrub, or plant, of any kind; the main stock; the part which supports the branches or the head or top. “After they are shot up thirty feet in length, they spread a very large top, having no bough nor twig in the trunk or the stem.” Sir W. Raleigh. “The lowering spring, with lavish rain,
Beats down the slender stem and breaded grain.” Dryden. 2. A little branch which connects a fruit, flower, or leaf with a main branch; a peduncle, pedicel, or petiole; as the stem of an apple or a cherry. 3. The stock of a family; a race or generation of progenitors. ´All that are of noble stem.´ Milton. “While I do pray, learn here thy stem
And true descent.” Herbert. 4. A branch of a family. “This is a stem
Of that victorious stock.” Shak. 5. (Naut.) A curved piece of timber to which the two sides of a ship are united at the fore end. The lower end of it is scarfed to the keel, and the bowsprit rests upon its upper end. Hence, the forward part of a vessel; the bow. 6. Fig.: An advanced or leading position; the lookout. “Wolsey sat at the stem more than twenty years.” Fuller. 7. Anything resembling a stem or stalk; as the stem of a tobacco pipe; the stem of a watch case, or that part to which the ring, by which it is suspended, is attached. 8. (Bot.) That part of a plant which bears leaves, or rudiments of leaves, whether rising above ground or wholly subterranean. 9. (Zoöl.) (a) The entire central axis of a feather. (b) The basal portion of the body of one of the Pennatulacea, or of a gorgonian. 10. (Mus.) The short perpendicular line added to the body of a note; the tail of a crotchet, quaver, semiquaver, etc. 11. (Gram.) The part of an inflected word which remains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) throughout a given inflection; theme; base. From stem to stern (Naut.), from one end of the ship to the other, or through the whole length. — Stem leaf (Bot.), a leaf growing from the stem of a plant, as contrasted with a basal or radical leaf.

Stem, v. t. 1. To remove the stem or stems from; as to stem cherries; to remove the stem and its appendages (ribs and veins) from; as to stem tobacco leaves. 2. To ram, as clay, into a blasting hole.

Stem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stemmed p. pr. & vb. n. Stemming.] [Either from stem, n., or akin to stammer; cf. G. stemmen to press against.] To oppose or cut with, or as with, the stem of a vessel; to resist, or make progress against; to stop or check the flow of, as a current. ´An argosy to stem the waves.´ Shak. “[They] stem the flood with their erected breasts.” Denham. “Stemmed the wild torrent of a barbarous age.” Pope.

Stem, v. i. To move forward against an obstacle, as a vessel against a current. “Stemming nightly toward the pole.” Milton.

Stem´-clasp•ing , a. (Bot.) Embracing the stem with its base; amplexicaul, as a leaf or petiole.

Stem´less, a. Having no stem; (Bot.) acaulescent.

Stem´let , n. A small or young stem.

Stem´ma , n.; pl. Stemmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. , pl. , a garland or chaplet.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the ocelli of an insect. See Ocellus. (b) One of the facets of a compound eye of any arthropod.

Stem´mer , n. One who, or that which, stems (in any of the senses of the verbs).

Stem´mer•y , n. A large building in which tobacco is stemmed. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Stem´my , a. Abounding in stems, or mixed with stems; — said of tea, dried currants, etc. [Colloq.]

Stem´ple , n. [G. stempel a stamp, a prop, akin to E. stamp.] (Mining) A crossbar of wood in a shaft, serving as a step.

Stem´son , n. [See Stem, n., and Keelson, and cf. Sternson.] (Shipbuilding) A piece of curved timber bolted to the stem, keelson, and apron in a ship’s frame near the bow.

Stem´-wind•er , n. A stem- winding watch. [Colloq.]

Stem´-wind•ing, a. Wound by mechanism connected with the stem; as a stem-winding watch.

Stench , v. t. To stanch. [Obs.] Harvey.

Stench, n. [AS. stenc a strong smell, fr. stincan. See Stink, v. i.] 1. A smell; an odor. [Obs.] “Clouds of savory stench involve the sky.” Dryden. 2. An ill smell; an offensive odor; a stink. Cowper. Stench trap, a contrivance to prevent stench or foul air from rising from the openings of sewers, drains, etc.

Stench, v. t. [AS. stencan to emit a smell, fr. stincan to smell. See Stench, n.] To cause to emit a disagreeable odor; to cause to stink. [Obs.] Young.

Stench´y , a. Having a stench. [Obs.] Dyer.

Sten´cil , n. [Probably from OF. estincelle spangle, spark, F. etincelle spark, L. scintilla. See Scintillate, and cf. Tinsel.] A thin plate of metal, leather, or other material, used in painting, marking, etc. The pattern is cut out of the plate, which is then laid flat on the surface to be marked, and the color brushed over it. Called also stencil plate.

Sten´cil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stenciled or Stencilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stenciling or Stencilling.] To mark, paint, or color in figures with stencils; to form or print by means of a stencil.

Sten´cil•er , n. One who paints or colors in figures by means of stencil. [Written also stenciller.]

Sten´o•derm , n. [Gr. steno•s narrow, little + -derm.] (Zoöl.) Any species of bat belonging to the genus Stenoderma, native of the West Indies and South America. These bats have a short or rudimentary tail and a peculiarly shaped nose membrane.

Sten•o•der´mine , a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Stenoderma, which includes several West Indian and South American nose-leaf bats.

Sten´o•graph , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stenographed p. pr. & vb. n. Stenographing ] To write or report in stenographic characters.

Sten´o•graph, n. A production of stenography; anything written in shorthand. “I saw the reporters’ room, in which they redact their hasty stenographs.” Emerson.

Ste•nog´ra•pher , n. One who is skilled in stenography; a writer of shorthand. { Sten•o•graph´ic , Sten•o•graph´ic•al } a. [Cf. F. stenographique.] Of or pertaining to stenography.

Ste•nog´ra•phist , n. A stenographer.

Ste•nog´ra•phy , n. [Gr. steno•s narrow, close + graphy: cf. F. stenographie, G. stenographie.] The art of writing in shorthand, by using abbreviations or characters for whole words; shorthand.

Ste•noph´yl•lous , a. [Gr. steno•s narrow + fy•llon leaf.] (Bot.) Having narrow leaves.

Ste•no´sis , n. [NL., fr. Gr. steno•s narrow.] (Med.) A narrowing of the opening or hollow of any passage, tube, or orifice; as stenosis of the pylorus. It differs from stricture in being applied especially to diffused rather than localized contractions, and in always indicating an origin organic and not spasmodic.

Sten´o•stome , a. [Gr. steno•s narrow, little + sto•ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having a small or narrow mouth; — said of certain small ground snakes (Opoterodonta), which are unable to dilate their jaws.

Stent , v. t. [Obs. imp. Stente obs. p. p. Stent.] [See Stint.] To keep within limits; to restrain; to cause to stop, or cease; to stint. “Then would he weep, he might not be stent.” Chaucer. “Yet n’ould she stent
Her bitter railing and foul revilement.” Spenser.

Stent, v. i. To stint; to stop; to cease. “And of this cry they would never stenten.” Chaucer.

Stent, n. An allotted portion; a stint. ´Attain’d his journey’s stent.´ Mir. for Mag.

Stent´ing, n. An opening in a wall in a coal mine. [Written also stenton.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sten´tor , n. [L. Stentor, Gr. .] 1. A herald, in the Iliad, who had a very loud voice; hence, any person having a powerful voice. 2. (Zoöl.) Any species of ciliated Infusoria belonging to the genus Stentor and allied genera, common in fresh water. The stentors have a bell-shaped, or cornucopia- like, body with a circle of cilia around the spiral terminal disk. See Illust. under Heterotricha. 3. (Zoöl.) A howling monkey, or howler.

Sten•to´ri•an , a. [L. stentoreus; cf. Gr. .] Of or pertaining to a stentor; extremely loud; powerful; as a stentorian voice; stentorian lungs.

Sten´to•rin , n. (Chem.) A blue coloring matter found in some stentors. See Stentor, 2.

Sten•to´ri•ous , a. Stentorian. [R.]

Sten•to•ron´ic , a. Stentorian. [Obs.]

Sten•to•ro•phon´ic , a. [Gr. Stentor + a sound, voice. See Stentor.] Speaking or sounding very loud; stentorian. [Obs.] “Of this stentorophonic horn of Alexander there is a preserved in the Vatican.” Derham.

Step , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stepped p. pr. & vb. n. Stepping.] [AS. staeppan; akin to OFries. steppa, D. stappen to step, stap a step, OHG. stepfen to step, G. stapfe a footstep, OHG. stapfo, G. stufe a step to step on; cf. Gr. to shake about, handle roughly, stamp Cf. Stamp, n. & a.] 1. To move the foot in walking; to advance or recede by raising and moving one of the feet to another resting place, or by moving both feet in succession. 2. To walk; to go on foot; esp., to walk a little distance; as to step to one of the neighbors. 3. To walk slowly, gravely, or resolutely. “Home the swain retreats,
His flock before him stepping to the fold.” Thomson. 4. Fig.: To move mentally; to go in imagination. “They are stepping almost three thousand years back into the remotest antiquity.” Pope. To step aside, to walk a little distance from the rest; to retire from company. — To step forth, to move or come forth. — To step in or into. (a) To walk or advance into a place or state, or to advance suddenly in. “Whosoever then first, after the troubling of the water, stepped in, was made whole of whatsoever disease he had.” John v. 4. (b) To enter for a short time; as I just stepped into the house. (c) To obtain possession without trouble; to enter upon easily or suddenly; as to step into an estate. — To step out. (a) (Mil.) To increase the length, but not the rapidity, of the step, extending it to thirty-tree inches. (b) To go out for a short distance or a short time. — To step short (Mil.), to diminish the length or rapidity of the step according to the established rules.

Step, v. t. 1. To set, as the foot. 2. (Naut.) To fix the foot of (a mast) in its step; to erect. To step off, to measure by steps, or paces; hence, to divide, as a space, or to form a series of marks, by successive measurements, as with dividers.

Step, n. [AS. staepe. See Step, v. i.] 1. An advance or movement made by one removal of the foot; a pace. 2. A rest, or one of a set of rests, for the foot in ascending or descending, as a stair, or a round of a ladder. “The breadth of every single step or stair should be never less than one foot.” Sir H. Wotton. 3. The space passed over by one movement of the foot in walking or running; as one step is generally about three feet, but may be more or less. Used also figuratively of any kind of progress; as he improved step by step, or by steps. “To derive two or three general principles of motion from phenomena, and afterwards to tell us how the properties and actions of all corporeal things follow from those manifest principles, would be a very great step in philosophy.” Sir I. Newton. 4. A small space or distance; as it is but a step. 5. A print of the foot; a footstep; a footprint; track. 6. Gait; manner of walking; as the approach of a man is often known by his step. 7. Proceeding; measure; action; an act. “The reputation of a man depends on the first steps he makes in the world.” Pope. “Beware of desperate steps. The darkest day,
Live till to-morrow, will have passed away.” Cowper. “I have lately taken steps … to relieve the old gentleman’s distresses.” G. W. Cable. 8. pl. Walk; passage. “Conduct my steps to find the fatal tree.” Dryden. 9. pl. A portable framework of stairs, much used indoors in reaching to a high position. 10. (Naut.) In general, a framing in wood or iron which is intended to receive an upright shaft; specif., a block of wood, or a solid platform upon the keelson, supporting the heel of the mast. 11. (Mach.) (a) One of a series of offsets, or parts, resembling the steps of stairs, as one of the series of parts of a cone pulley on which the belt runs. (b) A bearing in which the lower extremity of a spindle or a vertical shaft revolves. 12. (Mus.) The intervak between two contiguous degrees of the csale. The word tone is often used as the name of this interval; but there is evident incongruity in using tone for indicating the interval between tones. As the word sc